{"id": "pubmed23n0023_0", "title": "What administrators look for in their directors of pharmacy.", "content": "A questionnaire was sent to 160 hospital administrators in Southern California. The questionnaire sought to determine whether directors of pharmacy are good managers, how much time directors spend on administrative tasks, and which managerial skills are most valuable for a director of pharmacy to possess. The results of that questionnaire and a series of recommendations are presented.", "contents": "What administrators look for in their directors of pharmacy. A questionnaire was sent to 160 hospital administrators in Southern California. The questionnaire sought to determine whether directors of pharmacy are good managers, how much time directors spend on administrative tasks, and which managerial skills are most valuable for a director of pharmacy to possess. The results of that questionnaire and a series of recommendations are presented.", "PMID": 669643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1", "title": "The four Cs of food service.", "content": "This article focuses on the themes of cost containment, competence, compilance, and commitment in food service administration in the health care setting. Particular emphasis is given to cost containment and various ways to contain costs in the food service operation are presented.", "contents": "The four Cs of food service. This article focuses on the themes of cost containment, competence, compilance, and commitment in food service administration in the health care setting. Particular emphasis is given to cost containment and various ways to contain costs in the food service operation are presented.", "PMID": 669644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2", "title": "Progress in professional service: nurse leaders queried.", "content": "Nursing service directors were asked to comment on the progress of key recommendations made by the National Commission for the Study of Nursing in the seven years since the Commission study was published. Their observations and responses are described here, along with conclusions and commentary by the author on the state of affairs in nursing.", "contents": "Progress in professional service: nurse leaders queried. Nursing service directors were asked to comment on the progress of key recommendations made by the National Commission for the Study of Nursing in the seven years since the Commission study was published. Their observations and responses are described here, along with conclusions and commentary by the author on the state of affairs in nursing.", "PMID": 669645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3", "title": "Controlling absenteeism can help curb hospitals' costs.", "content": "Absenteeism involves costs associated with sick pay, overtime pay, decreased employee productivity, and less effective patient care. Hospital management and supervisors must minimize absenteeism and its costs by thoroughly recording and evaluating employees' attendance patterns, counseling and disciplining employees when necessary, and applying policies on attendance with consistency.", "contents": "Controlling absenteeism can help curb hospitals' costs. Absenteeism involves costs associated with sick pay, overtime pay, decreased employee productivity, and less effective patient care. Hospital management and supervisors must minimize absenteeism and its costs by thoroughly recording and evaluating employees' attendance patterns, counseling and disciplining employees when necessary, and applying policies on attendance with consistency.", "PMID": 669646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4", "title": "System cuts red tape for patients from admission to discharge.", "content": "One hospital's personalized admitting system is staffed by business representatives who perform a variety of liaison activities to ease patients' nonmedical experience in the hospital. For example, they expedite admissions, discharges, and transfers; make bed assignments; arrange patient transportation; supervise room cleaning on their units; verify patients' insurance coverage; provide financial counseling; and collect payment on bills.", "contents": "System cuts red tape for patients from admission to discharge. One hospital's personalized admitting system is staffed by business representatives who perform a variety of liaison activities to ease patients' nonmedical experience in the hospital. For example, they expedite admissions, discharges, and transfers; make bed assignments; arrange patient transportation; supervise room cleaning on their units; verify patients' insurance coverage; provide financial counseling; and collect payment on bills.", "PMID": 669647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5", "title": "Hospital-based educators take a look at their jobs.", "content": "Cost containment was high on the list of concerns at the annual meeting and conference of the American Society for Health Manpower Education and Training in New Orleans in June. Speakers exhorted attendees to look at their profession more closely to be sure that they are doing all that they should be doing.", "contents": "Hospital-based educators take a look at their jobs. Cost containment was high on the list of concerns at the annual meeting and conference of the American Society for Health Manpower Education and Training in New Orleans in June. Speakers exhorted attendees to look at their profession more closely to be sure that they are doing all that they should be doing.", "PMID": 669648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6", "title": "Regulation--Hey! We're in this together.", "content": "If health care professionals and legislators work cooperatively to set goals and criteria, it may be possible to resolve the confusion about regulations.", "contents": "Regulation--Hey! We're in this together. If health care professionals and legislators work cooperatively to set goals and criteria, it may be possible to resolve the confusion about regulations.", "PMID": 669658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7", "title": "Medical students, practitioners hold health fair at high school.", "content": "This health fair provides a model for introducing health care into a poor, urban, underserved community. Medical students, practitioners, health care institutions, school officials, and local businesses cooperated to provide a program that included physical examinations, educational sessions, entertainment, and information on health careers, especially for young people from \"minority groups.\"", "contents": "Medical students, practitioners hold health fair at high school. This health fair provides a model for introducing health care into a poor, urban, underserved community. Medical students, practitioners, health care institutions, school officials, and local businesses cooperated to provide a program that included physical examinations, educational sessions, entertainment, and information on health careers, especially for young people from \"minority groups.\"", "PMID": 669659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8", "title": "Psychiatric emergency service expands to serve total hospital.", "content": "A hospital with a comprehensive psychiatric service provides a nearby general hospital with staff and backup for psychiatric consultations, crisis intervention, concurrent psychiatric care of medical-surgical patients, follow-up for psychiatric hospitalization or referrals, and staff education. Personnel include senior psychiatrists and on-call residents, and the program relies heavily on use of psychiatric nursing clinical specialists and RNs with experience in psychiatric nursing.", "contents": "Psychiatric emergency service expands to serve total hospital. A hospital with a comprehensive psychiatric service provides a nearby general hospital with staff and backup for psychiatric consultations, crisis intervention, concurrent psychiatric care of medical-surgical patients, follow-up for psychiatric hospitalization or referrals, and staff education. Personnel include senior psychiatrists and on-call residents, and the program relies heavily on use of psychiatric nursing clinical specialists and RNs with experience in psychiatric nursing.", "PMID": 669660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9", "title": "\"Health happening\" educates community, enhances hospital's image.", "content": "A health fair sponsored by St. Mary's Hospital, Lewiston, ME, demonstrated that the public is definitely interested in participating in its own health care. \"Health Happening '77\" thus proved to be a valuable public service as well as an effective marketing tool and image enhancer for the hospital.", "contents": "\"Health happening\" educates community, enhances hospital's image. A health fair sponsored by St. Mary's Hospital, Lewiston, ME, demonstrated that the public is definitely interested in participating in its own health care. \"Health Happening '77\" thus proved to be a valuable public service as well as an effective marketing tool and image enhancer for the hospital.", "PMID": 669663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10", "title": "Cardiovascular fitness program--a fringe benefit.", "content": "St. Marys Hospital Medical Center, Madison, WI, initiated an exercise counseling and activity program for its 1,400 employees. With professional guidance employees are encouraged to become involved in appropriate and enjoyable forms of exercise that will improve and maintain their cardiovascular health and overall well-being. The hospital believes that this is one of the first programs of its kind in a hospital setting.", "contents": "Cardiovascular fitness program--a fringe benefit. St. Marys Hospital Medical Center, Madison, WI, initiated an exercise counseling and activity program for its 1,400 employees. With professional guidance employees are encouraged to become involved in appropriate and enjoyable forms of exercise that will improve and maintain their cardiovascular health and overall well-being. The hospital believes that this is one of the first programs of its kind in a hospital setting.", "PMID": 669664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11", "title": "Medical economics and morality: the conflict of canons.", "content": "The more the economics of cost containment becomes an ideology, taking on a moral tone, the more it conflicts with the traditional medical morality. Looking at the canons of \"good\" economics in health care and at the canons of \"good\" medicine and examining the potential conflicts may point to methods of equilibrating their opposing tendencies.", "contents": "Medical economics and morality: the conflict of canons. The more the economics of cost containment becomes an ideology, taking on a moral tone, the more it conflicts with the traditional medical morality. Looking at the canons of \"good\" economics in health care and at the canons of \"good\" medicine and examining the potential conflicts may point to methods of equilibrating their opposing tendencies.", "PMID": 669665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12", "title": "The last resort: regulation by law.", "content": "Within the health professions the diminished constraint of conscience and custom upon aggrandizement, acquisitiveness, and exploitation has given rise to the increased role of the government in regulating health care delivery. This situation will continue to exist in direct proportion to the public's convictions that the private sector is incapable of satisfying public expectations. Conversely, when the health care profession, as a whole, recommits itself to a sense of stewardship and accountability to patients and the community, the present system of regulation will pass.", "contents": "The last resort: regulation by law. Within the health professions the diminished constraint of conscience and custom upon aggrandizement, acquisitiveness, and exploitation has given rise to the increased role of the government in regulating health care delivery. This situation will continue to exist in direct proportion to the public's convictions that the private sector is incapable of satisfying public expectations. Conversely, when the health care profession, as a whole, recommits itself to a sense of stewardship and accountability to patients and the community, the present system of regulation will pass.", "PMID": 669666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_13", "title": "Study shows ESP reduced hospitals' profitability.", "content": "A study of the Economic Stabilization Program's impact on North and South Carolina hospitals indicates potential effects of more government controls. The study results may be useful in appropriately informing and influencing those pressing for new cost containment legislation.", "contents": "Study shows ESP reduced hospitals' profitability. A study of the Economic Stabilization Program's impact on North and South Carolina hospitals indicates potential effects of more government controls. The study results may be useful in appropriately informing and influencing those pressing for new cost containment legislation.", "PMID": 669667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_14", "title": "Study confirms values of ovulation method.", "content": "In order to determine the effectiveness of the ovulation method in spacing or achieving pregnancy as well as couple satisfaction with the method, the Natural Family Planning  Program of St. Vincent Hospital, Green Bay, WI, studied 453 couples who had participated in the program. The program's director reports that the study results suggest the method provides a safe, effective approach to birth control and assists some women to become pregnant who have not succeeded prior to using this method.", "contents": "Study confirms values of ovulation method. In order to determine the effectiveness of the ovulation method in spacing or achieving pregnancy as well as couple satisfaction with the method, the Natural Family Planning  Program of St. Vincent Hospital, Green Bay, WI, studied 453 couples who had participated in the program. The program's director reports that the study results suggest the method provides a safe, effective approach to birth control and assists some women to become pregnant who have not succeeded prior to using this method.", "PMID": 669669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_15", "title": "Corporate evangelization: pooling generosity and competence.", "content": "The conditions of the society in which we live oblige those providing health care to use every means available to bring the Christian message to the people they serve. Only if individuals and religious communities unite in their efforts to provide total care and healing to persons in need can the goal of true evangelization be achieved.", "contents": "Corporate evangelization: pooling generosity and competence. The conditions of the society in which we live oblige those providing health care to use every means available to bring the Christian message to the people they serve. Only if individuals and religious communities unite in their efforts to provide total care and healing to persons in need can the goal of true evangelization be achieved.", "PMID": 669670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_16", "title": "Reorienting staff attitudes toward the dying.", "content": "After assessing the kind of care it was providing to terminally ill patients and their families, Holy Cross Hospital of Silver Spring (MD) committed itself to a more balanced program of care that included the creation of a thanatology department, implementation of special educational programs for hospital personnel, and exploration of the possibility of establishing a hospice care concept at the hospital.", "contents": "Reorienting staff attitudes toward the dying. After assessing the kind of care it was providing to terminally ill patients and their families, Holy Cross Hospital of Silver Spring (MD) committed itself to a more balanced program of care that included the creation of a thanatology department, implementation of special educational programs for hospital personnel, and exploration of the possibility of establishing a hospice care concept at the hospital.", "PMID": 669671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_17", "title": "Functional anatomy of the kidney.", "content": "Initiating a new series of articles on renal function in health and disease, this article describes the ultrastructure of the kidney's basic unit, the nephron, as revealed in recent years by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. With greater appreciation of its morphology and cellular architecture has come new understanding of the functional relationships among the nephron's individual components.", "contents": "Functional anatomy of the kidney. Initiating a new series of articles on renal function in health and disease, this article describes the ultrastructure of the kidney's basic unit, the nephron, as revealed in recent years by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. With greater appreciation of its morphology and cellular architecture has come new understanding of the functional relationships among the nephron's individual components.", "PMID": 669676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_18", "title": "Asthma in adults II: the patient in status asthmaticus.", "content": "A life-threatening emergency requiring intensive hospital care, status asthmaticus responds to therapy with aminophylline, epinephrine, and steroids. Spirometry and blood gas measurements are used to follow the patient's progress.", "contents": "Asthma in adults II: the patient in status asthmaticus. A life-threatening emergency requiring intensive hospital care, status asthmaticus responds to therapy with aminophylline, epinephrine, and steroids. Spirometry and blood gas measurements are used to follow the patient's progress.", "PMID": 669677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_19", "title": "Hereditary factors in alcoholism.", "content": "Being born to an alcoholic parent clearly raises the risk that a man will become an alcoholic, as shown by studies of adopted sons of alcoholic and nonalcoholic biologic parents. Being raised by an alcoholic parent, however, seems not to increase this risk. Alcoholics may possess some sort of biochemical tolerance for alcohol, perhaps based on more efficient detoxification mechanisms than those of moderate drinkers.", "contents": "Hereditary factors in alcoholism. Being born to an alcoholic parent clearly raises the risk that a man will become an alcoholic, as shown by studies of adopted sons of alcoholic and nonalcoholic biologic parents. Being raised by an alcoholic parent, however, seems not to increase this risk. Alcoholics may possess some sort of biochemical tolerance for alcohol, perhaps based on more efficient detoxification mechanisms than those of moderate drinkers.", "PMID": 669679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_20", "title": "Neonatal 'thick blood' syndrome.", "content": "It has long been known that neonatal hyperviscosity can produce serious central nervous system consequences, including paresis. In recent years, it has been shown that his condition occurs in approximately 5% of newborns and that partial plasma exchange transfusion can lower the hematocrit and may help prevent sequelae. Simple screening of all neonates four hours after birth is recommended so that treatment can be given early.", "contents": "Neonatal 'thick blood' syndrome. It has long been known that neonatal hyperviscosity can produce serious central nervous system consequences, including paresis. In recent years, it has been shown that his condition occurs in approximately 5% of newborns and that partial plasma exchange transfusion can lower the hematocrit and may help prevent sequelae. Simple screening of all neonates four hours after birth is recommended so that treatment can be given early.", "PMID": 669680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_21", "title": "The Aarskog syndrome.", "content": "In this report a description is given of the Aarskog syndrome in six males belonging to three different families. Partial expression of the syndrome was confirmed in two of the three examined obligate female heterozygotes, who had short stature, small hands and feet, short neck, and a round face with widow's peak and, in one of them, ptosis of the eyelids.", "contents": "The Aarskog syndrome. In this report a description is given of the Aarskog syndrome in six males belonging to three different families. Partial expression of the syndrome was confirmed in two of the three examined obligate female heterozygotes, who had short stature, small hands and feet, short neck, and a round face with widow's peak and, in one of them, ptosis of the eyelids.", "PMID": 669698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_22", "title": "Are NORs easily translocated to deleted chromosomes?", "content": "The karyotype of two human meningiomas are reported in which, besides other aberrations, a deleted chromosome 1 and 6 could be observed. In these chromosomes most of the short arm is missing. After silver staining for the detection of NORs, not only the satellite regions of most of the acrocentric chromosomes were stained but also the deleted ends of chromosomes 1 and 6. Besides other explanations for this unusual NOR-staining, the possibility is discussed that NORs of acrocentric chromosomes are easily translocated to deleted chromosomes.", "contents": "Are NORs easily translocated to deleted chromosomes? The karyotype of two human meningiomas are reported in which, besides other aberrations, a deleted chromosome 1 and 6 could be observed. In these chromosomes most of the short arm is missing. After silver staining for the detection of NORs, not only the satellite regions of most of the acrocentric chromosomes were stained but also the deleted ends of chromosomes 1 and 6. Besides other explanations for this unusual NOR-staining, the possibility is discussed that NORs of acrocentric chromosomes are easily translocated to deleted chromosomes.", "PMID": 669699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_23", "title": "Cytologic observations in 35 individuals with a 5p- karyotype.", "content": "Chromosome investigation of 35 individuals with a 5p- karyotype and their families revealed the presence of 27 apparently terminal deletions, four interstitial deletions, and four translocations, including two familial cases. Four of the probands with simple deletions and one of the mother were mosaics. Unusual chromosomal heteromorphism, as rendered visible after acridine orange staining, was observed on the short arm of chromosome 14 in two cases and, after heterochromatin staining, on chromosome 19 in one family. Measurement studies, carried out in probands with simple deletions and in two control groups, showed a short-arm loss clustering between 32% and 62% of the normal short-arm length. Using at least two complementary staining methods per proband, we found that the midportion of the 5p15 segment probably must be deleted to develop the typical clinical features of the cri du chat syndrome.", "contents": "Cytologic observations in 35 individuals with a 5p- karyotype. Chromosome investigation of 35 individuals with a 5p- karyotype and their families revealed the presence of 27 apparently terminal deletions, four interstitial deletions, and four translocations, including two familial cases. Four of the probands with simple deletions and one of the mother were mosaics. Unusual chromosomal heteromorphism, as rendered visible after acridine orange staining, was observed on the short arm of chromosome 14 in two cases and, after heterochromatin staining, on chromosome 19 in one family. Measurement studies, carried out in probands with simple deletions and in two control groups, showed a short-arm loss clustering between 32% and 62% of the normal short-arm length. Using at least two complementary staining methods per proband, we found that the midportion of the 5p15 segment probably must be deleted to develop the typical clinical features of the cri du chat syndrome.", "PMID": 669700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_24", "title": "Mitotic cycles in human cell strains with sex chromosomes aneuploidy.", "content": "A persistence of the embryonic type of mitotic cycle was found in postnatal strains with aneuploidy of sex chromosomes (45,X; 47,XXX; 49,XXXXX; 47,XYY; 49,XXXXY). Life-span and proliferating activity of the strains did not differ from those of diploid postnatal cells.", "contents": "Mitotic cycles in human cell strains with sex chromosomes aneuploidy. A persistence of the embryonic type of mitotic cycle was found in postnatal strains with aneuploidy of sex chromosomes (45,X; 47,XXX; 49,XXXXX; 47,XYY; 49,XXXXY). Life-span and proliferating activity of the strains did not differ from those of diploid postnatal cells.", "PMID": 669701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_25", "title": "Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency with hemolytic anemia and severe neuromuscular disease: familial and biochemical studies of a case found in Spain.", "content": "A 16-month-old girl of Spanish origin with chronic hemolytic anemia and severe neuromuscular disease was found to have markedly reduced triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) activity in her erythrocytes, leukocytes, and plateletes. Both parents and some other family members had moderately reduced erythrocyte TPI activity in accordance with the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in this enzymopathy. Latex ingestion and latex-stimulated histochemical NBT reduction by the patient's granulocytes were normal. Zymosan-stimulated superoxide radical (O-.2) formation, not previously studied in TPI-deficient granulocytes, was also within normal limits. Starchgel electrophoresis of TPI in both erythrocytes and leukocytes of the proposita and her parents was normal. Molecular studies of deficient TPI showed a normal kinetic pattern with markedly reduced heat instability. Immunologic studies demonstrated no cross reacting material in proposita leukocytes and a normal molecular specific activity. These studies suggest that molecular instability might cause both enzymatic and antigenic degradation of the TPI molecule and, therefore, TPI deficiency in our patient.", "contents": "Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency with hemolytic anemia and severe neuromuscular disease: familial and biochemical studies of a case found in Spain. A 16-month-old girl of Spanish origin with chronic hemolytic anemia and severe neuromuscular disease was found to have markedly reduced triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) activity in her erythrocytes, leukocytes, and plateletes. Both parents and some other family members had moderately reduced erythrocyte TPI activity in accordance with the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in this enzymopathy. Latex ingestion and latex-stimulated histochemical NBT reduction by the patient's granulocytes were normal. Zymosan-stimulated superoxide radical (O-.2) formation, not previously studied in TPI-deficient granulocytes, was also within normal limits. Starchgel electrophoresis of TPI in both erythrocytes and leukocytes of the proposita and her parents was normal. Molecular studies of deficient TPI showed a normal kinetic pattern with markedly reduced heat instability. Immunologic studies demonstrated no cross reacting material in proposita leukocytes and a normal molecular specific activity. These studies suggest that molecular instability might cause both enzymatic and antigenic degradation of the TPI molecule and, therefore, TPI deficiency in our patient.", "PMID": 669702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_26", "title": "Genetic and biosynthetic studies of families carrying hemoglobin J alpha Mexico: association of alpha-thalassemia with HbJ.", "content": "Hemoglobin J Mexico, an alpha chain mutant, was studied in eight unrelated Algerian families. The quantities of the abnormal hemoglobin in 116 subjects are trimodally distributed: 55% in homozygotes, 31% and 38% in heterozygotes. Both hematological data and the alpha/beta chain biosynthetic ratio are normal in heterozygotes with 31% Hb J and in homozygotes. In contrast, the MCV and MCH as well as the alpha/beta biosynthetic ratio are slightly reduced in heterozygotes with 38% Hb J and in their relatives carrying Hb A. The elevated expression of alphaJ chains in heterozygotes with 38% Hb J may be due to an alpha thalassemia gene trans to the alphaJ locus.", "contents": "Genetic and biosynthetic studies of families carrying hemoglobin J alpha Mexico: association of alpha-thalassemia with HbJ. Hemoglobin J Mexico, an alpha chain mutant, was studied in eight unrelated Algerian families. The quantities of the abnormal hemoglobin in 116 subjects are trimodally distributed: 55% in homozygotes, 31% and 38% in heterozygotes. Both hematological data and the alpha/beta chain biosynthetic ratio are normal in heterozygotes with 31% Hb J and in homozygotes. In contrast, the MCV and MCH as well as the alpha/beta biosynthetic ratio are slightly reduced in heterozygotes with 38% Hb J and in their relatives carrying Hb A. The elevated expression of alphaJ chains in heterozygotes with 38% Hb J may be due to an alpha thalassemia gene trans to the alphaJ locus.", "PMID": 669703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_27", "title": "The HLA system and leprosy in Thailand.", "content": "To investigate immunogenetics of leprosy, 205 leprosy patients (26 with tuberculoid, 57 with borderline-tuberculoid, 21 with borderline, 31 with borderline-lepromatous, and 70 with lepromatous leprosy) have been typed for HLA antigens, and compared with 183 healthy controls from the same region (Northern Thailand). There was no significant difference between the overall group of leprosy patients or the three borderline classes and the controls. The two polar forms, tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy, however, showed significant associations: HLA-A2 is decreased and HLA-Bw17 is increased in tuberculoid leprosy; HLA-B7 is increased in lepromatous leprosy. When both polar forms are compared with each other, HLA-A2 is significantly higher, HLA-Bw40 lower in patients with lepromatous than in those with tuberculoid leprosy. The results are discussed with respect to the different immune responsiveness in the two polar forms of leprosy.", "contents": "The HLA system and leprosy in Thailand. To investigate immunogenetics of leprosy, 205 leprosy patients (26 with tuberculoid, 57 with borderline-tuberculoid, 21 with borderline, 31 with borderline-lepromatous, and 70 with lepromatous leprosy) have been typed for HLA antigens, and compared with 183 healthy controls from the same region (Northern Thailand). There was no significant difference between the overall group of leprosy patients or the three borderline classes and the controls. The two polar forms, tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy, however, showed significant associations: HLA-A2 is decreased and HLA-Bw17 is increased in tuberculoid leprosy; HLA-B7 is increased in lepromatous leprosy. When both polar forms are compared with each other, HLA-A2 is significantly higher, HLA-Bw40 lower in patients with lepromatous than in those with tuberculoid leprosy. The results are discussed with respect to the different immune responsiveness in the two polar forms of leprosy.", "PMID": 669704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_28", "title": "Distribution of G6PD phenotypes in red blood cells of Southern African Negroids: evidence for somatic selection.", "content": "In a recent population study, we observed a striking deficit of G6PD heterozygotes among Southern African Negroid females. This finding was interpreted tentatively as evidence for a small number of hematopoetic stem cells in man. In a follow-up study we examined peripheral blood and cord blood in 547 mothers and in their newborn offspring. In mothers and sons, the frequencies of the G6PD alleles are apparently quite different. When the allele frequencies determined in sons are used for calculation of the expected phenotype frequencies in mothers and daughters, there is a large deficit of maternal G6PD AB phenotypes, and an equivalent surplus of G6PD homozygotes. However, no relevant heterozygote deficit is observed in newborn daughters. This discrepancy may be explained by the assumption that in peripheral blood of heterozygotes carrying the GdA- allele, G6PD-deficient cells progressively become eliminated during development from birth to adulthood. In other words, the large heterozygote deficit observed in adult females may be due to somatic selection rather than to a small pool of hematopoetic cells at the time of X differentiation.", "contents": "Distribution of G6PD phenotypes in red blood cells of Southern African Negroids: evidence for somatic selection. In a recent population study, we observed a striking deficit of G6PD heterozygotes among Southern African Negroid females. This finding was interpreted tentatively as evidence for a small number of hematopoetic stem cells in man. In a follow-up study we examined peripheral blood and cord blood in 547 mothers and in their newborn offspring. In mothers and sons, the frequencies of the G6PD alleles are apparently quite different. When the allele frequencies determined in sons are used for calculation of the expected phenotype frequencies in mothers and daughters, there is a large deficit of maternal G6PD AB phenotypes, and an equivalent surplus of G6PD homozygotes. However, no relevant heterozygote deficit is observed in newborn daughters. This discrepancy may be explained by the assumption that in peripheral blood of heterozygotes carrying the GdA- allele, G6PD-deficient cells progressively become eliminated during development from birth to adulthood. In other words, the large heterozygote deficit observed in adult females may be due to somatic selection rather than to a small pool of hematopoetic cells at the time of X differentiation.", "PMID": 669705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_29", "title": "Interstitial deletion of chromosome 7 detected in three unrelated patients.", "content": "Chromosome studies were carried out on three patients for the following reasons: (1) growth retardation and mental subnormality in a boy; (2) marked developmental delay in a female infant; (3) routine check on a man whose wife had a stillborn with congenital anomalies. An interstitial deletion at 7q11::7q21 was observed in all three cases.", "contents": "Interstitial deletion of chromosome 7 detected in three unrelated patients. Chromosome studies were carried out on three patients for the following reasons: (1) growth retardation and mental subnormality in a boy; (2) marked developmental delay in a female infant; (3) routine check on a man whose wife had a stillborn with congenital anomalies. An interstitial deletion at 7q11::7q21 was observed in all three cases.", "PMID": 669706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_30", "title": "Familial occurrence of a syndrome with mental retardation, nasal hypoplasia, peripheral dysostosis, and blue eyes in Japanese siblings.", "content": "Two Japanese siblings, a 2-year-old girl and a 7-month-old boy, had a syndrome of mental retardation, severe nasal hyp9plasia, peripheral dysostosis, and blue eyes. The mother showed nasal hyp9plasia of lesser degree and a mild form of peripheral dysostosis. This disorder bears a striking similarity to acrodysostosis, but in view of certain novel features its relationship to the disease is uncertain. The mode of inheritance could be either dominant with variable expressivity or autosomal recessive.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of a syndrome with mental retardation, nasal hypoplasia, peripheral dysostosis, and blue eyes in Japanese siblings. Two Japanese siblings, a 2-year-old girl and a 7-month-old boy, had a syndrome of mental retardation, severe nasal hyp9plasia, peripheral dysostosis, and blue eyes. The mother showed nasal hyp9plasia of lesser degree and a mild form of peripheral dysostosis. This disorder bears a striking similarity to acrodysostosis, but in view of certain novel features its relationship to the disease is uncertain. The mode of inheritance could be either dominant with variable expressivity or autosomal recessive.", "PMID": 669707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_31", "title": "Assignment of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (DIA1 locus) to human chromosome 22.", "content": "NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (DIA1, EC. 1.6.2.2) from human fibroblasts and from Chinese hamster cells, both identified by immunologic studies, were clearly distinguished after polyacrylamide gel isoelectro-focusing followed by staining for NADH diaphorase activity. In thirteen independent man-hamster hybrids, the human enzyme DIA1 presented a positive correlation with the human chromosome G22. Eight hybrids were DIA1(+) G22(+) and five hybrids were DIA1(-) G22(-). These data agree with the recent assignment of DIA1 to chromosome G22 by Fisher et al. (1977a). We assume that this newly assigned locus codes for both soluble and microsomal forms of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase.", "contents": "Assignment of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (DIA1 locus) to human chromosome 22. NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (DIA1, EC. 1.6.2.2) from human fibroblasts and from Chinese hamster cells, both identified by immunologic studies, were clearly distinguished after polyacrylamide gel isoelectro-focusing followed by staining for NADH diaphorase activity. In thirteen independent man-hamster hybrids, the human enzyme DIA1 presented a positive correlation with the human chromosome G22. Eight hybrids were DIA1(+) G22(+) and five hybrids were DIA1(-) G22(-). These data agree with the recent assignment of DIA1 to chromosome G22 by Fisher et al. (1977a). We assume that this newly assigned locus codes for both soluble and microsomal forms of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase.", "PMID": 669708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_32", "title": "10q(q23 leads to qter) duplication: GOTs, HK1, and other gene markers.", "content": "Gene marker analyses have been carried out in a patient with 10q(q23 leads to qter) duplication. The observed elevation of red cell glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity is compatible with earlier somatic cell hybridization studies that mapped the locus to this region. Hexokinase-1 activity in the red cells was normal,which is consistent with its prior assignment to the unaffected part of chromosome 10(10pter leads to q23).", "contents": "10q(q23 leads to qter) duplication: GOTs, HK1, and other gene markers. Gene marker analyses have been carried out in a patient with 10q(q23 leads to qter) duplication. The observed elevation of red cell glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity is compatible with earlier somatic cell hybridization studies that mapped the locus to this region. Hexokinase-1 activity in the red cells was normal,which is consistent with its prior assignment to the unaffected part of chromosome 10(10pter leads to q23).", "PMID": 669709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_33", "title": "Nucleoli of cultured human lymphocytes. II. Nuceolar fusion and its relation to acrocentric association.", "content": "Nucleolar fusion and nucleolus formation occurred simultaneously, immediately after mitosis, in cultured human lymphocytes. Evidence is presented that in late telophase and post-telophase, the individual nucleolar organising site includes two components, represented in post-telophase by the nucleolus and its attached process; that fusion can be either directly between the nucleoli or via the processes; and that the latter type of fusion persists into metaphase as acrocentric associations, whilst the former is lost.", "contents": "Nucleoli of cultured human lymphocytes. II. Nuceolar fusion and its relation to acrocentric association. Nucleolar fusion and nucleolus formation occurred simultaneously, immediately after mitosis, in cultured human lymphocytes. Evidence is presented that in late telophase and post-telophase, the individual nucleolar organising site includes two components, represented in post-telophase by the nucleolus and its attached process; that fusion can be either directly between the nucleoli or via the processes; and that the latter type of fusion persists into metaphase as acrocentric associations, whilst the former is lost.", "PMID": 669710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_34", "title": "Genetic polymorphism of the second component of human complement (C2): presentation of a modified typing technique and data on C2 phenotype distribution, linkage genetics, and haplotype associations a Norwegian family material.", "content": "Proteins were separated by prolonged isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels, whereupon C2 bands were detected by a specific hemolytic assay. This was performed by treating the gel with iodine to increase C2 activity, and then developing C2 bands with an agarose gel overlay containing sensitized sheep cells and diluted human serum as a complement source deficient in functional C2. The gene frequencies observed in a material of 122 unrelated adults were: C2(1): 0.97 and C2(2): 0.03. C2 linkage relations and C2 haplotype associations have been examined a family material. It is concluded that C2 is very closely linked to HLA loci.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism of the second component of human complement (C2): presentation of a modified typing technique and data on C2 phenotype distribution, linkage genetics, and haplotype associations a Norwegian family material. Proteins were separated by prolonged isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels, whereupon C2 bands were detected by a specific hemolytic assay. This was performed by treating the gel with iodine to increase C2 activity, and then developing C2 bands with an agarose gel overlay containing sensitized sheep cells and diluted human serum as a complement source deficient in functional C2. The gene frequencies observed in a material of 122 unrelated adults were: C2(1): 0.97 and C2(2): 0.03. C2 linkage relations and C2 haplotype associations have been examined a family material. It is concluded that C2 is very closely linked to HLA loci.", "PMID": 669711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_35", "title": "Evidence for a 'silent allele' GLO0 at the glyoxalase I locus.", "content": "In a three-generation family, the segregation of an apparent silent allele at the GLO I locus in association with the rare HLA haplotype 'AW30-CW4-BW35' was observed in four members. In two cases the assumption of homozygosity at the GLO locus would lead to mother-child exclusions. Phenotypically, the GLO activity in the GLO0 carriers is clearly diminished.", "contents": "Evidence for a 'silent allele' GLO0 at the glyoxalase I locus. In a three-generation family, the segregation of an apparent silent allele at the GLO I locus in association with the rare HLA haplotype 'AW30-CW4-BW35' was observed in four members. In two cases the assumption of homozygosity at the GLO locus would lead to mother-child exclusions. Phenotypically, the GLO activity in the GLO0 carriers is clearly diminished.", "PMID": 669712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_36", "title": "Trisomy-8 mosaicism: report of a case.", "content": "An 8-year-old male with mental retardation, speech difficulties, and minor congenital anomalies is presented. The clinical findings suggest the trisomy-8 syndrome. The karyotype indicates trisomy-8 mosaicism with trisomic as well as normal cell lines in blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "Trisomy-8 mosaicism: report of a case. An 8-year-old male with mental retardation, speech difficulties, and minor congenital anomalies is presented. The clinical findings suggest the trisomy-8 syndrome. The karyotype indicates trisomy-8 mosaicism with trisomic as well as normal cell lines in blood lymphocytes.", "PMID": 669713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_37", "title": "Patau's syndrome and 13q21q translocation.", "content": "This paper reports the case of a one-day-old male child presenting the typical features of Patau's syndrome. The cytogenetic study by means of conventional techniques and GTG and QFQ banding techniques showed that the chromosomal pattern of the propositus was 46,XYq+,-21,+t(13q21q) 15ps+,22ps+, and that the nondisjunction that originated the translocation and trisomy had occurred in the mother.", "contents": "Patau's syndrome and 13q21q translocation. This paper reports the case of a one-day-old male child presenting the typical features of Patau's syndrome. The cytogenetic study by means of conventional techniques and GTG and QFQ banding techniques showed that the chromosomal pattern of the propositus was 46,XYq+,-21,+t(13q21q) 15ps+,22ps+, and that the nondisjunction that originated the translocation and trisomy had occurred in the mother.", "PMID": 669714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_38", "title": "Terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 1 in a malformed newborn.", "content": "Microcephaly and craniofacial dysmorphia, cleft palate, cardiac malformation, and hypospadias are observed in a child with 46,XY,del (1)(q42).", "contents": "Terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 1 in a malformed newborn. Microcephaly and craniofacial dysmorphia, cleft palate, cardiac malformation, and hypospadias are observed in a child with 46,XY,del (1)(q42).", "PMID": 669715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_39", "title": "Partial deletion 10q.", "content": "The patient described represents the first reported case of partial deletion 10q. The patient is compared to the partial trisomy 10q syndrome.", "contents": "Partial deletion 10q. The patient described represents the first reported case of partial deletion 10q. The patient is compared to the partial trisomy 10q syndrome.", "PMID": 669716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_40", "title": "Ring chromosome 3 in a retarded boy.", "content": "We present a boy with the karyotype 46,XY,r3 and a phenotype with psychomotor and growth retardation, craniofacial anomalies, syndactyly of the toes, and edema of the feet. The karyotypes and phenotypes of both parents are normal.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 3 in a retarded boy. We present a boy with the karyotype 46,XY,r3 and a phenotype with psychomotor and growth retardation, craniofacial anomalies, syndactyly of the toes, and edema of the feet. The karyotypes and phenotypes of both parents are normal.", "PMID": 669717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_41", "title": "Balanced and unbalanced pericentric inversion of a chromosome 14.", "content": "Description of a pericentric inversion of a chromosome 14 with breakpoints at p11 and q23 leading to duplication-deficiency as a result of crossing over.", "contents": "Balanced and unbalanced pericentric inversion of a chromosome 14. Description of a pericentric inversion of a chromosome 14 with breakpoints at p11 and q23 leading to duplication-deficiency as a result of crossing over.", "PMID": 669718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_42", "title": "Investigations on the PGMa1 polymorphism (phosphoglucomutase--EC 2.7.5.1) by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "The determination of phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) phenotypes was performed by isoelectric focusing on samples from 1678 unrelated individuals from Hessen, Germany. Ten common phenotypes are considered as gene products of four alleles at the PGM1 locus with the following frequencies: PGMa1(1) = 0.6305, PGMa2(1) = 0.1844, PGMa3(1) = 0.1320, and PGMa4(1) = 0.0530. Twenty-two different mating types were observed in 113 families with 202 children. The segregation of the phenotypes in the offspring supports the assumed way of autosomal codominant inheritance. The example of a silent allele (PGM0(1)) as well as a rare variant (PGM7(1)) is reported.", "contents": "Investigations on the PGMa1 polymorphism (phosphoglucomutase--EC 2.7.5.1) by isoelectric focusing. The determination of phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) phenotypes was performed by isoelectric focusing on samples from 1678 unrelated individuals from Hessen, Germany. Ten common phenotypes are considered as gene products of four alleles at the PGM1 locus with the following frequencies: PGMa1(1) = 0.6305, PGMa2(1) = 0.1844, PGMa3(1) = 0.1320, and PGMa4(1) = 0.0530. Twenty-two different mating types were observed in 113 families with 202 children. The segregation of the phenotypes in the offspring supports the assumed way of autosomal codominant inheritance. The example of a silent allele (PGM0(1)) as well as a rare variant (PGM7(1)) is reported.", "PMID": 669719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_43", "title": "Malate dehydrogenase types in the Asian-Pacific area, and a description of new phenotypes.", "content": "A survey of more than 21 000 haemolysates from blood samples collected in various parts of south and southeast Asia, Australasia and the Western Pacific and examined in this laboratory has revealed several new alleles controlling variants of sMDH; in addition, further information has been provided on the distribution of sMDH3 in New Guinea. Two of the variant alleles, sMDH3 and sMDH6, achieve polymorphic frequency in various populations. sMDH3 is widely distributed in New Guinea, with highest frequencies in the Eastern Highlands. The pattern of its distribution suggests the mutant arose originally in a Papuan-speaking population. So far, sMDH6 has been detected only in Micronesians from a number of islands in the Carolines. A single example of another new variant, sMDH 5-1, and two examples of a slow variant, sMDH 7-1, were detected in samples from Iran and Singapore, respectively. No examples of mMDH variants were found in a total of 652 placental extracts from Papua New Guinea and Australia.", "contents": "Malate dehydrogenase types in the Asian-Pacific area, and a description of new phenotypes. A survey of more than 21 000 haemolysates from blood samples collected in various parts of south and southeast Asia, Australasia and the Western Pacific and examined in this laboratory has revealed several new alleles controlling variants of sMDH; in addition, further information has been provided on the distribution of sMDH3 in New Guinea. Two of the variant alleles, sMDH3 and sMDH6, achieve polymorphic frequency in various populations. sMDH3 is widely distributed in New Guinea, with highest frequencies in the Eastern Highlands. The pattern of its distribution suggests the mutant arose originally in a Papuan-speaking population. So far, sMDH6 has been detected only in Micronesians from a number of islands in the Carolines. A single example of another new variant, sMDH 5-1, and two examples of a slow variant, sMDH 7-1, were detected in samples from Iran and Singapore, respectively. No examples of mMDH variants were found in a total of 652 placental extracts from Papua New Guinea and Australia.", "PMID": 669720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_44", "title": "A variant glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Gd(-) Chiapas associated with moderate enzyme deficiency and occasional hemolytic anemia.", "content": "Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate deficiency is an X-chromosomal-linked hereditary trait often associated with hemolytic anemia. This report defines a new variant designated as Gd(-) Chiapas, which was found in a subject with occasional hemolytic jaundice. The red cell enzyme activity of the subject is about 15% of normal. The variant enzyme is thermolabile in vitro and has faster-than-normal anodal electrophoretic mobility and stronger-than-normal substrate affinity. The patient's hemolytic problem might be correlated with instability of the variant enzyme under physiologic stress.", "contents": "A variant glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Gd(-) Chiapas associated with moderate enzyme deficiency and occasional hemolytic anemia. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate deficiency is an X-chromosomal-linked hereditary trait often associated with hemolytic anemia. This report defines a new variant designated as Gd(-) Chiapas, which was found in a subject with occasional hemolytic jaundice. The red cell enzyme activity of the subject is about 15% of normal. The variant enzyme is thermolabile in vitro and has faster-than-normal anodal electrophoretic mobility and stronger-than-normal substrate affinity. The patient's hemolytic problem might be correlated with instability of the variant enzyme under physiologic stress.", "PMID": 669721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_45", "title": "Transferrin: evidence for two common subtypes of the TfC allele.", "content": "Evidence is presented for an extended polymorphism of human transferrin (Tf). Three common phenotypes were observed among TfC individuals after isoelectric focusing of sera on polyacrylamide gels. They are explained in terms of two subtypes of the TfC allele, tentatively designated TfC1 and TfC2. The distribution of the phenotypes Tf C1, C2-1, and C2 provides a good fit to the Hardy-Weinberg equation. In our population sample (n = 942) the following frequencies were calculated: TfC1 = 0.8195, TfC2 = 0.1720, TfB2 = 0.0064, TfB1-2 = 0.0016, and TfD1 = 0.0005. Family studies (n = 112) indicate an autosomal codominant way of inheritance. The observed subheterogeneity is detectable in purified transferrin after isofocusing and subsequent immunofixation. The subtypes are still present after treatment of sera with neuraminidase.", "contents": "Transferrin: evidence for two common subtypes of the TfC allele. Evidence is presented for an extended polymorphism of human transferrin (Tf). Three common phenotypes were observed among TfC individuals after isoelectric focusing of sera on polyacrylamide gels. They are explained in terms of two subtypes of the TfC allele, tentatively designated TfC1 and TfC2. The distribution of the phenotypes Tf C1, C2-1, and C2 provides a good fit to the Hardy-Weinberg equation. In our population sample (n = 942) the following frequencies were calculated: TfC1 = 0.8195, TfC2 = 0.1720, TfB2 = 0.0064, TfB1-2 = 0.0016, and TfD1 = 0.0005. Family studies (n = 112) indicate an autosomal codominant way of inheritance. The observed subheterogeneity is detectable in purified transferrin after isofocusing and subsequent immunofixation. The subtypes are still present after treatment of sera with neuraminidase.", "PMID": 669722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_46", "title": "Distribution of C3 phenotypes in North India: a pilot study.", "content": "The commonly occurring phenotypes and some rare variants of C3 were studied in a North Indian population. Based on known gene frequencies, the Indian population seemed more akin to Mongol, African, and Afghan populations than to Caucasians.", "contents": "Distribution of C3 phenotypes in North India: a pilot study. The commonly occurring phenotypes and some rare variants of C3 were studied in a North Indian population. Based on known gene frequencies, the Indian population seemed more akin to Mongol, African, and Afghan populations than to Caucasians.", "PMID": 669723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_47", "title": "DNA, RNA and protein content of tissue during growth and embryogenesis in wild-carrot suspension cultures.", "content": "A highly selected population of cells (clumps from 63 to 125 micron in diameter), obtained by screening 14-day-old stock suspension cultures of wild carrot (Daucus carota L.), was used to initiate cultures in this study. Time-course changes in DNA, RNA and protein were followed when these cultures were grown in the presence or absence of 2.25 muM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The data show that growth of these cultures, particularly in the early part of the growth curve, is different from that in most other studies reported on suspension cultures initiated without screening. The gross compositional analysis shows that this difference stems from the very high RNA:DNA and protein: DNA ratios of the cellular material used as the inoculum in this study. The presence of 2,4-D in the medium promoted total RNA and protein levels. Correlations were sought between the appearance of embryos in the absence of exogenous 2,4-D and gross compositional differences developing in cultures grown in the presence and absence of 2,4-D. The handling of cultures during inoculation appeared to have led to a substantial loss of DNA. This had, however, little effect on dry weight or protein content of the tissue.", "contents": "DNA, RNA and protein content of tissue during growth and embryogenesis in wild-carrot suspension cultures. A highly selected population of cells (clumps from 63 to 125 micron in diameter), obtained by screening 14-day-old stock suspension cultures of wild carrot (Daucus carota L.), was used to initiate cultures in this study. Time-course changes in DNA, RNA and protein were followed when these cultures were grown in the presence or absence of 2.25 muM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The data show that growth of these cultures, particularly in the early part of the growth curve, is different from that in most other studies reported on suspension cultures initiated without screening. The gross compositional analysis shows that this difference stems from the very high RNA:DNA and protein: DNA ratios of the cellular material used as the inoculum in this study. The presence of 2,4-D in the medium promoted total RNA and protein levels. Correlations were sought between the appearance of embryos in the absence of exogenous 2,4-D and gross compositional differences developing in cultures grown in the presence and absence of 2,4-D. The handling of cultures during inoculation appeared to have led to a substantial loss of DNA. This had, however, little effect on dry weight or protein content of the tissue.", "PMID": 669724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_48", "title": "Expression of fetal antigens in fetal and adult cells during long-term culture.", "content": "Expression of fetal antigens in early and late passages of tissue culture cells derived from C3H/HeN and C57BL/KaLw mouse fetal cells and from lung tissue of young C57BL/6N mice was investigated by the isotopic antiglobulin technique. The late passage lines of fetal cells had undergone \"spontaneous\" neoplastic transformation in culture. The antisera were produced by syngeneic immunization with 5000 R x-irradiated tissues from C3H/HeN and C57BL/6N fetuses of 1 to 2 weeks gestation. Fetal antigens were found to be retained even after 5 years in cell lines derived from fetal tissues. In these lines no consistent change in fetal antigen expression could be correlated with neoplastic transformation. In contrast, the early passages of adult cells did not have detectable amounts of fetal antigens. However, fetal antigen(s) was demonstrated in cells of the late passages, and cells of both lines grew as sarcomas when next assayed 55 days later. In addition, fetal antigens were also present in established tumor lines in culture.", "contents": "Expression of fetal antigens in fetal and adult cells during long-term culture. Expression of fetal antigens in early and late passages of tissue culture cells derived from C3H/HeN and C57BL/KaLw mouse fetal cells and from lung tissue of young C57BL/6N mice was investigated by the isotopic antiglobulin technique. The late passage lines of fetal cells had undergone \"spontaneous\" neoplastic transformation in culture. The antisera were produced by syngeneic immunization with 5000 R x-irradiated tissues from C3H/HeN and C57BL/6N fetuses of 1 to 2 weeks gestation. Fetal antigens were found to be retained even after 5 years in cell lines derived from fetal tissues. In these lines no consistent change in fetal antigen expression could be correlated with neoplastic transformation. In contrast, the early passages of adult cells did not have detectable amounts of fetal antigens. However, fetal antigen(s) was demonstrated in cells of the late passages, and cells of both lines grew as sarcomas when next assayed 55 days later. In addition, fetal antigens were also present in established tumor lines in culture.", "PMID": 669725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_49", "title": "Callus formation versus differentiation of cultured barley embryos: hormonal and osmotic interactions.", "content": "The effect of various plant growth substances as single agents was evaluated in a complex tissue culture system: whole embryo culture of early differentiating barley embryos. Callus formation in unsupplemented medium derives from the mesocotyl and is uniquely characteristic of cultures initiated at this stage of embryonic development. This phenomenon could be prevented or reversed by incorporation of gibberellic acid in the medium resulting in plantlet formation. Indoleacetic acid enhanced callus growth, whereas kinetin did not promote either callus or meristematic development. Callus tissue markedly accumulated starch, effectively lowering the cellular osmolarity, while inducing a corresponding rise in the osmolarity of the culture medium. This osmotic pattern was reversed by gibberellic acid induction of shoot formation. These osmotic-hormonal interactions are interpreted relative to in vivo, in situ normal embryogeny or developmental lesions such as tumors.", "contents": "Callus formation versus differentiation of cultured barley embryos: hormonal and osmotic interactions. The effect of various plant growth substances as single agents was evaluated in a complex tissue culture system: whole embryo culture of early differentiating barley embryos. Callus formation in unsupplemented medium derives from the mesocotyl and is uniquely characteristic of cultures initiated at this stage of embryonic development. This phenomenon could be prevented or reversed by incorporation of gibberellic acid in the medium resulting in plantlet formation. Indoleacetic acid enhanced callus growth, whereas kinetin did not promote either callus or meristematic development. Callus tissue markedly accumulated starch, effectively lowering the cellular osmolarity, while inducing a corresponding rise in the osmolarity of the culture medium. This osmotic pattern was reversed by gibberellic acid induction of shoot formation. These osmotic-hormonal interactions are interpreted relative to in vivo, in situ normal embryogeny or developmental lesions such as tumors.", "PMID": 669726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_50", "title": "Cell cycle analysis and synchronization of the TN-368 insect cell line.", "content": "A cell cycle analysis of the Trichoplusia ni (TN-368) insect cell line is described. By means of autoradiography and percent labeled metaphase data, the cell cycle parameters were determined to be as follows: S, 4.5 hr; G2, 8.5 hr; M, 0.5 hr; G1, 1.0 hr; the total cell time being 14.5 hr. A synchronization procedure using 50 mM thymidine in a double block procedure was used to provide a method of obtaining a large number of cells in particular cell cycle phases, especially S and G2.", "contents": "Cell cycle analysis and synchronization of the TN-368 insect cell line. A cell cycle analysis of the Trichoplusia ni (TN-368) insect cell line is described. By means of autoradiography and percent labeled metaphase data, the cell cycle parameters were determined to be as follows: S, 4.5 hr; G2, 8.5 hr; M, 0.5 hr; G1, 1.0 hr; the total cell time being 14.5 hr. A synchronization procedure using 50 mM thymidine in a double block procedure was used to provide a method of obtaining a large number of cells in particular cell cycle phases, especially S and G2.", "PMID": 669727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_51", "title": "In vitro analysis of proliferating epithelial cell populations from the mouse mammary gland: fibroblast-free growth and serial passage.", "content": "Normal and neoplastic mouse mammary epithelial cells were cultured in nutrient medium containing D-valine substituted for L-valine. Fibroblast overgrowth was prevented and epithelial cell functions and morphology were retained in cultures maintained in D-valine medium up to 2 months. A nonenzymatic technique was devised to dissociate epithelial cell monolayers. The combined use of this dissociation buffer and D-valine nutrient medium made it possible to passage serially normal and neoplastic mammary epithelial cells. Normal cells were derived from mammary glands of animals stimulated with exogenous hormones for various periods. The period of in vivo hormonal stimulation influenced the ability of normal mammary epithelial cells to attach and proliferate in primary and serially passaged cultures. A greater proportion of cells derived from glands following 2 to 4 weeks of hormonal stimulation were recovered after replating and showed higher labeling indices during serial passage than cells from unstimulated or 5- to 7-week stimulated groups.", "contents": "In vitro analysis of proliferating epithelial cell populations from the mouse mammary gland: fibroblast-free growth and serial passage. Normal and neoplastic mouse mammary epithelial cells were cultured in nutrient medium containing D-valine substituted for L-valine. Fibroblast overgrowth was prevented and epithelial cell functions and morphology were retained in cultures maintained in D-valine medium up to 2 months. A nonenzymatic technique was devised to dissociate epithelial cell monolayers. The combined use of this dissociation buffer and D-valine nutrient medium made it possible to passage serially normal and neoplastic mammary epithelial cells. Normal cells were derived from mammary glands of animals stimulated with exogenous hormones for various periods. The period of in vivo hormonal stimulation influenced the ability of normal mammary epithelial cells to attach and proliferate in primary and serially passaged cultures. A greater proportion of cells derived from glands following 2 to 4 weeks of hormonal stimulation were recovered after replating and showed higher labeling indices during serial passage than cells from unstimulated or 5- to 7-week stimulated groups.", "PMID": 669728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_52", "title": "Transforming activities of trichloroethylene and proposed industrial alternatives.", "content": "Three chlorinated hydrocarbons, proposed or already in use as industrial substitutes for the hydrocarbon trichloroethylene, were tested for in vitro transforming potential in a Fischer rat embryo cell system (F1706), which previously has been shown to be sensitive to transformation by chemical carcinogens. Trichloroethylene and the three substitutes (1, 1, 1 trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene and methylene chloride) all were found to induce transformation, the three substitutes being equal or more efficient transforming agents.", "contents": "Transforming activities of trichloroethylene and proposed industrial alternatives. Three chlorinated hydrocarbons, proposed or already in use as industrial substitutes for the hydrocarbon trichloroethylene, were tested for in vitro transforming potential in a Fischer rat embryo cell system (F1706), which previously has been shown to be sensitive to transformation by chemical carcinogens. Trichloroethylene and the three substitutes (1, 1, 1 trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene and methylene chloride) all were found to induce transformation, the three substitutes being equal or more efficient transforming agents.", "PMID": 669729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_53", "title": "Development of plants from leaf discs of variegated Coleus and its relation to patterns of leaf chlorosis.", "content": "Leaf discs approximately 8 mm in diameter taken from green and from chlorotic areas of variegated leaves of Coleus were grown in light under sterile conditions in a mineral salt, sucrose, vitamin medium supplemented with auxin and cytokinin. Green shoots, which later formed roots, grew from both green and chlorotic discs in media containing suitable amounts of auxin and cytokinin. None developed in media supplemented with auxin alone or with cytokinin alone. Discs with young plants were transferred to soil. Plants that grew varied widely from those with no chlorosis to those with more chlorosis than the original variety from which the discs were taken. Plants grown from discs taken from green areas of leaves with chlorosis varied in patterns of chlorosis as much as those that grew from discs from chlorotic areas of leaves.", "contents": "Development of plants from leaf discs of variegated Coleus and its relation to patterns of leaf chlorosis. Leaf discs approximately 8 mm in diameter taken from green and from chlorotic areas of variegated leaves of Coleus were grown in light under sterile conditions in a mineral salt, sucrose, vitamin medium supplemented with auxin and cytokinin. Green shoots, which later formed roots, grew from both green and chlorotic discs in media containing suitable amounts of auxin and cytokinin. None developed in media supplemented with auxin alone or with cytokinin alone. Discs with young plants were transferred to soil. Plants that grew varied widely from those with no chlorosis to those with more chlorosis than the original variety from which the discs were taken. Plants grown from discs taken from green areas of leaves with chlorosis varied in patterns of chlorosis as much as those that grew from discs from chlorotic areas of leaves.", "PMID": 669730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_54", "title": "In vitro growth of embryos and callus of coconut palm.", "content": "A medium for optimal growth of embryos of Jamaican Tall and Green Malayan Dwarf varieties of coconut palm was developed. The Liquid basal Murashige and Skoog medium was supplemented with coconut milk, IAA and 2IP. Activated charcoal improved embryo growth on agar medium. A single callus line was initiated from solid endosperm and subcultured on basal Schenk and Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 2 mg per 1 NAA. Attempts at inducing organogenesis in the callus were unsuccessful. No vascular tissue was present. The callus was aneuploid with the chromosome number = 8 (normal 2n = 32).", "contents": "In vitro growth of embryos and callus of coconut palm. A medium for optimal growth of embryos of Jamaican Tall and Green Malayan Dwarf varieties of coconut palm was developed. The Liquid basal Murashige and Skoog medium was supplemented with coconut milk, IAA and 2IP. Activated charcoal improved embryo growth on agar medium. A single callus line was initiated from solid endosperm and subcultured on basal Schenk and Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 2 mg per 1 NAA. Attempts at inducing organogenesis in the callus were unsuccessful. No vascular tissue was present. The callus was aneuploid with the chromosome number = 8 (normal 2n = 32).", "PMID": 669731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_55", "title": "Characterization of normal human embryo cells grown to over 100 population doublings.", "content": "Normal human embryonic cells were subcultured for over 100 population doublings without modification of the basic medium. The cells were evaluated for growth rate, confluent density, chromosome stability, growth in soft agar, ability to hydrolyze casein and tumorigenicity. The cells possessed the characteristics of normal cells. The batch of serum used to supplement the medium was found to be of primary importance in the long-term growth of this cell culture.", "contents": "Characterization of normal human embryo cells grown to over 100 population doublings. Normal human embryonic cells were subcultured for over 100 population doublings without modification of the basic medium. The cells were evaluated for growth rate, confluent density, chromosome stability, growth in soft agar, ability to hydrolyze casein and tumorigenicity. The cells possessed the characteristics of normal cells. The batch of serum used to supplement the medium was found to be of primary importance in the long-term growth of this cell culture.", "PMID": 669734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_56", "title": "A diploid rat liver cell culture. IV. Malignant transformation by aflatoxin B1.", "content": "Chronic exposure of a cloned rat hepatocyte culture (RL-PR-C) to a subtoxic, sublethal dose of aflatoxin B1 resulted in malignant transformation. Continuous exposure to aflatoxin B1 caused increasing tumorigenic potential as tested by back injection into isogenic animals. Control cultures exhibited spontaneous transformation, although approximately 20 passages beyond the chemically induced event. Neither aflatoxin-treated nor control cultures exhibited cytopathological morphology, formation of cell foci, growth in soft agar, or irregular fibroblast-like growth patterns that could be specifically related to the onset of tumorigenic potential. In general, those parameters commonly used to monitor fibroblast cultures for transformation in vitro were not applicable for assessing the tumorigenic potential of these epithelial cells. Karyotypic analyses revealed no specific chromosomal aberrations associated with aflatoxin treatment; however, chromosomal instability was a property of the tumorigenic cell populations. Injection of both aflatoxin-treated and control cultures at passage 56 resulted in tumors indicative of both carcinoma and sarcoma indicating to us the multipotency of these epithelial cells transformed in vitro.", "contents": "A diploid rat liver cell culture. IV. Malignant transformation by aflatoxin B1. Chronic exposure of a cloned rat hepatocyte culture (RL-PR-C) to a subtoxic, sublethal dose of aflatoxin B1 resulted in malignant transformation. Continuous exposure to aflatoxin B1 caused increasing tumorigenic potential as tested by back injection into isogenic animals. Control cultures exhibited spontaneous transformation, although approximately 20 passages beyond the chemically induced event. Neither aflatoxin-treated nor control cultures exhibited cytopathological morphology, formation of cell foci, growth in soft agar, or irregular fibroblast-like growth patterns that could be specifically related to the onset of tumorigenic potential. In general, those parameters commonly used to monitor fibroblast cultures for transformation in vitro were not applicable for assessing the tumorigenic potential of these epithelial cells. Karyotypic analyses revealed no specific chromosomal aberrations associated with aflatoxin treatment; however, chromosomal instability was a property of the tumorigenic cell populations. Injection of both aflatoxin-treated and control cultures at passage 56 resulted in tumors indicative of both carcinoma and sarcoma indicating to us the multipotency of these epithelial cells transformed in vitro.", "PMID": 669735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_57", "title": "Influence of 0.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide exposure of mice of macrophage congregation in the lungs.", "content": "The lungs of 12 mice, half of which were exposed to continuous 0.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide for 3 weeks, were explanted in culture, and the instances of macrophage congregation were quantitated according to numbers of target cells involved, categories of congregation from three to 11 or more, numbers of macrophages participating in each category for the total cultures, and the influence of delaying explantation for 24 and 96 hr. A total of 9042 macrophages and 2140 epithelial and spindle target cells were counted in the outgrowths from 306 explants. The incidence of macrophage congregation (or numbers of target cells) was greater for the cultures from the NO2-exposed animals, both with respect to total incidences between groups (p leads to) and the 0-hr (p less than 0.001) and 24-hr (p less than 0.01) culture subgroups. In addition, the values for T3 to T6 macrophage congregation were individually and consistently greater for the exposed animal group. Postmortem interval stress at 96 hr appeared to result in large colonies, but they were reduced greatly in number. Also the incidence of macrophage congregation fell by 28% as compared to 0-hr and 24-hr subgroups.", "contents": "Influence of 0.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide exposure of mice of macrophage congregation in the lungs. The lungs of 12 mice, half of which were exposed to continuous 0.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide for 3 weeks, were explanted in culture, and the instances of macrophage congregation were quantitated according to numbers of target cells involved, categories of congregation from three to 11 or more, numbers of macrophages participating in each category for the total cultures, and the influence of delaying explantation for 24 and 96 hr. A total of 9042 macrophages and 2140 epithelial and spindle target cells were counted in the outgrowths from 306 explants. The incidence of macrophage congregation (or numbers of target cells) was greater for the cultures from the NO2-exposed animals, both with respect to total incidences between groups (p leads to) and the 0-hr (p less than 0.001) and 24-hr (p less than 0.01) culture subgroups. In addition, the values for T3 to T6 macrophage congregation were individually and consistently greater for the exposed animal group. Postmortem interval stress at 96 hr appeared to result in large colonies, but they were reduced greatly in number. Also the incidence of macrophage congregation fell by 28% as compared to 0-hr and 24-hr subgroups.", "PMID": 669736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_58", "title": "Long-term storage of tissue samples for cell culture.", "content": "The establishment of cultured cell lines from skin biopsies stored at -196 degrees C for periods up to 1 year has been investigated. Attempts to initiate cell cultures from the frozen tissue samples were uniformly successful. There was no alteration in chromosome constitution, morphological appearance, or specific activities of lysosomal enzymes in cells cultured from the stored samples. This process can safeguard against failure of the initial tissue culture and provide an alternate means of storing viable cells when it is impossible or impractical to initiate a cell culture immediately.", "contents": "Long-term storage of tissue samples for cell culture. The establishment of cultured cell lines from skin biopsies stored at -196 degrees C for periods up to 1 year has been investigated. Attempts to initiate cell cultures from the frozen tissue samples were uniformly successful. There was no alteration in chromosome constitution, morphological appearance, or specific activities of lysosomal enzymes in cells cultured from the stored samples. This process can safeguard against failure of the initial tissue culture and provide an alternate means of storing viable cells when it is impossible or impractical to initiate a cell culture immediately.", "PMID": 669737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_59", "title": "Terminal bronchiolar-alveolar (TB-A) units in circumfusion system cultures.", "content": "Long-term (more than 75 days) recirculating circumfusion system cultures of 15-day fetal mouse lungs gave rise to terminal bronchiolar-alveolar (TB-A) units detached from the respiratory tree. TB-A units established in serum-free microenvironments under reconstructed cellophane membranes became especially flat and optically accessible in fast-flowing 6-chamber systems devoid of a pulse pressure. Time-lapse cinephase movies showed that the alveoli was maintained debris-free by the phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages which entered the alveoli by penetrating the pneumocytic walls. The terminal bronchioles with active ciliary cells communicated with the alveoli and together they formed a flat fluid-filled tubule-like closed system composed of ultrastructurally typical differentiated cellular constituents, viz. types I and II pneumocytes, endocrine-like cells, ciliary cells. Clara cells, and septal cells. TB-A units were observed throughout 150 days of cultivation at which time their phase morphological differentiation remained stable and their functional activity observable as smooth-muscle contractions, ciliation, and alveolar macrophage phagocytosis. A 1000-foot motion-picture film complementing the descriptions of the TB-A units and the alveolar macrophages in the text is deposited with the Motion Picture Film Rental Collection of the Tissue Culture Association, Inc., at the W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center, Lake Placid, New York.", "contents": "Terminal bronchiolar-alveolar (TB-A) units in circumfusion system cultures. Long-term (more than 75 days) recirculating circumfusion system cultures of 15-day fetal mouse lungs gave rise to terminal bronchiolar-alveolar (TB-A) units detached from the respiratory tree. TB-A units established in serum-free microenvironments under reconstructed cellophane membranes became especially flat and optically accessible in fast-flowing 6-chamber systems devoid of a pulse pressure. Time-lapse cinephase movies showed that the alveoli was maintained debris-free by the phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages which entered the alveoli by penetrating the pneumocytic walls. The terminal bronchioles with active ciliary cells communicated with the alveoli and together they formed a flat fluid-filled tubule-like closed system composed of ultrastructurally typical differentiated cellular constituents, viz. types I and II pneumocytes, endocrine-like cells, ciliary cells. Clara cells, and septal cells. TB-A units were observed throughout 150 days of cultivation at which time their phase morphological differentiation remained stable and their functional activity observable as smooth-muscle contractions, ciliation, and alveolar macrophage phagocytosis. A 1000-foot motion-picture film complementing the descriptions of the TB-A units and the alveolar macrophages in the text is deposited with the Motion Picture Film Rental Collection of the Tissue Culture Association, Inc., at the W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center, Lake Placid, New York.", "PMID": 669738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_60", "title": "Long-term tissue cultures of human pleural effusions: a cytological follow-up.", "content": "A cytological follow-up was performed on long-term cultures of 53 metastatic pleural effusions and 34 cases of mesothelial hyperplasia. Cells were grown in Leighton tubes with up to 11 changes of cover slip in the same tube. Cell morphology and arrangement was followed for up to 1 year. Morphological criteria are of no use in recognizing malignant cells with any degree of certainty. As to cell distribution, several types of heaping up are observed both in benign and malignant pleural effusions. In malignant cases, patches of cells in an epithelial-like arrangement are seen heaping up from their substrate. They can be recovered from the used medium by cytocentrifugation. Such behavior may explain the numerous unsuccessful attempts to establish epithelial cell lines, as the clusters of epithelial cells are progressively lost in the supernates.", "contents": "Long-term tissue cultures of human pleural effusions: a cytological follow-up. A cytological follow-up was performed on long-term cultures of 53 metastatic pleural effusions and 34 cases of mesothelial hyperplasia. Cells were grown in Leighton tubes with up to 11 changes of cover slip in the same tube. Cell morphology and arrangement was followed for up to 1 year. Morphological criteria are of no use in recognizing malignant cells with any degree of certainty. As to cell distribution, several types of heaping up are observed both in benign and malignant pleural effusions. In malignant cases, patches of cells in an epithelial-like arrangement are seen heaping up from their substrate. They can be recovered from the used medium by cytocentrifugation. Such behavior may explain the numerous unsuccessful attempts to establish epithelial cell lines, as the clusters of epithelial cells are progressively lost in the supernates.", "PMID": 669739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_61", "title": "Hydrocortisone stimulation of human mammary epithelial cells.", "content": "Rapid proliferation of mammary epithelial cells derived from biopsy specimens of human fibroadenomas was observed when medium was supplemented with ten percent fetal bovine serum and hydrocortisone (5 microgram per ml-1). Hydrocortisone in combination with FBS also led to a 2.5-fold increase in cell cluster attachment and subsequent colony formation. A similar effect was not observed with human serum. In contrast to fibroblast cell systems, insulin did not significantly alter cell growth. The results show that a mitogenic response to glucocorticoids by mammary epithelium may depend on the presence of factors in sera.", "contents": "Hydrocortisone stimulation of human mammary epithelial cells. Rapid proliferation of mammary epithelial cells derived from biopsy specimens of human fibroadenomas was observed when medium was supplemented with ten percent fetal bovine serum and hydrocortisone (5 microgram per ml-1). Hydrocortisone in combination with FBS also led to a 2.5-fold increase in cell cluster attachment and subsequent colony formation. A similar effect was not observed with human serum. In contrast to fibroblast cell systems, insulin did not significantly alter cell growth. The results show that a mitogenic response to glucocorticoids by mammary epithelium may depend on the presence of factors in sera.", "PMID": 669741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_62", "title": "Resistance of SJL mice to immunosuppression by antibodies.", "content": "Immunosuppressive antisera that specifically inhibit induction of tuberculin-type delayed hypersensitivity in mice to the antigens chicken conalbumin and methylated human serum albumin were compared for activity in CF-1, CAF1, and SJL mice. These contrasensitizing antisera were effective in CF-1 and CAF1 mice of various ages. But in SJL mice they were ineffective if the animals were older than 8 weeks and were only moderately effective if the animals were younger. The antibodies of these antisera responsible for specific immunosuppression could be absorbed onto adherent peritoneal exudate cells taken from DAF1 but not SJL mice. They could be eluted from the CAF1 cells at 56 degrees C. These results and other data that are discussed suggest that SJL resistance to immunosuppression by contrasensitizing antibodies is related to a macrophage abnormality. The results also help explain earlier findings that SJL mice are unusually easy to sensitize and unusually resistant to tolerogenesis. This strain of mice should be especially useful for studying the mechanisms of afferent immunosuppression in immunologic enhancement-like forms of tolerance.", "contents": "Resistance of SJL mice to immunosuppression by antibodies. Immunosuppressive antisera that specifically inhibit induction of tuberculin-type delayed hypersensitivity in mice to the antigens chicken conalbumin and methylated human serum albumin were compared for activity in CF-1, CAF1, and SJL mice. These contrasensitizing antisera were effective in CF-1 and CAF1 mice of various ages. But in SJL mice they were ineffective if the animals were older than 8 weeks and were only moderately effective if the animals were younger. The antibodies of these antisera responsible for specific immunosuppression could be absorbed onto adherent peritoneal exudate cells taken from DAF1 but not SJL mice. They could be eluted from the CAF1 cells at 56 degrees C. These results and other data that are discussed suggest that SJL resistance to immunosuppression by contrasensitizing antibodies is related to a macrophage abnormality. The results also help explain earlier findings that SJL mice are unusually easy to sensitize and unusually resistant to tolerogenesis. This strain of mice should be especially useful for studying the mechanisms of afferent immunosuppression in immunologic enhancement-like forms of tolerance.", "PMID": 669750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_63", "title": "Progression of the immune response to solubilized tumor antigens.", "content": "Local adoptive transfer assays (LATA) were used to analyze and compare the progression of the immune response in C3H/HeJ mice to irradiated tumor cell vaccine and to crude 3M KCl solubilized antigens extracted from a syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma. Sequential LATA performed 2, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days after soluble antigen pretreatment of spleen cell donors revealed a sinusoidal evolution of lymphoid cell activity. An initial brief period of potent tumor facilitation (days 6-9) was followed by a phase of tumor neutralization (days 9-12) which decayed by day 15. On the other hand, spleen cells from donors sensitized with irradiated tumor cells exhibited consistent tumor neutralization which was sustained throughout 15 days. Thus the tumor growth facilitation observed only in CSA-treated donors may represent a qualitative difference in the immune state induced by soluble, as opposed to cellular, forms of tumor antigen.", "contents": "Progression of the immune response to solubilized tumor antigens. Local adoptive transfer assays (LATA) were used to analyze and compare the progression of the immune response in C3H/HeJ mice to irradiated tumor cell vaccine and to crude 3M KCl solubilized antigens extracted from a syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma. Sequential LATA performed 2, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days after soluble antigen pretreatment of spleen cell donors revealed a sinusoidal evolution of lymphoid cell activity. An initial brief period of potent tumor facilitation (days 6-9) was followed by a phase of tumor neutralization (days 9-12) which decayed by day 15. On the other hand, spleen cells from donors sensitized with irradiated tumor cells exhibited consistent tumor neutralization which was sustained throughout 15 days. Thus the tumor growth facilitation observed only in CSA-treated donors may represent a qualitative difference in the immune state induced by soluble, as opposed to cellular, forms of tumor antigen.", "PMID": 669751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_64", "title": "The A, M, N, and P1 blood group substances in butanol extracts of human erythrocytes.", "content": "Aqueous phase and butanol phase extracts of group A1, O, M, N, P1 and P2 human erythrocytes perpared by extraction of red cell stromata with n-butanol were examined for the presence of blood group substances in inhibition of agglutination experiments using antisera and test cells of human origin. Group A substance was recovered in both aqueous phase and butanol phase extracts, M and N substance in aqueous phase extracts only, and P1 substance only in butanol phase extracts. Use of high concentrations of extract resulted in detection of P1 activity in aqueous phase extracts and of N specific inhibition in the aqueous phase extracts of group M erythrocytes. Distilled water appeared to be superior to digitonin and hypotonic phosphate buffer solutions for preparation of stromata for the recovery of group A and M substances in the butanol extracts but not for group N and P1 substances.", "contents": "The A, M, N, and P1 blood group substances in butanol extracts of human erythrocytes. Aqueous phase and butanol phase extracts of group A1, O, M, N, P1 and P2 human erythrocytes perpared by extraction of red cell stromata with n-butanol were examined for the presence of blood group substances in inhibition of agglutination experiments using antisera and test cells of human origin. Group A substance was recovered in both aqueous phase and butanol phase extracts, M and N substance in aqueous phase extracts only, and P1 substance only in butanol phase extracts. Use of high concentrations of extract resulted in detection of P1 activity in aqueous phase extracts and of N specific inhibition in the aqueous phase extracts of group M erythrocytes. Distilled water appeared to be superior to digitonin and hypotonic phosphate buffer solutions for preparation of stromata for the recovery of group A and M substances in the butanol extracts but not for group N and P1 substances.", "PMID": 669752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_65", "title": "Colonization of teeth in humans by Streptococcus mutans as related to its concentration in saliva and host age.", "content": "The relationship of the salivary concentration of Streptococcus mutans and host age to the colonization of this organism on erupting teeth was studied in humans. Plaques were obtained from fissures and buccal surfaces of erupting permanent first and second molars of children 6 to 7 and 11 to 14 years old, respectively. In subjects of both age groups with salivary S. mutans concentrations below 5 x 10(2) colony-forming units per ml, the organism was detected on only a few of the tooth surfaces; at concentrations of 5 x 10(2) to 4.9 x 10(4) colony-forming units per ml more than half of the surfaces and at concentrations of 5 x 10(4) colony-forming units per ml or higher most of the surfaces were colonized by S. mutans. The frequency of detection and concentration of S. mutans in plaque as well as its concentration in saliva were higher in the case of the older children. However, when younger and older children with similar salivary S. mutans concentrations were compared, S. mutans was more frequently isolated from plaque from older children only in the case of children with below 5 x 10(2) colony-forming units per ml of saliva. Eleven of the 64 children studied had low or undetectable S. mutans levels in plaque and saliva. The salivary S. mutans levels of the parents of these children were lower than those of parents of a group of children with normal oral S. mutans levels.", "contents": "Colonization of teeth in humans by Streptococcus mutans as related to its concentration in saliva and host age. The relationship of the salivary concentration of Streptococcus mutans and host age to the colonization of this organism on erupting teeth was studied in humans. Plaques were obtained from fissures and buccal surfaces of erupting permanent first and second molars of children 6 to 7 and 11 to 14 years old, respectively. In subjects of both age groups with salivary S. mutans concentrations below 5 x 10(2) colony-forming units per ml, the organism was detected on only a few of the tooth surfaces; at concentrations of 5 x 10(2) to 4.9 x 10(4) colony-forming units per ml more than half of the surfaces and at concentrations of 5 x 10(4) colony-forming units per ml or higher most of the surfaces were colonized by S. mutans. The frequency of detection and concentration of S. mutans in plaque as well as its concentration in saliva were higher in the case of the older children. However, when younger and older children with similar salivary S. mutans concentrations were compared, S. mutans was more frequently isolated from plaque from older children only in the case of children with below 5 x 10(2) colony-forming units per ml of saliva. Eleven of the 64 children studied had low or undetectable S. mutans levels in plaque and saliva. The salivary S. mutans levels of the parents of these children were lower than those of parents of a group of children with normal oral S. mutans levels.", "PMID": 669786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_66", "title": "Experimental pathogenicity and mortality in ligated ileal loop studies of the newly reported halophilic lactose-positive Vibrio sp.", "content": "Laboratory animals were challenged subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, and intravenously with the halophilic lactose-positive Vibrio. Intraperitoneal inocula of 10(8) organisms proved to be rapidly lethal in mice, rats, and hamsters. The 50% lethal doese in ICR strain mice was estimatd to be 8 X 10(5) live cells, injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. Subtaneous inocula in mice resulted in severe local infections, characterized by gross edema, and for those animals surviving longer than 48 h, tissue necrosis. Intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous injections of 10(8) cells in mice resulted in death within 3 to 6 h. These animals rapidly developed Vibrio bacteremia after injections. V. parahaemolyticus, studied for comparative purposes, produced no morbidity or mortality when injected subcutaneously. Injections of live lactose-positive Vibrio into ligated ileal loops in rats and rabbits consistently proved to be lethal with a high-density bacteremia resulting.", "contents": "Experimental pathogenicity and mortality in ligated ileal loop studies of the newly reported halophilic lactose-positive Vibrio sp. Laboratory animals were challenged subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, and intravenously with the halophilic lactose-positive Vibrio. Intraperitoneal inocula of 10(8) organisms proved to be rapidly lethal in mice, rats, and hamsters. The 50% lethal doese in ICR strain mice was estimatd to be 8 X 10(5) live cells, injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. Subtaneous inocula in mice resulted in severe local infections, characterized by gross edema, and for those animals surviving longer than 48 h, tissue necrosis. Intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous injections of 10(8) cells in mice resulted in death within 3 to 6 h. These animals rapidly developed Vibrio bacteremia after injections. V. parahaemolyticus, studied for comparative purposes, produced no morbidity or mortality when injected subcutaneously. Injections of live lactose-positive Vibrio into ligated ileal loops in rats and rabbits consistently proved to be lethal with a high-density bacteremia resulting.", "PMID": 669787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_67", "title": "In vitro and in vivo photosensitized inactivation of dermatophyte fungi by heterotricyclic dyes.", "content": "The ability of three heterotricyclic dyes to photosensitize dermatophyte fungi was studied with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum. In vitro studies showed that methylene blue, neutral red, and proflavine were capable of killing these fungi when used in conjunction with broad-spectrum light. Proflavine, however, killed both fungi most rapidly and was used for further studies. Fungal killing by proflavine plus light was dependent on dye concentration, pH, light wavelength, and light intensity. Based on the in vitro studies, a treatment regimen was developed for in vivo use on experimentally infected animals. When treatment of guinea pigs inoculated with T. mentagrophytes was begun during fungal invasion, lesion formation at inoculated sites was either prevented or substantially reduced. When treatment was begun after lesion formation, however, light-plus-dyed treated sites showed only slightly faster curing than untreated sites.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo photosensitized inactivation of dermatophyte fungi by heterotricyclic dyes. The ability of three heterotricyclic dyes to photosensitize dermatophyte fungi was studied with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum. In vitro studies showed that methylene blue, neutral red, and proflavine were capable of killing these fungi when used in conjunction with broad-spectrum light. Proflavine, however, killed both fungi most rapidly and was used for further studies. Fungal killing by proflavine plus light was dependent on dye concentration, pH, light wavelength, and light intensity. Based on the in vitro studies, a treatment regimen was developed for in vivo use on experimentally infected animals. When treatment of guinea pigs inoculated with T. mentagrophytes was begun during fungal invasion, lesion formation at inoculated sites was either prevented or substantially reduced. When treatment was begun after lesion formation, however, light-plus-dyed treated sites showed only slightly faster curing than untreated sites.", "PMID": 669788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_68", "title": "Molar growth yields and enterotoxin B production of Staphylococcus aureus S-6 with amino acids as energy sources.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus S-6 was able to utilize glutamate, proline, histidine, aspartate, alanine, threonine, serine, or glycine as a major energy source, when these were added singly at a concentration of 2.5 g/liter to a base medium containing salts, vitamins, and 30 mg of each of 18 amino acids per liter. Molar growth yields (Y) for each of the eight amino acids were determined in aerobic batch cultures. Except with aspartate and serine, all molar growth yields decreased with increasing concentration of the energy source, whether or not it was present in excess. The average molar growth yields for both aspartate and serine were Y = 35 g/mol. The highest Y values obtained with the other amino acids were 79, 78, 56, 46, 58, and 21 g/mol for glutamate, proline, histidine, alanine, threonine, and glycine, respectively. Histidine was not utilized as an energy source at concentrations of less than 2 mM. Enterotoxin yields (mg of toxin per g [dry wt] of cells) higher than in the basal medium were obtained when proline, histidine, alanine, serine, and glycine were the major energy sources. When proline and alanine were the major energy sources, enterotoxin yields were not affected by the concentration, whereas toxin yields were reduced at high concentrations of the other six amino acids. The highest cell yields and Y values were obtained with glutamate, but its utilization as an energy source markedly reduced enterotoxin yields.", "contents": "Molar growth yields and enterotoxin B production of Staphylococcus aureus S-6 with amino acids as energy sources. Staphylococcus aureus S-6 was able to utilize glutamate, proline, histidine, aspartate, alanine, threonine, serine, or glycine as a major energy source, when these were added singly at a concentration of 2.5 g/liter to a base medium containing salts, vitamins, and 30 mg of each of 18 amino acids per liter. Molar growth yields (Y) for each of the eight amino acids were determined in aerobic batch cultures. Except with aspartate and serine, all molar growth yields decreased with increasing concentration of the energy source, whether or not it was present in excess. The average molar growth yields for both aspartate and serine were Y = 35 g/mol. The highest Y values obtained with the other amino acids were 79, 78, 56, 46, 58, and 21 g/mol for glutamate, proline, histidine, alanine, threonine, and glycine, respectively. Histidine was not utilized as an energy source at concentrations of less than 2 mM. Enterotoxin yields (mg of toxin per g [dry wt] of cells) higher than in the basal medium were obtained when proline, histidine, alanine, serine, and glycine were the major energy sources. When proline and alanine were the major energy sources, enterotoxin yields were not affected by the concentration, whereas toxin yields were reduced at high concentrations of the other six amino acids. The highest cell yields and Y values were obtained with glutamate, but its utilization as an energy source markedly reduced enterotoxin yields.", "PMID": 669789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_69", "title": "Effect of minerals on staphylococcal enterotoxin B production.", "content": "Raising the magnesium level from 0.4 to 1.5 mM in a medium containing only amino acids (2.08%), salts, and vitamins increased enterotoxin B production by Staphylococcus aureus S-6 by about 80%. The level of phosphates in the medium was lowered to one-tenth (to 2.87 mM) the original amount without adversely affecting growth and enterotoxin production. The optimum level of potassium was between 15 and 45 mM. Ammonium salts were not essential in the amino acid medium. Sufficient quantities of trace metals were already present. Revising the salt mixture according to the information obtained resulted in a doubling of the enterotoxin B production.", "contents": "Effect of minerals on staphylococcal enterotoxin B production. Raising the magnesium level from 0.4 to 1.5 mM in a medium containing only amino acids (2.08%), salts, and vitamins increased enterotoxin B production by Staphylococcus aureus S-6 by about 80%. The level of phosphates in the medium was lowered to one-tenth (to 2.87 mM) the original amount without adversely affecting growth and enterotoxin production. The optimum level of potassium was between 15 and 45 mM. Ammonium salts were not essential in the amino acid medium. Sufficient quantities of trace metals were already present. Revising the salt mixture according to the information obtained resulted in a doubling of the enterotoxin B production.", "PMID": 669790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_70", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on dengue virus infection of human lymphoblasts.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of dengue-2 virus-infected lymphoblastoid Raji cells showed that the virus induced an increase in the size of the rough endoplasmic reticula (RER) and that the replication of the virus was confined to the cisternae of these RER. The proliferating RER formed cytoplasmic inclusions that could be seen by light microscopy. This observation could be used as evidence of a cytopathogenic effect of dengue virus on infected Rajii cells in routine cultures. Accumulation of virions in the infected cells was minimal in comparison with other cell systems, however. Sporadic clusters of mature virions were often seen on the plasma membrane. These extracellular virions were distributed adjacent to the virus-bearing RER and were presumably released virions. Vertical transmission of the virus was evident in mitotic lymphoblasts. The replication pattern of dengue virus in lymphoblastoid cells suggests that efforts should be made to determine whether blast-transformed lymphocytes, numerous in secondary dengue infections, support dengue virus replication in vivo.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on dengue virus infection of human lymphoblasts. Ultrastructural studies of dengue-2 virus-infected lymphoblastoid Raji cells showed that the virus induced an increase in the size of the rough endoplasmic reticula (RER) and that the replication of the virus was confined to the cisternae of these RER. The proliferating RER formed cytoplasmic inclusions that could be seen by light microscopy. This observation could be used as evidence of a cytopathogenic effect of dengue virus on infected Rajii cells in routine cultures. Accumulation of virions in the infected cells was minimal in comparison with other cell systems, however. Sporadic clusters of mature virions were often seen on the plasma membrane. These extracellular virions were distributed adjacent to the virus-bearing RER and were presumably released virions. Vertical transmission of the virus was evident in mitotic lymphoblasts. The replication pattern of dengue virus in lymphoblastoid cells suggests that efforts should be made to determine whether blast-transformed lymphocytes, numerous in secondary dengue infections, support dengue virus replication in vivo.", "PMID": 669791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_71", "title": "Substances that interfere with action of viridin B, a Streptococcus mitis bacteriocin.", "content": "Several body fluids and various substances were examined for their effects on the action of viridin B, a Streptococcus mitis bacteriocin. Heme has been shown previously to interfere with viridin B action. In the present study, peroxidase and catalase, but not superoxide dismutase, interfered with the bacteriocin. Sulfhydryl-containing compounds had no effect. Trypsin, protease, and amylase exhibited interfering capacities. Of various body fluids tested, serum, saliva, and leukocyte lysate interfered with viridin B. The activity in leukocyte lysate was probably due to myeloperoxidase. Salivary activity was likely due to both peroxidase and amylase. Interfering activity in serum was neither complement dependent nor antibody mediated and was probably due to a combination of enzymatic activities. Temporal studies with these agents suggested more than one mechanism of interference with viridin B.", "contents": "Substances that interfere with action of viridin B, a Streptococcus mitis bacteriocin. Several body fluids and various substances were examined for their effects on the action of viridin B, a Streptococcus mitis bacteriocin. Heme has been shown previously to interfere with viridin B action. In the present study, peroxidase and catalase, but not superoxide dismutase, interfered with the bacteriocin. Sulfhydryl-containing compounds had no effect. Trypsin, protease, and amylase exhibited interfering capacities. Of various body fluids tested, serum, saliva, and leukocyte lysate interfered with viridin B. The activity in leukocyte lysate was probably due to myeloperoxidase. Salivary activity was likely due to both peroxidase and amylase. Interfering activity in serum was neither complement dependent nor antibody mediated and was probably due to a combination of enzymatic activities. Temporal studies with these agents suggested more than one mechanism of interference with viridin B.", "PMID": 669792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_72", "title": "Induction of a pH-stable interferon in sheep lymphocytes by Mycoplasmatales virus MVL2.", "content": "The data presented in this report show that the enveloped Mycoplasmatales virus MVL2 is capable of interferon induction in sheep peripheral blood lymphocytes. The phenomenon was dose dependent, requiring approximately 10(8) plaque-forming units of virus per 2 X 10(6) lymphocytes. The interferon was stable to pH 2.0 treatment, was produced in moderately high levels (greater than 1,000 units), and met many of the criteria for classification as a type I interferon. Heat-inactivated MLV2 lost its ability to induce interferon, whereas ultraviolet-inactivated virus retained its capacity to induce levels comparable to untreated virus. Whereas the MVL2 used in these studies was contaminated with several host cell proteins as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the contaminants probably did not play a role in the induction because isolated cell membranes or soluble cell contents from Achoplasma laidlawii are inactive as inducers. Also presented in this report is a preliminary description of the structural polypeptides of MVL2.", "contents": "Induction of a pH-stable interferon in sheep lymphocytes by Mycoplasmatales virus MVL2. The data presented in this report show that the enveloped Mycoplasmatales virus MVL2 is capable of interferon induction in sheep peripheral blood lymphocytes. The phenomenon was dose dependent, requiring approximately 10(8) plaque-forming units of virus per 2 X 10(6) lymphocytes. The interferon was stable to pH 2.0 treatment, was produced in moderately high levels (greater than 1,000 units), and met many of the criteria for classification as a type I interferon. Heat-inactivated MLV2 lost its ability to induce interferon, whereas ultraviolet-inactivated virus retained its capacity to induce levels comparable to untreated virus. Whereas the MVL2 used in these studies was contaminated with several host cell proteins as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the contaminants probably did not play a role in the induction because isolated cell membranes or soluble cell contents from Achoplasma laidlawii are inactive as inducers. Also presented in this report is a preliminary description of the structural polypeptides of MVL2.", "PMID": 669793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_73", "title": "Lipid metabolism of Borrelia hermsi.", "content": "The synthesis of complex lipids by Borrelia hermsi while growing in Kelly medium was investigated by labeling cultures with D-[14C]glucose or [14C]palmitic acid. Labeled glucose was incorporated into phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, monogalactosyl diglyceride, cholesterol glucoside, and acylated cholesteryl glucoside. The fatty acid composition reflected that of the medium suggesting that this spirochete directly incorporates acyl chains unaltered from its external milieu. Furthermore, the distribution of labeled carbon between acyl groups (lipid-soluble) and water-soluble moieties indicates that there is no metabolic exchange between these two pools. The relationship of B. hermsi to other spirochetes is discussed in terms of lipid metabolism as a generic characteristic.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism of Borrelia hermsi. The synthesis of complex lipids by Borrelia hermsi while growing in Kelly medium was investigated by labeling cultures with D-[14C]glucose or [14C]palmitic acid. Labeled glucose was incorporated into phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, monogalactosyl diglyceride, cholesterol glucoside, and acylated cholesteryl glucoside. The fatty acid composition reflected that of the medium suggesting that this spirochete directly incorporates acyl chains unaltered from its external milieu. Furthermore, the distribution of labeled carbon between acyl groups (lipid-soluble) and water-soluble moieties indicates that there is no metabolic exchange between these two pools. The relationship of B. hermsi to other spirochetes is discussed in terms of lipid metabolism as a generic characteristic.", "PMID": 669794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_74", "title": "Age-related susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular infections in mice.", "content": "The susceptibility of newborn and infant mice to eye infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in 5-, 10-, 15- to 16-, and 21-day-old mice. In the first of three age-related susceptibility experiments, inoculation of P. aeruginosa under the unopened eyelids of infant (5- and 10-day-old) mice in the absence of prior corneal wounding resulted in acute infection and rapid death of many of the animals. However, endophthalmitis was observed in about 30% of bacteremic animals that survived to age 14 to 15 days. In the second experiment, 15- to 16-day-old mice whose eyes were open received P. aeruginosa topically onto either wounded or unwounded corneas. At least 50% of the mice that received both corneal wounding and the bacteria exhibited keratitis, endophthalmitis, and subsequent phthisis bulbi. None of the infected mice died of bacteremia. In addition, mice infected in the absence of corneal wounding did not exhibit any eye damage. In the third experiment, the wounded-cornea responses of 21-day-old mice to P. aeruginosa were more variable. Thirty seven percent of the mice exhibited an intermediate response of decreased eye size and cataracts which was not observed in 15- to 16-day-old mice, 32% recovered spontaneously, and 29% exhibited complete shrinkage of the infected eyes. The variability of the latter responses may reflect a transitional maturation period of natural immunity to the organism in some of the animals, since all 4- to 6-week-old adult mice respond routinely to ocular wounding and similar infections with the organism by undergoing a spontaneous resolvable keratitis (3 to 4 weeks).", "contents": "Age-related susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular infections in mice. The susceptibility of newborn and infant mice to eye infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in 5-, 10-, 15- to 16-, and 21-day-old mice. In the first of three age-related susceptibility experiments, inoculation of P. aeruginosa under the unopened eyelids of infant (5- and 10-day-old) mice in the absence of prior corneal wounding resulted in acute infection and rapid death of many of the animals. However, endophthalmitis was observed in about 30% of bacteremic animals that survived to age 14 to 15 days. In the second experiment, 15- to 16-day-old mice whose eyes were open received P. aeruginosa topically onto either wounded or unwounded corneas. At least 50% of the mice that received both corneal wounding and the bacteria exhibited keratitis, endophthalmitis, and subsequent phthisis bulbi. None of the infected mice died of bacteremia. In addition, mice infected in the absence of corneal wounding did not exhibit any eye damage. In the third experiment, the wounded-cornea responses of 21-day-old mice to P. aeruginosa were more variable. Thirty seven percent of the mice exhibited an intermediate response of decreased eye size and cataracts which was not observed in 15- to 16-day-old mice, 32% recovered spontaneously, and 29% exhibited complete shrinkage of the infected eyes. The variability of the latter responses may reflect a transitional maturation period of natural immunity to the organism in some of the animals, since all 4- to 6-week-old adult mice respond routinely to ocular wounding and similar infections with the organism by undergoing a spontaneous resolvable keratitis (3 to 4 weeks).", "PMID": 669795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_75", "title": "Chromosomal locus for staphylococcal enterotoxin B.", "content": "The genetic locus of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) was investigated in the Staphylococcus aureus food-poisoning isolates, strains S6 and 277. Direct neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-sodium chloride-mediated cleared lysates demonstrated that strain S6 contained a single 37S plasmid. Transductional analysis revealed that the 37S plasmid in S6 encoded for cadmium resistance (Cad) but not SEB. Additionally, elimination of cadmium resistance in S6 provided a plasmid-negative derivative that produced SEB at the same level as the parent. Examination of strain 277 showed two plasmids, a 37S species encoding for penicillin resistance (Penr) and a 21S species containing the gene(s) responsible for tetracycline resistance (Tetr). Elimination of the 37S, penr plasmid in 277 had no effect on SEB production, whereas introduction of the 21S tetr plasmid via transformation into strain 8325 (SEB--) did not confer enterotoxigenesis upon the transformants. The data obtained in this investigation suggest that the SEB gene(s) in these food-poisoning isolates of S. aureus is chromosomal.", "contents": "Chromosomal locus for staphylococcal enterotoxin B. The genetic locus of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) was investigated in the Staphylococcus aureus food-poisoning isolates, strains S6 and 277. Direct neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-sodium chloride-mediated cleared lysates demonstrated that strain S6 contained a single 37S plasmid. Transductional analysis revealed that the 37S plasmid in S6 encoded for cadmium resistance (Cad) but not SEB. Additionally, elimination of cadmium resistance in S6 provided a plasmid-negative derivative that produced SEB at the same level as the parent. Examination of strain 277 showed two plasmids, a 37S species encoding for penicillin resistance (Penr) and a 21S species containing the gene(s) responsible for tetracycline resistance (Tetr). Elimination of the 37S, penr plasmid in 277 had no effect on SEB production, whereas introduction of the 21S tetr plasmid via transformation into strain 8325 (SEB--) did not confer enterotoxigenesis upon the transformants. The data obtained in this investigation suggest that the SEB gene(s) in these food-poisoning isolates of S. aureus is chromosomal.", "PMID": 669796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_76", "title": "Evidence for a disseminated plasmid in Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Based on a survey of 86 isolates, approximately 5% of all naturally occurring strains of Streptococcus mutans contains a 3.6 X 10(6)-dalton (3.6-megadalton) multicopy plasmid of unknown function. The amount of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid per chromosome varies from 2 to 6% depending on the host strain. About 13% of the total covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid in each of the four plasmid-containing strains consists of dimeric molecules, with interlocked circular forms predominating. Site-specific restriction endonucleases have been identified that cleave this 3.6-megadalton plasmid at single and at multiple sites. Each of the four plasmids is cleaved once by the HindIII and BamHI restriction enzymes. The HpaI, TaqI, and HhaI enzymes generate two, five, and six components, respectively, and the digestion products of each of the four plasmids are identical. Because the four plasmid-containing S. mutans strains are physiologically unique with respect to one another, we conclude this plasmid to be a disseminated extrachromosomal element in S. mutans.", "contents": "Evidence for a disseminated plasmid in Streptococcus mutans. Based on a survey of 86 isolates, approximately 5% of all naturally occurring strains of Streptococcus mutans contains a 3.6 X 10(6)-dalton (3.6-megadalton) multicopy plasmid of unknown function. The amount of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid per chromosome varies from 2 to 6% depending on the host strain. About 13% of the total covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid in each of the four plasmid-containing strains consists of dimeric molecules, with interlocked circular forms predominating. Site-specific restriction endonucleases have been identified that cleave this 3.6-megadalton plasmid at single and at multiple sites. Each of the four plasmids is cleaved once by the HindIII and BamHI restriction enzymes. The HpaI, TaqI, and HhaI enzymes generate two, five, and six components, respectively, and the digestion products of each of the four plasmids are identical. Because the four plasmid-containing S. mutans strains are physiologically unique with respect to one another, we conclude this plasmid to be a disseminated extrachromosomal element in S. mutans.", "PMID": 669797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_77", "title": "Isolation of a bacteriophage for actinomyces viscosus.", "content": "A lytic phage which produces clear plaques on a human isolate of Actinomyces viscosus was isolated from a sample of raw domestic sewage.", "contents": "Isolation of a bacteriophage for actinomyces viscosus. A lytic phage which produces clear plaques on a human isolate of Actinomyces viscosus was isolated from a sample of raw domestic sewage.", "PMID": 669798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_78", "title": "Rapid activation of the interferon system in vivo.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to study the kinetics of local interferon production in the subcutaneous tissues of rats stimulated with Newcastle disease virus. Specifically, the interferon produced and released in the extracellular fluids was collected at various intervals of time in micropore chambers implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Interferon was detected at moderate titers 1 h after induction, and it was present at high titer at 2 h. The interferon levels remained remarkably high in the samples collected after 3, 5, and 24 h, and in some rats it was still detectable after 48 and 72 h. Since control experiments showed that it requires 2 to 3 h for interferon to penetrate the chambers, it may be concluded that high concentrations of interferon are present in the extracellular fluid within 1 h of induction. The evaluation of the kinetics of production and of the concentrations attained in the extracellular fluid suggests that in a solid tissue a cell infected by a potent interferon inducer may produce interferon early enough and in sufficient quantity to protect neighboring cells before the production of progeny virions.", "contents": "Rapid activation of the interferon system in vivo. Experiments were carried out to study the kinetics of local interferon production in the subcutaneous tissues of rats stimulated with Newcastle disease virus. Specifically, the interferon produced and released in the extracellular fluids was collected at various intervals of time in micropore chambers implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Interferon was detected at moderate titers 1 h after induction, and it was present at high titer at 2 h. The interferon levels remained remarkably high in the samples collected after 3, 5, and 24 h, and in some rats it was still detectable after 48 and 72 h. Since control experiments showed that it requires 2 to 3 h for interferon to penetrate the chambers, it may be concluded that high concentrations of interferon are present in the extracellular fluid within 1 h of induction. The evaluation of the kinetics of production and of the concentrations attained in the extracellular fluid suggests that in a solid tissue a cell infected by a potent interferon inducer may produce interferon early enough and in sufficient quantity to protect neighboring cells before the production of progeny virions.", "PMID": 669799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_79", "title": "Innate resistance of mice to experimental infection with Naegleria fowleri.", "content": "The mouse system provides an excellent model for studying host resistance to Naegleria fowleri, the agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Innate resistance to infection with N. fowleri was examined with respect to infecting dose and the age, sex, and strain of mice. Intravenous inoculation with 10(7) amoebae per mouse produced 100% mortality in 9 days, whereas inoculation with fewer amoebae reduced the cumulative mortality. Male and female DUB/ICR mice of varying ages were inoculated intravenously with 2.5 X 10(5) N. fowleri per g of body weight. The youngest mice died first, with 100% mortality for both males and females, and mortality decreased with increasing age. Female mice were significantly more resistant to infection than males. Five strains of mice weighing approximately 20 g were inoculated intravenously with weight-adjusted doses; mortality ranged from 10% in C57BL/6 mice to 95% in A/HeCr mice.", "contents": "Innate resistance of mice to experimental infection with Naegleria fowleri. The mouse system provides an excellent model for studying host resistance to Naegleria fowleri, the agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Innate resistance to infection with N. fowleri was examined with respect to infecting dose and the age, sex, and strain of mice. Intravenous inoculation with 10(7) amoebae per mouse produced 100% mortality in 9 days, whereas inoculation with fewer amoebae reduced the cumulative mortality. Male and female DUB/ICR mice of varying ages were inoculated intravenously with 2.5 X 10(5) N. fowleri per g of body weight. The youngest mice died first, with 100% mortality for both males and females, and mortality decreased with increasing age. Female mice were significantly more resistant to infection than males. Five strains of mice weighing approximately 20 g were inoculated intravenously with weight-adjusted doses; mortality ranged from 10% in C57BL/6 mice to 95% in A/HeCr mice.", "PMID": 669800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_80", "title": "Cross-protection of mice provided by active and passive immunization against experimental infections with virulent Proteus rettgeri and Providencia bacteria.", "content": "Immunization with Providencia and Proteus rettgeri Formalin-treated bacterial suspensions produced high levels of protection in mice against homologous and heterologous challenge. Mice were also cross-protected, but less effectively, by passive administration of rabbit type-specific antisera. The protective activity appeared to be due to an antigen common to strains of different O-serotypes. It was not detectable in agglutination reactions, and preliminary results indicate that it is thermostable, not being inactivated in its antibody binding capacity at 121 degrees C for 1 h.", "contents": "Cross-protection of mice provided by active and passive immunization against experimental infections with virulent Proteus rettgeri and Providencia bacteria. Immunization with Providencia and Proteus rettgeri Formalin-treated bacterial suspensions produced high levels of protection in mice against homologous and heterologous challenge. Mice were also cross-protected, but less effectively, by passive administration of rabbit type-specific antisera. The protective activity appeared to be due to an antigen common to strains of different O-serotypes. It was not detectable in agglutination reactions, and preliminary results indicate that it is thermostable, not being inactivated in its antibody binding capacity at 121 degrees C for 1 h.", "PMID": 669801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_81", "title": "Inverse relationship between the susceptibility of lipopolysaccharide (lipid A)-pretreated mice to the hypothermic and lethal effect of lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Mice pretreated (day 0) by a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responded with hypothermic tolerance to (LPS) challenge on day 1 and with hypothermic hyperreactivity to LPS challenge on day 4. Reciprocally, mice pretreated similarly but with a higher challenge dose were hyperreactive with respect to LPS lethality on day 1, but highly tolerant to lethality when challenged on day 4. Hyperreactivity to LPS lethality (day 1) was evident from an accelerated onset of death as well as from a reduced 50% lethal dose in pretreated mice, the level of hyperreactivity being more pronounced with higher LPS pretreatment doses. Lethal hyperreactivity, however, was only seen after challenge with a 50% lethal dose of soluble LPS. In contrast, protection to lethality occurred after challenge with a 50% lethal dose of insoluble LPS (day 1). Tolerance to LPS lethality in mice was observed on day 4 after pretreatment with one (day 0) or four daily injections of LPS. Since reciprocal hyperreactivity (day 1) and cross-tolerance to lethality (day 4) could be achieved by treatment with Salmonella smooth- or rough-form LPS as well as with free lipid A, it was concluded that lipid A represents the active principle of LPS in inducing both hyperreactivity and tolerance to the lethal effect of LPS.", "contents": "Inverse relationship between the susceptibility of lipopolysaccharide (lipid A)-pretreated mice to the hypothermic and lethal effect of lipopolysaccharide. Mice pretreated (day 0) by a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responded with hypothermic tolerance to (LPS) challenge on day 1 and with hypothermic hyperreactivity to LPS challenge on day 4. Reciprocally, mice pretreated similarly but with a higher challenge dose were hyperreactive with respect to LPS lethality on day 1, but highly tolerant to lethality when challenged on day 4. Hyperreactivity to LPS lethality (day 1) was evident from an accelerated onset of death as well as from a reduced 50% lethal dose in pretreated mice, the level of hyperreactivity being more pronounced with higher LPS pretreatment doses. Lethal hyperreactivity, however, was only seen after challenge with a 50% lethal dose of soluble LPS. In contrast, protection to lethality occurred after challenge with a 50% lethal dose of insoluble LPS (day 1). Tolerance to LPS lethality in mice was observed on day 4 after pretreatment with one (day 0) or four daily injections of LPS. Since reciprocal hyperreactivity (day 1) and cross-tolerance to lethality (day 4) could be achieved by treatment with Salmonella smooth- or rough-form LPS as well as with free lipid A, it was concluded that lipid A represents the active principle of LPS in inducing both hyperreactivity and tolerance to the lethal effect of LPS.", "PMID": 669802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_82", "title": "Activation of complement by cell surface components of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The abilities of intact Staphylococcus aureus H, crude cell walls (CCW), purified cell walls (PCW, peptidoglycan [PG] and covalently linked teichoic acid), peptidoglycan, and cell membranes (CM) to activate the complement system in normal human serum, C2-deficient serum, and immunoglobulin-deficient serum were compared. On a weight basis, PCW was the most active fraction; intact organisms and CCW were about equally effective; and PG was least active in causing complement consumption in normal serum. CM also activated complement but did not give a clear dose-response relationship in the concentrations used. Kinetic studies revealed that C3-C9 consumption occurred at a significantly slower rate in C2-deficient serum, indicating that intact organisms, PCW, and PG may activate the complement system via the classical and alternative pathways in normal serum. C3-C9 consumption was also slower in immunoglobulin-deficient serum than in normal serum, implying that immunoglobulins play a role in attaining maximum rates of complement activation. In all sera studied, PG was less active in complement activation than PCW. These results indicate that a number of cell surface components of S. aureus can play a role in complement activation by this organism and that the presence of teichoic acid has a significant enhancing effect in this regard.", "contents": "Activation of complement by cell surface components of Staphylococcus aureus. The abilities of intact Staphylococcus aureus H, crude cell walls (CCW), purified cell walls (PCW, peptidoglycan [PG] and covalently linked teichoic acid), peptidoglycan, and cell membranes (CM) to activate the complement system in normal human serum, C2-deficient serum, and immunoglobulin-deficient serum were compared. On a weight basis, PCW was the most active fraction; intact organisms and CCW were about equally effective; and PG was least active in causing complement consumption in normal serum. CM also activated complement but did not give a clear dose-response relationship in the concentrations used. Kinetic studies revealed that C3-C9 consumption occurred at a significantly slower rate in C2-deficient serum, indicating that intact organisms, PCW, and PG may activate the complement system via the classical and alternative pathways in normal serum. C3-C9 consumption was also slower in immunoglobulin-deficient serum than in normal serum, implying that immunoglobulins play a role in attaining maximum rates of complement activation. In all sera studied, PG was less active in complement activation than PCW. These results indicate that a number of cell surface components of S. aureus can play a role in complement activation by this organism and that the presence of teichoic acid has a significant enhancing effect in this regard.", "PMID": 669803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_83", "title": "Immune reactivity of Visna virus-inoculated mice.", "content": "Visna virus inoculation of mice before immunization with unrelated antigens caused suppression of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The immunosuppressive effect was dependent on the virus dose and time of administration. The number of \"background\" antibody-producing spleen cells increased slightly after inoculation of Visna virus. Heat treatment of Visna virus abolished its immunosuppressive effect. Replication of Visna virus in mice seemed to be a prerequisite for its immunomodulating effect.", "contents": "Immune reactivity of Visna virus-inoculated mice. Visna virus inoculation of mice before immunization with unrelated antigens caused suppression of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The immunosuppressive effect was dependent on the virus dose and time of administration. The number of \"background\" antibody-producing spleen cells increased slightly after inoculation of Visna virus. Heat treatment of Visna virus abolished its immunosuppressive effect. Replication of Visna virus in mice seemed to be a prerequisite for its immunomodulating effect.", "PMID": 669804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_84", "title": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice immunized with Trypanosoma rhodesiense antigens.", "content": "When mice were immunized intravenously, subcutaneously, or by the footpad route with formaldehyde-killed Trypanosoma rhodesiense, delayed-type hypersensitivity was elicited by the use of frozen-thawed trypanosomal antigen. The delayed footpad swelling technique was used to measure delayed hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity induction was dose dependent (greater than or equal to 10(6) formaldehyde-treated T. rhodesiense) and was affected by the route of immunization. The footpad route induced higher levels of hypersensitivity than other routes of immunization. Mice immunized with a single dose of formaldehyde-treated antigen and challenged with live T. rhodesiense did not survive. Yet, mice immunized subcutaneously with formaldehyde-treated antigen and then injected with frozen-thawed antigen and challenged 28 days after immunization survived. The results suggest that T-cell activation, manifested by delayed hypersensitivity responses, was a necessary component in the protective response, perhaps functioning in a helper cell capacity.", "contents": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice immunized with Trypanosoma rhodesiense antigens. When mice were immunized intravenously, subcutaneously, or by the footpad route with formaldehyde-killed Trypanosoma rhodesiense, delayed-type hypersensitivity was elicited by the use of frozen-thawed trypanosomal antigen. The delayed footpad swelling technique was used to measure delayed hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity induction was dose dependent (greater than or equal to 10(6) formaldehyde-treated T. rhodesiense) and was affected by the route of immunization. The footpad route induced higher levels of hypersensitivity than other routes of immunization. Mice immunized with a single dose of formaldehyde-treated antigen and challenged with live T. rhodesiense did not survive. Yet, mice immunized subcutaneously with formaldehyde-treated antigen and then injected with frozen-thawed antigen and challenged 28 days after immunization survived. The results suggest that T-cell activation, manifested by delayed hypersensitivity responses, was a necessary component in the protective response, perhaps functioning in a helper cell capacity.", "PMID": 669805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_85", "title": "Purification and characterization of an immunologically distinct delta-hemolysin from a canine strain of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Culture supernatants of 26 strains of Staphylococcus aureus possessing delta-hemolytic activity have been tested by immunodiffusion against a serum raised against purified delta-hemolysin from S. aureus CN 4108 (Newman D2). Supernatants from 14 strains of canine origin gave a reaction of partial identity with delta-hemolysin from CN 4108, whereas supernatants from all other strains had full identity. Delta hemolysin from one of these canine strains, CN 7450, was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and precipitation at pH 4.5. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of this toxin were compared with those of delta-hemolysin from CN 4108. Differences in molecular weight (as judged by Sepharose 6B chromatography), isoelectric point, and amino acid composition were found. Both toxins caused dermonecrosis in rabbits, lysed erythrocytes from several different species, and were inhibited by normal sera and phospholipids. Unlike delta-hemolysin from CN 4108, the hemolytic activity of delta-hemolysin from CN 7450 was found to be dependent on the incubation temperature over the range of 25 to 37 degrees C. Immunodiffusion results obtained with antisera raised against purified delta-hemolysin from CN 7450 indicated that delta-hemolysins from the canine strains were probably identical and confirmed that these differ immunologically from delta-hemolysin from CN 4108.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of an immunologically distinct delta-hemolysin from a canine strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Culture supernatants of 26 strains of Staphylococcus aureus possessing delta-hemolytic activity have been tested by immunodiffusion against a serum raised against purified delta-hemolysin from S. aureus CN 4108 (Newman D2). Supernatants from 14 strains of canine origin gave a reaction of partial identity with delta-hemolysin from CN 4108, whereas supernatants from all other strains had full identity. Delta hemolysin from one of these canine strains, CN 7450, was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and precipitation at pH 4.5. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of this toxin were compared with those of delta-hemolysin from CN 4108. Differences in molecular weight (as judged by Sepharose 6B chromatography), isoelectric point, and amino acid composition were found. Both toxins caused dermonecrosis in rabbits, lysed erythrocytes from several different species, and were inhibited by normal sera and phospholipids. Unlike delta-hemolysin from CN 4108, the hemolytic activity of delta-hemolysin from CN 7450 was found to be dependent on the incubation temperature over the range of 25 to 37 degrees C. Immunodiffusion results obtained with antisera raised against purified delta-hemolysin from CN 7450 indicated that delta-hemolysins from the canine strains were probably identical and confirmed that these differ immunologically from delta-hemolysin from CN 4108.", "PMID": 669806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_86", "title": "Cytopathogenicity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in porcine tracheal ring and lung explant organ cultures alone and in combination with monolayer cultures of fetal lung fibroblasts.", "content": "Porcine tracheal rings and lung explants alone and in combination with monolayer cultures of porcine lung fibroblasts (PLF) were separately inoculated with virulent strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and incubated at various times. The preparations were observed by bright-field, phase-contrast, and scanning electron microscopy. In PLF cultures, the strains at initial concentrations of 10(1.3) colony-forming units/ml increased within 3 days to 10(6) colony-forming units/ml, showed progressive clustering on the cells, and caused some sloughing. Introduction of a tracheal ring or lung explant into these mycoplasma-infected PLF cultures caused the explant to lose its epithelial ciliary motility. Eventually parts or whole cells of the respective ciliated epithelium were lost. Without infected PLF monolayers, the explants inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae were less susceptible to infection. When uninfected explants were incubated for 18 days or kept in stock for 2 months, they did not show the above changes. With 5 h postinoculation, M. hyopneumoniae cultures became intimately associated with the PLF culture, but when epithelial cell sloughing occurred, the mycoplasmal cells became dependent on the introduction of a fresh PLF monolayer or a tracheal or lung explant for survival.", "contents": "Cytopathogenicity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in porcine tracheal ring and lung explant organ cultures alone and in combination with monolayer cultures of fetal lung fibroblasts. Porcine tracheal rings and lung explants alone and in combination with monolayer cultures of porcine lung fibroblasts (PLF) were separately inoculated with virulent strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and incubated at various times. The preparations were observed by bright-field, phase-contrast, and scanning electron microscopy. In PLF cultures, the strains at initial concentrations of 10(1.3) colony-forming units/ml increased within 3 days to 10(6) colony-forming units/ml, showed progressive clustering on the cells, and caused some sloughing. Introduction of a tracheal ring or lung explant into these mycoplasma-infected PLF cultures caused the explant to lose its epithelial ciliary motility. Eventually parts or whole cells of the respective ciliated epithelium were lost. Without infected PLF monolayers, the explants inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae were less susceptible to infection. When uninfected explants were incubated for 18 days or kept in stock for 2 months, they did not show the above changes. With 5 h postinoculation, M. hyopneumoniae cultures became intimately associated with the PLF culture, but when epithelial cell sloughing occurred, the mycoplasmal cells became dependent on the introduction of a fresh PLF monolayer or a tracheal or lung explant for survival.", "PMID": 669807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_87", "title": "Suramin effects on macrophage phagolysosome formation and antimicrobial activity.", "content": "The effects of suramin on phagolysosome formation and antimicrobial activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages cultivated in vitro have been studied. Prolonged in vitro pretreatment of macrophages with high concentrations of suramin caused macrophages to form large fragile phagolysosomes in which the concentrations of the various lysosomal enzymes were inferred to be diminished. In addition, suramin-treated macrophages demonstrated enhanced exocytosis of acid phosphatase during phagocytosis of polyvinyl toluene spherules. However, suramin was found not to inhibit formation of phagolysosomes in macrophages that had ingested Listeria monocytogenes when those cells were examined by the electron microscope. Suramin pretreatment did not alter the ingestion or intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus or of a strain of L. monocytogenes that was essentially avirulent for mice, but did protect macrophages from destruction by virulent L. monocytogenes ingested in vitro, an effect that appeared to have been mediated through enhancement of the bacteriostatic potential of the macrophages. However, at a single dosage level, the drug did not alter the mortality of mice challenged with virulent L. monocytogenes.", "contents": "Suramin effects on macrophage phagolysosome formation and antimicrobial activity. The effects of suramin on phagolysosome formation and antimicrobial activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages cultivated in vitro have been studied. Prolonged in vitro pretreatment of macrophages with high concentrations of suramin caused macrophages to form large fragile phagolysosomes in which the concentrations of the various lysosomal enzymes were inferred to be diminished. In addition, suramin-treated macrophages demonstrated enhanced exocytosis of acid phosphatase during phagocytosis of polyvinyl toluene spherules. However, suramin was found not to inhibit formation of phagolysosomes in macrophages that had ingested Listeria monocytogenes when those cells were examined by the electron microscope. Suramin pretreatment did not alter the ingestion or intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus or of a strain of L. monocytogenes that was essentially avirulent for mice, but did protect macrophages from destruction by virulent L. monocytogenes ingested in vitro, an effect that appeared to have been mediated through enhancement of the bacteriostatic potential of the macrophages. However, at a single dosage level, the drug did not alter the mortality of mice challenged with virulent L. monocytogenes.", "PMID": 669808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_88", "title": "Characterization of Thermoactinomyces sacchari antigens.", "content": "Three different extracts of Thermoactinomyces sacchari were analyzed for their antigenicity and physical-chemical properties. Rabbit antiserum to each preparation, tested by immunodiffusion in gel, demonstrated that the most potent immunogen was that prepared by the double-dialysis method. This extract also contained the greatest number of precipitating antigens as detected by gel filtration. All extracts, analyzed by column chromatography on Sephadex G-75, were heterogeneous in that they contained large- and small-molecular-weight fractions. Precipitins in each extract were detected in column eluates of relatively low ultraviolet absorption and were of a similar molecular size range. Chemical analysis of purified antigens demonstrated protein and carbohydrate. The culture supernatant contained the greatest amount of carbohydrate (66%), and the soluble extract of bacterial cells contained the greatest amount of protein (68%). Several antigens were partially sensitive to the proteolytic enzymes Pronase and trypsin, but none was sensitive to lysozyme. These results demonstrate that there are multiple-antigen systems in T. sacchari and that, of the samples analyzed, the double-dialysis method of antigen preparation yields the most potent antigens.", "contents": "Characterization of Thermoactinomyces sacchari antigens. Three different extracts of Thermoactinomyces sacchari were analyzed for their antigenicity and physical-chemical properties. Rabbit antiserum to each preparation, tested by immunodiffusion in gel, demonstrated that the most potent immunogen was that prepared by the double-dialysis method. This extract also contained the greatest number of precipitating antigens as detected by gel filtration. All extracts, analyzed by column chromatography on Sephadex G-75, were heterogeneous in that they contained large- and small-molecular-weight fractions. Precipitins in each extract were detected in column eluates of relatively low ultraviolet absorption and were of a similar molecular size range. Chemical analysis of purified antigens demonstrated protein and carbohydrate. The culture supernatant contained the greatest amount of carbohydrate (66%), and the soluble extract of bacterial cells contained the greatest amount of protein (68%). Several antigens were partially sensitive to the proteolytic enzymes Pronase and trypsin, but none was sensitive to lysozyme. These results demonstrate that there are multiple-antigen systems in T. sacchari and that, of the samples analyzed, the double-dialysis method of antigen preparation yields the most potent antigens.", "PMID": 669809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_89", "title": "Clindamycin-induced enterocolitis in hamsters as a model of pseudomembranous colitis in patients.", "content": "Stools from a patient with antibiotic-associated colitis and cecal contents from a hamster with clindamycin-induced enterocolitis were compared in a cytotoxicity assay to determine common properties. Both specimens produced actinomorphic changes in human amnion cells at 10(-7) dilutions. The toxin was acid labile, heat labile, nonether extractable, non-dialyzable, and produced maximum activity at 60% with ammonium sulfate precipitation. Cytotoxicity was neutralized with clostridial antitoxin but not with equine serum. Clostridium difficile was recovered in high concentrations in specimens from both the hamster and patients. The supernatants of these C. difficile strains produced cytoxic effects which were also neutralized by clostridial antitoxins. These results indicate that clindamycin-induced enterocolitis in hamsters is a model of human disease and implicate toxin-producing clostridia as responsible agents.", "contents": "Clindamycin-induced enterocolitis in hamsters as a model of pseudomembranous colitis in patients. Stools from a patient with antibiotic-associated colitis and cecal contents from a hamster with clindamycin-induced enterocolitis were compared in a cytotoxicity assay to determine common properties. Both specimens produced actinomorphic changes in human amnion cells at 10(-7) dilutions. The toxin was acid labile, heat labile, nonether extractable, non-dialyzable, and produced maximum activity at 60% with ammonium sulfate precipitation. Cytotoxicity was neutralized with clostridial antitoxin but not with equine serum. Clostridium difficile was recovered in high concentrations in specimens from both the hamster and patients. The supernatants of these C. difficile strains produced cytoxic effects which were also neutralized by clostridial antitoxins. These results indicate that clindamycin-induced enterocolitis in hamsters is a model of human disease and implicate toxin-producing clostridia as responsible agents.", "PMID": 669810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_90", "title": "Antigenic analysis of coccidioidin and spherulin determined by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Immunological tests are valuable aids for diagnosis of mycotic infections and, in some cases, as objective guides for clinical management and prognosis. The usefulness of these procedures is limited to the extents that crude antigen preparations are employed, that these are difficult to standardize uniformly, and that they contain antigens common to several species of pathogenic fungi. Analysis by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis methods of the two crude preparations used for coccidioidomycosis demonstrated that coccidioidin contained at least 26 antigens, with 10 of these found also in spherulin. In addition, spherulin contained two antigens not demonstrated in coccidioidin. No single test detected all antigens present, and multiple procedures were required to display the complete array of antigens. A reference system was established for coccidioidin and precipitated immunoglobulins from a burro hyperimmunized with coccidioidin. Evaluation of the reference system demonstrated that it was highly reproducible with respect to the reagents used, to repeated tests by the same person, and to comparative tests by two individuals using the same reagents. Applications of this reference system for standardization of reagents, for detecting common antigens, for monitoring successive steps during fractionation of crude preparations, and for fingerprinting strains for ecological and epidemiological studies are presented.", "contents": "Antigenic analysis of coccidioidin and spherulin determined by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Immunological tests are valuable aids for diagnosis of mycotic infections and, in some cases, as objective guides for clinical management and prognosis. The usefulness of these procedures is limited to the extents that crude antigen preparations are employed, that these are difficult to standardize uniformly, and that they contain antigens common to several species of pathogenic fungi. Analysis by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis methods of the two crude preparations used for coccidioidomycosis demonstrated that coccidioidin contained at least 26 antigens, with 10 of these found also in spherulin. In addition, spherulin contained two antigens not demonstrated in coccidioidin. No single test detected all antigens present, and multiple procedures were required to display the complete array of antigens. A reference system was established for coccidioidin and precipitated immunoglobulins from a burro hyperimmunized with coccidioidin. Evaluation of the reference system demonstrated that it was highly reproducible with respect to the reagents used, to repeated tests by the same person, and to comparative tests by two individuals using the same reagents. Applications of this reference system for standardization of reagents, for detecting common antigens, for monitoring successive steps during fractionation of crude preparations, and for fingerprinting strains for ecological and epidemiological studies are presented.", "PMID": 669811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_91", "title": "Purification of cholera toxin and its subunits: new methods of preparation and the use of hypertoxinogenic mutants.", "content": "Cholera toxin was obtained in pure form by fractionation on two phosphocellulose columns successively. Cholera toxin and choleragenoid were quantitatively and selectively adsorbed to the first column in 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, and were subsequently eluted with buffer of high ionic strength. The toxin was then separated from choleragenoid on the second column by chromatography at pH 8.3. The toxin obtained was highly active and pure as judged by electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and various immunological and chemical tests. Pure choleragenoid was by-product of the procedure. The A1 chain of the toxin was obtained in pure form by treating phosphocellulose-bound toxin with urea and a reducing agent. The anionic A1 peptide was thereby released, leaving a complex of the B and A2 chains (A25B) bound to the resin. The latter was then eluted and further purified to obtain nontoxic antigen. The overall yields of cholera toxin and choleragenoid were increased two- to threefold by the use of hypertoxinogenic mutants of Vibrio cholerae.", "contents": "Purification of cholera toxin and its subunits: new methods of preparation and the use of hypertoxinogenic mutants. Cholera toxin was obtained in pure form by fractionation on two phosphocellulose columns successively. Cholera toxin and choleragenoid were quantitatively and selectively adsorbed to the first column in 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, and were subsequently eluted with buffer of high ionic strength. The toxin was then separated from choleragenoid on the second column by chromatography at pH 8.3. The toxin obtained was highly active and pure as judged by electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and various immunological and chemical tests. Pure choleragenoid was by-product of the procedure. The A1 chain of the toxin was obtained in pure form by treating phosphocellulose-bound toxin with urea and a reducing agent. The anionic A1 peptide was thereby released, leaving a complex of the B and A2 chains (A25B) bound to the resin. The latter was then eluted and further purified to obtain nontoxic antigen. The overall yields of cholera toxin and choleragenoid were increased two- to threefold by the use of hypertoxinogenic mutants of Vibrio cholerae.", "PMID": 669812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_92", "title": "Invasive aspergillosis: antiserum for circulating antigen produced after immunization with serum from infected rabbits.", "content": "We describe a method for producing an antibody capable of detecting an antigen of Aspergillus fumigatus in serum and urine from infected rabbits and humans.", "contents": "Invasive aspergillosis: antiserum for circulating antigen produced after immunization with serum from infected rabbits. We describe a method for producing an antibody capable of detecting an antigen of Aspergillus fumigatus in serum and urine from infected rabbits and humans.", "PMID": 669813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_93", "title": "Effect of sucrose in culture media on the location of glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans and cell adherence to glass surfaces.", "content": "Streptococcus mutans strain B13 (serotype D) almost exclusively produced free glucosyltransferase (GTase) in the culture supernatant when grown in sucrose-free TTY broth medium, which was composed of Trypticase (Baltimore Biological Laboratory [BBL] Cockeysville, Md.), tryptose (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), yeast extract (BBL), salts, and 1% glucose. Organisms grown in sucrose-free TTY broth retained very weak cell-associated GTase activity and did not adhere significantly to glass surfaces in the presence of exogenous sucrose. If sucrose was added to TTY broth, however, GTase was found on the cell surface where cell-bound, water-insoluble glucans were synthesized. Most commercially available products of Todd-Hewitt broth were found to contain trace amounts of sucrose, as did Trypticase soy broth (BBL), whereas brain heart infusion broth (Difco and BBL) was found to be essentially free of sucrose. Almost all detectable GTase activity was cell associated when S. mutans B13 was grown in Todd-Hewitt or trypticase soy broth. Heat-treated B13 cells grown in Todd-Hewitt broth and cell-free, water-insoluble glucans bound free GTase and produced marked adherence in the presence of sucrose. Experiments strongly suggest that the binding sites for free GTase are the surface glucans, and cell-associated and extracellular GTases are most likely alternate states of the same enzyme protein.", "contents": "Effect of sucrose in culture media on the location of glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans and cell adherence to glass surfaces. Streptococcus mutans strain B13 (serotype D) almost exclusively produced free glucosyltransferase (GTase) in the culture supernatant when grown in sucrose-free TTY broth medium, which was composed of Trypticase (Baltimore Biological Laboratory [BBL] Cockeysville, Md.), tryptose (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), yeast extract (BBL), salts, and 1% glucose. Organisms grown in sucrose-free TTY broth retained very weak cell-associated GTase activity and did not adhere significantly to glass surfaces in the presence of exogenous sucrose. If sucrose was added to TTY broth, however, GTase was found on the cell surface where cell-bound, water-insoluble glucans were synthesized. Most commercially available products of Todd-Hewitt broth were found to contain trace amounts of sucrose, as did Trypticase soy broth (BBL), whereas brain heart infusion broth (Difco and BBL) was found to be essentially free of sucrose. Almost all detectable GTase activity was cell associated when S. mutans B13 was grown in Todd-Hewitt or trypticase soy broth. Heat-treated B13 cells grown in Todd-Hewitt broth and cell-free, water-insoluble glucans bound free GTase and produced marked adherence in the presence of sucrose. Experiments strongly suggest that the binding sites for free GTase are the surface glucans, and cell-associated and extracellular GTases are most likely alternate states of the same enzyme protein.", "PMID": 669814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_94", "title": "Contrast of Glycogenesis and protein synthesis in monkey kidney cells and HeLa cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum.", "content": "Glycogen metabolism of monkey kidney (LLC-MK-2) cells and HeLa 229 cells infected with a Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum 440 L (LGV) was studied. The growth cycle of LGV in both host cells was similar; however, a greater number of infectious organism developed intracellularly and were released into the medium during LGV infection of HeLa 229 cells than MK-2 cells. A rapid infection accompanied by a high rate of glycogen synthesis and a short period of accumulation was found in GeLa 229 cells infected with LGV. LGV infected MK-2 cells started to accumulate glycogen about the same time as HeLa 229 cells; however, the rate of glycogen synthesis was lower and the period of accumulation was longer. The LGV agent grew in cycloheximide-treated cells in the absence of host cell protein synthesis. Protein synthesis associated with LGV throughout the developmental cycle was similar in both cell types and could be abolished by chloramphenicol. The continued synthesis of glycogen in the presence of cycloheximide suggested that the synthesis of glycogen was directed by the organism in both MK-2 cells and HeLa 229 cells.", "contents": "Contrast of Glycogenesis and protein synthesis in monkey kidney cells and HeLa cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum. Glycogen metabolism of monkey kidney (LLC-MK-2) cells and HeLa 229 cells infected with a Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum 440 L (LGV) was studied. The growth cycle of LGV in both host cells was similar; however, a greater number of infectious organism developed intracellularly and were released into the medium during LGV infection of HeLa 229 cells than MK-2 cells. A rapid infection accompanied by a high rate of glycogen synthesis and a short period of accumulation was found in GeLa 229 cells infected with LGV. LGV infected MK-2 cells started to accumulate glycogen about the same time as HeLa 229 cells; however, the rate of glycogen synthesis was lower and the period of accumulation was longer. The LGV agent grew in cycloheximide-treated cells in the absence of host cell protein synthesis. Protein synthesis associated with LGV throughout the developmental cycle was similar in both cell types and could be abolished by chloramphenicol. The continued synthesis of glycogen in the presence of cycloheximide suggested that the synthesis of glycogen was directed by the organism in both MK-2 cells and HeLa 229 cells.", "PMID": 669815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_95", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to influenza virus-infected cells: response to vaccination and virus infection.", "content": "Peripheral blood leukocytes obtained from volunteers at various times following influenza vaccine or live influenza virus infection were assayed for cytotoxicity against influenza virus-infected cells. Cytotoxicity was highest on days 3 and 7 following vaccination with commercial A/Port Chalmers/1/73 inactivated influenza virus vaccine. Maximal cytotoxicity was found 9 days after infection induced by intranasal inoculation of a strain of A/Scotland/840/74 influenza virus. Individuals naturally infected with A/Victoria/3/75 were also found to have elevated cytotoxicity approximately 1 week after onset of illness. Cytotoxicity levels decreased toward base line approximately 30 days after the virus exposure. The effector mechanism(s) responsible for the early, transient elevation in specific immune release to influenza virus-infected cells may be different from the antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity demonstrated in the peripheral blood leukocytes from volunteers who had a remote experience with influenza virus.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to influenza virus-infected cells: response to vaccination and virus infection. Peripheral blood leukocytes obtained from volunteers at various times following influenza vaccine or live influenza virus infection were assayed for cytotoxicity against influenza virus-infected cells. Cytotoxicity was highest on days 3 and 7 following vaccination with commercial A/Port Chalmers/1/73 inactivated influenza virus vaccine. Maximal cytotoxicity was found 9 days after infection induced by intranasal inoculation of a strain of A/Scotland/840/74 influenza virus. Individuals naturally infected with A/Victoria/3/75 were also found to have elevated cytotoxicity approximately 1 week after onset of illness. Cytotoxicity levels decreased toward base line approximately 30 days after the virus exposure. The effector mechanism(s) responsible for the early, transient elevation in specific immune release to influenza virus-infected cells may be different from the antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity demonstrated in the peripheral blood leukocytes from volunteers who had a remote experience with influenza virus.", "PMID": 669816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_96", "title": "Interaction of glucosyltransferase with the cell surface of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The partially purified glucosyltransferase (GTF) fraction synthesizing primarily water-insoluble glucans, GTF-A, and the homogeneous fraction synthesizing water-soluble glucans, GTF-B, were utilized to assess the binding of GTF activity to the cell surface of Streptococcus mutans GS-5. Growth of the cells in either Todd-Hewitt broth or a chemically defined medium did not appear to affect the ability of the cells to bind either enzyme fraction. Heat inactivation of the cells did not singificantly reduce the interaction of the enzymes with the cells. Cell surface glucan molecules appear to be involved in GTF binding to the cells because: (i) dextranase or alpha-1,3-glucanase treatment of the cells markedly reduced enzyme binding; (ii) the inclusion of soluble dextrans in the binding assays reduced both GTF-A and GTF-B binding to the cells; and (iii) pretreatment of the cells or the GTF-B fraction with soluble dextrans before binding significantly reduced enzyme binding to the cells. In addition, enzyme binding appears to require a cell surface protein component because Pronase, but not trypsin, treatment of cells reduced enzyme binding. Furthermore, the removal of a portion of the cell surface GTF-glucan complex with 3 N NaCl appears to provide additional binding sites for the enzymes. These results are interpreted in terms of the mechanism of the conversion of extracellular GTF to the cell-associated form.", "contents": "Interaction of glucosyltransferase with the cell surface of Streptococcus mutans. The partially purified glucosyltransferase (GTF) fraction synthesizing primarily water-insoluble glucans, GTF-A, and the homogeneous fraction synthesizing water-soluble glucans, GTF-B, were utilized to assess the binding of GTF activity to the cell surface of Streptococcus mutans GS-5. Growth of the cells in either Todd-Hewitt broth or a chemically defined medium did not appear to affect the ability of the cells to bind either enzyme fraction. Heat inactivation of the cells did not singificantly reduce the interaction of the enzymes with the cells. Cell surface glucan molecules appear to be involved in GTF binding to the cells because: (i) dextranase or alpha-1,3-glucanase treatment of the cells markedly reduced enzyme binding; (ii) the inclusion of soluble dextrans in the binding assays reduced both GTF-A and GTF-B binding to the cells; and (iii) pretreatment of the cells or the GTF-B fraction with soluble dextrans before binding significantly reduced enzyme binding to the cells. In addition, enzyme binding appears to require a cell surface protein component because Pronase, but not trypsin, treatment of cells reduced enzyme binding. Furthermore, the removal of a portion of the cell surface GTF-glucan complex with 3 N NaCl appears to provide additional binding sites for the enzymes. These results are interpreted in terms of the mechanism of the conversion of extracellular GTF to the cell-associated form.", "PMID": 669817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_97", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza A virus: production and characterization of A/Victoria/3/75-ts-1[E] recombinants.", "content": "The Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E] virus, which has a 38 degrees C shutoff temperature for plaque formation, has been proposed as a donor of its two ts lesions to new variants of influenza A virus that pose an epidemic threat. To further examine whether the acquisition of the two ts-1[E] lesions will predictably attenuate new influenza A variants, the HK/68-ts-1[E] virus was mated with the A/Vic/3/75 wild-type virus. The Vic/75-ts-[E] recombinants that had the two ts-1[E] lesions also had a 38 degrees C shutoff temperature. Two Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinants (clones 81 and 113) that had the two ts-1[E] lesions, a 38 degrees C shutoff temperature, and the Vic/75 hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins were similar to each other and to their ts-1[E] parent in the pattern of replication and genetic stability in hamsters. These findings support the hypothesis that the acquisition of the two ts-1[E] lesions will predictably attenuate wild-type influenza A virus. Each Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinant virus that possessed only the group 1 ts-1[E] lesion had a 39 degrees C shutoff temperature. Two of three of the Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinants that had only the group 2 ts-1[E] lesion had a 39 degrees C shutoff temperature. This suggests that the HK/68-ts-1[E] donor virus contains two ts genes each of which by itself restricts plaque formation at 39 degrees C and above. The HK/68-ts-1[E] parent virus and its Vic/75 recombinant clones 81 and 113 were evaluated in ferret tracheal organ cultures maintained at permissive and restrictive temperatures. The Vic/75-ts-1[E] clone 81 differed from its parent and sister clone 113 in that it replicated readily and caused ciliostasis at 37 degrees C, a temperature restrictive for the replication of other ts-1[E] recombinants with a 38 degrees C shutoff temperature. The genetic basis underlying this difference was not elucidated.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza A virus: production and characterization of A/Victoria/3/75-ts-1[E] recombinants. The Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E] virus, which has a 38 degrees C shutoff temperature for plaque formation, has been proposed as a donor of its two ts lesions to new variants of influenza A virus that pose an epidemic threat. To further examine whether the acquisition of the two ts-1[E] lesions will predictably attenuate new influenza A variants, the HK/68-ts-1[E] virus was mated with the A/Vic/3/75 wild-type virus. The Vic/75-ts-[E] recombinants that had the two ts-1[E] lesions also had a 38 degrees C shutoff temperature. Two Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinants (clones 81 and 113) that had the two ts-1[E] lesions, a 38 degrees C shutoff temperature, and the Vic/75 hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins were similar to each other and to their ts-1[E] parent in the pattern of replication and genetic stability in hamsters. These findings support the hypothesis that the acquisition of the two ts-1[E] lesions will predictably attenuate wild-type influenza A virus. Each Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinant virus that possessed only the group 1 ts-1[E] lesion had a 39 degrees C shutoff temperature. Two of three of the Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinants that had only the group 2 ts-1[E] lesion had a 39 degrees C shutoff temperature. This suggests that the HK/68-ts-1[E] donor virus contains two ts genes each of which by itself restricts plaque formation at 39 degrees C and above. The HK/68-ts-1[E] parent virus and its Vic/75 recombinant clones 81 and 113 were evaluated in ferret tracheal organ cultures maintained at permissive and restrictive temperatures. The Vic/75-ts-1[E] clone 81 differed from its parent and sister clone 113 in that it replicated readily and caused ciliostasis at 37 degrees C, a temperature restrictive for the replication of other ts-1[E] recombinants with a 38 degrees C shutoff temperature. The genetic basis underlying this difference was not elucidated.", "PMID": 669818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_98", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza A virus: evaluation of A/Victoria/3/75-ts-1[E] recombinant viruses in volunteers.", "content": "The Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E] virus and its Udorn/72 and Georgia/74 recombinants, which have a 38 degrees C shutoff temperature and a ts lesion(s) on the genes coding for the P3 and NP proteins, were adequately attenuated and immunogenic in adult volunteers who lacked serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody (titer, </=1:8), but who possessed serum neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody. Two Victoria/75-ts-1[E] clones that also had a 38 degrees C shutoff temperature and a ts lesion(s) on the same two genes were administered to adult volunteers who lacked both serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody (titer, </=1:8) and neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody (titer, </=1:4). In contrast to the behavior of the earlier ts-1[E] recombinants, the Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinants retained the capacity to cause febrile, systemic illness. However, the recombinants were attenuated compared with wild-type virus. The Vic/75-ts-1[E] virus vaccinees shed a larger amount of virus for a longer time than the previous ts-1[E] vaccinees, but they shed less virus than volunteers infected with wild-type virus. The ts-1[E] virus shed retained its ts phenotype in most instances and failed to spread to susceptible contacts. Vaccinees were partially protected against homologous wild-type virus challenge. The failure of HK/68, Udorn/72, and Georgia/74 ts-1[E] vaccinees to develop systemic reactions may reflect the presence of neuraminidase immunity before infection. In this situation, attenuation probably resulted from the degree of defectiveness of the ts-1[E] recombinant virus and the existence of neuraminidase immunity in the recipients. The 50% human infectious dose of the Vic/75 ts-1[E] virus was less than 10(5.2) 50% tissue culture infective doses. This suggests that at the time of a pandemic shift involving both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins, a small amount of live virus vaccine might be effective in initiating infection.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza A virus: evaluation of A/Victoria/3/75-ts-1[E] recombinant viruses in volunteers. The Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E] virus and its Udorn/72 and Georgia/74 recombinants, which have a 38 degrees C shutoff temperature and a ts lesion(s) on the genes coding for the P3 and NP proteins, were adequately attenuated and immunogenic in adult volunteers who lacked serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody (titer, </=1:8), but who possessed serum neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody. Two Victoria/75-ts-1[E] clones that also had a 38 degrees C shutoff temperature and a ts lesion(s) on the same two genes were administered to adult volunteers who lacked both serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody (titer, </=1:8) and neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody (titer, </=1:4). In contrast to the behavior of the earlier ts-1[E] recombinants, the Vic/75-ts-1[E] recombinants retained the capacity to cause febrile, systemic illness. However, the recombinants were attenuated compared with wild-type virus. The Vic/75-ts-1[E] virus vaccinees shed a larger amount of virus for a longer time than the previous ts-1[E] vaccinees, but they shed less virus than volunteers infected with wild-type virus. The ts-1[E] virus shed retained its ts phenotype in most instances and failed to spread to susceptible contacts. Vaccinees were partially protected against homologous wild-type virus challenge. The failure of HK/68, Udorn/72, and Georgia/74 ts-1[E] vaccinees to develop systemic reactions may reflect the presence of neuraminidase immunity before infection. In this situation, attenuation probably resulted from the degree of defectiveness of the ts-1[E] recombinant virus and the existence of neuraminidase immunity in the recipients. The 50% human infectious dose of the Vic/75 ts-1[E] virus was less than 10(5.2) 50% tissue culture infective doses. This suggests that at the time of a pandemic shift involving both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins, a small amount of live virus vaccine might be effective in initiating infection.", "PMID": 669819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_99", "title": "Splenomegaly, enhanced phagocytosis, and anemia are thymus-dependent responses to malaria.", "content": "Immunologically competent mice and mice with defined immunological deficiencies were infected with Plasmodium yoelii. Splenomegaly, enhanced phagocytosis, and anemia were most marked in infected mice having intact thymic tissue. Whereas the spleens of infected nude mice increased minimally in size, the relative blood hemoglobin levels and the rates of carbon clearance in these mice were similar to those of noninfected, immunologically intact mice. Thymus-reconstituted nude mice and B-cell-deficient mice responded to infection in a manner similar to that of infected immunocompetent mice. These data demonstrate that the hallmarks of malaria, i.e., splenomegaly, enhanced phagocytosis, and anemia, are thymus-dependent responses to infection.", "contents": "Splenomegaly, enhanced phagocytosis, and anemia are thymus-dependent responses to malaria. Immunologically competent mice and mice with defined immunological deficiencies were infected with Plasmodium yoelii. Splenomegaly, enhanced phagocytosis, and anemia were most marked in infected mice having intact thymic tissue. Whereas the spleens of infected nude mice increased minimally in size, the relative blood hemoglobin levels and the rates of carbon clearance in these mice were similar to those of noninfected, immunologically intact mice. Thymus-reconstituted nude mice and B-cell-deficient mice responded to infection in a manner similar to that of infected immunocompetent mice. These data demonstrate that the hallmarks of malaria, i.e., splenomegaly, enhanced phagocytosis, and anemia, are thymus-dependent responses to infection.", "PMID": 669820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_100", "title": "Effect of cytochalasin D on Toxoplasma gondii cell entry.", "content": "Cytochalasin D did not prevent attachment but did prevent entry of Toxoplasma gondii into peritoneal macrophages and bladder tumor 4934 cells. Inhibition of entry of T. gondii into peritoneal macrophages by cytochalasin D was dose related and comparable to inhibition of phagocytosis. Prevention of entry of T. gondii into bladder tumor 4934 cells by cytochalasin D followed a dose response identical to that observed with peritoneal macrophages. After removal of the medium containing cytochalasin D, its effect was completely reversible, and the kinetics of the loss of inhibition followed a similar time course for both phagocytic and \"nonphagocytic\" cell types. The studies support the concept that the host cells actively participate in the process by which T. gondii gains entry into cells.", "contents": "Effect of cytochalasin D on Toxoplasma gondii cell entry. Cytochalasin D did not prevent attachment but did prevent entry of Toxoplasma gondii into peritoneal macrophages and bladder tumor 4934 cells. Inhibition of entry of T. gondii into peritoneal macrophages by cytochalasin D was dose related and comparable to inhibition of phagocytosis. Prevention of entry of T. gondii into bladder tumor 4934 cells by cytochalasin D followed a dose response identical to that observed with peritoneal macrophages. After removal of the medium containing cytochalasin D, its effect was completely reversible, and the kinetics of the loss of inhibition followed a similar time course for both phagocytic and \"nonphagocytic\" cell types. The studies support the concept that the host cells actively participate in the process by which T. gondii gains entry into cells.", "PMID": 669821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_101", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of lymphoid cells from leukemia virus-infected mice.", "content": "Spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, and thymus cells from Friend leukemia virus (FLV)-infected mice were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Whereas splenocytes from normal, noninfected animals showed the expected morphological classes of lymphocytes, including cells with numerous villous projections and smoother cell types, spleen cells from mice infected with FLV showed a rapid alteration of surface morphology. Shortly after infection, a decrease in the number and percentage of villous cells occurred, with a concomitant increase in the number of cells that were larger and smoother. Within 10 to 20 days after infection, the majority of splenocytes were smooth, large cells showing many distinct morphological charges, including surface \"holes\" and a \"spongy\" appearance. By days 25 to 35 after infection, most splenocytes were abnormal in appearance. Similar changes occurred in the lymph nodes after FLV infection, but the rate of change was much lower. Abnormal and larger smooth-surfaced cells did not become prominent until after week 2 or 3 infection. Thymus and bone marrow cells showed little if any change in surface morphology until late in the infectious process. However, even at that time only a few of the cells were abnormal in appearance. The changes in cell population in the spleen but not the lymph nodes paralleled the rapid decrease in the percentage of cells which stained positive for surface immunoglobulin and theta antigen. Futhermore, FLV antigen rapidly appeared on spleen cells after infection; fewer lymph node cells were positive, and only low numbers of marrow and thymus cells stained positive for FLV antigen. The marked immunosuppression induced by FLV infection paralleled and in some instances preceded the marked morphological changes.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of lymphoid cells from leukemia virus-infected mice. Spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, and thymus cells from Friend leukemia virus (FLV)-infected mice were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Whereas splenocytes from normal, noninfected animals showed the expected morphological classes of lymphocytes, including cells with numerous villous projections and smoother cell types, spleen cells from mice infected with FLV showed a rapid alteration of surface morphology. Shortly after infection, a decrease in the number and percentage of villous cells occurred, with a concomitant increase in the number of cells that were larger and smoother. Within 10 to 20 days after infection, the majority of splenocytes were smooth, large cells showing many distinct morphological charges, including surface \"holes\" and a \"spongy\" appearance. By days 25 to 35 after infection, most splenocytes were abnormal in appearance. Similar changes occurred in the lymph nodes after FLV infection, but the rate of change was much lower. Abnormal and larger smooth-surfaced cells did not become prominent until after week 2 or 3 infection. Thymus and bone marrow cells showed little if any change in surface morphology until late in the infectious process. However, even at that time only a few of the cells were abnormal in appearance. The changes in cell population in the spleen but not the lymph nodes paralleled the rapid decrease in the percentage of cells which stained positive for surface immunoglobulin and theta antigen. Futhermore, FLV antigen rapidly appeared on spleen cells after infection; fewer lymph node cells were positive, and only low numbers of marrow and thymus cells stained positive for FLV antigen. The marked immunosuppression induced by FLV infection paralleled and in some instances preceded the marked morphological changes.", "PMID": 669822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_102", "title": "Studies on a canine intestinal spirochete: scanning electron microscopy of canine colonic mucosa.", "content": "A large homogeneous population of spirochetes was observed attached to the colonic mucosa of clinically normal dogs. Their association with the colonic mucosa and their mode of attachment resembled those of a spirochete reported in primates.", "contents": "Studies on a canine intestinal spirochete: scanning electron microscopy of canine colonic mucosa. A large homogeneous population of spirochetes was observed attached to the colonic mucosa of clinically normal dogs. Their association with the colonic mucosa and their mode of attachment resembled those of a spirochete reported in primates.", "PMID": 669823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_103", "title": "Toxicity of emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor) in mice depends on size distribution of mineral oil droplets.", "content": "Toxicity of emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate administered intravenously into mice depended on the size distribution of the mineral oil droplets. Emulsions containing the greatest number of the largest oil droplets were the most toxic. Emulsions of trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate made with peanut oil or with olive oil were less toxic than those made with mineral oil.", "contents": "Toxicity of emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor) in mice depends on size distribution of mineral oil droplets. Toxicity of emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate administered intravenously into mice depended on the size distribution of the mineral oil droplets. Emulsions containing the greatest number of the largest oil droplets were the most toxic. Emulsions of trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate made with peanut oil or with olive oil were less toxic than those made with mineral oil.", "PMID": 669824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_104", "title": "Application of charge shift electrophoresis to antigenic analysis of mycoplasmic membranes by two-dimensional (crossed) immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Both the anodic migration and resolution of membrane antigens of Mycoplasma arginini were greatly improved in two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis by incorporating both a neutral detergent, Triton X-100, and an anionic detergent, sodium deoxycholate, in the agarose support for first phase electrophoresis. The mobility of cytoplasmic antigens was unaffected at concentrations of 0.1% or less of sodium deoxycholate.", "contents": "Application of charge shift electrophoresis to antigenic analysis of mycoplasmic membranes by two-dimensional (crossed) immunoelectrophoresis. Both the anodic migration and resolution of membrane antigens of Mycoplasma arginini were greatly improved in two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis by incorporating both a neutral detergent, Triton X-100, and an anionic detergent, sodium deoxycholate, in the agarose support for first phase electrophoresis. The mobility of cytoplasmic antigens was unaffected at concentrations of 0.1% or less of sodium deoxycholate.", "PMID": 669825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_105", "title": "Suppression of Staphylococcus aureus extracellular nuclease and alpha-toxin synthesis by acetylmethylcarbinol.", "content": "Acetylmethylcarbinol added to the inoculated culture of Staphylococcus aureus Wood 46 suppressed 85% of the differential rates of extracellular nuclease and alpha-toxin.", "contents": "Suppression of Staphylococcus aureus extracellular nuclease and alpha-toxin synthesis by acetylmethylcarbinol. Acetylmethylcarbinol added to the inoculated culture of Staphylococcus aureus Wood 46 suppressed 85% of the differential rates of extracellular nuclease and alpha-toxin.", "PMID": 669826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_106", "title": "Sex hormones and the immune response. I. Host factors in the production of penicillin-specific antibodies in the female guinea pig.", "content": "Female guinea pigs between 500 and 650 g produced the highest precipitation titers to penicilloyl-coupled guinea pig gamma-globulin of an array of animals ranging in weight from 350 to 850 g. When one or two depot injections in complete Freund's adjuvant were succeeded by saline boosters, the response maximized within 1 week after the first booster (in phase with the maximum output of IgM); subsequent boosters rapidly reduced the titer. The observed response was directed primarily at the hapten, as no reaction was evident to heterologous carrier (KLH) until the anti-hapten titer had declined. The daily administration of estradiol for 23 days after the last antigen inoculation prevented the decay of titer, whereas the titer of the controls or progesterone-treated animals dropped by 40--50% during that interval.", "contents": "Sex hormones and the immune response. I. Host factors in the production of penicillin-specific antibodies in the female guinea pig. Female guinea pigs between 500 and 650 g produced the highest precipitation titers to penicilloyl-coupled guinea pig gamma-globulin of an array of animals ranging in weight from 350 to 850 g. When one or two depot injections in complete Freund's adjuvant were succeeded by saline boosters, the response maximized within 1 week after the first booster (in phase with the maximum output of IgM); subsequent boosters rapidly reduced the titer. The observed response was directed primarily at the hapten, as no reaction was evident to heterologous carrier (KLH) until the anti-hapten titer had declined. The daily administration of estradiol for 23 days after the last antigen inoculation prevented the decay of titer, whereas the titer of the controls or progesterone-treated animals dropped by 40--50% during that interval.", "PMID": 669827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_107", "title": "5-Hydroxytryptamine and rat passive peritoneal anaphylaxis.", "content": "Antigen challenge of rats, sensitized by intraperitoneal injection with rat anti-serum, did not result in a detectable increase in the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in their peritoneal fluids over the background level induced by sensitisation alone. The maximum amount of extravasation produced by intraperitoneal injection of 5-HT into passively sensitised rats was less than that produced by antigen or histamine, and the doses of 5-HT producing these levels of extravasation produced an produced an increase of 5-HT concentrations in the peritoneal fluids. Therefore, 5-HT is unlikely to make much direct contribution to the extravasation produced during rat passive peritoneal anaphylaxis. However, when given intraperitoneally to rats, 5-HT potentiates the extravasation produced by histamine.", "contents": "5-Hydroxytryptamine and rat passive peritoneal anaphylaxis. Antigen challenge of rats, sensitized by intraperitoneal injection with rat anti-serum, did not result in a detectable increase in the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in their peritoneal fluids over the background level induced by sensitisation alone. The maximum amount of extravasation produced by intraperitoneal injection of 5-HT into passively sensitised rats was less than that produced by antigen or histamine, and the doses of 5-HT producing these levels of extravasation produced an produced an increase of 5-HT concentrations in the peritoneal fluids. Therefore, 5-HT is unlikely to make much direct contribution to the extravasation produced during rat passive peritoneal anaphylaxis. However, when given intraperitoneally to rats, 5-HT potentiates the extravasation produced by histamine.", "PMID": 669828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_108", "title": "Effect of antigen dose on the secondary IgE response in BN rats.", "content": "Inbred Brown Norway rats were immunized at day 0 with a single dose of ovalbumin and 1 mg A1(OH)3. Various doses of ovalbumin without adjuvant were given at day 28. The secondary IgE antibody was antigen dose-dependent. Total serum IgE levels decreased after immunization and during the IgE antibody response.", "contents": "Effect of antigen dose on the secondary IgE response in BN rats. Inbred Brown Norway rats were immunized at day 0 with a single dose of ovalbumin and 1 mg A1(OH)3. Various doses of ovalbumin without adjuvant were given at day 28. The secondary IgE antibody was antigen dose-dependent. Total serum IgE levels decreased after immunization and during the IgE antibody response.", "PMID": 669829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_109", "title": "The promise of the membrane artificial lung.", "content": "Membrane lungs are more physiologic than bubble or disc blood oxygenators. Membrane lungs are indispensable in long term perfusions. Recently, there has been a noticeable trend toward use of the membrane lung in open heart surgery. Improper use of the membrane lung lowers its optimum potential and may lead to disenchantment on the part of the user. It is important to recognize that for optimum performance of the membrane lung it is necessary to learn to correctly use the membrane lung.", "contents": "The promise of the membrane artificial lung. Membrane lungs are more physiologic than bubble or disc blood oxygenators. Membrane lungs are indispensable in long term perfusions. Recently, there has been a noticeable trend toward use of the membrane lung in open heart surgery. Improper use of the membrane lung lowers its optimum potential and may lead to disenchantment on the part of the user. It is important to recognize that for optimum performance of the membrane lung it is necessary to learn to correctly use the membrane lung.", "PMID": 669831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_110", "title": "Morphologic examination of a prototype liver assist device composed of cultured cells and artificial capillaries.", "content": "Cultures of the minimal deviation rat hepatoma cell line H4-11-E derived from the Reuber hepatoma were grown on bundles of artificial capillaries. Sections of those cells grown in circumfusion culture on acrylic copolymer and polysulfone capillaries were prepared. Light, transmission and scanning electron micrographs disclosed variations in cell viability in different parts of the bundle, variations in capillary wall structure affecting the proximity of cells to capillary lumen, and intraluminal sediment deposits derived from pump tubes used for circulating the culture medium. These sediments, by obstructing capillaries, inhibited cell growth and caused focal necrosis of cells. The importance of monitoring the morphology of cell cultures grown on bundles of artificial capillaries which are to be used as artificial organs is emphasized.", "contents": "Morphologic examination of a prototype liver assist device composed of cultured cells and artificial capillaries. Cultures of the minimal deviation rat hepatoma cell line H4-11-E derived from the Reuber hepatoma were grown on bundles of artificial capillaries. Sections of those cells grown in circumfusion culture on acrylic copolymer and polysulfone capillaries were prepared. Light, transmission and scanning electron micrographs disclosed variations in cell viability in different parts of the bundle, variations in capillary wall structure affecting the proximity of cells to capillary lumen, and intraluminal sediment deposits derived from pump tubes used for circulating the culture medium. These sediments, by obstructing capillaries, inhibited cell growth and caused focal necrosis of cells. The importance of monitoring the morphology of cell cultures grown on bundles of artificial capillaries which are to be used as artificial organs is emphasized.", "PMID": 669834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_111", "title": "Response of malignant melanoma to plasma exchange, surgical debulking, and Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "A 48 year old man with extensive cutaneous and subcutaneous metastatic malignant melanoma responded to treatment by repeated plasma exchanges, partial surgical debulking of tumor masses, and intravenous Corynebacterium parvum. Circulating immune complexes were measured by the serum C1q binding method. Tumor regression coincided with serum C1q binding reduction to normal levels. Clinical relapse was preceeded by recurrent elevation of serum C1q binding activity.", "contents": "Response of malignant melanoma to plasma exchange, surgical debulking, and Corynebacterium parvum. A 48 year old man with extensive cutaneous and subcutaneous metastatic malignant melanoma responded to treatment by repeated plasma exchanges, partial surgical debulking of tumor masses, and intravenous Corynebacterium parvum. Circulating immune complexes were measured by the serum C1q binding method. Tumor regression coincided with serum C1q binding reduction to normal levels. Clinical relapse was preceeded by recurrent elevation of serum C1q binding activity.", "PMID": 669835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_112", "title": "A microcomputer based portable hemodialysis system.", "content": "A microprocessor controlled portable hemodialysis system (The Suitcase Kidney) has been designed and 18 dialyses have been successfully completed. The microprocessor is shown to be an improvement and simplification over the conventional discrete control mechanisms presently used to monitor and control system functions. The microprocessor is shown to reduce development time, complexity and size of the system while improving patient safety. A description of the system is presented emphasizing the functioning of the microcomputer.", "contents": "A microcomputer based portable hemodialysis system. A microprocessor controlled portable hemodialysis system (The Suitcase Kidney) has been designed and 18 dialyses have been successfully completed. The microprocessor is shown to be an improvement and simplification over the conventional discrete control mechanisms presently used to monitor and control system functions. The microprocessor is shown to reduce development time, complexity and size of the system while improving patient safety. A description of the system is presented emphasizing the functioning of the microcomputer.", "PMID": 669837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_113", "title": "Continuous monitoring of urea and inorganic phosphate during hemodialysis: II. Clinical trials.", "content": "Ion-selective eletrodes have been used to monitor urea and inorganic phosphate removal during dialysis. The dialysate outlow concentrations from a single pass beside controller were used to compute instantaneous serum concentrations. The urea data are in agreement with a single pool reservoir model; the inorganic phosphate removal was not log-linear, indicating rate limiting intracompartmental transfer. The procedure can be applied to the computation of urea generation rates and thus provide information on the protein catabolism rates of the patient; in addition, the monitor provides continuous checks on the dialyzer performance.", "contents": "Continuous monitoring of urea and inorganic phosphate during hemodialysis: II. Clinical trials. Ion-selective eletrodes have been used to monitor urea and inorganic phosphate removal during dialysis. The dialysate outlow concentrations from a single pass beside controller were used to compute instantaneous serum concentrations. The urea data are in agreement with a single pool reservoir model; the inorganic phosphate removal was not log-linear, indicating rate limiting intracompartmental transfer. The procedure can be applied to the computation of urea generation rates and thus provide information on the protein catabolism rates of the patient; in addition, the monitor provides continuous checks on the dialyzer performance.", "PMID": 669841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_114", "title": "The conflict between anticoagulation and hemostasis during hemodialysis.", "content": "Anticoagulation with comparatively small amounts of heparin has been carried out in more than 3,000 acute and chronic hemodialysis procedures without problems. In a selected high risk group of postoperative and polytrauma patients no patient hemorrhages have occurred, nor have there been any clotting problems in the dialyser circuit. Studies to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of coagulation and anticoagulation in the extracorporeal environment have been performed. Minimal intermittent heparin administration based on plastic anticoagulation monitoring with the APTT method, has proven to be particularly safe.", "contents": "The conflict between anticoagulation and hemostasis during hemodialysis. Anticoagulation with comparatively small amounts of heparin has been carried out in more than 3,000 acute and chronic hemodialysis procedures without problems. In a selected high risk group of postoperative and polytrauma patients no patient hemorrhages have occurred, nor have there been any clotting problems in the dialyser circuit. Studies to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of coagulation and anticoagulation in the extracorporeal environment have been performed. Minimal intermittent heparin administration based on plastic anticoagulation monitoring with the APTT method, has proven to be particularly safe.", "PMID": 669842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_115", "title": "Haemoperfusion over ion exchange resins and polymeric adsorbents.", "content": "A review of the development and application of haemoperfusion over ion exchange resins and polymeric adsorbents is presented. Aspects of biocompatibility and ion balance are discussed.", "contents": "Haemoperfusion over ion exchange resins and polymeric adsorbents. A review of the development and application of haemoperfusion over ion exchange resins and polymeric adsorbents is presented. Aspects of biocompatibility and ion balance are discussed.", "PMID": 669844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_116", "title": "Recent changes in the morphology of gastric cancer in Japan.", "content": "The macroscopical and histological features of 4,428 cases of gastric cancer resected stomachs was noted.d surgically between 1953 and 1974 were studied. Of these cases, 81.9% were in an advanced stage and 18.1% in an early stage. The following changes were observed. (1) In the group of advanced cancers, a gradual decrease in the frequency of Borrmann II type was noted. Most of these tumors were well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. (2) In the group of early cancers, a gradual increase in the proportion of \"cancerous erosion\" was detected. The majority of these tumors were poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas or infiltrating signet-ring cell cancers. (3) At intervals of 10 years, 5-10% decrease in the frequency of intestinal metaplasia in resected stomachs was noted.", "contents": "Recent changes in the morphology of gastric cancer in Japan. The macroscopical and histological features of 4,428 cases of gastric cancer resected stomachs was noted.d surgically between 1953 and 1974 were studied. Of these cases, 81.9% were in an advanced stage and 18.1% in an early stage. The following changes were observed. (1) In the group of advanced cancers, a gradual decrease in the frequency of Borrmann II type was noted. Most of these tumors were well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. (2) In the group of early cancers, a gradual increase in the proportion of \"cancerous erosion\" was detected. The majority of these tumors were poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas or infiltrating signet-ring cell cancers. (3) At intervals of 10 years, 5-10% decrease in the frequency of intestinal metaplasia in resected stomachs was noted.", "PMID": 669846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_117", "title": "The effect of mass screening in Iceland, 1965-74, on the incidence and mortality of cervical carcinoma.", "content": "A clinic for early detection of cancer of the uterine cervix has been in operation in Iceland since 1964, aimed until recently at the age-group 25-59. More than 85% of women in this age group have been screened at least once. Mortality from cancer of the cervix had been rising in Iceland, and continued to rise during the first few years of operation of the screening clinic. Since 1970, however, a more than two-fold reduction in mortality has been observed among women aged 25-59. There has been a similar decrease in incidence of tumours of stages II, III and IV. Both deaths and advanced tumours are largely confined to women who have never been screened. Alternative explanations are considered, but the only tenable explanation of the reduction in mortality is that it is a consequence of the introduction of a comprehensive screening programme.", "contents": "The effect of mass screening in Iceland, 1965-74, on the incidence and mortality of cervical carcinoma. A clinic for early detection of cancer of the uterine cervix has been in operation in Iceland since 1964, aimed until recently at the age-group 25-59. More than 85% of women in this age group have been screened at least once. Mortality from cancer of the cervix had been rising in Iceland, and continued to rise during the first few years of operation of the screening clinic. Since 1970, however, a more than two-fold reduction in mortality has been observed among women aged 25-59. There has been a similar decrease in incidence of tumours of stages II, III and IV. Both deaths and advanced tumours are largely confined to women who have never been screened. Alternative explanations are considered, but the only tenable explanation of the reduction in mortality is that it is a consequence of the introduction of a comprehensive screening programme.", "PMID": 669847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_118", "title": "Melphalan-induced chromosome damage in sensitive and resistant human melanoma cell lines.", "content": "Twelve consecutive treatments of a human melanoma cell line (MM253) with melphalan gave a subline (MM253-12M) which was five times more resistant to melphalan with respect to survival. In contrast to mustard-resistant rodent cells, the MM253-12M line had a higher stemline number than the parent line while growth rate and cell and colony morphology were unchanged. A further melphalan treatment following attempted mutagenesis with UV did not increase resistance. In a comparison of these two lines with two melanoma lines derived from other patients and the rat XC line, resistance was correlated with lower frequency of melphalan-induced chromosome aberrations, determined 48 h after a 4-h exposure to melphalan (3 microgram/ml). In the two cell lines studied, aberration-free metaphase cells from treated culture had fewer chromosomes than untreated cells. DNA synthesis studied in the 4- to 72-h period after treatment was inhibited to the same extent in MM253 and MM253-12M cells at 4 microgram/ml but to a greater extent in the sensitive line at 0.1-1.5 microgram/ml. During the first hour of treatment at 0.1-1.5 microgram/ml, DNA synthesis in MM253 appeared to be enhanced.", "contents": "Melphalan-induced chromosome damage in sensitive and resistant human melanoma cell lines. Twelve consecutive treatments of a human melanoma cell line (MM253) with melphalan gave a subline (MM253-12M) which was five times more resistant to melphalan with respect to survival. In contrast to mustard-resistant rodent cells, the MM253-12M line had a higher stemline number than the parent line while growth rate and cell and colony morphology were unchanged. A further melphalan treatment following attempted mutagenesis with UV did not increase resistance. In a comparison of these two lines with two melanoma lines derived from other patients and the rat XC line, resistance was correlated with lower frequency of melphalan-induced chromosome aberrations, determined 48 h after a 4-h exposure to melphalan (3 microgram/ml). In the two cell lines studied, aberration-free metaphase cells from treated culture had fewer chromosomes than untreated cells. DNA synthesis studied in the 4- to 72-h period after treatment was inhibited to the same extent in MM253 and MM253-12M cells at 4 microgram/ml but to a greater extent in the sensitive line at 0.1-1.5 microgram/ml. During the first hour of treatment at 0.1-1.5 microgram/ml, DNA synthesis in MM253 appeared to be enhanced.", "PMID": 669848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_119", "title": "Specificity of acquired clonal chromosome abnormalities in New Zealand Black mice.", "content": "New Zealand Black (NZB) mice, an inbred strain characterized by immunological dysfunction and lymphoreticular malignancy, also develop populations of aneuploid spleen cells. In detailed cytogenetic analyses performed on 10 NZBs, the chromosomally abnormal cells were found to be clonally related within each mouse. Moreover, the karyotypic changes observed were highly non-random, usually involving the 15 (10/10 mice), 2 (8/10 mice), 16 or 17 (9/10 mice), and sex (6/10 mice) chromosomes. These observations suggest an important relationship between chromosomal alterations and tumorigenesis in NZB mice and emphasize the role of chromosome 15 in murine abnormal lymphoreticular proliferations.", "contents": "Specificity of acquired clonal chromosome abnormalities in New Zealand Black mice. New Zealand Black (NZB) mice, an inbred strain characterized by immunological dysfunction and lymphoreticular malignancy, also develop populations of aneuploid spleen cells. In detailed cytogenetic analyses performed on 10 NZBs, the chromosomally abnormal cells were found to be clonally related within each mouse. Moreover, the karyotypic changes observed were highly non-random, usually involving the 15 (10/10 mice), 2 (8/10 mice), 16 or 17 (9/10 mice), and sex (6/10 mice) chromosomes. These observations suggest an important relationship between chromosomal alterations and tumorigenesis in NZB mice and emphasize the role of chromosome 15 in murine abnormal lymphoreticular proliferations.", "PMID": 669849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_120", "title": "Accelerated growth of syngeneic tumors in mice treated with methylcholanthrene.", "content": "BALB/c and C3H- mice were given a single injection of methylcholanthrene (MCA) and were tested at various times thereafter for immunologic reactivity and resistance to syngeneic tumor challenge. MCA treatment did not affect the rejection of H-2-incompatible tumor allografts, the rejection of H-2-compatible skin allografts, or the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to DNCB as measured by footpad challenge. In contrast, mice treated with MCA exhibited an increase susceptibility to challenge with several syngeneic ultraviolet-induced and MCA-induced fibrosarcomas. These studies demonstrate that in the autochthonous host the measurement of host immune status by in vivo cell-mediated immune responses to exogenous antigens does not necessarily predict the host response to tumor growth.", "contents": "Accelerated growth of syngeneic tumors in mice treated with methylcholanthrene. BALB/c and C3H- mice were given a single injection of methylcholanthrene (MCA) and were tested at various times thereafter for immunologic reactivity and resistance to syngeneic tumor challenge. MCA treatment did not affect the rejection of H-2-incompatible tumor allografts, the rejection of H-2-compatible skin allografts, or the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to DNCB as measured by footpad challenge. In contrast, mice treated with MCA exhibited an increase susceptibility to challenge with several syngeneic ultraviolet-induced and MCA-induced fibrosarcomas. These studies demonstrate that in the autochthonous host the measurement of host immune status by in vivo cell-mediated immune responses to exogenous antigens does not necessarily predict the host response to tumor growth.", "PMID": 669850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_121", "title": "Abnormalities of chromosome No. 1 in human solid malignant tumours.", "content": "Marker chromosomes involving chromosome No. 1 were studied with banding techniques in 10 primary solid tumours. Structural or numerical aberrations of chromosome No. 1 were found in nine of these. Two major types of rearrangement of chromosome No. 1 were observed: translocation of the long arm (partial trisomy) and an isochromosome of of 1q. Earlier chromosome studies and the present cases suggest that regions near the centromere and q21 are vulnerable points on human chromosome No. 1, and that region q21-32 is important for development of certain tumour types.", "contents": "Abnormalities of chromosome No. 1 in human solid malignant tumours. Marker chromosomes involving chromosome No. 1 were studied with banding techniques in 10 primary solid tumours. Structural or numerical aberrations of chromosome No. 1 were found in nine of these. Two major types of rearrangement of chromosome No. 1 were observed: translocation of the long arm (partial trisomy) and an isochromosome of of 1q. Earlier chromosome studies and the present cases suggest that regions near the centromere and q21 are vulnerable points on human chromosome No. 1, and that region q21-32 is important for development of certain tumour types.", "PMID": 669851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_122", "title": "Quantitation of serum complement components and plasma C3d in patients with malignant lymphoma: relation to the stage of the tumor and circulating immune complexes.", "content": "Total hemolytic complement activity (CH 50) and complement component levels were measured in 27 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 31 patients with non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma. CH 50 values were higher than normal in almost all the patients. Increased levels of serum C4, C3 and factor B were observed in 62%, 31% and 19% of these patients, respectively. However, plasma concentration of C3d, a breakdown product of C3, was elevated in 29% of the cases. The hypercatabolism of C3 was not closely associated with the presence of circulating immune complexes, as assessed by the C1q binding assay, nor with the presence of general symptoms in the patients. On the contrary, it appeared to be in relation with the extent of the malignant disease.", "contents": "Quantitation of serum complement components and plasma C3d in patients with malignant lymphoma: relation to the stage of the tumor and circulating immune complexes. Total hemolytic complement activity (CH 50) and complement component levels were measured in 27 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 31 patients with non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma. CH 50 values were higher than normal in almost all the patients. Increased levels of serum C4, C3 and factor B were observed in 62%, 31% and 19% of these patients, respectively. However, plasma concentration of C3d, a breakdown product of C3, was elevated in 29% of the cases. The hypercatabolism of C3 was not closely associated with the presence of circulating immune complexes, as assessed by the C1q binding assay, nor with the presence of general symptoms in the patients. On the contrary, it appeared to be in relation with the extent of the malignant disease.", "PMID": 669852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_123", "title": "Chromosome 14q+ in a retinoblastoma.", "content": "A chromosome 14q+ was found in the tumor cells of a patient with sporadic, bilateral retinoblastoma. Eighty-six per cent of the metaphases contained the marker. Some metaphases showed a chromosome 6q--in addition. The question of the specificity of such markers in lymphoid malignancies is raised.", "contents": "Chromosome 14q+ in a retinoblastoma. A chromosome 14q+ was found in the tumor cells of a patient with sporadic, bilateral retinoblastoma. Eighty-six per cent of the metaphases contained the marker. Some metaphases showed a chromosome 6q--in addition. The question of the specificity of such markers in lymphoid malignancies is raised.", "PMID": 669853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_124", "title": "Reproductive factors and risk for breast cancer in Iceland.", "content": "A previous publication has shown that there has been a great increase in the incidence of breast cancer in Iceland. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the importance of known risk factors connected with the reroductive history of the women. In a prospective investigation of a cohort of 31,453 women we confirmed previous findings of the increased risk following higher age at first pregnancy and for nulliparous women. The age at first pregnancy and the proportion of nulliparous women have decreased with time in the Icelandic population so that these factors should have tended to decrease the risk, making the found increase still more important. The effect of parity is that the risk decreases with larger number of children and this effect is independent of the effect of age at first pregnancy. Lower age at menarche increases the breast cancer risk, but the contribution of that factor to the overall risk is negligible.", "contents": "Reproductive factors and risk for breast cancer in Iceland. A previous publication has shown that there has been a great increase in the incidence of breast cancer in Iceland. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the importance of known risk factors connected with the reroductive history of the women. In a prospective investigation of a cohort of 31,453 women we confirmed previous findings of the increased risk following higher age at first pregnancy and for nulliparous women. The age at first pregnancy and the proportion of nulliparous women have decreased with time in the Icelandic population so that these factors should have tended to decrease the risk, making the found increase still more important. The effect of parity is that the risk decreases with larger number of children and this effect is independent of the effect of age at first pregnancy. Lower age at menarche increases the breast cancer risk, but the contribution of that factor to the overall risk is negligible.", "PMID": 669854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_125", "title": "Effects of Corynebacterium parvum and cortisone on the primary Lewis tumour and its metastases.", "content": "The effects of Corynebacterium parvum and cortisone acetate (CA) on the primary Lewis lung carcinoma and its pulmonary metastases were investigated. C. parvum given IV either on the same day or 7 days after tumour inoculation, reduced primary tumour growth, while 2.5 mg CA (high-dose) given SC 4 and 11 days after tumour, alone or in combination with C. parvum, administered on day 0, reduced primary tumour growth to the same extent as C. pravum alone. High-dose CA given on days 2 and 6 had no effect on primary tumour growth or the action of C. parvum, administered on day 7, while 0.05 mg CA (low-dose) given on days 4 and 11 did not alter tumour growth or the action of C. parvum given at the same time as tumour. High-dose CA given 4 and 11 days after tumour caused a significant enhancement in metastases. C. parvum given to these mice on the same day as tumour significantly reduced the pulmonary nodules but only to the level found in control, saline-treated mice. In mice given C. parvum alone, metastases were significantly reduced when compared with controls. Similarly, high-dose CA given on days 2 and 6 significantly enhanced metastases, and C. parvum on day 7 reduced their level to that found in control mice. Low-dose CA had no effect on the number of metastases or the antimetastatic action of C. parvum. The relevance of these results to the clinical situation is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of Corynebacterium parvum and cortisone on the primary Lewis tumour and its metastases. The effects of Corynebacterium parvum and cortisone acetate (CA) on the primary Lewis lung carcinoma and its pulmonary metastases were investigated. C. parvum given IV either on the same day or 7 days after tumour inoculation, reduced primary tumour growth, while 2.5 mg CA (high-dose) given SC 4 and 11 days after tumour, alone or in combination with C. parvum, administered on day 0, reduced primary tumour growth to the same extent as C. pravum alone. High-dose CA given on days 2 and 6 had no effect on primary tumour growth or the action of C. parvum, administered on day 7, while 0.05 mg CA (low-dose) given on days 4 and 11 did not alter tumour growth or the action of C. parvum given at the same time as tumour. High-dose CA given 4 and 11 days after tumour caused a significant enhancement in metastases. C. parvum given to these mice on the same day as tumour significantly reduced the pulmonary nodules but only to the level found in control, saline-treated mice. In mice given C. parvum alone, metastases were significantly reduced when compared with controls. Similarly, high-dose CA given on days 2 and 6 significantly enhanced metastases, and C. parvum on day 7 reduced their level to that found in control mice. Low-dose CA had no effect on the number of metastases or the antimetastatic action of C. parvum. The relevance of these results to the clinical situation is discussed.", "PMID": 669856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_126", "title": "Psychopathology and nonmedical drug use: a comparison of patient and nonpatient drug users.", "content": "This investigation examined the hypothesis that high-rate drug use is not always related to high levels of psychological discomfort. High-rate drug users who were actively involved in treatment are compared to a group of high rate drug users who had never been in treatment nor did they desire it at the time of the investigation. Although both groups used drugs with high frequency, actual patterns of drug use differed. Comparison of MMPI and CAPPS data suggested that the patients were experiencing significantly more distress than were nonpatients. The data further suggest that the patient group had a poorer premorbid level of adjustment. Based on these data patterns of drug use, possible implications for treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Psychopathology and nonmedical drug use: a comparison of patient and nonpatient drug users. This investigation examined the hypothesis that high-rate drug use is not always related to high levels of psychological discomfort. High-rate drug users who were actively involved in treatment are compared to a group of high rate drug users who had never been in treatment nor did they desire it at the time of the investigation. Although both groups used drugs with high frequency, actual patterns of drug use differed. Comparison of MMPI and CAPPS data suggested that the patients were experiencing significantly more distress than were nonpatients. The data further suggest that the patient group had a poorer premorbid level of adjustment. Based on these data patterns of drug use, possible implications for treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 669858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_127", "title": "Compulsive heroin use and interpersonal orientation.", "content": "This research attempt to clarify and quantify the ways in which heroin addicts deal with interpersonal relations. A sample of heroin addicts on a methadone maintenance program were given the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) scale. An accidental sample consisted of 35, approximately one-half, of the clinic's population. A mean interpersonal orientation profile is established and interpreted. An analysis of variance was performed for each of the six FIRO-B scores. Patients needs based on FIRO-B scores are discussed with regard to the descriptions of addicts life-styles as described in the literature. The possible etiological basis for these interpersoanl orientations is also discussed. Several therapeutic approaches, as indicated by FIRO-B scores, are explored.", "contents": "Compulsive heroin use and interpersonal orientation. This research attempt to clarify and quantify the ways in which heroin addicts deal with interpersonal relations. A sample of heroin addicts on a methadone maintenance program were given the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) scale. An accidental sample consisted of 35, approximately one-half, of the clinic's population. A mean interpersonal orientation profile is established and interpreted. An analysis of variance was performed for each of the six FIRO-B scores. Patients needs based on FIRO-B scores are discussed with regard to the descriptions of addicts life-styles as described in the literature. The possible etiological basis for these interpersoanl orientations is also discussed. Several therapeutic approaches, as indicated by FIRO-B scores, are explored.", "PMID": 669859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_128", "title": "The validity of reported drug use: the randomized response technique.", "content": "A working outline is provided of the \"randomized response model\" which offers an alternative indirect procedure for obtaining estimates of drug use. Evidence obtained from an experimental study demonstrated significant underreporting of drug use when estimates were obtained by standard direct methods of inquiry when compared to those obtained by randomized response technique.", "contents": "The validity of reported drug use: the randomized response technique. A working outline is provided of the \"randomized response model\" which offers an alternative indirect procedure for obtaining estimates of drug use. Evidence obtained from an experimental study demonstrated significant underreporting of drug use when estimates were obtained by standard direct methods of inquiry when compared to those obtained by randomized response technique.", "PMID": 669860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_129", "title": "Gateway Houses: effectiveness of treatment on criminal behavior.", "content": "Arrest rates for the year preceding admission to and the year following discharge from the Gateway Houses program were determined for three groups of former residents: Group 1, early dropouts; Group 2, late dropouts; and Group 3, persons who completed treatment. Data were obtained from police records. Results showed that arrest rates for the groups were comparable prior to admission but significantly different following discharge. Group 1 showed no change in arrest rates from the year prior to admission to the year following discharge, Group 2 showed an 81% reduction in arrest rates, and Group 3 showed a 97% reduction in arrest rates. It is argued that change in criminal behavior occurred as a function of treatment.", "contents": "Gateway Houses: effectiveness of treatment on criminal behavior. Arrest rates for the year preceding admission to and the year following discharge from the Gateway Houses program were determined for three groups of former residents: Group 1, early dropouts; Group 2, late dropouts; and Group 3, persons who completed treatment. Data were obtained from police records. Results showed that arrest rates for the groups were comparable prior to admission but significantly different following discharge. Group 1 showed no change in arrest rates from the year prior to admission to the year following discharge, Group 2 showed an 81% reduction in arrest rates, and Group 3 showed a 97% reduction in arrest rates. It is argued that change in criminal behavior occurred as a function of treatment.", "PMID": 669861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_130", "title": "Pharmacotherapy of drug abusers: adjunctive psychopharmacologic management of nonopiate mixed substance abusers in an outpatient setting.", "content": "Conventional practice in treating nonopiate mixed substance abusers have avoided the use of pharmaceuticals because of the strong drug orientation of this patient population. The author's impressions are that this is a maladaptive treatment polarization, and that psychopharmacotherapy of this group of patients is not only sometimes useful but necessary for some individuals. Diagnostic syndromata and problems specific to this patient population are delineated along with our experience in pharmacotherapy.", "contents": "Pharmacotherapy of drug abusers: adjunctive psychopharmacologic management of nonopiate mixed substance abusers in an outpatient setting. Conventional practice in treating nonopiate mixed substance abusers have avoided the use of pharmaceuticals because of the strong drug orientation of this patient population. The author's impressions are that this is a maladaptive treatment polarization, and that psychopharmacotherapy of this group of patients is not only sometimes useful but necessary for some individuals. Diagnostic syndromata and problems specific to this patient population are delineated along with our experience in pharmacotherapy.", "PMID": 669862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_131", "title": "Induction of alcohol withdrawal symptoms by nalorphine in chronic alcoholic patients.", "content": "The effect of nalorphine on eliciting symptoms of either alcohol or narcotic withdrawal was studied. Five male alcoholics were challenged with nalorphine and saline, both while sober and during alcohol ingestion. After nalorphine, pulse rate decreased in patients when sober, but increased when they were ingesting alcohol. Nalorphine administration resulted, during alcohol ingestion, but not in the sober state, in lacrimation, a symptom of narcotic withdrawal, in one patient, and in the following symptoms of alcohol or narcotic withdrawal in one or more patients: weakness, anorexia, insomnia, disorientation, and tremor. These findings suggest that morphine-like alkaloids play a role in the mediation of alcohol withdrawal symptoms.", "contents": "Induction of alcohol withdrawal symptoms by nalorphine in chronic alcoholic patients. The effect of nalorphine on eliciting symptoms of either alcohol or narcotic withdrawal was studied. Five male alcoholics were challenged with nalorphine and saline, both while sober and during alcohol ingestion. After nalorphine, pulse rate decreased in patients when sober, but increased when they were ingesting alcohol. Nalorphine administration resulted, during alcohol ingestion, but not in the sober state, in lacrimation, a symptom of narcotic withdrawal, in one patient, and in the following symptoms of alcohol or narcotic withdrawal in one or more patients: weakness, anorexia, insomnia, disorientation, and tremor. These findings suggest that morphine-like alkaloids play a role in the mediation of alcohol withdrawal symptoms.", "PMID": 669863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_132", "title": "The Defense Mechanism Inventory and alcoholics.", "content": "The utility of the Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI) with alcoholic patients was evaluated by reviewing previous research and presenting new data concerning the test characteristics and the relationships between the DMI and various demographic, cognitive, and personality variables. In general, the defense mechansims of projection and turning against others was associated with greater anxiety, depression, and psychopathology. Utilization of the mechanisms of intellectualization and denial were related to lower levels of psychopathology. The construct validity of the DMI was questioned in view of the results obtained, and the utility of the measure for the prediction of treatment response of alcholics was discussed.", "contents": "The Defense Mechanism Inventory and alcoholics. The utility of the Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI) with alcoholic patients was evaluated by reviewing previous research and presenting new data concerning the test characteristics and the relationships between the DMI and various demographic, cognitive, and personality variables. In general, the defense mechansims of projection and turning against others was associated with greater anxiety, depression, and psychopathology. Utilization of the mechanisms of intellectualization and denial were related to lower levels of psychopathology. The construct validity of the DMI was questioned in view of the results obtained, and the utility of the measure for the prediction of treatment response of alcholics was discussed.", "PMID": 669864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_133", "title": "Heroin addiction as an occupation: traditional addicts and heroin-addicted polydrug users.", "content": "This paper discusses work aimed at exploring the possibility that heroin addiction is a form of work, i.e., it is an occupation no different in social or psychological value than any other vocation. The question of whether or not a heroin addict in treatment is \"out of work\" is also explored.", "contents": "Heroin addiction as an occupation: traditional addicts and heroin-addicted polydrug users. This paper discusses work aimed at exploring the possibility that heroin addiction is a form of work, i.e., it is an occupation no different in social or psychological value than any other vocation. The question of whether or not a heroin addict in treatment is \"out of work\" is also explored.", "PMID": 669865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_134", "title": "Iatrogenic addiction and its treatment.", "content": "Iatrogenic addictions, in contrast to illicit drug addictions, are commonly maintained for years before being brought to the attention of mental health professionals. Typically, by the time treatment is sought, both the physiological addiction and its related psychological problems have encapsulated the patient's life-style. The case histories described here illustrate some of the problems which typify treatment of the iatrogenically drug-dependent patient. Psychotherapeutic strategies utilizing life review, assertion training, and didactic teaching of alternative pain relief methods are often useful. The use of methadone for brief or more extended periods is sometimes helpful as an adjunct to psychotherapy.", "contents": "Iatrogenic addiction and its treatment. Iatrogenic addictions, in contrast to illicit drug addictions, are commonly maintained for years before being brought to the attention of mental health professionals. Typically, by the time treatment is sought, both the physiological addiction and its related psychological problems have encapsulated the patient's life-style. The case histories described here illustrate some of the problems which typify treatment of the iatrogenically drug-dependent patient. Psychotherapeutic strategies utilizing life review, assertion training, and didactic teaching of alternative pain relief methods are often useful. The use of methadone for brief or more extended periods is sometimes helpful as an adjunct to psychotherapy.", "PMID": 669866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_135", "title": "Multiple drug abuse: examination of drug-abuse patterns in male prisoners.", "content": "Preincarceration drug-use patterns were investigated  retrospectively in 58 male prisoners, average age 18.6 years, of whom 50% were White, 43% Black, and 7% Hispanic. Fifty-five percent were classified as drug-dependent, 36% as regular, and 9% as casual users of at least one drug. Classification according to numbers of \"hard\" drugs used regularly gave equal percentages of subjects using none, one to two, or more than two (polydrug users). The polydrug users were predominantly White and often used amphetamines or hallucinogens, while those using one to two \"hard\" drugs regularly were predominantly Black, eschewed hallucinogens, and preferred narcotics.", "contents": "Multiple drug abuse: examination of drug-abuse patterns in male prisoners. Preincarceration drug-use patterns were investigated  retrospectively in 58 male prisoners, average age 18.6 years, of whom 50% were White, 43% Black, and 7% Hispanic. Fifty-five percent were classified as drug-dependent, 36% as regular, and 9% as casual users of at least one drug. Classification according to numbers of \"hard\" drugs used regularly gave equal percentages of subjects using none, one to two, or more than two (polydrug users). The polydrug users were predominantly White and often used amphetamines or hallucinogens, while those using one to two \"hard\" drugs regularly were predominantly Black, eschewed hallucinogens, and preferred narcotics.", "PMID": 669867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_136", "title": "Patient improvement, measured by the MMPI and Pyp, related to paraprofessional and professional counselor assignment.", "content": "This study examined the treatment efficacy of professional and paraprofessional counselors with similar caseloads of narcotic addicts stabilizaed on methadone. The patients assigned to a professional counselor showed a statistically significant decrease on the D and Sc scales of the MMPI. The patients assigned to paraprofessional counselors did not demonstrate statistically significant decreases on the scales of the MMPI. On the basis of examined patient variables, the two groups of patients appeared comparable in terms of demographic characteristics prior to admission and there did not appear to be a bias in the assignment of patient to counselor.", "contents": "Patient improvement, measured by the MMPI and Pyp, related to paraprofessional and professional counselor assignment. This study examined the treatment efficacy of professional and paraprofessional counselors with similar caseloads of narcotic addicts stabilizaed on methadone. The patients assigned to a professional counselor showed a statistically significant decrease on the D and Sc scales of the MMPI. The patients assigned to paraprofessional counselors did not demonstrate statistically significant decreases on the scales of the MMPI. On the basis of examined patient variables, the two groups of patients appeared comparable in terms of demographic characteristics prior to admission and there did not appear to be a bias in the assignment of patient to counselor.", "PMID": 669868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_137", "title": "Exercise, induced bronchospasm in asthmatic children as a dose-response model for theophylline.", "content": "Efficacy and dose-response activity of oral theophylline were evaluated in 21 asthmatic children, using inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) as a therapeutic marker. An aqueous theophylline suspension free of alcohol, sugar, and dye was found to be effective for prevention of EIB when given in usual maintenance doses of 4 to 6 mg/kg every 6 hours for 3 weeks, following single loading doses of 8 mg/kg. Pulmonary function measurements (FEV1, FEF25%-75%, PEFR) following standardized treadmill exercise stress were signifcantly improved during both acute and chronic theophylline administration compared to pre-drug control evaluations. There were no signs of developing tolerance to theophylline. The drug produced at least 50% inhibition of EIB in 16 to 21 patients treated. Individualized adjustment of maintenance dosage resulted in optimal theophylline serum concentrations of 10 to 18 microgram/ml in 17 patients. Signs of drug toxicity were observed only when serum levels exceeded 20 microgram/ml following loading doses in 6 patients. Although some children required higher maintenance dosage because of variability in theophylline pharmacokinetics, no child experienced adverse effects after dosage adjustment. Serum half-life ranged between 86 and 351 minutes (mean, 259 minutes); mean peak serum concentration of theophylline after 3 weeks of treatment was 14.9 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Exercise, induced bronchospasm in asthmatic children as a dose-response model for theophylline. Efficacy and dose-response activity of oral theophylline were evaluated in 21 asthmatic children, using inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) as a therapeutic marker. An aqueous theophylline suspension free of alcohol, sugar, and dye was found to be effective for prevention of EIB when given in usual maintenance doses of 4 to 6 mg/kg every 6 hours for 3 weeks, following single loading doses of 8 mg/kg. Pulmonary function measurements (FEV1, FEF25%-75%, PEFR) following standardized treadmill exercise stress were signifcantly improved during both acute and chronic theophylline administration compared to pre-drug control evaluations. There were no signs of developing tolerance to theophylline. The drug produced at least 50% inhibition of EIB in 16 to 21 patients treated. Individualized adjustment of maintenance dosage resulted in optimal theophylline serum concentrations of 10 to 18 microgram/ml in 17 patients. Signs of drug toxicity were observed only when serum levels exceeded 20 microgram/ml following loading doses in 6 patients. Although some children required higher maintenance dosage because of variability in theophylline pharmacokinetics, no child experienced adverse effects after dosage adjustment. Serum half-life ranged between 86 and 351 minutes (mean, 259 minutes); mean peak serum concentration of theophylline after 3 weeks of treatment was 14.9 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 669869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_138", "title": "Methylergometrine (methylergonovine) concentrations in the human plasma and urine.", "content": "There were no significant differeneces in the radioimmunologically determined plasma concentrations of methylergometrine, nor in its 32-hour cumulative urinary excretion after a sinlge 0.250-mg p.o. dose of Methergin (Sandoz) or Myomergin (Leiras). Peak plasma concentrations were obtained as early as 0.5 hours after the drug administration. Approximately 3% of the 0.250-mg p.o. dose was excreted in the urine during a period of 32 hours. In two subjects, after a single 0.20-mg i.v. injection, the beta phase half-life in the plasma was 1.9 hours. From the ratio of the area under the plasma curve after p.o. and i.v. administration in these two subjects, it was estimated that 64% and 63% of the p.o. dose reached the systemic circulation. No cumulation in the plasma was observed after repeated p.o. doses of 0.125 mg of methylergometrine given thrice daily to the two subjects.", "contents": "Methylergometrine (methylergonovine) concentrations in the human plasma and urine. There were no significant differeneces in the radioimmunologically determined plasma concentrations of methylergometrine, nor in its 32-hour cumulative urinary excretion after a sinlge 0.250-mg p.o. dose of Methergin (Sandoz) or Myomergin (Leiras). Peak plasma concentrations were obtained as early as 0.5 hours after the drug administration. Approximately 3% of the 0.250-mg p.o. dose was excreted in the urine during a period of 32 hours. In two subjects, after a single 0.20-mg i.v. injection, the beta phase half-life in the plasma was 1.9 hours. From the ratio of the area under the plasma curve after p.o. and i.v. administration in these two subjects, it was estimated that 64% and 63% of the p.o. dose reached the systemic circulation. No cumulation in the plasma was observed after repeated p.o. doses of 0.125 mg of methylergometrine given thrice daily to the two subjects.", "PMID": 669870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_139", "title": "Enhanced 5-F.U. mortality in rats eating definded formula diets.", "content": "Rats eating nutritionally adequate defined-formula diets (D.F.D) before and following lethal i.p. injection of 5-fluorouracil exhibit increased mortality and shorter survival time than rats eating conventional Purina rat chow. Neither the presence of proteins in hydrolyzed form nor the nitrogen level in the D.F.D appear to be the crucial factor of enhanced lethality. The possible mechanisms and implications of the phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Enhanced 5-F.U. mortality in rats eating definded formula diets. Rats eating nutritionally adequate defined-formula diets (D.F.D) before and following lethal i.p. injection of 5-fluorouracil exhibit increased mortality and shorter survival time than rats eating conventional Purina rat chow. Neither the presence of proteins in hydrolyzed form nor the nitrogen level in the D.F.D appear to be the crucial factor of enhanced lethality. The possible mechanisms and implications of the phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 669871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_140", "title": "The distribution of sulfamerazin between plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and bile in humans.", "content": "The concentration-time curves of sulfamerazin were determined in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) and bile in two groups of patients (ventricle drainage and Kerr's T-tube drain). In plasma, a half-life of 13.6 hours as well as an invasion and evasion constant of 0.145 hours -1 and 0.051 hours -1, resepectively, were observed. The distribution of half-life times showed a bimodal behavior in these patients. The unbound part of sulfamerazin was 12% and the acetylated products 14%. Unlike plasma in c.s.f. and bile the influx is delayed up to steady state. The decreases of concentration in all three compartments are the same. The concentration ratio of sulfamerazin between C.S.F. and bile and plasma water amounted to 1 and 2.5, respectively. Of the given dose of sulfamerzin, 0.87% was eliminated by bile within 24 hours. The therapeutic conclusions are discussed with regard to the bimodal distribution of half-lives, the minimal inhibition concentrations and the unbound part in the plasma.", "contents": "The distribution of sulfamerazin between plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and bile in humans. The concentration-time curves of sulfamerazin were determined in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) and bile in two groups of patients (ventricle drainage and Kerr's T-tube drain). In plasma, a half-life of 13.6 hours as well as an invasion and evasion constant of 0.145 hours -1 and 0.051 hours -1, resepectively, were observed. The distribution of half-life times showed a bimodal behavior in these patients. The unbound part of sulfamerazin was 12% and the acetylated products 14%. Unlike plasma in c.s.f. and bile the influx is delayed up to steady state. The decreases of concentration in all three compartments are the same. The concentration ratio of sulfamerazin between C.S.F. and bile and plasma water amounted to 1 and 2.5, respectively. Of the given dose of sulfamerzin, 0.87% was eliminated by bile within 24 hours. The therapeutic conclusions are discussed with regard to the bimodal distribution of half-lives, the minimal inhibition concentrations and the unbound part in the plasma.", "PMID": 669872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_141", "title": "Intramuscular absorption of dihydroergotamine in man.", "content": "In order to prevent hypotension, 1.0 mg of dihydroergotamine (Vasogin) was injected intramuscularly to 10 patients 5 minutes before spinal anaesthesia. The peak plasma concentrations were measured by a radioimmunoassay as early as at 30 minutes after drug administration, indicating a fast intramuscular absorption. According to the plasma levels the drug has to be given 15-30 minutes before spinal anaesthia.", "contents": "Intramuscular absorption of dihydroergotamine in man. In order to prevent hypotension, 1.0 mg of dihydroergotamine (Vasogin) was injected intramuscularly to 10 patients 5 minutes before spinal anaesthesia. The peak plasma concentrations were measured by a radioimmunoassay as early as at 30 minutes after drug administration, indicating a fast intramuscular absorption. According to the plasma levels the drug has to be given 15-30 minutes before spinal anaesthia.", "PMID": 669873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_142", "title": "Pharmacokinetic investigations with 3H-penta-acetyl-gitoxin in volunteers and patients with respect to the occurrence of drug latentiation.", "content": "After oral administration of 3H-penta-acetyl-gitoxin (Pengitoxin W.H.O., Pentagit) 1.5 mg to four volunteers, serum radioactivity diclines with a half-life of 62 +/- 10 hours. After an oral maintenance dose of 0.4 mg pengitoxin in five digitalized patients, four of them with a cannulated bile duct, serum radioactivity declines with half-life of 56 +/- 8 hours. In volunteers within 4 days 50.7% of the administered radioactivity is excreted in urine; in the patients 52.3% in urine and 28.0% in bile. By thin-layer chromatographic studies, 16-acetyl-gitoxin was charactrized as the main metabolite in serum, bile and urine. Furthermore, in the first 8 hours after administration, two additional metabolites occur in urine.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic investigations with 3H-penta-acetyl-gitoxin in volunteers and patients with respect to the occurrence of drug latentiation. After oral administration of 3H-penta-acetyl-gitoxin (Pengitoxin W.H.O., Pentagit) 1.5 mg to four volunteers, serum radioactivity diclines with a half-life of 62 +/- 10 hours. After an oral maintenance dose of 0.4 mg pengitoxin in five digitalized patients, four of them with a cannulated bile duct, serum radioactivity declines with half-life of 56 +/- 8 hours. In volunteers within 4 days 50.7% of the administered radioactivity is excreted in urine; in the patients 52.3% in urine and 28.0% in bile. By thin-layer chromatographic studies, 16-acetyl-gitoxin was charactrized as the main metabolite in serum, bile and urine. Furthermore, in the first 8 hours after administration, two additional metabolites occur in urine.", "PMID": 669874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_143", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of cutaneously administered isosorbide dinitrate ointment.", "content": "With a view to testing the hemodynamic effects of a 10% isosorbide dinitrate ointment, about 40 mg of the drug was applied to the skin of nine cardiologically healthy volunteers. The ensuing hemodynamic changes were followed up for six hours by means of noninvasive techniques including echocardiography. As early as 30 min after drug application, significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, systolic blood pressure and intracardiac diameters were recorded. Only systolic blood pressure had returned to initial values by the end of the observation period. Isosorbide dinitrate ointment diminished myocardial oxygen consumption for a duration beyond six hr, by reducing pressure and heart-rate work of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of cutaneously administered isosorbide dinitrate ointment. With a view to testing the hemodynamic effects of a 10% isosorbide dinitrate ointment, about 40 mg of the drug was applied to the skin of nine cardiologically healthy volunteers. The ensuing hemodynamic changes were followed up for six hours by means of noninvasive techniques including echocardiography. As early as 30 min after drug application, significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, systolic blood pressure and intracardiac diameters were recorded. Only systolic blood pressure had returned to initial values by the end of the observation period. Isosorbide dinitrate ointment diminished myocardial oxygen consumption for a duration beyond six hr, by reducing pressure and heart-rate work of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 669875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_144", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of digoxin in patients with manifest hyperthyroidism and after normalization of thyroid function.", "content": "The pharmakokinetic data (elimination half-life, apparent distribution volume, total and renal clearance and cumulative urine excretion) were determined after intravenous administration of 1 mg digoxin in 9 female patients with an average age of 52 +/- 15 years with manifest hyperthyroidism. The study protocol was repeated after normalization of thyroid function by means of conventional thyrostatic therapy. Digoxin was determined by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of digoxin in patients with manifest hyperthyroidism and after normalization of thyroid function. The pharmakokinetic data (elimination half-life, apparent distribution volume, total and renal clearance and cumulative urine excretion) were determined after intravenous administration of 1 mg digoxin in 9 female patients with an average age of 52 +/- 15 years with manifest hyperthyroidism. The study protocol was repeated after normalization of thyroid function by means of conventional thyrostatic therapy. Digoxin was determined by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 669876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_145", "title": "Clinical localization of tubular transport of exogenous substances exhibiting urine flow dependence excretion.", "content": "The proposed method is based on the assumption that a fluid flow dependent tubular transport process in the distal (diluting) segment of the nephron can be influenced by water diuresis as well as osmotic diuresis. If the fluid flow dependent transport process is localized in the proximal part of the nephron only, the urinary excretion of such a substance can be increased by proximal osmotic diuresis but not by water diuresis. By means of this method the localization of fluid flow dependent tubular transport processes of chloramphenicol and its metabolites (arylamines and total nitro compounds) has been studied in 17 healthy volunteers. The results indicate that the flow dependent transport processes of substances under study may be localized in the diluting segment.", "contents": "Clinical localization of tubular transport of exogenous substances exhibiting urine flow dependence excretion. The proposed method is based on the assumption that a fluid flow dependent tubular transport process in the distal (diluting) segment of the nephron can be influenced by water diuresis as well as osmotic diuresis. If the fluid flow dependent transport process is localized in the proximal part of the nephron only, the urinary excretion of such a substance can be increased by proximal osmotic diuresis but not by water diuresis. By means of this method the localization of fluid flow dependent tubular transport processes of chloramphenicol and its metabolites (arylamines and total nitro compounds) has been studied in 17 healthy volunteers. The results indicate that the flow dependent transport processes of substances under study may be localized in the diluting segment.", "PMID": 669877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_146", "title": "Bioavailability of digoxin in capsules.", "content": "The authors have studied the bioavailability of a commercially available digoxin solution in capsule. Data obtained were different from that reported by other authors using experimental preparations. Single-dose and steady-state studies evidenced a similar bioavailability for capsules and standard tablets. These results introduce the new problem of the inadequate bioavailability of capsules.", "contents": "Bioavailability of digoxin in capsules. The authors have studied the bioavailability of a commercially available digoxin solution in capsule. Data obtained were different from that reported by other authors using experimental preparations. Single-dose and steady-state studies evidenced a similar bioavailability for capsules and standard tablets. These results introduce the new problem of the inadequate bioavailability of capsules.", "PMID": 669878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_147", "title": "Variable inhibition of human hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes by disulfiram.", "content": "In healthy adult males, oral treatment with disulfiram exerted variable inhibitory effects on various metabolic parameters of the hepatic microsomal enzyme system: Two 10 mg/kg doses, given at an interval of 24 hr produced only a marginally significant prolongation of the plasma elimination half-life of antipyrine. This effect was not detectable when using as a criterion the formation of 4-OH-antipyrine (aromatic C-hydroxylation), as measured by its renal excretion. In contrast, a single dose of disulfiram (10 mg/kg) was followed by a significant decrease in the formation of D-glucaric acid, which was demonstrable for 6 days and was measured by the renal excretion of D-glucaric acid over 24-hr periods. The same single dose of disulfiram (10 mg/kg) did not affect the activity of the serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. However, a single dose as small as 5 mg/kg caused a temporary but significant reduction in the formation of 4-aminoantipyrine from aminophenazone (oxidative demethylation), where the renal excretion of 4-aminoantipyrine provided a measure of the decrease. During the subsequent phase of excretion, the deficit in 4-aminoantipyrine elimination was completely compensated for. It is concluded from the results that in man the impairment of oxidative N-demethylation constitutes the most sensitive criterion of a measurable inhibitory effect of disulfiram on the hepatic mixed-function oxygenase system.", "contents": "Variable inhibition of human hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes by disulfiram. In healthy adult males, oral treatment with disulfiram exerted variable inhibitory effects on various metabolic parameters of the hepatic microsomal enzyme system: Two 10 mg/kg doses, given at an interval of 24 hr produced only a marginally significant prolongation of the plasma elimination half-life of antipyrine. This effect was not detectable when using as a criterion the formation of 4-OH-antipyrine (aromatic C-hydroxylation), as measured by its renal excretion. In contrast, a single dose of disulfiram (10 mg/kg) was followed by a significant decrease in the formation of D-glucaric acid, which was demonstrable for 6 days and was measured by the renal excretion of D-glucaric acid over 24-hr periods. The same single dose of disulfiram (10 mg/kg) did not affect the activity of the serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. However, a single dose as small as 5 mg/kg caused a temporary but significant reduction in the formation of 4-aminoantipyrine from aminophenazone (oxidative demethylation), where the renal excretion of 4-aminoantipyrine provided a measure of the decrease. During the subsequent phase of excretion, the deficit in 4-aminoantipyrine elimination was completely compensated for. It is concluded from the results that in man the impairment of oxidative N-demethylation constitutes the most sensitive criterion of a measurable inhibitory effect of disulfiram on the hepatic mixed-function oxygenase system.", "PMID": 669879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_148", "title": "The distribution of lithium into cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue and bile in man.", "content": "The concentration of lithium was determined in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and bile in two groups of 5 and 6 patients after oral administration of lithium carbonate (0.2 mVal/kg b.w.) in  each group. In a third group of 7 patients the lithium concentration in the brain and also in the CSF and the plasma was determined in the steady state. The influx into CSF was delayed in contrast to that into plasma and bile. The elimination was biexponential. The mean plasma half-life of lithium carbonate was 21 hours. The concentration ratio between CSF and bile, respectively, and plasma was 0.44 +/- 0.03 and 1.48 +/- 0.36 in steady state. Two percent of the given dose was eliminated with the bile within 24 hours. There was no concentration difference in steady state between that for CSF and both white and grey brain matter. It is suggested that the concentration of lithium in CSF represents the brain concentration.", "contents": "The distribution of lithium into cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue and bile in man. The concentration of lithium was determined in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and bile in two groups of 5 and 6 patients after oral administration of lithium carbonate (0.2 mVal/kg b.w.) in  each group. In a third group of 7 patients the lithium concentration in the brain and also in the CSF and the plasma was determined in the steady state. The influx into CSF was delayed in contrast to that into plasma and bile. The elimination was biexponential. The mean plasma half-life of lithium carbonate was 21 hours. The concentration ratio between CSF and bile, respectively, and plasma was 0.44 +/- 0.03 and 1.48 +/- 0.36 in steady state. Two percent of the given dose was eliminated with the bile within 24 hours. There was no concentration difference in steady state between that for CSF and both white and grey brain matter. It is suggested that the concentration of lithium in CSF represents the brain concentration.", "PMID": 669880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_149", "title": "Uptake of noradrenaline by human erythrocytes.", "content": "If human red cells are incubated with either noradrenaline or isoprenaline, these catecholamines are adsorbed to the cells surface first in a fast reaction. In a second, slower reaction they enter the cell membrane and are accumulated against the concentration gradient by the cells. It is supposed that the catecholamines enter the cells by simple diffusion and that they are reversibly bound to hemoglobin within the cells. It is  possible that this binding plays an important role in the transport of catecholamines in the blood stream where, it is assumed, they are protected from oxidation.", "contents": "Uptake of noradrenaline by human erythrocytes. If human red cells are incubated with either noradrenaline or isoprenaline, these catecholamines are adsorbed to the cells surface first in a fast reaction. In a second, slower reaction they enter the cell membrane and are accumulated against the concentration gradient by the cells. It is supposed that the catecholamines enter the cells by simple diffusion and that they are reversibly bound to hemoglobin within the cells. It is  possible that this binding plays an important role in the transport of catecholamines in the blood stream where, it is assumed, they are protected from oxidation.", "PMID": 669881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_150", "title": "beta-Endorphin: synthesis and analgesic activity of several analogs modified in positions 2 and 5.", "content": "The solid-phase syntheses of [Sar2]-, [Ala2]-, [D-Leu2]-, [D-Lys2]-beta-endorphins and [Pro5]-, [Leu5]-, [D-Leu5]-, [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-beta-endorphins are described. The synthetic peptides were purified by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose and partition chromatography on Sephadex G-50. They were characterized by partition chromatography on agarose, thin-layer chromatography, paper electrophoresis, and amino acid analyses of acid and enzymic hydrolysates. Bioassay of the synthetic analogs for analgesic activity by the tail-flick method showed the D-Leu2 analog to be 48% as potent as betah-endorphin while the Ala2, D-Lys2, Leu5, and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5] analogs were 8 to 17% as active. The Sar2, D-Leu5, and Pro5 analogs were less than 1% as potent.", "contents": "beta-Endorphin: synthesis and analgesic activity of several analogs modified in positions 2 and 5. The solid-phase syntheses of [Sar2]-, [Ala2]-, [D-Leu2]-, [D-Lys2]-beta-endorphins and [Pro5]-, [Leu5]-, [D-Leu5]-, [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-beta-endorphins are described. The synthetic peptides were purified by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose and partition chromatography on Sephadex G-50. They were characterized by partition chromatography on agarose, thin-layer chromatography, paper electrophoresis, and amino acid analyses of acid and enzymic hydrolysates. Bioassay of the synthetic analogs for analgesic activity by the tail-flick method showed the D-Leu2 analog to be 48% as potent as betah-endorphin while the Ala2, D-Lys2, Leu5, and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5] analogs were 8 to 17% as active. The Sar2, D-Leu5, and Pro5 analogs were less than 1% as potent.", "PMID": 669882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_151", "title": "[52-Homoserine]-basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Preparation and properties of a protein analog.", "content": "Treatment of basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) with cyanogen bromide smoothly cleaves the polypeptide chain at the single methionyl residue. The newly formed homoserine lactone and alpha-amino functions are held in proximity by a disulfide linkage, and in neutral aqueous solution react together spontaneously to re-form the peptide chain. The resulting analog, [52-homoserine]-BPTI is very similar to the native molecule in most properties measured. The rate of formation of this analog from the chain-cleaved intermediate has been determined. It is apparent that the facility of analog synthesis is due in large part to the retention of the native protein conformation in the cyanogen bromide-cleaved intermediate.", "contents": "[52-Homoserine]-basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Preparation and properties of a protein analog. Treatment of basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) with cyanogen bromide smoothly cleaves the polypeptide chain at the single methionyl residue. The newly formed homoserine lactone and alpha-amino functions are held in proximity by a disulfide linkage, and in neutral aqueous solution react together spontaneously to re-form the peptide chain. The resulting analog, [52-homoserine]-BPTI is very similar to the native molecule in most properties measured. The rate of formation of this analog from the chain-cleaved intermediate has been determined. It is apparent that the facility of analog synthesis is due in large part to the retention of the native protein conformation in the cyanogen bromide-cleaved intermediate.", "PMID": 669883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_152", "title": "Graphical refinement of the amino acid molar ratio and of the molecular weights of peptides and proteins on the basis of amino acid analyses.", "content": "Corrected analysis results are handled graphically to find the most probable molar composition of polypeptides and proteins and to refine the molecular weights, even if only approximate molecular weights are available. The principle and properties of the graphical representation of idealized analyses are discussed first. Examples are given of the solution for a polypeptide consisting of 25 amino acids and for its not quite precise analysis and for a concrete protein - extracellular alkaline protease from Aspergillus flavus. The general character of the method is discussed.", "contents": "Graphical refinement of the amino acid molar ratio and of the molecular weights of peptides and proteins on the basis of amino acid analyses. Corrected analysis results are handled graphically to find the most probable molar composition of polypeptides and proteins and to refine the molecular weights, even if only approximate molecular weights are available. The principle and properties of the graphical representation of idealized analyses are discussed first. Examples are given of the solution for a polypeptide consisting of 25 amino acids and for its not quite precise analysis and for a concrete protein - extracellular alkaline protease from Aspergillus flavus. The general character of the method is discussed.", "PMID": 669884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_153", "title": "Synthesis of some new analogs of the immunoadjuvant glycopeptide MDP (N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine).", "content": "In our continued efforts to elucidate the relationship between the structure and the immunoadjuvant, antiinfectious or mitogenic activity of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), we report the synthesis of 11 new analogs. Five of them present some modifications in the N-acetyl-muramyl moiety.", "contents": "Synthesis of some new analogs of the immunoadjuvant glycopeptide MDP (N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine). In our continued efforts to elucidate the relationship between the structure and the immunoadjuvant, antiinfectious or mitogenic activity of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), we report the synthesis of 11 new analogs. Five of them present some modifications in the N-acetyl-muramyl moiety.", "PMID": 669885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_154", "title": "Preparation of protected peptide hydrazides from the acids and hydrazine by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-hydroxybenzotriazole coupling.", "content": "A mild procedure for preparing protected peptide hydrazides directly from the corresponding carboxylic acids and equivalent amounts of hydrazine, N-hydroxybenzotriazole and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is described. Side reactions frequently encountered in hydrazinolysis are thus totally avoided. The process is especially useful for the preparation of aspartic acid and glutamic acid containing peptide hydrazides. No racemization of the amino acid residue was observed.", "contents": "Preparation of protected peptide hydrazides from the acids and hydrazine by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-hydroxybenzotriazole coupling. A mild procedure for preparing protected peptide hydrazides directly from the corresponding carboxylic acids and equivalent amounts of hydrazine, N-hydroxybenzotriazole and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is described. Side reactions frequently encountered in hydrazinolysis are thus totally avoided. The process is especially useful for the preparation of aspartic acid and glutamic acid containing peptide hydrazides. No racemization of the amino acid residue was observed.", "PMID": 669886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_155", "title": "Chromosomal proteins. The amino terminal sequence of high mobility group non-histone chromosomal protein HMG 14, showing sequence homologies with two other chromosomal proteins.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the first 33 residues of the non-histone chromosomal protein HMG 14 has been determined. The presence of two regions of common sequence between HMG 14 and both the non-histone chromosomal protein HMG 17 and the trout specific protein, H 6, is noted.", "contents": "Chromosomal proteins. The amino terminal sequence of high mobility group non-histone chromosomal protein HMG 14, showing sequence homologies with two other chromosomal proteins. The amino acid sequence of the first 33 residues of the non-histone chromosomal protein HMG 14 has been determined. The presence of two regions of common sequence between HMG 14 and both the non-histone chromosomal protein HMG 17 and the trout specific protein, H 6, is noted.", "PMID": 669887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_156", "title": "Effect of succinylation on the oligomeric structure of arachin.", "content": "Arachin succinylated to various levels has been studied by the techniques of sedimentation velocity, viscosity, absorption and fluorescence spectra, optical rotation and circular dichroism. Succinylation up to 60% leads to the dissociation of the parent 14S molecule to 9S and 4S fractions; above 60% succinylation, 4S fraction occurs predominantly. The other measured properties also show a gradual change up to 50% succinylation and a marked change above this level. The observed changes suggest that a new organised structure is formed before the 4S fraction is denatured.", "contents": "Effect of succinylation on the oligomeric structure of arachin. Arachin succinylated to various levels has been studied by the techniques of sedimentation velocity, viscosity, absorption and fluorescence spectra, optical rotation and circular dichroism. Succinylation up to 60% leads to the dissociation of the parent 14S molecule to 9S and 4S fractions; above 60% succinylation, 4S fraction occurs predominantly. The other measured properties also show a gradual change up to 50% succinylation and a marked change above this level. The observed changes suggest that a new organised structure is formed before the 4S fraction is denatured.", "PMID": 669888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_157", "title": "Questions we recognize but cannot formulate.", "content": "The individual response to psychotropic drugs, although dose-dependent, is not stable. In some countries the variations in drug response are more pronounced, indicating a higher level of susceptibility of patients. Factors of importance influencing the response to psychotropic drugs may be subdivided into genetic and environmental ones. In research meant to clarify the difference in relation to the geographic, ethnic and socio-cultural differences among nations and individuals of various ethnic origins in their alien communities, consideration must be given to genetic factors and environmental differences in the daily surroundings. The importance of both social and psychological factors should be recognized in the evaluation of effectiveness of pharmacotherapy.", "contents": "Questions we recognize but cannot formulate. The individual response to psychotropic drugs, although dose-dependent, is not stable. In some countries the variations in drug response are more pronounced, indicating a higher level of susceptibility of patients. Factors of importance influencing the response to psychotropic drugs may be subdivided into genetic and environmental ones. In research meant to clarify the difference in relation to the geographic, ethnic and socio-cultural differences among nations and individuals of various ethnic origins in their alien communities, consideration must be given to genetic factors and environmental differences in the daily surroundings. The importance of both social and psychological factors should be recognized in the evaluation of effectiveness of pharmacotherapy.", "PMID": 669889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_158", "title": "Lipofuscin and melanin of human retinal pigment epithelium. Fluorescence, enzyme cytochemical, and ultrastructural studies.", "content": "The life history of melanin and lipofuscin granules of human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was studied in 30 human eyes spanning nine decades of life. Autofluorescent granules in the cytoplasm of eye over 30 years of age were shown, ultrastructurally and through lipid solvent extraction, to be lipofuscin granules. Sparse small fluorescent granules in infant eyes were secondary lysosomes containing small droplets of lipid. Flourescent substances in RPE granules of eyes less than 50 years old were more readily extracted with lipid solvents than those in very old eyes (greater than 70). Lipfuscin granules were positive for acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase activity. Fusions between primary lysosomes and lipofuscin granules were common in older eyes, suggesting that the over-all degradative process involves repeated injection of lysosomal enzymes, i.e., the initial fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes (phagocytized outer segment disks) is only one of several attempts to hydrolyze the membranous material. Some melanin granules showed hydrolytic enzyme reactions. By use of enzyme cytochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, and lipid extraction two types of melanin-containing complex granules were identified: melanin with a cortex of lipofuscin (melanolipofuscin) and melanin with a cortex of nonlipid, enzyme reactive material (melanolysosomes). These findings indicate that  melanin commonly becomes incorporated into the lysosomal system of the RPE cell and suggests that it undergoes modification or degradation there. These studies indicate that a dynamic, complex interrelationship exists between the various components of the phagolysosomal system and the melanin granules in the RPE cytoplasm. Also, the observed variation from one human eye to another in the content and lipid extractability of RPE lipofuscin granules suggests that there may be differences in lipid composition of phagocytized photoreceptor disks and/or differences in the degradation of these lipids in the phagolysosomal system of the RPE cell.", "contents": "Lipofuscin and melanin of human retinal pigment epithelium. Fluorescence, enzyme cytochemical, and ultrastructural studies. The life history of melanin and lipofuscin granules of human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was studied in 30 human eyes spanning nine decades of life. Autofluorescent granules in the cytoplasm of eye over 30 years of age were shown, ultrastructurally and through lipid solvent extraction, to be lipofuscin granules. Sparse small fluorescent granules in infant eyes were secondary lysosomes containing small droplets of lipid. Flourescent substances in RPE granules of eyes less than 50 years old were more readily extracted with lipid solvents than those in very old eyes (greater than 70). Lipfuscin granules were positive for acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase activity. Fusions between primary lysosomes and lipofuscin granules were common in older eyes, suggesting that the over-all degradative process involves repeated injection of lysosomal enzymes, i.e., the initial fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes (phagocytized outer segment disks) is only one of several attempts to hydrolyze the membranous material. Some melanin granules showed hydrolytic enzyme reactions. By use of enzyme cytochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, and lipid extraction two types of melanin-containing complex granules were identified: melanin with a cortex of lipofuscin (melanolipofuscin) and melanin with a cortex of nonlipid, enzyme reactive material (melanolysosomes). These findings indicate that  melanin commonly becomes incorporated into the lysosomal system of the RPE cell and suggests that it undergoes modification or degradation there. These studies indicate that a dynamic, complex interrelationship exists between the various components of the phagolysosomal system and the melanin granules in the RPE cytoplasm. Also, the observed variation from one human eye to another in the content and lipid extractability of RPE lipofuscin granules suggests that there may be differences in lipid composition of phagocytized photoreceptor disks and/or differences in the degradation of these lipids in the phagolysosomal system of the RPE cell.", "PMID": 669890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_159", "title": "The topography and age relationship of lipofuscin concentration in the retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "Lipofuscin pigment granules (LPG) have been implicated as a marker of cellular aging. We have quantitated the content of LPG in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as a function of age. Furthermore, topographic distribution of LPG within individual eyes was measured. Microspectrofluorometric determination of the distribution of LPG in human RPE cells revealed a progressive accumulation of LPG with increasing age. LPG first appeared in the basilar portions of RPE cells of young eyes. In older eyes, LPG formed into clumps and were noted to fill the entire RPE cell. The RPE topographic distribution of LPG revealed an increased accumulation in the posterior pole, with a consistent dip at the fovea. The ratio of lipofusion accumulation at the posterior pole, to the total RPE, remained constant throughout life.", "contents": "The topography and age relationship of lipofuscin concentration in the retinal pigment epithelium. Lipofuscin pigment granules (LPG) have been implicated as a marker of cellular aging. We have quantitated the content of LPG in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as a function of age. Furthermore, topographic distribution of LPG within individual eyes was measured. Microspectrofluorometric determination of the distribution of LPG in human RPE cells revealed a progressive accumulation of LPG with increasing age. LPG first appeared in the basilar portions of RPE cells of young eyes. In older eyes, LPG formed into clumps and were noted to fill the entire RPE cell. The RPE topographic distribution of LPG revealed an increased accumulation in the posterior pole, with a consistent dip at the fovea. The ratio of lipofusion accumulation at the posterior pole, to the total RPE, remained constant throughout life.", "PMID": 669891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_160", "title": "Studies on the retina and the pigment epithelium in hereditary canine ceroid lipofuscinosis, I. The distribution of enzymes in the whole retina and pigment epithelium.", "content": "The massive accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigments, representative of autoxidation, is a key morphological feature in canine ceroid lipofuscinosis (CCL). In the eye peroxidase, catalase, and four acid hydrolases were compared with regard to aged and clinical condition in a series of English setters affected with CCL. In unaffected English setters \"soluble\" peroxidase increased in the RPE to adult levels at 2 yr of age. Affected dogs had higher RPE peroxidase activity earlier in life, which then decline with age. The soluble retinal peroxidase of both unaffected and CCL dogs increased steadily with age, but the latter group of dogs were much lower in activity. By 2 yr of age, RPE and retinal peroxidase values were only 25% and 47% of unaffected dog levels. Although the soluble enzyme of unaffected dogs exhibited a maturational profile, membrane-bound RPE peroxidase showed a hyperbolic curve reaching a maximum at 10 mo of age. By 2 yr of age, the \"bound\" enzyme in affected dogs was below unaffected levels in the RPE and retina. Three acid hydrolases were slightly increased in the RPE and retina of affected dogs. Acid lipase activity, however, was similar in both unaffected and CCL dogs. Catalase was not found in the RPE of either group of dogs. The catalase activity in the retina of both affected and unaffected dogs was at similar levels. Since catalase is not present in the RPE, the major defense against peroxidase accumulation and peroxide toxicity probably depends upon peroxidase. The present study indicates that a decrease in this key regulating enzyme may be related to the formation of lipopigments in the retina and RPE of dogs with CCL.", "contents": "Studies on the retina and the pigment epithelium in hereditary canine ceroid lipofuscinosis, I. The distribution of enzymes in the whole retina and pigment epithelium. The massive accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigments, representative of autoxidation, is a key morphological feature in canine ceroid lipofuscinosis (CCL). In the eye peroxidase, catalase, and four acid hydrolases were compared with regard to aged and clinical condition in a series of English setters affected with CCL. In unaffected English setters \"soluble\" peroxidase increased in the RPE to adult levels at 2 yr of age. Affected dogs had higher RPE peroxidase activity earlier in life, which then decline with age. The soluble retinal peroxidase of both unaffected and CCL dogs increased steadily with age, but the latter group of dogs were much lower in activity. By 2 yr of age, RPE and retinal peroxidase values were only 25% and 47% of unaffected dog levels. Although the soluble enzyme of unaffected dogs exhibited a maturational profile, membrane-bound RPE peroxidase showed a hyperbolic curve reaching a maximum at 10 mo of age. By 2 yr of age, the \"bound\" enzyme in affected dogs was below unaffected levels in the RPE and retina. Three acid hydrolases were slightly increased in the RPE and retina of affected dogs. Acid lipase activity, however, was similar in both unaffected and CCL dogs. Catalase was not found in the RPE of either group of dogs. The catalase activity in the retina of both affected and unaffected dogs was at similar levels. Since catalase is not present in the RPE, the major defense against peroxidase accumulation and peroxide toxicity probably depends upon peroxidase. The present study indicates that a decrease in this key regulating enzyme may be related to the formation of lipopigments in the retina and RPE of dogs with CCL.", "PMID": 669892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_161", "title": "Age-related and light-associated retinal changes in Fischer rats.", "content": "Morphological changes in retinas of aging Fischer 344 rats were characterized. The numbers of photoreceptor cells gradually decreased as rats aged. The outer nuclear layer was 12 cells thick at 3 months, but was reduced to less than 8 cells by 18 months. The decrease of photoreceptor cells was more pronounced in rats housed under a light intensity of 32-ft-c than in rats housed under a light intensity of 1 ft-c. Inner and outer segments of surviving photoreceptor cells were morphologically normal. A new form of retinal degeneration was discovered in aged Fischer rats characterized by selective degeneration of peripheral retina. Degeneration was characterized by severe loss of photoreceptor cells in the far peripheral retina. Microcystoids were found in about 25% ofthe affected retinas, and the loss of photoreceptor cells was followed by proliferation and vascularization of the retinal pigment epithelium and disorganization of retinal structures. The incidence and severity of peripheral retinal degeneration increased with aged and prolonged exposure to comparatively high-intensity light. All Fischer rats ((5/5) housed under light intensity of 32 ft-c developed severe peripheral retinal degeneration by 24 months. Peripheral retinal degeneration was an age-related change but appeared to be exaggerated by ambient light.", "contents": "Age-related and light-associated retinal changes in Fischer rats. Morphological changes in retinas of aging Fischer 344 rats were characterized. The numbers of photoreceptor cells gradually decreased as rats aged. The outer nuclear layer was 12 cells thick at 3 months, but was reduced to less than 8 cells by 18 months. The decrease of photoreceptor cells was more pronounced in rats housed under a light intensity of 32-ft-c than in rats housed under a light intensity of 1 ft-c. Inner and outer segments of surviving photoreceptor cells were morphologically normal. A new form of retinal degeneration was discovered in aged Fischer rats characterized by selective degeneration of peripheral retina. Degeneration was characterized by severe loss of photoreceptor cells in the far peripheral retina. Microcystoids were found in about 25% ofthe affected retinas, and the loss of photoreceptor cells was followed by proliferation and vascularization of the retinal pigment epithelium and disorganization of retinal structures. The incidence and severity of peripheral retinal degeneration increased with aged and prolonged exposure to comparatively high-intensity light. All Fischer rats ((5/5) housed under light intensity of 32 ft-c developed severe peripheral retinal degeneration by 24 months. Peripheral retinal degeneration was an age-related change but appeared to be exaggerated by ambient light.", "PMID": 669893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_162", "title": "Visual evoked response as a function of grating spatial frequency.", "content": "Transient visual evoked responses (VER's) to the appearance-disappearance of sinusoidal gratings have been investigated for a range of spatial frequencies. Contrary to the results of previous studies, the results show that the transient VER consists of a relatively simple waveform that is most easily characterized by the initial negative peak (N1) whose latency and amplitude vary with the contrast and spatial frequency of the grating. At spatial frequencies less than 3 cycles/degree (c/d) an additional short latency component appears in the response. This component is maximum at 1 to 2 c/d, saturates at low contrast, and is insensitive to the precise position of the grating on the retina. The results are related to the properties of transient and sustained channels assumed to exist in the human visual system.", "contents": "Visual evoked response as a function of grating spatial frequency. Transient visual evoked responses (VER's) to the appearance-disappearance of sinusoidal gratings have been investigated for a range of spatial frequencies. Contrary to the results of previous studies, the results show that the transient VER consists of a relatively simple waveform that is most easily characterized by the initial negative peak (N1) whose latency and amplitude vary with the contrast and spatial frequency of the grating. At spatial frequencies less than 3 cycles/degree (c/d) an additional short latency component appears in the response. This component is maximum at 1 to 2 c/d, saturates at low contrast, and is insensitive to the precise position of the grating on the retina. The results are related to the properties of transient and sustained channels assumed to exist in the human visual system.", "PMID": 669894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_163", "title": "Studies on lens proteins. I. Subunit structure of beta crystallins of rabbit lens cortex.", "content": "A method has been developed to isolate and characterize beta-crystallins of rabbit lens cortex. Chromatographic separation of water-soluble structure proteins of rabbit lens cortex on a Sephacryl S-200 gel column yielded four beta-crystallin peaks (beta1, beta2, beta3 and beta4), all eluting between alpha and gamma-crystallins. Their molecular weights were estimated to be 250,000, 130,000, 60,000, and 37,000 daltons, respectively. SDS-gradient gel electrophoresis of these beta-crystallins gave rise to characteristic polypeptides; beta1, two polypeptides of 30,000 and 23,000 daltons; beta2, one major polypeptide of 33,000; beta3; two polypeptides of 28,000 and 26,000; and beta4, two polypeptides of 22,500 and 11,200 daltons. From a knowledge of the molecular weights and the ratio of the polypeptides in each crystallin, their oligomeric structure was calculated to be 5:5, 4, 1:1, and 1:1. The relative abundance of these four beta-crystallins was found to be 25.6%, 7.2%, 27.2%, and 2.8% of the total water-soluble proteins of the lens cortex.", "contents": "Studies on lens proteins. I. Subunit structure of beta crystallins of rabbit lens cortex. A method has been developed to isolate and characterize beta-crystallins of rabbit lens cortex. Chromatographic separation of water-soluble structure proteins of rabbit lens cortex on a Sephacryl S-200 gel column yielded four beta-crystallin peaks (beta1, beta2, beta3 and beta4), all eluting between alpha and gamma-crystallins. Their molecular weights were estimated to be 250,000, 130,000, 60,000, and 37,000 daltons, respectively. SDS-gradient gel electrophoresis of these beta-crystallins gave rise to characteristic polypeptides; beta1, two polypeptides of 30,000 and 23,000 daltons; beta2, one major polypeptide of 33,000; beta3; two polypeptides of 28,000 and 26,000; and beta4, two polypeptides of 22,500 and 11,200 daltons. From a knowledge of the molecular weights and the ratio of the polypeptides in each crystallin, their oligomeric structure was calculated to be 5:5, 4, 1:1, and 1:1. The relative abundance of these four beta-crystallins was found to be 25.6%, 7.2%, 27.2%, and 2.8% of the total water-soluble proteins of the lens cortex.", "PMID": 669895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_164", "title": "Laminar separation of light-evoked K+ flux and field potentials in frog retina.", "content": "Light-evoked changes in [K+] 0 and field potentials were recorded from the retinas of grass frogs. In the proximal retina, light induced an increase in [K+]0. This increase had components at light onset and offset, was maximal with small spot stimulation, and reached greatest amplitude at the same depth as the proximal negative response (PNR). Extracellular dye marking revealed that this depth was within the inner plexiform layer. The off-components of both the K+ increase and PNR occurred distal to the on-components, thus supporting recent proposal that \"off\" synapases lie distal to \"on\" synapses. Since a well-developed M-wave, having a time course nearly identical to the K+ increase, was also seen in the proximal retina, this field potential appears to be a normal component of the intraretinal electroretinogram.", "contents": "Laminar separation of light-evoked K+ flux and field potentials in frog retina. Light-evoked changes in [K+] 0 and field potentials were recorded from the retinas of grass frogs. In the proximal retina, light induced an increase in [K+]0. This increase had components at light onset and offset, was maximal with small spot stimulation, and reached greatest amplitude at the same depth as the proximal negative response (PNR). Extracellular dye marking revealed that this depth was within the inner plexiform layer. The off-components of both the K+ increase and PNR occurred distal to the on-components, thus supporting recent proposal that \"off\" synapases lie distal to \"on\" synapses. Since a well-developed M-wave, having a time course nearly identical to the K+ increase, was also seen in the proximal retina, this field potential appears to be a normal component of the intraretinal electroretinogram.", "PMID": 669896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_165", "title": "Photosensitive cataractogens, chlorpromazine and methoxypsoralen, cause DNA repair synthesis in lens epithelial cells.", "content": "Autoradiographic techniques showed that photoactivation of methoxypsoralen opr chlorpomazine caused diffuse nuclear labeling of lens epithelial cells by thymidine. Chlorpromazine and light also induced thymidine incorporation into lymphocytes, whereas light or drug alone did not cause unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Photosensitive cataractogens, chlorpromazine and methoxypsoralen, cause DNA repair synthesis in lens epithelial cells. Autoradiographic techniques showed that photoactivation of methoxypsoralen opr chlorpomazine caused diffuse nuclear labeling of lens epithelial cells by thymidine. Chlorpromazine and light also induced thymidine incorporation into lymphocytes, whereas light or drug alone did not cause unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 669897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_166", "title": "Ocular penetration of 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "Ocular penetration of 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) was studied in uninfected rabbits after subconjunctival and oral administration. With oral administration, 5FC achieved therapeutic levels in both the vitreous and aqueous humors. The use of a pharmacokinetic model permitted objective comparison of kinetic events within the eye chambers and the serum. The rates of entry and elimination in the vitreous were found to be slower than those in the aqueous, but the mean concentration over 24 hr was the same. The therapeutic levels achieved in the aqueous after subconjunctival administration were of shorter duration, and no detectable levels occurred in the vitreous. Oral administration is clearly therapeutically superior to subconjunctival administration in this model.", "contents": "Ocular penetration of 5-fluorocytosine. Ocular penetration of 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) was studied in uninfected rabbits after subconjunctival and oral administration. With oral administration, 5FC achieved therapeutic levels in both the vitreous and aqueous humors. The use of a pharmacokinetic model permitted objective comparison of kinetic events within the eye chambers and the serum. The rates of entry and elimination in the vitreous were found to be slower than those in the aqueous, but the mean concentration over 24 hr was the same. The therapeutic levels achieved in the aqueous after subconjunctival administration were of shorter duration, and no detectable levels occurred in the vitreous. Oral administration is clearly therapeutically superior to subconjunctival administration in this model.", "PMID": 669898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_167", "title": "Effects of ultraviolet radiation on corneal epithelial metabolism.", "content": "Acute exposure to ultraviolet light to 257 nm wavelength produced a photokeratitis associated with characteristic metabolic alterations of corneal epithelial metabolism in rabbits. Significant increases in corneal hydration occurred simultaneously with decreased corneal epithelial glycogen content, but adenosine triphosphate content and enzyme activity of epithelial extracts were not affected despite clinical and histological damage to the corneal epithelium. The pattern and time course of ultraviolet damage to the cornea are distinctly different from those of other forms of trauma.", "contents": "Effects of ultraviolet radiation on corneal epithelial metabolism. Acute exposure to ultraviolet light to 257 nm wavelength produced a photokeratitis associated with characteristic metabolic alterations of corneal epithelial metabolism in rabbits. Significant increases in corneal hydration occurred simultaneously with decreased corneal epithelial glycogen content, but adenosine triphosphate content and enzyme activity of epithelial extracts were not affected despite clinical and histological damage to the corneal epithelium. The pattern and time course of ultraviolet damage to the cornea are distinctly different from those of other forms of trauma.", "PMID": 669899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_168", "title": "Increased saccadic latencies in amblyopic eyes.", "content": "Increased saccadic latencies were measured in the amblyopic eyes of subjects having amblyopia without strabismus, constant strabismus amblyopia, and intermittent strabismus. The subjects tracked a small, bright spot of light moving with random, horizontal step displacements of 0.25 to 8.5 degrees over the central retina. Normal saccadic latencies were generally found during monocular tracking with the nonamblyopic eye as well as during binocular tracking. Studies of eye-hand reaction time in amblyopic eyes have shown delays to occur over the central retina; our new finding establishes this for saccadic initiation. Normal trajectories found for all tracking saccades, normal saccadic latencies measured when the nonamblyopic eye was utilized for tracking, and synchronous movement of the eyes under all test conditions point to a sensory rather than motor basis underlying these delays. Our results are interpreted in terms of a processing delay in the sensory pathways leading from the central region of the amblyopic eye to those centers involved in saccadic initiation.", "contents": "Increased saccadic latencies in amblyopic eyes. Increased saccadic latencies were measured in the amblyopic eyes of subjects having amblyopia without strabismus, constant strabismus amblyopia, and intermittent strabismus. The subjects tracked a small, bright spot of light moving with random, horizontal step displacements of 0.25 to 8.5 degrees over the central retina. Normal saccadic latencies were generally found during monocular tracking with the nonamblyopic eye as well as during binocular tracking. Studies of eye-hand reaction time in amblyopic eyes have shown delays to occur over the central retina; our new finding establishes this for saccadic initiation. Normal trajectories found for all tracking saccades, normal saccadic latencies measured when the nonamblyopic eye was utilized for tracking, and synchronous movement of the eyes under all test conditions point to a sensory rather than motor basis underlying these delays. Our results are interpreted in terms of a processing delay in the sensory pathways leading from the central region of the amblyopic eye to those centers involved in saccadic initiation.", "PMID": 669900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_169", "title": "Television pupillometry via digital time processing.", "content": "A new modification of the dynamic, infrared recording pupillometer of the closed-circuit television type has been developed, utilizing recent developments in high speed electronic counters. The pupillometer is simple and reliable in operation, has excellent response characteristics, and can be used over a broad range of research and clinical applications.", "contents": "Television pupillometry via digital time processing. A new modification of the dynamic, infrared recording pupillometer of the closed-circuit television type has been developed, utilizing recent developments in high speed electronic counters. The pupillometer is simple and reliable in operation, has excellent response characteristics, and can be used over a broad range of research and clinical applications.", "PMID": 669901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_170", "title": "Accommodation and chromatic aberration in young children.", "content": "Retinoscopy through colored filters (chromoretinoscopy) was used to determine the portion of the chromatic aberration interval in focus when young children (2 to 6 years of age) fixate at far and near. The results indicate that the children may be divided into three distinct groups. In the youngest group there is haphazard focusing within the chromatic aberration interval at far and near. The middle group shows selective focusing of the red end of the chromatic interval at both far and near. Children in the oldest group focus the red end when fixating at far and the green end when fixating at near, thereby sparing accommodation. These results suggest that the eye's use of the chromatic aberration interval to spare accommodation, as found in previous studies carried out on adults, is learned by about the fourth year of a child's life.", "contents": "Accommodation and chromatic aberration in young children. Retinoscopy through colored filters (chromoretinoscopy) was used to determine the portion of the chromatic aberration interval in focus when young children (2 to 6 years of age) fixate at far and near. The results indicate that the children may be divided into three distinct groups. In the youngest group there is haphazard focusing within the chromatic aberration interval at far and near. The middle group shows selective focusing of the red end of the chromatic interval at both far and near. Children in the oldest group focus the red end when fixating at far and the green end when fixating at near, thereby sparing accommodation. These results suggest that the eye's use of the chromatic aberration interval to spare accommodation, as found in previous studies carried out on adults, is learned by about the fourth year of a child's life.", "PMID": 669902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_171", "title": "Genetic complementation between natural strains of red clover mottle virus.", "content": "Three strains of red clover mottle virus were purified and their components separated by density gradient and isopycnic centrifugation. The infectivity of the purified components and of homologous and heterologous mixtures of them was assayed using Phaseolus vulgaris. Infectivity enhancement occurred in all combinations of middle and bottom components. Local lesion isolates from heterologous combinations were propagated and their symptoms on Pisum sativum and Chenopodium quinoa are described. It was concluded that symptoms on both host species are determined by the middle component. Top component formation appeared to be influenced by both bottom and middle components.", "contents": "Genetic complementation between natural strains of red clover mottle virus. Three strains of red clover mottle virus were purified and their components separated by density gradient and isopycnic centrifugation. The infectivity of the purified components and of homologous and heterologous mixtures of them was assayed using Phaseolus vulgaris. Infectivity enhancement occurred in all combinations of middle and bottom components. Local lesion isolates from heterologous combinations were propagated and their symptoms on Pisum sativum and Chenopodium quinoa are described. It was concluded that symptoms on both host species are determined by the middle component. Top component formation appeared to be influenced by both bottom and middle components.", "PMID": 669903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_172", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of parvoviruses.", "content": "Adenovirus-associated virus type 4 and X14 migrate during electrophoresis to pH 2.6 in sucrose-stabilized, pH 2.5-6.0 gradients. Naturally occurring empty capsids appear to have the same isoelectric point as complete virus particles.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of parvoviruses. Adenovirus-associated virus type 4 and X14 migrate during electrophoresis to pH 2.6 in sucrose-stabilized, pH 2.5-6.0 gradients. Naturally occurring empty capsids appear to have the same isoelectric point as complete virus particles.", "PMID": 669904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_173", "title": "Diabetes as a coronary risk factor in Malta.", "content": "In a retrospective survey of 1,118 admissions for acute ischemic heart disease (AIHD) at St. Luke's Hospital in Malta in 1963-72, there were 945 (84.5%) cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 173 (15.5%) cases of acute coronary insufficiency (ACI). The proportion of patients with diabetes was 30.2% (30.7% in AMI, and 27.7% in ACI; age-corrected rates at greater than or equal to 40 years). This was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than the corresponding rate of diabetes (20.2%) in the general population of Malta. There was a significantly greater prevalence of diabetes among women than among men with AIHD: the proportion with diabetes was 50.0% among women with AMI and 41.3 among women with ACI. The diabetes was mostly of the maturity-onset type. The high frequency of AIHD among diabetics seemed to be chiefly attributable to the effects of the diabetic state, either directly or indirectly through its association with other risk factors: obesity, physical inactivity, excessive eating and high plasma cholesterol levels. Diastolic hypertension and chronic bronchitis and emphysema associated withe heavy smoking were no more common in diabetics than in nondiabetics with AMI.", "contents": "Diabetes as a coronary risk factor in Malta. In a retrospective survey of 1,118 admissions for acute ischemic heart disease (AIHD) at St. Luke's Hospital in Malta in 1963-72, there were 945 (84.5%) cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 173 (15.5%) cases of acute coronary insufficiency (ACI). The proportion of patients with diabetes was 30.2% (30.7% in AMI, and 27.7% in ACI; age-corrected rates at greater than or equal to 40 years). This was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than the corresponding rate of diabetes (20.2%) in the general population of Malta. There was a significantly greater prevalence of diabetes among women than among men with AIHD: the proportion with diabetes was 50.0% among women with AMI and 41.3 among women with ACI. The diabetes was mostly of the maturity-onset type. The high frequency of AIHD among diabetics seemed to be chiefly attributable to the effects of the diabetic state, either directly or indirectly through its association with other risk factors: obesity, physical inactivity, excessive eating and high plasma cholesterol levels. Diastolic hypertension and chronic bronchitis and emphysema associated withe heavy smoking were no more common in diabetics than in nondiabetics with AMI.", "PMID": 669917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_174", "title": "Effect of diabetes on the course of acute myocardial infarction in Malta.", "content": "Among 1,118 admissions for acute ischemic heart disease to St. Luke's Hospital in Malta during 1963-72, there were 945 (84.5%) cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 173 (15.5%) cases of acute coronary insufficiency (ACI). The ratio of AMI to ACI was higher among diabetic than among nondiabetic patients, especially among women. In comparison with the nondiabetic AMI patients, the diabetics, especially women, had a significantly longer interval between onset of symptoms and hospitalization and more often had painless infarcts, both of which resulted in delay of adequate treatment; the diabetics with AMI han more complications and a significantly higher case fatality rate (20.8vs. 14.3% for nondiabetics; in diabetic women the rate was 24.1%). in fatal cases of AMI the mean age at death was lower among diabetics than among nondiabetics. In fatal cases among diabetics death was more often associated with an anteroseptal AMI site, and was the result of one or more of the following: left heart failure (61.6%), shock (38.3%), sudden death from ventricular fibrillation (13.3%), atrioventricular block (8.3%), or systemic or pulmonary arterial thromboembolism (6.5%); it was very rarely the result of diabetic ketosis.", "contents": "Effect of diabetes on the course of acute myocardial infarction in Malta. Among 1,118 admissions for acute ischemic heart disease to St. Luke's Hospital in Malta during 1963-72, there were 945 (84.5%) cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 173 (15.5%) cases of acute coronary insufficiency (ACI). The ratio of AMI to ACI was higher among diabetic than among nondiabetic patients, especially among women. In comparison with the nondiabetic AMI patients, the diabetics, especially women, had a significantly longer interval between onset of symptoms and hospitalization and more often had painless infarcts, both of which resulted in delay of adequate treatment; the diabetics with AMI han more complications and a significantly higher case fatality rate (20.8vs. 14.3% for nondiabetics; in diabetic women the rate was 24.1%). in fatal cases of AMI the mean age at death was lower among diabetics than among nondiabetics. In fatal cases among diabetics death was more often associated with an anteroseptal AMI site, and was the result of one or more of the following: left heart failure (61.6%), shock (38.3%), sudden death from ventricular fibrillation (13.3%), atrioventricular block (8.3%), or systemic or pulmonary arterial thromboembolism (6.5%); it was very rarely the result of diabetic ketosis.", "PMID": 669918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_175", "title": "Urinary calcium excretion in schoolboys. Ethnic group differences.", "content": "The urinary calcium/creatinine ratio was estimated in two groups of schoolboys--village Arabs and urban Jewish (Ashkenazic) schoolboys, aged 10 to 11 years. Both the mean calcium/creatinine ratio and the frequency of hypercalciuria were higher among the Arab boys, and may be related to the higher incidence of chilidhood urolithiasis in Arab children in Israel.", "contents": "Urinary calcium excretion in schoolboys. Ethnic group differences. The urinary calcium/creatinine ratio was estimated in two groups of schoolboys--village Arabs and urban Jewish (Ashkenazic) schoolboys, aged 10 to 11 years. Both the mean calcium/creatinine ratio and the frequency of hypercalciuria were higher among the Arab boys, and may be related to the higher incidence of chilidhood urolithiasis in Arab children in Israel.", "PMID": 669919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_176", "title": "Left ventricular wall thickness during the isovolumic relaxation period.", "content": "Left ventricular (LV) wall thickness was measured by echocardiography at the onset and at the end of the isovolumic relaxation period (IRP) in a group of normal young subjects. Measured LV minor diameter was constant during the IRP in these patients and there was no change in interventricular septal thickness. Posterior LV wall thickness increased by 12 +/- 6 (SD)% (P less than 0.001) and mean LV wall thickness by 6 +/- 4% (P less than 0.01). An increase in LV wall thickness during the IRP is consistent with simple fluid dynamic principles.", "contents": "Left ventricular wall thickness during the isovolumic relaxation period. Left ventricular (LV) wall thickness was measured by echocardiography at the onset and at the end of the isovolumic relaxation period (IRP) in a group of normal young subjects. Measured LV minor diameter was constant during the IRP in these patients and there was no change in interventricular septal thickness. Posterior LV wall thickness increased by 12 +/- 6 (SD)% (P less than 0.001) and mean LV wall thickness by 6 +/- 4% (P less than 0.01). An increase in LV wall thickness during the IRP is consistent with simple fluid dynamic principles.", "PMID": 669920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_177", "title": "Circulation parameters in the human uteroplacental region studied by a radioactive method.", "content": "Maternal placental circulation is of great importance, especially in pathological pregnancies, but methods of functional assessment have not been effective. The method used is based on a follow-up of the dynamic behavior of 113mIntracer labeling the mothers's blood at the uteroplacental region. After localization of the placenta two exponential curves of the dynamic behavior of the tracer, one placental and the other myometrial, were obtained. The measurement was made in the third trimester of pregnancy in 30 women with pathological pregnancies and in 51 pregnant control subjects. The clinically sensitive criteria for distinguishing between pathological and control placentas were found to be the ration between the specific blood flow in the placenta and that in the myometrium (lambda p/lambda m) and the slope (alpha) of the straight line passing through the points of this ratio. The value of lambda p/lambda m for pathological pregnancies was 5.4 +/- 1.0 (SD) vs 1.7 +/- 0.6 in control pregnancies, and the value of alpha for pathological cases was 6.3 compared with 1.5 for control subjects. These tests may be useful in the diagnosis of pathological pregnancies with interference in uteroplacental circulation.", "contents": "Circulation parameters in the human uteroplacental region studied by a radioactive method. Maternal placental circulation is of great importance, especially in pathological pregnancies, but methods of functional assessment have not been effective. The method used is based on a follow-up of the dynamic behavior of 113mIntracer labeling the mothers's blood at the uteroplacental region. After localization of the placenta two exponential curves of the dynamic behavior of the tracer, one placental and the other myometrial, were obtained. The measurement was made in the third trimester of pregnancy in 30 women with pathological pregnancies and in 51 pregnant control subjects. The clinically sensitive criteria for distinguishing between pathological and control placentas were found to be the ration between the specific blood flow in the placenta and that in the myometrium (lambda p/lambda m) and the slope (alpha) of the straight line passing through the points of this ratio. The value of lambda p/lambda m for pathological pregnancies was 5.4 +/- 1.0 (SD) vs 1.7 +/- 0.6 in control pregnancies, and the value of alpha for pathological cases was 6.3 compared with 1.5 for control subjects. These tests may be useful in the diagnosis of pathological pregnancies with interference in uteroplacental circulation.", "PMID": 669921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_178", "title": "Comparison of the metabolic effects of salbutamol administered in a one-minute bolus and a continuous infusion in patients with bronchial asthma.", "content": "A 1-min i.v. bolus injection of 300 microgram salbutamol produced transient hypokalemia in asthmatic patients, whereas continuous i.v. infusion of 10 microgram/min salbutamol for 30 for 30 min produced significant and sustained hypokalemia. The 1-min bolus infusion of salbutamol has a distinct therapeutic advantage over continuous infusion of this drug, because the hypokalemia produced by the latter may predispose to serious cardiac arrhythmias.", "contents": "Comparison of the metabolic effects of salbutamol administered in a one-minute bolus and a continuous infusion in patients with bronchial asthma. A 1-min i.v. bolus injection of 300 microgram salbutamol produced transient hypokalemia in asthmatic patients, whereas continuous i.v. infusion of 10 microgram/min salbutamol for 30 for 30 min produced significant and sustained hypokalemia. The 1-min bolus infusion of salbutamol has a distinct therapeutic advantage over continuous infusion of this drug, because the hypokalemia produced by the latter may predispose to serious cardiac arrhythmias.", "PMID": 669922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_179", "title": "Experimental amyloidosis in mice of different ages. Effects of neonatal thymectomy and amyloidogenic stimulation of pregnant mice.", "content": "Murine amyloidosis, induced by repeated injections of sodium caseinate, was compared in young and adult Swiss albino mice and in young thymectomized and nonthymectomized mice. Thymectomized mice developed amyloidosis earlier and more severely than intact mice. Mothers of young mice were injected with sodium caseinate during pregnancy and after birth sodium caseinate injections were given to the offspring, but this treatment did not seem to induce amyloidosis in the young mice. A much shorter latent period before development of amyloidosis was seen in the adult group than in the young mice. This may be the result of a depletion of cellular and humoral immunity with aging. The shorter latent period and more severe development of amyloidosis in the thymectomized groups supports the view that an impaired immunological state may constitute a basis for the development of amyloidosis.", "contents": "Experimental amyloidosis in mice of different ages. Effects of neonatal thymectomy and amyloidogenic stimulation of pregnant mice. Murine amyloidosis, induced by repeated injections of sodium caseinate, was compared in young and adult Swiss albino mice and in young thymectomized and nonthymectomized mice. Thymectomized mice developed amyloidosis earlier and more severely than intact mice. Mothers of young mice were injected with sodium caseinate during pregnancy and after birth sodium caseinate injections were given to the offspring, but this treatment did not seem to induce amyloidosis in the young mice. A much shorter latent period before development of amyloidosis was seen in the adult group than in the young mice. This may be the result of a depletion of cellular and humoral immunity with aging. The shorter latent period and more severe development of amyloidosis in the thymectomized groups supports the view that an impaired immunological state may constitute a basis for the development of amyloidosis.", "PMID": 669923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_180", "title": "Treatment with propranolol and hydralazine throughout pregnancy in a hypertensive patient. A case report.", "content": "A chronic hypertensive patient was treated with alpha-methyldopa and diuretics throughout the 30 weeks of her second unsuccessful pregnancy. Treatment with propranolol and hydralazine was effective in controlling her blood pressure and was continued throughout her next two pregnancies, both of which were successful. No adverse reactions were observed in either the mother or the infants. The possibility that this combined treatment is beneficial to both mother and child in such cases should be further explored.", "contents": "Treatment with propranolol and hydralazine throughout pregnancy in a hypertensive patient. A case report. A chronic hypertensive patient was treated with alpha-methyldopa and diuretics throughout the 30 weeks of her second unsuccessful pregnancy. Treatment with propranolol and hydralazine was effective in controlling her blood pressure and was continued throughout her next two pregnancies, both of which were successful. No adverse reactions were observed in either the mother or the infants. The possibility that this combined treatment is beneficial to both mother and child in such cases should be further explored.", "PMID": 669924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_181", "title": "Regression of malignant thymoma with metastases after treatment with adrenocortical steroids.", "content": "A patient with a malignant lymphoepithelial thymoma and pleural metastases is described. Incidental treatment with adrenocortical steroids after an allergic reaction resulted in a marked regression of the masses for a period of 18 months. A second course of treatment resulted in complete radiological regession of the tumors, and the patient has remained symptom free with normal chestX-rays for a further period of 18 months.", "contents": "Regression of malignant thymoma with metastases after treatment with adrenocortical steroids. A patient with a malignant lymphoepithelial thymoma and pleural metastases is described. Incidental treatment with adrenocortical steroids after an allergic reaction resulted in a marked regression of the masses for a period of 18 months. A second course of treatment resulted in complete radiological regession of the tumors, and the patient has remained symptom free with normal chestX-rays for a further period of 18 months.", "PMID": 669925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_182", "title": "Intelligence of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, their parents and unaffected siblings.", "content": "IQ measurements were performed in 33 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (110.6 +/- 13.9), in 29 unaffected siblings (113.8 +/- 11.3) and in 48 parents (104.4 +/- 9.4). The results were significantly higher than normal in the patients and siblings, but not in the parents. They were also significantly higher in the patients and siblings as compared to the parents. It is concluded that neither pre- or postnatal androgen exposure nor a genetic linkage can be made responsible for the increased IQ in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, but that more likely methodological factors (such as outdated standards) account for the higher values in patients and siblings.", "contents": "Intelligence of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, their parents and unaffected siblings. IQ measurements were performed in 33 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (110.6 +/- 13.9), in 29 unaffected siblings (113.8 +/- 11.3) and in 48 parents (104.4 +/- 9.4). The results were significantly higher than normal in the patients and siblings, but not in the parents. They were also significantly higher in the patients and siblings as compared to the parents. It is concluded that neither pre- or postnatal androgen exposure nor a genetic linkage can be made responsible for the increased IQ in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, but that more likely methodological factors (such as outdated standards) account for the higher values in patients and siblings.", "PMID": 669967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_183", "title": "[Visual discrimination conditions in infants with increased risk for cerebral damage].", "content": "Infants judged at birth to be at risk for cerebral damage show at 2 to 4 months of age significant differences compared to normal controls with respect to visual behavior at presentation of geometric patterns: Children of the risk group discriminated less consistently between a striped pattern and a homogenous gray surface. Their average time of fixation is significantly longer, and they show increased variance within the test parameters. It was therefore concluded that parameters of visual fixation and discrimination could probably allow for more reliable prognoses for future cognitive development in an infant. A longitudinal study to test this hypothesis is already in execution.", "contents": "[Visual discrimination conditions in infants with increased risk for cerebral damage]. Infants judged at birth to be at risk for cerebral damage show at 2 to 4 months of age significant differences compared to normal controls with respect to visual behavior at presentation of geometric patterns: Children of the risk group discriminated less consistently between a striped pattern and a homogenous gray surface. Their average time of fixation is significantly longer, and they show increased variance within the test parameters. It was therefore concluded that parameters of visual fixation and discrimination could probably allow for more reliable prognoses for future cognitive development in an infant. A longitudinal study to test this hypothesis is already in execution.", "PMID": 669968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_184", "title": "Progression of renal insufficiency in pediatric patients: estimation from serum creatinine.", "content": "Progression of renal insufficiency was estimated from serial serum creatinine (SCr) determinations in 45 pediatric patients with SCr greater than 2 mg/dl. This was done by plotting the logarithm of SCr (log SCr) versus time or the reciprocal (l/SCr) versus time. Calculation of data by linear regression analysis was restricted to 38 of these patients where at least 4 sequential SCr determinations were available. In 24 patients, a similar straight line relationship was observed on both plots. The semilog plot appeared more suitable in 2, and the reciprocal plot in 7 instances. In 5 patients progression of renal insufficiency was clearly non-linear. In the majority (33 of 38) of pediatric patients, loss of renal function occurred thus at an exponential rate (log SCr) or at a constant rate (l/SCr). The mean rate of progression of chronic renal insufficiency, expressed as SCr doubling time on the semilog plot, was 2.4 months in 10 patients with acquired glomerular diseases, 17 months in 3 patients with cystinosis, 27.7 months in 5 patients with renal hypoplasia or dysplasia, and 21.8 months in 13 patients with urinary tract abnormalities.", "contents": "Progression of renal insufficiency in pediatric patients: estimation from serum creatinine. Progression of renal insufficiency was estimated from serial serum creatinine (SCr) determinations in 45 pediatric patients with SCr greater than 2 mg/dl. This was done by plotting the logarithm of SCr (log SCr) versus time or the reciprocal (l/SCr) versus time. Calculation of data by linear regression analysis was restricted to 38 of these patients where at least 4 sequential SCr determinations were available. In 24 patients, a similar straight line relationship was observed on both plots. The semilog plot appeared more suitable in 2, and the reciprocal plot in 7 instances. In 5 patients progression of renal insufficiency was clearly non-linear. In the majority (33 of 38) of pediatric patients, loss of renal function occurred thus at an exponential rate (log SCr) or at a constant rate (l/SCr). The mean rate of progression of chronic renal insufficiency, expressed as SCr doubling time on the semilog plot, was 2.4 months in 10 patients with acquired glomerular diseases, 17 months in 3 patients with cystinosis, 27.7 months in 5 patients with renal hypoplasia or dysplasia, and 21.8 months in 13 patients with urinary tract abnormalities.", "PMID": 669969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_185", "title": "Renal transport of amino acids in children with oculocerebrorenal syndrome.", "content": "Inulin and amino acid clearance studies were made in 6 boys with oculocerebrorenal syndrome (Lowe) aged 11 months to 5 years. Glomerular filtration rate ranged between 50 and 112 ml/min/1.73 m2. Clearance values of all amino acids were increased. Tubular reabsorption of cystine, ornithine, lysine and arginine was relatively more reduced than that of the other amino acids. In Lowe's syndrome the transport system of the basic amino acids and cystine appears to be more impaired than that of other amino acids.", "contents": "Renal transport of amino acids in children with oculocerebrorenal syndrome. Inulin and amino acid clearance studies were made in 6 boys with oculocerebrorenal syndrome (Lowe) aged 11 months to 5 years. Glomerular filtration rate ranged between 50 and 112 ml/min/1.73 m2. Clearance values of all amino acids were increased. Tubular reabsorption of cystine, ornithine, lysine and arginine was relatively more reduced than that of the other amino acids. In Lowe's syndrome the transport system of the basic amino acids and cystine appears to be more impaired than that of other amino acids.", "PMID": 669970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_186", "title": "[The milk curd syndrome].", "content": "The milk curd syndrome is an as yet little known cause of intestinal obstruction in neonates. Two personal cases are reported, and 37 others are collected from the world literature. Infants with milk curd syndrome have a normal discharge of meconium. The intestinal obstruction appears usually between the 2nd and 16th day after birth. In most of the cases, the milk curd was found in the distal part of the ileum. The aetiology of the milk curd obstruction syndrome remains still unclear. The composition of artificial milk feeding formula in connexion with transitory absorption deficiency of amino acids, and the possibility of a temporarily insufficient excretion of bile acids are discussed.", "contents": "[The milk curd syndrome]. The milk curd syndrome is an as yet little known cause of intestinal obstruction in neonates. Two personal cases are reported, and 37 others are collected from the world literature. Infants with milk curd syndrome have a normal discharge of meconium. The intestinal obstruction appears usually between the 2nd and 16th day after birth. In most of the cases, the milk curd was found in the distal part of the ileum. The aetiology of the milk curd obstruction syndrome remains still unclear. The composition of artificial milk feeding formula in connexion with transitory absorption deficiency of amino acids, and the possibility of a temporarily insufficient excretion of bile acids are discussed.", "PMID": 669971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_187", "title": "Pulmonary hypoplasia, multiple ankyloses, and camptodactyly: one syndrome or some related forms?", "content": "Four perinatally dying infants with multiple congenital malformations, including pulmonary hypoplasia, multiple ankyloses, abnormalities of the face and camptodactyly are presented. The differences both for severity of pulmonary hypoplasia and for the type of associated malformations suggest that this complex of abnormalities is not a single syndrome but a complex of related entities. These entities and some other genetical syndromes may form a \"community of malformations\" involving facial, skeletal (arthrogryposis, camptodactyly) and placental abnormalities.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypoplasia, multiple ankyloses, and camptodactyly: one syndrome or some related forms? Four perinatally dying infants with multiple congenital malformations, including pulmonary hypoplasia, multiple ankyloses, abnormalities of the face and camptodactyly are presented. The differences both for severity of pulmonary hypoplasia and for the type of associated malformations suggest that this complex of abnormalities is not a single syndrome but a complex of related entities. These entities and some other genetical syndromes may form a \"community of malformations\" involving facial, skeletal (arthrogryposis, camptodactyly) and placental abnormalities.", "PMID": 669973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_188", "title": "Effects of ionizing radiations on human costal cartilage and exploration of the procedures to protect the tissue from radiation damage.", "content": "The chemical changes produced following 60Co-gamma-irradiation of human costal cartilage have been monitored using \"critical electrolyte concentration\" (CEC) measurements utilizing Alcian Blue--magnesium chloride and Toluidine Blue--sodium chloride systems. The decrease in the CEC with radiation can be related to the decrease in hexose and hexosamine contents of the cartilage. Such changes arise as a result of degradation of the glycosaminoglycan component of the tissue. The state of the collagen fibres after irradiation has been examined using the Van Giesson stain and by biochemical assay of the hydroxyproline moeity. Energy transfer methods have been utilized to protect the glycosaminoglycan component of the cartilage from radiation damage.", "contents": "Effects of ionizing radiations on human costal cartilage and exploration of the procedures to protect the tissue from radiation damage. The chemical changes produced following 60Co-gamma-irradiation of human costal cartilage have been monitored using \"critical electrolyte concentration\" (CEC) measurements utilizing Alcian Blue--magnesium chloride and Toluidine Blue--sodium chloride systems. The decrease in the CEC with radiation can be related to the decrease in hexose and hexosamine contents of the cartilage. Such changes arise as a result of degradation of the glycosaminoglycan component of the tissue. The state of the collagen fibres after irradiation has been examined using the Van Giesson stain and by biochemical assay of the hydroxyproline moeity. Energy transfer methods have been utilized to protect the glycosaminoglycan component of the cartilage from radiation damage.", "PMID": 669981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_189", "title": "Enzyme histochemical studies on the Purkinje fibers of the atrioventricular system of the bovine and porcine hearts.", "content": "In this communication the results of applying various histochemical semipermeable membrane techniques to the localization of several enzymes in bovine and porcine heart are presented. The Purkinje fibers of the atrioventricular conducting system of the bovine heart differ from the myocardium proper in containing a greater activity of the glycolytic and gluconeogenetic enzymes--lactate  dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, glucosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase, and less activity of the aerobic enzymes--NADH: nitroBT oxidoreductase and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+). The metabolic reactions obtained with Purkinje fibers of the porcine heart are less pronounced. These histochemical findings are in accordance with the impression that Purkinje fibers, compared with the common myocardial fibers, have a higher rate of anaerobic metabolism and a lower rate of aerobic metabolism. The activity of the NADPH regenerating enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), and the activity of acid hydrolases such as non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase is higher in the Purkinje fibers of both the bovine and porcine heart.", "contents": "Enzyme histochemical studies on the Purkinje fibers of the atrioventricular system of the bovine and porcine hearts. In this communication the results of applying various histochemical semipermeable membrane techniques to the localization of several enzymes in bovine and porcine heart are presented. The Purkinje fibers of the atrioventricular conducting system of the bovine heart differ from the myocardium proper in containing a greater activity of the glycolytic and gluconeogenetic enzymes--lactate  dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, glucosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase, and less activity of the aerobic enzymes--NADH: nitroBT oxidoreductase and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+). The metabolic reactions obtained with Purkinje fibers of the porcine heart are less pronounced. These histochemical findings are in accordance with the impression that Purkinje fibers, compared with the common myocardial fibers, have a higher rate of anaerobic metabolism and a lower rate of aerobic metabolism. The activity of the NADPH regenerating enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), and the activity of acid hydrolases such as non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase is higher in the Purkinje fibers of both the bovine and porcine heart.", "PMID": 669982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_190", "title": "Quantitation of mitochondrial injury in cultured rat heart endothelioid cells with nitroblue tetrazolium.", "content": "A sensitive method is presented for measurement of changes in the permeability of mitchondria in cultured cells. Rat heart endothelioid cells were used to determine the penetration rate of nitroblue tetrazolium (NitroBT) or other reactants into mitochondria in situ. Nitroblue formazan, produced as a consequence of succinate dehydrogenase activity in the mitochondria, was eluted and measured with a spectrophotometer. Prior injury of cells with hypo-osmolar solutions increased the rate of formazan production. Several methods are described or suggested for the statistical analysis of the data.", "contents": "Quantitation of mitochondrial injury in cultured rat heart endothelioid cells with nitroblue tetrazolium. A sensitive method is presented for measurement of changes in the permeability of mitchondria in cultured cells. Rat heart endothelioid cells were used to determine the penetration rate of nitroblue tetrazolium (NitroBT) or other reactants into mitochondria in situ. Nitroblue formazan, produced as a consequence of succinate dehydrogenase activity in the mitochondria, was eluted and measured with a spectrophotometer. Prior injury of cells with hypo-osmolar solutions increased the rate of formazan production. Several methods are described or suggested for the statistical analysis of the data.", "PMID": 669983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_191", "title": "Endogenous peroxidase in mast cells localized with a semipermeable membrane technique.", "content": "Hamster mast cells have been found to give strong peroxidatic reactions at pH 5, 7.5 and 10 when sections of skeletal muscle are incubated for 2.5 h in the dark at room temperature on semipermeable membranes covering a gelled incubation medium consisting of 0.01% hydrogen peroxide, 5.5mM diaminobenzidine and 1.36% agar dissolved in Universal buffer. The technique is very efficient: with it, all mast cells react in marked contrast to the negative reaction they usually give with conventional techniques. The peroxidatic reactions are abolished if tissues are perfused beforehand with either aminotriazole or KCN but not if these inhibitors are incorporated in the gelled incubation medium. This and other evidence suggests that the mast cell reactions are not due to either catalase or haemoglobin adsorbed onto mast cell granules from lysed red blood cells. Skeletal muscle fibres do not exhibit any visible peroxidase activity with the membrane technique.", "contents": "Endogenous peroxidase in mast cells localized with a semipermeable membrane technique. Hamster mast cells have been found to give strong peroxidatic reactions at pH 5, 7.5 and 10 when sections of skeletal muscle are incubated for 2.5 h in the dark at room temperature on semipermeable membranes covering a gelled incubation medium consisting of 0.01% hydrogen peroxide, 5.5mM diaminobenzidine and 1.36% agar dissolved in Universal buffer. The technique is very efficient: with it, all mast cells react in marked contrast to the negative reaction they usually give with conventional techniques. The peroxidatic reactions are abolished if tissues are perfused beforehand with either aminotriazole or KCN but not if these inhibitors are incorporated in the gelled incubation medium. This and other evidence suggests that the mast cell reactions are not due to either catalase or haemoglobin adsorbed onto mast cell granules from lysed red blood cells. Skeletal muscle fibres do not exhibit any visible peroxidase activity with the membrane technique.", "PMID": 669984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_192", "title": "A quantitative study of the effects of different grades of polyvinyl alcohol on the activities of certain enzymes in unfixed tissue sections.", "content": "Different grades of the colloid stabilizer, polyvinyl alcohol, used for protecting unfixed cryostat sections during cytochemical reactions, may have different effects on enzymatic activity. The influence of three grades of polyvinyl alcohol on the activities of \"soluble\", membrane-bound and membrane-enclosed enzymes has been investigated in unfixed sections; the activities were measured microdensitometrically. The largest molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol (G18/140, mol. wt. about 90 000) did not retain glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in sections of rat liver even when used at the maximum convenient concentration (12%); G04/140 and M05/140 (molecular weights of 15 000 and 25 000 respectively) retained this soluble enzyme if used at concentrations of 30 and 20% respectively. At these concentrations, lactate dehydrogenase activity was apparently decreased when G04/140 and M05/140 were used; this diminished activity has been shown to be due to the need to establish optimal concentrations of reactants for each grade of polyvinyl alcohol and for each reaction. When optimal concentrations of reactants were used, the activities of this enzyme in the presence of each grade of polyvinyl alcohol were identical. The presence of any type of polyvinyl alcohol did not influence the activities of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase or of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum enzyme, delta5,3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. However, the presence of polyvinyl alcohol improved the state of the section.", "contents": "A quantitative study of the effects of different grades of polyvinyl alcohol on the activities of certain enzymes in unfixed tissue sections. Different grades of the colloid stabilizer, polyvinyl alcohol, used for protecting unfixed cryostat sections during cytochemical reactions, may have different effects on enzymatic activity. The influence of three grades of polyvinyl alcohol on the activities of \"soluble\", membrane-bound and membrane-enclosed enzymes has been investigated in unfixed sections; the activities were measured microdensitometrically. The largest molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol (G18/140, mol. wt. about 90 000) did not retain glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in sections of rat liver even when used at the maximum convenient concentration (12%); G04/140 and M05/140 (molecular weights of 15 000 and 25 000 respectively) retained this soluble enzyme if used at concentrations of 30 and 20% respectively. At these concentrations, lactate dehydrogenase activity was apparently decreased when G04/140 and M05/140 were used; this diminished activity has been shown to be due to the need to establish optimal concentrations of reactants for each grade of polyvinyl alcohol and for each reaction. When optimal concentrations of reactants were used, the activities of this enzyme in the presence of each grade of polyvinyl alcohol were identical. The presence of any type of polyvinyl alcohol did not influence the activities of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase or of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum enzyme, delta5,3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. However, the presence of polyvinyl alcohol improved the state of the section.", "PMID": 669985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_193", "title": "The peroxisome (microbody) membrane: effects of detergents and lipid solvents on its ultrastructure and permeability to catalase.", "content": "The effects of detergents, organic lipid solvents, and several adjuvants used in cell fractionation on the ultrastructure of the peroxisomal (microbody) membrane and its permeability to catalase have been investigated. Chopper sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed liver were incubated in the presence of various agents, followed by cytochemical staining for catalase and processed for electron microscopy. Catalase activity was also determined biochemically in the incubation medium. Marked catalase diffusion was found after treatment with 1% or 0.5% Triton X-100 or deoxycholate, as well as with 50% ethanol or acetone or 20% propanol or t-butanol. In contrast, 1% digitonin and lower concentrations of the above agents, as well as sucrose or glycerine caused selective diffusion of catalase from a limited population of peroxisomes. Treatment with 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which has been used as a protective agent in the isolation of microbodies, did not produce any alteration in the fine structure and cytochemical appearance of peroxisomes. These findings concur with earlier biochemical studies on freshly isolated peroxisomes and demonstrate the susceptibility of microbodies, even in glutaraldehyde-fixed rat liver to the effects of various agents which affect the microbody membrane. A close correlation between the ultrastructural integrity of the microbody membrane and its permeability to catalase has been found. The significance of these observations for the assessment of the permeability characteristics of the microbody membrane is discussed.", "contents": "The peroxisome (microbody) membrane: effects of detergents and lipid solvents on its ultrastructure and permeability to catalase. The effects of detergents, organic lipid solvents, and several adjuvants used in cell fractionation on the ultrastructure of the peroxisomal (microbody) membrane and its permeability to catalase have been investigated. Chopper sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed liver were incubated in the presence of various agents, followed by cytochemical staining for catalase and processed for electron microscopy. Catalase activity was also determined biochemically in the incubation medium. Marked catalase diffusion was found after treatment with 1% or 0.5% Triton X-100 or deoxycholate, as well as with 50% ethanol or acetone or 20% propanol or t-butanol. In contrast, 1% digitonin and lower concentrations of the above agents, as well as sucrose or glycerine caused selective diffusion of catalase from a limited population of peroxisomes. Treatment with 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which has been used as a protective agent in the isolation of microbodies, did not produce any alteration in the fine structure and cytochemical appearance of peroxisomes. These findings concur with earlier biochemical studies on freshly isolated peroxisomes and demonstrate the susceptibility of microbodies, even in glutaraldehyde-fixed rat liver to the effects of various agents which affect the microbody membrane. A close correlation between the ultrastructural integrity of the microbody membrane and its permeability to catalase has been found. The significance of these observations for the assessment of the permeability characteristics of the microbody membrane is discussed.", "PMID": 669986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_194", "title": "Methodological aspects of the histochemical localization and activity of some cerebellar dehydrogenases.", "content": "In a detailed study focused on the methodological problems in dehydrogenase histochemistry [e.g., fixation, diffusion of enzymes and of reduced inermediates, conversion of NADPH and NADP to NADH and NAD, respectively, penetration of tetrazolium salt and formazan substantivity, 'nothing dehydrogenase' reaction, use of exogenous CoQ10 and of flavoprotein substitute (PMS)], the distribution and activity of succinate dehydrogenase, NAD(P)H-tetrazolium reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase (H and M types), and of L-glutamate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.4.1.2 and E.C.1.4.1.3) have been investigated in the rat cerebellum. It was evident from the study that reliable results could only be obtained if all the aforementioned factors had been considered. The image of actual concentration of SDH in the neuropil of the molecular layer could only be recorded by adding CoQ10, while other structures exhibited greater balance between SDH and endogenous mitochondrial CoQ. Contrary to previous studies, a reversed localization of the activity of G-6-PDH and LDH was noticed. The elements of molecular and Purkinje layers were rich in G-6-PDH, while the granular layer was nearly depleted. The actual level of LDH could only be recorded if NADH-tetrazolium reductase was bypassed with PMS. The H and M types of LDH coexisted in the three cortical layers, the H type being prevalent and the M type attaining its highest level in synaptic glomeruli followed by the structures of the molecular layer and the Purkinje cells. High activity of GDH was noticed in Bergmann glia followed by synaptic glomeruli, while most other structures showed weak to moderate activity. The two GDH types coexisted in all structures showing activity, except for Bergmann cells, which only showed presence of the E.C. 1.4.1.3 type. Furthermore, Bergmann glia was exceptional by showing no activity of SDH and LDH, but strong activity of G-6-PDH and NADPH-tetrazolium reductase. The granular cells were exceptional by showing weak or no activity of all enzymes in question.", "contents": "Methodological aspects of the histochemical localization and activity of some cerebellar dehydrogenases. In a detailed study focused on the methodological problems in dehydrogenase histochemistry [e.g., fixation, diffusion of enzymes and of reduced inermediates, conversion of NADPH and NADP to NADH and NAD, respectively, penetration of tetrazolium salt and formazan substantivity, 'nothing dehydrogenase' reaction, use of exogenous CoQ10 and of flavoprotein substitute (PMS)], the distribution and activity of succinate dehydrogenase, NAD(P)H-tetrazolium reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase (H and M types), and of L-glutamate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.4.1.2 and E.C.1.4.1.3) have been investigated in the rat cerebellum. It was evident from the study that reliable results could only be obtained if all the aforementioned factors had been considered. The image of actual concentration of SDH in the neuropil of the molecular layer could only be recorded by adding CoQ10, while other structures exhibited greater balance between SDH and endogenous mitochondrial CoQ. Contrary to previous studies, a reversed localization of the activity of G-6-PDH and LDH was noticed. The elements of molecular and Purkinje layers were rich in G-6-PDH, while the granular layer was nearly depleted. The actual level of LDH could only be recorded if NADH-tetrazolium reductase was bypassed with PMS. The H and M types of LDH coexisted in the three cortical layers, the H type being prevalent and the M type attaining its highest level in synaptic glomeruli followed by the structures of the molecular layer and the Purkinje cells. High activity of GDH was noticed in Bergmann glia followed by synaptic glomeruli, while most other structures showed weak to moderate activity. The two GDH types coexisted in all structures showing activity, except for Bergmann cells, which only showed presence of the E.C. 1.4.1.3 type. Furthermore, Bergmann glia was exceptional by showing no activity of SDH and LDH, but strong activity of G-6-PDH and NADPH-tetrazolium reductase. The granular cells were exceptional by showing weak or no activity of all enzymes in question.", "PMID": 669987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_195", "title": "Isolation and thin-layer chromatographic identification of several peptides with NH2-terminal tryptophan and their histochemical demonstration in the ACTH cells of the rat hypophysis.", "content": "Methods for the isolation and thin-layer chromatographic identification of amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptides presumably responsible for histochemical tryptophyl-peptide reactions in the ACTH cells of the rat hypophysis are described. In the hypophyseal extract several tryptophylpeptide bands--depending on the homogenization solution--were demonstrated on thin-layer chromatograms. Tryptophyl-peptides were demonstrated from their fluorescence induced 1) with glyoxylic acid (glyoxylic acid introduced into the homogenization solution), 2) by exposure of the chromatographic plates to combined formaldehyde and chloral vapour or 3) by exposure to combined formaldehyde and acetyl chloride vapour. A positive PAS reaction was demonstrated in some tryptophyl-peptide bands. Thus, some tryptophylpeptides seem to contribute to the observed PAS positivity of the ACTH cells.", "contents": "Isolation and thin-layer chromatographic identification of several peptides with NH2-terminal tryptophan and their histochemical demonstration in the ACTH cells of the rat hypophysis. Methods for the isolation and thin-layer chromatographic identification of amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptides presumably responsible for histochemical tryptophyl-peptide reactions in the ACTH cells of the rat hypophysis are described. In the hypophyseal extract several tryptophylpeptide bands--depending on the homogenization solution--were demonstrated on thin-layer chromatograms. Tryptophyl-peptides were demonstrated from their fluorescence induced 1) with glyoxylic acid (glyoxylic acid introduced into the homogenization solution), 2) by exposure of the chromatographic plates to combined formaldehyde and chloral vapour or 3) by exposure to combined formaldehyde and acetyl chloride vapour. A positive PAS reaction was demonstrated in some tryptophyl-peptide bands. Thus, some tryptophylpeptides seem to contribute to the observed PAS positivity of the ACTH cells.", "PMID": 669989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_196", "title": "D-Ephedrinephosphate, DEP: a new substrate with specificity for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP).", "content": "This report describes the synthesis and physical (including spectral) properties of a new substrate, D-ephedrinephosphate, DEP1, which is histochemically highly specific for a secreted non-lysosomal prostatic acid phosphatase, PAP. This specificity is in contrast to other substrates which are nonspecific, i.e., which demonstrate acid phosphatases that originate from various cell types and are mainly lysosomal. When this substrate is used for light and electron microscopic histochemistry in a modified Gomori medium, PAP is demonstrated mainly in secretory granules and in the Golgi apparatus (and its related vacuoles) of prostatic epithelial cells of several species of mammals including man. This corroborates our previous suggestion that PAP is not a lysosomal enzyme as are many of the other acid phosphatases. This high degree of specificity of DEP for PAP supports the usefulness of this compound in the histochemical and biochemical characterization of PAP, and in the diagnosis of localized or disseminated prostatic disease.", "contents": "D-Ephedrinephosphate, DEP: a new substrate with specificity for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). This report describes the synthesis and physical (including spectral) properties of a new substrate, D-ephedrinephosphate, DEP1, which is histochemically highly specific for a secreted non-lysosomal prostatic acid phosphatase, PAP. This specificity is in contrast to other substrates which are nonspecific, i.e., which demonstrate acid phosphatases that originate from various cell types and are mainly lysosomal. When this substrate is used for light and electron microscopic histochemistry in a modified Gomori medium, PAP is demonstrated mainly in secretory granules and in the Golgi apparatus (and its related vacuoles) of prostatic epithelial cells of several species of mammals including man. This corroborates our previous suggestion that PAP is not a lysosomal enzyme as are many of the other acid phosphatases. This high degree of specificity of DEP for PAP supports the usefulness of this compound in the histochemical and biochemical characterization of PAP, and in the diagnosis of localized or disseminated prostatic disease.", "PMID": 669988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_197", "title": "Mechanism for transport of nitro-blue tetrazolium into viable and non-viable leukocytes.", "content": "The permeability of the membrane of phagocytic leukocytes (WBC) to the non-complexed nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) cation has not been well explored. In this study both complexed and non-complexed (or free) NBT have been incubated with viable cells. The entry of NBT into the WBC was determined by both colorimetric and infrared analyses. Very little free NBT enters the viable WBC compared with NBT complexed with serum factors. NBT entry was also studied in non-viable WBC by use of the infrared system. The entry of NBT into the non-viable cells was independent of serum complexing factors. Much larger quantities of both free and complexed NBT enter non-viable cells than enter viable WBC. It is concluded that the membrane of the viable WBC is quite impermeable to the free NBT cation. Ultrastructural studies suggest that the gaps in the plasma membrane of non-viable cells could allow the passage of relatively large amounts of both free and complexed NBT.", "contents": "Mechanism for transport of nitro-blue tetrazolium into viable and non-viable leukocytes. The permeability of the membrane of phagocytic leukocytes (WBC) to the non-complexed nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) cation has not been well explored. In this study both complexed and non-complexed (or free) NBT have been incubated with viable cells. The entry of NBT into the WBC was determined by both colorimetric and infrared analyses. Very little free NBT enters the viable WBC compared with NBT complexed with serum factors. NBT entry was also studied in non-viable WBC by use of the infrared system. The entry of NBT into the non-viable cells was independent of serum complexing factors. Much larger quantities of both free and complexed NBT enter non-viable cells than enter viable WBC. It is concluded that the membrane of the viable WBC is quite impermeable to the free NBT cation. Ultrastructural studies suggest that the gaps in the plasma membrane of non-viable cells could allow the passage of relatively large amounts of both free and complexed NBT.", "PMID": 669990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_198", "title": "The vegetative network in the guinea pig and rat sacral spinal cords.", "content": "The intermediate zones in the sacral segments of guinea pig and rat spinal cords are histochemically investigated for the presence of catecholaminergic and cholinergic structures. The presence of a well-developed noradrenergic network is demonstrated. This network connects the preganglionic vegetative nuclei in horizontal and vertical directions. In addition, only some fibers from the bundles composing this network show acetylcholinesterase activity.", "contents": "The vegetative network in the guinea pig and rat sacral spinal cords. The intermediate zones in the sacral segments of guinea pig and rat spinal cords are histochemically investigated for the presence of catecholaminergic and cholinergic structures. The presence of a well-developed noradrenergic network is demonstrated. This network connects the preganglionic vegetative nuclei in horizontal and vertical directions. In addition, only some fibers from the bundles composing this network show acetylcholinesterase activity.", "PMID": 669992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_199", "title": "Evidence of the presence of extraperoxisomal catalase in chloragogen cells of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L.", "content": "The DAB reactivity of the midintestine of the earthworm, consisting of epithelial layer, muscle layer, and chloragogen tissue, was examined electron microscopically. Besides the mitochondrial membranes of the examined cell types and the hemoglobin content of the blood vessels and chloragogen cells, a considerable DAB reactivity was found in the whole cytosol of the chloragocytes. The DAB reaction of the cytosol was more intensive when incubation medium for catalase, less intensive when incubation medium for peroxidase, was used and did not occur when H2O2 was omitted. Cytosol of the chloragogen cells was isolated and preliminary assay of catalase and peroxidase activities was made. Cytosol samples showed moderate peroxidase activity, but catalase activity measured by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide showed a very high rate. Catalase and peroxidase activities of the cytosol were heat-sensitive and might have been inhibited by azide and cyanide, respectively. Results prove the assumption that the intensive DAB reactivity of the chloragocyte cytosol is caused by its extraperoxisomal catalase content.", "contents": "Evidence of the presence of extraperoxisomal catalase in chloragogen cells of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L. The DAB reactivity of the midintestine of the earthworm, consisting of epithelial layer, muscle layer, and chloragogen tissue, was examined electron microscopically. Besides the mitochondrial membranes of the examined cell types and the hemoglobin content of the blood vessels and chloragogen cells, a considerable DAB reactivity was found in the whole cytosol of the chloragocytes. The DAB reaction of the cytosol was more intensive when incubation medium for catalase, less intensive when incubation medium for peroxidase, was used and did not occur when H2O2 was omitted. Cytosol of the chloragogen cells was isolated and preliminary assay of catalase and peroxidase activities was made. Cytosol samples showed moderate peroxidase activity, but catalase activity measured by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide showed a very high rate. Catalase and peroxidase activities of the cytosol were heat-sensitive and might have been inhibited by azide and cyanide, respectively. Results prove the assumption that the intensive DAB reactivity of the chloragocyte cytosol is caused by its extraperoxisomal catalase content.", "PMID": 669991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_200", "title": "[The value of stapedius reflex examinations in patients with myasthenia gravis (author's transl)].", "content": "The behavior of the stapedius reflex was examined by means of the Z0-70 Madsen electroacoustic bridge in 41 patients (aged 9-73) with myasthenia gravis. A higher stapedius reflex threshold (90-130 db) at normal hearing was found in 66% of the cases. In 46.3% of the cases, an increased fatigue of the stapedius muscle was observed, as characterized by the lowering of the amplitude or the disappearance of the reflex after several successively repeated recordings. The examination of stapedius muscle fatigqu may be helpful indiagnosing early forms of myasthenia, in following the results of therapy for the disease, as well as in assessing the efficiency of antimyasthenic drugs.", "contents": "[The value of stapedius reflex examinations in patients with myasthenia gravis (author's transl)]. The behavior of the stapedius reflex was examined by means of the Z0-70 Madsen electroacoustic bridge in 41 patients (aged 9-73) with myasthenia gravis. A higher stapedius reflex threshold (90-130 db) at normal hearing was found in 66% of the cases. In 46.3% of the cases, an increased fatigue of the stapedius muscle was observed, as characterized by the lowering of the amplitude or the disappearance of the reflex after several successively repeated recordings. The examination of stapedius muscle fatigqu may be helpful indiagnosing early forms of myasthenia, in following the results of therapy for the disease, as well as in assessing the efficiency of antimyasthenic drugs.", "PMID": 669994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_201", "title": "[An orbital rhabdomyosarcoma mimicking a mucocele (author's transl)].", "content": "Rhabdomyosarcomas are rare tumours of the paranasal sinuses nad orbit. However they represent a broad group of childhood malignant soft tissue tumours. The presentation of these tumours often causes great diagnostic difficulty, especially if they involve the medical orbital wall. Certain diagnostic problems are discussed from our own experiences.", "contents": "[An orbital rhabdomyosarcoma mimicking a mucocele (author's transl)]. Rhabdomyosarcomas are rare tumours of the paranasal sinuses nad orbit. However they represent a broad group of childhood malignant soft tissue tumours. The presentation of these tumours often causes great diagnostic difficulty, especially if they involve the medical orbital wall. Certain diagnostic problems are discussed from our own experiences.", "PMID": 669995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_202", "title": "[Restricted motility of the tongue--the reason for or a symptom of childhood speech disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "From the assessment of more than 1000 children aged 3 to 6 years is a significant relationship between articulation speech disorder s and defective motiiity of the tongue. In addition to this direct relationship there might be an indirect connection as well. A central nervous disorder could possibly be the common reility of 865 kindergarten children was examined by a test method developed by ourselves. At the same time the degree of language disturbance and of speech defect were measured. Whereas there was again language disturbance and tongue mobility, this latter defect has no influence on the kind of speech disorder observed. There is probably therefore no direct relationship between restricted tongue movement and articulation skills. It is important to consider whether articulation defects and restricted motility of the tongue have a common use in the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Restricted motility of the tongue--the reason for or a symptom of childhood speech disorders (author's transl)]. From the assessment of more than 1000 children aged 3 to 6 years is a significant relationship between articulation speech disorder s and defective motiiity of the tongue. In addition to this direct relationship there might be an indirect connection as well. A central nervous disorder could possibly be the common reility of 865 kindergarten children was examined by a test method developed by ourselves. At the same time the degree of language disturbance and of speech defect were measured. Whereas there was again language disturbance and tongue mobility, this latter defect has no influence on the kind of speech disorder observed. There is probably therefore no direct relationship between restricted tongue movement and articulation skills. It is important to consider whether articulation defects and restricted motility of the tongue have a common use in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 669996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_203", "title": "[Functional hearing loss in speech audiometry (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 238 patients assessed for medico-legal reasons, 26 subjects were found to have functional hearing problems. In detecting the presence of functional hearing loss, the reliability of speech audiometric patterns was shown. Each patient demonstrated at least one suspicious response. The evaluation revealed an irregular configuration of curves (\"step-like\", 56%) and a better understanding for monosyllabic testwords than for digits (28.8%) as the most important criteria. In the control group of 40 hard-of-hearing patients without functional hearing losses, testing-irregularities were found in only 2.5-3.7% of the patients. Furthermore, discrepancies between speech reception thresholds and pure tone averages (84.6%) as well as poor test-retest reliability in tone audiometry contributed to an identification of functional hearing loss. B\u00e9k\u00e9sy-audiometry Type V was obtained in 73% of those patients studied.", "contents": "[Functional hearing loss in speech audiometry (author's transl)]. In a group of 238 patients assessed for medico-legal reasons, 26 subjects were found to have functional hearing problems. In detecting the presence of functional hearing loss, the reliability of speech audiometric patterns was shown. Each patient demonstrated at least one suspicious response. The evaluation revealed an irregular configuration of curves (\"step-like\", 56%) and a better understanding for monosyllabic testwords than for digits (28.8%) as the most important criteria. In the control group of 40 hard-of-hearing patients without functional hearing losses, testing-irregularities were found in only 2.5-3.7% of the patients. Furthermore, discrepancies between speech reception thresholds and pure tone averages (84.6%) as well as poor test-retest reliability in tone audiometry contributed to an identification of functional hearing loss. B\u00e9k\u00e9sy-audiometry Type V was obtained in 73% of those patients studied.", "PMID": 669997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_204", "title": "Notes on loneliness.", "content": "Loneliness in this article is discussed in order to make it more discernable. Psychoanalytic literature has been surveyed relevant to loneliness and related issues. Noted is the importance of individualism in America, citing Thoreau as a model for individualism. Edgar Allan Poe's story \"The Man of the Crowd\" is discussed to illustrate desperate loneliness. The topic of loneliness connects to issues of empathy, loneliness in treatment, the countertransference response to loneliness, the study of self experience, and the problems created by the use of the term identity. The historical perspective indicates how we are time bound to the vocabulary, theories, ideas and myths of our era, to which, in our loneliness, we cling.", "contents": "Notes on loneliness. Loneliness in this article is discussed in order to make it more discernable. Psychoanalytic literature has been surveyed relevant to loneliness and related issues. Noted is the importance of individualism in America, citing Thoreau as a model for individualism. Edgar Allan Poe's story \"The Man of the Crowd\" is discussed to illustrate desperate loneliness. The topic of loneliness connects to issues of empathy, loneliness in treatment, the countertransference response to loneliness, the study of self experience, and the problems created by the use of the term identity. The historical perspective indicates how we are time bound to the vocabulary, theories, ideas and myths of our era, to which, in our loneliness, we cling.", "PMID": 670000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_205", "title": "Ventilatory response to medroxyprogesterone acetate in normal subjects: time course and mechanism.", "content": "The time course of ventilatory adaptation to medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and potential mediators of this response in plasma and lumbar CSF were determined in five healthy adult males. A significant decrease in arterial PCO2 (PACO2) at rest and exercise was noted within 48 h of drug administration with the maximum effect reached within 7 days and amounting to a 5-Torr decrement in PACO2. Blood and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pH because significantly alkaline to control as soon as the ventilatory resporse was noted and remained alkaline during the treatment period. The ventilatory and dP/dt max response to exogenous CO2 was unchanged but their response to moderate exercise was increased after MPA. MPA-rlated materials were detected in both the plasma and CSF as soon as the ventilatory response was noted. The increase in CSF MPA-related materials approximated the unbound fraction determined in plasma. We conclude that [H+] in plasma and CSF is a function rather than a cause of ventilator acclimatization to MPA. MPA-related materials are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and could potentially exert their ventilatory stimulant effect by some central mechanism.", "contents": "Ventilatory response to medroxyprogesterone acetate in normal subjects: time course and mechanism. The time course of ventilatory adaptation to medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and potential mediators of this response in plasma and lumbar CSF were determined in five healthy adult males. A significant decrease in arterial PCO2 (PACO2) at rest and exercise was noted within 48 h of drug administration with the maximum effect reached within 7 days and amounting to a 5-Torr decrement in PACO2. Blood and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pH because significantly alkaline to control as soon as the ventilatory resporse was noted and remained alkaline during the treatment period. The ventilatory and dP/dt max response to exogenous CO2 was unchanged but their response to moderate exercise was increased after MPA. MPA-rlated materials were detected in both the plasma and CSF as soon as the ventilatory response was noted. The increase in CSF MPA-related materials approximated the unbound fraction determined in plasma. We conclude that [H+] in plasma and CSF is a function rather than a cause of ventilator acclimatization to MPA. MPA-related materials are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and could potentially exert their ventilatory stimulant effect by some central mechanism.", "PMID": 670006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_206", "title": "Mechanics of the human diaphragm during voluntary contraction: dynamics.", "content": "We determined the static, isometric relationship between diaphragmatic EMG (Edi) and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) in man at specified abdominothoracic configurations, assessed with magnetometers. During inspiratory airflow, measurements of Edi and Pdi were taken as the respiratory system passed through the same configuration as obtained during the static isometric contractions, allowing a comparison of static and dynamic contractions of the diaphragm at a given length and curvature. When voluntary inspiratory maneuvers are performed with no associated outward displacement of the abdominal wall, or with slight inward displacement, the Pdi developed dynamically is the same as that developed statically at a given Edi. When outward movement of the abdominal wall occurs during inspiratory airflow, the Pdi developed dynamically depends on the rate of abdominal displacement, not on overall inspiratory airflow rate. We conclude that the velocity of shortening of the diaphragm increases directly as the rate of abdominal displacement. We construct a pressure-flow analogue of the force-velocity relationship for the diaphragm and discuss the functional implications of these observations in relation to spontaneous breathing.", "contents": "Mechanics of the human diaphragm during voluntary contraction: dynamics. We determined the static, isometric relationship between diaphragmatic EMG (Edi) and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) in man at specified abdominothoracic configurations, assessed with magnetometers. During inspiratory airflow, measurements of Edi and Pdi were taken as the respiratory system passed through the same configuration as obtained during the static isometric contractions, allowing a comparison of static and dynamic contractions of the diaphragm at a given length and curvature. When voluntary inspiratory maneuvers are performed with no associated outward displacement of the abdominal wall, or with slight inward displacement, the Pdi developed dynamically is the same as that developed statically at a given Edi. When outward movement of the abdominal wall occurs during inspiratory airflow, the Pdi developed dynamically depends on the rate of abdominal displacement, not on overall inspiratory airflow rate. We conclude that the velocity of shortening of the diaphragm increases directly as the rate of abdominal displacement. We construct a pressure-flow analogue of the force-velocity relationship for the diaphragm and discuss the functional implications of these observations in relation to spontaneous breathing.", "PMID": 670007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_207", "title": "Elastic constants of trapped lung parenchyma.", "content": "Isolated dog lobes were maximally trapped with air, and their parenchymal elastic properties were measured at the trapped volume. Indentation tests were performed on the surface of the lobes, followed by uniaxial and torsion tests on excised pieces of parenchyma. Similar values for Young's modulus were obtained from the indentation and uniaxial tests. The values for the shear modulus from the torison tests also were consistent with Young's modulus measured by the other procedures. The indentation test provided an accurate estimate of Young's modulus or the shear modulus for trapped lobes, and the results suggest that it is a valid method for estimating these constants in nontrapped lobes.", "contents": "Elastic constants of trapped lung parenchyma. Isolated dog lobes were maximally trapped with air, and their parenchymal elastic properties were measured at the trapped volume. Indentation tests were performed on the surface of the lobes, followed by uniaxial and torsion tests on excised pieces of parenchyma. Similar values for Young's modulus were obtained from the indentation and uniaxial tests. The values for the shear modulus from the torison tests also were consistent with Young's modulus measured by the other procedures. The indentation test provided an accurate estimate of Young's modulus or the shear modulus for trapped lobes, and the results suggest that it is a valid method for estimating these constants in nontrapped lobes.", "PMID": 670008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_208", "title": "Effect of parenchymal shear modulus and lung volume on bronchial pressure-diameter behavior.", "content": "A method that interrelates lung pressure-volume behavior, bronchial pressure-diameter behavior, and parenchymal shear modulus is presented. The method was used to predict changes in intraparenchymal bronchial diameter that occurred when lobe pressure-volume behavior and parenchymal shear modulus were markedly changed by inducing air trapping in isolated dog lobes. Predictions agreed with measurements, thereby supporting the general method. Measured values for the shear modulus were approximately 0.7 times the transpulmonary pressure for the control state. Estimated values for the peribronchial pressure difference from pleural pressure during a deflation pressure-volume maneuver for transpulmonary pressures below 12 cmH2O were small, approximately +/- 1 cmH2O, its sign being positive or negative, depending on whether the bronchus was dilated or contricted.", "contents": "Effect of parenchymal shear modulus and lung volume on bronchial pressure-diameter behavior. A method that interrelates lung pressure-volume behavior, bronchial pressure-diameter behavior, and parenchymal shear modulus is presented. The method was used to predict changes in intraparenchymal bronchial diameter that occurred when lobe pressure-volume behavior and parenchymal shear modulus were markedly changed by inducing air trapping in isolated dog lobes. Predictions agreed with measurements, thereby supporting the general method. Measured values for the shear modulus were approximately 0.7 times the transpulmonary pressure for the control state. Estimated values for the peribronchial pressure difference from pleural pressure during a deflation pressure-volume maneuver for transpulmonary pressures below 12 cmH2O were small, approximately +/- 1 cmH2O, its sign being positive or negative, depending on whether the bronchus was dilated or contricted.", "PMID": 670009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_209", "title": "Faster adjustment of O2 uptake to the energy requirement of exercise in the trained state.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of endurance exercise training on the time course of the increase in VO2 toward steady state in response to submaximal constant load work. Seven men participated in a strenuous program of endurance exercise for 40 min/day, 6 days/wk for 10 wk. Their average VO2max increased from 3.29 liters before training to 4.53 liters at the end of the training program. VO2 was measured continuously on a breath-by-breath basis at work rates requiring 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70% of VO2max before training. After training the subjects were retested both at the same absolute and the same relative work rates. The increases in VO2 toward steady state occurred more rapidly in the trained than in the untrained state both at the same absolute and at the same relative work rates. The finding that O2 uptake rises to meet O2 demand more rapidly in the trained than in the untrained state provides evidence that the working muscles become less hypoxic at the onset of exercise of the same intensity after training.", "contents": "Faster adjustment of O2 uptake to the energy requirement of exercise in the trained state. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of endurance exercise training on the time course of the increase in VO2 toward steady state in response to submaximal constant load work. Seven men participated in a strenuous program of endurance exercise for 40 min/day, 6 days/wk for 10 wk. Their average VO2max increased from 3.29 liters before training to 4.53 liters at the end of the training program. VO2 was measured continuously on a breath-by-breath basis at work rates requiring 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70% of VO2max before training. After training the subjects were retested both at the same absolute and the same relative work rates. The increases in VO2 toward steady state occurred more rapidly in the trained than in the untrained state both at the same absolute and at the same relative work rates. The finding that O2 uptake rises to meet O2 demand more rapidly in the trained than in the untrained state provides evidence that the working muscles become less hypoxic at the onset of exercise of the same intensity after training.", "PMID": 670010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_210", "title": "Indices of thermoregulatory strain for moderate exercise in the heat.", "content": "The effect of varying humidity and dry bulb temperatures was studied on five normal male unclothed subjects while exercising (40-45 min) at 28% VO2max. Air movement was 0.75 m.s-1. The initial test and the 16th test on each subject both done at 50 degrees C and 30 Torr (32% rh). Each subject did the intervening 14 experiments twice per day at varying ambient temperature (Ta) and water vapor pressure (Pa) levels, so selected to progressively increase skin wettedness levels. Mean skin temperature (Tsk) and esophageal temperature (Tes), heart rate (HR), skin evaporative heat loss (Esk), and warm discomfort were continuously observed. Skin wettedness (w) was evaluated as the ratio of the observed Esk to the maximum evaporative capacity of the environment. A rational effective temperature (ET) is defined as the dry bulb temperature at 50% rh in which the total heat exchange from skin surface would be the same as in the test environment, described by the observed Ta and Pa. The results showed that 1) during steady state both HR and Tes were unaffected by Ta from 26 to 41 degrees C responding to the level of exercise intensity, when Pa less than or equal to 20 Torr; 2) both mean body temperature, found by weighting Tsk:Tes by 1:9, and ET were each significant indicators of physiological strain when Pa greater than 20 Torr; 3) a level of strain, caused by skin wettedness values greater than 0.5, is suggested as a primary condition necessary for inducing heat acclimation.", "contents": "Indices of thermoregulatory strain for moderate exercise in the heat. The effect of varying humidity and dry bulb temperatures was studied on five normal male unclothed subjects while exercising (40-45 min) at 28% VO2max. Air movement was 0.75 m.s-1. The initial test and the 16th test on each subject both done at 50 degrees C and 30 Torr (32% rh). Each subject did the intervening 14 experiments twice per day at varying ambient temperature (Ta) and water vapor pressure (Pa) levels, so selected to progressively increase skin wettedness levels. Mean skin temperature (Tsk) and esophageal temperature (Tes), heart rate (HR), skin evaporative heat loss (Esk), and warm discomfort were continuously observed. Skin wettedness (w) was evaluated as the ratio of the observed Esk to the maximum evaporative capacity of the environment. A rational effective temperature (ET) is defined as the dry bulb temperature at 50% rh in which the total heat exchange from skin surface would be the same as in the test environment, described by the observed Ta and Pa. The results showed that 1) during steady state both HR and Tes were unaffected by Ta from 26 to 41 degrees C responding to the level of exercise intensity, when Pa less than or equal to 20 Torr; 2) both mean body temperature, found by weighting Tsk:Tes by 1:9, and ET were each significant indicators of physiological strain when Pa greater than 20 Torr; 3) a level of strain, caused by skin wettedness values greater than 0.5, is suggested as a primary condition necessary for inducing heat acclimation.", "PMID": 670011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_211", "title": "Physiological and biophysical limits to work in the heat for clothed men and women.", "content": "Heat-acclimated, lightly clothed men and women (four of each) walked on a treadmill at 25% and 43% VO2 max, respectively, (M =194 W.m-2), under seven air temperatures (Ta) ranging from 36 to 52 degrees C. Each experiment involved 1 h of fixed and a 2nd h of progressively increasing ambient vapor pressure (Pa). The relative steady state of rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), and heart rate (HR) reached in the 1st h were forced upward during the 2nd h by the rising Pa. The critical air vapor pressure (Pcrit) was identified by the Tre point of inflection for each Ta. One man did not fully reach steady state, but inflection could be determined for his physiological responses. The mean values of all points of inflection were calculated for Tre, Tsk, and HR. Significant sex difference in HR was found only by excluding the results of the one man. Tre and Tsk showed no significant difference between men and women. The coefficient for evaporative heat transfer (he), which could be derived using the Pcrit for the low Ta range, was 14.5 +/- 2.2 W.m-1 Torr-1.", "contents": "Physiological and biophysical limits to work in the heat for clothed men and women. Heat-acclimated, lightly clothed men and women (four of each) walked on a treadmill at 25% and 43% VO2 max, respectively, (M =194 W.m-2), under seven air temperatures (Ta) ranging from 36 to 52 degrees C. Each experiment involved 1 h of fixed and a 2nd h of progressively increasing ambient vapor pressure (Pa). The relative steady state of rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), and heart rate (HR) reached in the 1st h were forced upward during the 2nd h by the rising Pa. The critical air vapor pressure (Pcrit) was identified by the Tre point of inflection for each Ta. One man did not fully reach steady state, but inflection could be determined for his physiological responses. The mean values of all points of inflection were calculated for Tre, Tsk, and HR. Significant sex difference in HR was found only by excluding the results of the one man. Tre and Tsk showed no significant difference between men and women. The coefficient for evaporative heat transfer (he), which could be derived using the Pcrit for the low Ta range, was 14.5 +/- 2.2 W.m-1 Torr-1.", "PMID": 670012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_212", "title": "Response of the renin-aldosterone system in the camel to acute dehydration.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA), renin substrate concentration (PRS), aldosterone concentration (PA), and cortisol levels were determined in five camels during dehydration (8-10 days complete denial of water) and at timed intervals after rapid rehydration in cool spring and hot summer weather. Plasma sodium concentration increased from 138 +/- 3.7 to 147 +/- 2.5 (mean +/- SE) meq/l during spring dehydration, and from 146 +/- 1.3 to 157 +/- 1.14 meq/l during dehydration in the summer. Plasma sodium concentration returned to control levels over the course of several hours following rapid rehydration. Only minor changes in plasma potassium concentration occurred. The hormonal changes were accentuated in the summer dehydration. PRA increased slightly on dehydration, and returned to control levels over the course of several hours following rehydration. PA increased slightly on dehydration but was markedly elevated 24 h after rehydration. PRS showed a slight increase following rehydration in the spring experiment, but no significant change in the summer experiment. Changes in cortisol were insignificant. The results are consistent with a role for angiotensin and aldosterone in enhancing sodium and water reabsorption from kidney and large intestine on dehydration in this species.", "contents": "Response of the renin-aldosterone system in the camel to acute dehydration. Plasma renin activity (PRA), renin substrate concentration (PRS), aldosterone concentration (PA), and cortisol levels were determined in five camels during dehydration (8-10 days complete denial of water) and at timed intervals after rapid rehydration in cool spring and hot summer weather. Plasma sodium concentration increased from 138 +/- 3.7 to 147 +/- 2.5 (mean +/- SE) meq/l during spring dehydration, and from 146 +/- 1.3 to 157 +/- 1.14 meq/l during dehydration in the summer. Plasma sodium concentration returned to control levels over the course of several hours following rapid rehydration. Only minor changes in plasma potassium concentration occurred. The hormonal changes were accentuated in the summer dehydration. PRA increased slightly on dehydration, and returned to control levels over the course of several hours following rehydration. PA increased slightly on dehydration but was markedly elevated 24 h after rehydration. PRS showed a slight increase following rehydration in the spring experiment, but no significant change in the summer experiment. Changes in cortisol were insignificant. The results are consistent with a role for angiotensin and aldosterone in enhancing sodium and water reabsorption from kidney and large intestine on dehydration in this species.", "PMID": 670013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_213", "title": "Effects of exercise on sleep.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that EEG sleep stages 3 and 4 (slow-wave sleep, SWS) would be increased as a function of either acute of chronic exercise. Ten distance runners were matched with 10 nonrunners, and their sleep was recorded under both habitual (runners running and nonrunners not running, 3 night) and abruptly changed (runners not running and nonrunners running, 1 night) conditions. Analyses of both visually scored SWS and computer measures of delta activity during non-rapid eye-movement (NREM) sleep failed to support the SWS-exercise hypothesis. The runners showed a significantly higher proportion and a greater absolute amount of NREM sleep than the nonrunners. The runners showed less rapid eye-movement activity during sleep than the nonrunners under both experimental conditions, indicating a strong and unexpected effect of physical fitness on this measure. Modest afternoon exercise in nonrunners was associated with a strong trend toward elevated heart rate during sleep. Mood tests and personality profiles revealed few differences, either between groups or within groups, as a function of exercise.", "contents": "Effects of exercise on sleep. We tested the hypothesis that EEG sleep stages 3 and 4 (slow-wave sleep, SWS) would be increased as a function of either acute of chronic exercise. Ten distance runners were matched with 10 nonrunners, and their sleep was recorded under both habitual (runners running and nonrunners not running, 3 night) and abruptly changed (runners not running and nonrunners running, 1 night) conditions. Analyses of both visually scored SWS and computer measures of delta activity during non-rapid eye-movement (NREM) sleep failed to support the SWS-exercise hypothesis. The runners showed a significantly higher proportion and a greater absolute amount of NREM sleep than the nonrunners. The runners showed less rapid eye-movement activity during sleep than the nonrunners under both experimental conditions, indicating a strong and unexpected effect of physical fitness on this measure. Modest afternoon exercise in nonrunners was associated with a strong trend toward elevated heart rate during sleep. Mood tests and personality profiles revealed few differences, either between groups or within groups, as a function of exercise.", "PMID": 670015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_214", "title": "Optimal rate of work for mountaineers.", "content": "The physiological responses of seven young male highlanders were recorded at high altitude while they were carrying loads (0, 25, 35, 45, and 55 kg) on snow at different speeds, supporting the loads on their backs by circular straps around the forehead. The rates of work calculated from the gross weight (body weight plus actual load in kg) multiplied by the speed of walking, m.min-1, ranged from 4,460 to 8,440 kg.m.min-1. The relationship between the rate of work and energy expenditure was rectilinear within the present range of values. The oxygen consumption (51.6 and 59.7 ml.min-1.kg-1 BW) for 55-kg load (at 4.09 and 4.64 km.h-1) possibly reached maximal aerobic capacity. At higher energy output at high altitude the subjects were exhausted after a short period of work. The proportion of increase of oxygen consumption per kg gross weight carried or per kg.m was almost constant up to a 55-kg experimental load. It is suggested that for day-to-day operations work should not be undertaken at more than 30-40% of maximal work capacity; a rate of work around 4,000 kg.m.min-1 (25-30 kg actual load at 3.0 to 3.5 km.h-1) may be considered as optimal for highlanders and porters at high altitude.", "contents": "Optimal rate of work for mountaineers. The physiological responses of seven young male highlanders were recorded at high altitude while they were carrying loads (0, 25, 35, 45, and 55 kg) on snow at different speeds, supporting the loads on their backs by circular straps around the forehead. The rates of work calculated from the gross weight (body weight plus actual load in kg) multiplied by the speed of walking, m.min-1, ranged from 4,460 to 8,440 kg.m.min-1. The relationship between the rate of work and energy expenditure was rectilinear within the present range of values. The oxygen consumption (51.6 and 59.7 ml.min-1.kg-1 BW) for 55-kg load (at 4.09 and 4.64 km.h-1) possibly reached maximal aerobic capacity. At higher energy output at high altitude the subjects were exhausted after a short period of work. The proportion of increase of oxygen consumption per kg gross weight carried or per kg.m was almost constant up to a 55-kg experimental load. It is suggested that for day-to-day operations work should not be undertaken at more than 30-40% of maximal work capacity; a rate of work around 4,000 kg.m.min-1 (25-30 kg actual load at 3.0 to 3.5 km.h-1) may be considered as optimal for highlanders and porters at high altitude.", "PMID": 670016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_215", "title": "A roentgenographic method for measuring nasal mucous velocity.", "content": "Nasal mucous velocity was estimated by following the motion of radiopaque discs of Teflon by means of a fluoroscopic image intensifier. From 5 to 10 discs were deposited on the superior surface of the inferior turbinate with a forceps. No local anesthesia was employed and the subjects experienced no discomfort. The linear velocity of the discs was obtained by playing the videotape onto a television monitor, measuring distance with a ruler, and dividing by elapsed time. Duplicate runs of 1-2 min, 15 min apart were very reproducible but runs at 4-h intervals or daily over a 5-day period had a coefficient of variation of 30%. Average nasal velocity for individual ranged from 0 to 22.5 mm/min and group means ranged from 6. 8 to 10.8 mm/min. There was no statistically significant difference in nasal mucous velocity between young and elderly subjects nor was there a sexual difference. The saccharin test of nasal mucous transport was unsatisfactory because of inability to repeat the test more often than 1-2 h and its propensity to produce mild discomfort in a significant number of subjects. Saccharin times did not correlate significantly with values of nasal mucous velocity.", "contents": "A roentgenographic method for measuring nasal mucous velocity. Nasal mucous velocity was estimated by following the motion of radiopaque discs of Teflon by means of a fluoroscopic image intensifier. From 5 to 10 discs were deposited on the superior surface of the inferior turbinate with a forceps. No local anesthesia was employed and the subjects experienced no discomfort. The linear velocity of the discs was obtained by playing the videotape onto a television monitor, measuring distance with a ruler, and dividing by elapsed time. Duplicate runs of 1-2 min, 15 min apart were very reproducible but runs at 4-h intervals or daily over a 5-day period had a coefficient of variation of 30%. Average nasal velocity for individual ranged from 0 to 22.5 mm/min and group means ranged from 6. 8 to 10.8 mm/min. There was no statistically significant difference in nasal mucous velocity between young and elderly subjects nor was there a sexual difference. The saccharin test of nasal mucous transport was unsatisfactory because of inability to repeat the test more often than 1-2 h and its propensity to produce mild discomfort in a significant number of subjects. Saccharin times did not correlate significantly with values of nasal mucous velocity.", "PMID": 670017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_216", "title": "Current-to-voltage convertor for measurement of oxygen.", "content": "A highly sensitive, miniature, inexpensive circuit for the measurement of PO2 in vivo has been described. The circuit is constructed from a current-to-voltage convertor, clamping circuit, differential amplifier, and reverse voltage and overvoltage protector. The design of the circuit allows us to apply voltage bias to the measuring electrode while grounding the preparation. The clamping circuit holds the selected bias voltage constant while the differential amplifier subtracts this bias potential from the PO2 signal yielding an output voltage that is proportional to the current sensed by the oxygen electrode. The circuit is protected from reverse voltage and overvoltage.", "contents": "Current-to-voltage convertor for measurement of oxygen. A highly sensitive, miniature, inexpensive circuit for the measurement of PO2 in vivo has been described. The circuit is constructed from a current-to-voltage convertor, clamping circuit, differential amplifier, and reverse voltage and overvoltage protector. The design of the circuit allows us to apply voltage bias to the measuring electrode while grounding the preparation. The clamping circuit holds the selected bias voltage constant while the differential amplifier subtracts this bias potential from the PO2 signal yielding an output voltage that is proportional to the current sensed by the oxygen electrode. The circuit is protected from reverse voltage and overvoltage.", "PMID": 670018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_217", "title": "A gas-stream heater to control local skin temperature under evaporative sweat capsules.", "content": "A compact 4-W gas-stream heater for use with ventilated sweating capsules is described. The heating element is constructed from two modified 75-omega power resistors connected in parallel and contained in the capsule gas inlet tube. Heater power is controlled with integrated circuits which compare the output of a thermocouple, measuring either capsule skin or air temperature, with a predetermined target temperature. The unit responds fairly slowly to sudden large changes in target temperature, but once a steady state is achieved, maintains target temperature levels despite changes in evaporative heat loss. The device is well suited for studies in which local skin temperature or capsule air temperature must be elevated and clamped while the effects of other local stimuli or central thermoregulatory activity are studied, and in studies where the skin temperature effect on transepidermal water loss must be controlled.", "contents": "A gas-stream heater to control local skin temperature under evaporative sweat capsules. A compact 4-W gas-stream heater for use with ventilated sweating capsules is described. The heating element is constructed from two modified 75-omega power resistors connected in parallel and contained in the capsule gas inlet tube. Heater power is controlled with integrated circuits which compare the output of a thermocouple, measuring either capsule skin or air temperature, with a predetermined target temperature. The unit responds fairly slowly to sudden large changes in target temperature, but once a steady state is achieved, maintains target temperature levels despite changes in evaporative heat loss. The device is well suited for studies in which local skin temperature or capsule air temperature must be elevated and clamped while the effects of other local stimuli or central thermoregulatory activity are studied, and in studies where the skin temperature effect on transepidermal water loss must be controlled.", "PMID": 670019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_218", "title": "Heat-injured rats: pathochemical indices and survival time.", "content": "Rats were exercised on a treadmill (9.14 m/min) in a hot environment (34.5 degrees C, 30% rh) until a rectal temperature of 42.0--42.5 degrees C was reached. Analysis of plasma constituents in subsequent serial blood samples demonstrated a highly significant inverse correlation between lactate concentration (P less than 0.001) and potassium levels (P less than 0.005) in blood samples taken immediately postexercise when both of these were correlated to survival time. Alternatively, plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in these samples, although significantly elevated over control levels (P less than 0.001), was not correlated with either survival time or lactate-potassium concentrations. When fluid was administered prior to the run and immediately thereafter to repress pathological effects, there occurred no changes in plasma lactate and potassium levels between the postrun sample and a second sample taken 60 min later, while CPK levels were significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) in the second sample. However, levels of all three indices were significantly elevated (P less than 0.01) in a third sample taken terminally despite the fact that the animals were restrained and sedentary during this interval. These findings indicate that the hyperthermic injury may have had fundamental pathological effects on metabolism and membrane integrity producing lactacidemia and hyperkalemia of sufficient magnitude to compromise cardiovascular performance.", "contents": "Heat-injured rats: pathochemical indices and survival time. Rats were exercised on a treadmill (9.14 m/min) in a hot environment (34.5 degrees C, 30% rh) until a rectal temperature of 42.0--42.5 degrees C was reached. Analysis of plasma constituents in subsequent serial blood samples demonstrated a highly significant inverse correlation between lactate concentration (P less than 0.001) and potassium levels (P less than 0.005) in blood samples taken immediately postexercise when both of these were correlated to survival time. Alternatively, plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in these samples, although significantly elevated over control levels (P less than 0.001), was not correlated with either survival time or lactate-potassium concentrations. When fluid was administered prior to the run and immediately thereafter to repress pathological effects, there occurred no changes in plasma lactate and potassium levels between the postrun sample and a second sample taken 60 min later, while CPK levels were significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) in the second sample. However, levels of all three indices were significantly elevated (P less than 0.01) in a third sample taken terminally despite the fact that the animals were restrained and sedentary during this interval. These findings indicate that the hyperthermic injury may have had fundamental pathological effects on metabolism and membrane integrity producing lactacidemia and hyperkalemia of sufficient magnitude to compromise cardiovascular performance.", "PMID": 670020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_219", "title": "Extravascular water content of heart and lungs after acute myocardial ischemia.", "content": "We measured the extravascular water content of hearts and lungs of anesthetized dogs subjected to one of the following protocols: a)sham operation, b) circumflex artery ligation, c) increased left atrial pressure (Pla), or d) increased Pla and circumflex artery ligation. After 4 h, extravascular water of the heart and lungs increased significantly in the three experimental groups when compared with values from sham-operated dogs. After circumflex artery ligation, extravascular heart water increased 29% and lung water 8%, although Pla and calculated pulmonary microvascular pressure (Pmv) did not change. Extravascular heart water also rose 30% after increasing Pla from 23 to 37 cm H2O by inflating a left atrial baloon. In these dogs, extravascular lung water increased as a hyperbolic function of Pmv. Increasing Pla to 20 cm H2O in dogs with coronary artery ligation resulted in a 16% increase in heart water. Also at each Pmv, extravascular lung water was greater in dogs with coronary artery ligation than in dogs without. These data indicate that the increased extravascular lung water after coronary artery ligation cannot be explained solely by hemodynamic mechansims. We suggest that acute myocardial ischemia contributes to an increase in vascular permeability in the heart and lungs.", "contents": "Extravascular water content of heart and lungs after acute myocardial ischemia. We measured the extravascular water content of hearts and lungs of anesthetized dogs subjected to one of the following protocols: a)sham operation, b) circumflex artery ligation, c) increased left atrial pressure (Pla), or d) increased Pla and circumflex artery ligation. After 4 h, extravascular water of the heart and lungs increased significantly in the three experimental groups when compared with values from sham-operated dogs. After circumflex artery ligation, extravascular heart water increased 29% and lung water 8%, although Pla and calculated pulmonary microvascular pressure (Pmv) did not change. Extravascular heart water also rose 30% after increasing Pla from 23 to 37 cm H2O by inflating a left atrial baloon. In these dogs, extravascular lung water increased as a hyperbolic function of Pmv. Increasing Pla to 20 cm H2O in dogs with coronary artery ligation resulted in a 16% increase in heart water. Also at each Pmv, extravascular lung water was greater in dogs with coronary artery ligation than in dogs without. These data indicate that the increased extravascular lung water after coronary artery ligation cannot be explained solely by hemodynamic mechansims. We suggest that acute myocardial ischemia contributes to an increase in vascular permeability in the heart and lungs.", "PMID": 670021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_220", "title": "Respiratory responses to intravenous and intrapulmonary CO2 in awake dogs.", "content": "Ventilatory responses to CO2 inhalation and CO2 infusion were compared in the awake dog. The CO2 was introduced directly into the systemic venous blood via a membrane gas exchanger in a femoral arteriovenous shunt circuit, and the extracorporeal blood flow, QX, was maintained constant at one of two rates: low, 0.5 l/min; or high, 2.0 l/min. A total of 13 experiments was performed in four dogs comprising 50 control and 25 inhalation and infusion observations at each of the two flow rates. Comparison of CO2-response curve slopes, S = delta V E/delta PaCO2, between CO2 inhalation and infusion showed no significant difference either within or between flow rates. The mean value of S for all conditions was 1.88 l/min per Torr with a 95% confidence interval of 1.66 -2.14. An independent additive ventilatory drive amounting to 28% of low-flow control VE was found at the highflow rate. We conclude that at constant blood flow the responses to both CO2 inhalation and infusion are hypercapnic and not significantly different.", "contents": "Respiratory responses to intravenous and intrapulmonary CO2 in awake dogs. Ventilatory responses to CO2 inhalation and CO2 infusion were compared in the awake dog. The CO2 was introduced directly into the systemic venous blood via a membrane gas exchanger in a femoral arteriovenous shunt circuit, and the extracorporeal blood flow, QX, was maintained constant at one of two rates: low, 0.5 l/min; or high, 2.0 l/min. A total of 13 experiments was performed in four dogs comprising 50 control and 25 inhalation and infusion observations at each of the two flow rates. Comparison of CO2-response curve slopes, S = delta V E/delta PaCO2, between CO2 inhalation and infusion showed no significant difference either within or between flow rates. The mean value of S for all conditions was 1.88 l/min per Torr with a 95% confidence interval of 1.66 -2.14. An independent additive ventilatory drive amounting to 28% of low-flow control VE was found at the highflow rate. We conclude that at constant blood flow the responses to both CO2 inhalation and infusion are hypercapnic and not significantly different.", "PMID": 670022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_221", "title": "Effect of pulmonary vascular engorgement on respiratory mechanics in the dog.", "content": "The immediate effects of pulmonary vascular engorgement (PVE) on lung and chest wall mechanics were studied in anesthetized, paralyzed dogs with the chest wall intact. A balloon-tipped catheter advanced retrograde into the left atrium was used to produce partial mitral valve obstruction and increases in pulmonary artery and left atrial preassures equal to 15 and 20 cm H2O, respectively. This increased pulmonary blood volume (PBV) by 50% and reduced dynamic lung ocmplicance 14%. With the airway occluded at different lung volumes, transient PVE produced a 6% decrease in compliance on the deflation limb of the pressure volume curve of the lung and a shift in the chest wall pressure-volume curve, which was consistent with an increase in chest wall volume equal to the increase in PBV. During apnea with the airway open, PVE reduced lung gas volume and increased chest wall recoil. We conclude that the changes in chest wall recoil associated with PVE are the result of an increase in total lung displacement volume.", "contents": "Effect of pulmonary vascular engorgement on respiratory mechanics in the dog. The immediate effects of pulmonary vascular engorgement (PVE) on lung and chest wall mechanics were studied in anesthetized, paralyzed dogs with the chest wall intact. A balloon-tipped catheter advanced retrograde into the left atrium was used to produce partial mitral valve obstruction and increases in pulmonary artery and left atrial preassures equal to 15 and 20 cm H2O, respectively. This increased pulmonary blood volume (PBV) by 50% and reduced dynamic lung ocmplicance 14%. With the airway occluded at different lung volumes, transient PVE produced a 6% decrease in compliance on the deflation limb of the pressure volume curve of the lung and a shift in the chest wall pressure-volume curve, which was consistent with an increase in chest wall volume equal to the increase in PBV. During apnea with the airway open, PVE reduced lung gas volume and increased chest wall recoil. We conclude that the changes in chest wall recoil associated with PVE are the result of an increase in total lung displacement volume.", "PMID": 670023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_222", "title": "Carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism following physical exercise in man.", "content": "To elucidate early metabolic adaptations of physical training obese and nonobese subjects were studied before and at different intervals after 1 h of bicycle exercise at 70% of maximal working capacity. Four h after exercise intravenous glucose tolerance (IVGT) and plasma level of alanine were decreased. Compared to the diurnal variation plasma concentration of cortisol was increased. Twenty-four hours after exercise plasma concentrations of cortisol and trihlycerides were decreased. Furthermore, plasma insulin during IVGT test was decreased and blood glycerol increased in the obese subjects. There were no changes in basal insulin, IVGT, or plasma levels of amino acids which were elevated in the obese subjects (valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine). Forty-eight hours after exercise plasma insulin during IVGT test and plasma triglycerides remained decreased in the obese subjects. Low cortisol levels 24 h after exercise might result in increased insulin effect leading to low plasma insulin levels seen in physically trained subjects. Elevated glycerol levels in the obese subjects might be the first sign of diminishing fat stores secondary to increased lipolysis.", "contents": "Carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism following physical exercise in man. To elucidate early metabolic adaptations of physical training obese and nonobese subjects were studied before and at different intervals after 1 h of bicycle exercise at 70% of maximal working capacity. Four h after exercise intravenous glucose tolerance (IVGT) and plasma level of alanine were decreased. Compared to the diurnal variation plasma concentration of cortisol was increased. Twenty-four hours after exercise plasma concentrations of cortisol and trihlycerides were decreased. Furthermore, plasma insulin during IVGT test was decreased and blood glycerol increased in the obese subjects. There were no changes in basal insulin, IVGT, or plasma levels of amino acids which were elevated in the obese subjects (valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine). Forty-eight hours after exercise plasma insulin during IVGT test and plasma triglycerides remained decreased in the obese subjects. Low cortisol levels 24 h after exercise might result in increased insulin effect leading to low plasma insulin levels seen in physically trained subjects. Elevated glycerol levels in the obese subjects might be the first sign of diminishing fat stores secondary to increased lipolysis.", "PMID": 670024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_223", "title": "Tracer priming the bicarbonate pool.", "content": "We have described a technique whereby the time necessary to reach an equilibrium enrichment of expired CO2 during a primed-constant infusion of [U-13C]glucose was shortened from 7 to 8 h to 1 hour or less. We applied the theory of the primed-constant infusion technique to the bicarbonate pool, with the \"constant infusion\" of labeled carbon dioxide originating from oxidation of the infused [13C]glucose rather than from a labeled infusion of bicarbonate.", "contents": "Tracer priming the bicarbonate pool. We have described a technique whereby the time necessary to reach an equilibrium enrichment of expired CO2 during a primed-constant infusion of [U-13C]glucose was shortened from 7 to 8 h to 1 hour or less. We applied the theory of the primed-constant infusion technique to the bicarbonate pool, with the \"constant infusion\" of labeled carbon dioxide originating from oxidation of the infused [13C]glucose rather than from a labeled infusion of bicarbonate.", "PMID": 670025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_224", "title": "Oxygen electrode design criteria and performance characteristics: recessed cathode.", "content": "A computer simulation of the steady-state operation of recessed (Whalen-type) polarographic oxygen electrodes has been developed to give the design factors important for performance optimization. The simulation makes use of a specially formulated three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system with the geometry identical to the actual recessed cathode and gives the oxygen concentration field induced by it in the surrounding medium. Equations are presented which allow one to calculate, for any recessed cathode, the current sensitivity, maximum stirring artifact, measurement error, and time constant. Comparisons with analytically obtained expressions for the corresponding quantities for idealized, spherosymmetric cathodes demonstrate the unique aspects of recessed-cathode performance. For commonly used electrodes, a recess length-to-cathode diameter ratio of greater than 10 is found to give a negligible stirring artifact, a negligible measurement error, and a rapid response.", "contents": "Oxygen electrode design criteria and performance characteristics: recessed cathode. A computer simulation of the steady-state operation of recessed (Whalen-type) polarographic oxygen electrodes has been developed to give the design factors important for performance optimization. The simulation makes use of a specially formulated three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system with the geometry identical to the actual recessed cathode and gives the oxygen concentration field induced by it in the surrounding medium. Equations are presented which allow one to calculate, for any recessed cathode, the current sensitivity, maximum stirring artifact, measurement error, and time constant. Comparisons with analytically obtained expressions for the corresponding quantities for idealized, spherosymmetric cathodes demonstrate the unique aspects of recessed-cathode performance. For commonly used electrodes, a recess length-to-cathode diameter ratio of greater than 10 is found to give a negligible stirring artifact, a negligible measurement error, and a rapid response.", "PMID": 670026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_225", "title": "Effects of hydrostatic pressure on conduction and excitability in rabbit atria.", "content": "The effects of hydrostatic pressure on cardiac conduction and excitability were studied in 39 rabbit right atrial preparations. Increases in pressure significantly increased atrial conduction time, i.e., 41% at 150 ATA. Excitability, determined from strength-duration (S-D) curves, was depressed by pressure. The slope constant of the S-D curve increased 64% at 150 ATA. Rheobase and the X-asymptote were not affected significantly. The depression of excitability partially accounted for the slowed conduction. Frequency stress and pressure had an additive effect to produce even greater decreases in excitability and increases in conduction time. Atrial refractoriness to premature stimuli also increased as a function of pressure. Nitrous oxide (2.5 ATA) partially reversed the effects of 150 ATA of pressure on conduction time and excitability. The results suggest that pressure acts by altering basic functional components of the myocardial cell membrane. Some of these changes, particularly when combined with frequency stress, i.e., rapid heart rate, may pose a serious threat to humans exposed to hyperbaric environments.", "contents": "Effects of hydrostatic pressure on conduction and excitability in rabbit atria. The effects of hydrostatic pressure on cardiac conduction and excitability were studied in 39 rabbit right atrial preparations. Increases in pressure significantly increased atrial conduction time, i.e., 41% at 150 ATA. Excitability, determined from strength-duration (S-D) curves, was depressed by pressure. The slope constant of the S-D curve increased 64% at 150 ATA. Rheobase and the X-asymptote were not affected significantly. The depression of excitability partially accounted for the slowed conduction. Frequency stress and pressure had an additive effect to produce even greater decreases in excitability and increases in conduction time. Atrial refractoriness to premature stimuli also increased as a function of pressure. Nitrous oxide (2.5 ATA) partially reversed the effects of 150 ATA of pressure on conduction time and excitability. The results suggest that pressure acts by altering basic functional components of the myocardial cell membrane. Some of these changes, particularly when combined with frequency stress, i.e., rapid heart rate, may pose a serious threat to humans exposed to hyperbaric environments.", "PMID": 670027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_226", "title": "Influence of aspirin and indomethacin on variability of alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction.", "content": "Alveolar hypoxia induces pulmonary vasoconstriction but the strength of alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction (AHV) is variable even within the same species. The influence of aspirin and indomethacin, cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, was examined in two groups of dogs, those with weak AHV and those with vigorous AHV. A double-lumen endotracheal tube allowed ventilation of one lung with nitrogen as an alveolar hypoxic stimulus and ventilation of the other lung with O2 to maintain systemic oxygenation. Perfusion to each lung was measured with xenon-133 and external counters. In weak reactors both aspirin and indomethacin induced fourfold enhancement of AHV (P less than 0.01), whereas no significant influence on vigorous reactors was noted. Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors also produced enhanced reactivity in the isolated lung to alveolar hypoxia and prostaglandin F2alpha but not to angiotensin II and norepinephrine. Aspirin-enhanced AHV in the isolated lung could not be diminished with blockade of angiotensin II receptors or of alpha receptors. In summary, weak AHV in intact or isolated dog lung may be due to an excess of a prostaglandin or prostacyclin vasodilator.", "contents": "Influence of aspirin and indomethacin on variability of alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction. Alveolar hypoxia induces pulmonary vasoconstriction but the strength of alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction (AHV) is variable even within the same species. The influence of aspirin and indomethacin, cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, was examined in two groups of dogs, those with weak AHV and those with vigorous AHV. A double-lumen endotracheal tube allowed ventilation of one lung with nitrogen as an alveolar hypoxic stimulus and ventilation of the other lung with O2 to maintain systemic oxygenation. Perfusion to each lung was measured with xenon-133 and external counters. In weak reactors both aspirin and indomethacin induced fourfold enhancement of AHV (P less than 0.01), whereas no significant influence on vigorous reactors was noted. Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors also produced enhanced reactivity in the isolated lung to alveolar hypoxia and prostaglandin F2alpha but not to angiotensin II and norepinephrine. Aspirin-enhanced AHV in the isolated lung could not be diminished with blockade of angiotensin II receptors or of alpha receptors. In summary, weak AHV in intact or isolated dog lung may be due to an excess of a prostaglandin or prostacyclin vasodilator.", "PMID": 670028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_227", "title": "Vagal and aerosol histamine interactions on airway responses in dogs.", "content": "Histamine aerosol was administered to 10 anesthetized paralyzed artificially ventilated dogs whose vagi were first intact, then cut, and then peripherally stimulated. Pulmonary resistance (RL) was measured and dose-response curves determined in the three conditions. The dogs were divided into two groups based on the initial response to histamine with the vagi intact. The low-dose (LD) group had a greater than or equal to 50% increase in RL when exposed to a histamine concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. The high-dose (HD) group had a greater than or equal to 50% increase in RL when exposed to an aerosol containing 3.0 mg/ml histamine or more. In both groups there was a dose-related increase in RL with histamine with the vagi intact, cut, or stimulated. In three of the LD dogs there was a greater than additive interaction between vagal stimulation and inhaled histamine, whereas in the HD dogs the interaction was at most additive. With the vagi cut, both groups had a significantly lesser histamine response. The results show that differences in histamine responsiveness between dogs is in part related to varying degrees of nonreflex histamine-vagal interaction.", "contents": "Vagal and aerosol histamine interactions on airway responses in dogs. Histamine aerosol was administered to 10 anesthetized paralyzed artificially ventilated dogs whose vagi were first intact, then cut, and then peripherally stimulated. Pulmonary resistance (RL) was measured and dose-response curves determined in the three conditions. The dogs were divided into two groups based on the initial response to histamine with the vagi intact. The low-dose (LD) group had a greater than or equal to 50% increase in RL when exposed to a histamine concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. The high-dose (HD) group had a greater than or equal to 50% increase in RL when exposed to an aerosol containing 3.0 mg/ml histamine or more. In both groups there was a dose-related increase in RL with histamine with the vagi intact, cut, or stimulated. In three of the LD dogs there was a greater than additive interaction between vagal stimulation and inhaled histamine, whereas in the HD dogs the interaction was at most additive. With the vagi cut, both groups had a significantly lesser histamine response. The results show that differences in histamine responsiveness between dogs is in part related to varying degrees of nonreflex histamine-vagal interaction.", "PMID": 670029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_228", "title": "Static mechanical properties of bronchi in normal excised human lungs.", "content": "Bronchographic studies were performed on 22 normal human lungs at transpulmonary pressures between 20 and 0 cmH2O. Pressure-diameter behavior of 322 bronchi was evaluated. In younger (less than 40 yr) subjects, the airways of males showed greater recoil than those of females. No difference between sexes was seen in older (greater than 40 yr) subjects. Bronchi less than 2.1 mm diam had a significant decrease in recoil with increasing age in males but not in females. Small bronchi had greater recoil than large bronchi in both sexes in the younger group but not in the older group. The younger group had evidence of anisotropic behavior of the bronchi not seen in the older group. The percentage decrease in lung volume for a given decrease in transpulmonary pressure was less in the older than in the younger subjects in both sexes. Measurements of the cube root of lung volume, bronchial length, and the position of markers attached to the pleura indicated that the lungs deflated in an overall, isotropic manner down to a pressure of 3 cmH2O.", "contents": "Static mechanical properties of bronchi in normal excised human lungs. Bronchographic studies were performed on 22 normal human lungs at transpulmonary pressures between 20 and 0 cmH2O. Pressure-diameter behavior of 322 bronchi was evaluated. In younger (less than 40 yr) subjects, the airways of males showed greater recoil than those of females. No difference between sexes was seen in older (greater than 40 yr) subjects. Bronchi less than 2.1 mm diam had a significant decrease in recoil with increasing age in males but not in females. Small bronchi had greater recoil than large bronchi in both sexes in the younger group but not in the older group. The younger group had evidence of anisotropic behavior of the bronchi not seen in the older group. The percentage decrease in lung volume for a given decrease in transpulmonary pressure was less in the older than in the younger subjects in both sexes. Measurements of the cube root of lung volume, bronchial length, and the position of markers attached to the pleura indicated that the lungs deflated in an overall, isotropic manner down to a pressure of 3 cmH2O.", "PMID": 670030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_229", "title": "Body mass, composition, and food intake in rabbits during altered acceleration fields.", "content": "The effects of gravitational loading and unloading on body mass, body composition, and food intake were investigated in chronically accelerated adult male rabbits. The intensity of the acceleration field was increased by 0.25-G increments at intervals that permitted stabilization of body mass and food intake to a maximal field of 2.5 G. Control rabbits of the same age were maintained at Earth gravity under the same conditions of light and temperature. A negative rectilinear relationship was observed between body mass and the intensity of acceleration field. In spite of this, the decreased body mass appeared to be regulated, since centrifuged animals readily regained their lost body mass upon realimentation after a 3-day fast. At acceleration intensities above 1.75 G, ad libitum food intakes as well as maintenance food requirements increased with increasing acceleration fields despite a corresponding reduction in body mass. Analysis of body composition indicated a significant decrease in body fat and an increase in body water in animals adapted to a 2.5-G environment. Within 6 wk after the animals were returned from 2.5 G to Earth gravity, body mass and food intakes returned to the precentrifuged levels of corresponding control animals.", "contents": "Body mass, composition, and food intake in rabbits during altered acceleration fields. The effects of gravitational loading and unloading on body mass, body composition, and food intake were investigated in chronically accelerated adult male rabbits. The intensity of the acceleration field was increased by 0.25-G increments at intervals that permitted stabilization of body mass and food intake to a maximal field of 2.5 G. Control rabbits of the same age were maintained at Earth gravity under the same conditions of light and temperature. A negative rectilinear relationship was observed between body mass and the intensity of acceleration field. In spite of this, the decreased body mass appeared to be regulated, since centrifuged animals readily regained their lost body mass upon realimentation after a 3-day fast. At acceleration intensities above 1.75 G, ad libitum food intakes as well as maintenance food requirements increased with increasing acceleration fields despite a corresponding reduction in body mass. Analysis of body composition indicated a significant decrease in body fat and an increase in body water in animals adapted to a 2.5-G environment. Within 6 wk after the animals were returned from 2.5 G to Earth gravity, body mass and food intakes returned to the precentrifuged levels of corresponding control animals.", "PMID": 670031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_230", "title": "Energy status of the rat lung after exposure to elevated PO2.", "content": "To study hyperoxic effects on adenine nucleotide content and lactate and pyruvate production by lungs, rats were exposed to oxygen at 1 ATA for 18, 24, or 48 h or to 4 ATA for 1 h. Subsequently, lungs were removed from rats, placed in an isolated-lung apparatus, ventilated with 5% CO2 in O2, and perfused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium containing 5.5 mM glucose and 4% bovine serum albumin. Uptake of serotonin from the perfusate was depressed 28% in rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen compared with unexposed controls. Concentrations of adenine nucleotides, the ATP/ADP ratio, and the \"energy charge\" were similar in control and oxygen-exposed rats. The production of lactate and the ratio of lactate to pyruvate production were significantly higher in rats exposed to oxygen for 48 h compared with other exposure regimens. Comparison of these results with those previously reported for serotonin uptake in lungs after hyperoxic exposure indicates that serotonin clearance is depressed prior to alteration of the energy status of the rat lung.", "contents": "Energy status of the rat lung after exposure to elevated PO2. To study hyperoxic effects on adenine nucleotide content and lactate and pyruvate production by lungs, rats were exposed to oxygen at 1 ATA for 18, 24, or 48 h or to 4 ATA for 1 h. Subsequently, lungs were removed from rats, placed in an isolated-lung apparatus, ventilated with 5% CO2 in O2, and perfused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium containing 5.5 mM glucose and 4% bovine serum albumin. Uptake of serotonin from the perfusate was depressed 28% in rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen compared with unexposed controls. Concentrations of adenine nucleotides, the ATP/ADP ratio, and the \"energy charge\" were similar in control and oxygen-exposed rats. The production of lactate and the ratio of lactate to pyruvate production were significantly higher in rats exposed to oxygen for 48 h compared with other exposure regimens. Comparison of these results with those previously reported for serotonin uptake in lungs after hyperoxic exposure indicates that serotonin clearance is depressed prior to alteration of the energy status of the rat lung.", "PMID": 670032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_231", "title": "Comparison of metabolic and ventilatory responses of men to various lifting tasks and bicycle ergometry.", "content": "Four male volunteers served as subjects to examine the metabolic and ventilatory cost of both positive and negative lifting tasks as compared to bicycle ergometry. In different experiments, four boxes weighing 0.91, 6.82, 22.73, and 36.36 kg were lifted up to or down from a height of 60 cm at rates as high as 70 lifts/min for periods of 4 min. The data were then compared to those obtained from bicycling at a rate of 50 rpm at work loads up to 1,500 kmp/min. Work at any given box weight had a substantially higher oxygen and ventilatory cost than similar levels of work on the bicycle ergometer. The reason for these differences appeared to lie in the energy cost of moving parts of the body. When the weight of the boxes was low, there was little difference between the oxygen cost of positive and negative work, but as the weight of the boxes increased, the expected physiological differences in positive and negative work was established.", "contents": "Comparison of metabolic and ventilatory responses of men to various lifting tasks and bicycle ergometry. Four male volunteers served as subjects to examine the metabolic and ventilatory cost of both positive and negative lifting tasks as compared to bicycle ergometry. In different experiments, four boxes weighing 0.91, 6.82, 22.73, and 36.36 kg were lifted up to or down from a height of 60 cm at rates as high as 70 lifts/min for periods of 4 min. The data were then compared to those obtained from bicycling at a rate of 50 rpm at work loads up to 1,500 kmp/min. Work at any given box weight had a substantially higher oxygen and ventilatory cost than similar levels of work on the bicycle ergometer. The reason for these differences appeared to lie in the energy cost of moving parts of the body. When the weight of the boxes was low, there was little difference between the oxygen cost of positive and negative work, but as the weight of the boxes increased, the expected physiological differences in positive and negative work was established.", "PMID": 670033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_232", "title": "Metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory factors in the development of fatigue in lifting tasks.", "content": "Three well-trained male subjects served as volunteers in these experiments to examine the physiological capacity for extended work during lifting tasks. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during lifting was always lower than work on the bicycle ergometer. However, the work load during lifting which could be maintained for 1--4 h was 50% of the VO2max for lifting each specific weight of box; the limit for lifting light boxes without fatigue was at an oxygen uptake of about 25% of the VO2max obtained from bicycle ergometry. Significant fatigue in the forearm muscles was found during prolonged lifting as assessed from the endurance of isometric contractions and from the surface electromyogram (EMG), and was more pronounced as the weight of the box increased.", "contents": "Metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory factors in the development of fatigue in lifting tasks. Three well-trained male subjects served as volunteers in these experiments to examine the physiological capacity for extended work during lifting tasks. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during lifting was always lower than work on the bicycle ergometer. However, the work load during lifting which could be maintained for 1--4 h was 50% of the VO2max for lifting each specific weight of box; the limit for lifting light boxes without fatigue was at an oxygen uptake of about 25% of the VO2max obtained from bicycle ergometry. Significant fatigue in the forearm muscles was found during prolonged lifting as assessed from the endurance of isometric contractions and from the surface electromyogram (EMG), and was more pronounced as the weight of the box increased.", "PMID": 670034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_233", "title": "Carbon dioxide--a major determinant of collateral ventilation.", "content": "The effects of local or systemic CO2 and changes in pulmonary vascular pressure and flow on the mechanics of collateral ventilation were studied in anesthetized, paralyzed dogs. The resistance to collateral ventilation (Rcoll) decreased by 36.1% when the air being infused into the obstructed segment was replaced with 10% CO2 while the animal was ventilated with air. When the air used to ventilate the animals was replaced with 10% CO2 while air was infused into the segment, Rcoll decreased by 38.6%. When blood flow into the pulmonary artery was stopped (stop flow), pulmonary artery and left atrial pressure decreased. Rcoll increased following stop flow to 125% of control; however, the fall in pulmonary vascular pressures preceded the change in Rcoll. The increase in Rcoll with stop flow was markedly reduced when 10% CO2 was infused into the segment. We conclude that collateral channels respond both to the local infusion of CO2 and to the CO2 concentration in the surrounding lung and/or blood, and that the state of distention of pulmonary vessels surrounding collateral ventilatory channels is not a primary determinant of Rcoll. In addition we conclude that bronchiolar channels rather than interalveolar pores are the pathways for collateral ventilation.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide--a major determinant of collateral ventilation. The effects of local or systemic CO2 and changes in pulmonary vascular pressure and flow on the mechanics of collateral ventilation were studied in anesthetized, paralyzed dogs. The resistance to collateral ventilation (Rcoll) decreased by 36.1% when the air being infused into the obstructed segment was replaced with 10% CO2 while the animal was ventilated with air. When the air used to ventilate the animals was replaced with 10% CO2 while air was infused into the segment, Rcoll decreased by 38.6%. When blood flow into the pulmonary artery was stopped (stop flow), pulmonary artery and left atrial pressure decreased. Rcoll increased following stop flow to 125% of control; however, the fall in pulmonary vascular pressures preceded the change in Rcoll. The increase in Rcoll with stop flow was markedly reduced when 10% CO2 was infused into the segment. We conclude that collateral channels respond both to the local infusion of CO2 and to the CO2 concentration in the surrounding lung and/or blood, and that the state of distention of pulmonary vessels surrounding collateral ventilatory channels is not a primary determinant of Rcoll. In addition we conclude that bronchiolar channels rather than interalveolar pores are the pathways for collateral ventilation.", "PMID": 670035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_234", "title": "Metabolic and cardiovascular adjustment to arm training.", "content": "Maximal and submaximal metabolic and cardiovascular measures and work capacity were studied in control (n = 7) and experimental (n = 9) subjects (S's) during arm work prior to and following 10 wk of interval arm training. These measures were oxygen uptake (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (R), cardiac output (Q), stroke volume (SV), and arteriovenous oxygen difference ((a--v)O2 diff). In addition, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured in both groups during treadmill running. Experimental S's showed significant increases (P less than 0.01) in peak VO2 (438 ml.min-1), max VE (17.7  l.min-1), max (a--v)O2 diff (20.8 ml.l-1), and work time (9.2 min) during arm ergometry, while maximum values of Q, SV, HR, and R remained unchanged. In addition, submaximal heart rates were significantly lower during arm ergometry after training. VO2max during treadmill running remained essentially unchanged. No changes in metabolic and physiological measures were noted for the controls after the 10-wk training period. The results support the concept of training specificity for VO2max, and indicate that the improvement in peak VO2 in arm ergometry reflects enhanced oxygen utilization due to an expanded (a--v)O2 diff.", "contents": "Metabolic and cardiovascular adjustment to arm training. Maximal and submaximal metabolic and cardiovascular measures and work capacity were studied in control (n = 7) and experimental (n = 9) subjects (S's) during arm work prior to and following 10 wk of interval arm training. These measures were oxygen uptake (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (R), cardiac output (Q), stroke volume (SV), and arteriovenous oxygen difference ((a--v)O2 diff). In addition, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured in both groups during treadmill running. Experimental S's showed significant increases (P less than 0.01) in peak VO2 (438 ml.min-1), max VE (17.7  l.min-1), max (a--v)O2 diff (20.8 ml.l-1), and work time (9.2 min) during arm ergometry, while maximum values of Q, SV, HR, and R remained unchanged. In addition, submaximal heart rates were significantly lower during arm ergometry after training. VO2max during treadmill running remained essentially unchanged. No changes in metabolic and physiological measures were noted for the controls after the 10-wk training period. The results support the concept of training specificity for VO2max, and indicate that the improvement in peak VO2 in arm ergometry reflects enhanced oxygen utilization due to an expanded (a--v)O2 diff.", "PMID": 670036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_235", "title": "Characteristics of inspiratory inhibition by phasic volume feedback in cats.", "content": "The dependence of phrenic efferent discharge on vagal-volume feedback was examined in barbiturate-anesthetized, paralyzed cats ventilated by a phrenic-driven servo respirator. The characteristics of the respiratory were altered for a single breath, and the resulting change in phrenic activity was quantitated by comparison with phrenic activity without phasic volume feedback. The relation between volume feedback and phrenic inhibition was determined both when inspiratory termination occurred during the rising phase of phrenic discharge and during the plateau observed with barbiturate-induced apneusis. Inhibition of inspiratory activity occurred only when lung volume exceeded a time-dependent threshold. Above this threshold, andextending over a substantial volume range, volume feedback caused graded and reversible inhibition of phrenic discharge. The threshold for graded inhibition declined progressively during the inspiratory phase, showing no obvious relation to the level of inspiratory activity. At any particular time, the relation between volume and phrenic inhibition was convex to the volume axis, and the slope of the relationship increased with inspiratory time. The results indicate that a) volume feedback inhibits inspiration in a graded manner, b) partial inhibition of phrenic activity renders it more susceptible to additional inhibition, and c) inhibitory effectiveness of volume feedback increases with time.", "contents": "Characteristics of inspiratory inhibition by phasic volume feedback in cats. The dependence of phrenic efferent discharge on vagal-volume feedback was examined in barbiturate-anesthetized, paralyzed cats ventilated by a phrenic-driven servo respirator. The characteristics of the respiratory were altered for a single breath, and the resulting change in phrenic activity was quantitated by comparison with phrenic activity without phasic volume feedback. The relation between volume feedback and phrenic inhibition was determined both when inspiratory termination occurred during the rising phase of phrenic discharge and during the plateau observed with barbiturate-induced apneusis. Inhibition of inspiratory activity occurred only when lung volume exceeded a time-dependent threshold. Above this threshold, andextending over a substantial volume range, volume feedback caused graded and reversible inhibition of phrenic discharge. The threshold for graded inhibition declined progressively during the inspiratory phase, showing no obvious relation to the level of inspiratory activity. At any particular time, the relation between volume and phrenic inhibition was convex to the volume axis, and the slope of the relationship increased with inspiratory time. The results indicate that a) volume feedback inhibits inspiration in a graded manner, b) partial inhibition of phrenic activity renders it more susceptible to additional inhibition, and c) inhibitory effectiveness of volume feedback increases with time.", "PMID": 670037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_236", "title": "Energy expenditure during simulated rowing.", "content": "Metabolic function was measured by open-circuit spirometry for 310 competitive oarsmen during and following a 6-min maximal rowing ergometer exercise. Aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions to exercise were estimated by calculating exercise O2 cost and O2 debt.O2 debt was measured for 30 min of recovery using oxygen consumption (Vo2) during light rowing as the base line. Venous blood lactates were analyzed at rest and at 5 and 30 min of recovery. Maximal ventilation volumes ranged from 175 to 22l 1/min while Vo2 max values averaged 5,950 ml/min and 67.6 ml/kg min. Maximal venous blood lactates ranged from 126 to 240 mg/100 ml. Average O2 debt equaled 13.4 liters. The total energy cost for simulated rowing was calculated at 221.5 kcal assuming 5 kcal/l O2 with aerobic metabolism contributing 70% to the total energy released and anaerobiosis providing the remaining 30%. Vo2 values for each minute of exercise reflect a severe steady state since oarsmen work at 96-98% of maximal aerobic capacity. O2 debt and lactate measurements attest to the severity of exercise and dominance of anaerobic metabolism during early stages of work.", "contents": "Energy expenditure during simulated rowing. Metabolic function was measured by open-circuit spirometry for 310 competitive oarsmen during and following a 6-min maximal rowing ergometer exercise. Aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions to exercise were estimated by calculating exercise O2 cost and O2 debt.O2 debt was measured for 30 min of recovery using oxygen consumption (Vo2) during light rowing as the base line. Venous blood lactates were analyzed at rest and at 5 and 30 min of recovery. Maximal ventilation volumes ranged from 175 to 22l 1/min while Vo2 max values averaged 5,950 ml/min and 67.6 ml/kg min. Maximal venous blood lactates ranged from 126 to 240 mg/100 ml. Average O2 debt equaled 13.4 liters. The total energy cost for simulated rowing was calculated at 221.5 kcal assuming 5 kcal/l O2 with aerobic metabolism contributing 70% to the total energy released and anaerobiosis providing the remaining 30%. Vo2 values for each minute of exercise reflect a severe steady state since oarsmen work at 96-98% of maximal aerobic capacity. O2 debt and lactate measurements attest to the severity of exercise and dominance of anaerobic metabolism during early stages of work.", "PMID": 670038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_237", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid acid-base balance during muscular exercise.", "content": "Ventilation, metabolism, arterial blood gases, and blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acid-base status were measured in exercise studies on seven ponies during mild, moderate, and near-maximal treadmill exercise. CSF and arterial blood were sampled via indwelling catheters. Generally measurements were made during the 3rd, 6th, and 9th minute of steady-state exercise, with CSF sampled only during the 9th minute. Alveolar ventilation (VA) and metabolic rate (VO2) increased proportionately during exercise below the anaerobic threshold, but above this threshold, VA increased at a faster rate than VO2. The similarity of these response to those observed in man suggests the pony is a suitable animal model for study of exercise hyperpnea. No change in CSF acid-base balance occurred with light-to-moderate work; however, with near-maximal work a fall in CSF carbon dioxide partial pressure due to hyperventilation caused CSF to become alkaline (pH = 7.380) relative to rest (pH = 7.330). CSF lactate increased slightly with exercise but had no effect on CSF [HCO3-], which remained constant from rest to severe exercise. We conclude that it is unlikely the hyperpnea at any intensity of exercise results from an increased H+ stimulation at the medullary chemoreceptor.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid acid-base balance during muscular exercise. Ventilation, metabolism, arterial blood gases, and blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acid-base status were measured in exercise studies on seven ponies during mild, moderate, and near-maximal treadmill exercise. CSF and arterial blood were sampled via indwelling catheters. Generally measurements were made during the 3rd, 6th, and 9th minute of steady-state exercise, with CSF sampled only during the 9th minute. Alveolar ventilation (VA) and metabolic rate (VO2) increased proportionately during exercise below the anaerobic threshold, but above this threshold, VA increased at a faster rate than VO2. The similarity of these response to those observed in man suggests the pony is a suitable animal model for study of exercise hyperpnea. No change in CSF acid-base balance occurred with light-to-moderate work; however, with near-maximal work a fall in CSF carbon dioxide partial pressure due to hyperventilation caused CSF to become alkaline (pH = 7.380) relative to rest (pH = 7.330). CSF lactate increased slightly with exercise but had no effect on CSF [HCO3-], which remained constant from rest to severe exercise. We conclude that it is unlikely the hyperpnea at any intensity of exercise results from an increased H+ stimulation at the medullary chemoreceptor.", "PMID": 670039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_238", "title": "Atrioventricular bundle degeneration associated with sudden death in the dog.", "content": "Twelve dogs that were necropsied after sudden unexpected death, sudden episodes of viciousness, or seizure disorder were found to have degeneration of the atrioventricular bundle of the heart. In addition, hypoxic-type degeneration was found in the hippocampus and the dorsal one-half of the midportion of the cerebral cortex of the dogs.", "contents": "Atrioventricular bundle degeneration associated with sudden death in the dog. Twelve dogs that were necropsied after sudden unexpected death, sudden episodes of viciousness, or seizure disorder were found to have degeneration of the atrioventricular bundle of the heart. In addition, hypoxic-type degeneration was found in the hippocampus and the dorsal one-half of the midportion of the cerebral cortex of the dogs.", "PMID": 670044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_239", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the canine urinary bladder, with metastases.", "content": "An enlarged nodular mass, assumed to be the prostate gland because of location and consistency, was palpated in the pelvic region of a 10-year-old German Shepherd Dog. Castration was performed as a therapeutic procedure after an estrogenic hormone failed to reduce the size of the mass. A tumor identified histologically as a seminoma was in the right testicle. The dog died 1 month after castration, and generalized metastatic neoplasia was observed at necropsy. The mass that involved the neck of the bladder and the metastases were identified as leiomyosarcoma.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the canine urinary bladder, with metastases. An enlarged nodular mass, assumed to be the prostate gland because of location and consistency, was palpated in the pelvic region of a 10-year-old German Shepherd Dog. Castration was performed as a therapeutic procedure after an estrogenic hormone failed to reduce the size of the mass. A tumor identified histologically as a seminoma was in the right testicle. The dog died 1 month after castration, and generalized metastatic neoplasia was observed at necropsy. The mass that involved the neck of the bladder and the metastases were identified as leiomyosarcoma.", "PMID": 670046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_240", "title": "Patent ductus arteriosus with pulmonary hypertension in a cat.", "content": "Patent ductus arteriosus with pulmonary hypertension and right to left shunting of blood flow was diagnosed in a 9-month-old female cat. Because of the pulmonary hypertension, the cat did not have typical signs of patent ductus arteriosus; thus, cardiac angiography and catheterization were utilized to confirm the diagnosis. The patent duct was successfully occluded with a vascular clip.", "contents": "Patent ductus arteriosus with pulmonary hypertension in a cat. Patent ductus arteriosus with pulmonary hypertension and right to left shunting of blood flow was diagnosed in a 9-month-old female cat. Because of the pulmonary hypertension, the cat did not have typical signs of patent ductus arteriosus; thus, cardiac angiography and catheterization were utilized to confirm the diagnosis. The patent duct was successfully occluded with a vascular clip.", "PMID": 670047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_241", "title": "Right-side torsion of the abomasum in dairy cows: classification of severity and evaluation of outcome.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was made of 100 cases of surgically corrected right-side torsion of the abomasum (RTA) in dairy cows. A classification for degrees of severity of RTA was developed, based on the amount of fluid sequestered in the abomasum. Serum concentrations of Na+, K+, AND Cl- decreased with increasing severity of RTA. Cows in the most severely affected classification were markedly hypochloremic and hypokalemic. The PCV, plasma protein concentration, and pulse rate increased with increasing severity of RTA. Statistically significant correlations were observed between postsurgical outcome and classifications of RTA, serum Cl- concentration, and pulse rate. The outcome was not statistically related to serum concentrations of Na+ or K+, PCV, or plasma protein concentration.", "contents": "Right-side torsion of the abomasum in dairy cows: classification of severity and evaluation of outcome. A retrospective analysis was made of 100 cases of surgically corrected right-side torsion of the abomasum (RTA) in dairy cows. A classification for degrees of severity of RTA was developed, based on the amount of fluid sequestered in the abomasum. Serum concentrations of Na+, K+, AND Cl- decreased with increasing severity of RTA. Cows in the most severely affected classification were markedly hypochloremic and hypokalemic. The PCV, plasma protein concentration, and pulse rate increased with increasing severity of RTA. Statistically significant correlations were observed between postsurgical outcome and classifications of RTA, serum Cl- concentration, and pulse rate. The outcome was not statistically related to serum concentrations of Na+ or K+, PCV, or plasma protein concentration.", "PMID": 670050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_242", "title": "Oxalate (Rumex venosus) poisoning in cattle.", "content": "Fifteen range cows died of oxalate poisoning caused by ingestion of Rumex venosus. Ecchymotic and petechial hemorrhages were prominent on the abdominal serosal surfaces. Approximately 2 L of thin, yellowish fluid was in the abdominal cavity, and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged and edematous. Other findings included catarrhal abomasitis; enteritis; pale, edematous kidneys; congested lungs; fatty infiltration of the liver; and nephrosis. In the kidneys, birefringent crystals resembling oxalate crystals were demonstrable only when frozen sections were examined.", "contents": "Oxalate (Rumex venosus) poisoning in cattle. Fifteen range cows died of oxalate poisoning caused by ingestion of Rumex venosus. Ecchymotic and petechial hemorrhages were prominent on the abdominal serosal surfaces. Approximately 2 L of thin, yellowish fluid was in the abdominal cavity, and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged and edematous. Other findings included catarrhal abomasitis; enteritis; pale, edematous kidneys; congested lungs; fatty infiltration of the liver; and nephrosis. In the kidneys, birefringent crystals resembling oxalate crystals were demonstrable only when frozen sections were examined.", "PMID": 670054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_243", "title": "Blister beetle poisoning in horses.", "content": "Case records of 21 horses with acute illness following ingestion of hay containing dead striped blister beetles (Epicauta spp) were selected for review. Abdominal pain, fever, depression, frequent urination, shock, and, occasionally, synchronous diaphragmatic flutter characterized clinical illness. Hematologic findings included hemoconcentration, neutrophilic leukocytosis, and hypocalcemia. Hematuria and low urine specific gravity were abnormal urinalysis results. Sloughing of the epithelium of the esophageal part of the stomach, hemorrhagic and ulcerative cystitis, enterocolitis, and myocardial necrosis were important post-mortem findings. Signs and lesions in 5 horses experimentally poisoned were similar to those of the natural disease. The findings were regarded as sufficiently characteristic of blister beetle poisoning to be useful in differential diagnosis but were not constant in all cases. Therefore, when blister beetle poisoning is suspected, access of affected horses to hay containing striped blister beetles should be demonstrated.", "contents": "Blister beetle poisoning in horses. Case records of 21 horses with acute illness following ingestion of hay containing dead striped blister beetles (Epicauta spp) were selected for review. Abdominal pain, fever, depression, frequent urination, shock, and, occasionally, synchronous diaphragmatic flutter characterized clinical illness. Hematologic findings included hemoconcentration, neutrophilic leukocytosis, and hypocalcemia. Hematuria and low urine specific gravity were abnormal urinalysis results. Sloughing of the epithelium of the esophageal part of the stomach, hemorrhagic and ulcerative cystitis, enterocolitis, and myocardial necrosis were important post-mortem findings. Signs and lesions in 5 horses experimentally poisoned were similar to those of the natural disease. The findings were regarded as sufficiently characteristic of blister beetle poisoning to be useful in differential diagnosis but were not constant in all cases. Therefore, when blister beetle poisoning is suspected, access of affected horses to hay containing striped blister beetles should be demonstrated.", "PMID": 670055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_244", "title": "Japanese pieris poisoning in the goat.", "content": "One fatal and 1 nonfatal case of Japanese pieris (Pieris japonica) poisoning in goats prompted experimental feeding of the plant at 0.1% of a healthy goat's body weight. Clinical signs observed included colic and nausea. The principal necropsy finding was inhalation pneumonia.", "contents": "Japanese pieris poisoning in the goat. One fatal and 1 nonfatal case of Japanese pieris (Pieris japonica) poisoning in goats prompted experimental feeding of the plant at 0.1% of a healthy goat's body weight. Clinical signs observed included colic and nausea. The principal necropsy finding was inhalation pneumonia.", "PMID": 670056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_245", "title": "Palatability studies of snail and slug poison baits, using dogs.", "content": "In 1975, the California Department of Food and Agriculture required registered manufacturers of snail and slug baits to present data showing the unattractiveness of these products to dogs, in order to reduce the number deaths in dogs due to poisoning by eating these baits. A cooperative project involving the University of California, the California Department of Food and Agriculture, and the snail and slug bait manufacturers was designed to assist the manufacturers in assessing the palatability of their products by dogs and to develop criteria for the regulatory agencies to use to ensure that the products they were registering were unattractive to dogs. The studies showed that most recently formulated baits were relatively unpalatable for dogs. A 2-panel consumption testing procedure was developed and is being used by the California Department of Food and Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency as criteria for registration. Current reports indicate a dramatic decrease in snail and slug bait poisonings in California after these criteria were established as requirements for registration of snail and slug baits.", "contents": "Palatability studies of snail and slug poison baits, using dogs. In 1975, the California Department of Food and Agriculture required registered manufacturers of snail and slug baits to present data showing the unattractiveness of these products to dogs, in order to reduce the number deaths in dogs due to poisoning by eating these baits. A cooperative project involving the University of California, the California Department of Food and Agriculture, and the snail and slug bait manufacturers was designed to assist the manufacturers in assessing the palatability of their products by dogs and to develop criteria for the regulatory agencies to use to ensure that the products they were registering were unattractive to dogs. The studies showed that most recently formulated baits were relatively unpalatable for dogs. A 2-panel consumption testing procedure was developed and is being used by the California Department of Food and Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency as criteria for registration. Current reports indicate a dramatic decrease in snail and slug bait poisonings in California after these criteria were established as requirements for registration of snail and slug baits.", "PMID": 670059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_246", "title": "An atlas of the dorsal thalamus of the marsupial brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula.", "content": "In several respects the dorsal thalamus of Trichosurus presents a level of organizational complexity considerably in advance of that seen in Didelphis. In particular, such features as the lamination of the dorsal lateral geniculate, the distinct subdivisions of the ventroposterior and lateroposterior complexes, and the more pronounced separation of the ventroanterior from the ventrolateral nucleus, are similar to conditions found in many eutherians. On the other hand, some features which Trichosurus shares with Didelphis, such as the lack of a median central nucleus, and the well developed midline nuclei, are usually said to be indicative of a more 'primitive' level of neural organization. In most instances the thalamic nuclei in Trichosurus are easily homologized with those of Didelphis and other mammals. The difficult areas are the lateral and posterior groups of nuclei, regions which have generally been troublesome in most mammals thus far examined. What does become apparent after this examination of the Trichosurus thalamus is that this representative of the diprotodontid radiation has produced some neurological features which strikingly parallel those of certain advanced eutherians while retaining other features generally considered to be generalized and primitive. Within the metatheria Trichosurus represents a considerable advance over Didelphis. However, as will be seen in later papers in this series, there are other features, particularly those of thalamocortical fibre distribution, which serve to set Trichosurus quite markedly apart from both Didelphis and at least certain eutherian mammals (Haight & Neylon, 1977b, c, 1978).", "contents": "An atlas of the dorsal thalamus of the marsupial brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. In several respects the dorsal thalamus of Trichosurus presents a level of organizational complexity considerably in advance of that seen in Didelphis. In particular, such features as the lamination of the dorsal lateral geniculate, the distinct subdivisions of the ventroposterior and lateroposterior complexes, and the more pronounced separation of the ventroanterior from the ventrolateral nucleus, are similar to conditions found in many eutherians. On the other hand, some features which Trichosurus shares with Didelphis, such as the lack of a median central nucleus, and the well developed midline nuclei, are usually said to be indicative of a more 'primitive' level of neural organization. In most instances the thalamic nuclei in Trichosurus are easily homologized with those of Didelphis and other mammals. The difficult areas are the lateral and posterior groups of nuclei, regions which have generally been troublesome in most mammals thus far examined. What does become apparent after this examination of the Trichosurus thalamus is that this representative of the diprotodontid radiation has produced some neurological features which strikingly parallel those of certain advanced eutherians while retaining other features generally considered to be generalized and primitive. Within the metatheria Trichosurus represents a considerable advance over Didelphis. However, as will be seen in later papers in this series, there are other features, particularly those of thalamocortical fibre distribution, which serve to set Trichosurus quite markedly apart from both Didelphis and at least certain eutherian mammals (Haight & Neylon, 1977b, c, 1978).", "PMID": 670061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_247", "title": "Fine structure of the stratum intermedium, stellate reticulum, and outer enamel epithelium in the enamel organ of the kitten.", "content": "Stratum intermedium, stellate reticulum and outer enamel epithelium at the secretion stage in lower second molars of 1 week old kittens were studied with the electron microscope after perfusion fixation. All cell types had a well-developed Golgi apparatus, free ribosomes and little RER. In the stratum intermedium, cytoplasmic processes occasionally contained many vesicles of different types and were connected to neighbouring cells by gap junctions. The number of gap junctions in the stratum intermedium increased greatly with advanced secretion. The cells of the stellate reticulum had large sheet-like cell extensions and surrounded large extracellular spaces. Often, two cell extensions ran parallel to each other, with a narrow extracellular space between them. The narrow spaces were filled with a fluffy material. The outer enamel epithelium showed a smooth basal surface when close to a blood vessel. Facing a larger expanse of connective tissue, the basal surface became folded, the basal lamina formed extended loops into the connective tissue and showed areas of increased density, and cell processes extended through the lamina into the connective tissue. The blood vessels associated with the outer enamel epithelium had many pericytes and resembled post-capillary venules. Macrophages showing vacuoles, aggregations of small vesicles, and peripheral flaps of cytoplasm were present, mainly in the stellate reticulum. These observations are compared with the structure of the human enamel organ, as reported in the literature, and their possible functional significance is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the stratum intermedium, stellate reticulum, and outer enamel epithelium in the enamel organ of the kitten. Stratum intermedium, stellate reticulum and outer enamel epithelium at the secretion stage in lower second molars of 1 week old kittens were studied with the electron microscope after perfusion fixation. All cell types had a well-developed Golgi apparatus, free ribosomes and little RER. In the stratum intermedium, cytoplasmic processes occasionally contained many vesicles of different types and were connected to neighbouring cells by gap junctions. The number of gap junctions in the stratum intermedium increased greatly with advanced secretion. The cells of the stellate reticulum had large sheet-like cell extensions and surrounded large extracellular spaces. Often, two cell extensions ran parallel to each other, with a narrow extracellular space between them. The narrow spaces were filled with a fluffy material. The outer enamel epithelium showed a smooth basal surface when close to a blood vessel. Facing a larger expanse of connective tissue, the basal surface became folded, the basal lamina formed extended loops into the connective tissue and showed areas of increased density, and cell processes extended through the lamina into the connective tissue. The blood vessels associated with the outer enamel epithelium had many pericytes and resembled post-capillary venules. Macrophages showing vacuoles, aggregations of small vesicles, and peripheral flaps of cytoplasm were present, mainly in the stellate reticulum. These observations are compared with the structure of the human enamel organ, as reported in the literature, and their possible functional significance is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 670062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_248", "title": "Time course of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine neurotoxic effects on fowl diencephalon and upper brain stem monoaminergic pathways.", "content": "In adult fowls the time-course of the neurotoxic effects of 5,6-DHT on indolaminergic neurons (in comparison with controls and with animals pre-treated with mebanazine, a MAO-inhibitor) was studied. It was shown that 5,6-DHT given into the third cerebral ventricle produced a rather selective degeneration of indolaminergic neurons which was most dramatic 4 and 7 days after the injection. Injured axons characterized by a pile-up of strongly yellow fluorescent material were seen in areas bordering the third ventricle, and in the posterior, medium and anterior hypothalamus, preoptic area, median eminence, n. tuberalis and paleostriatum augmentatum. A decrease in yellow fluorescence in areas distal to the injured axons was only detectable after 19 days. A certain regrowth of some terminal networks was observed 30 days after 5,6-DHT administration. Present data indicate that, in fowls, ascending indolamine neurons mainly originate in tegmental cell bodies and are organized in a large tract which runs along the medial forebrain bundle, sending terminals innervating several diencephalic and other subcortical areas.", "contents": "Time course of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine neurotoxic effects on fowl diencephalon and upper brain stem monoaminergic pathways. In adult fowls the time-course of the neurotoxic effects of 5,6-DHT on indolaminergic neurons (in comparison with controls and with animals pre-treated with mebanazine, a MAO-inhibitor) was studied. It was shown that 5,6-DHT given into the third cerebral ventricle produced a rather selective degeneration of indolaminergic neurons which was most dramatic 4 and 7 days after the injection. Injured axons characterized by a pile-up of strongly yellow fluorescent material were seen in areas bordering the third ventricle, and in the posterior, medium and anterior hypothalamus, preoptic area, median eminence, n. tuberalis and paleostriatum augmentatum. A decrease in yellow fluorescence in areas distal to the injured axons was only detectable after 19 days. A certain regrowth of some terminal networks was observed 30 days after 5,6-DHT administration. Present data indicate that, in fowls, ascending indolamine neurons mainly originate in tegmental cell bodies and are organized in a large tract which runs along the medial forebrain bundle, sending terminals innervating several diencephalic and other subcortical areas.", "PMID": 670063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_249", "title": "Fine structure of the myenteric and submucous plexuses in the stomach of a coral fish, Chelmon rostratus Cuvier.", "content": "The fine structure of the teleostean myenteric and submucous plexuses has been studied in the stomach of the coral fish, Chelmon rostratus Cuvier. The myenteric plexus is a prominent loose mesh containing nerve cells, myelinated and unmyelinated axon profiles, vesiculated axon profiles, Schwann cells, collagen and capillaries. Unmyelinated axons greatly outnumber the myelinated ones. Vesiculated axon profiles were uncommon, and synapses were rarely observed. Compared with the myenteric plexus, the submucous plexus was more modest in size; it was devoid of nerve cells and myelin sheaths were only occasionally seen.", "contents": "Fine structure of the myenteric and submucous plexuses in the stomach of a coral fish, Chelmon rostratus Cuvier. The fine structure of the teleostean myenteric and submucous plexuses has been studied in the stomach of the coral fish, Chelmon rostratus Cuvier. The myenteric plexus is a prominent loose mesh containing nerve cells, myelinated and unmyelinated axon profiles, vesiculated axon profiles, Schwann cells, collagen and capillaries. Unmyelinated axons greatly outnumber the myelinated ones. Vesiculated axon profiles were uncommon, and synapses were rarely observed. Compared with the myenteric plexus, the submucous plexus was more modest in size; it was devoid of nerve cells and myelin sheaths were only occasionally seen.", "PMID": 670064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_250", "title": "Cell death during the postnatal morphogenesis of the normal rabbit kidney and in experimental renal polycystosis.", "content": "We have studied, by means of optic and electron microscopy, the normal and abnormal cell death that takes place during the postnatal morphogenesis of rabbit kidney, and in the experimental renal polycystosis produced by methylprednisolone acetate. In the normal kidney intertubular cell death can be observed during the first 20 days of the postnatal development. However, cell death in the normal metanephric blastema is a very rare event. In the polycystic kidney numerous dead cells can be seen between the third and forty eighth days after injection. The topography and morphology of the dead cells depend on the stage in the evolution of the disease. In the 'stage of renal immaturity', dying and dead cells are present in the nephrogenic tissue, in the dilating collecting tubules and in the intertubular spaces. In this stage the cellular pathology is essentially nuclear. In the stage of tubular cysts, the dead cells are mostly located in the walls of cysts, with some dead cells, but mostly cellular debris in their lumina. At this stage the cellular pathology is basically cytoplasmic. The dead cells are eventually digested by what appear to be phagocytes of tubular epithelial origin. It is suggested that cell death is an important factor in the evolution of the lesions of renal polycystosis induced by corticosteroids, and probably in the initiation of the pathological process as well.", "contents": "Cell death during the postnatal morphogenesis of the normal rabbit kidney and in experimental renal polycystosis. We have studied, by means of optic and electron microscopy, the normal and abnormal cell death that takes place during the postnatal morphogenesis of rabbit kidney, and in the experimental renal polycystosis produced by methylprednisolone acetate. In the normal kidney intertubular cell death can be observed during the first 20 days of the postnatal development. However, cell death in the normal metanephric blastema is a very rare event. In the polycystic kidney numerous dead cells can be seen between the third and forty eighth days after injection. The topography and morphology of the dead cells depend on the stage in the evolution of the disease. In the 'stage of renal immaturity', dying and dead cells are present in the nephrogenic tissue, in the dilating collecting tubules and in the intertubular spaces. In this stage the cellular pathology is essentially nuclear. In the stage of tubular cysts, the dead cells are mostly located in the walls of cysts, with some dead cells, but mostly cellular debris in their lumina. At this stage the cellular pathology is basically cytoplasmic. The dead cells are eventually digested by what appear to be phagocytes of tubular epithelial origin. It is suggested that cell death is an important factor in the evolution of the lesions of renal polycystosis induced by corticosteroids, and probably in the initiation of the pathological process as well.", "PMID": 670065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_251", "title": "Postnatal development and differentiation of the opossum submandibular gland.", "content": "The postnatal development and differentiation of the submandibular salivary gland has been examined in sixteen groups of young opossums. At birth the glandular elements, dispersed in loose connective tissue, consist only of ducts that are immature in appearance and of irregular secretory end-pieces. Development occurs in two phases, the first from birth to approximately 31 days postnatum, and the second thereafter. During the first phase the ductular elements show separation into intercalated and intralobular ducts, and attain structural maturity. The larger ducts are concentrated centrally within each lobule and lie in a markedly vascular connective tissue. The secretory end-pieces, initially acinar in form, are lined by proacinar cells which exhibit intercellular canaliculi at the lateral cell membranes and a few dense granules in the apical cytoplasm. During the second phase of development extensive changes occur within the secretory end-pieces, which elongate to form a system of branching tubules. Component cells show an increased granular content, and those in the main body of the tubules differentiate into mucous cells. By 34 cm postnatum the proacinar cells in the bulbous endings of the tubules are replaced by special serous cells possessing intercellular canaliculi and secretory granules which are either electron-lucent or electron-dense. The sequence of changes that occur during postnatal development is discussed and related to possible functional activities. The early development of the ducts may be correlated with their role in homeostasis, while the later development of secretory tubules and the differentiation of secretory cell types may be related to the onset of weaning, and may possibly be induced by this major change in dietary habit.", "contents": "Postnatal development and differentiation of the opossum submandibular gland. The postnatal development and differentiation of the submandibular salivary gland has been examined in sixteen groups of young opossums. At birth the glandular elements, dispersed in loose connective tissue, consist only of ducts that are immature in appearance and of irregular secretory end-pieces. Development occurs in two phases, the first from birth to approximately 31 days postnatum, and the second thereafter. During the first phase the ductular elements show separation into intercalated and intralobular ducts, and attain structural maturity. The larger ducts are concentrated centrally within each lobule and lie in a markedly vascular connective tissue. The secretory end-pieces, initially acinar in form, are lined by proacinar cells which exhibit intercellular canaliculi at the lateral cell membranes and a few dense granules in the apical cytoplasm. During the second phase of development extensive changes occur within the secretory end-pieces, which elongate to form a system of branching tubules. Component cells show an increased granular content, and those in the main body of the tubules differentiate into mucous cells. By 34 cm postnatum the proacinar cells in the bulbous endings of the tubules are replaced by special serous cells possessing intercellular canaliculi and secretory granules which are either electron-lucent or electron-dense. The sequence of changes that occur during postnatal development is discussed and related to possible functional activities. The early development of the ducts may be correlated with their role in homeostasis, while the later development of secretory tubules and the differentiation of secretory cell types may be related to the onset of weaning, and may possibly be induced by this major change in dietary habit.", "PMID": 670067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_252", "title": "The surface structure of ageing human articular cartilage: a study by reflected light interference microscopy (RLIM).", "content": "The surface contours of the weight-bearing area of the left lateral femoral condyle have been examined in vitro in 26 cadavers by reflected light interference microscopy over the age range 0--47 years. The presence of 4 orders of surface irregularity was confirmed. In addition, measurement of the depth, diameter and frequency of the tertiary order of surface hollows showed that while none of these variables was sex-associated, age-related changes in the variables were present. Multiple regression analysis showed that these changes could be considered in terms of periods of maturation (0--21 years) and ageing (22--50 years) of the cartilage. Focal changes in the surface were observed with advancing age. These changes appeared to be regressive and possibly represent an early stage in cartilage fibrillation.", "contents": "The surface structure of ageing human articular cartilage: a study by reflected light interference microscopy (RLIM). The surface contours of the weight-bearing area of the left lateral femoral condyle have been examined in vitro in 26 cadavers by reflected light interference microscopy over the age range 0--47 years. The presence of 4 orders of surface irregularity was confirmed. In addition, measurement of the depth, diameter and frequency of the tertiary order of surface hollows showed that while none of these variables was sex-associated, age-related changes in the variables were present. Multiple regression analysis showed that these changes could be considered in terms of periods of maturation (0--21 years) and ageing (22--50 years) of the cartilage. Focal changes in the surface were observed with advancing age. These changes appeared to be regressive and possibly represent an early stage in cartilage fibrillation.", "PMID": 670068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_253", "title": "Age changes in the triangular fibrocartilage of the wrist joint.", "content": "On the basis of a study of 180 wrist joints from 100 fresh cadavers of individuals ranging in age from fetuses to 94 years, it is concluded that the triangular fibro-cartilage is very liable to degenerative alterations associated with ageing. Degeneration begins in the third decade and progressively increases in frequency and severity in subsequent decades. The changes comprise reduced cellularity, loss of elastic fibres, mucoid degeneration of the ground substance, exposure of collagen fibres, fibrillation, erosion, ulceration, abnormal thinning, and, ultimately, disc perforation. The changes are more frequent and more intense on the ulnar surface, and they are always situated in the central part of the disc. It appears that disc perforation is degenerative and age-related: thus there were no perforations in the first two decades of life; in the third there were 7.6%, in the fourth 18.1%, in the fifth 40.0%, in the sixth 42.8%, and in the over sixties 53.1%. There was an associated pattern of degenerative changes in the wrist joint as a whole. The structures adjacent to the articular disc (discal surface of the ulnar head, discal part of the lunate) were much more often involved, and the changes were much more advanced, than on non-discal surfaces. It is argued that this is because of more intensive biomechanical forces, particularly rotational forces, in the disc compartment of the joint.", "contents": "Age changes in the triangular fibrocartilage of the wrist joint. On the basis of a study of 180 wrist joints from 100 fresh cadavers of individuals ranging in age from fetuses to 94 years, it is concluded that the triangular fibro-cartilage is very liable to degenerative alterations associated with ageing. Degeneration begins in the third decade and progressively increases in frequency and severity in subsequent decades. The changes comprise reduced cellularity, loss of elastic fibres, mucoid degeneration of the ground substance, exposure of collagen fibres, fibrillation, erosion, ulceration, abnormal thinning, and, ultimately, disc perforation. The changes are more frequent and more intense on the ulnar surface, and they are always situated in the central part of the disc. It appears that disc perforation is degenerative and age-related: thus there were no perforations in the first two decades of life; in the third there were 7.6%, in the fourth 18.1%, in the fifth 40.0%, in the sixth 42.8%, and in the over sixties 53.1%. There was an associated pattern of degenerative changes in the wrist joint as a whole. The structures adjacent to the articular disc (discal surface of the ulnar head, discal part of the lunate) were much more often involved, and the changes were much more advanced, than on non-discal surfaces. It is argued that this is because of more intensive biomechanical forces, particularly rotational forces, in the disc compartment of the joint.", "PMID": 670069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_254", "title": "Structure of amniotic papillae in sheep.", "content": "The structure of amniotic papillae in sheep was investigated by light transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Papillae were found on the amnion near the umbilical cord in a majority of the sheep examined, from early mid-term onwards. The papillae possessed a basic connective tissue core with a varying degree of vascularity, the whole being sheathed in squamous epithelial cells in the earlier stages of development; but in larger, and presumably older, papillae, squamous epithelium was absent over the tips. The blood supply to these papillae was shown to originate from the chorion and to pass into the amnion at sites where the two members were closely applied to each other. Tentatively we conclude that amniotic papillae are complex organized structures which develop near amniotic plaques, or, in some instances, from the plaques themselves. The stimuli responsible for their growth and development are unknown.", "contents": "Structure of amniotic papillae in sheep. The structure of amniotic papillae in sheep was investigated by light transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Papillae were found on the amnion near the umbilical cord in a majority of the sheep examined, from early mid-term onwards. The papillae possessed a basic connective tissue core with a varying degree of vascularity, the whole being sheathed in squamous epithelial cells in the earlier stages of development; but in larger, and presumably older, papillae, squamous epithelium was absent over the tips. The blood supply to these papillae was shown to originate from the chorion and to pass into the amnion at sites where the two members were closely applied to each other. Tentatively we conclude that amniotic papillae are complex organized structures which develop near amniotic plaques, or, in some instances, from the plaques themselves. The stimuli responsible for their growth and development are unknown.", "PMID": 670070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_255", "title": "Glycocinnamoylspermidines, a new class of antibiotics. I. Description and fermentation of the organism producing the LL-BM123 antibiotics.", "content": "The producing organism for the new broad spectrum glycocinnamoylspermidine antibiotics designated LL-BM123beta, gamma1 and gamma2 was characterized as a Nocardia sp. by chemical analysis of the cell wall, growth requirements, morphology and physiological reactions. Fermentation conditions to elaborate and analytical methods to characterize these antibiotics in fermentation filtrates are described.", "contents": "Glycocinnamoylspermidines, a new class of antibiotics. I. Description and fermentation of the organism producing the LL-BM123 antibiotics. The producing organism for the new broad spectrum glycocinnamoylspermidine antibiotics designated LL-BM123beta, gamma1 and gamma2 was characterized as a Nocardia sp. by chemical analysis of the cell wall, growth requirements, morphology and physiological reactions. Fermentation conditions to elaborate and analytical methods to characterize these antibiotics in fermentation filtrates are described.", "PMID": 670081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_256", "title": "Glycocinnamoylspermidines, a new class of antibiotics. II. Isolation, physiocochemical and biological properties of LL-BM123beta, gamma1 and gamma2.", "content": "LL-BM123beta, gamma1 and gamma2 are three new antibiotics produced by fermentation of an unidentified species of Nocardia. These strongly basic, water soluble compounds were isolated from the culture filtrate by CM-Sephadex ion-exchange and carbon chromatography. All three antibiotics are active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. A mixture of LL-BM123 gamma1 and gamma2 is more active than the beta component but generally less active than gentamicin.", "contents": "Glycocinnamoylspermidines, a new class of antibiotics. II. Isolation, physiocochemical and biological properties of LL-BM123beta, gamma1 and gamma2. LL-BM123beta, gamma1 and gamma2 are three new antibiotics produced by fermentation of an unidentified species of Nocardia. These strongly basic, water soluble compounds were isolated from the culture filtrate by CM-Sephadex ion-exchange and carbon chromatography. All three antibiotics are active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. A mixture of LL-BM123 gamma1 and gamma2 is more active than the beta component but generally less active than gentamicin.", "PMID": 670082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_257", "title": "Glycocinnamoylspermidines, a new class of antibiotics. V. Antibacterial evaluation of the isopropyl derivative of LL-BM123gamma.", "content": "Isopropyl LL-BM123gamma, a novel semisynthetic glycocinnamoylspermidine antibiotic, was active in vitro against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with broad spectrum bactericidal activity against clinically important Gram-negative strains. In parallel tests, it was equal to or more potent than reference aminoglycoside antibiotics against Escherichia coli, Proteus, Enterobacter-Klebsiella, Serratia, Salmonella, and Acinetobacter strains. Against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isopropyl LL-BM123gamma compared favorably with gentamicin, verdamicin and amikacin but was less potent than tobramycin. Isopropyl LL-BM123gamma was active against many Gram-negative bacteria that were relatively resistant to aminoglycosides. It was rapidly absorbed following subcutaneous administration in mice and showed greater potency than gentamicin on both dosage and plasma concentration bases against several experimental infections.", "contents": "Glycocinnamoylspermidines, a new class of antibiotics. V. Antibacterial evaluation of the isopropyl derivative of LL-BM123gamma. Isopropyl LL-BM123gamma, a novel semisynthetic glycocinnamoylspermidine antibiotic, was active in vitro against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with broad spectrum bactericidal activity against clinically important Gram-negative strains. In parallel tests, it was equal to or more potent than reference aminoglycoside antibiotics against Escherichia coli, Proteus, Enterobacter-Klebsiella, Serratia, Salmonella, and Acinetobacter strains. Against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isopropyl LL-BM123gamma compared favorably with gentamicin, verdamicin and amikacin but was less potent than tobramycin. Isopropyl LL-BM123gamma was active against many Gram-negative bacteria that were relatively resistant to aminoglycosides. It was rapidly absorbed following subcutaneous administration in mice and showed greater potency than gentamicin on both dosage and plasma concentration bases against several experimental infections.", "PMID": 670083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_258", "title": "Globomycin, a new peptide antibiotic with spheroplast-forming activity. I. Taxonomy of producing organisms and fermentation.", "content": "A new peptide antibiotic, globomycin, was found to be produced by four different strains of the actinomycetes. They were identified as Streptomyces halstedii No. 13912, Streptoverticillium cinnamoneum No. 15037, Streptomyces neohygroscopicus subsp. globomyceticus No. 15631 and Streptomyces hagronensis No. 17834, respectively. Fermentation of globomycin was conducted by conventional submerged culture for antibiotic production, in which 10 microgram/ml of globomycin was produced by cultivation of S. halstedii No. 13912 for 96 hours at 27 degrees C. Globomycin was named after its activity to form global-shape spheroplasts when Escherichia coli was incubated in the presence of this antibiotic.", "contents": "Globomycin, a new peptide antibiotic with spheroplast-forming activity. I. Taxonomy of producing organisms and fermentation. A new peptide antibiotic, globomycin, was found to be produced by four different strains of the actinomycetes. They were identified as Streptomyces halstedii No. 13912, Streptoverticillium cinnamoneum No. 15037, Streptomyces neohygroscopicus subsp. globomyceticus No. 15631 and Streptomyces hagronensis No. 17834, respectively. Fermentation of globomycin was conducted by conventional submerged culture for antibiotic production, in which 10 microgram/ml of globomycin was produced by cultivation of S. halstedii No. 13912 for 96 hours at 27 degrees C. Globomycin was named after its activity to form global-shape spheroplasts when Escherichia coli was incubated in the presence of this antibiotic.", "PMID": 670084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_259", "title": "Globomycin, a new peptide antibiotic with spheroplast-forming activity. III. Structural determination of globomycin.", "content": "The structure of globomycin has been determined by mass, PMR and CMR spectra and by chemical degradation. Globomycin is a new cyclic peptide antibiotic composed of L-serine, L-allo-threonine, glycine, N-methylleucine, L-allo-isoleucine and 3-hydroxy-2-methylnonaic acid. Among these components, L-allo-threonine, L-allo-isoleucine and 3-hydroxy-2-methylnonaic acid are novel components from natural products. A newly developed mass analysis has been introduced for determining the diastereoisomers of allo-threonine.", "contents": "Globomycin, a new peptide antibiotic with spheroplast-forming activity. III. Structural determination of globomycin. The structure of globomycin has been determined by mass, PMR and CMR spectra and by chemical degradation. Globomycin is a new cyclic peptide antibiotic composed of L-serine, L-allo-threonine, glycine, N-methylleucine, L-allo-isoleucine and 3-hydroxy-2-methylnonaic acid. Among these components, L-allo-threonine, L-allo-isoleucine and 3-hydroxy-2-methylnonaic acid are novel components from natural products. A newly developed mass analysis has been introduced for determining the diastereoisomers of allo-threonine.", "PMID": 670085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_260", "title": "Modification of seldomycin factor 5 at C-3'.", "content": "Attempted removal of the 3'-hydroxyl group of seldomycin factor 5 via displacement of a sulfonate ester has led to 3'-epi-seldomycin factor 5. Removal of the hydroxyl group has been effected by the Barton procedure. The antibacterial activity of 3'-epi- and 3'-deoxyseldomycin factor 5 against various aminoglycoside-resistant strains is discussed.", "contents": "Modification of seldomycin factor 5 at C-3'. Attempted removal of the 3'-hydroxyl group of seldomycin factor 5 via displacement of a sulfonate ester has led to 3'-epi-seldomycin factor 5. Removal of the hydroxyl group has been effected by the Barton procedure. The antibacterial activity of 3'-epi- and 3'-deoxyseldomycin factor 5 against various aminoglycoside-resistant strains is discussed.", "PMID": 670086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_261", "title": "Tissue pharmacokinetics and inhibition of DNA synthesis in mice treated with sporamycin.", "content": "Examination of blood and organ concentrations of sporamycin in normal mice showed a rapid decrease of sporamycin from peripheral blood and a high level of sporamycin in urine 10 minutes after intravenous injection of the antibiotic. At the same time, the highest level was found in the kidneys and low levels were found in the lungs and spleen. When sporamycin was added to mouse organ homogenate at 37 degrees C, remarkable inactivation of sporamycin by the homogenate of the liver, kidney, testis, etc., was noted but this inactivation was slight by tumor homogenate. Sporamycin inhibited the tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA of normal tissues, but a different pattern of inhibition and recovery on the incorporation of 3H-TdR into DNA was observed among mouse organs. It was noted that the antibiotic may damage normal tissues in spite of a rapid excretion and inactivation of sporamycin in mice, but this damage was recovered rapidly within 1 approximately 2 days after the treatment.", "contents": "Tissue pharmacokinetics and inhibition of DNA synthesis in mice treated with sporamycin. Examination of blood and organ concentrations of sporamycin in normal mice showed a rapid decrease of sporamycin from peripheral blood and a high level of sporamycin in urine 10 minutes after intravenous injection of the antibiotic. At the same time, the highest level was found in the kidneys and low levels were found in the lungs and spleen. When sporamycin was added to mouse organ homogenate at 37 degrees C, remarkable inactivation of sporamycin by the homogenate of the liver, kidney, testis, etc., was noted but this inactivation was slight by tumor homogenate. Sporamycin inhibited the tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA of normal tissues, but a different pattern of inhibition and recovery on the incorporation of 3H-TdR into DNA was observed among mouse organs. It was noted that the antibiotic may damage normal tissues in spite of a rapid excretion and inactivation of sporamycin in mice, but this damage was recovered rapidly within 1 approximately 2 days after the treatment.", "PMID": 670087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_262", "title": "Modification of combined migraine-muscle contraction headaches using BVP and EMG feedback.", "content": "The effect of blood volume pulse (BVP) and frontalis muscle action potential (EMG) feedback on control of vasoconstriction of the temporal artery and frontalis muscle activity in combined migraine-muscle tension subjects was investigated in a multiple baseline design (across subjects and responses). The data indicated: (a) both subjects obtained an ability to control BVP during BVP feedback and EMG during EMG feedback; (b) there were decreases in frequency of migraine headaches during BVP feedback and decreases in muscle contraction headaches during EMG feedback. The results of this study supported the theoretical explanation of two pain mechanisms involved in combined muscle contraction-migraine headaches as well as the effectiveness of bio-feedback procedures that target directly the specific pain mechanism in the elimination of the two types of head pain.", "contents": "Modification of combined migraine-muscle contraction headaches using BVP and EMG feedback. The effect of blood volume pulse (BVP) and frontalis muscle action potential (EMG) feedback on control of vasoconstriction of the temporal artery and frontalis muscle activity in combined migraine-muscle tension subjects was investigated in a multiple baseline design (across subjects and responses). The data indicated: (a) both subjects obtained an ability to control BVP during BVP feedback and EMG during EMG feedback; (b) there were decreases in frequency of migraine headaches during BVP feedback and decreases in muscle contraction headaches during EMG feedback. The results of this study supported the theoretical explanation of two pain mechanisms involved in combined muscle contraction-migraine headaches as well as the effectiveness of bio-feedback procedures that target directly the specific pain mechanism in the elimination of the two types of head pain.", "PMID": 670111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_263", "title": "The use of physical restraint in the treatment of self-injury and as positive reinforcement.", "content": "Two experiments investigated the effects of a treatment package on the self-injurious behavior of three profoundly retarded persons who appeared to enjoy the physical restraints used to prevent their self-injury. The treatment package included physically restraining subjects contingent on increasing periods of time during which no self-injury occurred, and providing them with toys and attention during intervals between restraints. A reversal and multiple-baseline analysis documented that the rapid and complete reduction in self-injury by all subjects was due to this treatment package. Because these results suggested that physical restraint might function as a positive reinforcer, in a third experiment physical restraint was applied contingent on a marble placement response with one subject. A reversal design demonstrated that toy play systematically increased when each response resulted in restraint. The experiments have implications for the nonaversive remediation of self-injury in individuals who are restrained, as well as for the development and maintenance of self-injury in natural settings.", "contents": "The use of physical restraint in the treatment of self-injury and as positive reinforcement. Two experiments investigated the effects of a treatment package on the self-injurious behavior of three profoundly retarded persons who appeared to enjoy the physical restraints used to prevent their self-injury. The treatment package included physically restraining subjects contingent on increasing periods of time during which no self-injury occurred, and providing them with toys and attention during intervals between restraints. A reversal and multiple-baseline analysis documented that the rapid and complete reduction in self-injury by all subjects was due to this treatment package. Because these results suggested that physical restraint might function as a positive reinforcer, in a third experiment physical restraint was applied contingent on a marble placement response with one subject. A reversal design demonstrated that toy play systematically increased when each response resulted in restraint. The experiments have implications for the nonaversive remediation of self-injury in individuals who are restrained, as well as for the development and maintenance of self-injury in natural settings.", "PMID": 670112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_264", "title": "Use of social-skills training in the treatment of extreme anxiety and deficient verbal skills in the job-interview setting.", "content": "A 30-year-old recent college graduate, exhibiting extreme anxiety and deficient verbal skills in job interviews, was treated with a social-skills training procedure that included instructions, modelling, behavior rehearsal, and videotape feedback. Three target behaviors--focused responses, over coping statements, and subject-generated questions--were presented using a multiple-baseline design. Galvanic skin-response activity was monitored during pre- and posttraining in vivo job interviews. In addition, independent judges unobstrusively rated the subject's social-communicative behaviors in his temporary worksetting before and after training. Training resulted in expected changes for all three target behaviors and a decrease in the rate of speech disturbances. Physiological data supported the subject's report that training enabled him to deal with his anxiety more effectively during job interviews. Training was found to generalize to novel interview questions and different interviewers. Furthermore, unobtrusive measures of eye contact, fluency of speech, appropriateness of verbal content, and composure supported the subject's report that training generalized to his daily social interactions on the job.", "contents": "Use of social-skills training in the treatment of extreme anxiety and deficient verbal skills in the job-interview setting. A 30-year-old recent college graduate, exhibiting extreme anxiety and deficient verbal skills in job interviews, was treated with a social-skills training procedure that included instructions, modelling, behavior rehearsal, and videotape feedback. Three target behaviors--focused responses, over coping statements, and subject-generated questions--were presented using a multiple-baseline design. Galvanic skin-response activity was monitored during pre- and posttraining in vivo job interviews. In addition, independent judges unobstrusively rated the subject's social-communicative behaviors in his temporary worksetting before and after training. Training resulted in expected changes for all three target behaviors and a decrease in the rate of speech disturbances. Physiological data supported the subject's report that training enabled him to deal with his anxiety more effectively during job interviews. Training was found to generalize to novel interview questions and different interviewers. Furthermore, unobtrusive measures of eye contact, fluency of speech, appropriateness of verbal content, and composure supported the subject's report that training generalized to his daily social interactions on the job.", "PMID": 670113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_265", "title": "Training preschool children to recruit natural communities of reinforcement.", "content": "Four normal and four deviant children aged four-to-six years were taught to judge the quality of their academic work in a preschool classroom, and to prompt or cue their teachers to comment about the quality of that work. When these skills did not generalize spontaneously to other teachers in concurrent natural situations, generalized responding was taught by the experimenter, in multiple-baseline design across subjects. This generalization programming enabled the children to contact a sometimes dormant, but readily available natural community of teacher praise and reinforcement, i.e., to recruit an increase in cued praise and schedules of praise for their good work. These behaviors may be important to young children who find themselves bereft of attention in classrooms.", "contents": "Training preschool children to recruit natural communities of reinforcement. Four normal and four deviant children aged four-to-six years were taught to judge the quality of their academic work in a preschool classroom, and to prompt or cue their teachers to comment about the quality of that work. When these skills did not generalize spontaneously to other teachers in concurrent natural situations, generalized responding was taught by the experimenter, in multiple-baseline design across subjects. This generalization programming enabled the children to contact a sometimes dormant, but readily available natural community of teacher praise and reinforcement, i.e., to recruit an increase in cued praise and schedules of praise for their good work. These behaviors may be important to young children who find themselves bereft of attention in classrooms.", "PMID": 670114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_266", "title": "National Society for Autistic Children definition of the syndrome of autism.", "content": "It is helpful for the new student of autism to know the clinical and research basis from which our definition of the syndrome has been evolved. The main features and characteristics are no less meaningful for being recognized as working definitions, subject to alteration with the discovery of new knowledge about causation and treatment. Such research can be most useful, even when samples of autistic children with different specific characteristics are selected. However, it is necessary for the specific characteristics, and their selection purpose, to be identified explicitly. Likewise, the limits of applying the findings on such subsamples to other autistic children should be frankly acknowledged.", "contents": "National Society for Autistic Children definition of the syndrome of autism. It is helpful for the new student of autism to know the clinical and research basis from which our definition of the syndrome has been evolved. The main features and characteristics are no less meaningful for being recognized as working definitions, subject to alteration with the discovery of new knowledge about causation and treatment. Such research can be most useful, even when samples of autistic children with different specific characteristics are selected. However, it is necessary for the specific characteristics, and their selection purpose, to be identified explicitly. Likewise, the limits of applying the findings on such subsamples to other autistic children should be frankly acknowledged.", "PMID": 670130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_267", "title": "Plasma zinc, copper, and amino acid levels in the blood of autistic children.", "content": "Plasma zinc, copper, and amino acid levels have been measured in a group of autistic children. All three variables were found to be normal. These findings are in disagreement with the previously reported results of some other workers but if confirmed would indicate that autism cannot simply be attributed to a disorder of zinc metabolism.", "contents": "Plasma zinc, copper, and amino acid levels in the blood of autistic children. Plasma zinc, copper, and amino acid levels have been measured in a group of autistic children. All three variables were found to be normal. These findings are in disagreement with the previously reported results of some other workers but if confirmed would indicate that autism cannot simply be attributed to a disorder of zinc metabolism.", "PMID": 670131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_268", "title": "The cognitive--affective dilemma in early infantile autism: the case of Clarence.", "content": "This case study presents long-term follow-up data on Clarence, one of Kanner's original cases of infantile autism. Clarence's attempts to establish a heterosexual relationship and his plans for marriage are described. His success is attributed in part to therapeutic intervention, which was directed at promoting affective responsiveness in the patient. The case of Clarence is seen as lending support to the thesis of DesLauriers and Carlson (1969), who maintain that the core problem in infantile autism is a disturbance of affective contact.", "contents": "The cognitive--affective dilemma in early infantile autism: the case of Clarence. This case study presents long-term follow-up data on Clarence, one of Kanner's original cases of infantile autism. Clarence's attempts to establish a heterosexual relationship and his plans for marriage are described. His success is attributed in part to therapeutic intervention, which was directed at promoting affective responsiveness in the patient. The case of Clarence is seen as lending support to the thesis of DesLauriers and Carlson (1969), who maintain that the core problem in infantile autism is a disturbance of affective contact.", "PMID": 670132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_269", "title": "In vitro translation of polyadenylate-containing RNAs from dormant and germinating spores of the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae.", "content": "Polyadenylated RNA isolated by oligodeoxythymidylate-cellulose chromatography from spores of the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae was translated in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat embryo. Reaction conditions which would yield efficient and accurate in vitro translation of the spore RNA were established. Dual isotopically labeled mixtures of in vitro translation products from germinated and dormant spore polyadenylated RNA, as well as polyadenylated RNAs from intermediate stages of germination, produced qualitatively similar gel electrophoresis patterns, with polypeptides of 10,000 to 55,000 molecular weight. Proteins synthesized in vivo and extracted from germinating spores at three different stages possessed a greater size range, with molecular weights up to 85,000, although the in vitro synthesis apparently did yield the lower-molecular-weight proteins which were synthesized in vivo. Tryptic digest patterns of proteins translated in vitro from polyadenylated RNA of dormant and germinated spores were found to be identical in positions in only 40% of the spots. Furthermore, a dual-label comparison by isoelectric focusing of proteins translated from polyadenylated RNA of germinated and dormant spores also showed qualitative and quantitative differences among the in vitro translation products. We conclude that there are differences between the in vitro translation products of mRNA from dormant and germinated spores and that the mRNA preserved in the dormant spores contains genetic information which is qualitatively different from that of the germinated spores.", "contents": "In vitro translation of polyadenylate-containing RNAs from dormant and germinating spores of the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae. Polyadenylated RNA isolated by oligodeoxythymidylate-cellulose chromatography from spores of the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae was translated in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat embryo. Reaction conditions which would yield efficient and accurate in vitro translation of the spore RNA were established. Dual isotopically labeled mixtures of in vitro translation products from germinated and dormant spore polyadenylated RNA, as well as polyadenylated RNAs from intermediate stages of germination, produced qualitatively similar gel electrophoresis patterns, with polypeptides of 10,000 to 55,000 molecular weight. Proteins synthesized in vivo and extracted from germinating spores at three different stages possessed a greater size range, with molecular weights up to 85,000, although the in vitro synthesis apparently did yield the lower-molecular-weight proteins which were synthesized in vivo. Tryptic digest patterns of proteins translated in vitro from polyadenylated RNA of dormant and germinated spores were found to be identical in positions in only 40% of the spots. Furthermore, a dual-label comparison by isoelectric focusing of proteins translated from polyadenylated RNA of germinated and dormant spores also showed qualitative and quantitative differences among the in vitro translation products. We conclude that there are differences between the in vitro translation products of mRNA from dormant and germinated spores and that the mRNA preserved in the dormant spores contains genetic information which is qualitatively different from that of the germinated spores.", "PMID": 670146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_270", "title": "Regulation of cell cycle events in asymmetrically dividing cells: functions required for DNA initiation and chain elongation in Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "To study the regulation of cell cycle events after asymmetric cell division in Caulobacter crescentus, we have identified functions that are required for DNA synthesis in the stalked cell produced at division and in the new stalked cell that develops from the swarmer cell 60 min after division. The initiation of DNA synthesis in the two progeny cells is dependent upon at least two common functions. One of these is a requirement for protein synthesis and the other is a gene product identified in a temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutant. DNA chain elongation requires a third common function. The characteristic pattern of DNA synthesis in C. crescentus appears to be controlled in part by the expression of these functions in the two stalked cells at different times after cell division. The age distribution for Caulobacter cells in an exponential population has been calculated (Appendix by Robert Tax) and used to analyze some of the results.", "contents": "Regulation of cell cycle events in asymmetrically dividing cells: functions required for DNA initiation and chain elongation in Caulobacter crescentus. To study the regulation of cell cycle events after asymmetric cell division in Caulobacter crescentus, we have identified functions that are required for DNA synthesis in the stalked cell produced at division and in the new stalked cell that develops from the swarmer cell 60 min after division. The initiation of DNA synthesis in the two progeny cells is dependent upon at least two common functions. One of these is a requirement for protein synthesis and the other is a gene product identified in a temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutant. DNA chain elongation requires a third common function. The characteristic pattern of DNA synthesis in C. crescentus appears to be controlled in part by the expression of these functions in the two stalked cells at different times after cell division. The age distribution for Caulobacter cells in an exponential population has been calculated (Appendix by Robert Tax) and used to analyze some of the results.", "PMID": 670147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_271", "title": "Presence of squalene in gram-positive bacteria.", "content": "The presence of the isoprenoid squalene, synthesized de novo, was demonstrated in 64 out of 73 strains of gram-positive bacteria by thin-layer chromatography. This observation was confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography, chemical reactivity, incorporation of radiolabeled precursor, and by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy of thin-layer chromatography-recovered material.", "contents": "Presence of squalene in gram-positive bacteria. The presence of the isoprenoid squalene, synthesized de novo, was demonstrated in 64 out of 73 strains of gram-positive bacteria by thin-layer chromatography. This observation was confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography, chemical reactivity, incorporation of radiolabeled precursor, and by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy of thin-layer chromatography-recovered material.", "PMID": 670148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_272", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a plaque-forming lambda bacteriophage carrying a ColE1 plasmid.", "content": "A plaque-forming lambdaimm434 bacteriophage carrying the entire genome of colicinogenic factor E1 has been isolated and characterized. This phage, lambdaimm434ColE1, can lysogenize as a stable plasmid within a recombination-deficient Escherichia coli cell that lacks the normal attachment site for lambda phage. Furthermore, it has been found that lambdaimm434ColE1 phage carrying amber mutations in the O and P genes of the lambda genome, i.e., lambdaimm434OamPamColE1, behaves as a plaque-forming phage, and this finding suggests that the ColE1 factor DNA permits replication of the DNA of the plaque-forming phage.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a plaque-forming lambda bacteriophage carrying a ColE1 plasmid. A plaque-forming lambdaimm434 bacteriophage carrying the entire genome of colicinogenic factor E1 has been isolated and characterized. This phage, lambdaimm434ColE1, can lysogenize as a stable plasmid within a recombination-deficient Escherichia coli cell that lacks the normal attachment site for lambda phage. Furthermore, it has been found that lambdaimm434ColE1 phage carrying amber mutations in the O and P genes of the lambda genome, i.e., lambdaimm434OamPamColE1, behaves as a plaque-forming phage, and this finding suggests that the ColE1 factor DNA permits replication of the DNA of the plaque-forming phage.", "PMID": 670149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_273", "title": "NIC, a conjugative nicotine-nicotinate degradative plasmid in Pseudomonas convexa.", "content": "The plasmid nature of genes specifying degradation of nicotine and nicotinate in Pseudomas convexa strain 1 (Pc1) is indicated by mitomycin curing and conjugational transfer to other strains. The NIC plasmid appears to be compatible with other metabolic plasmids in Pseudomonas putida.", "contents": "NIC, a conjugative nicotine-nicotinate degradative plasmid in Pseudomonas convexa. The plasmid nature of genes specifying degradation of nicotine and nicotinate in Pseudomas convexa strain 1 (Pc1) is indicated by mitomycin curing and conjugational transfer to other strains. The NIC plasmid appears to be compatible with other metabolic plasmids in Pseudomonas putida.", "PMID": 670150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_274", "title": "Purification and properties of an extracellular exonuclease from Thermus thermophilus HB8.", "content": "An extracellular exonuclease has been found and purified about 10,000-fold from the culture broth of an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. The enzyme had an isoelectric point at pH 5.1 and seems to be of a multimolecular type, with molecular weights estimated to be ca. 530,000 (Peak I) and around 330,000 (Peak II) by gel filtration. The properties of the most highly purified enzyme fraction, Peak I were investigated. The enzyme requires divalent cations (Mg2+ greater than Sn2+ greater than Ca2+, Mn2+) and is inactive in the presence of EDTA. The pH optimum is 9.4-9.5 in glycine-NaOH buffer and the optimum temperature is 85 degrees C. The rate of hydrolysis increases in the order heat-denatured DNA greater than native DNA greater than RNA. The enzyme hydrolyzes deoxyoligonucleotides bearing 5'-monophosphate to liberate 5'-mononucleotides in an exonucleolytic manner. However, oligonucleotides lacking a 5'-phosphoryl group, irrespective of the presence or absence of phosphate at the 3'-termini, give both 5'-mononucleotides and dinucleoside monophosphates derived from the 5'-termini. It was also found that dinucleotides terminated with a 5'-phosphoryl group were cleaved to 5'-mononucleotides, but dinucleoside monophosphates were resistant to this enzyme. This exonuclease should be useful in the direct determination of sequence at the 5'-terminus and the penultimate position of oligonucleotides by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Purification and properties of an extracellular exonuclease from Thermus thermophilus HB8. An extracellular exonuclease has been found and purified about 10,000-fold from the culture broth of an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. The enzyme had an isoelectric point at pH 5.1 and seems to be of a multimolecular type, with molecular weights estimated to be ca. 530,000 (Peak I) and around 330,000 (Peak II) by gel filtration. The properties of the most highly purified enzyme fraction, Peak I were investigated. The enzyme requires divalent cations (Mg2+ greater than Sn2+ greater than Ca2+, Mn2+) and is inactive in the presence of EDTA. The pH optimum is 9.4-9.5 in glycine-NaOH buffer and the optimum temperature is 85 degrees C. The rate of hydrolysis increases in the order heat-denatured DNA greater than native DNA greater than RNA. The enzyme hydrolyzes deoxyoligonucleotides bearing 5'-monophosphate to liberate 5'-mononucleotides in an exonucleolytic manner. However, oligonucleotides lacking a 5'-phosphoryl group, irrespective of the presence or absence of phosphate at the 3'-termini, give both 5'-mononucleotides and dinucleoside monophosphates derived from the 5'-termini. It was also found that dinucleotides terminated with a 5'-phosphoryl group were cleaved to 5'-mononucleotides, but dinucleoside monophosphates were resistant to this enzyme. This exonuclease should be useful in the direct determination of sequence at the 5'-terminus and the penultimate position of oligonucleotides by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 670151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_275", "title": "Rapid purification of threonyl-tRNA synthetase from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis by affinity elution from phosphocellulose.", "content": "Threonyl-tRNA synthetase [EC 6.1.1.3] of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was highly purified by a simple enzyme-substrate affinity method. After calcium-gel treatment of the crude enzyme extract, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and removal of polynucleotides with DEAE-cellulose, the enzyme was nonspecifically adsorbed onto phosphocellulose (P-cellulose), and then eluted specifically with a linear concentration gradient of threonine tRNA from torula yeast (Candida (Torulopsis) utilis). The enzyme was purified 303-fold from the calcium-gel supernatant. This purification method is very simple and time-saving. The purified enzyme gave a single band on SDS-gel electrophoresis, indicating a molecular weight of 82,000, and exhibited a molecular weight of about 150,000 by gel filtration. This suggests that the enzyme consists of two identical subunits. Some kinetic properties of the pure enzyme are described.", "contents": "Rapid purification of threonyl-tRNA synthetase from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis by affinity elution from phosphocellulose. Threonyl-tRNA synthetase [EC 6.1.1.3] of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was highly purified by a simple enzyme-substrate affinity method. After calcium-gel treatment of the crude enzyme extract, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and removal of polynucleotides with DEAE-cellulose, the enzyme was nonspecifically adsorbed onto phosphocellulose (P-cellulose), and then eluted specifically with a linear concentration gradient of threonine tRNA from torula yeast (Candida (Torulopsis) utilis). The enzyme was purified 303-fold from the calcium-gel supernatant. This purification method is very simple and time-saving. The purified enzyme gave a single band on SDS-gel electrophoresis, indicating a molecular weight of 82,000, and exhibited a molecular weight of about 150,000 by gel filtration. This suggests that the enzyme consists of two identical subunits. Some kinetic properties of the pure enzyme are described.", "PMID": 670153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_276", "title": "Methylamine dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas sp. J. Reconstitution from its subunits.", "content": "Conditions for the restoration of catalytic activity from heavy and light subunits which had been isolated from methylamine dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas sp. J were investigated in vitro. Maximal restoration of the activity was obtained in 0.8 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0-9.3, at 30 degrees C with equimolar concentrations of the two subunits. Under the optimal conditions, the recovery of enzyme activity was 86% and the time required for half-maximal recovery was about 3 min. Addition of bovine serum albumin or p-chloromercuribenzoate to the incubation mixture had no effect on the rate or extent of recovery of the enzyme activity. When the heavy subunit was added to the light subunit, the absorption spectrum of the light subunit changed to a form similar to that observed for the native enzyme. The concentration of methylamine required to change the spectrum of the light subunit was greatly decreased in the presence of the heavy subunit. Reconstituted enzyme was prepared from the isolated subunits and purified by gel chromatography. The reconstituted enzyme resembled the native enzyme in specific activity, molecular weight, substrate specificity, reaction mechanism, Michaelis constants for methylamine and phenazine methosulfate, susceptibility to inhibitor, and absorption, fluorescence and ESR spectra. However, it was less stable than the native enzyme to thermal and pH treatments. The CD spectrum was also slightly different from that of the native enzyme.", "contents": "Methylamine dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas sp. J. Reconstitution from its subunits. Conditions for the restoration of catalytic activity from heavy and light subunits which had been isolated from methylamine dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas sp. J were investigated in vitro. Maximal restoration of the activity was obtained in 0.8 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0-9.3, at 30 degrees C with equimolar concentrations of the two subunits. Under the optimal conditions, the recovery of enzyme activity was 86% and the time required for half-maximal recovery was about 3 min. Addition of bovine serum albumin or p-chloromercuribenzoate to the incubation mixture had no effect on the rate or extent of recovery of the enzyme activity. When the heavy subunit was added to the light subunit, the absorption spectrum of the light subunit changed to a form similar to that observed for the native enzyme. The concentration of methylamine required to change the spectrum of the light subunit was greatly decreased in the presence of the heavy subunit. Reconstituted enzyme was prepared from the isolated subunits and purified by gel chromatography. The reconstituted enzyme resembled the native enzyme in specific activity, molecular weight, substrate specificity, reaction mechanism, Michaelis constants for methylamine and phenazine methosulfate, susceptibility to inhibitor, and absorption, fluorescence and ESR spectra. However, it was less stable than the native enzyme to thermal and pH treatments. The CD spectrum was also slightly different from that of the native enzyme.", "PMID": 670154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_277", "title": "Methylamine dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas AM1. A subunit enzyme.", "content": "A methylamine dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity from Pseudomonas AM1 and obtained in crystalline form. It was found to be a subunit enzyme composed of two kinds of subunit, light and heavy. These two subunits were isolated by Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography after incubation of the enzyme with guanidine hydrochloride. Molecular weights of 13,000 daltons for the light subunit and 40,000 daltons for the heavy subunit were estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the molecular weight of the native enzyme was found to be 105,000 daltons by Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography. The enzyme and its subunits were also analyzed for amino acid composition, isoelectric point, and absorption fluorescence, and CD spectra, as well as for the effects of pH, thermal treatment, and guanidine hydrochloride treatment. Both the subunits were absolutely required for enzymatic activity, either subunit alone being inactive. It could be deduced from the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the subunits that the prosthetic group of the enzyme was bound solely to the light subunit. These results suggest that the enzyme is a subunit enzyme similar to that of Pseudomonas sp. J, of the alpha2beta2 type.", "contents": "Methylamine dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas AM1. A subunit enzyme. A methylamine dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity from Pseudomonas AM1 and obtained in crystalline form. It was found to be a subunit enzyme composed of two kinds of subunit, light and heavy. These two subunits were isolated by Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography after incubation of the enzyme with guanidine hydrochloride. Molecular weights of 13,000 daltons for the light subunit and 40,000 daltons for the heavy subunit were estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the molecular weight of the native enzyme was found to be 105,000 daltons by Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography. The enzyme and its subunits were also analyzed for amino acid composition, isoelectric point, and absorption fluorescence, and CD spectra, as well as for the effects of pH, thermal treatment, and guanidine hydrochloride treatment. Both the subunits were absolutely required for enzymatic activity, either subunit alone being inactive. It could be deduced from the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the subunits that the prosthetic group of the enzyme was bound solely to the light subunit. These results suggest that the enzyme is a subunit enzyme similar to that of Pseudomonas sp. J, of the alpha2beta2 type.", "PMID": 670155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_278", "title": "The presence of ribosomal glycoproteins. Agglutination of free and membrane-bound ribosomes from wheat germ by concanavalin A1.", "content": "Free and membrane-bound ribosomes prepared from wheat germ and extensively washed with 1% Triton X100-sodium deoxycholate, formed large aggregates in the presence of concanavalin A. The ribosomal aggregates were detected by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and immunoprecipitation. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of ribosomal proteins indicated that four ribosomal glycoproteins (MW about 14,000 to 24,000) were present in both free and membrane-bound ribosomes. However, three glycoproteins (MW about 25,000 to 15,000) appear to be underglycosylated or lacking in free ribosomes.", "contents": "The presence of ribosomal glycoproteins. Agglutination of free and membrane-bound ribosomes from wheat germ by concanavalin A1. Free and membrane-bound ribosomes prepared from wheat germ and extensively washed with 1% Triton X100-sodium deoxycholate, formed large aggregates in the presence of concanavalin A. The ribosomal aggregates were detected by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and immunoprecipitation. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of ribosomal proteins indicated that four ribosomal glycoproteins (MW about 14,000 to 24,000) were present in both free and membrane-bound ribosomes. However, three glycoproteins (MW about 25,000 to 15,000) appear to be underglycosylated or lacking in free ribosomes.", "PMID": 670156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_279", "title": "Studies on electron transfer systems in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. I. Isolation and characterization of cytochromes.", "content": "Two cytochromes of the C type, c-550 and c-553, were isolated from the marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The cytochrome c-550 had absorption maxima at 550, 522, and 417 nm in the reduced form and at 524, 407, 351, and 277 nm in the oxidized form. It was an autoxidizable acidic protein with an isoelectric point of 5.1 and had a low redox potential of about -0.20 V at pH 7.0. The molecular weight of this cytochrome was close to 17,000. This cytochrome combined with CO and CN-. The CO complex was dissociated reversibly by light. The cytochrome c-553 had absorption maxima at 553, 522.5, and 417 nm in the reduced form and at 528, 410, and 356 nm in the oxidized form. The protein had an acidic isoelectric point of 3.7 and had a high mid-point redox potential of +0.36 V at pH 7.0. Its molecular weight was approximately 10,500. The cytochrome may be considered to be a photosynthetic cytochrome of the f type. Cytochromes of the B type were also found in Phaeodactylum tricornutum; one in soluble form, and the other in bound form. The soluble form had absorption maxima at 560, 529, and 427 nm in the reduced state and at 413 nm in the oxidized state.", "contents": "Studies on electron transfer systems in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. I. Isolation and characterization of cytochromes. Two cytochromes of the C type, c-550 and c-553, were isolated from the marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The cytochrome c-550 had absorption maxima at 550, 522, and 417 nm in the reduced form and at 524, 407, 351, and 277 nm in the oxidized form. It was an autoxidizable acidic protein with an isoelectric point of 5.1 and had a low redox potential of about -0.20 V at pH 7.0. The molecular weight of this cytochrome was close to 17,000. This cytochrome combined with CO and CN-. The CO complex was dissociated reversibly by light. The cytochrome c-553 had absorption maxima at 553, 522.5, and 417 nm in the reduced form and at 528, 410, and 356 nm in the oxidized form. The protein had an acidic isoelectric point of 3.7 and had a high mid-point redox potential of +0.36 V at pH 7.0. Its molecular weight was approximately 10,500. The cytochrome may be considered to be a photosynthetic cytochrome of the f type. Cytochromes of the B type were also found in Phaeodactylum tricornutum; one in soluble form, and the other in bound form. The soluble form had absorption maxima at 560, 529, and 427 nm in the reduced state and at 413 nm in the oxidized state.", "PMID": 670157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_280", "title": "Studies on electron transfer systems in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. II. Identification and determination of quinones, cytochromes, and flavins.", "content": "Quinones constituting the electron transfer systems in a marine unicellular diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, were isolated and identified chromatographically. The alga contained five quinones, i.e., plastoquinone A, plastoquinone C, plastoquinone D, alpha-tocopherylquinone, and ubiquinone-9. Other types of quinones, such as vitamin K1, were not detected. The contents of plastoquinone A, plastoquinone C, plastoquinone D, ubiquinone-9, and alpha-tocopherylquinone were 25.5, 4.95, 1.99, 4.78, and 0.28 mmol per mol of chlorophyll, respectively. The contents of the soluble C-type cytochromes, cytochrome c-550 and cytochrome c-553, were 2.15 and 4.34 mmol (heme basis) per mol of chlorophyll, respectively. The amount of B-type cytochrome in the bound form was estimated to be 3.24 mmol (heme basis) per mol of chlorophyll. The acid-soluble flavins, FAD and FMN, were present in amounts of 0.68 and 0.41 mmol per mol of chlorophyll, respectively.", "contents": "Studies on electron transfer systems in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. II. Identification and determination of quinones, cytochromes, and flavins. Quinones constituting the electron transfer systems in a marine unicellular diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, were isolated and identified chromatographically. The alga contained five quinones, i.e., plastoquinone A, plastoquinone C, plastoquinone D, alpha-tocopherylquinone, and ubiquinone-9. Other types of quinones, such as vitamin K1, were not detected. The contents of plastoquinone A, plastoquinone C, plastoquinone D, ubiquinone-9, and alpha-tocopherylquinone were 25.5, 4.95, 1.99, 4.78, and 0.28 mmol per mol of chlorophyll, respectively. The contents of the soluble C-type cytochromes, cytochrome c-550 and cytochrome c-553, were 2.15 and 4.34 mmol (heme basis) per mol of chlorophyll, respectively. The amount of B-type cytochrome in the bound form was estimated to be 3.24 mmol (heme basis) per mol of chlorophyll. The acid-soluble flavins, FAD and FMN, were present in amounts of 0.68 and 0.41 mmol per mol of chlorophyll, respectively.", "PMID": 670158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_281", "title": "Complete amino acid sequence of Halobacterium halobium ferredoxin containing an Nepsilon-acetyllysine residue.", "content": "1. The complete amino acid sequence of the 2Fe-2S ferredoxin from Halobacterium halobium was determined to be: (formula see text):2. The apoferredoxin chain consists of 128 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 14,330. 3. There are only four cysteines in this ferredoxin molecule; they should be involved in the binding of the two iron atoms at the active center. Ther relative positions of these cysteines are similar to those of the cysteines in chloroplast ferredoxins. 4. There is a high degree of homology between H. halobium ferredoxin and chloroplast ferredoxins, though the latter molecules contain only about 98 amino acid residues. 5. H. halobium ferredoxin contains a single residue of Nepsilon-acetyllysine.", "contents": "Complete amino acid sequence of Halobacterium halobium ferredoxin containing an Nepsilon-acetyllysine residue. 1. The complete amino acid sequence of the 2Fe-2S ferredoxin from Halobacterium halobium was determined to be: (formula see text):2. The apoferredoxin chain consists of 128 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 14,330. 3. There are only four cysteines in this ferredoxin molecule; they should be involved in the binding of the two iron atoms at the active center. Ther relative positions of these cysteines are similar to those of the cysteines in chloroplast ferredoxins. 4. There is a high degree of homology between H. halobium ferredoxin and chloroplast ferredoxins, though the latter molecules contain only about 98 amino acid residues. 5. H. halobium ferredoxin contains a single residue of Nepsilon-acetyllysine.", "PMID": 670159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_282", "title": "Membrane properties of an extreme thermophile. I. Detection of the phase transition and its dependence on growth temperature.", "content": "Phase transition was detected by a fluorescence polarization technique in the membrane of Thermus thermophilus HB8: it was found to be a function of cell growth temperature when the cell growth temperature was varied between 50-80 degrees C. A systematic relation between the phase transition temperature and the growth temperature was observed. Differential scanning calorimetry was also applied. The phase transition was found to take place between 34 and 55 degrees C for cells grown at 50 degrees C and between 52 and 80 degrees C for cells grown at 80 degrees C.", "contents": "Membrane properties of an extreme thermophile. I. Detection of the phase transition and its dependence on growth temperature. Phase transition was detected by a fluorescence polarization technique in the membrane of Thermus thermophilus HB8: it was found to be a function of cell growth temperature when the cell growth temperature was varied between 50-80 degrees C. A systematic relation between the phase transition temperature and the growth temperature was observed. Differential scanning calorimetry was also applied. The phase transition was found to take place between 34 and 55 degrees C for cells grown at 50 degrees C and between 52 and 80 degrees C for cells grown at 80 degrees C.", "PMID": 670160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_283", "title": "Membrane properties of an extreme thermophile. II. Membrane functions underlying leucine transport and their relation with thermotropic phase transitions.", "content": "Various membrane properties of Thermus thermophilus HB8 were studied in order to elucidate the mechanism and implication of cell adaptation to a high temperature environment. 1. The profile of temperature dependence of the amino acid uptake rates was similar for the membrane obtained from cells grown at both 61 degrees C and 77 degrees C. 2. The remaining uptake activity after heat treatment paralleled the membrane potential generating ability, as measured by auramine O fluorescence response to the respiration substrate, and was not dependent on the growth temperature. 3. The temperature dependence of the efflux of the accumulated amino acid reflects the physical phase of the membrane and is dependent on the growth temperature.", "contents": "Membrane properties of an extreme thermophile. II. Membrane functions underlying leucine transport and their relation with thermotropic phase transitions. Various membrane properties of Thermus thermophilus HB8 were studied in order to elucidate the mechanism and implication of cell adaptation to a high temperature environment. 1. The profile of temperature dependence of the amino acid uptake rates was similar for the membrane obtained from cells grown at both 61 degrees C and 77 degrees C. 2. The remaining uptake activity after heat treatment paralleled the membrane potential generating ability, as measured by auramine O fluorescence response to the respiration substrate, and was not dependent on the growth temperature. 3. The temperature dependence of the efflux of the accumulated amino acid reflects the physical phase of the membrane and is dependent on the growth temperature.", "PMID": 670161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_284", "title": "On the validity of the spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. The wavelength dependence of observed oxygen equilibrium parameter values.", "content": "Spectral changes of oxyhemoglobin induced by such anions as 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, inositol hexaphosphate, and Cl- may affect the validity of the spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. Therefore, the anion-induced difference spectra were extensively measured under a variety of conditions and accurate oxygen equilibrium curves were determined under representative conditions with detection at different wavelengths selected from peaks, troughs, and zero difference points of the difference spectra in the visible and Soret regions. Oxygen equilibrium parameters including the four Adair constants (i.e., equilibrium constants for four steps of oxygenation) estimated from the equilibrium curves did not show any dependence on wavelength within the limits of experimental error. These results indicate that anion-induced spectral changes do not invalidate the spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation and confirm the validity of the previous conclusions drawn in our series of studies on the effects of anions, pH and temperature on oxygen equilibrium parameters.", "contents": "On the validity of the spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. The wavelength dependence of observed oxygen equilibrium parameter values. Spectral changes of oxyhemoglobin induced by such anions as 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, inositol hexaphosphate, and Cl- may affect the validity of the spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. Therefore, the anion-induced difference spectra were extensively measured under a variety of conditions and accurate oxygen equilibrium curves were determined under representative conditions with detection at different wavelengths selected from peaks, troughs, and zero difference points of the difference spectra in the visible and Soret regions. Oxygen equilibrium parameters including the four Adair constants (i.e., equilibrium constants for four steps of oxygenation) estimated from the equilibrium curves did not show any dependence on wavelength within the limits of experimental error. These results indicate that anion-induced spectral changes do not invalidate the spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation and confirm the validity of the previous conclusions drawn in our series of studies on the effects of anions, pH and temperature on oxygen equilibrium parameters.", "PMID": 670162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_285", "title": "Trypsin reactivity site of the Vicia angustifolia proteinase inhibitor.", "content": "Trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] modified (reactive site cleaved) Vicia angustifolia proteinase inhibitor was prepared at pH 3 with a catalytic amount of trypsin and purified using columns of Sephadex G-50 and DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The modified inhibitor, which still retained antitryptic activity, lost its activity upon treatment with carboxypeptidase B or citraconic anhydride. End-group analyses revealed that the carboxyl-terminal Arg and the amino-terminal Ser residues were newly exposed end-groups in the modified inhibitor. It takes a much longer incubation time (about 1 h) to exhibit the maximal inhibitory activity against trypsin. Reduction and carboxymethylation of the modified inhibitor produced two fragments on Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The smaller fragment consisted of about 32 amino acid residues and possessed a new carboxyl-terminal Arg residue. The larger fragment consisted of about 80 residues and possessed a Ser residue at its amino-terminus. These results indicate that the small fragment was derived from the amino-terminal portion of the modified inhibitor and the large fragment from the carboxyl-terminal. It is also concluded that an Arg-Ser bond is the reactive site as well as the inhibitory site of the V. angustifolia inhibitor against trypsin. The sequence around the antitryptic site exhibits high degrees of homology with other double-headed inhibitors of legume origin, such as the Bowman-Birk inhibitor, lima beam inhibitor, and the major inhibitor in chick-peas.", "contents": "Trypsin reactivity site of the Vicia angustifolia proteinase inhibitor. Trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] modified (reactive site cleaved) Vicia angustifolia proteinase inhibitor was prepared at pH 3 with a catalytic amount of trypsin and purified using columns of Sephadex G-50 and DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The modified inhibitor, which still retained antitryptic activity, lost its activity upon treatment with carboxypeptidase B or citraconic anhydride. End-group analyses revealed that the carboxyl-terminal Arg and the amino-terminal Ser residues were newly exposed end-groups in the modified inhibitor. It takes a much longer incubation time (about 1 h) to exhibit the maximal inhibitory activity against trypsin. Reduction and carboxymethylation of the modified inhibitor produced two fragments on Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The smaller fragment consisted of about 32 amino acid residues and possessed a new carboxyl-terminal Arg residue. The larger fragment consisted of about 80 residues and possessed a Ser residue at its amino-terminus. These results indicate that the small fragment was derived from the amino-terminal portion of the modified inhibitor and the large fragment from the carboxyl-terminal. It is also concluded that an Arg-Ser bond is the reactive site as well as the inhibitory site of the V. angustifolia inhibitor against trypsin. The sequence around the antitryptic site exhibits high degrees of homology with other double-headed inhibitors of legume origin, such as the Bowman-Birk inhibitor, lima beam inhibitor, and the major inhibitor in chick-peas.", "PMID": 670165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_286", "title": "Divalent cation-dependent stereospecificity of adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiotriphosphate) in the hexokinase and pyruvate kinase reactions. The absolute stereochemistry of the diastereoisomers of adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiotriphosphate).", "content": "31P NMR studies with Cd(II) and Zn(II) chelates of adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPgammaS) and the Cd(II) chelate of adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiotriphosphate) (ATPbetaS) indicate that these metal ions chelate to the sulfur atom of the thiophosphate group. Since Mg(II) chelates to oxygen of the thiophosphate group of diastereoisomer is equivalent to the configuration of the Cd(II) chelate of the opposite diastereoisomer. As a consequence, an inversion of the stereospecificity is observed when Cd(II) is substituted for Mg(II) in the phosphoryl transfer reactions catalyzed by yeast hexokinase and rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. When Co(II) is the activating ion for yeast hexokinase with ATPbetaS as substrate, no stereospecificity is observed. Since the absolute configuration for the diastereoisomer of Co(III)(NH3)4ATP which is the active substrate for yeast hexokinase has been established by Cornelius and Cleland (Cornelius, R. D., and Cleland, W. W. (1978) Biochemistry, in press), the absolute stereochemistry of the Mg(II) complex of the B isomer of ATPbetaS is now established by its stereospecificity in the hexokinase reaction.", "contents": "Divalent cation-dependent stereospecificity of adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiotriphosphate) in the hexokinase and pyruvate kinase reactions. The absolute stereochemistry of the diastereoisomers of adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiotriphosphate). 31P NMR studies with Cd(II) and Zn(II) chelates of adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPgammaS) and the Cd(II) chelate of adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiotriphosphate) (ATPbetaS) indicate that these metal ions chelate to the sulfur atom of the thiophosphate group. Since Mg(II) chelates to oxygen of the thiophosphate group of diastereoisomer is equivalent to the configuration of the Cd(II) chelate of the opposite diastereoisomer. As a consequence, an inversion of the stereospecificity is observed when Cd(II) is substituted for Mg(II) in the phosphoryl transfer reactions catalyzed by yeast hexokinase and rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. When Co(II) is the activating ion for yeast hexokinase with ATPbetaS as substrate, no stereospecificity is observed. Since the absolute configuration for the diastereoisomer of Co(III)(NH3)4ATP which is the active substrate for yeast hexokinase has been established by Cornelius and Cleland (Cornelius, R. D., and Cleland, W. W. (1978) Biochemistry, in press), the absolute stereochemistry of the Mg(II) complex of the B isomer of ATPbetaS is now established by its stereospecificity in the hexokinase reaction.", "PMID": 670166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_287", "title": "Effect of pyridoxal phosphate on the DNA binding site of activated hepatic glucocorticoid receptor.", "content": "The binding of rat liver glucocorticoid.receptor complexes to DNA-cellulose and nuclei has been studied after activation of the complexes by heating. Subsequent exposure to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate or pyridoxal markedly inhibited this binding. In one system 0.75 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate or 6.5 mM pyridoxal gave 50% inhibition. Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine did not inhibit significantly. The inhibition by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is competitive with respect to DNA suggesting that its effect is directly on the DNA binding site of the activated receptor. The inhibition of DNA-cellulose binding by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate can be reversed by treatment with dithiothreitol or by gel filtration, but not if the modified receptor is first reduced using sodium borohydride. These results suggest that pyridoxal 5'-phosphate acts by forming a Schiff base of an epsilon-NH2 of a lysine which may be 1 residue appearing on the surface of the steroid.receptor complex upon activation. However, since pretreatment of the DNA-cellulose with the intercalating drug ethidium bormide also inhibits activated receptor binding, we conclude that the binding of the receptor involves more than electrostatic interactions between receptor positive charges and DNA phosphate groups.", "contents": "Effect of pyridoxal phosphate on the DNA binding site of activated hepatic glucocorticoid receptor. The binding of rat liver glucocorticoid.receptor complexes to DNA-cellulose and nuclei has been studied after activation of the complexes by heating. Subsequent exposure to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate or pyridoxal markedly inhibited this binding. In one system 0.75 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate or 6.5 mM pyridoxal gave 50% inhibition. Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine did not inhibit significantly. The inhibition by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is competitive with respect to DNA suggesting that its effect is directly on the DNA binding site of the activated receptor. The inhibition of DNA-cellulose binding by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate can be reversed by treatment with dithiothreitol or by gel filtration, but not if the modified receptor is first reduced using sodium borohydride. These results suggest that pyridoxal 5'-phosphate acts by forming a Schiff base of an epsilon-NH2 of a lysine which may be 1 residue appearing on the surface of the steroid.receptor complex upon activation. However, since pretreatment of the DNA-cellulose with the intercalating drug ethidium bormide also inhibits activated receptor binding, we conclude that the binding of the receptor involves more than electrostatic interactions between receptor positive charges and DNA phosphate groups.", "PMID": 670167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_288", "title": "Cytochalasin B binding proteins in human erythrocyte membranes. Modulation of glucose sensitivity by site interaction and partial solubilization of binding activities.", "content": "We have previously described three different cytochalasin B binding sites in human erythrocyte membranes, a D-glucose-sensitive site (Site I), a cytochalasin E-sensitive site (Site II), and a site (Site III) insensitive to both D-glucose and cytochalasin E. Ligand bindings to each of these sites were considered to be independent (Jung, C., and Rampal, A. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5456-5463). However, we have obtained subsequently the following evidence which indicated that an interaction occurs between Sites II and III, and this modulates sensitivity of Site III to the sugar. The displacement of cytochalasin E greatly exceeds the sum of their independent displacements. This ghosts extracted with EDTA or 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride at low ionic strength lack Site II activity but retain Site I and III activities, and both of these activities are displaceable by D-glucose alone. This indicated that the removal of Site II from the membrane confers glucose sensitivity to Site III. These observations are consistent with a model that Sites II and III in the membrane exist in a close association through which unliganded Site II maintains the glucose insensitivity of Site III, and once site II is liganded or removed by extraction this association is disrupted and Site III becomes glucose-sensitive. The ghosts extracted with Triton X-100 retain a cytochalasin B binding activity similar to that of site II (Kd = 1.8 X 10(-7) M, cytochalasin E-sensitive, glucose-insensitive), whereas a binding activity similar to that of Site I (Kd = 4 X 10(-7) M, cytochalasin E-insensitive, glucose-sensitive) is recovered in the Triton extract. A cytochalasin B binding activity similar to that of Site II is solubilized by EDTA at low ionic strength.", "contents": "Cytochalasin B binding proteins in human erythrocyte membranes. Modulation of glucose sensitivity by site interaction and partial solubilization of binding activities. We have previously described three different cytochalasin B binding sites in human erythrocyte membranes, a D-glucose-sensitive site (Site I), a cytochalasin E-sensitive site (Site II), and a site (Site III) insensitive to both D-glucose and cytochalasin E. Ligand bindings to each of these sites were considered to be independent (Jung, C., and Rampal, A. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5456-5463). However, we have obtained subsequently the following evidence which indicated that an interaction occurs between Sites II and III, and this modulates sensitivity of Site III to the sugar. The displacement of cytochalasin E greatly exceeds the sum of their independent displacements. This ghosts extracted with EDTA or 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride at low ionic strength lack Site II activity but retain Site I and III activities, and both of these activities are displaceable by D-glucose alone. This indicated that the removal of Site II from the membrane confers glucose sensitivity to Site III. These observations are consistent with a model that Sites II and III in the membrane exist in a close association through which unliganded Site II maintains the glucose insensitivity of Site III, and once site II is liganded or removed by extraction this association is disrupted and Site III becomes glucose-sensitive. The ghosts extracted with Triton X-100 retain a cytochalasin B binding activity similar to that of site II (Kd = 1.8 X 10(-7) M, cytochalasin E-sensitive, glucose-insensitive), whereas a binding activity similar to that of Site I (Kd = 4 X 10(-7) M, cytochalasin E-insensitive, glucose-sensitive) is recovered in the Triton extract. A cytochalasin B binding activity similar to that of Site II is solubilized by EDTA at low ionic strength.", "PMID": 670170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_289", "title": "Effect of a short term fast on the distribution of cytoplasmic albumin messenger ribonucleic acid in rat liver. Evidence for formation of free albumin messenger ribonucleoprotein particles.", "content": "Recently, using molecular hybridization techniques with albumin [3H]cDNA, we have determined that in normally fed rats 98% of total liver polyribosomal albumin mRNA sequences are found in membrane-bound polyribosomes (Yap, S. H., Strair, R. K., and Shafritz, D. A. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 74, 5397-5401). We now observe that a 24- to 30-h withdrawal of food leads to major changes in the amount and subcellular distribution of albumin mRNA molecules. The total amount of cytoplasmic albumin mRNA per liver and concentration of albumin mRNA per unit of membrane-bound polyribosomal RNA are decreased. However, the proportion of albumin mRNA present in the postribosomal supernatant fraction increases dramatically in a short term fast, so that it now represent 60% of total cytoplasmic albumin mRNA sequences. Most of the albumin mRNA sequences in the postribosomal supernatant fraction sediment between 30 S and 50 S. These findings suggest that albumin mRNA is probably stored in the messenger ribonucleoprotein fraction during the fasting state.", "contents": "Effect of a short term fast on the distribution of cytoplasmic albumin messenger ribonucleic acid in rat liver. Evidence for formation of free albumin messenger ribonucleoprotein particles. Recently, using molecular hybridization techniques with albumin [3H]cDNA, we have determined that in normally fed rats 98% of total liver polyribosomal albumin mRNA sequences are found in membrane-bound polyribosomes (Yap, S. H., Strair, R. K., and Shafritz, D. A. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 74, 5397-5401). We now observe that a 24- to 30-h withdrawal of food leads to major changes in the amount and subcellular distribution of albumin mRNA molecules. The total amount of cytoplasmic albumin mRNA per liver and concentration of albumin mRNA per unit of membrane-bound polyribosomal RNA are decreased. However, the proportion of albumin mRNA present in the postribosomal supernatant fraction increases dramatically in a short term fast, so that it now represent 60% of total cytoplasmic albumin mRNA sequences. Most of the albumin mRNA sequences in the postribosomal supernatant fraction sediment between 30 S and 50 S. These findings suggest that albumin mRNA is probably stored in the messenger ribonucleoprotein fraction during the fasting state.", "PMID": 670171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_290", "title": "The presence of guanosine 5'-diphospho-5'-guanosine and guanosine 5'-triphospho-5'-adenosine in brine shrimp embryos.", "content": "Acid-soluble extracts of dormant embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, contain small amounts of two previously undescribed dinucleotides which we have identified to be guanosine 5'-diphospho-5'-guanosine and guanosine 5'-triphospho-5'-adenosine. These compounds each comprise about 0.03% of the dry weight of the encysted embryos and are related chemically to guanosine 5'-triphospho-5'-guanosine and guanosine 5'-tetraphospho-5'-guanosine which have been shown previously to be major constituents of the nucleotide pool of Artemia cysts. These new dinucleotides were purified from perchloric acid extracts of dormant cysts by ion exchange column chromatography and identified by means of chemical, spectrophotometric, and enzymatic analyses compared to commercially available compounds. The possible role of these new compounds in nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism in Artemia embryos is discussed.", "contents": "The presence of guanosine 5'-diphospho-5'-guanosine and guanosine 5'-triphospho-5'-adenosine in brine shrimp embryos. Acid-soluble extracts of dormant embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, contain small amounts of two previously undescribed dinucleotides which we have identified to be guanosine 5'-diphospho-5'-guanosine and guanosine 5'-triphospho-5'-adenosine. These compounds each comprise about 0.03% of the dry weight of the encysted embryos and are related chemically to guanosine 5'-triphospho-5'-guanosine and guanosine 5'-tetraphospho-5'-guanosine which have been shown previously to be major constituents of the nucleotide pool of Artemia cysts. These new dinucleotides were purified from perchloric acid extracts of dormant cysts by ion exchange column chromatography and identified by means of chemical, spectrophotometric, and enzymatic analyses compared to commercially available compounds. The possible role of these new compounds in nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism in Artemia embryos is discussed.", "PMID": 670172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_291", "title": "Complete amino acid sequence of bovine neurophysin-I. A major secretory product of the posterior pituitary.", "content": "Bovine neurophysin-I (bNP-I) is the first neurophysin protein which contains histidine and possesses an acidic COOH-terminal segment for which the complete amino acid sequence is presented: NH2-Ala-Val-Leu-Asp-Leu-Asp-Val-Arg-Thr-Cys-Leu-Pro-Cys-Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly-Lys-Gly-Arg-Cys-Phe-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ile-Cys-Cys-Gly-Asp-Glu-Leu-Gly-Cys-Phe-Val-Gly-Thr-Ala-Glu-Ala-Leu-Arg- Cys-Gln-Glu-Glu-Asn-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Ser-Pro-Cys-Gln-SerGly-Gln-Lys-Pro-Cys-Gly-Ser- Gly-Gly-Arg-Cys-Ala-Ala-Ala-Gly-Ile-Cys-Cys-Ser-Pro-Asp-Gly-Cys-His-Glu-Asp-Pro-Ala-Cys-Asp-Pro-Glu-Ala-Ala-Phe-Ser-Leu-COOH. Determination of the structure was greatly facilitated by new procedures used for the isolation of bNP-I and of its tryptic peptide fragments. bNP-I isolated from freshly frozen bovine posterior pituitaries is composed of 93 residues, but some preparations contain neurophysin protein with NH2- and COOH-terminal truncated sequences. bNP-I differs from bovine neurophysin-II, the second major neurophysin of cow, in 20 residue positions, and several of the differences cannot be accounted for by single nucleotide replacements in the genes coding for these two neurophysin proteins. The results reported in this study support our earlier hypothesis that neurophysin-gene duplication preceded species divergence.", "contents": "Complete amino acid sequence of bovine neurophysin-I. A major secretory product of the posterior pituitary. Bovine neurophysin-I (bNP-I) is the first neurophysin protein which contains histidine and possesses an acidic COOH-terminal segment for which the complete amino acid sequence is presented: NH2-Ala-Val-Leu-Asp-Leu-Asp-Val-Arg-Thr-Cys-Leu-Pro-Cys-Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly-Lys-Gly-Arg-Cys-Phe-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ile-Cys-Cys-Gly-Asp-Glu-Leu-Gly-Cys-Phe-Val-Gly-Thr-Ala-Glu-Ala-Leu-Arg- Cys-Gln-Glu-Glu-Asn-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Ser-Pro-Cys-Gln-SerGly-Gln-Lys-Pro-Cys-Gly-Ser- Gly-Gly-Arg-Cys-Ala-Ala-Ala-Gly-Ile-Cys-Cys-Ser-Pro-Asp-Gly-Cys-His-Glu-Asp-Pro-Ala-Cys-Asp-Pro-Glu-Ala-Ala-Phe-Ser-Leu-COOH. Determination of the structure was greatly facilitated by new procedures used for the isolation of bNP-I and of its tryptic peptide fragments. bNP-I isolated from freshly frozen bovine posterior pituitaries is composed of 93 residues, but some preparations contain neurophysin protein with NH2- and COOH-terminal truncated sequences. bNP-I differs from bovine neurophysin-II, the second major neurophysin of cow, in 20 residue positions, and several of the differences cannot be accounted for by single nucleotide replacements in the genes coding for these two neurophysin proteins. The results reported in this study support our earlier hypothesis that neurophysin-gene duplication preceded species divergence.", "PMID": 670174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_292", "title": "HeLa cell RNA (2'-O-methyladenosine-N6-)-methyltransferase specific for the capped 5'-end of messenger RNA.", "content": "A novel enzyme involved in the post-transcriptional modification of the 5'-end of mRNA has been partially purified from HeLa cells. Termed an S-adenosyl-L-methionine:RNA(2'-O-methyladenosine-N4)-methyltransferase, the enzyme specifically catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to the N6 position of a 2'-O-methyladenosine residue located within the \"capped\" 5'-end of mRNA. The dimethylated nucleoside, N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine, is formed as indicated by the following reaction in which m7G(5')pppAm- represents the capped and methylated 5'-end of mRNA: AdoMet + m7G(5')pppAm- leads to AdoHcy + m7G(5')pppm6A7- Greatest activity is obtained with RNA acceptors ending in m7G(5')pppAm-; less activity is found with RNA ending in m7G(5')pppA-; and barely detectable and no activity is found with RNA ending in G(5')pppA- and ppA-, respectively. Furthermore, no activity is found with oligonucleotides such as m7G(5')pppA, m7G(5')pppAm, and m7G(5')pppAmpN indicating that a longer polymer is required. It can be concluded from the substrate specificity of the enzyme that the formation of N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine follows the biosynthesis of molecules containing m7G(5')pppAm-N-. The molecular weight of the methyltransferase, as determined by sedimentation in sucrose gradients, is approximately 65,000.", "contents": "HeLa cell RNA (2'-O-methyladenosine-N6-)-methyltransferase specific for the capped 5'-end of messenger RNA. A novel enzyme involved in the post-transcriptional modification of the 5'-end of mRNA has been partially purified from HeLa cells. Termed an S-adenosyl-L-methionine:RNA(2'-O-methyladenosine-N4)-methyltransferase, the enzyme specifically catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to the N6 position of a 2'-O-methyladenosine residue located within the \"capped\" 5'-end of mRNA. The dimethylated nucleoside, N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine, is formed as indicated by the following reaction in which m7G(5')pppAm- represents the capped and methylated 5'-end of mRNA: AdoMet + m7G(5')pppAm- leads to AdoHcy + m7G(5')pppm6A7- Greatest activity is obtained with RNA acceptors ending in m7G(5')pppAm-; less activity is found with RNA ending in m7G(5')pppA-; and barely detectable and no activity is found with RNA ending in G(5')pppA- and ppA-, respectively. Furthermore, no activity is found with oligonucleotides such as m7G(5')pppA, m7G(5')pppAm, and m7G(5')pppAmpN indicating that a longer polymer is required. It can be concluded from the substrate specificity of the enzyme that the formation of N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine follows the biosynthesis of molecules containing m7G(5')pppAm-N-. The molecular weight of the methyltransferase, as determined by sedimentation in sucrose gradients, is approximately 65,000.", "PMID": 670176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_293", "title": "Effect of methylation of the N6 position of the penultimate adenosine of capped mRNA on ribosome binding.", "content": "An RNA(2'-O-methyladenosine-N6)-methyltransferase isolated from HeLa cells was used to convert the ends of vaccinia virus mRNAs containing m7G(5')pppAm-to m7G(5')pppm6Am-. Under competitive conditions, there was no preferential binding of mRNAs containing m6Am residues within the capped ends relative to those containing Am either to wheat germ ribosomes at 70 mM potassium acetate or to reticulocyte ribosomes at 120 mM potassium acetate. Only at high concentrations of potassium acetate (200 mM) and at near-saturating mRNA concentrations, was a slight enrichment of mRNAs containing m6Am over those containing Am detected on reticulocyte ribosomes. It appears that unlike methylation of the N7 position of the terminal guanosine, methylation at the N6 position of the penultimate adenosine of mRNA has, at most, a small effect on binding to ribosomes under present in vitro conditions.", "contents": "Effect of methylation of the N6 position of the penultimate adenosine of capped mRNA on ribosome binding. An RNA(2'-O-methyladenosine-N6)-methyltransferase isolated from HeLa cells was used to convert the ends of vaccinia virus mRNAs containing m7G(5')pppAm-to m7G(5')pppm6Am-. Under competitive conditions, there was no preferential binding of mRNAs containing m6Am residues within the capped ends relative to those containing Am either to wheat germ ribosomes at 70 mM potassium acetate or to reticulocyte ribosomes at 120 mM potassium acetate. Only at high concentrations of potassium acetate (200 mM) and at near-saturating mRNA concentrations, was a slight enrichment of mRNAs containing m6Am over those containing Am detected on reticulocyte ribosomes. It appears that unlike methylation of the N7 position of the terminal guanosine, methylation at the N6 position of the penultimate adenosine of mRNA has, at most, a small effect on binding to ribosomes under present in vitro conditions.", "PMID": 670177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_294", "title": "Purification of mouse L cell interferon. Essentially pure preparations with associated cell growth inhibitory activity.", "content": "Mouse L cell interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus was purified by a combination of salt precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography using anti-interferon anti-body. The preparation was labeled with 125I at a later step of purification, which served as an index of protein concentration. Two main species of interferon molecules differing in molecular weight were separated from each other, and the final preparations obtained were shown to be essentially pure by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence as well as in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The highest specific activities obtained were 2.6 X 10(9) and 7.3 X 10(8) international units/mg of protein (determined by 125I radioactivity) for the 40,000- and 24,000-dalton species, respectively. The preparations at different steps of purification, including those of the highest purity, were tested for the anti-cell growth activity. Their activities were found to be indistinguishable from each other when compared at the same antiviral doses, indicating that the anti-cell growth activity is carried by the interferon molecules themselves.", "contents": "Purification of mouse L cell interferon. Essentially pure preparations with associated cell growth inhibitory activity. Mouse L cell interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus was purified by a combination of salt precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography using anti-interferon anti-body. The preparation was labeled with 125I at a later step of purification, which served as an index of protein concentration. Two main species of interferon molecules differing in molecular weight were separated from each other, and the final preparations obtained were shown to be essentially pure by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence as well as in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The highest specific activities obtained were 2.6 X 10(9) and 7.3 X 10(8) international units/mg of protein (determined by 125I radioactivity) for the 40,000- and 24,000-dalton species, respectively. The preparations at different steps of purification, including those of the highest purity, were tested for the anti-cell growth activity. Their activities were found to be indistinguishable from each other when compared at the same antiviral doses, indicating that the anti-cell growth activity is carried by the interferon molecules themselves.", "PMID": 670178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_295", "title": "Stimulating effect of hydrocortisone on the catabolism of endogenous fatty acyl groups by fatty acid-supplemented mouse L fibroblasts.", "content": "Hydrocortisone stimulated the catabolism of prelabeled fatty acyls in mouse L fibroblasts supplemented with exogenous fatty acid. Both oxidation to 14CO2 and release as free fatty acid from prelabeled lipids increased up to 20-fold under the described experimental conditions. The stimulating effect of hydrocortisone was observed even at concentrations as low as 1 microgram/ml. Neither the hormone nor exogenous fatty acid alone had a significant effect on endogenous fatty acyl catabolism. The activity of a cellular pH 6.5 lipase was unaffected by exogenous fatty acid, slightly increased by hydrocortisone, but increased 2-fold when both supplements were present. It is suggested that since exogenous fatty acids shunt phospholipid acyls to triglycerides, the latter induce the formation of more pH 6.5 lipase. Hydrocortisone is either needed for this induction to occur, or activates the newly formed enzyme. The lipase acts on the triglycerides to liberate free fatty acids that are then oxidized to 14CO2 or lost into the medium.", "contents": "Stimulating effect of hydrocortisone on the catabolism of endogenous fatty acyl groups by fatty acid-supplemented mouse L fibroblasts. Hydrocortisone stimulated the catabolism of prelabeled fatty acyls in mouse L fibroblasts supplemented with exogenous fatty acid. Both oxidation to 14CO2 and release as free fatty acid from prelabeled lipids increased up to 20-fold under the described experimental conditions. The stimulating effect of hydrocortisone was observed even at concentrations as low as 1 microgram/ml. Neither the hormone nor exogenous fatty acid alone had a significant effect on endogenous fatty acyl catabolism. The activity of a cellular pH 6.5 lipase was unaffected by exogenous fatty acid, slightly increased by hydrocortisone, but increased 2-fold when both supplements were present. It is suggested that since exogenous fatty acids shunt phospholipid acyls to triglycerides, the latter induce the formation of more pH 6.5 lipase. Hydrocortisone is either needed for this induction to occur, or activates the newly formed enzyme. The lipase acts on the triglycerides to liberate free fatty acids that are then oxidized to 14CO2 or lost into the medium.", "PMID": 670179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_296", "title": "Exploring the action and specificity of cobra venom phospholipase A2 toward human erythrocytes, ghost membranes, and lipid mixtures.", "content": "We have investigated the action and substrate specificity of phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) purified from cobra venom (Naja naja naja) toward intact and Triton-solubilized human erythrocytes, toward ghost membranes, and toward extracted ghost lipids in mixed micelles with Triton X-100. We have found that: (i) phospholipids in the outer surface of intact erythrocytes are extremely poor substrates for the phospholipase, (ii) phospholipids in ghost erythrocyte membranes and in Triton-solubilized erythrocytes are suitable substrates for the enzyme, (iii) in these latter systems which contain a mixture of lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine is preferentially hydrolyzed, whereas in model studies on individual phospholipid species in mixed micelles with Triton, phosphatidylcholine is the preferred substrate of the enzyme, and (iv) the preferential hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine is also observed for extracted ghost lipid mixtures in mixed micelles. These results demonstrate a dependence of phospholipase A2 activity on the ghosting procedure and a dependence of substrate specificity on the presence of other lipids. The relevance of these findings to the interpretation of membrane lipid asymmetry studies utilizing phospholipases is considered in detail.", "contents": "Exploring the action and specificity of cobra venom phospholipase A2 toward human erythrocytes, ghost membranes, and lipid mixtures. We have investigated the action and substrate specificity of phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) purified from cobra venom (Naja naja naja) toward intact and Triton-solubilized human erythrocytes, toward ghost membranes, and toward extracted ghost lipids in mixed micelles with Triton X-100. We have found that: (i) phospholipids in the outer surface of intact erythrocytes are extremely poor substrates for the phospholipase, (ii) phospholipids in ghost erythrocyte membranes and in Triton-solubilized erythrocytes are suitable substrates for the enzyme, (iii) in these latter systems which contain a mixture of lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine is preferentially hydrolyzed, whereas in model studies on individual phospholipid species in mixed micelles with Triton, phosphatidylcholine is the preferred substrate of the enzyme, and (iv) the preferential hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine is also observed for extracted ghost lipid mixtures in mixed micelles. These results demonstrate a dependence of phospholipase A2 activity on the ghosting procedure and a dependence of substrate specificity on the presence of other lipids. The relevance of these findings to the interpretation of membrane lipid asymmetry studies utilizing phospholipases is considered in detail.", "PMID": 670181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_297", "title": "Purification and in vitro labeling of interferon from a human fibroblastoid cell line.", "content": "Interferon was produced from a clonal human fibroblastoid line. This cell line was derived from an established fibroblastoid culture treated with ethylmethane sulfonate and is capable of producing higher amounts human interferon than primary human fibroblast cultures. The interferon produced from this cell line was purified by concanavalin A and phenyl-Sepharose column chromatography followed by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified interferon was then labeled with [125I]-iodine, with [3H]5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-chloride and with sodium [3H]borohydride after periodate oxidation. An appreciable amount of biological activity was retained after both tritium labelings but not after iodination. When subjected to electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate all three radioactive interferon preparations comigrated with the purified interferon preparation as a single protein component with a molecular weight of 19,000. Both purified and radioactive preparations were also shown to migrate with the antiviral activity in polyacrylamide gels in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The specific activity of purified interferon preparations ranged from 2 X 10(8) to 10 X 10(8) units/mg of protein.", "contents": "Purification and in vitro labeling of interferon from a human fibroblastoid cell line. Interferon was produced from a clonal human fibroblastoid line. This cell line was derived from an established fibroblastoid culture treated with ethylmethane sulfonate and is capable of producing higher amounts human interferon than primary human fibroblast cultures. The interferon produced from this cell line was purified by concanavalin A and phenyl-Sepharose column chromatography followed by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified interferon was then labeled with [125I]-iodine, with [3H]5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-chloride and with sodium [3H]borohydride after periodate oxidation. An appreciable amount of biological activity was retained after both tritium labelings but not after iodination. When subjected to electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate all three radioactive interferon preparations comigrated with the purified interferon preparation as a single protein component with a molecular weight of 19,000. Both purified and radioactive preparations were also shown to migrate with the antiviral activity in polyacrylamide gels in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The specific activity of purified interferon preparations ranged from 2 X 10(8) to 10 X 10(8) units/mg of protein.", "PMID": 670186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_298", "title": "Folding of 140-base pair length DNA by a core of arginine-rich histones.", "content": "The nucleoprotein complex obtained by reconstitution of arginine-rich histones with 140-base pair length DNA has properties considerably closer to native core particles than the complex obtained with lysine-rich histones. A tetramer of arginine-rich histones folds 140-base pair length DNA into a particle (R body) with identical projections, on high resolution electron micrographs, as native core particles. The R body is more spherical in shape than the native nucleosome core particle. Both arginine- and lysine-rich histones contribute to the altered thermal stability and circular dichroism spectra of the core particle DNA.", "contents": "Folding of 140-base pair length DNA by a core of arginine-rich histones. The nucleoprotein complex obtained by reconstitution of arginine-rich histones with 140-base pair length DNA has properties considerably closer to native core particles than the complex obtained with lysine-rich histones. A tetramer of arginine-rich histones folds 140-base pair length DNA into a particle (R body) with identical projections, on high resolution electron micrographs, as native core particles. The R body is more spherical in shape than the native nucleosome core particle. Both arginine- and lysine-rich histones contribute to the altered thermal stability and circular dichroism spectra of the core particle DNA.", "PMID": 670187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_299", "title": "Cross-referencing testis-specific nuclear proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Discontinuous sodium sodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis combined with acid-urea gel electrophoresis reveals that both testis histone H1 classes TH1-X (Branson, R. E., Grimes, S. R., Jr., Yonuschot, G., and Irvin, J. L (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 168, 403-412) and H1 contain two polypeptides each. Migration properties and relative staining intensities of the four H1 histone proteins in testis support the following conclusions. 1. Two testis-specific forms become the major H1 components at some stage of spermatogenesis. 2. During this stage they assume structural and functional role analogous to those of their two somatic counterparts. We have also detected a new testis-specific protein containing cysteine.", "contents": "Cross-referencing testis-specific nuclear proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Discontinuous sodium sodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis combined with acid-urea gel electrophoresis reveals that both testis histone H1 classes TH1-X (Branson, R. E., Grimes, S. R., Jr., Yonuschot, G., and Irvin, J. L (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 168, 403-412) and H1 contain two polypeptides each. Migration properties and relative staining intensities of the four H1 histone proteins in testis support the following conclusions. 1. Two testis-specific forms become the major H1 components at some stage of spermatogenesis. 2. During this stage they assume structural and functional role analogous to those of their two somatic counterparts. We have also detected a new testis-specific protein containing cysteine.", "PMID": 670188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_300", "title": "Characterization of phosphate oxygen exchange reactions catalyzed by myosin through measurement of the distribution of 18-O-labeled species.", "content": "The change in the distribution of the phosphate species containing 0 to 4 18O oxygens per Pi was investigated during medium Pi equilibrium HOH exchange catalyzed by myosin subfragment 1. At 25 degrees C, a Pi molecule once bound loses an average of 3.9 of its original 4 oxygens prior to release which means that at least 100 reversals of the exchange reaction must have occurred. At 0 degrees C, only 3.4 of the 4 oxygens are lost prior to release indicating an average of 17 reversals. Distribution patterns are consistent with equivalent participation in the exchange reactions of all 4 oxygens of bound Pi. The intermediate exchange of Pi oxygens during hydrolysis of 18O-labeled ATP by myosin has also been investigated. The distribution of the product Pi species shows that there is an ATPase component in myosin preparations which hydrolyzes ATP without intermediate exchange. Presence of this component, which is likely a contaminating ATPase, provides a simple explanation of the apparent nonequivalence of phosphate oxygens which has been observed. When correction is made for this contaminant, characteristics of the myosin intermediate Pi equilibrium HOH exchange are similar to those of myosin subfragment 1 medium exchange, and intermediate exchange data are in much closer agreement with other kinetic measurements.", "contents": "Characterization of phosphate oxygen exchange reactions catalyzed by myosin through measurement of the distribution of 18-O-labeled species. The change in the distribution of the phosphate species containing 0 to 4 18O oxygens per Pi was investigated during medium Pi equilibrium HOH exchange catalyzed by myosin subfragment 1. At 25 degrees C, a Pi molecule once bound loses an average of 3.9 of its original 4 oxygens prior to release which means that at least 100 reversals of the exchange reaction must have occurred. At 0 degrees C, only 3.4 of the 4 oxygens are lost prior to release indicating an average of 17 reversals. Distribution patterns are consistent with equivalent participation in the exchange reactions of all 4 oxygens of bound Pi. The intermediate exchange of Pi oxygens during hydrolysis of 18O-labeled ATP by myosin has also been investigated. The distribution of the product Pi species shows that there is an ATPase component in myosin preparations which hydrolyzes ATP without intermediate exchange. Presence of this component, which is likely a contaminating ATPase, provides a simple explanation of the apparent nonequivalence of phosphate oxygens which has been observed. When correction is made for this contaminant, characteristics of the myosin intermediate Pi equilibrium HOH exchange are similar to those of myosin subfragment 1 medium exchange, and intermediate exchange data are in much closer agreement with other kinetic measurements.", "PMID": 670189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_301", "title": "Dansylaziridine-labeled troponin C. A new fluorescent \"physiological\" probe for calcium regulation by sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Dansylaziridine-labeled troponin C (TnCDANZ) undergoes a greater than 2-fold fluorescence enhancement with Ca2+ binding to the Ca2+-specific regulatory sites of troponin C. Hence, TnCDANZ serves as a very good indicator of Ca2+ in the range of 3.0 to 70 micron. Ca2+ uptake and release by sarcoplasmic reticulum can be easily and accurately monitored by the fluorescence changes in TnCDANZ. In this manner, we can monitor directly the removal of Ca2+ from troponin C by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Thus, this reaction represents a useful analogue ot the Ca2+ \"on-off\" process in muscle.", "contents": "Dansylaziridine-labeled troponin C. A new fluorescent \"physiological\" probe for calcium regulation by sarcoplasmic reticulum. Dansylaziridine-labeled troponin C (TnCDANZ) undergoes a greater than 2-fold fluorescence enhancement with Ca2+ binding to the Ca2+-specific regulatory sites of troponin C. Hence, TnCDANZ serves as a very good indicator of Ca2+ in the range of 3.0 to 70 micron. Ca2+ uptake and release by sarcoplasmic reticulum can be easily and accurately monitored by the fluorescence changes in TnCDANZ. In this manner, we can monitor directly the removal of Ca2+ from troponin C by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Thus, this reaction represents a useful analogue ot the Ca2+ \"on-off\" process in muscle.", "PMID": 670191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_302", "title": "Crystalline enzyme.substrate complexes of asparate aminotransferase.", "content": "Crystalline complexes of cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase of pig heart with the substrates L-glutamate and L-aspartate, and with other amino acids, have been prepared and polarized light absorption spectra have been measured. Striking differences in the directions of polarization of the absorption bands are seen. A complete half-transamination of pyridoxal phosphate to pyridoxamine phosphate by aspartate or by cysteine sulfinate can be demonstrated in the crystal as can the accumulation of a quinonoid intermediate with erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartate. X-ray diffraction studies show that the crystals with erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartate and alpha-methylaspartate are isomorphous with those of both alpha and beta subforms of the native enzyme.", "contents": "Crystalline enzyme.substrate complexes of asparate aminotransferase. Crystalline complexes of cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase of pig heart with the substrates L-glutamate and L-aspartate, and with other amino acids, have been prepared and polarized light absorption spectra have been measured. Striking differences in the directions of polarization of the absorption bands are seen. A complete half-transamination of pyridoxal phosphate to pyridoxamine phosphate by aspartate or by cysteine sulfinate can be demonstrated in the crystal as can the accumulation of a quinonoid intermediate with erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartate. X-ray diffraction studies show that the crystals with erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartate and alpha-methylaspartate are isomorphous with those of both alpha and beta subforms of the native enzyme.", "PMID": 670192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_303", "title": "Impairment of dolichyl saccharide synthesis and dolichol-mediated glycoprotein assembly in the aortic smooth muscle cell in culture by inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis.", "content": "25-Hydroxycholesterol treatment of the aortic smooth muscle cell inhibited the incorporation of acetate but not mevalonate into dolichol and cholesterol by 91 and 82%, respectively, and diminished the synthesis from glucose of cholesterol, dolichylpyrophosphoryl oligosaccharide, and dolichol-dependent glycoproteins. The dolichol-bound oligosaccharide unit contained approximately 10 Man/2 Glc/2 GlcNAc residues and appeared to be a precursor to protein-bound saccharide units which contained on the average 8 Man/1 Glc/2 GlcNAc residues. Mevalonate was found to protect the cells against the effect 25-hydroxycholesterol and to restore normal cellular synthesis of dolichyl saccharides and glycoproteins. It is suggested that hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase may function as a rate-controlling enzyme in the biosynthesis of not only sterols but also dolichols, and may as a result regulate the assembly of certain cellular glycoproteins.", "contents": "Impairment of dolichyl saccharide synthesis and dolichol-mediated glycoprotein assembly in the aortic smooth muscle cell in culture by inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. 25-Hydroxycholesterol treatment of the aortic smooth muscle cell inhibited the incorporation of acetate but not mevalonate into dolichol and cholesterol by 91 and 82%, respectively, and diminished the synthesis from glucose of cholesterol, dolichylpyrophosphoryl oligosaccharide, and dolichol-dependent glycoproteins. The dolichol-bound oligosaccharide unit contained approximately 10 Man/2 Glc/2 GlcNAc residues and appeared to be a precursor to protein-bound saccharide units which contained on the average 8 Man/1 Glc/2 GlcNAc residues. Mevalonate was found to protect the cells against the effect 25-hydroxycholesterol and to restore normal cellular synthesis of dolichyl saccharides and glycoproteins. It is suggested that hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase may function as a rate-controlling enzyme in the biosynthesis of not only sterols but also dolichols, and may as a result regulate the assembly of certain cellular glycoproteins.", "PMID": 670194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_304", "title": "Disassociation between acidinsoluble acylcarnitines and ketogenesis following carnitine administration in vivo.", "content": "1-Carnitine was administered to fed rats and the changes in plasma beta-hydroxybutrate concentration and liver acid-insoluble acylcarnitine content were assessed. One hour following injection of carnitine in doses greater than 1 mumol/100 g of body weight there was a dose-dependent increase in liver acid-insoluble acylcarnitine content to levels comparable to those seen in fasting. These increased levels were maintained for a least 2 h following injection. During the period following carnitine administration there was no increase in ketogenesis as evidenced by plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Since acid-insoluble acylcarnitines represent the product of carnitine palmitoyltransferase A, the results are interpreted as contradictory to the theory that this enzyme is rate-limiting and regulatory for ketogenesis.", "contents": "Disassociation between acidinsoluble acylcarnitines and ketogenesis following carnitine administration in vivo. 1-Carnitine was administered to fed rats and the changes in plasma beta-hydroxybutrate concentration and liver acid-insoluble acylcarnitine content were assessed. One hour following injection of carnitine in doses greater than 1 mumol/100 g of body weight there was a dose-dependent increase in liver acid-insoluble acylcarnitine content to levels comparable to those seen in fasting. These increased levels were maintained for a least 2 h following injection. During the period following carnitine administration there was no increase in ketogenesis as evidenced by plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Since acid-insoluble acylcarnitines represent the product of carnitine palmitoyltransferase A, the results are interpreted as contradictory to the theory that this enzyme is rate-limiting and regulatory for ketogenesis.", "PMID": 670195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_305", "title": "Soluble adenylate cyclase from thyroid membranes.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase from purified beef thyroid membranes has been solubilized by the use of Triton N-101 after preactivation with guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido)-triphosphate. The soluble activity passed a 0.22- micron filter, was not sedimented at 100,000 X g for 2 h, and behaved like aldolase in sucrose density gradients and on Sepharose 6B. From comparison of the sedimentation in D2O and H2O the partial specific volume was found to be like that of globular proteins (0.75 +/- 0.006), hence little detergent appeared to be bound to the enzyme. The sedimentation coefficient was 7.4 +/- 0.15, the Stokes radius 45 A, and the molecular weight 159,000. Prestimulation by thyrotropin did not survive solubilization. The stimulation produced by guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido)triphosphate persisted as did the more active state resulting from pretreatment with both this nucleotide plus thyrotropin. Thyrotropin did not stimulate the solubilized enzyme. The Km for ATP, thermal stability, and inhibition by Ca2+ were identical for the membrane-bound and soluble enzyme, while the pH optimum was increased 0.5 unit in the latter. Polyanions and phenothiazines inhibited both preparations equally, whereas only membranes responded to stimulation by polylysine and ribonuclease.", "contents": "Soluble adenylate cyclase from thyroid membranes. Adenylate cyclase from purified beef thyroid membranes has been solubilized by the use of Triton N-101 after preactivation with guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido)-triphosphate. The soluble activity passed a 0.22- micron filter, was not sedimented at 100,000 X g for 2 h, and behaved like aldolase in sucrose density gradients and on Sepharose 6B. From comparison of the sedimentation in D2O and H2O the partial specific volume was found to be like that of globular proteins (0.75 +/- 0.006), hence little detergent appeared to be bound to the enzyme. The sedimentation coefficient was 7.4 +/- 0.15, the Stokes radius 45 A, and the molecular weight 159,000. Prestimulation by thyrotropin did not survive solubilization. The stimulation produced by guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido)triphosphate persisted as did the more active state resulting from pretreatment with both this nucleotide plus thyrotropin. Thyrotropin did not stimulate the solubilized enzyme. The Km for ATP, thermal stability, and inhibition by Ca2+ were identical for the membrane-bound and soluble enzyme, while the pH optimum was increased 0.5 unit in the latter. Polyanions and phenothiazines inhibited both preparations equally, whereas only membranes responded to stimulation by polylysine and ribonuclease.", "PMID": 670196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_306", "title": "Sequence of the COOH-terminal hydrophilic region of histocompatibility antigens HLA-A2 and HLA-B7.", "content": "Detergent-solubilized HLA antigens were isolated from a human lymphoblastoid cell using an anti-beta2-microglobulin immunoaffinity column. The HLA-A and HLA-B locus products were separated by thin layer isoelectric focusing. Cleavage of the p44 chain of HLA-A2 and -B7 antigens with cyanogen bromide led to the isolation of a 31-amino-acid fragment from each. The fragments were sequenced and shown to be from the COOH-terminal end of the intact chains using carboxypeptidase Y. The fragment from the HLA-B7 chain, 55% of whose amino acids were polar, contained the 2 cysteine residues not found in the papain-derived molecule. The tentative sequence of the fragment from the HLA-A2 chain was similar to that of the HLA-B7 fragment but appeared not to contain any cysteine residues. The hydrophilic COOH-terminal region of HLA antigens, which directly follows the hydrophobic, membrane-binding segment, began with a cluster of basic amino acids. This arrangement of amino acids resembles that found at the COOH terminus of the red blood cell membrane protein, glycophorin.", "contents": "Sequence of the COOH-terminal hydrophilic region of histocompatibility antigens HLA-A2 and HLA-B7. Detergent-solubilized HLA antigens were isolated from a human lymphoblastoid cell using an anti-beta2-microglobulin immunoaffinity column. The HLA-A and HLA-B locus products were separated by thin layer isoelectric focusing. Cleavage of the p44 chain of HLA-A2 and -B7 antigens with cyanogen bromide led to the isolation of a 31-amino-acid fragment from each. The fragments were sequenced and shown to be from the COOH-terminal end of the intact chains using carboxypeptidase Y. The fragment from the HLA-B7 chain, 55% of whose amino acids were polar, contained the 2 cysteine residues not found in the papain-derived molecule. The tentative sequence of the fragment from the HLA-A2 chain was similar to that of the HLA-B7 fragment but appeared not to contain any cysteine residues. The hydrophilic COOH-terminal region of HLA antigens, which directly follows the hydrophobic, membrane-binding segment, began with a cluster of basic amino acids. This arrangement of amino acids resembles that found at the COOH terminus of the red blood cell membrane protein, glycophorin.", "PMID": 670198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_307", "title": "Isolation and amino acid sequence of the alpha-subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone from equine pituitary glands.", "content": "Six hundred milligrams of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), containing 110 NIH-FSH-S1 units/mg, was isolated from 9 kg of equine pituitary glands. The equine FSH was dissociated into alpha- and beta-subunits. A tentative amino acid sequence of the alpha-subunit was determined. The alpha-subunit contained 82 amino acids. The equine FSH-alpha is shorter by 10 to 14 amino acids at the NH2 terminus and has several substitutions at several positions as compared with human FSH-alpha and bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone-alpha. At the intraspecies level, the alpha-subunits of human FSH, human luteinizing hormone, and human chorionic gonadotropin are similar, whereas at the interspecies level there are differences among the alpha-subunits of FSH, luteinizing hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone.", "contents": "Isolation and amino acid sequence of the alpha-subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone from equine pituitary glands. Six hundred milligrams of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), containing 110 NIH-FSH-S1 units/mg, was isolated from 9 kg of equine pituitary glands. The equine FSH was dissociated into alpha- and beta-subunits. A tentative amino acid sequence of the alpha-subunit was determined. The alpha-subunit contained 82 amino acids. The equine FSH-alpha is shorter by 10 to 14 amino acids at the NH2 terminus and has several substitutions at several positions as compared with human FSH-alpha and bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone-alpha. At the intraspecies level, the alpha-subunits of human FSH, human luteinizing hormone, and human chorionic gonadotropin are similar, whereas at the interspecies level there are differences among the alpha-subunits of FSH, luteinizing hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone.", "PMID": 670201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_308", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit of the follicle-stimulating hormone from equine pituitary glands.", "content": "A tentative amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit of equine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was derived from the sequences of tryptic, thermolytic as well as peptic, subtilisin, and chymotryptic peptides. Equine FSH-beta is analogous to human FSH-beta except six amino acid substitutions at positions 12, 16, 21, 62, 108, and 114. The amino acid sequence suggests that the hormone-specific beta-subunits of FSH are similar at the interspecies level, whereas the amino acid sequences of the hormone nonspecific alpha-subunits show variations.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit of the follicle-stimulating hormone from equine pituitary glands. A tentative amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit of equine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was derived from the sequences of tryptic, thermolytic as well as peptic, subtilisin, and chymotryptic peptides. Equine FSH-beta is analogous to human FSH-beta except six amino acid substitutions at positions 12, 16, 21, 62, 108, and 114. The amino acid sequence suggests that the hormone-specific beta-subunits of FSH are similar at the interspecies level, whereas the amino acid sequences of the hormone nonspecific alpha-subunits show variations.", "PMID": 670202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_309", "title": "The primary structure of the nonpolar segment of bovine cytochrome b5.", "content": "The primary structure of the membrane bound segment of amphipathic bovine liver microsomal cytochrome b5 has been determined. This 43 residue nonpolar polypeptide is present at the COOH terminus of cytochrome b5. The sequence was obtained by automated sequence analysis and carboxypeptidase digestions. The sequence obtained is: Ile-Thr-Lys-Pro-Ser-Glu-Ser-Ile-Ile-Thr-Ile-Asp-Ser-Asn-Pro-Ser-Trp-Trp-Thr-Asn-Trp-Leu-Ile-Pro-Ala-Ile-Ser-Ala-Leu-Phe-Val-Ala-Leu-Ile-Tyr-His-Leu-Tyr-Thr-Ser-Glu-Asn. Conformational analysis using predictive algorithms is presented along with circular dichroism data on the peptide bound to phospholipid vesicles.", "contents": "The primary structure of the nonpolar segment of bovine cytochrome b5. The primary structure of the membrane bound segment of amphipathic bovine liver microsomal cytochrome b5 has been determined. This 43 residue nonpolar polypeptide is present at the COOH terminus of cytochrome b5. The sequence was obtained by automated sequence analysis and carboxypeptidase digestions. The sequence obtained is: Ile-Thr-Lys-Pro-Ser-Glu-Ser-Ile-Ile-Thr-Ile-Asp-Ser-Asn-Pro-Ser-Trp-Trp-Thr-Asn-Trp-Leu-Ile-Pro-Ala-Ile-Ser-Ala-Leu-Phe-Val-Ala-Leu-Ile-Tyr-His-Leu-Tyr-Thr-Ser-Glu-Asn. Conformational analysis using predictive algorithms is presented along with circular dichroism data on the peptide bound to phospholipid vesicles.", "PMID": 670203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_310", "title": "Cyclic forms of the alpha-keto acid analogs of arginine, citrulline, homoarginine, and homocitrulline.", "content": "The alpha-keto acid analogs of arginine and citrulline (and of their next higher homologs, homoarginine and homocitrulline) were prepared enzymatically and shown to exist in equilibrium with cyclic forms which predominate in solution and in the solid state. The cyclic forms of the alpha-keto acid analogs of arginine and homoarginine have the structures pyrrolidine-1-amidino-2-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid and piperidine-1-amidino-2-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, respectively. The cyclic forms of the alpha-keto acid analogs of citrulline and homocitrulline have the structures pyrrolidine-1-carbamyl-2-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid and piperidine-1-carbamyl-2-carboxylic acid, respectively. The latter compound can undergo further cyclization and dehydration to form additional products, whose structures (2H, 5H, 7H-imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-1,3-dione and 2H, 5H, 7H, 9H-9-hydroxy-imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-1,3-dione) were deduced. The alpha-keto acids investigated here, which may be formed reversibly by enzymatic transamination of the corresponding amino acids, may be formed in vivo especially in the presence of metabolic abnormalities associated with inborn enzymatic defects.", "contents": "Cyclic forms of the alpha-keto acid analogs of arginine, citrulline, homoarginine, and homocitrulline. The alpha-keto acid analogs of arginine and citrulline (and of their next higher homologs, homoarginine and homocitrulline) were prepared enzymatically and shown to exist in equilibrium with cyclic forms which predominate in solution and in the solid state. The cyclic forms of the alpha-keto acid analogs of arginine and homoarginine have the structures pyrrolidine-1-amidino-2-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid and piperidine-1-amidino-2-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, respectively. The cyclic forms of the alpha-keto acid analogs of citrulline and homocitrulline have the structures pyrrolidine-1-carbamyl-2-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid and piperidine-1-carbamyl-2-carboxylic acid, respectively. The latter compound can undergo further cyclization and dehydration to form additional products, whose structures (2H, 5H, 7H-imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-1,3-dione and 2H, 5H, 7H, 9H-9-hydroxy-imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-1,3-dione) were deduced. The alpha-keto acids investigated here, which may be formed reversibly by enzymatic transamination of the corresponding amino acids, may be formed in vivo especially in the presence of metabolic abnormalities associated with inborn enzymatic defects.", "PMID": 670205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_311", "title": "Turnover of murine beta-glucuronidase. Comparison among liver, kidney, and spleen and between lysosomes and microsomes.", "content": "The turnover properties of murine beta-glucuronidase in several tissues and at two subcellular sites have been determined by monitoring the radioactivity present in immunoprecipitated enzyme at a number of time points following the in vivo administration of a single radiolabeled protein precursor (either L-[3,4(-3H)]leucine or or NaH14CO3). In all experiments a considerable period of time was required for the attainment of maximum specific radioactivity in glucuronidase. Similar labeling kinetics was found when [3H]leucine incorporation was monitored in immunoprecipitated murine liver delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase. Half-life estimates of 2 to 3 days were obtained for glucuronidases of liver, kidney, and spleen. In most strains of inbred mice, it is known that approximately 60% of total liver glucuronidase activity resides in lysosomes, while 40% is within the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (Ganschow, R. E. and Paigen, K. (1968) Genetics 59, 335-349). These two subcellular forms of glucuronidase turn over at similar rates. Furthermore, the bulk of glucuronidase in the endoplasmic reticulum does not serve as precursor to lysosomal glucuronidase.", "contents": "Turnover of murine beta-glucuronidase. Comparison among liver, kidney, and spleen and between lysosomes and microsomes. The turnover properties of murine beta-glucuronidase in several tissues and at two subcellular sites have been determined by monitoring the radioactivity present in immunoprecipitated enzyme at a number of time points following the in vivo administration of a single radiolabeled protein precursor (either L-[3,4(-3H)]leucine or or NaH14CO3). In all experiments a considerable period of time was required for the attainment of maximum specific radioactivity in glucuronidase. Similar labeling kinetics was found when [3H]leucine incorporation was monitored in immunoprecipitated murine liver delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase. Half-life estimates of 2 to 3 days were obtained for glucuronidases of liver, kidney, and spleen. In most strains of inbred mice, it is known that approximately 60% of total liver glucuronidase activity resides in lysosomes, while 40% is within the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (Ganschow, R. E. and Paigen, K. (1968) Genetics 59, 335-349). These two subcellular forms of glucuronidase turn over at similar rates. Furthermore, the bulk of glucuronidase in the endoplasmic reticulum does not serve as precursor to lysosomal glucuronidase.", "PMID": 670206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_312", "title": "Contractile properties of actomyosin from human blood platelets.", "content": "Actomyosin was purified from human blood platelets and used to form threads via extrusion. A sensitive tensiometer was employed to measure isometric tension and velocity of isotonic shortening of the threads in the presence of MgATP. Using fully phosphorylated myosin, we obtained values for maximum isometric tension (Po) and maximum velocity of contraction (V max) that were similar to those reported for threads composed of skeletal muscle actomyosin. Po was found to be directly proportional to the level of phosphorylation of the 20,000-dalton myosin light chain. We also studied the effect of phosphorylation on superprecipitation of platelet actomyosin. Fully phosphorylated myosin produced rapid clearing and superprecipitation, while myosin with a low level of bound phosphate underwent rapid clearing but did not superprecipitate. We have concluded from these results that: 1) the interaction between platelet actin and myosin produces tension and motion that is similar to that produced by skeletal muscle actin and myosin and 2) phosphorylation of the 20,000-dalton myosin light chain in important in controlling the production of force by platelet actin and myosin.", "contents": "Contractile properties of actomyosin from human blood platelets. Actomyosin was purified from human blood platelets and used to form threads via extrusion. A sensitive tensiometer was employed to measure isometric tension and velocity of isotonic shortening of the threads in the presence of MgATP. Using fully phosphorylated myosin, we obtained values for maximum isometric tension (Po) and maximum velocity of contraction (V max) that were similar to those reported for threads composed of skeletal muscle actomyosin. Po was found to be directly proportional to the level of phosphorylation of the 20,000-dalton myosin light chain. We also studied the effect of phosphorylation on superprecipitation of platelet actomyosin. Fully phosphorylated myosin produced rapid clearing and superprecipitation, while myosin with a low level of bound phosphate underwent rapid clearing but did not superprecipitate. We have concluded from these results that: 1) the interaction between platelet actin and myosin produces tension and motion that is similar to that produced by skeletal muscle actin and myosin and 2) phosphorylation of the 20,000-dalton myosin light chain in important in controlling the production of force by platelet actin and myosin.", "PMID": 670207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_313", "title": "Inactivation of phosphorylase b by potassium ferrate. Identification of a tyrosine residue involved in the binding of adenosine 5'-monophosphate.", "content": "The site of reaction of potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) with rabbit muscle phosphorylase b has been further characterized in an extension of previously published studies (Lee, Y. M., and Benisek, W. F. (1976) J. Biol, Chem. 251, 1553-1560) reporting inactivation of the enzyme by this reagent. The tryptic peptide composed of residues 70 to 80 of the enzyme's polypeptide chain was shown to contain a tyrosine residue which is chemically modified by ferrate and which is protected by 5'-AMP. The sequence of this peptide obtained from both untreated and ferrate-treated phosphorylase b was determined, and the results showed that tyrosine-75 was the residue with which ferrate reacts.", "contents": "Inactivation of phosphorylase b by potassium ferrate. Identification of a tyrosine residue involved in the binding of adenosine 5'-monophosphate. The site of reaction of potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) with rabbit muscle phosphorylase b has been further characterized in an extension of previously published studies (Lee, Y. M., and Benisek, W. F. (1976) J. Biol, Chem. 251, 1553-1560) reporting inactivation of the enzyme by this reagent. The tryptic peptide composed of residues 70 to 80 of the enzyme's polypeptide chain was shown to contain a tyrosine residue which is chemically modified by ferrate and which is protected by 5'-AMP. The sequence of this peptide obtained from both untreated and ferrate-treated phosphorylase b was determined, and the results showed that tyrosine-75 was the residue with which ferrate reacts.", "PMID": 670209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_314", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of Halobacterium cutirubrum ribosomal 5 S ribonucleic acid. An altered secondary structure in halophilic organisms.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of ribosomal 5 S RNA from a halophilic bacterium, Halobacterium cutirubrum, grown in 4 M sodium chloride is U-U-A-A-G-G-C-G-G-C-C-A-U-A-G-C-G-G-U-G-G-G-G-U-U-A-C-U-C-C-C-G-U-A-C-C-C-A-U-C-C-C-G-A-A-C-A-C-G-G-A-A-G-A-U-A-A-G-C-C-C-G-C-C-U-G-C-G-U-U-C-C-G-G-U-C-A-G-U-A-C-U-G-G-A-G-U-G-C-G-A-G-C-C-U-C-U-G-G-G-A-A-A-U-C-C-G-G-U-U-C-G-C-C-G-C-C-U-A-C-U. This nucleotide sequence is the longest prokaryotic 5 S rRNA to be reported and unlike other 5 S species does not contain a terminal mononucleoside diphosphate residue at its 5'-end. When compared to other 5 S rRNA's, the sequence homology is greatest (about 68%) with Bacillus subtilis; there is a lower but similar degree of homology (about 58%) with either Escherichia coli or human 5 S RNA. The comparisons further indicate that among 5 S RNA's, eleven of the nucleotide residues are unique to H. cutirubrum. Estimates of the secondary structure of the H. cutirubrum 5 S RNA molecule contain one additional stable hairpin loop which is not found in other 5 S rRNA species; this unusual structure is probably an adaptation to the high salt environment within H. cutirubrum cells.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of Halobacterium cutirubrum ribosomal 5 S ribonucleic acid. An altered secondary structure in halophilic organisms. The nucleotide sequence of ribosomal 5 S RNA from a halophilic bacterium, Halobacterium cutirubrum, grown in 4 M sodium chloride is U-U-A-A-G-G-C-G-G-C-C-A-U-A-G-C-G-G-U-G-G-G-G-U-U-A-C-U-C-C-C-G-U-A-C-C-C-A-U-C-C-C-G-A-A-C-A-C-G-G-A-A-G-A-U-A-A-G-C-C-C-G-C-C-U-G-C-G-U-U-C-C-G-G-U-C-A-G-U-A-C-U-G-G-A-G-U-G-C-G-A-G-C-C-U-C-U-G-G-G-A-A-A-U-C-C-G-G-U-U-C-G-C-C-G-C-C-U-A-C-U. This nucleotide sequence is the longest prokaryotic 5 S rRNA to be reported and unlike other 5 S species does not contain a terminal mononucleoside diphosphate residue at its 5'-end. When compared to other 5 S rRNA's, the sequence homology is greatest (about 68%) with Bacillus subtilis; there is a lower but similar degree of homology (about 58%) with either Escherichia coli or human 5 S RNA. The comparisons further indicate that among 5 S RNA's, eleven of the nucleotide residues are unique to H. cutirubrum. Estimates of the secondary structure of the H. cutirubrum 5 S RNA molecule contain one additional stable hairpin loop which is not found in other 5 S rRNA species; this unusual structure is probably an adaptation to the high salt environment within H. cutirubrum cells.", "PMID": 670210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_315", "title": "Identification of a binary complex of procarboxypeptidase A and a precursor of protease E in porcine pancreatic secretion.", "content": "In porcine pancreatic secretion procarboxypeptidase A exists in two states: as a monomer and as a binary complex of a type hitherto not observed in the pancreatic secretions of other species. This complex is shown to contain 1 molecule of procarboxypeptidase A and 1 molecule of a proteolytic zymogen we have designated as zymogen E. The two subunits of the complex have been separated by gel filtration in a denaturing solvent and the products used for compositional and NH2-terminal sequence analysis. We also fractionated the mixture obtained on activation of the binary complex and isolated homogenous preparations of porcine carboxypeptidase A and the diisopropylphosphoryl derivative of the enzyme formed from zymogen E. Zymogen E has an Mr of about 26,000 and on activation produces an enzyme of essentially the same Mr with properties very similar to those of human pancreatic protease E. It catalyzes the esterolysis of acetyl-L-alanyl-L-analyl-L-alanine methyl ester, but is inert towards acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and is readily inactivated by diisopropylophosphorofluoridate. Zymogen E has an amino acid composition different from those of porcine chymotrypsinogen A, B, or C. Its NH2-terminal sequence shows homology with the NH2-terminal sequence of lungfish proelastase A; yet, like human protease E, porcine protease E has relatively very low activity on intact elastin.", "contents": "Identification of a binary complex of procarboxypeptidase A and a precursor of protease E in porcine pancreatic secretion. In porcine pancreatic secretion procarboxypeptidase A exists in two states: as a monomer and as a binary complex of a type hitherto not observed in the pancreatic secretions of other species. This complex is shown to contain 1 molecule of procarboxypeptidase A and 1 molecule of a proteolytic zymogen we have designated as zymogen E. The two subunits of the complex have been separated by gel filtration in a denaturing solvent and the products used for compositional and NH2-terminal sequence analysis. We also fractionated the mixture obtained on activation of the binary complex and isolated homogenous preparations of porcine carboxypeptidase A and the diisopropylphosphoryl derivative of the enzyme formed from zymogen E. Zymogen E has an Mr of about 26,000 and on activation produces an enzyme of essentially the same Mr with properties very similar to those of human pancreatic protease E. It catalyzes the esterolysis of acetyl-L-alanyl-L-analyl-L-alanine methyl ester, but is inert towards acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and is readily inactivated by diisopropylophosphorofluoridate. Zymogen E has an amino acid composition different from those of porcine chymotrypsinogen A, B, or C. Its NH2-terminal sequence shows homology with the NH2-terminal sequence of lungfish proelastase A; yet, like human protease E, porcine protease E has relatively very low activity on intact elastin.", "PMID": 670212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_316", "title": "The sodium electrochemical potential-mediated uphill transport of D-glucose in renal brush border membrane vesicles.", "content": "The uphill transport of D-glucose in renal brush border membrane vesicles was correlated with the Na+ electrochemical gradient. Each component of the electrochemical potential, the membrane potential (outside positive) or the Na+ chemical gradient, when assayed independently, supported the concentrative uptake of the sugar. When the two components were combined, the rates of D-glucose uptake were additive. Accumulation of D-glucose as a function of various Na+ gradients, in the absence of a membrane potential, suggests a 1:1 stoichiometry between sugar and Na+ uptake. These findings are consistent with the role of ionic gradients in energizing uphill solute transport.", "contents": "The sodium electrochemical potential-mediated uphill transport of D-glucose in renal brush border membrane vesicles. The uphill transport of D-glucose in renal brush border membrane vesicles was correlated with the Na+ electrochemical gradient. Each component of the electrochemical potential, the membrane potential (outside positive) or the Na+ chemical gradient, when assayed independently, supported the concentrative uptake of the sugar. When the two components were combined, the rates of D-glucose uptake were additive. Accumulation of D-glucose as a function of various Na+ gradients, in the absence of a membrane potential, suggests a 1:1 stoichiometry between sugar and Na+ uptake. These findings are consistent with the role of ionic gradients in energizing uphill solute transport.", "PMID": 670213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_317", "title": "Characterization of 5'-terminal methylation of human alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs.", "content": "After incubating peripheral blood of various anemic individuals with [methyl-3H]methionine, 5'-terminal cap structures and the sequential methylation of human globin mRNAs were determined. Human alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs have the same methylated nucleotides at their 5' ends as the alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs of mouse and rabbit: m7G(5')ppp(5')[m6Am/Am]pCmp. The order of methyl group addition to human globin mRNA is also similar to that of mouse globin mRNA in that methylation of the 5'-terminal guanosine and the ribose of adenosine occurs earlier than that of the base of adenosine and the ribose of cytidine. Thus, both the cap structures and the order of methylation are conserved in the globin mRNAs of these species, suggesting that variation in the structure of the 5' terminus of globin mRNAs may alter the function of these molecules.", "contents": "Characterization of 5'-terminal methylation of human alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs. After incubating peripheral blood of various anemic individuals with [methyl-3H]methionine, 5'-terminal cap structures and the sequential methylation of human globin mRNAs were determined. Human alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs have the same methylated nucleotides at their 5' ends as the alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs of mouse and rabbit: m7G(5')ppp(5')[m6Am/Am]pCmp. The order of methyl group addition to human globin mRNA is also similar to that of mouse globin mRNA in that methylation of the 5'-terminal guanosine and the ribose of adenosine occurs earlier than that of the base of adenosine and the ribose of cytidine. Thus, both the cap structures and the order of methylation are conserved in the globin mRNAs of these species, suggesting that variation in the structure of the 5' terminus of globin mRNAs may alter the function of these molecules.", "PMID": 670214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_318", "title": "A soluble lipid.protein complex from bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules.", "content": "A unique soluble lipoprotein has been isolated from aqueous lysates of bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration. Chloroform/methanol extracts of this complex contain sphingomyelin, lecithin, and cholesterol. Gel filtration in aqueous media indicate an approximate molecular weight of 900,000 for the complex. Incubation with sodium dodecyl sulfate causes dissociation to a low molecular weight polypeptide; prolonged treatment with guanidine HCl does not promote dissociation at all. Amino acid analysis revealed a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. Analysis of the tryptic fingerprint indicates that a single type of polypeptide chain is present. The complex appears to contain approximately five copies of polypeptide per aggregate.", "contents": "A soluble lipid.protein complex from bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules. A unique soluble lipoprotein has been isolated from aqueous lysates of bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration. Chloroform/methanol extracts of this complex contain sphingomyelin, lecithin, and cholesterol. Gel filtration in aqueous media indicate an approximate molecular weight of 900,000 for the complex. Incubation with sodium dodecyl sulfate causes dissociation to a low molecular weight polypeptide; prolonged treatment with guanidine HCl does not promote dissociation at all. Amino acid analysis revealed a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. Analysis of the tryptic fingerprint indicates that a single type of polypeptide chain is present. The complex appears to contain approximately five copies of polypeptide per aggregate.", "PMID": 670216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_319", "title": "Bovine tendons. Aging and collagen cross-linking.", "content": "The level of cross-linking between the polypeptide chains of the collagen molecules in bovine tendons of different ages has been assessed by measuring quantitatively through densitometry the changes in the ratios of individual cyanogen bromide peptides separated on polyacrylamide gels. An increase in the number of cross-links in mature, as compared to young, tendons correlates with a depletion in the proportion of the free, COOH-terminal peptides alpha1-CB6 and alpha2-CB3,5 and with an increase in a broad distribution of peptides moving slowly in the gels: these peptides are not seen in digests of acid-soluble collagen. Some of these peptides which are presumably cross-linked migrate more slowly than beta components and collagen alpha chains and are apparently of a higher molecular weight. No increase in cross-linked peptides is detectable beyond the age of maturation; this analysis refutes, at least in this tissue, the common presumption that progressive cross-linking occurs in collagen through an animal's lifetime.", "contents": "Bovine tendons. Aging and collagen cross-linking. The level of cross-linking between the polypeptide chains of the collagen molecules in bovine tendons of different ages has been assessed by measuring quantitatively through densitometry the changes in the ratios of individual cyanogen bromide peptides separated on polyacrylamide gels. An increase in the number of cross-links in mature, as compared to young, tendons correlates with a depletion in the proportion of the free, COOH-terminal peptides alpha1-CB6 and alpha2-CB3,5 and with an increase in a broad distribution of peptides moving slowly in the gels: these peptides are not seen in digests of acid-soluble collagen. Some of these peptides which are presumably cross-linked migrate more slowly than beta components and collagen alpha chains and are apparently of a higher molecular weight. No increase in cross-linked peptides is detectable beyond the age of maturation; this analysis refutes, at least in this tissue, the common presumption that progressive cross-linking occurs in collagen through an animal's lifetime.", "PMID": 670217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_320", "title": "Glutathione transferases. Catalysis of nucleophilic reactions of glutathione.", "content": "Homogeneous preparations of the glutathione transferases from rat liver have been tested for their ability to catalyze a number of diverse nucleophilic reactions of GSH. Although disulfide interchange with GSSG or L-cystine, and cis-trans isomerization of maleic acid, are clearly promoted by thiols in solution, the reactions were not catalyzed by the glutathione transferases. In contrast, certain more hydrophobic analogs of these compounds were found to serve as substrates. The transferases also catalyze the glutathione-dependent release of p-nitrophenol from p-nitrophenyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl trimethylacetate. These observations are consistent with the formulation that catalysis may result from close juxtaposition of sufficiently electrophilic, nonpolar compounds with GSH on the enzyme surface.", "contents": "Glutathione transferases. Catalysis of nucleophilic reactions of glutathione. Homogeneous preparations of the glutathione transferases from rat liver have been tested for their ability to catalyze a number of diverse nucleophilic reactions of GSH. Although disulfide interchange with GSSG or L-cystine, and cis-trans isomerization of maleic acid, are clearly promoted by thiols in solution, the reactions were not catalyzed by the glutathione transferases. In contrast, certain more hydrophobic analogs of these compounds were found to serve as substrates. The transferases also catalyze the glutathione-dependent release of p-nitrophenol from p-nitrophenyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl trimethylacetate. These observations are consistent with the formulation that catalysis may result from close juxtaposition of sufficiently electrophilic, nonpolar compounds with GSH on the enzyme surface.", "PMID": 670218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_321", "title": "Homocysteine biosynthesis in green plants. Physiological importance of the transsulfuration pathway in Chlorella sorokiniana growing under steady state conditions with limiting sulfate.", "content": "The physiological roles of the transsulfuration and direct sulfhydration pathways in Chlorella sorokiniana growing under steady state photoautotrophic conditions with limiting sulfate were studied by following the patterns of assimilation of 35SO4(2-) into sulfur amino acids. The labeling patterns expected of each pathway were defined by means of models based on the rates of net synthesis of the terminal pools of GSH, protein cysteine, and protein methionine. The labeling patterns observed are entirely consistent with the transsulfuration pathway and inconsistent with the direct sulfhydration pathway. By analysis of the amounts of radioactivity present in key intermediates at labeling times as short as 1 s, it was demonstrated that direct sulfhydration makes no detectable contribution to homocysteine biosynthesis, and if operative contributes no more than approximately 3% of the total homocysteine biosynthesized. From the combined determinations of the initial rates of labeling and net rates of synthesis of the various sulfur amino acids, a tentative working model is presented that summarizes our best current estimates of the major fluxes of sulfur in the experimental system. The labeling data further showed that soluble cysteine consists of at least two pools. One pool, termed \"rapidly turning over\" cysteine comprises less than 1% of the total soluble cysteine, and is the precursor of GSH, protein cysteine, and, almost certainly, cystathionine. The other pool, \"slowly turning over\" cysteine, appears to be in equilibrium with \"rapidly turning over\" cysteine, but not to be further metabolized.", "contents": "Homocysteine biosynthesis in green plants. Physiological importance of the transsulfuration pathway in Chlorella sorokiniana growing under steady state conditions with limiting sulfate. The physiological roles of the transsulfuration and direct sulfhydration pathways in Chlorella sorokiniana growing under steady state photoautotrophic conditions with limiting sulfate were studied by following the patterns of assimilation of 35SO4(2-) into sulfur amino acids. The labeling patterns expected of each pathway were defined by means of models based on the rates of net synthesis of the terminal pools of GSH, protein cysteine, and protein methionine. The labeling patterns observed are entirely consistent with the transsulfuration pathway and inconsistent with the direct sulfhydration pathway. By analysis of the amounts of radioactivity present in key intermediates at labeling times as short as 1 s, it was demonstrated that direct sulfhydration makes no detectable contribution to homocysteine biosynthesis, and if operative contributes no more than approximately 3% of the total homocysteine biosynthesized. From the combined determinations of the initial rates of labeling and net rates of synthesis of the various sulfur amino acids, a tentative working model is presented that summarizes our best current estimates of the major fluxes of sulfur in the experimental system. The labeling data further showed that soluble cysteine consists of at least two pools. One pool, termed \"rapidly turning over\" cysteine comprises less than 1% of the total soluble cysteine, and is the precursor of GSH, protein cysteine, and, almost certainly, cystathionine. The other pool, \"slowly turning over\" cysteine, appears to be in equilibrium with \"rapidly turning over\" cysteine, but not to be further metabolized.", "PMID": 670219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_322", "title": "The reaction of ferrous leghemoglobin with hydrogen peroxide to form leghemoglobin(IV).", "content": "Ferrous leghemoglobin reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form the stable product, leghemoglobin(IV). The reaction follows second order kinetics (k = 2.24 X 10(4) M-1 S-1 at 20 degrees C) and may be regarded as a single-step, two-electron oxidation. Ferric leghemoglobin is not an intermediate. The oxidation state of leghemoglobin(IV) is established by reductive titration with dithionite; 2 eq of dithionite are required to convert 1 mol of leghemoglobin(IV) to ferrous leghemoglobin. An outstanding property of leghemoglobin(IV) is its stability, little change is noted after 12 h at 25 degrees C. Leghemoglobin(IV) differs from the higher oxidation states of other hemoglobins and myoglobins in that it does not react with hydrogen peroxide to form the oxygenated protein.", "contents": "The reaction of ferrous leghemoglobin with hydrogen peroxide to form leghemoglobin(IV). Ferrous leghemoglobin reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form the stable product, leghemoglobin(IV). The reaction follows second order kinetics (k = 2.24 X 10(4) M-1 S-1 at 20 degrees C) and may be regarded as a single-step, two-electron oxidation. Ferric leghemoglobin is not an intermediate. The oxidation state of leghemoglobin(IV) is established by reductive titration with dithionite; 2 eq of dithionite are required to convert 1 mol of leghemoglobin(IV) to ferrous leghemoglobin. An outstanding property of leghemoglobin(IV) is its stability, little change is noted after 12 h at 25 degrees C. Leghemoglobin(IV) differs from the higher oxidation states of other hemoglobins and myoglobins in that it does not react with hydrogen peroxide to form the oxygenated protein.", "PMID": 670221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_323", "title": "Identification of essential lysyl and cysteinyl residues in spinach ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase modified by the affinity label N-bromoacetylethanolamine phosphate.", "content": "We reported earlier (Schloss, J. V., and Hartman, F. C. (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 77, 230-236) that N-bromoacetylethanolamine phosphate is an affinity label for spinach ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. We now show inactivation to be correlated directly with the alkylation either of a single lysyl residue (in the presence of Mg2+) or of 2 different cysteinyl residues (in the absence of Mg2+), consistent with the likelihood that these residues are located in the active site region. This proposition is further supported by the demonstration that the residues are protected from alkylation by substrate, a competitive inhibitor, or the transition state analog 2-carboxyribitol bisphosphate. Tryptic peptides that contain the modified residues have been isolated and sequenced. One of the 2 cysteinyl residues that are subject to alkylation is only 3 residues distant in sequence from the lysyl residue modified by bromoacetylethanolamine phosphate. This lysyl residue is identical with 1 of the 2 lysyl residues alkylated by the previously described affinity label, 3-bromo-1,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 1,4-bisphosphate (Stringer, C. D., and Hartman, F. C. (1978) Biochem. Biophys, Res. Commun. 80, 1043-1048).", "contents": "Identification of essential lysyl and cysteinyl residues in spinach ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase modified by the affinity label N-bromoacetylethanolamine phosphate. We reported earlier (Schloss, J. V., and Hartman, F. C. (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 77, 230-236) that N-bromoacetylethanolamine phosphate is an affinity label for spinach ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. We now show inactivation to be correlated directly with the alkylation either of a single lysyl residue (in the presence of Mg2+) or of 2 different cysteinyl residues (in the absence of Mg2+), consistent with the likelihood that these residues are located in the active site region. This proposition is further supported by the demonstration that the residues are protected from alkylation by substrate, a competitive inhibitor, or the transition state analog 2-carboxyribitol bisphosphate. Tryptic peptides that contain the modified residues have been isolated and sequenced. One of the 2 cysteinyl residues that are subject to alkylation is only 3 residues distant in sequence from the lysyl residue modified by bromoacetylethanolamine phosphate. This lysyl residue is identical with 1 of the 2 lysyl residues alkylated by the previously described affinity label, 3-bromo-1,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 1,4-bisphosphate (Stringer, C. D., and Hartman, F. C. (1978) Biochem. Biophys, Res. Commun. 80, 1043-1048).", "PMID": 670222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_324", "title": "Properties of crystalline leucine dehydrogenase from Bacillus sphaericus.", "content": "The distribution of bacterial leucine dehydrogenase (L-leucine:NAD+ oxidoreductase, deaminating, EC 1.4.1.9) was investigated, and Bacillus sphaericus (IFO 3525) was found to have the highest activity of the enzyme. Leucine dehydrogenase, which was purified to homogeneity and crystallized from B. sphaericus, has a molecular weight of about 245,000 and consists of six identical subunits (Mr = 41,000). The enzyme catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-leucine, L-valine, L-isoleucine, L-norvaline, L-alpha-aminobutyrate, and L-norleucine, and the reductive amination of their keto analogues. The enzyme requires NAD+ as a cofactor, which cannot be replaced by NADP+. D-Enantiomers of the substrate amino acids inhibit competitively the oxidation of L-leucine. The enzyme activity is significantly reduced by both sulfhydryl reagents and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides and nucleotides have no effect on the enzyme activity. Initial velocity and product inhibition studies show that the reductive amination proceeds through a sequential ordered ternary-binary mechanism. NADH binds first to the enzyme followed by alpha-ketoisocaproate and ammonia, and the products are released in the order of L-leucine and NAD+. The Michaelis constants are as follows: L-leucine (1 mM), NAD+ (0.39 mM), NADH (35 micrometer), alpha-ketoisocaproate (0.31 mM), and ammonia (0.2 M). The pro-S hydrogen at C-4 of the dihydronicotinamide ring of NADH is exclusively transferred to the substrate; the enzyme is B-stereospecific.", "contents": "Properties of crystalline leucine dehydrogenase from Bacillus sphaericus. The distribution of bacterial leucine dehydrogenase (L-leucine:NAD+ oxidoreductase, deaminating, EC 1.4.1.9) was investigated, and Bacillus sphaericus (IFO 3525) was found to have the highest activity of the enzyme. Leucine dehydrogenase, which was purified to homogeneity and crystallized from B. sphaericus, has a molecular weight of about 245,000 and consists of six identical subunits (Mr = 41,000). The enzyme catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-leucine, L-valine, L-isoleucine, L-norvaline, L-alpha-aminobutyrate, and L-norleucine, and the reductive amination of their keto analogues. The enzyme requires NAD+ as a cofactor, which cannot be replaced by NADP+. D-Enantiomers of the substrate amino acids inhibit competitively the oxidation of L-leucine. The enzyme activity is significantly reduced by both sulfhydryl reagents and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides and nucleotides have no effect on the enzyme activity. Initial velocity and product inhibition studies show that the reductive amination proceeds through a sequential ordered ternary-binary mechanism. NADH binds first to the enzyme followed by alpha-ketoisocaproate and ammonia, and the products are released in the order of L-leucine and NAD+. The Michaelis constants are as follows: L-leucine (1 mM), NAD+ (0.39 mM), NADH (35 micrometer), alpha-ketoisocaproate (0.31 mM), and ammonia (0.2 M). The pro-S hydrogen at C-4 of the dihydronicotinamide ring of NADH is exclusively transferred to the substrate; the enzyme is B-stereospecific.", "PMID": 670223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_325", "title": "Amino acid sequence of hemerythrin from Themiste dyscritum.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of hemerythrin from the sipunculid worm, Themiste dyscritum, was determined by sequenator analyses of the S-pyridylethylated protein and fragments derived by further chemical and enzymatic cleavages. The fragments were obtained by cleavage of the intact protein with hydroxylamine, trypsin digestion of citraconylated intact protein, and subdigestion with Staphylococcal protease V8. The COOH-terminal sequence was determined using carboxypeptidases A and B and amino acid analyses. The polypeptide chain was found to contain 113 amino acids. Since heterogeneity was observed at no more than two positions in the amino acid sequence, the native octameric protein appears to be composed of identical subunits. By combining information derived from sequence analyses and x-ray crystallographic studies, it has been possible to identify amino acids responsible for the tertiary and quaternary structure of the protein as well as amino acids serving as iron ligands at the oxygen-binding site.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of hemerythrin from Themiste dyscritum. The amino acid sequence of hemerythrin from the sipunculid worm, Themiste dyscritum, was determined by sequenator analyses of the S-pyridylethylated protein and fragments derived by further chemical and enzymatic cleavages. The fragments were obtained by cleavage of the intact protein with hydroxylamine, trypsin digestion of citraconylated intact protein, and subdigestion with Staphylococcal protease V8. The COOH-terminal sequence was determined using carboxypeptidases A and B and amino acid analyses. The polypeptide chain was found to contain 113 amino acids. Since heterogeneity was observed at no more than two positions in the amino acid sequence, the native octameric protein appears to be composed of identical subunits. By combining information derived from sequence analyses and x-ray crystallographic studies, it has been possible to identify amino acids responsible for the tertiary and quaternary structure of the protein as well as amino acids serving as iron ligands at the oxygen-binding site.", "PMID": 670224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_326", "title": "Purification and characterization of the cytotoxic Cerebratulus A toxins.", "content": "Mucus secreted from the skin of a marine worm, Cerebratulus lacteus, contains a family of polypeptide cytotoxins (A toxins) in addition to the previously reported polypeptide neurotoxins (B toxins). The A toxins were purified by Sephadex G-50 chromatography and then CM-cellulose gradient chromatography at pH 7.5 and pH 3.5. The three most abundant A toxins (designated according to their order of CM-cellulose elution) were homogeneous by gel electrophoreses, amino acid composition, and by NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal partial sequence analyses. Each of the three A toxins consists of a single basic polypeptide chain of 93 to 99 residues, cross-linked by three or four disulfide bonds, lacking reducing sugar and cysteinyl residues. The three A toxins rapidly lysed human red cells and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells at 1 to 10 microgram/ml concentrations. On a molar basis toxin A-III is about 4 times more active than melittin (bee venom lysin) and over 10 times more active than cardiotoxin (elapid snake lysin) upon human red cells. Purified A toxins lacked phospholipase A activity. The cytoxins as well as the neurotoxins were concentrated within the body wall integument.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the cytotoxic Cerebratulus A toxins. Mucus secreted from the skin of a marine worm, Cerebratulus lacteus, contains a family of polypeptide cytotoxins (A toxins) in addition to the previously reported polypeptide neurotoxins (B toxins). The A toxins were purified by Sephadex G-50 chromatography and then CM-cellulose gradient chromatography at pH 7.5 and pH 3.5. The three most abundant A toxins (designated according to their order of CM-cellulose elution) were homogeneous by gel electrophoreses, amino acid composition, and by NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal partial sequence analyses. Each of the three A toxins consists of a single basic polypeptide chain of 93 to 99 residues, cross-linked by three or four disulfide bonds, lacking reducing sugar and cysteinyl residues. The three A toxins rapidly lysed human red cells and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells at 1 to 10 microgram/ml concentrations. On a molar basis toxin A-III is about 4 times more active than melittin (bee venom lysin) and over 10 times more active than cardiotoxin (elapid snake lysin) upon human red cells. Purified A toxins lacked phospholipase A activity. The cytoxins as well as the neurotoxins were concentrated within the body wall integument.", "PMID": 670226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_327", "title": "RNA synthesis in rat liver cells with different DNA contents.", "content": "The DNA content of mature rat liver parenchymal cells falls into three distinct classes with 1:2:4 amounts of DNA. These classes represent 2 N, 4 N, and 8 N cells. We have measured the changing proportions of these cells from 0.75 to 24 months of age. We have obtained a useful approximation for the numbers of each ploidy class, for cellular preparations from liver, as a function of the amount of DNA and age. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the average DNA content per cell is given by the relationship DNA/cell = 41.28(1/2)--324.14 Age1/4 + 499.37 Age1/8--207.24, with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.990. Measurements of the amount of RNA synthesized in a 15-min period revealed that the relative proportions were 1.2:1.0 for 4 N:2 N cells of young rats, 1.3:1.1.:1.0 for 8 N:4 N:2 N cells of intermediate ages, and 1.1:1.0 for 8 N:4 N cells of old rats. The absolute amounts of RNA synthesized by each ploidy class declined with age.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in rat liver cells with different DNA contents. The DNA content of mature rat liver parenchymal cells falls into three distinct classes with 1:2:4 amounts of DNA. These classes represent 2 N, 4 N, and 8 N cells. We have measured the changing proportions of these cells from 0.75 to 24 months of age. We have obtained a useful approximation for the numbers of each ploidy class, for cellular preparations from liver, as a function of the amount of DNA and age. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the average DNA content per cell is given by the relationship DNA/cell = 41.28(1/2)--324.14 Age1/4 + 499.37 Age1/8--207.24, with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.990. Measurements of the amount of RNA synthesized in a 15-min period revealed that the relative proportions were 1.2:1.0 for 4 N:2 N cells of young rats, 1.3:1.1.:1.0 for 8 N:4 N:2 N cells of intermediate ages, and 1.1:1.0 for 8 N:4 N cells of old rats. The absolute amounts of RNA synthesized by each ploidy class declined with age.", "PMID": 670227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_328", "title": "Enzymatic synthesis of a glucose-containing oligosaccharide-lipid involved in glycosylation of proteins.", "content": "Earlier studies on the biosynthesis of an oligosaccharide-lipid with the structure (alpha-Man)4-6-beta-Man-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol have been extended to show that enzymes in membrane preparations of hen oviduct catalyze synthesis of a Glc-containing oligosaccharide-lipid that is similar in properties to the Glc-free oligosaccharide-lipid. Conditions that enable enzymatic preparation of Man-, GlcNAc-, or Glc-labeled oligosaccharide-lipid have been established. Experiments with isolated [Glc-14C]oligosaccharide-lipid as substrate demonstrated that the oligosaccharide chain was transferred en bloc from the lipid to an endogenous membrane protein of apparent Mr = 25,000. In addition, an exogenous soluble protein, S-carboxymethylated alpha-lactalbumin, was shown to serve as acceptor of the oligosaccharide chain from the Glc-containing oligosaccharide-lipid. Studies on the metabolic fate of the Glc residues in these proteins are reported in the accompanying paper (Chen, W. W., and Lennarz, W. J. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 5780-5785).", "contents": "Enzymatic synthesis of a glucose-containing oligosaccharide-lipid involved in glycosylation of proteins. Earlier studies on the biosynthesis of an oligosaccharide-lipid with the structure (alpha-Man)4-6-beta-Man-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol have been extended to show that enzymes in membrane preparations of hen oviduct catalyze synthesis of a Glc-containing oligosaccharide-lipid that is similar in properties to the Glc-free oligosaccharide-lipid. Conditions that enable enzymatic preparation of Man-, GlcNAc-, or Glc-labeled oligosaccharide-lipid have been established. Experiments with isolated [Glc-14C]oligosaccharide-lipid as substrate demonstrated that the oligosaccharide chain was transferred en bloc from the lipid to an endogenous membrane protein of apparent Mr = 25,000. In addition, an exogenous soluble protein, S-carboxymethylated alpha-lactalbumin, was shown to serve as acceptor of the oligosaccharide chain from the Glc-containing oligosaccharide-lipid. Studies on the metabolic fate of the Glc residues in these proteins are reported in the accompanying paper (Chen, W. W., and Lennarz, W. J. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 5780-5785).", "PMID": 670228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_329", "title": "Enzymatic excision of glucosyl units linked to the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins.", "content": "Studies in the accompanying paper (Chen, W. W., and Lennarz, W. J. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 5774-5779) showed that hen oviduct membranes catalyze synthesis of a Glc-containing oligosaccharide-lipid and that the oligosaccharide moiety of this compound is transferred en bloc to an endogenous protein as well as to an exogenous, soluble protein. In this study we have established that the endogeneous proteins in oviduct membranes are devoid of Glc. In view of these findings, the possibility that Glc was excised from the oligosaccharide chain after it had been transferred to protein was examined. Kinetic studies involving the use of endogenous membrane proteins as acceptors of the oligosaccharide chain suggested that the Glc residues were released without significant degradation of the core oligosaccharide. Direct evidence for the presence of a membrane-bound glucosidase was obtained using either free, Glc-containing oligosaccharide or Glc-containing oligosaccharide linked to S-carboxymethylated alpha-lactalbumin as substrates. Experiments utilizing [3H]Glc- and [14C]GlcNAc-labeled, glycosylated S-carboxymethylated alpha-lactalbumin established that, under conditions leading to extensive removal of [3H]Glc, there was essentially no degradation of the [14C]GlcNAc-labeled oligosaccharide core.", "contents": "Enzymatic excision of glucosyl units linked to the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins. Studies in the accompanying paper (Chen, W. W., and Lennarz, W. J. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 5774-5779) showed that hen oviduct membranes catalyze synthesis of a Glc-containing oligosaccharide-lipid and that the oligosaccharide moiety of this compound is transferred en bloc to an endogenous protein as well as to an exogenous, soluble protein. In this study we have established that the endogeneous proteins in oviduct membranes are devoid of Glc. In view of these findings, the possibility that Glc was excised from the oligosaccharide chain after it had been transferred to protein was examined. Kinetic studies involving the use of endogenous membrane proteins as acceptors of the oligosaccharide chain suggested that the Glc residues were released without significant degradation of the core oligosaccharide. Direct evidence for the presence of a membrane-bound glucosidase was obtained using either free, Glc-containing oligosaccharide or Glc-containing oligosaccharide linked to S-carboxymethylated alpha-lactalbumin as substrates. Experiments utilizing [3H]Glc- and [14C]GlcNAc-labeled, glycosylated S-carboxymethylated alpha-lactalbumin established that, under conditions leading to extensive removal of [3H]Glc, there was essentially no degradation of the [14C]GlcNAc-labeled oligosaccharide core.", "PMID": 670229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_330", "title": "Physical and functional properties of adenylate cyclase from mature rat testis.", "content": "The mature rat testis contains two forms of adenylate cyclase. One is membrane-bound and hormone-responsive; the other is water-soluble and not activated by hormones (Braun, T., and Dods, R. F. (1976) Pnoc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 1097-1101). The water-soluble adenylate cyclase is a globular protein which is much smaller than the enzyme which is solubilized from membranes of mature rat testis by Triton X-100. Its physical properties are: sedimentation coefficient, 3.8 S; Stokes radius, 34 A; molecular weight, 56,000; frictional ratio, 1.2. Inclusion of protease inhibitors during enzyme extraction did not affect the fraction of total enzyme activity which was water-soluble, nor did autolysis for 1 h at 25 degrees C. The physical properties of the membrane-bound adenylate cyclase were determined after solubilization with Triton X-100. In detergent, the values are: sedimentation coefficient, 6.7 S; Stokes radius, 68 A; partial specific volume, 0.73 ml/g; molecular weight, 191,000; frictional ratio, 1.6. The fact that the partial specific volume of the enzyme in detergent is the same as that of a typical water-soluble protein shows that the Triton X-100-solubilized enzyme does not bind a large quantity of detergent. This indicates that it does not have extensive hydrophobic regions on its surface. The detergent-solubilized adenylate cyclase of the mature rat testis is similar in this respect to adenylate cyclase solubilized from the rat renal medulla (Neer, E. J. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 6527-6531).", "contents": "Physical and functional properties of adenylate cyclase from mature rat testis. The mature rat testis contains two forms of adenylate cyclase. One is membrane-bound and hormone-responsive; the other is water-soluble and not activated by hormones (Braun, T., and Dods, R. F. (1976) Pnoc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 1097-1101). The water-soluble adenylate cyclase is a globular protein which is much smaller than the enzyme which is solubilized from membranes of mature rat testis by Triton X-100. Its physical properties are: sedimentation coefficient, 3.8 S; Stokes radius, 34 A; molecular weight, 56,000; frictional ratio, 1.2. Inclusion of protease inhibitors during enzyme extraction did not affect the fraction of total enzyme activity which was water-soluble, nor did autolysis for 1 h at 25 degrees C. The physical properties of the membrane-bound adenylate cyclase were determined after solubilization with Triton X-100. In detergent, the values are: sedimentation coefficient, 6.7 S; Stokes radius, 68 A; partial specific volume, 0.73 ml/g; molecular weight, 191,000; frictional ratio, 1.6. The fact that the partial specific volume of the enzyme in detergent is the same as that of a typical water-soluble protein shows that the Triton X-100-solubilized enzyme does not bind a large quantity of detergent. This indicates that it does not have extensive hydrophobic regions on its surface. The detergent-solubilized adenylate cyclase of the mature rat testis is similar in this respect to adenylate cyclase solubilized from the rat renal medulla (Neer, E. J. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 6527-6531).", "PMID": 670231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_331", "title": "Immunological properties of fractionated avian erythroid nuclei.", "content": "Chicken reticulocyte (polychromatic primitive erythrocyte) and erythrocyte chromatin was fractionated by ultrasound shearing and salt precipitation into three fractions differing in their activities to support the in vitro RNA synthesis. The transcriptionally active fraction of chicken reticulocyte chromatin which represented only about 0.5% of the total nuclear DNA contained essentially all the chromatin-associated endogenous RNA. Approximately 2% of this endogenous reticulocyte RNA hybridized to globin cDNA probe and could be translated in vitro into polypeptides which coelectrophoresed with the in vitro translation product of isolated chicken globin mRNA or chicken globin marker. Each of the three fractions had a characteristic distribution of chromosomal proteins and endogenous RNA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the chromosomal proteins showed differences in their distribution among individual fractions of the same cell type and among corresponding fractions of reticulocyte or erythrocyte chromatin. Antisera produced against dehistonized reticulocyte chromatin were specific for reticulocyte but not erythrocyte chromatin. When reacted with each of the differentially templating chromatin fractions, it was found that reticulocyte-specific antibodies were highly reactive with the template-active fraction of reticulocytes, but essentially nonreactive with any other reticulocyte fraction. This same antiserum was not significantly reactive toward any erythrocyte fraction. The antigenicity of the template-active fraction of reticulocytes was abolished after pronase or DNase II digestion, but only partially diminished after DNase I digestion.", "contents": "Immunological properties of fractionated avian erythroid nuclei. Chicken reticulocyte (polychromatic primitive erythrocyte) and erythrocyte chromatin was fractionated by ultrasound shearing and salt precipitation into three fractions differing in their activities to support the in vitro RNA synthesis. The transcriptionally active fraction of chicken reticulocyte chromatin which represented only about 0.5% of the total nuclear DNA contained essentially all the chromatin-associated endogenous RNA. Approximately 2% of this endogenous reticulocyte RNA hybridized to globin cDNA probe and could be translated in vitro into polypeptides which coelectrophoresed with the in vitro translation product of isolated chicken globin mRNA or chicken globin marker. Each of the three fractions had a characteristic distribution of chromosomal proteins and endogenous RNA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the chromosomal proteins showed differences in their distribution among individual fractions of the same cell type and among corresponding fractions of reticulocyte or erythrocyte chromatin. Antisera produced against dehistonized reticulocyte chromatin were specific for reticulocyte but not erythrocyte chromatin. When reacted with each of the differentially templating chromatin fractions, it was found that reticulocyte-specific antibodies were highly reactive with the template-active fraction of reticulocytes, but essentially nonreactive with any other reticulocyte fraction. This same antiserum was not significantly reactive toward any erythrocyte fraction. The antigenicity of the template-active fraction of reticulocytes was abolished after pronase or DNase II digestion, but only partially diminished after DNase I digestion.", "PMID": 670233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_332", "title": "Purification of the \"corrinoid\" enzyme involved in the synthesis of acetate by Clostridium thermoaceticum.", "content": "A corrinoid enzyme has been purified to approximately 80% homogeneity from Clostridium thermoaceticum. It catalyzes the formation of acetate from N5-methyltetrahydrofolate and pyruvate in combination with the required supplementary enzymes which are supplied by an extract that has been treated with propyl iodide. The enzyme was purified by chromatography on a folate affinity column and a DEAE-Bio-Gel column and by ultrafiltration. The molecular weight as determined by sedimentation equilibrium is 158,000 and the sedimentation coefficient is 10.5 S. By gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, the subunit molecular weight was found to be 40,000, thus, the enzyme may be a tetramer of four similar subunits. The results of electron microscopy confirmed the tetrameric structure. In the absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, two bands of similar intensity were observed by electrophoresis, but both yielded the 40,000 molecular weight subunit in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. These results indicate the two bands represent either two different molecular weight forms of the enzyme or two differently charged isoenzymes. The enzyme is quite labile being sensitive to dilution, aerobic conditions, and light. Dithiothreitol and glycerol were found to stabilize the enzyme. The cofactor requirements for acetate synthesis have been determined. ATP, thiamin pyrophosphate, S-adenosylmethionine, and Fe2+ were found to be required for maximum activity and the Km values were determined. High concentrations of methyltetrahydrofolate, pyruvate, and S-adenosylmethionine were found to inhibit the synthesis of acetate.", "contents": "Purification of the \"corrinoid\" enzyme involved in the synthesis of acetate by Clostridium thermoaceticum. A corrinoid enzyme has been purified to approximately 80% homogeneity from Clostridium thermoaceticum. It catalyzes the formation of acetate from N5-methyltetrahydrofolate and pyruvate in combination with the required supplementary enzymes which are supplied by an extract that has been treated with propyl iodide. The enzyme was purified by chromatography on a folate affinity column and a DEAE-Bio-Gel column and by ultrafiltration. The molecular weight as determined by sedimentation equilibrium is 158,000 and the sedimentation coefficient is 10.5 S. By gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, the subunit molecular weight was found to be 40,000, thus, the enzyme may be a tetramer of four similar subunits. The results of electron microscopy confirmed the tetrameric structure. In the absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, two bands of similar intensity were observed by electrophoresis, but both yielded the 40,000 molecular weight subunit in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. These results indicate the two bands represent either two different molecular weight forms of the enzyme or two differently charged isoenzymes. The enzyme is quite labile being sensitive to dilution, aerobic conditions, and light. Dithiothreitol and glycerol were found to stabilize the enzyme. The cofactor requirements for acetate synthesis have been determined. ATP, thiamin pyrophosphate, S-adenosylmethionine, and Fe2+ were found to be required for maximum activity and the Km values were determined. High concentrations of methyltetrahydrofolate, pyruvate, and S-adenosylmethionine were found to inhibit the synthesis of acetate.", "PMID": 670234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_333", "title": "Effect of comonomer ratio on hydrocortisone diffusion from sustained-release composite capsules.", "content": "The daily in vitro release of hydrocortisone from composite polymer capsules is reported here for over 120 days. Increase in vinyl acetate comonomer content of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer matrix brought about an increase in the diffusion rate. Variation in the initial drug content of the capsules from 40 mg to 20 mg affects the daily drug release less significantly than the variation in copolymer ratio. The correlation between vinyl acetate comonomer content and the percent crystallinity of the copolymer matrix is suggested as one of the possible major factors in controlling diffusion rate from this drug-polymer system. The diffusion constant (D) calculated was 0.212 X 10(10) cm2/sec when the copolymer carrier has 30% vinyl acetate content and 0.430 X 10(11) cm2/sec when the copolymer carrier has 20% vinyl acetate content for capsules with 20 mg initial drug content, and 0.118 X 10(-11) cm2/sec and 0.226 X 10(-11) cm2/sec, respectively, for capsules with 40 mg initial drug content.", "contents": "Effect of comonomer ratio on hydrocortisone diffusion from sustained-release composite capsules. The daily in vitro release of hydrocortisone from composite polymer capsules is reported here for over 120 days. Increase in vinyl acetate comonomer content of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer matrix brought about an increase in the diffusion rate. Variation in the initial drug content of the capsules from 40 mg to 20 mg affects the daily drug release less significantly than the variation in copolymer ratio. The correlation between vinyl acetate comonomer content and the percent crystallinity of the copolymer matrix is suggested as one of the possible major factors in controlling diffusion rate from this drug-polymer system. The diffusion constant (D) calculated was 0.212 X 10(10) cm2/sec when the copolymer carrier has 30% vinyl acetate content and 0.430 X 10(11) cm2/sec when the copolymer carrier has 20% vinyl acetate content for capsules with 20 mg initial drug content, and 0.118 X 10(-11) cm2/sec and 0.226 X 10(-11) cm2/sec, respectively, for capsules with 40 mg initial drug content.", "PMID": 670251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_334", "title": "Thrombus formation in a staged capillary membrane oxygenator associated with a microaggregate blood filter: a scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "Blood contact at interfaces in extracorporeal devices is a source of traumas. Proteins are very rapidly adsorbed; then, depending on which proteins are left various degrees of platelet aggregation follow and thrombi develop. The scanning electron microscope reveals very instructive information on the morphology of the blood deposits which adhere to foreign surfaces. Oxygenators such as the Awad D, which is a staged one made of silicone rubber, become \"thrombus invaded\" after prolonged extracorporeal circulation in spite of adequate heparinization of the blood. In most cases, evaluation of membranes and devices is assessed with respect to transfer of blood gases. Careful examination of the morphology of deposits should be developed. This study shows the importance of blood flow rate, design, and materials.", "contents": "Thrombus formation in a staged capillary membrane oxygenator associated with a microaggregate blood filter: a scanning electron microscope study. Blood contact at interfaces in extracorporeal devices is a source of traumas. Proteins are very rapidly adsorbed; then, depending on which proteins are left various degrees of platelet aggregation follow and thrombi develop. The scanning electron microscope reveals very instructive information on the morphology of the blood deposits which adhere to foreign surfaces. Oxygenators such as the Awad D, which is a staged one made of silicone rubber, become \"thrombus invaded\" after prolonged extracorporeal circulation in spite of adequate heparinization of the blood. In most cases, evaluation of membranes and devices is assessed with respect to transfer of blood gases. Careful examination of the morphology of deposits should be developed. This study shows the importance of blood flow rate, design, and materials.", "PMID": 670252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_335", "title": "Compatibility and long-term stability of glass-ceramic implants.", "content": "The biocompatible and bioactive glass-ceramic material Ceravital, which has been developed, can be adapted to the physiological conditions of the organs by apropriately monitoring its chemical composition. The material exhibits a remarkable long-term stability in in vitro solubility tests and when used as implants in animal experiments.", "contents": "Compatibility and long-term stability of glass-ceramic implants. The biocompatible and bioactive glass-ceramic material Ceravital, which has been developed, can be adapted to the physiological conditions of the organs by apropriately monitoring its chemical composition. The material exhibits a remarkable long-term stability in in vitro solubility tests and when used as implants in animal experiments.", "PMID": 670254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_336", "title": "The appearances of wear on polyethylene--a comparison of in vivo and in vitro wear surfaces.", "content": "An examination has been made of the wear surfaces of 21 ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene components of hip and knee joint prostheses removed from patients. Both light optics and scanning electron microscope systems of examination have been used. The appearances are compared with specimens subjected to two different in vitro wear tests. Surface appearances related to the wear experience have been classified into seven modes. At least four of these are evidences of what may be four different wear mechanisms. Entrapment of bone-cement particles between articulating surfaces is fundamentally extraneous but is seen to generate the most severe wear. In the absence of bone-cement particles, in vivo, wear seems to be mild. Wear in vitro produces similar surface modes but with different relative emphasis.", "contents": "The appearances of wear on polyethylene--a comparison of in vivo and in vitro wear surfaces. An examination has been made of the wear surfaces of 21 ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene components of hip and knee joint prostheses removed from patients. Both light optics and scanning electron microscope systems of examination have been used. The appearances are compared with specimens subjected to two different in vitro wear tests. Surface appearances related to the wear experience have been classified into seven modes. At least four of these are evidences of what may be four different wear mechanisms. Entrapment of bone-cement particles between articulating surfaces is fundamentally extraneous but is seen to generate the most severe wear. In the absence of bone-cement particles, in vivo, wear seems to be mild. Wear in vitro produces similar surface modes but with different relative emphasis.", "PMID": 670255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_337", "title": "Compliance as a factor effecting the patency of a copolyurethane vascular graft.", "content": "A new solid-wall vascular graft which has a compliance approximating that of the natural artery has been prepared from a copolyether-urethane material. Six of nine of these compliant grafts implanted in dogs were patent on removal, the longest implant time being 77 days for a 4-mm I.D. femoral artery graft. This is in contrast to noncompliant grafts of the same copolyurethane in which failure usually occurred within 48 hr.", "contents": "Compliance as a factor effecting the patency of a copolyurethane vascular graft. A new solid-wall vascular graft which has a compliance approximating that of the natural artery has been prepared from a copolyether-urethane material. Six of nine of these compliant grafts implanted in dogs were patent on removal, the longest implant time being 77 days for a 4-mm I.D. femoral artery graft. This is in contrast to noncompliant grafts of the same copolyurethane in which failure usually occurred within 48 hr.", "PMID": 670256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_338", "title": "Evaluation of sunlight stability of polyurethane elastomers for maxillofacial use. I.", "content": "The evaluation of the efficiency of polymer additives with special emphasis on uv absorbers and antioxidants in polyurethane elastomers has been completed. Aliphatic polyurethanes were chosen for this study because their properties closely relate to the requirements of maxillofacial prosthesis. The polyurethane elastomers were either synthesized by ourselves or formulated according to the manufacturer's recommendation. Eleven different types of uv absorbes, coupled with one antioxidant, were incorporated into the polyurethane systems. The Atlas twin-lamp carbon arc Weatherometer was used as the source of uv. The samples were periodically withdrawn for examination of yellowing and tackiness. It was found that, although the incorporation of uv stabilizers enhanced the uv resistance of polyurethanes, the problem of tackiness resulting from uv aging was not solved satisfactorily. The phenomenon of yellowing, however, was significantly improved, mainly due to the aliphatic structure of polyurethanes. The most promising uv absorbers are Tinuvin 770 and the combination of Tinuvin 328, ZnO, and an antioxidant. Their effectiveness in other polyurethane systems is not known and further research is underway to explore this field. Hopefully, these findings will greatly assist the successful application polyurethane elastomers in maxillofacial prosthesis.", "contents": "Evaluation of sunlight stability of polyurethane elastomers for maxillofacial use. I. The evaluation of the efficiency of polymer additives with special emphasis on uv absorbers and antioxidants in polyurethane elastomers has been completed. Aliphatic polyurethanes were chosen for this study because their properties closely relate to the requirements of maxillofacial prosthesis. The polyurethane elastomers were either synthesized by ourselves or formulated according to the manufacturer's recommendation. Eleven different types of uv absorbes, coupled with one antioxidant, were incorporated into the polyurethane systems. The Atlas twin-lamp carbon arc Weatherometer was used as the source of uv. The samples were periodically withdrawn for examination of yellowing and tackiness. It was found that, although the incorporation of uv stabilizers enhanced the uv resistance of polyurethanes, the problem of tackiness resulting from uv aging was not solved satisfactorily. The phenomenon of yellowing, however, was significantly improved, mainly due to the aliphatic structure of polyurethanes. The most promising uv absorbers are Tinuvin 770 and the combination of Tinuvin 328, ZnO, and an antioxidant. Their effectiveness in other polyurethane systems is not known and further research is underway to explore this field. Hopefully, these findings will greatly assist the successful application polyurethane elastomers in maxillofacial prosthesis.", "PMID": 670257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_339", "title": "Force production decay rate in Alastik modules.", "content": "The production and decay of forces produced by Alastik modules was studied under conditions simulating clinical usage over time period of 2 hr to 4 weeks. Force decay was moderate and all Kx modules tested produced approximately 1 lb of force at the end of the 4-week test period. Therefore, from a clinical standpoint, modules need not be changed more frequently than once every 4 weeks.", "contents": "Force production decay rate in Alastik modules. The production and decay of forces produced by Alastik modules was studied under conditions simulating clinical usage over time period of 2 hr to 4 weeks. Force decay was moderate and all Kx modules tested produced approximately 1 lb of force at the end of the 4-week test period. Therefore, from a clinical standpoint, modules need not be changed more frequently than once every 4 weeks.", "PMID": 670258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_340", "title": "The effect of the cooling rate of dental alloys on their amalgamation properties.", "content": "Silver-tin alloys of various compositions (60-80 atomic % Ag) have been prepared from the melt using cooling rates from about 50 degrees C/hr to about 10(6) degrees C/sec. Structural differences due to the different cooling rates were shown by metallographic and x-ray diffraction techniques. From each composition and cooling rate, powders were then prepared and amalgamated. The amalgams were tested for Hg content, dimensional change during setting, and tensile strength. Changes in cooling rates had some effect on the relative amounts of phases present but primarily affected the grain sizes. In general, the faster the cooling rate, the smaller the grain size; the smaller the grain size, the faster and more uniform the amalgamation; the more uniform the amalgamation, the stronger the amalgam. Storage of the alloy powders at room temperatures slowed their amalgamation rates, destroyed their uniformity,and resulted in weaker amalgams. However, no phase changes were observed by x-ray diffraction in the freshly comminuted alloys after aging at room temperature for two months.", "contents": "The effect of the cooling rate of dental alloys on their amalgamation properties. Silver-tin alloys of various compositions (60-80 atomic % Ag) have been prepared from the melt using cooling rates from about 50 degrees C/hr to about 10(6) degrees C/sec. Structural differences due to the different cooling rates were shown by metallographic and x-ray diffraction techniques. From each composition and cooling rate, powders were then prepared and amalgamated. The amalgams were tested for Hg content, dimensional change during setting, and tensile strength. Changes in cooling rates had some effect on the relative amounts of phases present but primarily affected the grain sizes. In general, the faster the cooling rate, the smaller the grain size; the smaller the grain size, the faster and more uniform the amalgamation; the more uniform the amalgamation, the stronger the amalgam. Storage of the alloy powders at room temperatures slowed their amalgamation rates, destroyed their uniformity,and resulted in weaker amalgams. However, no phase changes were observed by x-ray diffraction in the freshly comminuted alloys after aging at room temperature for two months.", "PMID": 670259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_341", "title": "The effect of shear, specific surface, and air interface on the development of blood emboli and hemolysis.", "content": "Heparinized dog blood was exposed to shear and foreign surfaces in conicylindrical test cells. The cells were injection molded from polycarbonate and were filled using a technique that avoided contact of the blood with air. Particulate-matter formation was measured and was found to be dominated by the surface-to-blood-volume ratio and to be independent of shear rate. Hemolysis was also measured and was found to vary linearly with shear rate and to increase with increasing surface-to-blood volume ratio. Thus, at low shear rates and high specific surface conditions, the degree of hemolysis was found to be minimal while particulate-matter formation was high. The results suggest that the safety of extracoporeal perfusion procedures cannot be inferred from hemolysis measurements alone. In one series of tests, a gas-blood interface was generated at a rate equivalent to the rate of surface renewal in conventional disc oxygenators. The gas-blood interface failed to contribute significantly to the damage indices, which suggests that the apparent superiority of membrane oxygenators may be a result of factors other than the absence of a blood-gas interface.", "contents": "The effect of shear, specific surface, and air interface on the development of blood emboli and hemolysis. Heparinized dog blood was exposed to shear and foreign surfaces in conicylindrical test cells. The cells were injection molded from polycarbonate and were filled using a technique that avoided contact of the blood with air. Particulate-matter formation was measured and was found to be dominated by the surface-to-blood-volume ratio and to be independent of shear rate. Hemolysis was also measured and was found to vary linearly with shear rate and to increase with increasing surface-to-blood volume ratio. Thus, at low shear rates and high specific surface conditions, the degree of hemolysis was found to be minimal while particulate-matter formation was high. The results suggest that the safety of extracoporeal perfusion procedures cannot be inferred from hemolysis measurements alone. In one series of tests, a gas-blood interface was generated at a rate equivalent to the rate of surface renewal in conventional disc oxygenators. The gas-blood interface failed to contribute significantly to the damage indices, which suggests that the apparent superiority of membrane oxygenators may be a result of factors other than the absence of a blood-gas interface.", "PMID": 670260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_342", "title": "Hydraulic permeability of hollow-fiber membranes.", "content": "Two experimental methods have been developed to characterize the pressure-driven flow of a liquid through the walls of single hollow-fiber membranes. In one method, the permeation rate is measured directly by following the air-water interface in a pressurized pipet connected to a hollow fiber which is sealed at one end. With the second method, the permeation rate is determined by tracking the decent of an air bubble inside a pressurized hollow fiber sealed at one end. Results obtained by the two experimental methods are in good agreement. Darcy's law is used to analyze the experimental data because the Darcy permeability constant, k is an intrinsic property of the material. The membrane dimensions and the Darcy permeability constant for reconstituted collagen hollow fibers are shown to be quite sensitive to hydrogen ion concentration and ionic strength. A conceptual link between the Darcy permeability constant and the membrane microstructure is obtained by combining the the aligned-rod structural model for reconstituted collagen proposed by Kramer with a hydrodynamic calculation due to Happel and electrical double-layer theory. On the average, the predictions of this model for volume fraction solids and microstructure dimensions are in reasonable agreement with experimental observations.", "contents": "Hydraulic permeability of hollow-fiber membranes. Two experimental methods have been developed to characterize the pressure-driven flow of a liquid through the walls of single hollow-fiber membranes. In one method, the permeation rate is measured directly by following the air-water interface in a pressurized pipet connected to a hollow fiber which is sealed at one end. With the second method, the permeation rate is determined by tracking the decent of an air bubble inside a pressurized hollow fiber sealed at one end. Results obtained by the two experimental methods are in good agreement. Darcy's law is used to analyze the experimental data because the Darcy permeability constant, k is an intrinsic property of the material. The membrane dimensions and the Darcy permeability constant for reconstituted collagen hollow fibers are shown to be quite sensitive to hydrogen ion concentration and ionic strength. A conceptual link between the Darcy permeability constant and the membrane microstructure is obtained by combining the the aligned-rod structural model for reconstituted collagen proposed by Kramer with a hydrodynamic calculation due to Happel and electrical double-layer theory. On the average, the predictions of this model for volume fraction solids and microstructure dimensions are in reasonable agreement with experimental observations.", "PMID": 670261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_343", "title": "Maxillofacial prostheses of chlorinated polyethylene.", "content": "There is clearly a need for maxillofacial prosthetic materials with improved properties. The chlorinated polyethylenes are thermoplastic elastomers which have particularly promising properties, and were used by us to prepare improved maxillofacial prostheses. Suitable CPE resins were compounded with other polymers and with pigments on a heated rubber mill to form thin sheets in a variety of shades. These were heated at 190 degrees C for 10 min and placed between heated linotype mold halves. The prosthesis was formed in a hand press. Sometimes heating and pressing were repeated. After cooling in water, the prosthesis was removed and hand-shaded with oil-soluble dyes. Physical properties were evaluated using standard techniques; skin irritation studies were conducted by 14-day insult patch tests on rabbits. Clinical evaluations were conducted on human volunteers. Parallel evaluations were conducted on commerically available materials for comparison. The CPE was superior to all of the three commerical materials in most properties, and comparable to the better of the three in the remaining properties. On balance, CPE was significantly superior. Early results indicate that the materials and techniques required are easily handled in the dental lab and that the final prosthesis has excellent aesthetic and patient acceptability.", "contents": "Maxillofacial prostheses of chlorinated polyethylene. There is clearly a need for maxillofacial prosthetic materials with improved properties. The chlorinated polyethylenes are thermoplastic elastomers which have particularly promising properties, and were used by us to prepare improved maxillofacial prostheses. Suitable CPE resins were compounded with other polymers and with pigments on a heated rubber mill to form thin sheets in a variety of shades. These were heated at 190 degrees C for 10 min and placed between heated linotype mold halves. The prosthesis was formed in a hand press. Sometimes heating and pressing were repeated. After cooling in water, the prosthesis was removed and hand-shaded with oil-soluble dyes. Physical properties were evaluated using standard techniques; skin irritation studies were conducted by 14-day insult patch tests on rabbits. Clinical evaluations were conducted on human volunteers. Parallel evaluations were conducted on commerically available materials for comparison. The CPE was superior to all of the three commerical materials in most properties, and comparable to the better of the three in the remaining properties. On balance, CPE was significantly superior. Early results indicate that the materials and techniques required are easily handled in the dental lab and that the final prosthesis has excellent aesthetic and patient acceptability.", "PMID": 670262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_344", "title": "Kinematics of the wrist. I. An experimental study of radial-ulnar deviation and flexion-extension.", "content": "The kinematics of the wrist during radial-ulnar deviation and flexion-extension were studied in several ways. In six fresh cadaver wrists, the forearm was fixed in full pronation, each motion was constrained to one plane, and two metal markers were placed in each of the finger metacarpals, as well as in the radius and all of the carpal bones except the pisiform and greater multangular. Radial ulnar and flexion-extension movements in these wrists were studied roentgenographically. In the wrists of six normal volunteers, a similar roentgenographic analysis was carried out and the trajectories of wrist motions also were studied using light-emitting diodes. Finally, roentgenographic measurements were made on 100 wrists of normal subjects. From these studies, it was concluded that: (1) during each of these motions, rotation occurs about a fixed axis located within the head of the capitate, and the location of each axis is not changed by the position of the hand in either plane; (2) the distance from the base of the third metacarpal to the distal articular surface of the radius (the carpal height), measured along the proximally projected axis of the third metacarpal on posteroanterior roentgenograms, is constant throughout radial-ulnar deviation of the normal wrist and can be used as a measure of carpal collapse; and (3) the perpendicular distance of the fixed axis of rotation for radial-ulnar deviation from the distally projected longitudinal axis of the ulna can be used as a quantitative measurement of the amount of translation of the carpus in pathological conditions.", "contents": "Kinematics of the wrist. I. An experimental study of radial-ulnar deviation and flexion-extension. The kinematics of the wrist during radial-ulnar deviation and flexion-extension were studied in several ways. In six fresh cadaver wrists, the forearm was fixed in full pronation, each motion was constrained to one plane, and two metal markers were placed in each of the finger metacarpals, as well as in the radius and all of the carpal bones except the pisiform and greater multangular. Radial ulnar and flexion-extension movements in these wrists were studied roentgenographically. In the wrists of six normal volunteers, a similar roentgenographic analysis was carried out and the trajectories of wrist motions also were studied using light-emitting diodes. Finally, roentgenographic measurements were made on 100 wrists of normal subjects. From these studies, it was concluded that: (1) during each of these motions, rotation occurs about a fixed axis located within the head of the capitate, and the location of each axis is not changed by the position of the hand in either plane; (2) the distance from the base of the third metacarpal to the distal articular surface of the radius (the carpal height), measured along the proximally projected axis of the third metacarpal on posteroanterior roentgenograms, is constant throughout radial-ulnar deviation of the normal wrist and can be used as a measure of carpal collapse; and (3) the perpendicular distance of the fixed axis of rotation for radial-ulnar deviation from the distally projected longitudinal axis of the ulna can be used as a quantitative measurement of the amount of translation of the carpus in pathological conditions.", "PMID": 670263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_345", "title": "Myelodysplasia. The influence of the quadriceps and hip abductor muscles on ambulatory function and stability of the hip.", "content": "In an analysis of motor function, ambulatory function, and hip stability in sixty-five patients with myelodysplasia, four motor-function groups based on the strength of the quadriceps and hip abductor muscles were identified. Retrospectively, it was evident that based on these groups, it would have been possible to predict which hips would remain stable, what level of ambulatory function the patients could achieve, and whether treatment to reduce and stabilize the hips was indicated. Fifty-seven of fifty-eight hips in the twenty-nine patients with functioning quadriceps muscles but non-functioning hip-abductor muscles were either subluxated or dislocated. Thirty-nine of the remaining forty-six patients with functioning quadriceps muscles could walk. In this series, three operative procedures were used to treat hip subluxation: varus osteotomy, varus osteotomy combined with iliopsoas transfer, and iliopsoas transfer alone. One shelf procedure was also done. Varus osteotomy was the best procedure for hip subluxation while posterior iliopsoas transfer, either alone or in combination with a varus osteotomy, was of questionable value. Treatment of hip instability (subluxation or dislocation) in patients without quadriceps function was not necessary.", "contents": "Myelodysplasia. The influence of the quadriceps and hip abductor muscles on ambulatory function and stability of the hip. In an analysis of motor function, ambulatory function, and hip stability in sixty-five patients with myelodysplasia, four motor-function groups based on the strength of the quadriceps and hip abductor muscles were identified. Retrospectively, it was evident that based on these groups, it would have been possible to predict which hips would remain stable, what level of ambulatory function the patients could achieve, and whether treatment to reduce and stabilize the hips was indicated. Fifty-seven of fifty-eight hips in the twenty-nine patients with functioning quadriceps muscles but non-functioning hip-abductor muscles were either subluxated or dislocated. Thirty-nine of the remaining forty-six patients with functioning quadriceps muscles could walk. In this series, three operative procedures were used to treat hip subluxation: varus osteotomy, varus osteotomy combined with iliopsoas transfer, and iliopsoas transfer alone. One shelf procedure was also done. Varus osteotomy was the best procedure for hip subluxation while posterior iliopsoas transfer, either alone or in combination with a varus osteotomy, was of questionable value. Treatment of hip instability (subluxation or dislocation) in patients without quadriceps function was not necessary.", "PMID": 670264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_346", "title": "Arthroscopic examination of the knee. Polypuncture technique with percutaneous intra-articular manipulation.", "content": "Many of the limitations of conventional diagnostic arthroscopy of the knee have been largely overcome through the development of techniques that permit manipulation of intra-articular structures through paired, coordinated entry sites. Ten accessory entry sites are described. This technique was tested in sixty-three fresh knees from cadavera and was employed in fifty-eight knees of ninety patients who required arthroscopy between September 1976 and July 1977. The technique provided information of diagnostic significance that was not obtainable on preliminary conventional arthroscopic examination in 74 per cent of the clinical trials, and it resulted in no complications. It increased the accuracy and realiability of diagnostic arthroscopy of the knee and at times helped to avoid an exploratory arthrotomy while facilitating the planning of therapeutic arthrotomy.", "contents": "Arthroscopic examination of the knee. Polypuncture technique with percutaneous intra-articular manipulation. Many of the limitations of conventional diagnostic arthroscopy of the knee have been largely overcome through the development of techniques that permit manipulation of intra-articular structures through paired, coordinated entry sites. Ten accessory entry sites are described. This technique was tested in sixty-three fresh knees from cadavera and was employed in fifty-eight knees of ninety patients who required arthroscopy between September 1976 and July 1977. The technique provided information of diagnostic significance that was not obtainable on preliminary conventional arthroscopic examination in 74 per cent of the clinical trials, and it resulted in no complications. It increased the accuracy and realiability of diagnostic arthroscopy of the knee and at times helped to avoid an exploratory arthrotomy while facilitating the planning of therapeutic arthrotomy.", "PMID": 670265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_347", "title": "Arthrographic findings in Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease and transient synovitis of the hip.", "content": "Bilateral arthrography of the hip was performed in thirty-seven patients with unilateral Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease. Measurements made on the plain roentgenograms and on the arthrograms of the diameter of the femoral head, the width of the medial joint space, and the thickness of the acetabular cartilage were compared. The acetabulum-head quotients also were calculated. When present, evidence of flattening of the femoral head cartilage and of pooling of the contrast material also was noted. These data showed that in the early stages of Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease the articular cartilage is thickened, and that the cartilaginous femoral head is deformed and protrudes from the acetabulum. Arthrograms made with the hip in different positions also indicated the extent and location of collapse of the (osteochondroal) femoral head and therefore proved useful as a means to determine the best therapeutic position of the hip to provide coverage of the head. In three patients with severe transient synovitis, thickening of the articular cartilage resembling that seen in Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease was demonstrated.", "contents": "Arthrographic findings in Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease and transient synovitis of the hip. Bilateral arthrography of the hip was performed in thirty-seven patients with unilateral Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease. Measurements made on the plain roentgenograms and on the arthrograms of the diameter of the femoral head, the width of the medial joint space, and the thickness of the acetabular cartilage were compared. The acetabulum-head quotients also were calculated. When present, evidence of flattening of the femoral head cartilage and of pooling of the contrast material also was noted. These data showed that in the early stages of Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease the articular cartilage is thickened, and that the cartilaginous femoral head is deformed and protrudes from the acetabulum. Arthrograms made with the hip in different positions also indicated the extent and location of collapse of the (osteochondroal) femoral head and therefore proved useful as a means to determine the best therapeutic position of the hip to provide coverage of the head. In three patients with severe transient synovitis, thickening of the articular cartilage resembling that seen in Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease was demonstrated.", "PMID": 670266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_348", "title": "Role of the posterior calf muscles in normal gait.", "content": "The role of the calf muscles during the single-limb stance phase of gait was assessed in fifteen normal subjects and in seven with either an amputation or a neuromuscular deficit. Normal activity of the muscles, paralysis by nerve blocks, and stability versus instability of the ankle were studied. Pelvic displacement and velocity, step length, and step time were evaluated for each limb during the gait cycle, and the contribution of activity of calf muscles to each was determined. Limb-segment position, lower-limb joint angles, over-all cadence, velocity, and stride length were measured to reveal compensatory mechanisms in the absence of muscle strength in the calf. The results indicate that the force produced by activity of calf muscles is used to restrain the body's own forward momentum and not used to propel it further. Absence of the calf muscle causes an immediate compensatory reaction directed toward maintaining over-all stability rather than speed.", "contents": "Role of the posterior calf muscles in normal gait. The role of the calf muscles during the single-limb stance phase of gait was assessed in fifteen normal subjects and in seven with either an amputation or a neuromuscular deficit. Normal activity of the muscles, paralysis by nerve blocks, and stability versus instability of the ankle were studied. Pelvic displacement and velocity, step length, and step time were evaluated for each limb during the gait cycle, and the contribution of activity of calf muscles to each was determined. Limb-segment position, lower-limb joint angles, over-all cadence, velocity, and stride length were measured to reveal compensatory mechanisms in the absence of muscle strength in the calf. The results indicate that the force produced by activity of calf muscles is used to restrain the body's own forward momentum and not used to propel it further. Absence of the calf muscle causes an immediate compensatory reaction directed toward maintaining over-all stability rather than speed.", "PMID": 670267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_349", "title": "Function of the triceps surae during gait. Compensatory mechanisms for unilateral loss.", "content": "We studied the gait of a woman who was normal except for surgical excision of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. She was able to compensate for nearly all of her abnormalites of gait by excessive lateral pelvic tilt and prolonged quadriceps activity. Her mild disability, as regards gait, consisted of inability to increase walking speeds beyond the normal pacing. However, despite uneven step lengths, she had uniform forward progression. She had excessive dorsiflexion of the ankle and diminished plantar flexion on the involved side even though the retained plantar flexors could provide 38 per cent of her normal plantar flexor strength.", "contents": "Function of the triceps surae during gait. Compensatory mechanisms for unilateral loss. We studied the gait of a woman who was normal except for surgical excision of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. She was able to compensate for nearly all of her abnormalites of gait by excessive lateral pelvic tilt and prolonged quadriceps activity. Her mild disability, as regards gait, consisted of inability to increase walking speeds beyond the normal pacing. However, despite uneven step lengths, she had uniform forward progression. She had excessive dorsiflexion of the ankle and diminished plantar flexion on the involved side even though the retained plantar flexors could provide 38 per cent of her normal plantar flexor strength.", "PMID": 670268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_350", "title": "Scapulocostal stabilization for scapular winging in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.", "content": "A surgical procedure has been devised to prevent scapular winging and to increase shoulder abduction in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. The operation improves the limited shoulder abduction and scapular winging caused by the loss of scapular fixation  to the thoracic cage, while passive abduction at the glenohumeral joint remains normal. Preventing scapular malrotation by eliminating scapulothoracic motion increases shoulder abduction. This is achieved by fastening the scapula to several underlying ribs with fascia. The operation has resulted in a 37 per cent increase in abduction, increased shoulder strength and endurance, and the prevention of scapular winging.", "contents": "Scapulocostal stabilization for scapular winging in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. A surgical procedure has been devised to prevent scapular winging and to increase shoulder abduction in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. The operation improves the limited shoulder abduction and scapular winging caused by the loss of scapular fixation  to the thoracic cage, while passive abduction at the glenohumeral joint remains normal. Preventing scapular malrotation by eliminating scapulothoracic motion increases shoulder abduction. This is achieved by fastening the scapula to several underlying ribs with fascia. The operation has resulted in a 37 per cent increase in abduction, increased shoulder strength and endurance, and the prevention of scapular winging.", "PMID": 670269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_351", "title": "A new type of fracture-dislocation of the thoracolumbar spine.", "content": "Ten instances of fracture-dislocation of the thoracolumbar spine are described in which the lower vertebra was displaced forward under the upper one by forward slipping of the posterior articular processes. The mechanism involved is a posterior lumbosacral shearing force. All patients had neurological deficits of different degrees of severity and all but three patients recovered. Surgical treatment was indicated because of instability in four patients and was done in three of the four. Surgical reduction was always difficult. A stable and painless spine was achieved in all patients surveyed, regardless of the kind of treatment given. One patient died of other injuries.", "contents": "A new type of fracture-dislocation of the thoracolumbar spine. Ten instances of fracture-dislocation of the thoracolumbar spine are described in which the lower vertebra was displaced forward under the upper one by forward slipping of the posterior articular processes. The mechanism involved is a posterior lumbosacral shearing force. All patients had neurological deficits of different degrees of severity and all but three patients recovered. Surgical treatment was indicated because of instability in four patients and was done in three of the four. Surgical reduction was always difficult. A stable and painless spine was achieved in all patients surveyed, regardless of the kind of treatment given. One patient died of other injuries.", "PMID": 670270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_352", "title": "Fractures of the femoral shaft treated surgically. Comparative results of early and delayed operative stabilization.", "content": "In a study of the results of operative reduction and internal stabilization of eighty-nine femoral fractures, operative reduction was performed within six days in fifty-four of the fractures and between seven and thirty days in thirty-five. Dual Eggers plates were used in sixty-three fractures; intramedullary nails, in eighteen; a nail-plate, in six; and a single plate, in two fractures. The criteria for ultimate healing were roentgenographic demonstration of bridging callus and the ability of the patient to bear full, unsupported weight on the extremity. Healing that occurred later than  nine months after fracture was considered to be delayed. In the group treated by early operative management, the incidence of delayed union was 18 per cent and of non-union, 18 per cent. In the group treated by delayed operative management, the incidence of delayed union was 3 per cent and there were no instances of non-union. All ten non-unions, ten of the eleven delayed unions, and five of the six infections occurred in the early operative group.", "contents": "Fractures of the femoral shaft treated surgically. Comparative results of early and delayed operative stabilization. In a study of the results of operative reduction and internal stabilization of eighty-nine femoral fractures, operative reduction was performed within six days in fifty-four of the fractures and between seven and thirty days in thirty-five. Dual Eggers plates were used in sixty-three fractures; intramedullary nails, in eighteen; a nail-plate, in six; and a single plate, in two fractures. The criteria for ultimate healing were roentgenographic demonstration of bridging callus and the ability of the patient to bear full, unsupported weight on the extremity. Healing that occurred later than  nine months after fracture was considered to be delayed. In the group treated by early operative management, the incidence of delayed union was 18 per cent and of non-union, 18 per cent. In the group treated by delayed operative management, the incidence of delayed union was 3 per cent and there were no instances of non-union. All ten non-unions, ten of the eleven delayed unions, and five of the six infections occurred in the early operative group.", "PMID": 670271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_353", "title": "Fluid balance within the canine anterolateral compartment and its relationship to compartment syndromes.", "content": "Fluid homeostasis within muscle compartments is maintained by four pressures: capillary blood pressure, capillary blood oncotic pressure, tissue-fluid pressure, and tissue fluid oncotic pressure. As determined in the canine anterolateral compartment, capillary blood pressure is 25 +/- 3 millimeters of mercury; capillary blood oncotic pressure, 26 +/- 3 millimeters of mercury, tissue-pbessure, -2 +/- 2 millimeters of mercury; and tissue-fluid oncotic pressure, 11 +/- 1 millimeters of mercury. The wick technique allows direct measurement of tissue-fluid pressure in skeletal muscle and, with minor modifications, is adapted to collect microsamples of interstitial fluid for determinations of tissue-fluid oncotic pressure. The wick technique detects very slight fluctuations in intracompartmental pressure such as light finger compression, injection of small volumes of fluid, and even pulsation due to adjacent arterial pressure. Adjacent muscle compartments may contain different tissue-fluid pressure due to impermeable osseofascial barriers. Our results obtained in canine muscle compartments pressurized by infusion of autologous plasma suggest that risks of muscle damage are significant at intracompartmental pressures greater than thirty millimeters of mercury.", "contents": "Fluid balance within the canine anterolateral compartment and its relationship to compartment syndromes. Fluid homeostasis within muscle compartments is maintained by four pressures: capillary blood pressure, capillary blood oncotic pressure, tissue-fluid pressure, and tissue fluid oncotic pressure. As determined in the canine anterolateral compartment, capillary blood pressure is 25 +/- 3 millimeters of mercury; capillary blood oncotic pressure, 26 +/- 3 millimeters of mercury, tissue-pbessure, -2 +/- 2 millimeters of mercury; and tissue-fluid oncotic pressure, 11 +/- 1 millimeters of mercury. The wick technique allows direct measurement of tissue-fluid pressure in skeletal muscle and, with minor modifications, is adapted to collect microsamples of interstitial fluid for determinations of tissue-fluid oncotic pressure. The wick technique detects very slight fluctuations in intracompartmental pressure such as light finger compression, injection of small volumes of fluid, and even pulsation due to adjacent arterial pressure. Adjacent muscle compartments may contain different tissue-fluid pressure due to impermeable osseofascial barriers. Our results obtained in canine muscle compartments pressurized by infusion of autologous plasma suggest that risks of muscle damage are significant at intracompartmental pressures greater than thirty millimeters of mercury.", "PMID": 670272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_354", "title": "A fluted femoral intramedullary rod. Biomechanical analysis and preliminary clinical results.", "content": "An intramedullary rod for the femur was designed and compared with rods commonly used. Its bending strength was increased 40 to 80 per cent and its torsional rigidity was increased 230 to 3,000 per cent compared with the other devices tested. In forty patients with traumatic and pathological fractures and osteotomies of the femur, excellent fixation was achieved and very early weight-bearing was possible. In all fresh fractures and non-infected non-unions, union occurred very promptly and bone-grafting was not required in most instances. The stregth and rigidity of the device made it exceptionally useful for non-unions, pathological fractures of the femur, and resection-fusions of the knee.", "contents": "A fluted femoral intramedullary rod. Biomechanical analysis and preliminary clinical results. An intramedullary rod for the femur was designed and compared with rods commonly used. Its bending strength was increased 40 to 80 per cent and its torsional rigidity was increased 230 to 3,000 per cent compared with the other devices tested. In forty patients with traumatic and pathological fractures and osteotomies of the femur, excellent fixation was achieved and very early weight-bearing was possible. In all fresh fractures and non-infected non-unions, union occurred very promptly and bone-grafting was not required in most instances. The stregth and rigidity of the device made it exceptionally useful for non-unions, pathological fractures of the femur, and resection-fusions of the knee.", "PMID": 670273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_355", "title": "Structural changes in intact tubular bone after application of rigid plates with and without compression.", "content": "The influence of a rigid plate on the structure of intact tubular bone was studied in forty adult rabbits using a four-hole commercial-steel DCP-ASIF plate attached to each tibiofibular bone, with and without compression. The morphological changes in the bone underlying the plate were examined and were assessed quantitatively at one day to thirty-six weeks after operation. The rigid plate induced porotic changes in the cortical bone, which were evident three weeks after the operation and increased rapidly between twelve and eighteen weeks. At thirty-six weeks, resorption cavities occupied 40.6 per cent of the cortical wall of the bones plated with compression and 41.2 per cent of the wall of those plated without compression. The changes were visible slightly earlier in the presence of compression. A rigid plate brought about a statistically significant increase both in the outer diameter of the bone and in the diameter of the medullary space as a result of subperiosteal new-bone formation and concomitant subendosteal bone resorption.", "contents": "Structural changes in intact tubular bone after application of rigid plates with and without compression. The influence of a rigid plate on the structure of intact tubular bone was studied in forty adult rabbits using a four-hole commercial-steel DCP-ASIF plate attached to each tibiofibular bone, with and without compression. The morphological changes in the bone underlying the plate were examined and were assessed quantitatively at one day to thirty-six weeks after operation. The rigid plate induced porotic changes in the cortical bone, which were evident three weeks after the operation and increased rapidly between twelve and eighteen weeks. At thirty-six weeks, resorption cavities occupied 40.6 per cent of the cortical wall of the bones plated with compression and 41.2 per cent of the wall of those plated without compression. The changes were visible slightly earlier in the presence of compression. A rigid plate brought about a statistically significant increase both in the outer diameter of the bone and in the diameter of the medullary space as a result of subperiosteal new-bone formation and concomitant subendosteal bone resorption.", "PMID": 670274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_356", "title": "Geometric total knee replacement for treatment of the rheumatoid knee.", "content": "The results of fifty-four geometric total knee arthroplasties in forty-four patients with definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis were analyzed twenty-four to sixty-four months after the surgical procedure. There were no operative deaths, no postoperative infections, and no known pulmonary emboli. Three patients required additional operative procedures on the knee: one, a patellectomy for pain one year after arthroplasty; the second, resection of tibial bone and reinsertion of the tibial component to correct a flexion contracture; and the third, replacement of the tibial component because of loosening. The relief of pain and increase in ability to carry out the activities of daily living were dramatic in these patients, who, because of the limitations imposed by their rheumatoid arthritis, applied minimum stress on the prosthetic knees. Postoperatively, the average arc of knee flexion was 104 degrees.", "contents": "Geometric total knee replacement for treatment of the rheumatoid knee. The results of fifty-four geometric total knee arthroplasties in forty-four patients with definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis were analyzed twenty-four to sixty-four months after the surgical procedure. There were no operative deaths, no postoperative infections, and no known pulmonary emboli. Three patients required additional operative procedures on the knee: one, a patellectomy for pain one year after arthroplasty; the second, resection of tibial bone and reinsertion of the tibial component to correct a flexion contracture; and the third, replacement of the tibial component because of loosening. The relief of pain and increase in ability to carry out the activities of daily living were dramatic in these patients, who, because of the limitations imposed by their rheumatoid arthritis, applied minimum stress on the prosthetic knees. Postoperatively, the average arc of knee flexion was 104 degrees.", "PMID": 670275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_357", "title": "Somatosensory evoked potentials during Harrington instrumentation for scoliosis.", "content": "The somatosensory evoked potential can be obtained in the anesthetized patient during corrective surgery on the spine. The techniques of anesthesia and somatosensory evoked potential recordings described herein were utilized in fifty-five patients during surgical correction of scoliosis with Harrington instrumentation and spine fusion. No detectable complications were encountered and no neurological morbidity ensued in our series. This method may prove to be of significant value when potential injury to the spinal cord may be encountered during correction of spinal deformities.", "contents": "Somatosensory evoked potentials during Harrington instrumentation for scoliosis. The somatosensory evoked potential can be obtained in the anesthetized patient during corrective surgery on the spine. The techniques of anesthesia and somatosensory evoked potential recordings described herein were utilized in fifty-five patients during surgical correction of scoliosis with Harrington instrumentation and spine fusion. No detectable complications were encountered and no neurological morbidity ensued in our series. This method may prove to be of significant value when potential injury to the spinal cord may be encountered during correction of spinal deformities.", "PMID": 670276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_358", "title": "Intraoperative awakening to monitor spinal cord function during Harrington instrumentation and spine fusion. Description of procedure and report of three cases.", "content": "Since Vauzelle and associates first reported in 1973 on the functional monitoring of spinal cord activity during surgery on the spine, we have used intraoperative awakening routinely in patients undergoing surgery involving distraction of the spinal column. Of the 166 consecutive patients studied, three were discovered to have a neural deficiency when they were awakened during surgery. These deficits disappeared immediately on release of the distracting force. Although it is unlikely that all three patients would have proceeded to paraplegia, we believe that this is a safe and sensitive test which will identify patients in danger of neural complications.", "contents": "Intraoperative awakening to monitor spinal cord function during Harrington instrumentation and spine fusion. Description of procedure and report of three cases. Since Vauzelle and associates first reported in 1973 on the functional monitoring of spinal cord activity during surgery on the spine, we have used intraoperative awakening routinely in patients undergoing surgery involving distraction of the spinal column. Of the 166 consecutive patients studied, three were discovered to have a neural deficiency when they were awakened during surgery. These deficits disappeared immediately on release of the distracting force. Although it is unlikely that all three patients would have proceeded to paraplegia, we believe that this is a safe and sensitive test which will identify patients in danger of neural complications.", "PMID": 670277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_359", "title": "Experimental induction of gene activity in the salivary gland chromosomes of Trichosia pubescens (Diptera: Sciaridae).", "content": "During the course of experiments with larvae of Trichosia pubescens, we have unexpectedly found that diethyl ether or chloroform anesthesia induces a large puff in a specific band in the polytene chromosomes of the salivary glands. This puff develops a few minutes after the treatment, attaining its maximum size after 60-100 min, and regresses completely 200 min after its activation. Through autoradiography, an intense incorporation of RNA precursors into that puff was observed. A few other smaller puffs are also induced by the treatment. The treatment with diethyl ether or chloroform does not induce puffing in the polytene cells of malpighian tubules and of midgut.", "contents": "Experimental induction of gene activity in the salivary gland chromosomes of Trichosia pubescens (Diptera: Sciaridae). During the course of experiments with larvae of Trichosia pubescens, we have unexpectedly found that diethyl ether or chloroform anesthesia induces a large puff in a specific band in the polytene chromosomes of the salivary glands. This puff develops a few minutes after the treatment, attaining its maximum size after 60-100 min, and regresses completely 200 min after its activation. Through autoradiography, an intense incorporation of RNA precursors into that puff was observed. A few other smaller puffs are also induced by the treatment. The treatment with diethyl ether or chloroform does not induce puffing in the polytene cells of malpighian tubules and of midgut.", "PMID": 670289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_360", "title": "Cell fractionation studies on the guinea pig pancreas. Redistribution of exocrine proteins during tissue homogenization.", "content": "A double-label protocol was used to estimate the extent of leakage and relocation artifacts that affect exocrine pancreatic proteins in cell fractionation experiments. Guinea pig pancreatic lobules were pulsed in vitro with a mixture of 14C-amino acids to enable the lobules to produce and process endogenously labeled exocrine proteins. At the end of the pulse (10 min) or after an appropriate chase interval, the lobules were homogenized in 0.3 M sucrose to which a complete mixture of 3H-labeled exocrine pancreatic proteins was added as an exogenous tracer. The distribution of both labels was studied in each cell fraction of interest at the level of TCA-insoluble proteins and individual exocrine proteins resolved by using a two-dimensional gel system. Based on the premises that the exogenous and endogenous label behave identically during homogenization-fractionation and that all endogenously labeled exocrine proteins found in the postmicrosomal supernate come from intracellular compartments ruptured during tissue homogenization, a series of equations was derived to quantitate leakage and adsorption and to define the ratio of endogenous label still in its primary location to total label (primary location index or PLI) for each cell fraction. Leakage was found to be uniform for all exocrine proteins, but unequal in extent from different cell compartments (condensing vacuoles is greater than zymogen granules is greater than rough endoplasmic reticulum) ; it increased with exposure to shearing forces especially in the case of zymogen granules and condensing vacuoles, and was substantially reduced from rough microsomes by adding 10 mM KCl to the homogenization media. Relocation of exogenous label by adsorption to other subcellular components was extensive (approximately 55%), uneven (free polysomes is greater than rough microsomes is greater than smooth microsomes and zymogen granules), preferential (cationic proteins are massively adsorbed to ribosomes and membranes, resulting in a complementary enrichment of the post-microsomal supernate with anionic exocrine proteins), and reversible (with successive 50-100 mM KCl washes). After correction for adsorption and leakage, the kinetics of intracellular transport derived from cell fractionation data were found to be nearly identical to those obtained from quantitative autoradiographic studies.", "contents": "Cell fractionation studies on the guinea pig pancreas. Redistribution of exocrine proteins during tissue homogenization. A double-label protocol was used to estimate the extent of leakage and relocation artifacts that affect exocrine pancreatic proteins in cell fractionation experiments. Guinea pig pancreatic lobules were pulsed in vitro with a mixture of 14C-amino acids to enable the lobules to produce and process endogenously labeled exocrine proteins. At the end of the pulse (10 min) or after an appropriate chase interval, the lobules were homogenized in 0.3 M sucrose to which a complete mixture of 3H-labeled exocrine pancreatic proteins was added as an exogenous tracer. The distribution of both labels was studied in each cell fraction of interest at the level of TCA-insoluble proteins and individual exocrine proteins resolved by using a two-dimensional gel system. Based on the premises that the exogenous and endogenous label behave identically during homogenization-fractionation and that all endogenously labeled exocrine proteins found in the postmicrosomal supernate come from intracellular compartments ruptured during tissue homogenization, a series of equations was derived to quantitate leakage and adsorption and to define the ratio of endogenous label still in its primary location to total label (primary location index or PLI) for each cell fraction. Leakage was found to be uniform for all exocrine proteins, but unequal in extent from different cell compartments (condensing vacuoles is greater than zymogen granules is greater than rough endoplasmic reticulum) ; it increased with exposure to shearing forces especially in the case of zymogen granules and condensing vacuoles, and was substantially reduced from rough microsomes by adding 10 mM KCl to the homogenization media. Relocation of exogenous label by adsorption to other subcellular components was extensive (approximately 55%), uneven (free polysomes is greater than rough microsomes is greater than smooth microsomes and zymogen granules), preferential (cationic proteins are massively adsorbed to ribosomes and membranes, resulting in a complementary enrichment of the post-microsomal supernate with anionic exocrine proteins), and reversible (with successive 50-100 mM KCl washes). After correction for adsorption and leakage, the kinetics of intracellular transport derived from cell fractionation data were found to be nearly identical to those obtained from quantitative autoradiographic studies.", "PMID": 670290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_361", "title": "Inhibition by insulin of the formation of autophagic vacuoles in rat liver. A morphometric approach to the kinetics of intracellular degradation by autophagy.", "content": "Electron microscopic morphometry has demonstrated a rapid decrease in the fractional volume of autophagic vacuoles (AV) in hepatocytes of adult male rats after the intraperitoneal administration of insulin (5 U/kg of body weight). Except for a significant decrease in glycogen to about one-half its initial value, no major changes in the composition of the remaining cytoplasm, or in the average volume of the single hepatocyte, were seen. The decrease found in the AVs is attributed to an inhibition of the formation of new AVs-probably the morphologic counterpart of the well-known anticatabolic effects of insulin. The decay of the fractional volume of the AVs appeared to follow first-order kinetics. Thus, the termination of the \"life\" of an AV by destruction of its contents may not depend directly on the \"age\" of the AV. The average half-life of the AVs amounted to approximately 9 min. Similar values were found for the different types of AVs, except for those containing glycogen. The half-life of these AVs was approximately 18 min. From the half-life values and from the \"segregated fractions\" at time zero, which were different for the different cytoplasmic components, rates of removal from the cytoplasm by autophagy were calculated. Expressed as \"percent per day\", the following rates were found: whole cytoplasm, 2.3; mitochondria, 3.9; microbodies, 8.9; and glycogen, 1.1. The results indicate that autophagy, to some extent, is selective and plays an important, but not an exclusive, role in intracellular turnover.", "contents": "Inhibition by insulin of the formation of autophagic vacuoles in rat liver. A morphometric approach to the kinetics of intracellular degradation by autophagy. Electron microscopic morphometry has demonstrated a rapid decrease in the fractional volume of autophagic vacuoles (AV) in hepatocytes of adult male rats after the intraperitoneal administration of insulin (5 U/kg of body weight). Except for a significant decrease in glycogen to about one-half its initial value, no major changes in the composition of the remaining cytoplasm, or in the average volume of the single hepatocyte, were seen. The decrease found in the AVs is attributed to an inhibition of the formation of new AVs-probably the morphologic counterpart of the well-known anticatabolic effects of insulin. The decay of the fractional volume of the AVs appeared to follow first-order kinetics. Thus, the termination of the \"life\" of an AV by destruction of its contents may not depend directly on the \"age\" of the AV. The average half-life of the AVs amounted to approximately 9 min. Similar values were found for the different types of AVs, except for those containing glycogen. The half-life of these AVs was approximately 18 min. From the half-life values and from the \"segregated fractions\" at time zero, which were different for the different cytoplasmic components, rates of removal from the cytoplasm by autophagy were calculated. Expressed as \"percent per day\", the following rates were found: whole cytoplasm, 2.3; mitochondria, 3.9; microbodies, 8.9; and glycogen, 1.1. The results indicate that autophagy, to some extent, is selective and plays an important, but not an exclusive, role in intracellular turnover.", "PMID": 670291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_362", "title": "Membrane potentials and resistances of giant mitochondria. Metabolic dependence and the effects of valinomycin.", "content": "The membrane potentials and resistances of giant mitochondria from mice fed cuprizone have been studied. They were found to correspond approx. 10-20 mV, positive inside, and 2 M omega, respectively. These properties were found to be independent of the metabolic state. The microelectrodes were in the inner mitochondrial space since (a) the potentials in the presence of valinomycin depended on the K+ concentration of the medium and magnitude of the K+ diffusion potentials was consistent with the presence of a high internal concentration of K+, (b) almost identical results were obtained with mitochondria from which the external membrane had been removed and the cristae were evaginated, and (c) punch-through experiments, in which the microelectrodes were advanced until they emerged through the other side of the mitochondria, showed an identical membrane potential both in the presence and in the absence of valinomycin. The potentials were stable under a variety of conditions and showed no sign of decay of membrane leakiness. Detailed evidence that the impaled mitochondria are metabolically viable will be presented in a separate publication.", "contents": "Membrane potentials and resistances of giant mitochondria. Metabolic dependence and the effects of valinomycin. The membrane potentials and resistances of giant mitochondria from mice fed cuprizone have been studied. They were found to correspond approx. 10-20 mV, positive inside, and 2 M omega, respectively. These properties were found to be independent of the metabolic state. The microelectrodes were in the inner mitochondrial space since (a) the potentials in the presence of valinomycin depended on the K+ concentration of the medium and magnitude of the K+ diffusion potentials was consistent with the presence of a high internal concentration of K+, (b) almost identical results were obtained with mitochondria from which the external membrane had been removed and the cristae were evaginated, and (c) punch-through experiments, in which the microelectrodes were advanced until they emerged through the other side of the mitochondria, showed an identical membrane potential both in the presence and in the absence of valinomycin. The potentials were stable under a variety of conditions and showed no sign of decay of membrane leakiness. Detailed evidence that the impaled mitochondria are metabolically viable will be presented in a separate publication.", "PMID": 670292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_363", "title": "Assays of the metabolic viability of single giant mitochondria. Experiments with intact and impaled mitochondria.", "content": "Single giant mitochondria isolated from mice fed cuprizone were assayed for their metabolic viability. Two tests were devised. One test optically detected the accumulation of calcium phosphate within the mitochondria under massive loading conditions (including the presence of succinate and ATP). The accumulation corresponds to a test of energy coupling from either electron transport or the hydrolysis of ATP since it is blocked by either antimycin A or oligomycin. The other assay tested for the production of ATP from ADP and Pi, using myofibrils. Myofibrils prepared from glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle contract only in the presence of ATP and not in the presence of ADP. Myofibrillar contraction is unaffected by the presence of antimycin A or oligomycin. However, myofibrils in the presence of mitochondria that are phosphorylating ADP to ATP do contract. This contraction is blocked by antimycin A and/or oligomycin. Hence, the ATP which causes myofibrillar contraction is produced by oxidative phosphorylation. At low mitochondrial concentration, only the myofibrils in close proximity with mitochondria contract in the presence of ADP. Therefore the assay can be used to test the viability of individual mitochondria. Individual giant mitochondria were found to be viable, using both of these assays. Comparable results were obtained in mitochondria impaled with microelectrodes. The potentials and resistances were unaffected by concomitant calcium phosphate accumulation or oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Assays of the metabolic viability of single giant mitochondria. Experiments with intact and impaled mitochondria. Single giant mitochondria isolated from mice fed cuprizone were assayed for their metabolic viability. Two tests were devised. One test optically detected the accumulation of calcium phosphate within the mitochondria under massive loading conditions (including the presence of succinate and ATP). The accumulation corresponds to a test of energy coupling from either electron transport or the hydrolysis of ATP since it is blocked by either antimycin A or oligomycin. The other assay tested for the production of ATP from ADP and Pi, using myofibrils. Myofibrils prepared from glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle contract only in the presence of ATP and not in the presence of ADP. Myofibrillar contraction is unaffected by the presence of antimycin A or oligomycin. However, myofibrils in the presence of mitochondria that are phosphorylating ADP to ATP do contract. This contraction is blocked by antimycin A and/or oligomycin. Hence, the ATP which causes myofibrillar contraction is produced by oxidative phosphorylation. At low mitochondrial concentration, only the myofibrils in close proximity with mitochondria contract in the presence of ADP. Therefore the assay can be used to test the viability of individual mitochondria. Individual giant mitochondria were found to be viable, using both of these assays. Comparable results were obtained in mitochondria impaled with microelectrodes. The potentials and resistances were unaffected by concomitant calcium phosphate accumulation or oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 670293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_364", "title": "Microtubules in cone myoid elongation in the teleost retina.", "content": "The myoids of retinal cone cells of the blue-striped grunt (Haemulon sciurus) undergo significant elongation during dark adaptation of the retina. Longitudinally oriented microtubules are present in myoids both before and after elongation. Injection of colchicine into the vitreous of the eye in vivo disrupts the microtubules in the myoids and prevents dark-adaptive myoid elongation. Counts of microtubules in transverse sections along the lengths of elongating myoids show that there is a uniform decrease in the number of microtubules at any one point along the myoid as the myoid elongates. The magnitude of the decrease is proportional to the extent of the elogation. The product of the mean myoid microtubule number (determined from counts at progressive intervals along the myoid) and the myoid length remains essentially constant during myoid elongation, indicating that the total quantity of microtubules in the myoid does not increase with elogation. Serial section tracings of the microtubules along the myoids suggest that individual microtubules do not extend the length of the myoid and that the myoid microtubular apparatus consists of bundles of overlapping shorter microtubules. We propose that elongation of the myoid is accompanied by sliding redistribution of microtubules along the length of the myoid, and that the sliding may be generated by interaction between microtubules in regions where they closely overlap in bundles. We find no evidence for the involvement of discrete, electron-dense microtubular organizing centers in myoid elogation.", "contents": "Microtubules in cone myoid elongation in the teleost retina. The myoids of retinal cone cells of the blue-striped grunt (Haemulon sciurus) undergo significant elongation during dark adaptation of the retina. Longitudinally oriented microtubules are present in myoids both before and after elongation. Injection of colchicine into the vitreous of the eye in vivo disrupts the microtubules in the myoids and prevents dark-adaptive myoid elongation. Counts of microtubules in transverse sections along the lengths of elongating myoids show that there is a uniform decrease in the number of microtubules at any one point along the myoid as the myoid elongates. The magnitude of the decrease is proportional to the extent of the elogation. The product of the mean myoid microtubule number (determined from counts at progressive intervals along the myoid) and the myoid length remains essentially constant during myoid elongation, indicating that the total quantity of microtubules in the myoid does not increase with elogation. Serial section tracings of the microtubules along the myoids suggest that individual microtubules do not extend the length of the myoid and that the myoid microtubular apparatus consists of bundles of overlapping shorter microtubules. We propose that elongation of the myoid is accompanied by sliding redistribution of microtubules along the length of the myoid, and that the sliding may be generated by interaction between microtubules in regions where they closely overlap in bundles. We find no evidence for the involvement of discrete, electron-dense microtubular organizing centers in myoid elogation.", "PMID": 670294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_365", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase in the fast extraocular muscle of the mouse by light and electron microscope autoradiography.", "content": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (ACHe) in the twitch fibers of the extraocular muscles of the mouse was examined by light and electron microscope autoradiography after labeling with radioactive diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) with, and without, 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM) reactivation. The values obtained were compared with those previously reported for the diaphragm and sternomastoid muscles. The extraocular muscles were studied because they differ from the other two muscles in that they are among the fastest of the mammalian muscles, yet their endplates have sparse junctional folds. They could thus provide information on the extent to which ACHe concentration is an invariant feature of endplate morphology and what, if any aspects may be related to their fast speed of response. We found, using light microscope autoradiography, that in the twitch fibers of the extraocular muscle, there is n  average of 6.4 +/- 2.1 X 10(7) DFP-binding sites per endplate, of which 29% (1.8 X 10(7)) are reactivated by 2-PAM and are thus AChe. The morphology of the extraocular endplates allowed us to conclude, on statistical grounds, that the AChe site are probably localized not only along the surface area of the postjunctional membrane (PJM) but also along the surface of the presynaptic axonal membrane. Based on this localization, we calculate 7,800 DFP sites and 2,500 2-PAM-reactivated sites/micron 2 of surface area of pre-and postjunctional membrane. This stacking density of DFP-binding sites per surface area of membrane ( probably in the overlying sheets of basal lamina) is very similar to that in the diaphragm and sternomastoid muscles.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase in the fast extraocular muscle of the mouse by light and electron microscope autoradiography. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (ACHe) in the twitch fibers of the extraocular muscles of the mouse was examined by light and electron microscope autoradiography after labeling with radioactive diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) with, and without, 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM) reactivation. The values obtained were compared with those previously reported for the diaphragm and sternomastoid muscles. The extraocular muscles were studied because they differ from the other two muscles in that they are among the fastest of the mammalian muscles, yet their endplates have sparse junctional folds. They could thus provide information on the extent to which ACHe concentration is an invariant feature of endplate morphology and what, if any aspects may be related to their fast speed of response. We found, using light microscope autoradiography, that in the twitch fibers of the extraocular muscle, there is n  average of 6.4 +/- 2.1 X 10(7) DFP-binding sites per endplate, of which 29% (1.8 X 10(7)) are reactivated by 2-PAM and are thus AChe. The morphology of the extraocular endplates allowed us to conclude, on statistical grounds, that the AChe site are probably localized not only along the surface area of the postjunctional membrane (PJM) but also along the surface of the presynaptic axonal membrane. Based on this localization, we calculate 7,800 DFP sites and 2,500 2-PAM-reactivated sites/micron 2 of surface area of pre-and postjunctional membrane. This stacking density of DFP-binding sites per surface area of membrane ( probably in the overlying sheets of basal lamina) is very similar to that in the diaphragm and sternomastoid muscles.", "PMID": 670295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_366", "title": "Form of the postsynaptic density. A serial section study.", "content": "Through the use of serial sectioning of dog cerebral cortex tissue, holes or perforations could be revealed in the larger postsynaptic densities (PSDs), in confirmation of the earlier work of Peters and Kaisermann-Abramof (1969. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 100:487-506). These holes appeared in serial sections which happened to be cut both parallel and normal to the plane of the synaptic junction. Cleft material was absent in that part of the synaptic cleft opposite this hole. Somestimes the presynaptic membrane opposite the hole was indented into the presynaptic cell. In addition, most of the synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic cell close to the membrane were clustered at that part of the membrane opposite the edge of the density disk. The meaning of the hole and of the other features mentioned above for the function of the density is not known at present.", "contents": "Form of the postsynaptic density. A serial section study. Through the use of serial sectioning of dog cerebral cortex tissue, holes or perforations could be revealed in the larger postsynaptic densities (PSDs), in confirmation of the earlier work of Peters and Kaisermann-Abramof (1969. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 100:487-506). These holes appeared in serial sections which happened to be cut both parallel and normal to the plane of the synaptic junction. Cleft material was absent in that part of the synaptic cleft opposite this hole. Somestimes the presynaptic membrane opposite the hole was indented into the presynaptic cell. In addition, most of the synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic cell close to the membrane were clustered at that part of the membrane opposite the edge of the density disk. The meaning of the hole and of the other features mentioned above for the function of the density is not known at present.", "PMID": 670296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_367", "title": "In vitro polymerization of microtubules from HeLa cells.", "content": "Although the purification of microtubules from brain by alternate cycles of polymerization and depolymerization in vitro has become routine, the application of this method to non-neural cultured cells has been less successful. Previous investigations have suggested that it was necessary to use substrate-grown cells and 4 M glycerol to obtain microtubules from cultured cells. We have developed a method for preparing microtubules from HeLa cells in spinner cultures without the use of glycerol. Microtubules can be readily carried through two complete cycles of polymerization at 37 degrees C and depolymerization at 4 degrees C in vitro. The microtubules obtained are morphologically similar to brain microtubules in electron micrographs, and the tubulin subunits have mobilities similar to those of brain tubulins on polyacrylamide gels. Typical yields in the second polymerization pellet are about 1 mg protein/ml of packed cells or 2.5-3.0% of the total protein in the soluble cell extract. The major nontubulin protein present after two cycles of polymerization and depolymerization has an apparent mol wt of 68,000 daltons. If glycerol is used during polymerization, this band is virtually absent.", "contents": "In vitro polymerization of microtubules from HeLa cells. Although the purification of microtubules from brain by alternate cycles of polymerization and depolymerization in vitro has become routine, the application of this method to non-neural cultured cells has been less successful. Previous investigations have suggested that it was necessary to use substrate-grown cells and 4 M glycerol to obtain microtubules from cultured cells. We have developed a method for preparing microtubules from HeLa cells in spinner cultures without the use of glycerol. Microtubules can be readily carried through two complete cycles of polymerization at 37 degrees C and depolymerization at 4 degrees C in vitro. The microtubules obtained are morphologically similar to brain microtubules in electron micrographs, and the tubulin subunits have mobilities similar to those of brain tubulins on polyacrylamide gels. Typical yields in the second polymerization pellet are about 1 mg protein/ml of packed cells or 2.5-3.0% of the total protein in the soluble cell extract. The major nontubulin protein present after two cycles of polymerization and depolymerization has an apparent mol wt of 68,000 daltons. If glycerol is used during polymerization, this band is virtually absent.", "PMID": 670297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_368", "title": "Cell-to-cell communication and ovulation. A study of the cumulus-oocyte complex.", "content": "Cell-to-cell communication was characterized in cumulus-oocyte complexes from rat ovarian follicles before and after ovulation. Numerous, small gap junctional contacts were present between cumulus cells and oocytes before ovulation. The gap junction are formed on the oocyte surface by cumulus cell processes that transverse the zona pellucida and contact the oolemma. The entire cumulus mass was also connected by gap junctions via cumulus-cumulus interactions. In the hours preceding ovulation, the frequency of gap junctional contacts between cumulus cells and the oocyte was reduced, and the cumulus was disorganized. Electrophysiological measurements indicated that bidirectional ionic coupling was present between the cumulus and oocyte before ovulation. In addition, iontophoretically injected fluorescein dye was tranferred between the oocyte and cumulus cells. Examination of the extent of ionic coupling in cumulus-oocyte specimens before and after ovulation revealed that ionic coupling between the cumulus and oocyte progressively decreased as the time of ovulation approached. In postovulatory specimens, no coupling was detected. Although some proteolytic mechanism may be involved in the disintegration of the cumulus-oocyte complex, neither the cumulus cells nor the oocyte produced detectable levels of plasminogen activator, a protease which is synthesized by membrana granulosa cells. In summary, cell communication is a characterisitc feature of the cumulus-oocyte complex, and this communication is terminated near the time of ovulation. This temporal pattern of the termination of communication between the cumulus and the oocyte may indicate that communication provides a mechanism for regulating the maturation of the oocyte during follicular development before ovulation.", "contents": "Cell-to-cell communication and ovulation. A study of the cumulus-oocyte complex. Cell-to-cell communication was characterized in cumulus-oocyte complexes from rat ovarian follicles before and after ovulation. Numerous, small gap junctional contacts were present between cumulus cells and oocytes before ovulation. The gap junction are formed on the oocyte surface by cumulus cell processes that transverse the zona pellucida and contact the oolemma. The entire cumulus mass was also connected by gap junctions via cumulus-cumulus interactions. In the hours preceding ovulation, the frequency of gap junctional contacts between cumulus cells and the oocyte was reduced, and the cumulus was disorganized. Electrophysiological measurements indicated that bidirectional ionic coupling was present between the cumulus and oocyte before ovulation. In addition, iontophoretically injected fluorescein dye was tranferred between the oocyte and cumulus cells. Examination of the extent of ionic coupling in cumulus-oocyte specimens before and after ovulation revealed that ionic coupling between the cumulus and oocyte progressively decreased as the time of ovulation approached. In postovulatory specimens, no coupling was detected. Although some proteolytic mechanism may be involved in the disintegration of the cumulus-oocyte complex, neither the cumulus cells nor the oocyte produced detectable levels of plasminogen activator, a protease which is synthesized by membrana granulosa cells. In summary, cell communication is a characterisitc feature of the cumulus-oocyte complex, and this communication is terminated near the time of ovulation. This temporal pattern of the termination of communication between the cumulus and the oocyte may indicate that communication provides a mechanism for regulating the maturation of the oocyte during follicular development before ovulation.", "PMID": 670298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_369", "title": "The effect of protein degradation on cellular growth characteristics.", "content": "The role of protein degradation in cellular proliferation was investigated by measurements of the rates of degradation of labile and stable proteins for a number of cell types under various growth conditions. The rate of protein degradation was found to be a relatively invariant parameter in that it did not change after strong inhibition of protein synthesis with cychloheximide or histidinol, it was the same in both exponential and stationary phase, and it did not correlate with the presence or absence of malignant transformation. Using three different cell types with widely differing division rates, the rate of cell division and DNA synthesis (in %/hr) was found to be precisely equal to the rate of protein accumulation (in %/hr) , i.e., to the rate of protein synthesis minus the rate of protein degradation. Division rates between the different cell types appeared to be determined chiefly by the rate of protein synthesis though, especially at low division rates, the rate of protein degradation could represent a large component of the protein accumulation rate.", "contents": "The effect of protein degradation on cellular growth characteristics. The role of protein degradation in cellular proliferation was investigated by measurements of the rates of degradation of labile and stable proteins for a number of cell types under various growth conditions. The rate of protein degradation was found to be a relatively invariant parameter in that it did not change after strong inhibition of protein synthesis with cychloheximide or histidinol, it was the same in both exponential and stationary phase, and it did not correlate with the presence or absence of malignant transformation. Using three different cell types with widely differing division rates, the rate of cell division and DNA synthesis (in %/hr) was found to be precisely equal to the rate of protein accumulation (in %/hr) , i.e., to the rate of protein synthesis minus the rate of protein degradation. Division rates between the different cell types appeared to be determined chiefly by the rate of protein synthesis though, especially at low division rates, the rate of protein degradation could represent a large component of the protein accumulation rate.", "PMID": 670299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_370", "title": "The isolation of a low molecular weight serum factor which enhances the viability of SV3T3 cells.", "content": "A serum factor which enhances the growth/viability of SV40 transformed 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, but not untransformed 3T3 cells in tissue culture has been partially purified from calf serum. The purification, which involves acidification to pH 2, chromatography on Sephadex G-100 at pH 2 followed by either Sephadex G-25 or BioGel P-2, results in material exhibiting two ninhydrin positive spots on thin layer chromatography and five to six dansylatable bands on SDS gels. This substance, termed Peak III or Serum Factor III, has been found in every serum examined thus far (including calf, rat, mouse, goat, lamb, rabbit, pig, horse, and chicken) and appears to be a low molecular weight, heat-insensitive molecule. Attempts to characterize it by chemical analyses and specific enzymatic inactivation have been either negative or inconclusive. Its biological mode of action is presently obscure. While it does not effect DNA synthesis, it does greatly increase the viability of SV3T3 cultures growing in low serum (0.15-0.30% calf serum) medium and, when added to \"stationary phase\" cells, restores healthy proliferation. This and evidence reported by others suggest that Peak III may affect SV3T3 cells in either overcoming a potentially lethal block in G1 or in passage through G2/M.", "contents": "The isolation of a low molecular weight serum factor which enhances the viability of SV3T3 cells. A serum factor which enhances the growth/viability of SV40 transformed 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, but not untransformed 3T3 cells in tissue culture has been partially purified from calf serum. The purification, which involves acidification to pH 2, chromatography on Sephadex G-100 at pH 2 followed by either Sephadex G-25 or BioGel P-2, results in material exhibiting two ninhydrin positive spots on thin layer chromatography and five to six dansylatable bands on SDS gels. This substance, termed Peak III or Serum Factor III, has been found in every serum examined thus far (including calf, rat, mouse, goat, lamb, rabbit, pig, horse, and chicken) and appears to be a low molecular weight, heat-insensitive molecule. Attempts to characterize it by chemical analyses and specific enzymatic inactivation have been either negative or inconclusive. Its biological mode of action is presently obscure. While it does not effect DNA synthesis, it does greatly increase the viability of SV3T3 cultures growing in low serum (0.15-0.30% calf serum) medium and, when added to \"stationary phase\" cells, restores healthy proliferation. This and evidence reported by others suggest that Peak III may affect SV3T3 cells in either overcoming a potentially lethal block in G1 or in passage through G2/M.", "PMID": 670300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_371", "title": "Binding and internalization of 125I thrombin in chick embryo fibroblasts: possible role in mitogenesis.", "content": "Human alpha thrombin acts as a mitogen for cultures of resting chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) in serum free medium. The use of 125I-labeled thrombin shows that thrombin specifically binds to CEF and that after a lag of approximately 30 to 60 minutes it can not be removed by subsequent exposure to trypsin. The entry of 125I thrombin into the trypsin-insensitive domain is not inhibited to any great extent by excess unlabelled thrombin. The cell-associated thrombin retains its native molecular weight and its catalytic activity toward synthetic amide substrates. It appears to be located in the crude nuclear fraction of homogenized CEF cells. The association of thrombin with CEF is specific, since the non-mitogenic serine protease chymotrypsin is internalized to a much lesser extent than thrombin. The data are discussed in terms of a possible intracellular site for thrombin's mitogenic action.", "contents": "Binding and internalization of 125I thrombin in chick embryo fibroblasts: possible role in mitogenesis. Human alpha thrombin acts as a mitogen for cultures of resting chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) in serum free medium. The use of 125I-labeled thrombin shows that thrombin specifically binds to CEF and that after a lag of approximately 30 to 60 minutes it can not be removed by subsequent exposure to trypsin. The entry of 125I thrombin into the trypsin-insensitive domain is not inhibited to any great extent by excess unlabelled thrombin. The cell-associated thrombin retains its native molecular weight and its catalytic activity toward synthetic amide substrates. It appears to be located in the crude nuclear fraction of homogenized CEF cells. The association of thrombin with CEF is specific, since the non-mitogenic serine protease chymotrypsin is internalized to a much lesser extent than thrombin. The data are discussed in terms of a possible intracellular site for thrombin's mitogenic action.", "PMID": 670301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_372", "title": "Transport and accumulation of purine bases by Crithidia fasciculata.", "content": "The capacity for the rapid transport of purine bases by Crithidia fasciulata is found only in cells starved for purines. Cells grown in complete medium transport poorly. Rapid transport capability appears and then disappears during growth of purine-depleted cultures. This rapid transport appears to occur by a process of mediated diffusion. Two mechanisms are involved, one of low velocity and high affinity, the other of high velocity and low affinity. Accumulation of the bases within the cell occurs by their rapid conversion to ribonucleotides by phosphoribosyltransferases.", "contents": "Transport and accumulation of purine bases by Crithidia fasciculata. The capacity for the rapid transport of purine bases by Crithidia fasciulata is found only in cells starved for purines. Cells grown in complete medium transport poorly. Rapid transport capability appears and then disappears during growth of purine-depleted cultures. This rapid transport appears to occur by a process of mediated diffusion. Two mechanisms are involved, one of low velocity and high affinity, the other of high velocity and low affinity. Accumulation of the bases within the cell occurs by their rapid conversion to ribonucleotides by phosphoribosyltransferases.", "PMID": 670302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_373", "title": "Deoxyglucose and 3-O-methylglucose transport in untreated and ATP-depleted Novikoff rat hepatoma cells. Analysis by a rapid kinetic technique, relationship to phosphorylation and effects of inhibitors.", "content": "Detailed time courses of uptake of labeled 3-O-methyl-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glycose by untreated and ATP-depleted Novikoff rat hepatoma cells were determined as function of concentration (0.2-10 mM) by a rapid mixing/sampling technique which allows uptake measurements in time intervals as short as 1.5 seconds. Intracellular accumulation of 3-O-methylglucose in untreated and ATP-depleted cells and of deoxyglucose in ATP-depleted cells to equilibrium followed pseudo-first order kinetics and initial velocities were computed from overall time courses of substrate accumulation. Initial velocity was a Michaelis-Menten function of exogenous substrate concentration. The estimated kinetic constants for zero-trans transport of 3-O-methylglucose were about the same for untreated and ATP-depleted cells (Kztm = 1.73 +/- 0.24 mM; Vztmax = 28.8 +/- 3.6 pmoles/microliter cell H2O. sec) and were similar to those for deoxyglucose transport in ATP-depleted cells (Kztm = 0.65 +/- 0.1 mM; Vztmax = 19.6 +/- 1.6 pmoles/microliter cell H2O. sec). Similar kinetic parameters were obtained for the transport of D-glucose and D-galactose in ATP-depleted cells. The transport of 3-O-methylglucose and deoxyglucose  were inhibited by each other in a simple competitive manner with apparent Ki's similar to their transport Km's. In untreated cells, in which deoxyglucose was phosphorylated, intracellular steady-state levels of free deoxyglucose accumulated within 10 to 20 seconds of incubation regardless of its concentration in the medium. Thereafter, the rate of deoxyglucose incorporation into total cell material reflected the rate of phosphorylation rather than the transport rate. The rate of deoxyglucose transport exceeded the initial rate of its phosphorylation by 20-40 %. The intracellular steady-state-levels observed during the first 2 minutes of incubation decreased from about 40% of equilibrium level at 0.2 mM deoxyglucose to about 8% at 10 mM. Computer fits of a kinetic equation describing transport and phosphorylation as independent processes operating in tandem to these data are consistent with the observed kinetic constants for hexose transport and hexokinase activity with deoxyglucose as substrate. Upon longer incubation (2-10 minutes) the rate of deoxyglucose uptake by the phosphorylating cells decreased progressively, concomitant with a decrease in intracellular ATP and an increase in intracellular deoxyglucose to equilibrium levels. It is demonstrated that the rate of deoxyglucose uptake, measured at two or more minutes, seriously underestimates the hexose transport rate and yields misleading conclusions regarding the extent and type of inhibition by transport inhibitors, such as persantin or cytochalasin B. Persantin inhibited hexose transport in a simple non-competitive manner (Ki = 20 muM) indicating that the drug affects the function of the hexose carrier.", "contents": "Deoxyglucose and 3-O-methylglucose transport in untreated and ATP-depleted Novikoff rat hepatoma cells. Analysis by a rapid kinetic technique, relationship to phosphorylation and effects of inhibitors. Detailed time courses of uptake of labeled 3-O-methyl-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glycose by untreated and ATP-depleted Novikoff rat hepatoma cells were determined as function of concentration (0.2-10 mM) by a rapid mixing/sampling technique which allows uptake measurements in time intervals as short as 1.5 seconds. Intracellular accumulation of 3-O-methylglucose in untreated and ATP-depleted cells and of deoxyglucose in ATP-depleted cells to equilibrium followed pseudo-first order kinetics and initial velocities were computed from overall time courses of substrate accumulation. Initial velocity was a Michaelis-Menten function of exogenous substrate concentration. The estimated kinetic constants for zero-trans transport of 3-O-methylglucose were about the same for untreated and ATP-depleted cells (Kztm = 1.73 +/- 0.24 mM; Vztmax = 28.8 +/- 3.6 pmoles/microliter cell H2O. sec) and were similar to those for deoxyglucose transport in ATP-depleted cells (Kztm = 0.65 +/- 0.1 mM; Vztmax = 19.6 +/- 1.6 pmoles/microliter cell H2O. sec). Similar kinetic parameters were obtained for the transport of D-glucose and D-galactose in ATP-depleted cells. The transport of 3-O-methylglucose and deoxyglucose  were inhibited by each other in a simple competitive manner with apparent Ki's similar to their transport Km's. In untreated cells, in which deoxyglucose was phosphorylated, intracellular steady-state levels of free deoxyglucose accumulated within 10 to 20 seconds of incubation regardless of its concentration in the medium. Thereafter, the rate of deoxyglucose incorporation into total cell material reflected the rate of phosphorylation rather than the transport rate. The rate of deoxyglucose transport exceeded the initial rate of its phosphorylation by 20-40 %. The intracellular steady-state-levels observed during the first 2 minutes of incubation decreased from about 40% of equilibrium level at 0.2 mM deoxyglucose to about 8% at 10 mM. Computer fits of a kinetic equation describing transport and phosphorylation as independent processes operating in tandem to these data are consistent with the observed kinetic constants for hexose transport and hexokinase activity with deoxyglucose as substrate. Upon longer incubation (2-10 minutes) the rate of deoxyglucose uptake by the phosphorylating cells decreased progressively, concomitant with a decrease in intracellular ATP and an increase in intracellular deoxyglucose to equilibrium levels. It is demonstrated that the rate of deoxyglucose uptake, measured at two or more minutes, seriously underestimates the hexose transport rate and yields misleading conclusions regarding the extent and type of inhibition by transport inhibitors, such as persantin or cytochalasin B. Persantin inhibited hexose transport in a simple non-competitive manner (Ki = 20 muM) indicating that the drug affects the function of the hexose carrier.", "PMID": 670303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_374", "title": "Localization of pyruvate kinase isozymes in bovine kidney and comparison of these patterns with those of lactate dehydrogenases and aldolases.", "content": "Electrophoretic and immunofluorescence analysis were used to study the distribution of pyruvate kinase isozymes in the bovine kidney. Electrophoretic analysis demonstrated the presence of large amounts of K4 plus small amounts of K-M hybrids in cortical, medullary, and papillary sections cut from the kidney. Nearly all of the K-L hybrids seen in whole kidney extracts were found in cortical sections. Immunofluorescence of frozen sections revealed the presence of type L subunits in the tubules but the complete absence of this subunit type in flomeruli. Glomeruli do contain large quantities of pyruvate kinase isozymes, probably K4 and K-M hybrids, that cross-react with antibodies produced against type M pyruvate kinase. Type L-containing forms of pyruvate kinase and aldolase type B both appear to be found in cell types thought to be capable of catalyzing of gluconeogenesis, while type K pyruvate kinase and type A aldolase are found in predominantly glycolytic cell types of the kidney. Lactate dehydrogenase isozymic patterns appear to be less closely correlated with glycolytic versus gluconeogenic functions of the kidney but may be determined more directly by other metabolic functions.", "contents": "Localization of pyruvate kinase isozymes in bovine kidney and comparison of these patterns with those of lactate dehydrogenases and aldolases. Electrophoretic and immunofluorescence analysis were used to study the distribution of pyruvate kinase isozymes in the bovine kidney. Electrophoretic analysis demonstrated the presence of large amounts of K4 plus small amounts of K-M hybrids in cortical, medullary, and papillary sections cut from the kidney. Nearly all of the K-L hybrids seen in whole kidney extracts were found in cortical sections. Immunofluorescence of frozen sections revealed the presence of type L subunits in the tubules but the complete absence of this subunit type in flomeruli. Glomeruli do contain large quantities of pyruvate kinase isozymes, probably K4 and K-M hybrids, that cross-react with antibodies produced against type M pyruvate kinase. Type L-containing forms of pyruvate kinase and aldolase type B both appear to be found in cell types thought to be capable of catalyzing of gluconeogenesis, while type K pyruvate kinase and type A aldolase are found in predominantly glycolytic cell types of the kidney. Lactate dehydrogenase isozymic patterns appear to be less closely correlated with glycolytic versus gluconeogenic functions of the kidney but may be determined more directly by other metabolic functions.", "PMID": 670304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_375", "title": "Factors influencing endothelial cell proliferation in vitro.", "content": "The relative roles of blood cell products and plasma factors on endothelial cell proliferation were evaluated by studying the proliferative response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to cell free plasma derived serum (CFPDS), whole blood serum (WBS), platelet released factors, fibroblast growth factor and macrophage conditioned medium in vitro. Human adult arterial smooth muscle cells were treated in a similar manner for comparison. The rate of endothelial cell proliferation was directly related to the concentrations of both WBS and CFPDS. Grwoth rate in WBS was marginally greater than that observed in CFPDS during early culture, however, similar confluent densities were achieved. The addition of platelet released factors to CFPDS did not further stimulate endothelial cell proliferation. In contrast smooth muscle cells were quiescent in CFPDS despite increasing serum concentrations, but proliferated actively in response to platelet released factors. Both human macrophage conditioned medium and fibroblast growth factor increased endothelial cell proliferation significantly when compared with CFPDS alone. It is concluded that endothelial cell proliferation in preconfluent cultures is dependent on plasma factors while human vascular smooth muscle cells also require cell derived mitogens such as platelet growth factor to proliferate. The release of a substance by human macrophages mitogenic for endothelial cells may be involved in endothelial cell proliferation in vivo.", "contents": "Factors influencing endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. The relative roles of blood cell products and plasma factors on endothelial cell proliferation were evaluated by studying the proliferative response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to cell free plasma derived serum (CFPDS), whole blood serum (WBS), platelet released factors, fibroblast growth factor and macrophage conditioned medium in vitro. Human adult arterial smooth muscle cells were treated in a similar manner for comparison. The rate of endothelial cell proliferation was directly related to the concentrations of both WBS and CFPDS. Grwoth rate in WBS was marginally greater than that observed in CFPDS during early culture, however, similar confluent densities were achieved. The addition of platelet released factors to CFPDS did not further stimulate endothelial cell proliferation. In contrast smooth muscle cells were quiescent in CFPDS despite increasing serum concentrations, but proliferated actively in response to platelet released factors. Both human macrophage conditioned medium and fibroblast growth factor increased endothelial cell proliferation significantly when compared with CFPDS alone. It is concluded that endothelial cell proliferation in preconfluent cultures is dependent on plasma factors while human vascular smooth muscle cells also require cell derived mitogens such as platelet growth factor to proliferate. The release of a substance by human macrophages mitogenic for endothelial cells may be involved in endothelial cell proliferation in vivo.", "PMID": 670305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_376", "title": "DNA replication in human lymphocytes during aging.", "content": "An analysis of the accuracy of protein and DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes with respect to aging has been carried out. The response of human peripheral lymphocytes, from young and old adults, to phytohemagglutinin was measured at varying temperatures. This should provide a sensitive test for the accumulation of altered thermolabile proteins that are rate limiting in the response to phytohemagglutinin. At 37 degrees C the rate of thymidine incorporation as well as the induction of DNA polymerase in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from old and young adults were similar. Also at elevated temperatures, the thermosensitivity of DNA replication in lymphocytes from young and old adults was the same. DNA polymerase was purified from PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from young and old adults. The fidelity of DNA synthesis using poly (dC) as a template was similar with both enzymes. However, DNA polymerase-alpha purified from old adults was thermolabile compared to the enzyme from young adults. Thus, while the lymphocytes from old individuals may have heat labile proteins, they do not limit their proliferative capacity.", "contents": "DNA replication in human lymphocytes during aging. An analysis of the accuracy of protein and DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes with respect to aging has been carried out. The response of human peripheral lymphocytes, from young and old adults, to phytohemagglutinin was measured at varying temperatures. This should provide a sensitive test for the accumulation of altered thermolabile proteins that are rate limiting in the response to phytohemagglutinin. At 37 degrees C the rate of thymidine incorporation as well as the induction of DNA polymerase in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from old and young adults were similar. Also at elevated temperatures, the thermosensitivity of DNA replication in lymphocytes from young and old adults was the same. DNA polymerase was purified from PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from young and old adults. The fidelity of DNA synthesis using poly (dC) as a template was similar with both enzymes. However, DNA polymerase-alpha purified from old adults was thermolabile compared to the enzyme from young adults. Thus, while the lymphocytes from old individuals may have heat labile proteins, they do not limit their proliferative capacity.", "PMID": 670307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_377", "title": "The role of myonuclei in muscle regeneration: an in vitro study.", "content": "It is well established that during muscle regeneration, the satellite cells which are in a state of mitotic arrest, can initiate cell division to produce myoblasts which subsequently fuse to form myotubes. However, whether myonuclei, contained within damaged myotubes, or \"freed\" as a result of the trauma, play any role in muscle regeneration remains unresolved. In myogenic cultures, it is possible to obtain renewed myogenesis when initial cultures are sub-cultured. The aim of this study, was to obtain evidence of the participation by myonuclei of primary cultures in myogenesis which occurs subsequently in secondary cultures. In culture, myonuclei can be labelled with H3-thymidine and their ultimate fate, either as \"free\" myonuclei or myonuclei associated with disrupted myotubes can be followed unequivocally. Three types of experiments are performed: (i) Primary myogenic cultures containing only myotubes are subcultured. (ii) Primary myogenic cultures containing myotubes with labelled myonuclei are disrupted and subcultured. (iii) Primary myogenic cultures containing myotubes with unlabelled myonuclei are mixed with labelled mononucleated myogenic cells and sub-cultured. In all instances no evidence of myogenesis from myonuclei is obtained. It is concluded that myonuclei, which were rendered postmitotic during myogenesis, remain so when muscle is disrupted and cannot re-enter the mitotic cycle.", "contents": "The role of myonuclei in muscle regeneration: an in vitro study. It is well established that during muscle regeneration, the satellite cells which are in a state of mitotic arrest, can initiate cell division to produce myoblasts which subsequently fuse to form myotubes. However, whether myonuclei, contained within damaged myotubes, or \"freed\" as a result of the trauma, play any role in muscle regeneration remains unresolved. In myogenic cultures, it is possible to obtain renewed myogenesis when initial cultures are sub-cultured. The aim of this study, was to obtain evidence of the participation by myonuclei of primary cultures in myogenesis which occurs subsequently in secondary cultures. In culture, myonuclei can be labelled with H3-thymidine and their ultimate fate, either as \"free\" myonuclei or myonuclei associated with disrupted myotubes can be followed unequivocally. Three types of experiments are performed: (i) Primary myogenic cultures containing only myotubes are subcultured. (ii) Primary myogenic cultures containing myotubes with labelled myonuclei are disrupted and subcultured. (iii) Primary myogenic cultures containing myotubes with unlabelled myonuclei are mixed with labelled mononucleated myogenic cells and sub-cultured. In all instances no evidence of myogenesis from myonuclei is obtained. It is concluded that myonuclei, which were rendered postmitotic during myogenesis, remain so when muscle is disrupted and cannot re-enter the mitotic cycle.", "PMID": 670308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_378", "title": "Lack of a correlation between polyamine synthesis and DNA synthesis by cultured rat liver cells and fibroblasts.", "content": "Growth stimulation of either fetal rat liver cells or rat embryo fibroblasts in culture results in considerable increases in intracellular polyamine levels as cells proceed through the cell cycle. Treatment of such cell cultures with appropriate levels of two inhibitors of polyamine synthesis, namely alpha-hydrazino ornithine and methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone), can essentially completely block these increases in cellular polyamine content. Under such conditions, where the elevation in intracellular polyamine content is prevented, cell cultures are nevertheless able to initiate DNA synthesis and subsequently synthesize DNA at rates comparable to untreated control cultures that have been growth-stimulated. These two cell types therefore contain sufficient polyamines when in a resting state (G1) to enable them to enter from G1 into S phase and traverse S phase at normal rates in the absense of further polyamine synthesis. The recruitment of cells into the first cell cycle, through serum stimulation of growth, therefore appears not to be mediated or regulated by the increases in intracellular levels of polyamines that occurs under these conditions. Conversely, the arrest of growth of these cell types resulting from serum deprivation is not mediated by a limitation of intracellular polyamine content.", "contents": "Lack of a correlation between polyamine synthesis and DNA synthesis by cultured rat liver cells and fibroblasts. Growth stimulation of either fetal rat liver cells or rat embryo fibroblasts in culture results in considerable increases in intracellular polyamine levels as cells proceed through the cell cycle. Treatment of such cell cultures with appropriate levels of two inhibitors of polyamine synthesis, namely alpha-hydrazino ornithine and methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone), can essentially completely block these increases in cellular polyamine content. Under such conditions, where the elevation in intracellular polyamine content is prevented, cell cultures are nevertheless able to initiate DNA synthesis and subsequently synthesize DNA at rates comparable to untreated control cultures that have been growth-stimulated. These two cell types therefore contain sufficient polyamines when in a resting state (G1) to enable them to enter from G1 into S phase and traverse S phase at normal rates in the absense of further polyamine synthesis. The recruitment of cells into the first cell cycle, through serum stimulation of growth, therefore appears not to be mediated or regulated by the increases in intracellular levels of polyamines that occurs under these conditions. Conversely, the arrest of growth of these cell types resulting from serum deprivation is not mediated by a limitation of intracellular polyamine content.", "PMID": 670309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_379", "title": "Membrane bound and cellular cationic changes associated with insulin stimulation of cultured cells.", "content": "Insulin was employed as a stimulant in our continuing investigations of the molecular mechanisms involved in the coordinate control of cellular metabolism and growth. Incubation of chicken embryo fibroblasts for 16 hours in media containing 0-0.1 U insulin/ml resulted in a 17-fold increase in the rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA. Concomitantly, there were graded increases in intracellular K+ (14%) AND Mg2+ (22%) and no significant change in Ca2+. These changes in cation content occurred within 10 to 30 minutes and preceded the changes in 3H-thymidine incorporation. Insulin produced a consistent graded decrease in externally bound Mg2+ and Ca2+ and a concomitant increase in bound Na+ and K+ with no significant change in the rates of K+ and Mg2+ efflux. The results are consistent with the concept of Mg2+ as a second messenger for insulin action, as well as with the more general hypothesis that Mg2+ is the centtral agent in the coordinate control of metabolism and growth in animal cells.", "contents": "Membrane bound and cellular cationic changes associated with insulin stimulation of cultured cells. Insulin was employed as a stimulant in our continuing investigations of the molecular mechanisms involved in the coordinate control of cellular metabolism and growth. Incubation of chicken embryo fibroblasts for 16 hours in media containing 0-0.1 U insulin/ml resulted in a 17-fold increase in the rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA. Concomitantly, there were graded increases in intracellular K+ (14%) AND Mg2+ (22%) and no significant change in Ca2+. These changes in cation content occurred within 10 to 30 minutes and preceded the changes in 3H-thymidine incorporation. Insulin produced a consistent graded decrease in externally bound Mg2+ and Ca2+ and a concomitant increase in bound Na+ and K+ with no significant change in the rates of K+ and Mg2+ efflux. The results are consistent with the concept of Mg2+ as a second messenger for insulin action, as well as with the more general hypothesis that Mg2+ is the centtral agent in the coordinate control of metabolism and growth in animal cells.", "PMID": 670310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_380", "title": "A human serum protein system affecting muscle contractility: characterization of the five components and their reaction sequence.", "content": "A human serum protein system that affects muscle contractility, previously reported to be a calcium transport system (CTS), was fractionated into five protein components, A, B1, Bfi, B3 and C. The system was assayed on frog heart muscle in vitro by its capacity to increase contractile force and at high concentrations to cause contracture. With separated fractions, the reaction sequence was divided into three separate steps: B1 and B3 interacted with the heart in the first step, B2 and B3 in the second, and A and C in the third. Increased contractility occurred only after the third step. Partial purification, with preservation of biological activity, was achieved for B1, B2, A and C. B1 has a M.W. of about 170,000, as determined by its elution from Sephadex G-200. B2, a labile protein of M.W. 220,000, was one of the few serum proteins precipitated by M.W. 5000,000 dextran sulfate at pH 8.0. This was the basis for the preparation of highly purified B2, which was used to produce rabbit anti-B2 antibody. Experiments with this antibody proved that B2 became bound to the heart surface. CTS-A, the smallest protein of the system, had a M.W. of approximately 130,000. The M.W. of C was over 300,000. Purified C antigen induced rabbit antibody that inhibited the action of C without affecting the other components.", "contents": "A human serum protein system affecting muscle contractility: characterization of the five components and their reaction sequence. A human serum protein system that affects muscle contractility, previously reported to be a calcium transport system (CTS), was fractionated into five protein components, A, B1, Bfi, B3 and C. The system was assayed on frog heart muscle in vitro by its capacity to increase contractile force and at high concentrations to cause contracture. With separated fractions, the reaction sequence was divided into three separate steps: B1 and B3 interacted with the heart in the first step, B2 and B3 in the second, and A and C in the third. Increased contractility occurred only after the third step. Partial purification, with preservation of biological activity, was achieved for B1, B2, A and C. B1 has a M.W. of about 170,000, as determined by its elution from Sephadex G-200. B2, a labile protein of M.W. 220,000, was one of the few serum proteins precipitated by M.W. 5000,000 dextran sulfate at pH 8.0. This was the basis for the preparation of highly purified B2, which was used to produce rabbit anti-B2 antibody. Experiments with this antibody proved that B2 became bound to the heart surface. CTS-A, the smallest protein of the system, had a M.W. of approximately 130,000. The M.W. of C was over 300,000. Purified C antigen induced rabbit antibody that inhibited the action of C without affecting the other components.", "PMID": 670311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_381", "title": "Diffusible factor(s) controlling density inhibition of 3T3 cell growth: a new approach.", "content": "In 3T3 Swiss mouse fibroblasts, incorporation of phosphate into cells and phosphorylation of small organic compounds were increased by shaking dense cultures. This response was not obtained with SV40 transformed Swiss 3T3 cells (SV-3T3). It appeared likely that these results could be accounted for by an inhibitor released from 3T3 cells but not from SV-3T3 cells. Our new method of co-incubation of sparse and dense cultures allowed us to demonstrate inhibition of growth and phosphate metabolism in sparse 3T3 cultures which were shaken in the presence of dense cultures. The inhibition was much less when the cultures were co-cultivated but not shaken. The inhibition of phosphate incorporation in acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions of sparse cultures was observed as early as 20 minutes of co-incubation in the presence of dense cultures, so this inhibition is not the result of depletion of growth factors in the medium. Our experiments suggest that an inhibitor(s) was released from dense cultures of 3T3 cells.", "contents": "Diffusible factor(s) controlling density inhibition of 3T3 cell growth: a new approach. In 3T3 Swiss mouse fibroblasts, incorporation of phosphate into cells and phosphorylation of small organic compounds were increased by shaking dense cultures. This response was not obtained with SV40 transformed Swiss 3T3 cells (SV-3T3). It appeared likely that these results could be accounted for by an inhibitor released from 3T3 cells but not from SV-3T3 cells. Our new method of co-incubation of sparse and dense cultures allowed us to demonstrate inhibition of growth and phosphate metabolism in sparse 3T3 cultures which were shaken in the presence of dense cultures. The inhibition was much less when the cultures were co-cultivated but not shaken. The inhibition of phosphate incorporation in acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions of sparse cultures was observed as early as 20 minutes of co-incubation in the presence of dense cultures, so this inhibition is not the result of depletion of growth factors in the medium. Our experiments suggest that an inhibitor(s) was released from dense cultures of 3T3 cells.", "PMID": 670314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_382", "title": "Analysis of the penetrable space within the nucleus.", "content": "Radioactive glycogen molecules have been used as passive probes to compare cavity systems within nuclei and isolated chromatin. Isolated chromatin was found to possess a narrow range of microspaces with mean effective diameters between 4.0 and 4.5 nm (40 and 45 A) depending on shape assumptions. Intact nuclei contained a far larger class of free spaces with average diameters in the order of 11.0-15.0 nm. This clearly shows that DNase-I (diam. 4.1 nm) can penetrate and occupy a large proportion of nuclear space even though this enzyme does not readily attack the undisturbed nuclear structure. A structure which simulated the pattern of penetrability and incorporated other known properties of chromatin was used to explain this DNase-I resistance of intact nuclei in terms of an ordered, compact, local structure interspersed by much larger spaces. A system for this local packing is suggested and the functional implications of this type of organization considered.", "contents": "Analysis of the penetrable space within the nucleus. Radioactive glycogen molecules have been used as passive probes to compare cavity systems within nuclei and isolated chromatin. Isolated chromatin was found to possess a narrow range of microspaces with mean effective diameters between 4.0 and 4.5 nm (40 and 45 A) depending on shape assumptions. Intact nuclei contained a far larger class of free spaces with average diameters in the order of 11.0-15.0 nm. This clearly shows that DNase-I (diam. 4.1 nm) can penetrate and occupy a large proportion of nuclear space even though this enzyme does not readily attack the undisturbed nuclear structure. A structure which simulated the pattern of penetrability and incorporated other known properties of chromatin was used to explain this DNase-I resistance of intact nuclei in terms of an ordered, compact, local structure interspersed by much larger spaces. A system for this local packing is suggested and the functional implications of this type of organization considered.", "PMID": 670315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_383", "title": "Follicle cell bridges in the mosquito ovary: syncytia formation and bridge morphology.", "content": "In the mosquito, Culex pipiens quinqefasciatus, the follicle cells enveloping the oocyte and the nurse cells are connected by intercellular bridges. The bridges are formed by incomplete cytokinesis, and they persist for more than 30 h after their formation. Reconstructions from serial sections showed that one syncytial group contained at least 32 cells; several cells continued outside the series. The cells in a syncytium divide asynchronously; this results in an irregular, branched orgainzation. The bridges may be either embedded in the cytoplasm of the cells, or they may form an extracellular connexion.", "contents": "Follicle cell bridges in the mosquito ovary: syncytia formation and bridge morphology. In the mosquito, Culex pipiens quinqefasciatus, the follicle cells enveloping the oocyte and the nurse cells are connected by intercellular bridges. The bridges are formed by incomplete cytokinesis, and they persist for more than 30 h after their formation. Reconstructions from serial sections showed that one syncytial group contained at least 32 cells; several cells continued outside the series. The cells in a syncytium divide asynchronously; this results in an irregular, branched orgainzation. The bridges may be either embedded in the cytoplasm of the cells, or they may form an extracellular connexion.", "PMID": 670316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_384", "title": "The blood/germ cell barrier in male Schistocerca gregaria: the time of its establishment and factors affecting its formation.", "content": "Tracer studies carried out on the testes of the insect Schistocerca gregaria demonstrate a blood/germ cell barrier which is established prior to the onset of meiosis in the 3rd instar. Ecdysterone treatment in vitro prematurely stimulates the formation of the barrier in the testicular follicles of 2nd instar hoppers; this effect is antagonized by juvenile hormone. The follicles may be a store for the barrier-stimulating factor because testis extract also induces premature production of the barrier.", "contents": "The blood/germ cell barrier in male Schistocerca gregaria: the time of its establishment and factors affecting its formation. Tracer studies carried out on the testes of the insect Schistocerca gregaria demonstrate a blood/germ cell barrier which is established prior to the onset of meiosis in the 3rd instar. Ecdysterone treatment in vitro prematurely stimulates the formation of the barrier in the testicular follicles of 2nd instar hoppers; this effect is antagonized by juvenile hormone. The follicles may be a store for the barrier-stimulating factor because testis extract also induces premature production of the barrier.", "PMID": 670317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_385", "title": "Studies of the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane-bound ribosomes in erythropoietic cells.", "content": "Erythropoietic cells of 5 species, including man, contain endoplasmic reticulum present as individual cisternae or tubules scattered throughout the cytoplasm of all stages except mature RBCs. The endoplasmic reticulum is mainly agranular but occurs frequently as a variant of granular ER which is characterized by an asymmetrical and irregular distribution of ribosomes along one cytoplasmic face. In most cells, the endoplasmic reticulum occurs in close proximity to mitochondria or the plasma membrane , suggesting that the organelle may be involved in functions related to these structures, e.g. haem biosynthesis. Endoplasmic reticulum is more abundant in early than in late erythroid cells. Its exact role in RBC development is unclear. Since endoplasmic reticulum could account for 'plasma membrane-bound ribosomes' reported in lysed reticulocytes, studies were performed which ruled out this possibility and which suggested that such ribosomes were an artifact of the lysing conditions. Hypotonic lysis in less than 20 vol. of magnesium-containing buffers yielded ghosts variably contaminated by ribosomes and other structures. Lysis of reticulocytes in 20-30 vol. of magnesium-free buffer or homogenization of whole cells or crude membrane fractions in hypotonic buffer removed virtually all contaminating ribosomes from the purified membrane fraction.", "contents": "Studies of the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane-bound ribosomes in erythropoietic cells. Erythropoietic cells of 5 species, including man, contain endoplasmic reticulum present as individual cisternae or tubules scattered throughout the cytoplasm of all stages except mature RBCs. The endoplasmic reticulum is mainly agranular but occurs frequently as a variant of granular ER which is characterized by an asymmetrical and irregular distribution of ribosomes along one cytoplasmic face. In most cells, the endoplasmic reticulum occurs in close proximity to mitochondria or the plasma membrane , suggesting that the organelle may be involved in functions related to these structures, e.g. haem biosynthesis. Endoplasmic reticulum is more abundant in early than in late erythroid cells. Its exact role in RBC development is unclear. Since endoplasmic reticulum could account for 'plasma membrane-bound ribosomes' reported in lysed reticulocytes, studies were performed which ruled out this possibility and which suggested that such ribosomes were an artifact of the lysing conditions. Hypotonic lysis in less than 20 vol. of magnesium-containing buffers yielded ghosts variably contaminated by ribosomes and other structures. Lysis of reticulocytes in 20-30 vol. of magnesium-free buffer or homogenization of whole cells or crude membrane fractions in hypotonic buffer removed virtually all contaminating ribosomes from the purified membrane fraction.", "PMID": 670318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_386", "title": "Sulphate metabolism in the exocrine pancreas. II. The production of sulphated macromolecules by the mouse exocrine pancreas.", "content": "The types of sulphated macromolecules produced by the exocrine pancrease were investigated. To determine whether this tissue utilized inorganic sulphate for protein production, the in-vitro behaviour of material labelled with 35S-sulphate was compared with material labelled with [3H]leucine (secretory proteins). While incubating tissue slices in the presence of cycloheximide resulted in an immediate and nearly complete inhibition of protein synthesis, a similar decrease in production of sulphated material was not observed until after 2 h of incubation in the presence of the drug. Likewise, the kinetics of pilocarpine-induced discharge of radioactive material from pancreatic slices pulse-labelled with either 3H-Leu. or 35S-sulphate was compared. During the first 90 min of stimulation sulphated macromolecules were detected in chase medium 10-15 min prior to the appearance of 3H-labelled secretory proteins. That in-vitro behaviour of sulphated material differed from radioleucine-labelled material is indicative of the fact that the pancreas utilizes inorganic sulphate for the production of macromolecules other than secretory proteins. Lipid and proteoglycan fractions were prepared from pancreatic tissue 4 h after intraperitoneal injection of radiosulphate. The recovery of a significant amount of radioactivity in both fractions deomonstrated the ability of the pancreas to use inorganic sulphate for the production of both sulphated lipids and sulphated proteoglycans. The possible function of sulphated macromolecules in pancreatic secretion is discussed.", "contents": "Sulphate metabolism in the exocrine pancreas. II. The production of sulphated macromolecules by the mouse exocrine pancreas. The types of sulphated macromolecules produced by the exocrine pancrease were investigated. To determine whether this tissue utilized inorganic sulphate for protein production, the in-vitro behaviour of material labelled with 35S-sulphate was compared with material labelled with [3H]leucine (secretory proteins). While incubating tissue slices in the presence of cycloheximide resulted in an immediate and nearly complete inhibition of protein synthesis, a similar decrease in production of sulphated material was not observed until after 2 h of incubation in the presence of the drug. Likewise, the kinetics of pilocarpine-induced discharge of radioactive material from pancreatic slices pulse-labelled with either 3H-Leu. or 35S-sulphate was compared. During the first 90 min of stimulation sulphated macromolecules were detected in chase medium 10-15 min prior to the appearance of 3H-labelled secretory proteins. That in-vitro behaviour of sulphated material differed from radioleucine-labelled material is indicative of the fact that the pancreas utilizes inorganic sulphate for the production of macromolecules other than secretory proteins. Lipid and proteoglycan fractions were prepared from pancreatic tissue 4 h after intraperitoneal injection of radiosulphate. The recovery of a significant amount of radioactivity in both fractions deomonstrated the ability of the pancreas to use inorganic sulphate for the production of both sulphated lipids and sulphated proteoglycans. The possible function of sulphated macromolecules in pancreatic secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 670319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_387", "title": "Osmoregulation in the alga Vacuolaria virescens. Structure of the contractile vacuole and the nature of its association with the Golgi apparatus.", "content": "The contractile vacuole of the chloromonadophycean alga Vacuolaria virescens is a permanent structure that possesses a specialized membrane: subunits of this membrane have a diameter of 21-24 nm and in places are arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern. The lateral walls of these subunits form regularly spaced bristles or pegs which extend inwards from the trilaminar membrane for a distance of 13-15 nm. The contractile vacuole is situated immediately above an extensive Golgi apparatus that covers most of the anterior surface of the nucleus. Vesicles of Golgi origin give rise to subsidiary vacuoles which in turn empty into the contractile vacuole. Golgi vesicles, subsidiary vacuoles and the contractile vacuole contain similar electron-dense material. It is suggested that this material might be a highly hydrophilic substance which will attract water from the cytoplasm into the Golgi vesicles, subsidiary vacuoles and contractile vacuole from whence it is discharged from the cell. This method of osmoregulation is compared to that occurring in other algae and protozoa.", "contents": "Osmoregulation in the alga Vacuolaria virescens. Structure of the contractile vacuole and the nature of its association with the Golgi apparatus. The contractile vacuole of the chloromonadophycean alga Vacuolaria virescens is a permanent structure that possesses a specialized membrane: subunits of this membrane have a diameter of 21-24 nm and in places are arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern. The lateral walls of these subunits form regularly spaced bristles or pegs which extend inwards from the trilaminar membrane for a distance of 13-15 nm. The contractile vacuole is situated immediately above an extensive Golgi apparatus that covers most of the anterior surface of the nucleus. Vesicles of Golgi origin give rise to subsidiary vacuoles which in turn empty into the contractile vacuole. Golgi vesicles, subsidiary vacuoles and the contractile vacuole contain similar electron-dense material. It is suggested that this material might be a highly hydrophilic substance which will attract water from the cytoplasm into the Golgi vesicles, subsidiary vacuoles and contractile vacuole from whence it is discharged from the cell. This method of osmoregulation is compared to that occurring in other algae and protozoa.", "PMID": 670320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_388", "title": "Effect of ultraviolet or laser light irradiation on the growth of Micrasterias thomasiana.", "content": "The effect of ultraviolet on laser light on growth of lobes in a green alga, Micrasterias thomasiana was investigated. During plasmolysis, the cell wall and the outermost region of the cytoplasm were separately irradiated with an ultraviolet or laser microbeam. Growth of the lobes was more effectively inhibited by irradiation of the cytoplasm than of the cell wall when the dose of irradiation was weak. Growth inhibition was observed in the irradiated cytoplasm where no apparent decrease in velocity of plasma streaming was seen, which suggested that irradiation caused more damage to the mechanism of exocytosis than to the migration of secretion vesicles. Strong irradiation resulted in gelatinization of the cytoplasm. With strong doses of irradiation on both the cytoplasm and cell wall, growth was completely inhibited.", "contents": "Effect of ultraviolet or laser light irradiation on the growth of Micrasterias thomasiana. The effect of ultraviolet on laser light on growth of lobes in a green alga, Micrasterias thomasiana was investigated. During plasmolysis, the cell wall and the outermost region of the cytoplasm were separately irradiated with an ultraviolet or laser microbeam. Growth of the lobes was more effectively inhibited by irradiation of the cytoplasm than of the cell wall when the dose of irradiation was weak. Growth inhibition was observed in the irradiated cytoplasm where no apparent decrease in velocity of plasma streaming was seen, which suggested that irradiation caused more damage to the mechanism of exocytosis than to the migration of secretion vesicles. Strong irradiation resulted in gelatinization of the cytoplasm. With strong doses of irradiation on both the cytoplasm and cell wall, growth was completely inhibited.", "PMID": 670321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_389", "title": "Translational movements of macrophages through media of different viscosities.", "content": "The extent of the migration of guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages from capillary tubes over the surfaces of plastic Petri dishes, was quantitated by planimetry. It was observed that the amount of migration decreased as the viscosity of the medium was increased by the addition of agarose. An essential component of translational movement is the formation of adhesions between cells and their substrata. It is suggested on the basis of the present migration and adhesion experiments, that the increased viscosity reduces migration by retarding the formation of adhesions between the cells and their substrata. The experiments do not support the suggestion that agarose adsorbed to the dish surface affects the adhesion-dependent arm of migration or that viscous 'drag' on whole cells (over the viscosity range of 0.71 to 3.9 x 10(-3) N s m-2) reduces their movements.", "contents": "Translational movements of macrophages through media of different viscosities. The extent of the migration of guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages from capillary tubes over the surfaces of plastic Petri dishes, was quantitated by planimetry. It was observed that the amount of migration decreased as the viscosity of the medium was increased by the addition of agarose. An essential component of translational movement is the formation of adhesions between cells and their substrata. It is suggested on the basis of the present migration and adhesion experiments, that the increased viscosity reduces migration by retarding the formation of adhesions between the cells and their substrata. The experiments do not support the suggestion that agarose adsorbed to the dish surface affects the adhesion-dependent arm of migration or that viscous 'drag' on whole cells (over the viscosity range of 0.71 to 3.9 x 10(-3) N s m-2) reduces their movements.", "PMID": 670322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_390", "title": "Genetic aspects of intracellular motility: cortical localization and insertion of trichocysts in Paramecium tetraurelia.", "content": "Wild-type and selected mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia were subjected to detailed analysis of the trichocyst phenotype. The characteristics of morphology, saltatory motility, and cortical insertion of trichocysts were found to be genetically distinguishable. In mutants with defective trichocyst saltatory motility, other intracellular motility systems (i.e. mitochondrial saltatory motility, and cyclosis) appeared to be unaffected. Saltatory motility appears to be an essential intermediate step in the functional development of the trichocyst, since it serves to transport the trichocyst from its site of assembly, deep in the cytoplasm, to the cortex, where it is inserted and becomes discharge-competent. If trichocyst saltatory motility is lost, as in the mutants ndA and tam8, then trichocysts are not transported to the cortex and are therefore not inserted. However, the successful transport of a trichocyst to the cortex does not guarantee the proper insertion of that trichocyst, as in the case of the mutant am. Apparently there are independent steps involved specifically with trichocyst insertion. The gross morphology of the trichocyst appears to be independent of its saltatory motility, and to a degree, independent of cortical insertion.", "contents": "Genetic aspects of intracellular motility: cortical localization and insertion of trichocysts in Paramecium tetraurelia. Wild-type and selected mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia were subjected to detailed analysis of the trichocyst phenotype. The characteristics of morphology, saltatory motility, and cortical insertion of trichocysts were found to be genetically distinguishable. In mutants with defective trichocyst saltatory motility, other intracellular motility systems (i.e. mitochondrial saltatory motility, and cyclosis) appeared to be unaffected. Saltatory motility appears to be an essential intermediate step in the functional development of the trichocyst, since it serves to transport the trichocyst from its site of assembly, deep in the cytoplasm, to the cortex, where it is inserted and becomes discharge-competent. If trichocyst saltatory motility is lost, as in the mutants ndA and tam8, then trichocysts are not transported to the cortex and are therefore not inserted. However, the successful transport of a trichocyst to the cortex does not guarantee the proper insertion of that trichocyst, as in the case of the mutant am. Apparently there are independent steps involved specifically with trichocyst insertion. The gross morphology of the trichocyst appears to be independent of its saltatory motility, and to a degree, independent of cortical insertion.", "PMID": 670323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_391", "title": "Cell interactions in the developing somite; in vivo comparisons between amputated (AM/AM) and normal mouse embryos.", "content": "Light and electron microscopy coupled to a quantitative analysis form a powerful technique for the analysis of cell behaviour in mutant and normal tissues. Using this approach the morphology of the cells and their contacts are examined in the somites of a recessive mouse mutant, amputated, and of its normal littermates. The results of the analysis show that cell density is the same in both mutant and normal sclertome but that mutant cells tend to form small clumps whereas normal cells disperse individually. There is a correspondingly greater area of cell contact per cell in the mutant. Filopodia are equally numerous in the mutant and normal but where in the normal they stretch across wide intercellular spaces to make contact at their tips with other cells, in the mutant they form a tangled web sticking back on to the surface of the cell of origin and adjacent cells. The appearance of mutant and normal sclerotome is compared with presomitic cells and with the cells of other mutants whose abnormal development has been shown to depend on cell contact morphology and behaviour.", "contents": "Cell interactions in the developing somite; in vivo comparisons between amputated (AM/AM) and normal mouse embryos. Light and electron microscopy coupled to a quantitative analysis form a powerful technique for the analysis of cell behaviour in mutant and normal tissues. Using this approach the morphology of the cells and their contacts are examined in the somites of a recessive mouse mutant, amputated, and of its normal littermates. The results of the analysis show that cell density is the same in both mutant and normal sclertome but that mutant cells tend to form small clumps whereas normal cells disperse individually. There is a correspondingly greater area of cell contact per cell in the mutant. Filopodia are equally numerous in the mutant and normal but where in the normal they stretch across wide intercellular spaces to make contact at their tips with other cells, in the mutant they form a tangled web sticking back on to the surface of the cell of origin and adjacent cells. The appearance of mutant and normal sclerotome is compared with presomitic cells and with the cells of other mutants whose abnormal development has been shown to depend on cell contact morphology and behaviour.", "PMID": 670324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_392", "title": "Cell movement and the mechanism of invasiveness: a survey of the behaviour of some normal and malignant cells implanted into the developing chick wing bud.", "content": "A survey of the behaviour of a variety of normal and malignant tumours and cells has been carried out to gain insights into the mechanisms of tumour invasiveness. The tumours and cells were implanted into the developing chick wing bud, which is a loose mesenchyme bounded by ectoderm. The distribution of the grafted cells was examined histologically after one or two days. The special feature of this assay is that the behaviour of cells is tested in a 3-dimensional tissue. Cells from 3 different carcinomas, mouse lung tumour, rat bladder tumour and human breast tumour did not invade the mesenchyme, whereas trophoblast, sarcoma 180, cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK, PyBHK, Nil 8, HSV Nil 8) and neuroblastoma cells did. Cells from embryonic pigmented retina and heart ventricle were non-invasive. These results suggest that cell movement may not be a common feature of all invasive tumours. The cells that did move into the mesenchyme appeared to do so by various mechanisms. Lack of contact inhibition of movement, although probably involved in the invasiveness of sarcoma 180 cells, does not appear to be necessary for invasion: cells that have been shown to exhibit contact inhibition of movement (BHK and PyBHK) also invade. Both normal and transformed cells (BHK and PyBHK; Nil 8 and HSV Nil 8) moved into the mesenchyme. Other invading cells, such as trophoblast, neuroblastoma and to a small extent, HSV Nil 8 cells, destroy the adjacent host tissue and this may be important in the invasiveness of these cells. The patterns of invasion and interactions with the host tissue were varied. Trophoblast and the fibroblasts were often elongated along the basement membrane at the ectoderm/mesenchyme border and also closely apposed to the endothelial linings of blood vessels. Sarcoma 180 and neuroblastoma cells clustered around nerves. The embryonic tissues and neuroblastoma cells were often associated with blood vessels. These results are discussed in relation to tumour invasion. A striking finding was that the carcinoma cells were frequently found positioned within the wing ectoderm on the basement membrane. This affinity of carcinoma cells for the epithelium rather than the mesenchyme leads to a reappraisal of the mechanisms involved in the invasiveness of carcinomas.", "contents": "Cell movement and the mechanism of invasiveness: a survey of the behaviour of some normal and malignant cells implanted into the developing chick wing bud. A survey of the behaviour of a variety of normal and malignant tumours and cells has been carried out to gain insights into the mechanisms of tumour invasiveness. The tumours and cells were implanted into the developing chick wing bud, which is a loose mesenchyme bounded by ectoderm. The distribution of the grafted cells was examined histologically after one or two days. The special feature of this assay is that the behaviour of cells is tested in a 3-dimensional tissue. Cells from 3 different carcinomas, mouse lung tumour, rat bladder tumour and human breast tumour did not invade the mesenchyme, whereas trophoblast, sarcoma 180, cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK, PyBHK, Nil 8, HSV Nil 8) and neuroblastoma cells did. Cells from embryonic pigmented retina and heart ventricle were non-invasive. These results suggest that cell movement may not be a common feature of all invasive tumours. The cells that did move into the mesenchyme appeared to do so by various mechanisms. Lack of contact inhibition of movement, although probably involved in the invasiveness of sarcoma 180 cells, does not appear to be necessary for invasion: cells that have been shown to exhibit contact inhibition of movement (BHK and PyBHK) also invade. Both normal and transformed cells (BHK and PyBHK; Nil 8 and HSV Nil 8) moved into the mesenchyme. Other invading cells, such as trophoblast, neuroblastoma and to a small extent, HSV Nil 8 cells, destroy the adjacent host tissue and this may be important in the invasiveness of these cells. The patterns of invasion and interactions with the host tissue were varied. Trophoblast and the fibroblasts were often elongated along the basement membrane at the ectoderm/mesenchyme border and also closely apposed to the endothelial linings of blood vessels. Sarcoma 180 and neuroblastoma cells clustered around nerves. The embryonic tissues and neuroblastoma cells were often associated with blood vessels. These results are discussed in relation to tumour invasion. A striking finding was that the carcinoma cells were frequently found positioned within the wing ectoderm on the basement membrane. This affinity of carcinoma cells for the epithelium rather than the mesenchyme leads to a reappraisal of the mechanisms involved in the invasiveness of carcinomas.", "PMID": 670325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_393", "title": "Ruthenium red-positive surface layer, extracellular filamentous material and intercellular junctions in hybrids between tumour and normal cells: abundant gap junctions correlate with density-dependent inhibition of growth.", "content": "The cell surface and intercellular junctions of transformed and non-transformed hybrid cells, obtained from fusion of murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells (TA3B) and normal rat embryofibroblasts (REF), were compared with those of the parental cells, using ruthenium red (RR) staining of cells fixed in situ. An RR-positive layer of variable thickness was found on the surface of all cell types. Measurements of the thickness of this layer on the free surface of the cell cultures deomonstrated a significant difference between transformed and non-transformed cells. The thickness distribution of the RR layer was similar on the surface of REF and non-transformed hybrid cells, but there was significant variation among all the transformed cell lines. Extracellular filamentous RR-positive material, usually in direct contact with the cell surface, was present in confluent cultures of REF and non-transformed hybrid cells, but was absent in the transformed cell lines. Gap junctions were few in both parental cell lines and rare or absent in transformed hybrids; a large increase in number and size of gap junctions was found in non-transformed hybrids. Abundance of long gap junctions was correlated with density-dependent inhibition of growth, since non-transformed hybrids grew in single layers whereas both normal and tumour parental cell types, and transformed hybrids grew in multilayers. Tight junctions were frequently encountered in TA3B and transformed hybrid cells but were not seen in REF cells and only occasionally seen in non-transformed hybrids. Intermediate-type junctions occurred in all cells, but desmosomes were found only rarely in TA3B cells and never in the other cell types.", "contents": "Ruthenium red-positive surface layer, extracellular filamentous material and intercellular junctions in hybrids between tumour and normal cells: abundant gap junctions correlate with density-dependent inhibition of growth. The cell surface and intercellular junctions of transformed and non-transformed hybrid cells, obtained from fusion of murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells (TA3B) and normal rat embryofibroblasts (REF), were compared with those of the parental cells, using ruthenium red (RR) staining of cells fixed in situ. An RR-positive layer of variable thickness was found on the surface of all cell types. Measurements of the thickness of this layer on the free surface of the cell cultures deomonstrated a significant difference between transformed and non-transformed cells. The thickness distribution of the RR layer was similar on the surface of REF and non-transformed hybrid cells, but there was significant variation among all the transformed cell lines. Extracellular filamentous RR-positive material, usually in direct contact with the cell surface, was present in confluent cultures of REF and non-transformed hybrid cells, but was absent in the transformed cell lines. Gap junctions were few in both parental cell lines and rare or absent in transformed hybrids; a large increase in number and size of gap junctions was found in non-transformed hybrids. Abundance of long gap junctions was correlated with density-dependent inhibition of growth, since non-transformed hybrids grew in single layers whereas both normal and tumour parental cell types, and transformed hybrids grew in multilayers. Tight junctions were frequently encountered in TA3B and transformed hybrid cells but were not seen in REF cells and only occasionally seen in non-transformed hybrids. Intermediate-type junctions occurred in all cells, but desmosomes were found only rarely in TA3B cells and never in the other cell types.", "PMID": 670326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_394", "title": "Cellular actin and junction formation during reaggregation of adult rat hepatocytes into epithelial cell sheets.", "content": "Aggregation of adult rat hepatocytes, isolated by the collagenase perfusion technique, was studied by ultrastructural methods and the indirect immunofluorescence technique using anti-actin antibodies. In a primary culture the cells rapidly made contact with each other by filopodia-like structures, as seen by scanning electron microscopy. In a few hours this led to stable adhesion of the cells. No identifiable junction formation occurred during the first 17 h in culture. Within 48 h the cells had formed epithelial cell sheets with junctional complexes consisting of tight junctions, bile canaliculus-like structures and zonula adhaerens-type junctions. The distribution of cytoplasmic actin fluorescence remained homogenous in the contacting cells during the first 24 h in culture, as seen with anti-actin antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The first short, fluorescent actin filaments appeared in the periphery of the developing lamellipodia of the spreading cell islands. In organized epithelial cell sheets these filaments were seen as long fibres ending at the perinuclear region of the marginal cells. In the submarginal cells fluorescent actin fibres were distinct at the junctional regions of the cells. This filamentous fluorescence seemed to extend throughout the entire cell sheet in an organized manner and correspond to the apical layer of parallel microfilaments seen in transmission electron microscopy. Our results suggest that filamentous actin plays a role in the contact-induced spreading of the cells and in the maintenance of the internal organization of the epithelial cell sheets.", "contents": "Cellular actin and junction formation during reaggregation of adult rat hepatocytes into epithelial cell sheets. Aggregation of adult rat hepatocytes, isolated by the collagenase perfusion technique, was studied by ultrastructural methods and the indirect immunofluorescence technique using anti-actin antibodies. In a primary culture the cells rapidly made contact with each other by filopodia-like structures, as seen by scanning electron microscopy. In a few hours this led to stable adhesion of the cells. No identifiable junction formation occurred during the first 17 h in culture. Within 48 h the cells had formed epithelial cell sheets with junctional complexes consisting of tight junctions, bile canaliculus-like structures and zonula adhaerens-type junctions. The distribution of cytoplasmic actin fluorescence remained homogenous in the contacting cells during the first 24 h in culture, as seen with anti-actin antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The first short, fluorescent actin filaments appeared in the periphery of the developing lamellipodia of the spreading cell islands. In organized epithelial cell sheets these filaments were seen as long fibres ending at the perinuclear region of the marginal cells. In the submarginal cells fluorescent actin fibres were distinct at the junctional regions of the cells. This filamentous fluorescence seemed to extend throughout the entire cell sheet in an organized manner and correspond to the apical layer of parallel microfilaments seen in transmission electron microscopy. Our results suggest that filamentous actin plays a role in the contact-induced spreading of the cells and in the maintenance of the internal organization of the epithelial cell sheets.", "PMID": 670327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_395", "title": "Modulation of the effect of colchicine and cytochalasin B on fibroblast aggregates by the substratum.", "content": "In previous investigations, we have shown that aggregates of normal human fibroblasts displayed a remarkable number of morphogenetic properties in suspension and on a substratum. The present investigation has attempted to illustrate more clearly the role of colchicine- and cytochalasin-sensitive structures in the observed ultrastructural properties of the fibroblasts in this system. Cytochalasin B and colchicine alter the surface ultrastructure of the cells as well as the behaviour of the cells during aggregate outgrowth. In addition, the effects of both drugs on the cells in the aggregates are modulated by the attachment of the aggregates to a substratum.", "contents": "Modulation of the effect of colchicine and cytochalasin B on fibroblast aggregates by the substratum. In previous investigations, we have shown that aggregates of normal human fibroblasts displayed a remarkable number of morphogenetic properties in suspension and on a substratum. The present investigation has attempted to illustrate more clearly the role of colchicine- and cytochalasin-sensitive structures in the observed ultrastructural properties of the fibroblasts in this system. Cytochalasin B and colchicine alter the surface ultrastructure of the cells as well as the behaviour of the cells during aggregate outgrowth. In addition, the effects of both drugs on the cells in the aggregates are modulated by the attachment of the aggregates to a substratum.", "PMID": 670328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_396", "title": "Ultrastructure of mitosis in the chloromonadophycean alga Vacuolaria virescens.", "content": "During preprophase in the chloromonadophycean alga Vacuolaria virescens microtubules are present around the flagellar basal bodies and extend over the anterior surface of the nucleus. These microtubules assist in the separation of the flagella and later enter the nucleus through polar gaps. During prophase the nucleoli begin to disperse and the chromosomes become condensed. At metaphase the nucleus assumes an elliptical shape and an equatorial plate of chromosomes becomes aligned across the long axis of the nucleus; kinetochores are recognizable on some of the chromosomes. The nuclear envelope remains intact over most of the surface and in places it forms folds. During anaphase chromosomes are less distinct and vesicles are present in the elongating nucleus. Most of the new nuclear envelope around the progeny nuclei is formed by coalescence of these membrane vesicles during late anaphase and telophase, although some of the original nuclear envelope may also become incorporated. During telophase disintegration of the original nuclear envelope becomes pronounced and portions of this structure are recognizable in the cytoplasm after completion of mitosis. It is suggested that this unusual type of nuclear envelope behaviour may be important in ensuring the segregation of the Golgi apparatus and contractile vacuole to progeny cells. Interphase cells contain a single extensive Golgi apparatus which is located between the anterior surface of the nucleus and the contractile vacuole. The Golgi apparatus and contractile vacuole act as an osmoregulatory system and their presence is presumably essential to the existence of the organism. Formation of a new contractile vacuole and division of the Golgi apparatus occur early in mitosis and thereafter a Golgi apparatus and contractile vacuole become associated with each of the poles of the nucleus. They retain this location throughout mitosis and during cytokinesis, with the result that an osmoregulatory system is present in each of the daughter cells. In a similar manner, microbody-like organelles are associated with the nuclear envelope during mitosis but not at interphase. Growth of the nuclear envelope during mitosis may serve as the means of partitioning these organelles to the progeny cells. Thus mitosis in Vacuolaria virescens is responsible not only for the equal segregation of the genetic material but also for the correct distribution of some of the cytoplasmic components.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of mitosis in the chloromonadophycean alga Vacuolaria virescens. During preprophase in the chloromonadophycean alga Vacuolaria virescens microtubules are present around the flagellar basal bodies and extend over the anterior surface of the nucleus. These microtubules assist in the separation of the flagella and later enter the nucleus through polar gaps. During prophase the nucleoli begin to disperse and the chromosomes become condensed. At metaphase the nucleus assumes an elliptical shape and an equatorial plate of chromosomes becomes aligned across the long axis of the nucleus; kinetochores are recognizable on some of the chromosomes. The nuclear envelope remains intact over most of the surface and in places it forms folds. During anaphase chromosomes are less distinct and vesicles are present in the elongating nucleus. Most of the new nuclear envelope around the progeny nuclei is formed by coalescence of these membrane vesicles during late anaphase and telophase, although some of the original nuclear envelope may also become incorporated. During telophase disintegration of the original nuclear envelope becomes pronounced and portions of this structure are recognizable in the cytoplasm after completion of mitosis. It is suggested that this unusual type of nuclear envelope behaviour may be important in ensuring the segregation of the Golgi apparatus and contractile vacuole to progeny cells. Interphase cells contain a single extensive Golgi apparatus which is located between the anterior surface of the nucleus and the contractile vacuole. The Golgi apparatus and contractile vacuole act as an osmoregulatory system and their presence is presumably essential to the existence of the organism. Formation of a new contractile vacuole and division of the Golgi apparatus occur early in mitosis and thereafter a Golgi apparatus and contractile vacuole become associated with each of the poles of the nucleus. They retain this location throughout mitosis and during cytokinesis, with the result that an osmoregulatory system is present in each of the daughter cells. In a similar manner, microbody-like organelles are associated with the nuclear envelope during mitosis but not at interphase. Growth of the nuclear envelope during mitosis may serve as the means of partitioning these organelles to the progeny cells. Thus mitosis in Vacuolaria virescens is responsible not only for the equal segregation of the genetic material but also for the correct distribution of some of the cytoplasmic components.", "PMID": 670329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_397", "title": "The arrangement of microtubules in serially sectioned spindles of the alga Cryptomonas.", "content": "Serial sections of mitotic spindles of the marine cryptophycean alga, Cryptomonas, were analysed to determine what types of microtubules they contained and which of these microtubules came close enough to each other (50 nm or less) for the commonly described crossbridging to be possible. Interpolar microtubules were rare (less than or equal to 1%) but from prometaphase through anaphase there was a substantial interpolar framework of free and polar microtubules which came close enough to one another to cross-bridge and generate anaphase spindle elongation by intermicrotubule sliding. However, such elongation would also require some concomitant polar microtubule polymerization. In contrast, only about 12% of the chromosomal microtubules came within bridging distance of interpolar framework microtubules. Thus, assuming that microtubules were accurately fixed in their in vivo positions, crossbridging between chromosomal and interpolar framework microtubules is unlikely to function in chromosome-to-pole movement. In all stages the great majority of chromosomal microtubules were found to extend all the way from the chromatin to the pole. Although the identification of intermicrotubular bridges in section is often ambiguous, the best and most frequent examples of bridges in the present material were between polar microtubules and between chromosomal microtubules but not between the 2 different categories. The spindles also contained 5-nm-diameter microfilaments associated mainly with chromosomal microtubules and occasionally with polar microtubules. A specific model for the possible involvement of these filaments in mitosis is presented.", "contents": "The arrangement of microtubules in serially sectioned spindles of the alga Cryptomonas. Serial sections of mitotic spindles of the marine cryptophycean alga, Cryptomonas, were analysed to determine what types of microtubules they contained and which of these microtubules came close enough to each other (50 nm or less) for the commonly described crossbridging to be possible. Interpolar microtubules were rare (less than or equal to 1%) but from prometaphase through anaphase there was a substantial interpolar framework of free and polar microtubules which came close enough to one another to cross-bridge and generate anaphase spindle elongation by intermicrotubule sliding. However, such elongation would also require some concomitant polar microtubule polymerization. In contrast, only about 12% of the chromosomal microtubules came within bridging distance of interpolar framework microtubules. Thus, assuming that microtubules were accurately fixed in their in vivo positions, crossbridging between chromosomal and interpolar framework microtubules is unlikely to function in chromosome-to-pole movement. In all stages the great majority of chromosomal microtubules were found to extend all the way from the chromatin to the pole. Although the identification of intermicrotubular bridges in section is often ambiguous, the best and most frequent examples of bridges in the present material were between polar microtubules and between chromosomal microtubules but not between the 2 different categories. The spindles also contained 5-nm-diameter microfilaments associated mainly with chromosomal microtubules and occasionally with polar microtubules. A specific model for the possible involvement of these filaments in mitosis is presented.", "PMID": 670330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_398", "title": "Ultrastructure and activity of the nucleolar organizer in the mouse oocyte during meiotic prophase.", "content": "The mouse oocyte is the site of nucleolar synthesis during pachytene. The chromosomes containing a nucleolar organizer are attached to the nuclear envelope by their paracentromeric heterochromatin, either alone or by taking part in the formation of a chromocentre. The nucleolus appears at the junction of the paracentromeric heterochromatin with the euchromatic portion of the bivalent. In this zone, 5.0-nm-diameter fibres, thinner than those of the rest of the chromosome (10.0 nm), extend from the lateral element of the synaptonemal complex up to the nucleolar fibrillar centre in which they penetrate. At the onset of its synthesis, the nucleolus only contains the fibrillar centre and an electron-dense fibrillar component in continuity with the latter. Growth of the nucleolus often takes place in the form of a strand whose proximal end, in contact with the fibrillar centre, is formed by preribosomal fibrils and whose distal end is at first fibrillo-granular then granular. Following brief incorporation of tritiated uridine, nucleolar labelling is active in oogonia. No ribosomal RNA-synthetic activity is revealed during leptotene and zygotene. Incorporation resumes at mid-pachytene, with labelling located over the electron-dense fibrillar component adjacent to the fibrillar centre. These observations suggest that the rDNA is located in both the fibrillar centre and its associated electron-dense fibrillar component and that the rDNA transcription occurs in the latter.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and activity of the nucleolar organizer in the mouse oocyte during meiotic prophase. The mouse oocyte is the site of nucleolar synthesis during pachytene. The chromosomes containing a nucleolar organizer are attached to the nuclear envelope by their paracentromeric heterochromatin, either alone or by taking part in the formation of a chromocentre. The nucleolus appears at the junction of the paracentromeric heterochromatin with the euchromatic portion of the bivalent. In this zone, 5.0-nm-diameter fibres, thinner than those of the rest of the chromosome (10.0 nm), extend from the lateral element of the synaptonemal complex up to the nucleolar fibrillar centre in which they penetrate. At the onset of its synthesis, the nucleolus only contains the fibrillar centre and an electron-dense fibrillar component in continuity with the latter. Growth of the nucleolus often takes place in the form of a strand whose proximal end, in contact with the fibrillar centre, is formed by preribosomal fibrils and whose distal end is at first fibrillo-granular then granular. Following brief incorporation of tritiated uridine, nucleolar labelling is active in oogonia. No ribosomal RNA-synthetic activity is revealed during leptotene and zygotene. Incorporation resumes at mid-pachytene, with labelling located over the electron-dense fibrillar component adjacent to the fibrillar centre. These observations suggest that the rDNA is located in both the fibrillar centre and its associated electron-dense fibrillar component and that the rDNA transcription occurs in the latter.", "PMID": 670331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_399", "title": "Determination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) in body fluids of man by means of high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and its metabolite and a series of structurally related sulfonamides is described. The half-life time of elimination of sulfamethoxazole and its metabolite N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole is 9 h for both compounds. The renal excretion rate of sulfamethoxazole depends strongly on the urinary pH. The renal excretion rate of the metabolite N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole is not dependent on the urinary pH.", "contents": "Determination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) in body fluids of man by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and its metabolite and a series of structurally related sulfonamides is described. The half-life time of elimination of sulfamethoxazole and its metabolite N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole is 9 h for both compounds. The renal excretion rate of sulfamethoxazole depends strongly on the urinary pH. The renal excretion rate of the metabolite N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole is not dependent on the urinary pH.", "PMID": 670346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_400", "title": "Quantitation of zimelidine and norzimelidine in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitation of new non-tricyclic antidepressant, zimelidine, and its pharmacologically active, N-demethylated metabolite, norzimelidine, in plasma. The method involves a single extraction of basified plasma with diethyl ether, concentration of the ethereal extract, chromatography on a high-performance liquid chromatograph and quantitation using a variable-wavelength UV detector. The respective geometric isomers of zimelidene and norzimelidine are used as internal standards for quantitation. Resolution is effected using a 5-micron silica gel column with an aqueous methanolic solution of ammonium nitrate as the mobile phase. The minimum quantitated amount was 25 ng and the coefficient of variation for the method did not exceed 7% in the range 25 to 1000 ng/ml for both compounds. The method has been applied in monitoring the plasma concentration of zimelidine and norzimelidine in plasma from depressed patients and an example of this application is presented.", "contents": "Quantitation of zimelidine and norzimelidine in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. A method is described for the quantitation of new non-tricyclic antidepressant, zimelidine, and its pharmacologically active, N-demethylated metabolite, norzimelidine, in plasma. The method involves a single extraction of basified plasma with diethyl ether, concentration of the ethereal extract, chromatography on a high-performance liquid chromatograph and quantitation using a variable-wavelength UV detector. The respective geometric isomers of zimelidene and norzimelidine are used as internal standards for quantitation. Resolution is effected using a 5-micron silica gel column with an aqueous methanolic solution of ammonium nitrate as the mobile phase. The minimum quantitated amount was 25 ng and the coefficient of variation for the method did not exceed 7% in the range 25 to 1000 ng/ml for both compounds. The method has been applied in monitoring the plasma concentration of zimelidine and norzimelidine in plasma from depressed patients and an example of this application is presented.", "PMID": 670347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_401", "title": "Determination of kynurenine by a simple gas-liquid chromatographic method applicable to urine, plasma, brain and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "A simple, sensitive and specific method for the determination of kynurenine is described. This is based on alkaline cleavage of kynurenine, followed by solvent extraction, trifluoroacetylation and gas--liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. Using this method kynurenine has been determined in urine and plasma, and for the first time in brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Increases in kynurenine in brain, plasma and urine are demonstrated following tryptophan administration to man and rat.", "contents": "Determination of kynurenine by a simple gas-liquid chromatographic method applicable to urine, plasma, brain and cerebrospinal fluid. A simple, sensitive and specific method for the determination of kynurenine is described. This is based on alkaline cleavage of kynurenine, followed by solvent extraction, trifluoroacetylation and gas--liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. Using this method kynurenine has been determined in urine and plasma, and for the first time in brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Increases in kynurenine in brain, plasma and urine are demonstrated following tryptophan administration to man and rat.", "PMID": 670356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_402", "title": "Determination of urinary thiamine by high-pressure liquid chromatography utilizing the thiochrome fluorscent method.", "content": "A sensitive, reproducible, and specific method for the determination of urinary thiamine has been established. Unique to the use of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate the fluorescent thiamine derivative from interfering fluorescent compounds. Urine samples were passed through a Decalso catoin-exchange column, washed with 0.5 M KCl to remove some interfering compounds, and eluted with 3.4 M KCl. The eluted thiamine was converted to the fluorescent derivative, thiochrome, by reaction with alkaline potassium ferricyanide. The reaction mixture was extracted with isobutanol and subjected to HPLC monitored by a fluorescent detector. Within-day and day-to-day coefficients of variation proved to be 2.5% and 1.2% respectively. Recovery of added thiamine (range 0.04 to 2.0 microgram/ml) averaged 99.9 +/- 5.3%. The sensitivity of this method was 0.03 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Determination of urinary thiamine by high-pressure liquid chromatography utilizing the thiochrome fluorscent method. A sensitive, reproducible, and specific method for the determination of urinary thiamine has been established. Unique to the use of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate the fluorescent thiamine derivative from interfering fluorescent compounds. Urine samples were passed through a Decalso catoin-exchange column, washed with 0.5 M KCl to remove some interfering compounds, and eluted with 3.4 M KCl. The eluted thiamine was converted to the fluorescent derivative, thiochrome, by reaction with alkaline potassium ferricyanide. The reaction mixture was extracted with isobutanol and subjected to HPLC monitored by a fluorescent detector. Within-day and day-to-day coefficients of variation proved to be 2.5% and 1.2% respectively. Recovery of added thiamine (range 0.04 to 2.0 microgram/ml) averaged 99.9 +/- 5.3%. The sensitivity of this method was 0.03 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 670357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_403", "title": "[Determination of \"middle molecules\" presenting vitamin B12 molecular size in normal and uremic body fluids (author's transl)].", "content": "Uremic solutes with the molecular size of vitamin B12 are assumed to be toxic. An analytical method is proposed to detect and separate these solutes in body fluids using two combined techniques: gel filtration on Sephadex G-15 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The vitamin B12 molecular size has been localized by ultrafiltration through membranes with a defined cut-off. Normal and uremic body fluids (urine, plasma, hemodialysis fluid) have been separated into 9 ultraviolet-absorbing peaks (a to i) by high-speed gel filtration. Peaks b and c present the molecular size of vitamin B12, 10--15 A molecular diameter in pH7 aqueous solution. Peak b, which correlates with uremic neuropathy, is separated into 6 sub-peaks (b1 to b6) by ion-exchange chromatography, sub-peak b4.2 is the only one to correlate with uremic neuropathy. The coefficient of variation in the integrated area of a single peak is 16%. This method gives the chromatographic prolife of the vitamin B12 molecular size from 500 microliter of uremic plasma or 100 microliter of normal urine within one hour.", "contents": "[Determination of \"middle molecules\" presenting vitamin B12 molecular size in normal and uremic body fluids (author's transl)]. Uremic solutes with the molecular size of vitamin B12 are assumed to be toxic. An analytical method is proposed to detect and separate these solutes in body fluids using two combined techniques: gel filtration on Sephadex G-15 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The vitamin B12 molecular size has been localized by ultrafiltration through membranes with a defined cut-off. Normal and uremic body fluids (urine, plasma, hemodialysis fluid) have been separated into 9 ultraviolet-absorbing peaks (a to i) by high-speed gel filtration. Peaks b and c present the molecular size of vitamin B12, 10--15 A molecular diameter in pH7 aqueous solution. Peak b, which correlates with uremic neuropathy, is separated into 6 sub-peaks (b1 to b6) by ion-exchange chromatography, sub-peak b4.2 is the only one to correlate with uremic neuropathy. The coefficient of variation in the integrated area of a single peak is 16%. This method gives the chromatographic prolife of the vitamin B12 molecular size from 500 microliter of uremic plasma or 100 microliter of normal urine within one hour.", "PMID": 670358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_404", "title": "Monoacylcadaverines in the blood of schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Concentrations of cadaverine, monoacetylcadaverine and monopropionylcadaverine in the blood of schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic subjects were measured. Two groups, one from the U.S.A. the other from Japan, were tested. Monoacetylcadaverine and monopropionylcadaverine were found elevated in the blood of some schizophrenic patients in comparison with those in controls in each group. Their increase could be caused by a reduced monoamine oxidase activity or by an increased acylation in schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Monoacylcadaverines in the blood of schizophrenic patients. Concentrations of cadaverine, monoacetylcadaverine and monopropionylcadaverine in the blood of schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic subjects were measured. Two groups, one from the U.S.A. the other from Japan, were tested. Monoacetylcadaverine and monopropionylcadaverine were found elevated in the blood of some schizophrenic patients in comparison with those in controls in each group. Their increase could be caused by a reduced monoamine oxidase activity or by an increased acylation in schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 670359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_405", "title": "Electrophoretic bimorphism of serum albumin in the presence of indocyanine green.", "content": "The presence of indocyanine green during extended traditional electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis of serum is associated with bimorphism of albumin. This occurs over a range of dye--albumin molar ratios an order or more greater than was obtained in similar phenomena described previously. The bimorphism seems not to be dose dependent beyond a certain point, and the two albumins so separated show tinctorial differences. The phenomenon has been observed to apparently the same degree in all normal sera tested, and may represent a means of distinguishing ligand-loaded and ligand-light serum albumin.", "contents": "Electrophoretic bimorphism of serum albumin in the presence of indocyanine green. The presence of indocyanine green during extended traditional electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis of serum is associated with bimorphism of albumin. This occurs over a range of dye--albumin molar ratios an order or more greater than was obtained in similar phenomena described previously. The bimorphism seems not to be dose dependent beyond a certain point, and the two albumins so separated show tinctorial differences. The phenomenon has been observed to apparently the same degree in all normal sera tested, and may represent a means of distinguishing ligand-loaded and ligand-light serum albumin.", "PMID": 670360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_406", "title": "Microdetermination of caffeine in blood by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry.", "content": "A micromethod for the quantitative analysis of caffeine present in small quantities (100 microliter) of whole blood is described. It is based on the gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric analysis of chloroform extracts of biological samples. The method is relatively simple, rapid, specific and sensitive; as little as 20 ng of caffeine can be measured.", "contents": "Microdetermination of caffeine in blood by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. A micromethod for the quantitative analysis of caffeine present in small quantities (100 microliter) of whole blood is described. It is based on the gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric analysis of chloroform extracts of biological samples. The method is relatively simple, rapid, specific and sensitive; as little as 20 ng of caffeine can be measured.", "PMID": 670361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_407", "title": "Paraffin oil pneumonia. Analysis of saturated hydrocarbons in different human tissue.", "content": "Temperature-programmed gas chromatographic analysis on columns packed with Apiezon L as stationary phase is shown to be the best method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of simple and complex hydrocarbon mixtures when compared with all the other applicable techniques (thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry) described in this paper. Using the method in a patient with mineral oil pneumonia it could be demonstrated that he expectorated a maximum of 79.5 mg liquid paraffin daily and also transported equally complex saturated hydrocarbons in a concentration of 1.3 mg% in plasma and of 1.6 mg% in the cellular blood components. In an additional experiment the direct determination of liquid paraffin resorbed from the gastrointestinal tract was possible in a patient with a left chyle fistula in the neck. After a dose of 50 g liquid paraffin administered as a laxative, 246 ml chyle was collected within the following 14 h which yielded a total of 4.5 mg liquid paraffin. Its composition was identical with the administered laxative. Assuming a daily lymph volume of 1.51, the resorbed amount would correspond to a resorption rate of 0.5 (see article) liquid paraffin. The importance of these results as well as the diagnostic consequences arising from the described analytical technique are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Paraffin oil pneumonia. Analysis of saturated hydrocarbons in different human tissue. Temperature-programmed gas chromatographic analysis on columns packed with Apiezon L as stationary phase is shown to be the best method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of simple and complex hydrocarbon mixtures when compared with all the other applicable techniques (thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry) described in this paper. Using the method in a patient with mineral oil pneumonia it could be demonstrated that he expectorated a maximum of 79.5 mg liquid paraffin daily and also transported equally complex saturated hydrocarbons in a concentration of 1.3 mg% in plasma and of 1.6 mg% in the cellular blood components. In an additional experiment the direct determination of liquid paraffin resorbed from the gastrointestinal tract was possible in a patient with a left chyle fistula in the neck. After a dose of 50 g liquid paraffin administered as a laxative, 246 ml chyle was collected within the following 14 h which yielded a total of 4.5 mg liquid paraffin. Its composition was identical with the administered laxative. Assuming a daily lymph volume of 1.51, the resorbed amount would correspond to a resorption rate of 0.5 (see article) liquid paraffin. The importance of these results as well as the diagnostic consequences arising from the described analytical technique are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 670362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_408", "title": "Purfication of synthetic cardiotoxin by affinity chromatography.", "content": "A polypeptide containing 60 amino acids with 4 disulphide bonds, synthesized by the solid-phase method, was highly purifed by anticardiotoxin-Sepharose affinity chromatography following gel filtration and CM-cellulose chromatography. The identification of the final product as cardiotoxin was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, circular dichroism spectra, N-terminal analysis and four biological tests.", "contents": "Purfication of synthetic cardiotoxin by affinity chromatography. A polypeptide containing 60 amino acids with 4 disulphide bonds, synthesized by the solid-phase method, was highly purifed by anticardiotoxin-Sepharose affinity chromatography following gel filtration and CM-cellulose chromatography. The identification of the final product as cardiotoxin was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, circular dichroism spectra, N-terminal analysis and four biological tests.", "PMID": 670366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_409", "title": "Gel filtration of phthalate esters.", "content": "Calibration of the gel-filtration system polystyrene beads-benzene is effected in terms of the molecular weights of solutes without using a void volume indicator. Correction for dead volumes is made by incorporating in the loads a dye producing a peak of accurately known elution volume to serve as reference point on a stripchart absorption diagram of column effluent. The calibrated column separates small amounts of plasticizer phthalate esters from excess of lipids extracted from biological materials, providing evidence of identity in samples sufficiently pure for estimation by gas chromatography. Further purification can, where necessary, be achieved quantitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography on silicic acid with 2% (v/v) diisopropyl ether in n-hexane as mobile phase.", "contents": "Gel filtration of phthalate esters. Calibration of the gel-filtration system polystyrene beads-benzene is effected in terms of the molecular weights of solutes without using a void volume indicator. Correction for dead volumes is made by incorporating in the loads a dye producing a peak of accurately known elution volume to serve as reference point on a stripchart absorption diagram of column effluent. The calibrated column separates small amounts of plasticizer phthalate esters from excess of lipids extracted from biological materials, providing evidence of identity in samples sufficiently pure for estimation by gas chromatography. Further purification can, where necessary, be achieved quantitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography on silicic acid with 2% (v/v) diisopropyl ether in n-hexane as mobile phase.", "PMID": 670367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_410", "title": "Derivatisation of steroid hormones with t-butyldimethylsilyl imidazole.", "content": "An efficient procedure for the derivatisation of hydroxyl and alpha,beta-unsaturated ketonic steroids using t-butyldimethylsilyl imidazole is described. The conditions which employ potassium acetate as a basic catalyst result in quantitative formation of BDMS ethers and greater than 96% yield of BDMS-enol ethers. Various mechanisms involving the catalysed and uncatalysed reactions of t-butyldimethylsilyl imidazole with alcohols and enols are also discussed. The mass spectra of the BDMS-enol ethers, in contrast to the BDMS ethers, are dominated by an intense molecular ion, which facilitates the quantitation of these derivatives in biological samples. An example of the method is shown by the determination of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in urine using a stable-isotope internal standard.", "contents": "Derivatisation of steroid hormones with t-butyldimethylsilyl imidazole. An efficient procedure for the derivatisation of hydroxyl and alpha,beta-unsaturated ketonic steroids using t-butyldimethylsilyl imidazole is described. The conditions which employ potassium acetate as a basic catalyst result in quantitative formation of BDMS ethers and greater than 96% yield of BDMS-enol ethers. Various mechanisms involving the catalysed and uncatalysed reactions of t-butyldimethylsilyl imidazole with alcohols and enols are also discussed. The mass spectra of the BDMS-enol ethers, in contrast to the BDMS ethers, are dominated by an intense molecular ion, which facilitates the quantitation of these derivatives in biological samples. An example of the method is shown by the determination of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in urine using a stable-isotope internal standard.", "PMID": 670371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_411", "title": "Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography for the separation of peptide hormone diastereoisomers.", "content": "Diastereoisomers of specifically labeled oxytocin derivatives were resolved using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The peptides [1-hemi-DL-[alpha-2H]cystine]oxytocin, [6-hemi-DL-[alpha-2H]cystine]oxytocin, [2-DL-[alpha-2H]tyrosine]oxytocin and[8-DL-[2-13C]leucine]oxytocin were readily separated using the conditions described. The diastereoisomers of the oxytocin analog [3-DL-[2-13C]leucine]oxytocin also demonstrated baseline resolution under the same conditions. The procedure offers the investigator a rapid method for screening synthetic oxytocin peptides for undesirable diastereoisomeric by-products.", "contents": "Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography for the separation of peptide hormone diastereoisomers. Diastereoisomers of specifically labeled oxytocin derivatives were resolved using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The peptides [1-hemi-DL-[alpha-2H]cystine]oxytocin, [6-hemi-DL-[alpha-2H]cystine]oxytocin, [2-DL-[alpha-2H]tyrosine]oxytocin and[8-DL-[2-13C]leucine]oxytocin were readily separated using the conditions described. The diastereoisomers of the oxytocin analog [3-DL-[2-13C]leucine]oxytocin also demonstrated baseline resolution under the same conditions. The procedure offers the investigator a rapid method for screening synthetic oxytocin peptides for undesirable diastereoisomeric by-products.", "PMID": 670372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_412", "title": "Simultaneous determination by GC-MS-SIM of o-, m-, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3:4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in biological samples using a common selected ion.", "content": "A GC-MS-SIM method is described for the simultaneous determination of five acid metabolites, o-, m-, and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3:4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in biological samples using a common selected ion for all the acids. The TMS ethers of methyl or ethyl esters of these compounds have a common ion at m/e 179 which is used for their quantitation by selected ion monitoring. The molecular ion at m/e 238 of the three monohydroxy phenylacetic acids, which is also the M-30 ion for homovanillic acid, is also used for their quantitation. The GC conditions for their separation, the relative sensitivities and some advantages of TMS ethers over other derivatives are described. The application of this method to biological samples is illustrated by data on human urine and plasma.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination by GC-MS-SIM of o-, m-, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3:4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in biological samples using a common selected ion. A GC-MS-SIM method is described for the simultaneous determination of five acid metabolites, o-, m-, and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3:4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in biological samples using a common selected ion for all the acids. The TMS ethers of methyl or ethyl esters of these compounds have a common ion at m/e 179 which is used for their quantitation by selected ion monitoring. The molecular ion at m/e 238 of the three monohydroxy phenylacetic acids, which is also the M-30 ion for homovanillic acid, is also used for their quantitation. The GC conditions for their separation, the relative sensitivities and some advantages of TMS ethers over other derivatives are described. The application of this method to biological samples is illustrated by data on human urine and plasma.", "PMID": 670373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_413", "title": "Rapid determination of quinidine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive and specific method for the determination of quinidine in plasma is described. Quinidine is extracted with chloroform, the extract is evaporated and reconstituted with methanol and the methanol extract is analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography using a silica gel column. The recovery of quinidine from plasma varied between 93.0 to 100%. Quinidine levels as low as 12 ng/ml can be detected by this method.", "contents": "Rapid determination of quinidine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitive and specific method for the determination of quinidine in plasma is described. Quinidine is extracted with chloroform, the extract is evaporated and reconstituted with methanol and the methanol extract is analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography using a silica gel column. The recovery of quinidine from plasma varied between 93.0 to 100%. Quinidine levels as low as 12 ng/ml can be detected by this method.", "PMID": 670374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_414", "title": "Vero microcultures for adenovirus neutralization tests.", "content": "A microculture neutralization test is described for measuring specific antibody levels to the 35 human adenovirus serotypes in Vero cells. The test is read at 5 days by macroscopic observation after staining the uninfected cells with crystal violet. The test is performed with a minimum of manipulations and gives serum titers comparable with those obtained in tube macrocultures of monkey kidney, human embryonic kidney, and Vero cells. The Vero microculture neutralization test measures inhibition of adenovirus toxicity, although selected human adenoviruses serially subpassaged in Vero cells were shown to successfully adapt and replicate in the absence of detectable helper viruses.", "contents": "Vero microcultures for adenovirus neutralization tests. A microculture neutralization test is described for measuring specific antibody levels to the 35 human adenovirus serotypes in Vero cells. The test is read at 5 days by macroscopic observation after staining the uninfected cells with crystal violet. The test is performed with a minimum of manipulations and gives serum titers comparable with those obtained in tube macrocultures of monkey kidney, human embryonic kidney, and Vero cells. The Vero microculture neutralization test measures inhibition of adenovirus toxicity, although selected human adenoviruses serially subpassaged in Vero cells were shown to successfully adapt and replicate in the absence of detectable helper viruses.", "PMID": 670375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_415", "title": "New medium for isolation of Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii from dental plaque.", "content": "Metronidazole (10 microgram/ml) and cadmium sulfate (20 microgram/ml) were added to a gelatin-based medium to select for microaerophilic Actinomyces species from dental plaque samples. The new medium (GMC), when incubated anaerobically, allowed 98% recovery of seven pure cultures of Actinomyces viscosus and 73% recovery of eight pure cultures of Actinomyces naeslundii, while suppressing 76% of the total count of other organisms in dental plaque samples. In 203 plaque samples, recoveries of A. viscosus and A. naeslundii on GMC and another selective medium for oral Actinomyces (CNAC-20) were compared. Recovery of A. viscosus was comparable on the two media. Recovery of A. naeslundii was significantly higher on GMC than CNAC-20 (P is less than 0.001), and GMC allowed a more characteristic cell morphology of both organisms. GMC medium appears to be useful for the isolation and presumptive identification of A. viscosus and A. naeslundii from dental plaque.", "contents": "New medium for isolation of Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii from dental plaque. Metronidazole (10 microgram/ml) and cadmium sulfate (20 microgram/ml) were added to a gelatin-based medium to select for microaerophilic Actinomyces species from dental plaque samples. The new medium (GMC), when incubated anaerobically, allowed 98% recovery of seven pure cultures of Actinomyces viscosus and 73% recovery of eight pure cultures of Actinomyces naeslundii, while suppressing 76% of the total count of other organisms in dental plaque samples. In 203 plaque samples, recoveries of A. viscosus and A. naeslundii on GMC and another selective medium for oral Actinomyces (CNAC-20) were compared. Recovery of A. viscosus was comparable on the two media. Recovery of A. naeslundii was significantly higher on GMC than CNAC-20 (P is less than 0.001), and GMC allowed a more characteristic cell morphology of both organisms. GMC medium appears to be useful for the isolation and presumptive identification of A. viscosus and A. naeslundii from dental plaque.", "PMID": 670376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_416", "title": "Brain abscess due to Streptococcus MG-intermedius (Streptococcus milleri).", "content": "Three cases of brain abscesses due to Streptococcus MG-intermedius are reported, and the literature pertaining to this subject is reviewed. The importance of careful and complete identification of these etiological agents of infection is stressed. The clinical presentation, the origin of S. MG-intermedius producing brain abscess, and its relation to hepatic abscesses and endocarditis are discussed.", "contents": "Brain abscess due to Streptococcus MG-intermedius (Streptococcus milleri). Three cases of brain abscesses due to Streptococcus MG-intermedius are reported, and the literature pertaining to this subject is reviewed. The importance of careful and complete identification of these etiological agents of infection is stressed. The clinical presentation, the origin of S. MG-intermedius producing brain abscess, and its relation to hepatic abscesses and endocarditis are discussed.", "PMID": 670377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_417", "title": "Endocarditis associated with cardiac catheterization due to a Gram-positive coccus designated Micrococcus mucilaginosus incertae sedis.", "content": "A gram-positive coccus, presently named Micrococcus mucilaginosus incertae sedis, was isolated from 14 blood cultures from a patient with endocarditis. The first positive blood culture was drawn 5 days after the patient underwent cardiac catheterization.", "contents": "Endocarditis associated with cardiac catheterization due to a Gram-positive coccus designated Micrococcus mucilaginosus incertae sedis. A gram-positive coccus, presently named Micrococcus mucilaginosus incertae sedis, was isolated from 14 blood cultures from a patient with endocarditis. The first positive blood culture was drawn 5 days after the patient underwent cardiac catheterization.", "PMID": 670378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_418", "title": "Lymphocyte responses to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of influenza virus.", "content": "The responses of peripheral lymphocytes to purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits and other components of an influenza. A virus were measured in 21 normal adults and compared with antibody titers. All had influenza antibodies and demonstrated influenza antigen recognition by lympho-proliferative responses. There was a significantly greater response to the two purified influenza virus surface antigens, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, than to either whole intact virus or its separated subviral core. No correlation between magnitudes of antibody titers and lymphocyte responsiveness was observed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte responses to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of influenza virus. The responses of peripheral lymphocytes to purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits and other components of an influenza. A virus were measured in 21 normal adults and compared with antibody titers. All had influenza antibodies and demonstrated influenza antigen recognition by lympho-proliferative responses. There was a significantly greater response to the two purified influenza virus surface antigens, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, than to either whole intact virus or its separated subviral core. No correlation between magnitudes of antibody titers and lymphocyte responsiveness was observed.", "PMID": 670379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_419", "title": "Atypical Yersinia enterocolitica: clinical and epidemiological parameters.", "content": "Infections due to biochemically typical Yersinia enterocolitica usually present as gastroenteritis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, and septicemia often with visceral abscesses. In these instances, the isolates have been biochemically typical and of well-established serotypes, namely 0:3 or 0:9 and, in the United States, 0:5 or 0:8. The recovery, recognition, and significance of biochemically and serologically atypical Y. enterocolitica in human infections has proceeded more slowly. From an analysis of the clinical histories of 20 patients infected with 21 such aberrant Y. enterocolitica, it appears that these strains are of restricted pathogenic potential, producing various clinical entities such as localized skin abscesses, conjunctivitis, self-limiting enteritis, and wound and urinary tract infections in hosts with predisposing factors. Epidemiologically, whereas episodic acquisition of atypical strains by hospitalized patients is indicative of nosocomial transmission, in the present series sporadic isolations over a 4-year period, mainly from ambulatory patients, suggest an occult reservoir in the community serviced by The Mount Sinai Hospital. In contrast to typical Y. enterocolitica, which has become well adapted in animal and human hosts, it appears that environmental strains may be in the evolutionary process of becoming adapted to humans.", "contents": "Atypical Yersinia enterocolitica: clinical and epidemiological parameters. Infections due to biochemically typical Yersinia enterocolitica usually present as gastroenteritis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, and septicemia often with visceral abscesses. In these instances, the isolates have been biochemically typical and of well-established serotypes, namely 0:3 or 0:9 and, in the United States, 0:5 or 0:8. The recovery, recognition, and significance of biochemically and serologically atypical Y. enterocolitica in human infections has proceeded more slowly. From an analysis of the clinical histories of 20 patients infected with 21 such aberrant Y. enterocolitica, it appears that these strains are of restricted pathogenic potential, producing various clinical entities such as localized skin abscesses, conjunctivitis, self-limiting enteritis, and wound and urinary tract infections in hosts with predisposing factors. Epidemiologically, whereas episodic acquisition of atypical strains by hospitalized patients is indicative of nosocomial transmission, in the present series sporadic isolations over a 4-year period, mainly from ambulatory patients, suggest an occult reservoir in the community serviced by The Mount Sinai Hospital. In contrast to typical Y. enterocolitica, which has become well adapted in animal and human hosts, it appears that environmental strains may be in the evolutionary process of becoming adapted to humans.", "PMID": 670380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_420", "title": "Disseminated infection by Fusarium moniliforme during treatment for malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Disseminated infection caused by Fusarium moniliforme is described in a 32-year-old granulocytopenic man with malignant lymphoma being treated with cytotoxic drugs and corticosteroids. Infected skin denuded by antecedent severe varicella-zoster infection was the probable source of fungemia. F. moniliforme grows rapidly on common mycological media as a lavender- to violet-colored mold at 25 to 37 degrees C. Its aerial hyphae produce fusoid macroconidia and characteristic fusiform microconidia in chains. The morphology of hyphae in tissue closely resembles species of Aspergillus and is not diagnostically specific. Morphological characteristics which distinguish cultures of F. moniliforme from other medically important species of Fusarium are discussed.", "contents": "Disseminated infection by Fusarium moniliforme during treatment for malignant lymphoma. Disseminated infection caused by Fusarium moniliforme is described in a 32-year-old granulocytopenic man with malignant lymphoma being treated with cytotoxic drugs and corticosteroids. Infected skin denuded by antecedent severe varicella-zoster infection was the probable source of fungemia. F. moniliforme grows rapidly on common mycological media as a lavender- to violet-colored mold at 25 to 37 degrees C. Its aerial hyphae produce fusoid macroconidia and characteristic fusiform microconidia in chains. The morphology of hyphae in tissue closely resembles species of Aspergillus and is not diagnostically specific. Morphological characteristics which distinguish cultures of F. moniliforme from other medically important species of Fusarium are discussed.", "PMID": 670381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_421", "title": "Diagnosis of California La Crosse virus infection by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "La Crosse virus cell culture-derived soluble antigen was used in a counterimmunoelectrophoresis procedure to assess the presence or absence of La Crosse antibodies in 79 paired acute- and convalescent-phase human sera. The counterimmunoelectrophoresis test appeared to measure the same antibody as the complement fixation test but was more sensitive and rapid.", "contents": "Diagnosis of California La Crosse virus infection by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. La Crosse virus cell culture-derived soluble antigen was used in a counterimmunoelectrophoresis procedure to assess the presence or absence of La Crosse antibodies in 79 paired acute- and convalescent-phase human sera. The counterimmunoelectrophoresis test appeared to measure the same antibody as the complement fixation test but was more sensitive and rapid.", "PMID": 670382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_422", "title": "Oligomeric immunoglobulin A antibody response to rubella virus infection.", "content": "Pooled sera from rubella patients in the early convalescent stage, containing a high titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody, were treated with protein A-conjugated gel to reduce immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody and then centrifuged in sucrose gradients. This treatment resulted in the detection of an HI activity peak sedimenting at a rate intermediate between 7S and 19S. In contrast to the 19S antibody, the HI activity of this peak was not abolished by 2-mercaptoethanol, but sedimented at 7S after this treatment. The activity was considered to consist of IgA oligomers, since it was removed by anti-IgA immunosorbent. The appearance of the oligomeric IgA antibody after the infection was then studied using serum samples collected sequentially from five rubella patients. Shortly after the onset of the disease, the HI activity appeared at high titer and thereafter gradually decreased in titer until it could no longer be detected in the sera. The time of its disappearance varied with each patient.", "contents": "Oligomeric immunoglobulin A antibody response to rubella virus infection. Pooled sera from rubella patients in the early convalescent stage, containing a high titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody, were treated with protein A-conjugated gel to reduce immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody and then centrifuged in sucrose gradients. This treatment resulted in the detection of an HI activity peak sedimenting at a rate intermediate between 7S and 19S. In contrast to the 19S antibody, the HI activity of this peak was not abolished by 2-mercaptoethanol, but sedimented at 7S after this treatment. The activity was considered to consist of IgA oligomers, since it was removed by anti-IgA immunosorbent. The appearance of the oligomeric IgA antibody after the infection was then studied using serum samples collected sequentially from five rubella patients. Shortly after the onset of the disease, the HI activity appeared at high titer and thereafter gradually decreased in titer until it could no longer be detected in the sera. The time of its disappearance varied with each patient.", "PMID": 670383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_423", "title": "Group IVe-like gram-negative bacillemia in a patient with obstructive uropathy.", "content": "A nonfermentative, gram-negative bacillus, resembling Center for Disease Control group IVe, was isolated from the blood of a patient with obstructive uropathy. Prior studies implicating this organism in septicemia could not be found in the literature. It is suggested that this is the first time that this bacillus has been reported to cause bacillemia in humans.", "contents": "Group IVe-like gram-negative bacillemia in a patient with obstructive uropathy. A nonfermentative, gram-negative bacillus, resembling Center for Disease Control group IVe, was isolated from the blood of a patient with obstructive uropathy. Prior studies implicating this organism in septicemia could not be found in the literature. It is suggested that this is the first time that this bacillus has been reported to cause bacillemia in humans.", "PMID": 670384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_424", "title": "Usefulness of serial antibody determinations in diagnosis of candidiasis as measured by discontinuous counterimmunoelectrophoresis using HS antigen.", "content": "We have followed the candida antibody response in 115 patients with different types of candidiasis by discontinuous counterimmunoelectrophoresis using HS antigen to learn whether any early antibody response occurs in systemic candidiasis and whether there are differences in the antibody response in candidiasis involving different organ systems. We found that 23 of 32 (72%) patients with systemic candidiasis had a rise in antibody titer within the first 2 weeks of infection and that high titers were relatively insensitive indicators of infection. No differences were seen in the antibody response in different types of candidiasis. Patients with aspergillosis and torulopsosis had titer rises as well which were attributed to either inapparent candida infection or cross-reacting antibody. A rise in titer was not seen in any patient with candida colonization, bacterial or viral infection, or no infection in contrast to titers greater than or equal to 1/1 or greater than or equal to 1/8 which were seen in these conditions.", "contents": "Usefulness of serial antibody determinations in diagnosis of candidiasis as measured by discontinuous counterimmunoelectrophoresis using HS antigen. We have followed the candida antibody response in 115 patients with different types of candidiasis by discontinuous counterimmunoelectrophoresis using HS antigen to learn whether any early antibody response occurs in systemic candidiasis and whether there are differences in the antibody response in candidiasis involving different organ systems. We found that 23 of 32 (72%) patients with systemic candidiasis had a rise in antibody titer within the first 2 weeks of infection and that high titers were relatively insensitive indicators of infection. No differences were seen in the antibody response in different types of candidiasis. Patients with aspergillosis and torulopsosis had titer rises as well which were attributed to either inapparent candida infection or cross-reacting antibody. A rise in titer was not seen in any patient with candida colonization, bacterial or viral infection, or no infection in contrast to titers greater than or equal to 1/1 or greater than or equal to 1/8 which were seen in these conditions.", "PMID": 670385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_425", "title": "Improved media for growth and aerotolerance of Campylobacter fetus.", "content": "The microaerophilic nature of Campylobacter fetus has complicated its recovery from human and animal sources. In this study, modifications of brucella agar and broth were tested for enhancement of growth and aerotolerance of 64 strains of C. fetus, representing each subspecies. Brucella agar supplemented with 0.025% each FeSO4 7H2O, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium pyruvate, supported growth of 98, 77, and 63% of the strains at 6% O2, 17% O2, and 21% O2, respectively. Unsupplemented brucella agar supported growth of 94, 48, and 20% of the strains. Brucella broth supplemented with 0.2% FeSO4.7H2O, 0.025% sodium metabisulfite, and 0.05% sodium pyruvate supported growth of 98% of the strains at 21% O2, compared to 75% with unsupplemented brucella broth. With both the supplemented agar and broth, growth responses occurred 1 to 2 days earlier than usual. Growth and aerotolerance of three strains of Campylobacter sputorum subsp. bubulus were not enhanced by the supplements.", "contents": "Improved media for growth and aerotolerance of Campylobacter fetus. The microaerophilic nature of Campylobacter fetus has complicated its recovery from human and animal sources. In this study, modifications of brucella agar and broth were tested for enhancement of growth and aerotolerance of 64 strains of C. fetus, representing each subspecies. Brucella agar supplemented with 0.025% each FeSO4 7H2O, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium pyruvate, supported growth of 98, 77, and 63% of the strains at 6% O2, 17% O2, and 21% O2, respectively. Unsupplemented brucella agar supported growth of 94, 48, and 20% of the strains. Brucella broth supplemented with 0.2% FeSO4.7H2O, 0.025% sodium metabisulfite, and 0.05% sodium pyruvate supported growth of 98% of the strains at 21% O2, compared to 75% with unsupplemented brucella broth. With both the supplemented agar and broth, growth responses occurred 1 to 2 days earlier than usual. Growth and aerotolerance of three strains of Campylobacter sputorum subsp. bubulus were not enhanced by the supplements.", "PMID": 670386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_426", "title": "Identification of Achromobacter species by cellular fatty acids and by production of keto acids.", "content": "The cellular fatty acid composition and metabolic products of 12 reference strains of Achromobacter sp. and A. xylosoxidans were determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Results showed that the two Achromobacter groups are strikingly different and can be readily distinguished on the basis of cellular fatty acids and the short-chain acids produced by Achromobacter sp. The major cellular fatty acids of Achromobacter sp. were octadecenoic (18:1) and a 19-carbon cyclopropanoic (19:0 delta) acid, whereas hexadecanoic (16:0) and a 17-carbon cyclopropanoic (17:0 delta) acid were principal components of the lipids of A. xylosoxidans. Hydroxy acids were not found in strains of Achromobacter sp. but comprised approximately 20% of the cellular fatty acids of A. xylosoxidans. In addition, Achromobacter sp. produced relatively large amounts of 2-ketoisocaproic acid, which was detected in only trace amounts from strains of A. xylosoxidans. The data show that GLC tests provide additional criteria for differentiating groups which are very closely related when evaluated with conventional tests. The GLC tests can be readily adapted in the clinical laboratory because they are rapid, highly reproducible, relatively inexpensive, and simple to perform.", "contents": "Identification of Achromobacter species by cellular fatty acids and by production of keto acids. The cellular fatty acid composition and metabolic products of 12 reference strains of Achromobacter sp. and A. xylosoxidans were determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Results showed that the two Achromobacter groups are strikingly different and can be readily distinguished on the basis of cellular fatty acids and the short-chain acids produced by Achromobacter sp. The major cellular fatty acids of Achromobacter sp. were octadecenoic (18:1) and a 19-carbon cyclopropanoic (19:0 delta) acid, whereas hexadecanoic (16:0) and a 17-carbon cyclopropanoic (17:0 delta) acid were principal components of the lipids of A. xylosoxidans. Hydroxy acids were not found in strains of Achromobacter sp. but comprised approximately 20% of the cellular fatty acids of A. xylosoxidans. In addition, Achromobacter sp. produced relatively large amounts of 2-ketoisocaproic acid, which was detected in only trace amounts from strains of A. xylosoxidans. The data show that GLC tests provide additional criteria for differentiating groups which are very closely related when evaluated with conventional tests. The GLC tests can be readily adapted in the clinical laboratory because they are rapid, highly reproducible, relatively inexpensive, and simple to perform.", "PMID": 670387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_427", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica: serotypes and biotypes isolated from humans and the environment in Quebec, Canada.", "content": "Thirty-one strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated from food and surface water. During the period of January 1975 to June 1977, 157 strains from 143 human cases were also isolated. Among the different serotypes from nonhuman sources, serotypes 6,30 and 4,32 were the most common. Serotype 4,32 was present only in food and not in water. Serotype 3 was isolated only from humans. Among the different serotypes from human cases, 73.9% belonged to serotype 3. Only serotype 3 was isolated from children under 4 years old. The presence of other serotypes increased and that of serotype 3 decreased in frequency as the age progressed. No serotype 3 was isolated from human cases aged 50 years and more.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica: serotypes and biotypes isolated from humans and the environment in Quebec, Canada. Thirty-one strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated from food and surface water. During the period of January 1975 to June 1977, 157 strains from 143 human cases were also isolated. Among the different serotypes from nonhuman sources, serotypes 6,30 and 4,32 were the most common. Serotype 4,32 was present only in food and not in water. Serotype 3 was isolated only from humans. Among the different serotypes from human cases, 73.9% belonged to serotype 3. Only serotype 3 was isolated from children under 4 years old. The presence of other serotypes increased and that of serotype 3 decreased in frequency as the age progressed. No serotype 3 was isolated from human cases aged 50 years and more.", "PMID": 670388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_428", "title": "Occurrence of mycoplasmas in urinary tracts of patients with acute pyelonephritis.", "content": "Mycoplasma hominis was isolated from the upper urinary tract in 7 of 80 patients with acute pyelonephritis and from 0 of 60 patients with noninfectious diseases of the urinary tract, a significant difference. In four cases M. hominis was isolated in pure culture, in one it was isolated together with Ureaplasma urealyticum, and in two it was isolated with bacteria. U. urealyticum was isolated from the upper urinary tract of five patients, all with acute pyelonephritis; this was not significantly different from the control group.", "contents": "Occurrence of mycoplasmas in urinary tracts of patients with acute pyelonephritis. Mycoplasma hominis was isolated from the upper urinary tract in 7 of 80 patients with acute pyelonephritis and from 0 of 60 patients with noninfectious diseases of the urinary tract, a significant difference. In four cases M. hominis was isolated in pure culture, in one it was isolated together with Ureaplasma urealyticum, and in two it was isolated with bacteria. U. urealyticum was isolated from the upper urinary tract of five patients, all with acute pyelonephritis; this was not significantly different from the control group.", "PMID": 670389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_429", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid in diagnosis of meningitis.", "content": "Quantitative lactate determinations were performed on cerebrospinal fluids to assess their value in the rapid diagnosis of bacterial and mycotic meningitis and to evaluate their value in assessing the prognosis in these patients. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations were elevated in all patients with untreated bacterial or fungal meningitis. Lactate concentrations proved very valuable in following patients with mycotic meningitis and in differentiating aseptic from bacterial meningitis. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid lactate is not specific for meningitis. Lactate is also elevated in situations where there is central nervous system ischemia and necrosis and in patients with brain tumors. Lactate concentration is normal in chronic degenerative brain diseases. Thus, the clinical situation must be taken into account when interpreting the lactate concentrations.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid in diagnosis of meningitis. Quantitative lactate determinations were performed on cerebrospinal fluids to assess their value in the rapid diagnosis of bacterial and mycotic meningitis and to evaluate their value in assessing the prognosis in these patients. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations were elevated in all patients with untreated bacterial or fungal meningitis. Lactate concentrations proved very valuable in following patients with mycotic meningitis and in differentiating aseptic from bacterial meningitis. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid lactate is not specific for meningitis. Lactate is also elevated in situations where there is central nervous system ischemia and necrosis and in patients with brain tumors. Lactate concentration is normal in chronic degenerative brain diseases. Thus, the clinical situation must be taken into account when interpreting the lactate concentrations.", "PMID": 670390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_430", "title": "Survival of 125iodine-labeled Factor VIII in normals and patients with classic hemophilia. Observations on the heterogeneity of human Factor VIII.", "content": "Radiolabeled human Factor VIII was used to study its survival in normals and patients with classic hemophilia, and to study the heterogeneity of Factor VIII; Purified Factor VIII was radiolabeled with 125iodine (125I-VIII) without loss of its structural integrity. The survival of 125I-VIII was studied in six normals and six hemophiliacs of whom four of the hemophiliacs had received transfusions with normal cryoprecipitate before the 125I-VIII infusion. No significant difference was observed between the disappearance of Factor VIII coagulant activity and radioactivity in these hemophiliacs. 125I-VIII in plasma showed a biphasic disappearance with an average t1/2 of 2.9 +/- 0.4 h (SEM) for the first phase and 18.6 +/- 0.7 h (SEM) for the second phase, respectively. The survival of 125I-VIII was similar comparing normals and hemophiliacs. The highest molecular weight forms of Factor VIII disappear more rapidly than the lower molecular weight ones. This was established by analysis of the fractions obtained by gel chromatography of plasma collected at several times after infusion and by analysis of the in vivo disappearance of three subfractions of Factor VIII. The fraction of 125I-VIII binding to platelets in the presence of ristocetin (containing the highest molecular weight forms of Factor VIII including the ristocetin cofactor) represented about 50% of the radioactivity present in plasma after infusion and showed a t 1/2 of 11.7 +/- 0.9 h (SEM) for the second phase. The fraction, which was recovered in cryoprecipitate of the recipient's plasma, represented about 90% of the initial radioactivity and showed a t 1/2 of 16.3 +/- 0.8 h (SEM) for the second phase. The fraction of 125I-VIII remaining in the cryosupernatant plasma (containing low molecular weight forms of Factor (VIII) showed a t 1/2 of 27.2 +/- 1.1 h (SEM). The first phase of the disappearance of 125I-VIII is caused in part by the disappearance of the highest molecular weight forms, which are possibly removed by the reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "Survival of 125iodine-labeled Factor VIII in normals and patients with classic hemophilia. Observations on the heterogeneity of human Factor VIII. Radiolabeled human Factor VIII was used to study its survival in normals and patients with classic hemophilia, and to study the heterogeneity of Factor VIII; Purified Factor VIII was radiolabeled with 125iodine (125I-VIII) without loss of its structural integrity. The survival of 125I-VIII was studied in six normals and six hemophiliacs of whom four of the hemophiliacs had received transfusions with normal cryoprecipitate before the 125I-VIII infusion. No significant difference was observed between the disappearance of Factor VIII coagulant activity and radioactivity in these hemophiliacs. 125I-VIII in plasma showed a biphasic disappearance with an average t1/2 of 2.9 +/- 0.4 h (SEM) for the first phase and 18.6 +/- 0.7 h (SEM) for the second phase, respectively. The survival of 125I-VIII was similar comparing normals and hemophiliacs. The highest molecular weight forms of Factor VIII disappear more rapidly than the lower molecular weight ones. This was established by analysis of the fractions obtained by gel chromatography of plasma collected at several times after infusion and by analysis of the in vivo disappearance of three subfractions of Factor VIII. The fraction of 125I-VIII binding to platelets in the presence of ristocetin (containing the highest molecular weight forms of Factor VIII including the ristocetin cofactor) represented about 50% of the radioactivity present in plasma after infusion and showed a t 1/2 of 11.7 +/- 0.9 h (SEM) for the second phase. The fraction, which was recovered in cryoprecipitate of the recipient's plasma, represented about 90% of the initial radioactivity and showed a t 1/2 of 16.3 +/- 0.8 h (SEM) for the second phase. The fraction of 125I-VIII remaining in the cryosupernatant plasma (containing low molecular weight forms of Factor (VIII) showed a t 1/2 of 27.2 +/- 1.1 h (SEM). The first phase of the disappearance of 125I-VIII is caused in part by the disappearance of the highest molecular weight forms, which are possibly removed by the reticuloendothelial system.", "PMID": 670391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_431", "title": "A common uptake system for serotonin and dopamine in human platelets.", "content": "Kinetic and pharmacologic properties of uptake of serotonin and dopamine by normal human platelets have been investigated to test whether platelets can be employed as a model system for the reuptake of serotonin and dopamine in brain. Uptake of serotonin into platelets closely resembles reuptake of serotonin into serotonergic neurons. In contrast, uptake of dopamine into platelets appears to be mediated inefficiently via the specific serotonin uptake mechanism, based upon several lines of evidence. Serotonin and dopamine compete with each other, Antidepressant drugs, which are competitive inhibitors of uptake of both of these neurotransmitters, act at the same concentration of drug despite large differences in the Km values. Serotonin antagonists inhibit both serotonin and dopamine uptake. Finally, a serotonin-specific uptake inhibitor (fluoxetine) blocks dopamine, as well as serotonin, uptake.", "contents": "A common uptake system for serotonin and dopamine in human platelets. Kinetic and pharmacologic properties of uptake of serotonin and dopamine by normal human platelets have been investigated to test whether platelets can be employed as a model system for the reuptake of serotonin and dopamine in brain. Uptake of serotonin into platelets closely resembles reuptake of serotonin into serotonergic neurons. In contrast, uptake of dopamine into platelets appears to be mediated inefficiently via the specific serotonin uptake mechanism, based upon several lines of evidence. Serotonin and dopamine compete with each other, Antidepressant drugs, which are competitive inhibitors of uptake of both of these neurotransmitters, act at the same concentration of drug despite large differences in the Km values. Serotonin antagonists inhibit both serotonin and dopamine uptake. Finally, a serotonin-specific uptake inhibitor (fluoxetine) blocks dopamine, as well as serotonin, uptake.", "PMID": 670392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_432", "title": "Gentamicin blockade of slow Ca++ channels in atrial myocardium of guinea pigs.", "content": "Cardiac dysfunction is occasionally detected in patients undergoing treatment with amino-glycoside antibiotics, however, the mechanism responsible for the negative inotropic effect of these agents has not been identified. In the present investigation electrically driven left atria of guinea pigs were used to study the effects of gentamicin on calcium ion (Ca++)-dependent contractile events in heart muscle isolated from in vivo influences. When atria were first inactivated by excess potassium ion (K+; 22mM) and contractions were then restored by isoproterenol (an experimental model that accentuates the contractile dependence of myocardial fibers on influx of Ca++ through specific \"slow channels\" of the sarcolemma), the cardiac depressant activity of gentamicin (0.1 mM) was profoundly augmented. Conversely, the negative inotropic effect of tetrodotoxin (23.5 micron) was abolished by the same experimental conditions. Also, gentamicin (1 mM) and La+++ (0.5 mM) markedly decreased the positive inotropic response to increased frequency of stimulation; whereas, D600 (1.05 micron) converted the positive frequency-force relationship to a negative relationship. Present data indicate a direct cardiac depressant action of gentamicin, and suggest that this antibiotic adversely affects either the transport system responsible for Ca++ movement through slow channels of the sarcolemma, the availability of Ca++ for translocation to these sites, or both.", "contents": "Gentamicin blockade of slow Ca++ channels in atrial myocardium of guinea pigs. Cardiac dysfunction is occasionally detected in patients undergoing treatment with amino-glycoside antibiotics, however, the mechanism responsible for the negative inotropic effect of these agents has not been identified. In the present investigation electrically driven left atria of guinea pigs were used to study the effects of gentamicin on calcium ion (Ca++)-dependent contractile events in heart muscle isolated from in vivo influences. When atria were first inactivated by excess potassium ion (K+; 22mM) and contractions were then restored by isoproterenol (an experimental model that accentuates the contractile dependence of myocardial fibers on influx of Ca++ through specific \"slow channels\" of the sarcolemma), the cardiac depressant activity of gentamicin (0.1 mM) was profoundly augmented. Conversely, the negative inotropic effect of tetrodotoxin (23.5 micron) was abolished by the same experimental conditions. Also, gentamicin (1 mM) and La+++ (0.5 mM) markedly decreased the positive inotropic response to increased frequency of stimulation; whereas, D600 (1.05 micron) converted the positive frequency-force relationship to a negative relationship. Present data indicate a direct cardiac depressant action of gentamicin, and suggest that this antibiotic adversely affects either the transport system responsible for Ca++ movement through slow channels of the sarcolemma, the availability of Ca++ for translocation to these sites, or both.", "PMID": 670393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_433", "title": "Maturation of jejunum and ileum in rats. Water and electrolyte transport during in vivo perfusion of hypertonic solutions.", "content": "During osmotic diarrhea, loss of water and electrolytes appears to be greater in infants than in adults. In 2-, 3-, and 7-wk-old rats, we studied net transport of H(2)O, Na, and Cl, during in vivo perfusion of segments of the jejunum and ileum, from solutions with osmolalities of 300, 375, 500, or 700 mosmol/kg. In the jejunal segments, from the hypertonic solutions net transport of H(2)O, Na, and Cl was into the lumen and greater in the 2- than 7-wk-old rats. In the ileal segments, transport of water was into the lumen, transport of Na was minimal and variable, whereas transport of Cl was usually out the lumen. In 3-wk-old rats, transport rates were intermediate between those in 2- and 7-wk-old rats. The calculated filtration coefficient (microliters of H(2)O transported per hour per unit osmolality gradient-lumen-serum-per gram dry weight) of water suggested that the resistance to water flow did not increase with rise in luminal hypertonicity in the jejunum of the 2- and 3-wk-old rats, whereas in jejunum of the 7-wk-old rats and in ileum of rats in all three ages, the resistance to water flow increased with the rise in luminal osmolality. The differences in the transport rates and the resistance to water flow, between segments of the 2-, 3-, and 7-wk-old rats, suggested a maturational phenomenon that appears to continue beyond the 3rd wk of life and could have been due to differences in some physical property of the mucosal membrane.", "contents": "Maturation of jejunum and ileum in rats. Water and electrolyte transport during in vivo perfusion of hypertonic solutions. During osmotic diarrhea, loss of water and electrolytes appears to be greater in infants than in adults. In 2-, 3-, and 7-wk-old rats, we studied net transport of H(2)O, Na, and Cl, during in vivo perfusion of segments of the jejunum and ileum, from solutions with osmolalities of 300, 375, 500, or 700 mosmol/kg. In the jejunal segments, from the hypertonic solutions net transport of H(2)O, Na, and Cl was into the lumen and greater in the 2- than 7-wk-old rats. In the ileal segments, transport of water was into the lumen, transport of Na was minimal and variable, whereas transport of Cl was usually out the lumen. In 3-wk-old rats, transport rates were intermediate between those in 2- and 7-wk-old rats. The calculated filtration coefficient (microliters of H(2)O transported per hour per unit osmolality gradient-lumen-serum-per gram dry weight) of water suggested that the resistance to water flow did not increase with rise in luminal hypertonicity in the jejunum of the 2- and 3-wk-old rats, whereas in jejunum of the 7-wk-old rats and in ileum of rats in all three ages, the resistance to water flow increased with the rise in luminal osmolality. The differences in the transport rates and the resistance to water flow, between segments of the 2-, 3-, and 7-wk-old rats, suggested a maturational phenomenon that appears to continue beyond the 3rd wk of life and could have been due to differences in some physical property of the mucosal membrane.", "PMID": 670394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_434", "title": "Further studies on segmental sodium transport in the rat kidney during expansion of the extracellular fluid volume.", "content": "The present studies were designed to further investigate the possibility of heterogeneity of nephron function during Ringer loading in the rat, and to determine the specific nephron segment responsible for this finding. As in previous studies from this laboratory with smaller rats (50-125 g), net addition of sodium between late distal tubule and papillary base (6.9 vs. 10.4% of the filtered load, respectively, P <0.005) was found in more mature rats (170-230 g). In contrast, there was net reabsorption of sodium between these two segments in nonvolume-expanded animals, 1.70 vs. 0.45% of the filtered sodium load, P <0.005. Because nephron heterogeneity of sodium transport during extracellular volume expansion is the most likely explanation for these findings, further studies were performed to determine the specific juxtamedullary nephron segment responsible for the net addition pattern between late distal tubule and papillary base in Ringer-loaded animals. First, a comparison was made of sodium delivery to the late proximal tubule of superficial nephrons vs. the delivery rate to the bend of Henle's loop of juxtamedullary nephrons in both hydropenia and Ringer loading. Fractional sodium delivery was quite comparable between the superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons in both hydropenia and Ringer loading although the absolute level was much greater in both groups of nephrons in the Ringer studies. Chlorothiazide (15 mg/kg loading and 15 mg/kg per h) given during Ringer loading markedly increased late distal sodium delivery, 19% of the filtered load, but did not prevent net addition of sodium at the papillary base. In contrast, furosemide (5 mg/kg loading and 5/mg/kg per h) given during Ringer loading completely reversed the segmental pattern, 35.5 and 28.8% at late distal tubule and papillary base, respectively, P <0.005. These studies demonstrate that the net addition of sodium between late distal tubule and papillary base during Ringer loading is not limited to immature rats and that the segmental pattern does not occur in non-volume-expanded animals. Further, the reversal of the net addition pattern with furosemide, but not chlorothiazide, and the comparable proximal nephron delivery rates in Ringer loading suggest that the loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons reabsorbs less sodium than the same portion of superficial nephrons in this setting. A model is proposed to explain this finding.", "contents": "Further studies on segmental sodium transport in the rat kidney during expansion of the extracellular fluid volume. The present studies were designed to further investigate the possibility of heterogeneity of nephron function during Ringer loading in the rat, and to determine the specific nephron segment responsible for this finding. As in previous studies from this laboratory with smaller rats (50-125 g), net addition of sodium between late distal tubule and papillary base (6.9 vs. 10.4% of the filtered load, respectively, P <0.005) was found in more mature rats (170-230 g). In contrast, there was net reabsorption of sodium between these two segments in nonvolume-expanded animals, 1.70 vs. 0.45% of the filtered sodium load, P <0.005. Because nephron heterogeneity of sodium transport during extracellular volume expansion is the most likely explanation for these findings, further studies were performed to determine the specific juxtamedullary nephron segment responsible for the net addition pattern between late distal tubule and papillary base in Ringer-loaded animals. First, a comparison was made of sodium delivery to the late proximal tubule of superficial nephrons vs. the delivery rate to the bend of Henle's loop of juxtamedullary nephrons in both hydropenia and Ringer loading. Fractional sodium delivery was quite comparable between the superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons in both hydropenia and Ringer loading although the absolute level was much greater in both groups of nephrons in the Ringer studies. Chlorothiazide (15 mg/kg loading and 15 mg/kg per h) given during Ringer loading markedly increased late distal sodium delivery, 19% of the filtered load, but did not prevent net addition of sodium at the papillary base. In contrast, furosemide (5 mg/kg loading and 5/mg/kg per h) given during Ringer loading completely reversed the segmental pattern, 35.5 and 28.8% at late distal tubule and papillary base, respectively, P <0.005. These studies demonstrate that the net addition of sodium between late distal tubule and papillary base during Ringer loading is not limited to immature rats and that the segmental pattern does not occur in non-volume-expanded animals. Further, the reversal of the net addition pattern with furosemide, but not chlorothiazide, and the comparable proximal nephron delivery rates in Ringer loading suggest that the loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons reabsorbs less sodium than the same portion of superficial nephrons in this setting. A model is proposed to explain this finding.", "PMID": 670395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_435", "title": "Direct determination of PCO2 in the rat renal cortex.", "content": "The mechanism by which the kidney reabsorbs sodium bicarbonate could be a result of (a) H+ secretion, (b) direct HCO3- reabsorption, or (c) a combination of both processes. Most of the studies which have supported the H+ secretory theory have involved the assumption that tubular fluid and arterial PCO2 were equal. We have utilized a new PCO2 microelectrode to directly determine in situ PCO2 of tubular fluid and stellate vessel blood in the cortex of the rat kidney during control conditions and after alterations in acid-base status. In 21 control rats, proximal tubular fluid PCO2 exceeded systemic arterial PCO2 (deltaCO2) by 25.9 +/- 0.92 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). The values obtained for both distal tubular fluid and stellate vessel blood were not significantly different from proximal tubular PCO2. Evaluation of PCO2 in the proximal tubules of Munich-Wistar rats did not reveal evidence for a declining profile for PCO2 along the length of the nephron. When proximal bicarbonate reabsorption was increased or decreased acutely by alterations in acid-base status, deltaPCO2 changed in paralle. Furthermore, benzolamide administration significantly reduced deltaPCO2. We conclude: (a) that the PCO2 in tubular fluid is significantly greater than systemic arterial PCO2, (b) that there is no tendency for the observed PCO2 to fall along the proximal tubule, (c) the mean PCO2 in the proximal and distal tubules as well as the stellate vessle is not significantly different, thereby rendering the concept of a \"diffusion barrier\" for CO2 in the proximal tubule unlikely, and (d) the level of renal cortical PCO2 appears to vary directly with the magnitude of bicarbonate reabsorption.", "contents": "Direct determination of PCO2 in the rat renal cortex. The mechanism by which the kidney reabsorbs sodium bicarbonate could be a result of (a) H+ secretion, (b) direct HCO3- reabsorption, or (c) a combination of both processes. Most of the studies which have supported the H+ secretory theory have involved the assumption that tubular fluid and arterial PCO2 were equal. We have utilized a new PCO2 microelectrode to directly determine in situ PCO2 of tubular fluid and stellate vessel blood in the cortex of the rat kidney during control conditions and after alterations in acid-base status. In 21 control rats, proximal tubular fluid PCO2 exceeded systemic arterial PCO2 (deltaCO2) by 25.9 +/- 0.92 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). The values obtained for both distal tubular fluid and stellate vessel blood were not significantly different from proximal tubular PCO2. Evaluation of PCO2 in the proximal tubules of Munich-Wistar rats did not reveal evidence for a declining profile for PCO2 along the length of the nephron. When proximal bicarbonate reabsorption was increased or decreased acutely by alterations in acid-base status, deltaPCO2 changed in paralle. Furthermore, benzolamide administration significantly reduced deltaPCO2. We conclude: (a) that the PCO2 in tubular fluid is significantly greater than systemic arterial PCO2, (b) that there is no tendency for the observed PCO2 to fall along the proximal tubule, (c) the mean PCO2 in the proximal and distal tubules as well as the stellate vessle is not significantly different, thereby rendering the concept of a \"diffusion barrier\" for CO2 in the proximal tubule unlikely, and (d) the level of renal cortical PCO2 appears to vary directly with the magnitude of bicarbonate reabsorption.", "PMID": 670396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_436", "title": "Requirements for the solubilization of immune aggregates by complement. The role of the classical pathway.", "content": "In this paper we examine the role of the classical pathway in the complement-mediated solubilization of immune precipitates (CRA). Serum reagents were depleted of the alternative pathway components properdin and factor D. Both depleted reagents lack CRA although they have almost intact hemolytic activity. Also, immune complexes were not solubilized when incubated with high concentrations of the classical pathway components (C1, C4, C2, and C3. We conclude that CRA is not mediated by the classical pathway alone. Activation of the classical pathway by the immune aggregates greatly enhances CRA. The effect of the classical pathway is to deposit C3b on the antigen-antibody lattice and promote the assembly of a lattice-associated, properdin-dependent C3-convertase. Although C3, C4, and properdin were detected on complexes solubilized by serum in the presence of Ca++ and Mg++, only C3 and properdin were found on the complexes when Ca++ had been chelated by ethylene glycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether), N,N'-tetraacetic acid. In both situations the aggregates were capable of converting C5 in the fluid phase. However, no C5 was found on the solubilized complexes. These findings suggest that in contrast to nascent C3b and C4b, nascent C5-9 lacks binding affinity for immune aggregates.", "contents": "Requirements for the solubilization of immune aggregates by complement. The role of the classical pathway. In this paper we examine the role of the classical pathway in the complement-mediated solubilization of immune precipitates (CRA). Serum reagents were depleted of the alternative pathway components properdin and factor D. Both depleted reagents lack CRA although they have almost intact hemolytic activity. Also, immune complexes were not solubilized when incubated with high concentrations of the classical pathway components (C1, C4, C2, and C3. We conclude that CRA is not mediated by the classical pathway alone. Activation of the classical pathway by the immune aggregates greatly enhances CRA. The effect of the classical pathway is to deposit C3b on the antigen-antibody lattice and promote the assembly of a lattice-associated, properdin-dependent C3-convertase. Although C3, C4, and properdin were detected on complexes solubilized by serum in the presence of Ca++ and Mg++, only C3 and properdin were found on the complexes when Ca++ had been chelated by ethylene glycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether), N,N'-tetraacetic acid. In both situations the aggregates were capable of converting C5 in the fluid phase. However, no C5 was found on the solubilized complexes. These findings suggest that in contrast to nascent C3b and C4b, nascent C5-9 lacks binding affinity for immune aggregates.", "PMID": 670397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_437", "title": "Multiple forms of human plasma renin substrate.", "content": "The objective of this investigation was to determine whether heterogeneity of plasma renin substrate could be observed in states of steroid excess and various forms of hypertensive disease. In states of stimulated renin substrate production by estrogens or glucocorticoids, multiple forms of renin substrate were apparent when stimulation was excessive. Stimulation of substrate production caused by uremia associated with hypertension showed similar results. None, or only trace quantities of the additional forms of renin substrate were evident in subjects with normal or suppressed levels of plasma renin substrate. The additional forms of renin substrate could be distinguished from the normal form on the basis of cross-reactivity with a specific antiserum to the normal form, electrophoretic mobility, and kinetic rate constants. Differences in rate constants of the various forms of plasma renin substrate may account for the altered rate of the renin reaction associated with several states of hypertension. In plasma of patients with renovascular hypertension, significant quantities of a protein which cross-reacted with the antiserum but could not generate angiotensin I were observed.", "contents": "Multiple forms of human plasma renin substrate. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether heterogeneity of plasma renin substrate could be observed in states of steroid excess and various forms of hypertensive disease. In states of stimulated renin substrate production by estrogens or glucocorticoids, multiple forms of renin substrate were apparent when stimulation was excessive. Stimulation of substrate production caused by uremia associated with hypertension showed similar results. None, or only trace quantities of the additional forms of renin substrate were evident in subjects with normal or suppressed levels of plasma renin substrate. The additional forms of renin substrate could be distinguished from the normal form on the basis of cross-reactivity with a specific antiserum to the normal form, electrophoretic mobility, and kinetic rate constants. Differences in rate constants of the various forms of plasma renin substrate may account for the altered rate of the renin reaction associated with several states of hypertension. In plasma of patients with renovascular hypertension, significant quantities of a protein which cross-reacted with the antiserum but could not generate angiotensin I were observed.", "PMID": 670398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_438", "title": "Sodium, phosphate, glucose, bicarbonate, and alanine interactions in the isolated proximal convoluted tubule of the rabbit kidney.", "content": "Interactions among the transport systems involved with sodium, bicarbonate, glucose, phosphate, and alanine absorption in isolated segments of the rabbit proximal convoluted tubule were examined with radioisotopic techniques to measure glucose, phosphate, and fluid absorption rates. The composition of the perfusate and bath varied from normal, physiological fluids to fluids deficient in a single solute. The deletion of glucose from the perfusate increased the lumen-to-bath flux of phosphate from 5.51 +/- 1.15 to 8.32 +/- 1.34 pmol/mm-min (P less than 0.01). Similar changes occurred when glucose transport was inhibited by phlorizin 10 micron in the perfusate, The deletion of alanine from the perfusate increased the lumen-to-bath flux of phosphate from 6.55 +/- 1.08 to 9.00 +/- 1.30 pmol/mm-min (P less than 0.01) but did not affect glucose transport significantly, 80.1 +/- 10.1 vs. 72.5 +/- 5.4 pmol/mm-min. Replacement of intraluminal sodium with choline, elimination of potassium from the bath, and removal of bicarbonate from the lumen and bath each reduced glucose, phosphate, and fluid absorption. These data indicate that the proximal absorptive processes for glucose and for phosphate include elements that are dependent upon some function of sodium transport. Additionally, the effects on phosphate transport of deleting glucose or alanine occur independent of any changes in net sodium transport and are opposite the effects of deleting bicarbonate. These differences may relate to the observations that the transport of glucose and alanine is electrogenic while that of bicarbonate is not. Regardless of possible mechanisms, the data demonstrate that important changes in the absorption rates of different solutes handled significantly by the proximal convoluted tubule may occur in response to changes in specific components of proximal sodium transport.", "contents": "Sodium, phosphate, glucose, bicarbonate, and alanine interactions in the isolated proximal convoluted tubule of the rabbit kidney. Interactions among the transport systems involved with sodium, bicarbonate, glucose, phosphate, and alanine absorption in isolated segments of the rabbit proximal convoluted tubule were examined with radioisotopic techniques to measure glucose, phosphate, and fluid absorption rates. The composition of the perfusate and bath varied from normal, physiological fluids to fluids deficient in a single solute. The deletion of glucose from the perfusate increased the lumen-to-bath flux of phosphate from 5.51 +/- 1.15 to 8.32 +/- 1.34 pmol/mm-min (P less than 0.01). Similar changes occurred when glucose transport was inhibited by phlorizin 10 micron in the perfusate, The deletion of alanine from the perfusate increased the lumen-to-bath flux of phosphate from 6.55 +/- 1.08 to 9.00 +/- 1.30 pmol/mm-min (P less than 0.01) but did not affect glucose transport significantly, 80.1 +/- 10.1 vs. 72.5 +/- 5.4 pmol/mm-min. Replacement of intraluminal sodium with choline, elimination of potassium from the bath, and removal of bicarbonate from the lumen and bath each reduced glucose, phosphate, and fluid absorption. These data indicate that the proximal absorptive processes for glucose and for phosphate include elements that are dependent upon some function of sodium transport. Additionally, the effects on phosphate transport of deleting glucose or alanine occur independent of any changes in net sodium transport and are opposite the effects of deleting bicarbonate. These differences may relate to the observations that the transport of glucose and alanine is electrogenic while that of bicarbonate is not. Regardless of possible mechanisms, the data demonstrate that important changes in the absorption rates of different solutes handled significantly by the proximal convoluted tubule may occur in response to changes in specific components of proximal sodium transport.", "PMID": 670399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_439", "title": "Glucose and alanine metabolism in children with maple syrup urine disease.", "content": "In vitro studies have suggested that catabolism of branched chain amino acids is linked with alanine and glutamine formed in, and released from, muscle. To explore this possibility in vivo, static and kinetic studies were performed in three patients with classical, and one patient with partial, branched chain alpha-ketoacid decarboxylase deficiency (maple syrup urine disease, MSUD) and compared to similar studies in eight age-matched controls. The subjects underwent a 24-30-h fast, and a glucose-alanine flux study using stable isotopes. Basal plasma leucine concentrations were elevated (P <0.001) in patients with MSUD (1,140+/-125 muM vs. 155+/-18 muM in controls); and in contrast to the controls, branched chain amino acid concentrations in plasma increased during the fast in the MSUD patients. Basal plasma alanine concentrations were lower (P <0.01) in patients with classical MSUD (153+/-8 muM vs. 495+/-27 muM in controls). This discrepancy was maintained throughout the fast despite a decrease in alanine concentrations in both groups. Plasma alanine and leucine concentrations in the patient with partial MSUD were intermediate between those of the controls and the subjects with the classical form of the disease. Circulating ketone bodies and glucoregulatory hormones concentrations were similar in the MSUD and normal subjects during the fast. Alanine flux rates in two patients with classical MSUD (3.76 and 4.00 mumol/Kg per min) and the patient with partial MSUD (5.76 mumol/Kg per min) were clearly lower than those of the controls (11.72+/-2.53 [SD] mumol/Kg per min). After short-term starvation, glucose flux and fasting concentrations were similar in the MSUD patients and normal subjects.These data indicate that branched chain amino acid catabolism is an important rate limiting event for alanine production in vivo.", "contents": "Glucose and alanine metabolism in children with maple syrup urine disease. In vitro studies have suggested that catabolism of branched chain amino acids is linked with alanine and glutamine formed in, and released from, muscle. To explore this possibility in vivo, static and kinetic studies were performed in three patients with classical, and one patient with partial, branched chain alpha-ketoacid decarboxylase deficiency (maple syrup urine disease, MSUD) and compared to similar studies in eight age-matched controls. The subjects underwent a 24-30-h fast, and a glucose-alanine flux study using stable isotopes. Basal plasma leucine concentrations were elevated (P <0.001) in patients with MSUD (1,140+/-125 muM vs. 155+/-18 muM in controls); and in contrast to the controls, branched chain amino acid concentrations in plasma increased during the fast in the MSUD patients. Basal plasma alanine concentrations were lower (P <0.01) in patients with classical MSUD (153+/-8 muM vs. 495+/-27 muM in controls). This discrepancy was maintained throughout the fast despite a decrease in alanine concentrations in both groups. Plasma alanine and leucine concentrations in the patient with partial MSUD were intermediate between those of the controls and the subjects with the classical form of the disease. Circulating ketone bodies and glucoregulatory hormones concentrations were similar in the MSUD and normal subjects during the fast. Alanine flux rates in two patients with classical MSUD (3.76 and 4.00 mumol/Kg per min) and the patient with partial MSUD (5.76 mumol/Kg per min) were clearly lower than those of the controls (11.72+/-2.53 [SD] mumol/Kg per min). After short-term starvation, glucose flux and fasting concentrations were similar in the MSUD patients and normal subjects.These data indicate that branched chain amino acid catabolism is an important rate limiting event for alanine production in vivo.", "PMID": 670400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_440", "title": "The influence of fasting, diabetes, and several pharmacological agents on the pathways of thyroxine metabolism in rat liver.", "content": "As judged from both paper and column chromatography, slices or homogenates of liver from rats fasted for 48 h displayed a lesser rate of generation of (125)I-labeled 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) from (125)I-labeled thyroxine (T(4)) added to incubation media than did preparations from normal chow-fed animals. A similar defect in the conversion of T(4) to T(3) in the livers of fasted animals was observed when preparations were incubated with substrate concentrations of T(4) so that T(3) generation could be assessed by radioimmunoassay. The effect of fasting could be prevented, wholly or in part, by administration of glucose in the drinking water to otherwise fasted animals, and the degree of prevention appeared to be proportional to the concentration of glucose employed. Diminished generation of T(3) from T(4) was similarly evident in the livers of animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, and this defect was overcome by the provision of insulin in vivo, but not in vitro. Decreased formation of T(3) from T(4) was also observed in preparations of liver from animals given dexamethasone, amiodarone, and propylthiouracil. In no case could these effects on the net formation of T(3) from T(4) be explained by effects of the experimental conditions on the degradation of the T(3) generated, as judged from the rate of degradation of exogenous (125)I-T(3) measured in parallel incubates. An analysis of the rate of disappearance of (125)I-T(4) from reaction mixtures in relation to the rate of appearance of (125)I-T(3) and (125)I-iodide was employed to estimate the activity of the 5-monodeiodinating pathway of T(4) metabolism that leads to the formation of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T(3)). Such estimates indicated that reverse T(3) formation was actively proceeding in the preparations studied, was slightly enhanced by fasting, was unaffected by dexamethasone and amiodarone, and was markedly inhibited by propylthiouracil. In view of the similarities between the effect of these experimental manipulations on the generation of T(3) from T(4) by rat liver in vitro to their effects on the production rates and serum concentrations of T(3) in man, it is concluded that the rat liver system provides a suitable model for the study of factors that influence the conversion of T(4) to T(3) in man. In addition, the findings strongly indicate that this process, at least in the liver, is closely linked to the utilization of carbohydrate.", "contents": "The influence of fasting, diabetes, and several pharmacological agents on the pathways of thyroxine metabolism in rat liver. As judged from both paper and column chromatography, slices or homogenates of liver from rats fasted for 48 h displayed a lesser rate of generation of (125)I-labeled 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) from (125)I-labeled thyroxine (T(4)) added to incubation media than did preparations from normal chow-fed animals. A similar defect in the conversion of T(4) to T(3) in the livers of fasted animals was observed when preparations were incubated with substrate concentrations of T(4) so that T(3) generation could be assessed by radioimmunoassay. The effect of fasting could be prevented, wholly or in part, by administration of glucose in the drinking water to otherwise fasted animals, and the degree of prevention appeared to be proportional to the concentration of glucose employed. Diminished generation of T(3) from T(4) was similarly evident in the livers of animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, and this defect was overcome by the provision of insulin in vivo, but not in vitro. Decreased formation of T(3) from T(4) was also observed in preparations of liver from animals given dexamethasone, amiodarone, and propylthiouracil. In no case could these effects on the net formation of T(3) from T(4) be explained by effects of the experimental conditions on the degradation of the T(3) generated, as judged from the rate of degradation of exogenous (125)I-T(3) measured in parallel incubates. An analysis of the rate of disappearance of (125)I-T(4) from reaction mixtures in relation to the rate of appearance of (125)I-T(3) and (125)I-iodide was employed to estimate the activity of the 5-monodeiodinating pathway of T(4) metabolism that leads to the formation of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T(3)). Such estimates indicated that reverse T(3) formation was actively proceeding in the preparations studied, was slightly enhanced by fasting, was unaffected by dexamethasone and amiodarone, and was markedly inhibited by propylthiouracil. In view of the similarities between the effect of these experimental manipulations on the generation of T(3) from T(4) by rat liver in vitro to their effects on the production rates and serum concentrations of T(3) in man, it is concluded that the rat liver system provides a suitable model for the study of factors that influence the conversion of T(4) to T(3) in man. In addition, the findings strongly indicate that this process, at least in the liver, is closely linked to the utilization of carbohydrate.", "PMID": 670401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_441", "title": "Responsiveness of neoplastic and hyperplastic parathyroid tissues to calcium in vitro.", "content": "Secretory and biosynthetic responses of adenomatous, carcinomatous, and hyperplastic parathyroid tissues to variable concentrations of extracellular calcium were assessed in vitro. Tissues, obtained at the time of parathyroidectomy, were incubated for 4 h in media containing radioactive amino acids and varying (0.5-5.0 mM) concentrations of calcium. Amounts of newly synthesized and total parathyroid hormone and proparathyroid hormone in extracts of tissues and media were measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by radioimmunoassay, respectively. All tissues studied (six adenomas, two specimens of chief-cell hyperplasia, one carcinoma, and normal bovine and human glands) responded to changes in calcium concentrations; decreasing concentrations of calcium stimulated release and decreased tissue storage of hormone. Six of the abnormal tissues required greater than normal concentrations of calcium (1.8-2.4 mM for 50% of effect) to elicit secretory responses comparable with those of normal glands (1.4 mM). Maximum effects of calcium on release of hormone varied from 2- to 10-fold among different tissues. Release of some hormone persisted even in concentrations of calcium  as high as 5.0 mM. Relative amounts of hormone released from and retained in the tissues varied greatly among the tissues, as did the absolute amounts of hormone produced; newly synthesized, labeled hormone ranged between 0.6 and 12% of total labeled protein, and immunoreactive hormone ranged between 0.015 and 0.9% of total tissue protein. Effects of calcium on hormone biosynthesis, as determined by analyses of amounts of proparathyroid hormone in the tissues, were variable among tissues and in many cases were negligible. These results indicate that neoplastic and hyperplastic parathyroid tissues retain secretory responsiveness to changes in extracellular concentrations of calcium. Responses, however, are highly variable among different tissues, and in many instances are abnormal, inasmuch as greater than normal concentrations of calcium are required to alter release and synthesis of hormone. A combination of both increased mass of glandular tissue and abnormal regulations of hormone secretion appear to contribute to the hypersecretion of hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Responsiveness of neoplastic and hyperplastic parathyroid tissues to calcium in vitro. Secretory and biosynthetic responses of adenomatous, carcinomatous, and hyperplastic parathyroid tissues to variable concentrations of extracellular calcium were assessed in vitro. Tissues, obtained at the time of parathyroidectomy, were incubated for 4 h in media containing radioactive amino acids and varying (0.5-5.0 mM) concentrations of calcium. Amounts of newly synthesized and total parathyroid hormone and proparathyroid hormone in extracts of tissues and media were measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by radioimmunoassay, respectively. All tissues studied (six adenomas, two specimens of chief-cell hyperplasia, one carcinoma, and normal bovine and human glands) responded to changes in calcium concentrations; decreasing concentrations of calcium stimulated release and decreased tissue storage of hormone. Six of the abnormal tissues required greater than normal concentrations of calcium (1.8-2.4 mM for 50% of effect) to elicit secretory responses comparable with those of normal glands (1.4 mM). Maximum effects of calcium on release of hormone varied from 2- to 10-fold among different tissues. Release of some hormone persisted even in concentrations of calcium  as high as 5.0 mM. Relative amounts of hormone released from and retained in the tissues varied greatly among the tissues, as did the absolute amounts of hormone produced; newly synthesized, labeled hormone ranged between 0.6 and 12% of total labeled protein, and immunoreactive hormone ranged between 0.015 and 0.9% of total tissue protein. Effects of calcium on hormone biosynthesis, as determined by analyses of amounts of proparathyroid hormone in the tissues, were variable among tissues and in many cases were negligible. These results indicate that neoplastic and hyperplastic parathyroid tissues retain secretory responsiveness to changes in extracellular concentrations of calcium. Responses, however, are highly variable among different tissues, and in many instances are abnormal, inasmuch as greater than normal concentrations of calcium are required to alter release and synthesis of hormone. A combination of both increased mass of glandular tissue and abnormal regulations of hormone secretion appear to contribute to the hypersecretion of hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 670402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_442", "title": "The metabolic response to hypocaloric protein diets in obese man.", "content": "Exogenous protein in the absence of other calories can cause protein-sparing, but the mechanisms involved are controversial. It has been postulated that low insulin and high fat-derived substrate levels are necessary and sufficient conditions for such protein-sparing. We therefore established such conditions with differing protocols of protein input to define the role of protein input in mediating the response. Three groups of obese, nondiabetic subjects received the following diets: (1) 82.5+/-1.0 g protein/day (400 cal/day) for 21 days, n = 7; (2) the same, but as a refeeding diet for 7 days after 21-28 days of total fasts, n = 7; and (3) commencing with the same input, but with daily stepwise decrements over 14 days to 19.4+/-2.2 g/day, then maintained an additional 7 days, n = 4. Diet 3 gave approximately the amount and pattern of protein lost during total fasting. The circulating hormone and substrate responses of diets 1 and 3 were comparable and resembled those of total fasts, in that plasma glucose and insulin fell and free fatty acids rose. Blood levels of alanine, pyruvate, and other glucogenic amino acids fell and blood levels of branched-chain amino acids rose transiently. Blood 3-hydroxybutyrate levels and urinary excretion were greater in diet 3 than diet 1, but less than in total fasting. Nitrogen balance in diet 1 was transiently negative, but in equilibrium from 12 to 21 days. In diet 3, it was constantly negative at -6 g/day, the values also observed at 21 days of fasting. Mean 3-methylhistidine excretion decreased by 170 mumol/day in diet 1 and 107 mumol/day in diet 3, reflecting decreased muscle protein catabolism. The refed, protein-depleted subjects, diet 2, showed an increase in plasma glucose without alteration in insulin levels. Free fatty acid and ketone body levels decreased to those of the steady state observed in diet 1. Glucogenic and branched-chain amino acids decreased transiently. Nitrogen balance became positive, and the low 3-methylhistidine excretion increased by 152 mumol/day. The differing responses of nitrogen balance could not be accounted for on the basis of levels of insulin or of fat-derived substrates. The primary determinants of the protein-sparing observed appeared to be the protein supply itself, and the magnitude of the decrease in endogenous protein catabolism. The positive balance on refeeding after prior depletion of protein stores was likely due to the exogenous supply, combined with decreased catabolism and considerably increased reutilization.", "contents": "The metabolic response to hypocaloric protein diets in obese man. Exogenous protein in the absence of other calories can cause protein-sparing, but the mechanisms involved are controversial. It has been postulated that low insulin and high fat-derived substrate levels are necessary and sufficient conditions for such protein-sparing. We therefore established such conditions with differing protocols of protein input to define the role of protein input in mediating the response. Three groups of obese, nondiabetic subjects received the following diets: (1) 82.5+/-1.0 g protein/day (400 cal/day) for 21 days, n = 7; (2) the same, but as a refeeding diet for 7 days after 21-28 days of total fasts, n = 7; and (3) commencing with the same input, but with daily stepwise decrements over 14 days to 19.4+/-2.2 g/day, then maintained an additional 7 days, n = 4. Diet 3 gave approximately the amount and pattern of protein lost during total fasting. The circulating hormone and substrate responses of diets 1 and 3 were comparable and resembled those of total fasts, in that plasma glucose and insulin fell and free fatty acids rose. Blood levels of alanine, pyruvate, and other glucogenic amino acids fell and blood levels of branched-chain amino acids rose transiently. Blood 3-hydroxybutyrate levels and urinary excretion were greater in diet 3 than diet 1, but less than in total fasting. Nitrogen balance in diet 1 was transiently negative, but in equilibrium from 12 to 21 days. In diet 3, it was constantly negative at -6 g/day, the values also observed at 21 days of fasting. Mean 3-methylhistidine excretion decreased by 170 mumol/day in diet 1 and 107 mumol/day in diet 3, reflecting decreased muscle protein catabolism. The refed, protein-depleted subjects, diet 2, showed an increase in plasma glucose without alteration in insulin levels. Free fatty acid and ketone body levels decreased to those of the steady state observed in diet 1. Glucogenic and branched-chain amino acids decreased transiently. Nitrogen balance became positive, and the low 3-methylhistidine excretion increased by 152 mumol/day. The differing responses of nitrogen balance could not be accounted for on the basis of levels of insulin or of fat-derived substrates. The primary determinants of the protein-sparing observed appeared to be the protein supply itself, and the magnitude of the decrease in endogenous protein catabolism. The positive balance on refeeding after prior depletion of protein stores was likely due to the exogenous supply, combined with decreased catabolism and considerably increased reutilization.", "PMID": 670403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_443", "title": "Glucose disposal during insulinopenia in somatostatin-treated dogs. The roles of glucose and glucagon.", "content": "The first aim of this study was to determine whether the plasma glucose level can regulate hepatic glucose balance in vivo independent of its effects on insulin and glucagon secretion. To accomplish this, glucose was infused into conscious dogs whose basal insulin and glucagon secretion had been replaced by exogenous intraportal insulin and glucagon infusion after somatostatin inhibition of endogenous pancreatic hormone release. The acute induction of hyperglycemia (mean increment of 121 mg/dl) in the presence of basal levels of insulin (7+/-1 muU/ml) and glucagon (76+/-3 pg/ml) resulted in a 56% decrease in net hepatic glucose production but did not cause net hepatic glucose uptake. The second aim of the study was to determine whether a decrease in the plasma glucagon level would modify the effect of glucose on the liver. The above protocol was repeated with the exception that glucagon was withdrawn (83% decrease in plasma glucagon) coincident with the induction of hyperglycemia. Under this circumstance, with the insulin level basal (7+/-1 muU/ml) and the glucagon levels reduced (16+/-2 pg/ml), hyperglycemia (mean increment of 130 mg/dl) promoted marked net hepatic glucose uptake (1.5+/-0.2 mg/kg per min) and glycogen deposition. In conclusion, (a) physiological increments in the plasma glucose concentration, independent of their effects on insulin and glucagon secretion, can significantly reduce net hepatic glucose production in vivo but at levels as high as 230 mg/dl cannot induce net hepatic glucose storage and (b) in the presence of basal insulin the ability of hyperglycemia to stimulate net hepatic glucose storage is influenced by the plasma glucagon concentration.", "contents": "Glucose disposal during insulinopenia in somatostatin-treated dogs. The roles of glucose and glucagon. The first aim of this study was to determine whether the plasma glucose level can regulate hepatic glucose balance in vivo independent of its effects on insulin and glucagon secretion. To accomplish this, glucose was infused into conscious dogs whose basal insulin and glucagon secretion had been replaced by exogenous intraportal insulin and glucagon infusion after somatostatin inhibition of endogenous pancreatic hormone release. The acute induction of hyperglycemia (mean increment of 121 mg/dl) in the presence of basal levels of insulin (7+/-1 muU/ml) and glucagon (76+/-3 pg/ml) resulted in a 56% decrease in net hepatic glucose production but did not cause net hepatic glucose uptake. The second aim of the study was to determine whether a decrease in the plasma glucagon level would modify the effect of glucose on the liver. The above protocol was repeated with the exception that glucagon was withdrawn (83% decrease in plasma glucagon) coincident with the induction of hyperglycemia. Under this circumstance, with the insulin level basal (7+/-1 muU/ml) and the glucagon levels reduced (16+/-2 pg/ml), hyperglycemia (mean increment of 130 mg/dl) promoted marked net hepatic glucose uptake (1.5+/-0.2 mg/kg per min) and glycogen deposition. In conclusion, (a) physiological increments in the plasma glucose concentration, independent of their effects on insulin and glucagon secretion, can significantly reduce net hepatic glucose production in vivo but at levels as high as 230 mg/dl cannot induce net hepatic glucose storage and (b) in the presence of basal insulin the ability of hyperglycemia to stimulate net hepatic glucose storage is influenced by the plasma glucagon concentration.", "PMID": 670404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_444", "title": "Analysis of linkage between the major histocompatibility system and juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes in multiplex families. Reanalysis of data.", "content": "Linkage analysis between the major histocompatibility system (HLA) and juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes, assuming an autosomal recessive mode and 50% penetrance was performed on 21 juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetic multiplex families (two or more diabetics per sibship) with phenotypically normal parents. The total lod score was the highest (3.98) at a recombination fraction of 13%. For a penetrance of 100%, the highest total lod score was 2.92 at a recombination fraction of 18%. These results are compatible with the existence of linkage between an autosomal recessive diabetic gene with 50% penetrance and the HLA in some of the families studied. Our ascertainment strategy would be expected to increase the likelihood of selecting for genetically homogenous diabetes and against sporadic forms of the disease. Thus, our findings may apply only to a small proportion of all cases of juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes.", "contents": "Analysis of linkage between the major histocompatibility system and juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes in multiplex families. Reanalysis of data. Linkage analysis between the major histocompatibility system (HLA) and juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes, assuming an autosomal recessive mode and 50% penetrance was performed on 21 juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetic multiplex families (two or more diabetics per sibship) with phenotypically normal parents. The total lod score was the highest (3.98) at a recombination fraction of 13%. For a penetrance of 100%, the highest total lod score was 2.92 at a recombination fraction of 18%. These results are compatible with the existence of linkage between an autosomal recessive diabetic gene with 50% penetrance and the HLA in some of the families studied. Our ascertainment strategy would be expected to increase the likelihood of selecting for genetically homogenous diabetes and against sporadic forms of the disease. Thus, our findings may apply only to a small proportion of all cases of juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes.", "PMID": 670405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_445", "title": "Measurement of total haemolytic complement activity in body fluids.", "content": "The measurement of total haemolytic complement is of diagnostic value in the rheumatic diseases. A method which is easier to perform than that of Kabat and Mayer (Experimental Immunochemistry, 2nd ed., Thomas, Springfield, Ill.) is described. A unit based on the mean value of the complement activities of normal sera is proposed to replace CH50 units. Other steps by which standardisation of the assay may be improved are suggested.", "contents": "Measurement of total haemolytic complement activity in body fluids. The measurement of total haemolytic complement is of diagnostic value in the rheumatic diseases. A method which is easier to perform than that of Kabat and Mayer (Experimental Immunochemistry, 2nd ed., Thomas, Springfield, Ill.) is described. A unit based on the mean value of the complement activities of normal sera is proposed to replace CH50 units. Other steps by which standardisation of the assay may be improved are suggested.", "PMID": 670406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_446", "title": "Determination of antibiotic sensitivities by the Sensititre system.", "content": "The Sensititre system provides antibiotics dried in microtitre trays in appropriate concentrations for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) when organisms are added in liquid culture medium and incubated overnight. Results with a variety of media--for Gram-negative bacilli tested with ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephaloridine, and gentamicin, staphylococci with penicillin, cloxacillin, fusidic acid, and gentamicin, and streptococci with penicillin, ampicillin, cephaloridine, and erythromycin--were usually very similar to those of agar dilution tests. Discrepant results are found in a few situations, and in some cases, especially those involving borderline resistance to fusidic acid and gentamicin among staphylococci and Gram-negative bacilli, we have been unable to suggest modfication to produce the right results. Despite these problems, fortunately few and identifiable, we recommend the system especially for use in laboratories that determine the MICs infrequently.", "contents": "Determination of antibiotic sensitivities by the Sensititre system. The Sensititre system provides antibiotics dried in microtitre trays in appropriate concentrations for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) when organisms are added in liquid culture medium and incubated overnight. Results with a variety of media--for Gram-negative bacilli tested with ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephaloridine, and gentamicin, staphylococci with penicillin, cloxacillin, fusidic acid, and gentamicin, and streptococci with penicillin, ampicillin, cephaloridine, and erythromycin--were usually very similar to those of agar dilution tests. Discrepant results are found in a few situations, and in some cases, especially those involving borderline resistance to fusidic acid and gentamicin among staphylococci and Gram-negative bacilli, we have been unable to suggest modfication to produce the right results. Despite these problems, fortunately few and identifiable, we recommend the system especially for use in laboratories that determine the MICs infrequently.", "PMID": 670407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_447", "title": "An assessment of the Sensititre method for determining minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations.", "content": "Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of various antibiotics were determined for 90 strains of five organisms by Sensititre and compared with those obtained by conventional methods. Results by both methods corrleated well. The advantages and limitations of Sensititre are discussed.", "contents": "An assessment of the Sensititre method for determining minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of various antibiotics were determined for 90 strains of five organisms by Sensititre and compared with those obtained by conventional methods. Results by both methods corrleated well. The advantages and limitations of Sensititre are discussed.", "PMID": 670408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_448", "title": "Phagocytosis and killing of staphylococci by human polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes.", "content": "The phagocytosis and killing of 3H-thymidine-labelled Staphylococcus aureus by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and monocytes (MNs) obtained from 50 health donors were evaluated. In addition, extracellular factors that might influence phagocytosis and killing were studied. The method described gave highly reproducible results. No significant difference was observed in the phagocytic and killing functions of a single donor's PMNs and MNs when studied several times in one day and longitudinally over a period of 1-12 weeks for six donors tested. Likewise, no signigicant difference in uptake and killing was observed when bacteria were opsonised with sera from 11 different normal donors. When Staph. aureus opsonised with normal serum was added to the leucocytes in a ratio of 10 bacteria: 1 leucocyte, the uptake by PMNs and MNs from 50 donors after 20 minutes' incubation was 85% +/- 7 standard deviation (SD) (range 75-98%) and 69% +/- 11 SD (range 54-90%), respectively. The rate of uptake by MNs in the first three minutes of the assay period was only 60% of that by PMNs.", "contents": "Phagocytosis and killing of staphylococci by human polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes. The phagocytosis and killing of 3H-thymidine-labelled Staphylococcus aureus by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and monocytes (MNs) obtained from 50 health donors were evaluated. In addition, extracellular factors that might influence phagocytosis and killing were studied. The method described gave highly reproducible results. No significant difference was observed in the phagocytic and killing functions of a single donor's PMNs and MNs when studied several times in one day and longitudinally over a period of 1-12 weeks for six donors tested. Likewise, no signigicant difference in uptake and killing was observed when bacteria were opsonised with sera from 11 different normal donors. When Staph. aureus opsonised with normal serum was added to the leucocytes in a ratio of 10 bacteria: 1 leucocyte, the uptake by PMNs and MNs from 50 donors after 20 minutes' incubation was 85% +/- 7 standard deviation (SD) (range 75-98%) and 69% +/- 11 SD (range 54-90%), respectively. The rate of uptake by MNs in the first three minutes of the assay period was only 60% of that by PMNs.", "PMID": 670409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_449", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin concentrations before and after splenectomy in patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia.", "content": "Serum IgM, IgA, and IgG concentrations were measured in 19 patients suffering from blood-dependent homozygous beta-thalassaemia. The study was prospective and the same patients served as presplenectomy controls. IgG levels rose rapidly and continuously after splenectomy IgA levels also rose but not so sharply. IgM fell to low levelr pattern was found in the cross-sectional part of the study comprising 39 splenectomised and 51 non-splenectomised patients who were tested once.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin concentrations before and after splenectomy in patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia. Serum IgM, IgA, and IgG concentrations were measured in 19 patients suffering from blood-dependent homozygous beta-thalassaemia. The study was prospective and the same patients served as presplenectomy controls. IgG levels rose rapidly and continuously after splenectomy IgA levels also rose but not so sharply. IgM fell to low levelr pattern was found in the cross-sectional part of the study comprising 39 splenectomised and 51 non-splenectomised patients who were tested once.", "PMID": 670410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_450", "title": "Cytological basis of histological typing of diffuse Hodgkin's disease. Demonstration of an implied misnomer in the terminology of the Rye classification.", "content": "Differential cell counts were made on nine lymph nodes whose structure was replaced by diffuse Hodgkin's disease; two of these nodes had the classical histological appearance of the lymphocytic predominance subtype, four of the mixed cellularity subtype, and three of the lymphocytic depletion subtype. Our attempts to achieve valid sampling methods are recorded. The counts, in general, confirm the postulated histological basis of the Rye classification of the subtypes of the diffuse disease. The major discrepancy is that, contrary to the histological descriptions, our direct counts have shown that lymphocytes, are, in general, more numerous in the lymphocytic depletion than in the mixed cellularity subtypes. The cell counts also show that normal mononuclear cells (mainly fibroblasts and macrophage-type cells) are much more numerous in the mixed cellularity subtype than in the other forms of diffuse Hodgkin's disease; this feature has not been emphasised in the Rye classification. On the basis of our differential counts, a hypothesis is proposed that could explain the natural history of the different subtypes of diffuse Hodgkin's disease as the resultant of three processes: (a) tumour aggressiveness, (b) specific cell-mediated immunological reactions, and (c) non-immunological stromal responses.", "contents": "Cytological basis of histological typing of diffuse Hodgkin's disease. Demonstration of an implied misnomer in the terminology of the Rye classification. Differential cell counts were made on nine lymph nodes whose structure was replaced by diffuse Hodgkin's disease; two of these nodes had the classical histological appearance of the lymphocytic predominance subtype, four of the mixed cellularity subtype, and three of the lymphocytic depletion subtype. Our attempts to achieve valid sampling methods are recorded. The counts, in general, confirm the postulated histological basis of the Rye classification of the subtypes of the diffuse disease. The major discrepancy is that, contrary to the histological descriptions, our direct counts have shown that lymphocytes, are, in general, more numerous in the lymphocytic depletion than in the mixed cellularity subtypes. The cell counts also show that normal mononuclear cells (mainly fibroblasts and macrophage-type cells) are much more numerous in the mixed cellularity subtype than in the other forms of diffuse Hodgkin's disease; this feature has not been emphasised in the Rye classification. On the basis of our differential counts, a hypothesis is proposed that could explain the natural history of the different subtypes of diffuse Hodgkin's disease as the resultant of three processes: (a) tumour aggressiveness, (b) specific cell-mediated immunological reactions, and (c) non-immunological stromal responses.", "PMID": 670411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_451", "title": "A case of Lennert's lymphoma.", "content": "A 73-year-old man who presented with a tonsillar mass and generalised lymphadenopathy died two months after admission to hospital. The appearances in the surgical biopsy material resembled those of Lennert's lymphoma, while the necropsy findings were those of a diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma composed mainly of cells with small nuclei showing only slight irregularity. The implication of these findings in relation to the nature of Lennert's lymphoma are briefly discussed.", "contents": "A case of Lennert's lymphoma. A 73-year-old man who presented with a tonsillar mass and generalised lymphadenopathy died two months after admission to hospital. The appearances in the surgical biopsy material resembled those of Lennert's lymphoma, while the necropsy findings were those of a diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma composed mainly of cells with small nuclei showing only slight irregularity. The implication of these findings in relation to the nature of Lennert's lymphoma are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 670412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_452", "title": "Overlap in the spectrum of non-specific inflammatory bowel disease--'colitis indeterminate'.", "content": "It is stated that 10-20% of cases of non-specific inflammatory bowel disease cannot be classified. Thirty such cases, designated colitis indeterminate at the time of colectomy, were identified from the pathology files of St. Mark's Hospital. The Histopathological features of the surgical specimens and any available biopsy specimens were studied. In nearly all the cases urgent surgery had been required and the features of incipient or established fulminating disease were present. The pathology of these cases of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis overlapped, and differentiating features were scant or unreliable. Accepted criteria of Crohn's disease--namely, fissuring ulceration, transmural inflammation, and a maintained goblet-cell population--were found in cases subsequently proved to be ulcerative colitis. Disease activity greatly affected the evaluation of morphological features. Many of the difficulties were resolved when biopsy material obtained during a quiescent phase was examined. The specimens gave a dynamic perspective of the disease process, often more valuable than the static, non-specific picture of acute disease seen in the surgical specimens. Case of colitis indeterminate form a small distinctive group in the spectrum of inflammatory bowel disease which is characterised by a common pattern of pathology that presents a diagnostic dilemma.", "contents": "Overlap in the spectrum of non-specific inflammatory bowel disease--'colitis indeterminate'. It is stated that 10-20% of cases of non-specific inflammatory bowel disease cannot be classified. Thirty such cases, designated colitis indeterminate at the time of colectomy, were identified from the pathology files of St. Mark's Hospital. The Histopathological features of the surgical specimens and any available biopsy specimens were studied. In nearly all the cases urgent surgery had been required and the features of incipient or established fulminating disease were present. The pathology of these cases of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis overlapped, and differentiating features were scant or unreliable. Accepted criteria of Crohn's disease--namely, fissuring ulceration, transmural inflammation, and a maintained goblet-cell population--were found in cases subsequently proved to be ulcerative colitis. Disease activity greatly affected the evaluation of morphological features. Many of the difficulties were resolved when biopsy material obtained during a quiescent phase was examined. The specimens gave a dynamic perspective of the disease process, often more valuable than the static, non-specific picture of acute disease seen in the surgical specimens. Case of colitis indeterminate form a small distinctive group in the spectrum of inflammatory bowel disease which is characterised by a common pattern of pathology that presents a diagnostic dilemma.", "PMID": 670413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_453", "title": "Use of a mucolytic agent (Cytoclair) in the preparation of cell material for the detection of malignant cells in sputum.", "content": "A mucolytic agent, methyl cysteine HC1 (Cytoclair), has been used to obtain a centrifuged cell deposit for the detection of malignant cells in sputum. In 178 sputum samples from 52 patients with primary lung cancer there was a slightly higher rate of detection with the mucolytic method than with the routine method: 54 positives from 27 patients compared with 48 positives from 24 patients. Morphological studies using the mucolytic agent indicated that a millipore filter with fixation of cells in suspension produces a satisfactory cell preparation and is valuable in certain problem cases.", "contents": "Use of a mucolytic agent (Cytoclair) in the preparation of cell material for the detection of malignant cells in sputum. A mucolytic agent, methyl cysteine HC1 (Cytoclair), has been used to obtain a centrifuged cell deposit for the detection of malignant cells in sputum. In 178 sputum samples from 52 patients with primary lung cancer there was a slightly higher rate of detection with the mucolytic method than with the routine method: 54 positives from 27 patients compared with 48 positives from 24 patients. Morphological studies using the mucolytic agent indicated that a millipore filter with fixation of cells in suspension produces a satisfactory cell preparation and is valuable in certain problem cases.", "PMID": 670414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_454", "title": "A histological comparison of adenomatous and hyperplastic parathyroid glands.", "content": "The histological findings in 18 cases of parathyroid hyperplasia associated with chronic renal failure and haemodialysis have been compared with a series of 35 cases of primary adenomatous hyperparathyroidism. Analysis of several features suggests that there are no definite criteria for distinguishing microscopically between individual enlarged glands in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, although nuclear pleomorphism is more common in primary adenoma and nodules are more common in secondary hyperplasia. These findings are discussed.", "contents": "A histological comparison of adenomatous and hyperplastic parathyroid glands. The histological findings in 18 cases of parathyroid hyperplasia associated with chronic renal failure and haemodialysis have been compared with a series of 35 cases of primary adenomatous hyperparathyroidism. Analysis of several features suggests that there are no definite criteria for distinguishing microscopically between individual enlarged glands in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, although nuclear pleomorphism is more common in primary adenoma and nodules are more common in secondary hyperplasia. These findings are discussed.", "PMID": 670416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_455", "title": "Myometrial vascular damage after surgical sterilisation by tubal diathermy.", "content": "Vascular damage is described in the myometrium adjacent to areas of previous tubal diathermy for sterilisation. Elastosis, different in degree from that seen in the multiparous uterus, is most common, but more striking is medial arteriolar muscle loss with microaneurysm formation and occasional rupture.", "contents": "Myometrial vascular damage after surgical sterilisation by tubal diathermy. Vascular damage is described in the myometrium adjacent to areas of previous tubal diathermy for sterilisation. Elastosis, different in degree from that seen in the multiparous uterus, is most common, but more striking is medial arteriolar muscle loss with microaneurysm formation and occasional rupture.", "PMID": 670417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_456", "title": "Further characterisation of a spontaneously occurring antibasement membrane antibody.", "content": "A spontaneously occurring antibasement membrane antibody has been further characterised according to antigenic specificity, immunoglobulin class, and tissue localisation using immunofluorescent and immunoelectron microscopic techniques. The autoantibody reacted with the basement membrane of kidney tubules, Bowman's capsule, and the epithelial portion of ileum but not with the basement membrane of skin, cornea, glomerulus, or oesophagus. It also reacted with bile canaliculi, sarcolemmal sheath, and salivary duct. On electron microscopy the antibody was distributed along the basement membrane of Bowman's capsule and renal tubules. Some reactivity against collagen was observed. Antibody activity was found in both IgG and IgM fractions. In immunodeficiency disorders, the autoantibody was found only in patients with selective IgA deficiency.", "contents": "Further characterisation of a spontaneously occurring antibasement membrane antibody. A spontaneously occurring antibasement membrane antibody has been further characterised according to antigenic specificity, immunoglobulin class, and tissue localisation using immunofluorescent and immunoelectron microscopic techniques. The autoantibody reacted with the basement membrane of kidney tubules, Bowman's capsule, and the epithelial portion of ileum but not with the basement membrane of skin, cornea, glomerulus, or oesophagus. It also reacted with bile canaliculi, sarcolemmal sheath, and salivary duct. On electron microscopy the antibody was distributed along the basement membrane of Bowman's capsule and renal tubules. Some reactivity against collagen was observed. Antibody activity was found in both IgG and IgM fractions. In immunodeficiency disorders, the autoantibody was found only in patients with selective IgA deficiency.", "PMID": 670418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_457", "title": "Output of peritoneal cells during peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Peritoneal dialysis provides a good source for the collection of macrophages. Six patients with chronic renal failure undergoing peritoneal dialysis for the first time were studied, and maximum cell egress, mostly macrophages, occurred at 24-48 hours and diminished after 48 hours.", "contents": "Output of peritoneal cells during peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis provides a good source for the collection of macrophages. Six patients with chronic renal failure undergoing peritoneal dialysis for the first time were studied, and maximum cell egress, mostly macrophages, occurred at 24-48 hours and diminished after 48 hours.", "PMID": 670419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_458", "title": "Blood cells and alcohol consumption with special reference to smoking habits.", "content": "In the course of the Paris study on risk factors of cardiovascular disease in a large professional group, 7710 active and apparently healthy men aged between 48 and 54 were examined. This study measured the relationship between clinical abnormalities suggesting alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and the following blood parameters: white (WBC) and red (RBC) blood cell counts, haematocrit (H), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the former computed as H/RBC ratio. A subsequent analysis was performed on a random sample of 485 subjects without ALD who were questioned on their daily average alcohol consumption. Each subject was classified as ;smoker' or ;non-smoker' according to his daily tobacco consumption for the last five years. Analysis of the data confirmed that smoking and alcohol were related to the blood parameters; but, according to smoking habit, different relationships between alcohol consumption (or ALD) and MCV, RBC, or WBC counts were found: for smokers, RBC count significantly decreased and MCV increased with alcohol consumption (or ALD); for non-smokers, WBC count significantly increased with alcohol consumption (or ALD). So, it would be of interest to consider the relation between alcohol and tobacco in interpreting possible changes in blood parameters and in formulating hypotheses on the mechanisms of their specific action.", "contents": "Blood cells and alcohol consumption with special reference to smoking habits. In the course of the Paris study on risk factors of cardiovascular disease in a large professional group, 7710 active and apparently healthy men aged between 48 and 54 were examined. This study measured the relationship between clinical abnormalities suggesting alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and the following blood parameters: white (WBC) and red (RBC) blood cell counts, haematocrit (H), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the former computed as H/RBC ratio. A subsequent analysis was performed on a random sample of 485 subjects without ALD who were questioned on their daily average alcohol consumption. Each subject was classified as ;smoker' or ;non-smoker' according to his daily tobacco consumption for the last five years. Analysis of the data confirmed that smoking and alcohol were related to the blood parameters; but, according to smoking habit, different relationships between alcohol consumption (or ALD) and MCV, RBC, or WBC counts were found: for smokers, RBC count significantly decreased and MCV increased with alcohol consumption (or ALD); for non-smokers, WBC count significantly increased with alcohol consumption (or ALD). So, it would be of interest to consider the relation between alcohol and tobacco in interpreting possible changes in blood parameters and in formulating hypotheses on the mechanisms of their specific action.", "PMID": 670420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_459", "title": "Specific and non-specific folate binding protein in normal and malignant human tissues.", "content": "Binding of tritiated folic acid by supernatants prepared from extracts of normal and leukaemic leucocytes, normal mucosa, and malignant tumours from different parts of the gastrointestinal tract has been measured using Sephadex-gel filtration and albumin-coated charcoal techniques. Non-specific binding (measured by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration) was almost invariably greater than specific binding measured by albumin-coated charcoal separation of bound and unbound folate. In nine normal leucocyte extracts, binding measured by Sephadex G-75 filtration ranged from 1.3 to 18.2 (mean 8.2) pg/mg protein and by albumin-coated charcoal from 1.0 to 14.8 (mean 6.7) pg/mg protein. Raised specific binding was found in the extracts from leucocytes of eight of 14 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia, in four substantially so (389, 121, 108, 59.7 pg/mg protein), but was only marginally increased in one of eight cases of acute myeloid leukaemia and in two of five cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Binding was normal in the extracts of all three cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia tested. Among the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract binding was greatest by the duodenal mucosa and liver. Extracts of carcinoma of the stomach and colon bound greater amounts of (3)H-folic acid than the corresponding normal mucosal extracts but the differences were not large. Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography showed more than one binding peak in the extracts of liver and duodenum but only one peak in the other tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, and only one peak, of molecular weight either about 50 000 or over 200 000, in the leucocyte extracts.", "contents": "Specific and non-specific folate binding protein in normal and malignant human tissues. Binding of tritiated folic acid by supernatants prepared from extracts of normal and leukaemic leucocytes, normal mucosa, and malignant tumours from different parts of the gastrointestinal tract has been measured using Sephadex-gel filtration and albumin-coated charcoal techniques. Non-specific binding (measured by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration) was almost invariably greater than specific binding measured by albumin-coated charcoal separation of bound and unbound folate. In nine normal leucocyte extracts, binding measured by Sephadex G-75 filtration ranged from 1.3 to 18.2 (mean 8.2) pg/mg protein and by albumin-coated charcoal from 1.0 to 14.8 (mean 6.7) pg/mg protein. Raised specific binding was found in the extracts from leucocytes of eight of 14 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia, in four substantially so (389, 121, 108, 59.7 pg/mg protein), but was only marginally increased in one of eight cases of acute myeloid leukaemia and in two of five cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Binding was normal in the extracts of all three cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia tested. Among the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract binding was greatest by the duodenal mucosa and liver. Extracts of carcinoma of the stomach and colon bound greater amounts of (3)H-folic acid than the corresponding normal mucosal extracts but the differences were not large. Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography showed more than one binding peak in the extracts of liver and duodenum but only one peak in the other tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, and only one peak, of molecular weight either about 50 000 or over 200 000, in the leucocyte extracts.", "PMID": 670421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_460", "title": "Urinary free corticosteroid excretion and renal function.", "content": "Theoretically urinary free corticosteroid excretion should be affected by renal function and this would make it a less sensitive index of hypercortisolaemia. In 28 consecutive urine samples there was a clear relationship (r = 0.83; P less than 0.001) over a range of creatinine clearances 0.3-200 ml/min. Although an allowance could be made for renal function this would not necessarily improve the discrimination of normal from abnormal. Until data comparing corrected to uncorrected urinary free corticosteroid excretion become available, we recommend a short dexamethasone test as the initial investigation in patients with suspected hypercortisolaemia and abnormal plasma creatinine concentrations.", "contents": "Urinary free corticosteroid excretion and renal function. Theoretically urinary free corticosteroid excretion should be affected by renal function and this would make it a less sensitive index of hypercortisolaemia. In 28 consecutive urine samples there was a clear relationship (r = 0.83; P less than 0.001) over a range of creatinine clearances 0.3-200 ml/min. Although an allowance could be made for renal function this would not necessarily improve the discrimination of normal from abnormal. Until data comparing corrected to uncorrected urinary free corticosteroid excretion become available, we recommend a short dexamethasone test as the initial investigation in patients with suspected hypercortisolaemia and abnormal plasma creatinine concentrations.", "PMID": 670422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_461", "title": "A computer-assisted bacteriology reporting and information system.", "content": "A computer system for reporting and recording all specimens processed by the routine bacteriology laboratory at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School is described. Features of interest are the method of input using a mixture of 3-character alphanumeric codes and numbers, cumulative reporting to the wards, and selective listing of relevant previous results for the patient, which is available to technical and supervisory staff during processing of the specimen. The relative value to the wards and the laboratory of each type of information transfer has been assessed. Overall the use of a computer has resulted in higher quality bench work and more accurate reporting. It seems little more expensive than a previous manual system, although it has transferred work from the technical to the clerical staff.", "contents": "A computer-assisted bacteriology reporting and information system. A computer system for reporting and recording all specimens processed by the routine bacteriology laboratory at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School is described. Features of interest are the method of input using a mixture of 3-character alphanumeric codes and numbers, cumulative reporting to the wards, and selective listing of relevant previous results for the patient, which is available to technical and supervisory staff during processing of the specimen. The relative value to the wards and the laboratory of each type of information transfer has been assessed. Overall the use of a computer has resulted in higher quality bench work and more accurate reporting. It seems little more expensive than a previous manual system, although it has transferred work from the technical to the clerical staff.", "PMID": 670423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_462", "title": "Viral antigens and antibodies in hepatitis B infection.", "content": "Hepatitis B virus antigens and antibodies were detected in the sera of acute and persistently infected patients. Evidence of active virus replication was confined to immediately before or during the initial detection of hepatitis B surface antigen during acute hepatitis B. Hepatitis B core antibody appeared during the period of antigenaemia and preceded recovery. Hepatitis B e antigen was dound in a proportion of sera which contained significant levels of virus particles. In contrast, all sera containing hepatitis B virus particles from persistently infected patients treated by maintenance haemodialysis also contained the e antigen. Among a group of 50 persistent carriers of hepatitis B virus, significant levels of virus production occurred in the presence of antibody to e antigen. In addition, evidence of exposure to hepatitis B virus was found among 3% of blood donors in whose sera the surface antigen was not detected by radioimmunoassay. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the aetiology of hepatitis type B.", "contents": "Viral antigens and antibodies in hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B virus antigens and antibodies were detected in the sera of acute and persistently infected patients. Evidence of active virus replication was confined to immediately before or during the initial detection of hepatitis B surface antigen during acute hepatitis B. Hepatitis B core antibody appeared during the period of antigenaemia and preceded recovery. Hepatitis B e antigen was dound in a proportion of sera which contained significant levels of virus particles. In contrast, all sera containing hepatitis B virus particles from persistently infected patients treated by maintenance haemodialysis also contained the e antigen. Among a group of 50 persistent carriers of hepatitis B virus, significant levels of virus production occurred in the presence of antibody to e antigen. In addition, evidence of exposure to hepatitis B virus was found among 3% of blood donors in whose sera the surface antigen was not detected by radioimmunoassay. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the aetiology of hepatitis type B.", "PMID": 670424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_463", "title": "A cerebrospinal fluid leucocidin in pyogenic meningitis.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were tested for their cytotoxicity to polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes (PMN) using a 51Cr release assay. Most samples from patients with pyogenic meningitis damaged PMN while normal CSF samples did not. No difference was found between the cytotoxic activity of CSF from patients with pneumococcal meningitis and from patients with meningococcal meningitis. It is, therefore, unlikely that a CSF leucocidin plays an important part in producing the high mortality of pneumococcal meningitis.", "contents": "A cerebrospinal fluid leucocidin in pyogenic meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were tested for their cytotoxicity to polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes (PMN) using a 51Cr release assay. Most samples from patients with pyogenic meningitis damaged PMN while normal CSF samples did not. No difference was found between the cytotoxic activity of CSF from patients with pneumococcal meningitis and from patients with meningococcal meningitis. It is, therefore, unlikely that a CSF leucocidin plays an important part in producing the high mortality of pneumococcal meningitis.", "PMID": 670425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_464", "title": "Chlorthalidone-induced syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "content": "A 60-year-old woman who had been instructed to increase her water intake because of nephrolithiasis developed the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone when treated with chlorthalidone for mild hypertension. Serum osmolality was 235 mOsm/kg with concomitant urine osmolality of 490 mOsm/kg. When serum sodium decreased to 110 mEq/liter, plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was elevated at 30 pg/ml. The syndrome resolved when chlorthalidone was discontinued together with fluid intake restriction. Plasma ADH returned to normal (less than 0.5 pg/ml) after three days of treatment. The favorable outcome in this patient is attributed to early recognition of the syndrome, which might occur even with nonthiazide diuretics such as chlorthalidone.", "contents": "Chlorthalidone-induced syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. A 60-year-old woman who had been instructed to increase her water intake because of nephrolithiasis developed the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone when treated with chlorthalidone for mild hypertension. Serum osmolality was 235 mOsm/kg with concomitant urine osmolality of 490 mOsm/kg. When serum sodium decreased to 110 mEq/liter, plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was elevated at 30 pg/ml. The syndrome resolved when chlorthalidone was discontinued together with fluid intake restriction. Plasma ADH returned to normal (less than 0.5 pg/ml) after three days of treatment. The favorable outcome in this patient is attributed to early recognition of the syndrome, which might occur even with nonthiazide diuretics such as chlorthalidone.", "PMID": 670429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_465", "title": "Syntax influences the accuracy of consonant production in language-disordered children.", "content": "Nine children with restricted syntactic and phonological development repeated 20 target consonants embbedded in noun phrase, simple declarative, and passive structures to determine the influence of syntactic complexity on accuracy of consonant production. The children made significantly more errors in the sentence contexts than in the noun phrase context. This was found for both early-developing and late-developing consonants. However, the ratio of the number of distinctive feature modifications to the number of consonant errors showed that segmental errors were not produced as less exact approximations of the target consonants. Instead, the children simply made more errors of a predictable type, suggesting that the effect of syntax on accuracy of consonant production is quantitative rather than qualitative.", "contents": "Syntax influences the accuracy of consonant production in language-disordered children. Nine children with restricted syntactic and phonological development repeated 20 target consonants embbedded in noun phrase, simple declarative, and passive structures to determine the influence of syntactic complexity on accuracy of consonant production. The children made significantly more errors in the sentence contexts than in the noun phrase context. This was found for both early-developing and late-developing consonants. However, the ratio of the number of distinctive feature modifications to the number of consonant errors showed that segmental errors were not produced as less exact approximations of the target consonants. Instead, the children simply made more errors of a predictable type, suggesting that the effect of syntax on accuracy of consonant production is quantitative rather than qualitative.", "PMID": 670430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_466", "title": "Testing for a specific syntactic structure.", "content": "Nine language delayed children who had failed the \"is interrogative\" test item on the Programmed Conditioning for Language Test served as subjects. A comparison was made of subjects' syntactic performance on six language tasks designed by the investigators to elicit the \"is interrogative\" structure. These tasks ranged along an imitative-to-spontaneous continuum demonstrating varying degrees of communicative intention, presence or absence of contextual referents, and varying levels of task structure. Analyses indicated all nine subjects produced complete grammatical \"is interrogative\" utterances on one or more of the language tasks. The most effective tasks for eliciting the specific structure were those that required communicative intention, included specific contextual referents, and provided a relatively structured situation. The direct imitative task was less effective, although it elicited more correct productions than the spontaneous language sampling task. However, the relative eliciting potential of each task was not the same for each child. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Testing for a specific syntactic structure. Nine language delayed children who had failed the \"is interrogative\" test item on the Programmed Conditioning for Language Test served as subjects. A comparison was made of subjects' syntactic performance on six language tasks designed by the investigators to elicit the \"is interrogative\" structure. These tasks ranged along an imitative-to-spontaneous continuum demonstrating varying degrees of communicative intention, presence or absence of contextual referents, and varying levels of task structure. Analyses indicated all nine subjects produced complete grammatical \"is interrogative\" utterances on one or more of the language tasks. The most effective tasks for eliciting the specific structure were those that required communicative intention, included specific contextual referents, and provided a relatively structured situation. The direct imitative task was less effective, although it elicited more correct productions than the spontaneous language sampling task. However, the relative eliciting potential of each task was not the same for each child. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 670432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_467", "title": "The effects of pause time on auditory comprehension of language-disordered children.", "content": "Language-disordered children were presented with two types of commands in a sentence comprehension task. One 3-sec pause was placed at the same syntactic boundary in one-half of the sentences in Set I and Set II. Results indicate that the subjects' performance improved as a function of the pause in Sentence Set II but not in Sentence Set I.", "contents": "The effects of pause time on auditory comprehension of language-disordered children. Language-disordered children were presented with two types of commands in a sentence comprehension task. One 3-sec pause was placed at the same syntactic boundary in one-half of the sentences in Set I and Set II. Results indicate that the subjects' performance improved as a function of the pause in Sentence Set II but not in Sentence Set I.", "PMID": 670433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_468", "title": "Discrimination of speech intensity differences via vibrotactile stimulation.", "content": "This study investigated vibrotactile difference limen judgments for intensity using certain speech signals as stimuli. The variables under investigation were those of stimulus presentation level, direction of intensity increment or decrement within each paired-comparison stimulus complex, and the spectral composition of the speech signals. The results indicate that the level of stimulus presentation did not affect difference limen decisions among any of the sensation levels utilized. The largest most consistent effect upon difference limen judgments was in the direction of intensity change. The difference limen judgments were smaller when the second stimulus of the pair was of less intensity than the first. There was no effect upon difference limen decision as the result of stimuli having different spectral compositions.", "contents": "Discrimination of speech intensity differences via vibrotactile stimulation. This study investigated vibrotactile difference limen judgments for intensity using certain speech signals as stimuli. The variables under investigation were those of stimulus presentation level, direction of intensity increment or decrement within each paired-comparison stimulus complex, and the spectral composition of the speech signals. The results indicate that the level of stimulus presentation did not affect difference limen decisions among any of the sensation levels utilized. The largest most consistent effect upon difference limen judgments was in the direction of intensity change. The difference limen judgments were smaller when the second stimulus of the pair was of less intensity than the first. There was no effect upon difference limen decision as the result of stimuli having different spectral compositions.", "PMID": 670434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_469", "title": "On the comprehension of questions by nonspeaking children.", "content": "The question form presents both a semantic and linguistic problem to deaf and other language impaired children. The wh question requires a pronominal reference system to be well-established before the wh question can be comprehended and produced. The present study describes the language competence of a deaf, partially sighted girl who acquired language by reading it. This child neither hears nor speaks. Communication with her family was accomplished by writing in her hand, gestures, and pictures. The present study explores pronominal reference in relation to wh questions. A method of teaching was devised to establish a system of pronominal reference, which enabled this adolescent girl to comprehend and produce wh questions.", "contents": "On the comprehension of questions by nonspeaking children. The question form presents both a semantic and linguistic problem to deaf and other language impaired children. The wh question requires a pronominal reference system to be well-established before the wh question can be comprehended and produced. The present study describes the language competence of a deaf, partially sighted girl who acquired language by reading it. This child neither hears nor speaks. Communication with her family was accomplished by writing in her hand, gestures, and pictures. The present study explores pronominal reference in relation to wh questions. A method of teaching was devised to establish a system of pronominal reference, which enabled this adolescent girl to comprehend and produce wh questions.", "PMID": 670435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_470", "title": "Intensity coding in the transient portion of the rat chorda tympani response.", "content": "For assessment of the relative importance of the transient and steady state components of the chorda tympani response to intensity coding of gustatory stimuli, the rat's ability to discriminate aversive solutions following adaptation was compared with changes in the neural response also resulting from adaptation. A taste aversion was conditioned to .9% NaCl, and subsequent acceptance of several NaCl concentrations (range: .1%-1.5%) was tested following infusion of 1 ml of adapting solution (H2O or .1%, .9%, or 1.5% NaCl) through an intra-oral cannula. Adaptation significantly decreased gustatory intensity discrimination and decreased the magnitude of the transient portion of the chorda tympani response. The degree of reduction in transient magnitude correlated significantly with reduced discrimination in all adapting conditions. However, the magnitude of the steady state response negatively correlated with discrimination. These data suggest that gustatory intensity discrimination depends upon information contained in the transient portion of the neural response and that the transient is necessary as well as sufficient for taste intensity discrimination.", "contents": "Intensity coding in the transient portion of the rat chorda tympani response. For assessment of the relative importance of the transient and steady state components of the chorda tympani response to intensity coding of gustatory stimuli, the rat's ability to discriminate aversive solutions following adaptation was compared with changes in the neural response also resulting from adaptation. A taste aversion was conditioned to .9% NaCl, and subsequent acceptance of several NaCl concentrations (range: .1%-1.5%) was tested following infusion of 1 ml of adapting solution (H2O or .1%, .9%, or 1.5% NaCl) through an intra-oral cannula. Adaptation significantly decreased gustatory intensity discrimination and decreased the magnitude of the transient portion of the chorda tympani response. The degree of reduction in transient magnitude correlated significantly with reduced discrimination in all adapting conditions. However, the magnitude of the steady state response negatively correlated with discrimination. These data suggest that gustatory intensity discrimination depends upon information contained in the transient portion of the neural response and that the transient is necessary as well as sufficient for taste intensity discrimination.", "PMID": 670448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_471", "title": "Abdominal vagotomy disrupts food-related drinking in the rat.", "content": "Rats with complete subdiaphragmatic bilateral transection of the abdominal vagus (Vgx-C) showed disordered food-related drinking when drinking water in temporal association with a meal of dry food after 5-hr food deprivation and when drinking water in association with a liquid meal after 24-hr food deprivation. The Vgx-C rats drank after significantly longer latencies and drank significantly less water in 1 hr than did sham-vagotomized (Sham) rats after eating the same size meal (solid or liquid) as Shams. Rats with incomplete vagal transection (Vgx-I) ate and drank like Shams. Water intake of Sham and Vgx-I rats correlated positively with the meal size of solid food, but the water intake of Vgx-C rats did not. The failure of Vgx-C rats to drink water normally when food was ingested was not due to failure of a food stimulus to reach the intestine, because Vgx-C and Sham rats emptied equivalent volumes of liquid food from the stomach into the intestine within 10 min of food entering the stomach. These results indicate that the abdominal vagus is an important neurological substrate for food-related drinking in the rat.", "contents": "Abdominal vagotomy disrupts food-related drinking in the rat. Rats with complete subdiaphragmatic bilateral transection of the abdominal vagus (Vgx-C) showed disordered food-related drinking when drinking water in temporal association with a meal of dry food after 5-hr food deprivation and when drinking water in association with a liquid meal after 24-hr food deprivation. The Vgx-C rats drank after significantly longer latencies and drank significantly less water in 1 hr than did sham-vagotomized (Sham) rats after eating the same size meal (solid or liquid) as Shams. Rats with incomplete vagal transection (Vgx-I) ate and drank like Shams. Water intake of Sham and Vgx-I rats correlated positively with the meal size of solid food, but the water intake of Vgx-C rats did not. The failure of Vgx-C rats to drink water normally when food was ingested was not due to failure of a food stimulus to reach the intestine, because Vgx-C and Sham rats emptied equivalent volumes of liquid food from the stomach into the intestine within 10 min of food entering the stomach. These results indicate that the abdominal vagus is an important neurological substrate for food-related drinking in the rat.", "PMID": 670449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_472", "title": "Antidipsogenic role of the E-prostaglandins.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is antidipsogenic when administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat. In these experiments PGE1, at a dose of 1 microgram, suppressed water intake induced by centrally administered angiotensin II (AII) or carbachol, subcutaneously administered polyethylene glycol, and water deprivation. Even at this high dose, PGE1 did not reduce water intake due to cellular dehydration. As the dose of PGE1 was reduced, its suppressant effects became more specific to AII-induced drinking, with a dose of 10 ng yielding a significant suppression only in the case of AII-induced drinking. Even at a high dose (1 microgram), the PGE1 suppression of ingestion was specific to water intake. Although PGE1-treated rats reduced food intake if they were not hydrated prior to access to food, no reduction in food intake was seen when they received water by gavage before food presentation. Since PGE-like substances are synthesized in the brain, these data suggest the possibility that the prostaglandin may be involved in the regulation of water balance as a component of a reciprocal system in which water intake initiated by the activation of the renin-angiotensin system is halted by the synthesis and release of PGE.", "contents": "Antidipsogenic role of the E-prostaglandins. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is antidipsogenic when administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat. In these experiments PGE1, at a dose of 1 microgram, suppressed water intake induced by centrally administered angiotensin II (AII) or carbachol, subcutaneously administered polyethylene glycol, and water deprivation. Even at this high dose, PGE1 did not reduce water intake due to cellular dehydration. As the dose of PGE1 was reduced, its suppressant effects became more specific to AII-induced drinking, with a dose of 10 ng yielding a significant suppression only in the case of AII-induced drinking. Even at a high dose (1 microgram), the PGE1 suppression of ingestion was specific to water intake. Although PGE1-treated rats reduced food intake if they were not hydrated prior to access to food, no reduction in food intake was seen when they received water by gavage before food presentation. Since PGE-like substances are synthesized in the brain, these data suggest the possibility that the prostaglandin may be involved in the regulation of water balance as a component of a reciprocal system in which water intake initiated by the activation of the renin-angiotensin system is halted by the synthesis and release of PGE.", "PMID": 670450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_473", "title": "Huddling by rat pups: multisensory control of contact behavior.", "content": "Huddling, or clumping behavior, begins in the litter situation and persists throughout the adult life of the rat (Rattus norvegicus). In pups, as in adults, the behavior provides a metabolically important means of reducing heat loss. The sensory stimuli that elicit, direct, and maintain huddling in developing rat pups (5-20 days of age) were studied in a standardized testing situation by using long-term time-lapse video observations. All pups huddled with a single, immobile sibling. A loop of warm tubing also elicited huddline. However, it appears that other, nonthermal cues can elicit huddling, since a dead, ambient-temperature pup was a sufficient stimulus for the behavior. Disruption of normal olfactory input by intranasal infusion of zinc sulfate interfered with the maintenance of contact. In addition, two kinds of tactile stimulus, vertical contours and furry \"comfort\" cues, as well as photic responses appeared to participate in the mediation of huddling. Huddling in the altricial rat is under multisensory control, although the number of cues used by pups for huddling appears to increase with age.", "contents": "Huddling by rat pups: multisensory control of contact behavior. Huddling, or clumping behavior, begins in the litter situation and persists throughout the adult life of the rat (Rattus norvegicus). In pups, as in adults, the behavior provides a metabolically important means of reducing heat loss. The sensory stimuli that elicit, direct, and maintain huddling in developing rat pups (5-20 days of age) were studied in a standardized testing situation by using long-term time-lapse video observations. All pups huddled with a single, immobile sibling. A loop of warm tubing also elicited huddline. However, it appears that other, nonthermal cues can elicit huddling, since a dead, ambient-temperature pup was a sufficient stimulus for the behavior. Disruption of normal olfactory input by intranasal infusion of zinc sulfate interfered with the maintenance of contact. In addition, two kinds of tactile stimulus, vertical contours and furry \"comfort\" cues, as well as photic responses appeared to participate in the mediation of huddling. Huddling in the altricial rat is under multisensory control, although the number of cues used by pups for huddling appears to increase with age.", "PMID": 670451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_474", "title": "Huddling by rat pups: group behavioral mechanisms of temperature regulation and energy conservation.", "content": "Body heat loss was attenuated and oxygen consumption was reduced by huddling in litters of developing rats. Rat pups derive physiological benefits from huddling similar to those enjoyed by adult mammals; these findings contrast with previous characterization of the altricial rat as poikilothermic. Huddling insulates by lessening the explosed body surface area of the participants, thus retarding heat loss and enhancing the efficiency of thermogenesis. These physical mechanisms of the clump are actively regulated by the pups. A novel quantitative measure of huddle size revealed a form of group regulatory behavior in rat pups whereby the surface expanded and contracted with increases and decreases in ambient temperature. The individual basis of this group regulatory activity was investigated by marking individual pups and observing them in huddles by means of time-lapse videography. It was found that individual animals circulate throught the huddle, frequently exchanging locations in the group. By studying the huddle positions of an anesthetized pup and a marked control sibling, dynamics of the pup flow were clarified. Ordinarily, the direction of movement was actively downward, into the pile; immobile pups \"floated\" on the surface. When the nest temperature was raised to thermoneutral, the direction of pup flow reversed and an immobile animal sank to the depths of the huddle. Through individual competitive adjustments the huddle behaves as a self-regulating unit which provides warmth and insulation to all its active members.", "contents": "Huddling by rat pups: group behavioral mechanisms of temperature regulation and energy conservation. Body heat loss was attenuated and oxygen consumption was reduced by huddling in litters of developing rats. Rat pups derive physiological benefits from huddling similar to those enjoyed by adult mammals; these findings contrast with previous characterization of the altricial rat as poikilothermic. Huddling insulates by lessening the explosed body surface area of the participants, thus retarding heat loss and enhancing the efficiency of thermogenesis. These physical mechanisms of the clump are actively regulated by the pups. A novel quantitative measure of huddle size revealed a form of group regulatory behavior in rat pups whereby the surface expanded and contracted with increases and decreases in ambient temperature. The individual basis of this group regulatory activity was investigated by marking individual pups and observing them in huddles by means of time-lapse videography. It was found that individual animals circulate throught the huddle, frequently exchanging locations in the group. By studying the huddle positions of an anesthetized pup and a marked control sibling, dynamics of the pup flow were clarified. Ordinarily, the direction of movement was actively downward, into the pile; immobile pups \"floated\" on the surface. When the nest temperature was raised to thermoneutral, the direction of pup flow reversed and an immobile animal sank to the depths of the huddle. Through individual competitive adjustments the huddle behaves as a self-regulating unit which provides warmth and insulation to all its active members.", "PMID": 670452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_475", "title": "Extent of recovery from neonatal damage to the cortical visual system in cats.", "content": "Cats that received either marginal or marginal plus extramarginal lesions as 3-day-old kittens were assessed on a series of tests of visually guided behavior. These cats were not conspicuously different from normal controls in avoiding obstacles or in activity level. Yet these same operated cats were severely impaired in performance on the visual cliff and in visual discrimination learning, even when the lesions were limited to the geniculocortical portion of the visual system. However, maximum losses in pattern and form discrimination learning were observed only in cats with severe retrograde degeneration in both the lateral geniculate nucleus and the complex of the pulvinar and nucleus lateralis posterior. Photically evoked potentials were recorded in the lateral regions of the neocortex more reliably from operated cats that had made fewer errors in discrimination learning than from more severely debilitated cases; this relation was present even among cases with nearly equivalent amounts of retrograde degeneration in the visual thalamus. These findings suggest that in the cat (a) recovery of vision is incomplete after neonatal lesions of the visual cortex and (b) a cortical system lateral to the geniculocortical projections may be involved in pattern vision.", "contents": "Extent of recovery from neonatal damage to the cortical visual system in cats. Cats that received either marginal or marginal plus extramarginal lesions as 3-day-old kittens were assessed on a series of tests of visually guided behavior. These cats were not conspicuously different from normal controls in avoiding obstacles or in activity level. Yet these same operated cats were severely impaired in performance on the visual cliff and in visual discrimination learning, even when the lesions were limited to the geniculocortical portion of the visual system. However, maximum losses in pattern and form discrimination learning were observed only in cats with severe retrograde degeneration in both the lateral geniculate nucleus and the complex of the pulvinar and nucleus lateralis posterior. Photically evoked potentials were recorded in the lateral regions of the neocortex more reliably from operated cats that had made fewer errors in discrimination learning than from more severely debilitated cases; this relation was present even among cases with nearly equivalent amounts of retrograde degeneration in the visual thalamus. These findings suggest that in the cat (a) recovery of vision is incomplete after neonatal lesions of the visual cortex and (b) a cortical system lateral to the geniculocortical projections may be involved in pattern vision.", "PMID": 670453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_476", "title": "Relation of albinism and drugs to the visual evoked potential of the mouse.", "content": "The individual and combined influences of pentobarbital and chlorprothixene on the early components of the cortical visual evoked potential (VEP) were examined in the C57BL/6 mouse. Pentobarbital produced a large increase in latency, and chlorprothixene resulted in a smaller latency increase. When these agents were combined, their effects on the VEP latency were antagonistic. The effects of pentobarbital on VEP amplitude varied as a function of flash intensity, and this barbiturate anesthetic also produced qualitative VEP waveform changes. When the congenic albino (c/c) C57BL/6 was compared with the black (+/+) C57BL/6 mouse; pentobarbital anesthesia produced a decrease of latency with increasing stimulus intensity only in the c/c genotype, whereas VEP amplitudes were similarly affected by pentobarbital in both genotypes.", "contents": "Relation of albinism and drugs to the visual evoked potential of the mouse. The individual and combined influences of pentobarbital and chlorprothixene on the early components of the cortical visual evoked potential (VEP) were examined in the C57BL/6 mouse. Pentobarbital produced a large increase in latency, and chlorprothixene resulted in a smaller latency increase. When these agents were combined, their effects on the VEP latency were antagonistic. The effects of pentobarbital on VEP amplitude varied as a function of flash intensity, and this barbiturate anesthetic also produced qualitative VEP waveform changes. When the congenic albino (c/c) C57BL/6 was compared with the black (+/+) C57BL/6 mouse; pentobarbital anesthesia produced a decrease of latency with increasing stimulus intensity only in the c/c genotype, whereas VEP amplitudes were similarly affected by pentobarbital in both genotypes.", "PMID": 670454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_477", "title": "Disappearance of hoarding and disorganization of eating behavior after ventral mesencephalic tegmentum lesions in rats.", "content": "The effects of ventral mesencephalic tegmentum (VMT) radio-frequency lessions on spontaneous and complex behaviors, such as food hoarding and alimentary patterns, were investigated. Activity measures indicated that VMT lesions increased horizontal activity in a circular corridor as well as in an open field whereas vertical activity (rearing) was decreased. After 12 hr of food deprivation, food hoarding and alimentary patterns were evaluated in a square open field to which rats had free access from their home cage. Control rats hoarded food and had organized feeding behavior, but experimental rats did not hoard. Moreover, increasing the open-field illumination did not reverse this deficit. Similarly, the VMT lesion induced disruption of the adaptative alimentary behavior in response to food deprivation. A strong correlation was observed between hoarding scores and the extent of locomotor hyperactivity. These results are discussed in terms of a possible implication of limbic-midbrain mechanisms in which the meso-cortico-limbic dopaminergic A10 neurons originating in the VMT might have a primary role.", "contents": "Disappearance of hoarding and disorganization of eating behavior after ventral mesencephalic tegmentum lesions in rats. The effects of ventral mesencephalic tegmentum (VMT) radio-frequency lessions on spontaneous and complex behaviors, such as food hoarding and alimentary patterns, were investigated. Activity measures indicated that VMT lesions increased horizontal activity in a circular corridor as well as in an open field whereas vertical activity (rearing) was decreased. After 12 hr of food deprivation, food hoarding and alimentary patterns were evaluated in a square open field to which rats had free access from their home cage. Control rats hoarded food and had organized feeding behavior, but experimental rats did not hoard. Moreover, increasing the open-field illumination did not reverse this deficit. Similarly, the VMT lesion induced disruption of the adaptative alimentary behavior in response to food deprivation. A strong correlation was observed between hoarding scores and the extent of locomotor hyperactivity. These results are discussed in terms of a possible implication of limbic-midbrain mechanisms in which the meso-cortico-limbic dopaminergic A10 neurons originating in the VMT might have a primary role.", "PMID": 670455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_478", "title": "Effects of context manipulation on memory and reversal learning in rats with hippocampal lesions.", "content": "In Experiment 1, groups of hippocampal and control rats learned a simultaneous discrimination habit and were subsequently tested for its retention under variable contextual conditions. All groups recalled the discrimination response to an equally high level when testing conditions were constant throughout, but the hippocampal group showed impaired memory when contextual stimuli at recall testing did not conform to those of original learning. Experiment 2 indicated that the hippocampal impairment was not simply the result of introducing novel stimuli. In Experimental 3, animals were administered a reversal learning task with contextual stimuli varied between the two tests. The typically observed impairment of hippocampal animals on this task was reduced by contrasting contextual conditions. The data are seen to support a contex-tetrieval interpretation of hippocampal function.", "contents": "Effects of context manipulation on memory and reversal learning in rats with hippocampal lesions. In Experiment 1, groups of hippocampal and control rats learned a simultaneous discrimination habit and were subsequently tested for its retention under variable contextual conditions. All groups recalled the discrimination response to an equally high level when testing conditions were constant throughout, but the hippocampal group showed impaired memory when contextual stimuli at recall testing did not conform to those of original learning. Experiment 2 indicated that the hippocampal impairment was not simply the result of introducing novel stimuli. In Experimental 3, animals were administered a reversal learning task with contextual stimuli varied between the two tests. The typically observed impairment of hippocampal animals on this task was reduced by contrasting contextual conditions. The data are seen to support a contex-tetrieval interpretation of hippocampal function.", "PMID": 670456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_479", "title": "Emerging cholinergic mechanisms and ontogeny of response inhibition in the mouse.", "content": "Mice, 7, 11, 15, 19, and 85-115 (adult) days of age, served as subjects in experiments assessing effects of anticholinergics on the development of behavioral inhibition. The centrally active anticholinergic scopolamine produced a dose-dependent elevation in locomotor activity in 19-day-old and adult mice. Acquisition and retention of a step-off passive avoidance response (PAR) was initially studied in nondrugged subjects. Mice as young as 7 days of age learned and retained the PAR for 1 hr. Twenty-four-hour savings, however, were not observed until 19 days of age. Simple PAR performance deficits following scopolamine injection were first seen at 15 days of age. Mice in those age groups exhibiting 24-hr retention (19-day-olds and adults) were used to assess carry-over effects of scopolamine on retest. Only in the case of juveniles did scopolamine, injected prior to training, disrupt 24-hr retest performance. Since methylscopolamine, a peripherally active anticholinergic, had no effect on activity and PAR performance, it is assumed that scopolamine's effects were of central origin. The results suggest that behavioral suppression comes under cholinergic control during the second and third postnatal weeks but that cholinergic mechanisms may not mediate response inhibition uniformly throughout development.", "contents": "Emerging cholinergic mechanisms and ontogeny of response inhibition in the mouse. Mice, 7, 11, 15, 19, and 85-115 (adult) days of age, served as subjects in experiments assessing effects of anticholinergics on the development of behavioral inhibition. The centrally active anticholinergic scopolamine produced a dose-dependent elevation in locomotor activity in 19-day-old and adult mice. Acquisition and retention of a step-off passive avoidance response (PAR) was initially studied in nondrugged subjects. Mice as young as 7 days of age learned and retained the PAR for 1 hr. Twenty-four-hour savings, however, were not observed until 19 days of age. Simple PAR performance deficits following scopolamine injection were first seen at 15 days of age. Mice in those age groups exhibiting 24-hr retention (19-day-olds and adults) were used to assess carry-over effects of scopolamine on retest. Only in the case of juveniles did scopolamine, injected prior to training, disrupt 24-hr retest performance. Since methylscopolamine, a peripherally active anticholinergic, had no effect on activity and PAR performance, it is assumed that scopolamine's effects were of central origin. The results suggest that behavioral suppression comes under cholinergic control during the second and third postnatal weeks but that cholinergic mechanisms may not mediate response inhibition uniformly throughout development.", "PMID": 670457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_480", "title": "Osmoregulatory thirst in rats after lateral preoptic lesions.", "content": "In confirmation of previous observations, lesions of the lateral preoptic area in rats abolished water ingestion during a 4-hr test following an intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic NaCl solution. However, it was observed that these animals increased their water intakes when tests were prolonged to 24 hr and drank almost exactly what they needed for osmoregulation. Furthermore, they increased their water intakes normally when NaCl was given in their diet, when NaCl was administered intravenously, or when they were water deprived and given preloads of isotonic saline to remove hypovolemia. These findings indicate that rats with lateral preoptic lesions do experience osmoregulatory thirst, and consequently, they raise new doubts about whether osmoreceptors located in the lateral preoptic area mediate thirst following the administration of osmotic loads.", "contents": "Osmoregulatory thirst in rats after lateral preoptic lesions. In confirmation of previous observations, lesions of the lateral preoptic area in rats abolished water ingestion during a 4-hr test following an intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic NaCl solution. However, it was observed that these animals increased their water intakes when tests were prolonged to 24 hr and drank almost exactly what they needed for osmoregulation. Furthermore, they increased their water intakes normally when NaCl was given in their diet, when NaCl was administered intravenously, or when they were water deprived and given preloads of isotonic saline to remove hypovolemia. These findings indicate that rats with lateral preoptic lesions do experience osmoregulatory thirst, and consequently, they raise new doubts about whether osmoreceptors located in the lateral preoptic area mediate thirst following the administration of osmotic loads.", "PMID": 670458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_481", "title": "Garter snake trailing behavior: effects of varying prey-extract concentration and mode of prey-extract presentation.", "content": "In a multiple-choice maze, garter snakes were trained to follow earthworm-extract trails for worm bit rewards. In Experiment 1, they were tested for their abilities fo follow extract trails that had been dried or extract trails that were removed from direct lingual access by a perforated floor. Snakes were able to follow the dry trails and unable to follow removed trails. In Experiment 2, snakes were tested for their behavioral responses to different concentrations of extract trails. Snakes trailed more accurately, moved more slowly, and exhibited much higher tongue flick rates on the intense concentration trails. The results are interpreted in terms of the assumption that effective trails are perceived by the tongue flick delivery of odorants to the vomeronasal organs.", "contents": "Garter snake trailing behavior: effects of varying prey-extract concentration and mode of prey-extract presentation. In a multiple-choice maze, garter snakes were trained to follow earthworm-extract trails for worm bit rewards. In Experiment 1, they were tested for their abilities fo follow extract trails that had been dried or extract trails that were removed from direct lingual access by a perforated floor. Snakes were able to follow the dry trails and unable to follow removed trails. In Experiment 2, snakes were tested for their behavioral responses to different concentrations of extract trails. Snakes trailed more accurately, moved more slowly, and exhibited much higher tongue flick rates on the intense concentration trails. The results are interpreted in terms of the assumption that effective trails are perceived by the tongue flick delivery of odorants to the vomeronasal organs.", "PMID": 670459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_482", "title": "Computer assisted tomography of normal suprarenal glands.", "content": "The anatomy of 60 right and 80 left normal suprarenal (adrenal) glands in 90 patients was studied. In the transaxial view, the glands have a triradiate shape, which varies on serial sections. The medial posterior limbs of each gland were visualized on the more cranial sections. The transaxial positions of the glands are related to the vertebrae and, on the left side, to the aorta and kidney, in accordance with known anatomical associations. The cranio-caudal positions of the glands have been defined by using the kidney as a \"renal ruler\". The right gland lies cranial to the anterior and medial renal margin, and it extends dorsally beyond the vertebral body in 18% of the right glands studied. The left gland lies anterior to the upper renal pole. The ease with which the glands were shown in detail by computer assisted tomography (CAT) contrasts with other methods of demonstration, namely, retroperitoneal pneumography, angiography, and venography. The difficulties of visualizing the glands with CAT are discussed and illustrated. The findings are used to suggest guidelines for conventional tomography.", "contents": "Computer assisted tomography of normal suprarenal glands. The anatomy of 60 right and 80 left normal suprarenal (adrenal) glands in 90 patients was studied. In the transaxial view, the glands have a triradiate shape, which varies on serial sections. The medial posterior limbs of each gland were visualized on the more cranial sections. The transaxial positions of the glands are related to the vertebrae and, on the left side, to the aorta and kidney, in accordance with known anatomical associations. The cranio-caudal positions of the glands have been defined by using the kidney as a \"renal ruler\". The right gland lies cranial to the anterior and medial renal margin, and it extends dorsally beyond the vertebral body in 18% of the right glands studied. The left gland lies anterior to the upper renal pole. The ease with which the glands were shown in detail by computer assisted tomography (CAT) contrasts with other methods of demonstration, namely, retroperitoneal pneumography, angiography, and venography. The difficulties of visualizing the glands with CAT are discussed and illustrated. The findings are used to suggest guidelines for conventional tomography.", "PMID": 670460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_483", "title": "A method for correcting bone induced artifacts in computed tomography scanners.", "content": "A method that corrects for artifacts in X-ray transmission scanners created by the alteration of the energy spectrum by bone is described. The method involves two reconstructions of the pictures: the first establishes the approximate distribution of bone and the second enables the artifacts to be eliminated. The first reconstruction is needed to establish the total amount of bone along each ray. Assuming that the X-ray energy spectrum is known, it is shown how the line integrals can be corrected. The method was tested on several mathematical phantoms as well as on human head data. The nonlinear nature of the spectral artifacts is shown to produce streaks in certain phantoms.", "contents": "A method for correcting bone induced artifacts in computed tomography scanners. A method that corrects for artifacts in X-ray transmission scanners created by the alteration of the energy spectrum by bone is described. The method involves two reconstructions of the pictures: the first establishes the approximate distribution of bone and the second enables the artifacts to be eliminated. The first reconstruction is needed to establish the total amount of bone along each ray. Assuming that the X-ray energy spectrum is known, it is shown how the line integrals can be corrected. The method was tested on several mathematical phantoms as well as on human head data. The nonlinear nature of the spectral artifacts is shown to produce streaks in certain phantoms.", "PMID": 670461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_484", "title": "Anthropomorphic phantoms for computed tomography scanner performance evaluation.", "content": "Phantom simulating materials and geometries encountered in computed tomography of the head and body have been constructed. They permit the quantitative study of artifactual behavior as well as low contrast detectability and spatial resolution of a computed tomography (CT) scanner. These phantoms may be useful in comparative evaluation of CT performance and in quality control programs.", "contents": "Anthropomorphic phantoms for computed tomography scanner performance evaluation. Phantom simulating materials and geometries encountered in computed tomography of the head and body have been constructed. They permit the quantitative study of artifactual behavior as well as low contrast detectability and spatial resolution of a computed tomography (CT) scanner. These phantoms may be useful in comparative evaluation of CT performance and in quality control programs.", "PMID": 670462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_485", "title": "Adrenal cortical tumors with low attenuation coefficients: a pitfall in computed tomography diagnosis.", "content": "Four cases of adrenal tumors with unusually low attenuation coefficients are reported. The tumors presented with values ranging from 8 to 17 EMI units (EU: 500 scale) instead of the expected 30 to 40 EU range of the remainder of our adrenal tumors. Two of these patients had primary aldosteronism and two had Cushing's syndrome. An unusually high lipid content may be responsible for the lucent appearance.", "contents": "Adrenal cortical tumors with low attenuation coefficients: a pitfall in computed tomography diagnosis. Four cases of adrenal tumors with unusually low attenuation coefficients are reported. The tumors presented with values ranging from 8 to 17 EMI units (EU: 500 scale) instead of the expected 30 to 40 EU range of the remainder of our adrenal tumors. Two of these patients had primary aldosteronism and two had Cushing's syndrome. An unusually high lipid content may be responsible for the lucent appearance.", "PMID": 670463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_486", "title": "The base of the skull: a comparison of computed and conventional tomography.", "content": "The diagnostic information obtained from 35 examinations of the skull base by computed tomography (CT) was compared with the findings furnished by conventional or blurring tomography (BT). Computed tomography yielded diagnostically valuable information not only on the soft tissues but also on the bony structures. Compared with BT, CT was superior in 40%, equivalent in 40%, and inferior in 20% of the cases in assessing pathological findings involving the bony structures of the skull base. Obviously, CT's additional capability of accurate display of soft tissue changes represents a fundamental diagnostic advantage.", "contents": "The base of the skull: a comparison of computed and conventional tomography. The diagnostic information obtained from 35 examinations of the skull base by computed tomography (CT) was compared with the findings furnished by conventional or blurring tomography (BT). Computed tomography yielded diagnostically valuable information not only on the soft tissues but also on the bony structures. Compared with BT, CT was superior in 40%, equivalent in 40%, and inferior in 20% of the cases in assessing pathological findings involving the bony structures of the skull base. Obviously, CT's additional capability of accurate display of soft tissue changes represents a fundamental diagnostic advantage.", "PMID": 670464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_487", "title": "An improved method for computed tomography of the base of the skull in head scanners that utilize a water bag.", "content": "The original EMI Mark I head scanner as well as the Artronix Neuro CAT scanner utilize a water bag surrounding the patient's head. One of the disadvantages of this system is that the patient's head may be displaced out of the scanning beam by the pressure of the water bag, thus making it difficult to obtain good scans of the base of the skull or the posterior fossa. A device that utilizes an adjustable footboard and restraining straps around the legs to hold the patient in position is described. Although designed specifically for the Artronix Neuro CAT scanner, it can readily be adapted to other scanners that utilize a water bag. In our experience it has worked well in restraining caudal movement of patients, thus enabling us to obtain good images of the posterior fossa and base of the skull.", "contents": "An improved method for computed tomography of the base of the skull in head scanners that utilize a water bag. The original EMI Mark I head scanner as well as the Artronix Neuro CAT scanner utilize a water bag surrounding the patient's head. One of the disadvantages of this system is that the patient's head may be displaced out of the scanning beam by the pressure of the water bag, thus making it difficult to obtain good scans of the base of the skull or the posterior fossa. A device that utilizes an adjustable footboard and restraining straps around the legs to hold the patient in position is described. Although designed specifically for the Artronix Neuro CAT scanner, it can readily be adapted to other scanners that utilize a water bag. In our experience it has worked well in restraining caudal movement of patients, thus enabling us to obtain good images of the posterior fossa and base of the skull.", "PMID": 670465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_488", "title": "Steroids and apparent cerebral atrophy on computed tomography scans.", "content": "Computed tomography scans of 15 long-term steroid users showed varying degrees of apparent cerebral atrophy, not expected at their ages (8 to 40 years). Most were suffering from autoimmune diseases. There appeared to be some correlation between dosage and degree of apparent atrophy. There was surprisingly little clinical evidence of cerebral dysfunction associated with this apparent atrophy. In two of the cases, the appearance of the brain improved following decrease or cessation of steroid use. Speculations are made on possible causes.", "contents": "Steroids and apparent cerebral atrophy on computed tomography scans. Computed tomography scans of 15 long-term steroid users showed varying degrees of apparent cerebral atrophy, not expected at their ages (8 to 40 years). Most were suffering from autoimmune diseases. There appeared to be some correlation between dosage and degree of apparent atrophy. There was surprisingly little clinical evidence of cerebral dysfunction associated with this apparent atrophy. In two of the cases, the appearance of the brain improved following decrease or cessation of steroid use. Speculations are made on possible causes.", "PMID": 670467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_489", "title": "Computed tomography of the orbit with special emphasis on coronal sections: Part I. Normal anatomy.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) of the orbit is capable of demonstrating soft tissue structures not visualized yet by any other radiological modality. The possibility of obtaining direct coronal slices has added a new dimension to the study. Direct enlargement viewing on the display console reveals many anatomical details. For better evaluation of pathological findings, an accurate anatomical knowledge is required. The purpose of this study is to report on the normal anatomy of the orbital soft tissues made visible by CT, with emphasis on the coronal views.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the orbit with special emphasis on coronal sections: Part I. Normal anatomy. Computed tomography (CT) of the orbit is capable of demonstrating soft tissue structures not visualized yet by any other radiological modality. The possibility of obtaining direct coronal slices has added a new dimension to the study. Direct enlargement viewing on the display console reveals many anatomical details. For better evaluation of pathological findings, an accurate anatomical knowledge is required. The purpose of this study is to report on the normal anatomy of the orbital soft tissues made visible by CT, with emphasis on the coronal views.", "PMID": 670468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_490", "title": "Computed tomography of the orbit with special emphasis on coronal sections: Part II. Pathological anatomy.", "content": "Visualization of orbital soft tissue structures by computed tomography in direct coronal and axial studies is extremely useful in diagnosis. Direct enlargement viewing of scans has disclosed minute anatomical details. This study reviews some of our experiences in the investigation of a variety of lesions within the orbit and attempts, in particular, to illustrate the value of direct coronal studies.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the orbit with special emphasis on coronal sections: Part II. Pathological anatomy. Visualization of orbital soft tissue structures by computed tomography in direct coronal and axial studies is extremely useful in diagnosis. Direct enlargement viewing of scans has disclosed minute anatomical details. This study reviews some of our experiences in the investigation of a variety of lesions within the orbit and attempts, in particular, to illustrate the value of direct coronal studies.", "PMID": 670469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_491", "title": "Computer assisted tomography of orbital lesions in Wegener's granulomatosis.", "content": "The orbital lesions in six patients with Wegener's granulomatosis were studied by computer assisted tomography (CAT). Four patients had active orbital disease and proptosis, and each was found to have orbital masses accompanied by varying degrees of bone and sinus destruction. Two additional patients with histories of proptosis had no orbital lesions at the time of CAT study.", "contents": "Computer assisted tomography of orbital lesions in Wegener's granulomatosis. The orbital lesions in six patients with Wegener's granulomatosis were studied by computer assisted tomography (CAT). Four patients had active orbital disease and proptosis, and each was found to have orbital masses accompanied by varying degrees of bone and sinus destruction. Two additional patients with histories of proptosis had no orbital lesions at the time of CAT study.", "PMID": 670470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_492", "title": "Tissue characterization by an analysis of the distribution of attenuation values in computed tomography scans: a preliminary report.", "content": "Attenuation values as measured by a computed tomography scanner are distributed in both magnitude and space. The distribution in magnitude can be described by the mean, standard deviation, and skewness of histograms of attenuation values. The distribution in space can be characterized by auto-correlation functions or histograms of gradients. Using these measures of scan structure, it has been shown that the spatial distribution of attenuation values can be influenced by tissue. Also, there are some indications that changes in tissue structure corresponding to disease can be detected.", "contents": "Tissue characterization by an analysis of the distribution of attenuation values in computed tomography scans: a preliminary report. Attenuation values as measured by a computed tomography scanner are distributed in both magnitude and space. The distribution in magnitude can be described by the mean, standard deviation, and skewness of histograms of attenuation values. The distribution in space can be characterized by auto-correlation functions or histograms of gradients. Using these measures of scan structure, it has been shown that the spatial distribution of attenuation values can be influenced by tissue. Also, there are some indications that changes in tissue structure corresponding to disease can be detected.", "PMID": 670471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_493", "title": "Computed tomography of solitary pulmonary nodules: experience with scanning times longer than breath-holding.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with solitary pulmonary nodules--18 benign and 13 malignant--proven by either tissue diagnosis or prolonged follow-up were evaluated by computed tomography (CT). A device (ACTA scanner 0100) with scanning times greater than breath-holding was used with full understanding of its related limitations. A retrospective study of the CT features of these nodules led us to establish several criteria for benign nodules. CT evidence of calcium is felt to be the most important feature of benignancy. In the absence of calcium, irregular nodule margins, perinodular fibrosis, satellite nodules, and pleural thickening opposite a peripherally situated nodule are helpful to suggest its benign nature.", "contents": "Computed tomography of solitary pulmonary nodules: experience with scanning times longer than breath-holding. Thirty-one patients with solitary pulmonary nodules--18 benign and 13 malignant--proven by either tissue diagnosis or prolonged follow-up were evaluated by computed tomography (CT). A device (ACTA scanner 0100) with scanning times greater than breath-holding was used with full understanding of its related limitations. A retrospective study of the CT features of these nodules led us to establish several criteria for benign nodules. CT evidence of calcium is felt to be the most important feature of benignancy. In the absence of calcium, irregular nodule margins, perinodular fibrosis, satellite nodules, and pleural thickening opposite a peripherally situated nodule are helpful to suggest its benign nature.", "PMID": 670472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_494", "title": "Relative detectability of intracranial calcifications on computed tomography and skull radiography.", "content": "Phantom studies comparing skull radiography and cranial computed tomography (CT) show that CT is 5 to 15 times more sensitive than skull radiography in the detection of intracranial calcifications. The difference in detectability varies with object size. The relative sensitivity of CT increases with increased object size within the constraints of the section thickness. The relationship of these findings to the detectability of pineal and choroid calcifications is discussed.", "contents": "Relative detectability of intracranial calcifications on computed tomography and skull radiography. Phantom studies comparing skull radiography and cranial computed tomography (CT) show that CT is 5 to 15 times more sensitive than skull radiography in the detection of intracranial calcifications. The difference in detectability varies with object size. The relative sensitivity of CT increases with increased object size within the constraints of the section thickness. The relationship of these findings to the detectability of pineal and choroid calcifications is discussed.", "PMID": 670473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_495", "title": "The apical artifact: elevated attenuation values toward the apex of the skull.", "content": "An artifact that can cause an elevation in CT numbers of as much as 20 Hounsfield units toward the apex of the head is described. This artifact was first noted on the EMI CT1010 scanner but has been observed in other scanners as well. Phantom studies of this artifact have revealed that its primary origin is the beam hardening distortion due to the large amount of bone present in apical cuts. This has been verified by computer simulations. An intuitive explanation of the origin of the artifact is also presented.", "contents": "The apical artifact: elevated attenuation values toward the apex of the skull. An artifact that can cause an elevation in CT numbers of as much as 20 Hounsfield units toward the apex of the head is described. This artifact was first noted on the EMI CT1010 scanner but has been observed in other scanners as well. Phantom studies of this artifact have revealed that its primary origin is the beam hardening distortion due to the large amount of bone present in apical cuts. This has been verified by computer simulations. An intuitive explanation of the origin of the artifact is also presented.", "PMID": 670474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_496", "title": "Radiation necrosis of the brain: correlation between computed tomography, pathology, and dose distribution.", "content": "Delayed necrosis of the brain following exposure to high doses of radiation is a recognized hazard. It is important to predict the nature of these postradiation changes, since surgical removal of radiation necrosis may reverse neurological deterioration of patients so affected. The present report stresses the importance of correlating the findings on computed tomography (CT) scans and zones of high radiation dose on dose reconstruction plans in order to differentiate between delayed radiation necrosis and tumors of the brain. This differentiation is not possible using the criteria of CT alone.", "contents": "Radiation necrosis of the brain: correlation between computed tomography, pathology, and dose distribution. Delayed necrosis of the brain following exposure to high doses of radiation is a recognized hazard. It is important to predict the nature of these postradiation changes, since surgical removal of radiation necrosis may reverse neurological deterioration of patients so affected. The present report stresses the importance of correlating the findings on computed tomography (CT) scans and zones of high radiation dose on dose reconstruction plans in order to differentiate between delayed radiation necrosis and tumors of the brain. This differentiation is not possible using the criteria of CT alone.", "PMID": 670475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_497", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of encephaloceles in infants and children.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) is an accurate diagnostic modality in the evaluation of encephaloceles. The axial and coronal planes, contrast enhancement attenuation measurement of the contents of the encephalocele, and the use of the standard and reverse modes for viewing the CT images are all valuable in this evaluation.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of encephaloceles in infants and children. Computed tomography (CT) is an accurate diagnostic modality in the evaluation of encephaloceles. The axial and coronal planes, contrast enhancement attenuation measurement of the contents of the encephalocele, and the use of the standard and reverse modes for viewing the CT images are all valuable in this evaluation.", "PMID": 670476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_498", "title": "Abdominal CSF pseudocyst secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt: diagnosis by computed tomography in two cases.", "content": "Two cases are presented in which the preoperative diagnosis of abdominal cerebrospinal fluid pseudocyst was made by computed tomography (CT). The collection can be well outlined by this method, and measurement of density values characterizes the contents as a water density; the relationship of portions of the shunt catheter to the pseudocyst can be demonstrated as well. It is suggested that, in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt who develops abdominal signs or symptoms, CT can provide the definitive diagnosis of this entity.", "contents": "Abdominal CSF pseudocyst secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt: diagnosis by computed tomography in two cases. Two cases are presented in which the preoperative diagnosis of abdominal cerebrospinal fluid pseudocyst was made by computed tomography (CT). The collection can be well outlined by this method, and measurement of density values characterizes the contents as a water density; the relationship of portions of the shunt catheter to the pseudocyst can be demonstrated as well. It is suggested that, in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt who develops abdominal signs or symptoms, CT can provide the definitive diagnosis of this entity.", "PMID": 670477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_499", "title": "Choice of the plane of incidence for computed tomography of the cerebral cortex.", "content": "A study has been carried out to determine how different planes of incidence may influence the computed tomographic projection of the different parts of the cerebral cortex. Knowledge of the patterns displayed with the different incidences should help in the identification of the various cortical (as well as high ventricular) structures.", "contents": "Choice of the plane of incidence for computed tomography of the cerebral cortex. A study has been carried out to determine how different planes of incidence may influence the computed tomographic projection of the different parts of the cerebral cortex. Knowledge of the patterns displayed with the different incidences should help in the identification of the various cortical (as well as high ventricular) structures.", "PMID": 670478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_500", "title": "Computed tomography after psychosurgery.", "content": "The computed tomography scans of patients who had frontal leukotomy show bilateral cysts in the frontal lobes that have attenuation values similar to cerebrospinal fluid, and are not contrast enhanced.", "contents": "Computed tomography after psychosurgery. The computed tomography scans of patients who had frontal leukotomy show bilateral cysts in the frontal lobes that have attenuation values similar to cerebrospinal fluid, and are not contrast enhanced.", "PMID": 670479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_501", "title": "Preparation and fractionation of goat kappa-casein: analysis of the glycan and peptide components.", "content": "Whole goat kappa-casein was prepared by chromatography of whole casein on hydroxyapatite. Chromatography of whole kappa-casein on DEAE-cellulose separated 5 fractions. All of them were sensitive to chymosin. Their amino acid and carbohydrate composition, phosphate content and molecular weight were determined. Galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetyl and N-glycolyl neuraminic acids were identified in whole kappa-casein. It appears that goat kappa-casein, like cow, buffalo and ewe kappa-caseins, is composed of several fractions having identical peptide chains and differing in their carbohydrate contents. The main fraction, devoid of carbohydrate, was treated with chymosin. The para-kappa-casein and caseinomacropeptide were isolated. Their amino acid composition and phosphate content were determined.", "contents": "Preparation and fractionation of goat kappa-casein: analysis of the glycan and peptide components. Whole goat kappa-casein was prepared by chromatography of whole casein on hydroxyapatite. Chromatography of whole kappa-casein on DEAE-cellulose separated 5 fractions. All of them were sensitive to chymosin. Their amino acid and carbohydrate composition, phosphate content and molecular weight were determined. Galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetyl and N-glycolyl neuraminic acids were identified in whole kappa-casein. It appears that goat kappa-casein, like cow, buffalo and ewe kappa-caseins, is composed of several fractions having identical peptide chains and differing in their carbohydrate contents. The main fraction, devoid of carbohydrate, was treated with chymosin. The para-kappa-casein and caseinomacropeptide were isolated. Their amino acid composition and phosphate content were determined.", "PMID": 670480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_502", "title": "Glucocorticoids in mammary secretions and blood serum during reproduction and lactation and distributions of glucocorticoids, progesterone, and estrogens in fractions of milk.", "content": "Concentrations of glucocorticoids were measured in milk and blood serum during the estrous cycle, prepartum, parturition, postpartum, and early and late lactation. Glucocorticoids in milk did not change during the estrous cycle, averaging .35 ng/ml whereas they averaged .50 ng/ml prepartum, 3.08 ng/ml at parturition, and .50 ng/ml 1 wk postpartum. Glucocorticoids in milk declined from .59 ng/ml to .25 ng/ml as lactation advanced from 1 to 10 mo. Concentrations of glucocorticoids in blood serum were approximately 8 to 10 ng/ml during all reproductive states. There was no positive relationship between percentage of milk fat and concentrations of glucocorticoids in milk. Cortisol was the predominant glucocorticoid in serum; in milk corticosterone concentrations exceeded those of cortisol. Glucocorticoids, being more polar, had higher affinity for the nonlipid portion of milk; in contrast, progesterone, estradiol 17beta, and estrone were located predominantly in the lipid fraction of milk.", "contents": "Glucocorticoids in mammary secretions and blood serum during reproduction and lactation and distributions of glucocorticoids, progesterone, and estrogens in fractions of milk. Concentrations of glucocorticoids were measured in milk and blood serum during the estrous cycle, prepartum, parturition, postpartum, and early and late lactation. Glucocorticoids in milk did not change during the estrous cycle, averaging .35 ng/ml whereas they averaged .50 ng/ml prepartum, 3.08 ng/ml at parturition, and .50 ng/ml 1 wk postpartum. Glucocorticoids in milk declined from .59 ng/ml to .25 ng/ml as lactation advanced from 1 to 10 mo. Concentrations of glucocorticoids in blood serum were approximately 8 to 10 ng/ml during all reproductive states. There was no positive relationship between percentage of milk fat and concentrations of glucocorticoids in milk. Cortisol was the predominant glucocorticoid in serum; in milk corticosterone concentrations exceeded those of cortisol. Glucocorticoids, being more polar, had higher affinity for the nonlipid portion of milk; in contrast, progesterone, estradiol 17beta, and estrone were located predominantly in the lipid fraction of milk.", "PMID": 670481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_503", "title": "Symposium: wise use of chemicals, drugs, and additives by dairy producers. Clearance procedures for new animal drugs and feed additives.", "content": "We have attempted to provide an overview of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as it pertains to animal drugs and feed additives. The Act requires that each new animal drug application or food additive petition contain sufficient data to prove that the drug or feed additive is safe and effective before the drug or feed additive can be marketed. It also gives the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare the power to remove from the market a previously accepted drug if it is shown to be unsafe or lacks effectiveness. The Bureau of Veterinary Medicine has prepared guidelines to aid applicants in compiling ans submitting the necessary information for approval of drugs to be used in dairy cattle. A copy of these guidelines and a Drug Use Guide, which aids the dairymen to correctly use approved drugs, can be obtained from the Bureau.", "contents": "Symposium: wise use of chemicals, drugs, and additives by dairy producers. Clearance procedures for new animal drugs and feed additives. We have attempted to provide an overview of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as it pertains to animal drugs and feed additives. The Act requires that each new animal drug application or food additive petition contain sufficient data to prove that the drug or feed additive is safe and effective before the drug or feed additive can be marketed. It also gives the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare the power to remove from the market a previously accepted drug if it is shown to be unsafe or lacks effectiveness. The Bureau of Veterinary Medicine has prepared guidelines to aid applicants in compiling ans submitting the necessary information for approval of drugs to be used in dairy cattle. A copy of these guidelines and a Drug Use Guide, which aids the dairymen to correctly use approved drugs, can be obtained from the Bureau.", "PMID": 670482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_504", "title": "Development, manufacture, and distribution of animal drugs.", "content": "Much effort goes into the research, development, and manufacture of quality drugs to be used by the dairy producers. Food and Drug Administration aids in the process by establishing minimal requirements, reviewing data, and approving products conforming to their regulations. To misuse products or drugs is an invitation to trouble since little is known about the safety or efficacy of drugs other than for the manner in which they are labeled. Thus, the key to wise use of drugs is to read the label instructions.", "contents": "Development, manufacture, and distribution of animal drugs. Much effort goes into the research, development, and manufacture of quality drugs to be used by the dairy producers. Food and Drug Administration aids in the process by establishing minimal requirements, reviewing data, and approving products conforming to their regulations. To misuse products or drugs is an invitation to trouble since little is known about the safety or efficacy of drugs other than for the manner in which they are labeled. Thus, the key to wise use of drugs is to read the label instructions.", "PMID": 670483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_505", "title": "Postsurgical, chronic, nonprogressive, cutaneous ulcers: a possible variant of pyoderma gangrenosum associated with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Two patients developed persistent ulcers on the trunk after cutaneous surgery. Both had \"chemical\" diabetes mellitus. Bacteriologic and histopathologic studies of the ulcers were not revealing of cause. The characteristics of the ulcers are described, and are contrasted with typical lesions of pyoderma gangrenosum and Meleney's postoperative progressive synergistic bacterial gangrene. We believe these patients had variant lesions of pyoderma gangrenosum.", "contents": "Postsurgical, chronic, nonprogressive, cutaneous ulcers: a possible variant of pyoderma gangrenosum associated with diabetes mellitus. Two patients developed persistent ulcers on the trunk after cutaneous surgery. Both had \"chemical\" diabetes mellitus. Bacteriologic and histopathologic studies of the ulcers were not revealing of cause. The characteristics of the ulcers are described, and are contrasted with typical lesions of pyoderma gangrenosum and Meleney's postoperative progressive synergistic bacterial gangrene. We believe these patients had variant lesions of pyoderma gangrenosum.", "PMID": 670526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_506", "title": "Keratoacanthoma recurrent after surgical excision.", "content": "A 62-year-old man developed a recurrent keratoacanthoma within two and a half weeks after grossly and microscopically complete removal of the primary tumor. X-irradiation of the recurrent lesion caused partial regression, and then intralesional injections of a suspension of triamicinolone caused final resolution of it. Although dermatologists generally practice partial destruction and surgeons almost always do total excision, neither method invariably cures this benign tumor, and repeated treatment may be necessary.", "contents": "Keratoacanthoma recurrent after surgical excision. A 62-year-old man developed a recurrent keratoacanthoma within two and a half weeks after grossly and microscopically complete removal of the primary tumor. X-irradiation of the recurrent lesion caused partial regression, and then intralesional injections of a suspension of triamicinolone caused final resolution of it. Although dermatologists generally practice partial destruction and surgeons almost always do total excision, neither method invariably cures this benign tumor, and repeated treatment may be necessary.", "PMID": 670527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_507", "title": "Hamartomatous basal-cell carcinoma.", "content": "A 25-year-old woman developed a basal-cell carcinoma in the skin over the right scapula. The histopathology of the lesion revealed elements of typical basal-cell carcinoma as well as adenoid, trichoepitheliomatous, and ductal differentiation. Hamartomatous basal-cell carcimoma is a rare variant of ordinary basal-cell carcinoma as well as adenoid, trichoepitheliomatous, and viduals. It is a less aggressive neoplasm and may remain stationary for years. Its recognition as an entity brings awareness that basal-cell carcinomas sometimes occur in young persons.", "contents": "Hamartomatous basal-cell carcinoma. A 25-year-old woman developed a basal-cell carcinoma in the skin over the right scapula. The histopathology of the lesion revealed elements of typical basal-cell carcinoma as well as adenoid, trichoepitheliomatous, and ductal differentiation. Hamartomatous basal-cell carcimoma is a rare variant of ordinary basal-cell carcinoma as well as adenoid, trichoepitheliomatous, and viduals. It is a less aggressive neoplasm and may remain stationary for years. Its recognition as an entity brings awareness that basal-cell carcinomas sometimes occur in young persons.", "PMID": 670528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_508", "title": "Punch biopsies of nails: a simple, valuable procedure.", "content": "A simple technique for punch biopsies of nails is described. Local anesthesia with a solution of lidocaine, without epinephrine, is used. Digital block and tourniquet hemostasis are not required. The simplicity of the method ought to encourage more nail biopsies, increase the accuracy of diagnosis and improve treatment of diseases of the nails.", "contents": "Punch biopsies of nails: a simple, valuable procedure. A simple technique for punch biopsies of nails is described. Local anesthesia with a solution of lidocaine, without epinephrine, is used. Digital block and tourniquet hemostasis are not required. The simplicity of the method ought to encourage more nail biopsies, increase the accuracy of diagnosis and improve treatment of diseases of the nails.", "PMID": 670529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_509", "title": "Malignant melanoma and subsequent other malignancies.", "content": "This report describes two young men who suffered from cutaneous malignant melanomas and subsequently other malignancies, namely, adrenal in one and testicular in the other.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma and subsequent other malignancies. This report describes two young men who suffered from cutaneous malignant melanomas and subsequently other malignancies, namely, adrenal in one and testicular in the other.", "PMID": 670530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_510", "title": "Two methods of assessing the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern in Belgium.", "content": "Two methods developed in U.S.A. for measuring the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern--the Structured Interview and the self-administered Activity Survey, were translated into French and Flemish and utilized in a large preventive cardiology study in Belgium. The distribution of behavior-type judgments made by trained interviewers were compared to similar data from North America and found to be similarly symmetrical but clustering more toward central categories in Belgium. The Activity Survey, when scored by the scoring key developed in California, yielded averages for this Belgian group which appeared to be more in the Type B direction than the California sample, particularly in terms of Job-Involvement and tendencies toward haste and impatience. The Activity Survey scales and Structured Interview judgments showed a strong correspondence, with a 70% agreement observed between the Interview and Type A scores. This comparability between findings in Belgium and U.S.A. suggests that the concept of the Type A behavior pattern has sufficient cross-cultural validity to permit the derivation of reliable measurements and to make feasible the determination of whether Type A behavior is a risk factor for coronary disease internationally.", "contents": "Two methods of assessing the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern in Belgium. Two methods developed in U.S.A. for measuring the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern--the Structured Interview and the self-administered Activity Survey, were translated into French and Flemish and utilized in a large preventive cardiology study in Belgium. The distribution of behavior-type judgments made by trained interviewers were compared to similar data from North America and found to be similarly symmetrical but clustering more toward central categories in Belgium. The Activity Survey, when scored by the scoring key developed in California, yielded averages for this Belgian group which appeared to be more in the Type B direction than the California sample, particularly in terms of Job-Involvement and tendencies toward haste and impatience. The Activity Survey scales and Structured Interview judgments showed a strong correspondence, with a 70% agreement observed between the Interview and Type A scores. This comparability between findings in Belgium and U.S.A. suggests that the concept of the Type A behavior pattern has sufficient cross-cultural validity to permit the derivation of reliable measurements and to make feasible the determination of whether Type A behavior is a risk factor for coronary disease internationally.", "PMID": 670535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_511", "title": "Hypertension and myocardial infarction.", "content": "In a representative series of male patients (n = 504) surviving the hospital stay of a first myocardial infarction the prevalence of hypertension and the influence of hypertension on the prognosis during 2 yr follow-up were studied. According to the definitions used hypertension had been detected before or was detected after myocardial infarction in 36% of the patients. Two thirds had a history of hypertension known before infarction. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured at 3 months and 1 yr after infarction increased with age. There was no difference between patients with and without hypertension with respect to a number of different variables recorded during the hospital period, nor in multiple risk according to a logistic function. There was no difference in death rate between the two groups. However, the rate of non-fatal reinfarction was significantly higher among the hypertensive patients. Hypertension remained as a risk factor for after myocardial infarction when the possible confounding influences of serum lipid levels and tobacco smoking were analysed.", "contents": "Hypertension and myocardial infarction. In a representative series of male patients (n = 504) surviving the hospital stay of a first myocardial infarction the prevalence of hypertension and the influence of hypertension on the prognosis during 2 yr follow-up were studied. According to the definitions used hypertension had been detected before or was detected after myocardial infarction in 36% of the patients. Two thirds had a history of hypertension known before infarction. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured at 3 months and 1 yr after infarction increased with age. There was no difference between patients with and without hypertension with respect to a number of different variables recorded during the hospital period, nor in multiple risk according to a logistic function. There was no difference in death rate between the two groups. However, the rate of non-fatal reinfarction was significantly higher among the hypertensive patients. Hypertension remained as a risk factor for after myocardial infarction when the possible confounding influences of serum lipid levels and tobacco smoking were analysed.", "PMID": 670536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_512", "title": "Sampling behavior of cohort rates for recurrent events.", "content": "Large sample properties of cohort rates of recurrent events based on denominators computed from follow-up table quantities are derived and illustrated using health services utilization data. Ignoring the variation in the denominator may result in an inaccurate estimate of the precision of a cohort rate when the loss rate is high and the duration of follow-up long.", "contents": "Sampling behavior of cohort rates for recurrent events. Large sample properties of cohort rates of recurrent events based on denominators computed from follow-up table quantities are derived and illustrated using health services utilization data. Ignoring the variation in the denominator may result in an inaccurate estimate of the precision of a cohort rate when the loss rate is high and the duration of follow-up long.", "PMID": 670537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_513", "title": "Comparison of osteitis condensans ilii and ankylosing spondylitis in female patients: clinical, radiological and HLA typing characteristics.", "content": "A study comparing 12 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) to 25 with osteitis condensans ilii (OCI), referred to a rheumatic disease center, was carried out to determine whether OCI represents a varient of AS in women. In the group with OCI, chronic lumbodorsal pain was present in 9, 36%, a 'fibrositis' syndrome in 6, 24%, and 16, 64% had recurrent episodes of polyarthralgia. A definite arthritis with effusion developed in 10 patients, 40%. No patient with OCI had iritis or colitis, whereas 4 patients with AS had iritis and four had colitis. Radiographs of the spine showed no evidence of spondylitis in the OCI group. Of the 25 patients with OCI, only 2, 8% were HLA B27 positive compared with 11 of 12 patients with AS, 92%. These results suggest that OCI is not a variant of AS in women.", "contents": "Comparison of osteitis condensans ilii and ankylosing spondylitis in female patients: clinical, radiological and HLA typing characteristics. A study comparing 12 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) to 25 with osteitis condensans ilii (OCI), referred to a rheumatic disease center, was carried out to determine whether OCI represents a varient of AS in women. In the group with OCI, chronic lumbodorsal pain was present in 9, 36%, a 'fibrositis' syndrome in 6, 24%, and 16, 64% had recurrent episodes of polyarthralgia. A definite arthritis with effusion developed in 10 patients, 40%. No patient with OCI had iritis or colitis, whereas 4 patients with AS had iritis and four had colitis. Radiographs of the spine showed no evidence of spondylitis in the OCI group. Of the 25 patients with OCI, only 2, 8% were HLA B27 positive compared with 11 of 12 patients with AS, 92%. These results suggest that OCI is not a variant of AS in women.", "PMID": 670538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_514", "title": "Evaluation of multiple causes of death in occupational mortality studies.", "content": "An exploratory examination of the possibility of using multiple causes of death information from death certificates in mortality studies has been undertaken. The formation of a matrix of primary by contributory causes has been suggested. The matrix gives an overall picture of mortality patterns, serves as a scheme to identify disease combinations, and can be utilized as a data-editing device. From the matrix, several conventional, as well as several new statistics can be computed. The methodology has been illustrated with data from a cohort of steelworkers. The gain in information as a result of routinely recording multiple causes of death has also been discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of multiple causes of death in occupational mortality studies. An exploratory examination of the possibility of using multiple causes of death information from death certificates in mortality studies has been undertaken. The formation of a matrix of primary by contributory causes has been suggested. The matrix gives an overall picture of mortality patterns, serves as a scheme to identify disease combinations, and can be utilized as a data-editing device. From the matrix, several conventional, as well as several new statistics can be computed. The methodology has been illustrated with data from a cohort of steelworkers. The gain in information as a result of routinely recording multiple causes of death has also been discussed.", "PMID": 670539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_515", "title": "Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism--case report and observation of dissociated renin and erythropoietin activity.", "content": "A case is reported of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, diagnosed during an evaluation of hyperkalemia. Urine and plasma aldosterone concentrations were depressed despite hyperkalemia and were not responsive to ACTH, cosyntropin, and angiotensin 2. Adrenal glucocorticoid function was normal. Plasma renin activity also was low, and was hyporesponsive to stimulation, including intravascular volume contraction and potassium depletion. Autonomic nervous function was intact. Of the 32 previously reported cases of selective hypoaldosteronism, plasma renin activity was low in the majority of cases in which it was measured. A classification of the types of selective hypoaldosteronism is presented. It is of interest that the serum erythropoietin activity in this case was increased while plasma renin activity was markedly depressed.", "contents": "Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism--case report and observation of dissociated renin and erythropoietin activity. A case is reported of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, diagnosed during an evaluation of hyperkalemia. Urine and plasma aldosterone concentrations were depressed despite hyperkalemia and were not responsive to ACTH, cosyntropin, and angiotensin 2. Adrenal glucocorticoid function was normal. Plasma renin activity also was low, and was hyporesponsive to stimulation, including intravascular volume contraction and potassium depletion. Autonomic nervous function was intact. Of the 32 previously reported cases of selective hypoaldosteronism, plasma renin activity was low in the majority of cases in which it was measured. A classification of the types of selective hypoaldosteronism is presented. It is of interest that the serum erythropoietin activity in this case was increased while plasma renin activity was markedly depressed.", "PMID": 670540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_516", "title": "Tympanic membrane perforations in cats: configurations of losses with and without ear canal extensions.", "content": "In cat, a small tympanic membrane (TM) perforation produces a low-frequency loss--in terms of sound pressure changes (deltaSP) in front of the TM re a 10-micronV round window cochlear microphonic (RW CM)--that varies inversely with frequency at a rate of 12dB/octave with a surgically shortened external auditory meatus (EAM). Losses were determined at the outer opening (deltaSP00) and at the TM (deltaSPTM) of four artificial EAM's of various lengths, volumes, and leakiness. In the low-frequency region, a leaky EAM produced a flat loss. In the midfrequency region, the flatness of losses was attributable to (1) the length of the EAM and (2) the location at which the loss was determined. EAM volume was not related to the configuration of the loss. Losses, under all conditions, were always identical in shape and magnitude for the open and closed systems. Clinically, hearing losses due to TM perforations are essentially frequency independent, especially in the low frequencies. The relation between voltage changes (deltaV) across the transducer and losses with different EAM's suggests that the discrepency between audiometric results and CM losses--at least in the high and midfrequencies--may be due to the use of precalibrated SPL's in clinical audiometry.", "contents": "Tympanic membrane perforations in cats: configurations of losses with and without ear canal extensions. In cat, a small tympanic membrane (TM) perforation produces a low-frequency loss--in terms of sound pressure changes (deltaSP) in front of the TM re a 10-micronV round window cochlear microphonic (RW CM)--that varies inversely with frequency at a rate of 12dB/octave with a surgically shortened external auditory meatus (EAM). Losses were determined at the outer opening (deltaSP00) and at the TM (deltaSPTM) of four artificial EAM's of various lengths, volumes, and leakiness. In the low-frequency region, a leaky EAM produced a flat loss. In the midfrequency region, the flatness of losses was attributable to (1) the length of the EAM and (2) the location at which the loss was determined. EAM volume was not related to the configuration of the loss. Losses, under all conditions, were always identical in shape and magnitude for the open and closed systems. Clinically, hearing losses due to TM perforations are essentially frequency independent, especially in the low frequencies. The relation between voltage changes (deltaV) across the transducer and losses with different EAM's suggests that the discrepency between audiometric results and CM losses--at least in the high and midfrequencies--may be due to the use of precalibrated SPL's in clinical audiometry.", "PMID": 670541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_517", "title": "Auditory-nerve response from cats raised in a low-noise chamber.", "content": "A litter of four cats, born and raised in a soundproofed chamber, was studied in an attempt to determine which, if any, features of the auditory-nerve response from routinely available cats might be due to the chronic effects of noise exposure. Two features of routine-normal response were especially suspect in this regard: (1) a \"notch\" in the distribution of single-unit thresholds centered at characteristic frequencies (CF's) near 3 kHz and (2) a compression of the distribution of rates of spontaneous discharge for units with CF above 10 kHz. A third feature of response in routine animals was the presence of a small number (roughly 10%) of units with virtually no spontaneous discharge and very high thresholds, sometimes 80 dB less sensitive than high-spontaneous units of similar CF. In the data from chamber-raised animals, the high-spontaneous units showed exceptionally low thresholds at all CF regions, however, there were signs of the midfrequency notch in the threshold distribution of at least two of these animals. The compression of the spontaneous rate distribution was not seen in any of the three most sensitive animals. The data suggest that there is a significant amount of \"normal pathology\" in the high-CF units from routine animals. Low-spontaneous, high-threshold units were present in all four chamber-raised ears with the same characteristics as in routine animals (exceptionally narrow tuning curves and exceptionally low maximum discharge rates) and at roughly the same percentage of the unit sample. A class of units with medium spontaneous rates and intermediate thresholds could also be identified. The possible significance of a classification of auditory-nerve units according to spontaneous rate is discussed.", "contents": "Auditory-nerve response from cats raised in a low-noise chamber. A litter of four cats, born and raised in a soundproofed chamber, was studied in an attempt to determine which, if any, features of the auditory-nerve response from routinely available cats might be due to the chronic effects of noise exposure. Two features of routine-normal response were especially suspect in this regard: (1) a \"notch\" in the distribution of single-unit thresholds centered at characteristic frequencies (CF's) near 3 kHz and (2) a compression of the distribution of rates of spontaneous discharge for units with CF above 10 kHz. A third feature of response in routine animals was the presence of a small number (roughly 10%) of units with virtually no spontaneous discharge and very high thresholds, sometimes 80 dB less sensitive than high-spontaneous units of similar CF. In the data from chamber-raised animals, the high-spontaneous units showed exceptionally low thresholds at all CF regions, however, there were signs of the midfrequency notch in the threshold distribution of at least two of these animals. The compression of the spontaneous rate distribution was not seen in any of the three most sensitive animals. The data suggest that there is a significant amount of \"normal pathology\" in the high-CF units from routine animals. Low-spontaneous, high-threshold units were present in all four chamber-raised ears with the same characteristics as in routine animals (exceptionally narrow tuning curves and exceptionally low maximum discharge rates) and at roughly the same percentage of the unit sample. A class of units with medium spontaneous rates and intermediate thresholds could also be identified. The possible significance of a classification of auditory-nerve units according to spontaneous rate is discussed.", "PMID": 670542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_518", "title": "Categorical perception--phenomenon or epiphenomenon: evidence from experiments in the perception of melodic musical intervals.", "content": "Categorical perception was investigated in a series of experiments on the perception of melodic musical intervals (sequential frequency ratios). When procedures equivalent to those typically used in speech-perception experiments were employed, i.e., determination of identification and discrimination functions for stimuli separated by equal physical increments), musical intervals were perceived categorically by trained musicians. When a variable-step-size (adaptive) discrimination procedure was used, evidence of categorical perception (in the form of smaller interval-width DL's for ratios at identification category boundaries than for ratios within categories), although present initially, largely disappeared after subjects had reached asymptotic performance. However, equal-step-size discrimination functions obtained after observers had reached asymptotic performance in the adaptive paradigm were not substantially different from those initially obtained. The results of other experiments imply that this dependence of categorical perception on procedure may be related to differences in stimulus uncertainty between the procedures. An experiment on the perception of melodic intervals by musically untrained observers showed no evidence for the existence of \"natural\" categories for musical intervals.", "contents": "Categorical perception--phenomenon or epiphenomenon: evidence from experiments in the perception of melodic musical intervals. Categorical perception was investigated in a series of experiments on the perception of melodic musical intervals (sequential frequency ratios). When procedures equivalent to those typically used in speech-perception experiments were employed, i.e., determination of identification and discrimination functions for stimuli separated by equal physical increments), musical intervals were perceived categorically by trained musicians. When a variable-step-size (adaptive) discrimination procedure was used, evidence of categorical perception (in the form of smaller interval-width DL's for ratios at identification category boundaries than for ratios within categories), although present initially, largely disappeared after subjects had reached asymptotic performance. However, equal-step-size discrimination functions obtained after observers had reached asymptotic performance in the adaptive paradigm were not substantially different from those initially obtained. The results of other experiments imply that this dependence of categorical perception on procedure may be related to differences in stimulus uncertainty between the procedures. An experiment on the perception of melodic intervals by musically untrained observers showed no evidence for the existence of \"natural\" categories for musical intervals.", "PMID": 670543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_519", "title": "Temporal integration of tone glides.", "content": "Temporal integration of rising and falling tone glides against a 50-2800-Hz background of noise at a sound pressure level of 60 dB re 20 micronPa was studied in two experiments. Glides were in the frequency ranges 200-700 Hz and 1200-1700 Hz for durations of 5-120 ms. Results indicate an asymmetry in the detectability of rising and falling glides of short duration, with rising glides detected at lower signal intensities in both frequency ranges. These effects are discussed in terms of differences in pattern of frequency analysis of identical, but temporally reversed, waveforms.", "contents": "Temporal integration of tone glides. Temporal integration of rising and falling tone glides against a 50-2800-Hz background of noise at a sound pressure level of 60 dB re 20 micronPa was studied in two experiments. Glides were in the frequency ranges 200-700 Hz and 1200-1700 Hz for durations of 5-120 ms. Results indicate an asymmetry in the detectability of rising and falling glides of short duration, with rising glides detected at lower signal intensities in both frequency ranges. These effects are discussed in terms of differences in pattern of frequency analysis of identical, but temporally reversed, waveforms.", "PMID": 670544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_520", "title": "Compatibility between psychophysical and physiological measurements of aural combination tones.", "content": "Neural studies of combination-tone (CT) responses in the eighth nerve and antroventral cochlear nucleus of anesthetized cats give evidence of stimuluslike intracochlear CT's with a similar amplitude spectrum as inferred from human psychophysics. An unsolved problem raised in these studies is the gross discrepency between the phase of CT's measured psychophysically and neurally. It is unknown whether incompatibility lies in the cochleas or the criteria for measuring CT's in the different experiments. New psychophysical experiments were developed to clarify this issue. Secondary CT's (SCT) were generated by the interaction between a primary cubic CT (CTT) and a third tone in the stimulus. The SCT measured by cancellation exhibits similar properties to those of a CT generated by the comparable two-tone stimulus. The SCT is eliminated when the CCT is cancelled. These findings support the view that CT's exist in the cochlea as spatially distinct, stimuluslike excitations, and that CT excitations are eliminated by psychophysical cancellation. The SCT phase provides a measure of the CCT phase without requiring direct cancellation of the CCT. Phase measurements by the new indirect and older direct methods imply that the CT phase may be constant with changing sound level of the primary stimulus as found in the neural studies; these measurements also reveal nonlinear phase effects not found in neural studies. The new data suggest that the CT phase discrepancy may be caused by a real difference between the nonlinear mechanisms in the alert humans and anesthetized cats, and provide new constraints for clarifying this issue through further study.", "contents": "Compatibility between psychophysical and physiological measurements of aural combination tones. Neural studies of combination-tone (CT) responses in the eighth nerve and antroventral cochlear nucleus of anesthetized cats give evidence of stimuluslike intracochlear CT's with a similar amplitude spectrum as inferred from human psychophysics. An unsolved problem raised in these studies is the gross discrepency between the phase of CT's measured psychophysically and neurally. It is unknown whether incompatibility lies in the cochleas or the criteria for measuring CT's in the different experiments. New psychophysical experiments were developed to clarify this issue. Secondary CT's (SCT) were generated by the interaction between a primary cubic CT (CTT) and a third tone in the stimulus. The SCT measured by cancellation exhibits similar properties to those of a CT generated by the comparable two-tone stimulus. The SCT is eliminated when the CCT is cancelled. These findings support the view that CT's exist in the cochlea as spatially distinct, stimuluslike excitations, and that CT excitations are eliminated by psychophysical cancellation. The SCT phase provides a measure of the CCT phase without requiring direct cancellation of the CCT. Phase measurements by the new indirect and older direct methods imply that the CT phase may be constant with changing sound level of the primary stimulus as found in the neural studies; these measurements also reveal nonlinear phase effects not found in neural studies. The new data suggest that the CT phase discrepancy may be caused by a real difference between the nonlinear mechanisms in the alert humans and anesthetized cats, and provide new constraints for clarifying this issue through further study.", "PMID": 670545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_521", "title": "Verification of the optimal probabilistic basis of aural processing in pitch of complex tones.", "content": "Periodicity pitch for complex tones has been quantitatively accounted for by a two-stage process of Fourier-frequency analysis subject to random errors and significant nonlinearities, followed by an harmonic pattern recognizer that makes an optimum probabilistic estimate of the fundamental period of musical and speech sounds. The theory predicts that periodicity pitch is a multimodal probabilistic function of a given stimulus. A clear and empirically supported distinction is made between limitations on the pitch mechanism caused by the stochastic nature of aural frequency representation and by the deterministic resolution bandwidths of aural frequency analysis. This model was developed earlier [J. L. Goldstein, J. Acoust. Soc. Am 54, 1496-1516 (1973)] to account for probabilistic data on pitch errors [A. J. M. Houtsma and J. L. Goldstein, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 520 (1972)] measured with periodic stimuli comprising two successive harmonics. This paper presents new predictions by the theory that were calculated, with computer simulation where needed, for known probabilistic pitch data from stimuli comprising three to six successive harmonics. Predicted pitch errors increase with increasing errors in estimating the frequencies of stimulus harmonics and decrease as more harmonics are added to the stimulus. Optimum processor theory fully accounts for the multicomponent pitch data on the basis of similar errors in estimating component stimulus frequencies as reported earlier, thus providing further evidence for the optimum probabilistic basis of aural signal processing in pitch of complex tones.", "contents": "Verification of the optimal probabilistic basis of aural processing in pitch of complex tones. Periodicity pitch for complex tones has been quantitatively accounted for by a two-stage process of Fourier-frequency analysis subject to random errors and significant nonlinearities, followed by an harmonic pattern recognizer that makes an optimum probabilistic estimate of the fundamental period of musical and speech sounds. The theory predicts that periodicity pitch is a multimodal probabilistic function of a given stimulus. A clear and empirically supported distinction is made between limitations on the pitch mechanism caused by the stochastic nature of aural frequency representation and by the deterministic resolution bandwidths of aural frequency analysis. This model was developed earlier [J. L. Goldstein, J. Acoust. Soc. Am 54, 1496-1516 (1973)] to account for probabilistic data on pitch errors [A. J. M. Houtsma and J. L. Goldstein, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 520 (1972)] measured with periodic stimuli comprising two successive harmonics. This paper presents new predictions by the theory that were calculated, with computer simulation where needed, for known probabilistic pitch data from stimuli comprising three to six successive harmonics. Predicted pitch errors increase with increasing errors in estimating the frequencies of stimulus harmonics and decrease as more harmonics are added to the stimulus. Optimum processor theory fully accounts for the multicomponent pitch data on the basis of similar errors in estimating component stimulus frequencies as reported earlier, thus providing further evidence for the optimum probabilistic basis of aural signal processing in pitch of complex tones.", "PMID": 670546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_522", "title": "Evidence for a general template in central optimal processing for pitch of complex tones.", "content": "Optimum processor theory successfully accounts for earlier pitch data by including the constraint that component tones in a complex stimulus are estimated as successive harmonics. This constraint gives the paradoxical prediction that a periodic complex tone comprising nonsuccessive harmonics cannot evoke periodicity pitch corresponding to its period. Most published data from pitch-shift experiments imply the necessity for this constraint. New periodicity pitch experiments on pitch shift and musical interval recognition were performed which prove that the theoretical constraint is not generally true. New and old data are reconciled by replacing the maximum likelihood estimation of the theory with maximum posterior probability estimation and removing the successive harmonic constraint. Periodicity pitch is estimated by optimizing the match between the aurally measured frequencies of stimulus components and a general harmonic template over some a priori expected pitch range. The new, more general, formulation reduces in many experimental situations to the successive harmonic constraint as a special case.", "contents": "Evidence for a general template in central optimal processing for pitch of complex tones. Optimum processor theory successfully accounts for earlier pitch data by including the constraint that component tones in a complex stimulus are estimated as successive harmonics. This constraint gives the paradoxical prediction that a periodic complex tone comprising nonsuccessive harmonics cannot evoke periodicity pitch corresponding to its period. Most published data from pitch-shift experiments imply the necessity for this constraint. New periodicity pitch experiments on pitch shift and musical interval recognition were performed which prove that the theoretical constraint is not generally true. New and old data are reconciled by replacing the maximum likelihood estimation of the theory with maximum posterior probability estimation and removing the successive harmonic constraint. Periodicity pitch is estimated by optimizing the match between the aurally measured frequencies of stimulus components and a general harmonic template over some a priori expected pitch range. The new, more general, formulation reduces in many experimental situations to the successive harmonic constraint as a special case.", "PMID": 670547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_523", "title": "Detectability of varying interaural temporal differences.", "content": "Detectability and salience of time-varying interaural temporal differences (IATD's) were measured in three experiments by determining observers' ability to follow the temporal fluctuations of a \"moving stimulus\"--a 3000-Hz low-pass computer-generated noise presented binaurally with a sinusoidally varying IATD. In the first two experiments the peak IATD (deltat the \"extent of movement\") was manipulated to determine, for different rates of interaural variation (fm), threshold discriminability of the \"moving\" stimulus from a reference (two-interval forced-choice paradigm). The nonmoving reference was either a dichotic noise stimulus (experiment 1) or a dichotic noise stimulus whose \"image width\" matched that of the excursions traced by the \"moving stimulus\" (experiment 2). Threshold deltat's in the two experiments were similar, increasing from 30 microns at fm = 0 Hz to 90 microns at fm = 20 Hz, indicating a \"low-pass characteristic\" for the binaural system. Thresholds decreased again for fm = 50 Hz, apparently because at these high rates of \"movement\" observers used other cues than the varying IATD's to perform the task. The third experiment measured the threshold of a binaural click in the presence of a \"moving noise\" masker as a function of fm and of the instantaneous IATD of the masker when the click was presented. As fm increased, click threshold gradually became independent of the masker's instantaneous IATD, again suggesting a \"low-pass\" characteristic for the binaural system; additionally, there was some evidence for a lag in the system's response for fm greater than 5 Hz. The data from the three experiments are discussed in terms of results from other studies which have investigated temporal aspects of the binaural system. The possible existence of movement detectors in the auditory system is discussed.", "contents": "Detectability of varying interaural temporal differences. Detectability and salience of time-varying interaural temporal differences (IATD's) were measured in three experiments by determining observers' ability to follow the temporal fluctuations of a \"moving stimulus\"--a 3000-Hz low-pass computer-generated noise presented binaurally with a sinusoidally varying IATD. In the first two experiments the peak IATD (deltat the \"extent of movement\") was manipulated to determine, for different rates of interaural variation (fm), threshold discriminability of the \"moving\" stimulus from a reference (two-interval forced-choice paradigm). The nonmoving reference was either a dichotic noise stimulus (experiment 1) or a dichotic noise stimulus whose \"image width\" matched that of the excursions traced by the \"moving stimulus\" (experiment 2). Threshold deltat's in the two experiments were similar, increasing from 30 microns at fm = 0 Hz to 90 microns at fm = 20 Hz, indicating a \"low-pass characteristic\" for the binaural system. Thresholds decreased again for fm = 50 Hz, apparently because at these high rates of \"movement\" observers used other cues than the varying IATD's to perform the task. The third experiment measured the threshold of a binaural click in the presence of a \"moving noise\" masker as a function of fm and of the instantaneous IATD of the masker when the click was presented. As fm increased, click threshold gradually became independent of the masker's instantaneous IATD, again suggesting a \"low-pass\" characteristic for the binaural system; additionally, there was some evidence for a lag in the system's response for fm greater than 5 Hz. The data from the three experiments are discussed in terms of results from other studies which have investigated temporal aspects of the binaural system. The possible existence of movement detectors in the auditory system is discussed.", "PMID": 670548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_524", "title": "Psychophysical tuning curves measured in simultaneous and forward masking.", "content": "The level of a masker necessary to mask a probe fixed in frequency and level was determined as a function of masker frequency using a two-interval forced-choice technique. Both simultaneous- and forward- masking techniques were used. Parameters investigated include the level of the probe tone and the frequency of the probe tone. The general form of the psychophysical tuning curves obtained in this way is quite similar to that of single-neurone tuning curves, when low-level probe tones are used. However, the curves obtained to forward masking generally show sharper tips and steeper slopes than those found in simultaneous masking, and they are also generally sharper than neurophysiological tuning curves. For frequencies of the masker close to that of the probe a simultaneous masker was sometimes less effective than a forward masker. The results are discussed in relation to possible lateral suppression effects in simultaneous masking, and in relation to the observer's use of pitch cues in forward masking. It is concluded that neither the simultaneous-masking curves nor the forward-masking curves are likely to give an accurate representation of human neural tuning curves.", "contents": "Psychophysical tuning curves measured in simultaneous and forward masking. The level of a masker necessary to mask a probe fixed in frequency and level was determined as a function of masker frequency using a two-interval forced-choice technique. Both simultaneous- and forward- masking techniques were used. Parameters investigated include the level of the probe tone and the frequency of the probe tone. The general form of the psychophysical tuning curves obtained in this way is quite similar to that of single-neurone tuning curves, when low-level probe tones are used. However, the curves obtained to forward masking generally show sharper tips and steeper slopes than those found in simultaneous masking, and they are also generally sharper than neurophysiological tuning curves. For frequencies of the masker close to that of the probe a simultaneous masker was sometimes less effective than a forward masker. The results are discussed in relation to possible lateral suppression effects in simultaneous masking, and in relation to the observer's use of pitch cues in forward masking. It is concluded that neither the simultaneous-masking curves nor the forward-masking curves are likely to give an accurate representation of human neural tuning curves.", "PMID": 670549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_525", "title": "Auditory handicap of hearing impairment and the limited benefit of hearing aids.", "content": "The aim of this article is to promote a better understanding of hearing impairment as a communicative handicap, primarily in noisy environments, and to explain by means of a quantitative model the essentially limited applicability of hearing aids. After data on the prevalence of hearing impairment and of auditory handicap have been reviewed, it is explained that every hearing loss for speech can be interpreted as the sum of a loss class A (attenuation), characterized by a reduction of the levels of both speech signal and noise, and a loss D (distortion), comparable with a decrease in speech-to-noise ratio. On the average, the hearing loss of class D (hearing loss in noise) appears to be about one-third (in decibels) of the total hearing loss (A + D, hearing loss in quiet). A hearing aid can compensate for class-A-hearing losses, giving difficulties primarily in quiet, but not for class-D hearing losses, giving difficulties primarily in noise. The latter class represents the first stage of auditory handicap, beginning at an average hearing loss of about 24 dB.", "contents": "Auditory handicap of hearing impairment and the limited benefit of hearing aids. The aim of this article is to promote a better understanding of hearing impairment as a communicative handicap, primarily in noisy environments, and to explain by means of a quantitative model the essentially limited applicability of hearing aids. After data on the prevalence of hearing impairment and of auditory handicap have been reviewed, it is explained that every hearing loss for speech can be interpreted as the sum of a loss class A (attenuation), characterized by a reduction of the levels of both speech signal and noise, and a loss D (distortion), comparable with a decrease in speech-to-noise ratio. On the average, the hearing loss of class D (hearing loss in noise) appears to be about one-third (in decibels) of the total hearing loss (A + D, hearing loss in quiet). A hearing aid can compensate for class-A-hearing losses, giving difficulties primarily in quiet, but not for class-D hearing losses, giving difficulties primarily in noise. The latter class represents the first stage of auditory handicap, beginning at an average hearing loss of about 24 dB.", "PMID": 670550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_526", "title": "Temporal switching between binaural information sources.", "content": "An estimate of the rate of perceptual switching between two binaural information sources was sought by a procedure which employed an emergent perceptual property--the shape of the binaural sound image. Random polarity-modulated pulse trains were delivered to the two ears with controlled periods of interaural phase agreement and of phase disagreement. As the rate of alternation between the two interaural states is increased, discrimination suffers. With equal periods of phase agreement and disagreement, threshold periods of 2.2-3.4 ms, or about 300-450 alternations per second, are obtained. Such rates far exceed estimates of the rate of interaural switching obtained by other experimental paradigms. With unequal periods of agreements and disagreements, a minimum threshold period of 1.5 ms is the limiting factor. Large individual differences were noted. Other procedures for coding binary information yielded similar results. Rapid switching rate thresholds are obtained for narrow-band signals over a wide frequency range. A \"central integration time\" is identified with the threshold interaural switching period, and appears to be identical with the minimum integration time for monaural tasks.", "contents": "Temporal switching between binaural information sources. An estimate of the rate of perceptual switching between two binaural information sources was sought by a procedure which employed an emergent perceptual property--the shape of the binaural sound image. Random polarity-modulated pulse trains were delivered to the two ears with controlled periods of interaural phase agreement and of phase disagreement. As the rate of alternation between the two interaural states is increased, discrimination suffers. With equal periods of phase agreement and disagreement, threshold periods of 2.2-3.4 ms, or about 300-450 alternations per second, are obtained. Such rates far exceed estimates of the rate of interaural switching obtained by other experimental paradigms. With unequal periods of agreements and disagreements, a minimum threshold period of 1.5 ms is the limiting factor. Large individual differences were noted. Other procedures for coding binary information yielded similar results. Rapid switching rate thresholds are obtained for narrow-band signals over a wide frequency range. A \"central integration time\" is identified with the threshold interaural switching period, and appears to be identical with the minimum integration time for monaural tasks.", "PMID": 670551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_527", "title": "Auditory thresholds and kanamycin-induced hearing loss in the guinea pig assessed by a positive reinforcement procedure.", "content": "Absolute thresholds from 125 Hz to 52 kHz are determined for six guinea pigs trained by a positive reinforcement method. Four to five hundred trials were conducted during daily testing sessions and little between- or within-subject variability was found. Two of the six animals were subsequently treated with kanamycin and the development of a hearing loss for the high frequencies was followed. Loss of outer and to a lesser extent inner hair cells was well correlated with the threshold shift observed. Contrary to the experience of previous investigators, this operant training procedure has proved as efficient as that for other species of experimental animals, such as the monkey and the chinchilla. It holds excellent promise for future auditory behavioral work with the guinea pig.", "contents": "Auditory thresholds and kanamycin-induced hearing loss in the guinea pig assessed by a positive reinforcement procedure. Absolute thresholds from 125 Hz to 52 kHz are determined for six guinea pigs trained by a positive reinforcement method. Four to five hundred trials were conducted during daily testing sessions and little between- or within-subject variability was found. Two of the six animals were subsequently treated with kanamycin and the development of a hearing loss for the high frequencies was followed. Loss of outer and to a lesser extent inner hair cells was well correlated with the threshold shift observed. Contrary to the experience of previous investigators, this operant training procedure has proved as efficient as that for other species of experimental animals, such as the monkey and the chinchilla. It holds excellent promise for future auditory behavioral work with the guinea pig.", "PMID": 670552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_528", "title": "Fundamental frequency in the speech of infants and children.", "content": "Fundamental frequency ranges of six normal infants and children from 33 to 169 weeks were determined by narrow-band spectrographic analysis. Fundamental frequency values ranged from 30 to 2500 Hz, well outside the values reported in previous studies of noncry utterances. The use of fry, modal, and high registers is also discussed.", "contents": "Fundamental frequency in the speech of infants and children. Fundamental frequency ranges of six normal infants and children from 33 to 169 weeks were determined by narrow-band spectrographic analysis. Fundamental frequency values ranged from 30 to 2500 Hz, well outside the values reported in previous studies of noncry utterances. The use of fry, modal, and high registers is also discussed.", "PMID": 670553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_529", "title": "Asymptotic threshold shift in chinchillas exposed to impulse noise.", "content": "Five monaural chinchillas were exposed to a repetitive, reverberant, impulse noise for ten days. The impulse-noise source was a mechanized hammer hitting a steel plate at a rate of 1/s. The average, peak over pressure within the holding cage was 113 dB SPL. Auditory thresholds were determined before and after exposure at 0.5, 1, 1.4 2, 2.8, 4, 8, and 16 kHz  utilizing shock-avoidance conditioning. During  exposure thresholds were monitored on a daily basis at 0.5 and 8 kHz. Within one hour from the start of the exposure, threshold shift at 8 kHz had reached an asymptotic level, while threshold shift at 0.5 kHz leveled off after 24 h of exposure. Asymptotic threshold shift (ATS) levels of both  frequencies varied between 30 and 50 dB across animals. Median threshold shift for both frequencies recovered to within 10 dB of normal after 40 days of recovery. Maximum permanent threshold shift (PTS) was at 2 and 2.8 KHZ with median PTS of 17 and 13 dB, respectively. After final thresholds were obtained (50-70 days), the cochleas were examined histologically using the surface preparation technique. A comparison is made between impulse-noise-induced ATS and ATS produced by continuous-noise sources.", "contents": "Asymptotic threshold shift in chinchillas exposed to impulse noise. Five monaural chinchillas were exposed to a repetitive, reverberant, impulse noise for ten days. The impulse-noise source was a mechanized hammer hitting a steel plate at a rate of 1/s. The average, peak over pressure within the holding cage was 113 dB SPL. Auditory thresholds were determined before and after exposure at 0.5, 1, 1.4 2, 2.8, 4, 8, and 16 kHz  utilizing shock-avoidance conditioning. During  exposure thresholds were monitored on a daily basis at 0.5 and 8 kHz. Within one hour from the start of the exposure, threshold shift at 8 kHz had reached an asymptotic level, while threshold shift at 0.5 kHz leveled off after 24 h of exposure. Asymptotic threshold shift (ATS) levels of both  frequencies varied between 30 and 50 dB across animals. Median threshold shift for both frequencies recovered to within 10 dB of normal after 40 days of recovery. Maximum permanent threshold shift (PTS) was at 2 and 2.8 KHZ with median PTS of 17 and 13 dB, respectively. After final thresholds were obtained (50-70 days), the cochleas were examined histologically using the surface preparation technique. A comparison is made between impulse-noise-induced ATS and ATS produced by continuous-noise sources.", "PMID": 670555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_530", "title": "Adaptation of residue pitch.", "content": "Residue pitch was examined by means of adaptation. The monaural perceptibility of a residue pitch was measured before and after exposure to ipsilateral or contralateral adapatation stimuli of variable spectral composition. Several aspects of adaptation were investigated: pitch channel specificity, number of stimulus components necessary to adapt a residue channel, importance of temporal and spectral factors for adaptation, and the relation between pure-tone and residue pitch. It was found that there are residue-pitch channels specifically sensitive to the spectral region and ear of presentation of the stimulus. At least two harmonics were necessary to adapt a residue channel, and pitch channels were found to be insensitive to temporal factors. Residue and pure-tone pitch seemed to be extracted by different mechanisms, having independent channels. The data presented augment the understanding of pitch perception and suggest refinements for pitch-perception models.", "contents": "Adaptation of residue pitch. Residue pitch was examined by means of adaptation. The monaural perceptibility of a residue pitch was measured before and after exposure to ipsilateral or contralateral adapatation stimuli of variable spectral composition. Several aspects of adaptation were investigated: pitch channel specificity, number of stimulus components necessary to adapt a residue channel, importance of temporal and spectral factors for adaptation, and the relation between pure-tone and residue pitch. It was found that there are residue-pitch channels specifically sensitive to the spectral region and ear of presentation of the stimulus. At least two harmonics were necessary to adapt a residue channel, and pitch channels were found to be insensitive to temporal factors. Residue and pure-tone pitch seemed to be extracted by different mechanisms, having independent channels. The data presented augment the understanding of pitch perception and suggest refinements for pitch-perception models.", "PMID": 670556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_531", "title": "Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation in mammalian tissues.", "content": "A compilation, from the original papers, is presented of the data on the acoustic properties (i.e., velocity and attenuation) of mammalian tissues in the megahertz range of frequencies used in medical ultrasonics. The actual values reported have been quoted to present a clear picture of the current state of knowledge in order to enable it to be assessed and to enable future workers to compare their own results directly. In the 20 years since the last such compilation, the progress in estimating the relative contributions of the animal species, the condition of the tissues, the temperature and frequency at which measurements were made, and the method of measurement to the observed variation has been small. It is hoped that this compilation together with summarizing tables will both be of practical use to the worker in the field and also encourage the establishment of a stronger body of fundamental information for the application of ultrasonics in biology and medicine.", "contents": "Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation in mammalian tissues. A compilation, from the original papers, is presented of the data on the acoustic properties (i.e., velocity and attenuation) of mammalian tissues in the megahertz range of frequencies used in medical ultrasonics. The actual values reported have been quoted to present a clear picture of the current state of knowledge in order to enable it to be assessed and to enable future workers to compare their own results directly. In the 20 years since the last such compilation, the progress in estimating the relative contributions of the animal species, the condition of the tissues, the temperature and frequency at which measurements were made, and the method of measurement to the observed variation has been small. It is hoped that this compilation together with summarizing tables will both be of practical use to the worker in the field and also encourage the establishment of a stronger body of fundamental information for the application of ultrasonics in biology and medicine.", "PMID": 670559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_532", "title": "The distributed response of complex branching duct networks.", "content": "We describe an efficient method for stimulating the distributed response of complex asymmetrically branching networks which satisfy requirements of network self-consistency. Individual tree links may be dispersive and lossy. As a case in point we simulate the response of the human lung, and characterize the variations in pressure with frequency, path, and position. The effects of tree asymmetry are found to be significant above 100 Hz in the air-filled lung.", "contents": "The distributed response of complex branching duct networks. We describe an efficient method for stimulating the distributed response of complex asymmetrically branching networks which satisfy requirements of network self-consistency. Individual tree links may be dispersive and lossy. As a case in point we simulate the response of the human lung, and characterize the variations in pressure with frequency, path, and position. The effects of tree asymmetry are found to be significant above 100 Hz in the air-filled lung.", "PMID": 670560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_533", "title": "A modal perspective of lung response.", "content": "The qualitative modal structure of lung response is investigated. Asymmetry of the branching airway network of the lung leads to clumping of system eigenvalues into distinct and well-separated clusters at low frequency. The breadth of the eigenvalue clusters increases with the degree of asymmetry and frequency. At high frequency the breadth of the clusters exceeds the cluster spacing so that distinct eigenvalue clusters are no longer observed. Symmetric airway networks lead to degenerate mode clusters with large eigenvalue redundancy. The average density of eigenvalues of the undamped system is estimated to be higher than 0.5 per Hz. All modes appear to be in modal overlap.", "contents": "A modal perspective of lung response. The qualitative modal structure of lung response is investigated. Asymmetry of the branching airway network of the lung leads to clumping of system eigenvalues into distinct and well-separated clusters at low frequency. The breadth of the eigenvalue clusters increases with the degree of asymmetry and frequency. At high frequency the breadth of the clusters exceeds the cluster spacing so that distinct eigenvalue clusters are no longer observed. Symmetric airway networks lead to degenerate mode clusters with large eigenvalue redundancy. The average density of eigenvalues of the undamped system is estimated to be higher than 0.5 per Hz. All modes appear to be in modal overlap.", "PMID": 670561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_534", "title": "Infrasound and sound: differentiation of their psychophysiological effects through use of genetically deaf animals.", "content": "The effects of steady-state acoustic stimulation on resistance of fatigue, as shown by reduction of swimming time, was studied on three sublines of mice, one of which is genetically deaf. High frequency (500-10000 Hz) reduce swimming time from 25% to 50% in mice with normal hearing at a 60-80-dB threshold, but have no effect on deaf mice. Low frequencies and infrasounds (6-50 Hz) reduce swimming time in all mice similarly, even deaf animals, but the threshold is higher (160-115 dB). The use of genetically deaf animals therefore permits elimination of the auditory component; differentiation of the effects of air-borne from those of mechanical vibrations are thus possible.", "contents": "Infrasound and sound: differentiation of their psychophysiological effects through use of genetically deaf animals. The effects of steady-state acoustic stimulation on resistance of fatigue, as shown by reduction of swimming time, was studied on three sublines of mice, one of which is genetically deaf. High frequency (500-10000 Hz) reduce swimming time from 25% to 50% in mice with normal hearing at a 60-80-dB threshold, but have no effect on deaf mice. Low frequencies and infrasounds (6-50 Hz) reduce swimming time in all mice similarly, even deaf animals, but the threshold is higher (160-115 dB). The use of genetically deaf animals therefore permits elimination of the auditory component; differentiation of the effects of air-borne from those of mechanical vibrations are thus possible.", "PMID": 670562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_535", "title": "Activity level: a comparison between actometer scores and observer ratings.", "content": "Activity level of 13 boys (aged 9-13) from a day hospital program was measured using actometers in classroom, gym, woodshop, and group therapy settings. Ratings of Ss' activity were obtained from mothers using the Werry scale, and from six clinical staff familiar with the Ss using the Davids scale. It was predicted that activity ratings would have situationally specific relationships with actometer-measured activity level according to the rater's opportunities for observation. Comparisons between measures indicated that all clinical staff ratings correlated significantly with actometer activity in the classroom (r = .49 to r = .73), while mothers' ratings correlated significantly with actometer activity in gym (r = .67), and woodshop (r = .77), and with overall activity (r = .65), a combined measure derived from actometer scores in the four conditions tested. Five of six clinical staff raters showed significant interrater reliability (r = .58 to r = .83). Results are discussed in terms of their implications for solution of current problems in assessment of activity level and hyperactivity.", "contents": "Activity level: a comparison between actometer scores and observer ratings. Activity level of 13 boys (aged 9-13) from a day hospital program was measured using actometers in classroom, gym, woodshop, and group therapy settings. Ratings of Ss' activity were obtained from mothers using the Werry scale, and from six clinical staff familiar with the Ss using the Davids scale. It was predicted that activity ratings would have situationally specific relationships with actometer-measured activity level according to the rater's opportunities for observation. Comparisons between measures indicated that all clinical staff ratings correlated significantly with actometer activity in the classroom (r = .49 to r = .73), while mothers' ratings correlated significantly with actometer activity in gym (r = .67), and woodshop (r = .77), and with overall activity (r = .65), a combined measure derived from actometer scores in the four conditions tested. Five of six clinical staff raters showed significant interrater reliability (r = .58 to r = .83). Results are discussed in terms of their implications for solution of current problems in assessment of activity level and hyperactivity.", "PMID": 670584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_536", "title": "The Peer Preference Test as a measure of reward value: item analysis, cross-validation, concurrent validation, and replication.", "content": "Thirty-six preschoolers were administered and retested on a 15-item Peer Preference Test designed to measure the reward value of peers for each child. Test-retest reliability was .88, and after item analyses, 12 items were maintained in the test. The revised test was then administered to 29 other preschoolers. Test-retest reliability was .77, and item analyses indicated that each item made a significant contribution to the overall test. Concurrent validation of the test was demonstrated using both a picture sociometric and a behavioral measure. In addition, the Evers-Pasquale and Sherman (1975) study was replicated, using 10 preschool social isolates.", "contents": "The Peer Preference Test as a measure of reward value: item analysis, cross-validation, concurrent validation, and replication. Thirty-six preschoolers were administered and retested on a 15-item Peer Preference Test designed to measure the reward value of peers for each child. Test-retest reliability was .88, and after item analyses, 12 items were maintained in the test. The revised test was then administered to 29 other preschoolers. Test-retest reliability was .77, and item analyses indicated that each item made a significant contribution to the overall test. Concurrent validation of the test was demonstrated using both a picture sociometric and a behavioral measure. In addition, the Evers-Pasquale and Sherman (1975) study was replicated, using 10 preschool social isolates.", "PMID": 670585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_537", "title": "A comparison of human and automated instruction of autistic children.", "content": "While it appears reasonable to assume that the autistic child might benefit from the development of programmed instruction and teaching machines to teach imitation, concepts, and receptive vocabulary skills, no systematic research to date has seriously investigated such possibilities. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of automated versus teacher-controlled instruction in the education of autistic children. Four autistic children, each with extreme deficits in language, social, and self-care behaviors, were trained on a matching-to-sample task under three different instructional situations within an intrasubject replication design and multiple baseline procedure. Analysis of the data showed the following results: (1) The teacher, manually operating the teaching machine, was able to teach and maintain the matching-to-sample task; (2) the same autistic children did not acquire or maintain the task when taught by the machine alone; and (3) the teacher alone (without the machine) was able to teach and maintain the task. The results suggest that automated instruction may, at least, serve as a valuable aid to teachers of autistic children. However, before machines can be used without the participation of a trained teacher, further research appears necessary. Several areas, including the role of motivation in automated instructional settings, the saliency and effectiveness of reinforcers, and the importance of controlling antecedent stimulus conditions and off-task behavior are discussed as areas of primary concern in the development of automated instruction for autistic children.", "contents": "A comparison of human and automated instruction of autistic children. While it appears reasonable to assume that the autistic child might benefit from the development of programmed instruction and teaching machines to teach imitation, concepts, and receptive vocabulary skills, no systematic research to date has seriously investigated such possibilities. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of automated versus teacher-controlled instruction in the education of autistic children. Four autistic children, each with extreme deficits in language, social, and self-care behaviors, were trained on a matching-to-sample task under three different instructional situations within an intrasubject replication design and multiple baseline procedure. Analysis of the data showed the following results: (1) The teacher, manually operating the teaching machine, was able to teach and maintain the matching-to-sample task; (2) the same autistic children did not acquire or maintain the task when taught by the machine alone; and (3) the teacher alone (without the machine) was able to teach and maintain the task. The results suggest that automated instruction may, at least, serve as a valuable aid to teachers of autistic children. However, before machines can be used without the participation of a trained teacher, further research appears necessary. Several areas, including the role of motivation in automated instructional settings, the saliency and effectiveness of reinforcers, and the importance of controlling antecedent stimulus conditions and off-task behavior are discussed as areas of primary concern in the development of automated instruction for autistic children.", "PMID": 670586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_538", "title": "Peer facilitation of generalization in a preschool classroom.", "content": "Two 5-year-old deviant preschoolers taught each other, as peer-tutors, to identify pictorial figures describing prepositional relationships. During training sessions monitored by the experimenter, the child in the peer-tutor role presented stimulus materials and provided consequences for the responses of the child in the tutee role. An assessment of generalization by each child to an academic classroom setting occurred each day. The data showed that the peer-tutor could facilitate generalization, when the tutee was probed in the peer-tutor's presence. However, it was found that the salience of the peer-tutor's presence was critical to this effect. In particular, when the peer presented the stimuli or offered occasional consequences for some correct responses, generalization was greatly enhanced.", "contents": "Peer facilitation of generalization in a preschool classroom. Two 5-year-old deviant preschoolers taught each other, as peer-tutors, to identify pictorial figures describing prepositional relationships. During training sessions monitored by the experimenter, the child in the peer-tutor role presented stimulus materials and provided consequences for the responses of the child in the tutee role. An assessment of generalization by each child to an academic classroom setting occurred each day. The data showed that the peer-tutor could facilitate generalization, when the tutee was probed in the peer-tutor's presence. However, it was found that the salience of the peer-tutor's presence was critical to this effect. In particular, when the peer presented the stimuli or offered occasional consequences for some correct responses, generalization was greatly enhanced.", "PMID": 670587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_539", "title": "Response cost and impulsive word recognition errors in reading-disabled children.", "content": "Subjects were 30 fourth grade children with average intellectual ability but reading achievement at least 1.5 years below grade level. Each child was given two word-recognition lists, the first one as a pretest and the second list under one of three different experimental conditions: control, positive reinforcement (1 nickel for each word read correctly), and response cost (1 of 40 nickels taken back for each word read incorrectly). Relative to the control condition, positive reinforcement led to a significant increase in response latency but no change in errors, while response cost led to both a significant increase in latency and a significant decrease in reading errors. The entire group was found to be impulsive on the Matching Familiar Figures test. The successful reduction in impulsive reading errors was interpreted as support for Kagan's hypothesis that the impulsive child evidences low concern about errors on such academic tasks.", "contents": "Response cost and impulsive word recognition errors in reading-disabled children. Subjects were 30 fourth grade children with average intellectual ability but reading achievement at least 1.5 years below grade level. Each child was given two word-recognition lists, the first one as a pretest and the second list under one of three different experimental conditions: control, positive reinforcement (1 nickel for each word read correctly), and response cost (1 of 40 nickels taken back for each word read incorrectly). Relative to the control condition, positive reinforcement led to a significant increase in response latency but no change in errors, while response cost led to both a significant increase in latency and a significant decrease in reading errors. The entire group was found to be impulsive on the Matching Familiar Figures test. The successful reduction in impulsive reading errors was interpreted as support for Kagan's hypothesis that the impulsive child evidences low concern about errors on such academic tasks.", "PMID": 670588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_540", "title": "Normative data on revised Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales.", "content": "Normative data are presented for 570 children on newly revised versions of the Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales. Symptom ratings were factor analyzed and structures compared favorably with those obtained using earlier versions of the questionnaires. Interrater correlations (mother-father, parent-teacher) were also reported. Age and sex effects were found to be significant determinants of children's scores, while social class effects were nonsignificant.", "contents": "Normative data on revised Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales. Normative data are presented for 570 children on newly revised versions of the Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales. Symptom ratings were factor analyzed and structures compared favorably with those obtained using earlier versions of the questionnaires. Interrater correlations (mother-father, parent-teacher) were also reported. Age and sex effects were found to be significant determinants of children's scores, while social class effects were nonsignificant.", "PMID": 670589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_541", "title": "Cognitive slippage in children vulnerable to schizophrenia.", "content": "Psychological deficit research with adult schizophrenics has been hindered by numerous methodological problems that may be avoided by the prospective study of children vulnerable to the disorder. An object sorting task was administered to 156 children of schizophrenic patients, 102 children of depressed patients, and 139 children of normal parents. The children were between 6 and 15 years old. The children of schizophrenic parents made fewer \"superordinate\" sorting responses than those of normal parents, and more \"complex\" sorts (a category of inadequate responses) than children of either normal and depressed parents. Our analyses showed that these deficits could not be explained by differences in intelligence. These deficits in conceptual performance may reflect the genotypic predisposition to schizophrenic and/or represent an early precursor of later maladjustment.", "contents": "Cognitive slippage in children vulnerable to schizophrenia. Psychological deficit research with adult schizophrenics has been hindered by numerous methodological problems that may be avoided by the prospective study of children vulnerable to the disorder. An object sorting task was administered to 156 children of schizophrenic patients, 102 children of depressed patients, and 139 children of normal parents. The children were between 6 and 15 years old. The children of schizophrenic parents made fewer \"superordinate\" sorting responses than those of normal parents, and more \"complex\" sorts (a category of inadequate responses) than children of either normal and depressed parents. Our analyses showed that these deficits could not be explained by differences in intelligence. These deficits in conceptual performance may reflect the genotypic predisposition to schizophrenic and/or represent an early precursor of later maladjustment.", "PMID": 670590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_542", "title": "Judged school problems and competencies of referred children with varying family background characteristics.", "content": "The school adjustment problems and competencies of referred children with varying family background histories were compared. Children from homes characterized by low parent interest in education had more severe learning problems and fewer competencies than either matched referred controls without such a history or matched referred children under family pressure to succeed. The relationship of these findings to other studies of school adjustment and family background was considered.", "contents": "Judged school problems and competencies of referred children with varying family background characteristics. The school adjustment problems and competencies of referred children with varying family background histories were compared. Children from homes characterized by low parent interest in education had more severe learning problems and fewer competencies than either matched referred controls without such a history or matched referred children under family pressure to succeed. The relationship of these findings to other studies of school adjustment and family background was considered.", "PMID": 670591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_543", "title": "What I think and feel: a revised measure of children's manifest anxiety.", "content": "The 1956 adaptation for children of Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, was revised to meet current psychometric standards. A 73-item revision draft was administered to 329 school children from grades 1 to 12. Based on item-analysis criteria for rbis greater than or equal to .4 and .30 less than or equal to p less than or equal to .70, 28 anxiety items were retained along with 9 of the original 11 Lie scale items. A cross-validation sample of 167 children from grades 2, 5, 9, 10, and 11 produced a KR20 reliability estimate of .85. Anxiety scores did not differ across grade or race. Females scored significantly higher than males. For the Lie scale, significant differences appeared by grade and race. No sex differences were obtained on the Lie scale. The resulting scale appears useful for children in grades 1 to 12 and may aid in future studies of anxiety as well as assisting the clinician in the understanding of individual children.", "contents": "What I think and feel: a revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. The 1956 adaptation for children of Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, was revised to meet current psychometric standards. A 73-item revision draft was administered to 329 school children from grades 1 to 12. Based on item-analysis criteria for rbis greater than or equal to .4 and .30 less than or equal to p less than or equal to .70, 28 anxiety items were retained along with 9 of the original 11 Lie scale items. A cross-validation sample of 167 children from grades 2, 5, 9, 10, and 11 produced a KR20 reliability estimate of .85. Anxiety scores did not differ across grade or race. Females scored significantly higher than males. For the Lie scale, significant differences appeared by grade and race. No sex differences were obtained on the Lie scale. The resulting scale appears useful for children in grades 1 to 12 and may aid in future studies of anxiety as well as assisting the clinician in the understanding of individual children.", "PMID": 670592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_544", "title": "Note on locus of control and academic achievement in institutionalized juvenile delinquents.", "content": "The previously reported relationship between internal locus of control and academic achievement was explored with the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children (Nowicki & Strickland, 1973) and seven measures of academic achievement in a random sample of 45 male residents of seven state learning centers for juvenile delinquents. Correlations between overall locus of control scores and all seven measures were significant, but with intelligence controlled in a partial correlation, locus of control scores were found to add little to the prediction of academic achievement from IQ scores alone. Discussion addressed possible explanations for the current findings in terms of the meaning of the scale for a nonnormal group and the effects of situations on responses of subjects.", "contents": "Note on locus of control and academic achievement in institutionalized juvenile delinquents. The previously reported relationship between internal locus of control and academic achievement was explored with the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children (Nowicki & Strickland, 1973) and seven measures of academic achievement in a random sample of 45 male residents of seven state learning centers for juvenile delinquents. Correlations between overall locus of control scores and all seven measures were significant, but with intelligence controlled in a partial correlation, locus of control scores were found to add little to the prediction of academic achievement from IQ scores alone. Discussion addressed possible explanations for the current findings in terms of the meaning of the scale for a nonnormal group and the effects of situations on responses of subjects.", "PMID": 670593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_545", "title": "Stevens-Johnson syndrome (erythema multiforme) following ingestion of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on two separate occasions in the same person: a case report.", "content": "Despite its content of a long-acting sulfa, the manufacturers claim that the literature shows no case reports of Stevens-Johnson syndrome reaction to trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole. A case report in an enlightened Nigerian who inadvertently took the drug a second time and had second and more severe reactions is reported.", "contents": "Stevens-Johnson syndrome (erythema multiforme) following ingestion of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on two separate occasions in the same person: a case report. Despite its content of a long-acting sulfa, the manufacturers claim that the literature shows no case reports of Stevens-Johnson syndrome reaction to trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole. A case report in an enlightened Nigerian who inadvertently took the drug a second time and had second and more severe reactions is reported.", "PMID": 670606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_546", "title": "Long-term effects of beclomethasone dipropionate on prednisone dosage in the corticosteroid-dependent asthmatic.", "content": "The average prednisone dosage of 54 corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics was computed for one year prior to initiation of beclomethasone dipropionate. This was compared to the average prednisone dosage after nine months on the beclomethasone with progressive tapering of prednisone to either dose compatible with control of asthma or discontinuation. Beclomethasone was found clinically useful in the great majority of these patients because it permitted a significant decrease in dosage of prednisone, a change from daily to alternate-day prednisone, or discontinuation of prednisone after cautious tapering. The first two advantages were most evident in those asthmatics who initially required higher doses of oral steroids while the latter was evident in those requiring lower doses. Those patients whose prednisone dosage does not appear to be beneficially affected by the use of beclomethasone should be suspect as to adherence to proper medical dosage schedule.", "contents": "Long-term effects of beclomethasone dipropionate on prednisone dosage in the corticosteroid-dependent asthmatic. The average prednisone dosage of 54 corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics was computed for one year prior to initiation of beclomethasone dipropionate. This was compared to the average prednisone dosage after nine months on the beclomethasone with progressive tapering of prednisone to either dose compatible with control of asthma or discontinuation. Beclomethasone was found clinically useful in the great majority of these patients because it permitted a significant decrease in dosage of prednisone, a change from daily to alternate-day prednisone, or discontinuation of prednisone after cautious tapering. The first two advantages were most evident in those asthmatics who initially required higher doses of oral steroids while the latter was evident in those requiring lower doses. Those patients whose prednisone dosage does not appear to be beneficially affected by the use of beclomethasone should be suspect as to adherence to proper medical dosage schedule.", "PMID": 670607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_547", "title": "Treatment of asthma in children with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol.", "content": "Triamcinolone acetonide aerosol, 100 microgram qid, was administered for 8 wk to 5 steroid-dependent asthmatic children and 10 who had not previously required continual corticosteroid treatment. Symptomatic control and pulmonary function improved in all 15 children despite discontinuation of oral corticosteroids in 3 of the steroid-dependent children. Determination of morning plasma cortisol concentrations disclosed no evidence of substantial adrenal suppression. Satisfactory symptomatic control has subsequently been maintained for 6 to 32 mo with doses of 100 microgram bid to 300 microgram qid without more extreme changes in plasma cortisol concentrations than were observed during the first 8 wk.", "contents": "Treatment of asthma in children with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol. Triamcinolone acetonide aerosol, 100 microgram qid, was administered for 8 wk to 5 steroid-dependent asthmatic children and 10 who had not previously required continual corticosteroid treatment. Symptomatic control and pulmonary function improved in all 15 children despite discontinuation of oral corticosteroids in 3 of the steroid-dependent children. Determination of morning plasma cortisol concentrations disclosed no evidence of substantial adrenal suppression. Satisfactory symptomatic control has subsequently been maintained for 6 to 32 mo with doses of 100 microgram bid to 300 microgram qid without more extreme changes in plasma cortisol concentrations than were observed during the first 8 wk.", "PMID": 670608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_548", "title": "Quantitation of IgE antibody specific for ragweed and grass allergens: binding of radiolabeled allergens by solid-phase bound IgE.", "content": "IgE antibody specific for multiple allergens extracted from grass and ragweed pollens was measured by radioimmunoassay. The assay depends on the interaction between IgE antibody bound to a polystyrene solid phase, , 125I-labeled grass allergens (GA), and ragweed allergens (RW). The binding of 125I RW by serum IgE antibody from 37 allergic patients ranged from 0.2 ng to 75 ng RW protein (P) bound per ml. This binding of 125I RW by patient's IgE was paralleled by their IgE binding of 125I antigen E (AgE), a purified allergen from ragweed pollen (r = 0.90, p less than 0.001). Inhibition of patient's IgE binding of 125I RW by highly purified AgE ranged from 25% to 85% indicating individual differences in patient's IgE response to inhaled ragweed pollen. The binding of 125I GA by serum IgE antibody from 7 grass-sensitive patients ranged from 0.6 ng GA P bound per ml to 15 ng. This assay should be useful in the study of IgE responses to environmental agents containing multiple allergens and has the advantage that other antibody classes cannot interfere with the interaction between IgE antibody and labeled allergens.", "contents": "Quantitation of IgE antibody specific for ragweed and grass allergens: binding of radiolabeled allergens by solid-phase bound IgE. IgE antibody specific for multiple allergens extracted from grass and ragweed pollens was measured by radioimmunoassay. The assay depends on the interaction between IgE antibody bound to a polystyrene solid phase, , 125I-labeled grass allergens (GA), and ragweed allergens (RW). The binding of 125I RW by serum IgE antibody from 37 allergic patients ranged from 0.2 ng to 75 ng RW protein (P) bound per ml. This binding of 125I RW by patient's IgE was paralleled by their IgE binding of 125I antigen E (AgE), a purified allergen from ragweed pollen (r = 0.90, p less than 0.001). Inhibition of patient's IgE binding of 125I RW by highly purified AgE ranged from 25% to 85% indicating individual differences in patient's IgE response to inhaled ragweed pollen. The binding of 125I GA by serum IgE antibody from 7 grass-sensitive patients ranged from 0.6 ng GA P bound per ml to 15 ng. This assay should be useful in the study of IgE responses to environmental agents containing multiple allergens and has the advantage that other antibody classes cannot interfere with the interaction between IgE antibody and labeled allergens.", "PMID": 670609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_549", "title": "Relationships between prednisone therapy, disease activity, and the total serum IgE level in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an unusual syndrome caused by hypersensitivity to Aspergillus spores growing in the bronchii. Previous investigators have suggested that the IgE levels and precipitating antibodies may vary according to disease activity. We have been able to closely follow 12 out of a group of 40 ABPA patients with IgE and serum precipitating antibody measurements. Our results confirm that both the total serum IgE and the precipitin response vary according to ABPA disease activity. In particular the IgE trend appears to mirror the disease activity in that a rising level may portend a flare, while a stable or declining value implies disease remission.", "contents": "Relationships between prednisone therapy, disease activity, and the total serum IgE level in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an unusual syndrome caused by hypersensitivity to Aspergillus spores growing in the bronchii. Previous investigators have suggested that the IgE levels and precipitating antibodies may vary according to disease activity. We have been able to closely follow 12 out of a group of 40 ABPA patients with IgE and serum precipitating antibody measurements. Our results confirm that both the total serum IgE and the precipitin response vary according to ABPA disease activity. In particular the IgE trend appears to mirror the disease activity in that a rising level may portend a flare, while a stable or declining value implies disease remission.", "PMID": 670610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_550", "title": "Environmental factors associated with preschool obesity. III. Dietary intakes, eating patterns, and anthropometric measurements.", "content": "This longitudinal study of children from six months to six years of age showed differences by age, sex, and race in dietary intakes, eating patterns, and anthropometric measurements. Except for calories and iron at all ages and calcium between two and four years, most children consumed at least two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Dietary protein was consistently high at all ages. There was no apparent relationship between the use and need for vitamin or mineral supplements. At six years of age, most children ate five meals or snacks per day. Television commercials, children accompanying mothers to grocery stores, and the publicized relationships of dietary fat and cholesterol to coronary disease influenced food practices of families. Anthropometric measurements revealed that boys were consistently taller and heavier than girls. However, at all ages, even at six months, girls had higher skinfold values than boys. These data on dietary intakes, eating practices, and anthropometric measurements will be correlated with obesity indexes at each age in subsequent papers.", "contents": "Environmental factors associated with preschool obesity. III. Dietary intakes, eating patterns, and anthropometric measurements. This longitudinal study of children from six months to six years of age showed differences by age, sex, and race in dietary intakes, eating patterns, and anthropometric measurements. Except for calories and iron at all ages and calcium between two and four years, most children consumed at least two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Dietary protein was consistently high at all ages. There was no apparent relationship between the use and need for vitamin or mineral supplements. At six years of age, most children ate five meals or snacks per day. Television commercials, children accompanying mothers to grocery stores, and the publicized relationships of dietary fat and cholesterol to coronary disease influenced food practices of families. Anthropometric measurements revealed that boys were consistently taller and heavier than girls. However, at all ages, even at six months, girls had higher skinfold values than boys. These data on dietary intakes, eating practices, and anthropometric measurements will be correlated with obesity indexes at each age in subsequent papers.", "PMID": 670612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_551", "title": "Quality characteristics of wheat-bran chiffon cakes.", "content": "Wheat bran was substituted for cake flour in chiffon cakes at 10, 20, and 30 per cent levels. Bran incorporation significantly affected (P less than 0.05) the appearance, height, and grain of chiffon cakes. Cake height decreased and cell size and cell wall thickness increased with higher levels of bran. Tenderness decreased with higher levels of bran. Compressimeter readings were higher with bran substitution at the 10 and 20 per cent levels. Sensory evaluation indicated no significant differences (P less than 0.05) between the control and 10 per cent bran cakes for moistness, flavor, and overall acceptability. Panelists did note a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in tenderness and softness and an increase in crumbliness with higher bran levels. All chiffon cakes, regardless of bran level, were termed acceptable.", "contents": "Quality characteristics of wheat-bran chiffon cakes. Wheat bran was substituted for cake flour in chiffon cakes at 10, 20, and 30 per cent levels. Bran incorporation significantly affected (P less than 0.05) the appearance, height, and grain of chiffon cakes. Cake height decreased and cell size and cell wall thickness increased with higher levels of bran. Tenderness decreased with higher levels of bran. Compressimeter readings were higher with bran substitution at the 10 and 20 per cent levels. Sensory evaluation indicated no significant differences (P less than 0.05) between the control and 10 per cent bran cakes for moistness, flavor, and overall acceptability. Panelists did note a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in tenderness and softness and an increase in crumbliness with higher bran levels. All chiffon cakes, regardless of bran level, were termed acceptable.", "PMID": 670613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_552", "title": "Mineral content of dairy products. II. Cheeses.", "content": "Twenty-one kinds of commercial cheese were analyzed for fat, solids, protein, and five major and four trace minerals. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium were determined by atomic absorption; phosphorus was determined colorimetrically. Flameless atomic absorption was used to determine iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. The data agreed in general with published values, although there were instances of wide variation. The data represent a comprehensive compilation of the mineral contents of popular cheeses that should be helpful to dietitians and nutritionists.", "contents": "Mineral content of dairy products. II. Cheeses. Twenty-one kinds of commercial cheese were analyzed for fat, solids, protein, and five major and four trace minerals. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium were determined by atomic absorption; phosphorus was determined colorimetrically. Flameless atomic absorption was used to determine iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. The data agreed in general with published values, although there were instances of wide variation. The data represent a comprehensive compilation of the mineral contents of popular cheeses that should be helpful to dietitians and nutritionists.", "PMID": 670614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_553", "title": "Food production relationships between entr\u00e9e combinations and forecasted demand.", "content": "Macro elements and values for associated Time Measurement Units were applied to three classifications of entr\u00e9es to synthesize production time for 100, 300, and 500 portions. Average handling and process time for each classification and time per portion were calculated. Data revealed that roast and single-item entr\u00e9es required greater average handling time than combination entr\u00e9es, because more individual handling of portions was required as forecasted demand increased. Process time for combination and single-item entr\u00e9es increased as forecasted demand increased. The time for the single-item classification doubled for 300 and 500 portions, because oven capacity was exceeded. Production time data were applied to six combinations (menu mixes) and quantity levels of entr\u00e9e classifications to determine production feasibility in a simulated foodservice system. Production problems were encountered in five of the six menu mixes because of system constraints. This study indicated that total production time estimates would be useful to foodservice managers when planning a menu mix, scheduling production personnel, and forecasting labor costs.", "contents": "Food production relationships between entr\u00e9e combinations and forecasted demand. Macro elements and values for associated Time Measurement Units were applied to three classifications of entr\u00e9es to synthesize production time for 100, 300, and 500 portions. Average handling and process time for each classification and time per portion were calculated. Data revealed that roast and single-item entr\u00e9es required greater average handling time than combination entr\u00e9es, because more individual handling of portions was required as forecasted demand increased. Process time for combination and single-item entr\u00e9es increased as forecasted demand increased. The time for the single-item classification doubled for 300 and 500 portions, because oven capacity was exceeded. Production time data were applied to six combinations (menu mixes) and quantity levels of entr\u00e9e classifications to determine production feasibility in a simulated foodservice system. Production problems were encountered in five of the six menu mixes because of system constraints. This study indicated that total production time estimates would be useful to foodservice managers when planning a menu mix, scheduling production personnel, and forecasting labor costs.", "PMID": 670615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_554", "title": "Treatment of hypertension in the elderly with pindolol and clopamide.", "content": "After a 2-week washout period, 30 elderly hypertensive patients were treated with pindolol (a beta-adrenergic blocker) for 3 weeks. In 13 patients the reduction in blood pressure was satisfactory and treatment with pindolol was continued for another 4 weeks. In 17 patients the subsequent treatment was supplemented with clopamide (a diuretic) for 4 weeks; in 6 the results were satisfactory. Side effects were few and mild.", "contents": "Treatment of hypertension in the elderly with pindolol and clopamide. After a 2-week washout period, 30 elderly hypertensive patients were treated with pindolol (a beta-adrenergic blocker) for 3 weeks. In 13 patients the reduction in blood pressure was satisfactory and treatment with pindolol was continued for another 4 weeks. In 17 patients the subsequent treatment was supplemented with clopamide (a diuretic) for 4 weeks; in 6 the results were satisfactory. Side effects were few and mild.", "PMID": 670620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_555", "title": "Werner's syndrome: analysis of 15 cases with a review of the Japanese literature.", "content": "Fifteen patients with Werner's syndrome were studied--12 males and 3 females, whose ages ranged from 17 to 59 years. Most of the previously reported clinical characteristics were confirmed, and an additional finding was the frequent occurrence of flat feet and hyperreflexia of the patellar and Achilles tendons. Also noted were an excessive urinary excretion of hyaluronic acid and a decrease in the T-cell subpopulation. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Werner's syndrome: analysis of 15 cases with a review of the Japanese literature. Fifteen patients with Werner's syndrome were studied--12 males and 3 females, whose ages ranged from 17 to 59 years. Most of the previously reported clinical characteristics were confirmed, and an additional finding was the frequent occurrence of flat feet and hyperreflexia of the patellar and Achilles tendons. Also noted were an excessive urinary excretion of hyaluronic acid and a decrease in the T-cell subpopulation. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 670621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_556", "title": "Clinical value of the London Psychogeriatric Rating Scale.", "content": "The London Psychogeriatric Rating Scale (LPRS) was developed in answer to the demand for a reliable psychometric rating scale suited to a psychogeriatric population. All inpatients on a Psychogeriatric Unit (approximately 140 at any specific time) were rated with the LPRS every third month for an 18-month period. The 4 components of the total score include a measure of mental status originally derived by factor analysis. Predictive validity has been established in terms of various clinically relevant areas including the following: a) ward placement; b) outcome (continued hospitalization, discharge, or death); c) diagnosis (by scoring levels and progress patterns across time); and d) ability of the patient to function in, or benefit from, a particular treatment program. The scale has been used successfully to assess a given patient's progress quantitatively and globally over a long period.", "contents": "Clinical value of the London Psychogeriatric Rating Scale. The London Psychogeriatric Rating Scale (LPRS) was developed in answer to the demand for a reliable psychometric rating scale suited to a psychogeriatric population. All inpatients on a Psychogeriatric Unit (approximately 140 at any specific time) were rated with the LPRS every third month for an 18-month period. The 4 components of the total score include a measure of mental status originally derived by factor analysis. Predictive validity has been established in terms of various clinically relevant areas including the following: a) ward placement; b) outcome (continued hospitalization, discharge, or death); c) diagnosis (by scoring levels and progress patterns across time); and d) ability of the patient to function in, or benefit from, a particular treatment program. The scale has been used successfully to assess a given patient's progress quantitatively and globally over a long period.", "PMID": 670622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_557", "title": "Geriatrics program for medical students. II. Impact of two educational experiences on student attitudes.", "content": "In an innovative program in geriatrics for undergraduate medical students, the preliminary report concerned attitudes toward the aged among health care personnel. This follow-up report concerns the stability of, and changes in medical students' attitudes toward the aged after participation in one of the following types of geriatric educational experience: 1) a Family Practice clerkship, or 2) a selective course in Medical Humanities. Although both experiences resulted in positive changes in general attitudes, the one that emphasized empathy toward the elderly along with observation of healthy aged persons produced more positive feelings about rehabilitation potential. Implications for the geriatric training of physicians are discussed in the light of these findings.", "contents": "Geriatrics program for medical students. II. Impact of two educational experiences on student attitudes. In an innovative program in geriatrics for undergraduate medical students, the preliminary report concerned attitudes toward the aged among health care personnel. This follow-up report concerns the stability of, and changes in medical students' attitudes toward the aged after participation in one of the following types of geriatric educational experience: 1) a Family Practice clerkship, or 2) a selective course in Medical Humanities. Although both experiences resulted in positive changes in general attitudes, the one that emphasized empathy toward the elderly along with observation of healthy aged persons produced more positive feelings about rehabilitation potential. Implications for the geriatric training of physicians are discussed in the light of these findings.", "PMID": 670623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_558", "title": "Abdominoperineal resection in the octogenarian.", "content": "Traditionally, abdominoperineal resection has been the accepted surgical therapy for anorectal carcinoma. A review is presented of the experience with this procedure at the University of Iowa Hospitals, involving 52 patients (33 men, 19 women) over the age of 80 (median, 81 years). The most common symptoms were: rectal bleeding in 35 patients, change in character of stool in 35, weight loss in 13, and abdominal pain in 7. A rectal mass was palpable in 45 patients and visible by sigmoidoscopy in 3 others. Of the 52 patients, 23 percent (12/52) died before postoperative discharge from the hospital, and 32 percent of the survivors had significant postoperative complications. The most lethal complications were related to problems of surgical technique. The median survival time for patients discharged from the hospital was 22 months, with causes of death being equally distributed between recurrent carcinoma and other disorders. Abdominoperineal resection remains an acceptable method for treatment of anorectal carcinoma in the aged (80 or older) provided it is carried out with meticulous technique and careful selection of the patients.", "contents": "Abdominoperineal resection in the octogenarian. Traditionally, abdominoperineal resection has been the accepted surgical therapy for anorectal carcinoma. A review is presented of the experience with this procedure at the University of Iowa Hospitals, involving 52 patients (33 men, 19 women) over the age of 80 (median, 81 years). The most common symptoms were: rectal bleeding in 35 patients, change in character of stool in 35, weight loss in 13, and abdominal pain in 7. A rectal mass was palpable in 45 patients and visible by sigmoidoscopy in 3 others. Of the 52 patients, 23 percent (12/52) died before postoperative discharge from the hospital, and 32 percent of the survivors had significant postoperative complications. The most lethal complications were related to problems of surgical technique. The median survival time for patients discharged from the hospital was 22 months, with causes of death being equally distributed between recurrent carcinoma and other disorders. Abdominoperineal resection remains an acceptable method for treatment of anorectal carcinoma in the aged (80 or older) provided it is carried out with meticulous technique and careful selection of the patients.", "PMID": 670624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_559", "title": "Second heart sound: a phono-echocardiographic correlation in 20 cardiac patients.", "content": "In 20 cardiac patients, a study was made of the relationship between the second heart sound (S2) recorded by phonocardiography and the motion of the aortic valve recorded by simultaneous echocardiography. Since the first component of S2 coincided with closure of the aortic valve in all 20 patients, it is concluded that the origin of the first component of S2 may be related to aortic valve closure.", "contents": "Second heart sound: a phono-echocardiographic correlation in 20 cardiac patients. In 20 cardiac patients, a study was made of the relationship between the second heart sound (S2) recorded by phonocardiography and the motion of the aortic valve recorded by simultaneous echocardiography. Since the first component of S2 coincided with closure of the aortic valve in all 20 patients, it is concluded that the origin of the first component of S2 may be related to aortic valve closure.", "PMID": 670625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_560", "title": "\"Silent\" thyroiditis with symptomatic hyperthyroidism in an elderly patient.", "content": "A 93-year-old woman who presented with cardiac and gastrointestinal symptoms was found to have transient hyperthyroidism due to \"silent\" thyroiditis. The diagnosis was supported by the appropriate correlation between serum thyroid hormone levels and the thyroidal I-131 uptake and scan.", "contents": "\"Silent\" thyroiditis with symptomatic hyperthyroidism in an elderly patient. A 93-year-old woman who presented with cardiac and gastrointestinal symptoms was found to have transient hyperthyroidism due to \"silent\" thyroiditis. The diagnosis was supported by the appropriate correlation between serum thyroid hormone levels and the thyroidal I-131 uptake and scan.", "PMID": 670626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_561", "title": "Serum digoxin levels in elderly nursing home patients: appraisal of routine periodic measurements.", "content": "An assessment was made of the clinical value of routine periodic measurement of serum digoxin levels in 51 elderly nursing home patients with cardiac disease. The findings showed that the serum digoxin level was not correlated with the dosage of digoxin nor the patient's clinical state of digitalization. All patients were effectively digitalized, as judged clinically, and no digitalis toxicity occurred despite a wide range of serum digoxin levels. When adequate medical supervision, electrocardiograms, roentgenograms, serum electrolyte determinations and renal function tests are available, the routine periodic measurement of serum digoxin concentration does not offer any additional benefit in the management of nursing home patients with cardiac disease.", "contents": "Serum digoxin levels in elderly nursing home patients: appraisal of routine periodic measurements. An assessment was made of the clinical value of routine periodic measurement of serum digoxin levels in 51 elderly nursing home patients with cardiac disease. The findings showed that the serum digoxin level was not correlated with the dosage of digoxin nor the patient's clinical state of digitalization. All patients were effectively digitalized, as judged clinically, and no digitalis toxicity occurred despite a wide range of serum digoxin levels. When adequate medical supervision, electrocardiograms, roentgenograms, serum electrolyte determinations and renal function tests are available, the routine periodic measurement of serum digoxin concentration does not offer any additional benefit in the management of nursing home patients with cardiac disease.", "PMID": 670627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_562", "title": "Senile confusion: limitations of assessment by the face-hand test, mental status questionnaire, and staff ratings.", "content": "Three of the most common and convenient measures of senile confusion are informal staff ratings, the Face-Hand Test (FHT) and the Mental Status Questionnaire (MSQ). A group of 112 geriatric patients in two extended care facilities, and a volunteer sample of 40 community aged were examined by means of the FHT and MSQ. These instruments proved valuable in differentiating patients rated as confused from those rated as lucid and alert, and from the community subjects. However, each of these measures, as well as the staff ratings, produced false negative findings. Staff ratings incorrectly identified a hypochondriacal and paranoid patient as confused. The FHT scores of lucid and alert patients with some brain damage were low. MSQ scores of some poorly educated immigrants were very low, even though these patients were rated as lucid and alert by the staff and passed the FHT. One normally lucid and alert patient with a fever and an irregular rapid pulse failed both the FHT and the MSQ. Guidelines for further use of these instruments are presented.", "contents": "Senile confusion: limitations of assessment by the face-hand test, mental status questionnaire, and staff ratings. Three of the most common and convenient measures of senile confusion are informal staff ratings, the Face-Hand Test (FHT) and the Mental Status Questionnaire (MSQ). A group of 112 geriatric patients in two extended care facilities, and a volunteer sample of 40 community aged were examined by means of the FHT and MSQ. These instruments proved valuable in differentiating patients rated as confused from those rated as lucid and alert, and from the community subjects. However, each of these measures, as well as the staff ratings, produced false negative findings. Staff ratings incorrectly identified a hypochondriacal and paranoid patient as confused. The FHT scores of lucid and alert patients with some brain damage were low. MSQ scores of some poorly educated immigrants were very low, even though these patients were rated as lucid and alert by the staff and passed the FHT. One normally lucid and alert patient with a fever and an irregular rapid pulse failed both the FHT and the MSQ. Guidelines for further use of these instruments are presented.", "PMID": 670628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_563", "title": "Consumer attitudes toward health policy and knowledge about health legislation.", "content": "Consumer attitudes toward key issues affecting health policy decisions in the local community have been ignored both by local health policy makers and by medical sociologists. The authors report an empirical analysis of: (1) consumer attitudes towards federal intervention in health care; (2) consumer perceptions of the free market philosophy of health providers; (3) consumer perceptions of their involvement in health policy making; (4) consumer confidence in present systems of health services delivery; and (5) consumer awareness of recent major health legislation. It was found that consumers are poorly informed about recent health care legislation. The authors compared the attitudes of consumers with those held by local hospital board members toward health policy issues. The differences for all comparisons were statistically significant. The authors argue that hospital board members attribute problems in health services delivery to demand dysfunctions while consumers perceive the problems to be a result of supply dysfunctions. Thus, failure to include consumers on health policy boards guarantees the absence of a solution-oriented dialogue and promotes the continuing predominance of a provider-biased ideology.", "contents": "Consumer attitudes toward health policy and knowledge about health legislation. Consumer attitudes toward key issues affecting health policy decisions in the local community have been ignored both by local health policy makers and by medical sociologists. The authors report an empirical analysis of: (1) consumer attitudes towards federal intervention in health care; (2) consumer perceptions of the free market philosophy of health providers; (3) consumer perceptions of their involvement in health policy making; (4) consumer confidence in present systems of health services delivery; and (5) consumer awareness of recent major health legislation. It was found that consumers are poorly informed about recent health care legislation. The authors compared the attitudes of consumers with those held by local hospital board members toward health policy issues. The differences for all comparisons were statistically significant. The authors argue that hospital board members attribute problems in health services delivery to demand dysfunctions while consumers perceive the problems to be a result of supply dysfunctions. Thus, failure to include consumers on health policy boards guarantees the absence of a solution-oriented dialogue and promotes the continuing predominance of a provider-biased ideology.", "PMID": 670660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_564", "title": "Regulatory policy and abortion clinics: implications for planning.", "content": "The practicalities of formulating regulatory policy associated with elective abortion often place public health officials at the center of political controversy. Resulting conflicts can inhibit a rational consideration of long-term objectives in implementing a national policy which assures legal accessibility to all who would select abortion as an alternative to term birth. Regulation which uses primarily structural criteria for monitoring and evaluating services tends to de-emphasize the importanc of contraceptive counseling as a component of abortion services. Our process/outcome evaluation of abortion clinics located in Chicago suggests that contraceptive counseling provided at the time of the abortion procedure has a potential long-term impact in terms of reducing the need for elective abortion. We suggest that regulation policy should include process and outcome criteria which support the eventual reduction in need for abortion as a long-range policy goal and suggest key issues for consideration when such a policy is formulated.", "contents": "Regulatory policy and abortion clinics: implications for planning. The practicalities of formulating regulatory policy associated with elective abortion often place public health officials at the center of political controversy. Resulting conflicts can inhibit a rational consideration of long-term objectives in implementing a national policy which assures legal accessibility to all who would select abortion as an alternative to term birth. Regulation which uses primarily structural criteria for monitoring and evaluating services tends to de-emphasize the importanc of contraceptive counseling as a component of abortion services. Our process/outcome evaluation of abortion clinics located in Chicago suggests that contraceptive counseling provided at the time of the abortion procedure has a potential long-term impact in terms of reducing the need for elective abortion. We suggest that regulation policy should include process and outcome criteria which support the eventual reduction in need for abortion as a long-range policy goal and suggest key issues for consideration when such a policy is formulated.", "PMID": 670663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_565", "title": "Federal influence on state health policy.", "content": "This paper reports on research that was intended to demonstrate the impact of federal programs on state health policy goals. The sample included four Public Health Service programs (Health Planning and Resources Development, Nurse Training, Cooperative Health Statistics and the Community Mental Health Centers program) in six states (Colorado, Maryland, Michigan, Oregon, South Carolina, and Texas). The authors conclude that, in general, states' political environments tailor program implementation to suit state preferences.", "contents": "Federal influence on state health policy. This paper reports on research that was intended to demonstrate the impact of federal programs on state health policy goals. The sample included four Public Health Service programs (Health Planning and Resources Development, Nurse Training, Cooperative Health Statistics and the Community Mental Health Centers program) in six states (Colorado, Maryland, Michigan, Oregon, South Carolina, and Texas). The authors conclude that, in general, states' political environments tailor program implementation to suit state preferences.", "PMID": 670665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_566", "title": "Politics and economics of hospital cost containment.", "content": "Voluntary and regulatory efforts toward hospital cost-containment have accelerated with rapid increases in those costs and under pressures of national health insurance. Possible causes of hospital cost inflation are examined in the context of market analysis and with reference to the nature of hospitals as institutions facing special combinations of economic and political conditions and pressures. Some details of voluntary experiments and state regulatory efforts are examined in order to assess the elements of experience to date and their relationships to causes of hospital cost inflation. Federal proposals for a regulatory cap on costs are also discussed along with a view of how such proposals are related to probable causes of hospital cost inflation and of the relevance of other experience.", "contents": "Politics and economics of hospital cost containment. Voluntary and regulatory efforts toward hospital cost-containment have accelerated with rapid increases in those costs and under pressures of national health insurance. Possible causes of hospital cost inflation are examined in the context of market analysis and with reference to the nature of hospitals as institutions facing special combinations of economic and political conditions and pressures. Some details of voluntary experiments and state regulatory efforts are examined in order to assess the elements of experience to date and their relationships to causes of hospital cost inflation. Federal proposals for a regulatory cap on costs are also discussed along with a view of how such proposals are related to probable causes of hospital cost inflation and of the relevance of other experience.", "PMID": 670666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_567", "title": "The distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the central nervous system of the mouse infected with single or repeated doses.", "content": "The distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the various regions of the central nervous system of mice of previously uninfected or reinfected groups was studied. Although a dose of 4000 larvae was lethal, the distribution of larvae was not appreciable in the CNS. Many larvae were recovered from the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum of infected mice whereas no incidence of eye involvement was observed in any mouse. In the reinfected mice groups there was a much lower recovery than in the previously uninfected groups in the latent period of study.", "contents": "The distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the central nervous system of the mouse infected with single or repeated doses. The distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the various regions of the central nervous system of mice of previously uninfected or reinfected groups was studied. Although a dose of 4000 larvae was lethal, the distribution of larvae was not appreciable in the CNS. Many larvae were recovered from the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum of infected mice whereas no incidence of eye involvement was observed in any mouse. In the reinfected mice groups there was a much lower recovery than in the previously uninfected groups in the latent period of study.", "PMID": 670667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_568", "title": "The influence of physical factors on the behaviour and infectivity of miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. II. Effect of light and depth.", "content": "A striking difference was found in the responses of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium miracidia to the intensity and direction of light and to gravity. S. mansoni miracidia were found to be positively phototactic and sensitive to small changes in light intensities. They were indifferent to gravity. S. haematobium miracidia however were negatively phototactic and unable to distinguish low light intensities from darkness. They showed a strong positive geotaxis. Both S. mansoni and S. haematobium miracidia could successfully find and infect snails to a depth of 2 metres of water: the significance of these findings in relation to transmission of schistosomiasis in the field is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of physical factors on the behaviour and infectivity of miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. II. Effect of light and depth. A striking difference was found in the responses of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium miracidia to the intensity and direction of light and to gravity. S. mansoni miracidia were found to be positively phototactic and sensitive to small changes in light intensities. They were indifferent to gravity. S. haematobium miracidia however were negatively phototactic and unable to distinguish low light intensities from darkness. They showed a strong positive geotaxis. Both S. mansoni and S. haematobium miracidia could successfully find and infect snails to a depth of 2 metres of water: the significance of these findings in relation to transmission of schistosomiasis in the field is discussed.", "PMID": 670668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_569", "title": "Studies with Brugia pahangi. 15. Cobalt 60 irradiation of the worm.", "content": "Infective larvae of Brugia pahangi were irradiated at 10, 25 or 45 krads by means of a Cobalt 60 source. In cats, 10 krads caused the worms to be stunted and sterile but allowed them to become 5th stage, migrate posteriorly into the afferent lymphatic, and produce pathology. 25 krads prevented the worms from developing beyond the early fourth stage and from migrating away from the popliteal lymph node. No gross pathological reacions were evident. 45 krads produced the same effects as 25 krads but the longevity of the worms was much reduced.", "contents": "Studies with Brugia pahangi. 15. Cobalt 60 irradiation of the worm. Infective larvae of Brugia pahangi were irradiated at 10, 25 or 45 krads by means of a Cobalt 60 source. In cats, 10 krads caused the worms to be stunted and sterile but allowed them to become 5th stage, migrate posteriorly into the afferent lymphatic, and produce pathology. 25 krads prevented the worms from developing beyond the early fourth stage and from migrating away from the popliteal lymph node. No gross pathological reacions were evident. 45 krads produced the same effects as 25 krads but the longevity of the worms was much reduced.", "PMID": 670669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_570", "title": "Studies with Brugia pahangi. 16. Precipitation antibody in infected cats detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "In cats infected with normal, or irradiated, infective (L3) larvae of Brugia pahangi counterimmunoelectrophoresis revealed the presence of antibody to soluble antigens derived from microfilariae, adults and infective larvae of the same parasite. Infected cats with a persistently high to moderate microfilaraemia gave positive precipitin reactions to L3, microfilarial and adult worm antigens. Cats which had become amicrofilaraemic had antibody to L3 and microfilarial antigens but not to adult worm antigen. Serum from cats inoculated with irradiated L3 larvae produced a precipitin reaction only to the L3 antigen.", "contents": "Studies with Brugia pahangi. 16. Precipitation antibody in infected cats detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. In cats infected with normal, or irradiated, infective (L3) larvae of Brugia pahangi counterimmunoelectrophoresis revealed the presence of antibody to soluble antigens derived from microfilariae, adults and infective larvae of the same parasite. Infected cats with a persistently high to moderate microfilaraemia gave positive precipitin reactions to L3, microfilarial and adult worm antigens. Cats which had become amicrofilaraemic had antibody to L3 and microfilarial antigens but not to adult worm antigen. Serum from cats inoculated with irradiated L3 larvae produced a precipitin reaction only to the L3 antigen.", "PMID": 670670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_571", "title": "Two new species of Enenterum Linton, 1910 (Digenea) in the marine fish Neoscorpis lithophilus (Kyphosidae) from the south-western Indian Ocean.", "content": "Enenterum elsti sp. nov. and E. prudhoei sp. nov. are described from the intestine of Neoscorpis lithophilus off Mapelane, Natal, South Africa. These species differ from others of the genus Enenterum in the ratio of oral sucker to body-length and in the length of the prepharynx. E. elsti differs from E. prudhoei in size, in sucker-ratio and in the number and configuration of the oral lobes. A key to the species of Enenterum is presented and the status of the genus briefly discussed.", "contents": "Two new species of Enenterum Linton, 1910 (Digenea) in the marine fish Neoscorpis lithophilus (Kyphosidae) from the south-western Indian Ocean. Enenterum elsti sp. nov. and E. prudhoei sp. nov. are described from the intestine of Neoscorpis lithophilus off Mapelane, Natal, South Africa. These species differ from others of the genus Enenterum in the ratio of oral sucker to body-length and in the length of the prepharynx. E. elsti differs from E. prudhoei in size, in sucker-ratio and in the number and configuration of the oral lobes. A key to the species of Enenterum is presented and the status of the genus briefly discussed.", "PMID": 670671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_572", "title": "Dioctowittus spp. Chabaud and Le Van Hoa 1960 (Nematoda: Adenophorea) from Australian snakes.", "content": "Dioctowittus denisoniae n. sp. from Denisonia punctata differs from D. wittei and D. chabaudi in the smaller size, lack of vestigeal male precloacal sucker, short egg-filaments, the presence of lateral expansions at the posterior end in the male, and in the expansions of the oesophageal tissue between the stichocytes. Dioctowittus sp. from Liasis amethystimus differs from the three described species in the posession of lateral lobes at both extremities.", "contents": "Dioctowittus spp. Chabaud and Le Van Hoa 1960 (Nematoda: Adenophorea) from Australian snakes. Dioctowittus denisoniae n. sp. from Denisonia punctata differs from D. wittei and D. chabaudi in the smaller size, lack of vestigeal male precloacal sucker, short egg-filaments, the presence of lateral expansions at the posterior end in the male, and in the expansions of the oesophageal tissue between the stichocytes. Dioctowittus sp. from Liasis amethystimus differs from the three described species in the posession of lateral lobes at both extremities.", "PMID": 670672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_573", "title": "Polyonchobothrium scleropagis n. sp. (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) from the Australian osteoglossid fish Scleropages leichardti G\u00fcnther.", "content": "Polyonchobothrium scleropagis (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) is described as a new species from the Australian osteoglossid fish Sclerophages leichardti G\u00fcnther.", "contents": "Polyonchobothrium scleropagis n. sp. (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) from the Australian osteoglossid fish Scleropages leichardti G\u00fcnther. Polyonchobothrium scleropagis (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) is described as a new species from the Australian osteoglossid fish Sclerophages leichardti G\u00fcnther.", "PMID": 670673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_574", "title": "Studies on humoral immunity against Taenia taeniaeformis infection in rats.", "content": "Rats were infected with doses of 100, 1000, 5000 and 10 000 eggs of Taenia taeniaeformis. Haemagglutinating antibody to cysticerus antigen was detected at the 4th week of infection. The appearance and levels of antibody titre did not vary greatly with the infective dose. An IgM peak appeared at the 6th week, with IgG appearing slightly later and continuing to rise. Transfer of serum from the 1st week onwards from infections with 1000 eggs however could confer significant protection. Dilutions of hyperimmune serum (1 ml volumes) of up to 1/32 conferred significant protection on normal recipients. Hyperimmune serum transferred up to 4 days before challenge could confer 80% protection whereas serum transferred 4 days after challenge was totally non-protective. The significance of this finding is discussed in the light of current knowledge of metacestode immunity.", "contents": "Studies on humoral immunity against Taenia taeniaeformis infection in rats. Rats were infected with doses of 100, 1000, 5000 and 10 000 eggs of Taenia taeniaeformis. Haemagglutinating antibody to cysticerus antigen was detected at the 4th week of infection. The appearance and levels of antibody titre did not vary greatly with the infective dose. An IgM peak appeared at the 6th week, with IgG appearing slightly later and continuing to rise. Transfer of serum from the 1st week onwards from infections with 1000 eggs however could confer significant protection. Dilutions of hyperimmune serum (1 ml volumes) of up to 1/32 conferred significant protection on normal recipients. Hyperimmune serum transferred up to 4 days before challenge could confer 80% protection whereas serum transferred 4 days after challenge was totally non-protective. The significance of this finding is discussed in the light of current knowledge of metacestode immunity.", "PMID": 670675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_575", "title": "Evidence for glycogen particles in the peroxisome of riboflavin deficient mouse kidney.", "content": "In the proximal tubular cells of the kidney in riboflavin deficient mice, electron dense particulate materials of about 30 nm in diameter were observed in the matrix of the peroxisome-like cytoplasmic bodies. The cytochemical study showed that these cytoplasmic bodies were negative for acid phosphatase activity and positive for DAB reaction, thus indicating that these organelles were peroxisomes. The particulate materials in peroxisomes were well stained with aqueous uranyl acetate, lead tartrate, alkaline bismuth and periodate acid bismuth. These particles were also digested by amylase. These results indicated that the particulate materials in peroxisomes were native glycogen particles. From the present study it was apparent that the peroxisome contained glycogen particles, and suggested the possibility that in some conditions glycogen might be synthesized in the peroxisome.", "contents": "Evidence for glycogen particles in the peroxisome of riboflavin deficient mouse kidney. In the proximal tubular cells of the kidney in riboflavin deficient mice, electron dense particulate materials of about 30 nm in diameter were observed in the matrix of the peroxisome-like cytoplasmic bodies. The cytochemical study showed that these cytoplasmic bodies were negative for acid phosphatase activity and positive for DAB reaction, thus indicating that these organelles were peroxisomes. The particulate materials in peroxisomes were well stained with aqueous uranyl acetate, lead tartrate, alkaline bismuth and periodate acid bismuth. These particles were also digested by amylase. These results indicated that the particulate materials in peroxisomes were native glycogen particles. From the present study it was apparent that the peroxisome contained glycogen particles, and suggested the possibility that in some conditions glycogen might be synthesized in the peroxisome.", "PMID": 670680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_576", "title": "Localization of carbohydrate components in rat colon with fluoresceinated lectins.", "content": "Cryostat sections of rat descending colon were studied by fluorescence microscopy after exposure to conjugates of fluorescein isothicoyanate with lectins from Glycine max (soybean), Triticum vulgaris (wheat germ), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Ulex europaeus, (gorse), Dolichos biflorus (horse gram) and Canavalia ensiformis (concanavalin A) (Jack bean). No two lectins showed identical patterns of fluorescence. FITC-conjugates of soybean and D. biflorus lectins reacted strongly with the mucus present in the crypt lumens and with the surface (as well as cytoplasm) of the epithelial cells suggesting that these sites are rich in terminal, non-reducing, N-acetylgalactosamine residues. Wheat germ, R. communis, U. europaeus and concanavalin A-FITC conjugates did not stain mucus but showed fluorescence in the cytoplasm of absorptive cells as well as in the lamina propria and submucosa. The FITC-R. communis conjugate also reacted with structures in the apical portion of epithelial cells that may correspond to the Golgi apparatus.", "contents": "Localization of carbohydrate components in rat colon with fluoresceinated lectins. Cryostat sections of rat descending colon were studied by fluorescence microscopy after exposure to conjugates of fluorescein isothicoyanate with lectins from Glycine max (soybean), Triticum vulgaris (wheat germ), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Ulex europaeus, (gorse), Dolichos biflorus (horse gram) and Canavalia ensiformis (concanavalin A) (Jack bean). No two lectins showed identical patterns of fluorescence. FITC-conjugates of soybean and D. biflorus lectins reacted strongly with the mucus present in the crypt lumens and with the surface (as well as cytoplasm) of the epithelial cells suggesting that these sites are rich in terminal, non-reducing, N-acetylgalactosamine residues. Wheat germ, R. communis, U. europaeus and concanavalin A-FITC conjugates did not stain mucus but showed fluorescence in the cytoplasm of absorptive cells as well as in the lamina propria and submucosa. The FITC-R. communis conjugate also reacted with structures in the apical portion of epithelial cells that may correspond to the Golgi apparatus.", "PMID": 670681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_577", "title": "Effect of rabbit strain on activity level and cytotoxicity of serum complement.", "content": "Serum samples from about 10 males and 10 females from each of 16 genetically defined strains of rabbits and from one hybrid were tested as sources of complement for the microtiter lymphocytotoxicity test. Lymph nodes from mice of strain B10.A/Sn were used as the target cells with a strong H-2 alloantiserum. Results indicate marked strain differences. Rabbit serum from a hybrid between the two best strains IIIC/J and IIIVO/J was almost as satisfactory as the parental strains and better than all other strains tested in this system, indicating a genetic basis for the response. The results of testing aliquots of these serum samples against other test systems including human cell lines will have to be in hand before a general statement can be made, but preliminary unpublished data against lymph nodes from A/HeJ and C3H/HeJ strain mice and tumor cells from an ascites form of a sarcoma Sal-A are encouraging and suggest a consistent superiority of the two strains and the hybrid between them referred to above.", "contents": "Effect of rabbit strain on activity level and cytotoxicity of serum complement. Serum samples from about 10 males and 10 females from each of 16 genetically defined strains of rabbits and from one hybrid were tested as sources of complement for the microtiter lymphocytotoxicity test. Lymph nodes from mice of strain B10.A/Sn were used as the target cells with a strong H-2 alloantiserum. Results indicate marked strain differences. Rabbit serum from a hybrid between the two best strains IIIC/J and IIIVO/J was almost as satisfactory as the parental strains and better than all other strains tested in this system, indicating a genetic basis for the response. The results of testing aliquots of these serum samples against other test systems including human cell lines will have to be in hand before a general statement can be made, but preliminary unpublished data against lymph nodes from A/HeJ and C3H/HeJ strain mice and tumor cells from an ascites form of a sarcoma Sal-A are encouraging and suggest a consistent superiority of the two strains and the hybrid between them referred to above.", "PMID": 670676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_578", "title": "Cytophotometric analyses of myocardial RNA in rats exposed to altitude hypoxia.", "content": "Analytical cytophotometry of azure B-stained heart sections was employed to investigate the pattern of myocardial ribonucleic acid (RNA) alterations in rats exposed to acute (1-2 days) and prolonged periods (1-8 weeks) of hypoxia exposure (380 torr). Data support the existence of a slight transient drop in myocardial RNA on day one of exposure followed by a restoration to levels slightly elevated over controls during a 1- to 8-week exposure interval. Because of the high variability in RNA levels among myocytes (coefficient of variation, ca 40%), a shift in the proportion of low and high RNA containing segments of the myocyte population proved to be a more sensitive indicator of suppression or augmentation of RNA synthesis than the use of average RNA levels of the cell population analyzed. Microscopic analyses revealed the presence of compensatory vascular responses which could be effective in ameliorating the extent of tissue hypoxemia, i.e., capillary vasodilation on day 1 with a progressive increase in vascularization with prolonged exposure.", "contents": "Cytophotometric analyses of myocardial RNA in rats exposed to altitude hypoxia. Analytical cytophotometry of azure B-stained heart sections was employed to investigate the pattern of myocardial ribonucleic acid (RNA) alterations in rats exposed to acute (1-2 days) and prolonged periods (1-8 weeks) of hypoxia exposure (380 torr). Data support the existence of a slight transient drop in myocardial RNA on day one of exposure followed by a restoration to levels slightly elevated over controls during a 1- to 8-week exposure interval. Because of the high variability in RNA levels among myocytes (coefficient of variation, ca 40%), a shift in the proportion of low and high RNA containing segments of the myocyte population proved to be a more sensitive indicator of suppression or augmentation of RNA synthesis than the use of average RNA levels of the cell population analyzed. Microscopic analyses revealed the presence of compensatory vascular responses which could be effective in ameliorating the extent of tissue hypoxemia, i.e., capillary vasodilation on day 1 with a progressive increase in vascularization with prolonged exposure.", "PMID": 670682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_579", "title": "Polymorphism at the glucosephosphate isomerase locus in the dog.", "content": "A polymorphism of the enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) in canine red blood cells is reported. This polymorphism was detected by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis utilizing a tris-EDTA-borate buffer system of pH 8.0. Four out of 92 dogs examined appeared to be heterozygous at this locus.", "contents": "Polymorphism at the glucosephosphate isomerase locus in the dog. A polymorphism of the enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) in canine red blood cells is reported. This polymorphism was detected by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis utilizing a tris-EDTA-borate buffer system of pH 8.0. Four out of 92 dogs examined appeared to be heterozygous at this locus.", "PMID": 670678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_580", "title": "Relative mobility of con A and anionic receptor sites on the cell surface of lymphocytes. A quantitative-cytochemical study.", "content": "Events following the binding of Concanavalin A and cationized ferritin to the surface of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were followed using ultracytochemical methods. In this paper, we described a technique involving microdensitometry, which was employed in order to make a comparative cytochemical quantitation of the dense horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine reaction products representing the states of Concanavalin A receptors under various conditions of distribution and redistribution. The technique presents a direct approach to the analysis of various probes that are currently being employed for studying the nature and distribution of various cell surface components. An attempt was also made to analyze the distribution of anionic sites, and their lateral redistribution is compared with the mobility of Concanavalin A receptors. The data presented suggests an independent mobility of receptors for Concanavalin A and cationized ferritin.", "contents": "Relative mobility of con A and anionic receptor sites on the cell surface of lymphocytes. A quantitative-cytochemical study. Events following the binding of Concanavalin A and cationized ferritin to the surface of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were followed using ultracytochemical methods. In this paper, we described a technique involving microdensitometry, which was employed in order to make a comparative cytochemical quantitation of the dense horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine reaction products representing the states of Concanavalin A receptors under various conditions of distribution and redistribution. The technique presents a direct approach to the analysis of various probes that are currently being employed for studying the nature and distribution of various cell surface components. An attempt was also made to analyze the distribution of anionic sites, and their lateral redistribution is compared with the mobility of Concanavalin A receptors. The data presented suggests an independent mobility of receptors for Concanavalin A and cationized ferritin.", "PMID": 670683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_581", "title": "The genetics of blind--a lethal factor in mice.", "content": "The linkage relationships of the lethal gene blind (Bld) in the mouse were investigated. The gene is located on chromosome 15, between uw and bt. The distance uw--Bld is 28.2 +/- 5.1 cM: Bld--bt is 14.9 +/- 2.7 cM: and Bld--Ca is 24.6 +/- 2.6 cM. Incomplete penetrance and/or reduced viability of Bld/+ animals was found when blind animals were crossed to several strains, but the cross female DBA/2J X male blind yielded complete penetrance and specificity. Evidence is presented for the presence of X-linked modifiers affecting the penetrance and possible increased viability of Bld in strain DBA.", "contents": "The genetics of blind--a lethal factor in mice. The linkage relationships of the lethal gene blind (Bld) in the mouse were investigated. The gene is located on chromosome 15, between uw and bt. The distance uw--Bld is 28.2 +/- 5.1 cM: Bld--bt is 14.9 +/- 2.7 cM: and Bld--Ca is 24.6 +/- 2.6 cM. Incomplete penetrance and/or reduced viability of Bld/+ animals was found when blind animals were crossed to several strains, but the cross female DBA/2J X male blind yielded complete penetrance and specificity. Evidence is presented for the presence of X-linked modifiers affecting the penetrance and possible increased viability of Bld in strain DBA.", "PMID": 670679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_582", "title": "Stigma, sex and society: a new look at gender differentiation and sexual variation.", "content": "This paper takes a critical look at the hormonal basis of sexual behavior and concludes that it plays no part in determination of sexual activity or sexual preference in any of its forms including homosexuality and transsexualism. The empirical evidence of psychosexual functioning does not support Money's schema which suggest that sexual variation (homosexuality), transsexualism, and transvestism are incongruities of gender identity. At alternative approach which places gender differentiation and sexual variation in a social context is presented.", "contents": "Stigma, sex and society: a new look at gender differentiation and sexual variation. This paper takes a critical look at the hormonal basis of sexual behavior and concludes that it plays no part in determination of sexual activity or sexual preference in any of its forms including homosexuality and transsexualism. The empirical evidence of psychosexual functioning does not support Money's schema which suggest that sexual variation (homosexuality), transsexualism, and transvestism are incongruities of gender identity. At alternative approach which places gender differentiation and sexual variation in a social context is presented.", "PMID": 670684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_583", "title": "Couples: the hidden segment of the gay world.", "content": "This study explores the relationships of 15 homosexual couples--5 female and 10 male couples. In duration the relationships ranged from 7 months to 13 years. In age the partners ranged from 19 to 50. Findings indicate that the partners met in social as compared with sexual settings, that relationships are more common for females than for males, that female more than male couples require sexual fidelity between partners, that male more than female couples desire children, and that there was no \"butch-femme\" role playing in the relationships. Social incompatibility of partners and social pressure are seen as causes for the breakup of relationships.", "contents": "Couples: the hidden segment of the gay world. This study explores the relationships of 15 homosexual couples--5 female and 10 male couples. In duration the relationships ranged from 7 months to 13 years. In age the partners ranged from 19 to 50. Findings indicate that the partners met in social as compared with sexual settings, that relationships are more common for females than for males, that female more than male couples require sexual fidelity between partners, that male more than female couples desire children, and that there was no \"butch-femme\" role playing in the relationships. Social incompatibility of partners and social pressure are seen as causes for the breakup of relationships.", "PMID": 670685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_584", "title": "Toward a new model of treatment of homosexuality: a review.", "content": "A review of the literature of outcome studies in the psychoanalytic or behavioral treatment of homosexuality reveals limited results when \"heterosexual shift\" is the goal. Recently, however, a growing body of empirical knowledge has accumulated that challenges the illness or maladaptive model of homosexuality. Consequently, a new model has been emerging that is designed to assist homosexuals to recognize, accept, and value their sexual identity and to help them adjust to this identity in a predominantly heterosexual society. Unfortunatley, only a few studies exist that examine the result of this new approach.", "contents": "Toward a new model of treatment of homosexuality: a review. A review of the literature of outcome studies in the psychoanalytic or behavioral treatment of homosexuality reveals limited results when \"heterosexual shift\" is the goal. Recently, however, a growing body of empirical knowledge has accumulated that challenges the illness or maladaptive model of homosexuality. Consequently, a new model has been emerging that is designed to assist homosexuals to recognize, accept, and value their sexual identity and to help them adjust to this identity in a predominantly heterosexual society. Unfortunatley, only a few studies exist that examine the result of this new approach.", "PMID": 670686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_585", "title": "The effects of social sex-role stereotypes and sexual orientation on psychotherapeutic outcomes.", "content": "This paper examines the relationship of biological sex, social sex-role stereotypes, and sexual orientation of client and the therapist to psychotherapeutic outcomes. It was hypothesized that analogus biological sex, departures in social sex-role, and sexual orientation of client and therapist would have positive effects on psychotherapeutic outcomes. Twenty-four clients and 16 therapist, including five client-therapist pairs, were interviewed on how issues of social sex-role stereotyping and sexual orientation arose and were dealt with in therapy. The results indicated (a) a trend toward more positive outcomes when client and therapist were of the same sex, and (b) that similarity of sexual orientation of client and therapist is related to positive psychotherapeutic outcomes. The results for deparature from social sex-role stereotypes were inconclusive.", "contents": "The effects of social sex-role stereotypes and sexual orientation on psychotherapeutic outcomes. This paper examines the relationship of biological sex, social sex-role stereotypes, and sexual orientation of client and the therapist to psychotherapeutic outcomes. It was hypothesized that analogus biological sex, departures in social sex-role, and sexual orientation of client and therapist would have positive effects on psychotherapeutic outcomes. Twenty-four clients and 16 therapist, including five client-therapist pairs, were interviewed on how issues of social sex-role stereotyping and sexual orientation arose and were dealt with in therapy. The results indicated (a) a trend toward more positive outcomes when client and therapist were of the same sex, and (b) that similarity of sexual orientation of client and therapist is related to positive psychotherapeutic outcomes. The results for deparature from social sex-role stereotypes were inconclusive.", "PMID": 670687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_586", "title": "The male adolescent involved with a pederast becomes and adult.", "content": "A longitudinal study of nine cases in reported where the adolescent male was engaged after puberty in sexual activity with an adult male. Observations are reported in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th  decades after the teenage years in these cases. The subjects were drawn from a pool of 200 similar cases and are the cases where the most data are available. Implications for professionals dealing with adolescent sexuality are made. Gaps between what is legally permitted and what is actual practice are pointed out. Need for further research and the areas for that research are implied. A case against premature labeling is made.", "contents": "The male adolescent involved with a pederast becomes and adult. A longitudinal study of nine cases in reported where the adolescent male was engaged after puberty in sexual activity with an adult male. Observations are reported in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th  decades after the teenage years in these cases. The subjects were drawn from a pool of 200 similar cases and are the cases where the most data are available. Implications for professionals dealing with adolescent sexuality are made. Gaps between what is legally permitted and what is actual practice are pointed out. Need for further research and the areas for that research are implied. A case against premature labeling is made.", "PMID": 670688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_587", "title": "Physician participation in health insurance plans: evidence on Blue Shield.", "content": "Various health insurance programs, including Blue Shield, have developed arrangements whereby the physician agrees to accept the insurer's reimbursement as payment in full. Incentives facing the physician to accept an arrangement of this type are reviewed in this study. The empirical work uses data on individual physicians from a 1973 survey. The results indicate that physician willingness to accept insurer reimbursement as payment in full is sensitive to the amount the insurer pays for specific procedures and to other insurance program characteristics. Physicians located in high patient income areas and/or with relatively prestigious credentials are less likely to accept insurer payments as payment in full. The empirical findings are used to generate policy implications pertaining to the Medicare and Medicaid programs, to medical care quality-access tradeoffs, and to national health insurance.", "contents": "Physician participation in health insurance plans: evidence on Blue Shield. Various health insurance programs, including Blue Shield, have developed arrangements whereby the physician agrees to accept the insurer's reimbursement as payment in full. Incentives facing the physician to accept an arrangement of this type are reviewed in this study. The empirical work uses data on individual physicians from a 1973 survey. The results indicate that physician willingness to accept insurer reimbursement as payment in full is sensitive to the amount the insurer pays for specific procedures and to other insurance program characteristics. Physicians located in high patient income areas and/or with relatively prestigious credentials are less likely to accept insurer payments as payment in full. The empirical findings are used to generate policy implications pertaining to the Medicare and Medicaid programs, to medical care quality-access tradeoffs, and to national health insurance.", "PMID": 670695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_588", "title": "Molecular heterogeneity of secretory IgA anti-DNP antibodies.", "content": "Evidence is presented that demonstrates that the microscale sucrose isoelectric focusing technique can be used to assess the molecular heterogeneity of secretory IgA anti-DNP antibodies. The data indicate that substitution of the DNP group on the bacterial carrier, pneumococcus, can limit the structural complexity of secretory IgA anti-DNP antibodies. The data support the concept that factors governing secretory IgA antibody heterogeneity are analogous to those influencing the heterogeneity of serum IgG antibodies.", "contents": "Molecular heterogeneity of secretory IgA anti-DNP antibodies. Evidence is presented that demonstrates that the microscale sucrose isoelectric focusing technique can be used to assess the molecular heterogeneity of secretory IgA anti-DNP antibodies. The data indicate that substitution of the DNP group on the bacterial carrier, pneumococcus, can limit the structural complexity of secretory IgA anti-DNP antibodies. The data support the concept that factors governing secretory IgA antibody heterogeneity are analogous to those influencing the heterogeneity of serum IgG antibodies.", "PMID": 670696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_589", "title": "Polymorphism of tissue and serum amyloid A (AA and SAA) proteins in the mouse.", "content": "Amino acid sequence studies of the amino terminal 25 residues of amyloid A (AA) protein and the serum precursor (SAA) induced with casein or LPS indicate differences in the sequence at position 6 and significant heterogeneity at several other positions in SAA. These findings suggest that SAA is a polymorphic serum protein and raise the possibility that only certain forms of SAA are processed to the tissue amyloid fibril.", "contents": "Polymorphism of tissue and serum amyloid A (AA and SAA) proteins in the mouse. Amino acid sequence studies of the amino terminal 25 residues of amyloid A (AA) protein and the serum precursor (SAA) induced with casein or LPS indicate differences in the sequence at position 6 and significant heterogeneity at several other positions in SAA. These findings suggest that SAA is a polymorphic serum protein and raise the possibility that only certain forms of SAA are processed to the tissue amyloid fibril.", "PMID": 670697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_590", "title": "A quantitative fluorometric assay for detection and characterization of Fc receptors.", "content": "A new quantitative fluorometric binding assay that uses fluoresceinated aggregated IgG is proposed for the study of Fc receptors. The method was compared with a radiolabeling binding assay on three well characterized murine cell lines (38C-13, EL4, and BW). The apparent association constant of the binding and the amount of aggregated IgG bound per cell at saturation were calculated. The fluorometric assay enables the detection of 5 X 10(-10) M bound aggregated IgG. Inhibition studies with monomeric IgG, reduced and alkylated aggregated IgG, and aggregated F(ab')2 fragments of IgG confirmed the specificity of the assay. Staphylococcal protein A inhibited the binding of the aggregated IgG to Fc receptors.", "contents": "A quantitative fluorometric assay for detection and characterization of Fc receptors. A new quantitative fluorometric binding assay that uses fluoresceinated aggregated IgG is proposed for the study of Fc receptors. The method was compared with a radiolabeling binding assay on three well characterized murine cell lines (38C-13, EL4, and BW). The apparent association constant of the binding and the amount of aggregated IgG bound per cell at saturation were calculated. The fluorometric assay enables the detection of 5 X 10(-10) M bound aggregated IgG. Inhibition studies with monomeric IgG, reduced and alkylated aggregated IgG, and aggregated F(ab')2 fragments of IgG confirmed the specificity of the assay. Staphylococcal protein A inhibited the binding of the aggregated IgG to Fc receptors.", "PMID": 670698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_591", "title": "A specific indicator for mouse lymphocyte C3b receptors.", "content": "IgM-sensitized sheep E bearing guinea pig C4 and C3b (EAC43bgp) react as strongly with mouse spleen cell C3b receptors as do optimally prepared EACmo. Yet, when the C3b is converted to C3d by incubation with heated serum at low ionic strength, reactivity with mouse spleen cells is completely lost whereas binding to guinea pig spleen cells remains high. It is concluded on the basis of this and other evidence that EAC43bgp are a sensitive and specific indicator for mouse lymphocyte C3b receptors. Degradation of the C3b on these cells will not cause misleading binding to C3d receptors, as could occur with cells bearing mouse C3b.", "contents": "A specific indicator for mouse lymphocyte C3b receptors. IgM-sensitized sheep E bearing guinea pig C4 and C3b (EAC43bgp) react as strongly with mouse spleen cell C3b receptors as do optimally prepared EACmo. Yet, when the C3b is converted to C3d by incubation with heated serum at low ionic strength, reactivity with mouse spleen cells is completely lost whereas binding to guinea pig spleen cells remains high. It is concluded on the basis of this and other evidence that EAC43bgp are a sensitive and specific indicator for mouse lymphocyte C3b receptors. Degradation of the C3b on these cells will not cause misleading binding to C3d receptors, as could occur with cells bearing mouse C3b.", "PMID": 670699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_592", "title": "Immunologic tolerance in the chicken. I. Isolation of two suppressive fractions from serum of chickens tolerant to bovine serum albumin.", "content": "Serum from 14-day-old chickens rendered tolerant at hatching with 1250 mg bovine serum albumin (BSA)/KBW was found to suppress an adoptive secondary response to BSA and an in vitro response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Chromatographic separation resulted in three fractions: I, II, and III. The suppressive activity was found to be contained in fraction I (m.w. greater than 1 X 10(6)) and fraction III (m.w. less than 2.5 X 10(4)). Analysis of fraction I by affinity chromatographic techniques revealed that it was composed of soluble BSA-antibody complexes and their removal removed the suppressive activity. Analysis of peak III revealed that the suppressive activity could only be removed by BSA and anti-Line 3 antiserum columns.", "contents": "Immunologic tolerance in the chicken. I. Isolation of two suppressive fractions from serum of chickens tolerant to bovine serum albumin. Serum from 14-day-old chickens rendered tolerant at hatching with 1250 mg bovine serum albumin (BSA)/KBW was found to suppress an adoptive secondary response to BSA and an in vitro response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Chromatographic separation resulted in three fractions: I, II, and III. The suppressive activity was found to be contained in fraction I (m.w. greater than 1 X 10(6)) and fraction III (m.w. less than 2.5 X 10(4)). Analysis of fraction I by affinity chromatographic techniques revealed that it was composed of soluble BSA-antibody complexes and their removal removed the suppressive activity. Analysis of peak III revealed that the suppressive activity could only be removed by BSA and anti-Line 3 antiserum columns.", "PMID": 670700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_593", "title": "Trinitrophenylated red cells (E-TNP) as a model for antibody-independent activation of the complement system via the classical pathway.", "content": "Recently, it was shown that DNP-substituted human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) bound directly C1q, a subcomponent of C1. Evidence is presented that TNP-conjugated erythrocyte (E-TNP) were lysed by autologous sera as source of complement (C). The lysis was strongly dependent on the TNP substitution rate so that the TNP-carrying erythrocytes can be used directly as an indicator for the TNP-C interaction. The TNP-induced lysis of erythrocytes required the presence of C1q, C4, and Ca++, indicating a dependency on the classical pathway of C. Purified C1 is directly bound to E-TNP; C1 bound to E-TNP could be transferred to EAC4. From E-TNP-C1 the intermediates E-TNP-C14 and E-TNP-C142 can be formed by successive addition of C4 and C2 similarly to EAC14 and EAC142. Native C1 can be activated to C1 by E-TNP in the same fashion as by EA. The E-TNP model provides evidence that the \"activated\" Fc part of the antibody molecule is not unique in its ability to trigger the internal activation of C1. Molecules with negatively charged groups, like polyanions, or molecules with high electron dense groups, like DNP or TNP, can activate the C system via the classical pathway by binding directly to C1q.", "contents": "Trinitrophenylated red cells (E-TNP) as a model for antibody-independent activation of the complement system via the classical pathway. Recently, it was shown that DNP-substituted human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) bound directly C1q, a subcomponent of C1. Evidence is presented that TNP-conjugated erythrocyte (E-TNP) were lysed by autologous sera as source of complement (C). The lysis was strongly dependent on the TNP substitution rate so that the TNP-carrying erythrocytes can be used directly as an indicator for the TNP-C interaction. The TNP-induced lysis of erythrocytes required the presence of C1q, C4, and Ca++, indicating a dependency on the classical pathway of C. Purified C1 is directly bound to E-TNP; C1 bound to E-TNP could be transferred to EAC4. From E-TNP-C1 the intermediates E-TNP-C14 and E-TNP-C142 can be formed by successive addition of C4 and C2 similarly to EAC14 and EAC142. Native C1 can be activated to C1 by E-TNP in the same fashion as by EA. The E-TNP model provides evidence that the \"activated\" Fc part of the antibody molecule is not unique in its ability to trigger the internal activation of C1. Molecules with negatively charged groups, like polyanions, or molecules with high electron dense groups, like DNP or TNP, can activate the C system via the classical pathway by binding directly to C1q.", "PMID": 670702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_594", "title": "Corticosteroids block newly induced but not constitutive functions of macrophage cell lines: myeloid colony-stimulating activity production, latex phagocytosis, and antibody-dependent lysis of RBC and tumor targets.", "content": "Hydrocortisone at 10(-4) M added to macrophage cell lines had no effect on the following activities: J774.1 antibody-dependent phagocytosis and lysis of sheep RBC, RAW 264 antibody-dependent lysis of tumor targets, latex bead phagocytosis by PU5-1.8 cells, and constitutive production of myeloid colony-stimulating activity (CSA) by WEHI-3 cells. In contrast, 10(-4) M hydrocortisone completely inhibited LPS or PPD activation of the following functions: induced production of myeloid CSA, stimulation of latex phagocytosis and stimulation of antibody-dependent lysis of tumor targets by PU5-1.8 cell line, and stimulation of antibody-dependent lysis of RBC targets by RAW 264 cell line. Lower concentrations of hydrocortisone or dexamethasone at 10(-6) M inhibited the LPS induction of CSA from 55 to 90%. Growth inhibition of PU5-1.8 cells caused by 1 microgram/ml LPS was also partially reversed by corticosteroids. Thus, steroids block these newly induced but not constitutive functions of these macrophage cells in culture.", "contents": "Corticosteroids block newly induced but not constitutive functions of macrophage cell lines: myeloid colony-stimulating activity production, latex phagocytosis, and antibody-dependent lysis of RBC and tumor targets. Hydrocortisone at 10(-4) M added to macrophage cell lines had no effect on the following activities: J774.1 antibody-dependent phagocytosis and lysis of sheep RBC, RAW 264 antibody-dependent lysis of tumor targets, latex bead phagocytosis by PU5-1.8 cells, and constitutive production of myeloid colony-stimulating activity (CSA) by WEHI-3 cells. In contrast, 10(-4) M hydrocortisone completely inhibited LPS or PPD activation of the following functions: induced production of myeloid CSA, stimulation of latex phagocytosis and stimulation of antibody-dependent lysis of tumor targets by PU5-1.8 cell line, and stimulation of antibody-dependent lysis of RBC targets by RAW 264 cell line. Lower concentrations of hydrocortisone or dexamethasone at 10(-6) M inhibited the LPS induction of CSA from 55 to 90%. Growth inhibition of PU5-1.8 cells caused by 1 microgram/ml LPS was also partially reversed by corticosteroids. Thus, steroids block these newly induced but not constitutive functions of these macrophage cells in culture.", "PMID": 670703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_595", "title": "Oxygen immunosuppression: modification of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rodents.", "content": "Using protocols that incorporated double blind examination of animals sensitized to CNS antigen, we confirmed and amplified earlier findings of the complete suppression of EAE in rodents by hyperbaric oxygen. The effects of O2 were related to the gas pressure and duration of treatment. The development of paralytic disease was prevented for 34 days after sensitization (the longest interval studied). Compressed air or normobaric O2 administered under similar conditions did not modify the course of illness. Within 7 to 10 days after the discontinuance of oxygen therapy the majority of treated guinea pigs developed typical signs of EAE with characteristic lesions in the CNS. The relapses occurred  sooner in the Lewis rat. The development of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to myelin basic protein and to tuberculin is also suppressed by O2 therapy indicating that its effects upon autoimmune encephalomyelitis involves fundamental alterations of the cellular components of the immune response, some or all of which are reversible.", "contents": "Oxygen immunosuppression: modification of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rodents. Using protocols that incorporated double blind examination of animals sensitized to CNS antigen, we confirmed and amplified earlier findings of the complete suppression of EAE in rodents by hyperbaric oxygen. The effects of O2 were related to the gas pressure and duration of treatment. The development of paralytic disease was prevented for 34 days after sensitization (the longest interval studied). Compressed air or normobaric O2 administered under similar conditions did not modify the course of illness. Within 7 to 10 days after the discontinuance of oxygen therapy the majority of treated guinea pigs developed typical signs of EAE with characteristic lesions in the CNS. The relapses occurred  sooner in the Lewis rat. The development of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to myelin basic protein and to tuberculin is also suppressed by O2 therapy indicating that its effects upon autoimmune encephalomyelitis involves fundamental alterations of the cellular components of the immune response, some or all of which are reversible.", "PMID": 670704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_596", "title": "Kinetic assessment of alternative complement pathway activity in a hemolytic system. II. Influence of antibody on alternative pathway activation.", "content": "By using a kinetic assay, we have examined the role of antibody in the lysis of rabbit erythrocytes (RaRBC) through the alternative complement (C) pathway. Sera from some hypogammaglobulinemic (Hgamma) humans and all agammaglobulinemic chickens tested had subnormal activity in the assay. Heated normal human or chicken sera, but not heated Hgamma sera, restored activity to deficient Hgamma serum and initiated hemolysis in the presence of rabbit serum as C source. Absorption of heated normal human serum with RaRBC, but not with sheep erythrocytes or zymosan, removed its ability to reconstitute deficient Hgamma serum. Normal hemolytic activity could be resotred to Hgamma serum with human IgM, IgG, or colostral IgA, with goat anti-RaRBC IgG, or with an eluate from serum-sensitized RaRBC, but not with myeloma IgA. Restoration of hemolytic activity to Hgamma serum could be achieved in a dose-dependent fashion with the F(ab')2 fragment of IgG. These results suggest that antibody exerts a significant rate-limiting effect on alternative pathway activity in the RaRBC lytic system. This raises the possibility that antibody may be required for efficient alternative pathway activity in vivo and that the pyogenic infections that occur in Hgamma individuals are due to inefficient activation and fixation of C3 through either the classical or alternative pathway.", "contents": "Kinetic assessment of alternative complement pathway activity in a hemolytic system. II. Influence of antibody on alternative pathway activation. By using a kinetic assay, we have examined the role of antibody in the lysis of rabbit erythrocytes (RaRBC) through the alternative complement (C) pathway. Sera from some hypogammaglobulinemic (Hgamma) humans and all agammaglobulinemic chickens tested had subnormal activity in the assay. Heated normal human or chicken sera, but not heated Hgamma sera, restored activity to deficient Hgamma serum and initiated hemolysis in the presence of rabbit serum as C source. Absorption of heated normal human serum with RaRBC, but not with sheep erythrocytes or zymosan, removed its ability to reconstitute deficient Hgamma serum. Normal hemolytic activity could be resotred to Hgamma serum with human IgM, IgG, or colostral IgA, with goat anti-RaRBC IgG, or with an eluate from serum-sensitized RaRBC, but not with myeloma IgA. Restoration of hemolytic activity to Hgamma serum could be achieved in a dose-dependent fashion with the F(ab')2 fragment of IgG. These results suggest that antibody exerts a significant rate-limiting effect on alternative pathway activity in the RaRBC lytic system. This raises the possibility that antibody may be required for efficient alternative pathway activity in vivo and that the pyogenic infections that occur in Hgamma individuals are due to inefficient activation and fixation of C3 through either the classical or alternative pathway.", "PMID": 670706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_597", "title": "Nonspecific suppressive and cytostatic activities mediated by human colonic carcinoma tissue or cultured cell extract.", "content": "We have previously shown that soluble extracts from human colonic carcinoma (SCE) were potent inhibitors of the PHA-induced DNA synthesis of normal allogeneic peripheral lymphocytes. From the present study, SCE appeared to have a broad and nonspecific range of activity. The SCE-suppressive effect was observed whatever the lymphoid organ or the animal species used as a source of stimulated lymphocytes. Moreover, we always obtained a complete inhibition of the lymphoproliferative response to all tested mitogens including PHA, Con A, PWM, and, for animal lymphocytes, LPS. In addition to the suppressive activity on lymphocytes, SCE also inhibited proliferation of cultured human CCL6 embryonic intestine cells and HT29 colonic carcinoma cells, and of cultured rat fibrosarcoma cells. Soluble extracts from HT29 cells (SCCE) were able to mimic the nonspecific suppressive and cytostatic activities of SCE. The suppressive activity was also found in extracts from hepatic metastases (SHME) of a primary colonic tumor. In contrast, soluble extracts from normal liver or nonmalignant colonic mucosa did not interfere with cell proliferation. These data suggest that both SCE and SCCE contain molecular components(s) that can inhibit a wide variety of proliferating cells, including stimulated lymphocytes.", "contents": "Nonspecific suppressive and cytostatic activities mediated by human colonic carcinoma tissue or cultured cell extract. We have previously shown that soluble extracts from human colonic carcinoma (SCE) were potent inhibitors of the PHA-induced DNA synthesis of normal allogeneic peripheral lymphocytes. From the present study, SCE appeared to have a broad and nonspecific range of activity. The SCE-suppressive effect was observed whatever the lymphoid organ or the animal species used as a source of stimulated lymphocytes. Moreover, we always obtained a complete inhibition of the lymphoproliferative response to all tested mitogens including PHA, Con A, PWM, and, for animal lymphocytes, LPS. In addition to the suppressive activity on lymphocytes, SCE also inhibited proliferation of cultured human CCL6 embryonic intestine cells and HT29 colonic carcinoma cells, and of cultured rat fibrosarcoma cells. Soluble extracts from HT29 cells (SCCE) were able to mimic the nonspecific suppressive and cytostatic activities of SCE. The suppressive activity was also found in extracts from hepatic metastases (SHME) of a primary colonic tumor. In contrast, soluble extracts from normal liver or nonmalignant colonic mucosa did not interfere with cell proliferation. These data suggest that both SCE and SCCE contain molecular components(s) that can inhibit a wide variety of proliferating cells, including stimulated lymphocytes.", "PMID": 670707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_598", "title": "In vitro sensitization of human lymphocytes against histiocytic lymphoma cell lines. II. Characterization of two different effector activities and of suppressor cells.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal human donors were tested for natural killing (NK) activity and for two types of in vitro induced cytotoxicity against allogeneic diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) cell lines. Culture-induced cytotoxic (CIC) activity developed in cultures of unseparated PBL incubated in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) but not in the presence of human serum (HS). The CIC mediating effector cells were removed by nylon wool adherence, whereas the NK cells were not. A second type of in vitro induced cytotoxicity was obtained by specific sensitization against DHL cells (SIC). The SIC effector cells were not retained by nylon wool. SIC was manifested after sensitization in medium containing HS but not in FBS-containing medium unless nylon wool adherent cells were removed before sensitization. The lack of SIC in the presence of FBS appeared to be due to nylon wool-adherent suppressor cells. Such suppressor activity was also removed by plastic adherence or elimination of phagocytic cells. CIC and suppressive activity were found to be mediated by different cell populations.", "contents": "In vitro sensitization of human lymphocytes against histiocytic lymphoma cell lines. II. Characterization of two different effector activities and of suppressor cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal human donors were tested for natural killing (NK) activity and for two types of in vitro induced cytotoxicity against allogeneic diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) cell lines. Culture-induced cytotoxic (CIC) activity developed in cultures of unseparated PBL incubated in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) but not in the presence of human serum (HS). The CIC mediating effector cells were removed by nylon wool adherence, whereas the NK cells were not. A second type of in vitro induced cytotoxicity was obtained by specific sensitization against DHL cells (SIC). The SIC effector cells were not retained by nylon wool. SIC was manifested after sensitization in medium containing HS but not in FBS-containing medium unless nylon wool adherent cells were removed before sensitization. The lack of SIC in the presence of FBS appeared to be due to nylon wool-adherent suppressor cells. Such suppressor activity was also removed by plastic adherence or elimination of phagocytic cells. CIC and suppressive activity were found to be mediated by different cell populations.", "PMID": 670709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_599", "title": "Sheep erythrocyte rosettes in pigs, sheep, cattle and goats demonstrated in the presence of dextran.", "content": "Formation of rosettes  with sheep RBC by blood lymphocytes from young pigs was increased from 24.4% +/- 2.2 (mean +/- S.E.) in PBS to 54.1% +/- 1.9 in the presence of dextran. This increase was achieved without inducing appreciable rosette formation with other RBC which do not form rosettes in PBS. Lymphocytes which rosette only in dextran are predominant in pigs between 20 and 160 days old, when the peripheral lymphocyte pool is increasing very rapidly. The use of dextran revealed major populations of blood lymphocytes rosetting with SRBC in adult sheep (30.7% +/- 2.0), adult cattle (37.3% +/- 4.2) and adult goats (13.3% +/- 1.2). Proportions of rosette-forming lymphocytes tended to increase with age. In calf lymphoid tissues the distribution of rosette-forming lymphocytes suggested that these were T cells. In the improvement of rosette formation with SRBC, dextran was more effective than foetal calf serum, papain treatment of the SRBC or combinations of these treatments.", "contents": "Sheep erythrocyte rosettes in pigs, sheep, cattle and goats demonstrated in the presence of dextran. Formation of rosettes  with sheep RBC by blood lymphocytes from young pigs was increased from 24.4% +/- 2.2 (mean +/- S.E.) in PBS to 54.1% +/- 1.9 in the presence of dextran. This increase was achieved without inducing appreciable rosette formation with other RBC which do not form rosettes in PBS. Lymphocytes which rosette only in dextran are predominant in pigs between 20 and 160 days old, when the peripheral lymphocyte pool is increasing very rapidly. The use of dextran revealed major populations of blood lymphocytes rosetting with SRBC in adult sheep (30.7% +/- 2.0), adult cattle (37.3% +/- 4.2) and adult goats (13.3% +/- 1.2). Proportions of rosette-forming lymphocytes tended to increase with age. In calf lymphoid tissues the distribution of rosette-forming lymphocytes suggested that these were T cells. In the improvement of rosette formation with SRBC, dextran was more effective than foetal calf serum, papain treatment of the SRBC or combinations of these treatments.", "PMID": 670710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_600", "title": "Kinetics of immunoglobulin production by cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "A study of immunoglobulin synthesis by human peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in Marbrook flasks is described. Maximal amounts of immunoglobulin were produced by 3 weeks and most of this was synthesised between 6 and 21 days. In the region of 90% of the immunoglobulin was secreted into the medium. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulated cultures produced about 10 times as much immunoglobulin as cells cultured in medium only. After 21 days stimulated cultures produced about 150 microgram of IgG, 125 microgram of IgM and 50 microgram of IgA per 10(7) cells.", "contents": "Kinetics of immunoglobulin production by cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. A study of immunoglobulin synthesis by human peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in Marbrook flasks is described. Maximal amounts of immunoglobulin were produced by 3 weeks and most of this was synthesised between 6 and 21 days. In the region of 90% of the immunoglobulin was secreted into the medium. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulated cultures produced about 10 times as much immunoglobulin as cells cultured in medium only. After 21 days stimulated cultures produced about 150 microgram of IgG, 125 microgram of IgM and 50 microgram of IgA per 10(7) cells.", "PMID": 670711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_601", "title": "In vitro stimulation of goat peripheral blood lymphocytes: optimization and kinetics of the response to mitogens and to allogeneic lymphocytes.", "content": "Experiments were performed to establish the optimal concentrations for specific and non-specific lymphocyte transformation in vitro, in cultures containing 10(5)-10(6) caprine lymphocytes. A microculture system was used in conjunction with a semiautomatic sample harvester. The assay was optimized for mitogen concentration (PHA-P, Con A, PWM and LPS) and allogeneic cell number, number of responding cells, incubation time and amount of tracer. The effect of addition of serum and the cytotoxic effect of phytomitogens on cultured cells is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro stimulation of goat peripheral blood lymphocytes: optimization and kinetics of the response to mitogens and to allogeneic lymphocytes. Experiments were performed to establish the optimal concentrations for specific and non-specific lymphocyte transformation in vitro, in cultures containing 10(5)-10(6) caprine lymphocytes. A microculture system was used in conjunction with a semiautomatic sample harvester. The assay was optimized for mitogen concentration (PHA-P, Con A, PWM and LPS) and allogeneic cell number, number of responding cells, incubation time and amount of tracer. The effect of addition of serum and the cytotoxic effect of phytomitogens on cultured cells is discussed.", "PMID": 670712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_602", "title": "Lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin: temporal variation in normal dogs.", "content": "The lymphocyte response to mitogens is frequently used as a screening method for monitoring general immunocompetence. In practice, however, the technique is potentially misleading. The results presented here suggest that temporal variation in lymphocyte response is the norm. Considerable variation in response to phytohemagglutinin was found for several dogs tested over different time periods. The response for any individual dog also fluctuated whether testing was at 2-week intervals, daily, or even every 4 h. This temporal variation remained whether separated lymphocytes or whole blood was cultured and when the results were expressed on a per lymphocyte basis. This suggests that there is a real difference in the response capability of individual lymphocytes. Factors affecting the numbers of leukocytes and the proportions of different types of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood are suggested as a possible source of the variation. Because of the inherent variation in lymphocyte responsiveness, it is necessary to test at different intervals to obtain an accurate indication of the general status of an individual's immunocompetence and to determine the time of peak response capability for that individual.", "contents": "Lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin: temporal variation in normal dogs. The lymphocyte response to mitogens is frequently used as a screening method for monitoring general immunocompetence. In practice, however, the technique is potentially misleading. The results presented here suggest that temporal variation in lymphocyte response is the norm. Considerable variation in response to phytohemagglutinin was found for several dogs tested over different time periods. The response for any individual dog also fluctuated whether testing was at 2-week intervals, daily, or even every 4 h. This temporal variation remained whether separated lymphocytes or whole blood was cultured and when the results were expressed on a per lymphocyte basis. This suggests that there is a real difference in the response capability of individual lymphocytes. Factors affecting the numbers of leukocytes and the proportions of different types of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood are suggested as a possible source of the variation. Because of the inherent variation in lymphocyte responsiveness, it is necessary to test at different intervals to obtain an accurate indication of the general status of an individual's immunocompetence and to determine the time of peak response capability for that individual.", "PMID": 670713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_603", "title": "Quantitation of secretory protein levels by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was designed for the detection of secretory protein, a component of secretory immunoglobulin A, in human serum. The assay uses free secretory protein isolated from human colostrum, and antisera raised in rabbits to the purified antigen. The mean level of secretory protein in the control group was 2.34 +/- 0.41 microgram/ml (mean +/- S.E.M.). The level in cord blood was slightly lower (0.74 +/- 0.26 microgram/ml), while the level in patients with ovarian carcinoma was significantly increased (12.67 +/- 1.43 microgram/ml). Pregnant women have increasing secretory protein levels with increasing length of gestation (5.86 +/- 2.02, 11.55 +/- 1.30 and 17.00 +/- 1.16 microgram/ml for the first, second and third trimesters, respectively.", "contents": "Quantitation of secretory protein levels by radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay was designed for the detection of secretory protein, a component of secretory immunoglobulin A, in human serum. The assay uses free secretory protein isolated from human colostrum, and antisera raised in rabbits to the purified antigen. The mean level of secretory protein in the control group was 2.34 +/- 0.41 microgram/ml (mean +/- S.E.M.). The level in cord blood was slightly lower (0.74 +/- 0.26 microgram/ml), while the level in patients with ovarian carcinoma was significantly increased (12.67 +/- 1.43 microgram/ml). Pregnant women have increasing secretory protein levels with increasing length of gestation (5.86 +/- 2.02, 11.55 +/- 1.30 and 17.00 +/- 1.16 microgram/ml for the first, second and third trimesters, respectively.", "PMID": 670714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_604", "title": "Purification of human thyroglobulin for radioimmunoassay and testing by ultracentrifugal analysis and immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The development of sensitive radioimmunoassays for the measurement of thyroglobulin (Tg) in human serum has demanded a high degree of purity of the Tg preparation. A procedure for purification of Tg including immunological methods for both purification and control of purity was therefore used. Extract of human thyroid glandular tissue from a patient with Grave's disease was chromatographed on Sepharose CL6B and subsequently on an affinity column containing antibody to whole human serum. Control of both purification steps was by fused rocket electrophoresis of fractions and crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the concentrated solutions. It could thus be shown that traces of contaminating serum proteins, present after column chromatography, were removed by affinity chromatography. Ultracentrifugation of 125I-labelled Tg indicated that it had a sedimentation rate corresponding to 19 S.", "contents": "Purification of human thyroglobulin for radioimmunoassay and testing by ultracentrifugal analysis and immunoelectrophoresis. The development of sensitive radioimmunoassays for the measurement of thyroglobulin (Tg) in human serum has demanded a high degree of purity of the Tg preparation. A procedure for purification of Tg including immunological methods for both purification and control of purity was therefore used. Extract of human thyroid glandular tissue from a patient with Grave's disease was chromatographed on Sepharose CL6B and subsequently on an affinity column containing antibody to whole human serum. Control of both purification steps was by fused rocket electrophoresis of fractions and crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the concentrated solutions. It could thus be shown that traces of contaminating serum proteins, present after column chromatography, were removed by affinity chromatography. Ultracentrifugation of 125I-labelled Tg indicated that it had a sedimentation rate corresponding to 19 S.", "PMID": 670715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_605", "title": "Change of electrophoretic mobility of purified alternative pathway factor D.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility of factor D (D) of the alternative pathway of human complement activation was examined by the method of lysoelectrophoresis. Purified D was found to have beta-mobility, while D in fresh serum showed alpha-mobility. Addition of D-depleted serum to D induced a change of electrophoretic mobility from beta to alpha. Addition of guinea pig serum to D did not produce this change. The change of electrophoretic mobility of D was not due to complex formation between D and other known alternative factors, P, C3NeF, B and C3. The Factor(s), which mediated the change in the electrophoretic mobility of D, had pseudoglobulin properties and was distributed around the third peak on Sephadex G-200 gel filtration of human serum with a mol. wt. of 50,000-80,000. This phenomenon might be restricted to a semi-solid state reaction, because complexes containing D were not observed upon analyses by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and isoelectrofocusing.", "contents": "Change of electrophoretic mobility of purified alternative pathway factor D. The electrophoretic mobility of factor D (D) of the alternative pathway of human complement activation was examined by the method of lysoelectrophoresis. Purified D was found to have beta-mobility, while D in fresh serum showed alpha-mobility. Addition of D-depleted serum to D induced a change of electrophoretic mobility from beta to alpha. Addition of guinea pig serum to D did not produce this change. The change of electrophoretic mobility of D was not due to complex formation between D and other known alternative factors, P, C3NeF, B and C3. The Factor(s), which mediated the change in the electrophoretic mobility of D, had pseudoglobulin properties and was distributed around the third peak on Sephadex G-200 gel filtration of human serum with a mol. wt. of 50,000-80,000. This phenomenon might be restricted to a semi-solid state reaction, because complexes containing D were not observed upon analyses by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and isoelectrofocusing.", "PMID": 670716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_606", "title": "Isolation and characterization of highly stable rabbit C1q.", "content": "Rabbit C1q has been isolated by techniques which retain elements of previous isolation methods along with novel procedures incorporated to yield stable, non-aggregating, highly purified and biologically active C1q. The procedure involves euglobulin preparation by dialysis of serum and two column chromatographies, DEAE-Sephadex and Ultragel ACA 34. The method results in yields of C1q from rabbit sera of 20-30%. Ouchterlony analysis, sedimentation velocity experiments, equilibrium ultracentrifuge molecular weight analysis, SDS, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing experiments indicate the presence of only a single component, which has all the physical characteristics previously reported for C1q. The preparation has all the biological characteristics of C1q such as the ability to agglutinate IgG-coated latex particles and to restore hemolytic activity to RC1q serum. Preparations obtained by this procedure are stable to freezing (-70 degrees C) for extended periods of time and show no evidence of aggregation upon thawing following periods of storage of up to 6 months. Mild acetylation and handling of preparations for extended periods at 37 degrees C and 45 degrees C indicate no evidence of aggregation or loss of agglutinating and hemolytic activities. Preparations so isolated meet all the criteria required for critical physical-chemical studies of this protein.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of highly stable rabbit C1q. Rabbit C1q has been isolated by techniques which retain elements of previous isolation methods along with novel procedures incorporated to yield stable, non-aggregating, highly purified and biologically active C1q. The procedure involves euglobulin preparation by dialysis of serum and two column chromatographies, DEAE-Sephadex and Ultragel ACA 34. The method results in yields of C1q from rabbit sera of 20-30%. Ouchterlony analysis, sedimentation velocity experiments, equilibrium ultracentrifuge molecular weight analysis, SDS, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing experiments indicate the presence of only a single component, which has all the physical characteristics previously reported for C1q. The preparation has all the biological characteristics of C1q such as the ability to agglutinate IgG-coated latex particles and to restore hemolytic activity to RC1q serum. Preparations obtained by this procedure are stable to freezing (-70 degrees C) for extended periods of time and show no evidence of aggregation upon thawing following periods of storage of up to 6 months. Mild acetylation and handling of preparations for extended periods at 37 degrees C and 45 degrees C indicate no evidence of aggregation or loss of agglutinating and hemolytic activities. Preparations so isolated meet all the criteria required for critical physical-chemical studies of this protein.", "PMID": 670717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_607", "title": "Evaluation of various filter membranes for Boyden-type leukocyte migration studies.", "content": "Various types and makes of membranes were assessed for suitability in Boyden-type chemotaxis studies. Pooled exudate neutrophils and macrophages from the rat were used as indicator cells. Sartorius filters were found to be superior to other cellulose ester filters both in efficiency and consistency of cell migration. Variations between and within Sartorius filter lots were small and filter inconsistency could be ruled out as a factor in day-to day variation in efficiency of cell migration. In our hands, Millipore membranes were unsatisfactory for chemotaxis studies. With the exception of the shortened incubation times, polycarbonate filters did not offer significant advantages over Sartorius filters when the vigorously responding rat exudate cells were tested. The orientation of the cellulose ester filters in the chemotaxis chambers was found to be a critical factor when the lowermost level counting method was used. The observed polarity could not readily be washed out by acid, alkali or ethanol treatment nor by boiling the filters in distilled water and remains unexplained.", "contents": "Evaluation of various filter membranes for Boyden-type leukocyte migration studies. Various types and makes of membranes were assessed for suitability in Boyden-type chemotaxis studies. Pooled exudate neutrophils and macrophages from the rat were used as indicator cells. Sartorius filters were found to be superior to other cellulose ester filters both in efficiency and consistency of cell migration. Variations between and within Sartorius filter lots were small and filter inconsistency could be ruled out as a factor in day-to day variation in efficiency of cell migration. In our hands, Millipore membranes were unsatisfactory for chemotaxis studies. With the exception of the shortened incubation times, polycarbonate filters did not offer significant advantages over Sartorius filters when the vigorously responding rat exudate cells were tested. The orientation of the cellulose ester filters in the chemotaxis chambers was found to be a critical factor when the lowermost level counting method was used. The observed polarity could not readily be washed out by acid, alkali or ethanol treatment nor by boiling the filters in distilled water and remains unexplained.", "PMID": 670718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_608", "title": "Microsurgical cannulation of the thoracic duct in cats. Technical note.", "content": "The authors describe a new technique for the microsurgical cannulation of the thoracic duct. A small silastic tube is utilized which can be joined to a subcutaneously implanted one-way flow, CSF, Ommaya-type reservoir. Extended drainage is avoided. No deletion or alteration of major venous channels occurs. Lymph collection is accomplished by tapping the subcutaneous reservoir with a small-bore needle.", "contents": "Microsurgical cannulation of the thoracic duct in cats. Technical note. The authors describe a new technique for the microsurgical cannulation of the thoracic duct. A small silastic tube is utilized which can be joined to a subcutaneously implanted one-way flow, CSF, Ommaya-type reservoir. Extended drainage is avoided. No deletion or alteration of major venous channels occurs. Lymph collection is accomplished by tapping the subcutaneous reservoir with a small-bore needle.", "PMID": 670719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_609", "title": "In vitro assessment of delayed hypersensitivity in the human. Inhibition of cell migration from agarose microdroplets.", "content": "The in vitro migration inhibition responses of peripheral blood leukocytes from tuberculin skin test positive and negative donors were tested to validate and determine optimal conditions for the agarose droplet method in the human. In vitro migration inhibition was observed in skin test positive donors in the presence of 25 microgram PPD/ml of medium using both unfractionated leukocytes and a mixture of immune lymphocytes with allogeneic polymorphonuclear leukocyte indicators. The supernatants of tuberculin positive lymphocytes cultured with PPD also inhibited the migration of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells but did not alter that of murine peritoneal exudate cells. These studies establish that the agarose droplet method is an efficient approach to the in vitro assessment of cell-mediated immunity in the human and define suitable indicator cell populations for assay of human lymphokines.", "contents": "In vitro assessment of delayed hypersensitivity in the human. Inhibition of cell migration from agarose microdroplets. The in vitro migration inhibition responses of peripheral blood leukocytes from tuberculin skin test positive and negative donors were tested to validate and determine optimal conditions for the agarose droplet method in the human. In vitro migration inhibition was observed in skin test positive donors in the presence of 25 microgram PPD/ml of medium using both unfractionated leukocytes and a mixture of immune lymphocytes with allogeneic polymorphonuclear leukocyte indicators. The supernatants of tuberculin positive lymphocytes cultured with PPD also inhibited the migration of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells but did not alter that of murine peritoneal exudate cells. These studies establish that the agarose droplet method is an efficient approach to the in vitro assessment of cell-mediated immunity in the human and define suitable indicator cell populations for assay of human lymphokines.", "PMID": 670720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_610", "title": "Monolayer immune complex (MIC) fractionation of Fc receptor bearing human spontaneous killer cells.", "content": "A simple high recovery method is described for depletion and enrichment of Fc receptor bearing human spontaneous killer cells. The technique is called monolayer immune complex (MIC) fractionation and is based on the fact that Fc receptor positive cells will bind to immune complexes bound to plastic surface and that bound cells can be partially recovered by protein A elution.", "contents": "Monolayer immune complex (MIC) fractionation of Fc receptor bearing human spontaneous killer cells. A simple high recovery method is described for depletion and enrichment of Fc receptor bearing human spontaneous killer cells. The technique is called monolayer immune complex (MIC) fractionation and is based on the fact that Fc receptor positive cells will bind to immune complexes bound to plastic surface and that bound cells can be partially recovered by protein A elution.", "PMID": 670721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_611", "title": "Reversed immunosorbents: a simple method for specific antibody immobilization.", "content": "A method is presented for permanently converting an antigen immunosorbent into a purified antibody immunosorbent which retains specific reactivity for antigen. Following immunological reaction of the antibodies in an antiserum with the antigen adsorbent, the specific immunoglobulin is chemically bound to the antigen by means of the divalent crosslinking agent. Various such agents, including glutaraldehyde, suberimidate, a diazide, and isocyanates, were employed. The conditions of preparation using the first two were optimized, and the characteristics of the resulting immobilized antibodies were investigated. Applications in radioimmunoassay, preparative chromatography, and affinity-constant studies discussed in view of the unique attributes of these reagents.", "contents": "Reversed immunosorbents: a simple method for specific antibody immobilization. A method is presented for permanently converting an antigen immunosorbent into a purified antibody immunosorbent which retains specific reactivity for antigen. Following immunological reaction of the antibodies in an antiserum with the antigen adsorbent, the specific immunoglobulin is chemically bound to the antigen by means of the divalent crosslinking agent. Various such agents, including glutaraldehyde, suberimidate, a diazide, and isocyanates, were employed. The conditions of preparation using the first two were optimized, and the characteristics of the resulting immobilized antibodies were investigated. Applications in radioimmunoassay, preparative chromatography, and affinity-constant studies discussed in view of the unique attributes of these reagents.", "PMID": 670722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_612", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody using a two-component immunoadsorbent.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay is described for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody. The assay uses a two-site (antigen and antibody) immunoadsorbent capable of binding antigen and antibody. Antigen is detected by enhanced binding of [125U]antibody through sandwich formations of antibody--antigens--[125I]antibody on the immunoadsorbent. Antibody presence is revealed by inhibition of [125I]antibody binding.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody using a two-component immunoadsorbent. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay is described for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody. The assay uses a two-site (antigen and antibody) immunoadsorbent capable of binding antigen and antibody. Antigen is detected by enhanced binding of [125U]antibody through sandwich formations of antibody--antigens--[125I]antibody on the immunoadsorbent. Antibody presence is revealed by inhibition of [125I]antibody binding.", "PMID": 670723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_613", "title": "The preparation of latex particles with covalently bound polyamines, IgG and measles agglutinins and their use in visual agglutination tests.", "content": "Carboxylated latex particles were substituted with side arms terminating in primary amine and hydrazine groups. The particles were coupled to aldehyde groups generated on glycoproteins which were treated with sodium periodate. Particles having the alipathic primary amine putrescine hapten as the sole substituent and particles linked to glycoproteins such as measles agglutinins and IgG were used to detect the presence of the corresponding antibodies or antigens in biological fluids by agglutination tests.", "contents": "The preparation of latex particles with covalently bound polyamines, IgG and measles agglutinins and their use in visual agglutination tests. Carboxylated latex particles were substituted with side arms terminating in primary amine and hydrazine groups. The particles were coupled to aldehyde groups generated on glycoproteins which were treated with sodium periodate. Particles having the alipathic primary amine putrescine hapten as the sole substituent and particles linked to glycoproteins such as measles agglutinins and IgG were used to detect the presence of the corresponding antibodies or antigens in biological fluids by agglutination tests.", "PMID": 670724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_614", "title": "The application of complement fixation to antibody weight estimates I. To soluble antigens.", "content": "A method is described for estimating early mouse IgG antibodies to the dinitrophenyl (DNP) determinant in absolute weight units. The antibodies to be measured are adsorbed quantitatively onto an appropriate immunoadsorbent such as DNP polyacrylamide. The particulate immune complexes are then incubated with a standard dilution of a potent rabbit antiserum to mouse IgG. Removal of the rabbit anti-mouse IgG (RaM) immunoglobulins by the complexes decreases the C fixing ability of the RaM supernatants reacted with C and mouse IgG. The decrements in C fixation are linearly related to the logarithm of the weight of mouse IgG. The decrements in C fixation are linearly related to the logarithm of the weight of mouse IgG  anti DNP added to the immunoadsorbent. A calibration curve is constructed with known amounts of mouse IgG )anti-NDP as measured by quantitative precipitation. Concurrent assays with the early mouse anti-DNP sera permit conversion of the losses in C fixing potencies to weight units of mouse IgG anti-DNP by interpolation on the calibration curve.", "contents": "The application of complement fixation to antibody weight estimates I. To soluble antigens. A method is described for estimating early mouse IgG antibodies to the dinitrophenyl (DNP) determinant in absolute weight units. The antibodies to be measured are adsorbed quantitatively onto an appropriate immunoadsorbent such as DNP polyacrylamide. The particulate immune complexes are then incubated with a standard dilution of a potent rabbit antiserum to mouse IgG. Removal of the rabbit anti-mouse IgG (RaM) immunoglobulins by the complexes decreases the C fixing ability of the RaM supernatants reacted with C and mouse IgG. The decrements in C fixation are linearly related to the logarithm of the weight of mouse IgG. The decrements in C fixation are linearly related to the logarithm of the weight of mouse IgG  anti DNP added to the immunoadsorbent. A calibration curve is constructed with known amounts of mouse IgG )anti-NDP as measured by quantitative precipitation. Concurrent assays with the early mouse anti-DNP sera permit conversion of the losses in C fixing potencies to weight units of mouse IgG anti-DNP by interpolation on the calibration curve.", "PMID": 670725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_615", "title": "The use of [125I]deoxyuridine for semi-microevaluation of human lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin in vitro.", "content": "[125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine ([125I]UdR) was compared with [6-3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) in a semi-micromethod used to evaluate the response of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro. 5-Fluoro-2'-dexoyuridine (FUdR) was added to [125I]UdR in order to increase its incorporation, by preventing endogenous thymidine synthesis. The relationship between PHA concentration and the isotope uptake by lymphocytes was studied. Similar dose-response curves were found for the two precursors, with a peak at 15 microgram/ml of PHA. Nevertheless the recovery of the labeled compounds was higher when [125I]UdR together with FUdR was used.", "contents": "The use of [125I]deoxyuridine for semi-microevaluation of human lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin in vitro. [125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine ([125I]UdR) was compared with [6-3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) in a semi-micromethod used to evaluate the response of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro. 5-Fluoro-2'-dexoyuridine (FUdR) was added to [125I]UdR in order to increase its incorporation, by preventing endogenous thymidine synthesis. The relationship between PHA concentration and the isotope uptake by lymphocytes was studied. Similar dose-response curves were found for the two precursors, with a peak at 15 microgram/ml of PHA. Nevertheless the recovery of the labeled compounds was higher when [125I]UdR together with FUdR was used.", "PMID": 670726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_616", "title": "Studies on the microcytotoxicity test. III. Comparison of  [75Se]selenomethionine with [3H]proline, Na2, 51CrO4 and [125I]iododeoxyuridine for pre-labelling target cells in long-term cytotoxicity tests.", "content": "Four intracellular radioisotope labels, [3H]proline, Na2 51CrO4, [75Se]selenomethionine and [125I]iododeoxyuridine, were evaluated for use in a pre-labelling long-term microcytotoxicity assay for cell-mediated immunity. Adherent rat tumour cells established in tissue culture were used as targets and the basic variables studied were labelling efficiency, toxicity and spontaneous release rates. [125I]Iododeoxyuridine was found unsuitable on account of its high toxicity and correspondingly high spontaneous release rate, and Na2 51CrO4 for its toxicity and low labelling efficiency. Of the two other radiolabels, [75Se]selenomethionine had the advantage over [3H]proline of higher labelling efficiency (especially in Ham's F10 medium), lower toxicity, and being a gamma-emitter. Furthermore, released 75Se was shown to be non-reutilisable and its retention by target cells provided an accurate measure of cell survival in an alloimmune system. Methods of calculating the results of pre-labelling cytotoxicity tests based on the total radioactivity in target cells at the beginning of the assay were found to be invalid.", "contents": "Studies on the microcytotoxicity test. III. Comparison of  [75Se]selenomethionine with [3H]proline, Na2, 51CrO4 and [125I]iododeoxyuridine for pre-labelling target cells in long-term cytotoxicity tests. Four intracellular radioisotope labels, [3H]proline, Na2 51CrO4, [75Se]selenomethionine and [125I]iododeoxyuridine, were evaluated for use in a pre-labelling long-term microcytotoxicity assay for cell-mediated immunity. Adherent rat tumour cells established in tissue culture were used as targets and the basic variables studied were labelling efficiency, toxicity and spontaneous release rates. [125I]Iododeoxyuridine was found unsuitable on account of its high toxicity and correspondingly high spontaneous release rate, and Na2 51CrO4 for its toxicity and low labelling efficiency. Of the two other radiolabels, [75Se]selenomethionine had the advantage over [3H]proline of higher labelling efficiency (especially in Ham's F10 medium), lower toxicity, and being a gamma-emitter. Furthermore, released 75Se was shown to be non-reutilisable and its retention by target cells provided an accurate measure of cell survival in an alloimmune system. Methods of calculating the results of pre-labelling cytotoxicity tests based on the total radioactivity in target cells at the beginning of the assay were found to be invalid.", "PMID": 670727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_617", "title": "I. An ultrastructural investigation on erythrocytes and lymphocytes coated with proteins: use of CrCl3 as an electron-dense marker.", "content": "Proteins (human immunoglobulin G and protein A of Staphylococcus aureus) coupled to the surface of erythrocytes (sheep, mice, man and chicken) and to mouse spleen lymphocytes by chromic chloride technique acquire electron-dense properties and may be visualized in electron microscopy. Sheep red blood cells coated with rabbit anti-erythrocyte antibodies and treated with chromic chloride showed continuous electron-opaque labelling of the cell membrane due to chelation of rabbit IgG with chromium atoms.", "contents": "I. An ultrastructural investigation on erythrocytes and lymphocytes coated with proteins: use of CrCl3 as an electron-dense marker. Proteins (human immunoglobulin G and protein A of Staphylococcus aureus) coupled to the surface of erythrocytes (sheep, mice, man and chicken) and to mouse spleen lymphocytes by chromic chloride technique acquire electron-dense properties and may be visualized in electron microscopy. Sheep red blood cells coated with rabbit anti-erythrocyte antibodies and treated with chromic chloride showed continuous electron-opaque labelling of the cell membrane due to chelation of rabbit IgG with chromium atoms.", "PMID": 670731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_618", "title": "II. Ultrastructural differences in attachment patterns of indicator cells to target cells in the rosette-forming process.", "content": "A comparison was made of the electron microscopic appearances of rosettes formed between mouse spleen lymphocytes and indicator cells with the ligands exposed on their surfaces either in clusters or in continuity. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) coated with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus or human IgG by the chromium chloride technique were used as indicator cells with cluster distribution of the ligand. RBC coated with rabbit IgG anti-sheep red blood cells or staphylococci were used as indicator cells with uniform distribution of the ligand. Results show that the appearance of the zones of contact (point attachment or broad zone attachment) between lymphocytes and indicator cells are mainly influenced by the distribution of the specific ligands on the surface of the indicator cells and do not reflect the pattern of distribution of receptors on lymphocytes.", "contents": "II. Ultrastructural differences in attachment patterns of indicator cells to target cells in the rosette-forming process. A comparison was made of the electron microscopic appearances of rosettes formed between mouse spleen lymphocytes and indicator cells with the ligands exposed on their surfaces either in clusters or in continuity. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) coated with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus or human IgG by the chromium chloride technique were used as indicator cells with cluster distribution of the ligand. RBC coated with rabbit IgG anti-sheep red blood cells or staphylococci were used as indicator cells with uniform distribution of the ligand. Results show that the appearance of the zones of contact (point attachment or broad zone attachment) between lymphocytes and indicator cells are mainly influenced by the distribution of the specific ligands on the surface of the indicator cells and do not reflect the pattern of distribution of receptors on lymphocytes.", "PMID": 670732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_619", "title": "Individual serum bile acid concentrations in normo- and hyperlipoproteinemia as determined by mass fragmentography: relation to bile acid pool size.", "content": "Combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with specific ion monitoring (mass fragmentography) has been used for assay of cholic acic (C), chenodeoxycholic acid (CD), and deoxycholic acid (D) in human serum. Deuterium-labeled C and D were used as internal standards. The relative standard deviation of duplicate samples was 3, 4, and 7% for C, CD, and D, respectively. The variation within the same individual in the fasting state was small, while the day-to-day variation was greater, especially for the dihydroxy bile acids. In normal control subjects (n = 24), the fasting serum concentration of C averaged 184 +/- 24 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), and that of CD and D 526 +/- 62 and 407 +/- 44 ng/ml, respectively. Patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia (n = 32) displayed low values of serum bile acids, with a C concentration of 121 +/- 11 ng/ml (P less than 0.01 vs. controls). A similar pattern was seen in patients with a type IIb lipoprotein pattern (n = 10). Subjects with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia (n = 32) showed serum bile acid levels within the normal limits. No relationship to age, sex, or body weight was seen in any of the patient subgroups. Bile acid kinetics were determined with an isotope dilution technique using 14C-labeled C and CD under steady state conditions in control subjects and patients with type IIa and type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. The serum concentration of C correlated significantly to its pool size in control subjects and in patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia but not in patients with type IV. The serum level of CD was not related to CD pool size in any of the subgroups. The data obtained are discussed in relation to present concepts of the enterohepatic circulation. It is suggested that the intestinal content of C in the fasting state is proportional to the total C pool size. The possibility of a defective intestinal uptake of C in some patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia is raised.", "contents": "Individual serum bile acid concentrations in normo- and hyperlipoproteinemia as determined by mass fragmentography: relation to bile acid pool size. Combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with specific ion monitoring (mass fragmentography) has been used for assay of cholic acic (C), chenodeoxycholic acid (CD), and deoxycholic acid (D) in human serum. Deuterium-labeled C and D were used as internal standards. The relative standard deviation of duplicate samples was 3, 4, and 7% for C, CD, and D, respectively. The variation within the same individual in the fasting state was small, while the day-to-day variation was greater, especially for the dihydroxy bile acids. In normal control subjects (n = 24), the fasting serum concentration of C averaged 184 +/- 24 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), and that of CD and D 526 +/- 62 and 407 +/- 44 ng/ml, respectively. Patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia (n = 32) displayed low values of serum bile acids, with a C concentration of 121 +/- 11 ng/ml (P less than 0.01 vs. controls). A similar pattern was seen in patients with a type IIb lipoprotein pattern (n = 10). Subjects with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia (n = 32) showed serum bile acid levels within the normal limits. No relationship to age, sex, or body weight was seen in any of the patient subgroups. Bile acid kinetics were determined with an isotope dilution technique using 14C-labeled C and CD under steady state conditions in control subjects and patients with type IIa and type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. The serum concentration of C correlated significantly to its pool size in control subjects and in patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia but not in patients with type IV. The serum level of CD was not related to CD pool size in any of the subgroups. The data obtained are discussed in relation to present concepts of the enterohepatic circulation. It is suggested that the intestinal content of C in the fasting state is proportional to the total C pool size. The possibility of a defective intestinal uptake of C in some patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia is raised.", "PMID": 670831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_620", "title": "Isolation and characterization of human liver hematoside.", "content": "The monosialoganglioside hematoside (GM3) is an important precursor in the synthesis of the more complex gangliosides. To obtain large quantities of GM3 for use in ganglioside biosynthetic experiments, we have devised a column chromatographic procedure for the isolation and purification of GM3 from human liver. A total ganglioside mixture was obtained from a 550 g sample of normal human liver. Quantitative analysis by gas-liquid chromatography indicated about 66 microgram of lipid-bound N-acetylneuraminic acid per gram of fresh tissue. Hematoside appeared as double bands on thin-layer plates and represented 86.4% of the total sialic acid content. Additional ganglioside species, notably GD3, were also seen. Hematoside was separated from the other gangliosides by GM3 obtained was 120 mg, which represented a 90% recovery. Although the long-chain base and sugar compositions of the upper and lower GM3 fractions were similar, striking fatty acid differences were detected. The upper fraction contained predominantly unsubstituted fatty acids, while the lower fraction showed a preponderance of alpha-hydroxy fatty acids. The unsubstituted fatty acid and hydroxy fatty acid composition of the total GM3 fraction was calculated to be 56.9% and 43.1%, respectively.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of human liver hematoside. The monosialoganglioside hematoside (GM3) is an important precursor in the synthesis of the more complex gangliosides. To obtain large quantities of GM3 for use in ganglioside biosynthetic experiments, we have devised a column chromatographic procedure for the isolation and purification of GM3 from human liver. A total ganglioside mixture was obtained from a 550 g sample of normal human liver. Quantitative analysis by gas-liquid chromatography indicated about 66 microgram of lipid-bound N-acetylneuraminic acid per gram of fresh tissue. Hematoside appeared as double bands on thin-layer plates and represented 86.4% of the total sialic acid content. Additional ganglioside species, notably GD3, were also seen. Hematoside was separated from the other gangliosides by GM3 obtained was 120 mg, which represented a 90% recovery. Although the long-chain base and sugar compositions of the upper and lower GM3 fractions were similar, striking fatty acid differences were detected. The upper fraction contained predominantly unsubstituted fatty acids, while the lower fraction showed a preponderance of alpha-hydroxy fatty acids. The unsubstituted fatty acid and hydroxy fatty acid composition of the total GM3 fraction was calculated to be 56.9% and 43.1%, respectively.", "PMID": 670832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_621", "title": "Age-related changes in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in rats.", "content": "Age-related changes in serum and liver cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride levels, serum lipoproteins, biliary secretion of cholesterol, phospholipid and bile acids, and fecal excretion of sterols and bile acids were examined in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar strain male rats, 7 to 106 weeks in age. Serum and liver lipid levels increased with age in both strains but the liver phospholipid level remained unchanged. The proportion of serum alpha-lipoprotein increases and that of beta- and prebeta-lipoproteins slightly decreased. Cholesterol and phospholipids in low density lipoprotein and cholesterol in high density lipoprotein fractions also increased with age. Bile flow and biliary secretion of cholesterol and bile acids decreased in aged rats, but when they were expressed in terms of units per rat they were almost constant without regard to age. Pool size, synthesis, secretion, and turnover frequency of bile acids also did not change when they were expressed per rat, though 7-week-old rats showed a low value for turnover frequency. Biliary secretion of phospholipid, however, increased in aged rats. Biliary secretion of chenodeoxycholic and alpha-muricholic acids decreased but that of cholic and hyodeoxycholic acids increased. Daily excretion of feces and fecal neutral sterols decreases in aged rats but the excretion of bile acids remained constant regardless of age. The ratio of coprostanol and cholesterol in the total sterols was not affected. Fecal lithocholic, beta-muricholic and P10 (probably omega-muricholic) acids were decreased with age but the other bile acid components were not changed or were slightly increased.", "contents": "Age-related changes in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in rats. Age-related changes in serum and liver cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride levels, serum lipoproteins, biliary secretion of cholesterol, phospholipid and bile acids, and fecal excretion of sterols and bile acids were examined in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar strain male rats, 7 to 106 weeks in age. Serum and liver lipid levels increased with age in both strains but the liver phospholipid level remained unchanged. The proportion of serum alpha-lipoprotein increases and that of beta- and prebeta-lipoproteins slightly decreased. Cholesterol and phospholipids in low density lipoprotein and cholesterol in high density lipoprotein fractions also increased with age. Bile flow and biliary secretion of cholesterol and bile acids decreased in aged rats, but when they were expressed in terms of units per rat they were almost constant without regard to age. Pool size, synthesis, secretion, and turnover frequency of bile acids also did not change when they were expressed per rat, though 7-week-old rats showed a low value for turnover frequency. Biliary secretion of phospholipid, however, increased in aged rats. Biliary secretion of chenodeoxycholic and alpha-muricholic acids decreased but that of cholic and hyodeoxycholic acids increased. Daily excretion of feces and fecal neutral sterols decreases in aged rats but the excretion of bile acids remained constant regardless of age. The ratio of coprostanol and cholesterol in the total sterols was not affected. Fecal lithocholic, beta-muricholic and P10 (probably omega-muricholic) acids were decreased with age but the other bile acid components were not changed or were slightly increased.", "PMID": 670833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_622", "title": "On the quantitative importance of omega-oxidation of fatty acids.", "content": "The relative importance of omega-oxidation of fatty acids in livers of starved rats was studied by determination of the ratio between 14C at C1 and at C2, C3, C4 in acetoacetate formed from [16-14C]palmitic acid in vivo and in vitro and from [10(-14)C]decanoic acid in vitro. The results are consistent with the possibility that at least a small fraction of the fatty acids may be subject to primary omega-oxidation prior to beta-oxidation in the ketotic state. The maximal figure for this pathway was calculated to be of the magnitude 5--10%. The metabolic consequences of a pathway involving primary omega-oxidation of fatty acids are discussed.", "contents": "On the quantitative importance of omega-oxidation of fatty acids. The relative importance of omega-oxidation of fatty acids in livers of starved rats was studied by determination of the ratio between 14C at C1 and at C2, C3, C4 in acetoacetate formed from [16-14C]palmitic acid in vivo and in vitro and from [10(-14)C]decanoic acid in vitro. The results are consistent with the possibility that at least a small fraction of the fatty acids may be subject to primary omega-oxidation prior to beta-oxidation in the ketotic state. The maximal figure for this pathway was calculated to be of the magnitude 5--10%. The metabolic consequences of a pathway involving primary omega-oxidation of fatty acids are discussed.", "PMID": 670834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_623", "title": "Purification of calciferol-binding proteins from kidney: physicochemical and immunological properties.", "content": "The calciferol-binding system of rat kidney cytosol has been purified and is shown to consist of two proteins, each capable of binding either 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3  (1,25-(OH)2D3). The two proteins, designated A and B, have similar sedimentation coefficients (S20w) of 5.2 S. Component A binds 25-OH-D3 with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 10(-7) M while component B binds 1,25-(OH)2D3 with a Kd of 1.6 x 10(-8) M. The estimated molecular weights (Mr) of the two proteins are 105,000 for component A and 250,000 for component B. Amino acid analyses revealed that glutamic acid is the most abundant residue in both proteins, comprising 12% of the total number of amino acid residues. Immunodiffusion test using commercial anti-human serum group-specific protein antiserum gave a precipitin reaction when purified rat serum calciferol-binding protein was used as an antigen, but no reactions could be detected  with proteins A and B. This result significantly eliminated the possibility of the presence of the rat serum binding protein in either of the purified kidney proteins. In contrast, anti-rat serum calciferol-binding protein antiserum prepared in rabbits interacted with the rat serum and kidney proteins. This result suggests that the antigenic determinants recognized by the antiserum against the rat serum calciferol-binding protein appear to be similar to those recognized in the kidney proteins A and B. Immunoelectrophoresis of the three rat proteins demonstrated dissimilar electrophoretic mobilities with the serum protein showing the least mobility, a property consistent with its higher lysine content relative to proteins A and B.", "contents": "Purification of calciferol-binding proteins from kidney: physicochemical and immunological properties. The calciferol-binding system of rat kidney cytosol has been purified and is shown to consist of two proteins, each capable of binding either 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3  (1,25-(OH)2D3). The two proteins, designated A and B, have similar sedimentation coefficients (S20w) of 5.2 S. Component A binds 25-OH-D3 with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 10(-7) M while component B binds 1,25-(OH)2D3 with a Kd of 1.6 x 10(-8) M. The estimated molecular weights (Mr) of the two proteins are 105,000 for component A and 250,000 for component B. Amino acid analyses revealed that glutamic acid is the most abundant residue in both proteins, comprising 12% of the total number of amino acid residues. Immunodiffusion test using commercial anti-human serum group-specific protein antiserum gave a precipitin reaction when purified rat serum calciferol-binding protein was used as an antigen, but no reactions could be detected  with proteins A and B. This result significantly eliminated the possibility of the presence of the rat serum binding protein in either of the purified kidney proteins. In contrast, anti-rat serum calciferol-binding protein antiserum prepared in rabbits interacted with the rat serum and kidney proteins. This result suggests that the antigenic determinants recognized by the antiserum against the rat serum calciferol-binding protein appear to be similar to those recognized in the kidney proteins A and B. Immunoelectrophoresis of the three rat proteins demonstrated dissimilar electrophoretic mobilities with the serum protein showing the least mobility, a property consistent with its higher lysine content relative to proteins A and B.", "PMID": 670835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_624", "title": "Identification and characterization of mannosyl retinyl phosphate occurring in rat liver and intestine invivo.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine whether mannosyl retinyl phosphate occurred in rat liver and intestine in vivo, and, if so, to partially purify it and investigate its properties. After injection of [(3)H]retinol and [(14)C]mannose, a chloroform-methanol 2:1 extract of rat liver and small intestinal mucosa yielded two (3)H/(14)C-labeled peaks on DEAE-cellulose column chromatography: peak I eluted with 10 mM and peak II eluted with 29 mM ammonium acetate. Peak II, subjected to silicic acid column chromatography, gave principally two (3)H/(14)C-labeled fractions, one eluted with chloroform-methanol 2:1 and the other with chloroform-methanol 1:1. The latter showed, on thin-layer chromatography in a chloroform-methanol-water 60:25:4 system, an R(f) of 0.25 (with coincidence of the (3)H and (14)C radioactivity), which is identical to the R(f) of authentic mannosyl retinyl phosphate. The chloroform-methanol 1:1 peak, on mild acid hydrolysis, yielded [(3)H]retinol (identified by two thin-layer chromatography systems), [(14)C]mannose, and [(14)C]-mannose phosphate (identified by paper chromatography). On mild alkali hydrolysis, the peak yielded [(3)H]retinol and [(14)C]mannose phosphate. The substance eluted in the chloroform-methanol 1:1 peak from silicic acid was therefore concluded to be mannosyl retinyl phosphate. When chromatographed on silicic acid, peak I from the DEAE-cellulose column primarily showed a fraction eluted with chloroform-methanol 2:1. When chromatographed on thin-layer plates in the above solvent, this fraction showed an R(f) of 0.3, with coincidence of (3)H and (14)C radioactivity; it was resistant to mild acid hydrolysis, mild and strong alkali hydrolysis, and glucuronidase action. Mannosyl retinyl phosphate occurs, therefore, in vivo in liver and intestinal mucosa, and it is accompanied by a closely similar, though slightly less polar, compound that remains unidentified.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of mannosyl retinyl phosphate occurring in rat liver and intestine invivo. A study was conducted to determine whether mannosyl retinyl phosphate occurred in rat liver and intestine in vivo, and, if so, to partially purify it and investigate its properties. After injection of [(3)H]retinol and [(14)C]mannose, a chloroform-methanol 2:1 extract of rat liver and small intestinal mucosa yielded two (3)H/(14)C-labeled peaks on DEAE-cellulose column chromatography: peak I eluted with 10 mM and peak II eluted with 29 mM ammonium acetate. Peak II, subjected to silicic acid column chromatography, gave principally two (3)H/(14)C-labeled fractions, one eluted with chloroform-methanol 2:1 and the other with chloroform-methanol 1:1. The latter showed, on thin-layer chromatography in a chloroform-methanol-water 60:25:4 system, an R(f) of 0.25 (with coincidence of the (3)H and (14)C radioactivity), which is identical to the R(f) of authentic mannosyl retinyl phosphate. The chloroform-methanol 1:1 peak, on mild acid hydrolysis, yielded [(3)H]retinol (identified by two thin-layer chromatography systems), [(14)C]mannose, and [(14)C]-mannose phosphate (identified by paper chromatography). On mild alkali hydrolysis, the peak yielded [(3)H]retinol and [(14)C]mannose phosphate. The substance eluted in the chloroform-methanol 1:1 peak from silicic acid was therefore concluded to be mannosyl retinyl phosphate. When chromatographed on silicic acid, peak I from the DEAE-cellulose column primarily showed a fraction eluted with chloroform-methanol 2:1. When chromatographed on thin-layer plates in the above solvent, this fraction showed an R(f) of 0.3, with coincidence of (3)H and (14)C radioactivity; it was resistant to mild acid hydrolysis, mild and strong alkali hydrolysis, and glucuronidase action. Mannosyl retinyl phosphate occurs, therefore, in vivo in liver and intestinal mucosa, and it is accompanied by a closely similar, though slightly less polar, compound that remains unidentified.", "PMID": 670836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_625", "title": "Rates of removal and degradation of chylomicron remnants by isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "Chylomicron remnants are removed intact by isolated perfused rat livers and their lipid components are metabolized by the liver (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 488: 464, 1977). The present study provides quantitative information regarding these processes. When the lipoprotein concentration of the perfusate was constant, the removal of chylomicron remnants increases lineraly for 17 min. The rate of remnant removal was a hyperbolic function of the perfusate's remnant concentration. The removal rate had aV max of 28microgram cholesterol per g liver per min and an apparent Km of 64 microgram cholesterol per ml perfusate. Feeding the liver donors a diet containing 1% cholesterol or 4% cholesterol and 1% cholic acid failed to alter the hepatic removal rate. The cholesteryl ester removed from the remnants was hydrolyzed at a rate that was a small fraction of the removal rate (about 0.5% of removed cholesteryl ester per min). The rate of cholesteryl ester hydrolysis did not appear to approach saturation in the range studied. Studies of the lysosomal cholesteryl ester hydrolase suggested that this enzyme was not responsible for limiting the initial rate of hydrolysis, raising the possibility that the degradation rate is determined by the movement of the removed remnant to the site of hydrolysis.", "contents": "Rates of removal and degradation of chylomicron remnants by isolated perfused rat liver. Chylomicron remnants are removed intact by isolated perfused rat livers and their lipid components are metabolized by the liver (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 488: 464, 1977). The present study provides quantitative information regarding these processes. When the lipoprotein concentration of the perfusate was constant, the removal of chylomicron remnants increases lineraly for 17 min. The rate of remnant removal was a hyperbolic function of the perfusate's remnant concentration. The removal rate had aV max of 28microgram cholesterol per g liver per min and an apparent Km of 64 microgram cholesterol per ml perfusate. Feeding the liver donors a diet containing 1% cholesterol or 4% cholesterol and 1% cholic acid failed to alter the hepatic removal rate. The cholesteryl ester removed from the remnants was hydrolyzed at a rate that was a small fraction of the removal rate (about 0.5% of removed cholesteryl ester per min). The rate of cholesteryl ester hydrolysis did not appear to approach saturation in the range studied. Studies of the lysosomal cholesteryl ester hydrolase suggested that this enzyme was not responsible for limiting the initial rate of hydrolysis, raising the possibility that the degradation rate is determined by the movement of the removed remnant to the site of hydrolysis.", "PMID": 670837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_626", "title": "Monoacylmonoalkylglycerol as a substrate for diacylglycerol hydrolase activity in adipose tissue.", "content": "The synthesis and use of 1(3)-[3H]oleoyl-2-0-oleylglycerol as a substrate for the assay of diacylglycerol hydrolase activity in adipose tissue is described. Neither the compound nor its reaction product are hydrolyzed by purified adipose tissue monoacylglycerol lipase.", "contents": "Monoacylmonoalkylglycerol as a substrate for diacylglycerol hydrolase activity in adipose tissue. The synthesis and use of 1(3)-[3H]oleoyl-2-0-oleylglycerol as a substrate for the assay of diacylglycerol hydrolase activity in adipose tissue is described. Neither the compound nor its reaction product are hydrolyzed by purified adipose tissue monoacylglycerol lipase.", "PMID": 670838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_627", "title": "d-amphetamine and fixed-interval performance: effects of operant history.", "content": "Sixteen rats were initially exposed for 50 sessions to either a fixed-ratio 40 or an interresponse-time-greater-than-11-second food reinforcement schedule, then shifted to a fixed-interval 15-second food reinforcement schedule. Animals with fixed-ratio 40 histories lever pressed at much higher rates under the fixed-interval schedule than did animals with inter-response-time-greater-than-11-second histories. This difference persisted across 93 sessions of fixed-interval exposure. The effects of d=amphetamine were assessed after 15 and 59 sessions of fixed-interval exposure. On both occasions, the low-rate responding of animals with interresponse-time-greater-than-11-second histories was typically increased by all doses of the drug, while the high-rate responding of animals with fixed-ratio 40 histories was typically decreased by all doses of the drug. These results suggest that control response rate under the fixed-interval schedule, which may be affected by a history of responding under another schedule, is the primary determinant of the relative effects of d-amphetamine.", "contents": "d-amphetamine and fixed-interval performance: effects of operant history. Sixteen rats were initially exposed for 50 sessions to either a fixed-ratio 40 or an interresponse-time-greater-than-11-second food reinforcement schedule, then shifted to a fixed-interval 15-second food reinforcement schedule. Animals with fixed-ratio 40 histories lever pressed at much higher rates under the fixed-interval schedule than did animals with inter-response-time-greater-than-11-second histories. This difference persisted across 93 sessions of fixed-interval exposure. The effects of d=amphetamine were assessed after 15 and 59 sessions of fixed-interval exposure. On both occasions, the low-rate responding of animals with interresponse-time-greater-than-11-second histories was typically increased by all doses of the drug, while the high-rate responding of animals with fixed-ratio 40 histories was typically decreased by all doses of the drug. These results suggest that control response rate under the fixed-interval schedule, which may be affected by a history of responding under another schedule, is the primary determinant of the relative effects of d-amphetamine.", "PMID": 670855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_628", "title": "Attentional changes during discrimination learning by retarded children.", "content": "Eight moderately retarded children were trained on a simultaneous two-choice discrimination problem and a series of discrimination-shift problems. The procedure required the subjects to perform overt observing responses to produce elements of the discriminative stimuli, making it possible to measure directly changes in attention to different aspects of stimuli during learning. The patterns of change in observing responses were generally in line with descriptions of attentional changes derived from two-process theories of discrimination learning; for example, the frequency of irrelevant observing responses was high during the presolution period during extradimensional shifts but was low during intradimensional shifts. Contrary to current theories, extradimensional shifts caused an immediate increase in irrelevant observing responses, and intradimensional shifts usually caused an increase in relevant observing responses. Subjects responded to later shift problems by initially increasing both relevant and irrelevant observing responses, then withholding irrelevant observing responses.", "contents": "Attentional changes during discrimination learning by retarded children. Eight moderately retarded children were trained on a simultaneous two-choice discrimination problem and a series of discrimination-shift problems. The procedure required the subjects to perform overt observing responses to produce elements of the discriminative stimuli, making it possible to measure directly changes in attention to different aspects of stimuli during learning. The patterns of change in observing responses were generally in line with descriptions of attentional changes derived from two-process theories of discrimination learning; for example, the frequency of irrelevant observing responses was high during the presolution period during extradimensional shifts but was low during intradimensional shifts. Contrary to current theories, extradimensional shifts caused an immediate increase in irrelevant observing responses, and intradimensional shifts usually caused an increase in relevant observing responses. Subjects responded to later shift problems by initially increasing both relevant and irrelevant observing responses, then withholding irrelevant observing responses.", "PMID": 670856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_629", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on the chorionic epithelium, parathyroid glands and bones from chick embryos developed in shell-less culture.", "content": "Three-day-old chick embryos were cultured in Petri dishes until they reached developmental stages 37 or 39 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951). The electron microscopical study of the chorio-allantoic membranes showed that, even in the absence of the shell and the corresponding calcium supply, 'capillary-covering' and 'villus-cavity' cells differentiated well. The parathyroid glands from the cultured embryos showed ultrastructural signs indicative of active synthesis and secretion of the parathyroid hormone. This correlates well with the significant hypocalcemia (5.4 mg/100 ml) observed in these embryos. In all cultured embryos mineralization of bones was greatly reduced as shown by alizarin bulk staining and confirmed by histological and electron microscopical analysis. The ultrastructural characteristics of osteoblasts and osteocytes, as well as of the bone matrix, appeared normal. The defect in mineralization appeared thus to be due to a deficiency in the availability of calcium and not to a delay in bone differentiation. This implies that the yolk sac appears to lack calcium regulatory capacity since it cannot compensate for the absence of shell by increasing its own contribution in order to assure an adequate mineralization of the embryonic bones.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on the chorionic epithelium, parathyroid glands and bones from chick embryos developed in shell-less culture. Three-day-old chick embryos were cultured in Petri dishes until they reached developmental stages 37 or 39 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951). The electron microscopical study of the chorio-allantoic membranes showed that, even in the absence of the shell and the corresponding calcium supply, 'capillary-covering' and 'villus-cavity' cells differentiated well. The parathyroid glands from the cultured embryos showed ultrastructural signs indicative of active synthesis and secretion of the parathyroid hormone. This correlates well with the significant hypocalcemia (5.4 mg/100 ml) observed in these embryos. In all cultured embryos mineralization of bones was greatly reduced as shown by alizarin bulk staining and confirmed by histological and electron microscopical analysis. The ultrastructural characteristics of osteoblasts and osteocytes, as well as of the bone matrix, appeared normal. The defect in mineralization appeared thus to be due to a deficiency in the availability of calcium and not to a delay in bone differentiation. This implies that the yolk sac appears to lack calcium regulatory capacity since it cannot compensate for the absence of shell by increasing its own contribution in order to assure an adequate mineralization of the embryonic bones.", "PMID": 670857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_630", "title": "Ultrastructural analysis of preimplantation lethal yellow (Ay/Ay) mouse embryos.", "content": "Embryos recovered at 62 and 80 h post coitum from reproductive tracts of yellow (Ay/a) and black (a/a) female mice mated to Ay/a males were examined ultrastructurally to define the developmental defect of lethal Ay homozygotes. No abnormalities were observed in five embryos from control matings (female a/a x male Ay/a). Of 24 morulae and blastocysts from Ay/a x Ay/a matings, six were observed to possess some morphological aberration. Two of the six abnormal embryos were morulae and contained isolated blastomeres which had developmental features typical of younger embryos; remaining cells of these embryos were normal. The third, an early blastocyst, contained a degenerating trophoblast cell' other cells of this embryo were also abnormal but not in an advanced stage of degeneration. The fourth abnormal embryo (late cleavage stage) was in an advanced stage of degeneration affecting all blastomeres. Finally, the remaining two abnormal morulae had a unique nucleolar morphology and an unusual abundance of intra-cisternal A particles. Presumably, one or more of the six abnormal embryos from Ay/a x Ay/a matings were Ay homozygotes. However, no single ultrastructural alteration characteristic of Ay/Ay embryos was found.", "contents": "Ultrastructural analysis of preimplantation lethal yellow (Ay/Ay) mouse embryos. Embryos recovered at 62 and 80 h post coitum from reproductive tracts of yellow (Ay/a) and black (a/a) female mice mated to Ay/a males were examined ultrastructurally to define the developmental defect of lethal Ay homozygotes. No abnormalities were observed in five embryos from control matings (female a/a x male Ay/a). Of 24 morulae and blastocysts from Ay/a x Ay/a matings, six were observed to possess some morphological aberration. Two of the six abnormal embryos were morulae and contained isolated blastomeres which had developmental features typical of younger embryos; remaining cells of these embryos were normal. The third, an early blastocyst, contained a degenerating trophoblast cell' other cells of this embryo were also abnormal but not in an advanced stage of degeneration. The fourth abnormal embryo (late cleavage stage) was in an advanced stage of degeneration affecting all blastomeres. Finally, the remaining two abnormal morulae had a unique nucleolar morphology and an unusual abundance of intra-cisternal A particles. Presumably, one or more of the six abnormal embryos from Ay/a x Ay/a matings were Ay homozygotes. However, no single ultrastructural alteration characteristic of Ay/Ay embryos was found.", "PMID": 670858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_631", "title": "The paths and destinations of the induced ipsilateral retinal projection in goldfish.", "content": "Adult goldfish had one tectal lobe removed surgically, and several months later, the eye contralateral to the missing tectum was injected with radioactive proline. Radioautographs of the brains were studied to trace the paths and termination sites of the optic fibers. The optic tract decussated at the chiasm, as normally, but then ran caudally in a large neuroma on the tectum-less side of the brain. Substantial numbers of fibers left this neuroma to enter two or more of five commissures, through which they recrossed the midline. These commissures: transverse, minor, horizontal, posterior and ansate, ordinarily contain few or no optic fibers. All are normally linked with the tectum. Negligible numbers of aberrant optic fibers recrossed the midline elsewhere. On the intact side of the brain, ipsilateral to the injected eye, the optic fibers innervated some or all of the nuclei and areas normally served by contralateral retinal fibers. An earlier behavioral study of these same fish had shown that some of them made reversed optokinetic nystagmus in response to stripe movement seen by the eye projecting ipsilaterally; others failed to respond to stimuli through this eye. In all the reversed responders, a caudal group of retinal projection sites was labeled ipsilaterally. This included the basal optic nucleus and the caudal portions of nucleus dorsolateralis thalami and area pretectalis. In the non-responders, these targets were not labeled ipsilaterally. Together, these results suggest that one or more of these three sites is or are responsible for optokinetic nystagmus in normal goldfish.", "contents": "The paths and destinations of the induced ipsilateral retinal projection in goldfish. Adult goldfish had one tectal lobe removed surgically, and several months later, the eye contralateral to the missing tectum was injected with radioactive proline. Radioautographs of the brains were studied to trace the paths and termination sites of the optic fibers. The optic tract decussated at the chiasm, as normally, but then ran caudally in a large neuroma on the tectum-less side of the brain. Substantial numbers of fibers left this neuroma to enter two or more of five commissures, through which they recrossed the midline. These commissures: transverse, minor, horizontal, posterior and ansate, ordinarily contain few or no optic fibers. All are normally linked with the tectum. Negligible numbers of aberrant optic fibers recrossed the midline elsewhere. On the intact side of the brain, ipsilateral to the injected eye, the optic fibers innervated some or all of the nuclei and areas normally served by contralateral retinal fibers. An earlier behavioral study of these same fish had shown that some of them made reversed optokinetic nystagmus in response to stripe movement seen by the eye projecting ipsilaterally; others failed to respond to stimuli through this eye. In all the reversed responders, a caudal group of retinal projection sites was labeled ipsilaterally. This included the basal optic nucleus and the caudal portions of nucleus dorsolateralis thalami and area pretectalis. In the non-responders, these targets were not labeled ipsilaterally. Together, these results suggest that one or more of these three sites is or are responsible for optokinetic nystagmus in normal goldfish.", "PMID": 670859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_632", "title": "Control of somite number in normal and amputated mutant mouse embryos: an experimental and a theoretical analysis.", "content": "A regulation is shown for size and number of serially repeated axial structures, the somites, in a mammalian embryo. The mammalian embryo is normally inaccessible to operation at post-implantation stages. This problem is resolved by the quantitative analysis of somite size, number and development in a recessive mutant of the mouse, amputated, whose axial length is greatly reduced. The effect of the gene simulates an experiment ablating part of the embryonic tissue available for somitic segmentation. Regulation occurs at the time when the somite is first formed, by control of the quantity of cells included in each new somite. A model is devised for the control of somitic segmentation which explains most of the features observed and which can be simulated on a computer.", "contents": "Control of somite number in normal and amputated mutant mouse embryos: an experimental and a theoretical analysis. A regulation is shown for size and number of serially repeated axial structures, the somites, in a mammalian embryo. The mammalian embryo is normally inaccessible to operation at post-implantation stages. This problem is resolved by the quantitative analysis of somite size, number and development in a recessive mutant of the mouse, amputated, whose axial length is greatly reduced. The effect of the gene simulates an experiment ablating part of the embryonic tissue available for somitic segmentation. Regulation occurs at the time when the somite is first formed, by control of the quantity of cells included in each new somite. A model is devised for the control of somitic segmentation which explains most of the features observed and which can be simulated on a computer.", "PMID": 670860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_633", "title": "Catch-up growth in the rat skull after retardation during the suckling period.", "content": "In rats whose growth was restricted by rearing in large litters the skull was less affected than the spine and the brain case less than the face. No sex difference was apparent during undernutrition but on subsequent rehabilitation females had caught up to controls in four out of five skull measurements within 4 weeks and by the end of the experiment the skulls of the neonatally undernourished females were the same size and shape as the controls. In the case of males, however, the skull of the undernourished rats never attained the same width as the controls.", "contents": "Catch-up growth in the rat skull after retardation during the suckling period. In rats whose growth was restricted by rearing in large litters the skull was less affected than the spine and the brain case less than the face. No sex difference was apparent during undernutrition but on subsequent rehabilitation females had caught up to controls in four out of five skull measurements within 4 weeks and by the end of the experiment the skulls of the neonatally undernourished females were the same size and shape as the controls. In the case of males, however, the skull of the undernourished rats never attained the same width as the controls.", "PMID": 670861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_634", "title": "Anatomical mapping of retino-tectal connections in developing and metamorphosed Xenopus: evidence for changing connections.", "content": "Neural connections between the eye and optic tectum in Xenopus laevis were anatomically traced by observing the tectal location of Wallerian degeneration after discrete retinal lesion. These retinotectal connections were mapped in postmetamorphic frogs and tadpoles at stage 51, the stage at which retinal axons have grown into about the rostral one-half of the tectum. The course of the experimental degeneration was the same in frogs and tadpoles, but degeneration proceeded faster in the younger animals. In the frogs, connections were ordered, with nasal retina mapping to the caudal part of the tectum and temporal retina mapping to the rostral tectum. In the tadpoles, within the innervated area at the rostral tectum, the retino-tectal connections were generally organized as in the adults, with the temporal retina mapping to the rostral part of the innervated tectum and nasal retina mapping primarily to the caudal part. But a portion of the nasal fibers consistently mapped to the far rostral tectum as well. Electron microscopic observations showed degenerating synaptic terminals at both rostral and caudal portions of the innervated tectum after lesion of just the nasal retina. Degeneration was not seen in control animals. These results indicate that some fibers (particularly from nasal retina) may shift their terminals caudally on the tectum to match tectal growth and produce the adult pattern of connections. If there is such connection readjustment, the 'aberrant' connections from nasal retina in tadpoles may be an indication of this process.", "contents": "Anatomical mapping of retino-tectal connections in developing and metamorphosed Xenopus: evidence for changing connections. Neural connections between the eye and optic tectum in Xenopus laevis were anatomically traced by observing the tectal location of Wallerian degeneration after discrete retinal lesion. These retinotectal connections were mapped in postmetamorphic frogs and tadpoles at stage 51, the stage at which retinal axons have grown into about the rostral one-half of the tectum. The course of the experimental degeneration was the same in frogs and tadpoles, but degeneration proceeded faster in the younger animals. In the frogs, connections were ordered, with nasal retina mapping to the caudal part of the tectum and temporal retina mapping to the rostral tectum. In the tadpoles, within the innervated area at the rostral tectum, the retino-tectal connections were generally organized as in the adults, with the temporal retina mapping to the rostral part of the innervated tectum and nasal retina mapping primarily to the caudal part. But a portion of the nasal fibers consistently mapped to the far rostral tectum as well. Electron microscopic observations showed degenerating synaptic terminals at both rostral and caudal portions of the innervated tectum after lesion of just the nasal retina. Degeneration was not seen in control animals. These results indicate that some fibers (particularly from nasal retina) may shift their terminals caudally on the tectum to match tectal growth and produce the adult pattern of connections. If there is such connection readjustment, the 'aberrant' connections from nasal retina in tadpoles may be an indication of this process.", "PMID": 670862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_635", "title": "Serum-dependent avian skin differentiation in vitro: time sequence of induced events.", "content": "Information concerning the developmental mechanisms involved in skin differentiation have been mainly derived from in vitro experiments. We have previously observed that 6-day chick embryonic thigh skin keratinizes in vitro in chicken serum-containing medium, but does not do so in chick embryo extract-containing medium. This system seems adequate in many respects for investigating the mutual regulative relationship between epithelium and mesenchyme (so called epithelio-mesenchymal interactions). We have therefore attempted better to define the time course of differentiative events and their dependence upon the time of serum administration. Skin explants have been sequentially supplemented with differentiation-stimulating or non-stimulating nutrient, removed at different intervals and examined by histological and histochemical procedures. Different epithelial and mesenchymal behaviour results according to serum supplementation time. Serum administered in the first 48 h of in vitro maintenance is unable to stimulate either the subsequent epidermal keratinization or the correlated changes in dermal histochemical pattern. On the other hand, serum-containing medium induces keratinization and changes in dermal intercellular composition (glycoproteins accumulate to a greater extent than glycosoaminoglycans, as does hyaluronic acid relative to chondroitin sulphuric acids), if added for only the second two days. In the last 48 h, serum may promote epidermal keratinization provided that in vitro incubation has been prolonged. Administration of actinomycin D with serum in the second 48 h prevents epidermal keratinization and modifies dermal histochemical reactivity, but is ineffective if added in the last 48 h. The above findings demonstrate that serum factor(s) stimulating epidermal differentiation act(s) on skin explants in the central incubation period and that correlatively mesenchyme acquires a characteristic histochemical pattern, supporting the possibility that the effect of serum may be mediated by changes in the composition of dermal ground substance.", "contents": "Serum-dependent avian skin differentiation in vitro: time sequence of induced events. Information concerning the developmental mechanisms involved in skin differentiation have been mainly derived from in vitro experiments. We have previously observed that 6-day chick embryonic thigh skin keratinizes in vitro in chicken serum-containing medium, but does not do so in chick embryo extract-containing medium. This system seems adequate in many respects for investigating the mutual regulative relationship between epithelium and mesenchyme (so called epithelio-mesenchymal interactions). We have therefore attempted better to define the time course of differentiative events and their dependence upon the time of serum administration. Skin explants have been sequentially supplemented with differentiation-stimulating or non-stimulating nutrient, removed at different intervals and examined by histological and histochemical procedures. Different epithelial and mesenchymal behaviour results according to serum supplementation time. Serum administered in the first 48 h of in vitro maintenance is unable to stimulate either the subsequent epidermal keratinization or the correlated changes in dermal histochemical pattern. On the other hand, serum-containing medium induces keratinization and changes in dermal intercellular composition (glycoproteins accumulate to a greater extent than glycosoaminoglycans, as does hyaluronic acid relative to chondroitin sulphuric acids), if added for only the second two days. In the last 48 h, serum may promote epidermal keratinization provided that in vitro incubation has been prolonged. Administration of actinomycin D with serum in the second 48 h prevents epidermal keratinization and modifies dermal histochemical reactivity, but is ineffective if added in the last 48 h. The above findings demonstrate that serum factor(s) stimulating epidermal differentiation act(s) on skin explants in the central incubation period and that correlatively mesenchyme acquires a characteristic histochemical pattern, supporting the possibility that the effect of serum may be mediated by changes in the composition of dermal ground substance.", "PMID": 670863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_636", "title": "Somite abnormalities caused by short heat shocks to pre-neurula stages of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "This paper describes the small disturbances, in the regular pattern of the somites and the fissures between them, that are seen following short (around 300 s) heat shocks at 37.5 degrees C delivered to pre-neurula stages of Xenopus laevis. Affected groups of cells still finally differentiate as somite muscle, but the normally precise spatio-temporal sequence in which they move beforehand to give rise to the actual pattern of somite blocks, is disrupted. Examination of the position and sizes of patches of disrupted morphogenesis, in relation to the precise embryonic stage at shock, leads to certain conclusions about the nature of the disturbance induced by a brief period at high temperature, in cells due to form somites. The pattern of results is compared with that produced by similar temperature shocks given to tail-bud (later) staged embryos. The discussion includes a brief consideration of how the various results of heat shocks, given at different embryonic stages, might be understood in terms of one particular model (Cooke & Zeeman, 1976) for the spatio-temporal control of the developing somite pattern.", "contents": "Somite abnormalities caused by short heat shocks to pre-neurula stages of Xenopus laevis. This paper describes the small disturbances, in the regular pattern of the somites and the fissures between them, that are seen following short (around 300 s) heat shocks at 37.5 degrees C delivered to pre-neurula stages of Xenopus laevis. Affected groups of cells still finally differentiate as somite muscle, but the normally precise spatio-temporal sequence in which they move beforehand to give rise to the actual pattern of somite blocks, is disrupted. Examination of the position and sizes of patches of disrupted morphogenesis, in relation to the precise embryonic stage at shock, leads to certain conclusions about the nature of the disturbance induced by a brief period at high temperature, in cells due to form somites. The pattern of results is compared with that produced by similar temperature shocks given to tail-bud (later) staged embryos. The discussion includes a brief consideration of how the various results of heat shocks, given at different embryonic stages, might be understood in terms of one particular model (Cooke & Zeeman, 1976) for the spatio-temporal control of the developing somite pattern.", "PMID": 670864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_637", "title": "Changes in responsiveness of preimplantation mouse embryos to serum.", "content": "Changes in uptake of radioactive uridine and its incorporation into RNA were determined in preimplantation mouse embryos, from the 2-cell to the blastocyst stage, as a measure of their responsiveness to extracellular conditions. Two media were tested, one contained serum and the other contained bovine serum albumen as a control. An increase in the acid-soluble pool occurred at the 8-cell stage and a marked increase in RNA synthesis occurred at the early blastocyst stage when the embryos were incubated with serum.", "contents": "Changes in responsiveness of preimplantation mouse embryos to serum. Changes in uptake of radioactive uridine and its incorporation into RNA were determined in preimplantation mouse embryos, from the 2-cell to the blastocyst stage, as a measure of their responsiveness to extracellular conditions. Two media were tested, one contained serum and the other contained bovine serum albumen as a control. An increase in the acid-soluble pool occurred at the 8-cell stage and a marked increase in RNA synthesis occurred at the early blastocyst stage when the embryos were incubated with serum.", "PMID": 670865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_638", "title": "Postembryonic development of the visual system of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. I. Patterns of growth and developmental interactions in the retina and optic lobe.", "content": "The visual system of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, has a highly ordered and predictable arrangement of neurons. The retina and the outermost layer, or lamina, of the optic lobe are each composed of repeating units, ommatidia and cartridges respectively. Each ommatidium has eight photoreceptor cells, which send axons directly to a group of five neurons in the lamina to form the cartridge. The importance, for the development of this precise pattern, of the mode of growth of the two arrays and of interactions between them was investigated. The spatial and temporal sequences of cell proliferation, differentiation and death in the developing retina and optic lobe were examined quantitatively under normal and experimental conditions. The retina grows from its anterior margin by addition of new ommatidia formed from recruited epidermal cells. The lamina also grows by addition of new neurons to its anterior margin, but these neurons are derived from a stem cell population. The parallel pattern of growth of the retina and lamina may be important for the formation of neuronal connexions between them. The retina grows and differentiates even when deprived of the underlying lamina. In laminae deprived of the ingrowth of new axons from the retina, the production of new neurons is also autonomous, but these neurons do not differentiate, but degenerate. A limited amount of cell death occurs in the laminae of control insects. These two observations suggest that a plausible mechanism for coordinating the sizes of the two arrays during normal development might be production of lamina neurons in excess of requirements and death of those remaining non-innervated.", "contents": "Postembryonic development of the visual system of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. I. Patterns of growth and developmental interactions in the retina and optic lobe. The visual system of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, has a highly ordered and predictable arrangement of neurons. The retina and the outermost layer, or lamina, of the optic lobe are each composed of repeating units, ommatidia and cartridges respectively. Each ommatidium has eight photoreceptor cells, which send axons directly to a group of five neurons in the lamina to form the cartridge. The importance, for the development of this precise pattern, of the mode of growth of the two arrays and of interactions between them was investigated. The spatial and temporal sequences of cell proliferation, differentiation and death in the developing retina and optic lobe were examined quantitatively under normal and experimental conditions. The retina grows from its anterior margin by addition of new ommatidia formed from recruited epidermal cells. The lamina also grows by addition of new neurons to its anterior margin, but these neurons are derived from a stem cell population. The parallel pattern of growth of the retina and lamina may be important for the formation of neuronal connexions between them. The retina grows and differentiates even when deprived of the underlying lamina. In laminae deprived of the ingrowth of new axons from the retina, the production of new neurons is also autonomous, but these neurons do not differentiate, but degenerate. A limited amount of cell death occurs in the laminae of control insects. These two observations suggest that a plausible mechanism for coordinating the sizes of the two arrays during normal development might be production of lamina neurons in excess of requirements and death of those remaining non-innervated.", "PMID": 670866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_639", "title": "Chromosome analysis of early postimplantation presumptive haploid parthenogenetic mouse embryos.", "content": "The chromosome constitution of early postimplantation presumptive haploid parthenogenetic mouse embryos was examined. All the embryos isolated were at the egg-cylinder stage and seven contained dividing cells. In two of the apparently healthy embryos only haploid mitoses were seen, whereas in five others an approximately equal proportion of haploid and diploid mitoses was observed. Out of 52 cells in which unequivocal counts could be made, only one contained more than the euploid number of chromosomes (mouse, n = 20). Possible reasons for the poorer development of haploid compared to diploid parthenogenetic embryos are discussed.", "contents": "Chromosome analysis of early postimplantation presumptive haploid parthenogenetic mouse embryos. The chromosome constitution of early postimplantation presumptive haploid parthenogenetic mouse embryos was examined. All the embryos isolated were at the egg-cylinder stage and seven contained dividing cells. In two of the apparently healthy embryos only haploid mitoses were seen, whereas in five others an approximately equal proportion of haploid and diploid mitoses was observed. Out of 52 cells in which unequivocal counts could be made, only one contained more than the euploid number of chromosomes (mouse, n = 20). Possible reasons for the poorer development of haploid compared to diploid parthenogenetic embryos are discussed.", "PMID": 670867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_640", "title": "Respiratory and hydrostatic functions of the intestine of the catfishes Hoplosternum thoracatum and Brochis splendens (Callichthyidae).", "content": "1. The air-breathing behaviour of Hoplosternum thoracatum and Brochis splendens has been studied and their strategy of coordinating the respiratory and hydrostatic functions of the accessory respiratory organ has been examined. 2. H. thoracatum and B. splendens are continuous but not obligate air-breathers and individuals of the former breathe air in synchrony with each other. 3. Frequency of air-breathing increased with increased activity in H. thoracatum. 4. Aquatic respiration (Vo2) in H. thoracatum decreased in hypoxic water but aerial Vo2 maintained a fairly constant total Vo2 independent of aquatic O2. Total Vo2 is higher when fish breathe both air and water but aerial Vo2 did not exceed 75% of total Vo2. 5. The accessory respiratory organ provides about 75% of the lift required to attain neutral buoyancy whereas the swimbladder provides less than 5%. The mean decreases in volume of the accessory respiratory organ in the period between breaths of B. splendens and H. thoracatum were 13.2 and 7.8% respectively. 6. With a gas phase of O2, B. splendens maintained a similar frequency of air breathing and showed a slightly greater reduction in buoyancy between air breaths when compared to breathing air. With a gas phase of N2, air breathing was less frequent and decreases in buoyancy between air breaths were much less than when breathing air. 7. The respiratory and hydrostatic functions of the accessory respiratory organ are compatible. Buoyancy is maintained by frequent air breaths taken in part in response to a decrease in volume of the accessory respiratory organ. This reservoir of O2 could increase metabolic scope during bursts of activity.", "contents": "Respiratory and hydrostatic functions of the intestine of the catfishes Hoplosternum thoracatum and Brochis splendens (Callichthyidae). 1. The air-breathing behaviour of Hoplosternum thoracatum and Brochis splendens has been studied and their strategy of coordinating the respiratory and hydrostatic functions of the accessory respiratory organ has been examined. 2. H. thoracatum and B. splendens are continuous but not obligate air-breathers and individuals of the former breathe air in synchrony with each other. 3. Frequency of air-breathing increased with increased activity in H. thoracatum. 4. Aquatic respiration (Vo2) in H. thoracatum decreased in hypoxic water but aerial Vo2 maintained a fairly constant total Vo2 independent of aquatic O2. Total Vo2 is higher when fish breathe both air and water but aerial Vo2 did not exceed 75% of total Vo2. 5. The accessory respiratory organ provides about 75% of the lift required to attain neutral buoyancy whereas the swimbladder provides less than 5%. The mean decreases in volume of the accessory respiratory organ in the period between breaths of B. splendens and H. thoracatum were 13.2 and 7.8% respectively. 6. With a gas phase of O2, B. splendens maintained a similar frequency of air breathing and showed a slightly greater reduction in buoyancy between air breaths when compared to breathing air. With a gas phase of N2, air breathing was less frequent and decreases in buoyancy between air breaths were much less than when breathing air. 7. The respiratory and hydrostatic functions of the accessory respiratory organ are compatible. Buoyancy is maintained by frequent air breaths taken in part in response to a decrease in volume of the accessory respiratory organ. This reservoir of O2 could increase metabolic scope during bursts of activity.", "PMID": 670868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_641", "title": "The effect of training on the swimming muscles of the goldfish (Carassius auratus).", "content": "Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exercised continuously for periods of 28 days at swimming speeds of 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 body lengths per second and their rates of growth were determined. Changes in muscle fibre size were examined, as were changes which occurred in the concentrations of the major chemical constituents of these cells. These fish, typical of the carp family in that they are found only in still or slowly moving water, did not adapt well to the flowing water environment at any swimming speed. They often grew less than the controls, although consuming much more food. Changes in the composition of the muscle fibres indicated that excess food was not being stored, and also indicated that the major fuel for swimming at all speeds was glycogen. The fish survived well at high speeds and it was suggested that this was due to the ability of the species to metabolize glycogen anaerobically without the production of lactic acid.", "contents": "The effect of training on the swimming muscles of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exercised continuously for periods of 28 days at swimming speeds of 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 body lengths per second and their rates of growth were determined. Changes in muscle fibre size were examined, as were changes which occurred in the concentrations of the major chemical constituents of these cells. These fish, typical of the carp family in that they are found only in still or slowly moving water, did not adapt well to the flowing water environment at any swimming speed. They often grew less than the controls, although consuming much more food. Changes in the composition of the muscle fibres indicated that excess food was not being stored, and also indicated that the major fuel for swimming at all speeds was glycogen. The fish survived well at high speeds and it was suggested that this was due to the ability of the species to metabolize glycogen anaerobically without the production of lactic acid.", "PMID": 670869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_642", "title": "Influence of water temperature on the electric organ discharge (EOD) of the weakly electric fish Marcusenius cyprinoides (Mormyridae).", "content": "1. The influence of different water temperatures on the electric organ discharge (EOD) of a mormyrid fish Marcusenius cyprino\u00efdes was studied. The range of the water temperatures was fixed according to the seasonal temperature variations of the rivers in Central Africa, the natural habitat of this species. 2. The EOD activity was characterized using the following parameters: mean EOD rate, EOD pattern in the form of Interpulse Interval Histograms (IIH), IIH range, and shortest pulse interval. These parameters remained constant during control experiments at constant temperature (27 degrees C) for 4 days. 3. The mean EOD rate increases with increasing water temperatures. The lowest mean EOD rate is always found at 17 degrees C, the highest between 26 and 33 degrees C. The characteristics of the IIH are modified by stepwise temperature increases. These IIH show during high temperatures (26-33 degrees C) similar patterns to those previously observed during high level motor activity and excitement. The IIH range diminishes with stepwise temperature increases. The shortest pulse interval has a negative, linear correlation with water temperature. 4. The possible role of water temperature in the reproduction of the mormyrids is discussed. The high discharge rate of M. cyprino\u00efdes produced by high water temperatures during the rainy season could serve to improve the resolution of the electroreceptors during this period.", "contents": "Influence of water temperature on the electric organ discharge (EOD) of the weakly electric fish Marcusenius cyprinoides (Mormyridae). 1. The influence of different water temperatures on the electric organ discharge (EOD) of a mormyrid fish Marcusenius cyprino\u00efdes was studied. The range of the water temperatures was fixed according to the seasonal temperature variations of the rivers in Central Africa, the natural habitat of this species. 2. The EOD activity was characterized using the following parameters: mean EOD rate, EOD pattern in the form of Interpulse Interval Histograms (IIH), IIH range, and shortest pulse interval. These parameters remained constant during control experiments at constant temperature (27 degrees C) for 4 days. 3. The mean EOD rate increases with increasing water temperatures. The lowest mean EOD rate is always found at 17 degrees C, the highest between 26 and 33 degrees C. The characteristics of the IIH are modified by stepwise temperature increases. These IIH show during high temperatures (26-33 degrees C) similar patterns to those previously observed during high level motor activity and excitement. The IIH range diminishes with stepwise temperature increases. The shortest pulse interval has a negative, linear correlation with water temperature. 4. The possible role of water temperature in the reproduction of the mormyrids is discussed. The high discharge rate of M. cyprino\u00efdes produced by high water temperatures during the rainy season could serve to improve the resolution of the electroreceptors during this period.", "PMID": 670870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_643", "title": "The effect of hypertonic solutions on the rate of relaxation of contracture tension in Mytilus smooth muscle.", "content": "1. The effect of the bathing solution tonicity on the mechanical properties of the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis was examined. 2. The rate of relaxation of contracture tension produced by acetylcholine (ACh) was greatly reduced when the bathing solution tonicity was increased by adding NaCl, KCl or LiCl after the removal of ACh, whereas a decreased tonicity increased the rate of relaxation. 3. The contracted ABRM in hypertonic solutions showed no active shortening after an isotonic release and barely redeveloped active tension after a quick release. 4. The resistance to stretch increased with increasing tonicity of the bathing solution. 5. The wet weight of the ABRM decreased much more markedly in sucrose-hypertonic solution than in Na-, K- or Li-hypertonic solutions, but the decrease in the rate of relaxation was less marked in the former, indicating that there may be little relation between the rate of relaxation and the degree of osmotic deformation of the ABRM fibres. 6. It is suggested that the elevated ionic strength in the myoplasm may be related to a reduction in the rate of detachment of the cross-linkages between the thick and thin filaments.", "contents": "The effect of hypertonic solutions on the rate of relaxation of contracture tension in Mytilus smooth muscle. 1. The effect of the bathing solution tonicity on the mechanical properties of the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis was examined. 2. The rate of relaxation of contracture tension produced by acetylcholine (ACh) was greatly reduced when the bathing solution tonicity was increased by adding NaCl, KCl or LiCl after the removal of ACh, whereas a decreased tonicity increased the rate of relaxation. 3. The contracted ABRM in hypertonic solutions showed no active shortening after an isotonic release and barely redeveloped active tension after a quick release. 4. The resistance to stretch increased with increasing tonicity of the bathing solution. 5. The wet weight of the ABRM decreased much more markedly in sucrose-hypertonic solution than in Na-, K- or Li-hypertonic solutions, but the decrease in the rate of relaxation was less marked in the former, indicating that there may be little relation between the rate of relaxation and the degree of osmotic deformation of the ABRM fibres. 6. It is suggested that the elevated ionic strength in the myoplasm may be related to a reduction in the rate of detachment of the cross-linkages between the thick and thin filaments.", "PMID": 670871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_644", "title": "Kinetics of sodium and lithium movements across the blood-brain barrier of an insect.", "content": "The electrical responses of axons were used to monitor the time-course of a change in the concentration of an ion species in the fluid bathing the axons in connectives of isolated cockroach nerve cords. Initial exposure of the connectives to sodium-deficient Ringer resulted in a depletion of extra-axonal sodium which was much slower than the restoration observed on return of the sodium Ringer. It is suggested that this asymmetry could result from a sodium reservoir which delays the initial decline. Subsequent net inward and outward movements of sodium ions were rapid and symmetrical. Unlike sodium ions, lithium ions were apparently unable to reach the axon surfaces following sodium depletion. In view of the similar properties of sodium and lithium ions in many biological systems it is therefore unlikely that the sodium movements were passive. Instead, the results support the idea of net sodium transport by the perineurial and/or glial elements.", "contents": "Kinetics of sodium and lithium movements across the blood-brain barrier of an insect. The electrical responses of axons were used to monitor the time-course of a change in the concentration of an ion species in the fluid bathing the axons in connectives of isolated cockroach nerve cords. Initial exposure of the connectives to sodium-deficient Ringer resulted in a depletion of extra-axonal sodium which was much slower than the restoration observed on return of the sodium Ringer. It is suggested that this asymmetry could result from a sodium reservoir which delays the initial decline. Subsequent net inward and outward movements of sodium ions were rapid and symmetrical. Unlike sodium ions, lithium ions were apparently unable to reach the axon surfaces following sodium depletion. In view of the similar properties of sodium and lithium ions in many biological systems it is therefore unlikely that the sodium movements were passive. Instead, the results support the idea of net sodium transport by the perineurial and/or glial elements.", "PMID": 670872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_645", "title": "Rebound resilience of tendons in the feet of sheep (Ovis aries).", "content": "The interosseous muscle of the fore foot of the sheep is multipennate, with large tendons but extremely short muscle fibres. It is believed to save energy in locomotion by elastic storage in its tendons and its sheath. Its rebound resilience (at 5-7 Hz and 20-37 degrees C) is about 0.62.", "contents": "Rebound resilience of tendons in the feet of sheep (Ovis aries). The interosseous muscle of the fore foot of the sheep is multipennate, with large tendons but extremely short muscle fibres. It is believed to save energy in locomotion by elastic storage in its tendons and its sheath. Its rebound resilience (at 5-7 Hz and 20-37 degrees C) is about 0.62.", "PMID": 670873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_646", "title": "Auditory masking patterns in the goldfish (Carassius auratus): psychophysical tuning curves.", "content": "The masking effects of tones on the detection auditory signals were studied in goldfish using the psychophysical tuning-curve paradigm. For signals below 350 Hz, masking is an inverse function of the frequency separation between masker and signal; a finding consistent with previous masking studies on fishes, birds and mammals. For signals above 350 Hz, masking peaks occur both in the 350 Hz region and at the frequency of the signal. Quantitative comparisons with recent neural tuning curves for goldfish saccular neurones suggest that the filtering observed may be determined by mechanical frequency selectivity below 350 Hz, but by a neural analysis of temporal patterns above this range.", "contents": "Auditory masking patterns in the goldfish (Carassius auratus): psychophysical tuning curves. The masking effects of tones on the detection auditory signals were studied in goldfish using the psychophysical tuning-curve paradigm. For signals below 350 Hz, masking is an inverse function of the frequency separation between masker and signal; a finding consistent with previous masking studies on fishes, birds and mammals. For signals above 350 Hz, masking peaks occur both in the 350 Hz region and at the frequency of the signal. Quantitative comparisons with recent neural tuning curves for goldfish saccular neurones suggest that the filtering observed may be determined by mechanical frequency selectivity below 350 Hz, but by a neural analysis of temporal patterns above this range.", "PMID": 670874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_647", "title": "The origin, kinetics, and characteristics of the Kupffer cells in the normal steady state.", "content": "Enzymatic digestion with pronase and DNAase was used to isolate Kupffer cells from mouse liver. The characteristics of these cells were found to be similar to those of peritoneal macrophages, except that in the initial suspension the percentage of Kupffer cells with Fc receptors was low, C receptors were absent and the ingestion of opsenized bacteria was very poor, because of the effect of pronase on the cell membrane. After 24 h incubation in vitro all these characteristics return. The in vitro and 1 h-pulse [(3)H]thymidine labeling of the Kupffer cells is low (0.8 and 1 percent, respectively) indicating that in essence these cells do not divide. It was also shown that the small percentage of in vitro labeled Kupffer cells was recently derived from the circulation. After an intravenous injection of zymosan the in vitro labeling index of the Kupffer cells increased 16-fold, but it was proven that these dividing cells were immature mononuclear phagocytes very recently recruited from the bone marrow. The labeling of Kupffer cells aider one or four injections of [(3)H]thymidine reached a peak of 10.4 percent at 48 h or 24.1 percent at 60 h, respectively, indicating that these cells are derived from labeled monocytes. Further evidence for this conclusion was obtained by the absence of an increase of labeled Kupffer cells during treatment with hydrocortisone, which causes a monocytopenia during which no circulating monocytes are available to migrate to the tissues. Labeling studies in animals X-irradiated with hind-limb shielding gave a Kupffer cell labeling index of 5-10 percent of the normal values, which confirms their bone marrow origin. A quantitative study on the production of labeled monocytes in the bone marrow and their transit through the circulation showed that in the normal steady state at least 56.4 percent of the monocytes leaving the circulation become Kupffer cells. Considering the Kupffer cells as kinetically homogeneous this gives a mean turnover time of the total population of Kupffer cells of 21 days.", "contents": "The origin, kinetics, and characteristics of the Kupffer cells in the normal steady state. Enzymatic digestion with pronase and DNAase was used to isolate Kupffer cells from mouse liver. The characteristics of these cells were found to be similar to those of peritoneal macrophages, except that in the initial suspension the percentage of Kupffer cells with Fc receptors was low, C receptors were absent and the ingestion of opsenized bacteria was very poor, because of the effect of pronase on the cell membrane. After 24 h incubation in vitro all these characteristics return. The in vitro and 1 h-pulse [(3)H]thymidine labeling of the Kupffer cells is low (0.8 and 1 percent, respectively) indicating that in essence these cells do not divide. It was also shown that the small percentage of in vitro labeled Kupffer cells was recently derived from the circulation. After an intravenous injection of zymosan the in vitro labeling index of the Kupffer cells increased 16-fold, but it was proven that these dividing cells were immature mononuclear phagocytes very recently recruited from the bone marrow. The labeling of Kupffer cells aider one or four injections of [(3)H]thymidine reached a peak of 10.4 percent at 48 h or 24.1 percent at 60 h, respectively, indicating that these cells are derived from labeled monocytes. Further evidence for this conclusion was obtained by the absence of an increase of labeled Kupffer cells during treatment with hydrocortisone, which causes a monocytopenia during which no circulating monocytes are available to migrate to the tissues. Labeling studies in animals X-irradiated with hind-limb shielding gave a Kupffer cell labeling index of 5-10 percent of the normal values, which confirms their bone marrow origin. A quantitative study on the production of labeled monocytes in the bone marrow and their transit through the circulation showed that in the normal steady state at least 56.4 percent of the monocytes leaving the circulation become Kupffer cells. Considering the Kupffer cells as kinetically homogeneous this gives a mean turnover time of the total population of Kupffer cells of 21 days.", "PMID": 670884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_648", "title": "The role of antigen form and function in the primary and secondary intestinal immune responses to cholera toxin and toxoid in rats.", "content": "This report describes studies of the mucosal antitoxic response in rats after enteric administration of several forms of cholera toxin or toxoid, proteins which differ primarily in their ability to bind to cell membranes and activate cellular adenyl cyclase. These two characteristics appeared to markedly enhance the local primary response to these antigens. A single dose of toxoid lacking these features was ineffective in local priming even though it was absorbed and induced a systemic immune response. Single dose mucosal priming occurred only with preparations which bind to cell membranes and was enhanced by those which also activate cellular adenyl cyclase. In contrast, single-dose mucosal boosting was best accomplished by materials with these properties but was also seen with a toxoid lacking both of these functions. The property of membrane binding appears to be most advantageous in mucosal priming, perhaps by increasing effective trapping of absorbed antigen in unprimed mucosal lymphoid tissue, whereas the ability to activate adenyl cyclase appears to enhance primary and secondary type responses about equally. Combinations of crude toxoid and toxin were also more effective in mucosal priming than purified materials, a finding which is unexplained. A single dose of this combination induced mucosal priming which was fully developed in 2 wk, undiminished after 4 too, and only modestly diminished after 8 mo, thus demonstrating relatively prolonged memory in the IgA mucosal immune system. Effective two-dose local immunizing regimens were developed, and it was shown that there was no correlation between the mucosal and systemic secondary antitoxin responses provoked by these regimens.", "contents": "The role of antigen form and function in the primary and secondary intestinal immune responses to cholera toxin and toxoid in rats. This report describes studies of the mucosal antitoxic response in rats after enteric administration of several forms of cholera toxin or toxoid, proteins which differ primarily in their ability to bind to cell membranes and activate cellular adenyl cyclase. These two characteristics appeared to markedly enhance the local primary response to these antigens. A single dose of toxoid lacking these features was ineffective in local priming even though it was absorbed and induced a systemic immune response. Single dose mucosal priming occurred only with preparations which bind to cell membranes and was enhanced by those which also activate cellular adenyl cyclase. In contrast, single-dose mucosal boosting was best accomplished by materials with these properties but was also seen with a toxoid lacking both of these functions. The property of membrane binding appears to be most advantageous in mucosal priming, perhaps by increasing effective trapping of absorbed antigen in unprimed mucosal lymphoid tissue, whereas the ability to activate adenyl cyclase appears to enhance primary and secondary type responses about equally. Combinations of crude toxoid and toxin were also more effective in mucosal priming than purified materials, a finding which is unexplained. A single dose of this combination induced mucosal priming which was fully developed in 2 wk, undiminished after 4 too, and only modestly diminished after 8 mo, thus demonstrating relatively prolonged memory in the IgA mucosal immune system. Effective two-dose local immunizing regimens were developed, and it was shown that there was no correlation between the mucosal and systemic secondary antitoxin responses provoked by these regimens.", "PMID": 670885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_649", "title": "Human C4-binding protein. I. Isolation and characterization.", "content": "C4-binding protein (C4-bp), a new component of the complement system, was isolated from human plasma by precipitation with polyethyleneglycol, followed by chromatography on ion exchangers. C4-bp was identified on sodium dodecyl- sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) by two independent criteria: its ability to bind to C4b, and immunoprecipitation with a monospecificantiserum. Purified C4-bp is a 10.7 s glycoprotein. It consists of several disulfide bonded subunits of mol wt 70,000 daltons. Under nonreducing conditions, its mol wt has been estimated on SDS-PAGE as 540- 590,000 daltons. C4-bp moves as a slow B-globulin at pH 8.6 in the absence of free divalent cations, but when the buffers contain Ca(++)-lactate, C4-bp is a gamma globulin. Purified C4-bp binds to purified C4b. The reaction proceeds in the presence or absence of divalent cations and is not inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate. The C4b/C4-bp complexes have sedimentation coefficients between 15 and 17 s on sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, and can be readily identified by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). The complexes move faster toward the anode than either protein. C4-bp is multivalent. Saturation is reached at molecular ratios of C4b/C4- bp of between 4 and 5. The interaction between C4b and C4-bp may complicate the electrophoretic patterns of these proteins in normal human serum, if the complement system is activated before or during the run. However, in EDTA-plasma, native C4 and C4-bp do not form stable complexes and can be identified in separate peaks after CIE.", "contents": "Human C4-binding protein. I. Isolation and characterization. C4-binding protein (C4-bp), a new component of the complement system, was isolated from human plasma by precipitation with polyethyleneglycol, followed by chromatography on ion exchangers. C4-bp was identified on sodium dodecyl- sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) by two independent criteria: its ability to bind to C4b, and immunoprecipitation with a monospecificantiserum. Purified C4-bp is a 10.7 s glycoprotein. It consists of several disulfide bonded subunits of mol wt 70,000 daltons. Under nonreducing conditions, its mol wt has been estimated on SDS-PAGE as 540- 590,000 daltons. C4-bp moves as a slow B-globulin at pH 8.6 in the absence of free divalent cations, but when the buffers contain Ca(++)-lactate, C4-bp is a gamma globulin. Purified C4-bp binds to purified C4b. The reaction proceeds in the presence or absence of divalent cations and is not inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate. The C4b/C4-bp complexes have sedimentation coefficients between 15 and 17 s on sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, and can be readily identified by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). The complexes move faster toward the anode than either protein. C4-bp is multivalent. Saturation is reached at molecular ratios of C4b/C4- bp of between 4 and 5. The interaction between C4b and C4-bp may complicate the electrophoretic patterns of these proteins in normal human serum, if the complement system is activated before or during the run. However, in EDTA-plasma, native C4 and C4-bp do not form stable complexes and can be identified in separate peaks after CIE.", "PMID": 670886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_650", "title": "Habituation of the forelimb-withdrawal response in neonatal rats.", "content": "The purpose of the present research was to examine the ontogeny of habituation in the neonatal rat, using the forelimb-withdrawal response. Thresholds and latencies of the response, changing patterns of responding to shock stimuli, and habituation of the response were studied in rats 3 to 15 days of age. It was found that although response thresholds do not change during this period of development, response latencies decrease and amplitudes increase. Three- and 6-day old pups remain active much longer following shock than do 10- and 15day-olds. When compared for habituation to different frequencies of stimulation, 3-day-old rat pups were found to be much more susceptible to habituation at low frequencies than 15-day-olds. Insertion of a simple intense shock in the habituation series produced marked dishabituation in the 3-day-olds but little or none in the 15-day-olds. This pattern of results was obtained regardless of the locus of the dishabituating shock. Analysis of response latencies showed that although 15-day-olds responded 2 to 3 times more quickly than 3-day-olds, both age groups responded more rapidly to a strong shock than to a weak one. During habituation, response amplitudes of both 3- and 15-day-old pups declined with no change in latency. Age-related differences in habituation were shown to be independent of differences in reactivity to shock and more likely due to the emergence of response sensitization.", "contents": "Habituation of the forelimb-withdrawal response in neonatal rats. The purpose of the present research was to examine the ontogeny of habituation in the neonatal rat, using the forelimb-withdrawal response. Thresholds and latencies of the response, changing patterns of responding to shock stimuli, and habituation of the response were studied in rats 3 to 15 days of age. It was found that although response thresholds do not change during this period of development, response latencies decrease and amplitudes increase. Three- and 6-day old pups remain active much longer following shock than do 10- and 15day-olds. When compared for habituation to different frequencies of stimulation, 3-day-old rat pups were found to be much more susceptible to habituation at low frequencies than 15-day-olds. Insertion of a simple intense shock in the habituation series produced marked dishabituation in the 3-day-olds but little or none in the 15-day-olds. This pattern of results was obtained regardless of the locus of the dishabituating shock. Analysis of response latencies showed that although 15-day-olds responded 2 to 3 times more quickly than 3-day-olds, both age groups responded more rapidly to a strong shock than to a weak one. During habituation, response amplitudes of both 3- and 15-day-old pups declined with no change in latency. Age-related differences in habituation were shown to be independent of differences in reactivity to shock and more likely due to the emergence of response sensitization.", "PMID": 670888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_651", "title": "Mononuclear phagocytes from carrageenan-induce granulomas. Isolation, cultivation, and characterization.", "content": "Stable cultures of mononuclear phagocytes from carrageenan-induced granulomas in mice have been established after enzymatic dispersion of these lesions. The cells can be maintained for up to 3 wk without division in serum-free media. The mononuclear phagocytes were identified by several criteria. The cells are adherent, phagocytic, contain lysosomal acid hydrolases at high specific activities, secrete lysozyme, and bind soluble aggregates of IgG. The activities of 5'-nucleotidase and leucine aminopeptidase in the cultured granuloma cells showed that they resembled macrophages from thioglycollate-stimulated mice but not unstimulated macrophages in these respects. Supernates from the cultured granuloma cells contain factor(s) which induce the proliferation of thymocytes; the release of such factors by the cells is stimulated by lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "Mononuclear phagocytes from carrageenan-induce granulomas. Isolation, cultivation, and characterization. Stable cultures of mononuclear phagocytes from carrageenan-induced granulomas in mice have been established after enzymatic dispersion of these lesions. The cells can be maintained for up to 3 wk without division in serum-free media. The mononuclear phagocytes were identified by several criteria. The cells are adherent, phagocytic, contain lysosomal acid hydrolases at high specific activities, secrete lysozyme, and bind soluble aggregates of IgG. The activities of 5'-nucleotidase and leucine aminopeptidase in the cultured granuloma cells showed that they resembled macrophages from thioglycollate-stimulated mice but not unstimulated macrophages in these respects. Supernates from the cultured granuloma cells contain factor(s) which induce the proliferation of thymocytes; the release of such factors by the cells is stimulated by lipopolysaccharide.", "PMID": 670887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_652", "title": "Frustration odor of rats receiving small numbers of prior rewarded running trials.", "content": "Three related experiments were performed to examine trial-to-trial differences in production of frustration odor during runway extinction by rats that had received 0, 2, 4, or 6 prior rewards. Differences in odor production were indexed by the subsequent speed of escape from the runway goal box by conspecifics. The results indicated that (a) subjects will perform a hurdle-jump response to escape from frustration odor; (b) escape performance even after several prior escape trials accurately reflects trial-to-trial changes in production of frustration odor; and (c) production of frustration odor requires only 4 prior rewards. Implications of the present data for frustration analyses of the limited-trial partial reinforcement effect and future investigations of frustration odor are discussed.", "contents": "Frustration odor of rats receiving small numbers of prior rewarded running trials. Three related experiments were performed to examine trial-to-trial differences in production of frustration odor during runway extinction by rats that had received 0, 2, 4, or 6 prior rewards. Differences in odor production were indexed by the subsequent speed of escape from the runway goal box by conspecifics. The results indicated that (a) subjects will perform a hurdle-jump response to escape from frustration odor; (b) escape performance even after several prior escape trials accurately reflects trial-to-trial changes in production of frustration odor; and (c) production of frustration odor requires only 4 prior rewards. Implications of the present data for frustration analyses of the limited-trial partial reinforcement effect and future investigations of frustration odor are discussed.", "PMID": 670889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_653", "title": "Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli.", "content": "The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer.", "contents": "Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli. The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer.", "PMID": 670890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_654", "title": "The role of predrug signals in morphine analgesic tolerance: support for a Pavlovian conditioning model of tolerance.", "content": "According to a model of morphine tolerance, which emphasizes Pavlovian conditioning principles, tolerance results from an association between predrug environmental cues and the systemic effects of the drug. To assess this model, groups of rats were administered morphine on either three or nine occasions, with a complex environmental stimulus either paired or not paired with each injection. Control groups had equivalent experience with the environmental cue and injection procedure, but the injected substance was physiological saline. Subsequently, the analgesic effect of the opiate was tested in all subjects following administration of the drug in conjunction with the environmental cue. As expected on the basis of the conditioning model of tolerance, subjects with a pretest history of paired morphine administrations displayed analgesic tolerance, but subjects with a pretest history of unpaired administration displayed no evidence of such tolerance. The results suggest that prior demonstrations that the display of morphine tolerance is specific to the drug administration environment may be readily interpreted by a conditioning analysis of tolerance.", "contents": "The role of predrug signals in morphine analgesic tolerance: support for a Pavlovian conditioning model of tolerance. According to a model of morphine tolerance, which emphasizes Pavlovian conditioning principles, tolerance results from an association between predrug environmental cues and the systemic effects of the drug. To assess this model, groups of rats were administered morphine on either three or nine occasions, with a complex environmental stimulus either paired or not paired with each injection. Control groups had equivalent experience with the environmental cue and injection procedure, but the injected substance was physiological saline. Subsequently, the analgesic effect of the opiate was tested in all subjects following administration of the drug in conjunction with the environmental cue. As expected on the basis of the conditioning model of tolerance, subjects with a pretest history of paired morphine administrations displayed analgesic tolerance, but subjects with a pretest history of unpaired administration displayed no evidence of such tolerance. The results suggest that prior demonstrations that the display of morphine tolerance is specific to the drug administration environment may be readily interpreted by a conditioning analysis of tolerance.", "PMID": 670891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_655", "title": "Conditioned fear and startle magnitude: effects of different footshock or backshock intensities used in training.", "content": "In Experiment 1 four groups of rats received 30 light-shock pairings using footshock intensities of either .2, .4, .8, or 1.6 mA. One day later all rats were tested for startle by presenting tones in the presence or absence of the light CS. Potentiated startle (the difference between startle on light-tone vs tone-alone trials) was nonmonotonically related to the shock intensity used in training, with the greatest potentiation at intermediate shock levels. Experiment 3 demonstrated a similar relationship when backshocks instead of footshocks were used. In Experiment 2 rats were trained with either a moderate or high shock and then given an extended extinction-test session 1 day later. The moderate-shock group showed a gradual decline in potentiated startle over extinction. The high-shock group showed a nonmonotonic extinction curve where potentiation progressively increased toward the middle of extinction and dissipated thereafter. The results suggest that acoustic startle bears an inverted U-shaped relationship to fear and are discussed in relation to other studies concerned with this issue.", "contents": "Conditioned fear and startle magnitude: effects of different footshock or backshock intensities used in training. In Experiment 1 four groups of rats received 30 light-shock pairings using footshock intensities of either .2, .4, .8, or 1.6 mA. One day later all rats were tested for startle by presenting tones in the presence or absence of the light CS. Potentiated startle (the difference between startle on light-tone vs tone-alone trials) was nonmonotonically related to the shock intensity used in training, with the greatest potentiation at intermediate shock levels. Experiment 3 demonstrated a similar relationship when backshocks instead of footshocks were used. In Experiment 2 rats were trained with either a moderate or high shock and then given an extended extinction-test session 1 day later. The moderate-shock group showed a gradual decline in potentiated startle over extinction. The high-shock group showed a nonmonotonic extinction curve where potentiation progressively increased toward the middle of extinction and dissipated thereafter. The results suggest that acoustic startle bears an inverted U-shaped relationship to fear and are discussed in relation to other studies concerned with this issue.", "PMID": 670892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_656", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of 17-alpha-alkylated anabolic steroids.", "content": "A method for the detection of anabolic 17-alpha-alkylated androstane derivatives in both plasma and urine is described and evaluated. The goat and rabbit antisera against 17-alpha-Methyltestosterone-3-carboxymethyloxim-Rinder-serum albumin were raised and compared using [3H]methandrostenolone as a tracer. 22 Steroids including 10 potent synthetic anabolics were tested for their cross-reaction with these antisera.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of 17-alpha-alkylated anabolic steroids. A method for the detection of anabolic 17-alpha-alkylated androstane derivatives in both plasma and urine is described and evaluated. The goat and rabbit antisera against 17-alpha-Methyltestosterone-3-carboxymethyloxim-Rinder-serum albumin were raised and compared using [3H]methandrostenolone as a tracer. 22 Steroids including 10 potent synthetic anabolics were tested for their cross-reaction with these antisera.", "PMID": 670893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_657", "title": "[Short programs for the determination of amino acids in physiological fluids (author's transl)].", "content": "Short programs for the determination of a few amino acids are described. The studies were performed with two commercially available ion exchange resins (Durrum DC6A, Phoenix XX 907 OPKU). All the programs are constructed so that they are suitable for urine analysis with unfavourable concentration ratios. The economic aspects and the areas of application of these methods are discussed.", "contents": "[Short programs for the determination of amino acids in physiological fluids (author's transl)]. Short programs for the determination of a few amino acids are described. The studies were performed with two commercially available ion exchange resins (Durrum DC6A, Phoenix XX 907 OPKU). All the programs are constructed so that they are suitable for urine analysis with unfavourable concentration ratios. The economic aspects and the areas of application of these methods are discussed.", "PMID": 670894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_658", "title": "Evaluation of the enzymatic ammonia method for urine on the Du Pont automatic clinical analyzer.", "content": "The enzymatic method for ammonia with the Du Pont Automatic Clinical Analyzer was tested in our laboratory. The method is very suitable for urine samples although the method was released by Du Pont only for plasma samples. The results correlated well with those obtained by a method based on the Berthelot indophenol reaction and by a method based on the use of an ammonium electrode, which has an ammonium ion selective membrane. The day-to-day coefficient of variation is about 2 and 4% at concentration levels of 100 and 50 mumol/1 respectively. The measured and relative ammonia concentration are linearly related. Recovery of added known amounts of ammonium is complete and no interference from glucose, urea, creatinine and uric acid could be demonstrated. Recommendations are given for handling blood and urine samples before analysis.", "contents": "Evaluation of the enzymatic ammonia method for urine on the Du Pont automatic clinical analyzer. The enzymatic method for ammonia with the Du Pont Automatic Clinical Analyzer was tested in our laboratory. The method is very suitable for urine samples although the method was released by Du Pont only for plasma samples. The results correlated well with those obtained by a method based on the Berthelot indophenol reaction and by a method based on the use of an ammonium electrode, which has an ammonium ion selective membrane. The day-to-day coefficient of variation is about 2 and 4% at concentration levels of 100 and 50 mumol/1 respectively. The measured and relative ammonia concentration are linearly related. Recovery of added known amounts of ammonium is complete and no interference from glucose, urea, creatinine and uric acid could be demonstrated. Recommendations are given for handling blood and urine samples before analysis.", "PMID": 670895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_659", "title": "[Electrolyte and collagen content of rat heart in chronic Mg-deficiency and stress (author's transl)].", "content": "In chronic Mg-deficiency, there is a decrease in the content of Mg and K+ in the heart muscle. The contents of Ca, Na+ and hydroxyproline increase. There is also an increased urinary excretion of adrenaline and especially noradrenaline. With simultaneous noise stress, these changes are even greater. The magnitude of the changes increases with the degree of Mg-deficiency. The changes in the contents of Na+, K+, Ca, Mg and hydroxyproline correlate with the excretion of noradrenaline. The increase in the collagen content can be verified by electron microscopy, and it is due to a stimulation of the fibrocytes.", "contents": "[Electrolyte and collagen content of rat heart in chronic Mg-deficiency and stress (author's transl)]. In chronic Mg-deficiency, there is a decrease in the content of Mg and K+ in the heart muscle. The contents of Ca, Na+ and hydroxyproline increase. There is also an increased urinary excretion of adrenaline and especially noradrenaline. With simultaneous noise stress, these changes are even greater. The magnitude of the changes increases with the degree of Mg-deficiency. The changes in the contents of Na+, K+, Ca, Mg and hydroxyproline correlate with the excretion of noradrenaline. The increase in the collagen content can be verified by electron microscopy, and it is due to a stimulation of the fibrocytes.", "PMID": 670896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_660", "title": "[Studies on the interaction of Phenprocoumon with Diazepam and with Nitrazepam (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of Diazepam and Nitrazepam on the anticoagulating activity of Phenprocoumon was studied in rats. It was found that the repeated oral application of Diazepam or Nitrazepam during the treatment with Phenprocoumon did not change the adjusted prothrombin time. The prothrombin time was considerably shortened when the application of Diazepam or Nitrazepam was stopped although Phenprocoumon was still applied. Furthermore, the influence of Chlordiazepoxid, Diazepam and Nitrazepam on the normal prothrombin time was studied. It was found that the treatment with benzodiazepine derivatives had no influence upon the prothrombin time, not only during the treatment, but also after the treatment was stopped.", "contents": "[Studies on the interaction of Phenprocoumon with Diazepam and with Nitrazepam (author's transl)]. The influence of Diazepam and Nitrazepam on the anticoagulating activity of Phenprocoumon was studied in rats. It was found that the repeated oral application of Diazepam or Nitrazepam during the treatment with Phenprocoumon did not change the adjusted prothrombin time. The prothrombin time was considerably shortened when the application of Diazepam or Nitrazepam was stopped although Phenprocoumon was still applied. Furthermore, the influence of Chlordiazepoxid, Diazepam and Nitrazepam on the normal prothrombin time was studied. It was found that the treatment with benzodiazepine derivatives had no influence upon the prothrombin time, not only during the treatment, but also after the treatment was stopped.", "PMID": 670897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_661", "title": "[Determination of serum iron; a comparison of two methods: atomic absorption and bathophenanthroline without deproteinisation (author's transl)].", "content": "Two methods for the assay of serum iron are compared; determination by atomic absorption after deproteinisation, and spectrophotometric determination after liberation of the iron by a detergent, reduction with dithionite, and chelation with bathophenanthroline disulfonate, without deproteinisation. Regression: y = 0.996 x --0.41 (s: atomic absorption; y: bathophenanthroline method; mumol/1 Fe; r = 0.986. Precision (CV) for a series of identical samples with 14.3 mumol/1: 2.0% for atomic absorption and 1.3% for bathophenanthroline.", "contents": "[Determination of serum iron; a comparison of two methods: atomic absorption and bathophenanthroline without deproteinisation (author's transl)]. Two methods for the assay of serum iron are compared; determination by atomic absorption after deproteinisation, and spectrophotometric determination after liberation of the iron by a detergent, reduction with dithionite, and chelation with bathophenanthroline disulfonate, without deproteinisation. Regression: y = 0.996 x --0.41 (s: atomic absorption; y: bathophenanthroline method; mumol/1 Fe; r = 0.986. Precision (CV) for a series of identical samples with 14.3 mumol/1: 2.0% for atomic absorption and 1.3% for bathophenanthroline.", "PMID": 670898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_662", "title": "Comparative studies on the radioimmunological determination of carcinoembryonic antigen in tumour tissue.", "content": "Human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was measured in perchloric acid extracts from 9 malignant gastrointestinal tumours, using two different radioimmunological methods (Hoffmann-La Roche and CEA-IRE-SORIN). When standard curves were set up, quantitative differences in the degree of inhibition were found between the standards from the two manufacturers. In the Hoffmann-La Roche assay the CEA binding curves of all tumour extracts ran parallel with the standard. However, when the CEA-IRE-SORIN assay was applied two of the nine tumours exhibited different slopes. In one case, using the CEA-IRE-SORIN method, various parts of the tumour exhibited binding curves with non-parallel slopes. The present results suggest that radioimmunologically heterogeneous CEA occurs in different gastrointestinal tumours as well as in various parts of the same tumour.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the radioimmunological determination of carcinoembryonic antigen in tumour tissue. Human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was measured in perchloric acid extracts from 9 malignant gastrointestinal tumours, using two different radioimmunological methods (Hoffmann-La Roche and CEA-IRE-SORIN). When standard curves were set up, quantitative differences in the degree of inhibition were found between the standards from the two manufacturers. In the Hoffmann-La Roche assay the CEA binding curves of all tumour extracts ran parallel with the standard. However, when the CEA-IRE-SORIN assay was applied two of the nine tumours exhibited different slopes. In one case, using the CEA-IRE-SORIN method, various parts of the tumour exhibited binding curves with non-parallel slopes. The present results suggest that radioimmunologically heterogeneous CEA occurs in different gastrointestinal tumours as well as in various parts of the same tumour.", "PMID": 670899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_663", "title": "Diagnostic value of lysozyme activity estimation in the feces of infants with acute diarrhoea.", "content": "The activity of lysozyme in feces was estimated in a control group of 50 healthy infants and in a group of 152 infants with acute diarrhoea. All infants investigated were artificially nourished. In the latter group the activity of lysozyme was estimated twice: a) at the beginning of clinically active phase of the disease and (b) in the convalescence period immediately after withdrawal of clinical symptoms. The range of normal values was 14.9--77.0 (average 44.0) of egg-white lysozyme units/g dry feces. In acute diarrhoea the activity of lysozyme in feces was found to be elevated in 72.4% of cases in the first determinations and in an additional 7.6% of cases in the second determination (i.e. a total of 80% of cases in both determinations). The average elevations of lysozyme activity in the feces and the dynamics of their normalization after withdrawal of clinical symptoms were generally related to the severity of the disease.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of lysozyme activity estimation in the feces of infants with acute diarrhoea. The activity of lysozyme in feces was estimated in a control group of 50 healthy infants and in a group of 152 infants with acute diarrhoea. All infants investigated were artificially nourished. In the latter group the activity of lysozyme was estimated twice: a) at the beginning of clinically active phase of the disease and (b) in the convalescence period immediately after withdrawal of clinical symptoms. The range of normal values was 14.9--77.0 (average 44.0) of egg-white lysozyme units/g dry feces. In acute diarrhoea the activity of lysozyme in feces was found to be elevated in 72.4% of cases in the first determinations and in an additional 7.6% of cases in the second determination (i.e. a total of 80% of cases in both determinations). The average elevations of lysozyme activity in the feces and the dynamics of their normalization after withdrawal of clinical symptoms were generally related to the severity of the disease.", "PMID": 670900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_664", "title": "A rapid screening test for lactic aciduria.", "content": "A rapid test for the determination of lactate in urine is described, which differentiates adequately between normal and elevated urine lactate levels. The method depends on the enzymatic decolourization of the blue dye dichlorophenolindophenol by lactate in the presence of the enzyme L-lactate cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.2.3). Interference by vitamin C is prevented by pre-treatment with charcoal. The test is simple and inexpensive, and a compact testing unit, which is stable and convenient for most laboratories, can be assembled in a glass capillary.", "contents": "A rapid screening test for lactic aciduria. A rapid test for the determination of lactate in urine is described, which differentiates adequately between normal and elevated urine lactate levels. The method depends on the enzymatic decolourization of the blue dye dichlorophenolindophenol by lactate in the presence of the enzyme L-lactate cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.2.3). Interference by vitamin C is prevented by pre-treatment with charcoal. The test is simple and inexpensive, and a compact testing unit, which is stable and convenient for most laboratories, can be assembled in a glass capillary.", "PMID": 670901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_665", "title": "[Endogenous 3-O-methyldopa in man: normal level and effect of an inhibitor of aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase (Benserazid) (author's transl)].", "content": "The fasting level of 3-O-methyldopa in human plasma is 120 +/- 18 nmol/1. Four hours after a single dose of 425 mumol benserazid, the level increased to 313 +/- 69 nmol/1.", "contents": "[Endogenous 3-O-methyldopa in man: normal level and effect of an inhibitor of aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase (Benserazid) (author's transl)]. The fasting level of 3-O-methyldopa in human plasma is 120 +/- 18 nmol/1. Four hours after a single dose of 425 mumol benserazid, the level increased to 313 +/- 69 nmol/1.", "PMID": 670902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_666", "title": "[A model for the adsorptive distribution of thyroid hormone in the cell (author's transl)].", "content": "Mitochondria from rat livers were suspended in solutions of cytoplasmic proteins (\"cytosol\") containing 0.5--4.7 g total protein per liter suspension. In these suspensions the adsorptive distribution of radioactive 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine was studied in the concentration range between 0.04 and 0.50 nmol/1. The experiments show that the distribution of the hormone between the liquid phase of the cytosol and the solid phase of the mitochondria depends mainly on the protein concentrations in both phases. The mathematical formulation of this distribution equilibria which is also applicable to thyroxine corresponded closely with the experimental findings. The processes of the adsorptive binding of thyroid hormones to cell proteins observed in vitro are thought to represent part of a transport chain that exists between different compartments in vivo. The consequences of these considerations on the transport of thyroid hormones within the cell are discussed.", "contents": "[A model for the adsorptive distribution of thyroid hormone in the cell (author's transl)]. Mitochondria from rat livers were suspended in solutions of cytoplasmic proteins (\"cytosol\") containing 0.5--4.7 g total protein per liter suspension. In these suspensions the adsorptive distribution of radioactive 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine was studied in the concentration range between 0.04 and 0.50 nmol/1. The experiments show that the distribution of the hormone between the liquid phase of the cytosol and the solid phase of the mitochondria depends mainly on the protein concentrations in both phases. The mathematical formulation of this distribution equilibria which is also applicable to thyroxine corresponded closely with the experimental findings. The processes of the adsorptive binding of thyroid hormones to cell proteins observed in vitro are thought to represent part of a transport chain that exists between different compartments in vivo. The consequences of these considerations on the transport of thyroid hormones within the cell are discussed.", "PMID": 670903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_667", "title": "[The reaction of cyclohexylsulphamic acid (Cyclamate) with nitrous acid in aqueous HCl-solution, isolated human gastric juice and urine (author's transl)].", "content": "The pH dependence of the formation and decomposition of the N-nitroso derivative, which is produced by the reaction of cyclohexylsulphamic acid with nitrous acid, was investigated by means of continuous photometric measurement of the changes in absorbance. Reaction at pH 2.45 resulted in an optimal yield of the N-nitroso derivative. The half-life of the decomposition reaction (the reactants cyclohexylsulphamic acid/sodium nitrite being in a molar ratio of 1:1.11) at pH 2.61 was 13.6 min. The N-nitroso derivative showed a relatively high stability at pH 4.5. The reaction in isolated human gastric juice and urine showed the same pH dependency as in aqueous HCl solution.", "contents": "[The reaction of cyclohexylsulphamic acid (Cyclamate) with nitrous acid in aqueous HCl-solution, isolated human gastric juice and urine (author's transl)]. The pH dependence of the formation and decomposition of the N-nitroso derivative, which is produced by the reaction of cyclohexylsulphamic acid with nitrous acid, was investigated by means of continuous photometric measurement of the changes in absorbance. Reaction at pH 2.45 resulted in an optimal yield of the N-nitroso derivative. The half-life of the decomposition reaction (the reactants cyclohexylsulphamic acid/sodium nitrite being in a molar ratio of 1:1.11) at pH 2.61 was 13.6 min. The N-nitroso derivative showed a relatively high stability at pH 4.5. The reaction in isolated human gastric juice and urine showed the same pH dependency as in aqueous HCl solution.", "PMID": 670904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_668", "title": "Variations in cerebral organization as a function of handedness, hand posture in writing, and sex.", "content": "During the past century, it has become increasingly apparent that there is a great deal of variation in the direction and degree of cerebral lateralization, a plurality of people having language and related functions strongly specialized to the left hemisphere and visuospatial functions strongly specialized to the right, with substantial minorities manifesting various deviations from this pattern. In particular, in 35%-50% of sinistrals and 1%-10% of dextrals, the right hemisphere is specialized for linguistic skills, and in some unknown fraction of the two handedness groups, verbal and/or spatial abilities are, to varying extents, bilateralized. Levy (1973) suggested that the hand posture adopted during writing might be an index of the lateral relationship between the dominant writing hand and the language hemisphere, a normal posture indicating contralateral language specialization, and an inverted posture indicating ipsilateral language specialization. In the present investigation, two tachistoscopic tests of cerebral lateralization, one measuring spatial functions and one measuring verbal function, were administered to 73 subjects classified by handedness, hand posture during writing, and sex. Among both dextral and sinistral subjects with a normal writing posture, language and spatial functions were specialized to the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres, respectively, and lateral differentiation of the brain was strong. The reverse was seen in subjects having an inverted writing posture. In all groups, females were less laterally differentiated than males. In 70 out of 73 subjects, the direction of cerebral laterization was accurately predicted by handedness and hand posture. The 3 subjects (2 females and 1 male) who failed to manifest the predicted relations were all left-handers having an inverted hand posture . In this group, lateral differentiation was so weak that the reliability of the tachistoscopic tests was reduced, and we attribute these three predictive failures to this cause. Thus, almost all of the variation in the lateral organization of the brain was accounted for by handedness, hand posture, and sex.", "contents": "Variations in cerebral organization as a function of handedness, hand posture in writing, and sex. During the past century, it has become increasingly apparent that there is a great deal of variation in the direction and degree of cerebral lateralization, a plurality of people having language and related functions strongly specialized to the left hemisphere and visuospatial functions strongly specialized to the right, with substantial minorities manifesting various deviations from this pattern. In particular, in 35%-50% of sinistrals and 1%-10% of dextrals, the right hemisphere is specialized for linguistic skills, and in some unknown fraction of the two handedness groups, verbal and/or spatial abilities are, to varying extents, bilateralized. Levy (1973) suggested that the hand posture adopted during writing might be an index of the lateral relationship between the dominant writing hand and the language hemisphere, a normal posture indicating contralateral language specialization, and an inverted posture indicating ipsilateral language specialization. In the present investigation, two tachistoscopic tests of cerebral lateralization, one measuring spatial functions and one measuring verbal function, were administered to 73 subjects classified by handedness, hand posture during writing, and sex. Among both dextral and sinistral subjects with a normal writing posture, language and spatial functions were specialized to the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres, respectively, and lateral differentiation of the brain was strong. The reverse was seen in subjects having an inverted writing posture. In all groups, females were less laterally differentiated than males. In 70 out of 73 subjects, the direction of cerebral laterization was accurately predicted by handedness and hand posture. The 3 subjects (2 females and 1 male) who failed to manifest the predicted relations were all left-handers having an inverted hand posture . In this group, lateral differentiation was so weak that the reliability of the tachistoscopic tests was reduced, and we attribute these three predictive failures to this cause. Thus, almost all of the variation in the lateral organization of the brain was accounted for by handedness, hand posture, and sex.", "PMID": 670905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_669", "title": "An alternative interpretation of the stimulus suffix effect.", "content": "The influence of a stimulus suffix was examined in yes-no recognition and probe-recall tasks. As with previous findings with serial recall, reliable suffix effects were obtained in probe recall. However, no suffix effects were found in the recognition task. Both serial and probe-recall tasks require the retention of order and item information, while only item information is required in recognition. An interpretation of the suffix effect based on interference with order information is presented.", "contents": "An alternative interpretation of the stimulus suffix effect. The influence of a stimulus suffix was examined in yes-no recognition and probe-recall tasks. As with previous findings with serial recall, reliable suffix effects were obtained in probe recall. However, no suffix effects were found in the recognition task. Both serial and probe-recall tasks require the retention of order and item information, while only item information is required in recognition. An interpretation of the suffix effect based on interference with order information is presented.", "PMID": 670906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_670", "title": "Inositol pentaphosphate in fish red blood cells.", "content": "Inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) has long been characteristic of avian erythrocytes. We now report that this compound is also present in the red cells of two species of elasmobranch fishes, Squalus acanthias (spiny dogfish) and Narcacion nobiliana (torpedo ray). The mean concentration of I5 is 0.36 and 0.24 micromoles per ml of red cells respectively. ATP is the major organic phosphate in both fishes. 2.3-diphosphoglycerate is absent and GTP levels correspond approximately to the levels of I5.", "contents": "Inositol pentaphosphate in fish red blood cells. Inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) has long been characteristic of avian erythrocytes. We now report that this compound is also present in the red cells of two species of elasmobranch fishes, Squalus acanthias (spiny dogfish) and Narcacion nobiliana (torpedo ray). The mean concentration of I5 is 0.36 and 0.24 micromoles per ml of red cells respectively. ATP is the major organic phosphate in both fishes. 2.3-diphosphoglycerate is absent and GTP levels correspond approximately to the levels of I5.", "PMID": 670921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_671", "title": "Estrogen localization in the brain of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis (1).", "content": "Estrogen induces reproductive behavior in lizards by acting on specific areas of the brain. Neural areas that selectively concentrate radioactivity after 3-h-estradiol administration were mapped using thawmount autoradiography. Major accumulations of hormone-concentrating cells occur in the medial preoptic area, basal hypothalamus, amygdala (n. vetromedialis telencephali) and in and around the torus semicircularis. Numerous smaller accumulations are also described and the topographical distribution is compared with that of avian and mammalian species.", "contents": "Estrogen localization in the brain of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis (1). Estrogen induces reproductive behavior in lizards by acting on specific areas of the brain. Neural areas that selectively concentrate radioactivity after 3-h-estradiol administration were mapped using thawmount autoradiography. Major accumulations of hormone-concentrating cells occur in the medial preoptic area, basal hypothalamus, amygdala (n. vetromedialis telencephali) and in and around the torus semicircularis. Numerous smaller accumulations are also described and the topographical distribution is compared with that of avian and mammalian species.", "PMID": 670922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_672", "title": "The effects of lumicolchicine, colchicine and vinblastine on pigment migration in fish chromatophores.", "content": "The effects of lumicolchicine, colchicine, vinblastine and cold temperature on the pigment migration in melanophores and xanthophores of Fundulus heteroclitus and Oryzias latipes were examined by light and electron microscopy. Xanthophores of both species which contain numerous microfilaments and a poorly developed microtubule system were extremely sensitive to the alkaloids. Lumicolchicine and colchicine induced irreversible dispersion while vinblastine caused permanent aggregation of the pigments. Treatment in lumicolchicine or colchicine at 5 mM for 60 minutes did not disrupt microtubules of melanophores to an appreciable degree, however, melanosome aggregation was partially inhibited by these drug in Oryzias. When melanophores were kept in the cold in the presence of colchicine at 1 mM, almost all microtubules were disrupted and their repolymerization at room temperature was nearly completely inhibited by colchicine. These melanophores lacking in microtubules responded to epinephrine with slow aggregation. Vinblastine at 0.1 mM induced partial aggregation of melanosomes and disruption of microtubules but most melanophores were still able to respond with pigment migration. Vinblastine at 1 mM made all melanophores punctate and immobile. Large vinblastine-induced crystals were frequently seen in the dendritic processes. The results of the present investigation suggest that cytoplasmic microtubules in fish melanophores facilitate melanosome migration only in directional orientation and appear not be responsible for the motive force.", "contents": "The effects of lumicolchicine, colchicine and vinblastine on pigment migration in fish chromatophores. The effects of lumicolchicine, colchicine, vinblastine and cold temperature on the pigment migration in melanophores and xanthophores of Fundulus heteroclitus and Oryzias latipes were examined by light and electron microscopy. Xanthophores of both species which contain numerous microfilaments and a poorly developed microtubule system were extremely sensitive to the alkaloids. Lumicolchicine and colchicine induced irreversible dispersion while vinblastine caused permanent aggregation of the pigments. Treatment in lumicolchicine or colchicine at 5 mM for 60 minutes did not disrupt microtubules of melanophores to an appreciable degree, however, melanosome aggregation was partially inhibited by these drug in Oryzias. When melanophores were kept in the cold in the presence of colchicine at 1 mM, almost all microtubules were disrupted and their repolymerization at room temperature was nearly completely inhibited by colchicine. These melanophores lacking in microtubules responded to epinephrine with slow aggregation. Vinblastine at 0.1 mM induced partial aggregation of melanosomes and disruption of microtubules but most melanophores were still able to respond with pigment migration. Vinblastine at 1 mM made all melanophores punctate and immobile. Large vinblastine-induced crystals were frequently seen in the dendritic processes. The results of the present investigation suggest that cytoplasmic microtubules in fish melanophores facilitate melanosome migration only in directional orientation and appear not be responsible for the motive force.", "PMID": 670923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_673", "title": "Inhibition in the Limulus lateral eye in situ.", "content": "Inhibition in the Limulus lateral eye in situ is qualitatively similar to that in the excised eye. In both preparations ommatidia mutually inhibit one another, and the magnitude of the inhibitory effects are linear functions of the response rate of individual ommatidia. The strength of inhibition exerted between single ommatidia is also about the same for both preparations; however, stronger effects can converge on a single ommatidium in situ. At high levels of illumination of the retina in situ the inhibitory effects are often strong enough to produce sustained oscillations in the discharge of optic nerve fibers. The weaker inhibitory influences at low levels of illumination do not produce oscillations but decrease the variance of the optic nerve discharge. Thresholds for the inhibitory effects appear to be determined by both presynaptic and postsynaptic cellular processes. Our results are consistent with the idea that a single ommatidium can be inhibited by more of its neighbors in an eye in situ than in an excised eye. Leaving intact the blood supply to the eye appears to preserve the functional integrity of the retinal pathways which mediate inhibition.", "contents": "Inhibition in the Limulus lateral eye in situ. Inhibition in the Limulus lateral eye in situ is qualitatively similar to that in the excised eye. In both preparations ommatidia mutually inhibit one another, and the magnitude of the inhibitory effects are linear functions of the response rate of individual ommatidia. The strength of inhibition exerted between single ommatidia is also about the same for both preparations; however, stronger effects can converge on a single ommatidium in situ. At high levels of illumination of the retina in situ the inhibitory effects are often strong enough to produce sustained oscillations in the discharge of optic nerve fibers. The weaker inhibitory influences at low levels of illumination do not produce oscillations but decrease the variance of the optic nerve discharge. Thresholds for the inhibitory effects appear to be determined by both presynaptic and postsynaptic cellular processes. Our results are consistent with the idea that a single ommatidium can be inhibited by more of its neighbors in an eye in situ than in an excised eye. Leaving intact the blood supply to the eye appears to preserve the functional integrity of the retinal pathways which mediate inhibition.", "PMID": 670927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_674", "title": "Effects of bicarbonate on lithium transport in human red cells.", "content": "Lithium influx into human erythrocytes increased 12-fold, when chloride was replaced with bicarbonate in a 150 mM lithium medium (38 degrees C. pH 7.4). The increase was linearly related to both lithium- and bicarbonate concentration, and was completely eliminated by the amino reagent 4, 4'- diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). DIDS binds to an integral membrane protein (mol wt approximately 10(5) dalton) involved in anion exchange. Inhibition of both anion exchange and of bicarbonate-stimulated lithium influx was linearly related to DIDS binding. 1.1 X 10(6) DIDS molecules per cell caused complete inhibition of both processes. Both Cl- and Li+ can apparently be transported by the anion transport mechanism. The results support our previous proposal that bicarbonate-induced lithium permeability is due to transport of lithium-carbonate ion pairs (LiCO-3). DIDS-sensitive lithium influx had a high activation energy (24 kcal/mol), compatible with transport by the anion exchange mechanism. We have examined how variations of passive lithium permeability, induced by bicarbonate, affect the sodium-driven lithium counter-transport in human erythrocytes. The ability of the counter-transport system to establish a lithium gradient across the membrane decrease linearly with bicarbonate concentration in the medium. The counter-transport system was unaffected by DIDS treatement. At a plasma bicarbonate concentration of 24 mM, two-thirds of the lithium influx is mediated by the bicarbonate-stimulated pathway, and the fraction will increase significantly in metabolic alkalosis.", "contents": "Effects of bicarbonate on lithium transport in human red cells. Lithium influx into human erythrocytes increased 12-fold, when chloride was replaced with bicarbonate in a 150 mM lithium medium (38 degrees C. pH 7.4). The increase was linearly related to both lithium- and bicarbonate concentration, and was completely eliminated by the amino reagent 4, 4'- diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). DIDS binds to an integral membrane protein (mol wt approximately 10(5) dalton) involved in anion exchange. Inhibition of both anion exchange and of bicarbonate-stimulated lithium influx was linearly related to DIDS binding. 1.1 X 10(6) DIDS molecules per cell caused complete inhibition of both processes. Both Cl- and Li+ can apparently be transported by the anion transport mechanism. The results support our previous proposal that bicarbonate-induced lithium permeability is due to transport of lithium-carbonate ion pairs (LiCO-3). DIDS-sensitive lithium influx had a high activation energy (24 kcal/mol), compatible with transport by the anion exchange mechanism. We have examined how variations of passive lithium permeability, induced by bicarbonate, affect the sodium-driven lithium counter-transport in human erythrocytes. The ability of the counter-transport system to establish a lithium gradient across the membrane decrease linearly with bicarbonate concentration in the medium. The counter-transport system was unaffected by DIDS treatement. At a plasma bicarbonate concentration of 24 mM, two-thirds of the lithium influx is mediated by the bicarbonate-stimulated pathway, and the fraction will increase significantly in metabolic alkalosis.", "PMID": 670928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_675", "title": "A polysaccharide antigen from the Gram-positive organism Eubacterium saburreum containing dideoxyhexose as the immunodominant sugar.", "content": "A highly active surface antigen, reacting by precipitation and complement fixation, has been isolated from Eubacterium saburreum strain L32. The antigen is a polysaccharide polymer built up of galactose, ribose and dideoxyhexose. The dideoxyhexose is the immunodominant sugar.", "contents": "A polysaccharide antigen from the Gram-positive organism Eubacterium saburreum containing dideoxyhexose as the immunodominant sugar. A highly active surface antigen, reacting by precipitation and complement fixation, has been isolated from Eubacterium saburreum strain L32. The antigen is a polysaccharide polymer built up of galactose, ribose and dideoxyhexose. The dideoxyhexose is the immunodominant sugar.", "PMID": 670929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_676", "title": "Mutants of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIB 8250 constitutive for the mandelate enzymes.", "content": "Methods for isolating mutants of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIB 8250 constitutive for the mandelate enzymes were compared. Non-inducing substrates were not available. Continuous culture gave no stable constitutive mutants. Alternate culture in inducing (L-mandelate) and non-inducing (L-glutamate) media led to the isolation of mutants mesoconstitutive for L-mandelate dehydrogenase and phenylgloxylate carboxy-lyase, and hyperinducible for benzaldehyde dehydrogenase I. Screening of possible anti-inducers showed that 2-phenyl-propionate was very effective; it was a competitive inhibitor of gratuitous induction by thiophenoxyacetate, and was used for the isolation of constitutive mutants. Some of the mutants were magnoconstitutive for L-mandelate dehydrogenase, phenylglyoxylate carboxylyase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase I and could not be further induced; others had lower specific activities which could be increased by induction with phenylglyoxylate or thiophenoxyacetate. Similar constitutive mutants were derived from a mutant which lacked L-mandelate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Mutants of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIB 8250 constitutive for the mandelate enzymes. Methods for isolating mutants of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIB 8250 constitutive for the mandelate enzymes were compared. Non-inducing substrates were not available. Continuous culture gave no stable constitutive mutants. Alternate culture in inducing (L-mandelate) and non-inducing (L-glutamate) media led to the isolation of mutants mesoconstitutive for L-mandelate dehydrogenase and phenylgloxylate carboxy-lyase, and hyperinducible for benzaldehyde dehydrogenase I. Screening of possible anti-inducers showed that 2-phenyl-propionate was very effective; it was a competitive inhibitor of gratuitous induction by thiophenoxyacetate, and was used for the isolation of constitutive mutants. Some of the mutants were magnoconstitutive for L-mandelate dehydrogenase, phenylglyoxylate carboxylyase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase I and could not be further induced; others had lower specific activities which could be increased by induction with phenylglyoxylate or thiophenoxyacetate. Similar constitutive mutants were derived from a mutant which lacked L-mandelate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 670930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_677", "title": "Origins of fermentation products formed during growth of Bacteroides ruminicola on glucose.", "content": "Bacteriodes ruminicola grown on complex medium with glucose as carbon source gave acetate, CO2, formate and succinate as main fermentation products. No evidence was found for significant glucose catabolism by pathways other than the Embden-Meyerhof sequence. However, [U-14C]glucose fermentation gave products whose specific radioactivities were much lower than expected. There appear to be two main causes. Firstly, a rapid exchange occurred between metabolic intermediates and CO2, probably due to reversibility of the pathway between phosphoenolpyruvate and fumarate. Secondly, non-glucose precursors, mainly peptides and acetate, added to the medium as growth factors, also gave rise to the above end-products. The distortions that such reactions introduce into measurements of ATP molar growth yields based on product analyses and measurements of carbon flux based on radioactivity recovered in products are discussed.", "contents": "Origins of fermentation products formed during growth of Bacteroides ruminicola on glucose. Bacteriodes ruminicola grown on complex medium with glucose as carbon source gave acetate, CO2, formate and succinate as main fermentation products. No evidence was found for significant glucose catabolism by pathways other than the Embden-Meyerhof sequence. However, [U-14C]glucose fermentation gave products whose specific radioactivities were much lower than expected. There appear to be two main causes. Firstly, a rapid exchange occurred between metabolic intermediates and CO2, probably due to reversibility of the pathway between phosphoenolpyruvate and fumarate. Secondly, non-glucose precursors, mainly peptides and acetate, added to the medium as growth factors, also gave rise to the above end-products. The distortions that such reactions introduce into measurements of ATP molar growth yields based on product analyses and measurements of carbon flux based on radioactivity recovered in products are discussed.", "PMID": 670931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_678", "title": "Properties of a temperature-sensitive mutant of Staphylococcus aureus defective in DNA replication and cell division and replication of plasmids in the mutant.", "content": "The properties of a temperature-sensitive mutant (ts39) of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8235 are described. After transfer to the restrictive temperature (42 degrees C), absorbance increased 10-to 20-fold but DNA content did not increase beyond 150 to 200% and cell division continued at a greatly reduced rate. On transfer back to the permissive temperature, both cell division and DNA synthesis resumed if the transfer occurred after less than 120 min at 42 degrees C. Resumption of DNA replication was blocked by chloramphenicol (100 microgram ml-1). The results are discussed with reference to possible defects in DNA replication. Replication of the plasmids pI258 and pT10501 and the chromosome were affected to a similar extent in ts39. Growth at 42 degrees C resulted in the appearance of an increased amount of pI258 DNA in a form that sedimented slowly in a sucrose gradient.", "contents": "Properties of a temperature-sensitive mutant of Staphylococcus aureus defective in DNA replication and cell division and replication of plasmids in the mutant. The properties of a temperature-sensitive mutant (ts39) of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8235 are described. After transfer to the restrictive temperature (42 degrees C), absorbance increased 10-to 20-fold but DNA content did not increase beyond 150 to 200% and cell division continued at a greatly reduced rate. On transfer back to the permissive temperature, both cell division and DNA synthesis resumed if the transfer occurred after less than 120 min at 42 degrees C. Resumption of DNA replication was blocked by chloramphenicol (100 microgram ml-1). The results are discussed with reference to possible defects in DNA replication. Replication of the plasmids pI258 and pT10501 and the chromosome were affected to a similar extent in ts39. Growth at 42 degrees C resulted in the appearance of an increased amount of pI258 DNA in a form that sedimented slowly in a sucrose gradient.", "PMID": 670932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_679", "title": "[Haemoglobinosis C/beta-thalassemia double heterozygosity in an Algerian patient with total suppression of haemoglobin A synthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the case of a young Algerian, aged 32, suffering from mild icterus, accompanied by a marked splenomegaly. The blood count revealed a moderate degree of anaemia with reticulocytosis, pronounced anisocytosis, micro-spherocytes, bulls eye cells, folded cells, hypochrome cells, a marked polychromasia and a mild erythroblastosis. Present also were hyperbilirubinaemia, raised plasma haemoglobin, zero haptoglobin, a reduced osmotic fragility and half-life of erythrocytes. Haemoglobin electrophoresis showed 17.25% haemoglobin F, 62.8% haemoglobin C+A2 and no haemoglobin A. The genetic study indicated that the patient was a double heterozygote C/beta thalassaemia, his mother and his son both suffering from this disease. This thalassemic gene of type beta (0) totally inhibited the synthesis of haemoglobin A, the defect found in our patient.", "contents": "[Haemoglobinosis C/beta-thalassemia double heterozygosity in an Algerian patient with total suppression of haemoglobin A synthesis (author's transl)]. The authors describe the case of a young Algerian, aged 32, suffering from mild icterus, accompanied by a marked splenomegaly. The blood count revealed a moderate degree of anaemia with reticulocytosis, pronounced anisocytosis, micro-spherocytes, bulls eye cells, folded cells, hypochrome cells, a marked polychromasia and a mild erythroblastosis. Present also were hyperbilirubinaemia, raised plasma haemoglobin, zero haptoglobin, a reduced osmotic fragility and half-life of erythrocytes. Haemoglobin electrophoresis showed 17.25% haemoglobin F, 62.8% haemoglobin C+A2 and no haemoglobin A. The genetic study indicated that the patient was a double heterozygote C/beta thalassaemia, his mother and his son both suffering from this disease. This thalassemic gene of type beta (0) totally inhibited the synthesis of haemoglobin A, the defect found in our patient.", "PMID": 670935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_680", "title": "[Sclero-atrophic keratodermal genodermatosis of the extremities (sclerotylosis) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a new case of sclero-atrophic keratodermal genodermatosis of the extremities, which is frequently degenerative. This condition, described by Huriez et al. in 1967, is characterized by symmetric lesions of the hands and feet, sclerodactyly, keratodermia, onychopathy and hypohidrosis. This disease, which is of dominant autosomal transmission, is associated with the MNSs trait, the two genes being probably located on chromosome No. 2.", "contents": "[Sclero-atrophic keratodermal genodermatosis of the extremities (sclerotylosis) (author's transl)]. The authors report a new case of sclero-atrophic keratodermal genodermatosis of the extremities, which is frequently degenerative. This condition, described by Huriez et al. in 1967, is characterized by symmetric lesions of the hands and feet, sclerodactyly, keratodermia, onychopathy and hypohidrosis. This disease, which is of dominant autosomal transmission, is associated with the MNSs trait, the two genes being probably located on chromosome No. 2.", "PMID": 670936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_681", "title": "[Constitutional stereotyped gap in human chromosomes (author's transl)].", "content": "The stereotyped break with gap of a chromosomal variant is rarely observed. This anomaly is transmitted according to autosomal dominant rule. The distal part of the broken chromosome may either be still bound to the sister chromatid through mitotic non-disjunction, forming a triradial figure, or take a moniliform and pulverized appearance, evoking premature chromosome condensation.", "contents": "[Constitutional stereotyped gap in human chromosomes (author's transl)]. The stereotyped break with gap of a chromosomal variant is rarely observed. This anomaly is transmitted according to autosomal dominant rule. The distal part of the broken chromosome may either be still bound to the sister chromatid through mitotic non-disjunction, forming a triradial figure, or take a moniliform and pulverized appearance, evoking premature chromosome condensation.", "PMID": 670937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_682", "title": "Ovarian differentiation in Turner's syndrome.", "content": "The authors have studied the gonadal histogenesis and the sexual chromosome influence on the gonads of 17 patients with the following complements : 45,X/46,XXqi (1 case); 45,X (4 cases); 45,X/46,XXP--(1 cases); 45,Xq--  (1 case); 45,X/46,XX (8 cases); 45,X/46,XX/46,XXqi (1case); and 45,X/46,XXqi/47,XXqiXqi (1 case).  The presence of sexual differentiation structures was investigated : coelomic epithelium, stromal characteristics, follicles sexual cords, medullary tubules, rete ovarii, hilar cells, mesonephric remnants and coelomic epithelium inclusions. All gonads were constituted by rudimentary ovarian stroma with different states of hyalinization. Primordial follicles were noted in two patients with respectively 45,X/46,XX and 45,X/46,XXqi/47,XXqiXqi karyotypes, and a cystic follicle was present in one patient 45,X/46,XXp--. Sexual cords were seen in 6 patients and medullary tubules in 9. Different amounts of hilar cells were found as well. The authors conclude that in Turner's syndrome there exists an ovarian dysgenesis which is probably caused by early involution before reaching the maturation, conditioned by the genetic incapacity of the oogonia to complete the meiotic prophase.", "contents": "Ovarian differentiation in Turner's syndrome. The authors have studied the gonadal histogenesis and the sexual chromosome influence on the gonads of 17 patients with the following complements : 45,X/46,XXqi (1 case); 45,X (4 cases); 45,X/46,XXP--(1 cases); 45,Xq--  (1 case); 45,X/46,XX (8 cases); 45,X/46,XX/46,XXqi (1case); and 45,X/46,XXqi/47,XXqiXqi (1 case).  The presence of sexual differentiation structures was investigated : coelomic epithelium, stromal characteristics, follicles sexual cords, medullary tubules, rete ovarii, hilar cells, mesonephric remnants and coelomic epithelium inclusions. All gonads were constituted by rudimentary ovarian stroma with different states of hyalinization. Primordial follicles were noted in two patients with respectively 45,X/46,XX and 45,X/46,XXqi/47,XXqiXqi karyotypes, and a cystic follicle was present in one patient 45,X/46,XXp--. Sexual cords were seen in 6 patients and medullary tubules in 9. Different amounts of hilar cells were found as well. The authors conclude that in Turner's syndrome there exists an ovarian dysgenesis which is probably caused by early involution before reaching the maturation, conditioned by the genetic incapacity of the oogonia to complete the meiotic prophase.", "PMID": 670938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_683", "title": "Prevalence of Klinefelter's syndrome (47,XXY) in a general male population.", "content": "In a representative sample of 3,840 males examined for military service chromosome examination was made in those with testes equal to or less than 12 ml and those with a stature equal to or greater than 181 cm, as well as in males not recruited because of physical or mental disability. Testes equal to or less than 12 ml were found in 59 patients (1.45%). Three of these males had a 47,XXY karyotype (5.1%), the prevalence among the total sample of 3,840 being 0.78 per 1,000. Hypogonadal signs, except for gynaecomastia, which was only present in one patient, were found in the saem proportion as in 47,XXY males ascertained in institutions and clinics. The results of EEG investigations were alos similar to those found in psychiatric institutions. The intelligence level was comparatively low; none had an IQ above 100. The personality traits corresponded to those found in institutionalized Klinefelter males.", "contents": "Prevalence of Klinefelter's syndrome (47,XXY) in a general male population. In a representative sample of 3,840 males examined for military service chromosome examination was made in those with testes equal to or less than 12 ml and those with a stature equal to or greater than 181 cm, as well as in males not recruited because of physical or mental disability. Testes equal to or less than 12 ml were found in 59 patients (1.45%). Three of these males had a 47,XXY karyotype (5.1%), the prevalence among the total sample of 3,840 being 0.78 per 1,000. Hypogonadal signs, except for gynaecomastia, which was only present in one patient, were found in the saem proportion as in 47,XXY males ascertained in institutions and clinics. The results of EEG investigations were alos similar to those found in psychiatric institutions. The intelligence level was comparatively low; none had an IQ above 100. The personality traits corresponded to those found in institutionalized Klinefelter males.", "PMID": 670939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_684", "title": "Apparent non-penetrance for dystopia in Waardenburg syndrome type I, with some hints on the diagnosis of dystopia canthorum.", "content": "Two large pedigrees with Waardenburg syndrome type I (W--I), i.e. with dystopia canthorum and blepharophimosis, are described to show both the variable expressivity of dystopia canthorum, which may be confused with non-penetrance of this sign, and the possibility to firmly diagnosis it with the new biometric index W, which differentiates a dystopic from a non-dystopic or a non-apparent dystopic subject,  the latter within a defined biometric range. A general discussion of the relative value of blepharophimosis and dystopia canthorum as diagnostic features in W--I is presented, to conclude on the greater value of dystopia canthorum, which can be identified with confidence in more than 96% of carriers. Empirical probabilities are given for dystopia canthorum and blepharophimosis in the general populations, based on data from the world literature, useful for all ethnic groups.", "contents": "Apparent non-penetrance for dystopia in Waardenburg syndrome type I, with some hints on the diagnosis of dystopia canthorum. Two large pedigrees with Waardenburg syndrome type I (W--I), i.e. with dystopia canthorum and blepharophimosis, are described to show both the variable expressivity of dystopia canthorum, which may be confused with non-penetrance of this sign, and the possibility to firmly diagnosis it with the new biometric index W, which differentiates a dystopic from a non-dystopic or a non-apparent dystopic subject,  the latter within a defined biometric range. A general discussion of the relative value of blepharophimosis and dystopia canthorum as diagnostic features in W--I is presented, to conclude on the greater value of dystopia canthorum, which can be identified with confidence in more than 96% of carriers. Empirical probabilities are given for dystopia canthorum and blepharophimosis in the general populations, based on data from the world literature, useful for all ethnic groups.", "PMID": 670940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_685", "title": "ABO blood groups and fertility in an Indian population.", "content": "A total of 589 compatible mating couples could be investigated against 432 incompatible mating couples in order to determine the selective mechanism operating on ABO blood groups. There appears to be no striking difference in the proportion of childless couples between the two groups. The mean number of living children presents a significant difference. There is 21% deficiency of 'A' children in the two groups. Similarly, there is 16% deficiency of 'B' children in the two groups. It appears that there is 31.9% fetal wastage in incompatible matings as compared with 17.15% in compatible matings.", "contents": "ABO blood groups and fertility in an Indian population. A total of 589 compatible mating couples could be investigated against 432 incompatible mating couples in order to determine the selective mechanism operating on ABO blood groups. There appears to be no striking difference in the proportion of childless couples between the two groups. The mean number of living children presents a significant difference. There is 21% deficiency of 'A' children in the two groups. Similarly, there is 16% deficiency of 'B' children in the two groups. It appears that there is 31.9% fetal wastage in incompatible matings as compared with 17.15% in compatible matings.", "PMID": 670941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_686", "title": "[Do all cases of trisomy 18 with long survival (beyond 10 years) show mosaicism in fibroblasts? (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of a young girl aged 16 1/2 years who presents the typical features of trisomy 18 : small height, microdolichocephaly, anti-mongoloid palpebral fissures, micrognathia, microstomia, arched palate, malformed ears, atrophy of thenars and hypothenars, clinodactyly of fifth fingers and abortive cutaneous syndactyly between IV and V. At the lower limbs, there is a shortening of the right leg, an atrophy of the calves, as well as genua valga and bilateral pes excavatus with dorsiflexion of the toes. The gait is rigid with enlarged basis of sustentation. The results of the cardiac examination point to a minor ventricular septal defect. The development of secondary sexual characters (breasts and body hair) corresponds to the puberal age; the large pudendal lips are hypoplastic. The X-rays show a double left kidney. There is a very severe oligophrenia (I.Q. = 20). Cytogenetic examinations showed a typical trisomy 18 in 100% of observed lymphocytes, while the analysis of cutaneous fibroblasts revealed a mosaicism with 87% of trisomic cells. Out of 11 cases of trisomy 18 with long survival from the literature only 3 cases were of mosaic type. The authors assume that this small number of mosaic cases in trisomy is probably due to the fact that no examination of fibroblasts has been carried out in the seven other cases.", "contents": "[Do all cases of trisomy 18 with long survival (beyond 10 years) show mosaicism in fibroblasts? (author's transl)]. Description of a young girl aged 16 1/2 years who presents the typical features of trisomy 18 : small height, microdolichocephaly, anti-mongoloid palpebral fissures, micrognathia, microstomia, arched palate, malformed ears, atrophy of thenars and hypothenars, clinodactyly of fifth fingers and abortive cutaneous syndactyly between IV and V. At the lower limbs, there is a shortening of the right leg, an atrophy of the calves, as well as genua valga and bilateral pes excavatus with dorsiflexion of the toes. The gait is rigid with enlarged basis of sustentation. The results of the cardiac examination point to a minor ventricular septal defect. The development of secondary sexual characters (breasts and body hair) corresponds to the puberal age; the large pudendal lips are hypoplastic. The X-rays show a double left kidney. There is a very severe oligophrenia (I.Q. = 20). Cytogenetic examinations showed a typical trisomy 18 in 100% of observed lymphocytes, while the analysis of cutaneous fibroblasts revealed a mosaicism with 87% of trisomic cells. Out of 11 cases of trisomy 18 with long survival from the literature only 3 cases were of mosaic type. The authors assume that this small number of mosaic cases in trisomy is probably due to the fact that no examination of fibroblasts has been carried out in the seven other cases.", "PMID": 670942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_687", "title": "[Partial trisomy 13 (13q14 leads to 13qter) in mosaic (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of partial trisomy 13 with mosaicism in a 6 1/2 year-old boy is reported. Concerning this case and according to previous data in the literature, the authors try to give a precise topology for trisomy 13; it is possible to outline phenotypes specific for a trisomy of both the proximal third and the distal two thirds of the chromosome, but it appears difficult to suggest a more precise picture for the topology of trisomy 13. This difficulty is related to the notion of phenotypic variability encountered in complete trisomy 13.", "contents": "[Partial trisomy 13 (13q14 leads to 13qter) in mosaic (author's transl)]. A case of partial trisomy 13 with mosaicism in a 6 1/2 year-old boy is reported. Concerning this case and according to previous data in the literature, the authors try to give a precise topology for trisomy 13; it is possible to outline phenotypes specific for a trisomy of both the proximal third and the distal two thirds of the chromosome, but it appears difficult to suggest a more precise picture for the topology of trisomy 13. This difficulty is related to the notion of phenotypic variability encountered in complete trisomy 13.", "PMID": 670943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_688", "title": "Familial transmission of a 3q;22p translocation, with partial trisomy of chromosome 3 in the propositus.", "content": "A family, carrying a balanced 3q;22p translocation, was detected through a propositus who showed multiple congenital malformations. As there are no previous references of similar cases where identification techniques were performed, the authors present this material for consideration in the delineation of clinical syndromes associated with specific chromosomal anomalies.", "contents": "Familial transmission of a 3q;22p translocation, with partial trisomy of chromosome 3 in the propositus. A family, carrying a balanced 3q;22p translocation, was detected through a propositus who showed multiple congenital malformations. As there are no previous references of similar cases where identification techniques were performed, the authors present this material for consideration in the delineation of clinical syndromes associated with specific chromosomal anomalies.", "PMID": 670944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_689", "title": "[Karyotype 46,XY,22p+ in a male patient (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 2-month-old infant with psychomotor retardation and several physical stigmata. Cytogenetic studies of the patient using the normal technique show in all the cells a karyotype 46,XY with a G group chromosome substituted by an F-like mediocentric element with satellites. The R, G and C-banding methods reveal that it is the 22 with too developed short arms (22p+). This element was found in the mother's and maternal grandfather's karyotypes although they both present normal phenotypes. The authors advance two hypotheses concerning the origin of the alteration but cannot exclude a possible connection between this particular chromosome and the proband's anomalies. The difficulties of genetic counselling in this case are evident.", "contents": "[Karyotype 46,XY,22p+ in a male patient (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a 2-month-old infant with psychomotor retardation and several physical stigmata. Cytogenetic studies of the patient using the normal technique show in all the cells a karyotype 46,XY with a G group chromosome substituted by an F-like mediocentric element with satellites. The R, G and C-banding methods reveal that it is the 22 with too developed short arms (22p+). This element was found in the mother's and maternal grandfather's karyotypes although they both present normal phenotypes. The authors advance two hypotheses concerning the origin of the alteration but cannot exclude a possible connection between this particular chromosome and the proband's anomalies. The difficulties of genetic counselling in this case are evident.", "PMID": 670945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_690", "title": "[Trisomy of chromosome No. 10 in mosaic (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of trisomy of chromosome No. 10 in mosaic is described in a boy who died at the age of 6 months. The frequency of pathological cells is less than 30% (28% from lymphocytes, 20% from fibroblasts); it is possible, anyway, to rule out the hypothesis of a cellular cloning in vitro, since the trisomy 10 was observed in two different cultures, terminated after 48 and 72 hours. The parents' karyotype was normal, except for a litte number (6%) of cells with trisomy 10 from cultured lymphocytes of the mother. The morphological features of the present case are compared with those of the boy described by Higurashi et al. in 1969 (mosaic of trisomy 10, with a higher frequency of pathological cells).", "contents": "[Trisomy of chromosome No. 10 in mosaic (author's transl)]. A case of trisomy of chromosome No. 10 in mosaic is described in a boy who died at the age of 6 months. The frequency of pathological cells is less than 30% (28% from lymphocytes, 20% from fibroblasts); it is possible, anyway, to rule out the hypothesis of a cellular cloning in vitro, since the trisomy 10 was observed in two different cultures, terminated after 48 and 72 hours. The parents' karyotype was normal, except for a litte number (6%) of cells with trisomy 10 from cultured lymphocytes of the mother. The morphological features of the present case are compared with those of the boy described by Higurashi et al. in 1969 (mosaic of trisomy 10, with a higher frequency of pathological cells).", "PMID": 670946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_691", "title": "Evaluation of a simplified sucrose gradient method for the detection of rubella-specific IgM in routine diagnostic practice.", "content": "Rubella-specific IgM was measured in a single fraction of serum from a sucrose density gradient. Haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) tests were performed on paired aliquots of the fraction untreated and after treatment with 2- mercaptoethanol, dilutions of the aliquots being incubated over night with rubella antigen before the addition of red cells. Of 822 sera tested, specific IgM was found in 249, but not in 492. When first tested, the remaining 81 sera gave unsatisfactory results because of contamination of the IgM fraction with IgG (6.0%), probable aggregation of IgG (3.5%), or the persistence of chick red cell agglutinins (0.4%). Tests were performed on 134 patients with rubella confirmed by a rise of HAI antibodies. Rubella-specific IgM was found at a titre of more than eight in the sera taken from 62 of 64 patients between 10 and 29 days after the onset of the rash but in only one of the sera taken between 80 and 119 days, and in none taken later. However, specific IgM was still to be found at lower titre in the sera of 13 patients collected between 80 and 162 days after the onset of the illness. In routine diagnostic tests over three years on the serum from 479 patients with suspected acquired rubella, specific IgM was found at a titre of more than eight in 51 patients and in only 10 instances (2.1%) did a lower level pose a problem in interpretation.", "contents": "Evaluation of a simplified sucrose gradient method for the detection of rubella-specific IgM in routine diagnostic practice. Rubella-specific IgM was measured in a single fraction of serum from a sucrose density gradient. Haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) tests were performed on paired aliquots of the fraction untreated and after treatment with 2- mercaptoethanol, dilutions of the aliquots being incubated over night with rubella antigen before the addition of red cells. Of 822 sera tested, specific IgM was found in 249, but not in 492. When first tested, the remaining 81 sera gave unsatisfactory results because of contamination of the IgM fraction with IgG (6.0%), probable aggregation of IgG (3.5%), or the persistence of chick red cell agglutinins (0.4%). Tests were performed on 134 patients with rubella confirmed by a rise of HAI antibodies. Rubella-specific IgM was found at a titre of more than eight in the sera taken from 62 of 64 patients between 10 and 29 days after the onset of the rash but in only one of the sera taken between 80 and 119 days, and in none taken later. However, specific IgM was still to be found at lower titre in the sera of 13 patients collected between 80 and 162 days after the onset of the illness. In routine diagnostic tests over three years on the serum from 479 patients with suspected acquired rubella, specific IgM was found at a titre of more than eight in 51 patients and in only 10 instances (2.1%) did a lower level pose a problem in interpretation.", "PMID": 670949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_692", "title": "Prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen and its antibody as detected by radioimmunoassays.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti-HBe) was developed. The RIA was approximately 1,000-fold more sensitive than rheophoresis for HBeAg, and approximately 6,000-fold more sensitive than rheophoresis for anti-HBe. Generally, less than one-fifth of hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg)-positive sera from blood donors were positive for either HBeAg or anti-HBe by rheophoresis; in contrast, more than 90% of the samples were positive by the RIA method. The ratio of HBeAg to anti-HBe among HBsAg carriers varied in different geographic localities. Also, the presence of HBeAg correlated directly with the titer of HBsAg and the presence of Dane core particles. Anti-HBe was associated with lower titers of serum HBsAg.", "contents": "Prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen and its antibody as detected by radioimmunoassays. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti-HBe) was developed. The RIA was approximately 1,000-fold more sensitive than rheophoresis for HBeAg, and approximately 6,000-fold more sensitive than rheophoresis for anti-HBe. Generally, less than one-fifth of hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg)-positive sera from blood donors were positive for either HBeAg or anti-HBe by rheophoresis; in contrast, more than 90% of the samples were positive by the RIA method. The ratio of HBeAg to anti-HBe among HBsAg carriers varied in different geographic localities. Also, the presence of HBeAg correlated directly with the titer of HBsAg and the presence of Dane core particles. Anti-HBe was associated with lower titers of serum HBsAg.", "PMID": 670950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_693", "title": "Abstract reasoning in a specific group of perceptually impaired children: namely, the learning-disabled.", "content": "The present study was designed to investigate whether learning-disabled children differ from normal achievers in terms of logical thought and wheter they exhibit d\u00e9calages intheir acquisition of Piagetian concepts. The Ss comprised 35 learning-disabled boys attending full-time remedial schools and 35 matched normal achievers. The group mean was 9 years 1 month and the mean IQ was 109. S s were tested on a measure of visual perception and on 11 Piagetian tasks measuring conservation of quantitiy and number, seriation, and classification. Results indicated a significant difference between the groups in terms of perception but not in terms of logical thought. The rank order of the 11 Piagetain tasks was significantly correlated for the two groups (r = .89). It was concluded that the perceptual problems of the learning-disabled reside at a functional rather than at an organizational level, thus effecting only specific congnitive activities.", "contents": "Abstract reasoning in a specific group of perceptually impaired children: namely, the learning-disabled. The present study was designed to investigate whether learning-disabled children differ from normal achievers in terms of logical thought and wheter they exhibit d\u00e9calages intheir acquisition of Piagetian concepts. The Ss comprised 35 learning-disabled boys attending full-time remedial schools and 35 matched normal achievers. The group mean was 9 years 1 month and the mean IQ was 109. S s were tested on a measure of visual perception and on 11 Piagetian tasks measuring conservation of quantitiy and number, seriation, and classification. Results indicated a significant difference between the groups in terms of perception but not in terms of logical thought. The rank order of the 11 Piagetain tasks was significantly correlated for the two groups (r = .89). It was concluded that the perceptual problems of the learning-disabled reside at a functional rather than at an organizational level, thus effecting only specific congnitive activities.", "PMID": 670951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_694", "title": "Reactions of infants and young children to a stranger in an unfamiliar setting.", "content": "Reactions of infants and young children to a stranger in an unfamiliar laboratory setting were examined to determine (a) variability in responses at six, 12, 24, and 36 months; (b) consistency of six and 12 month infants' responses to specific stranger behaviors; and (c) possible determinants of responses to strangers. The reactions of 136 male and female infants and children to a female stranger were recorded both when the stranger was actively trying to interact with the child and when the stranger sat quietly nearby after giving him a toy to play with. Both positive and negative reactions were observed at all ages, with one-year-olds showing greater distress than other age groups. Consistency was found in infant reactions to intrusive stranger behaviors. It was suggested that stangers are more likely to elicit curious-affiliative than cautious-avoidance behaviors from chidren if they are both attentive and appropriately to the child on the basis of his communications.", "contents": "Reactions of infants and young children to a stranger in an unfamiliar setting. Reactions of infants and young children to a stranger in an unfamiliar laboratory setting were examined to determine (a) variability in responses at six, 12, 24, and 36 months; (b) consistency of six and 12 month infants' responses to specific stranger behaviors; and (c) possible determinants of responses to strangers. The reactions of 136 male and female infants and children to a female stranger were recorded both when the stranger was actively trying to interact with the child and when the stranger sat quietly nearby after giving him a toy to play with. Both positive and negative reactions were observed at all ages, with one-year-olds showing greater distress than other age groups. Consistency was found in infant reactions to intrusive stranger behaviors. It was suggested that stangers are more likely to elicit curious-affiliative than cautious-avoidance behaviors from chidren if they are both attentive and appropriately to the child on the basis of his communications.", "PMID": 670952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_695", "title": "Some developmental aspects of infants cry.", "content": "Respiratory activity during crying was measured in a semilongitudianl study of 10 normal infants aged two days to eight months. Temporal aspects of respiration during crying showed marked change with age: athe duration of the expiratory phase steadily increased, while the duration of the inspiratory phase remained remarkable constant, producing an ever-lower I-fraction. A previous study reported no developmental changes in the temporal aspects of the acoustic cry signal from one to seven months of age. Reasons for the divergent findings of the present study arepresented, and it is suggested that respiratory behavior may be a better indicator of developmental changes in the crying act thanthe acoustic signal.", "contents": "Some developmental aspects of infants cry. Respiratory activity during crying was measured in a semilongitudianl study of 10 normal infants aged two days to eight months. Temporal aspects of respiration during crying showed marked change with age: athe duration of the expiratory phase steadily increased, while the duration of the inspiratory phase remained remarkable constant, producing an ever-lower I-fraction. A previous study reported no developmental changes in the temporal aspects of the acoustic cry signal from one to seven months of age. Reasons for the divergent findings of the present study arepresented, and it is suggested that respiratory behavior may be a better indicator of developmental changes in the crying act thanthe acoustic signal.", "PMID": 670953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_696", "title": "Continuous tracking of behavioral development in infants.", "content": "Infant development scales provide a one time measure of the number of scale items an infant performs and his standing relative to his age group. Repeated assessment indicates how many more items he can perform and whether his relative status has altered but does not measure actual changes in the same behaviors as development progresses. This paper discusses the importance of continuously measuring the same behavior over time as an alternative strategy. The developmental information is exemplified by the behavioral records of two infants observed over a 25-week period for changes in frequency and duration of three prone position motor responses.", "contents": "Continuous tracking of behavioral development in infants. Infant development scales provide a one time measure of the number of scale items an infant performs and his standing relative to his age group. Repeated assessment indicates how many more items he can perform and whether his relative status has altered but does not measure actual changes in the same behaviors as development progresses. This paper discusses the importance of continuously measuring the same behavior over time as an alternative strategy. The developmental information is exemplified by the behavioral records of two infants observed over a 25-week period for changes in frequency and duration of three prone position motor responses.", "PMID": 670954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_697", "title": "On some complexities in the application of conflict theory to psychotherapy.", "content": "The present paper discusses several complications which arise in applying Dollard and Miller's analysis of conflict to the study of psychotherapy. Discussed are problems associated with recent theorizing on the nonunitary nature of fear; considerations relevant to the question of why individuals exposed to partial cues for anxiety do not show extinction of the anxiety, generalization of extinction, and increased approach behavior; the role of interpersonal feedback in maintaining neurotic behavior; and the issue of changing golas as therapy proceeds.", "contents": "On some complexities in the application of conflict theory to psychotherapy. The present paper discusses several complications which arise in applying Dollard and Miller's analysis of conflict to the study of psychotherapy. Discussed are problems associated with recent theorizing on the nonunitary nature of fear; considerations relevant to the question of why individuals exposed to partial cues for anxiety do not show extinction of the anxiety, generalization of extinction, and increased approach behavior; the role of interpersonal feedback in maintaining neurotic behavior; and the issue of changing golas as therapy proceeds.", "PMID": 670957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_698", "title": "Chronic neurotic encopresis as a paradigm of a multifactorial psychiatric disorder.", "content": "Chronic neurotic encopresis (CNE), a childhood psychiatric disorder characterized by inappropriate fecal soiling, necessitated the formation of the following specific etiological factors: a) a neurologically immature developmental musculature, an organic condition which may complicate toilet training; b) premature or harsh toilet training; c) a family constellation in which the father is frequently absent and the mother erratic, emotionally inappropriate, and distant; d) the child's formation of a noncommunicative, passive, dependent personality. All of these factors are helpful in explaining the occurrence of CNE, which is thus seen as the result of a synergistic interaction among them. The complexity of etiological agents dictates a multifactorial rather than unicausal model of mental illness. Future research and tactics of psychotherapeutic intervention should focus on the interplay among these factors rather than attempting to single out one primary predisposing factor.", "contents": "Chronic neurotic encopresis as a paradigm of a multifactorial psychiatric disorder. Chronic neurotic encopresis (CNE), a childhood psychiatric disorder characterized by inappropriate fecal soiling, necessitated the formation of the following specific etiological factors: a) a neurologically immature developmental musculature, an organic condition which may complicate toilet training; b) premature or harsh toilet training; c) a family constellation in which the father is frequently absent and the mother erratic, emotionally inappropriate, and distant; d) the child's formation of a noncommunicative, passive, dependent personality. All of these factors are helpful in explaining the occurrence of CNE, which is thus seen as the result of a synergistic interaction among them. The complexity of etiological agents dictates a multifactorial rather than unicausal model of mental illness. Future research and tactics of psychotherapeutic intervention should focus on the interplay among these factors rather than attempting to single out one primary predisposing factor.", "PMID": 670958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_699", "title": "Spironolactone prophylaxis in manic-depressive disease.", "content": "Lithium is now recognized as the drug of choice for the prophylactic control of manic-depressive disease, but its mechanism of action is the nonspecific inhibition of adenyl cyclase and subsequent cAMP formation which produces many undesirable side effects. However, the effect that lithium has on the central nervous system is compatible with all three theories regarding the basis of affective disorders, i.e., the biogenic amine theory, the electrolyte theory, and the membrane theory. Fluctuations of the hormone aldosterone during the various stages of manic-depressive disease could account for an etiological mechanism, that also is compatible with all three theories. Both spironolactone and lithium can inhibit the action of aldosterone. Therefore, when six manic-depressive patients, who had been well maintained on lithium, requested discontinuance of this drug because of side effects, spironolactone was substituted. On a minimum 1-year follow-up study, five of the six patients were well maintained on this new drug regimen.", "contents": "Spironolactone prophylaxis in manic-depressive disease. Lithium is now recognized as the drug of choice for the prophylactic control of manic-depressive disease, but its mechanism of action is the nonspecific inhibition of adenyl cyclase and subsequent cAMP formation which produces many undesirable side effects. However, the effect that lithium has on the central nervous system is compatible with all three theories regarding the basis of affective disorders, i.e., the biogenic amine theory, the electrolyte theory, and the membrane theory. Fluctuations of the hormone aldosterone during the various stages of manic-depressive disease could account for an etiological mechanism, that also is compatible with all three theories. Both spironolactone and lithium can inhibit the action of aldosterone. Therefore, when six manic-depressive patients, who had been well maintained on lithium, requested discontinuance of this drug because of side effects, spironolactone was substituted. On a minimum 1-year follow-up study, five of the six patients were well maintained on this new drug regimen.", "PMID": 670960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_700", "title": "On conscious primal scene fantasies.", "content": "Pertinent literature concerning the pathogenicity of the primal scene is reviewed. Two psychoanalytic cases, both of whom had conscious primal scene fantasies prior to beginning psychoanalysis, are discussed. These fantasies did not represent significant ego or superego deficits. The authors suggest that conscious primal scene fantasies, in these patients, represented screen memories. Both patients were successfully analyzed.", "contents": "On conscious primal scene fantasies. Pertinent literature concerning the pathogenicity of the primal scene is reviewed. Two psychoanalytic cases, both of whom had conscious primal scene fantasies prior to beginning psychoanalysis, are discussed. These fantasies did not represent significant ego or superego deficits. The authors suggest that conscious primal scene fantasies, in these patients, represented screen memories. Both patients were successfully analyzed.", "PMID": 670961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_701", "title": "Papilledema following therapeutic dosages of lithium carbonate.", "content": "A patient with diagnosis of manic-depressive illness, circular type, and receiving therapeutic dosages of lithium carbonate, developed papilledema that seemed to be directly related to the drug. Although this is an extremely rare complication, the authors suggest that fundal exams may be considered in patients treated with lithium.", "contents": "Papilledema following therapeutic dosages of lithium carbonate. A patient with diagnosis of manic-depressive illness, circular type, and receiving therapeutic dosages of lithium carbonate, developed papilledema that seemed to be directly related to the drug. Although this is an extremely rare complication, the authors suggest that fundal exams may be considered in patients treated with lithium.", "PMID": 670962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_702", "title": "Short-lasting memory in lower nervous centers in Octopus.", "content": "Octopuses with the supraesophageal lobes split and the subesophageal centers isolated by cutting the cerebrobrachial connective on one or both sides were trained by food and shock rewards to discriminate between rough and smooth balls. Because there is a greater tendency to take the rough ball, training was done with the smooth ball positive for half the animals, and the rough ball positive for the others. In the animals with the cerebrobrachial connective cut only on one side, the subesophageal lobes showed no capacity to use the information gained by their opposite, intact, half-brains, which learned well. In animals with isolated subesophageal lobes, there was a decrease during each training session in the tendency to take both types of ball; however, this decrease did not persist from day to day. During each training session there were signs of discrimination between the balls by animals with isolated subesophageal lobes, but these also did not survive from day to day. In a series of training sessions spread over seven weeks, there was no change in results in animals with isolated subesophageal lobes when the smooth ball was positive. When the rough was positive the discrimination in its favor was slightly increased at later sessions.", "contents": "Short-lasting memory in lower nervous centers in Octopus. Octopuses with the supraesophageal lobes split and the subesophageal centers isolated by cutting the cerebrobrachial connective on one or both sides were trained by food and shock rewards to discriminate between rough and smooth balls. Because there is a greater tendency to take the rough ball, training was done with the smooth ball positive for half the animals, and the rough ball positive for the others. In the animals with the cerebrobrachial connective cut only on one side, the subesophageal lobes showed no capacity to use the information gained by their opposite, intact, half-brains, which learned well. In animals with isolated subesophageal lobes, there was a decrease during each training session in the tendency to take both types of ball; however, this decrease did not persist from day to day. During each training session there were signs of discrimination between the balls by animals with isolated subesophageal lobes, but these also did not survive from day to day. In a series of training sessions spread over seven weeks, there was no change in results in animals with isolated subesophageal lobes when the smooth ball was positive. When the rough was positive the discrimination in its favor was slightly increased at later sessions.", "PMID": 670963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_703", "title": "Spasmodic torticollis: a combined clinical study.", "content": "The prognosis in 30 patients with spasmodic torticollis proved to be unexpectedly bad, only one patient making a full and sustained recovery. Investigation did not confirm previously reported reflex influences on the degree of spasm. Detailed otological investigation did not suggest that spasmodic torticollis originates in vestibular dysfunction. Psychological assessment of the patients showed no deviation from normal in premorbid personality but confirmed the severe adverse effects of the condition.", "contents": "Spasmodic torticollis: a combined clinical study. The prognosis in 30 patients with spasmodic torticollis proved to be unexpectedly bad, only one patient making a full and sustained recovery. Investigation did not confirm previously reported reflex influences on the degree of spasm. Detailed otological investigation did not suggest that spasmodic torticollis originates in vestibular dysfunction. Psychological assessment of the patients showed no deviation from normal in premorbid personality but confirmed the severe adverse effects of the condition.", "PMID": 671059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_704", "title": "Visual evoked responses and visual symptoms in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Absolute latency, interocular difference in latency, and waveform of visual evoked responses (VER) to checkerboard reversal stimuli recorded from the midline of the skull were studied in 104 multiple sclerosis patients, 25 to 50 years of age, classified according to visual symptomatology. Group 1 had strong evidence of past or present optic neuritis. Patients with blurring of vision, diplopia, and undefined visual complaints were assigned to group 2, while group 3 contained patients with no visual symptoms but suspected diagnosis of multiple sclerosis on other grounds. The three parameters explored showed consistent association with the degree of visual involvement, as assessed by clinical impression, but their discriminatory power was diverse. Absolute latency was significantly longer in group 1 patients compared with groups 2 and 3, but it did not discriminate between the last two, whereas interocular difference in latency proved to be sensitive to differences between symptomatic (diplopia, blurring) and asymptomatic groups (2 and 3). Waveshapes were grouped into three categories based upon degree of distortion of the major positive peak, and their relative distribution among the three patient groups was found to be associated with symptomatology. We suggest that, in the production of symptoms such as diplopia, a temporal disparity of afferent impulses might be involved in much the same way that spatial incongruities between both eyes lead to impaired function. In this regard, interocular difference in latency rather than absolute latency would be a more accurate predictor of symptom development. The analysis of VER waveshape suggests, in addition, the importance of inhomogeneous involvement of the visual pathways in the production of symptoms during the evolution of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Visual evoked responses and visual symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Absolute latency, interocular difference in latency, and waveform of visual evoked responses (VER) to checkerboard reversal stimuli recorded from the midline of the skull were studied in 104 multiple sclerosis patients, 25 to 50 years of age, classified according to visual symptomatology. Group 1 had strong evidence of past or present optic neuritis. Patients with blurring of vision, diplopia, and undefined visual complaints were assigned to group 2, while group 3 contained patients with no visual symptoms but suspected diagnosis of multiple sclerosis on other grounds. The three parameters explored showed consistent association with the degree of visual involvement, as assessed by clinical impression, but their discriminatory power was diverse. Absolute latency was significantly longer in group 1 patients compared with groups 2 and 3, but it did not discriminate between the last two, whereas interocular difference in latency proved to be sensitive to differences between symptomatic (diplopia, blurring) and asymptomatic groups (2 and 3). Waveshapes were grouped into three categories based upon degree of distortion of the major positive peak, and their relative distribution among the three patient groups was found to be associated with symptomatology. We suggest that, in the production of symptoms such as diplopia, a temporal disparity of afferent impulses might be involved in much the same way that spatial incongruities between both eyes lead to impaired function. In this regard, interocular difference in latency rather than absolute latency would be a more accurate predictor of symptom development. The analysis of VER waveshape suggests, in addition, the importance of inhomogeneous involvement of the visual pathways in the production of symptoms during the evolution of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 671060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_705", "title": "Visual evoked responses in multiple sclerosis: comparison of two methods for pattern reversal.", "content": "Visual evoked responses have been elicited by reversal of a black and white checkerboard pattern and also by a display of light-emitting diodes (LED) generating a reversal of a pattern of illuminated red circular areas. In a control group the LED display produced responses of lower amplitude and shorter latency compared to responses to checkerboard stimulation. In patients with a definite or probable diagnosis of multiple sclerosis the stimulators were equally effective in evoking pathological responses; in patients with a possible but less certain diagnosis abnormal responses were found in a higher percentage when the LED stimulus was used. Differences in stimulus field size and in stimulus colour are discussed as possible reasons for this result.", "contents": "Visual evoked responses in multiple sclerosis: comparison of two methods for pattern reversal. Visual evoked responses have been elicited by reversal of a black and white checkerboard pattern and also by a display of light-emitting diodes (LED) generating a reversal of a pattern of illuminated red circular areas. In a control group the LED display produced responses of lower amplitude and shorter latency compared to responses to checkerboard stimulation. In patients with a definite or probable diagnosis of multiple sclerosis the stimulators were equally effective in evoking pathological responses; in patients with a possible but less certain diagnosis abnormal responses were found in a higher percentage when the LED stimulus was used. Differences in stimulus field size and in stimulus colour are discussed as possible reasons for this result.", "PMID": 671061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_706", "title": "Diagnosis of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy by conjunctival biopsy.", "content": "Conjunctival biopsy and ultrastructural examination of conjunctival nerves, showing the presence of spheroids within axons, led to the confirmation of the diagnosis of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy in two children with progressive mental deterioration. Conjunctival biopsy, which is simple to perform, even in young children, and does not require general anaesthesia or admission to hospital, is presented as a reliable and very convenient technique for the diagnosis of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy.", "contents": "Diagnosis of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy by conjunctival biopsy. Conjunctival biopsy and ultrastructural examination of conjunctival nerves, showing the presence of spheroids within axons, led to the confirmation of the diagnosis of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy in two children with progressive mental deterioration. Conjunctival biopsy, which is simple to perform, even in young children, and does not require general anaesthesia or admission to hospital, is presented as a reliable and very convenient technique for the diagnosis of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy.", "PMID": 671062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_707", "title": "Chronic brainstem encephalitis with mental symptoms and ataxia: report of three cases with necropsy.", "content": "Three necropsied cases of chronic, sporadic brainstem encephalitis of unknown aetiology are presented. Since their outstanding symptoms were dementia and ataxia of a progressive nature, a noninflammatory disease of the central nervous system was suspected. Neuropathological studies showed chronic inflammatory changes mainly in the brainstem without the presence of inclusion bodies or viral particles. Compared to cases previously reported as brainstem encephalitis, the clinical and pathological findings observed in these cases have rather peculiar characteristics.", "contents": "Chronic brainstem encephalitis with mental symptoms and ataxia: report of three cases with necropsy. Three necropsied cases of chronic, sporadic brainstem encephalitis of unknown aetiology are presented. Since their outstanding symptoms were dementia and ataxia of a progressive nature, a noninflammatory disease of the central nervous system was suspected. Neuropathological studies showed chronic inflammatory changes mainly in the brainstem without the presence of inclusion bodies or viral particles. Compared to cases previously reported as brainstem encephalitis, the clinical and pathological findings observed in these cases have rather peculiar characteristics.", "PMID": 671063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_708", "title": "Does transient blocking of axonal conduction occur in uraemic neuropathy?", "content": "In uraemic and other patients with neuropathies, motor unit spike intervals were analysed using a special computer program to detect prolonged intervals of twice the normal duration, so-called \"double intervals.\" These may have different causes--trigger failure, double discharge, or a transient fall in the firing rate of coactive motor units. There was not sufficient evidence that transient conduction blockings will occur in the main axon in uraemic neuropathies.", "contents": "Does transient blocking of axonal conduction occur in uraemic neuropathy? In uraemic and other patients with neuropathies, motor unit spike intervals were analysed using a special computer program to detect prolonged intervals of twice the normal duration, so-called \"double intervals.\" These may have different causes--trigger failure, double discharge, or a transient fall in the firing rate of coactive motor units. There was not sufficient evidence that transient conduction blockings will occur in the main axon in uraemic neuropathies.", "PMID": 671064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_709", "title": "Effect of continuous vibration on nociceptive flexor reflexes.", "content": "The effects of continuous segmental vibration on the biceps femoris (BF) nociceptive flexor reflexes elicited by painful electrical stimulation of the sural nerve at the ankle were investigated in 25 normal subjects. During vibration of 100 Hz frequency, applied either on ipsilateral or contralateral foot skin, the nociceptive BF flexor reflexes increased in amplitude. Marked facilitation was prolonged even 20 minutes after vibration ceased. Pain sensation described by subjects did not change significantly except that radiation of pain was reduced in some cases. The results could not be explained by current views of reflex sensitisation, dishabituation, or the gate control theory.", "contents": "Effect of continuous vibration on nociceptive flexor reflexes. The effects of continuous segmental vibration on the biceps femoris (BF) nociceptive flexor reflexes elicited by painful electrical stimulation of the sural nerve at the ankle were investigated in 25 normal subjects. During vibration of 100 Hz frequency, applied either on ipsilateral or contralateral foot skin, the nociceptive BF flexor reflexes increased in amplitude. Marked facilitation was prolonged even 20 minutes after vibration ceased. Pain sensation described by subjects did not change significantly except that radiation of pain was reduced in some cases. The results could not be explained by current views of reflex sensitisation, dishabituation, or the gate control theory.", "PMID": 671065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_710", "title": "Study of anosognosia.", "content": "Anosognosia (denial of weakness) and \"anosognosic phenomena\" (other abnormal attitudes to a weak limb) were studied in 100 acute hemiplegics. Both conditions were associated with lesions of either hemisphere. Apathy, visual field defect, and impaired picture identification were particularly prominent in anosognosia. A failure to integrate information from one side of the body was regarded as fundamental to the condition; explanations in terms of \"unilateral neglect\" and \"agnosia\" are discussed.", "contents": "Study of anosognosia. Anosognosia (denial of weakness) and \"anosognosic phenomena\" (other abnormal attitudes to a weak limb) were studied in 100 acute hemiplegics. Both conditions were associated with lesions of either hemisphere. Apathy, visual field defect, and impaired picture identification were particularly prominent in anosognosia. A failure to integrate information from one side of the body was regarded as fundamental to the condition; explanations in terms of \"unilateral neglect\" and \"agnosia\" are discussed.", "PMID": 671066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_711", "title": "Dissociated disorders of speaking and writing in aphasia.", "content": "Of 500 left brain-damaged patients with educational level above elementary school investigated with a standard quantitative battery for dissociation between oral and written expression, speech was found to be selectively impaired in seven (three with \"pure anarthria,\" two with anarthria in the context of Broca's aphasia, and two with fluent aphasia with remarkable sparing of writing), and writing in another seven (two with \"pure\" agraphia, two with \"agraphia with mild alexia,\" and three with \"agraphia with mild fluent aphasia.\") The nature of three conditions (pure anarthria, fluent aphasia with sparing of writing, and pure agraphia) is discussed, with evidence of a selective association between pure agraphia and lesions of the upper left parietal lobule.", "contents": "Dissociated disorders of speaking and writing in aphasia. Of 500 left brain-damaged patients with educational level above elementary school investigated with a standard quantitative battery for dissociation between oral and written expression, speech was found to be selectively impaired in seven (three with \"pure anarthria,\" two with anarthria in the context of Broca's aphasia, and two with fluent aphasia with remarkable sparing of writing), and writing in another seven (two with \"pure\" agraphia, two with \"agraphia with mild alexia,\" and three with \"agraphia with mild fluent aphasia.\") The nature of three conditions (pure anarthria, fluent aphasia with sparing of writing, and pure agraphia) is discussed, with evidence of a selective association between pure agraphia and lesions of the upper left parietal lobule.", "PMID": 671067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_712", "title": "Linguistic correlates of pantomime recognition in aphasic patients.", "content": "Aphasic patients were given tests assessing pantomime recognition, reading comprehension, aural comprehension, and naming ability to determine whether defective pantomime recognition could be the result of a disturbance of symbolic thinking also affecting linguistic functioning. Defects in pantomime recognition always occurred in conjunction with reading defects of at least comparable severity, but reading defects sometimes occurred without comparable defects in pantomime recognition. The relationship of pantomime recognition with both aural comprehension and naming ability was significantly weaker than that between pantomime recognition and reading comprehension. The implications of the findings with regard to other nonverbal aphasic symptoms and the role of sensory modality factors are discussed.", "contents": "Linguistic correlates of pantomime recognition in aphasic patients. Aphasic patients were given tests assessing pantomime recognition, reading comprehension, aural comprehension, and naming ability to determine whether defective pantomime recognition could be the result of a disturbance of symbolic thinking also affecting linguistic functioning. Defects in pantomime recognition always occurred in conjunction with reading defects of at least comparable severity, but reading defects sometimes occurred without comparable defects in pantomime recognition. The relationship of pantomime recognition with both aural comprehension and naming ability was significantly weaker than that between pantomime recognition and reading comprehension. The implications of the findings with regard to other nonverbal aphasic symptoms and the role of sensory modality factors are discussed.", "PMID": 671068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_713", "title": "Category-specific naming preservation: a single case study.", "content": "The report of this single case study describes the preservation of a simple semantic category in a severely anomic patient. The implications for the organisation of semantic knowledge are discussed.", "contents": "Category-specific naming preservation: a single case study. The report of this single case study describes the preservation of a simple semantic category in a severely anomic patient. The implications for the organisation of semantic knowledge are discussed.", "PMID": 671069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_714", "title": "Selective impairment of topographical memory: a single case study.", "content": "We describe a patient who developed topographical memory loss after a closed head injury. His symptoms and the psychological test results indicate a selective deficit of topographical memory, his perceptual and spatial skills being relatively unimpaired.", "contents": "Selective impairment of topographical memory: a single case study. We describe a patient who developed topographical memory loss after a closed head injury. His symptoms and the psychological test results indicate a selective deficit of topographical memory, his perceptual and spatial skills being relatively unimpaired.", "PMID": 671070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_715", "title": "Pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "This report describes a group of 25 children and adolescents with biopsy-proven pituitary adenomas. They were found in 33% of patients encountered in our recent study of 74 parasellar tumor detected in patients under 20 years old. Earlier detection accounts for this apparent increase in frequency. This interpretation is supported by the rarity of signs of intracranial hypertension at presentation, as well as decreased incidence and severity of visual failure. More than 70% of patients have evidence of pituitary hypersecretion at presentation. Increased awareness of these endocrinological signs as well as improved hormonal assays facilitate both diagnosis and management. Hypopituitarism is rare; the important exception is suppression of gonadotrophic function that is known to occur early in the natural history of intrasellar pituitary adenomas. The low incidence of suprasellar and extrasellar extension is documented by both radiographic and operative findings. Transsphenoidal resection was employed in 92% of patients, with an estimated total resection in 73% of cases. Follow-up studies show a high quality of survival; no patient has severe neurological deficit and less than half of them require replacement therapy. The recurrence rate is 8%. Our findings do not support a previous report that pituitary adenomas in this age group are frequently extrasellar and invasive.", "contents": "Pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence. This report describes a group of 25 children and adolescents with biopsy-proven pituitary adenomas. They were found in 33% of patients encountered in our recent study of 74 parasellar tumor detected in patients under 20 years old. Earlier detection accounts for this apparent increase in frequency. This interpretation is supported by the rarity of signs of intracranial hypertension at presentation, as well as decreased incidence and severity of visual failure. More than 70% of patients have evidence of pituitary hypersecretion at presentation. Increased awareness of these endocrinological signs as well as improved hormonal assays facilitate both diagnosis and management. Hypopituitarism is rare; the important exception is suppression of gonadotrophic function that is known to occur early in the natural history of intrasellar pituitary adenomas. The low incidence of suprasellar and extrasellar extension is documented by both radiographic and operative findings. Transsphenoidal resection was employed in 92% of patients, with an estimated total resection in 73% of cases. Follow-up studies show a high quality of survival; no patient has severe neurological deficit and less than half of them require replacement therapy. The recurrence rate is 8%. Our findings do not support a previous report that pituitary adenomas in this age group are frequently extrasellar and invasive.", "PMID": 671071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_716", "title": "Long-term prognosis in children with benign cerebellar astrocytoma.", "content": "In 44 children with benign cerebellar astrocytoma, operated on between 1935 and 1959, two histological types could be distinguished, namely, a so-called juvenile type (31 children) and a diffuse type (13 children). All the children were followed to April, 1976, and the histological review was performed without knowledge of the survival in the single patient. For children with the juvenile type of cerebellar astrocytoma the 25-year cumulative survival rate was 94%, as against 38% for children with the diffuse type. It has thus been demonstrated that the morphological difference between the two types corresponds to a marked difference in survival rate.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis in children with benign cerebellar astrocytoma. In 44 children with benign cerebellar astrocytoma, operated on between 1935 and 1959, two histological types could be distinguished, namely, a so-called juvenile type (31 children) and a diffuse type (13 children). All the children were followed to April, 1976, and the histological review was performed without knowledge of the survival in the single patient. For children with the juvenile type of cerebellar astrocytoma the 25-year cumulative survival rate was 94%, as against 38% for children with the diffuse type. It has thus been demonstrated that the morphological difference between the two types corresponds to a marked difference in survival rate.", "PMID": 671072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_717", "title": "Civilian gunshot wounds of the brain.", "content": "The authors report on 42 fatal gunshot wounds to the brain in civilians. The firearms used were those commonly available to civilians, ranging from a .22 revolver to a .45 semiautomatic pistol. Missle tracks were measured and the volume computed. The relatively low-velocity missles produced by these weapons to not create the devastation that characterizes wounds from high-velocity military firearms. Instead, there is much variation in the size of the missle tracks, and they cannot be directly related to caliber. Pressure marks and contusions, impaction of bone chips, internal richochet, and cerebral edema occurred frequently. The missle passed through the brain completely in very case but was retained by the skull or soft tissues in a large percentage of cases. The mechanism of death may be acute pressure on the brain stem from the passage of the missle through the brain.", "contents": "Civilian gunshot wounds of the brain. The authors report on 42 fatal gunshot wounds to the brain in civilians. The firearms used were those commonly available to civilians, ranging from a .22 revolver to a .45 semiautomatic pistol. Missle tracks were measured and the volume computed. The relatively low-velocity missles produced by these weapons to not create the devastation that characterizes wounds from high-velocity military firearms. Instead, there is much variation in the size of the missle tracks, and they cannot be directly related to caliber. Pressure marks and contusions, impaction of bone chips, internal richochet, and cerebral edema occurred frequently. The missle passed through the brain completely in very case but was retained by the skull or soft tissues in a large percentage of cases. The mechanism of death may be acute pressure on the brain stem from the passage of the missle through the brain.", "PMID": 671073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_718", "title": "Experience with multiloculated brain abscesses.", "content": "The author reports his experience with 10 consecutive multiloculated brain abscesses diagnosed by computerized tomography and successfully treated by excision (primary or early secondary) or repeated aspiration.", "contents": "Experience with multiloculated brain abscesses. The author reports his experience with 10 consecutive multiloculated brain abscesses diagnosed by computerized tomography and successfully treated by excision (primary or early secondary) or repeated aspiration.", "PMID": 671074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_719", "title": "Microsurgical anatomy of the distal anterior cerebral artery.", "content": "The microsurgical anatomy of the distal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) has been defined in 50 cerebral hemispheres. The distal ACA, the portion beginning at the anterior communicating artery (ACoA), was divided into four segments (A2 through A5) according to Fischer. The distal ACA gave origin to central and cerebral branches. The central branches passed to the optic chiasm, suprachiasmatic area, and anterior forebrain below the corpus callosum. The cerebral branches were divided into cortical, subcortical, and callosal branches. The most frequent site of origin of the cortical branches was as follows: orbitofrontal and frontopolar arteries, A2; the anterior and middle internal frontal and callosomarginal arteries, A3; the paracentral artery, A4; and the superior and inferior parietal arteries, A5. The posterior internal frontal artery arose with approximately equal frequency from A3 and A4 and callosomarginal artery. All the cortical branches arose more frequently from the pericallosal than the callosomarginal artery. Of the major cortical branches, the internal frontal and paracentral arteries arose most frequently from the callosomarginal artery. The distal ACA of one hemisphere sent branches to the contralateral hemisphere in 64% of brains. The anterior portions of the hemisphere between the 5-cm and 15-cm points on the circumferential line showed the most promise of revealing a recipient artery of sufficient size for an extracranial-intracranial artery anastomosis. The distal ACA was the principal artery supplying the corpus callosum. The recurrent artery, which arose from the A2 segment in 78% of hemispheres, sent branches into the subcortical area around the anterior limb of the internal capsule.", "contents": "Microsurgical anatomy of the distal anterior cerebral artery. The microsurgical anatomy of the distal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) has been defined in 50 cerebral hemispheres. The distal ACA, the portion beginning at the anterior communicating artery (ACoA), was divided into four segments (A2 through A5) according to Fischer. The distal ACA gave origin to central and cerebral branches. The central branches passed to the optic chiasm, suprachiasmatic area, and anterior forebrain below the corpus callosum. The cerebral branches were divided into cortical, subcortical, and callosal branches. The most frequent site of origin of the cortical branches was as follows: orbitofrontal and frontopolar arteries, A2; the anterior and middle internal frontal and callosomarginal arteries, A3; the paracentral artery, A4; and the superior and inferior parietal arteries, A5. The posterior internal frontal artery arose with approximately equal frequency from A3 and A4 and callosomarginal artery. All the cortical branches arose more frequently from the pericallosal than the callosomarginal artery. Of the major cortical branches, the internal frontal and paracentral arteries arose most frequently from the callosomarginal artery. The distal ACA of one hemisphere sent branches to the contralateral hemisphere in 64% of brains. The anterior portions of the hemisphere between the 5-cm and 15-cm points on the circumferential line showed the most promise of revealing a recipient artery of sufficient size for an extracranial-intracranial artery anastomosis. The distal ACA was the principal artery supplying the corpus callosum. The recurrent artery, which arose from the A2 segment in 78% of hemispheres, sent branches into the subcortical area around the anterior limb of the internal capsule.", "PMID": 671075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_720", "title": "Radiographic diagnosis of meningioma of the lateral ventricle. Review of 22 cases.", "content": "Review of 22 cases of meningioma indicates that this lesion occurs slightly more frequently on the left but without predilection for sex or age of the patient. The presenting symptoms were nonspecific. Plain radiographs of the skull sometimes demonstrated calcification in the tumor, but more often did not. Cerebral angiography frequently showed enlargement and displacement of the anterior choroidal artery on the side of the tumor; the lateral posterior choroidal artery on the side of the tumor was also enlarged and displaced in seven of nine patients who underwent vertebral arteriography. Pneumoencephalography accurately demonstrated the site and size of the lesion, as did radionuclide scanning if the lesion was vascular. Computerized tomographic (TC) scanning also determined the location and size of the tumors, as well as their mass effect and vascularity; CT scanning also demonstrated calcification that was not visible on the plain skull radiographs in two of six patients who underwent CT scanning and had calcification.", "contents": "Radiographic diagnosis of meningioma of the lateral ventricle. Review of 22 cases. Review of 22 cases of meningioma indicates that this lesion occurs slightly more frequently on the left but without predilection for sex or age of the patient. The presenting symptoms were nonspecific. Plain radiographs of the skull sometimes demonstrated calcification in the tumor, but more often did not. Cerebral angiography frequently showed enlargement and displacement of the anterior choroidal artery on the side of the tumor; the lateral posterior choroidal artery on the side of the tumor was also enlarged and displaced in seven of nine patients who underwent vertebral arteriography. Pneumoencephalography accurately demonstrated the site and size of the lesion, as did radionuclide scanning if the lesion was vascular. Computerized tomographic (TC) scanning also determined the location and size of the tumors, as well as their mass effect and vascularity; CT scanning also demonstrated calcification that was not visible on the plain skull radiographs in two of six patients who underwent CT scanning and had calcification.", "PMID": 671077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_721", "title": "Long-term intracranial pressure recording in the management of pseudotumor cerebri.", "content": "Long-term monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) was used as an aid for the management of four patients with pseudotumor cerebri. After the implantation of a small experimental pressure sensor in the skull, most of the subsequent (ICP measurements were made noninvasively by an external interrogator. During the initial study of the patient, baseline ICP recordings were made in the hospital before treatment. Pressure recordings on a 24-hour basis were continued during treatment, which, depending on the case, was with Diamox (acetazolamide), steroids, or the coperitoneal shunting. After discharge these patients returned weekly over 10 to 22 months for ICP measurement and for ophthalmological examination. Intracranial pressure before treatment showed irregular variations ranging from 100 to 500 mm H2O over a 24-hour period. The efficacy of treatments could be assessed in a few hours by the degree of ICP stabilization. Shunt malfunction was detected by a slow but continuous rise in pressure before full clinical signs were evident.", "contents": "Long-term intracranial pressure recording in the management of pseudotumor cerebri. Long-term monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) was used as an aid for the management of four patients with pseudotumor cerebri. After the implantation of a small experimental pressure sensor in the skull, most of the subsequent (ICP measurements were made noninvasively by an external interrogator. During the initial study of the patient, baseline ICP recordings were made in the hospital before treatment. Pressure recordings on a 24-hour basis were continued during treatment, which, depending on the case, was with Diamox (acetazolamide), steroids, or the coperitoneal shunting. After discharge these patients returned weekly over 10 to 22 months for ICP measurement and for ophthalmological examination. Intracranial pressure before treatment showed irregular variations ranging from 100 to 500 mm H2O over a 24-hour period. The efficacy of treatments could be assessed in a few hours by the degree of ICP stabilization. Shunt malfunction was detected by a slow but continuous rise in pressure before full clinical signs were evident.", "PMID": 671078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_722", "title": "Assessment of the effects of cinglulate gyrus lesions by neuropsychological techniques.", "content": "Nineteen psychiatric patients undergoing bilateral cryogenic cingulate cortex lesions were extensively evaluated pre- and postoperatively with objective measures of intelligence, higher cortical functions, memory, and emotional status. Following surgery the patients as a group revealed no significant deterioration of functions; rather, they demonstrated improvement that could be interpreted as the result of decline in anxiety. Investigations of individual revealed that the overall test performance was improved in 13 and substantially unchanged in three, whereas three demonstrated some decline in performance. These results were discussed in terms of the characteristics of the changes across the various tests.", "contents": "Assessment of the effects of cinglulate gyrus lesions by neuropsychological techniques. Nineteen psychiatric patients undergoing bilateral cryogenic cingulate cortex lesions were extensively evaluated pre- and postoperatively with objective measures of intelligence, higher cortical functions, memory, and emotional status. Following surgery the patients as a group revealed no significant deterioration of functions; rather, they demonstrated improvement that could be interpreted as the result of decline in anxiety. Investigations of individual revealed that the overall test performance was improved in 13 and substantially unchanged in three, whereas three demonstrated some decline in performance. These results were discussed in terms of the characteristics of the changes across the various tests.", "PMID": 671079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_723", "title": "Treatment of fusiform aneurysms of the peripheral cerebral arteries. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with fusiform aneurysms and at least one previous subarachnoid hemorrhage were treated by excision of the aneurysms and reconstruction of the arteries. The first case presented with two fusiform aneurysms, the larger of which involved the angular and the smaller one the temporal branch of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA). Both aneurysms were totally excised. The angular artery was reconstructed with a 1.5 cm long arterial graft taken from the left superficial temporal artery. Excision of the temporal aneurysm was followed by an end-to-end suture of the central and distal parts of the vessel. The second case had a fusiform aneurysms involving the temporal branch of the left MCA. The aneurysm was excised and an arterial graft 1 cm long cut from the superficial temporal artery was used in reconstruction of the affected vessel. In each case left carotid angiography was done 1 week postoperatively. In the first case the angiogram showed that the angular artery reconstructed with a graft was patent, whereas the temporal artery reconstructed without a graft was not visualized. In the second patient, whose temporal artery was reconstructed with a graft, angiography did not show the reconstructed artery. Left carotid angiography was repeated 1 year after the operation in both cases, and all the reconstructed vessels were well visualized.", "contents": "Treatment of fusiform aneurysms of the peripheral cerebral arteries. Report of two cases. Two patients with fusiform aneurysms and at least one previous subarachnoid hemorrhage were treated by excision of the aneurysms and reconstruction of the arteries. The first case presented with two fusiform aneurysms, the larger of which involved the angular and the smaller one the temporal branch of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA). Both aneurysms were totally excised. The angular artery was reconstructed with a 1.5 cm long arterial graft taken from the left superficial temporal artery. Excision of the temporal aneurysm was followed by an end-to-end suture of the central and distal parts of the vessel. The second case had a fusiform aneurysms involving the temporal branch of the left MCA. The aneurysm was excised and an arterial graft 1 cm long cut from the superficial temporal artery was used in reconstruction of the affected vessel. In each case left carotid angiography was done 1 week postoperatively. In the first case the angiogram showed that the angular artery reconstructed with a graft was patent, whereas the temporal artery reconstructed without a graft was not visualized. In the second patient, whose temporal artery was reconstructed with a graft, angiography did not show the reconstructed artery. Left carotid angiography was repeated 1 year after the operation in both cases, and all the reconstructed vessels were well visualized.", "PMID": 671080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_724", "title": "Giant thrombosed aneurysm associated with an arteriovenous malformation. Case report.", "content": "The authors describe a case of giant anterior cerebral artery aneurysm associated with an anatomically related arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The aneurysm was almost completely thrombosed and was resected along with the AVM.", "contents": "Giant thrombosed aneurysm associated with an arteriovenous malformation. Case report. The authors describe a case of giant anterior cerebral artery aneurysm associated with an anatomically related arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The aneurysm was almost completely thrombosed and was resected along with the AVM.", "PMID": 671081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_725", "title": "Symptomatic pituitary tumor enlargement after induced pregnancy. Case report.", "content": "A case is presented and 11 others are reviewed in which symptomatic pituitary tumor enlargement occurred during pregnancies that resulted from induced ovulation. The syndrome is usually characterized by headache and visual disturbances with bitemporal visual field abnormalities, but may present with ocular muscle palsies. The cases are divided into two groups. The patients in one group had a shorter duration of amenorrhea (3.8 years), developed symptoms before the 14th week of pregnancy, and were usually treated by tumor removal. Patients in the second group had a longer period of amenorrhea (10.2 years), developed symptoms after the 24th week of pregnancy, and their symptoms regressed with delivery of the infant. Tumor removal or termination of the pregnancy both resulted in resolution of symptoms. All pregnancies resulted in normal infants. This series provides guidelines for management of future cases.", "contents": "Symptomatic pituitary tumor enlargement after induced pregnancy. Case report. A case is presented and 11 others are reviewed in which symptomatic pituitary tumor enlargement occurred during pregnancies that resulted from induced ovulation. The syndrome is usually characterized by headache and visual disturbances with bitemporal visual field abnormalities, but may present with ocular muscle palsies. The cases are divided into two groups. The patients in one group had a shorter duration of amenorrhea (3.8 years), developed symptoms before the 14th week of pregnancy, and were usually treated by tumor removal. Patients in the second group had a longer period of amenorrhea (10.2 years), developed symptoms after the 24th week of pregnancy, and their symptoms regressed with delivery of the infant. Tumor removal or termination of the pregnancy both resulted in resolution of symptoms. All pregnancies resulted in normal infants. This series provides guidelines for management of future cases.", "PMID": 671082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_726", "title": "Postoperative epidural hematoma as a complication of anterior cervical discectomy. Report of three cases.", "content": "In three cases, anterior cervical discectomy was complicated by acute postoperative paraplegia secondary to epidural hematomas at the operative sites. Prompt evacuation of the hematomas was followed by recovery in each instance. The source of bleeding was an arterial arcade that may be encountered during the course of removing the posterior longitudinal ligament. As a result of this experience, the authors suggest steps to be taken to avoid this uncommon complication.", "contents": "Postoperative epidural hematoma as a complication of anterior cervical discectomy. Report of three cases. In three cases, anterior cervical discectomy was complicated by acute postoperative paraplegia secondary to epidural hematomas at the operative sites. Prompt evacuation of the hematomas was followed by recovery in each instance. The source of bleeding was an arterial arcade that may be encountered during the course of removing the posterior longitudinal ligament. As a result of this experience, the authors suggest steps to be taken to avoid this uncommon complication.", "PMID": 671083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_727", "title": "Teratomatous cyst of the spinal canal. Case report.", "content": "A search of the English literature revealed 46 cases of primary intraspinal teratomas, of which 22 were teratomatous cysts of spinal cord. To clarify the confusion regarding this rare lesion, the definition, origin, presentation, and histological features of the lesion are discussed. An additional case is presented.", "contents": "Teratomatous cyst of the spinal canal. Case report. A search of the English literature revealed 46 cases of primary intraspinal teratomas, of which 22 were teratomatous cysts of spinal cord. To clarify the confusion regarding this rare lesion, the definition, origin, presentation, and histological features of the lesion are discussed. An additional case is presented.", "PMID": 671084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_728", "title": "Metastatic melanoma simulating subdural hematoma. Case report.", "content": "Metastatic melanoma tends to be found in subcortical white matter and this localization may produce clinical or radiological features that are unusual in metastatic disease. A case is described that closely simulated a subdural hematoma both clinically and radiologically.", "contents": "Metastatic melanoma simulating subdural hematoma. Case report. Metastatic melanoma tends to be found in subcortical white matter and this localization may produce clinical or radiological features that are unusual in metastatic disease. A case is described that closely simulated a subdural hematoma both clinically and radiologically.", "PMID": 671085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_729", "title": "Diffuse cerebrospinal gliomatosis. Case report.", "content": "A case of diffuse cerebrospinal gliomatosis is presented, with widespread involvement of the brain, cranial nerves, and spinal cord. This showed a far more extensive distribution of tumor cells than previously reported cases of gliomatosis cerebri. The clinical picture and oncogenesis of gliomatosis cerebri is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Diffuse cerebrospinal gliomatosis. Case report. A case of diffuse cerebrospinal gliomatosis is presented, with widespread involvement of the brain, cranial nerves, and spinal cord. This showed a far more extensive distribution of tumor cells than previously reported cases of gliomatosis cerebri. The clinical picture and oncogenesis of gliomatosis cerebri is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 671086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_730", "title": "Angiographic changes to induced hypertension in cerebral vasospasm. Case report.", "content": "A case of cerebral vasospasm complicating intracranial aneurysm surgery is presented. Angiographic findings under hypertension and normotension revealed a paradoxical response of involved vessels suggesting that normal autoregulation is either lost or overcome by spasm.", "contents": "Angiographic changes to induced hypertension in cerebral vasospasm. Case report. A case of cerebral vasospasm complicating intracranial aneurysm surgery is presented. Angiographic findings under hypertension and normotension revealed a paradoxical response of involved vessels suggesting that normal autoregulation is either lost or overcome by spasm.", "PMID": 671087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_731", "title": "Surgery of the carpal tunnel. Technical note.", "content": "The authors describe a modified technique for surgery of the carpal tunnel. The primary cause of the carpal tunnel syndrome is the same as other entrapment neuropathies: an enlarged nerve within a tight tunnel. Electrical studies have shown that the area of compression is in the middle of the tunnel. Treatment is surgical: a palmar incision, which begins at the wrist medial to the palmaris longus, to avoid damage to the sensory branch of the median nerve; and selection of the retinaculum from the exit of the tunnel toward the entrance.", "contents": "Surgery of the carpal tunnel. Technical note. The authors describe a modified technique for surgery of the carpal tunnel. The primary cause of the carpal tunnel syndrome is the same as other entrapment neuropathies: an enlarged nerve within a tight tunnel. Electrical studies have shown that the area of compression is in the middle of the tunnel. Treatment is surgical: a palmar incision, which begins at the wrist medial to the palmaris longus, to avoid damage to the sensory branch of the median nerve; and selection of the retinaculum from the exit of the tunnel toward the entrance.", "PMID": 671088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_732", "title": "Cerebral angiography of the rat. Technical note.", "content": "An open technique of right retrograde brachial arteriography of the rat is described. With the aid of magnification radiography, this method permits high quality examinations of the extracranial and intracranial circulations. The muscular branches of the brachial artery are preserved at the initial study to allow repeat examination. A four-vessel study is also attainable by injection of contrast material immediately after death of the animal.", "contents": "Cerebral angiography of the rat. Technical note. An open technique of right retrograde brachial arteriography of the rat is described. With the aid of magnification radiography, this method permits high quality examinations of the extracranial and intracranial circulations. The muscular branches of the brachial artery are preserved at the initial study to allow repeat examination. A four-vessel study is also attainable by injection of contrast material immediately after death of the animal.", "PMID": 671089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_733", "title": "The effects of aminoethyl phosphonic acid on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism and ultrastructure of normal and cholesterol fed rats.", "content": "The effects of parenteral administration of aminoethyl phosphonic acid (AEP) on the liver microsomal drug metabolism and ultrastructure were studied in normal and 1% cholesterol-fed albino rats. AEP administration to rats fed a stock-diet resulted in decreased demethylation of aminopyrine with a concomitant fall in cytochrome P-450 level. Aniline hydroxylation remained unaltered. AEP injection to cholesterol-fed rats, caused marked reduction in both aminopyrine demethylation and aniline hydroxylation, with a significant increase in cytochrome P-450 level. AEP injection to both control and cholesterol-fed animals produced a modest increase in Bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase. RNA:DNA ratio showed remarkable elevation in rats fed the cholesterol diet with AEP injection. AEP injection caused an atypical smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a marked loss of nuclear euchromatin. Effect of AEP was more pronounced in rats receiving the cholesterol-diet. AEP administration thus induces structural and drug metabolic enzyme alteration in liver.", "contents": "The effects of aminoethyl phosphonic acid on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism and ultrastructure of normal and cholesterol fed rats. The effects of parenteral administration of aminoethyl phosphonic acid (AEP) on the liver microsomal drug metabolism and ultrastructure were studied in normal and 1% cholesterol-fed albino rats. AEP administration to rats fed a stock-diet resulted in decreased demethylation of aminopyrine with a concomitant fall in cytochrome P-450 level. Aniline hydroxylation remained unaltered. AEP injection to cholesterol-fed rats, caused marked reduction in both aminopyrine demethylation and aniline hydroxylation, with a significant increase in cytochrome P-450 level. AEP injection to both control and cholesterol-fed animals produced a modest increase in Bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase. RNA:DNA ratio showed remarkable elevation in rats fed the cholesterol diet with AEP injection. AEP injection caused an atypical smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a marked loss of nuclear euchromatin. Effect of AEP was more pronounced in rats receiving the cholesterol-diet. AEP administration thus induces structural and drug metabolic enzyme alteration in liver.", "PMID": 671091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_734", "title": "Effects of vitamin B-6 deficiency on the developing central nervous system of the rat. Gross measurements and cytoarchitectural alterations.", "content": "The effects of different levels of dietary pyridoxine (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 20.0 mg/kg diet) fed to dams from weaning through lactation on gross measurements and cytoarchitectural alterations of brains of progeny were investigated. Progeny of the 1.0 and 1.2 groups died between 15 and 21 days of age due to the severe vitamin deficit. Differences were observed in brain and body weights and brain: body weight ratios. Vitamin B-6 concentrations in brain ranged from 498 to 713 ng/g in the three lower groups and were markedly lower than for the 20.0 group (2,256 ng/g). Protein concentrations were not different. Changes in cytoarchitecture, as seen by light microscopy, included reduced area in the neocortex and, to a greater extent, in the cerebellum of the deficient groups. Molecular and granular layers, but not medullary layer, of the cerebellum were significantly reduced. Significantly greater granular layer/molecular layer area ratios (GMR) in the 1.2 and 1.4 groups indicated that the molecular layer was more affected in these groups while both layers were affected in the 1.0 group. Purkinje cells were dispersed from the usual monocellular layer in the 1.0 and 1.2 groups. The results indicated that central nervous system development in the progeny is altered parallel to the maternal vitamin B-6 intake levels.", "contents": "Effects of vitamin B-6 deficiency on the developing central nervous system of the rat. Gross measurements and cytoarchitectural alterations. The effects of different levels of dietary pyridoxine (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 20.0 mg/kg diet) fed to dams from weaning through lactation on gross measurements and cytoarchitectural alterations of brains of progeny were investigated. Progeny of the 1.0 and 1.2 groups died between 15 and 21 days of age due to the severe vitamin deficit. Differences were observed in brain and body weights and brain: body weight ratios. Vitamin B-6 concentrations in brain ranged from 498 to 713 ng/g in the three lower groups and were markedly lower than for the 20.0 group (2,256 ng/g). Protein concentrations were not different. Changes in cytoarchitecture, as seen by light microscopy, included reduced area in the neocortex and, to a greater extent, in the cerebellum of the deficient groups. Molecular and granular layers, but not medullary layer, of the cerebellum were significantly reduced. Significantly greater granular layer/molecular layer area ratios (GMR) in the 1.2 and 1.4 groups indicated that the molecular layer was more affected in these groups while both layers were affected in the 1.0 group. Purkinje cells were dispersed from the usual monocellular layer in the 1.0 and 1.2 groups. The results indicated that central nervous system development in the progeny is altered parallel to the maternal vitamin B-6 intake levels.", "PMID": 671092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_735", "title": "Effects of vitamin B-6 deficiency on the developing central nervous system of the rat. Myelination.", "content": "The effects of different levels of dietary pyridoxine (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 20.0 mg/kg diet) fed to dams during growth, gestation and lactation on myelination in progeny were investigated. Degree of myelination at 15 days, postnatally, was determined from closely matched micrographs of the four dietary treatment groups. Electron micrographs showed markedly less myelination in the 1.0 group as compared with the 1.4 and 20.0 groups with the 1.2 group appearing intermediate in the number of myelinated axons. Some myelinated axons of the 1.0 group exhibited an \"unusual\" appearance of whorls of lamina separated by cytoplasmic space occupied by widely separated lamina. The results indicate that brain development, particularly myelination, was affected by a deficiency of vitamin B-6 prior to and including the period of rapid myelination.", "contents": "Effects of vitamin B-6 deficiency on the developing central nervous system of the rat. Myelination. The effects of different levels of dietary pyridoxine (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 20.0 mg/kg diet) fed to dams during growth, gestation and lactation on myelination in progeny were investigated. Degree of myelination at 15 days, postnatally, was determined from closely matched micrographs of the four dietary treatment groups. Electron micrographs showed markedly less myelination in the 1.0 group as compared with the 1.4 and 20.0 groups with the 1.2 group appearing intermediate in the number of myelinated axons. Some myelinated axons of the 1.0 group exhibited an \"unusual\" appearance of whorls of lamina separated by cytoplasmic space occupied by widely separated lamina. The results indicate that brain development, particularly myelination, was affected by a deficiency of vitamin B-6 prior to and including the period of rapid myelination.", "PMID": 671093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_736", "title": "Changes in organ growth with feeding pattern. The influence of feeding frequency on the circadian rhythm of protein synthesis in the rat.", "content": "The effect of eating one large meal rather than several small meals per day on protein metabolism and the growth of individual organs was investigated in young male rats. Meal-eating did not affect the rate of protein catabolism in liver, kidney, small intestine, or spleen in vivo compared with continously fed control animals that consumed the same total amount of food. A circadian rhythm of protein synthesis was found in liver and kidney slices taken from normal rats killed at various times; starvation reduced the magnitude of protein synthesis but did not alter its cyclical nature. Consumption of the daily food all in one meal distorted the circadian rhythm, particularly when it was taken in the morning, and a morning meal increased the total 24 hour synthesis of protein in liver whereas an evening meal did not. Meal-feeding in the morning increased the weights of the liver, small intestine and tibia compared with continuously fed rats, but meal-feeding in the evening did not.", "contents": "Changes in organ growth with feeding pattern. The influence of feeding frequency on the circadian rhythm of protein synthesis in the rat. The effect of eating one large meal rather than several small meals per day on protein metabolism and the growth of individual organs was investigated in young male rats. Meal-eating did not affect the rate of protein catabolism in liver, kidney, small intestine, or spleen in vivo compared with continously fed control animals that consumed the same total amount of food. A circadian rhythm of protein synthesis was found in liver and kidney slices taken from normal rats killed at various times; starvation reduced the magnitude of protein synthesis but did not alter its cyclical nature. Consumption of the daily food all in one meal distorted the circadian rhythm, particularly when it was taken in the morning, and a morning meal increased the total 24 hour synthesis of protein in liver whereas an evening meal did not. Meal-feeding in the morning increased the weights of the liver, small intestine and tibia compared with continuously fed rats, but meal-feeding in the evening did not.", "PMID": 671094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_737", "title": "Effect of a low protein diet on in vitro protein synthesis in thymus, spleen, and bone marrow in young adult rats.", "content": "Young adult rats (body weight 90 g) were given a low protein (3% casein) diet for 6 days. Under these conditions, thymus and spleen organ wet weights and DNA content decreased as compared with control rats given a high protein (20% casein) diet. The in vitro incorporation of amino acids into protein was followed using leucine as the radioactive precursor. Ribosomes of tissues from the dietary rats were incubated together with soluble enzymes from liver of rats fed a stock diet, and cofactors. Ribosomal capacity for leucine incorporation into protein diminished in thymus by 33% per mg ribosomal RNA, 77% per total ribosomal RNA, and 43% per mg DNA. In spleen the corresponding reductions were 29%, 81%, and 31%; in bone marrow the decrease was 29% per mg ribosomal RNA, 56% per total ribosomal RNA, and 19% per mg DNA. A reduction in physiological activity is thus evident in these tissues soon after protein restriction.", "contents": "Effect of a low protein diet on in vitro protein synthesis in thymus, spleen, and bone marrow in young adult rats. Young adult rats (body weight 90 g) were given a low protein (3% casein) diet for 6 days. Under these conditions, thymus and spleen organ wet weights and DNA content decreased as compared with control rats given a high protein (20% casein) diet. The in vitro incorporation of amino acids into protein was followed using leucine as the radioactive precursor. Ribosomes of tissues from the dietary rats were incubated together with soluble enzymes from liver of rats fed a stock diet, and cofactors. Ribosomal capacity for leucine incorporation into protein diminished in thymus by 33% per mg ribosomal RNA, 77% per total ribosomal RNA, and 43% per mg DNA. In spleen the corresponding reductions were 29%, 81%, and 31%; in bone marrow the decrease was 29% per mg ribosomal RNA, 56% per total ribosomal RNA, and 19% per mg DNA. A reduction in physiological activity is thus evident in these tissues soon after protein restriction.", "PMID": 671095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_738", "title": "Analysis of fecal bile acids and diet among the Japanese in Hawaii.", "content": "Fecal samples of 165 Japanese men in Hawaii, age 43 to 74, were analyzed for bile acid content by their conversion to the methyl ester and the trimethylsilyl ether derivative followed by separation on a gas chromatograph. The arithmetic mean of total bile acids for the 165 specimens was 10.96 mg/g dry weight feces. Each of the following bile acids was detectable in over 77% of the fecal specimens: cholic, deoxycholic, lithocholic, and cholanic acid. The intake of Western foods was not positively correlated with the fecal content of secondary or modified bile acids, even though other workers have observed that these bile acids predominated in persons from Westernized countries. Two of the Japanese foods were negatively correlated with the levels of modified bile acids, which suggested that these foods contributed to a decrease in modified bile acids in fecal specimens. Fecal bile acid measurements appeared to be associated with age, but not with weight, height, or serum cholesterol levels.", "contents": "Analysis of fecal bile acids and diet among the Japanese in Hawaii. Fecal samples of 165 Japanese men in Hawaii, age 43 to 74, were analyzed for bile acid content by their conversion to the methyl ester and the trimethylsilyl ether derivative followed by separation on a gas chromatograph. The arithmetic mean of total bile acids for the 165 specimens was 10.96 mg/g dry weight feces. Each of the following bile acids was detectable in over 77% of the fecal specimens: cholic, deoxycholic, lithocholic, and cholanic acid. The intake of Western foods was not positively correlated with the fecal content of secondary or modified bile acids, even though other workers have observed that these bile acids predominated in persons from Westernized countries. Two of the Japanese foods were negatively correlated with the levels of modified bile acids, which suggested that these foods contributed to a decrease in modified bile acids in fecal specimens. Fecal bile acid measurements appeared to be associated with age, but not with weight, height, or serum cholesterol levels.", "PMID": 671097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_739", "title": "The influence of zinc-deprivation on the mast cell population of the bone marrow and other tissues.", "content": "Five groups consisting of 72 young male Sprague-Dawley rats were submitted to dietary Zn deprivation (1 ppm versus 50 ppm for controls) for periods of 1 to 6 weeks with ad libitum or pair feeding. After 1 week of Zn deficiency, growth was almost arrested, the oesophageal epithelium became hyperplastic. After 3 weeks, the mast cell population of the bone marrow increased rapidly in ad libitum fed and also in pair-fed rats. Between 3 and 5 weeks, the thickness of the proximal epiphyseal plate of the tibia decreased by 33%. Contrary to Mg-deficient rats, Zn-deprived rats maintained their skin and thyroid mast cell populations after 5 weeks. The mast cell population of the metaphysis of the tibia increased from 1 to 5 weeks in both Zn-deficient and Zn-supplemented rats. In the Zn-deprived rats however, the mast cell population became increasingly higher than in the Zn-supplemented, from 1 to 5 weeks. In the pair-fed group, the mast cell population of the marrow was also significantly higher after 3 weeks. The special response of the bone marrow cells to Zn-depletion points to this tissue as a renewal site. Zinc may also be a maturation factor for mast cells.", "contents": "The influence of zinc-deprivation on the mast cell population of the bone marrow and other tissues. Five groups consisting of 72 young male Sprague-Dawley rats were submitted to dietary Zn deprivation (1 ppm versus 50 ppm for controls) for periods of 1 to 6 weeks with ad libitum or pair feeding. After 1 week of Zn deficiency, growth was almost arrested, the oesophageal epithelium became hyperplastic. After 3 weeks, the mast cell population of the bone marrow increased rapidly in ad libitum fed and also in pair-fed rats. Between 3 and 5 weeks, the thickness of the proximal epiphyseal plate of the tibia decreased by 33%. Contrary to Mg-deficient rats, Zn-deprived rats maintained their skin and thyroid mast cell populations after 5 weeks. The mast cell population of the metaphysis of the tibia increased from 1 to 5 weeks in both Zn-deficient and Zn-supplemented rats. In the Zn-deprived rats however, the mast cell population became increasingly higher than in the Zn-supplemented, from 1 to 5 weeks. In the pair-fed group, the mast cell population of the marrow was also significantly higher after 3 weeks. The special response of the bone marrow cells to Zn-depletion points to this tissue as a renewal site. Zinc may also be a maturation factor for mast cells.", "PMID": 671099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_740", "title": "Phosphate absorption and excretion in the young turkey, as influenced by calcium intake.", "content": "Phosphorus absorption in the young turkey, measured with the aid of yttrium-91 as a reference substance, was linear with phosphorus intake. This observation suggested the lack of adaptation of the phosphorus transport mechanism to changes in the phosphorus needs. Phosphorus retention and bone ash initially increased with increased intake to plateau at a dietary phosphorus concentration of about 0.8%. The excess phosphorus absorbed from diets higher in phosphate, was eliminated in the urine. Plasma inorganic phosphate was linear with absorbed phosphate. The apparent phosphorus absorption from the basal vegetable diet was 45% of the intake and that of the inorganic supplement, sodium phosphate and calcium monophosphate, was about 100%, at low calcium intakes. Increasing the calcium intake above 440 mg/day progressively depressed the absorption of phosphate. This inhibitory action of calcium on phosphate absorption was resolved into a linear coefficient.", "contents": "Phosphate absorption and excretion in the young turkey, as influenced by calcium intake. Phosphorus absorption in the young turkey, measured with the aid of yttrium-91 as a reference substance, was linear with phosphorus intake. This observation suggested the lack of adaptation of the phosphorus transport mechanism to changes in the phosphorus needs. Phosphorus retention and bone ash initially increased with increased intake to plateau at a dietary phosphorus concentration of about 0.8%. The excess phosphorus absorbed from diets higher in phosphate, was eliminated in the urine. Plasma inorganic phosphate was linear with absorbed phosphate. The apparent phosphorus absorption from the basal vegetable diet was 45% of the intake and that of the inorganic supplement, sodium phosphate and calcium monophosphate, was about 100%, at low calcium intakes. Increasing the calcium intake above 440 mg/day progressively depressed the absorption of phosphate. This inhibitory action of calcium on phosphate absorption was resolved into a linear coefficient.", "PMID": 671100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_741", "title": "Effect of low lysine diet on rat liver nuclear metabolism.", "content": "Prolonged dietary lysine deficiency induced by feeding male weanling rats a diet low in lysine for 6 weeks resulted in substantial impairment of growth as compared with control rats and in alterations in the morphology of the nucleus of hepatocytes. Electronmicrographs of liver nuclei from lysine deficient rats showed an increased incidence of binucleated cells, reduction in numbers of nucleoli, changes in the position and size of nucleoli within the nucleus and altered patterns of chromatin aggregation in lysine deficient rats. Mass ratios of nonhistone proteins to DNA in liver chromatin from lysine deficient rats were higher than those of controls and electrophoretic patterns of chromatin nonhistone proteins were altered. In particular, one high molecular weight fraction of these proteins showing the same mobility as myosin was substantially enriched. The histone: DNA ratio and histone electrophoretic patterns, however, appeared to be unchanged. Incorporation of [3H] thymidine into DNA was increased, but the nuclear content of DNA was unchanged in lysine deficient animals.", "contents": "Effect of low lysine diet on rat liver nuclear metabolism. Prolonged dietary lysine deficiency induced by feeding male weanling rats a diet low in lysine for 6 weeks resulted in substantial impairment of growth as compared with control rats and in alterations in the morphology of the nucleus of hepatocytes. Electronmicrographs of liver nuclei from lysine deficient rats showed an increased incidence of binucleated cells, reduction in numbers of nucleoli, changes in the position and size of nucleoli within the nucleus and altered patterns of chromatin aggregation in lysine deficient rats. Mass ratios of nonhistone proteins to DNA in liver chromatin from lysine deficient rats were higher than those of controls and electrophoretic patterns of chromatin nonhistone proteins were altered. In particular, one high molecular weight fraction of these proteins showing the same mobility as myosin was substantially enriched. The histone: DNA ratio and histone electrophoretic patterns, however, appeared to be unchanged. Incorporation of [3H] thymidine into DNA was increased, but the nuclear content of DNA was unchanged in lysine deficient animals.", "PMID": 671101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_742", "title": "Lipogenesis in the brain of thiamine-deficient rat pups.", "content": "(1) The effect of thiamine deficiency during pregnancy and lactation on lipogenesis in the brain of rat pups was determined. (2) Acetate incorporation to brain lipids in thiamine-deficient rats in vivo was no less than in pair fed control rats, apart from slightly reduced fatty acid synthesis in the cerebrum. (3) Glucose incorporation to brain lipids in vivo was considerably reduced in thiamine-deficient pups. (4) The inducible NADP dependent malic enzyme activity was increased in thiamine-deficient pup brains. (5) The synthesis of acetyl-CoA appears to be the rate limiting step in lipogenesis in thiamine-deficient pup brains.", "contents": "Lipogenesis in the brain of thiamine-deficient rat pups. (1) The effect of thiamine deficiency during pregnancy and lactation on lipogenesis in the brain of rat pups was determined. (2) Acetate incorporation to brain lipids in thiamine-deficient rats in vivo was no less than in pair fed control rats, apart from slightly reduced fatty acid synthesis in the cerebrum. (3) Glucose incorporation to brain lipids in vivo was considerably reduced in thiamine-deficient pups. (4) The inducible NADP dependent malic enzyme activity was increased in thiamine-deficient pup brains. (5) The synthesis of acetyl-CoA appears to be the rate limiting step in lipogenesis in thiamine-deficient pup brains.", "PMID": 671103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_743", "title": "Electrocyclization reaction of higher conjugated polyenals: photochemical behaviors of retinal (vitamin A1 aldehyde) homologues.", "content": "During the studies on a photoreaction of retinal, involving various kinds of (Z)-(E) isomerization, a heretofore unknown photoproduct of retinal was isolated in a pure state and was characterized unambiguously. Thus, direct irradiation of all-(E)-retinal (I) and of all-(E)-beta-ionylidenecrotonaldehyde (II) in acetonitrile solution gave the corresponding 6e-electrocyclized photoproducts, (III) and (IV), both via the possible 7-(Z)-isomer intermediates of the parent conjugated polyenals. Unlike the lower members in the retinal series, it was also confirmed that sigmatropic rearrangement or photo-Diels-Alder reaction hardly proceeds in these higher members of the series mentioned above.", "contents": "Electrocyclization reaction of higher conjugated polyenals: photochemical behaviors of retinal (vitamin A1 aldehyde) homologues. During the studies on a photoreaction of retinal, involving various kinds of (Z)-(E) isomerization, a heretofore unknown photoproduct of retinal was isolated in a pure state and was characterized unambiguously. Thus, direct irradiation of all-(E)-retinal (I) and of all-(E)-beta-ionylidenecrotonaldehyde (II) in acetonitrile solution gave the corresponding 6e-electrocyclized photoproducts, (III) and (IV), both via the possible 7-(Z)-isomer intermediates of the parent conjugated polyenals. Unlike the lower members in the retinal series, it was also confirmed that sigmatropic rearrangement or photo-Diels-Alder reaction hardly proceeds in these higher members of the series mentioned above.", "PMID": 671105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_744", "title": "A cause of hypercholesterolemia in alloxan diabetic rat.", "content": "In studies on the cause of hypercholesterolemia in alloxan diabetic rats, the pool size and basal daily synthesis of conjugated bile salts were measured by the washout method and neutral sterols in the luminal contents were determined using cholestyramine. The results showed that in diabetic rats: 1) the biliary excretions of cholesterol and bile salts were significantly increased; 2) the pool size of conjugated bile salts was increased and its rate of synthesis was higher than in controls; 3) the amount of neutral sterols in the luminal contents doubled when cholesterol absorption was inhibited by administration of cholestyramine; 4) the amount of neutral sterols excreted in the feces was the same as in controls. Thus, it was concluded that hypercholesterolemia may be partly caused by an increased rate of intestinal absorption of cholesterol, derived mainly from sloughed off epithelial cells and bile, and due to facilitated micellar formation by the increased amount of bile salts in the intestine.", "contents": "A cause of hypercholesterolemia in alloxan diabetic rat. In studies on the cause of hypercholesterolemia in alloxan diabetic rats, the pool size and basal daily synthesis of conjugated bile salts were measured by the washout method and neutral sterols in the luminal contents were determined using cholestyramine. The results showed that in diabetic rats: 1) the biliary excretions of cholesterol and bile salts were significantly increased; 2) the pool size of conjugated bile salts was increased and its rate of synthesis was higher than in controls; 3) the amount of neutral sterols in the luminal contents doubled when cholesterol absorption was inhibited by administration of cholestyramine; 4) the amount of neutral sterols excreted in the feces was the same as in controls. Thus, it was concluded that hypercholesterolemia may be partly caused by an increased rate of intestinal absorption of cholesterol, derived mainly from sloughed off epithelial cells and bile, and due to facilitated micellar formation by the increased amount of bile salts in the intestine.", "PMID": 671108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_745", "title": "Effect of nicotinic acid on catecholamine synthesis in rat brain.", "content": "Effect of nicotinic acid on the formation of catecholamine has been studied. Norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations in brain were 30 per cent higher and brain catecholamine formation was 50 per cent higher in the nicotinic acid-supplemented rats than the nicotinic acid-deficient rats. However, these catecholamine levels of the nicotinic acid-deficient rats were recovered by the administration of nicotinic acid. The concentration of brain tyrosine was unaltered after administration of nicotinic acid to the nicotinic acid-deficient rats. Therefore, the changes catecholamine formation by the nicotinic acid supplementation were not due to the difference of tyrosine concentration in the brain which is the precursor for catecholamine biosynthesis. As the difference of catecholamine concentration between the nicotinic acid deficient and the nicotinic acid supplemented group was smaller than that of catecholamine formation of these groups, the turnover of catecholamine was supposed to be decreased in nicotinic acid deficiency.", "contents": "Effect of nicotinic acid on catecholamine synthesis in rat brain. Effect of nicotinic acid on the formation of catecholamine has been studied. Norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations in brain were 30 per cent higher and brain catecholamine formation was 50 per cent higher in the nicotinic acid-supplemented rats than the nicotinic acid-deficient rats. However, these catecholamine levels of the nicotinic acid-deficient rats were recovered by the administration of nicotinic acid. The concentration of brain tyrosine was unaltered after administration of nicotinic acid to the nicotinic acid-deficient rats. Therefore, the changes catecholamine formation by the nicotinic acid supplementation were not due to the difference of tyrosine concentration in the brain which is the precursor for catecholamine biosynthesis. As the difference of catecholamine concentration between the nicotinic acid deficient and the nicotinic acid supplemented group was smaller than that of catecholamine formation of these groups, the turnover of catecholamine was supposed to be decreased in nicotinic acid deficiency.", "PMID": 671109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_746", "title": "Mode of binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in rat liver ornithine aminotransferase.", "content": "1. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate were effective for the association of apo-form II of ornithine aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.13]; whereas other B6 derivatives, such as pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine and pyridoxine 5'-phosphate, had no effect on form II of this apoenzyme. 2. The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate contents of the native enzyme, and reconstituted forms I and II were determined by two different methods to be 1.5 moles, 2.5 moles and 3.3 moles of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate/mole of enzyme, respectively.", "contents": "Mode of binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in rat liver ornithine aminotransferase. 1. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate were effective for the association of apo-form II of ornithine aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.13]; whereas other B6 derivatives, such as pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine and pyridoxine 5'-phosphate, had no effect on form II of this apoenzyme. 2. The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate contents of the native enzyme, and reconstituted forms I and II were determined by two different methods to be 1.5 moles, 2.5 moles and 3.3 moles of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate/mole of enzyme, respectively.", "PMID": 671110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_747", "title": "The effect of homocysteine, methionine, serine and glycine on DNA synthesis by human normoblastic and megaloblastic bone marrow cells.", "content": "Both glycine and methionine, when added to a suspension of human bone marrow cells, impaired the utilization of deoxyuridine for DNA synthesis, using either the uptake of 3H-deoxyuridine or the subsequent uptake of 3H-thymidine as an index. Homocysteine reduced the uptake of both 3H-deoxyuridine and 3H-thymidine, indicating interference with DNA synthesis after the stage of thymidylate synthesis. Another explanation that the decreased uptake of both substances by homocysteine was due to cell damage caused in vitro was suggested by the trypan blue viability test. Serine generally did not produce significant effects. No difference could be detected between the results in normoblastic and megaloblastic marrow.", "contents": "The effect of homocysteine, methionine, serine and glycine on DNA synthesis by human normoblastic and megaloblastic bone marrow cells. Both glycine and methionine, when added to a suspension of human bone marrow cells, impaired the utilization of deoxyuridine for DNA synthesis, using either the uptake of 3H-deoxyuridine or the subsequent uptake of 3H-thymidine as an index. Homocysteine reduced the uptake of both 3H-deoxyuridine and 3H-thymidine, indicating interference with DNA synthesis after the stage of thymidylate synthesis. Another explanation that the decreased uptake of both substances by homocysteine was due to cell damage caused in vitro was suggested by the trypan blue viability test. Serine generally did not produce significant effects. No difference could be detected between the results in normoblastic and megaloblastic marrow.", "PMID": 671111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_748", "title": "Analysis of physical fitness and coronary heart disease risk of Dallas area police officers.", "content": "Two hundred thirteen male police officers between 21 and 52 years of age volunteered to participate in a physical evaluation and conditioning program. Information concerning the physical fitness status and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) of police officers were shown. Younger police officers (less than 30 years of age) were average in physical fitness levels and CHD risk compared to the population of the same age. Middle-aged police officers were shown to be lower in physical fitness levels and higher in CHD risk compared to their cohorts. The results from this investigation support the need for physical fitness and preventive medicine programs for police officers.", "contents": "Analysis of physical fitness and coronary heart disease risk of Dallas area police officers. Two hundred thirteen male police officers between 21 and 52 years of age volunteered to participate in a physical evaluation and conditioning program. Information concerning the physical fitness status and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) of police officers were shown. Younger police officers (less than 30 years of age) were average in physical fitness levels and CHD risk compared to the population of the same age. Middle-aged police officers were shown to be lower in physical fitness levels and higher in CHD risk compared to their cohorts. The results from this investigation support the need for physical fitness and preventive medicine programs for police officers.", "PMID": 671115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_749", "title": "Mortality of female workers in rubber manufacturing plant.", "content": "The ten-year mortality experience of a cohort of white female production workers in a large rubber manufacturing plant is presented. An analysis of the observed and expected numbers of death from numerous causes revealed a slightly elevated overall standarized mortality ratio with an excess of deaths from both lung cancer and myocardial infarction, and a deficit of deaths from breast cancer. About two-thirds of all women in this cohort had worked, for the longest period of employment, in the manufacture of industrial products, while the remainder were engaged mostly in the manufacture of tires. Some preliminary associations between type of job and mortality experience are discussed, but a more detailed analytic investigation is required before nonoccupational risk factors can be ruled out.", "contents": "Mortality of female workers in rubber manufacturing plant. The ten-year mortality experience of a cohort of white female production workers in a large rubber manufacturing plant is presented. An analysis of the observed and expected numbers of death from numerous causes revealed a slightly elevated overall standarized mortality ratio with an excess of deaths from both lung cancer and myocardial infarction, and a deficit of deaths from breast cancer. About two-thirds of all women in this cohort had worked, for the longest period of employment, in the manufacture of industrial products, while the remainder were engaged mostly in the manufacture of tires. Some preliminary associations between type of job and mortality experience are discussed, but a more detailed analytic investigation is required before nonoccupational risk factors can be ruled out.", "PMID": 671118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_750", "title": "Occupational pharmacology.", "content": "Occupational pharmacology is defined as a subdiscipline important to occupational safety and health, in which specialized information is gathered and evaluated. Occupational pharmacologist study and evaluate drugs used to combat or prevent occupational diseases. They also perform studies on occupational chemical-drug interactions. Specialized training programs are needed to produce qualified individuals for expected future needs.", "contents": "Occupational pharmacology. Occupational pharmacology is defined as a subdiscipline important to occupational safety and health, in which specialized information is gathered and evaluated. Occupational pharmacologist study and evaluate drugs used to combat or prevent occupational diseases. They also perform studies on occupational chemical-drug interactions. Specialized training programs are needed to produce qualified individuals for expected future needs.", "PMID": 671119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_751", "title": "Mesothelioma in the United States. Incidence in the 1970's.", "content": "Mesothelioma is a rare neoplasm, the occurrence of which has been clearly related to asbestos exposure. Data recently collected by population based cancer registries in Washington, Hawaii, New Mexico, Connecticut, Michigan, Utah, Louisiana and Iowa were obtained for the determination of mesothelioma incidence rates. These registries represent a total population of over 16 million persons. Crude incidence rates were found to range from 3.0 to 7.1 per million per year. Age specific incidence rates showed a steady increase from the third through the eighth decade, with a more rapid increase for males than females. Sex specific incidence rates, age adjusted to the 1970 U.S. population, were found to range from 4.4 to 11.1 per million per year for males and from 1.2 to 3.8 per million per year for females. The highest rates for both males and females were found in the New Orleans area of Louisiana and the Puget Sound area of Washington state, both with significant shipbuilding activity.", "contents": "Mesothelioma in the United States. Incidence in the 1970's. Mesothelioma is a rare neoplasm, the occurrence of which has been clearly related to asbestos exposure. Data recently collected by population based cancer registries in Washington, Hawaii, New Mexico, Connecticut, Michigan, Utah, Louisiana and Iowa were obtained for the determination of mesothelioma incidence rates. These registries represent a total population of over 16 million persons. Crude incidence rates were found to range from 3.0 to 7.1 per million per year. Age specific incidence rates showed a steady increase from the third through the eighth decade, with a more rapid increase for males than females. Sex specific incidence rates, age adjusted to the 1970 U.S. population, were found to range from 4.4 to 11.1 per million per year for males and from 1.2 to 3.8 per million per year for females. The highest rates for both males and females were found in the New Orleans area of Louisiana and the Puget Sound area of Washington state, both with significant shipbuilding activity.", "PMID": 671123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_752", "title": "Geographic patterns of industry in the United States. An aid to the study of occupational disease.", "content": "The geographic location of 18 major manufacturing industries within the United States is illustrated by a series of computer-generated county maps. The metal and machinery industries, the two largest employers, an the transportation and rubber industries are concentrated in the northeastern quadrant of the United States, while most counties with textile, apparel, tobacco, and furniture manufacturing are in the South. Other industries had different patterns. The counties where industry was concentrated tended to be more urban and to have higher levels of income and education. The maps and associated demographic data on industrial counties may prove a useful adjunct to county maps illustrating mortality patterns for cancer and other diseases. Despite obvious limitations, the visual patterns and correlation analyses may help to generate and formulate hypothese concerning occupationally induced diease.", "contents": "Geographic patterns of industry in the United States. An aid to the study of occupational disease. The geographic location of 18 major manufacturing industries within the United States is illustrated by a series of computer-generated county maps. The metal and machinery industries, the two largest employers, an the transportation and rubber industries are concentrated in the northeastern quadrant of the United States, while most counties with textile, apparel, tobacco, and furniture manufacturing are in the South. Other industries had different patterns. The counties where industry was concentrated tended to be more urban and to have higher levels of income and education. The maps and associated demographic data on industrial counties may prove a useful adjunct to county maps illustrating mortality patterns for cancer and other diseases. Despite obvious limitations, the visual patterns and correlation analyses may help to generate and formulate hypothese concerning occupationally induced diease.", "PMID": 671124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_753", "title": "A study of three preventive approaches to low back injury.", "content": "The prevention of low back injuries in industry has traditionally been attempted by (1) careful selection of workers, (2) good training in safe lifting, and (3) designing the job to fit the worker (ergonomics). One hundred ninety-one low back injuries were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of each preventive approach. The results indicate that the common selection techniques, as they are being used today, are not an effective control for low back injuries. Similarly, training on safe lifting procedures, as it is being administered today, is not an effective control for low back injuries. It was determined that a worker is three times more susceptible to low back injury if exposed to excessive manual handling tasks. The ergonomic redesign of these tasks to reduce the manual handling exposure represents a partial control for low back injuries.", "contents": "A study of three preventive approaches to low back injury. The prevention of low back injuries in industry has traditionally been attempted by (1) careful selection of workers, (2) good training in safe lifting, and (3) designing the job to fit the worker (ergonomics). One hundred ninety-one low back injuries were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of each preventive approach. The results indicate that the common selection techniques, as they are being used today, are not an effective control for low back injuries. Similarly, training on safe lifting procedures, as it is being administered today, is not an effective control for low back injuries. It was determined that a worker is three times more susceptible to low back injury if exposed to excessive manual handling tasks. The ergonomic redesign of these tasks to reduce the manual handling exposure represents a partial control for low back injuries.", "PMID": 671125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_754", "title": "Urinary cytologic examinations of laboratory workers. Useful medical surveillance tool or clinician's nightmare?", "content": "An apparent excess of abnormal urine cytological findings in crime laboratory workers exposed to potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines was investigated by a cross-sectional epidemiologic study comparing these workers with an unexposed control group. The prevalence of atypical findings in the laboratory workers exceeded that in the control group; however, the results were not statistically significant. A number of serious problems were identified including a high prevalence of inflammatory changes (25% to 26%) and a moderately high percentage of atypical changes (2.5% to 5.4%) in the control population, failure to detect (on urological workup) evidence of neoplastic disease of the urinary tract in any of the laboratory workers whose urine examinations were cytologically interpreted as either atypical or neoplastic cells, and difficulty in determining proper referral criteria for urological workup.", "contents": "Urinary cytologic examinations of laboratory workers. Useful medical surveillance tool or clinician's nightmare? An apparent excess of abnormal urine cytological findings in crime laboratory workers exposed to potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines was investigated by a cross-sectional epidemiologic study comparing these workers with an unexposed control group. The prevalence of atypical findings in the laboratory workers exceeded that in the control group; however, the results were not statistically significant. A number of serious problems were identified including a high prevalence of inflammatory changes (25% to 26%) and a moderately high percentage of atypical changes (2.5% to 5.4%) in the control population, failure to detect (on urological workup) evidence of neoplastic disease of the urinary tract in any of the laboratory workers whose urine examinations were cytologically interpreted as either atypical or neoplastic cells, and difficulty in determining proper referral criteria for urological workup.", "PMID": 671126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_755", "title": "Toxicology: assessing the hazard.", "content": "Some of the fundamentals of toxicology that are used by the toxicologist in assessing the toxic properties of compounds have been discussed. It is easy to see that a large amount of keen professional judgment must enter into the toxicologist's decisions. It is not a job that can be done by an amateur, even though some well meaning lay and political associates may believe they are capable of doing so. The toxicologist's job is not finished when he has determined the toxicological properties of a compound. He then has to assess the hazard of the compound, an infinitely more complex and complicated task. In the end, as stated by Dr. Mrak, \"There are no harmless substances, there are only harmless ways of using substances\" (quoted in Reference 1, p. 11).", "contents": "Toxicology: assessing the hazard. Some of the fundamentals of toxicology that are used by the toxicologist in assessing the toxic properties of compounds have been discussed. It is easy to see that a large amount of keen professional judgment must enter into the toxicologist's decisions. It is not a job that can be done by an amateur, even though some well meaning lay and political associates may believe they are capable of doing so. The toxicologist's job is not finished when he has determined the toxicological properties of a compound. He then has to assess the hazard of the compound, an infinitely more complex and complicated task. In the end, as stated by Dr. Mrak, \"There are no harmless substances, there are only harmless ways of using substances\" (quoted in Reference 1, p. 11).", "PMID": 671128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_756", "title": "Spatial summation effects on two-component grating thresholds.", "content": "Some experimental studies of subthreshold summation between sinusoidal grating components have been interpreted as showing very narrow channel bandwidths in human visions. This paper discusses an alternative interpretation of these experiments based on consideration of probability-summation effects among spatially distributed detectors. We conclude that frequency-selective channels must still be hypothesized in order to fit the data, but the channel bandwidth may be much wider than earlier interpretations suggest.", "contents": "Spatial summation effects on two-component grating thresholds. Some experimental studies of subthreshold summation between sinusoidal grating components have been interpreted as showing very narrow channel bandwidths in human visions. This paper discusses an alternative interpretation of these experiments based on consideration of probability-summation effects among spatially distributed detectors. We conclude that frequency-selective channels must still be hypothesized in order to fit the data, but the channel bandwidth may be much wider than earlier interpretations suggest.", "PMID": 671129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_757", "title": "Brightness exponent for the periphery in the Bloch region.", "content": "Using a method of direct magnitude estimation, perceived brightness was measured in the dark-adapted eye with brief flashes of varying duration in the Bloch region (1-100 ms) and retinal lock (0 degrees-40 degrees) for the photopic luminance levels covering the range between 140 and 0.14 cd/m2 in steps of 1 log unit. Perceived brightness increased as a function of flash luminous energy (product of luminance and duration) up to critical duration of approximately 100 ms. The brightness power exponent for brief flash was found to be 0.48 +/- 0.01 in the fovea, whereas about 0.44 +/- 0.01 in the periphery.", "contents": "Brightness exponent for the periphery in the Bloch region. Using a method of direct magnitude estimation, perceived brightness was measured in the dark-adapted eye with brief flashes of varying duration in the Bloch region (1-100 ms) and retinal lock (0 degrees-40 degrees) for the photopic luminance levels covering the range between 140 and 0.14 cd/m2 in steps of 1 log unit. Perceived brightness increased as a function of flash luminous energy (product of luminance and duration) up to critical duration of approximately 100 ms. The brightness power exponent for brief flash was found to be 0.48 +/- 0.01 in the fovea, whereas about 0.44 +/- 0.01 in the periphery.", "PMID": 671130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_758", "title": "A visual system model and a new distortion measure in the context of image processing.", "content": "Underlying many techniques of image restortation, quantization, and enhancement is the mathematically convenient, but visually unsuitable distortion measure of squared difference in intensity. Squared-intensity differences has an indirect phenomenological correspondence in a model of the visual system. We have undertaken, therefore, an experiment that derives a new distortion measure from an acceptable visual system model and compares it in a fair test against squared difference in intensity in an image restoration task. We start with an eye-brain system model inferred from the works of current vision researchers, which consists of a bank of paralles spatial frequency channels and image detectors. From this model we derive a new distortion criterion that is related to changes in the per-channel detection probability and phase angle. The optimal linear (Wiener) filters for each distortion measure operate in turn on the same noisy incoherent images. The results show that the filter for the new distortion measures yields a superior restoration. It is more visually agrreable, more sharply detailed, and truer in contrast compared to the squared-difference filter, and impressive in its own right. Its mathematical properties suggest that significantly increased efficeincy in the storage or communication of images my be gained by its use.", "contents": "A visual system model and a new distortion measure in the context of image processing. Underlying many techniques of image restortation, quantization, and enhancement is the mathematically convenient, but visually unsuitable distortion measure of squared difference in intensity. Squared-intensity differences has an indirect phenomenological correspondence in a model of the visual system. We have undertaken, therefore, an experiment that derives a new distortion measure from an acceptable visual system model and compares it in a fair test against squared difference in intensity in an image restoration task. We start with an eye-brain system model inferred from the works of current vision researchers, which consists of a bank of paralles spatial frequency channels and image detectors. From this model we derive a new distortion criterion that is related to changes in the per-channel detection probability and phase angle. The optimal linear (Wiener) filters for each distortion measure operate in turn on the same noisy incoherent images. The results show that the filter for the new distortion measures yields a superior restoration. It is more visually agrreable, more sharply detailed, and truer in contrast compared to the squared-difference filter, and impressive in its own right. Its mathematical properties suggest that significantly increased efficeincy in the storage or communication of images my be gained by its use.", "PMID": 671131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_759", "title": "Subjective Lorentz transformations and the perception of motion.", "content": "It has been known for some 40 years that the perceived velocity of a moving object does not correspond to its physical velocity. It is also known that the perceived length and temporal duration of a moving objects is affected by its physical velocity. In this paper it is argued that such phenomenal distortions can be embedded in a model for motion perception that involves the concepts of moving frames, Lorentz transformations, perceived length contractions, and time dilations. Experimental results support this model and indicate that c, the maximum perceivable velocity of movement, plays a crucial role in determining motion effects.", "contents": "Subjective Lorentz transformations and the perception of motion. It has been known for some 40 years that the perceived velocity of a moving object does not correspond to its physical velocity. It is also known that the perceived length and temporal duration of a moving objects is affected by its physical velocity. In this paper it is argued that such phenomenal distortions can be embedded in a model for motion perception that involves the concepts of moving frames, Lorentz transformations, perceived length contractions, and time dilations. Experimental results support this model and indicate that c, the maximum perceivable velocity of movement, plays a crucial role in determining motion effects.", "PMID": 671133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_760", "title": "Complementary afterimages and the unequal adapting effects of steady and flickering light.", "content": "Prolonged exposure to flickering chromatic light of moderate intensity produce a much weaker complementary afterimage than that produced by exposure to stead light of the same average intesity. This difference in adapting effectiveness was investigated by determining theretinal illuminance of the study adapting field required to produce an afterimage equal to that produced by the flickering adapting field. In a variety of conditions, the greater effectiveness of the steady adapting field was confirmed; in several instances a steady field having an average retinal illuminance of only 0.05 times that of the flickering field gave rise to an equally saturated afterimage. The results are taken as evidence that complementary afterimages produced by extended moderate intensity exposure are primarily a consequence of neural adaption.", "contents": "Complementary afterimages and the unequal adapting effects of steady and flickering light. Prolonged exposure to flickering chromatic light of moderate intensity produce a much weaker complementary afterimage than that produced by exposure to stead light of the same average intesity. This difference in adapting effectiveness was investigated by determining theretinal illuminance of the study adapting field required to produce an afterimage equal to that produced by the flickering adapting field. In a variety of conditions, the greater effectiveness of the steady adapting field was confirmed; in several instances a steady field having an average retinal illuminance of only 0.05 times that of the flickering field gave rise to an equally saturated afterimage. The results are taken as evidence that complementary afterimages produced by extended moderate intensity exposure are primarily a consequence of neural adaption.", "PMID": 671134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_761", "title": "Steroscopic acuity for moving retinal images.", "content": "Stereoscopic acuity in the human fovea remains unimpaired with retinal image motions of up to 2 deg/s. These findings apply to lateral motion of the test target alone, and to simultaneous lateral motion of both test and comparison targets. For good steroscopic acuity, depth motion can be tolerated only so long as the configuration does not move outside the disparity zone for optimal stereoscopic acuity, within 2-3 arc min of either side of the fixation plane. The presence during a short exposure of some stimulus components lying outside this zone leads to an overall reduction of stereoscopic acuity, either by dilution through summation, or by active inhibition of the best achievable depth resolution.", "contents": "Steroscopic acuity for moving retinal images. Stereoscopic acuity in the human fovea remains unimpaired with retinal image motions of up to 2 deg/s. These findings apply to lateral motion of the test target alone, and to simultaneous lateral motion of both test and comparison targets. For good steroscopic acuity, depth motion can be tolerated only so long as the configuration does not move outside the disparity zone for optimal stereoscopic acuity, within 2-3 arc min of either side of the fixation plane. The presence during a short exposure of some stimulus components lying outside this zone leads to an overall reduction of stereoscopic acuity, either by dilution through summation, or by active inhibition of the best achievable depth resolution.", "PMID": 671135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_762", "title": "Convexity theorem for subthreshold stimuli in linear models of visual contrast detection.", "content": "Under the general assumption that visual contrast detection occurs by a parallel array of linear detectors, either without probability summation or with probability summation of a commonly assumed type, it is shown that the set of functions representing subthreshold stimuli must be convex. Thus, for example, a planar plot of the threshold locus using multiples of any two functions as axes, must be convex (cannot bulge inward). If experimental evidence to the contrary were discovered, it would rule out detection by parallel linear detectors of the above type. One possible kind of such evidence would be an inward cusp of the threshold locus corresponding to one of a special class of stimuli to which the visual system might be specifically sensitive.", "contents": "Convexity theorem for subthreshold stimuli in linear models of visual contrast detection. Under the general assumption that visual contrast detection occurs by a parallel array of linear detectors, either without probability summation or with probability summation of a commonly assumed type, it is shown that the set of functions representing subthreshold stimuli must be convex. Thus, for example, a planar plot of the threshold locus using multiples of any two functions as axes, must be convex (cannot bulge inward). If experimental evidence to the contrary were discovered, it would rule out detection by parallel linear detectors of the above type. One possible kind of such evidence would be an inward cusp of the threshold locus corresponding to one of a special class of stimuli to which the visual system might be specifically sensitive.", "PMID": 671136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_763", "title": "Accommodation and color.", "content": "Previous studies of the effects of color on the accommodation response are reviewed. The monocular, steady-state response to targets under various colors of illumination is investigated. It is shown that trained observers change their level of accommodation, when viewing a target at a constant distance, to compensate for the varying ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration as the color of the target is changed. Untrained subjects, however, may initially show inconsistent responses. Results in white and greeen are closely comparable. Dynamic aspects of these effects are illustrated and it is shown that the ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration increases slightly with accommodation. The results are related to current ideas on the accommodative system.", "contents": "Accommodation and color. Previous studies of the effects of color on the accommodation response are reviewed. The monocular, steady-state response to targets under various colors of illumination is investigated. It is shown that trained observers change their level of accommodation, when viewing a target at a constant distance, to compensate for the varying ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration as the color of the target is changed. Untrained subjects, however, may initially show inconsistent responses. Results in white and greeen are closely comparable. Dynamic aspects of these effects are illustrated and it is shown that the ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration increases slightly with accommodation. The results are related to current ideas on the accommodative system.", "PMID": 671137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_764", "title": "Laser Doppler measurements of blood velocity in human retinal vessels.", "content": "We have measured Doppler shift frequency spectra (DSFS) of laser light scattered from red blood cells (RBC's) flowing through individual human retinal vessels. Each spectrum exhibits a cutoff frequency which is directly related to the maximum RBC velocity at the measurement site. Meaningful DSFS can be measured in times as short as 0.1 s. DSFS obtained from suspensions of polystyrene spheres and RBC's flowing through glass capillary tubes are used to illustrate the basic principles of the technique and to aid in the interpretation of the in vivo measurements. Our measurements show that maximum RBC velocities in retinal arteries vary markedly during each cardiac cycle.", "contents": "Laser Doppler measurements of blood velocity in human retinal vessels. We have measured Doppler shift frequency spectra (DSFS) of laser light scattered from red blood cells (RBC's) flowing through individual human retinal vessels. Each spectrum exhibits a cutoff frequency which is directly related to the maximum RBC velocity at the measurement site. Meaningful DSFS can be measured in times as short as 0.1 s. DSFS obtained from suspensions of polystyrene spheres and RBC's flowing through glass capillary tubes are used to illustrate the basic principles of the technique and to aid in the interpretation of the in vivo measurements. Our measurements show that maximum RBC velocities in retinal arteries vary markedly during each cardiac cycle.", "PMID": 671138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_765", "title": "Need for iron supplementation in infants on prolonged breast feeding.", "content": "Iron status, as measured by blood counts and indices, serum iron, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin values, was studied longitudinally in 56 infants on prolonged breast feeding, and compared to that of 29 infants receiving cow milk formula prepared at home and of 47 infants receiving a proprietary infant formula. The first two groups received no iron supplementation, whereas the proprietary formula was supplemented with iron. Although breast feeding was found to be sufficient to meet iron needs during the first 6 months of life, supplemental iron would be necessary during the second half of infancy in order to guarantee the optimal iron status.", "contents": "Need for iron supplementation in infants on prolonged breast feeding. Iron status, as measured by blood counts and indices, serum iron, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin values, was studied longitudinally in 56 infants on prolonged breast feeding, and compared to that of 29 infants receiving cow milk formula prepared at home and of 47 infants receiving a proprietary infant formula. The first two groups received no iron supplementation, whereas the proprietary formula was supplemented with iron. Although breast feeding was found to be sufficient to meet iron needs during the first 6 months of life, supplemental iron would be necessary during the second half of infancy in order to guarantee the optimal iron status.", "PMID": 671150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_766", "title": "Ductal remnants in extrahepatic biliary atresia: A histopathologic study with clinical correlation.", "content": "Atretic ducts were studied in 34 infants undergoing the portoenterostomy procedure for biliary atresia. The specimens were grouped into three categories on the basis of the size of the lumen at the proximal margin: Type I with a lumen 150 mu or greater, Type II with single to multiple ductal structures measuring less than 150 mu, and Type III with no identifiable epithelium-lined structures in fibrous connective tissue. A significant correlation existed between postoperative bile drainage and the duct type; bile drainage occurred in all five patients with Type I ducts, 18 of 21 patients with Type II ducts, and one of eight patients with Type III ducts. Furthermore, the duct type was the only feature that correlated with the ultimate outcome. Ductal inflammation and hepatic histology did not correlate with postoperative bile drainage or clinical course.", "contents": "Ductal remnants in extrahepatic biliary atresia: A histopathologic study with clinical correlation. Atretic ducts were studied in 34 infants undergoing the portoenterostomy procedure for biliary atresia. The specimens were grouped into three categories on the basis of the size of the lumen at the proximal margin: Type I with a lumen 150 mu or greater, Type II with single to multiple ductal structures measuring less than 150 mu, and Type III with no identifiable epithelium-lined structures in fibrous connective tissue. A significant correlation existed between postoperative bile drainage and the duct type; bile drainage occurred in all five patients with Type I ducts, 18 of 21 patients with Type II ducts, and one of eight patients with Type III ducts. Furthermore, the duct type was the only feature that correlated with the ultimate outcome. Ductal inflammation and hepatic histology did not correlate with postoperative bile drainage or clinical course.", "PMID": 671152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_767", "title": "Human neonatal and maternal monocyte-macrophage and lymphocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity to cells infected with herpes simplex.", "content": "We recently have described destruction of cells infected with herpes simplex virus by the combination of specific antibody and either lymphocytes or monocyte-macrophages. Because of the role of these cells in viral immunity and the severity of HSV in neonates and pregnant women, cord blood from 11 healthy neonates and peripheral blood from seven of their postpartum mothers were analyzed for MP and lymphocyte antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against cells infected with HSV. Cord blood yielded more lymphocytes and maternal blood fewer lymphocytes than did blood from adult female control subjects. Baseline cytotoxicity of cord MP and lymphocytes and maternal lymphocytes was significantly lower than control values. There was no significant difference in MP or lymphocyte ADCC, although maternal ADCC tended to be lower than that of control subjects. Analysis of cord plasma indicated that antibody able to participate in lymphocyte and MP ADCC crosses the placenta. These data demonstrate intact ADCC but possible defects in baseline cytotoxicity with leukocytes obtained from neonates and pregnant women. Further consideration of the use of HSV antibody for prevention and therapy of neonatal HSV infection is suggested.", "contents": "Human neonatal and maternal monocyte-macrophage and lymphocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity to cells infected with herpes simplex. We recently have described destruction of cells infected with herpes simplex virus by the combination of specific antibody and either lymphocytes or monocyte-macrophages. Because of the role of these cells in viral immunity and the severity of HSV in neonates and pregnant women, cord blood from 11 healthy neonates and peripheral blood from seven of their postpartum mothers were analyzed for MP and lymphocyte antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against cells infected with HSV. Cord blood yielded more lymphocytes and maternal blood fewer lymphocytes than did blood from adult female control subjects. Baseline cytotoxicity of cord MP and lymphocytes and maternal lymphocytes was significantly lower than control values. There was no significant difference in MP or lymphocyte ADCC, although maternal ADCC tended to be lower than that of control subjects. Analysis of cord plasma indicated that antibody able to participate in lymphocyte and MP ADCC crosses the placenta. These data demonstrate intact ADCC but possible defects in baseline cytotoxicity with leukocytes obtained from neonates and pregnant women. Further consideration of the use of HSV antibody for prevention and therapy of neonatal HSV infection is suggested.", "PMID": 671153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_768", "title": "Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and pustulosis palmoplantaris.", "content": "Based on nine patients 4 to 26 years of age, we describe the clinical characteristics of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. This disorder was characterized by an insidious onset of fever, local swelling and pain in affected bones, and radiologic findings suggesting osteomyelitis. The lesions were mainly localized to the clavicles and the metaphyses of tubular bones. The clinical course was characterized by intermittent periods of exacerbation and improvement over several years. Six of the patients had recurrent pustulosis palmaris and plantaris, which closely parallelled the exacerbations of the bone lesions. Biopsies from the bone lesions showed nonspecific inflammatory changes with granulocytic infiltration. Repeated bacterial and fungal cultivations from blood, bone biopsies, and pustules were negative. Immunologic investigation revealed no abnormality common to the patients. There was no indications of a genetic etiology. The pathogenesis of the disorder is unknown. Antibiotic treatment had no obvious effect but corticosteroid therapy appeared to be of benefit in some patients. The long-term prognosis appears to be relatively good.", "contents": "Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and pustulosis palmoplantaris. Based on nine patients 4 to 26 years of age, we describe the clinical characteristics of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. This disorder was characterized by an insidious onset of fever, local swelling and pain in affected bones, and radiologic findings suggesting osteomyelitis. The lesions were mainly localized to the clavicles and the metaphyses of tubular bones. The clinical course was characterized by intermittent periods of exacerbation and improvement over several years. Six of the patients had recurrent pustulosis palmaris and plantaris, which closely parallelled the exacerbations of the bone lesions. Biopsies from the bone lesions showed nonspecific inflammatory changes with granulocytic infiltration. Repeated bacterial and fungal cultivations from blood, bone biopsies, and pustules were negative. Immunologic investigation revealed no abnormality common to the patients. There was no indications of a genetic etiology. The pathogenesis of the disorder is unknown. Antibiotic treatment had no obvious effect but corticosteroid therapy appeared to be of benefit in some patients. The long-term prognosis appears to be relatively good.", "PMID": 671154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_769", "title": "Spontaneously acquired factor IX inhibitor in a nonhemophiliac child.", "content": "A 2 1/2-year-old, previously healthy child developed progressive swelling of the left leg and a hematoma of the anterior chest wall associated with a falling hemoglobin concentration, as a result of a spontaneously acquired Factor IX inhibitor. Successful management of her condition required a four-volume exchange transfusion and immunosuppressive therapy consisting of cyclophosphamide for four days and prednisone for one month. A brief review of the literature regarding the occurrence and nature of acquired coagulation factor inhibitors and the role of immunosuppressive therapy is also presented.", "contents": "Spontaneously acquired factor IX inhibitor in a nonhemophiliac child. A 2 1/2-year-old, previously healthy child developed progressive swelling of the left leg and a hematoma of the anterior chest wall associated with a falling hemoglobin concentration, as a result of a spontaneously acquired Factor IX inhibitor. Successful management of her condition required a four-volume exchange transfusion and immunosuppressive therapy consisting of cyclophosphamide for four days and prednisone for one month. A brief review of the literature regarding the occurrence and nature of acquired coagulation factor inhibitors and the role of immunosuppressive therapy is also presented.", "PMID": 671155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_770", "title": "Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia, sensorineural deafness, and diabetes mellitus: A new syndrome?", "content": "A 6-year-old girl is described who has congenital megaloblastic anemia which completely responded only to pharmacologic doses of thiamine. Relapse was observed twice when the drug was discontinued. The reintroduction of thiamine caused a prompt reticulocytosis and a rise in hemoglobin concentration. Other abnormalities included latent diabetes mellitus, sensorineural deafness, and \"situs inversus totalis.\" Her parents are first cousins, both with partial deafness. Her father has an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test. A single similar case has been reported; the combination of almost the same anomalies seems to represent a newly recognized syndrome. This case reinforces the proposal that thiamine has a role in hematopoesis.", "contents": "Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia, sensorineural deafness, and diabetes mellitus: A new syndrome? A 6-year-old girl is described who has congenital megaloblastic anemia which completely responded only to pharmacologic doses of thiamine. Relapse was observed twice when the drug was discontinued. The reintroduction of thiamine caused a prompt reticulocytosis and a rise in hemoglobin concentration. Other abnormalities included latent diabetes mellitus, sensorineural deafness, and \"situs inversus totalis.\" Her parents are first cousins, both with partial deafness. Her father has an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test. A single similar case has been reported; the combination of almost the same anomalies seems to represent a newly recognized syndrome. This case reinforces the proposal that thiamine has a role in hematopoesis.", "PMID": 671156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_771", "title": "Confirmation of the Cohen syndrome.", "content": "In 1973 Cohen et al reported a new syndrome in two siblings and an unrelated individual, consisting of obesity, mental retardation, hypotonia, limb abnormalities, and a characteristic craniofacial appearance. Since then no similar cases have appeared in the literature. This report firmly establishes the Cohen syndrome as a distinct clinical entity by presenting four additional patients, including a sibling pair of normal parents, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. One of our four patients has normal intelligence, indicating that mental deficiency is a variable feature of the syndrome.", "contents": "Confirmation of the Cohen syndrome. In 1973 Cohen et al reported a new syndrome in two siblings and an unrelated individual, consisting of obesity, mental retardation, hypotonia, limb abnormalities, and a characteristic craniofacial appearance. Since then no similar cases have appeared in the literature. This report firmly establishes the Cohen syndrome as a distinct clinical entity by presenting four additional patients, including a sibling pair of normal parents, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. One of our four patients has normal intelligence, indicating that mental deficiency is a variable feature of the syndrome.", "PMID": 671157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_772", "title": "Noninvasive estimation of arterial oxygenation in newborn infants.", "content": "Two noninvasive methods of estimating arterial oxygenation were compared in a group of 48 infants ranging in birth weight from 870 to 4,000 gm, with diagnoses including apnea of prematurity, hyaline membrane disease, meconium aspiration, and congenital heart disease. Both transcutaneous oxygen measurements and ear oximetry gave reasonably accurate estimations of arterial oxygen levels within commonly used clinical ranges (PO2 50 to 70 mm Hg, arterial saturation 90 to 98%). Infants with shock demonstrated a wide range of values for transcutaneous oxygen levels, suggesting that this method has limited usefulness in this situation. Ear oximetry had limited ability to distinguish high, but safe, levels of arterial oxygen from excessively elevated levels. While neither method can be recommended for replacement of arterial oxygen sampling, both methods may be useful in a clinical setting if care is exercised in interpretation of the results and if the values obtained are checked against those from arterial blood.", "contents": "Noninvasive estimation of arterial oxygenation in newborn infants. Two noninvasive methods of estimating arterial oxygenation were compared in a group of 48 infants ranging in birth weight from 870 to 4,000 gm, with diagnoses including apnea of prematurity, hyaline membrane disease, meconium aspiration, and congenital heart disease. Both transcutaneous oxygen measurements and ear oximetry gave reasonably accurate estimations of arterial oxygen levels within commonly used clinical ranges (PO2 50 to 70 mm Hg, arterial saturation 90 to 98%). Infants with shock demonstrated a wide range of values for transcutaneous oxygen levels, suggesting that this method has limited usefulness in this situation. Ear oximetry had limited ability to distinguish high, but safe, levels of arterial oxygen from excessively elevated levels. While neither method can be recommended for replacement of arterial oxygen sampling, both methods may be useful in a clinical setting if care is exercised in interpretation of the results and if the values obtained are checked against those from arterial blood.", "PMID": 671169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_773", "title": "Plasma levels, half-life values, and correlation with physiologic assays for growth and immunity.", "content": "Plasma prednisolone levels have been measured hourly in children receiving a single dose of oral prednisone. Peak prednisolone levels occurred one to two hours after ingestion; half-life studies gave a mean value of 132 minutes in most children. Some children had marked variability in absorption and metabolism of prednisone. Somatomedin activity and cell-mediated immunity were inhibited by plasma prednisolone values which were achieved by single doses of prednisone of 0.5 mg/kg or higher. Monitoring prednisolone levels may be of value in identifying those children who accumulate excessively high levels on moderate dosage regimens.", "contents": "Plasma levels, half-life values, and correlation with physiologic assays for growth and immunity. Plasma prednisolone levels have been measured hourly in children receiving a single dose of oral prednisone. Peak prednisolone levels occurred one to two hours after ingestion; half-life studies gave a mean value of 132 minutes in most children. Some children had marked variability in absorption and metabolism of prednisone. Somatomedin activity and cell-mediated immunity were inhibited by plasma prednisolone values which were achieved by single doses of prednisone of 0.5 mg/kg or higher. Monitoring prednisolone levels may be of value in identifying those children who accumulate excessively high levels on moderate dosage regimens.", "PMID": 671172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_774", "title": "Voiding cystourethrography in infants and children: a new technique.", "content": "A technique for voiding cystourethrography utilizing a small caliber (3.5 Fr.) catheter that is left in place during the entire examination is described and illustrated. Urethral pathology is not obscured. The contrast is infused under pressure applied with a blood administration set. Visualization of voiding can be achieved in all cases.", "contents": "Voiding cystourethrography in infants and children: a new technique. A technique for voiding cystourethrography utilizing a small caliber (3.5 Fr.) catheter that is left in place during the entire examination is described and illustrated. Urethral pathology is not obscured. The contrast is infused under pressure applied with a blood administration set. Visualization of voiding can be achieved in all cases.", "PMID": 671185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_775", "title": "Evaluation of ischemic bowel viability with a fluorescent technique.", "content": "Clinical estimations of bowel viability after ischemic insult are unreliable. Accurate criteria are essential to avoid unnecessary resection. This study describes a safe technique using fluorescein that predicts bowel viability with increased accuracy.", "contents": "Evaluation of ischemic bowel viability with a fluorescent technique. Clinical estimations of bowel viability after ischemic insult are unreliable. Accurate criteria are essential to avoid unnecessary resection. This study describes a safe technique using fluorescein that predicts bowel viability with increased accuracy.", "PMID": 671186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_776", "title": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the hidden mortality.", "content": "From 1969 to 1975, 33 cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) were treated at the National Hospital of Norway with a \"visible\" or operative mortality of 30%. At least 37 additional infants with CDH who died soon after birth and did not come to the attention of a major referral center were identified retrospectively from a comprehensive survey of neonatal deaths. CDH occurred at least once in every 5455 live births and the \"true\" mortality was 66%. More than half of the infants born with CDH during this 6-yr period died before they could be treated, contributing to a substantial \"hidden\" mortality.", "contents": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the hidden mortality. From 1969 to 1975, 33 cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) were treated at the National Hospital of Norway with a \"visible\" or operative mortality of 30%. At least 37 additional infants with CDH who died soon after birth and did not come to the attention of a major referral center were identified retrospectively from a comprehensive survey of neonatal deaths. CDH occurred at least once in every 5455 live births and the \"true\" mortality was 66%. More than half of the infants born with CDH during this 6-yr period died before they could be treated, contributing to a substantial \"hidden\" mortality.", "PMID": 671187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_777", "title": "Open thoracotomy and pleural abrasion in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The various treatments of spontaneous pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis are examined over a 15-yr period. Open thoracotomy with pleural abrasion is compared to observation, tube thoracostomy, and tube thoracostomy with instillation of quinacrine. Open thoracotomy with pleural abrasion has been performed 31 times in 20 patients. Discussion centers around selection of patients, preoperative preparation, operative technique, and postoperative care and follow-up, including analysis of pulmonary function studies. In our experience, open thoracotomy with pleural abrasion is a safe and effective method that should be utilized in the management of pneumothorax in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Open thoracotomy and pleural abrasion in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis. The various treatments of spontaneous pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis are examined over a 15-yr period. Open thoracotomy with pleural abrasion is compared to observation, tube thoracostomy, and tube thoracostomy with instillation of quinacrine. Open thoracotomy with pleural abrasion has been performed 31 times in 20 patients. Discussion centers around selection of patients, preoperative preparation, operative technique, and postoperative care and follow-up, including analysis of pulmonary function studies. In our experience, open thoracotomy with pleural abrasion is a safe and effective method that should be utilized in the management of pneumothorax in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 671188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_778", "title": "A new nonoperative treatment of large omphaloceles with a polymer membrane.", "content": "The management of a huge omphalocele that cannot be primarily closed presents many difficulties. When surgery is technically impossible, the application of a Silon pouch carries a serious risk of infection and painting the sac with tinctures has its own peculiar problems. A newborn baby with a large unruptured omphalocele was successfully treated by covering the sac with a skin-like polymer membrane that is flexible, elastic, and impervious to bacteria and water. The covering did not adhere to the underlying tissues and did not interfere with gastrointestinal function. Infection was not a problem. This material was wrapped around the trunk and covered with a dry sterile dressing. The entire dressing was removed after 3 wk, revealing a small residual area of granulations that subsequently healed at home. This baby was not operated upon. We have also used this technique in a second newborn in whom the sac had ruptured. The rent was repaired and the membrane applied. This method does not eliminate later closure of the large ventral hernia, but ccertainly eliminates the necessity for surgery in the newborn period.", "contents": "A new nonoperative treatment of large omphaloceles with a polymer membrane. The management of a huge omphalocele that cannot be primarily closed presents many difficulties. When surgery is technically impossible, the application of a Silon pouch carries a serious risk of infection and painting the sac with tinctures has its own peculiar problems. A newborn baby with a large unruptured omphalocele was successfully treated by covering the sac with a skin-like polymer membrane that is flexible, elastic, and impervious to bacteria and water. The covering did not adhere to the underlying tissues and did not interfere with gastrointestinal function. Infection was not a problem. This material was wrapped around the trunk and covered with a dry sterile dressing. The entire dressing was removed after 3 wk, revealing a small residual area of granulations that subsequently healed at home. This baby was not operated upon. We have also used this technique in a second newborn in whom the sac had ruptured. The rent was repaired and the membrane applied. This method does not eliminate later closure of the large ventral hernia, but ccertainly eliminates the necessity for surgery in the newborn period.", "PMID": 671189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_779", "title": "Plication of the diaphragm for symptomatic phrenic nerve paralysis.", "content": "Paralysis of the diaphragm in infants may produce severe respiratory difficulty because of the paradoxic motion of the affected diaphragm and shift of a mobile mediastinum to the contralateral side. Six infants with diaphragmatic paralysis and severe respiratory distress underwent plication of the diaphragm by a simple technique. Five of the six infants had significant improvement in respiratory effort and were ultimately weaned from ventilatory support. One patient with bilateral paralysis had only minimal improvement. Diaphragmatic function returned in two patients after plication. Plication of the diaphragm is a safe and useful procedure to improve ventilation in infants with a paralyzed diaphragm. Since this technique does not prevent return of diaphragmatic function, it should be employed prior to the development of sequelae of prolonged assisted ventilation and sooner if the phrenic nerve is permanently injured.", "contents": "Plication of the diaphragm for symptomatic phrenic nerve paralysis. Paralysis of the diaphragm in infants may produce severe respiratory difficulty because of the paradoxic motion of the affected diaphragm and shift of a mobile mediastinum to the contralateral side. Six infants with diaphragmatic paralysis and severe respiratory distress underwent plication of the diaphragm by a simple technique. Five of the six infants had significant improvement in respiratory effort and were ultimately weaned from ventilatory support. One patient with bilateral paralysis had only minimal improvement. Diaphragmatic function returned in two patients after plication. Plication of the diaphragm is a safe and useful procedure to improve ventilation in infants with a paralyzed diaphragm. Since this technique does not prevent return of diaphragmatic function, it should be employed prior to the development of sequelae of prolonged assisted ventilation and sooner if the phrenic nerve is permanently injured.", "PMID": 671190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_780", "title": "Subclavian flap aortoplasty for treatment of coarctation in early infancy.", "content": "In a 2-yr period 12 infants less than 2 mo of age underwent surgery for critical coarctation of the aorta. All had severe congestive failure with unsatisfactory response to medical therapy. In all patients the coarctation was located in the preductal or preligamentous region. Eleven patients had an associated ventricular septal defect (VSD). Early (1-mo) survival in the patients with VSD was 82%. Two early deaths occurred; there have been five late deaths on follow-up of up to 30 mo. In all patients who expired, the cause of death was unrelated to the coarctation repair. Recurrent coarctation has occurred in one patient. Early aggressive surgical intervention is indicated in the management of coarctation of the aorta both with and without VSD.", "contents": "Subclavian flap aortoplasty for treatment of coarctation in early infancy. In a 2-yr period 12 infants less than 2 mo of age underwent surgery for critical coarctation of the aorta. All had severe congestive failure with unsatisfactory response to medical therapy. In all patients the coarctation was located in the preductal or preligamentous region. Eleven patients had an associated ventricular septal defect (VSD). Early (1-mo) survival in the patients with VSD was 82%. Two early deaths occurred; there have been five late deaths on follow-up of up to 30 mo. In all patients who expired, the cause of death was unrelated to the coarctation repair. Recurrent coarctation has occurred in one patient. Early aggressive surgical intervention is indicated in the management of coarctation of the aorta both with and without VSD.", "PMID": 671191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_781", "title": "Esophageal atresia with double tracheoesophageal fistula.", "content": "Ninety cases of esophageal atresia (EA) with double tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) from the literature and 4 new cases are examined. The incidence may be more common than is generally recognized with incidences up to 5.3% reported. The pre-, intra-, and postoperative diagnosis may be difficult, and half have been missed initially with almost half of these being first recognized at autopsy. During repair of EA and TEF the proximal esophagus should be mobilized looking for a proximal fistula. Many proximal TEF are missed at the initial operation and discovered in the postoperative period. The symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the unrecognized proximal TEF are similar to that for isolated TEF. Results should be good since this problem occurs in large babies with fewer and less complex associated conditions.", "contents": "Esophageal atresia with double tracheoesophageal fistula. Ninety cases of esophageal atresia (EA) with double tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) from the literature and 4 new cases are examined. The incidence may be more common than is generally recognized with incidences up to 5.3% reported. The pre-, intra-, and postoperative diagnosis may be difficult, and half have been missed initially with almost half of these being first recognized at autopsy. During repair of EA and TEF the proximal esophagus should be mobilized looking for a proximal fistula. Many proximal TEF are missed at the initial operation and discovered in the postoperative period. The symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the unrecognized proximal TEF are similar to that for isolated TEF. Results should be good since this problem occurs in large babies with fewer and less complex associated conditions.", "PMID": 671192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_782", "title": "True hermaphroditism: a clinical description and a proposed function for the long arm of the Y chromosome.", "content": "True hermaphroditism is a very rare form of ambiguous genitalia characterized by the presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue in the same individual. Sixty percent of these patients have a 46,XX karyotype; however, most have H-Y antigen detectable. Since H-Y antigen is thought to be the gene product of the short arm of the Y, then the short arm must be present somewhere in the karyotype. Products of the short arm loci are thought to initiate testicular differentiation and male determination. The long arm of the Y has not been detected in true hermaphrodites. Testicular histology in true hermaphrodites is characterized by spermatogenic arrest, causing us to speculate that the long arm of the Y might be essential for germ cell maturation beyond the spermatogonia state.", "contents": "True hermaphroditism: a clinical description and a proposed function for the long arm of the Y chromosome. True hermaphroditism is a very rare form of ambiguous genitalia characterized by the presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue in the same individual. Sixty percent of these patients have a 46,XX karyotype; however, most have H-Y antigen detectable. Since H-Y antigen is thought to be the gene product of the short arm of the Y, then the short arm must be present somewhere in the karyotype. Products of the short arm loci are thought to initiate testicular differentiation and male determination. The long arm of the Y has not been detected in true hermaphrodites. Testicular histology in true hermaphrodites is characterized by spermatogenic arrest, causing us to speculate that the long arm of the Y might be essential for germ cell maturation beyond the spermatogonia state.", "PMID": 671194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_783", "title": "Management of large skin defects in newborn children with myelodysplasia: a new method.", "content": "A method successfully used in closing a large skin defect in each of three children with myelodysplasia is described in detail. Full thickness skin closure was achieved in 7--10 days without skin grafts or rotation flaps.", "contents": "Management of large skin defects in newborn children with myelodysplasia: a new method. A method successfully used in closing a large skin defect in each of three children with myelodysplasia is described in detail. Full thickness skin closure was achieved in 7--10 days without skin grafts or rotation flaps.", "PMID": 671195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_784", "title": "Prepyloric gastric antral web: a puzzling epidemic.", "content": "Antral webs and diaphragms are considered a rare cause of gastric outlet obstruction in infants and children. A radiographic diagnosis of antral web was made in 28 children during a 26-mo period. Nonbilious, often projectile vomiting was the predominant presenting symptom in 24 infants who were less than 6 mo of age. The older children complained of pain, vomiting, fullness after eating, and eructation. The characteristic radiologic finging was a wirelike transverse septum 1--2 cm proximal to the pylorus. Poor antral filling was an important early clue in the radiographic search for the webs. Pyloroplasty was performed in 20 patients, frequently after failure of medical management of symptoms. Coexistent congenital abnormalities were present in 28% of patients. A search for environmental and familial factors has failed to elucidate any teratogenic influences in this population.", "contents": "Prepyloric gastric antral web: a puzzling epidemic. Antral webs and diaphragms are considered a rare cause of gastric outlet obstruction in infants and children. A radiographic diagnosis of antral web was made in 28 children during a 26-mo period. Nonbilious, often projectile vomiting was the predominant presenting symptom in 24 infants who were less than 6 mo of age. The older children complained of pain, vomiting, fullness after eating, and eructation. The characteristic radiologic finging was a wirelike transverse septum 1--2 cm proximal to the pylorus. Poor antral filling was an important early clue in the radiographic search for the webs. Pyloroplasty was performed in 20 patients, frequently after failure of medical management of symptoms. Coexistent congenital abnormalities were present in 28% of patients. A search for environmental and familial factors has failed to elucidate any teratogenic influences in this population.", "PMID": 671196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_785", "title": "Paracentesis and lavage for diagnosis of intestinal gangrene in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "A study to evaluate peritoneal fluid as an index of intestinal gangrene in infants with necrotizing entercolitis (NEC) was begun in 1974. Twenty samples of peritoneal fluid were obtained by paracentesis or lavage from 15 infants with nonperforated NEC. A brown color in the peritoneal fluid was noted in all 8 patients found to have intestinal gangrene at subsequent operation. Gram stain showed bacteria in 6 of these 8 patients and bacterial cultures were confimatory in all but one. In 12 samples of peritoneal fluid in patients without intestinal gangrene, the fluid was straw-colored or pink and Gram stain showed no bacteria. The decision to operate on an infant with intestinal gangrene and impending perforation may be aided by analysis of the peritoneal fluid.", "contents": "Paracentesis and lavage for diagnosis of intestinal gangrene in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. A study to evaluate peritoneal fluid as an index of intestinal gangrene in infants with necrotizing entercolitis (NEC) was begun in 1974. Twenty samples of peritoneal fluid were obtained by paracentesis or lavage from 15 infants with nonperforated NEC. A brown color in the peritoneal fluid was noted in all 8 patients found to have intestinal gangrene at subsequent operation. Gram stain showed bacteria in 6 of these 8 patients and bacterial cultures were confimatory in all but one. In 12 samples of peritoneal fluid in patients without intestinal gangrene, the fluid was straw-colored or pink and Gram stain showed no bacteria. The decision to operate on an infant with intestinal gangrene and impending perforation may be aided by analysis of the peritoneal fluid.", "PMID": 671197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_786", "title": "Small bowel reversal procedure for treatment of the \"short gut\" baby.", "content": "An increasing number of infants have undergone massive intestinal resection for various reasons: uncontrollable diarrhea, malabsorption, and failure to thrive makes these babies a difficult management problem and threatens their survival and later \"quality of life.\" Five short gut babies have had a 3-cm small bowel reversal operation as part of the total salvage effort. It is recognized that very skilled care by dedicated personnel and parents, utilizing i.v. nutrition and special feeding techniques, is probably the most significant factor in achieving success with these babies. It is believed small bowel reversal helps in keeping these infants alive while their intestinal tract is making the adjustments necessary for long-term survival.", "contents": "Small bowel reversal procedure for treatment of the \"short gut\" baby. An increasing number of infants have undergone massive intestinal resection for various reasons: uncontrollable diarrhea, malabsorption, and failure to thrive makes these babies a difficult management problem and threatens their survival and later \"quality of life.\" Five short gut babies have had a 3-cm small bowel reversal operation as part of the total salvage effort. It is recognized that very skilled care by dedicated personnel and parents, utilizing i.v. nutrition and special feeding techniques, is probably the most significant factor in achieving success with these babies. It is believed small bowel reversal helps in keeping these infants alive while their intestinal tract is making the adjustments necessary for long-term survival.", "PMID": 671198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_787", "title": "Determination of fetal maturity from the measurement of the sedimentary fraction of the amniotic fluid (amniocrit).", "content": "A simple technique is described for evaluating foetal maturity. This consists in measuring the sedimentary fraction of the amniotic fluid (amniocrit). The amount of sediment, expressed in percent of the total liquid volume varies between 0.33% at 36 weeks of amenorrhea and about 2.22% at 40 weeks. These values are correspond to arithmetical means. The differences between pre-term and term pregnancy are highly significant (p less than 0.001). The mean at 32--36 weeks of amenorrhea is 0.27, and at 37--41 weeks is 1.45. A close correlation between gestational age and the fraction of sediment in amniotic fluid is shown in Fig. 1. The correlation coefficient was 0.726. This technique of measuring the sediment combines simplicity and reliability and can be employed where minimal resources are available, and in rural hospitals. The feasibility of using this procedure in institutions with limited resources is emphasized.", "contents": "Determination of fetal maturity from the measurement of the sedimentary fraction of the amniotic fluid (amniocrit). A simple technique is described for evaluating foetal maturity. This consists in measuring the sedimentary fraction of the amniotic fluid (amniocrit). The amount of sediment, expressed in percent of the total liquid volume varies between 0.33% at 36 weeks of amenorrhea and about 2.22% at 40 weeks. These values are correspond to arithmetical means. The differences between pre-term and term pregnancy are highly significant (p less than 0.001). The mean at 32--36 weeks of amenorrhea is 0.27, and at 37--41 weeks is 1.45. A close correlation between gestational age and the fraction of sediment in amniotic fluid is shown in Fig. 1. The correlation coefficient was 0.726. This technique of measuring the sediment combines simplicity and reliability and can be employed where minimal resources are available, and in rural hospitals. The feasibility of using this procedure in institutions with limited resources is emphasized.", "PMID": 671205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_788", "title": "An eight channel telemetry system for the transmission of biomedical signals.", "content": "An eight channel telemetry system is presented which has low dimensions, low weight and is easy to use. The transmission is in the 430 MHz band on the basis of pulse-width modulation in a time-multiplex mode. A standard 9 volt battery offers a minimum of 15 hours operation with an accuracy of 1%. The upper limit frequency is currently at about 100 Hz. A 9th channel serves to monitor the function of the system.", "contents": "An eight channel telemetry system for the transmission of biomedical signals. An eight channel telemetry system is presented which has low dimensions, low weight and is easy to use. The transmission is in the 430 MHz band on the basis of pulse-width modulation in a time-multiplex mode. A standard 9 volt battery offers a minimum of 15 hours operation with an accuracy of 1%. The upper limit frequency is currently at about 100 Hz. A 9th channel serves to monitor the function of the system.", "PMID": 671208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_789", "title": "Salience of ethnicity in the spontaneous self-concept as a function of one's ethnic distinctiveness in the social environment.", "content": "How likely people are to think of themselves in terms of a given personal characteristic is predicted from the distinctiveness postulate that the person, when confronted by a complex stimulus (such as the self), selectively notices and encodes the stimulus in terms of what is most peculiar about it, since these peculiar characteristics are the most informative in distinguishing it from other stimuli. This partial view of the person as an information-encoding machine (one is conscious of oneself insofar as, and in the ways that, one is different) is used to derive four predictions implying that ethnic identity is salient in children's spontaneous self-concepts to the extent that their ethnic group is in the minority in their social milieu at school. Our measure of salience of ethnicity was its being spontaneously mentioned by the children in response to a nondirective \"Tell us about yourself\" question. All four predictions were confirmed, though for several of the findings there are plausible alternative explanations.", "contents": "Salience of ethnicity in the spontaneous self-concept as a function of one's ethnic distinctiveness in the social environment. How likely people are to think of themselves in terms of a given personal characteristic is predicted from the distinctiveness postulate that the person, when confronted by a complex stimulus (such as the self), selectively notices and encodes the stimulus in terms of what is most peculiar about it, since these peculiar characteristics are the most informative in distinguishing it from other stimuli. This partial view of the person as an information-encoding machine (one is conscious of oneself insofar as, and in the ways that, one is different) is used to derive four predictions implying that ethnic identity is salient in children's spontaneous self-concepts to the extent that their ethnic group is in the minority in their social milieu at school. Our measure of salience of ethnicity was its being spontaneously mentioned by the children in response to a nondirective \"Tell us about yourself\" question. All four predictions were confirmed, though for several of the findings there are plausible alternative explanations.", "PMID": 671213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_790", "title": "Effect on retaliation of causal attributions concerning attack.", "content": "In two studies, men were defeated on either 17%, 50%, or 83% of reaction time trials, received aversive noise, and could ostensibly retaliate by delivering shock to their partner. The noise level delivered was described in Experiment 1 as typical of most other people (high consensus) or atypical of most other people (low consensus) and in Experiment 2 as from a partner who knew (high foreseeability) or did not know (low foreseeability) the kind and level of stimulation controlled by the switches delivering reinforcement to the recipient. Hypotheses were based on the notion that retaliation increases as more personal causality is attributed to a provoker and that more personal causality is inferred in highly foreseeable--or low consensus--50% defeat conditions. As expected, greater differences in aggression between high and low consensus and between high and low foreseeability were displayed in the 50% defeat condition than in the other defeat conditions. Anticipated differences in inferences were obtained.", "contents": "Effect on retaliation of causal attributions concerning attack. In two studies, men were defeated on either 17%, 50%, or 83% of reaction time trials, received aversive noise, and could ostensibly retaliate by delivering shock to their partner. The noise level delivered was described in Experiment 1 as typical of most other people (high consensus) or atypical of most other people (low consensus) and in Experiment 2 as from a partner who knew (high foreseeability) or did not know (low foreseeability) the kind and level of stimulation controlled by the switches delivering reinforcement to the recipient. Hypotheses were based on the notion that retaliation increases as more personal causality is attributed to a provoker and that more personal causality is inferred in highly foreseeable--or low consensus--50% defeat conditions. As expected, greater differences in aggression between high and low consensus and between high and low foreseeability were displayed in the 50% defeat condition than in the other defeat conditions. Anticipated differences in inferences were obtained.", "PMID": 671214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_791", "title": "Distractibility in dieters and nondieters: an alternative view of \"externality\".", "content": "Two experiments were performed in an investigation of the effects of distraction and emotional arousal on the proofreading performance of dieting female subjects. In Experiment 1, it was found that distraction initially impaired the performance of dieters and facilitated the performance of nondieters, a pattern previously shown by Rodin to apply to obese and normal weight subjects, respectively, and interpreted as evidence of greater externality in the obese. Subsequent retesting of the same subjects in succeeding months, however, revealed a complete reversal of the original results. In Experiment 2, the reaction to distraction found in the first phase of Experiment 1 was obtained when subjects were in a situation of minimal threat. In a situation of high threat, the relative distractibility of dieters was reversed, as in the latter phases of Experiment 1. An explanation is offered for these data in terms of the greater emotionality of dieters, the susceptibility of cognitive performance to arousal (distraction, anxiety) manipulations, and the potentially competing effects of distraction and anxiety. Implications for the prevailing \"trait\" view of externality (stimulus binding) are discussed.", "contents": "Distractibility in dieters and nondieters: an alternative view of \"externality\". Two experiments were performed in an investigation of the effects of distraction and emotional arousal on the proofreading performance of dieting female subjects. In Experiment 1, it was found that distraction initially impaired the performance of dieters and facilitated the performance of nondieters, a pattern previously shown by Rodin to apply to obese and normal weight subjects, respectively, and interpreted as evidence of greater externality in the obese. Subsequent retesting of the same subjects in succeeding months, however, revealed a complete reversal of the original results. In Experiment 2, the reaction to distraction found in the first phase of Experiment 1 was obtained when subjects were in a situation of minimal threat. In a situation of high threat, the relative distractibility of dieters was reversed, as in the latter phases of Experiment 1. An explanation is offered for these data in terms of the greater emotionality of dieters, the susceptibility of cognitive performance to arousal (distraction, anxiety) manipulations, and the potentially competing effects of distraction and anxiety. Implications for the prevailing \"trait\" view of externality (stimulus binding) are discussed.", "PMID": 671215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_792", "title": "Facilitation of social interaction through deindividuation of the target.", "content": "It was hypothesized that actors want their perception of a target to be consistent with the type of interaction they expect. It was predicted that subjects expecting to aggress would deindividuate their target through the selective recall of deindividuating information. Conversely, subjects expecting a prosocial interaction should individuate the target. Further, angry subjects should deindividuate the individual who angered them. Male subjects were either angered or not angered by an experimental confederate and then given the opportunity to either shock, reward, or have no interaction with him. Subjects recalled information about the confederate either prior to or after the learning task. Subjects expecting to aggress deindividuated the target, whereas subjects expecting a prosocial interaction individuated him. Angry subjects deindividuated the target, nonangry subjects did not. Since the selective recall of information occurred prior to the interaction, the deindividuation (individuation) was aimed at facilitating future behavior rather than justifying it.", "contents": "Facilitation of social interaction through deindividuation of the target. It was hypothesized that actors want their perception of a target to be consistent with the type of interaction they expect. It was predicted that subjects expecting to aggress would deindividuate their target through the selective recall of deindividuating information. Conversely, subjects expecting a prosocial interaction should individuate the target. Further, angry subjects should deindividuate the individual who angered them. Male subjects were either angered or not angered by an experimental confederate and then given the opportunity to either shock, reward, or have no interaction with him. Subjects recalled information about the confederate either prior to or after the learning task. Subjects expecting to aggress deindividuated the target, whereas subjects expecting a prosocial interaction individuated him. Angry subjects deindividuated the target, nonangry subjects did not. Since the selective recall of information occurred prior to the interaction, the deindividuation (individuation) was aimed at facilitating future behavior rather than justifying it.", "PMID": 671216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_793", "title": "Effects of federal human subjects regulations on data obtained in environmental stressor research.", "content": "A series of experiments on environmental noise was performed over a 3-year period. Those experiments in the series that incorporated federal subjects guidelines concerning informed consent failed to replicate the negative aftereffects of noise found earlier by Glass and Singer. The experiments that were performed before implementation of the federal guidelines, however, successfully replicated the Glass and Singer findings. To clarify this pattern of results, a final experiment was performed on two groups of subjects treated identically except that one group gave informed consent while the other did not. The results confirmed that the subject procedures involving informed consent as defined by the federal guidelines prevent the emergence of negative aftereffects of noise, possibly because these procedures give the subjects what amounts to control over the stressor. Similar phenomena may occur in research on other environmental stressors, such as crowding and electric shock, in which subject's perception of control is a critical variable. Possible techniques for performing future research of this type are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of federal human subjects regulations on data obtained in environmental stressor research. A series of experiments on environmental noise was performed over a 3-year period. Those experiments in the series that incorporated federal subjects guidelines concerning informed consent failed to replicate the negative aftereffects of noise found earlier by Glass and Singer. The experiments that were performed before implementation of the federal guidelines, however, successfully replicated the Glass and Singer findings. To clarify this pattern of results, a final experiment was performed on two groups of subjects treated identically except that one group gave informed consent while the other did not. The results confirmed that the subject procedures involving informed consent as defined by the federal guidelines prevent the emergence of negative aftereffects of noise, possibly because these procedures give the subjects what amounts to control over the stressor. Similar phenomena may occur in research on other environmental stressors, such as crowding and electric shock, in which subject's perception of control is a critical variable. Possible techniques for performing future research of this type are discussed.", "PMID": 671217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_794", "title": "Controlled delivery of theophylline: chemistry of 7-acyl- and 7,7'-acylditheophylline derivates.", "content": "7-Acyl- and 7,7'-acylditheophylline derivatives were prepared from the reaction of theophylline with acid chlorides. In addition, a novel synthesis of these compounds was developed, which proceeds through an acylonium ion generated under mild conditions. The physical properties and stability of the derivative of choice, 7,7'-succinylditheophylline, depend on the synthetic procedure employed. This compound is a useful controlled-release prodrug of theophylline.", "contents": "Controlled delivery of theophylline: chemistry of 7-acyl- and 7,7'-acylditheophylline derivates. 7-Acyl- and 7,7'-acylditheophylline derivatives were prepared from the reaction of theophylline with acid chlorides. In addition, a novel synthesis of these compounds was developed, which proceeds through an acylonium ion generated under mild conditions. The physical properties and stability of the derivative of choice, 7,7'-succinylditheophylline, depend on the synthetic procedure employed. This compound is a useful controlled-release prodrug of theophylline.", "PMID": 671234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_795", "title": "Assays and statistical analyses for antibiotic standards.", "content": "Some microbiological assays and statistical analyses of test results used by the National Center for Antibiotics Analysis are described for the establishment of offical antibiotic reference standards. Examples are given of both cylinder plate agar diffusion assays and turbidimetric assays. Formulas providing simple and quick analyses of data are shown for calculating potency, determining limits for the potency, and performing validity tests on the results.", "contents": "Assays and statistical analyses for antibiotic standards. Some microbiological assays and statistical analyses of test results used by the National Center for Antibiotics Analysis are described for the establishment of offical antibiotic reference standards. Examples are given of both cylinder plate agar diffusion assays and turbidimetric assays. Formulas providing simple and quick analyses of data are shown for calculating potency, determining limits for the potency, and performing validity tests on the results.", "PMID": 671235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_796", "title": "Equilibrium penetration of monolayers VI: cholesterol-cetrimonium bromide system.", "content": "Equilibrium surface pressure-area isotherms for the penetration of cholesterol monolayers by the surfactant cetrimonium bromide are presented. From these isotherms, the saturation adsorptions of surfactant for various surface concentrations of cholesterol were calculated. Plots of adsorption against the inverse of the area per cholesterol molecule revealed two linear revealed two linear regions, corresponding to penetration at high and low monolayer areas. At high monolayer areas, surfactant adsorption into accessible areas of the surface was similar to adsorption at a monolayer-free surface. In this region, packing of cholesterol and surfactant molecules on the surface lowered the effective cross-sectional area of the cholesterol molecule. However, at low monolayer areas, adsorption was determined by the size of the surfactant ion and the effective area of the cholesterol molecule was equal to the collapse area of a pure cholesterol monolayer.", "contents": "Equilibrium penetration of monolayers VI: cholesterol-cetrimonium bromide system. Equilibrium surface pressure-area isotherms for the penetration of cholesterol monolayers by the surfactant cetrimonium bromide are presented. From these isotherms, the saturation adsorptions of surfactant for various surface concentrations of cholesterol were calculated. Plots of adsorption against the inverse of the area per cholesterol molecule revealed two linear revealed two linear regions, corresponding to penetration at high and low monolayer areas. At high monolayer areas, surfactant adsorption into accessible areas of the surface was similar to adsorption at a monolayer-free surface. In this region, packing of cholesterol and surfactant molecules on the surface lowered the effective cross-sectional area of the cholesterol molecule. However, at low monolayer areas, adsorption was determined by the size of the surfactant ion and the effective area of the cholesterol molecule was equal to the collapse area of a pure cholesterol monolayer.", "PMID": 671236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_797", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenous erythromycin.", "content": "Erythromycin pharmacokinetics were examined following intravenous infusion to male subjects. The biological half-life of erythromycin in serum was 2 hr in individuals with normal renal function. The half-life varied in cases of reduced renal function, with values of 3.9 and 7.0 hr occurring in two subjects with severe renal impairment. Postinfusion serum erythromycin levels were adequately described by two-compartment model kinetics, and values for the distribution volume of the central compartment and the overall distribution are described. Estimated erythromycin distribution volumes in normal individuals may facilitate calculation of absorption efficiencies of erythromycin and its salts after oral doses.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenous erythromycin. Erythromycin pharmacokinetics were examined following intravenous infusion to male subjects. The biological half-life of erythromycin in serum was 2 hr in individuals with normal renal function. The half-life varied in cases of reduced renal function, with values of 3.9 and 7.0 hr occurring in two subjects with severe renal impairment. Postinfusion serum erythromycin levels were adequately described by two-compartment model kinetics, and values for the distribution volume of the central compartment and the overall distribution are described. Estimated erythromycin distribution volumes in normal individuals may facilitate calculation of absorption efficiencies of erythromycin and its salts after oral doses.", "PMID": 671237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_798", "title": "Determination of salicylic acid and aspirin in multicomponent tablets by liquid chromatography on a nonionic resin.", "content": "Aspirin and free salicylic acid were determined in combinations containing caffeine, phenacetin, salicylamide, and acetaminophen by liquid chromatography on poly(methyl methacrylate) resin. Precision and accuracy were +/- 2% for salicylic acid, the latter at levels corresponding to 0.02% of the aspirin content.", "contents": "Determination of salicylic acid and aspirin in multicomponent tablets by liquid chromatography on a nonionic resin. Aspirin and free salicylic acid were determined in combinations containing caffeine, phenacetin, salicylamide, and acetaminophen by liquid chromatography on poly(methyl methacrylate) resin. Precision and accuracy were +/- 2% for salicylic acid, the latter at levels corresponding to 0.02% of the aspirin content.", "PMID": 671238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_799", "title": "Correlation of aspirin excretion with parameters from different dissolution methods.", "content": "The cumulative urinary excretion of four different aspirin products (two tablets, a capsule, and a timed-release tablet) was determined in a crossover study using five subjects. Comparison of in vivo results showed a significant difference in cumulative urinary excretion levels at only 1 hr. The excretion from the two regular tablets was significantly different from the timed-release tablet, but the capsule showed no significant difference from the other three products. Each product was tested in the USP, Levy beaker, and the regular and large magnetic basket dissolution apparatus. Analysis of variance of the in vitro results showed a significant difference between the aspirin products and the dissolution methods at selected times. In vitro comparison with in vivo results for the four products showed that a regression analysis can be used to determined which dissolution methods produce a significant correlation with urinary excretion.", "contents": "Correlation of aspirin excretion with parameters from different dissolution methods. The cumulative urinary excretion of four different aspirin products (two tablets, a capsule, and a timed-release tablet) was determined in a crossover study using five subjects. Comparison of in vivo results showed a significant difference in cumulative urinary excretion levels at only 1 hr. The excretion from the two regular tablets was significantly different from the timed-release tablet, but the capsule showed no significant difference from the other three products. Each product was tested in the USP, Levy beaker, and the regular and large magnetic basket dissolution apparatus. Analysis of variance of the in vitro results showed a significant difference between the aspirin products and the dissolution methods at selected times. In vitro comparison with in vivo results for the four products showed that a regression analysis can be used to determined which dissolution methods produce a significant correlation with urinary excretion.", "PMID": 671239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_800", "title": "Sensitive electron-capture GLC determination of metoclopramide in biological fluids.", "content": "A highly sensitive and specific electron-capture GLC assay capable of detecting picogram quantities of metoclopramide, a procaine derivative, in biological fluids was developed. This assay consisted of extracting metoclopramide from an alkalinized aqueous layer into benzene. A portion of the organic phase was derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride. Quantitative estimation of the derivative was accomplished by adding diazepam, the internal standard, in bezene (750 ng/ml). A calibration curve was prepared for the plasma extracts. Linearity was observed in the range studied (91-825 ng/ml). No interference from endogenous substances was observed. The minimum detectable amount was 1 pg/injection. The structure of the derivative was confirmed by electron-impact and chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. The applicability of this method was shown by a preliminary study of the elimination kinetics of metoclopramide in rats after a 10-mg/kg iv dose.", "contents": "Sensitive electron-capture GLC determination of metoclopramide in biological fluids. A highly sensitive and specific electron-capture GLC assay capable of detecting picogram quantities of metoclopramide, a procaine derivative, in biological fluids was developed. This assay consisted of extracting metoclopramide from an alkalinized aqueous layer into benzene. A portion of the organic phase was derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride. Quantitative estimation of the derivative was accomplished by adding diazepam, the internal standard, in bezene (750 ng/ml). A calibration curve was prepared for the plasma extracts. Linearity was observed in the range studied (91-825 ng/ml). No interference from endogenous substances was observed. The minimum detectable amount was 1 pg/injection. The structure of the derivative was confirmed by electron-impact and chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. The applicability of this method was shown by a preliminary study of the elimination kinetics of metoclopramide in rats after a 10-mg/kg iv dose.", "PMID": 671240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_801", "title": "Interaction of sulindac and metabolite with human serum albumin.", "content": "The binding of the newly developed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent sulindac and its principal active metabolite, sunlindac sulfide, to human serum albumin was investigated. With the methods of dialysis, fluorescence quenching, and difference spectrophotometry, it was found that both agents were extensively bound to albumin. The binding affinity of the metabolite was considerably higher than that of sunlindac and this effect may be related to its prolonged plasma half-life versus the parent drug. Sulindac binding was albumin concentration dependent, which gave rise to an unfamilar Scatchard analysis of the dialysis data.", "contents": "Interaction of sulindac and metabolite with human serum albumin. The binding of the newly developed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent sulindac and its principal active metabolite, sunlindac sulfide, to human serum albumin was investigated. With the methods of dialysis, fluorescence quenching, and difference spectrophotometry, it was found that both agents were extensively bound to albumin. The binding affinity of the metabolite was considerably higher than that of sunlindac and this effect may be related to its prolonged plasma half-life versus the parent drug. Sulindac binding was albumin concentration dependent, which gave rise to an unfamilar Scatchard analysis of the dialysis data.", "PMID": 671241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_802", "title": "Physical characterization of erythromycin: anhydrate, monohydrate, and dihydrate crystalline solids.", "content": "Hot-stage microscopy, thermoanalytical methods, and X-ray powder diffraction were used to demonstrate that crystalline erythromycin dihydrate converts to the crystalline anhydrate via a noncrystalline intermediate. X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectral, thermogravimetric, and differential thermal analyses were used to characterize the monohydrate material. The flow interrupt technique, a procedure recently developed to deal with low surface area samples, was employed successfully in obtaining isotherms and specific surface areas for the monohydrate and anhydrate. The relative dissolution rates of the various hydrates were determined in an aqueous solution (0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5) at 37 degrees. The results showed a significant difference in the dissolution rate of the dihydrate compared to the monohydrate and anhydrate.", "contents": "Physical characterization of erythromycin: anhydrate, monohydrate, and dihydrate crystalline solids. Hot-stage microscopy, thermoanalytical methods, and X-ray powder diffraction were used to demonstrate that crystalline erythromycin dihydrate converts to the crystalline anhydrate via a noncrystalline intermediate. X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectral, thermogravimetric, and differential thermal analyses were used to characterize the monohydrate material. The flow interrupt technique, a procedure recently developed to deal with low surface area samples, was employed successfully in obtaining isotherms and specific surface areas for the monohydrate and anhydrate. The relative dissolution rates of the various hydrates were determined in an aqueous solution (0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5) at 37 degrees. The results showed a significant difference in the dissolution rate of the dihydrate compared to the monohydrate and anhydrate.", "PMID": 671242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_803", "title": "GLC determination of caffeine in plasma using alkali flame detection.", "content": "A rapid, specific, and sensitive GLC assay for caffeine in plasma was developed utilizing alkali flame-ionization detection. The procedure involves the addition of mepivacaine as an internal standard, alkalinization of the sample, and extraction with chloroform. Peak height ratio measurements produced linear standard curves in the 0.25-10.0-microgram/ml range. Absolute sensitivity from a 1.0-ml plasma sample was 0.1 microgram/ml. The relative standard deviation of a 2.0-microgram/ml pooled plasma standard run repeatedly over several months was 5.2%. The method is applicable to time-concentration studies in human and animal plasma following typical oral doses of caffeine.", "contents": "GLC determination of caffeine in plasma using alkali flame detection. A rapid, specific, and sensitive GLC assay for caffeine in plasma was developed utilizing alkali flame-ionization detection. The procedure involves the addition of mepivacaine as an internal standard, alkalinization of the sample, and extraction with chloroform. Peak height ratio measurements produced linear standard curves in the 0.25-10.0-microgram/ml range. Absolute sensitivity from a 1.0-ml plasma sample was 0.1 microgram/ml. The relative standard deviation of a 2.0-microgram/ml pooled plasma standard run repeatedly over several months was 5.2%. The method is applicable to time-concentration studies in human and animal plasma following typical oral doses of caffeine.", "PMID": 671243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_804", "title": "GLC determination of ticrynafen and its metabolites in urine, serum, and plasma of humans and animals.", "content": "A sensitive GLC assay for ticrynafen, a diuretic agent with uricosuric properties, and its two metabolites in urine, serum, and plasma is described. The method employs methylation of carboxylic acid groups and trimethylsilyation of the hydroxyl group on one metabolite that cannot otherwise be separated readily from ticrynafen as a simple methyl ester. Urinary output and serum or plasma levels of ticrynafen and its two metabolites were measured in specimens from human volunteers receiving one 250-mg tablet.", "contents": "GLC determination of ticrynafen and its metabolites in urine, serum, and plasma of humans and animals. A sensitive GLC assay for ticrynafen, a diuretic agent with uricosuric properties, and its two metabolites in urine, serum, and plasma is described. The method employs methylation of carboxylic acid groups and trimethylsilyation of the hydroxyl group on one metabolite that cannot otherwise be separated readily from ticrynafen as a simple methyl ester. Urinary output and serum or plasma levels of ticrynafen and its two metabolites were measured in specimens from human volunteers receiving one 250-mg tablet.", "PMID": 671244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_805", "title": "Chromatographic separation and assay of morphine in tablets.", "content": "A method specific for the determination of morphine sulfate in tablets was developed. Morphine is separated from the excipient and degradation products by a column chromatographic method. The eluate containing morphine is extracted into an acid solution and determined spectrophotometrically. Recovery from standard solutions is greater than 99%. This method is more specific for the separation and determination or morphine in tablets than is the USP XVIII procedure.", "contents": "Chromatographic separation and assay of morphine in tablets. A method specific for the determination of morphine sulfate in tablets was developed. Morphine is separated from the excipient and degradation products by a column chromatographic method. The eluate containing morphine is extracted into an acid solution and determined spectrophotometrically. Recovery from standard solutions is greater than 99%. This method is more specific for the separation and determination or morphine in tablets than is the USP XVIII procedure.", "PMID": 671245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_806", "title": "Multicompartment pharmacokinetic model of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-O-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) in humans.", "content": "The formation and elimination of the metabolite of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-O-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) (I) were studied in seven patients with advanced cancer who received I intravenously. The plasma concentration-time data best fit a triexponential equation. The volume of the metabolite compartment (27.5 liters) was calculated as a fraction of the extrapolated volume. A larger body clearance (111.7 ml/min) of metabolite as compared to the renal clearance (31.3 ml/min) indicates that the metabolite is lost from the plasma equivalent space by another elimination route. The combination of metabolite data presented here with previously published data for unchanged I leads to a multicompartment model for the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of I and its metabolite. A comparison of algebraically derived model transfer constants with those evaluated by computer fitting the system of differential equations is presented.", "contents": "Multicompartment pharmacokinetic model of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-O-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) in humans. The formation and elimination of the metabolite of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-O-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) (I) were studied in seven patients with advanced cancer who received I intravenously. The plasma concentration-time data best fit a triexponential equation. The volume of the metabolite compartment (27.5 liters) was calculated as a fraction of the extrapolated volume. A larger body clearance (111.7 ml/min) of metabolite as compared to the renal clearance (31.3 ml/min) indicates that the metabolite is lost from the plasma equivalent space by another elimination route. The combination of metabolite data presented here with previously published data for unchanged I leads to a multicompartment model for the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of I and its metabolite. A comparison of algebraically derived model transfer constants with those evaluated by computer fitting the system of differential equations is presented.", "PMID": 671246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_807", "title": "Solid dispersion of pharmaceutical ternary systems I: Phase diagram of aspirin-acetaminophen-urea system.", "content": "The phase diagram of an aspirin-acetaminophen-urea system was constructed. The data obtained by the thermomicroscopic method showed that the binary systems of aspirin-acetaminophen, aspirin-urea, and acetaminophen-urea are simple eutectic mixtures with negligible formation of solid solutions or molecular compounds. The equilateral triangular phase diagram of the ternary system revealed that it forms, upon solidification, solid dispersions of the mechanical mixture type. The ternary eutectic corresponded to a composition of 60% aspirin, 20% acetaminophen, and 20% urea at 72 degrees. The method of calculating the composition finally solidified melts, lying within any area of the phase diagram, is presented. Use of the phase diagram in selecting the optimum ratio of components to enhance dissolution rates of these drugs may be possible.", "contents": "Solid dispersion of pharmaceutical ternary systems I: Phase diagram of aspirin-acetaminophen-urea system. The phase diagram of an aspirin-acetaminophen-urea system was constructed. The data obtained by the thermomicroscopic method showed that the binary systems of aspirin-acetaminophen, aspirin-urea, and acetaminophen-urea are simple eutectic mixtures with negligible formation of solid solutions or molecular compounds. The equilateral triangular phase diagram of the ternary system revealed that it forms, upon solidification, solid dispersions of the mechanical mixture type. The ternary eutectic corresponded to a composition of 60% aspirin, 20% acetaminophen, and 20% urea at 72 degrees. The method of calculating the composition finally solidified melts, lying within any area of the phase diagram, is presented. Use of the phase diagram in selecting the optimum ratio of components to enhance dissolution rates of these drugs may be possible.", "PMID": 671247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_808", "title": "Fluorometric assay for urinary indapamide.", "content": "A sensitive fluorescence method for the determination of indapamide was developed. Reaction of indapamide with sodium hydroxide at 100 degrees yielded a fluorescent product, and addition of formaldehyde to the fluorescent product increased its fluorescence intensity by a factor of three. The assay is sensitive to levels of indapamide of 0.025 microgram/ml in an aqueous solution, and a linear response between 0.025 and 2.0 microgram/ml was observed. The procedure was adapted to the analysis of intact indapamide in urine. Concentrations of indapamide of 0.05 microgram/ml can be detected in dogs given 20 mg of the drug.", "contents": "Fluorometric assay for urinary indapamide. A sensitive fluorescence method for the determination of indapamide was developed. Reaction of indapamide with sodium hydroxide at 100 degrees yielded a fluorescent product, and addition of formaldehyde to the fluorescent product increased its fluorescence intensity by a factor of three. The assay is sensitive to levels of indapamide of 0.025 microgram/ml in an aqueous solution, and a linear response between 0.025 and 2.0 microgram/ml was observed. The procedure was adapted to the analysis of intact indapamide in urine. Concentrations of indapamide of 0.05 microgram/ml can be detected in dogs given 20 mg of the drug.", "PMID": 671249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_809", "title": "Electronic monitoring of events within dynamic particulate beds: conductance and capacitance measurements.", "content": "Methods for monitoring mechanical events occurring within particulate solids systems in a dynamic state are described. The electrical conductance and capacitance characteristics of such systems, as they relate to the degree of bed dilation or expansion, extent of interparticulate contact, and intensity of particle motion, were studied and are discussed. To establish the potential of this approach, harmonically vibrated beds of monodispersed conducting spheres were used. A technique, based on the frequency modulation of standard FM broadcast frequency carrier signals, was developed to measure low and high frequency fluctuations in bed capacitance. The electrical conductance of these systems also was determined by both voltage drop and current flow methods. The experimental techniques developed are broadly applicable to various materials and modes of agitation or flow. They permit the evaluation of the time courses of both bed dilation and particle motion which, in turn, are known to determine of modify critically powder flow and mixing behavior.", "contents": "Electronic monitoring of events within dynamic particulate beds: conductance and capacitance measurements. Methods for monitoring mechanical events occurring within particulate solids systems in a dynamic state are described. The electrical conductance and capacitance characteristics of such systems, as they relate to the degree of bed dilation or expansion, extent of interparticulate contact, and intensity of particle motion, were studied and are discussed. To establish the potential of this approach, harmonically vibrated beds of monodispersed conducting spheres were used. A technique, based on the frequency modulation of standard FM broadcast frequency carrier signals, was developed to measure low and high frequency fluctuations in bed capacitance. The electrical conductance of these systems also was determined by both voltage drop and current flow methods. The experimental techniques developed are broadly applicable to various materials and modes of agitation or flow. They permit the evaluation of the time courses of both bed dilation and particle motion which, in turn, are known to determine of modify critically powder flow and mixing behavior.", "PMID": 671250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_810", "title": "Oxidative degradation of pharmaceutically important phenothiazines I: Isolation and identification of oxidation products of promethazine.", "content": "The thermal degradation of promethazine in water in the presence of oxygen was studied. After degradation, the products were isolated by TLC. Identification was carried out by comparison of the isolated compounds with reference compounds. Melting points, spectral data, and polarographic and chromatographic behavior were compared. The following products were identified: 10-methylphenothiazine, phenothiazine, 3H-phenothiazine-3-one, phenothiazine 5-oxide, promethazine 5-oxide, 7-hydroxy-3H-phenothiazine-3-one, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and dimethylamine.", "contents": "Oxidative degradation of pharmaceutically important phenothiazines I: Isolation and identification of oxidation products of promethazine. The thermal degradation of promethazine in water in the presence of oxygen was studied. After degradation, the products were isolated by TLC. Identification was carried out by comparison of the isolated compounds with reference compounds. Melting points, spectral data, and polarographic and chromatographic behavior were compared. The following products were identified: 10-methylphenothiazine, phenothiazine, 3H-phenothiazine-3-one, phenothiazine 5-oxide, promethazine 5-oxide, 7-hydroxy-3H-phenothiazine-3-one, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and dimethylamine.", "PMID": 671251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_811", "title": "Oxidative degradation pharmaceutically important phenothiazines II: Quantitative determination of promethazine and some degradation products.", "content": "Methods for the determination of promethazine and several degradation products, which can be used in kinetic studies, were developed. All determinations were carried out after isolation of the compounds by TLC. Promethazine was determined by oxidation with vanadyl sulfate in an acidic medium. The method was suitable for approximately 3 mg of the compound. 3H-Phenothiazine-3-one was determined spectrophotometrically at 492 nm in acetone. The compound could be determined in amounts of 30-40 microgram. Promethazine 5-oxide was determined spectrophotometrically using the acid dye method; 100-200 microgram could be determined. 7-Hydroxy-3H-phenothiazine-3-one could be determined spectrophotometrically at 600 nm after extraction of the other compounds from the solution. The medium had to be alkaline and contain water in a fixed ratio. The method was suitable for 15-30 microgram of the compound.", "contents": "Oxidative degradation pharmaceutically important phenothiazines II: Quantitative determination of promethazine and some degradation products. Methods for the determination of promethazine and several degradation products, which can be used in kinetic studies, were developed. All determinations were carried out after isolation of the compounds by TLC. Promethazine was determined by oxidation with vanadyl sulfate in an acidic medium. The method was suitable for approximately 3 mg of the compound. 3H-Phenothiazine-3-one was determined spectrophotometrically at 492 nm in acetone. The compound could be determined in amounts of 30-40 microgram. Promethazine 5-oxide was determined spectrophotometrically using the acid dye method; 100-200 microgram could be determined. 7-Hydroxy-3H-phenothiazine-3-one could be determined spectrophotometrically at 600 nm after extraction of the other compounds from the solution. The medium had to be alkaline and contain water in a fixed ratio. The method was suitable for 15-30 microgram of the compound.", "PMID": 671252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_812", "title": "Determination of ethinyl estradiol in human urine by radiochemical GLC.", "content": "A radiochemical GLC analysis was developed for 3H-labeled ethinyl estradiol in human urine. The technique was applied to the unconjugated and aglycone fractions of urine collected from women who were dosed orally with: (a) single capsules containing 2.0 mg of 3H-quinestrol (900 muCi) and 2.5 mg of unlabeled quingestanol acetate dissolved in sesame oil and (b) single tablets containing 100 microgram of 3H-quinestrol (86 muCi). Unconjugated ethinyl estradiol in Day 1 urine collections represented means of 0.02% of the high quinestrol dose and 0.12% of the low dose. Ethinyl estradiol glucuronide in the same collections represented means of 0.55% of the high drug dose and 1.35% of the low dose. The method could detect 1-ng quantities of 3H-ethinyl estradiol and 3H-quinestrol.", "contents": "Determination of ethinyl estradiol in human urine by radiochemical GLC. A radiochemical GLC analysis was developed for 3H-labeled ethinyl estradiol in human urine. The technique was applied to the unconjugated and aglycone fractions of urine collected from women who were dosed orally with: (a) single capsules containing 2.0 mg of 3H-quinestrol (900 muCi) and 2.5 mg of unlabeled quingestanol acetate dissolved in sesame oil and (b) single tablets containing 100 microgram of 3H-quinestrol (86 muCi). Unconjugated ethinyl estradiol in Day 1 urine collections represented means of 0.02% of the high quinestrol dose and 0.12% of the low dose. Ethinyl estradiol glucuronide in the same collections represented means of 0.55% of the high drug dose and 1.35% of the low dose. The method could detect 1-ng quantities of 3H-ethinyl estradiol and 3H-quinestrol.", "PMID": 671253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_813", "title": "Spectrophotofluorometric analysis of 3',4',7-tris[O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)]rutoside in urine.", "content": "A sensitive procedure was developed for 3',4',7-tris[O(beta-hydroxyethyl)]rutoside (I) in urine. The method is based on the fluoresence behavior of the I-aluminum complex in absolute methanol. This complex has activation and emission wavelengths of 420 and 480 nm, respectively. Optimum conditions for the reaction were investigated. The fluorescence was linear (r = 0.998) in the range of 0.1-4.0 microgram of I/ml. At concentrations below 0.1 microgram/ml, a shift in the emission wavelength was observed. Replicate studies (n = 9) of spiked urine samples, each containing 0.4 microgram of I/ml, showed good precision with a relative standard deviation of 0.009. Overall percent recovery (+/- SEM) from five urine samples was 99.5 +/- 1.34%. Following a single 500-mg po dose of I to individuals, only traces of I were found in the urine. However, beta-glucuronidase treatment of urine resulted in a total cumulative urine excretion of 26.53 mg of I after 78.6 hr.", "contents": "Spectrophotofluorometric analysis of 3',4',7-tris[O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)]rutoside in urine. A sensitive procedure was developed for 3',4',7-tris[O(beta-hydroxyethyl)]rutoside (I) in urine. The method is based on the fluoresence behavior of the I-aluminum complex in absolute methanol. This complex has activation and emission wavelengths of 420 and 480 nm, respectively. Optimum conditions for the reaction were investigated. The fluorescence was linear (r = 0.998) in the range of 0.1-4.0 microgram of I/ml. At concentrations below 0.1 microgram/ml, a shift in the emission wavelength was observed. Replicate studies (n = 9) of spiked urine samples, each containing 0.4 microgram of I/ml, showed good precision with a relative standard deviation of 0.009. Overall percent recovery (+/- SEM) from five urine samples was 99.5 +/- 1.34%. Following a single 500-mg po dose of I to individuals, only traces of I were found in the urine. However, beta-glucuronidase treatment of urine resulted in a total cumulative urine excretion of 26.53 mg of I after 78.6 hr.", "PMID": 671254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_814", "title": "Hepatic disposition and biliary excretion of the organic cations thiazinamium and thiazinamium sulfoxide in rats.", "content": "The disappearance from plasma and the excretion in bile of the monoquaternary thiazinamium (administered as the iodide) and one of its polar metabolites, thiazinamium sulfoxide (also administered as the iodide), were studied in the rat after intravenous injection to obtain more information on hepatic transport mechanisms for organic cations. Both compounds exhibited an extremely rapid plasma disappearance, partly due to a rapid liver uptake. After injection of thiazinamium iodide and thiazinamium sulfoxide iodide, 36 and 47%, respectively, of the administered dose were excreted in bile during 1 hr. TLC analysis of the bile showed at least two unidentified polar metabolites in addition to thiazinamium sulfoxide and only 3.8% unchanged thiazinamium after administration of thiazinamium iodide. The same metabolites were found after injection of thiazinamium sulfoxide iodide. Urinary excretion and intestinal secretion were 18 and 12%, respectively, for thiazinamium sulfoxide iodide and 27 and 9%, respectively, of the dose for thiazinamium iodide. It is concluded that, in spite of unequal physicochemical features, thiazinamium iodide and thiazinamium sulfoxide iodide differ only slightly in hepatic uptake and metabolism.", "contents": "Hepatic disposition and biliary excretion of the organic cations thiazinamium and thiazinamium sulfoxide in rats. The disappearance from plasma and the excretion in bile of the monoquaternary thiazinamium (administered as the iodide) and one of its polar metabolites, thiazinamium sulfoxide (also administered as the iodide), were studied in the rat after intravenous injection to obtain more information on hepatic transport mechanisms for organic cations. Both compounds exhibited an extremely rapid plasma disappearance, partly due to a rapid liver uptake. After injection of thiazinamium iodide and thiazinamium sulfoxide iodide, 36 and 47%, respectively, of the administered dose were excreted in bile during 1 hr. TLC analysis of the bile showed at least two unidentified polar metabolites in addition to thiazinamium sulfoxide and only 3.8% unchanged thiazinamium after administration of thiazinamium iodide. The same metabolites were found after injection of thiazinamium sulfoxide iodide. Urinary excretion and intestinal secretion were 18 and 12%, respectively, for thiazinamium sulfoxide iodide and 27 and 9%, respectively, of the dose for thiazinamium iodide. It is concluded that, in spite of unequal physicochemical features, thiazinamium iodide and thiazinamium sulfoxide iodide differ only slightly in hepatic uptake and metabolism.", "PMID": 671255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_815", "title": "Structure-toxicity relationships of iodinated aromatic carbonates and related compounds.", "content": "Structure-toxicity relationships of iodinated aromatic carbonates, carbamates, and esters are presented. The approximate lethal dose of intraperitoneal injections in mice was used for toxicity determinations. Increasing the alkyl portion of the molecules reduced toxicity. m-Amino and m-acetamido groups also reduced toxicity. Carbonates were preferred X-ray contrast because of their low viscosity and more rapid elimination.", "contents": "Structure-toxicity relationships of iodinated aromatic carbonates and related compounds. Structure-toxicity relationships of iodinated aromatic carbonates, carbamates, and esters are presented. The approximate lethal dose of intraperitoneal injections in mice was used for toxicity determinations. Increasing the alkyl portion of the molecules reduced toxicity. m-Amino and m-acetamido groups also reduced toxicity. Carbonates were preferred X-ray contrast because of their low viscosity and more rapid elimination.", "PMID": 671256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_816", "title": "Quantitative GLC analysis of sterols in biological samples.", "content": "A GLC method for the quantitative analysis of cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and dihydrocholesterol in biological samples was developed to screen serum and lipid extracts of heart and liver tissue for these sterols precisely. The addition of the internal standard, cholestane, at the beginning of the procedure led to a reduction in the required sample size and the elimination of several steps. The only critical measurements are those of the biological samples and internal standard.", "contents": "Quantitative GLC analysis of sterols in biological samples. A GLC method for the quantitative analysis of cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and dihydrocholesterol in biological samples was developed to screen serum and lipid extracts of heart and liver tissue for these sterols precisely. The addition of the internal standard, cholestane, at the beginning of the procedure led to a reduction in the required sample size and the elimination of several steps. The only critical measurements are those of the biological samples and internal standard.", "PMID": 671257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_817", "title": "Differential plus polarographic determination of submicrogram quantities of carmustine and related compounds in biological samples.", "content": "A polarographic method was developed to determine the antineoplastic agent carmustine and other nitrosoureas, such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea, in biological fluids at levels well below 1 microgram/ml or g. The stability of carmustine in different media was investigated to prevent losses during administration or assay. Examples of nitrosourea determination in biological samples are given.", "contents": "Differential plus polarographic determination of submicrogram quantities of carmustine and related compounds in biological samples. A polarographic method was developed to determine the antineoplastic agent carmustine and other nitrosoureas, such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea, in biological fluids at levels well below 1 microgram/ml or g. The stability of carmustine in different media was investigated to prevent losses during administration or assay. Examples of nitrosourea determination in biological samples are given.", "PMID": 671258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_818", "title": "Synthesis of dextroamphetamine sulfate and methamphetamine hydrochloride from D-phenylalanine.", "content": "Starting from D-phenylalanine, dextroamphetamine sulfate and methamphetamine hydrochloride were synthesized. The reaction sequence proceeds through three intermediates, in which the absolute configuration of the asymmetric carbon atom is changed but the relative configuration remains the same. Either product can be obtained from a common intermediate by altering the reductive conditions employed for the removal of a carbamate protecting group.", "contents": "Synthesis of dextroamphetamine sulfate and methamphetamine hydrochloride from D-phenylalanine. Starting from D-phenylalanine, dextroamphetamine sulfate and methamphetamine hydrochloride were synthesized. The reaction sequence proceeds through three intermediates, in which the absolute configuration of the asymmetric carbon atom is changed but the relative configuration remains the same. Either product can be obtained from a common intermediate by altering the reductive conditions employed for the removal of a carbamate protecting group.", "PMID": 671259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_819", "title": "Solasodine stability under conditions of saponin hydrolysis.", "content": "The extent of formation of solasodiene from solasodine upon treatment with hydrochloric acid under various conditions was determined. The diene formed was assayed by using the characteristic extinction at 236 nm. Diene formation was effected by the acid concentration and the boiling point of the solvent used. Optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of solasodine glycosides are suggested.", "contents": "Solasodine stability under conditions of saponin hydrolysis. The extent of formation of solasodiene from solasodine upon treatment with hydrochloric acid under various conditions was determined. The diene formed was assayed by using the characteristic extinction at 236 nm. Diene formation was effected by the acid concentration and the boiling point of the solvent used. Optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of solasodine glycosides are suggested.", "PMID": 671260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_820", "title": "Analysis of cefazolin in serum or urine.", "content": "A method was developed to determine cefazolin in serum or urine. The drug is extracted from serum or urine with ethyl acetate, separated by TLC, and determined by fluorescence quenching densitometry. The method was developed to study the pharmacokinetics of the compound in humans.", "contents": "Analysis of cefazolin in serum or urine. A method was developed to determine cefazolin in serum or urine. The drug is extracted from serum or urine with ethyl acetate, separated by TLC, and determined by fluorescence quenching densitometry. The method was developed to study the pharmacokinetics of the compound in humans.", "PMID": 671261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_821", "title": "Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis VI: 2,5-Diamino-2-(cyanomethyl) pentanoic acid, a potential irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase.", "content": "(+/-)-2,5-Diamino-2-)cyanomethyl)pentanoic acid was obtained by the reaction of chloracetonitrile with the anion obtained by treatment of 3-(benzylideneamino)-2-piperidinone with sodium hydride, followed by hydrolysis in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride. The target compound was isolated as the monohydrochloride salt of the lactam. The compound was synthesized as a potential irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme L-ornithine decarboxylase by the mechanism generally known as suicide or Kcat inhibition. The synthesized compound produced no inhibition of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase obtained from rat prostate gland. The inactivity of the target compound is attributed to the hydrophilicity of the cyanomethyl group.", "contents": "Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis VI: 2,5-Diamino-2-(cyanomethyl) pentanoic acid, a potential irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase. (+/-)-2,5-Diamino-2-)cyanomethyl)pentanoic acid was obtained by the reaction of chloracetonitrile with the anion obtained by treatment of 3-(benzylideneamino)-2-piperidinone with sodium hydride, followed by hydrolysis in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride. The target compound was isolated as the monohydrochloride salt of the lactam. The compound was synthesized as a potential irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme L-ornithine decarboxylase by the mechanism generally known as suicide or Kcat inhibition. The synthesized compound produced no inhibition of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase obtained from rat prostate gland. The inactivity of the target compound is attributed to the hydrophilicity of the cyanomethyl group.", "PMID": 671262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_822", "title": "Formation of thermally stable derivatives of chlordiazepoxide and its desmethyl metabolite for GLC.", "content": "A derivatization procedure is described for the GLC determination of subnanogram amounts of chlordiazepoxide and nanogram amounts of N-desmethylchlordiazepoxide. Treatment with acetic anhydride at elevated temperature eliminates the highly polar and unstable nitrone group of these compounds by rearrangement and acetylation. The mass spectrometric fragmentation pattern of the acetyl derivatives is recorded and interpreted.", "contents": "Formation of thermally stable derivatives of chlordiazepoxide and its desmethyl metabolite for GLC. A derivatization procedure is described for the GLC determination of subnanogram amounts of chlordiazepoxide and nanogram amounts of N-desmethylchlordiazepoxide. Treatment with acetic anhydride at elevated temperature eliminates the highly polar and unstable nitrone group of these compounds by rearrangement and acetylation. The mass spectrometric fragmentation pattern of the acetyl derivatives is recorded and interpreted.", "PMID": 671263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_823", "title": "Effect of changes in intercompartment rate constants on drug removal during hemoperfusion.", "content": "A computer simulation of the effect of changing intercompartment clearance rates on drug removal during hemoperfusion was undertaken. As intercompartment clearance slowed, the fall in plasma levels increased and postperfusion rebound increased, but the total drug removed decreased.", "contents": "Effect of changes in intercompartment rate constants on drug removal during hemoperfusion. A computer simulation of the effect of changing intercompartment clearance rates on drug removal during hemoperfusion was undertaken. As intercompartment clearance slowed, the fall in plasma levels increased and postperfusion rebound increased, but the total drug removed decreased.", "PMID": 671264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_824", "title": "Factors affecting homogeneous precipitation of aluminum hydroxide gel.", "content": "The variables affecting homogeneous precipitation in the hydrolysis of aluminum nitrate by sodium carbonate were studied. Increased temperature, decreased concentration of reactants, and decreased rate of addition of titrant favor conditions that achieve homogeneous precipitation. During acid hydrolysis, the nitrate anion was the major anion associated with the gel and only small amounts of carbonate were observed. It is recommended that homogeneous conditions be achieved during the precipitation of aluminum hydroxide gel to improve reporducibility.", "contents": "Factors affecting homogeneous precipitation of aluminum hydroxide gel. The variables affecting homogeneous precipitation in the hydrolysis of aluminum nitrate by sodium carbonate were studied. Increased temperature, decreased concentration of reactants, and decreased rate of addition of titrant favor conditions that achieve homogeneous precipitation. During acid hydrolysis, the nitrate anion was the major anion associated with the gel and only small amounts of carbonate were observed. It is recommended that homogeneous conditions be achieved during the precipitation of aluminum hydroxide gel to improve reporducibility.", "PMID": 671265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_825", "title": "Synthesis and antiulcerogenic evaluation of 2-(substituted phenylimino)-2H-quinolizines.", "content": "The synthesis and antiulcerogenic evaluation of a series of 2-(substituted phenylimino)-2H-quinolizines are described. The most active compound, the 4-chlorophenylimido derivative, inhibited ulcer formation by 98%.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiulcerogenic evaluation of 2-(substituted phenylimino)-2H-quinolizines. The synthesis and antiulcerogenic evaluation of a series of 2-(substituted phenylimino)-2H-quinolizines are described. The most active compound, the 4-chlorophenylimido derivative, inhibited ulcer formation by 98%.", "PMID": 671266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_826", "title": "Assignment by 13-C-NMR spectroscopy of configuration at C-5 in 17 alpha-ethylestran-17 beta-ol, an impurity in the anabolic steroid ethylestrenol.", "content": "The stereochemistry at C-5 in 17 alpha-ethylestran-17 beta-ol, found as an impurity in ethylesterenol, was assigned by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The hydrogen atom attached to C-5 is in the alpha-configuration. Resonance assignments were confirmed by partial deuteration, off-resonance 13C-(1H)-decoupling, and comparison with model compounds.", "contents": "Assignment by 13-C-NMR spectroscopy of configuration at C-5 in 17 alpha-ethylestran-17 beta-ol, an impurity in the anabolic steroid ethylestrenol. The stereochemistry at C-5 in 17 alpha-ethylestran-17 beta-ol, found as an impurity in ethylesterenol, was assigned by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The hydrogen atom attached to C-5 is in the alpha-configuration. Resonance assignments were confirmed by partial deuteration, off-resonance 13C-(1H)-decoupling, and comparison with model compounds.", "PMID": 671267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_827", "title": "Glycine fluxes in squid giant axons.", "content": "1. The influx of a number of amino acids into squid giant axons has been studied. Particular emphasis has been placed on glycine and to a lesser extent glutamate. 2. To facilitate the study of the uptake of 14C-labelled amino acids a technique was devised in which the 14C taken up was measured directly in the intact axon with a glass scintillator fibre. This technique gave results similar to the usual technique in which the axoplasm was extruded for the assay of radioactivity. 3. The changes in glycine influx with extracellular glycine concentration suggests that two saturating components are present, one with high affinity and one with low affinity. 4. The glycine influx does not seem normally to be sensitive to the removal of extracellular sodium by replacement with choline. A Na-sensitive component appeared, however, after a period of immersion in artificial sea water. There was also some depression of glycine influx if Na were replaced by Li. 5. Glutamate uptake was greatly reduced by removal of extracellular Na in confirmation of work by Baker & Potashner (1973). Orthophosphate uptake was also greatly reduced by removal of extracellular Na. 6. CN reversibly inhibited glycine uptake after a delay, indicating that part of the uptake mechanism may require ATP. 7. 14C-labelled glycine injected into squid axons was found not to exchange to any serious extent with other compounds over periods of a few hours. The glycine efflux could therefore be studied. This was found to be markedly increased by extracellular glycine and by certain other neutral amino acids applied extracellularly in the artificial sea water. 8. The enhanced glycine efflux in extracellular glycine was not affected by ouabain and CN. 9. It is suggested that glycine uptake in squid axons involves two components. One is sensitive to CN and ouabain and probably derives energy from ATP break-down. The other is probably an ATP independent exchange diffusion system in which other amino acids as well as glycine can exchange for glycine. Both these systems are independent of extracellular Na concentration. A third Na-dependent system may appear under certain conditions.", "contents": "Glycine fluxes in squid giant axons. 1. The influx of a number of amino acids into squid giant axons has been studied. Particular emphasis has been placed on glycine and to a lesser extent glutamate. 2. To facilitate the study of the uptake of 14C-labelled amino acids a technique was devised in which the 14C taken up was measured directly in the intact axon with a glass scintillator fibre. This technique gave results similar to the usual technique in which the axoplasm was extruded for the assay of radioactivity. 3. The changes in glycine influx with extracellular glycine concentration suggests that two saturating components are present, one with high affinity and one with low affinity. 4. The glycine influx does not seem normally to be sensitive to the removal of extracellular sodium by replacement with choline. A Na-sensitive component appeared, however, after a period of immersion in artificial sea water. There was also some depression of glycine influx if Na were replaced by Li. 5. Glutamate uptake was greatly reduced by removal of extracellular Na in confirmation of work by Baker & Potashner (1973). Orthophosphate uptake was also greatly reduced by removal of extracellular Na. 6. CN reversibly inhibited glycine uptake after a delay, indicating that part of the uptake mechanism may require ATP. 7. 14C-labelled glycine injected into squid axons was found not to exchange to any serious extent with other compounds over periods of a few hours. The glycine efflux could therefore be studied. This was found to be markedly increased by extracellular glycine and by certain other neutral amino acids applied extracellularly in the artificial sea water. 8. The enhanced glycine efflux in extracellular glycine was not affected by ouabain and CN. 9. It is suggested that glycine uptake in squid axons involves two components. One is sensitive to CN and ouabain and probably derives energy from ATP break-down. The other is probably an ATP independent exchange diffusion system in which other amino acids as well as glycine can exchange for glycine. Both these systems are independent of extracellular Na concentration. A third Na-dependent system may appear under certain conditions.", "PMID": 671272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_828", "title": "The properties of surround antagonism elicited by spinning windmill patterns in the mudpuppy retina.", "content": "1. A truncated spinning  windmill pattern, illuminating only the receptive field surround, shown previously to activate amacrine cells, was used to elicit activity at the inner plexiform layer and to reduce the response of ganglion cells to test flashes at the receptive field centre. 2. The spinning windmill pattern reduced the ganglion cell response over its entire graded range by a fixed amount, and reduced the domain of test intensities required for graded activity. 3. The windmill effect was graded for windmill intensities over a domain of about 1000 to 1. The effect was constant for windmill velocities from about 0.05 to 0.5 rev/sec, and diminished beyond these velocities. 4. The windmill effect varied with windmill area as though each retinal point contributed to the reduction of ganglion cell response with a weighting which fell exponentially from the receptive field centre. The space constant was 0.35 mm. 5. The graded reduction in ganglion cell response was closely correlated with the graded increase in amacrine cell activity when the windmill intensity, area, and velocity were varied. It is inferred that amacrine cells, activated by the windmill, act to reduce the response range of the ganglion cells, primarily through a feed-forward pathway.", "contents": "The properties of surround antagonism elicited by spinning windmill patterns in the mudpuppy retina. 1. A truncated spinning  windmill pattern, illuminating only the receptive field surround, shown previously to activate amacrine cells, was used to elicit activity at the inner plexiform layer and to reduce the response of ganglion cells to test flashes at the receptive field centre. 2. The spinning windmill pattern reduced the ganglion cell response over its entire graded range by a fixed amount, and reduced the domain of test intensities required for graded activity. 3. The windmill effect was graded for windmill intensities over a domain of about 1000 to 1. The effect was constant for windmill velocities from about 0.05 to 0.5 rev/sec, and diminished beyond these velocities. 4. The windmill effect varied with windmill area as though each retinal point contributed to the reduction of ganglion cell response with a weighting which fell exponentially from the receptive field centre. The space constant was 0.35 mm. 5. The graded reduction in ganglion cell response was closely correlated with the graded increase in amacrine cell activity when the windmill intensity, area, and velocity were varied. It is inferred that amacrine cells, activated by the windmill, act to reduce the response range of the ganglion cells, primarily through a feed-forward pathway.", "PMID": 671274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_829", "title": "Kinetics of bleaching and regeneration of rhodopsin in abnormal (RCS) and normal albino rats in vivo.", "content": "1. Rhodopsin concentration has been measured by the method of densitometry in retinae of rats with inherited retinal dystrophy (RCS) raised in darkness and compared with that of normal rats similarly reared. 2. In both RCS and normal rats the fraction of rhodopsin bleached is always directly proportional to the photon content of the light, I.t, where I is the light intensity in effective quanta (500 nm) cm-2 sec-1 and t is the duration of the bleaching exposure in seconds. 3. Rhodopsin photosensitivity for bleaching is slightly higher in RCS rats than in normals (2.3 (10)-16 cm2 chromophore-1 compared with 1.3 (10)-16 cm2 chromophore-1). 4. Rhodopsin regeneration in the dark in both RCS and normal rats cannot be described by the kinetics of a simple monomolecular chemical reaction. 5. Following 5 min bleaches, the regeneration rate becomes slower as the preceding bleach is made stronger. Regeneration in the dark is significantly faster in the RCS rats than in the normal ones. 6. In normal rats, after a full bleach, rhodopsin regenerates back to the dark-adapted level within 3--4 hr. In RCS rats rhodopsin regenerates to reach a plateau level, below the previous dark-adapted level, that lasts for several hours. 7. The faction of total rhodopsin that can regenerate gradually declines with age until in 70 days old RCS rats no rhodopsin regeneration can be measured by the ensitometer. However, total rhodopsin density (fully bleached-dark-adapted) is still close to normal.", "contents": "Kinetics of bleaching and regeneration of rhodopsin in abnormal (RCS) and normal albino rats in vivo. 1. Rhodopsin concentration has been measured by the method of densitometry in retinae of rats with inherited retinal dystrophy (RCS) raised in darkness and compared with that of normal rats similarly reared. 2. In both RCS and normal rats the fraction of rhodopsin bleached is always directly proportional to the photon content of the light, I.t, where I is the light intensity in effective quanta (500 nm) cm-2 sec-1 and t is the duration of the bleaching exposure in seconds. 3. Rhodopsin photosensitivity for bleaching is slightly higher in RCS rats than in normals (2.3 (10)-16 cm2 chromophore-1 compared with 1.3 (10)-16 cm2 chromophore-1). 4. Rhodopsin regeneration in the dark in both RCS and normal rats cannot be described by the kinetics of a simple monomolecular chemical reaction. 5. Following 5 min bleaches, the regeneration rate becomes slower as the preceding bleach is made stronger. Regeneration in the dark is significantly faster in the RCS rats than in the normal ones. 6. In normal rats, after a full bleach, rhodopsin regenerates back to the dark-adapted level within 3--4 hr. In RCS rats rhodopsin regenerates to reach a plateau level, below the previous dark-adapted level, that lasts for several hours. 7. The faction of total rhodopsin that can regenerate gradually declines with age until in 70 days old RCS rats no rhodopsin regeneration can be measured by the ensitometer. However, total rhodopsin density (fully bleached-dark-adapted) is still close to normal.", "PMID": 671279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_830", "title": "Dark-adaptation in abnormal (RCS) rats studied electroretinographically.", "content": "1. Electroretinogram (e.r.g.) responses recorded from dark-reared rats with inherited retinal dystrophy (RCS) showed progressive decline in b-wave ampliture and prolongation of the time to the peak of the b-wave with age when compared with records obtained from dark-reared normal albino rats. 2. Dark-adaptation was followed in RCS and normal rats by recording the light intensity needed to evoke a criterion e.r.g. response at different time intervals after bleaching and 90% of the rhodopsin. 3. In normal rats, dark-adaptation was governed by two mechanisms. The first 25--35 min of recovery was determined by cones. The second branch, determined by the recovery of rods, lasted for about 3 hr and proceeded along an exponential time course with time constant of 41.4 +/- 2.4 min (S.E. of mean). 4. In RCS rats, the time course of the dark-adaptation after a 90% bleach depended on age. In 25--30 day old rats the recovery curve had at least three breaks separating three different mechanisms. Rats, 35--40 days old, exhibited double exponential recovery curves, while 45--70 day old rats recovered along a single exponential curve similar in time course to the cone branch of dark-adaptation found in normal rats. 5. Action spectra obtained from RCS rats at different time intervals of the recovery curve showed that in young rats, 25--30 days old, small e.r.g. responses recorded before bleaching and at the end of the recovery period were determined by rhodopsin while those recorded during the first part of the recovery from 90% bleach were determined by a combination of rods and cones. In RCS rats of advanced age (45--70 days old), rhodopsin was the major contributor to the e.r.g. responses recorded either before bleaching or at the end of the recovery period. 6. The gradual deterioration with age of the e.r.g. in RCS rats cannot be explained by either the decrease in quantum catch due to the decrease in rhodopsin content or by the linear relationship between log e.r.g. threshold and pigment concentration. 7. Using estimates of rhodopsin density within surviving rods obtained from retinal densitometry, it was shown that in RCS rats where more than 30% of normal levels of rhodopsin was located within the functioning rods, the log intensity needed for a criterion e.r.g. response measured at the end of the recovery period from a 90% bleach was linearly related to the fraction of 'functional' rhodopsin. 8. No simple relationship between log e.r.g. threshold and rhodopsin concentration could be found during the course of recovery in the dark from a strong bleaching exposure in RCS rats of all ages.", "contents": "Dark-adaptation in abnormal (RCS) rats studied electroretinographically. 1. Electroretinogram (e.r.g.) responses recorded from dark-reared rats with inherited retinal dystrophy (RCS) showed progressive decline in b-wave ampliture and prolongation of the time to the peak of the b-wave with age when compared with records obtained from dark-reared normal albino rats. 2. Dark-adaptation was followed in RCS and normal rats by recording the light intensity needed to evoke a criterion e.r.g. response at different time intervals after bleaching and 90% of the rhodopsin. 3. In normal rats, dark-adaptation was governed by two mechanisms. The first 25--35 min of recovery was determined by cones. The second branch, determined by the recovery of rods, lasted for about 3 hr and proceeded along an exponential time course with time constant of 41.4 +/- 2.4 min (S.E. of mean). 4. In RCS rats, the time course of the dark-adaptation after a 90% bleach depended on age. In 25--30 day old rats the recovery curve had at least three breaks separating three different mechanisms. Rats, 35--40 days old, exhibited double exponential recovery curves, while 45--70 day old rats recovered along a single exponential curve similar in time course to the cone branch of dark-adaptation found in normal rats. 5. Action spectra obtained from RCS rats at different time intervals of the recovery curve showed that in young rats, 25--30 days old, small e.r.g. responses recorded before bleaching and at the end of the recovery period were determined by rhodopsin while those recorded during the first part of the recovery from 90% bleach were determined by a combination of rods and cones. In RCS rats of advanced age (45--70 days old), rhodopsin was the major contributor to the e.r.g. responses recorded either before bleaching or at the end of the recovery period. 6. The gradual deterioration with age of the e.r.g. in RCS rats cannot be explained by either the decrease in quantum catch due to the decrease in rhodopsin content or by the linear relationship between log e.r.g. threshold and pigment concentration. 7. Using estimates of rhodopsin density within surviving rods obtained from retinal densitometry, it was shown that in RCS rats where more than 30% of normal levels of rhodopsin was located within the functioning rods, the log intensity needed for a criterion e.r.g. response measured at the end of the recovery period from a 90% bleach was linearly related to the fraction of 'functional' rhodopsin. 8. No simple relationship between log e.r.g. threshold and rhodopsin concentration could be found during the course of recovery in the dark from a strong bleaching exposure in RCS rats of all ages.", "PMID": 671282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_831", "title": "Life time and elementary conductance of the channels mediating the excitatory effects of acetylcholine in Aplysia neurones.", "content": "1. The excitatory effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on an identified group of Aplysia neurones have been studied under voltage clamp in an attempt to measure the average life time. tau, of the channels opened by ACh and the elementary current, iel, flowing through these channels. The value of tau was determined both from spectral noise analysis and from current relaxations after voltage steps. Both methods lead to similar values. iel was calculated from the ratio of the variance of the ACh induced noise to the mean ACh induced current. 2. tau is increased by hyperpolarization, or by lowering the temperature. At 12 degrees C, tau = 27 msec AT -80 MV, tau = 17 msec at mV. tau is about 5 times smaller at 21 degrees C than at 12 degrees C. 3. iel increases linearly with hyperpolarization. At -80 mV, in Tris-buffered sea water, the mean value of iel was 0.8 X 10)-12) A at 12 degrees C. At 21 degrees C, this value was multiplied by 1.8. 4. The estimate of the ACh reversal potential Erev obtained by extrapolation of the relation between iel and the membrane potential V was + 30 mV. The estimate obtained from the analysis of the instantaneous current changes produced by voltage steps was + 15 mV. The difference between the two values appears to be due to the development of a K curent activated by the entry of Ca into the cell during the ACh response. This current introduces an error in opposite directions into the two estimates of Erev, which can therefore be assumed to be intermediate between + 15 and + 30 mV. An assumed value of + 20 mV yields an elementary conductance of 8 X 10(-12) omega-1 at 12 degrees C in Tris-buffered sea water. 5. The total ACh induced current measured in steady-state conditions increases more with hyperpolarization than does iel. The difference can be entirely accounted for by the fact that hyperpolarization increases tau. 6. When carbachol or tetramethylammonium is applied instead of ACh, the value of iel is identical to that found with ACh, but tau is slightly shorter (about 75%). 7. Inward ACh induced currents can still be observed in solutions where all Na has been replaced by Cs, Mg, or Ca. 8. iel increases when Na is replaced by Cs; it decreases when Na is replaced by Mg or Ca. In all Na-free solutions, tau is larger than in Na sea water: the lengthening of tau is largest for Ca sea water, smallest for Cs sea water. An interpretation of these changes of gamma is proposed. This interpretation may also account for the voltage sensitivity of gamma in normal sea water. 9. Partial replacement of NaCl by TrisCl strikingly reduces the ACh induced current. gamma is not modified by Tris substitution, and the reduction of the total current is entirely accounted for by a steep decrease of iel. Tris does not seem to affect the pore opening and closing processes, but to block the ACh controlled channel.", "contents": "Life time and elementary conductance of the channels mediating the excitatory effects of acetylcholine in Aplysia neurones. 1. The excitatory effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on an identified group of Aplysia neurones have been studied under voltage clamp in an attempt to measure the average life time. tau, of the channels opened by ACh and the elementary current, iel, flowing through these channels. The value of tau was determined both from spectral noise analysis and from current relaxations after voltage steps. Both methods lead to similar values. iel was calculated from the ratio of the variance of the ACh induced noise to the mean ACh induced current. 2. tau is increased by hyperpolarization, or by lowering the temperature. At 12 degrees C, tau = 27 msec AT -80 MV, tau = 17 msec at mV. tau is about 5 times smaller at 21 degrees C than at 12 degrees C. 3. iel increases linearly with hyperpolarization. At -80 mV, in Tris-buffered sea water, the mean value of iel was 0.8 X 10)-12) A at 12 degrees C. At 21 degrees C, this value was multiplied by 1.8. 4. The estimate of the ACh reversal potential Erev obtained by extrapolation of the relation between iel and the membrane potential V was + 30 mV. The estimate obtained from the analysis of the instantaneous current changes produced by voltage steps was + 15 mV. The difference between the two values appears to be due to the development of a K curent activated by the entry of Ca into the cell during the ACh response. This current introduces an error in opposite directions into the two estimates of Erev, which can therefore be assumed to be intermediate between + 15 and + 30 mV. An assumed value of + 20 mV yields an elementary conductance of 8 X 10(-12) omega-1 at 12 degrees C in Tris-buffered sea water. 5. The total ACh induced current measured in steady-state conditions increases more with hyperpolarization than does iel. The difference can be entirely accounted for by the fact that hyperpolarization increases tau. 6. When carbachol or tetramethylammonium is applied instead of ACh, the value of iel is identical to that found with ACh, but tau is slightly shorter (about 75%). 7. Inward ACh induced currents can still be observed in solutions where all Na has been replaced by Cs, Mg, or Ca. 8. iel increases when Na is replaced by Cs; it decreases when Na is replaced by Mg or Ca. In all Na-free solutions, tau is larger than in Na sea water: the lengthening of tau is largest for Ca sea water, smallest for Cs sea water. An interpretation of these changes of gamma is proposed. This interpretation may also account for the voltage sensitivity of gamma in normal sea water. 9. Partial replacement of NaCl by TrisCl strikingly reduces the ACh induced current. gamma is not modified by Tris substitution, and the reduction of the total current is entirely accounted for by a steep decrease of iel. Tris does not seem to affect the pore opening and closing processes, but to block the ACh controlled channel.", "PMID": 671284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_832", "title": "The mode of action of antagonists of the excitatory response to acetylcholine in Aplysia neurones.", "content": "1. The mode of action of various antagonists of acetylcholine (ACh) excitatory effects on Aplysia neurones was studied under voltage clamp. ACh was applied by iontophoresis whereas antagonists were applied in the bath. Tubocurarine and hexamethonium were the most thoroughly studied compounds. 2. The 'elementary current', calculated as the ratio of the variance of the ACh noise to the mean ACh induced current, was not modified by any of the antagonists tested. 3. The evolution of the ACh induced current after a voltage jump, which is normally described by a single exponential, was modified by all the antagonists tested. A common feature of the modified relaxations was the appearance, over a certain concentration range of the antagonist, of two successive and opposite exponential components. 4. The characteristics of the composite relaxations depend on the antagonist. For a given antagonist they vary with membrane potential, ACh concentration, and antagonist concentration. 5. The noise power spectra of the ACh induced current showed changes consistent with those of the relaxations. 6. In the absence of antagonists, the current induced by a steady application of ACh increases linearly with hyperpolarization. In the presence of antagonists, the I-V curve shows a marked curvature, indicating a proportionally larger reduction of the ACh response at more negative membrane potentials. 7. The voltage sensitivity of the blocking action of hexamethonium and decamethonium is noticeably stronger than that of monovalent antagonists. 8. A model is proposed which accounts for the observed effects. It assumes that the antagonists studied bind perferentially to the 'activated' ACh-receptor complex, and convert it to a non-conducting state. Kinetic constants can be calculated for this reaction; e.g. for curare, at 12 degrees C and -80 mV, the dissociation and association constants were estimated at 0.1 sec-1 and 4 X 10(5) M-1 sec-1. 9. Partial replacement of the extracellular Na by Tris modifies the relaxations observed in the presence of hexamethonium. Hexamethonium appears less effective in the presence of Tris, which supports the hypothesis that the binding site of the antagonists is linked to the ionic channel.", "contents": "The mode of action of antagonists of the excitatory response to acetylcholine in Aplysia neurones. 1. The mode of action of various antagonists of acetylcholine (ACh) excitatory effects on Aplysia neurones was studied under voltage clamp. ACh was applied by iontophoresis whereas antagonists were applied in the bath. Tubocurarine and hexamethonium were the most thoroughly studied compounds. 2. The 'elementary current', calculated as the ratio of the variance of the ACh noise to the mean ACh induced current, was not modified by any of the antagonists tested. 3. The evolution of the ACh induced current after a voltage jump, which is normally described by a single exponential, was modified by all the antagonists tested. A common feature of the modified relaxations was the appearance, over a certain concentration range of the antagonist, of two successive and opposite exponential components. 4. The characteristics of the composite relaxations depend on the antagonist. For a given antagonist they vary with membrane potential, ACh concentration, and antagonist concentration. 5. The noise power spectra of the ACh induced current showed changes consistent with those of the relaxations. 6. In the absence of antagonists, the current induced by a steady application of ACh increases linearly with hyperpolarization. In the presence of antagonists, the I-V curve shows a marked curvature, indicating a proportionally larger reduction of the ACh response at more negative membrane potentials. 7. The voltage sensitivity of the blocking action of hexamethonium and decamethonium is noticeably stronger than that of monovalent antagonists. 8. A model is proposed which accounts for the observed effects. It assumes that the antagonists studied bind perferentially to the 'activated' ACh-receptor complex, and convert it to a non-conducting state. Kinetic constants can be calculated for this reaction; e.g. for curare, at 12 degrees C and -80 mV, the dissociation and association constants were estimated at 0.1 sec-1 and 4 X 10(5) M-1 sec-1. 9. Partial replacement of the extracellular Na by Tris modifies the relaxations observed in the presence of hexamethonium. Hexamethonium appears less effective in the presence of Tris, which supports the hypothesis that the binding site of the antagonists is linked to the ionic channel.", "PMID": 671288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_833", "title": "Noise and relaxation studies of acetylcholine induced currents in the presence of procaine.", "content": "1. The effects of procaine on the excitatory effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on Aplysia neurones were studied by analysing the current relaxations induced by voltage steps. Procaine was applied by perfusion and ACh was applied iontophoretically under two sets of experimental conditions designed to produce very different ACh concentrations at the membrane. 2. When ACh was applied at high concentration, the current relaxation following a hyperpolarizing step showed two components at procaine concentrations of about 2 X 10(-5) M; a fast increase was followed by a slow decrease. At high procaine concentrations (greater than 10(-4) M), the relaxation has only one component, corresponding to an exponential current decrease. 3. When ACh was applied at low concentrations, the current relaxation usually showed two components. At low procaine concentrations a fast increase was followed by a slower one; at higher procaine concentrations, a fast decrease preceded the slow increase. 4. All the results can be accounted for by assuming that procaine binds preferentially to the activated receptor-channel complex and converts it into a non-conducting complex. The association and dissociation constants were calculated to be (at 12 degrees C, -80 mV) 1.3 X 10(6) M-1 sec-1 and 10 sec-1.", "contents": "Noise and relaxation studies of acetylcholine induced currents in the presence of procaine. 1. The effects of procaine on the excitatory effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on Aplysia neurones were studied by analysing the current relaxations induced by voltage steps. Procaine was applied by perfusion and ACh was applied iontophoretically under two sets of experimental conditions designed to produce very different ACh concentrations at the membrane. 2. When ACh was applied at high concentration, the current relaxation following a hyperpolarizing step showed two components at procaine concentrations of about 2 X 10(-5) M; a fast increase was followed by a slow decrease. At high procaine concentrations (greater than 10(-4) M), the relaxation has only one component, corresponding to an exponential current decrease. 3. When ACh was applied at low concentrations, the current relaxation usually showed two components. At low procaine concentrations a fast increase was followed by a slower one; at higher procaine concentrations, a fast decrease preceded the slow increase. 4. All the results can be accounted for by assuming that procaine binds preferentially to the activated receptor-channel complex and converts it into a non-conducting complex. The association and dissociation constants were calculated to be (at 12 degrees C, -80 mV) 1.3 X 10(6) M-1 sec-1 and 10 sec-1.", "PMID": 671293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_834", "title": "Ionic currents in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells under voltage-clamp conditions.", "content": "1. Ionic currents in differentiated cells of mouse neuroblastoma clone N1E-115 have been studied under voltage-clamp conditions. 2. Depolarizing voltage steps from a holding potential of -85 mV to levels more positive than -40 mV produced fast transient inward currents followed by delayed outward currents. 3. The fast inward current is carried by Na+: it is blocked by tetrodotoxin and is absent in Na+-free solutions. Its kinetic behaviour resembles that of the Na+ current in squid giant axon. A mean value of 85 mmho/cm2 was found for the maximum Na+ conductance (GNa).4. The delayed outward current is carried primarily by K+: it is blocked by externally applied tetraethylammonium (TEA, 15 mM) and has a reversal potential (mean -71 mV) close to the theoretical K+ equilibrium potential. Its instantaneous I--V curve is linear. By analogy with the formulation of Hodgkin & Huxley (1952c), the outward current can be described by IK = -GKn2(V--EK) where GK = 12 mmho/mc2. 5. During prolonged depolarizations the delayed outward current declines. This decline, which occurs in two phases, represents a partial inactivation of the K+ conductance. 6. A weak inward current with slow activation and inactivation kinetics appears in Na+-free solution containing 10 mM-Ca2+. It is activated at a membrane potential of -55 mV and reaches its maximum at -20 mV with a time to peak of about 10 msec. This current is tetrodotoxin-resistant, reversibly blocked by Co2+ (5mM) and is suggested to be carried by Ca2+. 7. An increase in the external divalent cation concentration results in a parallel shift of the steady-state I--V curve along the voltage axis in positive direction. The activation of delayed outward currents is suggested not to depend on Ca2+ influx. 8. It is concluded that separate voltage-dependent Na+, K+ and Ca2+ channels exist in the differentiated neuroblastoma membrane with kinetic and pharmacological properties similar to those observed in non-mammalian preparations.", "contents": "Ionic currents in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells under voltage-clamp conditions. 1. Ionic currents in differentiated cells of mouse neuroblastoma clone N1E-115 have been studied under voltage-clamp conditions. 2. Depolarizing voltage steps from a holding potential of -85 mV to levels more positive than -40 mV produced fast transient inward currents followed by delayed outward currents. 3. The fast inward current is carried by Na+: it is blocked by tetrodotoxin and is absent in Na+-free solutions. Its kinetic behaviour resembles that of the Na+ current in squid giant axon. A mean value of 85 mmho/cm2 was found for the maximum Na+ conductance (GNa).4. The delayed outward current is carried primarily by K+: it is blocked by externally applied tetraethylammonium (TEA, 15 mM) and has a reversal potential (mean -71 mV) close to the theoretical K+ equilibrium potential. Its instantaneous I--V curve is linear. By analogy with the formulation of Hodgkin & Huxley (1952c), the outward current can be described by IK = -GKn2(V--EK) where GK = 12 mmho/mc2. 5. During prolonged depolarizations the delayed outward current declines. This decline, which occurs in two phases, represents a partial inactivation of the K+ conductance. 6. A weak inward current with slow activation and inactivation kinetics appears in Na+-free solution containing 10 mM-Ca2+. It is activated at a membrane potential of -55 mV and reaches its maximum at -20 mV with a time to peak of about 10 msec. This current is tetrodotoxin-resistant, reversibly blocked by Co2+ (5mM) and is suggested to be carried by Ca2+. 7. An increase in the external divalent cation concentration results in a parallel shift of the steady-state I--V curve along the voltage axis in positive direction. The activation of delayed outward currents is suggested not to depend on Ca2+ influx. 8. It is concluded that separate voltage-dependent Na+, K+ and Ca2+ channels exist in the differentiated neuroblastoma membrane with kinetic and pharmacological properties similar to those observed in non-mammalian preparations.", "PMID": 671297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_835", "title": "Early development of visual cortical cells in normal and dark-reared kittens: relationship between orientation selectivity and ocular dominance.", "content": "1. 535 units were recorded in the primary visual cortex in twelve normally reared and fifteen dark-reared kittens aged between 8 and 50 days. These results were pooled with a previous study of 582 units recorded from thirty-five kittens reared in similar conditions. 2. These 1117 cells were classified into four functional classes of neurones: (a) visually unresponsive cells, (b) non-specific cells which were sensitive to spots or slits of light moving in any direction, (c) immature cells which were preferentially activated by a rectilinear stimulus but unselective regarding its precise orientation and (d) specific cells that appeared to be as selective for orientation as the simple or complex cells in the adult cat. 3. The results confirm that cells having the same orientation-specific response properties as adult cortical visual neurones are present in the earliest stages of post-natal development, independently of visual experience. However, to maintain and develop these specific cells after the third week of post-natal life, visual experience is necessary. 4. The ocular dominance of visual cells is not constant from the earliest stages of development. A significant increase in binocularly driven neurones occurs with age. 5. Before 3 weeks of age, whatever the rearing conditions, there are more specific cells coding horizontal and vertical orientations than those coding oblique orientations. These 'horizontal and vertical detectors' are preferentially driven by the contralateral eye. 5. After 4 weeks of age, specific neurones are found at all orientations in normally reared kittens. At this stage of development the ocular dominance is independent of orientation preference, of the functional class of neurones considered and of the rearing conditions. The proportion of binocularly driven cells is slightly below adult standard. 7. A hypothesis of differential plasticity is proposed: contralateral, monocular 'horizontal and vertical detectors' are supposed to be stable; they would remain so until they become binocular. Binocular cells, for which competition between two inputs occurs, are the labile units which can be despecified or specified under the control of visual experience.", "contents": "Early development of visual cortical cells in normal and dark-reared kittens: relationship between orientation selectivity and ocular dominance. 1. 535 units were recorded in the primary visual cortex in twelve normally reared and fifteen dark-reared kittens aged between 8 and 50 days. These results were pooled with a previous study of 582 units recorded from thirty-five kittens reared in similar conditions. 2. These 1117 cells were classified into four functional classes of neurones: (a) visually unresponsive cells, (b) non-specific cells which were sensitive to spots or slits of light moving in any direction, (c) immature cells which were preferentially activated by a rectilinear stimulus but unselective regarding its precise orientation and (d) specific cells that appeared to be as selective for orientation as the simple or complex cells in the adult cat. 3. The results confirm that cells having the same orientation-specific response properties as adult cortical visual neurones are present in the earliest stages of post-natal development, independently of visual experience. However, to maintain and develop these specific cells after the third week of post-natal life, visual experience is necessary. 4. The ocular dominance of visual cells is not constant from the earliest stages of development. A significant increase in binocularly driven neurones occurs with age. 5. Before 3 weeks of age, whatever the rearing conditions, there are more specific cells coding horizontal and vertical orientations than those coding oblique orientations. These 'horizontal and vertical detectors' are preferentially driven by the contralateral eye. 5. After 4 weeks of age, specific neurones are found at all orientations in normally reared kittens. At this stage of development the ocular dominance is independent of orientation preference, of the functional class of neurones considered and of the rearing conditions. The proportion of binocularly driven cells is slightly below adult standard. 7. A hypothesis of differential plasticity is proposed: contralateral, monocular 'horizontal and vertical detectors' are supposed to be stable; they would remain so until they become binocular. Binocular cells, for which competition between two inputs occurs, are the labile units which can be despecified or specified under the control of visual experience.", "PMID": 671298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_836", "title": "Changes in plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity induced by stimulation of the complete sympathetic outflow in the pithed rat.", "content": "1. Plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity, noradrenaline tissue levels and blood pressure were monitored in the pithed rat following electrical stimulation of the complete sympathetic outflow of the spinal cord. Stimulation at 10 or 30 Hz evoked marked increases in mean blood pressure which averaged 121 mmHg and were abolished by phenoxybenzamine. 2. Stimulation for 1 hr at 10 or 30 Hz did not change the noradrenaline content of the spleen nor the catecholamine content of the adrenals, but the heart noradrenaline content was doubled. 3. Plasma DBH activity was increased by 27% after 1 hr stimulation at 30 Hz, but remained unchanged after stimulation at 10 Hz, or at 30 Hz in phenoxybenzamine-treated rats. 4. We conclude that the pressor responses evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation are due to the release of noradrenaline probably from adrenergic nerve terminals supplying the entire vasculature, and that acute alterations of circulating DBH activity are not dependent on the rate of catecholamine release evoked by direct electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerves in the whole pithed rat. The rat seems not to be a good model to study circulating noradrenaline and DBH levels as an index of exocytotic noradrenaline release from adrenergic neurones, and therefore of sympathetic activity.", "contents": "Changes in plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity induced by stimulation of the complete sympathetic outflow in the pithed rat. 1. Plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity, noradrenaline tissue levels and blood pressure were monitored in the pithed rat following electrical stimulation of the complete sympathetic outflow of the spinal cord. Stimulation at 10 or 30 Hz evoked marked increases in mean blood pressure which averaged 121 mmHg and were abolished by phenoxybenzamine. 2. Stimulation for 1 hr at 10 or 30 Hz did not change the noradrenaline content of the spleen nor the catecholamine content of the adrenals, but the heart noradrenaline content was doubled. 3. Plasma DBH activity was increased by 27% after 1 hr stimulation at 30 Hz, but remained unchanged after stimulation at 10 Hz, or at 30 Hz in phenoxybenzamine-treated rats. 4. We conclude that the pressor responses evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation are due to the release of noradrenaline probably from adrenergic nerve terminals supplying the entire vasculature, and that acute alterations of circulating DBH activity are not dependent on the rate of catecholamine release evoked by direct electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerves in the whole pithed rat. The rat seems not to be a good model to study circulating noradrenaline and DBH levels as an index of exocytotic noradrenaline release from adrenergic neurones, and therefore of sympathetic activity.", "PMID": 671301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_837", "title": "Combined voltage-clamp and dialysis of Myxicola axons: behaviour of membrane asymmetry currents.", "content": "4. A new technique for the simultaneous internal dialysis and voltage-clamp of Myxicola axons is described and shown to control the internal composition of the axon adequately. 2. The permeability ratio (PNa/PK) of the sodium channel is 15.5 in axons dialysed with sodium-free solutions, somewhat higher than observed in perfused axons. 3. Asymmetry currents are easily recorded in dialysed Myxicola axons. At 4--5 degrees C for pulse durations sufficiently short Qon = Qoff with a maximum charge displacement of 10 nC/cm2 and half the charge being displaced by a step to -32 mV. Maximum slope of the Q(V) curve is 15 mV/e-fold change in charge displaced. The time constant tau on reaches a maximum of 325 microseconds at a potential of -23 mV. 4. The time course of sodium activation cannot be adequately accounted for by (Q/Q infinity) X using any single value of X for potentials between -40 and 40 MV. 5. Both asymmetry currents and INa are inactivated by the same amount when Myxicola axons are repetitively depolarized at frequencies from 0.1 to 50 Hz.", "contents": "Combined voltage-clamp and dialysis of Myxicola axons: behaviour of membrane asymmetry currents. 4. A new technique for the simultaneous internal dialysis and voltage-clamp of Myxicola axons is described and shown to control the internal composition of the axon adequately. 2. The permeability ratio (PNa/PK) of the sodium channel is 15.5 in axons dialysed with sodium-free solutions, somewhat higher than observed in perfused axons. 3. Asymmetry currents are easily recorded in dialysed Myxicola axons. At 4--5 degrees C for pulse durations sufficiently short Qon = Qoff with a maximum charge displacement of 10 nC/cm2 and half the charge being displaced by a step to -32 mV. Maximum slope of the Q(V) curve is 15 mV/e-fold change in charge displaced. The time constant tau on reaches a maximum of 325 microseconds at a potential of -23 mV. 4. The time course of sodium activation cannot be adequately accounted for by (Q/Q infinity) X using any single value of X for potentials between -40 and 40 MV. 5. Both asymmetry currents and INa are inactivated by the same amount when Myxicola axons are repetitively depolarized at frequencies from 0.1 to 50 Hz.", "PMID": 671305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_838", "title": "Sprouting and regression of neuromuscular synapses in partially denervated mammalian muscles.", "content": "1. The capacity of motor units to sprout after partial denervation and the ability of regenerating axons to suppress newly formed sprouts was examined in mouse skeletal muscle. Most experiments were performed on the peroneus tertius muscle which has 300 muscle fibres and eleven motor units ranging in strength from 1 to 35% of the total muscle tension. 2. Individual units, regardless of starting size, were able to sprout by up to 5 times their normal size following interruption of one of the two spinal roots innervating the muscle. In practive this resulted in muscles which had three or more units left intact becoming completely innervated again within 12 days. The majority of the sprouts probably innervated the old denervated end-plate sites. In the absence of re-innervation by the severed motor axons the sprouts persisted. In peroneus tertius about 60% of the sprouts giving rise to end-plates arose terminally and 40% collaterally. In soleus almost all the sprouts were terminal. 3. Re-innervation of the muscle by the severed motor axons occurred, starting from 14 days onwards after a crush injury, 19 days onwards after a cut. Re-innervation occurred even in muscles which presumably had no remaining denervated muscle fibres at the time regenerating axons reached the muscle. The re-innervating fibres grew to the original end-plate sites. 4. Following re-innervation the size of sprouted motor units apparently decreased. Thus, after re-innervation of muscles with three or more sprouted motor units, the sprouted units no longer caused contraction of all the muscle. However, the normal state of the muscle was not restored and the sprouted units continued to innervate more muscle fibres than normal, returning axons less than normal, and a small percentage of muscle fibres (ca. 10%) remained functionally innervated by axons of both sorts. 5. It is concluded that (i) in the mouse, axonal sprouting is a rapid and efficient process for restoring innervation; (ii) re-innervation of already innervated fibres can occur if the regenerating axons can return to existing end-plate sites; (iii) some of the redundant innervation is removed or repressed. 6. Possible mechanisms of competition between axon terminals are considered.", "contents": "Sprouting and regression of neuromuscular synapses in partially denervated mammalian muscles. 1. The capacity of motor units to sprout after partial denervation and the ability of regenerating axons to suppress newly formed sprouts was examined in mouse skeletal muscle. Most experiments were performed on the peroneus tertius muscle which has 300 muscle fibres and eleven motor units ranging in strength from 1 to 35% of the total muscle tension. 2. Individual units, regardless of starting size, were able to sprout by up to 5 times their normal size following interruption of one of the two spinal roots innervating the muscle. In practive this resulted in muscles which had three or more units left intact becoming completely innervated again within 12 days. The majority of the sprouts probably innervated the old denervated end-plate sites. In the absence of re-innervation by the severed motor axons the sprouts persisted. In peroneus tertius about 60% of the sprouts giving rise to end-plates arose terminally and 40% collaterally. In soleus almost all the sprouts were terminal. 3. Re-innervation of the muscle by the severed motor axons occurred, starting from 14 days onwards after a crush injury, 19 days onwards after a cut. Re-innervation occurred even in muscles which presumably had no remaining denervated muscle fibres at the time regenerating axons reached the muscle. The re-innervating fibres grew to the original end-plate sites. 4. Following re-innervation the size of sprouted motor units apparently decreased. Thus, after re-innervation of muscles with three or more sprouted motor units, the sprouted units no longer caused contraction of all the muscle. However, the normal state of the muscle was not restored and the sprouted units continued to innervate more muscle fibres than normal, returning axons less than normal, and a small percentage of muscle fibres (ca. 10%) remained functionally innervated by axons of both sorts. 5. It is concluded that (i) in the mouse, axonal sprouting is a rapid and efficient process for restoring innervation; (ii) re-innervation of already innervated fibres can occur if the regenerating axons can return to existing end-plate sites; (iii) some of the redundant innervation is removed or repressed. 6. Possible mechanisms of competition between axon terminals are considered.", "PMID": 671308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_839", "title": "Influence of intermittent breathing on ventricular depolarization patterns in chelonian reptiles.", "content": "1. Alterations between two quite distinct patterns of epicardial depolarization are associated with the normal occurrence of intermittent lung ventilation in both lightly anaesthetized and unrestrained, conscious turtles (Pseudemys scripta) and tortoises (Testudo graeca). 2. During apnoea depolarization sweeps from the left to the right over the ventricular surface at a conduction velocity of 0.15 m/sec. With the onset of lung ventilation the direction of depolarization propagation over the ventricle is reversed, and conduction velocity in the epicardium falls to 0.09 m/sec. 3. Vagal stimulation and acetylcholine produce a shift from the apnoea to the breathing pattern of depolarization in intact animals, while vagal sectioning and atropine abolish all shifts. Acetylcholine reduces conduction velocity but has no effect on the strength of contraction of isolated cardiac muscle strips from turtle hearts. Changes between the two patterns of ventricle depolarization are likely produced by vagal innervation of the rudimentary conduction system of the chelonian heart. 4. Experimental induction of the depolarization pattern of the ventricle normally evident during lung ventilation produces an improved separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood within the anatomically undivided chelonian ventricle. It is suggested that changes in ventricle depolarization patterns during intermittent lung ventilation may be an active component of the cardiovascular responses controlling intracardiac blood shunting in reptiles.", "contents": "Influence of intermittent breathing on ventricular depolarization patterns in chelonian reptiles. 1. Alterations between two quite distinct patterns of epicardial depolarization are associated with the normal occurrence of intermittent lung ventilation in both lightly anaesthetized and unrestrained, conscious turtles (Pseudemys scripta) and tortoises (Testudo graeca). 2. During apnoea depolarization sweeps from the left to the right over the ventricular surface at a conduction velocity of 0.15 m/sec. With the onset of lung ventilation the direction of depolarization propagation over the ventricle is reversed, and conduction velocity in the epicardium falls to 0.09 m/sec. 3. Vagal stimulation and acetylcholine produce a shift from the apnoea to the breathing pattern of depolarization in intact animals, while vagal sectioning and atropine abolish all shifts. Acetylcholine reduces conduction velocity but has no effect on the strength of contraction of isolated cardiac muscle strips from turtle hearts. Changes between the two patterns of ventricle depolarization are likely produced by vagal innervation of the rudimentary conduction system of the chelonian heart. 4. Experimental induction of the depolarization pattern of the ventricle normally evident during lung ventilation produces an improved separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood within the anatomically undivided chelonian ventricle. It is suggested that changes in ventricle depolarization patterns during intermittent lung ventilation may be an active component of the cardiovascular responses controlling intracardiac blood shunting in reptiles.", "PMID": 671311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_840", "title": "Neurones in cat gracile nucleus with both local and widefield inputs.", "content": "1. Forty-three neurones were isolated in the cat gracile nucleus that could be driven by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral forefoot or the contralateral hind food as well as having a normal low threshold localized receptive field on the ipsilateral hind limb. 2. Twenty-five (58%) of the cells were found to have axons projecting to the contralateral ventrobasal thalamus. 3. Most of the cells could only be driven from the 'widefield' receptive field on the forefoot or contralateral hindfoot by percutaneous electrical stimulation. 4. These results are discussed in the context of a model of the gracile nucleus in whick these occasional 'widefield' connexions are considered to be errors in connectivity which are not normally effective due to the patterns of excitation and inhibition in the normally functioning nucleus. 5. In this model, electrical stimulation is an abnormal type of stimulation that can drive cells through these erroneous connexions.", "contents": "Neurones in cat gracile nucleus with both local and widefield inputs. 1. Forty-three neurones were isolated in the cat gracile nucleus that could be driven by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral forefoot or the contralateral hind food as well as having a normal low threshold localized receptive field on the ipsilateral hind limb. 2. Twenty-five (58%) of the cells were found to have axons projecting to the contralateral ventrobasal thalamus. 3. Most of the cells could only be driven from the 'widefield' receptive field on the forefoot or contralateral hindfoot by percutaneous electrical stimulation. 4. These results are discussed in the context of a model of the gracile nucleus in whick these occasional 'widefield' connexions are considered to be errors in connectivity which are not normally effective due to the patterns of excitation and inhibition in the normally functioning nucleus. 5. In this model, electrical stimulation is an abnormal type of stimulation that can drive cells through these erroneous connexions.", "PMID": 671315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_841", "title": "Asymmetry of the hexose transfer system in human erythrocytes. Experiments with non-transportable inhibitors.", "content": "1. The asymmetrical nature of sugar affinity for the hexose transfer system in human red cells has been demonstrated using purified 4,6-O-ethylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranose (ethylidene glucose) to inhibit the exchange of glucose, 3-O-methyl glucose and galactose. 2. The half-saturation concentration for ethylidene glucose inside the cell is estimated at ca. 110 mM whereas on the outside the value for exchange inhibition is ca 11mM. 3. The asymmetrics of affinities of two related non-transportable inhibitors 1,2-O-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose and methyl-2,3-di-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside have also been studied. 4. From experiments at varying concentrations and on theoretical grounds the half-saturation concentration for non-transportable inhibitors on the outside surface is shown to be over-estimated by measuring inhibition of exchange. In consequence the actual asymmetry of affinities may be greater than observed. 5. Experiments with ethylidene glucose also suggest that conformational changes redistributing components of the hexose transfer system between inward and outward facing modes may occur.", "contents": "Asymmetry of the hexose transfer system in human erythrocytes. Experiments with non-transportable inhibitors. 1. The asymmetrical nature of sugar affinity for the hexose transfer system in human red cells has been demonstrated using purified 4,6-O-ethylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranose (ethylidene glucose) to inhibit the exchange of glucose, 3-O-methyl glucose and galactose. 2. The half-saturation concentration for ethylidene glucose inside the cell is estimated at ca. 110 mM whereas on the outside the value for exchange inhibition is ca 11mM. 3. The asymmetrics of affinities of two related non-transportable inhibitors 1,2-O-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose and methyl-2,3-di-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside have also been studied. 4. From experiments at varying concentrations and on theoretical grounds the half-saturation concentration for non-transportable inhibitors on the outside surface is shown to be over-estimated by measuring inhibition of exchange. In consequence the actual asymmetry of affinities may be greater than observed. 5. Experiments with ethylidene glucose also suggest that conformational changes redistributing components of the hexose transfer system between inward and outward facing modes may occur.", "PMID": 671317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_842", "title": "Asymmetry of the hexose transfer system in human erythrocytes. Comparison of the effects of cytochalasin B, phloretin and maltose as competitive inhibitors.", "content": "1. Cytochalasin B inhibits glucose transfer in human red cells. With glucose exit the inhibition is typically non-competitive, but hexose exchange is competitively inhibited. 2. At 16 degrees C the inhibitory constant for inhibition of 3-O-methyl glucose exchange is estimated at 1.1 X 10(-7) M while that for inhibition of glucose exit is 5.0 X 10(-7) M. 3. Uptake of labelled Cytochalasin B includes a saturable component which when correlated with the inhibition of exchange corresponds to a maximal binding of ca. 2.4 X 10(5) molecules per cell. 4. The kinetic parameters are compared with those for maltose (a competitive inhibitor acting on the outside only) and phloretin (an inhibitor acting both inside and out). 5. Kinetic evidence suggests that Cytochalasin B reacts with the inside of the hexose transfer system and that the anomalous inhibitory characteristics are due to the chemical asymmetry of the system. Independent evidence in support of this view is discussed.", "contents": "Asymmetry of the hexose transfer system in human erythrocytes. Comparison of the effects of cytochalasin B, phloretin and maltose as competitive inhibitors. 1. Cytochalasin B inhibits glucose transfer in human red cells. With glucose exit the inhibition is typically non-competitive, but hexose exchange is competitively inhibited. 2. At 16 degrees C the inhibitory constant for inhibition of 3-O-methyl glucose exchange is estimated at 1.1 X 10(-7) M while that for inhibition of glucose exit is 5.0 X 10(-7) M. 3. Uptake of labelled Cytochalasin B includes a saturable component which when correlated with the inhibition of exchange corresponds to a maximal binding of ca. 2.4 X 10(5) molecules per cell. 4. The kinetic parameters are compared with those for maltose (a competitive inhibitor acting on the outside only) and phloretin (an inhibitor acting both inside and out). 5. Kinetic evidence suggests that Cytochalasin B reacts with the inside of the hexose transfer system and that the anomalous inhibitory characteristics are due to the chemical asymmetry of the system. Independent evidence in support of this view is discussed.", "PMID": 671319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_843", "title": "Ionic currents in mammalian fast skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. The double sucrose-gap technique has been applied to rat skeletal muscle fibres to study the ionic currents under voltage-clamp conditions. 2. The iliacus muscle was found to be of 'fast' type according to the characteristics of the twitch generated by an action potential. 3. Micro-electrode measurements have shown that the intracellular potential is under good control even when an inward current develops. 4. The components of an equivalent circuit with two time constants have been estimated from the records of the capacitive current. 5. In rat muscle, between 15 and 21 degrees C, inward and outward currents are similar to sodium and potassium currents found in frog muscle at lower temperature (1--3 degrees C). 6. The inward current which depends on [Na]o and is abolished by tetrodotoxin is carried by sodium ions. Related to the mean value for the holding potential (-90.5 mV) this current reaches its maximum amplitude a +40 and +50 mV, reverses between +130 and +150 mV and its half inactivation occurs between +14 and +22 mV. The effect of low doses of tetrodotoxin suggests that two components participate in the sodium current. 7. The delayed outward current which shows inactivation is divided in two components: (i) the fast has a linear instantaneous current-voltage relation and differs from the fast component of frog muscle in that its equilibrium potential is more negative than the resting potential; (ii) the slow has a linear instantaneous current-voltage relation and the mean value for its equilibrium potential is 26 mV less negative than the resting potential. 8. Inward-going rectification is present in rat muscle.", "contents": "Ionic currents in mammalian fast skeletal muscle. 1. The double sucrose-gap technique has been applied to rat skeletal muscle fibres to study the ionic currents under voltage-clamp conditions. 2. The iliacus muscle was found to be of 'fast' type according to the characteristics of the twitch generated by an action potential. 3. Micro-electrode measurements have shown that the intracellular potential is under good control even when an inward current develops. 4. The components of an equivalent circuit with two time constants have been estimated from the records of the capacitive current. 5. In rat muscle, between 15 and 21 degrees C, inward and outward currents are similar to sodium and potassium currents found in frog muscle at lower temperature (1--3 degrees C). 6. The inward current which depends on [Na]o and is abolished by tetrodotoxin is carried by sodium ions. Related to the mean value for the holding potential (-90.5 mV) this current reaches its maximum amplitude a +40 and +50 mV, reverses between +130 and +150 mV and its half inactivation occurs between +14 and +22 mV. The effect of low doses of tetrodotoxin suggests that two components participate in the sodium current. 7. The delayed outward current which shows inactivation is divided in two components: (i) the fast has a linear instantaneous current-voltage relation and differs from the fast component of frog muscle in that its equilibrium potential is more negative than the resting potential; (ii) the slow has a linear instantaneous current-voltage relation and the mean value for its equilibrium potential is 26 mV less negative than the resting potential. 8. Inward-going rectification is present in rat muscle.", "PMID": 671323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_844", "title": "The effect of ouabain on noradrenaline output from peripheral adrenergic neurones of isolated guinea-pig vas deferens.", "content": "1. The effect of ouabain on the noradrenaline output from peripheral adrenergic neurones has been studied using isolated guinea-pig vasa deferentia.2. Exposure to ouabain (10(-4)M) causes a gradual increase in the noradrenaline output. The effect occurs after a delay of 20 min and reaches a maximum during the period from 40-60 min.3. In the absence of external Ca, exposure to ouabain fails to produce an increase in the noradrenaline output. However, the reintroduction of Ca (2.5 mM) after a 1 hr exposure to ouabain in Ca-free media causes a rapid rise in noradrenaline output which reaches a maximum within the first 20 min.4. After a 1 hr exposure to a low concentration of ouabain (10(-5)M) the reintroduction of Ca is almost ineffective in increasing the noradrenaline output. When the concentration of ouabain is increased, the reintroduction of Ca becomes effective and causes a maximum effect with 10(-4)M ouabain. In the presence of a constant amount of ouabain (10(-4)M) the noradrenaline output induced by the reintroduction of Ca increases over the range 0.2-2.5 mM.5. In the presence of ouabain (10(-4)M) the Ca-induced noradrenaline output increases in a linear fashion with increasing Na concentrations from 25 to 143 mM, as long as NaCl is replaced with equimolar choline chloride or isotonic sucrose.6. In the presence of the lowest effective concentration of sodium (25 mM) the noradrenaline output induced by the reintroduction of Ca after a 1 hr exposure to ouabain is potentiated by LiCl. However, in the complete absence of Na(+) ions, there is no Li-dependent increase in the Ca-induced noradrenaline output.7. It is suggested that ouabain may cause an increase in noradrenaline output by an effect on the Na-dependent Ca influx system.", "contents": "The effect of ouabain on noradrenaline output from peripheral adrenergic neurones of isolated guinea-pig vas deferens. 1. The effect of ouabain on the noradrenaline output from peripheral adrenergic neurones has been studied using isolated guinea-pig vasa deferentia.2. Exposure to ouabain (10(-4)M) causes a gradual increase in the noradrenaline output. The effect occurs after a delay of 20 min and reaches a maximum during the period from 40-60 min.3. In the absence of external Ca, exposure to ouabain fails to produce an increase in the noradrenaline output. However, the reintroduction of Ca (2.5 mM) after a 1 hr exposure to ouabain in Ca-free media causes a rapid rise in noradrenaline output which reaches a maximum within the first 20 min.4. After a 1 hr exposure to a low concentration of ouabain (10(-5)M) the reintroduction of Ca is almost ineffective in increasing the noradrenaline output. When the concentration of ouabain is increased, the reintroduction of Ca becomes effective and causes a maximum effect with 10(-4)M ouabain. In the presence of a constant amount of ouabain (10(-4)M) the noradrenaline output induced by the reintroduction of Ca increases over the range 0.2-2.5 mM.5. In the presence of ouabain (10(-4)M) the Ca-induced noradrenaline output increases in a linear fashion with increasing Na concentrations from 25 to 143 mM, as long as NaCl is replaced with equimolar choline chloride or isotonic sucrose.6. In the presence of the lowest effective concentration of sodium (25 mM) the noradrenaline output induced by the reintroduction of Ca after a 1 hr exposure to ouabain is potentiated by LiCl. However, in the complete absence of Na(+) ions, there is no Li-dependent increase in the Ca-induced noradrenaline output.7. It is suggested that ouabain may cause an increase in noradrenaline output by an effect on the Na-dependent Ca influx system.", "PMID": 671328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_845", "title": "A transient release of potassium mediated by the action of substance P on rat parotid slices.", "content": "Substance P (a peptide of eleven amino acids) caused a Ca-dependent release of K+ from rat parotid slices. The response to substance P differed from the alpha-adrenergic and the cholinergic responses in that it was transient, of smaller extent, and was not inhibited by phentolamine and atropine. Substance P caused little, if any, amylase secretion. Successive additions of the peptide to the slice system maintained the effect of C+ release indicating that the transient response to a single addition of the peptide was due to inactivation of substance P and not due to a decline in the response of the tissue.", "contents": "A transient release of potassium mediated by the action of substance P on rat parotid slices. Substance P (a peptide of eleven amino acids) caused a Ca-dependent release of K+ from rat parotid slices. The response to substance P differed from the alpha-adrenergic and the cholinergic responses in that it was transient, of smaller extent, and was not inhibited by phentolamine and atropine. Substance P caused little, if any, amylase secretion. Successive additions of the peptide to the slice system maintained the effect of C+ release indicating that the transient response to a single addition of the peptide was due to inactivation of substance P and not due to a decline in the response of the tissue.", "PMID": 671331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_846", "title": "The half-lives of angiotensin II, angiotensin II-amide, angiotensin III, Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II and renin in the circulatory system of the rat.", "content": "1. Methods are described for estimating the half-life of angiotensin analogues and renin in the rat, from the time course of the blood pressure changes they evoke. 2. The following half-life values were measured: angiotensin II, 16 +/- 1 sec; angiotensin III, 14 +/- 1 sec; angiotensin II-amide, 15 +/- 1 sec; Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II, 6.4 +/- 0.6 min; renin, 3.0 +/- 0.4 min. The distribution volume of angiotensin was found to be 18 ml./kg body wt. 3. It is inferred that the Asp1 residue does not reduce the rate of angiotensin II catabolism, but that substitution of this residue by sarcosine may inhibit catabolism while substitution by asparagine has no effect. 4. Five experimental criteria were identified which indicate that these methods give reliable estimates of the half-life. It is suggested that these results are more accurate than most previous half-life estimates. 5 When tachyphylaxis to angiotensin II-amide occurs, the pressor activity of the plasma is not reduced.", "contents": "The half-lives of angiotensin II, angiotensin II-amide, angiotensin III, Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II and renin in the circulatory system of the rat. 1. Methods are described for estimating the half-life of angiotensin analogues and renin in the rat, from the time course of the blood pressure changes they evoke. 2. The following half-life values were measured: angiotensin II, 16 +/- 1 sec; angiotensin III, 14 +/- 1 sec; angiotensin II-amide, 15 +/- 1 sec; Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II, 6.4 +/- 0.6 min; renin, 3.0 +/- 0.4 min. The distribution volume of angiotensin was found to be 18 ml./kg body wt. 3. It is inferred that the Asp1 residue does not reduce the rate of angiotensin II catabolism, but that substitution of this residue by sarcosine may inhibit catabolism while substitution by asparagine has no effect. 4. Five experimental criteria were identified which indicate that these methods give reliable estimates of the half-life. It is suggested that these results are more accurate than most previous half-life estimates. 5 When tachyphylaxis to angiotensin II-amide occurs, the pressor activity of the plasma is not reduced.", "PMID": 671333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_847", "title": "Effect of lower body negative pressure on human muscle nerve sympathetic activity.", "content": "1. Recordings of multi-unit sympathetic activity were made from muscle branches of the median nerve in five healthy subjects during application of lower body negative pressure (l.b.n.p.). Simultaneous recordings of arterial blood pressure were made in four subjects. The strength of the neural activity was quantitated by counting the number of pulse synchronous sympathetic bursts and their amplitudes in the mean voltage neurogram.2. The general appearance of the sympathetic activity in pulse synchronous bursts was similar during control periods and during l.b.n.p., but during l.b.n.p. there was always an increase in the number of sympathetic bursts and usually also in the mean voltage amplitude of the bursts.3. The probability of occurrence of a burst was correlated to different blood pressure parameters of individual heart beats and both during control periods and during l.b.n.p. there was regularly a close negative correlation to diastolic, a low correlation to systolic, an intermediate negative correlation to mean and a positive correlation to pulse pressures.4. The changes in arterial blood pressure during l.b.n.p. were small and in most cases statistically insignificant. The observed increases in the number of sympathetic bursts during l.b.n.p. were significantly greater than what could be expected on the basis of the blood pressure changes.5. The findings suggest that the reflex control from the arterial baroreceptors is maintained during l.b.n.p. but, since the increase of sympathetic activity during l.b.n.p. could not be explained by a change in stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors, influence from other receptor groups (presumably intrathoracic volume receptors) must also have occurred.", "contents": "Effect of lower body negative pressure on human muscle nerve sympathetic activity. 1. Recordings of multi-unit sympathetic activity were made from muscle branches of the median nerve in five healthy subjects during application of lower body negative pressure (l.b.n.p.). Simultaneous recordings of arterial blood pressure were made in four subjects. The strength of the neural activity was quantitated by counting the number of pulse synchronous sympathetic bursts and their amplitudes in the mean voltage neurogram.2. The general appearance of the sympathetic activity in pulse synchronous bursts was similar during control periods and during l.b.n.p., but during l.b.n.p. there was always an increase in the number of sympathetic bursts and usually also in the mean voltage amplitude of the bursts.3. The probability of occurrence of a burst was correlated to different blood pressure parameters of individual heart beats and both during control periods and during l.b.n.p. there was regularly a close negative correlation to diastolic, a low correlation to systolic, an intermediate negative correlation to mean and a positive correlation to pulse pressures.4. The changes in arterial blood pressure during l.b.n.p. were small and in most cases statistically insignificant. The observed increases in the number of sympathetic bursts during l.b.n.p. were significantly greater than what could be expected on the basis of the blood pressure changes.5. The findings suggest that the reflex control from the arterial baroreceptors is maintained during l.b.n.p. but, since the increase of sympathetic activity during l.b.n.p. could not be explained by a change in stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors, influence from other receptor groups (presumably intrathoracic volume receptors) must also have occurred.", "PMID": 671339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_848", "title": "Factors affecting the utilization of ketone bodies and other substrates by rat jejunum: effects of fasting and of diabetes.", "content": "1. The utilization of some metabolic fuels has been measured in vitro in a preparation of rat jejunum to which the substrates were supplied via the perfusate flowing through the vascular bed. 2. In jejunum from 48 hr-fasted rats, the combined rates of utilization of 1 mM-acetoacetate and 2mM-D-3-hydroxybutyrate are similar to that of 7.5 mM-glucose. 3. The utilization of glucose is reduced in jejunum from animals fasted for 48 hr (45--63% reduction) and also from animals after 3--6 days of diabetes induced by streptozotocin (29% reduction). The addition of ketone bodies or of Na-oleate to the vascular perfusate does not reduce the utilization of glucose by the jejunum of either fed or 48 hr fasted rats. 4. Ketone bodies in the vascular perfusate reduce the oxidation of glucose by the jejunum of fed rats. In the jejunum of 48 hr-fasted rats, ketone bodies completely inhibit the oxidation of glucose so that all the glucose utilized by the tissue is converted to lactate. 5. The findings are discussed in relation to other work and it is concluded that substrates for the oxidative metabolism of the jejunum of fasted rats are likely to be ketone bodies, glutamine and fatty acids; at the same time the utilization of glucose is reduced and its oxidation completely abolished.", "contents": "Factors affecting the utilization of ketone bodies and other substrates by rat jejunum: effects of fasting and of diabetes. 1. The utilization of some metabolic fuels has been measured in vitro in a preparation of rat jejunum to which the substrates were supplied via the perfusate flowing through the vascular bed. 2. In jejunum from 48 hr-fasted rats, the combined rates of utilization of 1 mM-acetoacetate and 2mM-D-3-hydroxybutyrate are similar to that of 7.5 mM-glucose. 3. The utilization of glucose is reduced in jejunum from animals fasted for 48 hr (45--63% reduction) and also from animals after 3--6 days of diabetes induced by streptozotocin (29% reduction). The addition of ketone bodies or of Na-oleate to the vascular perfusate does not reduce the utilization of glucose by the jejunum of either fed or 48 hr fasted rats. 4. Ketone bodies in the vascular perfusate reduce the oxidation of glucose by the jejunum of fed rats. In the jejunum of 48 hr-fasted rats, ketone bodies completely inhibit the oxidation of glucose so that all the glucose utilized by the tissue is converted to lactate. 5. The findings are discussed in relation to other work and it is concluded that substrates for the oxidative metabolism of the jejunum of fasted rats are likely to be ketone bodies, glutamine and fatty acids; at the same time the utilization of glucose is reduced and its oxidation completely abolished.", "PMID": 671340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_849", "title": "The response properties of the steady antagonistic surround in the mudpuppy retina.", "content": "1. The graded response of bipolar and ganglion cells to test flashes at the receptive field centre, spans only a limited portion of the test intensity domain: more than 90% of the graded response range can be elicited by test flashes differing by less than 100 to 1. 2. In the presence of steady illumination of the receptive field surround, the absolute levels of log test intensities required to elicit 90% of the graded response are increased (reset), but the relation in (1) still applies. 3. Each point in the receptive field surround, when illuminated, contributes to the resetting of the required centre test flash intensities by a weighing that decreases exponentially with distance from the centre. The space constant is 0.25 mm. 4. When the receptive field surround is fully covered with illumination, the centre test flash intensities required to elicit 90% of the response range must be increased by about tenfold for each tenfold increase in surround intensity over a surround intensity domain of about 1000 to 1. 5. The absolute levels of surround and required centre test intensities are inter-related: when the receptive field surround is fully covered, a test flash with intensity equal to that of the surround elicits a half-maximal response. Thus, in the presence of a full field background, the bipolar potential is held near its half-maximum response potential. 6. The graded resetting of the required centre test flash intensities is well correlated with the graded increase in horizontal cell response as the surround intensity and area are varied. It is inferred that units with response and receptive field properties like those of the horizontal cells, when driven by surround illumination, act as interneurones to reset the relationship between required test flash intensity and response in bipolar and ganglion cells.", "contents": "The response properties of the steady antagonistic surround in the mudpuppy retina. 1. The graded response of bipolar and ganglion cells to test flashes at the receptive field centre, spans only a limited portion of the test intensity domain: more than 90% of the graded response range can be elicited by test flashes differing by less than 100 to 1. 2. In the presence of steady illumination of the receptive field surround, the absolute levels of log test intensities required to elicit 90% of the graded response are increased (reset), but the relation in (1) still applies. 3. Each point in the receptive field surround, when illuminated, contributes to the resetting of the required centre test flash intensities by a weighing that decreases exponentially with distance from the centre. The space constant is 0.25 mm. 4. When the receptive field surround is fully covered with illumination, the centre test flash intensities required to elicit 90% of the response range must be increased by about tenfold for each tenfold increase in surround intensity over a surround intensity domain of about 1000 to 1. 5. The absolute levels of surround and required centre test intensities are inter-related: when the receptive field surround is fully covered, a test flash with intensity equal to that of the surround elicits a half-maximal response. Thus, in the presence of a full field background, the bipolar potential is held near its half-maximum response potential. 6. The graded resetting of the required centre test flash intensities is well correlated with the graded increase in horizontal cell response as the surround intensity and area are varied. It is inferred that units with response and receptive field properties like those of the horizontal cells, when driven by surround illumination, act as interneurones to reset the relationship between required test flash intensity and response in bipolar and ganglion cells.", "PMID": 671342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_850", "title": "Reversal of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hypotension in the rat without activation of the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "1. Male Wistar rats were housed individually in glass metabolic cages for 5 days during which time their food and water intakes reached plateau levels and they developed a significant systolic arterial hypertension. 2. After the initial 5-day period, systolic blood pressure and water and electrolyte balances were measured for 4 days before and 7 days after I.P. injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (100 mg/kg). In a separate experiment, plasma renin activity and glomerular filtration rate were measured 1 and 3 days after injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Haematocrit, plasma volume, osmolality and plasma concentrations of glucose, sodium, potassium and protein were also measured at intervals after treatment. 3. Systolic blood pressure fell within 24 hr after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine but was restored to pretreatment levels within 7 days. There was also a transient fall in glomerular filtration rate. 4. Plasma volume was significantly expanded on the first day after treatment and there was a fall in haemotocrit together with changes in plasma constituents indicative of a haemodilution, although plasma glucose levels were elevated. 5. There was a significant water retention on the third, fourth and fifth days after treatment but this was not accompanied by any measurable sodium retention and could not be attributed to renal compensation. Furthermore, plasma renin activity showed no significant change following 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. 6. It is suggested that the return of systolic blood pressure to pre-treatment levels was chiefly due to the return of vasoconstrictor function. The changes in plasma composition and volume were probably due to a fall in capillary hydrostatic pressure and an increase in the osmolality of extracellular fluid due to the elevated glucose levels.", "contents": "Reversal of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hypotension in the rat without activation of the renin-angiotensin system. 1. Male Wistar rats were housed individually in glass metabolic cages for 5 days during which time their food and water intakes reached plateau levels and they developed a significant systolic arterial hypertension. 2. After the initial 5-day period, systolic blood pressure and water and electrolyte balances were measured for 4 days before and 7 days after I.P. injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (100 mg/kg). In a separate experiment, plasma renin activity and glomerular filtration rate were measured 1 and 3 days after injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Haematocrit, plasma volume, osmolality and plasma concentrations of glucose, sodium, potassium and protein were also measured at intervals after treatment. 3. Systolic blood pressure fell within 24 hr after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine but was restored to pretreatment levels within 7 days. There was also a transient fall in glomerular filtration rate. 4. Plasma volume was significantly expanded on the first day after treatment and there was a fall in haemotocrit together with changes in plasma constituents indicative of a haemodilution, although plasma glucose levels were elevated. 5. There was a significant water retention on the third, fourth and fifth days after treatment but this was not accompanied by any measurable sodium retention and could not be attributed to renal compensation. Furthermore, plasma renin activity showed no significant change following 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. 6. It is suggested that the return of systolic blood pressure to pre-treatment levels was chiefly due to the return of vasoconstrictor function. The changes in plasma composition and volume were probably due to a fall in capillary hydrostatic pressure and an increase in the osmolality of extracellular fluid due to the elevated glucose levels.", "PMID": 671344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_851", "title": "The febrile responses in rabbits and rats to leucocyte pyrogens of different species.", "content": "1. We have investigated the effects on body temperature of rats and rabbits of leucocyte pyrogen derived from the blood of rat, rabbit, ox, pig and baboon. 2. In the rabbit intravenous injections (3.5 ml.) of solutions containing leucocyte pyrogen derived from ox, pig and rabbit blood produced fevers with short latencies; no fevers resulted from injections of similar solutions derived from rat or baboon blood. 3. In the rat intraperitoneal injections (2.0 ml.) of solutions containing leucocyte pyrogen derived from ox blood caused a fever, while pig leucocyte pyrogen produced a marked hypothermia. Neither rabbit, baboon, nor rat leucocyte pyrogen had any significant effect on rectal temperature of the rats. 4. Our results show that there is a variability of response in the rat and the rabbit to injection of leucocyte pyrogen of different species; leucocyte pyrogen may be species specific.", "contents": "The febrile responses in rabbits and rats to leucocyte pyrogens of different species. 1. We have investigated the effects on body temperature of rats and rabbits of leucocyte pyrogen derived from the blood of rat, rabbit, ox, pig and baboon. 2. In the rabbit intravenous injections (3.5 ml.) of solutions containing leucocyte pyrogen derived from ox, pig and rabbit blood produced fevers with short latencies; no fevers resulted from injections of similar solutions derived from rat or baboon blood. 3. In the rat intraperitoneal injections (2.0 ml.) of solutions containing leucocyte pyrogen derived from ox blood caused a fever, while pig leucocyte pyrogen produced a marked hypothermia. Neither rabbit, baboon, nor rat leucocyte pyrogen had any significant effect on rectal temperature of the rats. 4. Our results show that there is a variability of response in the rat and the rabbit to injection of leucocyte pyrogen of different species; leucocyte pyrogen may be species specific.", "PMID": 671345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_852", "title": "Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on intestinal absorption and blood flow.", "content": "1. Intestinal absorption and blood flow in anaesthetized dogs was determined after I.V. infusion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) (1.75-175 ng/min) to determine the contribution of the cardiovascular changes to transport. 2. 22Na and 3H2O were utilized to determine the unidirectional fluxes of Na and H2O from saline perfused through the ileal lumen and the clearances of 3H2O were used to determine total and absorptive site blood flow. 3. Net Na and H2O absorption were reversed to secretion by VIP at 175 ng/min due to a significant decrease in unidirectional absorptive fluxes and smaller increases in secretory fluxes. 4. Arterial pressure and absorptive site blood flow were reduced in proportion to the changes in Na and H2O fluxes. 5. Total and absorptive site blood flow decreased and the blood flow resistances increased. 6. Prior treatment with guanethidine to suppress sympathetic effects did not greatly affect the responses to VIP. Prior treatment with atropine to suppress cholinergic effects inhibited most of the effects of VIP. 7. Absorptive site blood flow was linearly related to absorptive fluxes of Na and H2O but with different slopes for results from atropinized dogs as compared to those from dogs given VIP alone or VIP plus guanethidine. 8. It was concluded that VIP reduces gut absorption through a generalized cardiovascular effect and also through a mechanism which depends on the release of ACh by the gut.", "contents": "Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on intestinal absorption and blood flow. 1. Intestinal absorption and blood flow in anaesthetized dogs was determined after I.V. infusion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) (1.75-175 ng/min) to determine the contribution of the cardiovascular changes to transport. 2. 22Na and 3H2O were utilized to determine the unidirectional fluxes of Na and H2O from saline perfused through the ileal lumen and the clearances of 3H2O were used to determine total and absorptive site blood flow. 3. Net Na and H2O absorption were reversed to secretion by VIP at 175 ng/min due to a significant decrease in unidirectional absorptive fluxes and smaller increases in secretory fluxes. 4. Arterial pressure and absorptive site blood flow were reduced in proportion to the changes in Na and H2O fluxes. 5. Total and absorptive site blood flow decreased and the blood flow resistances increased. 6. Prior treatment with guanethidine to suppress sympathetic effects did not greatly affect the responses to VIP. Prior treatment with atropine to suppress cholinergic effects inhibited most of the effects of VIP. 7. Absorptive site blood flow was linearly related to absorptive fluxes of Na and H2O but with different slopes for results from atropinized dogs as compared to those from dogs given VIP alone or VIP plus guanethidine. 8. It was concluded that VIP reduces gut absorption through a generalized cardiovascular effect and also through a mechanism which depends on the release of ACh by the gut.", "PMID": 671346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_853", "title": "Antidipsogenic effect of intracranial injections of substance P in rats.", "content": "1. The effect on water intake of intracranial injections of Substance P was studied in the rat. 2. Substance P strongly inhibited drinking elicited by Angiotensin II, Carbachol water deprivation or sodium chloride load, in that order. 3. The peptide was particularly effective when water intake was induced by injections of Angiotensin II into the preoptic area. In these experiments, drinking was inhibited by doses of Substance P as low as 1 ng. 4. The results suggest that in the rat Substance P may play a role in the brain in the regulation of water intake, acting as a thirst inhibitor.", "contents": "Antidipsogenic effect of intracranial injections of substance P in rats. 1. The effect on water intake of intracranial injections of Substance P was studied in the rat. 2. Substance P strongly inhibited drinking elicited by Angiotensin II, Carbachol water deprivation or sodium chloride load, in that order. 3. The peptide was particularly effective when water intake was induced by injections of Angiotensin II into the preoptic area. In these experiments, drinking was inhibited by doses of Substance P as low as 1 ng. 4. The results suggest that in the rat Substance P may play a role in the brain in the regulation of water intake, acting as a thirst inhibitor.", "PMID": 671347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_854", "title": "Sensitization and habituation of dorsal horn cells in cats.", "content": "1. Extracellular recordings were obtained from spinal dorsal horn cells in acutely spinalized cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. The dorsal horn cells studied responded to ipsilateral tactile stimulation of the central pad of the hind foot. Eleven short latency dorsal horn cells driven by electrical stimulation of the foot pad were studied intensively; these short latency dorsal horn cells all discharged within 1.5 msec of the arrival of an afferent volley at the dorsal root entry zone. Electrode tip sites were histologically verified to lie near the medial border of the dorsal horn in the seventh lumbar segment, in Rexed's laminae III and IV. 2. Electrical stimulation of the foot pad not only activated the dorsal horn cells studied, but also produced a reflex discharge which was monitored by recording from the ipsilateral first sacral ventral root, which had been sectioned intradurally and mounted on bipolar recording electrodes. Repeated stimulation of the foot pad at moderate intensities and frequencies (e.g. three times threshold for the ventral root response at 5 Hz) typically produced a transitory increase in the magnitude of the reflex discharge (sensitization) followed by a marked waning of the reflex magnitude (habituation). Within a few minutes following cessation of stimulation, the reflex magnitude returned to its prestimulation value. During repeated bouts of five hundred stimuli each, at frequencies from 1.0 to 10.0 Hz, and intensities 1.5-10.0 times reflex threshold, the firing pattern of a short latency dorsal horn cell was monitored along with the magnitude of the ventral root response. Changes in response patterns of the dorsal horn cells were compared to those of the reflex discharges. 3. The short latency dorsal horn cells fell into two distinct patterns of response. The firing pattern of six dorsal horn cells paralleled the response pattern of the reflex discharge; when the reflex increased in magnitude, each of these dorsal horn cells increased in number of responses per stimulus; when the reflex discharge decreased in magnitude, each of these dorsal horn cells decreased the number of responses per stimulus. These dorsal horn cells were characterized by the following: intermediate thresholds to tactile stimulation, comparable to that of the reflex discharge itself; relatively low numbers of responses per stimulus (mean: 1.3/stimulus); low spontaneous activity rates (once per 10 sec or less). 4. The firing patterns of the other class of short latency dorsal horn cells did not parallel the response pattern of the reflex discharge; these showed only a rather rapid, though moderate, decrease in responses per stimulus over the entire range of intensities and frequencies tested. These five dorsal horn cells were characterized by the following: thresholds of tactile stimulation considerably below that of the reflex discharge itself; bursts of responses following each stimulation (mean: 7...", "contents": "Sensitization and habituation of dorsal horn cells in cats. 1. Extracellular recordings were obtained from spinal dorsal horn cells in acutely spinalized cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. The dorsal horn cells studied responded to ipsilateral tactile stimulation of the central pad of the hind foot. Eleven short latency dorsal horn cells driven by electrical stimulation of the foot pad were studied intensively; these short latency dorsal horn cells all discharged within 1.5 msec of the arrival of an afferent volley at the dorsal root entry zone. Electrode tip sites were histologically verified to lie near the medial border of the dorsal horn in the seventh lumbar segment, in Rexed's laminae III and IV. 2. Electrical stimulation of the foot pad not only activated the dorsal horn cells studied, but also produced a reflex discharge which was monitored by recording from the ipsilateral first sacral ventral root, which had been sectioned intradurally and mounted on bipolar recording electrodes. Repeated stimulation of the foot pad at moderate intensities and frequencies (e.g. three times threshold for the ventral root response at 5 Hz) typically produced a transitory increase in the magnitude of the reflex discharge (sensitization) followed by a marked waning of the reflex magnitude (habituation). Within a few minutes following cessation of stimulation, the reflex magnitude returned to its prestimulation value. During repeated bouts of five hundred stimuli each, at frequencies from 1.0 to 10.0 Hz, and intensities 1.5-10.0 times reflex threshold, the firing pattern of a short latency dorsal horn cell was monitored along with the magnitude of the ventral root response. Changes in response patterns of the dorsal horn cells were compared to those of the reflex discharges. 3. The short latency dorsal horn cells fell into two distinct patterns of response. The firing pattern of six dorsal horn cells paralleled the response pattern of the reflex discharge; when the reflex increased in magnitude, each of these dorsal horn cells increased in number of responses per stimulus; when the reflex discharge decreased in magnitude, each of these dorsal horn cells decreased the number of responses per stimulus. These dorsal horn cells were characterized by the following: intermediate thresholds to tactile stimulation, comparable to that of the reflex discharge itself; relatively low numbers of responses per stimulus (mean: 1.3/stimulus); low spontaneous activity rates (once per 10 sec or less). 4. The firing patterns of the other class of short latency dorsal horn cells did not parallel the response pattern of the reflex discharge; these showed only a rather rapid, though moderate, decrease in responses per stimulus over the entire range of intensities and frequencies tested. These five dorsal horn cells were characterized by the following: thresholds of tactile stimulation considerably below that of the reflex discharge itself; bursts of responses following each stimulation (mean: 7...", "PMID": 671348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_855", "title": "The pattern of stimulated breathing in man during non-elastic expiratory loading.", "content": "1. The pattern of breathing expressed as the relationship between tidal volume and the components of breath interval was studied in normal subjects during CO2 rebreathing, both under unloaded conditions and following the introduction of a non-elastic expiratory resistance. 2. Under unloaded conditions end-expiratory thoracic gas volume (FRC) measured plethysmographically did not alter during the course of the rebreathing experiment. Maximum tidal volume attained (VT, max.) was equal to or just less than the inspiratory capacity of the subject measured at rest. Expiratory reserve volume was not encroached upon even at the highest levels of ventilation. 3. Under loaded conditions the pattern of breathing was altered. VT, max. was diminished in all subjects and FRC showed a progressive rise during rebreathing which was proportional to the resistive load afforded by the artificial resistance. There were no consistent differences in the components of breath duration either at rest or on maximal ventilatory stimulation between the loaded and unloaded states. 4. It is suggested that the pattern of breathing adopted under conditions of expiratory non-elastic loading is influenced more by the secondary effects of breathing at an elevated lung volume, than by the effect of the non-elastic load per se.", "contents": "The pattern of stimulated breathing in man during non-elastic expiratory loading. 1. The pattern of breathing expressed as the relationship between tidal volume and the components of breath interval was studied in normal subjects during CO2 rebreathing, both under unloaded conditions and following the introduction of a non-elastic expiratory resistance. 2. Under unloaded conditions end-expiratory thoracic gas volume (FRC) measured plethysmographically did not alter during the course of the rebreathing experiment. Maximum tidal volume attained (VT, max.) was equal to or just less than the inspiratory capacity of the subject measured at rest. Expiratory reserve volume was not encroached upon even at the highest levels of ventilation. 3. Under loaded conditions the pattern of breathing was altered. VT, max. was diminished in all subjects and FRC showed a progressive rise during rebreathing which was proportional to the resistive load afforded by the artificial resistance. There were no consistent differences in the components of breath duration either at rest or on maximal ventilatory stimulation between the loaded and unloaded states. 4. It is suggested that the pattern of breathing adopted under conditions of expiratory non-elastic loading is influenced more by the secondary effects of breathing at an elevated lung volume, than by the effect of the non-elastic load per se.", "PMID": 671349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_856", "title": "Conductance increases produced by glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in lamprey interneurones.", "content": "1. Conductances of individual neurones in the isolated lamprey spinal cord were measured with separate intracellular electrodes for recording potentials and for passing current pulses during application of glycine or GABA (0.1-1.0 MM) in Ca-free bathing fluid. Large, reversible increases in conductance were produced in giant interneurones by both amino acids, but M\u00fcller axons and sensory dorsal cells were unaffected. 2. Conductance increases produced by glycine and by GABA were selective for Cl. Both conductance increases were linearly related to external Cl concentrations and repeated exposure to the amino acids in Cl-free fluid progressively reduced the conductance increases to less than 1% of their values in normal Cl. 3. Strychnine was a competitive antagonist of glycine, while GABA was antagonized competitively by bicuculline and non-competitively by picrotoxin. 4. The sensitivity of giant interneurones to glycine and GABA increased at low temperatures, in Na-free fluid, and after repeated exposure to the amino acids. Sensitization may have been produced by inhibition of uptake mechanisms for glycine and GABA in the spinal cord. 5. Discharges of interneurones recorded extracellularly were inhibited by bath-applied glycine and GABA, but directly elicited action potentials of axons were unaffected. Strychnine and Cl-free fluid in the presence of Ca produced seizures in lamprey spinal cord. 6. The conclusions of these experiments are that different receptors for glycine and for GABA are present on giant interneurones, that glycine is the better candidate for an inhibitory transmitter in the lamprey spinal cord, and that GABA produces effects similar to those which have been well studied in arthropod muscle.", "contents": "Conductance increases produced by glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in lamprey interneurones. 1. Conductances of individual neurones in the isolated lamprey spinal cord were measured with separate intracellular electrodes for recording potentials and for passing current pulses during application of glycine or GABA (0.1-1.0 MM) in Ca-free bathing fluid. Large, reversible increases in conductance were produced in giant interneurones by both amino acids, but M\u00fcller axons and sensory dorsal cells were unaffected. 2. Conductance increases produced by glycine and by GABA were selective for Cl. Both conductance increases were linearly related to external Cl concentrations and repeated exposure to the amino acids in Cl-free fluid progressively reduced the conductance increases to less than 1% of their values in normal Cl. 3. Strychnine was a competitive antagonist of glycine, while GABA was antagonized competitively by bicuculline and non-competitively by picrotoxin. 4. The sensitivity of giant interneurones to glycine and GABA increased at low temperatures, in Na-free fluid, and after repeated exposure to the amino acids. Sensitization may have been produced by inhibition of uptake mechanisms for glycine and GABA in the spinal cord. 5. Discharges of interneurones recorded extracellularly were inhibited by bath-applied glycine and GABA, but directly elicited action potentials of axons were unaffected. Strychnine and Cl-free fluid in the presence of Ca produced seizures in lamprey spinal cord. 6. The conclusions of these experiments are that different receptors for glycine and for GABA are present on giant interneurones, that glycine is the better candidate for an inhibitory transmitter in the lamprey spinal cord, and that GABA produces effects similar to those which have been well studied in arthropod muscle.", "PMID": 671350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_857", "title": "Mechanism of slow discharges of sheep carotid artery.", "content": "1. Single and double sucrose-gap methods were used to follow changes in membrane potential and conductance of smooth muscle of sheep carotid arteries. 2. K depolarization induced discharges lasting several seconds in various solutions containing Mn, or Mg, or Ca and procaine, sometimes with no other added cations and with only sulphate or ethanesulphonate as anions. 3. Membrane conductance usually rose substantially above resting level in the early part of these discharges, but fell towards resting level during the later part. 4. Large depolarizing currents caused porportionately less voltage displacement than small currents, and reduced voltage displacements induced by superimposed current pulses, even in Cl and HCO3 free solutions, indicating activation of K conductance by depolarization. 5. When procaine was added, or Ca replaced by Mn or Mg, conductance was lower both at rest and on depolarization, and the increase on depolarization often underwent slow inactivation which it never did in simple Ca containing solutions. 6. The results indicate that a slowly inactivated inward current dependent on Ca, Mn or Mg was largely responsible for the slow discharges, and that procaine, Mn or Mg assisted the discharges by reducing the normal rapid outward-rectifying K conductance and allowing it to inactivate on prolonged depolarization.", "contents": "Mechanism of slow discharges of sheep carotid artery. 1. Single and double sucrose-gap methods were used to follow changes in membrane potential and conductance of smooth muscle of sheep carotid arteries. 2. K depolarization induced discharges lasting several seconds in various solutions containing Mn, or Mg, or Ca and procaine, sometimes with no other added cations and with only sulphate or ethanesulphonate as anions. 3. Membrane conductance usually rose substantially above resting level in the early part of these discharges, but fell towards resting level during the later part. 4. Large depolarizing currents caused porportionately less voltage displacement than small currents, and reduced voltage displacements induced by superimposed current pulses, even in Cl and HCO3 free solutions, indicating activation of K conductance by depolarization. 5. When procaine was added, or Ca replaced by Mn or Mg, conductance was lower both at rest and on depolarization, and the increase on depolarization often underwent slow inactivation which it never did in simple Ca containing solutions. 6. The results indicate that a slowly inactivated inward current dependent on Ca, Mn or Mg was largely responsible for the slow discharges, and that procaine, Mn or Mg assisted the discharges by reducing the normal rapid outward-rectifying K conductance and allowing it to inactivate on prolonged depolarization.", "PMID": 671351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_858", "title": "Intracellular electrical activity of canine and human gastric smooth muscle.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings were obtained from circular smooth muscle fibres of the canine fundus, corpus, antrum and pylorus as well as from the human corpus and antrum. 2. In the canine stomach, all regions of the stomach except the fundus exhibited spontaneous action potentials. 3. The spontaneous action potential consisted of an upstroke potential and a plateau potential. 4. There were regional differences in the configuration of the plateau potential. Corporal and antral smooth muscle did not normally spike during the plateau potential whereas terminal antral and pyloric muscle usually showed spikes on top of the plateau potential. Near the intermediate sphincter, there was a zone of transition in which oscillations in potential of variable amplitude were superimposed on the plateau potential. 5. The configuration of the action potential of the human stomach was similar to the configuration of the canine action potential when the same region of the stomach was compared. 6. The ionic dependence of the plateau potential was studied in canine stomach in an area where neither oscillations nor spikes occurred. 7. In calcium-free solution, all spontaneous activity stopped. D600 selectively suppressed the size of the plateau potential. 8. Sodium-deficient solution reduced the size of the plateau potential. 9. These results suggest that both calcium and sodium may be involved as current carriers in the generation of the plateau potential.", "contents": "Intracellular electrical activity of canine and human gastric smooth muscle. 1. Intracellular recordings were obtained from circular smooth muscle fibres of the canine fundus, corpus, antrum and pylorus as well as from the human corpus and antrum. 2. In the canine stomach, all regions of the stomach except the fundus exhibited spontaneous action potentials. 3. The spontaneous action potential consisted of an upstroke potential and a plateau potential. 4. There were regional differences in the configuration of the plateau potential. Corporal and antral smooth muscle did not normally spike during the plateau potential whereas terminal antral and pyloric muscle usually showed spikes on top of the plateau potential. Near the intermediate sphincter, there was a zone of transition in which oscillations in potential of variable amplitude were superimposed on the plateau potential. 5. The configuration of the action potential of the human stomach was similar to the configuration of the canine action potential when the same region of the stomach was compared. 6. The ionic dependence of the plateau potential was studied in canine stomach in an area where neither oscillations nor spikes occurred. 7. In calcium-free solution, all spontaneous activity stopped. D600 selectively suppressed the size of the plateau potential. 8. Sodium-deficient solution reduced the size of the plateau potential. 9. These results suggest that both calcium and sodium may be involved as current carriers in the generation of the plateau potential.", "PMID": 671352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_859", "title": "Modulation of canine antral circular smooth muscle by acetylcholine, noradrenaline and pentagastrin.", "content": "1. The effects of acetylcholine, noradrenaline and pentagastrin on the action potential of canine antral circular muscle were determined using the intracellular micro-electrode technique. 2. Acetylcholine increased the amplitude and duration of the plateau potential of the action potential. Since these effects were blocked by atropine but not by hexamethonium, the effects of acetylcholine were on muscarinic receptors, probably located on the smooth muscle cell. 3. Pentagastrin 2 x 10(-10) M increased the size of the plateau potential and the frequency of the action potential; pentagastrin 1 x 10(-9) M increased the frequency of the action potential complex and produced a marked diastolic depolarization between action potentials. The effect on the size of the plateau potential was biphasic. The amplitude and half-time duration of the plateau potential increased in the first 3 min, but thereafter, during steady-state conditions, they were the same as or slightly greater than those obtained in Krebs solution. 4. All the effects produced by pentagastrin were due to a direct action on the smooth muscle cell. 5. Noradrenaline decreased the size of the plateau potential but increased its frequency; high concentrations (greater than 10(-5) M) additionally produced a diastolic depolarization between action potentials. These effects were mediated primarily by alpha-adrenoceptors presumably located on the smooth muscle cell. 6. It was concluded that the substances studied primarily alter the size of the plateau potential in antral circular muscle. Since phasic contractions are associated with the plateau potential, it is suggested that agents which increase the size of the plateau potential increase the force of the contraction whereas agents which decrease the size of the plateau potential have the opposite effect.", "contents": "Modulation of canine antral circular smooth muscle by acetylcholine, noradrenaline and pentagastrin. 1. The effects of acetylcholine, noradrenaline and pentagastrin on the action potential of canine antral circular muscle were determined using the intracellular micro-electrode technique. 2. Acetylcholine increased the amplitude and duration of the plateau potential of the action potential. Since these effects were blocked by atropine but not by hexamethonium, the effects of acetylcholine were on muscarinic receptors, probably located on the smooth muscle cell. 3. Pentagastrin 2 x 10(-10) M increased the size of the plateau potential and the frequency of the action potential; pentagastrin 1 x 10(-9) M increased the frequency of the action potential complex and produced a marked diastolic depolarization between action potentials. The effect on the size of the plateau potential was biphasic. The amplitude and half-time duration of the plateau potential increased in the first 3 min, but thereafter, during steady-state conditions, they were the same as or slightly greater than those obtained in Krebs solution. 4. All the effects produced by pentagastrin were due to a direct action on the smooth muscle cell. 5. Noradrenaline decreased the size of the plateau potential but increased its frequency; high concentrations (greater than 10(-5) M) additionally produced a diastolic depolarization between action potentials. These effects were mediated primarily by alpha-adrenoceptors presumably located on the smooth muscle cell. 6. It was concluded that the substances studied primarily alter the size of the plateau potential in antral circular muscle. Since phasic contractions are associated with the plateau potential, it is suggested that agents which increase the size of the plateau potential increase the force of the contraction whereas agents which decrease the size of the plateau potential have the opposite effect.", "PMID": 671353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_860", "title": "Ouabain and regulation of cellular volume in freshly prepared slices of rabbit renal cortex.", "content": "1. Changes in the water and ion contents of rabbit renal cortical slices, which had been bathed, immediately after slicing, in air-equilibrated media at room temperature ('freshly prepared slices'), were followed during subsequent incubation at 25 degrees C in oxygenated media of the same composition as the initial bathing medium. 2. In comparison with conventional 'equilibrated' slices (slices incubated at 25 degrees C in oxygenated ordinary medium immediately after slicing) these 'freshly prepared' slices had increased tissue water, sodium and chloride contents and low tissue potassium contents. 3. Control freshly prepared slices incubated at 25 degrees C in oxygenated ordinary medium recovered within 4 min to the tissue water content that is usual for rabbit renal cortical slices incubated in oxygenated ordinary medium at 25 degrees C. Freshly prepared slices incubated at 25 degrees C in oxygenated media containing 1 mM-oubain took 75 min or more to recover to this usual tissue water content. Thus the presence of 1 mM-oubain in both bathing and incubation media produced a marked inhibition of the volume recovery observed when freshly prepared slices are incubated in oxygenated media at 25 degrees C. 4. Reduction of the ouabain concentration reduced the inhibition of cell volume recovery. 5. Replacement of medium glucose by 3-O-methylglucose did not inhibit cell volume recovery in the absence of ouabain. 6. The oxygen consumptions of slices that were bathed and incubated in 1 mM-ouabain media were similar to those of slices initially bathed and incubated in ouabain-free media and then incubated in ouabain media. Thus the effect of ouabain in inhibiting cell volume recovery was unlikely to be secondary to inhibition of cellular energy production. 7. The tissue potassium content of slices incubated aerobically in 1 or 10 mM ouabin fell to an apparently stable value of approximately 100 m-mole/kg dry wt., which corresponds to a calculated concentration ratio of 10:1 across the cellular membrane, suggesting that some residual potassium uptake may still have been occurring. 8. These results indicate that in freshly prepared rabbit renal cortical slices ouabain-sensitive mechanisms play a major role in cell volume recovery. They are not in accord with the postulate that renal cortical cells possess a separate ouabain-insensitive mechanism regulating cell volume.", "contents": "Ouabain and regulation of cellular volume in freshly prepared slices of rabbit renal cortex. 1. Changes in the water and ion contents of rabbit renal cortical slices, which had been bathed, immediately after slicing, in air-equilibrated media at room temperature ('freshly prepared slices'), were followed during subsequent incubation at 25 degrees C in oxygenated media of the same composition as the initial bathing medium. 2. In comparison with conventional 'equilibrated' slices (slices incubated at 25 degrees C in oxygenated ordinary medium immediately after slicing) these 'freshly prepared' slices had increased tissue water, sodium and chloride contents and low tissue potassium contents. 3. Control freshly prepared slices incubated at 25 degrees C in oxygenated ordinary medium recovered within 4 min to the tissue water content that is usual for rabbit renal cortical slices incubated in oxygenated ordinary medium at 25 degrees C. Freshly prepared slices incubated at 25 degrees C in oxygenated media containing 1 mM-oubain took 75 min or more to recover to this usual tissue water content. Thus the presence of 1 mM-oubain in both bathing and incubation media produced a marked inhibition of the volume recovery observed when freshly prepared slices are incubated in oxygenated media at 25 degrees C. 4. Reduction of the ouabain concentration reduced the inhibition of cell volume recovery. 5. Replacement of medium glucose by 3-O-methylglucose did not inhibit cell volume recovery in the absence of ouabain. 6. The oxygen consumptions of slices that were bathed and incubated in 1 mM-ouabain media were similar to those of slices initially bathed and incubated in ouabain-free media and then incubated in ouabain media. Thus the effect of ouabain in inhibiting cell volume recovery was unlikely to be secondary to inhibition of cellular energy production. 7. The tissue potassium content of slices incubated aerobically in 1 or 10 mM ouabin fell to an apparently stable value of approximately 100 m-mole/kg dry wt., which corresponds to a calculated concentration ratio of 10:1 across the cellular membrane, suggesting that some residual potassium uptake may still have been occurring. 8. These results indicate that in freshly prepared rabbit renal cortical slices ouabain-sensitive mechanisms play a major role in cell volume recovery. They are not in accord with the postulate that renal cortical cells possess a separate ouabain-insensitive mechanism regulating cell volume.", "PMID": 671354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_861", "title": "Effects of ouabain and potassium-free media on cellular volume regulation in rat renal cortical slices.", "content": "1. Changes in water and ion contents of rat renal cortical slices were followed over 4 hr incubation at 25 degrees C in potassium-free media and media with ouabain. Slices that lost potassium more rapidly swelled earlier. 2. Greater swelling with lower tissue potassium contents was also observed in slices preincubated and leached in potassium-depleting media and in slices incubated in lithium medium with 10 mM-ouabain and in potassium-free lithium medium with 10 mM-ouabain. 3. This swelling associated with potassium depletion was also observed when slices were incuabted in media where the substrate was malate in place of glucose. 4. No distinct fall in the oxygen consumption of potassium-depleted slices was detected during the period in which slices commenced swelling. 5. These results suggest that the swelling observed in potassium-depleted rat renal cortical slices is unlikely to be secondary to inhibition of cellular energy production.", "contents": "Effects of ouabain and potassium-free media on cellular volume regulation in rat renal cortical slices. 1. Changes in water and ion contents of rat renal cortical slices were followed over 4 hr incubation at 25 degrees C in potassium-free media and media with ouabain. Slices that lost potassium more rapidly swelled earlier. 2. Greater swelling with lower tissue potassium contents was also observed in slices preincubated and leached in potassium-depleting media and in slices incubated in lithium medium with 10 mM-ouabain and in potassium-free lithium medium with 10 mM-ouabain. 3. This swelling associated with potassium depletion was also observed when slices were incuabted in media where the substrate was malate in place of glucose. 4. No distinct fall in the oxygen consumption of potassium-depleted slices was detected during the period in which slices commenced swelling. 5. These results suggest that the swelling observed in potassium-depleted rat renal cortical slices is unlikely to be secondary to inhibition of cellular energy production.", "PMID": 671355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_862", "title": "Evidence of active sodium transport in the visceral yolk sac of the rat in vitro.", "content": "1. Na transport has been studied in the isolated rat visceral yolk sac from day 17.5 of gestation to term. 2. The transepithelial potential difference (p.d.) and the short circuit current (s.c.c.) in the isolated yolk sac were found to vary with gestational age, with peak values at day 19.5. The maximal p.d. and s.c.c. were 3.85 +/- 0.32 mV (the fetal side positive) and 19.5 +/- 5.3 microamperemeter cm-2 respectively. 3. Simultaneous determination of the two-way Na+ flux and the s.c.c. revealed a preferential active movement of Na in the maternal to fetal direction. The net flux was found to be 50% higher than the s.c.c. 4. Both the p.d. and the s.c.c. were found to be reduced by cooling and by the uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol. 5. The s.c.c. altered in a curvilinear fashion with the Na+ concentration in the bathing solution, with an apparent Km of about 20 mM-Na+. Removing Cl ions from the bathing solutions had no effect on the p.d. and s.c.c. 6. Addition of amiloride (10(-4) M) to either side of the visceral yolk sac had no effect on the s.c.c. but application of ouabain (10(-5) M) to the fetal side caused a profound fall in the s.c.c. 7. The possible physiological role of this active Na transport by the visceral yolk sac in the formation of amniotic fluid is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence of active sodium transport in the visceral yolk sac of the rat in vitro. 1. Na transport has been studied in the isolated rat visceral yolk sac from day 17.5 of gestation to term. 2. The transepithelial potential difference (p.d.) and the short circuit current (s.c.c.) in the isolated yolk sac were found to vary with gestational age, with peak values at day 19.5. The maximal p.d. and s.c.c. were 3.85 +/- 0.32 mV (the fetal side positive) and 19.5 +/- 5.3 microamperemeter cm-2 respectively. 3. Simultaneous determination of the two-way Na+ flux and the s.c.c. revealed a preferential active movement of Na in the maternal to fetal direction. The net flux was found to be 50% higher than the s.c.c. 4. Both the p.d. and the s.c.c. were found to be reduced by cooling and by the uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol. 5. The s.c.c. altered in a curvilinear fashion with the Na+ concentration in the bathing solution, with an apparent Km of about 20 mM-Na+. Removing Cl ions from the bathing solutions had no effect on the p.d. and s.c.c. 6. Addition of amiloride (10(-4) M) to either side of the visceral yolk sac had no effect on the s.c.c. but application of ouabain (10(-5) M) to the fetal side caused a profound fall in the s.c.c. 7. The possible physiological role of this active Na transport by the visceral yolk sac in the formation of amniotic fluid is discussed.", "PMID": 671356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_863", "title": "Properties of intraoral mechanoreceptors represented in the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve in the cat.", "content": "1. The activity of neurones in the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve that respond to forces applied to the teeth were recorded using extracellular microelectrodes; the properties of these neurones have been studied. 2. Electrophysiological evidence consistent with the view that primary afferent intraoral mechanoreceptor fibres have their cell bodies in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus is presented. 3. Two groups of intraoral mechanoreceptor neurones were found. The first group, the periodontal mechanoreceptor neurones, which have been described by previous workers, responded to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral superior or inferior dental nerves and to forces applied to single teeth in the ipsilateral maxilla or mandible respectively. The response characteristics of the mesencephalic periodontal mechanoreceptor neurones differed in two respects from those observed in peripheral nerve studies by previous workers: (a) there were no spontaneously active neurones, and (b) there were no neurones that responded for over 10 sec to a sustained application of a suprathreshold mechanical stimulus to the teeth. The second group, not described before, responded to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral palatine nerve, and responded to forces applied to all the teeth in the maxillary arch, both contralateral and ipsilateral as well as to forces applied to the nose and hard palate. The site of these receptors is unknown. They have been termed 'Type P' intraoral mechanoreceptors. 4. The recording sites of both the periodontal and Type P mechanoreceptor neurones were all situated in the caudal part of the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve.", "contents": "Properties of intraoral mechanoreceptors represented in the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve in the cat. 1. The activity of neurones in the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve that respond to forces applied to the teeth were recorded using extracellular microelectrodes; the properties of these neurones have been studied. 2. Electrophysiological evidence consistent with the view that primary afferent intraoral mechanoreceptor fibres have their cell bodies in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus is presented. 3. Two groups of intraoral mechanoreceptor neurones were found. The first group, the periodontal mechanoreceptor neurones, which have been described by previous workers, responded to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral superior or inferior dental nerves and to forces applied to single teeth in the ipsilateral maxilla or mandible respectively. The response characteristics of the mesencephalic periodontal mechanoreceptor neurones differed in two respects from those observed in peripheral nerve studies by previous workers: (a) there were no spontaneously active neurones, and (b) there were no neurones that responded for over 10 sec to a sustained application of a suprathreshold mechanical stimulus to the teeth. The second group, not described before, responded to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral palatine nerve, and responded to forces applied to all the teeth in the maxillary arch, both contralateral and ipsilateral as well as to forces applied to the nose and hard palate. The site of these receptors is unknown. They have been termed 'Type P' intraoral mechanoreceptors. 4. The recording sites of both the periodontal and Type P mechanoreceptor neurones were all situated in the caudal part of the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve.", "PMID": 671357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_864", "title": "Inhibitory action of dopamine on cat carotid chemoreceptors.", "content": "1. The influence of some drugs which affect the dopaminergic system was studied on chemosensory responses to dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), sodium cyanide NaCN) and hypoxia during experiments on pentobarbitone anaesthetized cats in which chemoreceptor activity was recorded from the peripheral end of a sectioned sinus nerve. 2. Spontaneous chemosensory activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by DA (0.5-5 microgram, I.A.). Higher doses (10-50 microgram) caused a delayed increase in discharge and were associated with inconsistent inhibitory responses. 3. The DA antagonist alpha-flupenthixol (0.2 mg/kg, I.A.) blocked the inhibitory response to DA without affecting either the spontaneous discharge frequency or the response to ACh. The effect of NaCN was potentiated, and during hypoxia chemoreceptor activity increased more rapidly, although the maximum frequency attained was not appreciably different from control values. Similar results were obtained with haloperidol (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, I.V.). 4. Higher doses of alpha-flupenthixol (0.5-1.0 mg/kg, I.A.) increased spontaneous chemoreceptor activity, but this was regarded as a non-specific effect of the drug since at these doses the inhibitory effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was also abolished. 5. The animals were exposed to alternate periods of hypoxia and hyperoxia following administration of the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor alpha-methyl p-tyrosine (AMPT, 0.2-10 mg/kg, I.A.). The inhibitory response previously evoked by amphetamine was abolished, and electron microscopic studies showed a great reduction in the number of dense-cored granules, both of which suggested that DA levels in the carotid body had been substantially reduced. Responses to NaCN and hypoxia were slightly potentiated following AMPT, but neither spontaneous activity nor the response to ACh was affected. 6. Apomorphine (0.05-0.2 mg/kg, I.A.) inhibited the chemoreceptor discharge for up to 45 min, an effect which was antagonized by alpha-flupenthixol (0.2 mg/kg, I.A.), implying it resulted from DA receptor stimulation. Although responses to NaCN, hypoxia and higher doses of ACh were reduced following administration of apomorphine, the reduction was not very marked. 7. These results are not compatible with the theory of Osborne & Butler (1975), that in normoxia DA is tonically released in the carotid body and suppresses spontaneous chemosensory activity. 8. It is concluded that DA modulates chemosensory activity by influencing the rate of increase in discharge, without affecting maximum discharge frequency. The mechanism whereby DA is released in response to increased chemosensory activity remains to be established.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of dopamine on cat carotid chemoreceptors. 1. The influence of some drugs which affect the dopaminergic system was studied on chemosensory responses to dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), sodium cyanide NaCN) and hypoxia during experiments on pentobarbitone anaesthetized cats in which chemoreceptor activity was recorded from the peripheral end of a sectioned sinus nerve. 2. Spontaneous chemosensory activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by DA (0.5-5 microgram, I.A.). Higher doses (10-50 microgram) caused a delayed increase in discharge and were associated with inconsistent inhibitory responses. 3. The DA antagonist alpha-flupenthixol (0.2 mg/kg, I.A.) blocked the inhibitory response to DA without affecting either the spontaneous discharge frequency or the response to ACh. The effect of NaCN was potentiated, and during hypoxia chemoreceptor activity increased more rapidly, although the maximum frequency attained was not appreciably different from control values. Similar results were obtained with haloperidol (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, I.V.). 4. Higher doses of alpha-flupenthixol (0.5-1.0 mg/kg, I.A.) increased spontaneous chemoreceptor activity, but this was regarded as a non-specific effect of the drug since at these doses the inhibitory effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was also abolished. 5. The animals were exposed to alternate periods of hypoxia and hyperoxia following administration of the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor alpha-methyl p-tyrosine (AMPT, 0.2-10 mg/kg, I.A.). The inhibitory response previously evoked by amphetamine was abolished, and electron microscopic studies showed a great reduction in the number of dense-cored granules, both of which suggested that DA levels in the carotid body had been substantially reduced. Responses to NaCN and hypoxia were slightly potentiated following AMPT, but neither spontaneous activity nor the response to ACh was affected. 6. Apomorphine (0.05-0.2 mg/kg, I.A.) inhibited the chemoreceptor discharge for up to 45 min, an effect which was antagonized by alpha-flupenthixol (0.2 mg/kg, I.A.), implying it resulted from DA receptor stimulation. Although responses to NaCN, hypoxia and higher doses of ACh were reduced following administration of apomorphine, the reduction was not very marked. 7. These results are not compatible with the theory of Osborne & Butler (1975), that in normoxia DA is tonically released in the carotid body and suppresses spontaneous chemosensory activity. 8. It is concluded that DA modulates chemosensory activity by influencing the rate of increase in discharge, without affecting maximum discharge frequency. The mechanism whereby DA is released in response to increased chemosensory activity remains to be established.", "PMID": 671358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_865", "title": "On the receptors involved in the nervous control of salivary secretion by Nauphoeta cinerea Olivier.", "content": "1. It has been shown that the isolated salivary glands of Nauphoeta cinerea Olivier produce fluid secretion in response to nerve stimulation or bath applications of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and 5-HT. These catecholamines, of which dopamine is the most potent, evoked maximal responses matching that to nerve stimulation whereas 5-HT was less effective. 2. The receptors combining with 5-HT could be distinguished from those for the catecholamines and the transmitter at this salivary neuroglandular junction. 3. The results of experiments where glands were stimulated by dopamine in the presence of noradrenaline or adrenaline suggested that there are receptors with specific binding sites for dopamine. 4. The effects of several antagonists (Ginsborg, House & Silinsky, 1976) of the hyperpolarizing responses from acinar cells to nerve stimulation and the above agonists have been examined. Phentolamine reversibly suppressed the secretory responses to these stimuli whereas methysergide had no effect and ergometrine elicited fluid secretion in a dose-dependent manner.", "contents": "On the receptors involved in the nervous control of salivary secretion by Nauphoeta cinerea Olivier. 1. It has been shown that the isolated salivary glands of Nauphoeta cinerea Olivier produce fluid secretion in response to nerve stimulation or bath applications of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and 5-HT. These catecholamines, of which dopamine is the most potent, evoked maximal responses matching that to nerve stimulation whereas 5-HT was less effective. 2. The receptors combining with 5-HT could be distinguished from those for the catecholamines and the transmitter at this salivary neuroglandular junction. 3. The results of experiments where glands were stimulated by dopamine in the presence of noradrenaline or adrenaline suggested that there are receptors with specific binding sites for dopamine. 4. The effects of several antagonists (Ginsborg, House & Silinsky, 1976) of the hyperpolarizing responses from acinar cells to nerve stimulation and the above agonists have been examined. Phentolamine reversibly suppressed the secretory responses to these stimuli whereas methysergide had no effect and ergometrine elicited fluid secretion in a dose-dependent manner.", "PMID": 671359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_866", "title": "Mammary function and its control at the cessation of lactation in the goat.", "content": "1. The changes in mammary function following cessation of milking during declining lactation have been studied in conscious goats. 2. No significant changes in the rate of milk secretion, mammary blood flow or metabolism occurred in the first 24 h after cessation of milking. After then, secretory rate, mammary blood flow, oxygen consumption, glucose uptake and acetate uptake decreased markedly over the next 3 days. Up to the time of maximum udder distension on day 3, there were no major changes in milk composition. 3. It was found that the rate of milk secretion declined when the calculated pressure within the alveoli became positive. 4. After 3 days, mammary volume and intramammary pressure decreased, and the composition of milk changed slowly to resemble that of extracellular fluid, i.e. [Na+], [Cl-], [HCO3-] and pH increased while [K+], [lactose] and [citrate] decreased. During this time [lactose] and [K+] were positively correlated, and [lactose] and [Na+], and [lactose] and [Cl-] negatively correlated. 5. It is suggested that the changes in milk composition, the decreases in mammary volume and in intramammary pressure after day 3 are due to the loss of integrity of the mammary epithelium. 6. By about 7 weeks after the cessation of milking the udder volume was less than the empty udder volume before milking was stopped, indicating a loss of mammary tissue as well as the resorption of fluid. 7. When milking of an autotransplanted gland was stopped, while milking of the control gland in situ was continued, the rate of secretion in the transplant fell while that of the control did not change. 8. In goats milked normally but in which a volume of isosmotic lactose equal to the volume of milk removed at that milking was injected into the lumen of one gland at each milking, the rate of secretion of that gland, but not that of the other, decreased.", "contents": "Mammary function and its control at the cessation of lactation in the goat. 1. The changes in mammary function following cessation of milking during declining lactation have been studied in conscious goats. 2. No significant changes in the rate of milk secretion, mammary blood flow or metabolism occurred in the first 24 h after cessation of milking. After then, secretory rate, mammary blood flow, oxygen consumption, glucose uptake and acetate uptake decreased markedly over the next 3 days. Up to the time of maximum udder distension on day 3, there were no major changes in milk composition. 3. It was found that the rate of milk secretion declined when the calculated pressure within the alveoli became positive. 4. After 3 days, mammary volume and intramammary pressure decreased, and the composition of milk changed slowly to resemble that of extracellular fluid, i.e. [Na+], [Cl-], [HCO3-] and pH increased while [K+], [lactose] and [citrate] decreased. During this time [lactose] and [K+] were positively correlated, and [lactose] and [Na+], and [lactose] and [Cl-] negatively correlated. 5. It is suggested that the changes in milk composition, the decreases in mammary volume and in intramammary pressure after day 3 are due to the loss of integrity of the mammary epithelium. 6. By about 7 weeks after the cessation of milking the udder volume was less than the empty udder volume before milking was stopped, indicating a loss of mammary tissue as well as the resorption of fluid. 7. When milking of an autotransplanted gland was stopped, while milking of the control gland in situ was continued, the rate of secretion in the transplant fell while that of the control did not change. 8. In goats milked normally but in which a volume of isosmotic lactose equal to the volume of milk removed at that milking was injected into the lumen of one gland at each milking, the rate of secretion of that gland, but not that of the other, decreased.", "PMID": 671360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_867", "title": "Branched afferent nerves supplying tooth-pulp in the cat.", "content": "1. Recordings have been made from nerve terminals in canine and third incisor teeth of cats. 2. Ninety-three tooth-pulp units in ten cats could be excited either by mechanical or electrical stimulation of adjacent mucous membrane or by electrical stimulation of the pulp of a nearby tooth. 3. Section of the trigeminal nerve centrally did not abolish these responses. 4. Results for twelve out of thirteen units tested with collision techniques indicated that the nerves were branched.", "contents": "Branched afferent nerves supplying tooth-pulp in the cat. 1. Recordings have been made from nerve terminals in canine and third incisor teeth of cats. 2. Ninety-three tooth-pulp units in ten cats could be excited either by mechanical or electrical stimulation of adjacent mucous membrane or by electrical stimulation of the pulp of a nearby tooth. 3. Section of the trigeminal nerve centrally did not abolish these responses. 4. Results for twelve out of thirteen units tested with collision techniques indicated that the nerves were branched.", "PMID": 671361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_868", "title": "Evoked depolarizing and hyperpolarizing potentials in reticulospinal axons of lamprey.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings were made from reticulospinal axons (M\u00fcller axons) in the lamprey spinal cord. Electrical stimuli applied to the spinal cord surface elicited depolarizing and hyperpolarizing 'synaptic-like' potentials in M\u00fcller axons. The physiological basis of these evoked potentials was investigated. 2. The depolarizing response was not the result of increased extracellular K, as demonstrated by the constancy of the undershoot of the axonal action potential during the depolarization, by the failure of the response to summate during repetitive stimulation and by the failure of the response amplitude to vary as predicted when the [K] of the saline was varied. 3. When the membrane potential of the axon was varied by passing current through a micro-electrode, the amplitude of the depolarizing evoked potential decreased at membrane potentials positive to the resting potential and increased up to a maximum when the axon was hyperpolarized by about 10 mV. The extrapolated 'reversal potential' for the depolarizing response was about 15 mV positive to the normal -80 mV resting potential of the axon. However, the amplitude of the response did not continue to grow with hyperpolarizations greater than 10 mV, and, thus, the response did not behave as would a normal depolarizing synaptic potential. 4. M\u00fcller axons make numerous electrical synapses with spinal motoneurones and interneurones, and this suggested that the depolarizing response might be a coupling potential. In agreement with this idea, quantitative correspondence was found between changes in the input resistance of the axon produced by the depolarizing response and the variation in the depolarizing response amplitude. Thus, although the depolarizing response mimicked in some ways the behaviour of an excitatory synaptic potential, we conclude that it is a coupling potential. 5. The hyperpolarizing response also appeared to be a coupling potential. Its amplitude was not changed by hyperpolarizing the axon up to 30 mV and was decreased by depolarizing the axon sufficiently to decrease the axon's input resistance. 6. It is proposed that both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing evoked potentials in lamprey M\u00fcller axons are a result of passive flow of current from cells activated by the spinal cord stimulus and electrically coupled to M\u00fcller axons.", "contents": "Evoked depolarizing and hyperpolarizing potentials in reticulospinal axons of lamprey. 1. Intracellular recordings were made from reticulospinal axons (M\u00fcller axons) in the lamprey spinal cord. Electrical stimuli applied to the spinal cord surface elicited depolarizing and hyperpolarizing 'synaptic-like' potentials in M\u00fcller axons. The physiological basis of these evoked potentials was investigated. 2. The depolarizing response was not the result of increased extracellular K, as demonstrated by the constancy of the undershoot of the axonal action potential during the depolarization, by the failure of the response to summate during repetitive stimulation and by the failure of the response amplitude to vary as predicted when the [K] of the saline was varied. 3. When the membrane potential of the axon was varied by passing current through a micro-electrode, the amplitude of the depolarizing evoked potential decreased at membrane potentials positive to the resting potential and increased up to a maximum when the axon was hyperpolarized by about 10 mV. The extrapolated 'reversal potential' for the depolarizing response was about 15 mV positive to the normal -80 mV resting potential of the axon. However, the amplitude of the response did not continue to grow with hyperpolarizations greater than 10 mV, and, thus, the response did not behave as would a normal depolarizing synaptic potential. 4. M\u00fcller axons make numerous electrical synapses with spinal motoneurones and interneurones, and this suggested that the depolarizing response might be a coupling potential. In agreement with this idea, quantitative correspondence was found between changes in the input resistance of the axon produced by the depolarizing response and the variation in the depolarizing response amplitude. Thus, although the depolarizing response mimicked in some ways the behaviour of an excitatory synaptic potential, we conclude that it is a coupling potential. 5. The hyperpolarizing response also appeared to be a coupling potential. Its amplitude was not changed by hyperpolarizing the axon up to 30 mV and was decreased by depolarizing the axon sufficiently to decrease the axon's input resistance. 6. It is proposed that both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing evoked potentials in lamprey M\u00fcller axons are a result of passive flow of current from cells activated by the spinal cord stimulus and electrically coupled to M\u00fcller axons.", "PMID": 671362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_869", "title": "An intracellular study of dendrodendritic inhibitory synapses on mitral cells in the rabbit olfactory bulb.", "content": "1. In the rabbit olfactory bulb, intracellular potentials were recorded from mitral cells and from neurones in the granule cell layer (g.c.l.) following lateral olfactory tract (l.o.t.) stimulation. 2. Most recordings from mitral cells showed large (5-21 mV) and prolonged (60-650 msec) i.p.s.p.s subseuqent to the antidromic spikes. These i.p.s.p.s decreased in amplitude and then reversed in polarity by progressive increase in hyperpolarizing current applied intracellularly. They were accompanied by a prominent and long lasting (up to 100 msec) conductance increase of the mitral cell membrane. 3. Reversed i.p.s.p.s of mitral cells having quite different time courses from the original hyperpolarizing i.p.s.p.s suggest that the inhibitory synapses are widely distributed on the soma and dendrites. 4. E.p.s.p.s could be recorded from g.c.l. cells whose onset latency was approximately 0.6 msec shorter than that of mitral cell i.p.s.p.s. Comparison of the behaviour of e.p.s.p.s in g.c.l. cells and that of mitral cell i.p.s.p. under various conditions of l.o.t. stimulation suggests that these g.c.l. cells are the inhibitory interneurones mediating mitral cell inhibition. 5. The results support the hypothesis of dendrodentritic pathways for activation of granule cells and subsequent inhibition of mitral cells.", "contents": "An intracellular study of dendrodendritic inhibitory synapses on mitral cells in the rabbit olfactory bulb. 1. In the rabbit olfactory bulb, intracellular potentials were recorded from mitral cells and from neurones in the granule cell layer (g.c.l.) following lateral olfactory tract (l.o.t.) stimulation. 2. Most recordings from mitral cells showed large (5-21 mV) and prolonged (60-650 msec) i.p.s.p.s subseuqent to the antidromic spikes. These i.p.s.p.s decreased in amplitude and then reversed in polarity by progressive increase in hyperpolarizing current applied intracellularly. They were accompanied by a prominent and long lasting (up to 100 msec) conductance increase of the mitral cell membrane. 3. Reversed i.p.s.p.s of mitral cells having quite different time courses from the original hyperpolarizing i.p.s.p.s suggest that the inhibitory synapses are widely distributed on the soma and dendrites. 4. E.p.s.p.s could be recorded from g.c.l. cells whose onset latency was approximately 0.6 msec shorter than that of mitral cell i.p.s.p.s. Comparison of the behaviour of e.p.s.p.s in g.c.l. cells and that of mitral cell i.p.s.p. under various conditions of l.o.t. stimulation suggests that these g.c.l. cells are the inhibitory interneurones mediating mitral cell inhibition. 5. The results support the hypothesis of dendrodentritic pathways for activation of granule cells and subsequent inhibition of mitral cells.", "PMID": 671363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_870", "title": "Activation and inhibition of olfactory bulb neurones by anterior commissure volleys in the rabbit.", "content": "1. In the rabbit olfactory bulb, analysis has been carried out on intracellular potentials recorded from mitral cells and neurones in the granule cell layer (g.c.l. cells) in addition to the extracellular field potentials in the olfactory bulb elicited by anterior commissure (a.c.) stimulation. 2. Most mitral cell recordings showed i.p.s.p.s with latency of 7-11 msec following a.c. stimulation. These i.p.s.p.s were similar to those evoked by lateral olfactory tract (l.o.t.) stimulation in their sensitivity to internally applied current and showed asymmetrical reversal during application of the hyperpolarizing current. 3. Volleys in the a.c. elicited e.p.s.p.s in type 1 g.c.l. cells whose characteristics were in agreement with those of inhibitory interneurones inferred from the analyses of mitral cell i.p.s.p.s. It has been suggested that these type 1 g.c.l. cells may be the common inhibitory interneurones (presumably granule cells) mediating both a.c.-evoked and l.o.t.-evoked i.p.s.p.s in mitral cells. 4. Conditioning a.c. stimulation depressed the test l.o.t.-evoked i.p.s.p.s in mitral cells and test l.o.t.-evoked e.p.s.p.s in type 1 g.c.l. cells. These observations are in good agreement with the hypothesis that l.o.t.-evoked i.p.s.p.s are mainly mediated by the dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses between mitral cell dendrites and peripheral processes of granule cells. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the inhibitory mechanisms controlling mitral cell activity in the olfactory bulb.", "contents": "Activation and inhibition of olfactory bulb neurones by anterior commissure volleys in the rabbit. 1. In the rabbit olfactory bulb, analysis has been carried out on intracellular potentials recorded from mitral cells and neurones in the granule cell layer (g.c.l. cells) in addition to the extracellular field potentials in the olfactory bulb elicited by anterior commissure (a.c.) stimulation. 2. Most mitral cell recordings showed i.p.s.p.s with latency of 7-11 msec following a.c. stimulation. These i.p.s.p.s were similar to those evoked by lateral olfactory tract (l.o.t.) stimulation in their sensitivity to internally applied current and showed asymmetrical reversal during application of the hyperpolarizing current. 3. Volleys in the a.c. elicited e.p.s.p.s in type 1 g.c.l. cells whose characteristics were in agreement with those of inhibitory interneurones inferred from the analyses of mitral cell i.p.s.p.s. It has been suggested that these type 1 g.c.l. cells may be the common inhibitory interneurones (presumably granule cells) mediating both a.c.-evoked and l.o.t.-evoked i.p.s.p.s in mitral cells. 4. Conditioning a.c. stimulation depressed the test l.o.t.-evoked i.p.s.p.s in mitral cells and test l.o.t.-evoked e.p.s.p.s in type 1 g.c.l. cells. These observations are in good agreement with the hypothesis that l.o.t.-evoked i.p.s.p.s are mainly mediated by the dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses between mitral cell dendrites and peripheral processes of granule cells. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the inhibitory mechanisms controlling mitral cell activity in the olfactory bulb.", "PMID": 671364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_871", "title": "Albumin permeability of the peritubular capillaries in rat renal cortex.", "content": "1. Two series of experiments were carried out to determine the permeability of the renal cortical peritubular capillaries to albumin under control conditions in the concentrating kidney and after an infusion of hypo-osmotic fluid amounting to 6% body weight. 2. In the first series of these experiments the turnover of the interstitial albumin pool of the renal cortex was studied. Specifically, the mean transit time of albumin molecules from arterial plasma to renal lymph was measured in nine rats of each group. Mean values of 39.0 +/- 2.8 and 30.6 +/- 2.2 (S.E. of mean) min were found for the control and infused groups, respectively. 3. In the second series of experiments the interstitial distribution volume of plasma albumin in renal cortex was determined in twenty-three control and twenty-two infused rats. Mean values of the extravascular distribution volumes were 1.66 +/- 0.21 and 1.37 +/- 0.18 (S.E. of mean) microliter/100 mg tissue, respectively. 4. The unidirectional clearance of albumin from the capillary to the interstitium in the control and infused groups, respectively, was calculated to be 7.1 +/- 1.0 and 7.5 +/- 0.9 (S.E. of mean) ml. sec-1 10(-4) in 100 g cortical tissue. 5. For the reabsorbing surface of the peritubular capillaries in the renal cortex, a lower bound was calculated for sigma, the reflexion coefficient of albumin. The reflexion coefficient was found to be higher than 0.998 under both experimental conditions.", "contents": "Albumin permeability of the peritubular capillaries in rat renal cortex. 1. Two series of experiments were carried out to determine the permeability of the renal cortical peritubular capillaries to albumin under control conditions in the concentrating kidney and after an infusion of hypo-osmotic fluid amounting to 6% body weight. 2. In the first series of these experiments the turnover of the interstitial albumin pool of the renal cortex was studied. Specifically, the mean transit time of albumin molecules from arterial plasma to renal lymph was measured in nine rats of each group. Mean values of 39.0 +/- 2.8 and 30.6 +/- 2.2 (S.E. of mean) min were found for the control and infused groups, respectively. 3. In the second series of experiments the interstitial distribution volume of plasma albumin in renal cortex was determined in twenty-three control and twenty-two infused rats. Mean values of the extravascular distribution volumes were 1.66 +/- 0.21 and 1.37 +/- 0.18 (S.E. of mean) microliter/100 mg tissue, respectively. 4. The unidirectional clearance of albumin from the capillary to the interstitium in the control and infused groups, respectively, was calculated to be 7.1 +/- 1.0 and 7.5 +/- 0.9 (S.E. of mean) ml. sec-1 10(-4) in 100 g cortical tissue. 5. For the reabsorbing surface of the peritubular capillaries in the renal cortex, a lower bound was calculated for sigma, the reflexion coefficient of albumin. The reflexion coefficient was found to be higher than 0.998 under both experimental conditions.", "PMID": 671365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_872", "title": "Effects of acetylcholine and parasympathetic nerve stimulation on membrane potential in quiescent guinea-pig atria.", "content": "1. In quiescent preparations of guinea-pig right atria the action of ACh applied in the superfusion medium or released from parasympathetic nerve fibres was investigated by membrane potential measurements. 2. ACh-containing solutions induced hyperpolarizations which did not show desensitization. 3. The relationship between hyperpolarization amplitude (corrected for non-linear summation) and ACh concentration could formally be described by simple saturation kinetics with an apparent dissociation constant KACh = 1.3 x 10(-6) M. 4. Stimulation with impulses subthreshold for myocardial excitation induced a membrane hyperpolarization by releasing ACh from post-ganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibres. 5. The hyperpolarization reached maximum about 1 sec after the onset of stimulation. This slow development of hyperpolarization cannot be accounted for simply by diffusion from the site of release to the receptor site. 6. The hyperpolarization declined exponentially with a time constant of about 3 sec. In the presence of neostigmine (3 x 10(-6) M) the hyperpolarization lasted for 2 min or more. It is concluded that the action of ACh is primarily terminated by enzymic hydrolysis.", "contents": "Effects of acetylcholine and parasympathetic nerve stimulation on membrane potential in quiescent guinea-pig atria. 1. In quiescent preparations of guinea-pig right atria the action of ACh applied in the superfusion medium or released from parasympathetic nerve fibres was investigated by membrane potential measurements. 2. ACh-containing solutions induced hyperpolarizations which did not show desensitization. 3. The relationship between hyperpolarization amplitude (corrected for non-linear summation) and ACh concentration could formally be described by simple saturation kinetics with an apparent dissociation constant KACh = 1.3 x 10(-6) M. 4. Stimulation with impulses subthreshold for myocardial excitation induced a membrane hyperpolarization by releasing ACh from post-ganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibres. 5. The hyperpolarization reached maximum about 1 sec after the onset of stimulation. This slow development of hyperpolarization cannot be accounted for simply by diffusion from the site of release to the receptor site. 6. The hyperpolarization declined exponentially with a time constant of about 3 sec. In the presence of neostigmine (3 x 10(-6) M) the hyperpolarization lasted for 2 min or more. It is concluded that the action of ACh is primarily terminated by enzymic hydrolysis.", "PMID": 671366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_873", "title": "Cognitive tempo in educable mentally retarded children.", "content": "The present study investigated the relationship of time and errors on the Matching Familiar Figures test to the mental age of 40 Caucasian male, educable mentally retarded (EMR) children. The children, who ranged in age from six to 18 years, had intelligence test scores of less than 80, were exhibiting problems in adaptive behavior, and were all receiving special education services. An ANOVA revealed that with increasing mental age, elapsed time to first response increased and errors decreased, thus indicating a mental age developmental decrease in impulsivity. For all subjects, time was inversely related to errors. The data suggest that the development of cognitive tempo in EMR children parallels that of nonhandicapped children.", "contents": "Cognitive tempo in educable mentally retarded children. The present study investigated the relationship of time and errors on the Matching Familiar Figures test to the mental age of 40 Caucasian male, educable mentally retarded (EMR) children. The children, who ranged in age from six to 18 years, had intelligence test scores of less than 80, were exhibiting problems in adaptive behavior, and were all receiving special education services. An ANOVA revealed that with increasing mental age, elapsed time to first response increased and errors decreased, thus indicating a mental age developmental decrease in impulsivity. For all subjects, time was inversely related to errors. The data suggest that the development of cognitive tempo in EMR children parallels that of nonhandicapped children.", "PMID": 671374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_874", "title": "Perceptions of ugliness in the mentally retarded.", "content": "Thirty male and female retarded adults were asked to draw a picture of a person and then to draw a picture of an ugly person, in order to determine whether broader facial features are a measure of ugliness (as found by McCullers and Staat). Additionally, measures of broadness of facial outline and body outline of the drawings were taken. Although there were no significant differences, there was a trend to exaggerate the drawing of the ugly person, and the rationale for this was discussed.", "contents": "Perceptions of ugliness in the mentally retarded. Thirty male and female retarded adults were asked to draw a picture of a person and then to draw a picture of an ugly person, in order to determine whether broader facial features are a measure of ugliness (as found by McCullers and Staat). Additionally, measures of broadness of facial outline and body outline of the drawings were taken. Although there were no significant differences, there was a trend to exaggerate the drawing of the ugly person, and the rationale for this was discussed.", "PMID": 671375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_875", "title": "Personality correlates of suicidal tendency among Iranian and Turkish students.", "content": "Personality correlates of S s indicating suicidal intent have been found to be different from those of normals in a direction indicative of possible psychopathology. To test the cross-cultural relevance of this hypothesis, three samples of male and female students were administered Eysenck's extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism inventory: 209 Iranian and 128 Turkish university students and 101 Iranian high school students. S s were classified into \"suicidal\" and \"normal\" groups in each sample by means of a self-rating scale of suicide intent. Comparison of scores showed that irrespective of nationality and age, suicidals scored higher on neuroticism and psychoticism but lower on extraversion than their normal counterparts. Results suggest that personality correlates of suicidal tendency are rather similar despite differences in age and cultural background.", "contents": "Personality correlates of suicidal tendency among Iranian and Turkish students. Personality correlates of S s indicating suicidal intent have been found to be different from those of normals in a direction indicative of possible psychopathology. To test the cross-cultural relevance of this hypothesis, three samples of male and female students were administered Eysenck's extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism inventory: 209 Iranian and 128 Turkish university students and 101 Iranian high school students. S s were classified into \"suicidal\" and \"normal\" groups in each sample by means of a self-rating scale of suicide intent. Comparison of scores showed that irrespective of nationality and age, suicidals scored higher on neuroticism and psychoticism but lower on extraversion than their normal counterparts. Results suggest that personality correlates of suicidal tendency are rather similar despite differences in age and cultural background.", "PMID": 671376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_876", "title": "Wave coherence in the human EEG.", "content": "The investigation is concerned with the phase coherence of human EEG's taken from the median plane of the scalp (N = about 125 male and female undergraduates). Manifestation of coherence was made by using scalp potentials of not less than a fixed value to trigger the sweep of a computer of average transients. Very coherent phase relationships were observed in the occipital region in the form of waves having a period of about 100 msec under a condition of bodily and mental relaxation and eyes closed. With eyes open and under a condition of motivated visual perception, wave coherence disappeared in nearly all S s. Coherence in the alpha frequency diminished as derivation moved toward the frontal region. In some S s, coherence was also noted for waves with a period of 55-60 msec, derived from the occipital region under condition of relaxation. In many individuals, coherent waves of this period were derived from the parietal, central, and frontal areas.", "contents": "Wave coherence in the human EEG. The investigation is concerned with the phase coherence of human EEG's taken from the median plane of the scalp (N = about 125 male and female undergraduates). Manifestation of coherence was made by using scalp potentials of not less than a fixed value to trigger the sweep of a computer of average transients. Very coherent phase relationships were observed in the occipital region in the form of waves having a period of about 100 msec under a condition of bodily and mental relaxation and eyes closed. With eyes open and under a condition of motivated visual perception, wave coherence disappeared in nearly all S s. Coherence in the alpha frequency diminished as derivation moved toward the frontal region. In some S s, coherence was also noted for waves with a period of 55-60 msec, derived from the occipital region under condition of relaxation. In many individuals, coherent waves of this period were derived from the parietal, central, and frontal areas.", "PMID": 671377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_877", "title": "The relationship between fear and death and anxiety.", "content": "Studies examining fear of death and anxiety have consistently shown these constructs to be positively related. Although several measures of anxiety have been examined, fear of death has always been treated unidimensionally. The present research was an attempt to examine eight types of fear of death in relation to two types of anxiety. Questionnaire data were collected from 375 male and female undergraduates at a Mid-western university. Anxiety was measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and fear of death by a factor analytic multidimensional scale. Significant correlations were found between seven of the eight fear of death dimensions and both measures of anxiety. Regression analysis showed fear of premature death and fear of the dead to be the most important death-related fears associated with anxiety.", "contents": "The relationship between fear and death and anxiety. Studies examining fear of death and anxiety have consistently shown these constructs to be positively related. Although several measures of anxiety have been examined, fear of death has always been treated unidimensionally. The present research was an attempt to examine eight types of fear of death in relation to two types of anxiety. Questionnaire data were collected from 375 male and female undergraduates at a Mid-western university. Anxiety was measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and fear of death by a factor analytic multidimensional scale. Significant correlations were found between seven of the eight fear of death dimensions and both measures of anxiety. Regression analysis showed fear of premature death and fear of the dead to be the most important death-related fears associated with anxiety.", "PMID": 671378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_878", "title": "Reconstructing, recognizing, and reproducing object figures: a fixed order.", "content": "In this study it is hypothesized that there are three distinct levels of representation and that these levels are hierarchical. The hypothesis was tested by having 100 six-year old boys and girls represent one of the most basic Bender-Gestalt figures. It was demonstrated that a representation of this figure through object reconstruction is prerequisite to recognizing the object figure from a collection of figures which in turn is prerequisite to representing the object figure using a pencil-and-paper reproduction.", "contents": "Reconstructing, recognizing, and reproducing object figures: a fixed order. In this study it is hypothesized that there are three distinct levels of representation and that these levels are hierarchical. The hypothesis was tested by having 100 six-year old boys and girls represent one of the most basic Bender-Gestalt figures. It was demonstrated that a representation of this figure through object reconstruction is prerequisite to recognizing the object figure from a collection of figures which in turn is prerequisite to representing the object figure using a pencil-and-paper reproduction.", "PMID": 671379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_879", "title": "Developmental features of speech-sound production in language-impaired children.", "content": "The speech-sound production of severely language-impaired children was monitored in a longitudinal study. In order to generalize findings, acoustical, phonemic, and clinical observation data were collected from 30 children. Results showed that speech-sound acquisition goes through a hierarchical sequence of development and that speech-sound production will deteriorate in a predictable manner depending on the pathology. The authors hypothesize a speech-sound acquisition model, SSAM, based on the development observed.", "contents": "Developmental features of speech-sound production in language-impaired children. The speech-sound production of severely language-impaired children was monitored in a longitudinal study. In order to generalize findings, acoustical, phonemic, and clinical observation data were collected from 30 children. Results showed that speech-sound acquisition goes through a hierarchical sequence of development and that speech-sound production will deteriorate in a predictable manner depending on the pathology. The authors hypothesize a speech-sound acquisition model, SSAM, based on the development observed.", "PMID": 671381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_880", "title": "Lost intrauterine devices and their localization.", "content": "With the increasing popularity of intrauterine devices for contraception, an increase in the number of IUD-related complications has been observed. A common clinical problem is loss of marker strings at the external os. It could be due to translocation or unnoticed expulsion, both of which reduce the contraceptive effectiveness of the method. Even with the most scrupulous IUD insertion technics, uterine perforation is a recognized complication. Ectopic devices should be removed because extensive sepsis and adhesions between adjacent organs with subsequent bowel strangulation have been reported. Determining the location of the device is facilitated by flat plate X-rays of the abdomen,  hysterography, ultrasound or hysteroscopy. The best method of IUD removal depends upon its location, extent of adhesions and the experience of the operator.", "contents": "Lost intrauterine devices and their localization. With the increasing popularity of intrauterine devices for contraception, an increase in the number of IUD-related complications has been observed. A common clinical problem is loss of marker strings at the external os. It could be due to translocation or unnoticed expulsion, both of which reduce the contraceptive effectiveness of the method. Even with the most scrupulous IUD insertion technics, uterine perforation is a recognized complication. Ectopic devices should be removed because extensive sepsis and adhesions between adjacent organs with subsequent bowel strangulation have been reported. Determining the location of the device is facilitated by flat plate X-rays of the abdomen,  hysterography, ultrasound or hysteroscopy. The best method of IUD removal depends upon its location, extent of adhesions and the experience of the operator.", "PMID": 671388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_881", "title": "Observations in perinatal heart rate monitoring. I. A quantitative method of describing baseline variability of the fetal heart rate.", "content": "Simultaneous magnetic tape recordings of fetal scalp ECG, maternal ECG and uterine contractions were obtained from 23 patients in active labor. Computer-derived distributions of beat-to-beat changes were used to develop a simple numerical and graphical description of the long and short-term variability patterns. The visually observed variability may be described by the R-R interval change (beat-to-beat change), which is greater than 90% of the total number of beat-to-beat changes. Thus, the 90th percentile of R-R interval changes quantitatively describes the baseline variability. The variability may be classified as fixed, minimal, moderate or marked, based on this simple calculation. Graphs of cumulative percentage of R-R interval changes provide additional visual information. The effects of meperidine HCl on the observed variability were easily detected and visualized by these methods.", "contents": "Observations in perinatal heart rate monitoring. I. A quantitative method of describing baseline variability of the fetal heart rate. Simultaneous magnetic tape recordings of fetal scalp ECG, maternal ECG and uterine contractions were obtained from 23 patients in active labor. Computer-derived distributions of beat-to-beat changes were used to develop a simple numerical and graphical description of the long and short-term variability patterns. The visually observed variability may be described by the R-R interval change (beat-to-beat change), which is greater than 90% of the total number of beat-to-beat changes. Thus, the 90th percentile of R-R interval changes quantitatively describes the baseline variability. The variability may be classified as fixed, minimal, moderate or marked, based on this simple calculation. Graphs of cumulative percentage of R-R interval changes provide additional visual information. The effects of meperidine HCl on the observed variability were easily detected and visualized by these methods.", "PMID": 671389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_882", "title": "Educational responsibilities and resources of obstetrics and gynecology departments in 1975.", "content": "A survey of 108 departments of obstetrics and gynecology in United States medical schools was completed for 1975, and a statistical evaluation of their resources was made. The mean data showed that the student core clerkship had a duration of 6.9 weeks and an enrollment of 17.8 students. The departments had 11.3 full-time faculty members, 69.5 obstetric beds and 56.9 gynecologic beds. There were 3,891 deliveries, 1,846 minor gynecologic operations and 1,418 major gynecologic operations performed. These results should provide a data base upon which to compare the changes in departments in the future.", "contents": "Educational responsibilities and resources of obstetrics and gynecology departments in 1975. A survey of 108 departments of obstetrics and gynecology in United States medical schools was completed for 1975, and a statistical evaluation of their resources was made. The mean data showed that the student core clerkship had a duration of 6.9 weeks and an enrollment of 17.8 students. The departments had 11.3 full-time faculty members, 69.5 obstetric beds and 56.9 gynecologic beds. There were 3,891 deliveries, 1,846 minor gynecologic operations and 1,418 major gynecologic operations performed. These results should provide a data base upon which to compare the changes in departments in the future.", "PMID": 671390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_883", "title": "Aortic stenosis and pregnancy.", "content": "Pregnancy in patients with aortic stenosis results in a maternal mortality rate of 17.4% and perinatal mortality rate of 31.6%. Medical treatment, valve replacement and termination of pregnancy are the main modes of therapy. The number of cases reported in the literature is small, and the indications for selecting one method of management over the others have not been established. A case is presented that illustrate some of the difficulties encountered in the management of these patients.", "contents": "Aortic stenosis and pregnancy. Pregnancy in patients with aortic stenosis results in a maternal mortality rate of 17.4% and perinatal mortality rate of 31.6%. Medical treatment, valve replacement and termination of pregnancy are the main modes of therapy. The number of cases reported in the literature is small, and the indications for selecting one method of management over the others have not been established. A case is presented that illustrate some of the difficulties encountered in the management of these patients.", "PMID": 671391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_884", "title": "Abnormal Papanicolaou smears found in victims of sexual assault.", "content": "Four women, at the time of treatment for rape, were concurrently found to have abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. It is suggested that all women who seek emergency care after sexual assault have Pap smears taken at that time if there is no record of a negative Pap smear within the preceding six months.", "contents": "Abnormal Papanicolaou smears found in victims of sexual assault. Four women, at the time of treatment for rape, were concurrently found to have abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. It is suggested that all women who seek emergency care after sexual assault have Pap smears taken at that time if there is no record of a negative Pap smear within the preceding six months.", "PMID": 671392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_885", "title": "Venous stasis retinopathy after long-standing menorrhagia.", "content": "It is uncommon for visual symptoms to be the initial presentation after long-standing menorrhagia. In this case, menorrhagia secondary to leiomyomata gave rise to a severe iron deficiency anemia. A VSR followed that resolved quickly after transfusion. A hysterectomy was performed for definitive treatment.", "contents": "Venous stasis retinopathy after long-standing menorrhagia. It is uncommon for visual symptoms to be the initial presentation after long-standing menorrhagia. In this case, menorrhagia secondary to leiomyomata gave rise to a severe iron deficiency anemia. A VSR followed that resolved quickly after transfusion. A hysterectomy was performed for definitive treatment.", "PMID": 671394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_886", "title": "Metastasis to the vagina from carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Carcinoma of the breast, metastatic to the ovary, is encountered frequently. The potential routes of dissemination include transcoelomic spread, lymphatic spread and vascular (arterial or venous) transportation. A case report of vaginal metastasis secondary to bilateral breast carcinoma is cited and the potential mechanisms for dissemination described.", "contents": "Metastasis to the vagina from carcinoma of the breast. Carcinoma of the breast, metastatic to the ovary, is encountered frequently. The potential routes of dissemination include transcoelomic spread, lymphatic spread and vascular (arterial or venous) transportation. A case report of vaginal metastasis secondary to bilateral breast carcinoma is cited and the potential mechanisms for dissemination described.", "PMID": 671397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_887", "title": "Forceps operations in perspective. I. Midforceps rotation operations.", "content": "Four hundred fifty-eight consecutive midforceps rotation operations were evaluated with a specially designed Perinatal Morbidity Index (PMI) and Maternal Morbidity Index (MMI). An unfavorable fetal outcome occurred in 30.8% of the midforceps rotation operations, and an unfavorable maternal outcome occurred in 13.5% of the cases. Twelve risk factors were found to be associated with suboptimal results. Among patients with no risk factors, an unfavorable fetal outcome occurred in 11% of the cases. Of the patients with three or more risk factors, in contrast, an unfavorable fetal outcome was found in 47% of the cases. A uniformly good fetal outcome was noted among patients selected as controls. Under ordinary circumstances, midforceps rotation operations should not be attempted in a patient already at significant risk. \"Significant risk\" is defined in the article.", "contents": "Forceps operations in perspective. I. Midforceps rotation operations. Four hundred fifty-eight consecutive midforceps rotation operations were evaluated with a specially designed Perinatal Morbidity Index (PMI) and Maternal Morbidity Index (MMI). An unfavorable fetal outcome occurred in 30.8% of the midforceps rotation operations, and an unfavorable maternal outcome occurred in 13.5% of the cases. Twelve risk factors were found to be associated with suboptimal results. Among patients with no risk factors, an unfavorable fetal outcome occurred in 11% of the cases. Of the patients with three or more risk factors, in contrast, an unfavorable fetal outcome was found in 47% of the cases. A uniformly good fetal outcome was noted among patients selected as controls. Under ordinary circumstances, midforceps rotation operations should not be attempted in a patient already at significant risk. \"Significant risk\" is defined in the article.", "PMID": 671398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_888", "title": "Medical management of the sexually assaulted woman.", "content": "Public concern about the sexual assault victim demands that the medical profession be better prepared to evaluate such patients. Modern guidelines for the medical evaluation and treatment of such victims are provided. A list of supplies for a \"rape tray\" and guidelines for obtaining laboratory tests are included. A detailed patient consent form and laboratory chain of evidence form will facilitate care. A plea is made for legislative support to pay for lab work and the establishment of state or national laboratories equipped to handle evidentiary material.", "contents": "Medical management of the sexually assaulted woman. Public concern about the sexual assault victim demands that the medical profession be better prepared to evaluate such patients. Modern guidelines for the medical evaluation and treatment of such victims are provided. A list of supplies for a \"rape tray\" and guidelines for obtaining laboratory tests are included. A detailed patient consent form and laboratory chain of evidence form will facilitate care. A plea is made for legislative support to pay for lab work and the establishment of state or national laboratories equipped to handle evidentiary material.", "PMID": 671400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_889", "title": "The utility and selection of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of the polycystic ovary syndrome.", "content": "Fourteen patients with clinically diagnosed and surgically documented polycystic ovarian (Stein-Leventhal) disease (PCOD) and 16 normal control women were studied to identify the laboratory test or tests that, from the clinician's point of view, are most likely to aid in the nonsurgical diagnosis of the disease. A single random morning blood specimen was assayed in all cases for testosterone, epitestosterone, androstenedione, FSH and LH. The mean testosterone level for the PCOD patients was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than that for the controls, with 50% of the patients showing elevated levels. Androstenedione showed a similar pattern, but mean epitestosterone levels were not significantly different from controls. FSH was not significantly different, but LH levels were significantly higher than controls (p less than 0.005), with 10 of 13 (77%) demonstrating elevated levels. A strong positive correlation was also found between the degree of virilization and the levels of LH, testosterone and androstenedione. This study suggests that the most useful diagnostic laboratory assay from a single drawing of blood is the serum LH; the only other useful test is testosterone and/or androstenedione. These data do not support other reports of elevated levels of epitestosterone or decreased values of FSH in PCOD.", "contents": "The utility and selection of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Fourteen patients with clinically diagnosed and surgically documented polycystic ovarian (Stein-Leventhal) disease (PCOD) and 16 normal control women were studied to identify the laboratory test or tests that, from the clinician's point of view, are most likely to aid in the nonsurgical diagnosis of the disease. A single random morning blood specimen was assayed in all cases for testosterone, epitestosterone, androstenedione, FSH and LH. The mean testosterone level for the PCOD patients was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than that for the controls, with 50% of the patients showing elevated levels. Androstenedione showed a similar pattern, but mean epitestosterone levels were not significantly different from controls. FSH was not significantly different, but LH levels were significantly higher than controls (p less than 0.005), with 10 of 13 (77%) demonstrating elevated levels. A strong positive correlation was also found between the degree of virilization and the levels of LH, testosterone and androstenedione. This study suggests that the most useful diagnostic laboratory assay from a single drawing of blood is the serum LH; the only other useful test is testosterone and/or androstenedione. These data do not support other reports of elevated levels of epitestosterone or decreased values of FSH in PCOD.", "PMID": 671401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_890", "title": "Patient's sources of information on coitus during pregnancy.", "content": "Obstetric patients were asked what sources they consulted for information about the advisability of coitus during pregnancy and what period of abstinence they inferred was proper from each. In general, the patients in the sample had incomplete information about these matters. A good indicator is that only 1 of the 17 patients in the sample had discussed them with her physician, and she did not know his recommendations.", "contents": "Patient's sources of information on coitus during pregnancy. Obstetric patients were asked what sources they consulted for information about the advisability of coitus during pregnancy and what period of abstinence they inferred was proper from each. In general, the patients in the sample had incomplete information about these matters. A good indicator is that only 1 of the 17 patients in the sample had discussed them with her physician, and she did not know his recommendations.", "PMID": 671402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_891", "title": "Oligohydramnios and fatal pulmonary hypoplasia without amnion nodosum.", "content": "Two cases of fatal pulmonary hypoplasia associated with hydrorrhea gravidarum are presented. Amnion nodosum was present in one case but not the other. The pathogenesis of amnion nodosum is reviewed, and the clinical implications of this pathologic finding are discussed in relation to whether the underlying pathology is renal agenesis or amniorrhea.", "contents": "Oligohydramnios and fatal pulmonary hypoplasia without amnion nodosum. Two cases of fatal pulmonary hypoplasia associated with hydrorrhea gravidarum are presented. Amnion nodosum was present in one case but not the other. The pathogenesis of amnion nodosum is reviewed, and the clinical implications of this pathologic finding are discussed in relation to whether the underlying pathology is renal agenesis or amniorrhea.", "PMID": 671406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_892", "title": "Granulocytic-like cells in the human fallopian tube.", "content": "In the fallopian tube there are three main epithelial cell types, i.e., ciliated and nonciliated (or secretory) cells and intercalary, or peg, cells. An additional cell type has been considered either a wandering or a progenitor cell. Our morphologic and histochemical study shows a close similarity between a fourth cell type in the fallopian epithelium and the endometrial granulocytes (K cells). It is suggested that the two cells might be of an identical nature and that granulocytes could be ubiquitous in the entire M\u00fcllerian tract.", "contents": "Granulocytic-like cells in the human fallopian tube. In the fallopian tube there are three main epithelial cell types, i.e., ciliated and nonciliated (or secretory) cells and intercalary, or peg, cells. An additional cell type has been considered either a wandering or a progenitor cell. Our morphologic and histochemical study shows a close similarity between a fourth cell type in the fallopian epithelium and the endometrial granulocytes (K cells). It is suggested that the two cells might be of an identical nature and that granulocytes could be ubiquitous in the entire M\u00fcllerian tract.", "PMID": 671407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_893", "title": "Chromosome aberrations in the mother and the newborn from drug-addiction pregnancies.", "content": "Cytogenetic data were obtained prenatally and at delivery from 99 addicted pregnant women (80 from a methadone maintenance program and 19 heroin addicts) and their 101 offspring at delivery. About 10% of the 27,907 cells scored showed chromosomal aberrations. Chromosome damage was random and affected all chromosomes. There were no standard abnormal karyotypes. Apgar scores appeared to have some type of association with chromosome damage. In this study there were about 14 aberrations for every 10 aberrant cells scored.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations in the mother and the newborn from drug-addiction pregnancies. Cytogenetic data were obtained prenatally and at delivery from 99 addicted pregnant women (80 from a methadone maintenance program and 19 heroin addicts) and their 101 offspring at delivery. About 10% of the 27,907 cells scored showed chromosomal aberrations. Chromosome damage was random and affected all chromosomes. There were no standard abnormal karyotypes. Apgar scores appeared to have some type of association with chromosome damage. In this study there were about 14 aberrations for every 10 aberrant cells scored.", "PMID": 671412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_894", "title": "Maternal intrauterine amine alterations in the pregnant drug addict.", "content": "The pregnant drug addict has been a good study patient. Her neural hormonal value, as measured by urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine, is altered during pregnancy. The major difference between the antepartum state in the pregnant drug addict and that in the nonpregnant drug addict is hyperactivity of the adrenal gland. The intrauterine fetal homeostasis is altered by drug addiction in that the fetus is addicted, ted, as indicated by depressed amniotic fluid norepinephrine and epinephrine levels. If detoxification takes place, the fetus can respond in a dramatic fashion with increased levels of both norepinephrine and epinephrine. Detoxification is not recommended in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy because of the potential seriousness of these neural hormonal alterations.", "contents": "Maternal intrauterine amine alterations in the pregnant drug addict. The pregnant drug addict has been a good study patient. Her neural hormonal value, as measured by urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine, is altered during pregnancy. The major difference between the antepartum state in the pregnant drug addict and that in the nonpregnant drug addict is hyperactivity of the adrenal gland. The intrauterine fetal homeostasis is altered by drug addiction in that the fetus is addicted, ted, as indicated by depressed amniotic fluid norepinephrine and epinephrine levels. If detoxification takes place, the fetus can respond in a dramatic fashion with increased levels of both norepinephrine and epinephrine. Detoxification is not recommended in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy because of the potential seriousness of these neural hormonal alterations.", "PMID": 671413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_895", "title": "A controlled trial of the theory of acupuncture in musculoskeletal pain.", "content": "We carried out a randomized trail compraing acupuncture done is theoretically correct [appropriate] and incorrect [inappropirate] locations for chronic musculoskeletal pains in various sites. Throughout the trial, neither the patient, nor the assessor, nor the acupuncturist, knew if the site of the acupuncture was appropriate to the patient's symptoms according to acupuncture theory. Although 60% had reduced pain after three treatments, there was no significant difference between the treatments. Our findings, while not disproving the value of acupuncture, do not support the theory that certain specific points must be needled to relieve specific areas of pain.", "contents": "A controlled trial of the theory of acupuncture in musculoskeletal pain. We carried out a randomized trail compraing acupuncture done is theoretically correct [appropriate] and incorrect [inappropirate] locations for chronic musculoskeletal pains in various sites. Throughout the trial, neither the patient, nor the assessor, nor the acupuncturist, knew if the site of the acupuncture was appropriate to the patient's symptoms according to acupuncture theory. Although 60% had reduced pain after three treatments, there was no significant difference between the treatments. Our findings, while not disproving the value of acupuncture, do not support the theory that certain specific points must be needled to relieve specific areas of pain.", "PMID": 671428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_896", "title": "NZB/WF1 hybrid autoimmune disease: a genetic analysis.", "content": "This study analyzes the role of genetic and/or viral factors as etiologic agents in systemic lupus erythematosus in NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mouse, first by a backcross within the NZ strains. A separate study involved an outcross, production of an F2 generation, and then backcross to both NZ parents. The results were assayed by histologic evaluation of renal disease. Assay techniques for anti-DNA and proteinuria showed no evidence for segregation and were not useful. Histology of the kidney showed distinct segregation patterns consistent with the interpretation of the etiology as co-dominant genetic factors. While the virus[es] was not considered etiologic, mechanisms for relating activity to the pathogenesis were discussed.", "contents": "NZB/WF1 hybrid autoimmune disease: a genetic analysis. This study analyzes the role of genetic and/or viral factors as etiologic agents in systemic lupus erythematosus in NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mouse, first by a backcross within the NZ strains. A separate study involved an outcross, production of an F2 generation, and then backcross to both NZ parents. The results were assayed by histologic evaluation of renal disease. Assay techniques for anti-DNA and proteinuria showed no evidence for segregation and were not useful. Histology of the kidney showed distinct segregation patterns consistent with the interpretation of the etiology as co-dominant genetic factors. While the virus[es] was not considered etiologic, mechanisms for relating activity to the pathogenesis were discussed.", "PMID": 671429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_897", "title": "Computer analysis of factors influencing the appearance of aseptic necrosis in patients with SLE.", "content": "A computer analysis of 234 patients with SLE followed for an average of 31 months revealed 22 patients with aseptic necrosis of bone  (AN) (9%), with projected frequency approaching 30% at 10-15 years of follow-up. Most patients developed between four and seven years after diagnosis of SLE. When compared to all other patients with SLE and no AN or to three computer-selected groups matched by age of SLE diagnosis, duration of disease, or cumulative corticosteroid dose, AN did not correlate with any of the preliminary ARA criteria, total number of criteria fulfilled, renal disease, skin vasculitis, or disease activity. Although all patients received corticosteroid therapy prior to development of AN, no correlation was found with duration, peak dose, or cumulative dose of corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Computer analysis of factors influencing the appearance of aseptic necrosis in patients with SLE. A computer analysis of 234 patients with SLE followed for an average of 31 months revealed 22 patients with aseptic necrosis of bone  (AN) (9%), with projected frequency approaching 30% at 10-15 years of follow-up. Most patients developed between four and seven years after diagnosis of SLE. When compared to all other patients with SLE and no AN or to three computer-selected groups matched by age of SLE diagnosis, duration of disease, or cumulative corticosteroid dose, AN did not correlate with any of the preliminary ARA criteria, total number of criteria fulfilled, renal disease, skin vasculitis, or disease activity. Although all patients received corticosteroid therapy prior to development of AN, no correlation was found with duration, peak dose, or cumulative dose of corticosteroid therapy.", "PMID": 671430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_898", "title": "Rheumatoid and normal synovial tissue in longterm culture. Evidence of cell heterogeneity and an approach to quantitation of of populations and the effect of passage.", "content": "Longtern monolayer cultures of cells derived from explants of 21 normal and 31 rheumatoid synovial tissue specimens were studied and shown to be morphologically heterogeneous. The cultures were defined according to their cell size and their buoyant density as determined by separation on Ficoll density gradients. The investigations demonstrate that changes in these populations occurred with each passage of the cell lines. These findings emphasize the importance of using cultures of the same cultural age and passage for any comparative s tudy. The techniques described are useful for separating and defining the populations present in synovial tissue tissue cultures.", "contents": "Rheumatoid and normal synovial tissue in longterm culture. Evidence of cell heterogeneity and an approach to quantitation of of populations and the effect of passage. Longtern monolayer cultures of cells derived from explants of 21 normal and 31 rheumatoid synovial tissue specimens were studied and shown to be morphologically heterogeneous. The cultures were defined according to their cell size and their buoyant density as determined by separation on Ficoll density gradients. The investigations demonstrate that changes in these populations occurred with each passage of the cell lines. These findings emphasize the importance of using cultures of the same cultural age and passage for any comparative s tudy. The techniques described are useful for separating and defining the populations present in synovial tissue tissue cultures.", "PMID": 671431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_899", "title": "Ibuprofen, meningitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A 33 year old female with systemic lupus erythematosus developed an aseptic meningitis with a polymorphonuclear CSF pleocytosis temporally correlated with ibuprofen. Several weeks later after one ibuprofen tablet this syndrome recurred. This represents the second report of this unusual manifestation and suggest an adverse reaction to ibuprofen in SLE patients.", "contents": "Ibuprofen, meningitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. A 33 year old female with systemic lupus erythematosus developed an aseptic meningitis with a polymorphonuclear CSF pleocytosis temporally correlated with ibuprofen. Several weeks later after one ibuprofen tablet this syndrome recurred. This represents the second report of this unusual manifestation and suggest an adverse reaction to ibuprofen in SLE patients.", "PMID": 671432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_900", "title": "Synovial fluid eosinophilia following arthrography.", "content": "A patient recovering from an acute gouty attack developed inflammation and eosinophilia of the synovial fluid following arthrography of the gouty joint. There was no evidence of systemic allergy to the contrast agent used. It is postulated that non-immune mechanisms were involved in the accumulation of eosinophils. An additional one of six synovial fluids obtained after arthrography contained 24% eosinophils. A review of the literature emphasizes the infrequency with which eosinophils are observed in synovial fluid.", "contents": "Synovial fluid eosinophilia following arthrography. A patient recovering from an acute gouty attack developed inflammation and eosinophilia of the synovial fluid following arthrography of the gouty joint. There was no evidence of systemic allergy to the contrast agent used. It is postulated that non-immune mechanisms were involved in the accumulation of eosinophils. An additional one of six synovial fluids obtained after arthrography contained 24% eosinophils. A review of the literature emphasizes the infrequency with which eosinophils are observed in synovial fluid.", "PMID": 671433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_901", "title": "Connective tissue activation. XII. Platelet abnormalities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Patients with rheumatoid arthritis frequently have an unexplained thrombocytosis which appears to be related to the severity of the disease process. This report shows that rheumatoid platelets have reduced saline soluble protein per 10(9) platelets, less of a lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, and decreased connective tissue activating peptide (CTAP-III) activity. CTAP-III is a potent connective tissue mitogen, and promotes glycolysis and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, characteristics which make it an interesting candidate for a role as a mediator of inflammation.", "contents": "Connective tissue activation. XII. Platelet abnormalities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis frequently have an unexplained thrombocytosis which appears to be related to the severity of the disease process. This report shows that rheumatoid platelets have reduced saline soluble protein per 10(9) platelets, less of a lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, and decreased connective tissue activating peptide (CTAP-III) activity. CTAP-III is a potent connective tissue mitogen, and promotes glycolysis and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, characteristics which make it an interesting candidate for a role as a mediator of inflammation.", "PMID": 671434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_902", "title": "Computerized tomography (body scan) of Baker's cyst.", "content": "Computerized tomography (CT scan or body scan) has never been applied to the diagnosis of Baker's cysts. There cases of Baker's cyst evaluated by both CT scanning and arthrography are presented. The CT scan appears to be of no value.", "contents": "Computerized tomography (body scan) of Baker's cyst. Computerized tomography (CT scan or body scan) has never been applied to the diagnosis of Baker's cysts. There cases of Baker's cyst evaluated by both CT scanning and arthrography are presented. The CT scan appears to be of no value.", "PMID": 671435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_903", "title": "Familial polyarticular osteochondritis dissecans masquerading as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A boy with polyarticular osteochondritis dissecans presented with clinical features of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Examination of the synovial fluid of an involved joint demonstrated inflammatory characteristics. Osteochondritis dissecans was present in the patient's mother and brother. Human leukocyte antigens HLA A-2, BW-15 and CW-4 were identified in the affected individuals.", "contents": "Familial polyarticular osteochondritis dissecans masquerading as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A boy with polyarticular osteochondritis dissecans presented with clinical features of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Examination of the synovial fluid of an involved joint demonstrated inflammatory characteristics. Osteochondritis dissecans was present in the patient's mother and brother. Human leukocyte antigens HLA A-2, BW-15 and CW-4 were identified in the affected individuals.", "PMID": 671436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_904", "title": "Sigmoid volvulus in two patients with progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Sigmoid volvulus was diagnosed in two patients with progressive system sclerosis. In one case, this was initially confused with a high fecal impaction. Both cases responded to early surgical intervention. Sigmoid volvulus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intestinal obstruction associated with progressive systemic sclerosis.", "contents": "Sigmoid volvulus in two patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Sigmoid volvulus was diagnosed in two patients with progressive system sclerosis. In one case, this was initially confused with a high fecal impaction. Both cases responded to early surgical intervention. Sigmoid volvulus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intestinal obstruction associated with progressive systemic sclerosis.", "PMID": 671437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_905", "title": "Septic arthritis associated with mycobacterium avium: a case report and literature review.", "content": "A 58 year old man, with systemic lupus erythematosus, developed septic arthritis due to an atypical mycobacterium, M. avium. The patient's course, as well as 46 cases reviewed from the literature, illustrates the insidious nature of atypical mycobacterial infections. Septic arthritis or peri-arthritis was generally not suspected at initial evaluation, leading or at least 40% of patients receiving intra-articular steroids for non-specific reasons. A diagnosis was eventually obtained in 85% of cases by surgical biopsy and culture. In only15% was a diagnosis made by culture of synovial or bursal fluid. The relative in vitro resistance of \"atypicals\" to antituberculous drugs and the frequent necessity for surgery to make a diagnosis, led to surgery consituting partial or total therapy in 89% of cases. Whether patients were treated with surgery alone, surgery plus antituberculous drugs, or antituberculous drugs alone, clinical improvement generally occured. Because most patients had limited follow-up and because atypical mycobacterial infections often relapse, none of the cases reviewed should be considered \"cures\", be but rather instances of clinically inactive disease.", "contents": "Septic arthritis associated with mycobacterium avium: a case report and literature review. A 58 year old man, with systemic lupus erythematosus, developed septic arthritis due to an atypical mycobacterium, M. avium. The patient's course, as well as 46 cases reviewed from the literature, illustrates the insidious nature of atypical mycobacterial infections. Septic arthritis or peri-arthritis was generally not suspected at initial evaluation, leading or at least 40% of patients receiving intra-articular steroids for non-specific reasons. A diagnosis was eventually obtained in 85% of cases by surgical biopsy and culture. In only15% was a diagnosis made by culture of synovial or bursal fluid. The relative in vitro resistance of \"atypicals\" to antituberculous drugs and the frequent necessity for surgery to make a diagnosis, led to surgery consituting partial or total therapy in 89% of cases. Whether patients were treated with surgery alone, surgery plus antituberculous drugs, or antituberculous drugs alone, clinical improvement generally occured. Because most patients had limited follow-up and because atypical mycobacterial infections often relapse, none of the cases reviewed should be considered \"cures\", be but rather instances of clinically inactive disease.", "PMID": 671438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_906", "title": "Talalgia. A review of 30 severe cases.", "content": "Seronegative spondyloarthritides (Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, or  psoriatic arthritis) was diagnosed in 24 of 30 patients with severe heel pain. Most of the patients were carriers of the antigen HLA B27. Talalgia was frequently the first symptom of disease. Heel surgery is contra-indicated during the inflammation phase, since it may cause local aggravation and risk of ankylosis of the talocalcaneal articulation. Other causes of heel pain include tendon chondrocalcinosis, local tuberculous infection, and nodular tendinitis caused by a partial rupture of the tendon. On the other hand, severe talagia was rarely found in rheumatoid arthritis, and no case was related to the presence of tophi or xanthomas of the Achilles tendon.", "contents": "Talalgia. A review of 30 severe cases. Seronegative spondyloarthritides (Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, or  psoriatic arthritis) was diagnosed in 24 of 30 patients with severe heel pain. Most of the patients were carriers of the antigen HLA B27. Talalgia was frequently the first symptom of disease. Heel surgery is contra-indicated during the inflammation phase, since it may cause local aggravation and risk of ankylosis of the talocalcaneal articulation. Other causes of heel pain include tendon chondrocalcinosis, local tuberculous infection, and nodular tendinitis caused by a partial rupture of the tendon. On the other hand, severe talagia was rarely found in rheumatoid arthritis, and no case was related to the presence of tophi or xanthomas of the Achilles tendon.", "PMID": 671439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_907", "title": "Beh\u00e7et's disease associated with a lymphoproliferative disorder, mixed cryoglobulinemia, and an immune complex mediated vasculitis.", "content": "A woman, now 59 has been followed for 13 years with several manifestations of Beh\u00e7et's disease. These were aphthous stomatitis, genital ulcers, uveitis causing blindness, recurrent erythema nodosum, and synovitis. In 1970 a poorly differentiated diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma appeared and was  treated with radiotherapy. In 1976 she developed a mixed cryoglobulinemia and an immune complex mediated vasculitis manifested by purpura and neuropathy which improved on prednisone and chlorambucil therapy. The subsequent course of her lymphoproliferative disorder suggest that it was in fact benign.", "contents": "Beh\u00e7et's disease associated with a lymphoproliferative disorder, mixed cryoglobulinemia, and an immune complex mediated vasculitis. A woman, now 59 has been followed for 13 years with several manifestations of Beh\u00e7et's disease. These were aphthous stomatitis, genital ulcers, uveitis causing blindness, recurrent erythema nodosum, and synovitis. In 1970 a poorly differentiated diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma appeared and was  treated with radiotherapy. In 1976 she developed a mixed cryoglobulinemia and an immune complex mediated vasculitis manifested by purpura and neuropathy which improved on prednisone and chlorambucil therapy. The subsequent course of her lymphoproliferative disorder suggest that it was in fact benign.", "PMID": 671440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_908", "title": "Erythema nodosum-arthopathy complex as an initial presentation of Beh\u00e7et's disease. Report of five cases.", "content": "In five males an erythema nodosum-arthropathy complex preceded the classical oro-genito-ocular triad of Beh\u00e7et's disease by an average of 27 months. This symptom complex involving the legs initially suggested \"idiopathic\" erythema nodosum syndrome or acute sarcoidosis. As the diagnosis of Beh\u00e7et's disease is clinical, these protean manifestations shoud be recognized as a possible \"forme fruste\" of the disease.", "contents": "Erythema nodosum-arthopathy complex as an initial presentation of Beh\u00e7et's disease. Report of five cases. In five males an erythema nodosum-arthropathy complex preceded the classical oro-genito-ocular triad of Beh\u00e7et's disease by an average of 27 months. This symptom complex involving the legs initially suggested \"idiopathic\" erythema nodosum syndrome or acute sarcoidosis. As the diagnosis of Beh\u00e7et's disease is clinical, these protean manifestations shoud be recognized as a possible \"forme fruste\" of the disease.", "PMID": 671441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_909", "title": "Studies on drug metabolism by use of isotopes. 23. Metabolic study of 1-butyryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine in the rat during development of tolerance by using two kinds of deuterium-labeled forms.", "content": "Mass fragmentographic determination of the plasma, brain, and liver levels of 1-butyryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine (I) and its metabolites in tolerant and nontolerant rats was carried out by using two kinds of deuterium-labeled compounds. 1-Butyryl-4-[a-d2]cinnamylpiperazine (I-d2) was used to develop tolerance and 1-butyryl-4-[arom-d5]cinnamylpiperazine (I-d5) to clarify the metabolic fate of I after I-d2 administration. The present method allowed the clarification of the metabolism of I-d2 and I-d5 independently. In tolerant rats, the brain and liver were lower for I-d5 and higher for I-d5 metabolites than in nontolerant rats. There was no significant difference in the plasma levels of I-D5 between tolerant and nontolerant rats. Our data seem to suggest that development of tolerance to I results from a more rapid metabolism of the drug due to hepatic enzyme induction.", "contents": "Studies on drug metabolism by use of isotopes. 23. Metabolic study of 1-butyryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine in the rat during development of tolerance by using two kinds of deuterium-labeled forms. Mass fragmentographic determination of the plasma, brain, and liver levels of 1-butyryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine (I) and its metabolites in tolerant and nontolerant rats was carried out by using two kinds of deuterium-labeled compounds. 1-Butyryl-4-[a-d2]cinnamylpiperazine (I-d2) was used to develop tolerance and 1-butyryl-4-[arom-d5]cinnamylpiperazine (I-d5) to clarify the metabolic fate of I after I-d2 administration. The present method allowed the clarification of the metabolism of I-d2 and I-d5 independently. In tolerant rats, the brain and liver were lower for I-d5 and higher for I-d5 metabolites than in nontolerant rats. There was no significant difference in the plasma levels of I-D5 between tolerant and nontolerant rats. Our data seem to suggest that development of tolerance to I results from a more rapid metabolism of the drug due to hepatic enzyme induction.", "PMID": 671449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_910", "title": "Piperazinylpyrazines with central serotoninmimetic activity.", "content": "A series of 2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazines was synthesized and evaluated for central serotonin-like activity. The most interesting member of the series, 6-chloro-2(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine (3a), had pharmacological properties characteristic of potent central serotoninmimetic activity and only weak peripheral serotoninmimetic action. Structural similarities between 3a and serotonin are discussed.", "contents": "Piperazinylpyrazines with central serotoninmimetic activity. A series of 2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazines was synthesized and evaluated for central serotonin-like activity. The most interesting member of the series, 6-chloro-2(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine (3a), had pharmacological properties characteristic of potent central serotoninmimetic activity and only weak peripheral serotoninmimetic action. Structural similarities between 3a and serotonin are discussed.", "PMID": 671450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_911", "title": "Oxidative and cardiovascular studies on natural and synthetic catecholamines.", "content": "The cyclic voltammometric behavior of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, epinine, alpha-methyldopamine, beta-methyldopamine, beta-methylepinine, and beta-methoxyepinine has been examined in order to evaluate substituent effects on cyclization rates of the electrochemically generated quinones. We observed that alpha and beta substituents caused a modest enhancement of cyclization rates while an N-methyl group dramatically increased cyclization rates. No correlation was observed between calculated amine pKa values, suggesting that differences in cyclization rates between the primary and secondary amine series were due to inherent nucleophilicity, a measure of which would be gas-phase proton affinities. The acute pressor effects of the newly synthesized catecholamines were compared with the native amines.", "contents": "Oxidative and cardiovascular studies on natural and synthetic catecholamines. The cyclic voltammometric behavior of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, epinine, alpha-methyldopamine, beta-methyldopamine, beta-methylepinine, and beta-methoxyepinine has been examined in order to evaluate substituent effects on cyclization rates of the electrochemically generated quinones. We observed that alpha and beta substituents caused a modest enhancement of cyclization rates while an N-methyl group dramatically increased cyclization rates. No correlation was observed between calculated amine pKa values, suggesting that differences in cyclization rates between the primary and secondary amine series were due to inherent nucleophilicity, a measure of which would be gas-phase proton affinities. The acute pressor effects of the newly synthesized catecholamines were compared with the native amines.", "PMID": 671451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_912", "title": "Effects of deuteration on locomotor activity of amphetamine.", "content": "The synthesis of fully deuterated amphetamine (phenyl-2-aminopropane-d11) in which 11 deuterium atoms are bonded to carbons and two other highly deuterated analogues is described. Their toxicities and in vivo spontaneous locomotor activities in mice were examined and compared with that of the parent protioamphetamine. A significant reduction in toxicities and a decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity were observed for these highly enriched deuterated analogues, as compared to protioamphetamine.", "contents": "Effects of deuteration on locomotor activity of amphetamine. The synthesis of fully deuterated amphetamine (phenyl-2-aminopropane-d11) in which 11 deuterium atoms are bonded to carbons and two other highly deuterated analogues is described. Their toxicities and in vivo spontaneous locomotor activities in mice were examined and compared with that of the parent protioamphetamine. A significant reduction in toxicities and a decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity were observed for these highly enriched deuterated analogues, as compared to protioamphetamine.", "PMID": 671452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_913", "title": "Antitumor 1-(X-aryl)-3,3-dialkyltriazenes. 1. Quantitative structure-activity relationships vs. L1210 leukemia in mice.", "content": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been formulated for phenyl-, pyrazolyl-, and imidazolyltriazenes acting L1210 leukemia in mice. All three sets of congeners have the same ideal lipophilicity (log Po approximately 1). Electron releasing substituents increase potency; ortho substitution decreases activity. The synthesis of a number of new triazenes and some of their partition coefficients are reported.", "contents": "Antitumor 1-(X-aryl)-3,3-dialkyltriazenes. 1. Quantitative structure-activity relationships vs. L1210 leukemia in mice. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been formulated for phenyl-, pyrazolyl-, and imidazolyltriazenes acting L1210 leukemia in mice. All three sets of congeners have the same ideal lipophilicity (log Po approximately 1). Electron releasing substituents increase potency; ortho substitution decreases activity. The synthesis of a number of new triazenes and some of their partition coefficients are reported.", "PMID": 671453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_914", "title": "Antitumor 1-(X-aryl)-3,3-dialkyltriazenes. 2. On the role of correlation analysis in decision making in drug modification. Toxicity quantitative structure-activity relationships of 1-(X-phenyl)-3,3-dialkyltriazenes in mice.", "content": "A series of 11 triazenes (X-C6H4N=NNRCH3) was characterized for toxicity in mice (LD50). The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) obtained for toxicity was compared with the QSAR for antitumor activity. The close correspondence of the two QSAR leaves essentially no means for the synthesis of more potent, less toxic triazenes.", "contents": "Antitumor 1-(X-aryl)-3,3-dialkyltriazenes. 2. On the role of correlation analysis in decision making in drug modification. Toxicity quantitative structure-activity relationships of 1-(X-phenyl)-3,3-dialkyltriazenes in mice. A series of 11 triazenes (X-C6H4N=NNRCH3) was characterized for toxicity in mice (LD50). The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) obtained for toxicity was compared with the QSAR for antitumor activity. The close correspondence of the two QSAR leaves essentially no means for the synthesis of more potent, less toxic triazenes.", "PMID": 671454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_915", "title": "Cytostatic quinones. 3. Synthesis of benzotriazolequinones by a new oxidation with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. Biochemical studies.", "content": "Oxidation of N-1 and N-2 alkylbenzotriazoles with m-chloroperbenzoic acid afforded 1-alkylbenzotriazole 3-oxides and 2-alkylbenzotriazole-4,4-diones, respectively. The quinonic compounds inhibited the \"in vitro\" growth of both HeLa and KB cells, the synthesis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins), and the uptake of glucose by Ehrlich carcinoma ascites cells. A possible mode of action is suggested.", "contents": "Cytostatic quinones. 3. Synthesis of benzotriazolequinones by a new oxidation with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. Biochemical studies. Oxidation of N-1 and N-2 alkylbenzotriazoles with m-chloroperbenzoic acid afforded 1-alkylbenzotriazole 3-oxides and 2-alkylbenzotriazole-4,4-diones, respectively. The quinonic compounds inhibited the \"in vitro\" growth of both HeLa and KB cells, the synthesis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins), and the uptake of glucose by Ehrlich carcinoma ascites cells. A possible mode of action is suggested.", "PMID": 671455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_916", "title": "Aroyl- and arylisoquinolineacetic acids as antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "A series of 1-benzoyl- and 1-phenylisoquinolineacetic acid derivatives was prepared and tested for antiinflammatory activity. The most potent compound synthesized, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-isoquinolineacetamide, was as active as phenylbutazone in the Evans blue carrageenan-induced pleural effusion assay but inactive in the adjuvant-induced arthritis model of chronic inflammation.", "contents": "Aroyl- and arylisoquinolineacetic acids as antiinflammatory agents. A series of 1-benzoyl- and 1-phenylisoquinolineacetic acid derivatives was prepared and tested for antiinflammatory activity. The most potent compound synthesized, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-isoquinolineacetamide, was as active as phenylbutazone in the Evans blue carrageenan-induced pleural effusion assay but inactive in the adjuvant-induced arthritis model of chronic inflammation.", "PMID": 671456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_917", "title": "Synthesis of spiro[tetralin-2,2'-pyrrolidine] and spiro[indan-2,2'-pyrrolidine] derivatives as potential analgesics.", "content": "Spiro[tetralin-2,2'-pyrrolidine] (13) and spiro[6-methoxytetralin-2,2'-pyrrolidine] (17) were prepared by initial Michael condensation of 2-nitrotetralin and 6-methoxy-2-nitrotetralin, respectively, with methyl acrylate to give 7 and 8, both of which could be reductively cyclized to 10 and 11, followed by LiAlH4 reduction. Spiro[indan-2,2'-pyrrolidine] (15) was prepared in an analogous manner form 2-nitroindan, and spiro[6-hydroxytetralin-2,2'-pyrrolidine] (19) was prepared by O-demethylation of 17. Compound 13 and its N-methyl derivative, 14, both showed good analgesic activity. Compounds 13-16 all possessed weak antidepressant properties, but neither 19 nor its N-methyl derivative 20 had any significant CNS activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of spiro[tetralin-2,2'-pyrrolidine] and spiro[indan-2,2'-pyrrolidine] derivatives as potential analgesics. Spiro[tetralin-2,2'-pyrrolidine] (13) and spiro[6-methoxytetralin-2,2'-pyrrolidine] (17) were prepared by initial Michael condensation of 2-nitrotetralin and 6-methoxy-2-nitrotetralin, respectively, with methyl acrylate to give 7 and 8, both of which could be reductively cyclized to 10 and 11, followed by LiAlH4 reduction. Spiro[indan-2,2'-pyrrolidine] (15) was prepared in an analogous manner form 2-nitroindan, and spiro[6-hydroxytetralin-2,2'-pyrrolidine] (19) was prepared by O-demethylation of 17. Compound 13 and its N-methyl derivative, 14, both showed good analgesic activity. Compounds 13-16 all possessed weak antidepressant properties, but neither 19 nor its N-methyl derivative 20 had any significant CNS activity.", "PMID": 671457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_918", "title": "Antibacterial activity of N-(beta-styryl) formamides related to tuberin.", "content": "A series of para-substituted N-(beta-styryl)formamides, analogues of tuberin (4a), has been prepared and assayed for antibacterial activity. The methylthio, ethoxy, and methyl analogues 4e, 4j, and 4t were about twice as active as tuberin against Mycobacterium phlei. Although tuberin lacks activity against Staphylococcus aureus, several of the analogues described were found to inhibit this organism. The phenyl group of tuberin is not a prerequisite for activity since analogues based on naphthyl or ferrocenyl groups were also active. A quantitative structure-activity relationship further implied that an aromatic group need not be present, suggesting the synthesis of the cyclohexyl and n-amyl analogues which were found to possess high activity.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of N-(beta-styryl) formamides related to tuberin. A series of para-substituted N-(beta-styryl)formamides, analogues of tuberin (4a), has been prepared and assayed for antibacterial activity. The methylthio, ethoxy, and methyl analogues 4e, 4j, and 4t were about twice as active as tuberin against Mycobacterium phlei. Although tuberin lacks activity against Staphylococcus aureus, several of the analogues described were found to inhibit this organism. The phenyl group of tuberin is not a prerequisite for activity since analogues based on naphthyl or ferrocenyl groups were also active. A quantitative structure-activity relationship further implied that an aromatic group need not be present, suggesting the synthesis of the cyclohexyl and n-amyl analogues which were found to possess high activity.", "PMID": 671458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_919", "title": "Syntheses and uncoupling activities of alkyl dithiocarbazates and alkyl pyridinecarbonyldithiocarbazates.", "content": "A series of alkyl dithiocarbazates, alkyl 3-picolinoyldithiocarbazates, alkyl 3-nicotinoyldithiocarbazates, alkyl 3-isonicotinoyldithiocarbazates, and alkyl 3-picolinoyl-2-methyldithiocarbazates was prepared. These alkyl pyridinecarbonyldithiocarbazates were shown to be uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The finding that uncoupling activity increased with increase in the length of the alkyl chains of the compounds indicates that hydrophobicity influences the activity. The nonyl derivatives had the highest activity. The results also suggested that a dissociable acidic proton is necessary for the uncoupling activity.", "contents": "Syntheses and uncoupling activities of alkyl dithiocarbazates and alkyl pyridinecarbonyldithiocarbazates. A series of alkyl dithiocarbazates, alkyl 3-picolinoyldithiocarbazates, alkyl 3-nicotinoyldithiocarbazates, alkyl 3-isonicotinoyldithiocarbazates, and alkyl 3-picolinoyl-2-methyldithiocarbazates was prepared. These alkyl pyridinecarbonyldithiocarbazates were shown to be uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The finding that uncoupling activity increased with increase in the length of the alkyl chains of the compounds indicates that hydrophobicity influences the activity. The nonyl derivatives had the highest activity. The results also suggested that a dissociable acidic proton is necessary for the uncoupling activity.", "PMID": 671459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_920", "title": "Diarylamidine derivatives with one or both of the aryl moieties consisting of an indole or indole-like ring. Inhibitors of arginine-specific esteroproteases.", "content": "A series of 62 diarylamidine derivatives was evaluated for their antiproteolytic activity. In all but two of the compounds one or both of the amidino-substituted aryl moieties was either an indole or an indole-like ring. The latter included indene, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzol[beta]thiophene, and several other related nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Several of the compounds exhibited considerable inhibitory potency against thrombin, trypsin, and pancreatic kallikrein. An outstanding inhibitor of trypsin was found in bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane (compound 42) with a Ki value of 1.7 X 10(-8) M(pH. 8.1, 37 degrees C). Another derivative, 1,2-di(4-amidino-2-benzofuranyl)ethane (compound 21), proved to be a highly effective inhibitor of the overall blood clotting process. From a general structure-activity standpoint these compounds demonstrate that minor structural variations of low-molecular-weight inhibitors can result in significant changes in specificity and potency with regard to antiproteolytic activity.", "contents": "Diarylamidine derivatives with one or both of the aryl moieties consisting of an indole or indole-like ring. Inhibitors of arginine-specific esteroproteases. A series of 62 diarylamidine derivatives was evaluated for their antiproteolytic activity. In all but two of the compounds one or both of the amidino-substituted aryl moieties was either an indole or an indole-like ring. The latter included indene, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzol[beta]thiophene, and several other related nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Several of the compounds exhibited considerable inhibitory potency against thrombin, trypsin, and pancreatic kallikrein. An outstanding inhibitor of trypsin was found in bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane (compound 42) with a Ki value of 1.7 X 10(-8) M(pH. 8.1, 37 degrees C). Another derivative, 1,2-di(4-amidino-2-benzofuranyl)ethane (compound 21), proved to be a highly effective inhibitor of the overall blood clotting process. From a general structure-activity standpoint these compounds demonstrate that minor structural variations of low-molecular-weight inhibitors can result in significant changes in specificity and potency with regard to antiproteolytic activity.", "PMID": 671460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_921", "title": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of trisubstituted pyrimidines and triazines.", "content": "A series of mono-, bi-, and tricyclic pyrimidines and as-triazines was prepared and their antiinflammatory activity measured against carrageenan-induced edema in the rat. The more active analogues (ED50), including 4-pyri-dylpyrimidines 4a (38), 4b (47), and 4g (49) and 2-hydroxypyrimidine 8r (43), were then tested against adjuvant-induced edema in the rat. None was active in the adjuvant arthritis model.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of trisubstituted pyrimidines and triazines. A series of mono-, bi-, and tricyclic pyrimidines and as-triazines was prepared and their antiinflammatory activity measured against carrageenan-induced edema in the rat. The more active analogues (ED50), including 4-pyri-dylpyrimidines 4a (38), 4b (47), and 4g (49) and 2-hydroxypyrimidine 8r (43), were then tested against adjuvant-induced edema in the rat. None was active in the adjuvant arthritis model.", "PMID": 671461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_922", "title": "Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 2. Derivatives/analogues of dibenz[b,e]oxepin-3-acetic acid.", "content": "6,11-Dhydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepins and some related compounds have been synthesized and evaluated for antiinflammatory effect according to the carrageenan paw edema method in rats. The structure-activity relationships have been discussed among acetic acid, carboxylic acid, alcohol, and tetrazole derivatives of dibenzoxepins and acetic acid derivatives of thienobenzoxepins and of the corresponding thiepins. The 3-isopropyl alcohol 9 and 11-deoxo-3-propionic acid (49) were more active than indomethacin but not as active as the title compound (i.e., 43). Carboxylic acids, tetrazoles, esters, amides, and ketones were less active than the corresponding acetic acids. Three compounds (31, 33, and 34) were evaluated for ulcerogenicity and lethality but none surpassed 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-3-acetic acid (41) in therapeutic ratio.", "contents": "Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 2. Derivatives/analogues of dibenz[b,e]oxepin-3-acetic acid. 6,11-Dhydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepins and some related compounds have been synthesized and evaluated for antiinflammatory effect according to the carrageenan paw edema method in rats. The structure-activity relationships have been discussed among acetic acid, carboxylic acid, alcohol, and tetrazole derivatives of dibenzoxepins and acetic acid derivatives of thienobenzoxepins and of the corresponding thiepins. The 3-isopropyl alcohol 9 and 11-deoxo-3-propionic acid (49) were more active than indomethacin but not as active as the title compound (i.e., 43). Carboxylic acids, tetrazoles, esters, amides, and ketones were less active than the corresponding acetic acids. Three compounds (31, 33, and 34) were evaluated for ulcerogenicity and lethality but none surpassed 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-3-acetic acid (41) in therapeutic ratio.", "PMID": 671462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_923", "title": "Anionic polymers and biological activities. Effects of some new polycarboxylic acids on the ascitic sarcoma 180 in mice.", "content": "Eleven new polymeric carboxylic acids with widely different solubilities in water have been synthesized. The activities of these polymers against the ascitic sarcoma 180 tumor of mice and their acute toxicities in mice have been compared with molecular parameters of the polymers such as molecular weights, charge densities, and abilities to complex calcium and magnesium ions. The maximum effectiveness of these polymers against ascitic sarcoma 180 of mice is greatest for those polymers having fewer carboxyl groups ionized at pH 7. Toxicities are lower for polymers having more carboxyl groups ionized at pH 7.", "contents": "Anionic polymers and biological activities. Effects of some new polycarboxylic acids on the ascitic sarcoma 180 in mice. Eleven new polymeric carboxylic acids with widely different solubilities in water have been synthesized. The activities of these polymers against the ascitic sarcoma 180 tumor of mice and their acute toxicities in mice have been compared with molecular parameters of the polymers such as molecular weights, charge densities, and abilities to complex calcium and magnesium ions. The maximum effectiveness of these polymers against ascitic sarcoma 180 of mice is greatest for those polymers having fewer carboxyl groups ionized at pH 7. Toxicities are lower for polymers having more carboxyl groups ionized at pH 7.", "PMID": 671463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_924", "title": "Synthesis and antiallergic activity of some mono- and disubstituted xanthone-2-carboxylic acids.", "content": "A series of xanthone-2-carboxylic acids, substituted mainly with electron-withdrawing groups, has been synthesized and assayed for antiallergic activity, using the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in the rat. The effect of substituent type and substitution pattern on PCA neutralizing capacity is presented.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiallergic activity of some mono- and disubstituted xanthone-2-carboxylic acids. A series of xanthone-2-carboxylic acids, substituted mainly with electron-withdrawing groups, has been synthesized and assayed for antiallergic activity, using the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in the rat. The effect of substituent type and substitution pattern on PCA neutralizing capacity is presented.", "PMID": 671465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_925", "title": "An ab initio study of electronic factors in metabolic hydroxylation of aliphatic carbon atoms.", "content": "The monooxygenase-mediated hydroxylations of aliphatic carbon atoms are known to be regioselective for positions alpha to heteroatoms or to pi systems (aromatic rings, carbon-carbon double bonds, carbonyl groups). Ab initio calculations (STO-3G and in some cases 4-31G) were performed on model molecules, indicating that the Mulliken overlap populations (taken as indices of electron bond densities) of Calpha-H bonds being regioselectively hydroxylated are larger than Cbeta-H and Cgamma-H overlap populations. These results support the hypothesis that metabolic C-hydroxylations occur by insertion of an activated oxygen species of electrophilic nature, probably oxene.", "contents": "An ab initio study of electronic factors in metabolic hydroxylation of aliphatic carbon atoms. The monooxygenase-mediated hydroxylations of aliphatic carbon atoms are known to be regioselective for positions alpha to heteroatoms or to pi systems (aromatic rings, carbon-carbon double bonds, carbonyl groups). Ab initio calculations (STO-3G and in some cases 4-31G) were performed on model molecules, indicating that the Mulliken overlap populations (taken as indices of electron bond densities) of Calpha-H bonds being regioselectively hydroxylated are larger than Cbeta-H and Cgamma-H overlap populations. These results support the hypothesis that metabolic C-hydroxylations occur by insertion of an activated oxygen species of electrophilic nature, probably oxene.", "PMID": 671466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_926", "title": "Electronic structures of some antimicrobial N-chloramines. Possible existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and its effect on germicidal efficiency.", "content": "The photoelectron spectra of eight N-chloramines and N,N-dichloramines derived from either alpha-aminoisobutyric acid or 2-amino-2-methylpropanol have been measured. The lone-pair ionization potentials obtained from the photoelectron spectra have been interpreted to indicate that a substantial intramolecular interaction exists between tne N-H function and the various oxygen lone pairs of the N-chloramines. Such an intramolecular interaction for the N-chloramines can explain at least in part why these molecules are less potent as antimicrobial agents than are the N,N-cichloramine analogues for which a similar intramolecular interaction is impossible.", "contents": "Electronic structures of some antimicrobial N-chloramines. Possible existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and its effect on germicidal efficiency. The photoelectron spectra of eight N-chloramines and N,N-dichloramines derived from either alpha-aminoisobutyric acid or 2-amino-2-methylpropanol have been measured. The lone-pair ionization potentials obtained from the photoelectron spectra have been interpreted to indicate that a substantial intramolecular interaction exists between tne N-H function and the various oxygen lone pairs of the N-chloramines. Such an intramolecular interaction for the N-chloramines can explain at least in part why these molecules are less potent as antimicrobial agents than are the N,N-cichloramine analogues for which a similar intramolecular interaction is impossible.", "PMID": 671467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_927", "title": "Steroid antifertility agents. Ionic complexes of basic derivatives for prolonged action.", "content": "Ethynylestradiol 3-dimethylaminopropionate (1), norethindrone 3-(O-dimethylaminopropyl)oxime (syn and anti isomers, 2a and 2b), and testosterone 3-(O-dimethylaminopropyl)oxime (3) have been prepared and converted to zinc and aluminum tannate complexes as potentially long-acting prodrug forms of the parent steroids. The basic derivatives and the complexes showed the appropriate hormonal activities although they were less active in acute tests than the respective parents. The complexes of 1 showed prolonged activities and, in particular, the zinc tannate showed a prolonged duration of antifertility activity in the rat on subcutaneous administration in an aluminum monostearate gel.", "contents": "Steroid antifertility agents. Ionic complexes of basic derivatives for prolonged action. Ethynylestradiol 3-dimethylaminopropionate (1), norethindrone 3-(O-dimethylaminopropyl)oxime (syn and anti isomers, 2a and 2b), and testosterone 3-(O-dimethylaminopropyl)oxime (3) have been prepared and converted to zinc and aluminum tannate complexes as potentially long-acting prodrug forms of the parent steroids. The basic derivatives and the complexes showed the appropriate hormonal activities although they were less active in acute tests than the respective parents. The complexes of 1 showed prolonged activities and, in particular, the zinc tannate showed a prolonged duration of antifertility activity in the rat on subcutaneous administration in an aluminum monostearate gel.", "PMID": 671469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_928", "title": "Solution conformations of muscarine and some analogue.", "content": "Proton magnetic spectra have been recorded for muscarine and two biologically active cyclopentane analogues. In order to observe homonuclear intramolecular nuclear Overhauser effects, the -N+(CH3)3 signal was irradiated and increases in integrated intensities for other key signals in the molecule were observed. The results indicate that the quaternary side chain in these compounds is in an extended conformation in aqueous solution.", "contents": "Solution conformations of muscarine and some analogue. Proton magnetic spectra have been recorded for muscarine and two biologically active cyclopentane analogues. In order to observe homonuclear intramolecular nuclear Overhauser effects, the -N+(CH3)3 signal was irradiated and increases in integrated intensities for other key signals in the molecule were observed. The results indicate that the quaternary side chain in these compounds is in an extended conformation in aqueous solution.", "PMID": 671470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_929", "title": "The 'no lose' philosophy in medicine.", "content": "This article as the series title suggests focuses our attention on decisions, both medical and ethical, which face doctors and related personnel in the medical profession daily. Many of these decisions take the form of a choice to one thing or another without being very sure of the outcome of either action. Mr Galbraith explores the pros and cons of what he calls the 'no lose' philosophy in medicine and which plays a large part in medical decision making. He concludes that possibly we may need a new philosophy rather than continuing to use more and more of our resources on care, which is perhaps being carried out as a means of avoiding making value judgements and thus possibly, prevents us from solving some of today's difficult ethical problems.", "contents": "The 'no lose' philosophy in medicine. This article as the series title suggests focuses our attention on decisions, both medical and ethical, which face doctors and related personnel in the medical profession daily. Many of these decisions take the form of a choice to one thing or another without being very sure of the outcome of either action. Mr Galbraith explores the pros and cons of what he calls the 'no lose' philosophy in medicine and which plays a large part in medical decision making. He concludes that possibly we may need a new philosophy rather than continuing to use more and more of our resources on care, which is perhaps being carried out as a means of avoiding making value judgements and thus possibly, prevents us from solving some of today's difficult ethical problems.", "PMID": 671472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_930", "title": "Incest.", "content": "This paper is based on two presentations under the auspices of thf Edinburgh Medical Group in 1976. Dr Noble and Professor Mason, explore the incidence of incest and society's attitudes to it from legal, anthropological, medical and social viewpoints. They place this in a world context by looking at the universal prohibition of incest and the theories related to that taboo. In conclusion, they suggest that there seem to be sufficient sensible grounds on which to base a reappraisal of attitudes to incest. Their conclusions are in turn appraised by brief commentaries from a moral philospher and a psychiatrist.", "contents": "Incest. This paper is based on two presentations under the auspices of thf Edinburgh Medical Group in 1976. Dr Noble and Professor Mason, explore the incidence of incest and society's attitudes to it from legal, anthropological, medical and social viewpoints. They place this in a world context by looking at the universal prohibition of incest and the theories related to that taboo. In conclusion, they suggest that there seem to be sufficient sensible grounds on which to base a reappraisal of attitudes to incest. Their conclusions are in turn appraised by brief commentaries from a moral philospher and a psychiatrist.", "PMID": 671473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_931", "title": "Declaration of Hawaii.", "content": "We are printing in full the text of the Declaration of Hawaii, a Code of Ethics adapted by the World Psychiatric Association at its meeting in Honolulu in August 1977. The text is followed by a brief commentary from Dr Clarence Blomquist, the person responsible for drawing up the draft code. Dr Blomquist argues that the main function of a code of this kind is to supply general guidelines which will alert psychiatrists to the ethical problems and moral traps of their profession.", "contents": "Declaration of Hawaii. We are printing in full the text of the Declaration of Hawaii, a Code of Ethics adapted by the World Psychiatric Association at its meeting in Honolulu in August 1977. The text is followed by a brief commentary from Dr Clarence Blomquist, the person responsible for drawing up the draft code. Dr Blomquist argues that the main function of a code of this kind is to supply general guidelines which will alert psychiatrists to the ethical problems and moral traps of their profession.", "PMID": 671474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_932", "title": "Political neutrality and international cooperation in medicine.", "content": "International cooperation is an integral part of furthering medical and scientific progress. Many specilist societies exist for that purpose and have written into their constitutions that such cooperation and coordination is their aim. They hope to achieve their aims by exchange, in all languages, of information and by so doing strengthen the relations between individual physicians and scentists as well as between corporate professional bodies from different countries.  However, at the same time emphasis is laid on the political neutrality of such organsations. Increasingly, this 'neutrality' is being questioned as doctors and scientists become aware of abuse and distortion of their profession taking place in other countries. H Merskey highlights the problems and offers his opinion on the ethics of maintaining these professional relationships with colleagues abroad who are involved in such abuse and distortion.", "contents": "Political neutrality and international cooperation in medicine. International cooperation is an integral part of furthering medical and scientific progress. Many specilist societies exist for that purpose and have written into their constitutions that such cooperation and coordination is their aim. They hope to achieve their aims by exchange, in all languages, of information and by so doing strengthen the relations between individual physicians and scentists as well as between corporate professional bodies from different countries.  However, at the same time emphasis is laid on the political neutrality of such organsations. Increasingly, this 'neutrality' is being questioned as doctors and scientists become aware of abuse and distortion of their profession taking place in other countries. H Merskey highlights the problems and offers his opinion on the ethics of maintaining these professional relationships with colleagues abroad who are involved in such abuse and distortion.", "PMID": 671475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_933", "title": "When consent is unbearable--a case report.", "content": "Informed consent has become one of the central problems in medical ehtics. At first sight, it would seem that no argument can be made against a person's right to be fully aware of the extent, course, and implications of his medical condition. It seems equally obvious that it is the patient's right to participate in, influence, or fully and solely assume the decisions of medical actions that should be undertaken or withheld with regard to his disease. Nevertheless, there are circumstances in which these commonly held assumptions about a patient's rights may not apply. It is the purpose of this report to describe a case where informed consent was deliverately not sought, and to discuss the ethical issues involved.", "contents": "When consent is unbearable--a case report. Informed consent has become one of the central problems in medical ehtics. At first sight, it would seem that no argument can be made against a person's right to be fully aware of the extent, course, and implications of his medical condition. It seems equally obvious that it is the patient's right to participate in, influence, or fully and solely assume the decisions of medical actions that should be undertaken or withheld with regard to his disease. Nevertheless, there are circumstances in which these commonly held assumptions about a patient's rights may not apply. It is the purpose of this report to describe a case where informed consent was deliverately not sought, and to discuss the ethical issues involved.", "PMID": 671476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_934", "title": "Testing new drugs--the human volunteer.", "content": "Professor Duncan Vere lays before us the idealised guidelines used for recruiting volunteers on which to try and test new medicines. He points out that if these were followed rigidly, few, if any volunteers would be found for this vital work. Inducements are used, but the size of these determines whether society deems it right or wrong. However, the aim is to help and advise volunteers of the need for such tests and the risks involved and therefore the information leaflet reprinted as part of the article indicates how the drug testers are attempting to encourage volunteers in as ethical a way as possible. To abandon human tests with new drugs may be unethical. A balance is sought.", "contents": "Testing new drugs--the human volunteer. Professor Duncan Vere lays before us the idealised guidelines used for recruiting volunteers on which to try and test new medicines. He points out that if these were followed rigidly, few, if any volunteers would be found for this vital work. Inducements are used, but the size of these determines whether society deems it right or wrong. However, the aim is to help and advise volunteers of the need for such tests and the risks involved and therefore the information leaflet reprinted as part of the article indicates how the drug testers are attempting to encourage volunteers in as ethical a way as possible. To abandon human tests with new drugs may be unethical. A balance is sought.", "PMID": 671477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_935", "title": "Teaching medical ethics: University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.", "content": "During his internship the medical student often feels a basic need for ethical discussion. The department of medical ethics at the University of Nijmegen offers a monthly discussion in single clinical departments. The ethicist is then assisted by staff responsible for guiding the interns. These discussions, based on daily experience, aim at critical evaluation of ways the profession is being exercised. As such they form an essential counterpart to the more theoretical learning in classrooms and seminars during previous years. The method is rather flexible. Either an inventory of problems is made, followed by a selection and discussion of one problem. Or a discussion is initiated by an introduction by either staff or ethicist. The actual programme and its origin, the objectives and some of the problems of such a programme are presented in this article.", "contents": "Teaching medical ethics: University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. During his internship the medical student often feels a basic need for ethical discussion. The department of medical ethics at the University of Nijmegen offers a monthly discussion in single clinical departments. The ethicist is then assisted by staff responsible for guiding the interns. These discussions, based on daily experience, aim at critical evaluation of ways the profession is being exercised. As such they form an essential counterpart to the more theoretical learning in classrooms and seminars during previous years. The method is rather flexible. Either an inventory of problems is made, followed by a selection and discussion of one problem. Or a discussion is initiated by an introduction by either staff or ethicist. The actual programme and its origin, the objectives and some of the problems of such a programme are presented in this article.", "PMID": 671478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_936", "title": "Lesbian couples: should help extend to AID?", "content": "A considerable amount of publicity has recently centred on a few Lesbian couples who have successfully obtained artificial insemination by donor (AID) in order to have a child. Advice was orginally sought on a private basis from the Journal on the following case: now the issue is public knowledge, the doctor presenting the case has agreed to open discussion, and a case conference was convened to consider it. Those taking part were: Jackie Forster, Co-editor of Sappho; lesbian feminist magazine; Carola Haigh, General Practitioner, London; Ian Kennedy, Barrister and Lecturer in Law, Kings College, London; Anthony Parsons, Gynaecology Department, Kings College Hospital, London; Jennifer Pietroni, General Practitioner, London; Gordon Price, Department of Child & Family Psychiatry, Kings College Hospital, London; Rose Robertson, from Parents Enquiry, a counselling organisation for families where there is an incidence of Homosexuality and where it is causing stress. Roger Higgs, General Practitioner and organiser of the Case Conference Series, was in the Chair.", "contents": "Lesbian couples: should help extend to AID? A considerable amount of publicity has recently centred on a few Lesbian couples who have successfully obtained artificial insemination by donor (AID) in order to have a child. Advice was orginally sought on a private basis from the Journal on the following case: now the issue is public knowledge, the doctor presenting the case has agreed to open discussion, and a case conference was convened to consider it. Those taking part were: Jackie Forster, Co-editor of Sappho; lesbian feminist magazine; Carola Haigh, General Practitioner, London; Ian Kennedy, Barrister and Lecturer in Law, Kings College, London; Anthony Parsons, Gynaecology Department, Kings College Hospital, London; Jennifer Pietroni, General Practitioner, London; Gordon Price, Department of Child & Family Psychiatry, Kings College Hospital, London; Rose Robertson, from Parents Enquiry, a counselling organisation for families where there is an incidence of Homosexuality and where it is causing stress. Roger Higgs, General Practitioner and organiser of the Case Conference Series, was in the Chair.", "PMID": 671480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_937", "title": "Hereditary pancreatitis in England and Wales.", "content": "Information from 72 patients from 7 families in England and Wales confirms that hereditary pancreatitis is inherited as an autosomal dominant conditions with limited penetrance. The degree of penetrance is approximately 80%. These patients have had recurrent attacks of abdominal pain starting from childhood or young adult life. The mean age of onset in the 7 families studied was 13.6 years. There were two peaks, with maximum numbers at 5 years and 17 years. The second peak was thought to represent genetically susceptible individuals having pain brought on by alcohol rather than representing evidence of genetic heterogeneity. Five of the 7 families had members with both childhood and adult ages of onset. Only 4 patients out of 72 had life-threatening disease and in the majority of cases the attacks of pain were of nuisance value only. Hereditary pancreatitis was implicated in only 1 patient's death and this was not definite. Patients appear to get better after a period of symptoms usually as they approach middle age, or after a severe attack. In older patients alcohol, emotional upsets, and fatty food appear to precipitate attacks. Pancreatic insufficiency (5.5%), diabetes mellitus (12.5%), pseudocysts (5.5%), and haemorrhagic pleural effusion are uncommon complications. Portal vein thrombosis occurred definitely in 2 patients and was suspected in 3 others. Carcinoma of the pancreas was not found in any of 72 patients studied in detail; however, 2 members from a family not visited personally had chronic pancreatitis and malabsorption going on to carcinoma. They may have suffered from a different disease. Genetic linkage information was too slight for many definite conclusions. However, there was no suggestion of linkage with any of the markers tested.", "contents": "Hereditary pancreatitis in England and Wales. Information from 72 patients from 7 families in England and Wales confirms that hereditary pancreatitis is inherited as an autosomal dominant conditions with limited penetrance. The degree of penetrance is approximately 80%. These patients have had recurrent attacks of abdominal pain starting from childhood or young adult life. The mean age of onset in the 7 families studied was 13.6 years. There were two peaks, with maximum numbers at 5 years and 17 years. The second peak was thought to represent genetically susceptible individuals having pain brought on by alcohol rather than representing evidence of genetic heterogeneity. Five of the 7 families had members with both childhood and adult ages of onset. Only 4 patients out of 72 had life-threatening disease and in the majority of cases the attacks of pain were of nuisance value only. Hereditary pancreatitis was implicated in only 1 patient's death and this was not definite. Patients appear to get better after a period of symptoms usually as they approach middle age, or after a severe attack. In older patients alcohol, emotional upsets, and fatty food appear to precipitate attacks. Pancreatic insufficiency (5.5%), diabetes mellitus (12.5%), pseudocysts (5.5%), and haemorrhagic pleural effusion are uncommon complications. Portal vein thrombosis occurred definitely in 2 patients and was suspected in 3 others. Carcinoma of the pancreas was not found in any of 72 patients studied in detail; however, 2 members from a family not visited personally had chronic pancreatitis and malabsorption going on to carcinoma. They may have suffered from a different disease. Genetic linkage information was too slight for many definite conclusions. However, there was no suggestion of linkage with any of the markers tested.", "PMID": 671483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_938", "title": "First premarital screening of thalassaemia carriers in intermediate schools in Latium.", "content": "In the 1975 to 1976 school year, under the auspices of the Health Authorities of the Latium Region, the Rome Microcythaemia Centre carried out for the first time a partial screening survey of thalassaemia carriers among the students of the compulsory intermediate school in Latium. This work was the beginning of a new preventive school health service aimed at the prophylaxis of Cooley's disease. In 23 places investigated in Latium, 17724 students were examined, 13354 of whom were in Rome and 4370 elsewhere. The mean percentage of co-operation was 70% and the mean percentage of thalassaemia 2.42%. Thalassaemic students were invited to attend the centre for a check-up along with their families: about half had already come in by the end of June 1976. All students examined, whether normal or thalassaemic, have received written results of the tests. The screening survey aroused notable interest and obtained wide approval both at school and at home. The news of being thalassaemia carriers, even if not welcome, was never the cause of family tragedy.", "contents": "First premarital screening of thalassaemia carriers in intermediate schools in Latium. In the 1975 to 1976 school year, under the auspices of the Health Authorities of the Latium Region, the Rome Microcythaemia Centre carried out for the first time a partial screening survey of thalassaemia carriers among the students of the compulsory intermediate school in Latium. This work was the beginning of a new preventive school health service aimed at the prophylaxis of Cooley's disease. In 23 places investigated in Latium, 17724 students were examined, 13354 of whom were in Rome and 4370 elsewhere. The mean percentage of co-operation was 70% and the mean percentage of thalassaemia 2.42%. Thalassaemic students were invited to attend the centre for a check-up along with their families: about half had already come in by the end of June 1976. All students examined, whether normal or thalassaemic, have received written results of the tests. The screening survey aroused notable interest and obtained wide approval both at school and at home. The news of being thalassaemia carriers, even if not welcome, was never the cause of family tragedy.", "PMID": 671484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_939", "title": "Brachydactyly, distal symphalangism, scoliosis, tall stature, and club feet: a new syndrome.", "content": "Five members of a kindred with brachydactyly and distal symphalangism, normal stature, pes cavus, and scoliosis were ascertained. The pedigree was consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. The combination of clinical and radiological features is believed to be distinct from those previously reported in patients with brachydactyly/symphalangism.", "contents": "Brachydactyly, distal symphalangism, scoliosis, tall stature, and club feet: a new syndrome. Five members of a kindred with brachydactyly and distal symphalangism, normal stature, pes cavus, and scoliosis were ascertained. The pedigree was consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. The combination of clinical and radiological features is believed to be distinct from those previously reported in patients with brachydactyly/symphalangism.", "PMID": 671485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_940", "title": "Linkage studies in Van der Woude syndrome.", "content": "A newly ascertained kindred segregating Van der Woude syndrome through four generations is described. Linkage studies using the methods of Ott (1974) were carried out using 19 marker loci.", "contents": "Linkage studies in Van der Woude syndrome. A newly ascertained kindred segregating Van der Woude syndrome through four generations is described. Linkage studies using the methods of Ott (1974) were carried out using 19 marker loci.", "PMID": 671486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_941", "title": "Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and Werdnig-Hoffmann disease in a child: an unusual association.", "content": "The unusual association of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a 5-month-old child is described for the first time. The association is casual, considering the different pathways of genetical transmission in these two diseases. The possibility of identifying the heterozygote is discussed and it appears to be limited to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.", "contents": "Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and Werdnig-Hoffmann disease in a child: an unusual association. The unusual association of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a 5-month-old child is described for the first time. The association is casual, considering the different pathways of genetical transmission in these two diseases. The possibility of identifying the heterozygote is discussed and it appears to be limited to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.", "PMID": 671487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_942", "title": "Necropsy of original case of Lowry's syndrome.", "content": "The necropsy findings are reported on one of the original sibs of Lowry's syndrome. The child, who died at 7 years of bronchopneumonia, was severely dwarfed, microcephalic, and microphthalmic. The brain was small and extensively calcified, the cerebellar cortex hypoplastic, and the retinae atrophic. There were multiple skeletal and integumental and minor renal abnormalities. The lymphoid tissue was much reduced, and many arteries and arterioles were thickened and narrowed. This constitutes a unique constellation of lesions.", "contents": "Necropsy of original case of Lowry's syndrome. The necropsy findings are reported on one of the original sibs of Lowry's syndrome. The child, who died at 7 years of bronchopneumonia, was severely dwarfed, microcephalic, and microphthalmic. The brain was small and extensively calcified, the cerebellar cortex hypoplastic, and the retinae atrophic. There were multiple skeletal and integumental and minor renal abnormalities. The lymphoid tissue was much reduced, and many arteries and arterioles were thickened and narrowed. This constitutes a unique constellation of lesions.", "PMID": 671489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_943", "title": "Late discovery of a case of testicular feminisation.", "content": "The accidental discovery, in an inguinal hernia, of a male gonad in a 67-year-old woman is reported. The association of an unambiguous female phenotype with a purely male karyotype and a male gonad suggests the diagnosis of testicular feminisation. The differential diagnosis, particularly of testicular feminisation with true hermaphroditism, is discussed.", "contents": "Late discovery of a case of testicular feminisation. The accidental discovery, in an inguinal hernia, of a male gonad in a 67-year-old woman is reported. The association of an unambiguous female phenotype with a purely male karyotype and a male gonad suggests the diagnosis of testicular feminisation. The differential diagnosis, particularly of testicular feminisation with true hermaphroditism, is discussed.", "PMID": 671490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_944", "title": "Inconsistent expression of both centromeres of a dicentric Y chromosome in a child with ambiguous external genitalia.", "content": "A newborn child with ambiguous external genitalia had evidence of internal female development on the left and internal male development on the right. Blood chromosome analysis showed three cell types: 45,X; 46,XY with the Y being submetacentric and about twice the usual size with two 'centromeric' C bands; and 46,X,dic(Y). Chromosome studies from the skin, uterus, and Fallopian tube showed almost exclusively 45,X cells. This represents the second reported patient in whom two centromeres are inconsistently expressed though present as shown by two 'centromeric' C bands.", "contents": "Inconsistent expression of both centromeres of a dicentric Y chromosome in a child with ambiguous external genitalia. A newborn child with ambiguous external genitalia had evidence of internal female development on the left and internal male development on the right. Blood chromosome analysis showed three cell types: 45,X; 46,XY with the Y being submetacentric and about twice the usual size with two 'centromeric' C bands; and 46,X,dic(Y). Chromosome studies from the skin, uterus, and Fallopian tube showed almost exclusively 45,X cells. This represents the second reported patient in whom two centromeres are inconsistently expressed though present as shown by two 'centromeric' C bands.", "PMID": 671491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_945", "title": "Deletion 14q and pericentric inversion 14.", "content": "A woman with deletion 14q as well as inversion 14 is presented, and physical signs are compared with those of patients with deletion long arm 13. No previous case of deletion long arm 14 has been published.", "contents": "Deletion 14q and pericentric inversion 14. A woman with deletion 14q as well as inversion 14 is presented, and physical signs are compared with those of patients with deletion long arm 13. No previous case of deletion long arm 14 has been published.", "PMID": 671492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_946", "title": "Meckel's syndrome (dysencephalia splanchno-cystica) in two Pakistani sibs.", "content": "A Pakistani couple, who were first cousins once removed through their fathers, and whose mothers were also related, had two liveborn children, a boy and a girl. Both children died within 2 hours of birth with occipital encephalocele, microcephaly, polycystic kidneys, and cystic distension of intrahepatic bile ducts. Both children had normal karyotypes. These abnormalities constitute Meckel's syndrome (dysencephalia splanchno-cystica); this is the fifth report of parental consanguinity, adding further support to the evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance of the disorder.", "contents": "Meckel's syndrome (dysencephalia splanchno-cystica) in two Pakistani sibs. A Pakistani couple, who were first cousins once removed through their fathers, and whose mothers were also related, had two liveborn children, a boy and a girl. Both children died within 2 hours of birth with occipital encephalocele, microcephaly, polycystic kidneys, and cystic distension of intrahepatic bile ducts. Both children had normal karyotypes. These abnormalities constitute Meckel's syndrome (dysencephalia splanchno-cystica); this is the fifth report of parental consanguinity, adding further support to the evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance of the disorder.", "PMID": 671493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_947", "title": "Health professions education and public policy: a research agenda.", "content": "The Work Group on the Education of the Health Professions and the Nation's Health offers the theme of discontinuity to describe who so little useful knowledge has been derived from research in this area and to suggest a more productive approach for future studies. Discontinuities are evident amoung the needs of patients and populations and how professionals practice what is taught in professional schools. The work group recommends seven areas for study in the expectation that new information might alleviate these discontinuities.", "contents": "Health professions education and public policy: a research agenda. The Work Group on the Education of the Health Professions and the Nation's Health offers the theme of discontinuity to describe who so little useful knowledge has been derived from research in this area and to suggest a more productive approach for future studies. Discontinuities are evident amoung the needs of patients and populations and how professionals practice what is taught in professional schools. The work group recommends seven areas for study in the expectation that new information might alleviate these discontinuities.", "PMID": 671495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_948", "title": "First-year graduate medical education positions obtained by U.S. graduates in 1977.", "content": "When the 2,308 residencies obtained by U.S. medical school graduates outisde of th National Intern and Resident Matching Program were added to those of the 11,172 students who matched, the distribution of all 1977 graduates among specialties was found to be essentially the same as for those who matched, but regional differences were marked. A regional comparison of the location of the residencies obtained by the graduates with the location of the schools attended by students suggested that recruitment of graduates from other regions was as important in determining the number of first-year residents as was retention of graduates in a given region.", "contents": "First-year graduate medical education positions obtained by U.S. graduates in 1977. When the 2,308 residencies obtained by U.S. medical school graduates outisde of th National Intern and Resident Matching Program were added to those of the 11,172 students who matched, the distribution of all 1977 graduates among specialties was found to be essentially the same as for those who matched, but regional differences were marked. A regional comparison of the location of the residencies obtained by the graduates with the location of the schools attended by students suggested that recruitment of graduates from other regions was as important in determining the number of first-year residents as was retention of graduates in a given region.", "PMID": 671496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_949", "title": "Experience with college of medicine departmental reviews.", "content": "Departmental review are a means of assessing quality in administrative and academic functions. Policies and guidelines have been established. The review processes are time consuming and costly. However, the goals for such reviews are achievable. Guidance to improve department head performance is provided, and search for new leadership when indicated is enhanced.", "contents": "Experience with college of medicine departmental reviews. Departmental review are a means of assessing quality in administrative and academic functions. Policies and guidelines have been established. The review processes are time consuming and costly. However, the goals for such reviews are achievable. Guidance to improve department head performance is provided, and search for new leadership when indicated is enhanced.", "PMID": 671497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_950", "title": "A systematic comparison of teaching hospital and remote-site clinical education.", "content": "This paper present a methodology for examining activities of medical students on multisite clinical clerkships to determine whether differences exist in the educational experience offered at various sites. Five criterion variables are explored: distribution of student activities, type or class of clinical conditions encountered by students, degree of \"esoterism\" of those conditions, type of student role, and flexibility of student role. A format for data collection, employing a specially designed activity recording pad, was developed as part of the study. Application of this method to a clerkship in obstetrics and gynecology documents the existence of systematic differences in the educational experiences offered at different sites, particularly with regard to type of activities undertaken and conditions encountered. Most notably, the results suggest that it is fallacious to dichotomize clerkship sites as \"academic\" or \"community\" based. It is found that community hospitals themselves can differ markedly and offer an experience paralleling that of the academic referral center.", "contents": "A systematic comparison of teaching hospital and remote-site clinical education. This paper present a methodology for examining activities of medical students on multisite clinical clerkships to determine whether differences exist in the educational experience offered at various sites. Five criterion variables are explored: distribution of student activities, type or class of clinical conditions encountered by students, degree of \"esoterism\" of those conditions, type of student role, and flexibility of student role. A format for data collection, employing a specially designed activity recording pad, was developed as part of the study. Application of this method to a clerkship in obstetrics and gynecology documents the existence of systematic differences in the educational experiences offered at different sites, particularly with regard to type of activities undertaken and conditions encountered. Most notably, the results suggest that it is fallacious to dichotomize clerkship sites as \"academic\" or \"community\" based. It is found that community hospitals themselves can differ markedly and offer an experience paralleling that of the academic referral center.", "PMID": 671498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_951", "title": "The experiment in medical education at the City College of New York.", "content": "Described is a program leading to the B.S. and M.D. degrees in six or seven years which integrates the physical sciences with the basic medical sciences and emphasizes the humanities and social sciences as a necessary component of the physician's education. The selection process is designed to identify young men and women who will become primary care physicians in underserved urban communities. At the end of the fourth year it was shown that the graduates were comparable with second-year medical students as measured by national examinations. It is suggested that the changes made in the premedical curriculum merit general consideration inasmuch as the course work is more pertinent to the practive of medicine and offers a sound education for other health careers for those unable to continue their medical training.", "contents": "The experiment in medical education at the City College of New York. Described is a program leading to the B.S. and M.D. degrees in six or seven years which integrates the physical sciences with the basic medical sciences and emphasizes the humanities and social sciences as a necessary component of the physician's education. The selection process is designed to identify young men and women who will become primary care physicians in underserved urban communities. At the end of the fourth year it was shown that the graduates were comparable with second-year medical students as measured by national examinations. It is suggested that the changes made in the premedical curriculum merit general consideration inasmuch as the course work is more pertinent to the practive of medicine and offers a sound education for other health careers for those unable to continue their medical training.", "PMID": 671499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_952", "title": "U.S. medical students in Nepal.", "content": "A formal course in Human Ecology in the Himalayas proved to be a powerful educational innovation partly because of its international setting. The six students in the medical part of this course experienced a profound affective impact on their career goals, a totally new orientation toward the problems of poverty in the United States, and a changed appreciation of the need for preventive measures and a community approach. The effect was far greater than that usually associated with individualized international experiences because of careful preparatory seminars, group activities which included surveys and research, and abundant opportunity for interpretive discussions as cultural and health care shock was being experienced. Clinical work was kept in perspective and provided opportunities for learning, not only about exotic diseases but also about what could be done under the simplest of conditions.", "contents": "U.S. medical students in Nepal. A formal course in Human Ecology in the Himalayas proved to be a powerful educational innovation partly because of its international setting. The six students in the medical part of this course experienced a profound affective impact on their career goals, a totally new orientation toward the problems of poverty in the United States, and a changed appreciation of the need for preventive measures and a community approach. The effect was far greater than that usually associated with individualized international experiences because of careful preparatory seminars, group activities which included surveys and research, and abundant opportunity for interpretive discussions as cultural and health care shock was being experienced. Clinical work was kept in perspective and provided opportunities for learning, not only about exotic diseases but also about what could be done under the simplest of conditions.", "PMID": 671500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_953", "title": "Perioperative diabetic consultation: a plead for improved training.", "content": "To determine the clinical and educational impact of an academic general internal medicine consultation service, the investigators selected as a model the perioperative management of diabetes mellitus. They analyzed 17 consultative episodes over two years by retrospective medical record review to identify patterns and shortcomings. Most patients were elderly black females with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus exhibiting numerous past diabetic complications and other active general medical problems. Major findings included common failure to define the consultation purpose or document adequately follow-up visits, incomplete professional adherence to published guidelines for perioperative diabetic management, and correlation between failure to document the consultant's own physical examination and failure to reach new conclusions. Median cost for consultant-recommended tests was $179 (range $82 to $552) without clear linkage between medical care process and outcome. Consultative skills must be taught more effectively if medical consultations are to have maximal impact.", "contents": "Perioperative diabetic consultation: a plead for improved training. To determine the clinical and educational impact of an academic general internal medicine consultation service, the investigators selected as a model the perioperative management of diabetes mellitus. They analyzed 17 consultative episodes over two years by retrospective medical record review to identify patterns and shortcomings. Most patients were elderly black females with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus exhibiting numerous past diabetic complications and other active general medical problems. Major findings included common failure to define the consultation purpose or document adequately follow-up visits, incomplete professional adherence to published guidelines for perioperative diabetic management, and correlation between failure to document the consultant's own physical examination and failure to reach new conclusions. Median cost for consultant-recommended tests was $179 (range $82 to $552) without clear linkage between medical care process and outcome. Consultative skills must be taught more effectively if medical consultations are to have maximal impact.", "PMID": 671501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_954", "title": "Fusion of secretory vesicles isolated from rat liver.", "content": "Secretory vesicles isolated from rat liver were found to fuse after exposure to Ca2+. Vesicle fusion is characterized by the occurrence of twinned vesicles with a continuous cleavage plane between two vesicles in freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The number of fused vesicles increases with increasing Ca2+-concentrations and is half maximal around 10(-6)M. Other divalent cations (Ba2+, Sr2+, and Mg2+) were ineffective. Mg2+ inhibits Ca2+-induced fusion. Therefore, the fusion of secretory vesicles in vitro is Ca2+ specific and exhibits properties similar to the exocytotic process of various secretory cells. Various substances affecting secretion in vivo (microtubular inhibitors, local anesthetics, ionophores) were tested for their effect on membrane fusion in our system. The fusion of isolated secretory vesicles from liver was found to differ from that of pure phospholipid membranes in its temperature dependence, in its much lower requirement for Ca2+, and in its Ca2+-specificity. Chemical and enzymatic modifcations of the vesicle membrane indicate that glycoproteins may account for these differences.", "contents": "Fusion of secretory vesicles isolated from rat liver. Secretory vesicles isolated from rat liver were found to fuse after exposure to Ca2+. Vesicle fusion is characterized by the occurrence of twinned vesicles with a continuous cleavage plane between two vesicles in freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The number of fused vesicles increases with increasing Ca2+-concentrations and is half maximal around 10(-6)M. Other divalent cations (Ba2+, Sr2+, and Mg2+) were ineffective. Mg2+ inhibits Ca2+-induced fusion. Therefore, the fusion of secretory vesicles in vitro is Ca2+ specific and exhibits properties similar to the exocytotic process of various secretory cells. Various substances affecting secretion in vivo (microtubular inhibitors, local anesthetics, ionophores) were tested for their effect on membrane fusion in our system. The fusion of isolated secretory vesicles from liver was found to differ from that of pure phospholipid membranes in its temperature dependence, in its much lower requirement for Ca2+, and in its Ca2+-specificity. Chemical and enzymatic modifcations of the vesicle membrane indicate that glycoproteins may account for these differences.", "PMID": 671516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_955", "title": "Effect of aldosterone on incorporation of amino acids into renal medullary proteins.", "content": "Studies on the effects of pretreatment with aldosterone on the incorporation of 3H leucine or 3H methionine into proteins in renal slices were carried out in Joklik-modified minimal essential medium. Administration of aldosterone (2microgram/100 g body wt) to adrenalectomized rats increased 3H leucine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid insoluble fractions of crude homogenates of cortical slices by 15.5 +/- 0.4% and of medullary slices by 53.5 +/- 1.3%. No increase in isotope incorporation was observed in slices of renal papilla or spleen prepared from the same rats. Aldosterone had no effect on the 3H-leucine content of the trichloroacetic acid-soluble fractions of all three renal zones and the spleen. The dose of aldosterone that elicited a half-maximal increase in 3H-methionine incorporation into proteins of renal medullary slices (0.45 microgram of aldosterone/100 g body wt) was indistinguishable from that needed to elicit a halt-maximal increase in the urinary K+/Na+ ratio (0.35 microgram of aldosterone/100 g body wt). Dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid, at a dose of 0.8 microgram/100 g body wt did not augment 3H-leucine incorporation into renal medullary proteins but was effective at 8 microgram/100 g body wt. Spirolactone (SC-26304), a potent anti-mineralocorticoid, abolished the effect of aldosterone on amino acid incorporation into medullary proteins when administered at a 100-fold higher dosage [i.e., 80 microgram (per 100 g body wt)]. These results imply that the action of aldosterone on amino acid incorporation is mediated by the mineralocorticoid rather than the glucocorticoid pathway, presumably the mineralocorticoid receptors. Moreover, pretreatment of the rats with actinomycin D (70--80 microgram/100 g body wt) erased the effect of aldosterone (0.8 microgram/100 g body wt) on amino acid incorporation into medullary proteins. In paired experiments with 3H and 35S methionine, aldosterone (0.8 microgram/100 g body wt) increased methionine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid precipitable proteins of subcellular fractions of the renal medulla. The effect of aldosterone on incorporation of methionine into medullary cytosol proteins was analyzed further by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3 in tris-glycine buffer. The gel profiles indicate that aldosterone significantly increased methionine incorporation into at least one protein (independent of the isotope) with a molecular weight of approximately 31,000. This increase was inhibited by either pretreatment of the rat with actinomycin D (70--80 microgram/100 g body wt or SC-26304 (80 microgram/100 g body wt). Dexamethasone (0.8 microgram/100 g body wt) did not increase incorporation of methinine into the medullary cytosol proteins resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Effect of aldosterone on incorporation of amino acids into renal medullary proteins. Studies on the effects of pretreatment with aldosterone on the incorporation of 3H leucine or 3H methionine into proteins in renal slices were carried out in Joklik-modified minimal essential medium. Administration of aldosterone (2microgram/100 g body wt) to adrenalectomized rats increased 3H leucine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid insoluble fractions of crude homogenates of cortical slices by 15.5 +/- 0.4% and of medullary slices by 53.5 +/- 1.3%. No increase in isotope incorporation was observed in slices of renal papilla or spleen prepared from the same rats. Aldosterone had no effect on the 3H-leucine content of the trichloroacetic acid-soluble fractions of all three renal zones and the spleen. The dose of aldosterone that elicited a half-maximal increase in 3H-methionine incorporation into proteins of renal medullary slices (0.45 microgram of aldosterone/100 g body wt) was indistinguishable from that needed to elicit a halt-maximal increase in the urinary K+/Na+ ratio (0.35 microgram of aldosterone/100 g body wt). Dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid, at a dose of 0.8 microgram/100 g body wt did not augment 3H-leucine incorporation into renal medullary proteins but was effective at 8 microgram/100 g body wt. Spirolactone (SC-26304), a potent anti-mineralocorticoid, abolished the effect of aldosterone on amino acid incorporation into medullary proteins when administered at a 100-fold higher dosage [i.e., 80 microgram (per 100 g body wt)]. These results imply that the action of aldosterone on amino acid incorporation is mediated by the mineralocorticoid rather than the glucocorticoid pathway, presumably the mineralocorticoid receptors. Moreover, pretreatment of the rats with actinomycin D (70--80 microgram/100 g body wt) erased the effect of aldosterone (0.8 microgram/100 g body wt) on amino acid incorporation into medullary proteins. In paired experiments with 3H and 35S methionine, aldosterone (0.8 microgram/100 g body wt) increased methionine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid precipitable proteins of subcellular fractions of the renal medulla. The effect of aldosterone on incorporation of methionine into medullary cytosol proteins was analyzed further by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3 in tris-glycine buffer. The gel profiles indicate that aldosterone significantly increased methionine incorporation into at least one protein (independent of the isotope) with a molecular weight of approximately 31,000. This increase was inhibited by either pretreatment of the rat with actinomycin D (70--80 microgram/100 g body wt or SC-26304 (80 microgram/100 g body wt). Dexamethasone (0.8 microgram/100 g body wt) did not increase incorporation of methinine into the medullary cytosol proteins resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 671518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_956", "title": "Effects of amphotericin b on the electrical properties of Necturus gallbladder: intracellular microelectrode studies.", "content": "Intracellular microelectrode techniques were employed to study the mechanism by which amphotericin B induces a transient mucosa-negative transepithelial potential (deltaVms) in the gallbladder of Necturus. When the tissue was incubated in standard Na-Ringer's solution, the antibiotic reduced the apical membrane potential by about 40 mV, and the basolateral membrane potential by about 35 mV, whereas the transepithelial potential increased by about 5 mV. The electrical resistance of the apical membrane fell by 83%, and that of the basolateral membrane by 40%; the paracellular resistance remained unchanged. Circuit analysis indicated that the equivalent electromotive forces of the apical and basolateral membranes fell by 35 and 11 mV, respectively. Changes in potentials and resistances produced by ionic substitutions in the mucosal bathing medium showed that amphotericin B produces a nonselective increase in apical membrane small monovalent cation conductance (K, Na, Li). In the presence of Na-Ringer's on the mucosal side, this resulted in a reduction of the K permselectivity of the membrane, and thus in a fall of its equivalent emf. During short term exposure to amphotericin B, PNa/PCl across the paracellular pathway did not change significantly, whereas PK/PNa doubled. These results indicate that deltaVms is due to an increase of gNa across the luminal membranes of the epithelial cells (Cremaschi et al., 1977. J. Membrane Biol. 34:55); the data do not support the alternative hypothesis (Rose & Nahrwold, 1976. J. Membrane Biol 29:1) that deltaVms results from a reduction in shunt PNa/PCl acting in combination with a rheogenic basolateral Na pump.", "contents": "Effects of amphotericin b on the electrical properties of Necturus gallbladder: intracellular microelectrode studies. Intracellular microelectrode techniques were employed to study the mechanism by which amphotericin B induces a transient mucosa-negative transepithelial potential (deltaVms) in the gallbladder of Necturus. When the tissue was incubated in standard Na-Ringer's solution, the antibiotic reduced the apical membrane potential by about 40 mV, and the basolateral membrane potential by about 35 mV, whereas the transepithelial potential increased by about 5 mV. The electrical resistance of the apical membrane fell by 83%, and that of the basolateral membrane by 40%; the paracellular resistance remained unchanged. Circuit analysis indicated that the equivalent electromotive forces of the apical and basolateral membranes fell by 35 and 11 mV, respectively. Changes in potentials and resistances produced by ionic substitutions in the mucosal bathing medium showed that amphotericin B produces a nonselective increase in apical membrane small monovalent cation conductance (K, Na, Li). In the presence of Na-Ringer's on the mucosal side, this resulted in a reduction of the K permselectivity of the membrane, and thus in a fall of its equivalent emf. During short term exposure to amphotericin B, PNa/PCl across the paracellular pathway did not change significantly, whereas PK/PNa doubled. These results indicate that deltaVms is due to an increase of gNa across the luminal membranes of the epithelial cells (Cremaschi et al., 1977. J. Membrane Biol. 34:55); the data do not support the alternative hypothesis (Rose & Nahrwold, 1976. J. Membrane Biol 29:1) that deltaVms results from a reduction in shunt PNa/PCl acting in combination with a rheogenic basolateral Na pump.", "PMID": 671519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_957", "title": "Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of sulfate transport in human red blood cells by isothiocyanates.", "content": "A kinetic analysis of anion self-exchange in human red blood cells, in the presence of an irreversible inhibitor, is presented and applied to the study of the inactivation of sulfate transport by three isothiocyanates: 3-isothiocyano-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt (INDS), 1-isothiocyano-4-naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt, monohydrate (INS), and 1-isothiocyano-4-benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt, monohydrate (IBS). The time dependence of the inhibition of sulfate transport by the isothiocyanates used could be described by a single exponential and could be shown to contain a reversible and an irreversible component. In each case a portion of sulfate efflux was found to be resistant to inactivation. The residual portion of the sulfate efflux varied with inhibitor: 4% for INS, 16% for INDS, and 34% for IBS. INS showed the largest reversible inhibitory effect (12% of the flux remaining at 0.2 mM inhibitor concentration), while INDS showed the weakest effect (92% of the flux remaining at 0.3 mM inhibitor concentration). IBS had the highest rate of inactivation while INDS had the lowest. The kinetic analysis further suggests that all three isothiocyanates bind reversibly to an inhibitory site on the membrane before they bind covalently, and therefore irreversibly, to the same site on the membrane. The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of the reversibly-bound complex, Ki, and the rate of irreversible inactivation after all membrane sites are reversibly bound, kmax, have been computed for all three inhibitors: INDS (Ki = 420 micron, kmax = 5.04 hr-1), INS (Ki = 148 micron, kmax = 6.48 hr-1), and IBS (Ki = 208 micron, k(max) = 8.11 hr-1).", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of sulfate transport in human red blood cells by isothiocyanates. A kinetic analysis of anion self-exchange in human red blood cells, in the presence of an irreversible inhibitor, is presented and applied to the study of the inactivation of sulfate transport by three isothiocyanates: 3-isothiocyano-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt (INDS), 1-isothiocyano-4-naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt, monohydrate (INS), and 1-isothiocyano-4-benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt, monohydrate (IBS). The time dependence of the inhibition of sulfate transport by the isothiocyanates used could be described by a single exponential and could be shown to contain a reversible and an irreversible component. In each case a portion of sulfate efflux was found to be resistant to inactivation. The residual portion of the sulfate efflux varied with inhibitor: 4% for INS, 16% for INDS, and 34% for IBS. INS showed the largest reversible inhibitory effect (12% of the flux remaining at 0.2 mM inhibitor concentration), while INDS showed the weakest effect (92% of the flux remaining at 0.3 mM inhibitor concentration). IBS had the highest rate of inactivation while INDS had the lowest. The kinetic analysis further suggests that all three isothiocyanates bind reversibly to an inhibitory site on the membrane before they bind covalently, and therefore irreversibly, to the same site on the membrane. The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of the reversibly-bound complex, Ki, and the rate of irreversible inactivation after all membrane sites are reversibly bound, kmax, have been computed for all three inhibitors: INDS (Ki = 420 micron, kmax = 5.04 hr-1), INS (Ki = 148 micron, kmax = 6.48 hr-1), and IBS (Ki = 208 micron, k(max) = 8.11 hr-1).", "PMID": 671522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_958", "title": "Basolateral membrane potential of a tight epithelium: ionic diffusion and electrogenic pumps.", "content": "The contribution of specific ions to the conductance and potential of the basolateral membrane of the rabbit urinary bladder has been studied with both conventional and ion-specific microelectrode techniques. In addition, the possibility of an electrogenic active transport process located at the basolateral membrane was studied using the polyene antibiotic nystatin. The effect of ion-specific microelectrode impalement damage on intracellular ion activities was examined and a criterion set for acceptance or rejection of intracellular activity measurements. Using this criterion, we found (K+) = 72 mM and (Cl-) = 15.8 mM. Cl- but not K+ was in electrochemical equilibrium across the basolateral membrane. The selective permeability of the basolateral membrane was measured using microelectrodes, and the data analyzed using the Goldman, Hodgkin-Katz equation. The sodium to potassium permeability ratio (PNa/PK) was 0.044, and the chloride to potassium permeability ratio (PCl/PK) was 1.17. Since K+ was not in electrochemical equilibrium, intracellular (K+) is maintained by active metabolic processes, and the basolateral membrane potential is a diffusion potential with K+and C1- the most permeable ions. After depolarizing the basolateral membrane with high serosal potassium bathing solutions and eliminating the apical membrane as a rate limiting step for ion movement using the polyene antibiotic nystatin, we found that the addition of equal aliquots of NaCl to both solutions caused the basolateral membrane potential to hyperpolarize by up to 20mV (cell interior negative). This potential was reduced by 80% within 3 min of the addition of ouabain to the serosal solution. This hyperpolarization most probably represents a ouabain sensitive active transport process sensitive to intracellular Na+. An equivalent electrical circuit for Na+ transport across rabbit urinary bladder is derived, tested, and compared to previous results. This circuit is also used to predict the effects that microelectrode impalement damage will have on individual membrane potentials as well as time-dependent phenomena; e.g., effect of amiloride on apical and basolateral membrane potentials.", "contents": "Basolateral membrane potential of a tight epithelium: ionic diffusion and electrogenic pumps. The contribution of specific ions to the conductance and potential of the basolateral membrane of the rabbit urinary bladder has been studied with both conventional and ion-specific microelectrode techniques. In addition, the possibility of an electrogenic active transport process located at the basolateral membrane was studied using the polyene antibiotic nystatin. The effect of ion-specific microelectrode impalement damage on intracellular ion activities was examined and a criterion set for acceptance or rejection of intracellular activity measurements. Using this criterion, we found (K+) = 72 mM and (Cl-) = 15.8 mM. Cl- but not K+ was in electrochemical equilibrium across the basolateral membrane. The selective permeability of the basolateral membrane was measured using microelectrodes, and the data analyzed using the Goldman, Hodgkin-Katz equation. The sodium to potassium permeability ratio (PNa/PK) was 0.044, and the chloride to potassium permeability ratio (PCl/PK) was 1.17. Since K+ was not in electrochemical equilibrium, intracellular (K+) is maintained by active metabolic processes, and the basolateral membrane potential is a diffusion potential with K+and C1- the most permeable ions. After depolarizing the basolateral membrane with high serosal potassium bathing solutions and eliminating the apical membrane as a rate limiting step for ion movement using the polyene antibiotic nystatin, we found that the addition of equal aliquots of NaCl to both solutions caused the basolateral membrane potential to hyperpolarize by up to 20mV (cell interior negative). This potential was reduced by 80% within 3 min of the addition of ouabain to the serosal solution. This hyperpolarization most probably represents a ouabain sensitive active transport process sensitive to intracellular Na+. An equivalent electrical circuit for Na+ transport across rabbit urinary bladder is derived, tested, and compared to previous results. This circuit is also used to predict the effects that microelectrode impalement damage will have on individual membrane potentials as well as time-dependent phenomena; e.g., effect of amiloride on apical and basolateral membrane potentials.", "PMID": 671523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_959", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies in liposomes: effects of steroids on lecithin fatty acyl chain mobility.", "content": "The effects of fourteen sterols on the NMR spectra of liposomes derived from egg yolk phosphatidylcholines were studied by continuous-wave and Fourier-transform measurements at 60 MHz. Sterols were compared for their ability to broaden the acyl methylene resonances of phosphatidylcholine, when incorporated into liposomes at 25% molar ratio. The ratio of the phosphatidylcholine peake heights (acyl methylene: choline N-methyl) was used as a criterion of the relative condensing activity for the different sterols. This ratio was inversely proportional to the molar volume of the incorporated sterol, as measured by the parachor of the compound. Small sterols had little condensing effect, and the larger sterols such as cholesterol and ergosterol had maximum condensing effects. The study confirmed the importance of the sterol side-chain at C-17 as a requirement for sterol-phospholipid interaction.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies in liposomes: effects of steroids on lecithin fatty acyl chain mobility. The effects of fourteen sterols on the NMR spectra of liposomes derived from egg yolk phosphatidylcholines were studied by continuous-wave and Fourier-transform measurements at 60 MHz. Sterols were compared for their ability to broaden the acyl methylene resonances of phosphatidylcholine, when incorporated into liposomes at 25% molar ratio. The ratio of the phosphatidylcholine peake heights (acyl methylene: choline N-methyl) was used as a criterion of the relative condensing activity for the different sterols. This ratio was inversely proportional to the molar volume of the incorporated sterol, as measured by the parachor of the compound. Small sterols had little condensing effect, and the larger sterols such as cholesterol and ergosterol had maximum condensing effects. The study confirmed the importance of the sterol side-chain at C-17 as a requirement for sterol-phospholipid interaction.", "PMID": 671524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_960", "title": "Morphology of egg phosphatidylcholine-cholesterole single-bilayer vesicles, studied by freeze-etch electron microscopy.", "content": "Homogeneous, small, single-bilayer vesicles were prepared from egg phosphatidylcholine with various concentrations of cholesterol by ultrasonic dispersion in 0.1 M KCl, 0.01 M Tris, pH 8.0, buffer, followed by gel chromatography. The shape and size distributions of the fractionated vesicles were investigated for preparations with cholesterol compositions from 0 to 50 moles/100 moles, using freeze-etch electron microscopy. The size distribution was estimated from the shadow width of vesicles which were exposed by etching and the vesicle shape was checked by comparing the images obtained by tilting the replicas. The widths of the vesicle diameter distributions were relatively broad, corresponding to standard deviations in the range 60--90 A, but showing no systematic variation with cholesterol composition. In all cases it was found that 70% of the vesicle diameters lay within 150 A of the modal value. The apparent vesicle diameters remained constant for cholesterol compositions up to 20 moles/100 moles (modal diameter = 330 +/- 20 A, mean diameter = 350 +/- 3 A), but there was a sharp net increase in diameter at 30 moles cholesterol/100 moles reaching a model diameter of 430 +/- 20 A (mean diameter = 430 +/- 3 A) at 50 moles cholesterol/100 moles. Using the tilted microscope stage it was found that all vesicles were spherical at all cholesterol compositions studied, including those above 30 moles cholesterol/100 moles. The molecular mechanism by which cholesterol controls the vesicle size is discussed in terms of the asymmetric distribution of cholesterol across the vesicle bilayer.", "contents": "Morphology of egg phosphatidylcholine-cholesterole single-bilayer vesicles, studied by freeze-etch electron microscopy. Homogeneous, small, single-bilayer vesicles were prepared from egg phosphatidylcholine with various concentrations of cholesterol by ultrasonic dispersion in 0.1 M KCl, 0.01 M Tris, pH 8.0, buffer, followed by gel chromatography. The shape and size distributions of the fractionated vesicles were investigated for preparations with cholesterol compositions from 0 to 50 moles/100 moles, using freeze-etch electron microscopy. The size distribution was estimated from the shadow width of vesicles which were exposed by etching and the vesicle shape was checked by comparing the images obtained by tilting the replicas. The widths of the vesicle diameter distributions were relatively broad, corresponding to standard deviations in the range 60--90 A, but showing no systematic variation with cholesterol composition. In all cases it was found that 70% of the vesicle diameters lay within 150 A of the modal value. The apparent vesicle diameters remained constant for cholesterol compositions up to 20 moles/100 moles (modal diameter = 330 +/- 20 A, mean diameter = 350 +/- 3 A), but there was a sharp net increase in diameter at 30 moles cholesterol/100 moles reaching a model diameter of 430 +/- 20 A (mean diameter = 430 +/- 3 A) at 50 moles cholesterol/100 moles. Using the tilted microscope stage it was found that all vesicles were spherical at all cholesterol compositions studied, including those above 30 moles cholesterol/100 moles. The molecular mechanism by which cholesterol controls the vesicle size is discussed in terms of the asymmetric distribution of cholesterol across the vesicle bilayer.", "PMID": 671525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_961", "title": "Ion transport across the isolated intestinal mucosa of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. I. Functional and structural properties of cellular and paracellular pathways for Na and Cl.", "content": "The isolated intestinal mucosa of the flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, when bathed in a 20 mM HCO3-Ringer's solution bubbled with 1% CO2 in O2, generated a serosa-negative PD and, when short-circuited, absorbed Cl at almost 3 times the rate of Na. Reducing HCO3 to 5 mM decreased the net Cl flux by more than 60%. The following results suggest that, despite the PD, Na and Cl transport processes are nonelectrically coupled: replacing all Na with choline abolished both the PD and net Cl flux; replacing all Cl with SO4 and mannitol abolished the PD and the net Na flux; and adding ouabain (to 0.5 mM) abolished the PD and the net Cl flux. Nearly all of the unidirectional serosa-to-mucosa Cl flux (JClsm) seemed to be paracellular since it varied with PD and Cl concentration in a manner consistent with simple diffusion. JClsm was only about one-fourth of JNasm, suggesting that the paracellular pathway is highly cation-selective. The data can be explained by the following model: (i) Na and Cl uptake across the brush border are coupled 1 : 1; Na is pumped into the lateral space and Cl follows passively, elevating the salt concentration there; (ii) the tight junction is permeable to Na but relatively impermeable to Cl; and (iii) resistance to Na diffusion is greater in the lateral space (considered in its entirety) than in the tight junction. If these assumptions are correct, the serosa-negative transmural PD is due mainly to a salt diffusion potential across the tight junction and, under short-circuit condition, most of the Na pumped into the lateral space diffuses back into the luminal solution, whereas most of the Cl enters the serosal solution. Morphological features of the epithelium support this interpretation: the cells are unusually long (60 micrometer); there is little distension of the apical 12 micrometer of the lateral space during active fluid absorption; and distension distal to this region is intermittently constricted by desmosomes.", "contents": "Ion transport across the isolated intestinal mucosa of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. I. Functional and structural properties of cellular and paracellular pathways for Na and Cl. The isolated intestinal mucosa of the flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, when bathed in a 20 mM HCO3-Ringer's solution bubbled with 1% CO2 in O2, generated a serosa-negative PD and, when short-circuited, absorbed Cl at almost 3 times the rate of Na. Reducing HCO3 to 5 mM decreased the net Cl flux by more than 60%. The following results suggest that, despite the PD, Na and Cl transport processes are nonelectrically coupled: replacing all Na with choline abolished both the PD and net Cl flux; replacing all Cl with SO4 and mannitol abolished the PD and the net Na flux; and adding ouabain (to 0.5 mM) abolished the PD and the net Cl flux. Nearly all of the unidirectional serosa-to-mucosa Cl flux (JClsm) seemed to be paracellular since it varied with PD and Cl concentration in a manner consistent with simple diffusion. JClsm was only about one-fourth of JNasm, suggesting that the paracellular pathway is highly cation-selective. The data can be explained by the following model: (i) Na and Cl uptake across the brush border are coupled 1 : 1; Na is pumped into the lateral space and Cl follows passively, elevating the salt concentration there; (ii) the tight junction is permeable to Na but relatively impermeable to Cl; and (iii) resistance to Na diffusion is greater in the lateral space (considered in its entirety) than in the tight junction. If these assumptions are correct, the serosa-negative transmural PD is due mainly to a salt diffusion potential across the tight junction and, under short-circuit condition, most of the Na pumped into the lateral space diffuses back into the luminal solution, whereas most of the Cl enters the serosal solution. Morphological features of the epithelium support this interpretation: the cells are unusually long (60 micrometer); there is little distension of the apical 12 micrometer of the lateral space during active fluid absorption; and distension distal to this region is intermittently constricted by desmosomes.", "PMID": 671526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_962", "title": "A thermodynamic analysis of the correlation between active Na+ transport and the rate of oxygen consumption in epithelia.", "content": "Active transport in epithelia is discussed in terms of the relationships between oxygen consumption and sodium flux as affected by each of the two corresponding thermodynamic forces. Analysis is presented of the use of nonequilibrium thermodynamics as a total in elucidating coupling and stoichiometry, and in evaluating drug action in the system. The analysis leads to the quantitative characterization of active transport in \"two-flow\" systems in terms of two plots: oxygen consumption nad sodium flow, each as a function of electrical potential difference, at constant affinity and constant concentrations. The relevant characteristic parameters are then shown to be represented by the slopes and intercepts of the two plots, the ratios of the slopes and of the intercepts, and by  the difference--as well as the ratio--of the ratios. Distinction is made between experimental conditions in which the phenomenological coefficients remain constant and those in which these coefficients undergo appreciable changes. In terms of the above analysis, and examination is made of the effect of commonly used drugs. It is shown that while drugs may effect both the affinity and the phenomenological coefficients, they invariably affect the latter--at least in the cases hitherto reported.", "contents": "A thermodynamic analysis of the correlation between active Na+ transport and the rate of oxygen consumption in epithelia. Active transport in epithelia is discussed in terms of the relationships between oxygen consumption and sodium flux as affected by each of the two corresponding thermodynamic forces. Analysis is presented of the use of nonequilibrium thermodynamics as a total in elucidating coupling and stoichiometry, and in evaluating drug action in the system. The analysis leads to the quantitative characterization of active transport in \"two-flow\" systems in terms of two plots: oxygen consumption nad sodium flow, each as a function of electrical potential difference, at constant affinity and constant concentrations. The relevant characteristic parameters are then shown to be represented by the slopes and intercepts of the two plots, the ratios of the slopes and of the intercepts, and by  the difference--as well as the ratio--of the ratios. Distinction is made between experimental conditions in which the phenomenological coefficients remain constant and those in which these coefficients undergo appreciable changes. In terms of the above analysis, and examination is made of the effect of commonly used drugs. It is shown that while drugs may effect both the affinity and the phenomenological coefficients, they invariably affect the latter--at least in the cases hitherto reported.", "PMID": 671527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_963", "title": "Energy-dependence of phlorizin binding to isolated renal microvillus membranes. Evidence concerning the mechanism of coupling between the electrochemical Na+ gradient the sugar transport.", "content": "In order to elucidate the mechanism by which the electrochemical Na+ gradient energizes glucose transport, the energy-dependence of high affinity phlorizin binding to isolated renal microvillus membrane vesicles was examined. Phlorizin is a competitive inhibitor of glucose transport but is not itself transported. Extravesicular Na+ accelerated the rate of phlorizin binding and inhibited the rate of dissociation of bound glycoside. Maneuvers to enhance intravesicular electronegativity stimulated phlorizin uptake and those to enhance intravesicular electronegativity stimulated phlorizin uptake and those to enhance intravesicular electropositivity inhibited. However, alterations in electrical potential were without effect on the rate release of bound phlorizin. Intravesicular Na+ inhibited the phlorizin uptake rate. The results are consistent with a model of the glucose transporter in which (i) Na+ increases the binding affinity of the carrier, (ii) the free carrier is negatively charged, and (iii) the translocation of the carrier is inhibited by the binding of Na+ in the absence of sugar. The electrochemical Na+ gradient thus energizes both glucose transport and phlorizin binding through its effect on the affinity and appearance of the free carrier at the membrane surface rather than through an effect on sugar translocation per se.", "contents": "Energy-dependence of phlorizin binding to isolated renal microvillus membranes. Evidence concerning the mechanism of coupling between the electrochemical Na+ gradient the sugar transport. In order to elucidate the mechanism by which the electrochemical Na+ gradient energizes glucose transport, the energy-dependence of high affinity phlorizin binding to isolated renal microvillus membrane vesicles was examined. Phlorizin is a competitive inhibitor of glucose transport but is not itself transported. Extravesicular Na+ accelerated the rate of phlorizin binding and inhibited the rate of dissociation of bound glycoside. Maneuvers to enhance intravesicular electronegativity stimulated phlorizin uptake and those to enhance intravesicular electronegativity stimulated phlorizin uptake and those to enhance intravesicular electropositivity inhibited. However, alterations in electrical potential were without effect on the rate release of bound phlorizin. Intravesicular Na+ inhibited the phlorizin uptake rate. The results are consistent with a model of the glucose transporter in which (i) Na+ increases the binding affinity of the carrier, (ii) the free carrier is negatively charged, and (iii) the translocation of the carrier is inhibited by the binding of Na+ in the absence of sugar. The electrochemical Na+ gradient thus energizes both glucose transport and phlorizin binding through its effect on the affinity and appearance of the free carrier at the membrane surface rather than through an effect on sugar translocation per se.", "PMID": 671529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_964", "title": "Imagery and verbal mediation in paired-associate learning of educable mentally retarded adolescents.", "content": "PA learning was investigated among sixty educable mentally retarded adolescents as a function of variations in image-evoking potential of the response members and of instructions to utilise a verbal mediation strategy. The data indicated that performance with verbal mediation instruction surpassed that under non-mediation instruction conditions regardless of imagery level. Results were discussed in terms of Paivio's conceptual peg hypothesis as well as the EMR's deficiency in input organisation.", "contents": "Imagery and verbal mediation in paired-associate learning of educable mentally retarded adolescents. PA learning was investigated among sixty educable mentally retarded adolescents as a function of variations in image-evoking potential of the response members and of instructions to utilise a verbal mediation strategy. The data indicated that performance with verbal mediation instruction surpassed that under non-mediation instruction conditions regardless of imagery level. Results were discussed in terms of Paivio's conceptual peg hypothesis as well as the EMR's deficiency in input organisation.", "PMID": 671531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_965", "title": "Hospital and community mortality rates among the retarded.", "content": "The findings of McCurley et al. are generally replicated by this study. Community rates are usually lower than those of comparable institutional residents, except for convalescent hospitals used for the care of the profoundly retarded in the United States. Attention is drawn to the sharp mortality difference between ambulatory and non-ambulatory retarded individuals and the affect of the ability to walk can have on the estimation of mortality rates. The ambulation factor should be considered more routinely in future studies. Finally, a revision of the usual method of estimation of age at death was attempted. The utility of the method, similar to standardisation procedures widely used in demography, provides estimates which are more directly comparable between studies.", "contents": "Hospital and community mortality rates among the retarded. The findings of McCurley et al. are generally replicated by this study. Community rates are usually lower than those of comparable institutional residents, except for convalescent hospitals used for the care of the profoundly retarded in the United States. Attention is drawn to the sharp mortality difference between ambulatory and non-ambulatory retarded individuals and the affect of the ability to walk can have on the estimation of mortality rates. The ambulation factor should be considered more routinely in future studies. Finally, a revision of the usual method of estimation of age at death was attempted. The utility of the method, similar to standardisation procedures widely used in demography, provides estimates which are more directly comparable between studies.", "PMID": 671532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_966", "title": "An analysis of verbal-performance intelligence quotient discrepancies in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale results of mentally subnormal hospital patients.", "content": "Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancies on the WAIS have been of much interest to clinical psychologists. They have been related, amongst other things, to different types of brain damage and in studies of the mentally subnormal, to successful adjustment to the outside world. This paper looks more closely at such discrepancies obtained by patients in a hospital for the mentally subnormal. These discrepancies are found to be both frequent related to Full Scale IQ. The pattern that emerges remains constant if scaled scores are considered or if the subtests are re-arranged according to Cohen's A and B factors. It is argued that these findings imply caution in the use of the discrepancy measure as a diagnostic or predictive indicator in this population.", "contents": "An analysis of verbal-performance intelligence quotient discrepancies in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale results of mentally subnormal hospital patients. Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancies on the WAIS have been of much interest to clinical psychologists. They have been related, amongst other things, to different types of brain damage and in studies of the mentally subnormal, to successful adjustment to the outside world. This paper looks more closely at such discrepancies obtained by patients in a hospital for the mentally subnormal. These discrepancies are found to be both frequent related to Full Scale IQ. The pattern that emerges remains constant if scaled scores are considered or if the subtests are re-arranged according to Cohen's A and B factors. It is argued that these findings imply caution in the use of the discrepancy measure as a diagnostic or predictive indicator in this population.", "PMID": 671533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_967", "title": "Mental subnormality in Northern Ireland.", "content": "A prevalence survey of mental subnormality in Northern Ireland was carried out on lines similar to an earlier investigation by MacKay (1971). In a general population of one and a half million there were 6,854 ascertained subnormal individuals. The male : female ratio was 1. 14 :1. Approximately one in three subnormal people was under residential care. The prevalence of severe subnormality (IQ less than 50) in the 15-19 year old group was 4.81. The findings do not support the \"steady rate\" theory of severe subnormality.", "contents": "Mental subnormality in Northern Ireland. A prevalence survey of mental subnormality in Northern Ireland was carried out on lines similar to an earlier investigation by MacKay (1971). In a general population of one and a half million there were 6,854 ascertained subnormal individuals. The male : female ratio was 1. 14 :1. Approximately one in three subnormal people was under residential care. The prevalence of severe subnormality (IQ less than 50) in the 15-19 year old group was 4.81. The findings do not support the \"steady rate\" theory of severe subnormality.", "PMID": 671534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_968", "title": "Jadassohn's naevus phakomatosis: I. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two typical cases of Jadassohn's Naevus Phakomatosis are reported, with full clinical details, history and the results of investigations. Neurosurgery was necessary in one case so that the macroscopical appearance of the brain and histological findings of portions of the brain removed are described.", "contents": "Jadassohn's naevus phakomatosis: I. A report of two cases. Two typical cases of Jadassohn's Naevus Phakomatosis are reported, with full clinical details, history and the results of investigations. Neurosurgery was necessary in one case so that the macroscopical appearance of the brain and histological findings of portions of the brain removed are described.", "PMID": 671535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_969", "title": "A correlative microscopical analysis of differentiating ovarian follicles of mammals.", "content": "The mammalian ovary has been studied by optical microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy with the purpose of presenting an integrated view of the differentiating mammalian follicle. During follicular development, changes in the granulosa cells are particularly noteworthy and include dramatic modifications in cell shape coincident with antrum formation. The cytoplasmic processes of those granulosa cells immediately surrounding the oocyte, as well as the more peripheral granulosa cells comprising a second and third layer, traverse the zona pellucida, infrequently interdigitate with the microvilli of the egg, and make both desmosomal and gap junction contacts with the oocyte. The zona pellucida is thus distinguished by numerous fenestrations of varying diameters. The membrana limitans (basal lamina) is a bipartite structure composed of (a) a homogenous stratum upon which the peripheral layer of granulosa cells rests, and (b) an outer region of collagen-like fibers. The specific advantages and limitations of the different methodologies utilized to study folliculo-genesis are discussed.", "contents": "A correlative microscopical analysis of differentiating ovarian follicles of mammals. The mammalian ovary has been studied by optical microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy with the purpose of presenting an integrated view of the differentiating mammalian follicle. During follicular development, changes in the granulosa cells are particularly noteworthy and include dramatic modifications in cell shape coincident with antrum formation. The cytoplasmic processes of those granulosa cells immediately surrounding the oocyte, as well as the more peripheral granulosa cells comprising a second and third layer, traverse the zona pellucida, infrequently interdigitate with the microvilli of the egg, and make both desmosomal and gap junction contacts with the oocyte. The zona pellucida is thus distinguished by numerous fenestrations of varying diameters. The membrana limitans (basal lamina) is a bipartite structure composed of (a) a homogenous stratum upon which the peripheral layer of granulosa cells rests, and (b) an outer region of collagen-like fibers. The specific advantages and limitations of the different methodologies utilized to study folliculo-genesis are discussed.", "PMID": 671553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_970", "title": "Cyclic changes in fine structure of the epithelium lining the ovary of the viviparous teleost, Cymatogaster aggregata (Perciformes: Embiotocidae).", "content": "The most striking morphological feature of the ovarian epithelium of Cymatogaster is the presence of intercellular dilations during much of the year. These dilations increase markedly in volume during the several months prior to ovulation and fertilization, and decrease in volume during the months of embryogenesis and gestation. The epithelium then returns to its initial, relatively undifferentiated state. The extracellular material within the dilations likely is synthesized in the cells adjacent to or within the dilations. Apparently most of this material is released into the ovarian lumen when the apicolateral margins of adjacent epithelial cells pull apart; possibly it serves as nutrient for developing embryos. In addition to supporting embryogenesis, the ovarian epithelium also apparently is involved in sperm storage. Sperm are maintained within pockets in the ovarian epithelium for the several months between insemination and fertilization. The cells lining the sperm pocket do not develop the intercellular dilations characteristic of most of the ovarian epithelium, and sperm remain associated only with the sperm pocket cells.", "contents": "Cyclic changes in fine structure of the epithelium lining the ovary of the viviparous teleost, Cymatogaster aggregata (Perciformes: Embiotocidae). The most striking morphological feature of the ovarian epithelium of Cymatogaster is the presence of intercellular dilations during much of the year. These dilations increase markedly in volume during the several months prior to ovulation and fertilization, and decrease in volume during the months of embryogenesis and gestation. The epithelium then returns to its initial, relatively undifferentiated state. The extracellular material within the dilations likely is synthesized in the cells adjacent to or within the dilations. Apparently most of this material is released into the ovarian lumen when the apicolateral margins of adjacent epithelial cells pull apart; possibly it serves as nutrient for developing embryos. In addition to supporting embryogenesis, the ovarian epithelium also apparently is involved in sperm storage. Sperm are maintained within pockets in the ovarian epithelium for the several months between insemination and fertilization. The cells lining the sperm pocket do not develop the intercellular dilations characteristic of most of the ovarian epithelium, and sperm remain associated only with the sperm pocket cells.", "PMID": 671554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_971", "title": "Further scanning electron microscope studies of lizard auditory papillae.", "content": "The papillae basilares of 12 species of lizards from seven different families were studied by SEM. The iguanids, Sceloporus magister and S. occidentalis, have typical \"iguanid type\" papillae with central short-ciliated unidirectional hair cell segments and apical and basal long-ciliated bidirectional hair cell segments. These species of Sceloporus are unique among iquanids in that the bidirectional segments consist of but two rows of hair cells. The agamids, Agama agama and Calotes nigrolabius, have an \"agamid-anguid type\" papilla consisting of an apical short-ciliated unidirectional segment. Agama agama is unusual in having a few long-ciliated hair cells at the apical end of the apical short-ciliated segment. The agamid, Uromastix sp., has an \"iguanid type\" papilla with a central short-ciliated unidirectional segment and apical and basal bidirectional segments. The anguid, Ophisaurus ventralis, has an \"iguanid\" papillar pattern with the short-ciliated segment centrally located. All the short-ciliated hair cells of the above species are covered by a limbus-attached tectorial network or cap and the long-ciliated hair cells, only by loose tectorial strands. The lacertids, Lacerta viridis and L. galloti, have papillae divided into two separate segments. The shorter apical segment consists of opposingly oriented, widely separated short-ciliated cells covered by a heavy tectorial membrane. The apical portion of the longer basal segment consists of unidirectionally oriented hair cells, while the greater part of the segment has opposingly oriented hair cells. The xantusiids, Xantusia vigilis and X. henshawi, have papillae made up of separate small apical segments and elongated basal segments. The apical hair cells are largely, but not exclusively, unidirectional and are covered by a heavy tectorial cap. The basal strip is bidirectional and the hair cells are covered by sallets. The kinocilial heads are arrowhead-shaped. The papilla of the cordylid, Cordylus jonesii, is very similar to that of Xantusia except that the apical segment is not completely separated from the basal strip. The papilla of the Varanus bengalensis is divided into a shorter apical and a longer basal segment. The hair cells of the entire apical and the basal three quarters of the basal segment are opposingly oriented, not with reference to the midpapillary axis but randomly to either the neural or abneural direction. The apical quarter of the basal segment contains unidirectional, abneurally oriented hair cells. The entire papilla is covered by a dense tectorial membrane. The functional correlations of the above structural variables are discussed.", "contents": "Further scanning electron microscope studies of lizard auditory papillae. The papillae basilares of 12 species of lizards from seven different families were studied by SEM. The iguanids, Sceloporus magister and S. occidentalis, have typical \"iguanid type\" papillae with central short-ciliated unidirectional hair cell segments and apical and basal long-ciliated bidirectional hair cell segments. These species of Sceloporus are unique among iquanids in that the bidirectional segments consist of but two rows of hair cells. The agamids, Agama agama and Calotes nigrolabius, have an \"agamid-anguid type\" papilla consisting of an apical short-ciliated unidirectional segment. Agama agama is unusual in having a few long-ciliated hair cells at the apical end of the apical short-ciliated segment. The agamid, Uromastix sp., has an \"iguanid type\" papilla with a central short-ciliated unidirectional segment and apical and basal bidirectional segments. The anguid, Ophisaurus ventralis, has an \"iguanid\" papillar pattern with the short-ciliated segment centrally located. All the short-ciliated hair cells of the above species are covered by a limbus-attached tectorial network or cap and the long-ciliated hair cells, only by loose tectorial strands. The lacertids, Lacerta viridis and L. galloti, have papillae divided into two separate segments. The shorter apical segment consists of opposingly oriented, widely separated short-ciliated cells covered by a heavy tectorial membrane. The apical portion of the longer basal segment consists of unidirectionally oriented hair cells, while the greater part of the segment has opposingly oriented hair cells. The xantusiids, Xantusia vigilis and X. henshawi, have papillae made up of separate small apical segments and elongated basal segments. The apical hair cells are largely, but not exclusively, unidirectional and are covered by a heavy tectorial cap. The basal strip is bidirectional and the hair cells are covered by sallets. The kinocilial heads are arrowhead-shaped. The papilla of the cordylid, Cordylus jonesii, is very similar to that of Xantusia except that the apical segment is not completely separated from the basal strip. The papilla of the Varanus bengalensis is divided into a shorter apical and a longer basal segment. The hair cells of the entire apical and the basal three quarters of the basal segment are opposingly oriented, not with reference to the midpapillary axis but randomly to either the neural or abneural direction. The apical quarter of the basal segment contains unidirectional, abneurally oriented hair cells. The entire papilla is covered by a dense tectorial membrane. The functional correlations of the above structural variables are discussed.", "PMID": 671555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_972", "title": "Structure and ultrastructure of the testis and sperm formation in goodeid teleosts.", "content": "Testis structure in four species of goodeid teleosts is described. Testicular tubules terminate blindly at the testis periphery where spermatogonia are located. In goodeid teleosts, development of sperm takes place synchronously within cysts whose periphery is made up of a single layer of Sertoli cells. Upon completion of spermiogenesis, spermiation ensues wherein sperm are shed, as spermatozeugmata, into the testis efferent duct system. Subsequently, Sertoli cells, which comprised the cyst periphery, transform into efferent duct cells. Sertoli cells phagocytize residual bodies and are involved in the formation of spermatozeugmata. The structure of the goodeid spermatozeugmatum is quite different from that observed in the related poeciliids. It is concluded, in view of this and other considerations, that the goodeids and poeciliids have independently evolved solutions to the problems of internal fertilization and gestation.", "contents": "Structure and ultrastructure of the testis and sperm formation in goodeid teleosts. Testis structure in four species of goodeid teleosts is described. Testicular tubules terminate blindly at the testis periphery where spermatogonia are located. In goodeid teleosts, development of sperm takes place synchronously within cysts whose periphery is made up of a single layer of Sertoli cells. Upon completion of spermiogenesis, spermiation ensues wherein sperm are shed, as spermatozeugmata, into the testis efferent duct system. Subsequently, Sertoli cells, which comprised the cyst periphery, transform into efferent duct cells. Sertoli cells phagocytize residual bodies and are involved in the formation of spermatozeugmata. The structure of the goodeid spermatozeugmatum is quite different from that observed in the related poeciliids. It is concluded, in view of this and other considerations, that the goodeids and poeciliids have independently evolved solutions to the problems of internal fertilization and gestation.", "PMID": 671556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_973", "title": "Papillary projections at the lingual margin in the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba, with special reference to their development and regression.", "content": "Papillary projections along the anterolateral margin of the tongue were observed in fetal and young stages of the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba. Papillary projections appear in the prenatal period and attain maximum development in the early postnatal period. They almost disappear by weaning. Vestigial eminences remain at the corresponding region, but they completely disappear in the adult. The papillary projections observed differ markedly from the lingual papillae of the general mammalian tongue as they are temporary, localized at the anterolateral margin and large in size. The projections were also present in young individuals of some other dolphins. No taste buds could be seen on the projections in any of the stages of all specimens observed. Such projections may have important mechanical functions during suckling in these mammals.", "contents": "Papillary projections at the lingual margin in the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba, with special reference to their development and regression. Papillary projections along the anterolateral margin of the tongue were observed in fetal and young stages of the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba. Papillary projections appear in the prenatal period and attain maximum development in the early postnatal period. They almost disappear by weaning. Vestigial eminences remain at the corresponding region, but they completely disappear in the adult. The papillary projections observed differ markedly from the lingual papillae of the general mammalian tongue as they are temporary, localized at the anterolateral margin and large in size. The projections were also present in young individuals of some other dolphins. No taste buds could be seen on the projections in any of the stages of all specimens observed. Such projections may have important mechanical functions during suckling in these mammals.", "PMID": 671557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_974", "title": "The morphology of the mucous gland and its responses to prolactin in the skin of the red-spotted newt.", "content": "The mucous gland of the red-spotted newt, Notophthalamus viridescens viridescens, Rafinesque was examined by histochemical and ultrastructural techniques and its cytological responses to various hormonal conditions were studied. Its secretory epithelial cells produce and release in merocrine fashion a neutral, unsulphated mucosubstance. The secretory epithelium is bounded peripherally by a thin, but apparent non-functional, myoepithelium. The duct of this mucous gland consists of a single keratinized tubular cell that extends from the neck region of the gland to the surface of the epidermis. Mucous secretion is absent or greatly reduced on the skins of newts maintained under laboratory conditions for a few weeks but reappears after injection of ovine prolactin. Mucous glands in laboratory conditioned animals show a 4-fold increase in volume brought about by the engorgement of their epithelial cells with secretory granules. Ovine prolactin reduces the volume of the glands to unconditioned levels with a corresponding reduction in granular content, suggesting that prolactin functions in the release of the granules. This view is reinforced by the findings that autotransplantation of the pituitary gland prevents the conditioning effect and that glandular volume increases in autotransplanted animals given ergocornine. Granular accumulation begins also in hypophysectomized newts but ceases after a week, indicating the need for some hypophyseal factor in the synthesis as well as the release of the granules. Ovine prolactin restores mucous glands of hypophysectomized newts to the unconditioned state. Contrary to earlier findings, ovine prolactin induces a reduction in the volume of the mucous gland in thyroidectomized newts.", "contents": "The morphology of the mucous gland and its responses to prolactin in the skin of the red-spotted newt. The mucous gland of the red-spotted newt, Notophthalamus viridescens viridescens, Rafinesque was examined by histochemical and ultrastructural techniques and its cytological responses to various hormonal conditions were studied. Its secretory epithelial cells produce and release in merocrine fashion a neutral, unsulphated mucosubstance. The secretory epithelium is bounded peripherally by a thin, but apparent non-functional, myoepithelium. The duct of this mucous gland consists of a single keratinized tubular cell that extends from the neck region of the gland to the surface of the epidermis. Mucous secretion is absent or greatly reduced on the skins of newts maintained under laboratory conditions for a few weeks but reappears after injection of ovine prolactin. Mucous glands in laboratory conditioned animals show a 4-fold increase in volume brought about by the engorgement of their epithelial cells with secretory granules. Ovine prolactin reduces the volume of the glands to unconditioned levels with a corresponding reduction in granular content, suggesting that prolactin functions in the release of the granules. This view is reinforced by the findings that autotransplantation of the pituitary gland prevents the conditioning effect and that glandular volume increases in autotransplanted animals given ergocornine. Granular accumulation begins also in hypophysectomized newts but ceases after a week, indicating the need for some hypophyseal factor in the synthesis as well as the release of the granules. Ovine prolactin restores mucous glands of hypophysectomized newts to the unconditioned state. Contrary to earlier findings, ovine prolactin induces a reduction in the volume of the mucous gland in thyroidectomized newts.", "PMID": 671558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_975", "title": "Amino acid-directed nucleic acid synthesis. A possible mechanism in the origin of life.", "content": "The fact that proteins contain only alpha-amino acids and that protein structure is determined by 3' leads to 5' linked ribonucleotides is postulated to be the result of the copolymerization of these molecules in the prebiotic environment. Ribonucleotides therefore represent partial degradation products and proteins represent a side reaction developing from copolymerization. The basic structural unit of copolymerization is a nucleotide substituted with an amino acid at the 2' postion. Characteristics of modern amino and ribonucleic acid structure are all consistent with and necessary for this hypothesis. The characteristics and individual base assignemnts of the code also provide strong support for origin from the postulated copolymers. All characteristics of the code can be accounted for by this single hypothesis.", "contents": "Amino acid-directed nucleic acid synthesis. A possible mechanism in the origin of life. The fact that proteins contain only alpha-amino acids and that protein structure is determined by 3' leads to 5' linked ribonucleotides is postulated to be the result of the copolymerization of these molecules in the prebiotic environment. Ribonucleotides therefore represent partial degradation products and proteins represent a side reaction developing from copolymerization. The basic structural unit of copolymerization is a nucleotide substituted with an amino acid at the 2' postion. Characteristics of modern amino and ribonucleic acid structure are all consistent with and necessary for this hypothesis. The characteristics and individual base assignemnts of the code also provide strong support for origin from the postulated copolymers. All characteristics of the code can be accounted for by this single hypothesis.", "PMID": 671559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_976", "title": "Codons and nearest-neighbor nucleotide pairs in mammalian messenger RNA.", "content": "The codons in four mammalian messenger RNAs (rabbit beta hemoglobin, rat pre-proinsulin, rat pre-growth hormone and human chorionic somatomammotropin) show a predominance of C and G in third nucleotide positions. The C:U ratio is about 2 to 1, and the G:A ratio is about 4 to 1. The possibility is discussed that this disproportionally resulted from DNA replicative errors that favor C.G pairs over A.T pairs, as found in the E. coli mut T strain. \"Nearest neighbor\" base pairs (\"doublets\") in the protein-coding regions of phiX174 and in four mammalian mRNAs have been compared. Mammalian mRNA has a low content of CpG in comparison with expectations from its C and G content.", "contents": "Codons and nearest-neighbor nucleotide pairs in mammalian messenger RNA. The codons in four mammalian messenger RNAs (rabbit beta hemoglobin, rat pre-proinsulin, rat pre-growth hormone and human chorionic somatomammotropin) show a predominance of C and G in third nucleotide positions. The C:U ratio is about 2 to 1, and the G:A ratio is about 4 to 1. The possibility is discussed that this disproportionally resulted from DNA replicative errors that favor C.G pairs over A.T pairs, as found in the E. coli mut T strain. \"Nearest neighbor\" base pairs (\"doublets\") in the protein-coding regions of phiX174 and in four mammalian mRNAs have been compared. Mammalian mRNA has a low content of CpG in comparison with expectations from its C and G content.", "PMID": 671560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_977", "title": "Construction of phylogenetic trees for proteins and nucleic acids: empirical evaluation of alternative matrix methods.", "content": "The methods of Fitch and Margoliash and of Farris for the construction of phylogenetic trees were compared. A phenetic clustering technique--the UPGMA method--was also considered. The three methods were applied to difference matrices obtained from comparison of macromolecules by immunological, DNA hybridization, electrophoretic, and amino acid sequencing techniques. To evaluate the results, we used the goodness-of-fit criterion. In some instances, the F-M and Farris methods gave a comparably good fit of the output to the input data, though in most cases the F-M procedure gave a much better fit. By the fit criterion, the UPGMA procedure was on the average better than the Farris method but not as good as the F-M procedure. On the basis of the results given in this report and the goodness-of-fit criterion, it is suggested that where input data are likely to include overestimates as well as true estimates and underestimates of the actual distances between taxonomic units, the F-M method is the most reasonable to use for constructing phylogenies from distance matrices. Immunological, DNA hybridization, and electrophoretic data fall into this category. By contrast, where it is known that each input datum is indeed either a true estimate or an underestimate of the actual distance between 2 taxonomic units, the Farris procedure appears, on theoretical grounds, to be the matrix method of choice. Amino acid and nucleotide sequence data are in this category.", "contents": "Construction of phylogenetic trees for proteins and nucleic acids: empirical evaluation of alternative matrix methods. The methods of Fitch and Margoliash and of Farris for the construction of phylogenetic trees were compared. A phenetic clustering technique--the UPGMA method--was also considered. The three methods were applied to difference matrices obtained from comparison of macromolecules by immunological, DNA hybridization, electrophoretic, and amino acid sequencing techniques. To evaluate the results, we used the goodness-of-fit criterion. In some instances, the F-M and Farris methods gave a comparably good fit of the output to the input data, though in most cases the F-M procedure gave a much better fit. By the fit criterion, the UPGMA procedure was on the average better than the Farris method but not as good as the F-M procedure. On the basis of the results given in this report and the goodness-of-fit criterion, it is suggested that where input data are likely to include overestimates as well as true estimates and underestimates of the actual distances between taxonomic units, the F-M method is the most reasonable to use for constructing phylogenies from distance matrices. Immunological, DNA hybridization, and electrophoretic data fall into this category. By contrast, where it is known that each input datum is indeed either a true estimate or an underestimate of the actual distance between 2 taxonomic units, the Farris procedure appears, on theoretical grounds, to be the matrix method of choice. Amino acid and nucleotide sequence data are in this category.", "PMID": 671561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_978", "title": "A method for detecting distant evolutionary relationships between protein or nucleic acid sequences in the presence of deletions or insertions.", "content": "A method for detecting homology between two protein or nucleic acid sequences which require insertions or deletions for optimum alignment has been devised for use with a computer. Sequences are assessed for possible relationship by Monte Carlo methods involving comparisons between the alignment of the real sequences and alignments of randomly scrambled sequences of the same composition as the real sequences, each alignment having the optimum number of gaps. As each gap is successively introduced into a comparison (real or random) a maximum score is determined from the similarity of the aligned residues. From the distribution of the maximum alignment scores of randomly scrambled sequences having the same number of gaps, the percentage of random comparisons having higher scores is determined, and the smallest of these percentage levels for each pair of sequences (real or random) indicates the optimum alignment. The fraction of the comparisons of random sequences having percentage levels at their optimum alignment below that of the real sequence comparison at its optimum estimates the probability that such an alignment might have arisen by chance. Related sequences are detected since their optimum alignment score, by virtue of a contribution from ancestral homology in addition to optimised random considerations, occupies a more extreme position in the appropriate frequency distribution of score than do the majority of optimum scores of randomly scrambled sequences in their appropriate distributions. Application of this 'optimum match' method of sequence comparison shows that the sensitivity of the 'maximum match' method of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) decreases quite dramatically with sequence comparisons which require only a few gaps for a reasonable alignment, or when sequences differ greatly in length. The 'maximum match' method as applied by Barker and Dayhoff (1972) has the additional disadvantage that deletions which have occurred in the longer of two homologous protein sequences further decrease the sensitivity of detection of relationship. The 'constrained match' method of Sankoff and Cedergren (1973) is seen to be misleading since large increments in the alignment score from added gaps do not necessarily result in a high total alignment score required to demonstrate sequence homology.", "contents": "A method for detecting distant evolutionary relationships between protein or nucleic acid sequences in the presence of deletions or insertions. A method for detecting homology between two protein or nucleic acid sequences which require insertions or deletions for optimum alignment has been devised for use with a computer. Sequences are assessed for possible relationship by Monte Carlo methods involving comparisons between the alignment of the real sequences and alignments of randomly scrambled sequences of the same composition as the real sequences, each alignment having the optimum number of gaps. As each gap is successively introduced into a comparison (real or random) a maximum score is determined from the similarity of the aligned residues. From the distribution of the maximum alignment scores of randomly scrambled sequences having the same number of gaps, the percentage of random comparisons having higher scores is determined, and the smallest of these percentage levels for each pair of sequences (real or random) indicates the optimum alignment. The fraction of the comparisons of random sequences having percentage levels at their optimum alignment below that of the real sequence comparison at its optimum estimates the probability that such an alignment might have arisen by chance. Related sequences are detected since their optimum alignment score, by virtue of a contribution from ancestral homology in addition to optimised random considerations, occupies a more extreme position in the appropriate frequency distribution of score than do the majority of optimum scores of randomly scrambled sequences in their appropriate distributions. Application of this 'optimum match' method of sequence comparison shows that the sensitivity of the 'maximum match' method of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) decreases quite dramatically with sequence comparisons which require only a few gaps for a reasonable alignment, or when sequences differ greatly in length. The 'maximum match' method as applied by Barker and Dayhoff (1972) has the additional disadvantage that deletions which have occurred in the longer of two homologous protein sequences further decrease the sensitivity of detection of relationship. The 'constrained match' method of Sankoff and Cedergren (1973) is seen to be misleading since large increments in the alignment score from added gaps do not necessarily result in a high total alignment score required to demonstrate sequence homology.", "PMID": 671562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_979", "title": "Bioorganic chemistry and the origin of life.", "content": "A challenging theme in bioorganic chemistry is the unification of established theories of biochemistry and organic chemistry to provide new patterns for interpretation and experimentation. Especially relevant examples of such interactions can be drawn from the field of enzyme catalysis and, in particular, the role of cofactors therein. Knowledge of the chemical mechanisms by which some of the cofactors function has progressed rapidly with the aid of studies of the cofactors themselves (or compounds of related structure, \"models\") stripped of the accompanying apoenzyme. The striking successes in this field likely arise from a fundamental resemblance between bioorganic chemistry (especially coenzyme models) and chemical evolution before the appearance of coded polypeptide enzymes.", "contents": "Bioorganic chemistry and the origin of life. A challenging theme in bioorganic chemistry is the unification of established theories of biochemistry and organic chemistry to provide new patterns for interpretation and experimentation. Especially relevant examples of such interactions can be drawn from the field of enzyme catalysis and, in particular, the role of cofactors therein. Knowledge of the chemical mechanisms by which some of the cofactors function has progressed rapidly with the aid of studies of the cofactors themselves (or compounds of related structure, \"models\") stripped of the accompanying apoenzyme. The striking successes in this field likely arise from a fundamental resemblance between bioorganic chemistry (especially coenzyme models) and chemical evolution before the appearance of coded polypeptide enzymes.", "PMID": 671563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_980", "title": "Formation of the imidazolides of dinucleotides under potentially prebiotic conditions.", "content": "Imidazolides of dinucleotides such as ImpApA can be formed from the corresponding dinucleotides in a two-stage process, which gives up to 15% yields under potentially prebiotic conditions. First a solution of the dinucleotide and sodium trimetaphosphate is dried out at constant temperature and humidity. This produces polyphosphates such pnApA in excellent yield (greater than or equal to 80%). The products are dissolved in water, imidazole is added, and the solution is dried out again. This yields the 5'--phosphorimidazolides.", "contents": "Formation of the imidazolides of dinucleotides under potentially prebiotic conditions. Imidazolides of dinucleotides such as ImpApA can be formed from the corresponding dinucleotides in a two-stage process, which gives up to 15% yields under potentially prebiotic conditions. First a solution of the dinucleotide and sodium trimetaphosphate is dried out at constant temperature and humidity. This produces polyphosphates such pnApA in excellent yield (greater than or equal to 80%). The products are dissolved in water, imidazole is added, and the solution is dried out again. This yields the 5'--phosphorimidazolides.", "PMID": 671564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_981", "title": "Radiolysis, racemization and the origin of molecular asymmetry in the biosphere.", "content": "An investigation has been undertaken to determine whether ionizing radiation might engender racemization of optically active amino acids, along with their usual radiolysis. As prototypes, crystalline D- and L-leucine, as well as aqueous solutions of their sodium salts were exposed to the radiation from a 3000 Ci 60Co gamma-ray source. Gamma-ray doses which caused about 68% radiolysis of solid leucine left a residue which was about 5% racemized, while racemization proved even greater at lower doses for the dissolved sodium salts. In aqueous solution both percent degradation and percent racemization of the sodium salts were proportional to gamma-ray dosage within the range employed (1--27 x 10(6) rads). Implications of these observations for the origin of molecular asymmetry by the beta-decay parity violation mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "Radiolysis, racemization and the origin of molecular asymmetry in the biosphere. An investigation has been undertaken to determine whether ionizing radiation might engender racemization of optically active amino acids, along with their usual radiolysis. As prototypes, crystalline D- and L-leucine, as well as aqueous solutions of their sodium salts were exposed to the radiation from a 3000 Ci 60Co gamma-ray source. Gamma-ray doses which caused about 68% radiolysis of solid leucine left a residue which was about 5% racemized, while racemization proved even greater at lower doses for the dissolved sodium salts. In aqueous solution both percent degradation and percent racemization of the sodium salts were proportional to gamma-ray dosage within the range employed (1--27 x 10(6) rads). Implications of these observations for the origin of molecular asymmetry by the beta-decay parity violation mechanism are discussed.", "PMID": 671565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_982", "title": "Management of extremity with combined neurovascular and musculoskeletal trauma.", "content": "Twenty-five civilians with combined neurovascular and musculo-skeletal trauma to 27 extremities were studied retrospectively. The mechanism of injury was crushing in 16, avulstion in six, and penetrating in three. Autogenous saphenous vein was used to restore arterial circulation in the majority. Nine patients had concurrent repair of venous injuries. Fractures were immobilized by a variety of techniques, the Hoffman external skeletal fixation being preferred. Immediate fasciotomy was performed in five patients and delayed fasciotomy in four. All patients had soft-tissue debridement and initial wound closure with split-skin grafts as biologic dressings. Three immediate amputations were the result of irreversible neurovascular and soft-tissue trauma. Sepsis played a role in three late amputations; delayed primary treatment,, irreversible neurologic injuries and extensive soft-tissue damage contributed. A carefully individualized multidisciplinary approach resulted in salvage of 20 of 27 severely injured extremities.", "contents": "Management of extremity with combined neurovascular and musculoskeletal trauma. Twenty-five civilians with combined neurovascular and musculo-skeletal trauma to 27 extremities were studied retrospectively. The mechanism of injury was crushing in 16, avulstion in six, and penetrating in three. Autogenous saphenous vein was used to restore arterial circulation in the majority. Nine patients had concurrent repair of venous injuries. Fractures were immobilized by a variety of techniques, the Hoffman external skeletal fixation being preferred. Immediate fasciotomy was performed in five patients and delayed fasciotomy in four. All patients had soft-tissue debridement and initial wound closure with split-skin grafts as biologic dressings. Three immediate amputations were the result of irreversible neurovascular and soft-tissue trauma. Sepsis played a role in three late amputations; delayed primary treatment,, irreversible neurologic injuries and extensive soft-tissue damage contributed. A carefully individualized multidisciplinary approach resulted in salvage of 20 of 27 severely injured extremities.", "PMID": 671566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_983", "title": "Shotgun injuries of the upper extremity.", "content": "Although most reports of civilian gunshot injuries consist mainly of wounds inflicted by handguns, shotgun wounds deserve special consideration. Longrange shotgun wounds rarely pose a problem; however, medium- and close range wounds of the penetrating and perforating type may inflict substantial soft-tissue loss, bone defects and comminution, and loss of nerve and vessel continuity. Because of the complex and multiple system involvement by shotgun wounds, a greater challenge exists to obtain a successful, functional result. The challenge is most appropriately met by an aggressive approach of early operative exploration and debridement of the wound, internal stablization of the bony fragments, vascular repair when indicated, and exploration and identification of nerve deficits, followed by an early wound closure.", "contents": "Shotgun injuries of the upper extremity. Although most reports of civilian gunshot injuries consist mainly of wounds inflicted by handguns, shotgun wounds deserve special consideration. Longrange shotgun wounds rarely pose a problem; however, medium- and close range wounds of the penetrating and perforating type may inflict substantial soft-tissue loss, bone defects and comminution, and loss of nerve and vessel continuity. Because of the complex and multiple system involvement by shotgun wounds, a greater challenge exists to obtain a successful, functional result. The challenge is most appropriately met by an aggressive approach of early operative exploration and debridement of the wound, internal stablization of the bony fragments, vascular repair when indicated, and exploration and identification of nerve deficits, followed by an early wound closure.", "PMID": 671567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_984", "title": "The significance of chest wall injury in the diagnosis of traumatic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "It has been suggested that patients sustaining blunt chest injury severe enough to result insignificant bony injury to the thorax may have traumatic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta in the absence of th widened mediastinum on plain film. To test the validity of this hypothesis, we performed aortograms on 14 patients with severe blunt chest injury but an otherwise normal chese X-ray. None of these patients was found to have an aortic injury. By contrast, of 21 patients with severe chest injury and a widened mediastinum who underwent thoracic aortography eight were found to have traumatic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. These results suggest that in the absence of a widened mediastinum, severe chest wall injury is not an indication for aortography.", "contents": "The significance of chest wall injury in the diagnosis of traumatic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. It has been suggested that patients sustaining blunt chest injury severe enough to result insignificant bony injury to the thorax may have traumatic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta in the absence of th widened mediastinum on plain film. To test the validity of this hypothesis, we performed aortograms on 14 patients with severe blunt chest injury but an otherwise normal chese X-ray. None of these patients was found to have an aortic injury. By contrast, of 21 patients with severe chest injury and a widened mediastinum who underwent thoracic aortography eight were found to have traumatic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. These results suggest that in the absence of a widened mediastinum, severe chest wall injury is not an indication for aortography.", "PMID": 671568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_985", "title": "Management of fractures of the supraorbital rim.", "content": "The frequency of supraorbital rim fractures is increasing as incidence of motorcycle and bicycle accidents increases. These fractures are frequently depressed, comminuted, and often extend into the frontal sinus. Open reduction and fixation are the treatment of choice. Adequate debridement and cleansing with preservation of periosteum and blood supply are recommended. Unstable fragments can be fixed to the frontal bone or stabilized by suturing the torn periosteum. Severely comminuted supraorbital frontal sinus fractures may require stabilization via frontal sinus pack or balloon. We feel the latter is preferable and both Foley and Fogarty catheters have been successfully used.", "contents": "Management of fractures of the supraorbital rim. The frequency of supraorbital rim fractures is increasing as incidence of motorcycle and bicycle accidents increases. These fractures are frequently depressed, comminuted, and often extend into the frontal sinus. Open reduction and fixation are the treatment of choice. Adequate debridement and cleansing with preservation of periosteum and blood supply are recommended. Unstable fragments can be fixed to the frontal bone or stabilized by suturing the torn periosteum. Severely comminuted supraorbital frontal sinus fractures may require stabilization via frontal sinus pack or balloon. We feel the latter is preferable and both Foley and Fogarty catheters have been successfully used.", "PMID": 671569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_986", "title": "Analysis of treatment problems in subtraochanteric fractures of the femur.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 82 subtrochanteric fractures of the femur in the St. Paul-Ramsey Hospital, there were 32 treated by traction, 50 by open reduction and internal fixation. In adults 50% of those treated by traction had undesirable results using strict criteria for varus, shortening, and rotational deformity: 21% of those treated by operation had undesirable results due to varus, rotational deformity, medial migration of the distal fragment, and nonunion. Good resutls are related to stable reduction and individualization of a particular implant based on the fracture pattern, including reconstruction of the medial cortical wall, and close contact of the fracture fragments during healing. If reduction is not achievable, bone grafting and extra protection are required. If reduction can be predicted as not achievable, good results can be obtained with traction although the healing period is longer. In the presence of a residual gap in the medial surface of the femur in the region of the lesser trochanter, poor results are frequent.", "contents": "Analysis of treatment problems in subtraochanteric fractures of the femur. In a retrospective study of 82 subtrochanteric fractures of the femur in the St. Paul-Ramsey Hospital, there were 32 treated by traction, 50 by open reduction and internal fixation. In adults 50% of those treated by traction had undesirable results using strict criteria for varus, shortening, and rotational deformity: 21% of those treated by operation had undesirable results due to varus, rotational deformity, medial migration of the distal fragment, and nonunion. Good resutls are related to stable reduction and individualization of a particular implant based on the fracture pattern, including reconstruction of the medial cortical wall, and close contact of the fracture fragments during healing. If reduction is not achievable, bone grafting and extra protection are required. If reduction can be predicted as not achievable, good results can be obtained with traction although the healing period is longer. In the presence of a residual gap in the medial surface of the femur in the region of the lesser trochanter, poor results are frequent.", "PMID": 671570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_987", "title": "Regional burn survey: two years of hospitalized burned patients in central New York.", "content": "A 2-year survey of burn victims in a  15-county region was conducted to help define the need for a burn unit. There were 1,165 patients hospitalized for burn care; 58 patients were transferred; 32 to more sophisticated facilities, 15 out of state. The mean hospitalization rate was 33/100,000; 95/100,000 for persons under 2 year old. The 42 hospitals, in the region treated an average of 14 burn patients each year. Scalds accounted for 39% of all burns and 85% of burns in children under 2. Burn-related deaths numbered 143: 4/100,000. House fires were responsible for 90 deaths. Despite incomplete records and the lack of firm criteria for burn severity, regional burn data describe the health care system, as it relates to burns, and identify high risk groups. The range inseverity of thermal injuries is great; the quality of care provided is difficult to assess.", "contents": "Regional burn survey: two years of hospitalized burned patients in central New York. A 2-year survey of burn victims in a  15-county region was conducted to help define the need for a burn unit. There were 1,165 patients hospitalized for burn care; 58 patients were transferred; 32 to more sophisticated facilities, 15 out of state. The mean hospitalization rate was 33/100,000; 95/100,000 for persons under 2 year old. The 42 hospitals, in the region treated an average of 14 burn patients each year. Scalds accounted for 39% of all burns and 85% of burns in children under 2. Burn-related deaths numbered 143: 4/100,000. House fires were responsible for 90 deaths. Despite incomplete records and the lack of firm criteria for burn severity, regional burn data describe the health care system, as it relates to burns, and identify high risk groups. The range inseverity of thermal injuries is great; the quality of care provided is difficult to assess.", "PMID": 671571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_988", "title": "Cervical fractures and fracture-dislocations sustained without head impact.", "content": "Because of its flexibility and structure, the cervical spine is disposed to various mechanisms of injury: although not so common as injuries caused by head impacts, cervical fractures and/or fracture-dislocations have been reported without direct impact to the head. Some cervical injuries reported have been sustained by wearers of lap and shoulder belts in auto accidents; however, we do not consider belt use a potential hazard because ample evidence has accrued in the medical and engineering literature to document general injury and fatality reduction by use of seatbelts. We believe that in many instances occupants would be more seriously injured or killed were belts not worn. The present paper reviews reports of cervical injuries without head impact found in the literature and case histories of such injuries from the Highway Safety Research Institute of The University of Michigan, as well as experimental studies in animals, cadavers, and volunteer subjects.", "contents": "Cervical fractures and fracture-dislocations sustained without head impact. Because of its flexibility and structure, the cervical spine is disposed to various mechanisms of injury: although not so common as injuries caused by head impacts, cervical fractures and/or fracture-dislocations have been reported without direct impact to the head. Some cervical injuries reported have been sustained by wearers of lap and shoulder belts in auto accidents; however, we do not consider belt use a potential hazard because ample evidence has accrued in the medical and engineering literature to document general injury and fatality reduction by use of seatbelts. We believe that in many instances occupants would be more seriously injured or killed were belts not worn. The present paper reviews reports of cervical injuries without head impact found in the literature and case histories of such injuries from the Highway Safety Research Institute of The University of Michigan, as well as experimental studies in animals, cadavers, and volunteer subjects.", "PMID": 671572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_989", "title": "Traumatic thoracobiliary (pleurobiliary and bronchobiliary) fistulas: clinical and review study.", "content": "Thoracobiliary fistulas are rare complications of thoracoabdominal trauma, with high morbidity and potentially high mortality. Our experience with four cases and 12 other cases collected from the literature are reviewed. All patients were male and average age was 25 years. Five had blunt trauma, three had stab wounds, and eight, gunshot wounds. All had diaphragmatic and hepatic injuries. Bronchobiliary fistulas with biliptysis developed in seven patients. Fever, cough, chest and RUQ pains were the most common presenting symptoms. Pleural effusion and elevated right hemidiaphragm were the most common X-ray findings. Bile empyema developed in 2/3 of the patients. Early diagnosis, tube thoracostomy with adequate drainage of all subphrenic billious collections, and secure closure of all diaphragmatic perforations are essential in successful management of most of these fistulas. Thoracotomy, however, is indicated in chronic and complicated fistulas, and should not be delayed beyond 3 weeks. Judicious use of appropriate antibiotics is a necessary adjunct to adequate surgical management of these fistulas. All 16 patients survived.", "contents": "Traumatic thoracobiliary (pleurobiliary and bronchobiliary) fistulas: clinical and review study. Thoracobiliary fistulas are rare complications of thoracoabdominal trauma, with high morbidity and potentially high mortality. Our experience with four cases and 12 other cases collected from the literature are reviewed. All patients were male and average age was 25 years. Five had blunt trauma, three had stab wounds, and eight, gunshot wounds. All had diaphragmatic and hepatic injuries. Bronchobiliary fistulas with biliptysis developed in seven patients. Fever, cough, chest and RUQ pains were the most common presenting symptoms. Pleural effusion and elevated right hemidiaphragm were the most common X-ray findings. Bile empyema developed in 2/3 of the patients. Early diagnosis, tube thoracostomy with adequate drainage of all subphrenic billious collections, and secure closure of all diaphragmatic perforations are essential in successful management of most of these fistulas. Thoracotomy, however, is indicated in chronic and complicated fistulas, and should not be delayed beyond 3 weeks. Judicious use of appropriate antibiotics is a necessary adjunct to adequate surgical management of these fistulas. All 16 patients survived.", "PMID": 671573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_990", "title": "Survival following a gunshot wound of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava.", "content": "A case with survival following a point-blank .32 caliber gunshot wound of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava is presented. The patient, a young male also had multiple other abdominal injuries. A Dacron graft was used in the aorta, lateral suture in the vena cava, other injuries were repaired, and antibiotic treatment and irrigation performed. Packed red blood cells, Ringer's lactate, Plasmanate and nutritional support with medium chain triglycerides and ketones by mouth and amino acids by IV were given.", "contents": "Survival following a gunshot wound of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava. A case with survival following a point-blank .32 caliber gunshot wound of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava is presented. The patient, a young male also had multiple other abdominal injuries. A Dacron graft was used in the aorta, lateral suture in the vena cava, other injuries were repaired, and antibiotic treatment and irrigation performed. Packed red blood cells, Ringer's lactate, Plasmanate and nutritional support with medium chain triglycerides and ketones by mouth and amino acids by IV were given.", "PMID": 671574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_991", "title": "Sequence complexity and relative abundance of vaccinia virus mRNA's synthesized in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The sequence complexity and relative abundance of vaccinia virus mRNA's, synthesized in vivo and in vitro, have been measured by DNA-RNA hybridization. Up to 42% of [3H]thymidine-labeled virus DNA can be protected from digestion with nuclease S1, a single-strand specific nuclease, after annealing to excess polyadenylylated mRNA obtained at 7 h after infection. In contrast, only 26% of vaccinia virus DNA is protected when hybridized to polyadenylylated RNA obtained at 2 h after infection in the presence of an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. That the 94 kilobases transcribed early are a subset of the 152 kilobases present late was suggested by hybridization of DNA with a mixture of early and late RNAs. Some control of transcription is lost when virus purified by procedures that include sonic treatment is used for infection since under these conditions similar proportions of DNA are protected by either excess early or late RNA. Excess RNA, synthesized in vitro by enzymes within purified vaccinia virus particles, hybridized to approximately the same fraction of the DNA as did RNA present at late times in vivo. A second type of transcriptional control was demonstrated by kinetic analysis of the hybridization of polyadenylylated RNA to labeled DNA. With virion DNA used as the probe, a single abundance class for early RNA, two classes differing 11-fold in abundance for late RNA, and two classes differing 43-fold in abundance for in vitro RNA were found. To be able to detect high-abundance RNAs of very low sequence complexity, labeled complementary DNA probes to early, late, and in vitro polyadenylylated RNA  were used. Evidence that, at late times, RNAs totaling 9 kilobases of sequence complexity are present 40 to 500 times more frequently than the bulk of the virus-specific RNA was obtained. In contrast, the highest abundance class of RNA present at 2 h after infection corresponded to 7 kilobases present in only a 13-fold molar excess over the majority of virus-specific sequences. RNA synthesized in vitro was found to contain a small amount of sequence information, approximately 2 kilobases, which occurred 150 times more frequently than the majority of viral sequences. Studies using hybridization of viral DNA to labeled complementary DNA probes also suggested that 52 to 59% of the polyadenylylated RNA present at 2 h after infection and 82 to 92% of that at 7 h are virus specific.", "contents": "Sequence complexity and relative abundance of vaccinia virus mRNA's synthesized in vivo and in vitro. The sequence complexity and relative abundance of vaccinia virus mRNA's, synthesized in vivo and in vitro, have been measured by DNA-RNA hybridization. Up to 42% of [3H]thymidine-labeled virus DNA can be protected from digestion with nuclease S1, a single-strand specific nuclease, after annealing to excess polyadenylylated mRNA obtained at 7 h after infection. In contrast, only 26% of vaccinia virus DNA is protected when hybridized to polyadenylylated RNA obtained at 2 h after infection in the presence of an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. That the 94 kilobases transcribed early are a subset of the 152 kilobases present late was suggested by hybridization of DNA with a mixture of early and late RNAs. Some control of transcription is lost when virus purified by procedures that include sonic treatment is used for infection since under these conditions similar proportions of DNA are protected by either excess early or late RNA. Excess RNA, synthesized in vitro by enzymes within purified vaccinia virus particles, hybridized to approximately the same fraction of the DNA as did RNA present at late times in vivo. A second type of transcriptional control was demonstrated by kinetic analysis of the hybridization of polyadenylylated RNA to labeled DNA. With virion DNA used as the probe, a single abundance class for early RNA, two classes differing 11-fold in abundance for late RNA, and two classes differing 43-fold in abundance for in vitro RNA were found. To be able to detect high-abundance RNAs of very low sequence complexity, labeled complementary DNA probes to early, late, and in vitro polyadenylylated RNA  were used. Evidence that, at late times, RNAs totaling 9 kilobases of sequence complexity are present 40 to 500 times more frequently than the bulk of the virus-specific RNA was obtained. In contrast, the highest abundance class of RNA present at 2 h after infection corresponded to 7 kilobases present in only a 13-fold molar excess over the majority of virus-specific sequences. RNA synthesized in vitro was found to contain a small amount of sequence information, approximately 2 kilobases, which occurred 150 times more frequently than the majority of viral sequences. Studies using hybridization of viral DNA to labeled complementary DNA probes also suggested that 52 to 59% of the polyadenylylated RNA present at 2 h after infection and 82 to 92% of that at 7 h are virus specific.", "PMID": 671583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_992", "title": "Heat inactivation of vaccinia virus particle-associated functions: properties of heated particles in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The heat inactivation characteristics of several vaccinia virus particle-associated functions known to be involved in the transcription of the genome were examined. All functions were more resistant to heat than infectivity. Noninfectious particles were generated which exhibited significant levels of activity of all enzymes examined, and their properties were investigaed both in vitro and in vivo. RNA was synthesized in vitro by such particles, although transport of the RNA into the surrounding medium was defective. This RNA was larger than that made in normal particles but it was polyadenylated and functioned in vitro as a message coding for normal early proteins. The sequences transcribed were similar to those transcribed in normal particles, and we suggest that the production of abnormally large RNA is due to a defect in transcriptional termination. We could not detect any virus-specific protein or RNA synthesis in cells exposed to these inactivated particles and conclude that the loss of infectivity caused by heating is due to a general decline in the activities of a number of particle functions.", "contents": "Heat inactivation of vaccinia virus particle-associated functions: properties of heated particles in vivo and in vitro. The heat inactivation characteristics of several vaccinia virus particle-associated functions known to be involved in the transcription of the genome were examined. All functions were more resistant to heat than infectivity. Noninfectious particles were generated which exhibited significant levels of activity of all enzymes examined, and their properties were investigaed both in vitro and in vivo. RNA was synthesized in vitro by such particles, although transport of the RNA into the surrounding medium was defective. This RNA was larger than that made in normal particles but it was polyadenylated and functioned in vitro as a message coding for normal early proteins. The sequences transcribed were similar to those transcribed in normal particles, and we suggest that the production of abnormally large RNA is due to a defect in transcriptional termination. We could not detect any virus-specific protein or RNA synthesis in cells exposed to these inactivated particles and conclude that the loss of infectivity caused by heating is due to a general decline in the activities of a number of particle functions.", "PMID": 671584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_993", "title": "Effect of UV irradiation on the expression of vaccinia virus gene products synthesized in a cell-free system coupling transcription and translation.", "content": "The effect of UV irradiation on the expression of the vaccinia virus genome was investigated in a cell-free system coupling transcription with translation. Exposure of vaccinia virus to an increasing dose of irradiation resulted in differential reduction in the syntheses of virus-specified polypeptides in the coupled system, with sensitivity being proportional to the size of the gene pro duct. This suggests that each translationally functional mRNA species produced in vitro by vaccinia virus cores is synthesized from an individual promoter site.", "contents": "Effect of UV irradiation on the expression of vaccinia virus gene products synthesized in a cell-free system coupling transcription and translation. The effect of UV irradiation on the expression of the vaccinia virus genome was investigated in a cell-free system coupling transcription with translation. Exposure of vaccinia virus to an increasing dose of irradiation resulted in differential reduction in the syntheses of virus-specified polypeptides in the coupled system, with sensitivity being proportional to the size of the gene pro duct. This suggests that each translationally functional mRNA species produced in vitro by vaccinia virus cores is synthesized from an individual promoter site.", "PMID": 671585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_994", "title": "Adenovirus type 2 early proteins synthesized in vitro and in vivo: identification in infected cells of the 38,000- to 50,000- molecular-weight protein encoded by the left end of the adenovirus type 2 genome.", "content": "Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of protein synthesized early after injection of human cells with adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) showed that polypeptides of 11,000 (11K), 12K, 14K, 15K, 19K, 21K, 24K, and 72k molecular weight were present in infected but not in mock-infected cells. These polypeptides corresponded in electrophoretic mobility to the following polypeptides synthesized in vitro by using mRNA complementary to specific regions of the Ad2 genome: 11K, 19K, 21K (91.5 to 96.8 map units), 14K (78.2 to 83.4 map units), 72K (62.4 to 67.9 map units), and 15K (4.9 to 11.0 map units). Polypeptides of 25K, 17K, 15.5K, and 13K were also synthesized in vitro, but have not yet been detected in infected cells. In addition, six adeno-specific polypeptides of 38 to 50K molecular weight could be discerned in infected cells if two-dimensional isoelectric focusing-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to compare extracts from infected and mock-infected cells. Partial protease digestion showed these 38 to 50K polypeptides to be related in sequence to each other and to the 40 to 50K polypeptide made in vitro (1.3 to 4.0 map units).", "contents": "Adenovirus type 2 early proteins synthesized in vitro and in vivo: identification in infected cells of the 38,000- to 50,000- molecular-weight protein encoded by the left end of the adenovirus type 2 genome. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of protein synthesized early after injection of human cells with adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) showed that polypeptides of 11,000 (11K), 12K, 14K, 15K, 19K, 21K, 24K, and 72k molecular weight were present in infected but not in mock-infected cells. These polypeptides corresponded in electrophoretic mobility to the following polypeptides synthesized in vitro by using mRNA complementary to specific regions of the Ad2 genome: 11K, 19K, 21K (91.5 to 96.8 map units), 14K (78.2 to 83.4 map units), 72K (62.4 to 67.9 map units), and 15K (4.9 to 11.0 map units). Polypeptides of 25K, 17K, 15.5K, and 13K were also synthesized in vitro, but have not yet been detected in infected cells. In addition, six adeno-specific polypeptides of 38 to 50K molecular weight could be discerned in infected cells if two-dimensional isoelectric focusing-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to compare extracts from infected and mock-infected cells. Partial protease digestion showed these 38 to 50K polypeptides to be related in sequence to each other and to the 40 to 50K polypeptide made in vitro (1.3 to 4.0 map units).", "PMID": 671586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_995", "title": "Peptide mapping characterization of viral proteins generated in a cell-free coupled system for the transcription and translation of influenza virus mRNA.", "content": "In a coupled cell-free system for the transcription and translation of the influenza mRNA's, containing detergent-disrupted purified NWS influenza virion and a micrococcal nuclease-preincubated rabbit reticulocyte lysate, five unglycosylated viral proteins (NS1, M, NP, P1, and P3) were easily produced and isolated. Their identification was based on the electrophoretic separation of peptide fragments resulting from their partial digestion with proteases of restricted specificity (D.W. Cleveland, S. G. Fisher, N. W. Kirschner, and U. K. Laemmli, J. Biol. Chem. 252:1102-1106, 1977).", "contents": "Peptide mapping characterization of viral proteins generated in a cell-free coupled system for the transcription and translation of influenza virus mRNA. In a coupled cell-free system for the transcription and translation of the influenza mRNA's, containing detergent-disrupted purified NWS influenza virion and a micrococcal nuclease-preincubated rabbit reticulocyte lysate, five unglycosylated viral proteins (NS1, M, NP, P1, and P3) were easily produced and isolated. Their identification was based on the electrophoretic separation of peptide fragments resulting from their partial digestion with proteases of restricted specificity (D.W. Cleveland, S. G. Fisher, N. W. Kirschner, and U. K. Laemmli, J. Biol. Chem. 252:1102-1106, 1977).", "PMID": 671587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_996", "title": "Soluble endoribonuclease activity from vaccinia virus: specific cleavage of virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA.", "content": "A soluble endoribonuclease activity was extracted from purified vaccinia virus cores by treatment with sodium-deoxycholate and dithiothreitol. The soluble enzyme readily cleaved purified virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA to limit-sized fragments sedimenting at 8 to 12S. Purified virion-released 8 to 12S polyadenylated mRNA was not degraded by the enzyme extract. The soluble endoribonuclease did not require the presence of ribonucleoside triphosphates for activity.", "contents": "Soluble endoribonuclease activity from vaccinia virus: specific cleavage of virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA. A soluble endoribonuclease activity was extracted from purified vaccinia virus cores by treatment with sodium-deoxycholate and dithiothreitol. The soluble enzyme readily cleaved purified virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA to limit-sized fragments sedimenting at 8 to 12S. Purified virion-released 8 to 12S polyadenylated mRNA was not degraded by the enzyme extract. The soluble endoribonuclease did not require the presence of ribonucleoside triphosphates for activity.", "PMID": 671588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_997", "title": "Adenovirus type 12 gene 401 function in transforming infection.", "content": "The temperature-sensitive DNA-minus mutant, H12ts401, transformed two to eight times more hamster embryo cells than wild-type 12 adenovirus at 38.5 degrees C, but was unable to establish transformation of cultures of hamster embryo brain and rat 3Y1 cells at 41.5 and 40 degrees C, respectively. Another H12ts406 DNA-minus mutant was not defective in cell transformation at these restrictive temperatures. Both mutants, however, induced T-antigen and cell DNA synthesis after infection of 3Y1 cells at 40 degrees C.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 12 gene 401 function in transforming infection. The temperature-sensitive DNA-minus mutant, H12ts401, transformed two to eight times more hamster embryo cells than wild-type 12 adenovirus at 38.5 degrees C, but was unable to establish transformation of cultures of hamster embryo brain and rat 3Y1 cells at 41.5 and 40 degrees C, respectively. Another H12ts406 DNA-minus mutant was not defective in cell transformation at these restrictive temperatures. Both mutants, however, induced T-antigen and cell DNA synthesis after infection of 3Y1 cells at 40 degrees C.", "PMID": 671589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_998", "title": "Postoperative management of patients with pheochromocytoma.", "content": "The optimal preoperative and postoperative management of patients with pheochromocytoma demands a multidisciplinary approach. We report on 5 recent patients to illustrate the large volumes of fluid needed in the early postoperative period. This large fluid requirement is owing to a combination of a change in vascular compliance after excision of a pheochromocytoma, the residual effects of specific preoperative medications (phenoxybenzamine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine) and the loss of fluid into the retroperitoneal compartment (third space) produced by extensive dissection. It takes 3 half-lives (36 hours) to dissipate the effects of phenoxybenzamine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, which corresponds to the time in which these patients require large volumes of intravenous fluids.", "contents": "Postoperative management of patients with pheochromocytoma. The optimal preoperative and postoperative management of patients with pheochromocytoma demands a multidisciplinary approach. We report on 5 recent patients to illustrate the large volumes of fluid needed in the early postoperative period. This large fluid requirement is owing to a combination of a change in vascular compliance after excision of a pheochromocytoma, the residual effects of specific preoperative medications (phenoxybenzamine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine) and the loss of fluid into the retroperitoneal compartment (third space) produced by extensive dissection. It takes 3 half-lives (36 hours) to dissipate the effects of phenoxybenzamine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, which corresponds to the time in which these patients require large volumes of intravenous fluids.", "PMID": 671591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_999", "title": "Conservative surgery in solitary and bilateral renal carcinoma: indications and technical considerations.", "content": "Seven patients presented with solitary or bilateral renal carcinoma. All 4 patients treated by partial nephrectomy are well and 3 are free of disease (followup of 24 to 32 months). A survey of similar series reveals a survival of 78 per cent in patients with solitary renal tumors undergoing partial nephrectomy (mean followup of 52 months). Since the projected survival in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis for the same interval is only 65 per cent partial nephrectomy, when technically feasible, would appear to be the treatment of choice in solitary renal carcinoma. In cases involving bilateral lesions the survival rate after partial nephrectomy seems to be similar to that of cases on hemodialysis.", "contents": "Conservative surgery in solitary and bilateral renal carcinoma: indications and technical considerations. Seven patients presented with solitary or bilateral renal carcinoma. All 4 patients treated by partial nephrectomy are well and 3 are free of disease (followup of 24 to 32 months). A survey of similar series reveals a survival of 78 per cent in patients with solitary renal tumors undergoing partial nephrectomy (mean followup of 52 months). Since the projected survival in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis for the same interval is only 65 per cent partial nephrectomy, when technically feasible, would appear to be the treatment of choice in solitary renal carcinoma. In cases involving bilateral lesions the survival rate after partial nephrectomy seems to be similar to that of cases on hemodialysis.", "PMID": 671592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1000", "title": "Radionuclide kidney function evaluation in the management of urolithiasis.", "content": "Renal and ureteral stones may cause asymmetrical renal damage that is not measured accurately by serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen studies, excretory urography, nephrotomography and arteriography. We evaluated with a renal scintillation camera study 77 patients who had renal or ureteral calculi. The radionuclide procedure provided an accurate measure of total effective renal plasma flow and differential effective renal plasma flow. It had the additional advantages of being a non-invasive procedure, causing no allergic reactions, requiring no patient preparation and producing low radiation exposure.", "contents": "Radionuclide kidney function evaluation in the management of urolithiasis. Renal and ureteral stones may cause asymmetrical renal damage that is not measured accurately by serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen studies, excretory urography, nephrotomography and arteriography. We evaluated with a renal scintillation camera study 77 patients who had renal or ureteral calculi. The radionuclide procedure provided an accurate measure of total effective renal plasma flow and differential effective renal plasma flow. It had the additional advantages of being a non-invasive procedure, causing no allergic reactions, requiring no patient preparation and producing low radiation exposure.", "PMID": 671597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1001", "title": "Renal vein renin concentration in the hypertension of unilateral reflux nephropathy.", "content": "Hypertension is a frequent complication of reflux nephropathy. The cause of this hypertension is unknown. Our study was undertaken to assess the possible role of the renin-angiotensin system in the hypertension associated with unilateral reflux nephropathy. We selected for study 17 normotensive and 12 hypertensive patients with strictly unilateral reflux nephropathy. There were 3 normotensive and 2 hypertensive patients with a renal vein renin ratio exceeding 1.5. Of these 3 normotensive patients 1 had evidence from divided renal function studies to suggest functional renal ischemia. No consistent evidence was obtained to support the concept that the renin-angiotensin system has a primary role in the non-malignant hypertension of unilateral reflux nephropathy.", "contents": "Renal vein renin concentration in the hypertension of unilateral reflux nephropathy. Hypertension is a frequent complication of reflux nephropathy. The cause of this hypertension is unknown. Our study was undertaken to assess the possible role of the renin-angiotensin system in the hypertension associated with unilateral reflux nephropathy. We selected for study 17 normotensive and 12 hypertensive patients with strictly unilateral reflux nephropathy. There were 3 normotensive and 2 hypertensive patients with a renal vein renin ratio exceeding 1.5. Of these 3 normotensive patients 1 had evidence from divided renal function studies to suggest functional renal ischemia. No consistent evidence was obtained to support the concept that the renin-angiotensin system has a primary role in the non-malignant hypertension of unilateral reflux nephropathy.", "PMID": 671598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1002", "title": "Extraperitoneal gas following nephrectomy: patterns and duration.", "content": "The amount and duration of extraperitoneal gas in normal patients after major renal operations have not been documented. This air may be difficult to separate from that owing to abdominal abscess and, therefore, can be a potential source of diagnostic error in the febrile postoperative patient. A prospective study was performed on 41 postoperative patients to determine the incidence, duration and pattern of extraperitoneal gas in patients undergoing renal operations. No patient had an abscess. Of the abdominal films obtained between 1 and 4 days postoperatively 92 per cent demonstrated gas, 71 per cent were positive between 5 and 8 days and 61 per cent were positive between 9 and 12 days postoperatively. Over-all, 34 of 41 patients had extraperitoneal gas demonstrated on the postoperative abdominal radiographs. Linear and bubbly patterns were demonstrated and, in many cases, the appearance was indistinguishable from that of an abscess. It is important that the benign nature of this postoperative gas be appreciated and not mistaken for an abdominal abscess.", "contents": "Extraperitoneal gas following nephrectomy: patterns and duration. The amount and duration of extraperitoneal gas in normal patients after major renal operations have not been documented. This air may be difficult to separate from that owing to abdominal abscess and, therefore, can be a potential source of diagnostic error in the febrile postoperative patient. A prospective study was performed on 41 postoperative patients to determine the incidence, duration and pattern of extraperitoneal gas in patients undergoing renal operations. No patient had an abscess. Of the abdominal films obtained between 1 and 4 days postoperatively 92 per cent demonstrated gas, 71 per cent were positive between 5 and 8 days and 61 per cent were positive between 9 and 12 days postoperatively. Over-all, 34 of 41 patients had extraperitoneal gas demonstrated on the postoperative abdominal radiographs. Linear and bubbly patterns were demonstrated and, in many cases, the appearance was indistinguishable from that of an abscess. It is important that the benign nature of this postoperative gas be appreciated and not mistaken for an abdominal abscess.", "PMID": 671599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1003", "title": "Surgery for renal cell carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava.", "content": "We have reviewed 26 patients with renal cell carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava, 21 of whom underwent radical nephrectomy with either venacavotomy and tumor thrombectomy, or vena cava resection. Of 12 patients who presented with localized neoplasm 6 (50 per cent) are currently alive. Poor results were obtained in 9 patients who had preoperative metastatic disease. Over-all operative mortality was 14 per cent and morbidity was minimal, with no pulmonary emboli intraoperatively or postoperatively.", "contents": "Surgery for renal cell carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava. We have reviewed 26 patients with renal cell carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava, 21 of whom underwent radical nephrectomy with either venacavotomy and tumor thrombectomy, or vena cava resection. Of 12 patients who presented with localized neoplasm 6 (50 per cent) are currently alive. Poor results were obtained in 9 patients who had preoperative metastatic disease. Over-all operative mortality was 14 per cent and morbidity was minimal, with no pulmonary emboli intraoperatively or postoperatively.", "PMID": 671600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1004", "title": "Ileal loop in the treatment of radiation-treated pelvic malignancies: a comparative review.", "content": "Critical analysis of ureteroileal diversion in the treatment of pelvic tumors in which prior radiation therapy was administered has prompted us to review our experience with ileal loops after patients have been irradiated. Between 1970 and 1975, 136 adults underwent ureteroileal bypass. Of these patients 36 had preoperative irradiation for various pelvic malignancies, 44 had malignancies but no irradiation and 56 were operated upon for neurogenic bladders. Major morbidity in the irradiated group included wound infections (33 per cent), ureteroileal urinary leaks (19.4 per cent) and paralytic ileus (13.9 per cent). The average postoperative hospital stay for this group was 8 to 11 days longer than that of the other 2 groups. In contrast, however, the overall incidence of reoperations for various complications in the irradiated group was only 11 per cent, compared to 25 per cent in the group not given preoperative radiation and 30.4 per cent of those operated upon for neurogenic bladders. Most significantly, none of the patients in the irradiated group required re-exploration and surgical correction of ureteroileal urinary fistulae. Comparison of these results to those reported in the literature is favorable. The ileal loop remains a simple and viable operative technique in patients requiring urinary diversion for pelvic malignancies previously irradiated.", "contents": "Ileal loop in the treatment of radiation-treated pelvic malignancies: a comparative review. Critical analysis of ureteroileal diversion in the treatment of pelvic tumors in which prior radiation therapy was administered has prompted us to review our experience with ileal loops after patients have been irradiated. Between 1970 and 1975, 136 adults underwent ureteroileal bypass. Of these patients 36 had preoperative irradiation for various pelvic malignancies, 44 had malignancies but no irradiation and 56 were operated upon for neurogenic bladders. Major morbidity in the irradiated group included wound infections (33 per cent), ureteroileal urinary leaks (19.4 per cent) and paralytic ileus (13.9 per cent). The average postoperative hospital stay for this group was 8 to 11 days longer than that of the other 2 groups. In contrast, however, the overall incidence of reoperations for various complications in the irradiated group was only 11 per cent, compared to 25 per cent in the group not given preoperative radiation and 30.4 per cent of those operated upon for neurogenic bladders. Most significantly, none of the patients in the irradiated group required re-exploration and surgical correction of ureteroileal urinary fistulae. Comparison of these results to those reported in the literature is favorable. The ileal loop remains a simple and viable operative technique in patients requiring urinary diversion for pelvic malignancies previously irradiated.", "PMID": 671601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1005", "title": "Non-refluxing colon conduit: experience with 70 cases.", "content": "From 1969 through 1976, 70 non-refluxing colon conduit urinary diversions were performed on 30 adults and 40 children at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Although this is a longer and more complex operation to perform the rate of complications appears significantly less than that seen previously in patients with ileal loop diversions.", "contents": "Non-refluxing colon conduit: experience with 70 cases. From 1969 through 1976, 70 non-refluxing colon conduit urinary diversions were performed on 30 adults and 40 children at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Although this is a longer and more complex operation to perform the rate of complications appears significantly less than that seen previously in patients with ileal loop diversions.", "PMID": 671602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1006", "title": "Closure of the bladder neck in patients undergoing continent vesicostomy for urinary incontinence.", "content": "The continent vesicostomy has been done on 24 patients, 10 of whom had severe urinary incontinence requiring closure of the bladder neck or urethra as well. Therefore, the bladder was converted to a closed cavity and intermittent catheterization is done through an abdominal stoma. No dressings or appliances are necessary. Bladder neck (or urethral) closure was successful in 8 of the 10 patients. One of the failures had been incontinent and was rendered continent on attempted bladder neck closure and there is urethral leakage at night in the other patient. Intermittent catheterization through a vesicostomy stoma has been cleaner and more aesthetically pleasing to the patients. The bladder neck closure has resulted in a dry perineum with fewer skin problems.", "contents": "Closure of the bladder neck in patients undergoing continent vesicostomy for urinary incontinence. The continent vesicostomy has been done on 24 patients, 10 of whom had severe urinary incontinence requiring closure of the bladder neck or urethra as well. Therefore, the bladder was converted to a closed cavity and intermittent catheterization is done through an abdominal stoma. No dressings or appliances are necessary. Bladder neck (or urethral) closure was successful in 8 of the 10 patients. One of the failures had been incontinent and was rendered continent on attempted bladder neck closure and there is urethral leakage at night in the other patient. Intermittent catheterization through a vesicostomy stoma has been cleaner and more aesthetically pleasing to the patients. The bladder neck closure has resulted in a dry perineum with fewer skin problems.", "PMID": 671603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1007", "title": "Nitrosamine formation in bladder infections and its role in the etiology of bladder cancer.", "content": "Dimethylnitrosamine, a powerful carcinogen, is produced in the urine of patients with urinary tract infections of Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli when nitrite is present. Treatment with tetracycline antibiotics does not enhance the concentration of this carcinogen but, rather, sharply reduces it. The results emphasize the importance of proper antibiotic therapy for the infections to reduce the possibility of the subsequent development of bladder cancer.", "contents": "Nitrosamine formation in bladder infections and its role in the etiology of bladder cancer. Dimethylnitrosamine, a powerful carcinogen, is produced in the urine of patients with urinary tract infections of Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli when nitrite is present. Treatment with tetracycline antibiotics does not enhance the concentration of this carcinogen but, rather, sharply reduces it. The results emphasize the importance of proper antibiotic therapy for the infections to reduce the possibility of the subsequent development of bladder cancer.", "PMID": 671604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1008", "title": "Pre-clinical cytological diagnosis of bladder cancer.", "content": "The records of 100 recent urology service patients with bladder neoplasms were evaluated for correlation of cytological findings with clinical and histological diagnoses. At the time of diagnosis 83 patients had synchronous positive biopsies and cytologies, 3 had negative cytologies (even though urothelial cancer was present) and the remaining 14 had abnormal cytologies but clinical examination was negative. Of these 14 patients invasive cancer has been identified subsequently in 11, while 3 have not yet returned for clinical followup. Analysis of the 11 patients in whom cancer was proved eventually reveals 14 distinct periods, ranging from 1 to 37 months, in which cytologies were abnormal and concurrent clinical examinations and histological diagnoses were negative. Ten of these periods preceded tumor recurrence and the other 4 antedated the first occurrence of cancer. A relationship was found between a cytological diagnosis of carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia and the presence or future appearance of low grade clinical cancer. Cytologies containing overtly malignant cells more commonly were associated with or preceded the appearance of high grade cancers. In these 11 patients the sensitivity of a single spontaneously voided urine specimen was 97 per cent but the sensitivity was 100 per cent when 2 or more specimens were submitted per patient. Bladder barbotages were 100 per cent sensitive.", "contents": "Pre-clinical cytological diagnosis of bladder cancer. The records of 100 recent urology service patients with bladder neoplasms were evaluated for correlation of cytological findings with clinical and histological diagnoses. At the time of diagnosis 83 patients had synchronous positive biopsies and cytologies, 3 had negative cytologies (even though urothelial cancer was present) and the remaining 14 had abnormal cytologies but clinical examination was negative. Of these 14 patients invasive cancer has been identified subsequently in 11, while 3 have not yet returned for clinical followup. Analysis of the 11 patients in whom cancer was proved eventually reveals 14 distinct periods, ranging from 1 to 37 months, in which cytologies were abnormal and concurrent clinical examinations and histological diagnoses were negative. Ten of these periods preceded tumor recurrence and the other 4 antedated the first occurrence of cancer. A relationship was found between a cytological diagnosis of carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia and the presence or future appearance of low grade clinical cancer. Cytologies containing overtly malignant cells more commonly were associated with or preceded the appearance of high grade cancers. In these 11 patients the sensitivity of a single spontaneously voided urine specimen was 97 per cent but the sensitivity was 100 per cent when 2 or more specimens were submitted per patient. Bladder barbotages were 100 per cent sensitive.", "PMID": 671605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1009", "title": "Serial multiple-site biopsies in patients with bladder cancer.", "content": "A prospective study was done on 52 patients with bladder cancer to determine the incidence of atypia, carcinoma in situ and carcinoma in selected site biopsies from normal-appearing mucosa at the time of initial and subsequent endoscopy. Biopsies at initial endoscopy revealed abnormalities in 33 per cent of the patients, while 77 per cent of 43 patients undergoing 3-month selected site biopsies had at least 1 abnormal biopsy during a 1-year period.", "contents": "Serial multiple-site biopsies in patients with bladder cancer. A prospective study was done on 52 patients with bladder cancer to determine the incidence of atypia, carcinoma in situ and carcinoma in selected site biopsies from normal-appearing mucosa at the time of initial and subsequent endoscopy. Biopsies at initial endoscopy revealed abnormalities in 33 per cent of the patients, while 77 per cent of 43 patients undergoing 3-month selected site biopsies had at least 1 abnormal biopsy during a 1-year period.", "PMID": 671606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1010", "title": "Studies in inhibitors of calcification and levels of urine saturation with calcium salts in recurrent stone patients.", "content": "Studies have been done on patients with recurrent renal calculous disease, measuring in addition to the usual serum and urine constituents the inhibiting capacity of the urine and the activity products of calcium oxalate, octocalcium phosphate and brushite. Studies on the 24-hour urine calcium, phosphorus and uric acid and serum calcium indicate no essential differences between patients with calcium oxalate, mixed or uric acid stones and normal individuals. We were unable to demonstrate a difference in the inhibiting capacity of the urine between normal individuals and patients with calcium oxalate calculi, and levels of saturation of urine with calcium oxalate were identical in the calcium oxalate stone patients and normal individuals. The degree of saturation of urine with calcium phosphate is significantly greater in stone patients.", "contents": "Studies in inhibitors of calcification and levels of urine saturation with calcium salts in recurrent stone patients. Studies have been done on patients with recurrent renal calculous disease, measuring in addition to the usual serum and urine constituents the inhibiting capacity of the urine and the activity products of calcium oxalate, octocalcium phosphate and brushite. Studies on the 24-hour urine calcium, phosphorus and uric acid and serum calcium indicate no essential differences between patients with calcium oxalate, mixed or uric acid stones and normal individuals. We were unable to demonstrate a difference in the inhibiting capacity of the urine between normal individuals and patients with calcium oxalate calculi, and levels of saturation of urine with calcium oxalate were identical in the calcium oxalate stone patients and normal individuals. The degree of saturation of urine with calcium phosphate is significantly greater in stone patients.", "PMID": 671607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1011", "title": "Phenoxybenzamine and sweating in the spinal cord injury patient.", "content": "There were 10 patients with cervical spinal cord lesions and hyperhidrosis treated with the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine. Five of the 7 patients completing the study experienced marked diminution or elimination of the profuse sweating pattern.", "contents": "Phenoxybenzamine and sweating in the spinal cord injury patient. There were 10 patients with cervical spinal cord lesions and hyperhidrosis treated with the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine. Five of the 7 patients completing the study experienced marked diminution or elimination of the profuse sweating pattern.", "PMID": 671608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1012", "title": "Effects of bethanechol chloride on the external urethral sphincter in spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "The neuropharmacodynamics of bethanechol chloride on the external urethral sphincter in male spinal cord injury patients with chronic lesions have been investigated. There were 90 cystosphincterometric and sphincteroperineal electromyographic studies conducted on 45 subjects in 4 different positions, showing varying urodynamic patterns. A gross postural cystophincteric discordant reflex was noted in the majority of patients with recent complete upper motor neuron bladders (less than 2 years in duration). The external sphincter tends to be coordinated in late cases of quadriplegics and in all paraplegics. With the administration of bethanechol chloride there was an increase in the striated sphincter pressure profile when the patient was in the sitting position, resulting in detrusor sphincter dyssnergia. This phenomenon seems to be dose-related. When the dose of bethanechol chloride is adjusted according to the types of vesicourethral dysfunctions or in combination with dantrolene sodium the most beneficial non-surgical rehabilitation of the urinary tract can be obtained in this particular group of patients.", "contents": "Effects of bethanechol chloride on the external urethral sphincter in spinal cord injury patients. The neuropharmacodynamics of bethanechol chloride on the external urethral sphincter in male spinal cord injury patients with chronic lesions have been investigated. There were 90 cystosphincterometric and sphincteroperineal electromyographic studies conducted on 45 subjects in 4 different positions, showing varying urodynamic patterns. A gross postural cystophincteric discordant reflex was noted in the majority of patients with recent complete upper motor neuron bladders (less than 2 years in duration). The external sphincter tends to be coordinated in late cases of quadriplegics and in all paraplegics. With the administration of bethanechol chloride there was an increase in the striated sphincter pressure profile when the patient was in the sitting position, resulting in detrusor sphincter dyssnergia. This phenomenon seems to be dose-related. When the dose of bethanechol chloride is adjusted according to the types of vesicourethral dysfunctions or in combination with dantrolene sodium the most beneficial non-surgical rehabilitation of the urinary tract can be obtained in this particular group of patients.", "PMID": 671609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1013", "title": "The etiology of non-specific urethritis in active duty Marines.", "content": "We studied patients with non-specific urethritis and control subjects at our dispensary. These patients and controls were matched for age, rank and sexual activity, and studied for the presence of bacteria, virus, Trichomonas and Mycoplasma. No significant bacteria were found in either group. No Trichomonas was identified, only 1 herpes II was recovered and no cytomegalovirus was found. Mycoplasma were cultured from patients and controls. The rate of colonization varied, depending upon several factors, but the significant factors seemed to be associated with the number of sexual partners. Those men with more than 1 sexual partner had a significantly increased colonization with Mycoplasma.", "contents": "The etiology of non-specific urethritis in active duty Marines. We studied patients with non-specific urethritis and control subjects at our dispensary. These patients and controls were matched for age, rank and sexual activity, and studied for the presence of bacteria, virus, Trichomonas and Mycoplasma. No significant bacteria were found in either group. No Trichomonas was identified, only 1 herpes II was recovered and no cytomegalovirus was found. Mycoplasma were cultured from patients and controls. The rate of colonization varied, depending upon several factors, but the significant factors seemed to be associated with the number of sexual partners. Those men with more than 1 sexual partner had a significantly increased colonization with Mycoplasma.", "PMID": 671610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1014", "title": "Staging profile of hypofertile male subjects.", "content": "Thirty-four hypofertile male subjects with either oligospermia or azoospermia underwent infertility evaluation with assay of serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone and testicular biopsy. Cytogenetic analysis of testicular tissue and peripheral leukocytes was competed on 11 patients. Fifteen male subjects underwnet bilateral contrast vasography. These studies permitted segregation of the hypofertile male population from those with post-germinal hypofertility, primary germinal hypofertility or pre-germinal hypofertility. Retrospective analysis indicates that segregation of the hypofertile male population permits optimum selection for treatment intervention.", "contents": "Staging profile of hypofertile male subjects. Thirty-four hypofertile male subjects with either oligospermia or azoospermia underwent infertility evaluation with assay of serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone and testicular biopsy. Cytogenetic analysis of testicular tissue and peripheral leukocytes was competed on 11 patients. Fifteen male subjects underwnet bilateral contrast vasography. These studies permitted segregation of the hypofertile male population from those with post-germinal hypofertility, primary germinal hypofertility or pre-germinal hypofertility. Retrospective analysis indicates that segregation of the hypofertile male population permits optimum selection for treatment intervention.", "PMID": 671611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1015", "title": "Vasovasostomy: the flap technique.", "content": "The approximation of 2 pairs of broad, transverse vas flaps at right angles to the reanastomosis permanently widens the opening into each vas lumen. All patients undergoing this procedure had sperm in the ejaculates 5 weeks postoperatively and by 6 months there was a pregnancy rate of 64 per cent.", "contents": "Vasovasostomy: the flap technique. The approximation of 2 pairs of broad, transverse vas flaps at right angles to the reanastomosis permanently widens the opening into each vas lumen. All patients undergoing this procedure had sperm in the ejaculates 5 weeks postoperatively and by 6 months there was a pregnancy rate of 64 per cent.", "PMID": 671613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1016", "title": "The accuracy of antimicrobial disk sensitivity testing in urinary tract infections.", "content": "Fifty bacterial strains shown resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin or tetracycline by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility testing were isolated from patients with urinary infections. Inhibitory activity in urine of volunteers given these antimicrobial agents and tube dilution sensitivity testing indicated that agar disk diffusion gradients do not provide sufficiently high antimicrobial concentrations to predict accurately clinical efficacy.", "contents": "The accuracy of antimicrobial disk sensitivity testing in urinary tract infections. Fifty bacterial strains shown resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin or tetracycline by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility testing were isolated from patients with urinary infections. Inhibitory activity in urine of volunteers given these antimicrobial agents and tube dilution sensitivity testing indicated that agar disk diffusion gradients do not provide sufficiently high antimicrobial concentrations to predict accurately clinical efficacy.", "PMID": 671614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1017", "title": "Experience with measurement of bladder electrical activity.", "content": "A series of patients is presented in whom the recording of bladder electrical activity was performed. There was a significant difference in frequency of the spike activity between patients with upper and lower motor neuron injury. This technique would seem to offer greater clinical application in areas of bladder dysfunction and evaluation of drugs on the bladder.", "contents": "Experience with measurement of bladder electrical activity. A series of patients is presented in whom the recording of bladder electrical activity was performed. There was a significant difference in frequency of the spike activity between patients with upper and lower motor neuron injury. This technique would seem to offer greater clinical application in areas of bladder dysfunction and evaluation of drugs on the bladder.", "PMID": 671615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1018", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the prostatic nodule.", "content": "Prostatic nodules detected on rectal examination of 50 patients were evaluated by the usual means and by prostatic ultrasonic scanning. Nodules were characterized as being either malignant, benign, inflammatory or stones. Those patients without evidence of calcification on radiography underwent prostatic biopsy and the histological findings were compared to the ultrasonic study. All histologically confirmed malignancies were diagnosed preoperatively and there were no instances of falsely negative ultrasonic studies.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the prostatic nodule. Prostatic nodules detected on rectal examination of 50 patients were evaluated by the usual means and by prostatic ultrasonic scanning. Nodules were characterized as being either malignant, benign, inflammatory or stones. Those patients without evidence of calcification on radiography underwent prostatic biopsy and the histological findings were compared to the ultrasonic study. All histologically confirmed malignancies were diagnosed preoperatively and there were no instances of falsely negative ultrasonic studies.", "PMID": 671616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1019", "title": "Clinical and endocrinological evaluation of patients with congenital microphallus.", "content": "Eight patients with congenital microphallus were investigated. Plasma luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone and androstenedione levels were obtained in all cases. In addition, the response to the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin, luteinizing horomone-releasing hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone, the assessment of testicular histology by electron microscopy and the measurement of dihydrotestosterone formation by preputial skin were determined in some patients. The results of these studies were compared to similar studies in 6 normal prepubertal boys, 4 boys with bilateral cryptorchidism, 1 male infant with anorchia and 1 adult with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The clinical and endocrinological findings in the 8 patients with microphallus can be divided into 2 distinct categories. In 5 patients the disorder is familial, gonadotropin levels are low and there is a normal response to stimulation with chorionic gonadotropin. The data are compatible with the possibility that 3 (possibly 5) of the 8 patients with microphallus have hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In the other group the cases are sporadic, serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels are elevated and plasma testosterone failed to increase after short-term treatment with chorionic gonadotropin. In these patients a primary testicular disorder appears to be responsible. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that microphallus results from defective testicular function during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, either as the result of defective gonadotropin secretion or defective androgen synthesis.", "contents": "Clinical and endocrinological evaluation of patients with congenital microphallus. Eight patients with congenital microphallus were investigated. Plasma luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone and androstenedione levels were obtained in all cases. In addition, the response to the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin, luteinizing horomone-releasing hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone, the assessment of testicular histology by electron microscopy and the measurement of dihydrotestosterone formation by preputial skin were determined in some patients. The results of these studies were compared to similar studies in 6 normal prepubertal boys, 4 boys with bilateral cryptorchidism, 1 male infant with anorchia and 1 adult with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The clinical and endocrinological findings in the 8 patients with microphallus can be divided into 2 distinct categories. In 5 patients the disorder is familial, gonadotropin levels are low and there is a normal response to stimulation with chorionic gonadotropin. The data are compatible with the possibility that 3 (possibly 5) of the 8 patients with microphallus have hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In the other group the cases are sporadic, serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels are elevated and plasma testosterone failed to increase after short-term treatment with chorionic gonadotropin. In these patients a primary testicular disorder appears to be responsible. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that microphallus results from defective testicular function during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, either as the result of defective gonadotropin secretion or defective androgen synthesis.", "PMID": 671617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1020", "title": "99mTechnetium penicillamine scans: an index of differential renal function.", "content": "The relative renal accumulation of 99mtechnetium penicillamine was evaluated as an index of differential renal function. Regions of interest were assigned over each kidney with a computer and the renal uptake of 99mtechnetium penicillamine was determined. A simple background correction was made by subtracting the renal activity at 10 minutes from that at 25 minutes. The percentage of 99mtechnetium penicillamine accumulation in the left kidney was correlated with the percentage of the total effective renal plasma flow to the left kidney. Effective renal plasma flow was determined after the intravenous injection of 131 I hippuran using a highly sophisticated computerized technique that has been validated in patients by comparison with traditional split renal function studies. The correlation coefficient between the 2 measurements was 0.97. In addition to its use as an index of differential effective renal plasma flow 99mtechnetium penicillamine is an excellent cortical imaging agent and the relative distribution of 99mtechnetium penicillamine between the 2 kidneys and within a single kidney can be assessed qualitatively by visual inspection of the scan.", "contents": "99mTechnetium penicillamine scans: an index of differential renal function. The relative renal accumulation of 99mtechnetium penicillamine was evaluated as an index of differential renal function. Regions of interest were assigned over each kidney with a computer and the renal uptake of 99mtechnetium penicillamine was determined. A simple background correction was made by subtracting the renal activity at 10 minutes from that at 25 minutes. The percentage of 99mtechnetium penicillamine accumulation in the left kidney was correlated with the percentage of the total effective renal plasma flow to the left kidney. Effective renal plasma flow was determined after the intravenous injection of 131 I hippuran using a highly sophisticated computerized technique that has been validated in patients by comparison with traditional split renal function studies. The correlation coefficient between the 2 measurements was 0.97. In addition to its use as an index of differential effective renal plasma flow 99mtechnetium penicillamine is an excellent cortical imaging agent and the relative distribution of 99mtechnetium penicillamine between the 2 kidneys and within a single kidney can be assessed qualitatively by visual inspection of the scan.", "PMID": 671619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1021", "title": "Urine cytology findings in analgesic nephropathy.", "content": "Urine cytology screening for neoplasm led to the detection of 3 urothelial carcinomas and 1 severe urothelial dysplasia in 98 patients with analgesic-induced papillary necrosis. A further 18 patients had changes suggesting that they were at risk of incurring malignancy in the near future. Routine urine cytology is recommended in all cases of analgesic nephropathy.", "contents": "Urine cytology findings in analgesic nephropathy. Urine cytology screening for neoplasm led to the detection of 3 urothelial carcinomas and 1 severe urothelial dysplasia in 98 patients with analgesic-induced papillary necrosis. A further 18 patients had changes suggesting that they were at risk of incurring malignancy in the near future. Routine urine cytology is recommended in all cases of analgesic nephropathy.", "PMID": 671620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1022", "title": "Percutaneous nephrostomy: indications, complications and clinical usefulness.", "content": "Our experience with percutaneous nephrostomy in 22 patients is presented. This procedure can be accomplished readily and is safe, reliable and effective for short and long-term urinary diversion in various urologic conditions in children and adults.", "contents": "Percutaneous nephrostomy: indications, complications and clinical usefulness. Our experience with percutaneous nephrostomy in 22 patients is presented. This procedure can be accomplished readily and is safe, reliable and effective for short and long-term urinary diversion in various urologic conditions in children and adults.", "PMID": 671621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1023", "title": "Split cuff ileal stoma.", "content": "Long-term patient comfort after an ileal conduit urinary diversion depends on the conduit stoma. The problem of leak-proof urine collection of the flush stoma can be overcome by using a spout stoma but this could become stenotic unless everted. Eversion is a technically difficult procedure and produces a bulky spout that tends to prolapse. The use of carefully placed myotomies in the split cuff stoma described herein facilitates eversion and produces a slim stoma that accepts a compact, leak-proof appliance and is, at the same time, free of the complications of stenosis and prolapse in the long-term management.", "contents": "Split cuff ileal stoma. Long-term patient comfort after an ileal conduit urinary diversion depends on the conduit stoma. The problem of leak-proof urine collection of the flush stoma can be overcome by using a spout stoma but this could become stenotic unless everted. Eversion is a technically difficult procedure and produces a bulky spout that tends to prolapse. The use of carefully placed myotomies in the split cuff stoma described herein facilitates eversion and produces a slim stoma that accepts a compact, leak-proof appliance and is, at the same time, free of the complications of stenosis and prolapse in the long-term management.", "PMID": 671622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1024", "title": "Experiences with colocystoplasties, cecocystoplasties and ileocystoplasties in urologic surgery: 40 patients.", "content": "During the last 16 years (1960 to 1976) we have treated 78 patients with a contracted bladder syndrome, 40 of whom have been treated surgically by replacing part or all of the bladder with an isolated segment of rectosigmoid, cecum or ileum. The series is a combination of 30 patients treated by Shirley in the United States and 10 patients by Mirelman in South America. Chronic interstitial cystitis (26 cases) and chronic radiation cystitis (4 cases) have been the primary causes for surgical treatment of the contracted bladder in the United States, whereas tuberculosis of the urinary tract was the primary etiologic factor for those treated in South America. The results have been gratifying, with 50 per cent excellent and 30 per cent good. Only 3 patients have had to be diverted to and outside colon or ileal conduit. Generally, our results with each type segment of large and small bowel have been satisfactory by the choice of segment must depend on the degree of bladder disease, and the medical and urologic condition of the patient.", "contents": "Experiences with colocystoplasties, cecocystoplasties and ileocystoplasties in urologic surgery: 40 patients. During the last 16 years (1960 to 1976) we have treated 78 patients with a contracted bladder syndrome, 40 of whom have been treated surgically by replacing part or all of the bladder with an isolated segment of rectosigmoid, cecum or ileum. The series is a combination of 30 patients treated by Shirley in the United States and 10 patients by Mirelman in South America. Chronic interstitial cystitis (26 cases) and chronic radiation cystitis (4 cases) have been the primary causes for surgical treatment of the contracted bladder in the United States, whereas tuberculosis of the urinary tract was the primary etiologic factor for those treated in South America. The results have been gratifying, with 50 per cent excellent and 30 per cent good. Only 3 patients have had to be diverted to and outside colon or ileal conduit. Generally, our results with each type segment of large and small bowel have been satisfactory by the choice of segment must depend on the degree of bladder disease, and the medical and urologic condition of the patient.", "PMID": 671623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1025", "title": "Cystitis cystica (cystosis) with bladder cancer.", "content": "The term cystitis cystica is a misnomer and reflects the unfortunate habit of labeling obscure bladder conditions as cystitis. Cystosis of the bladder would be a more correct term. Cystitis cystica is a derivative of the focal epithelial proliferation, the associated tumors tend to be non-infiltrating papillary and the prognosis is good.", "contents": "Cystitis cystica (cystosis) with bladder cancer. The term cystitis cystica is a misnomer and reflects the unfortunate habit of labeling obscure bladder conditions as cystitis. Cystosis of the bladder would be a more correct term. Cystitis cystica is a derivative of the focal epithelial proliferation, the associated tumors tend to be non-infiltrating papillary and the prognosis is good.", "PMID": 671624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1026", "title": "Carcinoma of the bladder in patients less than 40 years old.", "content": "The records were reviewed of 22 patients with bladder carcinoma before they were 40 years old to determine whether age alone influenced the course of the disease. There were 19 men and 3 women, reflecting a male predominance of 6 to 1. Of the 9 patients with superficial stage A/O disease 8 are alive 6 months to 28 years after diagnosis, the remaining patient being lost to followup. The other 13 patients with tumors invading muscle are dead, 11 as a direct result of the disease. No evidence was found to substantiate earlier reports that bladder carcinoma in young patients has a more benign behavior.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the bladder in patients less than 40 years old. The records were reviewed of 22 patients with bladder carcinoma before they were 40 years old to determine whether age alone influenced the course of the disease. There were 19 men and 3 women, reflecting a male predominance of 6 to 1. Of the 9 patients with superficial stage A/O disease 8 are alive 6 months to 28 years after diagnosis, the remaining patient being lost to followup. The other 13 patients with tumors invading muscle are dead, 11 as a direct result of the disease. No evidence was found to substantiate earlier reports that bladder carcinoma in young patients has a more benign behavior.", "PMID": 671625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1027", "title": "5-fluorouracil urethral suppositories for the eradication of condyloma accuminata.", "content": "The formulation of a 5-fluorouracil urethral suppository is described. The suppositories have been found extremely successful in the eradication of intraurethral condylomas. They have provided better patient compliance and dosage monitoring, and have extended patient usefulness to male and female subjects.", "contents": "5-fluorouracil urethral suppositories for the eradication of condyloma accuminata. The formulation of a 5-fluorouracil urethral suppository is described. The suppositories have been found extremely successful in the eradication of intraurethral condylomas. They have provided better patient compliance and dosage monitoring, and have extended patient usefulness to male and female subjects.", "PMID": 671626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1028", "title": "Recanalization rate following methods of vasectomy using interposition of fascial sheath of vas deferens.", "content": "A small but definite recanalization rate has followed the vas ligation method of partial vasectomy for sterilization. Interposition of the fascial sheath between the divided ends of the vas reduced the recanalization rate to 0. Fulguration of the lumen of the cut vas ends was used but was not the significant factor in this zero recanalization rate.", "contents": "Recanalization rate following methods of vasectomy using interposition of fascial sheath of vas deferens. A small but definite recanalization rate has followed the vas ligation method of partial vasectomy for sterilization. Interposition of the fascial sheath between the divided ends of the vas reduced the recanalization rate to 0. Fulguration of the lumen of the cut vas ends was used but was not the significant factor in this zero recanalization rate.", "PMID": 671627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1029", "title": "The nuclear uptake of androgen by human benign prostate in vitro: action of antiandrogens.", "content": "An in vitro test system suitable to assess the potency of putative antiandrogens has been developed, using the human benign prostatic tissue obtained at operation. The system circumvents some problems associated with using human tissue, such as the presence of endogenous steroid and contamination with plasma proteins (particularly sex hormone binding globulin). Slices of tissue were incubated in the presence of 3H-testosterone and the uptake into nuclei was determined. The nature of the nuclear radioactivity and the steroid specificity indicates a mechanism similar to the established in the rat ventral prostate. The action of antiandrogens (cyproterone acetate, diethylstilbestrol, flutamide, hydroxylated flutamide and gestonorone capronate) has been studied at various concentrations.", "contents": "The nuclear uptake of androgen by human benign prostate in vitro: action of antiandrogens. An in vitro test system suitable to assess the potency of putative antiandrogens has been developed, using the human benign prostatic tissue obtained at operation. The system circumvents some problems associated with using human tissue, such as the presence of endogenous steroid and contamination with plasma proteins (particularly sex hormone binding globulin). Slices of tissue were incubated in the presence of 3H-testosterone and the uptake into nuclei was determined. The nature of the nuclear radioactivity and the steroid specificity indicates a mechanism similar to the established in the rat ventral prostate. The action of antiandrogens (cyproterone acetate, diethylstilbestrol, flutamide, hydroxylated flutamide and gestonorone capronate) has been studied at various concentrations.", "PMID": 671628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1030", "title": "Trimethoprium-sulfamethoxazole and minocycline- hydrochloride in the treatment of culture-proved bacterial prostatitis.", "content": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 2 tablets twice daily for 90 days, or minocycline-hydrochloride, 100 mg. twice daily for 14 days, was given to 15 and 14 men, respectively, with culture-proved bacterial prostatitis. Given as prescribed both agents seemed equally effective in controlling symptomatic recurrence during the 12 months after cessation of therapy.", "contents": "Trimethoprium-sulfamethoxazole and minocycline- hydrochloride in the treatment of culture-proved bacterial prostatitis. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 2 tablets twice daily for 90 days, or minocycline-hydrochloride, 100 mg. twice daily for 14 days, was given to 15 and 14 men, respectively, with culture-proved bacterial prostatitis. Given as prescribed both agents seemed equally effective in controlling symptomatic recurrence during the 12 months after cessation of therapy.", "PMID": 671629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1031", "title": "The use of prophylactic low dose heparin in transurethral prostatectomy.", "content": "Low dose heparin prophylaxis has proved effective in reducing postoperative thromboembolic complications in a series combining multiple types of surgical procedures. Our series comfirms its safety for transurethral operations. We recommend its use in patients with predisposing factors to thromboembolic complications.", "contents": "The use of prophylactic low dose heparin in transurethral prostatectomy. Low dose heparin prophylaxis has proved effective in reducing postoperative thromboembolic complications in a series combining multiple types of surgical procedures. Our series comfirms its safety for transurethral operations. We recommend its use in patients with predisposing factors to thromboembolic complications.", "PMID": 671630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1032", "title": "Extended total excision of prostatic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Cases of locally advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma (stages B and C) managed by exenteration or prostatocystectomy were reviewed. Local control and survival rates seem to justify this approach in selected cases, especially when conservative measures, such as hormonal therapy and irradiation, have been exhausted.", "contents": "Extended total excision of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cases of locally advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma (stages B and C) managed by exenteration or prostatocystectomy were reviewed. Local control and survival rates seem to justify this approach in selected cases, especially when conservative measures, such as hormonal therapy and irradiation, have been exhausted.", "PMID": 671631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1033", "title": "Evaluation of psychogenic urinary retention.", "content": "Urinary retention may develop in the absence of significant organic disease. Patients with psychogenic retention range from those with episodic acute retention to those who have learned to inhibit urination and have retention with a large residual urine volume owing to myotonic detrusor degeneration. A combination of thorough medical, neurologic, psychiatric and urologic evaluation is indicated for all such patients. Management consists of the implementation of bladder training with or without intermittent catheterization, which generally may be accomplished on an outpatient basis.", "contents": "Evaluation of psychogenic urinary retention. Urinary retention may develop in the absence of significant organic disease. Patients with psychogenic retention range from those with episodic acute retention to those who have learned to inhibit urination and have retention with a large residual urine volume owing to myotonic detrusor degeneration. A combination of thorough medical, neurologic, psychiatric and urologic evaluation is indicated for all such patients. Management consists of the implementation of bladder training with or without intermittent catheterization, which generally may be accomplished on an outpatient basis.", "PMID": 671632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1034", "title": "Evaluation of a dip-slide in a university outpatient service.", "content": "Initial and followup urine specimens from patients in an outpatient service of a university hospital with the diagnosis of presumptive urinary tract infection were processed by the dip-slide system and the conventional calibrated loop procedure. Evaluation of the dip-slide system included not only microbiological  comparison but also the feasibility  of the adaptation of this system to a clinic working area. Complete microbiological agreement between the 2 methods was approximately 50 per cent. Disagreement was caused largely by improper inoculation, quantitation and interpretation of the dip-slide. It has been our experience that the dip-slide cannot be used effectively as a screening tool in a population with a high incidence of urinary tract infection. The use of laboratory personnel along with proper specimen collecting instructions increased the reliability of the dip-slide system. Our data suggest that the results obtained should be evaluated carefully along with the clinical impression in complicated cases of urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Evaluation of a dip-slide in a university outpatient service. Initial and followup urine specimens from patients in an outpatient service of a university hospital with the diagnosis of presumptive urinary tract infection were processed by the dip-slide system and the conventional calibrated loop procedure. Evaluation of the dip-slide system included not only microbiological  comparison but also the feasibility  of the adaptation of this system to a clinic working area. Complete microbiological agreement between the 2 methods was approximately 50 per cent. Disagreement was caused largely by improper inoculation, quantitation and interpretation of the dip-slide. It has been our experience that the dip-slide cannot be used effectively as a screening tool in a population with a high incidence of urinary tract infection. The use of laboratory personnel along with proper specimen collecting instructions increased the reliability of the dip-slide system. Our data suggest that the results obtained should be evaluated carefully along with the clinical impression in complicated cases of urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 671633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1035", "title": "Cinoxacin in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections: an evaluation of efficacy and a comparison of dosage schedules.", "content": "Fifty-one women with acute urinary tract infections have been treated with cinoxacin, a new synthetic compound that is similar chemically and in antimicrobial activity to nalidixic acid. Urine cultures were made before treatment was started, midway through the 7 to 10-day course of therapy, 1 week after therapy and 4 to 6 weeks after therapy, if possible. Pre-treatment , mid-therapy and post-therapy evaluations of renal and liver function along with a complete blood count were done. All patients were believed to have lower urinary tract infections. Urine cultures in 48 of the 51 patients (94 per cent) became sterile during therapy and 47 patients (92 per cent) maintained sterile urine 1 week after therapy. Of those patients undergoing followup cultures 4 to 6 weeks after therapy 72 per cent had sterile urine. No significant hematological, renal, hepatic or gastroenterologic toxicity was noted. Cinoxacin seems to be a safe and useful drug in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by the common gram-negative organisms and there does not seem to be any difference in efficacy between the dosage schedules tested.", "contents": "Cinoxacin in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections: an evaluation of efficacy and a comparison of dosage schedules. Fifty-one women with acute urinary tract infections have been treated with cinoxacin, a new synthetic compound that is similar chemically and in antimicrobial activity to nalidixic acid. Urine cultures were made before treatment was started, midway through the 7 to 10-day course of therapy, 1 week after therapy and 4 to 6 weeks after therapy, if possible. Pre-treatment , mid-therapy and post-therapy evaluations of renal and liver function along with a complete blood count were done. All patients were believed to have lower urinary tract infections. Urine cultures in 48 of the 51 patients (94 per cent) became sterile during therapy and 47 patients (92 per cent) maintained sterile urine 1 week after therapy. Of those patients undergoing followup cultures 4 to 6 weeks after therapy 72 per cent had sterile urine. No significant hematological, renal, hepatic or gastroenterologic toxicity was noted. Cinoxacin seems to be a safe and useful drug in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by the common gram-negative organisms and there does not seem to be any difference in efficacy between the dosage schedules tested.", "PMID": 671634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1036", "title": "Urological applications of computerized axial tomography: a preliminary report.", "content": "Computerized tomography scanning of the chest and abdomen has been used as a diagnostic technique in more than 4,500 patients since 1974,  190 of whom had histologically proved disorders of the genitourinary system and retroperitoneum. On the basis of this experience computerized tomography scanning has been found to be safe and effective, and offers certain advantages over conventional techniques. The number, extent and content of renal mass lesions can be determined with relatively great accuracy. The presence and extent of metastases into the retroperitoneum, liver and chest can often be shown by computerized tomography scanning when other tests are negative. Placement of needles for aspiration, biopsy, injection of contrast medium or insertion of drainage tubes can be done more accurately under computerized tomography control. Computerized tomography in itself is non-invasive, carries a low radiation exposure comparable to other radiographic procedures and therefore, can be valuable in following the course of patients with various diseases during and after therapy. While scanning will not replace other diagnostic procedures it should lead to a more judicious selection of potentially hazardous tests in selected cases, such as angiography, aspiration and open biopsy.", "contents": "Urological applications of computerized axial tomography: a preliminary report. Computerized tomography scanning of the chest and abdomen has been used as a diagnostic technique in more than 4,500 patients since 1974,  190 of whom had histologically proved disorders of the genitourinary system and retroperitoneum. On the basis of this experience computerized tomography scanning has been found to be safe and effective, and offers certain advantages over conventional techniques. The number, extent and content of renal mass lesions can be determined with relatively great accuracy. The presence and extent of metastases into the retroperitoneum, liver and chest can often be shown by computerized tomography scanning when other tests are negative. Placement of needles for aspiration, biopsy, injection of contrast medium or insertion of drainage tubes can be done more accurately under computerized tomography control. Computerized tomography in itself is non-invasive, carries a low radiation exposure comparable to other radiographic procedures and therefore, can be valuable in following the course of patients with various diseases during and after therapy. While scanning will not replace other diagnostic procedures it should lead to a more judicious selection of potentially hazardous tests in selected cases, such as angiography, aspiration and open biopsy.", "PMID": 671635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1037", "title": "The reproducibility and interpretation of carbon dioxide cystometry.", "content": "The day-to-day and same-day variability of carbon dioxide cystometry was examined in a population of men. Considerable variability was observed in each parameter monitored. The implications of such variability, and the validity and significance of certain cystometric events are discussed.", "contents": "The reproducibility and interpretation of carbon dioxide cystometry. The day-to-day and same-day variability of carbon dioxide cystometry was examined in a population of men. Considerable variability was observed in each parameter monitored. The implications of such variability, and the validity and significance of certain cystometric events are discussed.", "PMID": 671636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1038", "title": "Urethral pressure profile in children: a comparison between perfused catheters and micro-transducers, and a study of the usefulness of urethral pressure profile measurements in children.", "content": "Urethral pressure profiles were done on 46 children by the  classical open-end perfused catheter and by a micro-transducer mounted on the tip of a catheter. A comparative study of the results obtained using the 2 methods demonstrates clearly the superiority of the micro-transducer over the perfused catheter. There are so many limitations of precison with the perfused catheter method that its usefulness for clinical studies seems questionable. With both methods the urethral pressure profile alone was not sufficient for distinguishing betweeen obstructed and non-obstructed bladder outlets.", "contents": "Urethral pressure profile in children: a comparison between perfused catheters and micro-transducers, and a study of the usefulness of urethral pressure profile measurements in children. Urethral pressure profiles were done on 46 children by the  classical open-end perfused catheter and by a micro-transducer mounted on the tip of a catheter. A comparative study of the results obtained using the 2 methods demonstrates clearly the superiority of the micro-transducer over the perfused catheter. There are so many limitations of precison with the perfused catheter method that its usefulness for clinical studies seems questionable. With both methods the urethral pressure profile alone was not sufficient for distinguishing betweeen obstructed and non-obstructed bladder outlets.", "PMID": 671637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1039", "title": "The Lich-Gregoir antireflux plasty: experiences with 371 children.", "content": "The Lich-Gregoir antireflux procedure is a simple and safe method for the treatment of primary reflux of all grades if the ureter is not grossly dilated on the excretory urogram. Reflux was cured in 97.7 per cent of 429 ureters in 371 children. A stenosis of the terminal ureter requiring reimplantation occurred in 0.5 per cent. The over-all rate of reinterventions was 3.7 per cent. This low complication rate makes surgical correction of reflux advisable if urinary tract infection and primary reflux cannot be eradicated by continuous antimicrobial therapy within 6 months.", "contents": "The Lich-Gregoir antireflux plasty: experiences with 371 children. The Lich-Gregoir antireflux procedure is a simple and safe method for the treatment of primary reflux of all grades if the ureter is not grossly dilated on the excretory urogram. Reflux was cured in 97.7 per cent of 429 ureters in 371 children. A stenosis of the terminal ureter requiring reimplantation occurred in 0.5 per cent. The over-all rate of reinterventions was 3.7 per cent. This low complication rate makes surgical correction of reflux advisable if urinary tract infection and primary reflux cannot be eradicated by continuous antimicrobial therapy within 6 months.", "PMID": 671639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1040", "title": "Reflux in complete duplication in children.", "content": "Reflux is the most common abnormality associated with complete ureteral duplication. Several authors have emphasized early surgical correction of reflux when it occurs in duplicated systems. because of a negligible success rate in non-operative therapy. Our practice has been to judge an orifice with reflux on its own merit, that is position, appearance and submucosal tunnel length. Realizing that this philosophy is not in total agreement with most of the literature on reflux in ureteral duplication we have reviewed 59 cases to ascertain whether our non-operative approach has justification. In this study early operation was elected in 61 per cent of those patients with reflux in association with total duplication. However, in 48 per cent of patients followed with non-operative surveillance reflux has either stopped spontaneously or is medically stable.", "contents": "Reflux in complete duplication in children. Reflux is the most common abnormality associated with complete ureteral duplication. Several authors have emphasized early surgical correction of reflux when it occurs in duplicated systems. because of a negligible success rate in non-operative therapy. Our practice has been to judge an orifice with reflux on its own merit, that is position, appearance and submucosal tunnel length. Realizing that this philosophy is not in total agreement with most of the literature on reflux in ureteral duplication we have reviewed 59 cases to ascertain whether our non-operative approach has justification. In this study early operation was elected in 61 per cent of those patients with reflux in association with total duplication. However, in 48 per cent of patients followed with non-operative surveillance reflux has either stopped spontaneously or is medically stable.", "PMID": 671640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1041", "title": "Free autogenous muscle transplantation in the treatment of urinary incontinence in children: background, surgical technique and preliminary results.", "content": "Urinary incontinence owing to epispadias or bladder exstrophy is a difficult therapeutic problem. To improve the results a new method, including free autogenous muscle transplantation, was developed. Before transplantation a skeletal muscle (extensor brevis of the foot) is denervated and, 2 weeks later, it is transplanted and placed as a U-sling around the urethra in close contact with normally innervated muscles, which act as reinnervation sources. Two patients showed improvement of continence and increasing bladder capacity from 6 weeks after transplantation. Postoperative cine-studies of micturition demonstrated clearly the functional properties of the transplanted muscle.", "contents": "Free autogenous muscle transplantation in the treatment of urinary incontinence in children: background, surgical technique and preliminary results. Urinary incontinence owing to epispadias or bladder exstrophy is a difficult therapeutic problem. To improve the results a new method, including free autogenous muscle transplantation, was developed. Before transplantation a skeletal muscle (extensor brevis of the foot) is denervated and, 2 weeks later, it is transplanted and placed as a U-sling around the urethra in close contact with normally innervated muscles, which act as reinnervation sources. Two patients showed improvement of continence and increasing bladder capacity from 6 weeks after transplantation. Postoperative cine-studies of micturition demonstrated clearly the functional properties of the transplanted muscle.", "PMID": 671641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1042", "title": "Anuria in infants and children.", "content": "The urologist may be involved in the initial evaluation of a child with anuria. In our experience the most common cause of anuria in neonates was perinatal hypoxia and in older children it was the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Obstructive uropathy as a cause of anuria in infants and children appears to be uncommon.", "contents": "Anuria in infants and children. The urologist may be involved in the initial evaluation of a child with anuria. In our experience the most common cause of anuria in neonates was perinatal hypoxia and in older children it was the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Obstructive uropathy as a cause of anuria in infants and children appears to be uncommon.", "PMID": 671642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1043", "title": "Etiologic considerations in penoscrotal hypospadias repair.", "content": "Superficial location of fivrous bands causing chordee in patients with penoscrotal hypospadias has been demonstrated by microscopic and gross photographs. Our technique to manage this problem is similar to that described by Allen and Spence and by King for distal hypospadias and has been used in 120 patients. The technique involves the repair of the embryologic penile defect by advancing the closure of the urethral groove and transposing the scrotum to its appropriate caudal position. The repair is applicable in patients with failure of fusion rather than failure of the development of the urethral groove as in perineal hypospadias.", "contents": "Etiologic considerations in penoscrotal hypospadias repair. Superficial location of fivrous bands causing chordee in patients with penoscrotal hypospadias has been demonstrated by microscopic and gross photographs. Our technique to manage this problem is similar to that described by Allen and Spence and by King for distal hypospadias and has been used in 120 patients. The technique involves the repair of the embryologic penile defect by advancing the closure of the urethral groove and transposing the scrotum to its appropriate caudal position. The repair is applicable in patients with failure of fusion rather than failure of the development of the urethral groove as in perineal hypospadias.", "PMID": 671643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1044", "title": "Gallium-67 scintigraphy in the diagnosis of renal cortical abscess.", "content": "Clinical and radiologic diagnosis of a renal cortical abscess is difficult. A plain x-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, an excretory urogram with nephrotomography, nephrosonography and renal angiography may not be helpful in the diagnosis. A case is presented of bilateral polycystic kidneys with a renal cortical abscess of the lower pole of the left kidney. An abscess could not be localized by the routine radiologic procedures. Gallium-67 scintigraphy demonstrated a renal cortical abscess of the left kidney, which was treated successfully by operation.", "contents": "Gallium-67 scintigraphy in the diagnosis of renal cortical abscess. Clinical and radiologic diagnosis of a renal cortical abscess is difficult. A plain x-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, an excretory urogram with nephrotomography, nephrosonography and renal angiography may not be helpful in the diagnosis. A case is presented of bilateral polycystic kidneys with a renal cortical abscess of the lower pole of the left kidney. An abscess could not be localized by the routine radiologic procedures. Gallium-67 scintigraphy demonstrated a renal cortical abscess of the left kidney, which was treated successfully by operation.", "PMID": 671644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1045", "title": "Solitary crossed renal ectopia and its associated congenital anomalies.", "content": "Solitary crossed renal ectopia is one of the rarest congenital renal anomalies, with only 21 previously reported cases. It is often accompanied by multisystem congenital anomalies, mainly skeletal and genital in type. The twenty-second such case of this rare congenital anomaly is reported in association with a severe congenital scoliosis of the lumbosacral spine. The embryogenesis and the significance of its associated congenital anomalies are discussed.", "contents": "Solitary crossed renal ectopia and its associated congenital anomalies. Solitary crossed renal ectopia is one of the rarest congenital renal anomalies, with only 21 previously reported cases. It is often accompanied by multisystem congenital anomalies, mainly skeletal and genital in type. The twenty-second such case of this rare congenital anomaly is reported in association with a severe congenital scoliosis of the lumbosacral spine. The embryogenesis and the significance of its associated congenital anomalies are discussed.", "PMID": 671645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1046", "title": "Small renal pelvic carcinomas: value of epinephrine magnification angiography.", "content": "We studied 3 cases of small renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma with 2-fold direct serial magnification renal angiography in conjunction with epinephrine pharmacoangiography. In 2 cases we found that this technique resulted in visualizing abnormal vessels that were not apparent on routine magnification angiograms.", "contents": "Small renal pelvic carcinomas: value of epinephrine magnification angiography. We studied 3 cases of small renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma with 2-fold direct serial magnification renal angiography in conjunction with epinephrine pharmacoangiography. In 2 cases we found that this technique resulted in visualizing abnormal vessels that were not apparent on routine magnification angiograms.", "PMID": 671646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1047", "title": "An approach to the control of massive hemorrhage in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis by intravenous vasopressin: a case report.", "content": "Massive bleeding owing to cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis was not affected by intravesical instillation of 4 per cent formalin or 1 per cent silver nitrate. After initiation of a continuous systemic infusion of vasopressin hematuria and  transfusion requirements diminished markedly. Adverse reactions were mild. Intravenous vasopressin was a safe and effective means to control temporarily life-threatening hemorrhagic cystitis.", "contents": "An approach to the control of massive hemorrhage in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis by intravenous vasopressin: a case report. Massive bleeding owing to cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis was not affected by intravesical instillation of 4 per cent formalin or 1 per cent silver nitrate. After initiation of a continuous systemic infusion of vasopressin hematuria and  transfusion requirements diminished markedly. Adverse reactions were mild. Intravenous vasopressin was a safe and effective means to control temporarily life-threatening hemorrhagic cystitis.", "PMID": 671649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1048", "title": "Vesicoperineal accessory urethra.", "content": "A previously undescribed form of accessory urethra was found in 2 boys. In each the supernumerary urethra originated from the bladder, just anterior to the vesical neck, passed anterior to the prostate and crossed the normal urethra. In 1 case the channel ended blindly and in the other it opened on the posterior aspect of the scrotum.", "contents": "Vesicoperineal accessory urethra. A previously undescribed form of accessory urethra was found in 2 boys. In each the supernumerary urethra originated from the bladder, just anterior to the vesical neck, passed anterior to the prostate and crossed the normal urethra. In 1 case the channel ended blindly and in the other it opened on the posterior aspect of the scrotum.", "PMID": 671650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1049", "title": "Bilateral testicular rupture: report of a case with an unusual presentation.", "content": "A case of bilateral testicular rupture after blunt trauma is presented. It is unusual in that the patient presented with a unilateral retractile testis with pain. The contralateral testis was asymptomatic but was found to be ruptured at exploration. The objectives of preservation of testicular function and prevention of misdiagnosis and undiagnosed cases are reiterated. Early exploration of all blunt trauma to the scrotum and testis is advocated. The surgical management of the ruptured testis is reviewed with regard to orchiectomy, primary closure, closure with portion of tunica vaginalis and decompression of the contused testis.", "contents": "Bilateral testicular rupture: report of a case with an unusual presentation. A case of bilateral testicular rupture after blunt trauma is presented. It is unusual in that the patient presented with a unilateral retractile testis with pain. The contralateral testis was asymptomatic but was found to be ruptured at exploration. The objectives of preservation of testicular function and prevention of misdiagnosis and undiagnosed cases are reiterated. Early exploration of all blunt trauma to the scrotum and testis is advocated. The surgical management of the ruptured testis is reviewed with regard to orchiectomy, primary closure, closure with portion of tunica vaginalis and decompression of the contused testis.", "PMID": 671651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1050", "title": "Diagnosis and management of hydrometrocolpos in infancy.", "content": "Three cases of hydrometrocolpos in infants are presented, which demonstrate that despite thorough documentation of the clinical findings, the misdiagnosis and the ensuing mismanagement of this condition remain a problem. The presence of other genitourinary abnormalities and the association with anomalies of the anorectal area make it imperative that these infants be evaluated, treated and followed by clinicians who are skilled in these areas. Introital revision may proceed at an early age to avoid the necessity of repeated drainage procedures and allow normal voiding but close followup is necessary.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of hydrometrocolpos in infancy. Three cases of hydrometrocolpos in infants are presented, which demonstrate that despite thorough documentation of the clinical findings, the misdiagnosis and the ensuing mismanagement of this condition remain a problem. The presence of other genitourinary abnormalities and the association with anomalies of the anorectal area make it imperative that these infants be evaluated, treated and followed by clinicians who are skilled in these areas. Introital revision may proceed at an early age to avoid the necessity of repeated drainage procedures and allow normal voiding but close followup is necessary.", "PMID": 671652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1051", "title": "Interaction between quinidine and digoxin.", "content": "The serum digoxin concentration increased in 25 of 27 study patients (93%), and the mean serum digoxin concentration rose from 1.4 ng/ml to 3.2 ng/ml during quinidine therapy. Anorexia, nausea, or vomiting developed in 16 patients (59%) but disappeared in all ten patients for whom the digoxin dose alone was reduced, suggesting that digoxin excess caused these symptoms. Ventricular premature depolarizations developed in three patients after starting quinidine therapy; ventricular tachycardia developed in one patient, and another died suddenly. When starting quinidine therapy in patients who are taking digoxin, the clinical course, ECG, and serum digoxin level should be followed closely.", "contents": "Interaction between quinidine and digoxin. The serum digoxin concentration increased in 25 of 27 study patients (93%), and the mean serum digoxin concentration rose from 1.4 ng/ml to 3.2 ng/ml during quinidine therapy. Anorexia, nausea, or vomiting developed in 16 patients (59%) but disappeared in all ten patients for whom the digoxin dose alone was reduced, suggesting that digoxin excess caused these symptoms. Ventricular premature depolarizations developed in three patients after starting quinidine therapy; ventricular tachycardia developed in one patient, and another died suddenly. When starting quinidine therapy in patients who are taking digoxin, the clinical course, ECG, and serum digoxin level should be followed closely.", "PMID": 671662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1052", "title": "Minimal genetic findings and their cancer control implications. A family with the cancer family syndrome.", "content": "A kindred in which five first-degree relatives were initially known to exhibit colorectal, endometrial, and unspecified carcinoma for two generations, occurring at an early age and including three cases of multiple primary cancer, is consistent with criteria for the cancer family syndrome. Follow-up included a diligent surveillance program that led to the early diagnosis of colon cancer in a young member of the third generation who had been considered at high risk for this lesion. Manifestly, hereditary cancer syndrome identification may be expedited through longitudinal study of apparently cancer-prone kindreds, given limited historical information about tumor expression. However, cancer surveillance measures can and should be instituted early and predicated on clues that suggest, but need not be diagnostic of, such a hereditary cancer predisposing disorder.", "contents": "Minimal genetic findings and their cancer control implications. A family with the cancer family syndrome. A kindred in which five first-degree relatives were initially known to exhibit colorectal, endometrial, and unspecified carcinoma for two generations, occurring at an early age and including three cases of multiple primary cancer, is consistent with criteria for the cancer family syndrome. Follow-up included a diligent surveillance program that led to the early diagnosis of colon cancer in a young member of the third generation who had been considered at high risk for this lesion. Manifestly, hereditary cancer syndrome identification may be expedited through longitudinal study of apparently cancer-prone kindreds, given limited historical information about tumor expression. However, cancer surveillance measures can and should be instituted early and predicated on clues that suggest, but need not be diagnostic of, such a hereditary cancer predisposing disorder.", "PMID": 671663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1053", "title": "Atypical mycobacterial infection complicating mineral oil pneumonia.", "content": "Two patients had pulmonary infections with atypical mycobacteria superimposed on mineral oil pneumonia. In both cases, long-standing laxative use and neurological disorders led to development of the lipid pneumonia. The pathogenicity of the rapidly growing mycobacteria causing infection in the two patients is apparently enhanced by the presence of mineral oil, a relationship supported by experimental studies. The clinical diagnosis of both atypical mycobacterial infection and mineral oil pneumonia may be difficult, but the presence of one should suggest the possibility of occurrence of the other.", "contents": "Atypical mycobacterial infection complicating mineral oil pneumonia. Two patients had pulmonary infections with atypical mycobacteria superimposed on mineral oil pneumonia. In both cases, long-standing laxative use and neurological disorders led to development of the lipid pneumonia. The pathogenicity of the rapidly growing mycobacteria causing infection in the two patients is apparently enhanced by the presence of mineral oil, a relationship supported by experimental studies. The clinical diagnosis of both atypical mycobacterial infection and mineral oil pneumonia may be difficult, but the presence of one should suggest the possibility of occurrence of the other.", "PMID": 671664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1054", "title": "Intramuscular injection-site complications.", "content": "Among 26,294 hospitalized medical patients monitored by the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, 46% received at least one intramuscular (IM) injection. Drugs for which IM injection was the route of administration in more than 80% of all exposures included penicillin G procaine, mercurial diuretics, cyanocobalamin, streptomycin sulfate, colistimethate sodium, meperidine hydrochloride, cephaloridine, scopolamine hydrobromide, kanamycin sulfate, and iron dextran injection. Local complications of IM injection were reported in a total of only 48 patients (0.4% of all IM recipients). Local complications were most commonly associated with IM injection of cephalothin sodium. Clinically important local complications are uncommonly associated with IM injections in general. However, certain drugs, eg, cephalothin, produce injection-site complications with relatively high frequency; the clinical role of IM injection of such drugs should be reevaluated.", "contents": "Intramuscular injection-site complications. Among 26,294 hospitalized medical patients monitored by the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, 46% received at least one intramuscular (IM) injection. Drugs for which IM injection was the route of administration in more than 80% of all exposures included penicillin G procaine, mercurial diuretics, cyanocobalamin, streptomycin sulfate, colistimethate sodium, meperidine hydrochloride, cephaloridine, scopolamine hydrobromide, kanamycin sulfate, and iron dextran injection. Local complications of IM injection were reported in a total of only 48 patients (0.4% of all IM recipients). Local complications were most commonly associated with IM injection of cephalothin sodium. Clinically important local complications are uncommonly associated with IM injections in general. However, certain drugs, eg, cephalothin, produce injection-site complications with relatively high frequency; the clinical role of IM injection of such drugs should be reevaluated.", "PMID": 671665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1055", "title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. No increase among US construction workers in Guam.", "content": "The rate of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) among stateside construction workers on Guam was similar to that of US resident white men. Of 12,601 men who worked on Guam for one year or more from 1945 to 1954, we were able to follow up 10,049 until 1970 through the Social Security Administration. Of these workers, 1,958 had died, and the cause of death was recorded for all but 335. There were three deaths from ALS. Residence on Guam as an adult did not predispose to a high rate of ALS.", "contents": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. No increase among US construction workers in Guam. The rate of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) among stateside construction workers on Guam was similar to that of US resident white men. Of 12,601 men who worked on Guam for one year or more from 1945 to 1954, we were able to follow up 10,049 until 1970 through the Social Security Administration. Of these workers, 1,958 had died, and the cause of death was recorded for all but 335. There were three deaths from ALS. Residence on Guam as an adult did not predispose to a high rate of ALS.", "PMID": 671666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1056", "title": "Levodopa therapy and malignant melanoma.", "content": "Concern has been voiced over a role for levodopa in the induction or stimulation of growth of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Prospective query of 1,099 patients of the Melanoma Clinical Cooperative Group at the time of presentation of their primary melanoma showed only one patient who had been taking levodopa. It was concluded that levodopa, if a factor in the induction of melanoma, must be playing an inconsequential role in the rapid rise in incidence observed for this tumor over the past decade.", "contents": "Levodopa therapy and malignant melanoma. Concern has been voiced over a role for levodopa in the induction or stimulation of growth of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Prospective query of 1,099 patients of the Melanoma Clinical Cooperative Group at the time of presentation of their primary melanoma showed only one patient who had been taking levodopa. It was concluded that levodopa, if a factor in the induction of melanoma, must be playing an inconsequential role in the rapid rise in incidence observed for this tumor over the past decade.", "PMID": 671667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1057", "title": "External cardiac compression. A randomized comparison of mechanical and manual techniques.", "content": "To compare the effectiveness of manual and mechanical chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 50 patients who suffered cardiac arrest were randomly allocated to receive manual or mechanical chest compression. Randomization was performed after failure of initial resuscitative measures but within ten minutes after the onset of cardiac arrest (mean, 6.4 +/- 1.2 min). Ten patients from each group survived longer than one hour following resuscitation. Three from the mechanical group and two from the manual group were eventually able to leave the hospital. Thus mechanical compression appears comparable with manual compression when manual compression is performed under ideal conditions. Mechanical chest compression may be employed when trained personnel are not readily available or where manual compression is technically difficult to perform.", "contents": "External cardiac compression. A randomized comparison of mechanical and manual techniques. To compare the effectiveness of manual and mechanical chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 50 patients who suffered cardiac arrest were randomly allocated to receive manual or mechanical chest compression. Randomization was performed after failure of initial resuscitative measures but within ten minutes after the onset of cardiac arrest (mean, 6.4 +/- 1.2 min). Ten patients from each group survived longer than one hour following resuscitation. Three from the mechanical group and two from the manual group were eventually able to leave the hospital. Thus mechanical compression appears comparable with manual compression when manual compression is performed under ideal conditions. Mechanical chest compression may be employed when trained personnel are not readily available or where manual compression is technically difficult to perform.", "PMID": 671684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1058", "title": "Physician opnions on the use of antibiotics in respiratory infections.", "content": "To investigate the feasibility of establishing standards of care based on a broad consensus, a questionnaire concerning the management of signs and symptoms of common respiratory infections in infants was given to a national sample of pediatric infectious disease specialists, general pediatricians, and family physicians. There was significant disagreement (p less than .01) among the three groups of physicians in 15 of the 18 clinical situations concerning the appropriateness of prescribing antibiotics. Whenever there was disagreement, the family physician group was most inclined and the infectious disease group least inclined to favor antibiotics therapy. More than 75% of each group favored antibiotics in the same situation in only three instances. These results suggest that it may be difficult to set widely accepted standards for the evaluation of medical care where there are such differences of opinion.", "contents": "Physician opnions on the use of antibiotics in respiratory infections. To investigate the feasibility of establishing standards of care based on a broad consensus, a questionnaire concerning the management of signs and symptoms of common respiratory infections in infants was given to a national sample of pediatric infectious disease specialists, general pediatricians, and family physicians. There was significant disagreement (p less than .01) among the three groups of physicians in 15 of the 18 clinical situations concerning the appropriateness of prescribing antibiotics. Whenever there was disagreement, the family physician group was most inclined and the infectious disease group least inclined to favor antibiotics therapy. More than 75% of each group favored antibiotics in the same situation in only three instances. These results suggest that it may be difficult to set widely accepted standards for the evaluation of medical care where there are such differences of opinion.", "PMID": 671685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1059", "title": "Poisonous snakebite treatment in the United States.", "content": "This is retrospective report of 107 cases of poisonous snakebites treated in south Georgia and north Florida. Sixty-seven percent of the cases required intensive treatment. Intravenous antivenin therapy, if indicated, should be given early and over a short time. Steroids are of use primarily for allergic phenomena. Fasciotomies were  not necessary unless cooling or inadequate antivenin had been administered. A grading system that matches the species of snake with the severity of the bite was used to classify the cases.", "contents": "Poisonous snakebite treatment in the United States. This is retrospective report of 107 cases of poisonous snakebites treated in south Georgia and north Florida. Sixty-seven percent of the cases required intensive treatment. Intravenous antivenin therapy, if indicated, should be given early and over a short time. Steroids are of use primarily for allergic phenomena. Fasciotomies were  not necessary unless cooling or inadequate antivenin had been administered. A grading system that matches the species of snake with the severity of the bite was used to classify the cases.", "PMID": 671686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1060", "title": "Screening and immunization of rubella-susceptible women. Experience in a large, prepaid medical group.", "content": "Four hundred and fifty childbearing-aged women were screened for rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody after a clinical history of susceptibility was obtained. One hundred and forty-nine (33%) were found to be susceptible (titers less than 1:8), pointing out the need for a move active immunization program for susceptible young women and for routine vaccination of children. Clinical history correlated poorly with the level of HI antibody. One hundred percent of the patients were vaccinated and protective antibody titres developed in 97%. Since titers are higher after infection than after vaccination, periodic reevaluation of the vaccinated group may be indicated if immunity is to be ensured.", "contents": "Screening and immunization of rubella-susceptible women. Experience in a large, prepaid medical group. Four hundred and fifty childbearing-aged women were screened for rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody after a clinical history of susceptibility was obtained. One hundred and forty-nine (33%) were found to be susceptible (titers less than 1:8), pointing out the need for a move active immunization program for susceptible young women and for routine vaccination of children. Clinical history correlated poorly with the level of HI antibody. One hundred percent of the patients were vaccinated and protective antibody titres developed in 97%. Since titers are higher after infection than after vaccination, periodic reevaluation of the vaccinated group may be indicated if immunity is to be ensured.", "PMID": 671687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1061", "title": "Exercise tolerance test. Single-sample screening technique to rule out growth-hormone deficiency.", "content": "Parent-directed vigorous exercise was evaluated as a screening test for adequacy of pituitary growth-hormone release in 57 short-statured children. This method obviated the need for pharmacologic provocative testing in all but the four children with growth-hormone deficiency. In 92% of the euendocrine children, the immediate postexercise venous sample demonstrated an adequate growth-hormone level. Vigorous physical exercise after an 8- to 12- hour fast with a single postexercise serum growth-hormone sample is a reliable, safe, and cost-effective screening test for growth-hormone deficiency.", "contents": "Exercise tolerance test. Single-sample screening technique to rule out growth-hormone deficiency. Parent-directed vigorous exercise was evaluated as a screening test for adequacy of pituitary growth-hormone release in 57 short-statured children. This method obviated the need for pharmacologic provocative testing in all but the four children with growth-hormone deficiency. In 92% of the euendocrine children, the immediate postexercise venous sample demonstrated an adequate growth-hormone level. Vigorous physical exercise after an 8- to 12- hour fast with a single postexercise serum growth-hormone sample is a reliable, safe, and cost-effective screening test for growth-hormone deficiency.", "PMID": 671688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1062", "title": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. VIII. Risk factors.", "content": "A total of 969 (73%) of 1,328 patients with cases of suspected transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) who came to six institutions during a 21-month period were followed up. Factors were identified and prospectively analyzed for risk for further TIAs, stroke, and deatn. A history of multiple carotid artery TIAs was significantly related to further TIAs. A single TIA placed the patient at greater risk for early infarction. Older age, male sex, and unreliability to take dangerous medication were risk factors for cerebral infarction. Anticoagulant therapy, older age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, abnormal ECG, and poor surgical risk were factors for death. The increased mortality associated with anticoagulants was confined to the older age group. While white patients treated with antiplatelet-aggregating agents had a lower mortality than those treated otherwise, this was not true amont black patients.", "contents": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. VIII. Risk factors. A total of 969 (73%) of 1,328 patients with cases of suspected transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) who came to six institutions during a 21-month period were followed up. Factors were identified and prospectively analyzed for risk for further TIAs, stroke, and deatn. A history of multiple carotid artery TIAs was significantly related to further TIAs. A single TIA placed the patient at greater risk for early infarction. Older age, male sex, and unreliability to take dangerous medication were risk factors for cerebral infarction. Anticoagulant therapy, older age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, abnormal ECG, and poor surgical risk were factors for death. The increased mortality associated with anticoagulants was confined to the older age group. While white patients treated with antiplatelet-aggregating agents had a lower mortality than those treated otherwise, this was not true amont black patients.", "PMID": 671702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1063", "title": "Symptom-producing interposition of the colon. Clinical syndrome in mentally deficient adults.", "content": "Interposition of the colon between the liver and diaphragm, ie. Chilaiditi's syndrome, visible during roentgenographic examination, has been described as an asymptomatic finding in adults of no clinical importance: it is occasionally symptom-producing in children. In mentally retarded adults, however, a unique syndrome commonly occurs, characterized by nausea, pain, vomiting, anorexia, distension, audible bowel sounds, and constipation: all are associated with three roentgenographic features of interposition. The symptoms respond to simple treatment and can be prevented by routine prophylactic measures.", "contents": "Symptom-producing interposition of the colon. Clinical syndrome in mentally deficient adults. Interposition of the colon between the liver and diaphragm, ie. Chilaiditi's syndrome, visible during roentgenographic examination, has been described as an asymptomatic finding in adults of no clinical importance: it is occasionally symptom-producing in children. In mentally retarded adults, however, a unique syndrome commonly occurs, characterized by nausea, pain, vomiting, anorexia, distension, audible bowel sounds, and constipation: all are associated with three roentgenographic features of interposition. The symptoms respond to simple treatment and can be prevented by routine prophylactic measures.", "PMID": 671703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1064", "title": "Rifampin therapy of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Use in infections from indwelling artificial devices.", "content": "Rifampin was added to existing antibiotic regimens in two patients with Staphylococcus epidermidis infections; one patient had prosthetic valve endocarditis and the other had an infection of a CSF shunt. The addition of rifampin increased serum or CSF bactericidal titers 16-fold or greater and was correlated with a favorable clinical response. The results of tests for tube-dilution antibiotic susceptibility showed rifampin to be the most active of all antibiotics tested against the patients' organisms. The combinations of gentamicin sulfate, nafcillin sodium, or vancomycin hydrochloride with rifampin prevented the emergence of rifampin resistance in vitro and promoted enhanced killing when compared with either antibiotic alone.", "contents": "Rifampin therapy of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Use in infections from indwelling artificial devices. Rifampin was added to existing antibiotic regimens in two patients with Staphylococcus epidermidis infections; one patient had prosthetic valve endocarditis and the other had an infection of a CSF shunt. The addition of rifampin increased serum or CSF bactericidal titers 16-fold or greater and was correlated with a favorable clinical response. The results of tests for tube-dilution antibiotic susceptibility showed rifampin to be the most active of all antibiotics tested against the patients' organisms. The combinations of gentamicin sulfate, nafcillin sodium, or vancomycin hydrochloride with rifampin prevented the emergence of rifampin resistance in vitro and promoted enhanced killing when compared with either antibiotic alone.", "PMID": 671704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1065", "title": "Commercial national board review programs. A case study at the Medical College of Georgia.", "content": "For a long period, students have been taking national board examination review programs offered by commercial firms. The one question to which faculty and students would like the answer is, \"Do the national board review programs offered by these commercial firms do any good?\" Events at the Medical College of Georgia have provided an opportunity to gather data toward an answer to this question. In 1976, thirty-three medical students at the Medical College of Georgia enrolled in a commercial national board review program. Performance of these students was compared with the predicted performance of these students had they not taken the national board review program. The results suggest that the commercial review program did not notably help these students.", "contents": "Commercial national board review programs. A case study at the Medical College of Georgia. For a long period, students have been taking national board examination review programs offered by commercial firms. The one question to which faculty and students would like the answer is, \"Do the national board review programs offered by these commercial firms do any good?\" Events at the Medical College of Georgia have provided an opportunity to gather data toward an answer to this question. In 1976, thirty-three medical students at the Medical College of Georgia enrolled in a commercial national board review program. Performance of these students was compared with the predicted performance of these students had they not taken the national board review program. The results suggest that the commercial review program did not notably help these students.", "PMID": 671705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1066", "title": "Public beliefs about causes and prevention of heart attacks.", "content": "Interviews with a probability sample of 617 adults in the Chicago area indicated widespread lack of information about major probable causes of heart attacks in persons younger than 60 years: 28% named cigarette smoking, 21% named high blood pressure, and 13% named cholesterol or fat in the diet or blood. Half did not name any of these risk factors, and only 1% named all three. Although three fourths believed that heart attacks are preventable, few named specific behaviors that would effectively reduce risk factors other than smoking. Sustained community-wide educational programs about reducing coronary risk factors are clearly needed and can be effective.", "contents": "Public beliefs about causes and prevention of heart attacks. Interviews with a probability sample of 617 adults in the Chicago area indicated widespread lack of information about major probable causes of heart attacks in persons younger than 60 years: 28% named cigarette smoking, 21% named high blood pressure, and 13% named cholesterol or fat in the diet or blood. Half did not name any of these risk factors, and only 1% named all three. Although three fourths believed that heart attacks are preventable, few named specific behaviors that would effectively reduce risk factors other than smoking. Sustained community-wide educational programs about reducing coronary risk factors are clearly needed and can be effective.", "PMID": 671706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1067", "title": "Ankylosing spondylitis and hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "An attempt was made to determine whether a relationship exists between ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and hyperparathyroidism (HP). Twenty patients with definite AS, studied for biochemical evidence of HP, did not show consistent abnormalities in serum calcium, phosphorus, alkalinephosphatase, or parathyroid hormone levels or in bone-density measurements. Reviewing roentgenograms of 39 patients with HP showed one patient with sacroiliitis, and one of the 28 hyperparathyroid patients tissue-typed as HLA B27-positive. Both AS and HP are independent entities that have no causative or pathological relationship to each other.", "contents": "Ankylosing spondylitis and hyperparathyroidism. An attempt was made to determine whether a relationship exists between ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and hyperparathyroidism (HP). Twenty patients with definite AS, studied for biochemical evidence of HP, did not show consistent abnormalities in serum calcium, phosphorus, alkalinephosphatase, or parathyroid hormone levels or in bone-density measurements. Reviewing roentgenograms of 39 patients with HP showed one patient with sacroiliitis, and one of the 28 hyperparathyroid patients tissue-typed as HLA B27-positive. Both AS and HP are independent entities that have no causative or pathological relationship to each other.", "PMID": 671707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1068", "title": "Type A behavior pattern and coronary angiographic findings.", "content": "One hundred forty-seven consecutive patients scheduled to undergo coronary angiography were classified according to the type-A behavior pattern. Statistically significant correlations were found between diseases severity and the physical risk factors cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, sex, and age. The correlation of the behavior pattern with angiographic disease severity was of the same magnitude as that of the other risk factors except cholesterol, which was greater. The association between the behavior pattern and severity persisted after adjustments had been made for the effects of five other major risk factors.", "contents": "Type A behavior pattern and coronary angiographic findings. One hundred forty-seven consecutive patients scheduled to undergo coronary angiography were classified according to the type-A behavior pattern. Statistically significant correlations were found between diseases severity and the physical risk factors cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, sex, and age. The correlation of the behavior pattern with angiographic disease severity was of the same magnitude as that of the other risk factors except cholesterol, which was greater. The association between the behavior pattern and severity persisted after adjustments had been made for the effects of five other major risk factors.", "PMID": 671708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1069", "title": "Septicemic melioidosis. Occurrence following acute influenza A six years after exposure in Vietnam.", "content": "Septicemic melioidosis in association with acute influenza A was diagnosed in a Vietnam veteran. The case illustrates that activation of melioidosis can occur long after exposure to a known endemic area and may be precipitated by infections with other common pathogens. Hence, physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion of melioidosis when dealing with unexplained sepsis in Vietnam veterans. Prolonged therapy with appropriate antimicrobial agents is needed to eradicate this infection.", "contents": "Septicemic melioidosis. Occurrence following acute influenza A six years after exposure in Vietnam. Septicemic melioidosis in association with acute influenza A was diagnosed in a Vietnam veteran. The case illustrates that activation of melioidosis can occur long after exposure to a known endemic area and may be precipitated by infections with other common pathogens. Hence, physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion of melioidosis when dealing with unexplained sepsis in Vietnam veterans. Prolonged therapy with appropriate antimicrobial agents is needed to eradicate this infection.", "PMID": 671709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1070", "title": "Treatment of acute intermittent porphyria with large doses of propranolol.", "content": "A patient had an acute attack of intermittent porphyria with severe neurologic manifestations, hypertension, and tachycardia. Treatment with propranolol hydrochloride (Deralin [Israel]; Inderal, comparable US product) intravenously administered in a total dose of 284 mg during a period of 18 hours, was followed by clinical remission associated with a decline in urinary excretion of porphyrin precursors.", "contents": "Treatment of acute intermittent porphyria with large doses of propranolol. A patient had an acute attack of intermittent porphyria with severe neurologic manifestations, hypertension, and tachycardia. Treatment with propranolol hydrochloride (Deralin [Israel]; Inderal, comparable US product) intravenously administered in a total dose of 284 mg during a period of 18 hours, was followed by clinical remission associated with a decline in urinary excretion of porphyrin precursors.", "PMID": 671710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1071", "title": "Insulin secretion in the diagnosis of adult-onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The natural history of patients with glucose intolerance was observed in 334 patients during a period of 18 years. Glucose tolerance testing (100 g orally) was characterized by measurement of induced insulin secretion. Diabetic complications of retinopathy, sensory neuropathy, and renal disease developed only in the group of patients in whom the induced serum insulin peak fell below 60 mu U/ml. Preservation of an insulin secretory reserve that permitted serum insulin peaks of 60 muU/ml or greater was not associated with development of these complications or symptoms of insulin deficiency despite the presence of an equal degree of fasting hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. A critical amount of insulin secretory reserve distinguishes between two qualitatively distinct clinical syndromes: true diabetes mellitus (the development of signs and symptoms of insulin deficiency) and the syndrome of pure resistance to insulin (signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia in the setting of adequate or excessive insulin secretion, frequently with obesity, but without diabetic complication).", "contents": "Insulin secretion in the diagnosis of adult-onset diabetes mellitus. The natural history of patients with glucose intolerance was observed in 334 patients during a period of 18 years. Glucose tolerance testing (100 g orally) was characterized by measurement of induced insulin secretion. Diabetic complications of retinopathy, sensory neuropathy, and renal disease developed only in the group of patients in whom the induced serum insulin peak fell below 60 mu U/ml. Preservation of an insulin secretory reserve that permitted serum insulin peaks of 60 muU/ml or greater was not associated with development of these complications or symptoms of insulin deficiency despite the presence of an equal degree of fasting hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. A critical amount of insulin secretory reserve distinguishes between two qualitatively distinct clinical syndromes: true diabetes mellitus (the development of signs and symptoms of insulin deficiency) and the syndrome of pure resistance to insulin (signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia in the setting of adequate or excessive insulin secretion, frequently with obesity, but without diabetic complication).", "PMID": 671727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1072", "title": "Exogenous progestogen and estrogen implicated in birth defects.", "content": "A five-year study of possible teratogenicity of exogenous female sex hormones included three case-control studies and one cohort study. The first case-control study disclosed an estimated relative risk of 8.41 and a highly significant difference in maternal hormonal exposure (P less than .001) between controls and infants with three major anomalies of the VACTERL group (V, vertebral; A, anal; C, cardiac; T, tracheal; E, esophageal; R, renal; and L,limb). Relative risk (RR) estimates of 5.58 (P = .017) and 3.35 (P less than .001) were found in two case-control studies involving maternal hormonal exposure and patients with congenital heart lesions without other malformations. A controlled, single-blind prospective study disclosed an excess of patients with major malformations (RR = 2.75), congenital heart anomalies (RR = 6), and neurological and neural tube disorders preponderant in the presence of a precipitously declining exposure rate during a three-year period in our referral area.", "contents": "Exogenous progestogen and estrogen implicated in birth defects. A five-year study of possible teratogenicity of exogenous female sex hormones included three case-control studies and one cohort study. The first case-control study disclosed an estimated relative risk of 8.41 and a highly significant difference in maternal hormonal exposure (P less than .001) between controls and infants with three major anomalies of the VACTERL group (V, vertebral; A, anal; C, cardiac; T, tracheal; E, esophageal; R, renal; and L,limb). Relative risk (RR) estimates of 5.58 (P = .017) and 3.35 (P less than .001) were found in two case-control studies involving maternal hormonal exposure and patients with congenital heart lesions without other malformations. A controlled, single-blind prospective study disclosed an excess of patients with major malformations (RR = 2.75), congenital heart anomalies (RR = 6), and neurological and neural tube disorders preponderant in the presence of a precipitously declining exposure rate during a three-year period in our referral area.", "PMID": 671728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1073", "title": "Bougienage is effective therapy for most benign esophageal strictures.", "content": "Esophageal stricture is the most frequent serious complication of reflux esophagitis. Bougienage was used as the primary therapy of benign esophageal stricture in 92 patients, followed by institution of a medical antireflux program. Response to treatment was excellent, and 78% of patients required two or fewer subsequent dilations. Twenty patients were followed up for two years or longer, and 75% did not require more than one dilation annually. Primary therapy for most patients with peptic stenosis of the esophagus is recommended to be dilation; operative therapy should be reserved for those patients in whom a malignant neoplasm is suspected or those in whom frequent and rapid stricture recurrence makes medical therapy impractical.", "contents": "Bougienage is effective therapy for most benign esophageal strictures. Esophageal stricture is the most frequent serious complication of reflux esophagitis. Bougienage was used as the primary therapy of benign esophageal stricture in 92 patients, followed by institution of a medical antireflux program. Response to treatment was excellent, and 78% of patients required two or fewer subsequent dilations. Twenty patients were followed up for two years or longer, and 75% did not require more than one dilation annually. Primary therapy for most patients with peptic stenosis of the esophagus is recommended to be dilation; operative therapy should be reserved for those patients in whom a malignant neoplasm is suspected or those in whom frequent and rapid stricture recurrence makes medical therapy impractical.", "PMID": 671729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1074", "title": "A national study of medical and surgical specialties. I. Background purpose, and methodology.", "content": "The University of Southern California is conducting a national survey of physicians involving the collection and analysis of detailed data on the activities and practice characteristics of generalists, medical specialists, and surgical specialists of different types. This is the first of a series of reports on the survey and provides an overview of the survey's background, purposes, and general research methods. Basic features of the research methods include the development of a survey instrument capable of obtaining different types of practice data from physicians in most specialties and practice arrangements, the sampling of physician population to ensure that sufficient data are obtained from physicians in most specialties and practice arrangements, and the creation and application of a scheme for classifying patient-care services provided by physicians along dimensions related to primary care.", "contents": "A national study of medical and surgical specialties. I. Background purpose, and methodology. The University of Southern California is conducting a national survey of physicians involving the collection and analysis of detailed data on the activities and practice characteristics of generalists, medical specialists, and surgical specialists of different types. This is the first of a series of reports on the survey and provides an overview of the survey's background, purposes, and general research methods. Basic features of the research methods include the development of a survey instrument capable of obtaining different types of practice data from physicians in most specialties and practice arrangements, the sampling of physician population to ensure that sufficient data are obtained from physicians in most specialties and practice arrangements, and the creation and application of a scheme for classifying patient-care services provided by physicians along dimensions related to primary care.", "PMID": 671730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1075", "title": "Studies on the fresh water cercariae in Leyte Island, Philippines. 6. Cercariae from Lymnaeidae and Bulinidae.", "content": "In the previous paper of this series, the cercariae from Oncomelania quadrasi (Part 2), from the snails of Thiaridae (Part 3), from the snails of Viviparidae and Pilidae (Part 4), and from Planorbidae (Part 5) were reported continuously. In this paper the crecariae from Lymnaeidae and Bulinidae were dealt with. These studies were all carried on during the period of 1975 and 1976 in Leyte Island, Philippines. From the lymnaeid snails seven species of cercariae, comprising two echinostome cercariae, one fasciolid cercaria, and four xiphidiocercariae were detected. From the bulinid snails, only two xiphidiocercariae were found, both of which were identifiable with those from the lymnaeid snails. These seven species of cercariae are described and illustrated with a tentative name from Cercaria leyteensis no. 37 to Cercaria leyteensis no. 43, in addition with some remarks on their presumptive life histories.", "contents": "Studies on the fresh water cercariae in Leyte Island, Philippines. 6. Cercariae from Lymnaeidae and Bulinidae. In the previous paper of this series, the cercariae from Oncomelania quadrasi (Part 2), from the snails of Thiaridae (Part 3), from the snails of Viviparidae and Pilidae (Part 4), and from Planorbidae (Part 5) were reported continuously. In this paper the crecariae from Lymnaeidae and Bulinidae were dealt with. These studies were all carried on during the period of 1975 and 1976 in Leyte Island, Philippines. From the lymnaeid snails seven species of cercariae, comprising two echinostome cercariae, one fasciolid cercaria, and four xiphidiocercariae were detected. From the bulinid snails, only two xiphidiocercariae were found, both of which were identifiable with those from the lymnaeid snails. These seven species of cercariae are described and illustrated with a tentative name from Cercaria leyteensis no. 37 to Cercaria leyteensis no. 43, in addition with some remarks on their presumptive life histories.", "PMID": 671813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1076", "title": "Development of resistance to hepatotoxic effect of furylfuramide by pretreatment with its subnecrotic doses and carbon tetrachloride.", "content": "Hepatotoxicity caused by furylfuramide in ddYS male mice was further investigated with following results. (1) Pretreatment with successive oral administration of non-toxic (non-necrotizing) dose (100 mg/day) of furylfuramide for 8 or 24 days alleviated the liver damage elicited by a necrotizing dose (250 mg/kg). The pretreatment resulted in the significant enhancement of the activity of aniline hydroxylase in the liver microsome, which was reduced markedly by a single administration of 250 mg/kg (without pretreatment). The result suggests that the acquired resistance to a toxic dose of furylfuramide is due to the acceleration of detoxication of the drug. (2) Simultaneous administration of CCl4, another hepatotoxic substance, with furylfuramide reduced the lethal effect of the latter. The LD50 values of furylfuramide were increased more than 2.4 times as compared with that of furylfuramide alone. Pretreatment with a small amount of CCl4 as short period as half an hour is more effective than simultaneous administration of both substances. This inhibitory effect of CCl4 on furylfuramide may be explained by an inhibition of the metabolic activation of the latter by the former.", "contents": "Development of resistance to hepatotoxic effect of furylfuramide by pretreatment with its subnecrotic doses and carbon tetrachloride. Hepatotoxicity caused by furylfuramide in ddYS male mice was further investigated with following results. (1) Pretreatment with successive oral administration of non-toxic (non-necrotizing) dose (100 mg/day) of furylfuramide for 8 or 24 days alleviated the liver damage elicited by a necrotizing dose (250 mg/kg). The pretreatment resulted in the significant enhancement of the activity of aniline hydroxylase in the liver microsome, which was reduced markedly by a single administration of 250 mg/kg (without pretreatment). The result suggests that the acquired resistance to a toxic dose of furylfuramide is due to the acceleration of detoxication of the drug. (2) Simultaneous administration of CCl4, another hepatotoxic substance, with furylfuramide reduced the lethal effect of the latter. The LD50 values of furylfuramide were increased more than 2.4 times as compared with that of furylfuramide alone. Pretreatment with a small amount of CCl4 as short period as half an hour is more effective than simultaneous administration of both substances. This inhibitory effect of CCl4 on furylfuramide may be explained by an inhibition of the metabolic activation of the latter by the former.", "PMID": 671814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1077", "title": "[Effects of local vibration exposure on the cerebral blood flow--on the relation of brain and finger blood flow to vibration frequencies (author's transl)].", "content": "The healthy young men aged from 18 to 26 years were examined whether some vibrational stimuli may affect the vasoreaction in the brain and in a finger. The vasoreaction was observed on each subject after the exposure to vibration of frequencies 32, 64, 140 and 250 Hz with acceleration level at 98 m/sec2 and compression force at the vibrating grip of 5 kg, while in the control state the vibration was exactly the same except the vibrational stimuli. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction were observed when low frequency and high frequency vibrational stimuli were given respectively. Vasoreactive pattern of the brain was almost the same as that of the finger.", "contents": "[Effects of local vibration exposure on the cerebral blood flow--on the relation of brain and finger blood flow to vibration frequencies (author's transl)]. The healthy young men aged from 18 to 26 years were examined whether some vibrational stimuli may affect the vasoreaction in the brain and in a finger. The vasoreaction was observed on each subject after the exposure to vibration of frequencies 32, 64, 140 and 250 Hz with acceleration level at 98 m/sec2 and compression force at the vibrating grip of 5 kg, while in the control state the vibration was exactly the same except the vibrational stimuli. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction were observed when low frequency and high frequency vibrational stimuli were given respectively. Vasoreactive pattern of the brain was almost the same as that of the finger.", "PMID": 671835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1078", "title": "[On the structure of visual similarity (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of the present study is to investigate the structure of visual similarity. Stimuli were two series of geometric figures, one of them was 16 rectangles (series A) and the other 18 \"apparent\" cubes (series B). Each stimulus series was given to eleven adults and eleven infants (five years old). Kruskal's nonmetric MDS was applied to observed (subjects mean average) similarity data. The main results were as follows: (a) The Euclidean model was more suited to the data than the city block model. (b) The number of necessary dimensions was two (series A), or three (series B) in both groups of the subjects.", "contents": "[On the structure of visual similarity (author's transl)]. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the structure of visual similarity. Stimuli were two series of geometric figures, one of them was 16 rectangles (series A) and the other 18 \"apparent\" cubes (series B). Each stimulus series was given to eleven adults and eleven infants (five years old). Kruskal's nonmetric MDS was applied to observed (subjects mean average) similarity data. The main results were as follows: (a) The Euclidean model was more suited to the data than the city block model. (b) The number of necessary dimensions was two (series A), or three (series B) in both groups of the subjects.", "PMID": 671870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1079", "title": "[Shift of visual laterality difference by loading of auditory discrimination tasks (author's transl)].", "content": "To investigate the functional relationship between the right and the left cerebral hemispheres in normal man, the effects of verbal and nonverbal auditory loads on the visual laterality difference in recognizing line orientation and Japanese letters were examined. The left visual field superiority in recognizing line orientation increased with nonverbal load, and disappeared with verbal load. On the other hand, the right visual field superiority in recognizing letters increased with verbal load, and disappeared with nonverbal load. The results were interpreted as indicating that when verbal or nonverbal auditory load was presented to both hemispheres through both ears, shift of functional dominance occurred between the two hemispheres which were connected by corpus callosum.", "contents": "[Shift of visual laterality difference by loading of auditory discrimination tasks (author's transl)]. To investigate the functional relationship between the right and the left cerebral hemispheres in normal man, the effects of verbal and nonverbal auditory loads on the visual laterality difference in recognizing line orientation and Japanese letters were examined. The left visual field superiority in recognizing line orientation increased with nonverbal load, and disappeared with verbal load. On the other hand, the right visual field superiority in recognizing letters increased with verbal load, and disappeared with nonverbal load. The results were interpreted as indicating that when verbal or nonverbal auditory load was presented to both hemispheres through both ears, shift of functional dominance occurred between the two hemispheres which were connected by corpus callosum.", "PMID": 671871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1080", "title": "Comparison of the pharmacological effects of epinephrine administered by the intravenous and endotracheal routes.", "content": "Epinephrine in various dosages was administered to anesthetized dogs by intravenous and endotracheal routes. Both methods produced measurable effects on heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Tachycardia occurred more rapidly after endotracheal administration than after intravenous administration. Respiration appeared to be supported more advantageously with the larger endotracheal dosages. The maximum blood pressure rise was delayed only 60 seconds by the endotracheal route. With an endotracheally administered dose of ten times the intravenous dose, equal responses in blood pressure were obtained. However, when equal doses are compared, there is only a two to three fold increase with the intravenous route. The endotracheal route may be less toxic at higher doses, affording greater safety when large amounts of epinephrine are used. It is concluded that endotracheally administered epinephrine produces significant pharmacologic effects in anesthetized dogs.", "contents": "Comparison of the pharmacological effects of epinephrine administered by the intravenous and endotracheal routes. Epinephrine in various dosages was administered to anesthetized dogs by intravenous and endotracheal routes. Both methods produced measurable effects on heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Tachycardia occurred more rapidly after endotracheal administration than after intravenous administration. Respiration appeared to be supported more advantageously with the larger endotracheal dosages. The maximum blood pressure rise was delayed only 60 seconds by the endotracheal route. With an endotracheally administered dose of ten times the intravenous dose, equal responses in blood pressure were obtained. However, when equal doses are compared, there is only a two to three fold increase with the intravenous route. The endotracheal route may be less toxic at higher doses, affording greater safety when large amounts of epinephrine are used. It is concluded that endotracheally administered epinephrine produces significant pharmacologic effects in anesthetized dogs.", "PMID": 671937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1081", "title": "Hand injuries: incidence and epidemiology in an emergency service.", "content": "During a four-month period, 1,164 patients presented to the surgical section of our Emergency Services (ES) with chief complaints involving the hand. Patient records were analyzed for several variables including demographics, diagnosis and therapeutic procedures. Lacerations were the most frequent injury, 61.5% (n=716) with deep structure injuries present in 6.1% (n=44). Of deep structure injuries, 36.4% were tendon lacerations, 27.2% were nerve injuries, and 36.4% were compound fractures. \"Bites\" accounted for 5.2% (37) of all lacerations, eight of which were human bites. Fractures were the second most frequent injury, (11.4%) and involved 143 separate bones. Infections were present in 7%; over half were paronychias. There were 42 (3.6%) thermal injuries.", "contents": "Hand injuries: incidence and epidemiology in an emergency service. During a four-month period, 1,164 patients presented to the surgical section of our Emergency Services (ES) with chief complaints involving the hand. Patient records were analyzed for several variables including demographics, diagnosis and therapeutic procedures. Lacerations were the most frequent injury, 61.5% (n=716) with deep structure injuries present in 6.1% (n=44). Of deep structure injuries, 36.4% were tendon lacerations, 27.2% were nerve injuries, and 36.4% were compound fractures. \"Bites\" accounted for 5.2% (37) of all lacerations, eight of which were human bites. Fractures were the second most frequent injury, (11.4%) and involved 143 separate bones. Infections were present in 7%; over half were paronychias. There were 42 (3.6%) thermal injuries.", "PMID": 671938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1082", "title": "The Baron revisited: a case report.", "content": "The Munchausen patient seeks hospital care to satisfy a masochistic streak and is willing to undergo operations and painful hospital procedures while at the same time being abusive and aggressive. He often uses an argument with hospital personnel as an excuse to leave against medical advice. The diagnosis is rarely made in the emergency department but might be made more frequently if lists of known \"Munchausens\" were circulated through emergency department and if emergency physicians were more aware of the problem. The physician in doubt, however, will do better to risk being fooled and manage the patient as if his complaints were real. One such case is reported.", "contents": "The Baron revisited: a case report. The Munchausen patient seeks hospital care to satisfy a masochistic streak and is willing to undergo operations and painful hospital procedures while at the same time being abusive and aggressive. He often uses an argument with hospital personnel as an excuse to leave against medical advice. The diagnosis is rarely made in the emergency department but might be made more frequently if lists of known \"Munchausens\" were circulated through emergency department and if emergency physicians were more aware of the problem. The physician in doubt, however, will do better to risk being fooled and manage the patient as if his complaints were real. One such case is reported.", "PMID": 671939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1083", "title": "\"Cotton fever\" in narcotic addicts.", "content": "Two patients presented to the emergency department with acute onset of fever and myalgia after injecting heroin reclaimed from previously used cotton filters. Their histories and clinical courses are illustrative of the symptom complex known to drug users as \"cotton fever.\" Although the causative mechanisms are unknown, the syndrome does appear to have a benign, self-limiting course.", "contents": "\"Cotton fever\" in narcotic addicts. Two patients presented to the emergency department with acute onset of fever and myalgia after injecting heroin reclaimed from previously used cotton filters. Their histories and clinical courses are illustrative of the symptom complex known to drug users as \"cotton fever.\" Although the causative mechanisms are unknown, the syndrome does appear to have a benign, self-limiting course.", "PMID": 671940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1084", "title": "A rubber band powered, piston-valve aspirator.", "content": "A new valved surgical aspirator is described which overcomes the shortcomings of conventional, valve-less suction devices. The valve piston which controls the flow of fluid is retained in the valve body by an ordinary rubber band. When the valve is opened by depressing the piston, the rubber band is stretched. When the piston is released, the rubber band shortens, automatically returning the valve to the closed position. Occluding the flow of air through a surgical aspirator between actual usages reduces the risk of bacterial wound contamination and reduces noise levels in the operating room. The rubber band powered, piston-valve aspirator is simple and efficient, and therefore it is suitable for hospital use.", "contents": "A rubber band powered, piston-valve aspirator. A new valved surgical aspirator is described which overcomes the shortcomings of conventional, valve-less suction devices. The valve piston which controls the flow of fluid is retained in the valve body by an ordinary rubber band. When the valve is opened by depressing the piston, the rubber band is stretched. When the piston is released, the rubber band shortens, automatically returning the valve to the closed position. Occluding the flow of air through a surgical aspirator between actual usages reduces the risk of bacterial wound contamination and reduces noise levels in the operating room. The rubber band powered, piston-valve aspirator is simple and efficient, and therefore it is suitable for hospital use.", "PMID": 671945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1085", "title": "Disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation during daytime naps.", "content": "Ten patients with and ten patients without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were monitored for the presence of disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation during daytime naps. Disordered breathing occurred commonly during naps in patients with COPD and often was associated with desaturation. Disordered breathing was also seen in patients without COPD, but desaturation was less frequent and less severe.", "contents": "Disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation during daytime naps. Ten patients with and ten patients without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were monitored for the presence of disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation during daytime naps. Disordered breathing occurred commonly during naps in patients with COPD and often was associated with desaturation. Disordered breathing was also seen in patients without COPD, but desaturation was less frequent and less severe.", "PMID": 671947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1086", "title": "[Cardiac insufficiency and mortality after correction of the mitral valve defect, depending on the degree of cardiac output before the operation].", "content": "The course of the postoperative period was studied in 107 patients subjected to adequate correction of mitral valvular disease; 88 of them underwent open heart surgery. The cardiac output was measured by radiocardiography. Total postoperative mortality was 13%, cardiac insufficiency mortality 8.4%. Cardiac insufficiency was encountered in 42% of patients who had been operated on. Significant increase in the rate of cardiac insufficiency with the diminution of the cardiac index with \"critical\" value of 21/min/m2 was established: cardiac insufficiency was found in 76.3% of patients subjected to operation with cardiac index below 21/min/m2 and in 23.2% among those with cardiac index equal to or more than 21/min/m2. A similar regularity was revealed in analysis of cardiac insufficiency mortality:with cardiac index below 21/min/m2 it was 18.4%, with cardiac index of 21/min/m2 or more, it was 2.9%. No interrelationship was revealed between cardiac insufficiency incidence and mortality and the type of mitral valve lesion, extent of surgical intervention, and duration of extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "[Cardiac insufficiency and mortality after correction of the mitral valve defect, depending on the degree of cardiac output before the operation]. The course of the postoperative period was studied in 107 patients subjected to adequate correction of mitral valvular disease; 88 of them underwent open heart surgery. The cardiac output was measured by radiocardiography. Total postoperative mortality was 13%, cardiac insufficiency mortality 8.4%. Cardiac insufficiency was encountered in 42% of patients who had been operated on. Significant increase in the rate of cardiac insufficiency with the diminution of the cardiac index with \"critical\" value of 21/min/m2 was established: cardiac insufficiency was found in 76.3% of patients subjected to operation with cardiac index below 21/min/m2 and in 23.2% among those with cardiac index equal to or more than 21/min/m2. A similar regularity was revealed in analysis of cardiac insufficiency mortality:with cardiac index below 21/min/m2 it was 18.4%, with cardiac index of 21/min/m2 or more, it was 2.9%. No interrelationship was revealed between cardiac insufficiency incidence and mortality and the type of mitral valve lesion, extent of surgical intervention, and duration of extracorporeal circulation.", "PMID": 671954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1087", "title": "[Tolerance to physical exertion and energy expenditure as indicators of work capacity of patients with ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The character and severity of suffered infarction determine the tolerance to physical load, mainly in the early phase of the disease. Patients with a threshold capacity of 400 kgm/min and more may be pronounced capable of working irrespective of the character of the infarction suffered. Individuals over 55 years of age with a large oxygen deficit and relative cardiac insufficiency perform loads of 300 kgm/min and higher, which should be borne in mind in examination for determining their working capacity.", "contents": "[Tolerance to physical exertion and energy expenditure as indicators of work capacity of patients with ischemic heart disease]. The character and severity of suffered infarction determine the tolerance to physical load, mainly in the early phase of the disease. Patients with a threshold capacity of 400 kgm/min and more may be pronounced capable of working irrespective of the character of the infarction suffered. Individuals over 55 years of age with a large oxygen deficit and relative cardiac insufficiency perform loads of 300 kgm/min and higher, which should be borne in mind in examination for determining their working capacity.", "PMID": 671955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1088", "title": "[Use of the esophageal electric countershock].", "content": "Transesophageal cardioversion was applied in 277 patients 296 times for arrest of cardiac arrhythmia. Paroxysmal fibrillation and flutter of the atria, and paroxysmal tachycardia were arrested in all cases, chronic atrial fibrillation in 92.4% and chronic irregular atrial flutter in 94.1% of cases. In the group of patients where transthoracic cardioversion at a voltage of 7 kV proved ineffective, the sinus rhythm was restored in 76.5% of cases with atrial fibrillation and 84.2% of cases with irregular atrial flutter when one of the electrodes was introduced into the esophagus. The mean defibrillating voltage in transesophageal cardioversion for chronic atrial fibrillation was by 53.8% lower than that in transthoracic cardioversion. The design of the esophageal electrode proposed provides for the continous recording of the ECG in the esophageal lead for the purpose of determining the optimum position of the electrode and identifying the character of disorders in the cardiac rhythm more precisely.", "contents": "[Use of the esophageal electric countershock]. Transesophageal cardioversion was applied in 277 patients 296 times for arrest of cardiac arrhythmia. Paroxysmal fibrillation and flutter of the atria, and paroxysmal tachycardia were arrested in all cases, chronic atrial fibrillation in 92.4% and chronic irregular atrial flutter in 94.1% of cases. In the group of patients where transthoracic cardioversion at a voltage of 7 kV proved ineffective, the sinus rhythm was restored in 76.5% of cases with atrial fibrillation and 84.2% of cases with irregular atrial flutter when one of the electrodes was introduced into the esophagus. The mean defibrillating voltage in transesophageal cardioversion for chronic atrial fibrillation was by 53.8% lower than that in transthoracic cardioversion. The design of the esophageal electrode proposed provides for the continous recording of the ECG in the esophageal lead for the purpose of determining the optimum position of the electrode and identifying the character of disorders in the cardiac rhythm more precisely.", "PMID": 671956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1089", "title": "[Physiological properties of the blood vessel smooth muscles in experimental atherosclerosis].", "content": "The contraction of smooth muscle cells in response to the effect of catecholamines and potassium chloride was studied in experiments on isolated ring segments of the rabbit aorta under normal conditions and in experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis at its early developmental stages. It was found that at the early stages of atherosclerosis development the character of the contractile reactions was marked by changes which may be considered from the standpoint of disorder in the ion mechanisms of the interrelationships of sodium and calcium both on the membrane and within the smooth muscle cell, and from the standpoint of increased reactivity of chemically sensitive calcium channels of the membrane. The cause of these changes may be the accumulation of cholesterol, lipoproteins and acid mucopolysaccharides in the vascular wall at the early stages of atherosclerosis development.", "contents": "[Physiological properties of the blood vessel smooth muscles in experimental atherosclerosis]. The contraction of smooth muscle cells in response to the effect of catecholamines and potassium chloride was studied in experiments on isolated ring segments of the rabbit aorta under normal conditions and in experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis at its early developmental stages. It was found that at the early stages of atherosclerosis development the character of the contractile reactions was marked by changes which may be considered from the standpoint of disorder in the ion mechanisms of the interrelationships of sodium and calcium both on the membrane and within the smooth muscle cell, and from the standpoint of increased reactivity of chemically sensitive calcium channels of the membrane. The cause of these changes may be the accumulation of cholesterol, lipoproteins and acid mucopolysaccharides in the vascular wall at the early stages of atherosclerosis development.", "PMID": 671957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1090", "title": "[Indications for electric stimulation of the heart in disorders of atrioventricular conductivity].", "content": "The authors analyse the indications for electric stimulation of the heart in disorders of atrioventricular conduction on the basis of personal experience (1000 odd electric stimulations). Two main factors, the frequency and severity of Morgangni-Adams-Stokes attacks and the state of hemodynamics, should be taken into account when the indications for electric cardiac stimulation are considered. In choosing the therapeutical measures and methods, due consideration should also be given to the etiology of the block. Morgagni-Adams-Stokes attacks are an absolute indication for permanent electric stimulation. The authors believe that as a method for the management of atrioventricular block electric stimulation of the heart has no absolute contraindications.", "contents": "[Indications for electric stimulation of the heart in disorders of atrioventricular conductivity]. The authors analyse the indications for electric stimulation of the heart in disorders of atrioventricular conduction on the basis of personal experience (1000 odd electric stimulations). Two main factors, the frequency and severity of Morgangni-Adams-Stokes attacks and the state of hemodynamics, should be taken into account when the indications for electric cardiac stimulation are considered. In choosing the therapeutical measures and methods, due consideration should also be given to the etiology of the block. Morgagni-Adams-Stokes attacks are an absolute indication for permanent electric stimulation. The authors believe that as a method for the management of atrioventricular block electric stimulation of the heart has no absolute contraindications.", "PMID": 671963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1091", "title": "[Use of the electric defibrillation for increasing electric stability of the myocardium under normal conditions and in myocardial infarct (experimental-clinical study)].", "content": "On the basis of animal experiments and analysis of clinical data it is concluded that the electric discharge used in cardioversion and defibrillation increases the threshold of ventricular fibrilllation and that the effect of repeated electric discharges accumulates.", "contents": "[Use of the electric defibrillation for increasing electric stability of the myocardium under normal conditions and in myocardial infarct (experimental-clinical study)]. On the basis of animal experiments and analysis of clinical data it is concluded that the electric discharge used in cardioversion and defibrillation increases the threshold of ventricular fibrilllation and that the effect of repeated electric discharges accumulates.", "PMID": 671964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1092", "title": "[Relationship between the spike potentials of \"local\" intra-atrial and esophageal electrocardiograms of the atria and notched P wave of ECG from the body surface].", "content": "The interrelationship of spike potentials of \"local\" intraatrial and esophageal electrograms and notched P wave of an intensified ECG recorded from the body surface was studied. It was found that the process of excitation in the region of the sinus node is reflected in the slow deviation of the P wave of intensified ECG, preceding the appearance of the P wave of an ordinary ECG recorded from the body surface. The A1 spike of a \"local\" electrogram reflecting the penetration of excitation into the right atrium is manifested in the form of the first notch of the P wave on an intensified ECG. The A2 spike reflecting the arrival of the excitation to the atrioventricular node is manifested in the form of a notch--the first peak of the P wave. The A1(2)) spike reflecting the arrival of the excitation to the left atrium along Bachmann's bundle is manifested as the second peak of the P wave (A1(2)). The A3 spike of the \"local\" electrogram reflecting the arrival of the excitation from the left atrium to the orifice of the coronary sinus is manifested in the form of the second notch of the P wave (A3).", "contents": "[Relationship between the spike potentials of \"local\" intra-atrial and esophageal electrocardiograms of the atria and notched P wave of ECG from the body surface]. The interrelationship of spike potentials of \"local\" intraatrial and esophageal electrograms and notched P wave of an intensified ECG recorded from the body surface was studied. It was found that the process of excitation in the region of the sinus node is reflected in the slow deviation of the P wave of intensified ECG, preceding the appearance of the P wave of an ordinary ECG recorded from the body surface. The A1 spike of a \"local\" electrogram reflecting the penetration of excitation into the right atrium is manifested in the form of the first notch of the P wave on an intensified ECG. The A2 spike reflecting the arrival of the excitation to the atrioventricular node is manifested in the form of a notch--the first peak of the P wave. The A1(2)) spike reflecting the arrival of the excitation to the left atrium along Bachmann's bundle is manifested as the second peak of the P wave (A1(2)). The A3 spike of the \"local\" electrogram reflecting the arrival of the excitation from the left atrium to the orifice of the coronary sinus is manifested in the form of the second notch of the P wave (A3).", "PMID": 671965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1093", "title": "[Atrial tachycardia with atrioventricular block].", "content": "A clinico-electrocardiographic analysis of 25 cases with atrial tachycardia and atrioventricular block was conducted. Confirmation was established of the connection between the development of atrial tachycardia with atrioventricular block and changes in the myocardium, circulatory insufficiency, acute coronary failure and toxicosis with cardiac glucosides. Such signs of atrial tachycardia with atrioventricular block as the rate of atrial rhythm of 150 to 250 per minute, the possibility of fluctuations in the P-P interval, the presence of an isoelectric PP segment, and atrioventricular block of various degree were found to be of the highest diagnostic value. It is presumed that the development of atrioventricular block in atrial tachycardia is linked with changes in the conducting system of the heart.", "contents": "[Atrial tachycardia with atrioventricular block]. A clinico-electrocardiographic analysis of 25 cases with atrial tachycardia and atrioventricular block was conducted. Confirmation was established of the connection between the development of atrial tachycardia with atrioventricular block and changes in the myocardium, circulatory insufficiency, acute coronary failure and toxicosis with cardiac glucosides. Such signs of atrial tachycardia with atrioventricular block as the rate of atrial rhythm of 150 to 250 per minute, the possibility of fluctuations in the P-P interval, the presence of an isoelectric PP segment, and atrioventricular block of various degree were found to be of the highest diagnostic value. It is presumed that the development of atrioventricular block in atrial tachycardia is linked with changes in the conducting system of the heart.", "PMID": 671967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1094", "title": "[Variants of development of complete atrioventricular block. Prognosis in disorders of intraventricular conduction].", "content": "In a group of patients with complete atrioventricular block admitted for implantation of a cardiac stimulant, 15 out of 74 patients (20.3%) had normal intraventricular conduction before the block, while 59 (79.7%) had disorders of intraventricular conduction. A combination of right bundle-branch block with block of the anterior limb of the left branch was the most frequent occurrence (37.8%). Comparison of the QRS complexes in maintained atrioventricular conduction with those in complete antrioventricular block showed that among patients with disorders of intraventricular conduction complete atrioventricular block was of a proximal character in 45.5% and of a distal character in 54.5% of cases. There was a high risk of development of complete atrioventricular block in patients with right bundle-branch block combined with block of the anterior limb of the left branch; it was found to be 41.2% at an average follow-up period of 23 months.", "contents": "[Variants of development of complete atrioventricular block. Prognosis in disorders of intraventricular conduction]. In a group of patients with complete atrioventricular block admitted for implantation of a cardiac stimulant, 15 out of 74 patients (20.3%) had normal intraventricular conduction before the block, while 59 (79.7%) had disorders of intraventricular conduction. A combination of right bundle-branch block with block of the anterior limb of the left branch was the most frequent occurrence (37.8%). Comparison of the QRS complexes in maintained atrioventricular conduction with those in complete antrioventricular block showed that among patients with disorders of intraventricular conduction complete atrioventricular block was of a proximal character in 45.5% and of a distal character in 54.5% of cases. There was a high risk of development of complete atrioventricular block in patients with right bundle-branch block combined with block of the anterior limb of the left branch; it was found to be 41.2% at an average follow-up period of 23 months.", "PMID": 671968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1095", "title": "[Dynamics of myocardial contraction in patients with auricular fibrillation after restoration of sinus rhythm by means of electric countershock].", "content": "The dynamics of left ventricular contraction was studied in 107 patients with cardiac fibrillation 1 and 6-8 days after restoration of sinus rhythm by electroimpulsive therapy. It has been found that contraction of the left ventricle improves markedly 24 hours after the sinus rhythm is restored and practically does not change by the 6th -8th day after that. On the grounds of such dynamics of left ventricular contraction it is concluded that it is quite sufficient to observe complete bedrest after successful defibrillation for 24 hours, since the risk of normalization embolisms and pulmonary edema sharply diminishes beginning 24 hours after the sinus rhythm has been restored. It is shown that the dynamics of myocardial contration following restoration of the sinus rhythm cannot serve for the prognostication of the remote results of electroimpulsive therapy.", "contents": "[Dynamics of myocardial contraction in patients with auricular fibrillation after restoration of sinus rhythm by means of electric countershock]. The dynamics of left ventricular contraction was studied in 107 patients with cardiac fibrillation 1 and 6-8 days after restoration of sinus rhythm by electroimpulsive therapy. It has been found that contraction of the left ventricle improves markedly 24 hours after the sinus rhythm is restored and practically does not change by the 6th -8th day after that. On the grounds of such dynamics of left ventricular contraction it is concluded that it is quite sufficient to observe complete bedrest after successful defibrillation for 24 hours, since the risk of normalization embolisms and pulmonary edema sharply diminishes beginning 24 hours after the sinus rhythm has been restored. It is shown that the dynamics of myocardial contration following restoration of the sinus rhythm cannot serve for the prognostication of the remote results of electroimpulsive therapy.", "PMID": 671969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1096", "title": "[Anti-arrhythmic properties of ethmosine (clinico-experimental study)].", "content": "The antiarrhythmic activity of some acyl derivatives of phenothiazine was studied. Ethmozine proved to be the most effective among them. It produced a marked antiarrhythmic effect both in experiments and in the clinic. The effect of ethmozine is similar to that of quinidine, but it has a wider therapeutic range and is less toxic. The drug has practically no effect or arterial pressure, myocardial conduction and myocardial contraction. These properties of ethmozine as well as its ability to prolong the refractory period and reduce myocardial excitability allow it to be recommened for the management of tachyarrhythmic a-rhythmia.", "contents": "[Anti-arrhythmic properties of ethmosine (clinico-experimental study)]. The antiarrhythmic activity of some acyl derivatives of phenothiazine was studied. Ethmozine proved to be the most effective among them. It produced a marked antiarrhythmic effect both in experiments and in the clinic. The effect of ethmozine is similar to that of quinidine, but it has a wider therapeutic range and is less toxic. The drug has practically no effect or arterial pressure, myocardial conduction and myocardial contraction. These properties of ethmozine as well as its ability to prolong the refractory period and reduce myocardial excitability allow it to be recommened for the management of tachyarrhythmic a-rhythmia.", "PMID": 671970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1097", "title": "[Prevention of ventricular fibrillation in animal experiments].", "content": "The precursors of ventricular fibrillation and asystole developing after ligation of a branch of the coronary artery and adrenalin injection were studied in 30 albino rats. The comparative efficacy of antiarrhythmic agents (ajmalin, lidocaine, isoptin, visken) in the prevention of ventricular fibrillation induced by electric current was determined in 40 rats. Ventricular extrasystole and tachysystole as well as the block of the bundle of His branch were the most common precursors of ventricular fibrillation. In some experiments fibrillation was preceded by complete atrioventricular block, cardiac fibrillation, sinus bradycardia, nonparoxysmal ventricular tachycardia, and excaped ventricular contractions. Ventricular asystole was most frequently preceded by complete atrioventricular block and the bundle of His branch block. Among the antiarrhythmic agents studied, ajmalin proved most effective in prevention of ventricular fibrillation; it raised the fibrillation threshold in all animals. Lidocaine, which produced a prophylactic effect in 50% of experiments, was second in effectiveness. Changes in the ventricular fibrillation threshold due to the effect of these agents were statistically significant on the average. Isoptin and visken proved to be less effective.", "contents": "[Prevention of ventricular fibrillation in animal experiments]. The precursors of ventricular fibrillation and asystole developing after ligation of a branch of the coronary artery and adrenalin injection were studied in 30 albino rats. The comparative efficacy of antiarrhythmic agents (ajmalin, lidocaine, isoptin, visken) in the prevention of ventricular fibrillation induced by electric current was determined in 40 rats. Ventricular extrasystole and tachysystole as well as the block of the bundle of His branch were the most common precursors of ventricular fibrillation. In some experiments fibrillation was preceded by complete atrioventricular block, cardiac fibrillation, sinus bradycardia, nonparoxysmal ventricular tachycardia, and excaped ventricular contractions. Ventricular asystole was most frequently preceded by complete atrioventricular block and the bundle of His branch block. Among the antiarrhythmic agents studied, ajmalin proved most effective in prevention of ventricular fibrillation; it raised the fibrillation threshold in all animals. Lidocaine, which produced a prophylactic effect in 50% of experiments, was second in effectiveness. Changes in the ventricular fibrillation threshold due to the effect of these agents were statistically significant on the average. Isoptin and visken proved to be less effective.", "PMID": 671971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1098", "title": "[Prevention of ventricular fibrillation with the aid of protopine in animal experiments].", "content": "The anti-arrhythmic activity of protopin, quinidine and novocainamide infused intravenously as a preventive and relieving measure was studied in acute experiments on rats with calcium chloride and aconitic arrhythmia. In myocardial fibrillation induced by calcium chloride the contents in the rat heart of adrenalin, noradrenaline, dopa and dopamine were studied by spectrofluorimetry before and after the use of protopin. It was established that in the size of its minimum effective doses which arrest or prevent calcium chloride and aconitic arrhythmias in rats protopin is two to three times more potent than quinidine and novocainamide. The mechanism of the anti-arrhythmic effect of protopin in calcium chloride and aconitic arrhythmias is complex and is due to the suppression of the foci of heterotopic stimulation, decrease in excitability of the myocardial cells and normalization of the catecholamine content in the myocardium.", "contents": "[Prevention of ventricular fibrillation with the aid of protopine in animal experiments]. The anti-arrhythmic activity of protopin, quinidine and novocainamide infused intravenously as a preventive and relieving measure was studied in acute experiments on rats with calcium chloride and aconitic arrhythmia. In myocardial fibrillation induced by calcium chloride the contents in the rat heart of adrenalin, noradrenaline, dopa and dopamine were studied by spectrofluorimetry before and after the use of protopin. It was established that in the size of its minimum effective doses which arrest or prevent calcium chloride and aconitic arrhythmias in rats protopin is two to three times more potent than quinidine and novocainamide. The mechanism of the anti-arrhythmic effect of protopin in calcium chloride and aconitic arrhythmias is complex and is due to the suppression of the foci of heterotopic stimulation, decrease in excitability of the myocardial cells and normalization of the catecholamine content in the myocardium.", "PMID": 671972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1099", "title": "[Effect of propranolol on the fibrillation threshold and the period of vulnerability of cardiac ventricles under normal conditions and during acute coronary occlusion].", "content": "Experiments on anesthetized dogs have shown that intravenous infusion of 1 mg/kg of propranolol has no essential effect on the threshold of ventricular fibrillation, but considerably reduces the duration of the vulnerable period. Ligation of the coronary artery during propranolol infusion does not cause a reduction in the fibrillation threshold or prolongation of the period of vulnerability; propranolol inhibits the fibrillatory effect of ligation of the vessel. Infusion of propranolol after ligation of the coronary artery leads to the return of the fibrillation threshold and the duration of the period of vulnerability to the initial values. Prolongation of the period of vulnerability after ligation of the coronary artery and its reduction after propranolol infusion occur due to shifts in the internal boundary of the period. There is a direct correlative relationship between the duration of the vulnerable period and the body mass of the dogs: the greater the mass of the animal, the longer the duration of the period of vulnerability.", "contents": "[Effect of propranolol on the fibrillation threshold and the period of vulnerability of cardiac ventricles under normal conditions and during acute coronary occlusion]. Experiments on anesthetized dogs have shown that intravenous infusion of 1 mg/kg of propranolol has no essential effect on the threshold of ventricular fibrillation, but considerably reduces the duration of the vulnerable period. Ligation of the coronary artery during propranolol infusion does not cause a reduction in the fibrillation threshold or prolongation of the period of vulnerability; propranolol inhibits the fibrillatory effect of ligation of the vessel. Infusion of propranolol after ligation of the coronary artery leads to the return of the fibrillation threshold and the duration of the period of vulnerability to the initial values. Prolongation of the period of vulnerability after ligation of the coronary artery and its reduction after propranolol infusion occur due to shifts in the internal boundary of the period. There is a direct correlative relationship between the duration of the vulnerable period and the body mass of the dogs: the greater the mass of the animal, the longer the duration of the period of vulnerability.", "PMID": 671973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1100", "title": "[Anti-arrhythmic activity of trimecaine under experimental and clinical conditions].", "content": "The antiarrhythmic properties of trimecaine, a local anesthetic, were studied. Tests on cats and rats with arrhythmia induced by stimulation with electric current and injection of aconitine, barium chloride, and calcium chloride as well as on a cell model of aconitine arrhythmia have shown that trimecaine possesses marked antiarrhythmic properties. It is more active and less toxic than procainamide hydrochloride or quinidine. Oral administration of 0.35% trimecaine solution had a favourable therapeutic effect in extrasystole in patients with complex heart valvular diseases and circulatory disorders. It is presumed that parenteral injection will produce a more rapid and prolonged antiarrhythmic effect.", "contents": "[Anti-arrhythmic activity of trimecaine under experimental and clinical conditions]. The antiarrhythmic properties of trimecaine, a local anesthetic, were studied. Tests on cats and rats with arrhythmia induced by stimulation with electric current and injection of aconitine, barium chloride, and calcium chloride as well as on a cell model of aconitine arrhythmia have shown that trimecaine possesses marked antiarrhythmic properties. It is more active and less toxic than procainamide hydrochloride or quinidine. Oral administration of 0.35% trimecaine solution had a favourable therapeutic effect in extrasystole in patients with complex heart valvular diseases and circulatory disorders. It is presumed that parenteral injection will produce a more rapid and prolonged antiarrhythmic effect.", "PMID": 671974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1101", "title": "[Assessment of early arrhythmias in acute experimental myocardial infarct in rabbits].", "content": "Arrhythmias were studied at the early stage after rapid ligation of the left ventricular artery on an experimental model of arrhythmia in rabbits. The rabbits were subjected to thoractomy and ligation of the left ventricular artery under direct visualization. The electrocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters were recorded. Electrocardiographic signs of infarction and changes in rhythm were recorded in 60% of the animals. The rate of cardiac contractions and the arterial pressure decreased after the ligation. In the group in which practolol was applied the rate of arrhythmias dropped to 25%. The effect of adrenergic beta-block on acute occlusion of the coronary artery is discussed.", "contents": "[Assessment of early arrhythmias in acute experimental myocardial infarct in rabbits]. Arrhythmias were studied at the early stage after rapid ligation of the left ventricular artery on an experimental model of arrhythmia in rabbits. The rabbits were subjected to thoractomy and ligation of the left ventricular artery under direct visualization. The electrocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters were recorded. Electrocardiographic signs of infarction and changes in rhythm were recorded in 60% of the animals. The rate of cardiac contractions and the arterial pressure decreased after the ligation. In the group in which practolol was applied the rate of arrhythmias dropped to 25%. The effect of adrenergic beta-block on acute occlusion of the coronary artery is discussed.", "PMID": 671975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1102", "title": "[Cardiac arrhythmias of hypothalamic origin].", "content": "It was established in chronic rabbit experiments that periodical prolonged electric stimulation of the hypothalamic ventrolateral nucleus may induce, besides tachycardia and ventricular extrasystole, episodes of cardiac fibrillation and sudden death from ventricular fibrillation. The development of cardiac fibrillation is associated with increased content of catecholamines in the blood and myocardium. It was also found that the energy-producing activity of the mitochondria and active ion transportation were impaired in the myocardium, the intracellular content of potassium and sodium was changed, and the ultrastructure of the heart muscle was markedly altered. It was shown that the predominance of parasympathetic effects over sympathetic was one of the factors determining the resistance of the heart to the development of cardiac fibrillation of hypothalamic origin.", "contents": "[Cardiac arrhythmias of hypothalamic origin]. It was established in chronic rabbit experiments that periodical prolonged electric stimulation of the hypothalamic ventrolateral nucleus may induce, besides tachycardia and ventricular extrasystole, episodes of cardiac fibrillation and sudden death from ventricular fibrillation. The development of cardiac fibrillation is associated with increased content of catecholamines in the blood and myocardium. It was also found that the energy-producing activity of the mitochondria and active ion transportation were impaired in the myocardium, the intracellular content of potassium and sodium was changed, and the ultrastructure of the heart muscle was markedly altered. It was shown that the predominance of parasympathetic effects over sympathetic was one of the factors determining the resistance of the heart to the development of cardiac fibrillation of hypothalamic origin.", "PMID": 671976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1103", "title": "[Dynamics of pre-hospital lethality in acute coronary insufficiency and myocardial infarct in Krasnoyarsk during 1963-1975].", "content": "The data on the dynamics of prehospital mortality in acute coronary failure (ACF) and myocardial infarction (MI) depending on the improvement in medical service in the prehospital stage of treatment are presented. The research showed that prehospital mortality in ACF and MI accounts for 75% of the total mortality. Among deaths registered in the prehospital stage 73.7% were sudden. As the result of improvements in prehospital medical service due to the training of physicians of the emergency medical service, the organization of cardiologic emergency aid teams, clinico-pathologic conferences held at the emergency medical service stations, etc. extrahospital mortality dropped from 45.6% (1963) to 26.2% (1975) with simultaneous drop in total mortality from 61.9% (1963) to 37.4% (1975).", "contents": "[Dynamics of pre-hospital lethality in acute coronary insufficiency and myocardial infarct in Krasnoyarsk during 1963-1975]. The data on the dynamics of prehospital mortality in acute coronary failure (ACF) and myocardial infarction (MI) depending on the improvement in medical service in the prehospital stage of treatment are presented. The research showed that prehospital mortality in ACF and MI accounts for 75% of the total mortality. Among deaths registered in the prehospital stage 73.7% were sudden. As the result of improvements in prehospital medical service due to the training of physicians of the emergency medical service, the organization of cardiologic emergency aid teams, clinico-pathologic conferences held at the emergency medical service stations, etc. extrahospital mortality dropped from 45.6% (1963) to 26.2% (1975) with simultaneous drop in total mortality from 61.9% (1963) to 37.4% (1975).", "PMID": 671977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1104", "title": "[Morphogenesis of the \"myxedematous heart\" after experimental thyroidectomy in rabbits].", "content": "Electrocardiographic, biochemical, morphohistochemical and ultrastructural changes in the rabbit's heart were studied after thyroidectomy. The data obtained suggested that the changes in the heart of the test animals were characteristic of the \"myxedematous heart\". Certain regularities in the dynamics of the tissue and structure changes in the myocardium depending on the postoperative period were revealed.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of the \"myxedematous heart\" after experimental thyroidectomy in rabbits]. Electrocardiographic, biochemical, morphohistochemical and ultrastructural changes in the rabbit's heart were studied after thyroidectomy. The data obtained suggested that the changes in the heart of the test animals were characteristic of the \"myxedematous heart\". Certain regularities in the dynamics of the tissue and structure changes in the myocardium depending on the postoperative period were revealed.", "PMID": 671979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1105", "title": "[Cor pulmonale in various collagen diseases].", "content": "The early manifestations of cor pulmonale and their dependence on the functional and morphologic changes in the lungs as well as on the collagen disease were studied on 186 patients with various collagenoses. Besides undergoing routine methods of examination all patients were tested for the function of external respiration and subjected to X-ray examination of the lungs and heart and electro-, phono-, vector- and kinetocardiography. There was no parallelism between the clinical manifestations of respiratory insufficiency and the functional and X-ray signs of affection of the lungs. Despite the chronic changes in the lungs, the configuration of the heart is altered only in singular cases. In the diagnosis of the involvement into the process of the right parts of the heart kinetocardiography and changes in the PV1 angle on the ECG proved to be most informative. Instrumental methods of examination revealed that the right parts of the heart were already involved in the stage of functional changes in the lungs.", "contents": "[Cor pulmonale in various collagen diseases]. The early manifestations of cor pulmonale and their dependence on the functional and morphologic changes in the lungs as well as on the collagen disease were studied on 186 patients with various collagenoses. Besides undergoing routine methods of examination all patients were tested for the function of external respiration and subjected to X-ray examination of the lungs and heart and electro-, phono-, vector- and kinetocardiography. There was no parallelism between the clinical manifestations of respiratory insufficiency and the functional and X-ray signs of affection of the lungs. Despite the chronic changes in the lungs, the configuration of the heart is altered only in singular cases. In the diagnosis of the involvement into the process of the right parts of the heart kinetocardiography and changes in the PV1 angle on the ECG proved to be most informative. Instrumental methods of examination revealed that the right parts of the heart were already involved in the stage of functional changes in the lungs.", "PMID": 671980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1106", "title": "[Classification of non-coronarogenic myocardial damage].", "content": "A working classification of noncoronarogenic damage to the cardiac muscle is suggested in which 4 general-pathology groups are considered: myocardial dystrophies, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and neoplasms. The main principles are presented for grouping diseases of the myocardium not associated with ischemic heart disease, hypertension or rheumatic fever. Certain problems of the clinical picture and differential diagnosis of dystrophic, inflammatory, and idiopathic damages to the heart muscle are discussed.", "contents": "[Classification of non-coronarogenic myocardial damage]. A working classification of noncoronarogenic damage to the cardiac muscle is suggested in which 4 general-pathology groups are considered: myocardial dystrophies, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and neoplasms. The main principles are presented for grouping diseases of the myocardium not associated with ischemic heart disease, hypertension or rheumatic fever. Certain problems of the clinical picture and differential diagnosis of dystrophic, inflammatory, and idiopathic damages to the heart muscle are discussed.", "PMID": 671984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1107", "title": "[Toxoplasmosis-induced myocarditis].", "content": "The clinical picture of myocarditis was studied in 72 patients with toxoplasmic infection and in 44 patients not suffering from this infection. Comparison of the clinical signs of myocarditis in these two groups showed that myocarditis of toxoplasmic etiology has no characteristic features. The only distinction between these two groups was the different frequency of various symptoms. In view of this, methods of laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis acquire much significance.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmosis-induced myocarditis]. The clinical picture of myocarditis was studied in 72 patients with toxoplasmic infection and in 44 patients not suffering from this infection. Comparison of the clinical signs of myocarditis in these two groups showed that myocarditis of toxoplasmic etiology has no characteristic features. The only distinction between these two groups was the different frequency of various symptoms. In view of this, methods of laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis acquire much significance.", "PMID": 671989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1108", "title": "[Endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis of myocarditis and cardiomyopathies].", "content": "Fifty patients with the following suspected diseases were examined: examined: congenital heart disease (25), rheumatic heart disease (7), infectious-allergic myocarditis (12), fibroelastosis of the endocardium (3), alcoholic cardiomyopathy (2), drug cardiomyopathy (1). Catheterization biopsy of the endo- and myocardium was accomplished with a special bioptome after catheterization of the heart. No complications occurred during or after biopsy. The results of histologic and histochemical examination of the bioptates of the cardiac muscle are discussed. On the basis of the data in the literature and personal experience, it is concluded that biopsy of the endo- and myocardium may be undertaken to specify the etiology and pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy. The method is comparatively safe.", "contents": "[Endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis of myocarditis and cardiomyopathies]. Fifty patients with the following suspected diseases were examined: examined: congenital heart disease (25), rheumatic heart disease (7), infectious-allergic myocarditis (12), fibroelastosis of the endocardium (3), alcoholic cardiomyopathy (2), drug cardiomyopathy (1). Catheterization biopsy of the endo- and myocardium was accomplished with a special bioptome after catheterization of the heart. No complications occurred during or after biopsy. The results of histologic and histochemical examination of the bioptates of the cardiac muscle are discussed. On the basis of the data in the literature and personal experience, it is concluded that biopsy of the endo- and myocardium may be undertaken to specify the etiology and pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy. The method is comparatively safe.", "PMID": 671990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1109", "title": "[Differential diagnosis and treatment of ischemic heart disease and dyshormonal myocardial dystrophy].", "content": "The informative value of functional tests (with inderal, potassium and bicycle ergometer), the state of central hemodynamics, and the effectiveness of the anabolic hormone retabolil were studied in young females with dyshormonal myocardial dystrophy. The group consisted of 33 females between the ages of 33 and 45 with maintained menstrual cycle. The presence of cardialgia, syndrome of negative T wave, aggravated gynecologic anamnesis and the absence of clinical and laboratory data testifying to coronarogenous, inflammatory or some other lesion of the heart muscle made it possible to make the diagnosis of dyshormonal myocardial dystrophy. Functional tests with inderal and potassium and bicycle ergometry are objective criteria in the differential diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and dyshormonal myocardial dystrophy. Negative drug tests in individuals with persistent signs of dyshormonal dystrophy of the myocardium are evidence in favour of the development of postdystrophic cardiosclerosis. According to the data of hemodynamics, the functional state of the myocardium in patients with diffuse myocardial dystrophy is impaired. The anabolic hormone retabolil is an agent of pathogenetic therapy in the group of patients studied.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis and treatment of ischemic heart disease and dyshormonal myocardial dystrophy]. The informative value of functional tests (with inderal, potassium and bicycle ergometer), the state of central hemodynamics, and the effectiveness of the anabolic hormone retabolil were studied in young females with dyshormonal myocardial dystrophy. The group consisted of 33 females between the ages of 33 and 45 with maintained menstrual cycle. The presence of cardialgia, syndrome of negative T wave, aggravated gynecologic anamnesis and the absence of clinical and laboratory data testifying to coronarogenous, inflammatory or some other lesion of the heart muscle made it possible to make the diagnosis of dyshormonal myocardial dystrophy. Functional tests with inderal and potassium and bicycle ergometry are objective criteria in the differential diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and dyshormonal myocardial dystrophy. Negative drug tests in individuals with persistent signs of dyshormonal dystrophy of the myocardium are evidence in favour of the development of postdystrophic cardiosclerosis. According to the data of hemodynamics, the functional state of the myocardium in patients with diffuse myocardial dystrophy is impaired. The anabolic hormone retabolil is an agent of pathogenetic therapy in the group of patients studied.", "PMID": 671991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1110", "title": "[Characteristics of the sound symptomatology of the heart in functional cardiopathy].", "content": "Sixty persons with functional cardiopathy who had a systolic murmur were examined. The purpose of the study was the demonstration of the criteria for the positive diagnosis of a functional systolic murmur in this pathologic condition since hyperdiagnosis of valvular heart disease among these patients is a frequent occurrence. The auscultatory and phonocardiographic characteristics of the functional systolic murmur are described, a conclusion on the absence of any connection between this murmur and the valvular apparatus of the heart is drawn, an opinion on the mechanism of its formation is presented, and the data on the effect of beta-blocking agents on the systolic murmur (single dose and a course of treatment) are discussed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the sound symptomatology of the heart in functional cardiopathy]. Sixty persons with functional cardiopathy who had a systolic murmur were examined. The purpose of the study was the demonstration of the criteria for the positive diagnosis of a functional systolic murmur in this pathologic condition since hyperdiagnosis of valvular heart disease among these patients is a frequent occurrence. The auscultatory and phonocardiographic characteristics of the functional systolic murmur are described, a conclusion on the absence of any connection between this murmur and the valvular apparatus of the heart is drawn, an opinion on the mechanism of its formation is presented, and the data on the effect of beta-blocking agents on the systolic murmur (single dose and a course of treatment) are discussed.", "PMID": 671992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1111", "title": "[Circulatory changes in the neurocirculatory asthenia syndrome].", "content": "The results of a comprehensive study of central and cerebral hemodynamics in individuals with the syndrome of neurocirculatory dystonia by means of radionuclide diagnosis are discussed. The shifts revealed provide evidence that hypertonic type of the dystonia syndrome is characterized by increase in the minute cardiac volume, vascular resistance, and minute cardiac output with moderate decrease in the volumetric rate of the cerebral circulation. In hypotonic type of dystonia the volumetric rate of the cerebral circulation is considerably diminished, while central hemodynamics is normal. The study also showed that in the syndrome of neurocirculatory dystonia there was lack of coordination between the systemic and regional cerebral hemodynamics manifested by decrease in the cerebral fraction of the cardiac minute volume.", "contents": "[Circulatory changes in the neurocirculatory asthenia syndrome]. The results of a comprehensive study of central and cerebral hemodynamics in individuals with the syndrome of neurocirculatory dystonia by means of radionuclide diagnosis are discussed. The shifts revealed provide evidence that hypertonic type of the dystonia syndrome is characterized by increase in the minute cardiac volume, vascular resistance, and minute cardiac output with moderate decrease in the volumetric rate of the cerebral circulation. In hypotonic type of dystonia the volumetric rate of the cerebral circulation is considerably diminished, while central hemodynamics is normal. The study also showed that in the syndrome of neurocirculatory dystonia there was lack of coordination between the systemic and regional cerebral hemodynamics manifested by decrease in the cerebral fraction of the cardiac minute volume.", "PMID": 671993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1112", "title": "[Difficulties in diagnosis of infectious-allergic myocarditis].", "content": "The work is based on observations over 168 patients with infectious-allergic myocarditis. The principal clinical, instrumental-laboratory, and morphologic criteria of this disease are discussed. The contractile function of the myocardium and central hemodynamics were studied. Intravital puncture biopsy of the myocardium was employed for the first time in this disease. Clinico-morphologic variants of infectious-allergic myocarditis are distinguished.", "contents": "[Difficulties in diagnosis of infectious-allergic myocarditis]. The work is based on observations over 168 patients with infectious-allergic myocarditis. The principal clinical, instrumental-laboratory, and morphologic criteria of this disease are discussed. The contractile function of the myocardium and central hemodynamics were studied. Intravital puncture biopsy of the myocardium was employed for the first time in this disease. Clinico-morphologic variants of infectious-allergic myocarditis are distinguished.", "PMID": 671995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1113", "title": "[Mechanism of the cardiotoxic effect of various industrial poisons (metals)].", "content": "The effect of acute and repeated action of cobalt, lead, antimony on the metabolism of the heart muscle is shown. High doses of the metals of approximately 1/5 LD50 were studied in the acute experiment and doses one fifth these in the repeated experiment. The data obtained indicated that due to the effect of all the poisons studied changes developed early in catecholamine metabolism - the myocardial noradrenaline content decreased and the blood and urine monamine levels rose. Increase in the content of pyruvic acid, intensification of glycogenolysis processes (increase in phosphorylase a activity and decrease in the glycogen level), and diminished activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the myocardium attested to changes in its metabolism. High doses of the metals caused an increase in the free activity of the lysosome enzymes, cathepsins and of acid phosphatase, which indicated that the permeability of the membranes of these organelles was disturbed. The mechanism of the cardiotoxic effect of the metals is discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the cardiotoxic effect of various industrial poisons (metals)]. The effect of acute and repeated action of cobalt, lead, antimony on the metabolism of the heart muscle is shown. High doses of the metals of approximately 1/5 LD50 were studied in the acute experiment and doses one fifth these in the repeated experiment. The data obtained indicated that due to the effect of all the poisons studied changes developed early in catecholamine metabolism - the myocardial noradrenaline content decreased and the blood and urine monamine levels rose. Increase in the content of pyruvic acid, intensification of glycogenolysis processes (increase in phosphorylase a activity and decrease in the glycogen level), and diminished activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the myocardium attested to changes in its metabolism. High doses of the metals caused an increase in the free activity of the lysosome enzymes, cathepsins and of acid phosphatase, which indicated that the permeability of the membranes of these organelles was disturbed. The mechanism of the cardiotoxic effect of the metals is discussed.", "PMID": 671996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1114", "title": "[Echocardiography in the diagnosis of exudative pericarditis].", "content": "Echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion in 20 patients with various oncologic diseases. Chest X-ray showed effusion only in 5 patients, electrocardiographic signs of pericarditis were found in 12 patients. Echocardiography is an exact and simple method for the diagnosis of exudative pericarditis.", "contents": "[Echocardiography in the diagnosis of exudative pericarditis]. Echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion in 20 patients with various oncologic diseases. Chest X-ray showed effusion only in 5 patients, electrocardiographic signs of pericarditis were found in 12 patients. Echocardiography is an exact and simple method for the diagnosis of exudative pericarditis.", "PMID": 671997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1115", "title": "[Dynamics of the echocardiographic indicators in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Echocardiography was conducted on 22 patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction in the first 24 hours of the disease and in the three months following. Zones of asynergy of myocardial contraction were found in all patients. Segmental diminution of myocardial contraction was combined with hyperkinesia of areas of the intact heart muscle. Disturbance in regional myocardial contraction was attended with a decrease in functional capacity of the left ventricle. The left ventricular dysfunction in myocardial infarction is to a greater extent determined by the size and character of the asynergy rather than by the localization of infarction. In the period of recovery normalization of contraction was noted in the hypokinetic zones and to a lesser extent in the zones of akinesia. Zones of paradoxical movements of the wall which had developed in the acute period remained 3 months after the onset of the disease.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the echocardiographic indicators in myocardial infarct]. Echocardiography was conducted on 22 patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction in the first 24 hours of the disease and in the three months following. Zones of asynergy of myocardial contraction were found in all patients. Segmental diminution of myocardial contraction was combined with hyperkinesia of areas of the intact heart muscle. Disturbance in regional myocardial contraction was attended with a decrease in functional capacity of the left ventricle. The left ventricular dysfunction in myocardial infarction is to a greater extent determined by the size and character of the asynergy rather than by the localization of infarction. In the period of recovery normalization of contraction was noted in the hypokinetic zones and to a lesser extent in the zones of akinesia. Zones of paradoxical movements of the wall which had developed in the acute period remained 3 months after the onset of the disease.", "PMID": 671998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1116", "title": "[Types of disorders of the contractile function of the heart in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "Acute myocardial infarction is characterized by reduced contractile activity of the heart, which is manifested by pathological shifts in the phase structure of the left ventricular systole and parameters of hemodynamics corresponding to the syndrome of hypodynamia. The severity of the hypodynamia syndrome depends on the volume of the affected myocardium. On the basis of the degree of pathological shifts in the phase and hemodynamic indices, the authors distinguished several types of impaired cardiac contractility. In the course of stage-by-stage treatment applied on the principles of early activation, mobilization, and rehabilitation of patients, the dynamics differs with the type of the contractility disorder. In type I positive dynamics is revealed beginning with stage I, in type II beginning with stage II of treatment; in type III negative dynamics is noted in the early periods of the disease and positive dynamics in stage III of treatment. The differentiation of these types becomes very important in appraising the tactics, the prognosis, and the outcome of the disease. Close correlative relations were revealed between the phase indices and the indices of hemodynamics which allow more objective appraisal of the state of cardiac contractility in the acute period of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Types of disorders of the contractile function of the heart in acute myocardial infarct]. Acute myocardial infarction is characterized by reduced contractile activity of the heart, which is manifested by pathological shifts in the phase structure of the left ventricular systole and parameters of hemodynamics corresponding to the syndrome of hypodynamia. The severity of the hypodynamia syndrome depends on the volume of the affected myocardium. On the basis of the degree of pathological shifts in the phase and hemodynamic indices, the authors distinguished several types of impaired cardiac contractility. In the course of stage-by-stage treatment applied on the principles of early activation, mobilization, and rehabilitation of patients, the dynamics differs with the type of the contractility disorder. In type I positive dynamics is revealed beginning with stage I, in type II beginning with stage II of treatment; in type III negative dynamics is noted in the early periods of the disease and positive dynamics in stage III of treatment. The differentiation of these types becomes very important in appraising the tactics, the prognosis, and the outcome of the disease. Close correlative relations were revealed between the phase indices and the indices of hemodynamics which allow more objective appraisal of the state of cardiac contractility in the acute period of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 671999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1117", "title": "[Renin and various factors of its regulation in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The activity of blood plasma renin and the content of aldosterone were studied in dynamics in 55 patients with acute myocardial infarction following a different course. The dependence of renin activity and potassium content is analysed. The authors did not find any dependence between the degree of growth of blood plasma renin activity and the course of the disease; exception to this were patients with disorders of rhythm and conductivity. It is presumed that changes in potassium metabolism play an important role in the changes in renin activity in myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Renin and various factors of its regulation in acute myocardial infarct]. The activity of blood plasma renin and the content of aldosterone were studied in dynamics in 55 patients with acute myocardial infarction following a different course. The dependence of renin activity and potassium content is analysed. The authors did not find any dependence between the degree of growth of blood plasma renin activity and the course of the disease; exception to this were patients with disorders of rhythm and conductivity. It is presumed that changes in potassium metabolism play an important role in the changes in renin activity in myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 672000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1118", "title": "[Effect of periodicity of many days on the outcome of myocardial infarct in males].", "content": "The existence of an endogenic biological rhythm of 42-day duration, determining both the moment of development and the outcome of myocardial infarction, is shown. Mortality was highest among persons who had acquired the disease in the first and fourth weeks of this period. This may also testify to the existence of a 21-day cycle of periodicity which has an effect on the outcome of the disease.", "contents": "[Effect of periodicity of many days on the outcome of myocardial infarct in males]. The existence of an endogenic biological rhythm of 42-day duration, determining both the moment of development and the outcome of myocardial infarction, is shown. Mortality was highest among persons who had acquired the disease in the first and fourth weeks of this period. This may also testify to the existence of a 21-day cycle of periodicity which has an effect on the outcome of the disease.", "PMID": 672001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1119", "title": "[Diagnostic information content of electrocardiographic signs of myocardial scars in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "A study was made of 326 cases with scars of the myocardium more than 5 mm in size and of 697 cases without any scars. The ECG changes were classified according to the Minnesota Code. Among cased in which scars were found on autopsy, the ECG had made it possible to establish (by WHO criteria) myocardial infarction in 34%, other chronic forms of ischemic heart disease in 35%, miscellaneous changes in 26%, and showed no changes in 5% of cases. The sensitivity of the electrocardiographic method in revealing myocardial scars proved to be low: the frequency of false-negative results according to any of the signs exceeded 30% in transmural scars and 60% in non-transmural scars. The most valuable diagnostic information was yielded by Q and QS waves (Codes I-1 and I-2), artial fibrillation, changes in T waves (Code V-2) and total block of the left branch of the bundle of His (in diminishing succession).", "contents": "[Diagnostic information content of electrocardiographic signs of myocardial scars in ischemic heart disease]. A study was made of 326 cases with scars of the myocardium more than 5 mm in size and of 697 cases without any scars. The ECG changes were classified according to the Minnesota Code. Among cased in which scars were found on autopsy, the ECG had made it possible to establish (by WHO criteria) myocardial infarction in 34%, other chronic forms of ischemic heart disease in 35%, miscellaneous changes in 26%, and showed no changes in 5% of cases. The sensitivity of the electrocardiographic method in revealing myocardial scars proved to be low: the frequency of false-negative results according to any of the signs exceeded 30% in transmural scars and 60% in non-transmural scars. The most valuable diagnostic information was yielded by Q and QS waves (Codes I-1 and I-2), artial fibrillation, changes in T waves (Code V-2) and total block of the left branch of the bundle of His (in diminishing succession).", "PMID": 672003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1120", "title": "[Disorder of erythrocyte membrane calcium binding in hypertension and experimental genetic hypertension].", "content": "Under conditions of physiological concentration of free calcium in the incubation medium (Ca2+f = 1.5 mM), the outer surface of the membrane of human and Wistar rat erythrocytes binds 435 +/- and 359 +/- 32 nmol calcium per 1 ml cells, respectively. The external surface of erythrocytes in patients with essential hypertension and in rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR, Kyoto Wistar) also binds such amounts of calcium. With the concentration of calcium corresponding to its concentration in the intracellular space (Ca2+f less than 1 mcM), the inner membrane surface of eritrocyte ghosts binds only 3.53 +/- 0.16 and 4.28 +/- 0.39 nmol calcium per 1 mg protein of human and rat eritrocyte ghosts, respectively. The noted decrease in the calcium-binding capacity of the inner part of the erythrocyte membrane, being probably a characteristic feature of membrane alteration displayed also in other cellular structure, may determine the changes in tissue sensitivity to the effect of hormones and catecholamines in both types of hypertension.", "contents": "[Disorder of erythrocyte membrane calcium binding in hypertension and experimental genetic hypertension]. Under conditions of physiological concentration of free calcium in the incubation medium (Ca2+f = 1.5 mM), the outer surface of the membrane of human and Wistar rat erythrocytes binds 435 +/- and 359 +/- 32 nmol calcium per 1 ml cells, respectively. The external surface of erythrocytes in patients with essential hypertension and in rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR, Kyoto Wistar) also binds such amounts of calcium. With the concentration of calcium corresponding to its concentration in the intracellular space (Ca2+f less than 1 mcM), the inner membrane surface of eritrocyte ghosts binds only 3.53 +/- 0.16 and 4.28 +/- 0.39 nmol calcium per 1 mg protein of human and rat eritrocyte ghosts, respectively. The noted decrease in the calcium-binding capacity of the inner part of the erythrocyte membrane, being probably a characteristic feature of membrane alteration displayed also in other cellular structure, may determine the changes in tissue sensitivity to the effect of hormones and catecholamines in both types of hypertension.", "PMID": 672004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1121", "title": "[State of the microcirculation in hypertension according to conjunctival biomicroscopy data].", "content": "Microcirculation was studied by the method of conjunctival biomicroscopy in 276 practically healthy subjects and in 174 patients with various stages of hypertension. In 80 of these patients with hypertension the study was conducted in dynamics. Among healthy subjects abnormalities in the conjunctival microcirculatory bed were occasionally encountered, the possibility of their detection grew with the age of the person examine. Marked changes in the terminal blood flow, considerably exceeding the age norm, were revealed in patients with hypertension; these changes progressed with the growth in the severity of the disease. Microcirculatory disorders in patients with hypertension are rather stable in character.", "contents": "[State of the microcirculation in hypertension according to conjunctival biomicroscopy data]. Microcirculation was studied by the method of conjunctival biomicroscopy in 276 practically healthy subjects and in 174 patients with various stages of hypertension. In 80 of these patients with hypertension the study was conducted in dynamics. Among healthy subjects abnormalities in the conjunctival microcirculatory bed were occasionally encountered, the possibility of their detection grew with the age of the person examine. Marked changes in the terminal blood flow, considerably exceeding the age norm, were revealed in patients with hypertension; these changes progressed with the growth in the severity of the disease. Microcirculatory disorders in patients with hypertension are rather stable in character.", "PMID": 672005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1122", "title": "[Aspects of a study of the blood enzymatic and isoenzymatic spectrum in different forms of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Analysis of data obtained in the study of the blood enzymatic and isoenzymatic spectra (creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase with simulatenous study of aspartate and alanine transaminases) in patients with various forms of ischemic heart disease showed the close correlation of the studied tests with the clinical picture of the disease, the degree and depth of myocardial involvement. The enzymatic tests studied are of diagnostic and prognostic importance and may be used in the differential diagnosis of various forms of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Aspects of a study of the blood enzymatic and isoenzymatic spectrum in different forms of ischemic heart disease]. Analysis of data obtained in the study of the blood enzymatic and isoenzymatic spectra (creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase with simulatenous study of aspartate and alanine transaminases) in patients with various forms of ischemic heart disease showed the close correlation of the studied tests with the clinical picture of the disease, the degree and depth of myocardial involvement. The enzymatic tests studied are of diagnostic and prognostic importance and may be used in the differential diagnosis of various forms of ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 672006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1123", "title": "[Rhythm of the daily changes in functions in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The daily changes in the functional state of the cardiovascular system and in the indices of bioelectric activity and hemodynamics of the brain, as well as the daily variability of lipid metabolism, electrolytes and 17-OCS in urine and certain indices of hemostasis were studied in 162 patients with ischemic heart disease. It was shown that, as compared to healthy individuals, patients with ischemic heart disease had a smaller amplitude of fluctuations in the daily rhythm with displacement of the peaks of activity to a later time. The only exception was the daily excretion of 17-OCS and aldosterone, the amplitude of fluctuations of which was close to that of these indices in healthy individuals but was distinguished by a displacement of 4 hrs. It is concluded that the biological clocks are sensitive to the changing conditions in which the systems of the organism function in ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Rhythm of the daily changes in functions in ischemic heart disease]. The daily changes in the functional state of the cardiovascular system and in the indices of bioelectric activity and hemodynamics of the brain, as well as the daily variability of lipid metabolism, electrolytes and 17-OCS in urine and certain indices of hemostasis were studied in 162 patients with ischemic heart disease. It was shown that, as compared to healthy individuals, patients with ischemic heart disease had a smaller amplitude of fluctuations in the daily rhythm with displacement of the peaks of activity to a later time. The only exception was the daily excretion of 17-OCS and aldosterone, the amplitude of fluctuations of which was close to that of these indices in healthy individuals but was distinguished by a displacement of 4 hrs. It is concluded that the biological clocks are sensitive to the changing conditions in which the systems of the organism function in ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 672008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1124", "title": "[Effect of insulin on coronary vessel adrenergic and cholinergic reactions].", "content": "The effect of a single insulin injection on the reaction of the coronary vessels to adrenaline, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine was studied in experiments on dogs. Insulin induces a decrease of arterial pressure and of the resistance of the coronary and peripheral vessels reduces the reflex cholinergic and beta-adrenergic reactions of dilatation of the coronary vessels, and promotes alpha-adrenergic reactions in intracoronary administration of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Insulin also weakens the immediate cholinergic reactions of the coronary vessels in stimulation of the effector systems with acetylcholine.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin on coronary vessel adrenergic and cholinergic reactions]. The effect of a single insulin injection on the reaction of the coronary vessels to adrenaline, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine was studied in experiments on dogs. Insulin induces a decrease of arterial pressure and of the resistance of the coronary and peripheral vessels reduces the reflex cholinergic and beta-adrenergic reactions of dilatation of the coronary vessels, and promotes alpha-adrenergic reactions in intracoronary administration of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Insulin also weakens the immediate cholinergic reactions of the coronary vessels in stimulation of the effector systems with acetylcholine.", "PMID": 672009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1125", "title": "[Effect of the chronic stimulation hypothalamic negative emotiogenic zones on a change in blood lipid and heparin content and on arterial pressure].", "content": "Rabbits kept on a routine diet and subjected, under conditions of free behavior, to long-term chronic (for a period of 4 months) stimulation of hypothalamic zones which give rise to negative emotions had marked stable endogenic hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia), a decrease in the blood heparin content, shortening of blood coagulation time, and mild (by 11%) but significant increase of arterial pressure. The extent of these changes differed with the animals. The dynamics of the increase in the blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels differed both in the degree of the increase as compared to the initial levels (by 44 and 74%, respectively) and in the latent period of attaining maximum deviations. There was a definite connection between the changes in the levels of triglycerides and heparin in blood. When rabbits were given small doses of methylthiouracil and stimulation was continued on that background, the blood cholesterol level grew still more (up to 110% of the initial level). The data obtained attest to the role of prolonged emotional stress in the genesis of stable metabolic and vasomotor disorders which may promote the development of preconditions for the origin of such cardiovascular diseases as atherosclerosis, hypertensive disease, and coronary thrombosis.", "contents": "[Effect of the chronic stimulation hypothalamic negative emotiogenic zones on a change in blood lipid and heparin content and on arterial pressure]. Rabbits kept on a routine diet and subjected, under conditions of free behavior, to long-term chronic (for a period of 4 months) stimulation of hypothalamic zones which give rise to negative emotions had marked stable endogenic hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia), a decrease in the blood heparin content, shortening of blood coagulation time, and mild (by 11%) but significant increase of arterial pressure. The extent of these changes differed with the animals. The dynamics of the increase in the blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels differed both in the degree of the increase as compared to the initial levels (by 44 and 74%, respectively) and in the latent period of attaining maximum deviations. There was a definite connection between the changes in the levels of triglycerides and heparin in blood. When rabbits were given small doses of methylthiouracil and stimulation was continued on that background, the blood cholesterol level grew still more (up to 110% of the initial level). The data obtained attest to the role of prolonged emotional stress in the genesis of stable metabolic and vasomotor disorders which may promote the development of preconditions for the origin of such cardiovascular diseases as atherosclerosis, hypertensive disease, and coronary thrombosis.", "PMID": 672010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1126", "title": "[New approach to the deposition of biologically active compounds in the body: an experimental study of the intracoronary administration of modified Sephadex].", "content": "The possibility of depositing in the myocardium drugs immobilized on modified Sephadex was studied. The method makes it possible to produce optimum local concentration of the drug with a predetermined rate of its detachment and has significant advantages over the commonly used methods for introducing drugs. Appraisal of a complex of data, including the findings of morphologic examination and analysis of the ECG and the curves of changes in the activity of CPK and hypoxanthine, has shown that intracoronary administration of 0.02 mg of Sephadex microspheres (approximately 20 000 microparticles) 20--40 mc in diameter per 1 g of dog myocardium has no harmful microembolic effect.", "contents": "[New approach to the deposition of biologically active compounds in the body: an experimental study of the intracoronary administration of modified Sephadex]. The possibility of depositing in the myocardium drugs immobilized on modified Sephadex was studied. The method makes it possible to produce optimum local concentration of the drug with a predetermined rate of its detachment and has significant advantages over the commonly used methods for introducing drugs. Appraisal of a complex of data, including the findings of morphologic examination and analysis of the ECG and the curves of changes in the activity of CPK and hypoxanthine, has shown that intracoronary administration of 0.02 mg of Sephadex microspheres (approximately 20 000 microparticles) 20--40 mc in diameter per 1 g of dog myocardium has no harmful microembolic effect.", "PMID": 672015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1127", "title": "[Lipid extraction from blood plasma and the subsequent administration of the autologous delipidized plasma as a possible agent for treating atherosclerosis (an experimental study)].", "content": "A method for the delipidization of blood plasma of rabbits and dogs with diethyl ether with its subsequent reinfusion into the animal's body is described. Triglycerides and cholesterol were mainly extracted from blood plasma, and only 1/3 of phospholipids. In dog experiments the plasma delipidization procedures led to a decrease of the cholesterol content in the overall fraction of atherogenic lipoproteins of low and very low density and an increase of the cholesterol content in antiatherogenic lipoproteins of high density. The lipoextraction procedures are harmless and may be employed for reducing the blood lipid level.", "contents": "[Lipid extraction from blood plasma and the subsequent administration of the autologous delipidized plasma as a possible agent for treating atherosclerosis (an experimental study)]. A method for the delipidization of blood plasma of rabbits and dogs with diethyl ether with its subsequent reinfusion into the animal's body is described. Triglycerides and cholesterol were mainly extracted from blood plasma, and only 1/3 of phospholipids. In dog experiments the plasma delipidization procedures led to a decrease of the cholesterol content in the overall fraction of atherogenic lipoproteins of low and very low density and an increase of the cholesterol content in antiatherogenic lipoproteins of high density. The lipoextraction procedures are harmless and may be employed for reducing the blood lipid level.", "PMID": 672016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1128", "title": "[Importance of Innerfield's serum test in the diagnosis of prethrombotic and thrombotic states in various cardiovascular diseases].", "content": "To appraise the diagnostic significance of Innerfield's serum test, 40 patients with ischemic heart disease were examined; 18 of them had angina pectoris, 22 myocardial infarction, in the acute of subacute stage, 15 hypertensive disease, and 27 patients had rheumatic heart disease. It is shown that the blood fibrinolytic system was depressed in most patients. A shorter serum test time was characteristic of these diseases when their course was complicated by thromboembolism. With due consideration for the data on the state of the blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems, the serum test may be used for identifying the prethrombotic condition in patients with various cardiovascular diseases.", "contents": "[Importance of Innerfield's serum test in the diagnosis of prethrombotic and thrombotic states in various cardiovascular diseases]. To appraise the diagnostic significance of Innerfield's serum test, 40 patients with ischemic heart disease were examined; 18 of them had angina pectoris, 22 myocardial infarction, in the acute of subacute stage, 15 hypertensive disease, and 27 patients had rheumatic heart disease. It is shown that the blood fibrinolytic system was depressed in most patients. A shorter serum test time was characteristic of these diseases when their course was complicated by thromboembolism. With due consideration for the data on the state of the blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems, the serum test may be used for identifying the prethrombotic condition in patients with various cardiovascular diseases.", "PMID": 672017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1129", "title": "[Erythrocyte aggregation and fibrinogen derivatives in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Aggregation of erythrocytes was determined in 50 patients with angina pectoris and myocardial infarction and in 20 subjects of the control group by rheoscopy after Schmid-Schoenbein. It is shown that in patients with ischemic heart disease aggregation of erythrocytes is considerably increased and the hydrodynamic strength of the aggregates is greater. The erythrocyte aggregation curve is some patients with ischemic heart disease was of a biexponential character in distinction to that in subjects of the control group, which was of the monoexponential type. It was found that the increase in the strength of the erythrocyte aggregation and in the rate of aggregate formation was due to fibrinogen and its complex compounds with decomposition products.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte aggregation and fibrinogen derivatives in ischemic heart disease]. Aggregation of erythrocytes was determined in 50 patients with angina pectoris and myocardial infarction and in 20 subjects of the control group by rheoscopy after Schmid-Schoenbein. It is shown that in patients with ischemic heart disease aggregation of erythrocytes is considerably increased and the hydrodynamic strength of the aggregates is greater. The erythrocyte aggregation curve is some patients with ischemic heart disease was of a biexponential character in distinction to that in subjects of the control group, which was of the monoexponential type. It was found that the increase in the strength of the erythrocyte aggregation and in the rate of aggregate formation was due to fibrinogen and its complex compounds with decomposition products.", "PMID": 672018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1130", "title": "[Thrombocyte functional resistance and histamine and serotonin metabolism in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The functional resistance of blood platelets, the reserve and active forms of histamine and serotonin, and the activity of monoamine oxidase and histaminase were studied in 5 healthy subjects, in 64 patients with acute, subacute and rehabilitation stages of myocardial infarction, and in 33 patients during frequent attacks of angina pectoris and after their total subsidence. On the grounds of the data obtained, the authors conclude that: (1) the drastically disturbed blood platelet resistance, megathrombocytosis, and marked decrease in the content of reserve amine forms in ischemic heart disease should be considered an additional risk factor; (2) agents which improve blood platelet vital activity and/or block the release reaction should be included in the therapeutic program for patients suffering from ischemic heart disease with heightened risk factors.", "contents": "[Thrombocyte functional resistance and histamine and serotonin metabolism in ischemic heart disease]. The functional resistance of blood platelets, the reserve and active forms of histamine and serotonin, and the activity of monoamine oxidase and histaminase were studied in 5 healthy subjects, in 64 patients with acute, subacute and rehabilitation stages of myocardial infarction, and in 33 patients during frequent attacks of angina pectoris and after their total subsidence. On the grounds of the data obtained, the authors conclude that: (1) the drastically disturbed blood platelet resistance, megathrombocytosis, and marked decrease in the content of reserve amine forms in ischemic heart disease should be considered an additional risk factor; (2) agents which improve blood platelet vital activity and/or block the release reaction should be included in the therapeutic program for patients suffering from ischemic heart disease with heightened risk factors.", "PMID": 672019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1131", "title": "[Diagnostic importance of a study of the rate of change in potential difference during the period of ventricular repolarization in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "In patients with the acute stage of myocardial infarction the ratio between the maximum rates in the different and afferent parts of the vectocardiographic ST--T loop decreases sharply and, accordingly, the ratio between the amplitudes of the second phase of the T wave and the first phase on the first ECG diminishes. The time needed for attaining the maximum value of acceleration in the initial phase of rapid repolarization is simultaneously reduced. With the gradual recovery of the patients, these indices tend to return to normal. During the bicycle ergometric test in patients with chronic ischemic disease of the heart the reduction of these indices is revealed more frequently and at lesser loads than the shifts which are characteristic of the ordinary ECG recorded in coronary insufficiency.", "contents": "[Diagnostic importance of a study of the rate of change in potential difference during the period of ventricular repolarization in ischemic heart disease]. In patients with the acute stage of myocardial infarction the ratio between the maximum rates in the different and afferent parts of the vectocardiographic ST--T loop decreases sharply and, accordingly, the ratio between the amplitudes of the second phase of the T wave and the first phase on the first ECG diminishes. The time needed for attaining the maximum value of acceleration in the initial phase of rapid repolarization is simultaneously reduced. With the gradual recovery of the patients, these indices tend to return to normal. During the bicycle ergometric test in patients with chronic ischemic disease of the heart the reduction of these indices is revealed more frequently and at lesser loads than the shifts which are characteristic of the ordinary ECG recorded in coronary insufficiency.", "PMID": 672021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1132", "title": "[Dynamic observation data on the course of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The clinical course of ischemic heart disease was followed-up for 3 to 5 years after coronarography in 91 patients with atherosclerotic affection of the coronary arteries who had not been given purposeful treatment. In 30.8 per cent in cases the clinical picture of the disease grew worse: angina of effort became more frequent angina at rest occurred (19.8%), and myocardial infarction (7.7%) and symptoms of circulatory insufficiency (3.3%) developed. A lethal outcome was recorded in 16.5% of cases. A connection between the extent of the atherosclerotic process (the number of vessels involved) and the advancement of the disease was revealed.", "contents": "[Dynamic observation data on the course of ischemic heart disease]. The clinical course of ischemic heart disease was followed-up for 3 to 5 years after coronarography in 91 patients with atherosclerotic affection of the coronary arteries who had not been given purposeful treatment. In 30.8 per cent in cases the clinical picture of the disease grew worse: angina of effort became more frequent angina at rest occurred (19.8%), and myocardial infarction (7.7%) and symptoms of circulatory insufficiency (3.3%) developed. A lethal outcome was recorded in 16.5% of cases. A connection between the extent of the atherosclerotic process (the number of vessels involved) and the advancement of the disease was revealed.", "PMID": 672022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1133", "title": "[Indices of intracardiac hemodynamics and of myocardial contractile function in relationship to the total coronary artery lesion in stenocardia].", "content": "Study of the intracardiac hemodynamics, the work of the ventricles, and the findings of a phase analysis of the ventricular systole in various groups of patients with angina pectoris showed that the advancement of the atherosclerotic process in the coronary arteries is attended with disorders of contractile properties and with changes in the electromechanical activity of the cardiac muscle. Appraisal of the hemodynamic disorders according to the extent of involvement of the coronary arteries showed that maximum affection of the vessels is attended with marked abnormalities of hemodynamics. A similar regularity was found in analysis of the indices characterizing the contractile function of the myocardium.", "contents": "[Indices of intracardiac hemodynamics and of myocardial contractile function in relationship to the total coronary artery lesion in stenocardia]. Study of the intracardiac hemodynamics, the work of the ventricles, and the findings of a phase analysis of the ventricular systole in various groups of patients with angina pectoris showed that the advancement of the atherosclerotic process in the coronary arteries is attended with disorders of contractile properties and with changes in the electromechanical activity of the cardiac muscle. Appraisal of the hemodynamic disorders according to the extent of involvement of the coronary arteries showed that maximum affection of the vessels is attended with marked abnormalities of hemodynamics. A similar regularity was found in analysis of the indices characterizing the contractile function of the myocardium.", "PMID": 672023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1134", "title": "[Treatment of ischemic heart disease of old age at a cardiologic sanatorium near Moscow].", "content": "On the basis of scientific and practical experience at a sanatorium located near Moscow, the authors claim that in the management of elderly patients with ischemic heart disease due consideration must be given to concomitant diseases and complications. The low adaptability of the organism of such patients and the increased meteorolability make it difficult to choose the dosage of the therapeutic natural and performed physical factors and call for careful control over the tolerance to the procedures and the course of the treatment, particularly in the rehabilitation departments. A properly chosen complex of sanatorium treatment promotes improvement of hemodynamics, hemostasis, and lipid metabolism and increase in the adaptability of the organism and in the patients' physical activity.", "contents": "[Treatment of ischemic heart disease of old age at a cardiologic sanatorium near Moscow]. On the basis of scientific and practical experience at a sanatorium located near Moscow, the authors claim that in the management of elderly patients with ischemic heart disease due consideration must be given to concomitant diseases and complications. The low adaptability of the organism of such patients and the increased meteorolability make it difficult to choose the dosage of the therapeutic natural and performed physical factors and call for careful control over the tolerance to the procedures and the course of the treatment, particularly in the rehabilitation departments. A properly chosen complex of sanatorium treatment promotes improvement of hemodynamics, hemostasis, and lipid metabolism and increase in the adaptability of the organism and in the patients' physical activity.", "PMID": 672024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1135", "title": "[Genetics of ischemic (coronary) heart disease].", "content": "On the basis of the medical history and clinical examination of members of families of 133 practically healthy probands and probands suffering from ischemic heart disease and comparison of the frequency of this disease among: (1) husbands and wives and relatives of brother-sisters of probands with ischemic heart disease; (2) husbands and wives, living together for a long time, one of whom had a favourable heredity while the heredity of the other is aggravated by vascular and metabolic diseases; (3) step-borthers and step-sisters born of remarriage of a healthy person to another healthy person in one case and to a sick person in another; (4) persons related in different extent to a sick proband, the authors conclude that genetic factors are very important in the development of coronary atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Genetics of ischemic (coronary) heart disease]. On the basis of the medical history and clinical examination of members of families of 133 practically healthy probands and probands suffering from ischemic heart disease and comparison of the frequency of this disease among: (1) husbands and wives and relatives of brother-sisters of probands with ischemic heart disease; (2) husbands and wives, living together for a long time, one of whom had a favourable heredity while the heredity of the other is aggravated by vascular and metabolic diseases; (3) step-borthers and step-sisters born of remarriage of a healthy person to another healthy person in one case and to a sick person in another; (4) persons related in different extent to a sick proband, the authors conclude that genetic factors are very important in the development of coronary atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 672025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1136", "title": "[Comparison of electrocardiographic (35 leads) and pathologicoanatomic diagnostic data in determining the dimensions of necrotic and peri-infarct zones].", "content": "Comparison of the data of electrocardiographic diagnosis for determining the size of the necrotic and periinfarction zones in records from 35 precordial leads with the results of pathoanatomical study of the size of the focus of affection in 8 dead persons who had suffered from acute myocardial infarction showed the adequacy of the method for assessment of the state of the necrotic and periinfarction zones in patients with acute myocardial infarction by the sum elevation of the ST segment in anterior myocardial infarction and by the area of segment ST depression in inferoposterior myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Comparison of electrocardiographic (35 leads) and pathologicoanatomic diagnostic data in determining the dimensions of necrotic and peri-infarct zones]. Comparison of the data of electrocardiographic diagnosis for determining the size of the necrotic and periinfarction zones in records from 35 precordial leads with the results of pathoanatomical study of the size of the focus of affection in 8 dead persons who had suffered from acute myocardial infarction showed the adequacy of the method for assessment of the state of the necrotic and periinfarction zones in patients with acute myocardial infarction by the sum elevation of the ST segment in anterior myocardial infarction and by the area of segment ST depression in inferoposterior myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 672026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1137", "title": "[Antiglaucomatous trabeculectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The case material covers 115 glaucoma patients in whom antiglaucomatous trabeculectomy had been performed. Observation times: between a maximum of 3 years (12 cases) and a minimum period of 6 months (18 cases). Open-angle glaucoma 28 cases (22.8%), narrow-angle glaucoma 22 cases (19.1%), air-block glaucoma 17 cases (14.75%), other types 16 cases (13.91%). Best results were obtained with the open-angle glaucoma; surgery had reduced the pressure to normal in 85.21% of the cases. In addition, normal pressure was achieved by drug therapy in 8.8% of the cases. Good results were also obtained in glaucomas with narrow angle of iris (pressure normalization in 86.3% of the cases), as well as in combined surgery when glaucoma and cataract occurred simultaneously. The mechanism of action of the surgical procedure consists in the formation of a fistulating excretory duct covered up by a scleroconjunctival wall, generally forming a flat seepage cushion.", "contents": "[Antiglaucomatous trabeculectomy (author's transl)]. The case material covers 115 glaucoma patients in whom antiglaucomatous trabeculectomy had been performed. Observation times: between a maximum of 3 years (12 cases) and a minimum period of 6 months (18 cases). Open-angle glaucoma 28 cases (22.8%), narrow-angle glaucoma 22 cases (19.1%), air-block glaucoma 17 cases (14.75%), other types 16 cases (13.91%). Best results were obtained with the open-angle glaucoma; surgery had reduced the pressure to normal in 85.21% of the cases. In addition, normal pressure was achieved by drug therapy in 8.8% of the cases. Good results were also obtained in glaucomas with narrow angle of iris (pressure normalization in 86.3% of the cases), as well as in combined surgery when glaucoma and cataract occurred simultaneously. The mechanism of action of the surgical procedure consists in the formation of a fistulating excretory duct covered up by a scleroconjunctival wall, generally forming a flat seepage cushion.", "PMID": 672088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1138", "title": "[The effect of timolol eye drops on the intraocular pressure in simple glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The intraocular pressure response to timolol ophthalmic solution, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, was tested in two groups of open angle glaucoma patients using the 0,1% and the 0,5% solution. The 0.5% concentration gave a mean IOP reduction of 13 mm Hg in 39 glaucomatous eyes, corresponding to 46% of the pretreatment pressure level. The 0,1% concentration resulted in an average pressure decrease of 11,5 mm Hg in 22 glaucomatous eyes, corresponding to 40% of the pretreatment pressure levels. With both solutions a reduction of the first day's response was noted after repeated administration of timolol. In all patients tested timolol was tolerated well subjectively and objectively without any side effects. Timolol did not affect blood pressure or pulse rate. Tear production was not reduced after topical application of timolol. Pupillary diameter and facility of outflow were not changed significantly under therapy. It is concluded, that timolol acts primarily by reduction of aqueous inflow. The advantages of timolol as antiglaucomatous drug not affecting visual functions like miotics are discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of timolol eye drops on the intraocular pressure in simple glaucoma (author's transl)]. The intraocular pressure response to timolol ophthalmic solution, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, was tested in two groups of open angle glaucoma patients using the 0,1% and the 0,5% solution. The 0.5% concentration gave a mean IOP reduction of 13 mm Hg in 39 glaucomatous eyes, corresponding to 46% of the pretreatment pressure level. The 0,1% concentration resulted in an average pressure decrease of 11,5 mm Hg in 22 glaucomatous eyes, corresponding to 40% of the pretreatment pressure levels. With both solutions a reduction of the first day's response was noted after repeated administration of timolol. In all patients tested timolol was tolerated well subjectively and objectively without any side effects. Timolol did not affect blood pressure or pulse rate. Tear production was not reduced after topical application of timolol. Pupillary diameter and facility of outflow were not changed significantly under therapy. It is concluded, that timolol acts primarily by reduction of aqueous inflow. The advantages of timolol as antiglaucomatous drug not affecting visual functions like miotics are discussed.", "PMID": 672089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1139", "title": "[Diploptics - brand-new system of concomitant squint treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper exposes the shortcomings of orthoptics and proposes an original system of concomitant squint treatment named diploptics. This system is based on the new conception of the role of bifixation in the physiology and pathology of binocular vision. The major principle of diploptics is to induce diplopia under natural conductions and further to \"enliven\" or develope the ability to overcome it with the help of the optomotor fusion reflex and thus to recover the auto-control mechanism of bifixation - the basis of the normal binocular vision. To realize this principle a number of methods are suggested. A trial of these produced hopeful results.", "contents": "[Diploptics - brand-new system of concomitant squint treatment (author's transl)]. The present paper exposes the shortcomings of orthoptics and proposes an original system of concomitant squint treatment named diploptics. This system is based on the new conception of the role of bifixation in the physiology and pathology of binocular vision. The major principle of diploptics is to induce diplopia under natural conductions and further to \"enliven\" or develope the ability to overcome it with the help of the optomotor fusion reflex and thus to recover the auto-control mechanism of bifixation - the basis of the normal binocular vision. To realize this principle a number of methods are suggested. A trial of these produced hopeful results.", "PMID": 672090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1140", "title": "[Fluorescein angiographic study on the retinal vessels of young cigarette smokers (author's transl)].", "content": "Caliber irregularities of the small retinal vessels may usually be observed as an early sign of vascular disturbance in young cigarette smokers. A randomized blind study on 28 smokers and 30 non-smokers aged between 17 and 39 years, which were entirely healthy according to the results of physical and ophthalmoscopical examination, was undertaken with the aid of fluorescence angiography. Only smokers with a consumption of at least 15 cigarettes daily and a history of smoking of at least 5 years were taken into account for the study. The angiograms were read as fluorescein angiographic negatives under a stereomicroscope. To the person interpreting the angiograms, name or date of the angiograms were not know. Caliber irregularities of the retinal arteries, veins, arterioles and venoles were found in 18 of the smokers and 2 of the non-smokers. The incidence of vascular irregularity in smokers is highly significant at the 1% level.", "contents": "[Fluorescein angiographic study on the retinal vessels of young cigarette smokers (author's transl)]. Caliber irregularities of the small retinal vessels may usually be observed as an early sign of vascular disturbance in young cigarette smokers. A randomized blind study on 28 smokers and 30 non-smokers aged between 17 and 39 years, which were entirely healthy according to the results of physical and ophthalmoscopical examination, was undertaken with the aid of fluorescence angiography. Only smokers with a consumption of at least 15 cigarettes daily and a history of smoking of at least 5 years were taken into account for the study. The angiograms were read as fluorescein angiographic negatives under a stereomicroscope. To the person interpreting the angiograms, name or date of the angiograms were not know. Caliber irregularities of the retinal arteries, veins, arterioles and venoles were found in 18 of the smokers and 2 of the non-smokers. The incidence of vascular irregularity in smokers is highly significant at the 1% level.", "PMID": 672091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1141", "title": "[Familiary arhinia combined with peters' anomaly and maxilliar deformities, a new malformation syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on two sisters with arhinia, hypertelorism, Peters' anomaly and deformities of the maxilla. The lacrimal sacs in both patients were extirpated because of recurrent dacryoadenitis due to bilateral aplasia of the nasolacrimal ducts. One eye showing Peters' anomaly with microphthalmus was enucleated in the elder patient 12 years ago. Differential diagnosis includes frontonasal dysplasia and the different types of holoprosencephaly-syndromes. Probably this new malformation syndrome is a recessive inherited.", "contents": "[Familiary arhinia combined with peters' anomaly and maxilliar deformities, a new malformation syndrome (author's transl)]. A report is given on two sisters with arhinia, hypertelorism, Peters' anomaly and deformities of the maxilla. The lacrimal sacs in both patients were extirpated because of recurrent dacryoadenitis due to bilateral aplasia of the nasolacrimal ducts. One eye showing Peters' anomaly with microphthalmus was enucleated in the elder patient 12 years ago. Differential diagnosis includes frontonasal dysplasia and the different types of holoprosencephaly-syndromes. Probably this new malformation syndrome is a recessive inherited.", "PMID": 672092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1142", "title": "[Fluorescencangiographical and histopathological findings in cases of non-pigmentes iris cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical, fluorescencangiographical and histopathological findings in 3 cases of non-pigmented iris cysts are described. The first case was a posttraumatic cyst after cataractextraction, the second in all probability, also a posttraumatic cyst and the third case was a spontaneous intrastromal nonpigmented iris cyst. Although the clinical and histopathological findings are not always helpful in the differential diagnosis between non-pigmented posttraumatic and non-pigmented spontaneous iris cysts, we believe, that fluorescencangiography may provide valuable additional information. The preoperative differentiation is important, because radical excision including the affected cornea or sclera is necessary in the posttraumatic cases, whereas only a simple iridectomy is required for the spontaneous cysts.", "contents": "[Fluorescencangiographical and histopathological findings in cases of non-pigmentes iris cysts (author's transl)]. The clinical, fluorescencangiographical and histopathological findings in 3 cases of non-pigmented iris cysts are described. The first case was a posttraumatic cyst after cataractextraction, the second in all probability, also a posttraumatic cyst and the third case was a spontaneous intrastromal nonpigmented iris cyst. Although the clinical and histopathological findings are not always helpful in the differential diagnosis between non-pigmented posttraumatic and non-pigmented spontaneous iris cysts, we believe, that fluorescencangiography may provide valuable additional information. The preoperative differentiation is important, because radical excision including the affected cornea or sclera is necessary in the posttraumatic cases, whereas only a simple iridectomy is required for the spontaneous cysts.", "PMID": 672093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1143", "title": "[Videoprocessing pupillographic perimetry in hemianopsia (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of homonymous hemianopsia, with the aid of pupillographic perimetry it is possible to differentiate between infra- or suprageniculate lesions. Principally the validity of Wernicke's theory remains unchanged. However in processes in the central visual pathways a hemihypokinesia of varying degree may be found. In the blind visual fields so far in our cases a congruence between pupillographic and perimetric thresholds has not been confirmed. The phenomenon of hemihypokinesia of the pupil is discussed.", "contents": "[Videoprocessing pupillographic perimetry in hemianopsia (author's transl)]. In cases of homonymous hemianopsia, with the aid of pupillographic perimetry it is possible to differentiate between infra- or suprageniculate lesions. Principally the validity of Wernicke's theory remains unchanged. However in processes in the central visual pathways a hemihypokinesia of varying degree may be found. In the blind visual fields so far in our cases a congruence between pupillographic and perimetric thresholds has not been confirmed. The phenomenon of hemihypokinesia of the pupil is discussed.", "PMID": 672094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1144", "title": "[Alteration of gilded molybdenum-wire after implantation in the rabbit skin (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in gilded molybdenum-wire after implantation in the rabbit skin were investigated by a scanning electron microscope. The described changes are caused by electrolytical action of the tissue fluid. Calcium-molybdat was found between the gold and the molybdenum layer.", "contents": "[Alteration of gilded molybdenum-wire after implantation in the rabbit skin (author's transl)]. Changes in gilded molybdenum-wire after implantation in the rabbit skin were investigated by a scanning electron microscope. The described changes are caused by electrolytical action of the tissue fluid. Calcium-molybdat was found between the gold and the molybdenum layer.", "PMID": 672095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1145", "title": "[Cystoid macular oedema over a malignant melanoma of the choroid. Clinic, fluorescencangiography and histopathologic findings (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of cystoid macular oedema lying over a malignant melanoma of the choroid is reported. A direct correlation between the histopathological findings and the fluorescencangiographic picture is shown. The fluorescencangiography was taken 14 days before enucleation and showed the typical structure of a cystoid maculaoedema. The pathogenesis of the accumulation of the fluid within the layers of the Henle' fibres and the inner nuclear layer are discussed.", "contents": "[Cystoid macular oedema over a malignant melanoma of the choroid. Clinic, fluorescencangiography and histopathologic findings (author's transl)]. A case of cystoid macular oedema lying over a malignant melanoma of the choroid is reported. A direct correlation between the histopathological findings and the fluorescencangiographic picture is shown. The fluorescencangiography was taken 14 days before enucleation and showed the typical structure of a cystoid maculaoedema. The pathogenesis of the accumulation of the fluid within the layers of the Henle' fibres and the inner nuclear layer are discussed.", "PMID": 672096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1146", "title": "[Tear-sac concretions (author's transl)].", "content": "Report is given on three cases of dacryolithiasis. All cases were demonstrated by dacryocystography. Two dacryoliths were obtained at operation, another one by spontaneous passage through the nose. Histopathological examination of the dacryoliths in two cases revealed the presence of a mycotic infection, most likely with Candida albicans. The casts were found to be composed of layers of neutral and acid mucoproteids and lipids, accompanied by an infiltration with leucocytes.", "contents": "[Tear-sac concretions (author's transl)]. Report is given on three cases of dacryolithiasis. All cases were demonstrated by dacryocystography. Two dacryoliths were obtained at operation, another one by spontaneous passage through the nose. Histopathological examination of the dacryoliths in two cases revealed the presence of a mycotic infection, most likely with Candida albicans. The casts were found to be composed of layers of neutral and acid mucoproteids and lipids, accompanied by an infiltration with leucocytes.", "PMID": 672097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1147", "title": "[Double optic papilla in eye coloboma (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on a 4-year-old girl with multiple congenital malformations. Ophthalmological examination revealed microphthalmia, bilateral colobomas of iris, leukoma of the right eye, convergent strabismus in the left eye. An oval salmon-coloured area was seen at the fundus of the left eye where the retinal vessesl proceed into the depth. There was no vascular infundibulum. A papilla-like cavity was seen at the bottom left of the coloboma (possibly a circulus zinnii, also called circulus vasculosus nervi optici, may be present). Both papillae are connected with each other by means of a vein. This patient, therefore, presented an extremely rare case of malformation with two papillae in one coloboma.", "contents": "[Double optic papilla in eye coloboma (author's transl)]. The article reports on a 4-year-old girl with multiple congenital malformations. Ophthalmological examination revealed microphthalmia, bilateral colobomas of iris, leukoma of the right eye, convergent strabismus in the left eye. An oval salmon-coloured area was seen at the fundus of the left eye where the retinal vessesl proceed into the depth. There was no vascular infundibulum. A papilla-like cavity was seen at the bottom left of the coloboma (possibly a circulus zinnii, also called circulus vasculosus nervi optici, may be present). Both papillae are connected with each other by means of a vein. This patient, therefore, presented an extremely rare case of malformation with two papillae in one coloboma.", "PMID": 672098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1148", "title": "[Treatment of amblyopia with soft occlusion lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "Inverse and regular occlusion therapy is carried out by means of a block coloured soft contact lens in cases, in which previous conventional patching had not been successful for external reasons. The technical data of the lens used and the indications for its application are given. Preliminary results show the usefulness of this method.", "contents": "[Treatment of amblyopia with soft occlusion lenses (author's transl)]. Inverse and regular occlusion therapy is carried out by means of a block coloured soft contact lens in cases, in which previous conventional patching had not been successful for external reasons. The technical data of the lens used and the indications for its application are given. Preliminary results show the usefulness of this method.", "PMID": 672099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1149", "title": "[High altitude retinal hemorrhages in mountain climbers (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on three patients who noticed an acute deterioration of visual acuity after a sojourn at 5000 altitude caused by retinal hemorrhages. We documented both the ophthalmological examinations such as visual acuity, fundus, perimetry and fluorescence-angiography and the systemic results. During the period of about half a year after the incidence of deterioration of visual acuity we followed the course of illness. The pathophysiological mechanism, and therapeutical and prophylactical possibilities are discussed in consideration of the results of other authors.", "contents": "[High altitude retinal hemorrhages in mountain climbers (author's transl)]. A report is given on three patients who noticed an acute deterioration of visual acuity after a sojourn at 5000 altitude caused by retinal hemorrhages. We documented both the ophthalmological examinations such as visual acuity, fundus, perimetry and fluorescence-angiography and the systemic results. During the period of about half a year after the incidence of deterioration of visual acuity we followed the course of illness. The pathophysiological mechanism, and therapeutical and prophylactical possibilities are discussed in consideration of the results of other authors.", "PMID": 672100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1150", "title": "[Alport's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given of a 22-years old student (whose brother had Alport's syndrome) with recurrent central corneal swelling and paracentral erosions of the cornea of both eyes. Further signs of beginning Alport's syndrome in this case are disturbance of re-adaptation after dazzling (Mesoptometer) and paracentral scotomata in the visual fields. Remarkable was the small diameter of the disc in both eyes (1.37 mm). Local therapy was Scopolamin-eye-drops, Actihaemyl- and especially Cystein-Gel (2.4%).", "contents": "[Alport's syndrome (author's transl)]. A case report is given of a 22-years old student (whose brother had Alport's syndrome) with recurrent central corneal swelling and paracentral erosions of the cornea of both eyes. Further signs of beginning Alport's syndrome in this case are disturbance of re-adaptation after dazzling (Mesoptometer) and paracentral scotomata in the visual fields. Remarkable was the small diameter of the disc in both eyes (1.37 mm). Local therapy was Scopolamin-eye-drops, Actihaemyl- and especially Cystein-Gel (2.4%).", "PMID": 672101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1151", "title": "[Conjunctivitis caused by fly larvae (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents a case of ophthalmomyiasis externa which caused conjunctivitis. The larvae which were visible in photomicrographs were immobilised in paraffin oil.", "contents": "[Conjunctivitis caused by fly larvae (author's transl)]. The author presents a case of ophthalmomyiasis externa which caused conjunctivitis. The larvae which were visible in photomicrographs were immobilised in paraffin oil.", "PMID": 672102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1152", "title": "[Levator strenght measurements. Oculomyodynamometry of the levator palpebrae superioris (author's transl)].", "content": "The author describes a method of levator strength measurement with the oculomyodynamometer with which he measured a maximum strength of the levator muscle in adults of 58 G. The levators were much weaker in congenital ptosis. In three such cases the levators had strengths of only 9 G, 5 G and 5 G. In cases of acquired ptosis the reduced strength of the levators was on an average about half normal. This method allows 1. better diagnosis with levator paresis, 2. a control of its behaviour during the clinical course, 3. profiting from the measurement results for correcting operations on the levator muscle.", "contents": "[Levator strenght measurements. Oculomyodynamometry of the levator palpebrae superioris (author's transl)]. The author describes a method of levator strength measurement with the oculomyodynamometer with which he measured a maximum strength of the levator muscle in adults of 58 G. The levators were much weaker in congenital ptosis. In three such cases the levators had strengths of only 9 G, 5 G and 5 G. In cases of acquired ptosis the reduced strength of the levators was on an average about half normal. This method allows 1. better diagnosis with levator paresis, 2. a control of its behaviour during the clinical course, 3. profiting from the measurement results for correcting operations on the levator muscle.", "PMID": 672103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1153", "title": "[Use of a air pressure drill system for Toti's operation (dacryocystorhinostomy) (author's transl)].", "content": "Report concerning a high-speed drill system powered by compressed air (Air Drill 100) which considerably facilitates the trepanation of a bone window during Toti's operation in conjunction with a combined drill-miller. This instrument provides considerable advantages over traditional electrically operated instruments.", "contents": "[Use of a air pressure drill system for Toti's operation (dacryocystorhinostomy) (author's transl)]. Report concerning a high-speed drill system powered by compressed air (Air Drill 100) which considerably facilitates the trepanation of a bone window during Toti's operation in conjunction with a combined drill-miller. This instrument provides considerable advantages over traditional electrically operated instruments.", "PMID": 672104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1154", "title": "[Pigmentary corneal and scleral changes in Leschke's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A complex of changes including pigmentary changes of tuberous type in the corneal limbus and scleral hyperaemia were observed in a patient with Leschke's syndrome. The small tumour in the corneal limbus was treated surgically with a good result confirmed by 4 years of observation. The histological diagnosis (pigmentary naevus) confirmed the benign character of the pathological process. The possibility of development of pigmentary corneal and scleral changes coexistent with presence of caf\u00e9 au lait spots on the skin of the trunk and face and endocrine disturbances is stressed.", "contents": "[Pigmentary corneal and scleral changes in Leschke's syndrome (author's transl)]. A complex of changes including pigmentary changes of tuberous type in the corneal limbus and scleral hyperaemia were observed in a patient with Leschke's syndrome. The small tumour in the corneal limbus was treated surgically with a good result confirmed by 4 years of observation. The histological diagnosis (pigmentary naevus) confirmed the benign character of the pathological process. The possibility of development of pigmentary corneal and scleral changes coexistent with presence of caf\u00e9 au lait spots on the skin of the trunk and face and endocrine disturbances is stressed.", "PMID": 672110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1155", "title": "[Creatine kinase isoenzymes: idiopathic occurrence of creatine kinase BB activities in patient serum (author's transl)].", "content": "By differentiation of creatine kinase isoenzyme activities in sera using immunological methods the published data about occurrence of creatine kinase BB activities in patients with different diseases or after surgical treatment, respectively, cannot be verified in general. With a frequency in the order of magnitude of 1 : 1000 in the serum of old patients (age 57 to 85 years with one exception), however, creatine kinase BB activities can be measured. The range of activities is 15 to 234 U/1, or 19 to 94% of total creatine kinase activities, respectively. At the present time there is no possibility to correlate this phenomenon to any specific disease. These cases are detected by abnormally high results of CK-MB activity measurements with the immunoinhibition test (range 60 to 202% of total creatine kinase activities) which lead to a repeated analysis using immunoprecipitation. The results of all CK-BB patients investigated till now are presented and discussed.", "contents": "[Creatine kinase isoenzymes: idiopathic occurrence of creatine kinase BB activities in patient serum (author's transl)]. By differentiation of creatine kinase isoenzyme activities in sera using immunological methods the published data about occurrence of creatine kinase BB activities in patients with different diseases or after surgical treatment, respectively, cannot be verified in general. With a frequency in the order of magnitude of 1 : 1000 in the serum of old patients (age 57 to 85 years with one exception), however, creatine kinase BB activities can be measured. The range of activities is 15 to 234 U/1, or 19 to 94% of total creatine kinase activities, respectively. At the present time there is no possibility to correlate this phenomenon to any specific disease. These cases are detected by abnormally high results of CK-MB activity measurements with the immunoinhibition test (range 60 to 202% of total creatine kinase activities) which lead to a repeated analysis using immunoprecipitation. The results of all CK-BB patients investigated till now are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 672135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1156", "title": "[Tetanus antitoxin in serum and cerebral spinal fluid in viral meningitis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Tetanus antitoxins were measured in serum and cerebro spinal fluid from 58 children--35 boys and 23 girls--with viral meningitis. The concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were also determined. The appearance of tetanus antitoxins in cerebral spinal fluid depends on absolute antitoxin levels in serum as well as on the antitoxin/IgG ratio. Antitoxin/IgG ratios in serum and cerebro spinal fluid were in the same order of magnitude. Detection of tetanus antitoxins in the cerebral spinal fluid of children with viral meningitis shows clearly that antibody found in cerebral spinal fluid is not an absolute proof of a certain disease. The results further indicate that local production of IgG antibody cannot be postulated by detecting certain antibodies in the CSF. It is also necessary to prove that antibody/globulin ratios are of significantly different magnitude in serum and CFS.", "contents": "[Tetanus antitoxin in serum and cerebral spinal fluid in viral meningitis in children (author's transl)]. Tetanus antitoxins were measured in serum and cerebro spinal fluid from 58 children--35 boys and 23 girls--with viral meningitis. The concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were also determined. The appearance of tetanus antitoxins in cerebral spinal fluid depends on absolute antitoxin levels in serum as well as on the antitoxin/IgG ratio. Antitoxin/IgG ratios in serum and cerebro spinal fluid were in the same order of magnitude. Detection of tetanus antitoxins in the cerebral spinal fluid of children with viral meningitis shows clearly that antibody found in cerebral spinal fluid is not an absolute proof of a certain disease. The results further indicate that local production of IgG antibody cannot be postulated by detecting certain antibodies in the CSF. It is also necessary to prove that antibody/globulin ratios are of significantly different magnitude in serum and CFS.", "PMID": 672136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1157", "title": "[Oral glucose tolerance test in women in relation to menstrual cycle (author's transl)].", "content": "A standardized 50 g glucose tolerance test was given twice to 192 women with regular menstrual cycle within an interval of some weeks. The data showed that higher blood sugar values and glucosuria occurred significantly more often in the second half of the menstrual cycle, which was true also for women using monophasic type contraceptives. However, the reproducibility of tests--performed twice in the second half of the menstrual cycle--was only 24%, as compared to about 60%, when the first test was performed during menstruation or in the first half between two bleedings. Therefore, the latter intervalls seem to be the most appropriate time to perform a glucose tolerance test on premenopausal women.", "contents": "[Oral glucose tolerance test in women in relation to menstrual cycle (author's transl)]. A standardized 50 g glucose tolerance test was given twice to 192 women with regular menstrual cycle within an interval of some weeks. The data showed that higher blood sugar values and glucosuria occurred significantly more often in the second half of the menstrual cycle, which was true also for women using monophasic type contraceptives. However, the reproducibility of tests--performed twice in the second half of the menstrual cycle--was only 24%, as compared to about 60%, when the first test was performed during menstruation or in the first half between two bleedings. Therefore, the latter intervalls seem to be the most appropriate time to perform a glucose tolerance test on premenopausal women.", "PMID": 672137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1158", "title": "[Possible influence of plasma factors on lymphocyte blastigenesis and E rosette forming in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "The lymphocytes blastigenesis to PHA in culture with autologous or normal plasma, the formation of E rosettes and the presence of immunoglob-lins on the lymphocytes surface were evaluated in 51 patients with chronic primary polyarthritis. While the percentage of T and B cells was almost normal (52.1 +/- 2.1% and 18.1 +/- 2.1%, N.V. 55.6 +/- 2.0% and 16.2 +/- 0.8%), the blastigenesis was significantly reduced in cultures with a 25% autologous plasma (5399 +/- 709 cpm compared to 13,182 +/- 920 cpm of the normal standard) and returned towards normal values when it was replaced by the plasma of a normal subject (12,189 +/- 1081 cpm). The rheumatoid plasma was capable of reducing the blastigenesis in 11 normal subjects (7395 +/- 750 cpm). The preincubation for 90' of the lymphocytes of 14 controls in rheumatoid or autologous plasma induced a significant reduction in the formation of spontaneous rosettes (40.8 +/- 1.4 % and 56.2 +/- 1.7%). These results suggest that the reduced function of the T lymphocytes in this disease is due to plasma factors.", "contents": "[Possible influence of plasma factors on lymphocyte blastigenesis and E rosette forming in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. The lymphocytes blastigenesis to PHA in culture with autologous or normal plasma, the formation of E rosettes and the presence of immunoglob-lins on the lymphocytes surface were evaluated in 51 patients with chronic primary polyarthritis. While the percentage of T and B cells was almost normal (52.1 +/- 2.1% and 18.1 +/- 2.1%, N.V. 55.6 +/- 2.0% and 16.2 +/- 0.8%), the blastigenesis was significantly reduced in cultures with a 25% autologous plasma (5399 +/- 709 cpm compared to 13,182 +/- 920 cpm of the normal standard) and returned towards normal values when it was replaced by the plasma of a normal subject (12,189 +/- 1081 cpm). The rheumatoid plasma was capable of reducing the blastigenesis in 11 normal subjects (7395 +/- 750 cpm). The preincubation for 90' of the lymphocytes of 14 controls in rheumatoid or autologous plasma induced a significant reduction in the formation of spontaneous rosettes (40.8 +/- 1.4 % and 56.2 +/- 1.7%). These results suggest that the reduced function of the T lymphocytes in this disease is due to plasma factors.", "PMID": 672138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1159", "title": "[Isoenzyme P of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in sera from patients with liver diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The isoenzyme P of N-Acetyl-beta-Glucosaminidase (beta-NAG) is demonstrated in sera from healthy persons and patients with acute and chronic liver diseases by electrofocusing in polyacrylamide gel. Elevation of isoenzyme P is observed only together with elevation of Glutamate-Pyruvate-Transaminase (GPT) in patients with acute and chronic liver diseases of different etiology and activity. The correlation between isoenzyme P and GPT is significant. On the contrary whole beta-NAG is elevated due the activity of the mesenchymal reaction in the injured liver tissue, not related to enzymes of the cytosol like GPT.", "contents": "[Isoenzyme P of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in sera from patients with liver diseases (author's transl)]. The isoenzyme P of N-Acetyl-beta-Glucosaminidase (beta-NAG) is demonstrated in sera from healthy persons and patients with acute and chronic liver diseases by electrofocusing in polyacrylamide gel. Elevation of isoenzyme P is observed only together with elevation of Glutamate-Pyruvate-Transaminase (GPT) in patients with acute and chronic liver diseases of different etiology and activity. The correlation between isoenzyme P and GPT is significant. On the contrary whole beta-NAG is elevated due the activity of the mesenchymal reaction in the injured liver tissue, not related to enzymes of the cytosol like GPT.", "PMID": 672139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1160", "title": "[Mechanisms of action of estrogens physiological and pharmacological aspects of hormonal \"receptivity\". The anti-estrogens (author's transl)].", "content": "Receptivity to estrogens may indeed depend on the concentration of the corresponding receptor in the target cells. This concentration varies physiologically, and would possibly explain, at least in part, certain hormonal interactions and receptivity changes during the physiological cycles. The modifications of receptor concentrations could perhaps be of significance in explaining the effects of \"priming\" and the negative influence of one steroid on another. The simultaneous presence of different receptors for the same hormone or the competition of different hormones for the same receptor offer interesting pharmacological possibilities. It has already been shown that the characteristics of receptors can explain the differences between a natural hormone like estradiol and diethylstilbestrol, the hormone with the most common synthesis. A series of synthetic derivatives (triphenylethylene) seem to offer the possibility of an antagonist effect without pollution by significant estrogenic activity, and the potential therapeutic consequences are immense. Regulatory proteins, the steroid hormone receptors, provide some of the most advanced models for rational physico-chemical and physiological approaches to pharmacological and therapeutical problems.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of action of estrogens physiological and pharmacological aspects of hormonal \"receptivity\". The anti-estrogens (author's transl)]. Receptivity to estrogens may indeed depend on the concentration of the corresponding receptor in the target cells. This concentration varies physiologically, and would possibly explain, at least in part, certain hormonal interactions and receptivity changes during the physiological cycles. The modifications of receptor concentrations could perhaps be of significance in explaining the effects of \"priming\" and the negative influence of one steroid on another. The simultaneous presence of different receptors for the same hormone or the competition of different hormones for the same receptor offer interesting pharmacological possibilities. It has already been shown that the characteristics of receptors can explain the differences between a natural hormone like estradiol and diethylstilbestrol, the hormone with the most common synthesis. A series of synthetic derivatives (triphenylethylene) seem to offer the possibility of an antagonist effect without pollution by significant estrogenic activity, and the potential therapeutic consequences are immense. Regulatory proteins, the steroid hormone receptors, provide some of the most advanced models for rational physico-chemical and physiological approaches to pharmacological and therapeutical problems.", "PMID": 672140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1161", "title": "Hypercalcitoninaemia in patients with pheochromocytoma.", "content": "As pheochromocytoma sometimes is accompanied by medullary thyroid carcinoma (in the sense of multiple endocrine adonomatosis type II = Sipple-Syndrome), serum calcitonin (CT) was measured by radioimmunoassay in 4 patients with pheochromocytoma. Before extirpation of the adreno-medullary tumor, serum CT was distinctly increased to 3 and 30 ng/ml in 2 of 4 patients, respectively. After removal of the tumor, serum CT was normal in the patients and pentagastrin stimulation produced no exaggerated CT response. In hydrochloric acid extracts from the two corresponding pheochromocytoma tissues, immunoreactive-Calcitonin (IR-CT) was detected, the concentrations amounting 1 and 4 ng/mg wet tissue. These findings suggest that hypercalcitonism in patients with pheochromocytoma cannot always be ascribed to the thyroid, i.e. increased calcitonin levels do not necessarily indicate a medullary carcinoma of this organ.", "contents": "Hypercalcitoninaemia in patients with pheochromocytoma. As pheochromocytoma sometimes is accompanied by medullary thyroid carcinoma (in the sense of multiple endocrine adonomatosis type II = Sipple-Syndrome), serum calcitonin (CT) was measured by radioimmunoassay in 4 patients with pheochromocytoma. Before extirpation of the adreno-medullary tumor, serum CT was distinctly increased to 3 and 30 ng/ml in 2 of 4 patients, respectively. After removal of the tumor, serum CT was normal in the patients and pentagastrin stimulation produced no exaggerated CT response. In hydrochloric acid extracts from the two corresponding pheochromocytoma tissues, immunoreactive-Calcitonin (IR-CT) was detected, the concentrations amounting 1 and 4 ng/mg wet tissue. These findings suggest that hypercalcitonism in patients with pheochromocytoma cannot always be ascribed to the thyroid, i.e. increased calcitonin levels do not necessarily indicate a medullary carcinoma of this organ.", "PMID": 672141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1162", "title": "Percutaneous transluminal dilatation: a new treatment of renovascular hypertension?", "content": "Percutaneous transluminal dilatation of a left sided renal artery stenosis was performed in a 61 year old patient with hypertension. Biochemical and hemodynamic activity of the renal artery stenosis was demonstrated by measurement of renal venous renin-activity and determination of renal plasma flow and of pre- and poststenotic blood pressure values. Shortly after the dilatation procedure hypertension disappeared and renal plasma flow increased. The described procedure might be an alternative method to renal vascular surgery.", "contents": "Percutaneous transluminal dilatation: a new treatment of renovascular hypertension? Percutaneous transluminal dilatation of a left sided renal artery stenosis was performed in a 61 year old patient with hypertension. Biochemical and hemodynamic activity of the renal artery stenosis was demonstrated by measurement of renal venous renin-activity and determination of renal plasma flow and of pre- and poststenotic blood pressure values. Shortly after the dilatation procedure hypertension disappeared and renal plasma flow increased. The described procedure might be an alternative method to renal vascular surgery.", "PMID": 672142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1163", "title": "25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels in a patient with hypervitaminosis D.", "content": "We measured the concentrations of serum calcium and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in a patient with hypervitaminosis D during 3 months of therapy directed toward correcting the hypercalcemia. Serum calcium could not be maintained at normal concentration without specific therapy until 9 weeks after vitamin D was discontinued. Concentration of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D at the time was 285 ng/ml, approximately half of the value measured three weeks after withdrawal of vitamin D. Serial measurements of the concentration of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D seem to be a useful means of assessing the degree of intoxication in patients with hypervitaminosis D.", "contents": "25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels in a patient with hypervitaminosis D. We measured the concentrations of serum calcium and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in a patient with hypervitaminosis D during 3 months of therapy directed toward correcting the hypercalcemia. Serum calcium could not be maintained at normal concentration without specific therapy until 9 weeks after vitamin D was discontinued. Concentration of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D at the time was 285 ng/ml, approximately half of the value measured three weeks after withdrawal of vitamin D. Serial measurements of the concentration of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D seem to be a useful means of assessing the degree of intoxication in patients with hypervitaminosis D.", "PMID": 672143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1164", "title": "Methacrylate-embedded bone marrow particle histology.", "content": "Histological sections of methacrylate-embedded bone marrow biopsies allow exact evaluation and classification of the cellular marrow components. We describe a simple method for preparation of sections of aspirated bone marrow particles following embedment in methacrylate. Comparison of histological sections from marrow particles and marrow biopsies demonstrated identical quality. Thus, preparation of methacrylate-embedded particle histologies will frequently abrogate the need for marrow biopsies performed in addition to a marrow aspiration. Routine preparation of both cytological and histological preparations from aspirated bone marrow allows more exact assessment of the bone marrow than cytological evaluation only.", "contents": "Methacrylate-embedded bone marrow particle histology. Histological sections of methacrylate-embedded bone marrow biopsies allow exact evaluation and classification of the cellular marrow components. We describe a simple method for preparation of sections of aspirated bone marrow particles following embedment in methacrylate. Comparison of histological sections from marrow particles and marrow biopsies demonstrated identical quality. Thus, preparation of methacrylate-embedded particle histologies will frequently abrogate the need for marrow biopsies performed in addition to a marrow aspiration. Routine preparation of both cytological and histological preparations from aspirated bone marrow allows more exact assessment of the bone marrow than cytological evaluation only.", "PMID": 672144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1165", "title": "Ultrastructural study of mesenteric lymph nodes in old rats.", "content": "The large mononuclear cells showed the features of mononuclear phagocytes and were mainly characterised by a large number of vacuolar structures. The results suggest that there is storage of lipids and mucosubstances, probably in enlarged lysosomes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of mesenteric lymph nodes in old rats. The large mononuclear cells showed the features of mononuclear phagocytes and were mainly characterised by a large number of vacuolar structures. The results suggest that there is storage of lipids and mucosubstances, probably in enlarged lysosomes.", "PMID": 672174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1166", "title": "Performance of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) on commercial rations and varying dietary protein levels.", "content": "The growth performance of 24 weanling giant rats was studied in 2 experiments of 30 weeks duration with commercial livestock rations and graded levels of protein. Daily average liveweight gain was 5.1-7.3 g, food consumption 26.9-36.3 g on 6 diets. Food intake, growth rate and food efficiency ratio were very similar using the different commercial diets. Growth performance improved as the dietary protein level was raised from 10 to 13%, but a further increase to 16% did not result in greater growth. The commercial pig ration and the experimental diet containing 13% dietary protein level were found to give satisfactory growth, and are recommended for studies with these animals.", "contents": "Performance of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) on commercial rations and varying dietary protein levels. The growth performance of 24 weanling giant rats was studied in 2 experiments of 30 weeks duration with commercial livestock rations and graded levels of protein. Daily average liveweight gain was 5.1-7.3 g, food consumption 26.9-36.3 g on 6 diets. Food intake, growth rate and food efficiency ratio were very similar using the different commercial diets. Growth performance improved as the dietary protein level was raised from 10 to 13%, but a further increase to 16% did not result in greater growth. The commercial pig ration and the experimental diet containing 13% dietary protein level were found to give satisfactory growth, and are recommended for studies with these animals.", "PMID": 672175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1167", "title": "Partial hepatectomy and liver regeneration in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "In Syrian hamsters 74-75% removal of the liver led to 8-10% mortality. Cell mitosis increased at 36-42 hours after the operation and reached a peak of 43-51% during the 3rd day. Individual variations in liver weight as well as in number of mitosis were smaller in 2-3 months old hamsters than in 6-12 months old animals.", "contents": "Partial hepatectomy and liver regeneration in Syrian hamsters. In Syrian hamsters 74-75% removal of the liver led to 8-10% mortality. Cell mitosis increased at 36-42 hours after the operation and reached a peak of 43-51% during the 3rd day. Individual variations in liver weight as well as in number of mitosis were smaller in 2-3 months old hamsters than in 6-12 months old animals.", "PMID": 672177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1168", "title": "Anomalies in the extrahepatic biliary tract of the rabbit.", "content": "A systematic autopsy study found that 29 of 112 animals had anomalies of the bile ducts. Another rabbit had a septate gallbladder. Awareness of these variants is important during hepatic bile collection, studies involving surgical transplantation or manipulation of the extrahepatic ducts, interpretation of results in experimental cholelithiasis and extrahepatic obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "Anomalies in the extrahepatic biliary tract of the rabbit. A systematic autopsy study found that 29 of 112 animals had anomalies of the bile ducts. Another rabbit had a septate gallbladder. Awareness of these variants is important during hepatic bile collection, studies involving surgical transplantation or manipulation of the extrahepatic ducts, interpretation of results in experimental cholelithiasis and extrahepatic obstructive jaundice.", "PMID": 672178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1169", "title": "Experimental breeding and cytogenetics of the soft-furred rat, Millardia meltada.", "content": "The soft-furred rat, Millardia meltada, has bred successfully in the laboratory for 10 generations of brother x sister mating. It is half way in size between the rat and the mouse, and is gentle and easy to handle. Thin body hair and incisor teeth are present in the newborn. Some individuals have low blood pressure. Chromosome number (2n) in 50. It differs in several characteristics from the rat and mouse, and could become a useful experimental animal in biomedical research.", "contents": "Experimental breeding and cytogenetics of the soft-furred rat, Millardia meltada. The soft-furred rat, Millardia meltada, has bred successfully in the laboratory for 10 generations of brother x sister mating. It is half way in size between the rat and the mouse, and is gentle and easy to handle. Thin body hair and incisor teeth are present in the newborn. Some individuals have low blood pressure. Chromosome number (2n) in 50. It differs in several characteristics from the rat and mouse, and could become a useful experimental animal in biomedical research.", "PMID": 672179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1170", "title": "Cannibalistic traits observed in rats treated with a teratogen.", "content": "Rat offspring malformed as a result of maternal exposure to a teratogen were cannibalized preferentially to apparently normal offspring. Lack of viability also appeared to be a factor in the cannibalistic tendency, since both normal and malformed dead pups were consumed more frequently than viable pups of either category. Of the 29 cannibalized pups observed, 86% were cannibalized in the 1st 24 h. The cause of this behavior is not known with certainty but maternal hormone imbalance may play an important role.", "contents": "Cannibalistic traits observed in rats treated with a teratogen. Rat offspring malformed as a result of maternal exposure to a teratogen were cannibalized preferentially to apparently normal offspring. Lack of viability also appeared to be a factor in the cannibalistic tendency, since both normal and malformed dead pups were consumed more frequently than viable pups of either category. Of the 29 cannibalized pups observed, 86% were cannibalized in the 1st 24 h. The cause of this behavior is not known with certainty but maternal hormone imbalance may play an important role.", "PMID": 672180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1171", "title": "Alphaxolone-alphadolone anaesthesia in laboratory animals.", "content": "The anaesthetic steroid combination alphaxolone-alphadolone is a well-established short-acting injectable agent for cats and primates. It can be recommended for intravenous administration to rats, rabbits, neonatal pigs, mice and hamsters. It has limited value in mice and hamsters by the intraperitoneal route, but provides sedation in ferrets and neonatal pigs when injected intramuscularly. It can be given repeatedly or continuously to maintain anaesthesia for long periods without the development of tolerance or cumulation.", "contents": "Alphaxolone-alphadolone anaesthesia in laboratory animals. The anaesthetic steroid combination alphaxolone-alphadolone is a well-established short-acting injectable agent for cats and primates. It can be recommended for intravenous administration to rats, rabbits, neonatal pigs, mice and hamsters. It has limited value in mice and hamsters by the intraperitoneal route, but provides sedation in ferrets and neonatal pigs when injected intramuscularly. It can be given repeatedly or continuously to maintain anaesthesia for long periods without the development of tolerance or cumulation.", "PMID": 672181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1172", "title": "A bacterial disease of the Darwin's frog (Rhinoderma darwini).", "content": "Ulceration and necrosis of the rostrum in Darwin's frogs was investigated microbiologically and histopathologically. The condition was attributed to infection with Aeromonas liquefaciens and, possibly, an Acinetobacter sp.", "contents": "A bacterial disease of the Darwin's frog (Rhinoderma darwini). Ulceration and necrosis of the rostrum in Darwin's frogs was investigated microbiologically and histopathologically. The condition was attributed to infection with Aeromonas liquefaciens and, possibly, an Acinetobacter sp.", "PMID": 672182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1173", "title": "Resistance of faecal cysts of Spironucleus muris to some physical factors and chemical substances.", "content": "The effect of 5 disinfectants, and of saturated zinc chloride solution + sodium chloride solution, 2.5% potassium dichromate solution, and 0.12% dimetridazole on faecal cysts of Spironucleus muris were tested in vitro. The resistance of the cysts to high and low temperatures, low pH, high osmotic pressure, centrifugation and desiccation was also tested. After treatment the morphology of the cysts was observed microscopically and their infectivity tested in vivo on sensitive thymus-deficient nude mice. The cysts ceased to be infective after treatment with most of usual disinfectants and by high temperature (45 degrees C for 30 min). They resisted 0.12% dimetridazole, low temperature (-196 degrees C), low pH (2.2), high osmotic pressure (distilled water and 30% 'Ficoll'), centrifugation (1500 g/20 min) and desiccation (room temperature for 14 days). These data may be useful for the control of Spironucleus muris infection in rodents and for cryopreservation of the parasite for experimental purposes.", "contents": "Resistance of faecal cysts of Spironucleus muris to some physical factors and chemical substances. The effect of 5 disinfectants, and of saturated zinc chloride solution + sodium chloride solution, 2.5% potassium dichromate solution, and 0.12% dimetridazole on faecal cysts of Spironucleus muris were tested in vitro. The resistance of the cysts to high and low temperatures, low pH, high osmotic pressure, centrifugation and desiccation was also tested. After treatment the morphology of the cysts was observed microscopically and their infectivity tested in vivo on sensitive thymus-deficient nude mice. The cysts ceased to be infective after treatment with most of usual disinfectants and by high temperature (45 degrees C for 30 min). They resisted 0.12% dimetridazole, low temperature (-196 degrees C), low pH (2.2), high osmotic pressure (distilled water and 30% 'Ficoll'), centrifugation (1500 g/20 min) and desiccation (room temperature for 14 days). These data may be useful for the control of Spironucleus muris infection in rodents and for cryopreservation of the parasite for experimental purposes.", "PMID": 672183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1174", "title": "Histochemical study of mesenteric lymph nodes in old rats.", "content": "The main positive reactions in the large mononuclear cell occurring in some nodes were shown with PAS, alcian blue, Sudan black B and acid haematin. The results suggest that in these cells, considered to be mononuclear phagocytes, there is a storage of hexose-containing mucosubstances, acid mucopolysaccharides and choline-containing phospholipids.", "contents": "Histochemical study of mesenteric lymph nodes in old rats. The main positive reactions in the large mononuclear cell occurring in some nodes were shown with PAS, alcian blue, Sudan black B and acid haematin. The results suggest that in these cells, considered to be mononuclear phagocytes, there is a storage of hexose-containing mucosubstances, acid mucopolysaccharides and choline-containing phospholipids.", "PMID": 672184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1175", "title": "Sequential biochemical investigations in lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Sequential biochemical investigations were conducted in cases of lepromatous leprosy in the reactive as well as subsided phases. Low levels of blood sugar and serum cholesterol were indicated in the reactive phase of lepromatous leprosy. Significant increase in thymol turbidity and decrease in A/G ratio were noted in most of the cases of lepromatous leprosy. Enhancement of serum levels of transaminases was observed in the reactive phase of lepromatous leprosy. Serum protein electrophoresis indicated increases in alpha2--globulin and r--globulin and decrease in albumin in the reactive as well as subsided phases. The results are discussed in this paper.", "contents": "Sequential biochemical investigations in lepromatous leprosy. Sequential biochemical investigations were conducted in cases of lepromatous leprosy in the reactive as well as subsided phases. Low levels of blood sugar and serum cholesterol were indicated in the reactive phase of lepromatous leprosy. Significant increase in thymol turbidity and decrease in A/G ratio were noted in most of the cases of lepromatous leprosy. Enhancement of serum levels of transaminases was observed in the reactive phase of lepromatous leprosy. Serum protein electrophoresis indicated increases in alpha2--globulin and r--globulin and decrease in albumin in the reactive as well as subsided phases. The results are discussed in this paper.", "PMID": 672187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1176", "title": "Bone-marrow in tuberculoid leprosy.", "content": "Twenty-four untreated patients of proved tuberculoid leprosy and five healthy controls were investigated for the involvement of bone-marrow. The cytology was essentially normal and no acid-fast bacilli was seen in the bone-marrow smears.", "contents": "Bone-marrow in tuberculoid leprosy. Twenty-four untreated patients of proved tuberculoid leprosy and five healthy controls were investigated for the involvement of bone-marrow. The cytology was essentially normal and no acid-fast bacilli was seen in the bone-marrow smears.", "PMID": 672189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1177", "title": "A histopathological study of lymphnodes in 43 cases of leprosy.", "content": "Eighty cases of leprosy including 60 cases of lepromatous type and 20 cases of tuberculoid type, during the period of 1974-75, have been examined for evidence of lymphnode enlargement. Of the 52 cases of enlarged lymphnodes, lymphnode biopsy was done in 43 cases including 38 cases of lepromatous type and 5 cases of tuberculoid type. The lymphnodes have been studied for evidence of any pathological changes and presence of acid-fast bacilli. In cases of lepromatous leprosy, lepromas and acid-fast facilli were seen in 92.2 per cent of the cases and patchy fibrosis was noted in 23.6 per cent of the cases. No amyloid could be demonstrated. In cases of tuberculoid leprosy, only non-specific reticular hyperplasia was noted. No specific granuloma or acid-fast bacilli could be demonstrated. The findings have been described in detail and discussed in the light of previous published data.", "contents": "A histopathological study of lymphnodes in 43 cases of leprosy. Eighty cases of leprosy including 60 cases of lepromatous type and 20 cases of tuberculoid type, during the period of 1974-75, have been examined for evidence of lymphnode enlargement. Of the 52 cases of enlarged lymphnodes, lymphnode biopsy was done in 43 cases including 38 cases of lepromatous type and 5 cases of tuberculoid type. The lymphnodes have been studied for evidence of any pathological changes and presence of acid-fast bacilli. In cases of lepromatous leprosy, lepromas and acid-fast facilli were seen in 92.2 per cent of the cases and patchy fibrosis was noted in 23.6 per cent of the cases. No amyloid could be demonstrated. In cases of tuberculoid leprosy, only non-specific reticular hyperplasia was noted. No specific granuloma or acid-fast bacilli could be demonstrated. The findings have been described in detail and discussed in the light of previous published data.", "PMID": 672191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1178", "title": "Leprosy in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Clinical and epidemiological study.", "content": "A clinical and epidemiological study of leprosy revealed 232 cases in Jodhpur (Rajasthan); a non-endemic area. Males were three times more affected than females. Lepromatous leprosy was the most common type (70.70%). Maximum number of cases were observed in the age group 20-49 years. The probable causes for an increase in incidence are discussed.", "contents": "Leprosy in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Clinical and epidemiological study. A clinical and epidemiological study of leprosy revealed 232 cases in Jodhpur (Rajasthan); a non-endemic area. Males were three times more affected than females. Lepromatous leprosy was the most common type (70.70%). Maximum number of cases were observed in the age group 20-49 years. The probable causes for an increase in incidence are discussed.", "PMID": 672192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1179", "title": "Effects of social anxiety and social evaluation on beer consumption and social interaction.", "content": "In an experimental \"party\" situation socially anxious subjects and subjects who received negative social evaluations drank less beer and had lower blood alcohol concentrations than did subjects who were not socially anxious or who received positive evaluations.", "contents": "Effects of social anxiety and social evaluation on beer consumption and social interaction. In an experimental \"party\" situation socially anxious subjects and subjects who received negative social evaluations drank less beer and had lower blood alcohol concentrations than did subjects who were not socially anxious or who received positive evaluations.", "PMID": 672214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1180", "title": "Effects of alcohol on psychomotor performance of men and women.", "content": "The effects of alcohol on performance were investigated in 10 men and 10 women. On 4 psychomotor tasks minor gender-related effects of alcohol were found.", "contents": "Effects of alcohol on psychomotor performance of men and women. The effects of alcohol on performance were investigated in 10 men and 10 women. On 4 psychomotor tasks minor gender-related effects of alcohol were found.", "PMID": 672215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1181", "title": "The Drinking-Related Locus of Control Scale. Reliability, factor structure and validity.", "content": "A scale measuring locus of control in relation to drinking behavior found significant differences between alcoholics and nonalcoholics, while a scale measuring locus of control in gerneral did not.", "contents": "The Drinking-Related Locus of Control Scale. Reliability, factor structure and validity. A scale measuring locus of control in relation to drinking behavior found significant differences between alcoholics and nonalcoholics, while a scale measuring locus of control in gerneral did not.", "PMID": 672216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1182", "title": "The age variable in alcoholism.", "content": "The younger the alcoholic at the onset of excessive drinking, the greater his emotional problems, the more severe his parents' drinking habits and the more negative the quality of his parents' marriage.", "contents": "The age variable in alcoholism. The younger the alcoholic at the onset of excessive drinking, the greater his emotional problems, the more severe his parents' drinking habits and the more negative the quality of his parents' marriage.", "PMID": 672219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1183", "title": "Ethanol consumption in genetically selected hypertensive and hypotensive mice.", "content": "Hypertensive mice drank more alcohol than did hypotensive animals over a wide range of concentrations. The intake was not related to blood pressure phenotype in a causal manner, nor was age a factor in the results.", "contents": "Ethanol consumption in genetically selected hypertensive and hypotensive mice. Hypertensive mice drank more alcohol than did hypotensive animals over a wide range of concentrations. The intake was not related to blood pressure phenotype in a causal manner, nor was age a factor in the results.", "PMID": 672220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1184", "title": "Effect of prolonged ethanol intake on glucose metabolism in normal rats.", "content": "Ingestion of an ethanol liquid diet providing 20 or 36% of daily caloric requirements for 30 days resulted in impaired responses to a glucose tolerance test and as insulin sensitivity test.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged ethanol intake on glucose metabolism in normal rats. Ingestion of an ethanol liquid diet providing 20 or 36% of daily caloric requirements for 30 days resulted in impaired responses to a glucose tolerance test and as insulin sensitivity test.", "PMID": 672221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1185", "title": "Urinary metabolites of tryptophan, serotonin and norepinephrine in alcoholics.", "content": "Levels of tryptamine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenylethylene glycol, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid and the tryptamine: 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid ratio differed between alcoholics, healthy volunteers and patients with nonalcoholic liver disease. There was no correlation between amine metabolite levels and results of liver function tests.", "contents": "Urinary metabolites of tryptophan, serotonin and norepinephrine in alcoholics. Levels of tryptamine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenylethylene glycol, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid and the tryptamine: 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid ratio differed between alcoholics, healthy volunteers and patients with nonalcoholic liver disease. There was no correlation between amine metabolite levels and results of liver function tests.", "PMID": 672222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1186", "title": "Reliability and validity of estimators of alcoholism prevalence.", "content": "According to multivariate analyses of responses to four estimators of alcoholism prevalence, a questionnaire about \"escape\" drinking is the most reliable and the most valid.", "contents": "Reliability and validity of estimators of alcoholism prevalence. According to multivariate analyses of responses to four estimators of alcoholism prevalence, a questionnaire about \"escape\" drinking is the most reliable and the most valid.", "PMID": 672225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1187", "title": "Distribution of alcohol consumption and problem drinking. Comparison of sales records and survey data.", "content": "Survey data on alcohol consumption in Iowa reveal seasonal fluctuations which, when due to increases in the quantity consumed per drinking occasion, are accompanied by increases in alcohol-related social problems.", "contents": "Distribution of alcohol consumption and problem drinking. Comparison of sales records and survey data. Survey data on alcohol consumption in Iowa reveal seasonal fluctuations which, when due to increases in the quantity consumed per drinking occasion, are accompanied by increases in alcohol-related social problems.", "PMID": 672226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1188", "title": "Anomie and alcohol use. Drinking patterns in Mexican American and Anglo neighborhoods.", "content": "Anomie failed to explain variations in drinking habits of Mexican Americans. It was concluded that deviant behavior must be culturally defined to have meaning as an effective predictor of alcohol use.", "contents": "Anomie and alcohol use. Drinking patterns in Mexican American and Anglo neighborhoods. Anomie failed to explain variations in drinking habits of Mexican Americans. It was concluded that deviant behavior must be culturally defined to have meaning as an effective predictor of alcohol use.", "PMID": 672227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1189", "title": "Personality changes in drinkers.", "content": "A questionnaire survey of members of Mensa, all of whom have high IQs, found that perceptions of personality traits differed between social drinkers and alcoholics.", "contents": "Personality changes in drinkers. A questionnaire survey of members of Mensa, all of whom have high IQs, found that perceptions of personality traits differed between social drinkers and alcoholics.", "PMID": 672228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1190", "title": "Mood differences of men arrested once and men arrested twice for driving while intoxicated.", "content": "Men arrested for the first time for driving while intoxicated were more tense, depressed, angry and fatigued during the month preceding their arrest than were men arrested for the second time for the same offense.", "contents": "Mood differences of men arrested once and men arrested twice for driving while intoxicated. Men arrested for the first time for driving while intoxicated were more tense, depressed, angry and fatigued during the month preceding their arrest than were men arrested for the second time for the same offense.", "PMID": 672232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1191", "title": "Observations on the deep lymphatic circulation of the limbs and on its function: (the deep lymphatic vessels in the post-phlebitic syndrome of the lower extremities).", "content": "In 60% of patients with post-phlebitic syndrome lymphography of the lower extremity shows involvement of the deep system. In 77% of the patients there was increase in the number and caliber of the deep lymphatic vessels. They frequently appear elongated, tortuous, and ectatic but usually do not show signs of insufficiency. It appears as if these vessels act as collaterals and compensate for difficiencies of the deep venous circulation. Multiple lympholymphatic and lymphovenous communications have been observed.", "contents": "Observations on the deep lymphatic circulation of the limbs and on its function: (the deep lymphatic vessels in the post-phlebitic syndrome of the lower extremities). In 60% of patients with post-phlebitic syndrome lymphography of the lower extremity shows involvement of the deep system. In 77% of the patients there was increase in the number and caliber of the deep lymphatic vessels. They frequently appear elongated, tortuous, and ectatic but usually do not show signs of insufficiency. It appears as if these vessels act as collaterals and compensate for difficiencies of the deep venous circulation. Multiple lympholymphatic and lymphovenous communications have been observed.", "PMID": 672257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1192", "title": "Effect of acute ethanol administration on the thoracic duct lymph flow in man.", "content": "In 17 patients the thoracic duct was cannulated and the lymph continuously collected. Thoracic duct lymph flow and the concentration of total protein in the lymph and blood serum were repeatedly measured for 6 hours. Group I (9 subjects) received 0.7 g/kg of oral ethanol in the form of 40% solution, group II (8 subjects) an intravenous infusion of 0.75 g/kg of ethanol. Oral but not intravenous administration of ethanol significantly increased the thoracic duct lymph flow. Lymph total protein significantly decreased in group I only.", "contents": "Effect of acute ethanol administration on the thoracic duct lymph flow in man. In 17 patients the thoracic duct was cannulated and the lymph continuously collected. Thoracic duct lymph flow and the concentration of total protein in the lymph and blood serum were repeatedly measured for 6 hours. Group I (9 subjects) received 0.7 g/kg of oral ethanol in the form of 40% solution, group II (8 subjects) an intravenous infusion of 0.75 g/kg of ethanol. Oral but not intravenous administration of ethanol significantly increased the thoracic duct lymph flow. Lymph total protein significantly decreased in group I only.", "PMID": 672258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1193", "title": "Regeneration of the deep cervical lymphatics--light and electron microscopic observations.", "content": "Regeneration of the lymphatic vessels following ligation of the deep cervical lymphatics was studied in 35 rabbits using both light and electron microscopes. The newly formed lymphatics were evident under the electron microscope in the first post-operative week, in which the restoration of the affected endothelial cells of the lymphatics and reaction of the free cells such as fibroblasts and macrophages were observed.", "contents": "Regeneration of the deep cervical lymphatics--light and electron microscopic observations. Regeneration of the lymphatic vessels following ligation of the deep cervical lymphatics was studied in 35 rabbits using both light and electron microscopes. The newly formed lymphatics were evident under the electron microscope in the first post-operative week, in which the restoration of the affected endothelial cells of the lymphatics and reaction of the free cells such as fibroblasts and macrophages were observed.", "PMID": 672259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1194", "title": "Passage through the lymph node. Studies with watered and oiled contrast medium given into an afferent lymphatic.", "content": "The authors investigated the passage of watered and oiled contrast media through the lymph node. Patent Blue dye diluted in saline has delineated as a rule only a circumscript area of the lymph node according to the supplying area of the afferent cannulated. Lipiodol Ultrafluid has been found suitable for filling up the whole node: at first only a small part of the node became filled primarily from the afferent, while other parts were filled secondarily from the hilus. The compartmentalisation of the lymph node has been proved by autoradiography (3H-thymidine), too.", "contents": "Passage through the lymph node. Studies with watered and oiled contrast medium given into an afferent lymphatic. The authors investigated the passage of watered and oiled contrast media through the lymph node. Patent Blue dye diluted in saline has delineated as a rule only a circumscript area of the lymph node according to the supplying area of the afferent cannulated. Lipiodol Ultrafluid has been found suitable for filling up the whole node: at first only a small part of the node became filled primarily from the afferent, while other parts were filled secondarily from the hilus. The compartmentalisation of the lymph node has been proved by autoradiography (3H-thymidine), too.", "PMID": 672261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1195", "title": "Antioxidants prolong life span and inhibit the senescence-dependent accumulation of fluorescent pigment (lipofuscin) in clones, of Podospora anserina.", "content": "Culture of clones of Podospora anserina s+ with either nordihydroguaiaretic acid or reduced glutathione (GSH) at concentrations that were not inhibitory to growth significantly prolonged the average time to onset of senscence. GSH also prolonged the average time to onset of clonal death. The specific concentration of chloroform-methanol soluble fluorescent pigment was larger in senescent than in pre-senescent cells. The pigment exhibited fluorescence excitation and emission spectra and fluorescence polarization numbers characteristic of lipofuscin, an end-product of lipid peroxidation. Analyses of the lipofuscin concentration in either sub-clonal fractions of different times of origin from senescent clones, or in sub-clonal fractions of identical age  in time of origin from parent clones of different age, revealed a similar concentrations distribution. Although pre-senscent cells contained rather large concentrations, a massive increase occurred during senescence prior to the time of onset of clonal death. Culture with GSH not only prolonged clonal life span but aslo inhibited the formation of lipofuscin by an average factor of 30. Furthermore, unlike untreated clones, the sub-clonal distribution of the pigment was not only low but was also independent of their age.", "contents": "Antioxidants prolong life span and inhibit the senescence-dependent accumulation of fluorescent pigment (lipofuscin) in clones, of Podospora anserina. Culture of clones of Podospora anserina s+ with either nordihydroguaiaretic acid or reduced glutathione (GSH) at concentrations that were not inhibitory to growth significantly prolonged the average time to onset of senscence. GSH also prolonged the average time to onset of clonal death. The specific concentration of chloroform-methanol soluble fluorescent pigment was larger in senescent than in pre-senescent cells. The pigment exhibited fluorescence excitation and emission spectra and fluorescence polarization numbers characteristic of lipofuscin, an end-product of lipid peroxidation. Analyses of the lipofuscin concentration in either sub-clonal fractions of different times of origin from senescent clones, or in sub-clonal fractions of identical age  in time of origin from parent clones of different age, revealed a similar concentrations distribution. Although pre-senscent cells contained rather large concentrations, a massive increase occurred during senescence prior to the time of onset of clonal death. Culture with GSH not only prolonged clonal life span but aslo inhibited the formation of lipofuscin by an average factor of 30. Furthermore, unlike untreated clones, the sub-clonal distribution of the pigment was not only low but was also independent of their age.", "PMID": 672262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1196", "title": "Nuclear area changes in senescing human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "The pattern of mean nuclear area changes was determined in human fibroblast cell strains from male donors of three different ages (8,40 and 84 years) during their in vitro lifespan. There was a statistically significant increase in mean nuclear area of cells of all three strains during their aging in vitro. A gradual increase of the subpopulation of cells with larger nuclei was also observed. Evidence for a positive correlation between aging in vitro, as reflected by mean nuclear areas at the tenth doubling from the end of in vitro doubling activity, and donor age is presented.", "contents": "Nuclear area changes in senescing human diploid fibroblasts. The pattern of mean nuclear area changes was determined in human fibroblast cell strains from male donors of three different ages (8,40 and 84 years) during their in vitro lifespan. There was a statistically significant increase in mean nuclear area of cells of all three strains during their aging in vitro. A gradual increase of the subpopulation of cells with larger nuclei was also observed. Evidence for a positive correlation between aging in vitro, as reflected by mean nuclear areas at the tenth doubling from the end of in vitro doubling activity, and donor age is presented.", "PMID": 672263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1197", "title": "Control of placental 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase: partial characterization of an endogenous inhibitor and an endogenous activator.", "content": "Two substances which affect the activity and kinetic characteristics of 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase (delta 5-3 beta-HSD) have been recovered from homogenates of term human placenta by extraction with organic solvents after ethanol precipitation of protein. One of these substances, an inhibitor of the enzyme, is a non-polar unstable substance, which dialyzes through a cellulose nitrate membrane and which appears to be present in the tissue both in the free state and bound to either the enzyme or the microsomal membrane. It was not possible to produce a delta 5-3 beta-HSD preparation free of the inhibitor. The other substance is an activator, polar and stable with a molecular weight of less then 500, which increases both the apparent Km and the apparent V max of delta 5-3 beta-HSD. It is postulated that both substances play a part in control of placental progesterone synthesis.", "contents": "Control of placental 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase: partial characterization of an endogenous inhibitor and an endogenous activator. Two substances which affect the activity and kinetic characteristics of 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase (delta 5-3 beta-HSD) have been recovered from homogenates of term human placenta by extraction with organic solvents after ethanol precipitation of protein. One of these substances, an inhibitor of the enzyme, is a non-polar unstable substance, which dialyzes through a cellulose nitrate membrane and which appears to be present in the tissue both in the free state and bound to either the enzyme or the microsomal membrane. It was not possible to produce a delta 5-3 beta-HSD preparation free of the inhibitor. The other substance is an activator, polar and stable with a molecular weight of less then 500, which increases both the apparent Km and the apparent V max of delta 5-3 beta-HSD. It is postulated that both substances play a part in control of placental progesterone synthesis.", "PMID": 672264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1198", "title": "Control of placental 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase: an apparent endogenous regulator of porgesterone synthesis.", "content": "Dilution of tissue fractions from human placenta resulted in an increase in the specific activites of 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrongease and of 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The apparent Ks and V max of 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase were altered. It is postulated that this dilution effect is caused by the presence in the placenta of an endogenous inhibitor of steroid synthesis which may be important in the regulation of steroid output by this organ. A mathematical model of such an inhibitor corresponds well to the experimental results.", "contents": "Control of placental 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase: an apparent endogenous regulator of porgesterone synthesis. Dilution of tissue fractions from human placenta resulted in an increase in the specific activites of 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrongease and of 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The apparent Ks and V max of 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase were altered. It is postulated that this dilution effect is caused by the presence in the placenta of an endogenous inhibitor of steroid synthesis which may be important in the regulation of steroid output by this organ. A mathematical model of such an inhibitor corresponds well to the experimental results.", "PMID": 672265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1199", "title": "Access to medical care in the U.S.: realized and potential.", "content": "This paper seeks to provide a framework for understanding differential access to medical care in the U.S. population and to suggest ways to achieve equity of access. The framework is provided by a behavioral model of health services utilization which suggests a sequence of predisposing, enabling and illness variables that determine the number of times people will visit a physician. The model is operationalized using a path analytic technique. The data come from a national survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. population conducted in late 1975 and early 1976. The results suggest services are generally equitably distributed since age and level of illness are the main determinants of the number of services people receive. However, remaining inequities might be reduced by providing people who report no regular source of medical care with a familiar entry into the health service system.", "contents": "Access to medical care in the U.S.: realized and potential. This paper seeks to provide a framework for understanding differential access to medical care in the U.S. population and to suggest ways to achieve equity of access. The framework is provided by a behavioral model of health services utilization which suggests a sequence of predisposing, enabling and illness variables that determine the number of times people will visit a physician. The model is operationalized using a path analytic technique. The data come from a national survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. population conducted in late 1975 and early 1976. The results suggest services are generally equitably distributed since age and level of illness are the main determinants of the number of services people receive. However, remaining inequities might be reduced by providing people who report no regular source of medical care with a familiar entry into the health service system.", "PMID": 672266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1200", "title": "A model for health care delivery with an illustration of its application.", "content": "A framework for conceptualizing the process of health care delivery is presented. The framework identifies broad categories of activities by which the functions of a health care provider can be organized, and has practical application to studies of the roles of a variety of health care personnel. By permitting clear identification of each component of a health professional's role, the model provides a method for quantitatively determining what an individual or group of individuals does. The utility of the model in operationalizing investigations of health care roles is illustrated by its application to a study of nurse practitioners. In this study, the conceptual model was used to structure a questionnaire for obtaining information about professional nursing roles. By providing a theoretical framework for the relationships between specific role components and certain outcome variables the model was also used in the generation of hypotheses and the design of statistical analyses. Results of some of these analyses are summarized.", "contents": "A model for health care delivery with an illustration of its application. A framework for conceptualizing the process of health care delivery is presented. The framework identifies broad categories of activities by which the functions of a health care provider can be organized, and has practical application to studies of the roles of a variety of health care personnel. By permitting clear identification of each component of a health professional's role, the model provides a method for quantitatively determining what an individual or group of individuals does. The utility of the model in operationalizing investigations of health care roles is illustrated by its application to a study of nurse practitioners. In this study, the conceptual model was used to structure a questionnaire for obtaining information about professional nursing roles. By providing a theoretical framework for the relationships between specific role components and certain outcome variables the model was also used in the generation of hypotheses and the design of statistical analyses. Results of some of these analyses are summarized.", "PMID": 672267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1201", "title": "Evaluating new methods for provision of primary care: an Ontario strategy.", "content": "For several years, the government of Ontario has undertaken to foster and develop experimental systems for the delivery of primary health care in the province. At the same time, the government wished to devise a strategy whereby the new health care programs could be rigorously evaluated. A Task Force on Evaluation of Primary Health Care Services produced a plan which yields quantitative information about the function of primary health care units. Three essential indexes of performances, comprising categories of Utilization and Financial Performance (UF-Index), Availability, Accessibility and Scope of Services (A-Index) and Quality of Care (Q-Index), were designed. Two additional quantitative indexes, Consumer Satisfaction and Health Professional Satisfaction, were proposed. The derivation and determination of the three essential indexes are provided in the paper in detail, along with acceptable criteria for performance and methods for comparing the performances of different types of practices in different kinds of population.", "contents": "Evaluating new methods for provision of primary care: an Ontario strategy. For several years, the government of Ontario has undertaken to foster and develop experimental systems for the delivery of primary health care in the province. At the same time, the government wished to devise a strategy whereby the new health care programs could be rigorously evaluated. A Task Force on Evaluation of Primary Health Care Services produced a plan which yields quantitative information about the function of primary health care units. Three essential indexes of performances, comprising categories of Utilization and Financial Performance (UF-Index), Availability, Accessibility and Scope of Services (A-Index) and Quality of Care (Q-Index), were designed. Two additional quantitative indexes, Consumer Satisfaction and Health Professional Satisfaction, were proposed. The derivation and determination of the three essential indexes are provided in the paper in detail, along with acceptable criteria for performance and methods for comparing the performances of different types of practices in different kinds of population.", "PMID": 672268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1202", "title": "Selection of regression models for health care data.", "content": "We discuss several linear and nonlinear regression models and their appropriateness in modeling a set of data from a cohort study of the use of medical services in a prepaid medical plan. Although computational considerations once forced researchers to use linear models almost exclusively, modern computer hardware and efficient algorithms have made it possible to use nonlinear models almost as easily as linear ones. Thus, in choosing a regression model, a researcher should give strong consideration to  how well the model reflects (presumed) intrinsic properties of the phenomena under study, even if the consideration leads to the choice of a nonlinear model. Modern computer programs for nonlinear minimization should be employed to fit the model. The model should be judged on how well it describes the data and how reasonably it predicts the future.", "contents": "Selection of regression models for health care data. We discuss several linear and nonlinear regression models and their appropriateness in modeling a set of data from a cohort study of the use of medical services in a prepaid medical plan. Although computational considerations once forced researchers to use linear models almost exclusively, modern computer hardware and efficient algorithms have made it possible to use nonlinear models almost as easily as linear ones. Thus, in choosing a regression model, a researcher should give strong consideration to  how well the model reflects (presumed) intrinsic properties of the phenomena under study, even if the consideration leads to the choice of a nonlinear model. Modern computer programs for nonlinear minimization should be employed to fit the model. The model should be judged on how well it describes the data and how reasonably it predicts the future.", "PMID": 672269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1203", "title": "Dental care in the People's Republic of China.", "content": "In comparison to the living conditions that existed before 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) represents a remarkable story of achievement. Western knowledge about the PRC has recently increased by leaps and bounds as detente with the United States has allowed many Americans to witness the \"awakening of the dragon.\" Many of the achievements have been in the development of a health care delivery system that uniquely addresses the needs of the most populous country. There are numerous reports on the advancements made in manpower development and deployment, infectious disease control, family planning and acupuncture anesthesia and therapy. Yet there is little information about dental care in China. Dental disease being an essentially preventable disease has an interesting status in the Chinese health care system which relies on prevention rather than cure. In September and October 1974, the author visited five cities in China, Kwangchou (Canton), Peking, Tientsin, Suchou, and Shanghai and the respective countrysides except for Tientsin. Though any account or description is certain to be but a glimpse of Hsin Hua (the New China), the story is worth being told even if it must be accomplished by small chapters contributed by many individuals. In this light, the author explores the following areas: dental manpower training, which in China has produced stomatologists, dental technicians and dental nurses; the oral health status of school age children, dental care delivery and facilities, and probably the most remarkable while at the same time provocative areas, acupuncture analgesia and therapy.", "contents": "Dental care in the People's Republic of China. In comparison to the living conditions that existed before 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) represents a remarkable story of achievement. Western knowledge about the PRC has recently increased by leaps and bounds as detente with the United States has allowed many Americans to witness the \"awakening of the dragon.\" Many of the achievements have been in the development of a health care delivery system that uniquely addresses the needs of the most populous country. There are numerous reports on the advancements made in manpower development and deployment, infectious disease control, family planning and acupuncture anesthesia and therapy. Yet there is little information about dental care in China. Dental disease being an essentially preventable disease has an interesting status in the Chinese health care system which relies on prevention rather than cure. In September and October 1974, the author visited five cities in China, Kwangchou (Canton), Peking, Tientsin, Suchou, and Shanghai and the respective countrysides except for Tientsin. Though any account or description is certain to be but a glimpse of Hsin Hua (the New China), the story is worth being told even if it must be accomplished by small chapters contributed by many individuals. In this light, the author explores the following areas: dental manpower training, which in China has produced stomatologists, dental technicians and dental nurses; the oral health status of school age children, dental care delivery and facilities, and probably the most remarkable while at the same time provocative areas, acupuncture analgesia and therapy.", "PMID": 672270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1204", "title": "A study of the health status of the black population in Alameda County, California.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to compare the overall health status of blacks with whites in Alameda County, California, using an index based on the mortality and disability experiences of the two population groups. It is demonstrated that this index, which requires disease-specific mortality and disability data, can be easily adapted to make use of existing data files containing data on mortality and any indicator of morbidity or disability. It was found that in the year 1974, the blacks lost approximately 10,000 productive years unnecessarily through higher mortality and disability rates than those of the white population. This disparity between the two populations may be underestimated because Chicano/Mexican Americans, who are known to enjoy a lower health status than whites, were included as part of the white population. The implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "A study of the health status of the black population in Alameda County, California. The purpose of this paper is to compare the overall health status of blacks with whites in Alameda County, California, using an index based on the mortality and disability experiences of the two population groups. It is demonstrated that this index, which requires disease-specific mortality and disability data, can be easily adapted to make use of existing data files containing data on mortality and any indicator of morbidity or disability. It was found that in the year 1974, the blacks lost approximately 10,000 productive years unnecessarily through higher mortality and disability rates than those of the white population. This disparity between the two populations may be underestimated because Chicano/Mexican Americans, who are known to enjoy a lower health status than whites, were included as part of the white population. The implications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 672271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1205", "title": "The very old patient in ambulatory care.", "content": "The aims were twofold: to determine differences between the very old and younger patients in ambulatory care and to examine their self-assessments of health and whether these related to: subjective data such as symptoms and attitudes, objective data such as utilization of health services, and physician assessments of the patient's health. Although they had about one more diagnosis, the very old were similar in most respects to younger patients. Variables that discriminated the groups were physician ratings. About two-thirds of the older and younger patients regarded their health as good. Good health perceptions were associated with fewer symptoms, outpatient visits, and hospitalizations in both groups. Physician assessments were only lowly correlated with patient assessments of health. Patient perceptions of health were highly stable over a two month follow up. The subjective belief that one is healthy or ill may be more important than actual medical condition in maintaining good emotional and behavioral functioning.", "contents": "The very old patient in ambulatory care. The aims were twofold: to determine differences between the very old and younger patients in ambulatory care and to examine their self-assessments of health and whether these related to: subjective data such as symptoms and attitudes, objective data such as utilization of health services, and physician assessments of the patient's health. Although they had about one more diagnosis, the very old were similar in most respects to younger patients. Variables that discriminated the groups were physician ratings. About two-thirds of the older and younger patients regarded their health as good. Good health perceptions were associated with fewer symptoms, outpatient visits, and hospitalizations in both groups. Physician assessments were only lowly correlated with patient assessments of health. Patient perceptions of health were highly stable over a two month follow up. The subjective belief that one is healthy or ill may be more important than actual medical condition in maintaining good emotional and behavioral functioning.", "PMID": 672272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1206", "title": "Foreign-trained physicians in American medicine: a case study.", "content": "The understanding of reliance upon foreign medical graduates (FMGs) in the United States is vague and general. Little is known about the specific roles of FMGs or the populations they serve in relation to United States medical graduates (USMGs). The recent passage of the Health Professions Educational Assistance Act calls for significant reductions in the future influx of FMGs. Hence, there is an immediate need for detailed information upon which to base predictions of legislative outcomes. The American Medical Association's 1974 physician data tape for Maryland was used as the study population. These data were analyzed, using th Gini Index of Concentration and other test stastistics, for FMG/USMG distributional differences for 1) office-based practice and hospital-based practice,  2) catchment areas aggregated by income, 3) primary, secondary, and tertiary case specialty groupings, 4) level of development of country of medical education, and 5) all of the above in relation to population. Office-based and hospital-based catchment areas were developed  in order to create a valid consumer-provider relationship between the numerator and denominator of physician/population ratios. The major finding is that regardless of practice setting, FMGs are more evenly distributed relative to population than USMGs. This conclusion is in contrast with the notion that FMGs tend to locate where USMGs locate. A useful methodology has been presented for 1) development of catchment areas, and 2) examination of distributional differences in relation to population which can easily be duplicated.", "contents": "Foreign-trained physicians in American medicine: a case study. The understanding of reliance upon foreign medical graduates (FMGs) in the United States is vague and general. Little is known about the specific roles of FMGs or the populations they serve in relation to United States medical graduates (USMGs). The recent passage of the Health Professions Educational Assistance Act calls for significant reductions in the future influx of FMGs. Hence, there is an immediate need for detailed information upon which to base predictions of legislative outcomes. The American Medical Association's 1974 physician data tape for Maryland was used as the study population. These data were analyzed, using th Gini Index of Concentration and other test stastistics, for FMG/USMG distributional differences for 1) office-based practice and hospital-based practice,  2) catchment areas aggregated by income, 3) primary, secondary, and tertiary case specialty groupings, 4) level of development of country of medical education, and 5) all of the above in relation to population. Office-based and hospital-based catchment areas were developed  in order to create a valid consumer-provider relationship between the numerator and denominator of physician/population ratios. The major finding is that regardless of practice setting, FMGs are more evenly distributed relative to population than USMGs. This conclusion is in contrast with the notion that FMGs tend to locate where USMGs locate. A useful methodology has been presented for 1) development of catchment areas, and 2) examination of distributional differences in relation to population which can easily be duplicated.", "PMID": 672273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1207", "title": "An effect of organization of medical care upon health: manpower distribution.", "content": "Data are presented from the Medical Care Group of Washington University and from several other organized medical care settings responsible for prepaid enrollees. As few as 8 per cent of visit may be made to specialists under systems which are organized to emphazide primary care. Further, the proportions of primary care and specialty visits vary inversely weith the \"strictness\" of this organization. Those groups which employ family physicians have a higher proportion of primary care physicians than do those which employ general intermists and pediatricans, or than exist in the medical care system at large. The data suggest strongly that the organization of medical care, as well as the training of personnel employed has a major influence upon the types of health manpower needed. Future research in this area is urgent, but even the currently available data have important implications for health manpower policy.", "contents": "An effect of organization of medical care upon health: manpower distribution. Data are presented from the Medical Care Group of Washington University and from several other organized medical care settings responsible for prepaid enrollees. As few as 8 per cent of visit may be made to specialists under systems which are organized to emphazide primary care. Further, the proportions of primary care and specialty visits vary inversely weith the \"strictness\" of this organization. Those groups which employ family physicians have a higher proportion of primary care physicians than do those which employ general intermists and pediatricans, or than exist in the medical care system at large. The data suggest strongly that the organization of medical care, as well as the training of personnel employed has a major influence upon the types of health manpower needed. Future research in this area is urgent, but even the currently available data have important implications for health manpower policy.", "PMID": 672274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1208", "title": "Factor affecting the choice between two prepaid plans.", "content": "This study examines the factors affecting the choice between two comprehensive prepaid plans of medical care available to the staff of Stanford University. One is a Kaiser plan, offered since 1969. Under the other (Clinic plan for short), medical services are provided by a predominantly fee-for-service group practice and hospital services are covered by a standard Blue Cross hospital policy; the Clinic plan has been available since the 1950s. The Kaiser plan has only a token copayment for office and home visit while the Clinic plan has a 25 per cent coinsurance provision applying to all physician and outpatient ancillary services. It was found that the two major factors affecting choice were income and distance to the provider. The preference for the Kaiser plan increased as income decreased. Similarly, as distance from the Clinic increased and distance from a Kaiser facility decreased, the preference for the Kaiser plan increased. However, proximity to the provider was a more important factor for the higher-income Clinic plan subscribers. The data also show that the longer availability of the Clinic plan had a long-term effect on enrollment. A substantial proportion of long time Stanford employees who might have been expected to prefer the Kaiser plan stayed with the Clinic plan.", "contents": "Factor affecting the choice between two prepaid plans. This study examines the factors affecting the choice between two comprehensive prepaid plans of medical care available to the staff of Stanford University. One is a Kaiser plan, offered since 1969. Under the other (Clinic plan for short), medical services are provided by a predominantly fee-for-service group practice and hospital services are covered by a standard Blue Cross hospital policy; the Clinic plan has been available since the 1950s. The Kaiser plan has only a token copayment for office and home visit while the Clinic plan has a 25 per cent coinsurance provision applying to all physician and outpatient ancillary services. It was found that the two major factors affecting choice were income and distance to the provider. The preference for the Kaiser plan increased as income decreased. Similarly, as distance from the Clinic increased and distance from a Kaiser facility decreased, the preference for the Kaiser plan increased. However, proximity to the provider was a more important factor for the higher-income Clinic plan subscribers. The data also show that the longer availability of the Clinic plan had a long-term effect on enrollment. A substantial proportion of long time Stanford employees who might have been expected to prefer the Kaiser plan stayed with the Clinic plan.", "PMID": 672275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1209", "title": "Enrollment choices in different types of HMOs: a multivariate analysis.", "content": "Enrollment decisions of a sample of an employed population choosing among open-panel and closed-panel HMOs and Blue Cross/Blue Shield are analyzed. This report, unlike previous ones, overcomes some of the difficulties of bivariate analysis by the use of the multivariate logistic probability model, logit. The results show that there are four consistent predictors of enrollment choice: previous source of care as the measure of access; family life stage and chronic conditions per family member as indicators of health risk; per capita income as the measure of economic vulnerability; and health concern. Having a private physician as the source of care is the best single predictor, its absence predicting a higher probability of enrollment in the closed, and its presence in the open-panel HMO. Higher risk life stage families, younger and with more children, are more likely to join the open-panel plan than the closed or retain BC/BS; higher incomes and larger numbers of chronic conditions appear to have the same effects. Higher levels of health concern, on the other hand, predict a greater probability of choosing the closed-panel plan. The probability of enrollment in any HMO is predicted with more than 50 per cent accuracy for 60 per cent of the sample. Choice between open and closed-panel plans is predicted with an accuracy in excess of 50 per cent for 80 per cent, and with an accuracy greater than 90 per cent for over 10 per cent of potential enrollees. The applicability of this approach to HMO feasibility analysis and planning is clearly indicated.", "contents": "Enrollment choices in different types of HMOs: a multivariate analysis. Enrollment decisions of a sample of an employed population choosing among open-panel and closed-panel HMOs and Blue Cross/Blue Shield are analyzed. This report, unlike previous ones, overcomes some of the difficulties of bivariate analysis by the use of the multivariate logistic probability model, logit. The results show that there are four consistent predictors of enrollment choice: previous source of care as the measure of access; family life stage and chronic conditions per family member as indicators of health risk; per capita income as the measure of economic vulnerability; and health concern. Having a private physician as the source of care is the best single predictor, its absence predicting a higher probability of enrollment in the closed, and its presence in the open-panel HMO. Higher risk life stage families, younger and with more children, are more likely to join the open-panel plan than the closed or retain BC/BS; higher incomes and larger numbers of chronic conditions appear to have the same effects. Higher levels of health concern, on the other hand, predict a greater probability of choosing the closed-panel plan. The probability of enrollment in any HMO is predicted with more than 50 per cent accuracy for 60 per cent of the sample. Choice between open and closed-panel plans is predicted with an accuracy in excess of 50 per cent for 80 per cent, and with an accuracy greater than 90 per cent for over 10 per cent of potential enrollees. The applicability of this approach to HMO feasibility analysis and planning is clearly indicated.", "PMID": 672276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1210", "title": "Physician utilization of medical records: preliminary determinations.", "content": "A study is reported of the ways in which 26 physicians, mostly internists, use the medical record. It was found that the items of greatest importance to the physicians, from the viewpoints of frequency of usage and of occasional interruption of the physician-patient transaction by being absent, were lab-test results, X-ray data, patient history, and previous treatments. The most common general problems cited uith the medical record were incompleteness (named by 38 per cent of the physicians), illegibility (27 per cent), and poor organization of the record (19 per cent).", "contents": "Physician utilization of medical records: preliminary determinations. A study is reported of the ways in which 26 physicians, mostly internists, use the medical record. It was found that the items of greatest importance to the physicians, from the viewpoints of frequency of usage and of occasional interruption of the physician-patient transaction by being absent, were lab-test results, X-ray data, patient history, and previous treatments. The most common general problems cited uith the medical record were incompleteness (named by 38 per cent of the physicians), illegibility (27 per cent), and poor organization of the record (19 per cent).", "PMID": 672290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1211", "title": "Graduate education in computer systems in medicine--a conceptual model. Canadian Organization for Advancement of Computers in Health.", "content": "A conceptual model of the graduate educational programme in medical informatics is discussed. Problems involved in different types of informatics training can be avoided by stressing the integrative aspects of a systems approach. This programme is designed to lessen the gulf between a higher level of hardware capability and the ability to use it. The increasing educational demands in medical information systems have put more pressure on educational establishments to respond more expertly.", "contents": "Graduate education in computer systems in medicine--a conceptual model. Canadian Organization for Advancement of Computers in Health. A conceptual model of the graduate educational programme in medical informatics is discussed. Problems involved in different types of informatics training can be avoided by stressing the integrative aspects of a systems approach. This programme is designed to lessen the gulf between a higher level of hardware capability and the ability to use it. The increasing educational demands in medical information systems have put more pressure on educational establishments to respond more expertly.", "PMID": 672291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1212", "title": "Analysis of the occurrence of anencephalic stillbirths in the Fylde Peninsula, 1956--1967.", "content": "Computer-based statistical signal methods have been applied to the analysis of case-occurrence time and location data from a 12-year complete series of anencephalic stillbirths in the Fylde peninsula of Lancashire. In the absence of any certainty about causative or contributory factors in these occurrences, the primary questions are if the underlying process is Poisson, or if there is evidence of a seasonal influence, and if any regional differences or communicable factors can be identified. With the limited case numbers (124) most small-sample statistical tests were not sufficiently informative. But using pattern and print-process analysis methods and simulation techniques, further elucidation is possible; for example, it is shown that a seasonally rate-modulated Poisson process is a reasonable model for case occurrences in the southern region, but not in the north, for which a different process must apply and where some evidence exists of clustering of preferred inter-event intervals. It is concluded in particular, that there is a regional dependence, with seasonal factors, of the process underlying case occurrences, and in general, that signal analysis methods are useful in the interpretation of small-sample spatio-tempered epidemiological data.", "contents": "Analysis of the occurrence of anencephalic stillbirths in the Fylde Peninsula, 1956--1967. Computer-based statistical signal methods have been applied to the analysis of case-occurrence time and location data from a 12-year complete series of anencephalic stillbirths in the Fylde peninsula of Lancashire. In the absence of any certainty about causative or contributory factors in these occurrences, the primary questions are if the underlying process is Poisson, or if there is evidence of a seasonal influence, and if any regional differences or communicable factors can be identified. With the limited case numbers (124) most small-sample statistical tests were not sufficiently informative. But using pattern and print-process analysis methods and simulation techniques, further elucidation is possible; for example, it is shown that a seasonally rate-modulated Poisson process is a reasonable model for case occurrences in the southern region, but not in the north, for which a different process must apply and where some evidence exists of clustering of preferred inter-event intervals. It is concluded in particular, that there is a regional dependence, with seasonal factors, of the process underlying case occurrences, and in general, that signal analysis methods are useful in the interpretation of small-sample spatio-tempered epidemiological data.", "PMID": 672292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1213", "title": "Statistical analysis of clinical breast cancer by computer.", "content": "At the moment we still lack a clear correlation of clinical staging and pathology with therapy and prognosis in breast cancer patients. More studies need to be conducted dealing with the relationships of breast cancer to previous diseases, hormonal balance, conservative therapy and type of surgical therapy. These evaluations may be very important in supporting a less serious prognosis, a clearer clinical staging and a more certain choice of the right therapy. With computer help we have evaluated data from 500 patients with breast cancer. We have considered: age; previous breast diseases with particular regard to therapy; hormonal balance; obstetrical relevant past history; morphological and functional aspects of the breast; the histology of the tumour and metastases; and the results of therapy.", "contents": "Statistical analysis of clinical breast cancer by computer. At the moment we still lack a clear correlation of clinical staging and pathology with therapy and prognosis in breast cancer patients. More studies need to be conducted dealing with the relationships of breast cancer to previous diseases, hormonal balance, conservative therapy and type of surgical therapy. These evaluations may be very important in supporting a less serious prognosis, a clearer clinical staging and a more certain choice of the right therapy. With computer help we have evaluated data from 500 patients with breast cancer. We have considered: age; previous breast diseases with particular regard to therapy; hormonal balance; obstetrical relevant past history; morphological and functional aspects of the breast; the histology of the tumour and metastases; and the results of therapy.", "PMID": 672293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1214", "title": "Creation and validation of medical data.", "content": "The problems of creating and validating medical data are discussed. These difficulties relate to the structuring of data and its definiton. The necessity for clarity of thought, coherence and logic in data collection is stressed. Difficulty in medical and lay staff training shows that this is a continuing problem. Data validation must be the major province of senior as well as junior doctors. It is an absoulte essential continuing process and without valid data most analyses are not worthwhile because of high error rates and/or too much missing data.", "contents": "Creation and validation of medical data. The problems of creating and validating medical data are discussed. These difficulties relate to the structuring of data and its definiton. The necessity for clarity of thought, coherence and logic in data collection is stressed. Difficulty in medical and lay staff training shows that this is a continuing problem. Data validation must be the major province of senior as well as junior doctors. It is an absoulte essential continuing process and without valid data most analyses are not worthwhile because of high error rates and/or too much missing data.", "PMID": 672294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1215", "title": "The optimal design of MUMPS global file.", "content": "This paper presents the basic consideration of global file design on MUMPS language. The major goal of global design is to reduce the number of disc accesses made over the long-term use of a file. To attain this goal, the procedure for finding the global file which minimizes the average number of disc blocks accessed to obtain a data node is proposed. Furthermore, the total number of blocks in use with file design are demonstrated by simple examples.", "contents": "The optimal design of MUMPS global file. This paper presents the basic consideration of global file design on MUMPS language. The major goal of global design is to reduce the number of disc accesses made over the long-term use of a file. To attain this goal, the procedure for finding the global file which minimizes the average number of disc blocks accessed to obtain a data node is proposed. Furthermore, the total number of blocks in use with file design are demonstrated by simple examples.", "PMID": 672295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1216", "title": "Objective specification of the incremental weight variable in weanling diarrhoeal disease of infants.", "content": "The objective specification of the second variable (body weight) measured in an epidemiological field study of weanling diarrhoeal disease of infants has been approached by computer-based pattern analysis, complementing previous studies of the diarrhoeal signal of daily defaecation count (DS). The weight data are available for 64 weeks in a subset of 50 out of 139 infants in the study. A weekly incremental weight signal (IWE) was estimated by successively differencing each new observed weight with a smoothed version of the previous value. Variable latency of the different features of this variable precludes the formation of an average-profile by coherent averaging the ensemble of records; a feature-analysis method based on statistical trend analysis was therefore developed. Features of the resulting IWE average profile can be linked to weanling events, transient diarrhoeal episodes, and typical post-neonatal shifts in level of the diarrhoeal signal. The results are consistent with the view that both nutritional and infectious factors operate in most deviations from typical behaviour seen in individual IWE records. In all the infants having an abnormally low (64 week) weight gain, a sustained abnormal DS elevation can be recognized in the 7-15 week period, with recurrent diarrhoeal episodes (type P2, as previously classified) during the 45-60 week period; both abnormalities were associated with substantial effects on weight gain. But individual P2-diarrhoeal episodes occurring before about 40 weeks of age could be linked only to small, quickly-compensated effects on incremental weight.", "contents": "Objective specification of the incremental weight variable in weanling diarrhoeal disease of infants. The objective specification of the second variable (body weight) measured in an epidemiological field study of weanling diarrhoeal disease of infants has been approached by computer-based pattern analysis, complementing previous studies of the diarrhoeal signal of daily defaecation count (DS). The weight data are available for 64 weeks in a subset of 50 out of 139 infants in the study. A weekly incremental weight signal (IWE) was estimated by successively differencing each new observed weight with a smoothed version of the previous value. Variable latency of the different features of this variable precludes the formation of an average-profile by coherent averaging the ensemble of records; a feature-analysis method based on statistical trend analysis was therefore developed. Features of the resulting IWE average profile can be linked to weanling events, transient diarrhoeal episodes, and typical post-neonatal shifts in level of the diarrhoeal signal. The results are consistent with the view that both nutritional and infectious factors operate in most deviations from typical behaviour seen in individual IWE records. In all the infants having an abnormally low (64 week) weight gain, a sustained abnormal DS elevation can be recognized in the 7-15 week period, with recurrent diarrhoeal episodes (type P2, as previously classified) during the 45-60 week period; both abnormalities were associated with substantial effects on weight gain. But individual P2-diarrhoeal episodes occurring before about 40 weeks of age could be linked only to small, quickly-compensated effects on incremental weight.", "PMID": 672297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1217", "title": "[Kidney preservation by hypothermic storage in Collins and Sacks solutions: the influence of 0-30 min of warm ischemia on the available preservation period (author's transl)].", "content": "123 kidneys of mongrel dogs were stored under hypothermic conditions in Collins or Sacks solutions for 12 up to 72 h and then transplanted. Before preservation the kidneys were subdued to 0-30 min warm ischemia. Kidney function after transplantation was measured by PAH-and inulin-clearances. Successful 24 h preservation was likewise possible with Collins and Sacks solutions if there was not any warm ischemia. Kidney function was reduced by the length of preservation, according to the formula; y = 166.02 . e-0,125x (y = PAH-clearance and x = preservation time). With both solutions the most attainable preservation time after 15 min warm ischemia was only 12 h, longer preservation time or ischemic periods were not tolerable. However, the function of the ischemically damaged organ was significantly better preserved by Sacks solution in comparison with Collins solution-although the preservation period could not be extended by this solution. Therefore, as far as human kidney preservation is concerned, Collins solution should be replaced by Sacks solution.", "contents": "[Kidney preservation by hypothermic storage in Collins and Sacks solutions: the influence of 0-30 min of warm ischemia on the available preservation period (author's transl)]. 123 kidneys of mongrel dogs were stored under hypothermic conditions in Collins or Sacks solutions for 12 up to 72 h and then transplanted. Before preservation the kidneys were subdued to 0-30 min warm ischemia. Kidney function after transplantation was measured by PAH-and inulin-clearances. Successful 24 h preservation was likewise possible with Collins and Sacks solutions if there was not any warm ischemia. Kidney function was reduced by the length of preservation, according to the formula; y = 166.02 . e-0,125x (y = PAH-clearance and x = preservation time). With both solutions the most attainable preservation time after 15 min warm ischemia was only 12 h, longer preservation time or ischemic periods were not tolerable. However, the function of the ischemically damaged organ was significantly better preserved by Sacks solution in comparison with Collins solution-although the preservation period could not be extended by this solution. Therefore, as far as human kidney preservation is concerned, Collins solution should be replaced by Sacks solution.", "PMID": 672338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1218", "title": "[Giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Case report and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "The cavernous hemangioma of the liver is frequently seen as small tumor without any symptoms, but only rarely its diameter is more than 4 cm (161 cases in world literature). We can report on an additional patient. The peculiarities in this case were the tumor size, the presence of numerous phleboliths and the contrasting of the tumor taking place mainly from the venous part of the vascular bed of the liver. The main indication for a surgical intervention is the danger of rupture, but disturbances of the coagulation as well as intestinal suppression symptoms have also to be taken into consideration. The intraoperative tactics ought to be a standardised resection of the liver. The cavernous hemangioma must be differentiated from the hemangioendothelium: this usually occurs in children, causes cardiac failure due to a. v. shunts, and responds to conservative therapy (corticosteroids, radio-therapy).", "contents": "[Giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Case report and review of the literature (author's transl)]. The cavernous hemangioma of the liver is frequently seen as small tumor without any symptoms, but only rarely its diameter is more than 4 cm (161 cases in world literature). We can report on an additional patient. The peculiarities in this case were the tumor size, the presence of numerous phleboliths and the contrasting of the tumor taking place mainly from the venous part of the vascular bed of the liver. The main indication for a surgical intervention is the danger of rupture, but disturbances of the coagulation as well as intestinal suppression symptoms have also to be taken into consideration. The intraoperative tactics ought to be a standardised resection of the liver. The cavernous hemangioma must be differentiated from the hemangioendothelium: this usually occurs in children, causes cardiac failure due to a. v. shunts, and responds to conservative therapy (corticosteroids, radio-therapy).", "PMID": 672339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1219", "title": "[Experimental investigations on arter injury due to bone cement (author's transl)].", "content": "The observation of eight patients with lesions of great arteries after total hip replacement led to experimental investigations to determine whether Palacos might cause such vessel lesions. Palacos was applied to the adventitia of the abdominal aorta and both iliac arteries in rabbits. Angiographic examinations 14 days after implantation indicated no lesion at the intima of aorta and iliac arteries in the regio of Palacos. Histological investigations showed only necrosis of fat tissue and a slight distention of the muscle fibers of the artery wall. Lesions of aorta or great arteries are not caused by implantation of Palacos.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations on arter injury due to bone cement (author's transl)]. The observation of eight patients with lesions of great arteries after total hip replacement led to experimental investigations to determine whether Palacos might cause such vessel lesions. Palacos was applied to the adventitia of the abdominal aorta and both iliac arteries in rabbits. Angiographic examinations 14 days after implantation indicated no lesion at the intima of aorta and iliac arteries in the regio of Palacos. Histological investigations showed only necrosis of fat tissue and a slight distention of the muscle fibers of the artery wall. Lesions of aorta or great arteries are not caused by implantation of Palacos.", "PMID": 672340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1220", "title": "[Primary healing of the sacral cavity after proctectomy - a solvable surgical problem (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary healing of the perineal wound and the sacral cavity after a.p. resection of the rectum is an old surgical problem. In order to achieve primary healing we are using a lengthened omental graft to fill up the sacral space. Since January 1977 to July 1977 we used this method in 17 patients. 15 patients had very low rectal cancers. 2 patients had to undergo proctocolectomy because of ulcerative colitis. In 14 cases we achieved primary healing, among these the colitis patients. Overall we had three abscess formations in the sacral cavity. One of these patients got in addition an obstruction postoperatively.", "contents": "[Primary healing of the sacral cavity after proctectomy - a solvable surgical problem (author's transl)]. Primary healing of the perineal wound and the sacral cavity after a.p. resection of the rectum is an old surgical problem. In order to achieve primary healing we are using a lengthened omental graft to fill up the sacral space. Since January 1977 to July 1977 we used this method in 17 patients. 15 patients had very low rectal cancers. 2 patients had to undergo proctocolectomy because of ulcerative colitis. In 14 cases we achieved primary healing, among these the colitis patients. Overall we had three abscess formations in the sacral cavity. One of these patients got in addition an obstruction postoperatively.", "PMID": 672341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1221", "title": "[Surgical papillotomy, endoscopic-manometric and clinical results (author's transl)].", "content": "4--9 years after transduodenal papillotomy an endoscopic-manometric and clinical control of the surgical result was done in 49 patients. The pressure difference of common bile duct and duodenum was of great interest. There existed a correlation between the pressure difference and other parameters so far, as air was frequently seen in those patients without pressure gradient between common bile duct and duodenum. Pathological activity of gamma-GT and a decrease of Prothrombine-time was found after a high pressure difference. It may be possible that anatomical variations of the biliary system and the duodenum have some importance for the formation of stones.", "contents": "[Surgical papillotomy, endoscopic-manometric and clinical results (author's transl)]. 4--9 years after transduodenal papillotomy an endoscopic-manometric and clinical control of the surgical result was done in 49 patients. The pressure difference of common bile duct and duodenum was of great interest. There existed a correlation between the pressure difference and other parameters so far, as air was frequently seen in those patients without pressure gradient between common bile duct and duodenum. Pathological activity of gamma-GT and a decrease of Prothrombine-time was found after a high pressure difference. It may be possible that anatomical variations of the biliary system and the duodenum have some importance for the formation of stones.", "PMID": 672342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1222", "title": "The tympanic isthmus: its anatomy and clinical significance.", "content": "The tympanic isthmus is a narrow passage between the tubotympanic cavity and the atticomastoid air space. Obstruction of the tympanic isthmus is frequent in various types of middle ear disease and causes significant air-diffusion disturbance within the temporal bone pneumatic system. Using large numbers of fresh temporal bone specimens, anatomical boundaries of the tympanic isthmus are defined and pathological variations are investigated. Embryological origin of the isthmus and pathophysiological implications of the tympanic isthmus block are discussed. Among factors that cause obstruction of the tympanic isthmus are mucosal folds variations, inflammatory webs and exudate, retracted tympanic membrane, diseased attic mucosa, and cholesteatoma. Each factor is analyzed with representative specimen photographs. Clinical signs due to tympanic isthmus block often simulate or coexist with symptoms of eustachian tube obstruction. Surgical management of the tympanic isthmus block requires clear recognition of these disease processes. Understanding of the tympanic isthmus as an anatomical entity is essential in the management of middle ear and attic disease.", "contents": "The tympanic isthmus: its anatomy and clinical significance. The tympanic isthmus is a narrow passage between the tubotympanic cavity and the atticomastoid air space. Obstruction of the tympanic isthmus is frequent in various types of middle ear disease and causes significant air-diffusion disturbance within the temporal bone pneumatic system. Using large numbers of fresh temporal bone specimens, anatomical boundaries of the tympanic isthmus are defined and pathological variations are investigated. Embryological origin of the isthmus and pathophysiological implications of the tympanic isthmus block are discussed. Among factors that cause obstruction of the tympanic isthmus are mucosal folds variations, inflammatory webs and exudate, retracted tympanic membrane, diseased attic mucosa, and cholesteatoma. Each factor is analyzed with representative specimen photographs. Clinical signs due to tympanic isthmus block often simulate or coexist with symptoms of eustachian tube obstruction. Surgical management of the tympanic isthmus block requires clear recognition of these disease processes. Understanding of the tympanic isthmus as an anatomical entity is essential in the management of middle ear and attic disease.", "PMID": 672343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1223", "title": "Mastoiditis and brain hernia (mastoiditis cerebri).", "content": "Ten patients with brain hernia occurring as an insidious complication of chronic mastoiditis coincidentally discovered at the time of surgery are described. Four had previous surgery, six did not. A history of trauma was othwise absent. Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea did not occur. Our method of management is described. Pathology and pathogenesis are discussed. Three patients had pedunculated brain hernias, while seven had diffuse (fungoid) herniation. Granulation tissue appeared as an important part of the disease process. These may represent abortive attempts at brain abscess formation since the widespread use of antibiotics. Pacchionian bodies may also play a role in the pathogenesis.", "contents": "Mastoiditis and brain hernia (mastoiditis cerebri). Ten patients with brain hernia occurring as an insidious complication of chronic mastoiditis coincidentally discovered at the time of surgery are described. Four had previous surgery, six did not. A history of trauma was othwise absent. Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea did not occur. Our method of management is described. Pathology and pathogenesis are discussed. Three patients had pedunculated brain hernias, while seven had diffuse (fungoid) herniation. Granulation tissue appeared as an important part of the disease process. These may represent abortive attempts at brain abscess formation since the widespread use of antibiotics. Pacchionian bodies may also play a role in the pathogenesis.", "PMID": 672344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1224", "title": "Tuberculous otitis media.", "content": "Tuberculous otitis media is a variable and puzzling infectious disease which may remain undiagnosed or confused with other acute or chronic middle ear conditions if appropriate diagnostic studies are not performed. Among the common clinical findings are insiduous onset of painless watery drainage, severe hearing loss, multiple perforations of the tympanic membrane and subsequent appearance of profuse granulation tissue. As the disease progresses destruction of the middle ear conductive apparatus, facial paralysis, cochlear involvement with labyrinthitis and further hearing loss, and finally intracranial dissemination of infection may occur. The case histories of two patients recently treated at Mount Sinai Hospital illustrate some of the clinical problems encountered with this disease.", "contents": "Tuberculous otitis media. Tuberculous otitis media is a variable and puzzling infectious disease which may remain undiagnosed or confused with other acute or chronic middle ear conditions if appropriate diagnostic studies are not performed. Among the common clinical findings are insiduous onset of painless watery drainage, severe hearing loss, multiple perforations of the tympanic membrane and subsequent appearance of profuse granulation tissue. As the disease progresses destruction of the middle ear conductive apparatus, facial paralysis, cochlear involvement with labyrinthitis and further hearing loss, and finally intracranial dissemination of infection may occur. The case histories of two patients recently treated at Mount Sinai Hospital illustrate some of the clinical problems encountered with this disease.", "PMID": 672345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1225", "title": "Underrated neurotologic symptoms.", "content": "Patients present themselves with neurotologic symptoms which may be early and subtle indicators of active vestibular pathology. The frequently slighted complaints of light-headedness, imbalance and a floating sensation are as important as \"true rotatory vertigo.\" Ear fullness, the most underinvestigated of neurotologic complaints may be a cardinal symptom. Occipital headaches are a frequent complaint of the dizzy patient. Blurred vision, and, in some severe peripheral disorders, diplopia are symptoms referrable to oculovestibular interaction. Visual stimulation intensifies vestibular symptoms. Stress may precipitate or increase dizziness in patients who have partially compensated for a vestibular deficit. Anxiety, fatigue and systemic illness are exemplary. Patient histories are presented to emphasize clinical relevance and therapeutic modalities.", "contents": "Underrated neurotologic symptoms. Patients present themselves with neurotologic symptoms which may be early and subtle indicators of active vestibular pathology. The frequently slighted complaints of light-headedness, imbalance and a floating sensation are as important as \"true rotatory vertigo.\" Ear fullness, the most underinvestigated of neurotologic complaints may be a cardinal symptom. Occipital headaches are a frequent complaint of the dizzy patient. Blurred vision, and, in some severe peripheral disorders, diplopia are symptoms referrable to oculovestibular interaction. Visual stimulation intensifies vestibular symptoms. Stress may precipitate or increase dizziness in patients who have partially compensated for a vestibular deficit. Anxiety, fatigue and systemic illness are exemplary. Patient histories are presented to emphasize clinical relevance and therapeutic modalities.", "PMID": 672346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1226", "title": "Serous otitis media associated with sensorineural hearing loss in children.", "content": "The effect of a conductive hearing loss secondary to serous otitis media in children with sensorineural hearing loss was seen to be an increase in threshold and in one case a decrease in speech discrimination. The diagnosis of the conductive component can be made by means of measurement of impedance, middle ear pressure, the recording of a tympanogram and otoscopy. It is likely that a conductive component can lead to delay in the diagnosis of an underlying sensorineural hearing loss in some children which could result in exacerbation of speech and language deficits. Correction of the conductive component can convert a profound hearing loss to a severe hearing loss, or a severe hearing loss to a moderate hearing loss, and it may also increase speech discrimination.", "contents": "Serous otitis media associated with sensorineural hearing loss in children. The effect of a conductive hearing loss secondary to serous otitis media in children with sensorineural hearing loss was seen to be an increase in threshold and in one case a decrease in speech discrimination. The diagnosis of the conductive component can be made by means of measurement of impedance, middle ear pressure, the recording of a tympanogram and otoscopy. It is likely that a conductive component can lead to delay in the diagnosis of an underlying sensorineural hearing loss in some children which could result in exacerbation of speech and language deficits. Correction of the conductive component can convert a profound hearing loss to a severe hearing loss, or a severe hearing loss to a moderate hearing loss, and it may also increase speech discrimination.", "PMID": 672347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1227", "title": "Function of the Eustachian tube related to surgical management of acquired aural cholesteatoma in children.", "content": "A group of 12 children with acquired cholesteatoma had the ventilatory function of the Eustachian tube assessed by the inflation-deflation technique. All had varying degrees of functional rather than mechanical obstruction of the Eustachian tube. In these children, the pathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma appeared to be the result of the following sequence of events: functional Eustachian tube obstruction, high negative middle ear pressure, atelectasis of the tympanic membrane-middle ear, a retraction pocket in either the posterosuperior or attic portion of the tympanic membrane, and adhesive otitis media. Tympanoplasty in these children was not successful. It is suggested that when the middle ear-mastoidectomy cavity is allowed to remain open, then the bony portion of the Eustachian tube should be surgically closed to prevent postoperative reflux of nasopharyngeal secretions.", "contents": "Function of the Eustachian tube related to surgical management of acquired aural cholesteatoma in children. A group of 12 children with acquired cholesteatoma had the ventilatory function of the Eustachian tube assessed by the inflation-deflation technique. All had varying degrees of functional rather than mechanical obstruction of the Eustachian tube. In these children, the pathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma appeared to be the result of the following sequence of events: functional Eustachian tube obstruction, high negative middle ear pressure, atelectasis of the tympanic membrane-middle ear, a retraction pocket in either the posterosuperior or attic portion of the tympanic membrane, and adhesive otitis media. Tympanoplasty in these children was not successful. It is suggested that when the middle ear-mastoidectomy cavity is allowed to remain open, then the bony portion of the Eustachian tube should be surgically closed to prevent postoperative reflux of nasopharyngeal secretions.", "PMID": 672348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1228", "title": "Homografts in chronic ear surgery.", "content": "There has been a considerable expansion in the use of tympano-ossicular homografts in the past decade. The use of homograft tympanic membranes and homograft ossicles as well as combined tympano-ossicular homografts has been shown to be effective in reconstructive surgery for chronic otitis media. While homograft tympanic membranes are effective in the repair of perforations, temporalis fascia is at least as effective and more readily available. Therefore, the unique benefit of the tympano-malleal homograft (TMH) is that it is an effective way of replacing the malleus, the \"building block\" for reconstruction of the ossicular chain. The indications and techniques for the use of the TMH are presented and illustrated through representative cases. The inclusion of the TMH in the otologist's armamentarium offers another avenue for reconstruction of the chronically diseased ear.", "contents": "Homografts in chronic ear surgery. There has been a considerable expansion in the use of tympano-ossicular homografts in the past decade. The use of homograft tympanic membranes and homograft ossicles as well as combined tympano-ossicular homografts has been shown to be effective in reconstructive surgery for chronic otitis media. While homograft tympanic membranes are effective in the repair of perforations, temporalis fascia is at least as effective and more readily available. Therefore, the unique benefit of the tympano-malleal homograft (TMH) is that it is an effective way of replacing the malleus, the \"building block\" for reconstruction of the ossicular chain. The indications and techniques for the use of the TMH are presented and illustrated through representative cases. The inclusion of the TMH in the otologist's armamentarium offers another avenue for reconstruction of the chronically diseased ear.", "PMID": 672349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1229", "title": "The evaluation of middle ear meningiomas using computerized axial tomography.", "content": "Meningiomas localized within the middle ear and mastoid which have no intracranial component are rare tumors. Three patients with meningiomas which were thought to involve only the middle ear were treated surgically, were followed for two to six years and were thought to have been cured. However, when computerized axial tomography became clinically available, these patients were examined using this radiographic technique. Unexpectedly, all three patients were found to have a large intracranial meningiomatous extension. A review of the literature reveals only 13 primary meningiomas; these case reports are summarized. It was noted that definitive tests for an intracranial extension of the meningioma were performed in only 2 of the 13 cases. Therefore, in view of our recent clinical experience, it is recommended that a patient presenting with a middle ear meningioma should have a computerized axial tomographic examination of the head to detect the possible presence of a clinical silent intracranial involvement.", "contents": "The evaluation of middle ear meningiomas using computerized axial tomography. Meningiomas localized within the middle ear and mastoid which have no intracranial component are rare tumors. Three patients with meningiomas which were thought to involve only the middle ear were treated surgically, were followed for two to six years and were thought to have been cured. However, when computerized axial tomography became clinically available, these patients were examined using this radiographic technique. Unexpectedly, all three patients were found to have a large intracranial meningiomatous extension. A review of the literature reveals only 13 primary meningiomas; these case reports are summarized. It was noted that definitive tests for an intracranial extension of the meningioma were performed in only 2 of the 13 cases. Therefore, in view of our recent clinical experience, it is recommended that a patient presenting with a middle ear meningioma should have a computerized axial tomographic examination of the head to detect the possible presence of a clinical silent intracranial involvement.", "PMID": 672350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1230", "title": "Stapes gusher and Klippel-Feil syndrome.", "content": "The stapes gusher which is the most dramatic complication of stapedectomy arises from an abnormal communication between the subarchnoid and perilymphatic spaces. This congenital defect may be associated with other anomalies such as the Klippel-Feil syndrome. Two cases of stapes gusher in patients with congenital fixation of the footplate are described. One of them was combined with Klippel-Feil syndrome. The object of this paper is to emphasize the necessity of a complete preoperative examination of all cases of congenital footplate fixation.", "contents": "Stapes gusher and Klippel-Feil syndrome. The stapes gusher which is the most dramatic complication of stapedectomy arises from an abnormal communication between the subarchnoid and perilymphatic spaces. This congenital defect may be associated with other anomalies such as the Klippel-Feil syndrome. Two cases of stapes gusher in patients with congenital fixation of the footplate are described. One of them was combined with Klippel-Feil syndrome. The object of this paper is to emphasize the necessity of a complete preoperative examination of all cases of congenital footplate fixation.", "PMID": 672351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1231", "title": "Human incus long process depressions in the surface of the normal ossicle.", "content": "Depressions in the bone surface of the normal human incus long process are found with great frequency. This paper reviews the frequency and distribution of these depressions, discusses their histologic appearance, and speculates upon their significance. While their clinical significance is unclear, they may be related to several conditions encountered in otologic practice.", "contents": "Human incus long process depressions in the surface of the normal ossicle. Depressions in the bone surface of the normal human incus long process are found with great frequency. This paper reviews the frequency and distribution of these depressions, discusses their histologic appearance, and speculates upon their significance. While their clinical significance is unclear, they may be related to several conditions encountered in otologic practice.", "PMID": 672352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1232", "title": "Sequential rhytidectomy.", "content": "An alternate technique of rhytidectomy is described. After adequate undermining, hemostasis and imbrication, the skin flaps are rotated and advanced with sequential tension in contrast to the use of bipolar or tripolar anchoring points. They are then trimmed and sutured in a step-like sequential fashion starting at the temporal incision and proceeding around the ear to the occipital area. The technique has been used in over two hundred patients during a two-year period. The results have been encouraging in eliminating dog-ear formation, excessive tension on wound edges, and step deformities of the hair bearing tissues. A discussion of the advantages of the method and a comparison with other techniques is outlined.", "contents": "Sequential rhytidectomy. An alternate technique of rhytidectomy is described. After adequate undermining, hemostasis and imbrication, the skin flaps are rotated and advanced with sequential tension in contrast to the use of bipolar or tripolar anchoring points. They are then trimmed and sutured in a step-like sequential fashion starting at the temporal incision and proceeding around the ear to the occipital area. The technique has been used in over two hundred patients during a two-year period. The results have been encouraging in eliminating dog-ear formation, excessive tension on wound edges, and step deformities of the hair bearing tissues. A discussion of the advantages of the method and a comparison with other techniques is outlined.", "PMID": 672353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1233", "title": "\"How I do it\"--otology and neurology. A specific issue and its solution. The diagnosis of a posterior fossa tumor.", "content": "In summary, the patient with a unilateral sensorineural type hearing loss, unilateral tinnitus, or dysequilibrium may have a tumor in the posterior fossa. This is diagnosed by the history, ear nose, throat and otoneurological examination, the audiological studies, electronystagmography, radiological tests using the Compere unit, the CT Scan, and when indicated the posterior fossa myelogram. The list of causes for these symptoms other than tumefaction is large and there are a significant number of cases that remain \"cause undetermined.\" The latter requires diligent follow-up and even consultation elsewhere.", "contents": "\"How I do it\"--otology and neurology. A specific issue and its solution. The diagnosis of a posterior fossa tumor. In summary, the patient with a unilateral sensorineural type hearing loss, unilateral tinnitus, or dysequilibrium may have a tumor in the posterior fossa. This is diagnosed by the history, ear nose, throat and otoneurological examination, the audiological studies, electronystagmography, radiological tests using the Compere unit, the CT Scan, and when indicated the posterior fossa myelogram. The list of causes for these symptoms other than tumefaction is large and there are a significant number of cases that remain \"cause undetermined.\" The latter requires diligent follow-up and even consultation elsewhere.", "PMID": 672355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1234", "title": "Ganglion cell populations in normal and pathological human cochleae. Implications for cochlear implantation.", "content": "A histological study of 100 hearing ears showed that some capability for speech discrimination requires at least 10,000 spiral ganglion cells. The spiral ganglion cell populations were then estimated in another group of 62 ears which were profoundly deaf for a variety of causes and it was found that 45% of these met the criterion of having 10,000 ganglion cells. The ganglion cell populations were largest in ears deafened by sudden deafness, Meniere's Disease, and ototoxic drugs; they were somewhat less for those with vascular occlusion, temporal bone fracture, otosclerosis, and cochlear dysplasias; they were least in those with measles, bacterial labyrinthitis and congenital syphilis. The data is of relevance in the selection of patients for cochlear implantation.", "contents": "Ganglion cell populations in normal and pathological human cochleae. Implications for cochlear implantation. A histological study of 100 hearing ears showed that some capability for speech discrimination requires at least 10,000 spiral ganglion cells. The spiral ganglion cell populations were then estimated in another group of 62 ears which were profoundly deaf for a variety of causes and it was found that 45% of these met the criterion of having 10,000 ganglion cells. The ganglion cell populations were largest in ears deafened by sudden deafness, Meniere's Disease, and ototoxic drugs; they were somewhat less for those with vascular occlusion, temporal bone fracture, otosclerosis, and cochlear dysplasias; they were least in those with measles, bacterial labyrinthitis and congenital syphilis. The data is of relevance in the selection of patients for cochlear implantation.", "PMID": 672357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1235", "title": "Melanoma and the differential diagnosis of oral pigmented lesions.", "content": "There are many pathologic processes that occur in the mouth which have various intraoral manifestations. The differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions of the oral cavity takes on a high degree of significance because therapy may span such a wide range from no treatment at all to massive radical resection for melanoma. A thorough understanding of pigmented lesions of the oral cavity would assist the clinician in establishing a diagnosis and subsequent treatment plan. A comprehensive review of the literature and a discussion of oral pigmented lesions including infiltrative malignant melanoma is presented.", "contents": "Melanoma and the differential diagnosis of oral pigmented lesions. There are many pathologic processes that occur in the mouth which have various intraoral manifestations. The differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions of the oral cavity takes on a high degree of significance because therapy may span such a wide range from no treatment at all to massive radical resection for melanoma. A thorough understanding of pigmented lesions of the oral cavity would assist the clinician in establishing a diagnosis and subsequent treatment plan. A comprehensive review of the literature and a discussion of oral pigmented lesions including infiltrative malignant melanoma is presented.", "PMID": 672358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1236", "title": "Gelfoam paste injection for vocal cord paralysis: temporary rehabilitation of glottic incompetence.", "content": "Vocal cord paralysis frequently results in open glottic incompetence with aspiration, an ineffective cough, and poor voice production. Glottic competence can be restored temporarily be injecting the true vocal cord with Gelfoam paste. This clinical use of Gelfoam for temporary rehabilitation is indicated in : 1) situations in which paralysis may be temporary, 2) patients for whom an open operative procedure must be delayed, and 3) circumstances in which it is desirable to determine the effect of vocal cord injection prior to placement of nonabsorbable material. The injection of Gelfoam paste results in minimal tissue reaction. Absorption is gradual over a period of six to ten weeks, allowing time for some glottic compensation. The injection may be repeated without adverse effects until the paralysis resolves or intervention of a permanent nature is indicated.", "contents": "Gelfoam paste injection for vocal cord paralysis: temporary rehabilitation of glottic incompetence. Vocal cord paralysis frequently results in open glottic incompetence with aspiration, an ineffective cough, and poor voice production. Glottic competence can be restored temporarily be injecting the true vocal cord with Gelfoam paste. This clinical use of Gelfoam for temporary rehabilitation is indicated in : 1) situations in which paralysis may be temporary, 2) patients for whom an open operative procedure must be delayed, and 3) circumstances in which it is desirable to determine the effect of vocal cord injection prior to placement of nonabsorbable material. The injection of Gelfoam paste results in minimal tissue reaction. Absorption is gradual over a period of six to ten weeks, allowing time for some glottic compensation. The injection may be repeated without adverse effects until the paralysis resolves or intervention of a permanent nature is indicated.", "PMID": 672359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1237", "title": "Eosinophilic granuloma in the head and neck: a five year review with report of an instructive case.", "content": "Head and neck symptoms occurred in 87% of patients (14 of 16) with eosinophilic granuloma seen in a 5 year period. Two patients with head and neck disease died (14% mortality). Both had concomitant pituitary disease. The underlying pathology was discovered in each instance only after a year of extensive diagnostic effort. The specific problems in diagnosis and treatment are apparent in the case report of an initially misdiagnosed patient. The following recommendations are suggested to optimize the care of such patients. Eosinophilic granuloma must be suspected in a variety of clinical settings. Radiography is the only helpful noninvasive study and definitive diagnosis depends on microscopic tissue examination. Patients with symptoms of pituitary disease pose a frustrating diagnostic problem because of the inaccessibility of the location for pathologic study. In contrast, the head and neck, ear, nose and throat are easily biopsied and comprise the region most frequently involved. A careful examination of this area is mandatory in all patients with symptoms consistent with eosinophilic granuloma intracranially or elsewhere if the disease is to be diagnosed and treated without delay.", "contents": "Eosinophilic granuloma in the head and neck: a five year review with report of an instructive case. Head and neck symptoms occurred in 87% of patients (14 of 16) with eosinophilic granuloma seen in a 5 year period. Two patients with head and neck disease died (14% mortality). Both had concomitant pituitary disease. The underlying pathology was discovered in each instance only after a year of extensive diagnostic effort. The specific problems in diagnosis and treatment are apparent in the case report of an initially misdiagnosed patient. The following recommendations are suggested to optimize the care of such patients. Eosinophilic granuloma must be suspected in a variety of clinical settings. Radiography is the only helpful noninvasive study and definitive diagnosis depends on microscopic tissue examination. Patients with symptoms of pituitary disease pose a frustrating diagnostic problem because of the inaccessibility of the location for pathologic study. In contrast, the head and neck, ear, nose and throat are easily biopsied and comprise the region most frequently involved. A careful examination of this area is mandatory in all patients with symptoms consistent with eosinophilic granuloma intracranially or elsewhere if the disease is to be diagnosed and treated without delay.", "PMID": 672360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1238", "title": "Etiologic factors in hypocalcemia secondary to operations for carcinoma of the pharynx and larynx.", "content": "Hypocalcemia, although a relatively uncommon sequela of operations for carcinoma of the larynx and pharynx, often presents as an acute medical emergency. In its chronic form, hypocalcemia may be a difficult disorder to control. Understanding the etiologic basis of hypocalcemia secondary to operations for carcinoma of the head and neck requires knowledge of the pathophysiology of the preoperative and postoperative factors affecting calcium homeostasis. These factors include thyroidectomy, hypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, anticonvulsant therapy, estrogen replacement therapy, oral contraceptives, blood transfusions, hyperventilation alkalosis, hypoalbuminemia, corticosteroid therapy, depression, emotional stress and diet. Often the onset of symptoms and signs of hypocalcemia occurs within 24 to 48 hours after the operation. The symptoms may include mental depression, headache, tingling of the hands and perioral region and abdominal pain. Unrecognized chronic hypocalcemia may lead to the development of cataracts, convulsions and psychosis.", "contents": "Etiologic factors in hypocalcemia secondary to operations for carcinoma of the pharynx and larynx. Hypocalcemia, although a relatively uncommon sequela of operations for carcinoma of the larynx and pharynx, often presents as an acute medical emergency. In its chronic form, hypocalcemia may be a difficult disorder to control. Understanding the etiologic basis of hypocalcemia secondary to operations for carcinoma of the head and neck requires knowledge of the pathophysiology of the preoperative and postoperative factors affecting calcium homeostasis. These factors include thyroidectomy, hypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, anticonvulsant therapy, estrogen replacement therapy, oral contraceptives, blood transfusions, hyperventilation alkalosis, hypoalbuminemia, corticosteroid therapy, depression, emotional stress and diet. Often the onset of symptoms and signs of hypocalcemia occurs within 24 to 48 hours after the operation. The symptoms may include mental depression, headache, tingling of the hands and perioral region and abdominal pain. Unrecognized chronic hypocalcemia may lead to the development of cataracts, convulsions and psychosis.", "PMID": 672361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1239", "title": "Endoscopic examination of corrosive injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The authors present the case histories of five patients who have sustained corrosive injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Flexible endoscopic examination was successfully carried out in each patient to assess the extent of the injury and anticipate further therapeutic needs. Three patients sustained major gastric lesions, i.e., strictures or bleeding following the ingestion of alkali, acids, or phenol, and one instance of esophageal stricture was recognized. The endoscopic observation of antral gangrene was inexorably followed by antral stricture requiring surgical management. One fatality followed rigid esophagoscopic examination which resulted in esophageal perforation.", "contents": "Endoscopic examination of corrosive injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The authors present the case histories of five patients who have sustained corrosive injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Flexible endoscopic examination was successfully carried out in each patient to assess the extent of the injury and anticipate further therapeutic needs. Three patients sustained major gastric lesions, i.e., strictures or bleeding following the ingestion of alkali, acids, or phenol, and one instance of esophageal stricture was recognized. The endoscopic observation of antral gangrene was inexorably followed by antral stricture requiring surgical management. One fatality followed rigid esophagoscopic examination which resulted in esophageal perforation.", "PMID": 672362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1240", "title": "Fibro-optic study of pharyngeal airway during sleep in patients with hypersomnia obstructive sleep-apnea syndrome.", "content": "Pharyngeal airway during sleep was observed with help of Fibro-optic flexible bronchoscope and cineradiography in 10 adult patients with Hypersomnia Sleep-Apnea (HSA) syndrome. The results of the study suggest that the structures involved in production of airway obstruction in the patients with HSA syndrome are the muscles of velopharyngeal sphincter and tongue. The laryngeal airway was not obstructed during the episodes of apnea.", "contents": "Fibro-optic study of pharyngeal airway during sleep in patients with hypersomnia obstructive sleep-apnea syndrome. Pharyngeal airway during sleep was observed with help of Fibro-optic flexible bronchoscope and cineradiography in 10 adult patients with Hypersomnia Sleep-Apnea (HSA) syndrome. The results of the study suggest that the structures involved in production of airway obstruction in the patients with HSA syndrome are the muscles of velopharyngeal sphincter and tongue. The laryngeal airway was not obstructed during the episodes of apnea.", "PMID": 672363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1241", "title": "The otolaryngologic manifestations of multiple myeloma.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to present the precursors and complications of multiple myeloma as manifested in Otolaryngology. The modern Otolaryngologist is well aware that systemic disease may manifest itself in our specialty. Multiple myeloma is a distinctive form of plasma cell dyscrasia which often manifests itself in Otolaryngology. For example, patients may present with epistaxis, hoarseness, asymmetry of the face, swelling of the palate, nasal obstruction and a multiplicity of other symptoms. Therefore, the practicing Otolaryngologist must maintain a high index of suspicion that a seemingly simple sign or symptom may represent one small facet of a generalized condition. The paper emphasizes that in many instances a slight extension of our history taking may provide us with information leading to the diagnosis of this systemic disease. Cases seen by the author are reviewed and the relevant clinical features are presented.", "contents": "The otolaryngologic manifestations of multiple myeloma. The purpose of this paper is to present the precursors and complications of multiple myeloma as manifested in Otolaryngology. The modern Otolaryngologist is well aware that systemic disease may manifest itself in our specialty. Multiple myeloma is a distinctive form of plasma cell dyscrasia which often manifests itself in Otolaryngology. For example, patients may present with epistaxis, hoarseness, asymmetry of the face, swelling of the palate, nasal obstruction and a multiplicity of other symptoms. Therefore, the practicing Otolaryngologist must maintain a high index of suspicion that a seemingly simple sign or symptom may represent one small facet of a generalized condition. The paper emphasizes that in many instances a slight extension of our history taking may provide us with information leading to the diagnosis of this systemic disease. Cases seen by the author are reviewed and the relevant clinical features are presented.", "PMID": 672364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1242", "title": "Carcinoma of the larynx: lymph node reaction patterns.", "content": "In a double-blind retrospective analysis, sections of lymph nodes removed at the time of laryngectomy and homolateral neck dissection were microscopically examined to assess the histopathological manifestations of an immune response. Contrary to an earlier study, no strong correlation appears to exist between the host response as manifested by the lymphnode morphology and survival or metastases. The question of preoperative irradiation altering the lymph node's ability to respond effectively is raised and puts in jeopardy such a morphological assessment in patients who have received preoperative radiotherapy.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the larynx: lymph node reaction patterns. In a double-blind retrospective analysis, sections of lymph nodes removed at the time of laryngectomy and homolateral neck dissection were microscopically examined to assess the histopathological manifestations of an immune response. Contrary to an earlier study, no strong correlation appears to exist between the host response as manifested by the lymphnode morphology and survival or metastases. The question of preoperative irradiation altering the lymph node's ability to respond effectively is raised and puts in jeopardy such a morphological assessment in patients who have received preoperative radiotherapy.", "PMID": 672365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1243", "title": "Letterer-Siwe disease. Presentation as an otologic problem.", "content": "Letterer-Siwe disease is one of the three clinical syndromes that are collectively known as histiocytosis X. This is the most aggressive form of histiocytosis and is frequently fatal. Recently, however, early treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and steroids has prolonged survival and has even resulted in remission of a number of cases. This paper draws attention to a persistent external otitis as an early symptom of Letterer-Siwe disease and identifies, histologically, involvement of the external auditory canal.", "contents": "Letterer-Siwe disease. Presentation as an otologic problem. Letterer-Siwe disease is one of the three clinical syndromes that are collectively known as histiocytosis X. This is the most aggressive form of histiocytosis and is frequently fatal. Recently, however, early treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and steroids has prolonged survival and has even resulted in remission of a number of cases. This paper draws attention to a persistent external otitis as an early symptom of Letterer-Siwe disease and identifies, histologically, involvement of the external auditory canal.", "PMID": 672366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1244", "title": "Bilateral sudden deafness following combined insecticide poisoning.", "content": "A case of combined poisoning due to exposure to an aerosol containing both malathion and methoxychlor (sold under the trade name Ortho TM Orchard Spray in the United States) ps presented. The following unusual features occurred in the course and outcome of the poisoning: slow onset of symptoms and signs, bilateral profound and permanent sensorineural hearing loss, and residual peripheral neuropathies in the extremites. The possible potentiation of the usually low toxicity of malathion is suggest and discussed.", "contents": "Bilateral sudden deafness following combined insecticide poisoning. A case of combined poisoning due to exposure to an aerosol containing both malathion and methoxychlor (sold under the trade name Ortho TM Orchard Spray in the United States) ps presented. The following unusual features occurred in the course and outcome of the poisoning: slow onset of symptoms and signs, bilateral profound and permanent sensorineural hearing loss, and residual peripheral neuropathies in the extremites. The possible potentiation of the usually low toxicity of malathion is suggest and discussed.", "PMID": 672367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1245", "title": "Facial palsy: interpretation of neurologic findings.", "content": "A review of the otoneurologic findings in 500 patients with facial paralysis revealed their importance for diagnosis, prognosis, and understanding the pathophysiology of Bell's palsy. Diagnosis. The presence of simultaneous bilateral palsy, facial paralysis associated with lateral rectus palsy, slowly progressive facial weakness with or without hyperkinesis, and facial paralysis that showed no recovery after six months excluded Bell's palsy from the diagnosis. Ipsilateral recurrent palsies were another indication to suspect an underlying cause, since a tumor of the facial nerve caused the paralysis in 30% of the patients with this finding. Signs such as intact forehead movement, alterations in facial sensation, and corneal hypesthesia--although often associated with lesions in the cerebral cortex, cerebellopontine angle, or internal auditory canal--were also found in patients with Bell's palsy. Prognosis. A spontaneous complete recovery following Bell's palsy occurs in about 70% of the patients; but in the presence of a dry eye or dysacousis, the prognosis for a complete recovery drops 10 and 25%, respectively. Pathophysiology. It is proposed that the wide range of neurologic findings associated with Bell's palsy is due to a viral polyneuropathy. This is a disorder that primarily involves sensory nerves, and the facial motor deficit results from involvement of the sensory fibers carried with the facial nerve within the fallopian canal.", "contents": "Facial palsy: interpretation of neurologic findings. A review of the otoneurologic findings in 500 patients with facial paralysis revealed their importance for diagnosis, prognosis, and understanding the pathophysiology of Bell's palsy. Diagnosis. The presence of simultaneous bilateral palsy, facial paralysis associated with lateral rectus palsy, slowly progressive facial weakness with or without hyperkinesis, and facial paralysis that showed no recovery after six months excluded Bell's palsy from the diagnosis. Ipsilateral recurrent palsies were another indication to suspect an underlying cause, since a tumor of the facial nerve caused the paralysis in 30% of the patients with this finding. Signs such as intact forehead movement, alterations in facial sensation, and corneal hypesthesia--although often associated with lesions in the cerebral cortex, cerebellopontine angle, or internal auditory canal--were also found in patients with Bell's palsy. Prognosis. A spontaneous complete recovery following Bell's palsy occurs in about 70% of the patients; but in the presence of a dry eye or dysacousis, the prognosis for a complete recovery drops 10 and 25%, respectively. Pathophysiology. It is proposed that the wide range of neurologic findings associated with Bell's palsy is due to a viral polyneuropathy. This is a disorder that primarily involves sensory nerves, and the facial motor deficit results from involvement of the sensory fibers carried with the facial nerve within the fallopian canal.", "PMID": 672368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1246", "title": "Tympanoplasty using homograft tympanic membranes and ossicles.", "content": "The use of homograft materials in reconstructive, mastoid, and middle ear surgery is increasing. Not only are they useful and practical, but they also do the job well in both anatomical and functional restoration. Many encouraging reports have been written to support their use. Their advantages, in the opinion of the author, outweigh their cost since they can offer a more efficient, versatile, and better method of restoration of hearing in tympanoplasty surgery.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty using homograft tympanic membranes and ossicles. The use of homograft materials in reconstructive, mastoid, and middle ear surgery is increasing. Not only are they useful and practical, but they also do the job well in both anatomical and functional restoration. Many encouraging reports have been written to support their use. Their advantages, in the opinion of the author, outweigh their cost since they can offer a more efficient, versatile, and better method of restoration of hearing in tympanoplasty surgery.", "PMID": 672369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1247", "title": "Repair of anterior floor of mouth defects: the island pedicle tongue flap.", "content": "The island pedicle tongue flap has been utilized for situations where split-thickness skin or dermis had been used previously. It has been found to provide rapid, reliable healing, without excess scarring or problems of desquamation. No functional deficit of the tongue is produced, so swallowing and speech remain unaffected. This method is recommended for those anterior floor of mouth lesions amenable to wide local excision, but too large for primary closure.", "contents": "Repair of anterior floor of mouth defects: the island pedicle tongue flap. The island pedicle tongue flap has been utilized for situations where split-thickness skin or dermis had been used previously. It has been found to provide rapid, reliable healing, without excess scarring or problems of desquamation. No functional deficit of the tongue is produced, so swallowing and speech remain unaffected. This method is recommended for those anterior floor of mouth lesions amenable to wide local excision, but too large for primary closure.", "PMID": 672370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1248", "title": "[Beh\u00e7et's disease and the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Beh\u00e7et's disease is characterized by the triad of aphteous stomatitis, genital ulcerations and uveitis. This syndrome is thought to be a systemic disease with various unspecific manifestations, which may arise in other organs as well in a considerable number of cases. More than 50% of all patients do have gastrointestinal symptoms; erosive and ulcerative lesions are found primarily in the jejunum and colon. Case reports are given of 3 patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease and gastrointestinal involvement; one of these patients died. All patients did have unspecific changes of esophageal motility.", "contents": "[Beh\u00e7et's disease and the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)]. Beh\u00e7et's disease is characterized by the triad of aphteous stomatitis, genital ulcerations and uveitis. This syndrome is thought to be a systemic disease with various unspecific manifestations, which may arise in other organs as well in a considerable number of cases. More than 50% of all patients do have gastrointestinal symptoms; erosive and ulcerative lesions are found primarily in the jejunum and colon. Case reports are given of 3 patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease and gastrointestinal involvement; one of these patients died. All patients did have unspecific changes of esophageal motility.", "PMID": 672373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1249", "title": "[Gastroscopy and rinsing of the gastric wall under sight in drug intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastric rinsing during gastroscopy is presented as a new, effective, uncomplicated method of primary elimination of poison, as a part of a new diagnostic and therapeutic concept for patients intoxicated with hypnotics. The advantage of this active therapy is a fast elimination of the toxic substance and prevention of secondary complications. The diagnostic value of gastroscopy and radiological examination in patients with unexplained comatous states is emphasized.", "contents": "[Gastroscopy and rinsing of the gastric wall under sight in drug intoxication (author's transl)]. Gastric rinsing during gastroscopy is presented as a new, effective, uncomplicated method of primary elimination of poison, as a part of a new diagnostic and therapeutic concept for patients intoxicated with hypnotics. The advantage of this active therapy is a fast elimination of the toxic substance and prevention of secondary complications. The diagnostic value of gastroscopy and radiological examination in patients with unexplained comatous states is emphasized.", "PMID": 672374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1250", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of emphysema of the gastric wall: emphysematous gastritis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given of a female patient with infectious emphysematous gastritis; clinical, radiological and histological findings are described as well as--for the first time--endoscopic findings. This serious disease is compared to nonbacterial interstitial gastric emphysema. Etiology and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of emphysema of the gastric wall: emphysematous gastritis (author's transl)]. A case report is given of a female patient with infectious emphysematous gastritis; clinical, radiological and histological findings are described as well as--for the first time--endoscopic findings. This serious disease is compared to nonbacterial interstitial gastric emphysema. Etiology and therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 672375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1251", "title": "[Chronic gastritis in patients with unexplained upper abdominal symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "In 439 patients biopsies were taken from antral and corpus mucosa, except from the lesser curvature, and histological examinations were done. Superficial inflammatory changes were found in 52.2% of all speciments taken from the corpus and in 64.9% taken from the antrum; atrophic gastritis was found in 2.6% of corpus biopsies and in 10.0% of antral biopsies. Normal findings were obtained in 47.3% of corpus specimens and in 25.7% of antral specimens. It is evident, that inflammatory changes are far more frequent in the antral than in the corpus mucosa. Changes in both areas increase with age. Our findings in regard to atrophic gastritis are different from those obtained by Siurala; this difference needs further explanation.", "contents": "[Chronic gastritis in patients with unexplained upper abdominal symptoms (author's transl)]. In 439 patients biopsies were taken from antral and corpus mucosa, except from the lesser curvature, and histological examinations were done. Superficial inflammatory changes were found in 52.2% of all speciments taken from the corpus and in 64.9% taken from the antrum; atrophic gastritis was found in 2.6% of corpus biopsies and in 10.0% of antral biopsies. Normal findings were obtained in 47.3% of corpus specimens and in 25.7% of antral specimens. It is evident, that inflammatory changes are far more frequent in the antral than in the corpus mucosa. Changes in both areas increase with age. Our findings in regard to atrophic gastritis are different from those obtained by Siurala; this difference needs further explanation.", "PMID": 672376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1252", "title": "[Emptying of the stomach after selective proximal vagotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Cream cheese containing 14C-labelled glutaminic acid was given to patients after proximal selective vagotomy and 14CO2 measured in the expired air in order to test the gastric emptying process. Results do not allow exact quantitative evaluation, however definite changes of gastric emptying for up to 6 month after surgery could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Emptying of the stomach after selective proximal vagotomy (author's transl)]. Cream cheese containing 14C-labelled glutaminic acid was given to patients after proximal selective vagotomy and 14CO2 measured in the expired air in order to test the gastric emptying process. Results do not allow exact quantitative evaluation, however definite changes of gastric emptying for up to 6 month after surgery could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 672377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1253", "title": "[Neurinoma of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "Case reports are given of 4 patients suffering from gastric neurinoma. Signs, symptoms and clinical findings are unrevealing. X-ray examination and gastroscopy may help to make a diagnosis, surgery however is necessary to establish a diagnosis definitely. Surgery is indicated in addition, since neurinoma may become malignant. Prognosis is good, recurrence is unusual.", "contents": "[Neurinoma of the stomach (author's transl)]. Case reports are given of 4 patients suffering from gastric neurinoma. Signs, symptoms and clinical findings are unrevealing. X-ray examination and gastroscopy may help to make a diagnosis, surgery however is necessary to establish a diagnosis definitely. Surgery is indicated in addition, since neurinoma may become malignant. Prognosis is good, recurrence is unusual.", "PMID": 672378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1254", "title": "[Subjective tolerance of pentagastrin test (author's transl)].", "content": "Side effects of pentagastrin were registered in 50 patients before application of a gastric suction drainage tube, during the basal secretion period as well as after injection of 6 microgram/kg pentagastrin resp. 1 ml of physiological saline. Discrete symptoms occurred significantly more frequently after pentagastrin application: 28% of patients complained about nausea, 24% about tremor, 22% about hot feeling. These sensations occurred immediately after injection and continued for several minutes. In 4 persons the test had to be stopped because of collapse. There was no correlation between the frequency of symptoms, age of the patient, sex or gastric acidity. Causal relationships to lowering of blood pressure or changes of gastrointestinal motility are discussed.", "contents": "[Subjective tolerance of pentagastrin test (author's transl)]. Side effects of pentagastrin were registered in 50 patients before application of a gastric suction drainage tube, during the basal secretion period as well as after injection of 6 microgram/kg pentagastrin resp. 1 ml of physiological saline. Discrete symptoms occurred significantly more frequently after pentagastrin application: 28% of patients complained about nausea, 24% about tremor, 22% about hot feeling. These sensations occurred immediately after injection and continued for several minutes. In 4 persons the test had to be stopped because of collapse. There was no correlation between the frequency of symptoms, age of the patient, sex or gastric acidity. Causal relationships to lowering of blood pressure or changes of gastrointestinal motility are discussed.", "PMID": 672379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1255", "title": "Lipid composition and biosynthesis of human omental tissue.", "content": "Two groups of five males each were selected for total lipid analyses of their omental tissue. One of these groups had been subjected to a severe caloric restriction and had undergone total weight reduction of about 20%. The other group served as control. Both of these groups of patients required elective surgical procedures during which it was possible to obtain small samples of omental tissue, adipose pad, and/or mesenteric tissue. Total lipid analyses were performed on all of the materials. A distinctive positional distribution of the acyl groups was maintained in the triglycerides of omental tissue for all the patients regardless of dietary state. Patients under caloric restriction showed a reduction in their total triglyceride content, a reduction in their content of unsaturated fatty acyl groups, and a relative increase in phospholipid content. The de novo lipid biosynthetic capacity of omental tissues, as determined by 1-[14C]-acetate incorporation, showed an inverse proportionality to the lipid content of the samples. Omental tissue is biosynthetically a very versatile material capable of yielding rapidly many types of fatty acids. This ability, among others, could account for the usefulness of omental tissue as a supporting base in many types of restorative surgery.", "contents": "Lipid composition and biosynthesis of human omental tissue. Two groups of five males each were selected for total lipid analyses of their omental tissue. One of these groups had been subjected to a severe caloric restriction and had undergone total weight reduction of about 20%. The other group served as control. Both of these groups of patients required elective surgical procedures during which it was possible to obtain small samples of omental tissue, adipose pad, and/or mesenteric tissue. Total lipid analyses were performed on all of the materials. A distinctive positional distribution of the acyl groups was maintained in the triglycerides of omental tissue for all the patients regardless of dietary state. Patients under caloric restriction showed a reduction in their total triglyceride content, a reduction in their content of unsaturated fatty acyl groups, and a relative increase in phospholipid content. The de novo lipid biosynthetic capacity of omental tissues, as determined by 1-[14C]-acetate incorporation, showed an inverse proportionality to the lipid content of the samples. Omental tissue is biosynthetically a very versatile material capable of yielding rapidly many types of fatty acids. This ability, among others, could account for the usefulness of omental tissue as a supporting base in many types of restorative surgery.", "PMID": 672467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1256", "title": "Alkaloids of Thalictrum XXVI. New hypotensive and other alkaloids from Thalictrum minus race B.", "content": "The roots of T. minus race B have yielded 9 alkaloids, thalirabine (1), thaliracebine (13), thalfine (19), thalfinine (20), thalrugosaminine (22), thalidasine (13), obaberine (24), thaliglucinone (25) and (S)-reticuline (26). The first two, possessing marked hypotensive activity, were assigned complete structures by physical and chemical methods. Thalfine (19) was given S-configuration at its one asymmetric center and was converted to thalfinine (20) and epithalfinine (21), thus the stereochemistry was established at one of the two optically active positions. The other alkaloids were identified by direct comparison with known samples. Antimicrobial testing showed thalirabine, thaliracebine, thalfine, and thalfinine to be active against Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Thalictrum XXVI. New hypotensive and other alkaloids from Thalictrum minus race B. The roots of T. minus race B have yielded 9 alkaloids, thalirabine (1), thaliracebine (13), thalfine (19), thalfinine (20), thalrugosaminine (22), thalidasine (13), obaberine (24), thaliglucinone (25) and (S)-reticuline (26). The first two, possessing marked hypotensive activity, were assigned complete structures by physical and chemical methods. Thalfine (19) was given S-configuration at its one asymmetric center and was converted to thalfinine (20) and epithalfinine (21), thus the stereochemistry was established at one of the two optically active positions. The other alkaloids were identified by direct comparison with known samples. Antimicrobial testing showed thalirabine, thaliracebine, thalfine, and thalfinine to be active against Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "PMID": 672463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1257", "title": "Alkaloids of Thalictrum XXVII. New hypotensive aporphine-benzylisoquinoline derived dimeric alkaloids from Thalictrum minus race B.", "content": "The roots of T. minus race B have yielded, in addition to adiantifoline (1) previously isolated from this source, two new related alkaloids, thaliadine (2) and thaliadanine (5). Both were assigned complete structures by spectral methods and by chemical interconversion to adiantifoline or its product. O-Desmethyladiantifoline should have structure 14, rather than the previously reported 5. All three isolated alkaloids show hypotensive activity in rabbits, and thaliadanine (5) has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Thalictrum XXVII. New hypotensive aporphine-benzylisoquinoline derived dimeric alkaloids from Thalictrum minus race B. The roots of T. minus race B have yielded, in addition to adiantifoline (1) previously isolated from this source, two new related alkaloids, thaliadine (2) and thaliadanine (5). Both were assigned complete structures by spectral methods and by chemical interconversion to adiantifoline or its product. O-Desmethyladiantifoline should have structure 14, rather than the previously reported 5. All three isolated alkaloids show hypotensive activity in rabbits, and thaliadanine (5) has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "PMID": 672464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1258", "title": "Plasma membrane phospholipid, cholesterol and fatty acyl composition of differentiated and undifferentiated L6 myoblasts.", "content": "The lipid composition of plasma membranes isolated from differentialted and undifferentiated L6 myoblasts have been compared. In general, the plasma membranes of differentiated L6 myoblasts have a higher cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio than plasma membranes of undifferentiated cells. Differentiated L6 myoblasts have increased relative amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine ine in their plasma membrane and a decreased relative amount of sphingomyelin when compared with the plasma membranes  of undifferentiated myoblasts. In addition, preliminary results show that differentiated L6 myoblasts plasma membrane phospholipid shows differences in the fatty acyl composition, specifically there appears to be relatively more 17:0 and 24:1 and less 16:1 and 18:1 than in plasma membrane phospholipids of undifferentiated L6 myoblasts. These observations indicate that significant changes in plasma membrane lipid composition occur during myoblast differentiation. The role that changes in lipid composition play in control of cellular differentiation, however, remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Plasma membrane phospholipid, cholesterol and fatty acyl composition of differentiated and undifferentiated L6 myoblasts. The lipid composition of plasma membranes isolated from differentialted and undifferentiated L6 myoblasts have been compared. In general, the plasma membranes of differentiated L6 myoblasts have a higher cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio than plasma membranes of undifferentiated cells. Differentiated L6 myoblasts have increased relative amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine ine in their plasma membrane and a decreased relative amount of sphingomyelin when compared with the plasma membranes  of undifferentiated myoblasts. In addition, preliminary results show that differentiated L6 myoblasts plasma membrane phospholipid shows differences in the fatty acyl composition, specifically there appears to be relatively more 17:0 and 24:1 and less 16:1 and 18:1 than in plasma membrane phospholipids of undifferentiated L6 myoblasts. These observations indicate that significant changes in plasma membrane lipid composition occur during myoblast differentiation. The role that changes in lipid composition play in control of cellular differentiation, however, remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 672469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1259", "title": "The effects of selected fungicides and insecticides on growth and thebaine production of Papaver bracteatum.", "content": "The fungicides benlate, maneb, and captan depressed plant growth, thebaine concentration, and thebaine yield per plant when administered chronically to Papaver bracteatum. The chronic administration of dicofol inhibited plant growth and thebaine yield per plant, but did not affect thebaine concentration. Malathion and pyrethrins had no adverse effects on either plant growth or thebaine content.", "contents": "The effects of selected fungicides and insecticides on growth and thebaine production of Papaver bracteatum. The fungicides benlate, maneb, and captan depressed plant growth, thebaine concentration, and thebaine yield per plant when administered chronically to Papaver bracteatum. The chronic administration of dicofol inhibited plant growth and thebaine yield per plant, but did not affect thebaine concentration. Malathion and pyrethrins had no adverse effects on either plant growth or thebaine content.", "PMID": 672465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1260", "title": "Behavioral and toxicological studies of cyclopentanoid monoterpenes from Nepeta cataria.", "content": "Two samples of catnip oil were analyzed by tic, gc, and hplc; the results indicated the presence of 23 components. Fractionation of the commercial sample of catnip oil by either distillation or gc yielded 40% nepetalactone and 43% nepetalic acid. Catnip oil, nepetalic acid, and a nepetalactone-enriched fraction were evaluated for toxicological and behavioral effects in mice and rats. The LD50 of catnip oil, the nepetalactone-enriched fraction, and nepetalic acid were found in mice to be: 1300 mg/kg, 1550 mg/kg and 1050 mg/kg, respectively. Catnip oil (500 mg/kg) and nepetalic acid (62.5 mg/kg) were found to significantly increase hexobarbital sleeping time in mice. Rats trained on a Sidman avoidance schedule showed a significant decrease in performance following intraperitoneal injections of catnip oil (500--750 mg/kg), nepetalic acid (125--250 mg/kg), and the nepetalactone-enriched fraction (500--750 mg/kg). Rats trained on the same avoidance schedule developed behavioral tolerance after daily injections of 750 mg/kg catnip oil.", "contents": "Behavioral and toxicological studies of cyclopentanoid monoterpenes from Nepeta cataria. Two samples of catnip oil were analyzed by tic, gc, and hplc; the results indicated the presence of 23 components. Fractionation of the commercial sample of catnip oil by either distillation or gc yielded 40% nepetalactone and 43% nepetalic acid. Catnip oil, nepetalic acid, and a nepetalactone-enriched fraction were evaluated for toxicological and behavioral effects in mice and rats. The LD50 of catnip oil, the nepetalactone-enriched fraction, and nepetalic acid were found in mice to be: 1300 mg/kg, 1550 mg/kg and 1050 mg/kg, respectively. Catnip oil (500 mg/kg) and nepetalic acid (62.5 mg/kg) were found to significantly increase hexobarbital sleeping time in mice. Rats trained on a Sidman avoidance schedule showed a significant decrease in performance following intraperitoneal injections of catnip oil (500--750 mg/kg), nepetalic acid (125--250 mg/kg), and the nepetalactone-enriched fraction (500--750 mg/kg). Rats trained on the same avoidance schedule developed behavioral tolerance after daily injections of 750 mg/kg catnip oil.", "PMID": 672466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1261", "title": "Absorption of synthetic, stereochemically defined acylglycerols in the rat.", "content": "The stereochemistry of fat digestion and absorption was investigated in rats with thoracic duct fistulas, after feeding synthetic triacylglycerol or alkyldiacylglycerol. After feeding 1,2-dilauroyl-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol, dilauroyloleoylglycerol and lauroyldioleoylglycerol were the most abundant chyle triacylglycerols. Positional analysis of the fatty acid distribution and the absence of optical activity indicated that the following structures dominated: rac-1,2-dilauroyl-3-oleoylglycerol and rac-1,3-dioleoyl-2-lauroylglycerol. Therefore, the triacylglycerol resynthesized from 2-lauroylglycerol (pre-cursor to 60% of chyle triacylglycerol) and other precursors was essentially racemic. Chyle phospholipids contained largely endogenous fatty acids, and the proportion of lauric acid was very low. A racemic mixture of 1,2-di[3H] oleoyl-3-tetradecyl-sn-glycerol and 1-tetradecyl-2,3-di[12C] oleoyl-sn-glycerol was absorbed to a lower degree than triacylglycerol. The appearace of oleic acid with different labels in chyle and intestinal lipids did not differ, indicating the absence of stereospecificity in fat digestion. Possible explanations for the low absorption are discussed.", "contents": "Absorption of synthetic, stereochemically defined acylglycerols in the rat. The stereochemistry of fat digestion and absorption was investigated in rats with thoracic duct fistulas, after feeding synthetic triacylglycerol or alkyldiacylglycerol. After feeding 1,2-dilauroyl-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol, dilauroyloleoylglycerol and lauroyldioleoylglycerol were the most abundant chyle triacylglycerols. Positional analysis of the fatty acid distribution and the absence of optical activity indicated that the following structures dominated: rac-1,2-dilauroyl-3-oleoylglycerol and rac-1,3-dioleoyl-2-lauroylglycerol. Therefore, the triacylglycerol resynthesized from 2-lauroylglycerol (pre-cursor to 60% of chyle triacylglycerol) and other precursors was essentially racemic. Chyle phospholipids contained largely endogenous fatty acids, and the proportion of lauric acid was very low. A racemic mixture of 1,2-di[3H] oleoyl-3-tetradecyl-sn-glycerol and 1-tetradecyl-2,3-di[12C] oleoyl-sn-glycerol was absorbed to a lower degree than triacylglycerol. The appearace of oleic acid with different labels in chyle and intestinal lipids did not differ, indicating the absence of stereospecificity in fat digestion. Possible explanations for the low absorption are discussed.", "PMID": 672470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1262", "title": "Phytochemical screening of Nigerian medicinal plants II.", "content": "A total of 47 plant extracts representing 132 genera and 172 species of plants distributed over 59 families were collected from various parts of Nigeria. The plant extracts were screened for the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phlobatannins and anthraquinones. The number of positive tests obtained was 176 (32.18%) for alkaloids, 242 (44.24%) for saponins, and 435 (79.52) for tannins. A few were positive for phlobatannins and anthraquinones.", "contents": "Phytochemical screening of Nigerian medicinal plants II. A total of 47 plant extracts representing 132 genera and 172 species of plants distributed over 59 families were collected from various parts of Nigeria. The plant extracts were screened for the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phlobatannins and anthraquinones. The number of positive tests obtained was 176 (32.18%) for alkaloids, 242 (44.24%) for saponins, and 435 (79.52) for tannins. A few were positive for phlobatannins and anthraquinones.", "PMID": 672462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1263", "title": "Effect of pentadecan-2-one on lipid metabolism in HeLa cells.", "content": "HeLa cells exposed to trace amounts of pentadecan-2-one showed changes in metabolism of 1(-14)C-palmitate. These changes consisted of an increased incorporation of radioactivity into the triglycerides and free fatty acids and a decreased 14C incorporation into the ether moiety of alk-1-enyl acyl phosphoglycerides. Chemical analysis of the several lipid fractions showed a threefold increase in triglyceride content but no change in the amount of alk-1-enyl acyl or diacyl phosphoglycerides in the treated cells. Pentadecan-2-one added to the culture medium apparently gains entrance to the cell since both pentadecan-2-one and pentadecan-2-ol were detected in the ketone-treated cells and their culture medium.", "contents": "Effect of pentadecan-2-one on lipid metabolism in HeLa cells. HeLa cells exposed to trace amounts of pentadecan-2-one showed changes in metabolism of 1(-14)C-palmitate. These changes consisted of an increased incorporation of radioactivity into the triglycerides and free fatty acids and a decreased 14C incorporation into the ether moiety of alk-1-enyl acyl phosphoglycerides. Chemical analysis of the several lipid fractions showed a threefold increase in triglyceride content but no change in the amount of alk-1-enyl acyl or diacyl phosphoglycerides in the treated cells. Pentadecan-2-one added to the culture medium apparently gains entrance to the cell since both pentadecan-2-one and pentadecan-2-ol were detected in the ketone-treated cells and their culture medium.", "PMID": 672471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1264", "title": "Reduction in medium chain acids and monoenoic acids in livers and plasma of rats fed eicosa-5,8,11, 14-tetraynoic acid.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 8 weeks a corn oil (CO) diet or a hydrogenated coconut oil (HCNO) diet. These diets were fed in the absence or presence of eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid (TYA). The inclusion of TYA in the HCNO diet reduced the levels of 12:0 and 14:0 in the total fatty acids of livers and plasma. With either diet, the presence of TYA caused an alteration in the fatty acid composition of these tissues so as to reduce the values of the ratios: 16:1/16:0, 18:1/18:0. and 20:4/18:2. These results suggest that dietary TYA can influence the hepatic metabolism of medium chain fatty acids and that it may inhibit the desaturase enzyme involved in the synthesis of not only 20:4 but also of monoenoic fatty acids.", "contents": "Reduction in medium chain acids and monoenoic acids in livers and plasma of rats fed eicosa-5,8,11, 14-tetraynoic acid. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 8 weeks a corn oil (CO) diet or a hydrogenated coconut oil (HCNO) diet. These diets were fed in the absence or presence of eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid (TYA). The inclusion of TYA in the HCNO diet reduced the levels of 12:0 and 14:0 in the total fatty acids of livers and plasma. With either diet, the presence of TYA caused an alteration in the fatty acid composition of these tissues so as to reduce the values of the ratios: 16:1/16:0, 18:1/18:0. and 20:4/18:2. These results suggest that dietary TYA can influence the hepatic metabolism of medium chain fatty acids and that it may inhibit the desaturase enzyme involved in the synthesis of not only 20:4 but also of monoenoic fatty acids.", "PMID": 672472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1265", "title": "Fiber, hypercholesteremia, and atherosclerosis.", "content": "Epidemiological data suggest that populations subsisting on high fiber diets are free of a number of the diseases of Western civilization, among them coronary heart disease. Studies in animals and man show that each type of fiber exerts its own specific influence. Thus, in man bran has no effect on serum lipids, but pectin lowers cholesterol levels. In animals fed atherogenic diets, alfalfa and pectin exert some measure of protection, but cellulose does not. To fully understand the mode of action of dietary fiber, it is necessary to ascertain the mechanism(s) of action of each chemical component of that fiber.", "contents": "Fiber, hypercholesteremia, and atherosclerosis. Epidemiological data suggest that populations subsisting on high fiber diets are free of a number of the diseases of Western civilization, among them coronary heart disease. Studies in animals and man show that each type of fiber exerts its own specific influence. Thus, in man bran has no effect on serum lipids, but pectin lowers cholesterol levels. In animals fed atherogenic diets, alfalfa and pectin exert some measure of protection, but cellulose does not. To fully understand the mode of action of dietary fiber, it is necessary to ascertain the mechanism(s) of action of each chemical component of that fiber.", "PMID": 672473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1266", "title": "Dietary factors in arteriosclerosis: sucrose.", "content": "Epidemiological studies show that coronary heart disease is more common in wealthier countries than in poorer. Such studies cannot, however, isolate which of the dietary or nondietary characteristics of affluence help to cause the disease; they provide only clues that need to be subjected to experimental study. Experiments should be designed on the basis of their ability to produce the multiple abnormalties associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) and not only hypercholesterolemia. They should also explain the association of CHD with obesity, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, and physical inactivity. These considerations suggest that the underlying abnormality that produces CHD is a disturbed hormonal balance. Experiments have shown that a high consumption of sucrose produces not only the wide range of abnormalities seen in CHD but also an increased blood concentration of insulin and cortisol. Since a low intake of sucrose confers many other health benefits, it is a more logical dietary recommendation than that of substituting polyunsaturated fat for saturated fat.", "contents": "Dietary factors in arteriosclerosis: sucrose. Epidemiological studies show that coronary heart disease is more common in wealthier countries than in poorer. Such studies cannot, however, isolate which of the dietary or nondietary characteristics of affluence help to cause the disease; they provide only clues that need to be subjected to experimental study. Experiments should be designed on the basis of their ability to produce the multiple abnormalties associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) and not only hypercholesterolemia. They should also explain the association of CHD with obesity, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, and physical inactivity. These considerations suggest that the underlying abnormality that produces CHD is a disturbed hormonal balance. Experiments have shown that a high consumption of sucrose produces not only the wide range of abnormalities seen in CHD but also an increased blood concentration of insulin and cortisol. Since a low intake of sucrose confers many other health benefits, it is a more logical dietary recommendation than that of substituting polyunsaturated fat for saturated fat.", "PMID": 672474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1267", "title": "Cholesterol and repair processes in arteriosclerosis.", "content": "The high cholesterol content of the atheroma and the correlation between elevation of the serum cholesterol and myocardial infractions gave rise to the lipid theory of arteriosclerosis, which assumes that cholesterol induces arteriosclerotic lesions and that its reduction counteracts their development. However, many facts contradict this theory. Therefore, a new hypothesis has been based on the high cholesterol content of old pathological lesions of granulomatous nature and the similarity of atheromata to granulomas. In the latter, a complicated tissue containing a high percentage of cholesterol is deposited in response to the injurious agent, which becomes walled off by this tissue. Thus, cholesterol forms part of a protective mechanism, a hypothesis compatible with the known facts about the relationship of cholesterol to arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "Cholesterol and repair processes in arteriosclerosis. The high cholesterol content of the atheroma and the correlation between elevation of the serum cholesterol and myocardial infractions gave rise to the lipid theory of arteriosclerosis, which assumes that cholesterol induces arteriosclerotic lesions and that its reduction counteracts their development. However, many facts contradict this theory. Therefore, a new hypothesis has been based on the high cholesterol content of old pathological lesions of granulomatous nature and the similarity of atheromata to granulomas. In the latter, a complicated tissue containing a high percentage of cholesterol is deposited in response to the injurious agent, which becomes walled off by this tissue. Thus, cholesterol forms part of a protective mechanism, a hypothesis compatible with the known facts about the relationship of cholesterol to arteriosclerosis.", "PMID": 672475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1268", "title": "Hyperlipidemia and premature arteriosclerosis.", "content": "In the last decade, understanding of the relationship between plasma lipoprotein concentrations and arteriosclerosis has advanced considerably. Prospective and case-control epidemiologic studies in the general population have established a direct correlation between low density lipoprotein and an inverse correlation between high density lipoprotein concentrations and the risk of coronary disease. Detailed studies of patients and families with genetic hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and combined hypercholesterolemia hypertriglyceridemia have identified subpopulations at particular risk. Skin fibroblast lines from patients with genetic hyperlipidemias have been used to provide important new information on the regulation by plasma lipoproteins of cellular cholesterol metabolism. We are entering a phase of investigation where epidemiological and biochemical data supplement each other in such a way that the old hypothesis linking plasma lipids to atherosclerosis has new life.", "contents": "Hyperlipidemia and premature arteriosclerosis. In the last decade, understanding of the relationship between plasma lipoprotein concentrations and arteriosclerosis has advanced considerably. Prospective and case-control epidemiologic studies in the general population have established a direct correlation between low density lipoprotein and an inverse correlation between high density lipoprotein concentrations and the risk of coronary disease. Detailed studies of patients and families with genetic hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and combined hypercholesterolemia hypertriglyceridemia have identified subpopulations at particular risk. Skin fibroblast lines from patients with genetic hyperlipidemias have been used to provide important new information on the regulation by plasma lipoproteins of cellular cholesterol metabolism. We are entering a phase of investigation where epidemiological and biochemical data supplement each other in such a way that the old hypothesis linking plasma lipids to atherosclerosis has new life.", "PMID": 672476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1269", "title": "The development of coronary thrombosis following myocardial infarction.", "content": "One hundred twenty-one patients who died from myocardial infarction were studied. Occlusive coronary artery thrombosis was present in 32%. In 68% of these, the infarct developed first. Factors inducing thrombus formation include fall in systemic blood pressure, alteration of blood flow, shock, and size of infarct. Factors inducing infarction, apart from hypoxia, may be stress, altered cell membrane permeability, and increased catecholamines.", "contents": "The development of coronary thrombosis following myocardial infarction. One hundred twenty-one patients who died from myocardial infarction were studied. Occlusive coronary artery thrombosis was present in 32%. In 68% of these, the infarct developed first. Factors inducing thrombus formation include fall in systemic blood pressure, alteration of blood flow, shock, and size of infarct. Factors inducing infarction, apart from hypoxia, may be stress, altered cell membrane permeability, and increased catecholamines.", "PMID": 672477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1270", "title": "Antioxidants in neoplastic cells: I. Changes in the antioxidative capacity of mouse neuroblastoma cells measured by a single-phase assay.", "content": "Cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells exhibit a striking increase in antioxidative capacity during the transition from logarithmically dividing cells to nondividing, neurite-bearing cells. Two physically separable phenomena are involved: (a) the membrane pellet of neurite-bearing cells is highly resistant to lipid peroxidation, and (b) the postmicrosomal supernatant of these cells inhibits peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria and other biological membranes. A precise, single-phase assay has been developed for assessing antioxidant levels in lipid extracts. By means of this assay, the increase in membrane resistance to lipid peroxidation has been correlated with a threefold increase in the antioxidant activity of the neuroblastoma neutral lipid fraction. This finding implies that generations of a neutral lipid antioxidant (or antioxidants) is involved in the profound increase in antioxidative capacity which occurs in differentiating neuroblastoma cells.", "contents": "Antioxidants in neoplastic cells: I. Changes in the antioxidative capacity of mouse neuroblastoma cells measured by a single-phase assay. Cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells exhibit a striking increase in antioxidative capacity during the transition from logarithmically dividing cells to nondividing, neurite-bearing cells. Two physically separable phenomena are involved: (a) the membrane pellet of neurite-bearing cells is highly resistant to lipid peroxidation, and (b) the postmicrosomal supernatant of these cells inhibits peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria and other biological membranes. A precise, single-phase assay has been developed for assessing antioxidant levels in lipid extracts. By means of this assay, the increase in membrane resistance to lipid peroxidation has been correlated with a threefold increase in the antioxidant activity of the neuroblastoma neutral lipid fraction. This finding implies that generations of a neutral lipid antioxidant (or antioxidants) is involved in the profound increase in antioxidative capacity which occurs in differentiating neuroblastoma cells.", "PMID": 672478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1271", "title": "Antioxidants in neoplastic cells: II. Isolation and partial characterization of a phenolic antioxidant from differentiated mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "The generation of an antioxidant has been shown to be associated with the dramatic increase in resistance to lipid peroxidation which occurs during the differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture. The antioxidant has been isolated from the neuroblastoma neutral lipid fraction and partially characterized by means of low-resolution and high-resolution mass spectrometry and other lines of evidence. All presently available information suggests that this antioxidant is a highly aromatic, monosubstituted phenol having the molecular formula C19H14O2.", "contents": "Antioxidants in neoplastic cells: II. Isolation and partial characterization of a phenolic antioxidant from differentiated mouse neuroblastoma cells. The generation of an antioxidant has been shown to be associated with the dramatic increase in resistance to lipid peroxidation which occurs during the differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture. The antioxidant has been isolated from the neuroblastoma neutral lipid fraction and partially characterized by means of low-resolution and high-resolution mass spectrometry and other lines of evidence. All presently available information suggests that this antioxidant is a highly aromatic, monosubstituted phenol having the molecular formula C19H14O2.", "PMID": 672479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1272", "title": "Effects of dietary vitamin E, selenium, and polyunsaturated fats on in vivo lipid peroxidation in the rat as measured by pentane production.", "content": "Starting at 21 days of age, groups of six rats each were fed a basal Torula yeast diet supplemented with 0.4% L-methionine and varying amounts of vitamin E as dl-alpha tocopherol acetate, selenium as sodium selenite, and with either 10% stripped corn oil, stripped lard, or coconut oil. By 7 wk, pentane production by rats fed a corn oil diet deficient in both vitamin E and selenium was twice that by rats fed 0.1 or 1 mg of selenium per kg of the same basal diet. Blood glutathione peroxidase activity after 7 wk was proportional to the logarithm of dietary selenium. Groups of rats fed the vitamin E- and selenium-deficient diets with lard or coconut oil had one-half the pentane production of rats fed the vitamin E- and selenium-deficient corn oil diets. The plasma level of linoleic plus arachidonic acid was 1.8 time greater on a wt % basis in rats fed corn oil than in rats fed lard or coconut oil as the fat source. Pentane production by rats fed 40 i.u. dl-alpha tocopherol acetate per kg of the selenium-deficient corn oil diet was one-sixth of that by rats fed the same diet without vitamin E; the plasma of the rats fed the vitamin E-supplemented corn oil diet had a level of vitamin E that was about six times greater than that of the rats fed the vitamin E-deficient corn oil diet.", "contents": "Effects of dietary vitamin E, selenium, and polyunsaturated fats on in vivo lipid peroxidation in the rat as measured by pentane production. Starting at 21 days of age, groups of six rats each were fed a basal Torula yeast diet supplemented with 0.4% L-methionine and varying amounts of vitamin E as dl-alpha tocopherol acetate, selenium as sodium selenite, and with either 10% stripped corn oil, stripped lard, or coconut oil. By 7 wk, pentane production by rats fed a corn oil diet deficient in both vitamin E and selenium was twice that by rats fed 0.1 or 1 mg of selenium per kg of the same basal diet. Blood glutathione peroxidase activity after 7 wk was proportional to the logarithm of dietary selenium. Groups of rats fed the vitamin E- and selenium-deficient diets with lard or coconut oil had one-half the pentane production of rats fed the vitamin E- and selenium-deficient corn oil diets. The plasma level of linoleic plus arachidonic acid was 1.8 time greater on a wt % basis in rats fed corn oil than in rats fed lard or coconut oil as the fat source. Pentane production by rats fed 40 i.u. dl-alpha tocopherol acetate per kg of the selenium-deficient corn oil diet was one-sixth of that by rats fed the same diet without vitamin E; the plasma of the rats fed the vitamin E-supplemented corn oil diet had a level of vitamin E that was about six times greater than that of the rats fed the vitamin E-deficient corn oil diet.", "PMID": 672480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1273", "title": "Synthesis of acyl-S-pantetheine by rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The synthesis of acyl-S-pantetheine was found to occur in rat liver microsomal preparations. The reaction required ATP and a metal ion as cofactors, a fatty acid and the reduced form of pantetheine for optimal activity. The Km for pantetheine was 0.8 mM, for ATP 0.8 mM, and for oleic acid 0.3 mM. Mg2+ (20mM), Mn2+ (5 mM), Ca2+ (5mM), and Fe2+ (5 mM) produced approximately equal activity when all other conditions were optimal. The characterization of the product and other properties of the enzyme are described. The acyl-S-pantetheine formed does not act as an acyl donor in the acylation of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, 1,2-diacylglycerol, or lysolecithin.", "contents": "Synthesis of acyl-S-pantetheine by rat liver microsomes. The synthesis of acyl-S-pantetheine was found to occur in rat liver microsomal preparations. The reaction required ATP and a metal ion as cofactors, a fatty acid and the reduced form of pantetheine for optimal activity. The Km for pantetheine was 0.8 mM, for ATP 0.8 mM, and for oleic acid 0.3 mM. Mg2+ (20mM), Mn2+ (5 mM), Ca2+ (5mM), and Fe2+ (5 mM) produced approximately equal activity when all other conditions were optimal. The characterization of the product and other properties of the enzyme are described. The acyl-S-pantetheine formed does not act as an acyl donor in the acylation of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, 1,2-diacylglycerol, or lysolecithin.", "PMID": 672482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1274", "title": "Effects of ethanol intake on lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of fasting subjects.", "content": "Ethanol (ca. 1 g/kg body weight) was given alone or together with glucose or lipid (mixed triglycerides) perorally to young, fasting subjects. The changes with time (0-6 hr) of lipoprotein lipase activity (LLA) in adipose tissue, plasma glycerol, triglyceride, insulin, blood glucose, and alcohol concentrations were followed. A maximal mean blood alcohol concentration of 0.09% (w/v) was obtained 1 hr after ingestion with no apparent intoxicating effects. Ethanol intake prevented the previously observed [Nilsson-Ehle, P., S. Carlstr\u00f6m, and P. Belfrage, Scand, J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 35:373 (1975)] glucose-induced rapid elevation of adipose tissue LLA but had small effects on this enzymatic activity when given alone or together with lipid. Confirming results by others, ethanol intake decreased plasma glycerol concentration and increased plasma triglycerides, especially after intake of lipid. It is suggested that ethanol intake interferes with the normal carbohydrate-induced elevation of adipose tissue LLA after a mixed meal, thereby decreasing the removal capacity for circulating dietary lipid and causing enhanced and prolonged alimentary hyperlipemia.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol intake on lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of fasting subjects. Ethanol (ca. 1 g/kg body weight) was given alone or together with glucose or lipid (mixed triglycerides) perorally to young, fasting subjects. The changes with time (0-6 hr) of lipoprotein lipase activity (LLA) in adipose tissue, plasma glycerol, triglyceride, insulin, blood glucose, and alcohol concentrations were followed. A maximal mean blood alcohol concentration of 0.09% (w/v) was obtained 1 hr after ingestion with no apparent intoxicating effects. Ethanol intake prevented the previously observed [Nilsson-Ehle, P., S. Carlstr\u00f6m, and P. Belfrage, Scand, J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 35:373 (1975)] glucose-induced rapid elevation of adipose tissue LLA but had small effects on this enzymatic activity when given alone or together with lipid. Confirming results by others, ethanol intake decreased plasma glycerol concentration and increased plasma triglycerides, especially after intake of lipid. It is suggested that ethanol intake interferes with the normal carbohydrate-induced elevation of adipose tissue LLA after a mixed meal, thereby decreasing the removal capacity for circulating dietary lipid and causing enhanced and prolonged alimentary hyperlipemia.", "PMID": 672483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1275", "title": "The effect of protein deficiency on some rat liver lipid metabolic enzymes and CoA.", "content": "Two groups of male Wistar rats were fed normal (i.e., 18%) and protein-free diets, respectively, for 7 weeks. In vivo incorporation of [1-14C] acetate into palmitic, stearic, oleic, and arachidonic acids by the liver was reduced in the protein-deficient rats. In vitro incubation of liver microsomes with labeled palmitate or linoleate revealed no change in the specific activities of chain elongating or desaturating enzymes. Protein deficiency resulted in a decrease in specific activity of short chain acyl-CoA synthetase and in total CoA, accompanied by the virtual disappearance of acyl-CoA and an increase in free CoA. Furthermore, there was less microsomal fatty acid synthetase and mitochondrial beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity. These results are discussed in relation to fatty acid synthesis and the changes in liver fatty acid composition.", "contents": "The effect of protein deficiency on some rat liver lipid metabolic enzymes and CoA. Two groups of male Wistar rats were fed normal (i.e., 18%) and protein-free diets, respectively, for 7 weeks. In vivo incorporation of [1-14C] acetate into palmitic, stearic, oleic, and arachidonic acids by the liver was reduced in the protein-deficient rats. In vitro incubation of liver microsomes with labeled palmitate or linoleate revealed no change in the specific activities of chain elongating or desaturating enzymes. Protein deficiency resulted in a decrease in specific activity of short chain acyl-CoA synthetase and in total CoA, accompanied by the virtual disappearance of acyl-CoA and an increase in free CoA. Furthermore, there was less microsomal fatty acid synthetase and mitochondrial beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity. These results are discussed in relation to fatty acid synthesis and the changes in liver fatty acid composition.", "PMID": 672485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1276", "title": "1,2-Propanediol-induced changes in plasma and tissue lipids of rats.", "content": "Oral administration of 1,2-propanediol to rats in a daily dose of 1 ml of 28.4% aqueous solution per 100 g body weight for 30 days caused a significant decrease in the total lipids, fatty acids, phospholipids, and triglycerides of plasma, liver, and heart. The cholesterol content in plasma decreased while that in the tissues increased significantly. The accumulation of cholesterol in tissues tends to discourage long term use of 1,2-propanediol even by the oral route.", "contents": "1,2-Propanediol-induced changes in plasma and tissue lipids of rats. Oral administration of 1,2-propanediol to rats in a daily dose of 1 ml of 28.4% aqueous solution per 100 g body weight for 30 days caused a significant decrease in the total lipids, fatty acids, phospholipids, and triglycerides of plasma, liver, and heart. The cholesterol content in plasma decreased while that in the tissues increased significantly. The accumulation of cholesterol in tissues tends to discourage long term use of 1,2-propanediol even by the oral route.", "PMID": 672486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1277", "title": "Hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise in subject of high and low work capacities.", "content": "Hormonal and metabolic responses to submaximal were studied in eight normal subjects. Four subjects had high maximal oxygen uptakes (455 +/- 0.49/min) and were classified as \"fit\" and four had low maximal oxygen uptakes (2.13 +/- 0.32 1/min) and were classified as \"unfit\". All subjects exercised for 20 minutes at 750 kpm/min on a cycle ergometer, which represented 35% and 85% of the maximal oxygen uptake for the fit and the unfit subjects respectively. The unfit subjects had a higher heart rate and CO2 output at the same oxygen uptake when compared with the fit group. There was a high blood lactate in the unfit subjects and also a greater rise in blood glucose, plasma cortisol and serum growth hormone during exercise in these subjects. Free fatty acids increased in the fit subjects, but not in the unfit and serum insulin was depressed in both groups. Thus, the cardiorespiratory fitness is an important determinant of the hormonal and metabolic response to submaximal exercise, which differed considerably when fit and unfit subjects exercised at identical absolute levels of power output. These differences have implications for the control of energy substrates used during exercise.", "contents": "Hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise in subject of high and low work capacities. Hormonal and metabolic responses to submaximal were studied in eight normal subjects. Four subjects had high maximal oxygen uptakes (455 +/- 0.49/min) and were classified as \"fit\" and four had low maximal oxygen uptakes (2.13 +/- 0.32 1/min) and were classified as \"unfit\". All subjects exercised for 20 minutes at 750 kpm/min on a cycle ergometer, which represented 35% and 85% of the maximal oxygen uptake for the fit and the unfit subjects respectively. The unfit subjects had a higher heart rate and CO2 output at the same oxygen uptake when compared with the fit group. There was a high blood lactate in the unfit subjects and also a greater rise in blood glucose, plasma cortisol and serum growth hormone during exercise in these subjects. Free fatty acids increased in the fit subjects, but not in the unfit and serum insulin was depressed in both groups. Thus, the cardiorespiratory fitness is an important determinant of the hormonal and metabolic response to submaximal exercise, which differed considerably when fit and unfit subjects exercised at identical absolute levels of power output. These differences have implications for the control of energy substrates used during exercise.", "PMID": 672544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1278", "title": "The effect of weight lifting exercise on heart rate and metabolism in experienced weight lifters.", "content": "Fifteen experienced weight lifters were investigated to examine the effects of weight exercise with variable intensity on heart rate and changes in arterial glucose, lactate and pyruvate, as well as serum total lipids, beta-lipoproteins, triglycerides, glycerol and free fatty acids. The highest value of heart rate were reached during repetitions (ca. 150 beats/min), during single maximal contraction only 120--130 beats/min. No important changes were found in lipid substrates or glucose, while lactate (x max: 4 mmol/l) and urivate (x max: 0.11 mmol/l) increases were moderate. This type of training may be useful in the clinical rehabilitation of the locomotor system but it lacks importance for preventive or rehabilitation therapy of the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "The effect of weight lifting exercise on heart rate and metabolism in experienced weight lifters. Fifteen experienced weight lifters were investigated to examine the effects of weight exercise with variable intensity on heart rate and changes in arterial glucose, lactate and pyruvate, as well as serum total lipids, beta-lipoproteins, triglycerides, glycerol and free fatty acids. The highest value of heart rate were reached during repetitions (ca. 150 beats/min), during single maximal contraction only 120--130 beats/min. No important changes were found in lipid substrates or glucose, while lactate (x max: 4 mmol/l) and urivate (x max: 0.11 mmol/l) increases were moderate. This type of training may be useful in the clinical rehabilitation of the locomotor system but it lacks importance for preventive or rehabilitation therapy of the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 672545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1279", "title": "Specificity of run training on VO2 max and heart rate cganges during running and swimming.", "content": "To further evaluate the specificity of aerobic training, maximum physiologic measures (VO2, VE, HR, and R) and submaximal exercise heart rate were determined in control (N = 8) and experimental (N = 11) subjects prior to and following 10-week interval run training. Experimental subjects significantly increased (P less than 0.01) treadmill VO2 max by 252 ml O2 or 6.3%. This was siginificantly larger (P less than 0.01) than the 87 ml O2 or 2.6% increase (P less than 0.05) observed during swimming. Max HR decreased significantly in both forms of exercise. In addition, heart rate at two submaximal work levels during running and swimming was significantly lower after training. No changes in metabolic and physiologic measures were demonstrated for the controls after the 10-wk period. These results further support the concept of the specificity of the metabolic adaptation to aerobic training and strongly suggest that local adaptations in skeletal muscle significantly contribute to improvement in VO2 max. However, running may produce a general training adaptation in maximal and submaximal heart rate.", "contents": "Specificity of run training on VO2 max and heart rate cganges during running and swimming. To further evaluate the specificity of aerobic training, maximum physiologic measures (VO2, VE, HR, and R) and submaximal exercise heart rate were determined in control (N = 8) and experimental (N = 11) subjects prior to and following 10-week interval run training. Experimental subjects significantly increased (P less than 0.01) treadmill VO2 max by 252 ml O2 or 6.3%. This was siginificantly larger (P less than 0.01) than the 87 ml O2 or 2.6% increase (P less than 0.05) observed during swimming. Max HR decreased significantly in both forms of exercise. In addition, heart rate at two submaximal work levels during running and swimming was significantly lower after training. No changes in metabolic and physiologic measures were demonstrated for the controls after the 10-wk period. These results further support the concept of the specificity of the metabolic adaptation to aerobic training and strongly suggest that local adaptations in skeletal muscle significantly contribute to improvement in VO2 max. However, running may produce a general training adaptation in maximal and submaximal heart rate.", "PMID": 672546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1280", "title": "Lower extremity forces and torques during systematic variation of non-weight bearing motion.", "content": "Component and resultant external forces and torques at ankle, knee, and hip joints of unrestrained lower extremity motion were computed as resultant limb velocities were systematically changed. Cinematographic and modeling techniques were used to analyze 45 trials of five skilled soccer players who performed slow, medium and fast velocity kicks. A model of the lower extremity was incorporated, with kinematic data and segment mass estimates, into computer programs to quantify the mechanical variables. Monotonic increases in magnitudes of all kinetic elements occurred as the velocity of kicking was increased. Significant differences were also observed in the maximum values of the net parallel and perpendicular external force actions, and resultant torques at the joints with changes in limb velocity.", "contents": "Lower extremity forces and torques during systematic variation of non-weight bearing motion. Component and resultant external forces and torques at ankle, knee, and hip joints of unrestrained lower extremity motion were computed as resultant limb velocities were systematically changed. Cinematographic and modeling techniques were used to analyze 45 trials of five skilled soccer players who performed slow, medium and fast velocity kicks. A model of the lower extremity was incorporated, with kinematic data and segment mass estimates, into computer programs to quantify the mechanical variables. Monotonic increases in magnitudes of all kinetic elements occurred as the velocity of kicking was increased. Significant differences were also observed in the maximum values of the net parallel and perpendicular external force actions, and resultant torques at the joints with changes in limb velocity.", "PMID": 672547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1281", "title": "Effects of pedalling rate changes on maximal oxygen uptake and perceived effort during bicycle ergometer work.", "content": "The present investigation determined the efficacy of progressively increased pedalling rate (P) or resistance (R) during assessment of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on the bicycle ergometer. Twenty male and nine female university students performed randomly assigned discontinuous P and R maximal stress tests. Male subjects immedicately repeated each test within the same experimental session. Regardless of test protocol, VO2max was quite similar. Magnitude estimates of perceived effort were significantly lower for male subjects during P testing (P less than .05) and 80% of male subjects preferred P testing. Conversely, magnitude estimates were significantly lower for female subjects for R testing (P LESS THAN .05). P testing could be reliably repeated within the same experimental session whereas with R testing VO2max was significantly reduced (P LESS THAN .05). It was concluded that progressively increased pedalling rate offers a physiologically acceptable means to VO2max assessment on the bicycle ergometer for males and females. In addition, progressively increased pedalling rate offers a perceptually preferable means to VO2max assessment for males but not for females.", "contents": "Effects of pedalling rate changes on maximal oxygen uptake and perceived effort during bicycle ergometer work. The present investigation determined the efficacy of progressively increased pedalling rate (P) or resistance (R) during assessment of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on the bicycle ergometer. Twenty male and nine female university students performed randomly assigned discontinuous P and R maximal stress tests. Male subjects immedicately repeated each test within the same experimental session. Regardless of test protocol, VO2max was quite similar. Magnitude estimates of perceived effort were significantly lower for male subjects during P testing (P less than .05) and 80% of male subjects preferred P testing. Conversely, magnitude estimates were significantly lower for female subjects for R testing (P LESS THAN .05). P testing could be reliably repeated within the same experimental session whereas with R testing VO2max was significantly reduced (P LESS THAN .05). It was concluded that progressively increased pedalling rate offers a physiologically acceptable means to VO2max assessment on the bicycle ergometer for males and females. In addition, progressively increased pedalling rate offers a perceptually preferable means to VO2max assessment for males but not for females.", "PMID": 672548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1282", "title": "A comparison of continuous and intermittent progressive multistage exercise testing.", "content": "Twelve male subjects were compared on continuous and intermittent treadmill test of identical exercise stages. Each stage was three minutes in duration. Oxygen uptake during minutes one and two was significantly lower in the intermittent test. Heart rate VE and R were lower and oxygen pulse greater during all three minutes at moderate and strenuous workloads and throughout recovery of the intermittent protocol. There were no significant differences in exercise minute three or recovery VO2 and blood pressure. Regression equations for the relationship between VO2 oxygen pulse heart rate, VE systolic blood pressure and workload during the third minute of exercise included curvilinear functions whereas the regression equations between VO2 and heart rate, and between R and workload were linear. Slopes of percent maximal heart rate vs.  percent percent maximal VO2 of the third minute were not different. Heart rate responded more rapidly to onset and cessation of exercise than did VO2. A near steady state was obtained during low and moderate workloads prior to minute three supporting the feasibility of reducing test time. Result suggest a slight advantage in intermittent testing compared to continuous testing for evaluating cardiovascular function and for exercise prescription.", "contents": "A comparison of continuous and intermittent progressive multistage exercise testing. Twelve male subjects were compared on continuous and intermittent treadmill test of identical exercise stages. Each stage was three minutes in duration. Oxygen uptake during minutes one and two was significantly lower in the intermittent test. Heart rate VE and R were lower and oxygen pulse greater during all three minutes at moderate and strenuous workloads and throughout recovery of the intermittent protocol. There were no significant differences in exercise minute three or recovery VO2 and blood pressure. Regression equations for the relationship between VO2 oxygen pulse heart rate, VE systolic blood pressure and workload during the third minute of exercise included curvilinear functions whereas the regression equations between VO2 and heart rate, and between R and workload were linear. Slopes of percent maximal heart rate vs.  percent percent maximal VO2 of the third minute were not different. Heart rate responded more rapidly to onset and cessation of exercise than did VO2. A near steady state was obtained during low and moderate workloads prior to minute three supporting the feasibility of reducing test time. Result suggest a slight advantage in intermittent testing compared to continuous testing for evaluating cardiovascular function and for exercise prescription.", "PMID": 672550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1283", "title": "Triglyceride turnover in severe chronic non-nephrotic renal failure.", "content": "In 12 patients with chronic non-nephrotic renal failure (creatinine clearance 3.5-11 ml/min) and 8 control subjects, plasma triglyceride turnover was studied. The patients showed significantly increased fasting triglyceride concentrations and absolute plasma triglyceride turnover rates, while the fractional turnover rate was significantly decreased. The finding of an elevated triglyceride turnover rate with a near normal fractional removal rate in the patients with the highest creatinine clearance suggests the involvement of an increased triglyceride synthesis rate in these patients. However, most patients showed an impaired removal mechanism as the major cause of the hypertriglyceridemia.", "contents": "Triglyceride turnover in severe chronic non-nephrotic renal failure. In 12 patients with chronic non-nephrotic renal failure (creatinine clearance 3.5-11 ml/min) and 8 control subjects, plasma triglyceride turnover was studied. The patients showed significantly increased fasting triglyceride concentrations and absolute plasma triglyceride turnover rates, while the fractional turnover rate was significantly decreased. The finding of an elevated triglyceride turnover rate with a near normal fractional removal rate in the patients with the highest creatinine clearance suggests the involvement of an increased triglyceride synthesis rate in these patients. However, most patients showed an impaired removal mechanism as the major cause of the hypertriglyceridemia.", "PMID": 672611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1284", "title": "Palmitate and glucose oxidation by diaphragm of rats with fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "Palmitate and glucose oxidation were investigated in isolated hemidiaphragm of rats in which hypertriglyceridemia was induced by dietary fructose. Palmitate oxidation was increased, and glucose oxidation was reduced, in fructose-fed rats, as compared with glucose-fed controls. Glucose incorporation into muscle glycogen was similar in both dietary groups.", "contents": "Palmitate and glucose oxidation by diaphragm of rats with fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Palmitate and glucose oxidation were investigated in isolated hemidiaphragm of rats in which hypertriglyceridemia was induced by dietary fructose. Palmitate oxidation was increased, and glucose oxidation was reduced, in fructose-fed rats, as compared with glucose-fed controls. Glucose incorporation into muscle glycogen was similar in both dietary groups.", "PMID": 672612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1285", "title": "Effect of dopaminergic blockade on the secretion of growth hormone and prolactin in man.", "content": "Serum growth hormone (GH) response to insulin and glucagon administration was studied in 12 male and 12 female volunteers under control conditions, and under treatment with pimozide and metoclopramide. In addition, serum prolactin levels were measured during the treatment period. Pimozide and metoclopramide administration had no effect on the GH response to insulin and glucagon. In contrast, serum prolactin levels increased markedly during the treatment period. Dopaminergic blockade is unable to affect GH secretion in response to insulin and glucagon administration in man.", "contents": "Effect of dopaminergic blockade on the secretion of growth hormone and prolactin in man. Serum growth hormone (GH) response to insulin and glucagon administration was studied in 12 male and 12 female volunteers under control conditions, and under treatment with pimozide and metoclopramide. In addition, serum prolactin levels were measured during the treatment period. Pimozide and metoclopramide administration had no effect on the GH response to insulin and glucagon. In contrast, serum prolactin levels increased markedly during the treatment period. Dopaminergic blockade is unable to affect GH secretion in response to insulin and glucagon administration in man.", "PMID": 672613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1286", "title": "Sex differences in the size of bile acid pools.", "content": "In view of the excess prevalence of gallstones among women and the association of gallstones with diminished bile acid pool size, we measured bile acid pools in 27 male and 25 female healthy human volunteers. The average bile acid pool in the women was significantly smaller than in the men (2.25 +/- .12 g versus 2.88 +/- .16 g; p = 0.003). Chenodeoxycholic acid pool size, computed from bile acid composition data available in 43 of these subjects, was also smaller in women than men (0.94 +/- 0.06 versus 1.22 +/- 0.07 g; p = 0.004). Age, race, and body size bore no statistically significant relationship to bile acid pool size. Biliary cholesterol saturation was positively correlated with weight and obesity and showed a significant inverse correlation with chenodeoxycholic acid pool size, but not with total bile acid pool size. These findings suggest a possible mechanism for the higher prevalence of gallstones among women.", "contents": "Sex differences in the size of bile acid pools. In view of the excess prevalence of gallstones among women and the association of gallstones with diminished bile acid pool size, we measured bile acid pools in 27 male and 25 female healthy human volunteers. The average bile acid pool in the women was significantly smaller than in the men (2.25 +/- .12 g versus 2.88 +/- .16 g; p = 0.003). Chenodeoxycholic acid pool size, computed from bile acid composition data available in 43 of these subjects, was also smaller in women than men (0.94 +/- 0.06 versus 1.22 +/- 0.07 g; p = 0.004). Age, race, and body size bore no statistically significant relationship to bile acid pool size. Biliary cholesterol saturation was positively correlated with weight and obesity and showed a significant inverse correlation with chenodeoxycholic acid pool size, but not with total bile acid pool size. These findings suggest a possible mechanism for the higher prevalence of gallstones among women.", "PMID": 672615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1287", "title": "Effect of concurrent calcium ingestion on intestinal absorption of fluoride.", "content": "It has been suggested that calcium interferes with absorption of fluoride and that it diminishes the effect this ion has of increasing the bone mass when taken orally. Normal volunteers were given a combination of fluoride and calcium carbonate or fluoride alone, and serum levels of fluoride were measured to determine the effect, if any, of the concomitant administration of calcium on absorption of fluoride. The results indicate that 1.3 g of calcium, as the carbonate, decreases the integrated blood fluoride values by 22%.", "contents": "Effect of concurrent calcium ingestion on intestinal absorption of fluoride. It has been suggested that calcium interferes with absorption of fluoride and that it diminishes the effect this ion has of increasing the bone mass when taken orally. Normal volunteers were given a combination of fluoride and calcium carbonate or fluoride alone, and serum levels of fluoride were measured to determine the effect, if any, of the concomitant administration of calcium on absorption of fluoride. The results indicate that 1.3 g of calcium, as the carbonate, decreases the integrated blood fluoride values by 22%.", "PMID": 672616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1288", "title": "The transport and metabolism of L-proline-14C in the rat in vivo.", "content": "The physiologic disposition, metabolic fate, and renal clearance of intravenously injected 14C-L-proline was determined in the rat. The disappearance of radioactivity from plasma occurred with a biphasic curve, the initial high levels reaching a nadir about 30 min after injection with subsequent increasing amounts of radioactivity. Examination of the 14C components in plasma revealed that 14C-proline disappeared rapidly during the first 30 min. At this time, the labeling of circulating plasma proteins ensued and continued to increase during the following 45 min of observations. Plasma glucose became labeled 10 min after injection and, thereafter, increased its 14C content. The extensive labeling of plasma proteins and glucose accounted for the increasing 14C found in plasma 30 min after injection. The course of radioactive labeling of brain, kidney, diaphragm, and liver was assessed. The greatest number of cpm/mg of tissue was found in the kidney. Determination of the distribution ratio, the ratio of cpm/ml intracellular nonprotein 14C to that in plasma in kidney revealed a peak of 3.9 within 15 min, a value comparable to that found in vitro. Twelve percent of the administered radioactivity was excreted as 14CO2 within 180 min. The oxidation was inhibited by known transport and metabolic inhibitors, the greatest effect observed with hydroxyproline, followed in order by thioproline, 3,4-dihydroproline, and glycine. The fractional urinary excretion of proline, Cproline/Cinulin, was determined and found to be 1% or less. This was increased by inhibitors, the greatest effect due to hydroxyproline followed in order by dehydroproline and glycine, a result similar to the observed extent of inhibition of proline oxidation to 14C O2. The physiologic disposition of proline was not altered by ligation of the renal vasculature.", "contents": "The transport and metabolism of L-proline-14C in the rat in vivo. The physiologic disposition, metabolic fate, and renal clearance of intravenously injected 14C-L-proline was determined in the rat. The disappearance of radioactivity from plasma occurred with a biphasic curve, the initial high levels reaching a nadir about 30 min after injection with subsequent increasing amounts of radioactivity. Examination of the 14C components in plasma revealed that 14C-proline disappeared rapidly during the first 30 min. At this time, the labeling of circulating plasma proteins ensued and continued to increase during the following 45 min of observations. Plasma glucose became labeled 10 min after injection and, thereafter, increased its 14C content. The extensive labeling of plasma proteins and glucose accounted for the increasing 14C found in plasma 30 min after injection. The course of radioactive labeling of brain, kidney, diaphragm, and liver was assessed. The greatest number of cpm/mg of tissue was found in the kidney. Determination of the distribution ratio, the ratio of cpm/ml intracellular nonprotein 14C to that in plasma in kidney revealed a peak of 3.9 within 15 min, a value comparable to that found in vitro. Twelve percent of the administered radioactivity was excreted as 14CO2 within 180 min. The oxidation was inhibited by known transport and metabolic inhibitors, the greatest effect observed with hydroxyproline, followed in order by thioproline, 3,4-dihydroproline, and glycine. The fractional urinary excretion of proline, Cproline/Cinulin, was determined and found to be 1% or less. This was increased by inhibitors, the greatest effect due to hydroxyproline followed in order by dehydroproline and glycine, a result similar to the observed extent of inhibition of proline oxidation to 14C O2. The physiologic disposition of proline was not altered by ligation of the renal vasculature.", "PMID": 672617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1289", "title": "Inhibitory effect of calcitonin on growth hormone and insulin secretion in man.", "content": "The effect of calcitonin administration on basal and arginine-stimulated growth hormone and insulin plasma levels was investigated. The intramuscular injection of synthetic salmon calcitonin (100 U MRC) in five normal subjects produced a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in insulin concentration. The same amount of calcitonin given 15 min before an arginine infusion test in seven normal subjects significantly reduced the response of growth hormone (p less than 0.025) and insulin (p less than 0.005) to the stimulus.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of calcitonin on growth hormone and insulin secretion in man. The effect of calcitonin administration on basal and arginine-stimulated growth hormone and insulin plasma levels was investigated. The intramuscular injection of synthetic salmon calcitonin (100 U MRC) in five normal subjects produced a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in insulin concentration. The same amount of calcitonin given 15 min before an arginine infusion test in seven normal subjects significantly reduced the response of growth hormone (p less than 0.025) and insulin (p less than 0.005) to the stimulus.", "PMID": 672618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1290", "title": "Parathyroid hormone clearance in man.", "content": "The role of the kidney, liver, and bone and/or muscle, in the metabolic clearance of parathyroid hormone (PTH), has been examined in man. Serum was obtained from the femoral artery and the renal, hepatic, and femoral veins of nine hyperparathyroid patients undergoing selective venous catheterization. The concentration of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (IPTH) was measured in the samples by radioimmunoassay using an antiserum predominantly specific for the aminoterminal (N-terminal) portion of the PTH molecule. Gel filtration of hyperparathyroid sera demonstrated this antiserum to measure essentially only intact PTH. The mean arteriovenous (AV) difference measured across the liver was 44%; across the kidney, 34%; and across the leg, 16%. These arteriovenous differences were all statistically significant (p less than 0.005). A significant positive correlation was found between the AV difference in IPTH across the kidney and the serum calcium concentration (r = 0.50, p less than 0.05). These studies suggest that both the liver and the kidney play major roles in the clearance of PTH in man and indicate that PTH is cleared by bone and/or muscle as well. The correlation observed between the serum calcium concentrations and the AV differences in IPTH across the kidney suggest that the rate of clearance of PTH in man may be modulated by changes in the concentration of serum calcium.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone clearance in man. The role of the kidney, liver, and bone and/or muscle, in the metabolic clearance of parathyroid hormone (PTH), has been examined in man. Serum was obtained from the femoral artery and the renal, hepatic, and femoral veins of nine hyperparathyroid patients undergoing selective venous catheterization. The concentration of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (IPTH) was measured in the samples by radioimmunoassay using an antiserum predominantly specific for the aminoterminal (N-terminal) portion of the PTH molecule. Gel filtration of hyperparathyroid sera demonstrated this antiserum to measure essentially only intact PTH. The mean arteriovenous (AV) difference measured across the liver was 44%; across the kidney, 34%; and across the leg, 16%. These arteriovenous differences were all statistically significant (p less than 0.005). A significant positive correlation was found between the AV difference in IPTH across the kidney and the serum calcium concentration (r = 0.50, p less than 0.05). These studies suggest that both the liver and the kidney play major roles in the clearance of PTH in man and indicate that PTH is cleared by bone and/or muscle as well. The correlation observed between the serum calcium concentrations and the AV differences in IPTH across the kidney suggest that the rate of clearance of PTH in man may be modulated by changes in the concentration of serum calcium.", "PMID": 672619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1291", "title": "Biological functions of hydroxylamine inactivated influenza virus.", "content": "Hydroxylamine inactivates members of the orthomyxovirus group. Studies with inactivated influenza virus indicate that the genome of such virus does not serve for the production of functional viral proteins. Additional evidence indicated that the genome may, however, undergo limited replication. These observations are correlated with the inactivation of influenza virus and the known mechanism of action of hydroxylamine.", "contents": "Biological functions of hydroxylamine inactivated influenza virus. Hydroxylamine inactivates members of the orthomyxovirus group. Studies with inactivated influenza virus indicate that the genome of such virus does not serve for the production of functional viral proteins. Additional evidence indicated that the genome may, however, undergo limited replication. These observations are correlated with the inactivation of influenza virus and the known mechanism of action of hydroxylamine.", "PMID": 672660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1292", "title": "[Microkymography--a method to measure the flow velocity in the microvascular bed after endotoxin administration (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper the application of intravital microkymography on studies of the microcirculation of the hamster cheek pouch is presented. Flow velocity reduction which is one of the characteristic initial alterations in small blood vessels after injection of endotoxin is recorded in a direct way by the strip microkymography. The method of the recording system is described and some examples of the effects of endotoxin as well as of serotonin, one of the mediators of endotoxin, are given. The advantage of microkymography in quantitative and functional studies of endotoxic actions, e.g. flow velocity decreases and vessel diameter changes, is discussed.", "contents": "[Microkymography--a method to measure the flow velocity in the microvascular bed after endotoxin administration (author's transl)]. In this paper the application of intravital microkymography on studies of the microcirculation of the hamster cheek pouch is presented. Flow velocity reduction which is one of the characteristic initial alterations in small blood vessels after injection of endotoxin is recorded in a direct way by the strip microkymography. The method of the recording system is described and some examples of the effects of endotoxin as well as of serotonin, one of the mediators of endotoxin, are given. The advantage of microkymography in quantitative and functional studies of endotoxic actions, e.g. flow velocity decreases and vessel diameter changes, is discussed.", "PMID": 672661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1293", "title": "Demonstration of the physiological role of autolysis by a comparative study with a wild-type and its non-autolytic mutant of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) cultivated with externally added proteolytic enzymes.", "content": "The log phase cells of autolytic Microccus lysodeikticus (luteus) IFO 3333 did not autolyze when grown in the presence of trypsin although the growth curve and morphology of the cells were not influenced. A non-autolytic mutant was obtained by subculture of the wild-type strain IFO 3333 on an agar slant containing 1% glucose. The mutant (strain MT) was wild-type IFO 3333 which occurred singly or in irregular masses. The mutant MT grown in a culture medium containing trypsin caused remarkable alteration in cell morphology: large cell packets consisting of a number of \"unit tetrads\" arranged regularly in three dimensions were formed by the addition of trypsin to the medium. The findings suggest that inhibition of the separation of divided cells is brought about by inactivation or suppression of a cell wall autolytic enzyme which plays an important role in the separation step and is accessible to externally added trypsin in the mutant cells but not in the wild-type cells. The possibility that there are two kinds or phases of autolytic enzymes \"a physiological autolytic enzyme\" and \"a  useless autolytic enzyme\", is discussed.", "contents": "Demonstration of the physiological role of autolysis by a comparative study with a wild-type and its non-autolytic mutant of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) cultivated with externally added proteolytic enzymes. The log phase cells of autolytic Microccus lysodeikticus (luteus) IFO 3333 did not autolyze when grown in the presence of trypsin although the growth curve and morphology of the cells were not influenced. A non-autolytic mutant was obtained by subculture of the wild-type strain IFO 3333 on an agar slant containing 1% glucose. The mutant (strain MT) was wild-type IFO 3333 which occurred singly or in irregular masses. The mutant MT grown in a culture medium containing trypsin caused remarkable alteration in cell morphology: large cell packets consisting of a number of \"unit tetrads\" arranged regularly in three dimensions were formed by the addition of trypsin to the medium. The findings suggest that inhibition of the separation of divided cells is brought about by inactivation or suppression of a cell wall autolytic enzyme which plays an important role in the separation step and is accessible to externally added trypsin in the mutant cells but not in the wild-type cells. The possibility that there are two kinds or phases of autolytic enzymes \"a physiological autolytic enzyme\" and \"a  useless autolytic enzyme\", is discussed.", "PMID": 672671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1294", "title": "Thymidine metabolism in cells treated with DNA-suppressing factor (DSF).", "content": "Inhibition of thymidine incorporation into DNA in cells treated with DNA-suppressing factor (DSF) has been studied. After 16 hr treatment with DSF, transport of labeled thymidine across the cell membrane was not inhibited, since equilibrium of labeled thymidine with the acid-soluble pool occurred at the same rate and the radioactivity was at the same level as in untreated cells. The values of Vmax and Km in the kinetics of transport of exogenous thymidine were not changed by DSF. Phosphorylation of labeled thymidine to deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) was not inhibited by DSF. After a chase of labeled thymidine, radioactivity of the acid-soluble fraction in DSF-treated cells decreased more rapidly but that of the acid-insoluble fraction remained at a lower level than in untreated cells. It was assumed that DSF might block the entry of dTTP into DNA.", "contents": "Thymidine metabolism in cells treated with DNA-suppressing factor (DSF). Inhibition of thymidine incorporation into DNA in cells treated with DNA-suppressing factor (DSF) has been studied. After 16 hr treatment with DSF, transport of labeled thymidine across the cell membrane was not inhibited, since equilibrium of labeled thymidine with the acid-soluble pool occurred at the same rate and the radioactivity was at the same level as in untreated cells. The values of Vmax and Km in the kinetics of transport of exogenous thymidine were not changed by DSF. Phosphorylation of labeled thymidine to deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) was not inhibited by DSF. After a chase of labeled thymidine, radioactivity of the acid-soluble fraction in DSF-treated cells decreased more rapidly but that of the acid-insoluble fraction remained at a lower level than in untreated cells. It was assumed that DSF might block the entry of dTTP into DNA.", "PMID": 672672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1295", "title": "Complement-dependent cytotoxicity of sera obtained from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients.", "content": "Human lymphoid cells (NC-37) persistently infected with either measles virus (Schwarz and TYCSA strains) or subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus (Halle and Mantooth strains) were destroyed in the presence of complement by anti-measles sera as well as by sera from SSPE patients. The cytotoxic activity was demonstrated in both IgG and IgM fractions of measles convalescent sera, but only in IgG fraction of SSPE sera. Measles convalescent sera completely lost the cytotoxic activity to all the cell lines, when absorbed with any one of the cell lines, indicating that the viral surface antigens of these cell lines infected with measles or SSPE virus are identical. On the other hand, the cytotoxic activity of SSPE sera could not be readily absorbed with these cells. Thus, the affinity of SSPE sera for the viral surface antigens might be lower than that of measles convalescent sera.", "contents": "Complement-dependent cytotoxicity of sera obtained from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients. Human lymphoid cells (NC-37) persistently infected with either measles virus (Schwarz and TYCSA strains) or subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus (Halle and Mantooth strains) were destroyed in the presence of complement by anti-measles sera as well as by sera from SSPE patients. The cytotoxic activity was demonstrated in both IgG and IgM fractions of measles convalescent sera, but only in IgG fraction of SSPE sera. Measles convalescent sera completely lost the cytotoxic activity to all the cell lines, when absorbed with any one of the cell lines, indicating that the viral surface antigens of these cell lines infected with measles or SSPE virus are identical. On the other hand, the cytotoxic activity of SSPE sera could not be readily absorbed with these cells. Thus, the affinity of SSPE sera for the viral surface antigens might be lower than that of measles convalescent sera.", "PMID": 672673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1296", "title": "Kinetics and mechanisms of macrophage activation by Corynebacterium anaerobium.", "content": "Kinetics and mechanisms of macrophage activation by heat-killed Corynebacterium anaerobium (CA) in mice were investigated. The carbon clearance test revealed that the function of the reticuloendothelial system rose markedly on the 4th day after a single intravenous injection of CA and continued in a highly enhanced state until the 14th day. This activity declined gradually and dropped to a normal level around the 21st day. On the other hand, both lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase and acic phosphatase, of peritoneal macrophages decreased after the CA injection and then recovered, taking an almost inverse course to the function of the reticuloendothelial system. These results might be attributable to possible extracellular secretion of the lysosomal enzymes in accordance with macrophage activation by CA. A remarkable cytotoxicity of peritoneal macrophages, examined in vitro against L 929 cells, was detected on the 4th day following intraperitoneal administration of CA. It was maintained up to the 14th day and then declined rapidly. The mechanisms of macrophage activation by CA were also examined in vitro. CA-homogenate, heat-killed CA disrupted with an ultrasonicator, directly activated thioglycollate-induced macrophages. The macrophages were aslo activated by simultaneous treatment with both CA-homogenate and CA-sensitized spleen cells. Furthermore, the supernatant obtained from the culture of CA-sensitized spleen cells with CA-homogenate was capable of inducing activation of the macrophages. Conversely, the culture supernatant of spleen cells from CA-immunized athymic nude mice with CA-homogenate was unable to activate them. It was ascertained from the above-mentioned results that macrophages are activated initially by direct action of CA in a nonspecific way and subsequently by a soluble factor elaborated by CA-sensitized lymphocytes in an immunological way.", "contents": "Kinetics and mechanisms of macrophage activation by Corynebacterium anaerobium. Kinetics and mechanisms of macrophage activation by heat-killed Corynebacterium anaerobium (CA) in mice were investigated. The carbon clearance test revealed that the function of the reticuloendothelial system rose markedly on the 4th day after a single intravenous injection of CA and continued in a highly enhanced state until the 14th day. This activity declined gradually and dropped to a normal level around the 21st day. On the other hand, both lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase and acic phosphatase, of peritoneal macrophages decreased after the CA injection and then recovered, taking an almost inverse course to the function of the reticuloendothelial system. These results might be attributable to possible extracellular secretion of the lysosomal enzymes in accordance with macrophage activation by CA. A remarkable cytotoxicity of peritoneal macrophages, examined in vitro against L 929 cells, was detected on the 4th day following intraperitoneal administration of CA. It was maintained up to the 14th day and then declined rapidly. The mechanisms of macrophage activation by CA were also examined in vitro. CA-homogenate, heat-killed CA disrupted with an ultrasonicator, directly activated thioglycollate-induced macrophages. The macrophages were aslo activated by simultaneous treatment with both CA-homogenate and CA-sensitized spleen cells. Furthermore, the supernatant obtained from the culture of CA-sensitized spleen cells with CA-homogenate was capable of inducing activation of the macrophages. Conversely, the culture supernatant of spleen cells from CA-immunized athymic nude mice with CA-homogenate was unable to activate them. It was ascertained from the above-mentioned results that macrophages are activated initially by direct action of CA in a nonspecific way and subsequently by a soluble factor elaborated by CA-sensitized lymphocytes in an immunological way.", "PMID": 672674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1297", "title": "[Autotrophic growth of Microcyclus aquaticus in hydrogen].", "content": "Microcyclus aquaticus Z-238 which had been isolated as a methanol oxidizing culture was found to be capable of growth in the atmosphere of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide in the presence of yeast extract. Autotrophic growth of the culture in the atmosphere of hydrogen required biotin or casaminic acids.", "contents": "[Autotrophic growth of Microcyclus aquaticus in hydrogen]. Microcyclus aquaticus Z-238 which had been isolated as a methanol oxidizing culture was found to be capable of growth in the atmosphere of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide in the presence of yeast extract. Autotrophic growth of the culture in the atmosphere of hydrogen required biotin or casaminic acids.", "PMID": 672676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1298", "title": "[Development of a pure Methanosarcina biotype 2 culture on acetate].", "content": "A pure culture of the obligate anaerobe methanosarcina, biotype 2, was isolated using an original technique of dilution in agar and inoculation into a preliminarily reduced medium. Additional organic substances, in particular yeast extract, are necessary for germination of a small number of packets in the course of isolation. The methanosarcina can use, during several inoculations, acetate as a sole source of carbon and energy, and does not require hydrogen as the main substrate of catabolism. The organic substances being tested (with an exception of pyruvate, hemin and cysteine which somewhat increased the lag phase) had no significant effect on growth and production of methane. Apparently, the mechanosarcina, biotype 2, should be referred to as an individual species.", "contents": "[Development of a pure Methanosarcina biotype 2 culture on acetate]. A pure culture of the obligate anaerobe methanosarcina, biotype 2, was isolated using an original technique of dilution in agar and inoculation into a preliminarily reduced medium. Additional organic substances, in particular yeast extract, are necessary for germination of a small number of packets in the course of isolation. The methanosarcina can use, during several inoculations, acetate as a sole source of carbon and energy, and does not require hydrogen as the main substrate of catabolism. The organic substances being tested (with an exception of pyruvate, hemin and cysteine which somewhat increased the lag phase) had no significant effect on growth and production of methane. Apparently, the mechanosarcina, biotype 2, should be referred to as an individual species.", "PMID": 672677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1299", "title": "[Dependence of the rate of ferrous oxide oxidation by a Thiobacillus ferrooxidans culture on its concentration].", "content": "The effect of the concentration of ferrous iron on the rate of its oxidation was studied with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The specific rate of oxidation of ferrous iron was found to increase with its concentration and to decrease with a rise of the total iron content. Cultivation of bacteria with electrochemical reduction of Fe3+ produced high cell concentrations at a low content of total iron (4--6 g/litre), e. g. upto 4.5 g/litre (dry biomass weight).", "contents": "[Dependence of the rate of ferrous oxide oxidation by a Thiobacillus ferrooxidans culture on its concentration]. The effect of the concentration of ferrous iron on the rate of its oxidation was studied with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The specific rate of oxidation of ferrous iron was found to increase with its concentration and to decrease with a rise of the total iron content. Cultivation of bacteria with electrochemical reduction of Fe3+ produced high cell concentrations at a low content of total iron (4--6 g/litre), e. g. upto 4.5 g/litre (dry biomass weight).", "PMID": 672678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1300", "title": "[L-glutaminase-asparaginase biosynthesis by a Pseudomonas boreopolis culture dependent on cultivation conditions].", "content": "The activity of deamidases of L-glutamine and L-asparagine of Pseudomonas boreopolis 526 was found to depend on the conditions of cultivation. The activity of L-glutaminase-asparaginase II (EC 3.5.1.38) decreased with an increase of the specific growth rate in the conditions of periodic cultivation and increased in the conditions of continuous cultivation. The activity of this enzyme was manifested mainly in the conditions of continuous cultivation at a rate of 0.1--0.2 hr-1 and a final nitrogen concentration of 0.006--0.025 g per litre of the medium. If the concentration of nitrogen was increased in these conditions, biosynthesis of L-glutaminase-asparaginase I was stimulated while the activity of L-glutaminase-asparaginase II was not detected at all.", "contents": "[L-glutaminase-asparaginase biosynthesis by a Pseudomonas boreopolis culture dependent on cultivation conditions]. The activity of deamidases of L-glutamine and L-asparagine of Pseudomonas boreopolis 526 was found to depend on the conditions of cultivation. The activity of L-glutaminase-asparaginase II (EC 3.5.1.38) decreased with an increase of the specific growth rate in the conditions of periodic cultivation and increased in the conditions of continuous cultivation. The activity of this enzyme was manifested mainly in the conditions of continuous cultivation at a rate of 0.1--0.2 hr-1 and a final nitrogen concentration of 0.006--0.025 g per litre of the medium. If the concentration of nitrogen was increased in these conditions, biosynthesis of L-glutaminase-asparaginase I was stimulated while the activity of L-glutaminase-asparaginase II was not detected at all.", "PMID": 672679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1301", "title": "[Effect of exogenous factors on extracellular alkaline ribonuclease synthesis in Bacillus mesentericus].", "content": "Bacillus mesentericus was found to assimilate nucleic acids as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus. Nucleic acids added to the medium as a source of nitrogen or phosphorus stimulated synthesis of ribonuclease. When washed bacterial cells were incubated for a short period of time in a fresh nutrient medium containing RNA, synthesis of RNAase was also induced. Synthesis of the enzyme was inhibited by high concentrations of chloramphenicol and actinomycin D, and stimulated by low concentrations of actinomycin D. Therefore, alkaline RNAase is an inducible enzyme which participates in the nutrition processes of bacteria.", "contents": "[Effect of exogenous factors on extracellular alkaline ribonuclease synthesis in Bacillus mesentericus]. Bacillus mesentericus was found to assimilate nucleic acids as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus. Nucleic acids added to the medium as a source of nitrogen or phosphorus stimulated synthesis of ribonuclease. When washed bacterial cells were incubated for a short period of time in a fresh nutrient medium containing RNA, synthesis of RNAase was also induced. Synthesis of the enzyme was inhibited by high concentrations of chloramphenicol and actinomycin D, and stimulated by low concentrations of actinomycin D. Therefore, alkaline RNAase is an inducible enzyme which participates in the nutrition processes of bacteria.", "PMID": 672681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1302", "title": "[Flavin pool in Propionibacterium shermanii and the formation of corrinoids by bacterial cultures].", "content": "The content of flavins and vitamin B12 was studied in the cultures of Propionibacterium shermanii. The limited ability of propionic bacteria to synthesize 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, the nucleotide base in the true forms of vitamin B12, was found to be caused by a deficiency of the biogenetic precursor (riboflavin). Exogenous 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole had no effect on the processes of flavinogenesis. In the absence of the nucleotide base, the yield of the true forms of vitamin B12 increased upon aeration of cultures which were grown for four days on an iron-deficient medium in the anaerobic conditions.", "contents": "[Flavin pool in Propionibacterium shermanii and the formation of corrinoids by bacterial cultures]. The content of flavins and vitamin B12 was studied in the cultures of Propionibacterium shermanii. The limited ability of propionic bacteria to synthesize 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, the nucleotide base in the true forms of vitamin B12, was found to be caused by a deficiency of the biogenetic precursor (riboflavin). Exogenous 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole had no effect on the processes of flavinogenesis. In the absence of the nucleotide base, the yield of the true forms of vitamin B12 increased upon aeration of cultures which were grown for four days on an iron-deficient medium in the anaerobic conditions.", "PMID": 672682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1303", "title": "[Effect of amino acids as sole nitrogen sources on exoprotease biosynthesis in Aspergillus candidus].", "content": "Aspergillus candidus produced an exocellular protease at a high rate in the absence of nitrogen sources. Nineteen amino acids were added separately as sole nitrogen sources to the medium to study their effect on biosynthesis of exoproteases. All the amino acids were found to repress the biosynthesis, arginine, histidine, lysine and ornithine being most effective among them. Repression of the biosynthesis of exoproteases in the presence of amino acids added as sole nitrogen sources is presumed to be accomplished by ammonium ions which are formed in the course of utilization of amino acids. The level of repression is proportional to the concentration of an amino acid in the medium. Amino acids have no effect on the activity of exocellular proteases synthesized by Aspergillus candidus.", "contents": "[Effect of amino acids as sole nitrogen sources on exoprotease biosynthesis in Aspergillus candidus]. Aspergillus candidus produced an exocellular protease at a high rate in the absence of nitrogen sources. Nineteen amino acids were added separately as sole nitrogen sources to the medium to study their effect on biosynthesis of exoproteases. All the amino acids were found to repress the biosynthesis, arginine, histidine, lysine and ornithine being most effective among them. Repression of the biosynthesis of exoproteases in the presence of amino acids added as sole nitrogen sources is presumed to be accomplished by ammonium ions which are formed in the course of utilization of amino acids. The level of repression is proportional to the concentration of an amino acid in the medium. Amino acids have no effect on the activity of exocellular proteases synthesized by Aspergillus candidus.", "PMID": 672680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1304", "title": "[Fatty acid and fractional makeup of the lipids of osmotolerant yeasts].", "content": "Osmotolerant yeast cultures differ in their fatty acid and fraction composition of total lipids from yeast cultures of the same or related species from other habitat. Their lipid fatty acids are represented by C14--C18 acids. Their fraction composition of lipids is characterized by a low content of free fatty acids and diglycerides and an elevated content of esters of sterines and wax. The fatty acid and fraction composition of lipids depend on the concentration of NaCl and the C/N ratio in the medium.", "contents": "[Fatty acid and fractional makeup of the lipids of osmotolerant yeasts]. Osmotolerant yeast cultures differ in their fatty acid and fraction composition of total lipids from yeast cultures of the same or related species from other habitat. Their lipid fatty acids are represented by C14--C18 acids. Their fraction composition of lipids is characterized by a low content of free fatty acids and diglycerides and an elevated content of esters of sterines and wax. The fatty acid and fraction composition of lipids depend on the concentration of NaCl and the C/N ratio in the medium.", "PMID": 672683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1305", "title": "[Aqueous petroleum-oxidizing Arthrobacter].", "content": "Water petroleum oxidizing bacteria of Arthrobacter ceroformans as well as their lipid composition are described. On a medium containing hexadecane, all the strains produce wax in large amounts (upto 70% of total free lipids) consisting by 95% of cetyl palmitate. Fatty acids are represented mainly by palmitic acid but comprise also unsaturated C16:1 and C18:1 acids. Mycolic acids have not been detected. The significance of lipid composition for the identification of arthrobacteria is discussed.", "contents": "[Aqueous petroleum-oxidizing Arthrobacter]. Water petroleum oxidizing bacteria of Arthrobacter ceroformans as well as their lipid composition are described. On a medium containing hexadecane, all the strains produce wax in large amounts (upto 70% of total free lipids) consisting by 95% of cetyl palmitate. Fatty acids are represented mainly by palmitic acid but comprise also unsaturated C16:1 and C18:1 acids. Mycolic acids have not been detected. The significance of lipid composition for the identification of arthrobacteria is discussed.", "PMID": 672687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1306", "title": "[Microflora of the low-mineralized waters of the Truskavets deposit].", "content": "Waters of the Truskavetz deposit with a low content of mineral substances were found to contain considerable amounts of microorganisms; upto millions of cells per 1 ml. Sulphate-reducing, dentrifying and iron bacteria were detected in the waters. The following genera were represented and isolated: Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Nocardia, Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Hansenula, Torulopsis, Trichosporon. Many of the studied strains assimilated C6--C10 and C12--C22 mixtures, industrial paraffins, naphthenic acids and their salts. The isolated bacterial and yeast strains were much more carbooligotrophic as compared to the museum strains of the same species; many of them were oligotrophic. The cells continued to grow in the course of storage of isolated water samples. The majority of isolated pure cultures grew upon inoculation into sterilized mineral water and caused a decrease in the content of organic substances.", "contents": "[Microflora of the low-mineralized waters of the Truskavets deposit]. Waters of the Truskavetz deposit with a low content of mineral substances were found to contain considerable amounts of microorganisms; upto millions of cells per 1 ml. Sulphate-reducing, dentrifying and iron bacteria were detected in the waters. The following genera were represented and isolated: Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Nocardia, Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Hansenula, Torulopsis, Trichosporon. Many of the studied strains assimilated C6--C10 and C12--C22 mixtures, industrial paraffins, naphthenic acids and their salts. The isolated bacterial and yeast strains were much more carbooligotrophic as compared to the museum strains of the same species; many of them were oligotrophic. The cells continued to grow in the course of storage of isolated water samples. The majority of isolated pure cultures grew upon inoculation into sterilized mineral water and caused a decrease in the content of organic substances.", "PMID": 672688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1307", "title": "[Lipid fatty acid makeup of actinomycetes].", "content": "The composition of fatty acids was studied in ten species of the Actinomyces genus. All the cultures contained C12--C18 acids. Saturated branched acids prevailed. The fatty acid composition of the cultures Act. olivaceus and Act. violaceoruber changed in the course of their growth in the conditions of submerged cultivation. In the stationary phase of growth, the coefficient of branching increased upto three times as compared to the period of active growth. The content of saturated branched fatty acids increased upon addition of CoCl2.6H2O.", "contents": "[Lipid fatty acid makeup of actinomycetes]. The composition of fatty acids was studied in ten species of the Actinomyces genus. All the cultures contained C12--C18 acids. Saturated branched acids prevailed. The fatty acid composition of the cultures Act. olivaceus and Act. violaceoruber changed in the course of their growth in the conditions of submerged cultivation. In the stationary phase of growth, the coefficient of branching increased upto three times as compared to the period of active growth. The content of saturated branched fatty acids increased upon addition of CoCl2.6H2O.", "PMID": 672684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1308", "title": "[Seasonal fluctuations in the potential soil capacity for nitrogen fixation].", "content": "The nitrogenase activity of soils to which no energy-rich substances were added is low. This can be attributed to a low content of easily available organic substances. The potential activity of nitrogen fixation of the soils under study is different and changes with seasons. The highest ability for potential nitrogen fixation is displayed by soddy-calcareous and continuous-cultivated grey forest soils. The potential activity of nitrogen fixation in these soils correlates with the bacterial number on agar. Such a correlation is not observed in grey forest soils.", "contents": "[Seasonal fluctuations in the potential soil capacity for nitrogen fixation]. The nitrogenase activity of soils to which no energy-rich substances were added is low. This can be attributed to a low content of easily available organic substances. The potential activity of nitrogen fixation of the soils under study is different and changes with seasons. The highest ability for potential nitrogen fixation is displayed by soddy-calcareous and continuous-cultivated grey forest soils. The potential activity of nitrogen fixation in these soils correlates with the bacterial number on agar. Such a correlation is not observed in grey forest soils.", "PMID": 672689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1309", "title": "[Base composition and DNA content in single-cell Cyanobacteria].", "content": "The base composition and DNA content were determined in 19 strains of cyanobacteria. The content of GC varied within the range of 33.6 to 70.7 mol%, and the content of DNA, from 1.05 X 10(-14) to 28.7 X 10(-14) g per cell. The latter parameter almost directly depended on the cell volume. The cultures were subdivided into six groups according to the results obtained.", "contents": "[Base composition and DNA content in single-cell Cyanobacteria]. The base composition and DNA content were determined in 19 strains of cyanobacteria. The content of GC varied within the range of 33.6 to 70.7 mol%, and the content of DNA, from 1.05 X 10(-14) to 28.7 X 10(-14) g per cell. The latter parameter almost directly depended on the cell volume. The cultures were subdivided into six groups according to the results obtained.", "PMID": 672685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1310", "title": "[Isolation, fractionation and comparative analysis of the cell membranes of the cyanobacterium, Anabaena variabilis].", "content": "A homogenate prepared from the protoplasts of Anabaena variabilis was fractionated by differential centrifugation and zonal electrophoresis. Four subcellular fractions were isolated and characterized with respect to their composition and morphology, two of them being of the membranous nature. Membrane visicles from the light, chlorophyll-containing fraction were identified as small fragments of thylakoids while the pigment-deficient, heavy membrane fraction seemed to be represented by fragments of the cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "[Isolation, fractionation and comparative analysis of the cell membranes of the cyanobacterium, Anabaena variabilis]. A homogenate prepared from the protoplasts of Anabaena variabilis was fractionated by differential centrifugation and zonal electrophoresis. Four subcellular fractions were isolated and characterized with respect to their composition and morphology, two of them being of the membranous nature. Membrane visicles from the light, chlorophyll-containing fraction were identified as small fragments of thylakoids while the pigment-deficient, heavy membrane fraction seemed to be represented by fragments of the cytoplasmic membrane.", "PMID": 672686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1311", "title": "The quality and educational value of medical records--a survey of student opinion.", "content": "In July 1975 clinical students at the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine were asked to complete a questionnaire, including questions on medical records. Full and accurate recording of clinical information was considered an important characteristic of the good physician, but less important for success as a medical student. Students felt they should be given more instruction on the writing of medical records and that teachers should pay more attention to students' notes. Review of students' notes is a valuable method of teaching clinical medicine; teachers can ensure that patients are the focus of learning and can encourage students to simulate real clinical practice.", "contents": "The quality and educational value of medical records--a survey of student opinion. In July 1975 clinical students at the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine were asked to complete a questionnaire, including questions on medical records. Full and accurate recording of clinical information was considered an important characteristic of the good physician, but less important for success as a medical student. Students felt they should be given more instruction on the writing of medical records and that teachers should pay more attention to students' notes. Review of students' notes is a valuable method of teaching clinical medicine; teachers can ensure that patients are the focus of learning and can encourage students to simulate real clinical practice.", "PMID": 672698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1312", "title": "Introducing instructional objectives in Indonesian medical schools.", "content": "This paper reports on the responses of nearly 600 Indonesian medical academics, from ten different medical schools, to a series of 2 week workshops in educational science. These workshops set out to help participants: (a) to acquire skills in constructing educational objectives, at all levels, from those of the institution to those connected with a particular course; and (b) to develop positive attitudes towards the use of these skills in curriculum design and planning. The results demonstrate that the workshops helped most participants to meet the above objectives. The instructional model chosen and the reasons for its effectiveness have been discussed. It has been concluded that the development of basic educational skills can be acquired in a relatively short, condensed workshop, by a large number of participants: that is, the approach is feasible and economical for large numbers. It has also been shown that concepts of 'modern educational technology' are acceptable in a socio-cultural context with very different practices and traditions from those within which most applications of educational technology in medicine have been achieved. The results have general implications for the training of health workers in developing countries.", "contents": "Introducing instructional objectives in Indonesian medical schools. This paper reports on the responses of nearly 600 Indonesian medical academics, from ten different medical schools, to a series of 2 week workshops in educational science. These workshops set out to help participants: (a) to acquire skills in constructing educational objectives, at all levels, from those of the institution to those connected with a particular course; and (b) to develop positive attitudes towards the use of these skills in curriculum design and planning. The results demonstrate that the workshops helped most participants to meet the above objectives. The instructional model chosen and the reasons for its effectiveness have been discussed. It has been concluded that the development of basic educational skills can be acquired in a relatively short, condensed workshop, by a large number of participants: that is, the approach is feasible and economical for large numbers. It has also been shown that concepts of 'modern educational technology' are acceptable in a socio-cultural context with very different practices and traditions from those within which most applications of educational technology in medicine have been achieved. The results have general implications for the training of health workers in developing countries.", "PMID": 672699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1313", "title": "A trial of multiple choice examination in pharmacology.", "content": "An account is given of the introduction of MCQ in an Indian Medical institution in 1974/75. Preliminary results suggest that the reliability coefficient of MCQs rises with their difficulty, and that Pearson-type coefficient indicates a higher degree of correlation with essay marks than do Spearman coefficients. A 'student assessment response' taken with standard item analysis technique may be of value in assessing questions for future use.", "contents": "A trial of multiple choice examination in pharmacology. An account is given of the introduction of MCQ in an Indian Medical institution in 1974/75. Preliminary results suggest that the reliability coefficient of MCQs rises with their difficulty, and that Pearson-type coefficient indicates a higher degree of correlation with essay marks than do Spearman coefficients. A 'student assessment response' taken with standard item analysis technique may be of value in assessing questions for future use.", "PMID": 672700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1314", "title": "A comparison of student performance in two parallel physiology tests in multiple choice and short answer forms.", "content": "Two parallel tests in physiology, one in multiple choice answer form and one in short answer form, were administered consecutively to a group of 104 students. The construction of the questions in the two papers and marking schedules were such that if the form of examination did not influence the students' performance, the scores obtained in the two papers could be expected to be closely similar. The results indicate that the form of the question influences the students' performance significantly. The short answer format offers certain advantages over the multiple choice format and it would appear that greater use should be made of this type of question in testing at medical schools.", "contents": "A comparison of student performance in two parallel physiology tests in multiple choice and short answer forms. Two parallel tests in physiology, one in multiple choice answer form and one in short answer form, were administered consecutively to a group of 104 students. The construction of the questions in the two papers and marking schedules were such that if the form of examination did not influence the students' performance, the scores obtained in the two papers could be expected to be closely similar. The results indicate that the form of the question influences the students' performance significantly. The short answer format offers certain advantages over the multiple choice format and it would appear that greater use should be made of this type of question in testing at medical schools.", "PMID": 672701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1315", "title": "[Natural variability of saprophytic mycobacteria].", "content": "The ratio of S, R and M variants was studied in 20 strains of six saprophytic mycobacterial species. The process of splitting of mycobacteria into variants by the shape of colonies was found to be different not only among species but also among strains of the same species. Such a heterogeneity of mycobacterial populations should be taken into account while working with these microorganisms.", "contents": "[Natural variability of saprophytic mycobacteria]. The ratio of S, R and M variants was studied in 20 strains of six saprophytic mycobacterial species. The process of splitting of mycobacteria into variants by the shape of colonies was found to be different not only among species but also among strains of the same species. Such a heterogeneity of mycobacterial populations should be taken into account while working with these microorganisms.", "PMID": 672695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1316", "title": "[Thermophilic bacteria, Thermus ruber, that produce a bright orange pigment].", "content": "A non-sporeforming gram-negative bacterium isolated from soils of Africa was shown to belong to the species Thermus ruber in its morphologo-cytological and physiologobiochemical properties. It differed from the Thermus ruber species described elsewhere (Loginova et al., 1975; Loginova and Egorova, 1975) only on colour: the former contained a bright-red pigment while the latter produced bright-orange pigments.", "contents": "[Thermophilic bacteria, Thermus ruber, that produce a bright orange pigment]. A non-sporeforming gram-negative bacterium isolated from soils of Africa was shown to belong to the species Thermus ruber in its morphologo-cytological and physiologobiochemical properties. It differed from the Thermus ruber species described elsewhere (Loginova et al., 1975; Loginova and Egorova, 1975) only on colour: the former contained a bright-red pigment while the latter produced bright-orange pigments.", "PMID": 672696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1317", "title": "Medical and social work student perceptions of deviant conditions: descriptive label, cause and help source.", "content": "The focus of this paper is on medical and social work student perceptions of the descriptive label, cause and treatment source for seven conditions; mental illness, mental subnormality, alcoholism, drug addiction, homosexuality, unmarried pregnancy and venereal disease. Responses to questionnaire items were examined to ascertain whether there were differentials by career choice (medicine and social work) and by class year (first and final year). The students indicated that the seven deviancies should be described as sick or handicapping conditions, that causes are social and psychological, and that treatment should be given by private and social sources. When reference to medical aspects of the conditions is made, the students select psychiatric rather than general medical options. Both medical and social work students tended to choose neutral, rather than negative and stigmatizing terms of reference for the conditions. While students in the different school years made similar response overall, multiple responses were much more frequent among those preparing for social work rather than medical careers and among students in their final year of schooling.", "contents": "Medical and social work student perceptions of deviant conditions: descriptive label, cause and help source. The focus of this paper is on medical and social work student perceptions of the descriptive label, cause and treatment source for seven conditions; mental illness, mental subnormality, alcoholism, drug addiction, homosexuality, unmarried pregnancy and venereal disease. Responses to questionnaire items were examined to ascertain whether there were differentials by career choice (medicine and social work) and by class year (first and final year). The students indicated that the seven deviancies should be described as sick or handicapping conditions, that causes are social and psychological, and that treatment should be given by private and social sources. When reference to medical aspects of the conditions is made, the students select psychiatric rather than general medical options. Both medical and social work students tended to choose neutral, rather than negative and stigmatizing terms of reference for the conditions. While students in the different school years made similar response overall, multiple responses were much more frequent among those preparing for social work rather than medical careers and among students in their final year of schooling.", "PMID": 672704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1318", "title": "[Isolated water in desiccated microorganisms].", "content": "The presence of isolated mobile water in dehydrated eukaryotic microorganisms established earlier by NMR has been confirmed by direct chemical registration of this water in the yeast Cryptococcus albidus. This water constitutes several per cent of the dry biomass weight. Apparently, its preservation should be attributed to changes in the permeability of intracellular membranes upon dehydration. The water is released by the cells when they are heated to 150--200 degrees C and the cellular structures containing water are destroyed.", "contents": "[Isolated water in desiccated microorganisms]. The presence of isolated mobile water in dehydrated eukaryotic microorganisms established earlier by NMR has been confirmed by direct chemical registration of this water in the yeast Cryptococcus albidus. This water constitutes several per cent of the dry biomass weight. Apparently, its preservation should be attributed to changes in the permeability of intracellular membranes upon dehydration. The water is released by the cells when they are heated to 150--200 degrees C and the cellular structures containing water are destroyed.", "PMID": 672693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1319", "title": "Utilization of feedback from student evaluation of teachers.", "content": "Students who had completed a part of the medical course rated their teachers on a multiple choice-type questionnaire. Each teacher was provided with data from his own rating, and also the mean rating for all teachers, on each item. Six of these teachers were re-rated after a year by the next group of students who followed the same course. Positive change, often significant, was observed in the majority of instances. Such change was not, however, confined to behaviours previously hypothesized to be easily amenable to improvement on feedback. There was evidence of a tendency to unidirectional change within each teacher across most behaviours, some showing predominantly positive and others predominantly negative change at the second evaluation. These results are discussed in relation to the need for counselling following such evaluations. The second evaluation lent itself to determining the possibile existence of a 'halo effect' arising from students of one ethnic group evaluating teachers of the same ethnic group. Such an effect was found to be absent. The reliability of the measurements was tested in serveral ways.", "contents": "Utilization of feedback from student evaluation of teachers. Students who had completed a part of the medical course rated their teachers on a multiple choice-type questionnaire. Each teacher was provided with data from his own rating, and also the mean rating for all teachers, on each item. Six of these teachers were re-rated after a year by the next group of students who followed the same course. Positive change, often significant, was observed in the majority of instances. Such change was not, however, confined to behaviours previously hypothesized to be easily amenable to improvement on feedback. There was evidence of a tendency to unidirectional change within each teacher across most behaviours, some showing predominantly positive and others predominantly negative change at the second evaluation. These results are discussed in relation to the need for counselling following such evaluations. The second evaluation lent itself to determining the possibile existence of a 'halo effect' arising from students of one ethnic group evaluating teachers of the same ethnic group. Such an effect was found to be absent. The reliability of the measurements was tested in serveral ways.", "PMID": 672705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1320", "title": "The St Andrews MD (1935-1972).", "content": "The St Andrews MD, 1935--1972, has been investigated. The number of awards has declined and the porportion of doctors proceeding to MD has also declined. The average time between the award of the MD ChB degree and the MD degree was 11 years. About one third of the awards were at the Honours or Commendation grade. Only two doctors gained Honours in both the MB ChB and the MD. A smaller proportion of women gianed an MD degree, but of those that did a similar proportion received Honours or Commendation as in the male group. Laboratory-based studies are more likely to attract the higher grades of award compared with clinically based studies. Subsequent achievement areas show almost half the graduates to be in clinical or laboratory hospital work, 15% in administrative posts, 27% in academic posts but only 5% in general practice. Even less are in industry or the services.", "contents": "The St Andrews MD (1935-1972). The St Andrews MD, 1935--1972, has been investigated. The number of awards has declined and the porportion of doctors proceeding to MD has also declined. The average time between the award of the MD ChB degree and the MD degree was 11 years. About one third of the awards were at the Honours or Commendation grade. Only two doctors gained Honours in both the MB ChB and the MD. A smaller proportion of women gianed an MD degree, but of those that did a similar proportion received Honours or Commendation as in the male group. Laboratory-based studies are more likely to attract the higher grades of award compared with clinically based studies. Subsequent achievement areas show almost half the graduates to be in clinical or laboratory hospital work, 15% in administrative posts, 27% in academic posts but only 5% in general practice. Even less are in industry or the services.", "PMID": 672706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1321", "title": "Do the peptide hormones common to intestine and brain participate in the genesis of epilepsy?", "content": "It is suggested that the peptide hormones common to the brain and intestine provide a physiological basis to the hypothesis that acute gastroenteritis during the first postnatal month may be associated with spontaneous epileptogenic activity in EEG and lowered seizure threshold in adult age.", "contents": "Do the peptide hormones common to intestine and brain participate in the genesis of epilepsy? It is suggested that the peptide hormones common to the brain and intestine provide a physiological basis to the hypothesis that acute gastroenteritis during the first postnatal month may be associated with spontaneous epileptogenic activity in EEG and lowered seizure threshold in adult age.", "PMID": 672708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1322", "title": "A new concept of renal hemodynamics.", "content": "Observations which show that urine output can vary with changes in the contour of the pulse cure, that it can even increase while the mean blood pressure falls during counterpulsation, that the well known hypertensive effect of a renal artery stenosis can also be produced by an aneurysm of the renal artery, cannot be explained by orthodox concepts of renal hemodynamics. The anatomical fact that the afferent glomerular arteriole is about twice as large as the efferent has so far not been adequately explained. The hypothesis that the combination of pulsatile flow and the unique anatomical configuration of the glomerulus permit a hydraulic switching mechanism which modifies profoundly its perfusion explains these questions.", "contents": "A new concept of renal hemodynamics. Observations which show that urine output can vary with changes in the contour of the pulse cure, that it can even increase while the mean blood pressure falls during counterpulsation, that the well known hypertensive effect of a renal artery stenosis can also be produced by an aneurysm of the renal artery, cannot be explained by orthodox concepts of renal hemodynamics. The anatomical fact that the afferent glomerular arteriole is about twice as large as the efferent has so far not been adequately explained. The hypothesis that the combination of pulsatile flow and the unique anatomical configuration of the glomerulus permit a hydraulic switching mechanism which modifies profoundly its perfusion explains these questions.", "PMID": 672710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1323", "title": "Cancer as a systemic disease.", "content": "Theories on the nature of cancer may be classified into two categories. One regards cancer strictly as a local phenomenon while the second looks at cancer as a local manifestation of a systemic process or disease. Although the first dominates current medical thought, the theories of immunological surveillance and of protovirus-oncogene implicitly assume cancer to represent a local manifestation of a systemic process or disease. This is supported also by epidemiological data forwarded in the present paper. In order to clarify the exact meaning of a systemic disease, cancer and its manifestation are compared with arteriosclerosis and its sequelae. Arteriosclerosis could be regarded as a prototype of a systemic disease. It presents itself clinically solely by its local manifestations, like myocardial infarction or stroke. These local manifestations may be followed by secondary systemic sequelae like congestive heart failure. In the same context, it is proposed to regard cancer as one systemic disease which presents itself clinically by local phenomena like carcinoma, lymphoma and sarcoma. These local manifestations may lead further to secondary systemic sequelae like metastasis.", "contents": "Cancer as a systemic disease. Theories on the nature of cancer may be classified into two categories. One regards cancer strictly as a local phenomenon while the second looks at cancer as a local manifestation of a systemic process or disease. Although the first dominates current medical thought, the theories of immunological surveillance and of protovirus-oncogene implicitly assume cancer to represent a local manifestation of a systemic process or disease. This is supported also by epidemiological data forwarded in the present paper. In order to clarify the exact meaning of a systemic disease, cancer and its manifestation are compared with arteriosclerosis and its sequelae. Arteriosclerosis could be regarded as a prototype of a systemic disease. It presents itself clinically solely by its local manifestations, like myocardial infarction or stroke. These local manifestations may be followed by secondary systemic sequelae like congestive heart failure. In the same context, it is proposed to regard cancer as one systemic disease which presents itself clinically by local phenomena like carcinoma, lymphoma and sarcoma. These local manifestations may lead further to secondary systemic sequelae like metastasis.", "PMID": 672709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1324", "title": "Self and non-sense: an organism-centered approach to immunology.", "content": "This paper provides a conceptual framework to accommodate important recent developments in immunology (genetic determination, cellular interactions, suppression). The basic idea is to look at the immune system as a closed network of interactions which self-determines its ongoing pattern of stability and its capacities of interaction with its environment. Thus, all immune events are understood as a form of self-recognition, and whatever falls outside this domain, shaped by genetics and ontogeny, is simply nonsensical. This paradigm, stemming from the ideas of Jerne, represents almost a logical inversion of the Burnetian idea of self-discrimination. A detailed discussion of the immunological evidence that substantiates this view is presented, together with some new concepts (eigenbehavior, cognitive domains). Although the paper is addressed to biologists and immunologists, we make extensive use of system-theoretic notions in a non-mathematical form (recursion, nets and trees, self-organization).", "contents": "Self and non-sense: an organism-centered approach to immunology. This paper provides a conceptual framework to accommodate important recent developments in immunology (genetic determination, cellular interactions, suppression). The basic idea is to look at the immune system as a closed network of interactions which self-determines its ongoing pattern of stability and its capacities of interaction with its environment. Thus, all immune events are understood as a form of self-recognition, and whatever falls outside this domain, shaped by genetics and ontogeny, is simply nonsensical. This paradigm, stemming from the ideas of Jerne, represents almost a logical inversion of the Burnetian idea of self-discrimination. A detailed discussion of the immunological evidence that substantiates this view is presented, together with some new concepts (eigenbehavior, cognitive domains). Although the paper is addressed to biologists and immunologists, we make extensive use of system-theoretic notions in a non-mathematical form (recursion, nets and trees, self-organization).", "PMID": 672711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1325", "title": "Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for the treatment of small cell carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "Twenty-nine (88%) of 33 patients who were treated with multiple drug chemotherapy and radiotherapy for small cell carcinoma of the lung showed significant improvement in their clinical condition and quality of life. Treatment was well tolerated and toxicity was acceptable.", "contents": "Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for the treatment of small cell carcinoma of the lung. Twenty-nine (88%) of 33 patients who were treated with multiple drug chemotherapy and radiotherapy for small cell carcinoma of the lung showed significant improvement in their clinical condition and quality of life. Treatment was well tolerated and toxicity was acceptable.", "PMID": 672717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1326", "title": "Nutrient consumption patterns of families in Busselton, Western Australia.", "content": "Nutrient consumption data were obtained from 211 members of 41 families living in the coastal town of Busselton, Western Australia. It was found that food consumption patterns were similar in boys and girls up to the age of 11 years. After that, as expected, males consumed more food than females. There was a general tendency for daily kilojoule intakes to be considerably less than the Australian Dietary Allowances for all age groups with the exception of males aged from 35 to 55 years. There was a significant prevalence of obesity in the subjects who were studied, particularly in the older groups of both sexes. The results suggest that, in the older adult groups, failure to make concessions to decreased levels of physical activity by modifying appetite and customary eating practices is a major factor which contributes to obesity.", "contents": "Nutrient consumption patterns of families in Busselton, Western Australia. Nutrient consumption data were obtained from 211 members of 41 families living in the coastal town of Busselton, Western Australia. It was found that food consumption patterns were similar in boys and girls up to the age of 11 years. After that, as expected, males consumed more food than females. There was a general tendency for daily kilojoule intakes to be considerably less than the Australian Dietary Allowances for all age groups with the exception of males aged from 35 to 55 years. There was a significant prevalence of obesity in the subjects who were studied, particularly in the older groups of both sexes. The results suggest that, in the older adult groups, failure to make concessions to decreased levels of physical activity by modifying appetite and customary eating practices is a major factor which contributes to obesity.", "PMID": 672718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1327", "title": "Whale strandings: hypothesis.", "content": "The hypothesis is presented that whales become stranded inadvertently as a consequence of seeking stimulation. The animals enter shallow water in order to roll over, bask, and rub themselves in the sand, and are trapped by the receding tide. It suggested that stimulation-seeking behavior (and stranding) reflects a general sympathetic nervous system response which may be due to a number of factors such as pain, discomfort, reproductive state, and other biorhythmic changes.", "contents": "Whale strandings: hypothesis. The hypothesis is presented that whales become stranded inadvertently as a consequence of seeking stimulation. The animals enter shallow water in order to roll over, bask, and rub themselves in the sand, and are trapped by the receding tide. It suggested that stimulation-seeking behavior (and stranding) reflects a general sympathetic nervous system response which may be due to a number of factors such as pain, discomfort, reproductive state, and other biorhythmic changes.", "PMID": 672713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1328", "title": "Recurrent extreme breast involution following pregnancy and susceptibility to breast cancer: a hypothesis.", "content": "Nine multiparous women were found to have breast development resembling the prepubertal \"flat-chested\" state. During their pregnancies, the breasts of all nine women had developed and enlarged, and five had successfully nursed for two or more months. The remaining four women did not attempt to breastfeed. Following cessation of lactation in the women who had breastfed, and after delivery in those who had not suckled, the breasts of all nine women completely regressed to their prepregnant \"flat-chested\" physical state. Based on the findings of normal health and regular menses in these women, we hypothesize that the breast epithelium of these and other flat-chested women may have an elevated threshold of estrogen sensitivity in the nonpregnant state which may reduce susceptibility to mechanisms of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Recurrent extreme breast involution following pregnancy and susceptibility to breast cancer: a hypothesis. Nine multiparous women were found to have breast development resembling the prepubertal \"flat-chested\" state. During their pregnancies, the breasts of all nine women had developed and enlarged, and five had successfully nursed for two or more months. The remaining four women did not attempt to breastfeed. Following cessation of lactation in the women who had breastfed, and after delivery in those who had not suckled, the breasts of all nine women completely regressed to their prepregnant \"flat-chested\" physical state. Based on the findings of normal health and regular menses in these women, we hypothesize that the breast epithelium of these and other flat-chested women may have an elevated threshold of estrogen sensitivity in the nonpregnant state which may reduce susceptibility to mechanisms of carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 672712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1329", "title": "On the definition, cause and nomenclature of cancer.", "content": "Definitions and terms currently employed in the nomenclature of cancer are examined and found inadequate or misleading. It is suggested that the two entirely different processes involved in cancer, namely, neoplastic transformation and neoplastic disease, be clearly distinguished and rigorously defined. It is also suggested that proper terms and expressions to describe these processes be adopted and clearly defined.", "contents": "On the definition, cause and nomenclature of cancer. Definitions and terms currently employed in the nomenclature of cancer are examined and found inadequate or misleading. It is suggested that the two entirely different processes involved in cancer, namely, neoplastic transformation and neoplastic disease, be clearly distinguished and rigorously defined. It is also suggested that proper terms and expressions to describe these processes be adopted and clearly defined.", "PMID": 672714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1330", "title": "Will elevated levels of lead exposure precipitate clinical symptoms of porphyria in individuals with the latent condition?", "content": "Individuals with excessive activity of the enzyme ALA-S due to either inherited disorder (i.e. porphyrias) or endogenous (i.e. steroids) or exogenous (e.g. barbituates) chemical agents and who are exposed to elevated levels of lead are predicted to have a significantly enhanced likelihood of experiencing either enhanced or precipitated clinical symptoms (e.g. photosensitivity) associated with elevated levels of porphyrins or their precursors in body tissues. In light of the widespread societal use of ALA-S inducing agents and the ubiquitous nature of lead in the environment, a more precise assessment of the health risks associated with their interaction is warranted.", "contents": "Will elevated levels of lead exposure precipitate clinical symptoms of porphyria in individuals with the latent condition? Individuals with excessive activity of the enzyme ALA-S due to either inherited disorder (i.e. porphyrias) or endogenous (i.e. steroids) or exogenous (e.g. barbituates) chemical agents and who are exposed to elevated levels of lead are predicted to have a significantly enhanced likelihood of experiencing either enhanced or precipitated clinical symptoms (e.g. photosensitivity) associated with elevated levels of porphyrins or their precursors in body tissues. In light of the widespread societal use of ALA-S inducing agents and the ubiquitous nature of lead in the environment, a more precise assessment of the health risks associated with their interaction is warranted.", "PMID": 672715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1331", "title": "The effect of labetalol in the treatment of severe drug-resistant hypertension.", "content": "Twenty-two hypertensive patients from a large clinic, who were resistant to conventional therapy, were entered into this study. Most patients previously had received beta-blocking drugs, thiazide diuretics, alpha-methyl-dopa, or vasodilator drugs (hydrallazine or prazosin) which failed to control their blood pressure. The therapy with vasodilator drugs was discontinued, and the therapy with labetalol (a drug with both alpha-blocking and beta-blocking effect) was commenced. Subsequently, as the blood pressure came under control, other drugs that the patients were taking were also withdrawn. In 13 of the 22 patients, labetalol enabled the blood pressure to be controlled at acceptable levels. In six patients, the response was not considered to be sufficient to justify continuation of labetalol therapy. In three patients, the drug was withdrawn because of postural hypotension in one patient, intractable diarrhoea in another, and an allergic-type skin rash in the third. In certain patients, postural changes in blood pressure were observed, but this rarely produced symptoms. It is suggested that, if blood pressure control is not achieved with a thiazide diuretic and a beta-blocking drug, then labetalol should be introduced and the beta-blocking drug should be withdrawn.", "contents": "The effect of labetalol in the treatment of severe drug-resistant hypertension. Twenty-two hypertensive patients from a large clinic, who were resistant to conventional therapy, were entered into this study. Most patients previously had received beta-blocking drugs, thiazide diuretics, alpha-methyl-dopa, or vasodilator drugs (hydrallazine or prazosin) which failed to control their blood pressure. The therapy with vasodilator drugs was discontinued, and the therapy with labetalol (a drug with both alpha-blocking and beta-blocking effect) was commenced. Subsequently, as the blood pressure came under control, other drugs that the patients were taking were also withdrawn. In 13 of the 22 patients, labetalol enabled the blood pressure to be controlled at acceptable levels. In six patients, the response was not considered to be sufficient to justify continuation of labetalol therapy. In three patients, the drug was withdrawn because of postural hypotension in one patient, intractable diarrhoea in another, and an allergic-type skin rash in the third. In certain patients, postural changes in blood pressure were observed, but this rarely produced symptoms. It is suggested that, if blood pressure control is not achieved with a thiazide diuretic and a beta-blocking drug, then labetalol should be introduced and the beta-blocking drug should be withdrawn.", "PMID": 672730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1332", "title": "The treatment of paracetamol overdose with charcoal haemoperfusion and cysteamine.", "content": "A 53-year-old female was admitted to hospital one hour after taking an overdose of 60 g of paracetamol and 960 mg of codeine. Two hours after ingestion of the drug, the plasma concentration of paracetamol was 3040 mumol/l. In view of the enormous, and potentially fatal, plasma concentration of the drug, charcoal haemoperfusion was undertaken as well as cysteamine therapy. Charcoal haemoperfusion and cysteamine therapy led to the rapid removal of the paracetamol from the body and consequently prevented the development of severe hepatic necrosis. It is suggested that charcoal haemoperfusion as well as cysteamine has a role in the management of severe overdosage with paracetamol. This is the first report on the use of charcoal haemoperfusion for acute poisoning in Australia.", "contents": "The treatment of paracetamol overdose with charcoal haemoperfusion and cysteamine. A 53-year-old female was admitted to hospital one hour after taking an overdose of 60 g of paracetamol and 960 mg of codeine. Two hours after ingestion of the drug, the plasma concentration of paracetamol was 3040 mumol/l. In view of the enormous, and potentially fatal, plasma concentration of the drug, charcoal haemoperfusion was undertaken as well as cysteamine therapy. Charcoal haemoperfusion and cysteamine therapy led to the rapid removal of the paracetamol from the body and consequently prevented the development of severe hepatic necrosis. It is suggested that charcoal haemoperfusion as well as cysteamine has a role in the management of severe overdosage with paracetamol. This is the first report on the use of charcoal haemoperfusion for acute poisoning in Australia.", "PMID": 672731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1333", "title": "Labetalol in hypertensive emergencies.", "content": "Labetalol, a combined alpha-blocking and beta-blocking agents, was administered by intravenous bolus to six severely hypertensive patients. The blood pressure response was unsatisfactory in every case. It is concluded that intravenous administration of labetalol is not useful in hypertensive emergencies which occur in patients who are already receiving other antihypertensive agents.", "contents": "Labetalol in hypertensive emergencies. Labetalol, a combined alpha-blocking and beta-blocking agents, was administered by intravenous bolus to six severely hypertensive patients. The blood pressure response was unsatisfactory in every case. It is concluded that intravenous administration of labetalol is not useful in hypertensive emergencies which occur in patients who are already receiving other antihypertensive agents.", "PMID": 672732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1334", "title": "A study of 208 patients in premature labour treated with orally administered salbutamol.", "content": "Orally administered salbutamol (8 mg every six hours) is a simple, acceptable and effective method of inhibiting labour. Of 208 patients, 89.4% had pregnancy prolonged for longer than two days. The pregnancy was prolonged for one week in 77.5%, and for two weeks in 66.8% of patients. Tremor and anxiety occurred in 68.3% of patients, and tachycardia greater than 110 beats per minute in 21.2%, but these proved tolerable if the patient was forwarned. Haemorrhages, both ante partum, and post partum, were apparently reduced. Glycosuria and pre-eclampsia were uncommon. Urinary oestriol levels were not significantly altered. Perinatal mortality was 58 per 1000 live and still births. The babies were active at delivery, but prone to hypothermia. The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (4.1%) was low, particularly in babies born within four hours of the last salbutamol administration. Low Apgar scores were also uncommon in this group.", "contents": "A study of 208 patients in premature labour treated with orally administered salbutamol. Orally administered salbutamol (8 mg every six hours) is a simple, acceptable and effective method of inhibiting labour. Of 208 patients, 89.4% had pregnancy prolonged for longer than two days. The pregnancy was prolonged for one week in 77.5%, and for two weeks in 66.8% of patients. Tremor and anxiety occurred in 68.3% of patients, and tachycardia greater than 110 beats per minute in 21.2%, but these proved tolerable if the patient was forwarned. Haemorrhages, both ante partum, and post partum, were apparently reduced. Glycosuria and pre-eclampsia were uncommon. Urinary oestriol levels were not significantly altered. Perinatal mortality was 58 per 1000 live and still births. The babies were active at delivery, but prone to hypothermia. The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (4.1%) was low, particularly in babies born within four hours of the last salbutamol administration. Low Apgar scores were also uncommon in this group.", "PMID": 672733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1335", "title": "Treatment of intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis; efficacy of metronidazole and tinidazole compared.", "content": "Aboriginal children who were aged from six to nine years and living in Cherbourg Community were treated for Giardia Lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica infection with either the manufacturer's recommended dose of metronidazole (Flagyl) or with tinidazole (Fasigyn), at two-dose levels. Tinidazole successfully cleared both protozoans from stools, a single dose being as effective as the longer regimens which were studied. The obvious advantage of single-dose administration is that it should permit more effective treatment of these intestinal parasites, especially in Aboriginal populations.", "contents": "Treatment of intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis; efficacy of metronidazole and tinidazole compared. Aboriginal children who were aged from six to nine years and living in Cherbourg Community were treated for Giardia Lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica infection with either the manufacturer's recommended dose of metronidazole (Flagyl) or with tinidazole (Fasigyn), at two-dose levels. Tinidazole successfully cleared both protozoans from stools, a single dose being as effective as the longer regimens which were studied. The obvious advantage of single-dose administration is that it should permit more effective treatment of these intestinal parasites, especially in Aboriginal populations.", "PMID": 672734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1336", "title": "The Mallory-Weiss lesion: a five-year experience.", "content": "A retrospective survey has been made of patients with the Mallory-Weiss lesion who presented with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding during the period 1972 to 1976. The lesion was diagnosed endoscopically in 78 cases, representing 7.7% of the total number of patients admitted with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Patients ranged in age from 18 to 86 years (mean 43 years). The male-female ratio was 3:1. A history of retching and vomiting clearly preceded the bleeding in 60 patients. Significant alcohol intake within 48 hours of bleeding was reported in 53% of patients. Other upper gastrointestinal tract conditions, or migraine, may have induced vomiting in some instances. Previously known Mallory-Weiss lesions were rare (two patients), but 21% of patients had well documented past upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding from other causes. The tears were situated at the cardio-oesophageal junction in 47% of patients and were entirely gastric in 30%; 23% were oesophageal. Blood replacement was required in 31 patients (40%), and 16 of these were transfused with five or more units. Of those patients requiring transfusion, half had other significant pathological lesions. The mean hospital stay was four days and prolonged stay in hospital was usually necessary only in the presence of other disease. In no instance was surgery required primarily to control bleeding from mucosal tears. This study suggests that the Mallory-Weiss lesion is a relatively common cause of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding, but that it is usually a benign condition, unless it complicates some other disorder.", "contents": "The Mallory-Weiss lesion: a five-year experience. A retrospective survey has been made of patients with the Mallory-Weiss lesion who presented with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding during the period 1972 to 1976. The lesion was diagnosed endoscopically in 78 cases, representing 7.7% of the total number of patients admitted with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Patients ranged in age from 18 to 86 years (mean 43 years). The male-female ratio was 3:1. A history of retching and vomiting clearly preceded the bleeding in 60 patients. Significant alcohol intake within 48 hours of bleeding was reported in 53% of patients. Other upper gastrointestinal tract conditions, or migraine, may have induced vomiting in some instances. Previously known Mallory-Weiss lesions were rare (two patients), but 21% of patients had well documented past upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding from other causes. The tears were situated at the cardio-oesophageal junction in 47% of patients and were entirely gastric in 30%; 23% were oesophageal. Blood replacement was required in 31 patients (40%), and 16 of these were transfused with five or more units. Of those patients requiring transfusion, half had other significant pathological lesions. The mean hospital stay was four days and prolonged stay in hospital was usually necessary only in the presence of other disease. In no instance was surgery required primarily to control bleeding from mucosal tears. This study suggests that the Mallory-Weiss lesion is a relatively common cause of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding, but that it is usually a benign condition, unless it complicates some other disorder.", "PMID": 672735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1337", "title": "Training medical students to empathize: an experimental study.", "content": "Research has indicated that patients are greatly concerned about the poor quality of doctors' interpersonal communication skills, but such training is infrequently incorporated into medical education. An experimental study, which used a commercially available training programme, is described. Undergraduate medical students were the subjects of the study, and their ability to empathize was assessed in the actual interview. Results indicated that training was effective in increasing the students' levels of empathy.", "contents": "Training medical students to empathize: an experimental study. Research has indicated that patients are greatly concerned about the poor quality of doctors' interpersonal communication skills, but such training is infrequently incorporated into medical education. An experimental study, which used a commercially available training programme, is described. Undergraduate medical students were the subjects of the study, and their ability to empathize was assessed in the actual interview. Results indicated that training was effective in increasing the students' levels of empathy.", "PMID": 672736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1338", "title": "Studies of intravenous cefoxitin (MK306).", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin, a new cephamycin antibiotic, were studied in six patients who were undergoing total hip replacement, and who were given cefoxitin to provide prophylactic cover at the time of operation. Later, the efficacy of cefoxitin was studied in nine patients with severe acute infections. The mean elimination phase half-life of cefoxitin which was obtained in this study (83 to 87 minutes) was significantly longer than that obtained in other studies. Cefoxitin was also found to be effective in lung and urinary tract infections against sensitive organisms. It was well tolerated, and the only side effect was that of phlebitis in long-term therapy. Cefoxitin may be valuable for prophylactic use in bowel and orthopaedic surgery.", "contents": "Studies of intravenous cefoxitin (MK306). The pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin, a new cephamycin antibiotic, were studied in six patients who were undergoing total hip replacement, and who were given cefoxitin to provide prophylactic cover at the time of operation. Later, the efficacy of cefoxitin was studied in nine patients with severe acute infections. The mean elimination phase half-life of cefoxitin which was obtained in this study (83 to 87 minutes) was significantly longer than that obtained in other studies. Cefoxitin was also found to be effective in lung and urinary tract infections against sensitive organisms. It was well tolerated, and the only side effect was that of phlebitis in long-term therapy. Cefoxitin may be valuable for prophylactic use in bowel and orthopaedic surgery.", "PMID": 672750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1339", "title": "Gardner's syndrome: a report of two Western Australian families.", "content": "Patients from two families are reported who exhibited features of Gardner's syndrome: familial polyposis coli; epidermoid cysts; and osteomata. The difficulty in defining this syndrome, its clinical features and suggested management are discussed. Follow up has been difficult in one family because of the late age at which lesions developed, and because family members have moved interstate. The premalignant potential of Gardner's syndrome is emphasized.", "contents": "Gardner's syndrome: a report of two Western Australian families. Patients from two families are reported who exhibited features of Gardner's syndrome: familial polyposis coli; epidermoid cysts; and osteomata. The difficulty in defining this syndrome, its clinical features and suggested management are discussed. Follow up has been difficult in one family because of the late age at which lesions developed, and because family members have moved interstate. The premalignant potential of Gardner's syndrome is emphasized.", "PMID": 672751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1340", "title": "Concurrent exptraperitoneal and intracaval rupture of an abdominal aneurysm.", "content": "A case is reported in which concurrent intracaval and extraperitoneal rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm was found. While intracaval rupture is uncommon, but well documented, leakage at two different sites is very rare. The presentation and management is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Concurrent exptraperitoneal and intracaval rupture of an abdominal aneurysm. A case is reported in which concurrent intracaval and extraperitoneal rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm was found. While intracaval rupture is uncommon, but well documented, leakage at two different sites is very rare. The presentation and management is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 672752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1341", "title": "Diagnosis of parasitic infections of the small intestine by the Enterotest duodenal capsule.", "content": "A method for the diagnosis of giardiasis and strongyloidiasis by the Enterotest duodenal capsule is described. The method has a greater reliability than does the examination of stool specimens. Results of a study of 36 patients are reported.", "contents": "Diagnosis of parasitic infections of the small intestine by the Enterotest duodenal capsule. A method for the diagnosis of giardiasis and strongyloidiasis by the Enterotest duodenal capsule is described. The method has a greater reliability than does the examination of stool specimens. Results of a study of 36 patients are reported.", "PMID": 672753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1342", "title": "[Myocardial infarction \"with angiographically normal coronary arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "Within a cohort of 121 patients with clinical picture and electrocardiographic pattern of myocardial infarction four cases (3%) had normal coronary arteried demonstrated by selective coronary angiography. Two patients revealed no risk factors, two patients were heavy cigarette smokers. Mean age of patients was 34 years. Exact analysis of clinical, hemodynamic and angiographis data confirmed assumption of regional myoaggressive myocarditis as the underlying disease in one patient and suggested regional myocarditis with high probability in another case. The two other patients however could not be classified as having coronary or primary myocardial disease. The investigation suggests that some cases with the clinical and electrocardiographic pattern of \"myocardial infarction\" with normal coronary arteries may be due to regional myoagressive myocarditis.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarction \"with angiographically normal coronary arteries (author's transl)]. Within a cohort of 121 patients with clinical picture and electrocardiographic pattern of myocardial infarction four cases (3%) had normal coronary arteried demonstrated by selective coronary angiography. Two patients revealed no risk factors, two patients were heavy cigarette smokers. Mean age of patients was 34 years. Exact analysis of clinical, hemodynamic and angiographis data confirmed assumption of regional myoaggressive myocarditis as the underlying disease in one patient and suggested regional myocarditis with high probability in another case. The two other patients however could not be classified as having coronary or primary myocardial disease. The investigation suggests that some cases with the clinical and electrocardiographic pattern of \"myocardial infarction\" with normal coronary arteries may be due to regional myoagressive myocarditis.", "PMID": 672754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1343", "title": "[The normalizing effect of ECG in exercise tolerance tests under molsidomine in different dosages (author's transl].", "content": "In 15 patients with coronary heart disease and typical ST-segment depression during and/or after increasing physical effort in supine cycloergometry the normalizing effect of different dosages of Molsidomine on the electrocardiogram under effort was investigated in 74 exercise tolerance tests. Already after application of 0,5 mg Molsidomine there was observed a significant positive effect in comparison to an identical workload without drug. The normalizing effect was further increased by raising the dosage ot 1 mg or 2 mg respectively. To the administration of 3 mg only 1 out of 10 patients in the trial responded with an additional normalizing effect on the ECG since the rest of the patients showed already normal ECGs on 2 mg. This dose relationship also was observed in the pressure-rate-product. There was a dose-dependent decrease from which we can conclude a relief of the working myocardium. Under effort without drug 13 of 15 patients complained about stenocardia. Under the same effort and under Molsidomine however there were no more of these complaints. Because of these results it is recommended to use 2 mg of Molsidomine as a dosage in daily routine. It is needed 2 or 3 times dialy since in previous investigations there was shown a long-lasting effect over more than 5 hours. 3 out of 15 patients showed side effects which were only weak headache or weak congestion in the head.", "contents": "[The normalizing effect of ECG in exercise tolerance tests under molsidomine in different dosages (author's transl]. In 15 patients with coronary heart disease and typical ST-segment depression during and/or after increasing physical effort in supine cycloergometry the normalizing effect of different dosages of Molsidomine on the electrocardiogram under effort was investigated in 74 exercise tolerance tests. Already after application of 0,5 mg Molsidomine there was observed a significant positive effect in comparison to an identical workload without drug. The normalizing effect was further increased by raising the dosage ot 1 mg or 2 mg respectively. To the administration of 3 mg only 1 out of 10 patients in the trial responded with an additional normalizing effect on the ECG since the rest of the patients showed already normal ECGs on 2 mg. This dose relationship also was observed in the pressure-rate-product. There was a dose-dependent decrease from which we can conclude a relief of the working myocardium. Under effort without drug 13 of 15 patients complained about stenocardia. Under the same effort and under Molsidomine however there were no more of these complaints. Because of these results it is recommended to use 2 mg of Molsidomine as a dosage in daily routine. It is needed 2 or 3 times dialy since in previous investigations there was shown a long-lasting effect over more than 5 hours. 3 out of 15 patients showed side effects which were only weak headache or weak congestion in the head.", "PMID": 672755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1344", "title": "[Lethal course of myocarditis successive to polymyositis].", "content": "The clinical course and post mortem findings of a 57 year old woman stuffering from polymyositis are reported. Besides the symptoms of the inflammatory musculoskeletal process the myocardial involvement finally gaines importance leading to the fatal outcome. Therefore the indication to early preventive pacemaker implantation is recommended in all cases of myocardial involvement with symptoms of conduction defects.", "contents": "[Lethal course of myocarditis successive to polymyositis]. The clinical course and post mortem findings of a 57 year old woman stuffering from polymyositis are reported. Besides the symptoms of the inflammatory musculoskeletal process the myocardial involvement finally gaines importance leading to the fatal outcome. Therefore the indication to early preventive pacemaker implantation is recommended in all cases of myocardial involvement with symptoms of conduction defects.", "PMID": 672756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1345", "title": "[The significance of the evocative test in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "To evaluate the predictive value of the evocative test (E.T.) in the diagnosis of pancreatitis, the E.T. was performed in 35 healthy subjects (group I), 65 patients with a presumptive clinical of chronic pancreatitis (group II), and 52 patients with proved chronic pancreatitis (group III). In group I, false positive results were obtained in 11,4% of the patients, the increase in lipase above the upper limit of normal was relatively small. The patients of group II gave abnormal E.T.'s in 63%, reduced faecal chymotrypsin activities being found in 40%, and steatorrhea in 28% of the cases. Positive E.T.'s were associated with abnormal chymotrypsin and faecal fat determinations in 51% and 27%, respectively. In group III,, a positive E.T. was obtained in 60%, the test results show a signifikant negative correlation with the extent of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. In group of patients with confirmed chronic pancreatitis but without steatorhea, the E.T. was positive in 72%. The E.T. has a limited value in the diagnosis of early stages of chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "[The significance of the evocative test in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. To evaluate the predictive value of the evocative test (E.T.) in the diagnosis of pancreatitis, the E.T. was performed in 35 healthy subjects (group I), 65 patients with a presumptive clinical of chronic pancreatitis (group II), and 52 patients with proved chronic pancreatitis (group III). In group I, false positive results were obtained in 11,4% of the patients, the increase in lipase above the upper limit of normal was relatively small. The patients of group II gave abnormal E.T.'s in 63%, reduced faecal chymotrypsin activities being found in 40%, and steatorrhea in 28% of the cases. Positive E.T.'s were associated with abnormal chymotrypsin and faecal fat determinations in 51% and 27%, respectively. In group III,, a positive E.T. was obtained in 60%, the test results show a signifikant negative correlation with the extent of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. In group of patients with confirmed chronic pancreatitis but without steatorhea, the E.T. was positive in 72%. The E.T. has a limited value in the diagnosis of early stages of chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 672758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1346", "title": "[Clinical experiences with a disposable biopsy set according to Menghini for percutaneous liver biopsy (author's transl)].", "content": "The handling and reliability of a new disposable biopsy set (Hepafix) have been evaluated in 170 percutaneous liver biopsies according to the technique of Menghini. In comparison with the conventional multiple biopsy set the new set provides several advantages discussed in the paper. The wider use of the disposable liver biopsy set may contribute to the prevention of transmission of hepatitis.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with a disposable biopsy set according to Menghini for percutaneous liver biopsy (author's transl)]. The handling and reliability of a new disposable biopsy set (Hepafix) have been evaluated in 170 percutaneous liver biopsies according to the technique of Menghini. In comparison with the conventional multiple biopsy set the new set provides several advantages discussed in the paper. The wider use of the disposable liver biopsy set may contribute to the prevention of transmission of hepatitis.", "PMID": 672759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1347", "title": "[Clinical experience with the cardiac glycoside Gitoformat (author's transl)].", "content": "Gitoformat, a new derivate of Gitoxin, was tested with 50, mainly geriatic patients with a manifested cardiac insufficiency. The initial treatment as well as a changeover from the usual glycosid-treatment after a renewed decompensation was without any problems. With a rate of success of 95 per cent the efficiency of this new glycosid can be classified as excellent. Side effects or incompatibility were consequences of overdosage. It is remarkable that also patients with a reduced renal function did not need a reduction in dose. At 10 patients the recompensation with Gitoformat continued after discharge over an observation period of 6 months. The maintenance dose had not to be changed, incompatibility or overdosage reactions didn't appear.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with the cardiac glycoside Gitoformat (author's transl)]. Gitoformat, a new derivate of Gitoxin, was tested with 50, mainly geriatic patients with a manifested cardiac insufficiency. The initial treatment as well as a changeover from the usual glycosid-treatment after a renewed decompensation was without any problems. With a rate of success of 95 per cent the efficiency of this new glycosid can be classified as excellent. Side effects or incompatibility were consequences of overdosage. It is remarkable that also patients with a reduced renal function did not need a reduction in dose. At 10 patients the recompensation with Gitoformat continued after discharge over an observation period of 6 months. The maintenance dose had not to be changed, incompatibility or overdosage reactions didn't appear.", "PMID": 672762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1348", "title": "[The influence of quinidine on serum digoxin concentrations (author's transl)].", "content": "We were able to demonstrate a significant rise of serum digoxin concentrations (SDC) under simultaneous quinidine-glycoside therapy. The reason for this elevation is not yet known. In vitro studies under addition of quinidine showed no influence on the SDC-values measured by a tritium-labelled radioimmunoassay. The mean SDC of 18 patients under simultaneous quinidine therapy was 2.39 +/- 0.84 ng/ml (3.06 +/- 1.08 nmol/l) compared to a mean SDC of 1.23 +/- 0.74 ng/ml (1.57 +/- 0.95 nmol/l) of 11 patients without quinidine therapy (p less than 0.001). Both groups of patients received the same maintenance dose and showed no obvious impairment of renal function and no significant difference in mean body weight. Our results suggest that part of the great number of adverse reactions seen under a combined glycoside-quinidine therapy might be due to the elevated SDC-values. For these patients a low-normal glycoside maintenance dose and an early reduction of the quinidine dose is recommended.", "contents": "[The influence of quinidine on serum digoxin concentrations (author's transl)]. We were able to demonstrate a significant rise of serum digoxin concentrations (SDC) under simultaneous quinidine-glycoside therapy. The reason for this elevation is not yet known. In vitro studies under addition of quinidine showed no influence on the SDC-values measured by a tritium-labelled radioimmunoassay. The mean SDC of 18 patients under simultaneous quinidine therapy was 2.39 +/- 0.84 ng/ml (3.06 +/- 1.08 nmol/l) compared to a mean SDC of 1.23 +/- 0.74 ng/ml (1.57 +/- 0.95 nmol/l) of 11 patients without quinidine therapy (p less than 0.001). Both groups of patients received the same maintenance dose and showed no obvious impairment of renal function and no significant difference in mean body weight. Our results suggest that part of the great number of adverse reactions seen under a combined glycoside-quinidine therapy might be due to the elevated SDC-values. For these patients a low-normal glycoside maintenance dose and an early reduction of the quinidine dose is recommended.", "PMID": 672763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1349", "title": "[Autopsy findings in a case of fatal dextran reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "A report of fatal dextran reaction is presented. A patient who had had a stable circulatory status developed massive systemic venous congestion and irreversible cardiac arrest after receiving an infusion of approximately 50 ml of dextran solution. Autopsy showed total occlusion of the pulmonary circulation as a result of precipitation of the dextran-blood mixture. Similar occlusion was demonstrated in capillaries in the kidneys, spleen and cardiac musculature. Death occurred during acute, right-sided heart failure. Pathogenetically a type III allergic reaction with precipitation of antigen antibody complexes in the presence of excess antibody is suspected. In cases such as this one, with no history of prior exposure to dextran, sensitization may have occured with a substance sharing antigenic properties with dextran.", "contents": "[Autopsy findings in a case of fatal dextran reaction (author's transl)]. A report of fatal dextran reaction is presented. A patient who had had a stable circulatory status developed massive systemic venous congestion and irreversible cardiac arrest after receiving an infusion of approximately 50 ml of dextran solution. Autopsy showed total occlusion of the pulmonary circulation as a result of precipitation of the dextran-blood mixture. Similar occlusion was demonstrated in capillaries in the kidneys, spleen and cardiac musculature. Death occurred during acute, right-sided heart failure. Pathogenetically a type III allergic reaction with precipitation of antigen antibody complexes in the presence of excess antibody is suspected. In cases such as this one, with no history of prior exposure to dextran, sensitization may have occured with a substance sharing antigenic properties with dextran.", "PMID": 672764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1350", "title": "[Effect of estrogen upon thyroid metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "During enhanced endogen estrogen production (pregnancy) as well as during exogen estrogen application a rise occurs in TBG concentration in serum, which seems to be dose related. Simultaneously with the TBG there is an increase in total T4 and T3; the concentrations of the free T4 and T3 however decrease. Towards the end of pregnancy AFT4 is significantly decreased, compared to the controls, AFT3 being in the lower normal range. The lower concentrations of the free hormones are also documented by a decline in the T4/TBG and T3/TBG ratios. Normal basal TSH concentration in serum suggest a metabolic state which is still compensated. Oral contraceptives with low estrogen content have no influence on TBG, T4 and T3 concentrations.", "contents": "[Effect of estrogen upon thyroid metabolism (author's transl)]. During enhanced endogen estrogen production (pregnancy) as well as during exogen estrogen application a rise occurs in TBG concentration in serum, which seems to be dose related. Simultaneously with the TBG there is an increase in total T4 and T3; the concentrations of the free T4 and T3 however decrease. Towards the end of pregnancy AFT4 is significantly decreased, compared to the controls, AFT3 being in the lower normal range. The lower concentrations of the free hormones are also documented by a decline in the T4/TBG and T3/TBG ratios. Normal basal TSH concentration in serum suggest a metabolic state which is still compensated. Oral contraceptives with low estrogen content have no influence on TBG, T4 and T3 concentrations.", "PMID": 672766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1351", "title": "[Dose-effect relationship of orally administered Pyritinol in the chronic organic brain syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "161 patients with the chronic organic brain syndrome (average age 64 years) were treated with various oral doses of Pyritinol for various periods of time. Statistical analysis of the data by means of \"Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse\" showed that the success rate of treatment increases significantly with increasing dose and duration of the treatment. This means that the recommended daily dose should be exceeded if - for example at the start of treatment and in severe cases or in hospitalized patients - there is no immediate clear improvement in the condition. From the point of view of method this study shows that a retrospective analysis of a group of patients treated in a clinic can also provide interesting results and appropriately supplement controlled studies.", "contents": "[Dose-effect relationship of orally administered Pyritinol in the chronic organic brain syndrome (author's transl)]. 161 patients with the chronic organic brain syndrome (average age 64 years) were treated with various oral doses of Pyritinol for various periods of time. Statistical analysis of the data by means of \"Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse\" showed that the success rate of treatment increases significantly with increasing dose and duration of the treatment. This means that the recommended daily dose should be exceeded if - for example at the start of treatment and in severe cases or in hospitalized patients - there is no immediate clear improvement in the condition. From the point of view of method this study shows that a retrospective analysis of a group of patients treated in a clinic can also provide interesting results and appropriately supplement controlled studies.", "PMID": 672767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1352", "title": "Protection induced by inactivated influenza virus vaccines with polymethylmethacrylate adjuvants.", "content": "Nanocapsules from a copolymer of polymethylmethacrylate and polyacrylamide were tested for adjuvant activity in mouse protection experiments with inactivated influenza virus as antigen. Viruses were either adsorbed on the capsules after polymerization or added to the monomers and incorporated by copolymerization after X-ray initiation. Both preparations showed enhanced immunity as compared to fluid vaccine, if the adjuvant content was 1%. The adjuvant effect was comparable to that caused by the mineral adjuvant Al(OH)3. After dilution of the polymer the adjuvant effect was lost. Such synthetic polymers at suitable concentrations could serve as alternatives to mineral adjuvants.", "contents": "Protection induced by inactivated influenza virus vaccines with polymethylmethacrylate adjuvants. Nanocapsules from a copolymer of polymethylmethacrylate and polyacrylamide were tested for adjuvant activity in mouse protection experiments with inactivated influenza virus as antigen. Viruses were either adsorbed on the capsules after polymerization or added to the monomers and incorporated by copolymerization after X-ray initiation. Both preparations showed enhanced immunity as compared to fluid vaccine, if the adjuvant content was 1%. The adjuvant effect was comparable to that caused by the mineral adjuvant Al(OH)3. After dilution of the polymer the adjuvant effect was lost. Such synthetic polymers at suitable concentrations could serve as alternatives to mineral adjuvants.", "PMID": 672773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1353", "title": "Holographically stored x-ray images: gray-tone reproduction.", "content": "Storage of radiographs by holographic means is analyzed with emphasis on its gray-tone reproduction characteristics. The density range and number of gray-tone levels is found to be limited by random scattering in the holographic medium. The behavior is described quantitatively and is in satisfactory agreement with experimental data. Gray-tone resolution is shown to be reduced by speckle noise. It is shown that there exists a trade-off between speckle reduction and reproduced density range.", "contents": "Holographically stored x-ray images: gray-tone reproduction. Storage of radiographs by holographic means is analyzed with emphasis on its gray-tone reproduction characteristics. The density range and number of gray-tone levels is found to be limited by random scattering in the holographic medium. The behavior is described quantitatively and is in satisfactory agreement with experimental data. Gray-tone resolution is shown to be reduced by speckle noise. It is shown that there exists a trade-off between speckle reduction and reproduced density range.", "PMID": 672809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1354", "title": "Establishment of a beam line at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory for proton radiography.", "content": "A proton beam is extracted from the 200-MeV linear accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory to investigate the efficacy of proton radiography in medical diagnosis. Fluence rates from 2 X 10(3) to 2 X 10(5) protons/cm2s over a 28-cm diameter field are obtained with a full width at half-maximum beam-energy spread of less than 3.61 MeV. The system is designed to radiography most parts of the human body, including the head, with high-speed screen-film as the imaging medium. Beam extraction and test results along with the medical implications of the beam quality are reported.", "contents": "Establishment of a beam line at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory for proton radiography. A proton beam is extracted from the 200-MeV linear accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory to investigate the efficacy of proton radiography in medical diagnosis. Fluence rates from 2 X 10(3) to 2 X 10(5) protons/cm2s over a 28-cm diameter field are obtained with a full width at half-maximum beam-energy spread of less than 3.61 MeV. The system is designed to radiography most parts of the human body, including the head, with high-speed screen-film as the imaging medium. Beam extraction and test results along with the medical implications of the beam quality are reported.", "PMID": 672810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1355", "title": "Plastic scintillation filament detector system for 14CO2 breath-analysis tests.", "content": "A 14CO2-measuring system for breath-analysis tests is described which utilizes plastic-scintillator filaments as radiation-detector elements. The 14C radioactivity in expired breath is measured directly, thus eliminating the need for trapping and counting of liquid scintillation-counting solutions. Total CO2 concentration in expired breath is measured by an infrared detector, making no assumption of endogenous CO2 output and enabling results to be expressed as either a concentration (percentage of administered dose per unit of CO2) or total expired 14CO2. Advantages of this system over an ionization chamber are: significantly lower background variation and shorter breathing time to fill completely the detecting chamber with expired air. The system is easy to operate, transportable on a small cart to the patient's bed if necessary, and applicable for continuous monitoring of 14CO2 in experimental animal studies.", "contents": "Plastic scintillation filament detector system for 14CO2 breath-analysis tests. A 14CO2-measuring system for breath-analysis tests is described which utilizes plastic-scintillator filaments as radiation-detector elements. The 14C radioactivity in expired breath is measured directly, thus eliminating the need for trapping and counting of liquid scintillation-counting solutions. Total CO2 concentration in expired breath is measured by an infrared detector, making no assumption of endogenous CO2 output and enabling results to be expressed as either a concentration (percentage of administered dose per unit of CO2) or total expired 14CO2. Advantages of this system over an ionization chamber are: significantly lower background variation and shorter breathing time to fill completely the detecting chamber with expired air. The system is easy to operate, transportable on a small cart to the patient's bed if necessary, and applicable for continuous monitoring of 14CO2 in experimental animal studies.", "PMID": 672811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1356", "title": "An empirical equation for screen MTFs.", "content": "An empirical equation is described which accurately fits intensifying-screen MFT data within the accuracy of the MTF measurements. The equation is S (u) = 0.5 erfc[alpha1n(u/u0)]. The equation was fitted to data for 27 intensifying screens. Graphical and numerical results are presented. The maximum standard error was 0.02 and typical standard error was 0.01. Comparisons between results for three experimenters are also presented.", "contents": "An empirical equation for screen MTFs. An empirical equation is described which accurately fits intensifying-screen MFT data within the accuracy of the MTF measurements. The equation is S (u) = 0.5 erfc[alpha1n(u/u0)]. The equation was fitted to data for 27 intensifying screens. Graphical and numerical results are presented. The maximum standard error was 0.02 and typical standard error was 0.01. Comparisons between results for three experimenters are also presented.", "PMID": 672812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1357", "title": "The relationship between resolution and speed of x-ray intensifying screens.", "content": "Two important physical characteristics of x-ray intensifying screens, speed and resolution, are inversely related. However, the exact mathematical relationship, if any, between them is not known. To investigate this matter, a simple model is considered, which predicts that the product of the equivalent passband Ne and the square root of the speed is constant for a given phosphor material and given film. This relationship is found to be in excellent agreement with experimental data. The papper concludes with a discussion of the generalized validity of this relationship.", "contents": "The relationship between resolution and speed of x-ray intensifying screens. Two important physical characteristics of x-ray intensifying screens, speed and resolution, are inversely related. However, the exact mathematical relationship, if any, between them is not known. To investigate this matter, a simple model is considered, which predicts that the product of the equivalent passband Ne and the square root of the speed is constant for a given phosphor material and given film. This relationship is found to be in excellent agreement with experimental data. The papper concludes with a discussion of the generalized validity of this relationship.", "PMID": 672813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1358", "title": "Image analysis of the heart action recorded with a high speed multicrystal gamma camera.", "content": "The use of a high speed scintillation gamma camera for recording and an adequate bolus injection technique during first pass of a radionuclide tracer provides significant information about the function of the heart chambers. The computer-stored information can be processed to get easy interpretable images and parameters for detailed diagnosis. With special procedures the statistical noise of the zones of the images with low count rates can be suppressed, allowing use of smaller quantities of radionuclide, thereby reducing radiation for the patient.", "contents": "Image analysis of the heart action recorded with a high speed multicrystal gamma camera. The use of a high speed scintillation gamma camera for recording and an adequate bolus injection technique during first pass of a radionuclide tracer provides significant information about the function of the heart chambers. The computer-stored information can be processed to get easy interpretable images and parameters for detailed diagnosis. With special procedures the statistical noise of the zones of the images with low count rates can be suppressed, allowing use of smaller quantities of radionuclide, thereby reducing radiation for the patient.", "PMID": 672820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1359", "title": "Correction for beam hardening in computed tomography.", "content": "Corrections for beam-hardening artifacts in computed tomography can be made by using a model which assumes that water and bone mineral are the only constituents of tissue. With this model, a correction factor for the measured transmission values can be calculated such that the reconstructed attenuation coefficients have values corresponding to a monoenergetic source of known energy. Systematic errors in the uncorrected attenuation coefficients, which may be 5%, can be reduced to less than 1% if corrected transmission values are used.", "contents": "Correction for beam hardening in computed tomography. Corrections for beam-hardening artifacts in computed tomography can be made by using a model which assumes that water and bone mineral are the only constituents of tissue. With this model, a correction factor for the measured transmission values can be calculated such that the reconstructed attenuation coefficients have values corresponding to a monoenergetic source of known energy. Systematic errors in the uncorrected attenuation coefficients, which may be 5%, can be reduced to less than 1% if corrected transmission values are used.", "PMID": 672814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1360", "title": "Surface investigations of oxide layers on cobalt-chromium-alloyed orthopedic implants using ESCA technique.", "content": "The uppermost monolayers of a metal implant are far more important for the corrosion resistance than the alloy itself. Using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) technique these oxide layers on Vitallium specimens were investigated regarding thickness, elemental composition, and valence state of the elements. The oxide layers on metal implants are not very strong, as they can be easily damaged mechanically. According to environmental conditions, oxide layers of different elemental composition can be grown on the same specimen.", "contents": "Surface investigations of oxide layers on cobalt-chromium-alloyed orthopedic implants using ESCA technique. The uppermost monolayers of a metal implant are far more important for the corrosion resistance than the alloy itself. Using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) technique these oxide layers on Vitallium specimens were investigated regarding thickness, elemental composition, and valence state of the elements. The oxide layers on metal implants are not very strong, as they can be easily damaged mechanically. According to environmental conditions, oxide layers of different elemental composition can be grown on the same specimen.", "PMID": 672821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1361", "title": "Hazards to the eye lens and gonads from hard beta rays.", "content": "Considerable attention has been paid to the protection against x and gamma radiation but comparatively less stress has been given to the possible hazard due to external radiation from high-energy beta rays. In order to evaluate the magnitude of this hazard, central-axis depth doses at different source-to-skin distances for 90Sr-90Y and 32P sources were measured. Isodose curves in a testicular phantom for a 90Sr-90Y source were measured. The data of Haybittle for 144Ce for 10 cm SSD has been included. From the measured data, the eye-lens epithelium dose may be as high as 51%, 21.5%, and 82%, respectively, for the three sources instead of 15% as has been conventionally assumed. The isodose curves obtained in the testicular phantom indicate that an appreciable amount of testicular tissue can be subjected to radiation exposures. The radiation hazards due to high-energy beta rays are not negligible and considerable care should be exercised while using these sources.", "contents": "Hazards to the eye lens and gonads from hard beta rays. Considerable attention has been paid to the protection against x and gamma radiation but comparatively less stress has been given to the possible hazard due to external radiation from high-energy beta rays. In order to evaluate the magnitude of this hazard, central-axis depth doses at different source-to-skin distances for 90Sr-90Y and 32P sources were measured. Isodose curves in a testicular phantom for a 90Sr-90Y source were measured. The data of Haybittle for 144Ce for 10 cm SSD has been included. From the measured data, the eye-lens epithelium dose may be as high as 51%, 21.5%, and 82%, respectively, for the three sources instead of 15% as has been conventionally assumed. The isodose curves obtained in the testicular phantom indicate that an appreciable amount of testicular tissue can be subjected to radiation exposures. The radiation hazards due to high-energy beta rays are not negligible and considerable care should be exercised while using these sources.", "PMID": 672816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1362", "title": "A portable precision pumping system for chronic, programmed insulin infusion.", "content": "This paper provides some details of a new insulin delivery system which includes a reservoir, a pump and a power pack. The reservoir holds 50 ml and is coupled to a precision peristaltic pump whose delivery can be set to any one of 128 different mean flow rates from 0 to 80 microliter/min (+/- 1.6% over 10 months) using the flow rate controller included in the battery power pack. The system weighs 525 g consuming 60 mW at the maximum pumping rate, proportionately less at lower rates. Ten pumps have undergone bench tests for 30 days. One has been subjected to an extended life test of 11 months while seven complete systems have been used on dogs to demonstrate their capability for precise longterm intravenous insulin therapy. With this system experimental diabetes has been reversed in 4 dogs for periods now extending beyond 6 months. This device now qualifies for long-term studies on hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "A portable precision pumping system for chronic, programmed insulin infusion. This paper provides some details of a new insulin delivery system which includes a reservoir, a pump and a power pack. The reservoir holds 50 ml and is coupled to a precision peristaltic pump whose delivery can be set to any one of 128 different mean flow rates from 0 to 80 microliter/min (+/- 1.6% over 10 months) using the flow rate controller included in the battery power pack. The system weighs 525 g consuming 60 mW at the maximum pumping rate, proportionately less at lower rates. Ten pumps have undergone bench tests for 30 days. One has been subjected to an extended life test of 11 months while seven complete systems have been used on dogs to demonstrate their capability for precise longterm intravenous insulin therapy. With this system experimental diabetes has been reversed in 4 dogs for periods now extending beyond 6 months. This device now qualifies for long-term studies on hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 672822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1363", "title": "Design and development of a comprehensive computer system for radiotherapy departments.", "content": "An analysis of computer requirements in radiation therapy departments is presented. The performance and structure of an effective computer system designed for large or small radiotherapy departments are described. The system is composed of two or three sets of minicomputer-based subsystems of which can be operated alone or connected to other subsystems. The size of the system can be adjusted to the size of the radiotherapy department. The system covers treatment planning, automatic control, and record processing.", "contents": "Design and development of a comprehensive computer system for radiotherapy departments. An analysis of computer requirements in radiation therapy departments is presented. The performance and structure of an effective computer system designed for large or small radiotherapy departments are described. The system is composed of two or three sets of minicomputer-based subsystems of which can be operated alone or connected to other subsystems. The size of the system can be adjusted to the size of the radiotherapy department. The system covers treatment planning, automatic control, and record processing.", "PMID": 672823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1364", "title": "Heat and mass transfer of a thermal indicator in pulsatile flow through the cardio-pulmonary system. I. Modeling.", "content": "The construction of a physico-mathematical model which describes the mechanism of indicator dispersion in the circulation and which fits the thermal dilution curves (TDC) is presented. Because of its more evident physical meaning, formulation of the problem in terms of heat and mass transfer is preferred to stochastic theory. Hypotheses necessary to simplify the general system of governing equations are clearly defined and discussed. This deductive method leads to a one-dimensional convective heat transfer model in which pulsatility and form of injection appear naturally. Simulations of TDC in constant and pulsatile flow cases are performed on a digital mini-computer which demonstrates the model's ability to represent different experimental or clinical observations. This will facilitate hemodynamic parameter identification from TD techniques and will increase the accuracy of this identification.", "contents": "Heat and mass transfer of a thermal indicator in pulsatile flow through the cardio-pulmonary system. I. Modeling. The construction of a physico-mathematical model which describes the mechanism of indicator dispersion in the circulation and which fits the thermal dilution curves (TDC) is presented. Because of its more evident physical meaning, formulation of the problem in terms of heat and mass transfer is preferred to stochastic theory. Hypotheses necessary to simplify the general system of governing equations are clearly defined and discussed. This deductive method leads to a one-dimensional convective heat transfer model in which pulsatility and form of injection appear naturally. Simulations of TDC in constant and pulsatile flow cases are performed on a digital mini-computer which demonstrates the model's ability to represent different experimental or clinical observations. This will facilitate hemodynamic parameter identification from TD techniques and will increase the accuracy of this identification.", "PMID": 672824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1365", "title": "Heat and mass transfer of a thermal indicator in pulsatile flow through the cardio-pulmonary system. II. Identification of cardiac output.", "content": "Hamilton's celebrated formula for cardiac output measurement is simple but its validity is dependent on several methodologic requirements which are not generally fulfilled, particularly in thermal dilution. A quite different method, based on a physico-mathematical model of the indicator dispersion in the circulation, is proposed. It allows direct derivation of cardiac output once the model's parameters have been identified. Combined deconvolution and least squares procedures are used with truncated data for this identification. Numerical tests and application to clinical observations are presented. Both limitations and possibilities of further developments in estimation of pulsatile flow conditions from TD technique are discussed.", "contents": "Heat and mass transfer of a thermal indicator in pulsatile flow through the cardio-pulmonary system. II. Identification of cardiac output. Hamilton's celebrated formula for cardiac output measurement is simple but its validity is dependent on several methodologic requirements which are not generally fulfilled, particularly in thermal dilution. A quite different method, based on a physico-mathematical model of the indicator dispersion in the circulation, is proposed. It allows direct derivation of cardiac output once the model's parameters have been identified. Combined deconvolution and least squares procedures are used with truncated data for this identification. Numerical tests and application to clinical observations are presented. Both limitations and possibilities of further developments in estimation of pulsatile flow conditions from TD technique are discussed.", "PMID": 672825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1366", "title": "Fast and slow neutrons in an 18-MV photon beam from a Philips SL/75-20 linear accelerator.", "content": "Fast- and slow-neutron contamination in an 18-MV photon beam from a Philips SL/75-20 linear accelerator has been measured. Aluminum and indium foils were activated to determine fast- and slow-neutron  fluence, which were largely independent of field sizes. Measured fast-neutron fluences were typically 13.9 X 10(4) and 4.4 X 10(4) neutrons/cm2/rad of x ray inside and 5 cm outside the field, respectively. Slow-neutron fluences, 1.3 X 10(4) neutrons/cm2/rad of x ray, remained relatively constant inside and outside the field. The reported results are about three times higher than neutron fluences recently reported with a betatron operated at the same energy.", "contents": "Fast and slow neutrons in an 18-MV photon beam from a Philips SL/75-20 linear accelerator. Fast- and slow-neutron contamination in an 18-MV photon beam from a Philips SL/75-20 linear accelerator has been measured. Aluminum and indium foils were activated to determine fast- and slow-neutron  fluence, which were largely independent of field sizes. Measured fast-neutron fluences were typically 13.9 X 10(4) and 4.4 X 10(4) neutrons/cm2/rad of x ray inside and 5 cm outside the field, respectively. Slow-neutron fluences, 1.3 X 10(4) neutrons/cm2/rad of x ray, remained relatively constant inside and outside the field. The reported results are about three times higher than neutron fluences recently reported with a betatron operated at the same energy.", "PMID": 672815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1367", "title": "Modification of electron-beam dose distributions by transverse magnetic fields.", "content": "By applying a transverse magnetic field to a dosimetry phantom, an incident high-energy electron beam is made to follow a spiral path in the course of slowing down. Certain levels, determined by the electron energy and the magnetic field strength, will be traversed several times by the same electrons. The net result of this process is an enhancement of the depth dose in relation to the entrance dose, and a more sharply defined depth of penetration. Experiments with 50- and 55-MeV electrons traversing a 20.5-kG field are shown to support the predictions of a detailed Monte Carlo calculation.", "contents": "Modification of electron-beam dose distributions by transverse magnetic fields. By applying a transverse magnetic field to a dosimetry phantom, an incident high-energy electron beam is made to follow a spiral path in the course of slowing down. Certain levels, determined by the electron energy and the magnetic field strength, will be traversed several times by the same electrons. The net result of this process is an enhancement of the depth dose in relation to the entrance dose, and a more sharply defined depth of penetration. Experiments with 50- and 55-MeV electrons traversing a 20.5-kG field are shown to support the predictions of a detailed Monte Carlo calculation.", "PMID": 672817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1368", "title": "Myxoma of the equine respiratory tract.", "content": "Bronchial myxoma occurred in an aged Arab mare with longstanding respiratory disease wrongly attributed to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Blood gas and maximum intrathoracic pressure change measurements were not consistent with this latter diagnosis, and this was supported by aerosol antigen provocation tests. Radiography demonstrated a hilar mass in the thorax, and this proved to be a myxoma at necropsy.", "contents": "Myxoma of the equine respiratory tract. Bronchial myxoma occurred in an aged Arab mare with longstanding respiratory disease wrongly attributed to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Blood gas and maximum intrathoracic pressure change measurements were not consistent with this latter diagnosis, and this was supported by aerosol antigen provocation tests. Radiography demonstrated a hilar mass in the thorax, and this proved to be a myxoma at necropsy.", "PMID": 672887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1369", "title": "The stable carriage of two TnA units on a single replicon.", "content": "Bacterial plasmids which contain a copy on TnA are refactory to the uptake of a second by transposition. However plasmids containing two such copies can be constructed by in vitro recombination techniques. Some plasmids containing two copies of TnA have been obtained by conventional transposition, but in all cases they arose by the virtually simultaneous insertion of both units into a replicon that carried no TnA. All stable plamids containing two copies of TnA carried the transposons in opposite orientation.", "contents": "The stable carriage of two TnA units on a single replicon. Bacterial plasmids which contain a copy on TnA are refactory to the uptake of a second by transposition. However plasmids containing two such copies can be constructed by in vitro recombination techniques. Some plasmids containing two copies of TnA have been obtained by conventional transposition, but in all cases they arose by the virtually simultaneous insertion of both units into a replicon that carried no TnA. All stable plamids containing two copies of TnA carried the transposons in opposite orientation.", "PMID": 672895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1370", "title": "Molecular relationships of degradative plasmids determined by in situ hybridisation of their endonuclease-generated fragments.", "content": "Plasmid inter-relationships were studied by hybridisation of a radioactively labelled DNA probe to endonuclease-derived fragmentation patterns of plasmids bound to a nitrocellulose filter. The degradative plasmids SAL and NAH were found to be very closely related, but probably one did not give rise to the other by just a single deletion or insertion. Relationships between SAL and other degradative plasmids are complex; substantial homology was found with TOL and other plasmids encoding toluate dissimilation and significant homology was found with OCT.", "contents": "Molecular relationships of degradative plasmids determined by in situ hybridisation of their endonuclease-generated fragments. Plasmid inter-relationships were studied by hybridisation of a radioactively labelled DNA probe to endonuclease-derived fragmentation patterns of plasmids bound to a nitrocellulose filter. The degradative plasmids SAL and NAH were found to be very closely related, but probably one did not give rise to the other by just a single deletion or insertion. Relationships between SAL and other degradative plasmids are complex; substantial homology was found with TOL and other plasmids encoding toluate dissimilation and significant homology was found with OCT.", "PMID": 672896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1371", "title": "Mutants altered in the control co-ordinating cell division with cell growth in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "The control co-ordinating cell division with cell growth has been investigated in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Twenty-five mutants altered in this control have been isolated which have the same growth rate as wild type but divide at a smaller cell size. The mutants define two genes wee 1 and wee 2, both of which are involved in a control initiating mitosis when the cell attains a critical size.", "contents": "Mutants altered in the control co-ordinating cell division with cell growth in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The control co-ordinating cell division with cell growth has been investigated in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Twenty-five mutants altered in this control have been isolated which have the same growth rate as wild type but divide at a smaller cell size. The mutants define two genes wee 1 and wee 2, both of which are involved in a control initiating mitosis when the cell attains a critical size.", "PMID": 672898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1372", "title": "Orientation of \"plus\" genes at the mating-typing locus in homothallic fission yeast.", "content": "Results of four crosses are presented which indicate that, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe the plus segment of the mating-typing locus is regulated from a central position, in between of the plus and the minus segment. This conclusion is based on the mapping of a plus-restraining entity r, which is revealed by recombination in certain crosses, or by mutation to unstabe negative strains. To this end, a meiosis-defective mating-type mutation was used as a marker for the plus segment, by taking advantage of its suppressibility by a nonsense suppressor. This suppressibility was substanitated by an additional cross.", "contents": "Orientation of \"plus\" genes at the mating-typing locus in homothallic fission yeast. Results of four crosses are presented which indicate that, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe the plus segment of the mating-typing locus is regulated from a central position, in between of the plus and the minus segment. This conclusion is based on the mapping of a plus-restraining entity r, which is revealed by recombination in certain crosses, or by mutation to unstabe negative strains. To this end, a meiosis-defective mating-type mutation was used as a marker for the plus segment, by taking advantage of its suppressibility by a nonsense suppressor. This suppressibility was substanitated by an additional cross.", "PMID": 672899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1373", "title": "Cloning and characterization of EcoRI and HindIII restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of antibiotic resistance plasmids R6-5 and R6.", "content": "DNA fragments generated by the EcoRI of HindIII endonucleases from the low copy number antibiotic resistance plasmids R6 and  R6-5 were separately cloned using the high copy number ColE1 or pML21 plasmid vectors and the insertional inactivation procedure. The hybrid plasmids that were obtained were used to determine the location of the EcoRI and HindIII cleavage sites on the parent plasmid genomes by means of electron microscope heteroduplex analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis. Ultracentrifugation of the cloned fragments in caesium chloride gradients localized the high buoyant density regions of R6-5 to fragments that carry the genes for resistance to streptomycin-spectinomycin, sulfonamide, and mercury and a low buoyant density region to fragments that carry the tetracycline resistance determinant. Functional analysis of hybrid plasmids localized a number of plasmid properties such as resistances to antibiotics and mercury and several replication functions to specific regions of the R6-5 genome. Precise localisation of the genes for resistance to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, fusidic acid and tetracycline was possible due to the presence of identified restriction endonuclease cleavage sites within these determinants. Only one region competent for autonomous replication was identified on the R6-5 plasmid genome and this was localized to EcoRI fragment 2 and HindIII fragment 1. However, two additional regions of replication activity designated RepB and RepC, themselves incapable of autonomous replication but capable supporting replication of a linked ColE1 plasmid in polA- bacteria, were also identified.", "contents": "Cloning and characterization of EcoRI and HindIII restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of antibiotic resistance plasmids R6-5 and R6. DNA fragments generated by the EcoRI of HindIII endonucleases from the low copy number antibiotic resistance plasmids R6 and  R6-5 were separately cloned using the high copy number ColE1 or pML21 plasmid vectors and the insertional inactivation procedure. The hybrid plasmids that were obtained were used to determine the location of the EcoRI and HindIII cleavage sites on the parent plasmid genomes by means of electron microscope heteroduplex analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis. Ultracentrifugation of the cloned fragments in caesium chloride gradients localized the high buoyant density regions of R6-5 to fragments that carry the genes for resistance to streptomycin-spectinomycin, sulfonamide, and mercury and a low buoyant density region to fragments that carry the tetracycline resistance determinant. Functional analysis of hybrid plasmids localized a number of plasmid properties such as resistances to antibiotics and mercury and several replication functions to specific regions of the R6-5 genome. Precise localisation of the genes for resistance to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, fusidic acid and tetracycline was possible due to the presence of identified restriction endonuclease cleavage sites within these determinants. Only one region competent for autonomous replication was identified on the R6-5 plasmid genome and this was localized to EcoRI fragment 2 and HindIII fragment 1. However, two additional regions of replication activity designated RepB and RepC, themselves incapable of autonomous replication but capable supporting replication of a linked ColE1 plasmid in polA- bacteria, were also identified.", "PMID": 672900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1374", "title": "Fertility inhibition in Rhizobium lupini by the resistance plasmid RP4.", "content": "R plasmid RP4 inhibits the fertility of R. lupini. An RP4 carrying R. lupini donor strain is no longer capable of transferring chromosomal genes. After loss of RP4 the R. lupini fertility reappears. Plasmid RP4 spontaneously mutates at high frequency in R. lupini. RP4 mutants which do not inbibit fertility were isolated. These mutants were always transfer-defective, too. It is postulated that the genetic information for fertility inhibition in R. lupini is a substantial part of the transfer unit of the RP4 plasmid.", "contents": "Fertility inhibition in Rhizobium lupini by the resistance plasmid RP4. R plasmid RP4 inhibits the fertility of R. lupini. An RP4 carrying R. lupini donor strain is no longer capable of transferring chromosomal genes. After loss of RP4 the R. lupini fertility reappears. Plasmid RP4 spontaneously mutates at high frequency in R. lupini. RP4 mutants which do not inbibit fertility were isolated. These mutants were always transfer-defective, too. It is postulated that the genetic information for fertility inhibition in R. lupini is a substantial part of the transfer unit of the RP4 plasmid.", "PMID": 672901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1375", "title": "Genetical studies on revertants to sensitivity from a cycloheximide resistant strain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "Six UV induced cycloheximide-sensitive revertants were isolated from the cyh1-C7 strain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe which is resistant to cycloheximide. In all cases reversion to sensitivity was due to a forward mutation in a second suppressor gene. Genetical analysis showed that at least two genes, designated scr1 and scr2 (scr=suppression of cycloheximide resistance) were involved. Both scr1 and scr2 suppressed the resistance of six independently isolated alleles at the cyh1 locus. They had no effect on two known nonsense mutations in the ade7 locus. The cyh1-C7 strain has an altered 60S ribosomal protein which can be detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In two suppressed strains, cyh1-C7 scr1 and cyh1-C7 scr2, the original altered protein was present. However no further ribosomal protein differences were observed which could be correlated with the presence of the scr genes. Both scr mutations conferred cold sensitivity on the organism indicating that they were of the missense type. Hence it seems certain that scr1 and scr2 are not mutations in tRNA genes leading to either nonsense or missense suppression. There is however no direct evidence that they code for ribosomal proteins and exert their effect on cyh1-C7 at the ribosomal level.", "contents": "Genetical studies on revertants to sensitivity from a cycloheximide resistant strain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Six UV induced cycloheximide-sensitive revertants were isolated from the cyh1-C7 strain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe which is resistant to cycloheximide. In all cases reversion to sensitivity was due to a forward mutation in a second suppressor gene. Genetical analysis showed that at least two genes, designated scr1 and scr2 (scr=suppression of cycloheximide resistance) were involved. Both scr1 and scr2 suppressed the resistance of six independently isolated alleles at the cyh1 locus. They had no effect on two known nonsense mutations in the ade7 locus. The cyh1-C7 strain has an altered 60S ribosomal protein which can be detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In two suppressed strains, cyh1-C7 scr1 and cyh1-C7 scr2, the original altered protein was present. However no further ribosomal protein differences were observed which could be correlated with the presence of the scr genes. Both scr mutations conferred cold sensitivity on the organism indicating that they were of the missense type. Hence it seems certain that scr1 and scr2 are not mutations in tRNA genes leading to either nonsense or missense suppression. There is however no direct evidence that they code for ribosomal proteins and exert their effect on cyh1-C7 at the ribosomal level.", "PMID": 672902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1376", "title": "Binding of protein chemotactic factors to the surfaces of neutrophil leukocytes and its modification with lipid-specific bacterial toxins.", "content": "The binding to neutrophil leukoyctes of human serum albumin (HSA), which is chemokinetic  for leukocytes, i.e. influences their rate of locomotion, and of alkali-denatured HSA, which is chemotactic for leukocytes, i.e. influences their direction of locomotion, was studied. Native serum albumin showed low affinity binding to the neutrophil surface. Denatured serum albumin showed saturable binding with a Ka of approximately 1-(6) litres per mole to about 10(6) binding sites per cell. Another protein chemotactic factor, alpha5-casein, gave similar binding. These results exclude that chemotactic reactions to denatured proteins are mediated in a completely non-specific manner and suggest the presence on the cell of a restricted number of defined recognition sites. Binding was reduced following treatment of the cells with either of two lipid-specific bacterial toxins, perfringolysin, the theta-toxin of Clostridium perfringens, an oxygen-labile cholesterol-specific toxin, and Staphylococcus aureus Sphingomyelinase C. Both have previously been shown to reduce chemotactic reactions and both were used at doses which did not reduce cell viability. These results suggest an important, and possiblly direct, role for membrane lipid in the binding sites for chemotactic factors. Visual analysis of the behaviour of perfringolysin-treated neutrophils showed that these cells were still capable of chemotactic locomotion. The cells appeared to be less efficient than normal in detecting chemotactic gradients only when at a distance from the gradient source, a finding which is consistent with reduced binding of the chemotactic factor to the cell surface.", "contents": "Binding of protein chemotactic factors to the surfaces of neutrophil leukocytes and its modification with lipid-specific bacterial toxins. The binding to neutrophil leukoyctes of human serum albumin (HSA), which is chemokinetic  for leukocytes, i.e. influences their rate of locomotion, and of alkali-denatured HSA, which is chemotactic for leukocytes, i.e. influences their direction of locomotion, was studied. Native serum albumin showed low affinity binding to the neutrophil surface. Denatured serum albumin showed saturable binding with a Ka of approximately 1-(6) litres per mole to about 10(6) binding sites per cell. Another protein chemotactic factor, alpha5-casein, gave similar binding. These results exclude that chemotactic reactions to denatured proteins are mediated in a completely non-specific manner and suggest the presence on the cell of a restricted number of defined recognition sites. Binding was reduced following treatment of the cells with either of two lipid-specific bacterial toxins, perfringolysin, the theta-toxin of Clostridium perfringens, an oxygen-labile cholesterol-specific toxin, and Staphylococcus aureus Sphingomyelinase C. Both have previously been shown to reduce chemotactic reactions and both were used at doses which did not reduce cell viability. These results suggest an important, and possiblly direct, role for membrane lipid in the binding sites for chemotactic factors. Visual analysis of the behaviour of perfringolysin-treated neutrophils showed that these cells were still capable of chemotactic locomotion. The cells appeared to be less efficient than normal in detecting chemotactic gradients only when at a distance from the gradient source, a finding which is consistent with reduced binding of the chemotactic factor to the cell surface.", "PMID": 672903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1377", "title": "On the heterogeneity of the slow reassociating (\"unique\") DNA.", "content": "The slow reassociating fraction of mouse DNA (\"unique DNA\"), when allowed to reassociate in 0.14 M sodoum phosphate buffer at 50 degrees C showed a biphasic melting curve with a transition at 78--80 degrees C. On the basis of this feature, the slow reassociating DNA was separated preparatively into two fractions: \"unique DNA\" I and II. Their duplexes showed differences with respect to thermal stability, S1 nuclease resistance and rate of reassociation. About one third of the sequences in each fraction were fraction-specific. The conclusion was drawn that for \"unique DNA\" I these should be the low repetitive or single copy related sequences (multigene families) and for \"unique DNA\" II--the unrelated single copy sequences or recent families of low repetitive not yet diverged sequences.", "contents": "On the heterogeneity of the slow reassociating (\"unique\") DNA. The slow reassociating fraction of mouse DNA (\"unique DNA\"), when allowed to reassociate in 0.14 M sodoum phosphate buffer at 50 degrees C showed a biphasic melting curve with a transition at 78--80 degrees C. On the basis of this feature, the slow reassociating DNA was separated preparatively into two fractions: \"unique DNA\" I and II. Their duplexes showed differences with respect to thermal stability, S1 nuclease resistance and rate of reassociation. About one third of the sequences in each fraction were fraction-specific. The conclusion was drawn that for \"unique DNA\" I these should be the low repetitive or single copy related sequences (multigene families) and for \"unique DNA\" II--the unrelated single copy sequences or recent families of low repetitive not yet diverged sequences.", "PMID": 672905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1378", "title": "[Ulcerative and granulomatous colitis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Colitis ulcerosa and colitis granulomatosa (Morbus Crohn) are closely related diseases, and are known as unspecific colitis. Yet it is important though difficult to distinguish between these two forms since prognosis and therapy are different. Both forms require a careful follow-up over a long time because late complications are possible even in cases of clinical remission.", "contents": "[Ulcerative and granulomatous colitis in children (author's transl)]. Colitis ulcerosa and colitis granulomatosa (Morbus Crohn) are closely related diseases, and are known as unspecific colitis. Yet it is important though difficult to distinguish between these two forms since prognosis and therapy are different. Both forms require a careful follow-up over a long time because late complications are possible even in cases of clinical remission.", "PMID": 672906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1379", "title": "[Pathology of ulcerative colitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The macroscopic and histological appearance, and the local immune response in ulcerative colitis are discussed. The main criteria for the differentiation between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease of the large bowel are reviewed. The risk to develope carcinoma in the large bowel is greater in patients with total ulcerative colitis than in the general population. Precancerous changes in rectal and colonoscopical biopsies are a useful parameter in detecting early cancer in colitis. A description of the morphology of precancerous changes in ulcerative colitis is given.", "contents": "[Pathology of ulcerative colitis (author's transl)]. The macroscopic and histological appearance, and the local immune response in ulcerative colitis are discussed. The main criteria for the differentiation between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease of the large bowel are reviewed. The risk to develope carcinoma in the large bowel is greater in patients with total ulcerative colitis than in the general population. Precancerous changes in rectal and colonoscopical biopsies are a useful parameter in detecting early cancer in colitis. A description of the morphology of precancerous changes in ulcerative colitis is given.", "PMID": 672907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1380", "title": "[Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease. Diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "An infant with Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease is reported. The diagnosis was established by histopathology and electron microscopy.--2. Complete remission was achieved with vinblastine and prednisone. Treatment, however, in these cases has to be continued for a longer period of time.--3. Early diagnosis and therapy are important because Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease is lethal in most untreated cases. With adequate chemotherapy, long remissions or cures can be expected in about 70% of the cases.--4. In Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease, the racket-like Langerhans cell granules are found by electron microscopy within the specific infiltrating cells. The demonstration of these organells allows the unequivocal diagnosis in cases with uncharacteristic clinical or histopathological appearance. The same structures are characteristic of Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease and of eosinophilic granuloma. The electron microscopic findings confirm the grouping of these three diseases together as \"histiocytosis X\".", "contents": "[Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease. Diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)]. An infant with Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease is reported. The diagnosis was established by histopathology and electron microscopy.--2. Complete remission was achieved with vinblastine and prednisone. Treatment, however, in these cases has to be continued for a longer period of time.--3. Early diagnosis and therapy are important because Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease is lethal in most untreated cases. With adequate chemotherapy, long remissions or cures can be expected in about 70% of the cases.--4. In Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease, the racket-like Langerhans cell granules are found by electron microscopy within the specific infiltrating cells. The demonstration of these organells allows the unequivocal diagnosis in cases with uncharacteristic clinical or histopathological appearance. The same structures are characteristic of Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease and of eosinophilic granuloma. The electron microscopic findings confirm the grouping of these three diseases together as \"histiocytosis X\".", "PMID": 672908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1381", "title": "[Familial occurence of congenital short bowel (author's transl)].", "content": "We report the clinical and post-mortem findings of an infant with inborn short bowel. One sibling died because of the same malformation. The parents are cousins. This malformation is combined with malrotation, often with pylorus-stenosis too, and can cause an intestinal obstruction syndrome. All presently known cases in the pertinent literature are summarized. The occurence of familial cases suggest a rezessive autosomal disease.", "contents": "[Familial occurence of congenital short bowel (author's transl)]. We report the clinical and post-mortem findings of an infant with inborn short bowel. One sibling died because of the same malformation. The parents are cousins. This malformation is combined with malrotation, often with pylorus-stenosis too, and can cause an intestinal obstruction syndrome. All presently known cases in the pertinent literature are summarized. The occurence of familial cases suggest a rezessive autosomal disease.", "PMID": 672909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1382", "title": "[A comparative study of colestipol and colestyramine in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma lipids and lipoproteins were studied in 20 children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia during the administration of two anion exchange resins. All the patients' cholesterol levels had been stabilized by treatment with a cholesterol-lowering diet for at least 12 months. Colestyramin (0.6 g per kg body weight) or Colestipol (0.5 g per kg body weight) were given for eight weeks each in a cross-over design. In 6 children, the study had to be terminated due to gastrointestinal problems. Cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids were determined serially in whole serum and in isolated lipoprotein fractions. Apolipoprotein-B was determined by radial immunodiffusion in whole serum and in the LDL-fraction. Total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were lowered by about 25% from initial values of 290 mg/100 ml and 230 mg/100 ml, respectively and Apo-B was lowered by 20%. Low HDL-cholesterol levels in the patients remained decreased during therapy. Triglyceride and phospholipid levels were not affected by treatment. Efficacy, tolerance and side-effects were similar with both Colestyramin and Colestipol.", "contents": "[A comparative study of colestipol and colestyramine in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia (author's transl)]. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins were studied in 20 children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia during the administration of two anion exchange resins. All the patients' cholesterol levels had been stabilized by treatment with a cholesterol-lowering diet for at least 12 months. Colestyramin (0.6 g per kg body weight) or Colestipol (0.5 g per kg body weight) were given for eight weeks each in a cross-over design. In 6 children, the study had to be terminated due to gastrointestinal problems. Cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids were determined serially in whole serum and in isolated lipoprotein fractions. Apolipoprotein-B was determined by radial immunodiffusion in whole serum and in the LDL-fraction. Total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were lowered by about 25% from initial values of 290 mg/100 ml and 230 mg/100 ml, respectively and Apo-B was lowered by 20%. Low HDL-cholesterol levels in the patients remained decreased during therapy. Triglyceride and phospholipid levels were not affected by treatment. Efficacy, tolerance and side-effects were similar with both Colestyramin and Colestipol.", "PMID": 672910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1383", "title": "[Recurrent pneumonias following intrauterine irradiation of the thymus (author's transl)].", "content": "A 9 year old girl is described who was born without thyroid function as a result of maternal 131I treatment during early pregnancy. The patient had 15 pneumonias since her second year of life. Immunological investigations showed normal humoral immunity and a normal in vitro responsiveness of circulating lymphocytes. The patient was, however, anergic to 5 skintest antigens and exhibited a primary vaccination reaction after a smallpox revaccination. The findings suggest that intrauterine irradiation primarily affected memory-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Recurrent pneumonias following intrauterine irradiation of the thymus (author's transl)]. A 9 year old girl is described who was born without thyroid function as a result of maternal 131I treatment during early pregnancy. The patient had 15 pneumonias since her second year of life. Immunological investigations showed normal humoral immunity and a normal in vitro responsiveness of circulating lymphocytes. The patient was, however, anergic to 5 skintest antigens and exhibited a primary vaccination reaction after a smallpox revaccination. The findings suggest that intrauterine irradiation primarily affected memory-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 672911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1384", "title": "[Granulocyte function in septicemia of the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "The ingestion- and Nitro Blue Tetrazolium-(NBT)-reduction-capacity of neutrophil leukocytes in three newborn infants with lethal septicemia was studied using a modified NBT-test. In comparison to 25 controls in healthy newborns (umbilical vein-blood) the results indicate a failure in the functioning of leukocytes. Besides other disturbances the impaired ingestion- and NBT-reduction-capacity of the neutrophil granulocytes during an infection probably leads to septicemia.", "contents": "[Granulocyte function in septicemia of the newborn (author's transl)]. The ingestion- and Nitro Blue Tetrazolium-(NBT)-reduction-capacity of neutrophil leukocytes in three newborn infants with lethal septicemia was studied using a modified NBT-test. In comparison to 25 controls in healthy newborns (umbilical vein-blood) the results indicate a failure in the functioning of leukocytes. Besides other disturbances the impaired ingestion- and NBT-reduction-capacity of the neutrophil granulocytes during an infection probably leads to septicemia.", "PMID": 672912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1385", "title": "The dominant lethal effects of some ergot alkaloids.", "content": "The dominant lethal test was carried out in the mouse using the ergot derivatives dihydroergotoxine, ergotamine and methysergide. A significant increase in early fetal deaths was induced by 100 mg/kg of dihydroergotoxine and methysergide. Doses of 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg did not induce positive effects. Ergotamine was not effective in doses up to 100 mg/kg. Reduced numbers of implantations were not consistently observed following treatment with the ergot preparations, but some anti-fertility effects were noted. Cyclophosphamide, used as a positive control compound, produced significant effects in doses as low as 25 mg/kg.", "contents": "The dominant lethal effects of some ergot alkaloids. The dominant lethal test was carried out in the mouse using the ergot derivatives dihydroergotoxine, ergotamine and methysergide. A significant increase in early fetal deaths was induced by 100 mg/kg of dihydroergotoxine and methysergide. Doses of 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg did not induce positive effects. Ergotamine was not effective in doses up to 100 mg/kg. Reduced numbers of implantations were not consistently observed following treatment with the ergot preparations, but some anti-fertility effects were noted. Cyclophosphamide, used as a positive control compound, produced significant effects in doses as low as 25 mg/kg.", "PMID": 672916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1386", "title": "The symmetry of radiation-induced chromatid exchanges in relation to the cell cycle in Chinese hamster cells in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The symmetry of radiation-induced chromatid exchanges was studied in relation to the cell cycle in Chinese hamster cells in vivo and in vitro. Both in vivo and in vitro, the ratio between symmetrical and asymmetrical chromatid exchanges was about 1 to 1 during G2 and S phase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "The symmetry of radiation-induced chromatid exchanges in relation to the cell cycle in Chinese hamster cells in vivo and in vitro. The symmetry of radiation-induced chromatid exchanges was studied in relation to the cell cycle in Chinese hamster cells in vivo and in vitro. Both in vivo and in vitro, the ratio between symmetrical and asymmetrical chromatid exchanges was about 1 to 1 during G2 and S phase of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 672920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1387", "title": "Excision repair by human fibroblasts of DNA damaged by r-7, t-8-dihyroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "Benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide I (r-7,t-8,dihydroxy-t-9,10 oxy-7,8,9,10 tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene) was used to treat either human adenovirus 5 or cultures of human fibroblasts. The survival of diol-epoxide I treated adenovirus was greater when infecting fibroblasts from normal persons than when infecting fibroblasts from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). One diol-epoxide I molecule bound per viral genome correlated with one lethal hit as measured using XP fibroblasts. Normal fibroblasts blocked in semi-conservative DNA synthesis incorporated into their DNA more [3H]thymidine in response to diol-epoxide I treatment than did XP fibroblasts, and also excised more diol-epoxide I from their DNA. All of the effects described above were similar to those obtained when the inactivating agent was ultraviolet light rather than benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide I.", "contents": "Excision repair by human fibroblasts of DNA damaged by r-7, t-8-dihyroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene. Benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide I (r-7,t-8,dihydroxy-t-9,10 oxy-7,8,9,10 tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene) was used to treat either human adenovirus 5 or cultures of human fibroblasts. The survival of diol-epoxide I treated adenovirus was greater when infecting fibroblasts from normal persons than when infecting fibroblasts from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). One diol-epoxide I molecule bound per viral genome correlated with one lethal hit as measured using XP fibroblasts. Normal fibroblasts blocked in semi-conservative DNA synthesis incorporated into their DNA more [3H]thymidine in response to diol-epoxide I treatment than did XP fibroblasts, and also excised more diol-epoxide I from their DNA. All of the effects described above were similar to those obtained when the inactivating agent was ultraviolet light rather than benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide I.", "PMID": 672921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1388", "title": "Unrepaired DNA strand breaks in irradiated ataxia telangiectasia lymphocytes suggested from cytogenetic observations.", "content": "It is suggested here that the unusually high level of radiation-induced chromosome and chromatid-type aberrations in cells from patients with ataxia telangiectasia, compared with normals, is due to a significantly increased fraction of unrepaired double and single strand breaks. A hypothesis is proposed to explain how unrepaired and misrepaired DNA single or double strand breaks might be the basic lesion leading to the typical chromosome aberrations seen following X-irradiation of both normal or AT cells.", "contents": "Unrepaired DNA strand breaks in irradiated ataxia telangiectasia lymphocytes suggested from cytogenetic observations. It is suggested here that the unusually high level of radiation-induced chromosome and chromatid-type aberrations in cells from patients with ataxia telangiectasia, compared with normals, is due to a significantly increased fraction of unrepaired double and single strand breaks. A hypothesis is proposed to explain how unrepaired and misrepaired DNA single or double strand breaks might be the basic lesion leading to the typical chromosome aberrations seen following X-irradiation of both normal or AT cells.", "PMID": 672922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1389", "title": "Increased sensitivity of UV-repair-deficient human cells to DNA bound platinum products which unlike thymine dimers are not recognized by an endonuclease extracted from Micrococcus luteus.", "content": "We have studied the response of human cells in culture to cis platinum[II] diammine dichloride (cis Pt[II]) induced DNA damage. The survival data, measured as a function of cis Pt[II] dose were similar in a normal cell line (Human foetal lung) compared to a UV-sensitive, thymine dimer excision repair-deficient cell line (Xeroderma pigmentosum). However, there was a marked difference between the two cell lines when binding to DNA was plotted against dose of cis Pt[II] given for 1 h. When these findings were expressed as cell survival versus binding to DNA, a 4.1--fold difference between the slopes of the survival  curves for the two cell lines was obtained. These findings are consistent with  the notion that normal cells are able to excise cis Pt[II] induced damage from their genome and thus increase their ability to survive as compared to excision-deficient cells. An endonuclease preparation from Micrococcus luteus is able to recognise UV damage in DNA, but did not recognise cis Pt[II] induced damage. These results possibly indicate differences in the pathways of repair of damage caused by the two agents.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity of UV-repair-deficient human cells to DNA bound platinum products which unlike thymine dimers are not recognized by an endonuclease extracted from Micrococcus luteus. We have studied the response of human cells in culture to cis platinum[II] diammine dichloride (cis Pt[II]) induced DNA damage. The survival data, measured as a function of cis Pt[II] dose were similar in a normal cell line (Human foetal lung) compared to a UV-sensitive, thymine dimer excision repair-deficient cell line (Xeroderma pigmentosum). However, there was a marked difference between the two cell lines when binding to DNA was plotted against dose of cis Pt[II] given for 1 h. When these findings were expressed as cell survival versus binding to DNA, a 4.1--fold difference between the slopes of the survival  curves for the two cell lines was obtained. These findings are consistent with  the notion that normal cells are able to excise cis Pt[II] induced damage from their genome and thus increase their ability to survive as compared to excision-deficient cells. An endonuclease preparation from Micrococcus luteus is able to recognise UV damage in DNA, but did not recognise cis Pt[II] induced damage. These results possibly indicate differences in the pathways of repair of damage caused by the two agents.", "PMID": 672924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1390", "title": "Toxicity and mutagenicity of radiation from fluorescent lamps and a sunlamp in L5178y mouse lymphoma cells.", "content": "Unfiltered broad spectrum radiation emitted by black light, cool white, and black light blue fluorescent lamps and a sunlamp, is both toxic and mutagenic to L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells when the cells are irradiated in phosphate-buffered saline. The increase in mutant frequency seen after exposure of the cells is linear throughout the range of exposures tested. The linear increase in mutagenesis is observed even at exposure levels which do not cause significant toxicity. To facilitate comparison of the differing rates of mutagenesis derived from exposure-response curves obtained for each light source, we have defined a parameter, joule-equivalent mutagenesis (jem), equal to mutants per 10(5) survivors per joule per square meter. Jem values are calculated using the integrated irradiance of each lamp. Based on jem values, the relative mutagenicity of the various lamps tested (compared with a germicidal ultraviolet lamp) is 3 x 10(-3) for the sunlamp, 1 x 10(-4) for the black light and cool white lamps, and 3 x 10(-5) for the black light blue lamp. The toxic and mutagenic effects of the lamps are in reasonable agreement with their relative spectral output from 290 to 330 nm.", "contents": "Toxicity and mutagenicity of radiation from fluorescent lamps and a sunlamp in L5178y mouse lymphoma cells. Unfiltered broad spectrum radiation emitted by black light, cool white, and black light blue fluorescent lamps and a sunlamp, is both toxic and mutagenic to L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells when the cells are irradiated in phosphate-buffered saline. The increase in mutant frequency seen after exposure of the cells is linear throughout the range of exposures tested. The linear increase in mutagenesis is observed even at exposure levels which do not cause significant toxicity. To facilitate comparison of the differing rates of mutagenesis derived from exposure-response curves obtained for each light source, we have defined a parameter, joule-equivalent mutagenesis (jem), equal to mutants per 10(5) survivors per joule per square meter. Jem values are calculated using the integrated irradiance of each lamp. Based on jem values, the relative mutagenicity of the various lamps tested (compared with a germicidal ultraviolet lamp) is 3 x 10(-3) for the sunlamp, 1 x 10(-4) for the black light and cool white lamps, and 3 x 10(-5) for the black light blue lamp. The toxic and mutagenic effects of the lamps are in reasonable agreement with their relative spectral output from 290 to 330 nm.", "PMID": 672925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1391", "title": "A practical procedure for testing DNA damage in vivo, proposed for a pre-screening of chemical carcinogens.", "content": "The alkaline elution method was adapted to the evaluation of DNA damage induced in vivo through a practical and reliable microfluorometric procedure, without any need for tissue pre-labeling. The DNA damage induced in vivo by treatment with a single dose of N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMNA), N-methyl-N-nitroso-urea (MNU), 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) or cycasin has been detected in different organs of mice or rats. The results obtained are rather consistent with the organotropism of these carcinogens, and show a satisfactory dose dependent of DNA damage. DMH and cycasin, both negative in the Ames' Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test, are clearly positive with in vivo DNA damage/alkaline elution assay. This latter method, complemented with other short-term tests, may play a useful role in the pre-screening of chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "A practical procedure for testing DNA damage in vivo, proposed for a pre-screening of chemical carcinogens. The alkaline elution method was adapted to the evaluation of DNA damage induced in vivo through a practical and reliable microfluorometric procedure, without any need for tissue pre-labeling. The DNA damage induced in vivo by treatment with a single dose of N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMNA), N-methyl-N-nitroso-urea (MNU), 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) or cycasin has been detected in different organs of mice or rats. The results obtained are rather consistent with the organotropism of these carcinogens, and show a satisfactory dose dependent of DNA damage. DMH and cycasin, both negative in the Ames' Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test, are clearly positive with in vivo DNA damage/alkaline elution assay. This latter method, complemented with other short-term tests, may play a useful role in the pre-screening of chemical carcinogens.", "PMID": 672928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1392", "title": "An analysis of meiotic chromosomes of inbred male mice and their F1 sons after long-term treatment of sires with triethylenemelamine.", "content": "The dose-dependent effects of triethylenemelamine (TEM) on fertility and the induction of chromosomal translocation in treated mice and their F1 sons were examined C3H mice were treated with TEM for 8 successive weeks at doses of 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg of body weight. All males treated with TEM were fertile,and cytological analysis of meiotic cells showed no chromosomal rearrangements. Semi-sterility and sterility were noted in F1 sons of TEM-treated animals. This semi-sterility and sterility were associated with reciprocal translocations. The percentage of animals heterozygous for translocations was higher for F1 males originating from sires treated with TEM at 0.04 mg/kg than from sires treated with 0.02 mg/kg.", "contents": "An analysis of meiotic chromosomes of inbred male mice and their F1 sons after long-term treatment of sires with triethylenemelamine. The dose-dependent effects of triethylenemelamine (TEM) on fertility and the induction of chromosomal translocation in treated mice and their F1 sons were examined C3H mice were treated with TEM for 8 successive weeks at doses of 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg of body weight. All males treated with TEM were fertile,and cytological analysis of meiotic cells showed no chromosomal rearrangements. Semi-sterility and sterility were noted in F1 sons of TEM-treated animals. This semi-sterility and sterility were associated with reciprocal translocations. The percentage of animals heterozygous for translocations was higher for F1 males originating from sires treated with TEM at 0.04 mg/kg than from sires treated with 0.02 mg/kg.", "PMID": 672929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1393", "title": "Induction and isolation of frameshift mutants in cultured Chinese hamster DON cells.", "content": "Induction, isolation and characterization of frameshift mutants were studied by using a Chinese hamster Don (CHD) cell line. ICR-191, known to be a potent frameshift mutagen, was used for the induction of frameshift mutations. The drug (10(-5) M), as well as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), increased significantly the frequency of forward mutations from 8-azaguanine (8-AG) sensitivity (8-AGs) to resistance (8-AGr) over the untreated control to an extent of about 100-fold. 21 8-AGr mutants were isolated from the AP-01 (a sub-line of CHD) cells after treatment with appropriate concentrations of ICR-191 (10(-5) and 1.36 X 10(-5) M), and subsequently several reclonal mutants were tested for their ability to revert to 8-AG susceptibility after treatment with the three mutagens and a carcinogen, 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF), known to be a frameshift mutagen. Among the 8-AGr mutants tested, clone ICR-014 or ICR-172 showed a significant increase in reversion frequency over the control level only after treatment with ICR-191 or 2-NF, respectively; but not with the other two mutagens. These results suggest that each of these two kinds of mutant has a different frameshift mutation in one of the loci controlling 8-AG resistibility. It was also found that the hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activities in clones ICR-014 and ICR-172 were 1.9 and 34% of that of the original AP-01 cells, respectively.", "contents": "Induction and isolation of frameshift mutants in cultured Chinese hamster DON cells. Induction, isolation and characterization of frameshift mutants were studied by using a Chinese hamster Don (CHD) cell line. ICR-191, known to be a potent frameshift mutagen, was used for the induction of frameshift mutations. The drug (10(-5) M), as well as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), increased significantly the frequency of forward mutations from 8-azaguanine (8-AG) sensitivity (8-AGs) to resistance (8-AGr) over the untreated control to an extent of about 100-fold. 21 8-AGr mutants were isolated from the AP-01 (a sub-line of CHD) cells after treatment with appropriate concentrations of ICR-191 (10(-5) and 1.36 X 10(-5) M), and subsequently several reclonal mutants were tested for their ability to revert to 8-AG susceptibility after treatment with the three mutagens and a carcinogen, 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF), known to be a frameshift mutagen. Among the 8-AGr mutants tested, clone ICR-014 or ICR-172 showed a significant increase in reversion frequency over the control level only after treatment with ICR-191 or 2-NF, respectively; but not with the other two mutagens. These results suggest that each of these two kinds of mutant has a different frameshift mutation in one of the loci controlling 8-AG resistibility. It was also found that the hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activities in clones ICR-014 and ICR-172 were 1.9 and 34% of that of the original AP-01 cells, respectively.", "PMID": 672930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1394", "title": "Chromosome aberrations induced by monomeric acrylamide in bone marrow and germ cells of mice.", "content": "Acrylamide induces chromatid exchanges and breaks with considerable frequency in spermatogonia of mice with long-term administration (3 weeks), though not, remarkably, with short-term administration (1--2 weeks. At 12 and 24 h after single injections with 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg acrylamide, evaluation of the cytogenetic effect is difficult in the spermatogonia because of an extreme reduction of mitotic cells. Aneuploid and polyploid cells increase with time after treatment in both marrow and spermatogonial cells, while the aberration frequency shows no increase in marrow after both oral-administration and injection. Evidently the spermatogonia are thus rather more sensitive to acrylamide than marrow cells. On the other hand, the SCE frequency is at the control level in treated subjects in marrow and spermatogonia. Acrylamide induces chain quadrivalents, ring quadrivalents, fragments and univalents which are particularly evident in primary spermatocytes in both oral administration and injection, though it is questionable whether these structural changes deal with spermatogonia, or otherwise with the S-phase primary spermatocytes. There is a possibility that the aberrant cells thus produced can develop into spermatozoa carrying a certain type of reciprocal translocation which leads to semi-sterile progeny. In relation to the above problem detailed investigations into this type of rearrangement in primary spermatocytes are needed.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations induced by monomeric acrylamide in bone marrow and germ cells of mice. Acrylamide induces chromatid exchanges and breaks with considerable frequency in spermatogonia of mice with long-term administration (3 weeks), though not, remarkably, with short-term administration (1--2 weeks. At 12 and 24 h after single injections with 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg acrylamide, evaluation of the cytogenetic effect is difficult in the spermatogonia because of an extreme reduction of mitotic cells. Aneuploid and polyploid cells increase with time after treatment in both marrow and spermatogonial cells, while the aberration frequency shows no increase in marrow after both oral-administration and injection. Evidently the spermatogonia are thus rather more sensitive to acrylamide than marrow cells. On the other hand, the SCE frequency is at the control level in treated subjects in marrow and spermatogonia. Acrylamide induces chain quadrivalents, ring quadrivalents, fragments and univalents which are particularly evident in primary spermatocytes in both oral administration and injection, though it is questionable whether these structural changes deal with spermatogonia, or otherwise with the S-phase primary spermatocytes. There is a possibility that the aberrant cells thus produced can develop into spermatozoa carrying a certain type of reciprocal translocation which leads to semi-sterile progeny. In relation to the above problem detailed investigations into this type of rearrangement in primary spermatocytes are needed.", "PMID": 672931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1395", "title": "Chromosomal analyses in vinyl chloride-exposed workers.", "content": "Chromosomal morphology from cultured peripheral lymphocytes was studied in 81 men; 57 of the men were employed on plants manufacturing vinyl chloride or polyvinylchloride, 19 were on-site controls and 5 were off-site controls. There was a significant increase in chromosomal abnormalities in the exposed workers when compared with the controls. The greatest statistically significant increase in total B and total C cells occurred in autoclave operators, with smaller increases in other job categories. The increase in chromosomal aberrations was correlated with the length of exposure and with a history during the year prior to sampling (1973--1974) of exposure to excursion levels of vinyl chloride. Information on smoking habits was obtained 18 months after blood sampling and a positive correlation between these and total C cell abnormalities was found. There was no positive correlation with various other parameters (bilirubin, platelets, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase). It was not possible to estimate which of the three parameters (smoking history, length of employment or exposure to excursion levels) was the most important.", "contents": "Chromosomal analyses in vinyl chloride-exposed workers. Chromosomal morphology from cultured peripheral lymphocytes was studied in 81 men; 57 of the men were employed on plants manufacturing vinyl chloride or polyvinylchloride, 19 were on-site controls and 5 were off-site controls. There was a significant increase in chromosomal abnormalities in the exposed workers when compared with the controls. The greatest statistically significant increase in total B and total C cells occurred in autoclave operators, with smaller increases in other job categories. The increase in chromosomal aberrations was correlated with the length of exposure and with a history during the year prior to sampling (1973--1974) of exposure to excursion levels of vinyl chloride. Information on smoking habits was obtained 18 months after blood sampling and a positive correlation between these and total C cell abnormalities was found. There was no positive correlation with various other parameters (bilirubin, platelets, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase). It was not possible to estimate which of the three parameters (smoking history, length of employment or exposure to excursion levels) was the most important.", "PMID": 672932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1396", "title": "Chromosome distribution studies in phenyl mercury acetate exposed subjects and in age-related controls.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes of phenyl mercury acetate exposed persons and a control population of the same age were cultured for 48 h. In both populations 100 metaphases were trypsin-banded and caryotyped. The relative position of the metaphase chromosomes was studied by means of centromere--centromere distances (delta2) and centromere--metaphase centre distances (d2) obtained by computer-aided mathematical transformation of the individual metaphase coordinates. By comparing both investigated cell populations we mainly observed that the chromosome combinations which statistically differ in mercury-exposed workers from the controls show an increase of centromere-centromere distances after mercury exposure. From the data we may suggest that phenyl mercury acetate influences at first the position of particular chromosomes; especially D-group chromosomes which are involved in nucleolus organisation. This may be due to a greater density of SH-wearing molecules in that region or to a possible inhibition of specific enzymes regulating the nucleolar activity. The exposure level is however too low to allow definite conclusions in this respect.", "contents": "Chromosome distribution studies in phenyl mercury acetate exposed subjects and in age-related controls. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of phenyl mercury acetate exposed persons and a control population of the same age were cultured for 48 h. In both populations 100 metaphases were trypsin-banded and caryotyped. The relative position of the metaphase chromosomes was studied by means of centromere--centromere distances (delta2) and centromere--metaphase centre distances (d2) obtained by computer-aided mathematical transformation of the individual metaphase coordinates. By comparing both investigated cell populations we mainly observed that the chromosome combinations which statistically differ in mercury-exposed workers from the controls show an increase of centromere-centromere distances after mercury exposure. From the data we may suggest that phenyl mercury acetate influences at first the position of particular chromosomes; especially D-group chromosomes which are involved in nucleolus organisation. This may be due to a greater density of SH-wearing molecules in that region or to a possible inhibition of specific enzymes regulating the nucleolar activity. The exposure level is however too low to allow definite conclusions in this respect.", "PMID": 672933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1397", "title": "The natural ovalbumin gene contains seven intervening sequences.", "content": "EcoRI fragments of the natural ovalbumin gene were cloned and studied by hybridisation with mature ovalbumin mRNA, electron microscopy, restriction enzyme mapping and limited sequence analysis. The structural gene sequences coding for ovalbumin were found to be separated into eight sequentially orientated pieces by seven intervening sequences of various lengths.", "contents": "The natural ovalbumin gene contains seven intervening sequences. EcoRI fragments of the natural ovalbumin gene were cloned and studied by hybridisation with mature ovalbumin mRNA, electron microscopy, restriction enzyme mapping and limited sequence analysis. The structural gene sequences coding for ovalbumin were found to be separated into eight sequentially orientated pieces by seven intervening sequences of various lengths.", "PMID": 672955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1398", "title": "Recent human influenza A (H1N1) viruses are closely related genetically to strains isolated in 1950.", "content": "Comparison of the oligonucleotide maps of the RNAs of current human influenza (H1N1) virus isolates shows these strains to be much more closely related to viruses isolated in 1950 than to strains which circulated before or after that period.", "contents": "Recent human influenza A (H1N1) viruses are closely related genetically to strains isolated in 1950. Comparison of the oligonucleotide maps of the RNAs of current human influenza (H1N1) virus isolates shows these strains to be much more closely related to viruses isolated in 1950 than to strains which circulated before or after that period.", "PMID": 672956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1399", "title": "Where do general anaesthetics act?", "content": "General anaesthetics were found to have no effect on lipid bilayer structures when studied using X-ray and neutron diffraction. Combined gaseous and aqueous phase solubility data suggested that the primary site of action of general anaesthetics has both polar and nonpolar characteristics, and probably involves protein.", "contents": "Where do general anaesthetics act? General anaesthetics were found to have no effect on lipid bilayer structures when studied using X-ray and neutron diffraction. Combined gaseous and aqueous phase solubility data suggested that the primary site of action of general anaesthetics has both polar and nonpolar characteristics, and probably involves protein.", "PMID": 672957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1400", "title": "Crystallographic studies on the activity of glycogen phosphorylase b.", "content": "High resolution studies on the crystal structure of glycogen phosphorylase b have identified the catalytic site to which the substrate glucose-1-phosphate binds strongly with some local conformational changes. The site is situated 8 A (phosphate-to-phosphate distance) from pyridoxal phosphate, an essential cofactor of all glycogen phosphorylases. The catalytic site is 33 A from the site in the N-terminal portion of the molecule to which adenine nucleotides bind. In contrast to phosphorylase a (the active form of the enzyme which is phosphorylated at Ser 14), the positions of the first 19 residues of phosphorylase b are not well defined.", "contents": "Crystallographic studies on the activity of glycogen phosphorylase b. High resolution studies on the crystal structure of glycogen phosphorylase b have identified the catalytic site to which the substrate glucose-1-phosphate binds strongly with some local conformational changes. The site is situated 8 A (phosphate-to-phosphate distance) from pyridoxal phosphate, an essential cofactor of all glycogen phosphorylases. The catalytic site is 33 A from the site in the N-terminal portion of the molecule to which adenine nucleotides bind. In contrast to phosphorylase a (the active form of the enzyme which is phosphorylated at Ser 14), the positions of the first 19 residues of phosphorylase b are not well defined.", "PMID": 672971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1401", "title": "Nucleotide sequences at the ends of bacteriophage Mu DNA.", "content": "The nucleotide sequences were analysed at the two ends of bacteriophage Mu DNA. Such analyses reveal the existence of a short stretch of common sequences that are located at the termini and are orientated as inverted repeats. They also confirm that the heterogeneous bacterial DNA covalently bound to the ends of vegetative Mu DNA is totally removed during lysogenisation.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences at the ends of bacteriophage Mu DNA. The nucleotide sequences were analysed at the two ends of bacteriophage Mu DNA. Such analyses reveal the existence of a short stretch of common sequences that are located at the termini and are orientated as inverted repeats. They also confirm that the heterogeneous bacterial DNA covalently bound to the ends of vegetative Mu DNA is totally removed during lysogenisation.", "PMID": 672985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1402", "title": "Differential metabolism and leakage of protein in an inherited cataract and a normal lens cultured with ouabain.", "content": "Ocular lenses in Nakano mice showed marked changes in synthesis, degradation and leakage of protein during cataractogenesis. The cataract-associated changes included the differential lowering of crystallin synthesis, the cleavage of crystallin polypeptides to lower molecular weight forms and the leakage of crystallins from cultured lenses. Ouabain treatment of normal lenses induced these alterations, suggesting that changes in the intracellular levels of Na+ and K+ affect the anabolism and catabolism of protein during cataract formation.", "contents": "Differential metabolism and leakage of protein in an inherited cataract and a normal lens cultured with ouabain. Ocular lenses in Nakano mice showed marked changes in synthesis, degradation and leakage of protein during cataractogenesis. The cataract-associated changes included the differential lowering of crystallin synthesis, the cleavage of crystallin polypeptides to lower molecular weight forms and the leakage of crystallins from cultured lenses. Ouabain treatment of normal lenses induced these alterations, suggesting that changes in the intracellular levels of Na+ and K+ affect the anabolism and catabolism of protein during cataract formation.", "PMID": 672986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1403", "title": "A surprising property of electrical spread in the network of rods in the turtle's retina.", "content": "Flashing a localised stimulus onto a turtle's retina produces an intracellular potential wave which spreads through electrical connections from illuminated to unilluminated photoreceptors. The response in unilluminated rods (but not in cones) becomes faster as the distance from the source increases, perhaps because voltage-dependent permeability changes in the rod membrane make the coupled network behave like a high-pass filter.", "contents": "A surprising property of electrical spread in the network of rods in the turtle's retina. Flashing a localised stimulus onto a turtle's retina produces an intracellular potential wave which spreads through electrical connections from illuminated to unilluminated photoreceptors. The response in unilluminated rods (but not in cones) becomes faster as the distance from the source increases, perhaps because voltage-dependent permeability changes in the rod membrane make the coupled network behave like a high-pass filter.", "PMID": 672987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1404", "title": "Representation of complex visual stimuli in the brain.", "content": "A method was developed to investigate transfer properties of neurons in the visual system using pictures of complex visual stimuli. The picture is moved over the receptive field of a neuron so that it can scan it along programmed lines. The activity of the neuron during the scanning procedure is presented in a two-dimensional dot display on scale with the original picture. By superposition of the stimulus and the transfer pattern, one can find out to which detail of a stimulus the neuron responds. Neurons in the first intracerebral relay of the visual system, the lateral geniculate body, reduce a complex stimulus, such as a photograph of a natural environment, to its contours. Cortical cells only respond to contours either of a limited or of a wider range of orientations (simple and complex cells, respectively). But the course of contours is only described by a continuous representation of these contours in the cortical map of the visual field. This is done by the simple cells, which have small receptive fields and thus a higher resolving power, whereas complex cells with their large receptive fields monitor the approximate location of a moving stimulus. The function of these two classes of neurons is discussed in terms of visual behavior, i.e., for fixation, hold, and binocular vergence movements (simple cells), and for detection of moving objects and motor command signals towards these objects (complex cells). These functions are an important condition for foveal vision which is the basis of perception in primates. An important function of orientation sensitivity of simple cells may be the binocular alignment of contours in binocular fusion and stereoscopic vision.", "contents": "Representation of complex visual stimuli in the brain. A method was developed to investigate transfer properties of neurons in the visual system using pictures of complex visual stimuli. The picture is moved over the receptive field of a neuron so that it can scan it along programmed lines. The activity of the neuron during the scanning procedure is presented in a two-dimensional dot display on scale with the original picture. By superposition of the stimulus and the transfer pattern, one can find out to which detail of a stimulus the neuron responds. Neurons in the first intracerebral relay of the visual system, the lateral geniculate body, reduce a complex stimulus, such as a photograph of a natural environment, to its contours. Cortical cells only respond to contours either of a limited or of a wider range of orientations (simple and complex cells, respectively). But the course of contours is only described by a continuous representation of these contours in the cortical map of the visual field. This is done by the simple cells, which have small receptive fields and thus a higher resolving power, whereas complex cells with their large receptive fields monitor the approximate location of a moving stimulus. The function of these two classes of neurons is discussed in terms of visual behavior, i.e., for fixation, hold, and binocular vergence movements (simple cells), and for detection of moving objects and motor command signals towards these objects (complex cells). These functions are an important condition for foveal vision which is the basis of perception in primates. An important function of orientation sensitivity of simple cells may be the binocular alignment of contours in binocular fusion and stereoscopic vision.", "PMID": 673010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1405", "title": "The role of uptake of noradrenaline of its positive inotropic effect in relation to muscle geometry. Statistical evaluation.", "content": "1. The influence of saturable drug uptake on the drug concentration near the receptor sites was shown theoretically to depend on the geometry of the preparation; increases in the volume/surface ratio (V/S) of the preparation decrease the sensitivity of the preparation to an agonist inactivated in the tissue. 2. The positive inotropic effect of (-)-noradrenaline was found to depend on the ratio V/S of the preparation; papillary muscles with larger V/S were less sensitive to the drug and showed steeper noradrenaline concentration-effect curves. 3. An algorithm for the statistical estimation of the parameters of the saturable uptake process was derived. It was applied to the positive inotropic noradrenaline effect in relation to muscle geometry. As an analysis of variance showed, the model explained a significant proportion of the shift of (-)-noradrenaline concentration-effect curves associated with variation in size of the preparation.", "contents": "The role of uptake of noradrenaline of its positive inotropic effect in relation to muscle geometry. Statistical evaluation. 1. The influence of saturable drug uptake on the drug concentration near the receptor sites was shown theoretically to depend on the geometry of the preparation; increases in the volume/surface ratio (V/S) of the preparation decrease the sensitivity of the preparation to an agonist inactivated in the tissue. 2. The positive inotropic effect of (-)-noradrenaline was found to depend on the ratio V/S of the preparation; papillary muscles with larger V/S were less sensitive to the drug and showed steeper noradrenaline concentration-effect curves. 3. An algorithm for the statistical estimation of the parameters of the saturable uptake process was derived. It was applied to the positive inotropic noradrenaline effect in relation to muscle geometry. As an analysis of variance showed, the model explained a significant proportion of the shift of (-)-noradrenaline concentration-effect curves associated with variation in size of the preparation.", "PMID": 673013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1406", "title": "The neuronal and extraneuronal uptake and metabolism of 3H-(-)-noradrenaline in the perfused rat heart.", "content": "1. Hearts were obtained from reserpine-pretreated rats and perfused with 0.95 micron 3H(-)-noradrenaline. The rate of removal of 3H-noradrenaline from the perfusion fluid was measured (from the arterio-venous difference) as well as the rate at which the 3H-metabolites appeared in the venous effluent. 2. When either 30micron corticosterone was added under steady-state conditions during perfusion with 3H-noradrenaline (to inhibit neuronal and extraneuronal uptake, respectively), each inhibitor reduced the removal of noradrenaline by about 50%; in the presence of both inhibitors removal was abolished. 3. Dihydroxymandelic acid (DOMA) was of neuronal, normetanephrine (NMN) of extraneuronal origin; dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG) and the OMDA fraction (containing methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol-MOPEG-and methoxyhydroxymandelic acid-VMA) were formed both neuronally and extra-neuronally. 4. The extraneuronal metabolism of 3H-noradrenaline was in quick equilibrium with the 3H-noradrenaline in the perfusion fluid; most of the total formation of DOPEG, MOPEG and NMN was recovered from the venous effluent. 5. Extraneuronally formed DOPEG, MOPEG and NMN distributed in the tissue with half times corresponding to their half time for efflux. 6. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) by pargyline increased the extraneuronal formation of NMN; MAO and catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) appear to be contained in the same extraneuronal compartment. 7. The extraneuronal accumulation of 3H-noradrenaline required 30 min or more to reach a steady state; inhibition of one or both enzymes slowed this process. Inhibition of MAO increased the extra-neuronal accumulation of 3H-noradrenaline; inhibition of COMT failed to do so, since the enzyme inhibitor (U-0521) was a weak inhibitor of extra-neuronal uptake. 8. The rate constants for the efflux of the metabolites of noradrenaline decreased in the order of MOPEG greater than DOPEG greater than NMN greater than DOMA greater than VMA.", "contents": "The neuronal and extraneuronal uptake and metabolism of 3H-(-)-noradrenaline in the perfused rat heart. 1. Hearts were obtained from reserpine-pretreated rats and perfused with 0.95 micron 3H(-)-noradrenaline. The rate of removal of 3H-noradrenaline from the perfusion fluid was measured (from the arterio-venous difference) as well as the rate at which the 3H-metabolites appeared in the venous effluent. 2. When either 30micron corticosterone was added under steady-state conditions during perfusion with 3H-noradrenaline (to inhibit neuronal and extraneuronal uptake, respectively), each inhibitor reduced the removal of noradrenaline by about 50%; in the presence of both inhibitors removal was abolished. 3. Dihydroxymandelic acid (DOMA) was of neuronal, normetanephrine (NMN) of extraneuronal origin; dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG) and the OMDA fraction (containing methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol-MOPEG-and methoxyhydroxymandelic acid-VMA) were formed both neuronally and extra-neuronally. 4. The extraneuronal metabolism of 3H-noradrenaline was in quick equilibrium with the 3H-noradrenaline in the perfusion fluid; most of the total formation of DOPEG, MOPEG and NMN was recovered from the venous effluent. 5. Extraneuronally formed DOPEG, MOPEG and NMN distributed in the tissue with half times corresponding to their half time for efflux. 6. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) by pargyline increased the extraneuronal formation of NMN; MAO and catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) appear to be contained in the same extraneuronal compartment. 7. The extraneuronal accumulation of 3H-noradrenaline required 30 min or more to reach a steady state; inhibition of one or both enzymes slowed this process. Inhibition of MAO increased the extra-neuronal accumulation of 3H-noradrenaline; inhibition of COMT failed to do so, since the enzyme inhibitor (U-0521) was a weak inhibitor of extra-neuronal uptake. 8. The rate constants for the efflux of the metabolites of noradrenaline decreased in the order of MOPEG greater than DOPEG greater than NMN greater than DOMA greater than VMA.", "PMID": 673014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1407", "title": "Suppression of 3H-acetylcholine release from primary nerve cell cultures by tetanus and botulinum-A toxin.", "content": "Primary nerve cell cultures derived from embryonic rat central nervous system form [3H]ACh from exogenous [3H]Ch, and release it upon potassium depolarization. Pretreatment of the cultures with botulinum-A toxin or tetanus toxin diminishes the cellular accumulation of [3H]ACh. Poisoning the cultures during the period of [3H]Ch uptake fails to lower [H]ACh formation. Dependent on dosage, both toxins suppress the release of [3H]ACh upon potassium depolarization. Heat-denaturated toxins as well as tetanus toxin preincubated with tetanus antitoxin were without effect.", "contents": "Suppression of 3H-acetylcholine release from primary nerve cell cultures by tetanus and botulinum-A toxin. Primary nerve cell cultures derived from embryonic rat central nervous system form [3H]ACh from exogenous [3H]Ch, and release it upon potassium depolarization. Pretreatment of the cultures with botulinum-A toxin or tetanus toxin diminishes the cellular accumulation of [3H]ACh. Poisoning the cultures during the period of [3H]Ch uptake fails to lower [H]ACh formation. Dependent on dosage, both toxins suppress the release of [3H]ACh upon potassium depolarization. Heat-denaturated toxins as well as tetanus toxin preincubated with tetanus antitoxin were without effect.", "PMID": 673020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1408", "title": "Inhibitory effect of tyramine-induced release of catecholamines on renin secretion.", "content": "The effect of the indirect sympathomimetic agent tyramine on the isoprenaline-induced increase in plasma renin concentration was investigated in conscious rats. Tyramine caused a dose-dependent decrease in the isoprenaline-induced elevation of plasma renin concentration. Pretreatment of the rats with reserpine abolished this effect of tyramine, indicating that tyramine released catecholamines which acted on the inhibitory adrenoceptors. Pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, also abolished the inhibitory effect of tyramine on renin release, indicating that alpha-adrenoceptors mediated the observed inhibition of renin release. In rats with chronically denervated kidneys tyramine did not inhibit renin release. It is concluded that catecholamines which are released from renal sympathetic nerve endings can suppress renin release by activating alpha-adrenoceptors.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of tyramine-induced release of catecholamines on renin secretion. The effect of the indirect sympathomimetic agent tyramine on the isoprenaline-induced increase in plasma renin concentration was investigated in conscious rats. Tyramine caused a dose-dependent decrease in the isoprenaline-induced elevation of plasma renin concentration. Pretreatment of the rats with reserpine abolished this effect of tyramine, indicating that tyramine released catecholamines which acted on the inhibitory adrenoceptors. Pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, also abolished the inhibitory effect of tyramine on renin release, indicating that alpha-adrenoceptors mediated the observed inhibition of renin release. In rats with chronically denervated kidneys tyramine did not inhibit renin release. It is concluded that catecholamines which are released from renal sympathetic nerve endings can suppress renin release by activating alpha-adrenoceptors.", "PMID": 673021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1409", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of beta-endorphin basal and stimulated levels in extracted rat plasma.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for beta-endorphin is described. Antibodies against human beta-endorphin which exhibit a high avidity for the C-terminal of the peptide were raised in rabbits following the injection of thyroglobulin-coupled human beta-endorphin (betah-E) as immunogen. Methionine-enkephalin, alpha-, gamma-endorphine, as well as ACTH peptides did not cause interference in the radioimmunoassay. beta-Lipotropin, however, showed a 50% cross-reactivity. The sensitivity of the assay is 25 pg/0.5 ml tube volume for beta-endorphin. beta-Endorphin was extracted with a high recovery from the rat plasma using silicic acid and beta-endorphin levels as low as 100 pg/ml could be measured. Basal levels of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in plasma of rats were about 400 pg/ml. beta-Endorphin levels in adrenalectomized rats and in animals chronically treated with the cortisol synthesis blocker metyrapone were found to be markedly increased (about 7-fold). Exposure of the rats to electrically induced footshocks caused a similar increase of immunoreactive beta-endorphin in plasma. A significant increase was also seen after insulin injection.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of beta-endorphin basal and stimulated levels in extracted rat plasma. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for beta-endorphin is described. Antibodies against human beta-endorphin which exhibit a high avidity for the C-terminal of the peptide were raised in rabbits following the injection of thyroglobulin-coupled human beta-endorphin (betah-E) as immunogen. Methionine-enkephalin, alpha-, gamma-endorphine, as well as ACTH peptides did not cause interference in the radioimmunoassay. beta-Lipotropin, however, showed a 50% cross-reactivity. The sensitivity of the assay is 25 pg/0.5 ml tube volume for beta-endorphin. beta-Endorphin was extracted with a high recovery from the rat plasma using silicic acid and beta-endorphin levels as low as 100 pg/ml could be measured. Basal levels of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in plasma of rats were about 400 pg/ml. beta-Endorphin levels in adrenalectomized rats and in animals chronically treated with the cortisol synthesis blocker metyrapone were found to be markedly increased (about 7-fold). Exposure of the rats to electrically induced footshocks caused a similar increase of immunoreactive beta-endorphin in plasma. A significant increase was also seen after insulin injection.", "PMID": 673022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1410", "title": "Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of digoxin and dihydrodigoxin in cats in single-dose studies.", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of 3H-dihydrodigoxin and 3H-digoxin after single intravenous and intraduodenal administration in cats are compared. Data could be described by an open two compartment body model. The beta half-life in plasma of dihydrodigoxin after initial rapid distribution is 4.6h compared to 10.4 h after digoxin administration. The volume of tissue distribution of dihydrodigoxin is 7 times smaller than that of digoxin (0.311 versus 2.051). The \"specific uptake\" of dihydrodigoxin into myocardium and some other tissues is very low. Over 5.5h the cumulative biliary and urinary elimination of dihydrodigoxin is definitely higher (45.7% versus 14.4%). An unexpected peak in TLC plates after dihydrodigoxin administration in blood, bile and urine was identified to be the sodium salt of the opened lactone structure: dihydrodigoxin acid.", "contents": "Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of digoxin and dihydrodigoxin in cats in single-dose studies. Pharmacokinetics of 3H-dihydrodigoxin and 3H-digoxin after single intravenous and intraduodenal administration in cats are compared. Data could be described by an open two compartment body model. The beta half-life in plasma of dihydrodigoxin after initial rapid distribution is 4.6h compared to 10.4 h after digoxin administration. The volume of tissue distribution of dihydrodigoxin is 7 times smaller than that of digoxin (0.311 versus 2.051). The \"specific uptake\" of dihydrodigoxin into myocardium and some other tissues is very low. Over 5.5h the cumulative biliary and urinary elimination of dihydrodigoxin is definitely higher (45.7% versus 14.4%). An unexpected peak in TLC plates after dihydrodigoxin administration in blood, bile and urine was identified to be the sodium salt of the opened lactone structure: dihydrodigoxin acid.", "PMID": 673023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1411", "title": "[Background activity of neurons of the auditory zone of the cortex of awake cats in the resting state and during elaboration of defensive conditioned reflexes].", "content": "The results of statistical computer analysis of 366 realizations of the background activity of 181 neurons from the primary auditory cortex (field 50) in vigil cats (14) at rest and during defensive conditioning are presented. In both states the parameters of background activity in most neurons differed from completely random succession. The conditioning evoked a stable elevation of the frequency of background activity during interstimulus intervals, an increase in stability of the background impulsation as regards its average frequency and variation coefficients of the duration of interspike intervals, as well as an enhancement of the number of neurons showing different types of association between interspike intervals.", "contents": "[Background activity of neurons of the auditory zone of the cortex of awake cats in the resting state and during elaboration of defensive conditioned reflexes]. The results of statistical computer analysis of 366 realizations of the background activity of 181 neurons from the primary auditory cortex (field 50) in vigil cats (14) at rest and during defensive conditioning are presented. In both states the parameters of background activity in most neurons differed from completely random succession. The conditioning evoked a stable elevation of the frequency of background activity during interstimulus intervals, an increase in stability of the background impulsation as regards its average frequency and variation coefficients of the duration of interspike intervals, as well as an enhancement of the number of neurons showing different types of association between interspike intervals.", "PMID": 673069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1412", "title": "[Elaboration of a conditioned defense reflex based on rhythmic electric stimulation of the septum].", "content": "In automatically controlled experiments on rabbits the spectral and correlation characteristics of sensorimotor, visual and hippocampal potentials were analyzed during the elaboration of conditioned defensive reflex to light stimuli. The conditioning to light was performed at definite frequency of septum stimulation (2,4,7 or 9 Hz). Rhythmical 7 Hz, 9 Hz electrical stimulation of the septum accelerated the conditioning. Rhythmical 2 Hz electrical stimulation of the septum delayed the conditioning. A conclusion is made that changing of the frequency of electrical septum stimulation can influence the process of learning.", "contents": "[Elaboration of a conditioned defense reflex based on rhythmic electric stimulation of the septum]. In automatically controlled experiments on rabbits the spectral and correlation characteristics of sensorimotor, visual and hippocampal potentials were analyzed during the elaboration of conditioned defensive reflex to light stimuli. The conditioning to light was performed at definite frequency of septum stimulation (2,4,7 or 9 Hz). Rhythmical 7 Hz, 9 Hz electrical stimulation of the septum accelerated the conditioning. Rhythmical 2 Hz electrical stimulation of the septum delayed the conditioning. A conclusion is made that changing of the frequency of electrical septum stimulation can influence the process of learning.", "PMID": 673070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1413", "title": "[Neuronal activity of the midbrain central grey upon stimulation of the amygdaloid complex and the subthalamus].", "content": "The influence of stimulation of the amygdaloid complex and the subthalamus on neuronal activity of the central grey substance were studied in acute experiments on rats. The amygdaloid stimulation produced inhibition in 72% of the central grey substance neurons; stimulation of subthalamus--activation in 59%. Repetitive stimulation of the amygdaloid complex evoked prolonged changes in the neuronal activity. The convergence of impulses from the amygdaloid complex and subthalamus was observed in 31 of 114 reactive neurons. 71% of cells showed inhibition.", "contents": "[Neuronal activity of the midbrain central grey upon stimulation of the amygdaloid complex and the subthalamus]. The influence of stimulation of the amygdaloid complex and the subthalamus on neuronal activity of the central grey substance were studied in acute experiments on rats. The amygdaloid stimulation produced inhibition in 72% of the central grey substance neurons; stimulation of subthalamus--activation in 59%. Repetitive stimulation of the amygdaloid complex evoked prolonged changes in the neuronal activity. The convergence of impulses from the amygdaloid complex and subthalamus was observed in 31 of 114 reactive neurons. 71% of cells showed inhibition.", "PMID": 673071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1414", "title": "[Responses of neurons in the cochlear nuclei of sharp-eared bats to presentation of simultaneous ultrasonic stimuli].", "content": "The single unit activity of cochlear nuclei in Verspertilionidae are studied by means of ultrasonic pure tonal and frequency-modulated stimuli. Most neurons (85%) had tonic reaction to combination tones f2-f1 and 2f1-f2 (f1, pulse frequency of the first tone, f2 pulse frequency of the second tone) as a result of the nonlinearity in the auditory system. The reaction to the combination tones depended upon pulse frequency and sound pressure level of each of the presented stimuli. Tonic reaction appeared in the case when the combination tone was equal to the best frequency of the neuron. The question about the role of the nonlinearity of the auditory system in the resolution of the complex signals is discussed.", "contents": "[Responses of neurons in the cochlear nuclei of sharp-eared bats to presentation of simultaneous ultrasonic stimuli]. The single unit activity of cochlear nuclei in Verspertilionidae are studied by means of ultrasonic pure tonal and frequency-modulated stimuli. Most neurons (85%) had tonic reaction to combination tones f2-f1 and 2f1-f2 (f1, pulse frequency of the first tone, f2 pulse frequency of the second tone) as a result of the nonlinearity in the auditory system. The reaction to the combination tones depended upon pulse frequency and sound pressure level of each of the presented stimuli. Tonic reaction appeared in the case when the combination tone was equal to the best frequency of the neuron. The question about the role of the nonlinearity of the auditory system in the resolution of the complex signals is discussed.", "PMID": 673072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1415", "title": "[Electrophysiologic characteristics of motor neurons of the cat facial nerve nucleus].", "content": "The antidromic activation of facial nucleus motoneurons to the stimulation of various branches of the facial nerve was studied by means of intracellular recording in cats. The time and amplitude characteristics of separate components of the antidromic spike were analyzed and fast and slow after-potentials were distinguished. A correlation was shown between the duration of the falling phase of the SD spike, the duration of its after-hyperpolarization and the impulse conductance time in the axon. Data indicating the absence of the recurrent collateral pathway in the facial nucleus motoneurons were obtained. The possible functional significance of the after-potentials is discussed.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic characteristics of motor neurons of the cat facial nerve nucleus]. The antidromic activation of facial nucleus motoneurons to the stimulation of various branches of the facial nerve was studied by means of intracellular recording in cats. The time and amplitude characteristics of separate components of the antidromic spike were analyzed and fast and slow after-potentials were distinguished. A correlation was shown between the duration of the falling phase of the SD spike, the duration of its after-hyperpolarization and the impulse conductance time in the axon. Data indicating the absence of the recurrent collateral pathway in the facial nucleus motoneurons were obtained. The possible functional significance of the after-potentials is discussed.", "PMID": 673073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1416", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the dendrites of spinal neurons].", "content": "Some kinds of dendritic protrusions were found in the different parts of the spinal cord grey matter connected with the long descending fibre systems. The small simple dendritic protrusions were localized in the medial part of the ventral horn. As a rule they were invaginated in the axon terminal which made the simultaneous synaptic contacts with them and with the basic trunk of dendrite. In the lateral parts of the V-VII laminae of the grey matter the dendritic branches were getting longer and more complex, the breaking forms and \"crest\" synapses appeared. There were some inclusions in the matrix which were probably the precursor of the spine apparatus and were called spine-like protrusions. Statistically authentic difference was determined between the size of the dendritic protrusions in the medial and lateral parts of the ventral horn grey matter.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the dendrites of spinal neurons]. Some kinds of dendritic protrusions were found in the different parts of the spinal cord grey matter connected with the long descending fibre systems. The small simple dendritic protrusions were localized in the medial part of the ventral horn. As a rule they were invaginated in the axon terminal which made the simultaneous synaptic contacts with them and with the basic trunk of dendrite. In the lateral parts of the V-VII laminae of the grey matter the dendritic branches were getting longer and more complex, the breaking forms and \"crest\" synapses appeared. There were some inclusions in the matrix which were probably the precursor of the spine apparatus and were called spine-like protrusions. Statistically authentic difference was determined between the size of the dendritic protrusions in the medial and lateral parts of the ventral horn grey matter.", "PMID": 673074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1417", "title": "[Effect of strychnine, hydrastine and apamin on synaptic transmission in smooth muscle cells].", "content": "The effects of strychnine, hydrastine and apamine on nervemuscle transmission in guinea pig stomach and taenia coli were studied. Hydrastine and strychnine produced an increase in non-adrenergic IPSPs of smooth muscle cells. Under apamine action IPSPs and hyperpolarization caused by exogenous ATP were reversibly blocked and non-cholinergic EPSPs appeared. ATP caused depolarization of the cell membrane in this condition. Consequently, apamine is a specific (postsynaptic) blocking agent of non-adrenergic inhibition and ATP obviously mediates both non-adrenergic inhibition and non-cholinergic synaptic excitation of smooth muscle cells observed in our experiments.", "contents": "[Effect of strychnine, hydrastine and apamin on synaptic transmission in smooth muscle cells]. The effects of strychnine, hydrastine and apamine on nervemuscle transmission in guinea pig stomach and taenia coli were studied. Hydrastine and strychnine produced an increase in non-adrenergic IPSPs of smooth muscle cells. Under apamine action IPSPs and hyperpolarization caused by exogenous ATP were reversibly blocked and non-cholinergic EPSPs appeared. ATP caused depolarization of the cell membrane in this condition. Consequently, apamine is a specific (postsynaptic) blocking agent of non-adrenergic inhibition and ATP obviously mediates both non-adrenergic inhibition and non-cholinergic synaptic excitation of smooth muscle cells observed in our experiments.", "PMID": 673075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1418", "title": "[Identification of serotonin receptors in several grape snail neurons].", "content": "Four types of unit responses to iontophoretical serotonin (5-hydroxytrytamine) application were obtained on the ventral surface of the visceral ganglion in the hibernating Helix pomatia. The responses differed in sign, duration, latent period, reaction to serotonin antagonists (d-tubocurarine, tryptamine, neostigmine). It seems that every type of unit response to serotonin is associated with a definite type of serotonin receptors. A scheme of serotonin receptor distribution in the studied neurons is presented.", "contents": "[Identification of serotonin receptors in several grape snail neurons]. Four types of unit responses to iontophoretical serotonin (5-hydroxytrytamine) application were obtained on the ventral surface of the visceral ganglion in the hibernating Helix pomatia. The responses differed in sign, duration, latent period, reaction to serotonin antagonists (d-tubocurarine, tryptamine, neostigmine). It seems that every type of unit response to serotonin is associated with a definite type of serotonin receptors. A scheme of serotonin receptor distribution in the studied neurons is presented.", "PMID": 673076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1419", "title": "[Responses of neurons in the cochlear nuclei of sharp-eared bats to presentation of frequency-modulated stimuli with a unidirectional change in frequency].", "content": "The investigation of the reactions of the neurons of the cochlear nuclei in the bats Myotis oxygnathus to frequency-modulated stimuli showed that the neurons with one best frequency (20%) have phasic responses while those with one or two best frequencies--tonic responses in the case when frequency of the stimulus changes from high to low frequencies.", "contents": "[Responses of neurons in the cochlear nuclei of sharp-eared bats to presentation of frequency-modulated stimuli with a unidirectional change in frequency]. The investigation of the reactions of the neurons of the cochlear nuclei in the bats Myotis oxygnathus to frequency-modulated stimuli showed that the neurons with one best frequency (20%) have phasic responses while those with one or two best frequencies--tonic responses in the case when frequency of the stimulus changes from high to low frequencies.", "PMID": 673077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1420", "title": "[Vestibular responses of \"fast\" and \"slow\" Deiter's nucleus neurons].", "content": "The response of vestibulospinal neurons to the tilt in the frontal plane was studied in decerebrate cats. The neurons were identified antidromically by L1 stimulation. The response to the tilt was found to be correlated with the speed of axonal conductance: the neurons responding to the ipsilateral tilt had the latency of the antidromic response 2.8 +/- 0.7 ms, while those responding to the contralateral tilt--4.6 +/- 2.0 ms.", "contents": "[Vestibular responses of \"fast\" and \"slow\" Deiter's nucleus neurons]. The response of vestibulospinal neurons to the tilt in the frontal plane was studied in decerebrate cats. The neurons were identified antidromically by L1 stimulation. The response to the tilt was found to be correlated with the speed of axonal conductance: the neurons responding to the ipsilateral tilt had the latency of the antidromic response 2.8 +/- 0.7 ms, while those responding to the contralateral tilt--4.6 +/- 2.0 ms.", "PMID": 673078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1421", "title": "[Factor modulating the electrical activity of the grape snail bursting neuron].", "content": "The factor modulating electrical activity of the bursting neuron was obtained from neurons tissue of Helix pomatia. The factor increased the amplitude of membrane potential waves of the bursting neuron and caused the depolarizing current. The negative conductance region appeared on the voltage-currant curve. The factor is suggested to participate in realization of the interneuron secretorial communications.", "contents": "[Factor modulating the electrical activity of the grape snail bursting neuron]. The factor modulating electrical activity of the bursting neuron was obtained from neurons tissue of Helix pomatia. The factor increased the amplitude of membrane potential waves of the bursting neuron and caused the depolarizing current. The negative conductance region appeared on the voltage-currant curve. The factor is suggested to participate in realization of the interneuron secretorial communications.", "PMID": 673079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1422", "title": "[The \"tuning\" mechanism of the segmental apparatus before voluntary movement].", "content": "The probability of motor unit discharges and changes in the inter-spike interval duration before the voluntary contraction were studied on m. soleus of human beings. A strong motoneuron facilitation was revealed 15-20 ms before the burst of potentials in EMG and only in some experiments a weak facilitation took place earlier (30-50 ms before the burst). So, \"tuning\" (H-reflex increasing) 60 ms before the voluntary contraction may be regarded as a result of H-reflex presynaptic disinhibition.", "contents": "[The \"tuning\" mechanism of the segmental apparatus before voluntary movement]. The probability of motor unit discharges and changes in the inter-spike interval duration before the voluntary contraction were studied on m. soleus of human beings. A strong motoneuron facilitation was revealed 15-20 ms before the burst of potentials in EMG and only in some experiments a weak facilitation took place earlier (30-50 ms before the burst). So, \"tuning\" (H-reflex increasing) 60 ms before the voluntary contraction may be regarded as a result of H-reflex presynaptic disinhibition.", "PMID": 673080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1423", "title": "Systemic hemodynamics in nephrotoxic acute renal failure.", "content": "Cardiac output (CO) and renal blood flow (RBF) were simultaneously evaluated (microsphere method) in awake rats, 3, 6, and 24 h after induction of acute renal failure by mercuric chloride (HgCl2; 4.7 mg/kg body weight). 3 h after injection of HgCl2, CO and RBF decreased to 77 and 72% of respective control values of 32.0 +/- 2.4 and 4.65 +/- 0.44 ml/min/100 g. Renal vascular resistance (RVR) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were significantly increased compared to control at this time. Similar results were observed 6 h after administration of HgCl2. Volume expansion with plasma (2% of body weight) restored CO, RBF, TPR, and RVR to normal 3 h after injection of HgCl2. Despite significantly elevated blood urea nitrogen 24h after injection of HgCl2 (103.7 mg%), all hemodynamic parameters were within control range. Plasma volume was normal 3 h after HgCl2 but was significantly elevated compared to control 24 h after HgCl2 (4.73 vs. 3.92 ml/100 g, p less than 0.01). These findings indicate that factors other than preferential renal vasoconstriction may be involved in the transient renal ischemia of HgCl2-induced acute renal failure.", "contents": "Systemic hemodynamics in nephrotoxic acute renal failure. Cardiac output (CO) and renal blood flow (RBF) were simultaneously evaluated (microsphere method) in awake rats, 3, 6, and 24 h after induction of acute renal failure by mercuric chloride (HgCl2; 4.7 mg/kg body weight). 3 h after injection of HgCl2, CO and RBF decreased to 77 and 72% of respective control values of 32.0 +/- 2.4 and 4.65 +/- 0.44 ml/min/100 g. Renal vascular resistance (RVR) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were significantly increased compared to control at this time. Similar results were observed 6 h after administration of HgCl2. Volume expansion with plasma (2% of body weight) restored CO, RBF, TPR, and RVR to normal 3 h after injection of HgCl2. Despite significantly elevated blood urea nitrogen 24h after injection of HgCl2 (103.7 mg%), all hemodynamic parameters were within control range. Plasma volume was normal 3 h after HgCl2 but was significantly elevated compared to control 24 h after HgCl2 (4.73 vs. 3.92 ml/100 g, p less than 0.01). These findings indicate that factors other than preferential renal vasoconstriction may be involved in the transient renal ischemia of HgCl2-induced acute renal failure.", "PMID": 673089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1424", "title": "Effect of ischemia on renal blood flow in the rat.", "content": "The effect of ischemia on renal blood flow (RBF) in the rat has been an unsettled question. This study used a totally extractable indicator, radioactive microspheres, with a reference arterial sample, to study RBF quantitatively 10 and 60 min after 1 h of unilateral renal artery clamping in anesthetized, heparinized rats. The results indicate that after release of the arterial clamp, the kidney is enlarged and exhibits an increase in renal vascular resistance. RBF to the contralateral non-ischemic kidney is not different from that of a time-control series.", "contents": "Effect of ischemia on renal blood flow in the rat. The effect of ischemia on renal blood flow (RBF) in the rat has been an unsettled question. This study used a totally extractable indicator, radioactive microspheres, with a reference arterial sample, to study RBF quantitatively 10 and 60 min after 1 h of unilateral renal artery clamping in anesthetized, heparinized rats. The results indicate that after release of the arterial clamp, the kidney is enlarged and exhibits an increase in renal vascular resistance. RBF to the contralateral non-ischemic kidney is not different from that of a time-control series.", "PMID": 673090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1425", "title": "Focal glomerulosclerosis: natural history and treatment. A report of 70 cases.", "content": "70 cases of focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) followed for periods ranging from 1 to 24 years are reported. 39 patients had a nephrotic syndrome. 31 patients had asymptomatic proteinuria. 97 renal biopsies were performed. At least one biopsy specimen from every patient showed focal and segmental involvement of glomeruli, but no lesions were observed on the first biopsy in 6 patients. 26 of the 35 patients with a nephrotic syndrome were treated with steroids alone and/or chemotherapy and/or indomethacin. Resistance to treatment was encountered in 21 patients. Complete remission was observed in 6 cases, despite persistence or accentuation of histological lesions on serial biopsies in 3 cases. Actuarial renal survival rate at 10 years was 45% in the group with a nephrotic syndrome versus 91% in patients with proteinuria. FGS with a persistent nephrotic syndrome represents the 'malignant' form of the disease. Recurrence of the disease was observed after transplantation in 2 cases and was absent in 1.", "contents": "Focal glomerulosclerosis: natural history and treatment. A report of 70 cases. 70 cases of focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) followed for periods ranging from 1 to 24 years are reported. 39 patients had a nephrotic syndrome. 31 patients had asymptomatic proteinuria. 97 renal biopsies were performed. At least one biopsy specimen from every patient showed focal and segmental involvement of glomeruli, but no lesions were observed on the first biopsy in 6 patients. 26 of the 35 patients with a nephrotic syndrome were treated with steroids alone and/or chemotherapy and/or indomethacin. Resistance to treatment was encountered in 21 patients. Complete remission was observed in 6 cases, despite persistence or accentuation of histological lesions on serial biopsies in 3 cases. Actuarial renal survival rate at 10 years was 45% in the group with a nephrotic syndrome versus 91% in patients with proteinuria. FGS with a persistent nephrotic syndrome represents the 'malignant' form of the disease. Recurrence of the disease was observed after transplantation in 2 cases and was absent in 1.", "PMID": 673092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1426", "title": "3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine uptake in erythroblasts of patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "The in vitro incorporation of 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine, reflecting the synthetic capacity for DNA, RNA and protein, respectively, was detected by radioautography in the erythroid precursors of 10 patients with chronic renal failure. The results were compared with the uptake of the isotopes in the erythroid precursors of healthy subjects. The pattern of incorporation for all three isotopes in the patients' cells was similar to that of control cells, but significantly lower. The possible causes of this difference are discussed.", "contents": "3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine uptake in erythroblasts of patients with chronic renal failure. The in vitro incorporation of 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine, reflecting the synthetic capacity for DNA, RNA and protein, respectively, was detected by radioautography in the erythroid precursors of 10 patients with chronic renal failure. The results were compared with the uptake of the isotopes in the erythroid precursors of healthy subjects. The pattern of incorporation for all three isotopes in the patients' cells was similar to that of control cells, but significantly lower. The possible causes of this difference are discussed.", "PMID": 673093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1427", "title": "Effectiveness of intestinal phosphate binders in patients maintained by hemodialysis.", "content": "Two formulations of aluminum phosphate binders-aluminum hydroxide suspension and aluminum carbonate powder in the form of capsules-were found to be equally effective in lowering the plasma phosphate concentration. The effective dose was 4 g/day given in divided doses before meals and at bedtime. Side effects were negligible with this dosage for both preparations, but aluminum carbonate capsules were preferred by most patients because of the greater convenience of the capsule form. Coincident with the lowering of serum phosphorus concentrations, serum parathyroid hormone concentrations decreased approximately 30% from levels obtained while patients were taking placebo.", "contents": "Effectiveness of intestinal phosphate binders in patients maintained by hemodialysis. Two formulations of aluminum phosphate binders-aluminum hydroxide suspension and aluminum carbonate powder in the form of capsules-were found to be equally effective in lowering the plasma phosphate concentration. The effective dose was 4 g/day given in divided doses before meals and at bedtime. Side effects were negligible with this dosage for both preparations, but aluminum carbonate capsules were preferred by most patients because of the greater convenience of the capsule form. Coincident with the lowering of serum phosphorus concentrations, serum parathyroid hormone concentrations decreased approximately 30% from levels obtained while patients were taking placebo.", "PMID": 673095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1428", "title": "Short daily peritoneal dialysis: 3 years' experience.", "content": "During the last 3 years 3,964 short daily peritoneal dialyses (71.4% at home) have been performed in 18 patients aged between 8 and 82 years. 6-10 liters of dialysate have been associated with high caloric-low protein (0.6 g/kg) diets. In 330 predialysis determinations serum urea was 1.30 +/- 0.09 g/l and serum creatinine was 13.9 +/- 1.9 mg/dl. The incidence of peritonitis was 0.18%. The control of anemia, plasma levels of proteins, albumins, transferrin, C-3c and C-4 were satisfactory. The data support the concept of a wider application of this dialysis technique, which may be extended to every uremic patient.", "contents": "Short daily peritoneal dialysis: 3 years' experience. During the last 3 years 3,964 short daily peritoneal dialyses (71.4% at home) have been performed in 18 patients aged between 8 and 82 years. 6-10 liters of dialysate have been associated with high caloric-low protein (0.6 g/kg) diets. In 330 predialysis determinations serum urea was 1.30 +/- 0.09 g/l and serum creatinine was 13.9 +/- 1.9 mg/dl. The incidence of peritonitis was 0.18%. The control of anemia, plasma levels of proteins, albumins, transferrin, C-3c and C-4 were satisfactory. The data support the concept of a wider application of this dialysis technique, which may be extended to every uremic patient.", "PMID": 673096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1429", "title": "Respiratory gas exchange by high-efficiency hemodialyzers.", "content": "The effects of respiratory gas mass-transfer by high-efficiency hemodialyzers with regard to respiratory status and acid-base balance were studied in three groups of patients. Patients dialyzed with acetate dialysate and a single pass delivery system (group I) and those dialyzed with the same dialysate and a recirculating single pass system (group II) had significant intradialytic decreases in PCO2 (p is less than 0.05), while patients hemodialyzed aginst a carbon dioxide/bicarbonate dialysate (group III) had no significant alterations in arterial PCO2. The massfransfer rate of carbon dioxide was 0.3 mM/min in group I and 0.2 mM/min in group II. The hypocapnia caused by dialyzer mass-transfer of carbon dioxide was associated with a significant drop in minute ventilation volume and a decrease in PO2 which was significant in group I (p is less than 0.05). Although bicarbonate mass-transfer reduced serum bicarbonate levels, the loss of carbon dioxide to the dialysate resulted in an increased arterial pH during dialysis.", "contents": "Respiratory gas exchange by high-efficiency hemodialyzers. The effects of respiratory gas mass-transfer by high-efficiency hemodialyzers with regard to respiratory status and acid-base balance were studied in three groups of patients. Patients dialyzed with acetate dialysate and a single pass delivery system (group I) and those dialyzed with the same dialysate and a recirculating single pass system (group II) had significant intradialytic decreases in PCO2 (p is less than 0.05), while patients hemodialyzed aginst a carbon dioxide/bicarbonate dialysate (group III) had no significant alterations in arterial PCO2. The massfransfer rate of carbon dioxide was 0.3 mM/min in group I and 0.2 mM/min in group II. The hypocapnia caused by dialyzer mass-transfer of carbon dioxide was associated with a significant drop in minute ventilation volume and a decrease in PO2 which was significant in group I (p is less than 0.05). Although bicarbonate mass-transfer reduced serum bicarbonate levels, the loss of carbon dioxide to the dialysate resulted in an increased arterial pH during dialysis.", "PMID": 673097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1430", "title": "Evidence of increased proximal sodium and water reabsorption in experimental glomerulonephritis. Role of a natriuretic factor of renal origin.", "content": "In previous work, we have demonstrated that rats with experimental glomerulonephritis (GN) were unable to increase fractional and absolute sodium excretion after saline loading. This inability appears to be related to the disappearance of a natriuretic material that we have shown to be of renal origin. Similar results were obtained in human GN. In order to identify the nephronic site of the enhanced tubular sodium reabsorption, two techniques were used: (1) study of TmG in normal and glomerulonephritic rats during a progressive saline loading, and (2) micropuncture studies of sodium and water reabsorption. The results clearly demonstrate that: (1) in GN rats, TmG is increased in proportion with Na reabsorption; (2) TmG decreases, of the same magnitude, in GN and normal rats during progressive saline loading; (3) one site of the increased sodium and water reabsorption is proximal as evidenced by glucose titration curve and micropuncture studies, and (4) there is a disruption of glomerulotubular balance in GN rats. Moreover, the parallel behavior of TmG and proximal sodium reabsorption strongly suggests that the part of sodium transport presumbably linked to glucose transport is selectively involved. These results also suggest that the observed disorders are due to the disappearance of a renal natriuretic factor, the site of action of which being presumably proximal.", "contents": "Evidence of increased proximal sodium and water reabsorption in experimental glomerulonephritis. Role of a natriuretic factor of renal origin. In previous work, we have demonstrated that rats with experimental glomerulonephritis (GN) were unable to increase fractional and absolute sodium excretion after saline loading. This inability appears to be related to the disappearance of a natriuretic material that we have shown to be of renal origin. Similar results were obtained in human GN. In order to identify the nephronic site of the enhanced tubular sodium reabsorption, two techniques were used: (1) study of TmG in normal and glomerulonephritic rats during a progressive saline loading, and (2) micropuncture studies of sodium and water reabsorption. The results clearly demonstrate that: (1) in GN rats, TmG is increased in proportion with Na reabsorption; (2) TmG decreases, of the same magnitude, in GN and normal rats during progressive saline loading; (3) one site of the increased sodium and water reabsorption is proximal as evidenced by glucose titration curve and micropuncture studies, and (4) there is a disruption of glomerulotubular balance in GN rats. Moreover, the parallel behavior of TmG and proximal sodium reabsorption strongly suggests that the part of sodium transport presumbably linked to glucose transport is selectively involved. These results also suggest that the observed disorders are due to the disappearance of a renal natriuretic factor, the site of action of which being presumably proximal.", "PMID": 673098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1431", "title": "Morphogenesis of glomerular cysts in renal dysplasia.", "content": "The glomerular origin and the morphogenesis of the cysts in a case of renal dysplasia are descirbed. On ligh microscopy, islets of cartilage, immature ducts and cortical cysts were found. A primitive glomerular tuft was present in some cysts. On electron microscopy part of the inner surface of the cysts was lined by epithelium with pedicels. These findings suports the hypothesis that the cause of the cysts is the dilatation of the glomerular spaces when the respective glomeruli become functional.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of glomerular cysts in renal dysplasia. The glomerular origin and the morphogenesis of the cysts in a case of renal dysplasia are descirbed. On ligh microscopy, islets of cartilage, immature ducts and cortical cysts were found. A primitive glomerular tuft was present in some cysts. On electron microscopy part of the inner surface of the cysts was lined by epithelium with pedicels. These findings suports the hypothesis that the cause of the cysts is the dilatation of the glomerular spaces when the respective glomeruli become functional.", "PMID": 673099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1432", "title": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis-presentation as acute renal failure in a child with a solitary kidney.", "content": "A 4-year-old girl, who had been in perfect health, presented with the acute onset of renal failure and abdominal mass. Investigations revealed a solitary left kidney which on histology had the typical features of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. The child had no previous history suggestive of chronic renal disease and had no radiologic evidence of renal osteodystrophy. She had no improvement in renal function and has gone on to hemodialysis and transplantation. The unique mode of presentation and the unusual features of this case are discussed.", "contents": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis-presentation as acute renal failure in a child with a solitary kidney. A 4-year-old girl, who had been in perfect health, presented with the acute onset of renal failure and abdominal mass. Investigations revealed a solitary left kidney which on histology had the typical features of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. The child had no previous history suggestive of chronic renal disease and had no radiologic evidence of renal osteodystrophy. She had no improvement in renal function and has gone on to hemodialysis and transplantation. The unique mode of presentation and the unusual features of this case are discussed.", "PMID": 673100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1433", "title": "Factors affecting protein and glycoprotein synthesis by rat kidney mitochondria in vitro.", "content": "Incorporation of 14C-labeled leucine and mannose were used as indices of protein and glycoprotein synthesis by isolated rat kidney mitochondria. Uninephrectomy, certain salts including NaCl and heavy metals, detergents such as digitonin and lysophosphatidylcholine, and various antibiotics were studied for their effect in this in vitro assay system. Amino acid incorporation by mitochondria into macromolecules was adversely affected by a number of the conditions studied while carbohydrate incorporation was less frequently influenced. The number of variables capable of influencing the assays system indicate that caution must be used in the interpretation of in vitro enzyme reactions especially in the study of experimental nephropathies. Alterations in mitochondrial macromolecular synthesis may be a feature of various types of renal injury though the importance of mitochondrial biosynthetic activity to the overall cell response remains to be established.", "contents": "Factors affecting protein and glycoprotein synthesis by rat kidney mitochondria in vitro. Incorporation of 14C-labeled leucine and mannose were used as indices of protein and glycoprotein synthesis by isolated rat kidney mitochondria. Uninephrectomy, certain salts including NaCl and heavy metals, detergents such as digitonin and lysophosphatidylcholine, and various antibiotics were studied for their effect in this in vitro assay system. Amino acid incorporation by mitochondria into macromolecules was adversely affected by a number of the conditions studied while carbohydrate incorporation was less frequently influenced. The number of variables capable of influencing the assays system indicate that caution must be used in the interpretation of in vitro enzyme reactions especially in the study of experimental nephropathies. Alterations in mitochondrial macromolecular synthesis may be a feature of various types of renal injury though the importance of mitochondrial biosynthetic activity to the overall cell response remains to be established.", "PMID": 673101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1434", "title": "Surgical management of destructive lesions of the spine.", "content": "The authors report on their experience with 23 patients with destructive disease of the vertebrae. They recommend ventral vertebral replacement as the method of choice for all sections of the spine.", "contents": "Surgical management of destructive lesions of the spine. The authors report on their experience with 23 patients with destructive disease of the vertebrae. They recommend ventral vertebral replacement as the method of choice for all sections of the spine.", "PMID": 673103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1435", "title": "[Cervical spine injuries and compression of the vertebral artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Six patients were angiographically examined. A compression of the cerebral artery was verified angiographically only in one patient with a severe dislocation of the cervical spine. Only severe trauma to the cervical spine seems to involve the vertebral arteries. The history of this patient with a verified compression of the vertebral artery is described. It is characterised by primary discrete neurological symptoms gradually getting worse. The cause and resulting consequences are discussed.", "contents": "[Cervical spine injuries and compression of the vertebral artery (author's transl)]. Six patients were angiographically examined. A compression of the cerebral artery was verified angiographically only in one patient with a severe dislocation of the cervical spine. Only severe trauma to the cervical spine seems to involve the vertebral arteries. The history of this patient with a verified compression of the vertebral artery is described. It is characterised by primary discrete neurological symptoms gradually getting worse. The cause and resulting consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 673104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1436", "title": "Successful removal of a giant tentorial meningioma.", "content": "A 225 gm fibroblastic tentorial meningioma was successfully removed by a supratentorial approach. Clinically the case more closely resembled a cerebellopontine angle tumour. Carotid and vertebral angiography should always be performed if the diagnosis of tentorial meningioma is suspected.", "contents": "Successful removal of a giant tentorial meningioma. A 225 gm fibroblastic tentorial meningioma was successfully removed by a supratentorial approach. Clinically the case more closely resembled a cerebellopontine angle tumour. Carotid and vertebral angiography should always be performed if the diagnosis of tentorial meningioma is suspected.", "PMID": 673105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1437", "title": "[Knotted neurinoma or plexiform neurofibroma in the cauda equina (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of a plexiform neurofibroma in the cauda equina is reported. In literature single cases are described as \"redundant or knotted nerve roots\", but mainly without microscopic description. Our patient was complained of bilateral pain in the legs for several years. The myelogram revealed a complete block with a serpentine-shaped structure. In operation we found a elongated and redundant nerve root in the cauda equina. The biopsy showed a plexiform neurofribroma. The operative technique is described.", "contents": "[Knotted neurinoma or plexiform neurofibroma in the cauda equina (author's transl)]. A rare case of a plexiform neurofibroma in the cauda equina is reported. In literature single cases are described as \"redundant or knotted nerve roots\", but mainly without microscopic description. Our patient was complained of bilateral pain in the legs for several years. The myelogram revealed a complete block with a serpentine-shaped structure. In operation we found a elongated and redundant nerve root in the cauda equina. The biopsy showed a plexiform neurofribroma. The operative technique is described.", "PMID": 673106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1438", "title": "[Experimental transection of the spinal cord (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-three dogs underwent a complete transection of the spinal cord at L 1 level. Section was followed in eighteen animals by reconstruction effected through suture of the arachnoide with the aid of monofilament 10 X 0 thread. The operation was in all cases concluded by an osteosynthesis with metallic material in order to prevent any movements in the operated site, and a tight dural closure was achieved in order to prevent propagation of any epidural hematoma or secondary granuloma. This technique did not prevent an unfavorable evolution of the suture, which demonstrated three different morphological features:--necrosis of the spinal cord cut ends with secondary formation of a transverse cyst;--secondary infiltration of the operated focus by a fibrous scar growing from the inner aspect of the dura;--failure of axon regeneration through this fibrous block in spite of noteworthy proliferation of axons coming from the dorsal roots. A critical analysis of those results led to a comparaison with various previous works on the same subject. The most recent of these works have led to promising prospects which need confirmation.", "contents": "[Experimental transection of the spinal cord (author's transl)]. Twenty-three dogs underwent a complete transection of the spinal cord at L 1 level. Section was followed in eighteen animals by reconstruction effected through suture of the arachnoide with the aid of monofilament 10 X 0 thread. The operation was in all cases concluded by an osteosynthesis with metallic material in order to prevent any movements in the operated site, and a tight dural closure was achieved in order to prevent propagation of any epidural hematoma or secondary granuloma. This technique did not prevent an unfavorable evolution of the suture, which demonstrated three different morphological features:--necrosis of the spinal cord cut ends with secondary formation of a transverse cyst;--secondary infiltration of the operated focus by a fibrous scar growing from the inner aspect of the dura;--failure of axon regeneration through this fibrous block in spite of noteworthy proliferation of axons coming from the dorsal roots. A critical analysis of those results led to a comparaison with various previous works on the same subject. The most recent of these works have led to promising prospects which need confirmation.", "PMID": 673107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1439", "title": "[The neurosurgical treatment of the cerebral localisations of the alveolaris (multilocularis) echinococcosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of adult woman surgically treated for hepatic alveolaris ecchinococcosis on 1975 is presented. On 1976, a hypertensive intracranial syndrome is treated by removal of a right temporal kystic localisation. On 1977, a new localisation is successfully raised. The authors, in a short review of the literature note that these cerebral localisations are not always terminal. The alveolaris ecchinococcosis is now autochthonous in France.", "contents": "[The neurosurgical treatment of the cerebral localisations of the alveolaris (multilocularis) echinococcosis (author's transl)]. A case of adult woman surgically treated for hepatic alveolaris ecchinococcosis on 1975 is presented. On 1976, a hypertensive intracranial syndrome is treated by removal of a right temporal kystic localisation. On 1977, a new localisation is successfully raised. The authors, in a short review of the literature note that these cerebral localisations are not always terminal. The alveolaris ecchinococcosis is now autochthonous in France.", "PMID": 673108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1440", "title": "[Cerebral cysticercosis. About two cases of brain localisation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 2 cases of brain localisation of cysticercosis due to Cysticercus cellulosae. In both cases epilepsy was found but only later was its origin proved by the finding of characteristic ellipsoidal calcifications of cysticerci on the roentgenogram. The authors also recall the various possible symptoms ; insist on the fact that early positive diagnosis is difficult and that the mode  of treatment by surgery is exceptional. Though cysticercosis is rare in France, it should be remembered when a diagnosis of epilepsy is made and no apparent cause is found : further research of etiology should thus be made in such cases.", "contents": "[Cerebral cysticercosis. About two cases of brain localisation (author's transl)]. The authors report 2 cases of brain localisation of cysticercosis due to Cysticercus cellulosae. In both cases epilepsy was found but only later was its origin proved by the finding of characteristic ellipsoidal calcifications of cysticerci on the roentgenogram. The authors also recall the various possible symptoms ; insist on the fact that early positive diagnosis is difficult and that the mode  of treatment by surgery is exceptional. Though cysticercosis is rare in France, it should be remembered when a diagnosis of epilepsy is made and no apparent cause is found : further research of etiology should thus be made in such cases.", "PMID": 673109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1441", "title": "[Two cases of pericranial sinuses (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report two cases of \"sinus pericranii\" a rare vascular tumor of the skull, communicating with the meningeal veins or with the dural sinuses. The partial reduction in size of the tumor in the sitting position may aid the clinical diagnosis. The X ray diagnosis is highly enhanced by the direct injection of contrast medium into the tumor, leading to the visualization of the outflow in the miningeal veins, while external carotid angiography is normal. Step by step coagulation of the verious supply coming through the skull allows a non-bleeding surgical excision.", "contents": "[Two cases of pericranial sinuses (author's transl)]. The authors report two cases of \"sinus pericranii\" a rare vascular tumor of the skull, communicating with the meningeal veins or with the dural sinuses. The partial reduction in size of the tumor in the sitting position may aid the clinical diagnosis. The X ray diagnosis is highly enhanced by the direct injection of contrast medium into the tumor, leading to the visualization of the outflow in the miningeal veins, while external carotid angiography is normal. Step by step coagulation of the verious supply coming through the skull allows a non-bleeding surgical excision.", "PMID": 673110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1442", "title": "[Extra dural hematoma complicating ventricular decompression during posterior fossa exploration (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of bilateral frontal extra dural hematoma following ventricular decompression during posterior fossa exploration is reported. Hazards of such ventricular drainage are discussed with a review of relevant literature. The authors emphasize the role of non communicating hydrocephaly in pathogenesis of these complications.", "contents": "[Extra dural hematoma complicating ventricular decompression during posterior fossa exploration (author's transl)]. A new case of bilateral frontal extra dural hematoma following ventricular decompression during posterior fossa exploration is reported. Hazards of such ventricular drainage are discussed with a review of relevant literature. The authors emphasize the role of non communicating hydrocephaly in pathogenesis of these complications.", "PMID": 673111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1443", "title": "[Measuring intracranial pressure with a fontanelle palpation transducer (author's transl)].", "content": "The accuracy and reliability of a non-invasive method for the measurement of intracranial pressure through the fontanelle without puncture was tested during 12 or even 24 hours recordings. Wealthall and Smallwood modified aplanation transducer was first used. A metal frame had to be developed in order to secure the transducer rigidly over the fontanelle so that the recording could take place with the infant in any position and completely free of its movements. Simultaneous recordings of extradural or intraventricular pressure have shown the measurements were accurate to about 1 or 2 cm H2O in a neurosurgical environnement (i.e large fontanelles with pressure over 10 cm H2O). For smaller fontanelles or low or even negative intracranial pressure, a smaller transducer seems to be needed. The preliminary test of a plane strain gauge transducer that partially fills this need is shown.", "contents": "[Measuring intracranial pressure with a fontanelle palpation transducer (author's transl)]. The accuracy and reliability of a non-invasive method for the measurement of intracranial pressure through the fontanelle without puncture was tested during 12 or even 24 hours recordings. Wealthall and Smallwood modified aplanation transducer was first used. A metal frame had to be developed in order to secure the transducer rigidly over the fontanelle so that the recording could take place with the infant in any position and completely free of its movements. Simultaneous recordings of extradural or intraventricular pressure have shown the measurements were accurate to about 1 or 2 cm H2O in a neurosurgical environnement (i.e large fontanelles with pressure over 10 cm H2O). For smaller fontanelles or low or even negative intracranial pressure, a smaller transducer seems to be needed. The preliminary test of a plane strain gauge transducer that partially fills this need is shown.", "PMID": 673114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1444", "title": "[Telemetric measurement of intracranial pressure with the help of an electromagnetic detector implanted within the epidural space. Tolerance and reliability verified in 16 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "After a detailed description of the technique the authors report the clinical results obtained in a series of 16 patients upon whom the new detector has been implanted and comparative measurements of the intracranial pressure by lumbar puncture were effected. The length of implantation of the detector which was of the order of several months in a majority of cases permitted to verify the stability and tolerance of the device as well as its long-term reliability since the length of functionning was of more than 6 months in half of the patients. Quantitatively, the instantaneous value of the intracranial pressure could be evaluated with the standard deviation of 17 mm of water in comparison to the values obtained by lumbar puncture. While being acceptable in clinical practice, this margin of error can be reduced in the future. The authors intend to utilize this detector at first for the monitoring of intracranial pressure before advocating its use in prolonged surveillance of intracranial pressure.", "contents": "[Telemetric measurement of intracranial pressure with the help of an electromagnetic detector implanted within the epidural space. Tolerance and reliability verified in 16 cases (author's transl)]. After a detailed description of the technique the authors report the clinical results obtained in a series of 16 patients upon whom the new detector has been implanted and comparative measurements of the intracranial pressure by lumbar puncture were effected. The length of implantation of the detector which was of the order of several months in a majority of cases permitted to verify the stability and tolerance of the device as well as its long-term reliability since the length of functionning was of more than 6 months in half of the patients. Quantitatively, the instantaneous value of the intracranial pressure could be evaluated with the standard deviation of 17 mm of water in comparison to the values obtained by lumbar puncture. While being acceptable in clinical practice, this margin of error can be reduced in the future. The authors intend to utilize this detector at first for the monitoring of intracranial pressure before advocating its use in prolonged surveillance of intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 673115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1445", "title": "In vitro effects of inorganic lead on isolated rat brain mitochondrial respiration.", "content": "The effects of lead acetate on respiration in cerebral and cerebellar mitochondria from immature and adult rats were studied polarographically. With all substrates low lead concentrations produced an increase in respiration. Higher concentrations produced an inhibition of both this lead-induced respiration and ADP-dependent (State 3) respiration. Lead-induced respiration required inorganic phosphate and was inhibited by oligomycin, suggesting a coupling to oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibition of respiration was produced by much lower lead concentrations with NAD-linked citric acid cycle substrates than with succinate or alpha-glycerophosphate. In partially disrupted mitochondria, NAD-linked substrate oxidation was inhibited at lead concentrations which did not affect NADH oxidation. Thus, in brain mitochondria the NAD-linked dehydrogenases, located in the matrix space, were more sensitive to inhibition by lead than were inner membrane enzymes. All in vitro lead effects on mitochondrial respiration were comparable in cerebral and cerebellar mitochondria isolated from both immature and adult rats.", "contents": "In vitro effects of inorganic lead on isolated rat brain mitochondrial respiration. The effects of lead acetate on respiration in cerebral and cerebellar mitochondria from immature and adult rats were studied polarographically. With all substrates low lead concentrations produced an increase in respiration. Higher concentrations produced an inhibition of both this lead-induced respiration and ADP-dependent (State 3) respiration. Lead-induced respiration required inorganic phosphate and was inhibited by oligomycin, suggesting a coupling to oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibition of respiration was produced by much lower lead concentrations with NAD-linked citric acid cycle substrates than with succinate or alpha-glycerophosphate. In partially disrupted mitochondria, NAD-linked substrate oxidation was inhibited at lead concentrations which did not affect NADH oxidation. Thus, in brain mitochondria the NAD-linked dehydrogenases, located in the matrix space, were more sensitive to inhibition by lead than were inner membrane enzymes. All in vitro lead effects on mitochondrial respiration were comparable in cerebral and cerebellar mitochondria isolated from both immature and adult rats.", "PMID": 673116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1446", "title": "Comparison of cell-free protein synthesis by different regions of chicken brain.", "content": "The cell-free protein synthesis by the postmitochondrial supernatant from chicken cerebrum was twofold greater than protein synthesis by the cerebellum or optic lobes. Ribosomal aggregation of mRNA and ribonuclease activity of the postmitochondrial supernatant from the three brain regions was not statistically different. The higher protein synthetic activity of the cerebral postmitochondrial supernatant was associated with both the postribosomal supernatant (cell sap) and microsomal fractions. Cerebral monomeric ribosomes were more active in polyuridylic acid directed polyphenylalanine synthesis than monomeric ribosomes from either the cerebellum or optic lobes. The ability of cerebral cell sap to support polyuridylic acid directed polyphenylalanine synthesis was 1.6 to 2 times greater than cell sap from the other two regions. Cell sap factors other than tRNAphe or phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases appear to be responsible for the higher protein synthetic activity of the cbr cell sap.", "contents": "Comparison of cell-free protein synthesis by different regions of chicken brain. The cell-free protein synthesis by the postmitochondrial supernatant from chicken cerebrum was twofold greater than protein synthesis by the cerebellum or optic lobes. Ribosomal aggregation of mRNA and ribonuclease activity of the postmitochondrial supernatant from the three brain regions was not statistically different. The higher protein synthetic activity of the cerebral postmitochondrial supernatant was associated with both the postribosomal supernatant (cell sap) and microsomal fractions. Cerebral monomeric ribosomes were more active in polyuridylic acid directed polyphenylalanine synthesis than monomeric ribosomes from either the cerebellum or optic lobes. The ability of cerebral cell sap to support polyuridylic acid directed polyphenylalanine synthesis was 1.6 to 2 times greater than cell sap from the other two regions. Cell sap factors other than tRNAphe or phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases appear to be responsible for the higher protein synthetic activity of the cbr cell sap.", "PMID": 673117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1447", "title": "[Conduction velocity changes in peripheral nerves in the acute stage of the Guillain-Barre syndrome].", "content": "In 20 cases of acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (including 4 recurrent cases the conduction velocity was measured in the nerves: facial, axillary, musculocutaneous, peroneal, sural and ulnar (motor and sensory). In the long nerves the maximal as well as minimal conduction velocity was determined. At the peak of development of clinical manifestations all electrophysiological parameters differed from the normal values, in particular, significant changes were found in long nerves (complete parallelism was found between the velocity of conduction and end latency). In the first stage of regression of clinical manifestations the electrophysiological parameters continued to show an increased abnormalities, only later they approached the normal values. Sensory conduction was disturbed in an equal degree as the motor conduction despite absence of clinical sensory disturbances. In recurrent cases slowing down of conduction was much more striking and persisted also during remission. In all studied cases independently of the character and course of the disease there was no correlation between the clinical state and the changes in the determined electrophysiological parameters.", "contents": "[Conduction velocity changes in peripheral nerves in the acute stage of the Guillain-Barre syndrome]. In 20 cases of acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (including 4 recurrent cases the conduction velocity was measured in the nerves: facial, axillary, musculocutaneous, peroneal, sural and ulnar (motor and sensory). In the long nerves the maximal as well as minimal conduction velocity was determined. At the peak of development of clinical manifestations all electrophysiological parameters differed from the normal values, in particular, significant changes were found in long nerves (complete parallelism was found between the velocity of conduction and end latency). In the first stage of regression of clinical manifestations the electrophysiological parameters continued to show an increased abnormalities, only later they approached the normal values. Sensory conduction was disturbed in an equal degree as the motor conduction despite absence of clinical sensory disturbances. In recurrent cases slowing down of conduction was much more striking and persisted also during remission. In all studied cases independently of the character and course of the disease there was no correlation between the clinical state and the changes in the determined electrophysiological parameters.", "PMID": 673119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1448", "title": "[Diagnostic possibilities of electronystagmography in motor nerve palsies of the eyeball].", "content": "The authors used a modification of ENG investigation which makes possible recording of the movements of each eyeball separately in two planes: horizontal and vertical. The authors used this method for analysis of cases with lesions of the motor nerves of to the eyeballs. The group included 20 patients with lesions of the motor nerves of the eyeballs of various origin. The control group included 20 healthy subjects. In nerve lesions a decrease of intensity of ENG tracings was observed when the rapid phase of nystagmus agreed with the direction of action of the eliminated motor nerves. Provocation of eyeballs to movements of lower amplitude but greater angular velocity (the test of induced nystagmus) increased changes. The change of deviation angle during investigation had also an effect on the appearance of pathological changes in the record. Changes were observed also in the motor activity of the unaffected eyeball.", "contents": "[Diagnostic possibilities of electronystagmography in motor nerve palsies of the eyeball]. The authors used a modification of ENG investigation which makes possible recording of the movements of each eyeball separately in two planes: horizontal and vertical. The authors used this method for analysis of cases with lesions of the motor nerves of to the eyeballs. The group included 20 patients with lesions of the motor nerves of the eyeballs of various origin. The control group included 20 healthy subjects. In nerve lesions a decrease of intensity of ENG tracings was observed when the rapid phase of nystagmus agreed with the direction of action of the eliminated motor nerves. Provocation of eyeballs to movements of lower amplitude but greater angular velocity (the test of induced nystagmus) increased changes. The change of deviation angle during investigation had also an effect on the appearance of pathological changes in the record. Changes were observed also in the motor activity of the unaffected eyeball.", "PMID": 673121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1449", "title": "[Serum lipids in stroke].", "content": "In 60 patients with brain strokes the changes in serum triglycerides, cholesterol and optic density were determined in various stages of brain stroke. The control group included 60 patients without clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. Changes were observed in serum lipids in patients during brain stroke and they concerned mainly the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. The intensity of these changes reflected the severity of the condition of the patient. In all patients the serum cholesterol level decreased during the first 7 days of the disease. In the group with favourable outcome a rise was observed in the cholesterol level after 4 weeks of disease. In the group with unfavorable course of the disease the level of cholesterol continued to fall until death. The triglyceride level was significantly lower in all patients in the 1st week of the disease in relation to the control group. After 4 weeks of the disease the triglyceride level rose to values not significantly different from those in the control group. The value of optic density of the serum in the group of patients in different stages of the disease was not statistically different from that in the control group. Determinations of serum lipids in patients with brain strokes together with clinical evaluation of the state of the patient seem to be useful in establishing prognosis in the disease.", "contents": "[Serum lipids in stroke]. In 60 patients with brain strokes the changes in serum triglycerides, cholesterol and optic density were determined in various stages of brain stroke. The control group included 60 patients without clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. Changes were observed in serum lipids in patients during brain stroke and they concerned mainly the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. The intensity of these changes reflected the severity of the condition of the patient. In all patients the serum cholesterol level decreased during the first 7 days of the disease. In the group with favourable outcome a rise was observed in the cholesterol level after 4 weeks of disease. In the group with unfavorable course of the disease the level of cholesterol continued to fall until death. The triglyceride level was significantly lower in all patients in the 1st week of the disease in relation to the control group. After 4 weeks of the disease the triglyceride level rose to values not significantly different from those in the control group. The value of optic density of the serum in the group of patients in different stages of the disease was not statistically different from that in the control group. Determinations of serum lipids in patients with brain strokes together with clinical evaluation of the state of the patient seem to be useful in establishing prognosis in the disease.", "PMID": 673118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1450", "title": "[Analysis of the rheoencephalographic curves from the temporal areas in healthy subjects aged 18-22 and obtained by means of type II rheography].", "content": "Using Siemens type II rheograph 100 subjects aged 18 to 28 years were investigated analysing averaged rheoencephalographic curves from 50 repetitions by means of a Neuro-Averager apparatus made by Biomedica, and Anops 10 Biological Computer. The trigger for averaging was the QRS complex in ECG of the investigated subject. The records were obtained in sitting and lying positions. All curves were divided into the following types: U waves, U--W waves and W waves; positive and negative curves were also separated. The segment between the peak of the main wave and the beginning of the dicrotic wave was subjected to a particularly careful analysis. Because of its shape and accessory waves occurring there they were divided into alpha and beta waves. In the group of W waves L waves were separated. In sitting position 70% of the waves belonged to group W and positive waves were observed in 98% of this group. In lying position W waves accounted for 61% and positive waves for 12%. The shape of REG wave reflects the haemodynamic conditions in a given area and is changed, similarly as these conditions, with a change in the position of the subject.", "contents": "[Analysis of the rheoencephalographic curves from the temporal areas in healthy subjects aged 18-22 and obtained by means of type II rheography]. Using Siemens type II rheograph 100 subjects aged 18 to 28 years were investigated analysing averaged rheoencephalographic curves from 50 repetitions by means of a Neuro-Averager apparatus made by Biomedica, and Anops 10 Biological Computer. The trigger for averaging was the QRS complex in ECG of the investigated subject. The records were obtained in sitting and lying positions. All curves were divided into the following types: U waves, U--W waves and W waves; positive and negative curves were also separated. The segment between the peak of the main wave and the beginning of the dicrotic wave was subjected to a particularly careful analysis. Because of its shape and accessory waves occurring there they were divided into alpha and beta waves. In the group of W waves L waves were separated. In sitting position 70% of the waves belonged to group W and positive waves were observed in 98% of this group. In lying position W waves accounted for 61% and positive waves for 12%. The shape of REG wave reflects the haemodynamic conditions in a given area and is changed, similarly as these conditions, with a change in the position of the subject.", "PMID": 673122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1451", "title": "[Ultrastructure of ependymoma myxopapillare].", "content": "The results of histological and ultrastructural investigations of a tumour of the type of myxopapillary ependymoma growing initially extradurally in the end-part of the vertebral canal are reported. The patient has been observed for 13 years. During the disease several recurrences and distant metastases outside the central nervous system were observed. Histological examinations were carried out of the primary tumour and recurrences or metastases and always an evident papillary structure of tissue was found with characteristic \"oedematous\" stroma. In submicroscopic investigations attention was called to the stroma and to the ultrastructure of neoplastic cells. Slit-like spaces with numerous microvilli protruding into their lumen were observed between the neoplastic cells lying pallisade-like on the surface of papillae. These slits seemed on cross-sections to be minute tubular structures. This submicroscopic feature was not paid attention to in two previous papers discussing the ultrastructure of myxopapillary ependymoma.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of ependymoma myxopapillare]. The results of histological and ultrastructural investigations of a tumour of the type of myxopapillary ependymoma growing initially extradurally in the end-part of the vertebral canal are reported. The patient has been observed for 13 years. During the disease several recurrences and distant metastases outside the central nervous system were observed. Histological examinations were carried out of the primary tumour and recurrences or metastases and always an evident papillary structure of tissue was found with characteristic \"oedematous\" stroma. In submicroscopic investigations attention was called to the stroma and to the ultrastructure of neoplastic cells. Slit-like spaces with numerous microvilli protruding into their lumen were observed between the neoplastic cells lying pallisade-like on the surface of papillae. These slits seemed on cross-sections to be minute tubular structures. This submicroscopic feature was not paid attention to in two previous papers discussing the ultrastructure of myxopapillary ependymoma.", "PMID": 673124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1452", "title": "[Usefulness of epidurography in the diagnosis of pathological changes in the vertebral canal].", "content": "The authors evaluated 60 epidurographies performed in patients with suspected compressing lesions in the vertebral canal. It was demonstrated that epidurography may be a useful method for diagnosis of pathological conditions in the vertebral canal, particularly in its thoracolumbar part. In many cases this method is sufficient for establishing full diagnosis, not infrequently it should be applied as a supplementary procedure (e.g. for evaluating the structure of the vertebral canal or for accurate assessment of the size of the tumour situated in the canal) and in cases with high-grade stenosis of the canal it is the method of choice. Moreover, it was found that epidurography is a method of low invasiveness, not harmful and well tolerated by the patients.", "contents": "[Usefulness of epidurography in the diagnosis of pathological changes in the vertebral canal]. The authors evaluated 60 epidurographies performed in patients with suspected compressing lesions in the vertebral canal. It was demonstrated that epidurography may be a useful method for diagnosis of pathological conditions in the vertebral canal, particularly in its thoracolumbar part. In many cases this method is sufficient for establishing full diagnosis, not infrequently it should be applied as a supplementary procedure (e.g. for evaluating the structure of the vertebral canal or for accurate assessment of the size of the tumour situated in the canal) and in cases with high-grade stenosis of the canal it is the method of choice. Moreover, it was found that epidurography is a method of low invasiveness, not harmful and well tolerated by the patients.", "PMID": 673120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1453", "title": "[Subacute epidural hematoma of the posterior fossa--a case study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors presented a case of a subacute epidural hematoma of the posterior fossa, for which we never thought of a head injury at the admission. We discussed the diagnosis (the clinical pictures and X-ray findings), stressing that CT plays an important role especially in diagnosing posterior fossa diseases. Our case could probably not be diagnosed correctly without CT, because the conventional X-ray examinations did not reveal clearly the space--occupying lesion in the posterior fossa, before CT was done. The following findings can be a clue to diagnose a posterior fossa hematoma: 1. occipital fracture (which was not found in our case) or suture diastasis, occipital scalp contusion, 2. progessive conscious disturbance, cerebellar and brain stem signs, pyramidal sigs and neck stiffness, 3. a patient has a tendency to lie on the side, especially on the lesion side. On angiography, substraction films must be obtained especially for the posterior fossa diseases. The posterior fossa veins of our case were opacified less on the left than on the right, and the left transverse sinus was apparently amputated in its opacification. These findings were due directly to the compression of the epidural hematoma. CT can promptly not only a posterior fossa hematoma, but also accompanied supratentorial lesions (concrecoup injury etc) simultaneously, therefore one can expect that there are not errors any more with CT to overlook the supratentorial contrecoup injury. Posterior fossa hematomas have usually a venous bleeding origin, from the transverse sinus, torcular Herophilli, emissary veins, bridging vein etc. therefore, present a slowly progressive and intermittent neurological signs, as the hematomas grow slowly.", "contents": "[Subacute epidural hematoma of the posterior fossa--a case study (author's transl)]. The authors presented a case of a subacute epidural hematoma of the posterior fossa, for which we never thought of a head injury at the admission. We discussed the diagnosis (the clinical pictures and X-ray findings), stressing that CT plays an important role especially in diagnosing posterior fossa diseases. Our case could probably not be diagnosed correctly without CT, because the conventional X-ray examinations did not reveal clearly the space--occupying lesion in the posterior fossa, before CT was done. The following findings can be a clue to diagnose a posterior fossa hematoma: 1. occipital fracture (which was not found in our case) or suture diastasis, occipital scalp contusion, 2. progessive conscious disturbance, cerebellar and brain stem signs, pyramidal sigs and neck stiffness, 3. a patient has a tendency to lie on the side, especially on the lesion side. On angiography, substraction films must be obtained especially for the posterior fossa diseases. The posterior fossa veins of our case were opacified less on the left than on the right, and the left transverse sinus was apparently amputated in its opacification. These findings were due directly to the compression of the epidural hematoma. CT can promptly not only a posterior fossa hematoma, but also accompanied supratentorial lesions (concrecoup injury etc) simultaneously, therefore one can expect that there are not errors any more with CT to overlook the supratentorial contrecoup injury. Posterior fossa hematomas have usually a venous bleeding origin, from the transverse sinus, torcular Herophilli, emissary veins, bridging vein etc. therefore, present a slowly progressive and intermittent neurological signs, as the hematomas grow slowly.", "PMID": 673130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1454", "title": "[Hepatolenticular degeneration in 2 families living in the lower Beskidy Mountain range].", "content": "Two families affected with Wilson's disease living in submontane villages of Lower Beskid are presented. The previous observations are confirmed that most of the subjects affected with the disease in Poland origin from geographic isolates. This phenomen is due to increased number of homozygotes in genetically isolated groups.", "contents": "[Hepatolenticular degeneration in 2 families living in the lower Beskidy Mountain range]. Two families affected with Wilson's disease living in submontane villages of Lower Beskid are presented. The previous observations are confirmed that most of the subjects affected with the disease in Poland origin from geographic isolates. This phenomen is due to increased number of homozygotes in genetically isolated groups.", "PMID": 673125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1455", "title": "[Cavernous angioma of the medulla oblongata].", "content": "A case of cavernous angioma of the medulla oblongata with clinical manifestations developing during the course of upper respiratory tract infection in a boy aged 16 years is described. In the first stage of the disease there were bulbar signs of gradually increasing intensity without changes in CSF. In the third week fatal haemorrhage to the medulla oblongata perforating into the cerebral ventricles and subarachnoid space occurred.", "contents": "[Cavernous angioma of the medulla oblongata]. A case of cavernous angioma of the medulla oblongata with clinical manifestations developing during the course of upper respiratory tract infection in a boy aged 16 years is described. In the first stage of the disease there were bulbar signs of gradually increasing intensity without changes in CSF. In the third week fatal haemorrhage to the medulla oblongata perforating into the cerebral ventricles and subarachnoid space occurred.", "PMID": 673126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1456", "title": "[Experimental cerebral infarction.--Part 3: The protective effect of mannitol in thalamus infarction in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "One day during an aneurysm surgery under the preoperative administration of mannitol, the feeding artery was accidentally occluded temporarily. Since then, investigation on whether or not mannitol can prevent infarctions in ischemic brain tissues have been carried out utilizing the thalamus infarction model in dogs. Twenty dogs were divided into equal groups, the control and the mannitol group. Temporary clipping for sixty minutes was adopted as a standard for both groups. The only difference between the groups was the administration of 2 g/kg of mannitol before the arterial occlusions. In the control, six of ten dogs showed infarctions verified as histological changes on the seventh post-ischemic day. In the mannitol group only one of ten showed infarction. Each of the difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.03).", "contents": "[Experimental cerebral infarction.--Part 3: The protective effect of mannitol in thalamus infarction in dogs (author's transl)]. One day during an aneurysm surgery under the preoperative administration of mannitol, the feeding artery was accidentally occluded temporarily. Since then, investigation on whether or not mannitol can prevent infarctions in ischemic brain tissues have been carried out utilizing the thalamus infarction model in dogs. Twenty dogs were divided into equal groups, the control and the mannitol group. Temporary clipping for sixty minutes was adopted as a standard for both groups. The only difference between the groups was the administration of 2 g/kg of mannitol before the arterial occlusions. In the control, six of ten dogs showed infarctions verified as histological changes on the seventh post-ischemic day. In the mannitol group only one of ten showed infarction. Each of the difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.03).", "PMID": 673132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1457", "title": "[Case of Henoch-Schoenlein purpura with neurological complications].", "content": "In a 11-year-old girl with urinary tract infection symptoms and signs of Henoch-Schoenlein syndrome developed with neurological complications in the form of headaches, vomiting slightly marked signs of pyramidal tract and cerebellar damage and severe psychomotor temporal-lobe seizures. These very violent neurological manifestations disappeared completely after control of infection. The authors point out that prognosis in Henoch-Schoenlein syndrome even with such severe neurological complications is good.", "contents": "[Case of Henoch-Schoenlein purpura with neurological complications]. In a 11-year-old girl with urinary tract infection symptoms and signs of Henoch-Schoenlein syndrome developed with neurological complications in the form of headaches, vomiting slightly marked signs of pyramidal tract and cerebellar damage and severe psychomotor temporal-lobe seizures. These very violent neurological manifestations disappeared completely after control of infection. The authors point out that prognosis in Henoch-Schoenlein syndrome even with such severe neurological complications is good.", "PMID": 673127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1458", "title": "[Ischemic cerebral symptoms after subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysmal rupture (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 169 patients treated at our clinic during past six years there were twenty-four cases (14 per cent) in which cerebral ischemic symptoms gradually developed after full recovery from SAH due to aneurysmal rupture. Duration form the aneurysmal rupture to the onset of ischemic symptoms varied from four days to fourteen days (8 days on average). As the initial symptoms hemiparesis and disturbance of consciousness (18 and 14, respectively) were two major symptoms, and those who showed disturbance of consciousness had more grave prognosis than those with hemiparesis. There were no correlations between the initial symptoms and the sites of aneurysm, but the ICA cases had definitely poor prognosis among those who developed ischemic signs after SAH. Those who became symptomatic within 7 days after  SAH had poorer prognosis than those who showed initial symptom more than 8 days after SAH. On angiograms which were done shortly after the onset of symptoms, severe  and extensive vasospasm was noted in all cases but four in which degree of vasospasm was not so severe and extensive. Operative treatment, when done within 5 days after the onset of ischemic symptoms had poorer results than when done over 6 days. As a conclusion, it is necessary to watch for possible onset of ischemic symptoms, especially in ICA patients, when seen later than four days after SAH. If ischemic symptoms were present and progressive, the operative treatment should be postponed until clinical course turns uphill by intensive treatments.", "contents": "[Ischemic cerebral symptoms after subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysmal rupture (author's transl)]. Among 169 patients treated at our clinic during past six years there were twenty-four cases (14 per cent) in which cerebral ischemic symptoms gradually developed after full recovery from SAH due to aneurysmal rupture. Duration form the aneurysmal rupture to the onset of ischemic symptoms varied from four days to fourteen days (8 days on average). As the initial symptoms hemiparesis and disturbance of consciousness (18 and 14, respectively) were two major symptoms, and those who showed disturbance of consciousness had more grave prognosis than those with hemiparesis. There were no correlations between the initial symptoms and the sites of aneurysm, but the ICA cases had definitely poor prognosis among those who developed ischemic signs after SAH. Those who became symptomatic within 7 days after  SAH had poorer prognosis than those who showed initial symptom more than 8 days after SAH. On angiograms which were done shortly after the onset of symptoms, severe  and extensive vasospasm was noted in all cases but four in which degree of vasospasm was not so severe and extensive. Operative treatment, when done within 5 days after the onset of ischemic symptoms had poorer results than when done over 6 days. As a conclusion, it is necessary to watch for possible onset of ischemic symptoms, especially in ICA patients, when seen later than four days after SAH. If ischemic symptoms were present and progressive, the operative treatment should be postponed until clinical course turns uphill by intensive treatments.", "PMID": 673133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1459", "title": "[Angiographical study of ruptured aneurysm in the multiple aneurysm patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty four multiple intracranial aneurysm cases have been analysed for the purpose of identifying the relation between aneurysm rupture and aneurysmal features, mass signs, vasospasms and locations of the aneurysms. 1) 85% of the larger and largest aneurysm in each case were the ruptured aneurysm. 2) Aneurysms with a greater ratio of length to width showed a high frequency of rupturing. 3) Irregularities of the aneurysmal wall and the existence of a daughter aneurysm attached to the main aneurysm have a tendency to rupture. 4) Evidence of mass signs, associated with intracerebral, subarachnoid and subdural hematoma or a cerebral edema is also useful for the identification of the ruptured aneurysm. 5) Anterior communicating artery aneurysms have a relatively high frequency of being the ruptured aneurysm in cases of multiple aneurysm. 6) By utilizing all the investigated factors of the angiogram, the ruptured aneurysm might be identified in about 90% of the cases of multiple aneurysms.", "contents": "[Angiographical study of ruptured aneurysm in the multiple aneurysm patients (author's transl)]. Sixty four multiple intracranial aneurysm cases have been analysed for the purpose of identifying the relation between aneurysm rupture and aneurysmal features, mass signs, vasospasms and locations of the aneurysms. 1) 85% of the larger and largest aneurysm in each case were the ruptured aneurysm. 2) Aneurysms with a greater ratio of length to width showed a high frequency of rupturing. 3) Irregularities of the aneurysmal wall and the existence of a daughter aneurysm attached to the main aneurysm have a tendency to rupture. 4) Evidence of mass signs, associated with intracerebral, subarachnoid and subdural hematoma or a cerebral edema is also useful for the identification of the ruptured aneurysm. 5) Anterior communicating artery aneurysms have a relatively high frequency of being the ruptured aneurysm in cases of multiple aneurysm. 6) By utilizing all the investigated factors of the angiogram, the ruptured aneurysm might be identified in about 90% of the cases of multiple aneurysms.", "PMID": 673134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1460", "title": "[The role of sympathetic nerve and vasoactive amines in experimental cerebral vasospasm in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to study the role of sympathetic nervous system and vasoactive amines in cerebral arterial spasm, the following experiments were performed in dogs. In the first experiment, two weeks after bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion subarachnoid hemorrhage was produced by the puncture of the posterior communicating artery in six dogs. Second, the arterial blood of non-reserpinized dog was injected into the cisterna magna of another six reserpinized dogs. Diameter changes of the cerebral basal arteries before and after the experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage were observed utilizing the magnified vertebral angiography. Vasoconstriction 30 minutes after the puncture of the artery in the sympathectomized dogs was milder than that seen in the non-sympathectomized dogs, while vasoconstriction 24 hours after the subarachnoidal hemorrhage was induced similarly in degree in both groups. In reserpinized dogs, vasconstriction 30 minutes after the experimental subarachnoidal hemorrhage was somewhat milder than that seen in control dogs, and angiograms taken 24 hours after the hemorrhage showed that vasoconstriction was remarkably milder than in control dogs. Noradrenergic fluorescence of the arterial wall after the puncture of the posterior communicating artery was examined using Falck's fluorescence histochemical method. Noradrenergic fluorescence in the arterial wall did not disappear 15 minutes, 24 hours and three weeks after the experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. From these experimental results, it was suggested that the sympathetic innervation to cerebral arteries might contribute to induce early spasm, but not to late spasm. Moreover, it was speculated that vasoactive amines released from the damaged brain tissue might play a role in inducing late spasm.", "contents": "[The role of sympathetic nerve and vasoactive amines in experimental cerebral vasospasm in dogs (author's transl)]. In order to study the role of sympathetic nervous system and vasoactive amines in cerebral arterial spasm, the following experiments were performed in dogs. In the first experiment, two weeks after bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion subarachnoid hemorrhage was produced by the puncture of the posterior communicating artery in six dogs. Second, the arterial blood of non-reserpinized dog was injected into the cisterna magna of another six reserpinized dogs. Diameter changes of the cerebral basal arteries before and after the experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage were observed utilizing the magnified vertebral angiography. Vasoconstriction 30 minutes after the puncture of the artery in the sympathectomized dogs was milder than that seen in the non-sympathectomized dogs, while vasoconstriction 24 hours after the subarachnoidal hemorrhage was induced similarly in degree in both groups. In reserpinized dogs, vasconstriction 30 minutes after the experimental subarachnoidal hemorrhage was somewhat milder than that seen in control dogs, and angiograms taken 24 hours after the hemorrhage showed that vasoconstriction was remarkably milder than in control dogs. Noradrenergic fluorescence of the arterial wall after the puncture of the posterior communicating artery was examined using Falck's fluorescence histochemical method. Noradrenergic fluorescence in the arterial wall did not disappear 15 minutes, 24 hours and three weeks after the experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. From these experimental results, it was suggested that the sympathetic innervation to cerebral arteries might contribute to induce early spasm, but not to late spasm. Moreover, it was speculated that vasoactive amines released from the damaged brain tissue might play a role in inducing late spasm.", "PMID": 673135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1461", "title": "[Studies on the fibrinolytic system in ruptured intracranial aneurysm.--Part 2: Fibrinogen changes in acute stage of SAH as a risk factor of the ischemic complications following vasospasm (author's transl)].", "content": "Repeated fibrinogen determination were made in 24 patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH), in order to know the influence of blood content of fibrinogen upon the ischemic complications following vasospasm. In 11 cases (group II) among those 24 patients admitted within two weeks after the last SAH due to ruptured intracrainal aneruysm, a rise in fibrinogen over 600 mg/dl occurred, while in remaining 12 cases (group I) the levels of fibrinogen were kept below 600 mg/dl during the acute stage. In cases of group II, fibrinogen began to increase in accordance with the augmentation of vasospasm and reached to peak within 4 to 9 days after the onset of SAH. Blood viscosity also increased showing positive correlation with the increase in fibrinogen, and rose over 1.5 times normal value when fibrinogen exceeded 600 mg/dl. Reduction of anti-thrombin III was also observed in group II patients previous to the increase in fibrinogen, suggesting the occurrence of hypercoagulability in association with the appearance of vasospasm. In most cases of group II, their neurological signs deteriorated markedly at the time when fibrinogen rose over 600 mg/dl. The mortality in group II whose fibrinogen increased over 600 mg/dl was of 6 of 11, with poor recovery of function among the survivors; of those with levels below 600 mg/dl (group I), only 1 of 12 died and all of remaining 11 made a reasonably good functional recovery. These facts suggest that the increase in fibrinogen would cause the aggression of the ischemic complications following vasospasm through the diminution the cerebral microcirculation induced by the raised blood viscosity, and the critical level of fibrinogen increase as the alarming sign for the ischemic complications was 600 mg/dl. One should attract attention to the changes of fibrinogen level as one of the risk risk factors in acute stage of SAH.", "contents": "[Studies on the fibrinolytic system in ruptured intracranial aneurysm.--Part 2: Fibrinogen changes in acute stage of SAH as a risk factor of the ischemic complications following vasospasm (author's transl)]. Repeated fibrinogen determination were made in 24 patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH), in order to know the influence of blood content of fibrinogen upon the ischemic complications following vasospasm. In 11 cases (group II) among those 24 patients admitted within two weeks after the last SAH due to ruptured intracrainal aneruysm, a rise in fibrinogen over 600 mg/dl occurred, while in remaining 12 cases (group I) the levels of fibrinogen were kept below 600 mg/dl during the acute stage. In cases of group II, fibrinogen began to increase in accordance with the augmentation of vasospasm and reached to peak within 4 to 9 days after the onset of SAH. Blood viscosity also increased showing positive correlation with the increase in fibrinogen, and rose over 1.5 times normal value when fibrinogen exceeded 600 mg/dl. Reduction of anti-thrombin III was also observed in group II patients previous to the increase in fibrinogen, suggesting the occurrence of hypercoagulability in association with the appearance of vasospasm. In most cases of group II, their neurological signs deteriorated markedly at the time when fibrinogen rose over 600 mg/dl. The mortality in group II whose fibrinogen increased over 600 mg/dl was of 6 of 11, with poor recovery of function among the survivors; of those with levels below 600 mg/dl (group I), only 1 of 12 died and all of remaining 11 made a reasonably good functional recovery. These facts suggest that the increase in fibrinogen would cause the aggression of the ischemic complications following vasospasm through the diminution the cerebral microcirculation induced by the raised blood viscosity, and the critical level of fibrinogen increase as the alarming sign for the ischemic complications was 600 mg/dl. One should attract attention to the changes of fibrinogen level as one of the risk risk factors in acute stage of SAH.", "PMID": 673136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1462", "title": "[Repeated intracerebral hemorrhage in malignant astrocytoma--a case of apoplectic manifestation (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of 26-year-old female with malignant astrocytoma was described. Intracerebral hemorrhage appeared in apoplectic fashion on two occasions and surgery was done after each attack. At the first operation, a hematoma in the right putaminal region was totally evacuated and a specimen from the cavity wall showed tumor cells which could not be classified histologically at that time. The patient fully recovered postoperatively. Astrocytoma was confirmed 4 months later by the second operation for the repeated intratumoral hemorrhage. Only a half of the tumor was removed by the third operation. It was apparent that the tumor occupied the site of the right basal ganglia and infiltrated the internal copsule. We discussed the massive intratumoral hemorrhage and propose a craniotomy instead of simple trepanation for the treatment of intracerebral hematoma in order to make adequate biopsy of the hematoma wall and to remove the coexisting tumor, if present.", "contents": "[Repeated intracerebral hemorrhage in malignant astrocytoma--a case of apoplectic manifestation (author's transl)]. A case of 26-year-old female with malignant astrocytoma was described. Intracerebral hemorrhage appeared in apoplectic fashion on two occasions and surgery was done after each attack. At the first operation, a hematoma in the right putaminal region was totally evacuated and a specimen from the cavity wall showed tumor cells which could not be classified histologically at that time. The patient fully recovered postoperatively. Astrocytoma was confirmed 4 months later by the second operation for the repeated intratumoral hemorrhage. Only a half of the tumor was removed by the third operation. It was apparent that the tumor occupied the site of the right basal ganglia and infiltrated the internal copsule. We discussed the massive intratumoral hemorrhage and propose a craniotomy instead of simple trepanation for the treatment of intracerebral hematoma in order to make adequate biopsy of the hematoma wall and to remove the coexisting tumor, if present.", "PMID": 673138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1463", "title": "[A case of cerevical canal stenosis accompanied with congenital cervical fusion and extracranial occlusion of vertebral artery--a clinical and embryological study (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of cervical canal stenosis accompanied by congenital cervical fusion and extracerebral occlusive disease of the verebral artery was reported. A 39-year-old male was admitted to our hospital on June 5, 1976, because of his shoulder strain, motor weakness and numbness of his left hand, and gait disturbance for a couple of months. Neurological examination disclosed spastic paraparesis with positive pyramidal signs in the four extremities which was greater on the left side, and the superficial and deep sensations were diminished below C-4 dermatomes bilaterally. Spinal tap revealed crystal clear fluid under an initial pressure equivalent to 120 mm of water with a protein content of 20 mg/dl. Plain X-P and laminogram of the cervical spine showed congenital fusion of C 2-3, cervical  canal stenosis and cervical spondylosis. Posterior spurring of C 3-4 was demonstrated only on the laminogram. Myelogram showed incomplete myelographic block at the site of C 3-4-5. The left retrograde brachial angiogram disclosed occlusion of the vertebral artery at the site of C3-4. where the proxymal vertebral artery anastomosed with the well developed muscular branch of the vertebral artery, taking a tortuous course at the leve of the transverse foramen of the atlas, and were opacified the distal vertebral artery and basilar artery. Each collateral flow extending from the deep cervical artery and ascending cervical artery anastomosed with the proxymal and distal portion of the occluded vertebral artery. In spite of conservative treatment for two weeks, the cord compression syndromes rather deteriorated. Posterior decompression, that is, C 2-7 laminectomy and C 3-4 partial facetectomy were performed for relieving the symptoms. The postoperative course was uneventfull and there was progressive improvement of the sensory, motor and gait disturbance. The relationship betwen the cervical canal stenosis and cervical spondylosis and their clinco-radiological problem were discussed. The close embryological relationship was very suggestive of the pathogenesis between the cervical bony lesion and congenital cervical fusion and the occlusive vascular lesion of the vertebral artery.", "contents": "[A case of cerevical canal stenosis accompanied with congenital cervical fusion and extracranial occlusion of vertebral artery--a clinical and embryological study (author's transl)]. A case of cervical canal stenosis accompanied by congenital cervical fusion and extracerebral occlusive disease of the verebral artery was reported. A 39-year-old male was admitted to our hospital on June 5, 1976, because of his shoulder strain, motor weakness and numbness of his left hand, and gait disturbance for a couple of months. Neurological examination disclosed spastic paraparesis with positive pyramidal signs in the four extremities which was greater on the left side, and the superficial and deep sensations were diminished below C-4 dermatomes bilaterally. Spinal tap revealed crystal clear fluid under an initial pressure equivalent to 120 mm of water with a protein content of 20 mg/dl. Plain X-P and laminogram of the cervical spine showed congenital fusion of C 2-3, cervical  canal stenosis and cervical spondylosis. Posterior spurring of C 3-4 was demonstrated only on the laminogram. Myelogram showed incomplete myelographic block at the site of C 3-4-5. The left retrograde brachial angiogram disclosed occlusion of the vertebral artery at the site of C3-4. where the proxymal vertebral artery anastomosed with the well developed muscular branch of the vertebral artery, taking a tortuous course at the leve of the transverse foramen of the atlas, and were opacified the distal vertebral artery and basilar artery. Each collateral flow extending from the deep cervical artery and ascending cervical artery anastomosed with the proxymal and distal portion of the occluded vertebral artery. In spite of conservative treatment for two weeks, the cord compression syndromes rather deteriorated. Posterior decompression, that is, C 2-7 laminectomy and C 3-4 partial facetectomy were performed for relieving the symptoms. The postoperative course was uneventfull and there was progressive improvement of the sensory, motor and gait disturbance. The relationship betwen the cervical canal stenosis and cervical spondylosis and their clinco-radiological problem were discussed. The close embryological relationship was very suggestive of the pathogenesis between the cervical bony lesion and congenital cervical fusion and the occlusive vascular lesion of the vertebral artery.", "PMID": 673139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1464", "title": "Effect of various traumatic stresses on growth hormone release in pentobarbital anesthetized rats.", "content": "Catheterization of the femoral artery using rubber band restraint markedly lowered growth hormone (GH) levels in plasma of male rats which had been anesthetized with pentobarbital (PB). Other stressful factors existing in the process of catheterization, such as skin incision, soft tissue separation to expose the femoral artery, restraint on the back, catheterization with scotch tape restraint and catheterization without restraint, did not produce a significant suppression of plasma GH levels. On the other hand, in all catheterization a marked increase in plasma corticosterone (CS) levels was observed. When the tibia was broken in anesthetized rats, plasma GH levels dropped within 15 min, then gradually increased. However, use of a rubber band tourniquet for a long period caused a marked suppression of GH within 15 min which was maintained for 75 min. If the rubber band was removed 15 min after application, plasma GH levels gradually increased to pre-stress levels in 60 min. A spinal cord section prevented the suppressive effects of the rubber band tourniquet and tibia break on GH release. These results indicate that a strong stress, such as a rubber band tourniquet, inhibits the stimulatory effect of PB on GH release as long as the stress is continued.", "contents": "Effect of various traumatic stresses on growth hormone release in pentobarbital anesthetized rats. Catheterization of the femoral artery using rubber band restraint markedly lowered growth hormone (GH) levels in plasma of male rats which had been anesthetized with pentobarbital (PB). Other stressful factors existing in the process of catheterization, such as skin incision, soft tissue separation to expose the femoral artery, restraint on the back, catheterization with scotch tape restraint and catheterization without restraint, did not produce a significant suppression of plasma GH levels. On the other hand, in all catheterization a marked increase in plasma corticosterone (CS) levels was observed. When the tibia was broken in anesthetized rats, plasma GH levels dropped within 15 min, then gradually increased. However, use of a rubber band tourniquet for a long period caused a marked suppression of GH within 15 min which was maintained for 75 min. If the rubber band was removed 15 min after application, plasma GH levels gradually increased to pre-stress levels in 60 min. A spinal cord section prevented the suppressive effects of the rubber band tourniquet and tibia break on GH release. These results indicate that a strong stress, such as a rubber band tourniquet, inhibits the stimulatory effect of PB on GH release as long as the stress is continued.", "PMID": 673141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1465", "title": "Effects of cerebroventricular perfusion with monovalent and divalent cations on plasma cortisol of conscious cats.", "content": "The effects of altering the concentrations of various cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cations on hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical (HHA) activity were investigated in conscious cats. The cerebroventricles were perfused with CSF containing high or low [Na+], [K+], [Li+], [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] for 60 min and plasma samples taken periodically for analysis of cortisol. The results demonstrate that changing CSF [Na+] or [Li+] does not substantially alter plasma cortisol levels. Although individually elevating CSF [K+], [Ca2+] or [Mg2+] does not affect plasma cortisol levels, reducing these CSF cations activates the HHA system and the latter in turn is inhibited by the addition of dexamethasone (DEX) to low cation CSF. The excitatory action of reduced [Ca2+] is also inhibited by the addition of norepinephrine to the perfusion fluid, suggesting that lowering this cation affects the HHA system by preventing the release of the adrenergic neurotransmitter. Furthermore, these data suggest that in conscious unrestrained cats basal HHA activity is dependent to some extent upon normal brain extracellular [K+], [Ca2+] and [Mg2+].", "contents": "Effects of cerebroventricular perfusion with monovalent and divalent cations on plasma cortisol of conscious cats. The effects of altering the concentrations of various cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cations on hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical (HHA) activity were investigated in conscious cats. The cerebroventricles were perfused with CSF containing high or low [Na+], [K+], [Li+], [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] for 60 min and plasma samples taken periodically for analysis of cortisol. The results demonstrate that changing CSF [Na+] or [Li+] does not substantially alter plasma cortisol levels. Although individually elevating CSF [K+], [Ca2+] or [Mg2+] does not affect plasma cortisol levels, reducing these CSF cations activates the HHA system and the latter in turn is inhibited by the addition of dexamethasone (DEX) to low cation CSF. The excitatory action of reduced [Ca2+] is also inhibited by the addition of norepinephrine to the perfusion fluid, suggesting that lowering this cation affects the HHA system by preventing the release of the adrenergic neurotransmitter. Furthermore, these data suggest that in conscious unrestrained cats basal HHA activity is dependent to some extent upon normal brain extracellular [K+], [Ca2+] and [Mg2+].", "PMID": 673142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1466", "title": "Effects of prolactin on LH release in male rats.", "content": "Normal and castrated male rats were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) with a homologous preparation of prolactin (Prl) for 4 1/2 days, and serum levels of LH and FSH were measured at the end of the treatment. LH was undetectable in normal animals, injected either with Prl or with the vehicle. The treatment produced a significant reduction of the levels of LH in the castrated animals. No effect on FSH levels could be observed in either the normal or the castrated animals. The only relevant autopsy finding was a reduction of pituitary weight in normal animals treated with Prl. No effect on the weight of the testes or of the sex accessories was observed. It is suggested that Prl may directly interfere with the central mechanisms which control LH secretion.", "contents": "Effects of prolactin on LH release in male rats. Normal and castrated male rats were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) with a homologous preparation of prolactin (Prl) for 4 1/2 days, and serum levels of LH and FSH were measured at the end of the treatment. LH was undetectable in normal animals, injected either with Prl or with the vehicle. The treatment produced a significant reduction of the levels of LH in the castrated animals. No effect on FSH levels could be observed in either the normal or the castrated animals. The only relevant autopsy finding was a reduction of pituitary weight in normal animals treated with Prl. No effect on the weight of the testes or of the sex accessories was observed. It is suggested that Prl may directly interfere with the central mechanisms which control LH secretion.", "PMID": 673143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1467", "title": "Serotonergic mediation of the suckling-induced release of prolactin in the lactating rat.", "content": "Lactating female rats were infused with the serotonergic neurotoxin, p-chloramphetamine (PCA), via stainless steel cannulae implanted into either the 3rd or the lateral ventricle. Those mothers receiving the drug in the 3rd ventricle sustained a more severe depletion of hypothalmic serotonin (43% vs 23%) and a significantly greater incidence of pup mortality (98% vs 48%) than those receiving the drug in the lateral ventricle. Coincident with the depletion of hypothalmic serotonin was a reduction in serum prolactin (Prl). Subcutaneous (s.c.) infections of Prl into each group of females sharply reduced the number of pup deaths. It was concluded that hypothalmic serotonergic neurons mediate the suckling-induced release of Prl necessary for the maintenance of lactation.", "contents": "Serotonergic mediation of the suckling-induced release of prolactin in the lactating rat. Lactating female rats were infused with the serotonergic neurotoxin, p-chloramphetamine (PCA), via stainless steel cannulae implanted into either the 3rd or the lateral ventricle. Those mothers receiving the drug in the 3rd ventricle sustained a more severe depletion of hypothalmic serotonin (43% vs 23%) and a significantly greater incidence of pup mortality (98% vs 48%) than those receiving the drug in the lateral ventricle. Coincident with the depletion of hypothalmic serotonin was a reduction in serum prolactin (Prl). Subcutaneous (s.c.) infections of Prl into each group of females sharply reduced the number of pup deaths. It was concluded that hypothalmic serotonergic neurons mediate the suckling-induced release of Prl necessary for the maintenance of lactation.", "PMID": 673144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1468", "title": "Acute effects of adrenergic receptor blocking drugs and neuroleptic agents on pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rat.", "content": "Blood samples were taken every 5 min for a 3-h period from ovariectomized (OVX) adult rats bearing chronic venous catheters. After 1 h of sampling, an experimental drug was injected through the sampling catheter. The neuroleptics, chlorpromazine and haloperidol, blocked pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone (LH) in some animals, for periods of 65-120 min, as did the alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers, phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine. Pimozide, a more specific dopaminergic blocking agent, had less effect, while neither the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, propranolol, nor the control treatments had any influence on the pulsatile LH patterns. The temporal pattern of inhibition of pulsatile discharges of LH by these drugs is more rapid than the inhibition caused by estrogen treatment in the OVX rat. These results suggest the presence of alpha, but not beta, adrenergic elements in the pulsatile mode of LH release in the OVX rat. They do not support the presence of dopaminergic elements, but neither do they conclusively deny it.", "contents": "Acute effects of adrenergic receptor blocking drugs and neuroleptic agents on pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rat. Blood samples were taken every 5 min for a 3-h period from ovariectomized (OVX) adult rats bearing chronic venous catheters. After 1 h of sampling, an experimental drug was injected through the sampling catheter. The neuroleptics, chlorpromazine and haloperidol, blocked pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone (LH) in some animals, for periods of 65-120 min, as did the alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers, phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine. Pimozide, a more specific dopaminergic blocking agent, had less effect, while neither the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, propranolol, nor the control treatments had any influence on the pulsatile LH patterns. The temporal pattern of inhibition of pulsatile discharges of LH by these drugs is more rapid than the inhibition caused by estrogen treatment in the OVX rat. These results suggest the presence of alpha, but not beta, adrenergic elements in the pulsatile mode of LH release in the OVX rat. They do not support the presence of dopaminergic elements, but neither do they conclusively deny it.", "PMID": 673145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1469", "title": "Influence of cholinergic receptor blockade and stimulation on the anterior pituitary mitotic activity.", "content": "The effects of pilocarpine and atropine on the mitotic incidence in the anterior pituitary in male and ovariectomized estradiol-pretreated female rats was investigated. It was shown that pilocarpine stimulated, while atropine inhibited, the anterior pituitary mitotic activity. It was also shown that carbachol enhanced the mitotic incidence in the organ-cultured anterior pituitary and its effect was blocked by scopolamine. The existence of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor within the anterior pituitary, as well as its involvement in the control of the anterior pituitary mitotic activity, is suggested.", "contents": "Influence of cholinergic receptor blockade and stimulation on the anterior pituitary mitotic activity. The effects of pilocarpine and atropine on the mitotic incidence in the anterior pituitary in male and ovariectomized estradiol-pretreated female rats was investigated. It was shown that pilocarpine stimulated, while atropine inhibited, the anterior pituitary mitotic activity. It was also shown that carbachol enhanced the mitotic incidence in the organ-cultured anterior pituitary and its effect was blocked by scopolamine. The existence of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor within the anterior pituitary, as well as its involvement in the control of the anterior pituitary mitotic activity, is suggested.", "PMID": 673147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1470", "title": "Schizophrenia: a study of genetic models and some of their implications.", "content": "The likelihoods of observing 25 four-generational families of schizophrenics comprising 1,333 individuals have been calculated on the basis of 12 different genetic models and one control 'sporadic' model. The control model gave a log10 likelihood, L, of -240.92. Five of the genetic models were definitely exlcuded as incompatible with certain pedigrees. The three models with the highest likelihoods were: one locus, the heterozygote having a 10% probability of being classified schizophrenic (L: - 220.05); two interacting loci (L: -219.46), and four polygenes (L: -216.87).", "contents": "Schizophrenia: a study of genetic models and some of their implications. The likelihoods of observing 25 four-generational families of schizophrenics comprising 1,333 individuals have been calculated on the basis of 12 different genetic models and one control 'sporadic' model. The control model gave a log10 likelihood, L, of -240.92. Five of the genetic models were definitely exlcuded as incompatible with certain pedigrees. The three models with the highest likelihoods were: one locus, the heterozygote having a 10% probability of being classified schizophrenic (L: - 220.05); two interacting loci (L: -219.46), and four polygenes (L: -216.87).", "PMID": 673163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1471", "title": "Thyroid autoantibody levels during lithium therapy.", "content": "The study of the levels of thyroid antibodies was conducted in 58 patients treated with lithium and in 40 subjects who received other psychotropic drugs and who were used as controls. The measure of the antithyroglobulin antibodies were made by passive hemagglutination and that of the antimicrosomal antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. For the whole control group, the research of the antithyroglobulin antibodies was positive in 3 cases, i.e. 7.5%. For the 58 patients treated with lithium, this research was positive in 11 subjects, i.e. 19%: thus, lithium seems to cause immunological reactions in the thyroid. 5 lithium-treated patients developed a goiter. The antibody determination was positive in only 2 subjects and was negative in the others. The measure of antithyroid antibodies before lithium did not enable us to predict the emergence of thyroid complications. On the contrary, subjects treated with lithium presented signficantly high antibody levels without developing clinical thyroid manifestations.", "contents": "Thyroid autoantibody levels during lithium therapy. The study of the levels of thyroid antibodies was conducted in 58 patients treated with lithium and in 40 subjects who received other psychotropic drugs and who were used as controls. The measure of the antithyroglobulin antibodies were made by passive hemagglutination and that of the antimicrosomal antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. For the whole control group, the research of the antithyroglobulin antibodies was positive in 3 cases, i.e. 7.5%. For the 58 patients treated with lithium, this research was positive in 11 subjects, i.e. 19%: thus, lithium seems to cause immunological reactions in the thyroid. 5 lithium-treated patients developed a goiter. The antibody determination was positive in only 2 subjects and was negative in the others. The measure of antithyroid antibodies before lithium did not enable us to predict the emergence of thyroid complications. On the contrary, subjects treated with lithium presented signficantly high antibody levels without developing clinical thyroid manifestations.", "PMID": 673164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1472", "title": "Nosological and prognostic distinctions in schizophrenia: pharmacological validation in terms of therapeutic antagonism between anticholinergic anti-parkinsonism drugs and neuroleptics.", "content": "In studying the relationships between anticholinergic-neuroleptic interactions and the nosological and prognostic distinctions in schizophrenia, we have shown that these distinctions have clinicopathological meaning. The countertherapeutic anticholinergic effects seemed to be particularly evident in the good outcome, schizophreniform cases and differentiated between the three diagnostic subtypes. Such effects were most conspicuous in the catatonics who also had the most favorable prognosis, while the paranoids differed from others in not only showing the least anticholinergic effects but also in not conforming to the relationship between these effects and prognosis. The findings are briefly considered in relation to those with wheat gluten which has also been shown to be a countertherapeutic factor in schizophrenia in another study.", "contents": "Nosological and prognostic distinctions in schizophrenia: pharmacological validation in terms of therapeutic antagonism between anticholinergic anti-parkinsonism drugs and neuroleptics. In studying the relationships between anticholinergic-neuroleptic interactions and the nosological and prognostic distinctions in schizophrenia, we have shown that these distinctions have clinicopathological meaning. The countertherapeutic anticholinergic effects seemed to be particularly evident in the good outcome, schizophreniform cases and differentiated between the three diagnostic subtypes. Such effects were most conspicuous in the catatonics who also had the most favorable prognosis, while the paranoids differed from others in not only showing the least anticholinergic effects but also in not conforming to the relationship between these effects and prognosis. The findings are briefly considered in relation to those with wheat gluten which has also been shown to be a countertherapeutic factor in schizophrenia in another study.", "PMID": 673165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1473", "title": "Pharmacokinetic interaction between amitriptyline and neuroleptics.", "content": "The influence of amitriptyline on the plasma level of various neuroleptics was studied in 25 chronic schizophrenic patients. The study lasted 20 weeks. Patients were kept first 4 weeks on their former neuroleptic medication, with amitriptyline added for 12 subsequent weeks, and withdrawn during the last 4 weeks when only the neuroleptic medication was continued unchanged. The plasma level of neuroleptics was assayed by gas-liquid chromatography, once weekly throughout the study. The amitriptyline plasma level was also evaluated once weekly during the 12 weeks of its administration. The mean neuroleptic plasma values for each 4-week period were pooled together in three groups: aliphatic, piperdine and piperazine phenothiazine derivatives. Amitriptyline provoked some increase of the plasma level of all phenothiazine derivatives. This augmentation was significant only transitorily, however. The putative mechanisms of this neuroleptic tricyclic antidepressant interaction are discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic interaction between amitriptyline and neuroleptics. The influence of amitriptyline on the plasma level of various neuroleptics was studied in 25 chronic schizophrenic patients. The study lasted 20 weeks. Patients were kept first 4 weeks on their former neuroleptic medication, with amitriptyline added for 12 subsequent weeks, and withdrawn during the last 4 weeks when only the neuroleptic medication was continued unchanged. The plasma level of neuroleptics was assayed by gas-liquid chromatography, once weekly throughout the study. The amitriptyline plasma level was also evaluated once weekly during the 12 weeks of its administration. The mean neuroleptic plasma values for each 4-week period were pooled together in three groups: aliphatic, piperdine and piperazine phenothiazine derivatives. Amitriptyline provoked some increase of the plasma level of all phenothiazine derivatives. This augmentation was significant only transitorily, however. The putative mechanisms of this neuroleptic tricyclic antidepressant interaction are discussed.", "PMID": 673166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1474", "title": "Visual averaged evoked responses in patients with bipolar affective disorders.", "content": "19 patients with bipolar affective disorders were investigated with visual averaged evoked responses (V.AER) to different stimulus intensities. 7 patients were investigated only in the depressive phase, 8 only in the manic phase, 2 in both the depressive and the manic phase, 1 in the manic phase and after recovery, and 1 patient was followed in both the depressive and the manic phase and when recovered. Both the comparisons between the independent groups and the results from the individual patients followed in different phases of the disorder indicate that patients in the depressive phase have a tendency to decrease in maximum amplitude when stimulus intensity is increased (reducing). Patients in the manic phase, on the other hand, show increasing maximum amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity (augmenting). The biochemical basis for this switch in augmenting/reducing tendency seem to be changes in the activity in the monoaminergic systems.", "contents": "Visual averaged evoked responses in patients with bipolar affective disorders. 19 patients with bipolar affective disorders were investigated with visual averaged evoked responses (V.AER) to different stimulus intensities. 7 patients were investigated only in the depressive phase, 8 only in the manic phase, 2 in both the depressive and the manic phase, 1 in the manic phase and after recovery, and 1 patient was followed in both the depressive and the manic phase and when recovered. Both the comparisons between the independent groups and the results from the individual patients followed in different phases of the disorder indicate that patients in the depressive phase have a tendency to decrease in maximum amplitude when stimulus intensity is increased (reducing). Patients in the manic phase, on the other hand, show increasing maximum amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity (augmenting). The biochemical basis for this switch in augmenting/reducing tendency seem to be changes in the activity in the monoaminergic systems.", "PMID": 673167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1475", "title": "The radiographic features of unilateral megalencephaly.", "content": "Unilateral megalencephaly is a rare anomaly of the brain which causes enlargement of a lobe or an entire hemisphere. The radiological features of the disease are a poorly defined unusual mass effect on PEG, angiography and CT scan. Pathologically, the disease is thought to be due to abnormal cell migration in the 3rd month in utero.", "contents": "The radiographic features of unilateral megalencephaly. Unilateral megalencephaly is a rare anomaly of the brain which causes enlargement of a lobe or an entire hemisphere. The radiological features of the disease are a poorly defined unusual mass effect on PEG, angiography and CT scan. Pathologically, the disease is thought to be due to abnormal cell migration in the 3rd month in utero.", "PMID": 673168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1476", "title": "Successful embolization of a fistula between the ascending pharyngeal artery and internal jugular vein.", "content": "The case of a fistula between the ascending pharyngeal artery and internal jugular vein in a patient with a high jugular bulb is presented. The lesion was missed by selective internal and external carotid angiography due to technical reasons, but was well demonstrated by common carotid and subsequent superselective ascending pharyngeal angiography. A single Gelfoam embolus soaked in Pantopaque obliterated the lesion.", "contents": "Successful embolization of a fistula between the ascending pharyngeal artery and internal jugular vein. The case of a fistula between the ascending pharyngeal artery and internal jugular vein in a patient with a high jugular bulb is presented. The lesion was missed by selective internal and external carotid angiography due to technical reasons, but was well demonstrated by common carotid and subsequent superselective ascending pharyngeal angiography. A single Gelfoam embolus soaked in Pantopaque obliterated the lesion.", "PMID": 673169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1477", "title": "Iodide and xenon enhancement of computed tomography (CT) in multiple sclerosis (MS).", "content": "The characteristic findings on computed tomography (CT) in multiple sclerosis (MS) are discussed. In a series of 49 cases plain CT was normal in 21 (43%), cerebral atrophy alone was present in 17 (35%) and plaques were visible in 11 (23%). These were most often adjacent to the lateral ventricles (14 plaques) and in the parietal white matter (10 plaques). CT was performed after the intravenous administration of iodide in 16 of these cases. Three of the low attenuation and three additional isodense lesions enhanced. Two patients with low attenuation plaques were scanned with xenon enhancement; the plaques absorbed less xenon than the corresponding contralateral brain substance and additional, previously isodense plaques were revealed. In one case the white matter absorbed much less xenon than normal and its uptake relative to grey matter was reduced.", "contents": "Iodide and xenon enhancement of computed tomography (CT) in multiple sclerosis (MS). The characteristic findings on computed tomography (CT) in multiple sclerosis (MS) are discussed. In a series of 49 cases plain CT was normal in 21 (43%), cerebral atrophy alone was present in 17 (35%) and plaques were visible in 11 (23%). These were most often adjacent to the lateral ventricles (14 plaques) and in the parietal white matter (10 plaques). CT was performed after the intravenous administration of iodide in 16 of these cases. Three of the low attenuation and three additional isodense lesions enhanced. Two patients with low attenuation plaques were scanned with xenon enhancement; the plaques absorbed less xenon than the corresponding contralateral brain substance and additional, previously isodense plaques were revealed. In one case the white matter absorbed much less xenon than normal and its uptake relative to grey matter was reduced.", "PMID": 673170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1478", "title": "Extravascular iodine in contrast enhancement with computed tomography.", "content": "Using specimens obtained at operation, tissue-blood ratios of iodinated contrast material (iodine), and in some cases also those of red blood cell tracer (51Cr), were measured in 23 patients with various kinds of intracranial mass lesions. Results provided confirmatory evidence on the major role played by extravascular iodine in the positive enhancement effect with computed tomography.", "contents": "Extravascular iodine in contrast enhancement with computed tomography. Using specimens obtained at operation, tissue-blood ratios of iodinated contrast material (iodine), and in some cases also those of red blood cell tracer (51Cr), were measured in 23 patients with various kinds of intracranial mass lesions. Results provided confirmatory evidence on the major role played by extravascular iodine in the positive enhancement effect with computed tomography.", "PMID": 673171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1479", "title": "Attenuation values of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).", "content": "The attenuation value of CSF, obtained by lumbar puncture, was determined with computed tomography in 25 patients. Measurement of the protein content in the same samples showed no correlation with the attenuation value. It is concluded that in the normal range of protein concentrations, the effect on the attenuation is insignificant and that the attenuation value of the CSF might  be used to check large deviations in the CT numbers due to artifacts.", "contents": "Attenuation values of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The attenuation value of CSF, obtained by lumbar puncture, was determined with computed tomography in 25 patients. Measurement of the protein content in the same samples showed no correlation with the attenuation value. It is concluded that in the normal range of protein concentrations, the effect on the attenuation is insignificant and that the attenuation value of the CSF might  be used to check large deviations in the CT numbers due to artifacts.", "PMID": 673172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1480", "title": "Attenuation changes of the ventricular CSF after intravenous injection of contrast material.", "content": "The CT attenuation change of the intraventricular CSF after i. v. administration of contrast material has been studied in 20 patients. A very small increase of attenuation was observed in the entire material. The method does not seem to be appropriate at present for the study of small attenuation changes in the CSF reflecting the passage of contrast material.", "contents": "Attenuation changes of the ventricular CSF after intravenous injection of contrast material. The CT attenuation change of the intraventricular CSF after i. v. administration of contrast material has been studied in 20 patients. A very small increase of attenuation was observed in the entire material. The method does not seem to be appropriate at present for the study of small attenuation changes in the CSF reflecting the passage of contrast material.", "PMID": 673173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1481", "title": "Gross deformity of the spine; a lumbar myelographic risk with Conray and Dimer X.", "content": "Convulsions and fracture of the neck of the femur following myelography with Conray and Dimer X are reported in two patients with a gross post-tuberculous gibbus deformity of the thoracic spine. The possible causes of the increased risk associated with myelography of the patients with gibbus are discussed.", "contents": "Gross deformity of the spine; a lumbar myelographic risk with Conray and Dimer X. Convulsions and fracture of the neck of the femur following myelography with Conray and Dimer X are reported in two patients with a gross post-tuberculous gibbus deformity of the thoracic spine. The possible causes of the increased risk associated with myelography of the patients with gibbus are discussed.", "PMID": 673174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1482", "title": "The value of CT for the diagnosis of pituitary microadenomas in children.", "content": "Three cases of prepuberal hypopituitary dwarfism regarded as idiopathic, are reported. In two of them the skull X-rays showed questionable minimal alterations of the sella turcica; in the remaining child the examination was completely negative. All three children were found to have a pituitary intrasellar microadenoma on the CT scan. The diagnosis was confirmed during surgery. The postoperative followup demonstrated the relation of the lesion with growth retardation and the indication for surgical treatment.", "contents": "The value of CT for the diagnosis of pituitary microadenomas in children. Three cases of prepuberal hypopituitary dwarfism regarded as idiopathic, are reported. In two of them the skull X-rays showed questionable minimal alterations of the sella turcica; in the remaining child the examination was completely negative. All three children were found to have a pituitary intrasellar microadenoma on the CT scan. The diagnosis was confirmed during surgery. The postoperative followup demonstrated the relation of the lesion with growth retardation and the indication for surgical treatment.", "PMID": 673175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1483", "title": "Ectasia of the intracranial arteries diagnosed by computed tomography. Megadolichobasilar artery: CT diagnosis.", "content": "The megadolichobasilar anomaly may be diagnosed by CT as an extra-axial lesion in the cerebellopontine angle. It enhances in a tubular fashion after intravenous injection of contrast. Hydrocephalus resulting from obstruction of CSF circulation may be demonstrated.", "contents": "Ectasia of the intracranial arteries diagnosed by computed tomography. Megadolichobasilar artery: CT diagnosis. The megadolichobasilar anomaly may be diagnosed by CT as an extra-axial lesion in the cerebellopontine angle. It enhances in a tubular fashion after intravenous injection of contrast. Hydrocephalus resulting from obstruction of CSF circulation may be demonstrated.", "PMID": 673176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1484", "title": "The diagnosis of CSF fistulas with rhinorrhea by isotope cisternography.", "content": "The experience with the use of RIHSA cisternography in cases of spontaneous or posttraumatic CSF rhinorrhea is reported. The utility of this method for identifying the fistulous tract so that the neurosurgeon can, as far as he is able, carry out a direct and not solely exploratory operation is pointed out.", "contents": "The diagnosis of CSF fistulas with rhinorrhea by isotope cisternography. The experience with the use of RIHSA cisternography in cases of spontaneous or posttraumatic CSF rhinorrhea is reported. The utility of this method for identifying the fistulous tract so that the neurosurgeon can, as far as he is able, carry out a direct and not solely exploratory operation is pointed out.", "PMID": 673177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1485", "title": "Seven intracranial aneurysms of the internal carotid arteries. Diagnosis by magnification angioautotomography.", "content": "A case with seven intracranial aneurysms is reported. Six aneurysms were on the left internal carotid artery and one on the right internal carotid artery. Magnification angioautotomography was used to demonstrate the aneurysms clearly.", "contents": "Seven intracranial aneurysms of the internal carotid arteries. Diagnosis by magnification angioautotomography. A case with seven intracranial aneurysms is reported. Six aneurysms were on the left internal carotid artery and one on the right internal carotid artery. Magnification angioautotomography was used to demonstrate the aneurysms clearly.", "PMID": 673178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1486", "title": "Double fenestration of the extracranial vertebral artery.", "content": "This is a case report of an angiographically demonstrated double fenestration of the extracranial vertebral artery found at the same level.", "contents": "Double fenestration of the extracranial vertebral artery. This is a case report of an angiographically demonstrated double fenestration of the extracranial vertebral artery found at the same level.", "PMID": 673179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1487", "title": "Visualization of an acoustic neurinoma by radioisotope cisternography.", "content": "A case of acoustic neurinoma is reported. Clinical symptoms were typical, but brain scan, EEG, X-rays and the first CT failed to demonstrate the expected tumor.", "contents": "Visualization of an acoustic neurinoma by radioisotope cisternography. A case of acoustic neurinoma is reported. Clinical symptoms were typical, but brain scan, EEG, X-rays and the first CT failed to demonstrate the expected tumor.", "PMID": 673180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1488", "title": "[Surgical treatment of inflammatory diseases of the colon : ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis].", "content": "Operations and follow-up examinations were conducted on 106 patients with ulcerative colitis, 33 with colitis Crohn, and 163 with diverticulitis, at the University Clinics of Cologne and Munich. Overall mortality rates were 24.5% (n = 26), 6.1% (n = 2) and 16% (n = 26), respectively. In the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis the possibility of malignant degeneration and, in the case of Crohn's disease, prevention of recurrences must be taken into consideration. Whether Crohn's disease is a precancerous conditions remains to be clarified. Choosing the optimal time for operative intervention is as important in diverticulitis as in ulcerative colitis. Because of the possibility of complications and the high risk of operation, early intervention is recommended for diverticulitis.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of inflammatory diseases of the colon : ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis]. Operations and follow-up examinations were conducted on 106 patients with ulcerative colitis, 33 with colitis Crohn, and 163 with diverticulitis, at the University Clinics of Cologne and Munich. Overall mortality rates were 24.5% (n = 26), 6.1% (n = 2) and 16% (n = 26), respectively. In the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis the possibility of malignant degeneration and, in the case of Crohn's disease, prevention of recurrences must be taken into consideration. Whether Crohn's disease is a precancerous conditions remains to be clarified. Choosing the optimal time for operative intervention is as important in diverticulitis as in ulcerative colitis. Because of the possibility of complications and the high risk of operation, early intervention is recommended for diverticulitis.", "PMID": 673200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1489", "title": "[The role of bilio-digestive shunts in surgery of non-neoplastic diseases of the biliary tract and papillary region. Assessment of 70 cases].", "content": "Indications for and results of bilio-digestive shunt are discussed and basic stages described. The data refer to non-cancerous pathology of the bile ways. It is concluded that the operation should always be carried out in the first instance (comparatively high intracholedochic pressure values, moderate dilatation of the main bile way, calculosis of the papilla) and not just at reoperation. This convinction is backed up by the very low operative mortality, the good long-term results and the operation's comparatively easy performance.", "contents": "[The role of bilio-digestive shunts in surgery of non-neoplastic diseases of the biliary tract and papillary region. Assessment of 70 cases]. Indications for and results of bilio-digestive shunt are discussed and basic stages described. The data refer to non-cancerous pathology of the bile ways. It is concluded that the operation should always be carried out in the first instance (comparatively high intracholedochic pressure values, moderate dilatation of the main bile way, calculosis of the papilla) and not just at reoperation. This convinction is backed up by the very low operative mortality, the good long-term results and the operation's comparatively easy performance.", "PMID": 673201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1490", "title": "[Hemobilia caused by rupture of a false aneurysm of the left branch of the hepatic artery].", "content": "The pathogenetic and diagnostic features of false aneurysm of the left branch of the hepatic artery are discussed in the light of a personal case. It is felt that ligation of the vessel constitutes the treatment of choice, whereas hepatic resection should be undertaken in the case of very peripheral aneurysms.", "contents": "[Hemobilia caused by rupture of a false aneurysm of the left branch of the hepatic artery]. The pathogenetic and diagnostic features of false aneurysm of the left branch of the hepatic artery are discussed in the light of a personal case. It is felt that ligation of the vessel constitutes the treatment of choice, whereas hepatic resection should be undertaken in the case of very peripheral aneurysms.", "PMID": 673202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1491", "title": "[Adenomyoma of the gallbladder].", "content": "The clinical, anatomopathological and radiological data concerning adenomyoma of the gall bladder are considered. The differential features of the pain in patients suffering from adenomyoma and calculosis are reviewed and a line of therapeutic conduct proposed in the light of modern pathogenetic views.", "contents": "[Adenomyoma of the gallbladder]. The clinical, anatomopathological and radiological data concerning adenomyoma of the gall bladder are considered. The differential features of the pain in patients suffering from adenomyoma and calculosis are reviewed and a line of therapeutic conduct proposed in the light of modern pathogenetic views.", "PMID": 673203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1492", "title": "[An unusual complication of hiatal hernia: perforation of an ulcer of the intrathoracic stomach into the left ventricle].", "content": "A case of gastric ulcer perforated into the left ventricle is described. A hiatus hernia was present and the ulcer was located in the intrathoracic portion of the stomach. The patient, a 76-year-old woman, died for massive bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract; the left ventricle was the probable source of the bleeding.", "contents": "[An unusual complication of hiatal hernia: perforation of an ulcer of the intrathoracic stomach into the left ventricle]. A case of gastric ulcer perforated into the left ventricle is described. A hiatus hernia was present and the ulcer was located in the intrathoracic portion of the stomach. The patient, a 76-year-old woman, died for massive bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract; the left ventricle was the probable source of the bleeding.", "PMID": 673205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1493", "title": "[Embolisms of the upper extremities].", "content": "6 cases of upper extremity embolism observed over the past three years are reported. Fogarty embolectomy was carried out in all patients, favourable revascularization results being obtained in 5. Forearm amputations was necessary in 1 case owing to the presence of ischaemic lesions that were already advanced at admittance, further proof that results depend above all on the vitality of the extremity rather than on the duration of the arterial occlusion.", "contents": "[Embolisms of the upper extremities]. 6 cases of upper extremity embolism observed over the past three years are reported. Fogarty embolectomy was carried out in all patients, favourable revascularization results being obtained in 5. Forearm amputations was necessary in 1 case owing to the presence of ischaemic lesions that were already advanced at admittance, further proof that results depend above all on the vitality of the extremity rather than on the duration of the arterial occlusion.", "PMID": 673206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1494", "title": "[Results of treatment in early carcinoma of the stomach].", "content": "From 1961 to 1975, 53 patients were operated on for early carcinoma of the stomach, 24 or the total of 57 cancer sites being limited to the mucosa, 33 having already infiltrated into the submucosa. Macroscopically, most of them were ulcerative carcinoma, while histologically the intestinal type predominated. The cumulative five-year survival rate (excluding hospital deaths) was 86.5%, while after \"typical\" carcinoma resection by the Billroth II procedure with removal of the greater and lesser omentum it was 100% for mucosal and 93% for submucosal carcinoma.", "contents": "[Results of treatment in early carcinoma of the stomach]. From 1961 to 1975, 53 patients were operated on for early carcinoma of the stomach, 24 or the total of 57 cancer sites being limited to the mucosa, 33 having already infiltrated into the submucosa. Macroscopically, most of them were ulcerative carcinoma, while histologically the intestinal type predominated. The cumulative five-year survival rate (excluding hospital deaths) was 86.5%, while after \"typical\" carcinoma resection by the Billroth II procedure with removal of the greater and lesser omentum it was 100% for mucosal and 93% for submucosal carcinoma.", "PMID": 673207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1495", "title": "[Critical considerations on paradoxical gangrene after sympathetic denervation].", "content": "Examination of numerous cases of lumbar gangionectomy has shown that paradoxical gangrene forms a particular complication, the origin of which has been discussed at length. It is felt that haemodynamic changes induced by the operation are predisposing factors, while personal experience suggests that thrombosis is responsible for the underlying acute vascular insufficiency in the immediate postoperative period. Evidence for this view is presented in the form of a case of iliac thrombosis following gangionectomy, in which disobstruction was necessary.", "contents": "[Critical considerations on paradoxical gangrene after sympathetic denervation]. Examination of numerous cases of lumbar gangionectomy has shown that paradoxical gangrene forms a particular complication, the origin of which has been discussed at length. It is felt that haemodynamic changes induced by the operation are predisposing factors, while personal experience suggests that thrombosis is responsible for the underlying acute vascular insufficiency in the immediate postoperative period. Evidence for this view is presented in the form of a case of iliac thrombosis following gangionectomy, in which disobstruction was necessary.", "PMID": 673208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1496", "title": "[Surgical treatment of echinococcal cysts with double hepatic and pulmonary localizations].", "content": "On the basis of some personal cases and with reference to world literature on the subject, the surgical treatment of liver and lung localized echinococcus cyst is discussed. Special attention is paid to 1) thoracotomy which may in some cases become a thoraco-phreno-laparatomy, the only approach which leads to really effective control of the field; 2) problems of suction drainage, particularly as regards diaphragm mobility in cases of thoraco-phreno-laparatomy.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of echinococcal cysts with double hepatic and pulmonary localizations]. On the basis of some personal cases and with reference to world literature on the subject, the surgical treatment of liver and lung localized echinococcus cyst is discussed. Special attention is paid to 1) thoracotomy which may in some cases become a thoraco-phreno-laparatomy, the only approach which leads to really effective control of the field; 2) problems of suction drainage, particularly as regards diaphragm mobility in cases of thoraco-phreno-laparatomy.", "PMID": 673209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1497", "title": "[Notes on 4000 surgical operations for biliary tract calculosis. I. Papillotomy and papillosphincterotomy. Indications and results].", "content": "Personal experience with papillotomy and papillosphincterotomy in calculosis of the PBD is reported. The indications and results obtained are discussed. The techniques employed are described and an assessment is made of the extent to which these operations can be performed without causing unnecessary damage to the sphincter.", "contents": "[Notes on 4000 surgical operations for biliary tract calculosis. I. Papillotomy and papillosphincterotomy. Indications and results]. Personal experience with papillotomy and papillosphincterotomy in calculosis of the PBD is reported. The indications and results obtained are discussed. The techniques employed are described and an assessment is made of the extent to which these operations can be performed without causing unnecessary damage to the sphincter.", "PMID": 673210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1498", "title": "[Late radiological aspects after vagotomy and gastric drainage].", "content": "Personal experience in 87 cases of vagotomy and gastric drainage is presented. Pyloroplasty according to Heinecke-Mikulicz was performed in 50 cases and drainage according to Judd in 9. Three groups were distinguished on the basis of the presence of a \"gastroduodenal canal\" and \"pseudodiverticula\". Twenty-two patients were subjected to a Finney pyloroplasty, radiologically visible is a transparent line from the large curvature of the antrum to the lesser curvature medially. Jaboulay-Alexiu gastroduodenostomy was performed in 6 cases. Here anastomosis between the large curvature and the second duodenal portion was noted, with preservation of the pylorus. Mention is made of the difficulty of recurrent ulcer diagnosis and the exact interpretation of the appearance of the antrum, pylorus and duodenum after drainage operations of this type.", "contents": "[Late radiological aspects after vagotomy and gastric drainage]. Personal experience in 87 cases of vagotomy and gastric drainage is presented. Pyloroplasty according to Heinecke-Mikulicz was performed in 50 cases and drainage according to Judd in 9. Three groups were distinguished on the basis of the presence of a \"gastroduodenal canal\" and \"pseudodiverticula\". Twenty-two patients were subjected to a Finney pyloroplasty, radiologically visible is a transparent line from the large curvature of the antrum to the lesser curvature medially. Jaboulay-Alexiu gastroduodenostomy was performed in 6 cases. Here anastomosis between the large curvature and the second duodenal portion was noted, with preservation of the pylorus. Mention is made of the difficulty of recurrent ulcer diagnosis and the exact interpretation of the appearance of the antrum, pylorus and duodenum after drainage operations of this type.", "PMID": 673211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1499", "title": "[Cryosurgery for hemorrhoids].", "content": "The new cryosurgical method of treating haemorrhoids is examined. Stress is laid on the importance of proper operation technique and correct evaluation of candidates. Infection, fistulae, abscesses, and stenosis are absolute contraindications.", "contents": "[Cryosurgery for hemorrhoids]. The new cryosurgical method of treating haemorrhoids is examined. Stress is laid on the importance of proper operation technique and correct evaluation of candidates. Infection, fistulae, abscesses, and stenosis are absolute contraindications.", "PMID": 673212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1500", "title": "[Ligation with elastic ligature: an alternative in the treatment of hemorrhoidal diseases].", "content": "Rubber band ligation, first described by Blaisdell, is an effective way of treating internal haemorrhoids. Treatment is ambulatory, thus saving time and costs. Experiences with 72 patients show this method to be superior to injection therapy and haemorrhoidectomy because of the simplicity of technique, the short period of treatment and the minimal discomfort for the patients. In our opinion rubber band ligation is the treatment of choice in managing internal haemorrhoids.", "contents": "[Ligation with elastic ligature: an alternative in the treatment of hemorrhoidal diseases]. Rubber band ligation, first described by Blaisdell, is an effective way of treating internal haemorrhoids. Treatment is ambulatory, thus saving time and costs. Experiences with 72 patients show this method to be superior to injection therapy and haemorrhoidectomy because of the simplicity of technique, the short period of treatment and the minimal discomfort for the patients. In our opinion rubber band ligation is the treatment of choice in managing internal haemorrhoids.", "PMID": 673213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1501", "title": "[Surgical indications in aspecific pneumopathies].", "content": "A degree course lecture based on a review of the relevant literature and experience gained at a 1000-bed lung hospital (S. Luigi Hospital, Orbassano) is presented in a shortened form. Attention is drawn to the revival of discarded techniques due to anaesthesiological and medical advances. This has considerably extended the surgical indications.", "contents": "[Surgical indications in aspecific pneumopathies]. A degree course lecture based on a review of the relevant literature and experience gained at a 1000-bed lung hospital (S. Luigi Hospital, Orbassano) is presented in a shortened form. Attention is drawn to the revival of discarded techniques due to anaesthesiological and medical advances. This has considerably extended the surgical indications.", "PMID": 673214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1502", "title": "[Notes on the use of applied mechanics in a possible interpretation of skull fractures].", "content": "Principles of applied mechanics dealing with the breakage of two-dimensional medium, flat or round surfaced bodies can be used in the interpretation of skull fractures. Qualitative assessment can be essentially based on Johansen's yielding lines. This offers a justification for the term \"lamina vitrea\" assigned by anatomists and surgeons to the inner table of the skull.", "contents": "[Notes on the use of applied mechanics in a possible interpretation of skull fractures]. Principles of applied mechanics dealing with the breakage of two-dimensional medium, flat or round surfaced bodies can be used in the interpretation of skull fractures. Qualitative assessment can be essentially based on Johansen's yielding lines. This offers a justification for the term \"lamina vitrea\" assigned by anatomists and surgeons to the inner table of the skull.", "PMID": 673218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1503", "title": "[Blood level of thyroid hormones in surgical thyroid diseases. Pre-,intra- and post-operative T3 and T4 levels].", "content": "A pre-, intra- and post-operative determination of thyroid hormone in values in the peripheral and thyroid vein reflux blood of patients with thyroid disorders requiring surgery showed that the so-called intraoperative squeezing of the gland either does not place or is of little importance when delicate surgical movements are commenced. A low incidence of intraoperative arrhythmia was also noted. Prevention of the latter is not indicated, since it is often dependent on surgical movements and/or unorthodox anaesthesiological management.", "contents": "[Blood level of thyroid hormones in surgical thyroid diseases. Pre-,intra- and post-operative T3 and T4 levels]. A pre-, intra- and post-operative determination of thyroid hormone in values in the peripheral and thyroid vein reflux blood of patients with thyroid disorders requiring surgery showed that the so-called intraoperative squeezing of the gland either does not place or is of little importance when delicate surgical movements are commenced. A low incidence of intraoperative arrhythmia was also noted. Prevention of the latter is not indicated, since it is often dependent on surgical movements and/or unorthodox anaesthesiological management.", "PMID": 673215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1504", "title": "[Surgery in the prevention and treatment of intestinal occlusion caused by adhesions. Reymond's method of enteropexy. (Experience with 69 cases)].", "content": "The state of the art with regard to surgical management in the prevention and treatment of intestinal occlusion caused by adhesions is described and the various operations proposed are examined. Noble's operation (folding and overcast suture of the intestinal loops)-the first to be proposed requires too much time for its execution. In addition, it restricts loop mobility and thus predisposes to recurrences and complications. The operation of Childs & Philips (folding of the intestine by accordion attachment of the mesentery with transfixing, looped wires) is quicker, but its wires result in a certain degree of vascular and enteric affection. Folding via intubation of the whole of the small intestine with a long catheter, using a nasogastric, gastrostomic or jejunostomic route, is both simple and rapid. It is particularly advisable in non-peritonitic obstruction in children and as a prophylactic measure. Reymond's operation (enteropexy with two simple and fundamental, lateral \"virage\" sutures) may be segmentary or total, or confined to a few loops. It is very simple and quick. It can always be used and is adaptable to the objective situation in each case. Personal experience with this operation in 69 cases (54 \"therapeutic\" and 15 \"prophylactic\") is presented. Two instances of recurrence due to poor technique were noted. It is felt that the operation is extremely satisfactory.", "contents": "[Surgery in the prevention and treatment of intestinal occlusion caused by adhesions. Reymond's method of enteropexy. (Experience with 69 cases)]. The state of the art with regard to surgical management in the prevention and treatment of intestinal occlusion caused by adhesions is described and the various operations proposed are examined. Noble's operation (folding and overcast suture of the intestinal loops)-the first to be proposed requires too much time for its execution. In addition, it restricts loop mobility and thus predisposes to recurrences and complications. The operation of Childs & Philips (folding of the intestine by accordion attachment of the mesentery with transfixing, looped wires) is quicker, but its wires result in a certain degree of vascular and enteric affection. Folding via intubation of the whole of the small intestine with a long catheter, using a nasogastric, gastrostomic or jejunostomic route, is both simple and rapid. It is particularly advisable in non-peritonitic obstruction in children and as a prophylactic measure. Reymond's operation (enteropexy with two simple and fundamental, lateral \"virage\" sutures) may be segmentary or total, or confined to a few loops. It is very simple and quick. It can always be used and is adaptable to the objective situation in each case. Personal experience with this operation in 69 cases (54 \"therapeutic\" and 15 \"prophylactic\") is presented. Two instances of recurrence due to poor technique were noted. It is felt that the operation is extremely satisfactory.", "PMID": 673216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1505", "title": "[Priapism. Etiopathogentic, clinical and therapeutic considerations].", "content": "The aetiopathogenesis and clinical picture of 3 cases of priapism are described, along with the treatment employed. The first patient suffered from thalassaemia minor, whereas in the second case priapism was a manifestation of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta perforated in the cava. In the last case, erection was a sequela of surgery for hydrocoele performed under peridural anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Priapism. Etiopathogentic, clinical and therapeutic considerations]. The aetiopathogenesis and clinical picture of 3 cases of priapism are described, along with the treatment employed. The first patient suffered from thalassaemia minor, whereas in the second case priapism was a manifestation of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta perforated in the cava. In the last case, erection was a sequela of surgery for hydrocoele performed under peridural anaesthesia.", "PMID": 673217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1506", "title": "Alkaline ribonuclease activity in plasma and leucocytes of malnourished women.", "content": "Alkaline RNase activity was measured in plasma and leucocytes of pregnant and non-pregnant women belonging to low and high socio-economic groups. It was observed that the enzyme activities were significantly higher in pregnant as well as non-pregnant women of the low socio-economic group as compared to women of the high socio-economic group. There was no correlation between the enzyme activities in maternal or cord blood on the one hand and birth weight of the infants on the other. These results suggest that RNase activities in maternal blood reflect the nutritional status of the mother but not that of the fetus.", "contents": "Alkaline ribonuclease activity in plasma and leucocytes of malnourished women. Alkaline RNase activity was measured in plasma and leucocytes of pregnant and non-pregnant women belonging to low and high socio-economic groups. It was observed that the enzyme activities were significantly higher in pregnant as well as non-pregnant women of the low socio-economic group as compared to women of the high socio-economic group. There was no correlation between the enzyme activities in maternal or cord blood on the one hand and birth weight of the infants on the other. These results suggest that RNase activities in maternal blood reflect the nutritional status of the mother but not that of the fetus.", "PMID": 673264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1507", "title": "Influence of lanthanum on calcium transport and retention in the rat duodenum.", "content": "The present study examined the effects of lanthanum on calcium retention and transport in rat duodenal segments in vitro. Increasing the concentration of lanthanum from 0.1 to 10 mM in both the serosal and mucosal media produced a progressive decrease in tissue calcium retention and calcium transport. The addition of 10 mM lanthanum to the mucosal media alone reduced both calcium retention and transport. The addition of 10 mM lanthanum to the serosal media alone decreased calcium transport but did not alter total calcium retention by the duodenal segments. The results of this study indicate that lanthanum at a concentration of 1--10 mM acts at calcium transport sites in rat duodenum to reduce both calcium uptake and extrusion, with the net result that the addition of lanthanum to either the mucosal media, serosal media or both significantly reduced calcium transport.", "contents": "Influence of lanthanum on calcium transport and retention in the rat duodenum. The present study examined the effects of lanthanum on calcium retention and transport in rat duodenal segments in vitro. Increasing the concentration of lanthanum from 0.1 to 10 mM in both the serosal and mucosal media produced a progressive decrease in tissue calcium retention and calcium transport. The addition of 10 mM lanthanum to the mucosal media alone reduced both calcium retention and transport. The addition of 10 mM lanthanum to the serosal media alone decreased calcium transport but did not alter total calcium retention by the duodenal segments. The results of this study indicate that lanthanum at a concentration of 1--10 mM acts at calcium transport sites in rat duodenum to reduce both calcium uptake and extrusion, with the net result that the addition of lanthanum to either the mucosal media, serosal media or both significantly reduced calcium transport.", "PMID": 673265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1508", "title": "[Effect of gum guar diet on feces microbiology in rats].", "content": "Approximately 8--10 days after gum guar was added to the diet of rats, the total bacterial counts in their feces, in particular Clostridium and Lactobacillus, were increased, whereas the number of coliforms was reduced. In contrast to the long, slender, rod-shaped cells in the Gram-stained fecal smears of the control animals, the feces of the gum guar-fed animals showed a predominance of short, broad, Gram-positive rods. When gum guar was omitted from the diet of these animals, their feces could not be distinguished from those of control animals.", "contents": "[Effect of gum guar diet on feces microbiology in rats]. Approximately 8--10 days after gum guar was added to the diet of rats, the total bacterial counts in their feces, in particular Clostridium and Lactobacillus, were increased, whereas the number of coliforms was reduced. In contrast to the long, slender, rod-shaped cells in the Gram-stained fecal smears of the control animals, the feces of the gum guar-fed animals showed a predominance of short, broad, Gram-positive rods. When gum guar was omitted from the diet of these animals, their feces could not be distinguished from those of control animals.", "PMID": 673266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1509", "title": "Leo 1031 (NSC-134087) in gynecologic malignancies.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with gynecological malignancies who had failed on conventional chemotherapeutic agents were treated with Leo 1031 to study the effective dosage and toxicity of the compound in gynecological malignancies. Six patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma were also treated subsequently by using this compound as primary therapy. Comparable results (33% response rate) were obtained with excellent subjective response rate) were obtained with excellent subjective response and minimal hematologic toxicity. Leo 1031 given 30 mg per day was well tolerated by most of the patients but increasing the dose to 40 mg per day led to development of severe hematologic toxicity with no change in response rate. No patients developed clinical evidence of steroid toxicity.", "contents": "Leo 1031 (NSC-134087) in gynecologic malignancies. Thirty-nine patients with gynecological malignancies who had failed on conventional chemotherapeutic agents were treated with Leo 1031 to study the effective dosage and toxicity of the compound in gynecological malignancies. Six patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma were also treated subsequently by using this compound as primary therapy. Comparable results (33% response rate) were obtained with excellent subjective response rate) were obtained with excellent subjective response and minimal hematologic toxicity. Leo 1031 given 30 mg per day was well tolerated by most of the patients but increasing the dose to 40 mg per day led to development of severe hematologic toxicity with no change in response rate. No patients developed clinical evidence of steroid toxicity.", "PMID": 673313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1510", "title": "Continuous treatment of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma with prednimustine (Leo 1031).", "content": "The effect of Prednimustine was evaluated in 37 patients with generalised non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The patients were divided into three groups according to dosage and previous treatment. Totally, in all three groups, 22 complete and 10 partial remissions were observed. During follow-up, five of the complete responders and all partial responders have relapsed. Leucopenia and thrombocytopenia were induced in several patients, but were always moderate and reversible after withdrawal of the drug. In some patients with a history of peptic ulcer or diabetes mellitus, these conditions were aggravated.", "contents": "Continuous treatment of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma with prednimustine (Leo 1031). The effect of Prednimustine was evaluated in 37 patients with generalised non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The patients were divided into three groups according to dosage and previous treatment. Totally, in all three groups, 22 complete and 10 partial remissions were observed. During follow-up, five of the complete responders and all partial responders have relapsed. Leucopenia and thrombocytopenia were induced in several patients, but were always moderate and reversible after withdrawal of the drug. In some patients with a history of peptic ulcer or diabetes mellitus, these conditions were aggravated.", "PMID": 673314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1511", "title": "Monoclonal gammapathy, multiple myeloma and cancer.", "content": "Seventeen cancer patients with monoclonal gammapathy on serum protein electrophoresis are described. Thirteen of these patients were proved to have multiple myeloma, while four patients had \"benign\" monoclonal gammapathy. In all the cases where bone marrow aspiration was done, an increase in plasma cells was revealed. A majority of the myeloma patients had osteolytic lesions, while all the patients with \"benign\" monoclonal gammapathy had normal bone survey. A relationship between the solid tumors and monoclonal gammapathy is discussed. The difficulty of detecting multiple myeloma in patients who are previously known to have cancer is presented.", "contents": "Monoclonal gammapathy, multiple myeloma and cancer. Seventeen cancer patients with monoclonal gammapathy on serum protein electrophoresis are described. Thirteen of these patients were proved to have multiple myeloma, while four patients had \"benign\" monoclonal gammapathy. In all the cases where bone marrow aspiration was done, an increase in plasma cells was revealed. A majority of the myeloma patients had osteolytic lesions, while all the patients with \"benign\" monoclonal gammapathy had normal bone survey. A relationship between the solid tumors and monoclonal gammapathy is discussed. The difficulty of detecting multiple myeloma in patients who are previously known to have cancer is presented.", "PMID": 673315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1512", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma associated with sarcoidosis in the lung.", "content": "A male patient, operated for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, in whom sarcoidosis was discovered in the resected lung specimen, is reported. The increased association of sarcoidosis along with malignant diseases is discussed, as well as the various mechanisms probably responsible for this association.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma associated with sarcoidosis in the lung. A male patient, operated for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, in whom sarcoidosis was discovered in the resected lung specimen, is reported. The increased association of sarcoidosis along with malignant diseases is discussed, as well as the various mechanisms probably responsible for this association.", "PMID": 673316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1513", "title": "[Cortical reaction in starred sturgeon eggs following fertilization and artificial activation].", "content": "An electron microscopical study of the fertilized sevryuga eggs has shown that 3 sec after insemination the most cortical granules in the region of the animal pole are already dehiscing and 10 to 30 sec the cortical granules release their contents under the membrane, but between the groups of cortical granules the contact of the cytoplasm with the membrane is still preserved. The full separation of the membrane observed under the light microscope at these times of fixation (San Felice fluid) is an artifact due to changes in the cortical cytoplasm properties. The rate of spreading of the cortical reaction over the egg surface is reduced from the animal pole to the vegetative one. By the criterion of the first changes discernible under the light microscope (formation of vacuoles and cytoplasmic threads between them) the maximal rate in the region of the animal pole amounts 360.5 mcm/sec and the average rate of the whole egg 46.5 mcm/sec; by the criterion of membrane separation the average rate amounts to 26.8 mcm/sec (at the temperature 21.9 degrees). The average rate of spreading of the cortical reaction in the sevryuga eggs is close to that in the sturgeon (Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti) and exceed ca. 3 times that in the sea urchin and teleostean eggs. The cortical reaction spreads at the same rate both in the fertilized and activated sevryuga eggs.", "contents": "[Cortical reaction in starred sturgeon eggs following fertilization and artificial activation]. An electron microscopical study of the fertilized sevryuga eggs has shown that 3 sec after insemination the most cortical granules in the region of the animal pole are already dehiscing and 10 to 30 sec the cortical granules release their contents under the membrane, but between the groups of cortical granules the contact of the cytoplasm with the membrane is still preserved. The full separation of the membrane observed under the light microscope at these times of fixation (San Felice fluid) is an artifact due to changes in the cortical cytoplasm properties. The rate of spreading of the cortical reaction over the egg surface is reduced from the animal pole to the vegetative one. By the criterion of the first changes discernible under the light microscope (formation of vacuoles and cytoplasmic threads between them) the maximal rate in the region of the animal pole amounts 360.5 mcm/sec and the average rate of the whole egg 46.5 mcm/sec; by the criterion of membrane separation the average rate amounts to 26.8 mcm/sec (at the temperature 21.9 degrees). The average rate of spreading of the cortical reaction in the sevryuga eggs is close to that in the sturgeon (Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti) and exceed ca. 3 times that in the sea urchin and teleostean eggs. The cortical reaction spreads at the same rate both in the fertilized and activated sevryuga eggs.", "PMID": 673319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1514", "title": "[Heat sensitivity of starred sturgeon follicles at different stages of their maturation period].", "content": "The influence of sharp temperature shift and proportioned keeping of the sevryuga females at a low temperature on the oocyte maturation and ovulation has been studied. The reaction of the follicles to similar influences was shown to differ at different stages of the period of maturation inertia: the follicles remained intact at the stages prior to the germinal vesicle (oocyte nucleus) breakdown, were damaged in a part of females at the prometa- and metaphase I and in the most females at the prometa- and metaphase II. The injection of triiodothyronine to the females subjected to cooling at different stages of the period of maturation inertia exerted no effect on the oocyte ovulation and the egg fertilizability.", "contents": "[Heat sensitivity of starred sturgeon follicles at different stages of their maturation period]. The influence of sharp temperature shift and proportioned keeping of the sevryuga females at a low temperature on the oocyte maturation and ovulation has been studied. The reaction of the follicles to similar influences was shown to differ at different stages of the period of maturation inertia: the follicles remained intact at the stages prior to the germinal vesicle (oocyte nucleus) breakdown, were damaged in a part of females at the prometa- and metaphase I and in the most females at the prometa- and metaphase II. The injection of triiodothyronine to the females subjected to cooling at different stages of the period of maturation inertia exerted no effect on the oocyte ovulation and the egg fertilizability.", "PMID": 673320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1515", "title": "[Change in the concentration and intensity of synthesis of RNA in cell cultures of Chironomus thummi during metamorphosis].", "content": "The content and intensity of incorporation of 3H-uridine in RNA of chromosomes, nucleoli and cytoplasm isolated by microsurgery from the salivary glands of larvae and prepupae of Chironomus thummi were studied following the incubation of salivary glands in the Cannon's medium with 3H-uridine. It was shown that during metamorphosis the content of RNA and intensity of 3H-uridine incorporation decrease in the nucleolus and cytoplasm in a prepupa, as compared with a larva, and suffer no changes in chromosomes in spite of much larger size of many puffs in a prepupa. The patterns of RNA synthesis in the salivary glands of larvae during metamorphosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Change in the concentration and intensity of synthesis of RNA in cell cultures of Chironomus thummi during metamorphosis]. The content and intensity of incorporation of 3H-uridine in RNA of chromosomes, nucleoli and cytoplasm isolated by microsurgery from the salivary glands of larvae and prepupae of Chironomus thummi were studied following the incubation of salivary glands in the Cannon's medium with 3H-uridine. It was shown that during metamorphosis the content of RNA and intensity of 3H-uridine incorporation decrease in the nucleolus and cytoplasm in a prepupa, as compared with a larva, and suffer no changes in chromosomes in spite of much larger size of many puffs in a prepupa. The patterns of RNA synthesis in the salivary glands of larvae during metamorphosis are discussed.", "PMID": 673321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1516", "title": "[Acetylcholinesterase activity in the nervous system of normal planaria and during regeneration].", "content": "The acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity was studied in the nervous system of planarians in the normal state and during regeneration. During the regeneration of the cephalic body end, the AChE appears in the cells of the newly formed ganglion on the 5th day. During the regeneration of caudal body end, the AChE activity in the residual ganglion after the cut exceeds the normal level. The possible role of the ACh system in the processes of planarian regeneration is discussed.", "contents": "[Acetylcholinesterase activity in the nervous system of normal planaria and during regeneration]. The acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity was studied in the nervous system of planarians in the normal state and during regeneration. During the regeneration of the cephalic body end, the AChE appears in the cells of the newly formed ganglion on the 5th day. During the regeneration of caudal body end, the AChE activity in the residual ganglion after the cut exceeds the normal level. The possible role of the ACh system in the processes of planarian regeneration is discussed.", "PMID": 673322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1517", "title": "[Formation of endopolyploid cells with the morphology of classic endomitosis during ontogenesis of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera)].", "content": "The morphological observations of cells of the basal region of seminal follicles, studies of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine incorporation and results of cytophotometric DNA determination have shown that during the larval development the cells which have morphological features of classical endomitosis in the differentiated state are reproduced. Their reproduction and polyploidization takes place in the definite, morphologically delineated zone in the basal region of seminal follicle. From the latter zone these cells migrate in the middle zone where they function. At the same time changes in their morphology are observed: cell flattening, chromatin loosening in the nuclei, appearance of morphologically distinct chromosomes. The level of 3H-uridine incorporation increases.", "contents": "[Formation of endopolyploid cells with the morphology of classic endomitosis during ontogenesis of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera)]. The morphological observations of cells of the basal region of seminal follicles, studies of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine incorporation and results of cytophotometric DNA determination have shown that during the larval development the cells which have morphological features of classical endomitosis in the differentiated state are reproduced. Their reproduction and polyploidization takes place in the definite, morphologically delineated zone in the basal region of seminal follicle. From the latter zone these cells migrate in the middle zone where they function. At the same time changes in their morphology are observed: cell flattening, chromatin loosening in the nuclei, appearance of morphologically distinct chromosomes. The level of 3H-uridine incorporation increases.", "PMID": 673323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1518", "title": "[Relationship between the duration of the mitotic cycle and the G2-period in sister cells of wheat root meristem and the ratio of their lengths].", "content": "The frequency of different types of pairs and triads of sister cells with labelled or unlabelled cells in mitosis was determined at different times after short-term incubation with 3H-thymidine to establish whether the mitotic cycle and G2-period duration depends on the cell length. Out of two sister cells of the pair, the larger cell used to have shorter mitotic cycle and G2-period than the smaller one. No direct dependence of the different ratios between their lengths was, however, shown. This is due to the absence of direct correlation between the mitotic cycle and G2-period durations. Possible causes of the absence of such a correlation are discussed.", "contents": "[Relationship between the duration of the mitotic cycle and the G2-period in sister cells of wheat root meristem and the ratio of their lengths]. The frequency of different types of pairs and triads of sister cells with labelled or unlabelled cells in mitosis was determined at different times after short-term incubation with 3H-thymidine to establish whether the mitotic cycle and G2-period duration depends on the cell length. Out of two sister cells of the pair, the larger cell used to have shorter mitotic cycle and G2-period than the smaller one. No direct dependence of the different ratios between their lengths was, however, shown. This is due to the absence of direct correlation between the mitotic cycle and G2-period durations. Possible causes of the absence of such a correlation are discussed.", "PMID": 673324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1519", "title": "[Relationship between the phases of mitosis in the cells of chimeric loach embryos].", "content": "The loach embryos differing in age by 0.5 tau0 (tau0--duration of the mitotic cycle during the synchronous cleavage divisions) were combined in pairs at the stage of 4--8 blastomeres to elucidate the role of intercellular relationships in the preservation of cell division synchrony during cleavage. Following the incubation during 3 tau0 the mean value of interval between mitotic phases in the pairs of combined embryos somewhat decreased but this phenomenon cannot be considered as the proof of cell division synchronization due to the intercellular relationships since it was observed to the same extent in all groups of chimaeric embryos irrespective of the degree of fusion as well as in the control embryos.", "contents": "[Relationship between the phases of mitosis in the cells of chimeric loach embryos]. The loach embryos differing in age by 0.5 tau0 (tau0--duration of the mitotic cycle during the synchronous cleavage divisions) were combined in pairs at the stage of 4--8 blastomeres to elucidate the role of intercellular relationships in the preservation of cell division synchrony during cleavage. Following the incubation during 3 tau0 the mean value of interval between mitotic phases in the pairs of combined embryos somewhat decreased but this phenomenon cannot be considered as the proof of cell division synchronization due to the intercellular relationships since it was observed to the same extent in all groups of chimaeric embryos irrespective of the degree of fusion as well as in the control embryos.", "PMID": 673325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1520", "title": "[Distribution of the intensity of free radical reactions at different stages of bud growth and in adult hydra].", "content": "The distribution of free radical reactions was studied by means of grafted copolymerization of 14C-acrylamide monomer in the ectoderm of growing bud and adult Hydra. Several states of regionalization were established in the process of bud growth: absence of local differences, presence of local differences and presence of the peak of free radical reactions in the hypostome region, characteristic of adult Hydra. The initiation of budding is not accompanied by the activation of free radical reactions in this region. No direct relationship between the metabolic regionalization and morphological rearrangements was found.", "contents": "[Distribution of the intensity of free radical reactions at different stages of bud growth and in adult hydra]. The distribution of free radical reactions was studied by means of grafted copolymerization of 14C-acrylamide monomer in the ectoderm of growing bud and adult Hydra. Several states of regionalization were established in the process of bud growth: absence of local differences, presence of local differences and presence of the peak of free radical reactions in the hypostome region, characteristic of adult Hydra. The initiation of budding is not accompanied by the activation of free radical reactions in this region. No direct relationship between the metabolic regionalization and morphological rearrangements was found.", "PMID": 673326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1521", "title": "[Effect of a number of metabolic inhibitors and other biologically active substances on the development of sea urchin embryos].", "content": "Benzo(a)pyrene, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, ethidium bromide, actinomycin D and papaverin arrested the development of sea urchin embryos at the stage of early gastrula when the synthesis of rRNA increases. The fertilization membrane did not prevent the penetration of hydrocortisone and benzo(a)pyrene in the embryo cells. These drugs did not affect RNA synthesis at the early stages of development and markedly suppressed it at the early gastrula stage. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the developmental arrest at the early gastrula stage is connected with the suppression of rRNA synthesis. The mechanism of selective sensitivity of rRNA synthesis to a wide range of biologically active substances is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of a number of metabolic inhibitors and other biologically active substances on the development of sea urchin embryos]. Benzo(a)pyrene, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, ethidium bromide, actinomycin D and papaverin arrested the development of sea urchin embryos at the stage of early gastrula when the synthesis of rRNA increases. The fertilization membrane did not prevent the penetration of hydrocortisone and benzo(a)pyrene in the embryo cells. These drugs did not affect RNA synthesis at the early stages of development and markedly suppressed it at the early gastrula stage. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the developmental arrest at the early gastrula stage is connected with the suppression of rRNA synthesis. The mechanism of selective sensitivity of rRNA synthesis to a wide range of biologically active substances is discussed.", "PMID": 673327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1522", "title": "[Ontogenesis of saffron plants (Crocus sativus) and changes in their stem apices].", "content": "A study of the saffron ontogenesis has been carried out, with special reference to the morphophysiological state of cells and nuclei in the stem apices. 4 periods were established in the development of stem apices: (1) formation of apical meristem (November), (2) slow development coinciding with the intensive plant vegetation (December--February), (3) transition to generative development when the vegetative organs begin to dry off (March) and (4) differentiation of generative organs at the time when the corm is underground and vegetative organs almost fully absent (summer). The development of apex is accompanied by changes in the nuclear structure and fluctuations of mitotic activity. The critical period of transition to the phase of generative development takes place in March, long before the formation of visible generative organs and flowering.", "contents": "[Ontogenesis of saffron plants (Crocus sativus) and changes in their stem apices]. A study of the saffron ontogenesis has been carried out, with special reference to the morphophysiological state of cells and nuclei in the stem apices. 4 periods were established in the development of stem apices: (1) formation of apical meristem (November), (2) slow development coinciding with the intensive plant vegetation (December--February), (3) transition to generative development when the vegetative organs begin to dry off (March) and (4) differentiation of generative organs at the time when the corm is underground and vegetative organs almost fully absent (summer). The development of apex is accompanied by changes in the nuclear structure and fluctuations of mitotic activity. The critical period of transition to the phase of generative development takes place in March, long before the formation of visible generative organs and flowering.", "PMID": 673328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1523", "title": "Augmented recession of the medial recti.", "content": "Bimedial rectus recession with measurement from the limbus was combined with conjuctival recession 85 children undergoing surgery for esotropia. Using this augmented recession technique, the prism diopters of correction per millimeter of surgery done were 4.8 compared with 3.2 found in 56 control patients. Postoperatively, the conjunctiva had a satisfactory cosmetic appearance and ductions were normal.", "contents": "Augmented recession of the medial recti. Bimedial rectus recession with measurement from the limbus was combined with conjuctival recession 85 children undergoing surgery for esotropia. Using this augmented recession technique, the prism diopters of correction per millimeter of surgery done were 4.8 compared with 3.2 found in 56 control patients. Postoperatively, the conjunctiva had a satisfactory cosmetic appearance and ductions were normal.", "PMID": 673330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1524", "title": "Inidcations of the posterior fixation operation in strabismus.", "content": "Retroequatorial fix-tion of a rectus muscle by means of nonabsorbable scleral sutures weakens this muscle in its primary field of action without disturbing the balance with its antagonist in other positions of gaze. This procedure has been employed in patients with dissociated vertical deviations, nystagmus compensation (blockage) syndrome, double-elevator paresis, nonaccommodative convergence excess, and Duane's retraction syndrome. Complications were not encountered, but the operation was ineffective in some patients and reoperation became necessary.", "contents": "Inidcations of the posterior fixation operation in strabismus. Retroequatorial fix-tion of a rectus muscle by means of nonabsorbable scleral sutures weakens this muscle in its primary field of action without disturbing the balance with its antagonist in other positions of gaze. This procedure has been employed in patients with dissociated vertical deviations, nystagmus compensation (blockage) syndrome, double-elevator paresis, nonaccommodative convergence excess, and Duane's retraction syndrome. Complications were not encountered, but the operation was ineffective in some patients and reoperation became necessary.", "PMID": 673331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1525", "title": "Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis.", "content": "Thirty-six young healthy patients developed a peculiar clinical syndrome affecting only one eye. The early stage of the disease was characterized by visual loss, vitritis, mild papilledema, and successive crops of multiple, evanescent, gray-white, deep, retinal lesions. Over a period of many months there developed widespread, diffuse and focal depigmentation of the pigment epithelium, retinal arterial narrowing, optic atrophy, severe visual loss, and electroretinographic changes. A motile, subretinal round worm, probably a Toxocara, was observed in two patients.", "contents": "Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis. Thirty-six young healthy patients developed a peculiar clinical syndrome affecting only one eye. The early stage of the disease was characterized by visual loss, vitritis, mild papilledema, and successive crops of multiple, evanescent, gray-white, deep, retinal lesions. Over a period of many months there developed widespread, diffuse and focal depigmentation of the pigment epithelium, retinal arterial narrowing, optic atrophy, severe visual loss, and electroretinographic changes. A motile, subretinal round worm, probably a Toxocara, was observed in two patients.", "PMID": 673332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1526", "title": "Pars plana vitrectomy for the management of severe diabetic retinopathy: an analysis of results five years following surgery.", "content": "The general characteristics, preoperative findings, and operative procedures of 56 consecutive eyes having pars plana vitrectomies for complications of diabetic retinopathy are presented in this paper. Of the 34 eyes available for follow-up examinations five years after surgery, 50% had ambulating vision and 15% had 20/40 or better visual acuities. The vitreous cavities were clear in 59% and the maculae attached in 50% of the 34 eyes.", "contents": "Pars plana vitrectomy for the management of severe diabetic retinopathy: an analysis of results five years following surgery. The general characteristics, preoperative findings, and operative procedures of 56 consecutive eyes having pars plana vitrectomies for complications of diabetic retinopathy are presented in this paper. Of the 34 eyes available for follow-up examinations five years after surgery, 50% had ambulating vision and 15% had 20/40 or better visual acuities. The vitreous cavities were clear in 59% and the maculae attached in 50% of the 34 eyes.", "PMID": 673334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1527", "title": "Vitrectomy techniques in the management of selected penetrating ocular injuries.", "content": "Closed vitrectomy techniques provide new capabilities to treat severe penetrating ocular injuries involving posterior segment structures. With these methods damaged iris tissue,  lens, and vitreous can be removed and intraocular opacities can be cleared to identify and treat any retinal damage. Removal of damaged vitreous also prevents later cyclitic membrane formation and traction on the retina. The vitrectomy technique can be combined with additional methods to treat other conditions including nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies. We present the rationale and technique of vitrectomy together with the results of treatment in 51 consecutive cases of penetrating ocular trauma. Guidelines are offered for management of severe penetrating injuries.", "contents": "Vitrectomy techniques in the management of selected penetrating ocular injuries. Closed vitrectomy techniques provide new capabilities to treat severe penetrating ocular injuries involving posterior segment structures. With these methods damaged iris tissue,  lens, and vitreous can be removed and intraocular opacities can be cleared to identify and treat any retinal damage. Removal of damaged vitreous also prevents later cyclitic membrane formation and traction on the retina. The vitrectomy technique can be combined with additional methods to treat other conditions including nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies. We present the rationale and technique of vitrectomy together with the results of treatment in 51 consecutive cases of penetrating ocular trauma. Guidelines are offered for management of severe penetrating injuries.", "PMID": 673335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1528", "title": "A logical approach to the treatment of massive periretinal proliferation.", "content": "Based on the improved understanding of massive periretinal proliferation (MPP) as a proliferative membrane-forming disease, a new therapeutic approach is presented with the technique of pars plana vitreous surgery. Not only vitreous membranes but also preretinal membranes are removed. Forty-seven consecutive patients who suffered from severe massive periretinal proliferation were operated on with this technique and followed for six months or more. Seventeen patients (36%) had an attached retina. Twelve patients had a major visual improvement. The major postoperative complication was phthisis bulbi, found in ten eyes (21%).", "contents": "A logical approach to the treatment of massive periretinal proliferation. Based on the improved understanding of massive periretinal proliferation (MPP) as a proliferative membrane-forming disease, a new therapeutic approach is presented with the technique of pars plana vitreous surgery. Not only vitreous membranes but also preretinal membranes are removed. Forty-seven consecutive patients who suffered from severe massive periretinal proliferation were operated on with this technique and followed for six months or more. Seventeen patients (36%) had an attached retina. Twelve patients had a major visual improvement. The major postoperative complication was phthisis bulbi, found in ten eyes (21%).", "PMID": 673336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1529", "title": "A predictive model for visual recovery following retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "By multiple regression analysis we have identified 26 out of 200 observations which significantly affect the visual acuity following retinal detachment surgery. In addition, we have developed a highly significant mathematical model, which is able to predict in rather broad ranges of visual acuity to approximately 67% accuracy. There is still a large percentage of patients for whom we cannot account for the variability in final vision, a problem requiring future investigation. Potentially important factors which were not analyzed in this study include duration of macular detachment, afferent pupil defect, drainage of subretinal fluid, extent of the scleral-buckling procedure, and postoperative follow-up longer than six months. While most of the variables are fixed and cannot be alterd, such as age, senile cataract, and refractive error, improved knowledge of influential factors may allow us to manipulate some of them and provide mechanisms for improving results in recovery or maintenance of macular function after retinal detachment surgery.", "contents": "A predictive model for visual recovery following retinal detachment surgery. By multiple regression analysis we have identified 26 out of 200 observations which significantly affect the visual acuity following retinal detachment surgery. In addition, we have developed a highly significant mathematical model, which is able to predict in rather broad ranges of visual acuity to approximately 67% accuracy. There is still a large percentage of patients for whom we cannot account for the variability in final vision, a problem requiring future investigation. Potentially important factors which were not analyzed in this study include duration of macular detachment, afferent pupil defect, drainage of subretinal fluid, extent of the scleral-buckling procedure, and postoperative follow-up longer than six months. While most of the variables are fixed and cannot be alterd, such as age, senile cataract, and refractive error, improved knowledge of influential factors may allow us to manipulate some of them and provide mechanisms for improving results in recovery or maintenance of macular function after retinal detachment surgery.", "PMID": 673337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1530", "title": "The functional reserve of corneal endothelium.", "content": "With recent advances in our knowledge of corneal physiology, coupled with the development and increasing availability of the specular microscope as a clinical instrument, valid observations relating the morphologic appearance of the corneal endothelium to its functional capacity are within our reach. Manual methods of data analysis are cumbersome, time consuming, and associated with human error and investigator bias. The Omnicon pattern analysis system lends itself to objective analysis of morphologic features, offers the possibility of quantifying the data obtained and, hopefully, will lead to a better understanding of the many aspects of endothelial cell morphology which, in total, relate to the functional reserve of a given cornea.", "contents": "The functional reserve of corneal endothelium. With recent advances in our knowledge of corneal physiology, coupled with the development and increasing availability of the specular microscope as a clinical instrument, valid observations relating the morphologic appearance of the corneal endothelium to its functional capacity are within our reach. Manual methods of data analysis are cumbersome, time consuming, and associated with human error and investigator bias. The Omnicon pattern analysis system lends itself to objective analysis of morphologic features, offers the possibility of quantifying the data obtained and, hopefully, will lead to a better understanding of the many aspects of endothelial cell morphology which, in total, relate to the functional reserve of a given cornea.", "PMID": 673339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1531", "title": "[Hypertrophy of the internal urethral sphincter in children (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis auf 2 cases congenital hypertrophy of the internal urethral sphincter the authors discuss problems of diagnosis and therapy. They attribute great importance particularly to the urodynamic approach in the assessment of disorders of urinary flow in children. Compared with static or non-physiological methods, such as endoscopy or retrograde urethrography functional diagnostic methods like uroflow, manometry and MCU have definite advantages, precisely where it is a matter of analysing functional disorders. However, if the child is to be spared protracted obstruction of urinary flow, early diagnosis is a prerequisite.", "contents": "[Hypertrophy of the internal urethral sphincter in children (author's transl)]. On the basis auf 2 cases congenital hypertrophy of the internal urethral sphincter the authors discuss problems of diagnosis and therapy. They attribute great importance particularly to the urodynamic approach in the assessment of disorders of urinary flow in children. Compared with static or non-physiological methods, such as endoscopy or retrograde urethrography functional diagnostic methods like uroflow, manometry and MCU have definite advantages, precisely where it is a matter of analysing functional disorders. However, if the child is to be spared protracted obstruction of urinary flow, early diagnosis is a prerequisite.", "PMID": 673430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1532", "title": "[The use of play therapy (Animazione) in the hospitalized child].", "content": "In order to eliminate negative psychological sequelae of hospitalisation of children, Animazione was performed on 2 children wards. On the internal children ward Animazione was seen to be a valuable help to reduce fear by selfportrayal in play, into which also visiting parents could be introduced. On the psychosomatic ward Animazione could only be used in close cooperation with the psychotherapist of a particular child. Then it could be a fulfillment of therapeutic measures in contact with the therapeutic team of the ward. Animazione had to be used here in a modified way with aim in view: the therapeutic team on this ward after elimination of the hierarchic pyramid had taken over an increased initiative and selfresponsibility.", "contents": "[The use of play therapy (Animazione) in the hospitalized child]. In order to eliminate negative psychological sequelae of hospitalisation of children, Animazione was performed on 2 children wards. On the internal children ward Animazione was seen to be a valuable help to reduce fear by selfportrayal in play, into which also visiting parents could be introduced. On the psychosomatic ward Animazione could only be used in close cooperation with the psychotherapist of a particular child. Then it could be a fulfillment of therapeutic measures in contact with the therapeutic team of the ward. Animazione had to be used here in a modified way with aim in view: the therapeutic team on this ward after elimination of the hierarchic pyramid had taken over an increased initiative and selfresponsibility.", "PMID": 673431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1533", "title": "[Thanatophoric Dwarfism (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of thanatophoric dwarfism which appeared between 1974 and 1977 are described. Thanatophoric dwarfism was firstly described in 1967. In the mean-time there are reports about 44 cases. The frequency of thanatophoric dwarfism is considered to be 1 to 6393 newborns. There is no clear evidence about the occurrence of thanatophoric dwarfism, chromosone patterns have been always normal. This type of dwarfism is differentiated from other similar syndromes.", "contents": "[Thanatophoric Dwarfism (author's transl)]. Four cases of thanatophoric dwarfism which appeared between 1974 and 1977 are described. Thanatophoric dwarfism was firstly described in 1967. In the mean-time there are reports about 44 cases. The frequency of thanatophoric dwarfism is considered to be 1 to 6393 newborns. There is no clear evidence about the occurrence of thanatophoric dwarfism, chromosone patterns have been always normal. This type of dwarfism is differentiated from other similar syndromes.", "PMID": 673432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1534", "title": "[Prepuberal rubella vaccination and development of antibodytiters during five years (author's transl)].", "content": "Salzburg was the first country in Austria to introduce, in 1971, rubella vaccination for prepuberal girls on a voluntary basis. Of 481 girls, whose antibody titers were controlled in 1972, 132 (27.4%) were seronegative, and control measurements were performed 3, 12, 24, and now 60 months after the vaccination. The conversion rate was 100%, and the geometric mean titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies 3 months after vaccination was 110, 12 months a.v. 135.7, 24 months a.v. 131.7 and 60 months a.v. 113.6.", "contents": "[Prepuberal rubella vaccination and development of antibodytiters during five years (author's transl)]. Salzburg was the first country in Austria to introduce, in 1971, rubella vaccination for prepuberal girls on a voluntary basis. Of 481 girls, whose antibody titers were controlled in 1972, 132 (27.4%) were seronegative, and control measurements were performed 3, 12, 24, and now 60 months after the vaccination. The conversion rate was 100%, and the geometric mean titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies 3 months after vaccination was 110, 12 months a.v. 135.7, 24 months a.v. 131.7 and 60 months a.v. 113.6.", "PMID": 673433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1535", "title": "[Urinary tract infection in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The urinary tract infection ranks fourth among children's disorders, coming after contagious diseases and infection of the respiratory and digestive organs. Half of the children who have urinary tract infections are in early infancy, and the remaining 50 per cent are divided almost uniformly among those between the ages of 2 and 14. In keeping with the underlying causes, our material can be broken down as follows: in a fourth of the cases the disorder was such as to require an operation; 8 per cent of the children showed a neurologically disturbed micturition; about 40 per cent had a genuine distal urethral stenosis, and another 25 per cent showed changes in the urethral orifice and in the external genitals.", "contents": "[Urinary tract infection in childhood (author's transl)]. The urinary tract infection ranks fourth among children's disorders, coming after contagious diseases and infection of the respiratory and digestive organs. Half of the children who have urinary tract infections are in early infancy, and the remaining 50 per cent are divided almost uniformly among those between the ages of 2 and 14. In keeping with the underlying causes, our material can be broken down as follows: in a fourth of the cases the disorder was such as to require an operation; 8 per cent of the children showed a neurologically disturbed micturition; about 40 per cent had a genuine distal urethral stenosis, and another 25 per cent showed changes in the urethral orifice and in the external genitals.", "PMID": 673434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1536", "title": "[Histidinemia in a normal intelligent boy with hearing defect (author's transl)].", "content": "Amino acid screening in an institute for children with hearing defects led to the detection of a 14 years male with histidinuria. Further investigations established the diagnosis histidinemia. In this normal intelligent patient audiologic tests showed bilateral internal ear hearing defect. It is accepted that the hearing defect is the reason for speech abnormities in form of diminished articulation. But it is not clear how far the inborn error of histidine metabolism is directly responsible for the hearing loss. This observation suggests that the well known speech defects in histidinemics are partly caused by hearing disability.", "contents": "[Histidinemia in a normal intelligent boy with hearing defect (author's transl)]. Amino acid screening in an institute for children with hearing defects led to the detection of a 14 years male with histidinuria. Further investigations established the diagnosis histidinemia. In this normal intelligent patient audiologic tests showed bilateral internal ear hearing defect. It is accepted that the hearing defect is the reason for speech abnormities in form of diminished articulation. But it is not clear how far the inborn error of histidine metabolism is directly responsible for the hearing loss. This observation suggests that the well known speech defects in histidinemics are partly caused by hearing disability.", "PMID": 673435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1537", "title": "[Bioavailability of new galenic preparations of cephalexin (author's transl)].", "content": "After the administration of 12.5 mg/kg Cephalexin as a single oral dose of Ospexin 250 and 375 sirup as well as Ospexin 500 Tbl. maximal plasma levels are reached in approximately 30 min. Within 6 hours the total administered amount of Cephalexin is excreted in biologically active form in the urine. The resorption is not influenced by food. The rapid and complete absorption shows that Cephalexin in this galenic form has an excellent bioavailability.", "contents": "[Bioavailability of new galenic preparations of cephalexin (author's transl)]. After the administration of 12.5 mg/kg Cephalexin as a single oral dose of Ospexin 250 and 375 sirup as well as Ospexin 500 Tbl. maximal plasma levels are reached in approximately 30 min. Within 6 hours the total administered amount of Cephalexin is excreted in biologically active form in the urine. The resorption is not influenced by food. The rapid and complete absorption shows that Cephalexin in this galenic form has an excellent bioavailability.", "PMID": 673437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1538", "title": "A note on the description of pain and its causes.", "content": "The adjectives used by  72 psychiatric patients to describe pain were examined. Patients with physical lesions tended to have physical precipitants and physical relieving factors. Patients with psychologically based pain often recognized both physical and emotional preciptation. Most adjectives used were sensory rather than affective or evaluative.", "contents": "A note on the description of pain and its causes. The adjectives used by  72 psychiatric patients to describe pain were examined. Patients with physical lesions tended to have physical precipitants and physical relieving factors. Patients with psychologically based pain often recognized both physical and emotional preciptation. Most adjectives used were sensory rather than affective or evaluative.", "PMID": 673438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1539", "title": "Validity and sensitivity of ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors: manipulation of affect by diazepam.", "content": "The results of two experiments suggest that sensory and affective verbal descriptors provide a valid scaling method which discriminates between the sensory intensity and the affect, or unpleasantness, of electrocutaneous stimuli. Twenty-four subjects judged the sensory intensity and affect of noxious electrocutaneous stimuli by choosing verbal descriptors from randomized lists and by cross-modality matching to time duration and to handgrip force. The psychophysical functions for sensory intensity generated by the descriptor and the cross-modality functions for sensory intensity generated by the descriptor and the cross-modality methods are the same. Psychophysical functions for affect generated by thedescriptor and the cross-modality methods are different. However, only the descriptor method produces psychophysical functions for affect that are significantly different from all the sensory functions. This result suggest that only the descriptor method distinguishes between sensory intensity and affect. The discriminative power of the descriptor method is demonstrated further in an experiment in which 32 subjects rated either the sensory intensity or the affect of the electrocutaneous stimuli immediately before and after an i.v. administration of 5 mg diazepam. This common minor tranquilizer significantly lowered affective descriptor responses (P less than 0.005) without altering sensory descriptor and sensory and affective handgrip responses. These experiments indicate that sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors may be used as a valid and sensitive tool for the evaluation of pain and pain control methods.", "contents": "Validity and sensitivity of ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors: manipulation of affect by diazepam. The results of two experiments suggest that sensory and affective verbal descriptors provide a valid scaling method which discriminates between the sensory intensity and the affect, or unpleasantness, of electrocutaneous stimuli. Twenty-four subjects judged the sensory intensity and affect of noxious electrocutaneous stimuli by choosing verbal descriptors from randomized lists and by cross-modality matching to time duration and to handgrip force. The psychophysical functions for sensory intensity generated by the descriptor and the cross-modality functions for sensory intensity generated by the descriptor and the cross-modality methods are the same. Psychophysical functions for affect generated by thedescriptor and the cross-modality methods are different. However, only the descriptor method produces psychophysical functions for affect that are significantly different from all the sensory functions. This result suggest that only the descriptor method distinguishes between sensory intensity and affect. The discriminative power of the descriptor method is demonstrated further in an experiment in which 32 subjects rated either the sensory intensity or the affect of the electrocutaneous stimuli immediately before and after an i.v. administration of 5 mg diazepam. This common minor tranquilizer significantly lowered affective descriptor responses (P less than 0.005) without altering sensory descriptor and sensory and affective handgrip responses. These experiments indicate that sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors may be used as a valid and sensitive tool for the evaluation of pain and pain control methods.", "PMID": 673439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1540", "title": "Ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors.", "content": "The results of two experiments show that ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors are valid, reliable and objective. In the first experiment, 16 subjects rated 15 sensory and 15 affective verbal pain descriptors by numerical magnitude estimation and by cross-modality matching to handgrip force. Ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors computed for two separate groups were highly correlated between the groups (sensory, r = 0.97; affective, r = 0.98), as well as over session (r = 0.99, 0.98). Scales based on an individual's data correlated equally with either another set of scales from the same individual (r = 0.96, 0.98) or a mean scale from a similar group (r = 0.96, 0.89). Sensory and affective verbal descriptor scales from the first experiment correlated highly (r = 0.99, 0.99) with those from the second experiment in which 40 subjects rated verbal pain descriptors by cross-modality matching to time duration and to handgrip force. The ratio responses to the verbal descriptors in both experiments demonstrated specific functional relationships found for measurable psychophysical stimuli. This result supports the validity of cross-modality matched ratio scales of verbal stimuli. The reliability of these scales is shown by the high between-session, between-group and between-experiment correlations. The objectivity is shown by the similarity of within-subject and between-subject correlations for both group and individual descriptor scales.", "contents": "Ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors. The results of two experiments show that ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors are valid, reliable and objective. In the first experiment, 16 subjects rated 15 sensory and 15 affective verbal pain descriptors by numerical magnitude estimation and by cross-modality matching to handgrip force. Ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors computed for two separate groups were highly correlated between the groups (sensory, r = 0.97; affective, r = 0.98), as well as over session (r = 0.99, 0.98). Scales based on an individual's data correlated equally with either another set of scales from the same individual (r = 0.96, 0.98) or a mean scale from a similar group (r = 0.96, 0.89). Sensory and affective verbal descriptor scales from the first experiment correlated highly (r = 0.99, 0.99) with those from the second experiment in which 40 subjects rated verbal pain descriptors by cross-modality matching to time duration and to handgrip force. The ratio responses to the verbal descriptors in both experiments demonstrated specific functional relationships found for measurable psychophysical stimuli. This result supports the validity of cross-modality matched ratio scales of verbal stimuli. The reliability of these scales is shown by the high between-session, between-group and between-experiment correlations. The objectivity is shown by the similarity of within-subject and between-subject correlations for both group and individual descriptor scales.", "PMID": 673440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1541", "title": "Effects of aspirin and morphine on the release of a bradykinin-like substance into the subcutaneous perfusate of the rat paw.", "content": "The effects of aspirin and morphine on the release of bradykinin-like substance into the substaneous perfusate following various noxious stimuli were investigated in rat paw preparation. Subcutaneous perfusion was  performed with saline or with saline containing o-phenanthroline or soy bean trypsin inhibitor at a rate of 3--4 drops/min. Ten drops per fraction were assayed for bradykinin activity. Pressure on the instep, application of heat to the foot and stimulation of the sciatic nerve were employed as noxious stimuli. Aspirin (200 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited the release of bradykinin due to heat, pressure and sciatic nerve stimulation, while morphine (5 mg/kg i.m.) inhibited only the release of bradykinin due to sciatic nerve stimulation. Results suggest that analgesics, such as aspirin and morphine, have a depressant action on pain by inhibiting the release of bradykinin locally. They also suggest that aspirin inhibits the release of bradykinin regardless of the type of noxious stimuli, while morphine inhibits the release of bradykinin which is mediated by neural mechanisms.", "contents": "Effects of aspirin and morphine on the release of a bradykinin-like substance into the subcutaneous perfusate of the rat paw. The effects of aspirin and morphine on the release of bradykinin-like substance into the substaneous perfusate following various noxious stimuli were investigated in rat paw preparation. Subcutaneous perfusion was  performed with saline or with saline containing o-phenanthroline or soy bean trypsin inhibitor at a rate of 3--4 drops/min. Ten drops per fraction were assayed for bradykinin activity. Pressure on the instep, application of heat to the foot and stimulation of the sciatic nerve were employed as noxious stimuli. Aspirin (200 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited the release of bradykinin due to heat, pressure and sciatic nerve stimulation, while morphine (5 mg/kg i.m.) inhibited only the release of bradykinin due to sciatic nerve stimulation. Results suggest that analgesics, such as aspirin and morphine, have a depressant action on pain by inhibiting the release of bradykinin locally. They also suggest that aspirin inhibits the release of bradykinin regardless of the type of noxious stimuli, while morphine inhibits the release of bradykinin which is mediated by neural mechanisms.", "PMID": 673441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1542", "title": "Role of the dentist in trigeminal neuralgia.", "content": "It is well known that people with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia sometimes have teeth unnecessarily extracted. It is less well known that pain which seems to be due to idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia is occasionally due to dental causes. For this reason it is suggested that such cases should be given very careful dental and oral examination before the commencement of drug therapy or surgery. Such an examination must be meticulous and may be tedious as well as time consuming. It should therefore be done by a dentist who is specially interested in pain and who is preferably associated with a centre for pain relief. A few cases may then have their pain relieved by such procedures as fillings, extractions or occlusal adjustment. In all cases the neurologist or neurosurgeon will face his responsibility more secure in the knowledge that all possible peripheral causes have been eliminated. Moreover, patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia may have difficulty maintaining a satisfactory standard of oral hygiene, both before and after treatment. They should therefore have careful attention paid to this as soon as possible.", "contents": "Role of the dentist in trigeminal neuralgia. It is well known that people with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia sometimes have teeth unnecessarily extracted. It is less well known that pain which seems to be due to idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia is occasionally due to dental causes. For this reason it is suggested that such cases should be given very careful dental and oral examination before the commencement of drug therapy or surgery. Such an examination must be meticulous and may be tedious as well as time consuming. It should therefore be done by a dentist who is specially interested in pain and who is preferably associated with a centre for pain relief. A few cases may then have their pain relieved by such procedures as fillings, extractions or occlusal adjustment. In all cases the neurologist or neurosurgeon will face his responsibility more secure in the knowledge that all possible peripheral causes have been eliminated. Moreover, patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia may have difficulty maintaining a satisfactory standard of oral hygiene, both before and after treatment. They should therefore have careful attention paid to this as soon as possible.", "PMID": 673442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1543", "title": "[Role of free-living stages of trematode development in biocenoses].", "content": "The evaluation of the biomass of eggs and cercarians of some species of trematodes is done. It was shown that the summary mass of eggs entering biocoenosis exceeds considerably the biomass of adult trematodes; so the biomass of cercarians can amount to 50% of biomass of the infected part of mollusk population. The most part of eggs and cercarians is eliminated in biocoenosis by biotic and abiotic environmental factors and is included into biocoenotic trophic chains through eliminators or saprophags. When the main producers of useful production perform as eliminators, the organic substance contained in eggs and cercarians transforms into economically useful production. Such eliminators are the most perspective agents of biological control of pathogen helminths.", "contents": "[Role of free-living stages of trematode development in biocenoses]. The evaluation of the biomass of eggs and cercarians of some species of trematodes is done. It was shown that the summary mass of eggs entering biocoenosis exceeds considerably the biomass of adult trematodes; so the biomass of cercarians can amount to 50% of biomass of the infected part of mollusk population. The most part of eggs and cercarians is eliminated in biocoenosis by biotic and abiotic environmental factors and is included into biocoenotic trophic chains through eliminators or saprophags. When the main producers of useful production perform as eliminators, the organic substance contained in eggs and cercarians transforms into economically useful production. Such eliminators are the most perspective agents of biological control of pathogen helminths.", "PMID": 673443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1544", "title": "[Specification of the systematic position of Botulus alepidosauri (Trematoda, Hirudinellidae)].", "content": "The detailed description of Botulus alepidosauri Guiart, 1938 from Thunnus obesus, Alepisauris ferox, A. brevirostris in tropical East Atlantic is presented. The described species is compared with literary data. Some changes were introduced into the taxonomic position of the genus Botulus, considered as a representative of the subfamily Botulinae in the family Hirudinellidae.", "contents": "[Specification of the systematic position of Botulus alepidosauri (Trematoda, Hirudinellidae)]. The detailed description of Botulus alepidosauri Guiart, 1938 from Thunnus obesus, Alepisauris ferox, A. brevirostris in tropical East Atlantic is presented. The described species is compared with literary data. Some changes were introduced into the taxonomic position of the genus Botulus, considered as a representative of the subfamily Botulinae in the family Hirudinellidae.", "PMID": 673444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1545", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the cercomere of the cysticercoid, Trichocephaloides megalocephala].", "content": "The cercomere of the larvae of Trichocephaloides megalocephala is formed exclusively by tegumentary tissues. The cytons of the tegument contain a great number of ribosomes, developed Golgi complex and numerous mitochondria that is indicative of the intensive synthesis, protein substances first of all. A distinct secretion of multivesicular membranes into subtegumentary space and further secretion of vesicles through the distal portion of the tegument into the external cyst cavity was observed. The main function of the cercomere is a production of the ground substance which apparently fulfils a protective function as it is suggested for glycocalix.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the cercomere of the cysticercoid, Trichocephaloides megalocephala]. The cercomere of the larvae of Trichocephaloides megalocephala is formed exclusively by tegumentary tissues. The cytons of the tegument contain a great number of ribosomes, developed Golgi complex and numerous mitochondria that is indicative of the intensive synthesis, protein substances first of all. A distinct secretion of multivesicular membranes into subtegumentary space and further secretion of vesicles through the distal portion of the tegument into the external cyst cavity was observed. The main function of the cercomere is a production of the ground substance which apparently fulfils a protective function as it is suggested for glycocalix.", "PMID": 673445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1546", "title": "[Species makeup and ecological characteristics of the black flies (Simuliidae) in the region of the Baikal-Amur mainline construction].", "content": "18 species of black flies were registered from the north of the Amur district. It was found that the eternal frost affects considerably the species composition, abundance and phenology of black flies in this region. Prosimulium isio, Gnus cholodkovskii, G. rostratum and Sch\u00f6nbaueria subpusilla are bloodsucking species; of them G. cholodkovskii is most abundant. Data are given on the breeding places of bloodsuckers and seasonal dynamics of their flight.", "contents": "[Species makeup and ecological characteristics of the black flies (Simuliidae) in the region of the Baikal-Amur mainline construction]. 18 species of black flies were registered from the north of the Amur district. It was found that the eternal frost affects considerably the species composition, abundance and phenology of black flies in this region. Prosimulium isio, Gnus cholodkovskii, G. rostratum and Sch\u00f6nbaueria subpusilla are bloodsucking species; of them G. cholodkovskii is most abundant. Data are given on the breeding places of bloodsuckers and seasonal dynamics of their flight.", "PMID": 673447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1547", "title": "[Anatomy of the neural apparatus of cestodes of the families Amphicotylidae and Diphyllobothriidae (Pseudophyllidea)].", "content": "Studies were carried out of the nervous apparatus of Eubothrium salvelini, E. rugosum, E. crassum, E. vittevitellatus, Diphyllobothrium latum and D. dendriticum (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) at different stages of their life cycle. Scolexes of adult cestodes are innervated with 5 pairs of longitudinal nerve trunks, the number of which in the strobile gradually increases up to 17 pairs in species of Eubothrium and up to 60 pairs (in the wildest parts of the strobile) in species of Diphyllobothrium. There were noted differences in of longitudinal trunks in different species and in the specimens of the same species but from different hosts, the width of the strobile being the same. The main lateral trunks are situated in the medullar parenchima. In species of Eubothrium they are wide apart while in Diphyllobothrium they are drawn closer to one another. The description of the rough and inner nerve plexuses is given. Judging by the larval developmental phases the well developed orthogon with 3 pairs of longitudinal nerve trunks can be taken for the initial state of the nervous apparatus in Pseudophyllidea. This means that the initial forms belonged to advanced turbellarians rather than to primitive ones.", "contents": "[Anatomy of the neural apparatus of cestodes of the families Amphicotylidae and Diphyllobothriidae (Pseudophyllidea)]. Studies were carried out of the nervous apparatus of Eubothrium salvelini, E. rugosum, E. crassum, E. vittevitellatus, Diphyllobothrium latum and D. dendriticum (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) at different stages of their life cycle. Scolexes of adult cestodes are innervated with 5 pairs of longitudinal nerve trunks, the number of which in the strobile gradually increases up to 17 pairs in species of Eubothrium and up to 60 pairs (in the wildest parts of the strobile) in species of Diphyllobothrium. There were noted differences in of longitudinal trunks in different species and in the specimens of the same species but from different hosts, the width of the strobile being the same. The main lateral trunks are situated in the medullar parenchima. In species of Eubothrium they are wide apart while in Diphyllobothrium they are drawn closer to one another. The description of the rough and inner nerve plexuses is given. Judging by the larval developmental phases the well developed orthogon with 3 pairs of longitudinal nerve trunks can be taken for the initial state of the nervous apparatus in Pseudophyllidea. This means that the initial forms belonged to advanced turbellarians rather than to primitive ones.", "PMID": 673446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1548", "title": "[Systematic position of blood-sucking midges of the genus Leptoconops (Ceratopogonidae)].", "content": "On the basis of literary and the author's own data an opinion is suggested that the genus Leptoconops should be considered, as before, as the subfamily Leptoconopinae of the family Ceratopogonidae. The structure of the grooming organ of the hind tibia of Leptoconops is in general the same as in Culicoides.", "contents": "[Systematic position of blood-sucking midges of the genus Leptoconops (Ceratopogonidae)]. On the basis of literary and the author's own data an opinion is suggested that the genus Leptoconops should be considered, as before, as the subfamily Leptoconopinae of the family Ceratopogonidae. The structure of the grooming organ of the hind tibia of Leptoconops is in general the same as in Culicoides.", "PMID": 673448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1549", "title": "[Determination of the physiological age of female fleas by using a luminescence microscopy method].", "content": "On the basis of studies of age changes in the ovaries of Ct. orientalis, Ct. teres, C. laeviceps and X. conformis by means of luminescent microscopy a scale was plotted for identification of physiological age of females of fleas. Depending on the presence or absence of yellow bodies and on the stage of development of oocytes in the ovary the fleas are arranged into two main groups: breeding and non-breeding females. According to the total combination of characters, size and colour of yellow bodies, presence and character of luminescence in the germarium and adjoining areas of vitellarium, the presence of \"starvation bodies\", \"degeneration bodies\" and resorpting oocytes, the state of seminal receptable, each group is divided into subgroups that enables us to make a detail description of age composition of the population under study.", "contents": "[Determination of the physiological age of female fleas by using a luminescence microscopy method]. On the basis of studies of age changes in the ovaries of Ct. orientalis, Ct. teres, C. laeviceps and X. conformis by means of luminescent microscopy a scale was plotted for identification of physiological age of females of fleas. Depending on the presence or absence of yellow bodies and on the stage of development of oocytes in the ovary the fleas are arranged into two main groups: breeding and non-breeding females. According to the total combination of characters, size and colour of yellow bodies, presence and character of luminescence in the germarium and adjoining areas of vitellarium, the presence of \"starvation bodies\", \"degeneration bodies\" and resorpting oocytes, the state of seminal receptable, each group is divided into subgroups that enables us to make a detail description of age composition of the population under study.", "PMID": 673449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1550", "title": "[Changes in RNA biosynthesis in the liver of chicks with coccidiosis].", "content": "The RNA fraction and the intensity of their turnover in chick liver during experimental coccidiosis was studied. A marked (about 60%) increase of intensity of mRNA turnover with no changes in its amount was found. It was shown that pre-rRNA biosynthesis was significantly enhanced and, due to it, the amount of both pre-rRNA and mature 18S rRNA was increased while the level of 28S rRNA was unchanged. The relations between the observed changes of RNA biosynthesis and protein biosynthesis in liver in coccidiosis as well as the role of these changes in pathological process studied are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in RNA biosynthesis in the liver of chicks with coccidiosis]. The RNA fraction and the intensity of their turnover in chick liver during experimental coccidiosis was studied. A marked (about 60%) increase of intensity of mRNA turnover with no changes in its amount was found. It was shown that pre-rRNA biosynthesis was significantly enhanced and, due to it, the amount of both pre-rRNA and mature 18S rRNA was increased while the level of 28S rRNA was unchanged. The relations between the observed changes of RNA biosynthesis and protein biosynthesis in liver in coccidiosis as well as the role of these changes in pathological process studied are discussed.", "PMID": 673451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1551", "title": "[Paradoxopsyllus scorodumovi (Aphaniptera) flea, an effective vector of plague in a Gorno-Altai natural focus].", "content": "A study was conducted on the fleas of P. scorodumovi and five local strains of the plague microbe, one of which is typical of the strains of the Altai subspecies and four are non-typical of this nidus. The fleas of this species are capable to transmit not only the plague agent of the strains typical of this nidus but also non-typical ones which differ in some biological properties and are avirulent for most carriers but Pallas's pika. Biological peculiarities of fleas of P. scorodumovi in addition to their high efficiency as vectors of the plague microbe enable us to associate the more active autumn epizooty with fleas of this species.", "contents": "[Paradoxopsyllus scorodumovi (Aphaniptera) flea, an effective vector of plague in a Gorno-Altai natural focus]. A study was conducted on the fleas of P. scorodumovi and five local strains of the plague microbe, one of which is typical of the strains of the Altai subspecies and four are non-typical of this nidus. The fleas of this species are capable to transmit not only the plague agent of the strains typical of this nidus but also non-typical ones which differ in some biological properties and are avirulent for most carriers but Pallas's pika. Biological peculiarities of fleas of P. scorodumovi in addition to their high efficiency as vectors of the plague microbe enable us to associate the more active autumn epizooty with fleas of this species.", "PMID": 673450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1552", "title": "[Gamasid tick (Acarina, Gamasoidea) fauna from the nests of the common field mouse].", "content": "14087 specimens of 26 species of gamasid mites were found in 52 nests of Apodemus sylvaticus collected in the vicinity of Odessa. The annual index of abundance of all species of gamasids is 270. The most abundant were Hl. glasgowi (53.9%), E. stabularis (10.1%), Hg. nidi (8.6%) and Hi. latiscutatus (7.2%).", "contents": "[Gamasid tick (Acarina, Gamasoidea) fauna from the nests of the common field mouse]. 14087 specimens of 26 species of gamasid mites were found in 52 nests of Apodemus sylvaticus collected in the vicinity of Odessa. The annual index of abundance of all species of gamasids is 270. The most abundant were Hl. glasgowi (53.9%), E. stabularis (10.1%), Hg. nidi (8.6%) and Hi. latiscutatus (7.2%).", "PMID": 673452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1553", "title": "[Biology of biting midge species (Ceratopogonidae) in the southern Krasnoyarsk Territory].", "content": "In the valley of the Enisei (140 km from the town of Abakan up to the river) C. sinanoensis and C. sanguisuga are mass bloodsuckers while C. chiopterus and C. filicinus occur in small number. Data on the age composition of attacking females confirm the autogeny of C. filicinus and suggest the presence of autogeny in C. chiopterus. C. sinanoensis and C. sanguisuga can have two generations during the period of their activity. The emergence of the 1st generation takes place in the IInd--IIIrd decade of June, the emergence of the 2nd generation--at the beginning of August. The 2nd generation is so small, as a rule, that its appearance does not practically affect the abundance of attacking females. C. sanguisuga is less sensitive to light and attacks at a somewhat higher temperature as compared to C. sinanoensis. As a result, a morning peak of abundance of C. sanguisuga takes place in 1--2 hours after the peak of abundance of C. sinanoensis while the evening peak is 1--2 hours prior to it. The daily period of activity of C. sanguisuga is usually longer than that of C. sinanoensis.", "contents": "[Biology of biting midge species (Ceratopogonidae) in the southern Krasnoyarsk Territory]. In the valley of the Enisei (140 km from the town of Abakan up to the river) C. sinanoensis and C. sanguisuga are mass bloodsuckers while C. chiopterus and C. filicinus occur in small number. Data on the age composition of attacking females confirm the autogeny of C. filicinus and suggest the presence of autogeny in C. chiopterus. C. sinanoensis and C. sanguisuga can have two generations during the period of their activity. The emergence of the 1st generation takes place in the IInd--IIIrd decade of June, the emergence of the 2nd generation--at the beginning of August. The 2nd generation is so small, as a rule, that its appearance does not practically affect the abundance of attacking females. C. sanguisuga is less sensitive to light and attacks at a somewhat higher temperature as compared to C. sinanoensis. As a result, a morning peak of abundance of C. sanguisuga takes place in 1--2 hours after the peak of abundance of C. sinanoensis while the evening peak is 1--2 hours prior to it. The daily period of activity of C. sanguisuga is usually longer than that of C. sinanoensis.", "PMID": 673456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1554", "title": "[Lice fauna (Anoplura) of small mammals from the Charskaya Hollow].", "content": "5 species of lice, Hoplopleura acanthopus Burm., H. longula Neum., Hoplopleura sp., Polyplax hannswrangeli Eich., Polyplax sp., were recorded from 15 species of small mammals of the Charskaya hollow, Kalarsky region, Chita district. H. acanthopus is most abundant and occurs on almost all species of small mammals.", "contents": "[Lice fauna (Anoplura) of small mammals from the Charskaya Hollow]. 5 species of lice, Hoplopleura acanthopus Burm., H. longula Neum., Hoplopleura sp., Polyplax hannswrangeli Eich., Polyplax sp., were recorded from 15 species of small mammals of the Charskaya hollow, Kalarsky region, Chita district. H. acanthopus is most abundant and occurs on almost all species of small mammals.", "PMID": 673453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1555", "title": "[Dependence of the reproductive capacity of fleas on repeated mating (Aphaniptera)].", "content": "The fleas of X. cheopis and C. tesquorum were found to be capable of laying eggs during the whole physiological active period without recurrent fertilization. The recurrent mating and fertilization occur in these species of fleas independently of their age and favour the rise in the abundance of their progeny.", "contents": "[Dependence of the reproductive capacity of fleas on repeated mating (Aphaniptera)]. The fleas of X. cheopis and C. tesquorum were found to be capable of laying eggs during the whole physiological active period without recurrent fertilization. The recurrent mating and fertilization occur in these species of fleas independently of their age and favour the rise in the abundance of their progeny.", "PMID": 673455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1556", "title": "[Characteristics of the interrelationships of ixodid ticks (Ixodidae) with the causative agents of salmonellosis].", "content": "The relationships that now occur between ixodid ticks and agents of salmonelloses have been analysed. The paper presents the material on the spontaneous infection of ixodids, experimental data on the preservation of salmonellae in these ticks, their interaction and a mechanism of the agents transmission to warmblooded animals during bloodsucking of the parasites. On the basis of the observations conducted it was inferred that the relations between ixodid ticks and salmonellae are young from the evolutionary point of view.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the interrelationships of ixodid ticks (Ixodidae) with the causative agents of salmonellosis]. The relationships that now occur between ixodid ticks and agents of salmonelloses have been analysed. The paper presents the material on the spontaneous infection of ixodids, experimental data on the preservation of salmonellae in these ticks, their interaction and a mechanism of the agents transmission to warmblooded animals during bloodsucking of the parasites. On the basis of the observations conducted it was inferred that the relations between ixodid ticks and salmonellae are young from the evolutionary point of view.", "PMID": 673454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1557", "title": "[Variability in Toxoplasma virulence depending on the sensitivity of the macroorganizm].", "content": "The conditions of the increase in the virulence of toxoplasma lines of the Czech low-virulent strain obtained by means of the infection of mice or chicken embryos with one cyst washed three times in physiological solution were investigated. It has been shown that all the 12 were potentially virulent since in the process of frequent (in each 7 days) passage through sensitive animals (bredless mice) they increased their virulence. The lines of toxoplasms passed only one time through chicken embryos increased their virulence quicker (1 to 10 passages) than lines passed only through mice (18 to 22 passages). At the simultaneous passing of toxoplasms of the same line through sensitive animals (bredless mice) and through more resistant ones [mice of lines AKR and BALB/c] toxoplasms increased their virulence during the 4th passage and did not change it up to the 25th passage, respectively.", "contents": "[Variability in Toxoplasma virulence depending on the sensitivity of the macroorganizm]. The conditions of the increase in the virulence of toxoplasma lines of the Czech low-virulent strain obtained by means of the infection of mice or chicken embryos with one cyst washed three times in physiological solution were investigated. It has been shown that all the 12 were potentially virulent since in the process of frequent (in each 7 days) passage through sensitive animals (bredless mice) they increased their virulence. The lines of toxoplasms passed only one time through chicken embryos increased their virulence quicker (1 to 10 passages) than lines passed only through mice (18 to 22 passages). At the simultaneous passing of toxoplasms of the same line through sensitive animals (bredless mice) and through more resistant ones [mice of lines AKR and BALB/c] toxoplasms increased their virulence during the 4th passage and did not change it up to the 25th passage, respectively.", "PMID": 673459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1558", "title": "[Effect of the photoperiod and temperature on the fertility of different generations of the blood-sucking fly, Culicoides pulicaris punctatus (Ceratopogonidae)].", "content": "It was established that the fecundity of females of different generations of C. p. punctatus, which are at the 1st gonotrophic cycle, is unequal. There was noted a decrease of the per cent of realisation of potential fecundity in females of the summer-autumn generation. The dependence of the virtual fecundity on the day length and temperature was studied. The differences in ther effect of these factors on the fecundity of females of the spring-summer and summer-autumn generations were found.", "contents": "[Effect of the photoperiod and temperature on the fertility of different generations of the blood-sucking fly, Culicoides pulicaris punctatus (Ceratopogonidae)]. It was established that the fecundity of females of different generations of C. p. punctatus, which are at the 1st gonotrophic cycle, is unequal. There was noted a decrease of the per cent of realisation of potential fecundity in females of the summer-autumn generation. The dependence of the virtual fecundity on the day length and temperature was studied. The differences in ther effect of these factors on the fecundity of females of the spring-summer and summer-autumn generations were found.", "PMID": 673458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1559", "title": "Influence of beta-amino-propionitrile on elastogenesis in the chick embryo (light and electron microscopic study).", "content": "Beta-amino-propionitrile was administered in a single dose into the chorioallantoic cavity of 14 days old chick embryos. The effects on the elastic fibre production were examined on the 3rd or 7th day following the injection. By light microscopy dissecting aneurysm, aortic ruptures were found. The elastic fibres were poorly developed and exhibited irregularities and structural anomalies. Electron microscopically we observed reduction of the number or complete absence of elastic aggregates and fibres. The elastic structures exhibited abnormal phosphotungstic acid binding. This was considered as a sign for disturbances in the development of cross linkages and in the incorporation of elastin into the elastic fibres.", "contents": "Influence of beta-amino-propionitrile on elastogenesis in the chick embryo (light and electron microscopic study). Beta-amino-propionitrile was administered in a single dose into the chorioallantoic cavity of 14 days old chick embryos. The effects on the elastic fibre production were examined on the 3rd or 7th day following the injection. By light microscopy dissecting aneurysm, aortic ruptures were found. The elastic fibres were poorly developed and exhibited irregularities and structural anomalies. Electron microscopically we observed reduction of the number or complete absence of elastic aggregates and fibres. The elastic structures exhibited abnormal phosphotungstic acid binding. This was considered as a sign for disturbances in the development of cross linkages and in the incorporation of elastin into the elastic fibres.", "PMID": 673467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1560", "title": "Mechanism of glycoconjugates biosynthesis in the vascular wall with external circular constraint.", "content": "Extrinsic local constraints, realised on dogs aorta are responsible for parietal lesions in the form of thickening of the arterial wall. Histological changes in the intima and media are characteristic of processes of degeneration destruction and cellular regeneration, superposed on sub-endothelial proliferation accompained by partial or total destruction of endothelial cells in the intimal layer. In addition to histological changes, there were perturbation in enzymatic activities of glycosyltransferases responsible for macromolecular constructions in the intima. Microsomic enzymes studied were: N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-transferase, sialyl-transferase and N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-transferase, and two glycosyl-transferases located in the soluble cytoplasmic phase: fucosyl and xylosyl-transferase. The changes observed were different  according to the position of the sugars in the glycoprotein chains. For example the variation of fucosyl-transferase activity is significant: it disappears in group where the sialyl-transferase activity is enhanced. The transfer of xylose is decreased. Finally, changes observed in hexosaminyl-transferase activities were parallel.", "contents": "Mechanism of glycoconjugates biosynthesis in the vascular wall with external circular constraint. Extrinsic local constraints, realised on dogs aorta are responsible for parietal lesions in the form of thickening of the arterial wall. Histological changes in the intima and media are characteristic of processes of degeneration destruction and cellular regeneration, superposed on sub-endothelial proliferation accompained by partial or total destruction of endothelial cells in the intimal layer. In addition to histological changes, there were perturbation in enzymatic activities of glycosyltransferases responsible for macromolecular constructions in the intima. Microsomic enzymes studied were: N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-transferase, sialyl-transferase and N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-transferase, and two glycosyl-transferases located in the soluble cytoplasmic phase: fucosyl and xylosyl-transferase. The changes observed were different  according to the position of the sugars in the glycoprotein chains. For example the variation of fucosyl-transferase activity is significant: it disappears in group where the sialyl-transferase activity is enhanced. The transfer of xylose is decreased. Finally, changes observed in hexosaminyl-transferase activities were parallel.", "PMID": 673468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1561", "title": "[New species of biting flies (Simuliidae)].", "content": "Three new species of black flies of the genus Schoenbaueria are described which differ morphologically from other species of this genus. The new species were found in drying up brooks that also differs them from the species of the genus Schoenbaueria which develop mainly in large rivers. Material was collected in the Komsomolsk and Furmanov regions of the Ivanovo district.", "contents": "[New species of biting flies (Simuliidae)]. Three new species of black flies of the genus Schoenbaueria are described which differ morphologically from other species of this genus. The new species were found in drying up brooks that also differs them from the species of the genus Schoenbaueria which develop mainly in large rivers. Material was collected in the Komsomolsk and Furmanov regions of the Ivanovo district.", "PMID": 673457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1562", "title": "[Histochemical and histoenzymatic study of experimental endarteritis in rabbits. I. Femoral endarteritis].", "content": "The parietal reaction after placing a cuff of polyethylene around the femoral artery has been studied in 18 (2,5 - 3 months old) male rabbits by using histologic, histochemical (4 macromolecular substances) and histoenzymatic techniques (16 enzymatic activities). Studies were performed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 15th and 21st day, and every 15 days during the 3 months of the experiment. This process induced rapidly in each animal a parietal reaction with adventitial oedema (1st day), hypoxia of the media (1st -5th day), cytoenzymatic activation followed by a cellular transformation and proliferation of the intima-media, that forms a diffuse intimal thickening (adaptation). Most cells of the thickening were, by their enzymatic activities, quite comparable to immature smooth muscle cells, which probably emigrated from the media: intense LDH, NADH2 - TR; moderate G6P-DH, SDH, NADPH2 - TR, alpha-GP-DH, ATP/ase; weak ICHD, beta-HB-DH. Moreover, some reactions (accentuation of beta-Glu/ase, UDGP-DH, Glu-DH, 5'N/ase) besides suggested the active participation of the cells in the production of extracellular conjonctive constituents, because the histochemical studies revealed the presence of metachromatic glycosamino-glycanes and positive APS substances during the edification of the diffuse intimal thickening. In advanced thickening, an histoenzymatic duality was observed, that might prove the double origin of the thickening cells: some superficial cells had the enzymatic characteristics of endothelial cells (increased activity of aerobic oxydoreductases). At every stage of the study, the thickening cells differed from the atherocytes by a lack of lipids in their cytoplasm.", "contents": "[Histochemical and histoenzymatic study of experimental endarteritis in rabbits. I. Femoral endarteritis]. The parietal reaction after placing a cuff of polyethylene around the femoral artery has been studied in 18 (2,5 - 3 months old) male rabbits by using histologic, histochemical (4 macromolecular substances) and histoenzymatic techniques (16 enzymatic activities). Studies were performed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 15th and 21st day, and every 15 days during the 3 months of the experiment. This process induced rapidly in each animal a parietal reaction with adventitial oedema (1st day), hypoxia of the media (1st -5th day), cytoenzymatic activation followed by a cellular transformation and proliferation of the intima-media, that forms a diffuse intimal thickening (adaptation). Most cells of the thickening were, by their enzymatic activities, quite comparable to immature smooth muscle cells, which probably emigrated from the media: intense LDH, NADH2 - TR; moderate G6P-DH, SDH, NADPH2 - TR, alpha-GP-DH, ATP/ase; weak ICHD, beta-HB-DH. Moreover, some reactions (accentuation of beta-Glu/ase, UDGP-DH, Glu-DH, 5'N/ase) besides suggested the active participation of the cells in the production of extracellular conjonctive constituents, because the histochemical studies revealed the presence of metachromatic glycosamino-glycanes and positive APS substances during the edification of the diffuse intimal thickening. In advanced thickening, an histoenzymatic duality was observed, that might prove the double origin of the thickening cells: some superficial cells had the enzymatic characteristics of endothelial cells (increased activity of aerobic oxydoreductases). At every stage of the study, the thickening cells differed from the atherocytes by a lack of lipids in their cytoplasm.", "PMID": 673469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1563", "title": "[Genetic and physiological compatibility of different forms of stem eelworms. VI. The crossing of eelworms from cultivated plants and weeds].", "content": "The crossing of stem eelworms of onion and red clover with these from Cirsium setosum and Taraxacum officinale resulted in the fertilization of females, egglaying and embriogenesis. However, the hybrid eggs died, as a rule. Only in one experiment a large population developed up to F5 but few hybrids survived to F10. The studied stem eelworms of weeds are genetically non-compatible with Ditylenchus dipsaci of onion and red clover and are distinct species.", "contents": "[Genetic and physiological compatibility of different forms of stem eelworms. VI. The crossing of eelworms from cultivated plants and weeds]. The crossing of stem eelworms of onion and red clover with these from Cirsium setosum and Taraxacum officinale resulted in the fertilization of females, egglaying and embriogenesis. However, the hybrid eggs died, as a rule. Only in one experiment a large population developed up to F5 but few hybrids survived to F10. The studied stem eelworms of weeds are genetically non-compatible with Ditylenchus dipsaci of onion and red clover and are distinct species.", "PMID": 673464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1564", "title": "[Diplostomum commutatum (Diesing, 1850) Dubois, 1937 (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae) cercaria].", "content": "The cercaria of D. commutatum from the mollusk Radix ovata is described. Data on the biology and development of the cercaria up to the metacercarial stage are given. Cercariae of D. commutatum differ from all known species of the genus Diplostomum by a characteristic cuticular armament.", "contents": "[Diplostomum commutatum (Diesing, 1850) Dubois, 1937 (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae) cercaria]. The cercaria of D. commutatum from the mollusk Radix ovata is described. Data on the biology and development of the cercaria up to the metacercarial stage are given. Cercariae of D. commutatum differ from all known species of the genus Diplostomum by a characteristic cuticular armament.", "PMID": 673461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1565", "title": "[Histochemical and histoenzymatic study of experimental endarteritis in rabbits. II. Aortic endarteritis].", "content": "The placement of a polyethylene cuff around the abdominal aorta of 20 male rabbits 2,5 to 3 months old induce an adventitial reaction characterized by edema (7th day), fibroblastic proliferation (7th - 15th day), fibrosis and sclerosis (2nd - 3rd month), changes in the media including cytoenzymatic activation (1st - 3rd week), signs of hypoxia, degenerative and productive processes leading to intimal tickening. Histoenzymatic characteristics of the intimal thickening cells look like activities of smooth muscle cells, while the activities of some cellular areas recalled those of endothelial cells (high aerobic oxydoreductases and ATP/ase activities). This histoenzymatic duality is perhaps related to the histogenetic filiation of the intimal thickening cells. Histochemical data (metachromasia, alcianophilia, APS +) suggest that these cells are able to synthesize different elements of the extracellular matrix. All these features resemble femoral endarteritis obtained by the same process; moreover, in aorta the endarteritis evolves more slowly, the cellular proliferation is later and focused, the signs of hypoxia and necrosis and more pronounced. These differences are probably related to structural and metabolic dissimilarities of the two vessels, and to differences in their cellular reactivity.", "contents": "[Histochemical and histoenzymatic study of experimental endarteritis in rabbits. II. Aortic endarteritis]. The placement of a polyethylene cuff around the abdominal aorta of 20 male rabbits 2,5 to 3 months old induce an adventitial reaction characterized by edema (7th day), fibroblastic proliferation (7th - 15th day), fibrosis and sclerosis (2nd - 3rd month), changes in the media including cytoenzymatic activation (1st - 3rd week), signs of hypoxia, degenerative and productive processes leading to intimal tickening. Histoenzymatic characteristics of the intimal thickening cells look like activities of smooth muscle cells, while the activities of some cellular areas recalled those of endothelial cells (high aerobic oxydoreductases and ATP/ase activities). This histoenzymatic duality is perhaps related to the histogenetic filiation of the intimal thickening cells. Histochemical data (metachromasia, alcianophilia, APS +) suggest that these cells are able to synthesize different elements of the extracellular matrix. All these features resemble femoral endarteritis obtained by the same process; moreover, in aorta the endarteritis evolves more slowly, the cellular proliferation is later and focused, the signs of hypoxia and necrosis and more pronounced. These differences are probably related to structural and metabolic dissimilarities of the two vessels, and to differences in their cellular reactivity.", "PMID": 673470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1566", "title": "[Importance of cellular immunity factors in the pathogenesis of experimental balantidiasis].", "content": "Adult white rats were immunized by numerous subcutaneous injections of antigenes obtained from the cultures of B. coli and B. suis. After the rats were sensibilized they were infected with cultural forms of Balantidium. 75% of infected rats were found to have ciliates in the lumen of the large intestine. In the tissues of the intestinal wall up to the muscular layer there were observed certain pathomorphological changes such as hyperemy, oedema, haemorrhagia and ulcers. By means of the macrophaga migration test it was established that in rats during their immunization and following infection appear lymphocytes which are sensibilized in relation to the balantidial antigene that points to the formation of slow allergy in their organisms.", "contents": "[Importance of cellular immunity factors in the pathogenesis of experimental balantidiasis]. Adult white rats were immunized by numerous subcutaneous injections of antigenes obtained from the cultures of B. coli and B. suis. After the rats were sensibilized they were infected with cultural forms of Balantidium. 75% of infected rats were found to have ciliates in the lumen of the large intestine. In the tissues of the intestinal wall up to the muscular layer there were observed certain pathomorphological changes such as hyperemy, oedema, haemorrhagia and ulcers. By means of the macrophaga migration test it was established that in rats during their immunization and following infection appear lymphocytes which are sensibilized in relation to the balantidial antigene that points to the formation of slow allergy in their organisms.", "PMID": 673460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1567", "title": "[Postembryonic development of cestodes of the genus Aploparaksis Clerc, 1903 (Hymenolepididae) with a diplocyst type of cysticercoid].", "content": "The formation of cysticercoids of the diplocyst type in three species of cestodes of the genus Aploparaksis: A. bulbocirrus Deblock et Rausch, 1968, A. furcigera (Rud., 1819) and A. groenlandica (Krabbe, 1869) at the experimental infection of oligochaetes (Lumbriculus sp.) is described. The development of diplocysts is characterized by two invaginations. The first invagination occurs at an early developmental stage when non-differentiated anterior part of the larval body submerges into the external cyst which is formed by the walls of the primary cavity displaced toward the hind end. The second invagination of the fully formed scolex and neck into the cavity of the internal cyst completes the formation of the diplocysts.", "contents": "[Postembryonic development of cestodes of the genus Aploparaksis Clerc, 1903 (Hymenolepididae) with a diplocyst type of cysticercoid]. The formation of cysticercoids of the diplocyst type in three species of cestodes of the genus Aploparaksis: A. bulbocirrus Deblock et Rausch, 1968, A. furcigera (Rud., 1819) and A. groenlandica (Krabbe, 1869) at the experimental infection of oligochaetes (Lumbriculus sp.) is described. The development of diplocysts is characterized by two invaginations. The first invagination occurs at an early developmental stage when non-differentiated anterior part of the larval body submerges into the external cyst which is formed by the walls of the primary cavity displaced toward the hind end. The second invagination of the fully formed scolex and neck into the cavity of the internal cyst completes the formation of the diplocysts.", "PMID": 673463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1568", "title": "[Change in the ultrastructural organization of Chaetogaster lymnaei neurons in the transition to the parasitic form of life].", "content": "The fine structure of the brain and ventral nerve cord ganglia neurons has been studied in two subspecies of Chaetogaster lymnaei, one of them being a commensal and the other the kidney endoparasite. The nerve cells of parasitic forms are characterised by the presence of a whole set of structural simplifications. These are the poorer development of endoplasmic reticulum, the greater number of free ribosomes in the cell and the less number of mitochondria with certain alternations in the ultrastructure. The given features are suggested as criteria when studying the influence of parasitic mode of life upon the ultrastructural organization of the cells.", "contents": "[Change in the ultrastructural organization of Chaetogaster lymnaei neurons in the transition to the parasitic form of life]. The fine structure of the brain and ventral nerve cord ganglia neurons has been studied in two subspecies of Chaetogaster lymnaei, one of them being a commensal and the other the kidney endoparasite. The nerve cells of parasitic forms are characterised by the presence of a whole set of structural simplifications. These are the poorer development of endoplasmic reticulum, the greater number of free ribosomes in the cell and the less number of mitochondria with certain alternations in the ultrastructure. The given features are suggested as criteria when studying the influence of parasitic mode of life upon the ultrastructural organization of the cells.", "PMID": 673465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1569", "title": "[Longevity of marine cystophorous cercariae in the environment].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on the duration of life in sea water of three species of cystophorous cercariae from the Barents sea. The expenditure of reserve nutritive substances (glycogene) in the process of the vital activity of cercariae was followed. The life duration of cystophorous cercariae is considerably longer than that cited in literature for other groups of cercariae that is associated with their morphological and biological peculiarities.", "contents": "[Longevity of marine cystophorous cercariae in the environment]. Experiments were conducted on the duration of life in sea water of three species of cystophorous cercariae from the Barents sea. The expenditure of reserve nutritive substances (glycogene) in the process of the vital activity of cercariae was followed. The life duration of cystophorous cercariae is considerably longer than that cited in literature for other groups of cercariae that is associated with their morphological and biological peculiarities.", "PMID": 673462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1570", "title": "Lymphatic abnormalities in Noonan's syndrome.", "content": "Five boys who had Noonan's syndrome and lymphatic abnormalities are reported. The youngest boy had clinical lymphoedema and the other four showed dermal backflow after interdigital injection of Patent Blue indicating impairment of flow along the superficial lymphatics. One boy had severe bilateral chylothorax. The lymphographic findings in four of these boys are reported. Patients with the Noonan syndrome frequently have oedema of the hands and feet at birth, which decreases during the first years of life [10]. It has been demonstrated by lymphography that similar peripheral oedema in patients with the Turner's syndrome is due to lymphatic hypoplasia [1, 3]. We report certain lymphatic abnormalities diagnosed by lymphography in four out of five patients with Noonan's syndrome.", "contents": "Lymphatic abnormalities in Noonan's syndrome. Five boys who had Noonan's syndrome and lymphatic abnormalities are reported. The youngest boy had clinical lymphoedema and the other four showed dermal backflow after interdigital injection of Patent Blue indicating impairment of flow along the superficial lymphatics. One boy had severe bilateral chylothorax. The lymphographic findings in four of these boys are reported. Patients with the Noonan syndrome frequently have oedema of the hands and feet at birth, which decreases during the first years of life [10]. It has been demonstrated by lymphography that similar peripheral oedema in patients with the Turner's syndrome is due to lymphatic hypoplasia [1, 3]. We report certain lymphatic abnormalities diagnosed by lymphography in four out of five patients with Noonan's syndrome.", "PMID": 673526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1571", "title": "The computer as an aid in the daily practice of pediatric radiology.", "content": "The use of a relatively small computer limited to a Department of Radiology has considerable benefit in report generation and information retrieval. In addition, the arithmetical tasks of pediatric radiological reporting procedures such as bone age and scanograms have been automated, and other helpful features have arisen.", "contents": "The computer as an aid in the daily practice of pediatric radiology. The use of a relatively small computer limited to a Department of Radiology has considerable benefit in report generation and information retrieval. In addition, the arithmetical tasks of pediatric radiological reporting procedures such as bone age and scanograms have been automated, and other helpful features have arisen.", "PMID": 673527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1572", "title": "Pulmonary edema following skin absorption of organophosphate insecticide.", "content": "We report a case of acute pulmonary edema following exposure to organophosphate insectocide. Hypoxia, respiratory failure, and parasympathetic discharge are implicated in the pathogenesis and are related to the anticholinesterase activity of the toxicant. Rapid onset of acute pulmonary edema without cardiomegaly followed by prompt clearing are the radiographic features.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema following skin absorption of organophosphate insecticide. We report a case of acute pulmonary edema following exposure to organophosphate insectocide. Hypoxia, respiratory failure, and parasympathetic discharge are implicated in the pathogenesis and are related to the anticholinesterase activity of the toxicant. Rapid onset of acute pulmonary edema without cardiomegaly followed by prompt clearing are the radiographic features.", "PMID": 673528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1573", "title": "Extragonadal endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor. Angiographic findings and literature review.", "content": "The angiographic and pathologic features of an endodermal sinus tumor (EST) arising from the retroperitoneum in a 19-month-old boy are presented. Although rare instances of extragonadal origin of EST have been reported, this is the first detailed description of the angiographic abnormalities. The angiographic appearance was that of a primarily retroperitoneal tumor with parasitized feeding arteries from the liver and right kidney, early filling venous radicles, sinusoidal pooling of contrast material, and inferior vena caval obstruction.", "contents": "Extragonadal endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor. Angiographic findings and literature review. The angiographic and pathologic features of an endodermal sinus tumor (EST) arising from the retroperitoneum in a 19-month-old boy are presented. Although rare instances of extragonadal origin of EST have been reported, this is the first detailed description of the angiographic abnormalities. The angiographic appearance was that of a primarily retroperitoneal tumor with parasitized feeding arteries from the liver and right kidney, early filling venous radicles, sinusoidal pooling of contrast material, and inferior vena caval obstruction.", "PMID": 673529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1574", "title": "Pneumopericardium as a complication of foreign body aspiration.", "content": "A case of pneumopericardium in an infant complicating aspiration of a foreign body is reported. In addition to X-ray studies echocardiography is valuable for the control of the disease. The pathogenesis and the treatment are discussed and a short review of the literature is given.", "contents": "Pneumopericardium as a complication of foreign body aspiration. A case of pneumopericardium in an infant complicating aspiration of a foreign body is reported. In addition to X-ray studies echocardiography is valuable for the control of the disease. The pathogenesis and the treatment are discussed and a short review of the literature is given.", "PMID": 673530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1575", "title": "Ascaris perforation of the common bile duct demonstrated by intravenous cholangiography.", "content": "Roundworm infection rarely causes common bile duct perforation. This complication was demonstrated by intravenous cholangiography in a sixteen month old girl.", "contents": "Ascaris perforation of the common bile duct demonstrated by intravenous cholangiography. Roundworm infection rarely causes common bile duct perforation. This complication was demonstrated by intravenous cholangiography in a sixteen month old girl.", "PMID": 673531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1576", "title": "Computer reconstructed sagittal and coronal CT scans. Applications in neurological disorders of infants and children.", "content": "Recent technical advances in computed tomography (CT) allow sagittal and coronal image reconstruction by computer manipulation of data from thin-section transverse scans. Three cases are presented to illustrate this new supplementary modality in the pediatric patient. The technique, diagnostic implications and value of orthogonal plane image reconstruction are discussed.", "contents": "Computer reconstructed sagittal and coronal CT scans. Applications in neurological disorders of infants and children. Recent technical advances in computed tomography (CT) allow sagittal and coronal image reconstruction by computer manipulation of data from thin-section transverse scans. Three cases are presented to illustrate this new supplementary modality in the pediatric patient. The technique, diagnostic implications and value of orthogonal plane image reconstruction are discussed.", "PMID": 673532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1577", "title": "The radiology of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). A review of 47 cases and the literature.", "content": "The radiological findings in 47 neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are reviewed. The presence of nonspecific, generalized bowel dilatation is stressed as being an important sign in early diagnosis and the progress of the distribution of the dilated loops is important in evaluating progress of the disease process. It is thus the key to the radiology of NEC. Intramural gas and portal venous gas are not always related to the severity of the disease and their disappearance is not always related to clinical improvement. These signs are therefore poor prognostic indicators. Important radiological indications for surgery besides free intraperitoneal gas and free fluid include: 1. diminished bowel gas with asymmetric loops, and 2. persistent dilated loops. Because of the number of colonic strictures seen at our hospital we advise routine barium enemas (several weeks after the acute phase) in all infants who have had NEC. Following bowel resection contrast studies of both distal and proximal remaining bowel are essential to exclude further stricture formation prior to final reanastomosis.", "contents": "The radiology of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). A review of 47 cases and the literature. The radiological findings in 47 neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are reviewed. The presence of nonspecific, generalized bowel dilatation is stressed as being an important sign in early diagnosis and the progress of the distribution of the dilated loops is important in evaluating progress of the disease process. It is thus the key to the radiology of NEC. Intramural gas and portal venous gas are not always related to the severity of the disease and their disappearance is not always related to clinical improvement. These signs are therefore poor prognostic indicators. Important radiological indications for surgery besides free intraperitoneal gas and free fluid include: 1. diminished bowel gas with asymmetric loops, and 2. persistent dilated loops. Because of the number of colonic strictures seen at our hospital we advise routine barium enemas (several weeks after the acute phase) in all infants who have had NEC. Following bowel resection contrast studies of both distal and proximal remaining bowel are essential to exclude further stricture formation prior to final reanastomosis.", "PMID": 673533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1578", "title": "Renal medullary necrosis in infants and children.", "content": "Two cases of renal medullary necrosis in young infants demonstrated on excretory urography are reported. 24 cases of renal medullary necrosis in children recognised at autopsy at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children between 1953 and 1977 are reviewed. Radiologists should be aware and in search of this entity in all children with history of kidney hypoxia.", "contents": "Renal medullary necrosis in infants and children. Two cases of renal medullary necrosis in young infants demonstrated on excretory urography are reported. 24 cases of renal medullary necrosis in children recognised at autopsy at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children between 1953 and 1977 are reviewed. Radiologists should be aware and in search of this entity in all children with history of kidney hypoxia.", "PMID": 673534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1579", "title": "Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia in two sibs of normal parents.", "content": "Two sibs with identical features of short-limbed dwarfism, a normal skull and face and normal intelligence are described. On the basis of the radiological and clinical characteristics the condition must be included within the group of spondylometaphyseal dysplasias. In contrast to the familial cases described up to now in which the mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant, the trait in the two children described here was transmitted as an autosomal recessive.", "contents": "Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia in two sibs of normal parents. Two sibs with identical features of short-limbed dwarfism, a normal skull and face and normal intelligence are described. On the basis of the radiological and clinical characteristics the condition must be included within the group of spondylometaphyseal dysplasias. In contrast to the familial cases described up to now in which the mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant, the trait in the two children described here was transmitted as an autosomal recessive.", "PMID": 673535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1580", "title": "Radiological signs of mucolipidosis II or I-cell disease. A study of nine cases.", "content": "Nine cases of mucolipidosis II are presented with illustrations and a discussion of specific radiologic features: these distinguish Mucolipidosis II from other storage diseases.", "contents": "Radiological signs of mucolipidosis II or I-cell disease. A study of nine cases. Nine cases of mucolipidosis II are presented with illustrations and a discussion of specific radiologic features: these distinguish Mucolipidosis II from other storage diseases.", "PMID": 673536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1581", "title": "Pulmonary lavage in preterm lambs.", "content": "Pulmonary function was studied before and after bilateral lung lavage with oxygenated FC-80 fluorocarbon liquid in seven perterm lambs, 134 days of gestation. Measurements of transpulmoary pressure, airflow, tidal volume, and functional residual capacity (FRC) enabled calculation of lung resistance and compliance, specific compliance, and work of breathing. Immediately postlavage, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) by 41% from control values. In addition, at 1 hr postlavage, lung compliance significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) by 43% from control levels. Lung resistance, FRC work of breathing arterial carbon dioxide tension, and pH postlavage were not significantly different from prelavage values. The mean volume of FC-80 remaining in the lungs at 1 hr postlavage was 32% of the instilled volume. These data indicate that lung lavage with a low surface tension liquid has a relatively small effect on lung mechanics of the premature lung.", "contents": "Pulmonary lavage in preterm lambs. Pulmonary function was studied before and after bilateral lung lavage with oxygenated FC-80 fluorocarbon liquid in seven perterm lambs, 134 days of gestation. Measurements of transpulmoary pressure, airflow, tidal volume, and functional residual capacity (FRC) enabled calculation of lung resistance and compliance, specific compliance, and work of breathing. Immediately postlavage, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) by 41% from control values. In addition, at 1 hr postlavage, lung compliance significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) by 43% from control levels. Lung resistance, FRC work of breathing arterial carbon dioxide tension, and pH postlavage were not significantly different from prelavage values. The mean volume of FC-80 remaining in the lungs at 1 hr postlavage was 32% of the instilled volume. These data indicate that lung lavage with a low surface tension liquid has a relatively small effect on lung mechanics of the premature lung.", "PMID": 673538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1582", "title": "Decreased prostaglandin E turnover in infants with essential fatty acid deficiency.", "content": "Sick low birth weight infants (LBWI) are prone to develop rapid onset of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. EFAs serve as precursors for prostaglandins (PGs). We measured the excretion of the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandins E1 and E2, 7alpha-hydroxy-5,11-diketotetranorprostane-1,16-dionic acid (PGE-M), in three EFA-deficient and in nine thriving neonates. There was no significant difference in PGE-M excretion between the sexes among thriving infants nor did PGE-M excretion appear to be affected by postconceptual age. However, a significant difference between the PGE-M excretion in the group of infants with EFA deficiency before and after treatment is apparent (P less than 0.05). Significant differences in PGE-M excretion were also found between the control group and the EFA-deficient infants. The severity of the EFA deficiency correlates directly with the degree of PGs excretion. The biochemical evidences of EFA deficiency and the decreased levels of PGE-M excretion are rapidly corrected when patients resume a diet containing EFA.", "contents": "Decreased prostaglandin E turnover in infants with essential fatty acid deficiency. Sick low birth weight infants (LBWI) are prone to develop rapid onset of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. EFAs serve as precursors for prostaglandins (PGs). We measured the excretion of the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandins E1 and E2, 7alpha-hydroxy-5,11-diketotetranorprostane-1,16-dionic acid (PGE-M), in three EFA-deficient and in nine thriving neonates. There was no significant difference in PGE-M excretion between the sexes among thriving infants nor did PGE-M excretion appear to be affected by postconceptual age. However, a significant difference between the PGE-M excretion in the group of infants with EFA deficiency before and after treatment is apparent (P less than 0.05). Significant differences in PGE-M excretion were also found between the control group and the EFA-deficient infants. The severity of the EFA deficiency correlates directly with the degree of PGs excretion. The biochemical evidences of EFA deficiency and the decreased levels of PGE-M excretion are rapidly corrected when patients resume a diet containing EFA.", "PMID": 673541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1583", "title": "Response of rat intestine to a hyperosmotic feeding.", "content": "After a single force-feeding of hypertonic (1300 mOsm) mannitol to rats there is rapid osmotic equilibration of the jejunal fluid, a sharp drop in luminal mannitol concentration and large influxes of water and sodium. During osmotic equilibration there was a significant loss of cells from the jejunal mucosa. In hypertonically fed rats there was an accumulation of protein, DNA, [3H]thymidine-labeled DNA, and disaccharidases in intestinal washings. Brush border disaccharidase specific activities on the jejunal mucosa were unaltered. Under the light microscope jejunal villi from hypertonic mannitol rats were comparable to controls. Some epithelial cells from rats force-fed hypertonic mannitol showed transient ultrastructural damage. Microvilli of some cells were shortened and fused at their bases 20 and 40 min after the force-feeding. By 120 min epithelial cell microvilli were all normal in appearance. In hypertonically fed rats the lateral interdigitating plasma membranes became disorganized. Large fragments budded off into one cell and fused to form larger stuctures. By 120 min many lysosomal autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies were seen. A single hypertonic force feeding produced jejunal cell loss associated with loss of brush border disaccharidases and focal ultrastructural damage.", "contents": "Response of rat intestine to a hyperosmotic feeding. After a single force-feeding of hypertonic (1300 mOsm) mannitol to rats there is rapid osmotic equilibration of the jejunal fluid, a sharp drop in luminal mannitol concentration and large influxes of water and sodium. During osmotic equilibration there was a significant loss of cells from the jejunal mucosa. In hypertonically fed rats there was an accumulation of protein, DNA, [3H]thymidine-labeled DNA, and disaccharidases in intestinal washings. Brush border disaccharidase specific activities on the jejunal mucosa were unaltered. Under the light microscope jejunal villi from hypertonic mannitol rats were comparable to controls. Some epithelial cells from rats force-fed hypertonic mannitol showed transient ultrastructural damage. Microvilli of some cells were shortened and fused at their bases 20 and 40 min after the force-feeding. By 120 min epithelial cell microvilli were all normal in appearance. In hypertonically fed rats the lateral interdigitating plasma membranes became disorganized. Large fragments budded off into one cell and fused to form larger stuctures. By 120 min many lysosomal autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies were seen. A single hypertonic force feeding produced jejunal cell loss associated with loss of brush border disaccharidases and focal ultrastructural damage.", "PMID": 673542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1584", "title": "Retardation of secretory capacity of immature rat parotid gland by chronic administration of isoproterenol.", "content": "The present findings show that while chronic administration of the catecholamine isoproterenol to immature rats causes accelerated structural development, it causes an inhibition of certain aspects of secretory function. The effects on both structure and function are however closely dependent on the stage of development during which the agent is administered. When the isoproterenol is given for 8 days between 12 and 20 days of age, amylase, Na, and K concentrations of pilocarpine-evoked parotid saliva of the treated and control littermates are similar. If, however, the agent is given between 22 and 30 days of age, amylase of the isoproterenol-treated glands is only one-fourth that of controls, and K concentration is higher than that of controls whereas Na is lower. The glands of controls in both pre- and postweanling groups produce greater volumes of water than do isoproterenol-treated glands. Developmentally, these data represent less advanced secretory abilities, and therefore isoproterenol induces inhibition of secretory capacity, rather enhancement.", "contents": "Retardation of secretory capacity of immature rat parotid gland by chronic administration of isoproterenol. The present findings show that while chronic administration of the catecholamine isoproterenol to immature rats causes accelerated structural development, it causes an inhibition of certain aspects of secretory function. The effects on both structure and function are however closely dependent on the stage of development during which the agent is administered. When the isoproterenol is given for 8 days between 12 and 20 days of age, amylase, Na, and K concentrations of pilocarpine-evoked parotid saliva of the treated and control littermates are similar. If, however, the agent is given between 22 and 30 days of age, amylase of the isoproterenol-treated glands is only one-fourth that of controls, and K concentration is higher than that of controls whereas Na is lower. The glands of controls in both pre- and postweanling groups produce greater volumes of water than do isoproterenol-treated glands. Developmentally, these data represent less advanced secretory abilities, and therefore isoproterenol induces inhibition of secretory capacity, rather enhancement.", "PMID": 673543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1585", "title": "Effect of various phototherapy regimens on bilirubin decrement.", "content": "Continuous phototherapy in full-term newborns was found to be more effective than intermittent illumination. Treatment efficacy was also related to age and the initial bilirubin level of the infants. In fact, the reported data indicate an increased therapeutic effect in newborns affected with nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia who had an initial bilirubin level greater than 15 mg/dl as compared to neonates with an initial bilirubin level less than 15 mg/dl. The light treatment was also more effective in infants older than 3 days, possibly because of an increased ligandin and conjugating capacity. Shielding the hepatic area during illumination significantly decreases the efficiency of this treatment, suggesting that the liver could also be a phototherapeutic action site.", "contents": "Effect of various phototherapy regimens on bilirubin decrement. Continuous phototherapy in full-term newborns was found to be more effective than intermittent illumination. Treatment efficacy was also related to age and the initial bilirubin level of the infants. In fact, the reported data indicate an increased therapeutic effect in newborns affected with nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia who had an initial bilirubin level greater than 15 mg/dl as compared to neonates with an initial bilirubin level less than 15 mg/dl. The light treatment was also more effective in infants older than 3 days, possibly because of an increased ligandin and conjugating capacity. Shielding the hepatic area during illumination significantly decreases the efficiency of this treatment, suggesting that the liver could also be a phototherapeutic action site.", "PMID": 673546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1586", "title": "Late effect of nocturnal mist tent therapy related to the severity of airway obstruction in children with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "To evaluate the long-term effect of nocturnal mist tent therapy on the progression of airway obstruction in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) of varying severity, two matched groups each consisting of 24 children with CF were studied during 18 months on mist tent therapy and 18 months of therapy. The progression in airway obstruction was measured by change in serial measurements of maximal midexpiratory flow (MMEF), from which a regression equation of MMEF against time was obtained for each individual. Changes in MMEF value with or without therapy were compared in patients matched for severity of disease as indicated by initial MMEF values. For the group as a whole no differences were found in the progression of the airway obstruction whether the patients received mist tent therapy or not. This therapy failed to benefit any of the groups of children with CF who had early, moderate, or advanced airway obstruction as judged from their initial MMEF value. It is concluded that nocturnal mist tent therapy neither decreases airway obstruction nor prevents its progression in children with CF.", "contents": "Late effect of nocturnal mist tent therapy related to the severity of airway obstruction in children with cystic fibrosis. To evaluate the long-term effect of nocturnal mist tent therapy on the progression of airway obstruction in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) of varying severity, two matched groups each consisting of 24 children with CF were studied during 18 months on mist tent therapy and 18 months of therapy. The progression in airway obstruction was measured by change in serial measurements of maximal midexpiratory flow (MMEF), from which a regression equation of MMEF against time was obtained for each individual. Changes in MMEF value with or without therapy were compared in patients matched for severity of disease as indicated by initial MMEF values. For the group as a whole no differences were found in the progression of the airway obstruction whether the patients received mist tent therapy or not. This therapy failed to benefit any of the groups of children with CF who had early, moderate, or advanced airway obstruction as judged from their initial MMEF value. It is concluded that nocturnal mist tent therapy neither decreases airway obstruction nor prevents its progression in children with CF.", "PMID": 673547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1587", "title": "Clinical pharmacology and efficacy of ticarcillin in infants and children.", "content": "Ticarcillin was evaluated in 82 neonates and young infants with suspected sepsis and in 16 older children with chronic Pseudomonas infection of the mastoids. The infants also received kanamycin. Individual ticarcillin doses of 75 or 100 mg/kg were given every four, six, or eight hours by intramuscular injection or by a 30-minute intravenous infusion. Mean plasma concentrations one hour after a dose were from 125 to 189 microgram/ml, depending on dosage, age, and maturity. Mean plasma half-lives were approximately 5 hours in the first week of life, 2 hours in infants from 1 to 8 weeks, and 0.9 hours in older children. Volume of distribution was approximately twice as great in infants as in children, and plasma clearance rates correlated inversely with age. Limited efficacy data suggest that ticarcillin is a suitable alternative to ampicillin or carbenicillin, when given concurrently with an aminoglycoside, for newborn infections. When given for several days before mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty, ticarcillin sterilized the mastoids in the majority of patients. A new dosage schedule for ticarcillin in pediatric patients is proposed.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology and efficacy of ticarcillin in infants and children. Ticarcillin was evaluated in 82 neonates and young infants with suspected sepsis and in 16 older children with chronic Pseudomonas infection of the mastoids. The infants also received kanamycin. Individual ticarcillin doses of 75 or 100 mg/kg were given every four, six, or eight hours by intramuscular injection or by a 30-minute intravenous infusion. Mean plasma concentrations one hour after a dose were from 125 to 189 microgram/ml, depending on dosage, age, and maturity. Mean plasma half-lives were approximately 5 hours in the first week of life, 2 hours in infants from 1 to 8 weeks, and 0.9 hours in older children. Volume of distribution was approximately twice as great in infants as in children, and plasma clearance rates correlated inversely with age. Limited efficacy data suggest that ticarcillin is a suitable alternative to ampicillin or carbenicillin, when given concurrently with an aminoglycoside, for newborn infections. When given for several days before mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty, ticarcillin sterilized the mastoids in the majority of patients. A new dosage schedule for ticarcillin in pediatric patients is proposed.", "PMID": 673548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1588", "title": "Hepatic injury in a child caused by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.", "content": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was given to a 16-year-old boy as prophylaxis for a urinary tract infection. He developed severe cholestatic hepatitis 41 days after administration of the drug. A liver biopsy specimen showed a mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the portal triads and prominent bile stasis. The clinical course in this patient supports the concept of an indirect hypersensitivity reaction to sulfamethoxazole.", "contents": "Hepatic injury in a child caused by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was given to a 16-year-old boy as prophylaxis for a urinary tract infection. He developed severe cholestatic hepatitis 41 days after administration of the drug. A liver biopsy specimen showed a mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the portal triads and prominent bile stasis. The clinical course in this patient supports the concept of an indirect hypersensitivity reaction to sulfamethoxazole.", "PMID": 673549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1589", "title": "Q-oTc interval and blood calcium levels in newborn infants.", "content": "The interval from the beginning of the Q wave to the origin of the T wave (Q-oTc interval) and total and ionized serum calcium levels were measured in 27 full-term and 77 premature infants. The correlation between Q-oTc and total and ionized calcium levels was significant in both full-term and normal premature infants. No correlation was found in a group of critically ill premature infants, most of whom had evidence of CNS involvement. Constant infusion of calcium gluconate in a number of infants belonging to the latter group produced a significant shortening of the Q-oTc interval. It is speculated that the lack of correlation of Q-oTc interval and total or ionized calcium levels in sick premature infants could be explained on the basis of a dysfunction in cardiac sympathetics or alternatively by marked variations in serum catecholamines.", "contents": "Q-oTc interval and blood calcium levels in newborn infants. The interval from the beginning of the Q wave to the origin of the T wave (Q-oTc interval) and total and ionized serum calcium levels were measured in 27 full-term and 77 premature infants. The correlation between Q-oTc and total and ionized calcium levels was significant in both full-term and normal premature infants. No correlation was found in a group of critically ill premature infants, most of whom had evidence of CNS involvement. Constant infusion of calcium gluconate in a number of infants belonging to the latter group produced a significant shortening of the Q-oTc interval. It is speculated that the lack of correlation of Q-oTc interval and total or ionized calcium levels in sick premature infants could be explained on the basis of a dysfunction in cardiac sympathetics or alternatively by marked variations in serum catecholamines.", "PMID": 673550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1590", "title": "Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: the role of gastrin reevaluated.", "content": "In order to evaluate the potential role of gastrin in the etiology of pyloric stenosis, serum gastrin levels were measured in cord blood of affected infants, matched controls, and mothers of both. No differences were identified when values from infants with pyloric stenosis were compared with those from control infants. Mean cord serum gastrin levels of the infants were significantly greater than the mean maternal gastrin levels. The data effectively dismiss the possibility that elevated serum gastrin concentration in mother or infant at the time of delivery can be implicated as a cause of pyloric stenosis.", "contents": "Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: the role of gastrin reevaluated. In order to evaluate the potential role of gastrin in the etiology of pyloric stenosis, serum gastrin levels were measured in cord blood of affected infants, matched controls, and mothers of both. No differences were identified when values from infants with pyloric stenosis were compared with those from control infants. Mean cord serum gastrin levels of the infants were significantly greater than the mean maternal gastrin levels. The data effectively dismiss the possibility that elevated serum gastrin concentration in mother or infant at the time of delivery can be implicated as a cause of pyloric stenosis.", "PMID": 673551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1591", "title": "Ophthalmoplegic migraine in infancy.", "content": "Isolated oculomotor nerve palsy is an unusual finding in the pediatric patient. Third nerve weakness is a rare complication of vascular headaches, and there are few reported cases of so-called ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) in young children. Recently we have seen a 12-month-old girl with OM that appeared to respond to treatment with propranolol.", "contents": "Ophthalmoplegic migraine in infancy. Isolated oculomotor nerve palsy is an unusual finding in the pediatric patient. Third nerve weakness is a rare complication of vascular headaches, and there are few reported cases of so-called ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) in young children. Recently we have seen a 12-month-old girl with OM that appeared to respond to treatment with propranolol.", "PMID": 673552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1592", "title": "Isovalericacidemia: a case report.", "content": "Aminoacidopathies are rare metabolic defects that frequently present shortly after birth or in early infancy with vomiting, dehydration, ketoacidosis, and a peculiar body odor. If not recognized early, these can result in developmental retardation and/or death. A case of isovalericacidemia is reported to emphasize the importance of metabolic screening when an infant presents with the above-mentioned symptoms along with an anion gap greater than 20 mEq/liter. In our patient, a metabolic disorder was suggested by the clinical presentation and was confirmed by measuring elevated levels of biproducts. The infant was given a low-leucine diet and has developed normally since then.", "contents": "Isovalericacidemia: a case report. Aminoacidopathies are rare metabolic defects that frequently present shortly after birth or in early infancy with vomiting, dehydration, ketoacidosis, and a peculiar body odor. If not recognized early, these can result in developmental retardation and/or death. A case of isovalericacidemia is reported to emphasize the importance of metabolic screening when an infant presents with the above-mentioned symptoms along with an anion gap greater than 20 mEq/liter. In our patient, a metabolic disorder was suggested by the clinical presentation and was confirmed by measuring elevated levels of biproducts. The infant was given a low-leucine diet and has developed normally since then.", "PMID": 673553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1593", "title": "Early increase in intracranial pressure in preterm infants.", "content": "Noninvasive measurement of intracranial pressure is now available via the anterior fontanel in newborn infants. We measured intracranial pressure during the first week of life in 18 preterm infants and found a statistically significant increase from birth to age 24 hours and a significant decrease by 48 hours (13.8 vs. 24.4 vs. 14.3 cm H2O). This did not seem to be the result of postnatal head shrinkage. There were no other apparent correlations. We suspect that hypoxia may play an important role in the etiology of increased intracranial pressure. We believe that these findings may have important implications for intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants.", "contents": "Early increase in intracranial pressure in preterm infants. Noninvasive measurement of intracranial pressure is now available via the anterior fontanel in newborn infants. We measured intracranial pressure during the first week of life in 18 preterm infants and found a statistically significant increase from birth to age 24 hours and a significant decrease by 48 hours (13.8 vs. 24.4 vs. 14.3 cm H2O). This did not seem to be the result of postnatal head shrinkage. There were no other apparent correlations. We suspect that hypoxia may play an important role in the etiology of increased intracranial pressure. We believe that these findings may have important implications for intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants.", "PMID": 673554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1594", "title": "Cost of living for infants weighing 1,000 grams or less at birth.", "content": "This article reports the in-hospital cost of caring for 75 infants weighing 1,000 gm or less at birth who were born during the 2 1/2-year period between January 1973 and June 1975. Thirty infants (40%) survived. Nineteen of 27 infants tested (70%) appear to be neurologically and developmentally \"normal\" at 1 to 3 years of age. Hospital charges were adjusted to September 1976 rates and corrected for a 94% collection rate. Physicians' fees represented less than 5% of the total bill and were not included. The average adjusted daily and total costs for the 45 infants who died were $825 and $14,236, respectively. The average adjusted daily and total costs for the 30 survivors were $450 and $40,287, respectively. The average adjusted total cost per \"normal\" survivor was $88,058. It is our belief that the outcome justifies this expense. Society, however, must be the ultimate judge.", "contents": "Cost of living for infants weighing 1,000 grams or less at birth. This article reports the in-hospital cost of caring for 75 infants weighing 1,000 gm or less at birth who were born during the 2 1/2-year period between January 1973 and June 1975. Thirty infants (40%) survived. Nineteen of 27 infants tested (70%) appear to be neurologically and developmentally \"normal\" at 1 to 3 years of age. Hospital charges were adjusted to September 1976 rates and corrected for a 94% collection rate. Physicians' fees represented less than 5% of the total bill and were not included. The average adjusted daily and total costs for the 45 infants who died were $825 and $14,236, respectively. The average adjusted daily and total costs for the 30 survivors were $450 and $40,287, respectively. The average adjusted total cost per \"normal\" survivor was $88,058. It is our belief that the outcome justifies this expense. Society, however, must be the ultimate judge.", "PMID": 673555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1595", "title": "Angina pectoris in a child with sickle cell anemia.", "content": "A 7-year-old black boy with sickle cell disease, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, mild left ventricular dysfunction, and normal coronary arteries developed angina pectoris five months after cessation of hypertransfusion therapy. Exercise-induced ECG ST segment depression associated with angina disappeared following transfusion therapy.", "contents": "Angina pectoris in a child with sickle cell anemia. A 7-year-old black boy with sickle cell disease, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, mild left ventricular dysfunction, and normal coronary arteries developed angina pectoris five months after cessation of hypertransfusion therapy. Exercise-induced ECG ST segment depression associated with angina disappeared following transfusion therapy.", "PMID": 673556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1596", "title": "Cerebral echinococcosis, a pediatric disease: report of two cases with one successful five-year follow-up.", "content": "Two cases of cerebral echinococcosis in children emphasize the need to consider the Echinococcus in the differential diagnosis of children with CNS signs and symptoms. One patient died because of delay in seeking medical attention. The other is now a 22-year-old college student with no evidence of recurrence more than five years after removal of Echinococcus cysts from both brain and liver. The newer modalities available for diagnosis are discussed. Therapy with mebendazole is reviewed; this relatively new, highly effective anthelmintic is well tolerated and has been apparently highly effective in a small number of cases.", "contents": "Cerebral echinococcosis, a pediatric disease: report of two cases with one successful five-year follow-up. Two cases of cerebral echinococcosis in children emphasize the need to consider the Echinococcus in the differential diagnosis of children with CNS signs and symptoms. One patient died because of delay in seeking medical attention. The other is now a 22-year-old college student with no evidence of recurrence more than five years after removal of Echinococcus cysts from both brain and liver. The newer modalities available for diagnosis are discussed. Therapy with mebendazole is reviewed; this relatively new, highly effective anthelmintic is well tolerated and has been apparently highly effective in a small number of cases.", "PMID": 673557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1597", "title": "Volume discrimination in golden hamsters.", "content": "To 8 subjects (golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus), having learned to discriminate between two cubic volumes of very different size, test-situations were presented to determine  if the three spatial dimensions were taken into account during learning. The results show that width is the most used dimension.", "contents": "Volume discrimination in golden hamsters. To 8 subjects (golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus), having learned to discriminate between two cubic volumes of very different size, test-situations were presented to determine  if the three spatial dimensions were taken into account during learning. The results show that width is the most used dimension.", "PMID": 673624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1598", "title": "Influence of local and central factors in dominating rated perceived exertion during physical work.", "content": "The literature suggests two major factors determine rated perceived exertion during physical work. These two factors are a local factor, i.e., sensations or feelings of strain in the working muscles and/or joints; and a central factor, i.e., sensations or feelings primarily associated with the cardiorespiratory systems. In some experiments heart rate and minute ventilation (central vactors) appear to be the dominant cues for rated perceived exertion, while in others, local factors such as blood lactate concentration and muscular discomfort seem to be the prominent cues. However, it appears that when a particular cue is accentuated by either elevated rate, concentration or value over others it can dominate the over-all rating of perceived exertion. After evaluating the existing literature, a model has been introduced to evaluate differentiated ratings of perceived exertion (local and central) in comparison to the over-all measure. This model may help aid in a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the subjective perception of exertion is determined during different types of physical work.", "contents": "Influence of local and central factors in dominating rated perceived exertion during physical work. The literature suggests two major factors determine rated perceived exertion during physical work. These two factors are a local factor, i.e., sensations or feelings of strain in the working muscles and/or joints; and a central factor, i.e., sensations or feelings primarily associated with the cardiorespiratory systems. In some experiments heart rate and minute ventilation (central vactors) appear to be the dominant cues for rated perceived exertion, while in others, local factors such as blood lactate concentration and muscular discomfort seem to be the prominent cues. However, it appears that when a particular cue is accentuated by either elevated rate, concentration or value over others it can dominate the over-all rating of perceived exertion. After evaluating the existing literature, a model has been introduced to evaluate differentiated ratings of perceived exertion (local and central) in comparison to the over-all measure. This model may help aid in a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the subjective perception of exertion is determined during different types of physical work.", "PMID": 673625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1599", "title": "Body experience before and after surgery.", "content": "20 hospitalized male subjects were evaluated with a battery of body-perception tests both pre- and post-operatively. Their scores were also compared with those of normal healthy adults. The results indicated great stability in organization of body experience even in the context of the surgical experience.", "contents": "Body experience before and after surgery. 20 hospitalized male subjects were evaluated with a battery of body-perception tests both pre- and post-operatively. Their scores were also compared with those of normal healthy adults. The results indicated great stability in organization of body experience even in the context of the surgical experience.", "PMID": 673626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1600", "title": "Relation of eye movements to errors on the Rod-and-Frame Test.", "content": "By a selective-attention model of rod-and-frame test performance frame-independent (small error) subjects are better able than frame-dependent (large error) subjects to select out relevant cues (the rod) while suppressing irrelevant ones (the frame). However, certain clinical studies have implied that smaller errors can be obtained by employing eye-movement strategies that ignore rather than actively suppress irrelevant cues. In this study the number, magnitude, and rate of eye movements were measured in 15 subjects actively engaged in the test. While no discernible relationship of these variables to test errors was determined for frame-dependent subjects, significant negative correlations of rate and magnitude of movement with errors were demonstrated for frame-independent subjects. Group differences were observed in number and magnitude of eye movements. These findings are discussed as support for the hypothesis of selective attention.", "contents": "Relation of eye movements to errors on the Rod-and-Frame Test. By a selective-attention model of rod-and-frame test performance frame-independent (small error) subjects are better able than frame-dependent (large error) subjects to select out relevant cues (the rod) while suppressing irrelevant ones (the frame). However, certain clinical studies have implied that smaller errors can be obtained by employing eye-movement strategies that ignore rather than actively suppress irrelevant cues. In this study the number, magnitude, and rate of eye movements were measured in 15 subjects actively engaged in the test. While no discernible relationship of these variables to test errors was determined for frame-dependent subjects, significant negative correlations of rate and magnitude of movement with errors were demonstrated for frame-independent subjects. Group differences were observed in number and magnitude of eye movements. These findings are discussed as support for the hypothesis of selective attention.", "PMID": 673627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1601", "title": "Effects of type of target, cognitive ability, and age on projection.", "content": "It was hypothesized that older and more cognitively developed children would be less likely to use both attributive and contrast projection. Real and ambiguous target figures were used to assess the effect of the type of target on projection. 30 boys and 31 girls between the ages of 7 yr., 10 mo. and 14 yr., 10 mo. predicted a favored classmate's preferences in each of several categories. They also predicted the preferences of an unfavored classmate and of favored and unfavored ambiguous targets. These predictions were compared with the subjects' own preferences to measure attributive and contrast projection. Type of target affected the amount of projection. There was significantly more contrast projection onto ambiguous targets (dolls) than onto real targets (classmates). There was significantly more attributive than contrast projection for the real targets only. A significant negative correlation of -.26 (df = 59) was obtained between age and contrast projection onto the real targets. There were no significant correlations between the other measures of projection and the indices of cognitive ability, including age.", "contents": "Effects of type of target, cognitive ability, and age on projection. It was hypothesized that older and more cognitively developed children would be less likely to use both attributive and contrast projection. Real and ambiguous target figures were used to assess the effect of the type of target on projection. 30 boys and 31 girls between the ages of 7 yr., 10 mo. and 14 yr., 10 mo. predicted a favored classmate's preferences in each of several categories. They also predicted the preferences of an unfavored classmate and of favored and unfavored ambiguous targets. These predictions were compared with the subjects' own preferences to measure attributive and contrast projection. Type of target affected the amount of projection. There was significantly more contrast projection onto ambiguous targets (dolls) than onto real targets (classmates). There was significantly more attributive than contrast projection for the real targets only. A significant negative correlation of -.26 (df = 59) was obtained between age and contrast projection onto the real targets. There were no significant correlations between the other measures of projection and the indices of cognitive ability, including age.", "PMID": 673628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1602", "title": "Performance of brain-damaged, schizophrenic, and normal subjects on a visual searching task.", "content": "Goldstein, Rennick, Welch, and Shelly (1973) reported on a visual searching task that generated 94.1% correct classifications when comparing brain-damaged and normal subjects, and 79.4% correct classifications when comparing brain-damaged and psychiatric patients. In the present study, representing a partial cross-validation with some modification of the test procedure, comparisons were made between brain-damaged and schizophrenic, and brain-damaged and normal subjects. There were 92.5% correct classifications for the brain-damaged vs normal comparison, and 82.5% correct classifications for the brain-damaged vs schizophrenic comparison.", "contents": "Performance of brain-damaged, schizophrenic, and normal subjects on a visual searching task. Goldstein, Rennick, Welch, and Shelly (1973) reported on a visual searching task that generated 94.1% correct classifications when comparing brain-damaged and normal subjects, and 79.4% correct classifications when comparing brain-damaged and psychiatric patients. In the present study, representing a partial cross-validation with some modification of the test procedure, comparisons were made between brain-damaged and schizophrenic, and brain-damaged and normal subjects. There were 92.5% correct classifications for the brain-damaged vs normal comparison, and 82.5% correct classifications for the brain-damaged vs schizophrenic comparison.", "PMID": 673629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1603", "title": "Some personality correlates of time competence, temporal extension and temporal evaluation.", "content": "In a study of the relationship among three temporal dimensions, viz., competence, extension, and evaluation, and a number of personality variables including ego strength, external control, and dogmatism for 21 males and 19 females time competence and temporal evaluation related closely to a number of these variables while the relationship with extension was weak. The implications were discussed with reference to the value and validity of measures of temporal extension.", "contents": "Some personality correlates of time competence, temporal extension and temporal evaluation. In a study of the relationship among three temporal dimensions, viz., competence, extension, and evaluation, and a number of personality variables including ego strength, external control, and dogmatism for 21 males and 19 females time competence and temporal evaluation related closely to a number of these variables while the relationship with extension was weak. The implications were discussed with reference to the value and validity of measures of temporal extension.", "PMID": 673630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1604", "title": "Memory and electro-dermal activity.", "content": "To test Levonian's retentivity-accessibility hypothesis on arousal and retention 48 undergraduates participated in an experiment on retention while skin resistance was recorded. Results support Levonian's hypothesis only for longer-term (30-min.) retention but not for short-tem (3-min.) retention.", "contents": "Memory and electro-dermal activity. To test Levonian's retentivity-accessibility hypothesis on arousal and retention 48 undergraduates participated in an experiment on retention while skin resistance was recorded. Results support Levonian's hypothesis only for longer-term (30-min.) retention but not for short-tem (3-min.) retention.", "PMID": 673631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1605", "title": "Perception of a non-ill participant in a mental health discussion.", "content": "Describing a mental patient's claim to sanity as symptomatic may increase the probability that others will assimilate non-ill behavior into a pathological framework. In two experiments subjects saw a simulated session of group therapy on videotape. Each videotape contained a therapist, four persons role-playing specific disorders, and one person acting normally. After receiving different instructions, all subjects were asked to categorize the five patients. In Exp. 1 no consistent conclusions were possible because only 2 of 59 subjects said the normal person was not ill. Exp. 2 avoided this \"floor effect\" by the videotape therapist's agreeing with the normal person's claim of not being ill. The subjects precautioned against believing claims of sanity were most likely to categorize the person exhibiting non-ill behavior. A second group of subjects were not precautioned against believing sanity claims. A third group of subjects, informed of one patient's non-illness, were most likely to differentiate the normal person from those portraying pathological behavior.", "contents": "Perception of a non-ill participant in a mental health discussion. Describing a mental patient's claim to sanity as symptomatic may increase the probability that others will assimilate non-ill behavior into a pathological framework. In two experiments subjects saw a simulated session of group therapy on videotape. Each videotape contained a therapist, four persons role-playing specific disorders, and one person acting normally. After receiving different instructions, all subjects were asked to categorize the five patients. In Exp. 1 no consistent conclusions were possible because only 2 of 59 subjects said the normal person was not ill. Exp. 2 avoided this \"floor effect\" by the videotape therapist's agreeing with the normal person's claim of not being ill. The subjects precautioned against believing claims of sanity were most likely to categorize the person exhibiting non-ill behavior. A second group of subjects were not precautioned against believing sanity claims. A third group of subjects, informed of one patient's non-illness, were most likely to differentiate the normal person from those portraying pathological behavior.", "PMID": 673632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1606", "title": "Physical fatigue and the perception of differences in load: a signal detection approach.", "content": "Workload is an important factor related to perception of physical fatigue. Because a person engaged in physical activity eventually leading to painful exhaustion is in a pay-off situation, the paradigm of signal detection might be applicable to the perception of differences in load. Two male track and field athletes, aged 22 and 24 yr., participated in two experiments. In Exp. 1 difference threshold were determined with 25%, 50%, 60%, 65% and 70% of VO2 max as basic loads on a bicycle ergometer. Results showed a decreasing k over increasing work loads, contrary to Weber's law. In Exp. 2 a non-parametric signal detection procedure was used, with 25%, 40%, 50% and 60% of VO2 max as noise levels and a signal intensity of 1.5 watt in every condition. A chi 2 test for a 2-factor design showed only an effect of noise level. The converging results of both experiments led to the conclusion of a relative increasing sensitivity across increasing work loads. The main goal for future research will be to develop the signal detection method as a framework for research on fatigue.", "contents": "Physical fatigue and the perception of differences in load: a signal detection approach. Workload is an important factor related to perception of physical fatigue. Because a person engaged in physical activity eventually leading to painful exhaustion is in a pay-off situation, the paradigm of signal detection might be applicable to the perception of differences in load. Two male track and field athletes, aged 22 and 24 yr., participated in two experiments. In Exp. 1 difference threshold were determined with 25%, 50%, 60%, 65% and 70% of VO2 max as basic loads on a bicycle ergometer. Results showed a decreasing k over increasing work loads, contrary to Weber's law. In Exp. 2 a non-parametric signal detection procedure was used, with 25%, 40%, 50% and 60% of VO2 max as noise levels and a signal intensity of 1.5 watt in every condition. A chi 2 test for a 2-factor design showed only an effect of noise level. The converging results of both experiments led to the conclusion of a relative increasing sensitivity across increasing work loads. The main goal for future research will be to develop the signal detection method as a framework for research on fatigue.", "PMID": 673633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1607", "title": "Self-consciousness and locus of control.", "content": "179 college students were classified as internal or external in locus of control on the basis of I-E scores. Self-consciousness scores showed external subjects were more socially anxious than internal subjects.", "contents": "Self-consciousness and locus of control. 179 college students were classified as internal or external in locus of control on the basis of I-E scores. Self-consciousness scores showed external subjects were more socially anxious than internal subjects.", "PMID": 673634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1608", "title": "Apparent size contrasts of retinal images and size constancy as determinants of the moon illusion.", "content": "Kaufman and Rock (1962) and Rock and Kaufman (1962) concluded that the moon illusion is a function of and attributable to apparent distance. They also reported a large framing effect as an exception. Analysis of the effect suggests two components which can account for the illusion independently of apparent distance. These are apparent size contrasts of visual images of discriminable features or objects of the earth with the moon's image and size constancy of the features or objects plus the interactions of the two. Apparent distances to horizons are always a consequence of the necessary conditions for the illusion. They are related to the illusion but are not a determinant of it.", "contents": "Apparent size contrasts of retinal images and size constancy as determinants of the moon illusion. Kaufman and Rock (1962) and Rock and Kaufman (1962) concluded that the moon illusion is a function of and attributable to apparent distance. They also reported a large framing effect as an exception. Analysis of the effect suggests two components which can account for the illusion independently of apparent distance. These are apparent size contrasts of visual images of discriminable features or objects of the earth with the moon's image and size constancy of the features or objects plus the interactions of the two. Apparent distances to horizons are always a consequence of the necessary conditions for the illusion. They are related to the illusion but are not a determinant of it.", "PMID": 673635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1609", "title": "Shedd's formulations concerning the hyperkinetic syndrome--an empirical test of selected features.", "content": "According to Shedd's (1968) formulations, one of the distinguishing characteristics of hyperkinetic children is the score pattern which they earn on different types of ability tests. Specifically, Shedd's work suggests that IQs from a picture vocabulary test, the WISC, and a drawing test should show the following order relationship: picture vocabulary greater than WISC greater than drawing. This hypothesis was investigated for 62 overactive children (47 boys and 15 girls) enrolled in classes for learning disabled. The findings support Shedd's since IQs from the Ammons' test were significantly higher than WISC IQs which were significantly higher than IQs from the Goodenough-Harris. The magnitudes of the mean differences in scores for the three tests were within the range indicated by Shedd and 51 of the 62 children showed the order of scores he specified.", "contents": "Shedd's formulations concerning the hyperkinetic syndrome--an empirical test of selected features. According to Shedd's (1968) formulations, one of the distinguishing characteristics of hyperkinetic children is the score pattern which they earn on different types of ability tests. Specifically, Shedd's work suggests that IQs from a picture vocabulary test, the WISC, and a drawing test should show the following order relationship: picture vocabulary greater than WISC greater than drawing. This hypothesis was investigated for 62 overactive children (47 boys and 15 girls) enrolled in classes for learning disabled. The findings support Shedd's since IQs from the Ammons' test were significantly higher than WISC IQs which were significantly higher than IQs from the Goodenough-Harris. The magnitudes of the mean differences in scores for the three tests were within the range indicated by Shedd and 51 of the 62 children showed the order of scores he specified.", "PMID": 673636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1610", "title": "Relationship of performance on motor activities and reading achievement.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of specific motor activities on elementary school-aged children's reading achievement. The subjects were 33 boys and 33 girls in Grade 2 enrolled in the regular program. They were separated equally into one of three groups: Experimental group 1 participated in Frostig activities, Experimental group 2 read books selected for their grade level, while a control group followed the traditional school routine. The two experimental groups were children from predominantly Mexican-American descent; the control group was primarily of Caucasian descent. During the 20-wk. period, the subjects met with their respective group three times per week in 1/2-hr. sessions. The first and second experimental groups showed no significant improvement in reading achievement. It was concluded that the added motor activities did not enhance reading achievement.", "contents": "Relationship of performance on motor activities and reading achievement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of specific motor activities on elementary school-aged children's reading achievement. The subjects were 33 boys and 33 girls in Grade 2 enrolled in the regular program. They were separated equally into one of three groups: Experimental group 1 participated in Frostig activities, Experimental group 2 read books selected for their grade level, while a control group followed the traditional school routine. The two experimental groups were children from predominantly Mexican-American descent; the control group was primarily of Caucasian descent. During the 20-wk. period, the subjects met with their respective group three times per week in 1/2-hr. sessions. The first and second experimental groups showed no significant improvement in reading achievement. It was concluded that the added motor activities did not enhance reading achievement.", "PMID": 673637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1611", "title": "Improvement of visual acuity in partially and fully sighted subjects as a function of practice, feedback, and instructional techniques.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted to examine improvement of partially (20/200 or 6/60) and normally (20/20 or 6/6) sighted adults. Measures of resolution and vernier acuity were examined in the first two experiments to determine whether practice, feedback, and instructions would have differential effects on the degree of visual improvement achieved in a 20-min. testing session. The results indicated extensive visual work to be the important factor in the improvement of impaired vision. The third experiment compared monocular and binocular depth perception of individuals with unilateral optic atrophy. The results yielded an unexpected finding where binocular depth perception was, in most cases, inferior to that of the strong eye alone. The first two experiments demonstrated the possibility of improving impaired visual functions and the third experiment suggests important implications for a theoretical model of depth perception with limited vision.", "contents": "Improvement of visual acuity in partially and fully sighted subjects as a function of practice, feedback, and instructional techniques. Three experiments were conducted to examine improvement of partially (20/200 or 6/60) and normally (20/20 or 6/6) sighted adults. Measures of resolution and vernier acuity were examined in the first two experiments to determine whether practice, feedback, and instructions would have differential effects on the degree of visual improvement achieved in a 20-min. testing session. The results indicated extensive visual work to be the important factor in the improvement of impaired vision. The third experiment compared monocular and binocular depth perception of individuals with unilateral optic atrophy. The results yielded an unexpected finding where binocular depth perception was, in most cases, inferior to that of the strong eye alone. The first two experiments demonstrated the possibility of improving impaired visual functions and the third experiment suggests important implications for a theoretical model of depth perception with limited vision.", "PMID": 673638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1612", "title": "The golden section: the \"true\" ratio?", "content": "Seven rectangles with different ratios of the lengths of their sides but of approximately equal areas were presented to 120 subjects to asses their aesthetic preferences for each rectangle. The method of pair comparisons was used for presentation of the rectangles. Subjects tended to prefer the golden rectangle. Also rectangles in the vicinity of the golden rectangle were preferred to those deviating markedly from it.", "contents": "The golden section: the \"true\" ratio? Seven rectangles with different ratios of the lengths of their sides but of approximately equal areas were presented to 120 subjects to asses their aesthetic preferences for each rectangle. The method of pair comparisons was used for presentation of the rectangles. Subjects tended to prefer the golden rectangle. Also rectangles in the vicinity of the golden rectangle were preferred to those deviating markedly from it.", "PMID": 673639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1613", "title": "Evaluation of intelligence in youthful offenders: the Kahn Intelligence Tests.", "content": "It was hypothesized that there is a correlation between IQs on the Kahn Intelligence Tests and the WAIS. It was predicted that the correlation between the KIT IQs and the WAIS Performance IQs would be significantly higher than those between the KIT IQs and WAIS Verbal and Full Scale IQs. The KIT and WAIS were administered to 30 Negro and 20 white offenders ages 16-0 to 20-11. Pearson rs of .656, .649, and .714 were significant. Contrary to prediction, the r between the KIT IQs and the WAIS Performance was the lowest. Mean IQs were significantly different.", "contents": "Evaluation of intelligence in youthful offenders: the Kahn Intelligence Tests. It was hypothesized that there is a correlation between IQs on the Kahn Intelligence Tests and the WAIS. It was predicted that the correlation between the KIT IQs and the WAIS Performance IQs would be significantly higher than those between the KIT IQs and WAIS Verbal and Full Scale IQs. The KIT and WAIS were administered to 30 Negro and 20 white offenders ages 16-0 to 20-11. Pearson rs of .656, .649, and .714 were significant. Contrary to prediction, the r between the KIT IQs and the WAIS Performance was the lowest. Mean IQs were significantly different.", "PMID": 673640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1614", "title": "Differentiation of childhood body gestures.", "content": "9 expressive body gestures were recorded while 180 boys and girls of three age groups (4--5 yr., 7--8 yr., and 10--11 yr.) individually performed a standardized play task. Analysis of variance showed a significant overall difference in gestures between the sexes, and 5 of the gestures (\"limp wrist,\" \"arm flutters,\" \"flexed elbow,\" \"hand clasp,\" and \"palming\") occurred significantly more frequently in girls than boys. There was an interaction between sex and age for the \"hands-on-hips with fingers forward\" gesture. No differences associated with sex of experimenter were found.", "contents": "Differentiation of childhood body gestures. 9 expressive body gestures were recorded while 180 boys and girls of three age groups (4--5 yr., 7--8 yr., and 10--11 yr.) individually performed a standardized play task. Analysis of variance showed a significant overall difference in gestures between the sexes, and 5 of the gestures (\"limp wrist,\" \"arm flutters,\" \"flexed elbow,\" \"hand clasp,\" and \"palming\") occurred significantly more frequently in girls than boys. There was an interaction between sex and age for the \"hands-on-hips with fingers forward\" gesture. No differences associated with sex of experimenter were found.", "PMID": 673641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1615", "title": "An evaluation of rational-emotive imagery as a component of rational-emotive therapy in the treatment of test anxiety.", "content": "This study evaluated the efficacy of rational-emotive imagery as a component of rational-emotive therapy in reduction of college students' test anxiety. 11 volunteers met for 6 1-hr. group treatment sessions over a 3-wk. period. After 2 initial treatment sessions subjects were randomly assigned to groups given either rational-emotive therapy with rational-emotive imagery or rational-emotive therapy without imagery. Contrary to predictions, improvement between groups on self-report and performance measures was nonsignificant. Failure to obtain differences was attributed to similarities in content of treatment sessions and short treatment time. Combined groups reported significant improvement on all dependent measures. Although the study did not yield the predicted benefits of the imagery, results lend further support to the efficacy of rational-emotive therapy procedures in the reduction of test anxiety.", "contents": "An evaluation of rational-emotive imagery as a component of rational-emotive therapy in the treatment of test anxiety. This study evaluated the efficacy of rational-emotive imagery as a component of rational-emotive therapy in reduction of college students' test anxiety. 11 volunteers met for 6 1-hr. group treatment sessions over a 3-wk. period. After 2 initial treatment sessions subjects were randomly assigned to groups given either rational-emotive therapy with rational-emotive imagery or rational-emotive therapy without imagery. Contrary to predictions, improvement between groups on self-report and performance measures was nonsignificant. Failure to obtain differences was attributed to similarities in content of treatment sessions and short treatment time. Combined groups reported significant improvement on all dependent measures. Although the study did not yield the predicted benefits of the imagery, results lend further support to the efficacy of rational-emotive therapy procedures in the reduction of test anxiety.", "PMID": 673643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1616", "title": "Effects of color and trait anxiety on state anxiety.", "content": "A 2 (trait anxiety) X 4 (color) factorial design was used to determine the effects of red, green, yellow, and blue on state anxiety as a function of high and low trait anxiety. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess both traint (A-Trait) and state (A-State) anxiety for the 10 students assigned to each of the eight treatment combinations. High A-Trait students were significantly more anxious while viewing blue, red, and green than were the low A-Trait students and blue produced significantly more state anxiety than did either yellow or green. These results are consitent with state-trait theory and indicate that the effects of color on state anxiety may be confounded with trait anxiety unless the levels of A-Trait are equivalent for each color condition. The role of cultural and individual differences in the relationship between color and emotion and implications for research are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of color and trait anxiety on state anxiety. A 2 (trait anxiety) X 4 (color) factorial design was used to determine the effects of red, green, yellow, and blue on state anxiety as a function of high and low trait anxiety. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess both traint (A-Trait) and state (A-State) anxiety for the 10 students assigned to each of the eight treatment combinations. High A-Trait students were significantly more anxious while viewing blue, red, and green than were the low A-Trait students and blue produced significantly more state anxiety than did either yellow or green. These results are consitent with state-trait theory and indicate that the effects of color on state anxiety may be confounded with trait anxiety unless the levels of A-Trait are equivalent for each color condition. The role of cultural and individual differences in the relationship between color and emotion and implications for research are discussed.", "PMID": 673644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1617", "title": "Effects of relative frequency of knowledge of results on retention of a motor skill.", "content": "The effects of relative frequency of knowledge of results on the retention of a motor skill was studied. Adams' theory (1971) contends that the perceptual trace of a criterion position gains on increment of strenth each time the feedback stimuli associated with the criterion position are experienced and that it is the strength of the perceptual trace that determines retention. Schmidt's theory (1975), however, suggests that the recognition schema is updated only on trials on which the feedback stimuli associated with the criterion position are experienced in conjunction with knowledge of results and that it is the precision of the recognition schema that determines retention. Two experiments were conducted. The results provided evidence contrary to Adams' theory. Schmidt's theory, however, was only partially supported.", "contents": "Effects of relative frequency of knowledge of results on retention of a motor skill. The effects of relative frequency of knowledge of results on the retention of a motor skill was studied. Adams' theory (1971) contends that the perceptual trace of a criterion position gains on increment of strenth each time the feedback stimuli associated with the criterion position are experienced and that it is the strength of the perceptual trace that determines retention. Schmidt's theory (1975), however, suggests that the recognition schema is updated only on trials on which the feedback stimuli associated with the criterion position are experienced in conjunction with knowledge of results and that it is the precision of the recognition schema that determines retention. Two experiments were conducted. The results provided evidence contrary to Adams' theory. Schmidt's theory, however, was only partially supported.", "PMID": 673645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1618", "title": "Field dependence and blood cholesterol: an expansion.", "content": "In a pilot study of 65 newly admitted psychiatric patients the first author evaluated the relationship between cholesterol, uric acid, and field dependence. The results suggested that high uric acid and low cholesterol individuals were more field independent whereas low uric acid and high cholesterol individuals were more field dependent. However, the differences were influenced mostly by the values of cholesterol and little by the uric acid. We have now expanded the sample to 229 consecutive admissions excepting only in-patients that were alcoholics or taking medication that has effects on any of the dependent variables. Included were age, ponderal index (a ratio of height and weight), and sex. For the whole group, field dependence correlated highly with age and cholesterol but less with blood uric acid. Dividing the sample by sex the situation changed. For males field dependence did not correlate with any of the other variables. However, for the females field dependence showed a positive correlation with cholesterol and age and with cholesterol even after correcting for age. Diagnoses did not correlate with any other variables except field dependence as an analysis of variance showed an incrase of field dependence when the patients were divided into three groups: (1) schizophrenics, (2) miscellaneous (including personality disorders), and (3) affective disorders. Again, these results demonstrated no relationship of field dependence with blood uric acid.", "contents": "Field dependence and blood cholesterol: an expansion. In a pilot study of 65 newly admitted psychiatric patients the first author evaluated the relationship between cholesterol, uric acid, and field dependence. The results suggested that high uric acid and low cholesterol individuals were more field independent whereas low uric acid and high cholesterol individuals were more field dependent. However, the differences were influenced mostly by the values of cholesterol and little by the uric acid. We have now expanded the sample to 229 consecutive admissions excepting only in-patients that were alcoholics or taking medication that has effects on any of the dependent variables. Included were age, ponderal index (a ratio of height and weight), and sex. For the whole group, field dependence correlated highly with age and cholesterol but less with blood uric acid. Dividing the sample by sex the situation changed. For males field dependence did not correlate with any of the other variables. However, for the females field dependence showed a positive correlation with cholesterol and age and with cholesterol even after correcting for age. Diagnoses did not correlate with any other variables except field dependence as an analysis of variance showed an incrase of field dependence when the patients were divided into three groups: (1) schizophrenics, (2) miscellaneous (including personality disorders), and (3) affective disorders. Again, these results demonstrated no relationship of field dependence with blood uric acid.", "PMID": 673646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1619", "title": "Role of two-dimensional surface characteristics in pictorial depth perception.", "content": "The purpose of the present experiment was to test the hypothesis that flat surface information for the plane of projection is the essential difference between ordinary and pictorial perception. Adults were asked to make relative size judgments of pairs of squares and triangles placed and pictured at various distances. The conditions were: real scene controls, life-size slides and prints, and real scenes viewed through clear glass, textured glass, a screen and a 50-mm lens. The error rate was significantly lower with real scenes than with either slides or prints which did not differ. The control data for real scenes were used for comparison to test for the effects of interposed flat surfaces on size judgments of real scenes. Viewing real scenes through either a clear glass pane or a 50-mm lens increased the error rate two and one-half times that of the controls for real scenes. Neither textured glass nor a screen significantly affected error rate. Results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that information about a flat surface for the plane of projection is the critical variable determining the special character of picture perception.", "contents": "Role of two-dimensional surface characteristics in pictorial depth perception. The purpose of the present experiment was to test the hypothesis that flat surface information for the plane of projection is the essential difference between ordinary and pictorial perception. Adults were asked to make relative size judgments of pairs of squares and triangles placed and pictured at various distances. The conditions were: real scene controls, life-size slides and prints, and real scenes viewed through clear glass, textured glass, a screen and a 50-mm lens. The error rate was significantly lower with real scenes than with either slides or prints which did not differ. The control data for real scenes were used for comparison to test for the effects of interposed flat surfaces on size judgments of real scenes. Viewing real scenes through either a clear glass pane or a 50-mm lens increased the error rate two and one-half times that of the controls for real scenes. Neither textured glass nor a screen significantly affected error rate. Results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that information about a flat surface for the plane of projection is the critical variable determining the special character of picture perception.", "PMID": 673647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1620", "title": "Relationships among measures of preferred tempo and motor rhythm.", "content": "Male and female subjects (Ns = 100) performed an accuracy task involving consecutive arm swings at a self-paced tempo. Following this, the subjects performed a motor rhythm task keeping in cadence with audio-visual stimuli presented at their preferred tempo. Previous findings regarding the magnitude of individual differences in preferred tempo and within-individual variability were replicated, as was the absence of sex differences for these attributes. With regard to motor rhythm, the findings indicated that (a) constant and variable error, and not absolute error, were the appropriate measures of performance, (b) there were no sex differences either in spatial or temporal accuracy or in trial-to-trial consistency of performance, (c) substantial individual differences were present in rhythmic accuracy, as were moderate individual differences in variability, (d) neither rhythmic accuracy nor variability was appreciably related to preferred tempo, and (e) spatial and temporal accuracy are relatively independent components of rhythmic accuracy.", "contents": "Relationships among measures of preferred tempo and motor rhythm. Male and female subjects (Ns = 100) performed an accuracy task involving consecutive arm swings at a self-paced tempo. Following this, the subjects performed a motor rhythm task keeping in cadence with audio-visual stimuli presented at their preferred tempo. Previous findings regarding the magnitude of individual differences in preferred tempo and within-individual variability were replicated, as was the absence of sex differences for these attributes. With regard to motor rhythm, the findings indicated that (a) constant and variable error, and not absolute error, were the appropriate measures of performance, (b) there were no sex differences either in spatial or temporal accuracy or in trial-to-trial consistency of performance, (c) substantial individual differences were present in rhythmic accuracy, as were moderate individual differences in variability, (d) neither rhythmic accuracy nor variability was appreciably related to preferred tempo, and (e) spatial and temporal accuracy are relatively independent components of rhythmic accuracy.", "PMID": 673648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1621", "title": "An analysis of the relationship between cardiac deceleration and correct performance under conditions of constant task difficulty.", "content": "Previous analyses of the relationship between cardiac deceleration and correct performance suffered from a confounding of task difficulty with performance accuracy. The present analysis indicates that the relationship between these variables still holds and is, in fact, more general under conditions which control difficulty of the task at a constant level.", "contents": "An analysis of the relationship between cardiac deceleration and correct performance under conditions of constant task difficulty. Previous analyses of the relationship between cardiac deceleration and correct performance suffered from a confounding of task difficulty with performance accuracy. The present analysis indicates that the relationship between these variables still holds and is, in fact, more general under conditions which control difficulty of the task at a constant level.", "PMID": 673649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1622", "title": "Influence of professional background and sex of therapist on attitudes towards patients.", "content": "A brief report of the attitudes of therapists towards psychiatric outpatients, varying in socioeconomic background, insight levels and degrees of disturbances, is presented. Results suggest that the professional affiliation and sex of therapists influenced their attitudes towards the patients.", "contents": "Influence of professional background and sex of therapist on attitudes towards patients. A brief report of the attitudes of therapists towards psychiatric outpatients, varying in socioeconomic background, insight levels and degrees of disturbances, is presented. Results suggest that the professional affiliation and sex of therapists influenced their attitudes towards the patients.", "PMID": 673650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1623", "title": "Conservation of illusion-distorted identity tasks.", "content": "Four conservation of illusion-distorted identity tasks were presented to 10 boys ranging in chronological age (CA) from 5-5 to 12, and in mental age (MA) from 3-5 to 10-2, to document individual differences among children with delayed development in acquisition of conservation skills.", "contents": "Conservation of illusion-distorted identity tasks. Four conservation of illusion-distorted identity tasks were presented to 10 boys ranging in chronological age (CA) from 5-5 to 12, and in mental age (MA) from 3-5 to 10-2, to document individual differences among children with delayed development in acquisition of conservation skills.", "PMID": 673651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1624", "title": "Number of response alternatives and spatial arrangement on a visual discrimination task.", "content": "Normal children, 30 each from ages 5 and 7 yr., were administered a visual discrimination test through a programmed learning machine. Visual discrimination was defined as a match-to-sample task in which subjects pointed to the geometric form, number, or printed letter of the alphabet that matched the stimulus form. Procedures were designed to eliminate learning variables. Although both age groups performed well, there was a statistically significant difference in the total performance at the two ages. A 3-way analysis of variance showed age, number of response alternatives, and type of stimulus form were significant variables; all interactions were significant. It appeared that the significant variable for the 5-yr.-olds was the type of geometric configuration, while the variable most important for the 7-yr.-olds was the number of response alternatives. Patterns of errors on the most difficult item showed the 5-yr.-olds made errors involving a reversal or rotation of the stimulus figure, while the 7-yr.-olds made errors involving some detail of the stimulus figure.", "contents": "Number of response alternatives and spatial arrangement on a visual discrimination task. Normal children, 30 each from ages 5 and 7 yr., were administered a visual discrimination test through a programmed learning machine. Visual discrimination was defined as a match-to-sample task in which subjects pointed to the geometric form, number, or printed letter of the alphabet that matched the stimulus form. Procedures were designed to eliminate learning variables. Although both age groups performed well, there was a statistically significant difference in the total performance at the two ages. A 3-way analysis of variance showed age, number of response alternatives, and type of stimulus form were significant variables; all interactions were significant. It appeared that the significant variable for the 5-yr.-olds was the type of geometric configuration, while the variable most important for the 7-yr.-olds was the number of response alternatives. Patterns of errors on the most difficult item showed the 5-yr.-olds made errors involving a reversal or rotation of the stimulus figure, while the 7-yr.-olds made errors involving some detail of the stimulus figure.", "PMID": 673652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1625", "title": "The color-word connotative incongruity effect.", "content": "Two experiments tested the hypothesis that color-naming speed is slower for inconsistent than for consistent color-word combinations as defined by separate semantic differential ratings of color and word components. In Exp. 1 15 undergraduate subjects individually made telegraph-key identifications of consistent and inconsistent instances of yellow or brown color-word combinations. For Exp. 2 and analogue of the Stroop Color-Word Test was constructed in which two cards contained only consistent, and two cards contained only inconsistent, adjective-color combinations. Autonym adjectival pairs, e.g., \"hot\"--\"cold,\" were used ensuring that two card-pairs contained cards identical in every respect except consistency. Color-naming times of 40 undergraduate subjects for consistent and inconsistent cards were compared. Results of the two experiments supported the hypothesis. Since semantic differential ratings presumably index implicit reactions to stimuli having no obvious relationship to color-naming, these data suggested that a response-competion explanation of semantic-color interaction is incomplete.", "contents": "The color-word connotative incongruity effect. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that color-naming speed is slower for inconsistent than for consistent color-word combinations as defined by separate semantic differential ratings of color and word components. In Exp. 1 15 undergraduate subjects individually made telegraph-key identifications of consistent and inconsistent instances of yellow or brown color-word combinations. For Exp. 2 and analogue of the Stroop Color-Word Test was constructed in which two cards contained only consistent, and two cards contained only inconsistent, adjective-color combinations. Autonym adjectival pairs, e.g., \"hot\"--\"cold,\" were used ensuring that two card-pairs contained cards identical in every respect except consistency. Color-naming times of 40 undergraduate subjects for consistent and inconsistent cards were compared. Results of the two experiments supported the hypothesis. Since semantic differential ratings presumably index implicit reactions to stimuli having no obvious relationship to color-naming, these data suggested that a response-competion explanation of semantic-color interaction is incomplete.", "PMID": 673653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1626", "title": "Autonomy of image and use of single or multiple sense modalities in original verbal image production.", "content": "The use of a single or of multiple sense modalities in the production of original verbal images as related to autonomy of imagery was explored. 72 college adults were administered Onomatopoeia and Images and the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control. A modified scoring procedure for the Gordon scale differentiated imagers who were moderate or low in autonomy. The two groups produced original verbal images using multiple sense modalities more frequently than a single modality.", "contents": "Autonomy of image and use of single or multiple sense modalities in original verbal image production. The use of a single or of multiple sense modalities in the production of original verbal images as related to autonomy of imagery was explored. 72 college adults were administered Onomatopoeia and Images and the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control. A modified scoring procedure for the Gordon scale differentiated imagers who were moderate or low in autonomy. The two groups produced original verbal images using multiple sense modalities more frequently than a single modality.", "PMID": 673654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1627", "title": "Opponent hues in visual masking.", "content": "Temporal interactions among opponent and non-opponent hues were investigated in a visual masking paradigm in which both backward and forward temporal sequences were employed. Subjective confidence ratings rather than identification thresholds alone served as response indicators for masking sequences. Results indicate that in the backward sequence (test stimulus followed by masking stimulus) a greater masking effect occurred when the stimuli were of non-opponent hue pairs (red-yellow, red-blue, green-yellow, green-blue) than when compared with opponent hue pairs (red-green, yellow-blue). For the forward sequence (test stimulus preceded by masking stimulus) the masking effect was reduced when compared with the backward sequence. These findings appear to reflect the presumed temporal and spatial antagonistic qualities of opponent hue processes as postulated in the Hering model of color vision.", "contents": "Opponent hues in visual masking. Temporal interactions among opponent and non-opponent hues were investigated in a visual masking paradigm in which both backward and forward temporal sequences were employed. Subjective confidence ratings rather than identification thresholds alone served as response indicators for masking sequences. Results indicate that in the backward sequence (test stimulus followed by masking stimulus) a greater masking effect occurred when the stimuli were of non-opponent hue pairs (red-yellow, red-blue, green-yellow, green-blue) than when compared with opponent hue pairs (red-green, yellow-blue). For the forward sequence (test stimulus preceded by masking stimulus) the masking effect was reduced when compared with the backward sequence. These findings appear to reflect the presumed temporal and spatial antagonistic qualities of opponent hue processes as postulated in the Hering model of color vision.", "PMID": 673656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1628", "title": "The spontaneous ending of sleep.", "content": "The last hour of spontaneous awakenings from uninterrupted sleep of 16 young adults was analyzed. In general, sleep was not fitful and broken but a continuation of the sleep process to the point of awakening. There were substantial individual differences in the time of awakening and the stage of sleep from which the sleeper emerged.", "contents": "The spontaneous ending of sleep. The last hour of spontaneous awakenings from uninterrupted sleep of 16 young adults was analyzed. In general, sleep was not fitful and broken but a continuation of the sleep process to the point of awakening. There were substantial individual differences in the time of awakening and the stage of sleep from which the sleeper emerged.", "PMID": 673657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1629", "title": "Influence of an interpolated non-related motor task on short- and long-term memory learning and retention of a gross motor skill.", "content": "A control group of young men (N = 28) continuously practiced climbing a free-standing ladder for 20 1-min. \"trials\" separated by 1-min. rests; after a 1-wk. layoff they practiced 5 additional trials. The learning trend, of the exponential form, y = c - a1e -kx1 - a2e -kx2 was not affected by the layoff. Another group (N = 28) performed the skill in the same manner, except that prior to the layoff the 1-min. Rests were replaced with practice on the pursuit rotor task. This caused a cumulative learning deficit and forgetting during the layoff. Progressive improvement in 5 post-layoff trials (without the rotor) established relearning and overcame the deficit. These effects were statistically significant. They were thought to be caused by the rotor practice interfering with just-learned ladder skill consolidation, so that the gain in skill was not processed into long-term memory.", "contents": "Influence of an interpolated non-related motor task on short- and long-term memory learning and retention of a gross motor skill. A control group of young men (N = 28) continuously practiced climbing a free-standing ladder for 20 1-min. \"trials\" separated by 1-min. rests; after a 1-wk. layoff they practiced 5 additional trials. The learning trend, of the exponential form, y = c - a1e -kx1 - a2e -kx2 was not affected by the layoff. Another group (N = 28) performed the skill in the same manner, except that prior to the layoff the 1-min. Rests were replaced with practice on the pursuit rotor task. This caused a cumulative learning deficit and forgetting during the layoff. Progressive improvement in 5 post-layoff trials (without the rotor) established relearning and overcame the deficit. These effects were statistically significant. They were thought to be caused by the rotor practice interfering with just-learned ladder skill consolidation, so that the gain in skill was not processed into long-term memory.", "PMID": 673658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1630", "title": "Cognitive and interpersonal growth during the college freshman year: a structural analysis.", "content": "The present paper attempts a structural analysis of the relationship between logical operations, personality organization, and personality traits in college students. Since college students cover a wide range of operational abilities, one should be able to examine this age group to see whether or not different modes of thinking are reflected in personality measures. 55 freshmen were administered a measure of formal operations consisting of eight suboperations and a complete score, the Omnibus Personality Inventory, and the conceptual complexity measure. A structural analysis of the interrelationships is discussed in terms of a core cognitive function.", "contents": "Cognitive and interpersonal growth during the college freshman year: a structural analysis. The present paper attempts a structural analysis of the relationship between logical operations, personality organization, and personality traits in college students. Since college students cover a wide range of operational abilities, one should be able to examine this age group to see whether or not different modes of thinking are reflected in personality measures. 55 freshmen were administered a measure of formal operations consisting of eight suboperations and a complete score, the Omnibus Personality Inventory, and the conceptual complexity measure. A structural analysis of the interrelationships is discussed in terms of a core cognitive function.", "PMID": 673659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1631", "title": "Variations in DDT concentration in muscle tissue of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, from the Des Moines River, 1971.", "content": "Concentrations of DDT in muscle tissue of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, from the Des Moines River, Iowa, were compared in relation to length, age, sex, and fat content. Residue concentrations were not correlated with sex. Although residue concentrations were significantly correlated with size-related factors and fat content, they varied widely. Therefore, predictions of DDT concentrations in individual catfish on the basis of length, age, or muscle fat content may be grossly inaccurate.", "contents": "Variations in DDT concentration in muscle tissue of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, from the Des Moines River, 1971. Concentrations of DDT in muscle tissue of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, from the Des Moines River, Iowa, were compared in relation to length, age, sex, and fat content. Residue concentrations were not correlated with sex. Although residue concentrations were significantly correlated with size-related factors and fat content, they varied widely. Therefore, predictions of DDT concentrations in individual catfish on the basis of length, age, or muscle fat content may be grossly inaccurate.", "PMID": 673660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1632", "title": "DDT residues in rainwater in New Brunswick and estimate of aerial transport of DDT into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1967-68.", "content": "Residues of DDT were detected in 76 of 101 samples of rainwater collected during spring and summer at several sites in the Province of New Brunswick in 1967 and 1968, and at one site in the Magdalen Islands, Quebec, in 1968. The dominant residue was p,p'-DDT. Levels of DDT and metabolites combined ranged from less than 0.01 to 1.33 microgram/kg. Levels of DDT and metabolites in the pollen of four species of forest trees in New Brunswick ranged from 0.544 to 1.01 mg/kg; such contaminated pollen possibly contributed to residues in rainwater. Residue data for rainwater from two sites were used to estimate the amount of DDT aerially transported into the Gulf of St. Lawrence during July to October 1968.", "contents": "DDT residues in rainwater in New Brunswick and estimate of aerial transport of DDT into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1967-68. Residues of DDT were detected in 76 of 101 samples of rainwater collected during spring and summer at several sites in the Province of New Brunswick in 1967 and 1968, and at one site in the Magdalen Islands, Quebec, in 1968. The dominant residue was p,p'-DDT. Levels of DDT and metabolites combined ranged from less than 0.01 to 1.33 microgram/kg. Levels of DDT and metabolites in the pollen of four species of forest trees in New Brunswick ranged from 0.544 to 1.01 mg/kg; such contaminated pollen possibly contributed to residues in rainwater. Residue data for rainwater from two sites were used to estimate the amount of DDT aerially transported into the Gulf of St. Lawrence during July to October 1968.", "PMID": 673662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1633", "title": "[Acute duodenal ulcers complicating Listeria meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 3 cases of acute complicated duodenal ulcers occurring during the course of Listeria meningitis. These three adults (2 females and 1 male) suffered from localised neurological involvement and, in 2 cases neurovegatative disorders an altered level of consciousness. The ulcers were situated in the duodenal cap, and in each case there were at least 2 large excavated ulcers. These ulcers were the site of late complications on the 13th and 15th days after the onset of neurological disease. In two cases the major symptom was haemorrhage, whilst in the third it subsided leaving a syndrome of peritonitis due to perforation. Treatment in all three cases consisted of vagotomy with pyloroplasty (the ulcers being excised or sutured). All the patients recovered from their digestive complications without relapse despite the persistence 6 and 10 months later of the same neurological problems in two of them. All these facts would be in favour of a neurogenic aetiopathogenesis, via the vagal nerve. Thus acute late duodenal ulcers in patients with neurological disease from a separate enity within the context of stress lesions.", "contents": "[Acute duodenal ulcers complicating Listeria meningitis (author's transl)]. The authors report 3 cases of acute complicated duodenal ulcers occurring during the course of Listeria meningitis. These three adults (2 females and 1 male) suffered from localised neurological involvement and, in 2 cases neurovegatative disorders an altered level of consciousness. The ulcers were situated in the duodenal cap, and in each case there were at least 2 large excavated ulcers. These ulcers were the site of late complications on the 13th and 15th days after the onset of neurological disease. In two cases the major symptom was haemorrhage, whilst in the third it subsided leaving a syndrome of peritonitis due to perforation. Treatment in all three cases consisted of vagotomy with pyloroplasty (the ulcers being excised or sutured). All the patients recovered from their digestive complications without relapse despite the persistence 6 and 10 months later of the same neurological problems in two of them. All these facts would be in favour of a neurogenic aetiopathogenesis, via the vagal nerve. Thus acute late duodenal ulcers in patients with neurological disease from a separate enity within the context of stress lesions.", "PMID": 673669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1634", "title": "[Posterior mycardial infarction with or without the initial complication of atroventricular block. Short and long term comparative clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparison of the short term clinical course of 2 groups of patients who had suffered a first posterior myocardial infarction complicated during the acute phase (group A) by 2nd or 3rd degree atrioventricular block, or free of such a complication (group B), confirmed two classical concepts: the onset of this complication in one case out of five and a two-fold increase in mortality when it occurs. In the mid- and long term, however, the course is relatively similar in both groups, which do not differ initially in terms of average age, sex distribution nor the usual risk factors of coronary artery disease. In addition, the absence of sudden deaths in group A would suggest that AV block is a definitively regressive complication.", "contents": "[Posterior mycardial infarction with or without the initial complication of atroventricular block. Short and long term comparative clinical study (author's transl)]. Comparison of the short term clinical course of 2 groups of patients who had suffered a first posterior myocardial infarction complicated during the acute phase (group A) by 2nd or 3rd degree atrioventricular block, or free of such a complication (group B), confirmed two classical concepts: the onset of this complication in one case out of five and a two-fold increase in mortality when it occurs. In the mid- and long term, however, the course is relatively similar in both groups, which do not differ initially in terms of average age, sex distribution nor the usual risk factors of coronary artery disease. In addition, the absence of sudden deaths in group A would suggest that AV block is a definitively regressive complication.", "PMID": 673670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1635", "title": "[Cerebral tuberculosis. There clinicopathological cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinico-pathological report of three cases of cerebral tuberculosis, collected over a 10 year period in a single neurological department from non immigrant patients emphasizes the difficulties of diagnosis and therapy of this disease. Multiple tuberculomas have simulated either an alcoolic encephalopathy in one case or a primitive cerebral tumour in another one. In the third case, the course of an exceptional cerebral miliary tuberculosis was not modified by the treatment. Liver cirrhosis was present in every case.", "contents": "[Cerebral tuberculosis. There clinicopathological cases (author's transl)]. The clinico-pathological report of three cases of cerebral tuberculosis, collected over a 10 year period in a single neurological department from non immigrant patients emphasizes the difficulties of diagnosis and therapy of this disease. Multiple tuberculomas have simulated either an alcoolic encephalopathy in one case or a primitive cerebral tumour in another one. In the third case, the course of an exceptional cerebral miliary tuberculosis was not modified by the treatment. Liver cirrhosis was present in every case.", "PMID": 673671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1636", "title": "[Xanthinuria (author's transl)].", "content": "Xanthinuria, described in 1954 by Dent and Philpot, is a rare metabolic disorder, characterised by a deficiency in xanthine-oxidase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of uric acid. It results in hypouricaemia and hypouricuria, the urinary excretion of products of purine synthesis taking place in the form of uric acid precursors: hypoxanthine and xanthine. By virtue of the very slight solubility of xanthine, this xanthinuria may cause urinary lithiasis, in general occurring early. More often, however, the disease is asymptomatic and diagnosed following the chance discovery of hypouricaemia. We report 6 recent cases.", "contents": "[Xanthinuria (author's transl)]. Xanthinuria, described in 1954 by Dent and Philpot, is a rare metabolic disorder, characterised by a deficiency in xanthine-oxidase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of uric acid. It results in hypouricaemia and hypouricuria, the urinary excretion of products of purine synthesis taking place in the form of uric acid precursors: hypoxanthine and xanthine. By virtue of the very slight solubility of xanthine, this xanthinuria may cause urinary lithiasis, in general occurring early. More often, however, the disease is asymptomatic and diagnosed following the chance discovery of hypouricaemia. We report 6 recent cases.", "PMID": 673672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1637", "title": "[Approaches to the hip in the child. I. Partial approaches (author's transl)].", "content": "It exist multiple approaches to the hip in the child. This first section is devoted to a description of those approaches which offer only limited exposure of the joint. Alongside the medial approach used for joint puncture and the obturator approach, scarcely of any use, three important approaches respecting the integrity of the gluteal muscles may be used: those of Hueter and of Watson-Jones, to the anterior aspect of the neck of the femur and that of Moore, approaching its posterior aspect.", "contents": "[Approaches to the hip in the child. I. Partial approaches (author's transl)]. It exist multiple approaches to the hip in the child. This first section is devoted to a description of those approaches which offer only limited exposure of the joint. Alongside the medial approach used for joint puncture and the obturator approach, scarcely of any use, three important approaches respecting the integrity of the gluteal muscles may be used: those of Hueter and of Watson-Jones, to the anterior aspect of the neck of the femur and that of Moore, approaching its posterior aspect.", "PMID": 673673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1638", "title": "[Evaluation of the effectiveness of a diagnostic examination: from data to medical decision (author's transl)].", "content": "It is desirable to assess the value of special investigations by objective criteria. Conditional probabilities are suitable for this purpose. Sensitivity and specificity indicate the prevalence of a sign in a disease. Predictive values estimate the probability of a disease when a sign is present and the probability of absence of disease when the sign is absent. Comparison between the informational value of a sign or examination with concepts of cost or of risk to the patient is then possible. This made be used as a basis for determining a strategy for special investigations in the establishment of a diagnosis.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the effectiveness of a diagnostic examination: from data to medical decision (author's transl)]. It is desirable to assess the value of special investigations by objective criteria. Conditional probabilities are suitable for this purpose. Sensitivity and specificity indicate the prevalence of a sign in a disease. Predictive values estimate the probability of a disease when a sign is present and the probability of absence of disease when the sign is absent. Comparison between the informational value of a sign or examination with concepts of cost or of risk to the patient is then possible. This made be used as a basis for determining a strategy for special investigations in the establishment of a diagnosis.", "PMID": 673688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1639", "title": "[Per-operative cholangiography in cholelithiasis: diagnostic value (author's transl)].", "content": "This study was aimed at determining the predictive value of pre-operative signs in comparison with those of per-operative cholangiography in the diagnosis of an obstruction in the common bile duct during cholecystectomy for lithiasis. 154 cases were studied. The predictive value of pre-operative signs suggestive of obstruction was 0.46 and that of per-operative cholangiography 0.81. The predictive value of signs suggestive of the absence of obstruction was 0.90 and 1 for per-operative cholangiography. Per-operative cholangiography should thus be performed whenever possible during cholecystectomy for lithiasis.", "contents": "[Per-operative cholangiography in cholelithiasis: diagnostic value (author's transl)]. This study was aimed at determining the predictive value of pre-operative signs in comparison with those of per-operative cholangiography in the diagnosis of an obstruction in the common bile duct during cholecystectomy for lithiasis. 154 cases were studied. The predictive value of pre-operative signs suggestive of obstruction was 0.46 and that of per-operative cholangiography 0.81. The predictive value of signs suggestive of the absence of obstruction was 0.90 and 1 for per-operative cholangiography. Per-operative cholangiography should thus be performed whenever possible during cholecystectomy for lithiasis.", "PMID": 673689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1640", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of intra-epithelial carcinoma of the uterine cervix. About 124 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The means for diagnosis, treatment and long follow-up of intra epithelial carcinomas of the uterine cervix are assessed by the authors, about 124 cases seen at the Hotel-Dieu de Paris. The diagnosis is given by cytologic means and mostly by colposcopic examination. When the cylindro-pavimental junction (usual initial focus) is seen in totality, direct biopsies always gave an accurate diagnosis. When the junction is not seen, only a diagnostic--conisation can allow a definitive answer. Two types of surgical treatment were applied: amputation of the cervix conservative of menstrual and/or reproductive functions and, hysterectomy led by vaginal or abdominal route. The patients were followed from 1 to 16 years by the triple cytologic, Schiller test and colposcopic examination: none of them showed any recurrence either of intra-epithelial or of invasive type.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of intra-epithelial carcinoma of the uterine cervix. About 124 cases (author's transl)]. The means for diagnosis, treatment and long follow-up of intra epithelial carcinomas of the uterine cervix are assessed by the authors, about 124 cases seen at the Hotel-Dieu de Paris. The diagnosis is given by cytologic means and mostly by colposcopic examination. When the cylindro-pavimental junction (usual initial focus) is seen in totality, direct biopsies always gave an accurate diagnosis. When the junction is not seen, only a diagnostic--conisation can allow a definitive answer. Two types of surgical treatment were applied: amputation of the cervix conservative of menstrual and/or reproductive functions and, hysterectomy led by vaginal or abdominal route. The patients were followed from 1 to 16 years by the triple cytologic, Schiller test and colposcopic examination: none of them showed any recurrence either of intra-epithelial or of invasive type.", "PMID": 673690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1641", "title": "[Diagnosis of pericardial effusion by echocardiography and radionuclide angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Echocardiography and radionuclide angiography are presently the two first choices non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of pericardial effusion. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of these methods, a prospective study of 43 consecutive patients was undertaken. Confirmation by tap or autopsy was obtained in 10 cases; for the remainers, strict clinical signs were requested. The results of both methods were classified in a quantitative manner. Our data confirms the greater sensitivity and specificity of echocardiography compared with radionuclide angiocardiography, when small amounts of effusion are present. However, the correlation between the two methods is satisfactory when a greater amount of fluid is present.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of pericardial effusion by echocardiography and radionuclide angiography (author's transl)]. Echocardiography and radionuclide angiography are presently the two first choices non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of pericardial effusion. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of these methods, a prospective study of 43 consecutive patients was undertaken. Confirmation by tap or autopsy was obtained in 10 cases; for the remainers, strict clinical signs were requested. The results of both methods were classified in a quantitative manner. Our data confirms the greater sensitivity and specificity of echocardiography compared with radionuclide angiocardiography, when small amounts of effusion are present. However, the correlation between the two methods is satisfactory when a greater amount of fluid is present.", "PMID": 673691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1642", "title": "[Phaeochromocytoma with psychiatric disturbances. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of phaeochromocytoma which presented with hypertension and severe psychiatric disturbances including three attempts at suicide. These psychiatric problems regressed completely following removal of the tumour. Although inconstant, the combination of hypertension and psychiatric problems should always lead to studies for the possible presence of a phaeochromocytoma. The mechanism of these disturbances is not clearly understood but either a direct action of catecholamines on cerebral tissue or changes secondary to blood pressure variations are suggested.", "contents": "[Phaeochromocytoma with psychiatric disturbances. One case (author's transl)]. A case of phaeochromocytoma which presented with hypertension and severe psychiatric disturbances including three attempts at suicide. These psychiatric problems regressed completely following removal of the tumour. Although inconstant, the combination of hypertension and psychiatric problems should always lead to studies for the possible presence of a phaeochromocytoma. The mechanism of these disturbances is not clearly understood but either a direct action of catecholamines on cerebral tissue or changes secondary to blood pressure variations are suggested.", "PMID": 673692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1643", "title": "[Approaches to the hip in the child. II. Wide approaches (author's transl)].", "content": "A wide exposure of the hip joint is often necessary in the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip: Salter's or Olliers's approach, and in that of epiphysiolysis: Dunn's approach. This description of these approaches completes a review of the surgical approaches which are used in the child.", "contents": "[Approaches to the hip in the child. II. Wide approaches (author's transl)]. A wide exposure of the hip joint is often necessary in the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip: Salter's or Olliers's approach, and in that of epiphysiolysis: Dunn's approach. This description of these approaches completes a review of the surgical approaches which are used in the child.", "PMID": 673693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1644", "title": "[Glutathion-synthetase deficiency with 5-oxoprolinuria. Two new cases and a review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Hereditary deficiency in glutathion- synthetase is a rare disease presenting up to now either with a congenital non-spherocytic anaemia or with a metabolic acidosis, most often neonatal and accompanied by a pyroglutamic amino-aciduria (5-oxoprolinuria). These two syndrome may be present together or exist independently. Pyroglutamic amino-aciduria is the result of extension of the deficiency to non-haematopoietic cells, in particular renal. Two new cases of glutathion-synthetase deficiency are reported: both with haemolytic anaemia and moderate pyroglutamic amino-aciduria, in the absence of clinical signs of metabolic acidosis. The clinical, haematological and biochemical heterogeneity of the deficiency is illustrated by these two cases and datas from the literature.", "contents": "[Glutathion-synthetase deficiency with 5-oxoprolinuria. Two new cases and a review of the literature (author's transl)]. Hereditary deficiency in glutathion- synthetase is a rare disease presenting up to now either with a congenital non-spherocytic anaemia or with a metabolic acidosis, most often neonatal and accompanied by a pyroglutamic amino-aciduria (5-oxoprolinuria). These two syndrome may be present together or exist independently. Pyroglutamic amino-aciduria is the result of extension of the deficiency to non-haematopoietic cells, in particular renal. Two new cases of glutathion-synthetase deficiency are reported: both with haemolytic anaemia and moderate pyroglutamic amino-aciduria, in the absence of clinical signs of metabolic acidosis. The clinical, haematological and biochemical heterogeneity of the deficiency is illustrated by these two cases and datas from the literature.", "PMID": 673703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1645", "title": "[Infectious pathology and antibiotic usage in hospital. Results of a prevalence survey (author's transl)].", "content": "Prevalence surveys of infection and antibiotic usage in hospitals have been performed in U.S.A. on many times, but have never been performed in France. Conducted in a 529 beds hospital, this survey has shown that: - 38% of patients had an infection, - 41% of patients received antimicrobial therapy, - 61% of infections had not a microbiological proof. This prevalence survey is a useful aid for the bearing of the actions of the department of infectious pathology wich supports infection and antibiotherapy in each of their aspects in the whole hospital.", "contents": "[Infectious pathology and antibiotic usage in hospital. Results of a prevalence survey (author's transl)]. Prevalence surveys of infection and antibiotic usage in hospitals have been performed in U.S.A. on many times, but have never been performed in France. Conducted in a 529 beds hospital, this survey has shown that: - 38% of patients had an infection, - 41% of patients received antimicrobial therapy, - 61% of infections had not a microbiological proof. This prevalence survey is a useful aid for the bearing of the actions of the department of infectious pathology wich supports infection and antibiotherapy in each of their aspects in the whole hospital.", "PMID": 673713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1646", "title": "[Calcifying and non-calcifying chronic pancreatitis. A statistical study (author's transl)].", "content": "A statistical study aimed at the determination of any possible differences between calcifying and non-calcifying chronic pancreatitis. It would seem that whilst there are differences from a histopathological and biological standpoint, these differences disappear completely as far as postoperative course is concerned. Curiously enough, the long term prognosis was the same regardless of the type of pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Calcifying and non-calcifying chronic pancreatitis. A statistical study (author's transl)]. A statistical study aimed at the determination of any possible differences between calcifying and non-calcifying chronic pancreatitis. It would seem that whilst there are differences from a histopathological and biological standpoint, these differences disappear completely as far as postoperative course is concerned. Curiously enough, the long term prognosis was the same regardless of the type of pancreatitis.", "PMID": 673714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1647", "title": "[Longitudinal study of 18 cases of prolactin adenoma. Therapeutic results (author's transl)].", "content": "Complete endocrinological studies were made before and after surgery in 18 cases of prolactin adenoma (2 giant adenomas and 16 macro-adenomas). Certain points are stressed: the frequency of the haemorrhagic nature of the adenoma in 4 cases, including 1 case of spontaneous necrosis; the great variability in dynamic responses to the TRH stimulation test or inhibition by I-Dopa; the persistence in 14 cases out of 16 of postoperative hyperproclactinaemia, requiring the prescription of 5 to 10 mg/day of bromocriptine, rarely more; the disappearance of total impotence in two male cases as a result of the latter drug, whilst testerone and dihydrotestosterone levels were normal before the beginning of medical treatment.", "contents": "[Longitudinal study of 18 cases of prolactin adenoma. Therapeutic results (author's transl)]. Complete endocrinological studies were made before and after surgery in 18 cases of prolactin adenoma (2 giant adenomas and 16 macro-adenomas). Certain points are stressed: the frequency of the haemorrhagic nature of the adenoma in 4 cases, including 1 case of spontaneous necrosis; the great variability in dynamic responses to the TRH stimulation test or inhibition by I-Dopa; the persistence in 14 cases out of 16 of postoperative hyperproclactinaemia, requiring the prescription of 5 to 10 mg/day of bromocriptine, rarely more; the disappearance of total impotence in two male cases as a result of the latter drug, whilst testerone and dihydrotestosterone levels were normal before the beginning of medical treatment.", "PMID": 673715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1648", "title": "[Hereditary haemorrhagic telanglectasia in a large Saharan familly. 87 cases in the same family (author's transl)].", "content": "Study of a large family in the Sahara led to the discovery of 87 cases of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia in six generations. This disease had not previously been described in Arab families. The particular structure of this family and the high incidence of consanguinity made it possible to study one individual who was homozygous for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia gene. Examination of the family tree confirms the autosomal dominant transmission of the disorder.", "contents": "[Hereditary haemorrhagic telanglectasia in a large Saharan familly. 87 cases in the same family (author's transl)]. Study of a large family in the Sahara led to the discovery of 87 cases of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia in six generations. This disease had not previously been described in Arab families. The particular structure of this family and the high incidence of consanguinity made it possible to study one individual who was homozygous for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia gene. Examination of the family tree confirms the autosomal dominant transmission of the disorder.", "PMID": 673716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1649", "title": "[Bronchopulmonary \"tumouriet\" Rare aetiology of an isolated rounded opacity (author's transl)].", "content": "In the case described, the onset of haemoptysis led to the discovery of a rounded opacity at the left base. All investigations being negative, thoracotomy was performed. The diagnosis could then be made by histology. Bronchopulmonary \"tumourlets\" are rarely seen (184 cases) masses of epithelial cells which are usually discovered by chance within areas of altered pulmonary tissue. Forms with clinical or radiological manifestations are extremely rare, only 4 other cases having been described. The pathogenesis of these tumours has been the object of recent ultrastructural studies which have shown the relationship which exists between \"tumourlet\" and carcinoid tumour. It would thus seem reasonable to classify \"tumourlets\" amongst the tumours of the diffuse endocrine system. The authors nevertheless feel that it would be premature to name them as bronchial carcinoids of tumourlet type. The concept of \"tumourlet\" as a separate entity should be retained.", "contents": "[Bronchopulmonary \"tumouriet\" Rare aetiology of an isolated rounded opacity (author's transl)]. In the case described, the onset of haemoptysis led to the discovery of a rounded opacity at the left base. All investigations being negative, thoracotomy was performed. The diagnosis could then be made by histology. Bronchopulmonary \"tumourlets\" are rarely seen (184 cases) masses of epithelial cells which are usually discovered by chance within areas of altered pulmonary tissue. Forms with clinical or radiological manifestations are extremely rare, only 4 other cases having been described. The pathogenesis of these tumours has been the object of recent ultrastructural studies which have shown the relationship which exists between \"tumourlet\" and carcinoid tumour. It would thus seem reasonable to classify \"tumourlets\" amongst the tumours of the diffuse endocrine system. The authors nevertheless feel that it would be premature to name them as bronchial carcinoids of tumourlet type. The concept of \"tumourlet\" as a separate entity should be retained.", "PMID": 673717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1650", "title": "[Screw-plate with translation for high femoral osteotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A plate designed from the model used by R. Judet for fractures of femoral neck is presented. It is adapted to the fixation of high femoral osteotomy with internal translation, affected or not with valgus or varus. The screwing of the plate, when in place, realizes systematically a compression at the level of the osteotomy. The system is very stable and enables the begining of reeducation without delay.", "contents": "[Screw-plate with translation for high femoral osteotomy (author's transl)]. A plate designed from the model used by R. Judet for fractures of femoral neck is presented. It is adapted to the fixation of high femoral osteotomy with internal translation, affected or not with valgus or varus. The screwing of the plate, when in place, realizes systematically a compression at the level of the osteotomy. The system is very stable and enables the begining of reeducation without delay.", "PMID": 673718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1651", "title": "[Pubertal prolactin adenoma. Eight cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 70 operated patients with a histologically verified prolactin secreting adenoma, 8 cases (7 girls, 1 boy) presented the onset of clinical signs before, during or immediately after puberty. Two different clinical syndromes were detected. In the younger patient group (4 cases), the first clinical signs at the onset of puberty were arrest of both growth and pubertal development. In the four remaining causes where in puberty had been achieved, primary-secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea were observed. Sellar tomograms revealed the presence of invasive adenoma in 3 patients, and circumscribed (enclosed) adenoma in 5 cases. In 7 cases, surgical management was by the transsph\u00e9no\u00efdal approach, while one patient underwent subfrontal surgery. Post-operative results were a function of tumour size. In the seven patients having undergone transspheno\u00efdal surgery, 4 patients displayed a return to normal prolactin function. In the remaining patients, post-operative management was conducted with bromocriptin and without radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Pubertal prolactin adenoma. Eight cases (author's transl)]. Among 70 operated patients with a histologically verified prolactin secreting adenoma, 8 cases (7 girls, 1 boy) presented the onset of clinical signs before, during or immediately after puberty. Two different clinical syndromes were detected. In the younger patient group (4 cases), the first clinical signs at the onset of puberty were arrest of both growth and pubertal development. In the four remaining causes where in puberty had been achieved, primary-secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea were observed. Sellar tomograms revealed the presence of invasive adenoma in 3 patients, and circumscribed (enclosed) adenoma in 5 cases. In 7 cases, surgical management was by the transsph\u00e9no\u00efdal approach, while one patient underwent subfrontal surgery. Post-operative results were a function of tumour size. In the seven patients having undergone transspheno\u00efdal surgery, 4 patients displayed a return to normal prolactin function. In the remaining patients, post-operative management was conducted with bromocriptin and without radiotherapy.", "PMID": 673734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1652", "title": "[B.C.G. osteitis after immunotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of B.C.G. osteitis occuring after an attempt at the restoration of immune function in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. The diagnosis was based upon histological study of a biopsy specimen and the discovery of a B.C.G. strain. Tuberculostatic therapy resulted in local healing. The various complications and side-effects of B.C.G. immunotherapy are reported in the discussion: local reactions, regional lymphadenopathy, systemic infections, hypersensitivity phenomena, pulmonary, bone marrow and hepatic involvement.", "contents": "[B.C.G. osteitis after immunotherapy (author's transl)]. A case of B.C.G. osteitis occuring after an attempt at the restoration of immune function in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. The diagnosis was based upon histological study of a biopsy specimen and the discovery of a B.C.G. strain. Tuberculostatic therapy resulted in local healing. The various complications and side-effects of B.C.G. immunotherapy are reported in the discussion: local reactions, regional lymphadenopathy, systemic infections, hypersensitivity phenomena, pulmonary, bone marrow and hepatic involvement.", "PMID": 673735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1653", "title": "[Single centro-hepatic biliary cyst (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a rare condition, often presenting late as a result of compression of adjacent organs, as demonstrated by radiological examinations. Laparoscopy reveals only hepatic hypertrophy whilst the intrahepatic lesion is seen on isotope scan, its irregular appearance sometimes leading to confusion with metastatic disease. Study by scanner confirms its cystic nature. This dysembryoplasic nature of this lesion is now generally accepted, its origins lying in the vestiges of the hepatic ducts. Resection of the overling dome is the usual treatment of exteriorised biliary cysts. The evacuation of large central cysts may be associated with haemorrhagic complications as a result of decompression, which explains the need for slow evacuation or even the preference sometimes expressed for excision at the outset, in particular in the case of a left-sided lesion.", "contents": "[Single centro-hepatic biliary cyst (author's transl)]. This is a rare condition, often presenting late as a result of compression of adjacent organs, as demonstrated by radiological examinations. Laparoscopy reveals only hepatic hypertrophy whilst the intrahepatic lesion is seen on isotope scan, its irregular appearance sometimes leading to confusion with metastatic disease. Study by scanner confirms its cystic nature. This dysembryoplasic nature of this lesion is now generally accepted, its origins lying in the vestiges of the hepatic ducts. Resection of the overling dome is the usual treatment of exteriorised biliary cysts. The evacuation of large central cysts may be associated with haemorrhagic complications as a result of decompression, which explains the need for slow evacuation or even the preference sometimes expressed for excision at the outset, in particular in the case of a left-sided lesion.", "PMID": 673736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1654", "title": "[Posterior septal rupture occurring early following myocardial infarction. Surgical repair (author's transl)].", "content": "The particular anatomical features of posterior septal ruptures necessitate an adaptation of the technique used in the repair of anterior lesions. The repair may be performed either via a right transventricular approach or via a left transventricular approach, the choice being guided by the topography of the parietal lesions of myocardial necrosis and by the existence and type of associated valvular lesions.", "contents": "[Posterior septal rupture occurring early following myocardial infarction. Surgical repair (author's transl)]. The particular anatomical features of posterior septal ruptures necessitate an adaptation of the technique used in the repair of anterior lesions. The repair may be performed either via a right transventricular approach or via a left transventricular approach, the choice being guided by the topography of the parietal lesions of myocardial necrosis and by the existence and type of associated valvular lesions.", "PMID": 673737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1655", "title": "[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in adults. 10 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Since it is relatively rare, spontaneous pneumomediastinum is often little known to clinicians. Making the diagnosis, however, presents no problem if the three essential signs are present, that is to say: -subcutaneous emphysema of the base of the neck (7 cases), -Hamman's sign, (6 cases), -a paramediastinal air shadow on chest roentgenograms, (8 cases). The condition is brought about by rupture of perivascular alveoli resulting in the migration of air along the pulmonary vessels. The principal advantage of making the diagnosis is that it enables one to eliminate other pain-causing thoracic syndromes, especially myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolus and acute pericarditis. The clinical course is usually benign necessitating no treatment.", "contents": "[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in adults. 10 cases (author's transl)]. Since it is relatively rare, spontaneous pneumomediastinum is often little known to clinicians. Making the diagnosis, however, presents no problem if the three essential signs are present, that is to say: -subcutaneous emphysema of the base of the neck (7 cases), -Hamman's sign, (6 cases), -a paramediastinal air shadow on chest roentgenograms, (8 cases). The condition is brought about by rupture of perivascular alveoli resulting in the migration of air along the pulmonary vessels. The principal advantage of making the diagnosis is that it enables one to eliminate other pain-causing thoracic syndromes, especially myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolus and acute pericarditis. The clinical course is usually benign necessitating no treatment.", "PMID": 673752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1656", "title": "[The rheumatoid rosette test in bacterial endocarditis. A non-specific test for inflammation (author's transl)].", "content": "The rheumatoid rosette test was performed in 33 patients with febrile valvular cardiopathy. In 19 cases bacterial endocarditis was proved by blood culture or by histological examination. The test was positive in 3 cases out of 5 during the first ten days of the fever (group A1), in 6 cases out of 6 after the tenth day (group A2), and in 4 out of the 8 already treated patients (group A3). In 3 positive cases, successive measurements, before and during treatment, showed a rapid fall in rosette levels. In controls patients, the test was positive 8 out of 9 cases with febrile valvular cardiopathy without endocarditis (group B) and in 5 out of 5 cases in which bacterial endocarditis was probable but not proved (group C). The increase in rheumatoid rosette levels seems therefore to be non specific of bacterial endocarditis. Nevertheless it could be a good test for biological activity of the disease in treated patients. The origin and signification of the rheumatoid rosette forming cells are discussed.", "contents": "[The rheumatoid rosette test in bacterial endocarditis. A non-specific test for inflammation (author's transl)]. The rheumatoid rosette test was performed in 33 patients with febrile valvular cardiopathy. In 19 cases bacterial endocarditis was proved by blood culture or by histological examination. The test was positive in 3 cases out of 5 during the first ten days of the fever (group A1), in 6 cases out of 6 after the tenth day (group A2), and in 4 out of the 8 already treated patients (group A3). In 3 positive cases, successive measurements, before and during treatment, showed a rapid fall in rosette levels. In controls patients, the test was positive 8 out of 9 cases with febrile valvular cardiopathy without endocarditis (group B) and in 5 out of 5 cases in which bacterial endocarditis was probable but not proved (group C). The increase in rheumatoid rosette levels seems therefore to be non specific of bacterial endocarditis. Nevertheless it could be a good test for biological activity of the disease in treated patients. The origin and signification of the rheumatoid rosette forming cells are discussed.", "PMID": 673753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1657", "title": "[Placental tumors resistant to usual chemotherapy: treatment with cis-diaminedichloroplatinum (2 case reports)].", "content": "As cis diaminedichloroplatinum is active in testicular choriocarcinoma, it was logical to try it for placental choriocarcinoma. This drug has been shown very active on two cases of placental choriocarcinoma resisting to methotrexate and actinomycine D. As cis diaminedichloroplatinum is a very toxic drug, it will be given only in the cases resisting to other and less toxic antimitotics.", "contents": "[Placental tumors resistant to usual chemotherapy: treatment with cis-diaminedichloroplatinum (2 case reports)]. As cis diaminedichloroplatinum is active in testicular choriocarcinoma, it was logical to try it for placental choriocarcinoma. This drug has been shown very active on two cases of placental choriocarcinoma resisting to methotrexate and actinomycine D. As cis diaminedichloroplatinum is a very toxic drug, it will be given only in the cases resisting to other and less toxic antimitotics.", "PMID": 673754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1658", "title": "[Duodenal ulcer associated with a pyloric microgastrinoma and antropyloric focal gastrinosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a patient with a duodenal ulcer, with acid hypersecretion and moderately disturbed gastrin secretion tests, immunocytochemical examination of the vagotomy-antrectomy specimen revealed a pyloric microgastrinoma (clinically silent and apparently benign) and focal antropyloric gastrinosis. These localised lesions represent a new variant of abnormalities affecting the gastrin cells in the context of hypersecretory duodenal ulcers.", "contents": "[Duodenal ulcer associated with a pyloric microgastrinoma and antropyloric focal gastrinosis (author's transl)]. In a patient with a duodenal ulcer, with acid hypersecretion and moderately disturbed gastrin secretion tests, immunocytochemical examination of the vagotomy-antrectomy specimen revealed a pyloric microgastrinoma (clinically silent and apparently benign) and focal antropyloric gastrinosis. These localised lesions represent a new variant of abnormalities affecting the gastrin cells in the context of hypersecretory duodenal ulcers.", "PMID": 673755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1659", "title": "[The Solanum molacoxylon: from the toxic plant to the therapeutic agent (author's transl)].", "content": "The solanum molacoxylon (SM) is a plant which grows in South America, whose leaves produce a calcinosis on animal farms. In the aquous extract of the leaves a glycoside of 1, 25 (OH)2D3 has been found. The aquous extracts of the leaves of SM provokes an increase of intestinal calcium absorption without any transformation, because it is active in total nephrectomized animal. If this extract is given during a short time the bone resorption is dramatically increased, nevertheless if it is given chronically an increase of bone formation with an osteosclerosis is observed. This plant increases the plasma and urinary calcium and sometimes the plasma phosphorus. In acute administration the urinary hydroxyproline increases. A few therapeutic assays were done in humans with similar results. These assays suggest that SM could be a natural source of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "[The Solanum molacoxylon: from the toxic plant to the therapeutic agent (author's transl)]. The solanum molacoxylon (SM) is a plant which grows in South America, whose leaves produce a calcinosis on animal farms. In the aquous extract of the leaves a glycoside of 1, 25 (OH)2D3 has been found. The aquous extracts of the leaves of SM provokes an increase of intestinal calcium absorption without any transformation, because it is active in total nephrectomized animal. If this extract is given during a short time the bone resorption is dramatically increased, nevertheless if it is given chronically an increase of bone formation with an osteosclerosis is observed. This plant increases the plasma and urinary calcium and sometimes the plasma phosphorus. In acute administration the urinary hydroxyproline increases. A few therapeutic assays were done in humans with similar results. These assays suggest that SM could be a natural source of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "PMID": 673756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1660", "title": "[Aponeurotomy without cutaneous abduction through aponeurotome (author's transl)].", "content": "Leg aponeurotomy is usually effective without any cutaneous abduction. Then we deviced a special tool that enable surgeons to split aponeurosis undercutaneously.", "contents": "[Aponeurotomy without cutaneous abduction through aponeurotome (author's transl)]. Leg aponeurotomy is usually effective without any cutaneous abduction. Then we deviced a special tool that enable surgeons to split aponeurosis undercutaneously.", "PMID": 673757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1661", "title": "[Aetiological study of aplastic anaemia: analysis of sex, age, profession and habitat in 251 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The sex, age, occupation and residence of 251 patients with aplastic anaemia in adults have been analyzed, and compared to those of the french population. The following observations have been done: excess of males at each age beyond the 20th year; excessive frequency after the 50th year; excessive frequency in the rural population and the inhabitants of villages and little towns; but no excess in the industrial workers. These observations lead to minimize the aetiological responsibility of industrial toxics in aplastic anaemia; at the reverse they invite to look for a possible responsibility of one or several agents used in the rural world.", "contents": "[Aetiological study of aplastic anaemia: analysis of sex, age, profession and habitat in 251 patients (author's transl)]. The sex, age, occupation and residence of 251 patients with aplastic anaemia in adults have been analyzed, and compared to those of the french population. The following observations have been done: excess of males at each age beyond the 20th year; excessive frequency after the 50th year; excessive frequency in the rural population and the inhabitants of villages and little towns; but no excess in the industrial workers. These observations lead to minimize the aetiological responsibility of industrial toxics in aplastic anaemia; at the reverse they invite to look for a possible responsibility of one or several agents used in the rural world.", "PMID": 673769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1662", "title": "[Pull-through procedure for carcinoma of the rectum. Results of 65 operations (author's transl)].", "content": "These sixty five cases of abdomino-trans anal excision account for approximately one third of 210 operations performed for carcinoma of the rectum. In the context of curative surgery, indications for preservation of the sphincter must be strict in order to permit satisfactory excision inferior to the tumour and to avoid the risk of local recurrence. Post-operative care and early complications involve the segment of colon which must be brought down. Gangrene of the exteriorised colon did not, in general, compromise the definitive result, at the price of an early colostomy which could always be closed later. Long term results are encouraging: 22 patients out of 26 who underwent non-palliative surgery are alive, without recurrence, after 5 years. The functional result can be assessed only after 6 months adaptation. One patient in two considers himself to be normal. The other half are forced to used enemas, and one in four must wear a protective dressing.", "contents": "[Pull-through procedure for carcinoma of the rectum. Results of 65 operations (author's transl)]. These sixty five cases of abdomino-trans anal excision account for approximately one third of 210 operations performed for carcinoma of the rectum. In the context of curative surgery, indications for preservation of the sphincter must be strict in order to permit satisfactory excision inferior to the tumour and to avoid the risk of local recurrence. Post-operative care and early complications involve the segment of colon which must be brought down. Gangrene of the exteriorised colon did not, in general, compromise the definitive result, at the price of an early colostomy which could always be closed later. Long term results are encouraging: 22 patients out of 26 who underwent non-palliative surgery are alive, without recurrence, after 5 years. The functional result can be assessed only after 6 months adaptation. One patient in two considers himself to be normal. The other half are forced to used enemas, and one in four must wear a protective dressing.", "PMID": 673770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1663", "title": "[Bacteroides fragilis bacteremias: clinical and evolutive features about 33 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of non soil dwelling anaerobic infections is increasing. The authors report 33 cases of Bacteroides fragilis bacteremias, and study the responsabilities of different factors of prognosis (especially age and underlying conditions). Nitroimidazoles are very active against all Bacteroides fragilis. This therapy is the drug of choice for such infections.", "contents": "[Bacteroides fragilis bacteremias: clinical and evolutive features about 33 cases (author's transl)]. The frequency of non soil dwelling anaerobic infections is increasing. The authors report 33 cases of Bacteroides fragilis bacteremias, and study the responsabilities of different factors of prognosis (especially age and underlying conditions). Nitroimidazoles are very active against all Bacteroides fragilis. This therapy is the drug of choice for such infections.", "PMID": 673771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1664", "title": "[Intra-hepatic gall bladder complicated by post-operative stones in the common bile duct. The value of endoscopic sphincterotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of migration of stones in the common bile duct following operation of cholecystitis secondary to cholelithiasis in an intra-hepatic gall bladder are reported. The authors emphasise the difficulties of the operation. When it was necessary to limit surgery to external drainage, migration of stones to the common duct from the gall bladder left in place is possible. In the two cases presented, endoscopic sphincterotomy resulted in the early expulsion of the calculi and permanent drainage of the common bile duct, a presumptive guarantee against the complications of new migrations.", "contents": "[Intra-hepatic gall bladder complicated by post-operative stones in the common bile duct. The value of endoscopic sphincterotomy (author's transl)]. Two cases of migration of stones in the common bile duct following operation of cholecystitis secondary to cholelithiasis in an intra-hepatic gall bladder are reported. The authors emphasise the difficulties of the operation. When it was necessary to limit surgery to external drainage, migration of stones to the common duct from the gall bladder left in place is possible. In the two cases presented, endoscopic sphincterotomy resulted in the early expulsion of the calculi and permanent drainage of the common bile duct, a presumptive guarantee against the complications of new migrations.", "PMID": 673772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1665", "title": "[Prolonged and reversible encephalopathy in a chronic haemodialysis patient. Probable responsibility of aluminium salts (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of encephalopathy with elevation of plasma aluminium level in a patient treated by maintenance hemodialysis is reported. Clinical symptoms were made of moderate impairment of intellectual functions and of intermittent drowsiness. EEG after 3 minutes of hyperpnea evidenced bisynchronous anteriorly dominant intermittent delta waves. Plasma aluminium level, determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, was initially at 300 microgram/l (normal range greater than 40 microgram/l). After interruption of aluminium gels, clinical and EEG symptoms slowly subsided in 9 months, plasma aluminium level came down to 145 microgram/l. This picture of encephalopathy could preceede irreversible dialysis dementia in chronic dialysis patients.", "contents": "[Prolonged and reversible encephalopathy in a chronic haemodialysis patient. Probable responsibility of aluminium salts (author's transl)]. A case of encephalopathy with elevation of plasma aluminium level in a patient treated by maintenance hemodialysis is reported. Clinical symptoms were made of moderate impairment of intellectual functions and of intermittent drowsiness. EEG after 3 minutes of hyperpnea evidenced bisynchronous anteriorly dominant intermittent delta waves. Plasma aluminium level, determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, was initially at 300 microgram/l (normal range greater than 40 microgram/l). After interruption of aluminium gels, clinical and EEG symptoms slowly subsided in 9 months, plasma aluminium level came down to 145 microgram/l. This picture of encephalopathy could preceede irreversible dialysis dementia in chronic dialysis patients.", "PMID": 673773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1666", "title": "[Survey of anthracyclines derivatives in haematology (author's transl)].", "content": "Anthracyclines, such as daunorubicin (DNR), rubidazone (RBD) and adriamycin (ADR) are intercalating drugs used in cancer chemotherapy. They inhibit synthesis of DNA and RNA, break DNA and inhibit mitochondrial oxidative chain. Their antitumoral experimental activities depend upon type of drug, tumor and route of administration. After i.v. administration, the drug is present in all tissues except central nervous system. Its disappearance from the plasma is biphasic with a long terminal half life, justifying intermittent chemotherapy. Anthracyclines metabolism occurs mainly in liver micrososomes, and 90% metabolites are excreted in the bile. The main toxicity is cardiac, as a congestive heart failure which appears when a cumulated drug dose is overcome. In man only, a few derivatives have been studied, compounds with activity and no cardiotoxicity are still in research. Action of malignancies depends on type of derivative. We use DNR since 1967, it is a remarkable active drug in induction treatment of AML, it is the only active drug on acute promyelocytic leukemia, and it increases number of remissions in all of adult patients and severe forms of children ALL. Adriamycin (ADR) is active on solid tumors (osteosarcoma, breast and thyroid cancers) and lymphomas. With rubidazone (RBD) we obtain 2/3 of remissions in acute monoblastic leukemia, and it is easier to use than DNR and equally active on AML. RBD is also active on severe cases of lymphomas (lymphosarcomas and Hodgkin's disease). A new compound DEA 14 DNR seems interesting: experimental antitumor activity is high (compared to DNR, RBD and ADR) and it appears to possess activity on solid tumors in man.", "contents": "[Survey of anthracyclines derivatives in haematology (author's transl)]. Anthracyclines, such as daunorubicin (DNR), rubidazone (RBD) and adriamycin (ADR) are intercalating drugs used in cancer chemotherapy. They inhibit synthesis of DNA and RNA, break DNA and inhibit mitochondrial oxidative chain. Their antitumoral experimental activities depend upon type of drug, tumor and route of administration. After i.v. administration, the drug is present in all tissues except central nervous system. Its disappearance from the plasma is biphasic with a long terminal half life, justifying intermittent chemotherapy. Anthracyclines metabolism occurs mainly in liver micrososomes, and 90% metabolites are excreted in the bile. The main toxicity is cardiac, as a congestive heart failure which appears when a cumulated drug dose is overcome. In man only, a few derivatives have been studied, compounds with activity and no cardiotoxicity are still in research. Action of malignancies depends on type of derivative. We use DNR since 1967, it is a remarkable active drug in induction treatment of AML, it is the only active drug on acute promyelocytic leukemia, and it increases number of remissions in all of adult patients and severe forms of children ALL. Adriamycin (ADR) is active on solid tumors (osteosarcoma, breast and thyroid cancers) and lymphomas. With rubidazone (RBD) we obtain 2/3 of remissions in acute monoblastic leukemia, and it is easier to use than DNR and equally active on AML. RBD is also active on severe cases of lymphomas (lymphosarcomas and Hodgkin's disease). A new compound DEA 14 DNR seems interesting: experimental antitumor activity is high (compared to DNR, RBD and ADR) and it appears to possess activity on solid tumors in man.", "PMID": 673774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1667", "title": "[The value of computerized tomography in the exploration and surveillance of diencephalic tumours (4 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Computerized tomography has transformed the protocol of exploration and surveillance of diencephalic tumours. It gives information concerning their structure, extension and all associated pathology. In addition, the examination is non-traumatic for the patient which in most cases makes it possible to avoid classical neuroradiological procedures with contrast medium, and may be repeated in order to observe the course of these tumours after radiotherapy. Four cases are reported to illustrate the different contributions of CT scanning.", "contents": "[The value of computerized tomography in the exploration and surveillance of diencephalic tumours (4 cases) (author's transl)]. Computerized tomography has transformed the protocol of exploration and surveillance of diencephalic tumours. It gives information concerning their structure, extension and all associated pathology. In addition, the examination is non-traumatic for the patient which in most cases makes it possible to avoid classical neuroradiological procedures with contrast medium, and may be repeated in order to observe the course of these tumours after radiotherapy. Four cases are reported to illustrate the different contributions of CT scanning.", "PMID": 673789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1668", "title": "[Non resectable colonic cancer. Results from a test of chemotherapy with simultaneous prescription of VM26, methyl-CCNU and 5 fluoro-uracile (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty nine patients with non resectable colonic carcinoma entered into a phase II combination chemotherapy trial. The patients were treated with a sequential cyclic combination of 3 drugs: VM 26 (60 mg/m2), methyl-C.C.N.U. (120 mg/m2) and 5 fluoro-uracile. Seventeen patients out of 39 (43.6%) are considered as good responders. The median survival time of the overall of this group is 12.6 months; it is of 15,6 months for good responders and of 7 months for non responders. The simultaneous application of B.C.G. do not change neither the level of responses nor the median of survival time. The good tolerance of this protocol let us to propose this combination as an adjuvant treatment for patients surgically treated for a Dukes'C colonic cancer.", "contents": "[Non resectable colonic cancer. Results from a test of chemotherapy with simultaneous prescription of VM26, methyl-CCNU and 5 fluoro-uracile (author's transl)]. Thirty nine patients with non resectable colonic carcinoma entered into a phase II combination chemotherapy trial. The patients were treated with a sequential cyclic combination of 3 drugs: VM 26 (60 mg/m2), methyl-C.C.N.U. (120 mg/m2) and 5 fluoro-uracile. Seventeen patients out of 39 (43.6%) are considered as good responders. The median survival time of the overall of this group is 12.6 months; it is of 15,6 months for good responders and of 7 months for non responders. The simultaneous application of B.C.G. do not change neither the level of responses nor the median of survival time. The good tolerance of this protocol let us to propose this combination as an adjuvant treatment for patients surgically treated for a Dukes'C colonic cancer.", "PMID": 673790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1669", "title": "[Rectoscopy: a useful tool to diagnose pseudomembranous colitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have performed nine rectoscopies in 14 cases of pseudomembranous colitis. A rectoscopic appearance enables eight times out of nine to diagnose the disease, which asserts itself in all cases by biopsies. Out of the nine cases, two had previously undergone an unnecessary laparotomy, and for three cases the diagnosis of rectal tumour established on rectal digital examination is twice set right by rectoscopic appearance and three times by biopsies. In the remaining five cases with mild intestinal symptoms and severe associated disease the diagnosis was only made with autopsies. A systematic rectoscopy with biopsies is indicated in all patients treated with antibiotics who present an unexplained diarrhea, collapsus or acute abdominal syndrom.", "contents": "[Rectoscopy: a useful tool to diagnose pseudomembranous colitis (author's transl)]. The authors have performed nine rectoscopies in 14 cases of pseudomembranous colitis. A rectoscopic appearance enables eight times out of nine to diagnose the disease, which asserts itself in all cases by biopsies. Out of the nine cases, two had previously undergone an unnecessary laparotomy, and for three cases the diagnosis of rectal tumour established on rectal digital examination is twice set right by rectoscopic appearance and three times by biopsies. In the remaining five cases with mild intestinal symptoms and severe associated disease the diagnosis was only made with autopsies. A systematic rectoscopy with biopsies is indicated in all patients treated with antibiotics who present an unexplained diarrhea, collapsus or acute abdominal syndrom.", "PMID": 673791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1670", "title": "[Pharmacological profile of the main psychotropic drugs: place of nomifensine (author's transl)].", "content": "Numerous methods of experimental psychopharmacology can be used. They help to draw up the profile of a  new drug and then to compare this profile to those of the main reference drugs. This predictive psychopharmacology gives good results when the new substances is closing resembling already existing substances, but is more difficult with new substances. The most used tests are presented and more precisely those which are particularly used for antidepressants study. The profile of nomifensine ressembles that of the classical antidepressants but has two clear different characteristics: presence of a stimulant component and lack of anticholinergic activity.", "contents": "[Pharmacological profile of the main psychotropic drugs: place of nomifensine (author's transl)]. Numerous methods of experimental psychopharmacology can be used. They help to draw up the profile of a  new drug and then to compare this profile to those of the main reference drugs. This predictive psychopharmacology gives good results when the new substances is closing resembling already existing substances, but is more difficult with new substances. The most used tests are presented and more precisely those which are particularly used for antidepressants study. The profile of nomifensine ressembles that of the classical antidepressants but has two clear different characteristics: presence of a stimulant component and lack of anticholinergic activity.", "PMID": 673804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1671", "title": "[Predictive studies in psychopharmacology (author's transl)].", "content": "Once the efficacy of a drug has been proven (by controlled trials), it may be interesting to define \"responder\" and \"non-responder\" profiles. This can be done with a non-comparative prediction trial in which initial (pre-treatment) characteristics of subjects with good or poor result are compared, or with a randomized trial in which one attempts to define initial features of favorable or unfavorable cases, which could lead later to a better choice for a future given patient between these therapies (and only these ones) given in similar conditions. Predictor variables can be: demographic, physiologic, nosologic, symptomatic. Statistical methods can be: simple comparison of responses between sub-classes according to one initial feature, or multivariate techniques particularly discriminant analysis (when results are expressed in a dichotomic way), multiple regression (when responses are graded, as with an improvement score). Validation of results of such trials can be done by checking their predictive value on subjects independant of those from which prediction algorithms have been set up.", "contents": "[Predictive studies in psychopharmacology (author's transl)]. Once the efficacy of a drug has been proven (by controlled trials), it may be interesting to define \"responder\" and \"non-responder\" profiles. This can be done with a non-comparative prediction trial in which initial (pre-treatment) characteristics of subjects with good or poor result are compared, or with a randomized trial in which one attempts to define initial features of favorable or unfavorable cases, which could lead later to a better choice for a future given patient between these therapies (and only these ones) given in similar conditions. Predictor variables can be: demographic, physiologic, nosologic, symptomatic. Statistical methods can be: simple comparison of responses between sub-classes according to one initial feature, or multivariate techniques particularly discriminant analysis (when results are expressed in a dichotomic way), multiple regression (when responses are graded, as with an improvement score). Validation of results of such trials can be done by checking their predictive value on subjects independant of those from which prediction algorithms have been set up.", "PMID": 673805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1672", "title": "[Prediction test of nomifensine prescription from symptomatic pre-therapeutic status (author's transl)].", "content": "Heighty two outpatients, suffering from reactive or neurotic depression have been treated with a daily 100 mg dose of nomifensine. The symptomatic status before treatment was appreciated by a self-rating scale, the Hopkins Symptoms Check List (HSCL). At the end of the study, the patient again filled out this same rating scale, and also a seven-score amelioration questionnaire. The investigator filled out this same questionnaire and a fourscore global impression scale. We tried to find out if by appreciating initial symptoms with the HSCL, it was possible to predict which patients would be responders to the treatment. The only highly significant result was obtained with a discriminant analysis, which combines 22 items of the pre-therapeutic HSCL and with which it is possible to predict the amelioration measured by the difference between the total pre- and post-therapeutic HSCL notations. The authors point out to the interest of this method in psychopharmacology.", "contents": "[Prediction test of nomifensine prescription from symptomatic pre-therapeutic status (author's transl)]. Heighty two outpatients, suffering from reactive or neurotic depression have been treated with a daily 100 mg dose of nomifensine. The symptomatic status before treatment was appreciated by a self-rating scale, the Hopkins Symptoms Check List (HSCL). At the end of the study, the patient again filled out this same rating scale, and also a seven-score amelioration questionnaire. The investigator filled out this same questionnaire and a fourscore global impression scale. We tried to find out if by appreciating initial symptoms with the HSCL, it was possible to predict which patients would be responders to the treatment. The only highly significant result was obtained with a discriminant analysis, which combines 22 items of the pre-therapeutic HSCL and with which it is possible to predict the amelioration measured by the difference between the total pre- and post-therapeutic HSCL notations. The authors point out to the interest of this method in psychopharmacology.", "PMID": 673806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1673", "title": "[Methodology of a cooperative study of response predictors in ambulatory depressive syndrome treated with nomifensine].", "content": "A multicentric therapeutic survey on ambulatory depressive patients has been designed so as to get data allowing response-prediction. The protocol included:--selection of non psychotic ambulatory depressive patients--one month's treatment with nomifensine--collection of data consisting mainly in a series of visual analogue scales, scored by a phisician and given in several random orders to avoid error of proximity. Data treatment indluded:--a step of checking and codification--the study of relations between global appraisal and characteristics of subjects--the study of initial profile of responders and non-responders, using discriminant analysis and correspondance factorial analysis.", "contents": "[Methodology of a cooperative study of response predictors in ambulatory depressive syndrome treated with nomifensine]. A multicentric therapeutic survey on ambulatory depressive patients has been designed so as to get data allowing response-prediction. The protocol included:--selection of non psychotic ambulatory depressive patients--one month's treatment with nomifensine--collection of data consisting mainly in a series of visual analogue scales, scored by a phisician and given in several random orders to avoid error of proximity. Data treatment indluded:--a step of checking and codification--the study of relations between global appraisal and characteristics of subjects--the study of initial profile of responders and non-responders, using discriminant analysis and correspondance factorial analysis.", "PMID": 673807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1674", "title": "[Malignant hyperthermia of effort or \"heat stroke\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Heat stroke following effort is not confined to hot regions. The authors have seen five cases in the Paris region between 1967 and 1974. It particularly affects young subjects, in pour training or living away from home. Clinically very similar to anaesthetic malignant hyperthermia, it has the same gravity, with a high mortality rate. It may be characterised by the triad: coma, muscular hypertonicity and hyperthermia of over 40 degrees C. Refrigeration, sedation and rehydration are all the more effective when started early. Improved knowledge of malignant hyperthermia of effort, within the more confused context of heat stroke, will ensure that it is recognised more frequently, limit its consequences and lead to better understanding of its underlying cause, the origin of which is undoubtedly muscular.", "contents": "[Malignant hyperthermia of effort or \"heat stroke\" (author's transl)]. Heat stroke following effort is not confined to hot regions. The authors have seen five cases in the Paris region between 1967 and 1974. It particularly affects young subjects, in pour training or living away from home. Clinically very similar to anaesthetic malignant hyperthermia, it has the same gravity, with a high mortality rate. It may be characterised by the triad: coma, muscular hypertonicity and hyperthermia of over 40 degrees C. Refrigeration, sedation and rehydration are all the more effective when started early. Improved knowledge of malignant hyperthermia of effort, within the more confused context of heat stroke, will ensure that it is recognised more frequently, limit its consequences and lead to better understanding of its underlying cause, the origin of which is undoubtedly muscular.", "PMID": 673809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1675", "title": "[The surgical treatment of rupture of the rectus femoris muscle in the sportsman (author's transl)].", "content": "Ruptures of the middle and lower part of the rectus femoris muscle are seen essentially in the footballer during a shoot at goal. Often unrecognised initially, they warrant surgical treatment in the sportsman. The anatomical appearances of these complete or partial ruptures are described. The authors propose a new technique of reinsertion, relying upon the posterior aponeurotic layer, using non-absorbable sutures. Results were satisfactory in 10 cases out of 11.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of rupture of the rectus femoris muscle in the sportsman (author's transl)]. Ruptures of the middle and lower part of the rectus femoris muscle are seen essentially in the footballer during a shoot at goal. Often unrecognised initially, they warrant surgical treatment in the sportsman. The anatomical appearances of these complete or partial ruptures are described. The authors propose a new technique of reinsertion, relying upon the posterior aponeurotic layer, using non-absorbable sutures. Results were satisfactory in 10 cases out of 11.", "PMID": 673810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1676", "title": "[Cardiopulmonary manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies to detect the presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection were undertaken in departments of pulmonary medicine, respiratory intensive care, cardiology, between 1973 and 1977. The diagnosis was based upon the complement deviation reaction, with the exclusion or other serological or culture methods. In addition to acute benign pleuropneumonia, 9 cases of severe pulmonary forms were seen: in 4, acute decompensation in the presence of pre-existence chronic insufficiency, and in the other 5 a radiological picture of acute bilateral bronchopneumonia with dyspnoea. Two patients died in a clinical context of progressive coma. Five cardiac forms with a favourable course were diagnosed: one case of acute myocarditis and 4 of acute pericarditis.", "contents": "[Cardiopulmonary manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections (author's transl)]. Studies to detect the presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection were undertaken in departments of pulmonary medicine, respiratory intensive care, cardiology, between 1973 and 1977. The diagnosis was based upon the complement deviation reaction, with the exclusion or other serological or culture methods. In addition to acute benign pleuropneumonia, 9 cases of severe pulmonary forms were seen: in 4, acute decompensation in the presence of pre-existence chronic insufficiency, and in the other 5 a radiological picture of acute bilateral bronchopneumonia with dyspnoea. Two patients died in a clinical context of progressive coma. Five cardiac forms with a favourable course were diagnosed: one case of acute myocarditis and 4 of acute pericarditis.", "PMID": 673808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1677", "title": "[Mo66, a new allele of the HLA-B locus. Preliminary note (author's transl)].", "content": "Mo66 is an allele of the HLA-B locus, which is demonstrated by HLA typing of 2 000 unrealted individuals and the members of eight informative families. Mo66 is a rare antigen, with a frequency of 0.65 % in the Languedocian population. Mo66 shows a strong association desequilibrium with HLA-A3. The identification of Mo66 is difficult, without a monospecific serum, because this antigen is united by cross-reactions above all with HLA-B13, but also with HLA-Bw40, HLA-B27, HLA-B12 and HLA-B7. The presence of an anti-Mo66 antibody in some apparently anti-HLA-B27 monospecific sera can provoke some errors in the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis and related diseases.", "contents": "[Mo66, a new allele of the HLA-B locus. Preliminary note (author's transl)]. Mo66 is an allele of the HLA-B locus, which is demonstrated by HLA typing of 2 000 unrealted individuals and the members of eight informative families. Mo66 is a rare antigen, with a frequency of 0.65 % in the Languedocian population. Mo66 shows a strong association desequilibrium with HLA-A3. The identification of Mo66 is difficult, without a monospecific serum, because this antigen is united by cross-reactions above all with HLA-B13, but also with HLA-Bw40, HLA-B27, HLA-B12 and HLA-B7. The presence of an anti-Mo66 antibody in some apparently anti-HLA-B27 monospecific sera can provoke some errors in the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis and related diseases.", "PMID": 673828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1678", "title": "[Histological lesions of the bone marrow in medullary aplasia. Results of a common protocol on 261 biopsies].", "content": "In a cooperative study on bone marrow aplasia, 261 bone marrow biopsies have been examined in triple blind. 13 cases were excluded for technical defect, and 37 cases (17%) excluded for erroneous diagnosis (myelofibrosis or leukemia). It remains 176 first biopsies and 35 second biopsies (10th or 20th month). A quantitative depletion of the marrow was observed in 87% of the cases, but in 13 a rich marrow gave way to discuss the morphological definition of marrow aplasia. Framework lesions (reticulin, vessels, bone) and cytologic modifications (histiocytic or plasmocytic infiltrations) have been appreciated, and their importance in the induction of aplasia and in the prognosis is emphasized. Comparison between first and second biopsy has shown a repletion of the marrow in two third of the cases, the early unfavourable character of reticulinic lesions, and the favourable signification of plasmocytosis. A more complete comparison between marrow histology and other parameters of the study will improve the knowledge of physiopathology and prognosis of marrow aplasia.", "contents": "[Histological lesions of the bone marrow in medullary aplasia. Results of a common protocol on 261 biopsies]. In a cooperative study on bone marrow aplasia, 261 bone marrow biopsies have been examined in triple blind. 13 cases were excluded for technical defect, and 37 cases (17%) excluded for erroneous diagnosis (myelofibrosis or leukemia). It remains 176 first biopsies and 35 second biopsies (10th or 20th month). A quantitative depletion of the marrow was observed in 87% of the cases, but in 13 a rich marrow gave way to discuss the morphological definition of marrow aplasia. Framework lesions (reticulin, vessels, bone) and cytologic modifications (histiocytic or plasmocytic infiltrations) have been appreciated, and their importance in the induction of aplasia and in the prognosis is emphasized. Comparison between first and second biopsy has shown a repletion of the marrow in two third of the cases, the early unfavourable character of reticulinic lesions, and the favourable signification of plasmocytosis. A more complete comparison between marrow histology and other parameters of the study will improve the knowledge of physiopathology and prognosis of marrow aplasia.", "PMID": 673829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1679", "title": "[Polysulfates, anionic detergents, sodium phosphotungstate and electrophoretic mobility of plasmatic proteins].", "content": "Anions with strong electro-negative charges, like sulphuric esters of polysaccharides (heparin, dextran sulphate M.W. 15 00), the sodium salt of polyanethol sulfonic acid (liquoid, Roche), anionic detergents (sodium dodecylsulphate, sodium oleate, sodium deoxycholate), and the sodium salt of phosphotungstic acid were added to human serum or citrated plasma. For each compound several final concentrations were adopted, the highest being 4%. By using microimmunoelectrophoresis and numerous specific antisera against human plasma proteins, it was demonstrated that at pH 8.60 anions increase electrophoretic mobility of the following antigens: lipoproteins alpha and beta; fibrinogen; beta 2-glycoprotein I; beta 2-glycoprotein II ; antithrombin III. All reagents utilized do not react with all these proteins; for instance, only detergents accelerate the migration rate of a lipoproteins. Besides, depending on the protein, this or that reagent may be the most active. Thus, in the polysulphate group, heparin has the highest affinity for antithrombin III, liquoid for fibrinogen and dextran sulphate for beta 2-glycoprotein I.", "contents": "[Polysulfates, anionic detergents, sodium phosphotungstate and electrophoretic mobility of plasmatic proteins]. Anions with strong electro-negative charges, like sulphuric esters of polysaccharides (heparin, dextran sulphate M.W. 15 00), the sodium salt of polyanethol sulfonic acid (liquoid, Roche), anionic detergents (sodium dodecylsulphate, sodium oleate, sodium deoxycholate), and the sodium salt of phosphotungstic acid were added to human serum or citrated plasma. For each compound several final concentrations were adopted, the highest being 4%. By using microimmunoelectrophoresis and numerous specific antisera against human plasma proteins, it was demonstrated that at pH 8.60 anions increase electrophoretic mobility of the following antigens: lipoproteins alpha and beta; fibrinogen; beta 2-glycoprotein I; beta 2-glycoprotein II ; antithrombin III. All reagents utilized do not react with all these proteins; for instance, only detergents accelerate the migration rate of a lipoproteins. Besides, depending on the protein, this or that reagent may be the most active. Thus, in the polysulphate group, heparin has the highest affinity for antithrombin III, liquoid for fibrinogen and dextran sulphate for beta 2-glycoprotein I.", "PMID": 673830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1680", "title": "Conversion of benezene to toluene by methyl donors in man.", "content": "The level of benzene in blood can be efficiently reduced by the concurrent administration of two groups of organic compounds: (1) methyl donors, such as choline, betaine and methionine; (2) SH-amino-acids such as cysteine and methionine. Methionine belongs to both categories of anti-benzene compounds in  man. The appearance of toluene was demonstrated after the ingestion of choline and betaine followed by the ingestion of a unique dose of pure benzene (free from toluene).", "contents": "Conversion of benezene to toluene by methyl donors in man. The level of benzene in blood can be efficiently reduced by the concurrent administration of two groups of organic compounds: (1) methyl donors, such as choline, betaine and methionine; (2) SH-amino-acids such as cysteine and methionine. Methionine belongs to both categories of anti-benzene compounds in  man. The appearance of toluene was demonstrated after the ingestion of choline and betaine followed by the ingestion of a unique dose of pure benzene (free from toluene).", "PMID": 673831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1681", "title": "[Peroxidase deficiency in neutrophils in systemic mastocytosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case associating a systemic mastocytosis and an acquired myeloperoxidase deficiency is reported. The myeloperoxydase deficiency is studied by cytochemical techniques in optical and electron microscopy and confirmed by biochemical measures. An important defect in bactericidal and candidacidal activity is demonstrated in vitro in P.N.M. The authors discuss the links between the two anomalies which might bring one more argument for the common origin of both granulocytes and mastocytes.", "contents": "[Peroxidase deficiency in neutrophils in systemic mastocytosis (author's transl)]. A case associating a systemic mastocytosis and an acquired myeloperoxidase deficiency is reported. The myeloperoxydase deficiency is studied by cytochemical techniques in optical and electron microscopy and confirmed by biochemical measures. An important defect in bactericidal and candidacidal activity is demonstrated in vitro in P.N.M. The authors discuss the links between the two anomalies which might bring one more argument for the common origin of both granulocytes and mastocytes.", "PMID": 673832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1682", "title": "[Anemia with hypersideroblastosis during anti-tuberculosis therapy. Cure with vitamin therapy].", "content": "The unusual occurrence of microcytic anemia with hypochromia, high iron blood levels and excess of sideroblasts in the bone marrow, observed during the treatment of tuberculosis with isoniazid and rifampicine is reported. Three particularities were noted. First, in our experience, the occurrence of this type of anemia has never been noted previously as a result of these two drugs. Secondly, the improvement of the blood abnormalities was obtained by the combined use of vitamin B6 and vitamin C. Thirdly, the anemia was associated with neuropathy, characterized by areflexia and dysesthesia, which improved with vitamin B6 therapy (but not with vitamin C). Some mechanisms are discussed as being possibly the origin of this kind of anemia, particularly  a lack of vitamin B6 resulting from a massive urinary loss of pyridoxal induced by isoniazid as well as both a tissue depletion and an overconsumption of this vitamin. The anemia may be the consequence of a deficiency of hemoglobin synthesis involving probably the first step of the biosynthesis of heme.", "contents": "[Anemia with hypersideroblastosis during anti-tuberculosis therapy. Cure with vitamin therapy]. The unusual occurrence of microcytic anemia with hypochromia, high iron blood levels and excess of sideroblasts in the bone marrow, observed during the treatment of tuberculosis with isoniazid and rifampicine is reported. Three particularities were noted. First, in our experience, the occurrence of this type of anemia has never been noted previously as a result of these two drugs. Secondly, the improvement of the blood abnormalities was obtained by the combined use of vitamin B6 and vitamin C. Thirdly, the anemia was associated with neuropathy, characterized by areflexia and dysesthesia, which improved with vitamin B6 therapy (but not with vitamin C). Some mechanisms are discussed as being possibly the origin of this kind of anemia, particularly  a lack of vitamin B6 resulting from a massive urinary loss of pyridoxal induced by isoniazid as well as both a tissue depletion and an overconsumption of this vitamin. The anemia may be the consequence of a deficiency of hemoglobin synthesis involving probably the first step of the biosynthesis of heme.", "PMID": 673833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1683", "title": "A restriction enzyme Tha I from the thermophilic mycoplasma Thermoplasma acidophilum.", "content": "A type II restriction enzyme (Tha I) has been isolated from the thermophilic mycoplasma Thermoplasma acidophilum. A new method of general application was used to determine the DNA sequence cleaved by the enzyme. Tha I cuts DNA in the centre of the sequence CGCG. Single-stranded DNA is not a substrate. Tha I does not cut T. acidophilum DNA which is presumably modified. This is the first description of a restriction enzyme from a mycoplasma. Because Tha I is easily prepared in large amounts of approximately 10(5) units per gram of cells, it will be a valuable addition to the battery of restriction enzymes used in studies of DNA sequences. It is active at high temperatures and may therefore be useful for special purposes requiring more extreme conditions.", "contents": "A restriction enzyme Tha I from the thermophilic mycoplasma Thermoplasma acidophilum. A type II restriction enzyme (Tha I) has been isolated from the thermophilic mycoplasma Thermoplasma acidophilum. A new method of general application was used to determine the DNA sequence cleaved by the enzyme. Tha I cuts DNA in the centre of the sequence CGCG. Single-stranded DNA is not a substrate. Tha I does not cut T. acidophilum DNA which is presumably modified. This is the first description of a restriction enzyme from a mycoplasma. Because Tha I is easily prepared in large amounts of approximately 10(5) units per gram of cells, it will be a valuable addition to the battery of restriction enzymes used in studies of DNA sequences. It is active at high temperatures and may therefore be useful for special purposes requiring more extreme conditions.", "PMID": 673834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1684", "title": "Mapping of the ribosomal RNA genes on spinach chloroplast DNA.", "content": "Spinach chloroplast ribosomal RNAs have been hybridized to restriction endonuclease fragments of spinach chloroplast DNA. All three RNA species (23S, 16S and 5S) hybridized to a single large fragment when the DNA was digested with either Sall or Pstl. Hybridization of 23S RNA to fragments produced by Smal yielded two radioactive bands which corresponded to the bi-molar 2.5 X 10(6) and 1.15 X 10(6) Mr fragments. 16S RNA also hybridized to two, bi-molar Smal fragments (3.4 X 10(6) and 2.5 X 10(6) Mr) and 5S RNA hybridized to the 1.15 X 10(6) Mr bi-molar Smal fragment. The 23S RNA and 16S RNA cistrons were each also shown to contain a single EcoRI site. From the data it was possible to conclude that the ribosomal RNA genes are located on the inverted repeat region of the spinach chloroplast DNA restriction map [1,2], that the sequence of the cistrons is 16S - 23S - 5S and that the size of the spacer between the 16S and 23S RNA cistrons is approximately 0.90 X 10(6) Mr.", "contents": "Mapping of the ribosomal RNA genes on spinach chloroplast DNA. Spinach chloroplast ribosomal RNAs have been hybridized to restriction endonuclease fragments of spinach chloroplast DNA. All three RNA species (23S, 16S and 5S) hybridized to a single large fragment when the DNA was digested with either Sall or Pstl. Hybridization of 23S RNA to fragments produced by Smal yielded two radioactive bands which corresponded to the bi-molar 2.5 X 10(6) and 1.15 X 10(6) Mr fragments. 16S RNA also hybridized to two, bi-molar Smal fragments (3.4 X 10(6) and 2.5 X 10(6) Mr) and 5S RNA hybridized to the 1.15 X 10(6) Mr bi-molar Smal fragment. The 23S RNA and 16S RNA cistrons were each also shown to contain a single EcoRI site. From the data it was possible to conclude that the ribosomal RNA genes are located on the inverted repeat region of the spinach chloroplast DNA restriction map [1,2], that the sequence of the cistrons is 16S - 23S - 5S and that the size of the spacer between the 16S and 23S RNA cistrons is approximately 0.90 X 10(6) Mr.", "PMID": 673835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1685", "title": "Evidence for the existence of a coat protein messenger RNA associated with the top component of each of three tymoviruses.", "content": "On centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient the three tymoviruses, eggplant mosaic, wild cucumber mosaic, and okra mosaic, separate into a major bottom component and several less dense minor components. The RNA of the top component is composed of about 90% tRNA and 10% of an approximately 250 000 dalton messenger RNA. The latter induced the synthesis of coat protein when translated in wheat-germ and rabbit-reticulocyte cell-free systems.", "contents": "Evidence for the existence of a coat protein messenger RNA associated with the top component of each of three tymoviruses. On centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient the three tymoviruses, eggplant mosaic, wild cucumber mosaic, and okra mosaic, separate into a major bottom component and several less dense minor components. The RNA of the top component is composed of about 90% tRNA and 10% of an approximately 250 000 dalton messenger RNA. The latter induced the synthesis of coat protein when translated in wheat-germ and rabbit-reticulocyte cell-free systems.", "PMID": 673836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1686", "title": "DNA associated with hyperacetylated histone is preferentially digested by DNase I.", "content": "Butyrate-treated cells give rise to massive hyperacetylation of histones and have been used to test the idea that regions of DNA in association with hyperacetylated histones are preferentially solubilized upon digestion with DNase I. Such hyperacetylated histones can be derived from both pre-existing histones or from histone newly synthesized in the presence of butyrate which leads to extreme modification. The DNA in association with both types of hypermodified histone is equally and selectively digested.", "contents": "DNA associated with hyperacetylated histone is preferentially digested by DNase I. Butyrate-treated cells give rise to massive hyperacetylation of histones and have been used to test the idea that regions of DNA in association with hyperacetylated histones are preferentially solubilized upon digestion with DNase I. Such hyperacetylated histones can be derived from both pre-existing histones or from histone newly synthesized in the presence of butyrate which leads to extreme modification. The DNA in association with both types of hypermodified histone is equally and selectively digested.", "PMID": 673837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1687", "title": "Polynucleotides. LII. Synthesis and properties of poly(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroadenylic acid).", "content": "2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoroadenosine was chemically transformed to its 5'-diphosphate and polymerized with polynucleotide phosphorylase to give poly(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroadenylic acid) [poly(Af)]. Polymerization proceeded smoothly as in the case of poly(A) and the yield of the polymerization was 55%. The UV absorption spectra of poly(Af) closely resembled those of poly(A) and the hypochromicity was 32% at pH 7.0. The CD profile at 25 degrees and neutrality showed similar pattern to that of other poly(2'-deoxy-2'-halogenoadenylic acids) with somewhat larger [theta] values both in the positive and negative maxima. Acid titration of poly(Af) showed a transition point at pH 5.2 and the Tm of the acid form was 37 degrees which was significantly lower than that of poly(A), but similar to that of poly(2'-azido-2'-deoxyadenylic acid). Poly(Af) formed 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with poly-(U) having Tm of 49 degrees and 62 degrees at 0.04M and 0.15M Na(+) concentration, respectively. Poly(Af) also formed a 1:2 complex with poly(I) and its Tm was 36 degrees at 0.05M Na(+) concentration. These data showed that poly(Af) has rather similar properties to those of poly(A), but not to poly(dA).", "contents": "Polynucleotides. LII. Synthesis and properties of poly(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroadenylic acid). 2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoroadenosine was chemically transformed to its 5'-diphosphate and polymerized with polynucleotide phosphorylase to give poly(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroadenylic acid) [poly(Af)]. Polymerization proceeded smoothly as in the case of poly(A) and the yield of the polymerization was 55%. The UV absorption spectra of poly(Af) closely resembled those of poly(A) and the hypochromicity was 32% at pH 7.0. The CD profile at 25 degrees and neutrality showed similar pattern to that of other poly(2'-deoxy-2'-halogenoadenylic acids) with somewhat larger [theta] values both in the positive and negative maxima. Acid titration of poly(Af) showed a transition point at pH 5.2 and the Tm of the acid form was 37 degrees which was significantly lower than that of poly(A), but similar to that of poly(2'-azido-2'-deoxyadenylic acid). Poly(Af) formed 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with poly-(U) having Tm of 49 degrees and 62 degrees at 0.04M and 0.15M Na(+) concentration, respectively. Poly(Af) also formed a 1:2 complex with poly(I) and its Tm was 36 degrees at 0.05M Na(+) concentration. These data showed that poly(Af) has rather similar properties to those of poly(A), but not to poly(dA).", "PMID": 673838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1688", "title": "The chemical synthesis of the anticodon loop of an eukaryotic initiator tRNA containing the hypermodified nucleoside N6-/N-threonylcarbonyl/-adenosine/t6A/1.", "content": "In this work, the first example of chemical synthesis of oligoribonucleotide containing the hypermodified nucleoside N6-/N-threonylcarbonyl/-adenosine /t6A/ is presented. Synthesis of the heptamer C-C-C-A-U-t6A-A IX, the sequence of which is related to the anticodon loop of the initiator tRNA from yellow lupine, was achieved by: /i/ phosphotriester block synthesis of suitably protected heptamer VI containing an adenosine unit with a free exo-NH2 group, /ii/ highly effective \"one-flask\" procedure for the transformation of the free exo-NH2 group of adenosine unit of heptamer VI into a N,N'-disubstituted urea system of t6A of heptamer VII /hypermodification/, and /iii/ final deprotection of VIII /32% total yield/ with the use of a new approach for simultaneous hydrogenolysis /PdO-hydrogen-pyridine/ of the p-nitrobenzyl group and 2,2,2-trichloroethyl groups from carboxyl function of t6A and internucleotide phosphates respectively.", "contents": "The chemical synthesis of the anticodon loop of an eukaryotic initiator tRNA containing the hypermodified nucleoside N6-/N-threonylcarbonyl/-adenosine/t6A/1. In this work, the first example of chemical synthesis of oligoribonucleotide containing the hypermodified nucleoside N6-/N-threonylcarbonyl/-adenosine /t6A/ is presented. Synthesis of the heptamer C-C-C-A-U-t6A-A IX, the sequence of which is related to the anticodon loop of the initiator tRNA from yellow lupine, was achieved by: /i/ phosphotriester block synthesis of suitably protected heptamer VI containing an adenosine unit with a free exo-NH2 group, /ii/ highly effective \"one-flask\" procedure for the transformation of the free exo-NH2 group of adenosine unit of heptamer VI into a N,N'-disubstituted urea system of t6A of heptamer VII /hypermodification/, and /iii/ final deprotection of VIII /32% total yield/ with the use of a new approach for simultaneous hydrogenolysis /PdO-hydrogen-pyridine/ of the p-nitrobenzyl group and 2,2,2-trichloroethyl groups from carboxyl function of t6A and internucleotide phosphates respectively.", "PMID": 673839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1689", "title": "Effect of 2',3'-dideoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate on HeLa cell in vitro DNA synthesis: evidence that DNA polymerase alpha is the only polymerase required for cellular DNA replication.", "content": "We have studied the effects of the nucleotide analogue, 2',3'-dideoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate (ddTTP) on replicative DNA synthesis in HeLa cell lysates. As previously demonstrated (1), such lysates carry out extensive DNA synthesis in vitro, at rates and in a fashion similar to in vivo DNA replication. We report here that all aspects of DNA synthesis in such lysates (total dNTP incorporation, elongation of continuous nascent strands, and the initiation, elongation, and joining of Okazaki pieces) are only slightly inhibited by concentrations of ddTTP as high as 100-500 micrometer when the dTTP concentration is maintained at 10 micrometer. This finding is consistent with the report by Edenberg, Anderson, and DePamphilis (2) that all aspects of replicative in vitro simian virus 40 DNA synthesis are also resistant to ddTTP. We also find, in agreement with Edenberg, Anderson, and DePamphilis (2), that DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerases beta or gamma is easily inhibited by ddTTP, while synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase alpha is very resistant. These observations suggest that DNA polymerase alpha may be the only DNA polymerase required for all aspects of cellular DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of 2',3'-dideoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate on HeLa cell in vitro DNA synthesis: evidence that DNA polymerase alpha is the only polymerase required for cellular DNA replication. We have studied the effects of the nucleotide analogue, 2',3'-dideoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate (ddTTP) on replicative DNA synthesis in HeLa cell lysates. As previously demonstrated (1), such lysates carry out extensive DNA synthesis in vitro, at rates and in a fashion similar to in vivo DNA replication. We report here that all aspects of DNA synthesis in such lysates (total dNTP incorporation, elongation of continuous nascent strands, and the initiation, elongation, and joining of Okazaki pieces) are only slightly inhibited by concentrations of ddTTP as high as 100-500 micrometer when the dTTP concentration is maintained at 10 micrometer. This finding is consistent with the report by Edenberg, Anderson, and DePamphilis (2) that all aspects of replicative in vitro simian virus 40 DNA synthesis are also resistant to ddTTP. We also find, in agreement with Edenberg, Anderson, and DePamphilis (2), that DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerases beta or gamma is easily inhibited by ddTTP, while synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase alpha is very resistant. These observations suggest that DNA polymerase alpha may be the only DNA polymerase required for all aspects of cellular DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 673840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1690", "title": "Binding of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase to Affi-Gel Blue: rapid purification of the enzyme and binding studies.", "content": "Rabbit liver tRNA nucleotidyldransferase bound to columns of Affi-Gel Blue and could be specifically eluted with tRNA. This observation led to development of a rapid purification procedure for the enzyme. The adsorbent was also used to assess interaction of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase with various polynucleotides and substrates. The enzyme could be efficiently desorbed from Affi-Gel Blue by low concentrations of tRNA-C-C, less well by tRNA-C-C-A, and not at all by poly(A), poly(C), ATP or CTP.", "contents": "Binding of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase to Affi-Gel Blue: rapid purification of the enzyme and binding studies. Rabbit liver tRNA nucleotidyldransferase bound to columns of Affi-Gel Blue and could be specifically eluted with tRNA. This observation led to development of a rapid purification procedure for the enzyme. The adsorbent was also used to assess interaction of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase with various polynucleotides and substrates. The enzyme could be efficiently desorbed from Affi-Gel Blue by low concentrations of tRNA-C-C, less well by tRNA-C-C-A, and not at all by poly(A), poly(C), ATP or CTP.", "PMID": 673841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1691", "title": "Base pairing structure in the poly d(G-T) double helix: wobble base pairs.", "content": "High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ethidium bromide binding studies are used to demonstrate that poly d(G-T) forms an ordered double helical structure at low temperatures (below 24 degrees C in 0.3 M NaCl) in which G and T are hydrogen bonded together in a wobble base pair hydrogen bonding scheme as proposed earlier by Lezius and Domin. Alternative hydrogen bonding schemes involving the tautomeric form of either T or G, such as have been proposed to account for mutation rates in DNA synthesis, are eliminated.", "contents": "Base pairing structure in the poly d(G-T) double helix: wobble base pairs. High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ethidium bromide binding studies are used to demonstrate that poly d(G-T) forms an ordered double helical structure at low temperatures (below 24 degrees C in 0.3 M NaCl) in which G and T are hydrogen bonded together in a wobble base pair hydrogen bonding scheme as proposed earlier by Lezius and Domin. Alternative hydrogen bonding schemes involving the tautomeric form of either T or G, such as have been proposed to account for mutation rates in DNA synthesis, are eliminated.", "PMID": 673842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1692", "title": "A simple method for the computation of first neighbour frequencies of DNAs from CD spectra.", "content": "A procedure for the computation of the first neighbour frequencies of DNA's is presented. This procedure is based on the first neighbour approximation of Gray and Tinoco. We show that the knowledge of all the ten elementary CD signals attached to the ten double stranded first neighbour configurations is not necessary. One can obtain the ten frequencies of an unknown DNA with the use of eight elementary CD signals corresponding to eight linearly independent polymer sequences. These signals can be extracted very simply from any eight or more CD spectra of double stranded DNA's of known frequencies. The ten frequencies of a DNA are obtained by least square fit of its CD spectrum with these elementary signals. One advantage of this procedure is that it does not necessitate linear programming, it can be used with CD data digitalized using a large number of wavelengths, thus permitting an accurate resolution of the CD spectra. Under favorable case, the ten frequencies of a DNA (not used as input data) can be determined with an average absolute error < 2%. We have also observed that certain satellite DNA's, those of Drosophila virilis and Callinectes sapidus have CD spectra compatible with those of DNA's of quasi random sequence; these satellite DNA's should adopt also the B-form in solution.", "contents": "A simple method for the computation of first neighbour frequencies of DNAs from CD spectra. A procedure for the computation of the first neighbour frequencies of DNA's is presented. This procedure is based on the first neighbour approximation of Gray and Tinoco. We show that the knowledge of all the ten elementary CD signals attached to the ten double stranded first neighbour configurations is not necessary. One can obtain the ten frequencies of an unknown DNA with the use of eight elementary CD signals corresponding to eight linearly independent polymer sequences. These signals can be extracted very simply from any eight or more CD spectra of double stranded DNA's of known frequencies. The ten frequencies of a DNA are obtained by least square fit of its CD spectrum with these elementary signals. One advantage of this procedure is that it does not necessitate linear programming, it can be used with CD data digitalized using a large number of wavelengths, thus permitting an accurate resolution of the CD spectra. Under favorable case, the ten frequencies of a DNA (not used as input data) can be determined with an average absolute error < 2%. We have also observed that certain satellite DNA's, those of Drosophila virilis and Callinectes sapidus have CD spectra compatible with those of DNA's of quasi random sequence; these satellite DNA's should adopt also the B-form in solution.", "PMID": 673843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1693", "title": "Assay of DNA-RNA hybrids by S1 nuclease digestion and adsorption to DEAE-cellulose filters.", "content": "A fast and accurate assay procedure for DNA-RNA hybrids is described in which exhaustive digestion of unhybridized DNA with S1 nuclease is followed by binding of hybrids to filter discs of DEAE-cellulose. The digested DNA can be efficiently washed from the filters so that background levels of 0.1-0.2% of input tracer DNA can be achieved, in contrast to the much higher (approximately 1-5%) backgrounds obtained using TCA precipitation procedures. Short duplexes, as small as 36 nucleotides in length, which are inefficiently bound to hydroxyapatite, are quantitatively bound to the DEAE-cellulose filters.", "contents": "Assay of DNA-RNA hybrids by S1 nuclease digestion and adsorption to DEAE-cellulose filters. A fast and accurate assay procedure for DNA-RNA hybrids is described in which exhaustive digestion of unhybridized DNA with S1 nuclease is followed by binding of hybrids to filter discs of DEAE-cellulose. The digested DNA can be efficiently washed from the filters so that background levels of 0.1-0.2% of input tracer DNA can be achieved, in contrast to the much higher (approximately 1-5%) backgrounds obtained using TCA precipitation procedures. Short duplexes, as small as 36 nucleotides in length, which are inefficiently bound to hydroxyapatite, are quantitatively bound to the DEAE-cellulose filters.", "PMID": 673844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1694", "title": "Repair replication in replicating and non-replicating DNA after irradiation with UV light.", "content": "Ultraviolet light induces more pyrimidine dimers and more repair replication in DNA that replicates within 2 to 3 hr of irradiation than in DNA that does not replicate during this period. This difference may be due to special conformational changes in DNA and chromatin that might be associated with semiconservative DNA replication.", "contents": "Repair replication in replicating and non-replicating DNA after irradiation with UV light. Ultraviolet light induces more pyrimidine dimers and more repair replication in DNA that replicates within 2 to 3 hr of irradiation than in DNA that does not replicate during this period. This difference may be due to special conformational changes in DNA and chromatin that might be associated with semiconservative DNA replication.", "PMID": 673845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1695", "title": "The relationship between the activities of different pools of RNA polymerases I and II during PHA-stimulation of human lymphocytes.", "content": "Following PHA-stimulation of lymphocytes in culture, it is known that nuclear RNA synthesis and the amount of extractable RNA polymerase activity rise in these cells. The relationship between these two phenomena has been examined. Using an in vitro assay system which discriminates between polymerase activity which is \"engaged\" in nuclear RNA synthesis and a pool of \"free\" enzyme, the data suggest that the factors regulating the interaction between these two pools of enzyme activity are different for forms I and II RNA polymerases.", "contents": "The relationship between the activities of different pools of RNA polymerases I and II during PHA-stimulation of human lymphocytes. Following PHA-stimulation of lymphocytes in culture, it is known that nuclear RNA synthesis and the amount of extractable RNA polymerase activity rise in these cells. The relationship between these two phenomena has been examined. Using an in vitro assay system which discriminates between polymerase activity which is \"engaged\" in nuclear RNA synthesis and a pool of \"free\" enzyme, the data suggest that the factors regulating the interaction between these two pools of enzyme activity are different for forms I and II RNA polymerases.", "PMID": 673846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1696", "title": "The reactions of mercurated pyrimidine nucleotides with thiols and with hydrogen sulfide.", "content": "In the presence of thiols, 5-mercuripyrimidine nucleotides are quantitatively converted to 5-thiomercuri derivatives, but these compounds are unstable and decompose at a rate dependent on the nature of the thiol. The decomposition involves three different reactions and proceeds via a symmetrical mercury derivative of the nucleotide. The end product is the unmodified nucleotide. Similar reactions occur in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Since mercurated nucleoside triphosphates are substrates for RNA- and DNA polymerase only in the form of thiomercuri derivatives, this implies that when DNA is replicated or transcribed in vitro with a mercurated substrate, the latter is rapidly demercurated to the unmodified substrate which is incorporated as well. Hence the product of the in vitro synthesis can only be partially mercurated in any one pyrimidine. Also, formation of cross-links in the resulting polymer is possible.", "contents": "The reactions of mercurated pyrimidine nucleotides with thiols and with hydrogen sulfide. In the presence of thiols, 5-mercuripyrimidine nucleotides are quantitatively converted to 5-thiomercuri derivatives, but these compounds are unstable and decompose at a rate dependent on the nature of the thiol. The decomposition involves three different reactions and proceeds via a symmetrical mercury derivative of the nucleotide. The end product is the unmodified nucleotide. Similar reactions occur in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Since mercurated nucleoside triphosphates are substrates for RNA- and DNA polymerase only in the form of thiomercuri derivatives, this implies that when DNA is replicated or transcribed in vitro with a mercurated substrate, the latter is rapidly demercurated to the unmodified substrate which is incorporated as well. Hence the product of the in vitro synthesis can only be partially mercurated in any one pyrimidine. Also, formation of cross-links in the resulting polymer is possible.", "PMID": 673847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1697", "title": "DNA-methylase from regenerating rat liver: purification and characterisation.", "content": "DNA methylase has been purified 660-fold from nuclei from regenerating rat liver. The enzyme is able to methylate single stranded (ss) and double stranded (ds) DNA, the only reaction product being 5-methylcytosine. Previously unmethylated double stranded DNA from prokaryotes (M.luteus) as well as from eukaryotes (Ascaris suis) can serve as substrates. The synthetic copolymers (dG-dC)n . (dC-dG)n and (dG,dC)n are also methylated. While SV40 DNA is almost not methylated, PM2 DNA is a good substrate even in the supercoiled form. The enzyme methylates 1 in 17 bases in heterologous M.luteus DNA, but only 1 in 590 in homologous rat liver DNA. The high methylation level of M.luteus DNA, an analysis of the methylated pyrimidine isostichs and a preliminary dinucleotide analysis suggest that all the CpGs in a DNA can be methylated.", "contents": "DNA-methylase from regenerating rat liver: purification and characterisation. DNA methylase has been purified 660-fold from nuclei from regenerating rat liver. The enzyme is able to methylate single stranded (ss) and double stranded (ds) DNA, the only reaction product being 5-methylcytosine. Previously unmethylated double stranded DNA from prokaryotes (M.luteus) as well as from eukaryotes (Ascaris suis) can serve as substrates. The synthetic copolymers (dG-dC)n . (dC-dG)n and (dG,dC)n are also methylated. While SV40 DNA is almost not methylated, PM2 DNA is a good substrate even in the supercoiled form. The enzyme methylates 1 in 17 bases in heterologous M.luteus DNA, but only 1 in 590 in homologous rat liver DNA. The high methylation level of M.luteus DNA, an analysis of the methylated pyrimidine isostichs and a preliminary dinucleotide analysis suggest that all the CpGs in a DNA can be methylated.", "PMID": 673848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1698", "title": "DNA polymerases alpha beta and gamma in inherited diseases affecting DNA repair.", "content": "Fibroblasts derived from patients with diseases affecting DNA repair processes, such as Xeroderma Pigmentosum (classical and variant), Fanconi's anemia, Bloom's syndrome, Ataxia Telangiectasica, Progeria and Werner's syndrome, were assayed for the three DNA polymerases. The specific activities of these enzymes were found within the limits observed in normal human fibroblasts. Also the sedimentation properties of the three polymerases were unaltered.", "contents": "DNA polymerases alpha beta and gamma in inherited diseases affecting DNA repair. Fibroblasts derived from patients with diseases affecting DNA repair processes, such as Xeroderma Pigmentosum (classical and variant), Fanconi's anemia, Bloom's syndrome, Ataxia Telangiectasica, Progeria and Werner's syndrome, were assayed for the three DNA polymerases. The specific activities of these enzymes were found within the limits observed in normal human fibroblasts. Also the sedimentation properties of the three polymerases were unaltered.", "PMID": 673849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1699", "title": "The inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma from animal cells by intercalating drugs.", "content": "DNA polymerase gamma from purified nuclei of EMT-6 cells (mice) seems to be identical to the mitochondrial DNA polymerase from the same source following several criteria. These two enzyme activities are strongly inhibited by ethidium bromide and acriflavin, while proflavin, acridine orange, daunomycin and chloroquine inhibition is less pronounced. In the case of DNA polymerases alpha and beta very little inhibition by ethidium bromide was observed. Intercalation of this dye in a poly dA-dT 12-18 template-primer was studied spectrophotometrically under conditions similar to those in the in vitro DNA polymerase assay. The polymerase assay. The inhibition by this drug of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma activity was shown to be competitive at varying concentrations of TTP while the inhibition was of the non-competitive type at different concentrations of poly dA-dT 12-18. We conclude that the drug, most probably in the intercalated form, is able to interact with the active site (s) of mitochondrial DNA polymerase.", "contents": "The inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma from animal cells by intercalating drugs. DNA polymerase gamma from purified nuclei of EMT-6 cells (mice) seems to be identical to the mitochondrial DNA polymerase from the same source following several criteria. These two enzyme activities are strongly inhibited by ethidium bromide and acriflavin, while proflavin, acridine orange, daunomycin and chloroquine inhibition is less pronounced. In the case of DNA polymerases alpha and beta very little inhibition by ethidium bromide was observed. Intercalation of this dye in a poly dA-dT 12-18 template-primer was studied spectrophotometrically under conditions similar to those in the in vitro DNA polymerase assay. The polymerase assay. The inhibition by this drug of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma activity was shown to be competitive at varying concentrations of TTP while the inhibition was of the non-competitive type at different concentrations of poly dA-dT 12-18. We conclude that the drug, most probably in the intercalated form, is able to interact with the active site (s) of mitochondrial DNA polymerase.", "PMID": 673850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1700", "title": "Preparation and isolation of covalently closed circular rDNA molecules from DNA of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "We describe a method leading to the formation of closed circles of rDNA starting from total DNA of Xenopus laevis. Linear DNA molecules were digested with exonuclease 3 and self-annealed. Open circles were enriched and covalently closed by the simultaneous use of polynucleotide kinase, DNA polymerase and polynucleotide ligase. Closed circles of rDNA1 were shown to be alkali-resistant, to have higher density than linear molecules in cesium chloride density gradients containing ethydium bromide, and to have the sedimentation constant expected for a single repeat unit of rDNA comprehensive of its spacer.", "contents": "Preparation and isolation of covalently closed circular rDNA molecules from DNA of Xenopus laevis. We describe a method leading to the formation of closed circles of rDNA starting from total DNA of Xenopus laevis. Linear DNA molecules were digested with exonuclease 3 and self-annealed. Open circles were enriched and covalently closed by the simultaneous use of polynucleotide kinase, DNA polymerase and polynucleotide ligase. Closed circles of rDNA1 were shown to be alkali-resistant, to have higher density than linear molecules in cesium chloride density gradients containing ethydium bromide, and to have the sedimentation constant expected for a single repeat unit of rDNA comprehensive of its spacer.", "PMID": 673851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1701", "title": "Biospecific fractionation matrices for sequence specific endonucleases.", "content": "Fractionation of several type II specific restriction endonucleases was achieved by separation on two novel biospecific matrices. The matrices are pyran, a copolymer of divinyl ether of maleic anhydride, and Cibacron Blue F3GA, a blue dye commonly used for the calibration of molecular sieves. Both compounds are insolubilized by coupling to sepharose through a cyanogen bromide linkage and in their soluble form inhibit the restriction endonucleases which we have tested. These affinity matrices can be used to obtain restriction endonucleases from crude extracts after removal of nucleic acids. They have also proven to have a high capacity when used as subsequent steps in enzyme purification. Their additional advantage is the rapid development time and reusability of columns packed with the two matrices.Images", "contents": "Biospecific fractionation matrices for sequence specific endonucleases. Fractionation of several type II specific restriction endonucleases was achieved by separation on two novel biospecific matrices. The matrices are pyran, a copolymer of divinyl ether of maleic anhydride, and Cibacron Blue F3GA, a blue dye commonly used for the calibration of molecular sieves. Both compounds are insolubilized by coupling to sepharose through a cyanogen bromide linkage and in their soluble form inhibit the restriction endonucleases which we have tested. These affinity matrices can be used to obtain restriction endonucleases from crude extracts after removal of nucleic acids. They have also proven to have a high capacity when used as subsequent steps in enzyme purification. Their additional advantage is the rapid development time and reusability of columns packed with the two matrices.Images", "PMID": 673852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1702", "title": "Alteration in nucleosome structure induced by thermal denaturation.", "content": "Mononucleosomes prepared from goose erythrocyte nuclei exhibited limited heterogeneity with respect to number of electrophoretic components, histones and DNA composition. The components differ slightly in ionic strength induced self-association. Thermal denaturation of each component gave only two dominant, highly cooperative, melting transitions, T\" and T\"'. Urea and trypsin were used to establish the differential lability of these two transitions. Comparison of the morphologies of the mononucleosomes at various stages throughout the melting profile indicated that the 13.3 +/- 1.5 nm diameter mononucleosomes start to disrupt only in the latter half of transition T\" and do not unfold until after reaching T\"'. The resultant, open ended (17.4 +/- 2.2 nm diameter) toroids are still largely negatively staining and much more uniform in shape if fixed simultaneously with gluteraldehyde.", "contents": "Alteration in nucleosome structure induced by thermal denaturation. Mononucleosomes prepared from goose erythrocyte nuclei exhibited limited heterogeneity with respect to number of electrophoretic components, histones and DNA composition. The components differ slightly in ionic strength induced self-association. Thermal denaturation of each component gave only two dominant, highly cooperative, melting transitions, T\" and T\"'. Urea and trypsin were used to establish the differential lability of these two transitions. Comparison of the morphologies of the mononucleosomes at various stages throughout the melting profile indicated that the 13.3 +/- 1.5 nm diameter mononucleosomes start to disrupt only in the latter half of transition T\" and do not unfold until after reaching T\"'. The resultant, open ended (17.4 +/- 2.2 nm diameter) toroids are still largely negatively staining and much more uniform in shape if fixed simultaneously with gluteraldehyde.", "PMID": 673853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1703", "title": "Nucleotide sequence at the 5' end of ovalbumin messenger RNA from chicken.", "content": "DNA-sequence analysis of 300 nucleotides from the region of cloned, double-stranded ovalbumin cDNA corresponding to the 5' end of ovalbumin messenger RNA was accomplished using the technique of Maxam and Gilbert (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA (1977) 74,560-564). The AUG initiation codon was located 52 nucleotides from the AT linkers used in cloning and immediately adjacent to the amino terminal peptide of ovalbumin, indicating the absence of a \"signal peptide\" in this protein. The nucleotide sequence coding for a phosphorylated peptide from ovalbumin was also found. These results demonstrate that the coding portion of mRNAov begins near the 5' end of the molecule leaving some 600 nucleotides of noncoding information at the 3' end.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence at the 5' end of ovalbumin messenger RNA from chicken. DNA-sequence analysis of 300 nucleotides from the region of cloned, double-stranded ovalbumin cDNA corresponding to the 5' end of ovalbumin messenger RNA was accomplished using the technique of Maxam and Gilbert (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA (1977) 74,560-564). The AUG initiation codon was located 52 nucleotides from the AT linkers used in cloning and immediately adjacent to the amino terminal peptide of ovalbumin, indicating the absence of a \"signal peptide\" in this protein. The nucleotide sequence coding for a phosphorylated peptide from ovalbumin was also found. These results demonstrate that the coding portion of mRNAov begins near the 5' end of the molecule leaving some 600 nucleotides of noncoding information at the 3' end.", "PMID": 673854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1704", "title": "Simplified methods for large scale enzymatic synthesis of oligoribonucleotides.", "content": "We report simplified methods for large scale enzymatic synthesis of oligoribonucleotides using polynucleotide phosphorylase. The main features of the method are use of RPC-5 chromatography, including chromatography at two pH values to deal with the problem of primer phosphorolysis, rapid dialysis for large scale desalting, simplified methods for enzyme removal, and high resolution 1H and 31P NMR for product identification and demonstration of purity. The capacity of the method is adequate to allow beginning with grams of material in the first polymerization step, so that product yields of several milligrams, sufficient for many physical studies, are possible after as many as three separate polymerization reactions.", "contents": "Simplified methods for large scale enzymatic synthesis of oligoribonucleotides. We report simplified methods for large scale enzymatic synthesis of oligoribonucleotides using polynucleotide phosphorylase. The main features of the method are use of RPC-5 chromatography, including chromatography at two pH values to deal with the problem of primer phosphorolysis, rapid dialysis for large scale desalting, simplified methods for enzyme removal, and high resolution 1H and 31P NMR for product identification and demonstration of purity. The capacity of the method is adequate to allow beginning with grams of material in the first polymerization step, so that product yields of several milligrams, sufficient for many physical studies, are possible after as many as three separate polymerization reactions.", "PMID": 673855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1705", "title": "A method for the recovery of DNA from agarose gels.", "content": "We describe a quick and versatile method for the isolation of DNA from agarose gels. The DNA is electrophoresed into a trough containing hydroxyapatite, where it is bound. The hydroxyapatite is taken out and the DNA eluted with phosphate buffer. By putting the hydroxyapatite on a small column of Sephadex G50, elution and subsequent removal of phosphate can be performed in one step. The DNA recovered can be used equally well in enzymatic incubations as DNA not purified through agarose gel electrophoresis. Several applications of this technique are described.", "contents": "A method for the recovery of DNA from agarose gels. We describe a quick and versatile method for the isolation of DNA from agarose gels. The DNA is electrophoresed into a trough containing hydroxyapatite, where it is bound. The hydroxyapatite is taken out and the DNA eluted with phosphate buffer. By putting the hydroxyapatite on a small column of Sephadex G50, elution and subsequent removal of phosphate can be performed in one step. The DNA recovered can be used equally well in enzymatic incubations as DNA not purified through agarose gel electrophoresis. Several applications of this technique are described.", "PMID": 673856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1706", "title": "A general method for the purification of restriction enzymes.", "content": "An abbreviated procedure has been developed for the purification of restriction endonucleases. This procedure uses chromatography on phosphocellulose and hydroxylapatite and results in enzymes of sufficient purity to permit their use in the sequencing, molecular cloning, and physical mapping of DNA.", "contents": "A general method for the purification of restriction enzymes. An abbreviated procedure has been developed for the purification of restriction endonucleases. This procedure uses chromatography on phosphocellulose and hydroxylapatite and results in enzymes of sufficient purity to permit their use in the sequencing, molecular cloning, and physical mapping of DNA.", "PMID": 673857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1707", "title": "RNA methylation in vaccinia virus-infected chick embryo fibroblasts treated with homologous interferon.", "content": "Interferon-pretreatment of vaccinia-infected chick embryo fibroblasts resulted in a greater than 50% decrease in ribose methylation of the penultimate \"cap\" nucleotide in virus-specific mRNA. However, in contrast to results obtained with cell-free systems, in intact infected cells there was (a) no detectable reduction in methylation of the 5'-ultimate m7G of viral mRNA; (b) a virus specificity of the interferon-induced change in mRNA \"CAP\"-methylation seems unlikely and (c) analysis of the ribosomal and transfer RNA fractions isolated from interferon-treated and control cells revealed identical patterns of methylated nucleotides. Thus, the interferon-induced change in methylation is specific for mRNA \"CAPS\".", "contents": "RNA methylation in vaccinia virus-infected chick embryo fibroblasts treated with homologous interferon. Interferon-pretreatment of vaccinia-infected chick embryo fibroblasts resulted in a greater than 50% decrease in ribose methylation of the penultimate \"cap\" nucleotide in virus-specific mRNA. However, in contrast to results obtained with cell-free systems, in intact infected cells there was (a) no detectable reduction in methylation of the 5'-ultimate m7G of viral mRNA; (b) a virus specificity of the interferon-induced change in mRNA \"CAP\"-methylation seems unlikely and (c) analysis of the ribosomal and transfer RNA fractions isolated from interferon-treated and control cells revealed identical patterns of methylated nucleotides. Thus, the interferon-induced change in methylation is specific for mRNA \"CAPS\".", "PMID": 673858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1708", "title": "Analysis of terminal structures of RNA from potato virus X.", "content": "The 5'-end structure of potato virus X RNA was determined following enzymatic methylation in vitro. A single 3H-methyl group was introduced into the 2'-position of the 5'-penultimate residue and the end structure was determined as m7GpppG(m)pAp(Xp)3G. This part of the RNA apparently is involved in binding to ribosomes since it can be partially protected against RNase digestion by wheat germ 40S ribosomes. PVX RNA was not retained by poly(U)-sepharose, indicating that it does not contain a 3'-terminal poly(A) tract.", "contents": "Analysis of terminal structures of RNA from potato virus X. The 5'-end structure of potato virus X RNA was determined following enzymatic methylation in vitro. A single 3H-methyl group was introduced into the 2'-position of the 5'-penultimate residue and the end structure was determined as m7GpppG(m)pAp(Xp)3G. This part of the RNA apparently is involved in binding to ribosomes since it can be partially protected against RNase digestion by wheat germ 40S ribosomes. PVX RNA was not retained by poly(U)-sepharose, indicating that it does not contain a 3'-terminal poly(A) tract.", "PMID": 673859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1709", "title": "Theoretical melting profiles and denaturation maps of DNA with known sequence: fdDNA.", "content": "Differential melting profiles and denaturation maps are calculated for fdDNA whose sequence of nucleotides has been determined recently. The melting profiles for the total DNA and a number of its restriction fragments are compared with experimental data taken from literature. The comparison enables one to correlate a number of peaks on experimental melting profiles with the melting out of concrete regions of the nucleotide sequence. For three fragments very strong end effects are demonstrated on both theoretical and experimental profiles. These anomalous end effects are shown to be connected with a region highly enriched with AT-pairs. A possible influence of the heterogeneity of stacking interaction on the results obtained is discussed in detail.", "contents": "Theoretical melting profiles and denaturation maps of DNA with known sequence: fdDNA. Differential melting profiles and denaturation maps are calculated for fdDNA whose sequence of nucleotides has been determined recently. The melting profiles for the total DNA and a number of its restriction fragments are compared with experimental data taken from literature. The comparison enables one to correlate a number of peaks on experimental melting profiles with the melting out of concrete regions of the nucleotide sequence. For three fragments very strong end effects are demonstrated on both theoretical and experimental profiles. These anomalous end effects are shown to be connected with a region highly enriched with AT-pairs. A possible influence of the heterogeneity of stacking interaction on the results obtained is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 673860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1710", "title": "Measurement of the differential melting profile of a promoter-containing fragment of T7 DNA by means of a microspectrophotometer.", "content": "A double-beam microspectrophotometer with a 5 microliter cell has been used to study denaturation of DNA in an aqueous solution. This instrument enables measurement of high-resolution differential melting profiles simultaneously at several wavelengths with 0.5 to 1 microgram of DNA. Therefore it becomes possible to study nucleic acids which are difficult to obtain in large amounts. The techniques have been employed to measure the differential melting profiles of T7 DNA and of a fragment of this DNA 1000 base pairs long which contains the four early promoters.", "contents": "Measurement of the differential melting profile of a promoter-containing fragment of T7 DNA by means of a microspectrophotometer. A double-beam microspectrophotometer with a 5 microliter cell has been used to study denaturation of DNA in an aqueous solution. This instrument enables measurement of high-resolution differential melting profiles simultaneously at several wavelengths with 0.5 to 1 microgram of DNA. Therefore it becomes possible to study nucleic acids which are difficult to obtain in large amounts. The techniques have been employed to measure the differential melting profiles of T7 DNA and of a fragment of this DNA 1000 base pairs long which contains the four early promoters.", "PMID": 673861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1711", "title": "Synthesis of DNA in permeabilized cells of Kluyveromyces lactis.", "content": "Kluyveromyces lactis cells permeabilized with nystatin, though no longer viable, were able to incorporate 3H-dATP into DNA. Maximum rate of synthesis was obtained when all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates were present. For prolonged incorporation of 3H-dATP into DNA rATP or phosphoenolpyruvate were of absolute requirement. DNA synthesis was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, nalidixate, ethidium bromide and distamycin A. The density of DNA synthesized in permeabilized cells grown on non-fermentable and fermentable carbon sources was analyzed on CsCl gradients in the presence or absence of distamycin A. The DNA synthesized by permeabilized cells previously grown on glycerol was essentially mitochondrial DNA; nuclear DNA (30% of total) was also synthesized by cells previously grown on glucose.", "contents": "Synthesis of DNA in permeabilized cells of Kluyveromyces lactis. Kluyveromyces lactis cells permeabilized with nystatin, though no longer viable, were able to incorporate 3H-dATP into DNA. Maximum rate of synthesis was obtained when all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates were present. For prolonged incorporation of 3H-dATP into DNA rATP or phosphoenolpyruvate were of absolute requirement. DNA synthesis was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, nalidixate, ethidium bromide and distamycin A. The density of DNA synthesized in permeabilized cells grown on non-fermentable and fermentable carbon sources was analyzed on CsCl gradients in the presence or absence of distamycin A. The DNA synthesized by permeabilized cells previously grown on glycerol was essentially mitochondrial DNA; nuclear DNA (30% of total) was also synthesized by cells previously grown on glucose.", "PMID": 673862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1712", "title": "Synthesis, DNA-binding and biological activity of a double intercalating analog of ethidium bromide.", "content": "A bis-phenanthridinium salt has been synthesized and its DNA-binding studied. Evidence provided by UV and CD spectra, by thermal denaturation profiles and by equilibrium dialysis of the drug-DNA complex lead to the conclusion that both phenanthridine moieties intercalate in the helix. The double intercalator appears to be less potent than ethidium chloride as an inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis in cultured L1210 cells, though it is more potent than a monomeric analog. The low potency may be due to a low cell influx rate.", "contents": "Synthesis, DNA-binding and biological activity of a double intercalating analog of ethidium bromide. A bis-phenanthridinium salt has been synthesized and its DNA-binding studied. Evidence provided by UV and CD spectra, by thermal denaturation profiles and by equilibrium dialysis of the drug-DNA complex lead to the conclusion that both phenanthridine moieties intercalate in the helix. The double intercalator appears to be less potent than ethidium chloride as an inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis in cultured L1210 cells, though it is more potent than a monomeric analog. The low potency may be due to a low cell influx rate.", "PMID": 673863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1713", "title": "On the flexibility of the boundaries between the A-form and B-form sections in DNA molecule.", "content": "The degree of orientation of DNA in a flow has been studied within the interval of the B - A transition induced by ethanol. The orientation of the B DNA (60-65% ethanol, v/v) and that of the A DNA (80-82% ethanol) are nearly identical. This means that both conformations have similar persistence lengths and that there is no aggregation in the course of formation of the A form. Within the transition range (65-78% ethanol) the orientation attains a sharp minimum which coincides with the half-transition point (73% ethanol). The cooperative character of the B - A transition presupposes the existence of boundaries between the alternating sections of the A and B conformations that may entail an increased flexibility of the DNA molecule and a corresponding drop of orientation. Theory predicts an elliptical dependence of the number of boundaries on the proportion of the A form. The experimental degree of orientation follows the same pattern. Quantitative evaluation shows that the flexibility of a boundary is small, so that several dozen of boundaries are required to simulate free rotation.", "contents": "On the flexibility of the boundaries between the A-form and B-form sections in DNA molecule. The degree of orientation of DNA in a flow has been studied within the interval of the B - A transition induced by ethanol. The orientation of the B DNA (60-65% ethanol, v/v) and that of the A DNA (80-82% ethanol) are nearly identical. This means that both conformations have similar persistence lengths and that there is no aggregation in the course of formation of the A form. Within the transition range (65-78% ethanol) the orientation attains a sharp minimum which coincides with the half-transition point (73% ethanol). The cooperative character of the B - A transition presupposes the existence of boundaries between the alternating sections of the A and B conformations that may entail an increased flexibility of the DNA molecule and a corresponding drop of orientation. Theory predicts an elliptical dependence of the number of boundaries on the proportion of the A form. The experimental degree of orientation follows the same pattern. Quantitative evaluation shows that the flexibility of a boundary is small, so that several dozen of boundaries are required to simulate free rotation.", "PMID": 673864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1714", "title": "Highly efficient copying of single-stranded DNA by eukaryotic cell chromatin.", "content": "Chromatin prepared from S phase hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cell incorporates in vitro about 11-14 pmoles [3H]dTMP into DNA in 30 min. Single-stranded DNA added to this chromatin stimulates DNA synthesis more than 40-fold whereas activated DNA enhances it about 60-fold. By contrast, stimulation of DNA synthesis by activated DNA in a crude nuclear extract exceeds the stimulation exerted by denatured DNA by a factor of 7. Stimulation of DNA synthesis by denatured DNA is not due to stabilization of either the chromatin or the product of the endogenous reaction. On the other hand, we find that poly(dC) and poly (dT) enhance DNA synthesis by serving as templates which are copied by chromatin in a true complementary fashion. It seems therefore, that eukaryotic cell chromatin is able to copy single-stranded DNA at a high efficiency. Chromatin of G1 arrested cell copies exogenous templates at a considerably reduced rate. The enzyme responsible for the copying of denatured DNA is tentatively identified as DNA polymerase alpha on the basis of its sensitivity to sulfhydril group blocking, its requirements for ions and failure to copy the ribo strand of oligo(dT) poly(A).", "contents": "Highly efficient copying of single-stranded DNA by eukaryotic cell chromatin. Chromatin prepared from S phase hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cell incorporates in vitro about 11-14 pmoles [3H]dTMP into DNA in 30 min. Single-stranded DNA added to this chromatin stimulates DNA synthesis more than 40-fold whereas activated DNA enhances it about 60-fold. By contrast, stimulation of DNA synthesis by activated DNA in a crude nuclear extract exceeds the stimulation exerted by denatured DNA by a factor of 7. Stimulation of DNA synthesis by denatured DNA is not due to stabilization of either the chromatin or the product of the endogenous reaction. On the other hand, we find that poly(dC) and poly (dT) enhance DNA synthesis by serving as templates which are copied by chromatin in a true complementary fashion. It seems therefore, that eukaryotic cell chromatin is able to copy single-stranded DNA at a high efficiency. Chromatin of G1 arrested cell copies exogenous templates at a considerably reduced rate. The enzyme responsible for the copying of denatured DNA is tentatively identified as DNA polymerase alpha on the basis of its sensitivity to sulfhydril group blocking, its requirements for ions and failure to copy the ribo strand of oligo(dT) poly(A).", "PMID": 673865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1715", "title": "Glaucoma. Some practical considerations on a common disease.", "content": "Chronic simple glaucoma and acute glaucoma are totally different in pathogenesis, symptoms, and treatment. Chronic simple glaucoma is asymptomatic until late in its course, and only by appropriate screening by primary care physicians can the incidence of irreversible visual loss due to this disease be reduced. The symptoms and signs of acute glaucoma are so characteristic that recognition is usually easy and treatment can be begun early enough to prevent permanent angle damage and secondary glaucoma.", "contents": "Glaucoma. Some practical considerations on a common disease. Chronic simple glaucoma and acute glaucoma are totally different in pathogenesis, symptoms, and treatment. Chronic simple glaucoma is asymptomatic until late in its course, and only by appropriate screening by primary care physicians can the incidence of irreversible visual loss due to this disease be reduced. The symptoms and signs of acute glaucoma are so characteristic that recognition is usually easy and treatment can be begun early enough to prevent permanent angle damage and secondary glaucoma.", "PMID": 673962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1716", "title": "Contact lenses. Separating fact from fancy.", "content": "Contact lenses are a valuable addition to the methods of visual correction and can be used successfully in most cases if patients are properly fitted, instructed, and supervised. The majority of patients can be fitted with conventional hard lenses; soft lenses are preferred in special situations. The most important consideration with either type of lens is proper fitting, which is essential for preservation of normal corneal morphology and physiology.", "contents": "Contact lenses. Separating fact from fancy. Contact lenses are a valuable addition to the methods of visual correction and can be used successfully in most cases if patients are properly fitted, instructed, and supervised. The majority of patients can be fitted with conventional hard lenses; soft lenses are preferred in special situations. The most important consideration with either type of lens is proper fitting, which is essential for preservation of normal corneal morphology and physiology.", "PMID": 673963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1717", "title": "Visual disturbances in migraine.", "content": "Abnormal visual sensations are the most common and characteristic features of migraine. In some patients, they are the only features. The major visual disturbance associated with migraine is scotoma; less common are distortions in size, shape, and color of viewed objects; photophobia; and diplopia and polyopia. Sudden loss of vision occurs in retinal migraine, and paralysis, usually of the third nerve, in ophthalmoplegic migraine. Paresis also may be found with cluster headache.", "contents": "Visual disturbances in migraine. Abnormal visual sensations are the most common and characteristic features of migraine. In some patients, they are the only features. The major visual disturbance associated with migraine is scotoma; less common are distortions in size, shape, and color of viewed objects; photophobia; and diplopia and polyopia. Sudden loss of vision occurs in retinal migraine, and paralysis, usually of the third nerve, in ophthalmoplegic migraine. Paresis also may be found with cluster headache.", "PMID": 673964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1718", "title": "Clinical enzymology. 1. Enzymes and isoenzymes: sample and patient variables.", "content": "Enzyme determinations are among the most commonly ordered laboratory tests and are valuable diagnostic aids. For the results to be useful, the sample must be processed and stored properly and patient variables, including age, sex, medication history, and exercise status, must be considered. Isoenzyme determinations are helpful in specific situations.", "contents": "Clinical enzymology. 1. Enzymes and isoenzymes: sample and patient variables. Enzyme determinations are among the most commonly ordered laboratory tests and are valuable diagnostic aids. For the results to be useful, the sample must be processed and stored properly and patient variables, including age, sex, medication history, and exercise status, must be considered. Isoenzyme determinations are helpful in specific situations.", "PMID": 673966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1719", "title": "Case report. Progressive systemic sclerosis presenting as interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.", "content": "Pulmonary involvement usually is a late manifestation of progressive systemic sclerosis. In the case reported here, dyspnea and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis developed more than a year prior to onset of skin and vascular changes. Open-lung biopsy performed early in the course of the disease failed to yield a definitive diagnosis.", "contents": "Case report. Progressive systemic sclerosis presenting as interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary involvement usually is a late manifestation of progressive systemic sclerosis. In the case reported here, dyspnea and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis developed more than a year prior to onset of skin and vascular changes. Open-lung biopsy performed early in the course of the disease failed to yield a definitive diagnosis.", "PMID": 673967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1720", "title": "Case report. Plasmacytoma presenting as unilateral proptosis.", "content": "A 49-year-old man presented with proptosis of the right eye. An x-ray film of the skull showed a lytic lesion in the right frontal bone. No other skeletal lesions were found. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis showed a monoclonal elevation of IgG level. A soft orbital tumor near the foramen of the optic nerve was removed and found to be a plasmacytoma. The patient was given local irradiation. When IgG level increased about four months after surgery, he was treated with chemotherapy. IgG level decreased and no further skeletal lesions were found.", "contents": "Case report. Plasmacytoma presenting as unilateral proptosis. A 49-year-old man presented with proptosis of the right eye. An x-ray film of the skull showed a lytic lesion in the right frontal bone. No other skeletal lesions were found. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis showed a monoclonal elevation of IgG level. A soft orbital tumor near the foramen of the optic nerve was removed and found to be a plasmacytoma. The patient was given local irradiation. When IgG level increased about four months after surgery, he was treated with chemotherapy. IgG level decreased and no further skeletal lesions were found.", "PMID": 673968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1721", "title": "Alternatives to standard cataract surgery.", "content": "Two alternatives to standard cataract surgery have been developed which have distinct benefits in selected patients. Phacoemulsification, which requires only a small incision and little recovery time, is particularly suited to young patients. Elderly patients, who often cannot wear aphakic spectacles or contact lenses, may benefit from intraocular lens implantation.", "contents": "Alternatives to standard cataract surgery. Two alternatives to standard cataract surgery have been developed which have distinct benefits in selected patients. Phacoemulsification, which requires only a small incision and little recovery time, is particularly suited to young patients. Elderly patients, who often cannot wear aphakic spectacles or contact lenses, may benefit from intraocular lens implantation.", "PMID": 673975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1722", "title": "Multiple sclerosis. Highlights of studies relating to nature and cause.", "content": "Multiple sclerosis (MS), a common cause of neurologic disability in adults, most often begins in the early part of the fourth decade of life. Signs and symptoms are the result of focal destruction of myelin in the CNS. An elevated CSF gamma globulin level or evidence of an oligoclonal CSF gamma globulin is helpful in diagnosis. MS may be an uncommon result of early-life viral infection in genetically susceptible persons.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis. Highlights of studies relating to nature and cause. Multiple sclerosis (MS), a common cause of neurologic disability in adults, most often begins in the early part of the fourth decade of life. Signs and symptoms are the result of focal destruction of myelin in the CNS. An elevated CSF gamma globulin level or evidence of an oligoclonal CSF gamma globulin is helpful in diagnosis. MS may be an uncommon result of early-life viral infection in genetically susceptible persons.", "PMID": 673976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1723", "title": "Clinical enzymology 2. Test strategies and interpretation of results.", "content": "The greatest usefulness of enzyme determinations is in diagnosis and management of hepatic, cardiac, pancreatic, and skeletal muscle diseases. They occasionally are useful in patients with malignant or hematologic conditions. As a rule, enzyme determinations are sensitive enough for normal values to exclude disease but are too nonspecific for abnormal values to confirm disease. Exceptions to this rule are determination of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase, the flipped lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern, and calculation of the ratio of amylase clearance to creatinine clearance.", "contents": "Clinical enzymology 2. Test strategies and interpretation of results. The greatest usefulness of enzyme determinations is in diagnosis and management of hepatic, cardiac, pancreatic, and skeletal muscle diseases. They occasionally are useful in patients with malignant or hematologic conditions. As a rule, enzyme determinations are sensitive enough for normal values to exclude disease but are too nonspecific for abnormal values to confirm disease. Exceptions to this rule are determination of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase, the flipped lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern, and calculation of the ratio of amylase clearance to creatinine clearance.", "PMID": 673978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1724", "title": "The cancer-screening dilemma.", "content": "Only in cancer of the uterine cervix and in cancer of the breast is there evidence of reduced mortality with early treatment. Screening also enables physicians to detect early cancer of the oral cavity or colon. With regard to cancers at other sites, many questions about screening's potential remain to be answered.", "contents": "The cancer-screening dilemma. Only in cancer of the uterine cervix and in cancer of the breast is there evidence of reduced mortality with early treatment. Screening also enables physicians to detect early cancer of the oral cavity or colon. With regard to cancers at other sites, many questions about screening's potential remain to be answered.", "PMID": 673982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1725", "title": "Parkinsonism. Clinical and neuropharmacologic aspects.", "content": "While the etiology of the most common form of parkinsonism (idiopathic) remains elusive, studies of the regional biochemistry and pharmacology of the brain have led to recognition of the importance of certain pathways, such as the nigrostriatal system. This information evolved from the discovery that the neurotransmitter dopamine is depleted in parkinsonism and that restoration of dopamine by administration of its precursor, levodopa, induces a dramatic therapeutic response in many patients. Such studies have initiated and sustained a major surge in neuropharmacologic advances, but the tangible benefits, in the form of therapeutic results, have undergone some critical reappraisal with the appearance of late adverse reactions to levodopa. One practical approach to this problem is deliberate delay in starting levodopa therapy and the use of lower doses. Use of artificial dopaminergic agonists and selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B has also been investigated.", "contents": "Parkinsonism. Clinical and neuropharmacologic aspects. While the etiology of the most common form of parkinsonism (idiopathic) remains elusive, studies of the regional biochemistry and pharmacology of the brain have led to recognition of the importance of certain pathways, such as the nigrostriatal system. This information evolved from the discovery that the neurotransmitter dopamine is depleted in parkinsonism and that restoration of dopamine by administration of its precursor, levodopa, induces a dramatic therapeutic response in many patients. Such studies have initiated and sustained a major surge in neuropharmacologic advances, but the tangible benefits, in the form of therapeutic results, have undergone some critical reappraisal with the appearance of late adverse reactions to levodopa. One practical approach to this problem is deliberate delay in starting levodopa therapy and the use of lower doses. Use of artificial dopaminergic agonists and selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B has also been investigated.", "PMID": 673984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1726", "title": "The muscular dystrophies. Clinical update on two major types.", "content": "The muscular dystrophies are inherited diseases involving skeletal muscle and, to a variable extent, many other organs of the body. Each presents a distinctive clinical syndrome, and each presumably reflects a distinctive inborn error of metabolism. The precise metabolic defect is not known for any of these disorders. However, recent studies suggest that abnormalities in cellular membranes may help explain clinical deficits in two of the most important disorders, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and myotonic muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "The muscular dystrophies. Clinical update on two major types. The muscular dystrophies are inherited diseases involving skeletal muscle and, to a variable extent, many other organs of the body. Each presents a distinctive clinical syndrome, and each presumably reflects a distinctive inborn error of metabolism. The precise metabolic defect is not known for any of these disorders. However, recent studies suggest that abnormalities in cellular membranes may help explain clinical deficits in two of the most important disorders, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and myotonic muscular dystrophy.", "PMID": 673985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1727", "title": "The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?", "content": "Plasma creatinine concentration is superior to creatinine clearance for the detection of abnormal glomerular function, of changes of glomerular function in patients with chronic renal disease. Creatinine clearance should be abandoned as the routine assessment of glomerular function.", "contents": "The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine? Plasma creatinine concentration is superior to creatinine clearance for the detection of abnormal glomerular function, of changes of glomerular function in patients with chronic renal disease. Creatinine clearance should be abandoned as the routine assessment of glomerular function.", "PMID": 673986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1728", "title": "Anticholinergic drugs, buccal ulceration and mucosal potential difference.", "content": "Measurement of changes in buccal mucosal potential difference produced by contact with drug formulations may provide a means of predicting their mucosal toxicity and ulcerogenic activity.", "contents": "Anticholinergic drugs, buccal ulceration and mucosal potential difference. Measurement of changes in buccal mucosal potential difference produced by contact with drug formulations may provide a means of predicting their mucosal toxicity and ulcerogenic activity.", "PMID": 673987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1729", "title": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome after rubella.", "content": "A case of polyneuropathy (Guillain--Barr\u00e9 syndrome) developing only 6 days after rubella infection in a 26-year-old woman is described. Serological confirmation of the viral infection by detecting the specific IgM antibody has not been previously reported in any of the rubella cases associated with the syndrome.", "contents": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome after rubella. A case of polyneuropathy (Guillain--Barr\u00e9 syndrome) developing only 6 days after rubella infection in a 26-year-old woman is described. Serological confirmation of the viral infection by detecting the specific IgM antibody has not been previously reported in any of the rubella cases associated with the syndrome.", "PMID": 673988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1730", "title": "The insidious presentation of the juvenile form of metachromatic leucodystrophy.", "content": "Certain progressive cerebral diseases can present with emotional and behavioural disorders. The juvenile form of metachromatic leucodystrophy is one of these. The histories of two children with this condition are given to demonstrate the insidious form of onset.", "contents": "The insidious presentation of the juvenile form of metachromatic leucodystrophy. Certain progressive cerebral diseases can present with emotional and behavioural disorders. The juvenile form of metachromatic leucodystrophy is one of these. The histories of two children with this condition are given to demonstrate the insidious form of onset.", "PMID": 673989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1731", "title": "Therapy of Candida peritonitis: penetration of amphotericin B into peritoneal fluid.", "content": "Candida albicans peritonitis developed in a 48-year-old man with a perforated gastric ulcer who subsequently was treated with intravenous amphotericin B. The drug penetrated well into the inflamed peritoneal cavity and eradicated the organism from the peritoneal fluid. Nevertheless, at post-mortem, Candida organisms were demonstrated in a gall-bladder empyema and within the gall-bladder wall. Because intra-abdominal organs may be involved in Candida peritonitis, the use of high dose amphotericin B administered either intravenously, intraperitoneally, or both intravenously and intraperitoneally is recommended.", "contents": "Therapy of Candida peritonitis: penetration of amphotericin B into peritoneal fluid. Candida albicans peritonitis developed in a 48-year-old man with a perforated gastric ulcer who subsequently was treated with intravenous amphotericin B. The drug penetrated well into the inflamed peritoneal cavity and eradicated the organism from the peritoneal fluid. Nevertheless, at post-mortem, Candida organisms were demonstrated in a gall-bladder empyema and within the gall-bladder wall. Because intra-abdominal organs may be involved in Candida peritonitis, the use of high dose amphotericin B administered either intravenously, intraperitoneally, or both intravenously and intraperitoneally is recommended.", "PMID": 673990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1732", "title": "Carcinoma of the gall bladder presenting as a retrograde intussusception of the duodenum.", "content": "A case of carcinoma of the gall bladder presenting as a retrograde intussusception of the duodenum is described. Although this is a rare presentation of the disease, adequate radiography and endoscopy will help to establish the diagnosis.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the gall bladder presenting as a retrograde intussusception of the duodenum. A case of carcinoma of the gall bladder presenting as a retrograde intussusception of the duodenum is described. Although this is a rare presentation of the disease, adequate radiography and endoscopy will help to establish the diagnosis.", "PMID": 673991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1733", "title": "Benign polypi at the site of uretero-rectal anastomosis.", "content": "A case of benign polypi at the site of uretero-rectal anastomosis is herein reported. Nine other similar cases are reviewed. Possible aetiology and diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Benign polypi at the site of uretero-rectal anastomosis. A case of benign polypi at the site of uretero-rectal anastomosis is herein reported. Nine other similar cases are reviewed. Possible aetiology and diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 673992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1734", "title": "Sub-acute thyroiditis and hepatitis in a case of infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "A viral aetiology for sub-acute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis has long been postulated although proof has been elusive. Infectious mononucleosis has been associated with sub-acute thyroiditis in only two papers, and histological evidence of sub-acute thyroiditis was lacking in both. A case of sub-acute thyroiditis, confirmed by histology, occurring in a patient with infectious mononucleosis is now reported.", "contents": "Sub-acute thyroiditis and hepatitis in a case of infectious mononucleosis. A viral aetiology for sub-acute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis has long been postulated although proof has been elusive. Infectious mononucleosis has been associated with sub-acute thyroiditis in only two papers, and histological evidence of sub-acute thyroiditis was lacking in both. A case of sub-acute thyroiditis, confirmed by histology, occurring in a patient with infectious mononucleosis is now reported.", "PMID": 673993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1735", "title": "Juvenile hepatic fibropolycystic disease and other abnormalities.", "content": "Two cases are described of hepatic fibropolycystic disease (Brunt, 1973). Both had neonatal pyloric stenosis, one craniostenosis and the other acromegaly and neuro-fibromatosis.", "contents": "Juvenile hepatic fibropolycystic disease and other abnormalities. Two cases are described of hepatic fibropolycystic disease (Brunt, 1973). Both had neonatal pyloric stenosis, one craniostenosis and the other acromegaly and neuro-fibromatosis.", "PMID": 673994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1736", "title": "Duplication of the rectum.", "content": "A case of duplication of the rectum is presented and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Duplication of the rectum. A case of duplication of the rectum is presented and the literature reviewed.", "PMID": 673995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1737", "title": "Hostile interaction in a general hospital ward leading to disturbed behaviour and bulimia in anorexia nervosa: its successful management.", "content": "A girl of 17 years with severe anorexia nervosa, treated on a medical ward in a teaching hospital, developed bulimia, stole food, was sometimes doubly incontinent, behaved angrily, and aroused the hostility of patients and staff. The growth of a vicious circle of hostility is described and it was hypothesized that the hostility had aggravated the bulimia. On the basis of this hypothesis the situation was clarified with the patient and staff, attitudes changed, the patient's appetite dropped within a day from about six times to one-and-a-half times the normal and her behaviour became normal. The significance of these events is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Hostile interaction in a general hospital ward leading to disturbed behaviour and bulimia in anorexia nervosa: its successful management. A girl of 17 years with severe anorexia nervosa, treated on a medical ward in a teaching hospital, developed bulimia, stole food, was sometimes doubly incontinent, behaved angrily, and aroused the hostility of patients and staff. The growth of a vicious circle of hostility is described and it was hypothesized that the hostility had aggravated the bulimia. On the basis of this hypothesis the situation was clarified with the patient and staff, attitudes changed, the patient's appetite dropped within a day from about six times to one-and-a-half times the normal and her behaviour became normal. The significance of these events is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 673996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1738", "title": "[Arterio-alveolar difference in CO2 (AaDCO2) : measurement, interpretation, clinical value].", "content": "The measurement of arterio-alveolar difference in CO2, easily performed, gives the percentage of non perfused ventilated pulmonary zones. The clinical value of this examination is illustrated by two observations. Its situation, among other tests of the respiratory function, is questioned particularly when the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is concerned.", "contents": "[Arterio-alveolar difference in CO2 (AaDCO2) : measurement, interpretation, clinical value]. The measurement of arterio-alveolar difference in CO2, easily performed, gives the percentage of non perfused ventilated pulmonary zones. The clinical value of this examination is illustrated by two observations. Its situation, among other tests of the respiratory function, is questioned particularly when the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is concerned.", "PMID": 673997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1739", "title": "[Use of sympathomimetics in the treatment of asthma].", "content": "There are many sympathomimetic products available in treatment of asthma, such as ephedrin, isoproterenol, orciprenalin, salbutamol, terbutalin..., used by oral or injectable route and spray. In the spray form, the sympathomimetic products have immediate and intense activity but the easiness of their use leads to a dose multiplication or overdose ineluctably, and thus involves cardiac and respiratory accidents which can be fatal. Their prescription should be slightly different according to the clinical type of asthma in the patient. On the other hand the oral sympathomimetic products are less inclined to overdose.", "contents": "[Use of sympathomimetics in the treatment of asthma]. There are many sympathomimetic products available in treatment of asthma, such as ephedrin, isoproterenol, orciprenalin, salbutamol, terbutalin..., used by oral or injectable route and spray. In the spray form, the sympathomimetic products have immediate and intense activity but the easiness of their use leads to a dose multiplication or overdose ineluctably, and thus involves cardiac and respiratory accidents which can be fatal. Their prescription should be slightly different according to the clinical type of asthma in the patient. On the other hand the oral sympathomimetic products are less inclined to overdose.", "PMID": 673998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1740", "title": "[Value of right cardiac microcatheterization in the prescription and control of oxygen therapy in chronic respiratory insufficiency].", "content": "The authors studied 24 patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency divided in 2 groups, one of them subjected to long lasting oxygen therapy. They studied the correlations between the variations of hemodynamic and non dynamic parameters registered during a previous assay of oxygen therapy and those observed during the evolution so as to deduct criteria of prescription of a long lasting oxygen therapy. They stress the importance of microcatheterism at the beginning. On the other hand if it suggests the indication for a controlable oxygenation, the ponctual assays of oxygen therapy, such as defined, present no interest where the appreciation of later successes of a long term oxygen therapy is concerned.", "contents": "[Value of right cardiac microcatheterization in the prescription and control of oxygen therapy in chronic respiratory insufficiency]. The authors studied 24 patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency divided in 2 groups, one of them subjected to long lasting oxygen therapy. They studied the correlations between the variations of hemodynamic and non dynamic parameters registered during a previous assay of oxygen therapy and those observed during the evolution so as to deduct criteria of prescription of a long lasting oxygen therapy. They stress the importance of microcatheterism at the beginning. On the other hand if it suggests the indication for a controlable oxygenation, the ponctual assays of oxygen therapy, such as defined, present no interest where the appreciation of later successes of a long term oxygen therapy is concerned.", "PMID": 673999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1741", "title": "[Comparative efficiency of rigid broncoscopy and fibroscopy in proximal bronchial neoplasms].", "content": "The authors report 2 comparable series of 200 bronchoscopies and 200 fibroscopies on 400 cases whose endoscopic pictures suggested a bronchial neoplasia. The histopathological results were similar in both series.", "contents": "[Comparative efficiency of rigid broncoscopy and fibroscopy in proximal bronchial neoplasms]. The authors report 2 comparable series of 200 bronchoscopies and 200 fibroscopies on 400 cases whose endoscopic pictures suggested a bronchial neoplasia. The histopathological results were similar in both series.", "PMID": 674000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1742", "title": "[Clinical study of pleural fibromas].", "content": "After 3 personal observations of pleural fibromas, 67 analogous cases have been recorded. Clinical, radiological and pathological signs are recalled. The authors stress the 2 points which can turn this benign tumour into a serious disease :--onset of major hypoglycemia,--recurrences happening in a malignant fashion.", "contents": "[Clinical study of pleural fibromas]. After 3 personal observations of pleural fibromas, 67 analogous cases have been recorded. Clinical, radiological and pathological signs are recalled. The authors stress the 2 points which can turn this benign tumour into a serious disease :--onset of major hypoglycemia,--recurrences happening in a malignant fashion.", "PMID": 674001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1743", "title": "Effect of high dietary copper on the ceca of chicks.", "content": "Including 120 to 250 mg./kg. additional copper in practical broiler rations significantly affected the cecal appearance. The ceca were distended and the contents were darker in color and more pasty in consistency, compared to controls. Adding monensin sodium, gentian violet, or ferrous sulfate alone or in combination with copper to the ration did not significantly change the appearance of the ceca. Copper concentrations in the cecal contents reached levels above 5000 mg./kg., suggesting that the mechanism of action of copper in changing the appearance of the ceca may be related to an inhibition of normal fermentation that occurs in this part of the gastrointestinal tract. Sulfate, chloride and carbonate forms of copper all significantly changed cecal appearance, but the oxide did not, nor did a non-copper containing sulfate source. Macroscopic appearance of the gizzard lining and the proventriculus was also significantly changed by adding 240 mg./kg. copper to the diet, and liver weight and lipid content of liver dry matter were significantly increased.", "contents": "Effect of high dietary copper on the ceca of chicks. Including 120 to 250 mg./kg. additional copper in practical broiler rations significantly affected the cecal appearance. The ceca were distended and the contents were darker in color and more pasty in consistency, compared to controls. Adding monensin sodium, gentian violet, or ferrous sulfate alone or in combination with copper to the ration did not significantly change the appearance of the ceca. Copper concentrations in the cecal contents reached levels above 5000 mg./kg., suggesting that the mechanism of action of copper in changing the appearance of the ceca may be related to an inhibition of normal fermentation that occurs in this part of the gastrointestinal tract. Sulfate, chloride and carbonate forms of copper all significantly changed cecal appearance, but the oxide did not, nor did a non-copper containing sulfate source. Macroscopic appearance of the gizzard lining and the proventriculus was also significantly changed by adding 240 mg./kg. copper to the diet, and liver weight and lipid content of liver dry matter were significantly increased.", "PMID": 674003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1744", "title": "Protein requirement of guinea keets.", "content": "An experiment was carried out in batteries with raised wire floors to study the protein requirements of guinea keets from one to 56 days of age. Keets were fed protein levels ranging from 18 to 28% using an isocaloric corn-soya diet. Keets in this experiment required a dietary protein level of 24% for optimal growth to eight weeks of age. Feed conversion was slightly better for the keets that received 28% protein; however, this result was not significantly different at the 0.05 level of probability. Feed consumption was generally related to growth rate. Mortality was not influenced by levels of protein.", "contents": "Protein requirement of guinea keets. An experiment was carried out in batteries with raised wire floors to study the protein requirements of guinea keets from one to 56 days of age. Keets were fed protein levels ranging from 18 to 28% using an isocaloric corn-soya diet. Keets in this experiment required a dietary protein level of 24% for optimal growth to eight weeks of age. Feed conversion was slightly better for the keets that received 28% protein; however, this result was not significantly different at the 0.05 level of probability. Feed consumption was generally related to growth rate. Mortality was not influenced by levels of protein.", "PMID": 674004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1745", "title": "Distribution of 140La and 47Ca in female Japanese quail and in the eggs laid.", "content": "140La accumulations in 20 tissues and tissue products of laying Japanese quail 1, 6 and 18 hr. after an intravenous dose of 15 mumol. La/100 g. body weight were greatest in the liver (43.1% at 18 hr.) and the growing oocytes (8.19% at 18 hr.). 47Ca accumulations 6 hr. after intravenous injection as compared with 140La levels were: shell 87.7% Ca, 0.0028% La; liver 0.110% Ca, 38.5% La; oocytes 0.852% Ca, 6.50% La. La3+ administered with the 47Ca did not alter the 47Ca levels. Deposition in eggs laid over an 8-day period was: 47Ca, shells 95.7%, maximum 77.6% on day 1; 140La, yolks 25.3%, maximum 8.35% on day 4.", "contents": "Distribution of 140La and 47Ca in female Japanese quail and in the eggs laid. 140La accumulations in 20 tissues and tissue products of laying Japanese quail 1, 6 and 18 hr. after an intravenous dose of 15 mumol. La/100 g. body weight were greatest in the liver (43.1% at 18 hr.) and the growing oocytes (8.19% at 18 hr.). 47Ca accumulations 6 hr. after intravenous injection as compared with 140La levels were: shell 87.7% Ca, 0.0028% La; liver 0.110% Ca, 38.5% La; oocytes 0.852% Ca, 6.50% La. La3+ administered with the 47Ca did not alter the 47Ca levels. Deposition in eggs laid over an 8-day period was: 47Ca, shells 95.7%, maximum 77.6% on day 1; 140La, yolks 25.3%, maximum 8.35% on day 4.", "PMID": 674005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1746", "title": "New formal approaches to the determination of energy and amino acid requirements of chicks.", "content": "Body weight and the intake of metabolizable energy of chicks as function of age, were resolved into a linear equation from which the energy requirements for maintenance and growth were extracted. The metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance was calculated to be 1.91 and 1.62 Cal./g. 2/3, and that for weight gain was 2.05 and 2.19 Cal./g. for male White Rock and female 2--8-week old Leghorn chicks, respectively. The amino acid requirements of growing broiler chicks were calculated from the maintenance requirements, body weight gain and body weight, the proportions of feather protein in total body protein, and the amino acid composition of carcass and feathers. The requirements thus calculated, correlated well with various values in the literature. Diets formulated on the basis of the present model, were lower in protein and amino acid contents than those formulated on the basis of NRC allowances. These differences were pronounced in diets designed for 6--8 week old chicks. The weight gains obtained were similar for both types of diets. Feed conversion were slightly poorer and abdominal fat higher in chicks fed the model diets. It is concluded that the present model can serve, at least as an initial approach, to calculate the protein and amino acid requirements.", "contents": "New formal approaches to the determination of energy and amino acid requirements of chicks. Body weight and the intake of metabolizable energy of chicks as function of age, were resolved into a linear equation from which the energy requirements for maintenance and growth were extracted. The metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance was calculated to be 1.91 and 1.62 Cal./g. 2/3, and that for weight gain was 2.05 and 2.19 Cal./g. for male White Rock and female 2--8-week old Leghorn chicks, respectively. The amino acid requirements of growing broiler chicks were calculated from the maintenance requirements, body weight gain and body weight, the proportions of feather protein in total body protein, and the amino acid composition of carcass and feathers. The requirements thus calculated, correlated well with various values in the literature. Diets formulated on the basis of the present model, were lower in protein and amino acid contents than those formulated on the basis of NRC allowances. These differences were pronounced in diets designed for 6--8 week old chicks. The weight gains obtained were similar for both types of diets. Feed conversion were slightly poorer and abdominal fat higher in chicks fed the model diets. It is concluded that the present model can serve, at least as an initial approach, to calculate the protein and amino acid requirements.", "PMID": 674006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1747", "title": "Effect of pelleting on the vitamin K activity of various vitamin K3 preparations in chicks.", "content": "A study with chicks was conducted to compare the relative vitamin K3 stability of various menadione preparations in mash and pellets. The preparations assayed were menadione sodium bisulfite, menadione sodium bisulfite complex, menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite and Kastab (a physically stabilized preparation of menadione sodium bisulfite). Pelleting increased the stability of all preparations when measured by the partial thromboplastin assay. The general trend in stability obtained by both procedures was in decreasing order: Kastab, menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, menadione bisulfite complex and menadione bisulfite. Stability, determined chemically in vitamin microelement premixes, gave similar results.", "contents": "Effect of pelleting on the vitamin K activity of various vitamin K3 preparations in chicks. A study with chicks was conducted to compare the relative vitamin K3 stability of various menadione preparations in mash and pellets. The preparations assayed were menadione sodium bisulfite, menadione sodium bisulfite complex, menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite and Kastab (a physically stabilized preparation of menadione sodium bisulfite). Pelleting increased the stability of all preparations when measured by the partial thromboplastin assay. The general trend in stability obtained by both procedures was in decreasing order: Kastab, menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, menadione bisulfite complex and menadione bisulfite. Stability, determined chemically in vitamin microelement premixes, gave similar results.", "PMID": 674007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1748", "title": "Influence of ethoxyquin on the utilization of selenium by the chick.", "content": "Experiments showed that commonly used concentrations of dietary ethoxyquin (6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroxyquinoline) spare the selenium requirement of the vitamin E-deficient chick according to the following function: log Y = -0.0011X - 0.7741, where Y = Se requirement (ppm) and X = dietary ethoxyquin (ppm). The basis of the sparing effect appeared to be metabolic; (a) ethoxyquin was effective in alleviating exudative diathesis when fed (physiologically and chronologically) separately from selenium, and (b) ethoxyquin was effective in promoting increases in the plasma of the selenium-containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase.", "contents": "Influence of ethoxyquin on the utilization of selenium by the chick. Experiments showed that commonly used concentrations of dietary ethoxyquin (6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroxyquinoline) spare the selenium requirement of the vitamin E-deficient chick according to the following function: log Y = -0.0011X - 0.7741, where Y = Se requirement (ppm) and X = dietary ethoxyquin (ppm). The basis of the sparing effect appeared to be metabolic; (a) ethoxyquin was effective in alleviating exudative diathesis when fed (physiologically and chronologically) separately from selenium, and (b) ethoxyquin was effective in promoting increases in the plasma of the selenium-containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase.", "PMID": 674008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1749", "title": "Studies on the utilization of vitamin E alcohol and esters by the chick.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to evaluate the utilization of d1-alpha-tocopherol, d1-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and a water-soluble ester, d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 (TPGS), as dietary sources of vitamin E for the chick. Results showed that tocopheryl acetate is utilized with efficiency equal to that of vitamin E alcohol at dietary concentrations less than or equal to approximately 40 ml d1-alpha-tocopherol equivalents per kg. At greater dietary concentrations of the vitamin, the alcohol form appeared to be better utilized than the acetate when it was adequately stabilized in the diet. However, TPGS was poorly utilized at all dietary levels examined. Saponification of both esters improved the utilization of vitamin E from these sources. The utilization of all forms of vitamin E was depressed in hypervitaminotic A chicks and, to a lesser extent, in chicks fed ethoxyquin.", "contents": "Studies on the utilization of vitamin E alcohol and esters by the chick. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the utilization of d1-alpha-tocopherol, d1-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and a water-soluble ester, d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 (TPGS), as dietary sources of vitamin E for the chick. Results showed that tocopheryl acetate is utilized with efficiency equal to that of vitamin E alcohol at dietary concentrations less than or equal to approximately 40 ml d1-alpha-tocopherol equivalents per kg. At greater dietary concentrations of the vitamin, the alcohol form appeared to be better utilized than the acetate when it was adequately stabilized in the diet. However, TPGS was poorly utilized at all dietary levels examined. Saponification of both esters improved the utilization of vitamin E from these sources. The utilization of all forms of vitamin E was depressed in hypervitaminotic A chicks and, to a lesser extent, in chicks fed ethoxyquin.", "PMID": 674009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1750", "title": "The relationship of production status to serum calcium and phosphorus in hens.", "content": "The effect of production status on the serum levels of calcium and phosphorous of laying hens was examined. Commercial-type White Leghorn hens, 66 weeks of age, were selected on the basis of whether or not they had laid an egg each day during a two-day period. A five ml. blood sample was collected via anterior heart puncture from each of the selected hens and subjected to serum calcium and phosphorus analyses. Serum phosphorus varied significantly in relation to whether or not a bird laid an egg the day before and/or the day of blood collection. Except for birds which were reproductively inactive, serum calcium was less affected by production status than was serum phosphorus. It was hypothesized that the variations were related to the physiological changes in shell calcification activity, bone resorption and remineralization, intestinal absorption of minerals and muscular activity. It was suggested from the results that birds selected for serum mineral analyses should be of similar production status.", "contents": "The relationship of production status to serum calcium and phosphorus in hens. The effect of production status on the serum levels of calcium and phosphorous of laying hens was examined. Commercial-type White Leghorn hens, 66 weeks of age, were selected on the basis of whether or not they had laid an egg each day during a two-day period. A five ml. blood sample was collected via anterior heart puncture from each of the selected hens and subjected to serum calcium and phosphorus analyses. Serum phosphorus varied significantly in relation to whether or not a bird laid an egg the day before and/or the day of blood collection. Except for birds which were reproductively inactive, serum calcium was less affected by production status than was serum phosphorus. It was hypothesized that the variations were related to the physiological changes in shell calcification activity, bone resorption and remineralization, intestinal absorption of minerals and muscular activity. It was suggested from the results that birds selected for serum mineral analyses should be of similar production status.", "PMID": 674010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1751", "title": "Suppression of phytohemagglutinin skin response in thymectomized chickens.", "content": "Intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the wattles of chickens elicited marked swellings often accompanied by induration. Histologically, this reaction was characterized by a perivascular accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophage migration in the central layer of the wattles. Heterophilic infiltration was observed mostly at early hours and waned thereafter. Sometime basophils were prominently located around the vessels. These responses were significantly decreased in cases of neonatal thymectomy. Therefore, the PHA skin test was considered to be a thymus-dependent response. The use of the PHA skin test in chickens may provide useful information for the evaluation of thymus-dependent function.", "contents": "Suppression of phytohemagglutinin skin response in thymectomized chickens. Intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the wattles of chickens elicited marked swellings often accompanied by induration. Histologically, this reaction was characterized by a perivascular accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophage migration in the central layer of the wattles. Heterophilic infiltration was observed mostly at early hours and waned thereafter. Sometime basophils were prominently located around the vessels. These responses were significantly decreased in cases of neonatal thymectomy. Therefore, the PHA skin test was considered to be a thymus-dependent response. The use of the PHA skin test in chickens may provide useful information for the evaluation of thymus-dependent function.", "PMID": 674011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1752", "title": "Plasma concentration of progesterone and estradiol during the ovulatory cycle of the turkey.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays were used to estimate concentrations of progesterone and estradiol in the peripheral plasma of hens in relation to the first (C1) or second (C2) ovulation in a sequence. Peak concentrations of progesterone were found at 6--3 hr. before ovulation. There were no consistent changes in estradiol concentrations. When blood samples were taken at 2-hr. intervals for 24--48 hrs., estradiol concentrations peaked at 18 hours before C1 ovulation and during the same time of day (2--6 p.m.) during the period of no ovulation between sequences, but no estradiol peak preceded C2 ovulation. When blood samples were taken from a second population of hens at 1-hr. intervals during the 12 hr. period before expected C2 ovulation, a significant rise in estradiol (P less than 0.01) was associated with the preovulatory peak of progesterone. The preovulatory peak of estradiol in these hens may be linked to a seasonally high rate of secretion of both estradiol and progesterone. As estimated indirectly by hypophysectomy, release of an ovulatory amount of LH in the turkey coincided with the rise of progesterone to the preovulatory peak.", "contents": "Plasma concentration of progesterone and estradiol during the ovulatory cycle of the turkey. Radioimmunoassays were used to estimate concentrations of progesterone and estradiol in the peripheral plasma of hens in relation to the first (C1) or second (C2) ovulation in a sequence. Peak concentrations of progesterone were found at 6--3 hr. before ovulation. There were no consistent changes in estradiol concentrations. When blood samples were taken at 2-hr. intervals for 24--48 hrs., estradiol concentrations peaked at 18 hours before C1 ovulation and during the same time of day (2--6 p.m.) during the period of no ovulation between sequences, but no estradiol peak preceded C2 ovulation. When blood samples were taken from a second population of hens at 1-hr. intervals during the 12 hr. period before expected C2 ovulation, a significant rise in estradiol (P less than 0.01) was associated with the preovulatory peak of progesterone. The preovulatory peak of estradiol in these hens may be linked to a seasonally high rate of secretion of both estradiol and progesterone. As estimated indirectly by hypophysectomy, release of an ovulatory amount of LH in the turkey coincided with the rise of progesterone to the preovulatory peak.", "PMID": 674012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1753", "title": "Effects of age, light regimes and food removal on development of daily rhythmicity in chick heart rate.", "content": "Development of daily rhythms in the chick heart rate was investigated during the post-hatching period. The measurements were made in free-moving chicks at one-hour intervals under different light conditions. Clear daily rhythms were seen 3 days after hatching under LD (12:12 hr.) whereas no daily rhythm was observed under either constant illumination or constant dark. The present study demonstrated that while heart rate increased with age during the post-hatching period, the light-time heart rate increased more rapidly than the dark-time heart rate. It was also found that the daily rhythms in heart rate were not formed after food removal even under LD. These results indicate that the light and feeding play an important role in the development of the daily rhythms in chick heart rate.", "contents": "Effects of age, light regimes and food removal on development of daily rhythmicity in chick heart rate. Development of daily rhythms in the chick heart rate was investigated during the post-hatching period. The measurements were made in free-moving chicks at one-hour intervals under different light conditions. Clear daily rhythms were seen 3 days after hatching under LD (12:12 hr.) whereas no daily rhythm was observed under either constant illumination or constant dark. The present study demonstrated that while heart rate increased with age during the post-hatching period, the light-time heart rate increased more rapidly than the dark-time heart rate. It was also found that the daily rhythms in heart rate were not formed after food removal even under LD. These results indicate that the light and feeding play an important role in the development of the daily rhythms in chick heart rate.", "PMID": 674014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1754", "title": "A new poultry semen extender 2. Effect of the diluent components on the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C.", "content": "The major objective of this study was to assess the relationship of various components of the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) to the maintenance of the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. A secondary objective was to rest the effectiveness of certain chemical additives on maintining the fertilizing capacity of stored semen. The data indicate that the components of the BPSE which contribute most to the preservation of semen were sodium glutamate and potassium phosphate. Also the high level of potassium in the BPSE was critical to the survival of spermatozoa during low temperature storage. Although the fructose component of the BPSE was not a significant factor during storage, attempts to substitute fructose with other carbohydrates resulted in a reduction in fertility. The addition of gentamicin sulfate (100 to 200 microgram/ml.), or pasteurized milk (10% v./v.) to the BPSE did not significantly alter the fertilizing capacity of semen stored for 24 hr., whereas similar levels of whole egg, egg yolk, egg albumen or seminal plasma had a depressive effect. The data in this study clearly indicate that components of and additions to the BPSE were responsible for the maintenance of only about 50 to 60% of the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored for 24 hr. at 5 degrees C.", "contents": "A new poultry semen extender 2. Effect of the diluent components on the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. The major objective of this study was to assess the relationship of various components of the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) to the maintenance of the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. A secondary objective was to rest the effectiveness of certain chemical additives on maintining the fertilizing capacity of stored semen. The data indicate that the components of the BPSE which contribute most to the preservation of semen were sodium glutamate and potassium phosphate. Also the high level of potassium in the BPSE was critical to the survival of spermatozoa during low temperature storage. Although the fructose component of the BPSE was not a significant factor during storage, attempts to substitute fructose with other carbohydrates resulted in a reduction in fertility. The addition of gentamicin sulfate (100 to 200 microgram/ml.), or pasteurized milk (10% v./v.) to the BPSE did not significantly alter the fertilizing capacity of semen stored for 24 hr., whereas similar levels of whole egg, egg yolk, egg albumen or seminal plasma had a depressive effect. The data in this study clearly indicate that components of and additions to the BPSE were responsible for the maintenance of only about 50 to 60% of the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored for 24 hr. at 5 degrees C.", "PMID": 674015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1755", "title": "A new poultry semen extender 3. Effect of storage conditions on the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C.", "content": "Semen from adult Leghorns was subjected to one of five treatments during storage at 5 degrees C. for periods of up to 24 hr. The effects of dilution rate, storage temperature, presence of seminal plasma, presence of visible light and the semen to air ratio in the storage vessel were studied on the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa after 0, 4 and 24 hr. of storage. The results indicated that the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. was equal to that of the unstored controls when semen was diluted and exposed to a light intensity of 129 lux during the entire storage period. Viability of semen stored at 5 degrees C. for 24 hr. was unaffected by storage temperature (5 vs 15 degrees C.), the presence or absence of seminal plasma, or the semen to air ratio in the storage vessel.", "contents": "A new poultry semen extender 3. Effect of storage conditions on the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. Semen from adult Leghorns was subjected to one of five treatments during storage at 5 degrees C. for periods of up to 24 hr. The effects of dilution rate, storage temperature, presence of seminal plasma, presence of visible light and the semen to air ratio in the storage vessel were studied on the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa after 0, 4 and 24 hr. of storage. The results indicated that the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. was equal to that of the unstored controls when semen was diluted and exposed to a light intensity of 129 lux during the entire storage period. Viability of semen stored at 5 degrees C. for 24 hr. was unaffected by storage temperature (5 vs 15 degrees C.), the presence or absence of seminal plasma, or the semen to air ratio in the storage vessel.", "PMID": 674016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1756", "title": "The effect of dietary monoterpenes on the cholesterol level of eggs.", "content": "Monoterpenes were included in the diets of laying hens in an attempt to inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol and hence reduce its amount in egg yolk. However, feeding five monoterpenes, phorone or 200 mg. cholesterol per day to hens did not significantly change the level of cholesterol in the egg yolk. These compounds did not cause signs of ill health in the hen or a decline in egg production.", "contents": "The effect of dietary monoterpenes on the cholesterol level of eggs. Monoterpenes were included in the diets of laying hens in an attempt to inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol and hence reduce its amount in egg yolk. However, feeding five monoterpenes, phorone or 200 mg. cholesterol per day to hens did not significantly change the level of cholesterol in the egg yolk. These compounds did not cause signs of ill health in the hen or a decline in egg production.", "PMID": 674018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1757", "title": "Estimation of sodium requirement of growing chukar partridge (Alectoris graeca).", "content": "Two experiments were conducted with growing chukar partridges to estimate their sodium requirement for growth. Birds fed the basal diet (0.025% Na) had poor growth and high mortality. A total of about 0.095% dietary sodium was adequate for maximum growth and minimal mortality.", "contents": "Estimation of sodium requirement of growing chukar partridge (Alectoris graeca). Two experiments were conducted with growing chukar partridges to estimate their sodium requirement for growth. Birds fed the basal diet (0.025% Na) had poor growth and high mortality. A total of about 0.095% dietary sodium was adequate for maximum growth and minimal mortality.", "PMID": 674019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1758", "title": "The effect of environmental temperature on potassium concentrations in the blood of the domestic fowl.", "content": "The effects of environmental temperature on the blood potassium concentration of chickens of different ages were studied. The mean environmental temperatures used were 8 degrees, 19 degrees and 30 degrees C. There were no statistically significant differences in blood potassium concentration between age groups within a given temperature. Birds acclimated to an environmental temperature of 30 degrees C., had a lower mean blood potassium concentration than birds acclimated to an environmental temperature of 8 degrees C. There was no significant difference between the birds at 19 degrees C. and the other groups. Birds transferred from the 8 degrees to the 30 degrees C. environmental temperature showed a significant decrease in whole blood potassium concentrations as early as six hr. following transfer. In birds transferred from the 30 degrees to the 8 degrees C. environmental temperature, the blood potassium concentrations before and after transfer did not differ significantly. The results of this study indicate that blood potassium concentrations change with acclimation by the domestic fowl.", "contents": "The effect of environmental temperature on potassium concentrations in the blood of the domestic fowl. The effects of environmental temperature on the blood potassium concentration of chickens of different ages were studied. The mean environmental temperatures used were 8 degrees, 19 degrees and 30 degrees C. There were no statistically significant differences in blood potassium concentration between age groups within a given temperature. Birds acclimated to an environmental temperature of 30 degrees C., had a lower mean blood potassium concentration than birds acclimated to an environmental temperature of 8 degrees C. There was no significant difference between the birds at 19 degrees C. and the other groups. Birds transferred from the 8 degrees to the 30 degrees C. environmental temperature showed a significant decrease in whole blood potassium concentrations as early as six hr. following transfer. In birds transferred from the 30 degrees to the 8 degrees C. environmental temperature, the blood potassium concentrations before and after transfer did not differ significantly. The results of this study indicate that blood potassium concentrations change with acclimation by the domestic fowl.", "PMID": 674020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1759", "title": "Lysine requirement of broilers as influenced by environmental temperatures.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of 15.6 and 29.4 degrees C. environmental temperatures on 2- to 4-week broiler lysine requirements. Weights for 4-week-old cockerels were maximum when either 1.10% dietary lysine in the 15.6 degrees C. environment or 1.00% dietary lysine in the 29.4 degrees C. environment were fed. Feed was used more efficiently by 4-week old cockerels fed either 1.10% dietary lysine in the 15.6 degrees C. environment or 0.95% dietary lysine in the 29.4 degrees C. environment. Plasma free lysine concentrations from 4-week-old cockerels increased as dietary lysine increased. Total plasma free amino acid concentrations from chicks grown in a 15.6 degrees C. environment were approximately 25% greater than from chicks grown at 29.4 degrees C. Total plasma free amino acids for 4-week-old cockerels peaked when 1.05% dietary lysine in the cool environment and 0.95% dietary lysine in the warm environment were fed.", "contents": "Lysine requirement of broilers as influenced by environmental temperatures. Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of 15.6 and 29.4 degrees C. environmental temperatures on 2- to 4-week broiler lysine requirements. Weights for 4-week-old cockerels were maximum when either 1.10% dietary lysine in the 15.6 degrees C. environment or 1.00% dietary lysine in the 29.4 degrees C. environment were fed. Feed was used more efficiently by 4-week old cockerels fed either 1.10% dietary lysine in the 15.6 degrees C. environment or 0.95% dietary lysine in the 29.4 degrees C. environment. Plasma free lysine concentrations from 4-week-old cockerels increased as dietary lysine increased. Total plasma free amino acid concentrations from chicks grown in a 15.6 degrees C. environment were approximately 25% greater than from chicks grown at 29.4 degrees C. Total plasma free amino acids for 4-week-old cockerels peaked when 1.05% dietary lysine in the cool environment and 0.95% dietary lysine in the warm environment were fed.", "PMID": 674021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1760", "title": "The effects of sonication, freezing and lyophilization on JMV leukosis strain.", "content": "JMV lymphoblastic leukemic cells were subjected to sonication, followed by freezing and lyophilization in an attempt to learn the tolerance of JMV cells to these treatments. Sonication experiments indicated that a high percentage of cell breakage (greater than 89%) is necessary for any decrease in lethality to be observed. Freezing experiments involving a wide range of cryoprotectors demonstrated 2M glycerol to be the best for JMV preservation. Subsequent freeze-drying of sonicated, frozen JMV preparations, of high titer, consistently resulted in all loss of lethality.", "contents": "The effects of sonication, freezing and lyophilization on JMV leukosis strain. JMV lymphoblastic leukemic cells were subjected to sonication, followed by freezing and lyophilization in an attempt to learn the tolerance of JMV cells to these treatments. Sonication experiments indicated that a high percentage of cell breakage (greater than 89%) is necessary for any decrease in lethality to be observed. Freezing experiments involving a wide range of cryoprotectors demonstrated 2M glycerol to be the best for JMV preservation. Subsequent freeze-drying of sonicated, frozen JMV preparations, of high titer, consistently resulted in all loss of lethality.", "PMID": 674023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1761", "title": "Effect of 6-amino-9-(substituted benzyl)purines on oocyst sporulation.", "content": "A series of experiments have been conducted utilizing 11 strains of Eimeria representing 4 of the major species to measure the effect of arprinocid [6-amino-9-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)purine] and the dichloro analog L-628,914 [6-amino-9-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)purine] on oocyst sporulation. The results of these studies show that oocysts harvested from chickens fed graded levels of these compounds and infected with E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. necatrix, or E. tenella have a decreased capacity to sporulate. This effect was observed against each of the species of Eimeria tested at levels well below the proposed use level of 60 ppm to 70 ppm of arprinocid.", "contents": "Effect of 6-amino-9-(substituted benzyl)purines on oocyst sporulation. A series of experiments have been conducted utilizing 11 strains of Eimeria representing 4 of the major species to measure the effect of arprinocid [6-amino-9-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)purine] and the dichloro analog L-628,914 [6-amino-9-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)purine] on oocyst sporulation. The results of these studies show that oocysts harvested from chickens fed graded levels of these compounds and infected with E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. necatrix, or E. tenella have a decreased capacity to sporulate. This effect was observed against each of the species of Eimeria tested at levels well below the proposed use level of 60 ppm to 70 ppm of arprinocid.", "PMID": 674025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1762", "title": "The response of Bobwhite quail chicks to dietary ammonium and an antibiotic-vitamin supplement when fed B1 aflatoxin.", "content": "Dietary ammonium phosphate and a water soluble antibiotic-vitamin supplement were tested as possible means of preventing or minimizing the effects of aflatoxin in the diet of Bobwhite quail chicks. Aflatoxin (B1) was added to the diet at levels of 0, 0.4 and .8 ppm in Experiment 1 and 0, .8 and 1.2 ppm in Experiment 2. In addition, ammonium phosphate was included in the diet at levels of 0 or 1.46% and an antibiotic-vitamin supplement was added to the drinking water at 0 or 600 mg/liter. All treatments were given from 1 to 32 days of age in Experiment 1 and 1 to 28 days of age in Experiment 2. The addition of aflatoxin to the diet resulted in decreased body weight, feed consumption and percent tibia ash, increased mortality and increased feed required per unit of body weight. The addition of ammonia to the diet in the form of monoammonium phosphate did not alleviate the effects of aflatoxin. Water supplementation with an antibiotic-vitamin mixture improved weight and feed efficiency and decreased mortality of chicks receiving aflatoxin.", "contents": "The response of Bobwhite quail chicks to dietary ammonium and an antibiotic-vitamin supplement when fed B1 aflatoxin. Dietary ammonium phosphate and a water soluble antibiotic-vitamin supplement were tested as possible means of preventing or minimizing the effects of aflatoxin in the diet of Bobwhite quail chicks. Aflatoxin (B1) was added to the diet at levels of 0, 0.4 and .8 ppm in Experiment 1 and 0, .8 and 1.2 ppm in Experiment 2. In addition, ammonium phosphate was included in the diet at levels of 0 or 1.46% and an antibiotic-vitamin supplement was added to the drinking water at 0 or 600 mg/liter. All treatments were given from 1 to 32 days of age in Experiment 1 and 1 to 28 days of age in Experiment 2. The addition of aflatoxin to the diet resulted in decreased body weight, feed consumption and percent tibia ash, increased mortality and increased feed required per unit of body weight. The addition of ammonia to the diet in the form of monoammonium phosphate did not alleviate the effects of aflatoxin. Water supplementation with an antibiotic-vitamin mixture improved weight and feed efficiency and decreased mortality of chicks receiving aflatoxin.", "PMID": 674026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1763", "title": "Energy utilization by laying hens. I. Energetic efficiencies of maintenance and production.", "content": "The energetic efficiency of metabolizable energy conversion to net energy for maintenance and/or production was determined in laying hens. The techniques employed indicated that maintenance and production had essentially the same efficiencies (.619 and .628, respectively). Fasting heat production was 69.28 kcal/Wkg75 (physiological body weight) and the maintenance requirement was 111.1 kcal/Wkg75. Limiting metabolizable energy intake in laying hens reduced both egg weight and hen-day production. Regression equations predicted a reduction of 1.53 g in egg weight and a reduction of 2.5% in egg production for each 10 kcal metabolizable energy reduction in intake. This paper reports techniques which may be employed for energetic efficiency evaluations of feedstuffs, mixed diets, and energy utilization by laying hens in short term studies.", "contents": "Energy utilization by laying hens. I. Energetic efficiencies of maintenance and production. The energetic efficiency of metabolizable energy conversion to net energy for maintenance and/or production was determined in laying hens. The techniques employed indicated that maintenance and production had essentially the same efficiencies (.619 and .628, respectively). Fasting heat production was 69.28 kcal/Wkg75 (physiological body weight) and the maintenance requirement was 111.1 kcal/Wkg75. Limiting metabolizable energy intake in laying hens reduced both egg weight and hen-day production. Regression equations predicted a reduction of 1.53 g in egg weight and a reduction of 2.5% in egg production for each 10 kcal metabolizable energy reduction in intake. This paper reports techniques which may be employed for energetic efficiency evaluations of feedstuffs, mixed diets, and energy utilization by laying hens in short term studies.", "PMID": 674027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1764", "title": "Relative phosphorus requirements of three strains of White Leghorn cockerels.", "content": "Three strains of White Leghorn Cockerels were fed a degerminated corn meal diet supplemented with graded levels of phosphorus. The basal diet which contained .30% phosphorus and .21% calcium was adjusted to contain added phosphorus levels of 0, .05, .10, or .15%, with calcium levels of .49, .47, .57 and .61%, respectively. At the end of a 21-day trial period, birds were group weighed by replicate, and four birds from each replicate sacrificed for bone ash determinations. The experiment was repeated one time. Maximum body weights of Babcock B-300 and Hyline W-36 chicks was attained at the .10% supplemental phosphorus level; whereas Kimber K-137 chick body weight data indicated a response beyond this point to the .15% level. Bone ash data indicated that there may be a difference in phosphorus requirement and/or utilization among the three strains. There was no significant response beyond the .10% supplemental phosphorus level when tibia ash values of the B-300 and W-36 chicks were analyzed. A significant response in ash values was noted, however, to the .15% supplemental phosphorus level with K-137 chicks.", "contents": "Relative phosphorus requirements of three strains of White Leghorn cockerels. Three strains of White Leghorn Cockerels were fed a degerminated corn meal diet supplemented with graded levels of phosphorus. The basal diet which contained .30% phosphorus and .21% calcium was adjusted to contain added phosphorus levels of 0, .05, .10, or .15%, with calcium levels of .49, .47, .57 and .61%, respectively. At the end of a 21-day trial period, birds were group weighed by replicate, and four birds from each replicate sacrificed for bone ash determinations. The experiment was repeated one time. Maximum body weights of Babcock B-300 and Hyline W-36 chicks was attained at the .10% supplemental phosphorus level; whereas Kimber K-137 chick body weight data indicated a response beyond this point to the .15% level. Bone ash data indicated that there may be a difference in phosphorus requirement and/or utilization among the three strains. There was no significant response beyond the .10% supplemental phosphorus level when tibia ash values of the B-300 and W-36 chicks were analyzed. A significant response in ash values was noted, however, to the .15% supplemental phosphorus level with K-137 chicks.", "PMID": 674028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1765", "title": "Alleviation of fluorine toxicity in starting turkeys and chicks with aluminum.", "content": "Aluminum (Al) compounds were evaluated as fluorine (F) toxicity alleviators in starting broiler chicks and turkeys. Added F levels from NaF ranged from 0 to 1000 ppm, whereas Al levels varied from 0 to 800 ppm. Al was fed either as Al2O3 or Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O. When fed as the sulphate salt, 800 ppm of Al completely prevented the toxic effect of at least 1000 ppm of F. Al2O3 was not effective as an alleviator of fluorine toxicity. When the mode of action of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O against F toxicity was studied in colostomized turkeys it was apparent that F absorption occurred but was probably less efficient than previously reported in ruminants. Al significantly (P less than .05) reduced F absorption in turkeys. Urinary F levels were: 2.4 ppm in birds fed a control diet (26 ppm F), 17.8 ppm in birds fed a diet with 1000 ppm F, and 6.7 ppm in birds fed the high F diet with 800 ppm Al as the sulphate salt. In addition, data from this study indicated that starting broiler chicks were more tolerant (800 ppm F) than starting turkeys (600 ppm F) to fluorine toxicosis.", "contents": "Alleviation of fluorine toxicity in starting turkeys and chicks with aluminum. Aluminum (Al) compounds were evaluated as fluorine (F) toxicity alleviators in starting broiler chicks and turkeys. Added F levels from NaF ranged from 0 to 1000 ppm, whereas Al levels varied from 0 to 800 ppm. Al was fed either as Al2O3 or Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O. When fed as the sulphate salt, 800 ppm of Al completely prevented the toxic effect of at least 1000 ppm of F. Al2O3 was not effective as an alleviator of fluorine toxicity. When the mode of action of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O against F toxicity was studied in colostomized turkeys it was apparent that F absorption occurred but was probably less efficient than previously reported in ruminants. Al significantly (P less than .05) reduced F absorption in turkeys. Urinary F levels were: 2.4 ppm in birds fed a control diet (26 ppm F), 17.8 ppm in birds fed a diet with 1000 ppm F, and 6.7 ppm in birds fed the high F diet with 800 ppm Al as the sulphate salt. In addition, data from this study indicated that starting broiler chicks were more tolerant (800 ppm F) than starting turkeys (600 ppm F) to fluorine toxicosis.", "PMID": 674029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1766", "title": "Testosterone levels in the blood plasma of male chicken-pheasant hybrids.", "content": "Testosterone levels in the blood plasma of sterile male chicken-pheasant hybrids were compared with plasma testosterone levels of roosters and male pheasants, using radioimmunoassay. Mean values of testosterone in the roosters, male pheasants and chicken-pheasant hybrids during spring were 155.47 +/- 4.03, 24.29 +/- 1.55 and 0.68 +/- 0.05 ng./100 ml., respectively and the corresponding values for winter were 88.88 +/- 4.10, 0.61 +/- 0.04 and 0.76 +/- 0.07 ng./100 ml. The pheasant testes were inactive in winter but active in spring whereas the hybrid testes were inactive in winter and spring unlike those of roosters which were active during these seasons. The low levels of testosterone in hybrids during both seasons could be attributed to the impairment of steroid biosynthetic activity of the Leydig cells and may be causally related to the absence of secondary sexual characteristics and the interruption of spermatogenesis in chicken-pheasant hybrids.", "contents": "Testosterone levels in the blood plasma of male chicken-pheasant hybrids. Testosterone levels in the blood plasma of sterile male chicken-pheasant hybrids were compared with plasma testosterone levels of roosters and male pheasants, using radioimmunoassay. Mean values of testosterone in the roosters, male pheasants and chicken-pheasant hybrids during spring were 155.47 +/- 4.03, 24.29 +/- 1.55 and 0.68 +/- 0.05 ng./100 ml., respectively and the corresponding values for winter were 88.88 +/- 4.10, 0.61 +/- 0.04 and 0.76 +/- 0.07 ng./100 ml. The pheasant testes were inactive in winter but active in spring whereas the hybrid testes were inactive in winter and spring unlike those of roosters which were active during these seasons. The low levels of testosterone in hybrids during both seasons could be attributed to the impairment of steroid biosynthetic activity of the Leydig cells and may be causally related to the absence of secondary sexual characteristics and the interruption of spermatogenesis in chicken-pheasant hybrids.", "PMID": 674031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1767", "title": "Effect of cholera preventative treatments on reproductive performance of turkey hens.", "content": "Turkey hens were treated with either the Clemson University (CU) strain of P. multocida, chlortetracycline, bacterin, or no cholera preventative treatment during the growing period. This was followed by CU vaccination during the production period in all except an untreated control group and resulted in no significant differences (P less than 0.05) in egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, body weight, or feed consumption. Best liveability after post-production challenge with P-1059 strain of P. multocida was 92% for those treated with CU vaccine in both the grower and production periods. Hens receiving no cholera preventative treatment had only 8% liveability. These data indicate no adverse effect from treating turkey hens with CU vaccine during the production period.", "contents": "Effect of cholera preventative treatments on reproductive performance of turkey hens. Turkey hens were treated with either the Clemson University (CU) strain of P. multocida, chlortetracycline, bacterin, or no cholera preventative treatment during the growing period. This was followed by CU vaccination during the production period in all except an untreated control group and resulted in no significant differences (P less than 0.05) in egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, body weight, or feed consumption. Best liveability after post-production challenge with P-1059 strain of P. multocida was 92% for those treated with CU vaccine in both the grower and production periods. Hens receiving no cholera preventative treatment had only 8% liveability. These data indicate no adverse effect from treating turkey hens with CU vaccine during the production period.", "PMID": 674032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1768", "title": "Electrolyte content of blood and bone in chickens subjected to heat stress.", "content": "In two trials, S. C. White Leghorns were subjected to constant ambient temperatures of 21.1, 29.4 and 35.0 C from 2 to 33 or 2 to 31 weeks of age. Blood samples were obtained 4 days prior to termination of the trial. In trial 1, blood electrolytes Na, K, Ca, Mg and Cl were studied. In trial 2, the same blood electrolytes plus P were studied and the left femur was analyzed for Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and % ash. Results indicate that both males and females can maintain homeostasis of both blood and bone under the above temperature conditions.", "contents": "Electrolyte content of blood and bone in chickens subjected to heat stress. In two trials, S. C. White Leghorns were subjected to constant ambient temperatures of 21.1, 29.4 and 35.0 C from 2 to 33 or 2 to 31 weeks of age. Blood samples were obtained 4 days prior to termination of the trial. In trial 1, blood electrolytes Na, K, Ca, Mg and Cl were studied. In trial 2, the same blood electrolytes plus P were studied and the left femur was analyzed for Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and % ash. Results indicate that both males and females can maintain homeostasis of both blood and bone under the above temperature conditions.", "PMID": 674033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1769", "title": "Comparison of two procedures for freezing semen from cocks of high and low fertility with frozen semen.", "content": "Semen samples from groups of males chosen for high or low freezability of semen were frozen by two different methods, one using glycerol as the cryoprotectant and the other using DMSO. Fertilizing capacity was highest from semen collected from males of the high group and frozen in the presence of DMSO. Neither semen source nor method of freezing had any influence on the hatch of fertile eggs.", "contents": "Comparison of two procedures for freezing semen from cocks of high and low fertility with frozen semen. Semen samples from groups of males chosen for high or low freezability of semen were frozen by two different methods, one using glycerol as the cryoprotectant and the other using DMSO. Fertilizing capacity was highest from semen collected from males of the high group and frozen in the presence of DMSO. Neither semen source nor method of freezing had any influence on the hatch of fertile eggs.", "PMID": 674034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1770", "title": "Plasma renin activity in hypertensive and hypotensive turkeys.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) and Angiotensin I values were determined in hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys. In this study, PRA and/or Angiotensin I values were not influenced by body weight or blood pressure. The PRA of the hypertensive turkeys (.227 ng/ml/hr) was not significantly different from the hypotensive turkeys (.216 ng/ml/hr). Also, the Angiotensin I values of .225 and .213 ng/ml in the hypertensive and hypotensive lines, respectively, were not different. There were no significant correlations between body weight, blood pressure, PRA, and/or Angiotensin I.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in hypertensive and hypotensive turkeys. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and Angiotensin I values were determined in hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys. In this study, PRA and/or Angiotensin I values were not influenced by body weight or blood pressure. The PRA of the hypertensive turkeys (.227 ng/ml/hr) was not significantly different from the hypotensive turkeys (.216 ng/ml/hr). Also, the Angiotensin I values of .225 and .213 ng/ml in the hypertensive and hypotensive lines, respectively, were not different. There were no significant correlations between body weight, blood pressure, PRA, and/or Angiotensin I.", "PMID": 674035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1771", "title": "The metabolic and endogenous energy losses of adult roosters.", "content": "The metabolic plus endogenous energy losses of 300 adult, White Leghorn roosters during a 24 hr period, following 24 hr of starvation, were measured. The losses ranged from 2.37 to 6.93, with a mean of 4.46, kcal/kg body weight/24 hr. Multiple regression analysis showed that only 23% of the variation in the loss/bird/24 hr was explained by differences in body weight and weight change. The measurements were made during 38 experiments spread over 3 years but there was no evidence of any relationship between the year or time of year and magnitude of the energy loss.", "contents": "The metabolic and endogenous energy losses of adult roosters. The metabolic plus endogenous energy losses of 300 adult, White Leghorn roosters during a 24 hr period, following 24 hr of starvation, were measured. The losses ranged from 2.37 to 6.93, with a mean of 4.46, kcal/kg body weight/24 hr. Multiple regression analysis showed that only 23% of the variation in the loss/bird/24 hr was explained by differences in body weight and weight change. The measurements were made during 38 experiments spread over 3 years but there was no evidence of any relationship between the year or time of year and magnitude of the energy loss.", "PMID": 674036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1772", "title": "Effects of environmental temperature on the iodine requirements of young chickens.", "content": "Growth rate of chicks maintained at 32 C was reduced as compared with chicks maintained at 21 C. Environmental temperature did not influence the iodine requirement for growth which appeared to be met with a level of approximately 75 ppb in both environments. Thyroid enlargement was observed in both environments for chicks fed low levels of iodine, but the magnitude of the enlargement was much greater at 21 C than at 32 C. A level of 75 ppb iodine was adequate for normal thyroid size at 32 C, but was inadequate to prevent thyroid enlargement at 21 C.", "contents": "Effects of environmental temperature on the iodine requirements of young chickens. Growth rate of chicks maintained at 32 C was reduced as compared with chicks maintained at 21 C. Environmental temperature did not influence the iodine requirement for growth which appeared to be met with a level of approximately 75 ppb in both environments. Thyroid enlargement was observed in both environments for chicks fed low levels of iodine, but the magnitude of the enlargement was much greater at 21 C than at 32 C. A level of 75 ppb iodine was adequate for normal thyroid size at 32 C, but was inadequate to prevent thyroid enlargement at 21 C.", "PMID": 674037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1773", "title": "D-cystine utilization by the chick.", "content": "Young chicks were fed graded levels of either L-cystine or DL-cystine in a purified crystalline amino acid diet made adequate in methionine but void in cystine. Gain performance and slope-ratio efficacy comparisons indicated that the D-isomer of cystine could not be utilized by the chick.", "contents": "D-cystine utilization by the chick. Young chicks were fed graded levels of either L-cystine or DL-cystine in a purified crystalline amino acid diet made adequate in methionine but void in cystine. Gain performance and slope-ratio efficacy comparisons indicated that the D-isomer of cystine could not be utilized by the chick.", "PMID": 674038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1774", "title": "Hereditary chondrodystrophy in the turkey.", "content": "A new form of chondrodystrophy was observed in an inbred line of large weight white turkeys. It is characterized by shortened and thickened long bones of the legs and wings and proportionally shortened beaks. The absence of some terminal phalanges was noted in about half of the mutants. A hydrocephalous condition was observed in a few mutants but was not found in normal embryos. The chondrodystrophy is caused by an autosomal recessive semi-lethal gene designated chm. Only three chm chm individuals have hatched normally but others have been assisted out of the shell and have survived for varying periods of time. Of six that survived to mature age, all were sterile. A slightly different form of chondrodystrophy was observed in medium-weight turkeys from three sources. This type, which did not have the missing phalanges or hydrocephalic expression, was also caused by a recessive gene which was different from chm. Phenotypically, they differed from s s embryos (Asmundson, 1944) by shortening of the beak and failure to hatch.", "contents": "Hereditary chondrodystrophy in the turkey. A new form of chondrodystrophy was observed in an inbred line of large weight white turkeys. It is characterized by shortened and thickened long bones of the legs and wings and proportionally shortened beaks. The absence of some terminal phalanges was noted in about half of the mutants. A hydrocephalous condition was observed in a few mutants but was not found in normal embryos. The chondrodystrophy is caused by an autosomal recessive semi-lethal gene designated chm. Only three chm chm individuals have hatched normally but others have been assisted out of the shell and have survived for varying periods of time. Of six that survived to mature age, all were sterile. A slightly different form of chondrodystrophy was observed in medium-weight turkeys from three sources. This type, which did not have the missing phalanges or hydrocephalic expression, was also caused by a recessive gene which was different from chm. Phenotypically, they differed from s s embryos (Asmundson, 1944) by shortening of the beak and failure to hatch.", "PMID": 674039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1775", "title": "Growth curves and stabilization of fresh vaccine cultures of the Clemson University strain of Pastuerella multocida.", "content": "Growth curves at 37 C for the Clemson University strain of Pasteurella multocida were about the same in either brain-heart-infusion broth or in a recently developed broth called \"special broth TV\". Counts in both broths were usually greater than 1 x 10(9) viable bacteria per ml. With the addition of 5 g of dried skim milk to each 100 ml of broth culture in the stationary phase of the growth curve, only a slight decrease in viable counts occurred over the next 7 to 14 days when held at 4 C. Such stabilization of broth cultures of P. multocida gives added flexibility to the use of fresh cultures as a live oral turkey cholera vaccine.", "contents": "Growth curves and stabilization of fresh vaccine cultures of the Clemson University strain of Pastuerella multocida. Growth curves at 37 C for the Clemson University strain of Pasteurella multocida were about the same in either brain-heart-infusion broth or in a recently developed broth called \"special broth TV\". Counts in both broths were usually greater than 1 x 10(9) viable bacteria per ml. With the addition of 5 g of dried skim milk to each 100 ml of broth culture in the stationary phase of the growth curve, only a slight decrease in viable counts occurred over the next 7 to 14 days when held at 4 C. Such stabilization of broth cultures of P. multocida gives added flexibility to the use of fresh cultures as a live oral turkey cholera vaccine.", "PMID": 674040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1776", "title": "Dieldrin, Ca and P balance, and characteristics of the egg in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).", "content": "A study was made of the Ca and P balance, Ca and P content in the femur, physical characteristics of the egg, mineral structure of the shell, and the number of eggs in quails treated with dieldrin (20 mg/kg of diet) for 48 days. The diet contained 3.24% Ca and 0.72% P. The Ca and P balance, the bone contents of Ca and P and the calcemia in the males were not changed by the pesticide. In the females, the pesticide decreased the amount of excreted Ca and Ca in the egg, for which reason the coefficient of nutritive utilization (CNU), the coefficient of corporal retention (CCR), and the Ca level in the femur were greater in treated laying quails. The calcemia remained stable, and the balance of P was not significantly modified by the dieldrin. The study of weight, size, and strength of the egg did not reveal any influence of the dieldrin, and egg production fluctuated throughout the test period.", "contents": "Dieldrin, Ca and P balance, and characteristics of the egg in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A study was made of the Ca and P balance, Ca and P content in the femur, physical characteristics of the egg, mineral structure of the shell, and the number of eggs in quails treated with dieldrin (20 mg/kg of diet) for 48 days. The diet contained 3.24% Ca and 0.72% P. The Ca and P balance, the bone contents of Ca and P and the calcemia in the males were not changed by the pesticide. In the females, the pesticide decreased the amount of excreted Ca and Ca in the egg, for which reason the coefficient of nutritive utilization (CNU), the coefficient of corporal retention (CCR), and the Ca level in the femur were greater in treated laying quails. The calcemia remained stable, and the balance of P was not significantly modified by the dieldrin. The study of weight, size, and strength of the egg did not reveal any influence of the dieldrin, and egg production fluctuated throughout the test period.", "PMID": 674041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1777", "title": "Inhibition of avian mycoplasmal hemagglutination by IgM type antibody.", "content": "Intravenous exposure of turkeys to Mycoplasma synoviae resulted in development of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) activity in serums within 4 days. Treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol and gel-filtration separation of serum immunoglobulins indicated that the activity was due to IgM type antibody. Similar early HI activity was demonstrated in serums from turkeys exposed intravenously to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma meleagridis.", "contents": "Inhibition of avian mycoplasmal hemagglutination by IgM type antibody. Intravenous exposure of turkeys to Mycoplasma synoviae resulted in development of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) activity in serums within 4 days. Treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol and gel-filtration separation of serum immunoglobulins indicated that the activity was due to IgM type antibody. Similar early HI activity was demonstrated in serums from turkeys exposed intravenously to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma meleagridis.", "PMID": 674042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1778", "title": "Effects of biotin, folic acid, and pantothenic acid on the growth of Mycoplasma meleagridis, a turkey pathogen.", "content": "The biotin, folic acid, and pantothenic acid requirements of Mycoplasma meleagridis were determined in vitro by examining the growth and survival of the organism in the presence of varying concentrations of these factors. Growth and survival were also studied in the presence of aminopterin and methotrexate which prevent utilization of folic acid, and in the presence of avidin, a known biotin antagonist. Whereas pantothenate appeared to have no obvious effect on growth or survival, folate was marginally stimulatory at only the highest concentration tested. Aminopterin exerted a slight, but not significant, inhibitory effect at four of the five concentrations tested. In contrast, the inhibition seen with methotrexate increased, dependent on dose. Biotin exerted a pronounced stimulatory effect at the two highest concentrations tested. Avidin inhibited growth only at one of the concentrations tested; however, this concentration did not correspond to the greatest amount of avidin. The possible significance of the avidin-biotin relationship to the etiology of Turkey Syndrome 1965 is explored on the basis of these in vitro observations and previous in vivo findings.", "contents": "Effects of biotin, folic acid, and pantothenic acid on the growth of Mycoplasma meleagridis, a turkey pathogen. The biotin, folic acid, and pantothenic acid requirements of Mycoplasma meleagridis were determined in vitro by examining the growth and survival of the organism in the presence of varying concentrations of these factors. Growth and survival were also studied in the presence of aminopterin and methotrexate which prevent utilization of folic acid, and in the presence of avidin, a known biotin antagonist. Whereas pantothenate appeared to have no obvious effect on growth or survival, folate was marginally stimulatory at only the highest concentration tested. Aminopterin exerted a slight, but not significant, inhibitory effect at four of the five concentrations tested. In contrast, the inhibition seen with methotrexate increased, dependent on dose. Biotin exerted a pronounced stimulatory effect at the two highest concentrations tested. Avidin inhibited growth only at one of the concentrations tested; however, this concentration did not correspond to the greatest amount of avidin. The possible significance of the avidin-biotin relationship to the etiology of Turkey Syndrome 1965 is explored on the basis of these in vitro observations and previous in vivo findings.", "PMID": 674043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1779", "title": "Ochratoxicosis in White Leghorn hens.", "content": "As ochratoxin-producing fungi are often isolated from poultry feeds and from cereals used in compounding these feeds, a study has been made of the effects of feeding ochratoxin A (OA) to laying birds. Four groups of White Leghorn hens were fed 0, .5, 1, and 4 ppm in the feed respectively. Egg production and feed consumption declined in the three groups given OA, while egg and body weight were depressed only by feeding higher levels of OA. Fertility and hatchability were unaffected by feeding OA. Prothrombin times were increased and total serum proteins were decreased after feeding 1 or 4 ppm for six weeks. After the withdrawal of the mycotoxin-contaminated feed, OA disappeared from the muscle after 24 hr but persisted in liver and kidney for more than 48 hr. No residues were found in fat or skin.", "contents": "Ochratoxicosis in White Leghorn hens. As ochratoxin-producing fungi are often isolated from poultry feeds and from cereals used in compounding these feeds, a study has been made of the effects of feeding ochratoxin A (OA) to laying birds. Four groups of White Leghorn hens were fed 0, .5, 1, and 4 ppm in the feed respectively. Egg production and feed consumption declined in the three groups given OA, while egg and body weight were depressed only by feeding higher levels of OA. Fertility and hatchability were unaffected by feeding OA. Prothrombin times were increased and total serum proteins were decreased after feeding 1 or 4 ppm for six weeks. After the withdrawal of the mycotoxin-contaminated feed, OA disappeared from the muscle after 24 hr but persisted in liver and kidney for more than 48 hr. No residues were found in fat or skin.", "PMID": 674044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1780", "title": "The effect of diet on liver glycogen and body composition in the chick.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to study the effects of diet on liver glycogen and body composition in the three-week-old chick. When percent protein and percent lysine were varied, liver glycogen concentration declined significantly as protein and lysine increased, 32.6 vs. 19.4 mg/g for the 14 and 35% protein diets, respectively. Carcass fat decreased and carcass moisture increased in a pattern similar to glycogen as protein and lysine increased in the diets. When seven levels of lysine were fed in isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets, glycogen content was not significantly different in any of the treatments. Liver glycogen was highest at the lowest energy level when dietary energy was increased and protein held constant. Carcass fat varied with the energy level but was also influenced by the amino acid balance. The data suggest that percent carbohydrate to percent fat ratio in the diet (both calculated) is an important factor affecting glycogen, but more research is needed to determine the mechanisms controlling the glycogen content of the liver.", "contents": "The effect of diet on liver glycogen and body composition in the chick. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of diet on liver glycogen and body composition in the three-week-old chick. When percent protein and percent lysine were varied, liver glycogen concentration declined significantly as protein and lysine increased, 32.6 vs. 19.4 mg/g for the 14 and 35% protein diets, respectively. Carcass fat decreased and carcass moisture increased in a pattern similar to glycogen as protein and lysine increased in the diets. When seven levels of lysine were fed in isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets, glycogen content was not significantly different in any of the treatments. Liver glycogen was highest at the lowest energy level when dietary energy was increased and protein held constant. Carcass fat varied with the energy level but was also influenced by the amino acid balance. The data suggest that percent carbohydrate to percent fat ratio in the diet (both calculated) is an important factor affecting glycogen, but more research is needed to determine the mechanisms controlling the glycogen content of the liver.", "PMID": 674045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1781", "title": "Methionine toxicity in chicks and poults.", "content": "In feeding experiments with poults, 2% DL-methionine caused a marked growth depression which could be alleviated by the addition of glycine. Homocystine at an equimolar level depressed growth to a lesser degree than methionine, and this growth depression could be alleviated by glycine. Betaine could alleviate the growth depression of homocystine but not that of methionine. Methionine-fed poults developed a cervical paralysis similar to that of a folic acid deficiency, but the addition of this vitamin at several times the requirement was ineffective in counteracting the toxicity of methionine in either chicks or poults.", "contents": "Methionine toxicity in chicks and poults. In feeding experiments with poults, 2% DL-methionine caused a marked growth depression which could be alleviated by the addition of glycine. Homocystine at an equimolar level depressed growth to a lesser degree than methionine, and this growth depression could be alleviated by glycine. Betaine could alleviate the growth depression of homocystine but not that of methionine. Methionine-fed poults developed a cervical paralysis similar to that of a folic acid deficiency, but the addition of this vitamin at several times the requirement was ineffective in counteracting the toxicity of methionine in either chicks or poults.", "PMID": 674046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1782", "title": "Glycogen metabolism in the turkey embryo and poult.", "content": "Fertile eggs from Large White turkey hens were classified according to weight at time of incubation. Glycogen was measured in the 21-day-old embryo and one-day-old poult. Liver glycogen was positively correlated with initial egg weight in the 21-day-old embryo and negatively related to initial egg weight in the one-day-old poult. Glycogen recycling was evident in the one-day-old poult. Maximum accumulation of 14C-glucose as glycogen occurred 60 min post injection. Liver phosphorylase a level was higher in the one-day-old poult than the embryo. Total phosphorylase per gram of liver tissue was not different between the two age groups. Liver phosphorylase b was subject to conversion to phosphorylase a in both age groups. Avian phosphorylase exists in both the active and inactive form.", "contents": "Glycogen metabolism in the turkey embryo and poult. Fertile eggs from Large White turkey hens were classified according to weight at time of incubation. Glycogen was measured in the 21-day-old embryo and one-day-old poult. Liver glycogen was positively correlated with initial egg weight in the 21-day-old embryo and negatively related to initial egg weight in the one-day-old poult. Glycogen recycling was evident in the one-day-old poult. Maximum accumulation of 14C-glucose as glycogen occurred 60 min post injection. Liver phosphorylase a level was higher in the one-day-old poult than the embryo. Total phosphorylase per gram of liver tissue was not different between the two age groups. Liver phosphorylase b was subject to conversion to phosphorylase a in both age groups. Avian phosphorylase exists in both the active and inactive form.", "PMID": 674049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1783", "title": "Effect of age and sex on the association constant and binding capacity of chicken serum for corticosteroid.", "content": "In two experiments, the blood of White Rock chickens was collected at 6 intervals from the time they were 2 to 140 days old. The effects of age, sex of the bird, and removal of exogenous steroids (stripping) on the association constant (Ka), and the binding capacity (CBGBC) for corticosterone in the serum were measured. The Ka of the serum declined when the chickens were between 84 and 140 days old. Stripping increased the Ka only when all chickens were 2 days old and when the females were 140 days old. The CBGBC was highest in all chickens when they were 28 to 56 days old. In general, CBGBC was higher in serum of males than in that of females, but was reduced to a greater extent by stripping in males than in females. These results indicate that the bound to free ratio for corticosteroids should be highest when the chickens are 28 to 56 days old, when both Ka and CBGBC are highest.", "contents": "Effect of age and sex on the association constant and binding capacity of chicken serum for corticosteroid. In two experiments, the blood of White Rock chickens was collected at 6 intervals from the time they were 2 to 140 days old. The effects of age, sex of the bird, and removal of exogenous steroids (stripping) on the association constant (Ka), and the binding capacity (CBGBC) for corticosterone in the serum were measured. The Ka of the serum declined when the chickens were between 84 and 140 days old. Stripping increased the Ka only when all chickens were 2 days old and when the females were 140 days old. The CBGBC was highest in all chickens when they were 28 to 56 days old. In general, CBGBC was higher in serum of males than in that of females, but was reduced to a greater extent by stripping in males than in females. These results indicate that the bound to free ratio for corticosteroids should be highest when the chickens are 28 to 56 days old, when both Ka and CBGBC are highest.", "PMID": 674051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1784", "title": "Biogenic amine-containing cells in the chicken lung.", "content": "Formaldehyde induced fluorescence was used to identify biogenic amine-containing cells in the adult chicken lung. Such cells, found in the parabronchial region, are sparsely distributed. There are at least two types of biogenic amine-containing cells in the lung: one type probably contains serotonin and the other a catecholamine. These cells might function as either a humoral or hormonal regulator of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion or as a receptor involved in control of breathing.", "contents": "Biogenic amine-containing cells in the chicken lung. Formaldehyde induced fluorescence was used to identify biogenic amine-containing cells in the adult chicken lung. Such cells, found in the parabronchial region, are sparsely distributed. There are at least two types of biogenic amine-containing cells in the lung: one type probably contains serotonin and the other a catecholamine. These cells might function as either a humoral or hormonal regulator of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion or as a receptor involved in control of breathing.", "PMID": 674052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1785", "title": "Effect of three lifetime ambient temperatures on growth, feed and water consumption and various blood components in male and female Leghorn chickens.", "content": "In two trials, SC White Leghorns were subjected to constant ambient temperatures of 21.1, 29.4, and 35.0 C from 2 to 31 or 32 weeks of age. Weekly measurements were made of body weight, feed efficiency, water consumption, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total plasma protein, Po2, Pco2, pH, and mortality. It was found that the blood picture changes with age, sex, and ambient temperature. Age at which sex differences become significant varies with the blood component studied.", "contents": "Effect of three lifetime ambient temperatures on growth, feed and water consumption and various blood components in male and female Leghorn chickens. In two trials, SC White Leghorns were subjected to constant ambient temperatures of 21.1, 29.4, and 35.0 C from 2 to 31 or 32 weeks of age. Weekly measurements were made of body weight, feed efficiency, water consumption, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total plasma protein, Po2, Pco2, pH, and mortality. It was found that the blood picture changes with age, sex, and ambient temperature. Age at which sex differences become significant varies with the blood component studied.", "PMID": 674053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1786", "title": "Necrotic oral lesions in chickens fed diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, and crotocin.", "content": "One-day-old broiler chicks were fed a diet containing either 5 ppm diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), 5 ppm T-2 toxin, 10 ppm crotocin, or a control diet for 3 weeks. Chicks fed the diet containing DAS and T-2 toxin showed yellowish plaque-type lesions on the beak, tongue, and angle of the mouth. Crotocin did not cause such lesions nor any apparent clinical signs. Chicks fed DAS had the lowest weight gain followed by the T-2, crotocin, and control group in that order; however, chicks fed crotocin had the poorest feed conversion ratio.", "contents": "Necrotic oral lesions in chickens fed diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, and crotocin. One-day-old broiler chicks were fed a diet containing either 5 ppm diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), 5 ppm T-2 toxin, 10 ppm crotocin, or a control diet for 3 weeks. Chicks fed the diet containing DAS and T-2 toxin showed yellowish plaque-type lesions on the beak, tongue, and angle of the mouth. Crotocin did not cause such lesions nor any apparent clinical signs. Chicks fed DAS had the lowest weight gain followed by the T-2, crotocin, and control group in that order; however, chicks fed crotocin had the poorest feed conversion ratio.", "PMID": 674054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1787", "title": "Shell gland oxygen consumption in hens producing eggs of low or high specific gravity.", "content": "Oxygen consumption of shell gland lumenal tissue was found to be higher in hens producing eggs of high specific gravity (greater than or equal to 1.080) when compared to tissue from hens producing eggs of low specific gravity (less than or equal to 1.075). Shell gland lumenal tissue oxygen consumption was also greater when an egg was in the shell gland as compared to hens with an egg in the magnum (9.8 and 8.0 microliter O2/hr/mg tissue respectively).", "contents": "Shell gland oxygen consumption in hens producing eggs of low or high specific gravity. Oxygen consumption of shell gland lumenal tissue was found to be higher in hens producing eggs of high specific gravity (greater than or equal to 1.080) when compared to tissue from hens producing eggs of low specific gravity (less than or equal to 1.075). Shell gland lumenal tissue oxygen consumption was also greater when an egg was in the shell gland as compared to hens with an egg in the magnum (9.8 and 8.0 microliter O2/hr/mg tissue respectively).", "PMID": 674055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1788", "title": "Procedural modifications for the determination of lead in microquantities of blood of young Japanese quail.", "content": "Lead analyses were performed on capillary blood samples from 2-week-old Japanese quail, using a standard microprocedure. The difficulties encountered included coagulation when the blood aliquot was diluted with Triton X-100, loss of lead during the ashing stage, and non-parallel calibration curves. Recommendations to overcome these problems are presented.", "contents": "Procedural modifications for the determination of lead in microquantities of blood of young Japanese quail. Lead analyses were performed on capillary blood samples from 2-week-old Japanese quail, using a standard microprocedure. The difficulties encountered included coagulation when the blood aliquot was diluted with Triton X-100, loss of lead during the ashing stage, and non-parallel calibration curves. Recommendations to overcome these problems are presented.", "PMID": 674056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1789", "title": "Histophysiological studies on the postovulatory follicles of the fowl ovary.", "content": "A histochemical study has been made of the postovulatory follicles of fowl (Gallus domesticus) during their various stages of development and degeneration. The lumen of postovulatory follicle shows granulosa cells at their initial formative stages and both thecal and stromal cells at the later regressive stages. The granulosa and thecal cells develop diffuse lipoproteins, cholesterol-positive lipids and various enzyme activities (delta5-3beta-HSDH, NAD-NADP-diaphorases and alkaline phosphatase), which are indicative of steroidogenesis.", "contents": "Histophysiological studies on the postovulatory follicles of the fowl ovary. A histochemical study has been made of the postovulatory follicles of fowl (Gallus domesticus) during their various stages of development and degeneration. The lumen of postovulatory follicle shows granulosa cells at their initial formative stages and both thecal and stromal cells at the later regressive stages. The granulosa and thecal cells develop diffuse lipoproteins, cholesterol-positive lipids and various enzyme activities (delta5-3beta-HSDH, NAD-NADP-diaphorases and alkaline phosphatase), which are indicative of steroidogenesis.", "PMID": 674057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1790", "title": "Visual evoked potentials from the superficial Wulst of the cockerel to intermittent flash stimulation of various frequencies.", "content": "Averaged visual evoked potentials (VEPs) from the surface of the Wulst and the electroretinogram (ERG) were recorded simultaneously in curarized cockerels. The polyphasic VEPs were recorded from the dorso-medial region of the Wulst of cockerels at 1 Hz stimulation, while the ERG consisted of the a, b, and c waves. The late VEPs were markedly attenuated with an increase in the stimulation frequency.", "contents": "Visual evoked potentials from the superficial Wulst of the cockerel to intermittent flash stimulation of various frequencies. Averaged visual evoked potentials (VEPs) from the surface of the Wulst and the electroretinogram (ERG) were recorded simultaneously in curarized cockerels. The polyphasic VEPs were recorded from the dorso-medial region of the Wulst of cockerels at 1 Hz stimulation, while the ERG consisted of the a, b, and c waves. The late VEPs were markedly attenuated with an increase in the stimulation frequency.", "PMID": 674058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1791", "title": "Sex-linked dwarfism and response to two Newcastle disease vaccines.", "content": "In a series of battery trials, normal-sized (AG) broiler type and sex-linked dwarf chicks (D2) were vaccinated with a double dose of Roakin or LaSota strain Newcastle Disease (ND) vaccine, or were challenged with the Gilbert-Boney ND virus. The AG chicks developed higher hemagglutination inhibition titers but suffered more mortality than the D2 chicks following administration of Roakin strain vaccine. Similar percentages of mortality occurred in AG x AG, AG x D2 and D2 x D2 male chicks challenged with the Gilbert-Boney ND virus. Results indicate that the dwarf strain and the AG x D2 cross strain chicks are no more susceptible to ND than the AG strain.", "contents": "Sex-linked dwarfism and response to two Newcastle disease vaccines. In a series of battery trials, normal-sized (AG) broiler type and sex-linked dwarf chicks (D2) were vaccinated with a double dose of Roakin or LaSota strain Newcastle Disease (ND) vaccine, or were challenged with the Gilbert-Boney ND virus. The AG chicks developed higher hemagglutination inhibition titers but suffered more mortality than the D2 chicks following administration of Roakin strain vaccine. Similar percentages of mortality occurred in AG x AG, AG x D2 and D2 x D2 male chicks challenged with the Gilbert-Boney ND virus. Results indicate that the dwarf strain and the AG x D2 cross strain chicks are no more susceptible to ND than the AG strain.", "PMID": 674059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1792", "title": "Identification of some new minor acids from chicken skin lipids.", "content": "Lipids from the skin of commercially processed broilers were extracted by Folch's technique and analyzed for fatty acids as their methyl esters by gas-liquid chromatography/mass pectrometry. Of the 24 fatty acids, identified, 5 had not been previously identified in either total chicken skin lipids or skin lipid fractions. They are: pentadecenoic acid (15:1), heptadecenoic acid (17:1), arachidic acid (20:0), heneicosanoic acid (21:0), and erucic acid (22:1).", "contents": "Identification of some new minor acids from chicken skin lipids. Lipids from the skin of commercially processed broilers were extracted by Folch's technique and analyzed for fatty acids as their methyl esters by gas-liquid chromatography/mass pectrometry. Of the 24 fatty acids, identified, 5 had not been previously identified in either total chicken skin lipids or skin lipid fractions. They are: pentadecenoic acid (15:1), heptadecenoic acid (17:1), arachidic acid (20:0), heneicosanoic acid (21:0), and erucic acid (22:1).", "PMID": 674060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1793", "title": "Blood plasma constituents in 14-week old hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys.", "content": "Plasma inorganic phosphorous, glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were determined in 14-week old turkeys from lines genetically determined for high and low blood pressure. The turkeys received a commercial grower diet (control), control + 10% animal fat, or control + 10% animal fat and 1% cholesterol. Concentrations of uric acid in plasma were higher (P less than or equal to .05) in the control-diet group than in the other dietary groups, and the high blood pressure line had significantly higher (P less than or equal to .05) concentrations of uric acid in plasma than the low blood pressure line. Turkeys fed the diet containing added cholesterol had higher levels (P less than or equal to .05) of total plasma cholesterol than those receiving the other diets. Alkaline phosphatase levels of plasma were significantly lower (P less than or equal to .05) in the control-diet group than the other dietary groups. There were no other effects within either of the genetic blood pressure lines that indicated blood pressure had any influence on blood plasma constituents other than uric acid, nor was there any indication that dietary treatment had any effect within either blood pressure group. Blood pressure and plasma constituents were not correlated.", "contents": "Blood plasma constituents in 14-week old hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys. Plasma inorganic phosphorous, glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were determined in 14-week old turkeys from lines genetically determined for high and low blood pressure. The turkeys received a commercial grower diet (control), control + 10% animal fat, or control + 10% animal fat and 1% cholesterol. Concentrations of uric acid in plasma were higher (P less than or equal to .05) in the control-diet group than in the other dietary groups, and the high blood pressure line had significantly higher (P less than or equal to .05) concentrations of uric acid in plasma than the low blood pressure line. Turkeys fed the diet containing added cholesterol had higher levels (P less than or equal to .05) of total plasma cholesterol than those receiving the other diets. Alkaline phosphatase levels of plasma were significantly lower (P less than or equal to .05) in the control-diet group than the other dietary groups. There were no other effects within either of the genetic blood pressure lines that indicated blood pressure had any influence on blood plasma constituents other than uric acid, nor was there any indication that dietary treatment had any effect within either blood pressure group. Blood pressure and plasma constituents were not correlated.", "PMID": 674061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1794", "title": "The effect of glycerol and dilution on the release of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase from chicken spermatozoa.", "content": "Glycerol was added to washed chicken spermatozoa to determine its effect on the release of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT). The addition of up to 2.191 M glycerol did not cause a release of GOT when it was added as part of the diluent. GOT was released, however, following rapid decreases in the glycerol concentration of a diluent. The amount of GOT released was related to the rate of change in molarity of glycerol.", "contents": "The effect of glycerol and dilution on the release of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase from chicken spermatozoa. Glycerol was added to washed chicken spermatozoa to determine its effect on the release of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT). The addition of up to 2.191 M glycerol did not cause a release of GOT when it was added as part of the diluent. GOT was released, however, following rapid decreases in the glycerol concentration of a diluent. The amount of GOT released was related to the rate of change in molarity of glycerol.", "PMID": 674062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1795", "title": "Brain noradrenaline concentration in seizure-prone chicks, Gallus domesticus.", "content": "The mutant, sex-linked recessive px (paroxysm) gene, expressed in female White Leghorn chicks (Gallus domesticus), causes  seizures beginning on approximately day 9 after hatching. In an attempt to determine possible central nervous system involvement in the seizures, brain levels of the putative transmitter noradrenaline were assayed. Brains of px chicks and controls (normal female siblings) were removed at 7, 14, and 21 days, weighed, and frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen for later analysis by the alumina-trihydroxyindoleamine method. Noradrenaline was assayed in whole brain and in 4 brain parts: optic lobes, brainstem, cerebral hemispheres, and cerebellum. No differences between px and controls were found in whole brain or optic lobe levels. Brainstem levels of noradrenaline increased significantly with time in both groups, though px increases were more rapid. Px chicks at 21 days of age had significantly higher levels or noradrenaline in the cerebral hemispheres, while cerebellar levels were significantly lower at the same age. The differences found in brainstem, cerebral, and cerebellar noradrenaline are of interest as possible explanations for the lowered body temperature, hyperexcitability, and lack of motor coordination seen in the px chicks.", "contents": "Brain noradrenaline concentration in seizure-prone chicks, Gallus domesticus. The mutant, sex-linked recessive px (paroxysm) gene, expressed in female White Leghorn chicks (Gallus domesticus), causes  seizures beginning on approximately day 9 after hatching. In an attempt to determine possible central nervous system involvement in the seizures, brain levels of the putative transmitter noradrenaline were assayed. Brains of px chicks and controls (normal female siblings) were removed at 7, 14, and 21 days, weighed, and frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen for later analysis by the alumina-trihydroxyindoleamine method. Noradrenaline was assayed in whole brain and in 4 brain parts: optic lobes, brainstem, cerebral hemispheres, and cerebellum. No differences between px and controls were found in whole brain or optic lobe levels. Brainstem levels of noradrenaline increased significantly with time in both groups, though px increases were more rapid. Px chicks at 21 days of age had significantly higher levels or noradrenaline in the cerebral hemispheres, while cerebellar levels were significantly lower at the same age. The differences found in brainstem, cerebral, and cerebellar noradrenaline are of interest as possible explanations for the lowered body temperature, hyperexcitability, and lack of motor coordination seen in the px chicks.", "PMID": 674064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1796", "title": "Studies on dispersed unincubated chick blastoderm cells. I. Early phases of aggregation.", "content": "Early phases of aggregation of dispersed unincubated chick blastoderm cells were investigated. Dispersed cells, when maintained in appropriate cultures, began adhering to one another almost immediately and eventually formed spherical aggregates without any recognizable structures except for occasional blood islands, after 24 hr of incubation. The number and size of aggregates derived from dispersed cells depended largely upon the speed of rotation and initial cell density. Treatment with colchicine (4 microgram/ml) had no apparent effect on adhesion of cells, although it yielded smaller aggregates than controls, especially after 14 hr of incubation. Direct observation on mitotic activity, estimations of cell number and nucleic acid content, and pulse labeling experiments with 3H thymidine clearly showed that aggregates were derived entirely from adhesion of free cells and/or fusion of smaller aggregates during the first 12 to 13 hr of incubation. In addition, all cell types present in the unincubated blastoderm contributed to the formation of aggregates, not one particular cell type.", "contents": "Studies on dispersed unincubated chick blastoderm cells. I. Early phases of aggregation. Early phases of aggregation of dispersed unincubated chick blastoderm cells were investigated. Dispersed cells, when maintained in appropriate cultures, began adhering to one another almost immediately and eventually formed spherical aggregates without any recognizable structures except for occasional blood islands, after 24 hr of incubation. The number and size of aggregates derived from dispersed cells depended largely upon the speed of rotation and initial cell density. Treatment with colchicine (4 microgram/ml) had no apparent effect on adhesion of cells, although it yielded smaller aggregates than controls, especially after 14 hr of incubation. Direct observation on mitotic activity, estimations of cell number and nucleic acid content, and pulse labeling experiments with 3H thymidine clearly showed that aggregates were derived entirely from adhesion of free cells and/or fusion of smaller aggregates during the first 12 to 13 hr of incubation. In addition, all cell types present in the unincubated blastoderm contributed to the formation of aggregates, not one particular cell type.", "PMID": 674065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1797", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the oviductal mucosa apposing the hen ovum.", "content": "The surface patterns of the chicken hen oviductal mucosa apposing an ovum were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The distended infundibular mucosa consisted of folds that were separated by interfold spaces of similar width and longitudinal orientation. The epithelium, which lined the base of the interfold spaces, was nonciliated and appeared to correspond to the glandular grooves, which are the sites of sperm storage in the infundibulum. The presence of an ovum in the magnum or isthmus resulted in the flattening of the mucosal folds and occlusion of the oviductal lumen. The uterine mucosa was slightly compressed when apposed to an egg and wide interfold spaces were evident.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the oviductal mucosa apposing the hen ovum. The surface patterns of the chicken hen oviductal mucosa apposing an ovum were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The distended infundibular mucosa consisted of folds that were separated by interfold spaces of similar width and longitudinal orientation. The epithelium, which lined the base of the interfold spaces, was nonciliated and appeared to correspond to the glandular grooves, which are the sites of sperm storage in the infundibulum. The presence of an ovum in the magnum or isthmus resulted in the flattening of the mucosal folds and occlusion of the oviductal lumen. The uterine mucosa was slightly compressed when apposed to an egg and wide interfold spaces were evident.", "PMID": 674066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1798", "title": "Telemetry measured body temperature of domestic fowl at various ambient temperatures.", "content": "Adult, male Single Comb White Leghorn chickens (SCWL) were housed unrestrained in individual cages in a controlled environment room with a photoperiod of 12L:12D. By means of surgically implanted radio transmitter, body temperatures were recorded hourly for five consecutive days at each of six experimental temperatures: 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, and 38 C. The data were evaluated statistically by correlogram, periodogram, and harmonic analysis. Period length of each cycle was about 24 hr at all ambient temperatures. No significant differences in deep body temperature were observed until the ambient temperature reached 32 C; but highly significant increases were detected between 32, 35, and 38 C. Diurnal differences in body temperature ranged from .6 to 1.1 C. It has been suggested that the body temperature of male chicken may be under the control of a biological clock that synchronizes with the solar day.", "contents": "Telemetry measured body temperature of domestic fowl at various ambient temperatures. Adult, male Single Comb White Leghorn chickens (SCWL) were housed unrestrained in individual cages in a controlled environment room with a photoperiod of 12L:12D. By means of surgically implanted radio transmitter, body temperatures were recorded hourly for five consecutive days at each of six experimental temperatures: 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, and 38 C. The data were evaluated statistically by correlogram, periodogram, and harmonic analysis. Period length of each cycle was about 24 hr at all ambient temperatures. No significant differences in deep body temperature were observed until the ambient temperature reached 32 C; but highly significant increases were detected between 32, 35, and 38 C. Diurnal differences in body temperature ranged from .6 to 1.1 C. It has been suggested that the body temperature of male chicken may be under the control of a biological clock that synchronizes with the solar day.", "PMID": 674067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1799", "title": "Relationship between intestinal movements and pancreatic juice secretion in the domestic chicken.", "content": "The relationship between the intestinal movements and the pancreatic juice secretion in the domestic chicken was studied. The main pancreatic ducts of commercial broiler-type chickens 12 to 14 weeks of age were cannulated, and the pancreatic secretions were recorded by a drop counter. Balloon catheters for monitoring the intestinal movements were implanted in the proximal duodena in the same animals. Feeding and drinking activities were monitored by photocells. The recordings from the drop counter, the balloon catheter, and the feeding and drinking activity monitor were made in relation to the time of day. These recordings indicated that the pancreatic secretory rate correlates with the pattern of intestinal movements of the proximal duodenum in the domestic chicken. The data also suggest the movement of chyme in the duodenum under ad libitum feeding conditions to be at a steady state during the light period. During the dark period, the intestinal movements and the flow of pancreatic juice are intermittent.", "contents": "Relationship between intestinal movements and pancreatic juice secretion in the domestic chicken. The relationship between the intestinal movements and the pancreatic juice secretion in the domestic chicken was studied. The main pancreatic ducts of commercial broiler-type chickens 12 to 14 weeks of age were cannulated, and the pancreatic secretions were recorded by a drop counter. Balloon catheters for monitoring the intestinal movements were implanted in the proximal duodena in the same animals. Feeding and drinking activities were monitored by photocells. The recordings from the drop counter, the balloon catheter, and the feeding and drinking activity monitor were made in relation to the time of day. These recordings indicated that the pancreatic secretory rate correlates with the pattern of intestinal movements of the proximal duodenum in the domestic chicken. The data also suggest the movement of chyme in the duodenum under ad libitum feeding conditions to be at a steady state during the light period. During the dark period, the intestinal movements and the flow of pancreatic juice are intermittent.", "PMID": 674068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1800", "title": "Preliminary observations on northern fowl mite infestations on estrogenized roosters and in relation to initial egg production in hens.", "content": "Treatment of normal male Leghorn chickens with doses of estradiol ranging from .1 to 1.0 mg per week caused only a slight increase in resistance to infestation with northern fowl mites. The resistance phenomenon did not increase linearly with estradiol dose. Pullets were initially resistant to mite infestation; however, susceptibility was noted to increase markedly near the time of initial egg-production. These data indicate that sex hormones may be related to mite resistance in chickens, but that estrogen alone is probably not responsible for the difference in mite susceptibility between male and female birds.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on northern fowl mite infestations on estrogenized roosters and in relation to initial egg production in hens. Treatment of normal male Leghorn chickens with doses of estradiol ranging from .1 to 1.0 mg per week caused only a slight increase in resistance to infestation with northern fowl mites. The resistance phenomenon did not increase linearly with estradiol dose. Pullets were initially resistant to mite infestation; however, susceptibility was noted to increase markedly near the time of initial egg-production. These data indicate that sex hormones may be related to mite resistance in chickens, but that estrogen alone is probably not responsible for the difference in mite susceptibility between male and female birds.", "PMID": 674069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1801", "title": "Inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines: influence of virus concentration on the primary immune response.", "content": "Inactivated vaccines of high potency could play a valuable role in Newcastle disease control programs. We determined the influence of virus concentration and method of concentration on the immune response of chidkens to inactivated vaccines. We used the LaSota strain of virus concentrated by either ultracentrifugation of polyethylene glycole precipitation. Virus concentration has a significant effect (P less than or equal to .01) on serum antibody levels at 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks after vaccination; but during this same period, the antibody response was not significantly influenced by method of concentration. Virus concentration increased beyond 2000 hemagglutination units did not significantly increase (P greater than or equal to .05) the magnitude of the antibody response.", "contents": "Inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines: influence of virus concentration on the primary immune response. Inactivated vaccines of high potency could play a valuable role in Newcastle disease control programs. We determined the influence of virus concentration and method of concentration on the immune response of chidkens to inactivated vaccines. We used the LaSota strain of virus concentrated by either ultracentrifugation of polyethylene glycole precipitation. Virus concentration has a significant effect (P less than or equal to .01) on serum antibody levels at 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks after vaccination; but during this same period, the antibody response was not significantly influenced by method of concentration. Virus concentration increased beyond 2000 hemagglutination units did not significantly increase (P greater than or equal to .05) the magnitude of the antibody response.", "PMID": 674070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1802", "title": "Efficacy of arprinocid (MK-302) against Eimeria species in broilers.", "content": "Eight floor pen trials were conducted to determine the effect of arprinocid on the weight, feed efficiency, and histological lesions of broiler chickens exposed to coccidiosis. In three trials, the levels of arprinocid were 0, 40, 60, 70, 80, and 90 ppm, and in the other five trials, 0, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. Histological lesions were significantly (P less than .05) reduced in the medicated birds. Weights were not significantly (P less than .05) different between birds given 40, 60, or 70 ppm in the first series of trials no 50 and 75 ppm drug in the second and third series, although in both series the treated birds were significantly (P less than .05) heavier than the control birds. Feed efficiency was improved by all levels of arprinocid in the first and third series of trials and by 75 ppm in the second series.", "contents": "Efficacy of arprinocid (MK-302) against Eimeria species in broilers. Eight floor pen trials were conducted to determine the effect of arprinocid on the weight, feed efficiency, and histological lesions of broiler chickens exposed to coccidiosis. In three trials, the levels of arprinocid were 0, 40, 60, 70, 80, and 90 ppm, and in the other five trials, 0, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. Histological lesions were significantly (P less than .05) reduced in the medicated birds. Weights were not significantly (P less than .05) different between birds given 40, 60, or 70 ppm in the first series of trials no 50 and 75 ppm drug in the second and third series, although in both series the treated birds were significantly (P less than .05) heavier than the control birds. Feed efficiency was improved by all levels of arprinocid in the first and third series of trials and by 75 ppm in the second series.", "PMID": 674071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1803", "title": "Lipid metabolism in laying hens. The relationship of plasma lipids and liver fatty acid synthetase activity to changes in liver composition.", "content": "Plasma and liver samples were taken from a random sample of caged commercial hybrid layer hens which had been in egg production for fifteen months. The concentration of plasma and liver lipids and the activity of liver fatty acid synthetase (FAS) were measured in laying hens with liver weight of 20 to 53 g. Liver total lipid, water, non-lipid, and cytosolic fractions, which are the four major liver components, increased linearly with respect to wet liver weight. FAS activity increased with all liver components. Accumulation of lipid in the liver did not inhibit FAS activity. Total cholesterol, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, triglycerides, and phosphorous were measured on each plasma sample. Multiple regression analysis showed that all plasma lipids, except cholesterol esters, were related cubically with increasing wet liver weight and cytosolic protein.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in laying hens. The relationship of plasma lipids and liver fatty acid synthetase activity to changes in liver composition. Plasma and liver samples were taken from a random sample of caged commercial hybrid layer hens which had been in egg production for fifteen months. The concentration of plasma and liver lipids and the activity of liver fatty acid synthetase (FAS) were measured in laying hens with liver weight of 20 to 53 g. Liver total lipid, water, non-lipid, and cytosolic fractions, which are the four major liver components, increased linearly with respect to wet liver weight. FAS activity increased with all liver components. Accumulation of lipid in the liver did not inhibit FAS activity. Total cholesterol, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, triglycerides, and phosphorous were measured on each plasma sample. Multiple regression analysis showed that all plasma lipids, except cholesterol esters, were related cubically with increasing wet liver weight and cytosolic protein.", "PMID": 674072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1804", "title": "Influence of diet composition on hepatic lipid accumulation and hemorrhages in caged layers.", "content": "Four experiments were conducted with commercial strains of White Leghorns. Experimental corn-soy diets with (CSW) and without (CS) minor feed ingredients significantly elevated liver and plasma lipids when compared to a standard layer diet (UGA) used at the University of Georgia. The response was not due to difference in vitamin and mineral premix or level of energy and protein in the diets. Inclusion of 5% alfalfa in a low protein (13.5%) diet with energy and amino acid profile similar to diet CS significantly reduced liver lipid. Comparison of diet CS to isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets with 20% brewers dried grains, soybean mill feed, or wheat bran showed that layers fed diets with these supplements had significantly lower liver and plasma lipids. In all experiments a higher incidence of liver hemorrhage was associated with feeding the experimental diets CS and CSW. There were no significant differences in egg production, egg weight, or body weight change due to dietary treatment in the experiments. Results of the experiments show that hens with equivalent ME intake and egg output exhibit differences in liver and plasma lipids due to diet composition. The data suggest that mill feeds and fermentation by-products contain an essential factor for control of lipid metabolism in caged layers.", "contents": "Influence of diet composition on hepatic lipid accumulation and hemorrhages in caged layers. Four experiments were conducted with commercial strains of White Leghorns. Experimental corn-soy diets with (CSW) and without (CS) minor feed ingredients significantly elevated liver and plasma lipids when compared to a standard layer diet (UGA) used at the University of Georgia. The response was not due to difference in vitamin and mineral premix or level of energy and protein in the diets. Inclusion of 5% alfalfa in a low protein (13.5%) diet with energy and amino acid profile similar to diet CS significantly reduced liver lipid. Comparison of diet CS to isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets with 20% brewers dried grains, soybean mill feed, or wheat bran showed that layers fed diets with these supplements had significantly lower liver and plasma lipids. In all experiments a higher incidence of liver hemorrhage was associated with feeding the experimental diets CS and CSW. There were no significant differences in egg production, egg weight, or body weight change due to dietary treatment in the experiments. Results of the experiments show that hens with equivalent ME intake and egg output exhibit differences in liver and plasma lipids due to diet composition. The data suggest that mill feeds and fermentation by-products contain an essential factor for control of lipid metabolism in caged layers.", "PMID": 674074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1805", "title": "[Growth efficiency and the specific rate of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha during continuous cultivation on methanol].", "content": "The growth of Hansenula polymorpha DL-1 in the chemostat (under methanol limitation) and turbidostat was measured. Cultivation with different specific rates of growth mu made it possible to determine the maximum yield of biomass Ys(max)=0.425 and the level of expendables required to maintain Ms=0.023 hr-1. The following parameters describing mu as a function of the concentration of methanol S in the fermenter were found: muo=0.154 hr-1 (maximum growth rate), Ks=1.31 mg/l, Ki=5.35 g/l. The paper emphasizes a very low value of the saturation constant Ks derived from the above experiments and reviews the literature data on the kinetic characteristics of various methanol-grown yeast.", "contents": "[Growth efficiency and the specific rate of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha during continuous cultivation on methanol]. The growth of Hansenula polymorpha DL-1 in the chemostat (under methanol limitation) and turbidostat was measured. Cultivation with different specific rates of growth mu made it possible to determine the maximum yield of biomass Ys(max)=0.425 and the level of expendables required to maintain Ms=0.023 hr-1. The following parameters describing mu as a function of the concentration of methanol S in the fermenter were found: muo=0.154 hr-1 (maximum growth rate), Ks=1.31 mg/l, Ki=5.35 g/l. The paper emphasizes a very low value of the saturation constant Ks derived from the above experiments and reviews the literature data on the kinetic characteristics of various methanol-grown yeast.", "PMID": 674114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1806", "title": "[Biological effect of lipid fractions of Actinomycetes].", "content": "Biological activity of lipid fractions of actinomycetes was examined on microorganisms and laboratory animals. The anabolic effect of the acetone fraction of Actinomyces aurigineus 2377 (on Wistar female rats), anabolic effect of sterols of Actinomyces griseus 15 (on chicks), and the high growth stimulating effect (up to 40-60%) of sterols of Actinomyces canosus 89 (on rats) were noted. The estrogenic effect of sterols of Act. griseus 15, Act. griseus 20 and Act. albodenitrificans 13a on the sex system was shown. The antimicrobial properties of lipid fractions differed in their selectivity with respect to the test organisms and depended also on the actinomycete species and cultivation conditions.", "contents": "[Biological effect of lipid fractions of Actinomycetes]. Biological activity of lipid fractions of actinomycetes was examined on microorganisms and laboratory animals. The anabolic effect of the acetone fraction of Actinomyces aurigineus 2377 (on Wistar female rats), anabolic effect of sterols of Actinomyces griseus 15 (on chicks), and the high growth stimulating effect (up to 40-60%) of sterols of Actinomyces canosus 89 (on rats) were noted. The estrogenic effect of sterols of Act. griseus 15, Act. griseus 20 and Act. albodenitrificans 13a on the sex system was shown. The antimicrobial properties of lipid fractions differed in their selectivity with respect to the test organisms and depended also on the actinomycete species and cultivation conditions.", "PMID": 674115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1807", "title": "[Extracellular lipases of the fungus Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-1].", "content": "Lipase biosynthesis by the fungus Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-1 was investigated. Under certain conditions the fungus could produce two forms of extracellular lipases. The paper describes the process of purification of the enzyme L-I,N- and C-terminal amino acids of the lipases have been determined. Identity of terminal amino acids of both enzymes has been demonstrated. It has been shown that both forms of lipase from Rhizopus microporus hydrolyze predominantly alpha-ester bonds.", "contents": "[Extracellular lipases of the fungus Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-1]. Lipase biosynthesis by the fungus Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-1 was investigated. Under certain conditions the fungus could produce two forms of extracellular lipases. The paper describes the process of purification of the enzyme L-I,N- and C-terminal amino acids of the lipases have been determined. Identity of terminal amino acids of both enzymes has been demonstrated. It has been shown that both forms of lipase from Rhizopus microporus hydrolyze predominantly alpha-ester bonds.", "PMID": 674116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1808", "title": "[Biochemical activity of lactic acid bacterial lyophilized concentrates obtained by continous cultivation].", "content": "Microbiological and biochemical parameters of lactic acid bacterial lyophilized concentrates obtained by continous cultivation were investigated during their storage at 3 to 5 degrees C. Under these conditions lyophilized bacterial concentrates retained high activity for three months and after six months their cell survival and biochemical activity decreased by 60--65% on the average.", "contents": "[Biochemical activity of lactic acid bacterial lyophilized concentrates obtained by continous cultivation]. Microbiological and biochemical parameters of lactic acid bacterial lyophilized concentrates obtained by continous cultivation were investigated during their storage at 3 to 5 degrees C. Under these conditions lyophilized bacterial concentrates retained high activity for three months and after six months their cell survival and biochemical activity decreased by 60--65% on the average.", "PMID": 674117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1809", "title": "[Study of aeration and temperature effects on the biosynthesis of 5'-inosine acid by the Brevibacterium ammoniagenes mutant].", "content": "The biosynthesis of 5'-inosine acid (5'-IMP) by the culture Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 225--5 was studied under different aeration conditions. Intensive aeration (Kv = 3.6 g O2/l.hr) was found to be necessary for an active build-up of 5'-IMP. Reduced aeration (Kv = 3.6 g O2/l.hr) caused a decrease in the 5'-IMP yield, a simultaneous increase in the hypoxanthine concentration, a reduction of cell productivity and a decrease in the glucose transformation to 5'-IMP. The temperature of 28 degrees was shown to be optimal for the biosynthesis of 5'-IMP. The total build-up of purine derivatives (5'-IMP and hypoxanthine) decreased, if the first stage (the stage of hypoxanthine accumulation) or the entire fermentation took place at 37 degrees. The temperature rise from 28 to 37 degrees at the second stage of fermentation (the stage of 5'-IMP accumulation) resulted in a temporal increase in the 5'-IMP synthesis followed by its inhibition. The most intensive synthesis of 5'-IMP in the supernatant occurred at 37 degrees and pH 7.0-8.0. A short-term heating of the culture liquid (3 hrs at 37 degrees after 72 hrs fermentation) increased the yield of 5'-IMP during heating and, to the greatest extent, bu the end of fermentation.", "contents": "[Study of aeration and temperature effects on the biosynthesis of 5'-inosine acid by the Brevibacterium ammoniagenes mutant]. The biosynthesis of 5'-inosine acid (5'-IMP) by the culture Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 225--5 was studied under different aeration conditions. Intensive aeration (Kv = 3.6 g O2/l.hr) was found to be necessary for an active build-up of 5'-IMP. Reduced aeration (Kv = 3.6 g O2/l.hr) caused a decrease in the 5'-IMP yield, a simultaneous increase in the hypoxanthine concentration, a reduction of cell productivity and a decrease in the glucose transformation to 5'-IMP. The temperature of 28 degrees was shown to be optimal for the biosynthesis of 5'-IMP. The total build-up of purine derivatives (5'-IMP and hypoxanthine) decreased, if the first stage (the stage of hypoxanthine accumulation) or the entire fermentation took place at 37 degrees. The temperature rise from 28 to 37 degrees at the second stage of fermentation (the stage of 5'-IMP accumulation) resulted in a temporal increase in the 5'-IMP synthesis followed by its inhibition. The most intensive synthesis of 5'-IMP in the supernatant occurred at 37 degrees and pH 7.0-8.0. A short-term heating of the culture liquid (3 hrs at 37 degrees after 72 hrs fermentation) increased the yield of 5'-IMP during heating and, to the greatest extent, bu the end of fermentation.", "PMID": 674112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1810", "title": "[Cellulolytic activity of the thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus terreus 17p during submerged cultivation].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that the thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus terreus 17P can actively grow and produce a complex of cellulolytic enzymes on the dense nutrient medium consisting of straw (45%), wheat bran (45%), malt shoots (10%) and wet mineral supplements. The cultivation temperature is 40 degrees C, pH--5.6--6.0 and humidity of the medium--60--65%.", "contents": "[Cellulolytic activity of the thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus terreus 17p during submerged cultivation]. It has been demonstrated that the thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus terreus 17P can actively grow and produce a complex of cellulolytic enzymes on the dense nutrient medium consisting of straw (45%), wheat bran (45%), malt shoots (10%) and wet mineral supplements. The cultivation temperature is 40 degrees C, pH--5.6--6.0 and humidity of the medium--60--65%.", "PMID": 674113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1811", "title": "[Optimization of immobilization conditions for acid proteinase from Aspergillus awamori].", "content": "To optimize the immobilization conditions for acid proteinase from Aspergillus awamori by covalent binding through glutaraldehyde, experiments were carried out using the Box-Wilson method. The optimization process was assessed on the basis of absolute activity A, coefficient of activity retention gamma and their product A gamma. The following conditions can be recommended: glutaraldehyde concentration 50--60 mg/g, enzyme concentration not less than 40 mg/g, time of glutaraldehyde treatment 2--2.5 hrs, immobilization time 2 hrs, pH about 4.0, and temperature 35--40 degrees C. Under these conditions A=220--230 U/g, gamma = 23--24% Agamma = 5,000--6,000.", "contents": "[Optimization of immobilization conditions for acid proteinase from Aspergillus awamori]. To optimize the immobilization conditions for acid proteinase from Aspergillus awamori by covalent binding through glutaraldehyde, experiments were carried out using the Box-Wilson method. The optimization process was assessed on the basis of absolute activity A, coefficient of activity retention gamma and their product A gamma. The following conditions can be recommended: glutaraldehyde concentration 50--60 mg/g, enzyme concentration not less than 40 mg/g, time of glutaraldehyde treatment 2--2.5 hrs, immobilization time 2 hrs, pH about 4.0, and temperature 35--40 degrees C. Under these conditions A=220--230 U/g, gamma = 23--24% Agamma = 5,000--6,000.", "PMID": 674118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1812", "title": "[Amino acid composition of Phaseolus aureus L. seeds and seedlings].", "content": "The amino acid composition of seeds and 10-day seedlings of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus L.) as well as that of proteins of Ph. aureus seedlings was measured. The seedlings were grown under different conditions of nitrogen nutrition in the light and in the dark. Ph. aureus seeds showed a high content of some essential amino acids. As compared with seeds, the seedlings had higher concentrations of aspartic acid and isoleucine and lower concentrations of glutamic acid, lysine and histidine. Proteins of Ph. aureus seedlings showed greater amounts of isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, lysine and lower quantities of glutamic acid. Methionine and cystine were limiting amino acids.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition of Phaseolus aureus L. seeds and seedlings]. The amino acid composition of seeds and 10-day seedlings of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus L.) as well as that of proteins of Ph. aureus seedlings was measured. The seedlings were grown under different conditions of nitrogen nutrition in the light and in the dark. Ph. aureus seeds showed a high content of some essential amino acids. As compared with seeds, the seedlings had higher concentrations of aspartic acid and isoleucine and lower concentrations of glutamic acid, lysine and histidine. Proteins of Ph. aureus seedlings showed greater amounts of isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, lysine and lower quantities of glutamic acid. Methionine and cystine were limiting amino acids.", "PMID": 674120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1813", "title": "[Study of volatile substances produced during the melanoidin synthesis in the model system: glyceraldehyde + glycine].", "content": "Volatile compounds produced during the synthesis of melanoidins in the model system: glyceraldehyde + glycine were studied. The reactions that resulted in the formation of melanoidins yielded carbon dioxide and trace amounts of ammonia and carbonyl compounds. With a rise in the incubation temperature the browning rate and quantities of gaseous substances increased, although there was no correlation between the two latter parameters. The experiments with 1-14C- and 2-14C-glycine showed that at 80 degrees about 6% and at 37 degrees less than 1% of the amino acid degraded to form CO2. The only source of CO2 was the carboxyl group. No radioactivity occurred in volatile carbonyl compounds. It is suggested that decarboxylation and deamination of the amino acid during its interaction with glyceraldehyde do not play an important part in the mechanism of melanoidin synthesis.", "contents": "[Study of volatile substances produced during the melanoidin synthesis in the model system: glyceraldehyde + glycine]. Volatile compounds produced during the synthesis of melanoidins in the model system: glyceraldehyde + glycine were studied. The reactions that resulted in the formation of melanoidins yielded carbon dioxide and trace amounts of ammonia and carbonyl compounds. With a rise in the incubation temperature the browning rate and quantities of gaseous substances increased, although there was no correlation between the two latter parameters. The experiments with 1-14C- and 2-14C-glycine showed that at 80 degrees about 6% and at 37 degrees less than 1% of the amino acid degraded to form CO2. The only source of CO2 was the carboxyl group. No radioactivity occurred in volatile carbonyl compounds. It is suggested that decarboxylation and deamination of the amino acid during its interaction with glyceraldehyde do not play an important part in the mechanism of melanoidin synthesis.", "PMID": 674119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1814", "title": "[Gas chromatographic method for measuring free lysine in the products of microbiological synthesis].", "content": "The paper presents a gas chromatography technique for measuring free lysine. The technique allows lysine evaluation in the products and semi-products of microbiological synthesis for 50--80 min with an error of 4--5%.", "contents": "[Gas chromatographic method for measuring free lysine in the products of microbiological synthesis]. The paper presents a gas chromatography technique for measuring free lysine. The technique allows lysine evaluation in the products and semi-products of microbiological synthesis for 50--80 min with an error of 4--5%.", "PMID": 674121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1815", "title": "[Development of thyroid cancer in persons living in the endemic goiter area].", "content": "The authors analysed the data obtained in examination of 106 patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland residing in the Mountaineous-Altai region endemic by goiter. A conclusion was drawn that in the great majority of the aforesaid patients an important etiological factor in the development of malignant tumour was nodular and diffuse-nodular goiter. In patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland residing the mentioned region the blood iodine, cobalt, and copper content was much greater than in healthy persons. Iodine concentration in the tumour tissue of the thyroid gland was diminished, and of copper and cobalt--increased in comparison with such in healthy tissue. Blood iodine content in patients with carcinoma, and iodine in the tumour tissue of the thyroid gland was much less, and of copper and cobalt--increased in comparison with such in patients with endemic goiter. Deficiency of trace elements (iodine, copper, cobalt) in the surrounding environment of the endemic regions of the Mountaneous-Altai and the change of their content in the organism of patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland permitted to refer this disease to geographical pathology.", "contents": "[Development of thyroid cancer in persons living in the endemic goiter area]. The authors analysed the data obtained in examination of 106 patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland residing in the Mountaineous-Altai region endemic by goiter. A conclusion was drawn that in the great majority of the aforesaid patients an important etiological factor in the development of malignant tumour was nodular and diffuse-nodular goiter. In patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland residing the mentioned region the blood iodine, cobalt, and copper content was much greater than in healthy persons. Iodine concentration in the tumour tissue of the thyroid gland was diminished, and of copper and cobalt--increased in comparison with such in healthy tissue. Blood iodine content in patients with carcinoma, and iodine in the tumour tissue of the thyroid gland was much less, and of copper and cobalt--increased in comparison with such in patients with endemic goiter. Deficiency of trace elements (iodine, copper, cobalt) in the surrounding environment of the endemic regions of the Mountaneous-Altai and the change of their content in the organism of patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland permitted to refer this disease to geographical pathology.", "PMID": 674124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1816", "title": "[Blood serum immunoglobulins in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin content was determined in 85 patients with thyrotoxicosis and in 80 healthy persons by radial immunodiffusion in agar after Mancini by means of monospecific antisera (made at the N. F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology immunoglobulins of classes G and M. The most pronounced increase was noted in patients with severe and moderate thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "[Blood serum immunoglobulins in thyrotoxicosis]. Serum immunoglobulin content was determined in 85 patients with thyrotoxicosis and in 80 healthy persons by radial immunodiffusion in agar after Mancini by means of monospecific antisera (made at the N. F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology immunoglobulins of classes G and M. The most pronounced increase was noted in patients with severe and moderate thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 674126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1817", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "A great variety of clinical symptoms makes differential diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism difficult (only in 46.5% of patients sent to the clinic with the mentioned diagnosis was it confirmed). Complex clinical laboratory, and roentgenological examination of the patients permit to confirm or refute the diagnosis. Of the greatest significance in the differential diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism are blood serum phosphorus content, phosphorus reabsorption index, and a test with parathyrodin.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism]. A great variety of clinical symptoms makes differential diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism difficult (only in 46.5% of patients sent to the clinic with the mentioned diagnosis was it confirmed). Complex clinical laboratory, and roentgenological examination of the patients permit to confirm or refute the diagnosis. Of the greatest significance in the differential diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism are blood serum phosphorus content, phosphorus reabsorption index, and a test with parathyrodin.", "PMID": 674127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1818", "title": "[Clinical use of Soviet-made human somatotropin preparation. 1. Dynamics of physical development].", "content": "Human somatotropin preparation made in the USSR was used under clinical conditions. Treatment was instituted to 28 patients with various forms of nanism; observation period--up to 18 months. The preparation proved to be effective in hyposomatotropic hypophysial and cerebral nanism.", "contents": "[Clinical use of Soviet-made human somatotropin preparation. 1. Dynamics of physical development]. Human somatotropin preparation made in the USSR was used under clinical conditions. Treatment was instituted to 28 patients with various forms of nanism; observation period--up to 18 months. The preparation proved to be effective in hyposomatotropic hypophysial and cerebral nanism.", "PMID": 674128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1819", "title": "[Sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to insulin in patients with insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "A study was made of the sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to insulin in 15 healthy persons, 20-with newly-revealed diabetes mellitus, and in 25-with the insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus. Adipose tissue was obtained from the left inquinal region and was incubated with various insulin concentration with the addition of 14C-glucose into the incubation medium, in incubation in buffer, without any insulin addition, of the isolated adipose tissue of patients suffering from insulin-resistant diabetes, 14C-glucose incorporation into the tissue lipids was at the same level as in healthy persons, apparently on account of insulin with prolonged action administered previously. The level of adipose tissue lipids radioactivity in patients suffering from newly-revealed diabetes mellitus and of patients with the insulin-resistant diabetes was the same in incubation with the high insulin concentrations (1000 muU/ml), but significantly lower than in healthy persons. In incubation of the adipose tissue of the insulin-resistant patients in the serum of the same patients, the exogenous insulin administered to the patients and added in vitro failed to express its biological action. A factor preventing the effect of insulin (probably of antibodies of significance in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance) is supposed to be present in the serum of insulin-resistant patients.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to insulin in patients with insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus]. A study was made of the sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to insulin in 15 healthy persons, 20-with newly-revealed diabetes mellitus, and in 25-with the insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus. Adipose tissue was obtained from the left inquinal region and was incubated with various insulin concentration with the addition of 14C-glucose into the incubation medium, in incubation in buffer, without any insulin addition, of the isolated adipose tissue of patients suffering from insulin-resistant diabetes, 14C-glucose incorporation into the tissue lipids was at the same level as in healthy persons, apparently on account of insulin with prolonged action administered previously. The level of adipose tissue lipids radioactivity in patients suffering from newly-revealed diabetes mellitus and of patients with the insulin-resistant diabetes was the same in incubation with the high insulin concentrations (1000 muU/ml), but significantly lower than in healthy persons. In incubation of the adipose tissue of the insulin-resistant patients in the serum of the same patients, the exogenous insulin administered to the patients and added in vitro failed to express its biological action. A factor preventing the effect of insulin (probably of antibodies of significance in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance) is supposed to be present in the serum of insulin-resistant patients.", "PMID": 674125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1820", "title": "[Gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland and the antigonadotropin activity in healthy girls].", "content": "This clinical and laboratory investigation is devoted to the study of the levels and correlation between the total gonadotropins and antigonadotropin factors excreted in the urine of 10-18-year-old girls. There was found a correlation between the excretion of total gonadotropins and the concentration of their inhibitors. Periods of the greatest fall of the antigonadotropin level corresponded to the peaks of gonadotropin activity.", "contents": "[Gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland and the antigonadotropin activity in healthy girls]. This clinical and laboratory investigation is devoted to the study of the levels and correlation between the total gonadotropins and antigonadotropin factors excreted in the urine of 10-18-year-old girls. There was found a correlation between the excretion of total gonadotropins and the concentration of their inhibitors. Periods of the greatest fall of the antigonadotropin level corresponded to the peaks of gonadotropin activity.", "PMID": 674129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1821", "title": "[Use of a biological model of isolated overload of the skeletal muscle for determination of the effect of anabolic steroids].", "content": "The authors tested a new biological model for the quantitative determination of the anabolic effect of steranobols of prolonged action. The principle of the method consists in creation of an isolated overload of the skeletal muscles of the shin (m. soleus and. m. plantaris) following section of the tendons of their synergist--m. gastrocnemius in rats, with the subsequent recording their weight gain caused by the administration of anabolic steroid. The method is simple, sensitive and permits to use the animals of different weight and sex without subjecting them to castration.", "contents": "[Use of a biological model of isolated overload of the skeletal muscle for determination of the effect of anabolic steroids]. The authors tested a new biological model for the quantitative determination of the anabolic effect of steranobols of prolonged action. The principle of the method consists in creation of an isolated overload of the skeletal muscles of the shin (m. soleus and. m. plantaris) following section of the tendons of their synergist--m. gastrocnemius in rats, with the subsequent recording their weight gain caused by the administration of anabolic steroid. The method is simple, sensitive and permits to use the animals of different weight and sex without subjecting them to castration.", "PMID": 674122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1822", "title": "[Virilizing granulosa-cell tumors of the ovaries].", "content": "On the basis of the results of morphological and histochemical study of two malignant granulosa cell tumours removed in women with the virile syndrome the author came to the conclusion that theca-tissue was a necessary structural component of such tumours. Theca cell component can be expressed to a different extent, but its cells, in contrary to the cells of the prevailing ganulosa cell component of such tumours, possessed a high enzymatic activity providing the processes of the steroid hormone biosynthesis, and contained lipids intimately connected with these processes. These data permit to regard the theca cell component of malignant granulosa cell tumours as the main source of hormones produced by such tumours.", "contents": "[Virilizing granulosa-cell tumors of the ovaries]. On the basis of the results of morphological and histochemical study of two malignant granulosa cell tumours removed in women with the virile syndrome the author came to the conclusion that theca-tissue was a necessary structural component of such tumours. Theca cell component can be expressed to a different extent, but its cells, in contrary to the cells of the prevailing ganulosa cell component of such tumours, possessed a high enzymatic activity providing the processes of the steroid hormone biosynthesis, and contained lipids intimately connected with these processes. These data permit to regard the theca cell component of malignant granulosa cell tumours as the main source of hormones produced by such tumours.", "PMID": 674130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1823", "title": "[Cortisol metabolism in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "A number of cortizol metabolic indices were examined in 162 patients with moderately severe and severe diabetes mellitus of different duration. The following disturbances of the hormone metabolism which depended on decompensation of the disease were revealed: changes in the rate of cortizol elimination from the circulation, the prevalence of compounds with the oxygroup in the 11th carbon atom, an increase of the urinary excretion of nonconjugated 17-OCS with a relative reduction of excretion of glucoronide fraction and some increase of the sulfate fraction content. Possible causes of the detected disturbances and the informative character of the method of 17-OCS determination in the urine after Silber and Porter in patients with diabetes mellitus are discussed.", "contents": "[Cortisol metabolism in diabetes mellitus]. A number of cortizol metabolic indices were examined in 162 patients with moderately severe and severe diabetes mellitus of different duration. The following disturbances of the hormone metabolism which depended on decompensation of the disease were revealed: changes in the rate of cortizol elimination from the circulation, the prevalence of compounds with the oxygroup in the 11th carbon atom, an increase of the urinary excretion of nonconjugated 17-OCS with a relative reduction of excretion of glucoronide fraction and some increase of the sulfate fraction content. Possible causes of the detected disturbances and the informative character of the method of 17-OCS determination in the urine after Silber and Porter in patients with diabetes mellitus are discussed.", "PMID": 674123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1824", "title": "[Study of differences between the central and peripheral action of hormones].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rats. The effects of hormones administered into the IV ventricle (central action) and intramuscularly (peripheral action) were compared. In studying the excitability of the hypothalamus, gonadotropic activity of the hypophysis, the structure of the adenohypophysis and the ovaries, and also of the homeostatic mechanisms realizable in compensatory hypertrophy of the ovaries there were revealed significant differences in the results of action of the same hormone with different methods of its administration.", "contents": "[Study of differences between the central and peripheral action of hormones]. Experiments were conducted on rats. The effects of hormones administered into the IV ventricle (central action) and intramuscularly (peripheral action) were compared. In studying the excitability of the hypothalamus, gonadotropic activity of the hypophysis, the structure of the adenohypophysis and the ovaries, and also of the homeostatic mechanisms realizable in compensatory hypertrophy of the ovaries there were revealed significant differences in the results of action of the same hormone with different methods of its administration.", "PMID": 674132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1825", "title": "[Study of \"bound insulin\" of the blood sera of blood/donors and patients with diabetes mellitus by circular dichroism].", "content": "Circular dichroism was applied to the study of the structure of the insulin-transferrin complexes (\"bound insulin\") isolated from the blood sera of donors and patients suffering from diabetes mellitus of moderate severity. There proved to be a considerable (in comparison with the normal) reduction of the alpha-helix areas in the \"bound insulin\"molecule of the patients. A comparative study of the circular dichroism spectra in the area of absorption of aromatic amino acids permitted to suppose that the structural changes of the molecule of a complex isolated from the blood sera of patients could not be explained by alterations in the area of the aromatic amino acids.", "contents": "[Study of \"bound insulin\" of the blood sera of blood/donors and patients with diabetes mellitus by circular dichroism]. Circular dichroism was applied to the study of the structure of the insulin-transferrin complexes (\"bound insulin\") isolated from the blood sera of donors and patients suffering from diabetes mellitus of moderate severity. There proved to be a considerable (in comparison with the normal) reduction of the alpha-helix areas in the \"bound insulin\"molecule of the patients. A comparative study of the circular dichroism spectra in the area of absorption of aromatic amino acids permitted to suppose that the structural changes of the molecule of a complex isolated from the blood sera of patients could not be explained by alterations in the area of the aromatic amino acids.", "PMID": 674134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1826", "title": "[Effect of acid polysaccharides on the corticosteroid biosynthesis].", "content": "Repeated administration of carboxymethylchitin and chondroitinsulfate to rats in doses of 20 and 120 mg/kg/24 hours led to reduction (by 40-55%) of the rate of aldosterone and 18-oxycorticosterone biosynthesis by the rat adrenal glands in vitro. Carboxymethylcellulose, algin and hyaluronic acid displayed no inhibitory effect. In case of a single administration of carboxymethylchitin to rats (50 mg/kg) inhibition of the rate of aldosterone and 18-oxycorticosterone biosynthesis was seen 48 hours after the administration of the preparation and lasted four days. No inhibitory effect was induced by the addition of 10 mg/kg of acid polysaccharides into the incubation medium of the adrenal glands.", "contents": "[Effect of acid polysaccharides on the corticosteroid biosynthesis]. Repeated administration of carboxymethylchitin and chondroitinsulfate to rats in doses of 20 and 120 mg/kg/24 hours led to reduction (by 40-55%) of the rate of aldosterone and 18-oxycorticosterone biosynthesis by the rat adrenal glands in vitro. Carboxymethylcellulose, algin and hyaluronic acid displayed no inhibitory effect. In case of a single administration of carboxymethylchitin to rats (50 mg/kg) inhibition of the rate of aldosterone and 18-oxycorticosterone biosynthesis was seen 48 hours after the administration of the preparation and lasted four days. No inhibitory effect was induced by the addition of 10 mg/kg of acid polysaccharides into the incubation medium of the adrenal glands.", "PMID": 674135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1827", "title": "[Relationship between prolactin and serum proteins. 1. Protein-bound hormone protected from biodegradation in the kidneys].", "content": "The authors studied binding of prolactin labeled with 125I in the blood of rats and lactating goats. Not over 20% of the hormone was bound in vitro the first 5 to 10 min of incubation with the blood serum, and a complex with molecular weight of 200 000 appeared which was similar to that formed in vivo. With a longer incubation 125I-prolactin was bound in serum macroglobulin fraction; this was not observed in vivo. Blood protein-bound prolactin retained its immunological activity. Monomeric hormone was absorbed in the kidneys and the mammary glands, with the subsequent rapid degrading. Blood protein-bound prolactin was not absorbed in the kidneys, and was present in the mammary glands in small amounts only.", "contents": "[Relationship between prolactin and serum proteins. 1. Protein-bound hormone protected from biodegradation in the kidneys]. The authors studied binding of prolactin labeled with 125I in the blood of rats and lactating goats. Not over 20% of the hormone was bound in vitro the first 5 to 10 min of incubation with the blood serum, and a complex with molecular weight of 200 000 appeared which was similar to that formed in vivo. With a longer incubation 125I-prolactin was bound in serum macroglobulin fraction; this was not observed in vivo. Blood protein-bound prolactin retained its immunological activity. Monomeric hormone was absorbed in the kidneys and the mammary glands, with the subsequent rapid degrading. Blood protein-bound prolactin was not absorbed in the kidneys, and was present in the mammary glands in small amounts only.", "PMID": 674133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1828", "title": "Amphetamine-induced hypodipsia and its implications for conditioned taste aversion in rats.", "content": "According to the conditioned anorexia hypothesis, conditioned taste aversions occur when flavour stimuli are classically conditioned to the anorexigenic or hypodipsic effects of drugs. The effects on water intake of a range of doses of amphetamine and of several related compounds have therefore been examined in an attempt to correlate their known potentices in tate aversion experiments with their hypodipsic potencies (+)-Amphetamine was more potent than (-)-amphetamine in suppressing water intake but under similar experimental conditions, the isomers were equipotent in the conditioning of taste aversions. Methamphetamine and p-chloromethamphetamine were equipotent in suppressing water intake, but the latter was a more potent agent for conditioning taste aversions. Furthermore, fenfluramine produced taste aversions at doses well below those which suppressed water intake. It was concluded that the ability of the drugs to induce taste aversion was not related to their unconditioned, hypodipsic effects. However, it was confirmed that when drugs with different durations of action are compared for anorexic or hypodipsic potency, the outcome can be greatly influenced by the time over which measurements are made.", "contents": "Amphetamine-induced hypodipsia and its implications for conditioned taste aversion in rats. According to the conditioned anorexia hypothesis, conditioned taste aversions occur when flavour stimuli are classically conditioned to the anorexigenic or hypodipsic effects of drugs. The effects on water intake of a range of doses of amphetamine and of several related compounds have therefore been examined in an attempt to correlate their known potentices in tate aversion experiments with their hypodipsic potencies (+)-Amphetamine was more potent than (-)-amphetamine in suppressing water intake but under similar experimental conditions, the isomers were equipotent in the conditioning of taste aversions. Methamphetamine and p-chloromethamphetamine were equipotent in suppressing water intake, but the latter was a more potent agent for conditioning taste aversions. Furthermore, fenfluramine produced taste aversions at doses well below those which suppressed water intake. It was concluded that the ability of the drugs to induce taste aversion was not related to their unconditioned, hypodipsic effects. However, it was confirmed that when drugs with different durations of action are compared for anorexic or hypodipsic potency, the outcome can be greatly influenced by the time over which measurements are made.", "PMID": 674245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1829", "title": "Nicotine and schedule-induced drinking in rats.", "content": "In the first experiment 4 rats developed schedule-induced water drinking during daily 1 hr sessions of a fixed-time 1 min schedule of food pellet delivery. Injections of a range of doses (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg) of nicotine hydrogen tartrate were found to produce a dose related attenuation of water intake. The higher doses also reduced the numbers of entries into the food tray in three rats, while the lowest dose consistently facilitated this behavior in the same animals. In a second experiment schedule-induced water drinking developed in 4 other rats under a similar schedule. Substitution of nicotine solution (0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml) for the water reduced volumes of fluid consumed. However, schedule-induced drinking continued at a rate sufficient for the animals to ing-st average doses of the nicotine salt of up to 8.5 mg/kg. It is concluded that schedule-induced drinking can be used successfully as a method of inducing self-administration of nicotine by rats.", "contents": "Nicotine and schedule-induced drinking in rats. In the first experiment 4 rats developed schedule-induced water drinking during daily 1 hr sessions of a fixed-time 1 min schedule of food pellet delivery. Injections of a range of doses (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg) of nicotine hydrogen tartrate were found to produce a dose related attenuation of water intake. The higher doses also reduced the numbers of entries into the food tray in three rats, while the lowest dose consistently facilitated this behavior in the same animals. In a second experiment schedule-induced water drinking developed in 4 other rats under a similar schedule. Substitution of nicotine solution (0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml) for the water reduced volumes of fluid consumed. However, schedule-induced drinking continued at a rate sufficient for the animals to ing-st average doses of the nicotine salt of up to 8.5 mg/kg. It is concluded that schedule-induced drinking can be used successfully as a method of inducing self-administration of nicotine by rats.", "PMID": 674246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1830", "title": "Influence of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure on discrimination learning in rats.", "content": "The animals in this study were the offspring of dams, who, from 21-99 days of age, were exposed to 1000 mg/kg of lead acetate via a daily restricted watering schedule with exposure continuing throughout gestation and nursing. Control dams received distilled water under the same watering schedule. Offspring were weaned at 21 days of age and did not received lead treatment from that point. Testing began at 30 days of age with animals receiving 10 trials/day for 10 days on a brightness discrimination task conducted in a water-escape T-maze. This task was followed by a shape discrimination problem in the same apparatus. Analysis of results revealed that the lead-exposed pups made significantly more errors than the controls but had significantly shorter swimming times on both the brightness and shape discrimination tasks. The failure to attend to relevant discriminative cues may account for the observed deficits in lead-exposed animals.", "contents": "Influence of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure on discrimination learning in rats. The animals in this study were the offspring of dams, who, from 21-99 days of age, were exposed to 1000 mg/kg of lead acetate via a daily restricted watering schedule with exposure continuing throughout gestation and nursing. Control dams received distilled water under the same watering schedule. Offspring were weaned at 21 days of age and did not received lead treatment from that point. Testing began at 30 days of age with animals receiving 10 trials/day for 10 days on a brightness discrimination task conducted in a water-escape T-maze. This task was followed by a shape discrimination problem in the same apparatus. Analysis of results revealed that the lead-exposed pups made significantly more errors than the controls but had significantly shorter swimming times on both the brightness and shape discrimination tasks. The failure to attend to relevant discriminative cues may account for the observed deficits in lead-exposed animals.", "PMID": 674247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1831", "title": "Conditioning under carbolonium bromide and D--tubocurarine chloride paralysis.", "content": "The findings of past research using d-tubocurarine chloride as a control procedure in heart rate conditioning have been equivocal. The present experiment compared classical heart rate conditioning under neuromuscular blockade by d-tubocurarine chloride, and a pharmacologically more specific blocker, carbolonium bromide. Both groups were compared to a placebo condition. The results indicated that carbolonium bromide and placebo treated animals acquired deceleratory cardiac conditional responses, but animals treated with d-tubocurarine chloride did not. Unconditional acceleratory responses were found in groups. The findings were discussed in relation to classical conditioning and the psychopharmacology of neuromuscular blockade.", "contents": "Conditioning under carbolonium bromide and D--tubocurarine chloride paralysis. The findings of past research using d-tubocurarine chloride as a control procedure in heart rate conditioning have been equivocal. The present experiment compared classical heart rate conditioning under neuromuscular blockade by d-tubocurarine chloride, and a pharmacologically more specific blocker, carbolonium bromide. Both groups were compared to a placebo condition. The results indicated that carbolonium bromide and placebo treated animals acquired deceleratory cardiac conditional responses, but animals treated with d-tubocurarine chloride did not. Unconditional acceleratory responses were found in groups. The findings were discussed in relation to classical conditioning and the psychopharmacology of neuromuscular blockade.", "PMID": 674248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1832", "title": "Thermoregulation in the rat: deficits following 6-OHDA injections in the hypothalamus.", "content": "Bilateral microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were made in a volume of 0.5--0.75 microliter through chronically implanted cannulae into anterior hypothalamic, preoptic loci. Sites were selected at which 1.0 to 12.5 microgram of norepinephrine (NE) had previously elicited a fall in the rat's body temperature. After 2.0 to 6.0 microgram of 6-OHDA were injected in the same volume at the same loci, a comparable hypothermia ensued. When the rats were exposed repeatedly for one-hour intervals to an environmental temperature of either 35.0 degrees C or 8.0 degrees C, they were unable to thermoregulate against the heat and their colonic temperature rose. In some experiments, the rats also failed to defend adequately against the cold ambient temperature, but mainly following the microinjection of the higher doses of 6-OHDA . The intakes of food and water were generally suppressed; this was accompanied by a transient decline in body weight. Overall, the severity, duration and direction of the thermoregulatory impairment depended upon the anatomical site of injection and the dose regimen of the neurotoxin employed. These results offer further evidence that an intact catecholaminergic pathway within the anterior hypothalamus is required for the rat's physiological control of heat loss in a warm environmental temperature.", "contents": "Thermoregulation in the rat: deficits following 6-OHDA injections in the hypothalamus. Bilateral microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were made in a volume of 0.5--0.75 microliter through chronically implanted cannulae into anterior hypothalamic, preoptic loci. Sites were selected at which 1.0 to 12.5 microgram of norepinephrine (NE) had previously elicited a fall in the rat's body temperature. After 2.0 to 6.0 microgram of 6-OHDA were injected in the same volume at the same loci, a comparable hypothermia ensued. When the rats were exposed repeatedly for one-hour intervals to an environmental temperature of either 35.0 degrees C or 8.0 degrees C, they were unable to thermoregulate against the heat and their colonic temperature rose. In some experiments, the rats also failed to defend adequately against the cold ambient temperature, but mainly following the microinjection of the higher doses of 6-OHDA . The intakes of food and water were generally suppressed; this was accompanied by a transient decline in body weight. Overall, the severity, duration and direction of the thermoregulatory impairment depended upon the anatomical site of injection and the dose regimen of the neurotoxin employed. These results offer further evidence that an intact catecholaminergic pathway within the anterior hypothalamus is required for the rat's physiological control of heat loss in a warm environmental temperature.", "PMID": 674250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1833", "title": "Some behavioral effects of suppressing choline transport by cerebroventricular injection of hemicholinium-3.", "content": "Evidence supports the proposition that the high affinity Ch uptake system associated with cholinergic nerve terminals can be the rate limiting step in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. The present experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that variations of the system would be reflected selectively in changes of conditioned avoidance behavior. HC-3, which primarily affects the high affinity component of Ch transport thus reducing endogenous levels of ACh and the synthetic capacity of cholinergic nerve terminals, was administered cerebroventricularly at 5 doses ranging from 0.0 (saline control) to 10.0 microgram. Whole brain ACh levels determined by GCMS analysis following microwave fixation ranged from 25.0 to 5.0 nmol/g-1. Trend analyses demonstrate a precise dose dependent relation between neurochemical and behavioral variables: median trials to condition increased as ACh level decreased. More detailed analyses of the results lead to the interpretation that suppression of high affinity Ch transport in brain is associated with deficiencies in the use of information and not with sensory input and storage nor with motor output.", "contents": "Some behavioral effects of suppressing choline transport by cerebroventricular injection of hemicholinium-3. Evidence supports the proposition that the high affinity Ch uptake system associated with cholinergic nerve terminals can be the rate limiting step in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. The present experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that variations of the system would be reflected selectively in changes of conditioned avoidance behavior. HC-3, which primarily affects the high affinity component of Ch transport thus reducing endogenous levels of ACh and the synthetic capacity of cholinergic nerve terminals, was administered cerebroventricularly at 5 doses ranging from 0.0 (saline control) to 10.0 microgram. Whole brain ACh levels determined by GCMS analysis following microwave fixation ranged from 25.0 to 5.0 nmol/g-1. Trend analyses demonstrate a precise dose dependent relation between neurochemical and behavioral variables: median trials to condition increased as ACh level decreased. More detailed analyses of the results lead to the interpretation that suppression of high affinity Ch transport in brain is associated with deficiencies in the use of information and not with sensory input and storage nor with motor output.", "PMID": 674251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1834", "title": "Atropine methyl nitrate inhibits sham feeding in the rat.", "content": "Atropine methyl nitrate inhibited sham feeding of a liquid diet in a dose-related manner. Identical doses of atropine methyl nitrate had no effect on sham drinking of water. This differential effect is evidence that the inhibition of sham feeding was not due to peripheral anticholinergic disruption of licking, salivating or swallowing. The results suggest that peripheral blockade of cholinergic receptors of the muscarinic type is a mechanism for eliciting satiety for food in the rat.", "contents": "Atropine methyl nitrate inhibits sham feeding in the rat. Atropine methyl nitrate inhibited sham feeding of a liquid diet in a dose-related manner. Identical doses of atropine methyl nitrate had no effect on sham drinking of water. This differential effect is evidence that the inhibition of sham feeding was not due to peripheral anticholinergic disruption of licking, salivating or swallowing. The results suggest that peripheral blockade of cholinergic receptors of the muscarinic type is a mechanism for eliciting satiety for food in the rat.", "PMID": 674252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1835", "title": "Marihuana and mood in human volunteers.", "content": "Fifteen adult male marihuana smokers volunteered to live on a hospital research ward for a 31-day study which included a five-day baseline, a 21-day marihuana smoking period and a concluding five-day baseline. Subjects rated their moods and level of intoxication each day at scheduled occasions. Analyses of variance indicated a significant trend in the mood ratings which increased slightly in the euphoric direction just before smoking marihuana (compared to routine ratings) and further increased slightly after smoking marihuana. Level of intoxication ratings and mood ratings were not significantly correlated, but an intoxicated subject's mood ratings were significantly correlated with the average mood ratings of other subjects intoxicated or not. The results suggest that marihuana may increase a person's susceptibility to the moods of others and the feeling of being in harmony with others may be a positive reinforcer.", "contents": "Marihuana and mood in human volunteers. Fifteen adult male marihuana smokers volunteered to live on a hospital research ward for a 31-day study which included a five-day baseline, a 21-day marihuana smoking period and a concluding five-day baseline. Subjects rated their moods and level of intoxication each day at scheduled occasions. Analyses of variance indicated a significant trend in the mood ratings which increased slightly in the euphoric direction just before smoking marihuana (compared to routine ratings) and further increased slightly after smoking marihuana. Level of intoxication ratings and mood ratings were not significantly correlated, but an intoxicated subject's mood ratings were significantly correlated with the average mood ratings of other subjects intoxicated or not. The results suggest that marihuana may increase a person's susceptibility to the moods of others and the feeling of being in harmony with others may be a positive reinforcer.", "PMID": 674253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1836", "title": "Effects of quipazine on behavior under a multiple schedule of reinforcement.", "content": "The effects of three doses of quipazine (1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) on the performance of rats under a multiple fixed-ratio 15 fixed-interval 60-sec schedule of food reinforcement were examined. In the absence of drug, response rates under the fixed-ratio component were much higher than response rates under the fixed-interval component. Rates under the fixed-ratio component were decreased by quipazine in dose-dependent fashion, while response rates under the fixed-interval component were increased by the lowest dose and decreased by the two higher doses of the drug.", "contents": "Effects of quipazine on behavior under a multiple schedule of reinforcement. The effects of three doses of quipazine (1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) on the performance of rats under a multiple fixed-ratio 15 fixed-interval 60-sec schedule of food reinforcement were examined. In the absence of drug, response rates under the fixed-ratio component were much higher than response rates under the fixed-interval component. Rates under the fixed-ratio component were decreased by quipazine in dose-dependent fashion, while response rates under the fixed-interval component were increased by the lowest dose and decreased by the two higher doses of the drug.", "PMID": 674254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1837", "title": "Behavioral activation by enkephalins in mice.", "content": "Intraventricular injection of long lasting enkephalin analogues (D--Ala2Leu and Met enkephalin-amides) produced a sustained elevation of psychomotor activity in mice. The motor syndromes were characterized by continual stereotyped activity and were reversed by naloxone pretreatment. Naloxone administered to a separate group of mice reduced the initial activation seen after exposure to a novel environment. The present findings suggest one or more endogenous opiates normally facilitates behavioral excitation in mice.", "contents": "Behavioral activation by enkephalins in mice. Intraventricular injection of long lasting enkephalin analogues (D--Ala2Leu and Met enkephalin-amides) produced a sustained elevation of psychomotor activity in mice. The motor syndromes were characterized by continual stereotyped activity and were reversed by naloxone pretreatment. Naloxone administered to a separate group of mice reduced the initial activation seen after exposure to a novel environment. The present findings suggest one or more endogenous opiates normally facilitates behavioral excitation in mice.", "PMID": 674255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1838", "title": "Antagonism of ethanol-evoked responses by amantadine: a possible clinical application.", "content": "The behavioral and biochemical effects of amantadine hydrochloride (ATD) on some ethanol (ETOH) mediated responses in rats and mice were studied. Administration of ATD, 0.5 mM/kg IP, prior to a narcotic dose of ETOH significantly decreased the central depressant action of ETOH, as measured by the duration of ETOH-produced narcosis in mice. The time required for the onset of ETOH-narcosis was significantly delayed in ATD-treated mice compared to controls. Analyses of whole blood and brain ETOH concentrations showed that ATD-treatment prior to ETOH significantly reduced brain content of ETOH from saline-pretreated mice at the time of onset of ETOH narcosis as well as 30 min after ETOH injection without concomitant change in blood ETOH concentrations at the respective time intervals. Administration of ATD 0.5mM/kg IP, reduced voluntary intake of ETOH by rats voluntarily selecting 5% ETOH solution over water as the drinking fluid. There were no changes in cytoplasmic rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase (L-ADH) and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (L-ALDH) activities in rats maintained  on water or 5% ETOH as the drinking fluid and administered ATD, 0.5 mM/kg IP, once or identical dose once daily for six consecutive days. However, ATD produced in vitro non-competitive inhibiton of both L-ADH and L-ALDH at a concentration range between 10(-3) M and 3 x 10(-3) M assay mixture. The results indicate the potency of ATD in negating ETOH-mediated responses measured and suggest for a possible clinical trial for ATD in the management of alcoholic patients provided it is devoid of disulfiram-like reaction in man.", "contents": "Antagonism of ethanol-evoked responses by amantadine: a possible clinical application. The behavioral and biochemical effects of amantadine hydrochloride (ATD) on some ethanol (ETOH) mediated responses in rats and mice were studied. Administration of ATD, 0.5 mM/kg IP, prior to a narcotic dose of ETOH significantly decreased the central depressant action of ETOH, as measured by the duration of ETOH-produced narcosis in mice. The time required for the onset of ETOH-narcosis was significantly delayed in ATD-treated mice compared to controls. Analyses of whole blood and brain ETOH concentrations showed that ATD-treatment prior to ETOH significantly reduced brain content of ETOH from saline-pretreated mice at the time of onset of ETOH narcosis as well as 30 min after ETOH injection without concomitant change in blood ETOH concentrations at the respective time intervals. Administration of ATD 0.5mM/kg IP, reduced voluntary intake of ETOH by rats voluntarily selecting 5% ETOH solution over water as the drinking fluid. There were no changes in cytoplasmic rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase (L-ADH) and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (L-ALDH) activities in rats maintained  on water or 5% ETOH as the drinking fluid and administered ATD, 0.5 mM/kg IP, once or identical dose once daily for six consecutive days. However, ATD produced in vitro non-competitive inhibiton of both L-ADH and L-ALDH at a concentration range between 10(-3) M and 3 x 10(-3) M assay mixture. The results indicate the potency of ATD in negating ETOH-mediated responses measured and suggest for a possible clinical trial for ATD in the management of alcoholic patients provided it is devoid of disulfiram-like reaction in man.", "PMID": 674256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1839", "title": "Method for the rapid determination of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in the same brain region.", "content": "A method is presented for the fluorometric analysis of norepinephrine dopamine and serotonin. This procedure is a combination of an unpublished catecholamine assay developed by Hogans and of the o-phthaldialdehyde serotonin reaction reported by Maickel and Miller [9]. This procedure should greatly facilitate the correlation of neurotransmitter levels in brain regions with changes in behavior produced by experimental manipulations.", "contents": "Method for the rapid determination of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in the same brain region. A method is presented for the fluorometric analysis of norepinephrine dopamine and serotonin. This procedure is a combination of an unpublished catecholamine assay developed by Hogans and of the o-phthaldialdehyde serotonin reaction reported by Maickel and Miller [9]. This procedure should greatly facilitate the correlation of neurotransmitter levels in brain regions with changes in behavior produced by experimental manipulations.", "PMID": 674257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1840", "title": "Effects of methadone on behavior maintained by fixed ratio reinforcement schedules.", "content": "The effects of subcutaneous injections of methadone hydrochloride (0.75mg, 1.5mg and 2.5mg/kg) on lever pressing maintained by fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement were examined in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Response output over a 30 min session decreased as a function of increasing drug dose when reinforcement was delivered for every 5 responses. Increasing the response to reinforcement ratio from 5 to 20 in a second experiment doubled and nearly quadrupled responding by DBA and C57 mice, respectively. Injecting animals maintained on this schedule with methadone reduced responding to the same extent as that observed in the first experiment when response rates were lower. Hence, these experiments provide no support for the effect of methadone being rate-dependent. In both experiments methadone disrupted responding of DBA more than that of C57 mice. This finding is consistent with a previous report that other narcotic analgesics were more potent analgesics for DBA than for C57 mice. From these studies it appears that the opposite changes in locomotor activity upon an exposure to narcotic analgesics does not generalize to behavior under control of reinforcing stimuli; and that both the effects obtained in the present study and the analgesic action are dissociated from the effects of these drugs on locomotor activity.", "contents": "Effects of methadone on behavior maintained by fixed ratio reinforcement schedules. The effects of subcutaneous injections of methadone hydrochloride (0.75mg, 1.5mg and 2.5mg/kg) on lever pressing maintained by fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement were examined in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Response output over a 30 min session decreased as a function of increasing drug dose when reinforcement was delivered for every 5 responses. Increasing the response to reinforcement ratio from 5 to 20 in a second experiment doubled and nearly quadrupled responding by DBA and C57 mice, respectively. Injecting animals maintained on this schedule with methadone reduced responding to the same extent as that observed in the first experiment when response rates were lower. Hence, these experiments provide no support for the effect of methadone being rate-dependent. In both experiments methadone disrupted responding of DBA more than that of C57 mice. This finding is consistent with a previous report that other narcotic analgesics were more potent analgesics for DBA than for C57 mice. From these studies it appears that the opposite changes in locomotor activity upon an exposure to narcotic analgesics does not generalize to behavior under control of reinforcing stimuli; and that both the effects obtained in the present study and the analgesic action are dissociated from the effects of these drugs on locomotor activity.", "PMID": 674258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1841", "title": "Alcohol consumption in rats treated with lithium carbonate or rubidium chloride.", "content": "Wistar-NTRU rats, offered a free choice between tap water and a 10% ethanol solution (v/v) in the absence of reinforcement, were injected for five days with Li2 CO3, RbCl or placebo. Lithium-treated group consumed 25% more liquid per day but chose to take 14.5% less alcohol than controls (p less than 0.05). By contrast, rubidium-treated animals consumed 15% less liquid but 70% more alcohol than control animals (p less than 0.005). Rubidium-treated rats were strikingly more active than the other two groups: their motility index was 60.0 as compared to 33.6 for lithium-treated and 29.4 for control rats. Serum glucose and urea nitrogen concentration were not significantly affected by the treatment but serum alcohol content was low in lithium-treated and high in rubidum-treated animals.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption in rats treated with lithium carbonate or rubidium chloride. Wistar-NTRU rats, offered a free choice between tap water and a 10% ethanol solution (v/v) in the absence of reinforcement, were injected for five days with Li2 CO3, RbCl or placebo. Lithium-treated group consumed 25% more liquid per day but chose to take 14.5% less alcohol than controls (p less than 0.05). By contrast, rubidium-treated animals consumed 15% less liquid but 70% more alcohol than control animals (p less than 0.005). Rubidium-treated rats were strikingly more active than the other two groups: their motility index was 60.0 as compared to 33.6 for lithium-treated and 29.4 for control rats. Serum glucose and urea nitrogen concentration were not significantly affected by the treatment but serum alcohol content was low in lithium-treated and high in rubidum-treated animals.", "PMID": 674259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1842", "title": "Psychotropic drugs and Sidman avoidance in rats: IRT distribution changes.", "content": "The effects of d-amphetamine, caffeine, chlorpromazine, diazepam and and pentobarbital on Sidman avoidance responding (R-S interval, 30 sec; S-S interval, 3 sec) in rats, especially on the interresponse time (IRT) distribution, were studied. d-Amphetamine and caffeine increased the total number of responses. Short IRTs were increased, while longer ones were decreased. Chlorpromazine, diazepam and pentobarbital all increased the number of shocks delivered. After chlorpromazine, no marked change was observed in the total number of responses. However, response bursts and escape reponses increased, while IRTs between 3 and 30 sec decreased. After diazepam and pentobarbital, the burst response scarcely increased, and the IRTs in the 3-15 sec range decreased, while the IRTs longer than 33 sec increased. These changes were more marked after diazepam than after pentobarbital. Total number of responses was decreased by both drugs. The present results suggest that in utilizing the Sidman avoidance procedure for psychotropic drug assessment, changes in the IRT distribution give a more precise profile of the drug than is afforded by the total number of responses and shocks delivered.", "contents": "Psychotropic drugs and Sidman avoidance in rats: IRT distribution changes. The effects of d-amphetamine, caffeine, chlorpromazine, diazepam and and pentobarbital on Sidman avoidance responding (R-S interval, 30 sec; S-S interval, 3 sec) in rats, especially on the interresponse time (IRT) distribution, were studied. d-Amphetamine and caffeine increased the total number of responses. Short IRTs were increased, while longer ones were decreased. Chlorpromazine, diazepam and pentobarbital all increased the number of shocks delivered. After chlorpromazine, no marked change was observed in the total number of responses. However, response bursts and escape reponses increased, while IRTs between 3 and 30 sec decreased. After diazepam and pentobarbital, the burst response scarcely increased, and the IRTs in the 3-15 sec range decreased, while the IRTs longer than 33 sec increased. These changes were more marked after diazepam than after pentobarbital. Total number of responses was decreased by both drugs. The present results suggest that in utilizing the Sidman avoidance procedure for psychotropic drug assessment, changes in the IRT distribution give a more precise profile of the drug than is afforded by the total number of responses and shocks delivered.", "PMID": 674260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1843", "title": "6-Hydroxydopamine induced catecholamine depletion and passive avoidance learning in rats.", "content": "Rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine either intracisternally, intraperitoneally, or both, in order to examine the effects of central vs. peripheral catecholamine depletion on a step-down passive avoidance task. All rats acquired the response at the end of the five asquisition trials but the rates of acquisition of the drug-treated groups were siginificantly different from the control group. No significant difference in the performance results were observed between groups during the extinction period. These findings failed to confirm the hypothesis that an intact central and/or peripheral catecholaminergic systems may be necessary for the acquisition and extinction of a step-down passive avoidance response. In addition, this study also showed that plasma corticosterone levels in the rats depleted of central or peripheral catecholamine did not differ significantly from each other after passive avoidance training.", "contents": "6-Hydroxydopamine induced catecholamine depletion and passive avoidance learning in rats. Rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine either intracisternally, intraperitoneally, or both, in order to examine the effects of central vs. peripheral catecholamine depletion on a step-down passive avoidance task. All rats acquired the response at the end of the five asquisition trials but the rates of acquisition of the drug-treated groups were siginificantly different from the control group. No significant difference in the performance results were observed between groups during the extinction period. These findings failed to confirm the hypothesis that an intact central and/or peripheral catecholaminergic systems may be necessary for the acquisition and extinction of a step-down passive avoidance response. In addition, this study also showed that plasma corticosterone levels in the rats depleted of central or peripheral catecholamine did not differ significantly from each other after passive avoidance training.", "PMID": 674261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1844", "title": "Effect of pimozide on the improvement in learning produced by self-stimulation and by water reinforcement.", "content": "When rats self-stimulate immediately after the training trial of an appetitive task their performance on a retention test is improved the next day. In the present study, this improvement was blocked by pretraining injections of pimozide, a dopaminergic blocker. In a second experiment, injections of pimozide retarded learning on the same task when the learning was reinforced by drinking water, but had no effect on learning which occurred in the absence of a reinforcer. The data made the hypotheses that the animal's behavior was a result of an action of primozide on sensory or motor mechanisms, or that the drug produced state-dependent effects, highly unlikely. We concluded that neural systems involving dopamine mediate an effect of reinforcing events on behavior.", "contents": "Effect of pimozide on the improvement in learning produced by self-stimulation and by water reinforcement. When rats self-stimulate immediately after the training trial of an appetitive task their performance on a retention test is improved the next day. In the present study, this improvement was blocked by pretraining injections of pimozide, a dopaminergic blocker. In a second experiment, injections of pimozide retarded learning on the same task when the learning was reinforced by drinking water, but had no effect on learning which occurred in the absence of a reinforcer. The data made the hypotheses that the animal's behavior was a result of an action of primozide on sensory or motor mechanisms, or that the drug produced state-dependent effects, highly unlikely. We concluded that neural systems involving dopamine mediate an effect of reinforcing events on behavior.", "PMID": 674262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1845", "title": "Behavioral effects of chronic oral administration of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol in the rat.", "content": "levo-alpha-Acetylmethadol was orally administered via a sucrose solution to rats in their drinking water for 24 days. A control group received only sucrose. Bodyweight and fluid consumption were monitored daily. The behavioral effects during chronic drug administration and during eight days of withdrawal were studied using behavior controlled by a fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Body weights of treated animals remained stable during drug administration but decreased by approximately 25% during withdrawal. There were no significant differences in volume of fluid consumed by the two groups. Response rate and number of reinforcements were decreased during drug administration. During withdrawal, response rates were greater than pre-drug control rates.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of chronic oral administration of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol in the rat. levo-alpha-Acetylmethadol was orally administered via a sucrose solution to rats in their drinking water for 24 days. A control group received only sucrose. Bodyweight and fluid consumption were monitored daily. The behavioral effects during chronic drug administration and during eight days of withdrawal were studied using behavior controlled by a fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Body weights of treated animals remained stable during drug administration but decreased by approximately 25% during withdrawal. There were no significant differences in volume of fluid consumed by the two groups. Response rate and number of reinforcements were decreased during drug administration. During withdrawal, response rates were greater than pre-drug control rates.", "PMID": 674263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1846", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin on estrogen- and estrogen plus progesterone-induced sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "Implants of crystalline PGE2 in the basal preoptic-anterior hypothalamic areas stimulates high levels of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats. Indomethacin, which blocks the synthesis of PGE2 failed to inhibit either estrogen- or estrogen plus progesterone-induced receptivity. Neither intracerebral nor subcutaneous administration of indomethacin diminished the display of steroid induced reproductive behavior without also causing a depression in open-field activity, and in some cases, causing gastrointestinal problems and even death. These results suggest the prostaglandin synthesis is not a required step in the mechanism by which estrogen and progesterone exert their behavioral effects. The possibility that PGE2 and LH-RH synthesis and/or release might contribute to a collateral mechanism for the induction of sexual receptivity was discussed.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin on estrogen- and estrogen plus progesterone-induced sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats. Implants of crystalline PGE2 in the basal preoptic-anterior hypothalamic areas stimulates high levels of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats. Indomethacin, which blocks the synthesis of PGE2 failed to inhibit either estrogen- or estrogen plus progesterone-induced receptivity. Neither intracerebral nor subcutaneous administration of indomethacin diminished the display of steroid induced reproductive behavior without also causing a depression in open-field activity, and in some cases, causing gastrointestinal problems and even death. These results suggest the prostaglandin synthesis is not a required step in the mechanism by which estrogen and progesterone exert their behavioral effects. The possibility that PGE2 and LH-RH synthesis and/or release might contribute to a collateral mechanism for the induction of sexual receptivity was discussed.", "PMID": 674264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1847", "title": "Effect of ethanol on cardiac function in rats genetically selected for their ethanol preference.", "content": "The heart rate of male ANA (Alko, Non-alcohol) and AA (Alko, Alcohol) rats was significantly increased after peroral administration of 2.7 g ethanol/kg, but the tachycardia was of shorter duration in ANA rats, which avoid the drinking of ethanol solution. The PR intervals in the electrocardiograms of ANA rats became significantly longer than those of AA rats when 13.5 g ethanol/kg was given. The QT intervals were likewise longer in the electrocardiograms of ANA rats, but before as well as after the administration of ethanol. The results suggest that intracardiac conduction is more depressed by acute ethanol in the ANA than the AA strain of rats.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on cardiac function in rats genetically selected for their ethanol preference. The heart rate of male ANA (Alko, Non-alcohol) and AA (Alko, Alcohol) rats was significantly increased after peroral administration of 2.7 g ethanol/kg, but the tachycardia was of shorter duration in ANA rats, which avoid the drinking of ethanol solution. The PR intervals in the electrocardiograms of ANA rats became significantly longer than those of AA rats when 13.5 g ethanol/kg was given. The QT intervals were likewise longer in the electrocardiograms of ANA rats, but before as well as after the administration of ethanol. The results suggest that intracardiac conduction is more depressed by acute ethanol in the ANA than the AA strain of rats.", "PMID": 674266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1848", "title": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose induced feeding: relation to diet palatability.", "content": "Adult male rats fed either ground Purina Laboratory Chow or the same diet adulterated with 0.5% quinine hydrochloride were tested for feeding in response to the administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). Three doses of 2-DG were used, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg of body weight. During a six-hr test period, rats given ground Purina Laboratory Chow ate significantly more following intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 250 and 500 mg/kg of 2-DG than following IP injections of physiological saline. Food intake of animals given Purina Chow also increased after administration of 750 mg/kg of 2-DG but intake was not significantly different from that following saline injections. In contrast to rats maintained on the unadulterated diet, rats given quinine-adulterated chow did not increase intake over saline values during the six-hr test period following administration of 250 and 500 mg/kg of 2-DG, and actually decreased intake after injection of 750 mg/kg of 2-DG. Results are discussed with respect to the role of diet palatability in determining food intake in hungry animals.", "contents": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose induced feeding: relation to diet palatability. Adult male rats fed either ground Purina Laboratory Chow or the same diet adulterated with 0.5% quinine hydrochloride were tested for feeding in response to the administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). Three doses of 2-DG were used, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg of body weight. During a six-hr test period, rats given ground Purina Laboratory Chow ate significantly more following intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 250 and 500 mg/kg of 2-DG than following IP injections of physiological saline. Food intake of animals given Purina Chow also increased after administration of 750 mg/kg of 2-DG but intake was not significantly different from that following saline injections. In contrast to rats maintained on the unadulterated diet, rats given quinine-adulterated chow did not increase intake over saline values during the six-hr test period following administration of 250 and 500 mg/kg of 2-DG, and actually decreased intake after injection of 750 mg/kg of 2-DG. Results are discussed with respect to the role of diet palatability in determining food intake in hungry animals.", "PMID": 674267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1849", "title": "Time course of protection from audiogenic seizures by glucose and insulin in audiogenically primed C57BL/6J mice.", "content": "Glucose and insulin injections both decrease seizure susceptibility in C57BL/6J mice subjected to audiogenic priming at 16 days of age and tested at 21 days of age. These data support an hypothesis of defect in immediately available energy reserves in brains of audiogenic seizure prone mice.", "contents": "Time course of protection from audiogenic seizures by glucose and insulin in audiogenically primed C57BL/6J mice. Glucose and insulin injections both decrease seizure susceptibility in C57BL/6J mice subjected to audiogenic priming at 16 days of age and tested at 21 days of age. These data support an hypothesis of defect in immediately available energy reserves in brains of audiogenic seizure prone mice.", "PMID": 674268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1850", "title": "D-Proline: stereospecificity and sodium chloride dependence of lethal convulsant activity in the chick.", "content": "Two- and five-day old chicks were injected intraventricularly with D-proline and structurally related compounds. D-proline produced convulsions and lethality, but was non-amnestic, whereas the naturally-occurring isomer, L-proline, was non-convulsant and non-toxic but amnestic. D-proline convulsions were accompanied by decreased high frequency in the EEG and increased slow wave activity. High amplitude spiking was not observed. The lethality of D-proline was saline-dependent. Control experiments ruled out possible toxic factors such as hypertonicity, pH pyrogens, injection volume, or needle misplacement. The results demonstrate that saline and distilled water are not equivalent injection vehicles. A sodium-free vehicle may lead to artifacts but is advantageous in experiments in which amino acid transport must be minimized.", "contents": "D-Proline: stereospecificity and sodium chloride dependence of lethal convulsant activity in the chick. Two- and five-day old chicks were injected intraventricularly with D-proline and structurally related compounds. D-proline produced convulsions and lethality, but was non-amnestic, whereas the naturally-occurring isomer, L-proline, was non-convulsant and non-toxic but amnestic. D-proline convulsions were accompanied by decreased high frequency in the EEG and increased slow wave activity. High amplitude spiking was not observed. The lethality of D-proline was saline-dependent. Control experiments ruled out possible toxic factors such as hypertonicity, pH pyrogens, injection volume, or needle misplacement. The results demonstrate that saline and distilled water are not equivalent injection vehicles. A sodium-free vehicle may lead to artifacts but is advantageous in experiments in which amino acid transport must be minimized.", "PMID": 674269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1851", "title": "Transport mechanism of some naturally occurring tetracyclines across everted rat gut.", "content": "Naturally occurring tetracycline antibiotics were tested for active transport in a standard everted rat gut preparation. The ratio of drug concentrations between serosal and mucosal solutions was measured as well as the rate of transport at different mucosal concentrations. Although a ratio of near unity was demonstrated by all the antibiotics, indicating passive transport, the rate of transport was linear only at low concentrations. A mechanism of more than simple diffusion was suggested. A carrier with limited capacity present in the intestinal tissue might be responsible for the transport of these antibiotics.", "contents": "Transport mechanism of some naturally occurring tetracyclines across everted rat gut. Naturally occurring tetracycline antibiotics were tested for active transport in a standard everted rat gut preparation. The ratio of drug concentrations between serosal and mucosal solutions was measured as well as the rate of transport at different mucosal concentrations. Although a ratio of near unity was demonstrated by all the antibiotics, indicating passive transport, the rate of transport was linear only at low concentrations. A mechanism of more than simple diffusion was suggested. A carrier with limited capacity present in the intestinal tissue might be responsible for the transport of these antibiotics.", "PMID": 674293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1852", "title": "Protective effects of a series of new pyridinium derivatives against inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by fluostigmine.", "content": "The protective effects of a series of new pyridinium derivatives against inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by fluostigmine was studied in vitro on human erythrocytes. It was stated that some of these compounds exhibit protective action for AChE against inhibition by fluostigmine. The best protective index had N-methyl-4-[gamma-pyridyl]-pyridinium iodide.", "contents": "Protective effects of a series of new pyridinium derivatives against inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by fluostigmine. The protective effects of a series of new pyridinium derivatives against inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by fluostigmine was studied in vitro on human erythrocytes. It was stated that some of these compounds exhibit protective action for AChE against inhibition by fluostigmine. The best protective index had N-methyl-4-[gamma-pyridyl]-pyridinium iodide.", "PMID": 674296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1853", "title": "The scope of the reactions of hydrazines and hydrazones. Part 4: Trisubstituted pyrazoles of possible hypoglycemic and antibacterial activity.", "content": "Condensation of ethyl 2,4-dioxo-6-phenyl hex-5-enoate (1) with 4-substituted sulphamyl phenylhydrazines (2) led to 1-aryl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-styrylpyrazoles (3) which on hydrolysis gave 1-aryl-5-styrylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acids (4) and upon permanganate oxidation gave 1-aryl-3-ethoxycarbonylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acids (5). Similar condensation of hydralazine (6) with (1) gave the corresponding pyrazole (7) which on hydrolysis gave the acid 8.", "contents": "The scope of the reactions of hydrazines and hydrazones. Part 4: Trisubstituted pyrazoles of possible hypoglycemic and antibacterial activity. Condensation of ethyl 2,4-dioxo-6-phenyl hex-5-enoate (1) with 4-substituted sulphamyl phenylhydrazines (2) led to 1-aryl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-styrylpyrazoles (3) which on hydrolysis gave 1-aryl-5-styrylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acids (4) and upon permanganate oxidation gave 1-aryl-3-ethoxycarbonylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acids (5). Similar condensation of hydralazine (6) with (1) gave the corresponding pyrazole (7) which on hydrolysis gave the acid 8.", "PMID": 674308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1854", "title": "Synthesis of some naphthylazosulphur compounds structurally related to certain antibilharzial drugs.", "content": "The synthesis of 5,5'-Bis[4-(N-mono and disubstituted aminoethylamino)-naphthylazo]-2.2'-dipyridyldisulphides has been achieved by the coupling of 2.2'-dipyridyldisulphide-5.5'-tetrazonium chloride with different N-mono and N.N-disubstituted N'-1-naphthylethylenediamines.", "contents": "Synthesis of some naphthylazosulphur compounds structurally related to certain antibilharzial drugs. The synthesis of 5,5'-Bis[4-(N-mono and disubstituted aminoethylamino)-naphthylazo]-2.2'-dipyridyldisulphides has been achieved by the coupling of 2.2'-dipyridyldisulphide-5.5'-tetrazonium chloride with different N-mono and N.N-disubstituted N'-1-naphthylethylenediamines.", "PMID": 674310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1855", "title": "Studies in potential organo-fluorine antibacterial agents. Part 1: Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some fluorinated arylsulfonylthiosemicarbazides and Arylsulfonylhydrazones.", "content": "A series of fluorinated arylsulfonylthiosemicarbazides and arylsulfonylhydrazones has been synthesized. A representative number of the synthesized compounds have been screened for their antibacterial activity but none of the compounds showed significant activity.", "contents": "Studies in potential organo-fluorine antibacterial agents. Part 1: Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some fluorinated arylsulfonylthiosemicarbazides and Arylsulfonylhydrazones. A series of fluorinated arylsulfonylthiosemicarbazides and arylsulfonylhydrazones has been synthesized. A representative number of the synthesized compounds have been screened for their antibacterial activity but none of the compounds showed significant activity.", "PMID": 674313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1856", "title": "A simple method to obtain an approximate solution of the Free-Wilson model.", "content": "A method is proposed which yields an approximate solution of the Free-Wilson model very rapidly without using a computer. Although the resulting group contributions are numerically somewhat different from the exact Free-Wilson solution they correctly reflect the relative order of the substituents with respect to their effect on biological activity within each position as well as the relative importance of different positions. Thus, the approximate results can well be used to select the most promising candidates for further synthesis and testing.", "contents": "A simple method to obtain an approximate solution of the Free-Wilson model. A method is proposed which yields an approximate solution of the Free-Wilson model very rapidly without using a computer. Although the resulting group contributions are numerically somewhat different from the exact Free-Wilson solution they correctly reflect the relative order of the substituents with respect to their effect on biological activity within each position as well as the relative importance of different positions. Thus, the approximate results can well be used to select the most promising candidates for further synthesis and testing.", "PMID": 674320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1857", "title": "Distribution and accumulation of alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus G. Don during development.", "content": "Pattern of the total alkaloids distribution and accumulation in Catharanthus roseus G. Don was investigated during six different stages of flowering and fruiting. The highest concentration of alkaloids (mg perivine/g dry weight) was found in the roots at the start of flowering and the minimum in the stems during full fruiting stage; the rate of alkaloidal accumulation in the leaves, stems and roots tended to decrease during fruit maturation. The most active stage of alkaloidal biosynthesis was at the start of flowering in all vegetative organs. The maximum dry weights of leaves, stems and roots were obtained during the start of fruiting. The weights of flowers and fruits were relatively very small during different developmental stages. Harvesting Catharanthus roseus should best be carried out at the full-flowering stage to obtain the optimum yield of total alkaloidal content of leaves, stems and roots (as mg perivine/total dry weight of each organ per plant).", "contents": "Distribution and accumulation of alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus G. Don during development. Pattern of the total alkaloids distribution and accumulation in Catharanthus roseus G. Don was investigated during six different stages of flowering and fruiting. The highest concentration of alkaloids (mg perivine/g dry weight) was found in the roots at the start of flowering and the minimum in the stems during full fruiting stage; the rate of alkaloidal accumulation in the leaves, stems and roots tended to decrease during fruit maturation. The most active stage of alkaloidal biosynthesis was at the start of flowering in all vegetative organs. The maximum dry weights of leaves, stems and roots were obtained during the start of fruiting. The weights of flowers and fruits were relatively very small during different developmental stages. Harvesting Catharanthus roseus should best be carried out at the full-flowering stage to obtain the optimum yield of total alkaloidal content of leaves, stems and roots (as mg perivine/total dry weight of each organ per plant).", "PMID": 674322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1858", "title": "Studies in potential organo-fluorine oral hypoglycemic agents. Part 6: Synthesis and biological activities of some fluorinated 2-arylsulfonamido-5-alkyl-1.3.4-thiadiazoles.", "content": "Forty new fluorinated 2-arylsulfonamido-5-alkyl-1.3.4-thiadiazoles have been synthesized and a representative number of synthesized compounds have been screened for their hypoglycemic activity and some other types of biological activities.", "contents": "Studies in potential organo-fluorine oral hypoglycemic agents. Part 6: Synthesis and biological activities of some fluorinated 2-arylsulfonamido-5-alkyl-1.3.4-thiadiazoles. Forty new fluorinated 2-arylsulfonamido-5-alkyl-1.3.4-thiadiazoles have been synthesized and a representative number of synthesized compounds have been screened for their hypoglycemic activity and some other types of biological activities.", "PMID": 674331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1859", "title": "The use of Fourier functions to eliminate interferences in spectrophotometric analysis (theory and application).", "content": "The basic principle for the use of Fourier functions in spectrophotometric analysis is discussed. Fourier function coefficients are linearly related to concentration and are associated with relative standard deviations of less than 1%. The proper choice of function and range, number of points and the transformation of an absorption curve are discussed. New trigonometric functions are derived to correct for linear irrelevant absorption. The method is illustrated by the determination of progesterone and testosterone propionate in oily solutions without prior chromatography. The results obtained are compared with those obtained using orthogonal polynomials.", "contents": "The use of Fourier functions to eliminate interferences in spectrophotometric analysis (theory and application). The basic principle for the use of Fourier functions in spectrophotometric analysis is discussed. Fourier function coefficients are linearly related to concentration and are associated with relative standard deviations of less than 1%. The proper choice of function and range, number of points and the transformation of an absorption curve are discussed. New trigonometric functions are derived to correct for linear irrelevant absorption. The method is illustrated by the determination of progesterone and testosterone propionate in oily solutions without prior chromatography. The results obtained are compared with those obtained using orthogonal polynomials.", "PMID": 674337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1860", "title": "Application of Henderson equation for the determination of weakly acidic pharmaceutical compounds. Part 1: Determination of sulfathiourea.", "content": "A new method based on the Henderson equation is proposed for the determination of sulfathiourea. The determination is achieved in mixed organic solvent/water media. To apply the Henderson equation, the dissociation constant (pKa) of sulfathiourea in such media should be known. Thus, the values of pKa as function of the composition of the media have been determination potentiometrically according to Albert and Serjeant. Equations have been derived to calculated the pKa of sulfathiourea in any medium. The pKa of sulfathiourea in water and the other solvents, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetone, are reported. The proposed method is simple and rapid and gives reliable results. The mean percent recoveries of the powder in 50% solvent: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetone are: 97.87 +/- 1,30, 100.85 +/- 1.35, 102.01 +/- 1.39 and 99.35 +/- 0.29 respectively. For the tablets, the mean percent recovery in 50% acetone is 97.95 +/- 0.60. The mean percent recovery of added standard sulfathiourea to the tablet powder is 101.55 +/- 0.83.", "contents": "Application of Henderson equation for the determination of weakly acidic pharmaceutical compounds. Part 1: Determination of sulfathiourea. A new method based on the Henderson equation is proposed for the determination of sulfathiourea. The determination is achieved in mixed organic solvent/water media. To apply the Henderson equation, the dissociation constant (pKa) of sulfathiourea in such media should be known. Thus, the values of pKa as function of the composition of the media have been determination potentiometrically according to Albert and Serjeant. Equations have been derived to calculated the pKa of sulfathiourea in any medium. The pKa of sulfathiourea in water and the other solvents, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetone, are reported. The proposed method is simple and rapid and gives reliable results. The mean percent recoveries of the powder in 50% solvent: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetone are: 97.87 +/- 1,30, 100.85 +/- 1.35, 102.01 +/- 1.39 and 99.35 +/- 0.29 respectively. For the tablets, the mean percent recovery in 50% acetone is 97.95 +/- 0.60. The mean percent recovery of added standard sulfathiourea to the tablet powder is 101.55 +/- 0.83.", "PMID": 674338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1861", "title": "Long acting methadone formulations.", "content": "Studies conducted in this laboratory have indicated the feasibility of producing long-acting methadone tablets. In examining further, methadone hydrochloride suspensions were developed using spermaceti or eudragit retard-1 for particle coating. These procedures involved the addition of the active compound (methandone hydrochloride) to: a) melted spermaceti which was dried, and the dried mixture was pulverized and added to a methyl cellulose water solution; afterwards wild cherry syrup was added to the suspension, and b) Eudragit retard-1 crystals which were pulverized, dissolved in acetone/isopropanol (1:1) solvent system, dried, and to this product again the suspending agent methyl cellulose was added followed by wild cherry syrup to produce suspensions containing 10, 20, and 30 mg/ml methadone. These formulations were further used for in vivo studies, in male albino rats of Wistar strain. The pain threshold method was utilized in order to determine the duration of methadone. Over 75 h resistance to pain was recorded. Using the same technique, suspensions of methadone-naloxone combinations and the salts methadone-alpha-naphthalenesulfonate and methadone-o-benzoylbenzoate were prepared and examine similarly.", "contents": "Long acting methadone formulations. Studies conducted in this laboratory have indicated the feasibility of producing long-acting methadone tablets. In examining further, methadone hydrochloride suspensions were developed using spermaceti or eudragit retard-1 for particle coating. These procedures involved the addition of the active compound (methandone hydrochloride) to: a) melted spermaceti which was dried, and the dried mixture was pulverized and added to a methyl cellulose water solution; afterwards wild cherry syrup was added to the suspension, and b) Eudragit retard-1 crystals which were pulverized, dissolved in acetone/isopropanol (1:1) solvent system, dried, and to this product again the suspending agent methyl cellulose was added followed by wild cherry syrup to produce suspensions containing 10, 20, and 30 mg/ml methadone. These formulations were further used for in vivo studies, in male albino rats of Wistar strain. The pain threshold method was utilized in order to determine the duration of methadone. Over 75 h resistance to pain was recorded. Using the same technique, suspensions of methadone-naloxone combinations and the salts methadone-alpha-naphthalenesulfonate and methadone-o-benzoylbenzoate were prepared and examine similarly.", "PMID": 674341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1862", "title": "Samarium as a tool in studies on the responsiveness of the isolated guinea pig ventral taenia coli to barium.", "content": "The responsiveness of isolated guinea pig ventral taenia coli to barium in polarized (Ringer-Tris medium) and depolarized (Ringer-KCl medium) preparations was assayed in the presence of samarium (Sm3+, 6 or 8 X 10(5) M). No difference in EC50 or maximal response was observed between polarized and depolarized preparations (p greater than 0.05). The lower Sm3+ concentration increased Ba2+ EC50 in both experimental conditions (p less than 0.05) although no alteration was observed as to the maximal response (p greater than 0.05). On the other hand, maximal tension was strongly reduced by the higher Sm3+ concentration in polarized preparations (p less than 0.01) while a potentiation of the maximum response was observed on the depolarized tissues (p less than 0.05). A possible role for calcium ions in the mediation of the effects is suggested.", "contents": "Samarium as a tool in studies on the responsiveness of the isolated guinea pig ventral taenia coli to barium. The responsiveness of isolated guinea pig ventral taenia coli to barium in polarized (Ringer-Tris medium) and depolarized (Ringer-KCl medium) preparations was assayed in the presence of samarium (Sm3+, 6 or 8 X 10(5) M). No difference in EC50 or maximal response was observed between polarized and depolarized preparations (p greater than 0.05). The lower Sm3+ concentration increased Ba2+ EC50 in both experimental conditions (p less than 0.05) although no alteration was observed as to the maximal response (p greater than 0.05). On the other hand, maximal tension was strongly reduced by the higher Sm3+ concentration in polarized preparations (p less than 0.01) while a potentiation of the maximum response was observed on the depolarized tissues (p less than 0.05). A possible role for calcium ions in the mediation of the effects is suggested.", "PMID": 674348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1863", "title": "Interactions of calcium, prostaglandins and indomethacin on the smooth muscle of the bladder.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2alpha and indomethacin (Indo) were studied on isolated detrusor smooth muscle strips in balanced salt solution and in 80 mMK+ depolarizing solution. The addition of Indo to the smooth muscle preparation at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 micronM produced depression of spontaneous motility that was partially antagonized by PGE2 or by elevating the extracellular Ca2+ level. Alone, both PGE2 and Ca2+ caused a marked increase in motility, increasing both frequency and amplitude. In low Ca2+, K+ depolarized bathing medium with 0.1 mM EGTA added PGE2 or PGF2alpha augmented Ca2+ contractures both in velocity and amplitude while either PG without Ca2+ had no effect on the smooth muscle. Indo produced a noncompetitive antagonism of the Ca2+ dose response curve in 80 mM K+ depolarized preparations suggesting a direct effect on Ca2+ flux. Also Indo depressed both PG and Ca2+ contractures in terms of velocity and magnitude, suggesting that Indo may act at Ca2+ channels in addition to its action on PG synthetase. These data support the work of others who suggest that PGs may augment Ca2+ permeability, acting at the Ca2+ channel or as a carrier for Ca2+ across smooth muscle cell membranes.", "contents": "Interactions of calcium, prostaglandins and indomethacin on the smooth muscle of the bladder. The effects of prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2alpha and indomethacin (Indo) were studied on isolated detrusor smooth muscle strips in balanced salt solution and in 80 mMK+ depolarizing solution. The addition of Indo to the smooth muscle preparation at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 micronM produced depression of spontaneous motility that was partially antagonized by PGE2 or by elevating the extracellular Ca2+ level. Alone, both PGE2 and Ca2+ caused a marked increase in motility, increasing both frequency and amplitude. In low Ca2+, K+ depolarized bathing medium with 0.1 mM EGTA added PGE2 or PGF2alpha augmented Ca2+ contractures both in velocity and amplitude while either PG without Ca2+ had no effect on the smooth muscle. Indo produced a noncompetitive antagonism of the Ca2+ dose response curve in 80 mM K+ depolarized preparations suggesting a direct effect on Ca2+ flux. Also Indo depressed both PG and Ca2+ contractures in terms of velocity and magnitude, suggesting that Indo may act at Ca2+ channels in addition to its action on PG synthetase. These data support the work of others who suggest that PGs may augment Ca2+ permeability, acting at the Ca2+ channel or as a carrier for Ca2+ across smooth muscle cell membranes.", "PMID": 674349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1864", "title": "Effect of promethazine on human polymorphonuclear chemiluminescence.", "content": "The effect of promethazine on the metabolic responsiveness of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes to opsonized zymosan was evaluated by chemiluminescence (CL) assay under the following situations: (1) preincubation of granulocytes with promethazine; (2) simultaneous addition of zymosan and promethazine, and (3) addition of promethazine after initiation of phagocytosis and CL. The presence of promethazine inhibited light emission in all cases. The data suggest that promethazine interferes with the generation and/or subsequent activity of those reactive forms of oxygen which contribute to CL.", "contents": "Effect of promethazine on human polymorphonuclear chemiluminescence. The effect of promethazine on the metabolic responsiveness of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes to opsonized zymosan was evaluated by chemiluminescence (CL) assay under the following situations: (1) preincubation of granulocytes with promethazine; (2) simultaneous addition of zymosan and promethazine, and (3) addition of promethazine after initiation of phagocytosis and CL. The presence of promethazine inhibited light emission in all cases. The data suggest that promethazine interferes with the generation and/or subsequent activity of those reactive forms of oxygen which contribute to CL.", "PMID": 674350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1865", "title": "[The effects of imipramine and lofepramine on EEG and their dependence on relative alpha-intensity (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of imipramine (single dose of 100 mg orally) and lofepramine (single dose of 140 mg orally) in comparison to placebo on the EEG power spectra were examined in 24 non-selected healthy male volunteers. All subjects received the three drugs in a completely counterbalanced sequence. On the basis of their relative alpha-intensity the Ss were divided in two groups of 12 Ss each (high and low alpha-intensity). Two-way analyses of variance were computed for the absolute power in the alpha-, beta-, delta- and theta-frequency-bands. Imipramine increased the intensity of the delta-, theta- and beta-frequency-bands and decreased the power in the alpha-band. Lofepramine increased the intensity of the beta-band. The effects of imipramine and lofepramine are dependent on the relative power in the alpha-band of the Ss.", "contents": "[The effects of imipramine and lofepramine on EEG and their dependence on relative alpha-intensity (author's transl)]. The effects of imipramine (single dose of 100 mg orally) and lofepramine (single dose of 140 mg orally) in comparison to placebo on the EEG power spectra were examined in 24 non-selected healthy male volunteers. All subjects received the three drugs in a completely counterbalanced sequence. On the basis of their relative alpha-intensity the Ss were divided in two groups of 12 Ss each (high and low alpha-intensity). Two-way analyses of variance were computed for the absolute power in the alpha-, beta-, delta- and theta-frequency-bands. Imipramine increased the intensity of the delta-, theta- and beta-frequency-bands and decreased the power in the alpha-band. Lofepramine increased the intensity of the beta-band. The effects of imipramine and lofepramine are dependent on the relative power in the alpha-band of the Ss.", "PMID": 674351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1866", "title": "[Renal toxicity of lithium in therapeutic doses (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of acute nephrotic syndrome, occurring in patients treated with lithium in monitored therapeutic doses, are described. They each made a full recovery. A kidney biopsy, carried out in one case, disclosed normal tissue. Up to now, only a small number of comparable cases have been described in the literature. Pathological kidney changes appear to be more frequent with toxic serum lithium levels, i.e. greater than 2 mmol/l. However, it remains at the present time an open question as to what proportion of such cases are a consequence of primary renal pathological lesions and what proportion are otherwise caused. All published types of kidney dysfunctions in relationship to treatment with therapeutic doses of lithium are discussed in connection with the cases observed.", "contents": "[Renal toxicity of lithium in therapeutic doses (author's transl)]. Two cases of acute nephrotic syndrome, occurring in patients treated with lithium in monitored therapeutic doses, are described. They each made a full recovery. A kidney biopsy, carried out in one case, disclosed normal tissue. Up to now, only a small number of comparable cases have been described in the literature. Pathological kidney changes appear to be more frequent with toxic serum lithium levels, i.e. greater than 2 mmol/l. However, it remains at the present time an open question as to what proportion of such cases are a consequence of primary renal pathological lesions and what proportion are otherwise caused. All published types of kidney dysfunctions in relationship to treatment with therapeutic doses of lithium are discussed in connection with the cases observed.", "PMID": 674352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1867", "title": "Unresponsiveness of catatonic symptoms to naloxone.", "content": "A case report of a catatonic patient is presented. Because of the similarity of catatonia to the animal behavior produced by intracerebral administration of beta-endorphin, an endogenous opioid, naloxone was administered. No effect was observed with naloxone, whereas both amobarbital and diazepam were able to reverse catatonic behavior. Testing of catatonic patients with naloxone may help further elucidate naloxone's reported anti-psychotic properties.", "contents": "Unresponsiveness of catatonic symptoms to naloxone. A case report of a catatonic patient is presented. Because of the similarity of catatonia to the animal behavior produced by intracerebral administration of beta-endorphin, an endogenous opioid, naloxone was administered. No effect was observed with naloxone, whereas both amobarbital and diazepam were able to reverse catatonic behavior. Testing of catatonic patients with naloxone may help further elucidate naloxone's reported anti-psychotic properties.", "PMID": 674353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1868", "title": "[Studies on the long acting neuroleptic agent flupenthixol decanoate--a review (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of long acting neuroleptic agents is considered as important progress in the treatment of schizophrenic psychoses. An outline of pharmacological and clinical results with flupenthixol decanoate is given. Special attention is paid to pharmacokinetics, the methods for determining plasma concentration, to the profile of action and duration of action, to other dosage as well as to safety. Importance is also placed on the possible use for prophylaxis of affective psychoses.", "contents": "[Studies on the long acting neuroleptic agent flupenthixol decanoate--a review (author's transl)]. The development of long acting neuroleptic agents is considered as important progress in the treatment of schizophrenic psychoses. An outline of pharmacological and clinical results with flupenthixol decanoate is given. Special attention is paid to pharmacokinetics, the methods for determining plasma concentration, to the profile of action and duration of action, to other dosage as well as to safety. Importance is also placed on the possible use for prophylaxis of affective psychoses.", "PMID": 674354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1869", "title": "Disturbances of liver function of long acting neuroleptic drugs.", "content": "In a study in 97 patients on the occurrence of disturbances of liver functions by use of long acting neuroleptic drugs (fluphenazine decanoate, flupenthixol decanoate and fluspirilene) no indications were found that these agents, even in relatively high dosages, are hepatotoxic. Furthermore, in 40% of the patients slight disturbances were found, which nevertheless, were not specific in nature, and mostly concerned the turbidity tests. In spite of these findings a regular control (for instances, once a year) of the liver functions in patients with long acting neuroleptic drugs seems to be called for.", "contents": "Disturbances of liver function of long acting neuroleptic drugs. In a study in 97 patients on the occurrence of disturbances of liver functions by use of long acting neuroleptic drugs (fluphenazine decanoate, flupenthixol decanoate and fluspirilene) no indications were found that these agents, even in relatively high dosages, are hepatotoxic. Furthermore, in 40% of the patients slight disturbances were found, which nevertheless, were not specific in nature, and mostly concerned the turbidity tests. In spite of these findings a regular control (for instances, once a year) of the liver functions in patients with long acting neuroleptic drugs seems to be called for.", "PMID": 674355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1870", "title": "Dose outside the treatment volume for irradiation with negative pions.", "content": "Irradiation of humans with negative pions requires a knowledge of the absorbed dose and radiation quality outside the primary pion beam. In conjunction with early clinical trials at LAMPF, experimental data have been obtained with microdosimetric techniques and multiwire proportional counters. Theoretical calculations have been made for the neutron contribution to the dose and are consistent with these data. Measurements were made with in 40 cm x 51 cm x 76 cm water phantom for a negative pion beam of initial momentum of 170 MeV/c, deltap = +/- 3MeV/c. The absorbed dose outside the treatment volume is the result of: (1) neutrons and photons from the pion interactions,(2) treatment room background and (3) peripheral muons, electrons and pions in the primary beam. The first two components are nearly isotropic and are congruent to 0.02% of the peak dose at a distance of 24 cm from the treatment volume; the third component is anisotropic and varies from 0.01 to 0.1% of the peak dose. Collimation of the bean increases the dose outside the treatment volume typically by 50%.", "contents": "Dose outside the treatment volume for irradiation with negative pions. Irradiation of humans with negative pions requires a knowledge of the absorbed dose and radiation quality outside the primary pion beam. In conjunction with early clinical trials at LAMPF, experimental data have been obtained with microdosimetric techniques and multiwire proportional counters. Theoretical calculations have been made for the neutron contribution to the dose and are consistent with these data. Measurements were made with in 40 cm x 51 cm x 76 cm water phantom for a negative pion beam of initial momentum of 170 MeV/c, deltap = +/- 3MeV/c. The absorbed dose outside the treatment volume is the result of: (1) neutrons and photons from the pion interactions,(2) treatment room background and (3) peripheral muons, electrons and pions in the primary beam. The first two components are nearly isotropic and are congruent to 0.02% of the peak dose at a distance of 24 cm from the treatment volume; the third component is anisotropic and varies from 0.01 to 0.1% of the peak dose. Collimation of the bean increases the dose outside the treatment volume typically by 50%.", "PMID": 674356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1871", "title": "Dosimetric properties of neutron beams from the D--D reaction in the energy range from 6.8 to 11.1 MeV.", "content": "The tissue kerma in air, the tissue dose at maximum build-up, the relative depth dose on the central axis and the dose build-up characteristics were measured for neutrons produced by 6.8, 8.9 and 11.1 MeV deuterons on deuterium. The neutron beams were produced by a variable-energy cyclotron with a fully stopping deuterium gas target 20 cm long. Measurements were made in a 11.1cm x 11.1 cm field 126 cm from the target entrance window. The dose rate was found to increase rapidly with energy from 0.07 rad min-1 microamperemeter-1 at 6.8MeV to 0.35 rad min-1 muA-1 at 11.1 MeV. The entrance dose is about 50% of the dose maximum for each bombarding energy. The depth of the 95% dose level in the build-up region increased from 50 mg cm-2 at 6.8 MeV to 90 mg cm-2 at 11.1 MeV. The penetration was independent of the bombarding energy in the region investigated. Attenuation of the total dose to 50% of the maximum occurred at 10.2 +/- 0.1 g cm-2 for all three bombarding energies. The dose at the maximum is typically 14% higher than the tissue kerma in air.", "contents": "Dosimetric properties of neutron beams from the D--D reaction in the energy range from 6.8 to 11.1 MeV. The tissue kerma in air, the tissue dose at maximum build-up, the relative depth dose on the central axis and the dose build-up characteristics were measured for neutrons produced by 6.8, 8.9 and 11.1 MeV deuterons on deuterium. The neutron beams were produced by a variable-energy cyclotron with a fully stopping deuterium gas target 20 cm long. Measurements were made in a 11.1cm x 11.1 cm field 126 cm from the target entrance window. The dose rate was found to increase rapidly with energy from 0.07 rad min-1 microamperemeter-1 at 6.8MeV to 0.35 rad min-1 muA-1 at 11.1 MeV. The entrance dose is about 50% of the dose maximum for each bombarding energy. The depth of the 95% dose level in the build-up region increased from 50 mg cm-2 at 6.8 MeV to 90 mg cm-2 at 11.1 MeV. The penetration was independent of the bombarding energy in the region investigated. Attenuation of the total dose to 50% of the maximum occurred at 10.2 +/- 0.1 g cm-2 for all three bombarding energies. The dose at the maximum is typically 14% higher than the tissue kerma in air.", "PMID": 674357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1872", "title": "Comparison of the stopping cross-sections of ethylene and polyethylene using alpha particles in the energy range 1.5--4.2 MeV.", "content": "In order to design reliable gas-filled dosemeters it is necessary to have knowledge of the ratios of the stopping powers of various solids and their gaseous equivalents. This paper describes the measurement of the stopping cross-sections of ethylene and its polymer polyethylene using alpha particles, and compares the measurements with results published by other workers. The results indicate that there is no difference between the two sets of values, within the quoted errors. Reasons are suggested to account for part of the discrepancy between our results and those of others for thin solid sample measurements.", "contents": "Comparison of the stopping cross-sections of ethylene and polyethylene using alpha particles in the energy range 1.5--4.2 MeV. In order to design reliable gas-filled dosemeters it is necessary to have knowledge of the ratios of the stopping powers of various solids and their gaseous equivalents. This paper describes the measurement of the stopping cross-sections of ethylene and its polymer polyethylene using alpha particles, and compares the measurements with results published by other workers. The results indicate that there is no difference between the two sets of values, within the quoted errors. Reasons are suggested to account for part of the discrepancy between our results and those of others for thin solid sample measurements.", "PMID": 674358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1873", "title": "Similarity treatment of phase effects in stopping power of low energy heavy charged particles.", "content": "Bragg's additivity rule is the basis for calculating stopping powers of compounds from data on their constituent elements. Major assumptions in applying it are that chemical binding and the physical state of the stopping material have negligible influence on the slowing down process. The fragmentary and, at times conflicting evidence for phase effects for low energy heavy charged particles is summarised. A detailed survey of published stopping powers has been made and the information grouped according to target medium and phase. Each group has been fitted to universal curves of Lindhard type with the object of separating phase contributions to stopping. Least square fits have been made to each set of data. From these a quantitative measure of the effect is obtained and presented as stopping power ratios (vapour/condensed phase). From the experimental evidence available, it is concluded that phase effects do occur, decreasing the stopping power in solids and liquids as compared to the corresponding vapours, and are thought to be due largely to changes in electronic excitation levels as the phase is changed, combined with a physical-state dependence of the effective ion change at low energies. Magnitudes of the stopping power ratio deviate from unity by up to approximately 25%, but have significant associated errors, pointing to need for more accurate stopping power measurements.", "contents": "Similarity treatment of phase effects in stopping power of low energy heavy charged particles. Bragg's additivity rule is the basis for calculating stopping powers of compounds from data on their constituent elements. Major assumptions in applying it are that chemical binding and the physical state of the stopping material have negligible influence on the slowing down process. The fragmentary and, at times conflicting evidence for phase effects for low energy heavy charged particles is summarised. A detailed survey of published stopping powers has been made and the information grouped according to target medium and phase. Each group has been fitted to universal curves of Lindhard type with the object of separating phase contributions to stopping. Least square fits have been made to each set of data. From these a quantitative measure of the effect is obtained and presented as stopping power ratios (vapour/condensed phase). From the experimental evidence available, it is concluded that phase effects do occur, decreasing the stopping power in solids and liquids as compared to the corresponding vapours, and are thought to be due largely to changes in electronic excitation levels as the phase is changed, combined with a physical-state dependence of the effective ion change at low energies. Magnitudes of the stopping power ratio deviate from unity by up to approximately 25%, but have significant associated errors, pointing to need for more accurate stopping power measurements.", "PMID": 674359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1874", "title": "The feasibility of using a liquid-filled Cerenkov counter of gamma-ray counting of large samples.", "content": "The feasibility of detecting gamma rays with energies below 1.5 MeV by means of a large-volume liquid-filled Cerenkov counter has been examined, together with the characteristics and limitations of an experimental counter. Various liquids (water, glycerol, sodium iodide solution; and glycerol plus a wavelength shifter) were investigated as possible Cerenkov media. A rectangular counter containing 1.2 liters of the latter medium could detect 10 nCi of 58Co or 59Fe at 10 cm in a counting time of 1000 s.", "contents": "The feasibility of using a liquid-filled Cerenkov counter of gamma-ray counting of large samples. The feasibility of detecting gamma rays with energies below 1.5 MeV by means of a large-volume liquid-filled Cerenkov counter has been examined, together with the characteristics and limitations of an experimental counter. Various liquids (water, glycerol, sodium iodide solution; and glycerol plus a wavelength shifter) were investigated as possible Cerenkov media. A rectangular counter containing 1.2 liters of the latter medium could detect 10 nCi of 58Co or 59Fe at 10 cm in a counting time of 1000 s.", "PMID": 674360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1875", "title": "The noise power spectrum in computed X-ray tomography.", "content": "An expression is derived showing that the two-dimensional noise power spectrum of computed X-ray tomography is proportional to [G(k)]2/k where k is the radial spatial frequency and G(k) is the one-dimensional corrective filter used in the filtered back-projection reconstuction technique. It is shown that predicted noise power spectra compare well with those estimated from CT reconstructions of simulated noise for both the ramp filter and the Hanning-weighted ramp filter. A consequence of the non-uniform shape of the noise power spectrum is that statistical noise in CT reconstructions is correlated from point to point. Because of this correlation when the reconstructed CT values are averaged over some region, the uncertainty of the average depends on the shape of the region as well as its area. This dependence is confirmed by computer simulations.", "contents": "The noise power spectrum in computed X-ray tomography. An expression is derived showing that the two-dimensional noise power spectrum of computed X-ray tomography is proportional to [G(k)]2/k where k is the radial spatial frequency and G(k) is the one-dimensional corrective filter used in the filtered back-projection reconstuction technique. It is shown that predicted noise power spectra compare well with those estimated from CT reconstructions of simulated noise for both the ramp filter and the Hanning-weighted ramp filter. A consequence of the non-uniform shape of the noise power spectrum is that statistical noise in CT reconstructions is correlated from point to point. Because of this correlation when the reconstructed CT values are averaged over some region, the uncertainty of the average depends on the shape of the region as well as its area. This dependence is confirmed by computer simulations.", "PMID": 674361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1876", "title": "A multiwire proportional gamma camera for imaging 99Tcm radionuclide distributions.", "content": "A gamma camera made of multiple multiwire proportional chambers with thin converter foils has been evaluated for clinical application. Results are presented from a small prototype (10 cm x 10 cm)showing good imaging of 99Tcm radionuclide distributions and comfirming the predictions of the theory regarding quantum efficiency and spatial resolution. The technique is especially aimed at creating a gamma camera with an active area greater than or approximately equal to 1 m2, a quantum efficiency of 15% and a spatial resolution approximately 3 mm, to be applied in whole body scanning and tomographic applications. The results generated by the current prototype indicate that the above requirements can be met using relatively cheap mass production techniques from the electronic industry. This apparatus is covered by patent applcation number 26595/77.", "contents": "A multiwire proportional gamma camera for imaging 99Tcm radionuclide distributions. A gamma camera made of multiple multiwire proportional chambers with thin converter foils has been evaluated for clinical application. Results are presented from a small prototype (10 cm x 10 cm)showing good imaging of 99Tcm radionuclide distributions and comfirming the predictions of the theory regarding quantum efficiency and spatial resolution. The technique is especially aimed at creating a gamma camera with an active area greater than or approximately equal to 1 m2, a quantum efficiency of 15% and a spatial resolution approximately 3 mm, to be applied in whole body scanning and tomographic applications. The results generated by the current prototype indicate that the above requirements can be met using relatively cheap mass production techniques from the electronic industry. This apparatus is covered by patent applcation number 26595/77.", "PMID": 674362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1877", "title": "Photostimulated thermoluminescence of Al2O3 (Si, Ti) and its application to ultraviolet radiation dosimetry.", "content": "Intrinsic photostimulated thermoluminescence (PSTL) in the range 200-320 nm and radiation sensitized PSTL for 200-425 nm have been studied in Al2O3 (Si, Ti) phosphor. Causes of the effects found, partly attributed to phototransfer of electrons are described. Linearity in the intrinsic and radiation sensitized response of the 280 degree C TL peal for both pellet and powder forms has been studied with regard to ultraviolet dosimetry over the range 10(-2) to 5 x 10(4) mJ cm-2. Details of the use of powder and pellet forms for dosimetry are given.", "contents": "Photostimulated thermoluminescence of Al2O3 (Si, Ti) and its application to ultraviolet radiation dosimetry. Intrinsic photostimulated thermoluminescence (PSTL) in the range 200-320 nm and radiation sensitized PSTL for 200-425 nm have been studied in Al2O3 (Si, Ti) phosphor. Causes of the effects found, partly attributed to phototransfer of electrons are described. Linearity in the intrinsic and radiation sensitized response of the 280 degree C TL peal for both pellet and powder forms has been studied with regard to ultraviolet dosimetry over the range 10(-2) to 5 x 10(4) mJ cm-2. Details of the use of powder and pellet forms for dosimetry are given.", "PMID": 674363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1878", "title": "Calculated dose factors for the radiosensitive tissues in bone irradiated by surface-deposited radionuclides.", "content": "The method of calculating dose factors for the haemopoitic marrow and endosteal tissues in human trabecular bone, used by Whitwell and Spiers for volume-seeking radionuclides, has been developed for the case of radionuclides which are deposited as very thin layers on bone surfaces. The Monte Carlo method is again used, but modifications to the computer program are made to allow for a surface rather than a volume source of particle emission. The principal change is the introduction of a surface-orientation factor which is shown to have a value of approximately 2, varying slightly with bone structure. Result are given for beta-emitting radionuclides ranging from 171Tm (E (E beta=0.025 MeV) to 90Y(E beta = 0.93MeV), and also for the alpha-emitter 239Pu. It is shown that where the particle ranges are short compared with the dimensions of the bone structures the dose factors for the surface seekers are much greater than those for the volume seekers. For long range particles the dose factors for surface and volume-seeking radionuclides converge. Comparisons are given relating the dose factors calculated in this paper on the basis of measured bone structures to those of other workers based on single plane geometry.", "contents": "Calculated dose factors for the radiosensitive tissues in bone irradiated by surface-deposited radionuclides. The method of calculating dose factors for the haemopoitic marrow and endosteal tissues in human trabecular bone, used by Whitwell and Spiers for volume-seeking radionuclides, has been developed for the case of radionuclides which are deposited as very thin layers on bone surfaces. The Monte Carlo method is again used, but modifications to the computer program are made to allow for a surface rather than a volume source of particle emission. The principal change is the introduction of a surface-orientation factor which is shown to have a value of approximately 2, varying slightly with bone structure. Result are given for beta-emitting radionuclides ranging from 171Tm (E (E beta=0.025 MeV) to 90Y(E beta = 0.93MeV), and also for the alpha-emitter 239Pu. It is shown that where the particle ranges are short compared with the dimensions of the bone structures the dose factors for the surface seekers are much greater than those for the volume seekers. For long range particles the dose factors for surface and volume-seeking radionuclides converge. Comparisons are given relating the dose factors calculated in this paper on the basis of measured bone structures to those of other workers based on single plane geometry.", "PMID": 674364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1879", "title": "Electromyographic study of three parts of the gluteus medius muscle during functional activities.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the onset, duration, and degree of electromyographic activity in the anterior, middle, and posterior segments of the gluteus medius muscle during functional activities. Fine wire electrodes were inserted into each muscle segment. After a triaxial hip electrogoniometer was applied, each of the 10 subjects performed the activities of walking, crawling, stair ascending and descending, shoetying, sitting, and single limb-standing with forward learning. Raw electromyographic records evaluated on the basis of on-off activity provided results showing that the onset, duration, and degree of activity of the three segments was similar for some activities. Results also established that asynchronous activity occurred for selected functional activities, thereby justifying a three-segment conceptual model of the gluteus medius muscle.", "contents": "Electromyographic study of three parts of the gluteus medius muscle during functional activities. This study was undertaken to determine the onset, duration, and degree of electromyographic activity in the anterior, middle, and posterior segments of the gluteus medius muscle during functional activities. Fine wire electrodes were inserted into each muscle segment. After a triaxial hip electrogoniometer was applied, each of the 10 subjects performed the activities of walking, crawling, stair ascending and descending, shoetying, sitting, and single limb-standing with forward learning. Raw electromyographic records evaluated on the basis of on-off activity provided results showing that the onset, duration, and degree of activity of the three segments was similar for some activities. Results also established that asynchronous activity occurred for selected functional activities, thereby justifying a three-segment conceptual model of the gluteus medius muscle.", "PMID": 674377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1880", "title": "Minimal care concept. An alternative for the management of arthritis.", "content": "This article is a report on the initial year of operation of the Arthritis Minimal Care Unit at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. The unit provided a comprehensive program for patient with arthritis including an interdisciplinary approach to care and patient-oriented program development with emphasis on patient and family education. The results of our program showed that hospital admission time and cost could be reduced and an improved quality of care could be provided in a Minimal Care Unit as compared to the acute hospital setting.", "contents": "Minimal care concept. An alternative for the management of arthritis. This article is a report on the initial year of operation of the Arthritis Minimal Care Unit at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. The unit provided a comprehensive program for patient with arthritis including an interdisciplinary approach to care and patient-oriented program development with emphasis on patient and family education. The results of our program showed that hospital admission time and cost could be reduced and an improved quality of care could be provided in a Minimal Care Unit as compared to the acute hospital setting.", "PMID": 674379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1881", "title": "Reflex and voluntary electromyographic activity in patients with hemiparesis.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of combining voluntary effort with passive muscle stretch in the major flexors and extensors of the elbow and knee joints in order to test the validity of the assumption that stretching a muscle in conjunction with voluntary effort enhances the production of muscle activity more than muscle stretch or voluntary effort alone. This was accomplished by using a computer-controlled test instrument to produce the conditions necessary for measuring stretch reflex activity, voluntary effort, and stretch reflex activity plus voluntary effort, and then quantitatively examining the EMG activity associated with each test condition. In general, greater EMG activity was produced by the combination of muscle stretch and voluntary effort than by either muscle stretch or voluntary effort alone. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Reflex and voluntary electromyographic activity in patients with hemiparesis. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of combining voluntary effort with passive muscle stretch in the major flexors and extensors of the elbow and knee joints in order to test the validity of the assumption that stretching a muscle in conjunction with voluntary effort enhances the production of muscle activity more than muscle stretch or voluntary effort alone. This was accomplished by using a computer-controlled test instrument to produce the conditions necessary for measuring stretch reflex activity, voluntary effort, and stretch reflex activity plus voluntary effort, and then quantitatively examining the EMG activity associated with each test condition. In general, greater EMG activity was produced by the combination of muscle stretch and voluntary effort than by either muscle stretch or voluntary effort alone. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 674380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1882", "title": "Kinematic and electromyographic differences between men and women during skill acquistion: a preliminary study.", "content": "The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine kinematic and muscular differences between male and female subjects during acquisition of a novel throwing skill. The task consisted of an underhand ball toss for accuracy and involved 10 male and 10 female subjects who each practiced the task for 104 trials during one sitting. A high speed 16 mm camera was used to gather the cinematographic data, and surface electrodes monitored the electrical output of the anterior and posterior portions of the deltoid muscle. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between male and female subjects in 1) integrated electrical activity of the posterior portion of the deltoid muscle, 2) premovement activity of both the anterior and posterior portions of the deltoid muscle, 3) peak velocity of the movement, and 4) velocity of the limb at ball release. Differences may exist between men and women in kinematic and muscular modifications occurring during the acquisition of a novel throwing skill.", "contents": "Kinematic and electromyographic differences between men and women during skill acquistion: a preliminary study. The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine kinematic and muscular differences between male and female subjects during acquisition of a novel throwing skill. The task consisted of an underhand ball toss for accuracy and involved 10 male and 10 female subjects who each practiced the task for 104 trials during one sitting. A high speed 16 mm camera was used to gather the cinematographic data, and surface electrodes monitored the electrical output of the anterior and posterior portions of the deltoid muscle. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between male and female subjects in 1) integrated electrical activity of the posterior portion of the deltoid muscle, 2) premovement activity of both the anterior and posterior portions of the deltoid muscle, 3) peak velocity of the movement, and 4) velocity of the limb at ball release. Differences may exist between men and women in kinematic and muscular modifications occurring during the acquisition of a novel throwing skill.", "PMID": 674381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1883", "title": "Below-knee amputee knee extension force-time and moment characteristics.", "content": "This study, utilizing isometric knee extension, was undertaken to determine if significant differences existed between extremities of below-knee amputees and matched normal subjects in minimal time to production of peak force, maximal rate of tension development, and maximal extension moment. Results showed no significant differences for rate of tension development. Significance at the .05 level was established for moments produced by left amputees and their contralateral limb, and right and left limbs of normal subjects. Differences in time to 95 percent of peak force for the amputated leg were also significant when compared to the limb of the matched normal subject. Results indicate that quadriceps tension and rate of tension development are both factors to emphasize in therapeutic programs, particularly for the left knee of the below-knee amputee.", "contents": "Below-knee amputee knee extension force-time and moment characteristics. This study, utilizing isometric knee extension, was undertaken to determine if significant differences existed between extremities of below-knee amputees and matched normal subjects in minimal time to production of peak force, maximal rate of tension development, and maximal extension moment. Results showed no significant differences for rate of tension development. Significance at the .05 level was established for moments produced by left amputees and their contralateral limb, and right and left limbs of normal subjects. Differences in time to 95 percent of peak force for the amputated leg were also significant when compared to the limb of the matched normal subject. Results indicate that quadriceps tension and rate of tension development are both factors to emphasize in therapeutic programs, particularly for the left knee of the below-knee amputee.", "PMID": 674382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1884", "title": "Neurodevelopmental treatment approach for teaching swimming to cerebral palsied children.", "content": "A model swimming program for cerebral palsied children based on the underlying principles of the neurodevelopmental treatment approach is presented following a review of the current literature pertaining to swimming programs for the physically handicapped and a discussion of the values of hydrotherapy.", "contents": "Neurodevelopmental treatment approach for teaching swimming to cerebral palsied children. A model swimming program for cerebral palsied children based on the underlying principles of the neurodevelopmental treatment approach is presented following a review of the current literature pertaining to swimming programs for the physically handicapped and a discussion of the values of hydrotherapy.", "PMID": 674385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1885", "title": "In search of the acoustic correlates of stress: fundamental frequency, amplitude, and duration in the connected utterance of some native and non-native speakers of English.", "content": "In this investigation of the correlates of stress, account was taken of both production and perception aspects of the phenomenon in the connected utterance of a group each of native and non-native speakers of English. Measurement of the fundamental frequency, amplitude, and duration of the syllables stressed by these subjects revealed that duration was by far the most frequently used cue and that amplitude was the least used. The two groups differed significantly both in the incidence and placement of stress, although no evidence was found to suggest that native and non-native speakers consistently employ different acoustic parameters to signal this feature at the sentence level.", "contents": "In search of the acoustic correlates of stress: fundamental frequency, amplitude, and duration in the connected utterance of some native and non-native speakers of English. In this investigation of the correlates of stress, account was taken of both production and perception aspects of the phenomenon in the connected utterance of a group each of native and non-native speakers of English. Measurement of the fundamental frequency, amplitude, and duration of the syllables stressed by these subjects revealed that duration was by far the most frequently used cue and that amplitude was the least used. The two groups differed significantly both in the incidence and placement of stress, although no evidence was found to suggest that native and non-native speakers consistently employ different acoustic parameters to signal this feature at the sentence level.", "PMID": 674387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1886", "title": "Pharyngeal constrictions.", "content": "From a fiberscope, the tip of which was swung from left to right in the pharynx, cinefilm frames were obtained which showed the cross-sectional shape of pharyngeal constrictions in back vowels. This information was combined with the information offered by X-ray pictures of the same subject phonating the same vowels on a different occasion. The results agree to a reasonable extent with previously published data obtained by different techniques, and support previous hypotheses regarding distance-to-area conversion in the pharyngeal region of the vocal tract.", "contents": "Pharyngeal constrictions. From a fiberscope, the tip of which was swung from left to right in the pharynx, cinefilm frames were obtained which showed the cross-sectional shape of pharyngeal constrictions in back vowels. This information was combined with the information offered by X-ray pictures of the same subject phonating the same vowels on a different occasion. The results agree to a reasonable extent with previously published data obtained by different techniques, and support previous hypotheses regarding distance-to-area conversion in the pharyngeal region of the vocal tract.", "PMID": 674388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1887", "title": "Perceived dimensions of 13 tones: a multidimensional scaling investigation.", "content": "24 native speakers of American English made direct ratings of dissimilarity between 13 pitch patterns superimposed on a synthetic speech-like syllable. A multidimensional scaling analysis of the data revealed four perceptual dimensions, which were interpreted as average pitch, endpoint, extreme endpoint and length. The relative importance of these dimensions varied across individual subjects.", "contents": "Perceived dimensions of 13 tones: a multidimensional scaling investigation. 24 native speakers of American English made direct ratings of dissimilarity between 13 pitch patterns superimposed on a synthetic speech-like syllable. A multidimensional scaling analysis of the data revealed four perceptual dimensions, which were interpreted as average pitch, endpoint, extreme endpoint and length. The relative importance of these dimensions varied across individual subjects.", "PMID": 674389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1888", "title": "[Rehilamiento: description].", "content": "The work analyses the way in which the 'rehilamiento' presents itself. It presents itself as an acoustic stochastic field, superposed on an acoustic periodic field, as a consequence of two articulatory constrictions: the one at the oscillating vocal cords and the other at any place in the pharynx. The auditory perception of the 'rehilamiento' is simply one of voiced friction. The oscillograms presented confirm that in the language of Buenos Aires the realization [z] tends to conserve its voiced quality among men while losing it among women.", "contents": "[Rehilamiento: description]. The work analyses the way in which the 'rehilamiento' presents itself. It presents itself as an acoustic stochastic field, superposed on an acoustic periodic field, as a consequence of two articulatory constrictions: the one at the oscillating vocal cords and the other at any place in the pharynx. The auditory perception of the 'rehilamiento' is simply one of voiced friction. The oscillograms presented confirm that in the language of Buenos Aires the realization [z] tends to conserve its voiced quality among men while losing it among women.", "PMID": 674390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1889", "title": "Total glandular mastectomy. Modifications of the subcutaneous mastectomy for use in premalignant disease of the breast.", "content": "We describe two modifications of the original subcutaneous mastectomy, in which we remove the nipple en bloc with the breast, and we believe they are as suitable as other mastectomies for the removal of microcarcinomas and premalignant diseases of the breast. We do not advocate them for macroscopic malignancy. We are using the term \"total glandular mastectomy\" to designate these two modifications.", "contents": "Total glandular mastectomy. Modifications of the subcutaneous mastectomy for use in premalignant disease of the breast. We describe two modifications of the original subcutaneous mastectomy, in which we remove the nipple en bloc with the breast, and we believe they are as suitable as other mastectomies for the removal of microcarcinomas and premalignant diseases of the breast. We do not advocate them for macroscopic malignancy. We are using the term \"total glandular mastectomy\" to designate these two modifications.", "PMID": 674409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1890", "title": "Xeroradiography in the diagnosis of facial fractures.", "content": "Xeroradiography, because of its unique phenomenon of \"edge enhancement,\" has some advantages for assessing facial fractures. In 17 of the 19 patients in our pilot study group, this technique was as valuable as, or more so than, plain films. The xerogram done prior to laminagraphy is a useful \"map\" for the radiologist to use in planning laminagraphic cuts. For the surgeon this technique offers a relatively accurate diagnostic tool, useful early after the facial injury.", "contents": "Xeroradiography in the diagnosis of facial fractures. Xeroradiography, because of its unique phenomenon of \"edge enhancement,\" has some advantages for assessing facial fractures. In 17 of the 19 patients in our pilot study group, this technique was as valuable as, or more so than, plain films. The xerogram done prior to laminagraphy is a useful \"map\" for the radiologist to use in planning laminagraphic cuts. For the surgeon this technique offers a relatively accurate diagnostic tool, useful early after the facial injury.", "PMID": 674410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1891", "title": "The selection of sun-blocking topical agents to protect the skin.", "content": "A simple method, based on scientific evidence, for the selection of a proper sun protective agent has been presented. To make it even easier, the surgeon need only look for a product containing both PABA and titanium dioxide. The author is aware there may be many other fine products available but not mentioned here, and some of those mentioned here serve the purpose for which they were designed but may not do all the things the plastic surgeon desires. In any event, the statements made herein should not be construed as an endorsement of one product over another.", "contents": "The selection of sun-blocking topical agents to protect the skin. A simple method, based on scientific evidence, for the selection of a proper sun protective agent has been presented. To make it even easier, the surgeon need only look for a product containing both PABA and titanium dioxide. The author is aware there may be many other fine products available but not mentioned here, and some of those mentioned here serve the purpose for which they were designed but may not do all the things the plastic surgeon desires. In any event, the statements made herein should not be construed as an endorsement of one product over another.", "PMID": 674411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1892", "title": "Treatment of the ischemic finger secondary to digital artery occlusion.", "content": "We present 7 cases of digital artery thrombosis with ischemic symptoms. Six were treated successfully by application of the Leriche principle of resection of a segment of the thrombosed artery. One was treated successfully by resection of a thrombosed segment and replacement with a small vein graft. The symptomatic relief has been conplete in 4 of the 6 patients who had resections, and in the patient who had the single vein graft. The other two patients (with resection only) have had improvement.", "contents": "Treatment of the ischemic finger secondary to digital artery occlusion. We present 7 cases of digital artery thrombosis with ischemic symptoms. Six were treated successfully by application of the Leriche principle of resection of a segment of the thrombosed artery. One was treated successfully by resection of a thrombosed segment and replacement with a small vein graft. The symptomatic relief has been conplete in 4 of the 6 patients who had resections, and in the patient who had the single vein graft. The other two patients (with resection only) have had improvement.", "PMID": 674412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1893", "title": "Biostereometric analysis in plastic and reconstructive surgery. A one-step, on-line technique.", "content": "Biostereometry is the measurement of living things (especially the human body) in 3 dimensions. Moire topography provides a simple, one-step method for mapping contours of the face, or other parts of the body--a method which has potential value for the plastic surgeon. A prospective study of the value and the uses of this method is now under way at our institution.", "contents": "Biostereometric analysis in plastic and reconstructive surgery. A one-step, on-line technique. Biostereometry is the measurement of living things (especially the human body) in 3 dimensions. Moire topography provides a simple, one-step method for mapping contours of the face, or other parts of the body--a method which has potential value for the plastic surgeon. A prospective study of the value and the uses of this method is now under way at our institution.", "PMID": 674413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1894", "title": "Resection of obstructing inferior nasal turbinates.", "content": "We report a series of 88 patients in whom 119 obstructing inferior nasal turbinates were resected for airway obstruction, and who have been followed for 3 months to 3 years. The airways were consistently improved and, to date, there have been no undesirable sequelae.", "contents": "Resection of obstructing inferior nasal turbinates. We report a series of 88 patients in whom 119 obstructing inferior nasal turbinates were resected for airway obstruction, and who have been followed for 3 months to 3 years. The airways were consistently improved and, to date, there have been no undesirable sequelae.", "PMID": 674414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1895", "title": "Metastasizing keratoacanthomas? The difficulties in differentiating keratoacanthomas from squamous cell carcinomas.", "content": "The problem in diagnosis of keratoacanthoma versus squamous cell carcinoma has been reviewed, and 13 patients are presented to illustrate the difficulties in differentiating between these two lesions. If the pathologist is in doubt, the lesion should be called \"probable keratoacanthoma, but squamous cell carcinoma cannot be ruled out.\" We should all be aware that even the most careful pathologist, using all the information and material available, may still erroneously diagnose a lesion as a benign keratoacanthoma--one which, if inadequately treated, may metastasize or recur as a squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, it is important for the clinician to treat most keratoacanthomas by adequate removal and close follow-up.", "contents": "Metastasizing keratoacanthomas? The difficulties in differentiating keratoacanthomas from squamous cell carcinomas. The problem in diagnosis of keratoacanthoma versus squamous cell carcinoma has been reviewed, and 13 patients are presented to illustrate the difficulties in differentiating between these two lesions. If the pathologist is in doubt, the lesion should be called \"probable keratoacanthoma, but squamous cell carcinoma cannot be ruled out.\" We should all be aware that even the most careful pathologist, using all the information and material available, may still erroneously diagnose a lesion as a benign keratoacanthoma--one which, if inadequately treated, may metastasize or recur as a squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, it is important for the clinician to treat most keratoacanthomas by adequate removal and close follow-up.", "PMID": 674415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1896", "title": "A cause of wrist pain: non-specific tenosynovitis involving the flexor carpi radialis.", "content": "We describe 4 patients who complained of pain over the course of the flexor carpi radialis tendon at the wrist, and who presented with point tenderness there. These 4 patients presented a spectrum of non-specific tenosynovitis involving the flexor carpi radialis tendon at the wrist, ranging from slight tenderness and swelling to complete disruption of the tendon. Their clinical course and treatment is presented.", "contents": "A cause of wrist pain: non-specific tenosynovitis involving the flexor carpi radialis. We describe 4 patients who complained of pain over the course of the flexor carpi radialis tendon at the wrist, and who presented with point tenderness there. These 4 patients presented a spectrum of non-specific tenosynovitis involving the flexor carpi radialis tendon at the wrist, ranging from slight tenderness and swelling to complete disruption of the tendon. Their clinical course and treatment is presented.", "PMID": 674416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1897", "title": "Closure of septal perforation in Osler-Weber-Rendu's disease by bilateral labial-buccal flaps. Case report.", "content": "We present a case of septal perforation in Osler-Weber-Rendu's disease, treated by rotating bilateral labial-buccal flaps up into the nose to close the perforation and resurface the adjacent areas on the septum.", "contents": "Closure of septal perforation in Osler-Weber-Rendu's disease by bilateral labial-buccal flaps. Case report. We present a case of septal perforation in Osler-Weber-Rendu's disease, treated by rotating bilateral labial-buccal flaps up into the nose to close the perforation and resurface the adjacent areas on the septum.", "PMID": 674422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1898", "title": "[Clinical psychopathological characteristics of acute atypical circular affective psychoses].", "content": "The clinical reality of acute atypical affective psychoses is recognized by almost all psychiatrists. A total of 229 cases of atypical circular psychosis have been studied. In many of these cases the \"psychodynamic mobility\" of the personality, i.e., the \"fixed attitude\" according to Usnadse, was studied in addition to a clinical analysis. The method used for this is described, and a number of criteria for evaluation are reported. Also, the thematic apperception test and Rorschach test as well as electroencephalographic examinations have been carried out on many of the patients included in this study. The results of clinical-psychopathological and experimental-psychological examinations enable better diagnoses of acute atypical affective psychoses to be established.", "contents": "[Clinical psychopathological characteristics of acute atypical circular affective psychoses]. The clinical reality of acute atypical affective psychoses is recognized by almost all psychiatrists. A total of 229 cases of atypical circular psychosis have been studied. In many of these cases the \"psychodynamic mobility\" of the personality, i.e., the \"fixed attitude\" according to Usnadse, was studied in addition to a clinical analysis. The method used for this is described, and a number of criteria for evaluation are reported. Also, the thematic apperception test and Rorschach test as well as electroencephalographic examinations have been carried out on many of the patients included in this study. The results of clinical-psychopathological and experimental-psychological examinations enable better diagnoses of acute atypical affective psychoses to be established.", "PMID": 674449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1899", "title": "[Differentiation between primary and neurotic sexual disorders].", "content": "The object of this paper is to show that there are different forms of sexual anomalies which permit of basic and therapeutic differentiation. Atavisms of responding have been observed to play an essential role in real perversions.", "contents": "[Differentiation between primary and neurotic sexual disorders]. The object of this paper is to show that there are different forms of sexual anomalies which permit of basic and therapeutic differentiation. Atavisms of responding have been observed to play an essential role in real perversions.", "PMID": 674450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1900", "title": "[Sociodynamic aspects of psychotherapy].", "content": "Definitions of psychotherapy are determined by sociocultural and epistemological factors, which, in turn, influences the objectives and practical consequences of the use of psychotherapy (for example, selection, indication, and method used). The current state of knowledge and social needs tend to modify views of the role and functions of psychotherapy in medical and extramedical fields and areas, which sociodynamic aspects of psychotherapeutic processes and their applications being considered and utilized differently. It is within the framework of different social orders that potentially equivocal functions and ways of making use of psychotherapy can be either promoted or inhibited. Consequently, it is desirable to try to clarify corresponding prerequisites and conditions, which has been attempted by the author in his present paper.", "contents": "[Sociodynamic aspects of psychotherapy]. Definitions of psychotherapy are determined by sociocultural and epistemological factors, which, in turn, influences the objectives and practical consequences of the use of psychotherapy (for example, selection, indication, and method used). The current state of knowledge and social needs tend to modify views of the role and functions of psychotherapy in medical and extramedical fields and areas, which sociodynamic aspects of psychotherapeutic processes and their applications being considered and utilized differently. It is within the framework of different social orders that potentially equivocal functions and ways of making use of psychotherapy can be either promoted or inhibited. Consequently, it is desirable to try to clarify corresponding prerequisites and conditions, which has been attempted by the author in his present paper.", "PMID": 674452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1901", "title": "[Development of views of the causes of juvenile delinquency in Europe].", "content": "In the past two hundred years, views of the etiology of delinquency have developed from the extreme constitutional direction or line of thought through theories considering social factors to be solely responsible to the assumption of a combination of constitutional and social factors. Theses of social misadaptation as a source of delinquency, which were inaugurated by Soviet criminologists, could also be confirmed by the results of a large-scale investigation conducted in Poland. The combination of two factors (limited psychic power and negative social influences) was found to be the most frequent cause of criminal acts.", "contents": "[Development of views of the causes of juvenile delinquency in Europe]. In the past two hundred years, views of the etiology of delinquency have developed from the extreme constitutional direction or line of thought through theories considering social factors to be solely responsible to the assumption of a combination of constitutional and social factors. Theses of social misadaptation as a source of delinquency, which were inaugurated by Soviet criminologists, could also be confirmed by the results of a large-scale investigation conducted in Poland. The combination of two factors (limited psychic power and negative social influences) was found to be the most frequent cause of criminal acts.", "PMID": 674453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1902", "title": "[The role of schooling in the child neuropsychiatric clinic].", "content": "The authors report the inclusion of schooling in the therapeutic regime used by a pedopsychiatric department. Comparative psychological examinations of children, which were made on admission to and discharge from the clinic, showed a positive effect upon the course of disease, with different degrees of improvement being observed. A questioning of thirty children regarding the influence of schooling showed that their motivations lay in the affective rather than executive sphere. However, a child's striving for a favorable position within the group also proved an important prerequisite of successful therapy.", "contents": "[The role of schooling in the child neuropsychiatric clinic]. The authors report the inclusion of schooling in the therapeutic regime used by a pedopsychiatric department. Comparative psychological examinations of children, which were made on admission to and discharge from the clinic, showed a positive effect upon the course of disease, with different degrees of improvement being observed. A questioning of thirty children regarding the influence of schooling showed that their motivations lay in the affective rather than executive sphere. However, a child's striving for a favorable position within the group also proved an important prerequisite of successful therapy.", "PMID": 674454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1903", "title": "Perspectives on community as a social system.", "content": "This paper seeks to analyze processes and roles within the community as a setting for mental health work. The author contends the social workers can utilize linkages and resources more effectively by training community as a social system. Furthermore, the community approach to mental health problems appears to be a logical framework to organize and harmonize different subsystems. A two-dimensional, conceptual model brings into focus two mutually supportive considerations within this framework: community and mental health. Systemic linkages between the mental health group and the welfare community are further conceptualized to signify their importance in the MR programs. A critique is presented of the changing professional roles of the community organizer in a society where welfare services are organized for the less competent individuals within a complex web of values and antivalues. Social workers' dynamism in self-shaping their professional roles toward improving the quality of life is highlighted.", "contents": "Perspectives on community as a social system. This paper seeks to analyze processes and roles within the community as a setting for mental health work. The author contends the social workers can utilize linkages and resources more effectively by training community as a social system. Furthermore, the community approach to mental health problems appears to be a logical framework to organize and harmonize different subsystems. A two-dimensional, conceptual model brings into focus two mutually supportive considerations within this framework: community and mental health. Systemic linkages between the mental health group and the welfare community are further conceptualized to signify their importance in the MR programs. A critique is presented of the changing professional roles of the community organizer in a society where welfare services are organized for the less competent individuals within a complex web of values and antivalues. Social workers' dynamism in self-shaping their professional roles toward improving the quality of life is highlighted.", "PMID": 674455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1904", "title": "The aftermaths of deinstitutionalization: problmes and solutions.", "content": "Thousands of mentally handicapped patients released from mental hospitals are now living in a variety of community settings. Services to help them remain in community are often fragmented, uncoordinated and limited. Research and experience have highlighted the services they need. Numerous demonstrations have shown that patients can be successfully maintained in community setting. Coordinated services and fixed responsibility for each individual placed are essential.", "contents": "The aftermaths of deinstitutionalization: problmes and solutions. Thousands of mentally handicapped patients released from mental hospitals are now living in a variety of community settings. Services to help them remain in community are often fragmented, uncoordinated and limited. Research and experience have highlighted the services they need. Numerous demonstrations have shown that patients can be successfully maintained in community setting. Coordinated services and fixed responsibility for each individual placed are essential.", "PMID": 674456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1905", "title": "[Psychodynamic aspects of marriages of schizophrenics (author's transl)].", "content": "20 couples, each of which with one spouse suffering from schizophrenia, are investigated with clinical and psychological (individual and consensus Rorschach, Freiburg personality inventory) methods. Married schizophrenics seem to be less schizoid than passive dependent, infantile or stormy in their premorbid personality. Regarding our results their spouses don't differ in their mental health from the average population. Behaviour disorders of the non-schizophrenic spouses rather have to be seen as reactions caused secondarily by the patient's schizophrenic symptoms than as characteristics of their primary personality, because they only arise in the exploration of both spouses together. The schizophrenics appear less disturbed in the interaction with their spouses than in the situation of the single exploration. The \"interacting personality\" of the non-schizophrenic spouses, however, seems to be more disturbed than their \"individual personality\". Special factors, which are connected with premorbid personality of the later schizophrenic, are important in the mate selection. Very often first manifestation and the course of schizophrenic syndrome on the one hand and the marital dynamics on the other hand are closely related. Describing the attitude of the spouses to each other the non-schizophrenic shows three characteristic patterns, which are seen in the interaction of the couple: acceptation, emotional distance and ambivalence. Further the question of indication and prospect of marital therapy is discussed.", "contents": "[Psychodynamic aspects of marriages of schizophrenics (author's transl)]. 20 couples, each of which with one spouse suffering from schizophrenia, are investigated with clinical and psychological (individual and consensus Rorschach, Freiburg personality inventory) methods. Married schizophrenics seem to be less schizoid than passive dependent, infantile or stormy in their premorbid personality. Regarding our results their spouses don't differ in their mental health from the average population. Behaviour disorders of the non-schizophrenic spouses rather have to be seen as reactions caused secondarily by the patient's schizophrenic symptoms than as characteristics of their primary personality, because they only arise in the exploration of both spouses together. The schizophrenics appear less disturbed in the interaction with their spouses than in the situation of the single exploration. The \"interacting personality\" of the non-schizophrenic spouses, however, seems to be more disturbed than their \"individual personality\". Special factors, which are connected with premorbid personality of the later schizophrenic, are important in the mate selection. Very often first manifestation and the course of schizophrenic syndrome on the one hand and the marital dynamics on the other hand are closely related. Describing the attitude of the spouses to each other the non-schizophrenic shows three characteristic patterns, which are seen in the interaction of the couple: acceptation, emotional distance and ambivalence. Further the question of indication and prospect of marital therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 674458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1906", "title": "[Comments on the impossible concept of schizophrenia (author's transl)].", "content": "Schizophrenia is an impossible concept. Under this heading, a number of psychoses is being grouped which have the common characteristic that the patient is, as a rule, but by no means always, fully conscious. In all other respects, no other points agree, neither in respect of symptoms, nor in respect of etiology or prognosis. Hence, there are hardly any reasons to reduce these disease patterns to a common denominator, either as \"schizophrenia\" or as a \"group of schizophrenic psychoses\". Rather, it seems more probable that schizophrenic psychoses are individual disease patterns, instead of being variations of a basic type. What is principally needed at this stage, is a fair amount of empirical research to catalog the concept of schizophrenia. Such a catalog would have to be based on exactly defined and described syndromes to enable further study whether there are any other points besides these symptoms which characterize the syndrome in question, such as etiology, pathogenetic factors, course, or response treatment. The more characteristics are found, the greater the chance that the disease pattern under investigation is really a unit by itself. In the course of these studies, and in order to avoid terminological confusion, it is advisable to use, for the time being, the term \"schizophrenic psychoses\", under the condition that in each concrete case this term must be supplemented by a careful typification of the symptomatology, of the etiologic factors, and of the course of the disease.", "contents": "[Comments on the impossible concept of schizophrenia (author's transl)]. Schizophrenia is an impossible concept. Under this heading, a number of psychoses is being grouped which have the common characteristic that the patient is, as a rule, but by no means always, fully conscious. In all other respects, no other points agree, neither in respect of symptoms, nor in respect of etiology or prognosis. Hence, there are hardly any reasons to reduce these disease patterns to a common denominator, either as \"schizophrenia\" or as a \"group of schizophrenic psychoses\". Rather, it seems more probable that schizophrenic psychoses are individual disease patterns, instead of being variations of a basic type. What is principally needed at this stage, is a fair amount of empirical research to catalog the concept of schizophrenia. Such a catalog would have to be based on exactly defined and described syndromes to enable further study whether there are any other points besides these symptoms which characterize the syndrome in question, such as etiology, pathogenetic factors, course, or response treatment. The more characteristics are found, the greater the chance that the disease pattern under investigation is really a unit by itself. In the course of these studies, and in order to avoid terminological confusion, it is advisable to use, for the time being, the term \"schizophrenic psychoses\", under the condition that in each concrete case this term must be supplemented by a careful typification of the symptomatology, of the etiologic factors, and of the course of the disease.", "PMID": 674461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1907", "title": "Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in patients with shock due to septicaemia, trauma and haemorrhage.", "content": "Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities were measured in patients with septicaemic, traumatic or haemorrhagic shock. Irrespective of the type of shock plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were increased above the normal range. This is in keeping with the clinical features of increased sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullary activity present in these patients. Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities were within the normal limits in all forms of shock indicating the poor relationship of this measurement to sympathetic nervous system activity. In patients who died plasma noradrenaline concentrations remained persistently elevated above normal while in those who survived there was a rapid decline towards the normal range.", "contents": "Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in patients with shock due to septicaemia, trauma and haemorrhage. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities were measured in patients with septicaemic, traumatic or haemorrhagic shock. Irrespective of the type of shock plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were increased above the normal range. This is in keeping with the clinical features of increased sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullary activity present in these patients. Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities were within the normal limits in all forms of shock indicating the poor relationship of this measurement to sympathetic nervous system activity. In patients who died plasma noradrenaline concentrations remained persistently elevated above normal while in those who survived there was a rapid decline towards the normal range.", "PMID": 674546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1908", "title": "The role of various cereals in coeliac disease.", "content": "It is well established that the consumption of wheat gluten will produce the characteristic mucosal lesion of coeliac disease in subjects who are predisposed to it. The role of other cereals in the pathogenesis of this disease is less certain. In the present study, four different cereals (rye, barley, maize and rice) have been tested by feeding them to volunteer coeliac subjects who had shown good mucosal recovery on a gluten free diet and assessing the effect by serial jejunal biopsy. The biopsy specimens obtained before and after challenge were compared in terms of histology and disaccharidase activity. The results indicate that rye and barley are harmful but that maize and rice are harmless.", "contents": "The role of various cereals in coeliac disease. It is well established that the consumption of wheat gluten will produce the characteristic mucosal lesion of coeliac disease in subjects who are predisposed to it. The role of other cereals in the pathogenesis of this disease is less certain. In the present study, four different cereals (rye, barley, maize and rice) have been tested by feeding them to volunteer coeliac subjects who had shown good mucosal recovery on a gluten free diet and assessing the effect by serial jejunal biopsy. The biopsy specimens obtained before and after challenge were compared in terms of histology and disaccharidase activity. The results indicate that rye and barley are harmful but that maize and rice are harmless.", "PMID": 674547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1909", "title": "Sodium losing renal disease: Two cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Two patients with sodium-losing renal disease were studied in detail. Both presented with shock and hypotension which was attributed at first to other causes, as was the recurrent hyponatraemia in one of them. In both patients the cause of the sodium loss was probably unrelieved urinary obstruction which has been reported previously to cause water loss but not sodium loss. Both patients had severe hyponatraemia when they were sodium depleted, which has previously been attributed to water retention from excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations were raised in one patient but not in the other. The cause of the water retention in the other patient is not known. One of the patients, like others described in the literature, was only able to vary his sodium excretion within narrow limits. He became sodium depleted on a normal intake and oedematous when he was given saline intravenously. We suggest that the term sodium-losing renal disease should be replaced by the term 'fixed sodium' excretion renal disease.", "contents": "Sodium losing renal disease: Two cases and a review of the literature. Two patients with sodium-losing renal disease were studied in detail. Both presented with shock and hypotension which was attributed at first to other causes, as was the recurrent hyponatraemia in one of them. In both patients the cause of the sodium loss was probably unrelieved urinary obstruction which has been reported previously to cause water loss but not sodium loss. Both patients had severe hyponatraemia when they were sodium depleted, which has previously been attributed to water retention from excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations were raised in one patient but not in the other. The cause of the water retention in the other patient is not known. One of the patients, like others described in the literature, was only able to vary his sodium excretion within narrow limits. He became sodium depleted on a normal intake and oedematous when he was given saline intravenously. We suggest that the term sodium-losing renal disease should be replaced by the term 'fixed sodium' excretion renal disease.", "PMID": 674548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1910", "title": "The haematology of hyperthyroidism.", "content": "In an unselected series of 239 patients with uncomplicated hyperthyroidism the haemoglobin concentration was less than 12.0 g/dl in 37 of 207 women and below 13.0 g/dl in 9 of 32 men. Although some of these patients with a low level of haemoglobin were iron deficient, with a transferrin saturation less than 16 per cent, many were not. On treatment of hyperthyroidism the haemoglobin rose by an average of 0.5 g/dl in patients who had not been anaemic on diagnosis. A small fall in haemoglobin is therefore usual in hyperthyroidism and it may sometimes be sufficient to cause a mild degree of anaemia. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was decreased in hyperthyroid patients who had neither anaemia nor a reduced transferrin saturation. After treatment of hyperthyroidism the MCV rose in these patients by an average of 6 fl. A dimunition in MCV, even within the normal range, is an invariable concomitant of hyperthyroidism. The administration of thyroxine to excess does not, however, cause the same change in the MCV. On diagnosis of hyperthyroidism the prevalence of pernicious anaemia in this series of patients was 1.9 per cent. Gastric parietal cell antibodies were present in 15.4 per cent and thyroid microsomal antibodies in 49.5 per cent.", "contents": "The haematology of hyperthyroidism. In an unselected series of 239 patients with uncomplicated hyperthyroidism the haemoglobin concentration was less than 12.0 g/dl in 37 of 207 women and below 13.0 g/dl in 9 of 32 men. Although some of these patients with a low level of haemoglobin were iron deficient, with a transferrin saturation less than 16 per cent, many were not. On treatment of hyperthyroidism the haemoglobin rose by an average of 0.5 g/dl in patients who had not been anaemic on diagnosis. A small fall in haemoglobin is therefore usual in hyperthyroidism and it may sometimes be sufficient to cause a mild degree of anaemia. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was decreased in hyperthyroid patients who had neither anaemia nor a reduced transferrin saturation. After treatment of hyperthyroidism the MCV rose in these patients by an average of 6 fl. A dimunition in MCV, even within the normal range, is an invariable concomitant of hyperthyroidism. The administration of thyroxine to excess does not, however, cause the same change in the MCV. On diagnosis of hyperthyroidism the prevalence of pernicious anaemia in this series of patients was 1.9 per cent. Gastric parietal cell antibodies were present in 15.4 per cent and thyroid microsomal antibodies in 49.5 per cent.", "PMID": 674549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1911", "title": "Analgesic nephropathy: an important cause of chronic renal failure.", "content": "Study of case-notes and autopsy reports of patients with renal disease suggests that analgesic nephropathy is responsible for at least 12 per cent of cases of chronic renal failure, Between 1970 and 1975 eight new cases of analgesic nephropathy were seen annually in a population of three-quarters of a million. This is equivalent to an incidence of 490 new cases per year in England and Wales. Fifty-five patients with analgesic nephropathy were followed from one to 84 months for a total of 190 patient years. Changes in renal function were correlated with bacteriuria, hypertension and analgesic consumption. One-third of the cases had been misdiagnosed and analgesic abuse was only revealed by thorough examination of case-notes and autopsy records, together with careful questioning of patients and relatives. A number of cases had been classified as chronic pyelonephritis. The calculated survival rate at five years was 44 per cent. Mortality was related to the level of analgesic consumption and the degree of renal failure at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis was poor if serum creatinine at presentation was greater than 400 mumol/l. There was no significant correlation between deterioration in renal function and bacteriuria or hypertension. Forty-two per cent of the patients were taking analgesics for arthritis; 27 per cent had rheumatoid arthritis. Most had been taking large quantities of analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin. Renal papillary necrosis was present in only 26 per cent on intravenous urography but was found in all those examined at autopsy. Twenty thousand, two hundred and twenty-nine autopsy reports were examined for the presence of renal disease. Renal papillary necrosis was found in 0.41 per cent, and could be attributed to analgesic nephropathy in 24 per cent. In patients under 65 years of age analgesic nephropathy appeared to be a more frequent cause of death than chronic pyelonephritis. The report indicates the need for careful enquiry about analgesic consumption in all patients with renal disease, and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and cessation of analgesics in suspected cases of analgesic nephropathy.", "contents": "Analgesic nephropathy: an important cause of chronic renal failure. Study of case-notes and autopsy reports of patients with renal disease suggests that analgesic nephropathy is responsible for at least 12 per cent of cases of chronic renal failure, Between 1970 and 1975 eight new cases of analgesic nephropathy were seen annually in a population of three-quarters of a million. This is equivalent to an incidence of 490 new cases per year in England and Wales. Fifty-five patients with analgesic nephropathy were followed from one to 84 months for a total of 190 patient years. Changes in renal function were correlated with bacteriuria, hypertension and analgesic consumption. One-third of the cases had been misdiagnosed and analgesic abuse was only revealed by thorough examination of case-notes and autopsy records, together with careful questioning of patients and relatives. A number of cases had been classified as chronic pyelonephritis. The calculated survival rate at five years was 44 per cent. Mortality was related to the level of analgesic consumption and the degree of renal failure at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis was poor if serum creatinine at presentation was greater than 400 mumol/l. There was no significant correlation between deterioration in renal function and bacteriuria or hypertension. Forty-two per cent of the patients were taking analgesics for arthritis; 27 per cent had rheumatoid arthritis. Most had been taking large quantities of analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin. Renal papillary necrosis was present in only 26 per cent on intravenous urography but was found in all those examined at autopsy. Twenty thousand, two hundred and twenty-nine autopsy reports were examined for the presence of renal disease. Renal papillary necrosis was found in 0.41 per cent, and could be attributed to analgesic nephropathy in 24 per cent. In patients under 65 years of age analgesic nephropathy appeared to be a more frequent cause of death than chronic pyelonephritis. The report indicates the need for careful enquiry about analgesic consumption in all patients with renal disease, and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and cessation of analgesics in suspected cases of analgesic nephropathy.", "PMID": 674550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1912", "title": "The changing mortality of cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "Cerebrovascular disease mortality trends in England and Wales are discussed, concentrating on data relating to years after 1968. Cerebrovascular disease deaths have been found to comprise a decreasing proportion of all deaths and of all cardiovascular disease deaths. For ages under 85 the mortality rates have generally fallen for cerebrovascular disease, with females experiencing the greater improvement. Concerning the main diagnostic categories, the rates for cerebral haemorrhage and thrombosis have fallen, and have risen for subarachnoid haemorrhage and the vague rubrics (436, 437). Possible explanations for these trends are proposed including relationships to other cardiovascular diseases. In particular, the downward trend in cerebral haemorrhage mortality rates is found to be positively correlated at a significant level with that due to hypertensive disease. However, the trends in cerebral thrombosis and ischaemic heart disease mortality rates are found to be in opposite directions--a phenomenon which contradicts the widely-held view that these diseases have a common aetiology.", "contents": "The changing mortality of cerebrovascular disease. Cerebrovascular disease mortality trends in England and Wales are discussed, concentrating on data relating to years after 1968. Cerebrovascular disease deaths have been found to comprise a decreasing proportion of all deaths and of all cardiovascular disease deaths. For ages under 85 the mortality rates have generally fallen for cerebrovascular disease, with females experiencing the greater improvement. Concerning the main diagnostic categories, the rates for cerebral haemorrhage and thrombosis have fallen, and have risen for subarachnoid haemorrhage and the vague rubrics (436, 437). Possible explanations for these trends are proposed including relationships to other cardiovascular diseases. In particular, the downward trend in cerebral haemorrhage mortality rates is found to be positively correlated at a significant level with that due to hypertensive disease. However, the trends in cerebral thrombosis and ischaemic heart disease mortality rates are found to be in opposite directions--a phenomenon which contradicts the widely-held view that these diseases have a common aetiology.", "PMID": 674551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1913", "title": "Diabetes mellitus and coeliac disease: a clinical study.", "content": "Fourteen adults in whom diabetes mellitus and coeliac disease coexist, are described. In no patient was coeliac disease diagnosed (biopsy proven) before the age of 28 years. Diabetes was recognized before coeliac disease in all except one. Diabetic control was very unstable and hypoglycaemia particularly troublesome before treatment with a gluten free diet. Following gluten restriction, insulin requirement increased in six patients, and diabetic control became more stable. Diarrhoea due to coeliac disease in a patient with coexisting diabetes, may be mistakenly diagnosed as 'diabetic diarrhoea'. However, certain clinical and laboratory features should arouse suspicion that the diarrhoea is not of diabetic origin. These included a history of gastrointestinal symptoms preceding the diagnosis of diabetes, the occurrence of repeated hypoglycaemia, absence of neuropathy, anaemia, low serum folate, low serum albumin and a malabsorption pattern on small bowel radiography. A definitive diagnosis of coeliac disease can be made only jejunal biopsy. The opportunity to diagnose coeliac disease in adult diabetics will usually fall to the diabetologist and wider use of jejunal biopsy in diabetics with chronic or recurrent diarrhoea is suggested.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus and coeliac disease: a clinical study. Fourteen adults in whom diabetes mellitus and coeliac disease coexist, are described. In no patient was coeliac disease diagnosed (biopsy proven) before the age of 28 years. Diabetes was recognized before coeliac disease in all except one. Diabetic control was very unstable and hypoglycaemia particularly troublesome before treatment with a gluten free diet. Following gluten restriction, insulin requirement increased in six patients, and diabetic control became more stable. Diarrhoea due to coeliac disease in a patient with coexisting diabetes, may be mistakenly diagnosed as 'diabetic diarrhoea'. However, certain clinical and laboratory features should arouse suspicion that the diarrhoea is not of diabetic origin. These included a history of gastrointestinal symptoms preceding the diagnosis of diabetes, the occurrence of repeated hypoglycaemia, absence of neuropathy, anaemia, low serum folate, low serum albumin and a malabsorption pattern on small bowel radiography. A definitive diagnosis of coeliac disease can be made only jejunal biopsy. The opportunity to diagnose coeliac disease in adult diabetics will usually fall to the diabetologist and wider use of jejunal biopsy in diabetics with chronic or recurrent diarrhoea is suggested.", "PMID": 674552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1914", "title": "Uncertainty in interplay of biological and cultural evolution: man's view of himself.", "content": "Systems models made possible an examination of the machinery by which information is accumulated and exchanged in biological and cultural evolution. Indeterminacy is revealed which obscures our perspective on the growth of humanity.", "contents": "Uncertainty in interplay of biological and cultural evolution: man's view of himself. Systems models made possible an examination of the machinery by which information is accumulated and exchanged in biological and cultural evolution. Indeterminacy is revealed which obscures our perspective on the growth of humanity.", "PMID": 674558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1915", "title": "The inflammatory esophagogastric polyp and fold.", "content": "A radiographic finding, previously undescribed to our knowledge of a polypoid defect and prominent fold in the region of the esophagogastric junction was seen in 9 patients. We believe this represents a stage in the evolution of chronic esophagitis.", "contents": "The inflammatory esophagogastric polyp and fold. A radiographic finding, previously undescribed to our knowledge of a polypoid defect and prominent fold in the region of the esophagogastric junction was seen in 9 patients. We believe this represents a stage in the evolution of chronic esophagitis.", "PMID": 674621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1916", "title": "Intestinal volvulus: angiographic findings.", "content": "Intestinal volvulus may be the underlying process in patients presenting with intestinal ischemia. In 3 patients, angiographic findings of volvulus were erroneously interpreted as indicating occlusive or nonocclusive intestinal ischemia. In a fourth, the correct preoperative diagnosis was suggested by angiographic findings. Volvulus should be suspected at angiography by the whirlpool arrangement of the mesenteric arterial branches, the delayed filling and emptying of the arteries, and the intense opacification of the bowel wall. Familiarity with the angiographic picture of intestinal volvulus is essential for early diagnosis and for prompt initiation of appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Intestinal volvulus: angiographic findings. Intestinal volvulus may be the underlying process in patients presenting with intestinal ischemia. In 3 patients, angiographic findings of volvulus were erroneously interpreted as indicating occlusive or nonocclusive intestinal ischemia. In a fourth, the correct preoperative diagnosis was suggested by angiographic findings. Volvulus should be suspected at angiography by the whirlpool arrangement of the mesenteric arterial branches, the delayed filling and emptying of the arteries, and the intense opacification of the bowel wall. Familiarity with the angiographic picture of intestinal volvulus is essential for early diagnosis and for prompt initiation of appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 674622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1917", "title": "Prolonged gallbladder opacification after oral cholecystography.", "content": "Recent reports state that prolonged gallbladder opacification after an otherwise normal oral cholecystogram is abnormal and reliably indicates acalculous cholecystitis. In 122 patients on a variety of diets, the frequency with which prolonged gallbladder opacification is detectable one and two days after oral cholecystography was studied prospectively. Prolonged opacification was seen in 75% of patients and did not occur more commonly in those patients with documented gallbladder disease. Prolongation of gallbladder opacification after oral cholecystography is common and cannot be used as the sole criterion for the diagnosis of cholecystitis.", "contents": "Prolonged gallbladder opacification after oral cholecystography. Recent reports state that prolonged gallbladder opacification after an otherwise normal oral cholecystogram is abnormal and reliably indicates acalculous cholecystitis. In 122 patients on a variety of diets, the frequency with which prolonged gallbladder opacification is detectable one and two days after oral cholecystography was studied prospectively. Prolonged opacification was seen in 75% of patients and did not occur more commonly in those patients with documented gallbladder disease. Prolongation of gallbladder opacification after oral cholecystography is common and cannot be used as the sole criterion for the diagnosis of cholecystitis.", "PMID": 674623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1918", "title": "The effect of nonfractionated and fractionated administration of iopanoic acid on gallbladder visualization.", "content": "Visualization of the gallbladder after nonfractionated and fractionated administration of iopanoic acid was investigated in a blind experiment. The authors studied 168 patients; 73 were given 3 g iopanoic acid over a period of 6 hours (0.5 g/hour), and 95 received the same amount of contrast medium in a single dose. No differences in visualization were found for the two modes in both normal and pathological cases.", "contents": "The effect of nonfractionated and fractionated administration of iopanoic acid on gallbladder visualization. Visualization of the gallbladder after nonfractionated and fractionated administration of iopanoic acid was investigated in a blind experiment. The authors studied 168 patients; 73 were given 3 g iopanoic acid over a period of 6 hours (0.5 g/hour), and 95 received the same amount of contrast medium in a single dose. No differences in visualization were found for the two modes in both normal and pathological cases.", "PMID": 674624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1919", "title": "Hard metal pneumoconiosis: another cause of diffuse interstitial fibrosis.", "content": "Three patients developed diffuse pulmonary fibrosis caused by exposure to aerosolized cobalt while working in the tungsten carbide tool industry. Two cases were severe and one of these has died of cor pulmonale. The third is mildly disabled. The pathophysiology is reviewed. Clinicians and radiologists should be aware of hard metal exposure as a cause of diffuse interstitial fibrosis.", "contents": "Hard metal pneumoconiosis: another cause of diffuse interstitial fibrosis. Three patients developed diffuse pulmonary fibrosis caused by exposure to aerosolized cobalt while working in the tungsten carbide tool industry. Two cases were severe and one of these has died of cor pulmonale. The third is mildly disabled. The pathophysiology is reviewed. Clinicians and radiologists should be aware of hard metal exposure as a cause of diffuse interstitial fibrosis.", "PMID": 674625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1920", "title": "Pulmonary actinomycosis. A report of three cases.", "content": "The diagnosis of thoracic actinomycosis is readily made when the patient presents with the constellation of poor oral hygiene, pulmonary infiltrates, empyema, sinus tracts, and osteomyelitis of the ribs. However, in the absence of rib and chest wall involvement, the disease may be overlooked. Three cases of primary pulmonary actinomycosis are presented showing three different pulmonary forms of the disease and comprising (a) subacute patchy pulmonary infiltrates, (b) a cavitary lesion simulating tuberculosis, and (c) a central mass lesion simulating bronchogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "Pulmonary actinomycosis. A report of three cases. The diagnosis of thoracic actinomycosis is readily made when the patient presents with the constellation of poor oral hygiene, pulmonary infiltrates, empyema, sinus tracts, and osteomyelitis of the ribs. However, in the absence of rib and chest wall involvement, the disease may be overlooked. Three cases of primary pulmonary actinomycosis are presented showing three different pulmonary forms of the disease and comprising (a) subacute patchy pulmonary infiltrates, (b) a cavitary lesion simulating tuberculosis, and (c) a central mass lesion simulating bronchogenic carcinoma.", "PMID": 674626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1921", "title": "Arterial encasement in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.", "content": "A case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is reported in which arterial encasement was demonstrated. Pathologic correlation is shown.", "contents": "Arterial encasement in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. A case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is reported in which arterial encasement was demonstrated. Pathologic correlation is shown.", "PMID": 674627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1922", "title": "Nonsurgical treatment of splenic-artery aneurysms.", "content": "Splenic-artery aneurysms are commonly found incidentally during abdominal angiography. Because approximately 10% of these aneurysms may rupture and lead to fatal hemorrhage, surgical treatment is indicated. A new, nonsurgical approach is described in which the splenic-artery aneurysm is packed with foreign matter introduced through a catheter to induce thrombosis. The procedure can be carried out under local anesthesia and is the preferred technique in high-risk patients. As more experience is gained with this procedure, it can be performed on an elective basis under local anesthesia and the patients can be spared the disadvantages of laparotomy.", "contents": "Nonsurgical treatment of splenic-artery aneurysms. Splenic-artery aneurysms are commonly found incidentally during abdominal angiography. Because approximately 10% of these aneurysms may rupture and lead to fatal hemorrhage, surgical treatment is indicated. A new, nonsurgical approach is described in which the splenic-artery aneurysm is packed with foreign matter introduced through a catheter to induce thrombosis. The procedure can be carried out under local anesthesia and is the preferred technique in high-risk patients. As more experience is gained with this procedure, it can be performed on an elective basis under local anesthesia and the patients can be spared the disadvantages of laparotomy.", "PMID": 674628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1923", "title": "Renal peripelvic extravasation: a complication of arteriography.", "content": "Renal peripelvic extravasation is a known complication of intravenous urography in patients with acute ureteral obstruction. A case of bilateral peripelvic extravasation during arteriography is presented. Possible causes for the extravasation are discussed.", "contents": "Renal peripelvic extravasation: a complication of arteriography. Renal peripelvic extravasation is a known complication of intravenous urography in patients with acute ureteral obstruction. A case of bilateral peripelvic extravasation during arteriography is presented. Possible causes for the extravasation are discussed.", "PMID": 674629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1924", "title": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma.", "content": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare form of plasma cell dyscrasia, in which malignant plasma cell tumors arise outside the bone marrow. The tumor may arise in any part of the body but the vast majority occur in the head and neck, primarily in the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, or upper airway. Six patients with extramedullary plasmacytoma are presented and the clinical and radiographic findings are reviewed.", "contents": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma. Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare form of plasma cell dyscrasia, in which malignant plasma cell tumors arise outside the bone marrow. The tumor may arise in any part of the body but the vast majority occur in the head and neck, primarily in the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, or upper airway. Six patients with extramedullary plasmacytoma are presented and the clinical and radiographic findings are reviewed.", "PMID": 674630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1925", "title": "Lipohemarthrosis of the elbow joint.", "content": "Radiographic demonstration of three cases of lipohemarthrosis of the elbow is discussed. Lipohemarthrosis is superior to posterior fat pad as a more specific sign of elbow trauma because posterior fat pad merely indicates increased intra-articular pressure while lipohemarthrosis is due only to intracapsular fracture or cartilage and/or ligament injury. Little fat accumulated in the anterior compartment of the joint can be demonstrated by horizontal-beam technique and lipohemarthrosis may conceivably be observed before posterior fat pad is displaced dorsally. With horizontal-beam technique, the patient is more comfortable and it seems unnecessary to irradiate the other elbow.", "contents": "Lipohemarthrosis of the elbow joint. Radiographic demonstration of three cases of lipohemarthrosis of the elbow is discussed. Lipohemarthrosis is superior to posterior fat pad as a more specific sign of elbow trauma because posterior fat pad merely indicates increased intra-articular pressure while lipohemarthrosis is due only to intracapsular fracture or cartilage and/or ligament injury. Little fat accumulated in the anterior compartment of the joint can be demonstrated by horizontal-beam technique and lipohemarthrosis may conceivably be observed before posterior fat pad is displaced dorsally. With horizontal-beam technique, the patient is more comfortable and it seems unnecessary to irradiate the other elbow.", "PMID": 674631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1926", "title": "CT-assisted pelvic and abdominal aspiration biopsies in gynecological malignancy.", "content": "Twenty-four CT-directed biopsies were performed in 17 women with proved gynecological malignancy which had been treated previously by surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of modalities. CT proved superior to ultrasound biopsy in that the presence of gas in the bowel does not hinder imaging and the use of contrast agents to outline bladder and ureters enables identification of pathological masses even in the presence of massive adhesions and anatomical distortion. Even in small lesions, CT can locate the tip of the needle. The technique, difficulties, specimen handling and clinical relevance are discussed.", "contents": "CT-assisted pelvic and abdominal aspiration biopsies in gynecological malignancy. Twenty-four CT-directed biopsies were performed in 17 women with proved gynecological malignancy which had been treated previously by surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of modalities. CT proved superior to ultrasound biopsy in that the presence of gas in the bowel does not hinder imaging and the use of contrast agents to outline bladder and ureters enables identification of pathological masses even in the presence of massive adhesions and anatomical distortion. Even in small lesions, CT can locate the tip of the needle. The technique, difficulties, specimen handling and clinical relevance are discussed.", "PMID": 674632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1927", "title": "Mediastinal lipomatosis. CT confirmation of a normal variant.", "content": "Mediastinal lipomatosis is a common benign cause of mediastinal widening. While it may be associated with exogenous obesity, steroid ingestion, or Cushing's syndrome, these factors often are not present. Evaluation of the mediastinum by CT should be the initial diagnostic study in the work-up of patients with abnormalities of the mediastinal contour; indeed, in many cases it can eliminate the need for other procedures.", "contents": "Mediastinal lipomatosis. CT confirmation of a normal variant. Mediastinal lipomatosis is a common benign cause of mediastinal widening. While it may be associated with exogenous obesity, steroid ingestion, or Cushing's syndrome, these factors often are not present. Evaluation of the mediastinum by CT should be the initial diagnostic study in the work-up of patients with abnormalities of the mediastinal contour; indeed, in many cases it can eliminate the need for other procedures.", "PMID": 674633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1928", "title": "Computed tomography and ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of neuroblastoma.", "content": "Gray-scale ultrasound and computed tomography were found to be diagnostically and clinically valuable in the study of 13 of 17 children with neuroblastoma. Use of ultrasound and computed tomography: (a) resulted in diagnoses not possible with conventional techniques, such as plain radiographs and excretory urograms; (b) defined more clearly the normal and pathologic anatomy in a three-dimensional perspective; (c) was an aid in evaluating extra-abdominal manifestations; and (d) permitted follow-up after surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.", "contents": "Computed tomography and ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of neuroblastoma. Gray-scale ultrasound and computed tomography were found to be diagnostically and clinically valuable in the study of 13 of 17 children with neuroblastoma. Use of ultrasound and computed tomography: (a) resulted in diagnoses not possible with conventional techniques, such as plain radiographs and excretory urograms; (b) defined more clearly the normal and pathologic anatomy in a three-dimensional perspective; (c) was an aid in evaluating extra-abdominal manifestations; and (d) permitted follow-up after surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.", "PMID": 674634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1929", "title": "Fluid dynamics in cerebral angiography.", "content": "Flow field characteristics are described so that the physician may have a better understanding of the mechanical effects of rapid intravascular injection of a highly ionized hypertonic solution. Theoretical and experimental results which illustrate the fluid dynamics involved are presented. This knowledge may be helpful in diminishing the overall complication rate in cerebral angiography and in outlining the carotid arterial complex, which is frequently the site of dense atheromatous plaque deposition.", "contents": "Fluid dynamics in cerebral angiography. Flow field characteristics are described so that the physician may have a better understanding of the mechanical effects of rapid intravascular injection of a highly ionized hypertonic solution. Theoretical and experimental results which illustrate the fluid dynamics involved are presented. This knowledge may be helpful in diminishing the overall complication rate in cerebral angiography and in outlining the carotid arterial complex, which is frequently the site of dense atheromatous plaque deposition.", "PMID": 674635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1930", "title": "Radiography, radionuclide imaging, and arthrography in the evaluation of total hip and knee replacement.", "content": "Twenty patients with 21 total joint replacements including 17 hips and 4 knees were studied by plain film radiography, radionuclide imaging, and subtraction arthrography to evaluate these procedures for assessing prosthetic complications. Surgery was performed in 14 patients and confirmed loosening of 8 femoral and 7 acetabular hip prosthesis components and 1 femoral and 4 tibial knee prosthesis components. Plain films suggested loosening of only 9 hip components and no knee components. In contrast, radionuclide imaging and subtraction arthrography were considerably more effective in demonstrating loosening as well as other causes of the painful total joint prosthesis.", "contents": "Radiography, radionuclide imaging, and arthrography in the evaluation of total hip and knee replacement. Twenty patients with 21 total joint replacements including 17 hips and 4 knees were studied by plain film radiography, radionuclide imaging, and subtraction arthrography to evaluate these procedures for assessing prosthetic complications. Surgery was performed in 14 patients and confirmed loosening of 8 femoral and 7 acetabular hip prosthesis components and 1 femoral and 4 tibial knee prosthesis components. Plain films suggested loosening of only 9 hip components and no knee components. In contrast, radionuclide imaging and subtraction arthrography were considerably more effective in demonstrating loosening as well as other causes of the painful total joint prosthesis.", "PMID": 674636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1931", "title": "Evaluation of sacro-iliitis: comparison of radiological and radionuclide techniques.", "content": "A 99mTc count profile of the sacro-iliac region was performed in 14 control subjects and in 50 patients with inflammatory pain of the sacro-iliac joints. In addition, 85mSr count profiles were recorded in 14 control subjects. The sacro-iliac/sacral uptake ratio was calculated. There was no significant difference between Sr and Tc count profiles. The uptake in patients with sacro-iliitis was not above the range for controls. The mean uptake ratio was significantly below that for controls, and was lower in cases with radiologically advanced changes than in those with few or no signs. This method was not useful for early diagnosis of sacro-iliitis.", "contents": "Evaluation of sacro-iliitis: comparison of radiological and radionuclide techniques. A 99mTc count profile of the sacro-iliac region was performed in 14 control subjects and in 50 patients with inflammatory pain of the sacro-iliac joints. In addition, 85mSr count profiles were recorded in 14 control subjects. The sacro-iliac/sacral uptake ratio was calculated. There was no significant difference between Sr and Tc count profiles. The uptake in patients with sacro-iliitis was not above the range for controls. The mean uptake ratio was significantly below that for controls, and was lower in cases with radiologically advanced changes than in those with few or no signs. This method was not useful for early diagnosis of sacro-iliitis.", "PMID": 674637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1932", "title": "Oxyphilic adenoma of the parotid gland. Identification with 99mTc-pertechnetate.", "content": "Oxyphilic adenoma of the parotid gland is a rare benign tumor. In the case presented, increased concentration of 99mTc-pertechnetate was seen in the tumor. The only other neoplasm which is known to consistently concentrate pertechnetate is papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin's tumor).", "contents": "Oxyphilic adenoma of the parotid gland. Identification with 99mTc-pertechnetate. Oxyphilic adenoma of the parotid gland is a rare benign tumor. In the case presented, increased concentration of 99mTc-pertechnetate was seen in the tumor. The only other neoplasm which is known to consistently concentrate pertechnetate is papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin's tumor).", "PMID": 674638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1933", "title": "Diagnostic significance of persistent colonic gallium activity: scintigraphic patterns.", "content": "One hundred and forty-eight gallium scans were reviewed to determine the diagnostic significance of colonic gallium activity and its relationship to colonic disease. Location or intensity of the activity was unchanged during the course of the radionuclide study in 25 patients imaged more than once. Of those patients who had colonic gallium activity that did not change in location or intensity during the study, 9 had proved colonic disease. The patterns of colonic activity were either focal or diffuse. These distinct patterns, however, cannot distinguish benign from malignant disease.", "contents": "Diagnostic significance of persistent colonic gallium activity: scintigraphic patterns. One hundred and forty-eight gallium scans were reviewed to determine the diagnostic significance of colonic gallium activity and its relationship to colonic disease. Location or intensity of the activity was unchanged during the course of the radionuclide study in 25 patients imaged more than once. Of those patients who had colonic gallium activity that did not change in location or intensity during the study, 9 had proved colonic disease. The patterns of colonic activity were either focal or diffuse. These distinct patterns, however, cannot distinguish benign from malignant disease.", "PMID": 674639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1934", "title": "111In Desferal: a new radiopharmaceutical for abscess detection.", "content": "Desferal was labeled with 111In and its distribution was studied in normal mice, rabbits bearing turpentine-induced abscesses, and rats bearing Staphylococcus aureus-induced abscesses. The results indicate that 111In Desferal may be used in abscess detection and localization.", "contents": "111In Desferal: a new radiopharmaceutical for abscess detection. Desferal was labeled with 111In and its distribution was studied in normal mice, rabbits bearing turpentine-induced abscesses, and rats bearing Staphylococcus aureus-induced abscesses. The results indicate that 111In Desferal may be used in abscess detection and localization.", "PMID": 674640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1935", "title": "The normal 99mTc-DMSA renal image.", "content": "Renal images of 194 normal subjects given 99mTc-dimer captosuccinic acid (DMSA) were reviewed to establish normal values an optimal imaging techniques for this new renal agent. Images were consistently of high quality. Normal renal size (posterior length) averaged 11.5 +/- 1 cm, and renal radioactivity (functioning tubular mass) was equally divided between the left and right kidney. 99mTc-DMSA appears to be an excellent renal parenchymal imaging agent.", "contents": "The normal 99mTc-DMSA renal image. Renal images of 194 normal subjects given 99mTc-dimer captosuccinic acid (DMSA) were reviewed to establish normal values an optimal imaging techniques for this new renal agent. Images were consistently of high quality. Normal renal size (posterior length) averaged 11.5 +/- 1 cm, and renal radioactivity (functioning tubular mass) was equally divided between the left and right kidney. 99mTc-DMSA appears to be an excellent renal parenchymal imaging agent.", "PMID": 674641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1936", "title": "Discordant imaging of a thyroid nodule with 131I and 99mTc: concordance of 131I and fluorescent scans.", "content": "A thyroid nodule, \"hot\" by 99mTc and \"cold\" by 131I scanning, was reimaged with a fluorescent scanner. The fluorescent scan was qualitatively similar to the 131I scan and demonstrated low iodine content in the nodule. This combination of scan patterns is compatible with an organification defect in the nodular tissue.", "contents": "Discordant imaging of a thyroid nodule with 131I and 99mTc: concordance of 131I and fluorescent scans. A thyroid nodule, \"hot\" by 99mTc and \"cold\" by 131I scanning, was reimaged with a fluorescent scanner. The fluorescent scan was qualitatively similar to the 131I scan and demonstrated low iodine content in the nodule. This combination of scan patterns is compatible with an organification defect in the nodular tissue.", "PMID": 674642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1937", "title": "The application of 67Ga scanning in determining the operability of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "In a prospective study of 34 patients with histologically proven bronchogenic carcinoma, 67Ga scanning of the chest was used to screen for mediastinal involvement. Mediastinal scans and pathologic findings were in agreement in 27 patients. Two patients had false-negative scans and 5 had positive scans but no evidence of mediastinal tumor. These results indicate a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 66.6%, an accuracy of 77% for positive scans, and an accuracy of 83% for negative scans. Overall correlation between 67Ga scanning of the chest and mediastinal-tumor involvement is statistically significant (P = 0.003).", "contents": "The application of 67Ga scanning in determining the operability of bronchogenic carcinoma. In a prospective study of 34 patients with histologically proven bronchogenic carcinoma, 67Ga scanning of the chest was used to screen for mediastinal involvement. Mediastinal scans and pathologic findings were in agreement in 27 patients. Two patients had false-negative scans and 5 had positive scans but no evidence of mediastinal tumor. These results indicate a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 66.6%, an accuracy of 77% for positive scans, and an accuracy of 83% for negative scans. Overall correlation between 67Ga scanning of the chest and mediastinal-tumor involvement is statistically significant (P = 0.003).", "PMID": 674643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1938", "title": "Pentagastrin stimulation of technetium-99m uptake by ectopic gastric muscosa in a Meckel's diverticulum.", "content": "A case is described in which the preoperative diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum was made by scintigraphy after the administration of pentagastrin. Pentagastrin premedication may be helpful in demonstrating ectopic gastric mucosa in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding in whom initial radiopertechnetate scintigraphy is equivocal or normal.", "contents": "Pentagastrin stimulation of technetium-99m uptake by ectopic gastric muscosa in a Meckel's diverticulum. A case is described in which the preoperative diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum was made by scintigraphy after the administration of pentagastrin. Pentagastrin premedication may be helpful in demonstrating ectopic gastric mucosa in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding in whom initial radiopertechnetate scintigraphy is equivocal or normal.", "PMID": 674644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1939", "title": "Gray-scale ultrasonography of the jaundiced patient.", "content": "In 143 jaundiced patients, ultrasound demonstrated the extrahepatic biliary system in 38% of those with medical and 74% of those with surgical jaundice. The size of the extrahepatic biliary system indicated that surgical was best differentiated from medical jaundice when 5 mm served as the upper normal limit for the common hepatic or common bile duct in patients without prior biliary surgery. Half of those patients with prior biliary bypass surgery had nondiagnostic sonograms. In 22% of the jaundiced patients, no additional imaging procedures were performed before definitive therapy. The role of ultrasound in evaluating jaundiced patients is discussed.", "contents": "Gray-scale ultrasonography of the jaundiced patient. In 143 jaundiced patients, ultrasound demonstrated the extrahepatic biliary system in 38% of those with medical and 74% of those with surgical jaundice. The size of the extrahepatic biliary system indicated that surgical was best differentiated from medical jaundice when 5 mm served as the upper normal limit for the common hepatic or common bile duct in patients without prior biliary surgery. Half of those patients with prior biliary bypass surgery had nondiagnostic sonograms. In 22% of the jaundiced patients, no additional imaging procedures were performed before definitive therapy. The role of ultrasound in evaluating jaundiced patients is discussed.", "PMID": 674645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1940", "title": "The use of ultrasound to enhance the diagnostic utility of the equivocal liver scintigraph.", "content": "Using state-of-the-art technology in nuclear medicine and ultrasound, directed ultrasound examinations were performed with attention to equivocal areas identified on hepatic isotope studies. In 100 patients studied prospectively, 100 equivocal radionuclide findings were identified. Proven diagnoses were obtained in 99 cases. Overall accuracy figures were 74% for scintigraphy and 93% for ultrasound. Scintigraphy in general showed high sensitivity, but ultrasound showed greater specificity and accuracy. It was concluded that a directed ultrasound examination is accurate and useful when the hepatic scintigraph is equivocal for any reason.", "contents": "The use of ultrasound to enhance the diagnostic utility of the equivocal liver scintigraph. Using state-of-the-art technology in nuclear medicine and ultrasound, directed ultrasound examinations were performed with attention to equivocal areas identified on hepatic isotope studies. In 100 patients studied prospectively, 100 equivocal radionuclide findings were identified. Proven diagnoses were obtained in 99 cases. Overall accuracy figures were 74% for scintigraphy and 93% for ultrasound. Scintigraphy in general showed high sensitivity, but ultrasound showed greater specificity and accuracy. It was concluded that a directed ultrasound examination is accurate and useful when the hepatic scintigraph is equivocal for any reason.", "PMID": 674646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1941", "title": "Sensitivity of pancreatic ultrasonography in the detection of pancreatic disease.", "content": "Pancreatic ultrasonography was correct 87% of the time separating patients with a normal pancreas from those with an abnormality. Of those patients felt to have a normal pancreas by ultrasonography, only 81% wre ultimately found normal. In this group, errors occurred primarily in patients with chronic pancreatitis. An abnormal pancreatic ultrasonogram is significant and usually indicates disease; ultrasonography correctly identified 94% of those patients ultimately found to have an abnormal pancreas.", "contents": "Sensitivity of pancreatic ultrasonography in the detection of pancreatic disease. Pancreatic ultrasonography was correct 87% of the time separating patients with a normal pancreas from those with an abnormality. Of those patients felt to have a normal pancreas by ultrasonography, only 81% wre ultimately found normal. In this group, errors occurred primarily in patients with chronic pancreatitis. An abnormal pancreatic ultrasonogram is significant and usually indicates disease; ultrasonography correctly identified 94% of those patients ultimately found to have an abnormal pancreas.", "PMID": 674647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1942", "title": "Anatomy and pathology of the kidney by gray scale ultrasound.", "content": "Gray scale ultrasound can define intrarenal structures which could not previously be visualized. The normal calyces and infundibula within the renal sinus can be evaluated for abnormalities. Parenchymal anatomy (cortex, medulla, and arcuate vessels) of the right kidney is best demonstrated with the patient supine, using the liver as a window; anatomy of the left kidney is best appreciated using coronal scans in the right lateral decubitus position. Criteria and differential diagnosis of \"Type I\" parenchymal changes, in which the echo intensity within the cortex is increased, and \"Type II\" changes, in which there is a focal or diffuse disruption of normal renal parenchymal anatomy, are presented.", "contents": "Anatomy and pathology of the kidney by gray scale ultrasound. Gray scale ultrasound can define intrarenal structures which could not previously be visualized. The normal calyces and infundibula within the renal sinus can be evaluated for abnormalities. Parenchymal anatomy (cortex, medulla, and arcuate vessels) of the right kidney is best demonstrated with the patient supine, using the liver as a window; anatomy of the left kidney is best appreciated using coronal scans in the right lateral decubitus position. Criteria and differential diagnosis of \"Type I\" parenchymal changes, in which the echo intensity within the cortex is increased, and \"Type II\" changes, in which there is a focal or diffuse disruption of normal renal parenchymal anatomy, are presented.", "PMID": 674648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1943", "title": "Midline pineal tumors and suprasellar germinomas: highly curable by irradiation.", "content": "Sixty-one patients with midline pineal tumors and 16 patients with suprasellar germinomas were treated with surgical decompression and relatively high-dose radiotherapy of the primary site. Results were excellent, and there were no long-term complications. Ten per cent of midline pineal tumors and 37% of suprasellar germinomas metastasized to the cerebral or spinal subarachnoid space within 6 months to 5 years. Irradiation of the entire neural axis is recommended for locally extensive tumors, simultaneous pineal and hypothalamic lesions, and all biopsy-proved germinomas. The five-year survival rate was 79% for midline pineal tumors and 77% for suprasellar germinomas.", "contents": "Midline pineal tumors and suprasellar germinomas: highly curable by irradiation. Sixty-one patients with midline pineal tumors and 16 patients with suprasellar germinomas were treated with surgical decompression and relatively high-dose radiotherapy of the primary site. Results were excellent, and there were no long-term complications. Ten per cent of midline pineal tumors and 37% of suprasellar germinomas metastasized to the cerebral or spinal subarachnoid space within 6 months to 5 years. Irradiation of the entire neural axis is recommended for locally extensive tumors, simultaneous pineal and hypothalamic lesions, and all biopsy-proved germinomas. The five-year survival rate was 79% for midline pineal tumors and 77% for suprasellar germinomas.", "PMID": 674649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1944", "title": "Postoperative irradiation of pterygia: ten more years of experience.", "content": "\"Bare sclera\" excision followed by 90Sr beta irradiation has been used at Bellevue Hospital for more than 20 years as standard therapy for pterygia. Primary treatment was successful in approximately 90% of cases, and 80% of the failures were salvaged by a second course. This policy is recommended for similar patient populations.", "contents": "Postoperative irradiation of pterygia: ten more years of experience. \"Bare sclera\" excision followed by 90Sr beta irradiation has been used at Bellevue Hospital for more than 20 years as standard therapy for pterygia. Primary treatment was successful in approximately 90% of cases, and 80% of the failures were salvaged by a second course. This policy is recommended for similar patient populations.", "PMID": 674650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1945", "title": "Light output and X-ray attenuation measurements for some commercial intensifying screens.", "content": "The spectral content and intensity of light emission together with the x-ray attenuation have been measured for a selection of commercially available intensifying screens used in diagnostic radiology. Incident x-ray beam qualities with half value layers between 3.8 to 10 mm AI were employed in order to simulate a wide range of clinical situations. The measurements of spectral content demonstrate the wide variations in spectral emission which now exist between screens employing different phosphor materials. Similarly, a wide variation in the intensity of light emission is observed for screens employing different phosphor materials and also for screens employing the same material. The interrelation of the measured physical properties affects both the system speed and noise properties and needs to be considered when comparing the performance of different systems.", "contents": "Light output and X-ray attenuation measurements for some commercial intensifying screens. The spectral content and intensity of light emission together with the x-ray attenuation have been measured for a selection of commercially available intensifying screens used in diagnostic radiology. Incident x-ray beam qualities with half value layers between 3.8 to 10 mm AI were employed in order to simulate a wide range of clinical situations. The measurements of spectral content demonstrate the wide variations in spectral emission which now exist between screens employing different phosphor materials. Similarly, a wide variation in the intensity of light emission is observed for screens employing different phosphor materials and also for screens employing the same material. The interrelation of the measured physical properties affects both the system speed and noise properties and needs to be considered when comparing the performance of different systems.", "PMID": 674651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1946", "title": "A method of evaluating and minimizing geometric unsharpness for mammographic X-ray units.", "content": "A method for measuring and minimizing the effects of geometric unsharpness in mammography involves using a star resolution pattern to determine the equivalent focal spot size of mammographic x-ray units. With this measurement, the limit of resolution at any plane within the breast and the focal spot-to-object distance necessary to obtain the desired limit of resolution are determined. Six mammographic x-ray units were evaluated with this technique. Results show that the resolution capability of four of these units is limited by geometric unsharpness, such that the resolution capability of present mammographic recording systems is not fully utilized.", "contents": "A method of evaluating and minimizing geometric unsharpness for mammographic X-ray units. A method for measuring and minimizing the effects of geometric unsharpness in mammography involves using a star resolution pattern to determine the equivalent focal spot size of mammographic x-ray units. With this measurement, the limit of resolution at any plane within the breast and the focal spot-to-object distance necessary to obtain the desired limit of resolution are determined. Six mammographic x-ray units were evaluated with this technique. Results show that the resolution capability of four of these units is limited by geometric unsharpness, such that the resolution capability of present mammographic recording systems is not fully utilized.", "PMID": 674652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1947", "title": "The dose-latent period relationship in the irradiated cervical spinal cord of the rat.", "content": "The cervical spinal cords of young adult female rats were irradiated with various single and fractionated doses of 250 kV x rays. No relationship was evident between the dose and the latent period for myelopathy after irradiation of the rats' cervical cords, i.e., there was considerable variation in the mean latent periods between different groups of animals given a fixed single dose (4,000 rads). It was concluded that the latent period for myelopathy following irradiation of the cervical cord of the rat is not a reliable experimental end point for radiobiological investigations.", "contents": "The dose-latent period relationship in the irradiated cervical spinal cord of the rat. The cervical spinal cords of young adult female rats were irradiated with various single and fractionated doses of 250 kV x rays. No relationship was evident between the dose and the latent period for myelopathy after irradiation of the rats' cervical cords, i.e., there was considerable variation in the mean latent periods between different groups of animals given a fixed single dose (4,000 rads). It was concluded that the latent period for myelopathy following irradiation of the cervical cord of the rat is not a reliable experimental end point for radiobiological investigations.", "PMID": 674653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1948", "title": "The \"swinging\" tube: a new concept.", "content": "A new technique converts a standard biased x-ray tube into a microfocal spot tube with a clinically useful loading capacity. If the tube is pivoted exactly through the focal spot, the film can be scanned with a 5-10 cm wide beam and cover a 17-inch field. Then the target angle can be decreased to a few degrees. The width of the focal spot can be decreased using a grid bias.", "contents": "The \"swinging\" tube: a new concept. A new technique converts a standard biased x-ray tube into a microfocal spot tube with a clinically useful loading capacity. If the tube is pivoted exactly through the focal spot, the film can be scanned with a 5-10 cm wide beam and cover a 17-inch field. Then the target angle can be decreased to a few degrees. The width of the focal spot can be decreased using a grid bias.", "PMID": 674654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1949", "title": "Choosing a contrast material for aortofemoral runoff angiography.", "content": "Aortofemoral runoff angiography was performed 63 times in a total of 21 patients, each of whom was injected three times with different contrast materials (60% methylglucamine iothalamate, 78%) sodium methylglucamine iothalamate, and 76% sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate). Neither the examiner nor the patient was aware which contrast material was being given. Significantly fewer patients reported severe injection pain with methylglucamine iothalamate than with the other two agents.", "contents": "Choosing a contrast material for aortofemoral runoff angiography. Aortofemoral runoff angiography was performed 63 times in a total of 21 patients, each of whom was injected three times with different contrast materials (60% methylglucamine iothalamate, 78%) sodium methylglucamine iothalamate, and 76% sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate). Neither the examiner nor the patient was aware which contrast material was being given. Significantly fewer patients reported severe injection pain with methylglucamine iothalamate than with the other two agents.", "PMID": 674655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1950", "title": "Computed tomography diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma.", "content": "Angiomyolipomas with a high fat content can be diagnosed by CT, thus eliminating the need for angiography. Surgery can then be tailored for maximal renal tissue preservation. One unilateral and two bilateral surgically confirmed cases of renal angiomyolipoma are presented with a typical fourth case in which surgery was cancelled based on the pathognomonic CT findings.", "contents": "Computed tomography diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma. Angiomyolipomas with a high fat content can be diagnosed by CT, thus eliminating the need for angiography. Surgery can then be tailored for maximal renal tissue preservation. One unilateral and two bilateral surgically confirmed cases of renal angiomyolipoma are presented with a typical fourth case in which surgery was cancelled based on the pathognomonic CT findings.", "PMID": 674656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1951", "title": "Experimental and clinical trials of new 99mTc-labeled hepatobiliary agents.", "content": "Several new derivatives of lidocaine were synthesized and used to examine the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts and gallbladder. Diisopropyl-IDA exhibited approximately twice the bile concentration of 131I-rose bengal during the first hour after injection. P-butyl-IDA also concentrates moderately well in the bile and has the added advantage of very low excretion into the urine (2%). It seems more effective than the other IDA derivatives at high bilirubin levels.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical trials of new 99mTc-labeled hepatobiliary agents. Several new derivatives of lidocaine were synthesized and used to examine the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts and gallbladder. Diisopropyl-IDA exhibited approximately twice the bile concentration of 131I-rose bengal during the first hour after injection. P-butyl-IDA also concentrates moderately well in the bile and has the added advantage of very low excretion into the urine (2%). It seems more effective than the other IDA derivatives at high bilirubin levels.", "PMID": 674657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1952", "title": "Assessment of neutron/gamma-ray dose ratios in intracavitary 252Cf neutron therapy.", "content": "252Cf was used to treat tumors of the cervix, vagina, and uterus. Dosimetric analysis and assessment of n/gamma ratios achievable under clinical conditions indicate that this radionuclide may be useful in gynecologic brachytherapy.", "contents": "Assessment of neutron/gamma-ray dose ratios in intracavitary 252Cf neutron therapy. 252Cf was used to treat tumors of the cervix, vagina, and uterus. Dosimetric analysis and assessment of n/gamma ratios achievable under clinical conditions indicate that this radionuclide may be useful in gynecologic brachytherapy.", "PMID": 674658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1953", "title": "Early clinical experience with a radionuclide emission computed tomographic brain imaging system.", "content": "Six selected cases demonstrate the appearance of subdural hematomas, tumor, stroke, and abscess on single-photon emission tomography. Conventional radionuclide images were obtained on every patient, and computed transmission tomographs were obtained on 4 of the patients. This early clinical experience suggests several promising areas for further investigation.", "contents": "Early clinical experience with a radionuclide emission computed tomographic brain imaging system. Six selected cases demonstrate the appearance of subdural hematomas, tumor, stroke, and abscess on single-photon emission tomography. Conventional radionuclide images were obtained on every patient, and computed transmission tomographs were obtained on 4 of the patients. This early clinical experience suggests several promising areas for further investigation.", "PMID": 674659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1954", "title": "Beam anomaly for a cobalt-60 teletherapy machine.", "content": "A beam anomaly due to trimmer bars for a cobalt teletherapy machine and the possible consequences in clinical work are reported.", "contents": "Beam anomaly for a cobalt-60 teletherapy machine. A beam anomaly due to trimmer bars for a cobalt teletherapy machine and the possible consequences in clinical work are reported.", "PMID": 674660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1955", "title": "The urinal artifact.", "content": "Abrupt narrowing of the male anterior urethra has been increasingly observed during voiding cystourethrography due to extrinsic pressure from a urinal. The true nature of this narrowing must be recognized to avoid misinterpretation.", "contents": "The urinal artifact. Abrupt narrowing of the male anterior urethra has been increasingly observed during voiding cystourethrography due to extrinsic pressure from a urinal. The true nature of this narrowing must be recognized to avoid misinterpretation.", "PMID": 674661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1956", "title": "The use of a tip deflecting guide in untying a knotted arterial catheter.", "content": "Although knot formation occurs only rarely in the distal portions of angiographic catheters, its prompt recognition and the knowledge of various techniques for untying the knot can avoid surgery. The authors describe a unique method for untying a catheter knot using a 60 cm .035-in tip deflecting guide.", "contents": "The use of a tip deflecting guide in untying a knotted arterial catheter. Although knot formation occurs only rarely in the distal portions of angiographic catheters, its prompt recognition and the knowledge of various techniques for untying the knot can avoid surgery. The authors describe a unique method for untying a catheter knot using a 60 cm .035-in tip deflecting guide.", "PMID": 674662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1957", "title": "Xeromammographic cone edge pressure to shift deep lesions into view: a simple modification and technique.", "content": "A straight lower edge on the flat side of an open-ended mammographic cone, applied firmly downward along the chest wall, may sometimes displace deepseated breast lesions into the mammography beam. This can be done with simple materials.", "contents": "Xeromammographic cone edge pressure to shift deep lesions into view: a simple modification and technique. A straight lower edge on the flat side of an open-ended mammographic cone, applied firmly downward along the chest wall, may sometimes displace deepseated breast lesions into the mammography beam. This can be done with simple materials.", "PMID": 674663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1958", "title": "The Cleopatra view in xeromammography: a semi-reclining position for the tail of the breast.", "content": "The Cleopatra view is a semi-reclining position with the patient turned and leaning slightly backward and to the side. It allows the lateral breast and the tail of Spence to be radiographed in contact with the xeromammography cassette.", "contents": "The Cleopatra view in xeromammography: a semi-reclining position for the tail of the breast. The Cleopatra view is a semi-reclining position with the patient turned and leaning slightly backward and to the side. It allows the lateral breast and the tail of Spence to be radiographed in contact with the xeromammography cassette.", "PMID": 674664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1959", "title": "Improved visualization of the lumbar spine and sacrum in pediatric patients by use of the pneumatic compression paddle.", "content": "The lumbosacral spine in infants and young children is usually partially obscured on frontal radiographs by gas-filled intestinal loops. Displacement of the intestine by an air-filled balloon compression device improves visualization of the spine.", "contents": "Improved visualization of the lumbar spine and sacrum in pediatric patients by use of the pneumatic compression paddle. The lumbosacral spine in infants and young children is usually partially obscured on frontal radiographs by gas-filled intestinal loops. Displacement of the intestine by an air-filled balloon compression device improves visualization of the spine.", "PMID": 674665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1960", "title": "A simple buoyancy method for measuring computed tomography phantom material densities.", "content": "The author describes a simple method to rapidly and accurately measure the densities of randomly shaped CT phantom materials.", "contents": "A simple buoyancy method for measuring computed tomography phantom material densities. The author describes a simple method to rapidly and accurately measure the densities of randomly shaped CT phantom materials.", "PMID": 674666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1961", "title": "An improved needle for localization of nonpalpable breast lesions.", "content": "The author describes an inexpensive 22-gauge flat head needle which permits rapid and virtually painless preoperative localization of nonpalpable breast lesions. The lesion is transfixed and anchored by the needle to the skin after a mammogram is obtained.", "contents": "An improved needle for localization of nonpalpable breast lesions. The author describes an inexpensive 22-gauge flat head needle which permits rapid and virtually painless preoperative localization of nonpalpable breast lesions. The lesion is transfixed and anchored by the needle to the skin after a mammogram is obtained.", "PMID": 674667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1962", "title": "Use of a curved multi-hole catheter for abdominal and femoral arteriography.", "content": "A single-curve 6.5 French polyethylene catheter with an endhole and multiple sideholes is routinely used by the authors for abdominal aortography and femoral arteriography. It allows excellent simultaneous visualization of both renal arteries and intrarenal vasculature. When withdrawn to the aorto-iliac bifurcation, it allows virtually selective bilateral femoral artery visualization in the evaluation of peripheral vascular disease.", "contents": "Use of a curved multi-hole catheter for abdominal and femoral arteriography. A single-curve 6.5 French polyethylene catheter with an endhole and multiple sideholes is routinely used by the authors for abdominal aortography and femoral arteriography. It allows excellent simultaneous visualization of both renal arteries and intrarenal vasculature. When withdrawn to the aorto-iliac bifurcation, it allows virtually selective bilateral femoral artery visualization in the evaluation of peripheral vascular disease.", "PMID": 674668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1963", "title": "Computed tomography scans on paper.", "content": "A method to display CT scans on paper has been developed using an electrostatic printer. The scans are displayed in threshold and gray level form, allowing the radiologist to utilize the CT values in the analysis of the scan. This system also has logistic, storage, and economic advantages.", "contents": "Computed tomography scans on paper. A method to display CT scans on paper has been developed using an electrostatic printer. The scans are displayed in threshold and gray level form, allowing the radiologist to utilize the CT values in the analysis of the scan. This system also has logistic, storage, and economic advantages.", "PMID": 674669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1964", "title": "Step-wedge sensitometry.", "content": "An aluminum step-wedge filter placed far from the film cassette provides the constant variation of subject contrast required for quantitative sensitometry while virtually eliminating scatter radiations. Attenuation curves made with this configuration are almost exponentially linear.", "contents": "Step-wedge sensitometry. An aluminum step-wedge filter placed far from the film cassette provides the constant variation of subject contrast required for quantitative sensitometry while virtually eliminating scatter radiations. Attenuation curves made with this configuration are almost exponentially linear.", "PMID": 674670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1965", "title": "A simple method of using a shadow gonadal shield with closed incubators.", "content": "A small disc of lead placed on top of a closed incubator serves as a simple gonadal shield in the neonate. It is easily positioned by use of the collimator light.", "contents": "A simple method of using a shadow gonadal shield with closed incubators. A small disc of lead placed on top of a closed incubator serves as a simple gonadal shield in the neonate. It is easily positioned by use of the collimator light.", "PMID": 674671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1966", "title": "A 23-gauge sheathed needle: an alternative in transhepatic cholangiography.", "content": "The authors propose the use of the BD 23 gauge sheathed needle as an alternative to the Chiba University needle because it permits both the cannulation of normal biliary radicales and therapeutic drainage of a dilated system, without increased morbidity.", "contents": "A 23-gauge sheathed needle: an alternative in transhepatic cholangiography. The authors propose the use of the BD 23 gauge sheathed needle as an alternative to the Chiba University needle because it permits both the cannulation of normal biliary radicales and therapeutic drainage of a dilated system, without increased morbidity.", "PMID": 674672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1967", "title": "Arteriography in children using an isocentric parallelogram.", "content": "A modified U-am with parallelographic motion is readily usuable for serialographic neurological, abdominal, and peripheral angiographic studies in infants and children. Clinical experience with the apparatus has demonstrated dependable and mechanically simple operation, and confirmed that undistorted rotated and sagittally angled views can be obtained without the need for repositioning sedated pediatric patients.", "contents": "Arteriography in children using an isocentric parallelogram. A modified U-am with parallelographic motion is readily usuable for serialographic neurological, abdominal, and peripheral angiographic studies in infants and children. Clinical experience with the apparatus has demonstrated dependable and mechanically simple operation, and confirmed that undistorted rotated and sagittally angled views can be obtained without the need for repositioning sedated pediatric patients.", "PMID": 674673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1968", "title": "Labelled gelfoam in transcatheter arterial embolization of renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Six patients with renal cell carcinoma underwent transcatheter arterial embolization with Gelfoam labelled by metallic clips. The embolization procedure was more easily monitored by fluoroscopy, and the complication of peripheral embolization was prevented. Tumor regression can be evaluated by changes in the distribution of the metallic clips on plain films.", "contents": "Labelled gelfoam in transcatheter arterial embolization of renal cell carcinoma. Six patients with renal cell carcinoma underwent transcatheter arterial embolization with Gelfoam labelled by metallic clips. The embolization procedure was more easily monitored by fluoroscopy, and the complication of peripheral embolization was prevented. Tumor regression can be evaluated by changes in the distribution of the metallic clips on plain films.", "PMID": 674674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1969", "title": "Computed tomography of the pancreas: negative contrast medium.", "content": "The usefulness of polyunsaturated fat, an oral negative contrast material, in outlining the stomach and duodenum in computed tomography is described. Some advantages and limitations of the contrast material are discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the pancreas: negative contrast medium. The usefulness of polyunsaturated fat, an oral negative contrast material, in outlining the stomach and duodenum in computed tomography is described. Some advantages and limitations of the contrast material are discussed.", "PMID": 674675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1970", "title": "Fluoroscopic replacement of a choledochal U-tube using a steerable catheter.", "content": "The use of steerable catheter for replacement of a U-tube following its accidental removal in a patient with incurable cholangiocarcinoma is described. The simplicity of the technique, and the advantages for prevention of further surgery in these patients are emphasized.", "contents": "Fluoroscopic replacement of a choledochal U-tube using a steerable catheter. The use of steerable catheter for replacement of a U-tube following its accidental removal in a patient with incurable cholangiocarcinoma is described. The simplicity of the technique, and the advantages for prevention of further surgery in these patients are emphasized.", "PMID": 674676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1971", "title": "A modified technique for needle localization in arthrography of the shoulder.", "content": "The authors describe a simple technique for establishing satisfactory position of the needle in the shoulder joint for arthrography. Local anesthetic is placed in the hub of the spinal needle and is often drawn into the joint when the needle enters, causing a sudden drop in the fluid level.", "contents": "A modified technique for needle localization in arthrography of the shoulder. The authors describe a simple technique for establishing satisfactory position of the needle in the shoulder joint for arthrography. Local anesthetic is placed in the hub of the spinal needle and is often drawn into the joint when the needle enters, causing a sudden drop in the fluid level.", "PMID": 674677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1972", "title": "Electron-beam radiographs.", "content": "Good portal films can be obtained if the film is left in position throughout the daily fraction. Such films can delineate the outlines of the treatment field as well as the internal structures, making them valuable for future reference.", "contents": "Electron-beam radiographs. Good portal films can be obtained if the film is left in position throughout the daily fraction. Such films can delineate the outlines of the treatment field as well as the internal structures, making them valuable for future reference.", "PMID": 674678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1973", "title": "A technique for enhancing the visualization of \"peritoneal sacs\" during inguinal herniography.", "content": "Increasing intraperitoneal pressure during inguinal herniography by inducing infants to forcefully cry and older children to forcefully cough will enhance opacification of peritoneal sacs that are either not apparent or only minimally opacified during routine filming. The maneuver is performed with fluoroscopy, and spot films are obtained. The technique is discussed and three cases are illustrated.", "contents": "A technique for enhancing the visualization of \"peritoneal sacs\" during inguinal herniography. Increasing intraperitoneal pressure during inguinal herniography by inducing infants to forcefully cry and older children to forcefully cough will enhance opacification of peritoneal sacs that are either not apparent or only minimally opacified during routine filming. The maneuver is performed with fluoroscopy, and spot films are obtained. The technique is discussed and three cases are illustrated.", "PMID": 674679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1974", "title": "Medical malpractice insurance. Part I: A consideration of some of the factors.", "content": "The \"crisis\" of medical malpractice insurance is a product of a number of factors, both social and economic. Physicians, patients, insurance companies, and lawyers have all made individual and collective contributions. Social forces, changing physicians' roles and reorientation of patient attitudes have made institution of litigation against doctors much more culturally acceptable. Contingency fees, the need for compensation, and aggressive legal attitudes have increased the number of lawsuits and the size of awards, inflation, recession, and other economic developments have caused the insurance industry to be concerned about their financial welfare. The responses of various groups to these factors are presented, and their effect upon the cost and availability of medical malpractice insurance are considered.", "contents": "Medical malpractice insurance. Part I: A consideration of some of the factors. The \"crisis\" of medical malpractice insurance is a product of a number of factors, both social and economic. Physicians, patients, insurance companies, and lawyers have all made individual and collective contributions. Social forces, changing physicians' roles and reorientation of patient attitudes have made institution of litigation against doctors much more culturally acceptable. Contingency fees, the need for compensation, and aggressive legal attitudes have increased the number of lawsuits and the size of awards, inflation, recession, and other economic developments have caused the insurance industry to be concerned about their financial welfare. The responses of various groups to these factors are presented, and their effect upon the cost and availability of medical malpractice insurance are considered.", "PMID": 674682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1975", "title": "Ultrasonic assessment of transposition of the great vessels.", "content": "Echocardiography can provide important diagnostic information that identifies the transposition complexes, evaluates relative pressure levels in the pulmonic and systemic circuits, describes subpulmonic obstruction, and identifies some associated congenital anomalies. Following the Mustard procedure, baffle dysfunction may be recognized, and the function of the procine heterograft used in the Rastelli procedure studied. Echocardiography can also demonstrate other congenital cardiac defects that may mimic transposition of the great vessels or reveal normal cardiac and great vessel anatomy and function that can reliably rule out the transposition complexes.", "contents": "Ultrasonic assessment of transposition of the great vessels. Echocardiography can provide important diagnostic information that identifies the transposition complexes, evaluates relative pressure levels in the pulmonic and systemic circuits, describes subpulmonic obstruction, and identifies some associated congenital anomalies. Following the Mustard procedure, baffle dysfunction may be recognized, and the function of the procine heterograft used in the Rastelli procedure studied. Echocardiography can also demonstrate other congenital cardiac defects that may mimic transposition of the great vessels or reveal normal cardiac and great vessel anatomy and function that can reliably rule out the transposition complexes.", "PMID": 674684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1976", "title": "Natural history of obstructive coronary artery disease: ten-year study of 601 nonsurgical cases.", "content": "The most important factors in the prognosis of coronary artery disease are the number of arteries severly obstructed, significant involvement of the left main coronary artery, and generalized impairment of left ventricular function or ventricular aneurysm. Other prognostic influences at least partially independent of these factors are the severity of functional impairment imposed by angina pectoris, electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy or conduction defects, hypertension, and diabetes. Candidates for bypass operation have a better prognosis than noncandidates, but difference in left ventricular function is responsible. Refinement of prognostic precision will depend largely on future improvement in measurement of obstructive disease and left ventricular function serially and better knowledge of the cause or causes of coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Natural history of obstructive coronary artery disease: ten-year study of 601 nonsurgical cases. The most important factors in the prognosis of coronary artery disease are the number of arteries severly obstructed, significant involvement of the left main coronary artery, and generalized impairment of left ventricular function or ventricular aneurysm. Other prognostic influences at least partially independent of these factors are the severity of functional impairment imposed by angina pectoris, electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy or conduction defects, hypertension, and diabetes. Candidates for bypass operation have a better prognosis than noncandidates, but difference in left ventricular function is responsible. Refinement of prognostic precision will depend largely on future improvement in measurement of obstructive disease and left ventricular function serially and better knowledge of the cause or causes of coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 674685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1977", "title": "Effect of methylated prostaglandin E2 analogue on insulin secretion in man.", "content": "Previous studies of the effect of E series prostaglandins /PGs/ on insulin secretion gave conflicting results in animals and little information in man. This study was designed to determine the effect of methylated PGE2 analogue /15/S/- 15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester/, given orally, intraduodenally or intravenously, on insulin secretion, both under basal conditions and in response to intraduodenal or intravenous administration of glucose in 22 male volunteers. Methylated PGE2 kept basal serum insulin level unchanged, but significantly reduced insulin response by 15 +/- 6 microunits/ml to intravenous glucose pulse injection /0.1 g/kg/ or by 45 +/- 11 microunits/ml to intraduodenal glucose infusion /0.5 g/kg-hr/. Blood glucose level was unaffected in tests with intraduodenal methylated PGE2, but in tests with intravenous administration it was significantly reduced. These studies demonstrate that methylated PGE2 analogue given orally, intraduodenally or intravenously results in a potent suppression of insulin response to glucose challenge.", "contents": "Effect of methylated prostaglandin E2 analogue on insulin secretion in man. Previous studies of the effect of E series prostaglandins /PGs/ on insulin secretion gave conflicting results in animals and little information in man. This study was designed to determine the effect of methylated PGE2 analogue /15/S/- 15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester/, given orally, intraduodenally or intravenously, on insulin secretion, both under basal conditions and in response to intraduodenal or intravenous administration of glucose in 22 male volunteers. Methylated PGE2 kept basal serum insulin level unchanged, but significantly reduced insulin response by 15 +/- 6 microunits/ml to intravenous glucose pulse injection /0.1 g/kg/ or by 45 +/- 11 microunits/ml to intraduodenal glucose infusion /0.5 g/kg-hr/. Blood glucose level was unaffected in tests with intraduodenal methylated PGE2, but in tests with intravenous administration it was significantly reduced. These studies demonstrate that methylated PGE2 analogue given orally, intraduodenally or intravenously results in a potent suppression of insulin response to glucose challenge.", "PMID": 674691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1978", "title": "Synthesis of some aromatic prostaglandin analogs.", "content": "Some aromatic prostaglandin analogs, having a benzene (2a, 2b) and a dimethoxybenzene (1) ring in place of the cyclopentane moiety, have been synthesized. The key intermediates in the syntheses were lactols 9 and 5, which were elaborated to the final products via two olefination reactions. Compound 2b was twice as potent as phenylbutazone and nine times as potent as aspirin in inhibiting prostaglandin synthetase activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of some aromatic prostaglandin analogs. Some aromatic prostaglandin analogs, having a benzene (2a, 2b) and a dimethoxybenzene (1) ring in place of the cyclopentane moiety, have been synthesized. The key intermediates in the syntheses were lactols 9 and 5, which were elaborated to the final products via two olefination reactions. Compound 2b was twice as potent as phenylbutazone and nine times as potent as aspirin in inhibiting prostaglandin synthetase activity.", "PMID": 674693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1979", "title": "Perfusion rate dependent prostaglandin release from isolated rabbit kidneys.", "content": "Isolated rabbit kidneys were perfused with 37 degrees C Krebs-Henseleit solution aerated with 95% O2 + 5% CO2. Perfusion rate was varied from 1 to 10 ml/min. This was accompanied by parallel changes of perfusion pressure, prostaglandin excretion and release of radioactivity from kidneys with 14C-arachidonic acid incorporated into the tissue lipid pool. It is suggested that enhancement of perfusion rate raises the intrarenal pressure which increases renal prostaglandin release due to increased substrate availability.", "contents": "Perfusion rate dependent prostaglandin release from isolated rabbit kidneys. Isolated rabbit kidneys were perfused with 37 degrees C Krebs-Henseleit solution aerated with 95% O2 + 5% CO2. Perfusion rate was varied from 1 to 10 ml/min. This was accompanied by parallel changes of perfusion pressure, prostaglandin excretion and release of radioactivity from kidneys with 14C-arachidonic acid incorporated into the tissue lipid pool. It is suggested that enhancement of perfusion rate raises the intrarenal pressure which increases renal prostaglandin release due to increased substrate availability.", "PMID": 674695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1980", "title": "Low prostaglandin concentrations cause cardiac rhythm disturbances. Effect reversed by low levels of copper or chloroquine.", "content": "In perfused male rat hearts concentrations of prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and F2alpha in the range 1 pg/ml to 10 ng/ml (2.8 X 10(-12) to 2.8 X 10(-8)M) consistently caused rhythm irregularities. Higher concentrations had no effect themselves and stabilized rhythm in hearts made unstable by lower concentrations. Copper ions (as the sulphate) at 2 X 10(-6)M stabilized hearts made unstable by PGs and when present prior to the PGs prevented PG induced disturbances. Chloroquine also reversed PG-induced rhythm changes.", "contents": "Low prostaglandin concentrations cause cardiac rhythm disturbances. Effect reversed by low levels of copper or chloroquine. In perfused male rat hearts concentrations of prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and F2alpha in the range 1 pg/ml to 10 ng/ml (2.8 X 10(-12) to 2.8 X 10(-8)M) consistently caused rhythm irregularities. Higher concentrations had no effect themselves and stabilized rhythm in hearts made unstable by lower concentrations. Copper ions (as the sulphate) at 2 X 10(-6)M stabilized hearts made unstable by PGs and when present prior to the PGs prevented PG induced disturbances. Chloroquine also reversed PG-induced rhythm changes.", "PMID": 674696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1981", "title": "The lack of an effect of furosemide on uterine prostaglandin metabolism in vivo.", "content": "We determined the effect of 2 mg/kg intravenous furosemide on the production and metabolism of prostaglandin E2 in the utero-placental unit of pregnant dogs. Uterine venous prostaglandins E2 and 15-keto-13,14-dihydro E2 were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Even though the dose of furosemide was adequate to effect a good diuresis, neither the production nor the metabolism of prostaglandin E2 by the uterus was altered by that dose of the drug. Using radioactive microspheres to measure hemodynamic parameters, we observed no change in uterine vascular resistance while renal vascular resistance decreased. Although the renal concentration of furosemide may be higher than the uteroplacental concentration, there is so far no evidence in vivo that usual doses of furosemide enhance the production or inhibit the metabolism of prostaglandin E2.", "contents": "The lack of an effect of furosemide on uterine prostaglandin metabolism in vivo. We determined the effect of 2 mg/kg intravenous furosemide on the production and metabolism of prostaglandin E2 in the utero-placental unit of pregnant dogs. Uterine venous prostaglandins E2 and 15-keto-13,14-dihydro E2 were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Even though the dose of furosemide was adequate to effect a good diuresis, neither the production nor the metabolism of prostaglandin E2 by the uterus was altered by that dose of the drug. Using radioactive microspheres to measure hemodynamic parameters, we observed no change in uterine vascular resistance while renal vascular resistance decreased. Although the renal concentration of furosemide may be higher than the uteroplacental concentration, there is so far no evidence in vivo that usual doses of furosemide enhance the production or inhibit the metabolism of prostaglandin E2.", "PMID": 674698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1982", "title": "Administration of prostaglandins by various routes for induction of abortion. Merits and demerits.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2alpha and its methyl analogues were used for induction of abortion in 598 patients with gestational age from 9 to 20 weeks. Different routes of administration were studied and various dosages given. The incidence of gastrointestinal side effects were within acceptable range for all methods. Both intra-amniotic injections of 50 mg PGF2alpha and 2.5 mg 15-methyl PGF2alpha as well as intramuscular and vaginal administration of 15-methyl PGF2alpha or its methyl ester, respectively, were highly effective in termination of pregnancy. The intramuscular route was, however, associated with the highest frequency of gastrointestinal side effects. If both efficacy and side effects were taken into consideration, the intra-amniotic and vaginal routes were superior. The ease of administration as well as the applicability over a wider range of gestation in termination of pregnancy may, however, in many situations speak in favour of the repeated vaginal administration of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester.", "contents": "Administration of prostaglandins by various routes for induction of abortion. Merits and demerits. Prostaglandin F2alpha and its methyl analogues were used for induction of abortion in 598 patients with gestational age from 9 to 20 weeks. Different routes of administration were studied and various dosages given. The incidence of gastrointestinal side effects were within acceptable range for all methods. Both intra-amniotic injections of 50 mg PGF2alpha and 2.5 mg 15-methyl PGF2alpha as well as intramuscular and vaginal administration of 15-methyl PGF2alpha or its methyl ester, respectively, were highly effective in termination of pregnancy. The intramuscular route was, however, associated with the highest frequency of gastrointestinal side effects. If both efficacy and side effects were taken into consideration, the intra-amniotic and vaginal routes were superior. The ease of administration as well as the applicability over a wider range of gestation in termination of pregnancy may, however, in many situations speak in favour of the repeated vaginal administration of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester.", "PMID": 674699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1983", "title": "Formation of thiosulfate [35S] by neutron irradiation of potassium chloride and preparation of elementary sulfur [35S].", "content": "Potassium chloride was subjected to various kinds of pretreatments and irradiated in a nuclear reactor. Irradiated potassium chloride was dissolved in deaerated aqueous solution of several sulfur-salts. A portion of the solution was chromatographed on a thin layer chromatographic plate and the distribution of 35S-chemical species was determined. Irradiation of potassium chloride degassed at 3x10(-4)Torr resulted in the formation of about 60% of 35S in the form of thiosulfate and remainder was distributed among sulfide, sulfate and elementary sulfur. Thiosulfate[35S] was converted to elementary sulfur[35S] first by reducing to hydrogen sulfide [35S] with nascent hydrogen and then by oxidizing the latter to elementary sulfur[35S] with hexacyanoferrate(III). Elementary sulfur[35S] was finally extracted into benzene. Radiochemically pure elementary sulfur[35S] could be produced by simple procedures with a yield of about 60%. Thiosulfate[35S] was decomposed with acid to elementary sulfur[35S] and sulfur[35S] dioxide. The former was separated by centrifuging and dispersed in boiling water to form colloidal suspension of elementary sulfur[35S]. Approximately 40% of 35S was recovered as colloid.", "contents": "Formation of thiosulfate [35S] by neutron irradiation of potassium chloride and preparation of elementary sulfur [35S]. Potassium chloride was subjected to various kinds of pretreatments and irradiated in a nuclear reactor. Irradiated potassium chloride was dissolved in deaerated aqueous solution of several sulfur-salts. A portion of the solution was chromatographed on a thin layer chromatographic plate and the distribution of 35S-chemical species was determined. Irradiation of potassium chloride degassed at 3x10(-4)Torr resulted in the formation of about 60% of 35S in the form of thiosulfate and remainder was distributed among sulfide, sulfate and elementary sulfur. Thiosulfate[35S] was converted to elementary sulfur[35S] first by reducing to hydrogen sulfide [35S] with nascent hydrogen and then by oxidizing the latter to elementary sulfur[35S] with hexacyanoferrate(III). Elementary sulfur[35S] was finally extracted into benzene. Radiochemically pure elementary sulfur[35S] could be produced by simple procedures with a yield of about 60%. Thiosulfate[35S] was decomposed with acid to elementary sulfur[35S] and sulfur[35S] dioxide. The former was separated by centrifuging and dispersed in boiling water to form colloidal suspension of elementary sulfur[35S]. Approximately 40% of 35S was recovered as colloid.", "PMID": 674700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1984", "title": "[Synthesis of 14C-labelled prazepam (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to study the metabolic fate of prazepam (PZ), a new synthetic method of [5-14C]PZ(I) and [sidechain-14C]PZ (II) was investigated. The synthesis of these labelled compounds has already been described by E. J. Merrill, et al., but their method requires many synthetic steps and the yield is unfavorably poor. We have recently found much more convenient and efficient method, which is summarized below. 2-Iodo-4-chloroaniline was cyanized with Cu14CN obtained from K14CN, then reacted with phenylmagnesium bromide, hydrolyzed with conc. HCl to give [carbonyl-14C]2-amino-5-chloro-benzophenone(ACB). ACB was bromoacetylated, aminated with NH3 in MeOH, then heated and cyclized to [5-14C]desalkylprazepam(DPZ) according to the usual procedure. DPZ was converted to its Na salt with MeONa, then reacted with cyclopropylmethyl bromide in DMF to give I (2.61 mCi/mmol) with the overall yield of 41.9% from K14CN. [5-14C] Diazepam was also obtained by using MeI instead of cyclopropylmethyl bromide. On the other hand, 14CO2 generated from Na214CO3 and H2SO4 was reacted with cyclopropylmagnesium bromide to give [carboxyl-14C]cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, which was reduced with LiAlH4, then naphthalenesulfonylated to [alpha-14C]cyclopropylmethyl 2-naphthalenesulfonate. Na salt of DPZ was treated with the naphthalenesulfonate in DMF to give II (3.45mCi/mmol) with the overall yield of 36.9% from Na214CO3.", "contents": "[Synthesis of 14C-labelled prazepam (author's transl)]. In order to study the metabolic fate of prazepam (PZ), a new synthetic method of [5-14C]PZ(I) and [sidechain-14C]PZ (II) was investigated. The synthesis of these labelled compounds has already been described by E. J. Merrill, et al., but their method requires many synthetic steps and the yield is unfavorably poor. We have recently found much more convenient and efficient method, which is summarized below. 2-Iodo-4-chloroaniline was cyanized with Cu14CN obtained from K14CN, then reacted with phenylmagnesium bromide, hydrolyzed with conc. HCl to give [carbonyl-14C]2-amino-5-chloro-benzophenone(ACB). ACB was bromoacetylated, aminated with NH3 in MeOH, then heated and cyclized to [5-14C]desalkylprazepam(DPZ) according to the usual procedure. DPZ was converted to its Na salt with MeONa, then reacted with cyclopropylmethyl bromide in DMF to give I (2.61 mCi/mmol) with the overall yield of 41.9% from K14CN. [5-14C] Diazepam was also obtained by using MeI instead of cyclopropylmethyl bromide. On the other hand, 14CO2 generated from Na214CO3 and H2SO4 was reacted with cyclopropylmagnesium bromide to give [carboxyl-14C]cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, which was reduced with LiAlH4, then naphthalenesulfonylated to [alpha-14C]cyclopropylmethyl 2-naphthalenesulfonate. Na salt of DPZ was treated with the naphthalenesulfonate in DMF to give II (3.45mCi/mmol) with the overall yield of 36.9% from Na214CO3.", "PMID": 674701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1985", "title": "[99mTc-pertechnetate neck uptake in the evaluation of thyroid function--simple method with gamma camera and pinhole collimator (author's transl)].", "content": "The neck uptake ratio of 99mTcO4- was measured using a gamma camera and pinhole collimator. The patient was sit 2 m apart from the collimator surface and radioactivity was counted 20 minutes after injection. The whole body count with lead shield (Cc) and without shield (Cd), and natural background count (CBG) were measured. As the shield was utilized the B filter for conventional thyroidal 131I uptake test (lead plate of 1.3 cmx10 cmx10 cm) and it was placed over the anterior neck to cover the thyroid gland at the measurement of (Cc). Then 99mTcO4- neck uptake ratio was calculated as following: (formula: see text) The mean values were 5.3%, 4.5%, 3.1%, 11.2% and 20.7% in the group of euthyroid, hypothyroid, subacute thyroiditis, hyperthyroid state with chronic thyroiditis and Graves' disease, respectively. This method is very convenient and simple to perform following scintigraphy of the thyroid gland with pinhole collimator.", "contents": "[99mTc-pertechnetate neck uptake in the evaluation of thyroid function--simple method with gamma camera and pinhole collimator (author's transl)]. The neck uptake ratio of 99mTcO4- was measured using a gamma camera and pinhole collimator. The patient was sit 2 m apart from the collimator surface and radioactivity was counted 20 minutes after injection. The whole body count with lead shield (Cc) and without shield (Cd), and natural background count (CBG) were measured. As the shield was utilized the B filter for conventional thyroidal 131I uptake test (lead plate of 1.3 cmx10 cmx10 cm) and it was placed over the anterior neck to cover the thyroid gland at the measurement of (Cc). Then 99mTcO4- neck uptake ratio was calculated as following: (formula: see text) The mean values were 5.3%, 4.5%, 3.1%, 11.2% and 20.7% in the group of euthyroid, hypothyroid, subacute thyroiditis, hyperthyroid state with chronic thyroiditis and Graves' disease, respectively. This method is very convenient and simple to perform following scintigraphy of the thyroid gland with pinhole collimator.", "PMID": 674702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1986", "title": "[103Ru for tumor scanning--a comparative study on tissue distributions of 103Ru-chloride and 103Ru-citrate in tumor-bearing animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Biological distribution of 103Ru in mice bearing Ehlrich's solid tumor and rats bearing AH-130 solid tumor were studied with two compounds of 103Ru, the chloride and citrate. The radioactivity of 103Ru-chloride showed slower excretion and higher tumor concentration than that of citrate. The tumor-to-muscle ratios of chloride were always higher, but the tumor-to-blood ratios were always lower than those of citrate. No significant difference was founds between 103Ru-chloride and citrate as tumor scanning agents.", "contents": "[103Ru for tumor scanning--a comparative study on tissue distributions of 103Ru-chloride and 103Ru-citrate in tumor-bearing animals (author's transl)]. Biological distribution of 103Ru in mice bearing Ehlrich's solid tumor and rats bearing AH-130 solid tumor were studied with two compounds of 103Ru, the chloride and citrate. The radioactivity of 103Ru-chloride showed slower excretion and higher tumor concentration than that of citrate. The tumor-to-muscle ratios of chloride were always higher, but the tumor-to-blood ratios were always lower than those of citrate. No significant difference was founds between 103Ru-chloride and citrate as tumor scanning agents.", "PMID": 674703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1987", "title": "[Development of subtracted nephrogram using 131I-hippuran sequential scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "Subtracted nephrogram was developed using 131I-hippuran sequential scintigraphy. An Anger-camera and on-line minicomputer system (HITAC-10, 16KW) was employed for data processing. In the present study, after 500microCi of 131I-hippuran was injected intravenously, sequential images were stored as 10-second frames of digitalized data for 20 minutes and these images were transferred into the magnetic tape. RI dynamic curves in the areas of interest such as substantial and pelvic regions were extracted by comparison with regional renograms with varimax method. Subtracted nephrogram was attempted which calculated the differences in RI concentration between two images of substantial and pelvic phase in the digitalized image and displayed as functional images on a CRT. These methods were applied clinically in various renal diseases. It was demonstrated that subtracted nephrogram was proved to be a method by which the dynamic process of renal function was represented by a single display. And subtracted nephrogram was shown to delineate the functioning renal substance and pelvis clearly and to correspond with the findings of pyelography. In conclusion, these method seemed to be useful for quantitative evaluation of substantial or pelvic function and for the differential diagnosis of various renal diseases.", "contents": "[Development of subtracted nephrogram using 131I-hippuran sequential scintigraphy (author's transl)]. Subtracted nephrogram was developed using 131I-hippuran sequential scintigraphy. An Anger-camera and on-line minicomputer system (HITAC-10, 16KW) was employed for data processing. In the present study, after 500microCi of 131I-hippuran was injected intravenously, sequential images were stored as 10-second frames of digitalized data for 20 minutes and these images were transferred into the magnetic tape. RI dynamic curves in the areas of interest such as substantial and pelvic regions were extracted by comparison with regional renograms with varimax method. Subtracted nephrogram was attempted which calculated the differences in RI concentration between two images of substantial and pelvic phase in the digitalized image and displayed as functional images on a CRT. These methods were applied clinically in various renal diseases. It was demonstrated that subtracted nephrogram was proved to be a method by which the dynamic process of renal function was represented by a single display. And subtracted nephrogram was shown to delineate the functioning renal substance and pelvis clearly and to correspond with the findings of pyelography. In conclusion, these method seemed to be useful for quantitative evaluation of substantial or pelvic function and for the differential diagnosis of various renal diseases.", "PMID": 674704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1988", "title": "[Effect of coitus on sperm transport and fertilization in rabbits].", "content": "The number of spermatozoa into the Fallopian tubes and levels of in vivo fertilization were measured following different treatment. The results show that copulation by the artificially inseminated animal has a strong influence on the transport of the rabbit spermatozoa and \"in vitro\" fertilization. This constitutes some more evidence about the physiological role played by the utero-tubal junction.", "contents": "[Effect of coitus on sperm transport and fertilization in rabbits]. The number of spermatozoa into the Fallopian tubes and levels of in vivo fertilization were measured following different treatment. The results show that copulation by the artificially inseminated animal has a strong influence on the transport of the rabbit spermatozoa and \"in vitro\" fertilization. This constitutes some more evidence about the physiological role played by the utero-tubal junction.", "PMID": 674714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1989", "title": "Conformational changes in antigen-stimulated lymphocytes detected with 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate.", "content": "The hydrophobic fluorescent probe, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate (ANS), has been used to study conformational changes of mouse antigen-stimulated lymphocytes in vivo. Studies revealed that early conformational changes appear in Bovine Serum Albumin-- or Sheep Erythrocytes-- stimulated splenic and thymic lymphocytes. These conformational changes are detected by fluorescence intensity changes, when ANS is bound to lymphocytes. The kinetic studies further indicate that the course of conformational changes may vary considerably depending on antigens.", "contents": "Conformational changes in antigen-stimulated lymphocytes detected with 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate. The hydrophobic fluorescent probe, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate (ANS), has been used to study conformational changes of mouse antigen-stimulated lymphocytes in vivo. Studies revealed that early conformational changes appear in Bovine Serum Albumin-- or Sheep Erythrocytes-- stimulated splenic and thymic lymphocytes. These conformational changes are detected by fluorescence intensity changes, when ANS is bound to lymphocytes. The kinetic studies further indicate that the course of conformational changes may vary considerably depending on antigens.", "PMID": 674715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1990", "title": "Effect of estradiol benzoate on the proliferation of osteogenic cells in fetal rat fibulae cultured in vitro.", "content": "The influence of estradiol benzoate on the proliferation of bone cells was investigated in vitro by radioautography. The fibulae from 19-day fetal rats were pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine after various periods of culture on estrogen-supplemented (5 microgram/ml) or control media. The analysis of radioautographs revealed that the cell division was restricted to osteogenic cells of undifferentiated appearance. No label was found in osteoblasts or in osteoclasts. At the time of explantation, about 30% of osteogenic cells were labeled. However, this percentage varied considerably after different intervals of culture. In the control bones, it decreased during first 12 hours to 15% and then rose slowly to attain a preculture value after 48 hours. In the presence of estradiol, the initial decline of labeled cells was less pronounced. The percentage recovered to a preculture level already after 24 hours and continued to increase thereafter. The numbers of labeled osteogenic cells, in estrogen-treated bones, were significantly higher than in controls already after 12 hours of culture. It is concluded that the fetal rat bones undergo in vitro a period of adaptation to a new environment as indicated by a transient decrease of dividing cells. Estradiol benzoate appears to shorten this period by stimulating the proliferation of undifferentiated cells.", "contents": "Effect of estradiol benzoate on the proliferation of osteogenic cells in fetal rat fibulae cultured in vitro. The influence of estradiol benzoate on the proliferation of bone cells was investigated in vitro by radioautography. The fibulae from 19-day fetal rats were pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine after various periods of culture on estrogen-supplemented (5 microgram/ml) or control media. The analysis of radioautographs revealed that the cell division was restricted to osteogenic cells of undifferentiated appearance. No label was found in osteoblasts or in osteoclasts. At the time of explantation, about 30% of osteogenic cells were labeled. However, this percentage varied considerably after different intervals of culture. In the control bones, it decreased during first 12 hours to 15% and then rose slowly to attain a preculture value after 48 hours. In the presence of estradiol, the initial decline of labeled cells was less pronounced. The percentage recovered to a preculture level already after 24 hours and continued to increase thereafter. The numbers of labeled osteogenic cells, in estrogen-treated bones, were significantly higher than in controls already after 12 hours of culture. It is concluded that the fetal rat bones undergo in vitro a period of adaptation to a new environment as indicated by a transient decrease of dividing cells. Estradiol benzoate appears to shorten this period by stimulating the proliferation of undifferentiated cells.", "PMID": 674716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1991", "title": "Cryosurgery of headache.", "content": "The use of cryosurgery applied to the sphenopalatine area (artery and ganglion) plus the superficial temporal and occipital branches of the external carotid artery has proven worthwhile in a majority of patients in whom this procedure has been used since 1968. Experience includes almost 700 procedures in more than 500 patients who have answered to follow-up. The procedure is not a major operation, is repeatable and, until the ideal drug is discovered, offers a better than average change for definite improvement in vascular headache.", "contents": "Cryosurgery of headache. The use of cryosurgery applied to the sphenopalatine area (artery and ganglion) plus the superficial temporal and occipital branches of the external carotid artery has proven worthwhile in a majority of patients in whom this procedure has been used since 1968. Experience includes almost 700 procedures in more than 500 patients who have answered to follow-up. The procedure is not a major operation, is repeatable and, until the ideal drug is discovered, offers a better than average change for definite improvement in vascular headache.", "PMID": 674810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1992", "title": "The discriminative stimulus properties of cyclazocine: generalization studies involving nalorphine, morphine and LSD.", "content": "Rats learned to discriminate cyclazocine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline using a two-lever operant (FR-4) procedure within 10 sessions under each drug condition. The cyclazocine discriminative stimulus (DS) was both dose- and time-related, being antagonized by naloxone at doses approximately 80 times that necessary to block the discriminative stimulus effect of morphine. Cyclazocine also generalized to nalorphine, but not to morphine, pentazocine or LSD. These data suggest that cyclazocine produced DS control of behavior by acting at CNS sites different from those affected by morphine or LSD.", "contents": "The discriminative stimulus properties of cyclazocine: generalization studies involving nalorphine, morphine and LSD. Rats learned to discriminate cyclazocine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline using a two-lever operant (FR-4) procedure within 10 sessions under each drug condition. The cyclazocine discriminative stimulus (DS) was both dose- and time-related, being antagonized by naloxone at doses approximately 80 times that necessary to block the discriminative stimulus effect of morphine. Cyclazocine also generalized to nalorphine, but not to morphine, pentazocine or LSD. These data suggest that cyclazocine produced DS control of behavior by acting at CNS sites different from those affected by morphine or LSD.", "PMID": 674812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1993", "title": "Rat hippocampal norepinephrine response to cholinesterase inhibition.", "content": "In this study, 13 groups of rats were injected with the insecticide Disulfoton (0-0-diethyl S-2-[(ethylthio) ethyl] phosphorodithioate), sacrificed after various time intervals and levels of hippocampal norepinephrine determined. Results indicate that this cholinesterase inhibiting compound caused a significant decrease (congruent to 14%) in hippocampal norepinephrine within 3 hours of exposure. This reduction was maintained for at least 48 hours. Titers of norepinephrine had returned to control levels when measured 5 days after a single drug administration. Chronic poisoning also caused depressed norepinephrine levels, although not significantly below those observed in acutely treated animals.", "contents": "Rat hippocampal norepinephrine response to cholinesterase inhibition. In this study, 13 groups of rats were injected with the insecticide Disulfoton (0-0-diethyl S-2-[(ethylthio) ethyl] phosphorodithioate), sacrificed after various time intervals and levels of hippocampal norepinephrine determined. Results indicate that this cholinesterase inhibiting compound caused a significant decrease (congruent to 14%) in hippocampal norepinephrine within 3 hours of exposure. This reduction was maintained for at least 48 hours. Titers of norepinephrine had returned to control levels when measured 5 days after a single drug administration. Chronic poisoning also caused depressed norepinephrine levels, although not significantly below those observed in acutely treated animals.", "PMID": 674813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1994", "title": "Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine incubation on noradrenaline accumulation and on contractile responses in the rat anococcygeus muscle.", "content": "The contractile responses of the rat anococcygeus muscle to sympathomimetics, dopaminergic agonists and 5-hydroxytryptamine, but not to acetylcholine, were inhibited by phentolamine (10(-5)M). Following 6-hydroxydopamine incubation (10(-3)M for 3h), the accumulation of noradrenaline was inhibited, contractile responses to noradrenaline were potentiated, responses to tyramine were abolished and responses to acetylcholine were unaltered. Thus, any spasmogen activity due to release of noradrenaline in this muscle was abolished by 6-hydroxydopamine incubation. This method was used to characterise the direct and indirect actions of some sympathomimetics. In addition, dopaminergic agonists and 5-hydroxytryptamine may also act by releasing noradrenaline in this preparation.", "contents": "Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine incubation on noradrenaline accumulation and on contractile responses in the rat anococcygeus muscle. The contractile responses of the rat anococcygeus muscle to sympathomimetics, dopaminergic agonists and 5-hydroxytryptamine, but not to acetylcholine, were inhibited by phentolamine (10(-5)M). Following 6-hydroxydopamine incubation (10(-3)M for 3h), the accumulation of noradrenaline was inhibited, contractile responses to noradrenaline were potentiated, responses to tyramine were abolished and responses to acetylcholine were unaltered. Thus, any spasmogen activity due to release of noradrenaline in this muscle was abolished by 6-hydroxydopamine incubation. This method was used to characterise the direct and indirect actions of some sympathomimetics. In addition, dopaminergic agonists and 5-hydroxytryptamine may also act by releasing noradrenaline in this preparation.", "PMID": 674814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1995", "title": "In vivo disposition and metabolism of enkephalins: relationship to analgesic properties.", "content": "After intravenous injection, both Met5-enkephalin and D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide rapidly entered the brains of mice. Both peptides obtained similar concentrations. The t-1/2 for D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide in the brain (0.7 minutes) corresponds roughly to its analgesic t-1/2 (1.7 minutes); thus, rapid metabolism appears to account for the short duration of analgesia seen with this compound. Met5-enkephalin, on the other hand, although attaining similar brain concentrations, failed to elicit analgesia. Rapid metabolism alone does not account for this lack of analgesic effect.", "contents": "In vivo disposition and metabolism of enkephalins: relationship to analgesic properties. After intravenous injection, both Met5-enkephalin and D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide rapidly entered the brains of mice. Both peptides obtained similar concentrations. The t-1/2 for D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide in the brain (0.7 minutes) corresponds roughly to its analgesic t-1/2 (1.7 minutes); thus, rapid metabolism appears to account for the short duration of analgesia seen with this compound. Met5-enkephalin, on the other hand, although attaining similar brain concentrations, failed to elicit analgesia. Rapid metabolism alone does not account for this lack of analgesic effect.", "PMID": 674815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1996", "title": "Tissue distribution and excretion of 14C-epichlorohydrin in male and female rats.", "content": "The tissue distribution and excretion of 14C-epichlorohydrin was studied in both male and female rats following an oral dose of 10 mg/kg. Organs containing the highest concentrations of radioactive label per unit weight were the kidneys, liver, pancreas, ann spleen. With the exception of the pancreas, these are the same organs in which epichlorohydrin-induced pathologic changes have been reported by a number of investigators, indicating a direct correlation between tissue levels and target organ toxicity. The principal route of excretion was via the kidneys, 38-40% of the dose appearing in the urine during the 72 hour period of study. Fecal excretion was relatively insignificant, representing less than 4% of the administered dose. It was found that 18-21% of the administered dose appeared as 14CO2 in the expired air, the majority being excreted in the first 4 hours, suggesting a rapid and extensive biotransformation of the compound.", "contents": "Tissue distribution and excretion of 14C-epichlorohydrin in male and female rats. The tissue distribution and excretion of 14C-epichlorohydrin was studied in both male and female rats following an oral dose of 10 mg/kg. Organs containing the highest concentrations of radioactive label per unit weight were the kidneys, liver, pancreas, ann spleen. With the exception of the pancreas, these are the same organs in which epichlorohydrin-induced pathologic changes have been reported by a number of investigators, indicating a direct correlation between tissue levels and target organ toxicity. The principal route of excretion was via the kidneys, 38-40% of the dose appearing in the urine during the 72 hour period of study. Fecal excretion was relatively insignificant, representing less than 4% of the administered dose. It was found that 18-21% of the administered dose appeared as 14CO2 in the expired air, the majority being excreted in the first 4 hours, suggesting a rapid and extensive biotransformation of the compound.", "PMID": 674816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1997", "title": "Studies of the interrelationship between plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity and acute myocardial infarction in dogs.", "content": "Serial determinations of plasma norepinephrine and renin activity were made in dogs following acute ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Increases in both substances closely paralleled increases in creatine phosphokinase activity, heart rate and the incidence of ventricular premature contractions. Following acute myocardial infarction, significant correlations were found to exist between plasma norepinephrine and plasma renin activity and between the levels of these vasoactive substances and the measured indices of ischemic damage. These data suggest that changes in vasoactive systems associated with myocardial infarction may contribute to the extent of ischemic injury.", "contents": "Studies of the interrelationship between plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity and acute myocardial infarction in dogs. Serial determinations of plasma norepinephrine and renin activity were made in dogs following acute ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Increases in both substances closely paralleled increases in creatine phosphokinase activity, heart rate and the incidence of ventricular premature contractions. Following acute myocardial infarction, significant correlations were found to exist between plasma norepinephrine and plasma renin activity and between the levels of these vasoactive substances and the measured indices of ischemic damage. These data suggest that changes in vasoactive systems associated with myocardial infarction may contribute to the extent of ischemic injury.", "PMID": 674817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1998", "title": "Calcium augmentation of enzyme leakage from mouse skeletal muscle and its possible site of action.", "content": "Creatine kinase efflux from isolated mouse skeletal muscle was monitored in the presence of various concentrations of Ca2+ or La3+ over a 5 hour period. Ca2+ levels between 10(-3) and 10(-2)M augmented enzyme leakage to greater than 300% above control. La3+, which is said to displace Ca2+ from sarcolemmal and t-tubule membranes, depressed enzyme efflux at concentrations between 10(-5) and 10(-3M. These data indicate that extracellular Ca2+ mediates in vitro enzyme efflux, and may be acting on the sarcolemma and its extensions. These observations may prove useful in developing new means to regulate enzyme leakage in various muscle disorders.", "contents": "Calcium augmentation of enzyme leakage from mouse skeletal muscle and its possible site of action. Creatine kinase efflux from isolated mouse skeletal muscle was monitored in the presence of various concentrations of Ca2+ or La3+ over a 5 hour period. Ca2+ levels between 10(-3) and 10(-2)M augmented enzyme leakage to greater than 300% above control. La3+, which is said to displace Ca2+ from sarcolemmal and t-tubule membranes, depressed enzyme efflux at concentrations between 10(-5) and 10(-3M. These data indicate that extracellular Ca2+ mediates in vitro enzyme efflux, and may be acting on the sarcolemma and its extensions. These observations may prove useful in developing new means to regulate enzyme leakage in various muscle disorders.", "PMID": 674818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_1999", "title": "Chemical compositional studies of erythrocyte membranes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Erythrocytes from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are known to possess a number of structural and functional abnormalities, including an increased osmotic fragility and potassium permeability, a decreased deformability and altered electrophoretic behaviour. To explore the possible chemical basis of these changes, the compositional properties of erythrocyte membranes from patients with DMD and a number of suspected carriers for this disorder have been investigated. Quantitative analyses of membrane cholesterol, sialic acid and major phospholipid classes were normal in both groups of individuals and no alterations in the arrangement of membrane amino and sulfhydryl groups could be detected. It is suggested that increased levels of cellular calcium, possibly occurring as the result of a defect in active calcium extrusion, could account for the structural and functional abnormalities of erythrocytes in DMD.", "contents": "Chemical compositional studies of erythrocyte membranes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Erythrocytes from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are known to possess a number of structural and functional abnormalities, including an increased osmotic fragility and potassium permeability, a decreased deformability and altered electrophoretic behaviour. To explore the possible chemical basis of these changes, the compositional properties of erythrocyte membranes from patients with DMD and a number of suspected carriers for this disorder have been investigated. Quantitative analyses of membrane cholesterol, sialic acid and major phospholipid classes were normal in both groups of individuals and no alterations in the arrangement of membrane amino and sulfhydryl groups could be detected. It is suggested that increased levels of cellular calcium, possibly occurring as the result of a defect in active calcium extrusion, could account for the structural and functional abnormalities of erythrocytes in DMD.", "PMID": 674819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2000", "title": "Prostatic cellular changes after injection of cadmium and lead into rat prostate.", "content": "Forty male rats were divided into four groups. Group I served as control. Group II received 1 mg. lead injected into the prostate; Group III received 1 mg. cadmium chloride; and Group IV received 0.5 mg. lead acetate and 0.5 mg. cadmium chloride. Results indicated that lead caused stone formation in the bladder and calcification of both bladder and prostate; cadmium caused reduction in size and weight of prostate, and histological observation showed marked atrophy of the gland, cuboidal epithelium, and squamous metaplasia in the acini of the prostate; there was no synergistic effect of lead acetate and cadmium chloride when combined at the level administered to Group IV.", "contents": "Prostatic cellular changes after injection of cadmium and lead into rat prostate. Forty male rats were divided into four groups. Group I served as control. Group II received 1 mg. lead injected into the prostate; Group III received 1 mg. cadmium chloride; and Group IV received 0.5 mg. lead acetate and 0.5 mg. cadmium chloride. Results indicated that lead caused stone formation in the bladder and calcification of both bladder and prostate; cadmium caused reduction in size and weight of prostate, and histological observation showed marked atrophy of the gland, cuboidal epithelium, and squamous metaplasia in the acini of the prostate; there was no synergistic effect of lead acetate and cadmium chloride when combined at the level administered to Group IV.", "PMID": 674820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2001", "title": "Laser light scattering bioassay for 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ARA-C, NSC-63878).", "content": "A bioassay method for the estimation of ara-C in biological samples which utilizes laser light scattering from suspensions of drug-sensitive bacteria has been developed. The species employed in the assay was Streptococcus faecium var. durans resistant to methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine. In less than four hours, serum and urine levels of ara-C can be reproducibly measured using the method. A sample volume of 0.1 ml containing 30 ng/ml may be assayed with a precision of +/-10 percent. The present studies further confirm the utility of the method as a rapid and relatively inexpensive assay methodology of broad application. Time variations of drug serum levels and urinary excretion rates in dogs are compared via the differential light scattering (DLS) assay, standard disc diffusion assay, and radiosotopic assay. The results obtained by the various methods are in excellent agreement.", "contents": "Laser light scattering bioassay for 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ARA-C, NSC-63878). A bioassay method for the estimation of ara-C in biological samples which utilizes laser light scattering from suspensions of drug-sensitive bacteria has been developed. The species employed in the assay was Streptococcus faecium var. durans resistant to methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine. In less than four hours, serum and urine levels of ara-C can be reproducibly measured using the method. A sample volume of 0.1 ml containing 30 ng/ml may be assayed with a precision of +/-10 percent. The present studies further confirm the utility of the method as a rapid and relatively inexpensive assay methodology of broad application. Time variations of drug serum levels and urinary excretion rates in dogs are compared via the differential light scattering (DLS) assay, standard disc diffusion assay, and radiosotopic assay. The results obtained by the various methods are in excellent agreement.", "PMID": 674821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2002", "title": "A study of the effect of CO2 on experimental neuroblastoma.", "content": "The effects of high concentrations of CO2 on experimental murine neuroblastoma tumor were studied. Similar to the experience with the animal model of Wilms' tumor, the local growth of this neuroblastoma model was not affected by concentrations of 76% and 55% of CO2 applied for 10 and 30 minutes. The tumor bearing animals exposed to different CO2 concentrations tended to develop metastases more frequently than the control groups, although no change in survival was noted. Different animals and additional tumor models could be used by others to study the effects of different CO2 concentrations at different exposure times.", "contents": "A study of the effect of CO2 on experimental neuroblastoma. The effects of high concentrations of CO2 on experimental murine neuroblastoma tumor were studied. Similar to the experience with the animal model of Wilms' tumor, the local growth of this neuroblastoma model was not affected by concentrations of 76% and 55% of CO2 applied for 10 and 30 minutes. The tumor bearing animals exposed to different CO2 concentrations tended to develop metastases more frequently than the control groups, although no change in survival was noted. Different animals and additional tumor models could be used by others to study the effects of different CO2 concentrations at different exposure times.", "PMID": 674822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2003", "title": "Resistance to a transplantable rat mammary tumor (DMBA 8BT) after pre-treatment with syngeneic fetal cells.", "content": "Mid-term syngeneic fetal cells, injected according to an optimal schedule, protect female Fischer 344 rats against a transplantable mammary tumor (DMBA 8BT). This protection is complete against an inoculum of up to 5 x 10(5) cells, an amount which leads to a 100% tumor take without pre-treatment. Multiparity does not protect against this tumor model.", "contents": "Resistance to a transplantable rat mammary tumor (DMBA 8BT) after pre-treatment with syngeneic fetal cells. Mid-term syngeneic fetal cells, injected according to an optimal schedule, protect female Fischer 344 rats against a transplantable mammary tumor (DMBA 8BT). This protection is complete against an inoculum of up to 5 x 10(5) cells, an amount which leads to a 100% tumor take without pre-treatment. Multiparity does not protect against this tumor model.", "PMID": 674823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2004", "title": "The identification and measurement of two new metabolites of naltrexone in human urine.", "content": "Two metabolites of naltrexone were identified in human and rat urine following drug administration. The metabolites, 2-hydroxy-3-0-methylnatrexone and 2-hydroxy-3-0-methyl-6 beta-naltrexol, were identified by comparison of their respective gas chromatographic retention times and methane chemical ionization spectral patterns with authentic standards. The standards were obtained by chemical synthesis from naltrexone. Urinary excretion of the two metabolites was measured by single ion recording of the pseudomolecular ions of the metabolites and an internal standard. Excretion data was collected from 5 human subjects over a period of 5 days following a single dose of naltrexone. The metabolites, 2-hydroxy-3-0-methylnatrexone and 2-hydroxy-3-0-methyl-6 beta-natrexol were found to account for an average (+/- standard error) of 0.45 +/- 0.08% and 4.6 +/- 2.1% of the administered dose, respectively. An unusually long half-life of elimination of the latter metabolite (mean of 20.2 +/- 1.8 hr) was observed. Acid-hydrolysis of the samples failed to produce a significant increase of either metabolite indicating that the major protion of these metabolites is excreted in the free form.", "contents": "The identification and measurement of two new metabolites of naltrexone in human urine. Two metabolites of naltrexone were identified in human and rat urine following drug administration. The metabolites, 2-hydroxy-3-0-methylnatrexone and 2-hydroxy-3-0-methyl-6 beta-naltrexol, were identified by comparison of their respective gas chromatographic retention times and methane chemical ionization spectral patterns with authentic standards. The standards were obtained by chemical synthesis from naltrexone. Urinary excretion of the two metabolites was measured by single ion recording of the pseudomolecular ions of the metabolites and an internal standard. Excretion data was collected from 5 human subjects over a period of 5 days following a single dose of naltrexone. The metabolites, 2-hydroxy-3-0-methylnatrexone and 2-hydroxy-3-0-methyl-6 beta-natrexol were found to account for an average (+/- standard error) of 0.45 +/- 0.08% and 4.6 +/- 2.1% of the administered dose, respectively. An unusually long half-life of elimination of the latter metabolite (mean of 20.2 +/- 1.8 hr) was observed. Acid-hydrolysis of the samples failed to produce a significant increase of either metabolite indicating that the major protion of these metabolites is excreted in the free form.", "PMID": 674824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2005", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic behavior of the reduced folate coenzyme, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, was studied in the rat. Following oral administration the coenzyme was well absorbed from the intestinal tract and was bound to serum proteins. Plasma disappearance occurred in two exponential phases with a t1/2 alpha of 23.5 min and t1/2 beta of 8.5 hr. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate appeared to be readily taken up by the tissues and was excreted in the urine primarily in the initial 4-8 hr. with minimal degradation in the process.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. The pharmacokinetic behavior of the reduced folate coenzyme, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, was studied in the rat. Following oral administration the coenzyme was well absorbed from the intestinal tract and was bound to serum proteins. Plasma disappearance occurred in two exponential phases with a t1/2 alpha of 23.5 min and t1/2 beta of 8.5 hr. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate appeared to be readily taken up by the tissues and was excreted in the urine primarily in the initial 4-8 hr. with minimal degradation in the process.", "PMID": 674825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2006", "title": "Centrally mediated hypotension and bradycardia induced by an aminotetralin derivative: TL-68.", "content": "An aminotetralin derivate, N,N-dipropyl-2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (TL-68) induced a prolonged decrease in blood pressure and heart rate when administered i.v. in anesthetized cats. The compound inhibited the blood pressure and heart rate responses induced by central stump stimulation of the sciatic nerve indicating inhibition of sympathetic transmission. TL-68 caused a weak inhibition of the positive chronotropic response induced by stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve. When comparatively low doses of TL-68 were injected into the left vertebral artery, a considerable dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure and heart rate developed. The same doses had only small or negligible effects on blood pressure and heart rate when given intravenously. When TL-68 was injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle of unanesthetized rats, a significant hypotension and bradycardia was observed which could be prevented by prior intraventricular injection of phentolamine. The results suggest that this compound exerts its effect through a central mechanism of action, perhaps by stimulation of alpha-adrenoreceptors.", "contents": "Centrally mediated hypotension and bradycardia induced by an aminotetralin derivative: TL-68. An aminotetralin derivate, N,N-dipropyl-2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (TL-68) induced a prolonged decrease in blood pressure and heart rate when administered i.v. in anesthetized cats. The compound inhibited the blood pressure and heart rate responses induced by central stump stimulation of the sciatic nerve indicating inhibition of sympathetic transmission. TL-68 caused a weak inhibition of the positive chronotropic response induced by stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve. When comparatively low doses of TL-68 were injected into the left vertebral artery, a considerable dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure and heart rate developed. The same doses had only small or negligible effects on blood pressure and heart rate when given intravenously. When TL-68 was injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle of unanesthetized rats, a significant hypotension and bradycardia was observed which could be prevented by prior intraventricular injection of phentolamine. The results suggest that this compound exerts its effect through a central mechanism of action, perhaps by stimulation of alpha-adrenoreceptors.", "PMID": 674826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2007", "title": "Effects of ketamine on brain monoamine levels in rats.", "content": "The effects of ketamine (50 mg/kg i.p.) on brain monoamines, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid, were studied in three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats. A rapid, simple, accurate, and sensitive spectrophotoflurometric method was developed to determine monoamines extracted from rat brain. Ketamine significantly increased brain epinephrine (25%), serotonin (28%) and 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid (32%) in rats. In contrast, norepinephrine (43%) and dopamine (58%) levels were significantly reduced at 30 minutes. The increase in epinephrine (13%) and decrease in norepinephrine (31%) and dopamine (38%) levels remained significant 12 hours after ketamine injection. Serotonin and 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid levels returned to almost normal in ketamine pretreated animals after 12 hours. Thus, the ability of ketamine to interfere with monoamine metabolism was revealed.", "contents": "Effects of ketamine on brain monoamine levels in rats. The effects of ketamine (50 mg/kg i.p.) on brain monoamines, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid, were studied in three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats. A rapid, simple, accurate, and sensitive spectrophotoflurometric method was developed to determine monoamines extracted from rat brain. Ketamine significantly increased brain epinephrine (25%), serotonin (28%) and 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid (32%) in rats. In contrast, norepinephrine (43%) and dopamine (58%) levels were significantly reduced at 30 minutes. The increase in epinephrine (13%) and decrease in norepinephrine (31%) and dopamine (38%) levels remained significant 12 hours after ketamine injection. Serotonin and 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid levels returned to almost normal in ketamine pretreated animals after 12 hours. Thus, the ability of ketamine to interfere with monoamine metabolism was revealed.", "PMID": 674827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2008", "title": "Effects of prolonged administration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the autonomic and cardiovascular function and regional hemodynamics in mongrel dogs.", "content": "Cardiovascular and autonomic functions of the dogs treated with delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) 2 mg/kg/day for 35 days, were evaluated under pentobarbital anesthesia. Treated animals required significantly less pentobarbital in comparison with that of the placebo group. However, the interaction between delta 9-THC and pentobarbital at central vagal structures noted in the 7-day chronic study was not evident in the present study. Similarly, vagolytic effects of THC reported in acute studies could not be demonstrated following 35-day treatment. Reflex bradycardia responses to intravenous norepinephrine and phenylephrine were potentiated in the treated animal. These actions were similar to that of clonidine; however, unlike clonidine, this potentiation was due to enhanced withdrawal of sympathetic tone. While there was a significant reduction in the resistances of mesenteric and femoral vascular beds, the overall pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics of the treated animals remained unchanged. An analysis of the ventricular function curves indicated the prolonged administration of delta 9-THC to the mongrel dogs for 35 days failed to produce any adverse alterations in the myocardial contractility and function.", "contents": "Effects of prolonged administration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the autonomic and cardiovascular function and regional hemodynamics in mongrel dogs. Cardiovascular and autonomic functions of the dogs treated with delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) 2 mg/kg/day for 35 days, were evaluated under pentobarbital anesthesia. Treated animals required significantly less pentobarbital in comparison with that of the placebo group. However, the interaction between delta 9-THC and pentobarbital at central vagal structures noted in the 7-day chronic study was not evident in the present study. Similarly, vagolytic effects of THC reported in acute studies could not be demonstrated following 35-day treatment. Reflex bradycardia responses to intravenous norepinephrine and phenylephrine were potentiated in the treated animal. These actions were similar to that of clonidine; however, unlike clonidine, this potentiation was due to enhanced withdrawal of sympathetic tone. While there was a significant reduction in the resistances of mesenteric and femoral vascular beds, the overall pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics of the treated animals remained unchanged. An analysis of the ventricular function curves indicated the prolonged administration of delta 9-THC to the mongrel dogs for 35 days failed to produce any adverse alterations in the myocardial contractility and function.", "PMID": 674828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2009", "title": "Methylthio metabolites of naphthalen excreted by the rat.", "content": "Eight methylthio metabolites have been found as urinary products of the metabolism of naphthalene in the rat. One was 1-methylthionaphthalene. A second was a methylthio analog and the dihydrodiol, and a third was naphthalene substituted with one hydroxyl and one methylthio group. Two compounds with common structural elements were found; one of these was prepared by synthesis from anti-1,2:3,4-naphthalene dioxide and one from 1 beta, 2 alpha-dithyroxy-3 alpha, 4 alpha-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene by reaction with 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid or with methionine. Each of these compounds contained one methythio group and three hydroxyl groups substituted on a tetrahydronaphthalene structure. Two metabolites with two methylthio groups and two hydroxyl substituents on a tetrahydronaphthalene ring were also detected; one of these was prepared by synthesis from the dioxide. The most likely metabolic origin of these methylthio metabolites is through the reaction of epoxides (including the diepoxide) with a nucleophile which may be methyl mercaptan, 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid, or methionine.", "contents": "Methylthio metabolites of naphthalen excreted by the rat. Eight methylthio metabolites have been found as urinary products of the metabolism of naphthalene in the rat. One was 1-methylthionaphthalene. A second was a methylthio analog and the dihydrodiol, and a third was naphthalene substituted with one hydroxyl and one methylthio group. Two compounds with common structural elements were found; one of these was prepared by synthesis from anti-1,2:3,4-naphthalene dioxide and one from 1 beta, 2 alpha-dithyroxy-3 alpha, 4 alpha-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene by reaction with 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid or with methionine. Each of these compounds contained one methythio group and three hydroxyl groups substituted on a tetrahydronaphthalene structure. Two metabolites with two methylthio groups and two hydroxyl substituents on a tetrahydronaphthalene ring were also detected; one of these was prepared by synthesis from the dioxide. The most likely metabolic origin of these methylthio metabolites is through the reaction of epoxides (including the diepoxide) with a nucleophile which may be methyl mercaptan, 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid, or methionine.", "PMID": 674829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2010", "title": "Analysis and disposition of low dose oral propranolol.", "content": "A sensitive and specific fluorometric high pressure liquid chromatography technique was used to measure propranolol concentrations in the plasma of three healthy volunteers following an oral 10 mg dose of propranolol hydrochloride. Peak propranolol concentrations were 6 to 8 ng/ml and half-lives ranged fro 2.5 to 5.6 hours. The threshold concept for hepatic uptake or oral propranolol is less marked than previously reported.", "contents": "Analysis and disposition of low dose oral propranolol. A sensitive and specific fluorometric high pressure liquid chromatography technique was used to measure propranolol concentrations in the plasma of three healthy volunteers following an oral 10 mg dose of propranolol hydrochloride. Peak propranolol concentrations were 6 to 8 ng/ml and half-lives ranged fro 2.5 to 5.6 hours. The threshold concept for hepatic uptake or oral propranolol is less marked than previously reported.", "PMID": 674830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2011", "title": "A comparison of ascorbic acid excretion with other indicators of nitrosamine hepatotoxicity.", "content": "All of the 4 noncarcinogenic nitrosamines (NA) and 4 of 7 carcinogenic nitrosamines examined increased the urinary ascorbic acid output after oral administration to rats. Of the remaining carcinogenic nitrosamines, dimethyl-NA decreased, and diethyl-NA and methyl-n-pentyl-NA only marginally affected ascorbic acid output. All of the carcinogenic nitrosamines, except dipentyl-NA, increased pentobarbital-induced sleeping time (PST), serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) and produced loss of glycogen and necrosis in the centrologular area of the liver after 1 or 3 oral doses. In contrast, noncarcinogenic nitrosamines and dipentyl-NA shortened PST and had no effect on liver histology (light microscopy) and SGOT. Generally, changes in ascorbic acid output correlated neither with carcinogenicity nor acute hepatotoxicity of known nitrosamines, hence the ascorbic output could not be used to predict the carcinogenicity of unknown or untested nitrosamines.", "contents": "A comparison of ascorbic acid excretion with other indicators of nitrosamine hepatotoxicity. All of the 4 noncarcinogenic nitrosamines (NA) and 4 of 7 carcinogenic nitrosamines examined increased the urinary ascorbic acid output after oral administration to rats. Of the remaining carcinogenic nitrosamines, dimethyl-NA decreased, and diethyl-NA and methyl-n-pentyl-NA only marginally affected ascorbic acid output. All of the carcinogenic nitrosamines, except dipentyl-NA, increased pentobarbital-induced sleeping time (PST), serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) and produced loss of glycogen and necrosis in the centrologular area of the liver after 1 or 3 oral doses. In contrast, noncarcinogenic nitrosamines and dipentyl-NA shortened PST and had no effect on liver histology (light microscopy) and SGOT. Generally, changes in ascorbic acid output correlated neither with carcinogenicity nor acute hepatotoxicity of known nitrosamines, hence the ascorbic output could not be used to predict the carcinogenicity of unknown or untested nitrosamines.", "PMID": 674831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2012", "title": "Preparation of immobilized L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in tubular form for depletion of L-phenylalanine.", "content": "The enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5), which catalyzes the conversion of L-phenylalanine into trans-cinnamic acid, was adsorbed in the walls of asymmetric hollow fibers and covalently bound to the innerwall of small bore nylon tubing. Multi-tubular enzyme reactor cartridges were constructed both from hollow fibers and nylon tubes and the capacity of the reactors to degrade phenylalanine at physiological concentrations was evaluated in perfusion studies at different flow rates ranging from 30 to 80 ml/min. Hollow fiber enzyme reactors showed significantly higher activity than nylon tube reactors of commensurable dimensions and this finding is attributed to the difficulties in immobilizing L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase via covalent linkages. The results suggest that extracorporeal use of such multi-tubular enzyme reactors offer a promising approach to deplete serum phenylalanine levels.", "contents": "Preparation of immobilized L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in tubular form for depletion of L-phenylalanine. The enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5), which catalyzes the conversion of L-phenylalanine into trans-cinnamic acid, was adsorbed in the walls of asymmetric hollow fibers and covalently bound to the innerwall of small bore nylon tubing. Multi-tubular enzyme reactor cartridges were constructed both from hollow fibers and nylon tubes and the capacity of the reactors to degrade phenylalanine at physiological concentrations was evaluated in perfusion studies at different flow rates ranging from 30 to 80 ml/min. Hollow fiber enzyme reactors showed significantly higher activity than nylon tube reactors of commensurable dimensions and this finding is attributed to the difficulties in immobilizing L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase via covalent linkages. The results suggest that extracorporeal use of such multi-tubular enzyme reactors offer a promising approach to deplete serum phenylalanine levels.", "PMID": 674832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2013", "title": "Nickel and strontium distribution in some mouse tissues. Passage through placenta and mammary glands.", "content": "Radioactive isotopes of strontium or nickel (89Sr and 63Ni) were injected ip as chlorides on adult female mice and the distribution and retention studied in several soft and hard tissues, including tissues of fetuses and sucklings. The strontium concentration was comparable in liver, kidney and heart and higher than that of brain tissue. The acid soluble part of the mineralized tissues showed a strontium concentration 100-1000 times that of the soft tissues. Progeny receiving strontium through placenta or through mammary glands showed a distribution pattern similar to that of their mother, with retention of strontium in mineralized tissue. The nickel concentration was larger in the kidney than in other organs investigated. No nickel affinity was found for mineralized tissues. Nickel was readily passed through placenta and mammary glands. Contrary to findings for strontium, the nickel concentration in tissues of fetuses was higher than that of their mother.", "contents": "Nickel and strontium distribution in some mouse tissues. Passage through placenta and mammary glands. Radioactive isotopes of strontium or nickel (89Sr and 63Ni) were injected ip as chlorides on adult female mice and the distribution and retention studied in several soft and hard tissues, including tissues of fetuses and sucklings. The strontium concentration was comparable in liver, kidney and heart and higher than that of brain tissue. The acid soluble part of the mineralized tissues showed a strontium concentration 100-1000 times that of the soft tissues. Progeny receiving strontium through placenta or through mammary glands showed a distribution pattern similar to that of their mother, with retention of strontium in mineralized tissue. The nickel concentration was larger in the kidney than in other organs investigated. No nickel affinity was found for mineralized tissues. Nickel was readily passed through placenta and mammary glands. Contrary to findings for strontium, the nickel concentration in tissues of fetuses was higher than that of their mother.", "PMID": 674833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2014", "title": "Inhibition by trichlormethiazide of catecholamine release from perfused bovine adrenals.", "content": "Effect of thiazides on catecholamine release was examined using perfused bovine adrenal glands in vitro. Thiazides, such as trichlormethiazide and methyclothiazide inhibited catecholamine release evoked by carbamylcholine although they did not inhibit catecholamine release evoked by excess potassium. Thus it seems that these drugs inhibit catecholamine release release by an anticholinergic mechanism. Such inhibitory effect of thiazide on catecholamine release may be involved in the antihypertensive effect of these drugs.", "contents": "Inhibition by trichlormethiazide of catecholamine release from perfused bovine adrenals. Effect of thiazides on catecholamine release was examined using perfused bovine adrenal glands in vitro. Thiazides, such as trichlormethiazide and methyclothiazide inhibited catecholamine release evoked by carbamylcholine although they did not inhibit catecholamine release evoked by excess potassium. Thus it seems that these drugs inhibit catecholamine release release by an anticholinergic mechanism. Such inhibitory effect of thiazide on catecholamine release may be involved in the antihypertensive effect of these drugs.", "PMID": 674834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2015", "title": "Resistance of the histamine H2 receptor in guinea-pig heart to blockade by phenoxybenzamine.", "content": "Phenoxybenzamine is a potent irreversible H1 receptor antagonist in a variety of tissues. In order to assess the ability of this agent to antagonise the H2-receptor, we have examined the effects of phenoxybenzamine on the histamine-induced positive inotropic effect in electrically driven strips of guinea-pig right ventricle. Even at concentrations as high as 10(-4)M no significant change in the responses to histamine was observed. It is concluded that the histamine H2 receptor is unexpectedly resistant to antagonism by 2-haloalkylamines.", "contents": "Resistance of the histamine H2 receptor in guinea-pig heart to blockade by phenoxybenzamine. Phenoxybenzamine is a potent irreversible H1 receptor antagonist in a variety of tissues. In order to assess the ability of this agent to antagonise the H2-receptor, we have examined the effects of phenoxybenzamine on the histamine-induced positive inotropic effect in electrically driven strips of guinea-pig right ventricle. Even at concentrations as high as 10(-4)M no significant change in the responses to histamine was observed. It is concluded that the histamine H2 receptor is unexpectedly resistant to antagonism by 2-haloalkylamines.", "PMID": 674835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2016", "title": "Experimental acute hypothermia and intestinal cellular integrity.", "content": "Shaven and unshaven rats were exposed to a cold stress at 4 degrees C for 6 hr (SE and UE). Control animals remained at room temperature (SC and UC). Hypothermia was induced in group SE, with mean rectal temperature of 22.0 +/- 2.0 degrees C (+/- S.E.M.). All other groups were normothermic, had similar arterial pO2 and hepatic tryptophan oxygenase levels. Acute hypothermia induced a sloughing of cells from the villi into the lumen of the gut, as indicated by an increased DNA in luminal washings. However, there was an unimpaired 3H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of the intestinal mucosal cells and those present in lumina washes. Intestinal disaccharidases and alkaline phosphatase were not altered. This suggests that more severe cellular alterations reported earlier in hypothermia may have been caused by associated factors other than a decreased body temperature.", "contents": "Experimental acute hypothermia and intestinal cellular integrity. Shaven and unshaven rats were exposed to a cold stress at 4 degrees C for 6 hr (SE and UE). Control animals remained at room temperature (SC and UC). Hypothermia was induced in group SE, with mean rectal temperature of 22.0 +/- 2.0 degrees C (+/- S.E.M.). All other groups were normothermic, had similar arterial pO2 and hepatic tryptophan oxygenase levels. Acute hypothermia induced a sloughing of cells from the villi into the lumen of the gut, as indicated by an increased DNA in luminal washings. However, there was an unimpaired 3H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of the intestinal mucosal cells and those present in lumina washes. Intestinal disaccharidases and alkaline phosphatase were not altered. This suggests that more severe cellular alterations reported earlier in hypothermia may have been caused by associated factors other than a decreased body temperature.", "PMID": 674837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2017", "title": "Experimental induction of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep by intralymphatic inoculation of Corynebacterium ovis.", "content": "Lesions histologically similar to those of natural caseous lymphadenitis developed in sheep popliteal lymph nodes following injection of viable Corynebacterium ovis cells into afferent lymphatic ducts. Histopathological examination of affected lymph nodes suggested that exotoxin might be involved in the establishment, progressive development and persistence of caseous lymphadenitis lesions through localised cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Experimental induction of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep by intralymphatic inoculation of Corynebacterium ovis. Lesions histologically similar to those of natural caseous lymphadenitis developed in sheep popliteal lymph nodes following injection of viable Corynebacterium ovis cells into afferent lymphatic ducts. Histopathological examination of affected lymph nodes suggested that exotoxin might be involved in the establishment, progressive development and persistence of caseous lymphadenitis lesions through localised cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 674838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2018", "title": "The proportions of muscle, bone and fat in two different types of dog.", "content": "This study compares the proportions of muscle, bone and fat (obtained by gross dissection) in greyhounds--a breed selected for high speed running--and other dogs, both at maturity and during growth. In adults the proportion of muscle is significantly greater in the 'athletic' greyhound. The proportion of muscle decreases but not significantly with detraining. Adult greyhounds have less fat (even when detrained) than other dogs, but the skeleton provides a similar proportion of liveweight in both types of dog when adult. The greater growth rate of muscle in athletes explains the difference in adult proportions.", "contents": "The proportions of muscle, bone and fat in two different types of dog. This study compares the proportions of muscle, bone and fat (obtained by gross dissection) in greyhounds--a breed selected for high speed running--and other dogs, both at maturity and during growth. In adults the proportion of muscle is significantly greater in the 'athletic' greyhound. The proportion of muscle decreases but not significantly with detraining. Adult greyhounds have less fat (even when detrained) than other dogs, but the skeleton provides a similar proportion of liveweight in both types of dog when adult. The greater growth rate of muscle in athletes explains the difference in adult proportions.", "PMID": 674839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2019", "title": "Electrocardiograms 32 2-tooth Romney rams.", "content": "Mean time interval (with 95 per cent confidence limits) for the ECGs of 32 2-tooth Romney rams were: P wave duration, 0.054s (0.044s--0.065s); PR interval, 0.110s  (0.081s--0.139s); QRS duration, 0.044s (0.028s--0.071s); QT interval, 0.135s (0.277s--0.356s); and ST segment, 0.192s (0.157s--0.228s).", "contents": "Electrocardiograms 32 2-tooth Romney rams. Mean time interval (with 95 per cent confidence limits) for the ECGs of 32 2-tooth Romney rams were: P wave duration, 0.054s (0.044s--0.065s); PR interval, 0.110s  (0.081s--0.139s); QRS duration, 0.044s (0.028s--0.071s); QT interval, 0.135s (0.277s--0.356s); and ST segment, 0.192s (0.157s--0.228s).", "PMID": 674840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2020", "title": "Bovine babesiosis: severity and reproducibility of Babesia bovis infections induced by Boophilus microplus under laboratory conditions.", "content": "A total of 61 intact Holstein-Friesian calves were exposed to Babesia bovis (= B argentina) by the injection of infected blood or the application of infected Boophilus microplus larvae. Tick-induced infections were uniformly severe, even when induced by relatively small numbers of infected ticks. In contrast, calves infected with carrier blood experienced mild, subclinical reactions despite detectable parasitaemia. The greater severity of tick-induced reactions appeared to be due to the large number of infective doses injected by each infected tick rather than greater virulence of tick versus blood-origin babesiae. The severity of tick-induced babesiosis was related to the age of the experimental calves, with more severe reactions and high mortality occurring among older animals. The mean daily temperature rise increased with age and was highest in 15 animals dying of babesiosis. No relationship could be found between peripheral blood parasitaemia, packed cell volume reduction and mortality in tick-induced infections. One thousand larvae from infected colonies induced babesiosis in all of 29 animals exposed. Although larval transmission of B bovis is difficult to quantitate, there would seem to be no objection to using a controlled tick-borne challenge in the laboratory for assessment of susceptibility.", "contents": "Bovine babesiosis: severity and reproducibility of Babesia bovis infections induced by Boophilus microplus under laboratory conditions. A total of 61 intact Holstein-Friesian calves were exposed to Babesia bovis (= B argentina) by the injection of infected blood or the application of infected Boophilus microplus larvae. Tick-induced infections were uniformly severe, even when induced by relatively small numbers of infected ticks. In contrast, calves infected with carrier blood experienced mild, subclinical reactions despite detectable parasitaemia. The greater severity of tick-induced reactions appeared to be due to the large number of infective doses injected by each infected tick rather than greater virulence of tick versus blood-origin babesiae. The severity of tick-induced babesiosis was related to the age of the experimental calves, with more severe reactions and high mortality occurring among older animals. The mean daily temperature rise increased with age and was highest in 15 animals dying of babesiosis. No relationship could be found between peripheral blood parasitaemia, packed cell volume reduction and mortality in tick-induced infections. One thousand larvae from infected colonies induced babesiosis in all of 29 animals exposed. Although larval transmission of B bovis is difficult to quantitate, there would seem to be no objection to using a controlled tick-borne challenge in the laboratory for assessment of susceptibility.", "PMID": 674841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2021", "title": "The occurrence, prevalence and transmission of Bacteroides nodosus infection in cattle.", "content": "Following reports of findings of ovine foot-rot flora in the feet of cattle, a study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Bacteroides nodosus infection in the apparently normal cattle population. We found that 34.5 to 74.2 per cent of the animals examined on different farms had B nodosus present in one or more feet. B nodosus was not the most prevalent bacterium observed in smears from cattle. Other Gram negative species including Fusiformis necrophorus and many Gram positive cocci and coccobacilli were also present. Macroscopic lesions in the interdigital skin characterised by erosion and hyperkeratosis were usually associated with the occurrence of B nodosus. B nodosus isolated from cattle induced mild interdigital dermatitis in experimental cattle and sheep and the infection was transmitted to recipient cattle and sheep under field conditions. Virulent foot-rot of sheep was not transmitted to recipient cattle in conditions where the disease spread to susceptible sheep.", "contents": "The occurrence, prevalence and transmission of Bacteroides nodosus infection in cattle. Following reports of findings of ovine foot-rot flora in the feet of cattle, a study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Bacteroides nodosus infection in the apparently normal cattle population. We found that 34.5 to 74.2 per cent of the animals examined on different farms had B nodosus present in one or more feet. B nodosus was not the most prevalent bacterium observed in smears from cattle. Other Gram negative species including Fusiformis necrophorus and many Gram positive cocci and coccobacilli were also present. Macroscopic lesions in the interdigital skin characterised by erosion and hyperkeratosis were usually associated with the occurrence of B nodosus. B nodosus isolated from cattle induced mild interdigital dermatitis in experimental cattle and sheep and the infection was transmitted to recipient cattle and sheep under field conditions. Virulent foot-rot of sheep was not transmitted to recipient cattle in conditions where the disease spread to susceptible sheep.", "PMID": 674842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2022", "title": "Observations on the ovaries of zebu cattle in Northern Nigeria.", "content": "A morphological study was carried out on ovaries of 236 local zebu cattle. Ovaries from 189 of the cattle were found to be abnormal grossly. Histological observations indicated changes due to old age. The findings are discussed in relation to the occurrence of low reproductive efficiency in cattle in Northern Nigeria.", "contents": "Observations on the ovaries of zebu cattle in Northern Nigeria. A morphological study was carried out on ovaries of 236 local zebu cattle. Ovaries from 189 of the cattle were found to be abnormal grossly. Histological observations indicated changes due to old age. The findings are discussed in relation to the occurrence of low reproductive efficiency in cattle in Northern Nigeria.", "PMID": 674843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2023", "title": "Isolation of mycoplasmas from pneumonic sheep lungs in the Sudan.", "content": "Sixty-four pneumonic sheep lungs were examined for mycoplasmas. Eleven isolates were recovered and were identified on generally accepted criteria as mycoplasma. Four isolates were lost during storage and the remaining seven were divided on the basis of their colonial appearance and other biological properties into two groups.", "contents": "Isolation of mycoplasmas from pneumonic sheep lungs in the Sudan. Sixty-four pneumonic sheep lungs were examined for mycoplasmas. Eleven isolates were recovered and were identified on generally accepted criteria as mycoplasma. Four isolates were lost during storage and the remaining seven were divided on the basis of their colonial appearance and other biological properties into two groups.", "PMID": 674844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2024", "title": "Some evidence of an age susceptibility to contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.", "content": "In two separate experiments it was shown that cattle over three years of age were more resistant to contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) than younger animals. A statistical analysis of the results of one of the trials indicated that the difference in the response to challenge between calves less than one year old and animals between two and three years old was not significant. However, when these two groups were compared with animals over three years old the results were highly significant (P less than 0.001). When death was used as the sole criterion of response to challenge a similar picture was seen: nine 14 calves died, four of 15 animals aged between one and two years died, five of 11 animals aged between two and three years died, none of 16 animals aged over three years died. No attempt is made to explain this increase in resistance with increasing age. It is suggested that a better knowledge of the factors that influence resistance and susceptibility would be of value in understanding the pathogenesis of CBPP. It is recommended that to ensure maximum susceptibility of control animals in vaccine trials, all animals used should be less than  three years old.", "contents": "Some evidence of an age susceptibility to contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. In two separate experiments it was shown that cattle over three years of age were more resistant to contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) than younger animals. A statistical analysis of the results of one of the trials indicated that the difference in the response to challenge between calves less than one year old and animals between two and three years old was not significant. However, when these two groups were compared with animals over three years old the results were highly significant (P less than 0.001). When death was used as the sole criterion of response to challenge a similar picture was seen: nine 14 calves died, four of 15 animals aged between one and two years died, five of 11 animals aged between two and three years died, none of 16 animals aged over three years died. No attempt is made to explain this increase in resistance with increasing age. It is suggested that a better knowledge of the factors that influence resistance and susceptibility would be of value in understanding the pathogenesis of CBPP. It is recommended that to ensure maximum susceptibility of control animals in vaccine trials, all animals used should be less than  three years old.", "PMID": 674845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2025", "title": "The role of Penicillia in ryegrass staggers.", "content": "Tremorgenic strains of Penicillium verrucosum var cyclopium, P canescens, P janthinellum, P novaezeelandiae and P estinogenum were isolated from the faeces of 15 of 23 affected sheep and cattle in eight of nine field outbreaks of ryegrass staggers. One tremorgenic strain of P griseofulvum was isolated from the faeces of one of 25 sheep grazing in unaffected flocks. Tremorgenic strains of P verrucosum var cyclopium, P canescens, P janthinellum and P estinogenum were also isolated from the A horizon of New Zealand soils. Since a large proportion of experimentally dosed live P verrucosum var cyclopium died during passage through the gut, the faecal evidence from naturally staggering animals suggests that at least some outbreaks of ryegrass staggers are caused by tremorgenic Penicillia and that their source may be soil.", "contents": "The role of Penicillia in ryegrass staggers. Tremorgenic strains of Penicillium verrucosum var cyclopium, P canescens, P janthinellum, P novaezeelandiae and P estinogenum were isolated from the faeces of 15 of 23 affected sheep and cattle in eight of nine field outbreaks of ryegrass staggers. One tremorgenic strain of P griseofulvum was isolated from the faeces of one of 25 sheep grazing in unaffected flocks. Tremorgenic strains of P verrucosum var cyclopium, P canescens, P janthinellum and P estinogenum were also isolated from the A horizon of New Zealand soils. Since a large proportion of experimentally dosed live P verrucosum var cyclopium died during passage through the gut, the faecal evidence from naturally staggering animals suggests that at least some outbreaks of ryegrass staggers are caused by tremorgenic Penicillia and that their source may be soil.", "PMID": 674846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2026", "title": "The use of copper levels in hair to diagnose hypocuprosis.", "content": "The possibility of using hair to help diagnose hypocuprosis was investigated. Diets containing different levels of molybdenum and sulphur were fed to nine Hereford steers. Liver reserves of copper were depleted rapidly when dietary levels of molybdenum and sulphur exceeded 2.7 mg/kg and 3.8 g/kg respectively. Following the onset of diarrhoea, liver reserves of copper were repleted by injecting copper glycinate. Samples of liver, blood and hair were collected at regular intervals and analysed for copper. Progressive changes in liver levels of copper were closely paralleled by changes in copper levels in hair and plasma. Relationships between copper levels in liver and plasma, and the liver and hair were both shown to be asymptotic. Plasma and hair levels were sensitive to changes in liver reserves below about 20 microgram/g, but changed little above this level. Sampling variation was shown to be less with hair than with plasma. It was concluded that copper levels in hair are a useful diagnostic aid in detecting hypocuprosis. Hair provides an integrated record of copper availability during its period of growth, and thus may be preferred to blood plasma which represents only a spot sample in time.", "contents": "The use of copper levels in hair to diagnose hypocuprosis. The possibility of using hair to help diagnose hypocuprosis was investigated. Diets containing different levels of molybdenum and sulphur were fed to nine Hereford steers. Liver reserves of copper were depleted rapidly when dietary levels of molybdenum and sulphur exceeded 2.7 mg/kg and 3.8 g/kg respectively. Following the onset of diarrhoea, liver reserves of copper were repleted by injecting copper glycinate. Samples of liver, blood and hair were collected at regular intervals and analysed for copper. Progressive changes in liver levels of copper were closely paralleled by changes in copper levels in hair and plasma. Relationships between copper levels in liver and plasma, and the liver and hair were both shown to be asymptotic. Plasma and hair levels were sensitive to changes in liver reserves below about 20 microgram/g, but changed little above this level. Sampling variation was shown to be less with hair than with plasma. It was concluded that copper levels in hair are a useful diagnostic aid in detecting hypocuprosis. Hair provides an integrated record of copper availability during its period of growth, and thus may be preferred to blood plasma which represents only a spot sample in time.", "PMID": 674847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2027", "title": "Surgical techniques for the serial sampling of cerebrospinal fluid and for electrocorticography in cattle.", "content": "During the investigation of a familial neurological disease of cattle with some similarities to human epilepsy serial sampling of lateral ventricular and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid and of electrocortical activity was undertaken. In this paper the surgical approach, the technical problems encountered and some solutions are discussed. Further possibilities for the development and application of the technique are indicated.", "contents": "Surgical techniques for the serial sampling of cerebrospinal fluid and for electrocorticography in cattle. During the investigation of a familial neurological disease of cattle with some similarities to human epilepsy serial sampling of lateral ventricular and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid and of electrocortical activity was undertaken. In this paper the surgical approach, the technical problems encountered and some solutions are discussed. Further possibilities for the development and application of the technique are indicated.", "PMID": 674848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2028", "title": "The absorption of dietary manganese by dairy cows.", "content": "Additional manganese, sufficient to increase the dietary concentration to approximately 1000 mg/kg, was administered to one cow for four and another for seven days. Manganese concentrations in portal and mesenteric plasma were increased by a mean of 3.9 microgram/litre above the concentration in systemic plasma. This increment is equivalent to the absorption of 0.54 per cent of the administered manganese. The cow which received manganese for seven days showed after six days larger increases in systemic plasma manganese concentration which may indicate a toxic effect of excess manganese upon the liver.", "contents": "The absorption of dietary manganese by dairy cows. Additional manganese, sufficient to increase the dietary concentration to approximately 1000 mg/kg, was administered to one cow for four and another for seven days. Manganese concentrations in portal and mesenteric plasma were increased by a mean of 3.9 microgram/litre above the concentration in systemic plasma. This increment is equivalent to the absorption of 0.54 per cent of the administered manganese. The cow which received manganese for seven days showed after six days larger increases in systemic plasma manganese concentration which may indicate a toxic effect of excess manganese upon the liver.", "PMID": 674849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2029", "title": "Investigation of a cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response as a means of detecting Salmonella dublin infection in cattle.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions developed 48 to 96 h after intradermal injection of killed Salmonella dublin in 25 of 28 cattle which had been inoculated intravenously, and in five of 10 cattle which had been inoculated orally with S dublin 24 to 493 days previously. Control animals showed no delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Persistence of infection in five of the intravenously inoculated and in four of the orally inoculated animals was confirmed by isolation of S dublin from the carcases at necropsy one week after skin testing. Failure to isolate the organism from the carcases of 21 animals which had reacted positively to the intradermal test did not eliminate the possibility of their being carriers of S dublin. Skin testing was concluded to be a reliable means of identifying animals which had been, and possibly still were, infected systemically with S dublin. However recovered animals might be falsely identified as infected. Repeated testing gave misleading results.", "contents": "Investigation of a cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response as a means of detecting Salmonella dublin infection in cattle. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions developed 48 to 96 h after intradermal injection of killed Salmonella dublin in 25 of 28 cattle which had been inoculated intravenously, and in five of 10 cattle which had been inoculated orally with S dublin 24 to 493 days previously. Control animals showed no delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Persistence of infection in five of the intravenously inoculated and in four of the orally inoculated animals was confirmed by isolation of S dublin from the carcases at necropsy one week after skin testing. Failure to isolate the organism from the carcases of 21 animals which had reacted positively to the intradermal test did not eliminate the possibility of their being carriers of S dublin. Skin testing was concluded to be a reliable means of identifying animals which had been, and possibly still were, infected systemically with S dublin. However recovered animals might be falsely identified as infected. Repeated testing gave misleading results.", "PMID": 674850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2030", "title": "The isolation of an atypical Mycobacterium from three wood pigeons with tuberculosis-like lesions.", "content": "Cultural and biological tests were carried out on the livers and spleens of three wood pigeons. Acid-fast organisms were observed in histological sections and smears taken from tuberculosis-like lesions in the organs. Biological tests revealed that all the isolates sensitised the guinea pig to avian tuberculin. One was pathogenic for chickens while the remaining two were non-pathogenic. All were non-pathogenic for rabbits and domestic pigeons. The organisms could not be cultured on conventional media for Mycobacterium tuberculosis or media containing mycobactin. However they were readily maintained on 7H11 media. These results indicate a separate species of mycobacterium related to M avium.", "contents": "The isolation of an atypical Mycobacterium from three wood pigeons with tuberculosis-like lesions. Cultural and biological tests were carried out on the livers and spleens of three wood pigeons. Acid-fast organisms were observed in histological sections and smears taken from tuberculosis-like lesions in the organs. Biological tests revealed that all the isolates sensitised the guinea pig to avian tuberculin. One was pathogenic for chickens while the remaining two were non-pathogenic. All were non-pathogenic for rabbits and domestic pigeons. The organisms could not be cultured on conventional media for Mycobacterium tuberculosis or media containing mycobactin. However they were readily maintained on 7H11 media. These results indicate a separate species of mycobacterium related to M avium.", "PMID": 674851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2031", "title": "The effect of induced hypocalcaemia on the cardiac output and blood pressure of dairy cattle.", "content": "A mean reduction of plasma calcium level to 51 per cent of normal infusion of 4.7 per cent Na2EDTA solution into four cows was associated with a mean reduction of 48 per cent in cardiac output. Hypocalcaemia sufficient to produce sternal recumbency in a further four cows resulted in a highly significant fall in the mean arterial blood pressure, which returned to normal immediately after treatment with an intravenous infusion of 350 ml of 32.5 per cent calcium borogluconate.", "contents": "The effect of induced hypocalcaemia on the cardiac output and blood pressure of dairy cattle. A mean reduction of plasma calcium level to 51 per cent of normal infusion of 4.7 per cent Na2EDTA solution into four cows was associated with a mean reduction of 48 per cent in cardiac output. Hypocalcaemia sufficient to produce sternal recumbency in a further four cows resulted in a highly significant fall in the mean arterial blood pressure, which returned to normal immediately after treatment with an intravenous infusion of 350 ml of 32.5 per cent calcium borogluconate.", "PMID": 674852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2032", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in the small intestine of the sheep.", "content": "The distribution of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activities has been studied in 27 adult sheep. There is a descending gradient of activity from duodenum to ileum. The location of the enzyme along the small intestine is suggestive of its involvement in absorption mechanisms.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in the small intestine of the sheep. The distribution of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activities has been studied in 27 adult sheep. There is a descending gradient of activity from duodenum to ileum. The location of the enzyme along the small intestine is suggestive of its involvement in absorption mechanisms.", "PMID": 674853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2033", "title": "Observations on toxicity to mice of rumen fluid from sheep fed roughage or concentrate diets.", "content": "Raw rumen liquor derived from sheep fed a wheat grain plus limestone diet was 2.5 times more toxic when injected into mice than liquor from sheep fed lucerne chaff. Liquors from transitional diets were of intermediate toxicity. Lactic acid was apparently not the toxic factor and relatively high molecular weight substances are implicated.", "contents": "Observations on toxicity to mice of rumen fluid from sheep fed roughage or concentrate diets. Raw rumen liquor derived from sheep fed a wheat grain plus limestone diet was 2.5 times more toxic when injected into mice than liquor from sheep fed lucerne chaff. Liquors from transitional diets were of intermediate toxicity. Lactic acid was apparently not the toxic factor and relatively high molecular weight substances are implicated.", "PMID": 674854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2034", "title": "Genetic resistance to helminths. Comparison of the development of Ostertagia circumcincta infections in Scottish Blackface sheep of different haemoglobin type.", "content": "Over the years a number of investigators have reported that sheep with haemoglobin A are more resistant to Haemonchus contortus than animals of the same breed with haemoglobin B. The experiment described here was an attempt to ascertain whether a similar association might exist between haemoglobin type and resistance to non-haematophagic parasites. The results indicate that such a relationship might exist, since Scottish Blackface sheep with HbA showed milder biochemical and pathophysiological changes than their HbB counterparts and at the same time harboured smaller numbers of adult worms and more inhibited larvae when necropsied 16 days after a primary infection with 100,000 Ostertagia circumcincta third-stage larvae.", "contents": "Genetic resistance to helminths. Comparison of the development of Ostertagia circumcincta infections in Scottish Blackface sheep of different haemoglobin type. Over the years a number of investigators have reported that sheep with haemoglobin A are more resistant to Haemonchus contortus than animals of the same breed with haemoglobin B. The experiment described here was an attempt to ascertain whether a similar association might exist between haemoglobin type and resistance to non-haematophagic parasites. The results indicate that such a relationship might exist, since Scottish Blackface sheep with HbA showed milder biochemical and pathophysiological changes than their HbB counterparts and at the same time harboured smaller numbers of adult worms and more inhibited larvae when necropsied 16 days after a primary infection with 100,000 Ostertagia circumcincta third-stage larvae.", "PMID": 674855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2035", "title": "Comparison of single breath and steady state methods for the measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in non-homogeneous lungs.", "content": "The effect of non-uniformity in the distribution of ventilation and diffusion on the apparent pulmonary diffusing capacity measured by the single breath and steady state techniques has been assessed on the basis of a two-compartmental lung model. Both the methods give reasonable estimates of the true diffusing capacity provided the fast compartment has a greater KCO. The reverse of this results in gross underestimation of the diffusing capacity by both methods. There is a fairly good correlation between the single breath and the steady state results both in theory as well as in practice.", "contents": "Comparison of single breath and steady state methods for the measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in non-homogeneous lungs. The effect of non-uniformity in the distribution of ventilation and diffusion on the apparent pulmonary diffusing capacity measured by the single breath and steady state techniques has been assessed on the basis of a two-compartmental lung model. Both the methods give reasonable estimates of the true diffusing capacity provided the fast compartment has a greater KCO. The reverse of this results in gross underestimation of the diffusing capacity by both methods. There is a fairly good correlation between the single breath and the steady state results both in theory as well as in practice.", "PMID": 674856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2036", "title": "[Haemodynamic data, blood gas measurements and coagulation disorders in acute respiratory failure of patients with chronic lung disease (author's transl)].", "content": "24 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were investigated in the course of acute respiratory failure defined by hypoxaemia, hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis. Haemodynamic data of right heart catheterization and coagulation tests were particularly studied. 12 of these subjects had right heart failure defined by a rise of right ventricular end-diastolic pressure above 10 Torr. Coagulation tests brought evidence of consumption coagulopathy in 8 patients, 7 of whom had right heart failure. Data suggest a significant correlation between right heart failure and coagulation disorders in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These disturbances, accompanied by reduction of pulmonary vascular area, could be in part related to the presence of microthrombi in pulmonary arterial vessels.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic data, blood gas measurements and coagulation disorders in acute respiratory failure of patients with chronic lung disease (author's transl)]. 24 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were investigated in the course of acute respiratory failure defined by hypoxaemia, hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis. Haemodynamic data of right heart catheterization and coagulation tests were particularly studied. 12 of these subjects had right heart failure defined by a rise of right ventricular end-diastolic pressure above 10 Torr. Coagulation tests brought evidence of consumption coagulopathy in 8 patients, 7 of whom had right heart failure. Data suggest a significant correlation between right heart failure and coagulation disorders in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These disturbances, accompanied by reduction of pulmonary vascular area, could be in part related to the presence of microthrombi in pulmonary arterial vessels.", "PMID": 674857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2037", "title": "Respiratory drive in idiopathic alveolar hypoventilation.", "content": "Respiratory drive in a patient with central alveolar hypoventilation was assessed by mouth occlusion pressure method. Respiratory drive was almost abolished in this patient.", "contents": "Respiratory drive in idiopathic alveolar hypoventilation. Respiratory drive in a patient with central alveolar hypoventilation was assessed by mouth occlusion pressure method. Respiratory drive was almost abolished in this patient.", "PMID": 674858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2038", "title": "[Relation between actual barometric pressure at sea level and alveolar and arterial pO2: correlations in 3,054 coal workers with and without pneumoconiosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The correlation between barometric pressure and arterial oxygen pressure has been investigated in 3,054 coal miners. Furthermore, the correlation between alveolar oxygen pressure and alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference and barometric pressure has been investigated in 1,669 coal miners. For low and for high pO2a there are significant correlations to barometric pressure, in particular for the young age groups. PO2A and AaDO2 show closer correlations to barometric pressure in the middle range of pO2a (65--84 mm Hg). This points to different regulating mechanisms. A correction with a uniform factor is not possible and, for clinical purposes, unnecessary, since the influence of changing barometric pressure on pO2a is only about 1--3 mm Hg.", "contents": "[Relation between actual barometric pressure at sea level and alveolar and arterial pO2: correlations in 3,054 coal workers with and without pneumoconiosis (author's transl)]. The correlation between barometric pressure and arterial oxygen pressure has been investigated in 3,054 coal miners. Furthermore, the correlation between alveolar oxygen pressure and alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference and barometric pressure has been investigated in 1,669 coal miners. For low and for high pO2a there are significant correlations to barometric pressure, in particular for the young age groups. PO2A and AaDO2 show closer correlations to barometric pressure in the middle range of pO2a (65--84 mm Hg). This points to different regulating mechanisms. A correction with a uniform factor is not possible and, for clinical purposes, unnecessary, since the influence of changing barometric pressure on pO2a is only about 1--3 mm Hg.", "PMID": 674859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2039", "title": "Studies on bronchoalveolar cells in humans. I. Preliminary morphological studies in various respiratory diseases.", "content": "A preliminary investigation has been carried out on bronchoalveolar cells obtained following lavage in various respiratory diseases. Of 23 cases observed, 7 have been studied in detail, 6 cases provided insufficient material for investigation, and the data obtained from the remaining 10 cases were inconclusive. Considerations are made with regard to the value of bronchial lavage in clinical diagnosis and cell studies.", "contents": "Studies on bronchoalveolar cells in humans. I. Preliminary morphological studies in various respiratory diseases. A preliminary investigation has been carried out on bronchoalveolar cells obtained following lavage in various respiratory diseases. Of 23 cases observed, 7 have been studied in detail, 6 cases provided insufficient material for investigation, and the data obtained from the remaining 10 cases were inconclusive. Considerations are made with regard to the value of bronchial lavage in clinical diagnosis and cell studies.", "PMID": 674860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2040", "title": "Pleural effusion--presenting sign in multiple myeloma.", "content": "A patient with multiple myeloma in whom recurrent right pleural effusion was the presenting sign of the disease is reported. An IgA (k) monoclonal component was found in both the pleural effusion and the serum. The bone marrow specimen was interpreted as typical for multiple myeloma and the pleural fluid contained numerous plasma cells. Treatment with cyclophosphamide was followed by clinical improvement and the disappearance of the pleural effusion.", "contents": "Pleural effusion--presenting sign in multiple myeloma. A patient with multiple myeloma in whom recurrent right pleural effusion was the presenting sign of the disease is reported. An IgA (k) monoclonal component was found in both the pleural effusion and the serum. The bone marrow specimen was interpreted as typical for multiple myeloma and the pleural fluid contained numerous plasma cells. Treatment with cyclophosphamide was followed by clinical improvement and the disappearance of the pleural effusion.", "PMID": 674861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2041", "title": "Unusual presentations of tuberculosis of the pleura.", "content": "3 cases of an unusual presentation of tuberculosis of the pleura which should be differentiated from neoplasm have been described.", "contents": "Unusual presentations of tuberculosis of the pleura. 3 cases of an unusual presentation of tuberculosis of the pleura which should be differentiated from neoplasm have been described.", "PMID": 674862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2042", "title": "Measurement of total lung capacity by a roentgenography-planimetry method in children 4-16 years of age.", "content": "We have demonstrated the reliability of the planimetric method for the determination of total lung capacity (TCL) in children aged 4-16 in comparison with TLC measured by the plethysmography method. We have found power function formulas to be of greater potential usefulness than linear, logarithmic or exponential formulas for calculating TLC by the planimetric technique.", "contents": "Measurement of total lung capacity by a roentgenography-planimetry method in children 4-16 years of age. We have demonstrated the reliability of the planimetric method for the determination of total lung capacity (TCL) in children aged 4-16 in comparison with TLC measured by the plethysmography method. We have found power function formulas to be of greater potential usefulness than linear, logarithmic or exponential formulas for calculating TLC by the planimetric technique.", "PMID": 674863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2043", "title": "Effects of added airway dead space on VO2 in dogs.", "content": "In dogs breathing spontaneously with added dead space, 198, 298 and 548 ml, the O2 consumption is a function of minute ventilation. This relationship (VO2 = 9.3 VE + 81.6; r = 0.95) was the same as that found in dogs breathing spontaneously with normal dead space. With added dead space, average tidal volumes increased but not enough to compensate for the added volume and, thus, dogs achieved alveolar ventilation mainly by using the fatest molecules of gas in the airway, because of the conical shape of the velocity profile of gas molecules. When the values for VO2 and f were grouped according to different VTS, VO2 was found to be a linear function of f. Also, for a given f, VO2 increased progressively with VT; however, the higher the f, the more taxing a given increase in VT was. Over a certain range of respiratory frequencies, dogs could reduce f and increase VT without significantly affecting VO2.", "contents": "Effects of added airway dead space on VO2 in dogs. In dogs breathing spontaneously with added dead space, 198, 298 and 548 ml, the O2 consumption is a function of minute ventilation. This relationship (VO2 = 9.3 VE + 81.6; r = 0.95) was the same as that found in dogs breathing spontaneously with normal dead space. With added dead space, average tidal volumes increased but not enough to compensate for the added volume and, thus, dogs achieved alveolar ventilation mainly by using the fatest molecules of gas in the airway, because of the conical shape of the velocity profile of gas molecules. When the values for VO2 and f were grouped according to different VTS, VO2 was found to be a linear function of f. Also, for a given f, VO2 increased progressively with VT; however, the higher the f, the more taxing a given increase in VT was. Over a certain range of respiratory frequencies, dogs could reduce f and increase VT without significantly affecting VO2.", "PMID": 674864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2044", "title": "Respiratory drive in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Respiratory drive (deltaP 0.1/deltaPCO2) and ventilatory response (deltaVE/deltaPCO2) to CO2 has been estimated in 20 normal subjects and 28 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In patients with COPD, drive and ventilatory response to CO2 were diminished, but no statistical correlation with FEV1, MBC, TLC, FRC, RV/TLC was found. A statistically negative correlation was found between blood bicarbonate and drive or ventilatory response to CO2. Patients with emphysema and normal PaCO2 demonstrated normal deltaP 0.1/deltaPCO2. In contrast, patients with chronic bronchitis with the same pulmonary function abnormalities and hypercapnia had significant diminution of the deltaP 0.1/deltaPCO2. Therefore, we feel that pulmonary function abnormalities alone cannot explain the deltaP 0.1/deltaPCO2 decrease; in most cases there sould coexist a diminished respiratory sensitivity.", "contents": "Respiratory drive in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory drive (deltaP 0.1/deltaPCO2) and ventilatory response (deltaVE/deltaPCO2) to CO2 has been estimated in 20 normal subjects and 28 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In patients with COPD, drive and ventilatory response to CO2 were diminished, but no statistical correlation with FEV1, MBC, TLC, FRC, RV/TLC was found. A statistically negative correlation was found between blood bicarbonate and drive or ventilatory response to CO2. Patients with emphysema and normal PaCO2 demonstrated normal deltaP 0.1/deltaPCO2. In contrast, patients with chronic bronchitis with the same pulmonary function abnormalities and hypercapnia had significant diminution of the deltaP 0.1/deltaPCO2. Therefore, we feel that pulmonary function abnormalities alone cannot explain the deltaP 0.1/deltaPCO2 decrease; in most cases there sould coexist a diminished respiratory sensitivity.", "PMID": 674865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2045", "title": "Indirect assessment of lung compliance in chronic lung diseases.", "content": "The slope of the flow volume curves was analysed in 20 normal subjects 28 patients with irreversible chronic airway obstruction, 24 patients with bronchial asthma, 8 patients with diffuse interstitial fibrosis and 7 patients with extensive bronchiectasis. Time constant of the system was taken as the slope of the curve between 50 and 25% of the vital capacity. When considered along with plethysmographically obtained airway resistance, an indirect estimate of the lung compliance was obtained. Significant differences in the estimated lung compliance in the normal subjects, patients with obstructive lung disease or diffuse interstitial fibrosis were demonstrated.", "contents": "Indirect assessment of lung compliance in chronic lung diseases. The slope of the flow volume curves was analysed in 20 normal subjects 28 patients with irreversible chronic airway obstruction, 24 patients with bronchial asthma, 8 patients with diffuse interstitial fibrosis and 7 patients with extensive bronchiectasis. Time constant of the system was taken as the slope of the curve between 50 and 25% of the vital capacity. When considered along with plethysmographically obtained airway resistance, an indirect estimate of the lung compliance was obtained. Significant differences in the estimated lung compliance in the normal subjects, patients with obstructive lung disease or diffuse interstitial fibrosis were demonstrated.", "PMID": 674866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2046", "title": "[Computation of the in- and expiratory gas-dynamic breathing efficiency].", "content": "The mathematical model for a computation of the mean airway resistance is extended by formulae for the calculation of the gas-dynamic breathing efficiency in the in- and expiratory phase.", "contents": "[Computation of the in- and expiratory gas-dynamic breathing efficiency]. The mathematical model for a computation of the mean airway resistance is extended by formulae for the calculation of the gas-dynamic breathing efficiency in the in- and expiratory phase.", "PMID": 674867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2047", "title": "[Hemoglobin oxygen affinity in children on chronic hemodialysis].", "content": "We have studied the changes induced by hemodialysis in the blood oxygen affinity in a group of 8 children with chronic kidney failure. Before dialysis: the affinity was low - P50 (7.40) = 28,3 Torr. Such a decreased affinity could explain in part why the important anemia (2 million RBC on average) observed in these patients was well tolerated. The observed decrease in hemoglobin oxygen affinity was attributed to an increase in 2-3 diphosphoglycerate (2-3 DPG) concentration, resulting from a high level of inorganic phosphates. After dialysis: the plasmatic pH increased markedly (7.52) with a consequent increase in the blood oxygen affinity in vivo (Bohr effect). No substantial change in 2-3 DPG concentration on P50 (7.40) occurred during hemodialysis.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin oxygen affinity in children on chronic hemodialysis]. We have studied the changes induced by hemodialysis in the blood oxygen affinity in a group of 8 children with chronic kidney failure. Before dialysis: the affinity was low - P50 (7.40) = 28,3 Torr. Such a decreased affinity could explain in part why the important anemia (2 million RBC on average) observed in these patients was well tolerated. The observed decrease in hemoglobin oxygen affinity was attributed to an increase in 2-3 diphosphoglycerate (2-3 DPG) concentration, resulting from a high level of inorganic phosphates. After dialysis: the plasmatic pH increased markedly (7.52) with a consequent increase in the blood oxygen affinity in vivo (Bohr effect). No substantial change in 2-3 DPG concentration on P50 (7.40) occurred during hemodialysis.", "PMID": 674868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2048", "title": "Further studies on pulmonary oedema of high altitude. Abnormal responses to hypoxia of men who had developed pulmonary oedema at high altitude.", "content": "101 Indian soldiers, 57 of whom had developed pulmonary oedema of high altitude (POHA) and 44 who had not developed this condition in spite of being at high altitudes for over 2 years, were investigated for observing the differences, if any, in their reaction to acute hypoxic stress. Each subject was made to breathe a 10% hypoxic mixture for 5 min. Haemodynamic parameters like pulmonary artery pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean), brachial artery pressure, wedge pressure, cardiac output, minute ventilation, arterial oxygen saturation and oxygen uptake before and at the end of hypoxic breathing were estimated. In addition, results of the cold pressor test were recorded and the Vd/Vt ratio was estimated. The results obtained in the present study confirmed those obtained in our previous studies. In addition, it was observed that oxygen uptake was significantly higher and oxygen saturation lower after hypoxia in the POHA subjects than in the controls. Certain parameters for screening of subjects possibly susceptible to POHA have been suggested.", "contents": "Further studies on pulmonary oedema of high altitude. Abnormal responses to hypoxia of men who had developed pulmonary oedema at high altitude. 101 Indian soldiers, 57 of whom had developed pulmonary oedema of high altitude (POHA) and 44 who had not developed this condition in spite of being at high altitudes for over 2 years, were investigated for observing the differences, if any, in their reaction to acute hypoxic stress. Each subject was made to breathe a 10% hypoxic mixture for 5 min. Haemodynamic parameters like pulmonary artery pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean), brachial artery pressure, wedge pressure, cardiac output, minute ventilation, arterial oxygen saturation and oxygen uptake before and at the end of hypoxic breathing were estimated. In addition, results of the cold pressor test were recorded and the Vd/Vt ratio was estimated. The results obtained in the present study confirmed those obtained in our previous studies. In addition, it was observed that oxygen uptake was significantly higher and oxygen saturation lower after hypoxia in the POHA subjects than in the controls. Certain parameters for screening of subjects possibly susceptible to POHA have been suggested.", "PMID": 674869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2049", "title": "Incidence of pulmonary embolism in deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "Abnormal radionuclide phlebograms were found in 65 patients in whom simultaneous-perfusion lung scintigrams and phlebograms were performed. All these patients were on adequate treatment with heparin for deep venous thrombosis. In 28% of the cases, the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was made because they had abnormal perfusion lung scans with normal chest radiograph and clinical symptoms of pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Incidence of pulmonary embolism in deep venous thrombosis. Abnormal radionuclide phlebograms were found in 65 patients in whom simultaneous-perfusion lung scintigrams and phlebograms were performed. All these patients were on adequate treatment with heparin for deep venous thrombosis. In 28% of the cases, the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was made because they had abnormal perfusion lung scans with normal chest radiograph and clinical symptoms of pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 674870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2050", "title": "Early stage of fulminant idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cured by intense combination therapy using cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone.", "content": "A 19-year-old patient was treated who developed a life-threatening pulmonary insufficiency after having suffered from a flu-like illness for 13 days. Lung biopsy revealed an early stage of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chemotherapy by prednisone alone proved ineffective. A combination of prednisone and massive doses of cyclophosphamide and vincristine, however, was effective in halting the rapid progression of the disease. The patient recovered gradually; the results of the pulmonary function tests were close to normal 2 weeks after the onset of therapy. Lung biopsy showed normal lung histology 7 months later. The patient has had no complaints at all for more than 3 years after the episode so that we may assume that he recovered fully.", "contents": "Early stage of fulminant idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cured by intense combination therapy using cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone. A 19-year-old patient was treated who developed a life-threatening pulmonary insufficiency after having suffered from a flu-like illness for 13 days. Lung biopsy revealed an early stage of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chemotherapy by prednisone alone proved ineffective. A combination of prednisone and massive doses of cyclophosphamide and vincristine, however, was effective in halting the rapid progression of the disease. The patient recovered gradually; the results of the pulmonary function tests were close to normal 2 weeks after the onset of therapy. Lung biopsy showed normal lung histology 7 months later. The patient has had no complaints at all for more than 3 years after the episode so that we may assume that he recovered fully.", "PMID": 674871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2051", "title": "Measurement of the PO2 transcutaneously with an oxymeter: a new method for patients in intensive care.", "content": "Transcutaneous measurement of the arterial PO2 is a practicable method for clinical routine work. The covering, calibration and placing of the electrodes are simple. If the circulation is normal, there is a strong correlation between the arterial and transcutaneous PO2. The stability of the electrode permits its employment for long-term monitoring. Recalibration is necessary every 12 h. Comparison with blood gas analysis is essential for control. After measuring for 5-6 h, blistering under the electrode may occur. The electrode has to be re-applied every 4 h. Continuous measurement offers new possibilities in treatment and diagnosis.", "contents": "Measurement of the PO2 transcutaneously with an oxymeter: a new method for patients in intensive care. Transcutaneous measurement of the arterial PO2 is a practicable method for clinical routine work. The covering, calibration and placing of the electrodes are simple. If the circulation is normal, there is a strong correlation between the arterial and transcutaneous PO2. The stability of the electrode permits its employment for long-term monitoring. Recalibration is necessary every 12 h. Comparison with blood gas analysis is essential for control. After measuring for 5-6 h, blistering under the electrode may occur. The electrode has to be re-applied every 4 h. Continuous measurement offers new possibilities in treatment and diagnosis.", "PMID": 674872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2052", "title": "Blood alcohol concentrations of patients attending an accident and emergency department.", "content": "The prevalence of detectable blood alcohol in all new adult patients attending an accident and emergency department was 10.3%. The mean concentration was 20.9 mmol/1 (96 mg/dl). There were significantly more patients with detectable alcohol in the following groups: male patients; patients aged under 35 years; patients attending on Saturdays; patients attending between 21.00 and 08.59 hours; patients involved in road traffic accidents; patients presenting because of drug overdosage, and head injuries. Those with detectable blood alcohol were more likely to be admitted, probably because of their associated reason for attendance. Patients referred by their general practitioner were less likely to have detectable blood alcohol.", "contents": "Blood alcohol concentrations of patients attending an accident and emergency department. The prevalence of detectable blood alcohol in all new adult patients attending an accident and emergency department was 10.3%. The mean concentration was 20.9 mmol/1 (96 mg/dl). There were significantly more patients with detectable alcohol in the following groups: male patients; patients aged under 35 years; patients attending on Saturdays; patients attending between 21.00 and 08.59 hours; patients involved in road traffic accidents; patients presenting because of drug overdosage, and head injuries. Those with detectable blood alcohol were more likely to be admitted, probably because of their associated reason for attendance. Patients referred by their general practitioner were less likely to have detectable blood alcohol.", "PMID": 674874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2053", "title": "Observations on 10,000 patients in the immediate postoperative period.", "content": "During an 18 month period 10,103 patients were admitted to the recovery unit after surgery at a district general hospital. The majority of patients (62%) recovered rapidly from anaesthesia, but 36.5% required up to 2 h before they could return to the wards, and 1.5% required close supervision for more than 2 h. The patients' requirements during the recovery period are discussed, and suggestions on the equipment, staffing and organization of a recovery unit are made.", "contents": "Observations on 10,000 patients in the immediate postoperative period. During an 18 month period 10,103 patients were admitted to the recovery unit after surgery at a district general hospital. The majority of patients (62%) recovered rapidly from anaesthesia, but 36.5% required up to 2 h before they could return to the wards, and 1.5% required close supervision for more than 2 h. The patients' requirements during the recovery period are discussed, and suggestions on the equipment, staffing and organization of a recovery unit are made.", "PMID": 674875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2054", "title": "Clinical aspects of ball-bearing bomb injuries.", "content": "This paper reports the effects on 22 victims of a bomb containing ball-bearings. Of five patients requiring admission to hospital three had sustained injuries due specifically to ball-bearings. The mechanism of the weapon, and the nature of the injuries are described. The particular type of wounds sustained, their presentation and management are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of ball-bearing bomb injuries. This paper reports the effects on 22 victims of a bomb containing ball-bearings. Of five patients requiring admission to hospital three had sustained injuries due specifically to ball-bearings. The mechanism of the weapon, and the nature of the injuries are described. The particular type of wounds sustained, their presentation and management are discussed.", "PMID": 674876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2055", "title": "Dependence of the calorigenic effect of adrenaline on the secretory activity of the adrenal medulla in posthypothermic rats.", "content": "Posthypothermic rats, 13 h after spontaneous rewarming as well as between days 6 and 7, produced the same quantity of heat as euthermic control animals. At the same time both urinary adrenaline excretion and adrenaline content of the adrenals were markedly changed. In the initial phase of the posthypothermic state (13 h after spontaneous rewarming) urinary adrenaline excretion was significantly increased whereas adrenaline content in the adrenals was lower than in normothermic control rats (P less than 0.001). Between days 6 and 7 after rewarming, the rate of urinary adrenaline excretion and adrenaline content in the adrenals returned to the control values. The calorigenic effect of exogenous adrenaline (50 microgram/100 g), found in the euthermic control rats, was not observed in posthypothermic animals 13 h after spontaneous rewarming when the secretory activity of the adrenal medulla was increased. The restitution of the calorigenic action of exogenous adrenaline occurred between days 6 and 7 after hypothermia.", "contents": "Dependence of the calorigenic effect of adrenaline on the secretory activity of the adrenal medulla in posthypothermic rats. Posthypothermic rats, 13 h after spontaneous rewarming as well as between days 6 and 7, produced the same quantity of heat as euthermic control animals. At the same time both urinary adrenaline excretion and adrenaline content of the adrenals were markedly changed. In the initial phase of the posthypothermic state (13 h after spontaneous rewarming) urinary adrenaline excretion was significantly increased whereas adrenaline content in the adrenals was lower than in normothermic control rats (P less than 0.001). Between days 6 and 7 after rewarming, the rate of urinary adrenaline excretion and adrenaline content in the adrenals returned to the control values. The calorigenic effect of exogenous adrenaline (50 microgram/100 g), found in the euthermic control rats, was not observed in posthypothermic animals 13 h after spontaneous rewarming when the secretory activity of the adrenal medulla was increased. The restitution of the calorigenic action of exogenous adrenaline occurred between days 6 and 7 after hypothermia.", "PMID": 674877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2056", "title": "Therapeutic effect of dexamethasone in experimental head injuries.", "content": "Experimental head injuries, which are easily reproducible in animal studies with guinea pigs, result in a significant increase of secondary serum enzymes. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH), fructose 1,6-diphosphate-aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), together with the isoenzymes 1 and 2, are found especially in brain in large amounts. These enzymes act as 'tracer substances' of cerebral tissue and show significantly increased serum activities in cases where acute substantial damage to the brain associated with severe alterations of the blood-brain barrier is found. In the absence of shock, hypoxia and additional bodily injuries the loss of brain tissue has to be considered the only source of enzyme outflow. The early treatment of injured animals with high doses of dexamethasone results in a protective and stabilizing effect, preventing the extrusion of enzymes from the traumatically involved brain cells. Thus by observing the characteristic serum enzyme activities of treated and untreated injured animals a therapeutic effect of dexamethasone can be demonstrated within a relatively short time.", "contents": "Therapeutic effect of dexamethasone in experimental head injuries. Experimental head injuries, which are easily reproducible in animal studies with guinea pigs, result in a significant increase of secondary serum enzymes. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH), fructose 1,6-diphosphate-aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), together with the isoenzymes 1 and 2, are found especially in brain in large amounts. These enzymes act as 'tracer substances' of cerebral tissue and show significantly increased serum activities in cases where acute substantial damage to the brain associated with severe alterations of the blood-brain barrier is found. In the absence of shock, hypoxia and additional bodily injuries the loss of brain tissue has to be considered the only source of enzyme outflow. The early treatment of injured animals with high doses of dexamethasone results in a protective and stabilizing effect, preventing the extrusion of enzymes from the traumatically involved brain cells. Thus by observing the characteristic serum enzyme activities of treated and untreated injured animals a therapeutic effect of dexamethasone can be demonstrated within a relatively short time.", "PMID": 674878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2057", "title": "Transthoracic electrical impedance: artifacts associated with electrode movement.", "content": "The applicability of transthoracic impedance measurements for estimating thoracic fluid volume and tidal volume is limited by large variations associated with electrode movement, repeated application of electrodes and inter-individual differences. These sources of variation were studied with a four-electrode impedance-measuring device in anaesthetized dogs. Electrode movement artifacts affecting both the resting expiratory value of impedance (Zo) and the respiratory change of impedance (deltaZ/VT) could be largely eliminated by rigidly fixing the distances between the current-supplying and the potential-sensing electrodes. The reproducibility of Zo and deltaZ/VT was found to be affected adversely by local conductivity changes in the skin induced by repeated removal of the glued electrodes. Inter-individual variations in Zo and deltaZ/VT correlated with the thickness of thoracic subcutaneous fat (r = 0.86) and thoracic circumference (r = -0.95) respectively. Correction for these sources of inter-individual variation allowed the standard deviations of Zo and deltaZ/VT to be reduced from 18% to 7% and from 51% to 17% of their respective mean values.", "contents": "Transthoracic electrical impedance: artifacts associated with electrode movement. The applicability of transthoracic impedance measurements for estimating thoracic fluid volume and tidal volume is limited by large variations associated with electrode movement, repeated application of electrodes and inter-individual differences. These sources of variation were studied with a four-electrode impedance-measuring device in anaesthetized dogs. Electrode movement artifacts affecting both the resting expiratory value of impedance (Zo) and the respiratory change of impedance (deltaZ/VT) could be largely eliminated by rigidly fixing the distances between the current-supplying and the potential-sensing electrodes. The reproducibility of Zo and deltaZ/VT was found to be affected adversely by local conductivity changes in the skin induced by repeated removal of the glued electrodes. Inter-individual variations in Zo and deltaZ/VT correlated with the thickness of thoracic subcutaneous fat (r = 0.86) and thoracic circumference (r = -0.95) respectively. Correction for these sources of inter-individual variation allowed the standard deviations of Zo and deltaZ/VT to be reduced from 18% to 7% and from 51% to 17% of their respective mean values.", "PMID": 674879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2058", "title": "Monitoring pulmonary artery pressures in critically ill patients.", "content": "A flow-directed Swan-Ganz catheter was used for the catheterisation of the pulmonary artery in critically ill patients. The monitoring of pulmonary artery pressures provided reliable information regarding left ventricular function and pulmonary vascular resistance. Moreover, the pulmonary artery catheter can be used for mixed venous blood sampling. Experiences with pulmonary pressure monitoring for the assessment of left ventricular performance in patients with myocardial infarction and left ventricular failure, for the estimation of lung function in patients with respiratory failure and for the selection of the optimal level of positive end-expiratory ventilation are presented. The advantages of pulmonary artery pressure monitoring for the assessment of the circulatory and respiratory status of critically ill patients are stressed, and technical problems and complications are discussed.", "contents": "Monitoring pulmonary artery pressures in critically ill patients. A flow-directed Swan-Ganz catheter was used for the catheterisation of the pulmonary artery in critically ill patients. The monitoring of pulmonary artery pressures provided reliable information regarding left ventricular function and pulmonary vascular resistance. Moreover, the pulmonary artery catheter can be used for mixed venous blood sampling. Experiences with pulmonary pressure monitoring for the assessment of left ventricular performance in patients with myocardial infarction and left ventricular failure, for the estimation of lung function in patients with respiratory failure and for the selection of the optimal level of positive end-expiratory ventilation are presented. The advantages of pulmonary artery pressure monitoring for the assessment of the circulatory and respiratory status of critically ill patients are stressed, and technical problems and complications are discussed.", "PMID": 674881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2059", "title": "The influence of tracheal vascularization on the optimum location, shape and size of the tracheostomy in prolonged intubation.", "content": "Tracheal complications due to prolonged intensive therapy were studied. By means of angiography and dye injection of blood vessels in human cadavers, and by means of surgery in dogs, the arterial systems of the trachea in both species have been analysed with regard to problems arising during prolonged intubation in the Intensive Care Unit. In experiments the main arterial networks of the trachea have been exposed, their extent assessed and the anastomoses between them determined. From analysis of the results, the most advantageous location, shape and size of the tracheostomy is proposed. A transisthmic, round and oval-shaped tracheostomy respectively, taking no more than the medial two quarters of the tracheal diameter, was found to be most suitable. Three main arterial systems, segmentally arranged blood vessels, and rich vertical and horizontal anastomoses effectively prevent necrosis of the major tracheal segments. If only one of the three arterial systems functions, the trachea survives. When designing a tracheostomy, its role in the technical procedure of prolonged intubation should have priority. The blood supply of the trachea is of secondary importance.", "contents": "The influence of tracheal vascularization on the optimum location, shape and size of the tracheostomy in prolonged intubation. Tracheal complications due to prolonged intensive therapy were studied. By means of angiography and dye injection of blood vessels in human cadavers, and by means of surgery in dogs, the arterial systems of the trachea in both species have been analysed with regard to problems arising during prolonged intubation in the Intensive Care Unit. In experiments the main arterial networks of the trachea have been exposed, their extent assessed and the anastomoses between them determined. From analysis of the results, the most advantageous location, shape and size of the tracheostomy is proposed. A transisthmic, round and oval-shaped tracheostomy respectively, taking no more than the medial two quarters of the tracheal diameter, was found to be most suitable. Three main arterial systems, segmentally arranged blood vessels, and rich vertical and horizontal anastomoses effectively prevent necrosis of the major tracheal segments. If only one of the three arterial systems functions, the trachea survives. When designing a tracheostomy, its role in the technical procedure of prolonged intubation should have priority. The blood supply of the trachea is of secondary importance.", "PMID": 674880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2060", "title": "Osmolality measurements in heart disease.", "content": "A study of the variations of plasma and urinary osmolality in patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure of different origin was made. It was shown that the plasma osmolality may be related to the clinical evolution of heart disease. The effectiveness of monitoring the osmolality in establishing the alterations of water-electrolyte balance is also reported.", "contents": "Osmolality measurements in heart disease. A study of the variations of plasma and urinary osmolality in patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure of different origin was made. It was shown that the plasma osmolality may be related to the clinical evolution of heart disease. The effectiveness of monitoring the osmolality in establishing the alterations of water-electrolyte balance is also reported.", "PMID": 674882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2061", "title": "Transitory heart pacemaker for the prophylaxis of hypoxic cardiac standstill in cases of severe pulmonary insufficiency.", "content": "Patients with hypoxia due to severe pulmonary insufficiency show a tendency towards hypoxic cardiac arrest. Asystole can occur in patients during therapeutic and nursing measures such as endotracheal suction. Experience indicates that the hypoxic cardiac arrest is difficult to resuscitate. External heart massage also shows a variety of complications. We propose the appropriately timed and prophylactic use of a transitory heart pacemaker for patients with a tendency towards hypoxic cardiac arrest. Our results show that a transitory heart pacemaker is capable of producing heart contractions even in cases of the severest hypoxia, in which otherwise cardiac arrest already would have occurred. The subclavian vein is punctured, and the electrode is pushed into the right ventricle. The electrode tip is positioned accurately by means of X-ray examination, and also by monitoring the threshold of the stimulating current. We consider that the proposed method should be used in patients who would have an increased chance of survival as a result of the additional measure of using a transitory heart pacemaker in cases of pulmonary hypoxia. It would not be indicated in patients with unfavourable prognoses due to progressive changes in the lungs.", "contents": "Transitory heart pacemaker for the prophylaxis of hypoxic cardiac standstill in cases of severe pulmonary insufficiency. Patients with hypoxia due to severe pulmonary insufficiency show a tendency towards hypoxic cardiac arrest. Asystole can occur in patients during therapeutic and nursing measures such as endotracheal suction. Experience indicates that the hypoxic cardiac arrest is difficult to resuscitate. External heart massage also shows a variety of complications. We propose the appropriately timed and prophylactic use of a transitory heart pacemaker for patients with a tendency towards hypoxic cardiac arrest. Our results show that a transitory heart pacemaker is capable of producing heart contractions even in cases of the severest hypoxia, in which otherwise cardiac arrest already would have occurred. The subclavian vein is punctured, and the electrode is pushed into the right ventricle. The electrode tip is positioned accurately by means of X-ray examination, and also by monitoring the threshold of the stimulating current. We consider that the proposed method should be used in patients who would have an increased chance of survival as a result of the additional measure of using a transitory heart pacemaker in cases of pulmonary hypoxia. It would not be indicated in patients with unfavourable prognoses due to progressive changes in the lungs.", "PMID": 674883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2062", "title": "Technique of lung ventilation through an injector.", "content": "Clinical and experimental evidence that the risks of ventilation through an injector can be diminished if the rate of gas flow in the tracheal probe is kept slow is presented. In practice those inlet devices for oxygen which permit an acceleration of the flow at the end of insufflation give better ventilation. The oxygen and air mixture is more uniform and the distribution is more physiological if there are side holes in the tube; the intake of additional air is then not due to the Bernoulli effect but to the effect of propulsion. Lung ventilation through an injector is worthwhile and is the only possible method in some cases, but it demands skill and care.", "contents": "Technique of lung ventilation through an injector. Clinical and experimental evidence that the risks of ventilation through an injector can be diminished if the rate of gas flow in the tracheal probe is kept slow is presented. In practice those inlet devices for oxygen which permit an acceleration of the flow at the end of insufflation give better ventilation. The oxygen and air mixture is more uniform and the distribution is more physiological if there are side holes in the tube; the intake of additional air is then not due to the Bernoulli effect but to the effect of propulsion. Lung ventilation through an injector is worthwhile and is the only possible method in some cases, but it demands skill and care.", "PMID": 674884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2063", "title": "Transthoracic electrical impendance in anaesthesia and intensive care.", "content": "Pulmonary fluid accumulation plays an important role in the development of post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency. Yet initially diagnosis may be difficult. The measurement of transthoracic electrical impedance was used to detect early pulmonary fluid overload. In healthy test persons infusions of isotonic electrolyte solutions and diuresis were accompanied by changes of impedance dependent on the amount of infused or withdrawn fluid. In patients with pulmonary insufficiency a relatively low mean body impedance was recorded. Enforced diuresis resulted in a rise and in diminution of the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference.", "contents": "Transthoracic electrical impendance in anaesthesia and intensive care. Pulmonary fluid accumulation plays an important role in the development of post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency. Yet initially diagnosis may be difficult. The measurement of transthoracic electrical impedance was used to detect early pulmonary fluid overload. In healthy test persons infusions of isotonic electrolyte solutions and diuresis were accompanied by changes of impedance dependent on the amount of infused or withdrawn fluid. In patients with pulmonary insufficiency a relatively low mean body impedance was recorded. Enforced diuresis resulted in a rise and in diminution of the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference.", "PMID": 674885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2064", "title": "Carbon dioxide in water- and air-breathers.", "content": "Because water-breathers breathe much more water than air-breathers breathe air, and because in the two media the CO2 capacitance coefficients are similar, the difference in PCO2 between inspired and expired medium is much smaller in aquatic than in aerial animals, being generally inferior to 1 Torr. However, as regards CO2, water is a very complex medium, since the aquatic CO2 system varies with salinity, temperature, carbonation, photosynthesis and eventually ionic exchange in the gills. In no two waters is the pattern of CO2 exchange the same. In respiratory studies of aquatic animals it is very important to keep the carbon dioxide system of the water as constant as possible, or at least to be aware of its possible variation with many factors.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide in water- and air-breathers. Because water-breathers breathe much more water than air-breathers breathe air, and because in the two media the CO2 capacitance coefficients are similar, the difference in PCO2 between inspired and expired medium is much smaller in aquatic than in aerial animals, being generally inferior to 1 Torr. However, as regards CO2, water is a very complex medium, since the aquatic CO2 system varies with salinity, temperature, carbonation, photosynthesis and eventually ionic exchange in the gills. In no two waters is the pattern of CO2 exchange the same. In respiratory studies of aquatic animals it is very important to keep the carbon dioxide system of the water as constant as possible, or at least to be aware of its possible variation with many factors.", "PMID": 674894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2065", "title": "Bicarbonate exchange between body compartments after changes of temperature in the larger spotted dogfish (Soyliorhinus stellaris).", "content": "Intracellular/extracellular and extracellular/sea-water bicarbonate exchanges were measured in Larger Spotted Dogfish (Sycliorhinus stellaris) exposed to 10 degrees C temperature step changes in a closed sea-water recirculation system. Changes of the bicarbonate concentration in blood plasma (= extracellular space) and in the recirculating sea-water were monitored for 36 h after the temperature change. Intracellular/extracellular transfer of bicarbonate was computed from bicarbonate changes in the extracellular space and sea-water. When the temperature was changed from 10 to 20 degrees C a signigicant transfer of bicarbonate was observed from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment and from the extracellular compartment to the sea-water. These transfers were reversed when the temperature was lowered from 20 to 10 degrees C. The exchange processes were practically completed after 18 h. The amount of bicarbonate exchanged between intracellular and extracellular compartments and sea-water was larger than predicted on the basis of in vitro buffer values of white, red and heart muscle, suggesting that additional tissues exchange significant amounts of bicarbonate with the extracellular space. It is concluded that physicochemical buffering is not sufficient to account for the observed adjustment of intracellular and extracellular pH and that bicarbonate exchange between body compartments and environment may be the most important regulatory mechamism, responsible for the final adjustment of acid-base balance in dogfish.", "contents": "Bicarbonate exchange between body compartments after changes of temperature in the larger spotted dogfish (Soyliorhinus stellaris). Intracellular/extracellular and extracellular/sea-water bicarbonate exchanges were measured in Larger Spotted Dogfish (Sycliorhinus stellaris) exposed to 10 degrees C temperature step changes in a closed sea-water recirculation system. Changes of the bicarbonate concentration in blood plasma (= extracellular space) and in the recirculating sea-water were monitored for 36 h after the temperature change. Intracellular/extracellular transfer of bicarbonate was computed from bicarbonate changes in the extracellular space and sea-water. When the temperature was changed from 10 to 20 degrees C a signigicant transfer of bicarbonate was observed from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment and from the extracellular compartment to the sea-water. These transfers were reversed when the temperature was lowered from 20 to 10 degrees C. The exchange processes were practically completed after 18 h. The amount of bicarbonate exchanged between intracellular and extracellular compartments and sea-water was larger than predicted on the basis of in vitro buffer values of white, red and heart muscle, suggesting that additional tissues exchange significant amounts of bicarbonate with the extracellular space. It is concluded that physicochemical buffering is not sufficient to account for the observed adjustment of intracellular and extracellular pH and that bicarbonate exchange between body compartments and environment may be the most important regulatory mechamism, responsible for the final adjustment of acid-base balance in dogfish.", "PMID": 674895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2066", "title": "[Respiratory arrest during sleep. Facts and hypothyses].", "content": "The writers analyze 29 nyctohemeral recordings in 20 patients with sleep apneas. In addition to the standard polygraphy, use is made of pneumotachography and capnography. The results (central apnea with open or secondarily closed glottis; obstructive apnea with closed glottis or with expiratory valve phenomenon) raise the hypothesis of a central physiopathological mechanism common to the various types of apneas through a more or less dissociated inhibition of the activity of the respiratory, laryngeal, intercostal, and diaphragmatic muscles:--in central apnea: inhibition of the thoracoabdominal activity and maintenance of the tonicity of the laryngeal muscles, keeping the glottis open;--in obstructive apnea: persistence of the thoracic and/or abdominal activity with inhibition of the activity of the laryngeal muscles, leading to a passive obstruction due to the effect of inspiratory depression.", "contents": "[Respiratory arrest during sleep. Facts and hypothyses]. The writers analyze 29 nyctohemeral recordings in 20 patients with sleep apneas. In addition to the standard polygraphy, use is made of pneumotachography and capnography. The results (central apnea with open or secondarily closed glottis; obstructive apnea with closed glottis or with expiratory valve phenomenon) raise the hypothesis of a central physiopathological mechanism common to the various types of apneas through a more or less dissociated inhibition of the activity of the respiratory, laryngeal, intercostal, and diaphragmatic muscles:--in central apnea: inhibition of the thoracoabdominal activity and maintenance of the tonicity of the laryngeal muscles, keeping the glottis open;--in obstructive apnea: persistence of the thoracic and/or abdominal activity with inhibition of the activity of the laryngeal muscles, leading to a passive obstruction due to the effect of inspiratory depression.", "PMID": 674981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2067", "title": "[Chronology of diagnostic and therapeutic activities in the 3 weeks following rupture of an intracranial saccular aneurysm (series of 316 cases)].", "content": "The authors advocate to operate grades I, II and III patients on the 6th or 7th day following the onset of SAH, that is to say between the \"oedema\" period and the rebleeding period. They study all investigations and therapy which are necessary previously to the operation and advocate to perform a CT scan as the first investigation as well as to control the intraventricular pressure. Their opinion is based on the study of 316 cases admitted over a period of 5 years 218 have been operated upon by a team of 7 neurosurgeons with an overall mortality of 18.3 p. 100. The mortality in grade I and II patients has been 13.3 p. 100. This percentage includes all fatalities occuring in the six months following surgery. The senior author assumes that a good audio-visual teaching of the trainees can improve the results.", "contents": "[Chronology of diagnostic and therapeutic activities in the 3 weeks following rupture of an intracranial saccular aneurysm (series of 316 cases)]. The authors advocate to operate grades I, II and III patients on the 6th or 7th day following the onset of SAH, that is to say between the \"oedema\" period and the rebleeding period. They study all investigations and therapy which are necessary previously to the operation and advocate to perform a CT scan as the first investigation as well as to control the intraventricular pressure. Their opinion is based on the study of 316 cases admitted over a period of 5 years 218 have been operated upon by a team of 7 neurosurgeons with an overall mortality of 18.3 p. 100. The mortality in grade I and II patients has been 13.3 p. 100. This percentage includes all fatalities occuring in the six months following surgery. The senior author assumes that a good audio-visual teaching of the trainees can improve the results.", "PMID": 674982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2068", "title": "[Peripheral and central factors controlling reciprocal Ia inhibition in man].", "content": "Variations of the soleus H reflex were studied during voluntary contractions of the tibialis anterior in man. At the onset of contraction there was a weak inhibition of the soleus H-reflex which was not related to the force of the tibialis anterior contraction. 110 msec after the onset of the EMG activity the inhibition became secondarily more marked and was then related to the force of the contraction. This secondary potentation of the H-reflex inhibition is brought about by group I fibres activity, since it was markedly reduced during ischemia of the leg. It is concluded that the early inhibition is only due to suprasegmental activity whereas during the secondary part of the inhibition, there is a supplementary inhibitory action likely brought about by Ia fibres tibialis anterior. The secondary potentiation of the inhibition is therefore likely to be produced via the gamma loop.", "contents": "[Peripheral and central factors controlling reciprocal Ia inhibition in man]. Variations of the soleus H reflex were studied during voluntary contractions of the tibialis anterior in man. At the onset of contraction there was a weak inhibition of the soleus H-reflex which was not related to the force of the tibialis anterior contraction. 110 msec after the onset of the EMG activity the inhibition became secondarily more marked and was then related to the force of the contraction. This secondary potentation of the H-reflex inhibition is brought about by group I fibres activity, since it was markedly reduced during ischemia of the leg. It is concluded that the early inhibition is only due to suprasegmental activity whereas during the secondary part of the inhibition, there is a supplementary inhibitory action likely brought about by Ia fibres tibialis anterior. The secondary potentiation of the inhibition is therefore likely to be produced via the gamma loop.", "PMID": 674983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2069", "title": "[Intermediate forms of infantile spinal amyotrophy. Apropos of 20 personal observations].", "content": "The authors report 20 cases of infantile spinal amyotrophy, including 8 sporadic and 12 familial. There were 10 boys and 10 girls, the age of onset of the disease being between 1 and 5 years, with an average of 32 months. The clinical course is such that these forms may be easily distinguished from the classical Werdnig-Hoffman syndrome, by virtue of their later onset and their slower progression. Intermediate forms also differ from the Kugelberg-Welander pseudo-myopathic form in developing earlier and having a less benign clinical course. These features favour the existence of a series of intermediate forms situated between the two classical types, the definition and limitations of the infantile spinal amyotrophies being relatively imprecise.", "contents": "[Intermediate forms of infantile spinal amyotrophy. Apropos of 20 personal observations]. The authors report 20 cases of infantile spinal amyotrophy, including 8 sporadic and 12 familial. There were 10 boys and 10 girls, the age of onset of the disease being between 1 and 5 years, with an average of 32 months. The clinical course is such that these forms may be easily distinguished from the classical Werdnig-Hoffman syndrome, by virtue of their later onset and their slower progression. Intermediate forms also differ from the Kugelberg-Welander pseudo-myopathic form in developing earlier and having a less benign clinical course. These features favour the existence of a series of intermediate forms situated between the two classical types, the definition and limitations of the infantile spinal amyotrophies being relatively imprecise.", "PMID": 674984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2070", "title": "[Recent findings on the genealogy, clinical aspects and histology of a family with periodic hyperkalemic paralysis].", "content": "A family presenting a hyperkalemic form of periodic paralysis was studied through six generations; 31 individuals were affected, 14 could be examined. Periods of diffuse or localized muscle weakness, lasting one to four days, were associated with the classic adynamic attacks. Myotonic symptoms were discrete. Some patients, in particular the hard manual workers, exhibited a permanent proximal deficiency. Serum potassium level was in the lower normal range but raised during the attacks. EMG showed a polymorphic pattern, suggesting a functional neuro-muscular block. The histological and ultrastructural changes were pleiomorphic: vacuoles, tubular aggregates and fibers were found in a patient with permanent weakness; a pure type II fibre atrophy was noticed in another patient, without any weakness between the attakcs. Acetazolamide treatment gave good results in four cases out of seven.", "contents": "[Recent findings on the genealogy, clinical aspects and histology of a family with periodic hyperkalemic paralysis]. A family presenting a hyperkalemic form of periodic paralysis was studied through six generations; 31 individuals were affected, 14 could be examined. Periods of diffuse or localized muscle weakness, lasting one to four days, were associated with the classic adynamic attacks. Myotonic symptoms were discrete. Some patients, in particular the hard manual workers, exhibited a permanent proximal deficiency. Serum potassium level was in the lower normal range but raised during the attacks. EMG showed a polymorphic pattern, suggesting a functional neuro-muscular block. The histological and ultrastructural changes were pleiomorphic: vacuoles, tubular aggregates and fibers were found in a patient with permanent weakness; a pure type II fibre atrophy was noticed in another patient, without any weakness between the attakcs. Acetazolamide treatment gave good results in four cases out of seven.", "PMID": 674985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2071", "title": "[Irregular antibody screening by Groupamatic at the Paris (C.N.T.S.) and Toulouse (C.R.T.S.) blood transfusion centers].", "content": "We report here the experience of 3 years of irregular antibody automated screening with Groupamatic, that is to say of 661,511 samples tested in Paris and 269, 162 samples tested in Toulouse. The positive reactions in Paris were 16,296 (2.46%) out of which 2,021 irregular antibodies were identified (0.30%). The positive reactions in Toulouse were 8,266 (3.07%) out of which 2,138 irregular antibodies were identified (0,79%). The difference between the number of screened positive reactions and the identified one is due to false positive reactions (half of the cases) and to autoantibodies whose number is roughly the same than the number of identified alloantibodies. During the years 1970, 1971 and 1972, the irregular antibodies were systematically screened in Toulouse on all blood donors with a manual technique on opaline plate using enzyme treated red cell tests (papain). 7,147 positive reactions were detected, out of 240,080 tests (2.98%). 1,954 (0,81%) were alloantibodies and 1,529 (0.64%) autoantibodies; 3.455 were false positive reactions and 209 were non identified antibodies. These figures are superimposed with those obtained with Groupamatic during the following years, thus pointing out the interest of this equipment.", "contents": "[Irregular antibody screening by Groupamatic at the Paris (C.N.T.S.) and Toulouse (C.R.T.S.) blood transfusion centers]. We report here the experience of 3 years of irregular antibody automated screening with Groupamatic, that is to say of 661,511 samples tested in Paris and 269, 162 samples tested in Toulouse. The positive reactions in Paris were 16,296 (2.46%) out of which 2,021 irregular antibodies were identified (0.30%). The positive reactions in Toulouse were 8,266 (3.07%) out of which 2,138 irregular antibodies were identified (0,79%). The difference between the number of screened positive reactions and the identified one is due to false positive reactions (half of the cases) and to autoantibodies whose number is roughly the same than the number of identified alloantibodies. During the years 1970, 1971 and 1972, the irregular antibodies were systematically screened in Toulouse on all blood donors with a manual technique on opaline plate using enzyme treated red cell tests (papain). 7,147 positive reactions were detected, out of 240,080 tests (2.98%). 1,954 (0,81%) were alloantibodies and 1,529 (0.64%) autoantibodies; 3.455 were false positive reactions and 209 were non identified antibodies. These figures are superimposed with those obtained with Groupamatic during the following years, thus pointing out the interest of this equipment.", "PMID": 674998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2072", "title": "[Use of Groupamatic in surveying fetomaternal alloimmunizations].", "content": "The A.V.I.S. Blood Transfusion Center of Turin performs the screening of foetomaternal allo-immunizations for the S. Anna Hospital of Turin. This hospital includes 3 hospital departments and 3 obstetrical and gynaecological university departments. The number of births in one year is roughly 13.000, i.e. 50 mother-baby couples, are tested every day. The identification system and the sampling process are described. The program used on the Groupamatic system includes: 1.) First run: Blood typing of mother blood with screening of alloantibodies. Second run: Blood typing control, screening of immune anti-A and anti-B antibodies, syphilis screening. 2.) Washing of cord blood red blood cells: First run: Washed red blood cells ABO and Rhesus typing, direct Coombs test. Second run: Blood typing control. Automatic screening of maternal irregular alloantibodies and automatic indirect Coombs test on washed cordblood red cells are simultaneously controlled with standard manual techniques. Sampling and testing are processed within 24 hours after birth. The set of results concerning mother-baby couples are grouped on one card and sent to the hospital department for a quick MHNN prophylaxy. Results of tests performed on 6.351 pregnancies studied until birth are presented. The automated direct Coombs test was positive with: 1--95% of new borns from mother who have a high immune allo antibody anti-A/B titer (IgG after treatment with two Mercapto etanol greater than I/64). 2--100% of new borns from mother who have irregular allo antibodies in Rh, Kell, Duffy or Kidd systems.", "contents": "[Use of Groupamatic in surveying fetomaternal alloimmunizations]. The A.V.I.S. Blood Transfusion Center of Turin performs the screening of foetomaternal allo-immunizations for the S. Anna Hospital of Turin. This hospital includes 3 hospital departments and 3 obstetrical and gynaecological university departments. The number of births in one year is roughly 13.000, i.e. 50 mother-baby couples, are tested every day. The identification system and the sampling process are described. The program used on the Groupamatic system includes: 1.) First run: Blood typing of mother blood with screening of alloantibodies. Second run: Blood typing control, screening of immune anti-A and anti-B antibodies, syphilis screening. 2.) Washing of cord blood red blood cells: First run: Washed red blood cells ABO and Rhesus typing, direct Coombs test. Second run: Blood typing control. Automatic screening of maternal irregular alloantibodies and automatic indirect Coombs test on washed cordblood red cells are simultaneously controlled with standard manual techniques. Sampling and testing are processed within 24 hours after birth. The set of results concerning mother-baby couples are grouped on one card and sent to the hospital department for a quick MHNN prophylaxy. Results of tests performed on 6.351 pregnancies studied until birth are presented. The automated direct Coombs test was positive with: 1--95% of new borns from mother who have a high immune allo antibody anti-A/B titer (IgG after treatment with two Mercapto etanol greater than I/64). 2--100% of new borns from mother who have irregular allo antibodies in Rh, Kell, Duffy or Kidd systems.", "PMID": 675000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2073", "title": "[HBs antigen screening with Groupamatic. Inhibition of passive hemagglutination and latex test].", "content": "Some agglutination tests for HBs Ag and anti-HBs detection may be easily automated. Reverse hemagglutination, needing a lengthy incubation and several steps to carry out is unfit for Groupamatic, but hemagglutination inhibition and latex agglutination may be used. Hemagglutination inhibition using selected human red cells (ORh+) coated with cesium chloride purified HBs Ag, has been now routinely used at the C.N.T.S. with visual reading for almost 2 years. Negative and positive controls are necessary. The anti-HBs serum utilized has to be checked daily to get sensitive detection. Every new batch of coated red cells (valid 4 to 6 weeks) is checked in microtiter plates in the laboratory, before being used on Groupamatic. Both positive and dubious results are systematically retested in RIA. We found only 0,5% of false positive. The sensibility of the test compared favourably with other third generation test as reverse hemagglutination. It was close to the results obtained with radio-immuno-assay or enzyme-immuno-assay and it was more sensitive than counter-immuno electrophoresis. 65,472 samples were tested in parallel: we were able to detect 97% of HBs Ag detected by RIA. False negative results were less than 1 per 10 000 and may be avoided by using citrated solution for the anti-HBs serum dilution (suppression of auto-agglutination of the red cells). Antigex TG (the most active batch of latex coated with guinea pig, anti-HBs antibody) made by Pfizer, gave good results on Groupamatic and automatic reading was possible. But more results are necessary using various batches, before to recommend such reagent.", "contents": "[HBs antigen screening with Groupamatic. Inhibition of passive hemagglutination and latex test]. Some agglutination tests for HBs Ag and anti-HBs detection may be easily automated. Reverse hemagglutination, needing a lengthy incubation and several steps to carry out is unfit for Groupamatic, but hemagglutination inhibition and latex agglutination may be used. Hemagglutination inhibition using selected human red cells (ORh+) coated with cesium chloride purified HBs Ag, has been now routinely used at the C.N.T.S. with visual reading for almost 2 years. Negative and positive controls are necessary. The anti-HBs serum utilized has to be checked daily to get sensitive detection. Every new batch of coated red cells (valid 4 to 6 weeks) is checked in microtiter plates in the laboratory, before being used on Groupamatic. Both positive and dubious results are systematically retested in RIA. We found only 0,5% of false positive. The sensibility of the test compared favourably with other third generation test as reverse hemagglutination. It was close to the results obtained with radio-immuno-assay or enzyme-immuno-assay and it was more sensitive than counter-immuno electrophoresis. 65,472 samples were tested in parallel: we were able to detect 97% of HBs Ag detected by RIA. False negative results were less than 1 per 10 000 and may be avoided by using citrated solution for the anti-HBs serum dilution (suppression of auto-agglutination of the red cells). Antigex TG (the most active batch of latex coated with guinea pig, anti-HBs antibody) made by Pfizer, gave good results on Groupamatic and automatic reading was possible. But more results are necessary using various batches, before to recommend such reagent.", "PMID": 675004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2074", "title": "[Groupamatic 360 C1 and transfusion safety].", "content": "Presentation of an evaluation program of patient blood grouping through Groupamatic, with final report printed out under the control of the management computer of the blood center. The flow chart is composed of three main steps:--information tracking on a two-part card,--duplicated determination of blood groups and phenotypes by Groupamatic,--correlation check between the two runs by the management computer, followed by the print out of the blood grouping results. Print out always includes two STEPS:--for the first blood grouping: self adhesive label on a color form and on the transfusion record,--for the second blood grouping: definite blood group card and check label for transfusion record,--for antibody screening and pretransfusion check up, results and label with a summary taped on. Transfusion file should always follow the patient and allows to write his transfusion \"past\" just by sticking on the I.D. numbers of transfused products. Furthermore, the management computer prints out:--the result log book.--a daily updated alphanumeric listing.", "contents": "[Groupamatic 360 C1 and transfusion safety]. Presentation of an evaluation program of patient blood grouping through Groupamatic, with final report printed out under the control of the management computer of the blood center. The flow chart is composed of three main steps:--information tracking on a two-part card,--duplicated determination of blood groups and phenotypes by Groupamatic,--correlation check between the two runs by the management computer, followed by the print out of the blood grouping results. Print out always includes two STEPS:--for the first blood grouping: self adhesive label on a color form and on the transfusion record,--for the second blood grouping: definite blood group card and check label for transfusion record,--for antibody screening and pretransfusion check up, results and label with a summary taped on. Transfusion file should always follow the patient and allows to write his transfusion \"past\" just by sticking on the I.D. numbers of transfused products. Furthermore, the management computer prints out:--the result log book.--a daily updated alphanumeric listing.", "PMID": 675012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2075", "title": "[Automated data processing system at the National Center for Blood Transfusion].", "content": "1) Data processing of blood unit test result on Groupamatic with manual labelling listings:--according to unit numbers;--according to blood results. 2) Blood donor file (updating):--114 473 donors;--150 characters/standard donors;--250 characters/precious donors. 3) Automatic print-out of:--call-ups;--donor data cards;--national blood donor cards:--diplomas;--red cards of badges;--particular listings of blood donors for medical checking, calling up, selecting units with special characteristics;--general listings. 4) Automatic labelling of blood units, by reading the unit identification number, and by printing out the corresponding labels.", "contents": "[Automated data processing system at the National Center for Blood Transfusion]. 1) Data processing of blood unit test result on Groupamatic with manual labelling listings:--according to unit numbers;--according to blood results. 2) Blood donor file (updating):--114 473 donors;--150 characters/standard donors;--250 characters/precious donors. 3) Automatic print-out of:--call-ups;--donor data cards;--national blood donor cards:--diplomas;--red cards of badges;--particular listings of blood donors for medical checking, calling up, selecting units with special characteristics;--general listings. 4) Automatic labelling of blood units, by reading the unit identification number, and by printing out the corresponding labels.", "PMID": 675014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2076", "title": "[Groupamatic in the general organization of collecting and utilization of blood at C.N.T.S].", "content": "The automatization of immunohematological tests on Groupamatic equipments and its integration in a data management system of blood units and donor files has been brought about progressively, takinginto account the initiator status of the C.N.T.S. and its priviliged relationship with the manufacturer. A set of different problems was thus successively studied, the solutions of which lead to the development of new techniques, concerning the machine itself and its surroundings: --blood collection: -taking of blood sample on vacutainers containing anti-coagulant, without dilution, at a constant level and clot free; --identification: -connection between blood sample and blood unit by the creation of an identification number on twin labels (2 part card); -donor blood donation connection; --utilization of Groupamatic results: -edition of result listings; -study and use of an automated labelling of blood units; --setting up and daily updating of donor files: -blood collection data management; -creation of a badge--link between blood donation, files and donors. These constant improvements of both system and techniques have helped to put us within reach of the goal set as early as 1963 with Dr. C. Matte, that is to say the establishment of a fully automated system avoiding any intervention other than blood collection. Thus, due to the suppression of retranscription, this system increases the safety and enables the use of previously known donor characteristics.", "contents": "[Groupamatic in the general organization of collecting and utilization of blood at C.N.T.S]. The automatization of immunohematological tests on Groupamatic equipments and its integration in a data management system of blood units and donor files has been brought about progressively, takinginto account the initiator status of the C.N.T.S. and its priviliged relationship with the manufacturer. A set of different problems was thus successively studied, the solutions of which lead to the development of new techniques, concerning the machine itself and its surroundings: --blood collection: -taking of blood sample on vacutainers containing anti-coagulant, without dilution, at a constant level and clot free; --identification: -connection between blood sample and blood unit by the creation of an identification number on twin labels (2 part card); -donor blood donation connection; --utilization of Groupamatic results: -edition of result listings; -study and use of an automated labelling of blood units; --setting up and daily updating of donor files: -blood collection data management; -creation of a badge--link between blood donation, files and donors. These constant improvements of both system and techniques have helped to put us within reach of the goal set as early as 1963 with Dr. C. Matte, that is to say the establishment of a fully automated system avoiding any intervention other than blood collection. Thus, due to the suppression of retranscription, this system increases the safety and enables the use of previously known donor characteristics.", "PMID": 675016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2077", "title": "[Groupamatic 360 C1 and automated blood donor processing in a transfusion center].", "content": "Automation of donor management flow path is controlled by: --a 3 slip \"port a punch\" card, --the groupamatic unit with a result sorted out on punch paper tape, --the management computer off line connected to groupamatic. Data tracking at blood collection time is made by punching a card with the donor card used as a master card. Groupamatic performs: --a standard blood grouping with one run for registered donors and two runs for new donors, --a phenotyping with two runs, --a screening of irregular antibodies. Themanagement computer checks the correlation between the data of the two runs or the data of a single run and that of previous file. It updates the data resident in the central file and prints out: --the controls of the different blood group for the red cell panel, --The listing of error messages, --The listing of emergency call up, --The listing of collected blood units when arrived at the blood center, with quantitative and qualitative information such as: number of blood, units collected, donor addresses, etc., --Statistics, --Donor cards, --Diplomas.", "contents": "[Groupamatic 360 C1 and automated blood donor processing in a transfusion center]. Automation of donor management flow path is controlled by: --a 3 slip \"port a punch\" card, --the groupamatic unit with a result sorted out on punch paper tape, --the management computer off line connected to groupamatic. Data tracking at blood collection time is made by punching a card with the donor card used as a master card. Groupamatic performs: --a standard blood grouping with one run for registered donors and two runs for new donors, --a phenotyping with two runs, --a screening of irregular antibodies. Themanagement computer checks the correlation between the data of the two runs or the data of a single run and that of previous file. It updates the data resident in the central file and prints out: --the controls of the different blood group for the red cell panel, --The listing of error messages, --The listing of emergency call up, --The listing of collected blood units when arrived at the blood center, with quantitative and qualitative information such as: number of blood, units collected, donor addresses, etc., --Statistics, --Donor cards, --Diplomas.", "PMID": 675017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2078", "title": "[Integration othe MG 50 into the routine of a hospital transfusion center].", "content": "Groupamatic MG 50 equipment looks to be quite well adapted to suit the needs of small or medium size blood transfusion centers, in which the number of blood grouping determinations daily processed is in the range of 100 to 500. In its present configuration (after some modifications have been brought in), the MG 50 offers significant advantages which will be discussed in detail. For a batch of 58 samples tested in one hour on twelve channels a single technician is required instead of 3 to 4; sample supply of equipment is therefore made in a more regular way. In case of run interrupt a single series of 12 determinations is implicated and can be immediately checked. The whole analysis process is limited to twice 11 minutes due to the continuous agitation of discs. The tubing pump priming is automatically performed and the reagent homogeneity is better insured; the presence of dilution tubes is easily controlled. Different programs are easily interchangeable and make the use of equipment smooth. We do think that MG 50 allows a better distribution of work throughout the day and accepts emergency blood grouping requests without any special difficulty.", "contents": "[Integration othe MG 50 into the routine of a hospital transfusion center]. Groupamatic MG 50 equipment looks to be quite well adapted to suit the needs of small or medium size blood transfusion centers, in which the number of blood grouping determinations daily processed is in the range of 100 to 500. In its present configuration (after some modifications have been brought in), the MG 50 offers significant advantages which will be discussed in detail. For a batch of 58 samples tested in one hour on twelve channels a single technician is required instead of 3 to 4; sample supply of equipment is therefore made in a more regular way. In case of run interrupt a single series of 12 determinations is implicated and can be immediately checked. The whole analysis process is limited to twice 11 minutes due to the continuous agitation of discs. The tubing pump priming is automatically performed and the reagent homogeneity is better insured; the presence of dilution tubes is easily controlled. Different programs are easily interchangeable and make the use of equipment smooth. We do think that MG 50 allows a better distribution of work throughout the day and accepts emergency blood grouping requests without any special difficulty.", "PMID": 675020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2079", "title": "[HLA and IgA deficiency].", "content": "The distribution of 29 HLA-A and B antigens was compared in 50 Caucaso\u00efds with an IgA deficit and in 300 healthy controls. The patients were divided in 3 groups: 1) Partial selective IgA deficit (40); 2) Total selective Iga deficit (7); 3) IgA deficit associated with hypogammaglobulinemia (3). The patients viewed as a whole, we observed an increased frequency for the antigens HLA-Aw19, HLA-B5 and HLA-BW17. Yet, the modifications are not cleanly significant, with p less than 0.05, but p corrected not significant. We also considered the 3 groups separated and we did not remark any particular association with HLA. The data concerning HLA and congenital immune insufficiencies are reviewed. The most authors at once studied several immune defects. Only one Hungarian work was performed on IgA deficit. We do not confirm HLA-A1 and HLA-B8 increased frequencies, as it was reported, in Hungary, by Bajtai and al. There is no evident association between one HLA-A or B gene and the IgA deficit. The possible relation of IgA insufficiency with autoimmunity and allergy would justify complementary investigations, especially about HLA-D and Ia genes repartition in this disease.", "contents": "[HLA and IgA deficiency]. The distribution of 29 HLA-A and B antigens was compared in 50 Caucaso\u00efds with an IgA deficit and in 300 healthy controls. The patients were divided in 3 groups: 1) Partial selective IgA deficit (40); 2) Total selective Iga deficit (7); 3) IgA deficit associated with hypogammaglobulinemia (3). The patients viewed as a whole, we observed an increased frequency for the antigens HLA-Aw19, HLA-B5 and HLA-BW17. Yet, the modifications are not cleanly significant, with p less than 0.05, but p corrected not significant. We also considered the 3 groups separated and we did not remark any particular association with HLA. The data concerning HLA and congenital immune insufficiencies are reviewed. The most authors at once studied several immune defects. Only one Hungarian work was performed on IgA deficit. We do not confirm HLA-A1 and HLA-B8 increased frequencies, as it was reported, in Hungary, by Bajtai and al. There is no evident association between one HLA-A or B gene and the IgA deficit. The possible relation of IgA insufficiency with autoimmunity and allergy would justify complementary investigations, especially about HLA-D and Ia genes repartition in this disease.", "PMID": 675021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2080", "title": "[Serum proteins and erythrocyte enzymes. Evaluation of frequencies in 2 populations in the Gabon].", "content": "The results of the electrophoretic phenotyping of two serum groups (C'3 and Transferrine) and seven red cell enzymes (PAc, PGM, AK, ADA, 6PGD, sGPT and Est D) in two groups of negroes from Gabon are presented. The frequencies are in the normal range observed for African populations except for acid phosphatase in Southern Africa; Khoisan people have frequencies of the \"Negroe allele R\" higher than in any other population of the world. In Obamba and Bateke populations frequencies of Pr is 0.013.", "contents": "[Serum proteins and erythrocyte enzymes. Evaluation of frequencies in 2 populations in the Gabon]. The results of the electrophoretic phenotyping of two serum groups (C'3 and Transferrine) and seven red cell enzymes (PAc, PGM, AK, ADA, 6PGD, sGPT and Est D) in two groups of negroes from Gabon are presented. The frequencies are in the normal range observed for African populations except for acid phosphatase in Southern Africa; Khoisan people have frequencies of the \"Negroe allele R\" higher than in any other population of the world. In Obamba and Bateke populations frequencies of Pr is 0.013.", "PMID": 675022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2081", "title": "[Value of a technical modification for the detection of syphilis on Technicon BT 15. Study on 10.076 samples  tested with 2 \"VDRL-carbon\" antigens].", "content": "Previously described Manifold for routine detection of Syphilis using charcoal particles with Auto-Analyzer did not appear satisfactory to the authors. A modified Manifold is described which includes a longer time of incubation and decantation, without any saline addition. Two charcoal antigen suspensions (K-Ag, ART) were tested on 10.076 samples from blood donors, comparatively with 13.614 samples tested through manual Kline and VDRL methods: no significative difference was noted in detection of Syphilis. Differences between both antigen suspensions (ART antigen gives more positive resultats than K-Ag) can be attributed to \"false positive\" reactions.", "contents": "[Value of a technical modification for the detection of syphilis on Technicon BT 15. Study on 10.076 samples  tested with 2 \"VDRL-carbon\" antigens]. Previously described Manifold for routine detection of Syphilis using charcoal particles with Auto-Analyzer did not appear satisfactory to the authors. A modified Manifold is described which includes a longer time of incubation and decantation, without any saline addition. Two charcoal antigen suspensions (K-Ag, ART) were tested on 10.076 samples from blood donors, comparatively with 13.614 samples tested through manual Kline and VDRL methods: no significative difference was noted in detection of Syphilis. Differences between both antigen suspensions (ART antigen gives more positive resultats than K-Ag) can be attributed to \"false positive\" reactions.", "PMID": 675023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2082", "title": "[Additional anti-Klebsiella phages used in lysotyping of Klebsiella strains].", "content": "In order to increase the efficiency of lysotyping as a method for differentiating Klebsiella strains the authors tested the activity of 10 additional phages isolated, prepared and studied in the laboratory and compared to the Slopek-Milch set. A number of 734 Klebsiella strains were isolated in different clinical and epidemiological conditions and lysotyped. The phage type was determined in 64.60% of the strains examined, using 15 phages of the Slopek-Milch set. By using additional autochtonous phages the proportion of lysotypable strains reached 77.80%; therefore, 13.20% were sensitive only to the additional phages.", "contents": "[Additional anti-Klebsiella phages used in lysotyping of Klebsiella strains]. In order to increase the efficiency of lysotyping as a method for differentiating Klebsiella strains the authors tested the activity of 10 additional phages isolated, prepared and studied in the laboratory and compared to the Slopek-Milch set. A number of 734 Klebsiella strains were isolated in different clinical and epidemiological conditions and lysotyped. The phage type was determined in 64.60% of the strains examined, using 15 phages of the Slopek-Milch set. By using additional autochtonous phages the proportion of lysotypable strains reached 77.80%; therefore, 13.20% were sensitive only to the additional phages.", "PMID": 675029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2083", "title": "[Determination of the take efficiency of lyophilized smallpox vaccine as a function of the vaccination technic (double scarification, multi-puncture and jet injection)].", "content": "Revaccination against smallpox was performed by three techniques: double scarification, multiple puncture and jet injection in 352 youths aged 16 and 17 years. The results were assessed by the number of takes, the quality of the cutaneous and humoral response. The highest proportion of major skin reactions was obtained by multiple puncture vaccination (62.4%) and the best humoral response, tested by passive haemagglutination, by jet revaccination. Multiple puncture is recommended as a method of election both in restricted and mass vaccination in view of the high proportion of major skin rections accompanied by a corresponding humoral response, the rapid and readily performed technique and small amount of vaccine needed.", "contents": "[Determination of the take efficiency of lyophilized smallpox vaccine as a function of the vaccination technic (double scarification, multi-puncture and jet injection)]. Revaccination against smallpox was performed by three techniques: double scarification, multiple puncture and jet injection in 352 youths aged 16 and 17 years. The results were assessed by the number of takes, the quality of the cutaneous and humoral response. The highest proportion of major skin reactions was obtained by multiple puncture vaccination (62.4%) and the best humoral response, tested by passive haemagglutination, by jet revaccination. Multiple puncture is recommended as a method of election both in restricted and mass vaccination in view of the high proportion of major skin rections accompanied by a corresponding humoral response, the rapid and readily performed technique and small amount of vaccine needed.", "PMID": 675028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2084", "title": "[Significance of roentgen symptomatics of 425 breast carcinomas in 10000 mammographies (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic significance of 425 carcinomata of the breast compared with NAD mammographs is examined according to 16 main criteria. Size of the breast, type of tumorous densification, structural changes parenchymal patterns, and prominent duct patterns, are analyzed in greater detail besides the often discussed direct and indirect signs of malignancy. By paying attention to discreet roentgenographic changes, the rate of false negative findings can be reduced. Mammographic examinations on only one level result in a reduction in correct diagnoses of breast carcinoma by at least 8%.", "contents": "[Significance of roentgen symptomatics of 425 breast carcinomas in 10000 mammographies (author's transl)]. The diagnostic significance of 425 carcinomata of the breast compared with NAD mammographs is examined according to 16 main criteria. Size of the breast, type of tumorous densification, structural changes parenchymal patterns, and prominent duct patterns, are analyzed in greater detail besides the often discussed direct and indirect signs of malignancy. By paying attention to discreet roentgenographic changes, the rate of false negative findings can be reduced. Mammographic examinations on only one level result in a reduction in correct diagnoses of breast carcinoma by at least 8%.", "PMID": 675058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2085", "title": "[Critical notes on risk calculations in mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1971 a Mammography Screening Study was carried out in Hamburg. This project shows that mammography is the only method to detect a high percentage of minimal breast cancer. The chance to cure these patients (10-years-survival) then is 80% and more. With mean literature values for parenchym dose, incidence rate and induction period the risk of cancer induction by mammography as a function of age was calculated. It is shown that benefit exceeds risk not only for women over 50 years of age. Even for younger women the use of mammography seems justified, if longer inspection periods from 2 to 5 years are considered.", "contents": "[Critical notes on risk calculations in mammography (author's transl)]. Since 1971 a Mammography Screening Study was carried out in Hamburg. This project shows that mammography is the only method to detect a high percentage of minimal breast cancer. The chance to cure these patients (10-years-survival) then is 80% and more. With mean literature values for parenchym dose, incidence rate and induction period the risk of cancer induction by mammography as a function of age was calculated. It is shown that benefit exceeds risk not only for women over 50 years of age. Even for younger women the use of mammography seems justified, if longer inspection periods from 2 to 5 years are considered.", "PMID": 675059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2086", "title": "[Xeromammography (author's transl)].", "content": "Film- and xeromammography are good diagnostic methods of breast diseases. Concerning praeclinical situations xeromammography is as well as film-mammography. Radiation hazard of xeromammography is on a lower range.", "contents": "[Xeromammography (author's transl)]. Film- and xeromammography are good diagnostic methods of breast diseases. Concerning praeclinical situations xeromammography is as well as film-mammography. Radiation hazard of xeromammography is on a lower range.", "PMID": 675060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2087", "title": "[Diagnostic significance of high-filtration xeromammography in relation to radiation hazard and image quality (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of additional filtration through 3 mm aluminium enables significant reduction of the radiation dose in xeromammography with the Senographe, compared with conventional xerography, by a factor of 2-3, and, compared with film not requiring an intensifying screen, by a factor of 10-12. The applied tissue doses are between 0.14 and 0.30 rad per exposure. Hence, the radiogenic carcinoma risk, which is still largely hypothetic, is very low as far as this mammographic system is concerned. The high quality of the mammographs guarantees absolute diagnostic safety.", "contents": "[Diagnostic significance of high-filtration xeromammography in relation to radiation hazard and image quality (author's transl)]. The use of additional filtration through 3 mm aluminium enables significant reduction of the radiation dose in xeromammography with the Senographe, compared with conventional xerography, by a factor of 2-3, and, compared with film not requiring an intensifying screen, by a factor of 10-12. The applied tissue doses are between 0.14 and 0.30 rad per exposure. Hence, the radiogenic carcinoma risk, which is still largely hypothetic, is very low as far as this mammographic system is concerned. The high quality of the mammographs guarantees absolute diagnostic safety.", "PMID": 675061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2088", "title": "[The value of infrared and plate thermography in the early diagnosis of mastocarcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The inspection and palpation of the breast remains the basis of every breast examination. However, genuine early diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast cannot be achieved by clinical examinations without any supporting investigation. It must be borne in mind that such early diagnosis is the aim of every medical checkup for cancer. This fact has resulted in the development of novel examination methods employing suitable apparatus. The value of mammography is beyond dispute. Since it is the safest of all examination methods as far as accurate results are concerned, mammography makes a decisive contribution toward improving the success rate of early diagnostics. The present paper aims at emphasizing the value of thermography in diagnostics, especially in the early diagnosis of mastocarcinoma. Such a valuation becomes possibly by checking all thermographic findings with the help of mammography. As a result, it must be stated that both infrared thermography and plate thermography can only be additional examination methods in support of mammography in order to discover clinically occult carcinomas within the framework of preventive care examinations.", "contents": "[The value of infrared and plate thermography in the early diagnosis of mastocarcinoma (author's transl)]. The inspection and palpation of the breast remains the basis of every breast examination. However, genuine early diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast cannot be achieved by clinical examinations without any supporting investigation. It must be borne in mind that such early diagnosis is the aim of every medical checkup for cancer. This fact has resulted in the development of novel examination methods employing suitable apparatus. The value of mammography is beyond dispute. Since it is the safest of all examination methods as far as accurate results are concerned, mammography makes a decisive contribution toward improving the success rate of early diagnostics. The present paper aims at emphasizing the value of thermography in diagnostics, especially in the early diagnosis of mastocarcinoma. Such a valuation becomes possibly by checking all thermographic findings with the help of mammography. As a result, it must be stated that both infrared thermography and plate thermography can only be additional examination methods in support of mammography in order to discover clinically occult carcinomas within the framework of preventive care examinations.", "PMID": 675062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2089", "title": "[Preoperative marking of non-palpable tumors of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on a simplified localization method via injection of contrast medium, Patent Blue and suprarenine, subsequent to a review of various methods of localization of non-palpable breast findings with suspicion of carcinoma.", "contents": "[Preoperative marking of non-palpable tumors of the breast (author's transl)]. The article reports on a simplified localization method via injection of contrast medium, Patent Blue and suprarenine, subsequent to a review of various methods of localization of non-palpable breast findings with suspicion of carcinoma.", "PMID": 675063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2090", "title": "[Parasternal lymphoscintigraphy in mastocarcinoma, its diagnostic value and significance for prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The scintigraphic investigation of parasternal lymph nodes is a simple method which is well tolerated by the patients. It gives additional information about lymphatic metastases. This examination is of great value for prognosis and therapy in cases of breast cancer.", "contents": "[Parasternal lymphoscintigraphy in mastocarcinoma, its diagnostic value and significance for prognosis (author's transl)]. The scintigraphic investigation of parasternal lymph nodes is a simple method which is well tolerated by the patients. It gives additional information about lymphatic metastases. This examination is of great value for prognosis and therapy in cases of breast cancer.", "PMID": 675064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2091", "title": "[Clinical comparative study between the contrast media Biligram, Endomirabil and Biliscopin (author's transl)].", "content": "The contrast media Biligram, Endomirabil und Biliscopin are tested in comparative series in a total of 304 patients. The optimal time of exposure for visulaization of the bile ducts and gallbladder is between 60 and 90 minutes in combined filling with Biloptin and the contrast medium used. The contrast media do not differ from one another in a significant manner in respect of contrast densification. All three constrast media have low side effects for injection times of 5 minutes. The side effect quota increases with the amount of injected contrast medium. Of all three contrast media, Biliscopin has the lowest side effect quota.", "contents": "[Clinical comparative study between the contrast media Biligram, Endomirabil and Biliscopin (author's transl)]. The contrast media Biligram, Endomirabil und Biliscopin are tested in comparative series in a total of 304 patients. The optimal time of exposure for visulaization of the bile ducts and gallbladder is between 60 and 90 minutes in combined filling with Biloptin and the contrast medium used. The contrast media do not differ from one another in a significant manner in respect of contrast densification. All three constrast media have low side effects for injection times of 5 minutes. The side effect quota increases with the amount of injected contrast medium. Of all three contrast media, Biliscopin has the lowest side effect quota.", "PMID": 675065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2092", "title": "[Lysis of the odontoid process in rheumatoid polyarthritis].", "content": "The authors report 9 cases of partial or total lysis of the odontoid peg in rheumatoid arthritis. Retrospective study of 100 cases of rheumatoid arthritis and the data from the literature demonstrate the rarity of these lesions, the last stage of the odontoid erosions which are much commoner. The therapeutic approach is usually nuero-surgical.", "contents": "[Lysis of the odontoid process in rheumatoid polyarthritis]. The authors report 9 cases of partial or total lysis of the odontoid peg in rheumatoid arthritis. Retrospective study of 100 cases of rheumatoid arthritis and the data from the literature demonstrate the rarity of these lesions, the last stage of the odontoid erosions which are much commoner. The therapeutic approach is usually nuero-surgical.", "PMID": 675112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2093", "title": "[Osteo-articular infections: choice and monitoring of antibiotic therapy. Apropos of 26 observations with an identified organism].", "content": "Study of 26 cases of osteo-articular infections with an identified organism collected in a rheumatology department, has confirmed in the first place the increasing importance of gram negative organisms, compared with the staphylococcus which has always mainly predominated in this type of infection. In each case, the authors have made as complete a bacteriological study as possible, including antibiotic sensitivities, the measurement of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotics on the isolated strains, study of the bactericidal power in vitro of various combinations, and study of the inhibitory power of the serum on the organism. This study of the inhibitory power of the serum approximates most closely to testing the antibiotic activities in vivo, since one cannot make this assessment, in most cases, within the infective focus itself. Rifampicin, with the imperative condition that it is not used alone, is a major antibiotic in the osteo-articular infections, by reason of its very great activity against the staphylococcus, its excelent penetration into bone, and its ease of use. Other recognized anti-staphylococcal antibiotics behave in a more disappointing fashion. When the effectiveness of treatment is checked regularly by the inhibitory power of the serum, together with the other classical criteria of surveillance, cure of the infection as been achieved in every case.", "contents": "[Osteo-articular infections: choice and monitoring of antibiotic therapy. Apropos of 26 observations with an identified organism]. Study of 26 cases of osteo-articular infections with an identified organism collected in a rheumatology department, has confirmed in the first place the increasing importance of gram negative organisms, compared with the staphylococcus which has always mainly predominated in this type of infection. In each case, the authors have made as complete a bacteriological study as possible, including antibiotic sensitivities, the measurement of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotics on the isolated strains, study of the bactericidal power in vitro of various combinations, and study of the inhibitory power of the serum on the organism. This study of the inhibitory power of the serum approximates most closely to testing the antibiotic activities in vivo, since one cannot make this assessment, in most cases, within the infective focus itself. Rifampicin, with the imperative condition that it is not used alone, is a major antibiotic in the osteo-articular infections, by reason of its very great activity against the staphylococcus, its excelent penetration into bone, and its ease of use. Other recognized anti-staphylococcal antibiotics behave in a more disappointing fashion. When the effectiveness of treatment is checked regularly by the inhibitory power of the serum, together with the other classical criteria of surveillance, cure of the infection as been achieved in every case.", "PMID": 675113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2094", "title": "[Aspects of the crossed thoracobrachial syndrome as seen in rheumatology].", "content": "On the basis of 12 personal observations it is pointed out that the thoracobrachial syndrome may become apparent from pain or paraesthesia of the arm. These symptoms typically appear in certain positions or on effort. Essential arterial or venous complications require early diagnosis, which is only possible by vascular exploration (arteriography or phlebography with radiographs with abduction of the arm). The value of clinical changes appears to be very restricted. Simple surgery-resection of the first rib- eliminates all possible multiple compression causes and is indicated in serious or very incapaciting forms of the syndrome.", "contents": "[Aspects of the crossed thoracobrachial syndrome as seen in rheumatology]. On the basis of 12 personal observations it is pointed out that the thoracobrachial syndrome may become apparent from pain or paraesthesia of the arm. These symptoms typically appear in certain positions or on effort. Essential arterial or venous complications require early diagnosis, which is only possible by vascular exploration (arteriography or phlebography with radiographs with abduction of the arm). The value of clinical changes appears to be very restricted. Simple surgery-resection of the first rib- eliminates all possible multiple compression causes and is indicated in serious or very incapaciting forms of the syndrome.", "PMID": 675114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2095", "title": "[Tomodensitometry in osteoarticular pathology. Preliminary results].", "content": "From the investigation of 180 patients, the preliminary results of tomo-densitometric study (\"scanning\") of the locomotor system are presented. The technique permits investigation in the transverse spatial plane, which is ignored in conventional radiology. We feel this to be a major advantage in osteo-articular disease, especially for the spine (measurement of the diameter of the canal, analysis of the posterior structures), the sacro-iliac joints, hip joints (easy-measurement of the angles of anteversion) and patello-femoral joints. The densitometric measurement is the second advantage. It allows the estimation of the degree of bony calcification of any bone in the body with great precision. The preliminary study already demonstrates the limitations of the technique (exploration of a single transverse plane, edge effect, and necessity for a new anatomy).", "contents": "[Tomodensitometry in osteoarticular pathology. Preliminary results]. From the investigation of 180 patients, the preliminary results of tomo-densitometric study (\"scanning\") of the locomotor system are presented. The technique permits investigation in the transverse spatial plane, which is ignored in conventional radiology. We feel this to be a major advantage in osteo-articular disease, especially for the spine (measurement of the diameter of the canal, analysis of the posterior structures), the sacro-iliac joints, hip joints (easy-measurement of the angles of anteversion) and patello-femoral joints. The densitometric measurement is the second advantage. It allows the estimation of the degree of bony calcification of any bone in the body with great precision. The preliminary study already demonstrates the limitations of the technique (exploration of a single transverse plane, edge effect, and necessity for a new anatomy).", "PMID": 675115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2096", "title": "[Fc-gamma-receptor cells and rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Certain blood lymphocytes of patients suffering from rhumatoid arthritis (RA) and or control subjects, can be detected using a rosette technique in the presence  of erythrocyte antibody compounds (EA). The EA rosettes demonstrate the presence of cells having a receptor for the Fc fragment of the IgG's (Fc-receptor). A significant increase in highly active EA rosettes during RA was demonstrated using six EA compounds differing according to the type of erythrocyte and the quantity of sensitizing antibody. These highly active EA rosettes correspond to the case in which few antiserum molecules cover the erythrocytes. Their high level in RA may correspond to an increased number of Fc-receptor cells or to a stronger linkage of EA compounds. The cells forming EA rosettes are responsible for the resulting cell antibody cytotoxicity that seems to change little during rhumatoid disease. However, the very special behavior of Fc-receptor lymphocytes incubated in vitro suggests that the IgG receptors are modulated by the immune compounds present during RA.", "contents": "[Fc-gamma-receptor cells and rheumatoid arthritis]. Certain blood lymphocytes of patients suffering from rhumatoid arthritis (RA) and or control subjects, can be detected using a rosette technique in the presence  of erythrocyte antibody compounds (EA). The EA rosettes demonstrate the presence of cells having a receptor for the Fc fragment of the IgG's (Fc-receptor). A significant increase in highly active EA rosettes during RA was demonstrated using six EA compounds differing according to the type of erythrocyte and the quantity of sensitizing antibody. These highly active EA rosettes correspond to the case in which few antiserum molecules cover the erythrocytes. Their high level in RA may correspond to an increased number of Fc-receptor cells or to a stronger linkage of EA compounds. The cells forming EA rosettes are responsible for the resulting cell antibody cytotoxicity that seems to change little during rhumatoid disease. However, the very special behavior of Fc-receptor lymphocytes incubated in vitro suggests that the IgG receptors are modulated by the immune compounds present during RA.", "PMID": 675118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2097", "title": "[Bone scintigraphy in Paget's disease].", "content": "Sixty patients with Paget's disease underwent bone scintigraphy and a radiological and biological exam. The use of scintigraphy in this disease is of double importance: it allows the spread of the disease to be diagnosed without doing X-rays of the entire skeleton. In twenty per cent of cases this disease cannot be located using X-rays and is detected by scintigraphy. It also supplies an additional objective criteria for judging the development of this disease, especially under treatment. The authors study the different hypotheses concerning the fixation to the bone of the isotope tracer in the Paget zone.", "contents": "[Bone scintigraphy in Paget's disease]. Sixty patients with Paget's disease underwent bone scintigraphy and a radiological and biological exam. The use of scintigraphy in this disease is of double importance: it allows the spread of the disease to be diagnosed without doing X-rays of the entire skeleton. In twenty per cent of cases this disease cannot be located using X-rays and is detected by scintigraphy. It also supplies an additional objective criteria for judging the development of this disease, especially under treatment. The authors study the different hypotheses concerning the fixation to the bone of the isotope tracer in the Paget zone.", "PMID": 675119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2098", "title": "[Critical study of variations in bone mass measurement by iliac biopsy].", "content": "Measurement of the bone trabicular volume (BTV) of 60 iliac crests obtained at necropsy, was done by morphometry on decalcified bone preparation. Changes in the site and the techniques of biopsy introduce variations which may reach 50% for sites which are one or two centimeters apart. The iliac bone is not especially imprecise and should be replaced by the transfixing horizontal biopsy. For a given zone, one observes a good correlation between the BTV and the ash weight per cubic centimeter of psongious bone, a point which justifies the interest in morphometry for the evaluation of the body bone mass.", "contents": "[Critical study of variations in bone mass measurement by iliac biopsy]. Measurement of the bone trabicular volume (BTV) of 60 iliac crests obtained at necropsy, was done by morphometry on decalcified bone preparation. Changes in the site and the techniques of biopsy introduce variations which may reach 50% for sites which are one or two centimeters apart. The iliac bone is not especially imprecise and should be replaced by the transfixing horizontal biopsy. For a given zone, one observes a good correlation between the BTV and the ash weight per cubic centimeter of psongious bone, a point which justifies the interest in morphometry for the evaluation of the body bone mass.", "PMID": 675120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2099", "title": "[Our experience with the determination of serum anti-alphastaphylolysins and antigammastaphylolysins during infectious osteoarthritis. A personal series of 53 staphylococcal osteoarthritis cases, 14 cases of osteoarthritis from various germs, 47 extra-articular staphylococcal infections and 500 control subjects].", "content": "The difficulty of directly isolating the casual agent (by obtaining specimens in situ or if necessary by hemoculture), during infectious osteo-arthritis and mainly during those deeply located such as spondylodiscitis and sacro-iliac infections, has led authors to investigate the field of serologic examinations. In staphylococcosis, which is quite frequent, they report results of serum anti-alphastaphylolysin dosage (AASTL) in 500 controls, 100 patients in whom a staphylococcus was recovered and 14 patients with other germs. In the first group, 10 subjects out of 500 ad a level greater than 2 IU whereas in the second group an elevation of the level of AASTL was observed in 66% of cases of staphylococcal osteo-arthritis (35 out of 53) and in 54% of cases of staphylococcosis without esteoarticular localization (25 out of 47), a total of 60% of staphylococcosis with various localizations (60 cases out of 100). Despite the elevation AASTL serum in 4 of the 14 cases of the third group, this study confirms the great diagnositc value of this dosage mainly when the levels are higher than 4 IU or are still rising. The recent study of the serum antigammastaphylolysins represent an additional factor of interest because of its reliability and its frequent positive result during staphylococcosis (in 19 cases of osteo-arthritis out of 27, and in 10 cases of staphylococcosis without osteo-articular localization out of 16: a total of 29 cases in a series of 43 staphylococcosis). The dosage of both AASTL and AGSTL, however, seems more valuable since out of 40 cases of staphylococcosis, we have observed a simultaneous elevation of AASTL and AGSTL in 22 cases (55%), a sole elevation of AASTL in 8 cases and AGSTL in 5 cases (12.5%). Therefore, in this series, at least one of the enzymes was elevated in 15 cases out of 40 (87.5%) which represents an increase of 12.5% when compared with the study of the sole AASTL and an increase of 20% when compared to the study of AGSTL.", "contents": "[Our experience with the determination of serum anti-alphastaphylolysins and antigammastaphylolysins during infectious osteoarthritis. A personal series of 53 staphylococcal osteoarthritis cases, 14 cases of osteoarthritis from various germs, 47 extra-articular staphylococcal infections and 500 control subjects]. The difficulty of directly isolating the casual agent (by obtaining specimens in situ or if necessary by hemoculture), during infectious osteo-arthritis and mainly during those deeply located such as spondylodiscitis and sacro-iliac infections, has led authors to investigate the field of serologic examinations. In staphylococcosis, which is quite frequent, they report results of serum anti-alphastaphylolysin dosage (AASTL) in 500 controls, 100 patients in whom a staphylococcus was recovered and 14 patients with other germs. In the first group, 10 subjects out of 500 ad a level greater than 2 IU whereas in the second group an elevation of the level of AASTL was observed in 66% of cases of staphylococcal osteo-arthritis (35 out of 53) and in 54% of cases of staphylococcosis without esteoarticular localization (25 out of 47), a total of 60% of staphylococcosis with various localizations (60 cases out of 100). Despite the elevation AASTL serum in 4 of the 14 cases of the third group, this study confirms the great diagnositc value of this dosage mainly when the levels are higher than 4 IU or are still rising. The recent study of the serum antigammastaphylolysins represent an additional factor of interest because of its reliability and its frequent positive result during staphylococcosis (in 19 cases of osteo-arthritis out of 27, and in 10 cases of staphylococcosis without osteo-articular localization out of 16: a total of 29 cases in a series of 43 staphylococcosis). The dosage of both AASTL and AGSTL, however, seems more valuable since out of 40 cases of staphylococcosis, we have observed a simultaneous elevation of AASTL and AGSTL in 22 cases (55%), a sole elevation of AASTL in 8 cases and AGSTL in 5 cases (12.5%). Therefore, in this series, at least one of the enzymes was elevated in 15 cases out of 40 (87.5%) which represents an increase of 12.5% when compared with the study of the sole AASTL and an increase of 20% when compared to the study of AGSTL.", "PMID": 675121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2100", "title": "[Value of myeloscintigraphy in the detection of intraspinal compressions].", "content": "The authors report their experience of myeloscintigraphy summarizing the 120 examinations made during the years 1975 and 1976, in the department of rheumatology of the regional hospital centre of Clermont-Ferrand. The technique uses serum labelled with technetium 99 introduced by the lumbar route. Schematically 3 pathological patterns can be determined : complet block, segmental block, and partial block. The examination is particularly reliable at the dorsal and high lumbar levels, where only one \"false negative\" was found, and even that debatable. In this situation it has a valuable role in regard to both the presence and the level of a compression. In the cervical and low lumbar levels, its reliability seems definitely inferior, especially in the case of lateral disc herniations. Tolerance has always been excellent whatever the age of the patient. We have thus an investigation that is simple and well tolerated, and its valuable role in the early detection of myelo-radicular compressions should assure it a place of choice alongside other methods of paraclinical investigation of the spinal canal.", "contents": "[Value of myeloscintigraphy in the detection of intraspinal compressions]. The authors report their experience of myeloscintigraphy summarizing the 120 examinations made during the years 1975 and 1976, in the department of rheumatology of the regional hospital centre of Clermont-Ferrand. The technique uses serum labelled with technetium 99 introduced by the lumbar route. Schematically 3 pathological patterns can be determined : complet block, segmental block, and partial block. The examination is particularly reliable at the dorsal and high lumbar levels, where only one \"false negative\" was found, and even that debatable. In this situation it has a valuable role in regard to both the presence and the level of a compression. In the cervical and low lumbar levels, its reliability seems definitely inferior, especially in the case of lateral disc herniations. Tolerance has always been excellent whatever the age of the patient. We have thus an investigation that is simple and well tolerated, and its valuable role in the early detection of myelo-radicular compressions should assure it a place of choice alongside other methods of paraclinical investigation of the spinal canal.", "PMID": 675122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2101", "title": "[Microhardness measurement of the cartilage of the human femur head].", "content": "Resistance to compression of the cartilage of 29 heads of human femurs were studied with a microdetector. This instrument allows comparison between various samples of cartilage, taking into account the macroscopic aspect of the surface of the articulation. Study of samples using normal microscopy reveals that the hardness of the cartilage can vary considerably from one subject to another, without correlation with the microscopic aspect of the articulation surface, or the exact place of the biopsy or the age of the subject. The presence of superficial microfissures was correlated with significant diminution of the hardness of the cartilage. The most extensive lesions of the cartilage due to aging were observed in subjects with an intact cartilage that was less resistant than the others.", "contents": "[Microhardness measurement of the cartilage of the human femur head]. Resistance to compression of the cartilage of 29 heads of human femurs were studied with a microdetector. This instrument allows comparison between various samples of cartilage, taking into account the macroscopic aspect of the surface of the articulation. Study of samples using normal microscopy reveals that the hardness of the cartilage can vary considerably from one subject to another, without correlation with the microscopic aspect of the articulation surface, or the exact place of the biopsy or the age of the subject. The presence of superficial microfissures was correlated with significant diminution of the hardness of the cartilage. The most extensive lesions of the cartilage due to aging were observed in subjects with an intact cartilage that was less resistant than the others.", "PMID": 675123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2102", "title": "Bioelectrical changes in the rabbit septal nuclei after i.v. administration of adrenaline and hydrocortisone.", "content": "The effect of i.v. administration of a 10 gamma/kg b.w. and 20 gamma/kg b.w. dose of adrenaline solution and/or 5 mg/kg G. F. hydrocortisone hemisuccinate dose was studied on New Zealand, rabbits with pairs of electrode chronically implanted the LSN, AN, MSN, NDBB, dorsal hippocampus and RFM. The 10 gamma and the 20 gamma/kg b.w. dose of adrenaline cause changes in the EEG traces of the septal nuclei and the dorsal hippocampus expressed by a directly proportional increase in the frequency, and by a decrease in the mean amplitude of the background acticity inversely proportional with the adrenaline dose. Administration of the 5 mg/kg hydrocortisone hemisuccinate dose lead to similar modifications, but with lower values as compared to those obtained by administration of the 20 gamma/kg dose of adrenaline.", "contents": "Bioelectrical changes in the rabbit septal nuclei after i.v. administration of adrenaline and hydrocortisone. The effect of i.v. administration of a 10 gamma/kg b.w. and 20 gamma/kg b.w. dose of adrenaline solution and/or 5 mg/kg G. F. hydrocortisone hemisuccinate dose was studied on New Zealand, rabbits with pairs of electrode chronically implanted the LSN, AN, MSN, NDBB, dorsal hippocampus and RFM. The 10 gamma and the 20 gamma/kg b.w. dose of adrenaline cause changes in the EEG traces of the septal nuclei and the dorsal hippocampus expressed by a directly proportional increase in the frequency, and by a decrease in the mean amplitude of the background acticity inversely proportional with the adrenaline dose. Administration of the 5 mg/kg hydrocortisone hemisuccinate dose lead to similar modifications, but with lower values as compared to those obtained by administration of the 20 gamma/kg dose of adrenaline.", "PMID": 675126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2103", "title": "Variations in LH and FSH serum gonadotropins in the hypophyseal chromophobe adenoma and acromegaly in the woman in relation to age.", "content": "Investigation of the gonadotropic function by radioimmunoassay of serum LH and FSH in 62 women with hypophyseal chromophobe adenoma and acromegaly in relation to age and by comparison with 40 normal women revealed low values for LH and FSH during the reporduction period (20--43 years) and increased values in the postmenopausal period (48--84 years) like in physiologic postmenopause. The increase of the gonadotropic function in the hypophyseal tumoral syndrome of the chromophobe adenoma and acromegaly type above the age of 48 from low values compared to the normal to high values like those in physiologic menopause (a gonadotropic turning phenomenon) demonstrate an alteration of the hypothalamic receptors in relation to age and to these diseases.", "contents": "Variations in LH and FSH serum gonadotropins in the hypophyseal chromophobe adenoma and acromegaly in the woman in relation to age. Investigation of the gonadotropic function by radioimmunoassay of serum LH and FSH in 62 women with hypophyseal chromophobe adenoma and acromegaly in relation to age and by comparison with 40 normal women revealed low values for LH and FSH during the reporduction period (20--43 years) and increased values in the postmenopausal period (48--84 years) like in physiologic postmenopause. The increase of the gonadotropic function in the hypophyseal tumoral syndrome of the chromophobe adenoma and acromegaly type above the age of 48 from low values compared to the normal to high values like those in physiologic menopause (a gonadotropic turning phenomenon) demonstrate an alteration of the hypothalamic receptors in relation to age and to these diseases.", "PMID": 675127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2104", "title": "Plasmatic level of angiotensin I in normal subjects of various ages, in Cushing's syndrome and in normal and pathologic pregnancy.", "content": "Using RIA for determining the plasmatic renin activity in orthostatism according to the method of Fyhrquist we obtained in the control group of adult subjects nonsignificant variations in relation with sex and age, and in the group with Cushing's syndrome associated with arterial hypertension nonsignificantly increased values as against the controls. In pathologic pregnancy (toxemic pregnancy with arterial hypertension and edemas), the plasmatic renin (PR) activity was significantly higher ( less than 0.001) than in the group with physiologic pregnancy.", "contents": "Plasmatic level of angiotensin I in normal subjects of various ages, in Cushing's syndrome and in normal and pathologic pregnancy. Using RIA for determining the plasmatic renin activity in orthostatism according to the method of Fyhrquist we obtained in the control group of adult subjects nonsignificant variations in relation with sex and age, and in the group with Cushing's syndrome associated with arterial hypertension nonsignificantly increased values as against the controls. In pathologic pregnancy (toxemic pregnancy with arterial hypertension and edemas), the plasmatic renin (PR) activity was significantly higher ( less than 0.001) than in the group with physiologic pregnancy.", "PMID": 675128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2105", "title": "Progressive \"empty sella\" syndrome, gonadotropins deficiency and congenital aqueductal stenosis. Case report.", "content": "A 23-year old woman had both the empty sella syndrome (ESS) and congenital stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius, diagnosed by fractionated pneumencephalography. A progressive increase of the pituitary fossa followed a brisk intracranial hypertension. Dynamic pituitary function tests show a secondary gonadotropin deficiency. The role of intracranial pressure in the pathogenesis of \"empty sella\" syndrome, as well as the necessity to investigate by pneumencephalography all the patients with progressive enlargement of sella turcica and secondary pituitary deficiency are suggested.", "contents": "Progressive \"empty sella\" syndrome, gonadotropins deficiency and congenital aqueductal stenosis. Case report. A 23-year old woman had both the empty sella syndrome (ESS) and congenital stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius, diagnosed by fractionated pneumencephalography. A progressive increase of the pituitary fossa followed a brisk intracranial hypertension. Dynamic pituitary function tests show a secondary gonadotropin deficiency. The role of intracranial pressure in the pathogenesis of \"empty sella\" syndrome, as well as the necessity to investigate by pneumencephalography all the patients with progressive enlargement of sella turcica and secondary pituitary deficiency are suggested.", "PMID": 675129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2106", "title": "The endogenous release of pancreatic polypeptide by acid and meal in dogs. Effect of somatostatin.", "content": "The response of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) to testmeal (5 ml/kg) and intraduodenal acid (4 mEq HCl/5min) and its reaction to somatostatin (3.5 microgram/kg/h following bolus injection of 3.5 microgram/kg) was studied in dogs with chronic duodenal and gastric fistulae. In addition the influence of atropin (0.5 mg/kg/h) on acid-induced PP response was examined.  PP was measured by radioimmunoassay pancreatic secretion by determinating volume, bicarbonate, protein, and enzyme in duodenal contents and pancreatic juice. Plasma PP increased significantly following intraduodenal application of testmeal and hydrochloric acid. Its release was completely suppressed by SST. Furthermore, PP response to intraduodenal acid was blocked by atropin. Exocrine pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and protein was inhibited by somatostatin as well as atropin. Since PP was released following administration of testmeal and acid, both potent stimulators of pancreatotropic duodenal hormones, it may play an important role in the control of the entero-pancreatic axis. The effect of atropin indicates a cholinergic nervous component of PP release.", "contents": "The endogenous release of pancreatic polypeptide by acid and meal in dogs. Effect of somatostatin. The response of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) to testmeal (5 ml/kg) and intraduodenal acid (4 mEq HCl/5min) and its reaction to somatostatin (3.5 microgram/kg/h following bolus injection of 3.5 microgram/kg) was studied in dogs with chronic duodenal and gastric fistulae. In addition the influence of atropin (0.5 mg/kg/h) on acid-induced PP response was examined.  PP was measured by radioimmunoassay pancreatic secretion by determinating volume, bicarbonate, protein, and enzyme in duodenal contents and pancreatic juice. Plasma PP increased significantly following intraduodenal application of testmeal and hydrochloric acid. Its release was completely suppressed by SST. Furthermore, PP response to intraduodenal acid was blocked by atropin. Exocrine pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and protein was inhibited by somatostatin as well as atropin. Since PP was released following administration of testmeal and acid, both potent stimulators of pancreatotropic duodenal hormones, it may play an important role in the control of the entero-pancreatic axis. The effect of atropin indicates a cholinergic nervous component of PP release.", "PMID": 675146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2107", "title": "Lipase activity in blood following endoscopic pancreatography: demonstration of its pancreatic origin and existence of ductal or acino-venous pathways in man.", "content": "The presence of a lipase activity has been observed in the blood of patients undergoing an endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). The identity between this serum lipase and pancreatic lipase has been demonstrated by their similarity in in chromatographic, immunological, and catalytic properties. Lipase activity in serum increased when pancreatography was accompanied by a passage of the contrast medium to the kidney demonstrating the presence of ductal or acino-venous pathways in man.", "contents": "Lipase activity in blood following endoscopic pancreatography: demonstration of its pancreatic origin and existence of ductal or acino-venous pathways in man. The presence of a lipase activity has been observed in the blood of patients undergoing an endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). The identity between this serum lipase and pancreatic lipase has been demonstrated by their similarity in in chromatographic, immunological, and catalytic properties. Lipase activity in serum increased when pancreatography was accompanied by a passage of the contrast medium to the kidney demonstrating the presence of ductal or acino-venous pathways in man.", "PMID": 675147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2108", "title": "The prerequisites for local lysolecithin formation in the human gallbladder. II. Studies on the positional specificity of the phospholipase A activity.", "content": "The positional specificity of the phospholipase A in human gallbladder epithelium was studied by using biosynthetically radioabeled diacylphosphoglycerides as substrates. Diacylphosphoglyceride in 14C-palmitic acid-labeled, autoclaved E.coli was hydrolyzed under the formation of monoacylphosphoglyceride and fatty acid that were both radiolabled. In contrast, diacylphosphoglyceride in 14C-oleate-labeled bacteria was hydrolyzed so as to give radiolabel in the fatty acid only. Since 14C-palmitate occupies predominantly the 1-acyl position and 14C oleate the 2-acyl position of the major E. coli diacylphosphoglycerides, these findings suggest that: 1) the phospholipase attacks and 2-position of diacylphosphoglycerides, and 2) a complete deacylation of diacylphosphoglycerides in the gallbladder wall is brought about by the combined action of phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase, the latter being able to hydrolyze the 1-acyllysophosphoglyceride. It appears, therefore, that the biochemical preequisites for a local formation and degreadation of lysolecithin in the gallbladder itself are met by the positional specificity of theenzymes present. This finding further substantiates the hypothesis that lysolecithin is an adjustable mediator of aseptic cholecystitis.", "contents": "The prerequisites for local lysolecithin formation in the human gallbladder. II. Studies on the positional specificity of the phospholipase A activity. The positional specificity of the phospholipase A in human gallbladder epithelium was studied by using biosynthetically radioabeled diacylphosphoglycerides as substrates. Diacylphosphoglyceride in 14C-palmitic acid-labeled, autoclaved E.coli was hydrolyzed under the formation of monoacylphosphoglyceride and fatty acid that were both radiolabled. In contrast, diacylphosphoglyceride in 14C-oleate-labeled bacteria was hydrolyzed so as to give radiolabel in the fatty acid only. Since 14C-palmitate occupies predominantly the 1-acyl position and 14C oleate the 2-acyl position of the major E. coli diacylphosphoglycerides, these findings suggest that: 1) the phospholipase attacks and 2-position of diacylphosphoglycerides, and 2) a complete deacylation of diacylphosphoglycerides in the gallbladder wall is brought about by the combined action of phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase, the latter being able to hydrolyze the 1-acyllysophosphoglyceride. It appears, therefore, that the biochemical preequisites for a local formation and degreadation of lysolecithin in the gallbladder itself are met by the positional specificity of theenzymes present. This finding further substantiates the hypothesis that lysolecithin is an adjustable mediator of aseptic cholecystitis.", "PMID": 675150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2109", "title": "Standardized (\"trifixed\") diet in the study of chronic malabsorption syndromes.", "content": "143 patients (70 patients with Crohn's disease, 11 with ulcerative colitis, 40 with an intestinal by-pass operation, 9 with non-tropical sprue, 10 with short bowel syndrome, and 3 with other gastrointestinal disease) were studied during a metabolic regime including a fixed oral supply of 70 g fat, 800 mg calcium, and 200 mg oxalate. Faecal fat, 47Ca-absorption, 14C-oxalate absorption, and renal oxalate excretion were measured, and in the majority of patients a 14C-glyco-cholic acid breath test was also performed. 14Ca-absorption was practically identical (r = 0.92), whether determined by whole-body counting or from the accumulation of absorbed 47Ca in the skeleton of the underarm. 14C-oxalate absorption and renal oxalate excretion agreed well (r = 0.85). Steatorrhoea correlated weakly with renal oxalate excretion (r = 0.63, p less than 0.001), whereas no correlation was present between faecal fat and calcium absorption or between oxalate and calcium absorption under the constant conditions prevailing during the study. It is recommended that a \"trifixed\" regime with absorption studies of fat, calcium, and oxalate be undertaken previous to therapy that aims at a reduction of steatorrhoea or hyperoxaluria or an improvement of calcium absorption in chronic malabsorption syndromes, not least because therapy of these categories of patients most often continues for years.", "contents": "Standardized (\"trifixed\") diet in the study of chronic malabsorption syndromes. 143 patients (70 patients with Crohn's disease, 11 with ulcerative colitis, 40 with an intestinal by-pass operation, 9 with non-tropical sprue, 10 with short bowel syndrome, and 3 with other gastrointestinal disease) were studied during a metabolic regime including a fixed oral supply of 70 g fat, 800 mg calcium, and 200 mg oxalate. Faecal fat, 47Ca-absorption, 14C-oxalate absorption, and renal oxalate excretion were measured, and in the majority of patients a 14C-glyco-cholic acid breath test was also performed. 14Ca-absorption was practically identical (r = 0.92), whether determined by whole-body counting or from the accumulation of absorbed 47Ca in the skeleton of the underarm. 14C-oxalate absorption and renal oxalate excretion agreed well (r = 0.85). Steatorrhoea correlated weakly with renal oxalate excretion (r = 0.63, p less than 0.001), whereas no correlation was present between faecal fat and calcium absorption or between oxalate and calcium absorption under the constant conditions prevailing during the study. It is recommended that a \"trifixed\" regime with absorption studies of fat, calcium, and oxalate be undertaken previous to therapy that aims at a reduction of steatorrhoea or hyperoxaluria or an improvement of calcium absorption in chronic malabsorption syndromes, not least because therapy of these categories of patients most often continues for years.", "PMID": 675151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2110", "title": "Urolithiasis in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "In a selected material of 228 patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD) the incidence of urolithiasis was 15% (95% confidence limit 11-21). The tendency to urolithiasis is significantly correlated to small-bowel resection and its extent and to obstruction in the urinary tract. On the other hand, there is no definite correlation to the duration or extent of the bowel disease. The significant correlation between urolithiasis and ileal resection is in agreement with the hyperabsorption of oxalate as an important cause of stone formation demonstrated by others. That local factors too play an essential role in the formation of urinary calculi is apparent from the increased incidence of urolithiasis in obstruction of the urinary tract. The incidence of urolithiasis was particularly high (22-25%) among patients with ileostomies. The few and negligible symptoms of and sequelae to, urolithiasis in CIBD encourage a conservative attitude.", "contents": "Urolithiasis in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. In a selected material of 228 patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD) the incidence of urolithiasis was 15% (95% confidence limit 11-21). The tendency to urolithiasis is significantly correlated to small-bowel resection and its extent and to obstruction in the urinary tract. On the other hand, there is no definite correlation to the duration or extent of the bowel disease. The significant correlation between urolithiasis and ileal resection is in agreement with the hyperabsorption of oxalate as an important cause of stone formation demonstrated by others. That local factors too play an essential role in the formation of urinary calculi is apparent from the increased incidence of urolithiasis in obstruction of the urinary tract. The incidence of urolithiasis was particularly high (22-25%) among patients with ileostomies. The few and negligible symptoms of and sequelae to, urolithiasis in CIBD encourage a conservative attitude.", "PMID": 675152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2111", "title": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin studies following food intake before and after vagotomy for duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure (GESP) and serum gastrin concentration (SGC) were determined in the basal state and after a protein meal in 6 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) 6 patients after parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) 6 patients after selective gastric vagotomy plus drainage (SGV + D), and 6 patients after selective gastric vagotomy plus precise antrectomy (SGV + A). No  correlation in the resting state between GESP and SGC was observed. After food ingestion, DU patients showed a sustained rise in GESP which lasted up to the end of the experiment. The vagotomized patients, however, showed no rise in sphincter pressure after food intake--rather a tendency to decrease in pressure occurred. On the contrary, SGC rose significantly after food ingestion in patients with SGV + D or PCV, while in DU patient this rise was less significant. Patients with vagotomy and antrectomy showed no rise in SGC. These results do not suggest that SGC and extrinsic vagal innervation in the resting state play a significant role in the maintenance of the tone of GES. After food ingestion an interaction may occur between intact vagal innervation and rise in SGC in order to obtain an adequate rise in GESP.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin studies following food intake before and after vagotomy for duodenal ulcer. Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure (GESP) and serum gastrin concentration (SGC) were determined in the basal state and after a protein meal in 6 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) 6 patients after parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) 6 patients after selective gastric vagotomy plus drainage (SGV + D), and 6 patients after selective gastric vagotomy plus precise antrectomy (SGV + A). No  correlation in the resting state between GESP and SGC was observed. After food ingestion, DU patients showed a sustained rise in GESP which lasted up to the end of the experiment. The vagotomized patients, however, showed no rise in sphincter pressure after food intake--rather a tendency to decrease in pressure occurred. On the contrary, SGC rose significantly after food ingestion in patients with SGV + D or PCV, while in DU patient this rise was less significant. Patients with vagotomy and antrectomy showed no rise in SGC. These results do not suggest that SGC and extrinsic vagal innervation in the resting state play a significant role in the maintenance of the tone of GES. After food ingestion an interaction may occur between intact vagal innervation and rise in SGC in order to obtain an adequate rise in GESP.", "PMID": 675153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2112", "title": "Relation of gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and esophageal contractile waves to age in man.", "content": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure (GESP) and contractile waves of the esophagus were measured in 113 normal subjects ranging in age between 2 months and 74 years. The amplitude and duration of the peristaltic waves of the thoracic esophagus were similar in both children and adults. Resting GESP pressures were dependent upon age. In children under one year, high pressures were recorded. The high pressures gradually diminished until between 15 and 24 years, whereafter they remained at similar values up to 65 years. After this age, a further decline in pressure was observed. The importance of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Relation of gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and esophageal contractile waves to age in man. Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure (GESP) and contractile waves of the esophagus were measured in 113 normal subjects ranging in age between 2 months and 74 years. The amplitude and duration of the peristaltic waves of the thoracic esophagus were similar in both children and adults. Resting GESP pressures were dependent upon age. In children under one year, high pressures were recorded. The high pressures gradually diminished until between 15 and 24 years, whereafter they remained at similar values up to 65 years. After this age, a further decline in pressure was observed. The importance of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 675154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2113", "title": "The effect on intestinal calcium absorption of somatostatin in man.", "content": "Somatostatin has been detected in the gastrointestinal tract and has been shown to have wide actions on gastrointestinal function. Using an isotope method with 51Cr as a stool marker, we have examined the absorption of 47Ca in 9 healthy volunteers with and without infusion of cyclic somatostatin  (250 microgram/h for 2 hours). Both serum and faecal measurements show reduced 47Ca-absorption during somatostatin infusion, net absorption falling from 53.0 +/- 14% without to 40.4 +/- 13% with somatostatin. Possible explanations are discussed with special emphasis on the possibility of an inhibition of active calcium transport, which may be a more general mode of somatostatin action.", "contents": "The effect on intestinal calcium absorption of somatostatin in man. Somatostatin has been detected in the gastrointestinal tract and has been shown to have wide actions on gastrointestinal function. Using an isotope method with 51Cr as a stool marker, we have examined the absorption of 47Ca in 9 healthy volunteers with and without infusion of cyclic somatostatin  (250 microgram/h for 2 hours). Both serum and faecal measurements show reduced 47Ca-absorption during somatostatin infusion, net absorption falling from 53.0 +/- 14% without to 40.4 +/- 13% with somatostatin. Possible explanations are discussed with special emphasis on the possibility of an inhibition of active calcium transport, which may be a more general mode of somatostatin action.", "PMID": 675155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2114", "title": "Comparison of juice obtained during duodenal aspiration and cannulation of the main pancreatic duct after stimulation with exogenous secretin in man.", "content": "The exocrine pancreatic secretion obtained by endoscopic cannulation was compared with that obtained by a conventional duodenal tube after exogenous secretin. The flow rate, bicarbonate output, and amylase output in response to secretin was larger during duodenal aspiration than when collecting during endoscopic cannulation. The majority of samples collected from the duodenum contained bile, whereas those from the pancreatic duct were, with few exceptions, colourless. In all patients the bicarbonate concentration was lower in the duodenal aspirate than in the pancreatic juice. In 5 of the 7 patients, however, the concentration of amylase was higher in the duodenal aspirate than in juice collected by endoscopic cannulation. In these patients the quantitative difference found could not therefore solely be explained by non-quantitative collection of juice from the pancreatic duct and/or contamination of bile, intestinal juice, and gastric juice in the duodenum. Augmentation of the response to secretin by the presence of bile and pancreatic juice in the duodenum and inhibition by the endoscopic cannulation of the pancreatic duct are discussed as alternative explanations.", "contents": "Comparison of juice obtained during duodenal aspiration and cannulation of the main pancreatic duct after stimulation with exogenous secretin in man. The exocrine pancreatic secretion obtained by endoscopic cannulation was compared with that obtained by a conventional duodenal tube after exogenous secretin. The flow rate, bicarbonate output, and amylase output in response to secretin was larger during duodenal aspiration than when collecting during endoscopic cannulation. The majority of samples collected from the duodenum contained bile, whereas those from the pancreatic duct were, with few exceptions, colourless. In all patients the bicarbonate concentration was lower in the duodenal aspirate than in the pancreatic juice. In 5 of the 7 patients, however, the concentration of amylase was higher in the duodenal aspirate than in juice collected by endoscopic cannulation. In these patients the quantitative difference found could not therefore solely be explained by non-quantitative collection of juice from the pancreatic duct and/or contamination of bile, intestinal juice, and gastric juice in the duodenum. Augmentation of the response to secretin by the presence of bile and pancreatic juice in the duodenum and inhibition by the endoscopic cannulation of the pancreatic duct are discussed as alternative explanations.", "PMID": 675156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2115", "title": "Simultaneous recording of gastric and duodenal electrical activity.", "content": "A method for simultaneous recordings of the gastric and duodenal smooth muscle electrical activity is described. Three pairs of silver electrodes are arranged along one side of a double lumen intestinal tube, which is fixed to the mucosal wall by suction. The slow pacesetter waves (BER) and the fast spikes accompanying motor activity are recorded on separate channels, together with registrations of intraluminal pressure variations and respiration.", "contents": "Simultaneous recording of gastric and duodenal electrical activity. A method for simultaneous recordings of the gastric and duodenal smooth muscle electrical activity is described. Three pairs of silver electrodes are arranged along one side of a double lumen intestinal tube, which is fixed to the mucosal wall by suction. The slow pacesetter waves (BER) and the fast spikes accompanying motor activity are recorded on separate channels, together with registrations of intraluminal pressure variations and respiration.", "PMID": 675157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2116", "title": "Urinary oxalate excretion related to ileocolic surgery in patients with Crohn's disease.", "content": "Urinary oxalate excretion was studied in healthy subjects and before and after surgery in patients with Crohn's disease. Urinary oxalate excretion in relation to the length of diseased or resected ileal segment in patients subjected to restorative and colectomy procedures, as well as in relation to faecal excretion of fat and bile salts and to urinary excretion of vitamin B12 and calcium, was also studied. The studies were performed in patients on a free diet or standard hospital diet and on a high-oxalate and/or high-fat diet. When patients subjected to ileal resection in conjunction with minor colonic resection were studied on a high-oxalate diet, urinary oxalate excretion increased with length of ileum resected and correlated with faecal fat excretion and urinary excretion of vitamin B12 but not with faecal excretion of bile salts. Increasing the dietary fat intake in these patients further increased urinary oxalate excretion. Although urinary oxalate excretion increased somewhat in colectomized patients on a high-oxalate diet, indicating an increased absorption of dietary oxalate, this increase showed no correlation either to faecal fat or bile salt excretion, or to urinary excretion of vitamin B12. The result are consistent with the \"solubility theory\". A diet low in fat and oxalate and high in calcium is recommended in patients with hyperoxaluria.", "contents": "Urinary oxalate excretion related to ileocolic surgery in patients with Crohn's disease. Urinary oxalate excretion was studied in healthy subjects and before and after surgery in patients with Crohn's disease. Urinary oxalate excretion in relation to the length of diseased or resected ileal segment in patients subjected to restorative and colectomy procedures, as well as in relation to faecal excretion of fat and bile salts and to urinary excretion of vitamin B12 and calcium, was also studied. The studies were performed in patients on a free diet or standard hospital diet and on a high-oxalate and/or high-fat diet. When patients subjected to ileal resection in conjunction with minor colonic resection were studied on a high-oxalate diet, urinary oxalate excretion increased with length of ileum resected and correlated with faecal fat excretion and urinary excretion of vitamin B12 but not with faecal excretion of bile salts. Increasing the dietary fat intake in these patients further increased urinary oxalate excretion. Although urinary oxalate excretion increased somewhat in colectomized patients on a high-oxalate diet, indicating an increased absorption of dietary oxalate, this increase showed no correlation either to faecal fat or bile salt excretion, or to urinary excretion of vitamin B12. The result are consistent with the \"solubility theory\". A diet low in fat and oxalate and high in calcium is recommended in patients with hyperoxaluria.", "PMID": 675158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2117", "title": "Effects of short-time somatostatin infusion on the gastric and intestinal propulsion in humans.", "content": "The effect of short-time somatostatin infusion on gastric and intestinal propulsion of an oral glucose load was examined in healthy subjects by means of a multiple indicator dilution technique. The early gastric emptying rate was enhanced by somatostatin, indicating delayed gastric inhibition. After withdrawal of the somatostatin infusion, the late gastric emptying rate was decreased and the intestinal propagation rate markedly slowed. The effect of long-time somatostatin infusion has to be examined to analyse the nature of the events described.", "contents": "Effects of short-time somatostatin infusion on the gastric and intestinal propulsion in humans. The effect of short-time somatostatin infusion on gastric and intestinal propulsion of an oral glucose load was examined in healthy subjects by means of a multiple indicator dilution technique. The early gastric emptying rate was enhanced by somatostatin, indicating delayed gastric inhibition. After withdrawal of the somatostatin infusion, the late gastric emptying rate was decreased and the intestinal propagation rate markedly slowed. The effect of long-time somatostatin infusion has to be examined to analyse the nature of the events described.", "PMID": 675160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2118", "title": "The effect of sterculia bulk on the viscosity of stomal output from twelve patients with ileostomy.", "content": "The addition of 15g of sterculia bulk (Inolaxol) to the daily food patients with ileostomy increased the viscosity of the stomal output by roughly 100%. The clinical result of this change was beneficial in 9 out of 12 patients in terms of diminished bandaging difficulties. Adding bulk to the diet of patients with ileostomy may thus facilitate the management of the stoma by increasing the viscosity of the output.", "contents": "The effect of sterculia bulk on the viscosity of stomal output from twelve patients with ileostomy. The addition of 15g of sterculia bulk (Inolaxol) to the daily food patients with ileostomy increased the viscosity of the stomal output by roughly 100%. The clinical result of this change was beneficial in 9 out of 12 patients in terms of diminished bandaging difficulties. Adding bulk to the diet of patients with ileostomy may thus facilitate the management of the stoma by increasing the viscosity of the output.", "PMID": 675161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2119", "title": "A prospective comparative study of clinical and pathological characteristics in Icelandic and Danish patients with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and X-ray negative dyspepsia. II. Histological results.", "content": "The occurrence of gastritis in antral and body mucosa is compared in an Icelandic and a Danish group of patients with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and X-ray negative dyspepsia. In all 93 Icelandic and 88 Danish patients were examined. All signs of antral gastritis were more frequent in Icelandic than in Danish patients, but only the incidence of superficial inflammation and decreased mucus content in surface and crypt epithelium differed significantly. In body mucosa pseudopyloric metaplasia was more frequent in Iceland and occurred equally freqeuntly in all three diseases. A statistically significant correlation was found between macroscopic gastritis and occurrence of antral superficial inflammation and between smoking and superficial inflammation and decreased mucus content in the pyloric biopsy specimen. The presence of histological gastritis was not correlated to the intake of alcohol and salicylic acid, nor to the presence of pain at the time of investigation.", "contents": "A prospective comparative study of clinical and pathological characteristics in Icelandic and Danish patients with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and X-ray negative dyspepsia. II. Histological results. The occurrence of gastritis in antral and body mucosa is compared in an Icelandic and a Danish group of patients with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and X-ray negative dyspepsia. In all 93 Icelandic and 88 Danish patients were examined. All signs of antral gastritis were more frequent in Icelandic than in Danish patients, but only the incidence of superficial inflammation and decreased mucus content in surface and crypt epithelium differed significantly. In body mucosa pseudopyloric metaplasia was more frequent in Iceland and occurred equally freqeuntly in all three diseases. A statistically significant correlation was found between macroscopic gastritis and occurrence of antral superficial inflammation and between smoking and superficial inflammation and decreased mucus content in the pyloric biopsy specimen. The presence of histological gastritis was not correlated to the intake of alcohol and salicylic acid, nor to the presence of pain at the time of investigation.", "PMID": 675162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2120", "title": "Pyogenic meningitis in Ibadan, Nigeria. A 15-month prospective study.", "content": "Between January 1976 and March 1977, cerebrospinal fluid samples from 2130 patients at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria were examined, 130 patients were shown to have pyogenic meningitis. The commonest causative bacteria were Streptococcus pneumoniae (53.8%), Haemophilus influenzae (23%), Neisseria meningitidis (7.7%) and Klebsiella spp. (3%). Most of the infections occurred in very young children: 47% of all patients were under 1 year of age, and 69% were under 5 years old. The overall case fatality rate was 30% (Strep. penumoniae infection 28.6%, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis infection both 20%). All 4 patients with klebsiella infection died. There was a noticeable increase in the incidence of Strep. pneumoniae strains showing resistance to tetracycline, between 1974 and 1976, and this was attributed to the widespread use and abuse of the antibiotic among the general population. Two strains of H. influenzae were found to be resistant to ampicillin; such strains have not previously been reported from Nigeria. The results of the study support the use of a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin in the initial treatment of pyogenic meningitis in Ibadan.", "contents": "Pyogenic meningitis in Ibadan, Nigeria. A 15-month prospective study. Between January 1976 and March 1977, cerebrospinal fluid samples from 2130 patients at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria were examined, 130 patients were shown to have pyogenic meningitis. The commonest causative bacteria were Streptococcus pneumoniae (53.8%), Haemophilus influenzae (23%), Neisseria meningitidis (7.7%) and Klebsiella spp. (3%). Most of the infections occurred in very young children: 47% of all patients were under 1 year of age, and 69% were under 5 years old. The overall case fatality rate was 30% (Strep. penumoniae infection 28.6%, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis infection both 20%). All 4 patients with klebsiella infection died. There was a noticeable increase in the incidence of Strep. pneumoniae strains showing resistance to tetracycline, between 1974 and 1976, and this was attributed to the widespread use and abuse of the antibiotic among the general population. Two strains of H. influenzae were found to be resistant to ampicillin; such strains have not previously been reported from Nigeria. The results of the study support the use of a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin in the initial treatment of pyogenic meningitis in Ibadan.", "PMID": 675164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2121", "title": "Metronidazole treatment of liver abscess due to bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "A 67-year-old woman with a liver abscess due to Bacteroides fragilis was treated with metronidazole 0.4 g orally every 8 h for 6 weeks. There was a rapid clinical improvement even though no surgical drainage was performed. By the indirect immunofluorescence technique using the patient's own strain as an antigen the antibody titer declined from 5120 to 80 in 6 months, suggesting eradication of the infecting agent.", "contents": "Metronidazole treatment of liver abscess due to bacteroides fragilis. A 67-year-old woman with a liver abscess due to Bacteroides fragilis was treated with metronidazole 0.4 g orally every 8 h for 6 weeks. There was a rapid clinical improvement even though no surgical drainage was performed. By the indirect immunofluorescence technique using the patient's own strain as an antigen the antibody titer declined from 5120 to 80 in 6 months, suggesting eradication of the infecting agent.", "PMID": 675165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2122", "title": "Serum Q fever antibodies in Swedish UN soldiers in Cyprus--reflecting a domestic or foreign disease?", "content": "Swedish soldiers from 2 battalions serving in Cyprus 1975 and 1976 were tested serologically for Coxiella burnetii phase 2 complement-fixing antibodies. 2.7% were positive. Although none of the seropositive soldiers had been seriously ill abroad, the titers are considered to emanate from an infection in Cyprus as there is no evidence of domestic Q fever from a survey of 1390 Swedes.", "contents": "Serum Q fever antibodies in Swedish UN soldiers in Cyprus--reflecting a domestic or foreign disease? Swedish soldiers from 2 battalions serving in Cyprus 1975 and 1976 were tested serologically for Coxiella burnetii phase 2 complement-fixing antibodies. 2.7% were positive. Although none of the seropositive soldiers had been seriously ill abroad, the titers are considered to emanate from an infection in Cyprus as there is no evidence of domestic Q fever from a survey of 1390 Swedes.", "PMID": 675166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2123", "title": "Early diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) by demonstration of specific IgM antibodies.", "content": "The demonstration of specific IgM antibodies after separation of immunoglobulins was used for the early diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The separation was done by sucrose-gradient density ultracentrifugation and IgM antibodies were demonstrated with the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. IgM antibodies were found in 9/11 sera taken within 3 days after onset of clinical symptoms and in all sera (37/37) taken 4--15 days after onset of the disease. Most sera (22/24) were still IgM positive 3--6 weeks after onset of the disease. After this period of time IgM antibodies could no longer be defected. The demonstration of IgM antibodies also proved valuable in confirming the diagnosis in several cases where no antibody rise was found neither by the complement-fixation (cf), nor by the HI test.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) by demonstration of specific IgM antibodies. The demonstration of specific IgM antibodies after separation of immunoglobulins was used for the early diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The separation was done by sucrose-gradient density ultracentrifugation and IgM antibodies were demonstrated with the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. IgM antibodies were found in 9/11 sera taken within 3 days after onset of clinical symptoms and in all sera (37/37) taken 4--15 days after onset of the disease. Most sera (22/24) were still IgM positive 3--6 weeks after onset of the disease. After this period of time IgM antibodies could no longer be defected. The demonstration of IgM antibodies also proved valuable in confirming the diagnosis in several cases where no antibody rise was found neither by the complement-fixation (cf), nor by the HI test.", "PMID": 675168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2124", "title": "Effect of osmium tetroxide and 198Au in normal and arthritic rabbit knee joints.", "content": "Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) was induced in adult rabbit knee joints, using ovalbumin as antigen. After 4 weeks, intra-articular injections of 0.3 ml 1% osmium tetroxide or 100 muCi 198Au were given. The same injections were also given to normal animals. The animals were observed for up to 12 weeks. In the normal animals, no affection of articular cartilage could be seen by light microscopy. In the arthritic animals, however, severe destruction of articular cartilage was seen. The degree of destruction in the osmium tetroxide-treated animals was similar to or even worse than that of the controls, whereas the 198Au-treated animals showed a lesser degree of destruction than both controls and osmium tetroxide-treated animals. Autoradiograms, using 3H-thymidine, showed affection articular cartilage in all groups, i.e. both normal and arthritic.", "contents": "Effect of osmium tetroxide and 198Au in normal and arthritic rabbit knee joints. Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) was induced in adult rabbit knee joints, using ovalbumin as antigen. After 4 weeks, intra-articular injections of 0.3 ml 1% osmium tetroxide or 100 muCi 198Au were given. The same injections were also given to normal animals. The animals were observed for up to 12 weeks. In the normal animals, no affection of articular cartilage could be seen by light microscopy. In the arthritic animals, however, severe destruction of articular cartilage was seen. The degree of destruction in the osmium tetroxide-treated animals was similar to or even worse than that of the controls, whereas the 198Au-treated animals showed a lesser degree of destruction than both controls and osmium tetroxide-treated animals. Autoradiograms, using 3H-thymidine, showed affection articular cartilage in all groups, i.e. both normal and arthritic.", "PMID": 675170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2125", "title": "Acetylation phenotype in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The acetylation rate of INH was studied in 39 patients with RA; 20 patients with cardiac arrhythmia served as controls. Statistically, no significant difference was observed between the groups. The percentages of rapid acetylators in the RA and control groups were higher (59 and 55%, respectively) than the reported incidence in the Finnish population, 44% (11). The polymorphic acetylation phenotype was not correlated with either clinical parameters of RA or with sensitivity to gold salts.", "contents": "Acetylation phenotype in rheumatoid arthritis. The acetylation rate of INH was studied in 39 patients with RA; 20 patients with cardiac arrhythmia served as controls. Statistically, no significant difference was observed between the groups. The percentages of rapid acetylators in the RA and control groups were higher (59 and 55%, respectively) than the reported incidence in the Finnish population, 44% (11). The polymorphic acetylation phenotype was not correlated with either clinical parameters of RA or with sensitivity to gold salts.", "PMID": 675172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2126", "title": "Endoscopic evaluation of the effect of azapropazone on the gastric mucosa.", "content": "The gastro-intestinal tolerance of azapropazone, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, was studied endoscopically in 14 volunteers with no past history of gastro-intestinal disease. This study shows that gastrointestinal tolerance to azapropazone given in a daily dose of 1200 mg for a period of 31 days is good. Istolated erosions with mild hyperemia were found in 2 subjects only. No subjective symptoms were noted during the period of the study.", "contents": "Endoscopic evaluation of the effect of azapropazone on the gastric mucosa. The gastro-intestinal tolerance of azapropazone, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, was studied endoscopically in 14 volunteers with no past history of gastro-intestinal disease. This study shows that gastrointestinal tolerance to azapropazone given in a daily dose of 1200 mg for a period of 31 days is good. Istolated erosions with mild hyperemia were found in 2 subjects only. No subjective symptoms were noted during the period of the study.", "PMID": 675173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2127", "title": "Tissue atrophy and subcutaneous edema of the rheumatoid hand. A roentgenographic study of soft tissues.", "content": "Soft tissue radiography of the hands using a mammographic immersion technique was performed on 119 patients having definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis and on 123 controls of matching age, sex and professional distribution. The grade of soft tissue atrophy in the hands was visually estimated from the radiographs and the combined cortical thickness of the second metacarpal shaft and skin thickness of the lateral side of the hand were measured. The stage of chronic edema in the absence of synovitis was estimated. Local bone cortical thickness and skin thickness have a highly significant correlation to the estimated atrophy grade. Soft tissue atrophy of hands is a sign which appears in chronic rheumatoid arthritis, especially in elderly females and has a clear correlation to the number of other irreversible radiographic signs in the hands. The incidence of moderate or advanced atrophy was 21% in rheumatoid patients. Chronic edema was found in 16%, mostly in connection with atrophic changes. A lymphatic origin of this sign is suggested.", "contents": "Tissue atrophy and subcutaneous edema of the rheumatoid hand. A roentgenographic study of soft tissues. Soft tissue radiography of the hands using a mammographic immersion technique was performed on 119 patients having definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis and on 123 controls of matching age, sex and professional distribution. The grade of soft tissue atrophy in the hands was visually estimated from the radiographs and the combined cortical thickness of the second metacarpal shaft and skin thickness of the lateral side of the hand were measured. The stage of chronic edema in the absence of synovitis was estimated. Local bone cortical thickness and skin thickness have a highly significant correlation to the estimated atrophy grade. Soft tissue atrophy of hands is a sign which appears in chronic rheumatoid arthritis, especially in elderly females and has a clear correlation to the number of other irreversible radiographic signs in the hands. The incidence of moderate or advanced atrophy was 21% in rheumatoid patients. Chronic edema was found in 16%, mostly in connection with atrophic changes. A lymphatic origin of this sign is suggested.", "PMID": 675174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2128", "title": "Psychological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis vis-\u00e0-vis osteoarthrosis.", "content": "Using objective techniques (M.M.P.I; M.H.P.A.; ANAM; S.T.A.I.), a transverse investigation of two groups of arthritic patients (35 rheumatoid arthritis and 30 oesteoarthrosis) was carried out. The Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients evidence greater depression (p less than 0.02), while the osteoarthrosis (OA) patients had higher levels of manifest aggressivity (p less than 0.01) and more somatic preoccupation (p less than 0.02). The RA group had a higher incidence of loss of a family member as a preceding life event (p less than 0.05), and a greater incidence of psychopathological problems in infancy (p less than 0.05). These findings were used to construct an interpretative hypothetical model which represents a starting point and a stimulus for future research.", "contents": "Psychological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis vis-\u00e0-vis osteoarthrosis. Using objective techniques (M.M.P.I; M.H.P.A.; ANAM; S.T.A.I.), a transverse investigation of two groups of arthritic patients (35 rheumatoid arthritis and 30 oesteoarthrosis) was carried out. The Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients evidence greater depression (p less than 0.02), while the osteoarthrosis (OA) patients had higher levels of manifest aggressivity (p less than 0.01) and more somatic preoccupation (p less than 0.02). The RA group had a higher incidence of loss of a family member as a preceding life event (p less than 0.05), and a greater incidence of psychopathological problems in infancy (p less than 0.05). These findings were used to construct an interpretative hypothetical model which represents a starting point and a stimulus for future research.", "PMID": 675175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2129", "title": "Pulmonary functions and responses to exercise of patients following cranio cerebral injury.", "content": "To assess the causes of excessive fatigue among patients who have recovered from cranio-cerebral injury (CCI) nineteen patients and fourteen healthy controls underwent pulmonary function testing at rest and cardiopulmonary evaluation during two submaximal exercise work-loads. Total lung capacity, vital capacity and forced expired volume were reduced by 25--40% among the patients. Functional residual capacity was normal. No improvement was elicited by inhalation of Ventolin and bronchoconstriction could thus be excluded. The above pattern may result from either decreased compliance of the chest wall or from weak (or non-coordinated) respiratory musculature. Exercise heart rate, minute ventilation and ventilatory equivalent were higher, and O2 pulse lower, among the CCI patients compared with the controls. This indicates lower circulatory and ventilatory efficiency during exercise among the patients, possibly due to habitual hypoactivity and detraining.", "contents": "Pulmonary functions and responses to exercise of patients following cranio cerebral injury. To assess the causes of excessive fatigue among patients who have recovered from cranio-cerebral injury (CCI) nineteen patients and fourteen healthy controls underwent pulmonary function testing at rest and cardiopulmonary evaluation during two submaximal exercise work-loads. Total lung capacity, vital capacity and forced expired volume were reduced by 25--40% among the patients. Functional residual capacity was normal. No improvement was elicited by inhalation of Ventolin and bronchoconstriction could thus be excluded. The above pattern may result from either decreased compliance of the chest wall or from weak (or non-coordinated) respiratory musculature. Exercise heart rate, minute ventilation and ventilatory equivalent were higher, and O2 pulse lower, among the CCI patients compared with the controls. This indicates lower circulatory and ventilatory efficiency during exercise among the patients, possibly due to habitual hypoactivity and detraining.", "PMID": 675182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2130", "title": "The physical, psycho-social and vocational effectiveness of a sheltered workshop for brain-damaged war veterans.", "content": "This two-year investigation of the rehabilitation effectiveness of a sheltered workshop for severely brain-damaged war veterans who had been deemed non-feasible for the Ministry of Defense's usual rehabilitation services, included: (a) a multi-disciplinary staff, (b) adapted jobs, (c) client involvement in workshop management and maintenance, (d) client earnings and (e) social activities. Brain-damaged war veterans from the Tel Aviv area constituted the experimental group. Persons with similar neurological impairment, cognitive, emotional disabilities and social handicaps constituted the control group. In interviews at the beginning and end of the research period, the rehabilitation workshop members and the families expressed a significantly greater increase in satisfaction with a variety of major life activities than did members of the control group and their families. It would appear that sheltered work can increase the brain-damaged persons' satisfaction with major life activities by ameliorating the personal, social and vocational dysfunction that accompanies and aggravates the consequence of brain damage.", "contents": "The physical, psycho-social and vocational effectiveness of a sheltered workshop for brain-damaged war veterans. This two-year investigation of the rehabilitation effectiveness of a sheltered workshop for severely brain-damaged war veterans who had been deemed non-feasible for the Ministry of Defense's usual rehabilitation services, included: (a) a multi-disciplinary staff, (b) adapted jobs, (c) client involvement in workshop management and maintenance, (d) client earnings and (e) social activities. Brain-damaged war veterans from the Tel Aviv area constituted the experimental group. Persons with similar neurological impairment, cognitive, emotional disabilities and social handicaps constituted the control group. In interviews at the beginning and end of the research period, the rehabilitation workshop members and the families expressed a significantly greater increase in satisfaction with a variety of major life activities than did members of the control group and their families. It would appear that sheltered work can increase the brain-damaged persons' satisfaction with major life activities by ameliorating the personal, social and vocational dysfunction that accompanies and aggravates the consequence of brain damage.", "PMID": 675183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2131", "title": "Dynamic features of standing and their correlation with neurological disorders.", "content": "Standing posture is a result of complex activity of the human control system. Irregularities of postural control may be expected to result in deviations from normal standing. In the present study a ballistic monitoring technique was employed to establish criteria for assessment of postural disorders. Two \"Kistler\" force plate dynamometers were used to measure changes in the weight bearing components of each foot and displacement of the center of pressure of each foot. The patterns were analysed separately, and it was found that each of the monitored parameters demonstrated three modes of oscillation--termed Tremor, Ataxia and Sway. Statistical analysis conducted on three groups of subjects (normals, post-C.V.A. hemiplegics and brain injured) revealed significant intergroup differences in movement patterns. Good agreement was found between the interpretation of the ballistic features and the clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "Dynamic features of standing and their correlation with neurological disorders. Standing posture is a result of complex activity of the human control system. Irregularities of postural control may be expected to result in deviations from normal standing. In the present study a ballistic monitoring technique was employed to establish criteria for assessment of postural disorders. Two \"Kistler\" force plate dynamometers were used to measure changes in the weight bearing components of each foot and displacement of the center of pressure of each foot. The patterns were analysed separately, and it was found that each of the monitored parameters demonstrated three modes of oscillation--termed Tremor, Ataxia and Sway. Statistical analysis conducted on three groups of subjects (normals, post-C.V.A. hemiplegics and brain injured) revealed significant intergroup differences in movement patterns. Good agreement was found between the interpretation of the ballistic features and the clinical diagnosis.", "PMID": 675184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2132", "title": "Dynamic load in the human knee joint during voluntary active impact to the lower leg.", "content": "The aim of the study was to get an insight into the nature of the dynamic load in a joint caused by impacts of physiological magnitude to the distal part of an extremity of normal, live human subjects. A method was developed for the calculation of two components of the impulse reaction (parallel and perpendicular to the lower leg) as a measure of the dynamic load in the knee. A theoretical model regarding the lower limb as a double pendulum was chosen and equations developed. Five subjects were studied during kicking situations and the components of the impulse reaction were calculated. With a normal kicking motion pattern the direction of the components of the impulse reaction in the knee joint caused by the impact to the lower leg are usually distal and anterior. The impulse reaction thus tends to cause a traction of the lower leg from the thigh and an anterior displacement of the proximal part of the lower leg in relation to the distal part of the thigh. Anatomical structures which can prevent this displacement are discussed.", "contents": "Dynamic load in the human knee joint during voluntary active impact to the lower leg. The aim of the study was to get an insight into the nature of the dynamic load in a joint caused by impacts of physiological magnitude to the distal part of an extremity of normal, live human subjects. A method was developed for the calculation of two components of the impulse reaction (parallel and perpendicular to the lower leg) as a measure of the dynamic load in the knee. A theoretical model regarding the lower limb as a double pendulum was chosen and equations developed. Five subjects were studied during kicking situations and the components of the impulse reaction were calculated. With a normal kicking motion pattern the direction of the components of the impulse reaction in the knee joint caused by the impact to the lower leg are usually distal and anterior. The impulse reaction thus tends to cause a traction of the lower leg from the thigh and an anterior displacement of the proximal part of the lower leg in relation to the distal part of the thigh. Anatomical structures which can prevent this displacement are discussed.", "PMID": 675185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2133", "title": "Knee muscular moment, tendon tension force and EMG during a vigorous movement in man.", "content": "With injuries to the components of the extensor apparatus of the knee as a background, it is interesting to investigate the magnitude of forces acting on these components, i.e. m. quadriceps femoris, the quadriceps tendon, patella, lig. patellae and tuberositas tibiae, during a vigorous but physiological movement. By means of the dynamic laws of mechanics the muscular moment of force with respect to the bilateral knee axis during kicking was calculated in 6 normal subjects. It was found that the maximum extending muscular moment in the knee occurs very early in the movement, when the initial flexion changes into extension, and thus long before the ball is hit. The peak of quadriceps EMG activity coincides with maximum moment. The EMG peak of the antagonistically acting hamstrings comes later, nearer to when the ball is struck. The greatest extending muscular moment obtained during the swing phase of kicking was surprisingly high, 260 Nm, corresponding to a tension force in the patellar tendon of 5200 N or about 7 times body weight. These values are discussed in relation to tendon strength.", "contents": "Knee muscular moment, tendon tension force and EMG during a vigorous movement in man. With injuries to the components of the extensor apparatus of the knee as a background, it is interesting to investigate the magnitude of forces acting on these components, i.e. m. quadriceps femoris, the quadriceps tendon, patella, lig. patellae and tuberositas tibiae, during a vigorous but physiological movement. By means of the dynamic laws of mechanics the muscular moment of force with respect to the bilateral knee axis during kicking was calculated in 6 normal subjects. It was found that the maximum extending muscular moment in the knee occurs very early in the movement, when the initial flexion changes into extension, and thus long before the ball is hit. The peak of quadriceps EMG activity coincides with maximum moment. The EMG peak of the antagonistically acting hamstrings comes later, nearer to when the ball is struck. The greatest extending muscular moment obtained during the swing phase of kicking was surprisingly high, 260 Nm, corresponding to a tension force in the patellar tendon of 5200 N or about 7 times body weight. These values are discussed in relation to tendon strength.", "PMID": 675186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2134", "title": "The population study of women in G\u00f6teborg 1974--1975--the second phase of a longitudinal study. General design, purpose and sampling results.", "content": "A study of a population sample of women in G\u00f6teborg aged 38--60 years was carried out in 1968--1969. This population sample has been re-studied during the years 1974--1975. Altogether 1302 women participated in this second study, which means 89.1% of those studied in 1968--1969 and 80.3% of those initially sampled. Twenty-six women had died during the interval between the two studies, more than half of them from neoplastic disease. Information is given about those who had moved or were inaccessible at the time of the second study or who refused to participate. The performance of the examination is described and research projects are outlined.", "contents": "The population study of women in G\u00f6teborg 1974--1975--the second phase of a longitudinal study. General design, purpose and sampling results. A study of a population sample of women in G\u00f6teborg aged 38--60 years was carried out in 1968--1969. This population sample has been re-studied during the years 1974--1975. Altogether 1302 women participated in this second study, which means 89.1% of those studied in 1968--1969 and 80.3% of those initially sampled. Twenty-six women had died during the interval between the two studies, more than half of them from neoplastic disease. Information is given about those who had moved or were inaccessible at the time of the second study or who refused to participate. The performance of the examination is described and research projects are outlined.", "PMID": 675187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2135", "title": "A survey of criminal homicide in Nigeria.", "content": "Reports on 500 cases of murder were extracted from the case records of the Federal Supreme Court of Nigeria. Offenders were nearly always men and the victims were males in 64% of cases. The weapons were most often machetes or cutlasses. The killer and the victim were often related or were friends; only 8% were strangers. In 42% of cases, financial motives were involved.", "contents": "A survey of criminal homicide in Nigeria. Reports on 500 cases of murder were extracted from the case records of the Federal Supreme Court of Nigeria. Offenders were nearly always men and the victims were males in 64% of cases. The weapons were most often machetes or cutlasses. The killer and the victim were often related or were friends; only 8% were strangers. In 42% of cases, financial motives were involved.", "PMID": 675188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2136", "title": "Some aspects concerning admittance to and accommodation in geriatric institutions housing persons with varying degrees of need for care.", "content": "On the basis of an account of the mortality and changes in the need for care over a 2-year period among independent persons and patients requiring care in De Gamles By, Copenhagen, an assessment is made of the movements of patients and the need for care in a model of a geriatric institution. This model includes both purpose-built residential apartments for independent persons and places for dependent patients requiring nursing care. It is shown that the accommodation for the latter patients rapidly becomes occupied by the independent persons from the residential apartments who subsequently need nursing care. Thus, the places in the nursing section are blocked for the admittance of dependent persons living in the community outside. This situation arises when there are equal numbers of both types of accomodation. Where the number of residential apartments is greater than the number of places in the nursing section the care function must be transferred to the residential apartments, and this is regarded as impracticable.", "contents": "Some aspects concerning admittance to and accommodation in geriatric institutions housing persons with varying degrees of need for care. On the basis of an account of the mortality and changes in the need for care over a 2-year period among independent persons and patients requiring care in De Gamles By, Copenhagen, an assessment is made of the movements of patients and the need for care in a model of a geriatric institution. This model includes both purpose-built residential apartments for independent persons and places for dependent patients requiring nursing care. It is shown that the accommodation for the latter patients rapidly becomes occupied by the independent persons from the residential apartments who subsequently need nursing care. Thus, the places in the nursing section are blocked for the admittance of dependent persons living in the community outside. This situation arises when there are equal numbers of both types of accomodation. Where the number of residential apartments is greater than the number of places in the nursing section the care function must be transferred to the residential apartments, and this is regarded as impracticable.", "PMID": 675189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2137", "title": "Minimum variability in the need for care in geriatric institutions.", "content": "Based on an account of the need for nursing care in the entire patient population in De Gamles By, Copenhagen, on January 15, 1967, and again on January 15, 1969, it is shown that the need for care varies considerably, despite a policy of admitting only independent persons. The consequences of this variability for the size of the nursing staff required are discussed, together with some aspects of admittance policy.", "contents": "Minimum variability in the need for care in geriatric institutions. Based on an account of the need for nursing care in the entire patient population in De Gamles By, Copenhagen, on January 15, 1967, and again on January 15, 1969, it is shown that the need for care varies considerably, despite a policy of admitting only independent persons. The consequences of this variability for the size of the nursing staff required are discussed, together with some aspects of admittance policy.", "PMID": 675190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2138", "title": "A new method for investigating the relation between change and initial value in longitudinal blood pressure data. I. Description and application of the method.", "content": "The relation between change and initial value is of great interest in longitudinal studies. With variables containing random errors (short-term intra-individual variations and measurement errors) the directly computed relation is however, biased by the regression towards the mean phenomenon. Earlier proposed solutions of the problem are unsatisfactory. In this paper the regression towards the mean phenomenon is described and a new method is proposed by which the error caused by the regression towards the mean is avoided. The method is applied to a set of longitudinal blood pressure data. It is shown that the observed, biased relation in this case is significantly negative, while the correct relation obtained with this method is significantly positive. Since random errors are present in most biological variables, similar erroneous conclusions may easily be drawn also in other cases if the regression towards the mean phenomenon is not corrected for. In this analysis, random errors constitute 65--80% of the observed blood pressure change. To reduce this dominance, recommendations about study design for future studies of change/initial value relationships are given.", "contents": "A new method for investigating the relation between change and initial value in longitudinal blood pressure data. I. Description and application of the method. The relation between change and initial value is of great interest in longitudinal studies. With variables containing random errors (short-term intra-individual variations and measurement errors) the directly computed relation is however, biased by the regression towards the mean phenomenon. Earlier proposed solutions of the problem are unsatisfactory. In this paper the regression towards the mean phenomenon is described and a new method is proposed by which the error caused by the regression towards the mean is avoided. The method is applied to a set of longitudinal blood pressure data. It is shown that the observed, biased relation in this case is significantly negative, while the correct relation obtained with this method is significantly positive. Since random errors are present in most biological variables, similar erroneous conclusions may easily be drawn also in other cases if the regression towards the mean phenomenon is not corrected for. In this analysis, random errors constitute 65--80% of the observed blood pressure change. To reduce this dominance, recommendations about study design for future studies of change/initial value relationships are given.", "PMID": 675191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2139", "title": "[Should patients with portal hypertension undergo surgery?].", "content": "There is a noticeable similarity between the surgery of cancer and that of portal hypertension secondary to hepatic cirrhosis. The problems associated with the basic disease and with the surgical techniques used for its treatment are such that therapy should be determined by selection criteria, both when bleeding occurs and between bleeds. Highly experienced internists and surgeons are required and it is therefore advantageous if portal hypertension patients are referred to and concentrated in a small number of specialist centers. There the decision to operate should continue to be based on predetermined criteria, bearing in mind the patient's basic disease. If cirrhosis is in the foreground, as is so often the case, long-term social care should receive greater emphasis than hitherto in planning postoperative management.", "contents": "[Should patients with portal hypertension undergo surgery?]. There is a noticeable similarity between the surgery of cancer and that of portal hypertension secondary to hepatic cirrhosis. The problems associated with the basic disease and with the surgical techniques used for its treatment are such that therapy should be determined by selection criteria, both when bleeding occurs and between bleeds. Highly experienced internists and surgeons are required and it is therefore advantageous if portal hypertension patients are referred to and concentrated in a small number of specialist centers. There the decision to operate should continue to be based on predetermined criteria, bearing in mind the patient's basic disease. If cirrhosis is in the foreground, as is so often the case, long-term social care should receive greater emphasis than hitherto in planning postoperative management.", "PMID": 675192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2140", "title": "[Clinical approach to the diagnosis of persistent diarrheas].", "content": "The differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea is often difficult and necessitates a two-step evaluation: (1) classification as to the clinical type of diarrhea (accelerated transit time, lesional, metabolic); (2) once the type of diarrhea is ascertained, search for the causative factor. The clinical classification is within the general practitioner's capability, whereas step two is more a matter for the specialist.", "contents": "[Clinical approach to the diagnosis of persistent diarrheas]. The differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea is often difficult and necessitates a two-step evaluation: (1) classification as to the clinical type of diarrhea (accelerated transit time, lesional, metabolic); (2) once the type of diarrhea is ascertained, search for the causative factor. The clinical classification is within the general practitioner's capability, whereas step two is more a matter for the specialist.", "PMID": 675193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2141", "title": "[Pathology of colonic polyps].", "content": "Recent developments in the field of polyps of the colon are discussed. The WHO classification represents a definite improvement. Apart from standardization, non-neoplastic polypoid changes of varying etiology and hamartomatous polyps are clearly distinguished from neoplastic, non-malignant adenomas. The various changes are outlined briefly in their essential characteristics. Clear-cut differentiation from early invasive cancer is of considerable importance for practical therapeutic purposes. Focal carcinoma within an adenoma is referred to only if invasion through the muscularis mucosae is established, while all other changes confined to the mucosa are termed adenomas with focal epithelial atypia. With regard to the relation between adenoma and cancer of the colon, recent results on topographical distribution of adenomas through the colon are of considerable significance. From serial studies of biopsy and autopsy specimens on the one hand, and from assessment of colon carcinoma incidence compared with mortality rates in carcinomas of different localizations on the other, it is evident that special attention should be given henceforward to adenomas, possible precursors, and carcinomas in the upper segments of the colon.", "contents": "[Pathology of colonic polyps]. Recent developments in the field of polyps of the colon are discussed. The WHO classification represents a definite improvement. Apart from standardization, non-neoplastic polypoid changes of varying etiology and hamartomatous polyps are clearly distinguished from neoplastic, non-malignant adenomas. The various changes are outlined briefly in their essential characteristics. Clear-cut differentiation from early invasive cancer is of considerable importance for practical therapeutic purposes. Focal carcinoma within an adenoma is referred to only if invasion through the muscularis mucosae is established, while all other changes confined to the mucosa are termed adenomas with focal epithelial atypia. With regard to the relation between adenoma and cancer of the colon, recent results on topographical distribution of adenomas through the colon are of considerable significance. From serial studies of biopsy and autopsy specimens on the one hand, and from assessment of colon carcinoma incidence compared with mortality rates in carcinomas of different localizations on the other, it is evident that special attention should be given henceforward to adenomas, possible precursors, and carcinomas in the upper segments of the colon.", "PMID": 675194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2142", "title": "[Double-contrast radiologic examination of the colon and rectum].", "content": "Double contrast (DC) barium enema is used at many centers as a routine technique for examination of the colon. However, simple contrast enema remains an efficient alternative easy to perform. DC may be performed in a direct manner in a single operation. The contraindications are few (severe colitis, risk of perforation). DC has proved advantageous for detection of polyps and study of inflammatory diseases of the colon. In granulomatous colitis in particular, it contributes to better analysis and differential diagnosis of the lesions, and surveillance of their evolution.", "contents": "[Double-contrast radiologic examination of the colon and rectum]. Double contrast (DC) barium enema is used at many centers as a routine technique for examination of the colon. However, simple contrast enema remains an efficient alternative easy to perform. DC may be performed in a direct manner in a single operation. The contraindications are few (severe colitis, risk of perforation). DC has proved advantageous for detection of polyps and study of inflammatory diseases of the colon. In granulomatous colitis in particular, it contributes to better analysis and differential diagnosis of the lesions, and surveillance of their evolution.", "PMID": 675195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2143", "title": "[Chlamydia peritonitis: a disease of young females].", "content": "Serological evidence of recent infection with Chlamydia trachomatis was found in 9 of 11 young women with acute peritonitis or perihepatitis proved by laparoscopy. High antibody titres to chlamydiae without laboratory evidence of gonococcal infection were present in 5 of these 9 patients, while the other 4 had evidence of simultaneous gonococcal infection. C. trachomatis may play an important part in peritoneal inflammation previously attributed only to gonococci.", "contents": "[Chlamydia peritonitis: a disease of young females]. Serological evidence of recent infection with Chlamydia trachomatis was found in 9 of 11 young women with acute peritonitis or perihepatitis proved by laparoscopy. High antibody titres to chlamydiae without laboratory evidence of gonococcal infection were present in 5 of these 9 patients, while the other 4 had evidence of simultaneous gonococcal infection. C. trachomatis may play an important part in peritoneal inflammation previously attributed only to gonococci.", "PMID": 675196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2144", "title": "[Arteriovenous fistulae following liver puncture biopsy].", "content": "5 cases of arterio-venous fistula secondary to needle biopsy of the liver are reported. In 4 cases the lesion was a chance radiologic finding during arteriography and did not require a surgical procedure. In two cases spontaneous closure of the fistula was demonstrated by a second arteriography. Only in the fifth case did development of portal hypertension require a surgical procedure, ligature of the right hepatic artery being performed.", "contents": "[Arteriovenous fistulae following liver puncture biopsy]. 5 cases of arterio-venous fistula secondary to needle biopsy of the liver are reported. In 4 cases the lesion was a chance radiologic finding during arteriography and did not require a surgical procedure. In two cases spontaneous closure of the fistula was demonstrated by a second arteriography. Only in the fifth case did development of portal hypertension require a surgical procedure, ligature of the right hepatic artery being performed.", "PMID": 675197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2145", "title": "[Comparison of the biliary excretion of the radiographic contrast media Iotroxamate and Ioglycamide in the dog].", "content": "Biliary excretion of iotroxamat (ITX) and ioglycamide (IGL) in cholecystectomized dogs fitted with a Thomas duodenal cannula is compatible with saturation kinetics exhibiting maximal excretory velocities of 2.23 +/- SD 0.18 and 1.22 +/- 0.19 mumol/min/kg, respectively. While biliary excretion of ITX obeyed classical Michaelis Menten kinetics, the data obtained with IGL suggested a more complex process. The choleretic effects of both contrast agents (23.6 +/- SD 2.29 and 25.8 +/- 2.21 microliter of excreted substance) were comparable. On the basis of these results and in view of the similar toxicity of the two contrast agents in animals, it may be expected that ITX will have advantages over IGL for intravenous cholangiography.", "contents": "[Comparison of the biliary excretion of the radiographic contrast media Iotroxamate and Ioglycamide in the dog]. Biliary excretion of iotroxamat (ITX) and ioglycamide (IGL) in cholecystectomized dogs fitted with a Thomas duodenal cannula is compatible with saturation kinetics exhibiting maximal excretory velocities of 2.23 +/- SD 0.18 and 1.22 +/- 0.19 mumol/min/kg, respectively. While biliary excretion of ITX obeyed classical Michaelis Menten kinetics, the data obtained with IGL suggested a more complex process. The choleretic effects of both contrast agents (23.6 +/- SD 2.29 and 25.8 +/- 2.21 microliter of excreted substance) were comparable. On the basis of these results and in view of the similar toxicity of the two contrast agents in animals, it may be expected that ITX will have advantages over IGL for intravenous cholangiography.", "PMID": 675198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2146", "title": "[Volvulus of the colon].", "content": "Twenty-two cases of volvulus of the colon are reported. The conservative and surgical methods of treatment are discussed. It should be emphasized that a preliminary X-ray study of the colon with Gastrografin is necessary to identify the nature and site of obstruction and any associated lesions.", "contents": "[Volvulus of the colon]. Twenty-two cases of volvulus of the colon are reported. The conservative and surgical methods of treatment are discussed. It should be emphasized that a preliminary X-ray study of the colon with Gastrografin is necessary to identify the nature and site of obstruction and any associated lesions.", "PMID": 675199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2147", "title": "[What is the contribution of colposcopic polypectomy?].", "content": "Coloscopic polypectomy saves patients with polyps of the colon from diagnostic laparotomy and also serves for the diagnosis and in the majority of patients even therapy of early colonic cancer. Complications are rare and most can be controlled by endoscopy. Recurrences of the polyp are possible, and therefore, follow-up is necessary.", "contents": "[What is the contribution of colposcopic polypectomy?]. Coloscopic polypectomy saves patients with polyps of the colon from diagnostic laparotomy and also serves for the diagnosis and in the majority of patients even therapy of early colonic cancer. Complications are rare and most can be controlled by endoscopy. Recurrences of the polyp are possible, and therefore, follow-up is necessary.", "PMID": 675200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2148", "title": "[Conservative therapy of acute ulcer hemorrhage using somatostatin. Pilot study].", "content": "Somatostatin (SST) infusion was used to treat severe upper intestinal hemorrhage in 10 patients with peptic ulcer disease. Bleeding ceased in all patients 4-8 h after start of infusion. In one case bleeding recurred when SST infusion was discontinued; SST was given again and the hemorrhage definitively halted. Another patient suffered a recurrence while under SST infusion and had to be operated upon. SST appears to be effective in controlling hemorrhage from peptic ulcer, though further studies are required.", "contents": "[Conservative therapy of acute ulcer hemorrhage using somatostatin. Pilot study]. Somatostatin (SST) infusion was used to treat severe upper intestinal hemorrhage in 10 patients with peptic ulcer disease. Bleeding ceased in all patients 4-8 h after start of infusion. In one case bleeding recurred when SST infusion was discontinued; SST was given again and the hemorrhage definitively halted. Another patient suffered a recurrence while under SST infusion and had to be operated upon. SST appears to be effective in controlling hemorrhage from peptic ulcer, though further studies are required.", "PMID": 675201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2149", "title": "[Effect of somatostatin on the endogenous release of secretin and pancreatic polypeptide in the dog].", "content": "In dogs with chronic duodenal and gastric fistula the effect of somatostatin (SST) on the endogenous release of secretin and pancretic polypeptide (PP) was investigated. The release of secretin following intraduodenal acid administration was significantly reduced by SST. While PP increased significantly after a test meal, its release was completely suppressed by SST.", "contents": "[Effect of somatostatin on the endogenous release of secretin and pancreatic polypeptide in the dog]. In dogs with chronic duodenal and gastric fistula the effect of somatostatin (SST) on the endogenous release of secretin and pancretic polypeptide (PP) was investigated. The release of secretin following intraduodenal acid administration was significantly reduced by SST. While PP increased significantly after a test meal, its release was completely suppressed by SST.", "PMID": 675202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2150", "title": "[Radiotherapy of esophageal neoplasms. Review of the 1st post-therapeutic year].", "content": "The first post-therapeutic year in 33 patients with esophageal cancer treated by radiotherapy alone is analyzed. Effectiveness of treatment was measured by clinical symptoms, radiological findings, and autopsy results. Out of a group of 33 patients, 36.4% showed no subjective or objective symptoms 1 year after commencement of therapy. Based on our own experience and the literature, the concept of therapy in esophageal cancer is discussed.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of esophageal neoplasms. Review of the 1st post-therapeutic year]. The first post-therapeutic year in 33 patients with esophageal cancer treated by radiotherapy alone is analyzed. Effectiveness of treatment was measured by clinical symptoms, radiological findings, and autopsy results. Out of a group of 33 patients, 36.4% showed no subjective or objective symptoms 1 year after commencement of therapy. Based on our own experience and the literature, the concept of therapy in esophageal cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 675205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2151", "title": "[Contribution to the formal pathogenesis of the classical seminoma. Early diagnosis from testicular biopsies?].", "content": "13 cases of seminoma of the testes were investigated in detail by means of light microscopy using paraffin and semithin sections. Paraffin sections were the basis for diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. In semithin sectins, even individual seminoma cells within the seminiferous tubules were recognized by characteristic cytological features. In semithin sections also the development of the solid tumor from intratubular seminoma cells was elucidated. On the basis of our findings, the following concept of seminoma spread may be advanced: intratubular seminoma cells invade the lamina propria and gain access to to the interstitial tissue. Subsequent to the migration of seminoma cells, the tubules are smaller in diameter and contain only Sertoli cells. The seminoma cells in the interstitial tissue increase in number and build up the solid tumor.", "contents": "[Contribution to the formal pathogenesis of the classical seminoma. Early diagnosis from testicular biopsies?]. 13 cases of seminoma of the testes were investigated in detail by means of light microscopy using paraffin and semithin sections. Paraffin sections were the basis for diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. In semithin sectins, even individual seminoma cells within the seminiferous tubules were recognized by characteristic cytological features. In semithin sections also the development of the solid tumor from intratubular seminoma cells was elucidated. On the basis of our findings, the following concept of seminoma spread may be advanced: intratubular seminoma cells invade the lamina propria and gain access to to the interstitial tissue. Subsequent to the migration of seminoma cells, the tubules are smaller in diameter and contain only Sertoli cells. The seminoma cells in the interstitial tissue increase in number and build up the solid tumor.", "PMID": 675206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2152", "title": "[Internal medical accidents during cross country skiing. Deaths and hospitalizations in the Upper Engadine].", "content": "Between January 1975 and March 1978, 15 cases of sudden death or hospitalized medical emergencies occurred during cross-country skiing in the Engadine region, comprising 3 sudden deaths, 9 myocardial infarctions, and 3 neurovascular accidents. The total number is small as compared to the number of people practising this sport. Among participants of the Engadine Ski Marathon, the incidence was 1 emergency per 40,000 skiing hours and 1 death per 120,000 skiing hours. Patients suffering from myocardial infarctions were all vacationers  from lower altitudes, in most whom several risk factors were present. Two cases of cerebrovascular accident demonstrate that competitive cross-country skiing may impose enormous stress on the cerebrosvascular system even in well-trained individuals.", "contents": "[Internal medical accidents during cross country skiing. Deaths and hospitalizations in the Upper Engadine]. Between January 1975 and March 1978, 15 cases of sudden death or hospitalized medical emergencies occurred during cross-country skiing in the Engadine region, comprising 3 sudden deaths, 9 myocardial infarctions, and 3 neurovascular accidents. The total number is small as compared to the number of people practising this sport. Among participants of the Engadine Ski Marathon, the incidence was 1 emergency per 40,000 skiing hours and 1 death per 120,000 skiing hours. Patients suffering from myocardial infarctions were all vacationers  from lower altitudes, in most whom several risk factors were present. Two cases of cerebrovascular accident demonstrate that competitive cross-country skiing may impose enormous stress on the cerebrosvascular system even in well-trained individuals.", "PMID": 675207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2153", "title": "[Postoperative reflux gastritis].", "content": "Postoperative reflux gastritis is generally considered a definite clinical syndrome. It is the possible sequel to any gastric surgery suppressing pyloric continence. Incidence of this complication is still difficult to evaluate, whereas enterogastric reflux is often seen during endoscopy. 75 patients were studied clinically and endoscopically, and their gastric mucosa histologically, after gastric surgery. Results were compared to those in a 2nd group of patients whose reflux induced symptoms had been brought under control by endoscopically confirmed surgical correction of reflux. Enterogastric reflux is common (80%), but its effect on the gastric mucosa is observed endoscopically only when it is relatively marked (69%). Clinical suspicion of reflux gastritis is most often confirmed by endoscopy, but endoscopic reflux gastritis is symptomatic in only half of patients undergoing surgery. Foveolar hyperplasia is the only histological criterion related to reflux gastritis.", "contents": "[Postoperative reflux gastritis]. Postoperative reflux gastritis is generally considered a definite clinical syndrome. It is the possible sequel to any gastric surgery suppressing pyloric continence. Incidence of this complication is still difficult to evaluate, whereas enterogastric reflux is often seen during endoscopy. 75 patients were studied clinically and endoscopically, and their gastric mucosa histologically, after gastric surgery. Results were compared to those in a 2nd group of patients whose reflux induced symptoms had been brought under control by endoscopically confirmed surgical correction of reflux. Enterogastric reflux is common (80%), but its effect on the gastric mucosa is observed endoscopically only when it is relatively marked (69%). Clinical suspicion of reflux gastritis is most often confirmed by endoscopy, but endoscopic reflux gastritis is symptomatic in only half of patients undergoing surgery. Foveolar hyperplasia is the only histological criterion related to reflux gastritis.", "PMID": 675208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2154", "title": "[Clinical application of the radiolabeled bile salt tolerance test].", "content": "The labeled bile salt tolerance test is the measure of the decrease in plasmatic radioactivity after intravenous injection of carboxyl-14C-labeled chenic acid. The label is distributed in the blood, taken up by hepatocytes and then secreted in the bile. The decrease in plasmatic radioactivity during the 4 h following the injection follows a bi-exponential curve. It has been studied in 6 normal subjects, 4 patients equipped with \"T tube\", 3 cases of acute viral hepatitis, 4 cases of hepatic steatosis, and 6 cases of hepatic cirrhosis. The first slope (b1) represents the hepatic uptake of the label. It is lowered in cases of viral hepatitis and in cirrhosis. The second slope (b2) represents hepato-biliary secretion of the label. It is lowered in patients equipped with a \"T tube\". From 100 min after the injection, the plasma concentration of radioactivity remains constant. This is the residual value (R), and it is very low in normal subjects. It is increased in cases of acute viral hepatitis and cirrhosis, indicating displacement of a fraction of the bile salt pool into peripheral blood. After a standard meal, the R value is not modified in the normal subject. In cases of steatosis and cirrhosis, a temporary peak may be seen, indicating recirculation of the label towards the periphery due to a porto-systemic shunt or a hepatocyte lesion.", "contents": "[Clinical application of the radiolabeled bile salt tolerance test]. The labeled bile salt tolerance test is the measure of the decrease in plasmatic radioactivity after intravenous injection of carboxyl-14C-labeled chenic acid. The label is distributed in the blood, taken up by hepatocytes and then secreted in the bile. The decrease in plasmatic radioactivity during the 4 h following the injection follows a bi-exponential curve. It has been studied in 6 normal subjects, 4 patients equipped with \"T tube\", 3 cases of acute viral hepatitis, 4 cases of hepatic steatosis, and 6 cases of hepatic cirrhosis. The first slope (b1) represents the hepatic uptake of the label. It is lowered in cases of viral hepatitis and in cirrhosis. The second slope (b2) represents hepato-biliary secretion of the label. It is lowered in patients equipped with a \"T tube\". From 100 min after the injection, the plasma concentration of radioactivity remains constant. This is the residual value (R), and it is very low in normal subjects. It is increased in cases of acute viral hepatitis and cirrhosis, indicating displacement of a fraction of the bile salt pool into peripheral blood. After a standard meal, the R value is not modified in the normal subject. In cases of steatosis and cirrhosis, a temporary peak may be seen, indicating recirculation of the label towards the periphery due to a porto-systemic shunt or a hepatocyte lesion.", "PMID": 675209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2155", "title": "[Correlations between inflammatory activity, immunoglobulins and complement components in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and arthrosis].", "content": "In 81 synovial fluids (39 from rheumatoid arthritis and 42 from osteoarthritis patients), levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, and complement components C3, C4, and C3-proactivator were estimated. Lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) was used as the parameter of inflammatory activity. With increased LDH activity, the concentrations of all immunoglobulins rose in both groups. In the complement components, this positive linear correlation was demonstrated only in the osteoarthritic group. In rheumatoid arthritis, the results were best demonstrated by means of a regression type curve of the 3rd degree (p less than 0.01). In low inflammatory activity there was a rise in the level of the complement components. With higher LDH activity (greater than 500 U/l), however, there was a drop in the curve and the positive correlation changed to negative.", "contents": "[Correlations between inflammatory activity, immunoglobulins and complement components in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and arthrosis]. In 81 synovial fluids (39 from rheumatoid arthritis and 42 from osteoarthritis patients), levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, and complement components C3, C4, and C3-proactivator were estimated. Lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) was used as the parameter of inflammatory activity. With increased LDH activity, the concentrations of all immunoglobulins rose in both groups. In the complement components, this positive linear correlation was demonstrated only in the osteoarthritic group. In rheumatoid arthritis, the results were best demonstrated by means of a regression type curve of the 3rd degree (p less than 0.01). In low inflammatory activity there was a rise in the level of the complement components. With higher LDH activity (greater than 500 U/l), however, there was a drop in the curve and the positive correlation changed to negative.", "PMID": 675210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2156", "title": "[Drug induced agranulocytosis. Improved prognosis due to better supportive care].", "content": "A retrospective study of 61 episodes of agranulocytosis observed in 56 patients between 1958 and 1977 is reported. The diagnosis was based on peripheral granulocyte counts below 500/mm3 and further documented by bone marrow analysis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the new guidelines for supportive care introduced in January 1973 led to an improvement in overall prognosis in this disease. Therefore, the patients were divided into two groups: the first group included 39 episodes of agranulocytosis observed between 1958-1972 and the second group 22 episodes observed between 1973-1977. Standard supportive care administered in the latter group included reverse isolation (hand-disinfection and gown-change before patient contact, conventional hospital single room), the immediate initiation of an appropriate combination of antibiotics in infectious states and additional granulocyte transfusions in selected cases. The two groups compared were similar as to the extent of neutropenia and the frequency of severe infectious complications. On the other hand, patients of the first group showed more advanced recovery of myelopoiesis as compared to the second group at the time of hospital admission. Death due to infection was observed in 36% of episodes in the first group, but only in 9% in the second group. The supportive care introduced in 1973 thus appears to improve the prognosis of agranulocytosis to a substantial extent.", "contents": "[Drug induced agranulocytosis. Improved prognosis due to better supportive care]. A retrospective study of 61 episodes of agranulocytosis observed in 56 patients between 1958 and 1977 is reported. The diagnosis was based on peripheral granulocyte counts below 500/mm3 and further documented by bone marrow analysis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the new guidelines for supportive care introduced in January 1973 led to an improvement in overall prognosis in this disease. Therefore, the patients were divided into two groups: the first group included 39 episodes of agranulocytosis observed between 1958-1972 and the second group 22 episodes observed between 1973-1977. Standard supportive care administered in the latter group included reverse isolation (hand-disinfection and gown-change before patient contact, conventional hospital single room), the immediate initiation of an appropriate combination of antibiotics in infectious states and additional granulocyte transfusions in selected cases. The two groups compared were similar as to the extent of neutropenia and the frequency of severe infectious complications. On the other hand, patients of the first group showed more advanced recovery of myelopoiesis as compared to the second group at the time of hospital admission. Death due to infection was observed in 36% of episodes in the first group, but only in 9% in the second group. The supportive care introduced in 1973 thus appears to improve the prognosis of agranulocytosis to a substantial extent.", "PMID": 675212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2157", "title": "[The bronchospasmolytics salbutamol, fenoterol, terbutaline and reproterol. Their effects and side effects in asthmatics after inhalation with an electric nebulizer].", "content": "A double-blind crossover trial was conducted in 10 asthmatic patients for comparison of fenoterol with salbutamol, in 12 other asthmatic patients for comparison of reproterol with salbutamol, and in 15 other asthmatic patients for comparison of terbutaline with salbutamol. The following doses were given: 1.25 mg fenoterol, 2.5 mg reproterol, 2.5 mg terbutaline and 1.25 mg salbutamol. 5 drops of each of the inhalation solutions (in 2 ml of saline) were aerosolized by a powered machine and inhaled for 15 min. FEV1 was measured before, and 15 and 45 min after inhalation. Immediately before FEV1 the following parameters for side effects were also determined: 1. heartbeats per min, systolic and diastolic blood pressure; 2. minute ventilation, arterial PCO2 and oxygen consumption; 3. arterial SO2, PO2 and the alveolar-arterial O2-gradient (AaDO2). To estimate the selectivity of each of the 3 betastimulators the ratio (formula: see text) was established for each parameter and compared to that obtained with salbutamol. In further steps the ratio of all parameters for side effects was shown, then only that of the 3 most important side effects tachycardia, hypocapnia (PaCO2) and hypoxemia (PaO2). The following order of selectivity was found: 1. salbutamol, 2. fenoterol, 3. terbutaline, 4. reproterol.", "contents": "[The bronchospasmolytics salbutamol, fenoterol, terbutaline and reproterol. Their effects and side effects in asthmatics after inhalation with an electric nebulizer]. A double-blind crossover trial was conducted in 10 asthmatic patients for comparison of fenoterol with salbutamol, in 12 other asthmatic patients for comparison of reproterol with salbutamol, and in 15 other asthmatic patients for comparison of terbutaline with salbutamol. The following doses were given: 1.25 mg fenoterol, 2.5 mg reproterol, 2.5 mg terbutaline and 1.25 mg salbutamol. 5 drops of each of the inhalation solutions (in 2 ml of saline) were aerosolized by a powered machine and inhaled for 15 min. FEV1 was measured before, and 15 and 45 min after inhalation. Immediately before FEV1 the following parameters for side effects were also determined: 1. heartbeats per min, systolic and diastolic blood pressure; 2. minute ventilation, arterial PCO2 and oxygen consumption; 3. arterial SO2, PO2 and the alveolar-arterial O2-gradient (AaDO2). To estimate the selectivity of each of the 3 betastimulators the ratio (formula: see text) was established for each parameter and compared to that obtained with salbutamol. In further steps the ratio of all parameters for side effects was shown, then only that of the 3 most important side effects tachycardia, hypocapnia (PaCO2) and hypoxemia (PaO2). The following order of selectivity was found: 1. salbutamol, 2. fenoterol, 3. terbutaline, 4. reproterol.", "PMID": 675213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2158", "title": "[Familial mesomelial dwarfism (Nievergelt syndrome)].", "content": "Familial mesomelic dwarfism was first described in 1944 by K. NIEVERGELT, who reported on a father and 3 sons by 3 different mothers who had shortening of the middle segment limbs. in the present study the family described by NIEVERGELT in 1944 is reevaluated and the mode of inheritance investigated over a period of 3 generations. Six patients with mesomelic dwarfism were found out of 43 family members. Two patients, a son of the first patient with mesomelic dwarfism and his son, were seen at our institution. Both presented a rare deformity-combination of the upper and lower extremities. In the upper extremities radio-ulnar synostosis, asymmetrically shaped elbow joints, subluxations of the radial head and a deficient supination capacity of the forearm were diagnosed. The deformities were nearly symmetrical, but a slight predilection for the left forearm was noted. In the lower extremities atypical club-feet with supination of the forefeet, shortening of tibia and fibula and marked synostosis of tarsal and metatarsal bones were seen. The legs were rhombic and supination and pronation of the forefeet were severely reduced. Synostosis of the tibia and fibula and deformities of the toes were found in both patients. The mode of inheritance was considered to be autosomal dominant with high penetrance. It is concluded that familial mesomelic dwarfism is an autosomal dominant disease of the upper and lower limbs with atypical club-feet, marked radio-ulnar, tibia-fibular and tarsal synostosis and deformities of the elbow joints.", "contents": "[Familial mesomelial dwarfism (Nievergelt syndrome)]. Familial mesomelic dwarfism was first described in 1944 by K. NIEVERGELT, who reported on a father and 3 sons by 3 different mothers who had shortening of the middle segment limbs. in the present study the family described by NIEVERGELT in 1944 is reevaluated and the mode of inheritance investigated over a period of 3 generations. Six patients with mesomelic dwarfism were found out of 43 family members. Two patients, a son of the first patient with mesomelic dwarfism and his son, were seen at our institution. Both presented a rare deformity-combination of the upper and lower extremities. In the upper extremities radio-ulnar synostosis, asymmetrically shaped elbow joints, subluxations of the radial head and a deficient supination capacity of the forearm were diagnosed. The deformities were nearly symmetrical, but a slight predilection for the left forearm was noted. In the lower extremities atypical club-feet with supination of the forefeet, shortening of tibia and fibula and marked synostosis of tarsal and metatarsal bones were seen. The legs were rhombic and supination and pronation of the forefeet were severely reduced. Synostosis of the tibia and fibula and deformities of the toes were found in both patients. The mode of inheritance was considered to be autosomal dominant with high penetrance. It is concluded that familial mesomelic dwarfism is an autosomal dominant disease of the upper and lower limbs with atypical club-feet, marked radio-ulnar, tibia-fibular and tarsal synostosis and deformities of the elbow joints.", "PMID": 675214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2159", "title": "[Prognosis and therapy of multiple myeloma].", "content": "Criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and differential diagnostic considerations are presented. The indications for treatment are discussed. Combination of melphalan or cyclophosphamide with prednisone may be considered standard therapy today. This produces objective tumor regression in 50-70% of patients. The parameters for determining remission and their significance with regard to survival and tumor cell mass are discussed. The importance of supportive measures is stressed. Persistent problems and potential for improving present therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Prognosis and therapy of multiple myeloma]. Criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and differential diagnostic considerations are presented. The indications for treatment are discussed. Combination of melphalan or cyclophosphamide with prednisone may be considered standard therapy today. This produces objective tumor regression in 50-70% of patients. The parameters for determining remission and their significance with regard to survival and tumor cell mass are discussed. The importance of supportive measures is stressed. Persistent problems and potential for improving present therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 675217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2160", "title": "[Diagnosis of latent late infections following total hip replacement].", "content": "The etiology, diagnosis and elucidation of non-manifest late infection following total hip joint replacement surgery are discussed on the basis of 22 patients who underwent further surgery in our clinic due to an infected prosthesis from 1974 to 1976. Non-manifest late infection is usually the result of contamination of the hip before, during or after surgery; only in a few isolated cases can the infection be considered to have originated from the bloodstream. There is a higher risk of infection in patients who have undergone previous hip surgery. The principal symptom of late infection is pain; as a rule there are no other clinical signs of inflammation. The generally increased blood sedimentation rate is the only laboratory test of diagnostic value. An important aid is x-ray of the hip, in which the infection is manifested by osteitis and loosening of the prosthesis. Arthrocentesis should be carried out in case of doubt and when systemic antibiotic treatment is envisaged. Special diagnostic procedures such as arthrography and scintigraphy cannot be recommended for routine examination.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of latent late infections following total hip replacement]. The etiology, diagnosis and elucidation of non-manifest late infection following total hip joint replacement surgery are discussed on the basis of 22 patients who underwent further surgery in our clinic due to an infected prosthesis from 1974 to 1976. Non-manifest late infection is usually the result of contamination of the hip before, during or after surgery; only in a few isolated cases can the infection be considered to have originated from the bloodstream. There is a higher risk of infection in patients who have undergone previous hip surgery. The principal symptom of late infection is pain; as a rule there are no other clinical signs of inflammation. The generally increased blood sedimentation rate is the only laboratory test of diagnostic value. An important aid is x-ray of the hip, in which the infection is manifested by osteitis and loosening of the prosthesis. Arthrocentesis should be carried out in case of doubt and when systemic antibiotic treatment is envisaged. Special diagnostic procedures such as arthrography and scintigraphy cannot be recommended for routine examination.", "PMID": 675218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2161", "title": "[Frequency of drug prescriptions and their adverse effects in a medical department].", "content": "The enquiries carried out in our unit since 1971, in some 1600 patients who received in all more than 13000 drug prescriptions and who were observed during 3 periods whose total duration was 12 months, prompt the following conclusions. The number of adverse reactions in which the relationship of cause and effect with one or several drugs was either definite or probable amounted to 217, 2--3% among patients at admission and 5--11% of patients during their hospital stay. The average number of prescriptions per patient remained stable and the average number of drug reactions per 100 prescriptions varied from 0.6 to 1.6. Severe drug reactions occurred in 1.1% of patients at admission and 1.1% of patients during their hospital stay.", "contents": "[Frequency of drug prescriptions and their adverse effects in a medical department]. The enquiries carried out in our unit since 1971, in some 1600 patients who received in all more than 13000 drug prescriptions and who were observed during 3 periods whose total duration was 12 months, prompt the following conclusions. The number of adverse reactions in which the relationship of cause and effect with one or several drugs was either definite or probable amounted to 217, 2--3% among patients at admission and 5--11% of patients during their hospital stay. The average number of prescriptions per patient remained stable and the average number of drug reactions per 100 prescriptions varied from 0.6 to 1.6. Severe drug reactions occurred in 1.1% of patients at admission and 1.1% of patients during their hospital stay.", "PMID": 675219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2162", "title": "[Are salicoyl-like analgesics vitamin K antagonists? An interpretation of spontaneous subnormal Quick values].", "content": "Prolonged spontaneous prothrombin time values (subnormal Quick values of between 50--70%), such as are encountered frequently in the clinical laboratory, are discussed. The reason for these abnormal values may be traced in part to the ingestion of salicoyl-like analgesics. Acetylsalicylic acid must be considered a low-acting oral anticoagulant which behaves like a vitamin K antagonist. In connection with the frequent use of this substance its interference with the plasmatic blood coagulation system should be considered.", "contents": "[Are salicoyl-like analgesics vitamin K antagonists? An interpretation of spontaneous subnormal Quick values]. Prolonged spontaneous prothrombin time values (subnormal Quick values of between 50--70%), such as are encountered frequently in the clinical laboratory, are discussed. The reason for these abnormal values may be traced in part to the ingestion of salicoyl-like analgesics. Acetylsalicylic acid must be considered a low-acting oral anticoagulant which behaves like a vitamin K antagonist. In connection with the frequent use of this substance its interference with the plasmatic blood coagulation system should be considered.", "PMID": 675220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2163", "title": "[Abdominal computer tomography].", "content": "In computer tomography of the abdomen the amount of diagnostic information obtained depends on the organ system examined and correlates with the topographical anatomy. The information gained by this non-invasive method results from the demonstration of contour alteration and from inherent density differences. Although at this point in time, while the process of evaluation is still in progress, it is too early to formulate definitive guidelines on the indications for computer tomography of the abdomen, we suggest, on the basis of experience hitherto, that computer tomography of the adrenals and the pancreas is better than the previously known image-producing diagnostic methods. The overall diagnostic value of computer tomography of the liver and spleen, depending on the pathology in question, is apparently at least equal to sonography, nuclear medicine and angiography. Computer tomography of the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, when compared to other diagnostic radiographic and sonographic investigations, at present adds little information, and for this reason has limited application in these systems. In contrast to this is the highly instructive computer tomographic examination of the extrarenal retroperitoneal space.", "contents": "[Abdominal computer tomography]. In computer tomography of the abdomen the amount of diagnostic information obtained depends on the organ system examined and correlates with the topographical anatomy. The information gained by this non-invasive method results from the demonstration of contour alteration and from inherent density differences. Although at this point in time, while the process of evaluation is still in progress, it is too early to formulate definitive guidelines on the indications for computer tomography of the abdomen, we suggest, on the basis of experience hitherto, that computer tomography of the adrenals and the pancreas is better than the previously known image-producing diagnostic methods. The overall diagnostic value of computer tomography of the liver and spleen, depending on the pathology in question, is apparently at least equal to sonography, nuclear medicine and angiography. Computer tomography of the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, when compared to other diagnostic radiographic and sonographic investigations, at present adds little information, and for this reason has limited application in these systems. In contrast to this is the highly instructive computer tomographic examination of the extrarenal retroperitoneal space.", "PMID": 675221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2164", "title": "Scottish health authorities revenue equalisation. A community medicine view of SHARE report.", "content": "A working party was set up by the Scottish Home and Health Department to consider the system of allocation of money to health boards. The system advocated (SHARE Report) is predictable from the NHS structure and the analogous report (RAWP) in England. The Secretary of State has announced his decision to accept SHARE in general principle. In principle, the Report is to be welcomed as a first step toward rationalising the distribution of health service money. However, work already published suggests the assumptions in SHARE require examination. SHARE would encourage individual health boards to plan for their own populations although thereby the greatest improvement in health services in Scotland may not be achieved. The SHARE object of equal opportunity of securing access is open to various interpretations. Emphasis is laid on the recommendation in Report for a comprehensive examination of the inter-relationship of social circumstances (in particular, urban deprivation), morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Scottish health authorities revenue equalisation. A community medicine view of SHARE report. A working party was set up by the Scottish Home and Health Department to consider the system of allocation of money to health boards. The system advocated (SHARE Report) is predictable from the NHS structure and the analogous report (RAWP) in England. The Secretary of State has announced his decision to accept SHARE in general principle. In principle, the Report is to be welcomed as a first step toward rationalising the distribution of health service money. However, work already published suggests the assumptions in SHARE require examination. SHARE would encourage individual health boards to plan for their own populations although thereby the greatest improvement in health services in Scotland may not be achieved. The SHARE object of equal opportunity of securing access is open to various interpretations. Emphasis is laid on the recommendation in Report for a comprehensive examination of the inter-relationship of social circumstances (in particular, urban deprivation), morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 675232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2165", "title": "Tourist hepatitis in the West of Scotland.", "content": "During the 6-year period (1971-76) 971 patients were admitted with acute viral hepatitis to different infectious units in the West of Scotland. Of these, 30 (3%) patients had tourist hepatitis. The majority (80%) acquired the infection in the subcontinents of Africa and India or other tropical countries. The clinical spectrum of the illness in these patients ranged from mild to fulminant hepatitis. Fifteen patients were specifically asked about their immunisation history prior to their travel and none had immunoglobulin prophylaxis against hepatitis. Normal human immunoglobulin prevents clinical hepatitis A and should be given to all prospective travellers to Third World countries. In order to formulate a rational policy for prophylaxis, more data about the risk of contracting hepatitis in different countries is needed.", "contents": "Tourist hepatitis in the West of Scotland. During the 6-year period (1971-76) 971 patients were admitted with acute viral hepatitis to different infectious units in the West of Scotland. Of these, 30 (3%) patients had tourist hepatitis. The majority (80%) acquired the infection in the subcontinents of Africa and India or other tropical countries. The clinical spectrum of the illness in these patients ranged from mild to fulminant hepatitis. Fifteen patients were specifically asked about their immunisation history prior to their travel and none had immunoglobulin prophylaxis against hepatitis. Normal human immunoglobulin prevents clinical hepatitis A and should be given to all prospective travellers to Third World countries. In order to formulate a rational policy for prophylaxis, more data about the risk of contracting hepatitis in different countries is needed.", "PMID": 675233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2166", "title": "Need for reform in health professions accrediting.", "content": "At least 50 vocational or professional groups, exclusive of specialties within categories, now provide a health service. Many have established accrediting procedures for maintaining educational standards, and the number is increasing. So great is the demand from the accrediting bodies that universities and academic health centers find that the cost in terms of money, time, and duplication of effort has become exhorbitant, and thereby a major problem in the management of educational institutions. The duplication of effort leads to fragmentation of the entire accrediting process, and this, in turn, fosters inadequate sharing of health professions educational experiences. A model is presented that would lessen the burden of accrediting on educational institutions and simultaneously permit testing of the feasibility of a multiprofessional accrediting mechanism.", "contents": "Need for reform in health professions accrediting. At least 50 vocational or professional groups, exclusive of specialties within categories, now provide a health service. Many have established accrediting procedures for maintaining educational standards, and the number is increasing. So great is the demand from the accrediting bodies that universities and academic health centers find that the cost in terms of money, time, and duplication of effort has become exhorbitant, and thereby a major problem in the management of educational institutions. The duplication of effort leads to fragmentation of the entire accrediting process, and this, in turn, fosters inadequate sharing of health professions educational experiences. A model is presented that would lessen the burden of accrediting on educational institutions and simultaneously permit testing of the feasibility of a multiprofessional accrediting mechanism.", "PMID": 675243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2167", "title": "Photoejection of electrons from flavins in polar media.", "content": "Riboflavin and 12 of its derivatives have been shown to form solvated electrons under ultraviolet irradiation (253.7 nanometers) in various water-methanol solvent mixtures. The highest quantum yield of solvated electrons (about 0.03) was obtained for flavins containing tyrosine on a side chain in the isoalloxazine N-3 or N-10 position. The splitting of hydrogen atoms from excited flavin molecules was also observed. From the results presented here, it can be determined that the semiquinone transients are formed not only by way of the flavin triplet, as usually suggested, but also by the attack of the electrons and hydrogen atoms on flavin molecules in the ground state. This is important, because the flavin radicals remaining after the electron-ejection or hydrogen-splitting processes must also be considered in the subsequent reaction mechanisms. The electron-ejection process from electronically excited flavins has important implications in the photobiology of these compounds.", "contents": "Photoejection of electrons from flavins in polar media. Riboflavin and 12 of its derivatives have been shown to form solvated electrons under ultraviolet irradiation (253.7 nanometers) in various water-methanol solvent mixtures. The highest quantum yield of solvated electrons (about 0.03) was obtained for flavins containing tyrosine on a side chain in the isoalloxazine N-3 or N-10 position. The splitting of hydrogen atoms from excited flavin molecules was also observed. From the results presented here, it can be determined that the semiquinone transients are formed not only by way of the flavin triplet, as usually suggested, but also by the attack of the electrons and hydrogen atoms on flavin molecules in the ground state. This is important, because the flavin radicals remaining after the electron-ejection or hydrogen-splitting processes must also be considered in the subsequent reaction mechanisms. The electron-ejection process from electronically excited flavins has important implications in the photobiology of these compounds.", "PMID": 675244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2168", "title": "Left ventricular receptors inhibit brain serotonin neurons during coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "Acute coronary artery ligation in pargyline-treated rats decreased serotonin and increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the medulla and posterior hypothalamus. Lidocaine applied topically to the left ventricle completely prevented these alterations. No changes in serotonin were observed in the other brain regions examined. These data suggest a reflex inhibition of bulbar and hypothalamic serotonergic nerves by left ventricular receptors following acute coronary artery occlusion in the rat.", "contents": "Left ventricular receptors inhibit brain serotonin neurons during coronary artery occlusion. Acute coronary artery ligation in pargyline-treated rats decreased serotonin and increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the medulla and posterior hypothalamus. Lidocaine applied topically to the left ventricle completely prevented these alterations. No changes in serotonin were observed in the other brain regions examined. These data suggest a reflex inhibition of bulbar and hypothalamic serotonergic nerves by left ventricular receptors following acute coronary artery occlusion in the rat.", "PMID": 675245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2169", "title": "Cryoprecipitate reversal of opsonic alpha2-surface binding glycoprotein deficiency in septic surgical and trauma patients.", "content": "Human opsonic alpha2-surface binding glyoprotein (alphs2SB-glycoprotein), a molecule having immunologic identity with an amino acid composition similar to cold-insoluble globulin, is concentrated in a cryoprecipitate of plasma. Septic surgical and trauma patients manifesting opsonic alpha2SB-glycoprotein deficiency and associated reticuloendothelial system dysfunction were treated by intravenous infusion of cryoprecipitate. This therapy restored circulating bioreactive and immunoreactive opsonin and improved their septicemia, pulmonary insufficiency, and duration of recovery. Cryoprecipitate infusion may offer a new approach to the treatment of septic injured patients in preventing multiple organ failure; measurement of immuno-reactive serum opsonic alpha2SB-glycoprotein may provide a noninvasive index of reticuloendothelial system function and patient status during servere sepsis that follows trauma.", "contents": "Cryoprecipitate reversal of opsonic alpha2-surface binding glycoprotein deficiency in septic surgical and trauma patients. Human opsonic alpha2-surface binding glyoprotein (alphs2SB-glycoprotein), a molecule having immunologic identity with an amino acid composition similar to cold-insoluble globulin, is concentrated in a cryoprecipitate of plasma. Septic surgical and trauma patients manifesting opsonic alpha2SB-glycoprotein deficiency and associated reticuloendothelial system dysfunction were treated by intravenous infusion of cryoprecipitate. This therapy restored circulating bioreactive and immunoreactive opsonin and improved their septicemia, pulmonary insufficiency, and duration of recovery. Cryoprecipitate infusion may offer a new approach to the treatment of septic injured patients in preventing multiple organ failure; measurement of immuno-reactive serum opsonic alpha2SB-glycoprotein may provide a noninvasive index of reticuloendothelial system function and patient status during servere sepsis that follows trauma.", "PMID": 675246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2170", "title": "Skin color and nutrient photolysis: an evolutionary hypothesis.", "content": "Human populations native to areas of intense sunlight tend to be heavily melanized. Previous explanations for this relationship have invoked only weak selective pressures. To test the hypothesis that dark pigmentation may protect against photolysis of crucial light-sensitive vitamins and metabolites by ultraviolet light, folate was used as a model. It was found that exposure of human plasma in vitro to simulated strong sunlight causes 30 to 50 percent loss of folate within 60 minutes. Furthermore, light-skinned patients exposed to ultraviolet light for dermatologic disorders have abnormally low serum folate concentrations, suggesting that photolysis may also occur in vivo. Deficiency of folate, which occurs in many marginally nourished populations, causes severe anemia, fetal wastage, frank infertility, and maternal mortality. Prevention of ultraviolet photolysis of folate and other light sensitive nutrients by dark skin may be sufficient explanation for the maintenance of this characteristic in human groups indigenous to regions of intense solar radiation.", "contents": "Skin color and nutrient photolysis: an evolutionary hypothesis. Human populations native to areas of intense sunlight tend to be heavily melanized. Previous explanations for this relationship have invoked only weak selective pressures. To test the hypothesis that dark pigmentation may protect against photolysis of crucial light-sensitive vitamins and metabolites by ultraviolet light, folate was used as a model. It was found that exposure of human plasma in vitro to simulated strong sunlight causes 30 to 50 percent loss of folate within 60 minutes. Furthermore, light-skinned patients exposed to ultraviolet light for dermatologic disorders have abnormally low serum folate concentrations, suggesting that photolysis may also occur in vivo. Deficiency of folate, which occurs in many marginally nourished populations, causes severe anemia, fetal wastage, frank infertility, and maternal mortality. Prevention of ultraviolet photolysis of folate and other light sensitive nutrients by dark skin may be sufficient explanation for the maintenance of this characteristic in human groups indigenous to regions of intense solar radiation.", "PMID": 675247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2171", "title": "Terminal arbors of axons that have formed abnormal connections.", "content": "Ther terminal arbors of individual retinogeniculate axons that have been induced to grow into an inappropriate geniculate layer have been revealed for light and electron microscopic study by being filled with horseradish peroxidase. After a unilateral ocular enucleation in kittens, single axons from the surviving eye show terminal arbors not only within their own geniculate layers but also in the denervated layers. The new, abnormal arbors arise from the terminal segments of arbors that lie within the nondenervated layer and make patterns of synaptic contacts that appear normal.", "contents": "Terminal arbors of axons that have formed abnormal connections. Ther terminal arbors of individual retinogeniculate axons that have been induced to grow into an inappropriate geniculate layer have been revealed for light and electron microscopic study by being filled with horseradish peroxidase. After a unilateral ocular enucleation in kittens, single axons from the surviving eye show terminal arbors not only within their own geniculate layers but also in the denervated layers. The new, abnormal arbors arise from the terminal segments of arbors that lie within the nondenervated layer and make patterns of synaptic contacts that appear normal.", "PMID": 675248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2172", "title": "Lead exposure during infancy permanently increases lithium-induced polydipsia.", "content": "Lead (200 milligrams per kilogram) was administered daily by intubation to Long-Evans rats on days 3 through 30 of life. Thirty to 180 days after cessation of lead administration, the lead-treated rats were consistently more polydipsic after lithium administration (2 millimoles per kilogram per day) than were pair-treated controls. Lithium increased the plasma renin activity equally in both the lead treated and the control groups. These data are evidence that there may be permanent neural changes induced by postnatal exposure to lead that are manifested by pharmacological challenge with lithium.", "contents": "Lead exposure during infancy permanently increases lithium-induced polydipsia. Lead (200 milligrams per kilogram) was administered daily by intubation to Long-Evans rats on days 3 through 30 of life. Thirty to 180 days after cessation of lead administration, the lead-treated rats were consistently more polydipsic after lithium administration (2 millimoles per kilogram per day) than were pair-treated controls. Lithium increased the plasma renin activity equally in both the lead treated and the control groups. These data are evidence that there may be permanent neural changes induced by postnatal exposure to lead that are manifested by pharmacological challenge with lithium.", "PMID": 675249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2173", "title": "Human auditory frequency-following responses to a missing fundamental.", "content": "Both a complex tone perceived as a 365-hertz \"missing fundamental\" and a 365-hertz pure tone evoked 365-hertz far-field frequency-following responses. Narrow-band masking noise centered at 365 hertz attenuated the responses to the pure tone but not to the complex tone. Results support the concept that perception of the missing fundamental is based on periodic neural activity.", "contents": "Human auditory frequency-following responses to a missing fundamental. Both a complex tone perceived as a 365-hertz \"missing fundamental\" and a 365-hertz pure tone evoked 365-hertz far-field frequency-following responses. Narrow-band masking noise centered at 365 hertz attenuated the responses to the pure tone but not to the complex tone. Results support the concept that perception of the missing fundamental is based on periodic neural activity.", "PMID": 675250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2174", "title": "Symbolic communication between two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).", "content": "Through use of learned symbols, two chimpanzees accurately specified 11 foods by name to one another when the food item's identity was known by only one. They could not do this when denied use of the symbols. The chimpanzees then spontaneously requested specific foods of one another by name. Requests resulted in cooperative and reciprocal symbolically mediated food exchange.", "contents": "Symbolic communication between two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Through use of learned symbols, two chimpanzees accurately specified 11 foods by name to one another when the food item's identity was known by only one. They could not do this when denied use of the symbols. The chimpanzees then spontaneously requested specific foods of one another by name. Requests resulted in cooperative and reciprocal symbolically mediated food exchange.", "PMID": 675251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2175", "title": "Genetic basis of XX male syndrome and XX true hermaphroditism: evidence in the dog.", "content": "Serological analysis of white blood cells from the members of a family of American cocker spaniels indicates that a form of abnormal sexual development, in which individuals with a female karyotype have testes or ovotestes, is caused by anomalous transmission of male-determining H-Y genes.", "contents": "Genetic basis of XX male syndrome and XX true hermaphroditism: evidence in the dog. Serological analysis of white blood cells from the members of a family of American cocker spaniels indicates that a form of abnormal sexual development, in which individuals with a female karyotype have testes or ovotestes, is caused by anomalous transmission of male-determining H-Y genes.", "PMID": 675252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2176", "title": "Stimulated DNA synthesis in frog nuclei by cytoplasmic extracts of temperature-sensitive mammalian cells.", "content": "Cytoplasmic extracts of proliferating cells stimulate DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of Xenopus laevis liver. When tested by the same assay, cytoplasmic extracts of resting cells are completely inactive. When cytoplasmic extracts are prepared from cell cycle-specific temperature-sensitive mutants arrestd in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by the nonpermissive temperature, they also fail to stimulate DNA synthesis in frog nuclei. The results indicate that, to stimulate DNA synthesis in isolated frog nuclei, essentially all information of G1 cells must be present.", "contents": "Stimulated DNA synthesis in frog nuclei by cytoplasmic extracts of temperature-sensitive mammalian cells. Cytoplasmic extracts of proliferating cells stimulate DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of Xenopus laevis liver. When tested by the same assay, cytoplasmic extracts of resting cells are completely inactive. When cytoplasmic extracts are prepared from cell cycle-specific temperature-sensitive mutants arrestd in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by the nonpermissive temperature, they also fail to stimulate DNA synthesis in frog nuclei. The results indicate that, to stimulate DNA synthesis in isolated frog nuclei, essentially all information of G1 cells must be present.", "PMID": 675253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2177", "title": "Analysis of melatonin in human plasma by gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "Three techniques have been used to measure human plasma melatonin: bioassay, radioimmunoassay, and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS is theoretically capable of the greatest specificity, but in general suffers from insufficient sensitivity. Negative chemical ionization, a new technique, provides a 150-fold increase in GC-MS sensitivity for electron-capturing compounds. Negative chemical ionization GC-MS permits routine measurement in human plasma of melatonin at a concentration as low as 1 picogram per milliliter.", "contents": "Analysis of melatonin in human plasma by gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Three techniques have been used to measure human plasma melatonin: bioassay, radioimmunoassay, and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS is theoretically capable of the greatest specificity, but in general suffers from insufficient sensitivity. Negative chemical ionization, a new technique, provides a 150-fold increase in GC-MS sensitivity for electron-capturing compounds. Negative chemical ionization GC-MS permits routine measurement in human plasma of melatonin at a concentration as low as 1 picogram per milliliter.", "PMID": 675255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2178", "title": "Sex pheromone of the tsetse fly: isolation, identification, and synthesis of contact aphrodisiacs.", "content": "Sex pheromones isolated from the cuticle of the female tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, release mating behavior in the male fly at ultrashort range or upon contact with baited decoys. Three active components were identified as 15,19-dimethylheptatriacontane, 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane, and 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane. Chemical and biological comparisons show that the natural and synthetic compounds are identical.", "contents": "Sex pheromone of the tsetse fly: isolation, identification, and synthesis of contact aphrodisiacs. Sex pheromones isolated from the cuticle of the female tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, release mating behavior in the male fly at ultrashort range or upon contact with baited decoys. Three active components were identified as 15,19-dimethylheptatriacontane, 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane, and 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane. Chemical and biological comparisons show that the natural and synthetic compounds are identical.", "PMID": 675256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2179", "title": "Gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli in hospital patients. Part II. In vitro aspects including susceptibility to tobramycin and amikacin.", "content": "A study of 259 clinical isolates of gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative bacili (GRNB) has revealed 99,2% crossresistance with tobramycin and 6,9% with amikacin. Resistance to all 3 drugs is transferable in vitro. Simultaneous transfer of resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, co-trimoxazole, streptomycin and kanamycin was shown to occur, emphasizing the potential for the selection of aminoglycoside-resistant organisms by the use of many other drugs. All GRNB studied were multiresistant. While amikacin should prove useful for those infections caused by GRNB which require treatment, care should be exercised in its use, to minimize the emergence of large-scale amikacin resistance.", "contents": "Gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli in hospital patients. Part II. In vitro aspects including susceptibility to tobramycin and amikacin. A study of 259 clinical isolates of gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative bacili (GRNB) has revealed 99,2% crossresistance with tobramycin and 6,9% with amikacin. Resistance to all 3 drugs is transferable in vitro. Simultaneous transfer of resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, co-trimoxazole, streptomycin and kanamycin was shown to occur, emphasizing the potential for the selection of aminoglycoside-resistant organisms by the use of many other drugs. All GRNB studied were multiresistant. While amikacin should prove useful for those infections caused by GRNB which require treatment, care should be exercised in its use, to minimize the emergence of large-scale amikacin resistance.", "PMID": 675374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2180", "title": "The immune response in iron-deficient children. Isohaemagglutinin titres and antibody response to immunization.", "content": "The primary antibody response of iron-deficient children to diphtheria and typhoid immunization was measured. In 5 children immunized with diphtheria toxoid, there was no increase in antitoxin titre. Of 8 children who were given typhoid vaccine, 6 showed an increase in Salmonella typhi O agglutinin titre. All the iron-deficient children had normal isohaemagglutinin titres.", "contents": "The immune response in iron-deficient children. Isohaemagglutinin titres and antibody response to immunization. The primary antibody response of iron-deficient children to diphtheria and typhoid immunization was measured. In 5 children immunized with diphtheria toxoid, there was no increase in antitoxin titre. Of 8 children who were given typhoid vaccine, 6 showed an increase in Salmonella typhi O agglutinin titre. All the iron-deficient children had normal isohaemagglutinin titres.", "PMID": 675375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2181", "title": "The role of community paediatrics in South Africa.", "content": "Community paediatrics in South Africa is concerned with helping to identify the factors that retard realization of the full developmental potential of the nation's children. It is also concerned with the removal of such blocking factors. Paediatricians familiar with the orientation and methods of community medicine are suited to this task, which involves: (i) co-operation with all health, education and welfare organizations concerned with child care; (ii) taking part in the education of all child care professionals; (iii) taking part in the planning and organization of child care services; and (iv) being concerned with clinical care, particularly at primary care and rehabilitative levels.", "contents": "The role of community paediatrics in South Africa. Community paediatrics in South Africa is concerned with helping to identify the factors that retard realization of the full developmental potential of the nation's children. It is also concerned with the removal of such blocking factors. Paediatricians familiar with the orientation and methods of community medicine are suited to this task, which involves: (i) co-operation with all health, education and welfare organizations concerned with child care; (ii) taking part in the education of all child care professionals; (iii) taking part in the planning and organization of child care services; and (iv) being concerned with clinical care, particularly at primary care and rehabilitative levels.", "PMID": 675376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2182", "title": "Double fractures of the spine--an indication for routine radiographic examination of the entire spine after injury.", "content": "Routine radiographic examination of the entire spine in 103 patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries has demonstrated double fractures of the spine in 5 patients. The incidence, clinical significance and mechanism of injury are discussed. The danger of overlooking the presence of a second spinal fracture in the paralysed patient and thus putting the patient at risk of increased spinal cored injury is stressed. A simple system of radiographic examination is described and routine radiographic examination of the entire spine in all patients who have sustained spinal cord injury is advocated.", "contents": "Double fractures of the spine--an indication for routine radiographic examination of the entire spine after injury. Routine radiographic examination of the entire spine in 103 patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries has demonstrated double fractures of the spine in 5 patients. The incidence, clinical significance and mechanism of injury are discussed. The danger of overlooking the presence of a second spinal fracture in the paralysed patient and thus putting the patient at risk of increased spinal cored injury is stressed. A simple system of radiographic examination is described and routine radiographic examination of the entire spine in all patients who have sustained spinal cord injury is advocated.", "PMID": 675377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2183", "title": "Vitamin B6 and aspartate aminotransferase activity in chronic liver disease.", "content": "Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations are commonly determined to detect hepatocellular damage. However, discrepancies between serum AST values and histological signs of active liver damage sometimes occur in patients with cirrhosis. The enzyme AST requires pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) (active vitamin B6) as a co-enzyme to express its activity. Since approximately 90% of patients with severe cirrhosis are vitamin B6-deficient, it has been suggested that vitamin B6 supplements given to these patients might cause an elevation of falsely low serum AST concentrations. Treatment of 8 vitamin B6-deficient cirrhotic patients with pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg intravenously twice daily for 1 week) increased their serum AST concentrations from 121 +/- 18 (mean +/- SEM) to 136 +/- 26 lU/l, while treatment of a second group of 9 patients with the active co-enzyme PLP increased AST concentrations from 118 +/- 17 to 146 +/- 20 lU/l. Neither of these increases was statistically significant. Plasma PLP increased from 2,4 +/- 0,7 to 18,5 +/- 7,6 ng/ml after pyridoxine, and from 3,3 +/- 0,7 to 27,0 +/- 6,2 ng/ml after PLP supplementation. It is concluded that B6 deficiency is unlikely to be an important determinant of serum AST concentrations in patients with chronic liver disease.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 and aspartate aminotransferase activity in chronic liver disease. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations are commonly determined to detect hepatocellular damage. However, discrepancies between serum AST values and histological signs of active liver damage sometimes occur in patients with cirrhosis. The enzyme AST requires pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) (active vitamin B6) as a co-enzyme to express its activity. Since approximately 90% of patients with severe cirrhosis are vitamin B6-deficient, it has been suggested that vitamin B6 supplements given to these patients might cause an elevation of falsely low serum AST concentrations. Treatment of 8 vitamin B6-deficient cirrhotic patients with pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg intravenously twice daily for 1 week) increased their serum AST concentrations from 121 +/- 18 (mean +/- SEM) to 136 +/- 26 lU/l, while treatment of a second group of 9 patients with the active co-enzyme PLP increased AST concentrations from 118 +/- 17 to 146 +/- 20 lU/l. Neither of these increases was statistically significant. Plasma PLP increased from 2,4 +/- 0,7 to 18,5 +/- 7,6 ng/ml after pyridoxine, and from 3,3 +/- 0,7 to 27,0 +/- 6,2 ng/ml after PLP supplementation. It is concluded that B6 deficiency is unlikely to be an important determinant of serum AST concentrations in patients with chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 675385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2184", "title": "Polyposis coli. The clinical spectrum in adults.", "content": "Four patients are reported, to illustrate the wide spectrum of colonic polyps which may occur in multiple form in adults. Included are unusual cases of metaplastic and juvenile polyposis. The subject is reviewed, and the need for accurate histological diagnosis is stressed. The possibility that the difference between familial adenomatous polyposis and Gardner's syndrome may lie merely in the degree of expressivity of the associated extracolonic features is discussed. Surveillance of these patients for peri-ampullary neoplasms in the duodenum is considered. The interrelationship between familial adenomatous polyposis, juvenile polyposis and colorectal cancer is discussed.", "contents": "Polyposis coli. The clinical spectrum in adults. Four patients are reported, to illustrate the wide spectrum of colonic polyps which may occur in multiple form in adults. Included are unusual cases of metaplastic and juvenile polyposis. The subject is reviewed, and the need for accurate histological diagnosis is stressed. The possibility that the difference between familial adenomatous polyposis and Gardner's syndrome may lie merely in the degree of expressivity of the associated extracolonic features is discussed. Surveillance of these patients for peri-ampullary neoplasms in the duodenum is considered. The interrelationship between familial adenomatous polyposis, juvenile polyposis and colorectal cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 675387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2185", "title": "Value of the mandibular radiograph in familial polyposis coli.", "content": "Familial polyposis coli and Gardner's syndrome have identical colonic manifestations. Recent evidence has shown that both conditions are associated with occult osteomatous lesions in the mandible. We present 3 patients from 2 families with familial polyposis coli who, in addition to the colonic lesions, also had occult osteomatous mandibular lesions. The value and practical application of radiography of the mandible as an additional diagnostic aid in familial polyposis coli are emphasized.", "contents": "Value of the mandibular radiograph in familial polyposis coli. Familial polyposis coli and Gardner's syndrome have identical colonic manifestations. Recent evidence has shown that both conditions are associated with occult osteomatous lesions in the mandible. We present 3 patients from 2 families with familial polyposis coli who, in addition to the colonic lesions, also had occult osteomatous mandibular lesions. The value and practical application of radiography of the mandible as an additional diagnostic aid in familial polyposis coli are emphasized.", "PMID": 675388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2186", "title": "Changes in serum electrolyte levels during marathon running.", "content": "Serum electrolytes were measured in 18 well-trained, experienced long-distance runners before and after a standard marathon run (42 km), during which they ingested no electrolytes. Their sweat losses and water deficits after completion of the marathon were also measured. In 12 of the subjects, the percentage change in plasma volume and in total circulating plasma electrolytes was determined. There was a highly significant fall in serum magnesium concentration, with an increase in both potassium and sodium levels. Changes in total circulating plasma sodium and chloride were closely correlated with alterations in plasma volume. On the basis of these observations, it is recommended that athletes drink an augmented volume of fluid during marathon running, irrespective of the prevailing weather conditions. Supplementation of potassium and magnesium is contraindicated during long-distance running. Salt intake is unnecessary during races over the standard marathon distance. Subjective evidence for glucose supplementation is presented.", "contents": "Changes in serum electrolyte levels during marathon running. Serum electrolytes were measured in 18 well-trained, experienced long-distance runners before and after a standard marathon run (42 km), during which they ingested no electrolytes. Their sweat losses and water deficits after completion of the marathon were also measured. In 12 of the subjects, the percentage change in plasma volume and in total circulating plasma electrolytes was determined. There was a highly significant fall in serum magnesium concentration, with an increase in both potassium and sodium levels. Changes in total circulating plasma sodium and chloride were closely correlated with alterations in plasma volume. On the basis of these observations, it is recommended that athletes drink an augmented volume of fluid during marathon running, irrespective of the prevailing weather conditions. Supplementation of potassium and magnesium is contraindicated during long-distance running. Salt intake is unnecessary during races over the standard marathon distance. Subjective evidence for glucose supplementation is presented.", "PMID": 675386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2187", "title": "Neonatal Listeria monocytogenes meningitis. A case report.", "content": "The clinical presentation, bacteriological results, treatment, and outcome of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in a newborn infant are described. The neonatal listeriosis was of the late-onset variety, and the infant survived the infection, but hydrocephalus, which necessitated operative relief, developed. Although 2 cases of Listeria meningitis have previously been described in South Africa, and opportunistic listeriosis is known to occur here, this is apparently the first documented case of neonatal listeriosis in this country.", "contents": "Neonatal Listeria monocytogenes meningitis. A case report. The clinical presentation, bacteriological results, treatment, and outcome of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in a newborn infant are described. The neonatal listeriosis was of the late-onset variety, and the infant survived the infection, but hydrocephalus, which necessitated operative relief, developed. Although 2 cases of Listeria meningitis have previously been described in South Africa, and opportunistic listeriosis is known to occur here, this is apparently the first documented case of neonatal listeriosis in this country.", "PMID": 675389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2188", "title": "Genetic and congenital disorders. Knowledge and attitudes of the public, nurses and medical practitioners in South Africa.", "content": "Knowledge and attitude studies with regard to genetic and congenital disorders were carried out on White women (2 500), nurses (826) and doctors (61). The studies indicated the need for public education and improved medical and paramedical training in human genetics. Education and training in human genetics. Education and training programmes should highlight the theoretical background, practical applications and available facilities.", "contents": "Genetic and congenital disorders. Knowledge and attitudes of the public, nurses and medical practitioners in South Africa. Knowledge and attitude studies with regard to genetic and congenital disorders were carried out on White women (2 500), nurses (826) and doctors (61). The studies indicated the need for public education and improved medical and paramedical training in human genetics. Education and training in human genetics. Education and training programmes should highlight the theoretical background, practical applications and available facilities.", "PMID": 675399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2189", "title": "Haematocrit values and blood viscosity in the newborn infant.", "content": "The haematocrit values in 51 babies were studied to observe the possible variations due to the method and time of sampling and to relate these findings to blood viscosity. A good correlation (r = 0,9536) between haematocrit values of warmed heel capillary blood and of central venous samples was found. Prediction of venous value from a known sample of capillary blood can be made using regression lines and 95% confidence limits. The correlation between venous and unwarmed blood samples from the heel is not as good. A central venous haematocrit value of 65% or greater gave a 100% risk of the infant's blood being hyperviscous. Hyperviscosity occurred in 71% of infants with a capillary haematocrit value of 65 - 68% but the figure rose to 81% when the peripheral haematocrit value was 68% or more.", "contents": "Haematocrit values and blood viscosity in the newborn infant. The haematocrit values in 51 babies were studied to observe the possible variations due to the method and time of sampling and to relate these findings to blood viscosity. A good correlation (r = 0,9536) between haematocrit values of warmed heel capillary blood and of central venous samples was found. Prediction of venous value from a known sample of capillary blood can be made using regression lines and 95% confidence limits. The correlation between venous and unwarmed blood samples from the heel is not as good. A central venous haematocrit value of 65% or greater gave a 100% risk of the infant's blood being hyperviscous. Hyperviscosity occurred in 71% of infants with a capillary haematocrit value of 65 - 68% but the figure rose to 81% when the peripheral haematocrit value was 68% or more.", "PMID": 675400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2190", "title": "Acrodermatitis enteropathica--a zinc deficiency state.", "content": "Successful therapy with zinc sulphate is reported in 3 children suffering from acroedematitis enteropathica.", "contents": "Acrodermatitis enteropathica--a zinc deficiency state. Successful therapy with zinc sulphate is reported in 3 children suffering from acroedematitis enteropathica.", "PMID": 675401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2191", "title": "Nutrition rehabilitation in Transkei. An evaluation.", "content": "Children and their guardians who had been admitted to the nutrition rehabilitation units at Holy Cross Mission and Rietvlei Hospitals, Transkei, were followed up at their homes between 6 and 14 months later in order to assess the condition of the children, the knowledge gained by the guardians, and the changes implemented by them at their homes. Factors influencing these parameters are analysed and recommendations are made arising from the results obtained.", "contents": "Nutrition rehabilitation in Transkei. An evaluation. Children and their guardians who had been admitted to the nutrition rehabilitation units at Holy Cross Mission and Rietvlei Hospitals, Transkei, were followed up at their homes between 6 and 14 months later in order to assess the condition of the children, the knowledge gained by the guardians, and the changes implemented by them at their homes. Factors influencing these parameters are analysed and recommendations are made arising from the results obtained.", "PMID": 675402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2192", "title": "Blood viscosity in the normal newborn baby.", "content": "A viscometer was tested and the results were found to be accurate and reproducible for the ranges encountered in neonates. The viscosity was determined in 80 cord blood samples and the mean and 2 standard deviations (2SD) were calculated at each shear rate. Changes in viscosity increased from birth to 12 hours, and then gradually decreased over the next 72 hours. The results are in keeping with the accepted normal values in the newborn.", "contents": "Blood viscosity in the normal newborn baby. A viscometer was tested and the results were found to be accurate and reproducible for the ranges encountered in neonates. The viscosity was determined in 80 cord blood samples and the mean and 2 standard deviations (2SD) were calculated at each shear rate. Changes in viscosity increased from birth to 12 hours, and then gradually decreased over the next 72 hours. The results are in keeping with the accepted normal values in the newborn.", "PMID": 675409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2193", "title": "The bacteriology of chronic destructive pneumonia.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with chronic destructive pneumonia (CDP) were investigated bacteriologically and mycologically; specimens were obtained by transtracheal aspiration, percutaneous lung puncture, and open lung biopsy. Anaerobes were isolated in the absence of aerobes in 1 case while specimens from 9 patients yielded aerobes only. In 16 patients both groups of organisms were cultured. Streptococcus viridans was isolated in 12 cases and fungi in 2 cases. Specimens from 8 patients were sterile on culture. All patients had been treated with various antibiotic combinations before specimens were taken. Aerobes, particularly Gram-positive cocci, and anaerobes probably play an important synergistic role in the pathogenesis of CDP.", "contents": "The bacteriology of chronic destructive pneumonia. Thirty-four patients with chronic destructive pneumonia (CDP) were investigated bacteriologically and mycologically; specimens were obtained by transtracheal aspiration, percutaneous lung puncture, and open lung biopsy. Anaerobes were isolated in the absence of aerobes in 1 case while specimens from 9 patients yielded aerobes only. In 16 patients both groups of organisms were cultured. Streptococcus viridans was isolated in 12 cases and fungi in 2 cases. Specimens from 8 patients were sterile on culture. All patients had been treated with various antibiotic combinations before specimens were taken. Aerobes, particularly Gram-positive cocci, and anaerobes probably play an important synergistic role in the pathogenesis of CDP.", "PMID": 675410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2194", "title": "Pulmonary function in normal children aged 11-15 years.", "content": "Prediction equations is forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEVi), maximum mid-expiratory flow rate (MMFR) and peak expiratory flow rate (PFR) have been derived from a study of 367 asymptomatic Caucasian and Coloured (mixed race) children, aged 11--15 years, who did not smoke. Significant ethnic differences were found in FEVi, FVC, FEVi/FVC, and MMFR/FVC, but not in MMRF or PFR. The practical and epidemiological value of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in normal children aged 11-15 years. Prediction equations is forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEVi), maximum mid-expiratory flow rate (MMFR) and peak expiratory flow rate (PFR) have been derived from a study of 367 asymptomatic Caucasian and Coloured (mixed race) children, aged 11--15 years, who did not smoke. Significant ethnic differences were found in FEVi, FVC, FEVi/FVC, and MMFR/FVC, but not in MMRF or PFR. The practical and epidemiological value of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 675411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2195", "title": "[Disseminated herpesvirus hominis infection. A case report].", "content": "A case of disseminated Herpesvirus hominis (type I) in a 23-year-old White man with widespread eczema is reported. The grave prognosis of this disease is stressed.", "contents": "[Disseminated herpesvirus hominis infection. A case report]. A case of disseminated Herpesvirus hominis (type I) in a 23-year-old White man with widespread eczema is reported. The grave prognosis of this disease is stressed.", "PMID": 675412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2196", "title": "Gonadal dysgenesis in a phenotypic female with an XY chromosomal constitution.", "content": "A phenotypic female with an XY karyotype and pure gonadal dysgenesis is described. Bilateral streak gonads may be found in patients with features of Turner's syndrome and also in phenotypic females without the somatic abnormalities described in Turner's syndrome. Mixed gonadal dysgenesis refers to the presence of a unilateral streak gonad and contralateral testis in a phenotypic female. Dysgenetic gonads are more liable to undergo malignant change, especially in patients with an XY karyotype, and in those with mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Laparotomy and removal of the dysgenetic gonads is indicated in patients with an XY karyotype. If a 46,XX chromosomal pattern is present, the malignant potential is probably less, but laparotomy is still indicated to enable a prognosis to be given regarding fertility.", "contents": "Gonadal dysgenesis in a phenotypic female with an XY chromosomal constitution. A phenotypic female with an XY karyotype and pure gonadal dysgenesis is described. Bilateral streak gonads may be found in patients with features of Turner's syndrome and also in phenotypic females without the somatic abnormalities described in Turner's syndrome. Mixed gonadal dysgenesis refers to the presence of a unilateral streak gonad and contralateral testis in a phenotypic female. Dysgenetic gonads are more liable to undergo malignant change, especially in patients with an XY karyotype, and in those with mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Laparotomy and removal of the dysgenetic gonads is indicated in patients with an XY karyotype. If a 46,XX chromosomal pattern is present, the malignant potential is probably less, but laparotomy is still indicated to enable a prognosis to be given regarding fertility.", "PMID": 675413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2197", "title": "Atrial fibrillation in acute pancreatitis. A report of two cases.", "content": "Atrial fibrillation is one of the rarer cardiovascular signs complicating acute pancreatitis and may lead to diagnostic difficulties. Two patients who developed this arrhyrhmia during the acute phase of their pancreatic disease are described. Therapy was primarily directed at the pancreatitis and both patients reverted to sinus rhythm within 8 hours before recovering.", "contents": "Atrial fibrillation in acute pancreatitis. A report of two cases. Atrial fibrillation is one of the rarer cardiovascular signs complicating acute pancreatitis and may lead to diagnostic difficulties. Two patients who developed this arrhyrhmia during the acute phase of their pancreatic disease are described. Therapy was primarily directed at the pancreatitis and both patients reverted to sinus rhythm within 8 hours before recovering.", "PMID": 675414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2198", "title": "The magnitude of the asthma problem in Cape Town.", "content": "The magnitude of the asthma problem in Cape Town, as reflected by cases presenting to a large hospital, is described. The need for better facilities to treat acute asthma and to provide supervised interval therapy is discussed. A plea is made for the more widespread use of well-established simple beside aids in the assessment of the severity of asthma and the response to therapy.", "contents": "The magnitude of the asthma problem in Cape Town. The magnitude of the asthma problem in Cape Town, as reflected by cases presenting to a large hospital, is described. The need for better facilities to treat acute asthma and to provide supervised interval therapy is discussed. A plea is made for the more widespread use of well-established simple beside aids in the assessment of the severity of asthma and the response to therapy.", "PMID": 675421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2199", "title": "Oestrogen receptors in tumours of breast cancer patients.", "content": "Oestrogen receptors were measured in the cytoplasmic fraction of tumours from patients with breast cancer. Receptors were detected in 48% of patients, and 52% showed no receptors. A follow-up study of a small group of patients on hormone therapy is reported.", "contents": "Oestrogen receptors in tumours of breast cancer patients. Oestrogen receptors were measured in the cytoplasmic fraction of tumours from patients with breast cancer. Receptors were detected in 48% of patients, and 52% showed no receptors. A follow-up study of a small group of patients on hormone therapy is reported.", "PMID": 675422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2200", "title": "In vitro enzyme activity of commercially available pancreatic enzyme extracts.", "content": "An in vitro study was performed to measure the enzyme activity in commerically available preparations of pancreatic enzyme extracts. Particular attention was paid to lipase content, because lipase deficiency is the most clinically relevant enzyme deficiency. Individual preparations varied greatly with regard to enzyme content, and Cotazym and Viokase proved the most effective preparations of those tested.", "contents": "In vitro enzyme activity of commercially available pancreatic enzyme extracts. An in vitro study was performed to measure the enzyme activity in commerically available preparations of pancreatic enzyme extracts. Particular attention was paid to lipase content, because lipase deficiency is the most clinically relevant enzyme deficiency. Individual preparations varied greatly with regard to enzyme content, and Cotazym and Viokase proved the most effective preparations of those tested.", "PMID": 675423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2201", "title": "The effect of oral magnesium chloride therapy on the QTc and QUc intervals of the electrocardiogram.", "content": "The effect of magnesium, given orally as enteric-coated magnesium chloride tablets, on the ECG of 25 randomly selected patients was investigated. Each patient, who served as his own control, was given 4--6 tablets, each containing 0,5 g MgCl26H2O, at night for periods varying from 6 weeks to 2 years. Findings included (i) a statistically significant decrease in OTc and QUc intervals; (ii) a progressive shortening of QTc and QUc intervals with continuing therapy; (iii) reversion to normal of ECG abnormalities, especially of ST segments and T waves.", "contents": "The effect of oral magnesium chloride therapy on the QTc and QUc intervals of the electrocardiogram. The effect of magnesium, given orally as enteric-coated magnesium chloride tablets, on the ECG of 25 randomly selected patients was investigated. Each patient, who served as his own control, was given 4--6 tablets, each containing 0,5 g MgCl26H2O, at night for periods varying from 6 weeks to 2 years. Findings included (i) a statistically significant decrease in OTc and QUc intervals; (ii) a progressive shortening of QTc and QUc intervals with continuing therapy; (iii) reversion to normal of ECG abnormalities, especially of ST segments and T waves.", "PMID": 675424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2202", "title": "Length of survival after cardiac resuscitation in an intensive care unit.", "content": "Seventy-four patients were admitted after cardiac resuscitation to a general intensive care unit; 19, of whom 14 were neurologically normal, were utimately discharged from hospital. It is suggested that elderly patients, those who have had prolonged resuscitation, and patients with a combination of hypothermia, coma, dilated pupils, and apnoea have a very poor prognosis. It is doubtful whether such patients benefit from admission to an intensive care unit.", "contents": "Length of survival after cardiac resuscitation in an intensive care unit. Seventy-four patients were admitted after cardiac resuscitation to a general intensive care unit; 19, of whom 14 were neurologically normal, were utimately discharged from hospital. It is suggested that elderly patients, those who have had prolonged resuscitation, and patients with a combination of hypothermia, coma, dilated pupils, and apnoea have a very poor prognosis. It is doubtful whether such patients benefit from admission to an intensive care unit.", "PMID": 675425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2203", "title": "Infection of the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius L) with hepatitis B virus in South Africa.", "content": "A total of 1 368 bedbugs of the species Cimex lectularius L were collected mainly from huts in villages or on farms at 6 localities in the northern Transvaal. They were tested in pools of 10 for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). None of 20 pools from Pietersburg was HBsAg-positive, but 32 out of 120 pools from the 5 other localities were HBsAg-positive. Estimated infection rates per 1 000 bugs were 17,1 (Messina), 24,9 (Waterpoort), 28,4 (Letaba), 54,5 (Potgietersrus) and 67,0 (Louis Trichardt), with an overall rate of 30,6. Seventeen out of 57 pools of the engorged bugs (infection rate 34,8) and 14 out of 62 pools of the unengorged bugs (infection rate 25,3) were HBsAg-positive. These very high infection rates, even in unengorged bugs, suggest that C. lectularius could be a vector of hepatitis B virus in the Transvaal, and that the varying degrees of infestation could explain the markedly different HBsAg-positive frequencies previously shown in sera collected from different population groups in that province.", "contents": "Infection of the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius L) with hepatitis B virus in South Africa. A total of 1 368 bedbugs of the species Cimex lectularius L were collected mainly from huts in villages or on farms at 6 localities in the northern Transvaal. They were tested in pools of 10 for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). None of 20 pools from Pietersburg was HBsAg-positive, but 32 out of 120 pools from the 5 other localities were HBsAg-positive. Estimated infection rates per 1 000 bugs were 17,1 (Messina), 24,9 (Waterpoort), 28,4 (Letaba), 54,5 (Potgietersrus) and 67,0 (Louis Trichardt), with an overall rate of 30,6. Seventeen out of 57 pools of the engorged bugs (infection rate 34,8) and 14 out of 62 pools of the unengorged bugs (infection rate 25,3) were HBsAg-positive. These very high infection rates, even in unengorged bugs, suggest that C. lectularius could be a vector of hepatitis B virus in the Transvaal, and that the varying degrees of infestation could explain the markedly different HBsAg-positive frequencies previously shown in sera collected from different population groups in that province.", "PMID": 675426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2204", "title": "Unreduced obturator dislocation of the hip. A case report.", "content": "A patient with a late unreduced obturator dislocation of the hip is reported and the literature reviewed. The diagnosis was confirmed by vaginal examination. An open reduction was necessary and it is suggested that this is best achieved through an anterior approach.", "contents": "Unreduced obturator dislocation of the hip. A case report. A patient with a late unreduced obturator dislocation of the hip is reported and the literature reviewed. The diagnosis was confirmed by vaginal examination. An open reduction was necessary and it is suggested that this is best achieved through an anterior approach.", "PMID": 675427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2205", "title": "The significance of the tuberculosis infection risk and its application in Pretoria.", "content": "The value of the infection risk index for the determination of the TB situation and for the planning and evaluation of specific control measures is discussed. From tuberculin studies performed on schoolchildren in Pretoria since 1972, the annual risk of contracting a TB infection or of reinfection has been determined for all races in Pretoria; it is 0,05% for Whites, 0,53% for Coloureds, 0,68% for Asians, and 0,64% and 1,05% for Blacks in Atteridgeville and Mamelodi respectively. A downward trend of the risk could be shown for all population groups.", "contents": "The significance of the tuberculosis infection risk and its application in Pretoria. The value of the infection risk index for the determination of the TB situation and for the planning and evaluation of specific control measures is discussed. From tuberculin studies performed on schoolchildren in Pretoria since 1972, the annual risk of contracting a TB infection or of reinfection has been determined for all races in Pretoria; it is 0,05% for Whites, 0,53% for Coloureds, 0,68% for Asians, and 0,64% and 1,05% for Blacks in Atteridgeville and Mamelodi respectively. A downward trend of the risk could be shown for all population groups.", "PMID": 675434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2206", "title": "Prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies in Southern Africa.", "content": "An indirect fluorescent antibody survey of the prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies was carried out on sera from 4 regions of Southern Africa (Natal, Eastern Cape, Western Cape, and South West Africa and Botswana). The overall prevalence of seropositivity at a titre of 1/16 or higher was 20% (of 3379 sera tested), the highest prevalence occurring in Blacks (34%) and Indians (33%) of Natal, and the lowest in San (Bushmen) (9%) and Whites (12%) of South West Africa and Botswana. Differences in prevalence in these areas, and between different ethnic groups, are discussed and compared with previous studies in Southern Africa. Climatic factors affecting prevalence and transmission are compared in relation to cyst and o\u00f6cyst survival. The marked differences in prevalence between the San (9%) and the Negroid Dama (27%), both inhabiting the arid Kalahari Desert, are discussed with reference to the lifestyles of these groups.", "contents": "Prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies in Southern Africa. An indirect fluorescent antibody survey of the prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies was carried out on sera from 4 regions of Southern Africa (Natal, Eastern Cape, Western Cape, and South West Africa and Botswana). The overall prevalence of seropositivity at a titre of 1/16 or higher was 20% (of 3379 sera tested), the highest prevalence occurring in Blacks (34%) and Indians (33%) of Natal, and the lowest in San (Bushmen) (9%) and Whites (12%) of South West Africa and Botswana. Differences in prevalence in these areas, and between different ethnic groups, are discussed and compared with previous studies in Southern Africa. Climatic factors affecting prevalence and transmission are compared in relation to cyst and o\u00f6cyst survival. The marked differences in prevalence between the San (9%) and the Negroid Dama (27%), both inhabiting the arid Kalahari Desert, are discussed with reference to the lifestyles of these groups.", "PMID": 675435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2207", "title": "A community approach to trachoma control in the Northern Transvaal.", "content": "Trachoma represents the largest single cause of preventable blindness in the Black population of the Northern Transvaal. Epidemiological and cultural considerations indicate the necessity of community involvement in trachoma control at the household level. Involvement of the community by means of groups of voluntary health workers (care groups) has proved to be effective and acceptable to the local inhabitants. These groups, who form part of the comprehensive health system, integrate trachoma control into the primary health care activities of the area.", "contents": "A community approach to trachoma control in the Northern Transvaal. Trachoma represents the largest single cause of preventable blindness in the Black population of the Northern Transvaal. Epidemiological and cultural considerations indicate the necessity of community involvement in trachoma control at the household level. Involvement of the community by means of groups of voluntary health workers (care groups) has proved to be effective and acceptable to the local inhabitants. These groups, who form part of the comprehensive health system, integrate trachoma control into the primary health care activities of the area.", "PMID": 675436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2208", "title": "Spina bifida and anencephaly in the Cape.", "content": "In the first phase of a programme for the prevention of neural tube defects at a population level, information has been obtained concerning 285 infants born with open neural tube defects. As in other parts of the world, the months of conception of affected infants clustered in the second quarter of the year and the majority of the parents were members of lower income groups. In the years 1975-1977, the incidence of anencephaly and spina bifida in White South African patients was similar to that generally encountered in Western Europe. However, in the non-White populations the separate and combined incidence were significantly lower. It is emphasized that these are preliminary figures and that they might be subject to ascertainment biases.", "contents": "Spina bifida and anencephaly in the Cape. In the first phase of a programme for the prevention of neural tube defects at a population level, information has been obtained concerning 285 infants born with open neural tube defects. As in other parts of the world, the months of conception of affected infants clustered in the second quarter of the year and the majority of the parents were members of lower income groups. In the years 1975-1977, the incidence of anencephaly and spina bifida in White South African patients was similar to that generally encountered in Western Europe. However, in the non-White populations the separate and combined incidence were significantly lower. It is emphasized that these are preliminary figures and that they might be subject to ascertainment biases.", "PMID": 675437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2209", "title": "[Aspects of the treatment of postoperative oliguria].", "content": "The importance and differential diagnosis of postoperative oliguria are discussed. A plea is made for the recognition of undesired postoperative antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion as a separate entity in the aetiology of postoperative oliguria. Five patients are described who suffered from postoperative oliguria and in whom the diagnosis of undesired ADH secretion was made. The successful treatment of this condition with diphenylhydantoin is emphasized.", "contents": "[Aspects of the treatment of postoperative oliguria]. The importance and differential diagnosis of postoperative oliguria are discussed. A plea is made for the recognition of undesired postoperative antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion as a separate entity in the aetiology of postoperative oliguria. Five patients are described who suffered from postoperative oliguria and in whom the diagnosis of undesired ADH secretion was made. The successful treatment of this condition with diphenylhydantoin is emphasized.", "PMID": 675438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2210", "title": "Sterilization--the vaginal route revisited.", "content": "With the use of strict selection criteria it was found that 86 of 161 women who required interval sterilization could be sterilized vaginally. The superiority of vaginal sterilization was demonstrated by the reduction in postoperative hospital stay (from an average of 5,5 days for abdominal sterilization to 1,8 days for vaginal sterilization). Febrile responses to sterilization were reduced from 53,5% to 18,6%, and major complications fell from 17,3% to 1,2%.", "contents": "Sterilization--the vaginal route revisited. With the use of strict selection criteria it was found that 86 of 161 women who required interval sterilization could be sterilized vaginally. The superiority of vaginal sterilization was demonstrated by the reduction in postoperative hospital stay (from an average of 5,5 days for abdominal sterilization to 1,8 days for vaginal sterilization). Febrile responses to sterilization were reduced from 53,5% to 18,6%, and major complications fell from 17,3% to 1,2%.", "PMID": 675439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2211", "title": "Delayed flow of patients in a Black hospital.", "content": "Two hundred consecutive patients who were discharged from a ward in a Black hospital were studied with reference to delay of flow through a system. Problems are discussed, e.g. that of the young patient, admitted at night, who awaits radiography and investigations. Because he is unable to give consent, he must wait for an operation until appropriate staff and consent are available. He recovers, may have to wait for a surgical appliance, is discharged and may then have to wait several more days before relatives collect him. The unique problems in Black hospitals can be alleviated, inter alia, by departmental admission protocols, outpatient liaison education officers, more even distribution of medical manpower, improved hospital transport systems and overnight stay wards incorporated in a more active outpatient system to replace the present sorting system.", "contents": "Delayed flow of patients in a Black hospital. Two hundred consecutive patients who were discharged from a ward in a Black hospital were studied with reference to delay of flow through a system. Problems are discussed, e.g. that of the young patient, admitted at night, who awaits radiography and investigations. Because he is unable to give consent, he must wait for an operation until appropriate staff and consent are available. He recovers, may have to wait for a surgical appliance, is discharged and may then have to wait several more days before relatives collect him. The unique problems in Black hospitals can be alleviated, inter alia, by departmental admission protocols, outpatient liaison education officers, more even distribution of medical manpower, improved hospital transport systems and overnight stay wards incorporated in a more active outpatient system to replace the present sorting system.", "PMID": 675440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2212", "title": "Inguinal hernia containing a paramesonephric (M\u00fcllerian) duct in an adult male. A case report.", "content": "This article describes the extremely rare contents of a right indirect inguinal hernial sac in an adult male, namely a paramesonephric duct. Radiological investigation at operation by means of 'salpingography' demonstrated the connection of this 'uterus' with the prostatic utricle. 'Salpingohysterectomy' was performed. Sex typing of the patient determined him to be a male. His family history revealed siblings with intersex features; the prenatal determination of sexual identity is discussed and reference made to the fate of the mesonephric (Wolffian) and paramesonephric (M\u00fcllerian) remnant.", "contents": "Inguinal hernia containing a paramesonephric (M\u00fcllerian) duct in an adult male. A case report. This article describes the extremely rare contents of a right indirect inguinal hernial sac in an adult male, namely a paramesonephric duct. Radiological investigation at operation by means of 'salpingography' demonstrated the connection of this 'uterus' with the prostatic utricle. 'Salpingohysterectomy' was performed. Sex typing of the patient determined him to be a male. His family history revealed siblings with intersex features; the prenatal determination of sexual identity is discussed and reference made to the fate of the mesonephric (Wolffian) and paramesonephric (M\u00fcllerian) remnant.", "PMID": 675441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2213", "title": "Lumbar puncture--an innocuous diagnostic procedure?", "content": "The correct technique and indications for lumbar puncture are described. Possible and probable complications are discussed. The need for early recognition and consultation when complications arise is emphasized.", "contents": "Lumbar puncture--an innocuous diagnostic procedure? The correct technique and indications for lumbar puncture are described. Possible and probable complications are discussed. The need for early recognition and consultation when complications arise is emphasized.", "PMID": 675447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2214", "title": "Porphyria variegata--studies of an affected couple and their children.", "content": "Porphyria variegata affects approximately 1 in 200 Afrikaans-speaking people in South Africa. This paper reports the first case of a marriage between 2 people with porphyria variegata and describes investigations carried out on their 2 children, who do not exhibit any signs of the disease. The wife had suffered 1 miscarriage at 4 months' gestation.", "contents": "Porphyria variegata--studies of an affected couple and their children. Porphyria variegata affects approximately 1 in 200 Afrikaans-speaking people in South Africa. This paper reports the first case of a marriage between 2 people with porphyria variegata and describes investigations carried out on their 2 children, who do not exhibit any signs of the disease. The wife had suffered 1 miscarriage at 4 months' gestation.", "PMID": 675448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2215", "title": "Prevertebral soft-tissue swelling as a sign of undisplaced fracture of the odontoid process.", "content": "Marked evanescent swelling of the prevertebral soft tissues has been found in 2 patients with undisplaced fractures of the odontoid process. In one patient the significance of the swelling was appreciated only in retrospect and after shift had occurred at the fracture site. The experience gained from this patient alerted the radiologist and the clinician so that any further damage could be averted in the second patient. All patients with head injuries require radiography of the cervical spine. Soft-tissue swelling anterior to the atlas should be viewed in a serious light.", "contents": "Prevertebral soft-tissue swelling as a sign of undisplaced fracture of the odontoid process. Marked evanescent swelling of the prevertebral soft tissues has been found in 2 patients with undisplaced fractures of the odontoid process. In one patient the significance of the swelling was appreciated only in retrospect and after shift had occurred at the fracture site. The experience gained from this patient alerted the radiologist and the clinician so that any further damage could be averted in the second patient. All patients with head injuries require radiography of the cervical spine. Soft-tissue swelling anterior to the atlas should be viewed in a serious light.", "PMID": 675449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2216", "title": "Hepatic and renal amyloidosis in association with schistosomiasis. A case report.", "content": "The association of systemic amyloidosis with schistosomiasis is rare. This report concerns a 47-year-old Black woman who presented with the nephrotic syndrome, with some unusual features. Ova of Schistosoma haematobium were seen in a rectal biopsy specimen, and amyloid material was shown in renal and hepatic biopsy specimens.", "contents": "Hepatic and renal amyloidosis in association with schistosomiasis. A case report. The association of systemic amyloidosis with schistosomiasis is rare. This report concerns a 47-year-old Black woman who presented with the nephrotic syndrome, with some unusual features. Ova of Schistosoma haematobium were seen in a rectal biopsy specimen, and amyloid material was shown in renal and hepatic biopsy specimens.", "PMID": 675450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2217", "title": "Health status among low-income elderly persons: rural-urban differences.", "content": "This research compares the health status of low-income elderly persons in rural and urban areas. Using data from the Social Security Administration's 1973 national survey of low-income aged and disabled, the study demonstrates that the prevalence of many chronic disorders and impairments is significantly greater among the rural aged than for their cohorts in more urban areas. These differences persist after controls for age, sex, and race are introduced. No significant differences between rural and urban elderly were apparent in the utilization of health services. The determinants of chronic health status of the elderly have already occurred, by and large, and an explanation of disorders and impairments cannot be found by examining current sociodemographic status. Such an explanation is contained in the accumulated effects of years of residence in differing social, economic, and physical environments.", "contents": "Health status among low-income elderly persons: rural-urban differences. This research compares the health status of low-income elderly persons in rural and urban areas. Using data from the Social Security Administration's 1973 national survey of low-income aged and disabled, the study demonstrates that the prevalence of many chronic disorders and impairments is significantly greater among the rural aged than for their cohorts in more urban areas. These differences persist after controls for age, sex, and race are introduced. No significant differences between rural and urban elderly were apparent in the utilization of health services. The determinants of chronic health status of the elderly have already occurred, by and large, and an explanation of disorders and impairments cannot be found by examining current sociodemographic status. Such an explanation is contained in the accumulated effects of years of residence in differing social, economic, and physical environments.", "PMID": 675459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2218", "title": "Colonic endoscopy in perspective.", "content": "Sigmoidoscopy is an easy procedure and should be utilized more frequently. Barium enema examination is incomplete without sigmoidoscopy. Flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy may have a role in the detection of disease of the descending, sigmoid, and rectosigmoid colon. The necessity for its routine usage remains to be determined. The control of colonic polyps by colonoscopy has been the greatest contribution to date by the fiberoptic instrument. Colonoscopy has improved the accuracy of diagnosis of colonic disease and, in certain instances, is helpful in the early detection of cancer of the colon. Colonoscopy complements the use of barium enema examination. Colonoscopy only for the purpose of confirmation of clinical or radiological diagnosis is often unnecessary. While the benefits of endoscopy are obvious, there are definite practical and technological limitations to its use. Complications, although infrequent, are major. Indications for colonoscopy must be clear and findings interpreted with knowledge of the limitations.", "contents": "Colonic endoscopy in perspective. Sigmoidoscopy is an easy procedure and should be utilized more frequently. Barium enema examination is incomplete without sigmoidoscopy. Flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy may have a role in the detection of disease of the descending, sigmoid, and rectosigmoid colon. The necessity for its routine usage remains to be determined. The control of colonic polyps by colonoscopy has been the greatest contribution to date by the fiberoptic instrument. Colonoscopy has improved the accuracy of diagnosis of colonic disease and, in certain instances, is helpful in the early detection of cancer of the colon. Colonoscopy complements the use of barium enema examination. Colonoscopy only for the purpose of confirmation of clinical or radiological diagnosis is often unnecessary. While the benefits of endoscopy are obvious, there are definite practical and technological limitations to its use. Complications, although infrequent, are major. Indications for colonoscopy must be clear and findings interpreted with knowledge of the limitations.", "PMID": 675461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2219", "title": "Modern management of hemorrhoids.", "content": "Hemorrhoids require therapy only when they cause symptoms. Early symptoms troubling the patient only occasionally are readily managed by dietary measures that increase the intake of fluids and fiber, such as bran, often supplemented by hydrophilic bulk-forming colloids, so that a bulky, soft stool is produced regularly. Rubber band ligation is the treatment of choice for small or moderate sized hemorrhoids with minimal prolapse, whether or not they bleed. Such bands should be applied to the mucosa at the anorectal junction and not directly to the hemorrhoidal tissue. Patients with large prolapsing or acutely thrombosed hemorrhoids are best managed by a closed type of hemorrhoidectomy. This technique is effective and safe and has great advantage with rapid healing and minimal postoperative care, which provides the patient with the maximum comfort. Complications are few and, in particular, anal stenosis or stricture is rare. Hemorrhoids occurring in association with other conditions require specific treatment only if they are responsible for symptoms in their own right, distinct from the associated condition. Other treatments discussed are effective but have particular disadvantages that make them unsuitable for routine use. Moreover, they offer no advances on the treatment regimens proposed.", "contents": "Modern management of hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids require therapy only when they cause symptoms. Early symptoms troubling the patient only occasionally are readily managed by dietary measures that increase the intake of fluids and fiber, such as bran, often supplemented by hydrophilic bulk-forming colloids, so that a bulky, soft stool is produced regularly. Rubber band ligation is the treatment of choice for small or moderate sized hemorrhoids with minimal prolapse, whether or not they bleed. Such bands should be applied to the mucosa at the anorectal junction and not directly to the hemorrhoidal tissue. Patients with large prolapsing or acutely thrombosed hemorrhoids are best managed by a closed type of hemorrhoidectomy. This technique is effective and safe and has great advantage with rapid healing and minimal postoperative care, which provides the patient with the maximum comfort. Complications are few and, in particular, anal stenosis or stricture is rare. Hemorrhoids occurring in association with other conditions require specific treatment only if they are responsible for symptoms in their own right, distinct from the associated condition. Other treatments discussed are effective but have particular disadvantages that make them unsuitable for routine use. Moreover, they offer no advances on the treatment regimens proposed.", "PMID": 675462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2220", "title": "Symposium on colon and anorectal surgery. Pruritus ani: a practical approach.", "content": "Pruritus ani is a symptom of diverse cause and varied presentation which will respond in most cases to measures directed at keeping the anal area clean and dry. The role of the surgeon is to evaluate the patient to determine the status of the problem and to rule out threatening conditions, to educate the patient in his responsibility for continuing care and prevention, and to prescribe initial therapy to relieve symptoms. Follow-up evaluation is necessary to intensify treatment for the unresponsive patient, to diagnose further or identify the candidate for surgery, and to refer the patient with uncontrolled pruritus exhibiting a dermatosis for dermatological diagnosis and therapy. The crux of this practical management rests in the control of perianal moisure, the elimination of which gives an enfilading effect to therapy.", "contents": "Symposium on colon and anorectal surgery. Pruritus ani: a practical approach. Pruritus ani is a symptom of diverse cause and varied presentation which will respond in most cases to measures directed at keeping the anal area clean and dry. The role of the surgeon is to evaluate the patient to determine the status of the problem and to rule out threatening conditions, to educate the patient in his responsibility for continuing care and prevention, and to prescribe initial therapy to relieve symptoms. Follow-up evaluation is necessary to intensify treatment for the unresponsive patient, to diagnose further or identify the candidate for surgery, and to refer the patient with uncontrolled pruritus exhibiting a dermatosis for dermatological diagnosis and therapy. The crux of this practical management rests in the control of perianal moisure, the elimination of which gives an enfilading effect to therapy.", "PMID": 675463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2221", "title": "Anal eroticism.", "content": "A delineation of the medical problems associated with anal sexual eroticism has been presented. Our method of approach to both the patient and the various disease states has been described. Treatment of the most commonly encountered condition, condyloma acuminata, has been detailed. Precautionary measures to be taken and possible diagnostic pitfalls have been mentioned.", "contents": "Anal eroticism. A delineation of the medical problems associated with anal sexual eroticism has been presented. Our method of approach to both the patient and the various disease states has been described. Treatment of the most commonly encountered condition, condyloma acuminata, has been detailed. Precautionary measures to be taken and possible diagnostic pitfalls have been mentioned.", "PMID": 675464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2222", "title": "Exposure and manipulation of rectal lesions.", "content": "The methods of treatment for benign tumors of the rectum are by local removal or local destruction. The benign status of the tumor must be determined histologically or by gross morphology before treatment is instituted. The approaches are either transanal or by posterior proctotomy. The following procedures have been employed with excellent results for the past 30 years at the Ferguson Clinic: (1) transanally, by local excision, local destruction, or snare removal; and (2) by the posterior proctotomy approach for benign tumors that could not be removed transanally because of size or inaccessibility. A \"two scope technique\" first devised in 1969 has been used with great success since.", "contents": "Exposure and manipulation of rectal lesions. The methods of treatment for benign tumors of the rectum are by local removal or local destruction. The benign status of the tumor must be determined histologically or by gross morphology before treatment is instituted. The approaches are either transanal or by posterior proctotomy. The following procedures have been employed with excellent results for the past 30 years at the Ferguson Clinic: (1) transanally, by local excision, local destruction, or snare removal; and (2) by the posterior proctotomy approach for benign tumors that could not be removed transanally because of size or inaccessibility. A \"two scope technique\" first devised in 1969 has been used with great success since.", "PMID": 675466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2223", "title": "Fibromuscular dysplasia of the cervico-cephalic arteries.", "content": "Six cases of fibromuscular dysplasia of the cervical and cephalic portions of the internal carotid arteries, including their intracranial branches are reported. It should perhaps be pointed out that one of the cases was from the Sudan. As far as we know, the condition has never before been reported in a male African. The condition was associated with an intracranial aneurysm in four of our cases. To our knowledge only three autopsied cases of fibromuscular dysplasia involving intracranial arteries are on record. In our six cases the diagnosis was based on angiographic evidence, and three of the cases, two with intracranial involvement, were verified post mortem.", "contents": "Fibromuscular dysplasia of the cervico-cephalic arteries. Six cases of fibromuscular dysplasia of the cervical and cephalic portions of the internal carotid arteries, including their intracranial branches are reported. It should perhaps be pointed out that one of the cases was from the Sudan. As far as we know, the condition has never before been reported in a male African. The condition was associated with an intracranial aneurysm in four of our cases. To our knowledge only three autopsied cases of fibromuscular dysplasia involving intracranial arteries are on record. In our six cases the diagnosis was based on angiographic evidence, and three of the cases, two with intracranial involvement, were verified post mortem.", "PMID": 675469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2224", "title": "Glossopharyngeal schwannomas.", "content": "Glossopharyngeal schwannomas are rare entities. Our recent experience with three such cases treated successfully, suggests that recognitton of this tumor as a discrete entity is both desirable and feasible. Although this tumor shares with the far more common acoustic schwannoma the presenting symptom of hearing loss, it may be distinguished by an elicitable history of hoarseness, demonstration of abnormal palatal function and absence of expected findings upons standard radiographic examination of the petrous bones and internal auditory canal. We have found that identification of this tumor may be accomplished with currently available diagnostic technics, including computerized tomography. The authors review the literature and report their experiences regarding preoperative assessment, operative technic and the postoperative course.", "contents": "Glossopharyngeal schwannomas. Glossopharyngeal schwannomas are rare entities. Our recent experience with three such cases treated successfully, suggests that recognitton of this tumor as a discrete entity is both desirable and feasible. Although this tumor shares with the far more common acoustic schwannoma the presenting symptom of hearing loss, it may be distinguished by an elicitable history of hoarseness, demonstration of abnormal palatal function and absence of expected findings upons standard radiographic examination of the petrous bones and internal auditory canal. We have found that identification of this tumor may be accomplished with currently available diagnostic technics, including computerized tomography. The authors review the literature and report their experiences regarding preoperative assessment, operative technic and the postoperative course.", "PMID": 675473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2225", "title": "Traumatic bitemporal hemianopsia and diabetes insipidus.", "content": "Bitemporal hemianopsia and diabetes insipidus are infrequently occurring complications of closed head injuries. Porter and Miller found 18 cases of posttraumatic diabetes insipidus among more than 5000 patients with nonfatal closed head injuries. Of these, five also manifested damage to the optic chiasm. In 1971 Laursen surveyed the literature regarding traumatic bitemporal hemianopsia and found associated diabetes insipidus in 26 of 50 patients for whom information on this was given. Both conditions were present in a patient seen at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.", "contents": "Traumatic bitemporal hemianopsia and diabetes insipidus. Bitemporal hemianopsia and diabetes insipidus are infrequently occurring complications of closed head injuries. Porter and Miller found 18 cases of posttraumatic diabetes insipidus among more than 5000 patients with nonfatal closed head injuries. Of these, five also manifested damage to the optic chiasm. In 1971 Laursen surveyed the literature regarding traumatic bitemporal hemianopsia and found associated diabetes insipidus in 26 of 50 patients for whom information on this was given. Both conditions were present in a patient seen at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.", "PMID": 675474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2226", "title": "Intracranial aneurysms in early childhood.", "content": "A case of an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery in a 17-month-old child has been presented and the literature on the problem reviewed. A total of 27 aneurysms in young children (under two years of age) has been found. The characteristics that define this group of patients are: a greater proportion of aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery and its branches and of the vertebrobasilar system; greater size of the aneurysms; and frequent pseudotumor syndromes. The surgical prognosis in this group of patients is excellent. The physical and pathophysiological characteristics of these aneurysms appearing in early childhood are described.", "contents": "Intracranial aneurysms in early childhood. A case of an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery in a 17-month-old child has been presented and the literature on the problem reviewed. A total of 27 aneurysms in young children (under two years of age) has been found. The characteristics that define this group of patients are: a greater proportion of aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery and its branches and of the vertebrobasilar system; greater size of the aneurysms; and frequent pseudotumor syndromes. The surgical prognosis in this group of patients is excellent. The physical and pathophysiological characteristics of these aneurysms appearing in early childhood are described.", "PMID": 675475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2227", "title": "Computed tomography with giant intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "Five patients with giant intracranial aneurysms were studied by computed tomography. Secondary intracranial changes such as hemorrhage, cerebral infarction and communicating hydrocephalus are easily demonstrated by computed tomography. In addition, computed tomography provides precise information concerning the actual size and location of large but partially thrombosed or calcified aneurysm to better advantage than angiography.", "contents": "Computed tomography with giant intracranial aneurysms. Five patients with giant intracranial aneurysms were studied by computed tomography. Secondary intracranial changes such as hemorrhage, cerebral infarction and communicating hydrocephalus are easily demonstrated by computed tomography. In addition, computed tomography provides precise information concerning the actual size and location of large but partially thrombosed or calcified aneurysm to better advantage than angiography.", "PMID": 675478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2228", "title": "En bloc removal of large bilateral olfactory groove meningioma.", "content": "With careful pre-operative angiographic evaluation, reversible intra-operative external carotid occlusion, controlled hypotension, steroids, osmotic diuretics, and early control of nutrient arteries, the en bloc removal of a large bilateral olfactory groove meningioma is feasible in some instances. Dissection around the tumor is facilitated by shrinkage of the tumor, as its nutrient vessels are occluded. Ligation and division of the venous drainage is left until the end. This technique may be particularly valuable in poor risk patients, as  it may considerably reduce blood loss and operating time, without sacrifice of brain.", "contents": "En bloc removal of large bilateral olfactory groove meningioma. With careful pre-operative angiographic evaluation, reversible intra-operative external carotid occlusion, controlled hypotension, steroids, osmotic diuretics, and early control of nutrient arteries, the en bloc removal of a large bilateral olfactory groove meningioma is feasible in some instances. Dissection around the tumor is facilitated by shrinkage of the tumor, as its nutrient vessels are occluded. Ligation and division of the venous drainage is left until the end. This technique may be particularly valuable in poor risk patients, as  it may considerably reduce blood loss and operating time, without sacrifice of brain.", "PMID": 675479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2229", "title": "Intimal dissection of the superficial temporal artery.", "content": "Three patients who underwent superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis demonstrated a dissection of the intima of the superficial temporal artery at operation. The fact that this abnormality had not been appreciated previously in surgical series and that it and other anatomical variants may account for \"technical failures\" of anastomoses is elucidated. The authors describe their successful technique for suturing the intimal flap.", "contents": "Intimal dissection of the superficial temporal artery. Three patients who underwent superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis demonstrated a dissection of the intima of the superficial temporal artery at operation. The fact that this abnormality had not been appreciated previously in surgical series and that it and other anatomical variants may account for \"technical failures\" of anastomoses is elucidated. The authors describe their successful technique for suturing the intimal flap.", "PMID": 675481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2230", "title": "Cervical hematomyelia as cause of death after mild head injury.", "content": "A 55-year-old black man died the day after an automobile accident during which his forehead struck the car's windshield. He was not rendered unconscious. At routine autopsy no cause of death was found by the pathologist. Postmortem neurosurgical consultation disclosed hematomyelia and associated damage of the cervical spinal cord. Review of the literature disclosed that such changes in the spinal cord may be caused by hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine. These findings have been observed both clinically and experimentally. This report deals only with cases of \"central cord\" trauma without roentgenologic evidence of bony disruption.", "contents": "Cervical hematomyelia as cause of death after mild head injury. A 55-year-old black man died the day after an automobile accident during which his forehead struck the car's windshield. He was not rendered unconscious. At routine autopsy no cause of death was found by the pathologist. Postmortem neurosurgical consultation disclosed hematomyelia and associated damage of the cervical spinal cord. Review of the literature disclosed that such changes in the spinal cord may be caused by hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine. These findings have been observed both clinically and experimentally. This report deals only with cases of \"central cord\" trauma without roentgenologic evidence of bony disruption.", "PMID": 675482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2231", "title": "Complete obliteration of a carotid cavernous fistula with sparing of the carotid blood flow using a detachable balloon catheter.", "content": "A detachable balloon catheter system is described which has several distinct advantages over pre-existing methods of \"intervention radiology\". It is anticipated that further refinements in this technique will continue to expand the uses for this procedure.", "contents": "Complete obliteration of a carotid cavernous fistula with sparing of the carotid blood flow using a detachable balloon catheter. A detachable balloon catheter system is described which has several distinct advantages over pre-existing methods of \"intervention radiology\". It is anticipated that further refinements in this technique will continue to expand the uses for this procedure.", "PMID": 675484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2232", "title": "Intracranial saccular aneurysms in the first three decades.", "content": "To examine the characteristics of cerebral aneurysms in juvenile patients, 39 patients less than 30 years old were chosen from our 1,000 patients with saccular aneurysms who had undergone an intracranial operation on their aneurysm. The frequency, clinical features and surgical results in these young patients are discussed.", "contents": "Intracranial saccular aneurysms in the first three decades. To examine the characteristics of cerebral aneurysms in juvenile patients, 39 patients less than 30 years old were chosen from our 1,000 patients with saccular aneurysms who had undergone an intracranial operation on their aneurysm. The frequency, clinical features and surgical results in these young patients are discussed.", "PMID": 675486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2233", "title": "Emergency occlusive techniques.", "content": "Emergency occlusive therapy may be indicated in the management of acute arterial injury or expanding arteriovenous fistula. Intra-arterial occlusion may be performed at the time of diagnostic angiography. Selective placement of catheters permits percise diagnosis and management. We wish to report eight cases to demonstrate the efficacy of different occlusive agents. No adverse reactions were noted in this series of patients. We feel that emergency occlusive therapy is rapid and safe. It may facilitate and occasionally obviate surgical management.", "contents": "Emergency occlusive techniques. Emergency occlusive therapy may be indicated in the management of acute arterial injury or expanding arteriovenous fistula. Intra-arterial occlusion may be performed at the time of diagnostic angiography. Selective placement of catheters permits percise diagnosis and management. We wish to report eight cases to demonstrate the efficacy of different occlusive agents. No adverse reactions were noted in this series of patients. We feel that emergency occlusive therapy is rapid and safe. It may facilitate and occasionally obviate surgical management.", "PMID": 675487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2234", "title": "Multiple intracranial aneurysms: identifying the ruptured lesion.", "content": "The problems associated with the identification of the source of bleeding in multiple intracranial aneurysms are discussed, and the contribution towards diagnosis of each method of examination and investigation are evaluated, special emphasis is laid on the use of CAT scanning and electroencephalography as additional aids in localisation.", "contents": "Multiple intracranial aneurysms: identifying the ruptured lesion. The problems associated with the identification of the source of bleeding in multiple intracranial aneurysms are discussed, and the contribution towards diagnosis of each method of examination and investigation are evaluated, special emphasis is laid on the use of CAT scanning and electroencephalography as additional aids in localisation.", "PMID": 675488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2235", "title": "Myelopathy presenting as an intrinsic spinal cord tumor.", "content": "Two patients are presented who became progressively quadriplegic with myelographic appearances suggesting intrinsic spinal cord tumors. In both cases, laminectomy and biopsy of the spinal cord disclosed non-neoplastic conditions (neuromyelitis optica and acute necrotic myelopathy) confirmed at autopsy. Since surgery is not helpful in such cases, the problems of differentiation between such lesions and intraspinal tumors are reviewed.", "contents": "Myelopathy presenting as an intrinsic spinal cord tumor. Two patients are presented who became progressively quadriplegic with myelographic appearances suggesting intrinsic spinal cord tumors. In both cases, laminectomy and biopsy of the spinal cord disclosed non-neoplastic conditions (neuromyelitis optica and acute necrotic myelopathy) confirmed at autopsy. Since surgery is not helpful in such cases, the problems of differentiation between such lesions and intraspinal tumors are reviewed.", "PMID": 675489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2236", "title": "Delayed impairment of arterial blood oxygenation in patients with severe head injury: preliminary report.", "content": "A drop in the arterial PO2 occurring 24 hours after head injury was identified in eight patients. Traditional modes of therapy include administration of supplemental oxygen and provision of an unobstructed airway. The latter proved to be inadequate to continually maintain the PaO2 at a level consistent with the O2 content of the inspired air. Initially, determination of the PaO2, after institution of supplemental oxygen, may demonstrate adequate oxygenation, but blood gas monitoring should be continued since a delayed fall in arterial oxygen tension may occur 24 hours after head injury. This period of potentially deficient blood oxygenation, if severe enough, may further aggravate preexisting brain damage and profoundly affect the ultimate outcome of the patient. The delayed fall in PaO2 is the result of intrapulmonary shunting principally due to a ventilation/perfusion mismatch. The precise mechanism of the ventilation/perfusion inequality in the brain-injured patient awaits further elucidation, but may differ from the alteration in pulmonary function seen in the Respiratory Distress Syndrome.", "contents": "Delayed impairment of arterial blood oxygenation in patients with severe head injury: preliminary report. A drop in the arterial PO2 occurring 24 hours after head injury was identified in eight patients. Traditional modes of therapy include administration of supplemental oxygen and provision of an unobstructed airway. The latter proved to be inadequate to continually maintain the PaO2 at a level consistent with the O2 content of the inspired air. Initially, determination of the PaO2, after institution of supplemental oxygen, may demonstrate adequate oxygenation, but blood gas monitoring should be continued since a delayed fall in arterial oxygen tension may occur 24 hours after head injury. This period of potentially deficient blood oxygenation, if severe enough, may further aggravate preexisting brain damage and profoundly affect the ultimate outcome of the patient. The delayed fall in PaO2 is the result of intrapulmonary shunting principally due to a ventilation/perfusion mismatch. The precise mechanism of the ventilation/perfusion inequality in the brain-injured patient awaits further elucidation, but may differ from the alteration in pulmonary function seen in the Respiratory Distress Syndrome.", "PMID": 675490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2237", "title": "Acute transient rises of intracranial pressure (plateau wave type) seen with a pontine hemorrhage.", "content": "A case of pontine hemorrhage is presented. Continuous intraventricular pressure recording disclosed frequent acute transient rises of intracranial pressure resembling the plateau waves as described by Lundberg despite a low basic level of intracranial pressure. One possible mechanism of producing the plateau waves is discussed.", "contents": "Acute transient rises of intracranial pressure (plateau wave type) seen with a pontine hemorrhage. A case of pontine hemorrhage is presented. Continuous intraventricular pressure recording disclosed frequent acute transient rises of intracranial pressure resembling the plateau waves as described by Lundberg despite a low basic level of intracranial pressure. One possible mechanism of producing the plateau waves is discussed.", "PMID": 675491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2238", "title": "Lundberg's B waves as a feature of normal intracranial pressure.", "content": "Lundberg B waves have been said to be distinctive of low pressure hydrocephalus. A case is presented in which such waves were recorded from an apparently normal brain.", "contents": "Lundberg's B waves as a feature of normal intracranial pressure. Lundberg B waves have been said to be distinctive of low pressure hydrocephalus. A case is presented in which such waves were recorded from an apparently normal brain.", "PMID": 675492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2239", "title": "Microvascular perfusion experimental spinal cord injury.", "content": "Microperfusion of the spinal cords in cats was studied using a colloidal carbon perfusion technique following compression injury at 1/2 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, and 51 days. Quantitative estimates of vascular filling were determined at these post-compression intervals. Microperfusion diminished in both the gray and white matter at 1/2 hour following injury and severe lack of perfusion was evident at 8 and 24 hours. Diminished filling of the vessels of gray and white matter seemed to parallel the degree of hemorrhagic necrosis of the gray matter. An increased number of vessels were evident in the spinal cords of long term survivals. The observation that microperfusion in the white matter of the spinal cord was diminished at 24 hours is at variance with some previous investigations. The hypoperfusion of the white matter found in this study suggests that ischemia plays a role in paraplegia resulting from experimental compression injury of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Microvascular perfusion experimental spinal cord injury. Microperfusion of the spinal cords in cats was studied using a colloidal carbon perfusion technique following compression injury at 1/2 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, and 51 days. Quantitative estimates of vascular filling were determined at these post-compression intervals. Microperfusion diminished in both the gray and white matter at 1/2 hour following injury and severe lack of perfusion was evident at 8 and 24 hours. Diminished filling of the vessels of gray and white matter seemed to parallel the degree of hemorrhagic necrosis of the gray matter. An increased number of vessels were evident in the spinal cords of long term survivals. The observation that microperfusion in the white matter of the spinal cord was diminished at 24 hours is at variance with some previous investigations. The hypoperfusion of the white matter found in this study suggests that ischemia plays a role in paraplegia resulting from experimental compression injury of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 675493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2240", "title": "Lysosomal activity in experimental spinal cord trauma: an ultrastructural cytochemical evaluation.", "content": "The possible role of lysosomal activity in the early post-trauma phase of severe experimental spinal cord trauma was assessed utilizing an acid phosphatase cytochemical ultrastructural study. The results indicate that there is no evidence for lysosomal alteration prior to the development of cellular degeneration or necrosis. No diffuse cytoplasmic staining was observed. This study indicates that physical lysosomal injury resulting in release of hydrolases into spinal cord cells is not a tenable hypothesis as a primary initiating event in the development of spinal cord necrosis following trauma. However, the data are consistent with the general theory that lysosomal activity is important in the secondary degradation of cells following their being altered beyond recovery.", "contents": "Lysosomal activity in experimental spinal cord trauma: an ultrastructural cytochemical evaluation. The possible role of lysosomal activity in the early post-trauma phase of severe experimental spinal cord trauma was assessed utilizing an acid phosphatase cytochemical ultrastructural study. The results indicate that there is no evidence for lysosomal alteration prior to the development of cellular degeneration or necrosis. No diffuse cytoplasmic staining was observed. This study indicates that physical lysosomal injury resulting in release of hydrolases into spinal cord cells is not a tenable hypothesis as a primary initiating event in the development of spinal cord necrosis following trauma. However, the data are consistent with the general theory that lysosomal activity is important in the secondary degradation of cells following their being altered beyond recovery.", "PMID": 675494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2241", "title": "Carotid-cavernous fistula associated with traumatic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery.", "content": "We report a patient who suffered two traumatic lesions in the same internal carotid artery-a carotid-cavernous fistula and a traumatic aneurysm of the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery. Both lesions were treated by trapping procedure combined with controlled muscle embolization. The value of intraoperative angiography is emphasized.", "contents": "Carotid-cavernous fistula associated with traumatic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. We report a patient who suffered two traumatic lesions in the same internal carotid artery-a carotid-cavernous fistula and a traumatic aneurysm of the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery. Both lesions were treated by trapping procedure combined with controlled muscle embolization. The value of intraoperative angiography is emphasized.", "PMID": 675496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2242", "title": "Decompression of vertebral artery in cases of cervical spondylosis.", "content": "In four cases with symptoms of vertebral artery insufficiency, compression of the artery was abolished by removing the adjacent cervical osteoarthritic spurs. However, total relief could be achieved only by incision and resection of the constricting fibrotic ring around the vertebral artery. This periarterial fibrotic tissue appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of symptoms.", "contents": "Decompression of vertebral artery in cases of cervical spondylosis. In four cases with symptoms of vertebral artery insufficiency, compression of the artery was abolished by removing the adjacent cervical osteoarthritic spurs. However, total relief could be achieved only by incision and resection of the constricting fibrotic ring around the vertebral artery. This periarterial fibrotic tissue appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of symptoms.", "PMID": 675497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2243", "title": "Bilateral intracavernous carotid aneurysms: treatment by bilateral carotid ligation.", "content": "Bilateral carotid ligation was performed successfully in a patient who had bilateral aneurysms of the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery. The left common carotid artery was ligated for treatment of an intracavernous aneurysm. Three years later, as the patient developed signs of a contralateral cavernous sinus aneurysm, the right carotid artery was partially occluded. Except for a slight right ptosis and a limitation of vertical gaze, the neurological signs subsided completely.", "contents": "Bilateral intracavernous carotid aneurysms: treatment by bilateral carotid ligation. Bilateral carotid ligation was performed successfully in a patient who had bilateral aneurysms of the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery. The left common carotid artery was ligated for treatment of an intracavernous aneurysm. Three years later, as the patient developed signs of a contralateral cavernous sinus aneurysm, the right carotid artery was partially occluded. Except for a slight right ptosis and a limitation of vertical gaze, the neurological signs subsided completely.", "PMID": 675498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2244", "title": "Crossed external carotid ligation for giant aneurysms.", "content": "Giant aneurysms of the carotid artery commonly produce a visual loss as their main or only clinical manifestation. On occasion they do not respond favorably to ligation of the carotid artery in the neck or even to direct surgical attack on the related carotid artery intracranially. In such cases additional ligation of the contralateral external carotid artery should be considered. Such a case is presented and the rational for such treatment discussed.", "contents": "Crossed external carotid ligation for giant aneurysms. Giant aneurysms of the carotid artery commonly produce a visual loss as their main or only clinical manifestation. On occasion they do not respond favorably to ligation of the carotid artery in the neck or even to direct surgical attack on the related carotid artery intracranially. In such cases additional ligation of the contralateral external carotid artery should be considered. Such a case is presented and the rational for such treatment discussed.", "PMID": 675499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2245", "title": "Malignant change in melanocytomas of the uveal tract.", "content": "Melanocytomas are pigmented tumors of the uvea and optic nerve head composed of plump polyhedral melanocytes which have been regarded as nevus cells. There are few reports of malignant change in these usually benign lesions. This study documents 16 cases of malignant melanoma of the uvea, eight of which were characterized by the presence of plump polyhedral melanocytes in and around the tumor. The melanocytoma cells were aggregated throughout the tumors and/or at the margins of the lesions; these cells did not appear between the melanoma and the sclera, as has been reported with spindle-type nevus cells. Electron micrographs of these plump melanocytes had the characteristics of common uveal melanocytes, while the tumor cells had features of malignant melanoma cells. The clinician should recognize the potential of melanocytomas for undergoing malignant change and should follow patients who have this lesion with this in mind. Article is followed by comments of Dr. L. E. Zimmerman.", "contents": "Malignant change in melanocytomas of the uveal tract. Melanocytomas are pigmented tumors of the uvea and optic nerve head composed of plump polyhedral melanocytes which have been regarded as nevus cells. There are few reports of malignant change in these usually benign lesions. This study documents 16 cases of malignant melanoma of the uvea, eight of which were characterized by the presence of plump polyhedral melanocytes in and around the tumor. The melanocytoma cells were aggregated throughout the tumors and/or at the margins of the lesions; these cells did not appear between the melanoma and the sclera, as has been reported with spindle-type nevus cells. Electron micrographs of these plump melanocytes had the characteristics of common uveal melanocytes, while the tumor cells had features of malignant melanoma cells. The clinician should recognize the potential of melanocytomas for undergoing malignant change and should follow patients who have this lesion with this in mind. Article is followed by comments of Dr. L. E. Zimmerman.", "PMID": 675502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2246", "title": "The management of small choroidal melanomas.", "content": "There are a number of unresolved questions regarding small choroidal melanomas. At what stage in the natural history of these tumors do they develop the capacity to metastasize? What are the effects of various therapeutic modalities on the incidence of metastatic disease? Clinicopathologic studies suggest that patients with small choroidal melanomas (less than 10 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height) have an excellent prognosis. In patients with small choroidal melanomas with clear ocular media and no clinical retinal detachment, it is reasonable to do serial examinations without therapeutic intervention until growth is documented. In patients with small choroidal melanomas in which growth is documented, enucleation or alternate modes of therapy, including photocoagulation or radiation, are reasonable methods of treatment. Only by conducting prospective studies can we obtain a better understanding of the natural history of choroidal melanomas, determine at what stage these small lesions develop a metastatic potential, and evaluate the relative efficacy of various treatment modalities in preventing the development of metastatic disease.", "contents": "The management of small choroidal melanomas. There are a number of unresolved questions regarding small choroidal melanomas. At what stage in the natural history of these tumors do they develop the capacity to metastasize? What are the effects of various therapeutic modalities on the incidence of metastatic disease? Clinicopathologic studies suggest that patients with small choroidal melanomas (less than 10 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height) have an excellent prognosis. In patients with small choroidal melanomas with clear ocular media and no clinical retinal detachment, it is reasonable to do serial examinations without therapeutic intervention until growth is documented. In patients with small choroidal melanomas in which growth is documented, enucleation or alternate modes of therapy, including photocoagulation or radiation, are reasonable methods of treatment. Only by conducting prospective studies can we obtain a better understanding of the natural history of choroidal melanomas, determine at what stage these small lesions develop a metastatic potential, and evaluate the relative efficacy of various treatment modalities in preventing the development of metastatic disease.", "PMID": 675500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2247", "title": "Increasing the range of the keratometer.", "content": "How can the ophthalmologist perform keratometry on a patient whose corneal curvature exceeds the limits of the keratometer? A technique for extending the range of the keratometer to test such patients, e.g., those suffering from keratoconus or corneal plana, is presented.", "contents": "Increasing the range of the keratometer. How can the ophthalmologist perform keratometry on a patient whose corneal curvature exceeds the limits of the keratometer? A technique for extending the range of the keratometer to test such patients, e.g., those suffering from keratoconus or corneal plana, is presented.", "PMID": 675503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2248", "title": "Fluorescein angiography of the fundus: a schematic approach to interpretation.", "content": "Fluorescein angiographic patterns reveal a wide variety of anatomical, pathological and physiological information which, correctly interpreted, contributes to the differential diagnosis of fundus diseases and to the evaluation of appropriate therapeutic approaches. A schema for interpretation of the fluorescein angiogram is presented, following a logical progression from the initial determination of abnormal hypofluorescence of hyperfluorescence to the evaluation of the specific locations and features of the patterns, and their relationships to various disorders.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography of the fundus: a schematic approach to interpretation. Fluorescein angiographic patterns reveal a wide variety of anatomical, pathological and physiological information which, correctly interpreted, contributes to the differential diagnosis of fundus diseases and to the evaluation of appropriate therapeutic approaches. A schema for interpretation of the fluorescein angiogram is presented, following a logical progression from the initial determination of abnormal hypofluorescence of hyperfluorescence to the evaluation of the specific locations and features of the patterns, and their relationships to various disorders.", "PMID": 675501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2249", "title": "The relationship of gestational age to vitamin A induced postnatal dysfunction.", "content": "In an effort to determine the relationship between time of administration and consequent behavioral effects on progeny, a uniform subteratogenic dose of vitamin A (80,000 I.U./KG) was administered to gravid Sprague-Dawley rats during one of five periods of gestation (days 5-7, 8-10, 11-13, 14-16 and 17-19). Offspring were examined for changes in rate of weight gain, locomotor activity and maze learning ability (T-maze with return to nest as reward and multiple T water maze escape). Vitamin A 8-10 animals were hyperactive, vitamin A 11-13 animals acquired T-maze slower than controls and both vitamin A 8-10 and 11-13 acquired water maze slower than controls. Vitamin A 11-13 animals were significnatly lighter than controls and all other vitamin A groups.", "contents": "The relationship of gestational age to vitamin A induced postnatal dysfunction. In an effort to determine the relationship between time of administration and consequent behavioral effects on progeny, a uniform subteratogenic dose of vitamin A (80,000 I.U./KG) was administered to gravid Sprague-Dawley rats during one of five periods of gestation (days 5-7, 8-10, 11-13, 14-16 and 17-19). Offspring were examined for changes in rate of weight gain, locomotor activity and maze learning ability (T-maze with return to nest as reward and multiple T water maze escape). Vitamin A 8-10 animals were hyperactive, vitamin A 11-13 animals acquired T-maze slower than controls and both vitamin A 8-10 and 11-13 acquired water maze slower than controls. Vitamin A 11-13 animals were significnatly lighter than controls and all other vitamin A groups.", "PMID": 675546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2250", "title": "Abnormalities induced in cultured rat embryos by hyperthermia.", "content": "Rat embryos were explanted at nine and one-half days of gestation and cultured for 48 hours in rotating bottles containing rat serum and a gas phase, at temperatures of 38, 40, 40.5 and 41 degrees C. The embryo cultured at 40.5 degrees C were retarded and many of them were abnormal, and at 41 degrees C, all the embryos were malformed and retarded. The most frequent abnormalities occurring at both these temperatures were microcephaly and oedema of the pericardium. Development of the embryos cultured at 40 degrees C was similar to that of the controls at 38 degrees C, and superficially they appeared to be normal. However, measurement of the head dimensions, and separate determinations of head and body protein contents showed that the 40 degrees C embryos were microcephalic.", "contents": "Abnormalities induced in cultured rat embryos by hyperthermia. Rat embryos were explanted at nine and one-half days of gestation and cultured for 48 hours in rotating bottles containing rat serum and a gas phase, at temperatures of 38, 40, 40.5 and 41 degrees C. The embryo cultured at 40.5 degrees C were retarded and many of them were abnormal, and at 41 degrees C, all the embryos were malformed and retarded. The most frequent abnormalities occurring at both these temperatures were microcephaly and oedema of the pericardium. Development of the embryos cultured at 40 degrees C was similar to that of the controls at 38 degrees C, and superficially they appeared to be normal. However, measurement of the head dimensions, and separate determinations of head and body protein contents showed that the 40 degrees C embryos were microcephalic.", "PMID": 675547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2251", "title": "Hemorrhagic necrosis of the central nervous system of fetal hamsters: litter incidence and age-related pathological changes.", "content": "The occurrence, anatomic distribution, and character of lesions of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis (SHN) are reported in each hamster fetus of two affected litters examined on the fifteenth day of gestation and in selected individuals of other affected litters on the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth days of gestation. The pathologic process seems primarily to affect the capillary vasculature of the central nervous system and shows a predilection for rapidly growing and differentiating regions of the fetal forebrain, thalamus, and brain stem. Lesions demonstrable in members of affected litters of susceptible stocks are of a progressive character, increasing both in severity and topographic extend with increasing fetal age and growth. Spontaneous patterns of regression and recurrence of SHN disease in susceptible stocks may reflect variable physiologic factors in the intrauterine environment.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic necrosis of the central nervous system of fetal hamsters: litter incidence and age-related pathological changes. The occurrence, anatomic distribution, and character of lesions of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis (SHN) are reported in each hamster fetus of two affected litters examined on the fifteenth day of gestation and in selected individuals of other affected litters on the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth days of gestation. The pathologic process seems primarily to affect the capillary vasculature of the central nervous system and shows a predilection for rapidly growing and differentiating regions of the fetal forebrain, thalamus, and brain stem. Lesions demonstrable in members of affected litters of susceptible stocks are of a progressive character, increasing both in severity and topographic extend with increasing fetal age and growth. Spontaneous patterns of regression and recurrence of SHN disease in susceptible stocks may reflect variable physiologic factors in the intrauterine environment.", "PMID": 675549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2252", "title": "Relationship of dietary zinc to 6-mercaptopurine teratogenesis and DNA metabolism in the rat.", "content": "The possible interaction between the level of maternal dietary zinc and the teratogenic activity of 6-mercaptopurine was investigated. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 9,100 or 1,000 ppm zinc from day zero of pregnancy and were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 6-MP (55mg/kg) on day 11. At term, females in the group fed 1,000 ppm zinc (a high intake) showed less pronounced effects on reproduction and embryogenesis than did those fed 9 ppm (marginally deficient)  or 100 ppm (normal) zinc. Embryos examined on day 12 of gestation had similar concentrations of protein and RNA; however, the DNA content was lower and the incorporation of 3H-thymidine was greater in the drug treated groups than in non-drug treated controls. These results indicate that 6-mercaptopurine is acting to alter embryonic DNA metabolism and that high levesl of dietary zinc may ameliorate some of the deleterious effects of this drug on embryonic and maternal toxicity.", "contents": "Relationship of dietary zinc to 6-mercaptopurine teratogenesis and DNA metabolism in the rat. The possible interaction between the level of maternal dietary zinc and the teratogenic activity of 6-mercaptopurine was investigated. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 9,100 or 1,000 ppm zinc from day zero of pregnancy and were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 6-MP (55mg/kg) on day 11. At term, females in the group fed 1,000 ppm zinc (a high intake) showed less pronounced effects on reproduction and embryogenesis than did those fed 9 ppm (marginally deficient)  or 100 ppm (normal) zinc. Embryos examined on day 12 of gestation had similar concentrations of protein and RNA; however, the DNA content was lower and the incorporation of 3H-thymidine was greater in the drug treated groups than in non-drug treated controls. These results indicate that 6-mercaptopurine is acting to alter embryonic DNA metabolism and that high levesl of dietary zinc may ameliorate some of the deleterious effects of this drug on embryonic and maternal toxicity.", "PMID": 675550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2253", "title": "Attenuating effect of zinc on abnormal placental morphology in 6-mercaptopurine treated rats.", "content": "Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 9 (marginal level), 100 (control level), or 1,000 (very high level) ppm zinc and were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP, 55 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of carboxymethylcellulose on day 11 of gestation. Live young and their placentas were recovered at surgery on day 21 of gestation: they were weighed, measured, and placentas were examined histologically. Placentas from drug treated animals were smaller in diameter and lighter in weight than controls; however, the placentas of animals fed the 1,000 ppm zinc diet were significantly heavier than those of the other drug-treated groups. Histologically, the placentas of the 6-MP treated dams showed a highly disproportionate reduction in the labyrinthine layer with larger, less subdivided maternal sinuses than in controls, reduction of fetal vasculature, vesiculation of trophoblast nuclei, deposition of PAS positive material in the septal wall, and fibrinous degeneration of trophoblast cells. These morphological changes were reduced in placental tissues of drug treated rats given 1,000 ppm of zinc. In contrast, no placental abnormalities were observed in rats not treated with 6-MP.", "contents": "Attenuating effect of zinc on abnormal placental morphology in 6-mercaptopurine treated rats. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 9 (marginal level), 100 (control level), or 1,000 (very high level) ppm zinc and were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP, 55 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of carboxymethylcellulose on day 11 of gestation. Live young and their placentas were recovered at surgery on day 21 of gestation: they were weighed, measured, and placentas were examined histologically. Placentas from drug treated animals were smaller in diameter and lighter in weight than controls; however, the placentas of animals fed the 1,000 ppm zinc diet were significantly heavier than those of the other drug-treated groups. Histologically, the placentas of the 6-MP treated dams showed a highly disproportionate reduction in the labyrinthine layer with larger, less subdivided maternal sinuses than in controls, reduction of fetal vasculature, vesiculation of trophoblast nuclei, deposition of PAS positive material in the septal wall, and fibrinous degeneration of trophoblast cells. These morphological changes were reduced in placental tissues of drug treated rats given 1,000 ppm of zinc. In contrast, no placental abnormalities were observed in rats not treated with 6-MP.", "PMID": 675551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2254", "title": "Congenital deformities produced in hamsters by potato sprouts.", "content": "Dried gound potato sprout preparations from seven varieties produced congenital deformities in one strain of hamsters. Incidence of affected litters varied from 8 to 25%, depending on potato variety. Certain steroidal solanum and veratrum alkaloids produced similar defects. Neither peel nor tuber material was teratogenic from one of the potato varieties with highly teratogenic sprouts.", "contents": "Congenital deformities produced in hamsters by potato sprouts. Dried gound potato sprout preparations from seven varieties produced congenital deformities in one strain of hamsters. Incidence of affected litters varied from 8 to 25%, depending on potato variety. Certain steroidal solanum and veratrum alkaloids produced similar defects. Neither peel nor tuber material was teratogenic from one of the potato varieties with highly teratogenic sprouts.", "PMID": 675552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2255", "title": "Cholinomimetic teratogens. VI. The interaction of cholinomimetic teratogens with the antimalarial drugs chloroquine and chlorguanide.", "content": "A typical syndrome of short and crooked neck together with muscular hytoplasia of the legs occurs with low incidence in chicken embryos following injection into the egg at 24 hours of incubation of the antimalarial drug chloroquine; but treatment at later stages does not have similar effects. When, however chloroquine was used in addition to carbachol or neostigmine at 96 hours of incubation the malformations caused by the two cholinomimetic compounds, i.e., carbachol and neostigmine, occurred with greatly increased frequency and tended also to be exaggerated in expression. Chlorguanide, another antimalarial drug, when used as additive, reduced the teratogenic effects of such compounds as decamethonium and neostigmine. It appears that the neuromuscular pathways to teratogenicity are for carbachol and neostigmine and for chloroquine clearly related, if at different levels of expressivity.", "contents": "Cholinomimetic teratogens. VI. The interaction of cholinomimetic teratogens with the antimalarial drugs chloroquine and chlorguanide. A typical syndrome of short and crooked neck together with muscular hytoplasia of the legs occurs with low incidence in chicken embryos following injection into the egg at 24 hours of incubation of the antimalarial drug chloroquine; but treatment at later stages does not have similar effects. When, however chloroquine was used in addition to carbachol or neostigmine at 96 hours of incubation the malformations caused by the two cholinomimetic compounds, i.e., carbachol and neostigmine, occurred with greatly increased frequency and tended also to be exaggerated in expression. Chlorguanide, another antimalarial drug, when used as additive, reduced the teratogenic effects of such compounds as decamethonium and neostigmine. It appears that the neuromuscular pathways to teratogenicity are for carbachol and neostigmine and for chloroquine clearly related, if at different levels of expressivity.", "PMID": 675553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2256", "title": "The induction of axial blisters in the chick embryo by trypan blue.", "content": "The hemorrhage, blister formation, and rumplessness observed in the chick embryo following treatment with trypan blue may be due to (1) increased ventricular blood pressure or (2) to necrosis and edema in the caudal region of the embryo by inhibiting nutrient utilization. To test the role of increased ventricular blood pressure in the induction of caudal blisters, primitive streak to 7-somite chick embryos were cut in half, separating the upper presumptive heart region from the lower presumptive trunk and tail regions. Each half was then explanted on media containing trypan blue for 24 hours. In intact embryos treated with 0.04 mM trypan blue the frequency of blisters in the posterior region was 80.8%. The blisters usually appeared on both sides of the neural tube, below or in the region of the last few somites. In transected embryos treated with trypan blue, the frequency of blisters in the posterior halves which had beating hearts was 2.6%. However, the frequency of blisters in the posterior halves which were not connected to beating hearts was 47.8%. In some cases the blisters were found in posterior halves in which the rump was not well developed or present at all. Thus, we may conclude that: (1) direct connection between the heart and the rump is not necessary for the induction of caudal blisters. (2) The presence of a well-differentiated rump is also not necessary for blister formation. We suggest that trypan blue acts directly on organs or structures found in the caudal region of the chick embryos.", "contents": "The induction of axial blisters in the chick embryo by trypan blue. The hemorrhage, blister formation, and rumplessness observed in the chick embryo following treatment with trypan blue may be due to (1) increased ventricular blood pressure or (2) to necrosis and edema in the caudal region of the embryo by inhibiting nutrient utilization. To test the role of increased ventricular blood pressure in the induction of caudal blisters, primitive streak to 7-somite chick embryos were cut in half, separating the upper presumptive heart region from the lower presumptive trunk and tail regions. Each half was then explanted on media containing trypan blue for 24 hours. In intact embryos treated with 0.04 mM trypan blue the frequency of blisters in the posterior region was 80.8%. The blisters usually appeared on both sides of the neural tube, below or in the region of the last few somites. In transected embryos treated with trypan blue, the frequency of blisters in the posterior halves which had beating hearts was 2.6%. However, the frequency of blisters in the posterior halves which were not connected to beating hearts was 47.8%. In some cases the blisters were found in posterior halves in which the rump was not well developed or present at all. Thus, we may conclude that: (1) direct connection between the heart and the rump is not necessary for the induction of caudal blisters. (2) The presence of a well-differentiated rump is also not necessary for blister formation. We suggest that trypan blue acts directly on organs or structures found in the caudal region of the chick embryos.", "PMID": 675554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2257", "title": "A study of chloramphenicol distribution and residues in dairy cows.", "content": "Distribution and residues of chloramphenicol were examined in 29 normal and 15 emergency-slaughtered dairy cows after parenteral injection of 3 chloramphenicol base formulations, using microbiological and chemical assay procedures. Five qualitative test methods for antibiotic residues failed to detect the presence of the drug even in samples collected within 18 hours of treatment at a dose level of 37 mg/kg, and in emergency-slaughtered cows known to have been treated with chloramphenicol before slaughter. The limited usefulness of these methods for the detection of chloramphenicol residues is stressed by observations indicating the presence of chemically measurable concentrations of the drugs (or its metabolites) in the muscle, kidney, liver, bile, and urine 65 hours after treatment. Quantitative microbiological assay procedures for chloramphenicol (sensitivity limits 1.0 microgram/ml tissue fluid) conducted on specimens of kidney and liver samples of cows treated with chloramphenicol (doses approximately 10 to 40 mg/kg intramuscularly) 1/2 ; 1; 3 1/2; 12; 18; 46; and 65 hours earlier were all negative. However, chemical assay procedures (sensitivity limits 0.2 to 3 microgram/ml or mu/g tissue) for chloramphenicol and some of its metabolites detected the drug in these samples as well as in the meat. Chloramphenicol is apparently extensively metabolized in adult bovines. The extended persistence of \"chloramphenicol\" residues in the carcass is due to the relatively slow elimination rate of the metabolized drug and the poor and slow absorption rate from the intramuscular injection site after treatment, with preparations containing chloramphenicol base dissolved in organic solvents. Examples are given of the predicting of of pre-slaughter carcass withdrawal times on the basis of arbitrary drug tolerance or detection levels.", "contents": "A study of chloramphenicol distribution and residues in dairy cows. Distribution and residues of chloramphenicol were examined in 29 normal and 15 emergency-slaughtered dairy cows after parenteral injection of 3 chloramphenicol base formulations, using microbiological and chemical assay procedures. Five qualitative test methods for antibiotic residues failed to detect the presence of the drug even in samples collected within 18 hours of treatment at a dose level of 37 mg/kg, and in emergency-slaughtered cows known to have been treated with chloramphenicol before slaughter. The limited usefulness of these methods for the detection of chloramphenicol residues is stressed by observations indicating the presence of chemically measurable concentrations of the drugs (or its metabolites) in the muscle, kidney, liver, bile, and urine 65 hours after treatment. Quantitative microbiological assay procedures for chloramphenicol (sensitivity limits 1.0 microgram/ml tissue fluid) conducted on specimens of kidney and liver samples of cows treated with chloramphenicol (doses approximately 10 to 40 mg/kg intramuscularly) 1/2 ; 1; 3 1/2; 12; 18; 46; and 65 hours earlier were all negative. However, chemical assay procedures (sensitivity limits 0.2 to 3 microgram/ml or mu/g tissue) for chloramphenicol and some of its metabolites detected the drug in these samples as well as in the meat. Chloramphenicol is apparently extensively metabolized in adult bovines. The extended persistence of \"chloramphenicol\" residues in the carcass is due to the relatively slow elimination rate of the metabolized drug and the poor and slow absorption rate from the intramuscular injection site after treatment, with preparations containing chloramphenicol base dissolved in organic solvents. Examples are given of the predicting of of pre-slaughter carcass withdrawal times on the basis of arbitrary drug tolerance or detection levels.", "PMID": 675643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2258", "title": "ECG changes in dogs with hypothyroidism.", "content": "The results of electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings in 19 dogs with primary hypothyroidism are presented. Low voltage and inverted T waves were the most frequently observed abnormalities. In a number of dogs the ECG changes contributed to the diagnosis of hypothyroidism. A  few dogs had even been referred to the cardiopulmonary service because of decreased exercise tolerance and the ECG pointed to the need for thyroid function studies.", "contents": "ECG changes in dogs with hypothyroidism. The results of electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings in 19 dogs with primary hypothyroidism are presented. Low voltage and inverted T waves were the most frequently observed abnormalities. In a number of dogs the ECG changes contributed to the diagnosis of hypothyroidism. A  few dogs had even been referred to the cardiopulmonary service because of decreased exercise tolerance and the ECG pointed to the need for thyroid function studies.", "PMID": 675644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2259", "title": "Esophageal hiatal hernia. Case report of a dog and a cheetah.", "content": "Case reports of a paraesophageal hiatal hernia in a French bulldog and an invagination of the stomach into the esophagus in a cheetah are presented. In both cases there was an enlarged hiatus and in the cheetah the hiatus was clearly bounded by a muscular loop. Treatment consisted of surgical narrowing of the hiatus. The pathophysiology of hiatal hernia is discussed with reference to experimental studies in dogs.", "contents": "Esophageal hiatal hernia. Case report of a dog and a cheetah. Case reports of a paraesophageal hiatal hernia in a French bulldog and an invagination of the stomach into the esophagus in a cheetah are presented. In both cases there was an enlarged hiatus and in the cheetah the hiatus was clearly bounded by a muscular loop. Treatment consisted of surgical narrowing of the hiatus. The pathophysiology of hiatal hernia is discussed with reference to experimental studies in dogs.", "PMID": 675645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2260", "title": "Effect of storage time on the fertility of bull semen frozen in straws.", "content": "Fertility rates were analysed of more than 190000 first inseminations with frozen semen stored for up to six years in liquid nitrogen. Semen was used of 158 different bulls and frozen in 0.25 ml French straws. Fertility rates ranged from 69.1 to 75.9% non-return after 56 days. An influence of the storage time on the fertility could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Effect of storage time on the fertility of bull semen frozen in straws. Fertility rates were analysed of more than 190000 first inseminations with frozen semen stored for up to six years in liquid nitrogen. Semen was used of 158 different bulls and frozen in 0.25 ml French straws. Fertility rates ranged from 69.1 to 75.9% non-return after 56 days. An influence of the storage time on the fertility could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 675646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2261", "title": "[The xero-arteriography--methods, results, indications (author's transl)].", "content": "The simple method of transarterial Xero-Arteriography and its indications are described. This investigation provides useful information in angiography of the extremities. The main advantages are: small risk, investigation of ambulatory and bedridden patients.", "contents": "[The xero-arteriography--methods, results, indications (author's transl)]. The simple method of transarterial Xero-Arteriography and its indications are described. This investigation provides useful information in angiography of the extremities. The main advantages are: small risk, investigation of ambulatory and bedridden patients.", "PMID": 675647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2262", "title": "[Experience with transvenous xeroarteriography in vascular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The edge contrast pattern in Xeroradiography allows blood vessels to be delineated with highly reduced concentration of radiopaque fluid. The contrast material is injected rapidly into a cubital vein. The brachial arteries are opacified 3--8 sec. and the femoral arteries about 7--15 sec. after the injection is finished. The arteriograms are of good quality which equals direct conventional angiography, if the vessels are not overlayed by bone structures. Thus the popliteal artery can be judged best in lateral view. The indications for transvenous Xeroarteriography are preoperative diagnosis especially in high risk patients, angiographic diagnosis of soft tissue tumors and postoperative control and documentation of vascular reconstruction in the extremities. Transvenous Xeroarteriography is a really noninvasive, painless and easy to handle method whiich allows visualization of peripheral vascular lesions and can be reproduced at short intervals without any risk.", "contents": "[Experience with transvenous xeroarteriography in vascular surgery (author's transl)]. The edge contrast pattern in Xeroradiography allows blood vessels to be delineated with highly reduced concentration of radiopaque fluid. The contrast material is injected rapidly into a cubital vein. The brachial arteries are opacified 3--8 sec. and the femoral arteries about 7--15 sec. after the injection is finished. The arteriograms are of good quality which equals direct conventional angiography, if the vessels are not overlayed by bone structures. Thus the popliteal artery can be judged best in lateral view. The indications for transvenous Xeroarteriography are preoperative diagnosis especially in high risk patients, angiographic diagnosis of soft tissue tumors and postoperative control and documentation of vascular reconstruction in the extremities. Transvenous Xeroarteriography is a really noninvasive, painless and easy to handle method whiich allows visualization of peripheral vascular lesions and can be reproduced at short intervals without any risk.", "PMID": 675648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2263", "title": "[Operative treatment of arterial occlusive disease: the risk of operation in high age patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative study of 2,168 revascularizations and 221 limb amputations at the surgical hospital of F\u00fcrth/Bavaria (1970--1977). The lethality rate after arterial reconstructions in older patients, depending on the type of revascularization, was 3.3 per cent up to 21.1 per cent, being considerably lower than after amputation after which 42.5 per cent of the patients died. Therefore vascular surgery should be considered at an early stage of the disease in older patients with problems of circulation, particularly before any limb amputation.", "contents": "[Operative treatment of arterial occlusive disease: the risk of operation in high age patients (author's transl)]. Comparative study of 2,168 revascularizations and 221 limb amputations at the surgical hospital of F\u00fcrth/Bavaria (1970--1977). The lethality rate after arterial reconstructions in older patients, depending on the type of revascularization, was 3.3 per cent up to 21.1 per cent, being considerably lower than after amputation after which 42.5 per cent of the patients died. Therefore vascular surgery should be considered at an early stage of the disease in older patients with problems of circulation, particularly before any limb amputation.", "PMID": 675649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2264", "title": "[The venous thrombectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1973 and 1977 we performed 106 venous thrombectomies. 100 of these cases showed occlusion in the ilio-femoral area and 6 in the axillary area. The postoperative mortality was 2 per cent in pelvic thrombosis and 0 per cent in the Paget-von-Schroetter-Syndrome. Fatal pulmonary embolism did not occur. Seventy per cent of patients were free of complaints 6 months postoperatively. Best results were achieved by early operation. The Paget-von-Schroetter-Syndrome is frequently caused by a thoracic outlet syndrome. Therefore, the first rib has to be removed during the second operation in order to prevent recurrence.", "contents": "[The venous thrombectomy (author's transl)]. Between 1973 and 1977 we performed 106 venous thrombectomies. 100 of these cases showed occlusion in the ilio-femoral area and 6 in the axillary area. The postoperative mortality was 2 per cent in pelvic thrombosis and 0 per cent in the Paget-von-Schroetter-Syndrome. Fatal pulmonary embolism did not occur. Seventy per cent of patients were free of complaints 6 months postoperatively. Best results were achieved by early operation. The Paget-von-Schroetter-Syndrome is frequently caused by a thoracic outlet syndrome. Therefore, the first rib has to be removed during the second operation in order to prevent recurrence.", "PMID": 675650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2265", "title": "[Surgical treatment of therapy resistant ulcus cruris (author's transl)].", "content": "30 patients with chronic venous ulcerations of the lower leg, unable to be cured definitely by commonly known medical, local or surgical therapy are reported. All patients were submitted to the little known ulcer circumcision published by Nussbaum in 1873. During a postoperative period of up to 10 years there was no recurrence of ulcers in any case. The operation is simple and time saving. Requiring an average hospital stay of 24 days, thus saves expenses as well. The procedure is described and the clinical results obtained have been documented.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of therapy resistant ulcus cruris (author's transl)]. 30 patients with chronic venous ulcerations of the lower leg, unable to be cured definitely by commonly known medical, local or surgical therapy are reported. All patients were submitted to the little known ulcer circumcision published by Nussbaum in 1873. During a postoperative period of up to 10 years there was no recurrence of ulcers in any case. The operation is simple and time saving. Requiring an average hospital stay of 24 days, thus saves expenses as well. The procedure is described and the clinical results obtained have been documented.", "PMID": 675651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2266", "title": "[Early and late results in the prevention of pulmonary embolism and caval patency after implantation of caval clips according to Adams--De Weese as compared to Mobin-Uddin umbrella filters (author's transl)].", "content": "A collective of 56 female and 54 male patients between 15 and 78 years were operated to prevent pulmonary embolism. 27 umbrella filters and 83 vena cava clips were implanted. Postoperative mortality was 15 per cent after umbrella filter implantation as compared to 0 per cent after clip application. 35 clip and 9 filter implantations were followed up by cavographic examination. Venograms were classified in three types according to caval patency. A significantly higher number of complications were observed after filter implantation. On the basis of a flow physics hypothesis an explanation is suggested for the liability to caval thrombosis after filter implantation. An evaluation of both operative methods and their indications is given.", "contents": "[Early and late results in the prevention of pulmonary embolism and caval patency after implantation of caval clips according to Adams--De Weese as compared to Mobin-Uddin umbrella filters (author's transl)]. A collective of 56 female and 54 male patients between 15 and 78 years were operated to prevent pulmonary embolism. 27 umbrella filters and 83 vena cava clips were implanted. Postoperative mortality was 15 per cent after umbrella filter implantation as compared to 0 per cent after clip application. 35 clip and 9 filter implantations were followed up by cavographic examination. Venograms were classified in three types according to caval patency. A significantly higher number of complications were observed after filter implantation. On the basis of a flow physics hypothesis an explanation is suggested for the liability to caval thrombosis after filter implantation. An evaluation of both operative methods and their indications is given.", "PMID": 675652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2267", "title": "[Revitalization of bovine xenograft used for repair of experimental tracheal defects (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 mongrel dogs tracheal defects of different size were covered by bovine xenografts. The grafts were subjected to electronmicroscopic examination 2 to 19 months after implantation. Following the ingrowht of fibroblasts and capillaries a basal membrane is formed on the side of the previous graft lumen. After 4 to 5 months this membrane is covered from the tracheal margins by microvillous cells. After 8 months ciliated epithelia and goblet cells are developed by cell metaplasia. Although the graft becomes revitalized and integrated into the tracheal wall, the layer of ciliated epithelia is interrupted by less differentiated cells. The possible causes for this phenomenon are discussed. Thus bovine xenograft used for the repair of tracheal defects has the following advantages: total revitalization, no shrinkage, less prone to infection and formations of ciliated epithelia.", "contents": "[Revitalization of bovine xenograft used for repair of experimental tracheal defects (author's transl)]. In 12 mongrel dogs tracheal defects of different size were covered by bovine xenografts. The grafts were subjected to electronmicroscopic examination 2 to 19 months after implantation. Following the ingrowht of fibroblasts and capillaries a basal membrane is formed on the side of the previous graft lumen. After 4 to 5 months this membrane is covered from the tracheal margins by microvillous cells. After 8 months ciliated epithelia and goblet cells are developed by cell metaplasia. Although the graft becomes revitalized and integrated into the tracheal wall, the layer of ciliated epithelia is interrupted by less differentiated cells. The possible causes for this phenomenon are discussed. Thus bovine xenograft used for the repair of tracheal defects has the following advantages: total revitalization, no shrinkage, less prone to infection and formations of ciliated epithelia.", "PMID": 675653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2268", "title": "[Revitalization of bovine xenografts used for experimental arterial replacement in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "In 16 mongrel dogs bovine xenografts of 4 to 12 cm of length were used for arterial replacement. The grafts were removed after 30 minutes and up to 13 months for electronmicroscopic examination. The graft was shown to be significantly thrombogenic during the first six weeks after implantation. After 8 to 10 weeks an increasing revitalization of the graft is found starting from the ends of the canine artery. A cover of endothelial cells is formed in the graft lumen. The graft wall is enforced by formation of collagen and elastic fibers originating from capillaries and fibroblasts. Revitalization of the graft is limited to a rim of 2 to 3,5 cm next to the anastomoses with the canine artery. The remaining graft segment shows revitalization only on the outside wall. Degenerative changes take place in the inner layer of the graft with time passing.", "contents": "[Revitalization of bovine xenografts used for experimental arterial replacement in dogs (author's transl)]. In 16 mongrel dogs bovine xenografts of 4 to 12 cm of length were used for arterial replacement. The grafts were removed after 30 minutes and up to 13 months for electronmicroscopic examination. The graft was shown to be significantly thrombogenic during the first six weeks after implantation. After 8 to 10 weeks an increasing revitalization of the graft is found starting from the ends of the canine artery. A cover of endothelial cells is formed in the graft lumen. The graft wall is enforced by formation of collagen and elastic fibers originating from capillaries and fibroblasts. Revitalization of the graft is limited to a rim of 2 to 3,5 cm next to the anastomoses with the canine artery. The remaining graft segment shows revitalization only on the outside wall. Degenerative changes take place in the inner layer of the graft with time passing.", "PMID": 675654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2269", "title": "[Comparative study of coronary vessel diameters in intravital and postmortal angiograms (author's transl)].", "content": "In a total of 21 mongrel dogs a comparison between intravital and postmortal coronary arteriograms was made so as to establish the difference in vessel diameter. Fresh postmortal hearts injected in situ showed an average increase in coronary vessel diameter of approx. 6 per cent. Examinations of 24 hour postmortal hearts which were removed from the animals showed a vessel diameter increase of barely 20 per cent in the mean. These 20 per cent correspond fairly well with literature information about the maximal widening of coronary vessels with nitroglycerin. Nerves which are still functioning, and humoral substances which may influence the still living muscle in vessel walls are supposed to be the reason for the smaller increase in fresh postmortal in situ illustrated coronary arteries. It must be stressed, that the measured differences between intravital and postmortal coronary artery diameters can only be representative of wall sections free of arterioslcerosis.", "contents": "[Comparative study of coronary vessel diameters in intravital and postmortal angiograms (author's transl)]. In a total of 21 mongrel dogs a comparison between intravital and postmortal coronary arteriograms was made so as to establish the difference in vessel diameter. Fresh postmortal hearts injected in situ showed an average increase in coronary vessel diameter of approx. 6 per cent. Examinations of 24 hour postmortal hearts which were removed from the animals showed a vessel diameter increase of barely 20 per cent in the mean. These 20 per cent correspond fairly well with literature information about the maximal widening of coronary vessels with nitroglycerin. Nerves which are still functioning, and humoral substances which may influence the still living muscle in vessel walls are supposed to be the reason for the smaller increase in fresh postmortal in situ illustrated coronary arteries. It must be stressed, that the measured differences between intravital and postmortal coronary artery diameters can only be representative of wall sections free of arterioslcerosis.", "PMID": 675655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2270", "title": "[Myocardial damage in coronary air embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemodynamic changes after intracoronary air embolism (0,02 ml/kg air in the left coronary artery) were studied in 16 dogs. The air was introduced in 8 animals during cardiopulmonary bypass and in 8 animals without bypass. In both groups the air embolization caused acute ischemia with myocardial necrosis. Immediately after the injection the anterior wall became akinetic; 24 hours after injection CPK increased to more than 800 U. One half of the animals without cardiopulmonary bypass died during acute ischemia due to refractory arrhythmias; there was no mortality in the group with cardiopulmonary bypass. The left ventricular damage due to air embolization cannot be significantly reduced with cardiopulmonary bypass; the bypass only helps to \"tide over\" the animal during the period of acute ischemia.", "contents": "[Myocardial damage in coronary air embolism (author's transl)]. Haemodynamic changes after intracoronary air embolism (0,02 ml/kg air in the left coronary artery) were studied in 16 dogs. The air was introduced in 8 animals during cardiopulmonary bypass and in 8 animals without bypass. In both groups the air embolization caused acute ischemia with myocardial necrosis. Immediately after the injection the anterior wall became akinetic; 24 hours after injection CPK increased to more than 800 U. One half of the animals without cardiopulmonary bypass died during acute ischemia due to refractory arrhythmias; there was no mortality in the group with cardiopulmonary bypass. The left ventricular damage due to air embolization cannot be significantly reduced with cardiopulmonary bypass; the bypass only helps to \"tide over\" the animal during the period of acute ischemia.", "PMID": 675656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2271", "title": "[Myocardial stress of different surgically induced types of cardiac arrest in dogs evaluated by myocardial potassium and acid-base balance (author's transl)].", "content": "In mongrel dogs myocardial stress of the following types of artificial cardiac arrest in moderate hypothermia and cardiopulmonary bypass was compared: 1. Ischemic arrest after aortic occlusion lasting 30 or 45 minutes. 2. Injection-cardioplegia according to Kirsch lasting 90 minutes. 3. infusion-cardioplegia according to Bretschneider lasting 90 minutes. The following parameters were compared: extracellular potassium activity ([K+]e) during cardiac arrest and [K+] in arterial and coronary venous blood during reflow, total [K+] and acid-base balance during reflow, time course of [K+] and lactic acid release and uptake during reflow after cardiac arrest. In our experimental conditions the lowest alterations of myocardial [K+] and acid-base balance were observed after infusion-cardioplegia according to Bretschneider. Injection-cardioplegia according to Kirsch was less protective for the heart as evidenced by more intensive acidosis, enlarged [K+] loss and prolongation of [K+] uptake during reflow. Ischemic cardiac arrest in moderate hypothermia was the worst type of artificial standstill indicated by development of fatal myocardial acidosis.", "contents": "[Myocardial stress of different surgically induced types of cardiac arrest in dogs evaluated by myocardial potassium and acid-base balance (author's transl)]. In mongrel dogs myocardial stress of the following types of artificial cardiac arrest in moderate hypothermia and cardiopulmonary bypass was compared: 1. Ischemic arrest after aortic occlusion lasting 30 or 45 minutes. 2. Injection-cardioplegia according to Kirsch lasting 90 minutes. 3. infusion-cardioplegia according to Bretschneider lasting 90 minutes. The following parameters were compared: extracellular potassium activity ([K+]e) during cardiac arrest and [K+] in arterial and coronary venous blood during reflow, total [K+] and acid-base balance during reflow, time course of [K+] and lactic acid release and uptake during reflow after cardiac arrest. In our experimental conditions the lowest alterations of myocardial [K+] and acid-base balance were observed after infusion-cardioplegia according to Bretschneider. Injection-cardioplegia according to Kirsch was less protective for the heart as evidenced by more intensive acidosis, enlarged [K+] loss and prolongation of [K+] uptake during reflow. Ischemic cardiac arrest in moderate hypothermia was the worst type of artificial standstill indicated by development of fatal myocardial acidosis.", "PMID": 675657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2272", "title": "[Myocardial contractility in different methods of Cardioplegia. An experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "In 22 mongrel dogs the protective effect on the myocardium of Bretschneider- and Kirsch-Cardioplegia (90 minutes of cardiac arrest) was studied and compared with ischemic arrest (45 minutes at hypothermia of 30 degrees C). Myocardial contractility was evaluated by the following indices of contractility: t--dp/dt max., Krayenb\u00fchl-Index of contractility and max. Vce. Depression of contractility of 40 % was observed after ischemic arrest and Kirsch-Cardioplegia, whereas in Bretschneider-Cardioplegia depression was only 7 %. Forty-five minutes after reperfusion contractility had returned to normal in the last group. It is concluded that Bretschneider-Cardioplegia results in little reduction of postischemic contractility, and has a good protective effect on the myocardium.", "contents": "[Myocardial contractility in different methods of Cardioplegia. An experimental study (author's transl)]. In 22 mongrel dogs the protective effect on the myocardium of Bretschneider- and Kirsch-Cardioplegia (90 minutes of cardiac arrest) was studied and compared with ischemic arrest (45 minutes at hypothermia of 30 degrees C). Myocardial contractility was evaluated by the following indices of contractility: t--dp/dt max., Krayenb\u00fchl-Index of contractility and max. Vce. Depression of contractility of 40 % was observed after ischemic arrest and Kirsch-Cardioplegia, whereas in Bretschneider-Cardioplegia depression was only 7 %. Forty-five minutes after reperfusion contractility had returned to normal in the last group. It is concluded that Bretschneider-Cardioplegia results in little reduction of postischemic contractility, and has a good protective effect on the myocardium.", "PMID": 675658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2273", "title": "[Artificial cardiac valve with curved disc (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of insufficient opening of Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley- and Lillehei-Kaster-prostheses in vitro and in vivo a new pendulum valve is proposed. The skeleton line of the disc crossection is bent towards the main flow direction when the valve is closed. Thus during valve opening the blood stream is directed to the opposite of the opening direction as to add torque to the disc which enables complete valve opening. During flow observations in an open water table with eight different curved discs an increase of the opening angle with which the torque disappears could be measured with increasing curve of the disc. The pressure loss of the valve is smaller in comparison to the pressure loss of pendulum valves with plane or contrarily curved discs. Furthermore the curvature decreases the backflow volume during valve closure.", "contents": "[Artificial cardiac valve with curved disc (author's transl)]. Because of insufficient opening of Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley- and Lillehei-Kaster-prostheses in vitro and in vivo a new pendulum valve is proposed. The skeleton line of the disc crossection is bent towards the main flow direction when the valve is closed. Thus during valve opening the blood stream is directed to the opposite of the opening direction as to add torque to the disc which enables complete valve opening. During flow observations in an open water table with eight different curved discs an increase of the opening angle with which the torque disappears could be measured with increasing curve of the disc. The pressure loss of the valve is smaller in comparison to the pressure loss of pendulum valves with plane or contrarily curved discs. Furthermore the curvature decreases the backflow volume during valve closure.", "PMID": 675659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2274", "title": "[Left ventricular dynamics with exercise after revascularization in advanced coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "66 patients with 2 and 3 vessel coronary heart disease were studied before and after complete successful revascularization. Hemodynamic measurements and biplane left ventricular angiograms were obtained at rest and during supine bicycle exercise.--After operation a significant overall decrease of LVEDP with exercise was seen; exercise LVEF increased in cases with left main disease and in most cases with double vessel disease and double bypass. Inconsistant response was present in 3 vessel disease. Improvement of left ventricular dynamics with exercise in advanced coronary disease after complete revascularization can be expected mainly in 2 vessel disease and left main coronary disease.", "contents": "[Left ventricular dynamics with exercise after revascularization in advanced coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. 66 patients with 2 and 3 vessel coronary heart disease were studied before and after complete successful revascularization. Hemodynamic measurements and biplane left ventricular angiograms were obtained at rest and during supine bicycle exercise.--After operation a significant overall decrease of LVEDP with exercise was seen; exercise LVEF increased in cases with left main disease and in most cases with double vessel disease and double bypass. Inconsistant response was present in 3 vessel disease. Improvement of left ventricular dynamics with exercise in advanced coronary disease after complete revascularization can be expected mainly in 2 vessel disease and left main coronary disease.", "PMID": 675660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2275", "title": "Species-specific aggregation factor in sponges. XIII. Entire and core structure of the large circular proteid particle from Geodia cydonium.", "content": "High-molecular weight particles have been isolated from the sponge Geodica cydonium. In the \"native\" from these particles consist of a spherical center and have 25-30 filaments attached to it. The core structure of the particles is assembled of a central circle and 25 radially-arranged filaments. The core structure is obtained from the entire structure by incubation in a medium, containing a non-ionic detergent and EDTA. The molecular weight of the enitre structure was in the range of 1.4 X 10(9) daltons or more and of the core structure 6.1 x 10(8) daltons. Two functional proteins are released from the \"native\" particles: the aggregation factor and the sialytransferase.", "contents": "Species-specific aggregation factor in sponges. XIII. Entire and core structure of the large circular proteid particle from Geodia cydonium. High-molecular weight particles have been isolated from the sponge Geodica cydonium. In the \"native\" from these particles consist of a spherical center and have 25-30 filaments attached to it. The core structure of the particles is assembled of a central circle and 25 radially-arranged filaments. The core structure is obtained from the entire structure by incubation in a medium, containing a non-ionic detergent and EDTA. The molecular weight of the enitre structure was in the range of 1.4 X 10(9) daltons or more and of the core structure 6.1 x 10(8) daltons. Two functional proteins are released from the \"native\" particles: the aggregation factor and the sialytransferase.", "PMID": 675661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2276", "title": "Freeze-etch localization and distribution of concanavalin A in normal and irreversibly sickled erythrocytes.", "content": "Normal red blood cells and irreversibly sickled red cells (ISCs) were incubated in Concanavalin A (Con A) prior to freeze-etching. The Con A molecules could be visualized on the cells without conjugating the Con A to a larger molecule. No differences in the number or distribution of the Con A binding sites were observed between normal red cells and ISCs. Moreover, the number and distribution of the intramembranous particles (IMP) present on the fracture face of the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet were the same in normal cells and ISCs. Thus, the membrane differences that do exist between normal red cells and ISCs in terms of cell shape and adhesiveness are not reflected in Con A binding or IMP number and distribution.", "contents": "Freeze-etch localization and distribution of concanavalin A in normal and irreversibly sickled erythrocytes. Normal red blood cells and irreversibly sickled red cells (ISCs) were incubated in Concanavalin A (Con A) prior to freeze-etching. The Con A molecules could be visualized on the cells without conjugating the Con A to a larger molecule. No differences in the number or distribution of the Con A binding sites were observed between normal red cells and ISCs. Moreover, the number and distribution of the intramembranous particles (IMP) present on the fracture face of the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet were the same in normal cells and ISCs. Thus, the membrane differences that do exist between normal red cells and ISCs in terms of cell shape and adhesiveness are not reflected in Con A binding or IMP number and distribution.", "PMID": 675662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2277", "title": "Ultrastructure of lineus ruber (Rhyncocoela) epidermis.", "content": "Recent evidence indicates that nemertean epidermis is capable of absorbing certain organic solutes from sea water via mediated transport mechanisms, as well as secreting mucoid substances. Morphological studies suggest that these functions may be restricted to distinct epidermal cell populations. Mucous secretion at the free surface of the epidermis is the result of synthesis and release activites of cells in both the epidermis and dermis (cutis). Secretion of dermal origin passes through the epidermis to the worm's exterior in slender cytoplasmic process (process (canaux d'evacuation) in the form of membrane bound vesicles. A single gland cell type, located entirely within the epidermis, releases externally a granular product histochemically identified as largely protein plus some amount of carbohydrate with low periodic acid-Schiff's reactivity. The close juxtaposition of granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparati to the secretory material is consistent with the composition of this secretory product. Interstitial cells possess microvilli projecting from their apical surface, in addition to cilia. The outer surface of the plasmalemma covering these ciliary projectons is unadorned, but microvilli possess a fuzzy coat. At the peripheral ends of the microvilli, the coat is filamentous, while at their base the coat consist of foliate structures. Cationic colloidal iron binding suggest that the filamentous portion of the fuzzy coat contains the greatest proportion of the acidic surface charge. The presence of periodic acid-Schiff's positive material in this region suggests that the fuzzy coat also contains carbohydrate. Lateral boundaries of the interstitial cell lacks obvious junctional specializations; however, the apical 150 nm intracellular space narrows to 40 nm and continues in a tortuous interdigitating path to the base of the adjacent interstitial cells. Where the apex of these cells is broad, the interdigitations are shallow, but the basal half of the interstitial cells have deep complex infoldings. Cytoplasmic organelles other than the nucleus, mitochondria and some granular endoplasmic reticulum, are restricted to the apical half of the cytoplasm. The presence of closely apposed Golgi complexes and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, multivesicular bodies, lysosome-like dense vesicles and coated vesicles suggests that these cells may play a role in intracellular digestion of phagocytized particulate matter from the external environment. The amplification of the interstitial cell's free surface suggests that these cells are primarily responsible for mediated solute transport across the epidermis.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of lineus ruber (Rhyncocoela) epidermis. Recent evidence indicates that nemertean epidermis is capable of absorbing certain organic solutes from sea water via mediated transport mechanisms, as well as secreting mucoid substances. Morphological studies suggest that these functions may be restricted to distinct epidermal cell populations. Mucous secretion at the free surface of the epidermis is the result of synthesis and release activites of cells in both the epidermis and dermis (cutis). Secretion of dermal origin passes through the epidermis to the worm's exterior in slender cytoplasmic process (process (canaux d'evacuation) in the form of membrane bound vesicles. A single gland cell type, located entirely within the epidermis, releases externally a granular product histochemically identified as largely protein plus some amount of carbohydrate with low periodic acid-Schiff's reactivity. The close juxtaposition of granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparati to the secretory material is consistent with the composition of this secretory product. Interstitial cells possess microvilli projecting from their apical surface, in addition to cilia. The outer surface of the plasmalemma covering these ciliary projectons is unadorned, but microvilli possess a fuzzy coat. At the peripheral ends of the microvilli, the coat is filamentous, while at their base the coat consist of foliate structures. Cationic colloidal iron binding suggest that the filamentous portion of the fuzzy coat contains the greatest proportion of the acidic surface charge. The presence of periodic acid-Schiff's positive material in this region suggests that the fuzzy coat also contains carbohydrate. Lateral boundaries of the interstitial cell lacks obvious junctional specializations; however, the apical 150 nm intracellular space narrows to 40 nm and continues in a tortuous interdigitating path to the base of the adjacent interstitial cells. Where the apex of these cells is broad, the interdigitations are shallow, but the basal half of the interstitial cells have deep complex infoldings. Cytoplasmic organelles other than the nucleus, mitochondria and some granular endoplasmic reticulum, are restricted to the apical half of the cytoplasm. The presence of closely apposed Golgi complexes and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, multivesicular bodies, lysosome-like dense vesicles and coated vesicles suggests that these cells may play a role in intracellular digestion of phagocytized particulate matter from the external environment. The amplification of the interstitial cell's free surface suggests that these cells are primarily responsible for mediated solute transport across the epidermis.", "PMID": 675663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2278", "title": "Comparative ultrastructure of juvenile and adult nuchal organs of an annelid (Polychaeta: Opheliidae).", "content": "Opheliid nuchal organs are composed of ciliated cells, retractor muscles, and sensory cells. The perikarya of sensory cells are located in the posterior portion of the brain, and their distal processes extend along the body wall, as the nuchal nerve, and terminate just anterior to the ciliated region. The nuchal nerve of the juvenile is composed of 30-35 dendrites; the adult nuchal nerve has 35-40 dendrites. The ends of the sensory dendrites form sensory bulbs which are clustered around the olfactory chamber, and each bulb bears a modified cilium. Sensory cilia lose their axonemes and extend as microvillous-like structures into the olfactory chamber. Supportive cells delineate approximately the posterior and dorsal portions of the chamber with sensory bulbs forming the remaining ventral and anterior portions. On the lateral aspect of the chamber, cuticular matrix. The adult nuchal organ is larger than that of the juvenile, and the sensory portion of the olfactory chamber wall is expanded. Expansion of the sensory area is apparently the result of size increase in sensory bulbs and by intrusion of supportive cells between sensory bulbs.", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructure of juvenile and adult nuchal organs of an annelid (Polychaeta: Opheliidae). Opheliid nuchal organs are composed of ciliated cells, retractor muscles, and sensory cells. The perikarya of sensory cells are located in the posterior portion of the brain, and their distal processes extend along the body wall, as the nuchal nerve, and terminate just anterior to the ciliated region. The nuchal nerve of the juvenile is composed of 30-35 dendrites; the adult nuchal nerve has 35-40 dendrites. The ends of the sensory dendrites form sensory bulbs which are clustered around the olfactory chamber, and each bulb bears a modified cilium. Sensory cilia lose their axonemes and extend as microvillous-like structures into the olfactory chamber. Supportive cells delineate approximately the posterior and dorsal portions of the chamber with sensory bulbs forming the remaining ventral and anterior portions. On the lateral aspect of the chamber, cuticular matrix. The adult nuchal organ is larger than that of the juvenile, and the sensory portion of the olfactory chamber wall is expanded. Expansion of the sensory area is apparently the result of size increase in sensory bulbs and by intrusion of supportive cells between sensory bulbs.", "PMID": 675664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2279", "title": "The parathyroid gland of the woodchuck (Marmota monax): a study of seasonal variations in the chief cells.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the parathyroid chief cell in the woodchuck, Marmota monax, was studied during the four seasons of the year. Spring chief cells have stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulum, prominent multiple Golgi zones and many clumped mitochondria. Summer cells resemble those seen in the spring but the mitochondria are associated with stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Multiple areas of stacked granular endoplasmic reticulum characterize the fall chief cells. Their Golgi zones are large and are associated with many dense core secretory granules. Lipoid vacuoles are frequently noted. Winter chief cells have secretory granules and phagolysosomes (dense bodies). Some of these cells contain stacked arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum associated with mitochondria, others have only short segments. The above morphological findings are discussed in relation to those in other hibernators, the parafollicular (C) cell, and to the cyclic seasonal activities of the woodchuck.", "contents": "The parathyroid gland of the woodchuck (Marmota monax): a study of seasonal variations in the chief cells. The ultrastructure of the parathyroid chief cell in the woodchuck, Marmota monax, was studied during the four seasons of the year. Spring chief cells have stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulum, prominent multiple Golgi zones and many clumped mitochondria. Summer cells resemble those seen in the spring but the mitochondria are associated with stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Multiple areas of stacked granular endoplasmic reticulum characterize the fall chief cells. Their Golgi zones are large and are associated with many dense core secretory granules. Lipoid vacuoles are frequently noted. Winter chief cells have secretory granules and phagolysosomes (dense bodies). Some of these cells contain stacked arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum associated with mitochondria, others have only short segments. The above morphological findings are discussed in relation to those in other hibernators, the parafollicular (C) cell, and to the cyclic seasonal activities of the woodchuck.", "PMID": 675665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2280", "title": "Anatomical and ultrastructural study of the pharyngeal bulb in  Protodrilus (Polychaeta, Archiannelida). I. Muscles and myo-epithelial junctions.", "content": "The pharyngeal bulb of Protodrilus is both a muscular and an epithelial organ whose function is the drawing up of food particles. The muscular system of the bulb is formed of tightly connected antagonistic muscles: the bulbus muscle and the sagittal and  \"grating plate\" muscles. All of them are composed of obliquely striated fibers whose ultrastructural characteristics are similar to those of Hirudina and even more to those of epitokous forms of Nereidae and Syllinadae. Myo-epithelial cells do not exist in the pharyngeal bulb of Protodrilus contrary to what was previously thought; the muscles and the stomodeal epithelium are united by junction areas on both sides of the basal lamina. These myo-epithelial junctions may be compared of the myoepidermic junctions known in several Arthropods. A comparison of the ultrastructural features of the bulbus muscle fibers of Protodrillus (Protodrilidae) and Trilobodrilus (Dinophilidae) shows that the Protodrilus fiber clearly belongs to the obliquely striated type classically found in Polychaeta, while the Trilobodrilus fiber is a very peculiar type of obliquely striated fiber. These differences do not agree with J\u00e4gerstens hypothesis on the unity of the Archiannelida established on the basis of a structural similarity of the bulbus muscles.", "contents": "Anatomical and ultrastructural study of the pharyngeal bulb in  Protodrilus (Polychaeta, Archiannelida). I. Muscles and myo-epithelial junctions. The pharyngeal bulb of Protodrilus is both a muscular and an epithelial organ whose function is the drawing up of food particles. The muscular system of the bulb is formed of tightly connected antagonistic muscles: the bulbus muscle and the sagittal and  \"grating plate\" muscles. All of them are composed of obliquely striated fibers whose ultrastructural characteristics are similar to those of Hirudina and even more to those of epitokous forms of Nereidae and Syllinadae. Myo-epithelial cells do not exist in the pharyngeal bulb of Protodrilus contrary to what was previously thought; the muscles and the stomodeal epithelium are united by junction areas on both sides of the basal lamina. These myo-epithelial junctions may be compared of the myoepidermic junctions known in several Arthropods. A comparison of the ultrastructural features of the bulbus muscle fibers of Protodrillus (Protodrilidae) and Trilobodrilus (Dinophilidae) shows that the Protodrilus fiber clearly belongs to the obliquely striated type classically found in Polychaeta, while the Trilobodrilus fiber is a very peculiar type of obliquely striated fiber. These differences do not agree with J\u00e4gerstens hypothesis on the unity of the Archiannelida established on the basis of a structural similarity of the bulbus muscles.", "PMID": 675666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2281", "title": "Anatomical and ultrastructural study of the pharyngeal bulb in Protodrilus (Polychaeta, Archiannelida) II. The stomodeal and its cuticle.", "content": "The epidermal and stomodeal cuticles of Protodrilus are described then compared. The thin epidermal cuticle, the thickness of which is about the same over all the body, is characterized  both by the absence of fibrils in its deepest part and by the extension of epidermal microvilli above the cuticle. The stomodeal cuticle, the thickness of which is as variable as that of the epithelium, presents two layers of fibrils comparable to the collagen fibrils described in the cuticle of other Annelida, as well as a relatively diversified supramicrovillous coating. The anterior cuticular thickening or grating plate, is characterized by the length of the epithelial microvilli, the thickness of the cuticular matrix and the superficial cuticular zone with supramicrovillous denticles supported by an axis of fibrous bundles. In the stomodeal cuticle, the fibrillar material seems to give to the cuticle best resistance to deformation during the pharyngeal bulb contraction, while an especially elaborated supramicrovillous coating is found in regions most exposed to friction. These features contrast with the relative simplicity of the epidermal cuticle.", "contents": "Anatomical and ultrastructural study of the pharyngeal bulb in Protodrilus (Polychaeta, Archiannelida) II. The stomodeal and its cuticle. The epidermal and stomodeal cuticles of Protodrilus are described then compared. The thin epidermal cuticle, the thickness of which is about the same over all the body, is characterized  both by the absence of fibrils in its deepest part and by the extension of epidermal microvilli above the cuticle. The stomodeal cuticle, the thickness of which is as variable as that of the epithelium, presents two layers of fibrils comparable to the collagen fibrils described in the cuticle of other Annelida, as well as a relatively diversified supramicrovillous coating. The anterior cuticular thickening or grating plate, is characterized by the length of the epithelial microvilli, the thickness of the cuticular matrix and the superficial cuticular zone with supramicrovillous denticles supported by an axis of fibrous bundles. In the stomodeal cuticle, the fibrillar material seems to give to the cuticle best resistance to deformation during the pharyngeal bulb contraction, while an especially elaborated supramicrovillous coating is found in regions most exposed to friction. These features contrast with the relative simplicity of the epidermal cuticle.", "PMID": 675667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2282", "title": "The kidney of the prussian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Cyprinidae). III. Glycogen-rich cells in the distal segment of nephronic tubule.", "content": "Glycogen may be present in considerable amount in the distal segment of the nephronic tubule of a teleost freshwater fish, as revealed by light- and electron-microscopical observation. Adaptation of Crassiss auratus gibelio to increased salinity causes alterations of the cell fine structure (e.g. mitochondria and baso-lateral infoldings) but apparently does not influence deposition of glycogen. However glycogen storage is directly controlled by environmental temperature and may be part of an annual rhythm in carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "The kidney of the prussian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Cyprinidae). III. Glycogen-rich cells in the distal segment of nephronic tubule. Glycogen may be present in considerable amount in the distal segment of the nephronic tubule of a teleost freshwater fish, as revealed by light- and electron-microscopical observation. Adaptation of Crassiss auratus gibelio to increased salinity causes alterations of the cell fine structure (e.g. mitochondria and baso-lateral infoldings) but apparently does not influence deposition of glycogen. However glycogen storage is directly controlled by environmental temperature and may be part of an annual rhythm in carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 675668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2283", "title": "Fine structure of tight junctions between rat choroidal cells after osmotic opening induced by urea and sucrose.", "content": "After ventriculo-cisternal perfusion of hypertonic urea or sucrose, both the choroid plexus permeability to horseradish peroxidase and the structure of tight junctions between choroidal cells are modified. Intercellular spaces are swollen, continuous ridges are fragmented and intrajunctional spaces are invested by many membranous particles. These morphological alterations appear to be reversible. These ultrastructural data are related to an osmotic maladjustment induced by the introduction of hypertonic solutions into the cerebro-spinal fluid.", "contents": "Fine structure of tight junctions between rat choroidal cells after osmotic opening induced by urea and sucrose. After ventriculo-cisternal perfusion of hypertonic urea or sucrose, both the choroid plexus permeability to horseradish peroxidase and the structure of tight junctions between choroidal cells are modified. Intercellular spaces are swollen, continuous ridges are fragmented and intrajunctional spaces are invested by many membranous particles. These morphological alterations appear to be reversible. These ultrastructural data are related to an osmotic maladjustment induced by the introduction of hypertonic solutions into the cerebro-spinal fluid.", "PMID": 675669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2284", "title": "Early origins of definitive erythroid cells in the chick embryo.", "content": "The early maturation stages of definitive erythroid cells are observed in the embryonic circulation of the chick yolk sac at 4.5--5 days of incubation. Light and electron microscope observation of the mesoderm of the yold sac membrane indicate that individual presumptive precursors of the definitive-line are present as early as 2 days of incubation and give rise to sequestered populations of immature erythroblasts within sinusoids during the period of 2.5-6 days incubation. Such isolated populations of definitive-line erythroblasts eventually connect with the established capillary circulation of yolk sac membrane but a large proportion of the erythroblasts temporarily remain associated with the endothelium prior to free circulation.", "contents": "Early origins of definitive erythroid cells in the chick embryo. The early maturation stages of definitive erythroid cells are observed in the embryonic circulation of the chick yolk sac at 4.5--5 days of incubation. Light and electron microscope observation of the mesoderm of the yold sac membrane indicate that individual presumptive precursors of the definitive-line are present as early as 2 days of incubation and give rise to sequestered populations of immature erythroblasts within sinusoids during the period of 2.5-6 days incubation. Such isolated populations of definitive-line erythroblasts eventually connect with the established capillary circulation of yolk sac membrane but a large proportion of the erythroblasts temporarily remain associated with the endothelium prior to free circulation.", "PMID": 675670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2285", "title": "Fine structure of the tegumentary glands secreting the protective \"shield\" in a sessile insect (Homoptera, Diaspiddae).", "content": "The tegumentary pygidial glands of Aonidiella aurantii (Homoptera, Diaspididae) produce a secretion forming the shield of these fixed parasites of plants. They are formed of seven cells: a principal unpaired secretory cell which produces an abundant glycoproteinaceous secretion; a small associated cell with a secondary reservoir for this secretion; two accessory secretory cells which have very abundant tubular extensions coming from the plasma membrane, and a flocculent secretion gathered in a large sub-cuticular space; two cells forming an enlarged part of the excretory canal, functioning like a spinneret; and finally a single cell forming the tubular duct of this complex gland. The cuticle of the secretory cells has a very special porous structure, through which the secretion passes. The final product is a ribbon formed by two hollow strands stuck together. The exact nature of this secretion is not clear. It is comparable to a silk secretion though it has its own particular characteristics.", "contents": "Fine structure of the tegumentary glands secreting the protective \"shield\" in a sessile insect (Homoptera, Diaspiddae). The tegumentary pygidial glands of Aonidiella aurantii (Homoptera, Diaspididae) produce a secretion forming the shield of these fixed parasites of plants. They are formed of seven cells: a principal unpaired secretory cell which produces an abundant glycoproteinaceous secretion; a small associated cell with a secondary reservoir for this secretion; two accessory secretory cells which have very abundant tubular extensions coming from the plasma membrane, and a flocculent secretion gathered in a large sub-cuticular space; two cells forming an enlarged part of the excretory canal, functioning like a spinneret; and finally a single cell forming the tubular duct of this complex gland. The cuticle of the secretory cells has a very special porous structure, through which the secretion passes. The final product is a ribbon formed by two hollow strands stuck together. The exact nature of this secretion is not clear. It is comparable to a silk secretion though it has its own particular characteristics.", "PMID": 675671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2286", "title": "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of \"angiographically absent pulmonary artery syndrome\".", "content": "Among the heart diseases, there are some cases in which pulmonary arteries cannot be visualized by standard right ventriculography and aortography. We have categorized such a case as \"angiographically absent pulmonary artery syndrome\", which may include congenital or acquired absent pulmonary artery, and anatomically present but non-visualized pulmonary artery. It has been extremely difficult to achieve an accurate diagnosis in such cases and there has been no report of successful surgical treatment for them. Recently, we developed a method of retrograde pulmonary arteriography, with which the pulmonary artery can be successfully visualized in cases of angiographically absent pulmonary artery. Subsequently, re-establishment of the blood flow to the non-visualized pulmonary artery has been successfully performed in 7 of 8 cases of this syndrome. --angiographically absent pulmonary artery syndrome; retrograde pulmonary arteriography; surgical repair.", "contents": "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of \"angiographically absent pulmonary artery syndrome\". Among the heart diseases, there are some cases in which pulmonary arteries cannot be visualized by standard right ventriculography and aortography. We have categorized such a case as \"angiographically absent pulmonary artery syndrome\", which may include congenital or acquired absent pulmonary artery, and anatomically present but non-visualized pulmonary artery. It has been extremely difficult to achieve an accurate diagnosis in such cases and there has been no report of successful surgical treatment for them. Recently, we developed a method of retrograde pulmonary arteriography, with which the pulmonary artery can be successfully visualized in cases of angiographically absent pulmonary artery. Subsequently, re-establishment of the blood flow to the non-visualized pulmonary artery has been successfully performed in 7 of 8 cases of this syndrome. --angiographically absent pulmonary artery syndrome; retrograde pulmonary arteriography; surgical repair.", "PMID": 675672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2287", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis and fetal pathology of Niemann-Pick disease.", "content": "Prenatal diagnosis was successfully accomplished by determining sphingomyelinase activity in the cultured amniotic fluid cells in a case of high risk pregnancy for Niemann-Pick disease (NPD), type A. No detectable activity of sphingomyelinase was found in the cultured amniotic fluid cells obtained at the 17th week of gestation. Patient's pregnancy was terminated and the aborted fetus was proved to be affected with NPD. The liver, brain and skin fibroblasts from the aborted fetus revealed a markedly diminished activity of sphingomyelinase. Sphingomyelin content in the liver of the affected fetus was found to be increased approximately sevenfold as compared with that in a control fetus liver. On the other hand, there was no increase of sphingomyelin in the brain from the affected fetus. No significant increase in cholesterol content was found in the liver and brain from the affected fetus. Electron-microscopic findings revealed membranous cytoplasmic bodies and electron dense material with vacuoles in cytoplasm of the liver cell and a number of Zebra body-like inclusions in the cerebral vessel wall. Biochemical and histological findings of the NPD fetus indicate that there is the progress of the disorder already in the midtrimester of gestation.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis and fetal pathology of Niemann-Pick disease. Prenatal diagnosis was successfully accomplished by determining sphingomyelinase activity in the cultured amniotic fluid cells in a case of high risk pregnancy for Niemann-Pick disease (NPD), type A. No detectable activity of sphingomyelinase was found in the cultured amniotic fluid cells obtained at the 17th week of gestation. Patient's pregnancy was terminated and the aborted fetus was proved to be affected with NPD. The liver, brain and skin fibroblasts from the aborted fetus revealed a markedly diminished activity of sphingomyelinase. Sphingomyelin content in the liver of the affected fetus was found to be increased approximately sevenfold as compared with that in a control fetus liver. On the other hand, there was no increase of sphingomyelin in the brain from the affected fetus. No significant increase in cholesterol content was found in the liver and brain from the affected fetus. Electron-microscopic findings revealed membranous cytoplasmic bodies and electron dense material with vacuoles in cytoplasm of the liver cell and a number of Zebra body-like inclusions in the cerebral vessel wall. Biochemical and histological findings of the NPD fetus indicate that there is the progress of the disorder already in the midtrimester of gestation.", "PMID": 675673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2288", "title": "Experimental study on the segmental innervation of the spinal cord to the visceral organs.", "content": "To clarify the segmental innervation of the spinal cord to the visceral organs, selective section of the individual spinal nerve root of the dog in different spinal segment was performed, and the distribution of distal degeneration of myelinated nerve fibers in the sympathetic trunk and in peripheral nerves was observed. From the results obtained, much wide-spread innervation of each spinal segment to the visceral organs was revealed, and an efferent system in the dorsal root of the spinal nerve was confirmed to be related to the visceral organ. Furthermore, widely extended innervation of the vagus nerve to the visceral organ was clarified.", "contents": "Experimental study on the segmental innervation of the spinal cord to the visceral organs. To clarify the segmental innervation of the spinal cord to the visceral organs, selective section of the individual spinal nerve root of the dog in different spinal segment was performed, and the distribution of distal degeneration of myelinated nerve fibers in the sympathetic trunk and in peripheral nerves was observed. From the results obtained, much wide-spread innervation of each spinal segment to the visceral organs was revealed, and an efferent system in the dorsal root of the spinal nerve was confirmed to be related to the visceral organ. Furthermore, widely extended innervation of the vagus nerve to the visceral organ was clarified.", "PMID": 675674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2289", "title": "Isolated, blood-perfused canine arteries: different vasoconstrictor responses of internal and external carotid arteries to 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "Canine carotid arteries were isolated, suspended in a bath and perfused under a constant flow rate with arterial blood led from a support dog. Resting perfusion pressure was set at a constant level over 50 mm Hg. Drugs were administered into the endothelial side of the artery through a cannulated tubing and the response was obtained as pressure changes. This preparation was proved to be superior to usual isolated arterial strips, since its reactivity was kept in a stable condition over 5-10 hours at 37 degrees C. Using this preparation, effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the internal and external carotid arteries were investigated in comparison with effects of norepinephrine. In the internal carotid artery, 5-HT caused a much more potent vasoconstriction than norepinephrine. On the other hand, in the external carotid artery, 5-HT caused only slight vasoconstriction, while norepinephrine produced a marked vasoconstriction.", "contents": "Isolated, blood-perfused canine arteries: different vasoconstrictor responses of internal and external carotid arteries to 5-hydroxytryptamine. Canine carotid arteries were isolated, suspended in a bath and perfused under a constant flow rate with arterial blood led from a support dog. Resting perfusion pressure was set at a constant level over 50 mm Hg. Drugs were administered into the endothelial side of the artery through a cannulated tubing and the response was obtained as pressure changes. This preparation was proved to be superior to usual isolated arterial strips, since its reactivity was kept in a stable condition over 5-10 hours at 37 degrees C. Using this preparation, effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the internal and external carotid arteries were investigated in comparison with effects of norepinephrine. In the internal carotid artery, 5-HT caused a much more potent vasoconstriction than norepinephrine. On the other hand, in the external carotid artery, 5-HT caused only slight vasoconstriction, while norepinephrine produced a marked vasoconstriction.", "PMID": 675675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2290", "title": "Vasomotor waves during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Vasomotor waves (VMW) were observed in nine cardiac patients during cardiopulmonary bypass. The period and amplitude of the waves were described together with their consistency and other pertinent data. Effects of several pharmacologic agents on these waves were tested. These VMW are likely to be caused by spontaneous oscillation of presso-regulatory feedback systems. Cerebral ischemic response is suspected to be the most likely candidate. However, no patients showed any gross neurological symptoms in the postoperative period.", "contents": "Vasomotor waves during cardiopulmonary bypass. Vasomotor waves (VMW) were observed in nine cardiac patients during cardiopulmonary bypass. The period and amplitude of the waves were described together with their consistency and other pertinent data. Effects of several pharmacologic agents on these waves were tested. These VMW are likely to be caused by spontaneous oscillation of presso-regulatory feedback systems. Cerebral ischemic response is suspected to be the most likely candidate. However, no patients showed any gross neurological symptoms in the postoperative period.", "PMID": 675676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2291", "title": "Diagnosis of persistent truncus arteriosus by two-dimensional echocardiography: a case study.", "content": "Two-dimensional echocardiography of a patient revealed overriding of the large aortic trunk which bifurcated above the semilunar valve, suggesting persistent truncus arterious. This diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Surgery and autopsy also confirmed the accuracy of the two dimensional echocardiographic findings. Two-dimensional echocardiography is thus valuable in diagnosing persistent truncus arteriosus.", "contents": "Diagnosis of persistent truncus arteriosus by two-dimensional echocardiography: a case study. Two-dimensional echocardiography of a patient revealed overriding of the large aortic trunk which bifurcated above the semilunar valve, suggesting persistent truncus arterious. This diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Surgery and autopsy also confirmed the accuracy of the two dimensional echocardiographic findings. Two-dimensional echocardiography is thus valuable in diagnosing persistent truncus arteriosus.", "PMID": 675677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2292", "title": "Neuromuscular blocking property of amikacin in man.", "content": "The effect of amikacin on the neuromuscular junction was studied in man during anesthesia and surgery. Amikacin alone did not show any neuromuscular blocking action in normal man in therapeutic doses (100-200 mg). However, during recovery from either d-tubocurarine block or phase II block with succinylcholine, the intravenous administration of 200 mg of amikacin caused a decrease in twitch tension. This neuromuscular block aggravated by amikacin was antagonized by edrophonium (10 mg) or calcium chloride (400 mg). Data obtained from the peroneal nerve-anterior tibial muscle preparation of rabbits suggested that the neuromuscular blocking potency of amikacin was one-twelfth of that of kanamycin in therapeutic doses. Although amikacin is thus less potent than kanamycin, caution should be taken in its use for patients with myasthenic state.", "contents": "Neuromuscular blocking property of amikacin in man. The effect of amikacin on the neuromuscular junction was studied in man during anesthesia and surgery. Amikacin alone did not show any neuromuscular blocking action in normal man in therapeutic doses (100-200 mg). However, during recovery from either d-tubocurarine block or phase II block with succinylcholine, the intravenous administration of 200 mg of amikacin caused a decrease in twitch tension. This neuromuscular block aggravated by amikacin was antagonized by edrophonium (10 mg) or calcium chloride (400 mg). Data obtained from the peroneal nerve-anterior tibial muscle preparation of rabbits suggested that the neuromuscular blocking potency of amikacin was one-twelfth of that of kanamycin in therapeutic doses. Although amikacin is thus less potent than kanamycin, caution should be taken in its use for patients with myasthenic state.", "PMID": 675679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2293", "title": "The significance of the sweat test in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "In order to study the disposition which is thought to be latent in chronic pancreatitis, we investigated the sweat chloride concentration of 95 normal subjects, 43 cases of chronic pancreatitis, 12 cases of cholelithiasis, 15 cases of peptic ulcers, 16 cases of hepatic diseases and 23 cases of diabetes mellitus with the sweat test, using the method of pilocarpine iontophoresis. We obtained the following results. (1) In normal subjects, the sweat chloride concentration was inclined to rise gradually with age from childhood to adulthood; the mean value of sweat chloride concentration was 30.0 mEq/liter in adults from 20 years old, and the upper limit was about 60 mEq/liter. (2) The mean value of sweat chloride concentration was 60.0 mEq/liter in chronic calcifying pancreatitis; this value was markedly higher than that of control subjects of the same age (p is less than 0.001). (3) The mean value of sweat chloride concentration in cholelithiasis, peptic ulcer and hepatic diseases did not differ significantly from control subjects. The mean value of sweat chloride concentration in diabetes mellitus was significantly higher than that of control subjects (p is less than 0.01), but was significantly lower than that in chronic pancreatitis (p is less than 0.01). (4) It was supposed that some cases of chronic pancreatitis have a congenital disposition toward abnormal secretion of sweat glands and epithelium in the pancreatic duct, resembling cystic fibrosis, and this disposition leads easily to pancreatic disorders when the individual is exposed to various external factors.", "contents": "The significance of the sweat test in chronic pancreatitis. In order to study the disposition which is thought to be latent in chronic pancreatitis, we investigated the sweat chloride concentration of 95 normal subjects, 43 cases of chronic pancreatitis, 12 cases of cholelithiasis, 15 cases of peptic ulcers, 16 cases of hepatic diseases and 23 cases of diabetes mellitus with the sweat test, using the method of pilocarpine iontophoresis. We obtained the following results. (1) In normal subjects, the sweat chloride concentration was inclined to rise gradually with age from childhood to adulthood; the mean value of sweat chloride concentration was 30.0 mEq/liter in adults from 20 years old, and the upper limit was about 60 mEq/liter. (2) The mean value of sweat chloride concentration was 60.0 mEq/liter in chronic calcifying pancreatitis; this value was markedly higher than that of control subjects of the same age (p is less than 0.001). (3) The mean value of sweat chloride concentration in cholelithiasis, peptic ulcer and hepatic diseases did not differ significantly from control subjects. The mean value of sweat chloride concentration in diabetes mellitus was significantly higher than that of control subjects (p is less than 0.01), but was significantly lower than that in chronic pancreatitis (p is less than 0.01). (4) It was supposed that some cases of chronic pancreatitis have a congenital disposition toward abnormal secretion of sweat glands and epithelium in the pancreatic duct, resembling cystic fibrosis, and this disposition leads easily to pancreatic disorders when the individual is exposed to various external factors.", "PMID": 675678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2294", "title": "Study on the porcine tubular basement membrane.", "content": "Porcine kidney slices were gently homogenized with 0.9% NaCl in a Waring blender, followed by sieving of the homogenate to isolate tubules. The tubular basement membrane (TBM) was then prepared from the tubules by sonication in 1.0 M NaCl. Electron micrographs indicated a high degree of purity of the TBM with negligible contamination of fibrillar collagen. Analytical data showed that the TBM was a glycoprotein containing approximately 10% of carbohydrates. Of the sugar components, glucose and galactose comprised approximately 70% of the total carbohydrates and glycosylgalactosylhydroxylysine was detected in an alkaline hydrolyzate of the TBM. Besides them, mannose, fucose, glucosamine, galactosamine and sialic acid were also detected. The protein portion of the TBM contained hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, half cystine, methionine and a large amount of glycine as the characteristic amino acids. Polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis of the TBM gave 15 bands.", "contents": "Study on the porcine tubular basement membrane. Porcine kidney slices were gently homogenized with 0.9% NaCl in a Waring blender, followed by sieving of the homogenate to isolate tubules. The tubular basement membrane (TBM) was then prepared from the tubules by sonication in 1.0 M NaCl. Electron micrographs indicated a high degree of purity of the TBM with negligible contamination of fibrillar collagen. Analytical data showed that the TBM was a glycoprotein containing approximately 10% of carbohydrates. Of the sugar components, glucose and galactose comprised approximately 70% of the total carbohydrates and glycosylgalactosylhydroxylysine was detected in an alkaline hydrolyzate of the TBM. Besides them, mannose, fucose, glucosamine, galactosamine and sialic acid were also detected. The protein portion of the TBM contained hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, half cystine, methionine and a large amount of glycine as the characteristic amino acids. Polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis of the TBM gave 15 bands.", "PMID": 675680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2295", "title": "Parenchymal weight of the parathyroid gland and the kidney in chronic glomerulonephritis.", "content": "This histomorphometrical study was performed on the kidney and the parathyroid glands of autopsy cases of chronic glomerulonephritis. The kidneys showed atrophy in varying degrees. Weight of the parathyroid glands increased because of proliferation of parenchyma. Weight of parathyroid parenchyma correlated negatively with weight of the kidney and volume density of tubules in renal cortex.", "contents": "Parenchymal weight of the parathyroid gland and the kidney in chronic glomerulonephritis. This histomorphometrical study was performed on the kidney and the parathyroid glands of autopsy cases of chronic glomerulonephritis. The kidneys showed atrophy in varying degrees. Weight of the parathyroid glands increased because of proliferation of parenchyma. Weight of parathyroid parenchyma correlated negatively with weight of the kidney and volume density of tubules in renal cortex.", "PMID": 675681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2296", "title": "Dopamine and noradrenaline levels in the brains of lead and zinc poisoned rats.", "content": "Acute plumbism include recurrent seizures, cerebral palsy and mental retardations. The impairment of the central nervous system (CNS) with increased lead absorption is of paramount concern which remains unsolved because of the lack of specific and sensitive neurochemical/biochemical indicators of the effect of lead on the CNS. In our experimental acute lead-zinc poisoning, significant increase in noradrenaline and slight decrease in dopamine have been found in the brains of rats, which suggest that there is change in neurotransmitter metabolism in lead poisoning.", "contents": "Dopamine and noradrenaline levels in the brains of lead and zinc poisoned rats. Acute plumbism include recurrent seizures, cerebral palsy and mental retardations. The impairment of the central nervous system (CNS) with increased lead absorption is of paramount concern which remains unsolved because of the lack of specific and sensitive neurochemical/biochemical indicators of the effect of lead on the CNS. In our experimental acute lead-zinc poisoning, significant increase in noradrenaline and slight decrease in dopamine have been found in the brains of rats, which suggest that there is change in neurotransmitter metabolism in lead poisoning.", "PMID": 675713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2297", "title": "Long-term toxicity studies of chocolate brown HT in mice.", "content": "Groups of 48 male and 48 female mice were given diets containing 0 (control), 0.01, 0.1 or 0.5% Chocolate Brown HT for 80 weeks. There was a slightly reduced body weight gain and a lower heart weight in males given the highest dietary level. At the same level at week 77 the packed cell volume and total leucocyte count values in females were lower than those of the controls. However, the relationship of these findings to the treatment was questionable, as was the increased incidence of leucocytic infiltration of the liver in the female mice at the 0.5% level of treatment. A brown coloration of internal organs seen at the highest treatment level was due probably to the Chocolate Brown HT. The distribution of tumours was similar in all groups and it was concluded that there was no evidence of a carcinogenic effect with doses up to 700 mg/kg/day while the no-untoward-effect level was greater than 140 mg/kg/day.", "contents": "Long-term toxicity studies of chocolate brown HT in mice. Groups of 48 male and 48 female mice were given diets containing 0 (control), 0.01, 0.1 or 0.5% Chocolate Brown HT for 80 weeks. There was a slightly reduced body weight gain and a lower heart weight in males given the highest dietary level. At the same level at week 77 the packed cell volume and total leucocyte count values in females were lower than those of the controls. However, the relationship of these findings to the treatment was questionable, as was the increased incidence of leucocytic infiltration of the liver in the female mice at the 0.5% level of treatment. A brown coloration of internal organs seen at the highest treatment level was due probably to the Chocolate Brown HT. The distribution of tumours was similar in all groups and it was concluded that there was no evidence of a carcinogenic effect with doses up to 700 mg/kg/day while the no-untoward-effect level was greater than 140 mg/kg/day.", "PMID": 675714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2298", "title": "Pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in rat liver after the administration of cycloheximide.", "content": "After the administration of cycloheximide (2 mg/kg) the utilization of [2(-14C)]orotic acid for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides of acid-soluble extracts of the liver is not affected for about 7 h. The specific activities of uridine and cytidine components are increased later on, and this increase is higher in the case of cytidine components. Analogous changes undergoes the specific activity of RNA pyrimidine nucleotides. The increased utilization of labeled orotic acid for the synthesis of cytidine nucleotides can be observed also in the kidney and in the small intestine. The enhanced degree of labeling of cytidine nucleotides in vivo cannot be correlated with the activity of cytidine triphosphate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.2) of liver cytosol estimated in vitro. The amination of UTP is suppressed at later intervals after the application of cycloheximide. The same holds true for the activity of uridine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.3),5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) and of liver cytosol. The activity of uridine kinase (EC 2.7.1.48) is increased when tested both with uridine and cytidine as substrates. Cytidine deaminase activity (EC 3.5.4.5) raises markedly 3--5 h after the administration of drug; later on it decreases again.", "contents": "Pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in rat liver after the administration of cycloheximide. After the administration of cycloheximide (2 mg/kg) the utilization of [2(-14C)]orotic acid for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides of acid-soluble extracts of the liver is not affected for about 7 h. The specific activities of uridine and cytidine components are increased later on, and this increase is higher in the case of cytidine components. Analogous changes undergoes the specific activity of RNA pyrimidine nucleotides. The increased utilization of labeled orotic acid for the synthesis of cytidine nucleotides can be observed also in the kidney and in the small intestine. The enhanced degree of labeling of cytidine nucleotides in vivo cannot be correlated with the activity of cytidine triphosphate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.2) of liver cytosol estimated in vitro. The amination of UTP is suppressed at later intervals after the application of cycloheximide. The same holds true for the activity of uridine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.3),5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) and of liver cytosol. The activity of uridine kinase (EC 2.7.1.48) is increased when tested both with uridine and cytidine as substrates. Cytidine deaminase activity (EC 3.5.4.5) raises markedly 3--5 h after the administration of drug; later on it decreases again.", "PMID": 675715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2299", "title": "Early destruction of cytochrome P-450 in testis of carbon tetrachloride poisoned rats.", "content": "There is 20--36 percent decrease in the microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P450) content of the testes 3 or 6 h after CCl4 administration to Sprague--Dawley male rats. Irreversible binding of CCl4 metabolites to testicular microsomal lipids is observed as early as 3 h while CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation does not occur within the first 6 h of poisoning. Results suggest that reactive metabolites rather than lipid peroxidation is involved in P-450 destruction in the testes.", "contents": "Early destruction of cytochrome P-450 in testis of carbon tetrachloride poisoned rats. There is 20--36 percent decrease in the microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P450) content of the testes 3 or 6 h after CCl4 administration to Sprague--Dawley male rats. Irreversible binding of CCl4 metabolites to testicular microsomal lipids is observed as early as 3 h while CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation does not occur within the first 6 h of poisoning. Results suggest that reactive metabolites rather than lipid peroxidation is involved in P-450 destruction in the testes.", "PMID": 675716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2300", "title": "Chromosome studies in human lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to metal salts.", "content": "The toxic concentration of different heavy metal salts was determined in normal stimulated human lymphocyte cultures and was found to be 3 X 10(-3), 1 X 10(-2) and 5 X 10(-4) for zinc chloride, lead acetate and cadmium chloride respectively. Furthermore 3 subtoxic doses of each salt (2, 10 and 100 times less than the toxic dose) were added to 48- and 72-h cultures at 0 h and 24 h after initiation. Chromosome preparations were made and 100 well spread metaphases from each culture were analysed for the presence of numerical and structural aberrations. The most common aberration found for all tested metal salts was the occurrence of chromosome fragments. Dicentric chromosomes were only recorded in lymphocyte cultures treated with the lowest concentration of zinc chloride (3 X 10(-5) M) added at time 0, regardless whether the cultures were fixed after 48 or 72 h.", "contents": "Chromosome studies in human lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to metal salts. The toxic concentration of different heavy metal salts was determined in normal stimulated human lymphocyte cultures and was found to be 3 X 10(-3), 1 X 10(-2) and 5 X 10(-4) for zinc chloride, lead acetate and cadmium chloride respectively. Furthermore 3 subtoxic doses of each salt (2, 10 and 100 times less than the toxic dose) were added to 48- and 72-h cultures at 0 h and 24 h after initiation. Chromosome preparations were made and 100 well spread metaphases from each culture were analysed for the presence of numerical and structural aberrations. The most common aberration found for all tested metal salts was the occurrence of chromosome fragments. Dicentric chromosomes were only recorded in lymphocyte cultures treated with the lowest concentration of zinc chloride (3 X 10(-5) M) added at time 0, regardless whether the cultures were fixed after 48 or 72 h.", "PMID": 675717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2301", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase elevation in female rats treated with ethinyl estradiol.", "content": "Ethinyl estradiol treatment to female rats resulted in increased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, but was not associated with any other manifestation of toxicity such as increased serum transaminases or toxic lesions. Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase seen in rats treated with chloroform was associated with frank hepatotoxicity. Induction of hepatic drug metabolising enzymes in rats by phenobarbitone treatment did not result in raised serum alkaline phosphatase levels. Estradiol benzoate treatment to rats also did not increase serum alkaline phosphatase levels. Ethinyl estradiol also resulted in increased alkaline phosphatase content in the liver, intestine and bone. The raised intestinal alkaline phosphatase content of rats treated with phenobarbitone or estradiol benzoate was not associated with an increase in the serum levels. There was histochemical evidence of induction of canalicular alkaline phosphatase in the liver in Ethinyl Estradiol treatment. The study of the electrophoretic separation of serum alkaline phosphatase of ethinyl estradiol treated rats revealed the presence of a new fast moving fraction, similar to those seen in bile duct ligated rats. It is concluded that the serum alkaline phosphatase increase during ethinyl estradiol treatment at least in part is from the liver, due to new synthesis.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase elevation in female rats treated with ethinyl estradiol. Ethinyl estradiol treatment to female rats resulted in increased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, but was not associated with any other manifestation of toxicity such as increased serum transaminases or toxic lesions. Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase seen in rats treated with chloroform was associated with frank hepatotoxicity. Induction of hepatic drug metabolising enzymes in rats by phenobarbitone treatment did not result in raised serum alkaline phosphatase levels. Estradiol benzoate treatment to rats also did not increase serum alkaline phosphatase levels. Ethinyl estradiol also resulted in increased alkaline phosphatase content in the liver, intestine and bone. The raised intestinal alkaline phosphatase content of rats treated with phenobarbitone or estradiol benzoate was not associated with an increase in the serum levels. There was histochemical evidence of induction of canalicular alkaline phosphatase in the liver in Ethinyl Estradiol treatment. The study of the electrophoretic separation of serum alkaline phosphatase of ethinyl estradiol treated rats revealed the presence of a new fast moving fraction, similar to those seen in bile duct ligated rats. It is concluded that the serum alkaline phosphatase increase during ethinyl estradiol treatment at least in part is from the liver, due to new synthesis.", "PMID": 675718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2302", "title": "[Possibilities, limitations and errors with ultrasound tomography in computer-assisted treatment planning (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrasound tomography provides two-dimensional images, true in scale, of sonographic interfaces within nearly every sectional plane desired; it has become especially important, therefore, in irradiation planning. Complementary to results from a therapy simulator, an improvement in localization of tumor and target volume or of critical organs and of tissue inhomogeneities is possible. The hard-copy of gray-scale sonotomograms furnishes all essential geometric and anatomical input data needed for electronic systems used in irradiation planning. Technical, physical and diagnostic limitations of the method are stated. The possible systematic or technical-instrumental errors in sonographic treatment planning are discussed and the necessary calibration controls specified.", "contents": "[Possibilities, limitations and errors with ultrasound tomography in computer-assisted treatment planning (author's transl)]. Ultrasound tomography provides two-dimensional images, true in scale, of sonographic interfaces within nearly every sectional plane desired; it has become especially important, therefore, in irradiation planning. Complementary to results from a therapy simulator, an improvement in localization of tumor and target volume or of critical organs and of tissue inhomogeneities is possible. The hard-copy of gray-scale sonotomograms furnishes all essential geometric and anatomical input data needed for electronic systems used in irradiation planning. Technical, physical and diagnostic limitations of the method are stated. The possible systematic or technical-instrumental errors in sonographic treatment planning are discussed and the necessary calibration controls specified.", "PMID": 675724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2303", "title": "[Irradiation planning with ultrasound (author's transl)].", "content": "Sections of the body, being already an integral part of irradiation planning, can be obtained by ultrasonic instruments. This method is especially important for the representation of organs with a varying state of function or filling and for localization of contiguous tumors. After large surgical interventions involving an alteration of the anatomical situation, an ultrasonogram will be a valuable help for individual treatment planning.", "contents": "[Irradiation planning with ultrasound (author's transl)]. Sections of the body, being already an integral part of irradiation planning, can be obtained by ultrasonic instruments. This method is especially important for the representation of organs with a varying state of function or filling and for localization of contiguous tumors. After large surgical interventions involving an alteration of the anatomical situation, an ultrasonogram will be a valuable help for individual treatment planning.", "PMID": 675725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2304", "title": "[Tridimensional irradiation planning with Philips TPS and ultrasound gray-scale tomography in the course of routine work (author's transl)].", "content": "Extent and location of the target volume as well as the optimum choice of radiation and field and the use of wedges or compensation filters are critical parameters with respect to the quality of a treatment plan. The latter should always take into account the individual topography, even if standard concepts can be applied in some cases. We feel that treatment planning in each patient would require too much of the staff's time. Therefore equipment that helps to save planning time is welcome, particularly if it increases the reliability of the final results. In this respect ultrasonic tomography is a useful tool for solving many problems. These will be described, discussed and compared with the advantages of computerized tomography, which is just being introduced.", "contents": "[Tridimensional irradiation planning with Philips TPS and ultrasound gray-scale tomography in the course of routine work (author's transl)]. Extent and location of the target volume as well as the optimum choice of radiation and field and the use of wedges or compensation filters are critical parameters with respect to the quality of a treatment plan. The latter should always take into account the individual topography, even if standard concepts can be applied in some cases. We feel that treatment planning in each patient would require too much of the staff's time. Therefore equipment that helps to save planning time is welcome, particularly if it increases the reliability of the final results. In this respect ultrasonic tomography is a useful tool for solving many problems. These will be described, discussed and compared with the advantages of computerized tomography, which is just being introduced.", "PMID": 675726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2305", "title": "[The place of ultrasonic tomography in irradiation planning (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapy-planning frequently requires cross-section sketches of the body in correct scale. The use of anatomic-topographic standard cross sections can lead to considerable errors in the estimation of the actual position of the organs and yields no information on the extension of the pathological process. The kidney, the bladder and the prostate were used as examples to demonstrate the capacity of ultrasonic tomography to supply all information, including body contour, relevant to therapy planning, as long as no limits are set to the procedure, as in the thorax area. Ultrasonic tomography can supplement but not replace the radiological procedure in therapy-planning.", "contents": "[The place of ultrasonic tomography in irradiation planning (author's transl)]. Therapy-planning frequently requires cross-section sketches of the body in correct scale. The use of anatomic-topographic standard cross sections can lead to considerable errors in the estimation of the actual position of the organs and yields no information on the extension of the pathological process. The kidney, the bladder and the prostate were used as examples to demonstrate the capacity of ultrasonic tomography to supply all information, including body contour, relevant to therapy planning, as long as no limits are set to the procedure, as in the thorax area. Ultrasonic tomography can supplement but not replace the radiological procedure in therapy-planning.", "PMID": 675727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2306", "title": "[Comparison of the results from sonographic and lymphographic examination in retroperitoneal tumor formations (author's transl)].", "content": "Retroperitoneal sonographic (grey scale) and lymphographic examination of 51 patients was performed in a prospective study. With either method, an 1:1 correlation was detected in 47 patients (92%). In nine cases, sonographic examination directly revealed extended tumors, whereas lymphographically only lesions within the not-enlarged lymph nodes were represented at the same level. Defective lymph nodes with minimum tumorous affection, on the other hand, were not detectable by sonography. The indications resulting from these findings are defined more precisely with regard to the examinations.", "contents": "[Comparison of the results from sonographic and lymphographic examination in retroperitoneal tumor formations (author's transl)]. Retroperitoneal sonographic (grey scale) and lymphographic examination of 51 patients was performed in a prospective study. With either method, an 1:1 correlation was detected in 47 patients (92%). In nine cases, sonographic examination directly revealed extended tumors, whereas lymphographically only lesions within the not-enlarged lymph nodes were represented at the same level. Defective lymph nodes with minimum tumorous affection, on the other hand, were not detectable by sonography. The indications resulting from these findings are defined more precisely with regard to the examinations.", "PMID": 675728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2307", "title": "[Ultrasound in tumor diagnostics. Possibilities and problems with regard to internal medicine as an example (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrasound B-scan (real time and gray scale technique) has proved to be a noninvasive, low expensive and suitable method in internal tumor diagnostics. The most important fields are the diagnosis of pancreatic tumors, of malignant lymphomas, of tumors of the kidneys and the adrenal gland. Furthermore there is possible the diagnosis of tumors of the liver, the bile ducts, the spleen and the thyroid gland. The differentiation between solid and cystic tumors has shown to be a domain of ultrasonography. The limitations of the method are caused by the relatively bad (lateral) resolution of ultrasonography. Therefore tumors smaller than 1.5 cm cannot be diagnosed regularly. There is, moreover, no ultrasonic pattern typical of malignancy.", "contents": "[Ultrasound in tumor diagnostics. Possibilities and problems with regard to internal medicine as an example (author's transl)]. Ultrasound B-scan (real time and gray scale technique) has proved to be a noninvasive, low expensive and suitable method in internal tumor diagnostics. The most important fields are the diagnosis of pancreatic tumors, of malignant lymphomas, of tumors of the kidneys and the adrenal gland. Furthermore there is possible the diagnosis of tumors of the liver, the bile ducts, the spleen and the thyroid gland. The differentiation between solid and cystic tumors has shown to be a domain of ultrasonography. The limitations of the method are caused by the relatively bad (lateral) resolution of ultrasonography. Therefore tumors smaller than 1.5 cm cannot be diagnosed regularly. There is, moreover, no ultrasonic pattern typical of malignancy.", "PMID": 675729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2308", "title": "[Ultrasound in mammary diagnostics (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of ultrasound tomography was tested in nearly 200 patients at our institute and was compared to mammography; therefrom additional information was obtained for the differentiation of tumors, the site of which had been unfavorable to mammography. Differential diagnosis of solid tissues and cysts also is possible in this way, especially in voluminous breasts which are a difficult case for palpation examination. Ultrasound may be helpful, too, in localization for exact puncture. As the final images have shown, gray-scale technique offers new possibilities, mainly with the single-scan taking less time and having undoubtedly a better resolving power. In diagnostics of early cancer or carcinoma in situ, of which, naturally, palpation findings are not existent, the method is inferior to mammography and certainly not yet satisfying. Even in the case of a known early carcinoma, having been localized by means of a positive mammogram, no sonographic correlative can as yet be found. At present, ultrasonic diagnostics is insufficient as a sole method for examination of the female breast; the technique is evidently useful, however, in case of special problems.", "contents": "[Ultrasound in mammary diagnostics (author's transl)]. The technique of ultrasound tomography was tested in nearly 200 patients at our institute and was compared to mammography; therefrom additional information was obtained for the differentiation of tumors, the site of which had been unfavorable to mammography. Differential diagnosis of solid tissues and cysts also is possible in this way, especially in voluminous breasts which are a difficult case for palpation examination. Ultrasound may be helpful, too, in localization for exact puncture. As the final images have shown, gray-scale technique offers new possibilities, mainly with the single-scan taking less time and having undoubtedly a better resolving power. In diagnostics of early cancer or carcinoma in situ, of which, naturally, palpation findings are not existent, the method is inferior to mammography and certainly not yet satisfying. Even in the case of a known early carcinoma, having been localized by means of a positive mammogram, no sonographic correlative can as yet be found. At present, ultrasonic diagnostics is insufficient as a sole method for examination of the female breast; the technique is evidently useful, however, in case of special problems.", "PMID": 675730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2309", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnostics in the scope of clarification and prognosis of oncologic cases (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of ultrasonic diagnosis it is possible to represent neoplasms in the abdomen, retroperitoneum and small pelvis. The real-time scanner is utilized in tumor localization and search for metastases, whereas an exact measurement of the tumor, possible of a representative metastasis, and also the treatment planning, are performed with the cross-sectional images from the storage compound scanner. Controls during cancer therapy will give information about the therapeutic results. Recurrences or newly spread metastases may easily be detected by this method in the course of follow-up of the tumor patients.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnostics in the scope of clarification and prognosis of oncologic cases (author's transl)]. By means of ultrasonic diagnosis it is possible to represent neoplasms in the abdomen, retroperitoneum and small pelvis. The real-time scanner is utilized in tumor localization and search for metastases, whereas an exact measurement of the tumor, possible of a representative metastasis, and also the treatment planning, are performed with the cross-sectional images from the storage compound scanner. Controls during cancer therapy will give information about the therapeutic results. Recurrences or newly spread metastases may easily be detected by this method in the course of follow-up of the tumor patients.", "PMID": 675731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2310", "title": "[Frequency, clinical and radiological symptomatology and therapy of the arm oedema combined with mastocarcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In comparison with the first statistics published in Goettingen 10 years ago the frequency of the arm oedema has increased from 33,5 to 45,3%. Most arm oedemas appear within the first observation year after the operation or irradiation. Severe arm oedemas appearing immediately after the operation or irradiation as well as at a later date after a prolonged interval without any troubles are generally combined with a lymphogenic formation of metastases. A comparison of the two periods shows a significant difference of degrees within the observed groups. During the first observation period from 1950 to 1962, the frequency of the severe oedema is 6% higher than during the observation period of 1963 to 1975.", "contents": "[Frequency, clinical and radiological symptomatology and therapy of the arm oedema combined with mastocarcinoma (author's transl)]. In comparison with the first statistics published in Goettingen 10 years ago the frequency of the arm oedema has increased from 33,5 to 45,3%. Most arm oedemas appear within the first observation year after the operation or irradiation. Severe arm oedemas appearing immediately after the operation or irradiation as well as at a later date after a prolonged interval without any troubles are generally combined with a lymphogenic formation of metastases. A comparison of the two periods shows a significant difference of degrees within the observed groups. During the first observation period from 1950 to 1962, the frequency of the severe oedema is 6% higher than during the observation period of 1963 to 1975.", "PMID": 675732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2311", "title": "Electromyography in the estimation of nerve lesions after surgical and radiation therapy for breast cancer.", "content": "EMG was performed on the upper extremity of the affected side in 55 breast cancer patients who had undergone mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy. Radical mastectomy caused six latissimus pareses out of 26 patients and seven deltoideus pareses out of 49 patients. Simple mastectomy caused no pareses. As an early complication of radiotherapy five out of 16 patients developed slight EMG changes, most often in the biceps brachii muscle, but no clinical pareses were observed. In the follow-up group (at least 5 years after primary treatment) 18 out of 25 patients had varying EMG alterations. The relative frequency of EMG findings indicates an increasing number of neural changes caused by radiotherapy in the follow-up group. Severe pareses were infrequent as complications of radiotherapy. In neurography of the cutaneous branch of n. radialis a diminution of the amplitude of the sensory response was found one or two months after radiotherapy in the affected side. EMG proved to be useful in estimating both the early and late neural complications of primary treatment of breast cancer and in evaluating patients' capacity for work.", "contents": "Electromyography in the estimation of nerve lesions after surgical and radiation therapy for breast cancer. EMG was performed on the upper extremity of the affected side in 55 breast cancer patients who had undergone mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy. Radical mastectomy caused six latissimus pareses out of 26 patients and seven deltoideus pareses out of 49 patients. Simple mastectomy caused no pareses. As an early complication of radiotherapy five out of 16 patients developed slight EMG changes, most often in the biceps brachii muscle, but no clinical pareses were observed. In the follow-up group (at least 5 years after primary treatment) 18 out of 25 patients had varying EMG alterations. The relative frequency of EMG findings indicates an increasing number of neural changes caused by radiotherapy in the follow-up group. Severe pareses were infrequent as complications of radiotherapy. In neurography of the cutaneous branch of n. radialis a diminution of the amplitude of the sensory response was found one or two months after radiotherapy in the affected side. EMG proved to be useful in estimating both the early and late neural complications of primary treatment of breast cancer and in evaluating patients' capacity for work.", "PMID": 675733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2312", "title": "Changes in cell population of Ehrlich ascites tumor by irradiation.", "content": "Although irradiated cultured cells undergo a limited number of cell divisions before their death, there exist several evidences that radiation-sterilized cells in solid tumors in animals were eliminated rapidly after irradiation. Experiments were performed to investigate whether rapid elimination of cells is observed in irradiated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, but it could not be detected. This might be due to the differences of phagocytosis of sterilized cells between solid tumors and ascites tumors.", "contents": "Changes in cell population of Ehrlich ascites tumor by irradiation. Although irradiated cultured cells undergo a limited number of cell divisions before their death, there exist several evidences that radiation-sterilized cells in solid tumors in animals were eliminated rapidly after irradiation. Experiments were performed to investigate whether rapid elimination of cells is observed in irradiated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, but it could not be detected. This might be due to the differences of phagocytosis of sterilized cells between solid tumors and ascites tumors.", "PMID": 675734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2313", "title": "The synthesis of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-23,23,24,24-t4 of high specific activity.", "content": "Catalytic tritium reduction of cholest-5-en-23-yne-3beta,25-diol diacetate (VIII) gave cholest-5-ene-3 beta,25-diol diacetate-23,23,24,24-t4 (IX) having a specific activity of 92 Ci/mmol. Bromination, dehydrobromination and hydrolysis of the labelled material gave cholesta-5,7-diene-3beta,25-diol-23,23,24,24-t4 (XI) which was photolyzed to the previtamin and then thermally equilibrated to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-23,23,24,24-t4 (I).", "contents": "The synthesis of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-23,23,24,24-t4 of high specific activity. Catalytic tritium reduction of cholest-5-en-23-yne-3beta,25-diol diacetate (VIII) gave cholest-5-ene-3 beta,25-diol diacetate-23,23,24,24-t4 (IX) having a specific activity of 92 Ci/mmol. Bromination, dehydrobromination and hydrolysis of the labelled material gave cholesta-5,7-diene-3beta,25-diol-23,23,24,24-t4 (XI) which was photolyzed to the previtamin and then thermally equilibrated to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-23,23,24,24-t4 (I).", "PMID": 675737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2314", "title": "A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of hecogenin and tigogenin in the leaves, juice and sapogenin concentrates of Agave sisalana.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method has been devised for the routine estimation of the hecogenin [3beta-hydroxy-(25R)-5beta-spirostan-12-one] and tigogenin [ (25R)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-ol] contents of Agave sisalana leaf and juice samples and of the crude sapogenin concentrates known as \"coffee grounds\". Because of partial degradation of the sapogenins in the GLC system it was found necessary to acetylate the compounds prior to their estimation. In East African samples the tigogenin proportion of the total sapogenin content is usually about 10%. At this level, the 95% inverse tolerance limits on predicted tigogenin weights are approximately +/- 7%.", "contents": "A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of hecogenin and tigogenin in the leaves, juice and sapogenin concentrates of Agave sisalana. A gas-liquid chromatographic method has been devised for the routine estimation of the hecogenin [3beta-hydroxy-(25R)-5beta-spirostan-12-one] and tigogenin [ (25R)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-ol] contents of Agave sisalana leaf and juice samples and of the crude sapogenin concentrates known as \"coffee grounds\". Because of partial degradation of the sapogenins in the GLC system it was found necessary to acetylate the compounds prior to their estimation. In East African samples the tigogenin proportion of the total sapogenin content is usually about 10%. At this level, the 95% inverse tolerance limits on predicted tigogenin weights are approximately +/- 7%.", "PMID": 675738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2315", "title": "Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents. 7. 14-alpha-Hydroxylation of withaferin-A by Cunninghamella elegans (NRRL 1393).", "content": "Microbial transformation experiments were conducted with the steroidlactone, withaferin-A (1a). Cunninghamella elegans (NRRL 1393) converts withaferin-A into two major metabolites, one of which has been indentified as 14alpha-hydroxywithaferin-A (1b). The metabolite is obtained in 37% yield, and its structure was determined on the basis of pmr and mass spectral evidence. The metabolite has the same level of antitumor activity as withaferin-A against the Sarcoma-180 tumor test system in mice.", "contents": "Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents. 7. 14-alpha-Hydroxylation of withaferin-A by Cunninghamella elegans (NRRL 1393). Microbial transformation experiments were conducted with the steroidlactone, withaferin-A (1a). Cunninghamella elegans (NRRL 1393) converts withaferin-A into two major metabolites, one of which has been indentified as 14alpha-hydroxywithaferin-A (1b). The metabolite is obtained in 37% yield, and its structure was determined on the basis of pmr and mass spectral evidence. The metabolite has the same level of antitumor activity as withaferin-A against the Sarcoma-180 tumor test system in mice.", "PMID": 675739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2316", "title": "A radio-gas chromatographic method for the determination of 11-oxotestosterone in fish plasma: its use in confirming estimations by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radio-gas chromatographic method has been devised for the estimation of 11-oxotestosterone (17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3, 11-dione) in fish plasma samples which provides an independent means of validating the radioimmunoassay described earlier. Estimates of the concentration of 11-oxotestosterone in a sample of male rainbow trout plasma by radio-gas chromatography using peak height and peak weight measurements were 6.9 microgram/100 ml and 7.4 microgram/100 ml respectively, in good agreement with that of 7.1 microgram/100 ml determined by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "A radio-gas chromatographic method for the determination of 11-oxotestosterone in fish plasma: its use in confirming estimations by radioimmunoassay. A radio-gas chromatographic method has been devised for the estimation of 11-oxotestosterone (17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3, 11-dione) in fish plasma samples which provides an independent means of validating the radioimmunoassay described earlier. Estimates of the concentration of 11-oxotestosterone in a sample of male rainbow trout plasma by radio-gas chromatography using peak height and peak weight measurements were 6.9 microgram/100 ml and 7.4 microgram/100 ml respectively, in good agreement with that of 7.1 microgram/100 ml determined by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 675740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2317", "title": "Effect of non-respiratory alkalosis on brain tissue and cerebral blood flow in rats with damaged blood-brain barrier.", "content": "Acute alterations in plasma bicarbonate concentration have minimal effects on intracerebral pH and cerebral blood flow, perhaps due to blood-brain barrier mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, the consequences of an acute rise in the plasma bicarbonate concentration were studied in anesthetized rats previously subjected to an acute pressure pulse in the carotid system with unilateral damage to the blood-brain barrier. In rats subjected to a \"heavy\" hypertensive insult, the hemisphere on the side of the lesion showed a lactic acidosis, edema, and a depression of cerebral blood flow. An increase in the plasma bicarbonate concentrations of 15--20 mEq/1 during 35 minutes provoked a marked rise in the total CO2 content of this hemisphere, and a further increase in the lactate concentration, but did not later the brain edema nor affect further the already very low cerebral blood flow. An increase in the lactate concentration and a decrease of cerebral blood flow in the \"reference\" hemisphere indicated that the lesion was not completely unilateral. In rats subjected to a \"moderate\" hypertensive insult the changes were less pronounced and statistically not significant for all the parameters. There results illustrate the importance of an intact blood-brain barrier for the maintenance of intracerebral pH in the face of acute alterations in plasma [HCO3]. The impaired cerebral blood flow after an acute hypertensive insult did not appear to be influenced by the intracerebral [HCO3].", "contents": "Effect of non-respiratory alkalosis on brain tissue and cerebral blood flow in rats with damaged blood-brain barrier. Acute alterations in plasma bicarbonate concentration have minimal effects on intracerebral pH and cerebral blood flow, perhaps due to blood-brain barrier mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, the consequences of an acute rise in the plasma bicarbonate concentration were studied in anesthetized rats previously subjected to an acute pressure pulse in the carotid system with unilateral damage to the blood-brain barrier. In rats subjected to a \"heavy\" hypertensive insult, the hemisphere on the side of the lesion showed a lactic acidosis, edema, and a depression of cerebral blood flow. An increase in the plasma bicarbonate concentrations of 15--20 mEq/1 during 35 minutes provoked a marked rise in the total CO2 content of this hemisphere, and a further increase in the lactate concentration, but did not later the brain edema nor affect further the already very low cerebral blood flow. An increase in the lactate concentration and a decrease of cerebral blood flow in the \"reference\" hemisphere indicated that the lesion was not completely unilateral. In rats subjected to a \"moderate\" hypertensive insult the changes were less pronounced and statistically not significant for all the parameters. There results illustrate the importance of an intact blood-brain barrier for the maintenance of intracerebral pH in the face of acute alterations in plasma [HCO3]. The impaired cerebral blood flow after an acute hypertensive insult did not appear to be influenced by the intracerebral [HCO3].", "PMID": 675746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2318", "title": "Effects of acute hypertension on brain metabolism in normotensive, renovascular hypertensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Effects of angiotensin-induced acute hypertension on cerebral metabolism were studied in normotensive (NTR), spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and experimental renovascular hypertensive rats (RHR). Lactate, pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations in the brain frozen in situ at 18--20 min after angiotensin infusion, which raised mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 28--62% of control, were determined by enzymatic methods. Supratentorial lactate was significantly increased to 135% of control in RHR, its increase being correlated with the degree of hypertension, wherease it remained unchanged in NTR or SHR. Furthermore, RHR showed a tendency toward increase in lactate/pyruvate ratio with a decrease in ATP despite no change of arterial acid-base balance measured simultaneously before and after acute induced hypertension. From the present study, it is postulated that some renal factor seems to contribute ischemic metabolic changes in RHR following acute hypertension. The possible effect of renin on the vascular permeability is discussed as the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy.", "contents": "Effects of acute hypertension on brain metabolism in normotensive, renovascular hypertensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Effects of angiotensin-induced acute hypertension on cerebral metabolism were studied in normotensive (NTR), spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and experimental renovascular hypertensive rats (RHR). Lactate, pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations in the brain frozen in situ at 18--20 min after angiotensin infusion, which raised mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 28--62% of control, were determined by enzymatic methods. Supratentorial lactate was significantly increased to 135% of control in RHR, its increase being correlated with the degree of hypertension, wherease it remained unchanged in NTR or SHR. Furthermore, RHR showed a tendency toward increase in lactate/pyruvate ratio with a decrease in ATP despite no change of arterial acid-base balance measured simultaneously before and after acute induced hypertension. From the present study, it is postulated that some renal factor seems to contribute ischemic metabolic changes in RHR following acute hypertension. The possible effect of renin on the vascular permeability is discussed as the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy.", "PMID": 675745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2319", "title": "Comparative angiographic and histological evaluations of intracranial atherosclerosis in hypertensive and normotensive subjects.", "content": "Cerebral atherosclerosis without luminal narrowing has been found macroscopically and by angiographic examinations in some patients with cerebral hemorrhage. In order to clarify the histology of non-stenotic atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels, we examined cleared specimens and serial sections of the main trunks of the cerebral arteries. The middle cerebral artery was selected in 20 cases of cerebral hemorrhage and 7 cases of cerebral infarction. Non-stenotic atherosclerosis was found frequently in cases of cerebral hemorrhage, while most patients with cerebral infarction showed stenotic cerebral atherosclerosis. We counted the numbers of medial smooth muscle cells in 10 autopsied cases of cerebral hemorrhage and 6 of cerebral infraction. The mean numbers of smooth muscle cells per unit area in the patient with cerebral hemorrhage were less than those in cerebral infraction. In cerebral hemorrhage, the main trunks of the cerebral arteries were dilated, probably as a result of the damage to medial muscle cells and higher blood pressure during the course of intimal thickening. It is considered that arterial hypertension spreads to the peripheral, small arteries through the main trunks without luminal narrowing of the cerebral vessels.", "contents": "Comparative angiographic and histological evaluations of intracranial atherosclerosis in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Cerebral atherosclerosis without luminal narrowing has been found macroscopically and by angiographic examinations in some patients with cerebral hemorrhage. In order to clarify the histology of non-stenotic atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels, we examined cleared specimens and serial sections of the main trunks of the cerebral arteries. The middle cerebral artery was selected in 20 cases of cerebral hemorrhage and 7 cases of cerebral infarction. Non-stenotic atherosclerosis was found frequently in cases of cerebral hemorrhage, while most patients with cerebral infarction showed stenotic cerebral atherosclerosis. We counted the numbers of medial smooth muscle cells in 10 autopsied cases of cerebral hemorrhage and 6 of cerebral infraction. The mean numbers of smooth muscle cells per unit area in the patient with cerebral hemorrhage were less than those in cerebral infraction. In cerebral hemorrhage, the main trunks of the cerebral arteries were dilated, probably as a result of the damage to medial muscle cells and higher blood pressure during the course of intimal thickening. It is considered that arterial hypertension spreads to the peripheral, small arteries through the main trunks without luminal narrowing of the cerebral vessels.", "PMID": 675748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2320", "title": "Relationship between ophthalmic artery blood flow and recanalization of occluded carotid artery. Ultrasonic Doppler study.", "content": "Ophthalmic artery blood flow in 5 patients with internal carotid artery occlusion of sudden onset was monitored by an ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter to investigate the possible relationship to spontaneous recanalization of the occluded artery. The occluded internal carotid arteries of 2 patients were confirmed angiographically to recanalize and the reversed flow of their ophthalmic arteries changed to physiological flow after the recanalization. The ophthalmic artery blood flow remained reversed in 2 patients whose occluded internal carotid arteries did not recanalize on the follow up angiograms. In the other patient, whose ophthalmic artery blood flow was not detected by the ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter in the acute stage, physiological flow through the ophthalmic artery was detected later. The occluded internal carotid artery did not recanalize and this physiological ophthalmic artery blood flow was filled through the circle of Willis.", "contents": "Relationship between ophthalmic artery blood flow and recanalization of occluded carotid artery. Ultrasonic Doppler study. Ophthalmic artery blood flow in 5 patients with internal carotid artery occlusion of sudden onset was monitored by an ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter to investigate the possible relationship to spontaneous recanalization of the occluded artery. The occluded internal carotid arteries of 2 patients were confirmed angiographically to recanalize and the reversed flow of their ophthalmic arteries changed to physiological flow after the recanalization. The ophthalmic artery blood flow remained reversed in 2 patients whose occluded internal carotid arteries did not recanalize on the follow up angiograms. In the other patient, whose ophthalmic artery blood flow was not detected by the ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter in the acute stage, physiological flow through the ophthalmic artery was detected later. The occluded internal carotid artery did not recanalize and this physiological ophthalmic artery blood flow was filled through the circle of Willis.", "PMID": 675747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2321", "title": "Importance of the hematocrit as a risk factor in cerebral infarction.", "content": "The relationship between the indicence of cerebral infarction and the hematocrit was studied using 432 consecutive autopsied patients with the average age of 77.1 years. The incidence of cerebral infraction was higher in patients with hematocrit values of more than 46%, (the average in younger adult subjects). The increase in the frequency of cerebral infarction with high hematocrit values was more conspicuous in patients with severe cerebral atherosclerosis than in those with slight cerebral atherosclerosis. High blood pressure per se did not influence the relationship between the hematocrit value and the incidence of cerebral infarction. With hematocrit values of more than 41%, cerebral infarction occurred more frequently in patients over 78 years of age than in the younger patients, but the difference was not significant statistically. High hematocrit values are associated with a higher risk of cerebral infarction in deep subcortical structures of the brain than for cartical infarctions. The pathogenetic and preventive implications of these results are discussed in the light of blood rheology.", "contents": "Importance of the hematocrit as a risk factor in cerebral infarction. The relationship between the indicence of cerebral infarction and the hematocrit was studied using 432 consecutive autopsied patients with the average age of 77.1 years. The incidence of cerebral infraction was higher in patients with hematocrit values of more than 46%, (the average in younger adult subjects). The increase in the frequency of cerebral infarction with high hematocrit values was more conspicuous in patients with severe cerebral atherosclerosis than in those with slight cerebral atherosclerosis. High blood pressure per se did not influence the relationship between the hematocrit value and the incidence of cerebral infarction. With hematocrit values of more than 41%, cerebral infarction occurred more frequently in patients over 78 years of age than in the younger patients, but the difference was not significant statistically. High hematocrit values are associated with a higher risk of cerebral infarction in deep subcortical structures of the brain than for cartical infarctions. The pathogenetic and preventive implications of these results are discussed in the light of blood rheology.", "PMID": 675749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2322", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmias in acute stroke.", "content": "Cardiac arrhythmias were more frequent (p less than 0.001) in 312 stroke patients admitted to an intensive care stroke unit, than in 92 patients admitted to the unit and subsequently found not to have strokes. This significant difference remained when a stroke subgroup and the non-stroke group were matched for age, sex and duration of stay in the unit (P less than 0.005). Hypertension and hypertensive cardiac disease were more common in the stroke than in the non-stroke patients (P less than 0.001). Ectopic beats and atrial fibrillation, as well as other arrhythmias, were most frequent in patients with cerebral hemisphere infarction, and patients with hemispheric lesions had significantly more arrhythmias than those with brain stem lesions (P less than 0.05). The arrhythmias were rarely (2%) responsible for hemodynamic ischemic cerebrovascular lesions, but may have been associated with cerebral embolism in up to 17% of cases. The cardiac arrhythmias appeared to have little influence on the course of the subsequent recovery from stroke. Although these arrhythmias frequently reflect the high incidence of cardiac disease in stroke patients, in some cases they are secondary to the acute cerebrovascular lesion itself.", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmias in acute stroke. Cardiac arrhythmias were more frequent (p less than 0.001) in 312 stroke patients admitted to an intensive care stroke unit, than in 92 patients admitted to the unit and subsequently found not to have strokes. This significant difference remained when a stroke subgroup and the non-stroke group were matched for age, sex and duration of stay in the unit (P less than 0.005). Hypertension and hypertensive cardiac disease were more common in the stroke than in the non-stroke patients (P less than 0.001). Ectopic beats and atrial fibrillation, as well as other arrhythmias, were most frequent in patients with cerebral hemisphere infarction, and patients with hemispheric lesions had significantly more arrhythmias than those with brain stem lesions (P less than 0.05). The arrhythmias were rarely (2%) responsible for hemodynamic ischemic cerebrovascular lesions, but may have been associated with cerebral embolism in up to 17% of cases. The cardiac arrhythmias appeared to have little influence on the course of the subsequent recovery from stroke. Although these arrhythmias frequently reflect the high incidence of cardiac disease in stroke patients, in some cases they are secondary to the acute cerebrovascular lesion itself.", "PMID": 675750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2323", "title": "Death attitudes and experiences of rehabilitation counselors.", "content": "A survey of the death attitudes and experiences of 54 rehabilitation counselors indicated that their personal beliefs could potentially influence service to disabled people, particularly in the areas of terminal illness and suicide. To balance such influence, contined training of counselors and research efforts concerning this problem are recommended.", "contents": "Death attitudes and experiences of rehabilitation counselors. A survey of the death attitudes and experiences of 54 rehabilitation counselors indicated that their personal beliefs could potentially influence service to disabled people, particularly in the areas of terminal illness and suicide. To balance such influence, contined training of counselors and research efforts concerning this problem are recommended.", "PMID": 675768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2324", "title": "Auditing the quality of care of a crisis center.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is twofold: First, it defines and describes different types of audits and areas of patient care which lend themselves to a quality of performance review. Second, it describes an audit application at a hospital-based crisis intervention center and the corrective action taken on the basis of the findings. The major emphasis of the  audit was to determine the quality of medical-psychiatric consultation and to develop criteria for its initiation.", "contents": "Auditing the quality of care of a crisis center. The purpose of this paper is twofold: First, it defines and describes different types of audits and areas of patient care which lend themselves to a quality of performance review. Second, it describes an audit application at a hospital-based crisis intervention center and the corrective action taken on the basis of the findings. The major emphasis of the  audit was to determine the quality of medical-psychiatric consultation and to develop criteria for its initiation.", "PMID": 675769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2325", "title": "Multiple suicide attempts and informal labeling: an exploratory study.", "content": "Attempted suicide is considered to be a form of deviant behavior. Multiple suicide attempts are evaluated within the labeling perspective. Specifically, it is determined if labeling theory can explain acts of repeated suicide attempts as a form of deviance. Two hypotheses are created to test the influence of informal labeling on multiple suicide attempts. Family and friends constitute the categories most important in informal labeling. Labeling by them is measured through a series of behavioral scales. It is hypothesized that the greater the labeling by each of these categories, the greater the likelihood of recurrence of attempted suicide. It is also predicted that the greater the \"self concept as suicidal,\" the greater the likelihood of recurrence. Labeling by family and friends was found to be significantly related to repeat. Conclusions about the relationship between \"suicidal self-concept\" and repeat were not drawn.", "contents": "Multiple suicide attempts and informal labeling: an exploratory study. Attempted suicide is considered to be a form of deviant behavior. Multiple suicide attempts are evaluated within the labeling perspective. Specifically, it is determined if labeling theory can explain acts of repeated suicide attempts as a form of deviance. Two hypotheses are created to test the influence of informal labeling on multiple suicide attempts. Family and friends constitute the categories most important in informal labeling. Labeling by them is measured through a series of behavioral scales. It is hypothesized that the greater the labeling by each of these categories, the greater the likelihood of recurrence of attempted suicide. It is also predicted that the greater the \"self concept as suicidal,\" the greater the likelihood of recurrence. Labeling by family and friends was found to be significantly related to repeat. Conclusions about the relationship between \"suicidal self-concept\" and repeat were not drawn.", "PMID": 675770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2326", "title": "Suicide attempts by rock-climbing falls.", "content": "The true intent of a suicidal act is sometimes masked by it appearing as an \"accident\". Two cases are reported that present a unique opportunity to study suicide attempts that took the form of rock-climbing \"falls\" and to study the two people who chose this way to die. Rock-climbing falls, occasionally speculated about as possible suicidal equivalents yet having no recognition as such in the literature, are illustrated as methods used by these impulsive, action-oriented and risk-taking people.", "contents": "Suicide attempts by rock-climbing falls. The true intent of a suicidal act is sometimes masked by it appearing as an \"accident\". Two cases are reported that present a unique opportunity to study suicide attempts that took the form of rock-climbing \"falls\" and to study the two people who chose this way to die. Rock-climbing falls, occasionally speculated about as possible suicidal equivalents yet having no recognition as such in the literature, are illustrated as methods used by these impulsive, action-oriented and risk-taking people.", "PMID": 675771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2327", "title": "Death by hand grenade: altruistic suicide in combat.", "content": "Durkheim's theory of suicide is examined as it bears on the concept of altruistic suicide. A subtype called heroic altruistic suicide or self-sacrifice is identified. Relationships are hypothesized between cohesion and self-sacrifice and rank and self-sacrifice, and they are tested in combat situations, utilizing official published information on the Congressional Medal of Honor. Altruistic suicide is found to be higher in more cohesive than in less cohesive groups and more likely among enlisted men than among career officers and noncommissioned officers. In addition to testing hypotheses empirically, this study elaborates Durkheim by extending his analysis of altruistic suicide and clarifies his work by delineating sources of error in his hypotheses.", "contents": "Death by hand grenade: altruistic suicide in combat. Durkheim's theory of suicide is examined as it bears on the concept of altruistic suicide. A subtype called heroic altruistic suicide or self-sacrifice is identified. Relationships are hypothesized between cohesion and self-sacrifice and rank and self-sacrifice, and they are tested in combat situations, utilizing official published information on the Congressional Medal of Honor. Altruistic suicide is found to be higher in more cohesive than in less cohesive groups and more likely among enlisted men than among career officers and noncommissioned officers. In addition to testing hypotheses empirically, this study elaborates Durkheim by extending his analysis of altruistic suicide and clarifies his work by delineating sources of error in his hypotheses.", "PMID": 675772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2328", "title": "Consequences of helminth aggregation for the dynamics of schistosomiasis.", "content": "The distribution of schistosome worms among their human hosts is not random but aggregated. The consequences of introducing aggregation into models of schistosomiasis transmission, especially that of Macdonald, are explored. There are two possibilities for aggregation, with the sexes distributed either independently or together. Both have profound though differing effects on the breakpoint concept, which is largely destroyed when the sexes are aggregated together, and Macdonald's epidemiological conclusions are not robust to variations from the Poisson distribution. The conclusion from his model that if schistosome densities in man are reduced appropriately the infection will spontaneously proceed to extinction even in the presence of conditions suitable for transmission, is also not therefore robust.", "contents": "Consequences of helminth aggregation for the dynamics of schistosomiasis. The distribution of schistosome worms among their human hosts is not random but aggregated. The consequences of introducing aggregation into models of schistosomiasis transmission, especially that of Macdonald, are explored. There are two possibilities for aggregation, with the sexes distributed either independently or together. Both have profound though differing effects on the breakpoint concept, which is largely destroyed when the sexes are aggregated together, and Macdonald's epidemiological conclusions are not robust to variations from the Poisson distribution. The conclusion from his model that if schistosome densities in man are reduced appropriately the infection will spontaneously proceed to extinction even in the presence of conditions suitable for transmission, is also not therefore robust.", "PMID": 675786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2329", "title": "Virus-like rods associated with salivary gland hyperplasia in tsetse, Glossina pallidipes.", "content": "Long, virus-like rods were discovered in hyperplastic salivary glands of Glossina pallidipes Austen from Kibwezi Forest (2 degrees 27' S, 37 degrees 55' E), Kenya. The glands were enlarged up to four times the normal diameter. This increase in size was due to a cellular proliferation of the glandular epithelial cells and hypertrophy of their nuclei and cytoplasm. Nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions were present in the enlarged cells but were not found in cells of normal-sized glands. Electron microscopy revealed many virus-liked rods in the abnormal glands. Males with such glands were often completely sterile. Abnormal growth of the ovarioles was a significant feature of young females with hyperplastic glands. Both sexes of wild and laboratory-bred flies were found with enlarged glands. One way of transmission of the trait seems to be from mother to progeny.", "contents": "Virus-like rods associated with salivary gland hyperplasia in tsetse, Glossina pallidipes. Long, virus-like rods were discovered in hyperplastic salivary glands of Glossina pallidipes Austen from Kibwezi Forest (2 degrees 27' S, 37 degrees 55' E), Kenya. The glands were enlarged up to four times the normal diameter. This increase in size was due to a cellular proliferation of the glandular epithelial cells and hypertrophy of their nuclei and cytoplasm. Nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions were present in the enlarged cells but were not found in cells of normal-sized glands. Electron microscopy revealed many virus-liked rods in the abnormal glands. Males with such glands were often completely sterile. Abnormal growth of the ovarioles was a significant feature of young females with hyperplastic glands. Both sexes of wild and laboratory-bred flies were found with enlarged glands. One way of transmission of the trait seems to be from mother to progeny.", "PMID": 675787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2330", "title": "Detection of H-Y antigen by fluorescence microscopy.", "content": "A rapid and reproducible fluorescence microscopic technique has been devised to demonstrate H-Y antigen on membranes of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In 11 male subjects, 20 to 32% of mononuclear cells were positive for H-Y antigen, whereas less than 1% of such cells from 6 female donors were seen to be stained.", "contents": "Detection of H-Y antigen by fluorescence microscopy. A rapid and reproducible fluorescence microscopic technique has been devised to demonstrate H-Y antigen on membranes of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In 11 male subjects, 20 to 32% of mononuclear cells were positive for H-Y antigen, whereas less than 1% of such cells from 6 female donors were seen to be stained.", "PMID": 675796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2331", "title": "Haemoglobin S in Malays and Indians: association of Hb CoSp and Hb S in a Malay family.", "content": "Four cases of Hb S were seen between Jan. 1976 and June 1976; three of them were newly discovered while the fourth was previously diagnosed. Out of the four cases, two were Malays and the other Indians. The family members of one Malay case were investigated. Six members had Hb S and three had Hb CoSp. Association of Hb CoSp and Hb S was seen in two of the members. Clinically they were healthy.", "contents": "Haemoglobin S in Malays and Indians: association of Hb CoSp and Hb S in a Malay family. Four cases of Hb S were seen between Jan. 1976 and June 1976; three of them were newly discovered while the fourth was previously diagnosed. Out of the four cases, two were Malays and the other Indians. The family members of one Malay case were investigated. Six members had Hb S and three had Hb CoSp. Association of Hb CoSp and Hb S was seen in two of the members. Clinically they were healthy.", "PMID": 675819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2332", "title": "Naturally acquired measles immunity in Nepal and Sri Lanka.", "content": "Serological surveys of naturally acquired measles antibodies in children 6--72 months of age were done in Nepal and Sri Lanka. The prevalences of naturally acquired measles immunity are compared by age groups with serological studies done in other countries. Suggestions are made regarding age ranges for measles vaccination programs.", "contents": "Naturally acquired measles immunity in Nepal and Sri Lanka. Serological surveys of naturally acquired measles antibodies in children 6--72 months of age were done in Nepal and Sri Lanka. The prevalences of naturally acquired measles immunity are compared by age groups with serological studies done in other countries. Suggestions are made regarding age ranges for measles vaccination programs.", "PMID": 675820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2333", "title": "Some socio-psychiatric attributes of patients utilizing the facilities of the traditional healers in the city of Ibadan.", "content": "The socio-psychiatric attributes of 103 patients found with the traditional healers in the city of Ibadan, Nigeria are reported. The patients were from all shades of educational and social status. Almost all their in-patients were psychotics while the neurotics were treated as outpatients. The implications of these findings for collaboration between western trained physicians and traditional healers are discussed.", "contents": "Some socio-psychiatric attributes of patients utilizing the facilities of the traditional healers in the city of Ibadan. The socio-psychiatric attributes of 103 patients found with the traditional healers in the city of Ibadan, Nigeria are reported. The patients were from all shades of educational and social status. Almost all their in-patients were psychotics while the neurotics were treated as outpatients. The implications of these findings for collaboration between western trained physicians and traditional healers are discussed.", "PMID": 675821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2334", "title": "Ethiopian experience in health manpower training. A review of the Public Health College.", "content": "Health manpower development in Ethiopia, mainly the paramedical personnel training programmes of the Public Health College, is reviewed and discussed. The 'health team' training programme in Gondar is the most practical and a significant development in the field of paramedical training for developing countries. The pattern and experience of the Gondar training programme could contribute to the world's knowledge of training and utilization of health teams for rural health services. It could serve as a model, with appropriate modifications, for other developing countries. The 'team' approach during training and services, the Health Officer, supported by paramedical personnel, who serves as the team leader, and the gradual development of medical education are realistic, and effective means for producing health manpower in the developing countries. The establishment of a definite career structure, with prospects for future continuing professional advancement, respectable status, appropriate authority, adequate technical supervision, administrative support, decent working and living conditions are vital for the success of this programma in Ethiopia.", "contents": "Ethiopian experience in health manpower training. A review of the Public Health College. Health manpower development in Ethiopia, mainly the paramedical personnel training programmes of the Public Health College, is reviewed and discussed. The 'health team' training programme in Gondar is the most practical and a significant development in the field of paramedical training for developing countries. The pattern and experience of the Gondar training programme could contribute to the world's knowledge of training and utilization of health teams for rural health services. It could serve as a model, with appropriate modifications, for other developing countries. The 'team' approach during training and services, the Health Officer, supported by paramedical personnel, who serves as the team leader, and the gradual development of medical education are realistic, and effective means for producing health manpower in the developing countries. The establishment of a definite career structure, with prospects for future continuing professional advancement, respectable status, appropriate authority, adequate technical supervision, administrative support, decent working and living conditions are vital for the success of this programma in Ethiopia.", "PMID": 675823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2335", "title": "Endemic familial arthritis of Malnad an outbreak in Southern India.", "content": "An outbreak of a peculiar joint disease affecting the hip and knee had occurred during the last decade or so, afflicting about 140 families in parts of Malnad in Southern India. Results of epidemiological studies suggest that a recent change in the environment had perhaps precipitated the disease in a genetically susceptible population.", "contents": "Endemic familial arthritis of Malnad an outbreak in Southern India. An outbreak of a peculiar joint disease affecting the hip and knee had occurred during the last decade or so, afflicting about 140 families in parts of Malnad in Southern India. Results of epidemiological studies suggest that a recent change in the environment had perhaps precipitated the disease in a genetically susceptible population.", "PMID": 675825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2336", "title": "The prevalence of inguinal hernia in adult Ghanaian males.", "content": "Indirect inguinal hernia imposes a heavy patient caseload on surgical services in Africa. This study, conducted in rural southern Ghana in 1973, showed a marked increase in prevalence in adult males aged 55 years and older. In contrast, hospitalized patients undergoing herniorrhaphy in Accra were evenly distributed through all age groups. As hospital services expand and rural patients have better access to surgical care, recent innovations such as short stay surgery may be important for coping with rising patient demand.", "contents": "The prevalence of inguinal hernia in adult Ghanaian males. Indirect inguinal hernia imposes a heavy patient caseload on surgical services in Africa. This study, conducted in rural southern Ghana in 1973, showed a marked increase in prevalence in adult males aged 55 years and older. In contrast, hospitalized patients undergoing herniorrhaphy in Accra were evenly distributed through all age groups. As hospital services expand and rural patients have better access to surgical care, recent innovations such as short stay surgery may be important for coping with rising patient demand.", "PMID": 675826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2337", "title": "Waardenburg's syndrome in Kenyan Africans.", "content": "Waardenburg's syndrome is characterized by deafness and pigment disorders of the eyes, hair and skin. Two types are distinguished; e.g. type I with dystopia canthorum and type II without dystopia canthorum. In Kenya 12 out of 724 pupils of schoools for the deaf were found to suffer from the syndrome. Ten of these belonged to eight families; 20 other members of these families had signs of the syndrome. Of these 30 patients 18 had type I, 12 type II. The expression of most characteristics in these Kenyan patients was almost the same as in Caucasians. The mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant, as in Caucasians. The interocular distances were measured in 168 healthy children and adults of the Luo tribe. In most age groups slightly larger values were found than in the Caucasian race. For the diagnosis of dystopia canthorum this should be taken into account.", "contents": "Waardenburg's syndrome in Kenyan Africans. Waardenburg's syndrome is characterized by deafness and pigment disorders of the eyes, hair and skin. Two types are distinguished; e.g. type I with dystopia canthorum and type II without dystopia canthorum. In Kenya 12 out of 724 pupils of schoools for the deaf were found to suffer from the syndrome. Ten of these belonged to eight families; 20 other members of these families had signs of the syndrome. Of these 30 patients 18 had type I, 12 type II. The expression of most characteristics in these Kenyan patients was almost the same as in Caucasians. The mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant, as in Caucasians. The interocular distances were measured in 168 healthy children and adults of the Luo tribe. In most age groups slightly larger values were found than in the Caucasian race. For the diagnosis of dystopia canthorum this should be taken into account.", "PMID": 675827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2338", "title": "Remittant diabetes mellitus in Nigeria.", "content": "Forty three newly diagnosed non-obese Nigerian diabetic patients (20 males and 23 females), who required insulin for initial control, were left without dietary control and were followed up for a minimum period of one and half years in each case. Four patients (9.3%) are in true remissions up to the time of writing. Eight other patients (18.6%) went through varying periods of apparent remissions of between three months and 19 months. It seems that even non-obese Nigerian diabetics may remit despite a free diet and initial need for insulin. The reasons for diabetic remissions remain largely unexplained but may be related, in Nigeria, to the aetiological nature of diabetes mellitus in this part of the world.", "contents": "Remittant diabetes mellitus in Nigeria. Forty three newly diagnosed non-obese Nigerian diabetic patients (20 males and 23 females), who required insulin for initial control, were left without dietary control and were followed up for a minimum period of one and half years in each case. Four patients (9.3%) are in true remissions up to the time of writing. Eight other patients (18.6%) went through varying periods of apparent remissions of between three months and 19 months. It seems that even non-obese Nigerian diabetics may remit despite a free diet and initial need for insulin. The reasons for diabetic remissions remain largely unexplained but may be related, in Nigeria, to the aetiological nature of diabetes mellitus in this part of the world.", "PMID": 675828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2339", "title": "Falls from trees.", "content": "A prospective review of sixty consecutive patients who fell out of trees in a year was made. Fall from tree is an occupational hazard of traditional farmers, a rare cause of trauma, but a common cause of severe, crippling and often multiple injuries. It frequently resulted in spinal injury, and was the commonest cause of traumatic quadriplegia and paraplegia. The risk of fall and of sustaining spinal injury increased with age. Some school children also fell from fruit trees but they generally stood a better chance of getting away with relatively minor injuries. Methods of preventing or minimising the risk of this injury in farmers are highlighted.", "contents": "Falls from trees. A prospective review of sixty consecutive patients who fell out of trees in a year was made. Fall from tree is an occupational hazard of traditional farmers, a rare cause of trauma, but a common cause of severe, crippling and often multiple injuries. It frequently resulted in spinal injury, and was the commonest cause of traumatic quadriplegia and paraplegia. The risk of fall and of sustaining spinal injury increased with age. Some school children also fell from fruit trees but they generally stood a better chance of getting away with relatively minor injuries. Methods of preventing or minimising the risk of this injury in farmers are highlighted.", "PMID": 675829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2340", "title": "Affections of conjunctiva and cornea in Bendel State of Nigeria.", "content": "A review of conjunctival, episcleral and corneal diseases seen in Bendel State in the South of Nigeria shows significant differences in the pattern of conjunctional and corneal diseases. Onchocerciasis and trachoma which cause much ocular morbidity and blindness in the savannah north have little place in the rain forest areas of southern Nigeria. The relative rarity of herpetic dendritic ulcers and corneal dystrophies are highlighted while the major indication for keratoplasty in southern Nigeria is leucoma associated with measles or trauma. The place of measles immunisation, improved nutrition and treatment for xerophthalmia is emphasized.", "contents": "Affections of conjunctiva and cornea in Bendel State of Nigeria. A review of conjunctival, episcleral and corneal diseases seen in Bendel State in the South of Nigeria shows significant differences in the pattern of conjunctional and corneal diseases. Onchocerciasis and trachoma which cause much ocular morbidity and blindness in the savannah north have little place in the rain forest areas of southern Nigeria. The relative rarity of herpetic dendritic ulcers and corneal dystrophies are highlighted while the major indication for keratoplasty in southern Nigeria is leucoma associated with measles or trauma. The place of measles immunisation, improved nutrition and treatment for xerophthalmia is emphasized.", "PMID": 675830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2341", "title": "Factors in the aetiology of chronic duodenal ulcer in Ibadan.", "content": "The aetiological factors at work in Nigerians with duodenal ulcer were examined. Stress and dietary factors were found to be major agents in the precipitation of exacerbations and recurrences of symptoms. Of the dietary agents, chillies and cassava preparations in the form of 'eba' and 'gari' are potent ulcerogenic food substances. Aspirin, alcohol and smoking also contribute to the worsening of the conditions but are not major factors.", "contents": "Factors in the aetiology of chronic duodenal ulcer in Ibadan. The aetiological factors at work in Nigerians with duodenal ulcer were examined. Stress and dietary factors were found to be major agents in the precipitation of exacerbations and recurrences of symptoms. Of the dietary agents, chillies and cassava preparations in the form of 'eba' and 'gari' are potent ulcerogenic food substances. Aspirin, alcohol and smoking also contribute to the worsening of the conditions but are not major factors.", "PMID": 675831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2342", "title": "Thyroid carcinoma in Kenya.", "content": "Between 1964 and 1969 thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed in 63 Kenyans of African origin. The majority of tumours were differentiated in structure. Papillary carcinoma predominated in lowland tribal groups; follicular carcinoma in highland groups. A possible positive correlation between follicular carcinoma and endemic goitre is postulated.", "contents": "Thyroid carcinoma in Kenya. Between 1964 and 1969 thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed in 63 Kenyans of African origin. The majority of tumours were differentiated in structure. Papillary carcinoma predominated in lowland tribal groups; follicular carcinoma in highland groups. A possible positive correlation between follicular carcinoma and endemic goitre is postulated.", "PMID": 675832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2343", "title": "Correlation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency and sickle cell trait (Hb-AS).", "content": "636 normal male blood donors were studied for haemoglobin genotype and G-6-PD deficiency. The results show that of 543 subjects with AA haemoglobin, 106 (19.5%) were G-6-PD deficient and of 93 individuals with AS haemoglobin 13 (14.0%). This difference is not significant.", "contents": "Correlation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency and sickle cell trait (Hb-AS). 636 normal male blood donors were studied for haemoglobin genotype and G-6-PD deficiency. The results show that of 543 subjects with AA haemoglobin, 106 (19.5%) were G-6-PD deficient and of 93 individuals with AS haemoglobin 13 (14.0%). This difference is not significant.", "PMID": 675833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2344", "title": "Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. II. Types of combinations, relative frequency and associations of multiple infections.", "content": "Frequency distributions, including all of the observed types of combinations of multiple infections with different helminths and protozoa are presented for sample villages of the African Savannah and of the trans-Andean part of Peru. Measurements of correlation between these infections based on properties of the multivariate, multinomial distribution are calculated to show age and sex patterns of association in different population samples. A correlation matrix for combined infections with Dipetalonema perstans, D. streptocerca and Loa loa, in villages in the rain forest of Zaire indicates that there is a statistically significant association between the two species of Dipetalonema and L. loa. There is also a strong association between the numbers of the microfilariae of D. perstans and D. streptocerca in multiply infected individuals. This correlation is strong only in the rain forest; it is insignificant in the other ecological zones of Bas-Zaire included in the study. The data suggest that there may be selective host factors that influence the extent, distribution and the types of multiple infections in a community.", "contents": "Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. II. Types of combinations, relative frequency and associations of multiple infections. Frequency distributions, including all of the observed types of combinations of multiple infections with different helminths and protozoa are presented for sample villages of the African Savannah and of the trans-Andean part of Peru. Measurements of correlation between these infections based on properties of the multivariate, multinomial distribution are calculated to show age and sex patterns of association in different population samples. A correlation matrix for combined infections with Dipetalonema perstans, D. streptocerca and Loa loa, in villages in the rain forest of Zaire indicates that there is a statistically significant association between the two species of Dipetalonema and L. loa. There is also a strong association between the numbers of the microfilariae of D. perstans and D. streptocerca in multiply infected individuals. This correlation is strong only in the rain forest; it is insignificant in the other ecological zones of Bas-Zaire included in the study. The data suggest that there may be selective host factors that influence the extent, distribution and the types of multiple infections in a community.", "PMID": 675834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2345", "title": "Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. III. Effects on the diagnostic capacity of immunological tests.", "content": "The paper describes some effects of interaction between different types of parasitic infections on the diagnostic capacity of immunological tests for parasitic diseases. Examples shown include an analysis of association for anergy to tuberculin in skin tests of individuals with and without skin manifestations of onchocerciasis; skin tests with P. westermani and C. sinensis antigens to detect double infections in patients harbouring both trematodes; geographical evaluation of the sensitivity of the complement fixation (CF) test for schistosomiasis with S. mansoni antigen between different communities in Chad; reduced sensitivity of the CF test for schistosomiasis in patients with confirmed schistosomiasis who have also onchocerciasis; studies on the specificity of the slide flocculation (SF) test for schistosomiasis in relation to specified intestinal parasites and to the presence of antibodies to E. granulosus and T. spiralis in villages of Afghanistan; and a study of association between poly-parasitism and anticomplementary activity in the sera of population samples from the African Savannah. The combined investigations indicate that there are large dissimilarities in test performance between communities with different disease spectra and nutritional status. The findings suggest that polyparasitism interferes with immunodiagnostic tests both directly through cross-reactions with antigens and antibodies and indirectly through its effects on nutrition and on mechanisms affecting the complement system. Large scale screening for parasitic diseases with immunodiagnostic tests in areas in which the medical problems are not well-known should be prededed by a small, well-planned pilot study in which the relative sensitivity and specificity of the test can be determined before its use in extensive population studies.", "contents": "Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. III. Effects on the diagnostic capacity of immunological tests. The paper describes some effects of interaction between different types of parasitic infections on the diagnostic capacity of immunological tests for parasitic diseases. Examples shown include an analysis of association for anergy to tuberculin in skin tests of individuals with and without skin manifestations of onchocerciasis; skin tests with P. westermani and C. sinensis antigens to detect double infections in patients harbouring both trematodes; geographical evaluation of the sensitivity of the complement fixation (CF) test for schistosomiasis with S. mansoni antigen between different communities in Chad; reduced sensitivity of the CF test for schistosomiasis in patients with confirmed schistosomiasis who have also onchocerciasis; studies on the specificity of the slide flocculation (SF) test for schistosomiasis in relation to specified intestinal parasites and to the presence of antibodies to E. granulosus and T. spiralis in villages of Afghanistan; and a study of association between poly-parasitism and anticomplementary activity in the sera of population samples from the African Savannah. The combined investigations indicate that there are large dissimilarities in test performance between communities with different disease spectra and nutritional status. The findings suggest that polyparasitism interferes with immunodiagnostic tests both directly through cross-reactions with antigens and antibodies and indirectly through its effects on nutrition and on mechanisms affecting the complement system. Large scale screening for parasitic diseases with immunodiagnostic tests in areas in which the medical problems are not well-known should be prededed by a small, well-planned pilot study in which the relative sensitivity and specificity of the test can be determined before its use in extensive population studies.", "PMID": 675835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2346", "title": "A transepidermal chemotherapy of onchocerciasis.", "content": "Counts of microfilariae in the skin, and histological and electronmicroscopic procedures have been used to analyze the response of onchocerciasis patients to diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) given either orally or topically. Oral administration of DRC failed to eliminate all microfilariae. Transepidermal DEC resulted in rapid degeneration of microfilariae, and daily single applications of the drug greatly reduced or apparently eliminated microfilariae from the skin. Following weekly topical applications of a DEC emulsion, effective suppression of O. volvulus microfilariae in patients living in a hyperendemic area was maintained for many months; and the dermal pathology resolved.", "contents": "A transepidermal chemotherapy of onchocerciasis. Counts of microfilariae in the skin, and histological and electronmicroscopic procedures have been used to analyze the response of onchocerciasis patients to diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) given either orally or topically. Oral administration of DRC failed to eliminate all microfilariae. Transepidermal DEC resulted in rapid degeneration of microfilariae, and daily single applications of the drug greatly reduced or apparently eliminated microfilariae from the skin. Following weekly topical applications of a DEC emulsion, effective suppression of O. volvulus microfilariae in patients living in a hyperendemic area was maintained for many months; and the dermal pathology resolved.", "PMID": 675836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2347", "title": "Small-scale trials of six drugs against Onchocerca volvulus.", "content": "Six drugs in common use for the treatment of parasitic infections of man were given to 18 adult patients suffering from onchocerciasis. None of the six (metronidazole, tinidazole, mebendazole, trichlorophone, oxamniquine and pyrantel pamoate) showed any evidence of substantial activity against the microfilariae or adult worms of O. volvulus. The mean reduction in skin microfilarial counts a week after drug treatment (a measure of microfilaricidal action) was highest in patients treated with trichlorophone (47.0%) and mebendazole (40.0%). The rate of build-up of microfilariae over a follow-up period of 24 months after treatment with the drug under test followed by DEC (a measure of macrofilaricidal action) was slowest in the groups treated with metronidazole and trichlorophone (22.9% and 27.0% of the pre-treatment counts respectively). These results fall short of those expected of drugs with potential value in the treatment of onchocerciasis.", "contents": "Small-scale trials of six drugs against Onchocerca volvulus. Six drugs in common use for the treatment of parasitic infections of man were given to 18 adult patients suffering from onchocerciasis. None of the six (metronidazole, tinidazole, mebendazole, trichlorophone, oxamniquine and pyrantel pamoate) showed any evidence of substantial activity against the microfilariae or adult worms of O. volvulus. The mean reduction in skin microfilarial counts a week after drug treatment (a measure of microfilaricidal action) was highest in patients treated with trichlorophone (47.0%) and mebendazole (40.0%). The rate of build-up of microfilariae over a follow-up period of 24 months after treatment with the drug under test followed by DEC (a measure of macrofilaricidal action) was slowest in the groups treated with metronidazole and trichlorophone (22.9% and 27.0% of the pre-treatment counts respectively). These results fall short of those expected of drugs with potential value in the treatment of onchocerciasis.", "PMID": 675837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2348", "title": "Metrifonate in onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis.", "content": "Metrifonate, in doses of 10 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days, demonstrated partial microfilaricidal activity against Onchocerca volvulus in humans. Higher doses were not investigated because of the toxic reactions obtained and the absence of monitoring of the blood cholinesterase levels. Spaced doses of 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks or once monthly up to 3 doses showed neither micro- nor macrofilaricidal activity against Wuchereria bancrofti.", "contents": "Metrifonate in onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. Metrifonate, in doses of 10 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days, demonstrated partial microfilaricidal activity against Onchocerca volvulus in humans. Higher doses were not investigated because of the toxic reactions obtained and the absence of monitoring of the blood cholinesterase levels. Spaced doses of 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks or once monthly up to 3 doses showed neither micro- nor macrofilaricidal activity against Wuchereria bancrofti.", "PMID": 675839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2349", "title": "Chemotherapeutic studies on Litomosoides carinii infection of Mastomys natalensis. 7. Filaricidal activity of furazolidone.", "content": "Investigations were carried out on the filaricidal activity of furazolidone against Litomosoides carinii infection in Mastomys natalensis. Oral administration of the drug in daily doses of 25, 50, 75, and 150 mg/kg body weight on 5 consecutive days revealed respectively 96,4, 99,3 and, with the two later doses, 100% reduction of macrofilariae in the pleural cavities, and produced a continuing dose-dependant decrease of microfilaraemia in the circulating blood. After oral doses of 5 x 50 mg/kg, all the adult parasites were killed within two weeks of the start of treatment and were found encapsulated in fibrinous masses in the pleural cavities. Deformed and degenerated embryonic stages could be seen in female worms as early as 3 days after the end of treatment. Furazolidone possesses a considerable chemotherapeutic index.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutic studies on Litomosoides carinii infection of Mastomys natalensis. 7. Filaricidal activity of furazolidone. Investigations were carried out on the filaricidal activity of furazolidone against Litomosoides carinii infection in Mastomys natalensis. Oral administration of the drug in daily doses of 25, 50, 75, and 150 mg/kg body weight on 5 consecutive days revealed respectively 96,4, 99,3 and, with the two later doses, 100% reduction of macrofilariae in the pleural cavities, and produced a continuing dose-dependant decrease of microfilaraemia in the circulating blood. After oral doses of 5 x 50 mg/kg, all the adult parasites were killed within two weeks of the start of treatment and were found encapsulated in fibrinous masses in the pleural cavities. Deformed and degenerated embryonic stages could be seen in female worms as early as 3 days after the end of treatment. Furazolidone possesses a considerable chemotherapeutic index.", "PMID": 675840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2350", "title": "[Biometrical identification of larval instars of S. damnosum s.I. and S. adersi (Diptera: Simuliidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "The biometrical analysis of two characters measured on the postgenae of Simulium larvae allow to differentiate the seven larval instars of S. damnosum s.I. and S. adersi, and to draw the growth curves of one parameter for the different instars.", "contents": "[Biometrical identification of larval instars of S. damnosum s.I. and S. adersi (Diptera: Simuliidae) (author's transl)]. The biometrical analysis of two characters measured on the postgenae of Simulium larvae allow to differentiate the seven larval instars of S. damnosum s.I. and S. adersi, and to draw the growth curves of one parameter for the different instars.", "PMID": 675841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2351", "title": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Epidemiological and clinical features in a nonimmune population living in an endemic area.", "content": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in Saudi-Arabia. Nonimmune Europeans and their families living temporarily in this area were affected by the disease in great number, resembling an epidemic outbreak. Clinical features and treatment of the disease, problems of re-infection and immunity, as well as epidemiological factors are discussed. Using biochemical methods the parasite was identified as Leishmania tropical major.", "contents": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Epidemiological and clinical features in a nonimmune population living in an endemic area. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in Saudi-Arabia. Nonimmune Europeans and their families living temporarily in this area were affected by the disease in great number, resembling an epidemic outbreak. Clinical features and treatment of the disease, problems of re-infection and immunity, as well as epidemiological factors are discussed. Using biochemical methods the parasite was identified as Leishmania tropical major.", "PMID": 675842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2352", "title": "Immunization against anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Part II. Evaluation of cryo-preserved vaccines using different doses and routes of inoculation.", "content": "Anaplasma marginale, Babesia argentina and Babesia bigemina infected blood used as vaccines for immunization trials in Valle del Cauca, were preserved with 4 Molar Dimethyl-Sulfoxide (4M DMSO) and stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C). The effectivity of the vaccines was determined in 87 healthy calves utilizing serial 10-fold dilutions. The effects of dose, inoculation routes, time and temperature were determined. The minimum infective dose for A. marginale was 10(-3) (2 x 10(6)) when 2 ml of vaccine were given intravenously (i.v.). The same dose when given subcutaneously (s.c.) was not infective. The 10(-2) dilution (2 x 10(7)) was infective when given through both routes, however, the incubation periods were statistically different. The average incubation period using 2 ml s.c. was 30 days, but when the dose was increased to 5 ml and given s.c. the average incubation period decreased to 22 days. The minimum infective doses for b. bigemina and B. argentina were 10(-1) dilutions (4 x 10(-7)) and 10(-2) (4 x 16(6)) respectively, when 2 ml of vaccines were injected i.v.. Infectivity was also recorded when Babesia spp. vaccines were injected s.c. at dosages of 5 ml of dilution 10(-1) (1 x 10(-8)).", "contents": "Immunization against anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Part II. Evaluation of cryo-preserved vaccines using different doses and routes of inoculation. Anaplasma marginale, Babesia argentina and Babesia bigemina infected blood used as vaccines for immunization trials in Valle del Cauca, were preserved with 4 Molar Dimethyl-Sulfoxide (4M DMSO) and stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C). The effectivity of the vaccines was determined in 87 healthy calves utilizing serial 10-fold dilutions. The effects of dose, inoculation routes, time and temperature were determined. The minimum infective dose for A. marginale was 10(-3) (2 x 10(6)) when 2 ml of vaccine were given intravenously (i.v.). The same dose when given subcutaneously (s.c.) was not infective. The 10(-2) dilution (2 x 10(7)) was infective when given through both routes, however, the incubation periods were statistically different. The average incubation period using 2 ml s.c. was 30 days, but when the dose was increased to 5 ml and given s.c. the average incubation period decreased to 22 days. The minimum infective doses for b. bigemina and B. argentina were 10(-1) dilutions (4 x 10(-7)) and 10(-2) (4 x 16(6)) respectively, when 2 ml of vaccines were injected i.v.. Infectivity was also recorded when Babesia spp. vaccines were injected s.c. at dosages of 5 ml of dilution 10(-1) (1 x 10(-8)).", "PMID": 675843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2353", "title": "Investigations on the prevalence of trypanosome carriers and the antibody response in wildlife in Northern Botswana.", "content": "605 buffalo, 60 lechwe, 23 kudu, 23 impala, 15 tsessebe, 22 sable and two reedbuck from Northern Botswana were examined for trypanosome infections by serological and/or parasitological means. The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), the haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT) and rodent subinoculation were used. The overall prevalence of patent infection with trypanosomes in buffalo, lechwe and reedbuck was 15,7%. In the case of buffalo and lechwe it was possible to classify their origin into high and low tsetse fly density areas. Serological and parasitological results showed a significantly higher prevalence of infections in areas with a high fly density. Buffalo showed a predominance of infections with Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax and T. (Nannomonas) congolense, while in lechwe infections with T. (Trypanozoon) brucei were as frequent. Strains of T. (T.) brucei isolated from buffalo, unlike those from lechwe, failed to infect rodents, 6 strains from lechwe proved sensitive to human serum (Blood Incubation Infectivity Test). Parasitological positive cases, antibody response and the age of buffalo were correlated. The number of patent infections in animals over one year rose to a peak at the age of 2 1/2 years and dropped steadily in the older buffalo. The frequency of positive antibody titres and their levels also increased after the first years of age, reached its peak at the age of four years an then persisted for the rest of the animals' life. Serological tests carried out on serum samples of the remaining species showed that kudu were more frequently infected than impala, tsessebe or sable.", "contents": "Investigations on the prevalence of trypanosome carriers and the antibody response in wildlife in Northern Botswana. 605 buffalo, 60 lechwe, 23 kudu, 23 impala, 15 tsessebe, 22 sable and two reedbuck from Northern Botswana were examined for trypanosome infections by serological and/or parasitological means. The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), the haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT) and rodent subinoculation were used. The overall prevalence of patent infection with trypanosomes in buffalo, lechwe and reedbuck was 15,7%. In the case of buffalo and lechwe it was possible to classify their origin into high and low tsetse fly density areas. Serological and parasitological results showed a significantly higher prevalence of infections in areas with a high fly density. Buffalo showed a predominance of infections with Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax and T. (Nannomonas) congolense, while in lechwe infections with T. (Trypanozoon) brucei were as frequent. Strains of T. (T.) brucei isolated from buffalo, unlike those from lechwe, failed to infect rodents, 6 strains from lechwe proved sensitive to human serum (Blood Incubation Infectivity Test). Parasitological positive cases, antibody response and the age of buffalo were correlated. The number of patent infections in animals over one year rose to a peak at the age of 2 1/2 years and dropped steadily in the older buffalo. The frequency of positive antibody titres and their levels also increased after the first years of age, reached its peak at the age of four years an then persisted for the rest of the animals' life. Serological tests carried out on serum samples of the remaining species showed that kudu were more frequently infected than impala, tsessebe or sable.", "PMID": 675844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2354", "title": "Determination of volumes of Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense separated from cattle blood.", "content": "Trypanosomes were separated on DEAE cellulose columns from blood samples taken during the first parasitemic wave in T. vivax or T. congolense infected cattle. The mean volume of T. vivax organisms in five steers increased from 16.3 fl SE 0.7 on day five to 20.7 fl SE 0.7 on day eight. Assuming an even distribution of T. vivax throughout the vasculature, the total trypanosome volume at peak parasitemia (36.400 trypanosomes per microliter on day six) was calculated to be about 0.067% of the blood volume, i.e. 8.0 ml. The mean volume of the separated T. congolense organisms was 14.0 fl SE 0.3 on day nine post infection (mean parasitemia of 3.100 trypanosomes per microliter blood). The T. congolense organisms in the jugular venous blood accounted for about 0.0043% of the jugular venous blood volume.", "contents": "Determination of volumes of Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense separated from cattle blood. Trypanosomes were separated on DEAE cellulose columns from blood samples taken during the first parasitemic wave in T. vivax or T. congolense infected cattle. The mean volume of T. vivax organisms in five steers increased from 16.3 fl SE 0.7 on day five to 20.7 fl SE 0.7 on day eight. Assuming an even distribution of T. vivax throughout the vasculature, the total trypanosome volume at peak parasitemia (36.400 trypanosomes per microliter on day six) was calculated to be about 0.067% of the blood volume, i.e. 8.0 ml. The mean volume of the separated T. congolense organisms was 14.0 fl SE 0.3 on day nine post infection (mean parasitemia of 3.100 trypanosomes per microliter blood). The T. congolense organisms in the jugular venous blood accounted for about 0.0043% of the jugular venous blood volume.", "PMID": 675845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2355", "title": "In vitro feeding in the rearing of tsetse flies (Glossina m. morsitans and G.p. palpalis, Diptera: Glossinidae).", "content": "The increasing demand for laboratory reared tsetse flies for research and biological control makes it necessary to develop effective and standardized tsetse fly feeding methods without using live animals for the daily blood uptake. The in vitro feeding technique, described in this paper, has been used for rearing G. m. morsitans by feeding them defibrinated equine blood through a silicone membrane. The results obtained for female longevity and productivity and mean weight of puparia are satisfactory. However, feeding defibrinated bovine blood results in significantly lighter puparia. A colony of G. p. palpalis feeding on defibrinated bovine blood is the only colony of this species that has been successfully maintained by in vitro feeding over several years. The survival rate of the females being fed defibrinated bovine, equine or porcine blood is equal. The number of larvae produced by females being fed defibrinated equine blood is significantly lower. Females younger than 50 days produce larvae which form a heavier puparia than females aged between 51 to 80 or 100 days, irrespective of blood source. Bovine blood used within the first 3 days after its collection leads to significantly higher mean weights of puparia than bovine blood used therafter. The increasing degree of haemolysis is most probably not the reason for this observation. A colony production model based on the performance of both species, G. m. morsitans and G. p. palpalis, fed in vitro, shows the importance of the first five age group periods (i.e. 45 to 50 days after emergence) for the overall performance of the flies. According to the results obtained, about 2,3 puparia per female are needed to maintain the same number of females in the colony. This level of production is reached in the fifth age group period. All larvae produced thereafter are available for colony expansion or experimental purposes. Rearing of both species with in vitro feeding is now a matter of routine.", "contents": "In vitro feeding in the rearing of tsetse flies (Glossina m. morsitans and G.p. palpalis, Diptera: Glossinidae). The increasing demand for laboratory reared tsetse flies for research and biological control makes it necessary to develop effective and standardized tsetse fly feeding methods without using live animals for the daily blood uptake. The in vitro feeding technique, described in this paper, has been used for rearing G. m. morsitans by feeding them defibrinated equine blood through a silicone membrane. The results obtained for female longevity and productivity and mean weight of puparia are satisfactory. However, feeding defibrinated bovine blood results in significantly lighter puparia. A colony of G. p. palpalis feeding on defibrinated bovine blood is the only colony of this species that has been successfully maintained by in vitro feeding over several years. The survival rate of the females being fed defibrinated bovine, equine or porcine blood is equal. The number of larvae produced by females being fed defibrinated equine blood is significantly lower. Females younger than 50 days produce larvae which form a heavier puparia than females aged between 51 to 80 or 100 days, irrespective of blood source. Bovine blood used within the first 3 days after its collection leads to significantly higher mean weights of puparia than bovine blood used therafter. The increasing degree of haemolysis is most probably not the reason for this observation. A colony production model based on the performance of both species, G. m. morsitans and G. p. palpalis, fed in vitro, shows the importance of the first five age group periods (i.e. 45 to 50 days after emergence) for the overall performance of the flies. According to the results obtained, about 2,3 puparia per female are needed to maintain the same number of females in the colony. This level of production is reached in the fifth age group period. All larvae produced thereafter are available for colony expansion or experimental purposes. Rearing of both species with in vitro feeding is now a matter of routine.", "PMID": 675846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2356", "title": "Enhancement of the antitumor activity of adriamycin by Tween 80.", "content": "This paper describes the effect of Tween 80 on the antitumor activity and on the distribution of adriamycin in mice. The dilution of adriamycin in a 10% water solution of Tween 80 produced a significant increase of the antitumor activity in mice against ascites tumors (L 1210 leukemia), disseminated leukemias (transplanted leukemias originally induced by Gross leukemai virus and Moloney leukemia virus), and solid tumors (Sarcoma 180, MS-2 sarcoma). In all these experiments the drug was administered i.v., according to different schedules. Higher antitumor activity at the optimal dose and an increase of activity at lower doses were observed in different experimental systems. Toxicity was also slightly enhanced. Tissue distribution was studied in normal mice and in tumor-bearing mice (Gross leukemia and MS-2 sarcoma). In animals give i.v. adriamycin diluted in 10% Tween 80 there was a higher drug concentration in spleen, lung and kidney than there was in mice given the drug in a water solution. In all the other organs examined (heart, liver, small intestine) and in the MS-2 tumor tissue, no significant increase was observed. In L1210 leukemia-bearing mice, i.p. treatment with adriamycin diluted in 10% Tween 80 resulted in a significantly higher toxicity than that which resulted from treatment with adriamycin in a wa ter solution; no increase of antitumor activity was observed.", "contents": "Enhancement of the antitumor activity of adriamycin by Tween 80. This paper describes the effect of Tween 80 on the antitumor activity and on the distribution of adriamycin in mice. The dilution of adriamycin in a 10% water solution of Tween 80 produced a significant increase of the antitumor activity in mice against ascites tumors (L 1210 leukemia), disseminated leukemias (transplanted leukemias originally induced by Gross leukemai virus and Moloney leukemia virus), and solid tumors (Sarcoma 180, MS-2 sarcoma). In all these experiments the drug was administered i.v., according to different schedules. Higher antitumor activity at the optimal dose and an increase of activity at lower doses were observed in different experimental systems. Toxicity was also slightly enhanced. Tissue distribution was studied in normal mice and in tumor-bearing mice (Gross leukemia and MS-2 sarcoma). In animals give i.v. adriamycin diluted in 10% Tween 80 there was a higher drug concentration in spleen, lung and kidney than there was in mice given the drug in a water solution. In all the other organs examined (heart, liver, small intestine) and in the MS-2 tumor tissue, no significant increase was observed. In L1210 leukemia-bearing mice, i.p. treatment with adriamycin diluted in 10% Tween 80 resulted in a significantly higher toxicity than that which resulted from treatment with adriamycin in a wa ter solution; no increase of antitumor activity was observed.", "PMID": 675847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2357", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer: a comparative study.", "content": "The sera of 212 patients with malignant and non-malignant diseases have been radioimmunoassayed for the presence of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) using 3 different kits produced of Hoffman La Roche, Switzerland (RCK), BY Sorin-IRE, Italy and Belgium (SCK), and by the Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese, Italy (ICK). In the presence of endodermically-derived system carcinomas, the RCK gave more positive results (72.6%) than did the SCK (63.1%) or ICK (56.2%). With regard to other carcinomas, ICK (50.0%) and SCK (47.1%) gave better results than did RCK (30.6%). The results are discussed in terms of clinical usefulness of the CEA assay and as regards reproducibility, procedural advantages, and economical cost of each kit. It is concluded that the CEA assay cannot be used for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers, although it is useful as a measure of \"cancerosity\" for prognostic purposes. In this sense the double antibody method employed by SCK and ICK is clinically more advantageous than is the perchloric acid extraction-zirconyl phosphate gel precipitation method of RCK.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer: a comparative study. The sera of 212 patients with malignant and non-malignant diseases have been radioimmunoassayed for the presence of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) using 3 different kits produced of Hoffman La Roche, Switzerland (RCK), BY Sorin-IRE, Italy and Belgium (SCK), and by the Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese, Italy (ICK). In the presence of endodermically-derived system carcinomas, the RCK gave more positive results (72.6%) than did the SCK (63.1%) or ICK (56.2%). With regard to other carcinomas, ICK (50.0%) and SCK (47.1%) gave better results than did RCK (30.6%). The results are discussed in terms of clinical usefulness of the CEA assay and as regards reproducibility, procedural advantages, and economical cost of each kit. It is concluded that the CEA assay cannot be used for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers, although it is useful as a measure of \"cancerosity\" for prognostic purposes. In this sense the double antibody method employed by SCK and ICK is clinically more advantageous than is the perchloric acid extraction-zirconyl phosphate gel precipitation method of RCK.", "PMID": 675848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2358", "title": "Failures (cause and time) of radiotherapy in oral cancer.", "content": "The results of retrospective clinical evaluation concerning 434 cases of oral carcinomas treated with radiotherapy from January 1959 to December 1967 are presented. The analysis of the results obtained shows that radiotherapy alone may offer a reasonable possiblity of success in limited lesions (68.3% 5-year survival of Stage I patients). In more advanced local cases, and especially those with regional adenopathies, radiotherapy alone cannot consistently control the disease for a long period of time; 5-year survival from the onset of treatment was respectively 36.5% and 24.5% for Stage II and III cases. Moreover, if controlateral of bilateral metastatic adenopathies or fixed lymph nodes are present, the prognosis becomes dramatic (2.6% 5-year survival of Stage IV patients). Among the irradiation techniques currently available, curietherapy (intersitial applications or surface molds) presumably offers the best possibility of success, since the observed failures, both overall and stage by stage, are inferior. Radiotherapy alone may generally be of proven efficacy if the local or locoregional extension is limited. In more advanced cases a combined surgery-chemotherapy treatment method is recommended. The criteria for a combined therapeutic approach for these tumors are also discussed.", "contents": "Failures (cause and time) of radiotherapy in oral cancer. The results of retrospective clinical evaluation concerning 434 cases of oral carcinomas treated with radiotherapy from January 1959 to December 1967 are presented. The analysis of the results obtained shows that radiotherapy alone may offer a reasonable possiblity of success in limited lesions (68.3% 5-year survival of Stage I patients). In more advanced local cases, and especially those with regional adenopathies, radiotherapy alone cannot consistently control the disease for a long period of time; 5-year survival from the onset of treatment was respectively 36.5% and 24.5% for Stage II and III cases. Moreover, if controlateral of bilateral metastatic adenopathies or fixed lymph nodes are present, the prognosis becomes dramatic (2.6% 5-year survival of Stage IV patients). Among the irradiation techniques currently available, curietherapy (intersitial applications or surface molds) presumably offers the best possibility of success, since the observed failures, both overall and stage by stage, are inferior. Radiotherapy alone may generally be of proven efficacy if the local or locoregional extension is limited. In more advanced cases a combined surgery-chemotherapy treatment method is recommended. The criteria for a combined therapeutic approach for these tumors are also discussed.", "PMID": 675849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2359", "title": "Cytopathologic manifestation of uterine leiomyosarcoma. Case report.", "content": "The presence of malignant tumor cells in a vaginal and cervical smear of a 53-year-old female with vaginal bleeding and with subsequent negative hsitology of the scraping material could be later correlated with a leiomyosarcoma of the myometrium that produced deep local invasion and pulmonary metastases. The findings that favor the cytologic diagnosis of this neoplasm are the presence of isolated cells or the side-by-side arrangement of the tumor cells, the elongated shape of the cytoplasm, and the ovoidal cigar-shaped nuclei with sparse, coarse chromocenters. Cytologic differential diagnosis of other malignant neoplasms capable of cellular exfoliation into the vagina is discussed.", "contents": "Cytopathologic manifestation of uterine leiomyosarcoma. Case report. The presence of malignant tumor cells in a vaginal and cervical smear of a 53-year-old female with vaginal bleeding and with subsequent negative hsitology of the scraping material could be later correlated with a leiomyosarcoma of the myometrium that produced deep local invasion and pulmonary metastases. The findings that favor the cytologic diagnosis of this neoplasm are the presence of isolated cells or the side-by-side arrangement of the tumor cells, the elongated shape of the cytoplasm, and the ovoidal cigar-shaped nuclei with sparse, coarse chromocenters. Cytologic differential diagnosis of other malignant neoplasms capable of cellular exfoliation into the vagina is discussed.", "PMID": 675850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2360", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis: a clinicopathologic study of 18 consecutive cases.", "content": "The clinical records and histologic material of 18 consecutive patients with malignant histiocytosis were reviewed. The age of the patients ranged from 20 months to 72 years (median 35 years). There were 14 males and 4 females (3.5:1). Lymph node and liver enlargement, fever, and skin nodules were the most common physical findings; and leukocytosis was frequently the most abnormal laboratory test. Seven of 18 patients died, and their survival ranged from 1 to 15 months (median 8 months) after histopathologic diagnosis. The histologic findings on lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and skin were investigated with special reference to both the cellular composition and the pattern of lymph node involvement. Vascular invasion of small perinodal vessels was observed in 4 fatal cases. The absence of capsular invasion and the lack of cohesiveness among atypical proliferating histiocytes of malignant histiocytosis appeared to be inconstant. Sequential lymph node biopsies revealed in later stages the extension of the histiocytic proliferation from the sinuses into the cords and the complete obliteration of the nodal structures. The radiologic investigations yielded numerous pathologic findings that were consistent with the dissemination of the disease. Complete response to initial treatment was achieved in patients that were treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Complete response with chemotherapy was achieved only when the treatment included adriamycin. The histologic and clinical features of the present  series provide future evidence for the recognition of malignant histiocytosis as a distinct clinical and pathologic entity.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis: a clinicopathologic study of 18 consecutive cases. The clinical records and histologic material of 18 consecutive patients with malignant histiocytosis were reviewed. The age of the patients ranged from 20 months to 72 years (median 35 years). There were 14 males and 4 females (3.5:1). Lymph node and liver enlargement, fever, and skin nodules were the most common physical findings; and leukocytosis was frequently the most abnormal laboratory test. Seven of 18 patients died, and their survival ranged from 1 to 15 months (median 8 months) after histopathologic diagnosis. The histologic findings on lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and skin were investigated with special reference to both the cellular composition and the pattern of lymph node involvement. Vascular invasion of small perinodal vessels was observed in 4 fatal cases. The absence of capsular invasion and the lack of cohesiveness among atypical proliferating histiocytes of malignant histiocytosis appeared to be inconstant. Sequential lymph node biopsies revealed in later stages the extension of the histiocytic proliferation from the sinuses into the cords and the complete obliteration of the nodal structures. The radiologic investigations yielded numerous pathologic findings that were consistent with the dissemination of the disease. Complete response to initial treatment was achieved in patients that were treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Complete response with chemotherapy was achieved only when the treatment included adriamycin. The histologic and clinical features of the present  series provide future evidence for the recognition of malignant histiocytosis as a distinct clinical and pathologic entity.", "PMID": 675851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2361", "title": "Cytology in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma.", "content": "Some cytologic criteria useful for routine examinations in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma are reported and the diagnostic value of the pre-operatory cytologic smears is also emphasized.", "contents": "Cytology in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Some cytologic criteria useful for routine examinations in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma are reported and the diagnostic value of the pre-operatory cytologic smears is also emphasized.", "PMID": 675852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2362", "title": "An improved criterion for the evaluation of estrogen receptor binding data in human breast cancer.", "content": "The evaluation of the data is an important step in performing the estrogen receptor test. For this reason an effort has been made to derive a more reliable threshold criteria. Among the parameters considered, Xo, Ka, and BI%, only the former 2 appear to be suitable to allow a proper evaluation of the results. From the analysis of different types of carcinomatous or normal breast specimens, limit values of these parameters have been recovered for positivity and negativity of the estrogen receptor test. We found all the samples showing Ka less than 1.5 x 10(9) M-1 or Xo less than 5 fmol/mg proteins to be negative, those characterized by low values of both the parameters were borderline, and all the remaining ones were positive.", "contents": "An improved criterion for the evaluation of estrogen receptor binding data in human breast cancer. The evaluation of the data is an important step in performing the estrogen receptor test. For this reason an effort has been made to derive a more reliable threshold criteria. Among the parameters considered, Xo, Ka, and BI%, only the former 2 appear to be suitable to allow a proper evaluation of the results. From the analysis of different types of carcinomatous or normal breast specimens, limit values of these parameters have been recovered for positivity and negativity of the estrogen receptor test. We found all the samples showing Ka less than 1.5 x 10(9) M-1 or Xo less than 5 fmol/mg proteins to be negative, those characterized by low values of both the parameters were borderline, and all the remaining ones were positive.", "PMID": 675855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2363", "title": "Breast cancer in a patient under levodopa treatment.", "content": "A case history of a patient who developed mammary cancer (T1N1bMo) after 5 1/2 years of continuous treatment with Levodopa for Parkinson's disease is presented. The prolactin inhibition by the Levodopa was verified, and the clinical and mammographic growth, the doubling time, and the labeling index of the tumor were determined. The results were not significantly different than those obtained from patients with breast cancer not under treatment with Levodopa. The rapid growth and evolution of this tumor suggests that prolactin does not have an inducer or promoter effect in mammary cancer.", "contents": "Breast cancer in a patient under levodopa treatment. A case history of a patient who developed mammary cancer (T1N1bMo) after 5 1/2 years of continuous treatment with Levodopa for Parkinson's disease is presented. The prolactin inhibition by the Levodopa was verified, and the clinical and mammographic growth, the doubling time, and the labeling index of the tumor were determined. The results were not significantly different than those obtained from patients with breast cancer not under treatment with Levodopa. The rapid growth and evolution of this tumor suggests that prolactin does not have an inducer or promoter effect in mammary cancer.", "PMID": 675856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2364", "title": "Stage I melanoma of the limbs: assessment of prognosis by levels of invasion and maximum thickness.", "content": "The prognostic significance of 2 histological parameters, level of invasion and maximum thickness is evaluated in 248 cases of malignant melanoma of the limbs staged T1-3NoMo which were collected for Trial No. 1 of the W.H.O. Collaborating Centres for the Evaluation of Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment of Melanoma between September 1967 and December 1974. There is a linear relation of tumor thickness to mortality with a high statistical significance (P = 0.0002). Mortality also increases with progression of the level of invasion. The incidence of occult metastases to the regional lymph nodes increases with increasing thickness or level of invasion. Moreover the age and sex corrected survival curves are also dependent on both parameters. The comparison of the 2 methods revealed that maximal tumor thickness is a more powerful measure of prognosis than is the determination of the level of invasion.", "contents": "Stage I melanoma of the limbs: assessment of prognosis by levels of invasion and maximum thickness. The prognostic significance of 2 histological parameters, level of invasion and maximum thickness is evaluated in 248 cases of malignant melanoma of the limbs staged T1-3NoMo which were collected for Trial No. 1 of the W.H.O. Collaborating Centres for the Evaluation of Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment of Melanoma between September 1967 and December 1974. There is a linear relation of tumor thickness to mortality with a high statistical significance (P = 0.0002). Mortality also increases with progression of the level of invasion. The incidence of occult metastases to the regional lymph nodes increases with increasing thickness or level of invasion. Moreover the age and sex corrected survival curves are also dependent on both parameters. The comparison of the 2 methods revealed that maximal tumor thickness is a more powerful measure of prognosis than is the determination of the level of invasion.", "PMID": 675857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2365", "title": "Comparative aspects of pigmented nevi in children, youths and adults.", "content": "Clinicomorphological correlations in children of different ages, youths, and adults with various pigmented nevi are analyzed to determine the diagnostic significance of certain structures. The study included 129 pigmented nevi surgically removed from 122 children, 27 from youths, and 133 from adult subjects. A comparative analysis of the reasons that caused the removal of the pigmented nevi made it possible to clarify a number of peculiarities of pigmented nevi in children that play an important role in the clinical and diagnostic aspects, as well as the decision of management policy. For diagnostic purposes, in the evaluation of pigmented nevi in children, particular attention should not be paid to the marked cellular proliferation of junctional melanoblasts, invasion of the epidermis by nevus cells, and pigmentation of the epidermis by melanin.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of pigmented nevi in children, youths and adults. Clinicomorphological correlations in children of different ages, youths, and adults with various pigmented nevi are analyzed to determine the diagnostic significance of certain structures. The study included 129 pigmented nevi surgically removed from 122 children, 27 from youths, and 133 from adult subjects. A comparative analysis of the reasons that caused the removal of the pigmented nevi made it possible to clarify a number of peculiarities of pigmented nevi in children that play an important role in the clinical and diagnostic aspects, as well as the decision of management policy. For diagnostic purposes, in the evaluation of pigmented nevi in children, particular attention should not be paid to the marked cellular proliferation of junctional melanoblasts, invasion of the epidermis by nevus cells, and pigmentation of the epidermis by melanin.", "PMID": 675858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2366", "title": "Relationship between curative radiation therapy of paravertebral tumors and the incidence of radiation myelitis.", "content": "The literature about radiation damage to the spinal cord is reviewed and 4 of own cases are presented. It is pointed out that in curative radiation therapy the risk of myelitis that accompanies higher spinal cord doses must be weighed against the therapeutic gains. However, in view of the lack of information about radiation damage to the spinal cord, this may be quite difficult.", "contents": "Relationship between curative radiation therapy of paravertebral tumors and the incidence of radiation myelitis. The literature about radiation damage to the spinal cord is reviewed and 4 of own cases are presented. It is pointed out that in curative radiation therapy the risk of myelitis that accompanies higher spinal cord doses must be weighed against the therapeutic gains. However, in view of the lack of information about radiation damage to the spinal cord, this may be quite difficult.", "PMID": 675860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2367", "title": "The role of irradiation in the management of head and neck cancer: analysis of results and causes of failure.", "content": "The records of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic and glottic larynx, whose primary lesion was treated with radiation therapy from 1964 through 1973, were reviewed. End points of the study are local control rate at the primary site, ultimate control with surgical salvage, and causes of failure. The local control rate at the primary site was 90% for T1 lesions, 80% for T2 lesions, and approximately 70% for selected T3 lesions. The control rates for the advanced T3 and T4 lesions are unsatisfactory; therefore, preoperative or postoperative irradiation is combined with appropriate surgical procedures to improve the local control rates and in some instances survival rates. Analysis of cervical node metastases treatment shows that the incidence of local recurrence in the radically dissected neck can be significantly reduced with either pre- or postoperative irradiation. Elective irradiation of initially clinically uninvolved areas of the neck (both ipsilateral and contralateral) has almost eliminated subsequent nodal metastases.", "contents": "The role of irradiation in the management of head and neck cancer: analysis of results and causes of failure. The records of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic and glottic larynx, whose primary lesion was treated with radiation therapy from 1964 through 1973, were reviewed. End points of the study are local control rate at the primary site, ultimate control with surgical salvage, and causes of failure. The local control rate at the primary site was 90% for T1 lesions, 80% for T2 lesions, and approximately 70% for selected T3 lesions. The control rates for the advanced T3 and T4 lesions are unsatisfactory; therefore, preoperative or postoperative irradiation is combined with appropriate surgical procedures to improve the local control rates and in some instances survival rates. Analysis of cervical node metastases treatment shows that the incidence of local recurrence in the radically dissected neck can be significantly reduced with either pre- or postoperative irradiation. Elective irradiation of initially clinically uninvolved areas of the neck (both ipsilateral and contralateral) has almost eliminated subsequent nodal metastases.", "PMID": 675861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2368", "title": "Malignant lymphoplasmacytoid lymphomas. Clinical and evolutive data.", "content": "A series of 31 cases of malignant lymphoplasmacytoid lymphomas (excluding Waldenstr\u00f6m disease) is analyzed. Two-thirds of the patients initially had localizations elsewhere than in the lymph nodes and presented clinical stage I or II. The median survival is around 4 years and is particularly favorable for stage I and II patients who have received an association of radiotherapy and systematic chemotherapy; the estimated \"cure rate\" for these patients is around 80%.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoplasmacytoid lymphomas. Clinical and evolutive data. A series of 31 cases of malignant lymphoplasmacytoid lymphomas (excluding Waldenstr\u00f6m disease) is analyzed. Two-thirds of the patients initially had localizations elsewhere than in the lymph nodes and presented clinical stage I or II. The median survival is around 4 years and is particularly favorable for stage I and II patients who have received an association of radiotherapy and systematic chemotherapy; the estimated \"cure rate\" for these patients is around 80%.", "PMID": 675862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2369", "title": "Cytogenetic study of pleural effusions.", "content": "Chromosome analysis of effusions has been recently regarded as useful means in the diagnosis of cancer. Cytological and cytogenetic findings of 19 pleural effusions from patients with benign and malignant diseases are compared. Conventional cytology does not always give correct positive results because of the high percentage of false negatives, whereas cytogenetic analysis reveals a considerable spread of the chromosome number in neoplastic fluid, with structural chromosome changes, marker chromosomes and minute fragments. Absence of mitosis does not exclude the malignant etiology of the effusion when the patient had been previously treated with antineoplastic drugs. Benign diseases were never falsely classified as malignant by cytogenetic analysis.", "contents": "Cytogenetic study of pleural effusions. Chromosome analysis of effusions has been recently regarded as useful means in the diagnosis of cancer. Cytological and cytogenetic findings of 19 pleural effusions from patients with benign and malignant diseases are compared. Conventional cytology does not always give correct positive results because of the high percentage of false negatives, whereas cytogenetic analysis reveals a considerable spread of the chromosome number in neoplastic fluid, with structural chromosome changes, marker chromosomes and minute fragments. Absence of mitosis does not exclude the malignant etiology of the effusion when the patient had been previously treated with antineoplastic drugs. Benign diseases were never falsely classified as malignant by cytogenetic analysis.", "PMID": 675863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2370", "title": "Novel ultrasonic real-time scanner featuring servo controlled transducers displaying a sector image.", "content": "This paper describes a new real-time servo controlled sector scanner that produces high resolution images and has functionally programmable features similar to phased array systems, but possesses the simplicity of design and low cost best achievable in a mechanical sector scanner. The unique feature is the transducer head which contains a single moving part--the transducer--enclosed within a light-weight, hand held, and vibration free case. The frame rate, sector width, stop action angle, are all operator programmable. The frame rate can be varied from 12 to 30 frames s-1 and the sector width from 0 degrees to 60 degrees. Conversion from sector to time motion (T/M) modes are instant and two options are available, a freeze position high density T/M and a low density T/M obtainable simultaneously during sector visualization. Unusual electronic features are: automatic gain control, electronic recording of images on video tape in rf format, and ability to post-process images during video playback to extract T/M display and to change time gain control (tgc) and image size.", "contents": "Novel ultrasonic real-time scanner featuring servo controlled transducers displaying a sector image. This paper describes a new real-time servo controlled sector scanner that produces high resolution images and has functionally programmable features similar to phased array systems, but possesses the simplicity of design and low cost best achievable in a mechanical sector scanner. The unique feature is the transducer head which contains a single moving part--the transducer--enclosed within a light-weight, hand held, and vibration free case. The frame rate, sector width, stop action angle, are all operator programmable. The frame rate can be varied from 12 to 30 frames s-1 and the sector width from 0 degrees to 60 degrees. Conversion from sector to time motion (T/M) modes are instant and two options are available, a freeze position high density T/M and a low density T/M obtainable simultaneously during sector visualization. Unusual electronic features are: automatic gain control, electronic recording of images on video tape in rf format, and ability to post-process images during video playback to extract T/M display and to change time gain control (tgc) and image size.", "PMID": 675874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2371", "title": "The effects of ultrasound on the mechanical properties of rat cardiac muscle.", "content": "The mechanical properties of cardiac muscle during ultrasonic irradiation have been studied in vitro. Left anterior papillary muscle from normal rats was suspended in buffered lactated Ringers solution equilibrated with 95% O2, and 5% CO2 and maintained at 20 degrees C. The muscles were stimulated to contract isometrically three times per minute at the length which produced maximum tension. Each muscle was irradiated with a MHz ultrasound at an average power of 2.4 Wcm-2 for a period of 10 min with a 10 min recovery period. Irradiation caused an average increase in temperature of the muscle of 1.7 +/- 0.2 degrees C (mean +/- SEM). Irradiation caused the resting tension (1.46 +/- 0.13g) to decrease by 17.8 +/- 4.7% and the developed tension (3.33 +/- 0.61g) to decrease by 4.1 +/- 0.9%. Since changes in contractile properties have been reported with temperature the bath temperature was raised and changes in contraction observed. When compensated for effects of temperature, the changes in resting tension became - 13.3 +/- 4.1% while the change in developed tension became + 1.6 +/- 2.3%. The change in resting tension is highly significant (p less than 0.05 paired t-test) while the change in developed tension is not. Thus 1 MHz ultrasound at an intensity of 2.4 Wcm-2 appears to affect resting tension of cardiac muscle without affecting the active tension. Since changes in cardiac mechanics of this type have not been described previously the effects of ultrasound appears to be unique.", "contents": "The effects of ultrasound on the mechanical properties of rat cardiac muscle. The mechanical properties of cardiac muscle during ultrasonic irradiation have been studied in vitro. Left anterior papillary muscle from normal rats was suspended in buffered lactated Ringers solution equilibrated with 95% O2, and 5% CO2 and maintained at 20 degrees C. The muscles were stimulated to contract isometrically three times per minute at the length which produced maximum tension. Each muscle was irradiated with a MHz ultrasound at an average power of 2.4 Wcm-2 for a period of 10 min with a 10 min recovery period. Irradiation caused an average increase in temperature of the muscle of 1.7 +/- 0.2 degrees C (mean +/- SEM). Irradiation caused the resting tension (1.46 +/- 0.13g) to decrease by 17.8 +/- 4.7% and the developed tension (3.33 +/- 0.61g) to decrease by 4.1 +/- 0.9%. Since changes in contractile properties have been reported with temperature the bath temperature was raised and changes in contraction observed. When compensated for effects of temperature, the changes in resting tension became - 13.3 +/- 4.1% while the change in developed tension became + 1.6 +/- 2.3%. The change in resting tension is highly significant (p less than 0.05 paired t-test) while the change in developed tension is not. Thus 1 MHz ultrasound at an intensity of 2.4 Wcm-2 appears to affect resting tension of cardiac muscle without affecting the active tension. Since changes in cardiac mechanics of this type have not been described previously the effects of ultrasound appears to be unique.", "PMID": 675875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2372", "title": "Sleep, mood, and fatigue during a 14-day He-O2 open-sea saturation dive to 850 fsw with excursions to 950 fsw.", "content": "To obtain information on sleep, mood, and performance of divers and surface support personnel during deep dives in the open sea, 12 divers and 12 surface support personnel were monitored during a 14-day open-sea saturation dive using the U.S. Navy Deep Diving System, Mark 2, Mod O. Divers lived in the deck decompression chambers at 850 fsw equivalent and made 5 days of excursion wet dives to approximately 950 fsw via the Personnel Transfer Capsule. Electroencephalographic and self-report measures of sleep, and measures of mood, anxiety, and 4-choice reaction time performance were obtained during a predive base-line period and throughout the dive and decompression. Results suggested that, unless personnel are rotated, there are limitations to the practical duration of very deep open-sea saturation dives caused by the accumulation of sleep debt, fatigue, and loss of psychological vigor.", "contents": "Sleep, mood, and fatigue during a 14-day He-O2 open-sea saturation dive to 850 fsw with excursions to 950 fsw. To obtain information on sleep, mood, and performance of divers and surface support personnel during deep dives in the open sea, 12 divers and 12 surface support personnel were monitored during a 14-day open-sea saturation dive using the U.S. Navy Deep Diving System, Mark 2, Mod O. Divers lived in the deck decompression chambers at 850 fsw equivalent and made 5 days of excursion wet dives to approximately 950 fsw via the Personnel Transfer Capsule. Electroencephalographic and self-report measures of sleep, and measures of mood, anxiety, and 4-choice reaction time performance were obtained during a predive base-line period and throughout the dive and decompression. Results suggested that, unless personnel are rotated, there are limitations to the practical duration of very deep open-sea saturation dives caused by the accumulation of sleep debt, fatigue, and loss of psychological vigor.", "PMID": 675876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2373", "title": "Reduction of the incidence of decompression sickness in rats by smooth-muscle activating factor (SMAF).", "content": "Normal rats were injected with a smooth-muscle activating factor (SMAF) to examine the dose-response relationshio of SMAF to the incidence of decompression sickness. After injections of saline or 1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg SMAF, the animals were compressed to 6 ATA breathing air for 1 h and were then rapidly decompressed to 1 ATA. Results indicate that predive injections of SMAF or exposure to the SMAF substance protected rats against decompression sickness and that higher doses appear to offer more protection.", "contents": "Reduction of the incidence of decompression sickness in rats by smooth-muscle activating factor (SMAF). Normal rats were injected with a smooth-muscle activating factor (SMAF) to examine the dose-response relationshio of SMAF to the incidence of decompression sickness. After injections of saline or 1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg SMAF, the animals were compressed to 6 ATA breathing air for 1 h and were then rapidly decompressed to 1 ATA. Results indicate that predive injections of SMAF or exposure to the SMAF substance protected rats against decompression sickness and that higher doses appear to offer more protection.", "PMID": 675878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2374", "title": "Development of unlimited duration excursion tables and procedures for helium-oxygen saturation diving.", "content": "Excursion ascents were performed during a series of experimental helium-oxygen saturation dives ranging between 150 and 1000 fsw to study the limits of multiple and extended duration excursions both deeper and shallower than the saturation depth. The distance a diver can safely ascend without decompression following saturation was found to be a function of depth, increasing from 75 ft at a saturation depth of 225 fsw to 180 ft at 1000 fsw. Initiation of saturation decompression immediately after an excursion was found to be safe. This information is incorporated into new U.S. Navy Unlimited Duration Excursion Tables and Procedures for Saturation Diving.", "contents": "Development of unlimited duration excursion tables and procedures for helium-oxygen saturation diving. Excursion ascents were performed during a series of experimental helium-oxygen saturation dives ranging between 150 and 1000 fsw to study the limits of multiple and extended duration excursions both deeper and shallower than the saturation depth. The distance a diver can safely ascend without decompression following saturation was found to be a function of depth, increasing from 75 ft at a saturation depth of 225 fsw to 180 ft at 1000 fsw. Initiation of saturation decompression immediately after an excursion was found to be safe. This information is incorporated into new U.S. Navy Unlimited Duration Excursion Tables and Procedures for Saturation Diving.", "PMID": 675881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2375", "title": "Observations after loss of consciousness under water.", "content": "Two diving incidents were investigated in which 1) an experienced professional diver (A) lost consciousness during an air dive to 69 meters, and 2) an amateur sports diver (D) lost consciousness during a 40-meter air dive. In subsequent tests both divers' ventilatory responses to inspired carbon dioxide were found to be extremely low. Under simulated diving conditions, Divers A and D exhibited marked carbon dioxide retention during exercise at 30 meters (end-tidal PCO2 = 65 and 57 mmHg, respectively) and at 70 meters, Diver A stopped work in less than 3 min because of severe dizziness. Reduced sensitivity to carbon dioxide, perhaps caused by the interaction of hypercapnia and nitrogen narcosis, is thought to have been partly responsible for these incidents.", "contents": "Observations after loss of consciousness under water. Two diving incidents were investigated in which 1) an experienced professional diver (A) lost consciousness during an air dive to 69 meters, and 2) an amateur sports diver (D) lost consciousness during a 40-meter air dive. In subsequent tests both divers' ventilatory responses to inspired carbon dioxide were found to be extremely low. Under simulated diving conditions, Divers A and D exhibited marked carbon dioxide retention during exercise at 30 meters (end-tidal PCO2 = 65 and 57 mmHg, respectively) and at 70 meters, Diver A stopped work in less than 3 min because of severe dizziness. Reduced sensitivity to carbon dioxide, perhaps caused by the interaction of hypercapnia and nitrogen narcosis, is thought to have been partly responsible for these incidents.", "PMID": 675882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2376", "title": "Spectrum of multicystic renal dysplasia: diagnosis and management.", "content": "Multicystic renal dysplasia represents a spectrum of pathologic states, from unilateral multicystic kidney through segmental and focal multicystic dysplasia to bilateral multicystic kidney. Diagnosis can be established with low-risk procedures with reasonable accuracy. Treatment may be nonoperative in selected cases, but the physician must be responsible for long-term follow-up of the child until more is known about the natural history of this process.", "contents": "Spectrum of multicystic renal dysplasia: diagnosis and management. Multicystic renal dysplasia represents a spectrum of pathologic states, from unilateral multicystic kidney through segmental and focal multicystic dysplasia to bilateral multicystic kidney. Diagnosis can be established with low-risk procedures with reasonable accuracy. Treatment may be nonoperative in selected cases, but the physician must be responsible for long-term follow-up of the child until more is known about the natural history of this process.", "PMID": 675897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2377", "title": "Does cyclophosphamide induce bladder cancer?", "content": "An increasing incidence of bladder neoplasms temporally associated with chemotherapy, usually cyclophosphamide, is being reported. These secondary primary bladder malignancies are characteristically found in two groups of patients: those with lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative tumors, and those with immunosuppression after organ transplantation. A case of adenocarcinoma of the bladder associated with malignant lymphoma is reported, and the known cases of second primary bladder malignancies after cyclophosphamide therapy as reported in the literature are reviewed. Studies relating to the enhanced occurrence of second primary cancers in lymphoproliferative disorders are presented. The recognized urologic toxicities of cyclophosphamide, including cytopathologic changes in animals and humans, are discussed. The observed association between immunosuppression and second primary malignancies is explored, as supported by studies on congenital immunodeficiency in humans, viral oncogenesis in experimental animals, and neoplasia after organ transplantation. Possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis associated with cyclophosphamide are reviewed, including suppression of humoral and cell-mediated immune defense mechanisms, direct carcinogenesis, or cocarcinogenesis. A plea is made for the orderly reporting and careful documentation of bladder tumors in patients receiving cyclophosphamide. It is suggested that prospective studies in these patients and in patients receiving cyclophosphamide for nonmalignant disorders would be of value in assessing the culpability of cyclophosphamide as a carcinogen.", "contents": "Does cyclophosphamide induce bladder cancer? An increasing incidence of bladder neoplasms temporally associated with chemotherapy, usually cyclophosphamide, is being reported. These secondary primary bladder malignancies are characteristically found in two groups of patients: those with lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative tumors, and those with immunosuppression after organ transplantation. A case of adenocarcinoma of the bladder associated with malignant lymphoma is reported, and the known cases of second primary bladder malignancies after cyclophosphamide therapy as reported in the literature are reviewed. Studies relating to the enhanced occurrence of second primary cancers in lymphoproliferative disorders are presented. The recognized urologic toxicities of cyclophosphamide, including cytopathologic changes in animals and humans, are discussed. The observed association between immunosuppression and second primary malignancies is explored, as supported by studies on congenital immunodeficiency in humans, viral oncogenesis in experimental animals, and neoplasia after organ transplantation. Possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis associated with cyclophosphamide are reviewed, including suppression of humoral and cell-mediated immune defense mechanisms, direct carcinogenesis, or cocarcinogenesis. A plea is made for the orderly reporting and careful documentation of bladder tumors in patients receiving cyclophosphamide. It is suggested that prospective studies in these patients and in patients receiving cyclophosphamide for nonmalignant disorders would be of value in assessing the culpability of cyclophosphamide as a carcinogen.", "PMID": 675898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2378", "title": "Excessive proliferation of peripelvic fat of the kidney.", "content": "Excessive proliferation of the peripelvic fat of the kidney (EPPF) is a benign process with an innocuous effect on the patient. However, this condition may assume major clinical significance by producing pyelocalyceal deformities that may be mistaken for true renal masses. Rarely, EPPF may masquerade as a renal pelvic tumor. We present the second reported case of EPPF simulating a renal pelvic tumor and review the history as well as the characteristic radiographic and sonographic features of this condition.", "contents": "Excessive proliferation of peripelvic fat of the kidney. Excessive proliferation of the peripelvic fat of the kidney (EPPF) is a benign process with an innocuous effect on the patient. However, this condition may assume major clinical significance by producing pyelocalyceal deformities that may be mistaken for true renal masses. Rarely, EPPF may masquerade as a renal pelvic tumor. We present the second reported case of EPPF simulating a renal pelvic tumor and review the history as well as the characteristic radiographic and sonographic features of this condition.", "PMID": 675899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2379", "title": "Renal function damage in 131 cases of urogenital tuberculosis.", "content": "The functional sequelae of 131 patients with urogenital tuberculosis were examined. At the time of diagnosis, more than half of the patients already suffered from global renal failure which was moderate in 42.7 per cent and severe in 15.5 per cent. We believe that the primary functional damage occurs at the medullary level with tubular and interstitial involvement. Indeed, the red phenol test for postglomerular blood flow was altered in a higher proportion than was the creatinine clearance (67.9 per cent). The maximum concentrating ability was altered even more frequently (84 per cent). When we compared various glomerular filtration levels with the grade of alteration of the maximum ability concentration test, we also saw clearly that the alteration of the tubular interstitial medullar function dominated the alteration of the glomerular global function. This proves at a functional level the predominantly medullary localization of the lesion in renal tuberculosis.", "contents": "Renal function damage in 131 cases of urogenital tuberculosis. The functional sequelae of 131 patients with urogenital tuberculosis were examined. At the time of diagnosis, more than half of the patients already suffered from global renal failure which was moderate in 42.7 per cent and severe in 15.5 per cent. We believe that the primary functional damage occurs at the medullary level with tubular and interstitial involvement. Indeed, the red phenol test for postglomerular blood flow was altered in a higher proportion than was the creatinine clearance (67.9 per cent). The maximum concentrating ability was altered even more frequently (84 per cent). When we compared various glomerular filtration levels with the grade of alteration of the maximum ability concentration test, we also saw clearly that the alteration of the tubular interstitial medullar function dominated the alteration of the glomerular global function. This proves at a functional level the predominantly medullary localization of the lesion in renal tuberculosis.", "PMID": 675900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2380", "title": "Epodyl in management of noninvasive vesical neoplasms.", "content": "A prospective study to assess the effects of triethylene glycol diglyceridyl ether (Epodyl) in the management of superficial noninvasive vesical neoplasm (T1) is presented. Apart from a few local side effects, the response of the tumor to Epodyl was very good as assessed up to three years. Further long-term studies are being done.", "contents": "Epodyl in management of noninvasive vesical neoplasms. A prospective study to assess the effects of triethylene glycol diglyceridyl ether (Epodyl) in the management of superficial noninvasive vesical neoplasm (T1) is presented. Apart from a few local side effects, the response of the tumor to Epodyl was very good as assessed up to three years. Further long-term studies are being done.", "PMID": 675901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2381", "title": "Suprapubic cystostomy: a simplified technique.", "content": "A simple technique for performing a suprapubic cystostomy is presented. The only necessity is a modified male urethral sound.", "contents": "Suprapubic cystostomy: a simplified technique. A simple technique for performing a suprapubic cystostomy is presented. The only necessity is a modified male urethral sound.", "PMID": 675902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2382", "title": "Glans condom drainage system.", "content": "A form-fitting glans condom has been developed for use in small uncircumcised males with neurogenic bladders to avoid the problems inherent with diapers. The method to make the glans condom and early successful use in 19 of 33 patients are noted.", "contents": "Glans condom drainage system. A form-fitting glans condom has been developed for use in small uncircumcised males with neurogenic bladders to avoid the problems inherent with diapers. The method to make the glans condom and early successful use in 19 of 33 patients are noted.", "PMID": 675903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2383", "title": "Transient fertility after vasovasostomy.", "content": "Sperm generally appear in  the ejaculate within three weeks after vasovasostomy, but may soon disappear because of scarring of the anastomotic site. For this reason attempt at conception early after the operation should be encouraged.", "contents": "Transient fertility after vasovasostomy. Sperm generally appear in  the ejaculate within three weeks after vasovasostomy, but may soon disappear because of scarring of the anastomotic site. For this reason attempt at conception early after the operation should be encouraged.", "PMID": 675904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2384", "title": "Pelvic lipomatosis with associated cystitis glandularis.", "content": "Pelvic lipomatosis and florid cystitis glandularis are rare. We report a case in which these two conditions were associated.", "contents": "Pelvic lipomatosis with associated cystitis glandularis. Pelvic lipomatosis and florid cystitis glandularis are rare. We report a case in which these two conditions were associated.", "PMID": 675905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2385", "title": "Primary penile reanastomosis.", "content": "Two cases of penile amputation with the techniques of reanastomosis are presented. Other techniques are briefly reviewed. A microvascular anastomosis of the dorsal vessels or nerves does not appear to be necessary, although gentle thorough reconstruction of the urethra and corpora obviously is.", "contents": "Primary penile reanastomosis. Two cases of penile amputation with the techniques of reanastomosis are presented. Other techniques are briefly reviewed. A microvascular anastomosis of the dorsal vessels or nerves does not appear to be necessary, although gentle thorough reconstruction of the urethra and corpora obviously is.", "PMID": 675907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2386", "title": "Bilateral herniation of renal pelves: a complication of cutaneous pyelostomy.", "content": "The first reported case of bilateral herniations of the renal pelves as a complication of cutaneous pyelostomy is presented. We describe a modification of the original surgical technique that may prevent herniation, based on fixation of the pelvis to the lumbodorsal fascia as well as the cut edge of the pelvis to the skin. In our patient the bilateral herniations were corrected by repairing the fascial defects and suturing of the pelvis to the fascia.", "contents": "Bilateral herniation of renal pelves: a complication of cutaneous pyelostomy. The first reported case of bilateral herniations of the renal pelves as a complication of cutaneous pyelostomy is presented. We describe a modification of the original surgical technique that may prevent herniation, based on fixation of the pelvis to the lumbodorsal fascia as well as the cut edge of the pelvis to the skin. In our patient the bilateral herniations were corrected by repairing the fascial defects and suturing of the pelvis to the fascia.", "PMID": 675908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2387", "title": "Perirenal malignant Schwannoma presenting as renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Clinical and radiographic evaluation of a fifty-six-year-old male with microscopic hematuria led to radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Histologic examination by light and electronmicroscopy was most compatible with malignant schwannoma. The tumor was close to the kidney without actual renal involvement. This case is of interest for both its rarity and its unusual presentation.", "contents": "Perirenal malignant Schwannoma presenting as renal cell carcinoma. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of a fifty-six-year-old male with microscopic hematuria led to radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Histologic examination by light and electronmicroscopy was most compatible with malignant schwannoma. The tumor was close to the kidney without actual renal involvement. This case is of interest for both its rarity and its unusual presentation.", "PMID": 675910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2388", "title": "New concepts on formation of Brunn's nests and cysts in urinary tract mucosa.", "content": "To the present time, Brunn's nests have been conceived as being the result of pinching off of epithelial nests from urothelial buds. Mucosal cysts were considered to originate from Brunn's nests. In the present study, it was observed that under the influence of a strong stimulus of repair, the urothelial cells in the proximity of the focus of repair undergo numerous mitoses. The underlying connective tissue becomes loose, isolated cells of the lining urothelium \"drop off\" into the lamina propria in which they migrate as in a culture medium. There they multiply and form nests of cells at a distance from the lining urothelium. These migrating cells frequently have an early tendency to become arranged into cysts. Thus, during this process of repair urothelial cells behave temporarily as malignant cells.", "contents": "New concepts on formation of Brunn's nests and cysts in urinary tract mucosa. To the present time, Brunn's nests have been conceived as being the result of pinching off of epithelial nests from urothelial buds. Mucosal cysts were considered to originate from Brunn's nests. In the present study, it was observed that under the influence of a strong stimulus of repair, the urothelial cells in the proximity of the focus of repair undergo numerous mitoses. The underlying connective tissue becomes loose, isolated cells of the lining urothelium \"drop off\" into the lamina propria in which they migrate as in a culture medium. There they multiply and form nests of cells at a distance from the lining urothelium. These migrating cells frequently have an early tendency to become arranged into cysts. Thus, during this process of repair urothelial cells behave temporarily as malignant cells.", "PMID": 675911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2389", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis of unilateral multicystic kidney with hydropelvis.", "content": "We present 2 patients with congenital unialteral multicystic kidney disease with hydropelvis. In the first patient the diagnosis was made by precutaneous puncture of a renal cyst followed by injection of contrast medium; in the second the diagnosis was confirmed by percutaneous puncture of the renal pelvis and injection of contrast medium, although an earlier ultrasonic examination had been strongly suggestive. Since in this condition the cysts and the renal pelvis communicate, either can be punctured to make the diagnosis. The procedures herein described are definitive for the diagnosis and should be followed whenever the urologist desires such a diagnosis.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis of unilateral multicystic kidney with hydropelvis. We present 2 patients with congenital unialteral multicystic kidney disease with hydropelvis. In the first patient the diagnosis was made by precutaneous puncture of a renal cyst followed by injection of contrast medium; in the second the diagnosis was confirmed by percutaneous puncture of the renal pelvis and injection of contrast medium, although an earlier ultrasonic examination had been strongly suggestive. Since in this condition the cysts and the renal pelvis communicate, either can be punctured to make the diagnosis. The procedures herein described are definitive for the diagnosis and should be followed whenever the urologist desires such a diagnosis.", "PMID": 675913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2390", "title": "Enhanced detection of asymptomatic renal masses with routine tomography during excretory urography.", "content": "In a prospective study of a diagnositc scheme for evaluating renal masses, it was observed that a significant number of masses (29 per cent) would have been undetected without the aid of routine tomography. The renal masses detected with the aid of tomography are either small or peripheral lesions which cause no impingement upon the renal collecting system. Without specific symptoms referable to a renal mass and without hematuria, many renal masses will be overlooked on standard excretory urography. The general improvement in diagnostic quality, the ease with which this procedure may be added to excretory urography, and the minimal expense involved would be additional factors which should justify the use of routine tomography with excretory urography in any radiology department.", "contents": "Enhanced detection of asymptomatic renal masses with routine tomography during excretory urography. In a prospective study of a diagnositc scheme for evaluating renal masses, it was observed that a significant number of masses (29 per cent) would have been undetected without the aid of routine tomography. The renal masses detected with the aid of tomography are either small or peripheral lesions which cause no impingement upon the renal collecting system. Without specific symptoms referable to a renal mass and without hematuria, many renal masses will be overlooked on standard excretory urography. The general improvement in diagnostic quality, the ease with which this procedure may be added to excretory urography, and the minimal expense involved would be additional factors which should justify the use of routine tomography with excretory urography in any radiology department.", "PMID": 675914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2391", "title": "Large varicocele presenting as pulsatile scrotal mass.", "content": "A case is reported in which a patient with tricuspid insufficiency presented with a painful, moderate-sized, pulsatile, scrotal mass on the left side. Selective transfemoral gonadal venography revealed this to be a large varicocele.", "contents": "Large varicocele presenting as pulsatile scrotal mass. A case is reported in which a patient with tricuspid insufficiency presented with a painful, moderate-sized, pulsatile, scrotal mass on the left side. Selective transfemoral gonadal venography revealed this to be a large varicocele.", "PMID": 675915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2392", "title": "Urologic management in cloacal dysgenesis.", "content": "Eleven cases of cloacal dysgenesis from the experience in the Baylor affiliated hospitals from 1969 to 1977 are reviewed. Clinical features including radiographic studies are presented in representative case reports. Despite the initial urgent need for intestinal surgical intervention in these patients, the long-term morbidity and complications are typically related to the genitourinary system. A review of the literature with emphasis on embryogenesis is given. Recommendations for diagnostic approach, and acute and long-term urologic management are made.", "contents": "Urologic management in cloacal dysgenesis. Eleven cases of cloacal dysgenesis from the experience in the Baylor affiliated hospitals from 1969 to 1977 are reviewed. Clinical features including radiographic studies are presented in representative case reports. Despite the initial urgent need for intestinal surgical intervention in these patients, the long-term morbidity and complications are typically related to the genitourinary system. A review of the literature with emphasis on embryogenesis is given. Recommendations for diagnostic approach, and acute and long-term urologic management are made.", "PMID": 675920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2393", "title": "Renal growth in maternal-fetal axis: clinical and laboratory studies.", "content": "A hormone (renotropin) is said to play an important role in compensatory renal growth. The role of renotropin in obligatory growth (normal developmental growth) is unknown. It was observed that contralateral renal size in children with unilateral multicystic kidney was found to be normal at birth but became hypertrophied later. The kidneys of twenty-one-day-old fetal rats were significantly smaller than sham controls in animals whose mothers had uninephrectomies at day 8 (26.5 +/- 1.1 mg. versus 18.5 +/- 1.1 mg.). The mothers' kidneys hypertrophied compared with sham controls (1,065 +/- 23 mg. versus 1,347 +/- 78 mg.). It was concluded that renotropin passes the placenta and modifies so-called obligatory renal growth.", "contents": "Renal growth in maternal-fetal axis: clinical and laboratory studies. A hormone (renotropin) is said to play an important role in compensatory renal growth. The role of renotropin in obligatory growth (normal developmental growth) is unknown. It was observed that contralateral renal size in children with unilateral multicystic kidney was found to be normal at birth but became hypertrophied later. The kidneys of twenty-one-day-old fetal rats were significantly smaller than sham controls in animals whose mothers had uninephrectomies at day 8 (26.5 +/- 1.1 mg. versus 18.5 +/- 1.1 mg.). The mothers' kidneys hypertrophied compared with sham controls (1,065 +/- 23 mg. versus 1,347 +/- 78 mg.). It was concluded that renotropin passes the placenta and modifies so-called obligatory renal growth.", "PMID": 675921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2394", "title": "Treatment of skeletal metastases from urologic malignancies.", "content": "Metastases from genitourinary tumors frequently involve the skeletal system and often produce the most disabling symptoms. Judicious early orthopedic management may prevent paralysis and maintain ambulation, thus significantly improving the quality of life. The role of prophylactic surgery for impending fractures and the symptomatic therapy of painful metastatic foci are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of skeletal metastases from urologic malignancies. Metastases from genitourinary tumors frequently involve the skeletal system and often produce the most disabling symptoms. Judicious early orthopedic management may prevent paralysis and maintain ambulation, thus significantly improving the quality of life. The role of prophylactic surgery for impending fractures and the symptomatic therapy of painful metastatic foci are discussed.", "PMID": 675922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2395", "title": "Multilocular cysts of kidney: a diagnostic dilemma.", "content": "Multilocular cyst of the kidney is a rare pathologic entity occurring in both children and adults. Although diagnosis cannot be firmly established preoperatively, the use of intravenous pyelography, angiography, ultrasonography, and delta scan may aid in its diagnosis. Because of the difficulty in accurate diagnosis and the documented association with renal neoplasia, we recommend exploration and possible nephrectomy as the treatments of choice.", "contents": "Multilocular cysts of kidney: a diagnostic dilemma. Multilocular cyst of the kidney is a rare pathologic entity occurring in both children and adults. Although diagnosis cannot be firmly established preoperatively, the use of intravenous pyelography, angiography, ultrasonography, and delta scan may aid in its diagnosis. Because of the difficulty in accurate diagnosis and the documented association with renal neoplasia, we recommend exploration and possible nephrectomy as the treatments of choice.", "PMID": 675923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2396", "title": "Extravesical ureteral ectopia.", "content": "A case of an extravesically ectopic single ureter draining into the seminal vesicle is presented. Age of diagnosis, embryology of ureteral ectopia, and locations of the ureteral orifice are discussed. Suggestions are made for the diagnosis and treatment of ureteral ectopia.", "contents": "Extravesical ureteral ectopia. A case of an extravesically ectopic single ureter draining into the seminal vesicle is presented. Age of diagnosis, embryology of ureteral ectopia, and locations of the ureteral orifice are discussed. Suggestions are made for the diagnosis and treatment of ureteral ectopia.", "PMID": 675924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2397", "title": "Urinary cytology and bladder biopsy in patients with bladder cancer.", "content": "Two hundred fifty patients with bladder tumor were evaluated over a three-year period. Cystoscopy, cytology, and random bladder and tumor biopsy were part of the workup. The follow-up of these patients resulted in a total of 509 cystoscopies, 772 specimens of bladder washings and urinary cytologies, and 503 tumor or selected mucosal biopsies. The value of cytologic study of bladder washings and cystoscopic urine samples as well as the importance of selected site mucosal biopsies in detecting \"field changes\" in the bladder epithelium associated with bladder tumors are discussed.", "contents": "Urinary cytology and bladder biopsy in patients with bladder cancer. Two hundred fifty patients with bladder tumor were evaluated over a three-year period. Cystoscopy, cytology, and random bladder and tumor biopsy were part of the workup. The follow-up of these patients resulted in a total of 509 cystoscopies, 772 specimens of bladder washings and urinary cytologies, and 503 tumor or selected mucosal biopsies. The value of cytologic study of bladder washings and cystoscopic urine samples as well as the importance of selected site mucosal biopsies in detecting \"field changes\" in the bladder epithelium associated with bladder tumors are discussed.", "PMID": 675925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2398", "title": "Survival of patients with unsuspected prostatic carcinoma after open prostatectomy.", "content": "This study is concerned with the clinicopathologic findings in 40 patients with unsuspected carcinoma of the prostate found at the time of open prostatectomy and the correlation of these findings with survival. There is a significant correlation between pathologic findings and clinical outcome.", "contents": "Survival of patients with unsuspected prostatic carcinoma after open prostatectomy. This study is concerned with the clinicopathologic findings in 40 patients with unsuspected carcinoma of the prostate found at the time of open prostatectomy and the correlation of these findings with survival. There is a significant correlation between pathologic findings and clinical outcome.", "PMID": 675926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2399", "title": "Childhood urethral trauma.", "content": "Urethral trauma in childhood due to external violence other than vehicular accident is discussed. The need for careful, planned management is highlighted by a satisfactory outcome in each of 4 cases, with no incontinence and no persistent urethral stricture. Temporary suprapubic cystostomy in 2 of these children caused no difficulty in the ultimate repair and permitted a more deliberate approach to these diminutive strictures in the pediatric age group.", "contents": "Childhood urethral trauma. Urethral trauma in childhood due to external violence other than vehicular accident is discussed. The need for careful, planned management is highlighted by a satisfactory outcome in each of 4 cases, with no incontinence and no persistent urethral stricture. Temporary suprapubic cystostomy in 2 of these children caused no difficulty in the ultimate repair and permitted a more deliberate approach to these diminutive strictures in the pediatric age group.", "PMID": 675927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2400", "title": "Urethral injury due to external trauma.", "content": "Fifty-six patients with urethral injuries comprised 35 involving the posterior urethra and 21 involving the anterior urethra. Immediate retrograde urethrography confirmed the clinical diagnosis made when blood was found at the external urinary meatus after external trauma. Traffic accidents caused most of the posterior urethral injuries and were associated with severe injuries to multiple systems and a significant mortality rate (34 per cent). Primary realignment of the urethral injury by a urethral catheter in all cases of urethral rupture (plus a suprapubic cystostomy in most of these cases) resulted in a stricture rate of 62 per cent on follow-up. However, only half of these strictures required surgical correction. The incidence of incontinence was 10 per cent and of impotence 38 per cent.", "contents": "Urethral injury due to external trauma. Fifty-six patients with urethral injuries comprised 35 involving the posterior urethra and 21 involving the anterior urethra. Immediate retrograde urethrography confirmed the clinical diagnosis made when blood was found at the external urinary meatus after external trauma. Traffic accidents caused most of the posterior urethral injuries and were associated with severe injuries to multiple systems and a significant mortality rate (34 per cent). Primary realignment of the urethral injury by a urethral catheter in all cases of urethral rupture (plus a suprapubic cystostomy in most of these cases) resulted in a stricture rate of 62 per cent on follow-up. However, only half of these strictures required surgical correction. The incidence of incontinence was 10 per cent and of impotence 38 per cent.", "PMID": 675928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2401", "title": "Urologic implications of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.", "content": "A patient with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome is presented. Bilateral simultaneous radical nephrectomy was performed for bilateral renal cell carcinoma without evidence of metastasis. The literature is reviewed and the urologic implications of this syndrome are emphasized.", "contents": "Urologic implications of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. A patient with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome is presented. Bilateral simultaneous radical nephrectomy was performed for bilateral renal cell carcinoma without evidence of metastasis. The literature is reviewed and the urologic implications of this syndrome are emphasized.", "PMID": 675929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2402", "title": "Microsurgical two-layer vasovasostomy: word of caution.", "content": "Microsurgical technique, with separate mucosal and muscular layer anastomosis, recently has been advocated as the most successful method of vasovasostomy. Unexpected difficulties may be encountered using this method; moreover, considerable practice in the microsurgical laboratory is mandatory before actual performance of the procedure. As with any innovation in surgical technique, a judgment of the clinical superiority of the two-layer anastomotic method must await substantiating results from other investigators.", "contents": "Microsurgical two-layer vasovasostomy: word of caution. Microsurgical technique, with separate mucosal and muscular layer anastomosis, recently has been advocated as the most successful method of vasovasostomy. Unexpected difficulties may be encountered using this method; moreover, considerable practice in the microsurgical laboratory is mandatory before actual performance of the procedure. As with any innovation in surgical technique, a judgment of the clinical superiority of the two-layer anastomotic method must await substantiating results from other investigators.", "PMID": 675930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2403", "title": "Retroperitoneal neurilemmoma.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic features of benign and malignant retroperitoneal neurilemmoma are reviewed, and the pertinence of this tumor to the urologist is stressed. Two additional case reports are added to the literature.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal neurilemmoma. The clinical and pathologic features of benign and malignant retroperitoneal neurilemmoma are reviewed, and the pertinence of this tumor to the urologist is stressed. Two additional case reports are added to the literature.", "PMID": 675931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2404", "title": "Posterior urethral stenosis in newborn with renal nonfunction syndrome.", "content": "A newborn male infant presented with the \"renal nonfunction syndrome\" and subsequently was found at autopsy to have congenital stenosis of the posterior urethra. Additional urinary tract malformations included a prostatic diverticulum, bladder hypertrophy, bilateral hydroureter, and bilateral renal hypoplasia with dysplasia. Autopsy evidence suggested that the urethral stenosis had manifested itself very early during embryologic development and accounted for the associated urinary anomalies. The infant had the physical stigmata, clinical course, and pulmonary hypoplasia commonly observed in \"Potter's\" or the \"renal nonfunction syndrome.\"", "contents": "Posterior urethral stenosis in newborn with renal nonfunction syndrome. A newborn male infant presented with the \"renal nonfunction syndrome\" and subsequently was found at autopsy to have congenital stenosis of the posterior urethra. Additional urinary tract malformations included a prostatic diverticulum, bladder hypertrophy, bilateral hydroureter, and bilateral renal hypoplasia with dysplasia. Autopsy evidence suggested that the urethral stenosis had manifested itself very early during embryologic development and accounted for the associated urinary anomalies. The infant had the physical stigmata, clinical course, and pulmonary hypoplasia commonly observed in \"Potter's\" or the \"renal nonfunction syndrome.\"", "PMID": 675932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2405", "title": "Transcatheter angiographic control of bleeding.", "content": "The therapeutic uses of transcatheter angiographic techniques are reviewed, and the applications in various organ systems are described. Recent experiences in the urinary tract are discussed as well as our experience in a case of radiation cystitis and recurrent bladder tumor.", "contents": "Transcatheter angiographic control of bleeding. The therapeutic uses of transcatheter angiographic techniques are reviewed, and the applications in various organ systems are described. Recent experiences in the urinary tract are discussed as well as our experience in a case of radiation cystitis and recurrent bladder tumor.", "PMID": 675933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2406", "title": "Ureteroneocystostomy for bilateral ureteral obstruction in carcinoma of prostate.", "content": "\"Fish-mouth\" ureteroneocystostomy was successful in a patient with bilateral ureteral obstruction secondary to locally invasive adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The complications of permanent intubation are avoided and renal function is restored.", "contents": "Ureteroneocystostomy for bilateral ureteral obstruction in carcinoma of prostate. \"Fish-mouth\" ureteroneocystostomy was successful in a patient with bilateral ureteral obstruction secondary to locally invasive adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The complications of permanent intubation are avoided and renal function is restored.", "PMID": 675934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2407", "title": "Microdissection findings of medullary sponge kidney.", "content": "Findings on microdissection of specimens of medullary sponge kidney showed uniform enlargement of collecting tubules in part of the papillae. Nephrons were normal in fragments without calculi and infection.", "contents": "Microdissection findings of medullary sponge kidney. Findings on microdissection of specimens of medullary sponge kidney showed uniform enlargement of collecting tubules in part of the papillae. Nephrons were normal in fragments without calculi and infection.", "PMID": 675935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2408", "title": "Metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma of male breast.", "content": "Three cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the male breast from prostatic carcinoma are added to the 15 well-documented cases reported in the literature. These 15 cases had received estrogen therapy for prostatic cancer and gynecomastia developed; 14 had clinically palpable breast nodules containing adenocarcinoma. Our 3 cases also received estrogen therapy but differed in that gynecomastia developed in only 1 patient clinically, and diagnoses were made at autopsy with no clinical symptoms related to breast metastases. Moreover, 1 cases also showed remarkable florid lactation-like changes of the breast almost indistinguishable morphologically from that seen in the female breast during pregnancy. The histopathologic differential diagnosis of metastatic prostatic carcinoma of the breast from primary cancer of the male breast is stressed. Its importance is obvious because of the differences in clinical treatment and prognosis. Microscopically, the differential points consist of duct hypertrophy and periductal fibrosis (gynecomastia), absence of any ductal involvement by carcinoma cells, frequent presence of cancer cells in lymphatics and vascular channels, morphologic similarity between the cancers in the breast and prostate, and finally, the usual presence of acid phosphatase in the tumors of the prostate and breast.", "contents": "Metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma of male breast. Three cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the male breast from prostatic carcinoma are added to the 15 well-documented cases reported in the literature. These 15 cases had received estrogen therapy for prostatic cancer and gynecomastia developed; 14 had clinically palpable breast nodules containing adenocarcinoma. Our 3 cases also received estrogen therapy but differed in that gynecomastia developed in only 1 patient clinically, and diagnoses were made at autopsy with no clinical symptoms related to breast metastases. Moreover, 1 cases also showed remarkable florid lactation-like changes of the breast almost indistinguishable morphologically from that seen in the female breast during pregnancy. The histopathologic differential diagnosis of metastatic prostatic carcinoma of the breast from primary cancer of the male breast is stressed. Its importance is obvious because of the differences in clinical treatment and prognosis. Microscopically, the differential points consist of duct hypertrophy and periductal fibrosis (gynecomastia), absence of any ductal involvement by carcinoma cells, frequent presence of cancer cells in lymphatics and vascular channels, morphologic similarity between the cancers in the breast and prostate, and finally, the usual presence of acid phosphatase in the tumors of the prostate and breast.", "PMID": 675936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2409", "title": "Malignant papillary mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis.", "content": "A malignant papillary mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis with retroperitoneal lymph node and pulmonary metastases is reported in a seventy-seven-year-old man. Electron microscopy of a local recurrence documented its mesothelial origin. The clinical and pathologic features of these rare neoplasms are discussed.", "contents": "Malignant papillary mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis. A malignant papillary mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis with retroperitoneal lymph node and pulmonary metastases is reported in a seventy-seven-year-old man. Electron microscopy of a local recurrence documented its mesothelial origin. The clinical and pathologic features of these rare neoplasms are discussed.", "PMID": 675937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2410", "title": "Gray scale echography in evaluation of hepatorenal relationships.", "content": "Excellent methods are available to produce quality images of the liver and kidneys. Gray scale echography is the only suitable method of simultaneously showing hepatic and renal anatomic detail in addition to the instantaneous relationship of these organs to each other. Gray scale echography may be used to determine (1) if normal liver and a normal right kidney have interacted to give the false clinical impression of disease, (2) when renal lesions simulate hepatic disease, (3) when hepatic lesions mimic renal disease, and (4) if structural hepatic and structural renal disease are related or unrelated.", "contents": "Gray scale echography in evaluation of hepatorenal relationships. Excellent methods are available to produce quality images of the liver and kidneys. Gray scale echography is the only suitable method of simultaneously showing hepatic and renal anatomic detail in addition to the instantaneous relationship of these organs to each other. Gray scale echography may be used to determine (1) if normal liver and a normal right kidney have interacted to give the false clinical impression of disease, (2) when renal lesions simulate hepatic disease, (3) when hepatic lesions mimic renal disease, and (4) if structural hepatic and structural renal disease are related or unrelated.", "PMID": 675939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2411", "title": "Roentgenographic evaluation of nephroptosis.", "content": "Vertical and medial nephroptosis was assessed on 60 consecutive excretory urographic examinations. Ptosis, both vertical and medial, was seen more commonly in females, and vertical ptosis was more frequent than medial ptosis. In our series there was no significant evidence of predominance on the right side. Dietl crisis, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, oliguria, or orthostatic hypertension were not encountered. Nephroptosis was mostly asymptomatic. In those patients with symptoms, lumbar pain was common and could be either aggravated or relieved by change in position. A new sign, paradoxic displacement, is described. This could be of value to the surgeon and radiotherapist in evaluating enlargement of a huge abdominal mass - a difficulat task to assess clinically.", "contents": "Roentgenographic evaluation of nephroptosis. Vertical and medial nephroptosis was assessed on 60 consecutive excretory urographic examinations. Ptosis, both vertical and medial, was seen more commonly in females, and vertical ptosis was more frequent than medial ptosis. In our series there was no significant evidence of predominance on the right side. Dietl crisis, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, oliguria, or orthostatic hypertension were not encountered. Nephroptosis was mostly asymptomatic. In those patients with symptoms, lumbar pain was common and could be either aggravated or relieved by change in position. A new sign, paradoxic displacement, is described. This could be of value to the surgeon and radiotherapist in evaluating enlargement of a huge abdominal mass - a difficulat task to assess clinically.", "PMID": 675940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2412", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of acute testicular diseases in children].", "content": "The analysis of clinical symptoms and treatment of 103 children with acute diseases of the testicles is presented. The authors consider that an outcome of acute diseases of the testicles in children depends on the character of the disease, degree of circulatory disorders of the testicle, time of the surgery and on the condition of the hematotesticular barrier and autoimmune processes. They also believe that an active surgical technic in children with acute diseases of the testicles should be combined with immunodepressive and desensitizing therapy.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of acute testicular diseases in children]. The analysis of clinical symptoms and treatment of 103 children with acute diseases of the testicles is presented. The authors consider that an outcome of acute diseases of the testicles in children depends on the character of the disease, degree of circulatory disorders of the testicle, time of the surgery and on the condition of the hematotesticular barrier and autoimmune processes. They also believe that an active surgical technic in children with acute diseases of the testicles should be combined with immunodepressive and desensitizing therapy.", "PMID": 675966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2413", "title": "[Indications for hypothermia in the surgery of congenital heart defects and the results of its use].", "content": "The authors operated 1056 patients on \"dry\" heart under the conditions of hypothermia. The total lethality constituted 4.5%. Since 1970 they have been applying craniocerebral hypothermia method using the apparatus \"Kholod-2F\". Secondary failures of the interatrial septum and valve stenosis of the pulmonary artery in patients aged from 18 to 20 are the most common indications for operation. 450 and 248 patients, respectively, were operated upon; lethality was 3.7% and 4%. The 16 years' experience with the superficial hypothermia in the correction of congenital heart diseases has proved this method to be highly effective and economical one, allowing to obtain quite favourable results after a thorough preoperative diagnosis and strict selection of patients.", "contents": "[Indications for hypothermia in the surgery of congenital heart defects and the results of its use]. The authors operated 1056 patients on \"dry\" heart under the conditions of hypothermia. The total lethality constituted 4.5%. Since 1970 they have been applying craniocerebral hypothermia method using the apparatus \"Kholod-2F\". Secondary failures of the interatrial septum and valve stenosis of the pulmonary artery in patients aged from 18 to 20 are the most common indications for operation. 450 and 248 patients, respectively, were operated upon; lethality was 3.7% and 4%. The 16 years' experience with the superficial hypothermia in the correction of congenital heart diseases has proved this method to be highly effective and economical one, allowing to obtain quite favourable results after a thorough preoperative diagnosis and strict selection of patients.", "PMID": 675967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2414", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of membrane, bubble and foam-film oxygenators in artificial circulation during heart surgery].", "content": "Single-use membraneous oxygenators \"Teflo\" (TMO) and bubble oxygenator \"Variflow\" (VF-1) issued by \"Travenol\" firm were used on 30 patients in open-heart operations with extracorporal circulation. A comparative assessment of working, technical and functional performances of these devices against the foam-membraneous oxygenator (FMO) of \"AIK-5m\" apparatus proved the reliability, safety, feasibility and high effectiveness of the single-use oxygenating systems, membraneous oxygenator in particular, which is the most promising one for the use in extracorporal circulation.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of membrane, bubble and foam-film oxygenators in artificial circulation during heart surgery]. Single-use membraneous oxygenators \"Teflo\" (TMO) and bubble oxygenator \"Variflow\" (VF-1) issued by \"Travenol\" firm were used on 30 patients in open-heart operations with extracorporal circulation. A comparative assessment of working, technical and functional performances of these devices against the foam-membraneous oxygenator (FMO) of \"AIK-5m\" apparatus proved the reliability, safety, feasibility and high effectiveness of the single-use oxygenating systems, membraneous oxygenator in particular, which is the most promising one for the use in extracorporal circulation.", "PMID": 675979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2415", "title": "[Primary cancer of the duodenum].", "content": "8 patients with primary carcinoma of the duodenum were operated upon: 3 pancreatoduodenal resections were carried out upon 3 patients. 1 patient underwent duodenectomy, the rest were mitigating and exploratory interventions. There were no fatal outcomes after radical interventions. The authors believe that radical operations for carcinoma of the duodenum allow to look forward to a longlasting cure.", "contents": "[Primary cancer of the duodenum]. 8 patients with primary carcinoma of the duodenum were operated upon: 3 pancreatoduodenal resections were carried out upon 3 patients. 1 patient underwent duodenectomy, the rest were mitigating and exploratory interventions. There were no fatal outcomes after radical interventions. The authors believe that radical operations for carcinoma of the duodenum allow to look forward to a longlasting cure.", "PMID": 675980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2416", "title": "[Operability and late results of treating recurrences and metachronous malignant tumors of the large intestine].", "content": "The analysis of the authors' observations has proved that the surgery in case of the recurrence of cancer of the rectum and colon is a quite justified method of treatment (the average survival period is about 2.5 years). But according to the authors' data, the operability and late results in the treatment of primary multiple metachronal cancer of the colon are higher than in case of the recurrence of cancer and practically do not differ from the operability and late results in solitary cancer (59.1% of cases survived more than 5 years). The authors have come to the conclusion that in such cases the differential diagnosis is a very important prognostic criterium.", "contents": "[Operability and late results of treating recurrences and metachronous malignant tumors of the large intestine]. The analysis of the authors' observations has proved that the surgery in case of the recurrence of cancer of the rectum and colon is a quite justified method of treatment (the average survival period is about 2.5 years). But according to the authors' data, the operability and late results in the treatment of primary multiple metachronal cancer of the colon are higher than in case of the recurrence of cancer and practically do not differ from the operability and late results in solitary cancer (59.1% of cases survived more than 5 years). The authors have come to the conclusion that in such cases the differential diagnosis is a very important prognostic criterium.", "PMID": 675982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2417", "title": "[Radical surgical treatment of sigmoid volvulus].", "content": "The results of surgical treatment of 106 patients with sigmoid colon volvulus against the background of megacolon are set forth. The total lethality constituted 19%. The resection of the sigmoid colon was carried out upon 62 patients: one-step operation was performed upon 45 patients (of them 11 died--24.4%), 17 patients underwent the obstructive resection, of them 4 patients died (23.5%). In case of sigmoid colon gangrene lethality, following one-step resection of the sigmoid colon, constituted 26.5%, with the viable gut lethality was 18%. The detorsion of the sigmoid colon was carried out upon 44 cases of mesosigmoidopexy; the lethality was 11.4%.", "contents": "[Radical surgical treatment of sigmoid volvulus]. The results of surgical treatment of 106 patients with sigmoid colon volvulus against the background of megacolon are set forth. The total lethality constituted 19%. The resection of the sigmoid colon was carried out upon 62 patients: one-step operation was performed upon 45 patients (of them 11 died--24.4%), 17 patients underwent the obstructive resection, of them 4 patients died (23.5%). In case of sigmoid colon gangrene lethality, following one-step resection of the sigmoid colon, constituted 26.5%, with the viable gut lethality was 18%. The detorsion of the sigmoid colon was carried out upon 44 cases of mesosigmoidopexy; the lethality was 11.4%.", "PMID": 675983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2418", "title": "[Surgical procedure in pancreatic cysts and fistulae].", "content": "The authors have generalized the experience with the treatment of 11 cases of pancreatic cysts and 4 cases of external pancreatic fistulas. The anastomosis with hollow organs (7 cases) has proved to be a method of choice in the surgery of pseudocysts. In authors' opinion, the internal drainage creates favourable conditions for persistent decompression of the duct system, promotes the obliteration of the cyst and the attenuation of inflammatory process in the pancreas, while the external drainage of the cyst is indicated in fresh cysts with a loose easily tearing capsule, when anastomosis is impossible for technical reasons.", "contents": "[Surgical procedure in pancreatic cysts and fistulae]. The authors have generalized the experience with the treatment of 11 cases of pancreatic cysts and 4 cases of external pancreatic fistulas. The anastomosis with hollow organs (7 cases) has proved to be a method of choice in the surgery of pseudocysts. In authors' opinion, the internal drainage creates favourable conditions for persistent decompression of the duct system, promotes the obliteration of the cyst and the attenuation of inflammatory process in the pancreas, while the external drainage of the cyst is indicated in fresh cysts with a loose easily tearing capsule, when anastomosis is impossible for technical reasons.", "PMID": 675984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2419", "title": "[Data on pancreatic sclerosis and the possibilities of its prevention in the process of treating an attack of acute pancreatitis].", "content": "Some data concerning the possibility of the pancreatic sclerosis development following an attack of edematous hemorrhagic pancreatitis are proved in this paper. Recommendations on the decrease of the possibility of the development of indirect sclerosis and on the necessity of the prevention of pancreatic edema in the acute stage of the disease are set forth, which favours a more rapid resorption of edematous fluid before its formation in the subacute period.", "contents": "[Data on pancreatic sclerosis and the possibilities of its prevention in the process of treating an attack of acute pancreatitis]. Some data concerning the possibility of the pancreatic sclerosis development following an attack of edematous hemorrhagic pancreatitis are proved in this paper. Recommendations on the decrease of the possibility of the development of indirect sclerosis and on the necessity of the prevention of pancreatic edema in the acute stage of the disease are set forth, which favours a more rapid resorption of edematous fluid before its formation in the subacute period.", "PMID": 675985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2420", "title": "[Surgery of acute pancreatitis].", "content": "On the grounds of the experience with the treatment of 786 consecutive cases of acute pancreatitis and its complications and on the grounds of the experimental findings obtained in 1077 animals the author makes her comments on the therapeutic tactics in acute pancreatitis and its complications and on the grounds of the experimental findings obtained in 1077 animals the author makes her comments on the therapeutic tactics in acute pancreatitis. It has been found that the treatment of all the cases should start from an early and widely planned conservative therapy, while emergent surgical interventions in acute pancreatitis are undesirable. The volume of early and delayed surgical interventions is discussed. The author's attitude towards bursa omentalis tamponade, omentopancreatopexy, dissection of the abdominal posterior layer over the pancreas and towards the resection of the pancreas, in the absence of suppuration, is negative.", "contents": "[Surgery of acute pancreatitis]. On the grounds of the experience with the treatment of 786 consecutive cases of acute pancreatitis and its complications and on the grounds of the experimental findings obtained in 1077 animals the author makes her comments on the therapeutic tactics in acute pancreatitis and its complications and on the grounds of the experimental findings obtained in 1077 animals the author makes her comments on the therapeutic tactics in acute pancreatitis. It has been found that the treatment of all the cases should start from an early and widely planned conservative therapy, while emergent surgical interventions in acute pancreatitis are undesirable. The volume of early and delayed surgical interventions is discussed. The author's attitude towards bursa omentalis tamponade, omentopancreatopexy, dissection of the abdominal posterior layer over the pancreas and towards the resection of the pancreas, in the absence of suppuration, is negative.", "PMID": 675986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2421", "title": "[Treatment procedure with surgical patients with acute renal insufficiency].", "content": "The results of the treatment of 49 cases of surgical diseases complicated with acute renal insufficiency are presented. The lethality was 36.8%. The effectiveness of the treatment depends upon proper time and a radical character of a surgical intervention. Preoperative treatment includes an active hemodialysis aimed at the arrest of uremic intoxication. Cardiovascular insufficiency does not make a contraindication for hemodialysis.", "contents": "[Treatment procedure with surgical patients with acute renal insufficiency]. The results of the treatment of 49 cases of surgical diseases complicated with acute renal insufficiency are presented. The lethality was 36.8%. The effectiveness of the treatment depends upon proper time and a radical character of a surgical intervention. Preoperative treatment includes an active hemodialysis aimed at the arrest of uremic intoxication. Cardiovascular insufficiency does not make a contraindication for hemodialysis.", "PMID": 675987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2422", "title": "[Complications and lethality after operations on the lungs].", "content": "The analysis of the lethality (4.8%) and postoperative complications (2.3%) following 740 lung operations was carried out. The authors developed methods of early preclinical diagnosis of intrapleural complications through the studies of neutrophilic leucocytes histochemical indices and biochemical and cytological changes of postoperative pleural extravasate.", "contents": "[Complications and lethality after operations on the lungs]. The analysis of the lethality (4.8%) and postoperative complications (2.3%) following 740 lung operations was carried out. The authors developed methods of early preclinical diagnosis of intrapleural complications through the studies of neutrophilic leucocytes histochemical indices and biochemical and cytological changes of postoperative pleural extravasate.", "PMID": 675988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2423", "title": "[Plastic repair of the abdominal aorta with enzymatically treated lyophilized vascular xenografts].", "content": "44 observations on the replacement of the abdominal aorta with vascular xenografts are presented. The enzymatic processing of the grafts clears away the antigenic properties of plasty material and decreases significantly the immunological response of the recipient. Poor results of xenoplasty are due to an inadequate mechanical strength of the graft wall.", "contents": "[Plastic repair of the abdominal aorta with enzymatically treated lyophilized vascular xenografts]. 44 observations on the replacement of the abdominal aorta with vascular xenografts are presented. The enzymatic processing of the grafts clears away the antigenic properties of plasty material and decreases significantly the immunological response of the recipient. Poor results of xenoplasty are due to an inadequate mechanical strength of the graft wall.", "PMID": 675989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2424", "title": "[Does restoration of the patency of the hypogastric arteries affect the state of sexual function in patients with obliterating arteriosclerosis of the pelvic arteries?].", "content": "The sexual function state was studied in 180 cases of obliterating atherosclerosis of the aorta and iliac arteries. The importance was found in 74% out of them. The author believes that the introduction of the internal iliac artery into the blood flow in obliterating atherosclerosis of the aorta and iliac arteries is expedient from the point of view of rehabilitation of such cases, as 77% of patients remain or become impotent following operations in the aorto-iliac zone.", "contents": "[Does restoration of the patency of the hypogastric arteries affect the state of sexual function in patients with obliterating arteriosclerosis of the pelvic arteries?]. The sexual function state was studied in 180 cases of obliterating atherosclerosis of the aorta and iliac arteries. The importance was found in 74% out of them. The author believes that the introduction of the internal iliac artery into the blood flow in obliterating atherosclerosis of the aorta and iliac arteries is expedient from the point of view of rehabilitation of such cases, as 77% of patients remain or become impotent following operations in the aorto-iliac zone.", "PMID": 675990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2425", "title": "[Bone biopsy in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "In case when the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism is unclear or difficult to establish the authors recommend to use the method of bone biopsy. The histological picture of the bone in hyperparathyroidism is described. It has been found that the bone biopsy ensures the differenciation of hyperparathyroidism from other forms of osteodistrophies, esteodisplasies and myeloma.", "contents": "[Bone biopsy in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism]. In case when the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism is unclear or difficult to establish the authors recommend to use the method of bone biopsy. The histological picture of the bone in hyperparathyroidism is described. It has been found that the bone biopsy ensures the differenciation of hyperparathyroidism from other forms of osteodistrophies, esteodisplasies and myeloma.", "PMID": 675991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2426", "title": "[Lesser circulation hemodynamics after radical operations on the lungs in children].", "content": "Using the methods of perfusion scintipneumography, transtracheal polysegmental electropneumoplethysmography, right heart catheterization, associated with tensiography and angiopneumography, a study of the lung blood flow in 109 children following radical lung operations for chronic non-specific broncho-pulmonary pathologies was performed. The studies were carried out before operation and during the period from the first day to 5 years postoperatively in catamnesis. Certain specific patterns of the lung blood flow reconstruction, terms of its recovery in an operated lung etc. were found.", "contents": "[Lesser circulation hemodynamics after radical operations on the lungs in children]. Using the methods of perfusion scintipneumography, transtracheal polysegmental electropneumoplethysmography, right heart catheterization, associated with tensiography and angiopneumography, a study of the lung blood flow in 109 children following radical lung operations for chronic non-specific broncho-pulmonary pathologies was performed. The studies were carried out before operation and during the period from the first day to 5 years postoperatively in catamnesis. Certain specific patterns of the lung blood flow reconstruction, terms of its recovery in an operated lung etc. were found.", "PMID": 675998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2427", "title": "Polyarteritis in a colony of beagles.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of polyarteritis occurring in a colony of beagles are described. Meningeal and cardiac arteries were most commonly involved. Amyloidosis and lymphocytic thyroiditis were also present in some of the affected dogs. The polyarteritis is probably of autoimmune origin.", "contents": "Polyarteritis in a colony of beagles. The clinical and pathological features of polyarteritis occurring in a colony of beagles are described. Meningeal and cardiac arteries were most commonly involved. Amyloidosis and lymphocytic thyroiditis were also present in some of the affected dogs. The polyarteritis is probably of autoimmune origin.", "PMID": 675999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2428", "title": "Distribution of trimethoprim/sulphadiazine in plasma, tissue and synovial fluids.", "content": "The subcutaneous implantation of tissue cages was used to study the distribution of trimethorprim and sulphadiazine into tissue (interstitial) fluid in calves, sheep and dogs over a 24-hour period. After oral dosing there was good gastrointestinal absorption of both antibacterial agents in dogs but only of the sulphonamide in sheep. The concentration of trimethoprim in tissue fluid peaked at five to seven hours after administration when it exceeded the plasma concentration. Sulphadiazine persisted in the plasma for longer than trimethoprim, but distribution into tissue fluid was slower. The findings show that reliance on plasma concentration curves alone in determinations of bioavailability of chemotherapeutic agents may lead to false interpretations.", "contents": "Distribution of trimethoprim/sulphadiazine in plasma, tissue and synovial fluids. The subcutaneous implantation of tissue cages was used to study the distribution of trimethorprim and sulphadiazine into tissue (interstitial) fluid in calves, sheep and dogs over a 24-hour period. After oral dosing there was good gastrointestinal absorption of both antibacterial agents in dogs but only of the sulphonamide in sheep. The concentration of trimethoprim in tissue fluid peaked at five to seven hours after administration when it exceeded the plasma concentration. Sulphadiazine persisted in the plasma for longer than trimethoprim, but distribution into tissue fluid was slower. The findings show that reliance on plasma concentration curves alone in determinations of bioavailability of chemotherapeutic agents may lead to false interpretations.", "PMID": 676000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2429", "title": "Discovery and application: lessons from animal research.", "content": "The cumbersome administrative machinery for agricultural research set up following the Rothschild Report is criticised and the view challenged that mission-oriented research is quicker, cheaper and more useful than problem-oriented research. Examples are give from two areas of biological study, corpus luteum physiology and cell membranes, to illustrate the rapid application of basic discoveries to livestock health and production.", "contents": "Discovery and application: lessons from animal research. The cumbersome administrative machinery for agricultural research set up following the Rothschild Report is criticised and the view challenged that mission-oriented research is quicker, cheaper and more useful than problem-oriented research. Examples are give from two areas of biological study, corpus luteum physiology and cell membranes, to illustrate the rapid application of basic discoveries to livestock health and production.", "PMID": 676007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2430", "title": "Isolation of a virulent strain of Ehrlichia phagocytophila from the blood of cattle in the Isle of Man.", "content": "A blood sample from a cow in the Isle of Man caused a severe Ehrlichia phagocytophila infection when inoculated into a splenectomised calf. The parasite was passaged successively into a further splenectomised calf and then into two intact animals. One of the splenectomised calves and one of the intact animals died of the infection which was characterised by causing a sustained febrile response apparently correlated with a marked invasion of monocytes by the rickettsiae.", "contents": "Isolation of a virulent strain of Ehrlichia phagocytophila from the blood of cattle in the Isle of Man. A blood sample from a cow in the Isle of Man caused a severe Ehrlichia phagocytophila infection when inoculated into a splenectomised calf. The parasite was passaged successively into a further splenectomised calf and then into two intact animals. One of the splenectomised calves and one of the intact animals died of the infection which was characterised by causing a sustained febrile response apparently correlated with a marked invasion of monocytes by the rickettsiae.", "PMID": 676008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2431", "title": "Haemorrhage from the bovine penis during erection and ejaculation: a possible explanation of some cases.", "content": "Leakage of polyester resin from the cavernous spaces of the corpus spongiosum penis (csp) into the terminal part of the urethral lumen was demonstrated in one post mortem specimen. No information was available on service performance or semen characteristics immediately before slaughter. It is suggested that haemorrhage from the csp into the urethral lumen may cause spurting of blood from the apex of the penis at service.", "contents": "Haemorrhage from the bovine penis during erection and ejaculation: a possible explanation of some cases. Leakage of polyester resin from the cavernous spaces of the corpus spongiosum penis (csp) into the terminal part of the urethral lumen was demonstrated in one post mortem specimen. No information was available on service performance or semen characteristics immediately before slaughter. It is suggested that haemorrhage from the csp into the urethral lumen may cause spurting of blood from the apex of the penis at service.", "PMID": 676012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2432", "title": "Rickets in growing pigs and response to treatment.", "content": "The clinical, radiological and pathological findings in a natural outbreak of rickets affecting 82 pigs are described. An interesting feature was the presence of gross articular abnormalities including resorption of subchondral bone with folding and ulceration of the articular cartilage. The diet was deficient in calcium and vitamin D. A diagnosis of rickets complicated by nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism was made. The results of treatment and the economics of the outbreak are discussed.", "contents": "Rickets in growing pigs and response to treatment. The clinical, radiological and pathological findings in a natural outbreak of rickets affecting 82 pigs are described. An interesting feature was the presence of gross articular abnormalities including resorption of subchondral bone with folding and ulceration of the articular cartilage. The diet was deficient in calcium and vitamin D. A diagnosis of rickets complicated by nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism was made. The results of treatment and the economics of the outbreak are discussed.", "PMID": 676016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2433", "title": "A simple estimation of the immunoglobulin content of ewe colostrum.", "content": "Use of the optical refractometer in performing a rapid assessment of the immunoglobulin content of ovine colostrum under farm conditions was investigated. Refractometer readings were compared with total protein levels and with gamma-globulin levels, determined by the ZSTT, to assess the validity of the technique. In both cases correlation coefficients were high (0.98 and 0.79 respectively). Refractometry was shown to be a valid substitute for the ZSTT in studies on colostrum gamma-globulin levels.", "contents": "A simple estimation of the immunoglobulin content of ewe colostrum. Use of the optical refractometer in performing a rapid assessment of the immunoglobulin content of ovine colostrum under farm conditions was investigated. Refractometer readings were compared with total protein levels and with gamma-globulin levels, determined by the ZSTT, to assess the validity of the technique. In both cases correlation coefficients were high (0.98 and 0.79 respectively). Refractometry was shown to be a valid substitute for the ZSTT in studies on colostrum gamma-globulin levels.", "PMID": 676017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2434", "title": "Detection of antibodies to alphaviruses and flaviviruses in some migratory birds of the Danube Delta.", "content": "Data are reported on the presence of antibodies to some group A(alphavirus) B(flavivirus) arboviruses in 8 species of migratory birds (Ardea cinerea, Plegadis falcinellus, Anas querquedula, Anser albifrons, Gavia arctica, Fulica atra, Larus minutes and and Phalacrocorax corbo) of the Danube Delta.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies to alphaviruses and flaviviruses in some migratory birds of the Danube Delta. Data are reported on the presence of antibodies to some group A(alphavirus) B(flavivirus) arboviruses in 8 species of migratory birds (Ardea cinerea, Plegadis falcinellus, Anas querquedula, Anser albifrons, Gavia arctica, Fulica atra, Larus minutes and and Phalacrocorax corbo) of the Danube Delta.", "PMID": 676070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2435", "title": "Persistent measles virus infection in a calf kidney cell line. Note II. Study of some biological markers of the measles virus isolated from a selected chronically infected cell line.", "content": "The biological characteristics of a measles virus strain (Co-69/pi) isolated from a selected chronically infected calf kidney cell line (K-2) are studied in comparison with those of thw wild parental CO-69 and of the attenuated Schwarz measles virus strain. Co-69/pi is a variant of the parental Co-69 virus and has characteristics of an attenuated strain. Some of the characteristics acquired by the Co-69/pi strain (cytopathogenicity, size of plaques) proved to be stable in the course of passages on a simian substrate. The mechanism having led to the appearance of this variant in the chronically infected cell line are discussed.", "contents": "Persistent measles virus infection in a calf kidney cell line. Note II. Study of some biological markers of the measles virus isolated from a selected chronically infected cell line. The biological characteristics of a measles virus strain (Co-69/pi) isolated from a selected chronically infected calf kidney cell line (K-2) are studied in comparison with those of thw wild parental CO-69 and of the attenuated Schwarz measles virus strain. Co-69/pi is a variant of the parental Co-69 virus and has characteristics of an attenuated strain. Some of the characteristics acquired by the Co-69/pi strain (cytopathogenicity, size of plaques) proved to be stable in the course of passages on a simian substrate. The mechanism having led to the appearance of this variant in the chronically infected cell line are discussed.", "PMID": 676071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2436", "title": "[Questionnaire method in conducting prophylactic oncological examinations of the population of a rural locality].", "content": "The authors describe the method of conducting mass prophylactic oncological examinations by means of questionnaires at the first stage, which was developed at the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health. Questionnaires were aimed at the recognition of somatic pretumor and tumor lesions of the main localizations and the increase of oncological vigilance of general practitioners. The method has been tested on 11386 inhabitants of rural district of Leningrad and Novgorod Provinces. As a result of mass prophylactic oncological examinations 738 different pathologies were revealed (in 6.6% of all questionnaires), pretumor lesions making 2.05% malignant neoplasms--0.06%. The use of the questionnaire method in conducting prophylactic examinations made it possible: to enhance their medical efficacy, to reduce the number of individuals subject to medical control, to employ instrumental-laboratory tests on more proper grounds, and on the basis of a questionnaire to make a registry of the primary account of persons undergoing prophylactic examinations.", "contents": "[Questionnaire method in conducting prophylactic oncological examinations of the population of a rural locality]. The authors describe the method of conducting mass prophylactic oncological examinations by means of questionnaires at the first stage, which was developed at the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health. Questionnaires were aimed at the recognition of somatic pretumor and tumor lesions of the main localizations and the increase of oncological vigilance of general practitioners. The method has been tested on 11386 inhabitants of rural district of Leningrad and Novgorod Provinces. As a result of mass prophylactic oncological examinations 738 different pathologies were revealed (in 6.6% of all questionnaires), pretumor lesions making 2.05% malignant neoplasms--0.06%. The use of the questionnaire method in conducting prophylactic examinations made it possible: to enhance their medical efficacy, to reduce the number of individuals subject to medical control, to employ instrumental-laboratory tests on more proper grounds, and on the basis of a questionnaire to make a registry of the primary account of persons undergoing prophylactic examinations.", "PMID": 676210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2437", "title": "[Hospital care norms for treating patients with malignant neoplasms of the head and neck].", "content": "The authors have studied the rate of malignant head and neck tumors morbidity among the population of Vinnitsa Province for 1960--1974 as well as the condition of stationary medical service, frequency of hospitalization, and average terms of patients' stay at the hospital. The index for specialized hospital beds for patients with malignant head and neck tumors was found to be 2.6 per 100 000 population. Within a 15-year period an average annual utilization of hospital beds for every 100 patients with lip cancer rated 7.2 beds, with cancer of the tongue--22.4, salivary glands--11.7, oral mucosa--19.7, pharynx--15.6, nose and sinuses--15.3, larynx--20.7, jaw--20.9, skin--5.3. These data may be rather helpful for the planned development of specialized hospitals at any site of the country.", "contents": "[Hospital care norms for treating patients with malignant neoplasms of the head and neck]. The authors have studied the rate of malignant head and neck tumors morbidity among the population of Vinnitsa Province for 1960--1974 as well as the condition of stationary medical service, frequency of hospitalization, and average terms of patients' stay at the hospital. The index for specialized hospital beds for patients with malignant head and neck tumors was found to be 2.6 per 100 000 population. Within a 15-year period an average annual utilization of hospital beds for every 100 patients with lip cancer rated 7.2 beds, with cancer of the tongue--22.4, salivary glands--11.7, oral mucosa--19.7, pharynx--15.6, nose and sinuses--15.3, larynx--20.7, jaw--20.9, skin--5.3. These data may be rather helpful for the planned development of specialized hospitals at any site of the country.", "PMID": 676211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2438", "title": "[Economic aspects of the fight against cancer].", "content": "Social importance of malignant neoplasms lies not only in the fact of high morbidity and mortality rates but also in the economic damage. One half of males and females develop malignant tumors in their prime of life. As a result, the economic damage according to the materials of Omsk Province reports, in particular, makes 770, 6 rubles in skin cancer, 1010, 6 rubles- in cancer of the lower lip as calculated per one patient. But general economic losses due to malignant tumors in Omsk Province reached 20 818 483, 4 rubles in 1970. Taking into account these data on approximate value for the whole country will amount to no less than 3.4 billion rubles.", "contents": "[Economic aspects of the fight against cancer]. Social importance of malignant neoplasms lies not only in the fact of high morbidity and mortality rates but also in the economic damage. One half of males and females develop malignant tumors in their prime of life. As a result, the economic damage according to the materials of Omsk Province reports, in particular, makes 770, 6 rubles in skin cancer, 1010, 6 rubles- in cancer of the lower lip as calculated per one patient. But general economic losses due to malignant tumors in Omsk Province reached 20 818 483, 4 rubles in 1970. Taking into account these data on approximate value for the whole country will amount to no less than 3.4 billion rubles.", "PMID": 676213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2439", "title": "[Blastomogenic activity of substance complexes that leached out of rubbers into food media].", "content": "The complex of agents migrating from low-dispersed soot resins PM-15 and PGM-33, injected in the stomach or applied onto the skin of mice C57Bl, showed an insignificant blastomogenic activity. Most sensitive to their effect were the tissues of organs at the site of injection (proventricular papillomas in 8.3% of cases, skin papillomas in 12.5%), in the lung (adenomas in 12.5%) and in the pancreas (fibroadenoma in 4.2%). In the negative control groups of animals no tumors of such localization were noted. The whole complex of substances migrating from resins renders the blastomogenic effect, i. e. there is a combined action with an enhancement of blastomogenic effect.", "contents": "[Blastomogenic activity of substance complexes that leached out of rubbers into food media]. The complex of agents migrating from low-dispersed soot resins PM-15 and PGM-33, injected in the stomach or applied onto the skin of mice C57Bl, showed an insignificant blastomogenic activity. Most sensitive to their effect were the tissues of organs at the site of injection (proventricular papillomas in 8.3% of cases, skin papillomas in 12.5%), in the lung (adenomas in 12.5%) and in the pancreas (fibroadenoma in 4.2%). In the negative control groups of animals no tumors of such localization were noted. The whole complex of substances migrating from resins renders the blastomogenic effect, i. e. there is a combined action with an enhancement of blastomogenic effect.", "PMID": 676214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2440", "title": "[Risk of stomach cancer in pretumorous states].", "content": "Analysis of the late results of the surgical treatment and longterm follow-up of non-operated patients with chronic benign diseases of the stomach evidences gastric cancer high-risk in patients with anacid gastritis, polyposis and  ulcerous disease. The gastric cancer high-risk groups should also include the patients previously subjected to surgery for ulcerous affection of polyposis of the given organ. From the point of view of the organization of oncological service, patients with the mentioned pretumor diseases of the stomach do need postoperatively a life-long dispensary supervision and regular check examination.", "contents": "[Risk of stomach cancer in pretumorous states]. Analysis of the late results of the surgical treatment and longterm follow-up of non-operated patients with chronic benign diseases of the stomach evidences gastric cancer high-risk in patients with anacid gastritis, polyposis and  ulcerous disease. The gastric cancer high-risk groups should also include the patients previously subjected to surgery for ulcerous affection of polyposis of the given organ. From the point of view of the organization of oncological service, patients with the mentioned pretumor diseases of the stomach do need postoperatively a life-long dispensary supervision and regular check examination.", "PMID": 676219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2441", "title": "[Gastric peptic ulcer and cancer].", "content": "The authors report some peculiar features in the diagnosis and surgical treatment for cancer of the gastric stump and gastroenteroanastomosis in 13 patients, previously subjected to gastric resection and gastroenterostomy for duodenal ulcerous disease (4--34 years ago). The radical operation (subtotal or extensive gastrectomy) was performed in 9 patients, 3 of them died in the immediate postoperative period. Of 6 radically operated patients with a favourable outcome, late results were studied in 3. No tumor recurrence was noted. Histologically, there were adenocarcinoma--in 8, solid cancer--in 1, hemangioma--in 1, benign polyps--in 2 cases.", "contents": "[Gastric peptic ulcer and cancer]. The authors report some peculiar features in the diagnosis and surgical treatment for cancer of the gastric stump and gastroenteroanastomosis in 13 patients, previously subjected to gastric resection and gastroenterostomy for duodenal ulcerous disease (4--34 years ago). The radical operation (subtotal or extensive gastrectomy) was performed in 9 patients, 3 of them died in the immediate postoperative period. Of 6 radically operated patients with a favourable outcome, late results were studied in 3. No tumor recurrence was noted. Histologically, there were adenocarcinoma--in 8, solid cancer--in 1, hemangioma--in 1, benign polyps--in 2 cases.", "PMID": 676220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2442", "title": "[Fibergastroscopy in the diagnosis of cancer of the stomach stump].", "content": "The work is based on studying the examination and therapy data of 108 patients with gastric stump cancer. In patients subjected to proximal gastric resection (8 observations) tumor was recognized in all cases both by fibergastroscopy and radiography. Of 100 patients with cancer of the gastric stump following distal resection the true character of the pathology was revealed fibergastroscopically in 97% of cases, while radiographically--only in 86%. Directed gastrobiopsy and cytological test of the material obtained by fibergastroscopy supported the diagnosis of gastric stump cancer in 67.05% and 76.60% of cases accordingly. Squamous cell-infiltrative cancer of the gastric stump, located in the region of the postperative scar, proved to be mostly difficult to diagnose both by fibergastroscopy and radiography. No distinct correlation was noted between the efficiency of fibergastroscopy for diagnosing gastric stump cancer and the size of tumor, while tumors of no more than. 1.0--1.5 cm in diameter were found to be mostly difficult to diagnosis radiographically. Among 108 gastric stump cancer patients 25 patients were radically operated upon.", "contents": "[Fibergastroscopy in the diagnosis of cancer of the stomach stump]. The work is based on studying the examination and therapy data of 108 patients with gastric stump cancer. In patients subjected to proximal gastric resection (8 observations) tumor was recognized in all cases both by fibergastroscopy and radiography. Of 100 patients with cancer of the gastric stump following distal resection the true character of the pathology was revealed fibergastroscopically in 97% of cases, while radiographically--only in 86%. Directed gastrobiopsy and cytological test of the material obtained by fibergastroscopy supported the diagnosis of gastric stump cancer in 67.05% and 76.60% of cases accordingly. Squamous cell-infiltrative cancer of the gastric stump, located in the region of the postperative scar, proved to be mostly difficult to diagnose both by fibergastroscopy and radiography. No distinct correlation was noted between the efficiency of fibergastroscopy for diagnosing gastric stump cancer and the size of tumor, while tumors of no more than. 1.0--1.5 cm in diameter were found to be mostly difficult to diagnosis radiographically. Among 108 gastric stump cancer patients 25 patients were radically operated upon.", "PMID": 676221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2443", "title": "[Precancerous changes and the histogenesis of stomach cancer].", "content": "142 cases of gastric cancer, 20 cases of chronic ulcer, 800 gastrobiopsies, performed for chronic gastritis, were studied morphologically. Adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated gastric cancer were found to have different precancerous lesions in the background. It was shown that among undifferentiated cancers the signs of  chronic ulcer preceding cancer are noted more frequently than among adenocarcinomas. Grave forms of atrophic gastritis and gastritis of the mucous membrane regeneration beyond the tumor were revealed more frequently in adenocarcinomas than in undifferentiated cancers. These precancerous affections were found to be associated with the proliferation of different cell elements of gastric mucous membrane, that conditions various listogenesis of basic histological forms of cancer of the stomach. The proliferation of the lining-gastric pit epithelium, mainly observed in gastritis, results in the appearance of adenocarcinomas. The proliferation of the glandular epithelium, particularly that of glandular ducts in ulcerous disease would condition the development of undifferentiated forms of gastric cancer.", "contents": "[Precancerous changes and the histogenesis of stomach cancer]. 142 cases of gastric cancer, 20 cases of chronic ulcer, 800 gastrobiopsies, performed for chronic gastritis, were studied morphologically. Adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated gastric cancer were found to have different precancerous lesions in the background. It was shown that among undifferentiated cancers the signs of  chronic ulcer preceding cancer are noted more frequently than among adenocarcinomas. Grave forms of atrophic gastritis and gastritis of the mucous membrane regeneration beyond the tumor were revealed more frequently in adenocarcinomas than in undifferentiated cancers. These precancerous affections were found to be associated with the proliferation of different cell elements of gastric mucous membrane, that conditions various listogenesis of basic histological forms of cancer of the stomach. The proliferation of the lining-gastric pit epithelium, mainly observed in gastritis, results in the appearance of adenocarcinomas. The proliferation of the glandular epithelium, particularly that of glandular ducts in ulcerous disease would condition the development of undifferentiated forms of gastric cancer.", "PMID": 676222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2444", "title": "[Use of the cytological method in benign pathological processes of the stomach (based on data from the prophylactic examination of persons with a high risk of cancer morbidity)].", "content": "The author examined the cytographs of gastritis, polyps and ulcers according to the materials of the prophylactic examination of a dispensary group, comprising 265 patients at high risk for gastric cancer. The differential features of the cytographs were examined in the cases in which the complex gastrogical investigation showed the concidence in the results of gastrofiberscopy, gastrobiopsy and cytological tests. The differential cytologic diagnosis of polyps and gastric ulcer is found to be possible in the presence of papillary structures in the first case, and in the second--a great variety of stromal infiltrate cell structure with the obligatory presence of lymphocytes, plasmatic cells, histiocytic elements, eosinophilous and neutrophilous leucoctyes. The differential cytological diagnosis between different histological forms of gastritis needs further studies.", "contents": "[Use of the cytological method in benign pathological processes of the stomach (based on data from the prophylactic examination of persons with a high risk of cancer morbidity)]. The author examined the cytographs of gastritis, polyps and ulcers according to the materials of the prophylactic examination of a dispensary group, comprising 265 patients at high risk for gastric cancer. The differential features of the cytographs were examined in the cases in which the complex gastrogical investigation showed the concidence in the results of gastrofiberscopy, gastrobiopsy and cytological tests. The differential cytologic diagnosis of polyps and gastric ulcer is found to be possible in the presence of papillary structures in the first case, and in the second--a great variety of stromal infiltrate cell structure with the obligatory presence of lymphocytes, plasmatic cells, histiocytic elements, eosinophilous and neutrophilous leucoctyes. The differential cytological diagnosis between different histological forms of gastritis needs further studies.", "PMID": 676223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2445", "title": "[Clinical x-ray and fibergastroscopic comparisons in the diagnosis of different forms of stomach cancer growth].", "content": "A radiological examination associated with fibergastroscopy was performed in 145 gastric cancer patients. All these patients were radically operated upon--extremely subtotal resection of the stomach was accomplished. The preoperative diagnosis of gastric cancer with both technics used simultaneously proved to be correct in 96.55%. However, the anatomical and ulcerous-infiltrative growth, especially in their cardiac and subcardiac localization are found to present the greatest diagnostic difficulties. The data obtained made it possible to believe that the detailed diagnosis of gastric cancer should comprise two steps--a radiological examination and fibergastroscopy.", "contents": "[Clinical x-ray and fibergastroscopic comparisons in the diagnosis of different forms of stomach cancer growth]. A radiological examination associated with fibergastroscopy was performed in 145 gastric cancer patients. All these patients were radically operated upon--extremely subtotal resection of the stomach was accomplished. The preoperative diagnosis of gastric cancer with both technics used simultaneously proved to be correct in 96.55%. However, the anatomical and ulcerous-infiltrative growth, especially in their cardiac and subcardiac localization are found to present the greatest diagnostic difficulties. The data obtained made it possible to believe that the detailed diagnosis of gastric cancer should comprise two steps--a radiological examination and fibergastroscopy.", "PMID": 676225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2446", "title": "[Malignant carcinoids of the stomach].", "content": "The work is concerned with the study of gastric tumors showing histological similarity with carcinoids, but differing from them by morphological and clinical signs of malignancy. A conclusion is made on the carcinoid nature of the neoplasms under consideration, the following evidences being presented: 1) despite some differences the tumors correspond histologically to classical carcinoids; 2) as in common carcinoids, argyrophil or argentaffine granules may be revealed in tumor cells; 3) the occurrences of tumors is related with a peculiar neoplastic transformation of glandular epithelium of the stomach resembling carcinoid rather than cancerous one. Not excluding the possibiltiy of their origin from common carcinoids, the author believes that they are likely to be primary malignant tumors.", "contents": "[Malignant carcinoids of the stomach]. The work is concerned with the study of gastric tumors showing histological similarity with carcinoids, but differing from them by morphological and clinical signs of malignancy. A conclusion is made on the carcinoid nature of the neoplasms under consideration, the following evidences being presented: 1) despite some differences the tumors correspond histologically to classical carcinoids; 2) as in common carcinoids, argyrophil or argentaffine granules may be revealed in tumor cells; 3) the occurrences of tumors is related with a peculiar neoplastic transformation of glandular epithelium of the stomach resembling carcinoid rather than cancerous one. Not excluding the possibiltiy of their origin from common carcinoids, the author believes that they are likely to be primary malignant tumors.", "PMID": 676226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2447", "title": "[Clinical physiological evaluation of the splenopancreatogastrectomy operation in stomach cancer patients].", "content": "Clinico-physiological data on 52 patients after spleno-pancreatogastrectomy are analysed. The mortality was 25%, the late results were as follows: a 3-year survival--in 28%, a 5-year survival--in 14.7%, a 10-year survival--in 9%. This group of patients was examined for the functional state of the cholinergic system, carbohydrate metabolism, external respiration and basic metabolism. Carbohydrate metabolism is found to change but insignificantly and requires no corrective measures. The cholinergic system activity was reduced, that adversely affects the respiratory function and contributes to the decreased basic metabolism. The latter would necessitate including of cholinomimetics and lipocain in the scheme of the postoperative management.", "contents": "[Clinical physiological evaluation of the splenopancreatogastrectomy operation in stomach cancer patients]. Clinico-physiological data on 52 patients after spleno-pancreatogastrectomy are analysed. The mortality was 25%, the late results were as follows: a 3-year survival--in 28%, a 5-year survival--in 14.7%, a 10-year survival--in 9%. This group of patients was examined for the functional state of the cholinergic system, carbohydrate metabolism, external respiration and basic metabolism. Carbohydrate metabolism is found to change but insignificantly and requires no corrective measures. The cholinergic system activity was reduced, that adversely affects the respiratory function and contributes to the decreased basic metabolism. The latter would necessitate including of cholinomimetics and lipocain in the scheme of the postoperative management.", "PMID": 676227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2448", "title": "[Patterns in the development of radiation tumors of the stomach and intestines].", "content": "In the experiments on dogs and rats it was shown that gastric and intestinal neoplasms arise under the influence of different kinds of radiation, these may be located in all portions of the stomach and bowel and are of a different histological origin. They are not infrequently primary multiple, mostly benign neoplasms which show multicentric growth. The frequency of tumors appearance, their localization, an average latent period, the degree of malignancy and multiplicity are conditioned by the amount of tissue dosage, the topography of their distribution in the alimentary tract and the level of total irradiation of the organism. With the increased dosage of local irradiation the latent period and multiplicity are decreased, while the incidence of malignancy raised. The optimum levels of the tissue dosage and the time of maximum tumor appearance were determined for each type of radiation.", "contents": "[Patterns in the development of radiation tumors of the stomach and intestines]. In the experiments on dogs and rats it was shown that gastric and intestinal neoplasms arise under the influence of different kinds of radiation, these may be located in all portions of the stomach and bowel and are of a different histological origin. They are not infrequently primary multiple, mostly benign neoplasms which show multicentric growth. The frequency of tumors appearance, their localization, an average latent period, the degree of malignancy and multiplicity are conditioned by the amount of tissue dosage, the topography of their distribution in the alimentary tract and the level of total irradiation of the organism. With the increased dosage of local irradiation the latent period and multiplicity are decreased, while the incidence of malignancy raised. The optimum levels of the tissue dosage and the time of maximum tumor appearance were determined for each type of radiation.", "PMID": 676228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2449", "title": "[Peptic ulcer in the anamnesis of stomach cancer patients].", "content": "To recognize the causes of late diagnosis of gastric cancer in patients suffering ulcerous disease, in the oncological examination unit of Orekhovo-Zuevo, Moscow Province there was conducted a retrospective examination (for the period of 1970--1975) of the anamnesis of 35 gastric cancer patients (5.5%). As a rule, there were three periods in patients' address to medical specialist, namely: 1) seeking medical advice for chronic gastric affection; 2) a \"calm\" period; 3) a new character of gastric complaints with the ultimate diagnosis of gastric cancer. The late diagnosis of cancer of the stomach was due to number of errors on the part of general practitioners: undue cessation of dispensary supervision in a \"calm\" period of ulcerous disease, their being unable to recognize a new character of complaints after the remission, errors on the part of roentgenologists.", "contents": "[Peptic ulcer in the anamnesis of stomach cancer patients]. To recognize the causes of late diagnosis of gastric cancer in patients suffering ulcerous disease, in the oncological examination unit of Orekhovo-Zuevo, Moscow Province there was conducted a retrospective examination (for the period of 1970--1975) of the anamnesis of 35 gastric cancer patients (5.5%). As a rule, there were three periods in patients' address to medical specialist, namely: 1) seeking medical advice for chronic gastric affection; 2) a \"calm\" period; 3) a new character of gastric complaints with the ultimate diagnosis of gastric cancer. The late diagnosis of cancer of the stomach was due to number of errors on the part of general practitioners: undue cessation of dispensary supervision in a \"calm\" period of ulcerous disease, their being unable to recognize a new character of complaints after the remission, errors on the part of roentgenologists.", "PMID": 676229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2450", "title": "[Staging of primary cancer of the stomach stump].", "content": "Cancer of gastric stump arising after gastric resection, performed for ulcerous disease, did not differ biologically from cancer of non-operated stomach, therefore it may be classified by the same principles as common gastric cancer. An analysis of 67 cases of primary cancer of the remaining gastric portion, the study of the tumor localization and spread indicated the possibility to classify the cancer according to the 4--stage system and TNN system.", "contents": "[Staging of primary cancer of the stomach stump]. Cancer of gastric stump arising after gastric resection, performed for ulcerous disease, did not differ biologically from cancer of non-operated stomach, therefore it may be classified by the same principles as common gastric cancer. An analysis of 67 cases of primary cancer of the remaining gastric portion, the study of the tumor localization and spread indicated the possibility to classify the cancer according to the 4--stage system and TNN system.", "PMID": 676230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2451", "title": "[Characteristics of the course of peritonitis in oncological patients].", "content": "Among 16 patients admitted into the Volynsk oncological dispensary with far-advanced tumors of the stomach and colon, the tumor perforation was recognized prior to surgery only in a half of the cases. Despite marked local proliferation and distant metastases there may be a pronounced pain syndrome. The absence of parallelism between the moment of intestinal content getting into the abdominal cavity and the protective reaction of the anterior abdominal wall musculature was characteristic of these patients. While the symptoms of peritoneal irritation in perforated gastric cancer can be recognized within the period up to 2 hours, the perforation of rectal cancer is frequently not accompanied with peritoneal signs. Among gastric cancer patients the perforation was diagnosed within 6 hours in six cases. The time of recognition of perforated cancer of the transverse colon and rectum was 15--16 hours.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the course of peritonitis in oncological patients]. Among 16 patients admitted into the Volynsk oncological dispensary with far-advanced tumors of the stomach and colon, the tumor perforation was recognized prior to surgery only in a half of the cases. Despite marked local proliferation and distant metastases there may be a pronounced pain syndrome. The absence of parallelism between the moment of intestinal content getting into the abdominal cavity and the protective reaction of the anterior abdominal wall musculature was characteristic of these patients. While the symptoms of peritoneal irritation in perforated gastric cancer can be recognized within the period up to 2 hours, the perforation of rectal cancer is frequently not accompanied with peritoneal signs. Among gastric cancer patients the perforation was diagnosed within 6 hours in six cases. The time of recognition of perforated cancer of the transverse colon and rectum was 15--16 hours.", "PMID": 676231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2452", "title": "Studies on splenic megakaryocytes. I. Recovery of megakaryocytes from the splenic venous outflow.", "content": "Spleens from 14 healthy adult cats were isolated and perfused with cell-free Ringer's solution. Histological studies on the splenic megakaryocytes, as well as a search for splenic megakaryocytes in samples of the splenic venous outflow, were performed. The samples of the splenic venous outflow contained a lower cellular concentration when perfusion was prolonged, but the number of megakaryocytes appearing in the venous samples increased. At least five different forms of megakaryocytes were observed from smears of the venous outflow: (i) unipolar, (ii) multipolar, (iii) foamy, (iv) mobile and (v) nuclear types. These types were also found in splenic venous outflow of dogs, kittens and bled cats. It is suggested that not only platelets but also the larger megakaryocytes can pass out of the splenic circulation. This may imply that megakaryocytes can be culled, matured in the splenic red pulp, and ultimately released into peripheral blood.", "contents": "Studies on splenic megakaryocytes. I. Recovery of megakaryocytes from the splenic venous outflow. Spleens from 14 healthy adult cats were isolated and perfused with cell-free Ringer's solution. Histological studies on the splenic megakaryocytes, as well as a search for splenic megakaryocytes in samples of the splenic venous outflow, were performed. The samples of the splenic venous outflow contained a lower cellular concentration when perfusion was prolonged, but the number of megakaryocytes appearing in the venous samples increased. At least five different forms of megakaryocytes were observed from smears of the venous outflow: (i) unipolar, (ii) multipolar, (iii) foamy, (iv) mobile and (v) nuclear types. These types were also found in splenic venous outflow of dogs, kittens and bled cats. It is suggested that not only platelets but also the larger megakaryocytes can pass out of the splenic circulation. This may imply that megakaryocytes can be culled, matured in the splenic red pulp, and ultimately released into peripheral blood.", "PMID": 676239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2453", "title": "Lack of linkage between hereditary angioedema and the A and B loci of the HLA system.", "content": "A large 81 member, four-generation black family with hereditary angioedema is reported with regards to its clinical course and the association with the histocompatibility system. No mortality was seen related directly to the disease. Assuming that this trait is autosomal dominant it appeared to have no linkage with the histocompatibility system as noted by an estimated recombination rate in males and females of 0.5 and a maximum lod score of 0.0. Further evidence of no linkage is given by the fact that lod scores below -3.0 were observed for values of theta less than 0.5.", "contents": "Lack of linkage between hereditary angioedema and the A and B loci of the HLA system. A large 81 member, four-generation black family with hereditary angioedema is reported with regards to its clinical course and the association with the histocompatibility system. No mortality was seen related directly to the disease. Assuming that this trait is autosomal dominant it appeared to have no linkage with the histocompatibility system as noted by an estimated recombination rate in males and females of 0.5 and a maximum lod score of 0.0. Further evidence of no linkage is given by the fact that lod scores below -3.0 were observed for values of theta less than 0.5.", "PMID": 676240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2454", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for the detection of the antibody against hepatitis-B-core antigen (anti-HBc).", "content": "In this paper we describe a new sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of anti-HBc. This test was shown to be more sensitive than the widely used immune adherence hemagglutination test (IAHA) and at least as sensitive as the radioimmunoassay using the blocking principle. The new test system appears to be very useful to screen larger groups of individuals (e.g. blood donors) for the presence of anti-HBc.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for the detection of the antibody against hepatitis-B-core antigen (anti-HBc). In this paper we describe a new sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of anti-HBc. This test was shown to be more sensitive than the widely used immune adherence hemagglutination test (IAHA) and at least as sensitive as the radioimmunoassay using the blocking principle. The new test system appears to be very useful to screen larger groups of individuals (e.g. blood donors) for the presence of anti-HBc.", "PMID": 676241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2455", "title": "Different fates of hepatitis B virus markers during plasma fractionation: a clue to the infectivity of blood derivatives.", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) and associated particles, e antigen (e Ag) and DNA polymerase are unevenly distributed during Cohn's cold ethanol fractionation of plasmas positive for these markers of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Most of the e Ag, Dane particles and DNA polymerase are retained in fraction III whereas the bulk of HBs Ag is recovered in fraction IV where only 22 nm spheres and short filaments are still identified. These results suggest that differences in quantitative distribution of HB virions together with alteration of infectious particles during the fractionation process may in addition to heat inactivation account for the relative hepatitis risk of the various plasma derivatives.", "contents": "Different fates of hepatitis B virus markers during plasma fractionation: a clue to the infectivity of blood derivatives. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) and associated particles, e antigen (e Ag) and DNA polymerase are unevenly distributed during Cohn's cold ethanol fractionation of plasmas positive for these markers of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Most of the e Ag, Dane particles and DNA polymerase are retained in fraction III whereas the bulk of HBs Ag is recovered in fraction IV where only 22 nm spheres and short filaments are still identified. These results suggest that differences in quantitative distribution of HB virions together with alteration of infectious particles during the fractionation process may in addition to heat inactivation account for the relative hepatitis risk of the various plasma derivatives.", "PMID": 676242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2456", "title": "Abnormal glycolipid composition of erythrocytes with a weak P antigen.", "content": "The erythrocytes of a normal man were agglutinated more weakly than normal cells by several anti-P1PPK sera, and exhibited a decreased capacity to absorb these antibodies. Analysis of his erythrocyte glycosphingolipids revealed that the globoside (P antigen) content was less than 25% of normal, and trihexosyl ceramide (the PK antigen) was 30-40% of normal. The ganglioside content of his erythrocytes was approximately four times normal and sialosylparagloboside was increased about sixfold. It appears that his erythrocytes was unable to synthesize normal quantities of trihexosyl ceramide, and that these serological and chemical features constitute a new phenotype in the P blood group system.", "contents": "Abnormal glycolipid composition of erythrocytes with a weak P antigen. The erythrocytes of a normal man were agglutinated more weakly than normal cells by several anti-P1PPK sera, and exhibited a decreased capacity to absorb these antibodies. Analysis of his erythrocyte glycosphingolipids revealed that the globoside (P antigen) content was less than 25% of normal, and trihexosyl ceramide (the PK antigen) was 30-40% of normal. The ganglioside content of his erythrocytes was approximately four times normal and sialosylparagloboside was increased about sixfold. It appears that his erythrocytes was unable to synthesize normal quantities of trihexosyl ceramide, and that these serological and chemical features constitute a new phenotype in the P blood group system.", "PMID": 676244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2457", "title": "Serological studies of the H activity of Oh red cells with various anti-H reagents.", "content": "Several examples of Oh cells have been investigated with various anti-H reagents. After enzyme treatment of the cells with either papain or neuraminidase, very high titres were obtained, particularly with some preparations of Ulex europeus. Fractionation of anti-H Ulex showed that the anti-H component inhibitable by L-fucose required papain treatment of the Oh cells for optimal activity whereas the component not inhibitable by L-fucose agglutinated preferentially Oh cells treated with neuraminidase. The anti-H lectin Cytisus sessifolius which is not inhibitable by L-fucose gave no reaction with papain-treated Oh cells but reacted well when the Oh cells were treated with neuraminidase. Normal O cells were almost equally well agglutinated by the lectins when treated by either of the two enzymes. That the various lectin components activated by enzymes had H specificity was shown by the fact that their activity was inhibited by purified H substance, partially inhibited to L-fucose and 2-fucosyllactose and not at all by purified Lea substance and non-secretor salivas. In spite of the high titres obtained with Oh cells by the enzyme technique, the amount of H present on the red cells, judged by inhibition tests, in comparison with normal group O cells was very small.", "contents": "Serological studies of the H activity of Oh red cells with various anti-H reagents. Several examples of Oh cells have been investigated with various anti-H reagents. After enzyme treatment of the cells with either papain or neuraminidase, very high titres were obtained, particularly with some preparations of Ulex europeus. Fractionation of anti-H Ulex showed that the anti-H component inhibitable by L-fucose required papain treatment of the Oh cells for optimal activity whereas the component not inhibitable by L-fucose agglutinated preferentially Oh cells treated with neuraminidase. The anti-H lectin Cytisus sessifolius which is not inhibitable by L-fucose gave no reaction with papain-treated Oh cells but reacted well when the Oh cells were treated with neuraminidase. Normal O cells were almost equally well agglutinated by the lectins when treated by either of the two enzymes. That the various lectin components activated by enzymes had H specificity was shown by the fact that their activity was inhibited by purified H substance, partially inhibited to L-fucose and 2-fucosyllactose and not at all by purified Lea substance and non-secretor salivas. In spite of the high titres obtained with Oh cells by the enzyme technique, the amount of H present on the red cells, judged by inhibition tests, in comparison with normal group O cells was very small.", "PMID": 676245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2458", "title": "Unusual inheritance in the ABO blood group system: a group O child from a group A2B mother.", "content": "A serologically typical group A2B mother with no unusual anti-A or anti-B agglutinins delivered a normal group O infant with no demonstrable A or B antigens. By the age of 1 year the child had developed anti-A and anti-B agglutinins. He had H antigen and secreted H substance in his saliva. A second group O child has since been born. Although family studies were inconclusive, the most likely explanation is that the mother is a cis-AB. If this is the case, she differs from other reported cis-ABs in her apparently normal B antigen and the lack of anti-B antibodies in her serum.", "contents": "Unusual inheritance in the ABO blood group system: a group O child from a group A2B mother. A serologically typical group A2B mother with no unusual anti-A or anti-B agglutinins delivered a normal group O infant with no demonstrable A or B antigens. By the age of 1 year the child had developed anti-A and anti-B agglutinins. He had H antigen and secreted H substance in his saliva. A second group O child has since been born. Although family studies were inconclusive, the most likely explanation is that the mother is a cis-AB. If this is the case, she differs from other reported cis-ABs in her apparently normal B antigen and the lack of anti-B antibodies in her serum.", "PMID": 676246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2459", "title": "[Benign intermittent intrahepatic cholestasis].", "content": "Two cases with benign intermittent intrahepatal cholestasis are described for the first time. Young males are concerned with repeated mechanical jaundice with free bile ducts at operation and roentgenologically. The prognosis of both cases was favourable. The effect of periarterial sympathectomy is discussed as well as the T-shape drainage application.", "contents": "[Benign intermittent intrahepatic cholestasis]. Two cases with benign intermittent intrahepatal cholestasis are described for the first time. Young males are concerned with repeated mechanical jaundice with free bile ducts at operation and roentgenologically. The prognosis of both cases was favourable. The effect of periarterial sympathectomy is discussed as well as the T-shape drainage application.", "PMID": 676291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2460", "title": "[Pathogenesis of diabetes in adulthood. II. The nature of the insulin secretory defect].", "content": "Insulin secretion was studied during three successive stimulations: with tolbutamid, with tolbutamid +0.25 g glucose/kg body weight and with tolbutamid +0.50 g glucose/kg body weight in 30 patients with diabetes mellitus at a mature age, subdivided into two groups (SUP-sensitive and SUP-resistant). The rate of insulin secretion was found, in the first 10 minutes (early insulin secretion) to depend only on tolbutamid, remaining constant with blood sugar level fluctuations from 90 to 254 mg%. Later, insulinemia was higher in the test with combined loading, being most manifested with the most massive glucose loading. Similar correlation was not observed in the group of SUP resistant patients with diabetes. The results provide grounds to conclude that in SUP-sensitive diabetes, the ability of B-cells to synthesize and secrete insulin is being preserved but the sensitivity of glucose receptor versus the signal glucose information was declined. At the same time, the signal sensitivity versus other stimulations of insulin secretion, tolbutamid in this case, was still preserved. In this way, one of the possible pathogenic mechanisms of diabetes development at a mature age is elucidated.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of diabetes in adulthood. II. The nature of the insulin secretory defect]. Insulin secretion was studied during three successive stimulations: with tolbutamid, with tolbutamid +0.25 g glucose/kg body weight and with tolbutamid +0.50 g glucose/kg body weight in 30 patients with diabetes mellitus at a mature age, subdivided into two groups (SUP-sensitive and SUP-resistant). The rate of insulin secretion was found, in the first 10 minutes (early insulin secretion) to depend only on tolbutamid, remaining constant with blood sugar level fluctuations from 90 to 254 mg%. Later, insulinemia was higher in the test with combined loading, being most manifested with the most massive glucose loading. Similar correlation was not observed in the group of SUP resistant patients with diabetes. The results provide grounds to conclude that in SUP-sensitive diabetes, the ability of B-cells to synthesize and secrete insulin is being preserved but the sensitivity of glucose receptor versus the signal glucose information was declined. At the same time, the signal sensitivity versus other stimulations of insulin secretion, tolbutamid in this case, was still preserved. In this way, one of the possible pathogenic mechanisms of diabetes development at a mature age is elucidated.", "PMID": 676292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2461", "title": "[Total thyroxine level in human serum].", "content": "Eighteen healthy subjects and 42 patients with diseases of the thyroid gland were examined. Total thyroxin in serum was determined in all, by past StaT4 (Oxford laboratories) and according to the method of Murphy and Pattee, modified by Benotty and Peno. Thyroxin values obtained, by the two methods, were similar and correlated well with the subjects' clinical state. Certain advantages of paste StaT4 were established, making it more applicable in clinical practice as compared with the procedure of the modified method of Murphy and Pattee.", "contents": "[Total thyroxine level in human serum]. Eighteen healthy subjects and 42 patients with diseases of the thyroid gland were examined. Total thyroxin in serum was determined in all, by past StaT4 (Oxford laboratories) and according to the method of Murphy and Pattee, modified by Benotty and Peno. Thyroxin values obtained, by the two methods, were similar and correlated well with the subjects' clinical state. Certain advantages of paste StaT4 were established, making it more applicable in clinical practice as compared with the procedure of the modified method of Murphy and Pattee.", "PMID": 676293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2462", "title": "[Clinical and laboratory studies of the hemorrhagic syndrome in hypo- and aplastic anemias].", "content": "Hemorrhagic manifestations were found in 142 (66.6%) out of 213 followed up patients with hypo- and aplastic anemia. Detailed clinical-laboratory study on the hemorrhagic syndrome was conducted in 58 of them. The hemorrhagic manifestations display a considerable polymorphism, being present both at the onset of the disease and its course. Changes in the laboratory tests were also found, associated mainly with thrombocytopenia. The tests, reflecting coagulation states, were most often normal. In four of the patients, hemorrhagia was due to disseminated intravasal coagulation. No correlation was found between granulocyte number and Factor VIII level.", "contents": "[Clinical and laboratory studies of the hemorrhagic syndrome in hypo- and aplastic anemias]. Hemorrhagic manifestations were found in 142 (66.6%) out of 213 followed up patients with hypo- and aplastic anemia. Detailed clinical-laboratory study on the hemorrhagic syndrome was conducted in 58 of them. The hemorrhagic manifestations display a considerable polymorphism, being present both at the onset of the disease and its course. Changes in the laboratory tests were also found, associated mainly with thrombocytopenia. The tests, reflecting coagulation states, were most often normal. In four of the patients, hemorrhagia was due to disseminated intravasal coagulation. No correlation was found between granulocyte number and Factor VIII level.", "PMID": 676294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2463", "title": "[Maximal forced expiration indices in young symptom-free smokers].", "content": "The indices of maximal forced expiration were investigated spirographically, with flowmeter of Wright and pneumotachorgaphically in 205 symptonless smokers and 154 healthy subjects, aged 18 to 28. In 16.7 to 26.7 per cent of the young symptomless smokers with normal forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume per second, anomalies in some of the indices, determined pneumotachographically were found, namely MMEFR75--85, T25--75, V25, PEFR/V25.", "contents": "[Maximal forced expiration indices in young symptom-free smokers]. The indices of maximal forced expiration were investigated spirographically, with flowmeter of Wright and pneumotachorgaphically in 205 symptonless smokers and 154 healthy subjects, aged 18 to 28. In 16.7 to 26.7 per cent of the young symptomless smokers with normal forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume per second, anomalies in some of the indices, determined pneumotachographically were found, namely MMEFR75--85, T25--75, V25, PEFR/V25.", "PMID": 676295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2464", "title": "[Climate therapy studies at Sandaski health resort of bronchial asthma patients during the cold and warm months of the year].", "content": "Two hundred patients with bronchial asthma were examined, 110 being examined during the warm and 90 during the cold months of the year. The bioclimatic constants of Sandanski resort have a favourable effect upon the clinical and functional indices. Especially manifested in the effect during the cold months of the year. The results obtained are with a high statistical significance. The very favourable effect on the bronchial asthma patients, both during the warm and cold months at Sandanski resort, makes it unique for a round-year climate treatment. The problem treats national and international interests.", "contents": "[Climate therapy studies at Sandaski health resort of bronchial asthma patients during the cold and warm months of the year]. Two hundred patients with bronchial asthma were examined, 110 being examined during the warm and 90 during the cold months of the year. The bioclimatic constants of Sandanski resort have a favourable effect upon the clinical and functional indices. Especially manifested in the effect during the cold months of the year. The results obtained are with a high statistical significance. The very favourable effect on the bronchial asthma patients, both during the warm and cold months at Sandanski resort, makes it unique for a round-year climate treatment. The problem treats national and international interests.", "PMID": 676296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2465", "title": "[Functional changes in the respiratory system in acquired heart defects].", "content": "A total of 52 patients were examined, 8 out of them healthy and 44 patients with acquired valves defects without accompanying pulmonary and other diseases. The indices of external respiration, alveolar-arterial gradients for O2 and CO2 were followed up as well as diffusion capacity of lungs and its components, acid-alkaline balance, functional and real shunts in the pulmonary circulation, etc. The summed up results revealed that considerable disturbances in external respiration, leading mainly to a restrictive ventilatory syndrome, developed with the lesion of myocardium and valve apparatus of the heart. The values of diffusion lung capacity for CO and its components--Dm and Vc are decreased. O2 and CO2 metabolism was disturbed. The results pointed to a moderately manifested hypoxemia, marked elevation of alveolar-arterial gradients for O2 and presence of respiratory alkalosis. A considerable increase in the functional and real shunts of the lungs were established, manifestations of the disturbed pulmonary ventilation and hemodynamics in the pulmonary circulation.", "contents": "[Functional changes in the respiratory system in acquired heart defects]. A total of 52 patients were examined, 8 out of them healthy and 44 patients with acquired valves defects without accompanying pulmonary and other diseases. The indices of external respiration, alveolar-arterial gradients for O2 and CO2 were followed up as well as diffusion capacity of lungs and its components, acid-alkaline balance, functional and real shunts in the pulmonary circulation, etc. The summed up results revealed that considerable disturbances in external respiration, leading mainly to a restrictive ventilatory syndrome, developed with the lesion of myocardium and valve apparatus of the heart. The values of diffusion lung capacity for CO and its components--Dm and Vc are decreased. O2 and CO2 metabolism was disturbed. The results pointed to a moderately manifested hypoxemia, marked elevation of alveolar-arterial gradients for O2 and presence of respiratory alkalosis. A considerable increase in the functional and real shunts of the lungs were established, manifestations of the disturbed pulmonary ventilation and hemodynamics in the pulmonary circulation.", "PMID": 676297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2466", "title": "[Ergometric assessment of lung-heart function in obesity in young men].", "content": "Increased quantitiy of lean body mass, obstructive ventilatory syndrome and elevated initial maximal arterial pressure were found in 47 obese as compared with 70 control males, all aged 18--24. With the progressive cycling loading on a veloergometer up to an oxygen uptake of 1.5 1/min--1, considerably higher oxygen uptake was established in the obese as comparable loading grades and in some of the cases--hypeptensive reaction was found. The physical work capacity (PWC170) is insignificantly decreased and the ventilatory parameters were unchanged as compared with the control group. With obesity among young males, the physical work capacity was concluded to be decreased and the frequency of cardiac activity, with submaximal loading, to be increased on both cases--per one unit of body weight, per one unit of lean body mass resp.", "contents": "[Ergometric assessment of lung-heart function in obesity in young men]. Increased quantitiy of lean body mass, obstructive ventilatory syndrome and elevated initial maximal arterial pressure were found in 47 obese as compared with 70 control males, all aged 18--24. With the progressive cycling loading on a veloergometer up to an oxygen uptake of 1.5 1/min--1, considerably higher oxygen uptake was established in the obese as comparable loading grades and in some of the cases--hypeptensive reaction was found. The physical work capacity (PWC170) is insignificantly decreased and the ventilatory parameters were unchanged as compared with the control group. With obesity among young males, the physical work capacity was concluded to be decreased and the frequency of cardiac activity, with submaximal loading, to be increased on both cases--per one unit of body weight, per one unit of lean body mass resp.", "PMID": 676298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2467", "title": "[Gastric secretion study by maximal pentagastrin stimulation in healthy persons and peptic ulcer patients].", "content": "Gastric secretion was investigated in 187 subjects under conditions of maximal stimulation with pentagastrin. Thirty subjects, out of them, were healthy, 30--with gastric ulcer, 110--with duodenal ulcer and 17--with double ulcer localization--in duodenum and stomach. The indices of gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer and ulcer disease with double localization are considerably higher than those on the healthy subjects and differ essentially. With single gastric ulcer they are significantly lower than those of the healthy controls.", "contents": "[Gastric secretion study by maximal pentagastrin stimulation in healthy persons and peptic ulcer patients]. Gastric secretion was investigated in 187 subjects under conditions of maximal stimulation with pentagastrin. Thirty subjects, out of them, were healthy, 30--with gastric ulcer, 110--with duodenal ulcer and 17--with double ulcer localization--in duodenum and stomach. The indices of gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer and ulcer disease with double localization are considerably higher than those on the healthy subjects and differ essentially. With single gastric ulcer they are significantly lower than those of the healthy controls.", "PMID": 676299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2468", "title": "[Changes in uricemia in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The authors studied in dynamics the concentration of uric acid in 84 patients in the acute stage of myocardial, in 28 patients with non-stable stenocardia. The average value of uricemia, in the first 1--2 days post infarction is 6.35 +/- 2.23 mg%, considerably higher than that in case of non-stable stenocardia--4.75 +/- 1.25 mg%. In all the patients with myocardial infarction, 34.04 per cent have uricemia over 6 mg% (upper limit of the norm). The hypouricemia was normalized by the 14--15 day after the onset of infarction--4.25 mg%. The highest values of uric acid (up to 13 mg%) were found in case of severely progressing infarctions. A parallelism was established between serum concentration of uric acid and the creatinine-phosphokinase level. The possible pathogenic mechanisms of hyperuricemia in the acute stage of myocardial infarction are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in uricemia in acute myocardial infarct]. The authors studied in dynamics the concentration of uric acid in 84 patients in the acute stage of myocardial, in 28 patients with non-stable stenocardia. The average value of uricemia, in the first 1--2 days post infarction is 6.35 +/- 2.23 mg%, considerably higher than that in case of non-stable stenocardia--4.75 +/- 1.25 mg%. In all the patients with myocardial infarction, 34.04 per cent have uricemia over 6 mg% (upper limit of the norm). The hypouricemia was normalized by the 14--15 day after the onset of infarction--4.25 mg%. The highest values of uric acid (up to 13 mg%) were found in case of severely progressing infarctions. A parallelism was established between serum concentration of uric acid and the creatinine-phosphokinase level. The possible pathogenic mechanisms of hyperuricemia in the acute stage of myocardial infarction are discussed.", "PMID": 676300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2469", "title": "[Changes in the carotid sphymogram and apex cardiogram in the mesosystolic click-telesystolic apical murmur syndrome].", "content": "Synchronous records of ECG, PhCG, CSG and ACG were made of 25 patients with the syndrome of mesosystolic click-telesystolic apex murmur as well as of 62 subjects with healthy hearts. Mesosystolic retraction in CSG was found in 14 patients (57%) and incisura of the ACG systolic wave in 22 patients (88%). Similar changes were not established in the subjects with healthy hearts. The possibility of explanation of the changes found are discussed and those CSG and ACG changes are concluded to be useful as additional bloodless methods in the diagnosis of the syndrome of mesosystolic click-telesystolic apex murmur.", "contents": "[Changes in the carotid sphymogram and apex cardiogram in the mesosystolic click-telesystolic apical murmur syndrome]. Synchronous records of ECG, PhCG, CSG and ACG were made of 25 patients with the syndrome of mesosystolic click-telesystolic apex murmur as well as of 62 subjects with healthy hearts. Mesosystolic retraction in CSG was found in 14 patients (57%) and incisura of the ACG systolic wave in 22 patients (88%). Similar changes were not established in the subjects with healthy hearts. The possibility of explanation of the changes found are discussed and those CSG and ACG changes are concluded to be useful as additional bloodless methods in the diagnosis of the syndrome of mesosystolic click-telesystolic apex murmur.", "PMID": 676301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2470", "title": "[Serum lipid group response after intralipid loading].", "content": "A method is presented for the determination of serum lipid groups changes in conditions of venous fatty tolerance test as well as for time defining in reaching the initial levels of serum triglycerides. A variant of the quantitative thin-layer chromatography is applied, combined with carbonization and densitometry for lipid groups determination in the serum of 40 patients, subdivided into four groups: with  chronic ischemic heart disease, with arterial hypertension, with obesity and a control ggroup. Lipid analysis was carried out by the 5th, 20th and 40th minute after the beginning of the test. After loading with Intralipid, it was established to develop quantitative changes not only in triglycerides but in the rest of the lipid groups as well. At the same time, the time for reaching the initial values of triglycerides, calculated by extrapolation, shows significant differences between the control group and those with ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension. The investigation method adopted guarantees more thorough information about lipid changes after Intralipid infection, than the method with the determination of plasma opasity in corresponding time intervals. The criterion \"time for reaching the initial values\" characterized more fully the dynamic changes in triglycerides and could be used in the detection of latent anomalies in lipid metabolism.", "contents": "[Serum lipid group response after intralipid loading]. A method is presented for the determination of serum lipid groups changes in conditions of venous fatty tolerance test as well as for time defining in reaching the initial levels of serum triglycerides. A variant of the quantitative thin-layer chromatography is applied, combined with carbonization and densitometry for lipid groups determination in the serum of 40 patients, subdivided into four groups: with  chronic ischemic heart disease, with arterial hypertension, with obesity and a control ggroup. Lipid analysis was carried out by the 5th, 20th and 40th minute after the beginning of the test. After loading with Intralipid, it was established to develop quantitative changes not only in triglycerides but in the rest of the lipid groups as well. At the same time, the time for reaching the initial values of triglycerides, calculated by extrapolation, shows significant differences between the control group and those with ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension. The investigation method adopted guarantees more thorough information about lipid changes after Intralipid infection, than the method with the determination of plasma opasity in corresponding time intervals. The criterion \"time for reaching the initial values\" characterized more fully the dynamic changes in triglycerides and could be used in the detection of latent anomalies in lipid metabolism.", "PMID": 676302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2471", "title": "[Distribution and characteristics of chronic constipation among a part of the population of Sofia District].", "content": "The authors studied the chronic constipation morbidity among the Sofia district population. It was established that 20.6 per cent of the efficient population is affected. The effect of numerous factors upon the defecation rhythm and constipation incidence is statistically studied. The subjective patient's assessment in the disease diagnosis is underlined. The clinical characteristic of the disease and the present state of the treatment are determined on the base of the data obtained by the inquiry carried out among 3509 inhabitants from the district. The necessity of wider health education upon the problem among the population is stressed upon.", "contents": "[Distribution and characteristics of chronic constipation among a part of the population of Sofia District]. The authors studied the chronic constipation morbidity among the Sofia district population. It was established that 20.6 per cent of the efficient population is affected. The effect of numerous factors upon the defecation rhythm and constipation incidence is statistically studied. The subjective patient's assessment in the disease diagnosis is underlined. The clinical characteristic of the disease and the present state of the treatment are determined on the base of the data obtained by the inquiry carried out among 3509 inhabitants from the district. The necessity of wider health education upon the problem among the population is stressed upon.", "PMID": 676303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2472", "title": "[Malignant degeneration of a primary leiomyoma of the inferior vena cava (leiomyosarcoma) with the clinical picture of the chiari-budd syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignant degeneration of primary leiomyoma of the dorsal wall of the upper segment of the inferio vena cava (leiomyosarcoma) is reported in connection with the Chiari-Budd Syndrome. The facilities for improved ultrasonic diagnosis are pointed out and, hence, the possibility of earlier initiation of therapy.", "contents": "[Malignant degeneration of a primary leiomyoma of the inferior vena cava (leiomyosarcoma) with the clinical picture of the chiari-budd syndrome (author's transl)]. Malignant degeneration of primary leiomyoma of the dorsal wall of the upper segment of the inferio vena cava (leiomyosarcoma) is reported in connection with the Chiari-Budd Syndrome. The facilities for improved ultrasonic diagnosis are pointed out and, hence, the possibility of earlier initiation of therapy.", "PMID": 676304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2473", "title": "[Statistical aynalysis of tumour cases at the University Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Vienna].", "content": "39,606 pathological reports issuing from the Department of Pathology, University of Vienna, during the years 1936, 1956 and 1976 were examined retrospectively. The Department of Maxillo-facial Surgery had referred 3.2% of the specimens. On analysis of the individual diagnoses, carcinoma was represented by 36.6% of the cases. Age, sex, distribution and tumour localization data are recorded in tabular form. In addition, data concerning in-patients treated for tumours at the Department of Maxillo-facial Surgery from 1974 to 1976 were stored in the Computer Centre of the University of Vienna. These data were subsequently analysed with regard to diagnosis, sex and average age of the patients.", "contents": "[Statistical aynalysis of tumour cases at the University Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Vienna]. 39,606 pathological reports issuing from the Department of Pathology, University of Vienna, during the years 1936, 1956 and 1976 were examined retrospectively. The Department of Maxillo-facial Surgery had referred 3.2% of the specimens. On analysis of the individual diagnoses, carcinoma was represented by 36.6% of the cases. Age, sex, distribution and tumour localization data are recorded in tabular form. In addition, data concerning in-patients treated for tumours at the Department of Maxillo-facial Surgery from 1974 to 1976 were stored in the Computer Centre of the University of Vienna. These data were subsequently analysed with regard to diagnosis, sex and average age of the patients.", "PMID": 676305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2474", "title": "[Osteopathy and serum parathormone and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels in patients on long-term haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Skeletal radiological changes were analyzed in 22 patients treated by chronic haemodialysis. Furthermore, the serum parathormone and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations were determined. X-ray evidence of renal osteopathy was found in 13 patients (59%). Extraskeletal calcification, subperiostal erosions and cystoids were the predominant lesions. Serum iPTH concentrations were increased in 21 out of 22 haemodialyzed patients. The serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration was normal. The results of this study seem to indicate that other factors apart from secondary hyperparathyroidism have a share in the development of renal osteopathy in patients on chronic haemodialysis.", "contents": "[Osteopathy and serum parathormone and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels in patients on long-term haemodialysis (author's transl)]. Skeletal radiological changes were analyzed in 22 patients treated by chronic haemodialysis. Furthermore, the serum parathormone and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations were determined. X-ray evidence of renal osteopathy was found in 13 patients (59%). Extraskeletal calcification, subperiostal erosions and cystoids were the predominant lesions. Serum iPTH concentrations were increased in 21 out of 22 haemodialyzed patients. The serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration was normal. The results of this study seem to indicate that other factors apart from secondary hyperparathyroidism have a share in the development of renal osteopathy in patients on chronic haemodialysis.", "PMID": 676306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2475", "title": "[Influence of topical ice application on accommodation ability (the mechanism of action of cryotherapy) (author's transl)].", "content": "An investigation was carried out on 100 muscles (14 patients) and it is concluded that the ability to accommodate by nerve and muscle fibres is influenced by the topical application of ice. The factor of accommodation, the Reizungsdivisor according to Kries [6], was determiend before and after cryotherapy. This ratio, which is an index of adequate muscle-fibre innervation, was significantly depressed after the application of ice.", "contents": "[Influence of topical ice application on accommodation ability (the mechanism of action of cryotherapy) (author's transl)]. An investigation was carried out on 100 muscles (14 patients) and it is concluded that the ability to accommodate by nerve and muscle fibres is influenced by the topical application of ice. The factor of accommodation, the Reizungsdivisor according to Kries [6], was determiend before and after cryotherapy. This ratio, which is an index of adequate muscle-fibre innervation, was significantly depressed after the application of ice.", "PMID": 676307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2476", "title": "[Application of acerbine, a mixture of organic acids containing propylene glycol as lotion or ointment in paediatric surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Acerbine has been available for clinical trial since three years ago. Promotion of epithelialization, as well as antiphlogistic, antibacterial and fungicidal actions have been attributed to this preparation. This paper presents a critical appraisal of our own results with Acerbine; initial scepsis was soon dispelled by the evident efficacy of this preparation, both in the form of a lotion and ointment, and its wide scope of application. Moreover, our own studies revealed an excellent effect on keloids, which became smoother and visibly paler. A very good prophylactic and curative effect was observed in respect to all types of skin transplantation. So far Acerbine has been successfully applied in 117 patients who have completed their course of treatment. Acerbine is being currently employed in the case of 16 further patients who are still in hospital. No untoward side effects were recorded. Our findings confirm the opinion of other authors that hospitalization is shortened by the use of this preparation. The availability, more recently, of the new preparation in form of an ointment enables treatment to be continued on an ambulant basis or at home in many cases. Certain new fiies. The results of further explorative investigations into these aspects are under review at present.", "contents": "[Application of acerbine, a mixture of organic acids containing propylene glycol as lotion or ointment in paediatric surgery (author's transl)]. Acerbine has been available for clinical trial since three years ago. Promotion of epithelialization, as well as antiphlogistic, antibacterial and fungicidal actions have been attributed to this preparation. This paper presents a critical appraisal of our own results with Acerbine; initial scepsis was soon dispelled by the evident efficacy of this preparation, both in the form of a lotion and ointment, and its wide scope of application. Moreover, our own studies revealed an excellent effect on keloids, which became smoother and visibly paler. A very good prophylactic and curative effect was observed in respect to all types of skin transplantation. So far Acerbine has been successfully applied in 117 patients who have completed their course of treatment. Acerbine is being currently employed in the case of 16 further patients who are still in hospital. No untoward side effects were recorded. Our findings confirm the opinion of other authors that hospitalization is shortened by the use of this preparation. The availability, more recently, of the new preparation in form of an ointment enables treatment to be continued on an ambulant basis or at home in many cases. Certain new fiies. The results of further explorative investigations into these aspects are under review at present.", "PMID": 676308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2477", "title": "[Plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol after daily vitamin D administration in comparison with massive single-dose prophylaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of daily administration of 1200 IU vitamin D3 was compared with the response to a single oral dose of 200,000 IU in 21 young infants by determination of the plasma 25-OHCC levels. After about one week the mean value recorded in group 1 was 27 +/- 13 ng/ml; the corresponding value in group 2 was 127 +/- 78.4 ng/ml. At the second control examination about one month subsequently, the mean values were 61 +/- 26.2 ng/ml and 104 +/- 69.0 ng/ml respectively. The wide range of values found in the single-dose group clearly demonstrates the advantage of daily vitamin D administration for routine prophylaxis against rickets in infancy.", "contents": "[Plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol after daily vitamin D administration in comparison with massive single-dose prophylaxis (author's transl)]. The effect of daily administration of 1200 IU vitamin D3 was compared with the response to a single oral dose of 200,000 IU in 21 young infants by determination of the plasma 25-OHCC levels. After about one week the mean value recorded in group 1 was 27 +/- 13 ng/ml; the corresponding value in group 2 was 127 +/- 78.4 ng/ml. At the second control examination about one month subsequently, the mean values were 61 +/- 26.2 ng/ml and 104 +/- 69.0 ng/ml respectively. The wide range of values found in the single-dose group clearly demonstrates the advantage of daily vitamin D administration for routine prophylaxis against rickets in infancy.", "PMID": 676309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2478", "title": "[Results of radical Wertheim's operation 1964 to 1972 (author's transl)].", "content": "In the years 1964 to 1972 239 women with cervical carcinoma were treated by extended abdominal radical (Wertheim's) operation at the II. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Vienna. The total number of invasive cervical carcinomas is decreasing in comparison with previous years, but the figure of 40% cases treated surgically remains stable. 69.5% of the women are alive after a 5-year observation period, the figure for stage Ib being 71.4% and for stage II 55.2%. In cases with positive lymph nodes an improved 5-year survival rate is demonstrated and the total number of patients who died of carcinoma is reduced in comparison with the respective figures for previous years.", "contents": "[Results of radical Wertheim's operation 1964 to 1972 (author's transl)]. In the years 1964 to 1972 239 women with cervical carcinoma were treated by extended abdominal radical (Wertheim's) operation at the II. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Vienna. The total number of invasive cervical carcinomas is decreasing in comparison with previous years, but the figure of 40% cases treated surgically remains stable. 69.5% of the women are alive after a 5-year observation period, the figure for stage Ib being 71.4% and for stage II 55.2%. In cases with positive lymph nodes an improved 5-year survival rate is demonstrated and the total number of patients who died of carcinoma is reduced in comparison with the respective figures for previous years.", "PMID": 676311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2479", "title": "[Hormone profiles and hormone therapy in early pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Hormone profiles in early pregnancy were established in 67 women and correlated to simultaneously performed ultrasonic examinations. Normal values for human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), human chorionic somatotropin (HCS), oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were established from the data obtained in 30 early pregnancies which culminated in the birth of a living child. Lowered HCG values were found in 17 out of 23 pregnancies which ended in miscarriage. In these cases ultrasonic examination failed to detect any heart action. Lowered HCS values after the 9th week of pregnancy are also certain proof of missed abortion. P and E2 values are shown to be a parameter reflecting activity of the corpus luteum graviditatis. In clomiphene- and gonadotropin-induced pregnancies higher values were found than in pregnancies managed by substitution treatment with twice weekly 10 mg oestradiolvalerianate + 500mg 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteronecapronate. Lowered P and E2 values with HCG values in the normal range indicate imminent insufficiency of the corpus luteum graviditatis. Pros and cons of hormonal therapy in early pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "[Hormone profiles and hormone therapy in early pregnancy (author's transl)]. Hormone profiles in early pregnancy were established in 67 women and correlated to simultaneously performed ultrasonic examinations. Normal values for human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), human chorionic somatotropin (HCS), oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were established from the data obtained in 30 early pregnancies which culminated in the birth of a living child. Lowered HCG values were found in 17 out of 23 pregnancies which ended in miscarriage. In these cases ultrasonic examination failed to detect any heart action. Lowered HCS values after the 9th week of pregnancy are also certain proof of missed abortion. P and E2 values are shown to be a parameter reflecting activity of the corpus luteum graviditatis. In clomiphene- and gonadotropin-induced pregnancies higher values were found than in pregnancies managed by substitution treatment with twice weekly 10 mg oestradiolvalerianate + 500mg 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteronecapronate. Lowered P and E2 values with HCG values in the normal range indicate imminent insufficiency of the corpus luteum graviditatis. Pros and cons of hormonal therapy in early pregnancy are discussed.", "PMID": 676313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2480", "title": "[The development of uteroplacental flow-rate determination (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reviews the technique of nuclear placental flow-rate determination developed in 3 stages at the I. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Vienna. It particularly highlights the diagnostic potential of the most recent development, which is based on iterative regression, by quoting pertinent figures. In 153 females with type I flow-rate patterns the diagnosis proved to be correct in 82.2% of cases. 26 patients had pathological flow-rate patterns and 20 of the infants born to this group of mothers had moderate to severe dystrophy due to reduced placental function. The placental perfusion test, another recent development, is of particular significance in differentiating between the causes underlying reduced placental blood flow. These two techniques have internationally conquered a firm position in the battery of placental perfusion studies designed to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of placental insufficiency.", "contents": "[The development of uteroplacental flow-rate determination (author's transl)]. This paper reviews the technique of nuclear placental flow-rate determination developed in 3 stages at the I. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Vienna. It particularly highlights the diagnostic potential of the most recent development, which is based on iterative regression, by quoting pertinent figures. In 153 females with type I flow-rate patterns the diagnosis proved to be correct in 82.2% of cases. 26 patients had pathological flow-rate patterns and 20 of the infants born to this group of mothers had moderate to severe dystrophy due to reduced placental function. The placental perfusion test, another recent development, is of particular significance in differentiating between the causes underlying reduced placental blood flow. These two techniques have internationally conquered a firm position in the battery of placental perfusion studies designed to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of placental insufficiency.", "PMID": 676314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2481", "title": "[Blood coagulation parameters in prostaglandin-induced labour after intrauterine fetal death (author's transl)].", "content": "Pregnancy termination by the intraamniotic injection of hypertonic saline may result in coagulation defects. This complication seems to be uncommon with prostaglandins. The present study was designed to elucidate any possible effects of prostaglandin administration on coagulation parameters in patients with fetal death in utero. Labour was induced in 20 cases of intrauterine fetal death by either intravenous (11) or intramuscular (9) administration of Sulprostone. Normotest, thrombin clotting time, ethanol fractionation, fibrinogen level and platelet count were obtained in each patient prior to and immediately after drug administration. Although retention of the fetus for as long as 84 days was recorded (mean 14 days), no patient presented with abnormal clotting parameters. Prostaglandin induction was successful in all 20 cases. After explosion of the fetus, coagulation parameters were not significantly different from pretreatment values. Estimated blood loss never exceeded 500 cc. It is concluded that intramuscular or intravenous administration of Sulprostone for induction of labour in fetal death in utero does not affect the clotting system nor trigger off disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "[Blood coagulation parameters in prostaglandin-induced labour after intrauterine fetal death (author's transl)]. Pregnancy termination by the intraamniotic injection of hypertonic saline may result in coagulation defects. This complication seems to be uncommon with prostaglandins. The present study was designed to elucidate any possible effects of prostaglandin administration on coagulation parameters in patients with fetal death in utero. Labour was induced in 20 cases of intrauterine fetal death by either intravenous (11) or intramuscular (9) administration of Sulprostone. Normotest, thrombin clotting time, ethanol fractionation, fibrinogen level and platelet count were obtained in each patient prior to and immediately after drug administration. Although retention of the fetus for as long as 84 days was recorded (mean 14 days), no patient presented with abnormal clotting parameters. Prostaglandin induction was successful in all 20 cases. After explosion of the fetus, coagulation parameters were not significantly different from pretreatment values. Estimated blood loss never exceeded 500 cc. It is concluded that intramuscular or intravenous administration of Sulprostone for induction of labour in fetal death in utero does not affect the clotting system nor trigger off disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 676315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2482", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of ovarian tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Precise knowledge of the echoanatomy of the normal female pelvis is a prerequisite in the diagnosis of ovarian tumours. Diagnostic criteria for the differentiation between cystic and solid lesions are discussed. The echographic appearance of uni-, multilocular, dermoid and endometriosis cysts and of ovarian cancer is described. 183 ovarian tumours were examined in the period from January 1st, 1976 until December 31st, 1977 and the preoperative diagnosis compared with the findings at operation, both macroscopic and histological. 158 cases (86.3%) were correctly diagnosed. In 13 cases (7.1%) the diagnosis was only partially correct. An incorrect ultrasonic diagnosis was made in only 12 cases (6.6%). Out of 183 cases the side of the lesion was correctly diagnosed in 128 patients (70.0%). Localization of the tumour could not be achieved or was totally wrong in 19 cases (10.4%). Estimated tumour dimensions concurred with the macroscopic measurements of the specimen in 90.7%. A false-positive result was recorded in 7 cases (3.8%), mostly due to a full bowel simulating a cyst of barely 4 cm in diameter. In 5 cases (2.7%) ultrasonic examination failed to detect the existence of a tumour. 2 of these tumours were follicular cysts under 4 cm in diameter. 2 ovarian cancers were missed. In 1 case the ovary was only slightly enlarged and the diagnosis was made only by frozen-section histology. In the second case the tumour was erroneously interpreted as originating from the sigmoid colon. Ultrasonic diagnosis is recommended for the detection and differentiation of ovarian tumours on the basis of the good results achieved.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of ovarian tumours (author's transl)]. Precise knowledge of the echoanatomy of the normal female pelvis is a prerequisite in the diagnosis of ovarian tumours. Diagnostic criteria for the differentiation between cystic and solid lesions are discussed. The echographic appearance of uni-, multilocular, dermoid and endometriosis cysts and of ovarian cancer is described. 183 ovarian tumours were examined in the period from January 1st, 1976 until December 31st, 1977 and the preoperative diagnosis compared with the findings at operation, both macroscopic and histological. 158 cases (86.3%) were correctly diagnosed. In 13 cases (7.1%) the diagnosis was only partially correct. An incorrect ultrasonic diagnosis was made in only 12 cases (6.6%). Out of 183 cases the side of the lesion was correctly diagnosed in 128 patients (70.0%). Localization of the tumour could not be achieved or was totally wrong in 19 cases (10.4%). Estimated tumour dimensions concurred with the macroscopic measurements of the specimen in 90.7%. A false-positive result was recorded in 7 cases (3.8%), mostly due to a full bowel simulating a cyst of barely 4 cm in diameter. In 5 cases (2.7%) ultrasonic examination failed to detect the existence of a tumour. 2 of these tumours were follicular cysts under 4 cm in diameter. 2 ovarian cancers were missed. In 1 case the ovary was only slightly enlarged and the diagnosis was made only by frozen-section histology. In the second case the tumour was erroneously interpreted as originating from the sigmoid colon. Ultrasonic diagnosis is recommended for the detection and differentiation of ovarian tumours on the basis of the good results achieved.", "PMID": 676317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2483", "title": "[Experiences with a computer documentation of obstetrical data (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences with a computer information system at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Vienna Medical School are reported. The data input is done via video-terminals located at different places in the department. Included are anamnestic data, results of physical examinations, pelvic examinations and laboratory findings and data concerning the course of delivery. The print-out of the stored data replaces the conventional charts. The advantages of this information system are: 1. The support of the clinical routine work by a more accurate and systematic documentation; 2. a comprehensive compiling of the patients data; 3. all stored data are readily available for scientific evaluation.", "contents": "[Experiences with a computer documentation of obstetrical data (author's transl)]. Experiences with a computer information system at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Vienna Medical School are reported. The data input is done via video-terminals located at different places in the department. Included are anamnestic data, results of physical examinations, pelvic examinations and laboratory findings and data concerning the course of delivery. The print-out of the stored data replaces the conventional charts. The advantages of this information system are: 1. The support of the clinical routine work by a more accurate and systematic documentation; 2. a comprehensive compiling of the patients data; 3. all stored data are readily available for scientific evaluation.", "PMID": 676318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2484", "title": "Enzymic oxidation alpha to the acetylenic group in the metabolism of N-(5-pyrrolidinopent-3-ynyl)-succinimide (BL 14) in vitro.", "content": "1. The product of alpha-acetylenic oxidation of N-(5-pyrrolidinopent-3-ynyl)-succinimide (BL 14) by rat liver preparations was identified as N-(5-pyrrolidino-2-hydroxypent-3-ynyl)succinimide, by mass spectral analysis of metabolites of deuterium-labelled and non-labelled substrate. 2. The synthesis and physicochemical characteristics of the metabolite are reported. 3. Substantial amounts of the metabolite were obtained in preparations from phenobarbital-treated rats, while only minute amounts were formed by non-induced preparations. 4. Evidence for the involvement of an inducible cytochrome P-450 system in effecting this alpha-acetylenic oxidation is presented.", "contents": "Enzymic oxidation alpha to the acetylenic group in the metabolism of N-(5-pyrrolidinopent-3-ynyl)-succinimide (BL 14) in vitro. 1. The product of alpha-acetylenic oxidation of N-(5-pyrrolidinopent-3-ynyl)-succinimide (BL 14) by rat liver preparations was identified as N-(5-pyrrolidino-2-hydroxypent-3-ynyl)succinimide, by mass spectral analysis of metabolites of deuterium-labelled and non-labelled substrate. 2. The synthesis and physicochemical characteristics of the metabolite are reported. 3. Substantial amounts of the metabolite were obtained in preparations from phenobarbital-treated rats, while only minute amounts were formed by non-induced preparations. 4. Evidence for the involvement of an inducible cytochrome P-450 system in effecting this alpha-acetylenic oxidation is presented.", "PMID": 676341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2485", "title": "The metabolism of a bronchodilator procaterol HCL in the rat in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "1. The metabolism of the bronchodilator, 5-(1-hydroxy-2-isopropylamino-butyl)-8-hydroxycarbostyril hydrochloride hemihydrate (procaterol HCl), has been studied in vitro and in vivo after oral and intravenous administration to rats. 2. The recovery of [14 C] procaterol HCl and its metabolites in 72 h was about 42% each in urine and faeces for an oral dose (30 mg/kg) and about 53% in urine and 33% in faeces for an intravenous dose (30 mg/kg). 3. Six metabolites in rat excreta were identified as procaterol glucuronide, 5-(2-amino-1-hydroxybutyl)-8-hydroxycarbostyril (desisopropylprocaterol), 5-formyl-8-hydroxycarbostyril (5-formyl-8-HCS), 8-hydroxycarbostyril (8-HCS), procaterol sulphate and unchanged procaterol. 4. In experiments in vitro, procaterol HCl was metabolized into desisopropylprocaterol, 5-formyl-8-HCS, and their conjugates, by rat liver 9000 g supernatant fraction, but not by preparations of kidney, lung and small intestine. Conjugation of procaterol HCl with glucuronic acid occurred in liver and small intestine preparations.", "contents": "The metabolism of a bronchodilator procaterol HCL in the rat in vitro and in vivo. 1. The metabolism of the bronchodilator, 5-(1-hydroxy-2-isopropylamino-butyl)-8-hydroxycarbostyril hydrochloride hemihydrate (procaterol HCl), has been studied in vitro and in vivo after oral and intravenous administration to rats. 2. The recovery of [14 C] procaterol HCl and its metabolites in 72 h was about 42% each in urine and faeces for an oral dose (30 mg/kg) and about 53% in urine and 33% in faeces for an intravenous dose (30 mg/kg). 3. Six metabolites in rat excreta were identified as procaterol glucuronide, 5-(2-amino-1-hydroxybutyl)-8-hydroxycarbostyril (desisopropylprocaterol), 5-formyl-8-hydroxycarbostyril (5-formyl-8-HCS), 8-hydroxycarbostyril (8-HCS), procaterol sulphate and unchanged procaterol. 4. In experiments in vitro, procaterol HCl was metabolized into desisopropylprocaterol, 5-formyl-8-HCS, and their conjugates, by rat liver 9000 g supernatant fraction, but not by preparations of kidney, lung and small intestine. Conjugation of procaterol HCl with glucuronic acid occurred in liver and small intestine preparations.", "PMID": 676342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2486", "title": "Effect of nitrite on microsomal cytochrome P-450.", "content": "1. Addition of nitrite to anaerobic rat liver microsomes leads to the appearance of a difference spectrum similar to the spectrum of the ferrous cytochrome P-450-NO complex. A Soret band is found at 444 nm in phenobarbital-stimulated microsomes but at 442 nm in 3-methylcholanthrene-stimulated microsomes. An alpha-band is located at 583 nm in both types of microsome. 2. The initial nitrite-induced difference spectrum is converted into a spectrum lacking a Soret band but with a prominent absorbance minimum at 417 nm. This is more rapid in microsomes from phenobarbital-treated animals where it is completed in 8 min than in microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated animals. A similar spectrum can be obtained by addition of nitrite to urea-treated microsomes in which cytochrome P-450 has been converted to cytochrome P-420. 3. Azo cleavage of neoprontosil in anaerobic microsomes is markedly inhibited by 1 mM nitrite. In contrast, oxidative drug metabolism is affected only by very high nitrite concentrations around 100 mM. It is concluded that in anaerobic microsomes, NO formed from nitrite complexes with ferrous cytochrome P-450 and thereby inhibits reductive drug metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of nitrite on microsomal cytochrome P-450. 1. Addition of nitrite to anaerobic rat liver microsomes leads to the appearance of a difference spectrum similar to the spectrum of the ferrous cytochrome P-450-NO complex. A Soret band is found at 444 nm in phenobarbital-stimulated microsomes but at 442 nm in 3-methylcholanthrene-stimulated microsomes. An alpha-band is located at 583 nm in both types of microsome. 2. The initial nitrite-induced difference spectrum is converted into a spectrum lacking a Soret band but with a prominent absorbance minimum at 417 nm. This is more rapid in microsomes from phenobarbital-treated animals where it is completed in 8 min than in microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated animals. A similar spectrum can be obtained by addition of nitrite to urea-treated microsomes in which cytochrome P-450 has been converted to cytochrome P-420. 3. Azo cleavage of neoprontosil in anaerobic microsomes is markedly inhibited by 1 mM nitrite. In contrast, oxidative drug metabolism is affected only by very high nitrite concentrations around 100 mM. It is concluded that in anaerobic microsomes, NO formed from nitrite complexes with ferrous cytochrome P-450 and thereby inhibits reductive drug metabolism.", "PMID": 676343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2487", "title": "Metabolism of 3-(2', 4', 5'-triethoxybenzoyl) propionic acid, a new biliary smooth muscle relaxant with choleretic activity. II. Metabolism after repeated dosing in rats, in relation to choleretic activity.", "content": "1. Accumulation and possible induction in the metabolism of triethoxybenzoylpropionate were studied in rats in relation to the choleretic effect of the drug. Daily oral administration of [14 C] triethoxybenzoylpropionate showed no accumulation of drug or metabolites. Pre-treatment of rats with the drug did not induce its own metabolism or the metabolism of aminopyrine, p-nitroanisole, hexobarbital or zoxazolamine. 2. Choleresis in rats induced by triethoxybenzoylpropionate resulted from enhanced formation of the bile acid-independent fraction of canalicular origin, presumably mediated by the increased transfer of sodium into the canaliculi. This was not altered by repeated pre-treatment with the drug, in accordance with the metabolic findings.", "contents": "Metabolism of 3-(2', 4', 5'-triethoxybenzoyl) propionic acid, a new biliary smooth muscle relaxant with choleretic activity. II. Metabolism after repeated dosing in rats, in relation to choleretic activity. 1. Accumulation and possible induction in the metabolism of triethoxybenzoylpropionate were studied in rats in relation to the choleretic effect of the drug. Daily oral administration of [14 C] triethoxybenzoylpropionate showed no accumulation of drug or metabolites. Pre-treatment of rats with the drug did not induce its own metabolism or the metabolism of aminopyrine, p-nitroanisole, hexobarbital or zoxazolamine. 2. Choleresis in rats induced by triethoxybenzoylpropionate resulted from enhanced formation of the bile acid-independent fraction of canalicular origin, presumably mediated by the increased transfer of sodium into the canaliculi. This was not altered by repeated pre-treatment with the drug, in accordance with the metabolic findings.", "PMID": 676345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2488", "title": "An example of the oxidative de-esterification of an isopropyl ester. Its role in the metabolism of the herbicide flampropisopropyl.", "content": "1. Two mammalian metabolites of the herbicidal ester, flamprop-isopropyl (BARNON), have been characterized as products of omega-hydroxylation of the isopropoxycarbonyl grouping (-CO2 CHMe 2). 2. Hydroxylation at the methine group of this moiety, to afford an unstable lactol (-CO2C(OH)Me2) and thence the corresponding carboxylic acid also appears to occur. On the basis of experiments with rat liver microsomes, this pathway to the acid may be as important as the esterase-catalysed route. 3. Biomimetic oxidation studies with peroxytrifluoroacetic acid of a simple model of the herbicide (isopropyl acetate) have provided confirmation of the feasibility of the novel biotransformation.", "contents": "An example of the oxidative de-esterification of an isopropyl ester. Its role in the metabolism of the herbicide flampropisopropyl. 1. Two mammalian metabolites of the herbicidal ester, flamprop-isopropyl (BARNON), have been characterized as products of omega-hydroxylation of the isopropoxycarbonyl grouping (-CO2 CHMe 2). 2. Hydroxylation at the methine group of this moiety, to afford an unstable lactol (-CO2C(OH)Me2) and thence the corresponding carboxylic acid also appears to occur. On the basis of experiments with rat liver microsomes, this pathway to the acid may be as important as the esterase-catalysed route. 3. Biomimetic oxidation studies with peroxytrifluoroacetic acid of a simple model of the herbicide (isopropyl acetate) have provided confirmation of the feasibility of the novel biotransformation.", "PMID": 676346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2489", "title": "[Multiphasic growth of microorganisms: modeling and computer simulation of linear growth phases].", "content": "A phenomenological and a more causal model are developed for the multiphasic discontinuous growth. The first model distinguished between the lag-phase, the exponential phase, the transient phase from the exponential to the linear phase, the linear phase, the transient phase from the linear to the stationary phase, and the stationary phase. The parameters are rate constants, critical values of biomass, and time constants. The parameters are estimated for experimental data of growth of Candida lipolytica under limitation of thiamine (M\u00fcller et al. 1978). These data are fitted also by a more causal model. This second model is in agreement with Monod's idea that a linear growth phase may be due to an enzyme or enzyme system which has a constant activity. In the analysed case of limitation of thiamine the constancy of the dehydrogenase activity is caused by a constant level of the coenzymethiaminepyrophosphate. Thus, when such a thiamine requiring enzymatic step becomes to the \"bottle-neck\", bacterial culture switches over from exponential to linear growth. The end of linear phase is discussed more hypothetically by the high cooperativity of activity of dehydrogenases and the existence of a mimimal specific growth rate. The results of modeling and parameter estimation are compared with experimental data of C. lipolytica. These two models are able to interpret the growth kinetic of these multiphasic growth.", "contents": "[Multiphasic growth of microorganisms: modeling and computer simulation of linear growth phases]. A phenomenological and a more causal model are developed for the multiphasic discontinuous growth. The first model distinguished between the lag-phase, the exponential phase, the transient phase from the exponential to the linear phase, the linear phase, the transient phase from the linear to the stationary phase, and the stationary phase. The parameters are rate constants, critical values of biomass, and time constants. The parameters are estimated for experimental data of growth of Candida lipolytica under limitation of thiamine (M\u00fcller et al. 1978). These data are fitted also by a more causal model. This second model is in agreement with Monod's idea that a linear growth phase may be due to an enzyme or enzyme system which has a constant activity. In the analysed case of limitation of thiamine the constancy of the dehydrogenase activity is caused by a constant level of the coenzymethiaminepyrophosphate. Thus, when such a thiamine requiring enzymatic step becomes to the \"bottle-neck\", bacterial culture switches over from exponential to linear growth. The end of linear phase is discussed more hypothetically by the high cooperativity of activity of dehydrogenases and the existence of a mimimal specific growth rate. The results of modeling and parameter estimation are compared with experimental data of C. lipolytica. These two models are able to interpret the growth kinetic of these multiphasic growth.", "PMID": 676354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2490", "title": "Influence of L-leucine on glutamate dehydrogenase activity in isolated rat diaphragm.", "content": "Glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD) activity was measured in liver and diaphragm mitochondria from 48 h fasted rats. Kinetic studies were performed with diaphragm enzyme and the effects of L-leu, ADP and L-ala on the K(1)m and V(1)max for NH(4)+, and \u03b1-ketoglutarate were evaluated. L-leucine increases by 2-8 fold the V(1)max for all three substrates with no significant changes in the K(1)m. ADP increased by 3-7 fold the V(1)max for all three substrates and the K(1)m for NADH and \u03b1-ketoglutarate by 1.5-7.0 fold. L-alanine had no effect on either the V(1)max or the K(1)m of any substrate. The results suggest that muscle has the capacity to form glutamate through the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction and that L-leucine may stimulate this reaction in muscle.", "contents": "Influence of L-leucine on glutamate dehydrogenase activity in isolated rat diaphragm. Glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD) activity was measured in liver and diaphragm mitochondria from 48 h fasted rats. Kinetic studies were performed with diaphragm enzyme and the effects of L-leu, ADP and L-ala on the K(1)m and V(1)max for NH(4)+, and \u03b1-ketoglutarate were evaluated. L-leucine increases by 2-8 fold the V(1)max for all three substrates with no significant changes in the K(1)m. ADP increased by 3-7 fold the V(1)max for all three substrates and the K(1)m for NADH and \u03b1-ketoglutarate by 1.5-7.0 fold. L-alanine had no effect on either the V(1)max or the K(1)m of any substrate. The results suggest that muscle has the capacity to form glutamate through the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction and that L-leucine may stimulate this reaction in muscle.", "PMID": 676348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2491", "title": "The incidence of carcinoma in solitary \"cold\" thyroid nodules.", "content": "Two hundred and three patients with single thyroid nodules were referred for radioactive scan of the thyroid. Solitary \"cold\" nodules were identified in 130 patients and 68 of these patients came to surgery. Of this group, 12 patients were found to have carcinoma. There was no obvious selection process which distinguished the 68 patients who underwent surgery from the 62 who did not. There is a significant risk of thyroid neoplasms occurring in patients with solitary \"cold\" nodules, and this is particularly true in patients under forty.", "contents": "The incidence of carcinoma in solitary \"cold\" thyroid nodules. Two hundred and three patients with single thyroid nodules were referred for radioactive scan of the thyroid. Solitary \"cold\" nodules were identified in 130 patients and 68 of these patients came to surgery. Of this group, 12 patients were found to have carcinoma. There was no obvious selection process which distinguished the 68 patients who underwent surgery from the 62 who did not. There is a significant risk of thyroid neoplasms occurring in patients with solitary \"cold\" nodules, and this is particularly true in patients under forty.", "PMID": 676347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2492", "title": "Risk caused by low levels of pollution.", "content": "The concept has arisen that pollutants in almost any concentration cause a small risk of death. This arises from a consideration of cancer and contrasts with earlier work where a threshold is assumed.The theoretical and experimental evidence for this concept is reviewed, and some important consequences are drawn for societal decision making.", "contents": "Risk caused by low levels of pollution. The concept has arisen that pollutants in almost any concentration cause a small risk of death. This arises from a consideration of cancer and contrasts with earlier work where a threshold is assumed.The theoretical and experimental evidence for this concept is reviewed, and some important consequences are drawn for societal decision making.", "PMID": 676350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2493", "title": "[Enzyme deficient non-spherocytic hemolytic anemias].", "content": "Enzymopathies are described concerning the enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway including the glutathion system, of the majority of glycolytic enzymes as well as of the ATPase, adenylate kinase and pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase. The distribution and the frequency of the enzymopathies differ strongly in the various regions of the world. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase show the highest frequency. The detected polymorphism of the pathological enzyme variants is one of the reasons for the fact that no correlation between the decrease of the catalytic activity and the severity of the anaemias has been found. For the identification of risk-groups more precise methods are necessary. Till now the detailed relationships between enzymopathy and non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemias are not clarified. Furthermore the molecular mechanism of the instability of pathological enzyme variants is not yet clear.", "contents": "[Enzyme deficient non-spherocytic hemolytic anemias]. Enzymopathies are described concerning the enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway including the glutathion system, of the majority of glycolytic enzymes as well as of the ATPase, adenylate kinase and pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase. The distribution and the frequency of the enzymopathies differ strongly in the various regions of the world. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase show the highest frequency. The detected polymorphism of the pathological enzyme variants is one of the reasons for the fact that no correlation between the decrease of the catalytic activity and the severity of the anaemias has been found. For the identification of risk-groups more precise methods are necessary. Till now the detailed relationships between enzymopathy and non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemias are not clarified. Furthermore the molecular mechanism of the instability of pathological enzyme variants is not yet clear.", "PMID": 676410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2494", "title": "[Renal anemia and its modification by chronic hemodialysis].", "content": "The renal anaemia is characterized by a decreased new formation of erythrocytes (deficiency of erythropoetin), by haemolysis (uraemic-toxic influences) and by iron deficiency (decreased resorption of iron, blood losses, infectious-toxic component). In long-term haemolysis the iron deficiency increases, in most cases the haemolysis a little decreases, and a deficiency of erythropoietin is not to be established. However, a slight deficiency of folic acid is frequently observed. Apart from the reduction of the retention of substances normally contained in the urine the therapy consists in iron doses and slight doses of folic acid. Only occasionally blood transfusions are necessary.", "contents": "[Renal anemia and its modification by chronic hemodialysis]. The renal anaemia is characterized by a decreased new formation of erythrocytes (deficiency of erythropoetin), by haemolysis (uraemic-toxic influences) and by iron deficiency (decreased resorption of iron, blood losses, infectious-toxic component). In long-term haemolysis the iron deficiency increases, in most cases the haemolysis a little decreases, and a deficiency of erythropoietin is not to be established. However, a slight deficiency of folic acid is frequently observed. Apart from the reduction of the retention of substances normally contained in the urine the therapy consists in iron doses and slight doses of folic acid. Only occasionally blood transfusions are necessary.", "PMID": 676411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2495", "title": "[Pregnancy anemias].", "content": "After introductory remarks on the physiology of blood during pregnancy the authors enter the two most frequent anaemias of pregnancy, which are evoked by iron deficiency and infection, as well as the megaloblastic, which are evoked by deficiency of folic acid--more infrequently also by deficiency of vitamin B12. The diagnostic and therapeutic principles are described in detail. It is only in short referred to the very rare haemolytic and toxic farms of anaemia, it is generally renounced to describe the haemorrhagic anaemia. A prophylaxis of the anaemia of pregnancy is intensely recommended.", "contents": "[Pregnancy anemias]. After introductory remarks on the physiology of blood during pregnancy the authors enter the two most frequent anaemias of pregnancy, which are evoked by iron deficiency and infection, as well as the megaloblastic, which are evoked by deficiency of folic acid--more infrequently also by deficiency of vitamin B12. The diagnostic and therapeutic principles are described in detail. It is only in short referred to the very rare haemolytic and toxic farms of anaemia, it is generally renounced to describe the haemorrhagic anaemia. A prophylaxis of the anaemia of pregnancy is intensely recommended.", "PMID": 676412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2496", "title": "[Supportive hemotherapy in anemias].", "content": "The substitution of blood and erythrocytes, respectively, has to be performed as an aimed supportive haemotherapy according to measure. Therefore full blood is indicated only in loss, otherwise only concentrates of erythrocytes may be transfused, in order to exclude side-effects as a potential danger. The latter should above all produced buffy-coat-free. Washed preparations of erythrocytes should be used only in such a case, when there are present clear clinical demands, such as transfusion reactions which can otherwise not be removed, and which for their part limit the success of the transfusion. The practically plasma-free concentrates of erythrocytes which are extremely poor in alloantigens and preserved at deep temperature should at present be used for reasons of capacity only in persons who are potentially to be transfused many times, above all in recipients of grafts.", "contents": "[Supportive hemotherapy in anemias]. The substitution of blood and erythrocytes, respectively, has to be performed as an aimed supportive haemotherapy according to measure. Therefore full blood is indicated only in loss, otherwise only concentrates of erythrocytes may be transfused, in order to exclude side-effects as a potential danger. The latter should above all produced buffy-coat-free. Washed preparations of erythrocytes should be used only in such a case, when there are present clear clinical demands, such as transfusion reactions which can otherwise not be removed, and which for their part limit the success of the transfusion. The practically plasma-free concentrates of erythrocytes which are extremely poor in alloantigens and preserved at deep temperature should at present be used for reasons of capacity only in persons who are potentially to be transfused many times, above all in recipients of grafts.", "PMID": 676413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2497", "title": "[The responsibility of the transfusing physician].", "content": "In a chronological representation a survey of important duties of the transfusing physician in blood transfusions is given. When fulfilling conscientiously the special, legal and organisational demands, the transfusing physician may authoritatively influence the decrease of disturbances of transfusion.", "contents": "[The responsibility of the transfusing physician]. In a chronological representation a survey of important duties of the transfusing physician in blood transfusions is given. When fulfilling conscientiously the special, legal and organisational demands, the transfusing physician may authoritatively influence the decrease of disturbances of transfusion.", "PMID": 676414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2498", "title": "[Diffuse segmental lipomatosis of the ileum (author's transl)].", "content": "Case of unusual diffuse segmental lipomatosis of a part of the small bowel is reported. Other cases from the literature are compared to various pathological deposits of fat in the intestine. Aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, as well as surgical treatment, are discussed.", "contents": "[Diffuse segmental lipomatosis of the ileum (author's transl)]. Case of unusual diffuse segmental lipomatosis of a part of the small bowel is reported. Other cases from the literature are compared to various pathological deposits of fat in the intestine. Aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, as well as surgical treatment, are discussed.", "PMID": 676415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2499", "title": "[Follow up in a case of congenital hepatic fibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) is described. CHF is characterized by hepatomegaly, portal hypertension, extensive portal fibrosis, ectatic bile ducts, and hypoplasia of terminal portal vein branches. In contrast to the severe portal hypertension liver function tests are largely normal. In our case the disease was first detected when the patient was 7 years old. During the following 9 1/2 years three sequential liver biopsies were performed. Each of them showed the same picture and no progression occurred. The characteristic histological picture of CHF includes mature bile ducts without epithelial proliferation, absence of significant intraportal or interlobular inflammatory infiltrates, and small or hypoplastic distal portal vein branches. On the basis of these features the disease can easily be separated from other forms of liver cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Follow up in a case of congenital hepatic fibrosis (author's transl)]. A case of congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) is described. CHF is characterized by hepatomegaly, portal hypertension, extensive portal fibrosis, ectatic bile ducts, and hypoplasia of terminal portal vein branches. In contrast to the severe portal hypertension liver function tests are largely normal. In our case the disease was first detected when the patient was 7 years old. During the following 9 1/2 years three sequential liver biopsies were performed. Each of them showed the same picture and no progression occurred. The characteristic histological picture of CHF includes mature bile ducts without epithelial proliferation, absence of significant intraportal or interlobular inflammatory infiltrates, and small or hypoplastic distal portal vein branches. On the basis of these features the disease can easily be separated from other forms of liver cirrhosis.", "PMID": 676416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2500", "title": "[Mite dermatitis due to Tyrophagus dimidiatus].", "content": "This paper describes a small endemic with acarus Tyrophagus dimidiatus in a butcher's family originating from contaminated meat. The morphology and biology of this parasite are discussed.", "contents": "[Mite dermatitis due to Tyrophagus dimidiatus]. This paper describes a small endemic with acarus Tyrophagus dimidiatus in a butcher's family originating from contaminated meat. The morphology and biology of this parasite are discussed.", "PMID": 676417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2501", "title": "[Retinoid PUVA (RePUVA): systemic combination therapy in psoriasis].", "content": "RePUVA is a new therapeutic approach in psoriasis, consisting in oral administration of a retinoid derivative and systemic PUVA treatment. The retinoid (Ro 10-9359) was given daily (50--75 mg) before, simultaneously and, before and simultaneously with PUVA. The overall response was 73%; however, 14 patients resistant to previous standard PUVA treatment also responded surprisingly well to RePUVA. If PUVA-resistent patients were excluded, the overall response was 82.6%. The mean number of treatments required for clearing was 19.4 +/- 6.1, the mean total UVA-dose 57.9 +/- 32.3 J/cm2 and the mean duration of treatment was 55.4 +/- 14.1 days, including pretreatment with retinoid. It seems that RePUVA may be most successful if the retinoid is given before and with PUVA: 33.7 +/- 8.7 J/cm2 in 17.0 +/- 4.7 sessions were then required for clearing. Compared with previous results of our group and recent publications these findings indicate that the RePUVA schedule may reduce the duration of treatment and the total UVA-dose and, therefore, the possible long-term hazards of PUVA management. In addition, RePUVA can be successfully applied in patients resistant to standard PUVA.", "contents": "[Retinoid PUVA (RePUVA): systemic combination therapy in psoriasis]. RePUVA is a new therapeutic approach in psoriasis, consisting in oral administration of a retinoid derivative and systemic PUVA treatment. The retinoid (Ro 10-9359) was given daily (50--75 mg) before, simultaneously and, before and simultaneously with PUVA. The overall response was 73%; however, 14 patients resistant to previous standard PUVA treatment also responded surprisingly well to RePUVA. If PUVA-resistent patients were excluded, the overall response was 82.6%. The mean number of treatments required for clearing was 19.4 +/- 6.1, the mean total UVA-dose 57.9 +/- 32.3 J/cm2 and the mean duration of treatment was 55.4 +/- 14.1 days, including pretreatment with retinoid. It seems that RePUVA may be most successful if the retinoid is given before and with PUVA: 33.7 +/- 8.7 J/cm2 in 17.0 +/- 4.7 sessions were then required for clearing. Compared with previous results of our group and recent publications these findings indicate that the RePUVA schedule may reduce the duration of treatment and the total UVA-dose and, therefore, the possible long-term hazards of PUVA management. In addition, RePUVA can be successfully applied in patients resistant to standard PUVA.", "PMID": 676424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2502", "title": "Anti-HBc titers in HBeAg and anti-HBe positive asymptomatic HBsAg carriers.", "content": "A study was undertaken to establish markers for HBV replication in relation to HBeAg and anti-HBe. HBsAg carriers with serum HBeAg had DNA polymerase activity in the serum and HBcAg in the liver nuclei. Anti-HBe positive and anti-HBe/HBeAg negative sera lacked these markers. For anti-HBc the following geometrical mean titers were calculated: 1: 12,000 for HBeAg positive, 1:9, 100 for anti-HBe and anti-HBc positive, and 1:2,800 for anti-HBc positive anti-HBe/HBeAg negative asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. Follow up studies revealed mostly unchanged anti-HBc titers in all three groups over an observation period of ten to twenty months. Our data argue for a prolonged HBV replication in all HBsAg carrier subgroups compared to individuals with an uncomplicated acute virus-B-hepatitis. This study gives no final answer whether HBeAg negative HBsAg carriers have a continous HBV replication.", "contents": "Anti-HBc titers in HBeAg and anti-HBe positive asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. A study was undertaken to establish markers for HBV replication in relation to HBeAg and anti-HBe. HBsAg carriers with serum HBeAg had DNA polymerase activity in the serum and HBcAg in the liver nuclei. Anti-HBe positive and anti-HBe/HBeAg negative sera lacked these markers. For anti-HBc the following geometrical mean titers were calculated: 1: 12,000 for HBeAg positive, 1:9, 100 for anti-HBe and anti-HBc positive, and 1:2,800 for anti-HBc positive anti-HBe/HBeAg negative asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. Follow up studies revealed mostly unchanged anti-HBc titers in all three groups over an observation period of ten to twenty months. Our data argue for a prolonged HBV replication in all HBsAg carrier subgroups compared to individuals with an uncomplicated acute virus-B-hepatitis. This study gives no final answer whether HBeAg negative HBsAg carriers have a continous HBV replication.", "PMID": 676425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2503", "title": "Structure of immunoglobulin D: evidence for the absence of an extra disulfide bridge in the Fc fragment.", "content": "Molecular weight determinations of immunoglobulin D suggest the presence of an extra region of the delta chain. In an attempt to locate this region, an IgDlambda myeloma protein (Gur), was digested with trypsin for 4 min at 56 degrees and the Fc fragment isolated by ion exchange chromatography. N-terminal analysis of this fragment showed a heterogeneity in the site of splitting by trypsin. The Fc was digested with pepsin and trypsin and the cysteine containing peptides isolated by a two dimensional paper high voltage electrophoresis (diagonal map) at pH 3.5. Further purification of these peptides was carried out by HVE at pH 6.5 and 2.1 and their amino acid composition and partial sequence were determined. Only five cysteic acid peptides were obtained, one corresponding to the inter heavy-heavy bridge and the other four, to intra chain bridges. This finding would exclude the possibility of an extra \"classical domain\" in this region. The position of these peptides in the delta chain has been arranged based on homology with the other classes of immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Structure of immunoglobulin D: evidence for the absence of an extra disulfide bridge in the Fc fragment. Molecular weight determinations of immunoglobulin D suggest the presence of an extra region of the delta chain. In an attempt to locate this region, an IgDlambda myeloma protein (Gur), was digested with trypsin for 4 min at 56 degrees and the Fc fragment isolated by ion exchange chromatography. N-terminal analysis of this fragment showed a heterogeneity in the site of splitting by trypsin. The Fc was digested with pepsin and trypsin and the cysteine containing peptides isolated by a two dimensional paper high voltage electrophoresis (diagonal map) at pH 3.5. Further purification of these peptides was carried out by HVE at pH 6.5 and 2.1 and their amino acid composition and partial sequence were determined. Only five cysteic acid peptides were obtained, one corresponding to the inter heavy-heavy bridge and the other four, to intra chain bridges. This finding would exclude the possibility of an extra \"classical domain\" in this region. The position of these peptides in the delta chain has been arranged based on homology with the other classes of immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 676426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2504", "title": "Studies on the immune response in chickens I. Effect of various immunization procedures on the primary and secondary antibody responses to bovine serum albumin.", "content": "Antibody response and generation of immunological memory in chickens after stimulation by bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated. A single intravenous injection of BSA induced a relatively high primary antibody response but failed to generate definite memory for the secondary antibody response. Variation in antigen dosage and the time interval between antigen injections did not affect significantly the levels of the primary and secondary antibody responses. The immunogenicity of deaggregated BSA in chickens was as potent as that of aggregated BSA. Soluble adjuvants such as the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae, cell wall lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella enteritidis and cell wall peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus epidermidis exhibited little enhancing effect on antibody response and memory. However, stimulation of chickens by BSA emulsified in Freund's adjuvant enhanced generation of memory. Repeated injection of BSA alone also showed a similar effect. It seems likely therefore that in chickens continous antigenic stimulation is required for generation of definite memory. From the present results it has been concluded that the characteristics of the immune response of chickens to BSA resemble those of mammals to T-independent antigens.", "contents": "Studies on the immune response in chickens I. Effect of various immunization procedures on the primary and secondary antibody responses to bovine serum albumin. Antibody response and generation of immunological memory in chickens after stimulation by bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated. A single intravenous injection of BSA induced a relatively high primary antibody response but failed to generate definite memory for the secondary antibody response. Variation in antigen dosage and the time interval between antigen injections did not affect significantly the levels of the primary and secondary antibody responses. The immunogenicity of deaggregated BSA in chickens was as potent as that of aggregated BSA. Soluble adjuvants such as the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae, cell wall lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella enteritidis and cell wall peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus epidermidis exhibited little enhancing effect on antibody response and memory. However, stimulation of chickens by BSA emulsified in Freund's adjuvant enhanced generation of memory. Repeated injection of BSA alone also showed a similar effect. It seems likely therefore that in chickens continous antigenic stimulation is required for generation of definite memory. From the present results it has been concluded that the characteristics of the immune response of chickens to BSA resemble those of mammals to T-independent antigens.", "PMID": 676427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2505", "title": "Simple method of circulating immune complex detection in human sera by polyethylene glycol precipitation.", "content": "A rapid test for detection of circulating immune complexes in a small serum sample was developed to facilitate clinical diagnosis of immune complex disorders. The test is based on a selective precipitation of soluble circulating complexes of antigen-antibody in 3.75% concentration of high-molecular polyethylene glycol. Precipitation is followed photometrically at 450 nm, 1 cm cuv. after 1 h incubation at room temperature. Comparison of E450 values in groups of patients with immune complex disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and glomerulonephritis, with healthy controls or patients with non-immunological disorders revealed highly significant differences. Sera of all patients with high clinical activity  of disease exhibited positive reaction. In 121 human sera the results of this examination were compared with the results of C 1 q binding test. There was 73.5% agreement between the results of both methods. Our test is more rapid, suited for routine clinical use.", "contents": "Simple method of circulating immune complex detection in human sera by polyethylene glycol precipitation. A rapid test for detection of circulating immune complexes in a small serum sample was developed to facilitate clinical diagnosis of immune complex disorders. The test is based on a selective precipitation of soluble circulating complexes of antigen-antibody in 3.75% concentration of high-molecular polyethylene glycol. Precipitation is followed photometrically at 450 nm, 1 cm cuv. after 1 h incubation at room temperature. Comparison of E450 values in groups of patients with immune complex disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and glomerulonephritis, with healthy controls or patients with non-immunological disorders revealed highly significant differences. Sera of all patients with high clinical activity  of disease exhibited positive reaction. In 121 human sera the results of this examination were compared with the results of C 1 q binding test. There was 73.5% agreement between the results of both methods. Our test is more rapid, suited for routine clinical use.", "PMID": 676428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2506", "title": "[Conditioned reflex switching over in unrestrained dogs].", "content": "Conditioned switching-over was studied in unrestrained animals by means of instrumental alimentary conditioned reflexes of pressing the pedal. A complex of auditory and spatial factors (start-ground) served as conditioned alimentary signal. Backward connections were stable and were manifested in the teturning of the animal to the start-ground after feeding. It has been confirmed that the observed working readiness is a conditioned reflex of a tonic type.", "contents": "[Conditioned reflex switching over in unrestrained dogs]. Conditioned switching-over was studied in unrestrained animals by means of instrumental alimentary conditioned reflexes of pressing the pedal. A complex of auditory and spatial factors (start-ground) served as conditioned alimentary signal. Backward connections were stable and were manifested in the teturning of the animal to the start-ground after feeding. It has been confirmed that the observed working readiness is a conditioned reflex of a tonic type.", "PMID": 676492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2507", "title": "[Transformation of conditioned responses of the tonic type].", "content": "A reversal of signal meaning of stimuli signalling experimental situation was performed on dogs with conditioned defensive motor reflexes to clicks: clicks and electro-cutaneous stimulation were stopped, and the animals were started to be given food in the same experimental situation. Reversal of conditioned defensive tonic stimuli to alimentary ones led to a complex of behavioral and electrographic reactions. Isolated click tests showed that signals of experimental situation considerably affect a fully-elaborated defensive motor reflex. At the same time the preparatory role of certain situational elements may be specialized with regard to the components of the conditioned reflex, in particular to the local flexor reaction.", "contents": "[Transformation of conditioned responses of the tonic type]. A reversal of signal meaning of stimuli signalling experimental situation was performed on dogs with conditioned defensive motor reflexes to clicks: clicks and electro-cutaneous stimulation were stopped, and the animals were started to be given food in the same experimental situation. Reversal of conditioned defensive tonic stimuli to alimentary ones led to a complex of behavioral and electrographic reactions. Isolated click tests showed that signals of experimental situation considerably affect a fully-elaborated defensive motor reflex. At the same time the preparatory role of certain situational elements may be specialized with regard to the components of the conditioned reflex, in particular to the local flexor reaction.", "PMID": 676493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2508", "title": "[Specificity of nuclear elements of the motor region of the cortex in organizing a precise motor response].", "content": "After elaboration and consolidation of precise instrumental avoidance reflexes in dogs (lifting of a fore-leg to a 4-centimeters wide \"safety zone\"), a part of motor cortex in the area of moving leg was ablated. After the operation the search for \"safety zone\" i. e. the precision of estimating the position of the leg was irreversibly impaired, but the animal was still able to hold its extremity at the same level for a long period of time. Artifically elaborated motor coordination--antagonistic to the innate one--also showed irreversible impairment. However, in case of an extremely \"drilled\" reaction (5.000 pairings) the elaborated coordination persisted. Minimal amplitude of correction movements increased too (i. e. subtlety of movements decreased), but during retraining this parameter of the movement became compensated. The data obtained suggest that the specificity of central cellular elements of the cortical motor area consists in estimation of extremity position which is necessary for finding a given point in space.", "contents": "[Specificity of nuclear elements of the motor region of the cortex in organizing a precise motor response]. After elaboration and consolidation of precise instrumental avoidance reflexes in dogs (lifting of a fore-leg to a 4-centimeters wide \"safety zone\"), a part of motor cortex in the area of moving leg was ablated. After the operation the search for \"safety zone\" i. e. the precision of estimating the position of the leg was irreversibly impaired, but the animal was still able to hold its extremity at the same level for a long period of time. Artifically elaborated motor coordination--antagonistic to the innate one--also showed irreversible impairment. However, in case of an extremely \"drilled\" reaction (5.000 pairings) the elaborated coordination persisted. Minimal amplitude of correction movements increased too (i. e. subtlety of movements decreased), but during retraining this parameter of the movement became compensated. The data obtained suggest that the specificity of central cellular elements of the cortical motor area consists in estimation of extremity position which is necessary for finding a given point in space.", "PMID": 676494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2509", "title": "[Fromation of forward and reverse connections during elaboration of a classical and instrumental acid-defense conditioned reflex].", "content": "During elaboration of a classical acid defensive conditioned reflex to passive lifting of a foreleg in dogs, the reinforcing stimulus--acid elicited an extension of the leg via backward connection. At the initial stage of elaboration of an instrumental avoidance reflex, the reinforcing stimulus called forth an extension of the leg, whereas at the stage of a stable reflex it produced a flexion.", "contents": "[Fromation of forward and reverse connections during elaboration of a classical and instrumental acid-defense conditioned reflex]. During elaboration of a classical acid defensive conditioned reflex to passive lifting of a foreleg in dogs, the reinforcing stimulus--acid elicited an extension of the leg via backward connection. At the initial stage of elaboration of an instrumental avoidance reflex, the reinforcing stimulus called forth an extension of the leg, whereas at the stage of a stable reflex it produced a flexion.", "PMID": 676495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2510", "title": "[Neuronal spike activity in the sensomotor region of the cerebral cortex upon direct stimulation of emotionally \"positive\" and \"negative\" zones of the hypothalamus].", "content": "The effect of electrical stimulation of emotionally positive and negative hypothalamic areas on the unit activity of the sensorimotor cortex in rats was studied in order to elucidate physiological mechanisms of emotions as an important factor organizing purposeful animal behaviour. It was found that such an effect is primarily of inhibitory nature and that it does not carry specific information on biological sign of emotion. It is suggested that the formation of adequate behavioural reactions in different emotional states occurs at earlier stages.", "contents": "[Neuronal spike activity in the sensomotor region of the cerebral cortex upon direct stimulation of emotionally \"positive\" and \"negative\" zones of the hypothalamus]. The effect of electrical stimulation of emotionally positive and negative hypothalamic areas on the unit activity of the sensorimotor cortex in rats was studied in order to elucidate physiological mechanisms of emotions as an important factor organizing purposeful animal behaviour. It was found that such an effect is primarily of inhibitory nature and that it does not carry specific information on biological sign of emotion. It is suggested that the formation of adequate behavioural reactions in different emotional states occurs at earlier stages.", "PMID": 676500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2511", "title": "[Avoidance reactions to a partner's pain stimulation in rats with local brain damage].", "content": "Avoidance reaction to pain stimulation of another individual was studied in white rats before and after lesion of the frontal, cingular, entorhinal cortex, septum and median gray matter. The avoidance reaction improved following destruction of the frontal cortex and deteriorated after lesion of the median gray matter. A conclusion has been drawn that the participation of various brain structures in the investigated reaction is closely connected with other functions of these structures. The results obtained contradict McLynn's (1970) suggestion of a rigid dependence of definite forms of zoosocial behaviour on certain brain formations.", "contents": "[Avoidance reactions to a partner's pain stimulation in rats with local brain damage]. Avoidance reaction to pain stimulation of another individual was studied in white rats before and after lesion of the frontal, cingular, entorhinal cortex, septum and median gray matter. The avoidance reaction improved following destruction of the frontal cortex and deteriorated after lesion of the median gray matter. A conclusion has been drawn that the participation of various brain structures in the investigated reaction is closely connected with other functions of these structures. The results obtained contradict McLynn's (1970) suggestion of a rigid dependence of definite forms of zoosocial behaviour on certain brain formations.", "PMID": 676499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2512", "title": "[Role of catecholaminergic mechanisms of the brain in fixation of temporary connections].", "content": "A comparison was made betseen the influence of administering disulfiram and L-Dopa on retention of defensive and drinking conditioned reflexes in rats. A great drop of noradrenaline content in the brain while worsening the elaboration of defensive conditioned reflexes, does not prevent their fixation as well as fixation of drinking conditioned reflexes elaborated in one pairing. Increased catecholamine content after administration of L-Dopa does not affect the elaboration of defensive and the fixation of defensive and drinking conditioned reflexes. Interference in the activity of the brain catecholaminergic mechanisms does not directly affect the fixation of temporary connections, regardless of the emotional sign of reinforcement used in their elaboration.", "contents": "[Role of catecholaminergic mechanisms of the brain in fixation of temporary connections]. A comparison was made betseen the influence of administering disulfiram and L-Dopa on retention of defensive and drinking conditioned reflexes in rats. A great drop of noradrenaline content in the brain while worsening the elaboration of defensive conditioned reflexes, does not prevent their fixation as well as fixation of drinking conditioned reflexes elaborated in one pairing. Increased catecholamine content after administration of L-Dopa does not affect the elaboration of defensive and the fixation of defensive and drinking conditioned reflexes. Interference in the activity of the brain catecholaminergic mechanisms does not directly affect the fixation of temporary connections, regardless of the emotional sign of reinforcement used in their elaboration.", "PMID": 676501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2513", "title": "[Conditioned reflex mechanism of unconscious decision making].", "content": "Temporary connections are elaborated in adult subjects between subliminal visual stimuli and voluntary motor reaction. The observed gradual shortening of the reaction time is considered to be a result of learning by means of subliminal visual signals. This learning is unstable and is retained only in the short-term memory, unlike experiments in which the same visual stimuli are recognized. This fact explains discrepancies and uncertainty of the existing opinions on the role of subliminal visual signals in the voluntary behaviour of man.", "contents": "[Conditioned reflex mechanism of unconscious decision making]. Temporary connections are elaborated in adult subjects between subliminal visual stimuli and voluntary motor reaction. The observed gradual shortening of the reaction time is considered to be a result of learning by means of subliminal visual signals. This learning is unstable and is retained only in the short-term memory, unlike experiments in which the same visual stimuli are recognized. This fact explains discrepancies and uncertainty of the existing opinions on the role of subliminal visual signals in the voluntary behaviour of man.", "PMID": 676502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2514", "title": "[Directed regulation of human alpha-rhythm using feedback].", "content": "Directed control of intensity of the alpha-rhythm in the somatosensory cortical regions was examined in 20 healthy subjects in conditions of combined (visual and auditory) feedback connection. An attempt has been made to single out by means of control experiments, the factors influencing in such conditions of external stimulation the brain bioelectrical activity. A study was made of the changes in effectiveness of biocontrol in multiple (five) sessions of training. Data are given on the dynamics of some vegetative functions in controlling brain biopotentials.", "contents": "[Directed regulation of human alpha-rhythm using feedback]. Directed control of intensity of the alpha-rhythm in the somatosensory cortical regions was examined in 20 healthy subjects in conditions of combined (visual and auditory) feedback connection. An attempt has been made to single out by means of control experiments, the factors influencing in such conditions of external stimulation the brain bioelectrical activity. A study was made of the changes in effectiveness of biocontrol in multiple (five) sessions of training. Data are given on the dynamics of some vegetative functions in controlling brain biopotentials.", "PMID": 676503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2515", "title": "[Analysis of the neuronal activity of cortical-subcortical structures of a conditioned reflex].", "content": "Neuronal activity of the orbital cortex, the caudate nucleus and the amygdala were studied in chronic experiments on dogs and cats by the method of alimentary and defensive conditioned reflexes. A spatial distribution of neurones involved in the alimentary and defensive conditioned reflexes, was revealed in the caudate nucleus head. The units responding to conditioned alimentary stimuli are localized primarily in the ventral segment. Similarity of responses to surroundings and to trigger conditioned alimentary stimuli was found between the units of the ventral segment in the caudate nucleus head and of the amygdala basolateral part. The influence of stimulation of the amygdala on the orbital cortex units was established in the alimentary conditioned reflex in dogs. A conclusion has been drawn that in elaboration of an alimentary conditioned reflex the neurones of three levels become organized into a definite system, providing for an adequate reaction of the organism to the conditioned stimulus.", "contents": "[Analysis of the neuronal activity of cortical-subcortical structures of a conditioned reflex]. Neuronal activity of the orbital cortex, the caudate nucleus and the amygdala were studied in chronic experiments on dogs and cats by the method of alimentary and defensive conditioned reflexes. A spatial distribution of neurones involved in the alimentary and defensive conditioned reflexes, was revealed in the caudate nucleus head. The units responding to conditioned alimentary stimuli are localized primarily in the ventral segment. Similarity of responses to surroundings and to trigger conditioned alimentary stimuli was found between the units of the ventral segment in the caudate nucleus head and of the amygdala basolateral part. The influence of stimulation of the amygdala on the orbital cortex units was established in the alimentary conditioned reflex in dogs. A conclusion has been drawn that in elaboration of an alimentary conditioned reflex the neurones of three levels become organized into a definite system, providing for an adequate reaction of the organism to the conditioned stimulus.", "PMID": 676504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2516", "title": "[Participation of neurons from symmetrical parts of the sensomotor cortex in conditioned reflex activity].", "content": "Spike activity of the symmetrical points of the sensorimotor cortex was studied in the course of formation and extinction of a defensive conditioned reflex in cats. In the process of pairings the impulse responses in the hemisphere contralateral to the paw stimulated with electric current (reinforcement) increased, and were inhibited in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Extinction of the reflex or functional switching off of the contralateral hemisphere restored the conditioned reactions of the ipsilateral hemisphere neurones. An assumption has been made that conditioned connections appear in both hemispheres, but under ordinary conditions the reactions are ensured by the dominating (in learning) hemisphere. If it is switched off, a duplicate conditioned connection appears in the other hemisphere, as one of the mechanisms providing for the reliability of manifestation of the conditioned relfex.", "contents": "[Participation of neurons from symmetrical parts of the sensomotor cortex in conditioned reflex activity]. Spike activity of the symmetrical points of the sensorimotor cortex was studied in the course of formation and extinction of a defensive conditioned reflex in cats. In the process of pairings the impulse responses in the hemisphere contralateral to the paw stimulated with electric current (reinforcement) increased, and were inhibited in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Extinction of the reflex or functional switching off of the contralateral hemisphere restored the conditioned reactions of the ipsilateral hemisphere neurones. An assumption has been made that conditioned connections appear in both hemispheres, but under ordinary conditions the reactions are ensured by the dominating (in learning) hemisphere. If it is switched off, a duplicate conditioned connection appears in the other hemisphere, as one of the mechanisms providing for the reliability of manifestation of the conditioned relfex.", "PMID": 676505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2517", "title": "[Physiologic analysis of the effect of micropolarization on trace processes].", "content": "In chronic experiments on cats a conditioned reflex to time was elaborated by means of periodic passive liftings of one extremity during continuous subthreshold pressor stimulation of the same limb or during micropolarization of the contralateral sensorimotor cortical with a 0,2--1,8 mca current. In animals conditioned during pressor stimulation, trace motor reactions appeared in response to the stimulation or to micropolarization of the sensorimotor cortex and of several subcortical structures. In animals conditioned during micropolarization, trace motor responses were obtained both to sensorimotor cortex polarization and to pressor stimulation of the \"conditioned\" leg. The authors suggest a common physiological mechanism of the phenomena observed.", "contents": "[Physiologic analysis of the effect of micropolarization on trace processes]. In chronic experiments on cats a conditioned reflex to time was elaborated by means of periodic passive liftings of one extremity during continuous subthreshold pressor stimulation of the same limb or during micropolarization of the contralateral sensorimotor cortical with a 0,2--1,8 mca current. In animals conditioned during pressor stimulation, trace motor reactions appeared in response to the stimulation or to micropolarization of the sensorimotor cortex and of several subcortical structures. In animals conditioned during micropolarization, trace motor responses were obtained both to sensorimotor cortex polarization and to pressor stimulation of the \"conditioned\" leg. The authors suggest a common physiological mechanism of the phenomena observed.", "PMID": 676508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2518", "title": "[Effect of micropolarization of cat brain structures on extinctive inhibition].", "content": "The influence of bipolar micropolarization (MCP) (in the range of 0.01--0.1 mca) of the midbrain reticular formation (RF), the dorsal hippocampus (HC) and the temporal cortex (TC) on conditioned behaviour in conditions of extinctive inhibition of an active avoidance reaction to an acoustic stimulus was studied on seven cats in a shuttle chamber. It was shown that: 1) MCP or RF and TC restores the semiextinct conditioned reflex, while MCP of HC deepens its extinction; 2) MCP of RF reduces the conditioned reflex latency, while MCP of HC and TC increases it; 3) during MCP of RF there is an increase in the number of intersignal spontaneous motor reactions and of reactions to surroundings, while during MCP of HC and TC their number decreases; 4) MCP of RF and TC produces no disinhibition, if the conditioned reflex is deeply extinguished. The influence of MCP on conditioned behaviour is regarded as a directed modulation of reproduction of the dominating traces of one of the two contesting temporary connections which determine the achievement or non-achievement of the motor reaction.", "contents": "[Effect of micropolarization of cat brain structures on extinctive inhibition]. The influence of bipolar micropolarization (MCP) (in the range of 0.01--0.1 mca) of the midbrain reticular formation (RF), the dorsal hippocampus (HC) and the temporal cortex (TC) on conditioned behaviour in conditions of extinctive inhibition of an active avoidance reaction to an acoustic stimulus was studied on seven cats in a shuttle chamber. It was shown that: 1) MCP or RF and TC restores the semiextinct conditioned reflex, while MCP of HC deepens its extinction; 2) MCP of RF reduces the conditioned reflex latency, while MCP of HC and TC increases it; 3) during MCP of RF there is an increase in the number of intersignal spontaneous motor reactions and of reactions to surroundings, while during MCP of HC and TC their number decreases; 4) MCP of RF and TC produces no disinhibition, if the conditioned reflex is deeply extinguished. The influence of MCP on conditioned behaviour is regarded as a directed modulation of reproduction of the dominating traces of one of the two contesting temporary connections which determine the achievement or non-achievement of the motor reaction.", "PMID": 676509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2519", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of the response of rat-mothers to the natural pain squeaks of a ratling and to a tape recording of it].", "content": "Two kinds of stimuli were presented to the mother rat at random: the natural pain acoustic signal of its infant in response to electrical pain stimulation and the tape recording of the signal performed within the sound frequency region (up to 20 kHz). The mother rat was placed in a special long cage with two parts of different size. Her reaction was ethologically estimated. The natural pain signal proved to be more effective than its magnetic tape recording. The role of the spectrum ultrasound part of the pain acoustic signal is discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of the response of rat-mothers to the natural pain squeaks of a ratling and to a tape recording of it]. Two kinds of stimuli were presented to the mother rat at random: the natural pain acoustic signal of its infant in response to electrical pain stimulation and the tape recording of the signal performed within the sound frequency region (up to 20 kHz). The mother rat was placed in a special long cage with two parts of different size. Her reaction was ethologically estimated. The natural pain signal proved to be more effective than its magnetic tape recording. The role of the spectrum ultrasound part of the pain acoustic signal is discussed.", "PMID": 676510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2520", "title": "[Closing an intra-analyzer temporary connection in visual cortex neuronal element microsystems].", "content": "The work was aimed at studying the formation of microsystems of learning neurones in the cortical visual zone of immobilized cats during elaboration of a temporary connection based on a combined stimulation of two its points in acute experiment. 18.6 per cent of the cells developed responses to the stimulus which had been ineffective before conditioning. The most numerous group consisted of units which displayed a complex form of elaborated response. Presumably the untis observed are part of a system of learning neurones controlling the intraanalyser interactions by the mechanism of temporary connection.", "contents": "[Closing an intra-analyzer temporary connection in visual cortex neuronal element microsystems]. The work was aimed at studying the formation of microsystems of learning neurones in the cortical visual zone of immobilized cats during elaboration of a temporary connection based on a combined stimulation of two its points in acute experiment. 18.6 per cent of the cells developed responses to the stimulus which had been ineffective before conditioning. The most numerous group consisted of units which displayed a complex form of elaborated response. Presumably the untis observed are part of a system of learning neurones controlling the intraanalyser interactions by the mechanism of temporary connection.", "PMID": 676506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2521", "title": "Nickel content of various Dutch foodstuffs.", "content": "The nickel content of 260 samples from various types of foods available in the Netherlands was measured by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. In most samples the nickel content was found to be less than 0.5 mg/kg. Two products contained considerably more nickel than all the other foodstuffs, viz. nuts and cacao products, in which nickel concentrations up to 5.1 and 9.8 mg/kg, respectively, were measured. Occasionally nickel contents above 1 mg/kg were found in margarine and sauces.", "contents": "Nickel content of various Dutch foodstuffs. The nickel content of 260 samples from various types of foods available in the Netherlands was measured by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. In most samples the nickel content was found to be less than 0.5 mg/kg. Two products contained considerably more nickel than all the other foodstuffs, viz. nuts and cacao products, in which nickel concentrations up to 5.1 and 9.8 mg/kg, respectively, were measured. Occasionally nickel contents above 1 mg/kg were found in margarine and sauces.", "PMID": 676517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2522", "title": "[Development of species specific acoustic sensitivity in hole-nester fledgelings].", "content": "A study was made of acoustic sensibility of hole nestlings to species-specific signals of adult birds. It has been established that the final formation of sensibility to such signals is not completed in the embrional period of development, but continues, at least during the first half of life in the nest. In the embrional period, the formation of sensibility is concluded only within the spectrum of the \"alimentary\" signal complex, providing for adequate alimentary behaviour of the nestlings immediately after hatching. In the early postembrional period, the formation of acoustic sensibility in the spectrum of other species-specific signals (alarm signals) is completed in parallel with the organization of behavioral reactions controlled by these stimuli.", "contents": "[Development of species specific acoustic sensitivity in hole-nester fledgelings]. A study was made of acoustic sensibility of hole nestlings to species-specific signals of adult birds. It has been established that the final formation of sensibility to such signals is not completed in the embrional period of development, but continues, at least during the first half of life in the nest. In the embrional period, the formation of sensibility is concluded only within the spectrum of the \"alimentary\" signal complex, providing for adequate alimentary behaviour of the nestlings immediately after hatching. In the early postembrional period, the formation of acoustic sensibility in the spectrum of other species-specific signals (alarm signals) is completed in parallel with the organization of behavioral reactions controlled by these stimuli.", "PMID": 676511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2523", "title": "[Role of the globus pallidus in establishing delayed responses in cats].", "content": "Unilaternal ablation of the pallidum leads to acute disturbances in delayed reaction in cats. In the case of a 3 or 5 sec delay the accuracy of finding the food behind the screan or of the choice of the side of reinforcement drops by 30 to 40%; in the case of a delay of 10 sec this accuracy drops by 55 to 60%. Along with this and as a natural result, it takes the cat a longer time to get to the place where the food is kept. At a 15 sec delay, the previously elaborated delayed reactions disappear completely. After a bilateral incomplete ablation of the pallidum, only some cats with light pallidal lesions succed in acquiring delayed reactions (in 22 to 29% of cases) with a minimum pause (3 sec). It is assumed that the pallidum takes part in the mechanisms of comparison and retention of the traces of sensory information in the apparatus of memory.", "contents": "[Role of the globus pallidus in establishing delayed responses in cats]. Unilaternal ablation of the pallidum leads to acute disturbances in delayed reaction in cats. In the case of a 3 or 5 sec delay the accuracy of finding the food behind the screan or of the choice of the side of reinforcement drops by 30 to 40%; in the case of a delay of 10 sec this accuracy drops by 55 to 60%. Along with this and as a natural result, it takes the cat a longer time to get to the place where the food is kept. At a 15 sec delay, the previously elaborated delayed reactions disappear completely. After a bilateral incomplete ablation of the pallidum, only some cats with light pallidal lesions succed in acquiring delayed reactions (in 22 to 29% of cases) with a minimum pause (3 sec). It is assumed that the pallidum takes part in the mechanisms of comparison and retention of the traces of sensory information in the apparatus of memory.", "PMID": 676507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2524", "title": "[On the colour reaction of hydroxyproline with 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (author's transl)].", "content": "With the as yet unexplained chloramine-T-oxydation of hydroxyproline the formation of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid and pyrrole could be established. On the oxydation with peroxyde as well as with chloramine-T pyrrole is the starting base for the colour reaction with Ehrlichs reagent. From a comparison of thin layer chromatographic und UV-VIS data of the dyes formed by the oxidation of hydroxyproline and the pyrrole colour reaction the formation of a dipyrrylphenylmethene salt and ms-tetra-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-porphin is made probable.", "contents": "[On the colour reaction of hydroxyproline with 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (author's transl)]. With the as yet unexplained chloramine-T-oxydation of hydroxyproline the formation of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid and pyrrole could be established. On the oxydation with peroxyde as well as with chloramine-T pyrrole is the starting base for the colour reaction with Ehrlichs reagent. From a comparison of thin layer chromatographic und UV-VIS data of the dyes formed by the oxidation of hydroxyproline and the pyrrole colour reaction the formation of a dipyrrylphenylmethene salt and ms-tetra-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-porphin is made probable.", "PMID": 676518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2525", "title": "[Properties of nuclear and dispersed elements of the cortical end of the auditory analyzer according to total evoked potentials to sound].", "content": "In chronic experiments on cats short-latency evoked potentials (EPs) to clicks were recorded simultaneously in three cortical areas--auditory (nuclear elements of the cortical end of the auditory analyser) sensorimotor and visual ones (scattered auditory elements). EPs to above threshold clicks in the auditory area differed from EPs of non-auditory areas by a greater amplitude and relatively stable configuration. The EP threshold in the auditory area was lower and the increase in its amplitude throughout a rise in clicks' intensity far greater than in the non-auditory areas. The above difference in responses of nuclear elements in the primary auditory cortex and of scattered elements in non-auditory areas are considered as the sign of specificity of their functional organization, i. e. as the manifestation of the participation of auditory nuclear elements in a relatively delicate analysis of auditory stimuli and that of scattered ones--in a more simple and limited analysis.", "contents": "[Properties of nuclear and dispersed elements of the cortical end of the auditory analyzer according to total evoked potentials to sound]. In chronic experiments on cats short-latency evoked potentials (EPs) to clicks were recorded simultaneously in three cortical areas--auditory (nuclear elements of the cortical end of the auditory analyser) sensorimotor and visual ones (scattered auditory elements). EPs to above threshold clicks in the auditory area differed from EPs of non-auditory areas by a greater amplitude and relatively stable configuration. The EP threshold in the auditory area was lower and the increase in its amplitude throughout a rise in clicks' intensity far greater than in the non-auditory areas. The above difference in responses of nuclear elements in the primary auditory cortex and of scattered elements in non-auditory areas are considered as the sign of specificity of their functional organization, i. e. as the manifestation of the participation of auditory nuclear elements in a relatively delicate analysis of auditory stimuli and that of scattered ones--in a more simple and limited analysis.", "PMID": 676512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2526", "title": "[Change in the impulse reactions of sensomotor cortex neurons to combined stimulation of thalamic relay nuclei].", "content": "In acute experiments on unanaesthetized cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine, a study was made of the impulse responses of the sensorimotor cortex neurones to stimulation of the thalamic relay nuclei (VPL and VL). Distinct changes of the responses were found as a result of multiple paired stimulations of these thalamic structures. The nature of the changes proved to be different for the responses to the first (VPL) and second (VL) thalamic stimulation: the paired stimulations facilitated the responses to VPL stimulation and suppressed those to the VL stimulation.", "contents": "[Change in the impulse reactions of sensomotor cortex neurons to combined stimulation of thalamic relay nuclei]. In acute experiments on unanaesthetized cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine, a study was made of the impulse responses of the sensorimotor cortex neurones to stimulation of the thalamic relay nuclei (VPL and VL). Distinct changes of the responses were found as a result of multiple paired stimulations of these thalamic structures. The nature of the changes proved to be different for the responses to the first (VPL) and second (VL) thalamic stimulation: the paired stimulations facilitated the responses to VPL stimulation and suppressed those to the VL stimulation.", "PMID": 676513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2527", "title": "[Methods for determination of vitamins by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described for the rapid determination of vitamin E in vitamin-concentrates, -pre-mixes and mineral supplements. After saponification of the sample, the vitamin is extracted with petroleum-ether. In this extract the vitamin E is determined spectrophotometrically by HPLC without any further clean-up.", "contents": "[Methods for determination of vitamins by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (author's transl)]. A method is described for the rapid determination of vitamin E in vitamin-concentrates, -pre-mixes and mineral supplements. After saponification of the sample, the vitamin is extracted with petroleum-ether. In this extract the vitamin E is determined spectrophotometrically by HPLC without any further clean-up.", "PMID": 676519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2528", "title": "Changes in starch content and amylase zymograms during storage of Golden Delicious and Cox's Orange Pippin apples.", "content": "Changes in starch content and amylase zymograms were followed during storage of Golden Delicious and Cox's Orange Pippin apples. Although the former was stored at 3-4 degrees C under controlled atmosphere (3--4% O2; 7--8% CO2 by volume) and the latter in air at 17 degrees C, in both, the multiple forms of amylases remained active, even after the starch content decreased to zero. It is the lack of starch substrate, therefore, rather than of enzymes that limits the amylase action in the stored apple.", "contents": "Changes in starch content and amylase zymograms during storage of Golden Delicious and Cox's Orange Pippin apples. Changes in starch content and amylase zymograms were followed during storage of Golden Delicious and Cox's Orange Pippin apples. Although the former was stored at 3-4 degrees C under controlled atmosphere (3--4% O2; 7--8% CO2 by volume) and the latter in air at 17 degrees C, in both, the multiple forms of amylases remained active, even after the starch content decreased to zero. It is the lack of starch substrate, therefore, rather than of enzymes that limits the amylase action in the stored apple.", "PMID": 676521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2529", "title": "[Rhythmic activity (25--35 Hz) of autonomic nerves and its physiologic role].", "content": "A study of daily ongoing activity of the sympathic and vagal nerves has shown that 14,6% of this activity are of a rhythmic form (25--35 c/s) arising synchronously in both nerves. Its formation is attended by an enhancement (by 50--100%) of the nerve tone. The appearance of the rhythmic activity bears a non-specific character. A spatial synchronization within the range of 25--35 c/s has been found between the rhythmic activity of the vegetative nerves and that of brain structures. It is suggested that the rhythmic activity of the vegetative nerves reflects a homeostatic mechanism, which is indicative of the appearance of alertness in the nervous system.", "contents": "[Rhythmic activity (25--35 Hz) of autonomic nerves and its physiologic role]. A study of daily ongoing activity of the sympathic and vagal nerves has shown that 14,6% of this activity are of a rhythmic form (25--35 c/s) arising synchronously in both nerves. Its formation is attended by an enhancement (by 50--100%) of the nerve tone. The appearance of the rhythmic activity bears a non-specific character. A spatial synchronization within the range of 25--35 c/s has been found between the rhythmic activity of the vegetative nerves and that of brain structures. It is suggested that the rhythmic activity of the vegetative nerves reflects a homeostatic mechanism, which is indicative of the appearance of alertness in the nervous system.", "PMID": 676514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2530", "title": "Aminopeptidase from Brevibacterium linens: activation and inhibition.", "content": "Activation and inhibition of a purified aminopeptidase from Brevibacterium linens was investigated using L-alpha-leucyl-4-nitroanilide and L-leucyl-L-leucine as substrates. The enzyme was activated by cobalt, provided that the enzyme was preincubated with the metal. Strong inhibitory effects were derived from heavy metals, metal-complexing compounds, reducing agents, the modification of aromatic amino acids, and the presence of hydrophobic substances or certain amino acids in the test mixtures. Supposing that this B. linens aminopeptidase plays a part during surface-ripening of cheeses, possible consequences of specific technological conditions for its activity are discussed.", "contents": "Aminopeptidase from Brevibacterium linens: activation and inhibition. Activation and inhibition of a purified aminopeptidase from Brevibacterium linens was investigated using L-alpha-leucyl-4-nitroanilide and L-leucyl-L-leucine as substrates. The enzyme was activated by cobalt, provided that the enzyme was preincubated with the metal. Strong inhibitory effects were derived from heavy metals, metal-complexing compounds, reducing agents, the modification of aromatic amino acids, and the presence of hydrophobic substances or certain amino acids in the test mixtures. Supposing that this B. linens aminopeptidase plays a part during surface-ripening of cheeses, possible consequences of specific technological conditions for its activity are discussed.", "PMID": 676522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2531", "title": "Correlation of chemical structure and taste in the cyclamate series and the steric nature of the chemoreceptor site.", "content": "The requirements of compounds in the cyclamate series for sweet taste stimulation are: synclinal conformation between NH and SO in the aminosulphonate group, length less than 0.7 nm of the group on the nitrogen, and hydrophobic character of the latter group. A hypothetical receptor site for these compounds should have a spatial barrier at a distance of about 0.7 nm from the nitrogen interaction point with the receptor site, and a hydrophobic interaction area between the nitrogen interaction point and the barrier.", "contents": "Correlation of chemical structure and taste in the cyclamate series and the steric nature of the chemoreceptor site. The requirements of compounds in the cyclamate series for sweet taste stimulation are: synclinal conformation between NH and SO in the aminosulphonate group, length less than 0.7 nm of the group on the nitrogen, and hydrophobic character of the latter group. A hypothetical receptor site for these compounds should have a spatial barrier at a distance of about 0.7 nm from the nitrogen interaction point with the receptor site, and a hydrophobic interaction area between the nitrogen interaction point and the barrier.", "PMID": 676523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2532", "title": "Fine structural analysis of the morphological changes involved in the blanching, cooking, dehydration and rehydration of green bean pod tissue.", "content": "The influence of blanching and cooking on green bean pod tissue (Phaseolus vulgaris var.nanus L.) was studied by transmission electron microscopy and characteristic histological and cytological effects were recorded. The analysis of dehydraded and rehydrated samples (dehydration by hot air, rehydration by boiling) showed that much of the shrinkage after dehydration can be compensated by water absorption during rehydration. The morphological appearance of boiled raw tissue, however, is not reached.", "contents": "Fine structural analysis of the morphological changes involved in the blanching, cooking, dehydration and rehydration of green bean pod tissue. The influence of blanching and cooking on green bean pod tissue (Phaseolus vulgaris var.nanus L.) was studied by transmission electron microscopy and characteristic histological and cytological effects were recorded. The analysis of dehydraded and rehydrated samples (dehydration by hot air, rehydration by boiling) showed that much of the shrinkage after dehydration can be compensated by water absorption during rehydration. The morphological appearance of boiled raw tissue, however, is not reached.", "PMID": 676524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2533", "title": "Volatile monocarbonyl compounds of carrot roots at various stages of maturity.", "content": "Volatile carbonyl compounds of carrot variety Feonia Hunderup S-64 at various stages of maturity were analysed as their 2,4-DNPH's by a combined TLC-GLC-MS method. Twenty-three different carbonyl compounds were identified, of which undecanal, buten-2-al, methylbutenal, pentan-2-one, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and 5-methylfurfural have not previously been found in carrot. During maturation the content of acetaldehyde and acetone increased significantly, while that of methylbutenal decreased.", "contents": "Volatile monocarbonyl compounds of carrot roots at various stages of maturity. Volatile carbonyl compounds of carrot variety Feonia Hunderup S-64 at various stages of maturity were analysed as their 2,4-DNPH's by a combined TLC-GLC-MS method. Twenty-three different carbonyl compounds were identified, of which undecanal, buten-2-al, methylbutenal, pentan-2-one, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and 5-methylfurfural have not previously been found in carrot. During maturation the content of acetaldehyde and acetone increased significantly, while that of methylbutenal decreased.", "PMID": 676525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2534", "title": "[The influence of different phosphates on the flow properties of processed cheeses (author's transl)].", "content": "Processed cheese was manufactured with different types of phosphates (P1 monophosphate to P4 tetrapolyphosphate) and by various techniques. The limiting viscosity numbers of sodium casein and the casein of processed cheese were determined and the axial ratio calculated. The axial ratio of processed cheese protein was a/b=20,0 and that of sodium casein 10,0 resp. We deduce that the apparent increase of the axial ratio is caused by the depolymerization of casein caused by emulsifying salts. The flow curves of processed cheese were analysed. There is good agreement with the power law of Ostwald tau=k.Dn. Therefore processed cheeses are characterized as pseudoplasts. The influence of melting salts on the flow properties can be described by a differing emulsifying effect (P1 less than or equal P4). Temperature, concentration and salt effects are discussed for the viewpoint of correlation between aggregation-desaggregation processes and dehydration and hydration of casein.", "contents": "[The influence of different phosphates on the flow properties of processed cheeses (author's transl)]. Processed cheese was manufactured with different types of phosphates (P1 monophosphate to P4 tetrapolyphosphate) and by various techniques. The limiting viscosity numbers of sodium casein and the casein of processed cheese were determined and the axial ratio calculated. The axial ratio of processed cheese protein was a/b=20,0 and that of sodium casein 10,0 resp. We deduce that the apparent increase of the axial ratio is caused by the depolymerization of casein caused by emulsifying salts. The flow curves of processed cheese were analysed. There is good agreement with the power law of Ostwald tau=k.Dn. Therefore processed cheeses are characterized as pseudoplasts. The influence of melting salts on the flow properties can be described by a differing emulsifying effect (P1 less than or equal P4). Temperature, concentration and salt effects are discussed for the viewpoint of correlation between aggregation-desaggregation processes and dehydration and hydration of casein.", "PMID": 676526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2535", "title": "[A method for differentiating between vinegar produced by fermentation and vinegar made from synthetic acetic acid based on the determination of the specific 3H-radioactivity (author's transl)].", "content": "The applicability of the specific 3H-radioactivity for the distinction of synthetic and biogenic vinegar was tested. The acetic acid was isolated from the vinegar as calcium acetate, and the calcium acetate was combusted at 830 degrees C to CO2 and H2O. The water was measured either after two destillation steps by liquid scintillation counting or after reduction to hydrogen and reaction to ethane in a gas proportional counter. The difference in the 3H-content between the two types of vinegar in Austria is about 80--100 T.U. Since the level of activity is subject to appreciable annual fluctuations a series of synthetic and biogenic comparison samples always has to be included.", "contents": "[A method for differentiating between vinegar produced by fermentation and vinegar made from synthetic acetic acid based on the determination of the specific 3H-radioactivity (author's transl)]. The applicability of the specific 3H-radioactivity for the distinction of synthetic and biogenic vinegar was tested. The acetic acid was isolated from the vinegar as calcium acetate, and the calcium acetate was combusted at 830 degrees C to CO2 and H2O. The water was measured either after two destillation steps by liquid scintillation counting or after reduction to hydrogen and reaction to ethane in a gas proportional counter. The difference in the 3H-content between the two types of vinegar in Austria is about 80--100 T.U. Since the level of activity is subject to appreciable annual fluctuations a series of synthetic and biogenic comparison samples always has to be included.", "PMID": 676527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2536", "title": "[Analysis of polysaccharides used as food additives. VI. Identification of mixtures of polysaccharides by methylation analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Polysaccharide mixtures used as stabilizers having identical sugar units, but differing in their linkages can be identified with confidence by means of methylation analysis. Such mixtures are methylated with sodium hydride and methyl iodide in anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide. The methylated products are acid hydrolyzed and the resulting methyl sugars are separated and identified by thinlayer- or gaschromatography.", "contents": "[Analysis of polysaccharides used as food additives. VI. Identification of mixtures of polysaccharides by methylation analysis (author's transl)]. Polysaccharide mixtures used as stabilizers having identical sugar units, but differing in their linkages can be identified with confidence by means of methylation analysis. Such mixtures are methylated with sodium hydride and methyl iodide in anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide. The methylated products are acid hydrolyzed and the resulting methyl sugars are separated and identified by thinlayer- or gaschromatography.", "PMID": 676528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2537", "title": "[Functional efficiency of the vesico-ureteral closure mechanism in female patients with recurrent urinary tract infections without reflux].", "content": "On account of different relapses of infections in 15 female patients with relapsing non-obstructive infections of the urinary tract without radiologically provable vesico-ureteral reflux altogether 183 washing out tests of the urinary bladder were performed. 83.6% of the tests resulted in a pure bacteriuria of the bladder and 14.2% in a supra-vesical participation. Of the 51 female patients 38 = 74,5% were always suffering only from bacteriurias of the bladder. In 13 patients = 25.5% we also or always found a supravesical participation. 15 female patients underwent a reflux test with technetium-levelled sulphocolloid. In no patient the tracer could be localised in the supravesical urinary tract. By reason of these results we are of the opinion that in the majority of female patients the vesico-ureteral occlusion mechanism does not allow an ascent of the germs. Therefore, the majority of patients is not imperilled by pyelonephritis. Among the female patients with relapsing non-obstructive infections of the urinary tract without radiologically provable reflux are some with marginally competent ostia. In these more or less frequently an occult reflux with ascent of the germs into the supravesical urinary tract may develop. These patients are potentially imperilled by pyelonephritis.", "contents": "[Functional efficiency of the vesico-ureteral closure mechanism in female patients with recurrent urinary tract infections without reflux]. On account of different relapses of infections in 15 female patients with relapsing non-obstructive infections of the urinary tract without radiologically provable vesico-ureteral reflux altogether 183 washing out tests of the urinary bladder were performed. 83.6% of the tests resulted in a pure bacteriuria of the bladder and 14.2% in a supra-vesical participation. Of the 51 female patients 38 = 74,5% were always suffering only from bacteriurias of the bladder. In 13 patients = 25.5% we also or always found a supravesical participation. 15 female patients underwent a reflux test with technetium-levelled sulphocolloid. In no patient the tracer could be localised in the supravesical urinary tract. By reason of these results we are of the opinion that in the majority of female patients the vesico-ureteral occlusion mechanism does not allow an ascent of the germs. Therefore, the majority of patients is not imperilled by pyelonephritis. Among the female patients with relapsing non-obstructive infections of the urinary tract without radiologically provable reflux are some with marginally competent ostia. In these more or less frequently an occult reflux with ascent of the germs into the supravesical urinary tract may develop. These patients are potentially imperilled by pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 676534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2538", "title": "[Secondary vesico-ureteral reflux in the adult age].", "content": "The transurethral dehiscence of the ostium is a therapeutic method which causes the spontaneous passage of incarcerated intramural ureteroliths. However, it may be performed only in the centre of the roof of the ureter to a maximum length of 0.5 cm. With lateral indentation the antireflux principle of the ostia of the ureters is abolished by damaging the reins of the intravesical musculature of the ureters. An asymptomatic reflux necessarily becomes a reflex disease, when it is complicated by an infection of the urinary tract. In secondary vesico-ureteral reflux by dehiscence of the ostium at adult age the indication to the operative treatment shall be made narrowly, since with the sanation of the infection of the urinary tract the reflux often disappears.", "contents": "[Secondary vesico-ureteral reflux in the adult age]. The transurethral dehiscence of the ostium is a therapeutic method which causes the spontaneous passage of incarcerated intramural ureteroliths. However, it may be performed only in the centre of the roof of the ureter to a maximum length of 0.5 cm. With lateral indentation the antireflux principle of the ostia of the ureters is abolished by damaging the reins of the intravesical musculature of the ureters. An asymptomatic reflux necessarily becomes a reflex disease, when it is complicated by an infection of the urinary tract. In secondary vesico-ureteral reflux by dehiscence of the ostium at adult age the indication to the operative treatment shall be made narrowly, since with the sanation of the infection of the urinary tract the reflux often disappears.", "PMID": 676535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2539", "title": "[2 1/2-year experience with highly-effective short-term dialyses in Erfurt].", "content": "At present 18 of 19 dialysis patients undergo the highly effective short-term dialysis, which is used in the Erfurt centre since November 1974. The therapy is performed by two parallel dialysators C-DAK 4 for 3 to 4 hours (24.4 square metres -- hours/week). During the period of observation of 2 1/2 years altogether 35 patients were treated with the short-term dialysis. There are compared clinical and paraclinical parameters of 12 patients who on an average for 2 years underwent the short-term dialysis. The serum levels of retained substances of protein and albumin as well as the \"optimum weight\" did not or only unessentially differ from each other. Also the blood pressure values scarcely deviated from each other before and after dialysis. The manifold use of the C-DAK 4 is the cause for an increased substitution of erythrocytes. Insufficient compensation of the circulation and a low body weight are regarded as contraindication to the short-term dialysis.", "contents": "[2 1/2-year experience with highly-effective short-term dialyses in Erfurt]. At present 18 of 19 dialysis patients undergo the highly effective short-term dialysis, which is used in the Erfurt centre since November 1974. The therapy is performed by two parallel dialysators C-DAK 4 for 3 to 4 hours (24.4 square metres -- hours/week). During the period of observation of 2 1/2 years altogether 35 patients were treated with the short-term dialysis. There are compared clinical and paraclinical parameters of 12 patients who on an average for 2 years underwent the short-term dialysis. The serum levels of retained substances of protein and albumin as well as the \"optimum weight\" did not or only unessentially differ from each other. Also the blood pressure values scarcely deviated from each other before and after dialysis. The manifold use of the C-DAK 4 is the cause for an increased substitution of erythrocytes. Insufficient compensation of the circulation and a low body weight are regarded as contraindication to the short-term dialysis.", "PMID": 676536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2540", "title": "[Short-term dialyses using a conventional hemodialyzer].", "content": "1. Twelve patients who were treated twice eight hours a week for at least one year were admitted to a dialysis plan of twice seven hours a week and fourteen patients who were dialysed twice eight hours a week for at least one year were dialysed thrice four hours a week. The patients were dialysed with a spool dialysator with cuprophan membrane of a surface of 1 m2. Blood flow was 200--250 ml/min., dialysate flow 500 ml/min. After 3, 6, 10, and 12 months the clinical picture, hydratation, protein katabolism, degree of anaemia and renal osteodystrophy as well as number of complications, degree of rehabilitation, concentration of the medium-molecular substances and of phenylalanine and the glucose tolerance were compared and the opinion of the patients concerning different types of the plan of dialysis was inquired. 2. The plan of dialysis of thrice four hours a week with a conventional dialysator is sufficient for a good state of the most patients. In none of the parameters investigated by us we could establish noticeable differences between the dialysis plan twice eight hours and twice seven hours and thrice four hours a week. The patients themselves clearly preferred a plan of dialysis of thrice four hours a week. 3. The concentration of medium-molecular substances in the blood is no sufficiently sensitive indicator for the determination of the quality of a permanent dialysis treatment in a good clinical state of the patient.", "contents": "[Short-term dialyses using a conventional hemodialyzer]. 1. Twelve patients who were treated twice eight hours a week for at least one year were admitted to a dialysis plan of twice seven hours a week and fourteen patients who were dialysed twice eight hours a week for at least one year were dialysed thrice four hours a week. The patients were dialysed with a spool dialysator with cuprophan membrane of a surface of 1 m2. Blood flow was 200--250 ml/min., dialysate flow 500 ml/min. After 3, 6, 10, and 12 months the clinical picture, hydratation, protein katabolism, degree of anaemia and renal osteodystrophy as well as number of complications, degree of rehabilitation, concentration of the medium-molecular substances and of phenylalanine and the glucose tolerance were compared and the opinion of the patients concerning different types of the plan of dialysis was inquired. 2. The plan of dialysis of thrice four hours a week with a conventional dialysator is sufficient for a good state of the most patients. In none of the parameters investigated by us we could establish noticeable differences between the dialysis plan twice eight hours and twice seven hours and thrice four hours a week. The patients themselves clearly preferred a plan of dialysis of thrice four hours a week. 3. The concentration of medium-molecular substances in the blood is no sufficiently sensitive indicator for the determination of the quality of a permanent dialysis treatment in a good clinical state of the patient.", "PMID": 676537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2541", "title": "[Effect of factors related to hemodialysis on certain blood-coagulation parameters].", "content": "It is reported on the changes of the thromboelastogramme, the fibrinogen level, the number of thrombocytes and the time of coagulation, which developed due to the haemodialysis with intermittent and regional heparinisation, as well as on the isolated effect of heparin, protamine and the heparin-protamine-complex. Among others the cause was discussed, why there are in some cases higher values of the time of coagulation in the patient than in the extracorporal circulation during haemodialysis. For practical reasons was emphasized that the protamine may also have a pronounced anticoagulation effect.", "contents": "[Effect of factors related to hemodialysis on certain blood-coagulation parameters]. It is reported on the changes of the thromboelastogramme, the fibrinogen level, the number of thrombocytes and the time of coagulation, which developed due to the haemodialysis with intermittent and regional heparinisation, as well as on the isolated effect of heparin, protamine and the heparin-protamine-complex. Among others the cause was discussed, why there are in some cases higher values of the time of coagulation in the patient than in the extracorporal circulation during haemodialysis. For practical reasons was emphasized that the protamine may also have a pronounced anticoagulation effect.", "PMID": 676538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2542", "title": "[Early stages of experimental brain tumours in rats. Investigation of serial sections (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of transplacental induction of brain tumours by a single intravenous injection of ethylnitrosourea in a dosage of 20 or 30 mg/kg body weight to pregnant BD IX and Albino rats on the 17th day of gestation are presented. From 46 animals of the offspring 43 rats developed 185 intracranial neoplams. 157 of them were early stages. Most of the animals had multiple tumours. One rat showed 13 separate tumour nodules. The average number of brain tumours was 4.3 per rat. 101 tumours had a diameter of less than 1 mm. The neoplasms were classified as 179 glial tumours (mainly polymorphous gliomas, oligodendroastrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas), 4 sarcomas and 2 gliosarcomas. All the oligodendrogliomas and about two thirds of the polymorphous gliomas were early stages. The following preferential localizations in the rat brain were established: White matter of cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, cortex of cerebrum and brain stem. 25.4% of the tumours were localized in the subependymal area. Bulbus and tractus olfactorius, leptomeninx, and cerebellum were very rare sites of tumour growth.", "contents": "[Early stages of experimental brain tumours in rats. Investigation of serial sections (author's transl)]. The results of transplacental induction of brain tumours by a single intravenous injection of ethylnitrosourea in a dosage of 20 or 30 mg/kg body weight to pregnant BD IX and Albino rats on the 17th day of gestation are presented. From 46 animals of the offspring 43 rats developed 185 intracranial neoplams. 157 of them were early stages. Most of the animals had multiple tumours. One rat showed 13 separate tumour nodules. The average number of brain tumours was 4.3 per rat. 101 tumours had a diameter of less than 1 mm. The neoplasms were classified as 179 glial tumours (mainly polymorphous gliomas, oligodendroastrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas), 4 sarcomas and 2 gliosarcomas. All the oligodendrogliomas and about two thirds of the polymorphous gliomas were early stages. The following preferential localizations in the rat brain were established: White matter of cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, cortex of cerebrum and brain stem. 25.4% of the tumours were localized in the subependymal area. Bulbus and tractus olfactorius, leptomeninx, and cerebellum were very rare sites of tumour growth.", "PMID": 676554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2543", "title": "[Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with involvement of the central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "A fatal case of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with involvement of many organs including the central nervous system is reported in a 28-year-old man. The patient died from bronchopneumonia 4 months after the onset of symptoms and 2 weeks after the beginning of a cytostatic therapy.", "contents": "[Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with involvement of the central nervous system (author's transl)]. A fatal case of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with involvement of many organs including the central nervous system is reported in a 28-year-old man. The patient died from bronchopneumonia 4 months after the onset of symptoms and 2 weeks after the beginning of a cytostatic therapy.", "PMID": 676555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2544", "title": "[Diagnostic significance of morphological changes in biopsies of the pelvic crest (author's transl)].", "content": "Pelvic crests of 265 autopsies were histologically investigated. In nearly all cases with chronic diseases a remodelling of bones and especially processes of bone resorption were found. A fibroosteoclastic bone resorption was evident in 28 of 40 cases with chronic renal failures, in 5 of 26 cases with chronic lung diseases and/or chronic insufficiency of the right heart ventricle, in 4 of 12 cases with chronic diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract, and in a case of lung cancer. Processes of bone formation were less prominent. The findings indicate that several chronic diseases caused by different overlapping pathogenetic mechanisms can principally lead to the same spectrum of alterations of bone structure. This and the aetiological ambiguity of typical patho-histological reaction patterns of bones require a critical reserve in the interpretation of adequate findings in bone biopsies. It has been pointed out that the use of morphometric methods and the use of slices of undecalcified bones are necessary to obtain a reliable diagnostic tool in bone biopsies.", "contents": "[Diagnostic significance of morphological changes in biopsies of the pelvic crest (author's transl)]. Pelvic crests of 265 autopsies were histologically investigated. In nearly all cases with chronic diseases a remodelling of bones and especially processes of bone resorption were found. A fibroosteoclastic bone resorption was evident in 28 of 40 cases with chronic renal failures, in 5 of 26 cases with chronic lung diseases and/or chronic insufficiency of the right heart ventricle, in 4 of 12 cases with chronic diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract, and in a case of lung cancer. Processes of bone formation were less prominent. The findings indicate that several chronic diseases caused by different overlapping pathogenetic mechanisms can principally lead to the same spectrum of alterations of bone structure. This and the aetiological ambiguity of typical patho-histological reaction patterns of bones require a critical reserve in the interpretation of adequate findings in bone biopsies. It has been pointed out that the use of morphometric methods and the use of slices of undecalcified bones are necessary to obtain a reliable diagnostic tool in bone biopsies.", "PMID": 676556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2545", "title": "The frequency of the pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in autopsies with bronchial carcinomas (author's transl).", "content": "Among 98 autopsies with bronchial carcinomas 7 cases were found with pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. The incidence of the osteoarthropathy was neither correlated with the tumor localization nor with the histologic type of cancer. The Bamberger-Marie syndrome has not been the first clinical evidence of a pulmonary carcinoma in our cases.", "contents": "The frequency of the pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in autopsies with bronchial carcinomas (author's transl). Among 98 autopsies with bronchial carcinomas 7 cases were found with pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. The incidence of the osteoarthropathy was neither correlated with the tumor localization nor with the histologic type of cancer. The Bamberger-Marie syndrome has not been the first clinical evidence of a pulmonary carcinoma in our cases.", "PMID": 676557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2546", "title": "[Dicephalus tribrachius (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is presented on a case of Dicephalus tribrachius in a 5-days-old female baby. In consideration of the literature peristatic disorders of an euzygotic twin germ during the first days of pregnancy are discussed as a possible cause of this malformation.", "contents": "[Dicephalus tribrachius (author's transl)]. A report is presented on a case of Dicephalus tribrachius in a 5-days-old female baby. In consideration of the literature peristatic disorders of an euzygotic twin germ during the first days of pregnancy are discussed as a possible cause of this malformation.", "PMID": 676558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2547", "title": "[Heart-operations in the first year of life (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last 3 years (April 1974 to April 1977) 246 patients in their first year of life underwent surgery because of complex severe congenital heart defects. Corrective surgery was attempted whenever possible, palliative procedures were used only in forms of cardiac malformations not feasible for repair. All corrective operations were done in profound hypothermia (20 to 22 degrees C) with circulatory arrest. 73,6% of all infants survived the operation and were alive 30 days after operation-most of them markedly improved or completely free of symptoms. It is concluded that correction of congenital heart defects with the technique described seems to be a promising improvement of open heart surgery in the first year of life.", "contents": "[Heart-operations in the first year of life (author's transl)]. During the last 3 years (April 1974 to April 1977) 246 patients in their first year of life underwent surgery because of complex severe congenital heart defects. Corrective surgery was attempted whenever possible, palliative procedures were used only in forms of cardiac malformations not feasible for repair. All corrective operations were done in profound hypothermia (20 to 22 degrees C) with circulatory arrest. 73,6% of all infants survived the operation and were alive 30 days after operation-most of them markedly improved or completely free of symptoms. It is concluded that correction of congenital heart defects with the technique described seems to be a promising improvement of open heart surgery in the first year of life.", "PMID": 676559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2548", "title": "[The syndrome of the fifth day (author's transl)].", "content": "After operation of uncomplicated forms of appendicitis in children postoperative complications characterised by sudden vehement stomach-ache, quickly increasing tension of the abdominal wall, rise of temperature, pulse and white blood cells as well as vomitus, mostly on the fifth post-operative day could be observed. French authors call it \"the syndrome of the fifth day\". We observed this syndrome in 12 patients of 2.814 appendectomies in infancy. The treatment demands an immediate introduction of an intensive care by gastric suction intravenous fluid replacement and high doses of antibiotics. If these measures are not followed by an improvement within a few hours, a relaparotomy will be indicated. Then liquid pus is to be found in the abdomen and only a fibrin film in the primary operation field. In single cases we found a partial suture dehiscence. The aetiology of this complication has not been cleared yet.", "contents": "[The syndrome of the fifth day (author's transl)]. After operation of uncomplicated forms of appendicitis in children postoperative complications characterised by sudden vehement stomach-ache, quickly increasing tension of the abdominal wall, rise of temperature, pulse and white blood cells as well as vomitus, mostly on the fifth post-operative day could be observed. French authors call it \"the syndrome of the fifth day\". We observed this syndrome in 12 patients of 2.814 appendectomies in infancy. The treatment demands an immediate introduction of an intensive care by gastric suction intravenous fluid replacement and high doses of antibiotics. If these measures are not followed by an improvement within a few hours, a relaparotomy will be indicated. Then liquid pus is to be found in the abdomen and only a fibrin film in the primary operation field. In single cases we found a partial suture dehiscence. The aetiology of this complication has not been cleared yet.", "PMID": 676560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2549", "title": "[Clinical value of the dexamethasone-HCG test in females with hirsutism with special reference to 17-beta-hydroxyandrogens].", "content": "The dexamethasone-hcg-test was administered to 34 hospitalized patients, aged 17 to 45, who were suffering from hirsutism in order to reveal the source of their androgen levels, which in most cases were elevated. In addition to the usual estimation of urinary 17-ketosteroids and urinary 17-OH-corticosteroids plasma 17-beta-hidroxiandrogens and androstendione were measured by RIA. The results of the tests varied to a high degree and could not be related to the clinical findings. The authors conclude that administration of dexamethasone-hcg-test is of small value in detecting the source of hirsutism.", "contents": "[Clinical value of the dexamethasone-HCG test in females with hirsutism with special reference to 17-beta-hydroxyandrogens]. The dexamethasone-hcg-test was administered to 34 hospitalized patients, aged 17 to 45, who were suffering from hirsutism in order to reveal the source of their androgen levels, which in most cases were elevated. In addition to the usual estimation of urinary 17-ketosteroids and urinary 17-OH-corticosteroids plasma 17-beta-hidroxiandrogens and androstendione were measured by RIA. The results of the tests varied to a high degree and could not be related to the clinical findings. The authors conclude that administration of dexamethasone-hcg-test is of small value in detecting the source of hirsutism.", "PMID": 676562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2550", "title": "[Comparative vaginal cytology testing of gestagen components of 2 combination preparations].", "content": "The changes in cytohormonal patterns we have studied on 34 patients using various combinations of exogenous estrogenes and progestagens. Comparative analysis of data with the progestagen compounds Non-Ovlon or Gravistat showed a same effect on vaginal smear.", "contents": "[Comparative vaginal cytology testing of gestagen components of 2 combination preparations]. The changes in cytohormonal patterns we have studied on 34 patients using various combinations of exogenous estrogenes and progestagens. Comparative analysis of data with the progestagen compounds Non-Ovlon or Gravistat showed a same effect on vaginal smear.", "PMID": 676563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2551", "title": "[Primary tumor duplicity in cervix cancer in the material of the Berlin University Gynecological Clinic, 1955--1969].", "content": "A report is given about the primary event of multiple maligne tumors by patients with carcinoma of the cervix. We found a second maligne tomor in 1.5% of cases. The manifestation was variable. Specially frequent is the coincidence of carcinoma of the cervex and carcimoma of the endometrium. The average age runs up to 62 years. The interval up to the diagnosis of the second tumor amounts 3,8 years. The probability of developing a second maligne tumor declines when the interval becomes longer. The necessity of an interdisciolinary team-work between acters in the follow up care of cancer patients is pointed out.", "contents": "[Primary tumor duplicity in cervix cancer in the material of the Berlin University Gynecological Clinic, 1955--1969]. A report is given about the primary event of multiple maligne tumors by patients with carcinoma of the cervix. We found a second maligne tomor in 1.5% of cases. The manifestation was variable. Specially frequent is the coincidence of carcinoma of the cervex and carcimoma of the endometrium. The average age runs up to 62 years. The interval up to the diagnosis of the second tumor amounts 3,8 years. The probability of developing a second maligne tumor declines when the interval becomes longer. The necessity of an interdisciolinary team-work between acters in the follow up care of cancer patients is pointed out.", "PMID": 676564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2552", "title": "[Experience with second-look curettage].", "content": "Report about 31 second-look-curettages 3--12 months after radiotherapy of cancer of endometrium. In 5 cases the microscopic examination showed carcinoma of the endometrium, in 1 case the tissue formation was atypical. In 2 cases the curettage was not feasible. Indication of the second-look-curettage was discussed.", "contents": "[Experience with second-look curettage]. Report about 31 second-look-curettages 3--12 months after radiotherapy of cancer of endometrium. In 5 cases the microscopic examination showed carcinoma of the endometrium, in 1 case the tissue formation was atypical. In 2 cases the curettage was not feasible. Indication of the second-look-curettage was discussed.", "PMID": 676565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2553", "title": "[Experience report on 495 conizations].", "content": "Report on 495 conisations in the 1966--1976 periol. Postoperative bleedings habe been observed in 5,25 per cent of all cases. In 60 out of 91 prestate cases (58 carcinomata in situ and 33 states of the Ia category) an exstirpation of the uterus was the final method of therapy. 2 recidive cases and 1 cases of a second outbreak are described. The exstirpation of the uterus with insertion of a vaginal collar is recommended as the optimum method of therapy. A conservative position os token only in the case of a strongly expressed wish to become pregnant.", "contents": "[Experience report on 495 conizations]. Report on 495 conisations in the 1966--1976 periol. Postoperative bleedings habe been observed in 5,25 per cent of all cases. In 60 out of 91 prestate cases (58 carcinomata in situ and 33 states of the Ia category) an exstirpation of the uterus was the final method of therapy. 2 recidive cases and 1 cases of a second outbreak are described. The exstirpation of the uterus with insertion of a vaginal collar is recommended as the optimum method of therapy. A conservative position os token only in the case of a strongly expressed wish to become pregnant.", "PMID": 676566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2554", "title": "[Endometrial chondroma].", "content": "A case of ectopic cartilage formation is reported in the endometrium of woman suffering from tuberculosis of the internal genitalia. The possibilities as far as the theories relating to the explanation of cartilage formation are analysed.", "contents": "[Endometrial chondroma]. A case of ectopic cartilage formation is reported in the endometrium of woman suffering from tuberculosis of the internal genitalia. The possibilities as far as the theories relating to the explanation of cartilage formation are analysed.", "PMID": 676567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2555", "title": "[Effectiveness of Canesten preparations in blastomycoses of the female genitalia].", "content": "According to the examinations of the authors the administration of Canesten vaginal tablets for treatment of vulvovaginitis caused by blastospores resulted in 81% of the cases in a lasting healing, in cases with an affected anamnesis in 75%. With additional treatments of Canesten solution and cream administration the efficiency was further increased and thus results of 90% or 76%, respectively could be achieved. With sanitation of auto- and heteroinfectious foci the recurrences of fungal infections could be avoided. There had been no teratogeneous effects in the newborns following Canesten treatment in pregnants. In course of Clotrimazol administration general characteristic side effects were not observed, a slight and quickly passing inflammation occured in few cases.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of Canesten preparations in blastomycoses of the female genitalia]. According to the examinations of the authors the administration of Canesten vaginal tablets for treatment of vulvovaginitis caused by blastospores resulted in 81% of the cases in a lasting healing, in cases with an affected anamnesis in 75%. With additional treatments of Canesten solution and cream administration the efficiency was further increased and thus results of 90% or 76%, respectively could be achieved. With sanitation of auto- and heteroinfectious foci the recurrences of fungal infections could be avoided. There had been no teratogeneous effects in the newborns following Canesten treatment in pregnants. In course of Clotrimazol administration general characteristic side effects were not observed, a slight and quickly passing inflammation occured in few cases.", "PMID": 676568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2556", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis within the graded program for pregnancy monitoring].", "content": "On the base of actual knowledge about ultrasound diagnosis in obstetrics some questions with regard to contents and organisations of complete pregnant women care must be answered. It is attempted to show ultrasound diagnosis to be a durable part of obstetric care and to be a component part of routine examination. In this way some conventional examination methods can be cancelled or carried out in a better form. Through that obstetric care can be increased to a higher niveau.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis within the graded program for pregnancy monitoring]. On the base of actual knowledge about ultrasound diagnosis in obstetrics some questions with regard to contents and organisations of complete pregnant women care must be answered. It is attempted to show ultrasound diagnosis to be a durable part of obstetric care and to be a component part of routine examination. In this way some conventional examination methods can be cancelled or carried out in a better form. Through that obstetric care can be increased to a higher niveau.", "PMID": 676569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2557", "title": "[Significance of various parameters of ultrasonic fetometry for the weight computation of the fetus].", "content": "In ultrasonic diagnostics, the fetal weight has been estimated on the basis of different dimensions of the fetal head or body either alone or in combination. When single dimensions have been used in late pregnancy, it has been possible to estimate the weight with an accuracy of 300--500 g, calculated as a standard deviation. When several dimensions are combined, the accuracy of the estimate is improved by 20--40%. The most commonly used dimensions are the biparietal diameter of the head and the thoracal or abdominal cross-section of the body. The ratio between the dimensions of the head and the body is also significant in diagnosing retardation of fetal growth. Although certain more complicated and time-consuming methods, such as the measurements of the volume of the fetal head and body, could yield somewhat more accurate estimates of fetal weight, they are not expedient in practical work. Scientific research is naturally a different matter.", "contents": "[Significance of various parameters of ultrasonic fetometry for the weight computation of the fetus]. In ultrasonic diagnostics, the fetal weight has been estimated on the basis of different dimensions of the fetal head or body either alone or in combination. When single dimensions have been used in late pregnancy, it has been possible to estimate the weight with an accuracy of 300--500 g, calculated as a standard deviation. When several dimensions are combined, the accuracy of the estimate is improved by 20--40%. The most commonly used dimensions are the biparietal diameter of the head and the thoracal or abdominal cross-section of the body. The ratio between the dimensions of the head and the body is also significant in diagnosing retardation of fetal growth. Although certain more complicated and time-consuming methods, such as the measurements of the volume of the fetal head and body, could yield somewhat more accurate estimates of fetal weight, they are not expedient in practical work. Scientific research is naturally a different matter.", "PMID": 676570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2558", "title": "[Factors influencing the accuracy of fetal-weight computation].", "content": "Parameters which have influence on the accuracy of the calculation of fetal weight. We estimated about 1500 cases in which we within three days before birth carried out an ultrasonic measurement. Most of the differences between the calculated prenatal and the scaled postnatal weight are caused by errors of measurement and abnormalities of the fetal development in pathologic pregnancy. In severe intrauterine retardation the actual fetal weight will be calculated about 600 g to heavy. In fetopathia diabetica with fetal hypertrophy the weight will be calculated about 400 g to small. Opposite to these sources of error the biologic variation and the inaccuracy involved by the mathematical regression model are small. The regression formula should be adapted by 1000 cases.", "contents": "[Factors influencing the accuracy of fetal-weight computation]. Parameters which have influence on the accuracy of the calculation of fetal weight. We estimated about 1500 cases in which we within three days before birth carried out an ultrasonic measurement. Most of the differences between the calculated prenatal and the scaled postnatal weight are caused by errors of measurement and abnormalities of the fetal development in pathologic pregnancy. In severe intrauterine retardation the actual fetal weight will be calculated about 600 g to heavy. In fetopathia diabetica with fetal hypertrophy the weight will be calculated about 400 g to small. Opposite to these sources of error the biologic variation and the inaccuracy involved by the mathematical regression model are small. The regression formula should be adapted by 1000 cases.", "PMID": 676571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2559", "title": "[Experience with ultrasonic placentography].", "content": "The authors review their procedure adopted at ultrasonic placentography. Examinations were done before amniocentesis in 21 cases and because of supposed placenta praevia in 111 cases. Patients delivered at thier institution, so the site of placental implantation could be controlled. They had only one \"dangerous\" mistake: considering a placenta praevia to be only placental implantation on the lower segment, otherwise ultrasonic diagnosis was wrong in 5 cases. So the efficience of our method can be taken as 96,2 per cent. The call attention to the difficulties of of posterior wall placenta diagnosis. They state that ultrasonic placentography is the least harmful among available procedures and also the safest way the localisation of placenta.", "contents": "[Experience with ultrasonic placentography]. The authors review their procedure adopted at ultrasonic placentography. Examinations were done before amniocentesis in 21 cases and because of supposed placenta praevia in 111 cases. Patients delivered at thier institution, so the site of placental implantation could be controlled. They had only one \"dangerous\" mistake: considering a placenta praevia to be only placental implantation on the lower segment, otherwise ultrasonic diagnosis was wrong in 5 cases. So the efficience of our method can be taken as 96,2 per cent. The call attention to the difficulties of of posterior wall placenta diagnosis. They state that ultrasonic placentography is the least harmful among available procedures and also the safest way the localisation of placenta.", "PMID": 676572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2560", "title": "[Smoking in pregnancy].", "content": "Of a total of 1658 women, 11% had been smoking during pregnancy. The proportion of the prenatally dystrophic new-borns was statistically significantly higher in the group of smoking women compared to that of the non-smoking women.--Women smoking during gravidity have to be cared for by a risk service for pregnant women.", "contents": "[Smoking in pregnancy]. Of a total of 1658 women, 11% had been smoking during pregnancy. The proportion of the prenatally dystrophic new-borns was statistically significantly higher in the group of smoking women compared to that of the non-smoking women.--Women smoking during gravidity have to be cared for by a risk service for pregnant women.", "PMID": 676574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2561", "title": "[Changes in the lecithin-sphingomyelin relationship in the amniotic fluid following the effect of dexamethasone].", "content": "Amniotic fluid samples were taken by transabdominal amniocentesis from 22 pregnant women in the 32-37th gestation weeks. Determination of lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio showed that in 20 cases the L/S ratio was 2 or less than 2. The patients were treated with i.m. Dexamethason in a total dose of 0,3 mg/kg body weight. Subsequently the L/S determination was repeated. Dexamethason treatment resulted in a significant increase of L/S ratio. In 3 cases out of 22 the L/S ratio was below 2. No neonate developed RDS from this patient material. The authors are convinced that the risk of RDS is an indication for amniocentesis. If the L/S ratio equals 2 or is lower than this value, steroid prophylaxis is recommended.", "contents": "[Changes in the lecithin-sphingomyelin relationship in the amniotic fluid following the effect of dexamethasone]. Amniotic fluid samples were taken by transabdominal amniocentesis from 22 pregnant women in the 32-37th gestation weeks. Determination of lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio showed that in 20 cases the L/S ratio was 2 or less than 2. The patients were treated with i.m. Dexamethason in a total dose of 0,3 mg/kg body weight. Subsequently the L/S determination was repeated. Dexamethason treatment resulted in a significant increase of L/S ratio. In 3 cases out of 22 the L/S ratio was below 2. No neonate developed RDS from this patient material. The authors are convinced that the risk of RDS is an indication for amniocentesis. If the L/S ratio equals 2 or is lower than this value, steroid prophylaxis is recommended.", "PMID": 676575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2562", "title": "[Value of amniotic fluid-serum HPL quotients for the monitoring of pregnancies at risk].", "content": "The simultaneous determination of HPL in maternal serum and in amniotic fluid is a method for diagnosis of the fetal well-being. Results of amniotic fluid HPL levels are expressed as percent of maternal serum levels. The value is above 12% in cases where intrauterine fetal distress were found.", "contents": "[Value of amniotic fluid-serum HPL quotients for the monitoring of pregnancies at risk]. The simultaneous determination of HPL in maternal serum and in amniotic fluid is a method for diagnosis of the fetal well-being. Results of amniotic fluid HPL levels are expressed as percent of maternal serum levels. The value is above 12% in cases where intrauterine fetal distress were found.", "PMID": 676576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2563", "title": "[Comparative study of the fatty acid makeup of the neuronal and glial cell phospholipids in the brain of reptiles, birds and mammals].", "content": "Studies have been made on fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and sphingomyelin from the neurons and glial cells of the brain of rats, pigeons (Columba livia) and tortoises (Testudo horsfieldi). It was shown that fatty acid composition of the phospholipids investigated in both cellular fractions of tortoises differs from that of rats and pigeons. Within the same animal, fatty acid composition of homologous phospholipids from the neurons and glial cells is not identical. Differences in this respect were found in all the animals studied, although they are more evident in cells of pigeons and rats than in the cells of tortoises.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the fatty acid makeup of the neuronal and glial cell phospholipids in the brain of reptiles, birds and mammals]. Studies have been made on fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and sphingomyelin from the neurons and glial cells of the brain of rats, pigeons (Columba livia) and tortoises (Testudo horsfieldi). It was shown that fatty acid composition of the phospholipids investigated in both cellular fractions of tortoises differs from that of rats and pigeons. Within the same animal, fatty acid composition of homologous phospholipids from the neurons and glial cells is not identical. Differences in this respect were found in all the animals studied, although they are more evident in cells of pigeons and rats than in the cells of tortoises.", "PMID": 676578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2564", "title": "[Effect of hydrolases and digitonin on the electrophysiological characteristics of the neurons of the snail, Helix pomatia].", "content": "Studies have been made on the effect of trypsin, chymotrypsin, pronase, lipases, hyaluronidase and digitonin on electrophysiological properties of the neurons of the snail H. pomatia under external application. Proteases and lipases gradually depolarize the neuronal membrane, decrease the amplitude and prevent the onset of action potentials, initially increase and then decrease the membrane resistance. The decrease in the membrane resistance coincides with the period of maximum inhibition of resting and action potentials in the neurons. The enzymes studied do not affect the membrane capacitance. Changes in electrophysiological characteristics induced by the enzymes are partially reversible provided the preparation is soaked in Ringer's solution for a sufficient time. Digitonin rapidly and irreversibly depolarizes the membrane, decreases its resistance and blocks action potentials. Hyaluronidase does not significantly affect neuronal electrophysiological properties when applied solely, but facilitates the development of changes during subsequent effect of proteases.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrolases and digitonin on the electrophysiological characteristics of the neurons of the snail, Helix pomatia]. Studies have been made on the effect of trypsin, chymotrypsin, pronase, lipases, hyaluronidase and digitonin on electrophysiological properties of the neurons of the snail H. pomatia under external application. Proteases and lipases gradually depolarize the neuronal membrane, decrease the amplitude and prevent the onset of action potentials, initially increase and then decrease the membrane resistance. The decrease in the membrane resistance coincides with the period of maximum inhibition of resting and action potentials in the neurons. The enzymes studied do not affect the membrane capacitance. Changes in electrophysiological characteristics induced by the enzymes are partially reversible provided the preparation is soaked in Ringer's solution for a sufficient time. Digitonin rapidly and irreversibly depolarizes the membrane, decreases its resistance and blocks action potentials. Hyaluronidase does not significantly affect neuronal electrophysiological properties when applied solely, but facilitates the development of changes during subsequent effect of proteases.", "PMID": 676579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2565", "title": "[Ecological characteristics of the hemoglobinograms of 3 species of sturgeons].", "content": "Studies have been made on fractional composition of hemoglobin in the Russian Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti, Siberian A. baeri and Amur A. shrencki sturgeons by polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis. High electrophoretic heterogeneity (6--7 components) of hemoglobin in each of the species was found together with a distinct species specificity of hemoglobinograms. The observed differences in fractional composition of hemoglobin are of an adaptive character which makes it possible to consider the Amur sturgeon as a perspective object for acclimatization in the seas of the Southern region of the USSR with lowered salinity.", "contents": "[Ecological characteristics of the hemoglobinograms of 3 species of sturgeons]. Studies have been made on fractional composition of hemoglobin in the Russian Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti, Siberian A. baeri and Amur A. shrencki sturgeons by polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis. High electrophoretic heterogeneity (6--7 components) of hemoglobin in each of the species was found together with a distinct species specificity of hemoglobinograms. The observed differences in fractional composition of hemoglobin are of an adaptive character which makes it possible to consider the Amur sturgeon as a perspective object for acclimatization in the seas of the Southern region of the USSR with lowered salinity.", "PMID": 676581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2566", "title": "[Age changes in the respiratory cycle and pulmonary ventilation in kittens before and after vagotomy].", "content": "Studies have been made on the structure of respiratory period, the volume of pulmonary ventilation in decerebrated kittens during their first month of postnatal development. In most of the kittens respiration rate decreases with age, although in some of the animals it remained high. In newborn kittens, the afferentation from pulmonary mechanoreceptors is more significant for the limitation of the duration of expiration (TE) than that of inspiration (TI). Respiration rate in vagotomized kittens increases with age. The maturation of central mechanisms controlling the change of inspiration by expiration and the change of expiration by inspiration follows different patterns. After vagotomy, TI undergoes insignificant changes within the first 3 weeks, increasing on further development of the animals. High value of TE in these kittens results from poor activity of the central mechanisms which limit expiration. Intensive development of these mechanisms is observed from the 9th to the 18th day. After vagotomy, the decrease in respiration rate is not always compensated by the increase in respiration volume, which may account for the decrease in pulmonary ventilation.", "contents": "[Age changes in the respiratory cycle and pulmonary ventilation in kittens before and after vagotomy]. Studies have been made on the structure of respiratory period, the volume of pulmonary ventilation in decerebrated kittens during their first month of postnatal development. In most of the kittens respiration rate decreases with age, although in some of the animals it remained high. In newborn kittens, the afferentation from pulmonary mechanoreceptors is more significant for the limitation of the duration of expiration (TE) than that of inspiration (TI). Respiration rate in vagotomized kittens increases with age. The maturation of central mechanisms controlling the change of inspiration by expiration and the change of expiration by inspiration follows different patterns. After vagotomy, TI undergoes insignificant changes within the first 3 weeks, increasing on further development of the animals. High value of TE in these kittens results from poor activity of the central mechanisms which limit expiration. Intensive development of these mechanisms is observed from the 9th to the 18th day. After vagotomy, the decrease in respiration rate is not always compensated by the increase in respiration volume, which may account for the decrease in pulmonary ventilation.", "PMID": 676582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2567", "title": "[Seasonal changes in myocardial sensitivity to acetylcholine in the molluscs, Anodonta complanata and Anodonta piscinalis].", "content": "Seasonal changes in ACh sensitivity have been studied on isolated cardiac muscle of the bivalve molluscs together with ATP content of the hemolymph and the heart. The lowest ACh sensitivity of the heart was found in August and October (KACh in August was equal to 44.0.10(-6) M). Maximum sensitivity was observed in March and at the end of August--the beginning of September (KACh in March was equal to 1.27 X X 10(-6) M); at this period of year, ATP content of the hemolymph decreases approximately 100-fold, the release of ATP from the heart in the presence of ACh being also decreased. Maximum level of ATP in cardiac muscle was found in July. It was demonstrated that most significant changes in ACh sensitivity take place during spawning, especially when sex cells are transported from the gonads into the gills, as well as during the release of glochidia from the latter. Possible causes of seasonal changes in ACh sensitivity of cardiac muscle and the role of ATP in this process are discussed.", "contents": "[Seasonal changes in myocardial sensitivity to acetylcholine in the molluscs, Anodonta complanata and Anodonta piscinalis]. Seasonal changes in ACh sensitivity have been studied on isolated cardiac muscle of the bivalve molluscs together with ATP content of the hemolymph and the heart. The lowest ACh sensitivity of the heart was found in August and October (KACh in August was equal to 44.0.10(-6) M). Maximum sensitivity was observed in March and at the end of August--the beginning of September (KACh in March was equal to 1.27 X X 10(-6) M); at this period of year, ATP content of the hemolymph decreases approximately 100-fold, the release of ATP from the heart in the presence of ACh being also decreased. Maximum level of ATP in cardiac muscle was found in July. It was demonstrated that most significant changes in ACh sensitivity take place during spawning, especially when sex cells are transported from the gonads into the gills, as well as during the release of glochidia from the latter. Possible causes of seasonal changes in ACh sensitivity of cardiac muscle and the role of ATP in this process are discussed.", "PMID": 676583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2568", "title": "[Change in the chemical sensitivity of the visual cortical synapses in rabbit ontogeny].", "content": "In experiments on newborn rabbits under nembutal (pentobarbital) anaesthesia, studies have been made on changes of visual evoked potential in the visual cortex during application of 1% solutions of GABA and nembutal. At the age of 7--9 days, these drugs decreased the evoked response, which may be associated with their hyperpolarizing effect on cortical synapses. Between the 11th and the 13th days, no effect of GABA and nembutal upon the evoked potential was noted. Definitive reaction to application of these pharmacological drugs typical for adult animals is formed not earlier than to the 15th--17th day. Beginning from this time, application of GABA and nembutal significantly increases visual evoked potential. The postnatal evolution of chemical sensitivity of postsynaptic membrane of neurons of the visual cortex in rabbits is discussed.", "contents": "[Change in the chemical sensitivity of the visual cortical synapses in rabbit ontogeny]. In experiments on newborn rabbits under nembutal (pentobarbital) anaesthesia, studies have been made on changes of visual evoked potential in the visual cortex during application of 1% solutions of GABA and nembutal. At the age of 7--9 days, these drugs decreased the evoked response, which may be associated with their hyperpolarizing effect on cortical synapses. Between the 11th and the 13th days, no effect of GABA and nembutal upon the evoked potential was noted. Definitive reaction to application of these pharmacological drugs typical for adult animals is formed not earlier than to the 15th--17th day. Beginning from this time, application of GABA and nembutal significantly increases visual evoked potential. The postnatal evolution of chemical sensitivity of postsynaptic membrane of neurons of the visual cortex in rabbits is discussed.", "PMID": 676584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2569", "title": "[Statocyst regulation of the heart and statokinetic reflexes in the crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, during linear acceleration].", "content": "In experiments on the shore crab H. sanguineus studies have been made of the effect of variable longitudinal acceleration during swinging (for 15--30 min) upon cardiac activity and gravitational reflexes. High sensitivity of gravitational receptors of the canal statocyst to the effect of acceleration was demonstrated. Removal of the statocysts increases the frequency and amplitude of cardiac contractions as revealed by ECG recording. Changes in stato-kinetic coordinations cause both the disorder of overturning reactions and the disorder of reciprocal inhibition in antagonistic muscles of the dactylopodite. Statocyst regulation of skeletal muscles and heart is presumably realised via contralateral inhibitory canal which is sensitive to linear accelerations.", "contents": "[Statocyst regulation of the heart and statokinetic reflexes in the crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, during linear acceleration]. In experiments on the shore crab H. sanguineus studies have been made of the effect of variable longitudinal acceleration during swinging (for 15--30 min) upon cardiac activity and gravitational reflexes. High sensitivity of gravitational receptors of the canal statocyst to the effect of acceleration was demonstrated. Removal of the statocysts increases the frequency and amplitude of cardiac contractions as revealed by ECG recording. Changes in stato-kinetic coordinations cause both the disorder of overturning reactions and the disorder of reciprocal inhibition in antagonistic muscles of the dactylopodite. Statocyst regulation of skeletal muscles and heart is presumably realised via contralateral inhibitory canal which is sensitive to linear accelerations.", "PMID": 676585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2570", "title": "[Optimal air flow directions for activating the giant neurons of the cercal system in the cricket, Gryllus domesticus].", "content": "Studies have been made of the directional sensitivity of the giant neurons in the abdominal nervous chain of the cricket during the effect of air flows and sound stimuli on the cercal system. It was found that the axis of sonic and air flow diagrams of the directional sensitivity for a given neuron are practically identical. On the basis of flow diagrams, in each of the connectives at the edge of terminal abdominal ganglion 4 giant neurons were identified which may form a system accounting for the reception of air flows of any directions approximating horizontal plane. It was found that 3 neurons from this system receive the main bulk of excitatory impulsation from the ipsilateral cercus, and only 1 of them--from the contralateral one. The data obtained are discussed in relation to morphological and physiological characteristics of the investigated group of giant neurons.", "contents": "[Optimal air flow directions for activating the giant neurons of the cercal system in the cricket, Gryllus domesticus]. Studies have been made of the directional sensitivity of the giant neurons in the abdominal nervous chain of the cricket during the effect of air flows and sound stimuli on the cercal system. It was found that the axis of sonic and air flow diagrams of the directional sensitivity for a given neuron are practically identical. On the basis of flow diagrams, in each of the connectives at the edge of terminal abdominal ganglion 4 giant neurons were identified which may form a system accounting for the reception of air flows of any directions approximating horizontal plane. It was found that 3 neurons from this system receive the main bulk of excitatory impulsation from the ipsilateral cercus, and only 1 of them--from the contralateral one. The data obtained are discussed in relation to morphological and physiological characteristics of the investigated group of giant neurons.", "PMID": 676586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2571", "title": "[Chemical danger signal in the \"predator-prey\" system in fishes].", "content": "Studies have been made on peculiarities of defensive reaction in Phoxinus phoxinus to external metabolites produced by the pike Esox lucius and excreted into the basin. It was shown that the skin and mucose of the pike contain low molecular weight substances (m. w. about 1300) which being introduced into the basin serve as a chemical signal of danger to Phoxinus phoxinus.", "contents": "[Chemical danger signal in the \"predator-prey\" system in fishes]. Studies have been made on peculiarities of defensive reaction in Phoxinus phoxinus to external metabolites produced by the pike Esox lucius and excreted into the basin. It was shown that the skin and mucose of the pike contain low molecular weight substances (m. w. about 1300) which being introduced into the basin serve as a chemical signal of danger to Phoxinus phoxinus.", "PMID": 676587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2572", "title": "[Glycogen and glucose content in the tissues of the frog and reptiles].", "content": "In poikilotherm animals--the frog Rana ridibunda, lizards Lacerta strigata, Eremias arguta, snake Natrix tesselata--high glycogen and glucose concentrations have been found not only in the liver, but also in muscles and especially in the brain. The content of glycogen in the brain of the reptiles investigated is 63.5--4.2 times higher, whereas that of glucose--6.9--39.5 times higher than in the brain of rats. The level of free fatty acids in the blood of frogs and snakes studied is the same as in rats, being 3.8 times higher in the blood of the lizards.", "contents": "[Glycogen and glucose content in the tissues of the frog and reptiles]. In poikilotherm animals--the frog Rana ridibunda, lizards Lacerta strigata, Eremias arguta, snake Natrix tesselata--high glycogen and glucose concentrations have been found not only in the liver, but also in muscles and especially in the brain. The content of glycogen in the brain of the reptiles investigated is 63.5--4.2 times higher, whereas that of glucose--6.9--39.5 times higher than in the brain of rats. The level of free fatty acids in the blood of frogs and snakes studied is the same as in rats, being 3.8 times higher in the blood of the lizards.", "PMID": 676588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2573", "title": "[Radiocompetitive method of H antigen determination].", "content": "The authors describe a radiocompetitive method of H-d-monomere determination with the sensitivity of 2 ng/ml in double antibodies modification; this method was used for comparing the immunological affinity of the affiliated H-antigens. A difference between the immunological affinity to the antibodies in a monomere, polymere and the flagellum was shown.", "contents": "[Radiocompetitive method of H antigen determination]. The authors describe a radiocompetitive method of H-d-monomere determination with the sensitivity of 2 ng/ml in double antibodies modification; this method was used for comparing the immunological affinity of the affiliated H-antigens. A difference between the immunological affinity to the antibodies in a monomere, polymere and the flagellum was shown.", "PMID": 676594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2574", "title": "[Measures of prophylaxis of nosocomial infections in somatic hospitals].", "content": "Data are presented on the complex of measures for the prophylaxis of infections at the obstetrical and surgical clinics; also information on the efficacy of new disinfectants made in the USSR for the disinfection of objects of external environment, hands of medical personnel and air in somatic hospitals is given.", "contents": "[Measures of prophylaxis of nosocomial infections in somatic hospitals]. Data are presented on the complex of measures for the prophylaxis of infections at the obstetrical and surgical clinics; also information on the efficacy of new disinfectants made in the USSR for the disinfection of objects of external environment, hands of medical personnel and air in somatic hospitals is given.", "PMID": 676595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2575", "title": "[Properties of the nervous tissue cholinesterase and carboxylesterase in the locust, Locusta migratoria].", "content": "It was shown that locust cholinesterase splits various thiocholine esters with different rate. Hydrolysis of p-NPA is due to the effect of carboxylesterase. The latter differs from cholinesterase by a low sensitivity to eserine and cation-containing organophosphorus inhibitor methylsulfomethylate-O-ethyl-S-(beta-ethylmercaptoethyl) methylthiophosphonate, as well as by higher sensitivity to triorthocresylphosphate. The results obtained are discussed in relation to possible differences of the active surface of the enzymes studied.", "contents": "[Properties of the nervous tissue cholinesterase and carboxylesterase in the locust, Locusta migratoria]. It was shown that locust cholinesterase splits various thiocholine esters with different rate. Hydrolysis of p-NPA is due to the effect of carboxylesterase. The latter differs from cholinesterase by a low sensitivity to eserine and cation-containing organophosphorus inhibitor methylsulfomethylate-O-ethyl-S-(beta-ethylmercaptoethyl) methylthiophosphonate, as well as by higher sensitivity to triorthocresylphosphate. The results obtained are discussed in relation to possible differences of the active surface of the enzymes studied.", "PMID": 676590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2576", "title": "[Effect of the cerebellum on the motor activity of the stomach in the scorpion fish, Scorpaena porcus].", "content": "It has been shown that after cerebellectomy or electrical stimulation of the cerebellum in the fish the motor activity of its stomach undergoes significant changes. From the 1st to the 5th day after cerebellectomy, the frequency and amplitude of the stomach contractions decrease. These indices return to the initial level only to the 7th day after the operation. Electrical stimulation of the cerebellum decreases the frequency, but not the amplitude of the stomach contractions. These changes take place within the 1st hour after stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the skin of the head of the fish does not affect motor activity of the stomach.", "contents": "[Effect of the cerebellum on the motor activity of the stomach in the scorpion fish, Scorpaena porcus]. It has been shown that after cerebellectomy or electrical stimulation of the cerebellum in the fish the motor activity of its stomach undergoes significant changes. From the 1st to the 5th day after cerebellectomy, the frequency and amplitude of the stomach contractions decrease. These indices return to the initial level only to the 7th day after the operation. Electrical stimulation of the cerebellum decreases the frequency, but not the amplitude of the stomach contractions. These changes take place within the 1st hour after stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the skin of the head of the fish does not affect motor activity of the stomach.", "PMID": 676591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2577", "title": "[Factors of transmission of salmonella infections under their sporadic spread conditions].", "content": "Epidemiological and microbiological studies carried out with the application of the principles of epidemiological observation permitted to ascertain the principal edpiemiological regularities of salmonelloses in one of the Moscow dictricts, to reveal the main factors determining these regularities, and the definite ways and conditions of their realization. Factual data indicating that there were no principal differences in the character of development of the epidemic process in case of the so called sporadic salmonelloses and salmonelloses occurring by the type of food poisoning foci were obtained.", "contents": "[Factors of transmission of salmonella infections under their sporadic spread conditions]. Epidemiological and microbiological studies carried out with the application of the principles of epidemiological observation permitted to ascertain the principal edpiemiological regularities of salmonelloses in one of the Moscow dictricts, to reveal the main factors determining these regularities, and the definite ways and conditions of their realization. Factual data indicating that there were no principal differences in the character of development of the epidemic process in case of the so called sporadic salmonelloses and salmonelloses occurring by the type of food poisoning foci were obtained.", "PMID": 676596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2578", "title": "[Narcotization of dolphins without blocking their own respiration].", "content": "Narcotization procedure for porpoises is suggested without blocking their respiration. Premedication: atropine (1 mg per 50 kg, intravenously), Seduxen (5 mg per 100 kg, intravenously). Narcosis: sodium oxybutyrate (1 g per 50 kg, intravenously), Droperidol (12.5 mg per 100 kg, intravenously), Phentanyl (0.5 mg per 100 kg, intravenously).", "contents": "[Narcotization of dolphins without blocking their own respiration]. Narcotization procedure for porpoises is suggested without blocking their respiration. Premedication: atropine (1 mg per 50 kg, intravenously), Seduxen (5 mg per 100 kg, intravenously). Narcosis: sodium oxybutyrate (1 g per 50 kg, intravenously), Droperidol (12.5 mg per 100 kg, intravenously), Phentanyl (0.5 mg per 100 kg, intravenously).", "PMID": 676592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2579", "title": "[Alimentary outbreak of streptococcal angina].", "content": "The authors describe an outbreak of alimentary angina occurring at one of the large enterprises of Perm in April, 1975--185 persons fell ill in the course of 3 days. The diagnosis of follicular angina was made in 61.6, of lacunar--in 38.4% of cases. Mild course was noted in 63.9, moderately severe--in 31.4, and severe--in 4.7% of cases. All these patients catered at the same place and ate sour cream. Hemolytic streptococcus was isolated in bacteriological examination of the nasopharyngeal mucus in 39 to 51 patients examined, as well as of the cook and confectioner of the catering establishment.", "contents": "[Alimentary outbreak of streptococcal angina]. The authors describe an outbreak of alimentary angina occurring at one of the large enterprises of Perm in April, 1975--185 persons fell ill in the course of 3 days. The diagnosis of follicular angina was made in 61.6, of lacunar--in 38.4% of cases. Mild course was noted in 63.9, moderately severe--in 31.4, and severe--in 4.7% of cases. All these patients catered at the same place and ate sour cream. Hemolytic streptococcus was isolated in bacteriological examination of the nasopharyngeal mucus in 39 to 51 patients examined, as well as of the cook and confectioner of the catering establishment.", "PMID": 676597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2580", "title": "[Immunoepidemiological observations on the duration of post-vaccinal immunity in children vaccinated against measles].", "content": "In the course of 4 years the authors carried out an immunological and epidemiological observation over 4719 children which attended creches, kindergartens and schools, and were vaccinated with live measles vaccines L-16 and ASC in 1967--1972. A stable persistence of immunity was revealed in the majority of children vaccinated against measles which responded to the vaccination by the formation of humoral antibodies. Among these groups an insignificant number of persons with the appearance of measles sensitivity was noted during the observation period. The quality of the preparation, conditions of its storage, use, and different errors during the vaccination influenced the efficacy of the vaccination. Children immunized with the low-immunogenic series of the vaccine whose blood sera failed to display any specific antibodies in the reaction with 1 AU of the antigen, as a rule, were the ones that contracted the disease.", "contents": "[Immunoepidemiological observations on the duration of post-vaccinal immunity in children vaccinated against measles]. In the course of 4 years the authors carried out an immunological and epidemiological observation over 4719 children which attended creches, kindergartens and schools, and were vaccinated with live measles vaccines L-16 and ASC in 1967--1972. A stable persistence of immunity was revealed in the majority of children vaccinated against measles which responded to the vaccination by the formation of humoral antibodies. Among these groups an insignificant number of persons with the appearance of measles sensitivity was noted during the observation period. The quality of the preparation, conditions of its storage, use, and different errors during the vaccination influenced the efficacy of the vaccination. Children immunized with the low-immunogenic series of the vaccine whose blood sera failed to display any specific antibodies in the reaction with 1 AU of the antigen, as a rule, were the ones that contracted the disease.", "PMID": 676598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2581", "title": "[Maturation of the retinal structures in the ontogeny of mammals].", "content": "Using various neurohistological, electronmicroscopic, cytochemical and electrophysiological techniques, studies have been made on the development of peripheral visual pathways in human subjects and some homoiotherm animals (pigeon Columba livia, cats, rabbits). Heterochronous maturation of the conducting pathways in the retina was observed. The data obtained on rabbits suggest that heterochronous maturation of the receptors accounts for heterochronous differentiation of various elements within the system retina--visual cortex.", "contents": "[Maturation of the retinal structures in the ontogeny of mammals]. Using various neurohistological, electronmicroscopic, cytochemical and electrophysiological techniques, studies have been made on the development of peripheral visual pathways in human subjects and some homoiotherm animals (pigeon Columba livia, cats, rabbits). Heterochronous maturation of the conducting pathways in the retina was observed. The data obtained on rabbits suggest that heterochronous maturation of the receptors accounts for heterochronous differentiation of various elements within the system retina--visual cortex.", "PMID": 676593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2582", "title": "[Transfer of drug resistance plasmids from Staphylococcus epidermidis to Staphylococcus aureus in mixed culture].", "content": "A possibility of transfer of chloramphenicol-resistance and penicillin-resistance plasmids from 4 different donor S. epidermidis strains to 2 S. aureus strains was demonstrated. Chloramphenocol-resistance plasmid was found in S. epidermidis 1065/77 which was not expressed in this strain but could be transferred to and was expressed in Staphylococcus aureus strains. Penicillin-resistance and chloramphenicol-resistance plasmids were transferred simultaneously in 40 per cent of the colonies.", "contents": "[Transfer of drug resistance plasmids from Staphylococcus epidermidis to Staphylococcus aureus in mixed culture]. A possibility of transfer of chloramphenicol-resistance and penicillin-resistance plasmids from 4 different donor S. epidermidis strains to 2 S. aureus strains was demonstrated. Chloramphenocol-resistance plasmid was found in S. epidermidis 1065/77 which was not expressed in this strain but could be transferred to and was expressed in Staphylococcus aureus strains. Penicillin-resistance and chloramphenicol-resistance plasmids were transferred simultaneously in 40 per cent of the colonies.", "PMID": 676599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2583", "title": "[Arginine metabolism in Citrobacter].", "content": "The authors studied ways of utilization of arginine and of the products of its metabolism (ornithine, agmatine, and urea) in the microoganisms of Citrobacter genus. Arginine- and ornithine-decarboxylase activity was revealed by spectrophotometric method of decarboxylation products in the form of dinitrophenyl-derivatives in a small number of strains. Almost all the strains studied demonstrated a sufficiently high agmatine-ureohydrolase reaction. Arginase was constantly revealed. These microbes were capable of urea utilization in prolonged incubation.", "contents": "[Arginine metabolism in Citrobacter]. The authors studied ways of utilization of arginine and of the products of its metabolism (ornithine, agmatine, and urea) in the microoganisms of Citrobacter genus. Arginine- and ornithine-decarboxylase activity was revealed by spectrophotometric method of decarboxylation products in the form of dinitrophenyl-derivatives in a small number of strains. Almost all the strains studied demonstrated a sufficiently high agmatine-ureohydrolase reaction. Arginase was constantly revealed. These microbes were capable of urea utilization in prolonged incubation.", "PMID": 676600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2584", "title": "[The choice of optimal sensitizing dose of the antigen in the preparation of cholera erythrocytic diagnostic agent, with consideration to the avidity of antibodies under study].", "content": "The authors studied the comparative antigenic activity in the indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) of erythrocytic diagnostic agents sensitized with various doses of cholera O-antigen. A definite dependence of the IHAT results on the avidity degree of the antibodies determined in the serum was demonstrated. To ascertain the maximal levels of highly avid antibodies (in the hyperimmune cholera sera) it is possible to use antigen doses exceeding the optimal sensitizing ones. In examination of less avid antibodies (for example in the blood sera of cholera patients) the diagnostic agent in such doses displayed decreased IHAT titres. To increase the reliability of the IHAT results it is recommended to choose the sensitizing antigen doses for the preparation of the diagnostic agent to be used in the IHAT with consideration to the avidity of antibodies examined in the blood sera.", "contents": "[The choice of optimal sensitizing dose of the antigen in the preparation of cholera erythrocytic diagnostic agent, with consideration to the avidity of antibodies under study]. The authors studied the comparative antigenic activity in the indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) of erythrocytic diagnostic agents sensitized with various doses of cholera O-antigen. A definite dependence of the IHAT results on the avidity degree of the antibodies determined in the serum was demonstrated. To ascertain the maximal levels of highly avid antibodies (in the hyperimmune cholera sera) it is possible to use antigen doses exceeding the optimal sensitizing ones. In examination of less avid antibodies (for example in the blood sera of cholera patients) the diagnostic agent in such doses displayed decreased IHAT titres. To increase the reliability of the IHAT results it is recommended to choose the sensitizing antigen doses for the preparation of the diagnostic agent to be used in the IHAT with consideration to the avidity of antibodies examined in the blood sera.", "PMID": 676601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2585", "title": "[Characteristics of the biological activity of staphylococcal allergens obtained from various strains laboratory animals].", "content": "The authors suggest an optimal scheme of guinea pig sensitization for the assessment of specific activity of staphylococcal allergens. On milliard cells of killed staphylococcal culture are injected to the animals into the paws of the limbs; two and a half weeks later an intradermal test with an allergen in a dose of 10 microgram by protein was made. Differences in the specific activity of staphylococcal allergens prepared of various strains were revealed. Biochemical properties of the strains proved to be of significance for the sensitization.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the biological activity of staphylococcal allergens obtained from various strains laboratory animals]. The authors suggest an optimal scheme of guinea pig sensitization for the assessment of specific activity of staphylococcal allergens. On milliard cells of killed staphylococcal culture are injected to the animals into the paws of the limbs; two and a half weeks later an intradermal test with an allergen in a dose of 10 microgram by protein was made. Differences in the specific activity of staphylococcal allergens prepared of various strains were revealed. Biochemical properties of the strains proved to be of significance for the sensitization.", "PMID": 676602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2586", "title": "[Clinical picture of cerebral cysticercosis].", "content": "The author studied 82 patients with brain cystocercosis (male--48 and females 34 cases). Cystocercosis was most frequently encountered in individuals from 21--50 years of age. The rural population constituted 74% while the urban--26%. The report contains data on the characteristic symptoms of brain cystocercosis and its differential diagnostical signs with brain tumors. Besides such states as epileptical, hypertensive, occlusional, psychopathological annd meningoencephalitic the authors distinguish the meningeal form which proceeds as a chronic remittent serous meningits.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of cerebral cysticercosis]. The author studied 82 patients with brain cystocercosis (male--48 and females 34 cases). Cystocercosis was most frequently encountered in individuals from 21--50 years of age. The rural population constituted 74% while the urban--26%. The report contains data on the characteristic symptoms of brain cystocercosis and its differential diagnostical signs with brain tumors. Besides such states as epileptical, hypertensive, occlusional, psychopathological annd meningoencephalitic the authors distinguish the meningeal form which proceeds as a chronic remittent serous meningits.", "PMID": 676603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2587", "title": "[Several clinical features of syringomyelia].", "content": "On the basis of clinical studies of 387 patients with syringomyelia the authors describe different forms of this disorder. The results of these studies conducted by means of one derivation echoencephalography  depending upon the age and disease duration in patients with syringomyelia are demonstrated. The possible mechanisms of syringomyelia development are being discussed.", "contents": "[Several clinical features of syringomyelia]. On the basis of clinical studies of 387 patients with syringomyelia the authors describe different forms of this disorder. The results of these studies conducted by means of one derivation echoencephalography  depending upon the age and disease duration in patients with syringomyelia are demonstrated. The possible mechanisms of syringomyelia development are being discussed.", "PMID": 676604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2588", "title": "[Clinico-physiologic characteristics of syringobulbia].", "content": "In a complex study of 42 patients with syringomyelobulbia with the aid of EMG and EEG the author most frequently observed symptoms of damage of the descending root and the nuclei of the 5th nerve, the nuclei of the 9, 10 and 12 nerves, as well as nystagmus and the Horner symptom. The dysraphic signs were marked in 40 patients. Conductive sensoral and motor disturbances, changes of arterial pressure and general vascular reactivity, bioelectrical brain activity, a decrease of gastric secretion were revealed. The significance of some diagnostical signs for recognition of syringobulbia is stressed.", "contents": "[Clinico-physiologic characteristics of syringobulbia]. In a complex study of 42 patients with syringomyelobulbia with the aid of EMG and EEG the author most frequently observed symptoms of damage of the descending root and the nuclei of the 5th nerve, the nuclei of the 9, 10 and 12 nerves, as well as nystagmus and the Horner symptom. The dysraphic signs were marked in 40 patients. Conductive sensoral and motor disturbances, changes of arterial pressure and general vascular reactivity, bioelectrical brain activity, a decrease of gastric secretion were revealed. The significance of some diagnostical signs for recognition of syringobulbia is stressed.", "PMID": 676605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2589", "title": "[Selective aminoacidemia in essential tremor].", "content": "The paper is related to a study of the blood concentration of free amino acids in idiopathic tremor by means of a high voltage electrophoresis with subsequent ascending chromatography. The studied group consisted of 20 patients (9 males and 11 females of 18--70 years of age). The control group included 30 normals (males and females of 18--48 years). The study demonstrated a selective increase of lysine and cystine in the blood, which exceeded the normal content several times. An investigation of the spectrum of free amino acids may be utilized for differential-diagnosis-diagnosis purposes and in cases of difficulties in diagnosis.", "contents": "[Selective aminoacidemia in essential tremor]. The paper is related to a study of the blood concentration of free amino acids in idiopathic tremor by means of a high voltage electrophoresis with subsequent ascending chromatography. The studied group consisted of 20 patients (9 males and 11 females of 18--70 years of age). The control group included 30 normals (males and females of 18--48 years). The study demonstrated a selective increase of lysine and cystine in the blood, which exceeded the normal content several times. An investigation of the spectrum of free amino acids may be utilized for differential-diagnosis-diagnosis purposes and in cases of difficulties in diagnosis.", "PMID": 676606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2590", "title": "[Epidemiology and clinical polymorphism of hereditary ataxia].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a clinico-genetical analysis of 66 patients with hereditary ataxia from 44 families. The authors describe typical and atypical variants of separate clinical forms, underline the intra-and interfamilial polymorphism of the clinical picture. The study contains a detailed description of intellectual and extraneuronal changes, a characteristics of the EEG, EMG and REG changes.", "contents": "[Epidemiology and clinical polymorphism of hereditary ataxia]. The paper is concerned with a clinico-genetical analysis of 66 patients with hereditary ataxia from 44 families. The authors describe typical and atypical variants of separate clinical forms, underline the intra-and interfamilial polymorphism of the clinical picture. The study contains a detailed description of intellectual and extraneuronal changes, a characteristics of the EEG, EMG and REG changes.", "PMID": 676607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2591", "title": "[Bell's palsy (etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, course, outcome)].", "content": "The authors studied 908 patients with Bell's paralysis. In 373 cases the etiology was cooling, in 52--vascular diseases, in 207 cases the etiology was not established. An analysis of the clinical picture development permits to assume that different modern theories of the pathogenesis of Bell's paralysis (the theory of primary ischemia, secondary ischemia a combination of primary and secondary ischemia) do not exclude each other, finding a different application depending upon the etiology of the paralysis. The report contains a detailed description of the clinical picture and development of Bell's paralysis. It is established, that the facial nerve in Bell's paralysis is usually affected in the inferior part of the Fallopian tube. A follow-up study of 536 patients demonstrated that in 174 cases (32.4%) (those who were discharged from the hospital with an incomplete therapeutical effect) a contracture of the mimical muscles was formed. In 70 of them the symptom of \"crocodile tears\" was found. In 73 patients there were homolateral relapses of Bell's paralysis.", "contents": "[Bell's palsy (etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, course, outcome)]. The authors studied 908 patients with Bell's paralysis. In 373 cases the etiology was cooling, in 52--vascular diseases, in 207 cases the etiology was not established. An analysis of the clinical picture development permits to assume that different modern theories of the pathogenesis of Bell's paralysis (the theory of primary ischemia, secondary ischemia a combination of primary and secondary ischemia) do not exclude each other, finding a different application depending upon the etiology of the paralysis. The report contains a detailed description of the clinical picture and development of Bell's paralysis. It is established, that the facial nerve in Bell's paralysis is usually affected in the inferior part of the Fallopian tube. A follow-up study of 536 patients demonstrated that in 174 cases (32.4%) (those who were discharged from the hospital with an incomplete therapeutical effect) a contracture of the mimical muscles was formed. In 70 of them the symptom of \"crocodile tears\" was found. In 73 patients there were homolateral relapses of Bell's paralysis.", "PMID": 676609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2592", "title": "[Trigeminal-facial reflex of the orbicularis orbis muscle in patients with flaccid paralysis of the facial musculature].", "content": "With the aid of electric stimulation of the supraorbital nerve the authors studied the trigeminal facial reflex and evoked potentials of the facial nerve in patients with sluggish paresis of the facial muscles; 48 patients with neuritis of the facial nerve, 26 patients with polyradiculoneuritis, 5 patients with encephalitis and the syndrome of nucleus damage of the facial nerve (including 38 children) and 3 patients with myasthenia were studied. It is demonstrated that along with the equal extent of flaccidness of the facial muscles there are different characteristics of indices of the latent period and the amplitude of the trigeminal facial reflex, which are of diagnostic and prognostic significance.", "contents": "[Trigeminal-facial reflex of the orbicularis orbis muscle in patients with flaccid paralysis of the facial musculature]. With the aid of electric stimulation of the supraorbital nerve the authors studied the trigeminal facial reflex and evoked potentials of the facial nerve in patients with sluggish paresis of the facial muscles; 48 patients with neuritis of the facial nerve, 26 patients with polyradiculoneuritis, 5 patients with encephalitis and the syndrome of nucleus damage of the facial nerve (including 38 children) and 3 patients with myasthenia were studied. It is demonstrated that along with the equal extent of flaccidness of the facial muscles there are different characteristics of indices of the latent period and the amplitude of the trigeminal facial reflex, which are of diagnostic and prognostic significance.", "PMID": 676610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2593", "title": "[Clinical manifestations and vascular reactivity in patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy].", "content": "Using a neurological, psychiatric, experimental neuropsychological and REG study with the use of functional tests, the authors studied 66 patients with different stages of dyscirculatory encephalopathy and 20 normals of the same age (a control group). These patients demonstrated different degrees of disturbed intellectual and mnestic activities, a drop of attention and general activity, the speed of reactions, as well as different forms of expressed psychoorganic symptoms developing on the background of diffuse and eventually of microfocal neurological symptomatology. The REG data revealed relation between the stage of the disease on the one hand and the state of the vascular tone, elasticity of the vascular wall, level of arterial pessure and pulse blood repletion, the state of the venous outflow on the other. Changes of such parameters indicate to a prevalently functional character of these changes in the I stage and  partly in the II stages of dyscirculatory encephalopathy and mainly organic in its III stage.", "contents": "[Clinical manifestations and vascular reactivity in patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy]. Using a neurological, psychiatric, experimental neuropsychological and REG study with the use of functional tests, the authors studied 66 patients with different stages of dyscirculatory encephalopathy and 20 normals of the same age (a control group). These patients demonstrated different degrees of disturbed intellectual and mnestic activities, a drop of attention and general activity, the speed of reactions, as well as different forms of expressed psychoorganic symptoms developing on the background of diffuse and eventually of microfocal neurological symptomatology. The REG data revealed relation between the stage of the disease on the one hand and the state of the vascular tone, elasticity of the vascular wall, level of arterial pessure and pulse blood repletion, the state of the venous outflow on the other. Changes of such parameters indicate to a prevalently functional character of these changes in the I stage and  partly in the II stages of dyscirculatory encephalopathy and mainly organic in its III stage.", "PMID": 676611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2594", "title": "[Latent endogenous depressions. I. Pseudoorganic neurosomatic symptomatology].", "content": "On the basis of a clinical follow-up study of 384 patients with cyclothymia and schizophrenia with the picture of larvated depressions the author distinguishes 5 groups of somatovegetative sensations according to anatomo-physiological projections: cardiovascular (37%), neurological (32%), abdominal (23%), bone-muscular (5%), skin (3%). The traits of pathological sensations, imitating genuine somatoneurological pathology is discussed in a differential diagnostic aspect.", "contents": "[Latent endogenous depressions. I. Pseudoorganic neurosomatic symptomatology]. On the basis of a clinical follow-up study of 384 patients with cyclothymia and schizophrenia with the picture of larvated depressions the author distinguishes 5 groups of somatovegetative sensations according to anatomo-physiological projections: cardiovascular (37%), neurological (32%), abdominal (23%), bone-muscular (5%), skin (3%). The traits of pathological sensations, imitating genuine somatoneurological pathology is discussed in a differential diagnostic aspect.", "PMID": 676612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2595", "title": "[Clinical and social adaptation of patients with involutional depression].", "content": "The authors studied some traits of social adaptation in 92 patients with involutional depressions. It was established that the level of social adaptation in the majority of patients with involutional depression (46 cases) correlates with the affect during psychopharmacotherapy, expressed in an alleviation of psychopathological disturbances, with an eventual transition of depressions to a pseudoneurotic level. In such cases there was significant improvement of adaptation. Only in 5 cases, despite the treatement there was an expressed drop of social adaptation on the background of a formed stereotyped \"frozen\" melancholic state.", "contents": "[Clinical and social adaptation of patients with involutional depression]. The authors studied some traits of social adaptation in 92 patients with involutional depressions. It was established that the level of social adaptation in the majority of patients with involutional depression (46 cases) correlates with the affect during psychopharmacotherapy, expressed in an alleviation of psychopathological disturbances, with an eventual transition of depressions to a pseudoneurotic level. In such cases there was significant improvement of adaptation. Only in 5 cases, despite the treatement there was an expressed drop of social adaptation on the background of a formed stereotyped \"frozen\" melancholic state.", "PMID": 676613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2596", "title": "[Psychogenic onsets of slowly progressive schizophrenia].", "content": "The authors studied 26 patients with slowly progressive schizophrenia, where prior to distinct symptoms of a schizophrenic process there was a reactive depression in the framework of the dynamics of psychopathy and in patients with an eventual development of the schizophrenic process. The report contains arguments indicating to the possibility of assessing the period of reactive lability, prior to the manifestation of schizophrenia, as a latent phase in the development of an endogenous process.", "contents": "[Psychogenic onsets of slowly progressive schizophrenia]. The authors studied 26 patients with slowly progressive schizophrenia, where prior to distinct symptoms of a schizophrenic process there was a reactive depression in the framework of the dynamics of psychopathy and in patients with an eventual development of the schizophrenic process. The report contains arguments indicating to the possibility of assessing the period of reactive lability, prior to the manifestation of schizophrenia, as a latent phase in the development of an endogenous process.", "PMID": 676615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2597", "title": "[Intellectual activity at different stages of an episode of periodic schizophrenia].", "content": "In 44 patients with periodical forms of schizophrenia at different stages of the stereotypical acute attack, the authors performed experimental psychological tests in order to study different aspects of intellectual activity (attention, memory, special-constructive and semantic thinking). It was established that the development of attacks was accompanied by increasing disorders of voluntary attention. Depending upon the sign of dominating effects, disordered active attention was accompanied either by acceleration and lability, or by delayed and inert psychic processes. This leads to an increasing disturbances in the organization of all forms of intellectual activity, up to a total inhibition of active psychic reflection at the clinical phase of the attack. The supposition is made that these disorders are connected with the changes in the level of brain vigilance.", "contents": "[Intellectual activity at different stages of an episode of periodic schizophrenia]. In 44 patients with periodical forms of schizophrenia at different stages of the stereotypical acute attack, the authors performed experimental psychological tests in order to study different aspects of intellectual activity (attention, memory, special-constructive and semantic thinking). It was established that the development of attacks was accompanied by increasing disorders of voluntary attention. Depending upon the sign of dominating effects, disordered active attention was accompanied either by acceleration and lability, or by delayed and inert psychic processes. This leads to an increasing disturbances in the organization of all forms of intellectual activity, up to a total inhibition of active psychic reflection at the clinical phase of the attack. The supposition is made that these disorders are connected with the changes in the level of brain vigilance.", "PMID": 676616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2598", "title": "[Brain potentials evoked by stimuli of different intensities in normal subjects and in hysterical psychopathy].", "content": "The author studied evoked potentials of 5 different intensitities to electroskin stimula in normals and psychopathic personalities of a hysterical type. It was established that different in their genesis the components of evoked potentials change differently in a change of the stimula intensity. The highest intensity of the stimula is reflected in the early sensory component of evoked potentials, the amplitude of which in normals in an increase of intensity successionaly rises. In hysterical personalities the amplitude of early sensorial components of evoked potentials in an increase of stimula intensity increases only to a certain limit, after which it begins to drop. This phenomenon called \"reducing\" indicates to a weakness of the sensory systems and relative prevalence of nonspecific brain systems in hysterical psycopathy.", "contents": "[Brain potentials evoked by stimuli of different intensities in normal subjects and in hysterical psychopathy]. The author studied evoked potentials of 5 different intensitities to electroskin stimula in normals and psychopathic personalities of a hysterical type. It was established that different in their genesis the components of evoked potentials change differently in a change of the stimula intensity. The highest intensity of the stimula is reflected in the early sensory component of evoked potentials, the amplitude of which in normals in an increase of intensity successionaly rises. In hysterical personalities the amplitude of early sensorial components of evoked potentials in an increase of stimula intensity increases only to a certain limit, after which it begins to drop. This phenomenon called \"reducing\" indicates to a weakness of the sensory systems and relative prevalence of nonspecific brain systems in hysterical psycopathy.", "PMID": 676617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2599", "title": "[Variants of postprocess pathological personality development].", "content": "The authors consider some cases of postattack conditions in schizophrenia as a result of postprocess pathological personality development. A study of a group of schizoprenic patients (74 cases) made it possible to distinguish 6 variants of postprocess pathological personality (hypochondric, asthenical, development with querulous reactions, of a protracted reaction type, withdrawal from contacts, reaction of an animation type, reactions of protests). The authors propose to indicate the variant of a personality development in the framework of a functional diagnosis in order to make a more definite orientation of the rehabilitative measures.", "contents": "[Variants of postprocess pathological personality development]. The authors consider some cases of postattack conditions in schizophrenia as a result of postprocess pathological personality development. A study of a group of schizoprenic patients (74 cases) made it possible to distinguish 6 variants of postprocess pathological personality (hypochondric, asthenical, development with querulous reactions, of a protracted reaction type, withdrawal from contacts, reaction of an animation type, reactions of protests). The authors propose to indicate the variant of a personality development in the framework of a functional diagnosis in order to make a more definite orientation of the rehabilitative measures.", "PMID": 676618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2600", "title": "[Genetic factors in the etiology of undifferentiated oligophrenia].", "content": "A clinico-genetical study of 262 families of patients with clinically nondifferentiated oligophrenia established that genetical factors play an important role in its etiology. According to the mechanism of inheritance these families were divided into 2 groups: a group of families with a monomeric inherited oligophrenia (58) and a group of families (204) where oligophrenia is inherited as a simple mendelian sign, and in relation to this group polymeric mechanisms of inheritance are more acceptable. Both groups differ by the frequency of secondary cases, the degree of defect in the patients, coefficient of inbreeding. The second group of nondifferentiated olgophrenia is especially difficult for an etiological differentiation, because it is quite possible that they include cases with exogenously determined oligophrenia.", "contents": "[Genetic factors in the etiology of undifferentiated oligophrenia]. A clinico-genetical study of 262 families of patients with clinically nondifferentiated oligophrenia established that genetical factors play an important role in its etiology. According to the mechanism of inheritance these families were divided into 2 groups: a group of families with a monomeric inherited oligophrenia (58) and a group of families (204) where oligophrenia is inherited as a simple mendelian sign, and in relation to this group polymeric mechanisms of inheritance are more acceptable. Both groups differ by the frequency of secondary cases, the degree of defect in the patients, coefficient of inbreeding. The second group of nondifferentiated olgophrenia is especially difficult for an etiological differentiation, because it is quite possible that they include cases with exogenously determined oligophrenia.", "PMID": 676619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2601", "title": "[Interhemispheric interrelationships in oligophrenic patients].", "content": "The author registered evoked electrical activity from the right and left occipatal area in oligophrenic  patients to letters and nonverba stimula presented unilateraly to different halves of the field of vision. For control purposes a group of normals was studied according to the same method. A hemispheric asymmetry seen in the group of normals was not detected in oligophrenic patients. It is assumed that this is one of the nervous mechanisms of declined intellectual activity.", "contents": "[Interhemispheric interrelationships in oligophrenic patients]. The author registered evoked electrical activity from the right and left occipatal area in oligophrenic  patients to letters and nonverba stimula presented unilateraly to different halves of the field of vision. For control purposes a group of normals was studied according to the same method. A hemispheric asymmetry seen in the group of normals was not detected in oligophrenic patients. It is assumed that this is one of the nervous mechanisms of declined intellectual activity.", "PMID": 676620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2602", "title": "[Dactyloscopy undifferentiated oligophrenia].", "content": "The paper deals with a study of dematoglyphics in 458 oligophrenic patients (265 boys and 193 girls) from 7--18 years of age and 373 normal children of the same age. In all the ill boys, irrespective of the degree of mental retardation there was a decrease of arc patterns and an increase of the whorle frequency. In girls with oligophrenia in the degree of debility there was a significantly lower amount of arc patterns and an increase of whorles, the frequency of loops did not differ significantly with that of the control group. In girls in whom the oligophrenic defect was of the degree of imbecility or idiocy there was a more frequent amount of arc and whorle patterns at the expense of a decrease of loop patterns, while in the control group there was a somewhat more frequent amount of arc an loop patterns and less frequent--of whorles.", "contents": "[Dactyloscopy undifferentiated oligophrenia]. The paper deals with a study of dematoglyphics in 458 oligophrenic patients (265 boys and 193 girls) from 7--18 years of age and 373 normal children of the same age. In all the ill boys, irrespective of the degree of mental retardation there was a decrease of arc patterns and an increase of the whorle frequency. In girls with oligophrenia in the degree of debility there was a significantly lower amount of arc patterns and an increase of whorles, the frequency of loops did not differ significantly with that of the control group. In girls in whom the oligophrenic defect was of the degree of imbecility or idiocy there was a more frequent amount of arc and whorle patterns at the expense of a decrease of loop patterns, while in the control group there was a somewhat more frequent amount of arc an loop patterns and less frequent--of whorles.", "PMID": 676621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2603", "title": "[Correlative relationship between changes in the volume rate of cerebral and peripheral blood flow and the outcome of severe cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "On the basis of a complex of investigations, the results of quantitative study of the volume rate of cerebral and peripheral blood flow in 42 patients with severe carniocerebral trauma are presented. Analysis of the changes provides evidence of their dependence on the severity of the trauma and the stage of the comatose state. A definite correlation between cerebral and peripheral blood flow in the acute period of a severe craniocerebral trauma was revealed. No correlation between the parameters mentioned was found in patients with a favourable course of the disease. With growth in the severity of the craniocerebral trauma the degree of correlation between the cerebral and peripheral blood flow increased. Total correlative dependence between them was found in patients with the most severe craniocerebral trauma.", "contents": "[Correlative relationship between changes in the volume rate of cerebral and peripheral blood flow and the outcome of severe cranio-cerebral injuries]. On the basis of a complex of investigations, the results of quantitative study of the volume rate of cerebral and peripheral blood flow in 42 patients with severe carniocerebral trauma are presented. Analysis of the changes provides evidence of their dependence on the severity of the trauma and the stage of the comatose state. A definite correlation between cerebral and peripheral blood flow in the acute period of a severe craniocerebral trauma was revealed. No correlation between the parameters mentioned was found in patients with a favourable course of the disease. With growth in the severity of the craniocerebral trauma the degree of correlation between the cerebral and peripheral blood flow increased. Total correlative dependence between them was found in patients with the most severe craniocerebral trauma.", "PMID": 676622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2604", "title": "[Relationship between changes in the mechanical properties of arteries at the base of the brain and the features of cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "Craniocerebral injuries were examined macromorphologically on autopsy of 123 persons who had died of the trauma. According to the site to which the force had been applied and the direction of the axis of the blow, all craniocerebral traumas were distributed among 6 types (modification of classifications suggested by Spatz, Unterharnsheidt and Ripperger, and Mayer). The main mechanical properties of the arteries of the base of the brain were determined in 45 casualities: relative deformity in a force of small load, maximum (destructive) relative deformity, and strength. Drastic changes in these properties were revealed in cases with a severe cerebrocranial trauma terminating in death, which was particularly characteristic of types I, II, and III craniocerebral trauma.", "contents": "[Relationship between changes in the mechanical properties of arteries at the base of the brain and the features of cranio-cerebral injuries]. Craniocerebral injuries were examined macromorphologically on autopsy of 123 persons who had died of the trauma. According to the site to which the force had been applied and the direction of the axis of the blow, all craniocerebral traumas were distributed among 6 types (modification of classifications suggested by Spatz, Unterharnsheidt and Ripperger, and Mayer). The main mechanical properties of the arteries of the base of the brain were determined in 45 casualities: relative deformity in a force of small load, maximum (destructive) relative deformity, and strength. Drastic changes in these properties were revealed in cases with a severe cerebrocranial trauma terminating in death, which was particularly characteristic of types I, II, and III craniocerebral trauma.", "PMID": 676623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2605", "title": "[Repeated intracranial hemorrhages, their prevention and treatment].", "content": "The formation of recurrent hematomas was encountered in patients operated on for intracranial hematomas of traumatic and nontraumatic origin and for contusion of the brain. To prevent recurrent hemorrhages, the authors employed active aspiration of the wound canal contents by means of a three-jar aspirator or a microaspirator in the postoperatice period in 56 cases. It is noted that active aspiration of the wound discharge, continued for 2--4 days, makes it possible to avoid the formation of recurrent intracranial hematoma and to reduce resorption of the decomposition products, this improves the course of the postoperative period.", "contents": "[Repeated intracranial hemorrhages, their prevention and treatment]. The formation of recurrent hematomas was encountered in patients operated on for intracranial hematomas of traumatic and nontraumatic origin and for contusion of the brain. To prevent recurrent hemorrhages, the authors employed active aspiration of the wound canal contents by means of a three-jar aspirator or a microaspirator in the postoperatice period in 56 cases. It is noted that active aspiration of the wound discharge, continued for 2--4 days, makes it possible to avoid the formation of recurrent intracranial hematoma and to reduce resorption of the decomposition products, this improves the course of the postoperative period.", "PMID": 676624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2606", "title": "[Late results of balloon occlusion of the afferent vessels of arteriovenous aneurysms].", "content": "The remote results of balloon occlusion of the afferent vessels of widely-spread arteriovenous aneurysms in 50 patients are discussed. The average follow-up period was 4 1/2 years. A favourable result was noted in 21 of 30 patients with epileptic seizures. Recurrent hemorrhages developed in 3 of 36 patients who had one or more intracranial hemorrhages before the operation. Headache was relieved in the patients after the operation.", "contents": "[Late results of balloon occlusion of the afferent vessels of arteriovenous aneurysms]. The remote results of balloon occlusion of the afferent vessels of widely-spread arteriovenous aneurysms in 50 patients are discussed. The average follow-up period was 4 1/2 years. A favourable result was noted in 21 of 30 patients with epileptic seizures. Recurrent hemorrhages developed in 3 of 36 patients who had one or more intracranial hemorrhages before the operation. Headache was relieved in the patients after the operation.", "PMID": 676625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2607", "title": "[Clinical picture and diagnosis of subdural hematomas in children].", "content": "Thirty-six children, aged from 5 months to 14 years, with subdural haemorrhages are discussed. In 31 the hemorrhages were of a traumatic character, in 5 their origin was unknown. The authors draw the conclusion that the course of subdural hematomas in children is marked by peculiarities which often make the clinical diagnosis difficult. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, echo-encephalography, and angiography helped in all these cases to identify the character of the process and its localization properly. All children underwent operation with a satisfactory outcome.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and diagnosis of subdural hematomas in children]. Thirty-six children, aged from 5 months to 14 years, with subdural haemorrhages are discussed. In 31 the hemorrhages were of a traumatic character, in 5 their origin was unknown. The authors draw the conclusion that the course of subdural hematomas in children is marked by peculiarities which often make the clinical diagnosis difficult. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, echo-encephalography, and angiography helped in all these cases to identify the character of the process and its localization properly. All children underwent operation with a satisfactory outcome.", "PMID": 676627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2608", "title": "[Hemodynamic changes during the orthostatic test in patients with spinal cord damage at different levels].", "content": "Hemodynamics were studied during orthostatic load on a special orthotable in 54 patients with different levels of spinal cord interruption. With the patient in a horizontal and then in a vertical position, the arterial pressure, pulse, volume rate of blood flow in the forearm, and the cardiac output were recorded every minute. The total resistance of the vessels was calculated. Absence of constrictor reactions in the lower half of the trunk was revealed in patients with a high level of spinal cord damage, due to whicorthostatic collapse developed within the first minutes after they had been placed in a vertical posture. The orthostatic stability of such patients may be somewhat improved by producing additional external pressure to the lower part of the trunk (with special suits) and by means of other forms of special training. Patients with the spinal cord damaged at a low level (below the sixth thoracic vertebra) tolerate a 10-minute orthostatic load quite satisfactorily.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic changes during the orthostatic test in patients with spinal cord damage at different levels]. Hemodynamics were studied during orthostatic load on a special orthotable in 54 patients with different levels of spinal cord interruption. With the patient in a horizontal and then in a vertical position, the arterial pressure, pulse, volume rate of blood flow in the forearm, and the cardiac output were recorded every minute. The total resistance of the vessels was calculated. Absence of constrictor reactions in the lower half of the trunk was revealed in patients with a high level of spinal cord damage, due to whicorthostatic collapse developed within the first minutes after they had been placed in a vertical posture. The orthostatic stability of such patients may be somewhat improved by producing additional external pressure to the lower part of the trunk (with special suits) and by means of other forms of special training. Patients with the spinal cord damaged at a low level (below the sixth thoracic vertebra) tolerate a 10-minute orthostatic load quite satisfactorily.", "PMID": 676628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2609", "title": "[Micturition disorders in patients with severe injuries to the cervical portion of the spinal cord].", "content": "Disorders of micturition in 163 patients with a severe trauma of the cervical portion of the spinal cord are analysed. The data obtained concerning the functional condition and afferentation of the urinary bladder and the severity of the developing combined urologic complications (pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, vesicoureteral reflux, etc.) are evidence of marked disorders of micturition which are directly dependant on the time elapsed since the injury to the spinal cord had occurred and its severity.", "contents": "[Micturition disorders in patients with severe injuries to the cervical portion of the spinal cord]. Disorders of micturition in 163 patients with a severe trauma of the cervical portion of the spinal cord are analysed. The data obtained concerning the functional condition and afferentation of the urinary bladder and the severity of the developing combined urologic complications (pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, vesicoureteral reflux, etc.) are evidence of marked disorders of micturition which are directly dependant on the time elapsed since the injury to the spinal cord had occurred and its severity.", "PMID": 676629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2610", "title": "[Relationship between the state of consciousness following cranio-cerebral injury and the parameters of the blow].", "content": "Data on the dependence of the clinical manifestations of the initial period of craniocerebral trauma in a human being on the physical parameters of the blow were treated by the method of correlation and regression analysis. A regression equation was obtained specifying linear dependence between the traumatic value of the blow and the characteristics of the kinetic energy of the blow. The presumed dependence of the severity of the clinical manifestation of the trauma on the localization of the blow is statistically substantiated. On the basis of the established dependence, curves were plotted for the probability forecast of the state of the injured person's consciousness depending on the rate at which the blow occurred and its localization, which may be used in the elaboration of methods for the appraisal of protective helmets and headpieces.", "contents": "[Relationship between the state of consciousness following cranio-cerebral injury and the parameters of the blow]. Data on the dependence of the clinical manifestations of the initial period of craniocerebral trauma in a human being on the physical parameters of the blow were treated by the method of correlation and regression analysis. A regression equation was obtained specifying linear dependence between the traumatic value of the blow and the characteristics of the kinetic energy of the blow. The presumed dependence of the severity of the clinical manifestation of the trauma on the localization of the blow is statistically substantiated. On the basis of the established dependence, curves were plotted for the probability forecast of the state of the injured person's consciousness depending on the rate at which the blow occurred and its localization, which may be used in the elaboration of methods for the appraisal of protective helmets and headpieces.", "PMID": 676626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2611", "title": "Aesthetic blepharoplasty, ectropion and incipient ectropion.", "content": "Postoperative ectropion of the lower lid is the most common serious complication of aesthetic blepharoplasty. Important points in the surgical technique are described. The emphasis is on judicious skin excision. The management of postoperative ectropion is outlined. A lax, pre-ectropic lower lid constitutes an additional risk. The technical modifications which will prevent changing an incipient ectropion into a postoperative ectropion are reviewed.", "contents": "Aesthetic blepharoplasty, ectropion and incipient ectropion. Postoperative ectropion of the lower lid is the most common serious complication of aesthetic blepharoplasty. Important points in the surgical technique are described. The emphasis is on judicious skin excision. The management of postoperative ectropion is outlined. A lax, pre-ectropic lower lid constitutes an additional risk. The technical modifications which will prevent changing an incipient ectropion into a postoperative ectropion are reviewed.", "PMID": 676633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2612", "title": "Shock of anaphylactoid type induced by protamine: a continuous cardiorespiratory record.", "content": "The intravenous administration of protamine to a patient after cardiac bypass caused a sudden increase in airway resistance and lung stiffness, and a severe drop in arterial blood pressure. The ventilatory obstruction reached its maximum after 30 s and had returned almost to normal in 3 min. Arterial hypotension with low pulse amplitude, decreased heart rate and ST depression in the ECG tracing developed 1.5 min after the respiratory symptoms. In spite of rapid blood transfusion, arterial pressure reached a low level after 5 min, but rose after isoprenaline administration. It is suggested that changes in the vascular and respiratory compartments occur in parallel with, but independently of, myocardial injury and depressed cardiac contractility.", "contents": "Shock of anaphylactoid type induced by protamine: a continuous cardiorespiratory record. The intravenous administration of protamine to a patient after cardiac bypass caused a sudden increase in airway resistance and lung stiffness, and a severe drop in arterial blood pressure. The ventilatory obstruction reached its maximum after 30 s and had returned almost to normal in 3 min. Arterial hypotension with low pulse amplitude, decreased heart rate and ST depression in the ECG tracing developed 1.5 min after the respiratory symptoms. In spite of rapid blood transfusion, arterial pressure reached a low level after 5 min, but rose after isoprenaline administration. It is suggested that changes in the vascular and respiratory compartments occur in parallel with, but independently of, myocardial injury and depressed cardiac contractility.", "PMID": 676641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2613", "title": "[Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "From April 1954 till February 1976, pulmonary resections for metastases of primary extrapulmonary malignancies have been done on 35 patients, 21 men and 14 women with average age of 49 years 7 months. In about half of the cases the lung opacities were discovered occasionally. Three patients have undergone a second thoracotomy for a recurrent metastasis. Of the 48 resected metastatic lesions, 31 were located in the right and 17 in the left lung. Thirty were on resection unilateral and solitary. There was no operative mortality and the postoperative morbidity was neglectable. The cumulative 3- and 5-years survival percentages as obtained by the life-table method were 44.6 and 31.2. Better survival rates were found in the age group of 0-40 years and in the group of the sarcomas. Worse results were obtained when the primary tumor was invasive or associated with regional metastases. Resection of metastatic lung lesions larger than 5 cm diameter and especially the resection of multiple lesions gave poorer results. The time-interval between the primary operation and the pulmonary resection had no clear prognostic value. The factors determinating the palliative character of the pulmonary resection had a negative influence on the survival. None of the 9 patients with pulmonary metastasis and secondary intrathoracic lymphatic metastases did survive longer than 3 years. All these patients had a primary carcinoma. Out of this study no conclusions can be made as to the extension of the pulmonary resection.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases (author's transl)]. From April 1954 till February 1976, pulmonary resections for metastases of primary extrapulmonary malignancies have been done on 35 patients, 21 men and 14 women with average age of 49 years 7 months. In about half of the cases the lung opacities were discovered occasionally. Three patients have undergone a second thoracotomy for a recurrent metastasis. Of the 48 resected metastatic lesions, 31 were located in the right and 17 in the left lung. Thirty were on resection unilateral and solitary. There was no operative mortality and the postoperative morbidity was neglectable. The cumulative 3- and 5-years survival percentages as obtained by the life-table method were 44.6 and 31.2. Better survival rates were found in the age group of 0-40 years and in the group of the sarcomas. Worse results were obtained when the primary tumor was invasive or associated with regional metastases. Resection of metastatic lung lesions larger than 5 cm diameter and especially the resection of multiple lesions gave poorer results. The time-interval between the primary operation and the pulmonary resection had no clear prognostic value. The factors determinating the palliative character of the pulmonary resection had a negative influence on the survival. None of the 9 patients with pulmonary metastasis and secondary intrathoracic lymphatic metastases did survive longer than 3 years. All these patients had a primary carcinoma. Out of this study no conclusions can be made as to the extension of the pulmonary resection.", "PMID": 676634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2614", "title": "[Selective cooling of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots in patients with spastic and pain syndromes].", "content": "Selective cooling of the spinal cord and its roots was applied in 26 patients with a high degree of muscle spasticity of various genesis and in 12 of those with various pain syndromes. Hypothermia was conducted by the open and closed (puncture) methods. The subarachnoid space was cooled to 11--7.5 degrees C. Spasticity diminished to grade I--II in 15 patients and to grade III in 9; in 2 patients it did not change. In 3 of 12 patients the sensation of phantom and pain were completely relieved, marked improvement occurred in 6 patients, while in 3 patients the effect proved short-lived or doubtful.", "contents": "[Selective cooling of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots in patients with spastic and pain syndromes]. Selective cooling of the spinal cord and its roots was applied in 26 patients with a high degree of muscle spasticity of various genesis and in 12 of those with various pain syndromes. Hypothermia was conducted by the open and closed (puncture) methods. The subarachnoid space was cooled to 11--7.5 degrees C. Spasticity diminished to grade I--II in 15 patients and to grade III in 9; in 2 patients it did not change. In 3 of 12 patients the sensation of phantom and pain were completely relieved, marked improvement occurred in 6 patients, while in 3 patients the effect proved short-lived or doubtful.", "PMID": 676630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2615", "title": "[Transtentorial ventriculocisternostomy].", "content": "Transtentorial ventriculocisternostomy was performed on 21 patients. It led to the correction of the hypertensive-occlusive phenomena in all of them. No accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the soft tissues along the shunt-tubes, liquorrhea or purulent complications were encountered in the postoperative period. Transtentorial ventriculocisternostomy is indicated as the final stage of exploratory trephination of the posterior cranial fossa during which occlusion of the c.s.f. passages, irreparable by any other means, is revealed. It may also be the operation of choice for patients in whom high occlusion was diagnosed during a preoperative examination. Irrespective of the level and causes of occlusion of the c.s.f. passages and the operative method, bilateral ventriculocisternostomy is expedient.", "contents": "[Transtentorial ventriculocisternostomy]. Transtentorial ventriculocisternostomy was performed on 21 patients. It led to the correction of the hypertensive-occlusive phenomena in all of them. No accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the soft tissues along the shunt-tubes, liquorrhea or purulent complications were encountered in the postoperative period. Transtentorial ventriculocisternostomy is indicated as the final stage of exploratory trephination of the posterior cranial fossa during which occlusion of the c.s.f. passages, irreparable by any other means, is revealed. It may also be the operation of choice for patients in whom high occlusion was diagnosed during a preoperative examination. Irrespective of the level and causes of occlusion of the c.s.f. passages and the operative method, bilateral ventriculocisternostomy is expedient.", "PMID": 676631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2616", "title": "[Hyperselective vagotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyperselective vagotomy is an operation to be performed with utmost care and necessitates control of the nerve ending during resection. The operation is extremely well tolerated and yields excellent results in simple duodenal ulcers. It is more delicate in perforated or bleeding ulcers. However one should ascertain the benign nature of the lesion and pathologic studies must be performed on frozen sections at the operation. Long term follow-up is not yet available.", "contents": "[Hyperselective vagotomy (author's transl)]. Hyperselective vagotomy is an operation to be performed with utmost care and necessitates control of the nerve ending during resection. The operation is extremely well tolerated and yields excellent results in simple duodenal ulcers. It is more delicate in perforated or bleeding ulcers. However one should ascertain the benign nature of the lesion and pathologic studies must be performed on frozen sections at the operation. Long term follow-up is not yet available.", "PMID": 676635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2617", "title": "[Paraduodenal hernia (author's transl)].", "content": "The internal paraduodenal hernia is a most unusual disorder of the alimentary tract, due to a failure of the process of intestinal rotation. There exists a right and left variety, each of them presenting specific features. Often there are no symptoms or perhaps a vague abdominal malaise. Occasionnally one finds the clinical picture of obstruction, even of strangulation. The preoperative diagnosis is seldom made; however, it could be done if one keeps the possibility in mind. A successful surgical treatment necessitates an understanding of the mode of origin and a throughout knowledge of the anatomic variations.", "contents": "[Paraduodenal hernia (author's transl)]. The internal paraduodenal hernia is a most unusual disorder of the alimentary tract, due to a failure of the process of intestinal rotation. There exists a right and left variety, each of them presenting specific features. Often there are no symptoms or perhaps a vague abdominal malaise. Occasionnally one finds the clinical picture of obstruction, even of strangulation. The preoperative diagnosis is seldom made; however, it could be done if one keeps the possibility in mind. A successful surgical treatment necessitates an understanding of the mode of origin and a throughout knowledge of the anatomic variations.", "PMID": 676637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2618", "title": "Occupational hazards to reproduction and health in anaesthetists and paediatricians.", "content": "A mail questionnaire was sent to Finnish anaesthetists and paediatricians to evaluate the risks of reproductive, teratogenic and health complications related to the professions. The incidence of diagnosed spontaneous miscarriages in anaesthetists' families was 10.2% of all pregnancies and it was 13.2% in paediatricians' families. Smoking seemed to increase markedly the incidence of spontaneous miscarriages, which was 22.9% in smoking female anaesthetists and 17.2% in smoking female paediatricians. The gestation times in cases of both full-term pregnancies and miscarriages were shorter in the anaesthetist group than those in the paediatrician group. Congenital abnormalities appeared at an equal rate in both anaesthetist and paediatrician groups, but strikingly, there were nine musculoskeletal abnormalities in the anaesthetists' children compared to no such defects in paediatricians' children. Serious diseases occurred at low frequencies, but three cases of hepatic jaundice and three cases of viral myocarditis in anaesthetists indicate possible infectious hazards to health in anaesthetic work. Different infectious diseases to the respiratory and urinary tracts were commonest among paediatricians. Cancer was not reported in the anaesthetist group. The study does not indicate that gas pollution in operating rooms is harmful to the personnel.", "contents": "Occupational hazards to reproduction and health in anaesthetists and paediatricians. A mail questionnaire was sent to Finnish anaesthetists and paediatricians to evaluate the risks of reproductive, teratogenic and health complications related to the professions. The incidence of diagnosed spontaneous miscarriages in anaesthetists' families was 10.2% of all pregnancies and it was 13.2% in paediatricians' families. Smoking seemed to increase markedly the incidence of spontaneous miscarriages, which was 22.9% in smoking female anaesthetists and 17.2% in smoking female paediatricians. The gestation times in cases of both full-term pregnancies and miscarriages were shorter in the anaesthetist group than those in the paediatrician group. Congenital abnormalities appeared at an equal rate in both anaesthetist and paediatrician groups, but strikingly, there were nine musculoskeletal abnormalities in the anaesthetists' children compared to no such defects in paediatricians' children. Serious diseases occurred at low frequencies, but three cases of hepatic jaundice and three cases of viral myocarditis in anaesthetists indicate possible infectious hazards to health in anaesthetic work. Different infectious diseases to the respiratory and urinary tracts were commonest among paediatricians. Cancer was not reported in the anaesthetist group. The study does not indicate that gas pollution in operating rooms is harmful to the personnel.", "PMID": 676642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2619", "title": "Acute free perforation as first sign of Crohn's disease.", "content": "Free perforation with generalized peritonitis remains a rare manifestation of regional enteritis. Most of these perforations occur as complications of recurrent, well-diagnosed regional enteritis. A review of the literature reveals only 14 recorded cases of free perforation in patients without any previous abdominal complaints. The present report describes two more cases. Both of them were treated by resection of the involved segment with immediate anastomosis.", "contents": "Acute free perforation as first sign of Crohn's disease. Free perforation with generalized peritonitis remains a rare manifestation of regional enteritis. Most of these perforations occur as complications of recurrent, well-diagnosed regional enteritis. A review of the literature reveals only 14 recorded cases of free perforation in patients without any previous abdominal complaints. The present report describes two more cases. Both of them were treated by resection of the involved segment with immediate anastomosis.", "PMID": 676638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2620", "title": "[Agenesia of the gallbladder. Report of two new cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A propos 2 personal cases of a rare malformation, agenesia of the gallbladder, the authors reappraise the anomaly, of which the precise diagnosis is essentially surgical. They stress the frequency of associated malformation and the usefulness of operative exploration with cholangiography. There is no specific treatment for this condition. Draining the principle bile duct is warranted in case of choledocotomy.", "contents": "[Agenesia of the gallbladder. Report of two new cases (author's transl)]. A propos 2 personal cases of a rare malformation, agenesia of the gallbladder, the authors reappraise the anomaly, of which the precise diagnosis is essentially surgical. They stress the frequency of associated malformation and the usefulness of operative exploration with cholangiography. There is no specific treatment for this condition. Draining the principle bile duct is warranted in case of choledocotomy.", "PMID": 676636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2621", "title": "Aorto-enteric fistula as clinical entity.", "content": "A 19 year experience (1958-1977) with aortoenteric fistulas is presented. An aorto-enteric fistula is a direct communication between the aortic lumen and the gastro-intestinal tract producing a gastro-intestinal bleeding. The commonest cause of a primary or spontaneous aorto-enteric fistula is aneurysm formation. If there has been an operation on the aorta then the aorto-enteric fistula is called secondary. No primary aorto-enteric fistulas were encountered but thirteen secondary aorto-enteric fistulas are reported on a total of 841 aorto-femoral by-pass operations reviewed. Six hundred and sixty-one of these had an acceptable follow-up: this gives a 2% incidence. Our survival rate is 40%. Four different possible mechanisms are proposed for the formation of the secondary aorto-enteric fistula: anastomotic aneurysm formation, fibrous reaction, intra- or postoperative contamination or a combination of these possibilities. Some etiological factors as type of anastomosis, suture material, prosthesis material, hypertension, end-arterectomy and preoperative aneurysmatic tendency are analysed. A study is made of the different available diagnostic tools and the different possible therapies are discussed.", "contents": "Aorto-enteric fistula as clinical entity. A 19 year experience (1958-1977) with aortoenteric fistulas is presented. An aorto-enteric fistula is a direct communication between the aortic lumen and the gastro-intestinal tract producing a gastro-intestinal bleeding. The commonest cause of a primary or spontaneous aorto-enteric fistula is aneurysm formation. If there has been an operation on the aorta then the aorto-enteric fistula is called secondary. No primary aorto-enteric fistulas were encountered but thirteen secondary aorto-enteric fistulas are reported on a total of 841 aorto-femoral by-pass operations reviewed. Six hundred and sixty-one of these had an acceptable follow-up: this gives a 2% incidence. Our survival rate is 40%. Four different possible mechanisms are proposed for the formation of the secondary aorto-enteric fistula: anastomotic aneurysm formation, fibrous reaction, intra- or postoperative contamination or a combination of these possibilities. Some etiological factors as type of anastomosis, suture material, prosthesis material, hypertension, end-arterectomy and preoperative aneurysmatic tendency are analysed. A study is made of the different available diagnostic tools and the different possible therapies are discussed.", "PMID": 676639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2622", "title": "Early postsurgical bacterial contamination of the airways: a study on 28 open-heart patients.", "content": "One pre- and two postoperative cultures of tracheo-bronchial secretions were obtained from 28 cardiac patients, subjected to open-heart surgery. Four patients received preoperative antibiotics, and all but one received postoperative prophylactic antibiotics. Preoperatively, only one patient had potential pathogens; after surgery (mean intubation time 4.2 h), four patients (14.3%) had organisms; and after 19 h of intubation, 28% of the patients had potential pathogens in their tracheo-bronchial secretions. Only three of the seven organisms recovered from the last sample were clearly sensitive to the antibiotics given prophylactically; and two of these organisms were Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. The early presence of organisms in the airways after intubation, the high incidence of colonization, and the ineffectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics in preventing this contamination are pointed out. The factors that may possibly influence colonization of airways among these patients are commented on.", "contents": "Early postsurgical bacterial contamination of the airways: a study on 28 open-heart patients. One pre- and two postoperative cultures of tracheo-bronchial secretions were obtained from 28 cardiac patients, subjected to open-heart surgery. Four patients received preoperative antibiotics, and all but one received postoperative prophylactic antibiotics. Preoperatively, only one patient had potential pathogens; after surgery (mean intubation time 4.2 h), four patients (14.3%) had organisms; and after 19 h of intubation, 28% of the patients had potential pathogens in their tracheo-bronchial secretions. Only three of the seven organisms recovered from the last sample were clearly sensitive to the antibiotics given prophylactically; and two of these organisms were Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. The early presence of organisms in the airways after intubation, the high incidence of colonization, and the ineffectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics in preventing this contamination are pointed out. The factors that may possibly influence colonization of airways among these patients are commented on.", "PMID": 676643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2623", "title": "Althesin in neurosurgical patients: effects on cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism.", "content": "The effect of althesin 0.5 ml/10 kg on arterial blood pressure, intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and oxygen uptake was studied on 19 occasions in 16 patients with varied cerebral pathology. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using the intracarotid 133xenon method and a 35-channel scintillation detector after cannulation of the internal carotid artery, the internal jugular bulb and the lateral cerebral ventricle. Arterial and intracranial pressures were recorded continuously. Blood gas tensions were measured in simultaneously drawn samples from the internal carotid artery and the jugular bulb. Cerebral oxygen uptake was calculated from the product of CBF and arteriovenous oxygen content difference. Control values were obtained with the patients under a basic general anesthesia, consisting of N2O/O2 pancuronium. The effect of a bolus injection of althesin was then studied 1 and 20 min after the injection. A significant reduction in intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and metabolism at 1 min was found to have essentially subsided 20 min after the injection. In patients with focal brain damage, regional flow analysis revealed a paradoxical increase in flow after althesin in the areas corresponding to the focus.", "contents": "Althesin in neurosurgical patients: effects on cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism. The effect of althesin 0.5 ml/10 kg on arterial blood pressure, intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and oxygen uptake was studied on 19 occasions in 16 patients with varied cerebral pathology. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using the intracarotid 133xenon method and a 35-channel scintillation detector after cannulation of the internal carotid artery, the internal jugular bulb and the lateral cerebral ventricle. Arterial and intracranial pressures were recorded continuously. Blood gas tensions were measured in simultaneously drawn samples from the internal carotid artery and the jugular bulb. Cerebral oxygen uptake was calculated from the product of CBF and arteriovenous oxygen content difference. Control values were obtained with the patients under a basic general anesthesia, consisting of N2O/O2 pancuronium. The effect of a bolus injection of althesin was then studied 1 and 20 min after the injection. A significant reduction in intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and metabolism at 1 min was found to have essentially subsided 20 min after the injection. In patients with focal brain damage, regional flow analysis revealed a paradoxical increase in flow after althesin in the areas corresponding to the focus.", "PMID": 676645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2624", "title": "[Causalgia: Report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the clinical course of a 48 year old workman who developed a progressively extending pain, after having wounded his left second finger with a metallic rod at work. This pain increased despite multiple surgical and medical treatment, including repeated amputations of the segments of the finger and the resection of the corresponding neurovegetative chain. When, two years later, the patient is seen by the authors, psychological analysis clearly shows an imbalanced evolution since chilhood: the pain is a focussing of various physical disconforts. A neuropsychological treatment is started in accordance with the noted background and the pain subsides within a few weaks. The result is stabilized in many months of treatment. From this clinical case, the authors stress the often dominant influence of the mental state in pain in general, and more specifically is the so called causalgic pain.", "contents": "[Causalgia: Report of a case (author's transl)]. The authors present the clinical course of a 48 year old workman who developed a progressively extending pain, after having wounded his left second finger with a metallic rod at work. This pain increased despite multiple surgical and medical treatment, including repeated amputations of the segments of the finger and the resection of the corresponding neurovegetative chain. When, two years later, the patient is seen by the authors, psychological analysis clearly shows an imbalanced evolution since chilhood: the pain is a focussing of various physical disconforts. A neuropsychological treatment is started in accordance with the noted background and the pain subsides within a few weaks. The result is stabilized in many months of treatment. From this clinical case, the authors stress the often dominant influence of the mental state in pain in general, and more specifically is the so called causalgic pain.", "PMID": 676640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2625", "title": "A circle system without carbon dioxide absorption.", "content": "An anaesthetic circle system without a carbon dioxide absorber is described. The efficiency of the circle, i.e., the fraction of alveolar gas in the outflow from the circle, was measured in 15 patients during halothane anaesthesia or neurolept analgesia. The fraction ranged from 0.88 to 0.95 (mean 0.91), while the ratio between the alveolar ventilation and the fresh gas inflow ranged from 0.97 to 1.71. The efficiency was not correlated to this ratio. There was no need for hyperventilation if the fresh gas inflow was 10% higher than the alveolar ventilation required to maintain normal PaCO2. The circle was used in 50 patients manually ventilated by nurse anaesthetists. Mean fresh gas inflow was 60 ml/kg. Mean PaCO2 was 5.47 kPa (41 mmHg). In a similar group of 50 other patients, in which the standard circle used in the department was employed, the mean PaCO2 was 4.80 kPa (36 mmHg). The frequency of hypercapnia was equal in the two groups, but hypocapnia was not seen when the circle without absorber was used.", "contents": "A circle system without carbon dioxide absorption. An anaesthetic circle system without a carbon dioxide absorber is described. The efficiency of the circle, i.e., the fraction of alveolar gas in the outflow from the circle, was measured in 15 patients during halothane anaesthesia or neurolept analgesia. The fraction ranged from 0.88 to 0.95 (mean 0.91), while the ratio between the alveolar ventilation and the fresh gas inflow ranged from 0.97 to 1.71. The efficiency was not correlated to this ratio. There was no need for hyperventilation if the fresh gas inflow was 10% higher than the alveolar ventilation required to maintain normal PaCO2. The circle was used in 50 patients manually ventilated by nurse anaesthetists. Mean fresh gas inflow was 60 ml/kg. Mean PaCO2 was 5.47 kPa (41 mmHg). In a similar group of 50 other patients, in which the standard circle used in the department was employed, the mean PaCO2 was 4.80 kPa (36 mmHg). The frequency of hypercapnia was equal in the two groups, but hypocapnia was not seen when the circle without absorber was used.", "PMID": 676646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2626", "title": "Hemodynamic observation in relation to extensive surgical treatment of patients with increased operative risk.", "content": "In 25 patients, considered high surgical risks according to clinical criteria, systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic parameters were monitored using a flow-directed pulmonary arterial thermodilution catheter before, during and after major vascular surgery. During and after the operation, hemodynamic complications were observed in 13 patients. The following conditions were dealt with: hypovolemia, increased systemic vascular resistance, and left ventricular failure in hypervolemia and in normovolemia. Tachy-arrhythmias seen in six of the patients were associated with left ventricular failure, hypovolemia or normal hemodynamics. Operation for renovascular hypertension and thoracolaparotomy carried the highest risk. Two of the patients died from primarily surgical complications.", "contents": "Hemodynamic observation in relation to extensive surgical treatment of patients with increased operative risk. In 25 patients, considered high surgical risks according to clinical criteria, systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic parameters were monitored using a flow-directed pulmonary arterial thermodilution catheter before, during and after major vascular surgery. During and after the operation, hemodynamic complications were observed in 13 patients. The following conditions were dealt with: hypovolemia, increased systemic vascular resistance, and left ventricular failure in hypervolemia and in normovolemia. Tachy-arrhythmias seen in six of the patients were associated with left ventricular failure, hypovolemia or normal hemodynamics. Operation for renovascular hypertension and thoracolaparotomy carried the highest risk. Two of the patients died from primarily surgical complications.", "PMID": 676647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2627", "title": "Postanaesthetic postural stability following thiopental or propanidid anaesthesia.", "content": "Using a quantitative Romberg-test performed on a computerized force-plate-system, postural stability was tested in 39 patients before and 3 hours after general anaesthesia with either thiopental (20 patients) or propanidid (19 patients). Sway-tendencies in the sagittal and the transversal direction were recorded. Comparing pre- and postoperative test results, patients anaesthetized with thiopental had a decreased postural stability 3 hours after anaesthesia, indicated by a significantly (P less than 0.05) increased sway-tendency of 22.6% in the sagittal direction. No change occurred in sway-tendency in the transversal direction in this group. In the propanidid group no significant differences were found between pre- and postoperative test results.", "contents": "Postanaesthetic postural stability following thiopental or propanidid anaesthesia. Using a quantitative Romberg-test performed on a computerized force-plate-system, postural stability was tested in 39 patients before and 3 hours after general anaesthesia with either thiopental (20 patients) or propanidid (19 patients). Sway-tendencies in the sagittal and the transversal direction were recorded. Comparing pre- and postoperative test results, patients anaesthetized with thiopental had a decreased postural stability 3 hours after anaesthesia, indicated by a significantly (P less than 0.05) increased sway-tendency of 22.6% in the sagittal direction. No change occurred in sway-tendency in the transversal direction in this group. In the propanidid group no significant differences were found between pre- and postoperative test results.", "PMID": 676649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2628", "title": "Effect of pain on human psychomotor performance.", "content": "The effect of pain on human psychomotor performance was measured in seven healthy volunteers after an intramuscular injection of vitamin B or saline using a controlled cross-over method. Vitamin B, causing moderate to severe pain, or painless saline was injected into the buttock at a time when the subjects' performance was impaired after an intravenous injection of diazepam (0.3 mg/kg). The subjects' psychomotor performance was tested before and 2, 3, and 4 h after diazepam (before, 15 min, and 1 h 15 min after the vitamin B and saline injections). The effects of the vitamin B injection on the subjects' divided attention, reaction or co-ordination skills or their ability to discriminate the fusion of flickering light did not differ from the corresponding effects of the saline injection. The results suggest that pain as such does not have any major influence on human psychomotor performance.", "contents": "Effect of pain on human psychomotor performance. The effect of pain on human psychomotor performance was measured in seven healthy volunteers after an intramuscular injection of vitamin B or saline using a controlled cross-over method. Vitamin B, causing moderate to severe pain, or painless saline was injected into the buttock at a time when the subjects' performance was impaired after an intravenous injection of diazepam (0.3 mg/kg). The subjects' psychomotor performance was tested before and 2, 3, and 4 h after diazepam (before, 15 min, and 1 h 15 min after the vitamin B and saline injections). The effects of the vitamin B injection on the subjects' divided attention, reaction or co-ordination skills or their ability to discriminate the fusion of flickering light did not differ from the corresponding effects of the saline injection. The results suggest that pain as such does not have any major influence on human psychomotor performance.", "PMID": 676650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2629", "title": "[Anterior falcate artery in the adult].", "content": "The anterior falcate artery (arteria falcea anterior) represents the continuation of the anterior ethmoidal artery. In the adult, it has been described previously only in its rostral portion, which supplies the falx cerebri. In the present study, however, it is shown that there exists a continuation which runs in the parietal dura of the superior sagittal sinus and which unites with the frontal branch of the middle meningeal artery at the border between the frontal and parietal bones. In addition, the anterior falcate artery, by means of arterioarterial connections, is associated with the nearby branches of the frontal ramus that supply the frontal dura. The anterior falcate artery, mostly paired, is furnished with cross-connections. Venae comitantes are absent from the parallel-running main branches. In occlusion of the ophthalmic artery, the anterior falcate artery, due to its connections with the middle meningeal artery, may be significant in the establishment of a collateral circulation to the orbit.", "contents": "[Anterior falcate artery in the adult]. The anterior falcate artery (arteria falcea anterior) represents the continuation of the anterior ethmoidal artery. In the adult, it has been described previously only in its rostral portion, which supplies the falx cerebri. In the present study, however, it is shown that there exists a continuation which runs in the parietal dura of the superior sagittal sinus and which unites with the frontal branch of the middle meningeal artery at the border between the frontal and parietal bones. In addition, the anterior falcate artery, by means of arterioarterial connections, is associated with the nearby branches of the frontal ramus that supply the frontal dura. The anterior falcate artery, mostly paired, is furnished with cross-connections. Venae comitantes are absent from the parallel-running main branches. In occlusion of the ophthalmic artery, the anterior falcate artery, due to its connections with the middle meningeal artery, may be significant in the establishment of a collateral circulation to the orbit.", "PMID": 676651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2630", "title": "Innervation of the carotid body. An experimental quantitative study.", "content": "The innervation of the carotid body in the cat was studied by means of light- and electron-microscopic techniques. Sinus nerve resection, glossopharyngeal resection, bilateral cervical sympathectomy, excisions of two nerves, and injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) were performed in different groups of animals. It was found that resection of the sinus nerve produces a rapid phase of degeneration of intralobular fibers and synaptic boutons, followed by a reinnervation with a progressive reappearance of these elements. This reinnervation is retarded by sympathectomy and prevented by 6-OH-DA. It is therefore concluded that reinnervation is due to collateral regeneration of nearby sympathetic fibers. Resection of the sinus nerve produces an increase in the number of argentaffin cells and dense-cored vesicles in the cytoplasm of principal cells. These findings suggest the existence of efferent synaptic contacts between this nerve and principal cells. Part of the intralobular fibers and synaptic boutons degenerate after bilateral sympathectomy demonstrating that sympathetic axons connect synaptically to the principal cells. Sympathetic fibers reach the carotid body, not only from branches of the cervical plexuses but also from fibers running in the adventitia of the common carotid artery, and via glossopharyngeal and sinus nerves. The vagus nerve contributes a few fibers to the parenchymal lobules of the carotid body.", "contents": "Innervation of the carotid body. An experimental quantitative study. The innervation of the carotid body in the cat was studied by means of light- and electron-microscopic techniques. Sinus nerve resection, glossopharyngeal resection, bilateral cervical sympathectomy, excisions of two nerves, and injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) were performed in different groups of animals. It was found that resection of the sinus nerve produces a rapid phase of degeneration of intralobular fibers and synaptic boutons, followed by a reinnervation with a progressive reappearance of these elements. This reinnervation is retarded by sympathectomy and prevented by 6-OH-DA. It is therefore concluded that reinnervation is due to collateral regeneration of nearby sympathetic fibers. Resection of the sinus nerve produces an increase in the number of argentaffin cells and dense-cored vesicles in the cytoplasm of principal cells. These findings suggest the existence of efferent synaptic contacts between this nerve and principal cells. Part of the intralobular fibers and synaptic boutons degenerate after bilateral sympathectomy demonstrating that sympathetic axons connect synaptically to the principal cells. Sympathetic fibers reach the carotid body, not only from branches of the cervical plexuses but also from fibers running in the adventitia of the common carotid artery, and via glossopharyngeal and sinus nerves. The vagus nerve contributes a few fibers to the parenchymal lobules of the carotid body.", "PMID": 676652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2631", "title": "Neuro-histochemical study of the adrenal gland of Rattus rattus rufescens (Indian black rat) as revealed by cholinesterase technique.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken to study the innervation and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) distribution in the adrenal gland of Rattus rattus rufescens (Indian black rat) by cholinesterase technique. The percentage of myelinated nerves in the cortical zone (cortex) and medulla zone was high. AChE-positive and multipolar ganglia on the outer medulla region, and the ganglia and nerve cells, arranged in chain-like fashion in the chromaffin tissue, were recorded. AChE activity was marked in the cortical zone (in the form of spots) and in the medulla zone (in the form of white and black grains).", "contents": "Neuro-histochemical study of the adrenal gland of Rattus rattus rufescens (Indian black rat) as revealed by cholinesterase technique. The present investigation was undertaken to study the innervation and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) distribution in the adrenal gland of Rattus rattus rufescens (Indian black rat) by cholinesterase technique. The percentage of myelinated nerves in the cortical zone (cortex) and medulla zone was high. AChE-positive and multipolar ganglia on the outer medulla region, and the ganglia and nerve cells, arranged in chain-like fashion in the chromaffin tissue, were recorded. AChE activity was marked in the cortical zone (in the form of spots) and in the medulla zone (in the form of white and black grains).", "PMID": 676653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2632", "title": "[Testis and ovary in a didactic histological and terminological comparison].", "content": "The so-called sex glands are not glands but germ hives. The germ cells are surrounded by nurse cells which alone build the tubulus or follicle epithelium (spermio- and oonutricytes). In the testis there is being differentiated between intra- and extratubular blood-germ cell barriers. The sperm cells should ultimately be called spermiocytes, the egg cells no longer be confused with the egg. The 4 germ cell generations and their 4 developmental phases in both organs are compared point by point. The interstitial cells are named andro- and gynocytes for considered reasons. The search for suitable names promotes knowledge and teaching.", "contents": "[Testis and ovary in a didactic histological and terminological comparison]. The so-called sex glands are not glands but germ hives. The germ cells are surrounded by nurse cells which alone build the tubulus or follicle epithelium (spermio- and oonutricytes). In the testis there is being differentiated between intra- and extratubular blood-germ cell barriers. The sperm cells should ultimately be called spermiocytes, the egg cells no longer be confused with the egg. The 4 germ cell generations and their 4 developmental phases in both organs are compared point by point. The interstitial cells are named andro- and gynocytes for considered reasons. The search for suitable names promotes knowledge and teaching.", "PMID": 676654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2633", "title": "Electron microscopy of lymphatics of the porta hepatitis.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the lymphatics of the porta hepatitis at the junction with the liver parenchyma has been examined. The lymphatics are composed of endothelium composed of flattened cells containing occasional mitochondria, pinocytotic vesicles and nuclei. The cells are bound by maculae adherentes, zonulae occludentes and desmosome-like structures. There are occasional fibers between endothelium and underlying collagen. Occasional pores closed by diaphragms are present. There is very little basement membrane. There is no definite communication with the spaces of Mall and Disse, but the lymphatic lumens are separated from these areas only by the junctional processes, which may be permeable. Lymphatics are present only in collagenized portal areas and not in the liver parenchyma proper.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of lymphatics of the porta hepatitis. The ultrastructure of the lymphatics of the porta hepatitis at the junction with the liver parenchyma has been examined. The lymphatics are composed of endothelium composed of flattened cells containing occasional mitochondria, pinocytotic vesicles and nuclei. The cells are bound by maculae adherentes, zonulae occludentes and desmosome-like structures. There are occasional fibers between endothelium and underlying collagen. Occasional pores closed by diaphragms are present. There is very little basement membrane. There is no definite communication with the spaces of Mall and Disse, but the lymphatic lumens are separated from these areas only by the junctional processes, which may be permeable. Lymphatics are present only in collagenized portal areas and not in the liver parenchyma proper.", "PMID": 676655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2634", "title": "Limbic projections to the cat thalamus. A horseradish peroxidase study.", "content": "Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to identify the afferent projection systems of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the cat. The results indicate that fibres projecting to the three anterior nuclei of the thalamus arise from the hippocampal region, septum and cingulate cortex unilaterally and from the hypothalamus (mamillary nuclei) both bilaterally and unilaterally. The cells of the medial mamillary nuclei send their axons to the ipsilateral AV and AM nuclei whereas the lateral mamillary nucleus projects bilaterally to the AD nuclei.", "contents": "Limbic projections to the cat thalamus. A horseradish peroxidase study. Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to identify the afferent projection systems of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the cat. The results indicate that fibres projecting to the three anterior nuclei of the thalamus arise from the hippocampal region, septum and cingulate cortex unilaterally and from the hypothalamus (mamillary nuclei) both bilaterally and unilaterally. The cells of the medial mamillary nuclei send their axons to the ipsilateral AV and AM nuclei whereas the lateral mamillary nucleus projects bilaterally to the AD nuclei.", "PMID": 676656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2635", "title": "[New system for the preservation and storage of anatomical matter].", "content": "The authors introduce a new system of preservation and storage of anatomical material. The system accomplishes the following demands: (1) avoidance of fungi on section material, (2) alternative application of various preservation fluids, (3) utmost flexibility of storage capacity, (4) clearness and easy control, (5) elimination of unpleasant smell, (6) smallest possible need of staff and (7) low working expenses.", "contents": "[New system for the preservation and storage of anatomical matter]. The authors introduce a new system of preservation and storage of anatomical material. The system accomplishes the following demands: (1) avoidance of fungi on section material, (2) alternative application of various preservation fluids, (3) utmost flexibility of storage capacity, (4) clearness and easy control, (5) elimination of unpleasant smell, (6) smallest possible need of staff and (7) low working expenses.", "PMID": 676659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2636", "title": "Histochemical studies on the peroxidase localization in the rat ovary and uterus during various reproductive stages.", "content": "A histochemical study has been made of peroxidase changes in rat ovary and uterus during different developmental stages of the normal and pregnant rats. The peroxidase was found to be present in the corpus luteum of the ovary of both normal and pregnant rats as well as in the allantochorionic placenta, while the growing follicles in the immature and mature rat ovary showed no activity. The possible physiological significance of the peroxidase changes in relation to luteal steroidogenesis has been discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on the peroxidase localization in the rat ovary and uterus during various reproductive stages. A histochemical study has been made of peroxidase changes in rat ovary and uterus during different developmental stages of the normal and pregnant rats. The peroxidase was found to be present in the corpus luteum of the ovary of both normal and pregnant rats as well as in the allantochorionic placenta, while the growing follicles in the immature and mature rat ovary showed no activity. The possible physiological significance of the peroxidase changes in relation to luteal steroidogenesis has been discussed.", "PMID": 676660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2637", "title": "Psychomotor epilepsy and psychosis. I. Physical aspects.", "content": "In a controlled investigation the clinical findings in 96 patients with paranoid/hallucinatory psychosis and partial epileptic seizures with complex symptoms, were compared with the findings in 96 control patients with the same type of epilepsy without psychosis of median 24 years' duration. The median age at onset of psychosis was 34 years, after epilepsy of median 21 years' duration. The seizure frequency of complex, partial seizures was significantly lower in the psychotic group, while the frequency of generalized seizures did not differ. A significant preponderance in the psychotic group of left-handed patients, etiological factors and neurological signs reflecting organic damage, and seizures of automatic behaviour indicates that epileptic psychoses are caused by structural lesions affecting the deep parts of the temporal lobe.", "contents": "Psychomotor epilepsy and psychosis. I. Physical aspects. In a controlled investigation the clinical findings in 96 patients with paranoid/hallucinatory psychosis and partial epileptic seizures with complex symptoms, were compared with the findings in 96 control patients with the same type of epilepsy without psychosis of median 24 years' duration. The median age at onset of psychosis was 34 years, after epilepsy of median 21 years' duration. The seizure frequency of complex, partial seizures was significantly lower in the psychotic group, while the frequency of generalized seizures did not differ. A significant preponderance in the psychotic group of left-handed patients, etiological factors and neurological signs reflecting organic damage, and seizures of automatic behaviour indicates that epileptic psychoses are caused by structural lesions affecting the deep parts of the temporal lobe.", "PMID": 676663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2638", "title": "Psychomotor epilepsy and psychosis. II. Electroencephalographic findings (sphenoidal electrode recordings).", "content": "The EEG findings in waking, sleep, and sphenoidal electrode recordings in 96 patients with partial epileptic seizures with complex symptoms, who, after a median interval of 18 years developed paranoid/hallucinatory psychosis, were compared with the findings from a group of patients without psychosis, who had had the same type of epilepsy in median 24 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to median age at onset of epilepsy or complex partial seizures, age, or duration of epilepsy at time of examination. The psychotic patients had a significant preponderance of temporal medio-basal spike foci, recorded on the sphenoidal electrode, indicating deep temporal lobe dysfunction as an important factor in the pathogenesis of psychosis. A significant higher frequency of bilateral and multiple spike foci, together with a significant frequency of slow-wave admixture to the waking background EEG activity, indicated more extensive and severe epileptogenic lesions in the psychotic patients. There was no correlation between psychosis and unilateral EEG-foci in either temporal lobe.", "contents": "Psychomotor epilepsy and psychosis. II. Electroencephalographic findings (sphenoidal electrode recordings). The EEG findings in waking, sleep, and sphenoidal electrode recordings in 96 patients with partial epileptic seizures with complex symptoms, who, after a median interval of 18 years developed paranoid/hallucinatory psychosis, were compared with the findings from a group of patients without psychosis, who had had the same type of epilepsy in median 24 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to median age at onset of epilepsy or complex partial seizures, age, or duration of epilepsy at time of examination. The psychotic patients had a significant preponderance of temporal medio-basal spike foci, recorded on the sphenoidal electrode, indicating deep temporal lobe dysfunction as an important factor in the pathogenesis of psychosis. A significant higher frequency of bilateral and multiple spike foci, together with a significant frequency of slow-wave admixture to the waking background EEG activity, indicated more extensive and severe epileptogenic lesions in the psychotic patients. There was no correlation between psychosis and unilateral EEG-foci in either temporal lobe.", "PMID": 676664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2639", "title": "Demonstration of cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes sensitized against virus antigens in mumps meningitis.", "content": "Virus-induced proliferation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytes and blood lymphocytes was studied in patients with mump meningitis and in patients with aseptic meningitis of other etiology. In four out of five patients with mump meningitis the proliferation of CSF lymphocytes after mumps virus stimulation was higher than obtained with the corresponding number of blood lymphocytes. No proliferation was registered when lymphocytes from patients with other aseptic meningitis were stimulated with mumps virus. These data indicate the occurrence in CSF of lymphocytes specifically sensitized against mumps virus in patients with mumps meningitis.", "contents": "Demonstration of cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes sensitized against virus antigens in mumps meningitis. Virus-induced proliferation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytes and blood lymphocytes was studied in patients with mump meningitis and in patients with aseptic meningitis of other etiology. In four out of five patients with mump meningitis the proliferation of CSF lymphocytes after mumps virus stimulation was higher than obtained with the corresponding number of blood lymphocytes. No proliferation was registered when lymphocytes from patients with other aseptic meningitis were stimulated with mumps virus. These data indicate the occurrence in CSF of lymphocytes specifically sensitized against mumps virus in patients with mumps meningitis.", "PMID": 676665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2640", "title": "Hereditary myelopathy of Afghan hounds, a myelinolytic disease.", "content": "A disease described previously as hereditary necrotizing myelopathy and myelomalacia was studied in four Afghan hounds. Light and electron microscopic investigation revealed sieve-like degeneration of spinal white matter. Despite extensive spongiform degeneration of myelin that progressed to micro- and macro-cavitation, substantial numbers of axons were preserved. This canine myelopathy was compared and contrasted with various toxic/metabolic conditions including subacute combined degeneration.", "contents": "Hereditary myelopathy of Afghan hounds, a myelinolytic disease. A disease described previously as hereditary necrotizing myelopathy and myelomalacia was studied in four Afghan hounds. Light and electron microscopic investigation revealed sieve-like degeneration of spinal white matter. Despite extensive spongiform degeneration of myelin that progressed to micro- and macro-cavitation, substantial numbers of axons were preserved. This canine myelopathy was compared and contrasted with various toxic/metabolic conditions including subacute combined degeneration.", "PMID": 676666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2641", "title": "Hypoplasia of hemispheric white matter, peculiar pallidal changes and dysplastic inferior olives in a child with psychomotor retardation.", "content": "A 25-month-old child with nonprogressive psychomotor retardation is described. Symmetrical hypoplasia of hemispheric white matter with an apparently intact cortex was a major finding. Maternal trauma to abdomen at 25 weeks of gestation was probably implicated in precipitating the condition. Also, changes resembling hypertrophy of the inferior olives were found in the pallida and were associated with dysplasia of the inferior olivary nuclei. There were other findings to suggest that the pallidal and olivary changes were secondary to deafferentation.", "contents": "Hypoplasia of hemispheric white matter, peculiar pallidal changes and dysplastic inferior olives in a child with psychomotor retardation. A 25-month-old child with nonprogressive psychomotor retardation is described. Symmetrical hypoplasia of hemispheric white matter with an apparently intact cortex was a major finding. Maternal trauma to abdomen at 25 weeks of gestation was probably implicated in precipitating the condition. Also, changes resembling hypertrophy of the inferior olives were found in the pallida and were associated with dysplasia of the inferior olivary nuclei. There were other findings to suggest that the pallidal and olivary changes were secondary to deafferentation.", "PMID": 676667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2642", "title": "Dysmyelination of the central nervous system in the Chow-Chow dog.", "content": "Five Chow-Chow dogs from three different litters had generalized body tremors since birth. Histologically a severe myelin deficiency was found in the central nervous system. The peripheral nerves were normally myelinated. Electron microscopically abnormally thin myelin sheaths and completely naked nerve fibers were found. There were many astrocytes in the myelin deficient areas as well as cells with the characteristic features of oligodendrocytes but also containing fibrils. The present cases are compared to other dysmyelinating diseases and possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Dysmyelination of the central nervous system in the Chow-Chow dog. Five Chow-Chow dogs from three different litters had generalized body tremors since birth. Histologically a severe myelin deficiency was found in the central nervous system. The peripheral nerves were normally myelinated. Electron microscopically abnormally thin myelin sheaths and completely naked nerve fibers were found. There were many astrocytes in the myelin deficient areas as well as cells with the characteristic features of oligodendrocytes but also containing fibrils. The present cases are compared to other dysmyelinating diseases and possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 676669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2643", "title": "A morphologic study of opportunistic cerebral toxoplasmosis.", "content": "The morphology of toxoplasma and its interaction with the cellular elements of the brain were studied in a patient who dies of extensive cerebral toxoplasmosis superimposed on Hodgkin's disease. The cerebral lesions were devoid of inflammatory cellular response and contained numerous organisms mostly in isolated multiplying forms in neurons, glia and vascular walls. Encysted forms containing multiplying organisms were seen infrequently. Intracellular parasite was identified in normal-appearing neuropil. The mode of multiplication and cyst formation of toxoplasma appeared basically similar to that described under experimental conditions. In addition, a rapid evolution of the cerebral lesions was suggested by computerized tomography. This study suggests that tissue necrosis in human cerebral toxoplasmosis is the result of an increased rate of multiplication and enhanced cellular invasiveness of the parasite most likely related to impaired cellular immunity as has been postulated by clinical and experimental data.", "contents": "A morphologic study of opportunistic cerebral toxoplasmosis. The morphology of toxoplasma and its interaction with the cellular elements of the brain were studied in a patient who dies of extensive cerebral toxoplasmosis superimposed on Hodgkin's disease. The cerebral lesions were devoid of inflammatory cellular response and contained numerous organisms mostly in isolated multiplying forms in neurons, glia and vascular walls. Encysted forms containing multiplying organisms were seen infrequently. Intracellular parasite was identified in normal-appearing neuropil. The mode of multiplication and cyst formation of toxoplasma appeared basically similar to that described under experimental conditions. In addition, a rapid evolution of the cerebral lesions was suggested by computerized tomography. This study suggests that tissue necrosis in human cerebral toxoplasmosis is the result of an increased rate of multiplication and enhanced cellular invasiveness of the parasite most likely related to impaired cellular immunity as has been postulated by clinical and experimental data.", "PMID": 676670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2644", "title": "The spreading of focal brain edema induced by ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "Focal brain edema limited to one cerebral hemisphere was produced by ultraviolet irradiation of the exposed cortex. Tissue water content was determined by the gravimetric method which allows microsampling. Therefore, the spread of edema around the small necrotic area could be mapped more precisely than by determination of dry weight which calls for larger samples. As early as 30 min following irradiation, hyperemia and swelling of the brain are observed under the operating microscope. This correlates with venous stasis, hyperemia, and broadened perivascular spaces around venules and large capillaries accompanied by a marked rise in the specific weight of the tissue. After 4 h an edema front can be observed spreading from the perinecrotic zone in which there is a marked rise in endothelial cell vesicular activity. Edema reaches maximum levels in the deep white matter at 48 h post irradiation with normalisation of the tissue water content after 96 h. The velocity at which the edema front spreads from the cortex to the periventricular area lies in the range of 0.25 mm/hr. Edema reabsorption coincides with signs of retrograde micropinocytosis in endothelial cells.", "contents": "The spreading of focal brain edema induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Focal brain edema limited to one cerebral hemisphere was produced by ultraviolet irradiation of the exposed cortex. Tissue water content was determined by the gravimetric method which allows microsampling. Therefore, the spread of edema around the small necrotic area could be mapped more precisely than by determination of dry weight which calls for larger samples. As early as 30 min following irradiation, hyperemia and swelling of the brain are observed under the operating microscope. This correlates with venous stasis, hyperemia, and broadened perivascular spaces around venules and large capillaries accompanied by a marked rise in the specific weight of the tissue. After 4 h an edema front can be observed spreading from the perinecrotic zone in which there is a marked rise in endothelial cell vesicular activity. Edema reaches maximum levels in the deep white matter at 48 h post irradiation with normalisation of the tissue water content after 96 h. The velocity at which the edema front spreads from the cortex to the periventricular area lies in the range of 0.25 mm/hr. Edema reabsorption coincides with signs of retrograde micropinocytosis in endothelial cells.", "PMID": 676671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2645", "title": "Ventral porencephaly: a cerebral defect associated with multiple congenital anomalies.", "content": "An infant with multiple congenital anomalies was found at autopsy to have a porencencephalic defect on the ventral surface of the left frontal lobe. The intracranial defect was seen in association with an anomalous configuration of the circle of Willis. The zone of tissue destruction corresponded to the vascular territory of the anterior choroidal and lenticulo-striate branches of the proximal middle cerebral arteries, which were absent on the left. The developmental anomaly of the circle of Willis may have predisposed to tissue destruction by compromising cerebral perfusion at midgestation, a stage of rapid brain growth.", "contents": "Ventral porencephaly: a cerebral defect associated with multiple congenital anomalies. An infant with multiple congenital anomalies was found at autopsy to have a porencencephalic defect on the ventral surface of the left frontal lobe. The intracranial defect was seen in association with an anomalous configuration of the circle of Willis. The zone of tissue destruction corresponded to the vascular territory of the anterior choroidal and lenticulo-striate branches of the proximal middle cerebral arteries, which were absent on the left. The developmental anomaly of the circle of Willis may have predisposed to tissue destruction by compromising cerebral perfusion at midgestation, a stage of rapid brain growth.", "PMID": 676672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2646", "title": "DNA alkylation and neuro-oncogenesis by 3,3-dimethyl-1-phenyltriazene.", "content": "The role of DNA alkylation by the neurooncogenic agent 3,3-dimethyl-1-phenyltriazene (DMPT) was investigated perinatally and in adult rats. Following a single subcutaneous injection of 14C-DMPT (100 mg/kg) on the 21 day of gestation, the concentration of methylated purines was similar in both fetal liver and brain whereas during postnatal growth this treatment resulted in an increasingly preferential methylation of liver DNA. In 30-day-old and adult rats the concentration of 7-methylguanine in liver was about 8 times higher in brain DNA, suggesting that during prenatal development both liver and brain DNA are transplacentally methylated by a proximate carcinogen produced by maternal organs. Multiple doses of 14C-DMPT (50 mg/kg) to adult rats led to a preferential accumulation of O6-methylguanine in cerebral DNA. This supports the hypothesis that the deficient repair excision capacity of the hypothesis that the deficient repair excision capacity of the central nervous system is a significant factor in the organ-specific carcinogenicity of DMPT and related carcinogens.", "contents": "DNA alkylation and neuro-oncogenesis by 3,3-dimethyl-1-phenyltriazene. The role of DNA alkylation by the neurooncogenic agent 3,3-dimethyl-1-phenyltriazene (DMPT) was investigated perinatally and in adult rats. Following a single subcutaneous injection of 14C-DMPT (100 mg/kg) on the 21 day of gestation, the concentration of methylated purines was similar in both fetal liver and brain whereas during postnatal growth this treatment resulted in an increasingly preferential methylation of liver DNA. In 30-day-old and adult rats the concentration of 7-methylguanine in liver was about 8 times higher in brain DNA, suggesting that during prenatal development both liver and brain DNA are transplacentally methylated by a proximate carcinogen produced by maternal organs. Multiple doses of 14C-DMPT (50 mg/kg) to adult rats led to a preferential accumulation of O6-methylguanine in cerebral DNA. This supports the hypothesis that the deficient repair excision capacity of the hypothesis that the deficient repair excision capacity of the central nervous system is a significant factor in the organ-specific carcinogenicity of DMPT and related carcinogens.", "PMID": 676674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2647", "title": "Tumor specific fluorescent and complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies in the serum of rats with chemically induced brain gliomas.", "content": "Brain tumors were induced in Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats by administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in the drinking water. Of these tumors, a grade 2 mixed glioma, a grade 2 to 3 astrocytoma and a grade 1 to 2 oligodendroglioma were established in vitro, maintained in culture and designated 75SD-G-376, 75SD-G-420 and 77LE-G-180, respectively. Of these mass cultures, two were successfully cloned and are currently available as 75SD-G-376C and 75SD-G-420C cell lines. Clonal lines produce S-100 protein and grow as tumors when isografted in young rats. Using the cultured cells as target cells , specific antibodies were searched for in the sera of the rats with the primary tumors by means of an indirect fluorescent antibody staining method and a complement-dependent antibody-mediated microcytotoxicity assay. Fluorescent and cytotoxic antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of the mixed glioma- and astrocytoma-bearing animals. However, a variable proportion of cells of the 75SD-G-376 and 75SD-G-420 lines showed no reaction with the corresponding sera. Furthermore, cytotoxic antibodies had a lytic effect on the autologous glioma cells only in the presence of rabbit complement.", "contents": "Tumor specific fluorescent and complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies in the serum of rats with chemically induced brain gliomas. Brain tumors were induced in Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats by administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in the drinking water. Of these tumors, a grade 2 mixed glioma, a grade 2 to 3 astrocytoma and a grade 1 to 2 oligodendroglioma were established in vitro, maintained in culture and designated 75SD-G-376, 75SD-G-420 and 77LE-G-180, respectively. Of these mass cultures, two were successfully cloned and are currently available as 75SD-G-376C and 75SD-G-420C cell lines. Clonal lines produce S-100 protein and grow as tumors when isografted in young rats. Using the cultured cells as target cells , specific antibodies were searched for in the sera of the rats with the primary tumors by means of an indirect fluorescent antibody staining method and a complement-dependent antibody-mediated microcytotoxicity assay. Fluorescent and cytotoxic antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of the mixed glioma- and astrocytoma-bearing animals. However, a variable proportion of cells of the 75SD-G-376 and 75SD-G-420 lines showed no reaction with the corresponding sera. Furthermore, cytotoxic antibodies had a lytic effect on the autologous glioma cells only in the presence of rabbit complement.", "PMID": 676675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2648", "title": "Some contributions of electron microscopy to the diagnosis of brain tumors.", "content": "Selected examples of neoplasms of the central nervous system are reviewed in which the electron microscope has been instrumental in establishing the diagnosis. These include ependymoma, ependymoblastoma, epithelial cyst, paraganglioma in the cauda equina and cerebellar neuroblastoma.", "contents": "Some contributions of electron microscopy to the diagnosis of brain tumors. Selected examples of neoplasms of the central nervous system are reviewed in which the electron microscope has been instrumental in establishing the diagnosis. These include ependymoma, ependymoblastoma, epithelial cyst, paraganglioma in the cauda equina and cerebellar neuroblastoma.", "PMID": 676676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2649", "title": "Barriers of peripheral nerve towards exogenous peroxidase in normal and protein deprived rats.", "content": "The protective barriers of the sciatic nerve in protein deprived and normal rats have been studied. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied extra-neurally in rats aged between 4 and 26 weeks. The spread of the tracer was investigated 2 h, 24 h, and 3 days after application. Passage of tracer into the endoneurium was found in all rats but decreased with age. Within the endoneurium, HRP was phagocytized by normally occurring endoneurial histiocytes, which constitute part of the protective barrier system of peripheral nerves. The functional development of the nerve protective barriers was retarded in protein deprived rats. Observations made in this study support the concept of a transperineurial vesicular transport of macromolecules.", "contents": "Barriers of peripheral nerve towards exogenous peroxidase in normal and protein deprived rats. The protective barriers of the sciatic nerve in protein deprived and normal rats have been studied. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied extra-neurally in rats aged between 4 and 26 weeks. The spread of the tracer was investigated 2 h, 24 h, and 3 days after application. Passage of tracer into the endoneurium was found in all rats but decreased with age. Within the endoneurium, HRP was phagocytized by normally occurring endoneurial histiocytes, which constitute part of the protective barrier system of peripheral nerves. The functional development of the nerve protective barriers was retarded in protein deprived rats. Observations made in this study support the concept of a transperineurial vesicular transport of macromolecules.", "PMID": 676677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2650", "title": "The effect of extraction of the intrafascicular contents of peripheral nerve trunks on perineurial structure.", "content": "The intrafascicular contents have been extracted from the tibial nerve of the rabbit through perineurial incisions. Within 6--8 days following this procedure, the perineurial cells separate from one another, become dissociated from their basement membranes and assume a fibroblast-like appearance. The intrafascicular space becomes populated with endoneurial fibroblasts. With the ingrowth of regenerating axons, bundles of axons and associated Schwann cells become surrounded by cells of fibroblastic appearance which undergo perineurial transformation resulting in the development of multiple small fascicles. The cells of the surrounding perineurium appear to reassume a lamellar organization and to reestablish contacts with each other with the formation of junctional complexes. It is therefore suggested that neural structures may be responsible for the development and maintenance of the structural organization of the perineurium.", "contents": "The effect of extraction of the intrafascicular contents of peripheral nerve trunks on perineurial structure. The intrafascicular contents have been extracted from the tibial nerve of the rabbit through perineurial incisions. Within 6--8 days following this procedure, the perineurial cells separate from one another, become dissociated from their basement membranes and assume a fibroblast-like appearance. The intrafascicular space becomes populated with endoneurial fibroblasts. With the ingrowth of regenerating axons, bundles of axons and associated Schwann cells become surrounded by cells of fibroblastic appearance which undergo perineurial transformation resulting in the development of multiple small fascicles. The cells of the surrounding perineurium appear to reassume a lamellar organization and to reestablish contacts with each other with the formation of junctional complexes. It is therefore suggested that neural structures may be responsible for the development and maintenance of the structural organization of the perineurium.", "PMID": 676678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2651", "title": "Quantitative analysis of voluntary muscles from routine autopsy material with special reference to the problem of remote carcinomatous changes (\"neuromyopathy\").", "content": "Specimens from the deltoid muscle of 210 randomly selected autopsy cases without previous clinical evidence of primary neuromuscular impairment were examined with regard to the influence of extramuscular diseases on voluntary muscle. Differences between malignant tumours and other disorders were of special interest with respect to the question of the possible existence of a remote effect of cancer on skeletal muscle. The number of central nuclei within muscle fibre cross sections was considered as the most simple parameter for myopathic reaction. Atrophic fibre changes were examined quantitatively by measurement of the orthogonal fibre diameters and calculating the variation of fibre size. In addition, a semi-quantitative histological evaluation of the muscles was performed. While tumor cases did not show a significant difference from the remainder with respect to myopathic changes, they did display a significant difference with regard to scattered and small-group fibre atrophy. The reasons for the muscular changes are discussed. From the present investigation the changes seem to be due chiefly to metabolic impairment and wasting. No signs for a specific carcinotoxic effect on skeletal muscles could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of voluntary muscles from routine autopsy material with special reference to the problem of remote carcinomatous changes (\"neuromyopathy\"). Specimens from the deltoid muscle of 210 randomly selected autopsy cases without previous clinical evidence of primary neuromuscular impairment were examined with regard to the influence of extramuscular diseases on voluntary muscle. Differences between malignant tumours and other disorders were of special interest with respect to the question of the possible existence of a remote effect of cancer on skeletal muscle. The number of central nuclei within muscle fibre cross sections was considered as the most simple parameter for myopathic reaction. Atrophic fibre changes were examined quantitatively by measurement of the orthogonal fibre diameters and calculating the variation of fibre size. In addition, a semi-quantitative histological evaluation of the muscles was performed. While tumor cases did not show a significant difference from the remainder with respect to myopathic changes, they did display a significant difference with regard to scattered and small-group fibre atrophy. The reasons for the muscular changes are discussed. From the present investigation the changes seem to be due chiefly to metabolic impairment and wasting. No signs for a specific carcinotoxic effect on skeletal muscles could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 676679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2652", "title": "[Myelinopathy due to carbon monoxyde poisoning. A study in ultrastructural neuropathology (author's transl)].", "content": "A 24-year-old woman was found comatose after 2 days of cephalalgia and vomiting. An immediate diagnosis of carbon monoxyde poisoning was disclaimed when blood carbon monoxyde was found to be 1.75 ml/100. A diagnosis of acute intracranial hypertension led to trephination with ventricular punction and brain biopsy on the third day. The patient died on the eleventh day. Ultrastructural study of biopsy tissue showed nearly normal cortex, and injured white matter, with disrupted or destroyed myelin and pycnotic oligodendroglia in contrast with nearly normal axons, astrocytes, and capillaries. Autopsy showed a typical semioval center myelinopathy. After discussion of the histotoxic, vascular, and edema theories for myelinopathy pathogenesis, primary oligodendrogial lesion is considered, and correlated with the diphasic evolution often observed in the course of carbon monoxyde myelinopathy.", "contents": "[Myelinopathy due to carbon monoxyde poisoning. A study in ultrastructural neuropathology (author's transl)]. A 24-year-old woman was found comatose after 2 days of cephalalgia and vomiting. An immediate diagnosis of carbon monoxyde poisoning was disclaimed when blood carbon monoxyde was found to be 1.75 ml/100. A diagnosis of acute intracranial hypertension led to trephination with ventricular punction and brain biopsy on the third day. The patient died on the eleventh day. Ultrastructural study of biopsy tissue showed nearly normal cortex, and injured white matter, with disrupted or destroyed myelin and pycnotic oligodendroglia in contrast with nearly normal axons, astrocytes, and capillaries. Autopsy showed a typical semioval center myelinopathy. After discussion of the histotoxic, vascular, and edema theories for myelinopathy pathogenesis, primary oligodendrogial lesion is considered, and correlated with the diphasic evolution often observed in the course of carbon monoxyde myelinopathy.", "PMID": 676680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2653", "title": "Changes of the ratio between myelin thickness and axon diameter in the human developing sural nerve.", "content": "Axon caliber and myelin sheath thickness of individual nerve fibers were evaluated in the developing human sural nerve using three different methods of measurement: 1. ocular micrometer evaluation of large fibers, 2. photographic enlargements for evaluating large numbers of nerve fibers of all sizes, and 3. electron microscopic enlargements for more precise measurements in selected nerves. The average axonal diameter doubles from 5 months gestation to about 5 years of age. Large fiber group axons increase, during the same period, by a factor of 3--3.5 with a slight decrease thereafter. The myelin thickness increases more slowly, but continuously, between 5 months gestation until the age of 14. This asynchronous development of axons and myelin sheaths results in a statistically significant change of the ratio between axonal caliber and myelin thickness. The slope of the regression line is steeper in older than in younger individuals, and the correlation coefficient increases during development of the nerve.", "contents": "Changes of the ratio between myelin thickness and axon diameter in the human developing sural nerve. Axon caliber and myelin sheath thickness of individual nerve fibers were evaluated in the developing human sural nerve using three different methods of measurement: 1. ocular micrometer evaluation of large fibers, 2. photographic enlargements for evaluating large numbers of nerve fibers of all sizes, and 3. electron microscopic enlargements for more precise measurements in selected nerves. The average axonal diameter doubles from 5 months gestation to about 5 years of age. Large fiber group axons increase, during the same period, by a factor of 3--3.5 with a slight decrease thereafter. The myelin thickness increases more slowly, but continuously, between 5 months gestation until the age of 14. This asynchronous development of axons and myelin sheaths results in a statistically significant change of the ratio between axonal caliber and myelin thickness. The slope of the regression line is steeper in older than in younger individuals, and the correlation coefficient increases during development of the nerve.", "PMID": 676681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2654", "title": "Contribution to the histology of tick-borne encephalitis.", "content": "The light microscopic changes of the first human case in which electron microscopic identification of the virus was successful, are described. They are compared with the findings accepted in the literature as characteristic of tick-borne encephalitis. Although meningeal and intracerebral infiltrations were partly connected, the process cannot be regarded as a meningoencephalitis. The choroid plexus remained free from infiltration. The discontinuous inflammatory process was severe in the cerebral cortex in the pre-central region, further in the temporal lobe, and became even more accentuated in the amygdaloid nucleus. Reduction in the number of nerve cells could be ascertained chiefly in the motor cortex. The tick-borne encephalitis belongs to the group of disseminated polioencephalitides with predilection site in the brain stem, all of them caused by ribonucleic acid viruses, irrespective of whether the virus belongs to the families of Picorna-, Toga-, or Rhabdoviruses. Within this histologically outlined group the individual entities possess distinctive traits. The significance of the anoxic-vasal factor in the process formation is displayed on the instance of some traits of the histological pictures.", "contents": "Contribution to the histology of tick-borne encephalitis. The light microscopic changes of the first human case in which electron microscopic identification of the virus was successful, are described. They are compared with the findings accepted in the literature as characteristic of tick-borne encephalitis. Although meningeal and intracerebral infiltrations were partly connected, the process cannot be regarded as a meningoencephalitis. The choroid plexus remained free from infiltration. The discontinuous inflammatory process was severe in the cerebral cortex in the pre-central region, further in the temporal lobe, and became even more accentuated in the amygdaloid nucleus. Reduction in the number of nerve cells could be ascertained chiefly in the motor cortex. The tick-borne encephalitis belongs to the group of disseminated polioencephalitides with predilection site in the brain stem, all of them caused by ribonucleic acid viruses, irrespective of whether the virus belongs to the families of Picorna-, Toga-, or Rhabdoviruses. Within this histologically outlined group the individual entities possess distinctive traits. The significance of the anoxic-vasal factor in the process formation is displayed on the instance of some traits of the histological pictures.", "PMID": 676682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2655", "title": "Gross vascularization of experimentally induced transplanted tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system.", "content": "Subcutaneously and intracerebrally transplanted neurinomas as well as intracerebrally grafted gliomas, both derived from primary tumors with resorptive carcinogens were investigated after injection of micropaque by conventional histologic methods and by postmortem X-ray analysis. Growth pattern and vasculature were similar in subcutaneously and intracerebrally transplanted malignant neurinomas. The most common feature was a parallel arrangement of vessels as shown by microradiography and vessel free zones. In intracerebrally grafted glioma, the growth of tumors was confined to or starting from the ventricular system. Sinusoidal vessels, capillary proliferations and proliferation of vessel wall were found. The outstanding feature was the occurrence of extravascular contrast deposits, thus indicating the vulnerability of tumor vessels and frequency of hemorrhages into these tumors.", "contents": "Gross vascularization of experimentally induced transplanted tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system. Subcutaneously and intracerebrally transplanted neurinomas as well as intracerebrally grafted gliomas, both derived from primary tumors with resorptive carcinogens were investigated after injection of micropaque by conventional histologic methods and by postmortem X-ray analysis. Growth pattern and vasculature were similar in subcutaneously and intracerebrally transplanted malignant neurinomas. The most common feature was a parallel arrangement of vessels as shown by microradiography and vessel free zones. In intracerebrally grafted glioma, the growth of tumors was confined to or starting from the ventricular system. Sinusoidal vessels, capillary proliferations and proliferation of vessel wall were found. The outstanding feature was the occurrence of extravascular contrast deposits, thus indicating the vulnerability of tumor vessels and frequency of hemorrhages into these tumors.", "PMID": 676683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2656", "title": "Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: CNS plaque development in unsuppressed and suppressed animals.", "content": "Central nervous system (CNS) lesion morphology has been studied in inbred Strain 13 guinea pigs sensitized for chronic relapsing EAE in which the disease was either left to develop (unsuppressed) or was suppressed with injections containing myelin basic protein (MBP). Pathologic changes correlated well with clinical activity. In unsuppressed chronic EAE animals, active clinical disease was invariably matched by acute inflammation in the CNS. In more chronic states, the CNS displayed fibrosis and remyelination while relapses showed the CNS to contain recent changes superimposed upon old lesions. In animals in which the disease was suppressed by injections of MBP, clinical signs did not develop. However, some early subclinical changes were seen morphologically. These lesions were able to remyelinate early on and there was no progression in lesion formation. Apparently, therefore, MBP had a beneficial effect upon the course of the disease and had promoted structural repair.  It thus appears that MBP therapy might be one effective approach for the prevention of chronic relapsing EAE. The findings should prove relevant to future MBP trials in multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: CNS plaque development in unsuppressed and suppressed animals. Central nervous system (CNS) lesion morphology has been studied in inbred Strain 13 guinea pigs sensitized for chronic relapsing EAE in which the disease was either left to develop (unsuppressed) or was suppressed with injections containing myelin basic protein (MBP). Pathologic changes correlated well with clinical activity. In unsuppressed chronic EAE animals, active clinical disease was invariably matched by acute inflammation in the CNS. In more chronic states, the CNS displayed fibrosis and remyelination while relapses showed the CNS to contain recent changes superimposed upon old lesions. In animals in which the disease was suppressed by injections of MBP, clinical signs did not develop. However, some early subclinical changes were seen morphologically. These lesions were able to remyelinate early on and there was no progression in lesion formation. Apparently, therefore, MBP had a beneficial effect upon the course of the disease and had promoted structural repair.  It thus appears that MBP therapy might be one effective approach for the prevention of chronic relapsing EAE. The findings should prove relevant to future MBP trials in multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 676686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2657", "title": "Ultrastructural cytochemical demonstration of peroxidase-positive monocyte granules: an additional method for studying the origin of mononuclear cells in encephalitic lesions.", "content": "Unlike lymphocytes, blood monocytes possess in their cytoplasm peroxidase-positive (azurophil) granules (ppg) which largely correspond to the homonymous organelles of neutrophil granulocytes. We tested whether ppg, demonstrated cytochemically at the submicroscopic level, could serve as markers of monocyte-derived reactive mononuclear cells in encephalitic lesions. Samples of cerebrocortical tissue from adult albino mice with experimental yellow fever virus encephalitis were incubated in a medium containing diaminobenzidine and H2O2 for localization of peroxidatic activity. Mononuclear cells exhibiting ppg were found (1) in the lumen of brain venules, (2) in different stages of migration through the walls of such vessels, (3) in perivascular areas, (4) in the glioneuropil, either loosely scattered or forming small clusters, (5) in a satellite position to neurons, and (6) in leptomeningitic inflitrates. Several mononuclear elements harboring ppg had assumed an elongated, rod cell-like outline. Amongst the peroxidase-negative mononuclears were fully developed brain macrophages and elements showing morphologic features characteristic of activated lymphocytes. Most mononuclear cells without ppg resembled the peroxidase-reactive ones. The results of this study provide direct evidence in favor of a monocytic origin of, at least, numerous reactive mononuclear elements in encephalitic lesions. The approach followed in the present study is not suitable for quantitative investigations of the histogenesis of mononuclear cells responding to brain injuries, since emigrated blood monocytes rapidly lose their ppg, particularly, when they display enhanced phagocytic activity.", "contents": "Ultrastructural cytochemical demonstration of peroxidase-positive monocyte granules: an additional method for studying the origin of mononuclear cells in encephalitic lesions. Unlike lymphocytes, blood monocytes possess in their cytoplasm peroxidase-positive (azurophil) granules (ppg) which largely correspond to the homonymous organelles of neutrophil granulocytes. We tested whether ppg, demonstrated cytochemically at the submicroscopic level, could serve as markers of monocyte-derived reactive mononuclear cells in encephalitic lesions. Samples of cerebrocortical tissue from adult albino mice with experimental yellow fever virus encephalitis were incubated in a medium containing diaminobenzidine and H2O2 for localization of peroxidatic activity. Mononuclear cells exhibiting ppg were found (1) in the lumen of brain venules, (2) in different stages of migration through the walls of such vessels, (3) in perivascular areas, (4) in the glioneuropil, either loosely scattered or forming small clusters, (5) in a satellite position to neurons, and (6) in leptomeningitic inflitrates. Several mononuclear elements harboring ppg had assumed an elongated, rod cell-like outline. Amongst the peroxidase-negative mononuclears were fully developed brain macrophages and elements showing morphologic features characteristic of activated lymphocytes. Most mononuclear cells without ppg resembled the peroxidase-reactive ones. The results of this study provide direct evidence in favor of a monocytic origin of, at least, numerous reactive mononuclear elements in encephalitic lesions. The approach followed in the present study is not suitable for quantitative investigations of the histogenesis of mononuclear cells responding to brain injuries, since emigrated blood monocytes rapidly lose their ppg, particularly, when they display enhanced phagocytic activity.", "PMID": 676687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2658", "title": "Encephalitis following vaccination against distemper and infectious hepatitis in the dog. An optical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "A 4-month-old, male, healthy dog developed CNS-symptoms 10 days after the second vaccination with live, attenuated distemper and canine hepatitis virus. The animal was euthanized after 2 weeks of illness. Light and electron microscopic examination of the CNS showed a partly necrotizing encephalomyelitis with numberous intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and the presence of probable pseudomyxovirus nucleocapsids and of crystalloid and tubuloreticular aggregates. Although there was conformity of inclusion bodies and probable viral structures as revealed by electron microscopy, the latter showed a much wider distribution. In addition, viral structures of a different type were found in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Several morphological criteria led to the supposition that they are Picornaviruses, or possibly Arenaviruses. It is thought that their role in the disease process was at best an indirect one.", "contents": "Encephalitis following vaccination against distemper and infectious hepatitis in the dog. An optical and ultrastructural study. A 4-month-old, male, healthy dog developed CNS-symptoms 10 days after the second vaccination with live, attenuated distemper and canine hepatitis virus. The animal was euthanized after 2 weeks of illness. Light and electron microscopic examination of the CNS showed a partly necrotizing encephalomyelitis with numberous intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and the presence of probable pseudomyxovirus nucleocapsids and of crystalloid and tubuloreticular aggregates. Although there was conformity of inclusion bodies and probable viral structures as revealed by electron microscopy, the latter showed a much wider distribution. In addition, viral structures of a different type were found in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Several morphological criteria led to the supposition that they are Picornaviruses, or possibly Arenaviruses. It is thought that their role in the disease process was at best an indirect one.", "PMID": 676689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2659", "title": "Larsen's syndrome.", "content": "A girl with the characteristic abnormalities of Larsen's syndrome is presented. A soft flabby consistence of the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx and trachea was thought to be the cause of attacks of respiratory failure which suddenly caused her death at the age of 9 months. Microscopy revealed a considerably reduced number of elastic fibres in the larynx, trachea and bronchi. Closed reduction of the knee dislocation by skin traction seemed to be successful.", "contents": "Larsen's syndrome. A girl with the characteristic abnormalities of Larsen's syndrome is presented. A soft flabby consistence of the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx and trachea was thought to be the cause of attacks of respiratory failure which suddenly caused her death at the age of 9 months. Microscopy revealed a considerably reduced number of elastic fibres in the larynx, trachea and bronchi. Closed reduction of the knee dislocation by skin traction seemed to be successful.", "PMID": 676696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2660", "title": "Recurrent ulnar nerve dislocation at the elbow. Report of a non-traumatic case with ulnar entrapment neuropathy.", "content": "An unusual case of habitual recurrent ulnar nerve dislocation at the elbow is described. The case was complicated by non-traumatic ulnar entrapment neuropathy interfering with the patient's profession as a musician (cello).", "contents": "Recurrent ulnar nerve dislocation at the elbow. Report of a non-traumatic case with ulnar entrapment neuropathy. An unusual case of habitual recurrent ulnar nerve dislocation at the elbow is described. The case was complicated by non-traumatic ulnar entrapment neuropathy interfering with the patient's profession as a musician (cello).", "PMID": 676698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2661", "title": "Abduction contracture of the shoulder. A report of two patients.", "content": "Two cases of winged scapulae due to fibrosis of the deltoid muscle are reported. The fact that these two patients were healthy and well prior to injections suggests that intramuscular injeciton is the causative factor. Treatment by simple division is satisfactory.", "contents": "Abduction contracture of the shoulder. A report of two patients. Two cases of winged scapulae due to fibrosis of the deltoid muscle are reported. The fact that these two patients were healthy and well prior to injections suggests that intramuscular injeciton is the causative factor. Treatment by simple division is satisfactory.", "PMID": 676699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2662", "title": "Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in the young.", "content": "A survey of 37 young patients, 10 to 18 years of age, with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation is presented. Local physical findings and limitation in straight-leg raising are often more marked in the young than in adults, whereas pain may be slight or even absent. Neurological findings were normal in 40 per cent of the cases, and when deficits were found, they were usually of a minor nature. Herniated disc syndrome in children and adolescents is characteristic and should not be difficult to recognize. With surgical treatment good results were obtained in nearly all cases.", "contents": "Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in the young. A survey of 37 young patients, 10 to 18 years of age, with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation is presented. Local physical findings and limitation in straight-leg raising are often more marked in the young than in adults, whereas pain may be slight or even absent. Neurological findings were normal in 40 per cent of the cases, and when deficits were found, they were usually of a minor nature. Herniated disc syndrome in children and adolescents is characteristic and should not be difficult to recognize. With surgical treatment good results were obtained in nearly all cases.", "PMID": 676700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2663", "title": "Pyogenic spondylitis.", "content": "During the period 1972-1974 10 patients suffering from pyogenic spondylitis have been treated at the Central Hospital of Middle Finland. Three of the patients had become acutely ill with septic fever and back pain. In the remaining cases the onset of the disease was insidious. Fever, weight loss and fatigue were the general symptoms. Percussion revealed local tenderness at the site of infection in all patients. Two patients showed neurological signs. The ESR was elevated in all cases and alkaline phosphatase was elevated in six patients. Blood culture was positive in those three patients who had become acutely ill. Narrowing of the intervertebral space was observed in all patients. Scanning with Tc99 was performed in nine patients, seven of whom were at an early stage of the disease; a significant uptake was recorded in five of these cases. The average interval between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis was 3 months, range 1 to 5 months. The treatment consisted of bed rest and antibiotics. All the patients recovered and became symptom-free.", "contents": "Pyogenic spondylitis. During the period 1972-1974 10 patients suffering from pyogenic spondylitis have been treated at the Central Hospital of Middle Finland. Three of the patients had become acutely ill with septic fever and back pain. In the remaining cases the onset of the disease was insidious. Fever, weight loss and fatigue were the general symptoms. Percussion revealed local tenderness at the site of infection in all patients. Two patients showed neurological signs. The ESR was elevated in all cases and alkaline phosphatase was elevated in six patients. Blood culture was positive in those three patients who had become acutely ill. Narrowing of the intervertebral space was observed in all patients. Scanning with Tc99 was performed in nine patients, seven of whom were at an early stage of the disease; a significant uptake was recorded in five of these cases. The average interval between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis was 3 months, range 1 to 5 months. The treatment consisted of bed rest and antibiotics. All the patients recovered and became symptom-free.", "PMID": 676701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2664", "title": "Hemipelvectomy. Postoperative rehabilitation assessed on the basis of 41 cases.", "content": "Rehabilitation was evaluated on the basis of 41 consecutive hemipelvectomies for malignant tumours. Owing to early metastasization and death, 11 patients were not supplied with prostheses, while prosthetic fitting was attempted in the remaining 30. Of this number 27 completed prosthetic training, with the result that 15 used their prosthesis, while 12 discarded it after some time, six because of poor general health owing to recurrence of the tumours and six because they felt that the prosthesis was too heavy and difficult to wear. Twenty-three returned to work. After elimination of the most severely tumour-affected patients, there were 19 one-year survivors without recurrence. Thirteen of them were using their prosthesis every day, and thirteen had gone back to work. Serious mental sequelae were found in five patients, including four with long-lasting exogenous depressions and one with anxiety neurosis.", "contents": "Hemipelvectomy. Postoperative rehabilitation assessed on the basis of 41 cases. Rehabilitation was evaluated on the basis of 41 consecutive hemipelvectomies for malignant tumours. Owing to early metastasization and death, 11 patients were not supplied with prostheses, while prosthetic fitting was attempted in the remaining 30. Of this number 27 completed prosthetic training, with the result that 15 used their prosthesis, while 12 discarded it after some time, six because of poor general health owing to recurrence of the tumours and six because they felt that the prosthesis was too heavy and difficult to wear. Twenty-three returned to work. After elimination of the most severely tumour-affected patients, there were 19 one-year survivors without recurrence. Thirteen of them were using their prosthesis every day, and thirteen had gone back to work. Serious mental sequelae were found in five patients, including four with long-lasting exogenous depressions and one with anxiety neurosis.", "PMID": 676702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2665", "title": "Impacted fractures of the femoral neck treated by early mobilization and weight-bearing.", "content": "Among 280 patients with femoral neck fractures 46 were classified as having impacted fractures according to the criteria mentioned below. The treatment of patients with impacted femoral neck fractures was determined to be mobilization with partial weight-bearing from the first day of admission. Among the 42 patients successful in immediate mobilization there were eight whose fractures disimpacted. Three cases of avascular necrosis were recorded but no cases of non-union. In order to determine the predictive signs of secondary dislocation the X-ray findings were subjected to statistical analysis. The inclination of the fracture line, dislocation into a valgus or varus position and the presence of retroversion did not influence the tendency to disimpaction. More than 80 per cent of the fractures healed without disimpaction.", "contents": "Impacted fractures of the femoral neck treated by early mobilization and weight-bearing. Among 280 patients with femoral neck fractures 46 were classified as having impacted fractures according to the criteria mentioned below. The treatment of patients with impacted femoral neck fractures was determined to be mobilization with partial weight-bearing from the first day of admission. Among the 42 patients successful in immediate mobilization there were eight whose fractures disimpacted. Three cases of avascular necrosis were recorded but no cases of non-union. In order to determine the predictive signs of secondary dislocation the X-ray findings were subjected to statistical analysis. The inclination of the fracture line, dislocation into a valgus or varus position and the presence of retroversion did not influence the tendency to disimpaction. More than 80 per cent of the fractures healed without disimpaction.", "PMID": 676703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2666", "title": "Methylmethacrylate hypersensitivity in orthopaedic surgery.", "content": "The sensitivity to methylmethacrylate monomer in 25 patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery was studied. No relation could be found between the cardiovascular reactions observed during the cementation of the femoral prosthesis and the complement system, investigated by measuring the serum concentration of the haemolytic complement, components 3 and 4.", "contents": "Methylmethacrylate hypersensitivity in orthopaedic surgery. The sensitivity to methylmethacrylate monomer in 25 patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery was studied. No relation could be found between the cardiovascular reactions observed during the cementation of the femoral prosthesis and the complement system, investigated by measuring the serum concentration of the haemolytic complement, components 3 and 4.", "PMID": 676704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2667", "title": "Experiences with total hip replacement arthroplasty ad modum ring.", "content": "The results of total replacement of the hip joint ad modum Ring are presented. The review includes 63 hips (from among the total number of cases operated by the various methods) followed up for periods ranging from 6 months to 5 years. The assessment has shown excellent results in 33.3 per cent, good results in 50.8 per cent, fair in 9.5 per cent and poor results in 6.4 per cent. Advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Experiences with total hip replacement arthroplasty ad modum ring. The results of total replacement of the hip joint ad modum Ring are presented. The review includes 63 hips (from among the total number of cases operated by the various methods) followed up for periods ranging from 6 months to 5 years. The assessment has shown excellent results in 33.3 per cent, good results in 50.8 per cent, fair in 9.5 per cent and poor results in 6.4 per cent. Advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 676705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2668", "title": "Demonstration of rotatory instability in injured knees by stress radiography.", "content": "Rotatory instability of injured knees may be demonstrated by stress radiography by recording the different movements of the medial and lateral tibial condyle at pull or push with the knee in 90 degrees flexion. The displacements of the condyles are expressed in millimetres, not degrees. Comparison with the healthy knee is always used. The displacement of a tibial condyle has to exceed 3.0 mm in relation to the healthy knee to be defined as pathological. If the movements of both condyles exceed the movements in the healthy knee by more than 3.0 mm in the same direction a drawer sign is present--if only one of them moves, an abnormal rotation is present. When a drawer sign is present there may still be a greater displacement of one of the tibial condyles which means a rotatory instability added to the drawer sign, designated a complex rotatory instability. All types of rotatory instabilities, simple and complex, are defined and discussed, in relation to the classification of Nicholas, Trickey and Slocum & Larson. Forty-one cases of abnormal rotation were demonstrated in this series by stress radiography. The direction of rotation and the type of instability are described and compared with the operative findings. The findings are in agreement with those of the above-mentioned authors and the experimental work of Warren et al.", "contents": "Demonstration of rotatory instability in injured knees by stress radiography. Rotatory instability of injured knees may be demonstrated by stress radiography by recording the different movements of the medial and lateral tibial condyle at pull or push with the knee in 90 degrees flexion. The displacements of the condyles are expressed in millimetres, not degrees. Comparison with the healthy knee is always used. The displacement of a tibial condyle has to exceed 3.0 mm in relation to the healthy knee to be defined as pathological. If the movements of both condyles exceed the movements in the healthy knee by more than 3.0 mm in the same direction a drawer sign is present--if only one of them moves, an abnormal rotation is present. When a drawer sign is present there may still be a greater displacement of one of the tibial condyles which means a rotatory instability added to the drawer sign, designated a complex rotatory instability. All types of rotatory instabilities, simple and complex, are defined and discussed, in relation to the classification of Nicholas, Trickey and Slocum & Larson. Forty-one cases of abnormal rotation were demonstrated in this series by stress radiography. The direction of rotation and the type of instability are described and compared with the operative findings. The findings are in agreement with those of the above-mentioned authors and the experimental work of Warren et al.", "PMID": 676706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2669", "title": "Pseudochondromalacia patellae.", "content": "A condition causing knee pain with retropatellar crepitus similar to chondromalacia patellae is described. The symptoms seem to be due not to chondromalacia of the patella, but to a local synovial thickening proximal to the articular surface of the medial femoral condyle. Thirteen patients, aged 10 to 21 years, were operated upon because of this condition, three of them bilaterally. In most of them the changed synovial membrane was excised. The operation in eleven of the knees was followed by considerable or complete relief. Of the remaining five knees, three were temporarily improved.", "contents": "Pseudochondromalacia patellae. A condition causing knee pain with retropatellar crepitus similar to chondromalacia patellae is described. The symptoms seem to be due not to chondromalacia of the patella, but to a local synovial thickening proximal to the articular surface of the medial femoral condyle. Thirteen patients, aged 10 to 21 years, were operated upon because of this condition, three of them bilaterally. In most of them the changed synovial membrane was excised. The operation in eleven of the knees was followed by considerable or complete relief. Of the remaining five knees, three were temporarily improved.", "PMID": 676707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2670", "title": "Asymmetry of plantar flexion strength in the foot.", "content": "A study of plantar flexion strength and calf circumference in 30 conscripts is submitted. It showed an asymmetry of strength amounting to 6--11 per cent (95 per cent confidence limits). The right leg was significantly stronger than the left, but there was no difference in strength between the dominant and non-dominant leg. There was little correlation between circumference and strength.", "contents": "Asymmetry of plantar flexion strength in the foot. A study of plantar flexion strength and calf circumference in 30 conscripts is submitted. It showed an asymmetry of strength amounting to 6--11 per cent (95 per cent confidence limits). The right leg was significantly stronger than the left, but there was no difference in strength between the dominant and non-dominant leg. There was little correlation between circumference and strength.", "PMID": 676708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2671", "title": "Haematopoietic stem cells (CFUc) in human cord blood.", "content": "Colony forming units (CFUc) giving rise to myelocytic colonies in methylcellulose cultures were found among non-adherent mononuclear cells of human cord blood with a frequency of one in 1678. The number decreased makredly during the first 8 to 10 days of life. They were rarely detected in adult blood by this technique.", "contents": "Haematopoietic stem cells (CFUc) in human cord blood. Colony forming units (CFUc) giving rise to myelocytic colonies in methylcellulose cultures were found among non-adherent mononuclear cells of human cord blood with a frequency of one in 1678. The number decreased makredly during the first 8 to 10 days of life. They were rarely detected in adult blood by this technique.", "PMID": 676726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2672", "title": "Childhood cancer in Sweden, 1958-1974. I. Incidence and mortality.", "content": "All cases of tumours and tumour-like conditions in children 0-14 years reported to the Swedish cancer registry during the period 1958-74 have been studied. The material consists of 3797 individuals on file in this registry. The most common cancer diagnoses in children 0-14 years are leukemia and tumours of the central nervous system (together constituting approximately 58% of all cases). Almost half of the cancers affect children below five years of age. The lowest incidence occurs in the ages 7-8 years, and the highest occurs during the first year of life. The types of tumours below one year of age show a different distribution than in any other age groups. A significant increase in the incidence of childhood cancer occurred, while the mortality rates showed a slight decrease during the period studied. A remarkable increase in the incidence figures was noted concerning tumours of the nervous system, especially in boys. The decrease in the mortality rates was most obvious regarding Wilms' tumour, and leukemia in children 0-4 years of age.", "contents": "Childhood cancer in Sweden, 1958-1974. I. Incidence and mortality. All cases of tumours and tumour-like conditions in children 0-14 years reported to the Swedish cancer registry during the period 1958-74 have been studied. The material consists of 3797 individuals on file in this registry. The most common cancer diagnoses in children 0-14 years are leukemia and tumours of the central nervous system (together constituting approximately 58% of all cases). Almost half of the cancers affect children below five years of age. The lowest incidence occurs in the ages 7-8 years, and the highest occurs during the first year of life. The types of tumours below one year of age show a different distribution than in any other age groups. A significant increase in the incidence of childhood cancer occurred, while the mortality rates showed a slight decrease during the period studied. A remarkable increase in the incidence figures was noted concerning tumours of the nervous system, especially in boys. The decrease in the mortality rates was most obvious regarding Wilms' tumour, and leukemia in children 0-4 years of age.", "PMID": 676727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2673", "title": "Mannitol osmolar clearance in diabetes insipidus of children.", "content": "A modified technique of amnnitol-induced diuresis is described, in order to assess renal concentrating ability in infants and children. The infusion of 10% mannitol in 0.9% saline avoided the hypertonic saline overload and the fluid restriction period, both badly tolerated by infants and small children. In a control group of children aged from two months to seven years, the values of T(H2O) plotted against C(OSM) allowed to calculate the adjustment curve y=0.80x0.75, r=0.98 (p is less than 0.0001). In six patients with pituitary diabetes insipidus (PDI), the test was used in order to quantify the degree of ADH deficiency and evaluate the carbamazepine and clofibrate effect, in the renal concentrating mechanism. The test was tolerated perfectly in every case, obtaining qualitative and quantitative data and avoiding the hyponatremia and hypokalemia produced by the mannitol.", "contents": "Mannitol osmolar clearance in diabetes insipidus of children. A modified technique of amnnitol-induced diuresis is described, in order to assess renal concentrating ability in infants and children. The infusion of 10% mannitol in 0.9% saline avoided the hypertonic saline overload and the fluid restriction period, both badly tolerated by infants and small children. In a control group of children aged from two months to seven years, the values of T(H2O) plotted against C(OSM) allowed to calculate the adjustment curve y=0.80x0.75, r=0.98 (p is less than 0.0001). In six patients with pituitary diabetes insipidus (PDI), the test was used in order to quantify the degree of ADH deficiency and evaluate the carbamazepine and clofibrate effect, in the renal concentrating mechanism. The test was tolerated perfectly in every case, obtaining qualitative and quantitative data and avoiding the hyponatremia and hypokalemia produced by the mannitol.", "PMID": 676728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2674", "title": "Frequency of psychotropic drug prescribing for children in Tampere, Finland.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency with which psychotropic drugs are prescribed for children under 10 years of age in outpatient care in Finland. This frequency was estimated from the reimbursements paid by the Social Insurance Office of Tampere City in 1974. Every third psychotropic drug prescribed for children born in 1965-74 was included. This resulted in 319 children with 375 psychotropic drug prescriptions. About 4% of children under 10 years old in the Tampere area had received within one years's time one or more psychotropic drugs in outpatient care. About half of the psychotropic drugs were prescribed by general practitioners. Sedatives were the most frequently prescribed drugs, especially in the younger are groups. Antidepressants and antiepileptics were common in the older age groups. The most commonly specified indications were fever and restlessness.", "contents": "Frequency of psychotropic drug prescribing for children in Tampere, Finland. The purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency with which psychotropic drugs are prescribed for children under 10 years of age in outpatient care in Finland. This frequency was estimated from the reimbursements paid by the Social Insurance Office of Tampere City in 1974. Every third psychotropic drug prescribed for children born in 1965-74 was included. This resulted in 319 children with 375 psychotropic drug prescriptions. About 4% of children under 10 years old in the Tampere area had received within one years's time one or more psychotropic drugs in outpatient care. About half of the psychotropic drugs were prescribed by general practitioners. Sedatives were the most frequently prescribed drugs, especially in the younger are groups. Antidepressants and antiepileptics were common in the older age groups. The most commonly specified indications were fever and restlessness.", "PMID": 676729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2675", "title": "Growth, body weight and insulin requirement in diabetic children.", "content": "The weight and height development of 51 boys and 48 girls who had developed diabetes prior to the age of 15 years was followed for a minimum of 3 years, mean 8.3 years, up to the age of 18 for the girls and 20 for the boys. In addition, the insulin requirements were recorded. Weight and height proved to be within the normal range, and height at onset of diabetes was normal. After a long duration of diabetes, however, there occurred a reduction of height increment of obout 1/2cm/year. This reduction was greater in children who rarely attended as compared with those who frequently attended a sub-specialized clinic. The daily dose of insulin increased with age, the greatest increase coinciding with the growth spurt. During the first 4 years of diabetes the 24-hour dose/kg body weight increased, indicating a decreasing endogenous insulin production. Later it was constant at around 0.9 i.u./kg. Modern management of diabetic children leads to normal adult stature.", "contents": "Growth, body weight and insulin requirement in diabetic children. The weight and height development of 51 boys and 48 girls who had developed diabetes prior to the age of 15 years was followed for a minimum of 3 years, mean 8.3 years, up to the age of 18 for the girls and 20 for the boys. In addition, the insulin requirements were recorded. Weight and height proved to be within the normal range, and height at onset of diabetes was normal. After a long duration of diabetes, however, there occurred a reduction of height increment of obout 1/2cm/year. This reduction was greater in children who rarely attended as compared with those who frequently attended a sub-specialized clinic. The daily dose of insulin increased with age, the greatest increase coinciding with the growth spurt. During the first 4 years of diabetes the 24-hour dose/kg body weight increased, indicating a decreasing endogenous insulin production. Later it was constant at around 0.9 i.u./kg. Modern management of diabetic children leads to normal adult stature.", "PMID": 676730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2676", "title": "Vitamin E requirements of preterm infants.", "content": "Differences between feeding practices in earlier investigations prompted the present study of iron and vitamin E supplementation in breast milk fed preterm infants. A new and highly sensitive technique for quantitation of alpha-tocopherol in serum was used. Studies on 34 infants with a birth weight below 2000 g or gestational age less than or equal to 35 weeks showed that supplementation with 16.5 mg tocopheryl acetate/day from 10 days of age resulted in a significantly higher haemoglobin concentration and lower reticulocyte count at 8-10 weeks than supplementation with 1.5 mg/day (p is less than 0.05). Studies on 23 infants with a birth weight of 2000-2499 g revealed subnormal alpha-tocopherol levels in 2 of the infants given 1.5 mg tocopheryl acetate/day but there was no effect on the haemoglobin concentration at 8-10 weeks. There were no untoward effects of an early iron supplementation with 2-3 mg Fe++ (as ferrous succinate)/kg/day. It is concluded that extra supplementation with vitamin E is advisable also in breast milk fed preterm infants. A low dosage iron supplementation from 3 weeks of age is safe.", "contents": "Vitamin E requirements of preterm infants. Differences between feeding practices in earlier investigations prompted the present study of iron and vitamin E supplementation in breast milk fed preterm infants. A new and highly sensitive technique for quantitation of alpha-tocopherol in serum was used. Studies on 34 infants with a birth weight below 2000 g or gestational age less than or equal to 35 weeks showed that supplementation with 16.5 mg tocopheryl acetate/day from 10 days of age resulted in a significantly higher haemoglobin concentration and lower reticulocyte count at 8-10 weeks than supplementation with 1.5 mg/day (p is less than 0.05). Studies on 23 infants with a birth weight of 2000-2499 g revealed subnormal alpha-tocopherol levels in 2 of the infants given 1.5 mg tocopheryl acetate/day but there was no effect on the haemoglobin concentration at 8-10 weeks. There were no untoward effects of an early iron supplementation with 2-3 mg Fe++ (as ferrous succinate)/kg/day. It is concluded that extra supplementation with vitamin E is advisable also in breast milk fed preterm infants. A low dosage iron supplementation from 3 weeks of age is safe.", "PMID": 676731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2677", "title": "Does overnutrition or obesity during the first year affect weight at age four?", "content": "226 of 243 infants who took part in a prospective study of nutrition and weight during the first year of life were reviewed at age 4 years. 23 of 243 infants (9%) were obese on one or more controls the first year, and 4 of 226 (2%) at age 4 years. Only 3 of 23 infants remained obese. The weight and length of the children obese at 0-1 year of age were significantly increased at age 4 years. Overnutrition occurred during the first year in 26 infants and the number of obese infants in this group was significantly increased at age 7-12 months and of overweight children during the first two years of life. At age 4, however, none of them were either obese or overweight.", "contents": "Does overnutrition or obesity during the first year affect weight at age four? 226 of 243 infants who took part in a prospective study of nutrition and weight during the first year of life were reviewed at age 4 years. 23 of 243 infants (9%) were obese on one or more controls the first year, and 4 of 226 (2%) at age 4 years. Only 3 of 23 infants remained obese. The weight and length of the children obese at 0-1 year of age were significantly increased at age 4 years. Overnutrition occurred during the first year in 26 infants and the number of obese infants in this group was significantly increased at age 7-12 months and of overweight children during the first two years of life. At age 4, however, none of them were either obese or overweight.", "PMID": 676732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2678", "title": "On cerebral infarction in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "This report is based on a retrospective analysis of clinical and angiographic findings in 14 children and adolescents suffering from cerebral infarction. They were all examined during the acute stage and selective angiography was performed within a day or two of the stroke. Pathogenesis is discussed and focuses particularly on the occurrence of segmental arteritis from unknown (infectious?) aetiology.", "contents": "On cerebral infarction in childhood and adolescence. This report is based on a retrospective analysis of clinical and angiographic findings in 14 children and adolescents suffering from cerebral infarction. They were all examined during the acute stage and selective angiography was performed within a day or two of the stroke. Pathogenesis is discussed and focuses particularly on the occurrence of segmental arteritis from unknown (infectious?) aetiology.", "PMID": 676733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2679", "title": "Physical health of ten-year-old children. An epidemiological study of school children and a follow-up of previous health care.", "content": "At 10 years of age, all 223 children in a school district underwent a physical examination and a screening for vision and hearing defects within the school health services. The purpose of the study was to detect health problems of importance for the day-to-day functioning of the child. In 26.1% significant deviations were found. Physical disorders comprised 11.7% visual defects 11.7% and auditory impairment 2.7%. The vast majority of significant health problems were previously known and in only 4.4% of the 223 children newly detected, 0.9% by the physical examination, 2.7% by the vision screening and 0.9% by the auditory screening. The most frequent health problem of all was allergy in 13.5%, in 5.4% regarded as functionally important. Minor orthopaedic deviations and motor disturbances were common but not often considered to affect the functioning of the child significantly. As a whole, the children's health was very good and the outcome of the physical examination at this age was not impressive. It is evident that the physician's role in the school health system needs to be reconsidered.", "contents": "Physical health of ten-year-old children. An epidemiological study of school children and a follow-up of previous health care. At 10 years of age, all 223 children in a school district underwent a physical examination and a screening for vision and hearing defects within the school health services. The purpose of the study was to detect health problems of importance for the day-to-day functioning of the child. In 26.1% significant deviations were found. Physical disorders comprised 11.7% visual defects 11.7% and auditory impairment 2.7%. The vast majority of significant health problems were previously known and in only 4.4% of the 223 children newly detected, 0.9% by the physical examination, 2.7% by the vision screening and 0.9% by the auditory screening. The most frequent health problem of all was allergy in 13.5%, in 5.4% regarded as functionally important. Minor orthopaedic deviations and motor disturbances were common but not often considered to affect the functioning of the child significantly. As a whole, the children's health was very good and the outcome of the physical examination at this age was not impressive. It is evident that the physician's role in the school health system needs to be reconsidered.", "PMID": 676734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2680", "title": "Synovectomy as a prophylactic measure in recurrent haemophilic haemarthrosis. Follow-up of 23 cases.", "content": "Because of frequently recurring haemarthrosis which could not be controlled by conservative management 19 haemophiliacs were subjected to synovectomy on a total of 23 joints--17 knees, 5 elbows, and 1 hip. The patients were followed for an average of 23 months. Primary postoperative complications occurred, in the form of recurrent bleeding, in 8 joints. Rehabilitation was often difficult and long-lasting, and the range of joint motion  was essentially restricted in 4 cases. After a follow-up period exceeding 6 months the findings in the remaining, mobile 19 synovectomized joints were: 12 had been relieved of haemorrhage, 5 had rare and two frequent haemorrhages. The reduction in the number of haemorrhages was significant (p is less than 0.01). In the light of the complicated postoperative course it is concluded that synovectomy should be used only on strict indications, viz. only in otherwise intractable cases of progressing haemophilic arthropathy.", "contents": "Synovectomy as a prophylactic measure in recurrent haemophilic haemarthrosis. Follow-up of 23 cases. Because of frequently recurring haemarthrosis which could not be controlled by conservative management 19 haemophiliacs were subjected to synovectomy on a total of 23 joints--17 knees, 5 elbows, and 1 hip. The patients were followed for an average of 23 months. Primary postoperative complications occurred, in the form of recurrent bleeding, in 8 joints. Rehabilitation was often difficult and long-lasting, and the range of joint motion  was essentially restricted in 4 cases. After a follow-up period exceeding 6 months the findings in the remaining, mobile 19 synovectomized joints were: 12 had been relieved of haemorrhage, 5 had rare and two frequent haemorrhages. The reduction in the number of haemorrhages was significant (p is less than 0.01). In the light of the complicated postoperative course it is concluded that synovectomy should be used only on strict indications, viz. only in otherwise intractable cases of progressing haemophilic arthropathy.", "PMID": 676735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2681", "title": "Transient erythroblastopenia in childhood. A study of 15 cases.", "content": "A survey is presented of 15 patients from the Aurora Hospital and 35 patients reported in the literature with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC). The children were hospitalized because of pallor and tiredness, some of them having signs of mild infection. They displayed normochromic anaemia, reticulocytopenia and erythroblastopenia during the severe stage of the disease. In addition, they had moderately high values for serum iron and iron-binding saturation. No other haematological, chemical or cytogenetic abnormalities could be demonstrated. 80% of the children were between 6 and 48 months old and the sexes were equally affected. In the 15 patients from the Aurora Hospital a barely significant (p=0.02-0.05) association with blood group A was recorded. Remission, indicated by a rise in the reticulocyte count, begins within a week after the diagnosis is made, even without treatment. The aetiology of the disease is unknown. Analysis of the red blood cell population at the time of diagnosis indicates that damage to the red cell precursors has occurred 2-3 months before the child is brought for examination.", "contents": "Transient erythroblastopenia in childhood. A study of 15 cases. A survey is presented of 15 patients from the Aurora Hospital and 35 patients reported in the literature with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC). The children were hospitalized because of pallor and tiredness, some of them having signs of mild infection. They displayed normochromic anaemia, reticulocytopenia and erythroblastopenia during the severe stage of the disease. In addition, they had moderately high values for serum iron and iron-binding saturation. No other haematological, chemical or cytogenetic abnormalities could be demonstrated. 80% of the children were between 6 and 48 months old and the sexes were equally affected. In the 15 patients from the Aurora Hospital a barely significant (p=0.02-0.05) association with blood group A was recorded. Remission, indicated by a rise in the reticulocyte count, begins within a week after the diagnosis is made, even without treatment. The aetiology of the disease is unknown. Analysis of the red blood cell population at the time of diagnosis indicates that damage to the red cell precursors has occurred 2-3 months before the child is brought for examination.", "PMID": 676738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2682", "title": "Kawasaki disease in Kuwait. A report of two cases.", "content": "Kawasaki disease was first reported in Japan in 1967. Since then, it has been reported from the United States, South Korea, Greece, Canada, Australia, Scandinavia and Scotland. Two cases of Kawasaki disease are presented from Kuwait and believed to be the first report of the disease from the Arab world.", "contents": "Kawasaki disease in Kuwait. A report of two cases. Kawasaki disease was first reported in Japan in 1967. Since then, it has been reported from the United States, South Korea, Greece, Canada, Australia, Scandinavia and Scotland. Two cases of Kawasaki disease are presented from Kuwait and believed to be the first report of the disease from the Arab world.", "PMID": 676739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2683", "title": "Malformation of the great vein of Galen with neonatal heart failure. Report of two cases.", "content": "The clinical and patholgoical findings in two neonates with the malformation of the great vein of Galen are given. They both reported with serious neonatal heart failure suggesting congenital heart disease. In one of them cardiac catheterization revealed a foetal pattern of circulation causing cyanosis. A bruit and in one of them a thrill over the skull gave the clinical diagnosis of an intracranial arteriovenous aneurysm. They died 48 and 144 hours after birth in spite of medical treatment. The outlook for patients having malformation of the great vein of Galen and suffering neonatal heart failure treated conservatively, seems hopeless.", "contents": "Malformation of the great vein of Galen with neonatal heart failure. Report of two cases. The clinical and patholgoical findings in two neonates with the malformation of the great vein of Galen are given. They both reported with serious neonatal heart failure suggesting congenital heart disease. In one of them cardiac catheterization revealed a foetal pattern of circulation causing cyanosis. A bruit and in one of them a thrill over the skull gave the clinical diagnosis of an intracranial arteriovenous aneurysm. They died 48 and 144 hours after birth in spite of medical treatment. The outlook for patients having malformation of the great vein of Galen and suffering neonatal heart failure treated conservatively, seems hopeless.", "PMID": 676740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2684", "title": "The absence of factor II in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "This report describes a patient with active system lupus erythematosus (SLE), who developed haemorrhagic diathesis due to a lowering of plasma factor II activity. No evidence was found suggesting a plasma inhibitor of factor II. The present case indicates that in some patients with SLE, factor II activity may be low or completely absent due to impairment of factor II synthesis, further that prednisone, but not azathioprine, may ameliorate this defect.", "contents": "The absence of factor II in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus. This report describes a patient with active system lupus erythematosus (SLE), who developed haemorrhagic diathesis due to a lowering of plasma factor II activity. No evidence was found suggesting a plasma inhibitor of factor II. The present case indicates that in some patients with SLE, factor II activity may be low or completely absent due to impairment of factor II synthesis, further that prednisone, but not azathioprine, may ameliorate this defect.", "PMID": 676741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2685", "title": "Natural history of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A follow-up study of a case with special reference to clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathological findings.", "content": "A detailed comparison between the clinical and EEG findings is made in a case of a boy with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) who died at 15 years, 6.5 years after the beginning of the follow-up period. In the course of the disease, seven EEG recordings were made, showing a progressive diffuse slowing and disorganization with some improvement during short remissions. In relapses, diffuse slowing was associated with grave asymmetries in the EEG which, however, fluctuated and later disappeared without accompanying clinical or neuroradiological abnormalities. An abundancy of different residual findings, however, remained in the EEG after relapses. There were spike-and-wave paroxysms in every record except at the terminal stage. A stepwise slowing and disorganization was also seen in these paroxysms as background activity. The final cause of death was an intraventricular haemorrhage. No cerebral amyloidosis was found at autopsy. In conclusion, it is suggested that JRA is also a brain disease manifested as a cerebral vasculitis.", "contents": "Natural history of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A follow-up study of a case with special reference to clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathological findings. A detailed comparison between the clinical and EEG findings is made in a case of a boy with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) who died at 15 years, 6.5 years after the beginning of the follow-up period. In the course of the disease, seven EEG recordings were made, showing a progressive diffuse slowing and disorganization with some improvement during short remissions. In relapses, diffuse slowing was associated with grave asymmetries in the EEG which, however, fluctuated and later disappeared without accompanying clinical or neuroradiological abnormalities. An abundancy of different residual findings, however, remained in the EEG after relapses. There were spike-and-wave paroxysms in every record except at the terminal stage. A stepwise slowing and disorganization was also seen in these paroxysms as background activity. The final cause of death was an intraventricular haemorrhage. No cerebral amyloidosis was found at autopsy. In conclusion, it is suggested that JRA is also a brain disease manifested as a cerebral vasculitis.", "PMID": 676742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2686", "title": "Mechanism of the formation of megamitochondria by copper-chelating agents. IV. Role of fusion phenomenon in the cuprizone-induced megamitochondrial formation.", "content": "Megamitochondria were induced within 36-40 hours in mouse hepatocytes by injecting cuprizone into the peritoneal cavity. Induction of megamitochondria was dependent upon the amount and the time intervals of the injection of cuprizone: 200 mg of cuprizone/kg of body weight-injected every 12 hours or 400 mg of cuprizone/kg of body weight-injected every 24 hours. When the latter amount of the noxious reagent was administered to the animal every 12 hours, fatty changes of the liver was observed. Involvement of the fusion phenomenon in the mechanism of megamitochondrial formation is discussed in the light of turnover rates for various components of the mitochondrion.", "contents": "Mechanism of the formation of megamitochondria by copper-chelating agents. IV. Role of fusion phenomenon in the cuprizone-induced megamitochondrial formation. Megamitochondria were induced within 36-40 hours in mouse hepatocytes by injecting cuprizone into the peritoneal cavity. Induction of megamitochondria was dependent upon the amount and the time intervals of the injection of cuprizone: 200 mg of cuprizone/kg of body weight-injected every 12 hours or 400 mg of cuprizone/kg of body weight-injected every 24 hours. When the latter amount of the noxious reagent was administered to the animal every 12 hours, fatty changes of the liver was observed. Involvement of the fusion phenomenon in the mechanism of megamitochondrial formation is discussed in the light of turnover rates for various components of the mitochondrion.", "PMID": 676744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2687", "title": "Pathological study on amyloidosis--relationship of amyloid deposits in the aorta to aging.", "content": "Senile aortic amyloidosis in 224 autopsy cases over 40 years was investigated comparing cardiac and pancreatic amyloidosis in them. A total of 176 cases of aortic amyloidosis was found for an average incidence of 79%. Under the 5th decade the incidence was 51% and it rose sharply with age and reached 95% in over the 8th decade. The incidence of cardiac amyloidosis also increased with age, but it was always higher in the aorta. Aortic and cardiac amyloid were both positive in the DMAB method for tryptophan. The major part exposed to amyloidosis in the aorta was the media. The medial amyloid consisted of numerous minute deposits and had no relation to atherosclerosis. Some comments about the pathogenesis of senile amyloidosis were also mentioned.", "contents": "Pathological study on amyloidosis--relationship of amyloid deposits in the aorta to aging. Senile aortic amyloidosis in 224 autopsy cases over 40 years was investigated comparing cardiac and pancreatic amyloidosis in them. A total of 176 cases of aortic amyloidosis was found for an average incidence of 79%. Under the 5th decade the incidence was 51% and it rose sharply with age and reached 95% in over the 8th decade. The incidence of cardiac amyloidosis also increased with age, but it was always higher in the aorta. Aortic and cardiac amyloid were both positive in the DMAB method for tryptophan. The major part exposed to amyloidosis in the aorta was the media. The medial amyloid consisted of numerous minute deposits and had no relation to atherosclerosis. Some comments about the pathogenesis of senile amyloidosis were also mentioned.", "PMID": 676743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2688", "title": "A study on the melanin-laden dendritic cell (melanocyte) in ovarian cystic teratoma.", "content": "To confirm the existence and to analyse the distribution of the melanocyte in cystic teratoma of the ovary, 51 cases were collected, among which 47 were found suitable for gross and histological examinations. The tissue components of cystic teratoma where the melanocyte was seen more or less associating were; the squamous, cuboidal and columnar cell epithelia especially the epidermal epithelium, the brain tissue principally the leptomeninx, and the interstitium. The frequency of melanocytes' association in the respective tissue was shown and compared between each other. One thing which was quite interesting for us was the relationship between the existence of brain tissue and the development of melanocyte in cystic teratoma. The melanocyte appeared in the above tissues, especially the interstitium, of cystic teratoma more frequently when the brain tissue was coexisting in the same tumor. These findings seem to be of meaningful suggestions concerning the melanocytogenesis not only of cystic teratoma of the ovary, but also in a physiological condition in man.", "contents": "A study on the melanin-laden dendritic cell (melanocyte) in ovarian cystic teratoma. To confirm the existence and to analyse the distribution of the melanocyte in cystic teratoma of the ovary, 51 cases were collected, among which 47 were found suitable for gross and histological examinations. The tissue components of cystic teratoma where the melanocyte was seen more or less associating were; the squamous, cuboidal and columnar cell epithelia especially the epidermal epithelium, the brain tissue principally the leptomeninx, and the interstitium. The frequency of melanocytes' association in the respective tissue was shown and compared between each other. One thing which was quite interesting for us was the relationship between the existence of brain tissue and the development of melanocyte in cystic teratoma. The melanocyte appeared in the above tissues, especially the interstitium, of cystic teratoma more frequently when the brain tissue was coexisting in the same tumor. These findings seem to be of meaningful suggestions concerning the melanocytogenesis not only of cystic teratoma of the ovary, but also in a physiological condition in man.", "PMID": 676745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2689", "title": "Function of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of peripheral neutrophils in Kawasaki disease.", "content": "NBT (Nitroblue Tetrazolium) test was performed in 17 patients with Kawasaki disease to examine the function of phagocytosis and intra-cellular killing of neutrophils. The value was high compared to other pediatric patients. Activation with Proteus OX-2 antigen before NBF test showed a significant higher level than other proteus antigens, which correspond in serum level. With previous electronmicroscopic observation of rickettsia-like body in biopsy specimen, these findings suggest the existence of an agent in Kawasaki disease which shares antigenicity with Proteus OX-2.", "contents": "Function of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of peripheral neutrophils in Kawasaki disease. NBT (Nitroblue Tetrazolium) test was performed in 17 patients with Kawasaki disease to examine the function of phagocytosis and intra-cellular killing of neutrophils. The value was high compared to other pediatric patients. Activation with Proteus OX-2 antigen before NBF test showed a significant higher level than other proteus antigens, which correspond in serum level. With previous electronmicroscopic observation of rickettsia-like body in biopsy specimen, these findings suggest the existence of an agent in Kawasaki disease which shares antigenicity with Proteus OX-2.", "PMID": 676746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2690", "title": "A pathological study of dissecting aneurysm in individuals under forty years of age including a case of a 13 years old boy.", "content": "The author has investigated grossly and microscopically 12 cases (5 males and 7 females) of dissecting aneurysm in individuals under 40 years of age, autopsied during the last 6 years at the Tokyo-to Medical Examiner Office. They composed of 6 cases of Marfan's syndrome, 3 cases of obesity, and one case each of pregnancy, aortitis syndrome, and male pseudohermaphroditism, respectively. The 6 cases other than Marfan's syndrome were also thought to belong to the Marfan group from the gross and microscopic examinations of the aorta. As to the cases of dissecting bleeding of the aorta, Erdheim's idiopathic cystic medial necrosis was as a rule authentical up to date, but the author has never observed the bleeding within the cysts which were said to be formed due to accumulation of metachromatic ground substance. On the contrary, the medial bleeding occurred always in the weakened area in where the elastic fibers were disrupted and disappeared accompanying with the diminution of metachromatic substance. The author assumed that the diminution of metachromatic substance might be the most important etiologic factor of dissecting bleeding of the media and the extension of dissection might occur along such weakened foci of the media.", "contents": "A pathological study of dissecting aneurysm in individuals under forty years of age including a case of a 13 years old boy. The author has investigated grossly and microscopically 12 cases (5 males and 7 females) of dissecting aneurysm in individuals under 40 years of age, autopsied during the last 6 years at the Tokyo-to Medical Examiner Office. They composed of 6 cases of Marfan's syndrome, 3 cases of obesity, and one case each of pregnancy, aortitis syndrome, and male pseudohermaphroditism, respectively. The 6 cases other than Marfan's syndrome were also thought to belong to the Marfan group from the gross and microscopic examinations of the aorta. As to the cases of dissecting bleeding of the aorta, Erdheim's idiopathic cystic medial necrosis was as a rule authentical up to date, but the author has never observed the bleeding within the cysts which were said to be formed due to accumulation of metachromatic ground substance. On the contrary, the medial bleeding occurred always in the weakened area in where the elastic fibers were disrupted and disappeared accompanying with the diminution of metachromatic substance. The author assumed that the diminution of metachromatic substance might be the most important etiologic factor of dissecting bleeding of the media and the extension of dissection might occur along such weakened foci of the media.", "PMID": 676747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2691", "title": "The effect caused by the double condition of potassium loading and simultaneous sodium restriction on the glomerular zone of rats. Histochemical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "The effect caused by the double condition of potassium loading (K loading) and simultaneous sodium restriction (Na restriction) on the glomerular zone of rats is reported. After 2-week-diet of K loading and simultaneous Na restriction an increase of width of glomerular zone and decreases and micronization of fat granules were seen. Enzymic activity (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, steroid 3beta-ol-dehydrogenase) was increased. After 3-week-diet of the same condition the width of glomerular zone became 1/4 to 1/5 of the whole cortex. The cells in the glomerular zone demonstrated a trabecular arrangement. Ultrastructurally, hypertrophy of cells became marked and the size of cell was about 1.5 times that of normal cells. Dense body increased in number and became irregular in shape. In the widened cytoplasm, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were well developed with numerous coated vesicles. Changes of mitochondria such as increase in number, transformation into round shape and vesicular cristae were characteristic. The severity of these changes was proportional to the duration of K loading and simultaneous Na restriction. After 8-week-diet the increase of large-sized lipid vacuole and dense body, and intramitochondrial deposition were observed in parallel with the above-mentioned changes. The changes observed in this study appeared earlier and stronger than those in the single-conditioned group of only K loading or Na restriction. The cause of these changes were considered to be a result of accelerated function of the glomerular cells.", "contents": "The effect caused by the double condition of potassium loading and simultaneous sodium restriction on the glomerular zone of rats. Histochemical and ultrastructural study. The effect caused by the double condition of potassium loading (K loading) and simultaneous sodium restriction (Na restriction) on the glomerular zone of rats is reported. After 2-week-diet of K loading and simultaneous Na restriction an increase of width of glomerular zone and decreases and micronization of fat granules were seen. Enzymic activity (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, steroid 3beta-ol-dehydrogenase) was increased. After 3-week-diet of the same condition the width of glomerular zone became 1/4 to 1/5 of the whole cortex. The cells in the glomerular zone demonstrated a trabecular arrangement. Ultrastructurally, hypertrophy of cells became marked and the size of cell was about 1.5 times that of normal cells. Dense body increased in number and became irregular in shape. In the widened cytoplasm, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were well developed with numerous coated vesicles. Changes of mitochondria such as increase in number, transformation into round shape and vesicular cristae were characteristic. The severity of these changes was proportional to the duration of K loading and simultaneous Na restriction. After 8-week-diet the increase of large-sized lipid vacuole and dense body, and intramitochondrial deposition were observed in parallel with the above-mentioned changes. The changes observed in this study appeared earlier and stronger than those in the single-conditioned group of only K loading or Na restriction. The cause of these changes were considered to be a result of accelerated function of the glomerular cells.", "PMID": 676748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2692", "title": "Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of V2 and V7 carcinomas of rabbit, with special reference to fibrin deposition and thrombus formation in the tumors.", "content": "Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of V2 and V7 carcinomas, the two transplantable rabbit tumors of the same viral origin, were studied in relation to fibrin deposition and thrombus formation in the tumors. Thromboplastic activity of V7 carcinoma was comparatively high, while that of V2 carcinoma was as low as that of muscle tissue. More fibrin deposits in the stroma and more thrombi in the small vessels were found at the advancing border of V7 carcinoma than that of V2 carcinoma. These differences might be associated with higher thromboplastic activity of V7 carcinoma than that of V2 carcinoma. Fibrinolytic activity of both tumors was high and it was confirmed to be localized in the tumor cells by Todd's method. Fibrin deposits in the stroma were found more abundantly somewhat apart from the advancing border of the tumor nests of both tumors. It was suggested that plasmin activated by plasminogen activator released locally from the tumor cells might digest fibrin deposited in the stroma just close to the tumor nests.", "contents": "Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of V2 and V7 carcinomas of rabbit, with special reference to fibrin deposition and thrombus formation in the tumors. Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of V2 and V7 carcinomas, the two transplantable rabbit tumors of the same viral origin, were studied in relation to fibrin deposition and thrombus formation in the tumors. Thromboplastic activity of V7 carcinoma was comparatively high, while that of V2 carcinoma was as low as that of muscle tissue. More fibrin deposits in the stroma and more thrombi in the small vessels were found at the advancing border of V7 carcinoma than that of V2 carcinoma. These differences might be associated with higher thromboplastic activity of V7 carcinoma than that of V2 carcinoma. Fibrinolytic activity of both tumors was high and it was confirmed to be localized in the tumor cells by Todd's method. Fibrin deposits in the stroma were found more abundantly somewhat apart from the advancing border of the tumor nests of both tumors. It was suggested that plasmin activated by plasminogen activator released locally from the tumor cells might digest fibrin deposited in the stroma just close to the tumor nests.", "PMID": 676749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2693", "title": "A family of Gardner's syndrome with report of an autopsy case.", "content": "A family with Gardner's syndrome including one autopsy case is reported. A 22 year-old man had multiple polyposis of the colon and the small intestine, epidermal cysts, soft part tumor of the abdominal skin and osteomas in the calvarium and rib, and died of a carcinoma in the transverse colon and embolism of the brain. Histologically, all polyps were diagnosed as adenomatous polyp. The greater their diameter, the higher the tendency of atypism was observed. However, the polyps around the cancer were few, small, and with low atypism, and we could not obtain evidence showing direct transformation of adenomatous polyps into carcinoma. His two elder brothers had multiple polyposis of the colon, epidermal cysts and osteomas in the calvarium or mandibular bone, but are still alive.", "contents": "A family of Gardner's syndrome with report of an autopsy case. A family with Gardner's syndrome including one autopsy case is reported. A 22 year-old man had multiple polyposis of the colon and the small intestine, epidermal cysts, soft part tumor of the abdominal skin and osteomas in the calvarium and rib, and died of a carcinoma in the transverse colon and embolism of the brain. Histologically, all polyps were diagnosed as adenomatous polyp. The greater their diameter, the higher the tendency of atypism was observed. However, the polyps around the cancer were few, small, and with low atypism, and we could not obtain evidence showing direct transformation of adenomatous polyps into carcinoma. His two elder brothers had multiple polyposis of the colon, epidermal cysts and osteomas in the calvarium or mandibular bone, but are still alive.", "PMID": 676750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2694", "title": "Idiopathic pulmonary ceroidosis.", "content": "An autopsy case of diffuse pulmonary ceroidosis was presented in a 55 year-old man who had died suddenly. Autopsy, revealed noteworthy findings only in the lungs. Light microscopically, brown pigmented cells were proved to diffusely proliferate in the pulmonary tissue, particularly in the alveolar spaces. Histochemically, intracytoplasmic accumulation of ceroid-like pigment was confirmed in the majority of the pigmented storage cells. Hemosiderin-laden cells were less frequent or rare. Ultrastructurally, numerous osmiophilic inclusions delimited by a single membrane were present in the cytoplasm of the storage cells. No evidences of any basic disorders to induce such a pulmonary ceroidosis were detected at autopsy. From these findings, this case should be called \"idiopathic pulmonary ceroidosis\". In reviewing the literature, such a peculiar pulmonary disorder has never been recorded to date. Pathological distinction of this disorder from various pulmonary hemosideroses was discussed.", "contents": "Idiopathic pulmonary ceroidosis. An autopsy case of diffuse pulmonary ceroidosis was presented in a 55 year-old man who had died suddenly. Autopsy, revealed noteworthy findings only in the lungs. Light microscopically, brown pigmented cells were proved to diffusely proliferate in the pulmonary tissue, particularly in the alveolar spaces. Histochemically, intracytoplasmic accumulation of ceroid-like pigment was confirmed in the majority of the pigmented storage cells. Hemosiderin-laden cells were less frequent or rare. Ultrastructurally, numerous osmiophilic inclusions delimited by a single membrane were present in the cytoplasm of the storage cells. No evidences of any basic disorders to induce such a pulmonary ceroidosis were detected at autopsy. From these findings, this case should be called \"idiopathic pulmonary ceroidosis\". In reviewing the literature, such a peculiar pulmonary disorder has never been recorded to date. Pathological distinction of this disorder from various pulmonary hemosideroses was discussed.", "PMID": 676751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2695", "title": "Median rhomboid glossitis associated with amyloid deposition.", "content": "There are some controversies over the pathogenesis and clinical features of median rhomboid glossitis. A case of median rhomboid glossitis associated with amyloid deposition was presented. Clinically there was no organ involved in amyloid other than the tongue. It was suspected that median rhomboid glossitis occurred first and that amyloid was induced later.", "contents": "Median rhomboid glossitis associated with amyloid deposition. There are some controversies over the pathogenesis and clinical features of median rhomboid glossitis. A case of median rhomboid glossitis associated with amyloid deposition was presented. Clinically there was no organ involved in amyloid other than the tongue. It was suspected that median rhomboid glossitis occurred first and that amyloid was induced later.", "PMID": 676752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2696", "title": "Glomerular lesions in multiple myeloma.", "content": "An autopsy case of multiple myeloma (IgG, lambda type), clinically characterized by decreased glomerular filtration rate, is reported with particular emphasis on changes in the glomeruli of kidneys. Histologically, the glomeruli revealed slight increase in mesangial matrix and focal thickening of tuft capillary wall. Electron-microscopically, deposits were observed in a subendothelial location in the glomerular capillary walls, and inclusions were noted in the cytoplasm of the visceral epithelial cells. Histoimmunofluorescent study of the kidney demonstrated intense focal and slight diffuse positivity against labelled antisera of anti-IgG and anti-lambda type of light chain on the capillary wall of the glomerular tufts. Other immunoglobulins were not demonstrable in capillary walls. These findings represent the intraglomerular deposition of paraprotein of multiple myeloma without amyloidosis.", "contents": "Glomerular lesions in multiple myeloma. An autopsy case of multiple myeloma (IgG, lambda type), clinically characterized by decreased glomerular filtration rate, is reported with particular emphasis on changes in the glomeruli of kidneys. Histologically, the glomeruli revealed slight increase in mesangial matrix and focal thickening of tuft capillary wall. Electron-microscopically, deposits were observed in a subendothelial location in the glomerular capillary walls, and inclusions were noted in the cytoplasm of the visceral epithelial cells. Histoimmunofluorescent study of the kidney demonstrated intense focal and slight diffuse positivity against labelled antisera of anti-IgG and anti-lambda type of light chain on the capillary wall of the glomerular tufts. Other immunoglobulins were not demonstrable in capillary walls. These findings represent the intraglomerular deposition of paraprotein of multiple myeloma without amyloidosis.", "PMID": 676753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2697", "title": "Hughes-Stovin syndrome. Report of a female autopsy case and review of the literature.", "content": "A 37-year-old female with multiple pulmonary aneurysms, thrombotic obstruction of the inferior vena cava and mural thrombosis in the right heart was reported. Arterial blood culture repeatedly examined had been negative. The patient died of massive hemoptysis. This case was equivalent to Hughes-Stovin syndrome and was the first female case of typical Hughes-Stovin synrome. Review of the literature revealed 9 typical cases of this syndrome and 5 atypical cases who had solitary intrapulmonary aneurysm. It was obscure whether the typical cases were essentially different from the atypical ones or not, but the cases with solitary pulmonary aneurysm might proceed to the cases with multiple ones, as shown in this case. Pathogenesis of the syndrome has been controversial. In the present case, development of pulmonary aneurysms seemed to be closely related to thromboembolization derived from venous thrombosis due to artificial abortion.", "contents": "Hughes-Stovin syndrome. Report of a female autopsy case and review of the literature. A 37-year-old female with multiple pulmonary aneurysms, thrombotic obstruction of the inferior vena cava and mural thrombosis in the right heart was reported. Arterial blood culture repeatedly examined had been negative. The patient died of massive hemoptysis. This case was equivalent to Hughes-Stovin syndrome and was the first female case of typical Hughes-Stovin synrome. Review of the literature revealed 9 typical cases of this syndrome and 5 atypical cases who had solitary intrapulmonary aneurysm. It was obscure whether the typical cases were essentially different from the atypical ones or not, but the cases with solitary pulmonary aneurysm might proceed to the cases with multiple ones, as shown in this case. Pathogenesis of the syndrome has been controversial. In the present case, development of pulmonary aneurysms seemed to be closely related to thromboembolization derived from venous thrombosis due to artificial abortion.", "PMID": 676754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2698", "title": "Effects of sodium salicylate on plasma insulin concentration and fatty acid turnover in dogs.", "content": "The effects of intravenous sodium salicylate administration on plasma concentrations of insulin, free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose were studied in intact, anaesthetized dogs both during basal and isoprenaline stimulated lipolysis. In both situations sodium salicylate reduced the plasma concentrations of insulin. The reduction was associated with decreased plasma FFA concentrations and FFA turnover rate, while plasma glucose concentrations remained unaltered. The reduced plasma insulin concentrations effected by sodium salicylate is most likely secondary to the concomitant fall in plasma FFA concentrations due to inhibition of FFA mobilization from adipose tissue.", "contents": "Effects of sodium salicylate on plasma insulin concentration and fatty acid turnover in dogs. The effects of intravenous sodium salicylate administration on plasma concentrations of insulin, free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose were studied in intact, anaesthetized dogs both during basal and isoprenaline stimulated lipolysis. In both situations sodium salicylate reduced the plasma concentrations of insulin. The reduction was associated with decreased plasma FFA concentrations and FFA turnover rate, while plasma glucose concentrations remained unaltered. The reduced plasma insulin concentrations effected by sodium salicylate is most likely secondary to the concomitant fall in plasma FFA concentrations due to inhibition of FFA mobilization from adipose tissue.", "PMID": 676763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2699", "title": "Regional changes in structural and functional integrity of myometrial adrenergic nerves in pregnant guinea-pig, and their relationship to the localization of the conceptus.", "content": "Pregnancy is accompanied by a reduction in uterine noradrenaline, and the study was undertaken to investigate associated structural and functional integrity of the sympathetic nerves in the organ. The formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of adrenergic nerves was studied in different uterine regions before and after in vitro incubation or injection with alpha-methyl-noradrenaline in pregnant and puerperal guinea-pig uterus at 6 time periods, from early pregnancy (about 20 days post coitum) to 3 months post partum. The changes were related to the position of the fetuses, which were often present in only one of the two uterine horns. There was a drastic loss of fluorescent adrenergic nerves in myometrial tissue from horns distended by fetuses. Attempts to restore this fluorescence by incubation or injection with alpha-methyl-noradrenaline were essentially ineffective. Tissues from uterine regions outside (and not distended by) fetuses (in the case of early pregnancy), from horns devoid of fetuses (in the case of unilateral pregnancy), and from the cervix also lost their noradrenaline-fluorescent nerves, but this occurred at a much later stage of pregnancy. After treatment with alpha-methyl-noradrenaline, a fluorescent plexus of sympathetic nerves could be restored to a considerable extent in these latter tissues. In puerperal animals the horn that had been devoid of fetuses regained its endogenous fluorescence much faster, and the uptake of alpha-methyl-noradrenaline was more efficient, than in the horn which had contained fetuses. In this latter horn clear signs of restoration of endogenous adrenergic fluorescence and a clear uptake capacity was not found until 3 months after delivery. In the tubal end of the uterus, the reduction in the number of fluorescent nerves was only insignificant, and the region thus clearly differed from the rest of the uterus. It is concluded that (1) there are clear regional differences with regard to the disappearance of the noradrenaline transmitter in the uterus, (2) this disappearance in early pregnancy is related to the position of the conceptus, and (3) the changes involve de- and regenerative phenomena as well as alterations in transmitter levels of intact neurons.", "contents": "Regional changes in structural and functional integrity of myometrial adrenergic nerves in pregnant guinea-pig, and their relationship to the localization of the conceptus. Pregnancy is accompanied by a reduction in uterine noradrenaline, and the study was undertaken to investigate associated structural and functional integrity of the sympathetic nerves in the organ. The formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of adrenergic nerves was studied in different uterine regions before and after in vitro incubation or injection with alpha-methyl-noradrenaline in pregnant and puerperal guinea-pig uterus at 6 time periods, from early pregnancy (about 20 days post coitum) to 3 months post partum. The changes were related to the position of the fetuses, which were often present in only one of the two uterine horns. There was a drastic loss of fluorescent adrenergic nerves in myometrial tissue from horns distended by fetuses. Attempts to restore this fluorescence by incubation or injection with alpha-methyl-noradrenaline were essentially ineffective. Tissues from uterine regions outside (and not distended by) fetuses (in the case of early pregnancy), from horns devoid of fetuses (in the case of unilateral pregnancy), and from the cervix also lost their noradrenaline-fluorescent nerves, but this occurred at a much later stage of pregnancy. After treatment with alpha-methyl-noradrenaline, a fluorescent plexus of sympathetic nerves could be restored to a considerable extent in these latter tissues. In puerperal animals the horn that had been devoid of fetuses regained its endogenous fluorescence much faster, and the uptake of alpha-methyl-noradrenaline was more efficient, than in the horn which had contained fetuses. In this latter horn clear signs of restoration of endogenous adrenergic fluorescence and a clear uptake capacity was not found until 3 months after delivery. In the tubal end of the uterus, the reduction in the number of fluorescent nerves was only insignificant, and the region thus clearly differed from the rest of the uterus. It is concluded that (1) there are clear regional differences with regard to the disappearance of the noradrenaline transmitter in the uterus, (2) this disappearance in early pregnancy is related to the position of the conceptus, and (3) the changes involve de- and regenerative phenomena as well as alterations in transmitter levels of intact neurons.", "PMID": 676764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2700", "title": "The postnatal development of the inferior oblique muscle of the cat. I. Isometric twitch and tetanic properties.", "content": "The postnatal development of the inferior oblique muscle in the cat has been studied with physiological and histochemical techniques. This paper describes the changes with age in isometric twitch and tetanic response characteristics. The twitch amplitude increased and the twitch contraction time (ct) and half-relaxation time (hrt) decreased almost linearly from birth to adulthood. The relation between the strength of nerve stimulation and twitch ct and hrt changed during development with a threshold slow response appearing at 10 weeks. Twitch responses in cats 6 weeks of age or older were of longer duration than in younger cats, in spite of the longer ct and hrt in young cats. Fusion frequency of the tetanic response reached a constant level in muscles 6 weeks or older. The maximum rate of tension rise remained the same from birth to 6 weeks of age and later increased markedly up to 20 weeks of age. The contracture induced by succinylcholine was the same in muscles of all ages. These data were related to previous findings on the postnatal development of fast and slow muscles and motor units in the hindlimb of the cat. A differentiation of the development of fast and slow eye muscle fibers is suggested. Slow fibres seemed to have completed their maturation at about ten weeks of age, while the development of fast fibre properties continued, probably up to the adult stage.", "contents": "The postnatal development of the inferior oblique muscle of the cat. I. Isometric twitch and tetanic properties. The postnatal development of the inferior oblique muscle in the cat has been studied with physiological and histochemical techniques. This paper describes the changes with age in isometric twitch and tetanic response characteristics. The twitch amplitude increased and the twitch contraction time (ct) and half-relaxation time (hrt) decreased almost linearly from birth to adulthood. The relation between the strength of nerve stimulation and twitch ct and hrt changed during development with a threshold slow response appearing at 10 weeks. Twitch responses in cats 6 weeks of age or older were of longer duration than in younger cats, in spite of the longer ct and hrt in young cats. Fusion frequency of the tetanic response reached a constant level in muscles 6 weeks or older. The maximum rate of tension rise remained the same from birth to 6 weeks of age and later increased markedly up to 20 weeks of age. The contracture induced by succinylcholine was the same in muscles of all ages. These data were related to previous findings on the postnatal development of fast and slow muscles and motor units in the hindlimb of the cat. A differentiation of the development of fast and slow eye muscle fibers is suggested. Slow fibres seemed to have completed their maturation at about ten weeks of age, while the development of fast fibre properties continued, probably up to the adult stage.", "PMID": 676765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2701", "title": "The postnatal development of the inferior oblique muscle of the cat. II. Effects of repetitive stimulation on isometric tension responses.", "content": "The changes with postnatal age in post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) and fatigue of the inferior oblique muscle have been studied in the cat. PTP of the twitch amplitude increased steadily with age up to 20 weeks after birth. Twitch contraction time (ct) and half relaxation time (hrt) was not significantly changed. The potentiation of the tetanic response also became more prominent with age. The young muscles (10 weeks and below) were slightly more susceptible to fatigue than older muscles, but recovery was rapid in muscles of all ages. Intensive stimulation induced post-tetanic depression of twitch responses in muscles older than 1 week, but none in the muscles of new-born cats. Ct and hrt were greatly prolonged in muscles above six weeks of age. In these muscles, but never in the very youngest, repetitive firing could be observed in response to post-tetanic single nerve stimulation. The results are compared with those obtained in similar experiments on hind-limb muscles by other workers. They further support the idea, raised in a previous paper, that slow eye muscle fibres develop quicker and reach maturity earlier than fast fibres.", "contents": "The postnatal development of the inferior oblique muscle of the cat. II. Effects of repetitive stimulation on isometric tension responses. The changes with postnatal age in post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) and fatigue of the inferior oblique muscle have been studied in the cat. PTP of the twitch amplitude increased steadily with age up to 20 weeks after birth. Twitch contraction time (ct) and half relaxation time (hrt) was not significantly changed. The potentiation of the tetanic response also became more prominent with age. The young muscles (10 weeks and below) were slightly more susceptible to fatigue than older muscles, but recovery was rapid in muscles of all ages. Intensive stimulation induced post-tetanic depression of twitch responses in muscles older than 1 week, but none in the muscles of new-born cats. Ct and hrt were greatly prolonged in muscles above six weeks of age. In these muscles, but never in the very youngest, repetitive firing could be observed in response to post-tetanic single nerve stimulation. The results are compared with those obtained in similar experiments on hind-limb muscles by other workers. They further support the idea, raised in a previous paper, that slow eye muscle fibres develop quicker and reach maturity earlier than fast fibres.", "PMID": 676766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2702", "title": "Pharmacological properties of curare-sensitive receptors mediating post-tetanic potentiation in rat masseter muscle.", "content": "Post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) of single muscle twitches after \"tetanic\" stimulation at 1 to 20 Hz in rat masseter muscle has been studied. PTP was inhibited by d-tubocurarine (2--6 microgram/kg), hexamethonium (1.75--2.25 mg/kg), succinylcholine (5--7 microgram/kg), prostigmin (1.0--1.5 microgram/kg), lidocain (3--4 mg/kg) and ouabain (215--240 microgram/kg). The doses did not affect the control twitches. Prostigmin could not reverse the blocking effect on the PTP caused by these drugs. Atropin was without any effect on the PTP. The nicotinic receptors mediating PTP differ from both end-plate and ganglionic receptors since drugs blocking both types of receptors are effective. The sensitivity to the blocking agents is higher or the same (in the case of hexamethonium) as for the two other types of nicotinic receptors. Thus the PTP is dependent on activity of a \"nicotinic\" receptor active during physiological conditions, suggesting the presence of an additional mechanism for neuromuscular transmission in rat twitch fibres.", "contents": "Pharmacological properties of curare-sensitive receptors mediating post-tetanic potentiation in rat masseter muscle. Post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) of single muscle twitches after \"tetanic\" stimulation at 1 to 20 Hz in rat masseter muscle has been studied. PTP was inhibited by d-tubocurarine (2--6 microgram/kg), hexamethonium (1.75--2.25 mg/kg), succinylcholine (5--7 microgram/kg), prostigmin (1.0--1.5 microgram/kg), lidocain (3--4 mg/kg) and ouabain (215--240 microgram/kg). The doses did not affect the control twitches. Prostigmin could not reverse the blocking effect on the PTP caused by these drugs. Atropin was without any effect on the PTP. The nicotinic receptors mediating PTP differ from both end-plate and ganglionic receptors since drugs blocking both types of receptors are effective. The sensitivity to the blocking agents is higher or the same (in the case of hexamethonium) as for the two other types of nicotinic receptors. Thus the PTP is dependent on activity of a \"nicotinic\" receptor active during physiological conditions, suggesting the presence of an additional mechanism for neuromuscular transmission in rat twitch fibres.", "PMID": 676767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2703", "title": "Maintenance of lactose secretion during acute insulin deficiency in lactating goats.", "content": "Induction of alloxan diabetes in 5 lactating goats resulted in reduced milk yields in 3 of the animals, while the yield was unchanged in two. After treatment of the diabetic goats with insulin for 4--5 days--the last 24 h intravenously--lactose secretion returned to the control values before alloxan administration provided that normoglycemia developed. In 2 experiments infusion of a large dose of insulin caused hypoglycemia and a 20--30 per cent reduction in lactose secretion rates. In the course of 1 h after withdrawal of the insulin infusion, patent signs of insulin deficiency developed as evidenced by steadily increasing plasma glucose concentrations. Nevertheless, lactose secretion continued at the same rate as during insulin infusion for the 4 h studied after discontinuation of the insulin infusion. In the goats where lactose secretion was reduced due to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, lactose secretion returned to control values when following discontinuation of insulin infusion the plasma glucose concentrations increased into normal and diabetic ranges. It is concluded that during insulin deficiency of short term duration, mammary lactose secretion was maintained at a normal rate. Since lactose is the major product of mammary glucose utilization, it is suggested that glucose uptake in the mammary gland was not reduced by short term insulin deficiency.", "contents": "Maintenance of lactose secretion during acute insulin deficiency in lactating goats. Induction of alloxan diabetes in 5 lactating goats resulted in reduced milk yields in 3 of the animals, while the yield was unchanged in two. After treatment of the diabetic goats with insulin for 4--5 days--the last 24 h intravenously--lactose secretion returned to the control values before alloxan administration provided that normoglycemia developed. In 2 experiments infusion of a large dose of insulin caused hypoglycemia and a 20--30 per cent reduction in lactose secretion rates. In the course of 1 h after withdrawal of the insulin infusion, patent signs of insulin deficiency developed as evidenced by steadily increasing plasma glucose concentrations. Nevertheless, lactose secretion continued at the same rate as during insulin infusion for the 4 h studied after discontinuation of the insulin infusion. In the goats where lactose secretion was reduced due to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, lactose secretion returned to control values when following discontinuation of insulin infusion the plasma glucose concentrations increased into normal and diabetic ranges. It is concluded that during insulin deficiency of short term duration, mammary lactose secretion was maintained at a normal rate. Since lactose is the major product of mammary glucose utilization, it is suggested that glucose uptake in the mammary gland was not reduced by short term insulin deficiency.", "PMID": 676768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2704", "title": "Morphology and contraction properties of cat lumbar back muscles.", "content": "The gross morphology, innervation pattern and contraction properties of lumbar back muscles in the cat were investigated. The medially located multifidi and interspinales are formed by short bundles interconnecting adjacent vertebrae. Laterally located bundles composing longissimus and iliocostalis are attached to the spinous processes by a fascial layer and to the pelvic bone by a well developed intermuscular septum. Different spinal segments innervate the various sections along the muscles in such a way that the myotomes composing a muscle belly seem to be arranged after one another, in a row. The contraction time of a maximal isometric twitch is 34 ms for multifidi and interspinales and 29 ms for longissimus and iliocostalis. No large segmental variations of contraction times were found. The time course of twitch responses and a study of reflex contractions in middle and lower sections of lateral muscles indicate the presence also of a slowly contracting portion located to the longissimus. The initial muscle length is more decisive for the twitch amplitude of medial than of lateral muscles. In medial muscles summation of individual twitches starts at a stimulus frequency of 10--15 Hz and apparent fusion occurs at about 50 Hz. For lateral muscles corresponding values are 15--20 Hz and about 70 Hz. The contractile tension declines markedly in all muscles during a 10 min period of stimulation at 5 Hz.", "contents": "Morphology and contraction properties of cat lumbar back muscles. The gross morphology, innervation pattern and contraction properties of lumbar back muscles in the cat were investigated. The medially located multifidi and interspinales are formed by short bundles interconnecting adjacent vertebrae. Laterally located bundles composing longissimus and iliocostalis are attached to the spinous processes by a fascial layer and to the pelvic bone by a well developed intermuscular septum. Different spinal segments innervate the various sections along the muscles in such a way that the myotomes composing a muscle belly seem to be arranged after one another, in a row. The contraction time of a maximal isometric twitch is 34 ms for multifidi and interspinales and 29 ms for longissimus and iliocostalis. No large segmental variations of contraction times were found. The time course of twitch responses and a study of reflex contractions in middle and lower sections of lateral muscles indicate the presence also of a slowly contracting portion located to the longissimus. The initial muscle length is more decisive for the twitch amplitude of medial than of lateral muscles. In medial muscles summation of individual twitches starts at a stimulus frequency of 10--15 Hz and apparent fusion occurs at about 50 Hz. For lateral muscles corresponding values are 15--20 Hz and about 70 Hz. The contractile tension declines markedly in all muscles during a 10 min period of stimulation at 5 Hz.", "PMID": 676769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2705", "title": "Pseudocyesis.", "content": "The psychiatric literature on pseudocyesis (false pregnancy) is reviewed and four new cases are described and discussed. The psychopathological significance of insecurity feelings is discussed and it is formulated that an insecurity-produced non-conscious motive aiming at an important benefit contributes to the strong wish for a child shared by all four patients with pseudocyesis. Attention is drawn to the fact that the condition may relapse as shown in one case, or precipitate a severe depressive illness as demonstrated in another. It is emphasized that prompt diagnosis, full support and responsible and tactful handling are essential in dealing with a condition as delicate as pseudocyesis. The need for close cooperation between gynaecologist, psychiatrist and psychiatric social worker is stressed.", "contents": "Pseudocyesis. The psychiatric literature on pseudocyesis (false pregnancy) is reviewed and four new cases are described and discussed. The psychopathological significance of insecurity feelings is discussed and it is formulated that an insecurity-produced non-conscious motive aiming at an important benefit contributes to the strong wish for a child shared by all four patients with pseudocyesis. Attention is drawn to the fact that the condition may relapse as shown in one case, or precipitate a severe depressive illness as demonstrated in another. It is emphasized that prompt diagnosis, full support and responsible and tactful handling are essential in dealing with a condition as delicate as pseudocyesis. The need for close cooperation between gynaecologist, psychiatrist and psychiatric social worker is stressed.", "PMID": 676771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2706", "title": "Cognitive processes and cognitive progresses as didactic tools in psychiatry.", "content": "The authors expose the characteristics of two methods about the teaching and the learning of Psychiatry. Hermeneutic method is based on the model: \"this want to say that\". It gives rise to rapid and diffused learning which are rarely personalized and it attributes activity to the teacher and passivity to the pupil. \"Conjectural\" method is based on the model: \"this is one of the aspects of a polymer of significances that we may point out as probable conjecture and not as truth\". It produces learning less rapid, less diffused but more personal. It attributes activity and passivity as to the teacher as to the pupil. The first method tends to provoke pathological dependence as proselitism and/or contest so the pupil difficulty may assume the heritage of the teacher by having idealized or killed him. The second method tends to form self-governing pupils able to break away from the teacher after having learned from him new knowledges which they use in a personal way.", "contents": "Cognitive processes and cognitive progresses as didactic tools in psychiatry. The authors expose the characteristics of two methods about the teaching and the learning of Psychiatry. Hermeneutic method is based on the model: \"this want to say that\". It gives rise to rapid and diffused learning which are rarely personalized and it attributes activity to the teacher and passivity to the pupil. \"Conjectural\" method is based on the model: \"this is one of the aspects of a polymer of significances that we may point out as probable conjecture and not as truth\". It produces learning less rapid, less diffused but more personal. It attributes activity and passivity as to the teacher as to the pupil. The first method tends to provoke pathological dependence as proselitism and/or contest so the pupil difficulty may assume the heritage of the teacher by having idealized or killed him. The second method tends to form self-governing pupils able to break away from the teacher after having learned from him new knowledges which they use in a personal way.", "PMID": 676770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2707", "title": "Mortality in the long-stay population of all Dutch mental hospitals.", "content": "A study of 1,506 deaths reported over a period of 2 years to the National Psychiatric Case Register of the Netherlands, on the total cohort of 17,211 long-stay patients counted on prevalence day (31 December 1969), showed very much higher death-rates than in the general population. Malignancy and cardiac disease were not so common, while respiratory disease was still common in inpatients.", "contents": "Mortality in the long-stay population of all Dutch mental hospitals. A study of 1,506 deaths reported over a period of 2 years to the National Psychiatric Case Register of the Netherlands, on the total cohort of 17,211 long-stay patients counted on prevalence day (31 December 1969), showed very much higher death-rates than in the general population. Malignancy and cardiac disease were not so common, while respiratory disease was still common in inpatients.", "PMID": 676779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2708", "title": "Female virgin and nonvirgin psychological orientations toward premarital virginity.", "content": "Literature on premarital heterosexual intercourse suggest increases in its incidence, frequency and acceptance among college-aged youth. Simultaneously, the studies suggest a decline in female premarital virginity. The present study was conducted to determine perceived psychological orientations toward premarital virginity of female virgins and nonvirgins. It examined the possibility of different orientations for different virgin or nonvirgin classifications and motivations. Results suggested significant differences between female virgins and nonvirgins among ten psychological orientation criteria.", "contents": "Female virgin and nonvirgin psychological orientations toward premarital virginity. Literature on premarital heterosexual intercourse suggest increases in its incidence, frequency and acceptance among college-aged youth. Simultaneously, the studies suggest a decline in female premarital virginity. The present study was conducted to determine perceived psychological orientations toward premarital virginity of female virgins and nonvirgins. It examined the possibility of different orientations for different virgin or nonvirgin classifications and motivations. Results suggested significant differences between female virgins and nonvirgins among ten psychological orientation criteria.", "PMID": 676772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2709", "title": "Psychotherapy of the family as a measure for preventing relapses and improving the prognosis in schizophrenic patients.", "content": "The increasing interest in the relationship among psychoanalysis, linguistics and higher nervous activity (neurodynamic) is recalled. As most of the works on the therapy of the family have been based upon psychodynamic interpretations, the authors shall try to speculate on how much room this field should be given in the phenomena related to higher nervous activity. The study of Pavlov, Gantt and others on biological and social factors influencing human behaviour have been discussed in relation to the system represented by the family nucleus. Some aspects have been taken in consideration like the double bind, the perverse triangle and the formation of a scapegoat. Double bind theory and praxis is representing a paradoxical situation similar to unavoidable conditioned patterns. The behaviour of the \"designed patient\" may be interpreted as a tentative escape to express his disagreement to the fixed situation. What happens is a kind of abnormal conditioning which is realized through a progressive stratification of discordant learning. The final result is the disorganisation of cognitive processes. In the meantime, we observe a discordance of the activity of the first and the second signaling system because, very often, an apparent external calm is accompanied by intense cardiovascular or visceral turmoil. Every kind of communication should take care of both processes, the congnitive and the neurodynamic. The analysis of the verbal, as well as the non-verbal communication in the family setting, may be fruitfully based upon the study of the progressive significance of the cognitive-emotional dissyntony, as well as the dissyntony between the 1st and the 2nd S.S., and the transactional dissyntony implicit in the double bind. A group of 25 families of schizophrenics followed by one up to five years has been examined following the concepts above mentioned.", "contents": "Psychotherapy of the family as a measure for preventing relapses and improving the prognosis in schizophrenic patients. The increasing interest in the relationship among psychoanalysis, linguistics and higher nervous activity (neurodynamic) is recalled. As most of the works on the therapy of the family have been based upon psychodynamic interpretations, the authors shall try to speculate on how much room this field should be given in the phenomena related to higher nervous activity. The study of Pavlov, Gantt and others on biological and social factors influencing human behaviour have been discussed in relation to the system represented by the family nucleus. Some aspects have been taken in consideration like the double bind, the perverse triangle and the formation of a scapegoat. Double bind theory and praxis is representing a paradoxical situation similar to unavoidable conditioned patterns. The behaviour of the \"designed patient\" may be interpreted as a tentative escape to express his disagreement to the fixed situation. What happens is a kind of abnormal conditioning which is realized through a progressive stratification of discordant learning. The final result is the disorganisation of cognitive processes. In the meantime, we observe a discordance of the activity of the first and the second signaling system because, very often, an apparent external calm is accompanied by intense cardiovascular or visceral turmoil. Every kind of communication should take care of both processes, the congnitive and the neurodynamic. The analysis of the verbal, as well as the non-verbal communication in the family setting, may be fruitfully based upon the study of the progressive significance of the cognitive-emotional dissyntony, as well as the dissyntony between the 1st and the 2nd S.S., and the transactional dissyntony implicit in the double bind. A group of 25 families of schizophrenics followed by one up to five years has been examined following the concepts above mentioned.", "PMID": 676773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2710", "title": "Electrodermal and heart-rate measurements in chronic and partially remitted schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Electrodermal activity and heart-rate were recorded in the laboratory from partially remitted schizophrenic patients living in the community, chronic schizophrenic inpatients and normal controls. Althoug all patients had faster heart-rates, no consistent electrodermal differences between patient groups and normals were evident, nor was there a bimodal distribution of responding within the patient group. Laboratory recordings did not reflect differences in community patients tested in their homes and associated with environmental and social factors. This emphasized the limitations of laboratory testing in investigating a disorder such as schizophrenia whose course may be markedly influenced by environmental and social factors.", "contents": "Electrodermal and heart-rate measurements in chronic and partially remitted schizophrenic patients. Electrodermal activity and heart-rate were recorded in the laboratory from partially remitted schizophrenic patients living in the community, chronic schizophrenic inpatients and normal controls. Althoug all patients had faster heart-rates, no consistent electrodermal differences between patient groups and normals were evident, nor was there a bimodal distribution of responding within the patient group. Laboratory recordings did not reflect differences in community patients tested in their homes and associated with environmental and social factors. This emphasized the limitations of laboratory testing in investigating a disorder such as schizophrenia whose course may be markedly influenced by environmental and social factors.", "PMID": 676780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2711", "title": "[Psychodramatic group and game. A psychoanalytical perspective (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents a psychoanalytical perspective on psychodrama as a passage from alienation to desire, the cure and relational modifications acting as supplementary benefit. The psychodramatic project is explained in four summarized directions: 1. the subject's assumption of his history in a process of symbolization through language, and this through game and group; 2. the renunciation to the master of language and the recognition of desire as unknown and nonsense; 3. the renunciation to alienating identifications and imaginary questing; 4. the obstacle of the other's desire and the recognition of its radial and separate identity.", "contents": "[Psychodramatic group and game. A psychoanalytical perspective (author's transl)]. The author presents a psychoanalytical perspective on psychodrama as a passage from alienation to desire, the cure and relational modifications acting as supplementary benefit. The psychodramatic project is explained in four summarized directions: 1. the subject's assumption of his history in a process of symbolization through language, and this through game and group; 2. the renunciation to the master of language and the recognition of desire as unknown and nonsense; 3. the renunciation to alienating identifications and imaginary questing; 4. the obstacle of the other's desire and the recognition of its radial and separate identity.", "PMID": 676774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2712", "title": "Review of the acute admissions of 442 foreign born in closed psychiatric wards (Antwerp, 1967-1975). Comparison to native borns for age, sex, descent and diagnosis.", "content": "After reviewing the literature on transcultural psychiatry, the admissions in the closed service of the Hospital Stuyvenberg in Antwerpen were analysed for 1967-1975. Immigrants were compared with other nationals, for age, sex and psychiatric diagnosis, with regard to patients born in Belgium. For the foreigners, statistical evaluation was done for age, sex, civil status, land of origin, and jewish religion. Interesting results were obtained for paranoid syndromes in patients originating from Eastern Europe and in menopaused women.", "contents": "Review of the acute admissions of 442 foreign born in closed psychiatric wards (Antwerp, 1967-1975). Comparison to native borns for age, sex, descent and diagnosis. After reviewing the literature on transcultural psychiatry, the admissions in the closed service of the Hospital Stuyvenberg in Antwerpen were analysed for 1967-1975. Immigrants were compared with other nationals, for age, sex and psychiatric diagnosis, with regard to patients born in Belgium. For the foreigners, statistical evaluation was done for age, sex, civil status, land of origin, and jewish religion. Interesting results were obtained for paranoid syndromes in patients originating from Eastern Europe and in menopaused women.", "PMID": 676775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2713", "title": "Obsessive-compulsive neurosis, anancastic symptomatology and ABO blood types.", "content": "Determinations of ABO blood types was carried out in 38 patients with obsessive-compulsive neurosis, 48 schizophrenics with anancastic symptomatology, 31 depressives with anancastic symptomatology, 260 schizophrenics free of anancastic symptomatology and 65 depressives free of anancastic symptomatology. Results were compared with a representative sample of the general population. The findings of the present study provide evidence of an association between obsessive-compulsive neurosis and phenotype A, whilst a similar association between ABO blood types and anancastic symptomatology occurring in the course of psychotic disorders was not found. The significance of these findings is discussed with regard to current diagnostic and aetiological issues in obsessive-compulsive neurosis.", "contents": "Obsessive-compulsive neurosis, anancastic symptomatology and ABO blood types. Determinations of ABO blood types was carried out in 38 patients with obsessive-compulsive neurosis, 48 schizophrenics with anancastic symptomatology, 31 depressives with anancastic symptomatology, 260 schizophrenics free of anancastic symptomatology and 65 depressives free of anancastic symptomatology. Results were compared with a representative sample of the general population. The findings of the present study provide evidence of an association between obsessive-compulsive neurosis and phenotype A, whilst a similar association between ABO blood types and anancastic symptomatology occurring in the course of psychotic disorders was not found. The significance of these findings is discussed with regard to current diagnostic and aetiological issues in obsessive-compulsive neurosis.", "PMID": 676781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2714", "title": "Acute confabulatory psychosis: a rare form of unipolar mania?", "content": "Emil Kraepelin's paper on false memories (Erinnerungsf\u00e4lschungen) was probably the most extensive and incisive analysis of these phenomena ever made. Using his views as a starting point, the concept of confabulation is then defined in a Kraepelin-oriented manner, making it also applicable to the phantastic false memories found in some rarer forms of functional psychotic illness. Kraepelin and Leonhard have been preeminent in their concern with such clinical states; thus, Leonhard's confabulatory euphoria and confabulatory paraphrenia can be symptomatically and syndromally linked up with points of view on paranoid mania and confabulatory paraphrenia held by Kraepelin. An \"ideally typical\" case is also presented to highlight some of the difficulties involved in trying to distinguish mania from schizophrenia when the clinical picture is dominated by phantastic \"functional\" confabulations.", "contents": "Acute confabulatory psychosis: a rare form of unipolar mania? Emil Kraepelin's paper on false memories (Erinnerungsf\u00e4lschungen) was probably the most extensive and incisive analysis of these phenomena ever made. Using his views as a starting point, the concept of confabulation is then defined in a Kraepelin-oriented manner, making it also applicable to the phantastic false memories found in some rarer forms of functional psychotic illness. Kraepelin and Leonhard have been preeminent in their concern with such clinical states; thus, Leonhard's confabulatory euphoria and confabulatory paraphrenia can be symptomatically and syndromally linked up with points of view on paranoid mania and confabulatory paraphrenia held by Kraepelin. An \"ideally typical\" case is also presented to highlight some of the difficulties involved in trying to distinguish mania from schizophrenia when the clinical picture is dominated by phantastic \"functional\" confabulations.", "PMID": 676782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2715", "title": "[Homogeneity of defence mechanisms in a group of infarct patients and impact of these defences on the expression of their emotions (author's transl)].", "content": "This study made use of the EMO-Questionnaire of Baehr and Baehr and the DMI of gleser and Ihilevich. The first purpose of this study is to evaluate the homogeneity of a group of infarct patients as to what the defence mechanisms are concerned. The wards statistical procedure showed the group was composed of two subgroups amounting respectively 66% (group I) and 34% (group II) of the subjects. The discriminant function analysis reveals how much the two groups are differentiated but coherent. The subjects of group I use predominately intellectualization and denegation; they use moderately turning against self and projection; they use rarely turning against object. The subjects of group II make moderately use of all these defence mechanisms. The second purpose is to precise in which measure the way of expression of affects is related to the defence mechanisms. The U-test of Mann Whitney reveals lower scores among the subjects of group I as compared to those of group II, in aggressiveness, anxiety, inferiority feelings, somatisation, fantasy productions and withdrawal.", "contents": "[Homogeneity of defence mechanisms in a group of infarct patients and impact of these defences on the expression of their emotions (author's transl)]. This study made use of the EMO-Questionnaire of Baehr and Baehr and the DMI of gleser and Ihilevich. The first purpose of this study is to evaluate the homogeneity of a group of infarct patients as to what the defence mechanisms are concerned. The wards statistical procedure showed the group was composed of two subgroups amounting respectively 66% (group I) and 34% (group II) of the subjects. The discriminant function analysis reveals how much the two groups are differentiated but coherent. The subjects of group I use predominately intellectualization and denegation; they use moderately turning against self and projection; they use rarely turning against object. The subjects of group II make moderately use of all these defence mechanisms. The second purpose is to precise in which measure the way of expression of affects is related to the defence mechanisms. The U-test of Mann Whitney reveals lower scores among the subjects of group I as compared to those of group II, in aggressiveness, anxiety, inferiority feelings, somatisation, fantasy productions and withdrawal.", "PMID": 676777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2716", "title": "[Validation of a psychological questionnaire to differentiate subjects with propensities for hypertension, tachycardia or angor from normal subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "The present work allows us to draw a psychological profile of patients suffering from hypertension, tachycardia and angina pectoris. It confirms the fact that patients affected by cardiovascular symptoms are not relevant to one and the same structure of personality. It lays stress on the necessity to differentiate the studied symptoms and to homogenize the cardiovascular samples.", "contents": "[Validation of a psychological questionnaire to differentiate subjects with propensities for hypertension, tachycardia or angor from normal subjects (author's transl)]. The present work allows us to draw a psychological profile of patients suffering from hypertension, tachycardia and angina pectoris. It confirms the fact that patients affected by cardiovascular symptoms are not relevant to one and the same structure of personality. It lays stress on the necessity to differentiate the studied symptoms and to homogenize the cardiovascular samples.", "PMID": 676778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2717", "title": "[Psychological links and coronary diseases. I. Physiological correlations of certain psychological variables (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-one infarct patients were compared with 21 normal subjects regarding several hemodynamic, lipidic and neuroendocrine variables, in various stress situations and at rest. Correlations were tabulated between those bioclinical measurements and various personality patterns drawn from the MMPI. This study shows that the physiological reactions to stress vary in subjects with psychological cardiovascular risk factors as compared to subjects without psychological risk factors. The bearers of psychological risk factors show a higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, a specific lipids pattern and a lower rate of platelets. In summary, psychological risk factors link with physiological reactions to stress which appear to be by themselves cardiovascular risk factors.", "contents": "[Psychological links and coronary diseases. I. Physiological correlations of certain psychological variables (author's transl)]. Twenty-one infarct patients were compared with 21 normal subjects regarding several hemodynamic, lipidic and neuroendocrine variables, in various stress situations and at rest. Correlations were tabulated between those bioclinical measurements and various personality patterns drawn from the MMPI. This study shows that the physiological reactions to stress vary in subjects with psychological cardiovascular risk factors as compared to subjects without psychological risk factors. The bearers of psychological risk factors show a higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, a specific lipids pattern and a lower rate of platelets. In summary, psychological risk factors link with physiological reactions to stress which appear to be by themselves cardiovascular risk factors.", "PMID": 676776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2718", "title": "Effects of steroid hormones on the binding of ioglycamide (bilivistan) to human blood serum.", "content": "The binding relationships between ioglycamide and steroid hormones were determined in a liquid two-phase system with labelled ioglycamide and by direct measurement of ultraviolet light absorption. It was found that an interaction between ioglycamide and steroid hormones, particularly progesterone, existed, relative to the binding to human serum protein.", "contents": "Effects of steroid hormones on the binding of ioglycamide (bilivistan) to human blood serum. The binding relationships between ioglycamide and steroid hormones were determined in a liquid two-phase system with labelled ioglycamide and by direct measurement of ultraviolet light absorption. It was found that an interaction between ioglycamide and steroid hormones, particularly progesterone, existed, relative to the binding to human serum protein.", "PMID": 676787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2719", "title": "Selective phlebography in carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "Eighteen patients with obstructive jaundice were examined by pancreatic phlebography. In 15 cases the final diagnosis was carcinoma of the pancreas, in 3 cholangiocarcinoma. The normal phlebographic anatomy and the morphologic abnormalities in patients with carcinoma of the pancreas are described. The accuracy of pancreatic phlebography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas and cholangiocarcinoma is evaluated.", "contents": "Selective phlebography in carcinoma of the pancreas. Eighteen patients with obstructive jaundice were examined by pancreatic phlebography. In 15 cases the final diagnosis was carcinoma of the pancreas, in 3 cholangiocarcinoma. The normal phlebographic anatomy and the morphologic abnormalities in patients with carcinoma of the pancreas are described. The accuracy of pancreatic phlebography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas and cholangiocarcinoma is evaluated.", "PMID": 676788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2720", "title": "Evaluation of solitary renal cystic lesions.", "content": "The diagnostic approach in cases of expanding renal lesions is reviewed on the basis of 106 patients with cystic lesions. Differential diagnostic aspects of cysts, tumor masses and cystic tumors are given. Ultrasound examination is considered to reduce the need of nephroangiography otherwise required. The value of nephroangiography with angiotensin in equivocal cases is emphasized.", "contents": "Evaluation of solitary renal cystic lesions. The diagnostic approach in cases of expanding renal lesions is reviewed on the basis of 106 patients with cystic lesions. Differential diagnostic aspects of cysts, tumor masses and cystic tumors are given. Ultrasound examination is considered to reduce the need of nephroangiography otherwise required. The value of nephroangiography with angiotensin in equivocal cases is emphasized.", "PMID": 676789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2721", "title": "Angiotensin effect in the human kidney.", "content": "The renal effect of angiotensin has been recorded in patients by determination of variations in the length of the kidney and by selective injection of contrast medium into the renal artery with special angiographic techniques. The experiments demonstrate the rapid onset of the angiotensin effect on the renal vessels. The effect on kidney length was considerably prolonged compared with the vascular effect.", "contents": "Angiotensin effect in the human kidney. The renal effect of angiotensin has been recorded in patients by determination of variations in the length of the kidney and by selective injection of contrast medium into the renal artery with special angiographic techniques. The experiments demonstrate the rapid onset of the angiotensin effect on the renal vessels. The effect on kidney length was considerably prolonged compared with the vascular effect.", "PMID": 676790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2722", "title": "Malignant thymoma with renal metastases. Report of a case.", "content": "A patient with metastasizing thymoma is presented. This case, as well as 31 previously reported cases in the literature, demonstrate that thymoma may give distant metastases and that the behavior of the tumors cannot be predicted on histologic grounds. The case reported here is the first case where angiography was performed.", "contents": "Malignant thymoma with renal metastases. Report of a case. A patient with metastasizing thymoma is presented. This case, as well as 31 previously reported cases in the literature, demonstrate that thymoma may give distant metastases and that the behavior of the tumors cannot be predicted on histologic grounds. The case reported here is the first case where angiography was performed.", "PMID": 676791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2723", "title": "Ileocecal abnormalities in appendiceal abscess.", "content": "The radiologic findings were reviewed in 16 patients with surgically proven appendiceal abscesses. The indirect indication of abscess comprised displacement of the cecum or small bowel, deformation of the cecum and filling defects or non-filling of the appendix. One or more of these abnormalities were observed in all the patients. In addition a fistula and a cavity were filled in 2 patients.", "contents": "Ileocecal abnormalities in appendiceal abscess. The radiologic findings were reviewed in 16 patients with surgically proven appendiceal abscesses. The indirect indication of abscess comprised displacement of the cecum or small bowel, deformation of the cecum and filling defects or non-filling of the appendix. One or more of these abnormalities were observed in all the patients. In addition a fistula and a cavity were filled in 2 patients.", "PMID": 676792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2724", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on intestinal motility.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin on intestinal motility has been investigated. The demonstrated inhibition of the motility has proved to be suitable for performing double contrast examinations of the small intestine, particularly as the tolerability to somatostatin is better than to other comparative substances.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on intestinal motility. The effect of somatostatin on intestinal motility has been investigated. The demonstrated inhibition of the motility has proved to be suitable for performing double contrast examinations of the small intestine, particularly as the tolerability to somatostatin is better than to other comparative substances.", "PMID": 676793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2725", "title": "Experimental colonic tumours in the rat. I. Preparation and technique of examination.", "content": "A method is described for demonstrating the mucosal appearance of the colon of the rat with double contrast and magnification radiography. The rats were examined at regular intervals. Double contrast examinations were performed 1 570 times in 418 rats. The animals were prepared by cleansing the colon with enemas. The mortality rate for different forms of anesthesia was recorded. An anesthesia with intraperitoneal administration of chloralhydrate and atropine-sulfate was the most appropriate.", "contents": "Experimental colonic tumours in the rat. I. Preparation and technique of examination. A method is described for demonstrating the mucosal appearance of the colon of the rat with double contrast and magnification radiography. The rats were examined at regular intervals. Double contrast examinations were performed 1 570 times in 418 rats. The animals were prepared by cleansing the colon with enemas. The mortality rate for different forms of anesthesia was recorded. An anesthesia with intraperitoneal administration of chloralhydrate and atropine-sulfate was the most appropriate.", "PMID": 676794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2726", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the spreading of barium sulfate suspensions on the gastric mucosa of the rat. Effect of wetting agents, bile salt and lecithine.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was performed on the rat stomach mucosa after application of BaSO4 and three barium-containing commercial contrast media. The degree of flocculation was assessed; flocculation could be prevented by using synthetic wetting agents and by physiologic, natural emulsifiers, sodium taurocholate and lecithine.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the spreading of barium sulfate suspensions on the gastric mucosa of the rat. Effect of wetting agents, bile salt and lecithine. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on the rat stomach mucosa after application of BaSO4 and three barium-containing commercial contrast media. The degree of flocculation was assessed; flocculation could be prevented by using synthetic wetting agents and by physiologic, natural emulsifiers, sodium taurocholate and lecithine.", "PMID": 676795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2727", "title": "Effects of the pregnant uterus on the abdominal aorta and its branches.", "content": "The pregnant uterus was found to exert pressure upon the lumbar region with a maximum over the midline of the lordosis and diminishing laterally. Those parts of the arterial system formed by the aorta and its dorsal branches and displaceable at autopsy, were accordingly dislodged by the uterus, whereas the fixed parts were compressed. The pressure effects extended cranially during pregnancy. Symptoms of compression can be relieved by avoiding supine and prone positions.", "contents": "Effects of the pregnant uterus on the abdominal aorta and its branches. The pregnant uterus was found to exert pressure upon the lumbar region with a maximum over the midline of the lordosis and diminishing laterally. Those parts of the arterial system formed by the aorta and its dorsal branches and displaceable at autopsy, were accordingly dislodged by the uterus, whereas the fixed parts were compressed. The pressure effects extended cranially during pregnancy. Symptoms of compression can be relieved by avoiding supine and prone positions.", "PMID": 676796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2728", "title": "Gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and its relation to the knee joint. III. Pressure measurements in joint and bursa.", "content": "Pressure measurements in the knee joint and gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa were performed on patients and autopsy cases. A normally occurring closure mechanism between the joint and the bursa was demonstrated and analysed. Two patients were also found to have a partial valvular mechanism in the form of a hindrance to spontaneous passage of fluid from the bursa to the joint but no hindrance in the other direction.", "contents": "Gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and its relation to the knee joint. III. Pressure measurements in joint and bursa. Pressure measurements in the knee joint and gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa were performed on patients and autopsy cases. A normally occurring closure mechanism between the joint and the bursa was demonstrated and analysed. Two patients were also found to have a partial valvular mechanism in the form of a hindrance to spontaneous passage of fluid from the bursa to the joint but no hindrance in the other direction.", "PMID": 676797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2729", "title": "Soft tissue radiography for evaluating clinical activity of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The value of soft tissue radiography in assessing the activity of rheumatoid arthritis was investigated in 67 patients and correlated to the clinical activity of the disease. Soft tissue radiography using a technique for mammary radiography was combined with immersion. Radiologically demonstrated periarticular oedema was most closely correlated to clinical activity. A close correlation also existed between soft tissue radiographic lesions and 99Tcm accumulation in hands.", "contents": "Soft tissue radiography for evaluating clinical activity of rheumatoid arthritis. The value of soft tissue radiography in assessing the activity of rheumatoid arthritis was investigated in 67 patients and correlated to the clinical activity of the disease. Soft tissue radiography using a technique for mammary radiography was combined with immersion. Radiologically demonstrated periarticular oedema was most closely correlated to clinical activity. A close correlation also existed between soft tissue radiographic lesions and 99Tcm accumulation in hands.", "PMID": 676798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2730", "title": "Nuclear area and sex chromatin frequency in oral mucosa and hair root sheats of human females.", "content": "In 36 oral mucosa and in 25 hair root sheath slides nuclear area was measured in about 100 nuclei per slide. Within one slide no differences were found in nuclear area between nuclei with or without sex chromatin, or with a non-peripheral sex chromatin. No correlation was found between nuclear area and sex chromatin frequency, except for a weakly significant negative correlation between nuclear area and those nuclei without either peripheral or non-peripheral sex chromatin.", "contents": "Nuclear area and sex chromatin frequency in oral mucosa and hair root sheats of human females. In 36 oral mucosa and in 25 hair root sheath slides nuclear area was measured in about 100 nuclei per slide. Within one slide no differences were found in nuclear area between nuclei with or without sex chromatin, or with a non-peripheral sex chromatin. No correlation was found between nuclear area and sex chromatin frequency, except for a weakly significant negative correlation between nuclear area and those nuclei without either peripheral or non-peripheral sex chromatin.", "PMID": 676799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2731", "title": "Biochemical investigation of lens induction in vitro. II. Demonstration of the induction substance.", "content": "An organ culture method to study the process of lens induction in the chick is described. To see whether or not a direct contact between the participating tissues is required for lens formation, agar slices (0.5 mm thickness) were cultured between the eye cup and the ectoderm. New lenses were formed in 43% of the transplants. Both the eye cup and the ectoderm originated from 72 hours old embryos (stage 18). By culturing agar slices on the eye cups during 2--24 hours and afterwards culturing these slices separately in combination with ectoderm, it was proved that lens inducing substance (s) penetrate into the agar slices. 3-4 hours of culturing on the eye cup is sufficient to obtain \"inducing\" agar slices. The same eye cups were shown to be able to induce a lens for more than one time. By using millipore filters with a 0.65 mu pore size, induction occurs in 36% of the cultures. The possibility of a restraining influence of the formed lens on the induction capacity of the eye cup was noticed.", "contents": "Biochemical investigation of lens induction in vitro. II. Demonstration of the induction substance. An organ culture method to study the process of lens induction in the chick is described. To see whether or not a direct contact between the participating tissues is required for lens formation, agar slices (0.5 mm thickness) were cultured between the eye cup and the ectoderm. New lenses were formed in 43% of the transplants. Both the eye cup and the ectoderm originated from 72 hours old embryos (stage 18). By culturing agar slices on the eye cups during 2--24 hours and afterwards culturing these slices separately in combination with ectoderm, it was proved that lens inducing substance (s) penetrate into the agar slices. 3-4 hours of culturing on the eye cup is sufficient to obtain \"inducing\" agar slices. The same eye cups were shown to be able to induce a lens for more than one time. By using millipore filters with a 0.65 mu pore size, induction occurs in 36% of the cultures. The possibility of a restraining influence of the formed lens on the induction capacity of the eye cup was noticed.", "PMID": 676800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2732", "title": "Binding of labelled antigens and immune complexes to macrophages and dendritic cells in cryostat sections of normal mouse spleen.", "content": "It has been shown that, when cryostat sections of normal mouse spleens were incubated with labelled immune complexes, label accumulated in the dendritic cell areas of some follicle centres. No label, more than background, was found in the periphery of the follicles. This localization pattern is different from that obtained when labelled immune complexes had been injected intravenously in mice. Apart from the cells involved in follicular trapping of immune complexes, labelled cells were also found in the white pulp, especially in the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths and in the red pulp. These cells could be identified as macrophages. When incubation of the cryostat sections took place with labelled antigen, in the absence of the complexing specific antibody, only the macrophages were labelled but not the cells in the follicle centres. These results are discussed in relation to the binding mechanisms of antigens and immune complexes to macrophages and dendritic cells.", "contents": "Binding of labelled antigens and immune complexes to macrophages and dendritic cells in cryostat sections of normal mouse spleen. It has been shown that, when cryostat sections of normal mouse spleens were incubated with labelled immune complexes, label accumulated in the dendritic cell areas of some follicle centres. No label, more than background, was found in the periphery of the follicles. This localization pattern is different from that obtained when labelled immune complexes had been injected intravenously in mice. Apart from the cells involved in follicular trapping of immune complexes, labelled cells were also found in the white pulp, especially in the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths and in the red pulp. These cells could be identified as macrophages. When incubation of the cryostat sections took place with labelled antigen, in the absence of the complexing specific antibody, only the macrophages were labelled but not the cells in the follicle centres. These results are discussed in relation to the binding mechanisms of antigens and immune complexes to macrophages and dendritic cells.", "PMID": 676801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2733", "title": "Significance of the ventricular fluid pressure wave form in the diagnosis of cerebral circulatory arrest and brain death.", "content": "The fluctuations in the absolute value of the ventricular fluid pressure (VFP) with simultaneous changes in the amplitude and frequency of the oscillations of the ventricular fluid wave form are described in seven patients who developed brain death following either a head injury or a cerebrovascular accident, and are compared with those observed in nineteen patients who survived similar brain pathology. The findings in the two groups were significantly different. It is suggested that VFP monitoring does provide reliable evidence of brain death even while the patient is on artificial respiration.", "contents": "Significance of the ventricular fluid pressure wave form in the diagnosis of cerebral circulatory arrest and brain death. The fluctuations in the absolute value of the ventricular fluid pressure (VFP) with simultaneous changes in the amplitude and frequency of the oscillations of the ventricular fluid wave form are described in seven patients who developed brain death following either a head injury or a cerebrovascular accident, and are compared with those observed in nineteen patients who survived similar brain pathology. The findings in the two groups were significantly different. It is suggested that VFP monitoring does provide reliable evidence of brain death even while the patient is on artificial respiration.", "PMID": 676802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2734", "title": "Size of posterior fossa in Chiari type 1 malformation in adults.", "content": "The clinical and neuroradiological findings in five patients with Chiari Type 1 malformation presenting symptoms in adult life are presented. New posterior fossa ratio methods have been applied to this material. The posterior cranial fossae are demonstrated to be small, and the most significant deviation from normal gave the ratio h/Tw: posterior fossa height in proportion to Twining's line. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the static and dynamic factors that are operating in the development of neurological symptoms in Chiari type 1 malformation. A final discussion is given comparing the Chiari type 1 malformations to meningo-myelocele. The findings using posterior fossa ratio methods may strengthen the indications for suboccipital craniectomy in these patients.", "contents": "Size of posterior fossa in Chiari type 1 malformation in adults. The clinical and neuroradiological findings in five patients with Chiari Type 1 malformation presenting symptoms in adult life are presented. New posterior fossa ratio methods have been applied to this material. The posterior cranial fossae are demonstrated to be small, and the most significant deviation from normal gave the ratio h/Tw: posterior fossa height in proportion to Twining's line. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the static and dynamic factors that are operating in the development of neurological symptoms in Chiari type 1 malformation. A final discussion is given comparing the Chiari type 1 malformations to meningo-myelocele. The findings using posterior fossa ratio methods may strengthen the indications for suboccipital craniectomy in these patients.", "PMID": 676804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2735", "title": "Distension of the operation site after posterior fossa surgery.", "content": "In 130 posterior fossa operations 6 cases of progressive distension of the operation site have been recorded and documented. The possible causes of this complication and the surgical management are discussed. Isotope studies after injection of Ytterbium 169DTPA into the underlying cyst have shown abnormal patterns in CSF circulation and absorption. All the cases have resolved after ventriculo-peritoneal shunts.", "contents": "Distension of the operation site after posterior fossa surgery. In 130 posterior fossa operations 6 cases of progressive distension of the operation site have been recorded and documented. The possible causes of this complication and the surgical management are discussed. Isotope studies after injection of Ytterbium 169DTPA into the underlying cyst have shown abnormal patterns in CSF circulation and absorption. All the cases have resolved after ventriculo-peritoneal shunts.", "PMID": 676805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2736", "title": "Spinofacial anastomosis.", "content": "Removal of large acoustic neuromas may still be followed by facial nerve palsy. The results of fourteen cases of spinofacial nerve anastomosis have been studied and compared with the results of spinofacial and hypoglossal-facial anastomoses reported in the literature. Other standard treatments of facial palsy have been briefly reviewed and criteria developed by which the most appropriate therapy for facial paralysis may be selected.", "contents": "Spinofacial anastomosis. Removal of large acoustic neuromas may still be followed by facial nerve palsy. The results of fourteen cases of spinofacial nerve anastomosis have been studied and compared with the results of spinofacial and hypoglossal-facial anastomoses reported in the literature. Other standard treatments of facial palsy have been briefly reviewed and criteria developed by which the most appropriate therapy for facial paralysis may be selected.", "PMID": 676806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2737", "title": "Peripheral nerve tumour composed of neurilemmoma and haemangioma elements.", "content": "Five cases of a peripheral nerve tumour with both neurilemmoma and haemangioma components are reported. Three tumours were intraspinal, one tumour originated in the acoustic nerve, and one was in the brachial plexus. Because of rapid progression these mixed tumours should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intraspinal malignancies.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve tumour composed of neurilemmoma and haemangioma elements. Five cases of a peripheral nerve tumour with both neurilemmoma and haemangioma components are reported. Three tumours were intraspinal, one tumour originated in the acoustic nerve, and one was in the brachial plexus. Because of rapid progression these mixed tumours should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intraspinal malignancies.", "PMID": 676807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2738", "title": "Schwannoma of the olfactory groove. Case report and review of previous cases.", "content": "A personal case, the third in the literature, of an olfactory groove schwannoma in a young man aged 19 is reported, and the two cases previously described are revieweed. Occurrence in young males and long histories are characteristic.", "contents": "Schwannoma of the olfactory groove. Case report and review of previous cases. A personal case, the third in the literature, of an olfactory groove schwannoma in a young man aged 19 is reported, and the two cases previously described are revieweed. Occurrence in young males and long histories are characteristic.", "PMID": 676809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2739", "title": "[Paraplegia with a cauda equina syndrome due to stenosis of the spinal canal caused by tabes arthropathy].", "content": "The authors present a case of cauda equina paraparesis due to compression by tabetic osteo-arthropathy. Diagnosis was confirmed by the typical clinical picture of tabes and by the history of a chancre 53 years earlier. Radiography of the spine showed vertibral osteo-arthropathy. Opaque contrast myelography showed compression at the D 11/D 12 and L 4/L 5 levels, with poor contrast filling athe the L 1/L 3 level. Surgical treatment by decompressive laminectomies from D 12 to L 4 led to a satisfactory result with motor recovery and regression of the cauda equina syndrome.", "contents": "[Paraplegia with a cauda equina syndrome due to stenosis of the spinal canal caused by tabes arthropathy]. The authors present a case of cauda equina paraparesis due to compression by tabetic osteo-arthropathy. Diagnosis was confirmed by the typical clinical picture of tabes and by the history of a chancre 53 years earlier. Radiography of the spine showed vertibral osteo-arthropathy. Opaque contrast myelography showed compression at the D 11/D 12 and L 4/L 5 levels, with poor contrast filling athe the L 1/L 3 level. Surgical treatment by decompressive laminectomies from D 12 to L 4 led to a satisfactory result with motor recovery and regression of the cauda equina syndrome.", "PMID": 676810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2740", "title": "Psychological factors and adolescent illicit drug use: ethnicity and sex differences.", "content": "Of four psychological factors examined in a representative sample of New York State secondary school students, only two, depressive mood and normlessness, show a positive relationship with the use of illicit drugs, especially drugs other than marihuana. The association of depressive mood and normlessness with illegal multiple drug use varies by ethnicity and sex, being consistently stronger among girls and among whites. In addition, depressive mood is negatively related to multiple drug use for black and Puerto Rican boys. These findings suggest that psychological factors play a different role in adolescent drug involvement within various social and cultural groups.", "contents": "Psychological factors and adolescent illicit drug use: ethnicity and sex differences. Of four psychological factors examined in a representative sample of New York State secondary school students, only two, depressive mood and normlessness, show a positive relationship with the use of illicit drugs, especially drugs other than marihuana. The association of depressive mood and normlessness with illegal multiple drug use varies by ethnicity and sex, being consistently stronger among girls and among whites. In addition, depressive mood is negatively related to multiple drug use for black and Puerto Rican boys. These findings suggest that psychological factors play a different role in adolescent drug involvement within various social and cultural groups.", "PMID": 676837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2741", "title": "A comparison of self-esteem, dogmatism and fantasy in psychiatric inpatient adolescents and their parents with non-hospitalized adolescents and their parents.", "content": "Forty in-patient adolescents and 40 non-hospitalized adolescents, comparable in age, sex, education, birth position and socioeconomic level, and their parents were administered the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, Barksdale Self-Esteem Evaluation Scale, the Singer and Antrobus Imaginal Process Inventory, and the Elms Empathic Fantasy Scale. Distinct differences were found between the in-patient adolescent and his/her parents in aspects of fantasy, empathy, dogmatism, and self-esteem, while the non-hospitalized adolescents were very similar in fantasy with both parents. In addition, both parents of the nonhospitalized adolescents had greater levels of self-esteem with less dogmatism evident in the fathers. The results are discussed in terms of the identification process and modeling, the socialization process with its suppression or reduction of taboo drive manifestations and fantasy as a means of achieving unattainable drives.", "contents": "A comparison of self-esteem, dogmatism and fantasy in psychiatric inpatient adolescents and their parents with non-hospitalized adolescents and their parents. Forty in-patient adolescents and 40 non-hospitalized adolescents, comparable in age, sex, education, birth position and socioeconomic level, and their parents were administered the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, Barksdale Self-Esteem Evaluation Scale, the Singer and Antrobus Imaginal Process Inventory, and the Elms Empathic Fantasy Scale. Distinct differences were found between the in-patient adolescent and his/her parents in aspects of fantasy, empathy, dogmatism, and self-esteem, while the non-hospitalized adolescents were very similar in fantasy with both parents. In addition, both parents of the nonhospitalized adolescents had greater levels of self-esteem with less dogmatism evident in the fathers. The results are discussed in terms of the identification process and modeling, the socialization process with its suppression or reduction of taboo drive manifestations and fantasy as a means of achieving unattainable drives.", "PMID": 676838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2742", "title": "The management of obesity in the post-adolescent developmentally disabled client with Prader-Willi syndrome.", "content": "A discussion of the problem of obesity control in post-adolescent residents who are diagnosed as having Prader-Willi Syndrome is presented with a description of the syndrome, a brief case history of one of the residents with the syndrome, and an outline of the program used by a residential facility for exceptional young adults in managing this difficult problem.", "contents": "The management of obesity in the post-adolescent developmentally disabled client with Prader-Willi syndrome. A discussion of the problem of obesity control in post-adolescent residents who are diagnosed as having Prader-Willi Syndrome is presented with a description of the syndrome, a brief case history of one of the residents with the syndrome, and an outline of the program used by a residential facility for exceptional young adults in managing this difficult problem.", "PMID": 676842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2743", "title": "Secondary prevention and associated drug therapy.", "content": "In secondary prevention, the treatment of serious disorders is undoubtedly necessary. This applies to the treatment of latent or manifest heart failure with digitalis glycosides, the treatment of coronary insufficiency with suitably active medicaments, and the administration of antiarrhythmics to patients with cardiac arrhythmias, who could be particularly endangered under certain circumstances. Raised arterial blood pressure, one of the most important risk factors of coronary heart disease, requires suitable drug treatment. Similarly, the additional administration of medicaments that affect lipid metabolism and of substances that lower raised uric acid levels together with a suitable diet is often inevitable. It is patently obvious that diabetes mellitus must be optimally controlled. Whether the long-term administration of beta-sympatholytics has a protective effect on the onset of sudden deaths through cardiac arrhythmias or on the incidence of reinfarction is, in the present state of knowledge, quite possible, but still not definitely proven. Different indications and dosages of the medicament, and thus the absence of standardized conditions, scarcely permit an assessment of the success of associated drug therapy in secondary prevention.", "contents": "Secondary prevention and associated drug therapy. In secondary prevention, the treatment of serious disorders is undoubtedly necessary. This applies to the treatment of latent or manifest heart failure with digitalis glycosides, the treatment of coronary insufficiency with suitably active medicaments, and the administration of antiarrhythmics to patients with cardiac arrhythmias, who could be particularly endangered under certain circumstances. Raised arterial blood pressure, one of the most important risk factors of coronary heart disease, requires suitable drug treatment. Similarly, the additional administration of medicaments that affect lipid metabolism and of substances that lower raised uric acid levels together with a suitable diet is often inevitable. It is patently obvious that diabetes mellitus must be optimally controlled. Whether the long-term administration of beta-sympatholytics has a protective effect on the onset of sudden deaths through cardiac arrhythmias or on the incidence of reinfarction is, in the present state of knowledge, quite possible, but still not definitely proven. Different indications and dosages of the medicament, and thus the absence of standardized conditions, scarcely permit an assessment of the success of associated drug therapy in secondary prevention.", "PMID": 676865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2744", "title": "M\u00f6ssbauer effect: studies of the electronic structures of the heme.", "content": "On the basis of experimental M\u00f6ssbauer evidence, the electronic structures of heme iron are discussed for Mb and Hb. In the deoxygenated state, it is concluded from the electric field gradient tensor and the temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting that the ferrous iron is not in the tetragonal ligand field with the symmetry axis perpendicular to the heme. The experimental results are well explained solely by rhombic perturbation. The electronic ground state is a component of the 5E term, and the principal axis of the anisotrophy is parallel to the heme plane. In the oxygenated state, there is no decisive conclusion on the bonding structure of the O2 molecule to the heme. Still, the two models of Pauling and Griffith are consistent with experimental results. Considering a relaxation between two possible conformational states, the peculiar temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting is resolved in Fe-O2 model compounds.", "contents": "M\u00f6ssbauer effect: studies of the electronic structures of the heme. On the basis of experimental M\u00f6ssbauer evidence, the electronic structures of heme iron are discussed for Mb and Hb. In the deoxygenated state, it is concluded from the electric field gradient tensor and the temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting that the ferrous iron is not in the tetragonal ligand field with the symmetry axis perpendicular to the heme. The experimental results are well explained solely by rhombic perturbation. The electronic ground state is a component of the 5E term, and the principal axis of the anisotrophy is parallel to the heme plane. In the oxygenated state, there is no decisive conclusion on the bonding structure of the O2 molecule to the heme. Still, the two models of Pauling and Griffith are consistent with experimental results. Considering a relaxation between two possible conformational states, the peculiar temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting is resolved in Fe-O2 model compounds.", "PMID": 676866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2745", "title": "[Allergy and anaphylaxis].", "content": "Acute undesirable drug reactions following the application of one of the modern amiglycoside antibiotics only occur in some exceptional cases. Those compounds reveal low sensitizing capacity, in contrast to streptomycin. Following topical applications, allergies of delayed type have been recorded, especially in the case of neomycin, a widely used topical antibiotic. Aminoglycosides exhibit anaphylactoid activity; they cause a degranulation of mast cells. Via this mechanism, histamine reactions are provoked. Such \"anaphylactoid\" reactions are clinically indistinguishable from true allergic (anaphylactic) phenomena and repeatedly have been erroneously interpreted. For allergological test series as well as for the correct interpretation of acute unwanted drug effects it is important to consider the anaphylactoid activity of the aminoglycosides.", "contents": "[Allergy and anaphylaxis]. Acute undesirable drug reactions following the application of one of the modern amiglycoside antibiotics only occur in some exceptional cases. Those compounds reveal low sensitizing capacity, in contrast to streptomycin. Following topical applications, allergies of delayed type have been recorded, especially in the case of neomycin, a widely used topical antibiotic. Aminoglycosides exhibit anaphylactoid activity; they cause a degranulation of mast cells. Via this mechanism, histamine reactions are provoked. Such \"anaphylactoid\" reactions are clinically indistinguishable from true allergic (anaphylactic) phenomena and repeatedly have been erroneously interpreted. For allergological test series as well as for the correct interpretation of acute unwanted drug effects it is important to consider the anaphylactoid activity of the aminoglycosides.", "PMID": 676869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2746", "title": "[Pharmacologic studies or aminoglycoside antibiotics (amikacin, gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin)].", "content": "In a randomized study of 12 healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, sisomicin and tobramycin were determined after a one-hour infusion of each drug (1.0 mg/kg body-weight). There were no pharmacokinetic differences of therapeutic significance between the three drugs. The mean serum concentrations at the end of infusion were 3.85 microgram/ml for gentamicin and 4.66 microgram/ml for sisomicin, falling to 0.12 and 0.26 microgram/ml, respectively, after eight hours. The biological half-life varied between 96 and 122 min and the apparent volumes of distribution corresponded closely to the size of the extracellular space.--The pharmacokinetic data of amikacin were determined after a one-hour constant infusion, the mean amikacin serum concentration was 37.5 microgram/ml and, 8 hours later, decreased to an average of 1.3 microgram/ml. The biological half-life amounted to a mean of 114.2 +/- 16.7 min, and the apparent volume of distribution could be calculated with 18.1 +/- 1.81/100 kg body weight.", "contents": "[Pharmacologic studies or aminoglycoside antibiotics (amikacin, gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin)]. In a randomized study of 12 healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, sisomicin and tobramycin were determined after a one-hour infusion of each drug (1.0 mg/kg body-weight). There were no pharmacokinetic differences of therapeutic significance between the three drugs. The mean serum concentrations at the end of infusion were 3.85 microgram/ml for gentamicin and 4.66 microgram/ml for sisomicin, falling to 0.12 and 0.26 microgram/ml, respectively, after eight hours. The biological half-life varied between 96 and 122 min and the apparent volumes of distribution corresponded closely to the size of the extracellular space.--The pharmacokinetic data of amikacin were determined after a one-hour constant infusion, the mean amikacin serum concentration was 37.5 microgram/ml and, 8 hours later, decreased to an average of 1.3 microgram/ml. The biological half-life amounted to a mean of 114.2 +/- 16.7 min, and the apparent volume of distribution could be calculated with 18.1 +/- 1.81/100 kg body weight.", "PMID": 676877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2747", "title": "[The differentiation of potential nephrotoxicity of various aminoglycosides in animal experiments].", "content": "Experimental differentiation in the animal of nephrotoxicity of various aminoglycosides. Animal experiments showed that all aminoglycosides cause similar toxic tubular and glomerular damage when investigated by qualitative morphology. Quantitative differences in tubular nephrotoxicity of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, kanamycin, kanendomycin, amikacin, and butirosin were demonstrable by evaluation of the excretion rates of tubular cells and urinary enzymes in rats. By this means dose-effect-relationships were found resulting in reproducible different toxic threshold doses for each antibiotic, and thus in a scale of increasing nephrotoxicity. The aminoglycosides differed by their affinity to kidney tissue as measured by determination of the accumulating renal concentrations of the drugs at different times during multiple-dose administration. This had a modifying influence on excretion rates of cells and enzymes affecting the scale of toxicity in long-term studies. Comparative investigations on nephrotoxicity in rats and guinea pigs gave similar results. In addition, a study in man suggested that the test results of nephrotoxicity are not species-specific. For human therapy it is concluded that even more caution should be practised with the new aminoglycosides than with gentamicin in order to avoid renal damage.", "contents": "[The differentiation of potential nephrotoxicity of various aminoglycosides in animal experiments]. Experimental differentiation in the animal of nephrotoxicity of various aminoglycosides. Animal experiments showed that all aminoglycosides cause similar toxic tubular and glomerular damage when investigated by qualitative morphology. Quantitative differences in tubular nephrotoxicity of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, kanamycin, kanendomycin, amikacin, and butirosin were demonstrable by evaluation of the excretion rates of tubular cells and urinary enzymes in rats. By this means dose-effect-relationships were found resulting in reproducible different toxic threshold doses for each antibiotic, and thus in a scale of increasing nephrotoxicity. The aminoglycosides differed by their affinity to kidney tissue as measured by determination of the accumulating renal concentrations of the drugs at different times during multiple-dose administration. This had a modifying influence on excretion rates of cells and enzymes affecting the scale of toxicity in long-term studies. Comparative investigations on nephrotoxicity in rats and guinea pigs gave similar results. In addition, a study in man suggested that the test results of nephrotoxicity are not species-specific. For human therapy it is concluded that even more caution should be practised with the new aminoglycosides than with gentamicin in order to avoid renal damage.", "PMID": 676878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2748", "title": "[Comparative studies on the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics using renal enzyme elimination in rats as a model].", "content": "Determinations of renal enzyme excretion in rats inform on the relative nephrotoxicity of drugs. The data obtained in such studies are of clinical relevance. For the screening of new aminoglycosides, the renal enzyme excretion technique is a rather simple, but valuable model. New compounds can easily be compared to well-known ones about which clinical cata are available already.--Comparative investigations with netilmicin, a semi-synthetic sisomicin derivative, and with gentamicin are reported. Netilmicin in three different doses provoked significantly less increase in urinary alkaline phosphatase and \"leucine aminopeptidase\" activities.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics using renal enzyme elimination in rats as a model]. Determinations of renal enzyme excretion in rats inform on the relative nephrotoxicity of drugs. The data obtained in such studies are of clinical relevance. For the screening of new aminoglycosides, the renal enzyme excretion technique is a rather simple, but valuable model. New compounds can easily be compared to well-known ones about which clinical cata are available already.--Comparative investigations with netilmicin, a semi-synthetic sisomicin derivative, and with gentamicin are reported. Netilmicin in three different doses provoked significantly less increase in urinary alkaline phosphatase and \"leucine aminopeptidase\" activities.", "PMID": 676879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2749", "title": "Pathological changes of cerebral vessel endothelial cells in spontaneously hypertensive rats, with special reference to the role of these cells in the development of hypertensive cerebrovascular lesions.", "content": "Changes of endothelial cells of the cerebral arterial system in spontaneously hypertensive rats were investigated using scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes. The endothelial cells revealed on the one hand, progressive changes such as enlargement, increased plasmalemmal pits, numerous microvilli and well-developed marginal folds. On the other hand, regressive changes such as balloon-like protusions and craterlike concavities were also noted. Platelet adhesion was often encountered on the injured  endothelial surface of the cerebral arteries in SHR. The significance of these findings in the development of hypertensive cerebral vascular changes was discussed.", "contents": "Pathological changes of cerebral vessel endothelial cells in spontaneously hypertensive rats, with special reference to the role of these cells in the development of hypertensive cerebrovascular lesions. Changes of endothelial cells of the cerebral arterial system in spontaneously hypertensive rats were investigated using scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes. The endothelial cells revealed on the one hand, progressive changes such as enlargement, increased plasmalemmal pits, numerous microvilli and well-developed marginal folds. On the other hand, regressive changes such as balloon-like protusions and craterlike concavities were also noted. Platelet adhesion was often encountered on the injured  endothelial surface of the cerebral arteries in SHR. The significance of these findings in the development of hypertensive cerebral vascular changes was discussed.", "PMID": 676880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2750", "title": "Hypertension and the blood-brain barrier.", "content": "Acute hypertension leads to alternating regions of dilation and vasoconstriction of surface cerebral vessels. It remains to be determined conclusively if either or both of those calibre changes are essential in the production of degenerative vascular changes of malignant hypertension. There is no evidence of ischemic or other morphologic change to components of the blood-brain barrier including the interendothelial tight junctions which remain intact. An early phase of evolving cerebral edema is swelling of astrocytic foot processes that occurs only in regions of abnormal protein permeability. The cortical location of these acute hypertensive lesions stands in contrast to the ganglionic location of the microaneurysms found as complication of chronic hypertension in man. The location of permeability changes to protein do not necessarily reflect changes in brain water permeability susceptible to sympathetic regulation.", "contents": "Hypertension and the blood-brain barrier. Acute hypertension leads to alternating regions of dilation and vasoconstriction of surface cerebral vessels. It remains to be determined conclusively if either or both of those calibre changes are essential in the production of degenerative vascular changes of malignant hypertension. There is no evidence of ischemic or other morphologic change to components of the blood-brain barrier including the interendothelial tight junctions which remain intact. An early phase of evolving cerebral edema is swelling of astrocytic foot processes that occurs only in regions of abnormal protein permeability. The cortical location of these acute hypertensive lesions stands in contrast to the ganglionic location of the microaneurysms found as complication of chronic hypertension in man. The location of permeability changes to protein do not necessarily reflect changes in brain water permeability susceptible to sympathetic regulation.", "PMID": 676898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2751", "title": "Microcirculatory disturbances during the early phase following experimental spinal cord trauma in the rat.", "content": "The early (primary) lesion of the microvasculature and neurons in the gray matter of the rat become mainfest within 0-3 min, long before the development of secondary ischemic-anoxic changes. The central hemorrhagic necrosis of the gray matter, induced by the impact injury, seems to depend primarily on theseverity of trauma. However, since the lesion is limited to the gray matter of one or two segments, these primary changes are not responsible for the irreversible transverse lesion. Additionally, the experimental cord injury in the rat demonstrates that secondary vascular changes (i.e., the pathological permeability of vessels in the white matter) produce a progressive edema that spreads into the necrotic zone and leads to definite transverse lesion. Not least of all, the increased pressure of the spinal tissue may promote the self-destructive process leading to irreversible damage to white matter.", "contents": "Microcirculatory disturbances during the early phase following experimental spinal cord trauma in the rat. The early (primary) lesion of the microvasculature and neurons in the gray matter of the rat become mainfest within 0-3 min, long before the development of secondary ischemic-anoxic changes. The central hemorrhagic necrosis of the gray matter, induced by the impact injury, seems to depend primarily on theseverity of trauma. However, since the lesion is limited to the gray matter of one or two segments, these primary changes are not responsible for the irreversible transverse lesion. Additionally, the experimental cord injury in the rat demonstrates that secondary vascular changes (i.e., the pathological permeability of vessels in the white matter) produce a progressive edema that spreads into the necrotic zone and leads to definite transverse lesion. Not least of all, the increased pressure of the spinal tissue may promote the self-destructive process leading to irreversible damage to white matter.", "PMID": 676906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2752", "title": "Microangiographic observations of morphological vessel changes after experimental spinal cord trauma.", "content": "In 36 rabbits the spinal vessels were investigated by microangiography during and immediately after spinal cord compression, and at a long time after decompression. Vessel constrictions, obliterations, injuries, perivascular bleeding, insufficient filling of the surface arterial net, obliterations of the V. spin. post., and venous stasis were found. The vessels in the gray matter were insufficiently filled, whereas those in the periphery were adequately filled. The vessels in animals observed immediately and at a long time after decompression were more often filled than those in animals observed during the compression. Mechanical compression of the vessels may play an important role here.", "contents": "Microangiographic observations of morphological vessel changes after experimental spinal cord trauma. In 36 rabbits the spinal vessels were investigated by microangiography during and immediately after spinal cord compression, and at a long time after decompression. Vessel constrictions, obliterations, injuries, perivascular bleeding, insufficient filling of the surface arterial net, obliterations of the V. spin. post., and venous stasis were found. The vessels in the gray matter were insufficiently filled, whereas those in the periphery were adequately filled. The vessels in animals observed immediately and at a long time after decompression were more often filled than those in animals observed during the compression. Mechanical compression of the vessels may play an important role here.", "PMID": 676909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2753", "title": "Demonstration of early capillary lesions in the brain by means of artificial reperfusion.", "content": "Nine patients are reported in whom functional brain death was determined as exactly as possible by neurological (in part also electroencephalographic and/or angiographic) examination in combination with analysis of the clinical history. During the first hour, at 2-4 hr, and later than 4 hr after the occurrence of functional brain death, the mean systemic pressure was raised to 30% above normal by infusion of Arterenol. The infusions lasted 15-30 min; in spite of the raised blood pressure, the patients died of cardiovascular attention to vascular damage; none was found whenever the reperfusion was completed within the first hour after determination of circulatory arrest. In all three cases in which reperfusion was performed, after more than 4 hr the neuropathological findings were similar. In one case the EEG showed a burst-type pattern during reperfusion within the first hour after determination of brain death.", "contents": "Demonstration of early capillary lesions in the brain by means of artificial reperfusion. Nine patients are reported in whom functional brain death was determined as exactly as possible by neurological (in part also electroencephalographic and/or angiographic) examination in combination with analysis of the clinical history. During the first hour, at 2-4 hr, and later than 4 hr after the occurrence of functional brain death, the mean systemic pressure was raised to 30% above normal by infusion of Arterenol. The infusions lasted 15-30 min; in spite of the raised blood pressure, the patients died of cardiovascular attention to vascular damage; none was found whenever the reperfusion was completed within the first hour after determination of circulatory arrest. In all three cases in which reperfusion was performed, after more than 4 hr the neuropathological findings were similar. In one case the EEG showed a burst-type pattern during reperfusion within the first hour after determination of brain death.", "PMID": 676913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2754", "title": "Cerebral artery spasm: histological changes in necropsies of cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "A group of 20 necropsies of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were selected because of the known complication of cerebral vasospasm. Evidence for vasospasm was radiological and pathological in 17 cases and pathological alone in 3 cases. A histological examination of the large arteries in areas known formerly to be in spasm showed that in the 13 early cases (death before 3 weeks) there were relevant changes in all layers of the arterial wall, the most significant being a degeneration of the media and elastica. In the 7 late cases (death after 3 weeks), in addition to the sequelae of the acute changes, there was marked concentric intimal thickening; and the localization was again in the particular segments of arteries formerly in spasm. Changes found in the small arteries, capillaries, and veins in the early and the late cases were thought to be caused by the ischemia due to the vasospasm. These changes were also seen in control material.", "contents": "Cerebral artery spasm: histological changes in necropsies of cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage. A group of 20 necropsies of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were selected because of the known complication of cerebral vasospasm. Evidence for vasospasm was radiological and pathological in 17 cases and pathological alone in 3 cases. A histological examination of the large arteries in areas known formerly to be in spasm showed that in the 13 early cases (death before 3 weeks) there were relevant changes in all layers of the arterial wall, the most significant being a degeneration of the media and elastica. In the 7 late cases (death after 3 weeks), in addition to the sequelae of the acute changes, there was marked concentric intimal thickening; and the localization was again in the particular segments of arteries formerly in spasm. Changes found in the small arteries, capillaries, and veins in the early and the late cases were thought to be caused by the ischemia due to the vasospasm. These changes were also seen in control material.", "PMID": 676916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2755", "title": "Vasomotor response of cerebral blood vessels to dopamine and dopaminergic agonists.", "content": "The vasomotor response of dopamine and dopaminergic agonists was studies on feline isolated middle cerebral arteries in vitro and pial arterioles in situ following microapplication. The action of various inhibitors was tested to define the receptors involved. The contractile response could be blocked by alpha-receptor as well as serotonin receptor antagonists. The mode of inhibition suggested that serotonin receptors rather than alpha-adrenoceptors mediated the dopamine-induced contraction. A dose-dependent dilation could be evoked by the dopaminergic agonists on actively contracting pial arteries in vitro and by apomorphine in situ. The relative potency for the agonists together with blocking experiments indicated that the vasodilation was mediated by specific dopamine receptors.", "contents": "Vasomotor response of cerebral blood vessels to dopamine and dopaminergic agonists. The vasomotor response of dopamine and dopaminergic agonists was studies on feline isolated middle cerebral arteries in vitro and pial arterioles in situ following microapplication. The action of various inhibitors was tested to define the receptors involved. The contractile response could be blocked by alpha-receptor as well as serotonin receptor antagonists. The mode of inhibition suggested that serotonin receptors rather than alpha-adrenoceptors mediated the dopamine-induced contraction. A dose-dependent dilation could be evoked by the dopaminergic agonists on actively contracting pial arteries in vitro and by apomorphine in situ. The relative potency for the agonists together with blocking experiments indicated that the vasodilation was mediated by specific dopamine receptors.", "PMID": 676925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2756", "title": "Competency-based education and creative thinking.", "content": "When creativity is considered as an approach to problem-solving, rather than as an innate talent, then education can play an important role in its development. This paper postulates that competency-based education, because of its emphasis on stated objectives, feedback, self-evaluation, and alternative learning experiences, is an approach to curriculum design that should lead students to become more creative thinkers. A description of competency-based-education is given, and research on educational methods and creativity is surveyed. The implications of this type of program for occupational therapy education are considered.", "contents": "Competency-based education and creative thinking. When creativity is considered as an approach to problem-solving, rather than as an innate talent, then education can play an important role in its development. This paper postulates that competency-based education, because of its emphasis on stated objectives, feedback, self-evaluation, and alternative learning experiences, is an approach to curriculum design that should lead students to become more creative thinkers. A description of competency-based-education is given, and research on educational methods and creativity is surveyed. The implications of this type of program for occupational therapy education are considered.", "PMID": 676943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2757", "title": "A process model for competency-based education.", "content": "This article describes a process model for design and development of curricula. The model is based on learning theories of competency-based education. It is suggested that curricula so designed will, in conjunction with accreditation and credntialing, provide an additional mechanism for ensuring quality in professional practice.", "contents": "A process model for competency-based education. This article describes a process model for design and development of curricula. The model is based on learning theories of competency-based education. It is suggested that curricula so designed will, in conjunction with accreditation and credntialing, provide an additional mechanism for ensuring quality in professional practice.", "PMID": 676944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2758", "title": "Reflections concerning an activity consultant by a nursing home administrator.", "content": "The problems a therapist can expect as a part-time consultant in a nursing home are explored. These problems include understanding the nature of patient population, incomplete information on specific characteristics of the nursing home, and the relationships among the various constituencies found in the facility. Activities can be helpful in counteracting physical problems and especially depression and withdrawal. The consultant must be independent, objective, informed, able to stimulated creative approaches, make value judgments and appropriate decisions, and above all, must be involved.", "contents": "Reflections concerning an activity consultant by a nursing home administrator. The problems a therapist can expect as a part-time consultant in a nursing home are explored. These problems include understanding the nature of patient population, incomplete information on specific characteristics of the nursing home, and the relationships among the various constituencies found in the facility. Activities can be helpful in counteracting physical problems and especially depression and withdrawal. The consultant must be independent, objective, informed, able to stimulated creative approaches, make value judgments and appropriate decisions, and above all, must be involved.", "PMID": 676945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2759", "title": "Chaining strategies for teaching sequenced motor tasks to mentally retarded adults.", "content": "This study arose from a need to determine which of two techniques was the most efficient means for assisting the mentally retarded to achieve optimum independence in functional living skills. Twenty-four educable mentally retarded adults were assigned to two groups and instructed in a sequenced motor assembly task. One group was taught using a forward chaining method and the other, a backward chaining method. Subjects were measured for learning time and retention performance. Results supported the hypothesis that subjects taught using backward chaining required less time to learn the task than those taught using forward chaining. There was no significant difference in retention between the two groups.", "contents": "Chaining strategies for teaching sequenced motor tasks to mentally retarded adults. This study arose from a need to determine which of two techniques was the most efficient means for assisting the mentally retarded to achieve optimum independence in functional living skills. Twenty-four educable mentally retarded adults were assigned to two groups and instructed in a sequenced motor assembly task. One group was taught using a forward chaining method and the other, a backward chaining method. Subjects were measured for learning time and retention performance. Results supported the hypothesis that subjects taught using backward chaining required less time to learn the task than those taught using forward chaining. There was no significant difference in retention between the two groups.", "PMID": 676946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2760", "title": "Clinical placements by computer program.", "content": "A computer allocation and recording system was developed and implemented to permit an integrated, sequesntial and, to some extent, individually tailored clinical experience for occupational therapy students. Necessary technical information is described for those who may wish to adapt the program to their needs. A difficult administrative task was solved by a machine well known for its speed and accuracy, extensive memory, and copy-typing capabilities.", "contents": "Clinical placements by computer program. A computer allocation and recording system was developed and implemented to permit an integrated, sequesntial and, to some extent, individually tailored clinical experience for occupational therapy students. Necessary technical information is described for those who may wish to adapt the program to their needs. A difficult administrative task was solved by a machine well known for its speed and accuracy, extensive memory, and copy-typing capabilities.", "PMID": 676947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2761", "title": "Infective endocarditis in heroin addicts: epidemiological observations and some unusual cases.", "content": "The total number of cases of heroin-induced endocarditis occurring over a four-year period were reviewed in order to explain an increase in the number of cases in the last year studied (1975). Brown heroin was noted to be used more frequently by addicts during the period of increased incidence. Cultures of \"street samples\" of brown and white heroin as well as cocaine were obtained in order to elucidate a possible relationship between the increased use of brown heroin and the increased number of endocarditis cases. Despite frequent contamination of both white and brown heroin, none of the common endocarditis-causing pathogens were isolated from the samples. Staphylococcus aureus, the most common etiological agent, frequently resulted in tricuspid endocarditis. That the accepted criteria for tricuspid endocarditis may be present without actual cardiac valve involvement is demonstrated by a most unusual case of hepatic vasculature infection.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis in heroin addicts: epidemiological observations and some unusual cases. The total number of cases of heroin-induced endocarditis occurring over a four-year period were reviewed in order to explain an increase in the number of cases in the last year studied (1975). Brown heroin was noted to be used more frequently by addicts during the period of increased incidence. Cultures of \"street samples\" of brown and white heroin as well as cocaine were obtained in order to elucidate a possible relationship between the increased use of brown heroin and the increased number of endocarditis cases. Despite frequent contamination of both white and brown heroin, none of the common endocarditis-causing pathogens were isolated from the samples. Staphylococcus aureus, the most common etiological agent, frequently resulted in tricuspid endocarditis. That the accepted criteria for tricuspid endocarditis may be present without actual cardiac valve involvement is demonstrated by a most unusual case of hepatic vasculature infection.", "PMID": 676973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2762", "title": "The temperature course in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The rectal temperature course was studied retrospectively in 192 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The ordinary temperature course after AMI was characterized by four points: 1. The morning temperature on the first day in hospital was seldom above 38.2 degrees C. (in four of 50 cases) 2. The maximal morning temperature was seldom recorded before day two or after day five in hospital (in five of 150 cases) 3. The maximal morning temperature seldom reached above 39.0 degrees C. (in one of 150 cases) 4. The morning temperature seldom increased more than 0.6 degrees C. after day five in one or more steps (in nine of 150 cases). Seventy-four per cent of the patients were afebrile after one week, and 96% after two weeks. Patients with higher SGOT (ASAT) maxima had longer duration of fever. Eleven per cent of the patients did not have fever at all.", "contents": "The temperature course in acute myocardial infarction. The rectal temperature course was studied retrospectively in 192 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The ordinary temperature course after AMI was characterized by four points: 1. The morning temperature on the first day in hospital was seldom above 38.2 degrees C. (in four of 50 cases) 2. The maximal morning temperature was seldom recorded before day two or after day five in hospital (in five of 150 cases) 3. The maximal morning temperature seldom reached above 39.0 degrees C. (in one of 150 cases) 4. The morning temperature seldom increased more than 0.6 degrees C. after day five in one or more steps (in nine of 150 cases). Seventy-four per cent of the patients were afebrile after one week, and 96% after two weeks. Patients with higher SGOT (ASAT) maxima had longer duration of fever. Eleven per cent of the patients did not have fever at all.", "PMID": 676974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2763", "title": "Systolic flutter of the mitral valve.", "content": "Systolic flutter of the mitral valve was observed in 11 cases during the past 3-1/2 years. All patients had mitral regurgitation due to mitral valve prolapse or flail leaflets, and nine of the 11 (82%) had prior or concurrent bacterial endocarditis. Systolic flutter is uncommon in the absence of endocarditis and was observed in only two of 15 patients (13%) with proven chordae tendinae or papillary muscle rupture without historical and pathological evidence of infection involving the mitral valve. Systolic flutter was also not seen in a large number of patients with mitral regurgitation due to other causes. It is postulated that the regurgitation jet of blood across the edge of a structurally abnormal but flexible mitral leaflet is important for the development of flutter.", "contents": "Systolic flutter of the mitral valve. Systolic flutter of the mitral valve was observed in 11 cases during the past 3-1/2 years. All patients had mitral regurgitation due to mitral valve prolapse or flail leaflets, and nine of the 11 (82%) had prior or concurrent bacterial endocarditis. Systolic flutter is uncommon in the absence of endocarditis and was observed in only two of 15 patients (13%) with proven chordae tendinae or papillary muscle rupture without historical and pathological evidence of infection involving the mitral valve. Systolic flutter was also not seen in a large number of patients with mitral regurgitation due to other causes. It is postulated that the regurgitation jet of blood across the edge of a structurally abnormal but flexible mitral leaflet is important for the development of flutter.", "PMID": 676975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2764", "title": "The management of anticoagulation during noncardiac operations in patients with prosthetic heart valves. A prospective study.", "content": "Based on previous thromboembolic complications associated with the interruption of anticoagulation during subsequent noncardiac operations in patients with nonbiological mitral prostheses, a protocol was developed for this high risk group. We report the successful management of 26 such operations in which anticoagulation was interrupted for 12 hours and then rapidly restored by means of heparin in the postoperative period. Since an earlier study suggested no adverse effect from the interruption of chronic anticoagulants for three to five days among patients with isolated aortic valve prostheses, simple interruption was again employed during 16 subsequent noncardiac operative procedures in this group with no complications. There were three episodes of hemorrhage observed in patients receiving therapeutic doses of heparin postoperatively, but only one required blood replacement.", "contents": "The management of anticoagulation during noncardiac operations in patients with prosthetic heart valves. A prospective study. Based on previous thromboembolic complications associated with the interruption of anticoagulation during subsequent noncardiac operations in patients with nonbiological mitral prostheses, a protocol was developed for this high risk group. We report the successful management of 26 such operations in which anticoagulation was interrupted for 12 hours and then rapidly restored by means of heparin in the postoperative period. Since an earlier study suggested no adverse effect from the interruption of chronic anticoagulants for three to five days among patients with isolated aortic valve prostheses, simple interruption was again employed during 16 subsequent noncardiac operative procedures in this group with no complications. There were three episodes of hemorrhage observed in patients receiving therapeutic doses of heparin postoperatively, but only one required blood replacement.", "PMID": 676976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2765", "title": "Organized left atrial mural thrombus demonstrated by coronary angiography.", "content": "Small coronary artery fistulas terminating at the site of adherent, organized mural thrombi in the left atrial appendage were observed during selective coronary angiography in patients with mitral stenosis. The angiographic features of this abnormality can be distinguished from those of cardiac tumors, vascular malformations, and coronary artery fistulas that are not associated with organized thrombus. This coronary angiographic abnormality may indicate the presence of left atrial thrombus that is not revealed by echocardiography and is not manifest clinically by systemic emboli. The size of the collection of radiographic contrast material in the left atrium is not proportional to the size of the thrombus.", "contents": "Organized left atrial mural thrombus demonstrated by coronary angiography. Small coronary artery fistulas terminating at the site of adherent, organized mural thrombi in the left atrial appendage were observed during selective coronary angiography in patients with mitral stenosis. The angiographic features of this abnormality can be distinguished from those of cardiac tumors, vascular malformations, and coronary artery fistulas that are not associated with organized thrombus. This coronary angiographic abnormality may indicate the presence of left atrial thrombus that is not revealed by echocardiography and is not manifest clinically by systemic emboli. The size of the collection of radiographic contrast material in the left atrium is not proportional to the size of the thrombus.", "PMID": 676977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2766", "title": "Idiopathic familial myocardiopathy in three generations: a clinical and pathologic study.", "content": "A peculiar non-hypertrophic myocardiopathy is described which occurred in three and possibly five generations of a single family. Clinical features included systolic murmurs, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and sudden cardiac death with a paucity of symptoms of cardiac dysfunction. Pathological studies in three generations showed a striking similarity of cardiac findings including globular and dilated ventricles, endocardial fibroelastosis, and mitral valve thickening. Myocardium in two showed basophilic degeneration and fibrosis. A retrospective genealogic analysis and a prospective clinical evaluation of living family members suggested an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with variable penetrance. The cause of this heritable myocardiopathy is presumably a mutant gene; the biochemical defect to which the mutant gene gives rise remains unknown.", "contents": "Idiopathic familial myocardiopathy in three generations: a clinical and pathologic study. A peculiar non-hypertrophic myocardiopathy is described which occurred in three and possibly five generations of a single family. Clinical features included systolic murmurs, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and sudden cardiac death with a paucity of symptoms of cardiac dysfunction. Pathological studies in three generations showed a striking similarity of cardiac findings including globular and dilated ventricles, endocardial fibroelastosis, and mitral valve thickening. Myocardium in two showed basophilic degeneration and fibrosis. A retrospective genealogic analysis and a prospective clinical evaluation of living family members suggested an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with variable penetrance. The cause of this heritable myocardiopathy is presumably a mutant gene; the biochemical defect to which the mutant gene gives rise remains unknown.", "PMID": 676978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2767", "title": "Occurrence and significance of echocardiographically demonstrated tricuspid valve prolapse.", "content": "Echocardiograms from 562 patients were examined for evidence of the pattern of tricuspid valve prolapse. Criteria for the diagnosis can be established similar to those applicable to mitral prolapse. In 500 consecutive patients without mitral valve prolapse, there were no cases of isolated tricuspid valve prolapse. Eleven of 53 (21%) patients with mitral valve prolapse also had tricuspid valve prolapse. Four of six (67%) patients with Marfan's syndrome and mitral valve prolapse also had tricuspid valve prolapse. The occurrence of this echocardiographic pattern as an isolated finding as well as associated with mitral valve prolapse was significantly less than previous angiographic reports. Patients with both these findings tended to be older than those with mitral valve prolapse alone, but clinically differed in no other way. Use of standardized technique can minimize errors in diagnosis.", "contents": "Occurrence and significance of echocardiographically demonstrated tricuspid valve prolapse. Echocardiograms from 562 patients were examined for evidence of the pattern of tricuspid valve prolapse. Criteria for the diagnosis can be established similar to those applicable to mitral prolapse. In 500 consecutive patients without mitral valve prolapse, there were no cases of isolated tricuspid valve prolapse. Eleven of 53 (21%) patients with mitral valve prolapse also had tricuspid valve prolapse. Four of six (67%) patients with Marfan's syndrome and mitral valve prolapse also had tricuspid valve prolapse. The occurrence of this echocardiographic pattern as an isolated finding as well as associated with mitral valve prolapse was significantly less than previous angiographic reports. Patients with both these findings tended to be older than those with mitral valve prolapse alone, but clinically differed in no other way. Use of standardized technique can minimize errors in diagnosis.", "PMID": 676979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2768", "title": "Rapid, sensitive detection of myoglobulinemia by improved counterimmunoelectrophoresis in cases of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique for detection of serum myoglobin (Mb) was improved using non-ionic polymer dextran. Precipitin lines were graded according to their strength, which was ascertained by radioimmunoassay data. By this method, serum Mb in concentrations of 500 ng./ml. before stain and of 200 ng./ml. after stain were detected. Electrophoretic time was 60 minutes. Among 32 cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) whose blood samples were collected within 24 hours after disease onset, precipitin lines were detected in 25 cases (78%) before stain and 31 cases (97%) after stain. Considering the early peak concentration time (approximately 10 hours) of serum Mb after AMI onset, diagnosis becomes more rapid and exact with this method, especially in severe cases.", "contents": "Rapid, sensitive detection of myoglobulinemia by improved counterimmunoelectrophoresis in cases of acute myocardial infarction. A counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique for detection of serum myoglobin (Mb) was improved using non-ionic polymer dextran. Precipitin lines were graded according to their strength, which was ascertained by radioimmunoassay data. By this method, serum Mb in concentrations of 500 ng./ml. before stain and of 200 ng./ml. after stain were detected. Electrophoretic time was 60 minutes. Among 32 cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) whose blood samples were collected within 24 hours after disease onset, precipitin lines were detected in 25 cases (78%) before stain and 31 cases (97%) after stain. Considering the early peak concentration time (approximately 10 hours) of serum Mb after AMI onset, diagnosis becomes more rapid and exact with this method, especially in severe cases.", "PMID": 676980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2769", "title": "The importance of R on T phenomenon.", "content": "The onset of ventricular tachycardia was examined in 44 patients with various types of heart disease. In only six patients (14%) the ventricular tachycardia was initiated by an ectopic ventricular complex interrupting the T wave. The findiings suggest that the importance of R on T phenomenon may have been over-emphasized.", "contents": "The importance of R on T phenomenon. The onset of ventricular tachycardia was examined in 44 patients with various types of heart disease. In only six patients (14%) the ventricular tachycardia was initiated by an ectopic ventricular complex interrupting the T wave. The findiings suggest that the importance of R on T phenomenon may have been over-emphasized.", "PMID": 676981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2770", "title": "Pleural effusion as a manifestation of Dressler's syndrome in the distant post-infection period.", "content": "A 65-year-old woman developed a bloody pleural effusion 2-1/2 years after the onset of Dressler's syndrome. Since an extensive evaluation failed to reveal a specific etiology, the effusion was presumed to be a manifestation of Dressler's syndrome. Because of the therapeutic implications involved, we are reporting this case to emphasize that pleural effusions may occur as a manifestation of Dressler's Syndrome in the distant post-infarction period.", "contents": "Pleural effusion as a manifestation of Dressler's syndrome in the distant post-infection period. A 65-year-old woman developed a bloody pleural effusion 2-1/2 years after the onset of Dressler's syndrome. Since an extensive evaluation failed to reveal a specific etiology, the effusion was presumed to be a manifestation of Dressler's syndrome. Because of the therapeutic implications involved, we are reporting this case to emphasize that pleural effusions may occur as a manifestation of Dressler's Syndrome in the distant post-infarction period.", "PMID": 676985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2771", "title": "Criteria for the evaluation of methods for the collection of organic pollutants in air using solid sorbents.", "content": "A small tube containing a solid sorbent is convenient to use for collecting and concentrating trace organics in ambient air and worker breathing zones. Many techniques for air sampling with solid sorbents, especially for the long term eight hour sample, are relatively new. It is necessary to have criteria to judge methods utilizing these techniques and to establish guidelines which are accurate and practical. Parameters which affect collection and recovery and information necessary to define, develop and evaluate a sampling method are discussed. Progressive steps for the development and validation of air sampling methods are recommended.", "contents": "Criteria for the evaluation of methods for the collection of organic pollutants in air using solid sorbents. A small tube containing a solid sorbent is convenient to use for collecting and concentrating trace organics in ambient air and worker breathing zones. Many techniques for air sampling with solid sorbents, especially for the long term eight hour sample, are relatively new. It is necessary to have criteria to judge methods utilizing these techniques and to establish guidelines which are accurate and practical. Parameters which affect collection and recovery and information necessary to define, develop and evaluate a sampling method are discussed. Progressive steps for the development and validation of air sampling methods are recommended.", "PMID": 677014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2772", "title": "Fiber counting: a source of error corrected.", "content": "Optical counting of fibers (from a filter sample of industrial air, for example) involves determining how many fibers are within counting fields which are squares of side lengths. It is correct to count all those fibers which are completely within the field and half of those which intersect only one side. It is shown here to be incorrect to count half those fibers which intersect two sides; the magnitude of this error is calculated, the calculations being verified through a Monte Carlo simulation. The fractional overcount for fibers of length L less than or equal to s is (L/s)2/2pi.", "contents": "Fiber counting: a source of error corrected. Optical counting of fibers (from a filter sample of industrial air, for example) involves determining how many fibers are within counting fields which are squares of side lengths. It is correct to count all those fibers which are completely within the field and half of those which intersect only one side. It is shown here to be incorrect to count half those fibers which intersect two sides; the magnitude of this error is calculated, the calculations being verified through a Monte Carlo simulation. The fractional overcount for fibers of length L less than or equal to s is (L/s)2/2pi.", "PMID": 677015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2773", "title": "Dust levels and particle-size distributions in high-capacity cotton gins.", "content": "Dust samples were collected inside high-capacity cotton gins with the personal, stationary personal, and the vertical elutriator cotton dust samplers. Dust particles collected on the filters were sized with a particle measurement computer system. Particle-distribution data revealed that gin dust contains a high percentage of dust particles larger than 20 micrometers in diameter.", "contents": "Dust levels and particle-size distributions in high-capacity cotton gins. Dust samples were collected inside high-capacity cotton gins with the personal, stationary personal, and the vertical elutriator cotton dust samplers. Dust particles collected on the filters were sized with a particle measurement computer system. Particle-distribution data revealed that gin dust contains a high percentage of dust particles larger than 20 micrometers in diameter.", "PMID": 677016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2774", "title": "Microenvironmental exposure to mercury vapor.", "content": "Work area and breathing zone samples were collected in a factory utilizing metallic mercury and analyzed for mercury vapor content. Breathing zone samples averaged several fold higher in concentration than concurrent area samples, reflecting a \"microenvironmental\" exposure to mercury vapor, presumably from contaminated clothing and hands. Blood and corrected total urine mercury values correlated well with the average microenvironmental exposure level for each worker. Measurements of unbound mercury in urine samples were sensitive at picking up minimal exposures. Excessive amounts of unbound mercury were not found in the urine, even with wide day-to-day swings in microenvironmental mercury vapor levels, suggesting that the human body can adapt to a chronic, moderate exposure to mercury vapor.", "contents": "Microenvironmental exposure to mercury vapor. Work area and breathing zone samples were collected in a factory utilizing metallic mercury and analyzed for mercury vapor content. Breathing zone samples averaged several fold higher in concentration than concurrent area samples, reflecting a \"microenvironmental\" exposure to mercury vapor, presumably from contaminated clothing and hands. Blood and corrected total urine mercury values correlated well with the average microenvironmental exposure level for each worker. Measurements of unbound mercury in urine samples were sensitive at picking up minimal exposures. Excessive amounts of unbound mercury were not found in the urine, even with wide day-to-day swings in microenvironmental mercury vapor levels, suggesting that the human body can adapt to a chronic, moderate exposure to mercury vapor.", "PMID": 677017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2775", "title": "Sampling for organic chemicals in workplace atmospheres with porous polymer beads.", "content": "Porous polymer bead collection columns are frequently used in air pollution measurements. They are also useful for industrial hygiene applications when used with miniature personal pumps. Analytical procedures using this type of collection column are described which use thermal desorption for sample recovery followed by GC or GC/MS analysis. A means is shown to modify a gas chromatograph for this type of analysis. A technique which permits splitting of the collected sample is also described. Precision and accuracy data for recovery of nineteen chemicals are presented. Advantages of porous polymer bead procedures include high sensitivity (the total collected sample is analyzed), ease of sample handling and ability to analyze polar materials not recoverable from charcoal.", "contents": "Sampling for organic chemicals in workplace atmospheres with porous polymer beads. Porous polymer bead collection columns are frequently used in air pollution measurements. They are also useful for industrial hygiene applications when used with miniature personal pumps. Analytical procedures using this type of collection column are described which use thermal desorption for sample recovery followed by GC or GC/MS analysis. A means is shown to modify a gas chromatograph for this type of analysis. A technique which permits splitting of the collected sample is also described. Precision and accuracy data for recovery of nineteen chemicals are presented. Advantages of porous polymer bead procedures include high sensitivity (the total collected sample is analyzed), ease of sample handling and ability to analyze polar materials not recoverable from charcoal.", "PMID": 677018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2776", "title": "Pulmonary pathology from inhalation of a complex mineral oil mist in dogs, rats, mice and gerbils.", "content": "Dogs, rats, mice, and gerbils were exposed for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for periods up to 2 years, to an atmosphere containing a complex mineral oil-base mist at concentrations of 5 and 100 mg/M3. The mass median diameter of the oil droplets was approximately that  found in textile plants ( approximately 1.0 mu). In addition, these test atmospheres contained 1000 ppm acetone,an acetate fiber solvent, in order to simulate fiber plant conditions. Evidence of oil mist was detectable within lung macrophages of all species tested and at both concentrations. Only at the higher concentration (100 mg/M3),, in dogs and rats, but not in mice and gerbils, was a retention of oil of such a magnitude so as to result in the development of oil microgranulomas. Rats given a 10-month recovery period following 12 months of exposure did not completely recover from the oil microgranuloma. These results indicate that the presence of typical textile fiber adjuvants in mineral oil and the concurrent presence of 1000 ppm acetone in the atmosphere do not significantly alter the inhalation toxicity of pure white mineral oil mist.", "contents": "Pulmonary pathology from inhalation of a complex mineral oil mist in dogs, rats, mice and gerbils. Dogs, rats, mice, and gerbils were exposed for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for periods up to 2 years, to an atmosphere containing a complex mineral oil-base mist at concentrations of 5 and 100 mg/M3. The mass median diameter of the oil droplets was approximately that  found in textile plants ( approximately 1.0 mu). In addition, these test atmospheres contained 1000 ppm acetone,an acetate fiber solvent, in order to simulate fiber plant conditions. Evidence of oil mist was detectable within lung macrophages of all species tested and at both concentrations. Only at the higher concentration (100 mg/M3),, in dogs and rats, but not in mice and gerbils, was a retention of oil of such a magnitude so as to result in the development of oil microgranulomas. Rats given a 10-month recovery period following 12 months of exposure did not completely recover from the oil microgranuloma. These results indicate that the presence of typical textile fiber adjuvants in mineral oil and the concurrent presence of 1000 ppm acetone in the atmosphere do not significantly alter the inhalation toxicity of pure white mineral oil mist.", "PMID": 677019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2777", "title": "The inertial behavior of fibers.", "content": "The inertial deposition is given considerable credit in the deposition of inhaled particulate matter in the upper respiratory tract. A determination of the parameters governing the impaction of fibers must be the basis of evaluating the role of impaction in the respirability of fibrous dusts. The study reported here describes an experimental method of defining the inertial behavior of fibers. The results of the experiments show that the aspect ratio of the fibers plays a much more important role than hitherto considered. The results of the experimental work gave an empirical mathematical model for the prediction of the impaction of fibers from the physical properties of fibers such as density, fiber diameters and aspect ratio. In addition an equivalent diameter based on inertial properties of the fiber is developed.", "contents": "The inertial behavior of fibers. The inertial deposition is given considerable credit in the deposition of inhaled particulate matter in the upper respiratory tract. A determination of the parameters governing the impaction of fibers must be the basis of evaluating the role of impaction in the respirability of fibrous dusts. The study reported here describes an experimental method of defining the inertial behavior of fibers. The results of the experiments show that the aspect ratio of the fibers plays a much more important role than hitherto considered. The results of the experimental work gave an empirical mathematical model for the prediction of the impaction of fibers from the physical properties of fibers such as density, fiber diameters and aspect ratio. In addition an equivalent diameter based on inertial properties of the fiber is developed.", "PMID": 677020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2778", "title": "An evaluation of ultraviolet radiation personnel hazards from selected 400-watt high intensity discharge lamps.", "content": "A study of selected mercury and multi-vapor lamps, commonly used for working environment illumination, was underta ken to evaluate the scope of the ultraviolet personnel hazards one may expect under various operating conditions of the lamps. Spectral irradiance measurements were made for operating conditions with and without reflector-type luminaires, glass covers on luminaries and outer glass bulbs on the lamps.", "contents": "An evaluation of ultraviolet radiation personnel hazards from selected 400-watt high intensity discharge lamps. A study of selected mercury and multi-vapor lamps, commonly used for working environment illumination, was underta ken to evaluate the scope of the ultraviolet personnel hazards one may expect under various operating conditions of the lamps. Spectral irradiance measurements were made for operating conditions with and without reflector-type luminaires, glass covers on luminaries and outer glass bulbs on the lamps.", "PMID": 677021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2779", "title": "Congenital aortic stenosis secondary to dysplasia of congenital bicuspid aortic valves without commissural fusion.", "content": "The hearts of nine children with clinical evidence of congenital valve stenosis and a congenital bicuspid aortic valve were reviewed. Aortic stenosis was diagnosed on the basis of cardiac catheterization data in four patients, operative findings in two and auscultatory findings in three. The patients were 1 month to 9 years old; six were male and three female. In each patient the two commissures of the valve were free to the aortic wall. The cusps were thickened, rolled and redundant; microscopic studies revealed that they consisted of immature loose connective tissue consistent with a dysplastic or incompletely differentiated valve. The valve orifice was obstructed by the dysplastic cusps, and dysplastic changes rather than the commissural fusion were responsible for the observed aortic stenosis. These valves do not appear amenable to valvotomy because obstruction is due to the abnormal valve tissue. These findings may explain the occasional poor results of valvotomy in infants and children with congenital aortic valve stenosis.", "contents": "Congenital aortic stenosis secondary to dysplasia of congenital bicuspid aortic valves without commissural fusion. The hearts of nine children with clinical evidence of congenital valve stenosis and a congenital bicuspid aortic valve were reviewed. Aortic stenosis was diagnosed on the basis of cardiac catheterization data in four patients, operative findings in two and auscultatory findings in three. The patients were 1 month to 9 years old; six were male and three female. In each patient the two commissures of the valve were free to the aortic wall. The cusps were thickened, rolled and redundant; microscopic studies revealed that they consisted of immature loose connective tissue consistent with a dysplastic or incompletely differentiated valve. The valve orifice was obstructed by the dysplastic cusps, and dysplastic changes rather than the commissural fusion were responsible for the observed aortic stenosis. These valves do not appear amenable to valvotomy because obstruction is due to the abnormal valve tissue. These findings may explain the occasional poor results of valvotomy in infants and children with congenital aortic valve stenosis.", "PMID": 677024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2780", "title": "Echocardiographic features of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into the coronary sinus.", "content": "Echocardiograms were obtained from five infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to the coronary sinus or the portal system or the superior vena cava and from one child with a secundum atrial septal defect and a large coronary sinus due to persistence of the left superior vena cava. The results demonstrate that an enlarged coronary sinus is positioned consistently posterior to the left atrium in approximately the same horizontal plane as the aortic valve. Echocardiographically the coronary sinus can be located as an echo complex behind the left atrium by using the aortic root as a reference point. The echo complex can be differentiated from the other spurious echoes in the left atrium by its characteristic phasic motions. The additional demonstration of the enlarged common pulmonary venous chamber behind the right atrium confirms the diagnosis of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to the coronary sinus. For other types of anomalous pulmonary venous return, anatomic diagnosis with single crystal M mode echocardiography is not always possible because of the positional variability of the common pulmonary venous chamber in relation to the left atrium.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into the coronary sinus. Echocardiograms were obtained from five infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to the coronary sinus or the portal system or the superior vena cava and from one child with a secundum atrial septal defect and a large coronary sinus due to persistence of the left superior vena cava. The results demonstrate that an enlarged coronary sinus is positioned consistently posterior to the left atrium in approximately the same horizontal plane as the aortic valve. Echocardiographically the coronary sinus can be located as an echo complex behind the left atrium by using the aortic root as a reference point. The echo complex can be differentiated from the other spurious echoes in the left atrium by its characteristic phasic motions. The additional demonstration of the enlarged common pulmonary venous chamber behind the right atrium confirms the diagnosis of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to the coronary sinus. For other types of anomalous pulmonary venous return, anatomic diagnosis with single crystal M mode echocardiography is not always possible because of the positional variability of the common pulmonary venous chamber in relation to the left atrium.", "PMID": 677025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2781", "title": "Remission of clinical angina pectoris: the Framingham study.", "content": "The anginal status of the Framingham cohort was ascertained in a uniform manner during 20 years of follow-up studies. There were 74 men and 84 women with newly acquired angina that was not complicated with other manifestations of coronary heart disease. Remission of new angina pectoris for at least 2 years occurred in 32 percent of the men and 44 percent of the women. In angina that had persisted for several years, the subsequent remission rates were lower (14 percent for men and 19 percent for women). The similarity of coronary risk attributes of subjects with transient or persistent angina supports the hypothesis that both conditions may be true manifestations of coronary artery disease. Persistence of symptoms seems to indicate a more severe form of the disease characterized by nonspecific S-T segment or T wave abnormalities. It is associated with a greater incidence of myocardial infarction and death than in subjects with transient angina. The generally high remission rates must be taken into account in considering drastic surgical or medical remedies for clinical angina pectoris. Also, other possible causes for the chest pain should be sought.", "contents": "Remission of clinical angina pectoris: the Framingham study. The anginal status of the Framingham cohort was ascertained in a uniform manner during 20 years of follow-up studies. There were 74 men and 84 women with newly acquired angina that was not complicated with other manifestations of coronary heart disease. Remission of new angina pectoris for at least 2 years occurred in 32 percent of the men and 44 percent of the women. In angina that had persisted for several years, the subsequent remission rates were lower (14 percent for men and 19 percent for women). The similarity of coronary risk attributes of subjects with transient or persistent angina supports the hypothesis that both conditions may be true manifestations of coronary artery disease. Persistence of symptoms seems to indicate a more severe form of the disease characterized by nonspecific S-T segment or T wave abnormalities. It is associated with a greater incidence of myocardial infarction and death than in subjects with transient angina. The generally high remission rates must be taken into account in considering drastic surgical or medical remedies for clinical angina pectoris. Also, other possible causes for the chest pain should be sought.", "PMID": 677027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2782", "title": "Three cases of hypotension and syncope with ventricular pacing: possible role of atrial reflexes.", "content": "Hypotension with lightheadedness and near syncope occurred in three patients during effective ventricular pacing. Hemodynamic studies demonstrated a decrease in cardiac output ranging from almost no decrease to 15 percent, presumably related to the loss of effective atrial contraction. The decrease in output was too small to explain by itself the reduced blood pressure, which resulted from paradoxic reduction of total peripheral resistance in one patient and from failure of resistance to increase in two. Baroceptor reflexes (Valsalva response) were normal in all three patients; hence it is suggested that the failure of compensatory increases in total peripheral resistance may be due to a reflex from the sudden atrial distension that occurs during atrioventricular (A-V) dissociation. The fluctuations in arterial pressure during ventricular pacing were synchronous with the appearance of cannon waves in the right atrial pressure tracing. Arterial pressure during A-V dissociation thus appears to be balanced by two opposite reflexes: the baroceptor reflex, which attempts to compensate for reduction in output, and atrial distension, which reduces peripheral resistance.", "contents": "Three cases of hypotension and syncope with ventricular pacing: possible role of atrial reflexes. Hypotension with lightheadedness and near syncope occurred in three patients during effective ventricular pacing. Hemodynamic studies demonstrated a decrease in cardiac output ranging from almost no decrease to 15 percent, presumably related to the loss of effective atrial contraction. The decrease in output was too small to explain by itself the reduced blood pressure, which resulted from paradoxic reduction of total peripheral resistance in one patient and from failure of resistance to increase in two. Baroceptor reflexes (Valsalva response) were normal in all three patients; hence it is suggested that the failure of compensatory increases in total peripheral resistance may be due to a reflex from the sudden atrial distension that occurs during atrioventricular (A-V) dissociation. The fluctuations in arterial pressure during ventricular pacing were synchronous with the appearance of cannon waves in the right atrial pressure tracing. Arterial pressure during A-V dissociation thus appears to be balanced by two opposite reflexes: the baroceptor reflex, which attempts to compensate for reduction in output, and atrial distension, which reduces peripheral resistance.", "PMID": 677029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2783", "title": "Cardiac sarcoidosis. Diagnosis with endomyocardial biopsy and treatment with corticosteroids.", "content": "A 27 year old woman was hospitalized for progressive dyspnea, fatigue and retrosternal chest pain. She had progressive cardiac enlargement with clinical and laboratory confirmation of a dilated cardiomyopathy. Transvenous percutaneous right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy yielded a specimen showing a noncaseating granuloma. The patient's dyspnea responded dramatically to steroid therapy with corresponding improvement in radiographic and echographic measures of ventricular performance. This case illustrates the problem of diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis when there is no apparent evidence of other organ involvement.", "contents": "Cardiac sarcoidosis. Diagnosis with endomyocardial biopsy and treatment with corticosteroids. A 27 year old woman was hospitalized for progressive dyspnea, fatigue and retrosternal chest pain. She had progressive cardiac enlargement with clinical and laboratory confirmation of a dilated cardiomyopathy. Transvenous percutaneous right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy yielded a specimen showing a noncaseating granuloma. The patient's dyspnea responded dramatically to steroid therapy with corresponding improvement in radiographic and echographic measures of ventricular performance. This case illustrates the problem of diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis when there is no apparent evidence of other organ involvement.", "PMID": 677030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2784", "title": "Lack of connection between the atria and the peripheral conduction system in a case of corrected transposition with congenital atrioventricular block.", "content": "This is the first documented histologic study of the heart of a patient with corrected transposition of the great vessels and congenital atrioventricular (A-V) block with no connection between the atria and an anterior type of peripheral conduction system. Musculature in the superior (anterior) walls of both atria was absent, as was the anterior A-V node. The peripheral conduction system began with the bundle of His. In place of the absent atrial musculature, fibrosis and calcification were present. The relation of laboratory evidence of connective tissue dyscrasia in the mother to the congenital A-V block in the child is discussed.", "contents": "Lack of connection between the atria and the peripheral conduction system in a case of corrected transposition with congenital atrioventricular block. This is the first documented histologic study of the heart of a patient with corrected transposition of the great vessels and congenital atrioventricular (A-V) block with no connection between the atria and an anterior type of peripheral conduction system. Musculature in the superior (anterior) walls of both atria was absent, as was the anterior A-V node. The peripheral conduction system began with the bundle of His. In place of the absent atrial musculature, fibrosis and calcification were present. The relation of laboratory evidence of connective tissue dyscrasia in the mother to the congenital A-V block in the child is discussed.", "PMID": 677031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2785", "title": "Comparison of S-T segment changes on exercise testing with angiographic findings in patients with prior myocardial infarction.", "content": "Ninety-seven patients with a prior transmural myocardial infarction who underwent coronary angiography and treadmill stress testing were studied retrospectively to assess the reliability of the exercise electrocardiogram in detecting additional disease in patients with a prior infarction. In patients with a previous inferior wall infarction, the S-T response to the treadmill stress test had a high degree of sensitivity (87 percent) and specificity (90 percent) in detecting additional significant coronary artery disease. However, in patients with a previous anteroseptal wall infarction, the S-T response had much less sensitivity (52 percent), but the degree of specificity remained high (90 percent). In this group a positive test suggested the presence of ischemia in the lateral or inferoposterior region of the myocardium, or both. A negative S-T response was of little value in distinguishing among groups of patients with single or multiple vessel coronary artery disease. The presence of an anterior ventricular aneurysm is most likely responsible for this low sensitivity rate because it generates an opposing force to the ischemic vector, thereby cancelling the S-T segment changes and producing a false negative treadmill stress test. The resting surface electrocardiogram proved useful in predicting a false negative exercise test. The presence of Q waves in the precordial leads extending to lead V4 or beyond decreased the sensitivity rate of treadmill stress testing to 33 percent.", "contents": "Comparison of S-T segment changes on exercise testing with angiographic findings in patients with prior myocardial infarction. Ninety-seven patients with a prior transmural myocardial infarction who underwent coronary angiography and treadmill stress testing were studied retrospectively to assess the reliability of the exercise electrocardiogram in detecting additional disease in patients with a prior infarction. In patients with a previous inferior wall infarction, the S-T response to the treadmill stress test had a high degree of sensitivity (87 percent) and specificity (90 percent) in detecting additional significant coronary artery disease. However, in patients with a previous anteroseptal wall infarction, the S-T response had much less sensitivity (52 percent), but the degree of specificity remained high (90 percent). In this group a positive test suggested the presence of ischemia in the lateral or inferoposterior region of the myocardium, or both. A negative S-T response was of little value in distinguishing among groups of patients with single or multiple vessel coronary artery disease. The presence of an anterior ventricular aneurysm is most likely responsible for this low sensitivity rate because it generates an opposing force to the ischemic vector, thereby cancelling the S-T segment changes and producing a false negative treadmill stress test. The resting surface electrocardiogram proved useful in predicting a false negative exercise test. The presence of Q waves in the precordial leads extending to lead V4 or beyond decreased the sensitivity rate of treadmill stress testing to 33 percent.", "PMID": 677032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2786", "title": "Is the treadmill exercise test useful for evaluating coronary artery disease in patients with complete left bundle branch block?", "content": "To aid in the study of coronary artery disease, 57 patients with complete left bundle branch block underwent clinical evaluation, treadmill exercise testing and cardiac catheterization. The patients were classified into two groups according to coronary angiographic findings: 30 patients with significant stenosis (70 percent or greater luminal narrowing) of at least one major vessel and 27 with no significant coronary artery disease. There was no difference in age, presenting symptoms or previous medical treatment between the two groups. There were more men in the group with coronary artery disease. Exercise-induced S-T changes were similar in the two groups; the sensitivity and specificity of these changes for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease were unacceptable irrespective of the criterion chosen. With additional S-T depression of either 1 or 2 mm below the baseline value, the predictive accuracy was only 53 percent. Combined exertional chest pain and 1 mm S-T depression increased the predictive accuracy of exercise testing to 71 percent. These data indicate that exercise-induced electrocardiographic changes do not facilitate detection of coronary artery disease in patients with complete left bundle branch block.", "contents": "Is the treadmill exercise test useful for evaluating coronary artery disease in patients with complete left bundle branch block? To aid in the study of coronary artery disease, 57 patients with complete left bundle branch block underwent clinical evaluation, treadmill exercise testing and cardiac catheterization. The patients were classified into two groups according to coronary angiographic findings: 30 patients with significant stenosis (70 percent or greater luminal narrowing) of at least one major vessel and 27 with no significant coronary artery disease. There was no difference in age, presenting symptoms or previous medical treatment between the two groups. There were more men in the group with coronary artery disease. Exercise-induced S-T changes were similar in the two groups; the sensitivity and specificity of these changes for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease were unacceptable irrespective of the criterion chosen. With additional S-T depression of either 1 or 2 mm below the baseline value, the predictive accuracy was only 53 percent. Combined exertional chest pain and 1 mm S-T depression increased the predictive accuracy of exercise testing to 71 percent. These data indicate that exercise-induced electrocardiographic changes do not facilitate detection of coronary artery disease in patients with complete left bundle branch block.", "PMID": 677034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2787", "title": "Coronary artery disease in young women: clinical and angiographic features and correlation with risk factors.", "content": "Coronary arteriography was performed because of suspected coronary disease in 239 women less than 45 years of age. Normal coronary arteries were found in 112 women, and a further 23 had insignificant stenosis (less than 50 percent narrowing of luminal diameter). Of the remaining 104 women, 56 had one vessel, 22 two vessel and 26 three vessel disease. Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and a family history of coronary disease were significantly more frequent in women with significant stenosis than in women with normal arteries. Significant coronary disease was found in 55 percent (100 of 182) of women with more than two risk factors but in only 7 percent (4 of 57) of those with less than two risk factors (P less than 0.0001). Evaluation of symptoms and the resting electrocardiogram also discriminated between women with and without coronary disease, but exercise testing was of little value. Only 4 of the 46 women with previous myocardial infarction had normal or near-normal coronary arteries. Among women with segmental wall motion abnormalities on ventriculography, the site was anterior in 90 percent (19 of 21) of women who used oral contraceptive drugs but in only 60 percent (21 of 35) of nonusers (P less than 0.05). However, in most respects, coronary artery disease in young women does not appear to differ from coronary disease in other patients.", "contents": "Coronary artery disease in young women: clinical and angiographic features and correlation with risk factors. Coronary arteriography was performed because of suspected coronary disease in 239 women less than 45 years of age. Normal coronary arteries were found in 112 women, and a further 23 had insignificant stenosis (less than 50 percent narrowing of luminal diameter). Of the remaining 104 women, 56 had one vessel, 22 two vessel and 26 three vessel disease. Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and a family history of coronary disease were significantly more frequent in women with significant stenosis than in women with normal arteries. Significant coronary disease was found in 55 percent (100 of 182) of women with more than two risk factors but in only 7 percent (4 of 57) of those with less than two risk factors (P less than 0.0001). Evaluation of symptoms and the resting electrocardiogram also discriminated between women with and without coronary disease, but exercise testing was of little value. Only 4 of the 46 women with previous myocardial infarction had normal or near-normal coronary arteries. Among women with segmental wall motion abnormalities on ventriculography, the site was anterior in 90 percent (19 of 21) of women who used oral contraceptive drugs but in only 60 percent (21 of 35) of nonusers (P less than 0.05). However, in most respects, coronary artery disease in young women does not appear to differ from coronary disease in other patients.", "PMID": 677035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2788", "title": "Nonobstructive coronary thrombosis in sudden cardiac death.", "content": "Careful histologic studies were performed on the coronary arteries, myocardium and conduction system of the hearts of six men aged 32 to 44 years who died suddenly with no history of heart disease. All six hearts demonstrated coronary atherosclerosis without evidence of complete obstruction or myocardial infarction. A nonobstructing mural coronary thrombus was found in all six hearts; in four, the thrombus was located in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Distal microthrombi were found in four hearts. In these six men, the terminal event, often a ventricular arrhythmia, may have been related to the mural coronary thrombus. Small fragments originating from such lesions can obstruct the microcirculation producing sudden lethal arrhythmias. Nonobstructing mural coronary thrombosis may be more prevalent and more significant than previously suspected and should be considered in cases of sudden cardiac death.", "contents": "Nonobstructive coronary thrombosis in sudden cardiac death. Careful histologic studies were performed on the coronary arteries, myocardium and conduction system of the hearts of six men aged 32 to 44 years who died suddenly with no history of heart disease. All six hearts demonstrated coronary atherosclerosis without evidence of complete obstruction or myocardial infarction. A nonobstructing mural coronary thrombus was found in all six hearts; in four, the thrombus was located in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Distal microthrombi were found in four hearts. In these six men, the terminal event, often a ventricular arrhythmia, may have been related to the mural coronary thrombus. Small fragments originating from such lesions can obstruct the microcirculation producing sudden lethal arrhythmias. Nonobstructing mural coronary thrombosis may be more prevalent and more significant than previously suspected and should be considered in cases of sudden cardiac death.", "PMID": 677036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2789", "title": "Association of left dominant coronary arterial system with congenital bicuspid aortic valve.", "content": "Clinical angiographic studies have documented an association of left dominance of the coronary arteries with aortic stenosis and congenital bicuspid aortic valve. The postmortem arteriograms of 973 autopsy patients were reviewed for pattern of coronary dominance and the hearts examined for the nature of any aortic valve disease. There were 673 hearts (70 percent) with a right dominant pattern, 198 (20 percent) with equal dominance and 102 (10 percent) with left dominance. Of 34 hearts with congenital bicuspid aortic valve, 10 (29 percent) had left dominance, a difference significant at the 0.005 level. Of 44 hearts with calcific aortic stenosis, an acquired valve lesion, 9 (20 percent) had left dominance. Rheumatic aortic valve disease (47 cases) and aortic regurgitation (27 cases) had no apparent relation to the coronary arterial pattern. The results confirm the association of left coronary arterial dominance with congenital bicuspid aortic valve. It is suggested that a left dominant coronary system may arise as a consequence of disproportionately decreased blood flow in the left heart chambers, one cause of which is aortic valve stenosis, during early cardiogenesis.", "contents": "Association of left dominant coronary arterial system with congenital bicuspid aortic valve. Clinical angiographic studies have documented an association of left dominance of the coronary arteries with aortic stenosis and congenital bicuspid aortic valve. The postmortem arteriograms of 973 autopsy patients were reviewed for pattern of coronary dominance and the hearts examined for the nature of any aortic valve disease. There were 673 hearts (70 percent) with a right dominant pattern, 198 (20 percent) with equal dominance and 102 (10 percent) with left dominance. Of 34 hearts with congenital bicuspid aortic valve, 10 (29 percent) had left dominance, a difference significant at the 0.005 level. Of 44 hearts with calcific aortic stenosis, an acquired valve lesion, 9 (20 percent) had left dominance. Rheumatic aortic valve disease (47 cases) and aortic regurgitation (27 cases) had no apparent relation to the coronary arterial pattern. The results confirm the association of left coronary arterial dominance with congenital bicuspid aortic valve. It is suggested that a left dominant coronary system may arise as a consequence of disproportionately decreased blood flow in the left heart chambers, one cause of which is aortic valve stenosis, during early cardiogenesis.", "PMID": 677038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2790", "title": "Problems in ultrasonic estimates of septal thickness.", "content": "Problems related to cardiac anatomy and ultrasonic instrumentation affect the accuracy of echographic identification of endocardial echoes. A cadaver model and 13 patients were studied, with direct identification or with the aid of echographic contrast techniques, to identify accurately the endocardial echo. The study showed that (1) echographic contrast agents delineate an endocardial echo in the central portion of the ultransonic beam; (2) a specular reflector exists within the right ventricular cavity; (3) specular reflectors within the septum may give the false appearance of border-forming echoes; (4) septal thickness varies by 1 to 5 mm after the endocardial echo has been identified by the contrast agent; and (5) spurious echoes, related to a wide beam angle, can be confused with the endocardial echo. In light of these problems, three criteria were utilized for endocardial echo identification: the prominent notch in the left septal echo, the specular quality of the right septal echo, and the association of multiple myocardial echoes moving in parallel. With these criteria, the endocardial echoes in 11 of the 13 patients could be accurately identified without the use of a contrast agent. The identification of these problems should provide helpful guidelines in developing more accurate and reproducible criteria for septal thickness measurements.", "contents": "Problems in ultrasonic estimates of septal thickness. Problems related to cardiac anatomy and ultrasonic instrumentation affect the accuracy of echographic identification of endocardial echoes. A cadaver model and 13 patients were studied, with direct identification or with the aid of echographic contrast techniques, to identify accurately the endocardial echo. The study showed that (1) echographic contrast agents delineate an endocardial echo in the central portion of the ultransonic beam; (2) a specular reflector exists within the right ventricular cavity; (3) specular reflectors within the septum may give the false appearance of border-forming echoes; (4) septal thickness varies by 1 to 5 mm after the endocardial echo has been identified by the contrast agent; and (5) spurious echoes, related to a wide beam angle, can be confused with the endocardial echo. In light of these problems, three criteria were utilized for endocardial echo identification: the prominent notch in the left septal echo, the specular quality of the right septal echo, and the association of multiple myocardial echoes moving in parallel. With these criteria, the endocardial echoes in 11 of the 13 patients could be accurately identified without the use of a contrast agent. The identification of these problems should provide helpful guidelines in developing more accurate and reproducible criteria for septal thickness measurements.", "PMID": 677041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2791", "title": "Cerebrovascular abnormalities in postoperative coarctation of aorta. Four cases demonstrating left subclavian steal on aortography.", "content": "Fifteen children, aged 0.3 to 10.5 years (mean 3.8 years) after repair of coarctation of the aorta, underwent cerebral arteriography as part of postoperative catheterization. Four manifested central nervous system symptoms postoperative catheterization. Four manifested central nervous system symptoms postoperatively: Two had persistent headaches, one had exercise-induced hemianopsia and one had major motor seizures. All four had greater blood pressure in the right arm than in the left and evidence of subclavian steal, with retrograde filling of the left vertebral and left subclavian arteries on selective right vertebral arteriography. Ligation of the left vertebral artery in three patients and left subclavian graft arterioplasty in one resulted in disappearance of symptoms. None of the 11 asymptomatic patients manifested cerebrovascular anomalies, and no patient in the series had berry aneurysm. This study suggests that patients with central nervous system symptoms and a disparity of blood pressure in the arms after surgery for coarctation of the aorta should be evaluated carefully to exclude subclavian steal as the cause of the symptoms.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular abnormalities in postoperative coarctation of aorta. Four cases demonstrating left subclavian steal on aortography. Fifteen children, aged 0.3 to 10.5 years (mean 3.8 years) after repair of coarctation of the aorta, underwent cerebral arteriography as part of postoperative catheterization. Four manifested central nervous system symptoms postoperative catheterization. Four manifested central nervous system symptoms postoperatively: Two had persistent headaches, one had exercise-induced hemianopsia and one had major motor seizures. All four had greater blood pressure in the right arm than in the left and evidence of subclavian steal, with retrograde filling of the left vertebral and left subclavian arteries on selective right vertebral arteriography. Ligation of the left vertebral artery in three patients and left subclavian graft arterioplasty in one resulted in disappearance of symptoms. None of the 11 asymptomatic patients manifested cerebrovascular anomalies, and no patient in the series had berry aneurysm. This study suggests that patients with central nervous system symptoms and a disparity of blood pressure in the arms after surgery for coarctation of the aorta should be evaluated carefully to exclude subclavian steal as the cause of the symptoms.", "PMID": 677042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2792", "title": "Evidence of a role for cell death in the disappearance of the embryonic human tail.", "content": "The development and disappearance of the human tail between stages 14 and 22 were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, supravital staining and light microscopy. The tail is a prominent feature of the human embryo during stage 14 and is composed of paired somites, mesenchyme and extensions of the neural tube, notochord and gut. The tail grows with the embryo through early stage 17 when it extends more than a millimeter from the trunk. Overgrowth by the trunk at the base of the tail may account for the loss of part of its length during late stage 17 and stage 18. However, during stage 17 cells begin to die in all structures throughout the tail. Cell death continues in the succeeding stages reaching massive numbers by stages 18 and 19, and the tail becomes less and less prominent with developmental time. Most of the dead cells are phagocytosed. The debris-laden macrophages appear to migrate from the tail to the body. By late stage 21 or early stage 22 there is no free tail. We conclude that cell death has a major role in the destruction of tail structures and the concurrent loss of the human tail.", "contents": "Evidence of a role for cell death in the disappearance of the embryonic human tail. The development and disappearance of the human tail between stages 14 and 22 were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, supravital staining and light microscopy. The tail is a prominent feature of the human embryo during stage 14 and is composed of paired somites, mesenchyme and extensions of the neural tube, notochord and gut. The tail grows with the embryo through early stage 17 when it extends more than a millimeter from the trunk. Overgrowth by the trunk at the base of the tail may account for the loss of part of its length during late stage 17 and stage 18. However, during stage 17 cells begin to die in all structures throughout the tail. Cell death continues in the succeeding stages reaching massive numbers by stages 18 and 19, and the tail becomes less and less prominent with developmental time. Most of the dead cells are phagocytosed. The debris-laden macrophages appear to migrate from the tail to the body. By late stage 21 or early stage 22 there is no free tail. We conclude that cell death has a major role in the destruction of tail structures and the concurrent loss of the human tail.", "PMID": 677043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2793", "title": "Effect of vitamin A and methylprednisolone on canine prostate in organ culture.", "content": "Organ explants from the canine prostate with and without methylprednisolone pretreatment were cultivated for ten days in Trowell's T-8 medium or medium supplemented with testosterone and/or vitamin A. Upon termination of the experiments, explants were fixed and examined histologically. All glands from the most central section of each explant were graded according to epithelial type, and from these grades the proportion of acini with maintained columnar cells was calculated for each explant. Stromal cellular maintenance was also estimated. While a small proportion of explants from the vitamin-treated and methylprednisolone-pretreated groups showed epithelial maintenance, a combination of these treatments significantly increased such maintenance. Stromal maintenance was enhanced with methylprednisolone pretreatment but not by vitamin A. These results are in accord with the hypothesis that methylprednisolone acts to stabilize the lysosomal membrane, thus protecting tissue against the effects of ischemic shock. In protected explants vitamin A is able to maintain a columnar glandular epithelium. In a subsequent experiment a series of linoleic acid dosages was tested in the presence or absence of vitamin A. In neither case was this fatty acid of value in improving epithelial or stromal maintenance.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin A and methylprednisolone on canine prostate in organ culture. Organ explants from the canine prostate with and without methylprednisolone pretreatment were cultivated for ten days in Trowell's T-8 medium or medium supplemented with testosterone and/or vitamin A. Upon termination of the experiments, explants were fixed and examined histologically. All glands from the most central section of each explant were graded according to epithelial type, and from these grades the proportion of acini with maintained columnar cells was calculated for each explant. Stromal cellular maintenance was also estimated. While a small proportion of explants from the vitamin-treated and methylprednisolone-pretreated groups showed epithelial maintenance, a combination of these treatments significantly increased such maintenance. Stromal maintenance was enhanced with methylprednisolone pretreatment but not by vitamin A. These results are in accord with the hypothesis that methylprednisolone acts to stabilize the lysosomal membrane, thus protecting tissue against the effects of ischemic shock. In protected explants vitamin A is able to maintain a columnar glandular epithelium. In a subsequent experiment a series of linoleic acid dosages was tested in the presence or absence of vitamin A. In neither case was this fatty acid of value in improving epithelial or stromal maintenance.", "PMID": 677044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2794", "title": "A freeze-fracture study of exocytosis and reflexive gap junctions in human ovarian decidual cells.", "content": "Fine-structural features of ovarian decidual cells and their mode of secretion were examined by means of freeze-fracture microscopy. Unique cortical peduncular processes contained secretory vesicles within the expanded peduncle tip, the membrane-leaflets of which exhibited a particle-poor E face adjacent to the vesicle lumen and a P face containing a greater particle number. Exocytosis from attached peduncles involved release of vesicular profiles 40-55 nm in diameter; small particles 8.5-11.5 nm in diameter were also observed at degranulation sites. In fractures revealing the E face of the plasmalemma, cytoplasmic portals at the bases of peduncular stalks were distinguishable from endocytic vesicles. The frequent occurrence of reflexive gap junctions associated with peduncles was shown by freeze-fracture. However, there appeared to be no consistent spatial relationship between gap junctions, secretory peduncles, or sites of exocytosis. Freeze-fracture analysis of the topography of reflexive gap junctional profiles revealed that such gap junctions share basic similarities with intercellular gap jum particle-free aisles. The finding in the present study of reflexive gap junctions occurring between peduncles and the cell soma, as well as between peduncles, suggests that the original definitiof the same cell should be broadened to include any gap junctional specialization formed between portions of the plasma membrane of one cell.", "contents": "A freeze-fracture study of exocytosis and reflexive gap junctions in human ovarian decidual cells. Fine-structural features of ovarian decidual cells and their mode of secretion were examined by means of freeze-fracture microscopy. Unique cortical peduncular processes contained secretory vesicles within the expanded peduncle tip, the membrane-leaflets of which exhibited a particle-poor E face adjacent to the vesicle lumen and a P face containing a greater particle number. Exocytosis from attached peduncles involved release of vesicular profiles 40-55 nm in diameter; small particles 8.5-11.5 nm in diameter were also observed at degranulation sites. In fractures revealing the E face of the plasmalemma, cytoplasmic portals at the bases of peduncular stalks were distinguishable from endocytic vesicles. The frequent occurrence of reflexive gap junctions associated with peduncles was shown by freeze-fracture. However, there appeared to be no consistent spatial relationship between gap junctions, secretory peduncles, or sites of exocytosis. Freeze-fracture analysis of the topography of reflexive gap junctional profiles revealed that such gap junctions share basic similarities with intercellular gap jum particle-free aisles. The finding in the present study of reflexive gap junctions occurring between peduncles and the cell soma, as well as between peduncles, suggests that the original definitiof the same cell should be broadened to include any gap junctional specialization formed between portions of the plasma membrane of one cell.", "PMID": 677045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2795", "title": "The annular hematoma of the shrew yolk-sac placenta.", "content": "The annular hematoma of the shrew, Blarina brevicauda, is a specialized portion of the yolk-sac wall. In this study, we have examined the fine structure of the different cellular components of the anular hematoma. Small pieces of the gestation sacs from seven pregnant shrews were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and processed for transmission electron microscopy. In the area of the trophoblastic curtain, the maternal capillary endothelial cells were hypertrophied and syncytial trophoblast surrounded the capillaries. Cellular trophoblast covered part of the luminal surface of the curtain region, whereas masses of apparently degenerating syncytium were present on other areas of the surface. Maternal erythrocytes, released into the uterine lumen from the curtain region, were phagocytized and degraded by the columnar cells of the trophoblastic annulus. No evidence of iron or pigment accumulation was evident in the parietal endodermal cells underlying the annular trophoblast. Parietal endodermal cells were characterized by cuboidal shape, widely dilated intercellular spaces, and cytoplasm containing granular endoplasmic reticulum. Endodermal cells of the visceral yolk-sac accumulated large numbers of electron-dense granules as well as glycogen in their cytoplasm. Hemopoietic areas and vitelline capillaries were found subjacent to the visceral endoderm. The various portions of the yolk-sac wall of Blarina appear to perform complementary functions which are probably important in maternal-fetal iron transfer.", "contents": "The annular hematoma of the shrew yolk-sac placenta. The annular hematoma of the shrew, Blarina brevicauda, is a specialized portion of the yolk-sac wall. In this study, we have examined the fine structure of the different cellular components of the anular hematoma. Small pieces of the gestation sacs from seven pregnant shrews were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and processed for transmission electron microscopy. In the area of the trophoblastic curtain, the maternal capillary endothelial cells were hypertrophied and syncytial trophoblast surrounded the capillaries. Cellular trophoblast covered part of the luminal surface of the curtain region, whereas masses of apparently degenerating syncytium were present on other areas of the surface. Maternal erythrocytes, released into the uterine lumen from the curtain region, were phagocytized and degraded by the columnar cells of the trophoblastic annulus. No evidence of iron or pigment accumulation was evident in the parietal endodermal cells underlying the annular trophoblast. Parietal endodermal cells were characterized by cuboidal shape, widely dilated intercellular spaces, and cytoplasm containing granular endoplasmic reticulum. Endodermal cells of the visceral yolk-sac accumulated large numbers of electron-dense granules as well as glycogen in their cytoplasm. Hemopoietic areas and vitelline capillaries were found subjacent to the visceral endoderm. The various portions of the yolk-sac wall of Blarina appear to perform complementary functions which are probably important in maternal-fetal iron transfer.", "PMID": 677046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2796", "title": "Decidual cells in the human ovary at term. I. Incidence, gross anatomy and ultrastructural features of merocrine secretion.", "content": "Decidual tissue occurring within the human ovarian cortex was examined by light and electron microscopy. Of 21 ovarian specimens obtained at term (36-42 weeks of gestation), decidual cells were confirmed in each. Decidual cells were found within the tunica albuginea as single cells, in nodules, in polyps or in confluent sheets. Decidual cells exhibited several characteristics of cells engaged in secretory activity: abundant rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, numerous profiles of the Golgi complex and a large, euchromatic nucleus devoid of heterochromatin and displaying a prominent fibrous lamina. Peduncular protrusions at the periphery of the cell contained numerous dense bodies 0.4-0.9 micron in diameter. These dense bodies were bounded by a single membrane and contained granular subunits 30-60 nm in diameter. These granular subunits were observed in the process of apparent exocytosis, as well as free in the extracellular space. Secretory bodies and their granular content also were observed both in the region of the Golgi complex and partially extruded into peduncular processes. By far the greatest number of secretory bodies occurred within peduncular processes where they may be stored prior to release. Migration of a secretory body into a peduncular process and exocytosis from such a process appears to be an unusual mode of meocrine secretion, perhaps unique to decidual cells.", "contents": "Decidual cells in the human ovary at term. I. Incidence, gross anatomy and ultrastructural features of merocrine secretion. Decidual tissue occurring within the human ovarian cortex was examined by light and electron microscopy. Of 21 ovarian specimens obtained at term (36-42 weeks of gestation), decidual cells were confirmed in each. Decidual cells were found within the tunica albuginea as single cells, in nodules, in polyps or in confluent sheets. Decidual cells exhibited several characteristics of cells engaged in secretory activity: abundant rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, numerous profiles of the Golgi complex and a large, euchromatic nucleus devoid of heterochromatin and displaying a prominent fibrous lamina. Peduncular protrusions at the periphery of the cell contained numerous dense bodies 0.4-0.9 micron in diameter. These dense bodies were bounded by a single membrane and contained granular subunits 30-60 nm in diameter. These granular subunits were observed in the process of apparent exocytosis, as well as free in the extracellular space. Secretory bodies and their granular content also were observed both in the region of the Golgi complex and partially extruded into peduncular processes. By far the greatest number of secretory bodies occurred within peduncular processes where they may be stored prior to release. Migration of a secretory body into a peduncular process and exocytosis from such a process appears to be an unusual mode of meocrine secretion, perhaps unique to decidual cells.", "PMID": 677047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2797", "title": "Synthesis and migration of glycoproteins in cells of the rat thymus, as shown by radioautography after 3H-fucose injection.", "content": "Young male rats received a single intravenous injection of 3H-fucose and were killed after various time-intervals. Light- and electron-microscopic radioautographic studies of the thymus in animals killed shortly after injection showed that all of the different cell types present incorporated 3H-fucose label. The heaviest uptake occurred in macrophages and in hypertrophic epithelial cells located near the cortico-medullary border. Somewhat lighter incorporation was observed in medullary and cortical stellate epithelial cells and in cells designated as special cells, while the lightest reaction appeared over lymphocytes. In all cells the label was localized initially to the Golgi apparatus, where, presumably, it was incorporated into glycoproteins. With time, some of the labeled putative glycoproteins in all cell types migrated to the plasma membrane. In macrophages, much of the label migrated to lysosomal bodies, while in the special cells the label migrated to dense bodies which may also be of lysosomal nature. In stellate and hypertrophic epithelial cells much of the label migrated to characteristic vacuoles. The possible relationship between the observed glycoprotein synthesis in these cells and hormone production is discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and migration of glycoproteins in cells of the rat thymus, as shown by radioautography after 3H-fucose injection. Young male rats received a single intravenous injection of 3H-fucose and were killed after various time-intervals. Light- and electron-microscopic radioautographic studies of the thymus in animals killed shortly after injection showed that all of the different cell types present incorporated 3H-fucose label. The heaviest uptake occurred in macrophages and in hypertrophic epithelial cells located near the cortico-medullary border. Somewhat lighter incorporation was observed in medullary and cortical stellate epithelial cells and in cells designated as special cells, while the lightest reaction appeared over lymphocytes. In all cells the label was localized initially to the Golgi apparatus, where, presumably, it was incorporated into glycoproteins. With time, some of the labeled putative glycoproteins in all cell types migrated to the plasma membrane. In macrophages, much of the label migrated to lysosomal bodies, while in the special cells the label migrated to dense bodies which may also be of lysosomal nature. In stellate and hypertrophic epithelial cells much of the label migrated to characteristic vacuoles. The possible relationship between the observed glycoprotein synthesis in these cells and hormone production is discussed.", "PMID": 677049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2798", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of thyroglobulin in the endostyle of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.", "content": "Thyroglobulin (TG) was localized in the endostyle of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. by means of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method. TG was found localized on the apical surface and within the cytoplasm of type 2c and 3 cells and in some type 5 cells. By identifying the cells of the endostyle immunocytochemically it may be possible to study more readily the events of endostylar transformation during metamorphosis.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of thyroglobulin in the endostyle of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. Thyroglobulin (TG) was localized in the endostyle of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. by means of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method. TG was found localized on the apical surface and within the cytoplasm of type 2c and 3 cells and in some type 5 cells. By identifying the cells of the endostyle immunocytochemically it may be possible to study more readily the events of endostylar transformation during metamorphosis.", "PMID": 677050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2799", "title": "Dendritic atrophy in the dentate gyrus of the senescent rat.", "content": "Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the supragranular zone of the dentate gyrus molecular layer has shown that the number, volume fraction and surface area of dendritic shaft profiles are significantly decreased in senescent rats, relative to young adults. These modifications of dendritic morphology, which are not associated with age-related changes in dimensions of the molecular layer or in numbers of granule cells, may result from a decrease in the number and/or length of dendrites. In either case, the decreases in the number, volume fraction and surface area of dendritic shaft profiles found in the dentate gyrus of senescent rats signify an age-related atrophy of dendrites. Comparison of changes in the number and volume fraction of dendritic shaft profiles has demonstrated that age-related dendritic atrophy involves predominantly dendritic branches.", "contents": "Dendritic atrophy in the dentate gyrus of the senescent rat. Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the supragranular zone of the dentate gyrus molecular layer has shown that the number, volume fraction and surface area of dendritic shaft profiles are significantly decreased in senescent rats, relative to young adults. These modifications of dendritic morphology, which are not associated with age-related changes in dimensions of the molecular layer or in numbers of granule cells, may result from a decrease in the number and/or length of dendrites. In either case, the decreases in the number, volume fraction and surface area of dendritic shaft profiles found in the dentate gyrus of senescent rats signify an age-related atrophy of dendrites. Comparison of changes in the number and volume fraction of dendritic shaft profiles has demonstrated that age-related dendritic atrophy involves predominantly dendritic branches.", "PMID": 677053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2800", "title": "Morphological changes in isolated lymphocytes during preparation for SEM: freeze drying versus critical-point drying.", "content": "A quantitative comparison of isolated lymphocytes prepared for SEM by the critical-point drying (CPD) and freeze drying (FD) methods revealed that the mean cellular diameter dropped from 7.9 micron after fixation to a final diameter 6.9 micron after FD, and to 5.7 micron after CPD. In addition to their larger sizes, FD lymphocytes were immediately distinguishable by their more complex surfaces, featuring wider microvilli which often emanated from ridges on the cell surface and branched extensively near their bases. The mean width of microvilli was 0.22 micron after FD and 0.12 micron after CPD. The number of microvilli per cell was essentially the same by the two methods. In view of these findings, a critical comparison of the CPD and FD methods using the particular cells or tissue to be investigated is an essential prelude to a rigorous SEM study.", "contents": "Morphological changes in isolated lymphocytes during preparation for SEM: freeze drying versus critical-point drying. A quantitative comparison of isolated lymphocytes prepared for SEM by the critical-point drying (CPD) and freeze drying (FD) methods revealed that the mean cellular diameter dropped from 7.9 micron after fixation to a final diameter 6.9 micron after FD, and to 5.7 micron after CPD. In addition to their larger sizes, FD lymphocytes were immediately distinguishable by their more complex surfaces, featuring wider microvilli which often emanated from ridges on the cell surface and branched extensively near their bases. The mean width of microvilli was 0.22 micron after FD and 0.12 micron after CPD. The number of microvilli per cell was essentially the same by the two methods. In view of these findings, a critical comparison of the CPD and FD methods using the particular cells or tissue to be investigated is an essential prelude to a rigorous SEM study.", "PMID": 677056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2801", "title": "Myology of the shoulder of Pontoporia blainvillei, including a review of the literature on shoulder morphology in the cetacea.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail the shoulder myology of the La Plata River Dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei, and to review the literature on cetacean shoulder myology. Three fetal and one adult animal were used for the collection of morphological information. Pontoporia is less specialized in its shoulder anatomy that most delphinid cetaceans, and shares several characteristics with some mysticetes. The omohyoid and anterior serratus anterior muscles are found in both Pontoporia and the mysticete Balaenoptera, but are absent in most delphinids. The pectoralis abdominalis and three rhomboideus divisions are found in Pontoporia and Kogia, but in only a few delphinid species described in the literature. It is suggested that these characteristics are associated with a generalized use of the forelimb in Pontoporia.", "contents": "Myology of the shoulder of Pontoporia blainvillei, including a review of the literature on shoulder morphology in the cetacea. The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail the shoulder myology of the La Plata River Dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei, and to review the literature on cetacean shoulder myology. Three fetal and one adult animal were used for the collection of morphological information. Pontoporia is less specialized in its shoulder anatomy that most delphinid cetaceans, and shares several characteristics with some mysticetes. The omohyoid and anterior serratus anterior muscles are found in both Pontoporia and the mysticete Balaenoptera, but are absent in most delphinids. The pectoralis abdominalis and three rhomboideus divisions are found in Pontoporia and Kogia, but in only a few delphinid species described in the literature. It is suggested that these characteristics are associated with a generalized use of the forelimb in Pontoporia.", "PMID": 677058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2802", "title": "Sexual differences among duodenal glands of hamster.", "content": "This histochemical study was undertaken to determine whether sexual differences existed in the duodenal glands of hamster. Alcian blue staining and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (for copper content of the bound Alcian blue) showed the duodenal glands of males to contain about double the acid mucosubstance of the female glands. Periodic acid Schiff staining was stronger in the females over a larger portion of the gland than in males. It was concluded that sexual differences were evident in duodenal glands of hamster.", "contents": "Sexual differences among duodenal glands of hamster. This histochemical study was undertaken to determine whether sexual differences existed in the duodenal glands of hamster. Alcian blue staining and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (for copper content of the bound Alcian blue) showed the duodenal glands of males to contain about double the acid mucosubstance of the female glands. Periodic acid Schiff staining was stronger in the females over a larger portion of the gland than in males. It was concluded that sexual differences were evident in duodenal glands of hamster.", "PMID": 677059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2803", "title": "Phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments during retinal development in utero.", "content": "The retinal pigmented epithelium of the fetal guinea pig was examined for evidence of phagocytosis and degradation of outer segments. Beginning at the early stages of outer segment formation and continuing through the remaining fetal period, pigment epithelial cells contained large and small phagosomes with multi-lamellated internal structure. Thus, mammalian retinal photoreceptor cells which normally develop and mature in utero in the absence of light undergo a process of phagocytosis of outer segemnt fragments comparable to that found in species whose retinae mature postnatally outside of the uterus.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments during retinal development in utero. The retinal pigmented epithelium of the fetal guinea pig was examined for evidence of phagocytosis and degradation of outer segments. Beginning at the early stages of outer segment formation and continuing through the remaining fetal period, pigment epithelial cells contained large and small phagosomes with multi-lamellated internal structure. Thus, mammalian retinal photoreceptor cells which normally develop and mature in utero in the absence of light undergo a process of phagocytosis of outer segemnt fragments comparable to that found in species whose retinae mature postnatally outside of the uterus.", "PMID": 677063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2804", "title": "Assessment of protein reserves (cellular mass) in Aboriginal children.", "content": "The body protein reserves, assessed indirectly by the measurement of intracellular water, was determined in free-living Aboriginal children and adolescents located in Central and Northwestern Australia. Fifty one individuals were studied--31 males and 20 females. Significant reductions were observed in intracellular water or cell mass relative to the cube of body length for Aboriginal females when compared to a control female group. Only marginal or borderline differences for the same parameters were observed when Aboriginal males were compared with controls. Comparison of Aboriginal females with Aboriginal males demonstrated significant reductions in cell mass (intracellular water) relative to body length cubed in the female. This finding in the Aboriginal female is of concern because many become pregnant in the early teenage years. Evidence was found during the course of this study that plasma zinc concentrations were frequently low. This led to a concomitant study on serum and plasma trace metals in two Aboriginal settlements (364 individuals) to be published in a subsequent paper.", "contents": "Assessment of protein reserves (cellular mass) in Aboriginal children. The body protein reserves, assessed indirectly by the measurement of intracellular water, was determined in free-living Aboriginal children and adolescents located in Central and Northwestern Australia. Fifty one individuals were studied--31 males and 20 females. Significant reductions were observed in intracellular water or cell mass relative to the cube of body length for Aboriginal females when compared to a control female group. Only marginal or borderline differences for the same parameters were observed when Aboriginal males were compared with controls. Comparison of Aboriginal females with Aboriginal males demonstrated significant reductions in cell mass (intracellular water) relative to body length cubed in the female. This finding in the Aboriginal female is of concern because many become pregnant in the early teenage years. Evidence was found during the course of this study that plasma zinc concentrations were frequently low. This led to a concomitant study on serum and plasma trace metals in two Aboriginal settlements (364 individuals) to be published in a subsequent paper.", "PMID": 677071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2805", "title": "The influence of a wide range of absorbed cholesterol on plasma cholesterol levels in man.", "content": "The influence of absorbed dietary cholesterol on plasma cholesterol concentration was studied in two populations, one Seventh Day Adventist (SDA) vegetarian and one nonvegetarian, representing a broad range of plasma cholesterol values and dietary cholesterol intakes. As a group, the SDA vegetarians had significantly lower levels of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides than did the nonvegetarians. This hypolipidemic pattern in the SDA vegetarians was apparently closely related to dietary habits, sinceanother group of SDA who were nonvegetarian had significantly higher plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels than their vegetarian counterparts. Both the dietary intake of cholesterol and the percentage absorption of cholesterol were lower in vegetarians than in nonvegetarians. The mass of cholesterol absorbed increased linearly with the mass of cholesterol ingested in all groups, but no relationship could be demonstrated between absorbed cholesterol and plasma cholesterol concentration.", "contents": "The influence of a wide range of absorbed cholesterol on plasma cholesterol levels in man. The influence of absorbed dietary cholesterol on plasma cholesterol concentration was studied in two populations, one Seventh Day Adventist (SDA) vegetarian and one nonvegetarian, representing a broad range of plasma cholesterol values and dietary cholesterol intakes. As a group, the SDA vegetarians had significantly lower levels of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides than did the nonvegetarians. This hypolipidemic pattern in the SDA vegetarians was apparently closely related to dietary habits, sinceanother group of SDA who were nonvegetarian had significantly higher plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels than their vegetarian counterparts. Both the dietary intake of cholesterol and the percentage absorption of cholesterol were lower in vegetarians than in nonvegetarians. The mass of cholesterol absorbed increased linearly with the mass of cholesterol ingested in all groups, but no relationship could be demonstrated between absorbed cholesterol and plasma cholesterol concentration.", "PMID": 677072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2806", "title": "Metabolism and recycling of urea in man.", "content": "The rate of breakdown and reutilization of urea in man has been measured in five normal and two septic patients using 15N and 13C labeled ureas. The labeled molecules of the 15N urea dose were distinguished from the labeled molecules of the recycled urea by analyzing in a mass spectrometer the isotopic nitrogens produced when the recrystalized urine urea was treated with a hypobromite solution. In a normal subject with regular nitrogen intake, it was found that only 4/5 of the produced urea was excreted in urine and the rest was endogenously degraded. Seventy percent of the nitrogen and 63% of the carbon of the degraded urea were returned to the urea pool. On a nitrogen-free diet or after neomycin treatment with regular diet in the normal, the extent of urea splitting is considerably reduced. In the septic patients, breakdown, as well as recycling of urea was almost eliminated. It appears that the reate of endogenous catabolism of urea depends mainly on the activity of the gut flora which may be affected by dietary intake and clinical status of the subject. The method developed here could be applied for the quantitation of urea dynamics under different physiological and pathological conditions.", "contents": "Metabolism and recycling of urea in man. The rate of breakdown and reutilization of urea in man has been measured in five normal and two septic patients using 15N and 13C labeled ureas. The labeled molecules of the 15N urea dose were distinguished from the labeled molecules of the recycled urea by analyzing in a mass spectrometer the isotopic nitrogens produced when the recrystalized urine urea was treated with a hypobromite solution. In a normal subject with regular nitrogen intake, it was found that only 4/5 of the produced urea was excreted in urine and the rest was endogenously degraded. Seventy percent of the nitrogen and 63% of the carbon of the degraded urea were returned to the urea pool. On a nitrogen-free diet or after neomycin treatment with regular diet in the normal, the extent of urea splitting is considerably reduced. In the septic patients, breakdown, as well as recycling of urea was almost eliminated. It appears that the reate of endogenous catabolism of urea depends mainly on the activity of the gut flora which may be affected by dietary intake and clinical status of the subject. The method developed here could be applied for the quantitation of urea dynamics under different physiological and pathological conditions.", "PMID": 677074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2807", "title": "Vitamin B6 status of the hospitalized aged.", "content": "Nutritional status of vitamin B6 was investigated in two groups of 102 hospitalized aged. Vitamin B6 intake was estimated. Erythrocyte glutamic-pyruvic transaminase stimulation in vitro with pyridoxal phosphate and SGOT were studied as the biochemical criteria of vitamin B6 status: 18.6% of the subjects consumed less than 0.66 mg of vitamin B6 per day; 28.4% showed a percentage stimulation in vitro with pyridoxal phosphate of more than 15%. There was no significant correlation between basal erythrocyte glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity and dietary protein, dietary vitamin B6 dietary vitamin B6/100 g of protein, SGOT, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and iron. All the biochemical parameters used for evaluating vitamin B6 status appeared higher in females, but no statistical difference between male and female groups was noted. Only SGOT levels of female subjects reflected their vitamin B6 status. A large individual variation of vitamin B6 requirement was indicated in both groups studied. Supplements with 2.5 mg of vitamin B6 to deficient subjects caused an increase in transaminase levels, though females showed a higher response. A higher recommended allowance of vitamin B6 for the aged male and female subjects was considered desirable.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 status of the hospitalized aged. Nutritional status of vitamin B6 was investigated in two groups of 102 hospitalized aged. Vitamin B6 intake was estimated. Erythrocyte glutamic-pyruvic transaminase stimulation in vitro with pyridoxal phosphate and SGOT were studied as the biochemical criteria of vitamin B6 status: 18.6% of the subjects consumed less than 0.66 mg of vitamin B6 per day; 28.4% showed a percentage stimulation in vitro with pyridoxal phosphate of more than 15%. There was no significant correlation between basal erythrocyte glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity and dietary protein, dietary vitamin B6 dietary vitamin B6/100 g of protein, SGOT, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and iron. All the biochemical parameters used for evaluating vitamin B6 status appeared higher in females, but no statistical difference between male and female groups was noted. Only SGOT levels of female subjects reflected their vitamin B6 status. A large individual variation of vitamin B6 requirement was indicated in both groups studied. Supplements with 2.5 mg of vitamin B6 to deficient subjects caused an increase in transaminase levels, though females showed a higher response. A higher recommended allowance of vitamin B6 for the aged male and female subjects was considered desirable.", "PMID": 677075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2808", "title": "Vitamin B6 status of Nigerian women using various methods of contraception.", "content": "The vitamin B6 status of Nigerian women, and the effects of three contraceptive methods--intrauterine contraceptive device, injectable progestogen, and combination estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptive pills--on the vitamin B6 status of these women were assessed by measuring the erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase (Ala-AT) activity both with and without in vitro stimulation by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The unstimulated Ala-AT activity and the Ala-AT index (ratio of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-stimulated:unstimulated activity) were used as indications of vitamin B6 status. The criterion for vitamin B6 deficiency was an Ala-AT index greater than 1.25. Of the 238 women in the total sample, 11% were judged to be deficient. There were no significant differences in the mean Ala-AT activity, mean Ala-AT index or rate of deficiency foun in the control and three contraceptive groups. The absence of an effect of oral contraceptives on vitamin B6 status is in contrast with other cross-sectional studies, but in agreement with controlled longitudinal studies. The packed cell volume and reticulocyte count were also measured and were significantly affected by contraceptive steroids, but these effects are not thought to be of clinical importance.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 status of Nigerian women using various methods of contraception. The vitamin B6 status of Nigerian women, and the effects of three contraceptive methods--intrauterine contraceptive device, injectable progestogen, and combination estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptive pills--on the vitamin B6 status of these women were assessed by measuring the erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase (Ala-AT) activity both with and without in vitro stimulation by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The unstimulated Ala-AT activity and the Ala-AT index (ratio of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-stimulated:unstimulated activity) were used as indications of vitamin B6 status. The criterion for vitamin B6 deficiency was an Ala-AT index greater than 1.25. Of the 238 women in the total sample, 11% were judged to be deficient. There were no significant differences in the mean Ala-AT activity, mean Ala-AT index or rate of deficiency foun in the control and three contraceptive groups. The absence of an effect of oral contraceptives on vitamin B6 status is in contrast with other cross-sectional studies, but in agreement with controlled longitudinal studies. The packed cell volume and reticulocyte count were also measured and were significantly affected by contraceptive steroids, but these effects are not thought to be of clinical importance.", "PMID": 677076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2809", "title": "Magnesium levels in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Serum magnesium was measured in 89 control subjects ages 19 to 86 years and in 64 patients (ages 35 to 82 years) who had suffered from acute myocardial infarction at least 6 months previously. No differences were found in the serum magnesium levels due to age or sex nor was there any statistical difference between the mean levels in the two groups. It is concluded that the level of serum magnesium is not associated with the presence or absence of clinically evident ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Magnesium levels in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Serum magnesium was measured in 89 control subjects ages 19 to 86 years and in 64 patients (ages 35 to 82 years) who had suffered from acute myocardial infarction at least 6 months previously. No differences were found in the serum magnesium levels due to age or sex nor was there any statistical difference between the mean levels in the two groups. It is concluded that the level of serum magnesium is not associated with the presence or absence of clinically evident ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 677077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2810", "title": "Iron absorption from South-East Asian diets and the effect of iron fortification.", "content": "The increase in iron absorption was measured when different amounts of ferrous sulphate were added to rice-based South-East Asian meals. The study comprised 158 subjects--118 women and 40 men. Iron fortification of simple meals composed of rice, boiled vegetables, and a curry to a level of 5 mg of iron per meal increased the absorption by about 0.2 to 0.3 mg of iron per meal. The additionof fish to such a meal doubled the absorption increase at a fortification level of 5 mg per meal. This absorption increase was about the same as obtained with composite western-type meals containing fish or meat. The results indicate that iron fortification programs may be effective in countries with rice-based diets provided that there is a suitable vehicle available for fortification.", "contents": "Iron absorption from South-East Asian diets and the effect of iron fortification. The increase in iron absorption was measured when different amounts of ferrous sulphate were added to rice-based South-East Asian meals. The study comprised 158 subjects--118 women and 40 men. Iron fortification of simple meals composed of rice, boiled vegetables, and a curry to a level of 5 mg of iron per meal increased the absorption by about 0.2 to 0.3 mg of iron per meal. The additionof fish to such a meal doubled the absorption increase at a fortification level of 5 mg per meal. This absorption increase was about the same as obtained with composite western-type meals containing fish or meat. The results indicate that iron fortification programs may be effective in countries with rice-based diets provided that there is a suitable vehicle available for fortification.", "PMID": 677078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2811", "title": "Zinc nutrition and growth in a childhood population.", "content": "Plasma zinc concentrations are a useful indicator of the zinc nutritional status in humans. This study was designed to evaluate plasma zinc levels in a population stressed by a low-income diet and rapid growth. Plasma zinc concentrations of an inner city childhood population are analyzed by polynominal regression analysis. The resultant age-related plasma zinc curves for male and female subjects are markedly different. Concentrations are lowest during the years of rapid growth, infancy and puberty. The growth velocities (growth indices) of these two populations are calculated and mirror the variation of plasma zinc concentrations. The data suggest that lowered plasma zinc concentrations result from inadequate zinc nutrition during periods of rapid growth.", "contents": "Zinc nutrition and growth in a childhood population. Plasma zinc concentrations are a useful indicator of the zinc nutritional status in humans. This study was designed to evaluate plasma zinc levels in a population stressed by a low-income diet and rapid growth. Plasma zinc concentrations of an inner city childhood population are analyzed by polynominal regression analysis. The resultant age-related plasma zinc curves for male and female subjects are markedly different. Concentrations are lowest during the years of rapid growth, infancy and puberty. The growth velocities (growth indices) of these two populations are calculated and mirror the variation of plasma zinc concentrations. The data suggest that lowered plasma zinc concentrations result from inadequate zinc nutrition during periods of rapid growth.", "PMID": 677079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2812", "title": "Selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood of New Zealand infants and children.", "content": "The blood selenium (Se) concentrations of New Zealand children were lower than those reported for children living in other countries. This low blood Se was primarily determined by the low dietary intake of the children which, in turn, reflects the low Se content of New Zealand soils. Blood Se also varied geographically, with age, and with differences in quantities and types of food eaten. Children with phenylketonuria and maple syrup urine disease on synthetic diets had low Se intakes and blood Se concentrations compared with children on normal diets, and blood Se was seen to decrease with the length of time on these diets. A strong correlation (r = 0.62, P less than 0.001) was found between the blood Se levels and glutathione peroxidase activities for 107 children. Glutathione peroxidase activities of the children were lower than activities observed in New Zealand adults, refelecting their lower blood Se concentrations.", "contents": "Selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood of New Zealand infants and children. The blood selenium (Se) concentrations of New Zealand children were lower than those reported for children living in other countries. This low blood Se was primarily determined by the low dietary intake of the children which, in turn, reflects the low Se content of New Zealand soils. Blood Se also varied geographically, with age, and with differences in quantities and types of food eaten. Children with phenylketonuria and maple syrup urine disease on synthetic diets had low Se intakes and blood Se concentrations compared with children on normal diets, and blood Se was seen to decrease with the length of time on these diets. A strong correlation (r = 0.62, P less than 0.001) was found between the blood Se levels and glutathione peroxidase activities for 107 children. Glutathione peroxidase activities of the children were lower than activities observed in New Zealand adults, refelecting their lower blood Se concentrations.", "PMID": 677080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2813", "title": "Triglycerides in clinical medicine. A review.", "content": "There have been many relevant advances in our knowledge of triglycerides as they apply to clinical medicine. Some of the basic concepts of triglyceride metabolism are reviewed in a context of clinical applicability. Hypertriglyceridemia may be associated with dramatic symptoms and signs such as acute abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, and neuromuscular abnormalities, or it may be asymptomatic until an atherosclerotic complication occurs. There is an increased risk of atherosclerosis with elevated endogenous triglycerides, but it is not clear if this is due to triglycerides per se, or the cholesterol content of the common lipoprotein that transports both lipids. Serum triglycerides are affected by diverse underlying disorders. Several factors play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertriglyceridemia including diet, body weight, genetic influences, glucose metabolism, and insulin concentrations. Treatment by diet and/or drugs is quite effective in relieving many of the clinical manifestations of hypertriglyceridemia. Whether a beneficial effect also occurs in atherosclerosis is still unknown.", "contents": "Triglycerides in clinical medicine. A review. There have been many relevant advances in our knowledge of triglycerides as they apply to clinical medicine. Some of the basic concepts of triglyceride metabolism are reviewed in a context of clinical applicability. Hypertriglyceridemia may be associated with dramatic symptoms and signs such as acute abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, and neuromuscular abnormalities, or it may be asymptomatic until an atherosclerotic complication occurs. There is an increased risk of atherosclerosis with elevated endogenous triglycerides, but it is not clear if this is due to triglycerides per se, or the cholesterol content of the common lipoprotein that transports both lipids. Serum triglycerides are affected by diverse underlying disorders. Several factors play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertriglyceridemia including diet, body weight, genetic influences, glucose metabolism, and insulin concentrations. Treatment by diet and/or drugs is quite effective in relieving many of the clinical manifestations of hypertriglyceridemia. Whether a beneficial effect also occurs in atherosclerosis is still unknown.", "PMID": 677084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2814", "title": "Nutritional status of selected teenagers in Kentucky.", "content": "A nutrition survey was conducted in a six-county area of Kentucky which included 118 teenagers of both races and sexes, with a mean age of 15.5 years. Data collected included one 24-hr dietary recall, meal practices, smoking, and physical activity. Fasting blood and urine were analyzed. White boys had higher intakes in overall nutrients and had more regular meal taking habits than others. Intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin A were grossly deficient among girls of both races, and vitamin A was most deficient in diets of boys, but the serum vitamin A and carotene values did not confirm a dietary deficiency of vitamin A. Black teenagers of both sexes had less acceptable mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values. High incidences of low hemoglobin values below acceptable range were observed in all groups studied. A high incidence of overweight among girls of both races, of high blood pressure in black boys, and of elevated serum cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein levels in blacks of both sexes were observed. Intake of energy was correlated with work metabolic rate/basal metabolic rate ratio for both sexes. Blacks were less physically active than whites. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride and beta-lipoproteins were positively correlated (P less than 0.01) to body weight of girls. Serum cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins were negatively correlated (P less than 0.05) to the degree of physical activity of boys.", "contents": "Nutritional status of selected teenagers in Kentucky. A nutrition survey was conducted in a six-county area of Kentucky which included 118 teenagers of both races and sexes, with a mean age of 15.5 years. Data collected included one 24-hr dietary recall, meal practices, smoking, and physical activity. Fasting blood and urine were analyzed. White boys had higher intakes in overall nutrients and had more regular meal taking habits than others. Intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin A were grossly deficient among girls of both races, and vitamin A was most deficient in diets of boys, but the serum vitamin A and carotene values did not confirm a dietary deficiency of vitamin A. Black teenagers of both sexes had less acceptable mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values. High incidences of low hemoglobin values below acceptable range were observed in all groups studied. A high incidence of overweight among girls of both races, of high blood pressure in black boys, and of elevated serum cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein levels in blacks of both sexes were observed. Intake of energy was correlated with work metabolic rate/basal metabolic rate ratio for both sexes. Blacks were less physically active than whites. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride and beta-lipoproteins were positively correlated (P less than 0.01) to body weight of girls. Serum cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins were negatively correlated (P less than 0.05) to the degree of physical activity of boys.", "PMID": 677085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2815", "title": "Dietary assessment of coal miners in southern Illinois.", "content": "A survey was conducted in southern Illinois with a population of 46 coal miners and ex-coal miners ranging in age from 42 to 86 years. All the subjects were suffering from some degree of respiratory insufficiency. Three 24-hr dietary recalls were obtained from each participant and the mean daily intakes of 11 nutrients and calories were calculated by computer. Selected hematological analyses of blood were performed. Dietary intakes of calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C were lowest within the population sample. The mean blood values indicative of iron status were within normal range. Physical inactivity among some of the miners accompanied by inadequate calcium intakes could predispose them to calcium-related skeletal infirmities. Inadequate intakes of vitamin A by the majority of subjects were particularly significant in this population. The role of vitamin A in maintaining healthy epithelial tissues is discussed and its possible association with a coal miner's susceptibility to pulmonary complications resulting from chronic exposure to coal dust. The results emphasize the value of assessing the nutritional status of individual coal miners and the need for personal dietary counseling.", "contents": "Dietary assessment of coal miners in southern Illinois. A survey was conducted in southern Illinois with a population of 46 coal miners and ex-coal miners ranging in age from 42 to 86 years. All the subjects were suffering from some degree of respiratory insufficiency. Three 24-hr dietary recalls were obtained from each participant and the mean daily intakes of 11 nutrients and calories were calculated by computer. Selected hematological analyses of blood were performed. Dietary intakes of calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C were lowest within the population sample. The mean blood values indicative of iron status were within normal range. Physical inactivity among some of the miners accompanied by inadequate calcium intakes could predispose them to calcium-related skeletal infirmities. Inadequate intakes of vitamin A by the majority of subjects were particularly significant in this population. The role of vitamin A in maintaining healthy epithelial tissues is discussed and its possible association with a coal miner's susceptibility to pulmonary complications resulting from chronic exposure to coal dust. The results emphasize the value of assessing the nutritional status of individual coal miners and the need for personal dietary counseling.", "PMID": 677086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2816", "title": "Serum cholesterol levels in the population of Punjab in north west India.", "content": "In an epidemiological survey the serum cholesterol levels of 3057 persons belonging to the middle or lower socioeconomic groups were checked. None of these persons suffered from any disease that might affect the lipid metabolism. The values varied according to the age: in children and adolescents 133.46 mg/dl (3.45 mmole/liter); in adults 160.82 mg/dl (4.15 mmole/liter); in persons over 50 years of age 181.02 mg/dl (4.68 mmole/liter). No differences were found between the sexes. Three smaller, highly selected groups showed higher levels. Among 324 obese persons the mean values appeared around 20 mg/dl higher per age group. 168 individuals from higher social classes had readings between 204.25 to 232.85 mg/dl (5.29 to 6.03 mmole/liter), depending on the age. In 311 patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system the mean cholesterol levels were 215.45 mg/dl (5.58 mmole/liter). The average caloric intake per day of the population of Punjab is highest all over India (2500 cal). Most of the calories derive from wheat and cereals, only 20 to 25% from milk and milk products. This, and the fact, that most people have normal weight, might explain why the serum cholesterol levels in the population of Punjab do not differ much from findings in other, less developed state of India.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol levels in the population of Punjab in north west India. In an epidemiological survey the serum cholesterol levels of 3057 persons belonging to the middle or lower socioeconomic groups were checked. None of these persons suffered from any disease that might affect the lipid metabolism. The values varied according to the age: in children and adolescents 133.46 mg/dl (3.45 mmole/liter); in adults 160.82 mg/dl (4.15 mmole/liter); in persons over 50 years of age 181.02 mg/dl (4.68 mmole/liter). No differences were found between the sexes. Three smaller, highly selected groups showed higher levels. Among 324 obese persons the mean values appeared around 20 mg/dl higher per age group. 168 individuals from higher social classes had readings between 204.25 to 232.85 mg/dl (5.29 to 6.03 mmole/liter), depending on the age. In 311 patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system the mean cholesterol levels were 215.45 mg/dl (5.58 mmole/liter). The average caloric intake per day of the population of Punjab is highest all over India (2500 cal). Most of the calories derive from wheat and cereals, only 20 to 25% from milk and milk products. This, and the fact, that most people have normal weight, might explain why the serum cholesterol levels in the population of Punjab do not differ much from findings in other, less developed state of India.", "PMID": 677088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2817", "title": "Determinants of fasting and postprandial serum bile acid levels in healthy man.", "content": "The relationship between serum levels of conjugates of cholic acid measured by radioimmunoassay, bile acid absorption, and hepatic clearance was studied in order to define the determinants of fasting and postprandial serum bile acids in healthy man. Acute or chronic interruption of the enterohepatic circulation caused a significant decrease in basal serum levels of cholyl conjugates, while liquid or solid meals caused a marked and reproducible increase in serum cholyl conjugates. A temporal correlation was demonstrated postprandially or after intravenous cholecystokinin between intestinal transit of bile acids and simultaneous changes in levels of serum cholyl conjugates. Finally, the plasma disappearance of intravenously injected cholylglycine was shown to be unaffected by serum levels of endogenous cholyl conjugates. These data are consistent with the interpretation that, in the presence of normal hepatic function, the major determinant of serum bile acids is their rate of intestinal absorption.", "contents": "Determinants of fasting and postprandial serum bile acid levels in healthy man. The relationship between serum levels of conjugates of cholic acid measured by radioimmunoassay, bile acid absorption, and hepatic clearance was studied in order to define the determinants of fasting and postprandial serum bile acids in healthy man. Acute or chronic interruption of the enterohepatic circulation caused a significant decrease in basal serum levels of cholyl conjugates, while liquid or solid meals caused a marked and reproducible increase in serum cholyl conjugates. A temporal correlation was demonstrated postprandially or after intravenous cholecystokinin between intestinal transit of bile acids and simultaneous changes in levels of serum cholyl conjugates. Finally, the plasma disappearance of intravenously injected cholylglycine was shown to be unaffected by serum levels of endogenous cholyl conjugates. These data are consistent with the interpretation that, in the presence of normal hepatic function, the major determinant of serum bile acids is their rate of intestinal absorption.", "PMID": 677089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2818", "title": "Familial clustering and immune response in family contacts of patients with HBsAg-positive liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Families of 11 patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive cirrhosis were studied to evaluate the immunologic correlates and extent of intrafamilial HBsAg clustering. Of 76 family contacts, 12 were identified to be asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg and two were diagnosed to have HSsAg-positive cirrhosis. The over-all HBsAg prevalence for the 76 contacts was 18% and that for all 87 members studied 29.0%. Serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (either HBsAg, anti-HBs, or both) was detected in 59% of all family members. HBsAg was more prevalent in males (47%) compared with females (16%), and anti-HBs was more prevalent in females (42%) compared with males (18%). Evidence of an immunologic response in clinically unaffected HBsAg-negative family contacts consisted of elevated serum IgG levels (mean 1660 mg/100 ml) and increased prevalence of anti-smooth muscle and antimitochondrial antibodies (16% and 6%, respectively). The prevalence of one or more autoantibodies in all HBsAg-negative family contacts was 20%, and it was higher in females (25%) than in males (13%). The present study demonstrates that HBsAg clustering occurs in families of patients with cirrhosis in the Jerusalem area and indicates that HBsAg-negative family contacts may have increased B-cell activity.", "contents": "Familial clustering and immune response in family contacts of patients with HBsAg-positive liver cirrhosis. Families of 11 patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive cirrhosis were studied to evaluate the immunologic correlates and extent of intrafamilial HBsAg clustering. Of 76 family contacts, 12 were identified to be asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg and two were diagnosed to have HSsAg-positive cirrhosis. The over-all HBsAg prevalence for the 76 contacts was 18% and that for all 87 members studied 29.0%. Serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (either HBsAg, anti-HBs, or both) was detected in 59% of all family members. HBsAg was more prevalent in males (47%) compared with females (16%), and anti-HBs was more prevalent in females (42%) compared with males (18%). Evidence of an immunologic response in clinically unaffected HBsAg-negative family contacts consisted of elevated serum IgG levels (mean 1660 mg/100 ml) and increased prevalence of anti-smooth muscle and antimitochondrial antibodies (16% and 6%, respectively). The prevalence of one or more autoantibodies in all HBsAg-negative family contacts was 20%, and it was higher in females (25%) than in males (13%). The present study demonstrates that HBsAg clustering occurs in families of patients with cirrhosis in the Jerusalem area and indicates that HBsAg-negative family contacts may have increased B-cell activity.", "PMID": 677091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2819", "title": "Histology of the intestinal peritoneum in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites.", "content": "Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia are usually incriminated in the development of ascites in liver cirrhosis, and altered peritoneal permeability is considered only as a hypothetical possibility. Jejunal postmortem specimens were studied in 15 control patients and 16 patients dying with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites. In decompensated cirrhosis a fibrous thickening of the peritoneum was found, 159.0 +/- 96.4 micrometer (mean +/- SD) compared to 24.5 +/- 10.6 micrometer in controls (P less than 0.001). An increase in the size and number of blood vessels, lymphangiectasiae, and mononuclear cell infiltration were invariably present. These histological changes are consistent with a nonspecific chronic peritonitis. The findings indicate there is increased blood perfusion and lymph flow within the intestinal peritoneum in patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the liver and support the existence of an intestinal peritoneal factor in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic ascites.", "contents": "Histology of the intestinal peritoneum in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia are usually incriminated in the development of ascites in liver cirrhosis, and altered peritoneal permeability is considered only as a hypothetical possibility. Jejunal postmortem specimens were studied in 15 control patients and 16 patients dying with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites. In decompensated cirrhosis a fibrous thickening of the peritoneum was found, 159.0 +/- 96.4 micrometer (mean +/- SD) compared to 24.5 +/- 10.6 micrometer in controls (P less than 0.001). An increase in the size and number of blood vessels, lymphangiectasiae, and mononuclear cell infiltration were invariably present. These histological changes are consistent with a nonspecific chronic peritonitis. The findings indicate there is increased blood perfusion and lymph flow within the intestinal peritoneum in patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the liver and support the existence of an intestinal peritoneal factor in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic ascites.", "PMID": 677092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2820", "title": "Secretory pattern and pathological study of the pancreas of steroid-treated rats.", "content": "Rat were given 2.5 mg/kg/day prednisolone in drinking water during 1.5 to 12.5 months and an equal group of matched controls received only water. A pathological study of the pancreas and a physiological study of exocrine pancreatic secretion have been done. The most significant pathological effects at 1.5-12.5 months of steroids are dilatation of acini, flattening of duct epithelium, and the presence of protein plugs in the ducts. The most significant functional modifications at 9-11 months of treatment are increased concentrations and output of proteins both in basal and stimulated pancreatic secretion of steroid-treated rats. This is very similar to the results observed by our group in alcohol-induced pancreatitis. It is assumed that the hyperconcentration could be at least partly responsible for precipitation of proteins and the precipitate formation for the lesions. For the large group of acute or chronic pancreatic lesions characterized by the formation of protein plugs in the ducts, the term catarrhal pancreatitis is proposed.", "contents": "Secretory pattern and pathological study of the pancreas of steroid-treated rats. Rat were given 2.5 mg/kg/day prednisolone in drinking water during 1.5 to 12.5 months and an equal group of matched controls received only water. A pathological study of the pancreas and a physiological study of exocrine pancreatic secretion have been done. The most significant pathological effects at 1.5-12.5 months of steroids are dilatation of acini, flattening of duct epithelium, and the presence of protein plugs in the ducts. The most significant functional modifications at 9-11 months of treatment are increased concentrations and output of proteins both in basal and stimulated pancreatic secretion of steroid-treated rats. This is very similar to the results observed by our group in alcohol-induced pancreatitis. It is assumed that the hyperconcentration could be at least partly responsible for precipitation of proteins and the precipitate formation for the lesions. For the large group of acute or chronic pancreatic lesions characterized by the formation of protein plugs in the ducts, the term catarrhal pancreatitis is proposed.", "PMID": 677093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2821", "title": "Effect of ethanol on canine gastric epithelial ultrastructure and transmucosal potential difference.", "content": "We correlated changes in the gastric transmucosal potential difference (PD), as an indicator of the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier, with morphological evidence of injury in dogs which had received either intragastric saline or 5, 10, 15, or 30% ethanol. Increasing degrees of morphological damage were accompanied by greater, more rapid changes in PD. Furthermore, ultrastructural changes occurred within surface epithelial cells, not in the deeper parietal or zymogen cells, and initially did not involve disruption of the apical cell membrane. Typically, the tight junctions also were not affected, although in a minority of dogs small bleblike separations of the tight junctions were seen. We consider the gastric mucosal barrier to be represented morphologically by the interconnecting sheet of gastric epithelial cells and that ethanol breaks the barrier by first causing intracellular injury.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on canine gastric epithelial ultrastructure and transmucosal potential difference. We correlated changes in the gastric transmucosal potential difference (PD), as an indicator of the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier, with morphological evidence of injury in dogs which had received either intragastric saline or 5, 10, 15, or 30% ethanol. Increasing degrees of morphological damage were accompanied by greater, more rapid changes in PD. Furthermore, ultrastructural changes occurred within surface epithelial cells, not in the deeper parietal or zymogen cells, and initially did not involve disruption of the apical cell membrane. Typically, the tight junctions also were not affected, although in a minority of dogs small bleblike separations of the tight junctions were seen. We consider the gastric mucosal barrier to be represented morphologically by the interconnecting sheet of gastric epithelial cells and that ethanol breaks the barrier by first causing intracellular injury.", "PMID": 677094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2822", "title": "Effects of E prostaglandins on canine gastric potential difference.", "content": "Measurement of the gastric transmucosal potential difference (PD) was used to study the effect of gastric antisecretory prostaglandins on the integrity of the gastric mucosa of the Heidenhain pouch dog. Intragastric administration of SC-29333 [(+/-)-15-deoxy-16-alpha,beta-hydroxy-16-methyl PGE1 methyl ester] slightly but significantly increased the transmucosal PD when compared to vehicle control. In addition, SC-29333 administered either intravenously or intragastrically, significantly inhibited the PD fall induced by aspirin, a well-established barrier breaker. In contrast, the intragastric administration of 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 methyl ester (Me-PGE2) significantly lowered the transmucosal PD and failed to modify the actions of aspirin on the integrity of the gastric mucosa. However, the intravenous administration of either prostaglandin did not affect the basal transmucosal PD values. These studies suggest that SC-29333 may strengthen the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier against aspirin, and this could have important therapeutic potential.", "contents": "Effects of E prostaglandins on canine gastric potential difference. Measurement of the gastric transmucosal potential difference (PD) was used to study the effect of gastric antisecretory prostaglandins on the integrity of the gastric mucosa of the Heidenhain pouch dog. Intragastric administration of SC-29333 [(+/-)-15-deoxy-16-alpha,beta-hydroxy-16-methyl PGE1 methyl ester] slightly but significantly increased the transmucosal PD when compared to vehicle control. In addition, SC-29333 administered either intravenously or intragastrically, significantly inhibited the PD fall induced by aspirin, a well-established barrier breaker. In contrast, the intragastric administration of 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 methyl ester (Me-PGE2) significantly lowered the transmucosal PD and failed to modify the actions of aspirin on the integrity of the gastric mucosa. However, the intravenous administration of either prostaglandin did not affect the basal transmucosal PD values. These studies suggest that SC-29333 may strengthen the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier against aspirin, and this could have important therapeutic potential.", "PMID": 677095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2823", "title": "Esophageal ganglia and smooth muscle in the elderly.", "content": "Esophageal motor dysfunction is a common finding in elderly persons, but its etiology remains unknown. We examined the histology of Auerbach's plexus and esophageal smooth muscle in autopsy material from young and old subjects. There was a significant decrease in ganglion cells per square centimeter (1685 +/- 115.9) in old subjects when compared to young controls (2253 +/- 216.9) (P less than 0.05). Lymphocytic infiltration of Auerbach's plexus was commonly observed in both groups of patients, but heavy lymphocytic infiltration was slightly more common in elderly subjects. No difference was found in thickness of esophageal smooth muscle between young and old subjects. It is concluded that diminution of ganglion cells rather than smooth muscle atrophy may explain the frequent occurrence of esophageal motor dysfunction in elderly persons.", "contents": "Esophageal ganglia and smooth muscle in the elderly. Esophageal motor dysfunction is a common finding in elderly persons, but its etiology remains unknown. We examined the histology of Auerbach's plexus and esophageal smooth muscle in autopsy material from young and old subjects. There was a significant decrease in ganglion cells per square centimeter (1685 +/- 115.9) in old subjects when compared to young controls (2253 +/- 216.9) (P less than 0.05). Lymphocytic infiltration of Auerbach's plexus was commonly observed in both groups of patients, but heavy lymphocytic infiltration was slightly more common in elderly subjects. No difference was found in thickness of esophageal smooth muscle between young and old subjects. It is concluded that diminution of ganglion cells rather than smooth muscle atrophy may explain the frequent occurrence of esophageal motor dysfunction in elderly persons.", "PMID": 677096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2824", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of normal human oxyntic mucosa using blunt dissection and freeze fracture.", "content": "Biopsies from the fundic mucosa of healthy volunteers were examined by scanning electron microscopy following blunt dissection and freeze fracture. The mucosal surface exhibited a cobblestone appearance. With increased magnification, microvilli could be demonstrated on the luminal surface of individual surface cells. Blunt dissection of the gastric mucosa revealed tubular gastric pits descending from the surface until they opened into branched tubular gastric glands. The gastric glands are irregular in outline due to the knoblike projections of individual parietal cells. The internal structure of the component cells also was examined with the scanning electron microscope following freeze fracture. Mucous granules were observed in the apical portion of surface epithelial cells. Lumina of parietal cell canaliculi were found to be continuous with the lumen of the gastric glands. Pepsinogen granules could be seen throughout the cytoplasm of chief cells. The blunt dissection-freeze fracture technique utilizing the scanning electron microscope allows, for the first time, a three-dimensional view of human gastric mucosa, including the gastric pits and glands as well as some of the internal architecture of component cells.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of normal human oxyntic mucosa using blunt dissection and freeze fracture. Biopsies from the fundic mucosa of healthy volunteers were examined by scanning electron microscopy following blunt dissection and freeze fracture. The mucosal surface exhibited a cobblestone appearance. With increased magnification, microvilli could be demonstrated on the luminal surface of individual surface cells. Blunt dissection of the gastric mucosa revealed tubular gastric pits descending from the surface until they opened into branched tubular gastric glands. The gastric glands are irregular in outline due to the knoblike projections of individual parietal cells. The internal structure of the component cells also was examined with the scanning electron microscope following freeze fracture. Mucous granules were observed in the apical portion of surface epithelial cells. Lumina of parietal cell canaliculi were found to be continuous with the lumen of the gastric glands. Pepsinogen granules could be seen throughout the cytoplasm of chief cells. The blunt dissection-freeze fracture technique utilizing the scanning electron microscope allows, for the first time, a three-dimensional view of human gastric mucosa, including the gastric pits and glands as well as some of the internal architecture of component cells.", "PMID": 677097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2825", "title": "Colon polyps, sebaceous cysts, gastric polyps, and malignant brain tumor in a family.", "content": "A unique family with a distinct syndrome of adenomatous colonic polyps and sebaceous cysts without osseous or soft tissue abnormalities is presented. One member had benign gastric polyps limited to the upper half of the stomach and another had a medulloblastoma of the cerebellum. A histologic feature in the colon of the propositus was the presence of atypical epithelium in flat mucosa as well as in the colonic polyps.", "contents": "Colon polyps, sebaceous cysts, gastric polyps, and malignant brain tumor in a family. A unique family with a distinct syndrome of adenomatous colonic polyps and sebaceous cysts without osseous or soft tissue abnormalities is presented. One member had benign gastric polyps limited to the upper half of the stomach and another had a medulloblastoma of the cerebellum. A histologic feature in the colon of the propositus was the presence of atypical epithelium in flat mucosa as well as in the colonic polyps.", "PMID": 677098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2826", "title": "A simple assay technique for pancreatic lipase.", "content": "A simple and inexpensive procedure is described to include pancreatic lipase in the protocol for evaluation of pancreatic function by duodenal aspiration. The method involves dilution with an albumin solution, a 2-hr incubation with a commercially available substrate mixture, and manual titration with a burette. Results comparable to assay with a pH-stat were obtained. Assay for pancreatic lipase is recommended as a part of the diagnostic procedure of duodenal aspiration.", "contents": "A simple assay technique for pancreatic lipase. A simple and inexpensive procedure is described to include pancreatic lipase in the protocol for evaluation of pancreatic function by duodenal aspiration. The method involves dilution with an albumin solution, a 2-hr incubation with a commercially available substrate mixture, and manual titration with a burette. Results comparable to assay with a pH-stat were obtained. Assay for pancreatic lipase is recommended as a part of the diagnostic procedure of duodenal aspiration.", "PMID": 677100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2827", "title": "Pancreatic, gallbladder, and intestinal responses to intraluminal magnesium salts in man.", "content": "To assess the effects of magnesium chloride or magnesium sulfate on the release of cholecystokinin from the duodenum, outputs of trypsin and bilirubin were quantified during perfusion of the duodenum with isotonic solutions of these salts. Net intestinal water transport was also quantified. The results suggest that magnesium ion in the duodenum is a relatively weak stimulus to the pancreas and gallbladder, an action not augmented by the concomitant presence of the sulfate ion. As determined by this human bioassay method, magnesium is a weak stimulant to cholecystokinin release. Furthermore, magnesium chloride inhibits net jejunal water absorption and magnesium sulfate is even more potent, promoting net water secretion, effects which cannot be entirely attributed to cholecystokinin release.", "contents": "Pancreatic, gallbladder, and intestinal responses to intraluminal magnesium salts in man. To assess the effects of magnesium chloride or magnesium sulfate on the release of cholecystokinin from the duodenum, outputs of trypsin and bilirubin were quantified during perfusion of the duodenum with isotonic solutions of these salts. Net intestinal water transport was also quantified. The results suggest that magnesium ion in the duodenum is a relatively weak stimulus to the pancreas and gallbladder, an action not augmented by the concomitant presence of the sulfate ion. As determined by this human bioassay method, magnesium is a weak stimulant to cholecystokinin release. Furthermore, magnesium chloride inhibits net jejunal water absorption and magnesium sulfate is even more potent, promoting net water secretion, effects which cannot be entirely attributed to cholecystokinin release.", "PMID": 677102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2828", "title": "Enterocyte turnover and content in fat-fed hamsters.", "content": "Cryptal lecithin-synthesizing enzyme specific activities have been previously demonstrated to be increased by feeding a fat-supplemented diet to hamsters. To determine if a physiological basis exists for such changes [3H]thymidine incorporation, cellular migration rate, and mucosal concentration of DNA, protein, and lecithin were measured. Radioautographic studies showed that the labeling index and cell migration rate throughout the intestine in the fat-fed hamsters and in the proximal three-quarters of the intestine of the control group were the same. Both parameters were reduced in the distal quarter of the control intestine. The protein/DNA ratio was significantly increased in the proximal three-quarters and modestly in the distal quarter of the intestine of the fat-fed group as compared to controls, suggesting cellular hypertrophy. The lecithin content of the proximal three-quarters of intestine was the same in both groups but reduced in the distal quarter of the gut of the fat-fed group. These studies suggest that lipid feeding in the hamster can have profound effects on intestinal cellular content and turnover.", "contents": "Enterocyte turnover and content in fat-fed hamsters. Cryptal lecithin-synthesizing enzyme specific activities have been previously demonstrated to be increased by feeding a fat-supplemented diet to hamsters. To determine if a physiological basis exists for such changes [3H]thymidine incorporation, cellular migration rate, and mucosal concentration of DNA, protein, and lecithin were measured. Radioautographic studies showed that the labeling index and cell migration rate throughout the intestine in the fat-fed hamsters and in the proximal three-quarters of the intestine of the control group were the same. Both parameters were reduced in the distal quarter of the control intestine. The protein/DNA ratio was significantly increased in the proximal three-quarters and modestly in the distal quarter of the intestine of the fat-fed group as compared to controls, suggesting cellular hypertrophy. The lecithin content of the proximal three-quarters of intestine was the same in both groups but reduced in the distal quarter of the gut of the fat-fed group. These studies suggest that lipid feeding in the hamster can have profound effects on intestinal cellular content and turnover.", "PMID": 677103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2829", "title": "Mechanism of stress ulcer. Influence of alpha-adrenergic blockade on stress ulceration and gastric mucosal energy metabolism.", "content": "In previous reports from this laboratory, it has been proposed that stress ulceration results from a severe gastric mucosal energy deficit due to shock-induced mucosal ischemia. In the experiments described in this report, the hypothesis was further tested by studying stress ulceration and gastric mucosal energy metabolism in rabbits subjected to hemorrhagic shock with or without the concomitant administration of an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. Our data show that stress ulceration and gastric mucosal energy deficits are significantly less severe when shock is combined with alpha-adrenergic blockade.", "contents": "Mechanism of stress ulcer. Influence of alpha-adrenergic blockade on stress ulceration and gastric mucosal energy metabolism. In previous reports from this laboratory, it has been proposed that stress ulceration results from a severe gastric mucosal energy deficit due to shock-induced mucosal ischemia. In the experiments described in this report, the hypothesis was further tested by studying stress ulceration and gastric mucosal energy metabolism in rabbits subjected to hemorrhagic shock with or without the concomitant administration of an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. Our data show that stress ulceration and gastric mucosal energy deficits are significantly less severe when shock is combined with alpha-adrenergic blockade.", "PMID": 677104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2830", "title": "Effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on the gastric mucosal barrier in rats.", "content": "The gastric mucosal barrier to hydrogen ion (H+) after the administration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) on the rat stomach was studied. Increased H+ back-diffusion was observed 3 hr after oral doses of 1 mg of MNNG over a 3-day period. MNNG in concentrations of 250 microgram/ml, 167 microgram/ml, 86 microgram/ml, and 50 microgram/ml in the presence of acid caused increased H+ back-diffusion across the gastric mucosa within 1 hr. Gastric mucosal barrier disruption by MNNG may play a pathogenic role in gastric carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on the gastric mucosal barrier in rats. The gastric mucosal barrier to hydrogen ion (H+) after the administration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) on the rat stomach was studied. Increased H+ back-diffusion was observed 3 hr after oral doses of 1 mg of MNNG over a 3-day period. MNNG in concentrations of 250 microgram/ml, 167 microgram/ml, 86 microgram/ml, and 50 microgram/ml in the presence of acid caused increased H+ back-diffusion across the gastric mucosa within 1 hr. Gastric mucosal barrier disruption by MNNG may play a pathogenic role in gastric carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 677105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2831", "title": "A unique distribution of laxative-induced spike potentials from the small intestine of the dog.", "content": "The effects of castor oil and ricinoleic acid on small bowel electrical activity were studied in the fasted conscious dog and were compared to the effects elicited by two nonlaxative oils (triolein and oleic acid). Spike potential activity was monitored at two jejunal sites using unipolar recording electrodes. Castor oil, ricinoleic acid, and triolein produced an increased incidence of basic electrical rhythm (BER) with associated spike potentials when compared to a fasted control; however, the total electrical spiking activity produced by these oils was not statistically different from that induced by feeding. No treatment altered any of the characteristics of BER. A novel pattern of electrical spiking activity was observed in response to the laxatives. This pattern consisted of short repetitive bursts of spike potentials which migrated the length of the recording site. The laxative-induced electrical pattern persisted for several days after treatment with ricinoleic acid or castor oil, and interdigestive patterns were occasionally interrupted for as long as 72 hr. Electrical activity following feeding or the nonlaxative oils consisted of random spike potentials, and normal interdigestive electrical activity resumed within 24 hr. The laxative-induced electrical pattern was shown to be quantitatively distinct from those produced by feeding, fasting, or nonlaxative oils. This pattern may reflect an action of these laxatives on intestinal motility during a diarrheal state.", "contents": "A unique distribution of laxative-induced spike potentials from the small intestine of the dog. The effects of castor oil and ricinoleic acid on small bowel electrical activity were studied in the fasted conscious dog and were compared to the effects elicited by two nonlaxative oils (triolein and oleic acid). Spike potential activity was monitored at two jejunal sites using unipolar recording electrodes. Castor oil, ricinoleic acid, and triolein produced an increased incidence of basic electrical rhythm (BER) with associated spike potentials when compared to a fasted control; however, the total electrical spiking activity produced by these oils was not statistically different from that induced by feeding. No treatment altered any of the characteristics of BER. A novel pattern of electrical spiking activity was observed in response to the laxatives. This pattern consisted of short repetitive bursts of spike potentials which migrated the length of the recording site. The laxative-induced electrical pattern persisted for several days after treatment with ricinoleic acid or castor oil, and interdigestive patterns were occasionally interrupted for as long as 72 hr. Electrical activity following feeding or the nonlaxative oils consisted of random spike potentials, and normal interdigestive electrical activity resumed within 24 hr. The laxative-induced electrical pattern was shown to be quantitatively distinct from those produced by feeding, fasting, or nonlaxative oils. This pattern may reflect an action of these laxatives on intestinal motility during a diarrheal state.", "PMID": 677106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2832", "title": "The role of aspirin in gastric ulceration . Some factors involved in the development of gastric mucosal damage induced by aspirin in rats exposed to various stress conditions.", "content": "The gastric irritant effects of aspirin were studied in rats treated with a variety of physical and \"disease\" (inflammatory) stress conditions (which may mimic responses to some stress states encountered clinically) with the object of establishing whether these stress states increase the susceptibility of the gastric mucosa to the potentially ulcerogenic actions of aspirin. While exposure to physical (eg, cold) stress conditions markedly increased the sensitivity of the gastric mucosa to aspirin, exposure to various disease stressors (eg, adjuvant arthritis, acute pain, or paw inflammation) did not appreciably affect the mucosal sensitivity to this drug. Attempts were made to determine the mechanisms of the physical stress plus aspirin interaction by use of pharmacological agents. The results suggest a major involvement of the parasympathetic-vagal, sympathetic, and histamine-producing systems, but not the adrenocortical axis, in this model of gastric ulcerogenesis. No differences were observed in the mucosal uptake of [14C]aspirin, showing that accelerated uptake of the drug is not a factor in the development of gastric ulceration.", "contents": "The role of aspirin in gastric ulceration . Some factors involved in the development of gastric mucosal damage induced by aspirin in rats exposed to various stress conditions. The gastric irritant effects of aspirin were studied in rats treated with a variety of physical and \"disease\" (inflammatory) stress conditions (which may mimic responses to some stress states encountered clinically) with the object of establishing whether these stress states increase the susceptibility of the gastric mucosa to the potentially ulcerogenic actions of aspirin. While exposure to physical (eg, cold) stress conditions markedly increased the sensitivity of the gastric mucosa to aspirin, exposure to various disease stressors (eg, adjuvant arthritis, acute pain, or paw inflammation) did not appreciably affect the mucosal sensitivity to this drug. Attempts were made to determine the mechanisms of the physical stress plus aspirin interaction by use of pharmacological agents. The results suggest a major involvement of the parasympathetic-vagal, sympathetic, and histamine-producing systems, but not the adrenocortical axis, in this model of gastric ulcerogenesis. No differences were observed in the mucosal uptake of [14C]aspirin, showing that accelerated uptake of the drug is not a factor in the development of gastric ulceration.", "PMID": 677107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2833", "title": "Effects of dietary protein on body weight, mucosal growth, and calcium absorption in the rat.", "content": "Previous studies of dietary protein intake and calcium balance demonstrate decreased fecal calcium excretion with high-protein diets. To determine whether a duodenal or ileal calcium transport response could account for these findings, we examined calcium transport by these two segments directly by in situ perfusion. Weight-matched growing rats were pair-fed isocaloric diets for 6-8 days containing 89% protein (casein), 39% and 0% protein. Sucrose was substituted for the decreased casein in the 39% and 0% protein diets. Each diet also contained 5% fat, a mineral mix, and vitamins. Calcium content of all diets was 0.5%. Body weight was maintained by the 39% protein group; weight loss was 5% for the 89% protein group and 18% for the 0% protein group. Small-intestinal weight as a percentage of body weight was the same for the three groups. For both the duodenum and the ileum, mucosal dry weight per centimeter was greater in the 39% protein group than either the 89% protein or 0% protein group. Calcium absorption per gram dry weight of mucosa (absorptive specific activity) was the same for all diet groups, but because of the greater mucosal weight per unit length in the 39% protein group, absorption per centimeter was increased in this group. In conclusion, although we found no direct relation between dietary protein and mucosal absorptive specific activity for calcium, calcium absorption was determined by the amount of mucosa which was dependent on protein intake and reflected the nutritional status of the body.", "contents": "Effects of dietary protein on body weight, mucosal growth, and calcium absorption in the rat. Previous studies of dietary protein intake and calcium balance demonstrate decreased fecal calcium excretion with high-protein diets. To determine whether a duodenal or ileal calcium transport response could account for these findings, we examined calcium transport by these two segments directly by in situ perfusion. Weight-matched growing rats were pair-fed isocaloric diets for 6-8 days containing 89% protein (casein), 39% and 0% protein. Sucrose was substituted for the decreased casein in the 39% and 0% protein diets. Each diet also contained 5% fat, a mineral mix, and vitamins. Calcium content of all diets was 0.5%. Body weight was maintained by the 39% protein group; weight loss was 5% for the 89% protein group and 18% for the 0% protein group. Small-intestinal weight as a percentage of body weight was the same for the three groups. For both the duodenum and the ileum, mucosal dry weight per centimeter was greater in the 39% protein group than either the 89% protein or 0% protein group. Calcium absorption per gram dry weight of mucosa (absorptive specific activity) was the same for all diet groups, but because of the greater mucosal weight per unit length in the 39% protein group, absorption per centimeter was increased in this group. In conclusion, although we found no direct relation between dietary protein and mucosal absorptive specific activity for calcium, calcium absorption was determined by the amount of mucosa which was dependent on protein intake and reflected the nutritional status of the body.", "PMID": 677109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2834", "title": "The logical analysis of the electroenterogram.", "content": "Simple--and inexpensive--logic circuitry is described which will discriminate three types of spike activity in the canine electroenterogram. Used during high-speed replay of tape-recorded myoelectric activity, it provides a numerical analysis of the duration and spike content of the three types of activity, without the need for sophisticated (and costly) computer analysis. The ability of the analyzer to detect types of activity is illustrated by the analysis of the effects of a peptide hormone infusion on the canine electroenterogram. The device might also serve as the prototype for other applications in which simple digital logic could be used to detect different patterns in continous analog signals.", "contents": "The logical analysis of the electroenterogram. Simple--and inexpensive--logic circuitry is described which will discriminate three types of spike activity in the canine electroenterogram. Used during high-speed replay of tape-recorded myoelectric activity, it provides a numerical analysis of the duration and spike content of the three types of activity, without the need for sophisticated (and costly) computer analysis. The ability of the analyzer to detect types of activity is illustrated by the analysis of the effects of a peptide hormone infusion on the canine electroenterogram. The device might also serve as the prototype for other applications in which simple digital logic could be used to detect different patterns in continous analog signals.", "PMID": 677111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2835", "title": "Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to amebic abscesses.", "content": "A patient presented with fulminant hepatic failure which rapidly led to his death. At postmortem examination, he had several amebic abscesses secondarily infected with bacteria, one of which had ruptured intraperitoneally, and another of which had occluded major hepatic veins of the right lobe of the liver. In addition, pylephlebitis and occlusion of several right portal venous radicles were noted. Microscopic examination of the right lobe revealed marked sinusoidal congestion and large areas of infarction with severe panlobular necrosis. Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to complications of amebic abscess has been reported infrequently but should be considered in patients with this presentation who have visited or inhabited areas endemic for amebiasis.", "contents": "Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to amebic abscesses. A patient presented with fulminant hepatic failure which rapidly led to his death. At postmortem examination, he had several amebic abscesses secondarily infected with bacteria, one of which had ruptured intraperitoneally, and another of which had occluded major hepatic veins of the right lobe of the liver. In addition, pylephlebitis and occlusion of several right portal venous radicles were noted. Microscopic examination of the right lobe revealed marked sinusoidal congestion and large areas of infarction with severe panlobular necrosis. Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to complications of amebic abscess has been reported infrequently but should be considered in patients with this presentation who have visited or inhabited areas endemic for amebiasis.", "PMID": 677113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2836", "title": "Chewing gum diarrhea.", "content": "A 66-year-old woman was found to have intractable diarrhea related to excessive consumption of sugarless chewing gum. The effect of sorbitol on the intestinal tract was felt to be the etiology. Upon cessation of gum utilization, the diarrhea ceased. It is suggested that chewing gum usage be included in medical histories!", "contents": "Chewing gum diarrhea. A 66-year-old woman was found to have intractable diarrhea related to excessive consumption of sugarless chewing gum. The effect of sorbitol on the intestinal tract was felt to be the etiology. Upon cessation of gum utilization, the diarrhea ceased. It is suggested that chewing gum usage be included in medical histories!", "PMID": 677114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2837", "title": "Increased granulocytic, erythrocytic, and megakaryocytic progenitors in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia.", "content": "Nucleated cells obtained from blood and/or bone marrow of patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) were cultured in diffusion chambers (DC) implanted into the peritoneal cavities of irradiated mice. A total of five blood studies and two bone marrow studies were performed using cells obtained from five patients. The DC were harvested at intervals from the host mice and the total and differential cellularity of DC contents were evaluated. The results obtained from MMM cultures were compared with those from similar cultures of blood cells and marrow cells of four and six normal individuals respectively. The proliferation and maturation of the granulocytic, erythrocytic, and megakaryocytic lines in MMM cultures occurred in an orderly fashion as they occur in vivo. The patterns of proliferation and maturation of the three cell lines in cultures after day 7 suggest that they primarily originate from progenitor cells. The numbers of granulocytes in the multiplicative pool, recognizable red cell precursors, and megakaryocytes recovered were significantly greater from the MMM cultures than those from the normal blood or marrow cultures. These results suggest that the blood and marrow cells of MMM patients have increased numbers of progenitors for granulocytes, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes.", "contents": "Increased granulocytic, erythrocytic, and megakaryocytic progenitors in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Nucleated cells obtained from blood and/or bone marrow of patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) were cultured in diffusion chambers (DC) implanted into the peritoneal cavities of irradiated mice. A total of five blood studies and two bone marrow studies were performed using cells obtained from five patients. The DC were harvested at intervals from the host mice and the total and differential cellularity of DC contents were evaluated. The results obtained from MMM cultures were compared with those from similar cultures of blood cells and marrow cells of four and six normal individuals respectively. The proliferation and maturation of the granulocytic, erythrocytic, and megakaryocytic lines in MMM cultures occurred in an orderly fashion as they occur in vivo. The patterns of proliferation and maturation of the three cell lines in cultures after day 7 suggest that they primarily originate from progenitor cells. The numbers of granulocytes in the multiplicative pool, recognizable red cell precursors, and megakaryocytes recovered were significantly greater from the MMM cultures than those from the normal blood or marrow cultures. These results suggest that the blood and marrow cells of MMM patients have increased numbers of progenitors for granulocytes, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes.", "PMID": 677118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2838", "title": "Platelet satellitism--an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies by scanning and transmission electron microscopy were carried out on one of four cases of platelet satellitism. Adherence to the neutrophils was mainly by focal contact between small surface projections of the platelets and neutrophils. Phagocytosis was not seen with the neutrophils but was evident in the monocytes. The degree of satellitism noted increased with the time the blood anticoagulated with EDTA was left at room temperature. Mixing experiments with a patient's plasma and control cells and the patient's cells and control plasma were inconclusive but suggested that the abnormality may reside in the plasma.", "contents": "Platelet satellitism--an ultrastructural study. Ultrastructural studies by scanning and transmission electron microscopy were carried out on one of four cases of platelet satellitism. Adherence to the neutrophils was mainly by focal contact between small surface projections of the platelets and neutrophils. Phagocytosis was not seen with the neutrophils but was evident in the monocytes. The degree of satellitism noted increased with the time the blood anticoagulated with EDTA was left at room temperature. Mixing experiments with a patient's plasma and control cells and the patient's cells and control plasma were inconclusive but suggested that the abnormality may reside in the plasma.", "PMID": 677119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2839", "title": "beta-Thalassemia arising as a new mutation in an American child.", "content": "A 6-year-old child of northern European ancestry was found to have microcytic, hypochromic anemia with an elevated level of hemoglobin A2 and an unbalanced pattern of globin chain synthesis characteristic of beta-thalassemia trait. Hematologic and globin synthesis studies of both parents yielded entirely normal results. Identification of the mother and father as the biological parents was established with a high order of reliability by determination of erythrocyte, serum, and HLA genetic markers. These findings suggest that the picture of beta-thalassemia observed in this child represents a new mutation.", "contents": "beta-Thalassemia arising as a new mutation in an American child. A 6-year-old child of northern European ancestry was found to have microcytic, hypochromic anemia with an elevated level of hemoglobin A2 and an unbalanced pattern of globin chain synthesis characteristic of beta-thalassemia trait. Hematologic and globin synthesis studies of both parents yielded entirely normal results. Identification of the mother and father as the biological parents was established with a high order of reliability by determination of erythrocyte, serum, and HLA genetic markers. These findings suggest that the picture of beta-thalassemia observed in this child represents a new mutation.", "PMID": 677120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2840", "title": "Hemorrhagic death associated with a high titer factor V inhibitor.", "content": "An acquired bleeding diathesis was first noted in a 51-year-old patient 11 days following an exploratory laparotomy. Laboratory studies indicated the cause of bleeding to be the development of a circulating anticoagulant which inhibited factor V activity. The inhibitor, an immunoglobulin of the IgG class, was separated by use of Sephadex G-200 filtration, disc electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing. Despite vigorous immunosuppressive, antifibrinolytic, and replacement therapy, including the use of a \"prothrombin complex\" and plasmaphoresis, the bleeding diathesis could not be reversed and the patient died of hemorrhage. Although inhibitors to factor V are not usually associated with major life-threatening hemorrhage, this case demonstrates that the development of such an inhibitor can be an ominous finding. The use of an aminoglycoside antibiotic in this and other patients so reported may be one of the contributing causes to the development of such an inhibitor.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic death associated with a high titer factor V inhibitor. An acquired bleeding diathesis was first noted in a 51-year-old patient 11 days following an exploratory laparotomy. Laboratory studies indicated the cause of bleeding to be the development of a circulating anticoagulant which inhibited factor V activity. The inhibitor, an immunoglobulin of the IgG class, was separated by use of Sephadex G-200 filtration, disc electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing. Despite vigorous immunosuppressive, antifibrinolytic, and replacement therapy, including the use of a \"prothrombin complex\" and plasmaphoresis, the bleeding diathesis could not be reversed and the patient died of hemorrhage. Although inhibitors to factor V are not usually associated with major life-threatening hemorrhage, this case demonstrates that the development of such an inhibitor can be an ominous finding. The use of an aminoglycoside antibiotic in this and other patients so reported may be one of the contributing causes to the development of such an inhibitor.", "PMID": 677121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2841", "title": "Elevated frequency of Tay-Sachs disease among Ashkenazic Jews unlikely by genetic drift alone.", "content": "Using the steady-state distribution of recessive lethal gene the probability of finding the elevated frequency of Tay-Sachs (TSD) gene among Ashkenazic Jews is computed. For various estimated values of mutation rate and population size, this probability is found to be statistically significant. This probabiltiy, in fact, becomes even smaller if a steady influx of foreign genes into the Ashkenazic Jewish populations is considered. It is suggested that heterozygote advantage together with random genetic drift should be considered as the most probable mechansim for the elevation of TSD gene frequency among the Ashkenazic Jews.", "contents": "Elevated frequency of Tay-Sachs disease among Ashkenazic Jews unlikely by genetic drift alone. Using the steady-state distribution of recessive lethal gene the probability of finding the elevated frequency of Tay-Sachs (TSD) gene among Ashkenazic Jews is computed. For various estimated values of mutation rate and population size, this probability is found to be statistically significant. This probabiltiy, in fact, becomes even smaller if a steady influx of foreign genes into the Ashkenazic Jewish populations is considered. It is suggested that heterozygote advantage together with random genetic drift should be considered as the most probable mechansim for the elevation of TSD gene frequency among the Ashkenazic Jews.", "PMID": 677122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2842", "title": "Ethnic variation of genetic disease: roles of drift for recessive lethal genes.", "content": "Using Wright's distribution of gene frequencies for a recessive lethal gene, a method is given to analyze the probability that any particular gene frequency is greater than a given threshold gene frequency. The method is introduced to analyze the plausibility of drift for explaining observed data.", "contents": "Ethnic variation of genetic disease: roles of drift for recessive lethal genes. Using Wright's distribution of gene frequencies for a recessive lethal gene, a method is given to analyze the probability that any particular gene frequency is greater than a given threshold gene frequency. The method is introduced to analyze the plausibility of drift for explaining observed data.", "PMID": 677123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2843", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of hypophosphatasia; genetic, biochemical, and clinical studies.", "content": "This report has considered three approaches to the prenatal diagnosis of the severe, early onset form of hypophosphatasia. Two of these approaches, ultrasonography and the determination of the bone/liver isozymes of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in cultured amniotic fluid cells, have proven useful diagnostically. The third method, assay of the bone/liver isozyme activity or total activity in supernatant amniotic fluid, was not informative for the affected fetus we studies. Failure to visualize a well-defined fetal skull after 16 weeks of pregnancy when the level of alpha-fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid is normal should arouse the suspicion of hypophosphatasia. Because the disease is known to manifest clinical variabiltiy, studies to detect both the biochemical defect as well as the structural manifestations should be considered. The combined use of ultrasonography, analysis of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein, and the measurement of the bone/liver ALP in cultured amniotic fluid cells would appear to be the best approach to the prenatal diagnosis.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of hypophosphatasia; genetic, biochemical, and clinical studies. This report has considered three approaches to the prenatal diagnosis of the severe, early onset form of hypophosphatasia. Two of these approaches, ultrasonography and the determination of the bone/liver isozymes of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in cultured amniotic fluid cells, have proven useful diagnostically. The third method, assay of the bone/liver isozyme activity or total activity in supernatant amniotic fluid, was not informative for the affected fetus we studies. Failure to visualize a well-defined fetal skull after 16 weeks of pregnancy when the level of alpha-fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid is normal should arouse the suspicion of hypophosphatasia. Because the disease is known to manifest clinical variabiltiy, studies to detect both the biochemical defect as well as the structural manifestations should be considered. The combined use of ultrasonography, analysis of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein, and the measurement of the bone/liver ALP in cultured amniotic fluid cells would appear to be the best approach to the prenatal diagnosis.", "PMID": 677124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2844", "title": "A note on the essential parameters of the two-allele autosomal locus model.", "content": "A resolution of the parameter problem for the two-allele autosomal locus (TAAL) model has been presented. It was shown that three are four essential parameters which describe the model, by examination of the joint probability for sibs with specified parental phenotypes. This equation together with previously derived prevalence relationships uniquely specifices all parameters of the model except for the singular case VA = 0.", "contents": "A note on the essential parameters of the two-allele autosomal locus model. A resolution of the parameter problem for the two-allele autosomal locus (TAAL) model has been presented. It was shown that three are four essential parameters which describe the model, by examination of the joint probability for sibs with specified parental phenotypes. This equation together with previously derived prevalence relationships uniquely specifices all parameters of the model except for the singular case VA = 0.", "PMID": 677125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2845", "title": "Phenylketonuria heterozygote detection in families with affected children.", "content": "Improved approaches to the problem of heterozygote detection for phenylketonuria (PKU) were developed in this study. The discrimination was based on 85 obligate heterozygotes and 45 controls who were neither pregnant nor on birth control medication. The best separation between hetrozygotes and normals was achieved with a linear discriminant function involving the logarithms of the serum concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The theoretical overlap area between the distributions of heterozygotes and controls based on the above function, was 3.75%. In the 19 obligate hetrozygotes and 13 controls who were either pregnant or on birth control medication, the best separation was achieved with a linear discriminant function involving the logarithms of the serum concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine. The theoretical overlap area was 8.23%. The genetic accuracy of the discriminant function was confirmed by testing the results with parental-child exclusions, segregation analysis, and the frequency of heterozygosity in nonrelated collateral spouses. Finally, there was evidence suggesting that the antihypertensive agent, aldomet, alters serum tyrosine and tryptophan levels.", "contents": "Phenylketonuria heterozygote detection in families with affected children. Improved approaches to the problem of heterozygote detection for phenylketonuria (PKU) were developed in this study. The discrimination was based on 85 obligate heterozygotes and 45 controls who were neither pregnant nor on birth control medication. The best separation between hetrozygotes and normals was achieved with a linear discriminant function involving the logarithms of the serum concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The theoretical overlap area between the distributions of heterozygotes and controls based on the above function, was 3.75%. In the 19 obligate hetrozygotes and 13 controls who were either pregnant or on birth control medication, the best separation was achieved with a linear discriminant function involving the logarithms of the serum concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine. The theoretical overlap area was 8.23%. The genetic accuracy of the discriminant function was confirmed by testing the results with parental-child exclusions, segregation analysis, and the frequency of heterozygosity in nonrelated collateral spouses. Finally, there was evidence suggesting that the antihypertensive agent, aldomet, alters serum tyrosine and tryptophan levels.", "PMID": 677126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2846", "title": "Structural difference at the active site of dibucaine resistant variant of human plasma cholinesterase.", "content": "Human plasma cholinesterase from five different genotypes -- E1U E1U, E1U E1A, E1A E1A, E1U E1S, E1A E1S, and E1U E1U C5+ -- was purified 8,000 fold from serum by a two-step procedure involving chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and preparative disc electrophoresis. The esterases were labeled with diisopropyl-1, 3-C14-fluorophosphate (DFP) aminoethylated, and digested by trypsin. The trytic digests were subjected to high voltage electrophoresis, and the radioactive peptides were detected by radioautography. Comparison of the peptides revealed different electrophoretic mobilities of the usual and atypical (dibucaine resistant) plasma cholinesterase peptides. The results are consistent with a structural abnormality of the active center in the variant enzyme. No difference was observed an the esteratic site of the enzyme with C5 component.", "contents": "Structural difference at the active site of dibucaine resistant variant of human plasma cholinesterase. Human plasma cholinesterase from five different genotypes -- E1U E1U, E1U E1A, E1A E1A, E1U E1S, E1A E1S, and E1U E1U C5+ -- was purified 8,000 fold from serum by a two-step procedure involving chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and preparative disc electrophoresis. The esterases were labeled with diisopropyl-1, 3-C14-fluorophosphate (DFP) aminoethylated, and digested by trypsin. The trytic digests were subjected to high voltage electrophoresis, and the radioactive peptides were detected by radioautography. Comparison of the peptides revealed different electrophoretic mobilities of the usual and atypical (dibucaine resistant) plasma cholinesterase peptides. The results are consistent with a structural abnormality of the active center in the variant enzyme. No difference was observed an the esteratic site of the enzyme with C5 component.", "PMID": 677127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2847", "title": "A robust method for the detection of linkage in familial disease.", "content": "A nonparametric method for the detection of critical genes associated with familial disease was presented. The method involves the detection of deviations from expected identity by descent distributions at polymorphic marker loci for affected sib pairs. The method thus avoids the difficulties arising from incomplete penetrance, variable age of onset and other complications present in other forms of linkage analysis. The theoretical properties of method were worked out in detail for two important cases -- that of an incompletely penetrant recessive or incompletely penetrant dominant critical autosomal gene linked to a codominant marker locus. An easily implementable decision rule for the detection of linkage was proposed, and its operating characteristics for a variety of alternative hypothesis were obtained.", "contents": "A robust method for the detection of linkage in familial disease. A nonparametric method for the detection of critical genes associated with familial disease was presented. The method involves the detection of deviations from expected identity by descent distributions at polymorphic marker loci for affected sib pairs. The method thus avoids the difficulties arising from incomplete penetrance, variable age of onset and other complications present in other forms of linkage analysis. The theoretical properties of method were worked out in detail for two important cases -- that of an incompletely penetrant recessive or incompletely penetrant dominant critical autosomal gene linked to a codominant marker locus. An easily implementable decision rule for the detection of linkage was proposed, and its operating characteristics for a variety of alternative hypothesis were obtained.", "PMID": 677128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2848", "title": "Community, hospital and clinical pharmacists and drug information centers as physician drug information sources.", "content": "The use of drug information centers and clinical, hospital and community pharmacists by university and community practice physicians in North Carolina was examined. Questionnaires were sent to 674 nonfederal physicians with a response rate of 203 (35.5%). Approximately half of the sample were staff members of a university hospital. The questionnaire covered eight types of drug information. Significant results were reported at the p = 0.05 level. Physicians sought specific drug information approximately one to four times a month. University hospital-affiliated physicians rated clinical and hospital pharmacists significantly higher than community pharmacists for six subject areas, and they also ranked clinical pharmacists over hospital pharmacists on four subject areas and considered them more reliable than other pharmacy drug information sources. Physicians associated with community hospitals ranked hospital pharmacists over community pharmacists as sources of information for four areas and rated them more reliable than other pharmacy drug information sources; this group preferred to use community pharmacists for information on product availability. It appears that clinical pharmacists are used by university-associated physicians as drug information sources. Use in community hospitals of the hospital pharmacist as a drug information source is better than the literature might suggest.", "contents": "Community, hospital and clinical pharmacists and drug information centers as physician drug information sources. The use of drug information centers and clinical, hospital and community pharmacists by university and community practice physicians in North Carolina was examined. Questionnaires were sent to 674 nonfederal physicians with a response rate of 203 (35.5%). Approximately half of the sample were staff members of a university hospital. The questionnaire covered eight types of drug information. Significant results were reported at the p = 0.05 level. Physicians sought specific drug information approximately one to four times a month. University hospital-affiliated physicians rated clinical and hospital pharmacists significantly higher than community pharmacists for six subject areas, and they also ranked clinical pharmacists over hospital pharmacists on four subject areas and considered them more reliable than other pharmacy drug information sources. Physicians associated with community hospitals ranked hospital pharmacists over community pharmacists as sources of information for four areas and rated them more reliable than other pharmacy drug information sources; this group preferred to use community pharmacists for information on product availability. It appears that clinical pharmacists are used by university-associated physicians as drug information sources. Use in community hospitals of the hospital pharmacist as a drug information source is better than the literature might suggest.", "PMID": 677136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2849", "title": "Basic skills for hospital pharmacy technicians: development of a programmed training manual.", "content": "The development of a programmed training manual to teach basic skills to hospital pharmacy technicians is described. Steps in the development of the manual included reviewing pertinent literature, writing a job description for a pharmacy technician position, performing a task analysis, writing learning objectives and sequencing course content into a programmed format. Five units of the manual cover dosage forms and routes of administration, drug nomenclature, abbreviations, calculations and medication orders. The programmed format should help to provide quality, economic and efficient training for technicians.", "contents": "Basic skills for hospital pharmacy technicians: development of a programmed training manual. The development of a programmed training manual to teach basic skills to hospital pharmacy technicians is described. Steps in the development of the manual included reviewing pertinent literature, writing a job description for a pharmacy technician position, performing a task analysis, writing learning objectives and sequencing course content into a programmed format. Five units of the manual cover dosage forms and routes of administration, drug nomenclature, abbreviations, calculations and medication orders. The programmed format should help to provide quality, economic and efficient training for technicians.", "PMID": 677137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2850", "title": "Food and Drug Administration's adverse drug reaction monitoring program.", "content": "The adverse drug reaction monitoring program of the Division of Drug Experience within the FDA is described. Historical information on the development and activities of the current drug reaction monitoring program, and goals and objectives of the current program are discussed. Also presented are a brief description of the Voluntary Reporting System, intensive drug monitoring studies and special epidemiologic studies, and a workable definition of alert reports and examples of their previous role within the FDA. Pharmacists should participate actively in adverse drug reaction monitoring.", "contents": "Food and Drug Administration's adverse drug reaction monitoring program. The adverse drug reaction monitoring program of the Division of Drug Experience within the FDA is described. Historical information on the development and activities of the current drug reaction monitoring program, and goals and objectives of the current program are discussed. Also presented are a brief description of the Voluntary Reporting System, intensive drug monitoring studies and special epidemiologic studies, and a workable definition of alert reports and examples of their previous role within the FDA. Pharmacists should participate actively in adverse drug reaction monitoring.", "PMID": 677138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2851", "title": "Cephalosporins: use review and cost analysis.", "content": "The prescribing patterns for the cephalosporins and the cost-savings following restriction of cephalothin sodium and approval of cefazolin sodium were studied over a three-year period at a university hospital. The prescribing patterns for cefazolin relative to dose, frequency, duration of therapy and clinical indications were studied for 64 patients during a one-month period. Parenteral cephalosporin use for three years was analyzed to determine comparative use rates and costs. For the most part, cefazolin was used properly during the one-month study. The greatest misuse was as prophylactic therapy in postsurgical patients. The switch from cephalothin to cefazolin resulted in a projected annual savings of $5,500, equal to more than 10% of the hospital's expenditures for parenteral cephalosporins. The prescribed daily dose of cephalosporin dropped by one-third following the formulary change. The decision to use cefazolin as the major parenteral cephalosporin resulted in substantial cost savings.", "contents": "Cephalosporins: use review and cost analysis. The prescribing patterns for the cephalosporins and the cost-savings following restriction of cephalothin sodium and approval of cefazolin sodium were studied over a three-year period at a university hospital. The prescribing patterns for cefazolin relative to dose, frequency, duration of therapy and clinical indications were studied for 64 patients during a one-month period. Parenteral cephalosporin use for three years was analyzed to determine comparative use rates and costs. For the most part, cefazolin was used properly during the one-month study. The greatest misuse was as prophylactic therapy in postsurgical patients. The switch from cephalothin to cefazolin resulted in a projected annual savings of $5,500, equal to more than 10% of the hospital's expenditures for parenteral cephalosporins. The prescribed daily dose of cephalosporin dropped by one-third following the formulary change. The decision to use cefazolin as the major parenteral cephalosporin resulted in substantial cost savings.", "PMID": 677139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2852", "title": "Multidisciplinary audit of digoxin.", "content": "Use review of digoxin as part of a medical care evaluation study in a hospital is described. This drug audit within the hospital's quality assurance program used a multidisciplinary approach. The study was designed to measure the incidence of digoxin toxicity, evaluate monitoring practices for digoxin use and evaluate the adequacy of digoxin dosing patterns. Forty-eight patients were involved. Results indicated that some patients were not adequately assessed in regard to renal function and digoxin serum level. Further, there was a 17% incidence of digoxin toxicity. Studies such as this give pharmacists an opportunity to use their knowledge of proper drug use through a structured hospital program.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary audit of digoxin. Use review of digoxin as part of a medical care evaluation study in a hospital is described. This drug audit within the hospital's quality assurance program used a multidisciplinary approach. The study was designed to measure the incidence of digoxin toxicity, evaluate monitoring practices for digoxin use and evaluate the adequacy of digoxin dosing patterns. Forty-eight patients were involved. Results indicated that some patients were not adequately assessed in regard to renal function and digoxin serum level. Further, there was a 17% incidence of digoxin toxicity. Studies such as this give pharmacists an opportunity to use their knowledge of proper drug use through a structured hospital program.", "PMID": 677140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2853", "title": "Survey of clinical pharmaceutical services in Florida hospitals.", "content": "A survey of clinical pharmaceutical services in Florida hospitals is described. Questionnaires were mailed to the pharmacy departments of 210 hospitals containing 50 or more beds; 172 (82%) responded. Data were collected concerning the extent and types of clinical services provided; the reasons for not implementing the services were also obtained. Twenty (12%) hospitals employed a full-time clinical pharmacist. Inservice drug education, formalized drug information, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and patient medication histories were provided by 78%, 47%, 19% and 6% of the hospitals, respectively. Hospitals with a total or partial unit dose drug distribution system seemed more likely to provide clinical services than those with other types of distribution systems. Hospitals employing a clinical pharmacist were engaged in a wider range of clinical services and provided these services to a larger portion of their patient population. The reason most frequently cited for not implementing clinical services was inadequate staff.", "contents": "Survey of clinical pharmaceutical services in Florida hospitals. A survey of clinical pharmaceutical services in Florida hospitals is described. Questionnaires were mailed to the pharmacy departments of 210 hospitals containing 50 or more beds; 172 (82%) responded. Data were collected concerning the extent and types of clinical services provided; the reasons for not implementing the services were also obtained. Twenty (12%) hospitals employed a full-time clinical pharmacist. Inservice drug education, formalized drug information, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and patient medication histories were provided by 78%, 47%, 19% and 6% of the hospitals, respectively. Hospitals with a total or partial unit dose drug distribution system seemed more likely to provide clinical services than those with other types of distribution systems. Hospitals employing a clinical pharmacist were engaged in a wider range of clinical services and provided these services to a larger portion of their patient population. The reason most frequently cited for not implementing clinical services was inadequate staff.", "PMID": 677141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2854", "title": "Medication delivery time requirements in centralized and decentralized unit dose drug distribution systems.", "content": "Medication delivery time requirements in centralized and decentralized unit dose drug distribution systems were compared. Four stages in the receipt of medication orders and the delivery of doses were identified, and the time required to perform each stage was recorded by pharmacist observers for seven days in each system. In the centralized system, it required 138--220 minutes to deliver doses after orders were ready to be collected at the nursing station, with the time varying according to order type. The same cycle required 1--40 minutes in the decentralized system. Delays in medication delivery were shorter in the decentralized system.", "contents": "Medication delivery time requirements in centralized and decentralized unit dose drug distribution systems. Medication delivery time requirements in centralized and decentralized unit dose drug distribution systems were compared. Four stages in the receipt of medication orders and the delivery of doses were identified, and the time required to perform each stage was recorded by pharmacist observers for seven days in each system. In the centralized system, it required 138--220 minutes to deliver doses after orders were ready to be collected at the nursing station, with the time varying according to order type. The same cycle required 1--40 minutes in the decentralized system. Delays in medication delivery were shorter in the decentralized system.", "PMID": 677142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2855", "title": "Estimation of serum digoxin levels in geriatric patients.", "content": "The correlation in geriatric patients between estimated serum digoxin levels based on pharmacokinetic calculations and serum digoxin levels measured by radioimmunoassay was studied. Serum digoxin levels were estimated for 17 geriatric patients recieving digoxin using the \"total body stores\" concept. A statistically significant correlation between calculated and measured digoxin levels was shown (p less than 0.05, r = 0.51); however, 95% confidence limits were so large (+/- 1.75 ng/ml) that the results were clinically unacceptable. Until data describing specific causes of variance are available and calculations modified to account for specific variations, pharmacokinetic models should not be relied upon for accurate estimates of digoxin levels in geriatric patients.", "contents": "Estimation of serum digoxin levels in geriatric patients. The correlation in geriatric patients between estimated serum digoxin levels based on pharmacokinetic calculations and serum digoxin levels measured by radioimmunoassay was studied. Serum digoxin levels were estimated for 17 geriatric patients recieving digoxin using the \"total body stores\" concept. A statistically significant correlation between calculated and measured digoxin levels was shown (p less than 0.05, r = 0.51); however, 95% confidence limits were so large (+/- 1.75 ng/ml) that the results were clinically unacceptable. Until data describing specific causes of variance are available and calculations modified to account for specific variations, pharmacokinetic models should not be relied upon for accurate estimates of digoxin levels in geriatric patients.", "PMID": 677143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2856", "title": "Interpretation of digoxin blood levels by programmable calculator.", "content": "The usefulness of a computer algorithm, for a hand-held calculator, in the calculation of steady-state blood levels of digoxin was studied. The calculator was programmed using the Wagner-Northam steady-state equation. The program was tested on data obtained from the charts of 14 patients recieving digoxin. Blood levels of digoxin were determined by radioimmunoassay. In nine patients, the calculated values correlated well with measured values. In five patients, calculated values did not correlate with measured values; half-life was underestimated in two patients, a charting error was made with one patient and digoxin disappearance was suggested to be unusual in two patients. This study suggests that a measure of scientific precision in planning and monitoring of drug therapy regimens is possible using a programmable calculator.", "contents": "Interpretation of digoxin blood levels by programmable calculator. The usefulness of a computer algorithm, for a hand-held calculator, in the calculation of steady-state blood levels of digoxin was studied. The calculator was programmed using the Wagner-Northam steady-state equation. The program was tested on data obtained from the charts of 14 patients recieving digoxin. Blood levels of digoxin were determined by radioimmunoassay. In nine patients, the calculated values correlated well with measured values. In five patients, calculated values did not correlate with measured values; half-life was underestimated in two patients, a charting error was made with one patient and digoxin disappearance was suggested to be unusual in two patients. This study suggests that a measure of scientific precision in planning and monitoring of drug therapy regimens is possible using a programmable calculator.", "PMID": 677144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2857", "title": "Using pharmacokinetics in drug therapy III: Estimating dosage regimens and blood levels using the fraction-lost method.", "content": "The \"fraction of drug lost during dosage interval\" method, which yields rapid estimates for drug dosage regimens and blood levels, is described. Estimation of the fraction lost during a dosage interval allows further calculation of dosage regimens and steady-state blood levels. The estimates derived from this method are valid only when the pharmacokinetics of the drug are linear and elimination from the body occurs according to first-order kinetics. Other limitations of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Using pharmacokinetics in drug therapy III: Estimating dosage regimens and blood levels using the fraction-lost method. The \"fraction of drug lost during dosage interval\" method, which yields rapid estimates for drug dosage regimens and blood levels, is described. Estimation of the fraction lost during a dosage interval allows further calculation of dosage regimens and steady-state blood levels. The estimates derived from this method are valid only when the pharmacokinetics of the drug are linear and elimination from the body occurs according to first-order kinetics. Other limitations of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 677145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2858", "title": "Acetaminophen poisoning: a case report of the use of acetylcysteine.", "content": "Acetylcysteine treatment of acetaminophen overdose (24--30 g) in a 31-year-old female is reported. Acetylcysteine was used to prevent acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. An oral loading dose of 7 g of acetylcysteine was followed with oral administraton of 3.6 g every four hours for 17 doses. Liver enzymes were elevated on the fourth day after overdose. Phytonadione was administered on days four through six for elevated prothrombin time ratios. Only mild elevations of liver enzymes still were present on day seven. Previous case reports and studies of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and acetylcysteine therapy are reviewed. The use of acetylcysteine in this case appeared to be beneficial.", "contents": "Acetaminophen poisoning: a case report of the use of acetylcysteine. Acetylcysteine treatment of acetaminophen overdose (24--30 g) in a 31-year-old female is reported. Acetylcysteine was used to prevent acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. An oral loading dose of 7 g of acetylcysteine was followed with oral administraton of 3.6 g every four hours for 17 doses. Liver enzymes were elevated on the fourth day after overdose. Phytonadione was administered on days four through six for elevated prothrombin time ratios. Only mild elevations of liver enzymes still were present on day seven. Previous case reports and studies of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and acetylcysteine therapy are reviewed. The use of acetylcysteine in this case appeared to be beneficial.", "PMID": 677146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2859", "title": "Credentialing in the clinical laboratory sciences.", "content": "There are essentially two types of credentialing. One recognizes the competence of educational programs to prepare personnel and is generally referred to as accreditation. The second recognizes the competence of individuals to deliver services and includes the processes of certification, licensure, and registration.", "contents": "Credentialing in the clinical laboratory sciences. There are essentially two types of credentialing. One recognizes the competence of educational programs to prepare personnel and is generally referred to as accreditation. The second recognizes the competence of individuals to deliver services and includes the processes of certification, licensure, and registration.", "PMID": 677150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2860", "title": "Development of competency-based, career-entry examination for clinical laboratory personnel.", "content": "The process of developing a competency-based credentialing examination for career-entry practitioners is described, including a review of pertinent literature. A modified Delphi technique was used to achieve consensus among a panel of experts with respect to Career-Entry Statements of Competence. Items were written which were referenced specifically to one or more of the statements. The resulting genralist examination for the technologist and technician personnel levels is the first such examination to be reported in the field of clinical laboratory sciences which utilized a formal process involving such large numbers of practicing professionals.", "contents": "Development of competency-based, career-entry examination for clinical laboratory personnel. The process of developing a competency-based credentialing examination for career-entry practitioners is described, including a review of pertinent literature. A modified Delphi technique was used to achieve consensus among a panel of experts with respect to Career-Entry Statements of Competence. Items were written which were referenced specifically to one or more of the statements. The resulting genralist examination for the technologist and technician personnel levels is the first such examination to be reported in the field of clinical laboratory sciences which utilized a formal process involving such large numbers of practicing professionals.", "PMID": 677152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2861", "title": "Laboratory detection of thalassemia.", "content": "The thalassemias are a heterogeneous group of genetically determined disorders of hemoglobin synthesis and can be divided into alpha-thalassemias and beta-thalassemias. The genes for these disorders are carried as relatively harmless traits which can be detected in the laboratory by a series of tests. As there are several variant genes in each group, heterozygotes for two slightly different genes occur, and interaction of these thalassemia genes with the hemoglobinopathies is quite common. Severe clinical disease usually only occurs in homozygotes, as in Cooley's anemia. The problem for the laboratory is to distinguish thalassemia trait from other causes of microcytosis and hypochromia in an economical and efficient way. The various proposed schemes are discussed, and it is suggested that detection of these traits should be part of a comprehensive screening program for hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias.", "contents": "Laboratory detection of thalassemia. The thalassemias are a heterogeneous group of genetically determined disorders of hemoglobin synthesis and can be divided into alpha-thalassemias and beta-thalassemias. The genes for these disorders are carried as relatively harmless traits which can be detected in the laboratory by a series of tests. As there are several variant genes in each group, heterozygotes for two slightly different genes occur, and interaction of these thalassemia genes with the hemoglobinopathies is quite common. Severe clinical disease usually only occurs in homozygotes, as in Cooley's anemia. The problem for the laboratory is to distinguish thalassemia trait from other causes of microcytosis and hypochromia in an economical and efficient way. The various proposed schemes are discussed, and it is suggested that detection of these traits should be part of a comprehensive screening program for hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias.", "PMID": 677157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2862", "title": "The role of the interview in student selection.", "content": "Four types of data are commonly considered in selecting applicants for academic programs: 1) test scores; 2) grade-point averages; 3) personal data; and 4) interview results. Limitations and advantages of using interview data in the selection decision are discussed. Fifteen suggestions are offered for improving the validity and reliability of interview data. Strategies for data collection and analysis are suggested for validation studies of selection interviews.", "contents": "The role of the interview in student selection. Four types of data are commonly considered in selecting applicants for academic programs: 1) test scores; 2) grade-point averages; 3) personal data; and 4) interview results. Limitations and advantages of using interview data in the selection decision are discussed. Fifteen suggestions are offered for improving the validity and reliability of interview data. Strategies for data collection and analysis are suggested for validation studies of selection interviews.", "PMID": 677158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2863", "title": "Michaelis-Menten constant of serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) in heart and liver diseases.", "content": "The activity and the Km (Michaelis-Menten constant) of serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) were investigated in normal subjects, in patients with recent myocardial infarction, and in patients with infectious hepatitis. AST activity was elevated in both groups of patients. While the Km value of serum AST was not affected in myocardial infarction, it was increased in infectious hepatitis when the total serum bilirubin was higher than 13 mg/dl. Thus, while an investigation of activity of AST in serum did not help in differential diagnosis of heart and liver diseases, determination of Km value was helpful in the diagnosis of infectious hepatitis.", "contents": "Michaelis-Menten constant of serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) in heart and liver diseases. The activity and the Km (Michaelis-Menten constant) of serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) were investigated in normal subjects, in patients with recent myocardial infarction, and in patients with infectious hepatitis. AST activity was elevated in both groups of patients. While the Km value of serum AST was not affected in myocardial infarction, it was increased in infectious hepatitis when the total serum bilirubin was higher than 13 mg/dl. Thus, while an investigation of activity of AST in serum did not help in differential diagnosis of heart and liver diseases, determination of Km value was helpful in the diagnosis of infectious hepatitis.", "PMID": 677161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2864", "title": "Task analysis of medical technology administration and supervision.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to develop a hierarchical set of administrative and supervisory competencies that a medical technology student should acquire before graduation from a medical technology program. The information that formed the basis for this research project was derived from responses to the Clinical Laboratory Supervision Survey completed by medical technologists, laboratory supervisors, administrative technologists, and education coordinators who are members of the American Society for Medical Technology. This paper presents the competencies that were identified as desirable from this task analysis study.", "contents": "Task analysis of medical technology administration and supervision. The purpose of this study was to develop a hierarchical set of administrative and supervisory competencies that a medical technology student should acquire before graduation from a medical technology program. The information that formed the basis for this research project was derived from responses to the Clinical Laboratory Supervision Survey completed by medical technologists, laboratory supervisors, administrative technologists, and education coordinators who are members of the American Society for Medical Technology. This paper presents the competencies that were identified as desirable from this task analysis study.", "PMID": 677162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2865", "title": "Duplication 2q33 leads to 2q37 due to paternal ins (12;2) translocation.", "content": "An 18 month-old boy with partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 2, based on a paternal balanced translocation, 46,XY,ins (12,2)( q23;q33q37), is described and compared with five previously reported cases. These children have in common a short nose with broad flat bridge and small anteverted nostrils, long upper lip, low-set ears, and minor digital anomalies.", "contents": "Duplication 2q33 leads to 2q37 due to paternal ins (12;2) translocation. An 18 month-old boy with partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 2, based on a paternal balanced translocation, 46,XY,ins (12,2)( q23;q33q37), is described and compared with five previously reported cases. These children have in common a short nose with broad flat bridge and small anteverted nostrils, long upper lip, low-set ears, and minor digital anomalies.", "PMID": 677166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2866", "title": "An unusual dysplasia-malformation-cancer syndrome in two patients.", "content": "We report two patients with a similar syndrome of gross malformation of a lower limb and contiguous structures due to involvement with dysplastic, teratomatous tissue. This dysplasia seems to have arisen in a paramedian position in the embryonic hindquarter at the time of lower limb-bud differentiation. Malignant degeneration at 5--7 months led to metastases and death in both cases around 1 year of age. The behavior of the dysplastic/oncoplastic tissue suggests a 2-\"mutational\" causal model. This is an apparently previously undescribed formal genesis syndrome.", "contents": "An unusual dysplasia-malformation-cancer syndrome in two patients. We report two patients with a similar syndrome of gross malformation of a lower limb and contiguous structures due to involvement with dysplastic, teratomatous tissue. This dysplasia seems to have arisen in a paramedian position in the embryonic hindquarter at the time of lower limb-bud differentiation. Malignant degeneration at 5--7 months led to metastases and death in both cases around 1 year of age. The behavior of the dysplastic/oncoplastic tissue suggests a 2-\"mutational\" causal model. This is an apparently previously undescribed formal genesis syndrome.", "PMID": 677167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2867", "title": "Severe mental retardation, cataracts, short stature, and primary hypogonadism in two brothers.", "content": "Two severely mentally retarded brothers are described who had a similar facial appearance, cataracts, short stature, minor digital abnormalities, and primary hypogonadism. Their parents were first cousins. Numerous laboratory investigations failed to elucidate a basic metabolic cause for their disorder.", "contents": "Severe mental retardation, cataracts, short stature, and primary hypogonadism in two brothers. Two severely mentally retarded brothers are described who had a similar facial appearance, cataracts, short stature, minor digital abnormalities, and primary hypogonadism. Their parents were first cousins. Numerous laboratory investigations failed to elucidate a basic metabolic cause for their disorder.", "PMID": 677168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2868", "title": "Minor chromosome variants in child psychiatric patients.", "content": "The frequency of minor chromosome variants, as detected by conventional chromosome analysis, was examined among 1,289 child psychiatric patients, of whom one-fourth had only behavioral problems and three-fourths had congenital abnormalities and more severe mental disorders. There was no more than random association between prominent satellites, prominent secondary constrictions or a long Y chromosome, and congenital abnormalities or more severe mental disorders. The frequencies of these chromosome variants were affected by race as has been shown in previous studies. These findings do not support the evidence for a developmental effect of minor variants in man.", "contents": "Minor chromosome variants in child psychiatric patients. The frequency of minor chromosome variants, as detected by conventional chromosome analysis, was examined among 1,289 child psychiatric patients, of whom one-fourth had only behavioral problems and three-fourths had congenital abnormalities and more severe mental disorders. There was no more than random association between prominent satellites, prominent secondary constrictions or a long Y chromosome, and congenital abnormalities or more severe mental disorders. The frequencies of these chromosome variants were affected by race as has been shown in previous studies. These findings do not support the evidence for a developmental effect of minor variants in man.", "PMID": 677169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2869", "title": "X-inactivation pattern in three cases of X/autosome translocation.", "content": "We describe an X/15 translocation which was balanced in a phenotypically normal mother [46,X,t(X;15)(p22;q15)] and unbalanced in her phenotypically abnormal daughter [46,X,der(X),t(X;15)(p22;q15)mat]. A third case involves a balanced X/21 translocation in a girl with a multiple congenital anomaly-retardation syndrome [46,X,t(X;21)(p11;p11?)]. 5-BrdU acridine orange banding on lymphocytes revealed late replication of the normal X chromosome in the mother and of the normal or abnormal X chromosome in the two other cases. Our findings are only partially consistent with previous observations. All X-inactivation patterns can be explained by random inactivation and subsequent selection against specific cell lines. Furthermore, the findings in our patient with X/21 translocation support the hypothesis of the existence of one inactivation center on Xq.", "contents": "X-inactivation pattern in three cases of X/autosome translocation. We describe an X/15 translocation which was balanced in a phenotypically normal mother [46,X,t(X;15)(p22;q15)] and unbalanced in her phenotypically abnormal daughter [46,X,der(X),t(X;15)(p22;q15)mat]. A third case involves a balanced X/21 translocation in a girl with a multiple congenital anomaly-retardation syndrome [46,X,t(X;21)(p11;p11?)]. 5-BrdU acridine orange banding on lymphocytes revealed late replication of the normal X chromosome in the mother and of the normal or abnormal X chromosome in the two other cases. Our findings are only partially consistent with previous observations. All X-inactivation patterns can be explained by random inactivation and subsequent selection against specific cell lines. Furthermore, the findings in our patient with X/21 translocation support the hypothesis of the existence of one inactivation center on Xq.", "PMID": 677170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2870", "title": "Autosomal dominant inheritance of annular pancreas.", "content": "This report describes a family with apparent autosomal dominant transmission of congenital annular pancreas. Four individuals in two generations were affected; all developed duodenal obstruction. The implications for genetic counseling are discussed.", "contents": "Autosomal dominant inheritance of annular pancreas. This report describes a family with apparent autosomal dominant transmission of congenital annular pancreas. Four individuals in two generations were affected; all developed duodenal obstruction. The implications for genetic counseling are discussed.", "PMID": 677171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2871", "title": "National crisis in mental retardation research.", "content": "The incidence of mental retardation will be significantly reduced only when we have a greater understanding of the nonorganic form of mental retardation, the type that afflicts approximately 75 percent of persons labeled mentally retarded. Such an understanding requires an interdisciplinary research effort that includes a major contribution from the behavior sciences. The current level of support of mental retardation and behavior science research by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development limits the nation's capability of achieving the goals of preventing and ameliorating mental retardation.", "contents": "National crisis in mental retardation research. The incidence of mental retardation will be significantly reduced only when we have a greater understanding of the nonorganic form of mental retardation, the type that afflicts approximately 75 percent of persons labeled mentally retarded. Such an understanding requires an interdisciplinary research effort that includes a major contribution from the behavior sciences. The current level of support of mental retardation and behavior science research by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development limits the nation's capability of achieving the goals of preventing and ameliorating mental retardation.", "PMID": 677175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2872", "title": "Taking the role of retarded children: effects of familiarity and similarity.", "content": "As a first step in improving social relations between nonhandicapped and retarded children, this study was designed to investigate children's ability to take a retarded child's role and the effects of two variables on this ability: (a) familiarity with the characteristics of retarded children and (b) similarity of experiences to those of retarded youngsters. Findings were interpreted as indicating that children's ability to take the perspective of retarded children may be a productive area for further research.", "contents": "Taking the role of retarded children: effects of familiarity and similarity. As a first step in improving social relations between nonhandicapped and retarded children, this study was designed to investigate children's ability to take a retarded child's role and the effects of two variables on this ability: (a) familiarity with the characteristics of retarded children and (b) similarity of experiences to those of retarded youngsters. Findings were interpreted as indicating that children's ability to take the perspective of retarded children may be a productive area for further research.", "PMID": 677176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2873", "title": "Social interactions and communication patterns in mentally retarded children.", "content": "An observational approach and videorecordings were used to investigate a group of four mentally retarded kindergarten children with minimal language development. Results showed that when a facilitator (teacher) was present, there were more social interactions and vocalizations, but there was no significant increase in meaningful verbal content. Nonverbal communication rose sharply in the presence of the facilitator. The findings indicate that an observational analysis of patterns of interaction is useful in planning intervention programs in the area of social and communication development.", "contents": "Social interactions and communication patterns in mentally retarded children. An observational approach and videorecordings were used to investigate a group of four mentally retarded kindergarten children with minimal language development. Results showed that when a facilitator (teacher) was present, there were more social interactions and vocalizations, but there was no significant increase in meaningful verbal content. Nonverbal communication rose sharply in the presence of the facilitator. The findings indicate that an observational analysis of patterns of interaction is useful in planning intervention programs in the area of social and communication development.", "PMID": 677178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2874", "title": "Porteus Maze Test performance of retarded young adults and nonretarded children.", "content": "Performances of retarded young adults on the Porteus Maze Test were compared with those of first- through fourth-grade nonretarded children. The retarded subjects, approximately matched on MA with the fourth-grade group, performed at the level of the first graders and were reliably poorer than the third and fourth graders. This MA lag of at least 2 years is consistent with the MA lag previously found on strategic games and puzzles. The retarded and first-grade groups spent more time completing mazes than did the other groups.", "contents": "Porteus Maze Test performance of retarded young adults and nonretarded children. Performances of retarded young adults on the Porteus Maze Test were compared with those of first- through fourth-grade nonretarded children. The retarded subjects, approximately matched on MA with the fourth-grade group, performed at the level of the first graders and were reliably poorer than the third and fourth graders. This MA lag of at least 2 years is consistent with the MA lag previously found on strategic games and puzzles. The retarded and first-grade groups spent more time completing mazes than did the other groups.", "PMID": 677177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2875", "title": "Comparability of naturalistic and controlled observation assessment of adaptive behavior.", "content": "The comparability of retrospective naturalistic and controlled observation assessment of adaptive behavior was evaluated. The number, degree, and direction of discrepancies were evaluated with respect to level of retardation of the client, rater differences, behavior domain sampled, and prior observational base for the ratings. Generally poor comparability between the procedures was found and questions were raised concerning the types of generalizability that can be made from adaptive behavior assessment obtained under the two procedures.", "contents": "Comparability of naturalistic and controlled observation assessment of adaptive behavior. The comparability of retrospective naturalistic and controlled observation assessment of adaptive behavior was evaluated. The number, degree, and direction of discrepancies were evaluated with respect to level of retardation of the client, rater differences, behavior domain sampled, and prior observational base for the ratings. Generally poor comparability between the procedures was found and questions were raised concerning the types of generalizability that can be made from adaptive behavior assessment obtained under the two procedures.", "PMID": 677179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2876", "title": "Stability of direct and transfer effects of number-conservation training with mentally retarded adults.", "content": "Twenty nonconserving retarded adults were assigned to equated training and control groups (n = 10 in each group). Training-group subjects were given multiple-strategy training for number conservation consisting of: demonstrating effects of addition-subtraction; negation of addition-subtraction by inverse operations; and addition-subtraction combined with perceptually induced cognitive conflict, reversibility, and verbal-rule instruction. Analyses of variance and critical difference multiple comparisons showed significant direct-training effects immediately after training and after 8 monhts. Significant short-term transfer was obtained on other types of conservation (discontinuous quantity, substance, liquid quantity, length, and weight), but long-term transfer was much weaker and less consistent. Transfer resulted primarily from gains in correct conservation judgements, with a majority of trained subjects failing to give any acceptable conservation explanations.", "contents": "Stability of direct and transfer effects of number-conservation training with mentally retarded adults. Twenty nonconserving retarded adults were assigned to equated training and control groups (n = 10 in each group). Training-group subjects were given multiple-strategy training for number conservation consisting of: demonstrating effects of addition-subtraction; negation of addition-subtraction by inverse operations; and addition-subtraction combined with perceptually induced cognitive conflict, reversibility, and verbal-rule instruction. Analyses of variance and critical difference multiple comparisons showed significant direct-training effects immediately after training and after 8 monhts. Significant short-term transfer was obtained on other types of conservation (discontinuous quantity, substance, liquid quantity, length, and weight), but long-term transfer was much weaker and less consistent. Transfer resulted primarily from gains in correct conservation judgements, with a majority of trained subjects failing to give any acceptable conservation explanations.", "PMID": 677180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2877", "title": "Effects of clustering instructions and category size on free recall of nonretarded and retarded children.", "content": "The effects of category size and instructions to cluster on the free-recall learning of 112 nonretarded and retarded children were assessed. Simultaneously presented lists of 12 pictures composed of 2, 3, or 6 categories were shown for three study-test trials. Instructions to cluster significantly increased recall and cluster scores on a new list for both nonretarded and retarded children. The category-size effect was weak, although it was related to the magnitude of the correlations between organization and recall scores.", "contents": "Effects of clustering instructions and category size on free recall of nonretarded and retarded children. The effects of category size and instructions to cluster on the free-recall learning of 112 nonretarded and retarded children were assessed. Simultaneously presented lists of 12 pictures composed of 2, 3, or 6 categories were shown for three study-test trials. Instructions to cluster significantly increased recall and cluster scores on a new list for both nonretarded and retarded children. The category-size effect was weak, although it was related to the magnitude of the correlations between organization and recall scores.", "PMID": 677181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2878", "title": "Prediction of retarded adults' work performance through components of general ability.", "content": "A factor analysis was performed on a set of variables used to predict work performance, or industrial rate, for 127 mentally retarded adults. The results indicated that there is a general ability factor that can be partitioned into three components: cognitive, visual-motor, and work sample/sorting abilities. The latter two components were more closely related to industrial rate than was the former. Variables included subject characteristics, standardized tests, ratings, and work samples. As a group, the work samples were the best predictors of industrial rate; the subject characteristics were the poorest.", "contents": "Prediction of retarded adults' work performance through components of general ability. A factor analysis was performed on a set of variables used to predict work performance, or industrial rate, for 127 mentally retarded adults. The results indicated that there is a general ability factor that can be partitioned into three components: cognitive, visual-motor, and work sample/sorting abilities. The latter two components were more closely related to industrial rate than was the former. Variables included subject characteristics, standardized tests, ratings, and work samples. As a group, the work samples were the best predictors of industrial rate; the subject characteristics were the poorest.", "PMID": 677182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2879", "title": "Attention to compounds by retarded adults.", "content": "Severely retarded adults were presented with a matching task in which each of the alternatives to the stimulus that was identical to the target stimulus differed from it on one dimension only. Matching performance was found to be good both when the target stimulus had two relevant dimensions and when it had three relevant dimensions. The findings were consistent with those of Tighe and Tighe (1972) and other (Cole, 1973; Tighe, 1973) that the salience of compounds is higher than that of components for persons of lower developmental level.", "contents": "Attention to compounds by retarded adults. Severely retarded adults were presented with a matching task in which each of the alternatives to the stimulus that was identical to the target stimulus differed from it on one dimension only. Matching performance was found to be good both when the target stimulus had two relevant dimensions and when it had three relevant dimensions. The findings were consistent with those of Tighe and Tighe (1972) and other (Cole, 1973; Tighe, 1973) that the salience of compounds is higher than that of components for persons of lower developmental level.", "PMID": 677183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2880", "title": "Comparison of the performance of first-grade and mentally retarded students on the Peabody Mathematics Readiness Test.", "content": "The Peabody Mathematics Readiness Test was developed to assess mathematics readiness and identify children who would encounter difficulty in first-grade mathematics. In the present study, we compared performances of mentally retarded subjects and first-grade subjects on this test. Retarded subjects' mean scores were significantly lower than those of the nonretarded subjects on the drawing test; however, there were no significant differences between the mean scores of the groups on the other five subscales.", "contents": "Comparison of the performance of first-grade and mentally retarded students on the Peabody Mathematics Readiness Test. The Peabody Mathematics Readiness Test was developed to assess mathematics readiness and identify children who would encounter difficulty in first-grade mathematics. In the present study, we compared performances of mentally retarded subjects and first-grade subjects on this test. Retarded subjects' mean scores were significantly lower than those of the nonretarded subjects on the drawing test; however, there were no significant differences between the mean scores of the groups on the other five subscales.", "PMID": 677184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2881", "title": "Self-regulation in retarded persons: acquisition of standards for performance.", "content": "Twenty-four TMR children (mean IQ = 40.1, mean MA = 46.4 months) were divided into three groups equated by stratified assignment on IQ, MA, and CA. One group was then randomly assigned to each treatment condition: (a) Training 1 (live/film), (b) Training 2 (film/live), and (c) control. In the first phase of the study, both training groups watched five clown models set their standard at 6 on a bowling game. Subsequent standards set by the training and control groups indicated that these retarded children did base their standards on the models' standards (i.e., social referent). A training program including both live and filmed demonstrations was developed in order to teach the children a concept (i.e., \"between\") that would allow them to set their standards based on their own past performance. We found that both training groups acquired, retained, and generalized the concept as evidenced by the standards they set.", "contents": "Self-regulation in retarded persons: acquisition of standards for performance. Twenty-four TMR children (mean IQ = 40.1, mean MA = 46.4 months) were divided into three groups equated by stratified assignment on IQ, MA, and CA. One group was then randomly assigned to each treatment condition: (a) Training 1 (live/film), (b) Training 2 (film/live), and (c) control. In the first phase of the study, both training groups watched five clown models set their standard at 6 on a bowling game. Subsequent standards set by the training and control groups indicated that these retarded children did base their standards on the models' standards (i.e., social referent). A training program including both live and filmed demonstrations was developed in order to teach the children a concept (i.e., \"between\") that would allow them to set their standards based on their own past performance. We found that both training groups acquired, retained, and generalized the concept as evidenced by the standards they set.", "PMID": 677185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2882", "title": "Perceptual and intellectual factors affecting number concept development in retarded and nonretarded children.", "content": "The role of MA and visual-perceptual ability in number concept development was examined with nonretarded and retarded children from regular school settings. Both groups were matched on MA and divided into high and low perceptual-ability levels. Using the Dodwell Number Concept Test, we tested each subject on various Piagetian tasks. Although retarded and nonretarded groups differed in IQ and CA, equivalence in MA resulted in equivalent number concept performance. For both groups, regardless of variation in IQ and CA, perceptual ability exerted a significant influence on number concept, with high perceptual ability resulting in superior number concept performance.", "contents": "Perceptual and intellectual factors affecting number concept development in retarded and nonretarded children. The role of MA and visual-perceptual ability in number concept development was examined with nonretarded and retarded children from regular school settings. Both groups were matched on MA and divided into high and low perceptual-ability levels. Using the Dodwell Number Concept Test, we tested each subject on various Piagetian tasks. Although retarded and nonretarded groups differed in IQ and CA, equivalence in MA resulted in equivalent number concept performance. For both groups, regardless of variation in IQ and CA, perceptual ability exerted a significant influence on number concept, with high perceptual ability resulting in superior number concept performance.", "PMID": 677186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2883", "title": "Screening for fetal and neonatal risk in the postdate pregnancy.", "content": "One hundred four postdate pregnancies were managed according to a well-defined protocol calling for weekly oxytocin challenge tests and urinary estriols three times per week. Although the perinatal mortality rate in these patients was not increased there was a significant increase in the incidence of neonatal morbidity and complications. The clinical syndrome of dysmaturity was seen in 20 per cent of the neonates. When meconium was present in the amniotic fluid the incidence of neonatal and fetal complications was higher. The cesarean section rate was twice the normal rate, with nonprogression of labor being the commonest indication. It is recommended that: (1) pregnancies carried beyond 42 weeks do not require termination simply because they are post dates; (2) all postdate patients should be monitored during labor; (3) trained personnel to initiate neonatal resuscitation should be present at each postdate delivery.", "contents": "Screening for fetal and neonatal risk in the postdate pregnancy. One hundred four postdate pregnancies were managed according to a well-defined protocol calling for weekly oxytocin challenge tests and urinary estriols three times per week. Although the perinatal mortality rate in these patients was not increased there was a significant increase in the incidence of neonatal morbidity and complications. The clinical syndrome of dysmaturity was seen in 20 per cent of the neonates. When meconium was present in the amniotic fluid the incidence of neonatal and fetal complications was higher. The cesarean section rate was twice the normal rate, with nonprogression of labor being the commonest indication. It is recommended that: (1) pregnancies carried beyond 42 weeks do not require termination simply because they are post dates; (2) all postdate patients should be monitored during labor; (3) trained personnel to initiate neonatal resuscitation should be present at each postdate delivery.", "PMID": 677187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2884", "title": "Pregnancy in the massively obese: course, outcome, and obesity prognosis of the infant.", "content": "The obstetric performance and pregnancy outcome in 208 massively obese patients who were delivered over an eight-year period were compared with those of nonobese control subjects. The incidence of obesity in their infants was also compared. No significant increase in the incidence of urinary tract infection, diabetes, breech presentation, cesarean section, forceps delivery, or maternal and infant morbidity was noted in the obese women. Significantly increased incidences of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (p less than 0.01), gestational diabetes (p less than 0.01), inadequate weight gain (p less than 0.001), and wound or episiotomy infection (p less than 0.05) were observed in the study group. The mean birth weight of the infants of obese women was 209 grams greater than that of the control subjects. A significantly increased number of the obese patients were delivered of excessive-sized infants. Despite this, the incidence of obesity in infants of obese women was not significantly increased at birth or six months of age. By 12 months of age, however, these infants were significantly more obese than the control infants.", "contents": "Pregnancy in the massively obese: course, outcome, and obesity prognosis of the infant. The obstetric performance and pregnancy outcome in 208 massively obese patients who were delivered over an eight-year period were compared with those of nonobese control subjects. The incidence of obesity in their infants was also compared. No significant increase in the incidence of urinary tract infection, diabetes, breech presentation, cesarean section, forceps delivery, or maternal and infant morbidity was noted in the obese women. Significantly increased incidences of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (p less than 0.01), gestational diabetes (p less than 0.01), inadequate weight gain (p less than 0.001), and wound or episiotomy infection (p less than 0.05) were observed in the study group. The mean birth weight of the infants of obese women was 209 grams greater than that of the control subjects. A significantly increased number of the obese patients were delivered of excessive-sized infants. Despite this, the incidence of obesity in infants of obese women was not significantly increased at birth or six months of age. By 12 months of age, however, these infants were significantly more obese than the control infants.", "PMID": 677188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2885", "title": "Plasma prostaglandin metabolites in human labor.", "content": "To elucidate the role of prostaglandins in initiating uterine contractions we studied the concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 (PGE2-M) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha (PGF2alpha-M) in peripheral plasma of pregnant patients. The concentrations of PGE2-M and PGF2alpha-M in pregnant patients at term not in labor were not significantly different from those at midpregnancy. Induction of labor at term pregnancy caused a significant rise of both PGE2-M and PGF2alpha-M. During spontaneous labor there were no significant minute-to-minute fluctuations of plasma PGE2-M and PGF2alpha-M and their concentrations were not different from those at oxytocin-induced labor. Initiation of uterine contractions and abortion at midpregnancy by the intra-amniotic infusion of hypertonic saline was not associated with any change in PGE2-M concentration and a rise in PGF2alpha-M was noted in only one of five patients. The vaginal administration of PGE2 and the intra-amniotic infusion of PGF2alpha were associated in each case with a significant rise of both prostaglandin metabolites. It is concluded that the rise of prostaglandin metabolites in peripheral plasma is secondary to the initiation of uterine contractions at term pregnancy. Such a rise is not usually observed after the initiation of uterine contractions by hypertonic saline at midpregnancy.", "contents": "Plasma prostaglandin metabolites in human labor. To elucidate the role of prostaglandins in initiating uterine contractions we studied the concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 (PGE2-M) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha (PGF2alpha-M) in peripheral plasma of pregnant patients. The concentrations of PGE2-M and PGF2alpha-M in pregnant patients at term not in labor were not significantly different from those at midpregnancy. Induction of labor at term pregnancy caused a significant rise of both PGE2-M and PGF2alpha-M. During spontaneous labor there were no significant minute-to-minute fluctuations of plasma PGE2-M and PGF2alpha-M and their concentrations were not different from those at oxytocin-induced labor. Initiation of uterine contractions and abortion at midpregnancy by the intra-amniotic infusion of hypertonic saline was not associated with any change in PGE2-M concentration and a rise in PGF2alpha-M was noted in only one of five patients. The vaginal administration of PGE2 and the intra-amniotic infusion of PGF2alpha were associated in each case with a significant rise of both prostaglandin metabolites. It is concluded that the rise of prostaglandin metabolites in peripheral plasma is secondary to the initiation of uterine contractions at term pregnancy. Such a rise is not usually observed after the initiation of uterine contractions by hypertonic saline at midpregnancy.", "PMID": 677189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2886", "title": "Free amino acids in plasma throughout pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma amino acid analyses on 27 amino acids in serial samples from 15 pregnancies in 14 patients are reported. Variations of amino acid levels with gestational age are reported both for absolute amino acid levels and for levels normalized to total amino acids, with a t test used to determine which amino acids vary significantly. The extent to which individual results differ from the means is indicated. Correlation and regression analyses were done for each amino acid vs. every other amino acid and for each amino acid vs. gestational age. Significant differences were found in amino acid results for plasma from an individual in whom pregnancy resulted in spontaneous abortion.", "contents": "Free amino acids in plasma throughout pregnancy. Plasma amino acid analyses on 27 amino acids in serial samples from 15 pregnancies in 14 patients are reported. Variations of amino acid levels with gestational age are reported both for absolute amino acid levels and for levels normalized to total amino acids, with a t test used to determine which amino acids vary significantly. The extent to which individual results differ from the means is indicated. Correlation and regression analyses were done for each amino acid vs. every other amino acid and for each amino acid vs. gestational age. Significant differences were found in amino acid results for plasma from an individual in whom pregnancy resulted in spontaneous abortion.", "PMID": 677190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2887", "title": "Steroid concentrations in human myometrial and placental tissues at week 39 of pregnancy.", "content": "Endogenous levels of P, E1, and E2 were determined by radioimmunoassay in human myometrium and placenta at week 39 of pregnancy. In the myometrium, P and estrogens were higher in the inner layer near the placenta than in other zones. Higher E2/P ratios were found in placental sites. A large difference in the E2/P ratios was observed between placenta and corresponding adjacent myometrial area, indicating an easier diffusion of E2 from the site of its production.", "contents": "Steroid concentrations in human myometrial and placental tissues at week 39 of pregnancy. Endogenous levels of P, E1, and E2 were determined by radioimmunoassay in human myometrium and placenta at week 39 of pregnancy. In the myometrium, P and estrogens were higher in the inner layer near the placenta than in other zones. Higher E2/P ratios were found in placental sites. A large difference in the E2/P ratios was observed between placenta and corresponding adjacent myometrial area, indicating an easier diffusion of E2 from the site of its production.", "PMID": 677191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2888", "title": "The relationship between premature rupture of the membranes and the respiratory distress syndrome. An update and plan of management.", "content": "The records of 340 infants of 36 weeks' gestational age or less were reviewed to study the relationship between premature rupture of the membranes (PRM) and the development of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Twins and infants of diabetic mothers were excluded from the data analysis. PRM of 16 hours or more was associated with statistically significant reduction in the incidence of RDS in infants of 31 weeks' gestational age and older. The association between PRM in excess of 16 hours and survival, however, was only statistically significant for infants of 33 weeks' gestational age and older. The implications of these results and a proposed plan of management for premature infants with PRM are discussed.", "contents": "The relationship between premature rupture of the membranes and the respiratory distress syndrome. An update and plan of management. The records of 340 infants of 36 weeks' gestational age or less were reviewed to study the relationship between premature rupture of the membranes (PRM) and the development of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Twins and infants of diabetic mothers were excluded from the data analysis. PRM of 16 hours or more was associated with statistically significant reduction in the incidence of RDS in infants of 31 weeks' gestational age and older. The association between PRM in excess of 16 hours and survival, however, was only statistically significant for infants of 33 weeks' gestational age and older. The implications of these results and a proposed plan of management for premature infants with PRM are discussed.", "PMID": 677192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2889", "title": "Meconium passage: a new classification for risk assessment during labor.", "content": "The significance of MSAL as a sign of fetal distress is controversial. To better assess this condition, we present a classification of MSAL based on the timing and quantity of meconium passed and divided into early light, early heavy, and late passage of MSAL. By means of this classification with a problem-oriented risk assessment system, 2,933 pregnancies were prospectively evaluated during labor. The incidence of meconium passage was 22 per cent, of which early light constituted 53.6 per cent, early heavy 25.2 per cent, and late passage 21.2 per cent. Early heavy MSAL is associated with increased fetal and neonatal morbidity and death, and with a number of antecedent obstetric problems. Late passage of MSAL encountered no perinatal losses, but is associated with increased neonatal morbidity occurring late in labor. Early light MSAL, constituting over half of all our meconium group of patients, is not associated with any increased intrapartum or neonatal morbidity or death. This classification of MSAL is an effective tool for risk assessment during labor.", "contents": "Meconium passage: a new classification for risk assessment during labor. The significance of MSAL as a sign of fetal distress is controversial. To better assess this condition, we present a classification of MSAL based on the timing and quantity of meconium passed and divided into early light, early heavy, and late passage of MSAL. By means of this classification with a problem-oriented risk assessment system, 2,933 pregnancies were prospectively evaluated during labor. The incidence of meconium passage was 22 per cent, of which early light constituted 53.6 per cent, early heavy 25.2 per cent, and late passage 21.2 per cent. Early heavy MSAL is associated with increased fetal and neonatal morbidity and death, and with a number of antecedent obstetric problems. Late passage of MSAL encountered no perinatal losses, but is associated with increased neonatal morbidity occurring late in labor. Early light MSAL, constituting over half of all our meconium group of patients, is not associated with any increased intrapartum or neonatal morbidity or death. This classification of MSAL is an effective tool for risk assessment during labor.", "PMID": 677193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2890", "title": "The effect of fetal age, birth weight, and sex on cord blood immunoglobulin values.", "content": "In order to determine the role played by fetal \"factors\" in fetal immunoglobulin levels, cord blood samples from 176 normal infants were analyzed for the relationship between immunoglobulin concentration and the gestational age, birth weight, and the sex of the fetus. Cord blood IgM and IgG both increased with gestational age until term, while IgA, its subclasses IgA, and IgA2, and IgD were unaffected by gestational age. IgM and IgG were higher in fetuses weighing 2,000 grams or more, while IgA, IgA, and IgA2 were not influenced by birth weight. Cord blood immunoglobulin values were the same in male and female infants. The interrelationship between cord blood immunoglobulin class and subclass concentrations was examined in two ways: (1) The correlation coefficient r for paired samples was calculated between immunoglobulin concentrations in individual cord sera. (2) Student's test for the mean was used to compare subgroups of the entire sample populations, divided into high, intermediate, and low immunoglobulin values. IgM and IgG, and IgM and IgD were correlated. The data obtained indicate the need to consider the gestational age and birth weight of a neonate in the use of cord blood immunoglobulin values to evaluate the possibility of fetal infection.", "contents": "The effect of fetal age, birth weight, and sex on cord blood immunoglobulin values. In order to determine the role played by fetal \"factors\" in fetal immunoglobulin levels, cord blood samples from 176 normal infants were analyzed for the relationship between immunoglobulin concentration and the gestational age, birth weight, and the sex of the fetus. Cord blood IgM and IgG both increased with gestational age until term, while IgA, its subclasses IgA, and IgA2, and IgD were unaffected by gestational age. IgM and IgG were higher in fetuses weighing 2,000 grams or more, while IgA, IgA, and IgA2 were not influenced by birth weight. Cord blood immunoglobulin values were the same in male and female infants. The interrelationship between cord blood immunoglobulin class and subclass concentrations was examined in two ways: (1) The correlation coefficient r for paired samples was calculated between immunoglobulin concentrations in individual cord sera. (2) Student's test for the mean was used to compare subgroups of the entire sample populations, divided into high, intermediate, and low immunoglobulin values. IgM and IgG, and IgM and IgD were correlated. The data obtained indicate the need to consider the gestational age and birth weight of a neonate in the use of cord blood immunoglobulin values to evaluate the possibility of fetal infection.", "PMID": 677194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2891", "title": "An assessment of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in labor. A randomized trial.", "content": "Intrapartum continuous fetal heart rate monitoring has been routinely performed at the Jessop Hospital for Women for some years. However, no controlled trials had ever been performed to show its advantages over intermittent auscultation in low-risk patients. A prospective randomized study of 504 patients compared continuous fetal heart rate monitoring with intermittent auscultation. There was no significant difference between the two groups in neonatal deaths, Apgar scores, maternal and neonatal morbidity, and cord blood gases. The cesarean section rate was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in the monitored patients but this did not seem attributable to fetal monitoring. No beneficial or deleterious effects of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in labor were shown.", "contents": "An assessment of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in labor. A randomized trial. Intrapartum continuous fetal heart rate monitoring has been routinely performed at the Jessop Hospital for Women for some years. However, no controlled trials had ever been performed to show its advantages over intermittent auscultation in low-risk patients. A prospective randomized study of 504 patients compared continuous fetal heart rate monitoring with intermittent auscultation. There was no significant difference between the two groups in neonatal deaths, Apgar scores, maternal and neonatal morbidity, and cord blood gases. The cesarean section rate was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in the monitored patients but this did not seem attributable to fetal monitoring. No beneficial or deleterious effects of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in labor were shown.", "PMID": 677195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2892", "title": "Diagnostic and therapeutic hysteroscopy for traumatic intrauterine adhesions.", "content": "During diagnostic hysteroscopy, I found intrauterine adhesions in 192 patients; central adhesions appeared as a bridgelike tissue connecting the anterior and posterior walls of the uterus, and marginal adhesions appeared as a partial ledgelike tissue projected from a part of the uterine side wall. All of the central adhesions and most of the marginal adhesions were removed by pushing with the tip of the outer sleeve of the hysteroscope under visual control. Moreover, hysteroscopy made rough estimates of the histology of the adhesions from the surface appearance of the adhesions before removal, the force needed for separation, and the appearance of the stumps of adhesions removed. The effects of adhesionolysis were evaluated by recovery of endometrial function, that is, increase of menstrual blood flow and achievement of a viable pregnancy. Among the 192 patients, 143 recovered previous menstrual flow, the others remained hypomenorrheic. In 79 pregnant patients, 45 were delivered of viable infants. Improvement of endometrial malfunction in advanced cases of intrauterine adhesions is a problem awaiting a solution.", "contents": "Diagnostic and therapeutic hysteroscopy for traumatic intrauterine adhesions. During diagnostic hysteroscopy, I found intrauterine adhesions in 192 patients; central adhesions appeared as a bridgelike tissue connecting the anterior and posterior walls of the uterus, and marginal adhesions appeared as a partial ledgelike tissue projected from a part of the uterine side wall. All of the central adhesions and most of the marginal adhesions were removed by pushing with the tip of the outer sleeve of the hysteroscope under visual control. Moreover, hysteroscopy made rough estimates of the histology of the adhesions from the surface appearance of the adhesions before removal, the force needed for separation, and the appearance of the stumps of adhesions removed. The effects of adhesionolysis were evaluated by recovery of endometrial function, that is, increase of menstrual blood flow and achievement of a viable pregnancy. Among the 192 patients, 143 recovered previous menstrual flow, the others remained hypomenorrheic. In 79 pregnant patients, 45 were delivered of viable infants. Improvement of endometrial malfunction in advanced cases of intrauterine adhesions is a problem awaiting a solution.", "PMID": 677196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2893", "title": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in erythrocytes of pregnant women.", "content": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is the enzyme that converts catechols, e.g., catecholamines and catechol estrogens, to their methyl ethers. COMT activity measured in erythrocytes (RBC's) of healthy men (No. = 47) and healthy nonpregnant women (No. = 53) was 8.2 +4- 0.17 nmoles X ml.-1 (mean and standard error). The COMT activity in RBC's of healthy pregnant women (No. = 100) was 10.7 +/- 0.29 nmoles X ml.-1 RBC X hr.-1, a value which is significantly higher than that found in RBC's of men and nonpregnant women (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in erythrocytes of pregnant women. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is the enzyme that converts catechols, e.g., catecholamines and catechol estrogens, to their methyl ethers. COMT activity measured in erythrocytes (RBC's) of healthy men (No. = 47) and healthy nonpregnant women (No. = 53) was 8.2 +4- 0.17 nmoles X ml.-1 (mean and standard error). The COMT activity in RBC's of healthy pregnant women (No. = 100) was 10.7 +/- 0.29 nmoles X ml.-1 RBC X hr.-1, a value which is significantly higher than that found in RBC's of men and nonpregnant women (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 677197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2894", "title": "The essential iris atrophies.", "content": "We studied 82 cases of essential iris atrophy. The findings support some traditional concepts of this complex spectrum of disorders, but conflict with others. Corneal abnormality appeared early and may be the primary disorder. A corneal endothelial disturbance was present in 55% of cases and corneal edema was present in 50%. Peripheral anterior synechiae occurred in all but one of the cases studied by gonioscopy. The pupil was distorted in 71% of the cases and was usually pulled in the direction of the most prominent synechia. The iris was stretched with stromal atrophy in 71%. Iris holes occurred in 33%. The degree of corneal and iris changes occurred as a spectrum of disorders. The prognosis for most patients with essential iris atrophy is slow progression with eventual involvement of vision because of corneal edema, secondary glaucoma, or both. Treatment of increased IOP was required in 77% of our cases, and 44% required surgical intervention.", "contents": "The essential iris atrophies. We studied 82 cases of essential iris atrophy. The findings support some traditional concepts of this complex spectrum of disorders, but conflict with others. Corneal abnormality appeared early and may be the primary disorder. A corneal endothelial disturbance was present in 55% of cases and corneal edema was present in 50%. Peripheral anterior synechiae occurred in all but one of the cases studied by gonioscopy. The pupil was distorted in 71% of the cases and was usually pulled in the direction of the most prominent synechia. The iris was stretched with stromal atrophy in 71%. Iris holes occurred in 33%. The degree of corneal and iris changes occurred as a spectrum of disorders. The prognosis for most patients with essential iris atrophy is slow progression with eventual involvement of vision because of corneal edema, secondary glaucoma, or both. Treatment of increased IOP was required in 77% of our cases, and 44% required surgical intervention.", "PMID": 677202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2895", "title": "Pulsating metastatic tumor of the orbit.", "content": "A 47-year-old white man in apparent good health had diplopia and swelling of the right upper eyelid. Ocular examination showed proptosis of the right eye, together with a large, pulsatile, collapsible mass simulating a vascular neoplasm and involving the right temple as well as the right upper outer quadrant of the orbit. Biopsy of the orbital tumor disclosed a clear-cell carcinoma compatible with a renal primary tumor; subsequent laboratory examination revealed the offending tumor in the left kidney. Renal carcinomas may metastasize to the globe or to the orbit before the primary tumor is recognized. Pulsatile exophthalmos acquired in middle life associated with significant bone destruction represents a constellation of findings most consistent with a metastatic tumor, probably renal carcinoma, caused by the exceedingly rich vascularization of these metastatic deposits.", "contents": "Pulsating metastatic tumor of the orbit. A 47-year-old white man in apparent good health had diplopia and swelling of the right upper eyelid. Ocular examination showed proptosis of the right eye, together with a large, pulsatile, collapsible mass simulating a vascular neoplasm and involving the right temple as well as the right upper outer quadrant of the orbit. Biopsy of the orbital tumor disclosed a clear-cell carcinoma compatible with a renal primary tumor; subsequent laboratory examination revealed the offending tumor in the left kidney. Renal carcinomas may metastasize to the globe or to the orbit before the primary tumor is recognized. Pulsatile exophthalmos acquired in middle life associated with significant bone destruction represents a constellation of findings most consistent with a metastatic tumor, probably renal carcinoma, caused by the exceedingly rich vascularization of these metastatic deposits.", "PMID": 677203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2896", "title": "Clinical manifestations of brawny scleritis.", "content": "We studied four patients with posterior brawny scleritis. Two underwent enucleation for suspected melanoma, and in the other two, the correct diagnosis was made and effective therapy begun. Of seven other eyes with brawny scleritis from other sources, five were enucleated after diagnosis of choroidal melanoma and one for suspected intraocular tumor. This experience and other previous reports indicate the high incidence of diagnostic confusion regarding brawny scleritis. We therefore emphasized clinical symptoms and signs of brawny scleritis: inflammation, tenderness or pain of the globe, history of collagen vascular disease, proptosis, bilaterality, and retinal and choroidal detachment. A preserved normal choroidal vascular pattern over an elevated subretinal mass may be indicative of posterior brawny scleritis. Scleral biopsy is useful for tissue diagnosis. Radioactive phosphorus uptake tests and ultrasonography may erroneously indicate choroidal melanoma and lead to enucleation of a potentially salvageable globe.", "contents": "Clinical manifestations of brawny scleritis. We studied four patients with posterior brawny scleritis. Two underwent enucleation for suspected melanoma, and in the other two, the correct diagnosis was made and effective therapy begun. Of seven other eyes with brawny scleritis from other sources, five were enucleated after diagnosis of choroidal melanoma and one for suspected intraocular tumor. This experience and other previous reports indicate the high incidence of diagnostic confusion regarding brawny scleritis. We therefore emphasized clinical symptoms and signs of brawny scleritis: inflammation, tenderness or pain of the globe, history of collagen vascular disease, proptosis, bilaterality, and retinal and choroidal detachment. A preserved normal choroidal vascular pattern over an elevated subretinal mass may be indicative of posterior brawny scleritis. Scleral biopsy is useful for tissue diagnosis. Radioactive phosphorus uptake tests and ultrasonography may erroneously indicate choroidal melanoma and lead to enucleation of a potentially salvageable globe.", "PMID": 677204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2897", "title": "A modified silicone frontalis sling for the correction of blepharoptosis.", "content": "We devised a frontalis sling by using two No. 40 silicone bands. Each free end was sutured to the tarsus and joined in the central brow area. We used pulley sutures in the medial and lateral brow incisions to prevent migration of the bands. With this method, adjustment of the eyelid level can be made anytime postoperatively through the central eyebrow incision because of the ease in finding the overlapped ends of the silicone bands. This is particularly useful for patients with chronic progressive ophthalmoplegia where poor closure and exposure keratopathy are potential postoperative problems.", "contents": "A modified silicone frontalis sling for the correction of blepharoptosis. We devised a frontalis sling by using two No. 40 silicone bands. Each free end was sutured to the tarsus and joined in the central brow area. We used pulley sutures in the medial and lateral brow incisions to prevent migration of the bands. With this method, adjustment of the eyelid level can be made anytime postoperatively through the central eyebrow incision because of the ease in finding the overlapped ends of the silicone bands. This is particularly useful for patients with chronic progressive ophthalmoplegia where poor closure and exposure keratopathy are potential postoperative problems.", "PMID": 677205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2898", "title": "Ophthalmic sequelae of infantile hemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit.", "content": "The major findings in a study of 51 infants and children with infantile hemangioma of the eyelid were as follows: Visual complications occurred in 27 patients. The most common complications were amblyopia (in 22) and strabismus (in 17). Amblyopia of 6/60 (20/200) or less was probably caused by stimulus-deprivation, but amblyopia in the range of 6/30 (20/100) to 6/12 (20/40) was likely caused by anisometropia or strabismus. Eyelid occlusion of six months or more invariably resulted in amblyopia of 6/60 (20/200) or less. Occlusion for even one month carried a risk of amblyopia. Each child must be considered individually for therapy, which must be started as early as possible. Patients should receive careful follow-up from the beginning to prevent severe amblyopia. For difficult cases, we need more efficacious, safe methods to induce regression of these tumors.", "contents": "Ophthalmic sequelae of infantile hemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit. The major findings in a study of 51 infants and children with infantile hemangioma of the eyelid were as follows: Visual complications occurred in 27 patients. The most common complications were amblyopia (in 22) and strabismus (in 17). Amblyopia of 6/60 (20/200) or less was probably caused by stimulus-deprivation, but amblyopia in the range of 6/30 (20/100) to 6/12 (20/40) was likely caused by anisometropia or strabismus. Eyelid occlusion of six months or more invariably resulted in amblyopia of 6/60 (20/200) or less. Occlusion for even one month carried a risk of amblyopia. Each child must be considered individually for therapy, which must be started as early as possible. Patients should receive careful follow-up from the beginning to prevent severe amblyopia. For difficult cases, we need more efficacious, safe methods to induce regression of these tumors.", "PMID": 677206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2899", "title": "Ectropion of the lower eyelid secondary to M\u00fcller's muscle-capsulopalpebral fascia detachment.", "content": "A patient developed severe lower eyelid ectropion after a bilateral levator aponeurosis and M\u00fcller's muscle advancement-and-truck blepharoptosis procedure and bilateral attachment of the lateral canthi to the lateral canthal tendons. The cause of this ectropion was detachment of M\u00fcller's muscle and capsulopalpebral fascia from the inferior tarsus and recession of these tissues into the orbit. This left the inferior tarsal border with only redundant conjunctiva attached to it, which could not maintain it in a downward direction; thus, an ectropion occurred. M\u00fcller's muscle and capsulopalpebral fascia were detached from the inferior tarsus and recessed 15 mm into the orbit. Reattaching M\u00fcller's muscle and capsulopalpebral fascia to the inferior tarsus relieved the ectropion.", "contents": "Ectropion of the lower eyelid secondary to M\u00fcller's muscle-capsulopalpebral fascia detachment. A patient developed severe lower eyelid ectropion after a bilateral levator aponeurosis and M\u00fcller's muscle advancement-and-truck blepharoptosis procedure and bilateral attachment of the lateral canthi to the lateral canthal tendons. The cause of this ectropion was detachment of M\u00fcller's muscle and capsulopalpebral fascia from the inferior tarsus and recession of these tissues into the orbit. This left the inferior tarsal border with only redundant conjunctiva attached to it, which could not maintain it in a downward direction; thus, an ectropion occurred. M\u00fcller's muscle and capsulopalpebral fascia were detached from the inferior tarsus and recessed 15 mm into the orbit. Reattaching M\u00fcller's muscle and capsulopalpebral fascia to the inferior tarsus relieved the ectropion.", "PMID": 677207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2900", "title": "Intralesional corticosteroid therapy of chalazia.", "content": "Twelve adult patients with 17 chalazia underwent trial intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Seven chalazia resolved within two weeks after only one injection, and another six after two injections. Two lesions failed to respond to two injections, and two lesions responded to one injection, but either recurred or another lesion developed. Patients were satisfied with the procedure, which appears to be a safe, convenient, and effective altefnative to chalazion surgery.", "contents": "Intralesional corticosteroid therapy of chalazia. Twelve adult patients with 17 chalazia underwent trial intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Seven chalazia resolved within two weeks after only one injection, and another six after two injections. Two lesions failed to respond to two injections, and two lesions responded to one injection, but either recurred or another lesion developed. Patients were satisfied with the procedure, which appears to be a safe, convenient, and effective altefnative to chalazion surgery.", "PMID": 677208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2901", "title": "Generalized fibrosis of the extraocular muscles.", "content": "We studied four patients with the general fibrosis syndrome. One patient had bilateral inguinal hernias and unilateral cryptorchism; the other patients had no other congenital abnormalities. The patients developed normally both neurologically and metally. We successfully treated amblyopia and achieved good functional and cosmetic results with strabismus and blepharoptosis surgery. Histopathologic study revealed fibrous infiltration of extrinsic eye muscle and Tenon's capsule without inflammatory changes.", "contents": "Generalized fibrosis of the extraocular muscles. We studied four patients with the general fibrosis syndrome. One patient had bilateral inguinal hernias and unilateral cryptorchism; the other patients had no other congenital abnormalities. The patients developed normally both neurologically and metally. We successfully treated amblyopia and achieved good functional and cosmetic results with strabismus and blepharoptosis surgery. Histopathologic study revealed fibrous infiltration of extrinsic eye muscle and Tenon's capsule without inflammatory changes.", "PMID": 677209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2902", "title": "Efficacy of bifocals in the treatment of accommodative esotropia.", "content": "We treated 84 patients with a partially refractive accommodative esotropia with bifocals. Twelve patients were able to fuse without bifocals at the end of therapy; in 19, the bifocal power could be reduced and further improvement can be expected in the future. Thirty-nine remained dependent on bifocals; and in 14, fusion had deteriorated in spite of therapy. Patients with a high AC/A ratio and those receiving supportive orthoptic treatment seemed to fare best with bifocals. In those with a low AC/A ratio, fusion tended to deteriorate because of a slowly increasing esodeviation at near fixation.", "contents": "Efficacy of bifocals in the treatment of accommodative esotropia. We treated 84 patients with a partially refractive accommodative esotropia with bifocals. Twelve patients were able to fuse without bifocals at the end of therapy; in 19, the bifocal power could be reduced and further improvement can be expected in the future. Thirty-nine remained dependent on bifocals; and in 14, fusion had deteriorated in spite of therapy. Patients with a high AC/A ratio and those receiving supportive orthoptic treatment seemed to fare best with bifocals. In those with a low AC/A ratio, fusion tended to deteriorate because of a slowly increasing esodeviation at near fixation.", "PMID": 677210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2903", "title": "Secondary diabetic retinopathy in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "We found abnormal glucose tolerance curves in 45 of 47 patients with chronic pancreatitis and observed secondary diabetic retinopathy in eight of 45 cases showing slight changes in the fundus. Abnormal glucose tolerance curves were somewhat related to the exocrine dysfunction of the pancreas. Slightly abnormal glucose tolerance curves were observed frequently in patients with chronic pancreatitis, and both insulin and glucagon responses were decreased. We could not explain the cause of the low frequency of secondary diabetic retinopathy in pancreatic diabetes from the results of insulin and glucagon response tests.", "contents": "Secondary diabetic retinopathy in chronic pancreatitis. We found abnormal glucose tolerance curves in 45 of 47 patients with chronic pancreatitis and observed secondary diabetic retinopathy in eight of 45 cases showing slight changes in the fundus. Abnormal glucose tolerance curves were somewhat related to the exocrine dysfunction of the pancreas. Slightly abnormal glucose tolerance curves were observed frequently in patients with chronic pancreatitis, and both insulin and glucagon responses were decreased. We could not explain the cause of the low frequency of secondary diabetic retinopathy in pancreatic diabetes from the results of insulin and glucagon response tests.", "PMID": 677211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2904", "title": "Teratoid intraocular medulloepithelioma.", "content": "The right eye of a 1-year-old black infant with a painful blind eye was studied histologically. It contained a tumor at an advanced stage of growth. The tumor consisted of moderately large, round, and elongated undifferentiated cells and anaplastic cells with mitotic figures combined with multilayered, poorly differentiated epithelial cells that resembled the medullary epithelium of embryonic retina. Strap cells with cross striation typical of striated muscle were also present, together with islands of hyaline cartilage and areas of calcification.", "contents": "Teratoid intraocular medulloepithelioma. The right eye of a 1-year-old black infant with a painful blind eye was studied histologically. It contained a tumor at an advanced stage of growth. The tumor consisted of moderately large, round, and elongated undifferentiated cells and anaplastic cells with mitotic figures combined with multilayered, poorly differentiated epithelial cells that resembled the medullary epithelium of embryonic retina. Strap cells with cross striation typical of striated muscle were also present, together with islands of hyaline cartilage and areas of calcification.", "PMID": 677212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2905", "title": "Association of presumed ocular histoplasmosis with HLA-B7.", "content": "Thirty-one white patients who fulfilled the clinical criteria of the syndrome recognized as presumed ocular higtoplasmosis were typed for common histocompatibility antigens. These clinical criteria included the presence of multiple peripheral punched out choroidal atrophic scars, compatible macular disciform lesion in at least one eye, and clear vitreous. Seventeen out of 31 patients were found to have HLA-B7, which is statistically significant at the P less than .005 level when compared to a normal population. More patients should be tested to establish this correlation more firmly. Though this is statistically significant, other factors must be involved as there still remain many patients who fulfill the clinical criteria but do not demonstrate a common histocompatibility antigen.", "contents": "Association of presumed ocular histoplasmosis with HLA-B7. Thirty-one white patients who fulfilled the clinical criteria of the syndrome recognized as presumed ocular higtoplasmosis were typed for common histocompatibility antigens. These clinical criteria included the presence of multiple peripheral punched out choroidal atrophic scars, compatible macular disciform lesion in at least one eye, and clear vitreous. Seventeen out of 31 patients were found to have HLA-B7, which is statistically significant at the P less than .005 level when compared to a normal population. More patients should be tested to establish this correlation more firmly. Though this is statistically significant, other factors must be involved as there still remain many patients who fulfill the clinical criteria but do not demonstrate a common histocompatibility antigen.", "PMID": 677213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2906", "title": "The prevalence of HLA-B7 in presumed ocular histoplasmosis.", "content": "Eighteen patients with the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome were typed for HLA histocompatability antigens and 78% were found to have the B7 antigen. This data implies an underlying immunogenic predisposition to the development of the clinical eye findings and active posterior pole lesions in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. It is likely that some feature of the immune system of these patients renders them more susceptible either to the initial infection or to a later activation of posterior pole lesions mediated through immunologic mechanisms.", "contents": "The prevalence of HLA-B7 in presumed ocular histoplasmosis. Eighteen patients with the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome were typed for HLA histocompatability antigens and 78% were found to have the B7 antigen. This data implies an underlying immunogenic predisposition to the development of the clinical eye findings and active posterior pole lesions in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. It is likely that some feature of the immune system of these patients renders them more susceptible either to the initial infection or to a later activation of posterior pole lesions mediated through immunologic mechanisms.", "PMID": 677214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2907", "title": "Hypertensive reactions to phenylephrine eyedrops in patients with sympathetic denervation.", "content": "We studied the effects of topical phenylephrine eyedrops on systemic blood pressure in 298 patients about to undergo ocular surgical procedures by comparing their blood pressure on admission to the hospital with that measured immediately before surgery. The patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of 230 patients who had neither history of insulin-dependent diabetes nor prior teatment with reserpine or guanethidine. Group 2 included 41 insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Group 3 contained 27 hypertensive patients who had been taking reserpine or guanethidine. Patients in each group were divided into two subgroups (A and B). The 202 patients in the three A subgroups received preoperative phenylephrine eyedrops, whereas the 96 patients in the three B subgroups did not. All three B subgroups and Group 1A (176 patients) did not show significant increases in blood pressure. There was a statistically significant increase in both systolic and diastolic pressures in Group 2A (14 patients) and in Group 3A (12 patients). From this study, we concluded that administration of preoperative phenylephrine eyedrops can be hazardous in patients with long-standing insulin-dependent diabetes or in hypertensive patients receiving reserpine or guanethidine.", "contents": "Hypertensive reactions to phenylephrine eyedrops in patients with sympathetic denervation. We studied the effects of topical phenylephrine eyedrops on systemic blood pressure in 298 patients about to undergo ocular surgical procedures by comparing their blood pressure on admission to the hospital with that measured immediately before surgery. The patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of 230 patients who had neither history of insulin-dependent diabetes nor prior teatment with reserpine or guanethidine. Group 2 included 41 insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Group 3 contained 27 hypertensive patients who had been taking reserpine or guanethidine. Patients in each group were divided into two subgroups (A and B). The 202 patients in the three A subgroups received preoperative phenylephrine eyedrops, whereas the 96 patients in the three B subgroups did not. All three B subgroups and Group 1A (176 patients) did not show significant increases in blood pressure. There was a statistically significant increase in both systolic and diastolic pressures in Group 2A (14 patients) and in Group 3A (12 patients). From this study, we concluded that administration of preoperative phenylephrine eyedrops can be hazardous in patients with long-standing insulin-dependent diabetes or in hypertensive patients receiving reserpine or guanethidine.", "PMID": 677215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2908", "title": "A simple device to improve blinking.", "content": "A blink beeper was devised to remind patients with incomplete or infrequent blinking to blink completely and at normal intervals; the beeper worked by transmitting an audible tone every ten seconds through an earphone. In three postkeratoplasty patients, this simplistic approach not only resulted in a complete blink at regular intervals, but seemed to condition this response to continue when  the blink beeper was taken away; this resulted in healing of large chronic epithelial defects. The blink beeper has also proved valuable in patients with either punctate epithelial erosions or those who wore hard contact lenses unsuccessfully because of infrequent or incomplete blinking.", "contents": "A simple device to improve blinking. A blink beeper was devised to remind patients with incomplete or infrequent blinking to blink completely and at normal intervals; the beeper worked by transmitting an audible tone every ten seconds through an earphone. In three postkeratoplasty patients, this simplistic approach not only resulted in a complete blink at regular intervals, but seemed to condition this response to continue when  the blink beeper was taken away; this resulted in healing of large chronic epithelial defects. The blink beeper has also proved valuable in patients with either punctate epithelial erosions or those who wore hard contact lenses unsuccessfully because of infrequent or incomplete blinking.", "PMID": 677216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2909", "title": "Retail cost of antiglaucoma drugs in two cities.", "content": "Volunteer shoppers purchased antiglaucoma medications dispensed from prescriptions written according to generic and brand-name products in Manhattan and in the St. Louis area. All drugs obtained were more expensive in Manhattan than in St. Louis. No significant cost difference was found between generic and brand-name items in either city, but only in a few instances were generic drugs actually dispensed. No difference in overall price was found between pharmacies located in better and poorer neighborhoods in Manhattan or between pharmacies located in urban, suburban, or rural areas in St. Louis. A white shopper paid significatnly lower retail prices than did a Hispanic shopper in Manhattan, particularly in better neighborhoods. The range of prices in each city for all drugs studied was greater than twofold. Pharmacies offering more patient services tended to charge higher prices, but frequently, pharmacies did not actually offer the services they advertised.", "contents": "Retail cost of antiglaucoma drugs in two cities. Volunteer shoppers purchased antiglaucoma medications dispensed from prescriptions written according to generic and brand-name products in Manhattan and in the St. Louis area. All drugs obtained were more expensive in Manhattan than in St. Louis. No significant cost difference was found between generic and brand-name items in either city, but only in a few instances were generic drugs actually dispensed. No difference in overall price was found between pharmacies located in better and poorer neighborhoods in Manhattan or between pharmacies located in urban, suburban, or rural areas in St. Louis. A white shopper paid significatnly lower retail prices than did a Hispanic shopper in Manhattan, particularly in better neighborhoods. The range of prices in each city for all drugs studied was greater than twofold. Pharmacies offering more patient services tended to charge higher prices, but frequently, pharmacies did not actually offer the services they advertised.", "PMID": 677219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2910", "title": "Serum obstruction of aqueous outflow in enucleated eyes.", "content": "We perfused enucleated human eyes via the anterior chamber by the constant pressure technique. Infusion of human serum into the anterior chamber of enucleated human eyes for 30 minutes at 23 mm Hg pressure induced a 42% decrease in facility of outflow, which was not relieved by irrigation of the anterior chamber with balanced salt solution or alpha-chymotrypsin. Diluted serum also reduced the facility of outflow. Measured in a glass viscometer, diluted serum had less viscosity than undiluted, but interfered with outflow from the eye more than anticipated on the basis of viscosity alone. When we used lens depression to induce tension on the iridocorneal angle to simulate the effects of contraction of the ciliary muscle, outflow facility increased in control eyes that had not been exposed to serum and in serum-perfused eyes. However, the partial obstruction to outflow that had been induced by serum persisted. Normal serum components may become adsorbed or entrapped in the aqueous outflow system so as to obstruct outflow, and this may result in secondary glaucoma in eyes with chronic uveitis.", "contents": "Serum obstruction of aqueous outflow in enucleated eyes. We perfused enucleated human eyes via the anterior chamber by the constant pressure technique. Infusion of human serum into the anterior chamber of enucleated human eyes for 30 minutes at 23 mm Hg pressure induced a 42% decrease in facility of outflow, which was not relieved by irrigation of the anterior chamber with balanced salt solution or alpha-chymotrypsin. Diluted serum also reduced the facility of outflow. Measured in a glass viscometer, diluted serum had less viscosity than undiluted, but interfered with outflow from the eye more than anticipated on the basis of viscosity alone. When we used lens depression to induce tension on the iridocorneal angle to simulate the effects of contraction of the ciliary muscle, outflow facility increased in control eyes that had not been exposed to serum and in serum-perfused eyes. However, the partial obstruction to outflow that had been induced by serum persisted. Normal serum components may become adsorbed or entrapped in the aqueous outflow system so as to obstruct outflow, and this may result in secondary glaucoma in eyes with chronic uveitis.", "PMID": 677220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2911", "title": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "A 17-year-old white woman had an acute left maculopathy of unknown etiology. She was in excellent health and had only had rubeola at 3 years of age. Hruby lens examination of the left eye, visual acuity of 6/60 (20/200), revealed a normal vitreous, macular edema, intraretinal hemorrhage, and cotton-wool exudates. Xenon photo-coagulation was performed on the left eye. The visual acuity remained 6/60 (20/200) with drying of the retina. The patient remained in excellent health until 22 months after the initial ocular problem when she developed a left homonymous hemianopia. Then her mind deteriorated, and she became demented. We diagnosed subacute sclerosing panencephalitis after finding an increased spinal fluid gamma globulin, raised serum and spinal fluid titers of measles antibodies, and an electroencephalogram pathognomonic for this condition.", "contents": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. A 17-year-old white woman had an acute left maculopathy of unknown etiology. She was in excellent health and had only had rubeola at 3 years of age. Hruby lens examination of the left eye, visual acuity of 6/60 (20/200), revealed a normal vitreous, macular edema, intraretinal hemorrhage, and cotton-wool exudates. Xenon photo-coagulation was performed on the left eye. The visual acuity remained 6/60 (20/200) with drying of the retina. The patient remained in excellent health until 22 months after the initial ocular problem when she developed a left homonymous hemianopia. Then her mind deteriorated, and she became demented. We diagnosed subacute sclerosing panencephalitis after finding an increased spinal fluid gamma globulin, raised serum and spinal fluid titers of measles antibodies, and an electroencephalogram pathognomonic for this condition.", "PMID": 677221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2912", "title": "Horner's syndrome with ipsilateral accommodative paresis.", "content": "In a 12-year-old girl with Horner's syndrome and an ipsilateral accommodative paresis, intravenous administration of edrophonium chloride improved the accommodative defect on several occasions, which suggested a possible relationship to myasthenia gravis. Additional testing of the accommodative paresis revealed some of the characteristics of Adie's syndrome and suggested a relationship to pupil-sparing Adie's syndrome.", "contents": "Horner's syndrome with ipsilateral accommodative paresis. In a 12-year-old girl with Horner's syndrome and an ipsilateral accommodative paresis, intravenous administration of edrophonium chloride improved the accommodative defect on several occasions, which suggested a possible relationship to myasthenia gravis. Additional testing of the accommodative paresis revealed some of the characteristics of Adie's syndrome and suggested a relationship to pupil-sparing Adie's syndrome.", "PMID": 677222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2913", "title": "Persistent pupillary membrane associated with aniridia.", "content": "Familial aniridia is an autosomal dominant condition in which only a small iris remnant is present. A controversy exists as to whether the pathogenetic, embryologic origin of this condition is neuroectodermal or mesodermal. We examined a male infant with bilateral congenital aniridia associated with persistent pupillary membranes. This child had a prominent arcade of vessels extending onto the anterior lens surface for 360 degrees from small iris remnants in both eyes. The presence of a mesodermal pupillary membrane despite absence of the iris suggested a primary neuroectodermal defect as the pathogenetic factor in this case of aniridia.", "contents": "Persistent pupillary membrane associated with aniridia. Familial aniridia is an autosomal dominant condition in which only a small iris remnant is present. A controversy exists as to whether the pathogenetic, embryologic origin of this condition is neuroectodermal or mesodermal. We examined a male infant with bilateral congenital aniridia associated with persistent pupillary membranes. This child had a prominent arcade of vessels extending onto the anterior lens surface for 360 degrees from small iris remnants in both eyes. The presence of a mesodermal pupillary membrane despite absence of the iris suggested a primary neuroectodermal defect as the pathogenetic factor in this case of aniridia.", "PMID": 677223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2914", "title": "Rapid access fluorescein angiography.", "content": "The time interval usually required for processing fluorescein angiography films has been dramatically shortened to 90 seconds by using Kodak Linagraph Shellburst Film 2474 processed in the automatic Kodak RP X-omat processing machine, with attendant increases in image clarity and contrast.", "contents": "Rapid access fluorescein angiography. The time interval usually required for processing fluorescein angiography films has been dramatically shortened to 90 seconds by using Kodak Linagraph Shellburst Film 2474 processed in the automatic Kodak RP X-omat processing machine, with attendant increases in image clarity and contrast.", "PMID": 677224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2915", "title": "Nonfatal methazolamide-induced aplastic anemia.", "content": "An 83-year-old man developed nonfatal aplastic anemia after taking methazolamide for three months. We made a diagnosis of methazolamide-induced aplastic anemia, discontinued all medication, gave the patient platelet and red blood cell transfusions, and treated him with oxymetholone. Approximately four months after initiation of treatment, the patient felt well, and he is currently receiving packed red blood cell transfusions every three weeks.", "contents": "Nonfatal methazolamide-induced aplastic anemia. An 83-year-old man developed nonfatal aplastic anemia after taking methazolamide for three months. We made a diagnosis of methazolamide-induced aplastic anemia, discontinued all medication, gave the patient platelet and red blood cell transfusions, and treated him with oxymetholone. Approximately four months after initiation of treatment, the patient felt well, and he is currently receiving packed red blood cell transfusions every three weeks.", "PMID": 677225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2916", "title": "Cyclocryotherapy in neovascular glaucoma.", "content": "To determine the long-term effects of cyclocryotherapy, we conducted a follow-up with a mean of 24.9 +/- 13.9 months in 50 eyes of 46 patients with neovascular glaucoma. On final examination, intraocular pressure in 16 (32%) of the eyes was greater than 26 mm Hg and in 17 (34%), less than or equal to 25 mm Hg; 17 (34%) developed phthisis bulbi. Enucleation was performed in three of the eyes. Anterior segment necrosis occurred immediately postoperatively in four eyes. Twenty-four of 41 eyes (58.5%) with vision lost light perception during our study. All patients were comfortable except the three who required enucleation.", "contents": "Cyclocryotherapy in neovascular glaucoma. To determine the long-term effects of cyclocryotherapy, we conducted a follow-up with a mean of 24.9 +/- 13.9 months in 50 eyes of 46 patients with neovascular glaucoma. On final examination, intraocular pressure in 16 (32%) of the eyes was greater than 26 mm Hg and in 17 (34%), less than or equal to 25 mm Hg; 17 (34%) developed phthisis bulbi. Enucleation was performed in three of the eyes. Anterior segment necrosis occurred immediately postoperatively in four eyes. Twenty-four of 41 eyes (58.5%) with vision lost light perception during our study. All patients were comfortable except the three who required enucleation.", "PMID": 677228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2917", "title": "Retinal surgery complicated by a spontaneously acquired factor VIII inhibitor.", "content": "We studied a factor VIII inhibitor spontaneously occurring in an otherwise healthy patient who underwent retinal reattachment. The clotting defect first manifested itself as a delayed hemorrhagic choroidal detachment. His bleeding diathesis was successfully managed by infusion of factor VIII concentrate, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide. Surgical procedures in patients with severe bleeding disorders present a difficult therapeutic problem which can be effectively managed by the close cooperation of the surgeon, hematologist, coagulation laboratory, and blood bank.", "contents": "Retinal surgery complicated by a spontaneously acquired factor VIII inhibitor. We studied a factor VIII inhibitor spontaneously occurring in an otherwise healthy patient who underwent retinal reattachment. The clotting defect first manifested itself as a delayed hemorrhagic choroidal detachment. His bleeding diathesis was successfully managed by infusion of factor VIII concentrate, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide. Surgical procedures in patients with severe bleeding disorders present a difficult therapeutic problem which can be effectively managed by the close cooperation of the surgeon, hematologist, coagulation laboratory, and blood bank.", "PMID": 677229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2918", "title": "Dilated episcleral vessels and open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "We studied four patients with idiopathic dilated episcleral vessels. Three of these patients had asymmetric or unilateral open-angle glaucoma in the eye with the greater degree of episcleral vascular anomaly. The fourth patient showed dilated episcleral vessels, but the intraocular pressure (IOP) was not increased. In the three patients with increased IOP, the facility of outflow was decreased. The episcleral venous pressure was not measured, but in one eye Schlemm's canal was engorged with blood despite an IOP of 35 mm Hg. We explored the possibility of a congenital vascular anomaly in the four cases.", "contents": "Dilated episcleral vessels and open-angle glaucoma. We studied four patients with idiopathic dilated episcleral vessels. Three of these patients had asymmetric or unilateral open-angle glaucoma in the eye with the greater degree of episcleral vascular anomaly. The fourth patient showed dilated episcleral vessels, but the intraocular pressure (IOP) was not increased. In the three patients with increased IOP, the facility of outflow was decreased. The episcleral venous pressure was not measured, but in one eye Schlemm's canal was engorged with blood despite an IOP of 35 mm Hg. We explored the possibility of a congenital vascular anomaly in the four cases.", "PMID": 677230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2919", "title": "Oculodentodigital dysplasia syndrome with angle-closure glaucoma.", "content": "A 14-year-old girl with typical oculodentodigital syndrome had been treated for chronic glaucoma for seven years. She had corneas measuring R.E.: 10 mm; L.E.: 9 mm, with narrow angles open on the right, but almost entirely closed on the left. Gonioscopic examination of the right iris revealed that the root was attached forward on the trabecular meshwork, which suggested a congenital anomaly. Peripheral iridectomies were ineffective. In a case previously studied, a 20-year-old woman with typical oculodentodigital syndrome developed typical acute angle-closure glaucoma seven years after the original examination.", "contents": "Oculodentodigital dysplasia syndrome with angle-closure glaucoma. A 14-year-old girl with typical oculodentodigital syndrome had been treated for chronic glaucoma for seven years. She had corneas measuring R.E.: 10 mm; L.E.: 9 mm, with narrow angles open on the right, but almost entirely closed on the left. Gonioscopic examination of the right iris revealed that the root was attached forward on the trabecular meshwork, which suggested a congenital anomaly. Peripheral iridectomies were ineffective. In a case previously studied, a 20-year-old woman with typical oculodentodigital syndrome developed typical acute angle-closure glaucoma seven years after the original examination.", "PMID": 677231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2920", "title": "Retinal depression sign indicating a small retinal infarct.", "content": "Retinal depression, a newly observed sign, has been observed as an abnormality in the reflection from the internal limiting lamina produced by depression of the inner surface of the retina after a small retinal infarct. These depressions were first observed in 16 patients with sickling hemoglobinopathies. Additionally, I examined a patient with systemic hypertension, a patient with retinal arteriolitis, and a patient with juvenile onset diabetes mellitus who also had retinal depression.", "contents": "Retinal depression sign indicating a small retinal infarct. Retinal depression, a newly observed sign, has been observed as an abnormality in the reflection from the internal limiting lamina produced by depression of the inner surface of the retina after a small retinal infarct. These depressions were first observed in 16 patients with sickling hemoglobinopathies. Additionally, I examined a patient with systemic hypertension, a patient with retinal arteriolitis, and a patient with juvenile onset diabetes mellitus who also had retinal depression.", "PMID": 677232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2921", "title": "Pigmented macular pucker.", "content": "A 66-year-old woman developed a darkly pigmented preretinal membrane. In the fundus periphery there was a round retinal hole about one disk diameter with pigmentation in its immediate vicinity. Pigmented, preretinal membranes arise from retinal pigment epithelium cells that exit through a retinal tear and settle on the inner retinal surface where they proliferate and form a membrane. Some preretinal membranes arise from unpigmented cells such as glial cells and become colored with iron pigment because of the accumulation of pigmented macrophages and free pigment debris. A retinal hole is not necessary for the occurrence of a glial membrane.", "contents": "Pigmented macular pucker. A 66-year-old woman developed a darkly pigmented preretinal membrane. In the fundus periphery there was a round retinal hole about one disk diameter with pigmentation in its immediate vicinity. Pigmented, preretinal membranes arise from retinal pigment epithelium cells that exit through a retinal tear and settle on the inner retinal surface where they proliferate and form a membrane. Some preretinal membranes arise from unpigmented cells such as glial cells and become colored with iron pigment because of the accumulation of pigmented macrophages and free pigment debris. A retinal hole is not necessary for the occurrence of a glial membrane.", "PMID": 677233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2922", "title": "Ocular perforation following retrobulbar anesthesia for retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "We encountered three examples of the perforation of the globe by the retrobulbar needle in a series of 4,000 patients who had undergone retinal reattachment surgery with local anesthesia. The presence of significant myopia was a contributing factor in all three cases. We managed the perforation site through the detached retina with cryopexy and external tamponade, and we treated perforations through the attached retinas either with cryopexy at surgery or photocoagulation postoperatively.", "contents": "Ocular perforation following retrobulbar anesthesia for retinal detachment surgery. We encountered three examples of the perforation of the globe by the retrobulbar needle in a series of 4,000 patients who had undergone retinal reattachment surgery with local anesthesia. The presence of significant myopia was a contributing factor in all three cases. We managed the perforation site through the detached retina with cryopexy and external tamponade, and we treated perforations through the attached retinas either with cryopexy at surgery or photocoagulation postoperatively.", "PMID": 677234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2923", "title": "Peripapillary pigmentary retinal degeneration.", "content": "We studied four patients with peripapillary pigmentary retinal degeneration, an asymptomatic disorder that was probably benign and nonprogressive. The ophthalmoscopic appearance showed a segmental, grayish metallic sheen in association with bone spicule pigmentation, which radiated from the disk along the temporal vessel arcades and joined temporal to the macula. The optic disk, retinal vessels, periphery, and macula were normal in all patients. Visual function tests and fluorescein angiography indicated a segmental disease of the retinal pigment epithelium-photoreceptor complex.", "contents": "Peripapillary pigmentary retinal degeneration. We studied four patients with peripapillary pigmentary retinal degeneration, an asymptomatic disorder that was probably benign and nonprogressive. The ophthalmoscopic appearance showed a segmental, grayish metallic sheen in association with bone spicule pigmentation, which radiated from the disk along the temporal vessel arcades and joined temporal to the macula. The optic disk, retinal vessels, periphery, and macula were normal in all patients. Visual function tests and fluorescein angiography indicated a segmental disease of the retinal pigment epithelium-photoreceptor complex.", "PMID": 677235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2924", "title": "Metastatic choroidal melanoma.", "content": "We studied the metastatic pattern of 41 patients initially referred with a primary choroidal melanoma who later developed widespread disease. In the order of frequency, the most common sites of metastatic involvement were the liver (56%), subcutaneous tissue (36.5%), and bone (7%). Whereas the median interval between enucleation and the onset of metastatic disease was approximately four years, in rare cases, metastases were diagnosed concurrently with a primary choroidal melanoma. Since patients with choroidal melanomas usually survive less than one year after the development of widespread disease, a metastatic examination should be done in all patients with pigmented choroidal tumors both before and after ocular therapy. From the data obtained in this and other studies on metastatic melanoma, a reasonable basic metastatic examination for choroidal melanoma patients should include a serum lactic dehydrogenase, a serum alkaline phosphatase, a routine chest X-ray, and a general physical examination.", "contents": "Metastatic choroidal melanoma. We studied the metastatic pattern of 41 patients initially referred with a primary choroidal melanoma who later developed widespread disease. In the order of frequency, the most common sites of metastatic involvement were the liver (56%), subcutaneous tissue (36.5%), and bone (7%). Whereas the median interval between enucleation and the onset of metastatic disease was approximately four years, in rare cases, metastases were diagnosed concurrently with a primary choroidal melanoma. Since patients with choroidal melanomas usually survive less than one year after the development of widespread disease, a metastatic examination should be done in all patients with pigmented choroidal tumors both before and after ocular therapy. From the data obtained in this and other studies on metastatic melanoma, a reasonable basic metastatic examination for choroidal melanoma patients should include a serum lactic dehydrogenase, a serum alkaline phosphatase, a routine chest X-ray, and a general physical examination.", "PMID": 677236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2925", "title": "Crystalline retinopathy.", "content": "A 34-year-old woman had crystalline dystrophy of the retina associated with atrophy of the choriocapillaris and pigment epithelium, and pigment clumping in the fundus periphery. Consanguinity of her parents suggested an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern for this type of crystalline retinal dystrophy. The patient did not have corneal crystals. Her electroretinogram was normal, although her electro-oculogram was abnormal.", "contents": "Crystalline retinopathy. A 34-year-old woman had crystalline dystrophy of the retina associated with atrophy of the choriocapillaris and pigment epithelium, and pigment clumping in the fundus periphery. Consanguinity of her parents suggested an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern for this type of crystalline retinal dystrophy. The patient did not have corneal crystals. Her electroretinogram was normal, although her electro-oculogram was abnormal.", "PMID": 677237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2926", "title": "Stability of back-toric prism-ballast hydrogel contact lenses.", "content": "We fitted each of 20 eyes with 3 different Hydrocurve contact lenses: (1) spherical with prism ballast, (2) back-toric without prism ballast, and (3) back-toric with prism ballast. We monitored the stability of the lenses. The prism-ballast lenses were generally stable on corneas with zero to 3.5 DK of with-the-rule toricity; the back-toric nonprism lenses were not stable.", "contents": "Stability of back-toric prism-ballast hydrogel contact lenses. We fitted each of 20 eyes with 3 different Hydrocurve contact lenses: (1) spherical with prism ballast, (2) back-toric without prism ballast, and (3) back-toric with prism ballast. We monitored the stability of the lenses. The prism-ballast lenses were generally stable on corneas with zero to 3.5 DK of with-the-rule toricity; the back-toric nonprism lenses were not stable.", "PMID": 677238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2927", "title": "Carel C. Koch Memorial Lecture--1977. Optometry-Ophthalmology--the future.", "content": "In looking to the future of optometry and ophthalmology, the author identifies four interacting components--the public, optometrists, ophthalmologists, and eye-health-care manpower, including opticians--which he evaluates. The interactions are discussed, and specific recommendations are made to improve relations between the two professions,", "contents": "Carel C. Koch Memorial Lecture--1977. Optometry-Ophthalmology--the future. In looking to the future of optometry and ophthalmology, the author identifies four interacting components--the public, optometrists, ophthalmologists, and eye-health-care manpower, including opticians--which he evaluates. The interactions are discussed, and specific recommendations are made to improve relations between the two professions,", "PMID": 677239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2928", "title": "Evaluation of 225 consecutive intraocular-lens implants.", "content": "A retrospective study of the first 225 intraocular lens implants (IOL) performed by a single surgeon was conducted for this report. In complication rate and visual acuity assessed 4.5 months postoperatively, these patients (pseudophakes) compared very closely with 2 populations of aphakic patients who had had phacoemulsification surgery without lens implantation by the same surgeon. The majority of pseudophakes were left with moderate to low refractive errors. Patient satisfaction was found to be high. It appears that implantation of iris and capsular fixated intraocular lenses is a comparatively safe and in many cases advantageous procedure.", "contents": "Evaluation of 225 consecutive intraocular-lens implants. A retrospective study of the first 225 intraocular lens implants (IOL) performed by a single surgeon was conducted for this report. In complication rate and visual acuity assessed 4.5 months postoperatively, these patients (pseudophakes) compared very closely with 2 populations of aphakic patients who had had phacoemulsification surgery without lens implantation by the same surgeon. The majority of pseudophakes were left with moderate to low refractive errors. Patient satisfaction was found to be high. It appears that implantation of iris and capsular fixated intraocular lenses is a comparatively safe and in many cases advantageous procedure.", "PMID": 677240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2929", "title": "Water flow conductivity and pore diameter in extended-wear gel lens materials.", "content": "The water flow conductivity of 3 high-water-content (70 to 85%) gel materials proposed for extended-wear contact lenses was measured. Pore diameter was calculated from these flow conductivities. High-water-content gels were found to have pore diameters in the range of 20 to 30 A compared with about 8 A for the lower-water-content HEMA gel. The larger pore diameter of extended-wear lenses will permit entry of drugs, hormones, and enzymes and thereby may pose new problems for wearers.", "contents": "Water flow conductivity and pore diameter in extended-wear gel lens materials. The water flow conductivity of 3 high-water-content (70 to 85%) gel materials proposed for extended-wear contact lenses was measured. Pore diameter was calculated from these flow conductivities. High-water-content gels were found to have pore diameters in the range of 20 to 30 A compared with about 8 A for the lower-water-content HEMA gel. The larger pore diameter of extended-wear lenses will permit entry of drugs, hormones, and enzymes and thereby may pose new problems for wearers.", "PMID": 677241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2930", "title": "Julius F. Neumueller Award Paper--1977. Static fracture resistance of Schott S-1005 lenses as a function of thickness.", "content": "High-Lite S-1005 lenses (Schott Optical Company) of various center thicknesses were tested for static load fracture resistance. Chemically tempered High-Lite lenses of 1.7-mm center thickness were found to be equivalent in strength to 3.0-mm heat-tempered crown lenses; 1.34-mm chemically tempered High-Lite lenses were equivalent in strength to 2.07-mm heat-tempered crown lenses. These findings agree closely with earlier data on chemically tempered crown glass and therefore illustrate that chemically hardened lenses can be made significantly thinner than Z-80 specifications and still meet FDA strength requirements.", "contents": "Julius F. Neumueller Award Paper--1977. Static fracture resistance of Schott S-1005 lenses as a function of thickness. High-Lite S-1005 lenses (Schott Optical Company) of various center thicknesses were tested for static load fracture resistance. Chemically tempered High-Lite lenses of 1.7-mm center thickness were found to be equivalent in strength to 3.0-mm heat-tempered crown lenses; 1.34-mm chemically tempered High-Lite lenses were equivalent in strength to 2.07-mm heat-tempered crown lenses. These findings agree closely with earlier data on chemically tempered crown glass and therefore illustrate that chemically hardened lenses can be made significantly thinner than Z-80 specifications and still meet FDA strength requirements.", "PMID": 677242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2931", "title": "Recording monocular VEPs under binocular conditions.", "content": "This report describes a technique for recording the visual evoked potential (VEP) arising from 1 eye under conditions of binocular pattern stimulation. The subject views a sinusoidally modulated vectographic checkerboard with orthogonally oriented polarizing filters before the eyes. This technique results in waveforms that contain monocular VEPs distributed in time. The technique is sensitive to interocular suppression and controls for the influence of various extraneous sources of variability. It is useful in clinical VEP testing.", "contents": "Recording monocular VEPs under binocular conditions. This report describes a technique for recording the visual evoked potential (VEP) arising from 1 eye under conditions of binocular pattern stimulation. The subject views a sinusoidally modulated vectographic checkerboard with orthogonally oriented polarizing filters before the eyes. This technique results in waveforms that contain monocular VEPs distributed in time. The technique is sensitive to interocular suppression and controls for the influence of various extraneous sources of variability. It is useful in clinical VEP testing.", "PMID": 677243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2932", "title": "A foot-operated camera trip for the Nikon photo slit lamp.", "content": "A simple foot-operated shutter cable frees both hands for holding the gonioscope lens and adjusting the Nikon slit lamp during photography of the recess of the anterior-chamber angle.", "contents": "A foot-operated camera trip for the Nikon photo slit lamp. A simple foot-operated shutter cable frees both hands for holding the gonioscope lens and adjusting the Nikon slit lamp during photography of the recess of the anterior-chamber angle.", "PMID": 677244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2933", "title": "Dose-response effects of corneal anesthetics.", "content": "With double-masking procedures, the dose-response curves for 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% benoxinate and 0.125, 0.25, and 0.50% proparacaine hydrochloride were determined by monitoring changes in corneal touch threshold after applying each anesthetic. The level of corneal anesthesia necessary for applanation tonometry was also determined. The maximum increase in threshold that could be measured following instillation of 50 microliter of the drug was 200 mg/mm2 All 6 anesthetic solutions produced this amount of decreased corneal sensitivity. Recovery from the anesthetic was exponential for all concentrations; however, the lower doses had the shortest duration. For applanation tonometry, the corneal threshold for touch must be 75 mg/mm2 or higher. We conclude that a quarter to a half of the commonly used anesthetic dose is sufficient for routine tonometric evaluation.", "contents": "Dose-response effects of corneal anesthetics. With double-masking procedures, the dose-response curves for 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% benoxinate and 0.125, 0.25, and 0.50% proparacaine hydrochloride were determined by monitoring changes in corneal touch threshold after applying each anesthetic. The level of corneal anesthesia necessary for applanation tonometry was also determined. The maximum increase in threshold that could be measured following instillation of 50 microliter of the drug was 200 mg/mm2 All 6 anesthetic solutions produced this amount of decreased corneal sensitivity. Recovery from the anesthetic was exponential for all concentrations; however, the lower doses had the shortest duration. For applanation tonometry, the corneal threshold for touch must be 75 mg/mm2 or higher. We conclude that a quarter to a half of the commonly used anesthetic dose is sufficient for routine tonometric evaluation.", "PMID": 677245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2934", "title": "Rod and cone contribution to the EOG ratio.", "content": "The EOG ratio is an established clinical test of retinal function. Since its development by Arden and coworkers in 1962, it has been thought of as simply a rod-medicated response. Using scotopically matched red and blue lights, we found a 24% larger response to the red light than to the blue light, establishing that a cone contribution exists in the EOG ratio of normal subjects.", "contents": "Rod and cone contribution to the EOG ratio. The EOG ratio is an established clinical test of retinal function. Since its development by Arden and coworkers in 1962, it has been thought of as simply a rod-medicated response. Using scotopically matched red and blue lights, we found a 24% larger response to the red light than to the blue light, establishing that a cone contribution exists in the EOG ratio of normal subjects.", "PMID": 677246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2935", "title": "Corneal temperatures--a study of normal and laser-injured corneas in the Dutch belted rabbit.", "content": "Air Force laser safety standards are developed from laser-exposure data obtained in studies using experimental  animals and from biomathematical modeling procedures. Interpretation of research data and predictive modeling calculations are enhanced by knowledge of the temperature values of the tissue absorption sites. Corneal temperature values for the normal, the anesthetized, and the laser-injured Dutch belted rabbit are presented and compared with values obtained in other studies. The corneal temperatures were measured by infrared radiometry.", "contents": "Corneal temperatures--a study of normal and laser-injured corneas in the Dutch belted rabbit. Air Force laser safety standards are developed from laser-exposure data obtained in studies using experimental  animals and from biomathematical modeling procedures. Interpretation of research data and predictive modeling calculations are enhanced by knowledge of the temperature values of the tissue absorption sites. Corneal temperature values for the normal, the anesthetized, and the laser-injured Dutch belted rabbit are presented and compared with values obtained in other studies. The corneal temperatures were measured by infrared radiometry.", "PMID": 677247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2936", "title": "Prevalence of trachoma among Navajo Indian children.", "content": "Examination of some 6000 Navajo children in their schools in the Shiprock, New Mexico area between 1975 and 1977 yielded an overall prevalence of trachoma of 2.4%. The prevalence was highest for high schoolers (3.8%) and lowest for preschoolers (2.3%). These prevalences are lower than those found (6.0%) for Navajo schoolchildren in the Gallup, New Mexico area 8-9 yr previously.", "contents": "Prevalence of trachoma among Navajo Indian children. Examination of some 6000 Navajo children in their schools in the Shiprock, New Mexico area between 1975 and 1977 yielded an overall prevalence of trachoma of 2.4%. The prevalence was highest for high schoolers (3.8%) and lowest for preschoolers (2.3%). These prevalences are lower than those found (6.0%) for Navajo schoolchildren in the Gallup, New Mexico area 8-9 yr previously.", "PMID": 677248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2937", "title": "Changes in tear flow accompanying aging.", "content": "The tear-turnover rate of 68 normal human subjects (age range 15-63 yr) was determined using a slit lamp modified to serve as a fluorophotometer. Tear volume and tear secretion, computed from tear-turnover rate, had mean values of 8.47 microliter and 1.78 microliter/min, respectively. Analysis of the results shows a decrease in tear production with age. The mean tear-flow rate was 1.55 microliter/min in subjects aged 15-39 and 0.95 microliter/min in subjects aged 40-63. This fluorophotometer is adaptable to a clinical setting and may prove useful in diagnosis and treatment of anomalies of tear production.", "contents": "Changes in tear flow accompanying aging. The tear-turnover rate of 68 normal human subjects (age range 15-63 yr) was determined using a slit lamp modified to serve as a fluorophotometer. Tear volume and tear secretion, computed from tear-turnover rate, had mean values of 8.47 microliter and 1.78 microliter/min, respectively. Analysis of the results shows a decrease in tear production with age. The mean tear-flow rate was 1.55 microliter/min in subjects aged 15-39 and 0.95 microliter/min in subjects aged 40-63. This fluorophotometer is adaptable to a clinical setting and may prove useful in diagnosis and treatment of anomalies of tear production.", "PMID": 677249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2938", "title": "Changes in hydrogel contact lens power due to flexure.", "content": "When a hydrogel lens is placed on the eye, its power may change because of flexing of the lens. The correcting power of the lens when on the eye can be calculated by assuming that the lens flexes to the shape of the underlying cornea. Actual measurements of the correcting power of Hydrocurve lens on the eye were not in agreement with the calculated values. Assuming that the front and back surfaces of the lens flex by the same amount, the presence of a fluid lens between the hydrogel lens and the cornea would account for this discrepancy. For minus lenses of moderate and high power, it was found that the change in power was in the direction of more plus; for low minus and all plus lenses, the change was in the direction of more minus. Under the conditions of the present investigation, correcting power measured with the lens on the eye was in agreement with the calculated value for regular-thickness Hydrocurve lenses of -2.00 D and thin lenses of -0.75 D. This is interpreted to mean that lenses of these powers conform to the shape of the cornea so that the fluid lens is thin and plano. The clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Changes in hydrogel contact lens power due to flexure. When a hydrogel lens is placed on the eye, its power may change because of flexing of the lens. The correcting power of the lens when on the eye can be calculated by assuming that the lens flexes to the shape of the underlying cornea. Actual measurements of the correcting power of Hydrocurve lens on the eye were not in agreement with the calculated values. Assuming that the front and back surfaces of the lens flex by the same amount, the presence of a fluid lens between the hydrogel lens and the cornea would account for this discrepancy. For minus lenses of moderate and high power, it was found that the change in power was in the direction of more plus; for low minus and all plus lenses, the change was in the direction of more minus. Under the conditions of the present investigation, correcting power measured with the lens on the eye was in agreement with the calculated value for regular-thickness Hydrocurve lenses of -2.00 D and thin lenses of -0.75 D. This is interpreted to mean that lenses of these powers conform to the shape of the cornea so that the fluid lens is thin and plano. The clinical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 677250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2939", "title": "Accommodation as a function of object form.", "content": "The steady-state, monocular accommodation resposne to sinusoidal grating targets was assessed as a function of the spatial frequency of the grating and its vergence at the eye, using a laser optometer. At all levels of accommodative stimulus, the response was found to be dependent on grating frequency. At very low frequencies, the response was often substantially in error and was closely related to the accommodation exercised by the observer when viewing an empty field. At  higher frequencies, the response became more accurate. Possible models for accommodative strategies underlying the experimental results are discussed. A model involving dynamic evaluation of the changes in retinal-image modulation produced by accommodation fluctuations for  many features of the observations.", "contents": "Accommodation as a function of object form. The steady-state, monocular accommodation resposne to sinusoidal grating targets was assessed as a function of the spatial frequency of the grating and its vergence at the eye, using a laser optometer. At all levels of accommodative stimulus, the response was found to be dependent on grating frequency. At very low frequencies, the response was often substantially in error and was closely related to the accommodation exercised by the observer when viewing an empty field. At  higher frequencies, the response became more accurate. Possible models for accommodative strategies underlying the experimental results are discussed. A model involving dynamic evaluation of the changes in retinal-image modulation produced by accommodation fluctuations for  many features of the observations.", "PMID": 677251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2940", "title": "Light transmission of hydrogel contact lenses.", "content": "The visible-light transmission of various Bausch & Lomb Soflens contact lenses and HydrocurveTM contact lenses was measured with a Perkin-Elmer model 202 UV spectrophotometer. The light transmission for both types of lenses ranged from 96-99%, and was almost constant over the visible spectrum. Neither the power, the thickness, nor the posterior apical radius of the lenses had a  significant effect on the amount of light they transmitted.", "contents": "Light transmission of hydrogel contact lenses. The visible-light transmission of various Bausch & Lomb Soflens contact lenses and HydrocurveTM contact lenses was measured with a Perkin-Elmer model 202 UV spectrophotometer. The light transmission for both types of lenses ranged from 96-99%, and was almost constant over the visible spectrum. Neither the power, the thickness, nor the posterior apical radius of the lenses had a  significant effect on the amount of light they transmitted.", "PMID": 677252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2941", "title": "Thickness of human cornea measured by topographic pachometry.", "content": "In the hands of trained user, the topographic pachometer proves to be  an instrument of acceptable clinical precision (standard deviation = 0.006mm). An examination of corneal thinning during waking hours revealed a rate of thinning which was greatest upon lid opening and which declined  uniformly throughout the day (p = 0.01). An investigation into menstrually related change in corneal thickness revealed that at least 122 subjects would be required to investigate this change on an acceptable statistical basis (p = 0.05).", "contents": "Thickness of human cornea measured by topographic pachometry. In the hands of trained user, the topographic pachometer proves to be  an instrument of acceptable clinical precision (standard deviation = 0.006mm). An examination of corneal thinning during waking hours revealed a rate of thinning which was greatest upon lid opening and which declined  uniformly throughout the day (p = 0.01). An investigation into menstrually related change in corneal thickness revealed that at least 122 subjects would be required to investigate this change on an acceptable statistical basis (p = 0.05).", "PMID": 677253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2942", "title": "Introduction to the symposium on functional amblyopia: sensory or motor disorder?", "content": "The theme of the symposium is identified by 2 questions: (1) is the mechanism that underlies functional amblyopia sensory or motor? and (2) How do sensory and motor factors contribute to the loss of acuity in amblyopic eyes? The answers to these questions as well as to several questions about clinical diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia are provided in the following 7 papers and panel discussion that comprise this symposium.", "contents": "Introduction to the symposium on functional amblyopia: sensory or motor disorder? The theme of the symposium is identified by 2 questions: (1) is the mechanism that underlies functional amblyopia sensory or motor? and (2) How do sensory and motor factors contribute to the loss of acuity in amblyopic eyes? The answers to these questions as well as to several questions about clinical diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia are provided in the following 7 papers and panel discussion that comprise this symposium.", "PMID": 677254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2943", "title": "Eccentric fixation in amblyopia: is reduced foveal acuity the cause?", "content": "The Worth-Chavasse theory of amblyopia is briefly reviewed with particular attention to Worth's explanation that eccentric fixation develops in an attempt by the amblyopic eye to fixate with an eccentric retinal locus having higher acuity than the fovea. Three experiments are reviewed; these show that of 8 eccentrically fixating amblyopic eyes tested, 7 had foveal acuity that was higher than or equal to the acuity at the eccentric fixation locus. A fourth study is reviewed, however, which reports that 24 of 25 eccentrically fixating amblyopic eyes had highest acuity at the eccentric retinal locus. With only slight reservations, the conclusion from the first 3 experiments that eccentric fixation does not occur to improve acuity appears justified, but the contrary results of the fourth study, in which fixation was not controlled, cannot easily be dismissed. The importance of performing an experiment that accurately measures acuity across the retinas of amblyopic eyes with careful control of fixation and target location is stressed.", "contents": "Eccentric fixation in amblyopia: is reduced foveal acuity the cause? The Worth-Chavasse theory of amblyopia is briefly reviewed with particular attention to Worth's explanation that eccentric fixation develops in an attempt by the amblyopic eye to fixate with an eccentric retinal locus having higher acuity than the fovea. Three experiments are reviewed; these show that of 8 eccentrically fixating amblyopic eyes tested, 7 had foveal acuity that was higher than or equal to the acuity at the eccentric fixation locus. A fourth study is reviewed, however, which reports that 24 of 25 eccentrically fixating amblyopic eyes had highest acuity at the eccentric retinal locus. With only slight reservations, the conclusion from the first 3 experiments that eccentric fixation does not occur to improve acuity appears justified, but the contrary results of the fourth study, in which fixation was not controlled, cannot easily be dismissed. The importance of performing an experiment that accurately measures acuity across the retinas of amblyopic eyes with careful control of fixation and target location is stressed.", "PMID": 677255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2944", "title": "Visual acuity at different retinal loci of eccentrically fixating functional amblyopes.", "content": "Visual acuity was measured in eccentrically fixating amblyopic subjects to determine the contribution of sensory (inhibitory) and motor (retinal-locus) components of the acuity loss. A unique aspect of this research involved the subjects' use of auditory feedback to control their unsteady and eccentric fixation while responding to flashed (800 msec) or continuously presented targets at various eccentricities in the visual field. All 4 amblyopic eyes had maximum visual acuity at the fovea; from there, the acuity declined approximately symmetrically into the nasal and temporal periphery. Foveal acuity for these amblyopic eyes was depressed from the acuity at the fovea of the normal eye. We conclude that Worth's explanation of eccentric fixation (eccentric fixation develops in an attempt by the amblyopic eye to fixate with a peripheral retinal locus having higher acuity than the fovea) cannot apply to our amblyopes. The acuity losses exhibited by the amblyopic eyes studied have a sensory (inhibition) component and a motor (retinal-locus) component, the sensory component being greater for small degrees of eccentric fixation and the motor component being greater for large amounts of eccentric fixation.", "contents": "Visual acuity at different retinal loci of eccentrically fixating functional amblyopes. Visual acuity was measured in eccentrically fixating amblyopic subjects to determine the contribution of sensory (inhibitory) and motor (retinal-locus) components of the acuity loss. A unique aspect of this research involved the subjects' use of auditory feedback to control their unsteady and eccentric fixation while responding to flashed (800 msec) or continuously presented targets at various eccentricities in the visual field. All 4 amblyopic eyes had maximum visual acuity at the fovea; from there, the acuity declined approximately symmetrically into the nasal and temporal periphery. Foveal acuity for these amblyopic eyes was depressed from the acuity at the fovea of the normal eye. We conclude that Worth's explanation of eccentric fixation (eccentric fixation develops in an attempt by the amblyopic eye to fixate with a peripheral retinal locus having higher acuity than the fovea) cannot apply to our amblyopes. The acuity losses exhibited by the amblyopic eyes studied have a sensory (inhibition) component and a motor (retinal-locus) component, the sensory component being greater for small degrees of eccentric fixation and the motor component being greater for large amounts of eccentric fixation.", "PMID": 677256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2945", "title": "A sensory mechanism for amblyopia: psychophysical studies.", "content": "Psychophysical investigations of the effect of amblyopic process on the sustained and transient channels in the afferent visual pathway are reported. The experiments on photopic luminosity, increment-threshold spectral sensitivity, spatial contrast sensitivity, and reaction-time measures of suprathreshold grating detection provide converging evidence that in naturally occuring amblyopia of humans, the sustained neural channels are more severely affected than the transient channels. However, it appears that the sustained channels are not totally nonfunctional, but rather have a higher intensity requirement than normal.", "contents": "A sensory mechanism for amblyopia: psychophysical studies. Psychophysical investigations of the effect of amblyopic process on the sustained and transient channels in the afferent visual pathway are reported. The experiments on photopic luminosity, increment-threshold spectral sensitivity, spatial contrast sensitivity, and reaction-time measures of suprathreshold grating detection provide converging evidence that in naturally occuring amblyopia of humans, the sustained neural channels are more severely affected than the transient channels. However, it appears that the sustained channels are not totally nonfunctional, but rather have a higher intensity requirement than normal.", "PMID": 677257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2946", "title": "Monocular performance of functional amblyopes: another look at the scotoma hypothesis.", "content": "The traditional scotoma hypothesis for functional amblyopia is modified to state: whereas the central visual field of a normal visual system and that of an organic amblyope become increasingly scotomatous as light level is decreased from high to low photopic levels, the reverse is true for the central field of a functionally amblyopic visual system. An attempt is made to show how this hypothesis provides a unifying explanation for several seemingly different visual performances observed in functional amblyopes. The paper deals with (1) field inhomogeneities and threshold measures, and (2) threshold changes with light adaptation level. Implications of the modified scotoma hypothesis are discussed for (1) the neutral-density-filter test to distinguish functional from organic amblyopia, (2) the reduced CFF threshold for amblyopic eyes, (3) expectations of stereopsis for amblyopes, and (4) possible mechanisms for amblyopia.", "contents": "Monocular performance of functional amblyopes: another look at the scotoma hypothesis. The traditional scotoma hypothesis for functional amblyopia is modified to state: whereas the central visual field of a normal visual system and that of an organic amblyope become increasingly scotomatous as light level is decreased from high to low photopic levels, the reverse is true for the central field of a functionally amblyopic visual system. An attempt is made to show how this hypothesis provides a unifying explanation for several seemingly different visual performances observed in functional amblyopes. The paper deals with (1) field inhomogeneities and threshold measures, and (2) threshold changes with light adaptation level. Implications of the modified scotoma hypothesis are discussed for (1) the neutral-density-filter test to distinguish functional from organic amblyopia, (2) the reduced CFF threshold for amblyopic eyes, (3) expectations of stereopsis for amblyopes, and (4) possible mechanisms for amblyopia.", "PMID": 677258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2947", "title": "A motor theory for monocular eccentric fixation of amblyopic eyes.", "content": "A motor theory is proposed to explain monocular eccentric fixation of amblyopic eyes. Clinical observations that suggest the involvement of a motor anomaly related to strabismus are cited. The model proposes that potentiation (after discharge) of the agonist muscle in strabismus results in a nonregistered error of monocular fixation of the amblyopic eye. The position error goes undetected as a result of reduced sensitivity of the amblyopic eye. Evidence is cited for normal muscle potentiation in nonamblyopic eyes. A suggestion is made that amblyopia be considered both a sensory and a motor disorder. The sensory disorder is the reduced acuity at the fovea of the amblyopic eye. The motor disorder is muscle potentiation that causes the amblyopic eye to fixate with an eccentric retinal region that has lower acuity than the fovea. A distinction is made between motor anomalies that have a sensory basis, such as unsteady fixation in anisometropic amblyopia, and motor anomalies that have a motor basis, such as eccentric fixation in strabismic amblyopia.", "contents": "A motor theory for monocular eccentric fixation of amblyopic eyes. A motor theory is proposed to explain monocular eccentric fixation of amblyopic eyes. Clinical observations that suggest the involvement of a motor anomaly related to strabismus are cited. The model proposes that potentiation (after discharge) of the agonist muscle in strabismus results in a nonregistered error of monocular fixation of the amblyopic eye. The position error goes undetected as a result of reduced sensitivity of the amblyopic eye. Evidence is cited for normal muscle potentiation in nonamblyopic eyes. A suggestion is made that amblyopia be considered both a sensory and a motor disorder. The sensory disorder is the reduced acuity at the fovea of the amblyopic eye. The motor disorder is muscle potentiation that causes the amblyopic eye to fixate with an eccentric retinal region that has lower acuity than the fovea. A distinction is made between motor anomalies that have a sensory basis, such as unsteady fixation in anisometropic amblyopia, and motor anomalies that have a motor basis, such as eccentric fixation in strabismic amblyopia.", "PMID": 677259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2948", "title": "Processing delays in amblyopic eyes: evidence from saccadic latencies.", "content": "Saccadic latencies were measured in amblyopes with constant strabismus, amblyopes without strabismus, and intermittent strabismics with or without amblyopia. Subjects tracked a small spot of light, either monocularly or binocularly, which moved with random horizontal step displacements of 0.25--8.5 deg over the central field. Increased saccadic latencies were observed in the amblyopic eyes of 6 of 11 subjects, with or without strabismus; saccadic latencies were similar in each eye of 2 subjects having intermittent strabismus without amblyopia. Amblyopia was a necessary condition for increased saccadic latencies and not strabismus. Evidence for normal motor control of eye movements in amblyopic subjects is as follows: normal saccadic durations in the amblyopic eyes, normal saccadic-latency distribution curves for binocular tracking and monocular tracking with the nonamblyopic eyes, and synchronous movements of the 2 eyes. Our results are interpreted in terms of a processing delay in the sensory pathways leading from the central region of the amblyopic eye to the centers involved in saccadic initiation.", "contents": "Processing delays in amblyopic eyes: evidence from saccadic latencies. Saccadic latencies were measured in amblyopes with constant strabismus, amblyopes without strabismus, and intermittent strabismics with or without amblyopia. Subjects tracked a small spot of light, either monocularly or binocularly, which moved with random horizontal step displacements of 0.25--8.5 deg over the central field. Increased saccadic latencies were observed in the amblyopic eyes of 6 of 11 subjects, with or without strabismus; saccadic latencies were similar in each eye of 2 subjects having intermittent strabismus without amblyopia. Amblyopia was a necessary condition for increased saccadic latencies and not strabismus. Evidence for normal motor control of eye movements in amblyopic subjects is as follows: normal saccadic durations in the amblyopic eyes, normal saccadic-latency distribution curves for binocular tracking and monocular tracking with the nonamblyopic eyes, and synchronous movements of the 2 eyes. Our results are interpreted in terms of a processing delay in the sensory pathways leading from the central region of the amblyopic eye to the centers involved in saccadic initiation.", "PMID": 677260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2949", "title": "New method for determining the magnifying power of telescopes.", "content": "A new method of measuring the power of optical telescopes is described. This method makes use of the vergence amplification that occurs when the light incident on the objective lens at a telescope is divergent or convergent. The relation between the vergence incident on the objective and vergence emergent from the eyepiece depends on the magnifying power and the length of the telescope. The method is most simple to apply to short-length, low-powered Galilean tesescopes, such as those used as low vision aids, in sports glasses, and in telescopic loupes. With such telescopes, holding a lens of known power against the objective and measuring the back vertex power of the lens-telescope combination using the lensometer and then measuring the telescope length allows the determination of the magnifying power of the telescope. The method can be adapted to determine the magnification rating of near-vision telescopic loupes.", "contents": "New method for determining the magnifying power of telescopes. A new method of measuring the power of optical telescopes is described. This method makes use of the vergence amplification that occurs when the light incident on the objective lens at a telescope is divergent or convergent. The relation between the vergence incident on the objective and vergence emergent from the eyepiece depends on the magnifying power and the length of the telescope. The method is most simple to apply to short-length, low-powered Galilean tesescopes, such as those used as low vision aids, in sports glasses, and in telescopic loupes. With such telescopes, holding a lens of known power against the objective and measuring the back vertex power of the lens-telescope combination using the lensometer and then measuring the telescope length allows the determination of the magnifying power of the telescope. The method can be adapted to determine the magnification rating of near-vision telescopic loupes.", "PMID": 677262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2950", "title": "Sighting dominance and binocular rivalry.", "content": "Two experiments are reported that attempt to explore systematically the role of sighting dominance during binocular rivalry. Experiment 1 showed that the sighting eye tends to display longer total viewing time, and experiment 2 indicated that this asymmetry remained even when observers had increased experience with rivalrous stimulation. Additional analysis revealed that the average dominance period of the sighting eye was longer than that of the nonsighting eye, resulting in significant sequencing effects during the rivalry process.", "contents": "Sighting dominance and binocular rivalry. Two experiments are reported that attempt to explore systematically the role of sighting dominance during binocular rivalry. Experiment 1 showed that the sighting eye tends to display longer total viewing time, and experiment 2 indicated that this asymmetry remained even when observers had increased experience with rivalrous stimulation. Additional analysis revealed that the average dominance period of the sighting eye was longer than that of the nonsighting eye, resulting in significant sequencing effects during the rivalry process.", "PMID": 677263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2951", "title": "Etiology of astigmatism.", "content": "A large amount of evidence suggests that astigmatism is hereditary. Other evidence indicates that the prevalence of astigmatism varies widely between and within racial groups and that both the direction and the amount of astigmatism tend to vary as a function of age and in response to environmental influences.", "contents": "Etiology of astigmatism. A large amount of evidence suggests that astigmatism is hereditary. Other evidence indicates that the prevalence of astigmatism varies widely between and within racial groups and that both the direction and the amount of astigmatism tend to vary as a function of age and in response to environmental influences.", "PMID": 677264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2952", "title": "Characterization of feline glomerulonephritis associated with viral-induced hematopoietic neoplasms.", "content": "Light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy on tissues from 63 domestic cats revealed that glomerulonephritis occurred in almost one third of cats with hematopoietic neoplasms of the type linked with feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Glomerular lesions were of the immune complex type with subepithelial, subendothelial, and mesangial dense deposits and reticular aggregates, similar to the nephropathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in humans. Evidence that the glomerular lesions may be viral-induced raises the possibility of similar pathogenetic mechanisms in human disease.", "contents": "Characterization of feline glomerulonephritis associated with viral-induced hematopoietic neoplasms. Light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy on tissues from 63 domestic cats revealed that glomerulonephritis occurred in almost one third of cats with hematopoietic neoplasms of the type linked with feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Glomerular lesions were of the immune complex type with subepithelial, subendothelial, and mesangial dense deposits and reticular aggregates, similar to the nephropathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in humans. Evidence that the glomerular lesions may be viral-induced raises the possibility of similar pathogenetic mechanisms in human disease.", "PMID": 677265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2953", "title": "Renal tubulointerstitial lesions in CBA/J mice.", "content": "Renal tubulointerstitial lesions (RTL) were observed with high frequency in CBA/J mice more than 2 months old. RTL were characterized by interstitial infiltrates of lymphocytes and macrophages in the corticomedullary zone. Multinucleated structures sometimes resembling giant cells were present, and there was destruction of tubules and tubular basement membranes in areas of infiltration. Glomeruli appeared normal. RTL were first seen in  12 to 22 CBA/J mice 2.5 to 3 months old. By the age of 7 to 9 months, 35 to 45 mice were affected, and all 24 mice 12 months old or older had RTL. CBA/J mice had these unique renal lesions whether they were purchased and examined immediately, were obtained as weanlings andreared in our quarters or those of another institution, or were fourth generation descendants of purchased breeders. The propensity to develop RTL has been present in this strain for at least 2 years. RTL were not observed in C57BL/6J mice housed for 14 months with affected animals or in a survey of CBA/HUmc, C57BL/6J, A/J, BALB/cJ, or C3H/HeJ mice. Immunofluorescent examination of CBA/J kidneys appears to rule out antitubular basement membrane autoantibodies or immune complexes in the pathogenesis of RTL.", "contents": "Renal tubulointerstitial lesions in CBA/J mice. Renal tubulointerstitial lesions (RTL) were observed with high frequency in CBA/J mice more than 2 months old. RTL were characterized by interstitial infiltrates of lymphocytes and macrophages in the corticomedullary zone. Multinucleated structures sometimes resembling giant cells were present, and there was destruction of tubules and tubular basement membranes in areas of infiltration. Glomeruli appeared normal. RTL were first seen in  12 to 22 CBA/J mice 2.5 to 3 months old. By the age of 7 to 9 months, 35 to 45 mice were affected, and all 24 mice 12 months old or older had RTL. CBA/J mice had these unique renal lesions whether they were purchased and examined immediately, were obtained as weanlings andreared in our quarters or those of another institution, or were fourth generation descendants of purchased breeders. The propensity to develop RTL has been present in this strain for at least 2 years. RTL were not observed in C57BL/6J mice housed for 14 months with affected animals or in a survey of CBA/HUmc, C57BL/6J, A/J, BALB/cJ, or C3H/HeJ mice. Immunofluorescent examination of CBA/J kidneys appears to rule out antitubular basement membrane autoantibodies or immune complexes in the pathogenesis of RTL.", "PMID": 677266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2954", "title": "Sensitization to the generalized Shwartzman reaction by catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors.", "content": "The generalized Shwartzman reaction (GSR) was produced by a single injection of endotoxin in male rats pretreated with catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors (tropolone, pyrogallol). Such a result was not obtained with inhibitors (pargyline, phenelzine, isocarboxazide) of the monoamine oxidase (MAO). The inhibitors of the COMT were found to enhance the action of endotoxin on the coagulation system such as evidenced by the increased consumptions of Hageman factor, fibrinogen, and platelets. Tropolone-treated rabbits did not require exogenous stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptor sites by norepinephrine to localize thrombi in the glomerular capillaries when Hageman factor was activated by ellagic acid and fibrinolysis inhibited by epsilon-amino-caproic acid. It is concluded that interference with the degradation of circulating catecholamines results in sensitization to the generalized Shwartzman reaction.", "contents": "Sensitization to the generalized Shwartzman reaction by catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors. The generalized Shwartzman reaction (GSR) was produced by a single injection of endotoxin in male rats pretreated with catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors (tropolone, pyrogallol). Such a result was not obtained with inhibitors (pargyline, phenelzine, isocarboxazide) of the monoamine oxidase (MAO). The inhibitors of the COMT were found to enhance the action of endotoxin on the coagulation system such as evidenced by the increased consumptions of Hageman factor, fibrinogen, and platelets. Tropolone-treated rabbits did not require exogenous stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptor sites by norepinephrine to localize thrombi in the glomerular capillaries when Hageman factor was activated by ellagic acid and fibrinolysis inhibited by epsilon-amino-caproic acid. It is concluded that interference with the degradation of circulating catecholamines results in sensitization to the generalized Shwartzman reaction.", "PMID": 677267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2955", "title": "Anchoring fibrils. A new connective tissue structure in fibrotic lung disease.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies of lung were made and compared in 17 patients with lung disease (10 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 3 with collagen--vascular diseases, 3 with sarcoidosis, and 1 with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia) and in 5 control patients. In control patients, the alveolar epithelial cells were normal, and no hemidesmosomes were present between the plasma membranes and the basal laminae. In comparison, cuboidal alveolar epithelial cells were present in 15 of the patients with fibrotic lung disease; in 9 of these the alveolar epithelial cells were multilayered. In 7 of the latter 9 patients (5 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 2 with collagen-vascular diseases), the basal laminae of the alveolar epithelial cells were attached to the plasma membranes by hemidesmosomes and to the underlying interstitial connective tissue by \"anchoring fibrils.\" These fibrils measured from 4000 to 6000 A in length and from 200 to 600 A in width. One or both ends of the anchoring fibrils inserted into thebasal lamina, often forming arcs through which collagen fibrils and connective tissue microfibrils penetrated. Anchoring fibrils showed a complex pattern of transverse banding, which differed from that of collagen and appeared to be symmetric about the center of the fibril. These anchoring fibrils, which resemble those in normal skin and other tissues, were not found in lungs of control patients. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the severity of the pulmonary fibrosis and the presence of anchoring fibrils. These observations suggest that in severe fibrotic lung disease, anchoring fibrils reinforce the attachment of the basal lamina of multilayered alveolar epithelial cells to interstitial connective tissue.", "contents": "Anchoring fibrils. A new connective tissue structure in fibrotic lung disease. Electron microscopic studies of lung were made and compared in 17 patients with lung disease (10 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 3 with collagen--vascular diseases, 3 with sarcoidosis, and 1 with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia) and in 5 control patients. In control patients, the alveolar epithelial cells were normal, and no hemidesmosomes were present between the plasma membranes and the basal laminae. In comparison, cuboidal alveolar epithelial cells were present in 15 of the patients with fibrotic lung disease; in 9 of these the alveolar epithelial cells were multilayered. In 7 of the latter 9 patients (5 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 2 with collagen-vascular diseases), the basal laminae of the alveolar epithelial cells were attached to the plasma membranes by hemidesmosomes and to the underlying interstitial connective tissue by \"anchoring fibrils.\" These fibrils measured from 4000 to 6000 A in length and from 200 to 600 A in width. One or both ends of the anchoring fibrils inserted into thebasal lamina, often forming arcs through which collagen fibrils and connective tissue microfibrils penetrated. Anchoring fibrils showed a complex pattern of transverse banding, which differed from that of collagen and appeared to be symmetric about the center of the fibril. These anchoring fibrils, which resemble those in normal skin and other tissues, were not found in lungs of control patients. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the severity of the pulmonary fibrosis and the presence of anchoring fibrils. These observations suggest that in severe fibrotic lung disease, anchoring fibrils reinforce the attachment of the basal lamina of multilayered alveolar epithelial cells to interstitial connective tissue.", "PMID": 677268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2956", "title": "Ultrastructure of the myocardium after pulmonary embolism. A study in the rat.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to find out whether acute massive pulmonary embolism can produce myocardial changes visible by light and electron microscopy. Ww therefore produced pulmonary embolism in rats using plastic microspheres (diameter, 15 +/- 5 mu). Two experimental protocols were used: lethal embolism, with a dose of microspheres known to kill in 3 to 15 hours (these rats were killed after 1 hour), and sublethal embolism, with a dose compatible with 100% survival (these rats were killed after 24 hours). In both groups, the left ventricle was normal. The right ventricle showed two tyes of changes: a) A distinctive lesion of the myocytes, more diffuse after lethal enbolism and different from the \"zonal lesion\" of shock. It consisted primarily in a localized shredding of the myofibrillar system; hence, the name shredding is  proposed. Earlier stages of this lesion were represented by focal dissolution of the Z line (Z lysis). The pathogenesis of these lesions appeared to be primarily mechanical. b) Necrosis was already apparent at 1 hour and was more extensive after 24 hours. The pathogensis of the necrotic lesions is best explained by a temporary ischemia followed by delayed reflow; a possible potentiating role of endogenous catecholamines cannot be excluded. Most capilaries in the necrotic foci remained functional; this explains the rapid rate of the healing process of such lesions. A comparison is drawn between the observed foci of necrosis and the human myocardial lesions knowns as \"miliary infarcts\" and \"myocytolysis.\" It is proposed that a factor common to all three is the preservation of the microcirculatory vessels and that our experimental model helps illuminate the pathogenesis of the human lesions. It is concluded that the right ventricle of acute cor pulmonale may develop cellular changes with a complex pathologenesis (mechanical, ischemic, and possibly hormonal). The nature of the changes found in our model could represent the morphologic substrate of right-sided failure; it can be correlated with the electrocardiographic abnormalities found in the comparable human condition.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the myocardium after pulmonary embolism. A study in the rat. The purpose of this study was to find out whether acute massive pulmonary embolism can produce myocardial changes visible by light and electron microscopy. Ww therefore produced pulmonary embolism in rats using plastic microspheres (diameter, 15 +/- 5 mu). Two experimental protocols were used: lethal embolism, with a dose of microspheres known to kill in 3 to 15 hours (these rats were killed after 1 hour), and sublethal embolism, with a dose compatible with 100% survival (these rats were killed after 24 hours). In both groups, the left ventricle was normal. The right ventricle showed two tyes of changes: a) A distinctive lesion of the myocytes, more diffuse after lethal enbolism and different from the \"zonal lesion\" of shock. It consisted primarily in a localized shredding of the myofibrillar system; hence, the name shredding is  proposed. Earlier stages of this lesion were represented by focal dissolution of the Z line (Z lysis). The pathogenesis of these lesions appeared to be primarily mechanical. b) Necrosis was already apparent at 1 hour and was more extensive after 24 hours. The pathogensis of the necrotic lesions is best explained by a temporary ischemia followed by delayed reflow; a possible potentiating role of endogenous catecholamines cannot be excluded. Most capilaries in the necrotic foci remained functional; this explains the rapid rate of the healing process of such lesions. A comparison is drawn between the observed foci of necrosis and the human myocardial lesions knowns as \"miliary infarcts\" and \"myocytolysis.\" It is proposed that a factor common to all three is the preservation of the microcirculatory vessels and that our experimental model helps illuminate the pathogenesis of the human lesions. It is concluded that the right ventricle of acute cor pulmonale may develop cellular changes with a complex pathologenesis (mechanical, ischemic, and possibly hormonal). The nature of the changes found in our model could represent the morphologic substrate of right-sided failure; it can be correlated with the electrocardiographic abnormalities found in the comparable human condition.", "PMID": 677269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2957", "title": "Ultrastructural evaluation of the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on bone of thyroparathyroidectomized rats fed a low-calcium diet.", "content": "Thyroparathyroidectomized rats fed a low-calcium-normal-phosphorus diet were administered 1 or 5 units of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-(1,25-[OH]2D3) or placebo daily for 7 days. 1,25-(OH)2D3 elevated serum and urine calcium and decreased serum phosphorus. Rats given 1 unit of 1,25-(OH)2D3 had increased numbers of osteoclasts in metaphyseal trabeculae, Ultrastructurally, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes in rats given 1 unit of 1,25-(OH)2D3, were similar to those in rats given placebo. In rats given 5 units of 1,25-(OH)2D3, osteoclasis was markedly increased. Osteoblasts were more numerous and interpreted to be active in matrix production and mineralization. Lamellated electron-dense bodies were observed adjacent to the plasma membranes of less active osteoblasts and were interpreted to be modified matrix. Most osteocytes in rats given 5 units of 1,25-(OH)2D3 were indistinguishable from osteocytes in rats given placebo. However,the pericellular space of some osteocytes in rats given 5 units of 1,25-(OH)2D3 contained electron-dense granular deposits that were interpreted to be calcium phosphate. It is concluded that 1,25-(OH)2D3 is able to significantly elevate serum calcium independent of dietary calcium, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin primarily by increasing ostoeclasis with minimal dependence on osteocytic osteolysis.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evaluation of the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on bone of thyroparathyroidectomized rats fed a low-calcium diet. Thyroparathyroidectomized rats fed a low-calcium-normal-phosphorus diet were administered 1 or 5 units of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-(1,25-[OH]2D3) or placebo daily for 7 days. 1,25-(OH)2D3 elevated serum and urine calcium and decreased serum phosphorus. Rats given 1 unit of 1,25-(OH)2D3 had increased numbers of osteoclasts in metaphyseal trabeculae, Ultrastructurally, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes in rats given 1 unit of 1,25-(OH)2D3, were similar to those in rats given placebo. In rats given 5 units of 1,25-(OH)2D3, osteoclasis was markedly increased. Osteoblasts were more numerous and interpreted to be active in matrix production and mineralization. Lamellated electron-dense bodies were observed adjacent to the plasma membranes of less active osteoblasts and were interpreted to be modified matrix. Most osteocytes in rats given 5 units of 1,25-(OH)2D3 were indistinguishable from osteocytes in rats given placebo. However,the pericellular space of some osteocytes in rats given 5 units of 1,25-(OH)2D3 contained electron-dense granular deposits that were interpreted to be calcium phosphate. It is concluded that 1,25-(OH)2D3 is able to significantly elevate serum calcium independent of dietary calcium, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin primarily by increasing ostoeclasis with minimal dependence on osteocytic osteolysis.", "PMID": 677270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2958", "title": "Dose-dependent inhibition of experimental arterial thrombosis by carbenicillin and ticarcillin.", "content": "An experimental model of canine arterial thrombosis was used to study by prophylactic antithrombotic effectiveness of carbenicillin and ticarcillin, two semisynthetic penicillins which have been shown to inhibit platelet function in vivo. Isolated peripheral arterial segments were injected with pronase and biopsied at 24 hours. In untreated dogs, 89% of injected segments totally occluded with thrombus. Prophylactic treatment for 3 to 7 days with carbenicillin or ticarcillin in low doses (250 mg/kg/day) or high doses 750 mg/kg/day) significantly decreased the incidence of total occlusion to 53% and 6%, respectively. The dose-dependent inhibition of arterial thrombosis correlated with dose-dependent inhibition of platelet function. Prophylactic treatment with aspirin in low doses (650 mg/day) or high doses (2600 mg/day) did not significantly decrease the incidence of total occlusion in this model. Carbenicillin and ticarcillin are effective experimental antithrombotic agents.", "contents": "Dose-dependent inhibition of experimental arterial thrombosis by carbenicillin and ticarcillin. An experimental model of canine arterial thrombosis was used to study by prophylactic antithrombotic effectiveness of carbenicillin and ticarcillin, two semisynthetic penicillins which have been shown to inhibit platelet function in vivo. Isolated peripheral arterial segments were injected with pronase and biopsied at 24 hours. In untreated dogs, 89% of injected segments totally occluded with thrombus. Prophylactic treatment for 3 to 7 days with carbenicillin or ticarcillin in low doses (250 mg/kg/day) or high doses 750 mg/kg/day) significantly decreased the incidence of total occlusion to 53% and 6%, respectively. The dose-dependent inhibition of arterial thrombosis correlated with dose-dependent inhibition of platelet function. Prophylactic treatment with aspirin in low doses (650 mg/day) or high doses (2600 mg/day) did not significantly decrease the incidence of total occlusion in this model. Carbenicillin and ticarcillin are effective experimental antithrombotic agents.", "PMID": 677271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2959", "title": "Some effects of bicultural and monocultural school environments on personality development.", "content": "Preadolescent girls in a bicultural school, compared with those in a monocultural school, showed more heterocultural peer-group organization, better self-image, and greater acceptance of an unknown cultural group. These differences were not found among younger (latency-age) children in the two schools. No significant differences were found in role-taking ability between girls in the two schools, suggesting that the bicultural school environment contributes to the difference in the other personality dimensions studied.", "contents": "Some effects of bicultural and monocultural school environments on personality development. Preadolescent girls in a bicultural school, compared with those in a monocultural school, showed more heterocultural peer-group organization, better self-image, and greater acceptance of an unknown cultural group. These differences were not found among younger (latency-age) children in the two schools. No significant differences were found in role-taking ability between girls in the two schools, suggesting that the bicultural school environment contributes to the difference in the other personality dimensions studied.", "PMID": 677276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2960", "title": "Methods for studying sensitive family topics.", "content": "Researchers on sensitive topics in family relations face a number of obstacles, due to the private nature of the family and to ethical constraints on the study of humans. Difficulties in locating subjects, engaging their cooperation, and obtaining valid and reliable data are discussed, and methods are proposed for pursuing research on these important but frequently taboo topics.", "contents": "Methods for studying sensitive family topics. Researchers on sensitive topics in family relations face a number of obstacles, due to the private nature of the family and to ethical constraints on the study of humans. Difficulties in locating subjects, engaging their cooperation, and obtaining valid and reliable data are discussed, and methods are proposed for pursuing research on these important but frequently taboo topics.", "PMID": 677277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2961", "title": "The behavioral symptoms of hyperkinetic children who successfully responded to stimulant drug treatment.", "content": "Hyperkinetic children who successfully responded to drug treatment were compared with controls on a series of objective measures of activity and attentional problems. Although group differences were found on most measures, there were no indications that these children were more homogeneous in their behavioral symptoms than the hyperkinetic population in general.", "contents": "The behavioral symptoms of hyperkinetic children who successfully responded to stimulant drug treatment. Hyperkinetic children who successfully responded to drug treatment were compared with controls on a series of objective measures of activity and attentional problems. Although group differences were found on most measures, there were no indications that these children were more homogeneous in their behavioral symptoms than the hyperkinetic population in general.", "PMID": 677278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2962", "title": "Hyperactives as young adults: school, employer, and self-rating scales obtained during ten-year follow-up evaluation.", "content": "A ten-year prospective follow-up of hyperactive adolescents and young adults indicates that they are rated as markedly inferior to normal controls by teachers but not by employers. On self-rating scales, they view themselves as inferior to controls on a personality test, but no different than controls on a psychopathology scale.", "contents": "Hyperactives as young adults: school, employer, and self-rating scales obtained during ten-year follow-up evaluation. A ten-year prospective follow-up of hyperactive adolescents and young adults indicates that they are rated as markedly inferior to normal controls by teachers but not by employers. On self-rating scales, they view themselves as inferior to controls on a personality test, but no different than controls on a psychopathology scale.", "PMID": 677279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2963", "title": "The role of goal attainment scaling in evaluating family therapy outcome.", "content": "The role of an individualized goal attainment procedure as an outcome measure for brief family therapy is described. Establishment of a scale and assessment of goal attainment at six-month follow-up are reported in a study of some 270 families. Results support the procedure as being a reliable and valid means of examining the outcome status of treated families.", "contents": "The role of goal attainment scaling in evaluating family therapy outcome. The role of an individualized goal attainment procedure as an outcome measure for brief family therapy is described. Establishment of a scale and assessment of goal attainment at six-month follow-up are reported in a study of some 270 families. Results support the procedure as being a reliable and valid means of examining the outcome status of treated families.", "PMID": 677280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2964", "title": "Attitudes towards symptoms and services in the ethnic family and neighborhood.", "content": "Research in Baltimore's Italian and Polish neighborhoods suggest that the extended family is seen as the front-line resource for intensive advice on emotional problems. Mental health specialists frequently are not preceived as the appropriate agents for meeting problems that are beyond the expertise of the family and local community. Implications for community mental health are examined.", "contents": "Attitudes towards symptoms and services in the ethnic family and neighborhood. Research in Baltimore's Italian and Polish neighborhoods suggest that the extended family is seen as the front-line resource for intensive advice on emotional problems. Mental health specialists frequently are not preceived as the appropriate agents for meeting problems that are beyond the expertise of the family and local community. Implications for community mental health are examined.", "PMID": 677281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2965", "title": "Battered wives: barriers to identification and treatment.", "content": "As it becomes increasingly evident that wife-beating is widespread in the United States, the need for adequate professional assitance to the victims becomes more pressing. This study, reflecting the author's experiences in offering psychiatric counseling to battered wives, outlines the difficulties in reaching out to this population and offers suggestions for treatment approaches.", "contents": "Battered wives: barriers to identification and treatment. As it becomes increasingly evident that wife-beating is widespread in the United States, the need for adequate professional assitance to the victims becomes more pressing. This study, reflecting the author's experiences in offering psychiatric counseling to battered wives, outlines the difficulties in reaching out to this population and offers suggestions for treatment approaches.", "PMID": 677282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2966", "title": "Adolescent health services and contraceptive use.", "content": "A pilot study of a health services program for never-pregnant high-school students, which stresses development of incentives for personal involvement in their own health care, reports a low incidence of unintended pregnancy among girls who requested contraceptives. The social and emotional characteristics of those who continued contraceptive use are compared with the small group who had uninteneded pregnancies.", "contents": "Adolescent health services and contraceptive use. A pilot study of a health services program for never-pregnant high-school students, which stresses development of incentives for personal involvement in their own health care, reports a low incidence of unintended pregnancy among girls who requested contraceptives. The social and emotional characteristics of those who continued contraceptive use are compared with the small group who had uninteneded pregnancies.", "PMID": 677283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2967", "title": "A group approach to the depressed adolescent girl in foster care.", "content": "Depression reactive to severe early loss and current environmental pressure is a salient common characteristic of many adolescent girls in foster care. This paper describes work with developmentally-oriented mutual aid groups focused on depression and coping, which have been successful in promoting ego strengths and growth in this population.", "contents": "A group approach to the depressed adolescent girl in foster care. Depression reactive to severe early loss and current environmental pressure is a salient common characteristic of many adolescent girls in foster care. This paper describes work with developmentally-oriented mutual aid groups focused on depression and coping, which have been successful in promoting ego strengths and growth in this population.", "PMID": 677284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2968", "title": "Late-life paranoid states: assessment and treatment.", "content": "Paranoid states are a frequent and often disturbing disorder in the elderly, but treatment potentials are often overlooked. Etiological factors are reviewed, with attention to differential diagnosis. Treatment issues, including the role of a therapeutic relationship, the impact on the person's social network and prognosis, are discussed.", "contents": "Late-life paranoid states: assessment and treatment. Paranoid states are a frequent and often disturbing disorder in the elderly, but treatment potentials are often overlooked. Etiological factors are reviewed, with attention to differential diagnosis. Treatment issues, including the role of a therapeutic relationship, the impact on the person's social network and prognosis, are discussed.", "PMID": 677285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2969", "title": "A paradigm for the classification of emotional crises: implications for crisis intervention.", "content": "A model for the classification of six general types of crises frequently encountered in crisis clinics is presented. Defining characteristics, intervention strategy, and a case example are considered for each type of crisis. The model is proposed for teaching crisis therapy and enhancing the effectiveness of crisis intervention in clinical contexts.", "contents": "A paradigm for the classification of emotional crises: implications for crisis intervention. A model for the classification of six general types of crises frequently encountered in crisis clinics is presented. Defining characteristics, intervention strategy, and a case example are considered for each type of crisis. The model is proposed for teaching crisis therapy and enhancing the effectiveness of crisis intervention in clinical contexts.", "PMID": 677286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2970", "title": "The vermiculate surface pattern of brow ridges in Neandertal and modern crania.", "content": "A convoluted surface pattern of ridges and grooves characterizes the frontal torus in adult Neandertal fossils. Modern human skulls rarely have the pattern well developed. It is not observed in postcranial bones, nor in skulls of Neandertal children. This vermiculate bone is resistant to oriented cracking from weathering or fractures. Structural characteristics of the bone give evidence on the problem of the function of hominid brow ridges.", "contents": "The vermiculate surface pattern of brow ridges in Neandertal and modern crania. A convoluted surface pattern of ridges and grooves characterizes the frontal torus in adult Neandertal fossils. Modern human skulls rarely have the pattern well developed. It is not observed in postcranial bones, nor in skulls of Neandertal children. This vermiculate bone is resistant to oriented cracking from weathering or fractures. Structural characteristics of the bone give evidence on the problem of the function of hominid brow ridges.", "PMID": 677288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2971", "title": "Univariate and multivariate methods for sexing the sacrum.", "content": "Metric data on 200 sacra of known sex, age and race are analyzed to determine the usefulness of conventional observations for determining sex in this bone. Results of the univariate analysis show that significant sex differences in the sacrum involve primarily the top portion of the bone for both whites and blacks. However, measurements of curvature are important sex differences in the sample of blacks. A new index relating the S1 body to sacral breadth is proposed as more useful in classifying the bones by sex than indices involving other measurements. Discriminant analysis shows that the sample of whites can be analyzed significantly better by this method than by using an index. The choice of univariate or multivariate method must depend on the condition of the bone, and will be influenced to some extent by the race from which the sample is drawn.", "contents": "Univariate and multivariate methods for sexing the sacrum. Metric data on 200 sacra of known sex, age and race are analyzed to determine the usefulness of conventional observations for determining sex in this bone. Results of the univariate analysis show that significant sex differences in the sacrum involve primarily the top portion of the bone for both whites and blacks. However, measurements of curvature are important sex differences in the sample of blacks. A new index relating the S1 body to sacral breadth is proposed as more useful in classifying the bones by sex than indices involving other measurements. Discriminant analysis shows that the sample of whites can be analyzed significantly better by this method than by using an index. The choice of univariate or multivariate method must depend on the condition of the bone, and will be influenced to some extent by the race from which the sample is drawn.", "PMID": 677289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2972", "title": "Distribution of albumin variants Naskapi amd Mexico among Aleuts, Frobisher Bay Eskimos, and Micmac, Naskapi, Mohawk, Omaha, and Apache Indians.", "content": "In order to help define the boundaries of the distribution of the albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico which are polymorphic among several American Indian groups, we examined sera from Micmac, Mohawk, Northwest River Naskapi, Omaha and Apache Indians, and from Aleuts and Eskimos. Sera from a total of 1,524 individuals were examined. Using a cellulose acetate membrane electrophoretic system with Tris-Citric acid at pH 5.4 we were able to distinguish normal albumin and both variants in the same run. Naskapi and Mexico variants were absent from Aleut, Eskimo, Micmac, Mohawk and Omaha samples. The albumin Naskapi variant was present in an allele frequency of 0.03 in the Naskapi Indian sample. Albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico were found in the Apache sample at frequencies of 0.016 and 0.037, respectively. This report supersedes that previously published by Schell and Agarwal ('76). Generally, within an area there is a correspondence between changes in the frequency of albumin variants and changes in the ethnic background and history of the area's populations. At the same time, when viewing widely separated areas, relationships between distant groups based on linguistic and cultural similarities are paralleled on a biologic level by the distribution of normal albumin and variant albumins.", "contents": "Distribution of albumin variants Naskapi amd Mexico among Aleuts, Frobisher Bay Eskimos, and Micmac, Naskapi, Mohawk, Omaha, and Apache Indians. In order to help define the boundaries of the distribution of the albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico which are polymorphic among several American Indian groups, we examined sera from Micmac, Mohawk, Northwest River Naskapi, Omaha and Apache Indians, and from Aleuts and Eskimos. Sera from a total of 1,524 individuals were examined. Using a cellulose acetate membrane electrophoretic system with Tris-Citric acid at pH 5.4 we were able to distinguish normal albumin and both variants in the same run. Naskapi and Mexico variants were absent from Aleut, Eskimo, Micmac, Mohawk and Omaha samples. The albumin Naskapi variant was present in an allele frequency of 0.03 in the Naskapi Indian sample. Albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico were found in the Apache sample at frequencies of 0.016 and 0.037, respectively. This report supersedes that previously published by Schell and Agarwal ('76). Generally, within an area there is a correspondence between changes in the frequency of albumin variants and changes in the ethnic background and history of the area's populations. At the same time, when viewing widely separated areas, relationships between distant groups based on linguistic and cultural similarities are paralleled on a biologic level by the distribution of normal albumin and variant albumins.", "PMID": 677290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2973", "title": "Statistical power in physical anthropology: a technical report.", "content": "A statistical power analysis of The American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Volume 44, 1976) was conducted. Twenty-five articles, which included 3,304 major significance tests, constituted the final sample. Resultant power estimates of 0.38, 0.62, and 0.81, corresponding to small, medium, and large population effects respectively, were obtained. Although the medium effect size estimate falls short of the recommended 0.80 level, the statistical power of physical anthropological research fares well relative to several of the social scientific fields of inquiry.", "contents": "Statistical power in physical anthropology: a technical report. A statistical power analysis of The American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Volume 44, 1976) was conducted. Twenty-five articles, which included 3,304 major significance tests, constituted the final sample. Resultant power estimates of 0.38, 0.62, and 0.81, corresponding to small, medium, and large population effects respectively, were obtained. Although the medium effect size estimate falls short of the recommended 0.80 level, the statistical power of physical anthropological research fares well relative to several of the social scientific fields of inquiry.", "PMID": 677291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2974", "title": "ABO blood groups in Chilean and Peruvian mummies. II. Results of agglutination-inhibition technique.", "content": "ABO blood groups of Peruvian and Chilean mummies were determined with the agglutination-inhibition method. In Peru all ABO blood groups were found in the period from 3000 B.C. to 1400 A.D.; from this period to 1650 only A and O were seen. In Chile no B or AB was noted either in pre-Columbian or Colonial mummies. This confirms the archeological concept that the Chilean Indian was culturally as well as genetically different from the Peruvian Indian. Further studies using other genetic markers are in order, as well as changing certain preconceived notions on blood groups of American Indians.", "contents": "ABO blood groups in Chilean and Peruvian mummies. II. Results of agglutination-inhibition technique. ABO blood groups of Peruvian and Chilean mummies were determined with the agglutination-inhibition method. In Peru all ABO blood groups were found in the period from 3000 B.C. to 1400 A.D.; from this period to 1650 only A and O were seen. In Chile no B or AB was noted either in pre-Columbian or Colonial mummies. This confirms the archeological concept that the Chilean Indian was culturally as well as genetically different from the Peruvian Indian. Further studies using other genetic markers are in order, as well as changing certain preconceived notions on blood groups of American Indians.", "PMID": 677292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2975", "title": "Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among Andhras.", "content": "Sixty-eight Andhra males and 45 Andhra females from Visakhapatnam town of Andhra Pradesh, India have been investigated for G-6-PD deficiency. The GdB- gene has a frequency of 4.41% among males. No G-6-PH deficient females were detected. The present data have been compared with the available tribal and non-tribal data from Andhra Pradesh. It is observed that the present sample, though non-tribal in nature, presents a relatively considerable frequency of the GdB- gene.", "contents": "Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among Andhras. Sixty-eight Andhra males and 45 Andhra females from Visakhapatnam town of Andhra Pradesh, India have been investigated for G-6-PD deficiency. The GdB- gene has a frequency of 4.41% among males. No G-6-PH deficient females were detected. The present data have been compared with the available tribal and non-tribal data from Andhra Pradesh. It is observed that the present sample, though non-tribal in nature, presents a relatively considerable frequency of the GdB- gene.", "PMID": 677293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2976", "title": "The effects of stress on cortical bone thickness in rodents.", "content": "The right and left femora of three groups of rodents, cold stressed, noise stressed, and heat stressed, were sectioned transversely at the most inferior point of the third trochanter. Cortical bone thickness of the proximal section for all three groups was determined by measuring an enlargement obtained with a Wild stereo microscope with a camera lucida drawing attachment. Cold stressed animals were found to have significantly thinner cortical bone than did controls, noise stressed animals did not differ from controls, and heat stressed animals had thinner cortical bone than did controls. It is concluded that stress may be responsible for the thinner cortex of cold and heat stressed animals, but that other factors may be at work and that it is not possible to tell whether different types of stress act through the same or through different mechanisms.", "contents": "The effects of stress on cortical bone thickness in rodents. The right and left femora of three groups of rodents, cold stressed, noise stressed, and heat stressed, were sectioned transversely at the most inferior point of the third trochanter. Cortical bone thickness of the proximal section for all three groups was determined by measuring an enlargement obtained with a Wild stereo microscope with a camera lucida drawing attachment. Cold stressed animals were found to have significantly thinner cortical bone than did controls, noise stressed animals did not differ from controls, and heat stressed animals had thinner cortical bone than did controls. It is concluded that stress may be responsible for the thinner cortex of cold and heat stressed animals, but that other factors may be at work and that it is not possible to tell whether different types of stress act through the same or through different mechanisms.", "PMID": 677294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2977", "title": "Interobserver error in human skin colorimetry.", "content": "Twenty light-skinned adults were measured at the upper inner arm site using two commonly used reflectance spectrophotometers. Each subject was measured by each of three investigators to assess the influence of interobserver error on the reflectance readings. A repeated measures design analysis of variance showed no significant variance component due to observers.", "contents": "Interobserver error in human skin colorimetry. Twenty light-skinned adults were measured at the upper inner arm site using two commonly used reflectance spectrophotometers. Each subject was measured by each of three investigators to assess the influence of interobserver error on the reflectance readings. A repeated measures design analysis of variance showed no significant variance component due to observers.", "PMID": 677295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2978", "title": "Empirical comparison of distance equations using discrete traits.", "content": "The use of the Grewal-Smith statistic in measuring biological distance among skeletal population samples has been questioned since it was first applied to human populations. Recently, in an attempt to stabilize the variance of the Grewal-Smith statistic for use with non-metric analysis, Sj\u00f8hivold ('73) and Green and Suchey ('76) have introduced corrections and alternative transformations which may enhance the meaning of biological distance among population samples. Their recommendations improve the statistics for specific variable ranges; i.e., small sample size and low trait frequencies. Thirteen equations representing Grewal-Smith, Freeman-Tukey, Anscombe, and Bartlett transformations and/or corrections, were compared using rank order correlation statistics on actual biological distances generated by real population data as presented in existing literature. Results from testing these actual distance models show little variation between equations based on the populational data sets used. Based on these findings, the distance model resulting from the Grewal-Smith statistic is not inferior to the more sophisticated models, although the latter may be superior allowing specific improvements for small sample size and/or low trait frequencies.", "contents": "Empirical comparison of distance equations using discrete traits. The use of the Grewal-Smith statistic in measuring biological distance among skeletal population samples has been questioned since it was first applied to human populations. Recently, in an attempt to stabilize the variance of the Grewal-Smith statistic for use with non-metric analysis, Sj\u00f8hivold ('73) and Green and Suchey ('76) have introduced corrections and alternative transformations which may enhance the meaning of biological distance among population samples. Their recommendations improve the statistics for specific variable ranges; i.e., small sample size and low trait frequencies. Thirteen equations representing Grewal-Smith, Freeman-Tukey, Anscombe, and Bartlett transformations and/or corrections, were compared using rank order correlation statistics on actual biological distances generated by real population data as presented in existing literature. Results from testing these actual distance models show little variation between equations based on the populational data sets used. Based on these findings, the distance model resulting from the Grewal-Smith statistic is not inferior to the more sophisticated models, although the latter may be superior allowing specific improvements for small sample size and/or low trait frequencies.", "PMID": 677296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2979", "title": "Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles III. Quadrupedal positional behavior.", "content": "Electromyographic (EMG) recordings were taken from 14 shoulder muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, a chimpanzee and an orangutan as they stood quadrupedally and tripedally, descended from elevated substrates, crutch-walked, and progressed quadrupedally on inclined and level substrates. In the African apes, low potentials commonly (but not always) occurred in the sternocostal pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles during quadrupedal stance. The quadrupedal orangutan always exhibited low potentials in the pectoralis major muscle and EMG activity commonly occurred in her supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles. Quiescent tripedal stances were not accompanied by striking changes in EMG patterns from those which characterized quadrupedal stances. Per contra, eccentric loadings of the forelimb during descents from elevated substrates generally recruited notable EMG activity in the deltoid, supraspinatus and, to a lesser extent, infraspinatus muscles of the three pongid apes. The pectoralis major and caudal serratus anterior muscles were much more active in Pongo and Pan during these descents. Supportive segments of quadrupedal locomotive cycles were generally accompanied by EMG activity in the pectoralis major, intermediate and posterior deltoid and supraspinatus muscles. The intermediate and posterior deltoid muscles were characteristically active during pre-release of the hand and early swing phase. The cranial trapezius and supraspinatus muscles also may act during early swing phase. We conclude that the pectoralis major and perhaps the supraspinatus and subscapularis might serve regularly as postural muscles during static terrestrial quadrupedalism in pongid apes. The lack of dramatic differences between the EMG patterns exhibited during fist-walking versus knuckle-walking indicates that an evolutionary transformation from a shoulder complex like that of Pongo to ones like Pan or vice versa need not entail major changes in myological features.", "contents": "Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles III. Quadrupedal positional behavior. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings were taken from 14 shoulder muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, a chimpanzee and an orangutan as they stood quadrupedally and tripedally, descended from elevated substrates, crutch-walked, and progressed quadrupedally on inclined and level substrates. In the African apes, low potentials commonly (but not always) occurred in the sternocostal pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles during quadrupedal stance. The quadrupedal orangutan always exhibited low potentials in the pectoralis major muscle and EMG activity commonly occurred in her supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles. Quiescent tripedal stances were not accompanied by striking changes in EMG patterns from those which characterized quadrupedal stances. Per contra, eccentric loadings of the forelimb during descents from elevated substrates generally recruited notable EMG activity in the deltoid, supraspinatus and, to a lesser extent, infraspinatus muscles of the three pongid apes. The pectoralis major and caudal serratus anterior muscles were much more active in Pongo and Pan during these descents. Supportive segments of quadrupedal locomotive cycles were generally accompanied by EMG activity in the pectoralis major, intermediate and posterior deltoid and supraspinatus muscles. The intermediate and posterior deltoid muscles were characteristically active during pre-release of the hand and early swing phase. The cranial trapezius and supraspinatus muscles also may act during early swing phase. We conclude that the pectoralis major and perhaps the supraspinatus and subscapularis might serve regularly as postural muscles during static terrestrial quadrupedalism in pongid apes. The lack of dramatic differences between the EMG patterns exhibited during fist-walking versus knuckle-walking indicates that an evolutionary transformation from a shoulder complex like that of Pongo to ones like Pan or vice versa need not entail major changes in myological features.", "PMID": 677298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2980", "title": "A re-examination of parturition scars on the human female pelvis.", "content": "Pits, cavities and depressions located on the dorsal surface of the pubic symphysis of females have been attributed to the trauma of parturition. Earlier research based on human skeletal remains provides inadequate information on the individual's obstetrical history. The 68 female pubic bones that were studied had comprehensive medical records indicating whether or not each female had given birth. Fourteen and one-half percent of the females who had not given birth exhibited trace to small scarring of the pubic symphysis and 23.4% of the females who had not given birth exhibited medium to large scarring. It is suggested that bony changes previously used as an indicator of child bearing must be re-examined in light of the fact that \"birth scarring\" has been found in women known not to have had children.", "contents": "A re-examination of parturition scars on the human female pelvis. Pits, cavities and depressions located on the dorsal surface of the pubic symphysis of females have been attributed to the trauma of parturition. Earlier research based on human skeletal remains provides inadequate information on the individual's obstetrical history. The 68 female pubic bones that were studied had comprehensive medical records indicating whether or not each female had given birth. Fourteen and one-half percent of the females who had not given birth exhibited trace to small scarring of the pubic symphysis and 23.4% of the females who had not given birth exhibited medium to large scarring. It is suggested that bony changes previously used as an indicator of child bearing must be re-examined in light of the fact that \"birth scarring\" has been found in women known not to have had children.", "PMID": 677299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2981", "title": "Chemical energetics of single isometric tetani in mammalian smooth muscle.", "content": "A rabbit taenia coli preparation has been used to study the chemical energetics of smooth muscle contraction. Under the experimental conditions, the muscle had no spontaneous mechanical activity, but could be fully activated with the use of electrical field stimulation. ATP resynthesis from glycolysis and respiration was stopped with a procedure that involved treatment with metabolic inhibitors at 5 degrees C followed by rewarming to 18 degrees C. This procedure did not alter the high-energy phosphate contents of mechanical responses of the muscle. Use of this preparation to determine ATP and phosphorylcreatine changes during isometric tetani at 18 degrees C and a length of 86% LO showed that there was net ATP breakdown initially with no significant phosphorylcreatine splitting. This was followed by an increase in the rate of phosphorylcreatine splitting with net ATP synthesis. The average rate of total high-energy phosphate utilization was about 0.01 mumol/g.s for up to 60 s or about 150 times less than that of frog sartorius at the same temperature.", "contents": "Chemical energetics of single isometric tetani in mammalian smooth muscle. A rabbit taenia coli preparation has been used to study the chemical energetics of smooth muscle contraction. Under the experimental conditions, the muscle had no spontaneous mechanical activity, but could be fully activated with the use of electrical field stimulation. ATP resynthesis from glycolysis and respiration was stopped with a procedure that involved treatment with metabolic inhibitors at 5 degrees C followed by rewarming to 18 degrees C. This procedure did not alter the high-energy phosphate contents of mechanical responses of the muscle. Use of this preparation to determine ATP and phosphorylcreatine changes during isometric tetani at 18 degrees C and a length of 86% LO showed that there was net ATP breakdown initially with no significant phosphorylcreatine splitting. This was followed by an increase in the rate of phosphorylcreatine splitting with net ATP synthesis. The average rate of total high-energy phosphate utilization was about 0.01 mumol/g.s for up to 60 s or about 150 times less than that of frog sartorius at the same temperature.", "PMID": 677300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2982", "title": "Contribution of sodium pump to resting potential of squid giant axon.", "content": "The effect of the cardiotonic aglycone, strophanthidin, on sodium and potassium efflux, membrane potential, membrane conductance, potassium permeability, and the shape of the action potential of the giant axon of the squid, Loligo pealei, was examined. Strophanthidin depolarized the membrane to an extent determined by the intracellular sodium concentration, except in axons pretreated with cyanide, in which the effect is abolished. Cyanide itself hyperpolarized the axon membrane. Axons treated with strophanthidin appear to be better potassium electrodes, but this observation is fully accounted for by the stimulating effect of [K]o on an electrogenic sodium pump. The increase in potassium efflux produced by strophanthidin is also well accounted for by the observed membrane depolarization and the known dependence of potassium permeability on membrane potential (e-fold increase in efflux per 6.4 mV depolarization). Strophanthidin has no demonstrable effect on membrane conductance apart from that due to the observed depolarization. These findings support the view that cardiotonic steroids, at least in nerve, are specific inhibitors of the sodium pump, devoid of effects on permeability that might interfere with the study of electrogenic pumping. The alteration in the shape of the action potential after exposure to strophanthidin (deepening of the \"underswing\") suggests that the strophanthidin-induced membrane depolarization results from the inhibition of a true electrogenic pump, and not from ion redistributions in the vicinity of the membrane.", "contents": "Contribution of sodium pump to resting potential of squid giant axon. The effect of the cardiotonic aglycone, strophanthidin, on sodium and potassium efflux, membrane potential, membrane conductance, potassium permeability, and the shape of the action potential of the giant axon of the squid, Loligo pealei, was examined. Strophanthidin depolarized the membrane to an extent determined by the intracellular sodium concentration, except in axons pretreated with cyanide, in which the effect is abolished. Cyanide itself hyperpolarized the axon membrane. Axons treated with strophanthidin appear to be better potassium electrodes, but this observation is fully accounted for by the stimulating effect of [K]o on an electrogenic sodium pump. The increase in potassium efflux produced by strophanthidin is also well accounted for by the observed membrane depolarization and the known dependence of potassium permeability on membrane potential (e-fold increase in efflux per 6.4 mV depolarization). Strophanthidin has no demonstrable effect on membrane conductance apart from that due to the observed depolarization. These findings support the view that cardiotonic steroids, at least in nerve, are specific inhibitors of the sodium pump, devoid of effects on permeability that might interfere with the study of electrogenic pumping. The alteration in the shape of the action potential after exposure to strophanthidin (deepening of the \"underswing\") suggests that the strophanthidin-induced membrane depolarization results from the inhibition of a true electrogenic pump, and not from ion redistributions in the vicinity of the membrane.", "PMID": 677301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2983", "title": "Electric current generated by squid giant axon sodium pump: external K and internal ADP effects.", "content": "The operation of the sodium pump of giant axons of the squid, Loligo pealei, has been studied simultaneously in two independent ways: 1) by measuring sodium efflux with 22Na, and 2) by calculating the transmembrane current generated by the pump from measurements of membrane resistance and digitalis-sensitive membrane potential. In normal, untreated axons, the effect of increasing the external potassium concentration on both sodium efflux and pump current is similar, which suggests that Na:K pump stoichiometry remains relatively constant in the range of 0-20 mM external K. The data are compatible with a 3:2 Na:K ratio. In axons whose intracellular ADP level has been elevated by injection of L-arginine, a large, electrically silent, cardiotonic steroid-sensitive sodium efflux takes place in the absence of external potassium; this suggests that pump-mediated Na:Na exchange is 1:1 or electroneutral. Finally, elevation of external potassium levels causes the appearance, in high-ADP axons, of electrogenic pumping, with little effect on sodium efflux; hence, in contrast to what is seen in normal (low-ADP) axons, the charge translocated, per sodium ion extruded, increases sharply with increasing extracellular potassium levels.", "contents": "Electric current generated by squid giant axon sodium pump: external K and internal ADP effects. The operation of the sodium pump of giant axons of the squid, Loligo pealei, has been studied simultaneously in two independent ways: 1) by measuring sodium efflux with 22Na, and 2) by calculating the transmembrane current generated by the pump from measurements of membrane resistance and digitalis-sensitive membrane potential. In normal, untreated axons, the effect of increasing the external potassium concentration on both sodium efflux and pump current is similar, which suggests that Na:K pump stoichiometry remains relatively constant in the range of 0-20 mM external K. The data are compatible with a 3:2 Na:K ratio. In axons whose intracellular ADP level has been elevated by injection of L-arginine, a large, electrically silent, cardiotonic steroid-sensitive sodium efflux takes place in the absence of external potassium; this suggests that pump-mediated Na:Na exchange is 1:1 or electroneutral. Finally, elevation of external potassium levels causes the appearance, in high-ADP axons, of electrogenic pumping, with little effect on sodium efflux; hence, in contrast to what is seen in normal (low-ADP) axons, the charge translocated, per sodium ion extruded, increases sharply with increasing extracellular potassium levels.", "PMID": 677302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2984", "title": "An inexpensive, high output voltage, voltage clamp for epithelial membranes.", "content": "A circuit is described that can produce a high output voltage to automatically short-circuit an epithelial tissue mounted in an Ussing chamber. Because of its high output voltage it can short-circuit preparations requiring over 500 muA even in conjunction with high-resistance agar bridges. The circuit, which is easy to build, uses an inexpensive, low-voltage, integrated circuit operational amplifier, which is electrically isolated from the high-voltage part of the circuit by an optical isolator. The device can also be modified for use as a high impedance preamplifier for monitoring the spontaneous membrane potential.", "contents": "An inexpensive, high output voltage, voltage clamp for epithelial membranes. A circuit is described that can produce a high output voltage to automatically short-circuit an epithelial tissue mounted in an Ussing chamber. Because of its high output voltage it can short-circuit preparations requiring over 500 muA even in conjunction with high-resistance agar bridges. The circuit, which is easy to build, uses an inexpensive, low-voltage, integrated circuit operational amplifier, which is electrically isolated from the high-voltage part of the circuit by an optical isolator. The device can also be modified for use as a high impedance preamplifier for monitoring the spontaneous membrane potential.", "PMID": 677303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2985", "title": "Flow and potentials during perfusion of lacrimal gland with electrolyte solutions.", "content": "Resting membrane potentials, acetylcholine (ACh)-induced change in membrane potentials of lacrimal gland cells, and ACh-induced flow from the excretory duct of the lacrimal gland were recorded during close intra-arterial perfusion of various electrolyte solutions. Resting membrane potentials were unchanged during perfusion with Na+-free, Cl--free, K+-free, and K+-rich solutions. Regardless of the composition of the perfusion solution, ACh induced hyperpolarization of the majority of cells but it also induced depolarization or biphasic potential or no change in potential in a significant number of cells. When the gland was perfused with a Na+-free or a Cl--free solution, the magnitude of the ACh-induced hyperpolarization was not changed but ACh-induced flow was markedly decreased. We conclude that the process(es) responsible for the ACh-induced change in potential may differ from those responsible for the ACh-induced flow and caution should be used when drawing conclusions about mechanisms of secretion solely from analysis of electrophysiological data.", "contents": "Flow and potentials during perfusion of lacrimal gland with electrolyte solutions. Resting membrane potentials, acetylcholine (ACh)-induced change in membrane potentials of lacrimal gland cells, and ACh-induced flow from the excretory duct of the lacrimal gland were recorded during close intra-arterial perfusion of various electrolyte solutions. Resting membrane potentials were unchanged during perfusion with Na+-free, Cl--free, K+-free, and K+-rich solutions. Regardless of the composition of the perfusion solution, ACh induced hyperpolarization of the majority of cells but it also induced depolarization or biphasic potential or no change in potential in a significant number of cells. When the gland was perfused with a Na+-free or a Cl--free solution, the magnitude of the ACh-induced hyperpolarization was not changed but ACh-induced flow was markedly decreased. We conclude that the process(es) responsible for the ACh-induced change in potential may differ from those responsible for the ACh-induced flow and caution should be used when drawing conclusions about mechanisms of secretion solely from analysis of electrophysiological data.", "PMID": 677304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2986", "title": "Bicarbonate secretion and solute absorption in forestomach of the llama.", "content": "Bicarbonate appearance in the lumen and its relationship to solute absorption were studied in a Pavlov pouch in the cardiac region of the first compartment of the llama forestomach. HCO3- appearance showed no diurnal variation. HCO3- accumulation was highly dependent on the pH of the solution used. The HCO3- ion probably is formed from CO2 diffusing into the lumen from the serosal side, as a result of cell metabolism and of OH- ions. HCO3- accumulation was closely related to volatile fatty acid (VFA) absorption. The ratio of HCO3- appearance to VFA absorption depended on the pH of the solution. At a pH of 6.6, about 0.1 mol HCO3- and, at a pH of 7.8, 0.9 mol HCO3- appeared per mole absorbed VFA, indicating that at slightly alkaline pH nearly all H+ ions required for the nonionic absorption of VFA appeared to be delivered from the dissociation of H2CO3. Bicarbonate gain and VFA absorption were increased when animals were not fed for 48 h. Sodium absorption was related to VFA as well as water absorption.", "contents": "Bicarbonate secretion and solute absorption in forestomach of the llama. Bicarbonate appearance in the lumen and its relationship to solute absorption were studied in a Pavlov pouch in the cardiac region of the first compartment of the llama forestomach. HCO3- appearance showed no diurnal variation. HCO3- accumulation was highly dependent on the pH of the solution used. The HCO3- ion probably is formed from CO2 diffusing into the lumen from the serosal side, as a result of cell metabolism and of OH- ions. HCO3- accumulation was closely related to volatile fatty acid (VFA) absorption. The ratio of HCO3- appearance to VFA absorption depended on the pH of the solution. At a pH of 6.6, about 0.1 mol HCO3- and, at a pH of 7.8, 0.9 mol HCO3- appeared per mole absorbed VFA, indicating that at slightly alkaline pH nearly all H+ ions required for the nonionic absorption of VFA appeared to be delivered from the dissociation of H2CO3. Bicarbonate gain and VFA absorption were increased when animals were not fed for 48 h. Sodium absorption was related to VFA as well as water absorption.", "PMID": 677305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2987", "title": "Transamination of branched-chain keto acids by isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "Isolated rat kidney perfused without substrate released serine, glycine, and taurine, and substantially smaller amounts of other amino acids. When branched-chain keto acids were added, the corresponding amino acids were released at rates amounting to 15-25% of keto acid disappearance. Perfusion with 2 mM alpha-keto-isovalerate or alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate caused an increased glucose release amounting to 18-23% of keto acid disappearance. The activity of branched-chain amino acid transferase (BATase) was significantly stimulated by perfusion with the analogue of leucine, but not by perfusion with alpha-ketoglutarate, the analogues of valine or isoleucine, or with leucine itself. These findings document that the kidney converts branched-chain keto acids in part to the corresponding amino acids and suggest that the keto analogue of leucine may be involved in the control of renal BATase activity, thereby indirectly regulating the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids.", "contents": "Transamination of branched-chain keto acids by isolated perfused rat kidney. Isolated rat kidney perfused without substrate released serine, glycine, and taurine, and substantially smaller amounts of other amino acids. When branched-chain keto acids were added, the corresponding amino acids were released at rates amounting to 15-25% of keto acid disappearance. Perfusion with 2 mM alpha-keto-isovalerate or alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate caused an increased glucose release amounting to 18-23% of keto acid disappearance. The activity of branched-chain amino acid transferase (BATase) was significantly stimulated by perfusion with the analogue of leucine, but not by perfusion with alpha-ketoglutarate, the analogues of valine or isoleucine, or with leucine itself. These findings document that the kidney converts branched-chain keto acids in part to the corresponding amino acids and suggest that the keto analogue of leucine may be involved in the control of renal BATase activity, thereby indirectly regulating the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids.", "PMID": 677309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2988", "title": "Responses of feline esophagus to cervical vagal stimulation.", "content": "We used an in vivo feline model to study striated and smooth-muscle esophageal responses to cervical vagal stimulation (VS). Circular esophageal contractions were measured by intraluminal pressure sensors and longitudinal contractions by a force transducer. Responses to VS were recorded before and after giving succinylcholine, atropine, or both. Circular contractions characteristic of striated and smooth muscle were recorded from the mid- and distal esophagus, respectively. With increases in VS frequency, the striated muscle showed rapid, repetitive twitches progressing to tetany. These fast contractions had a square-wave configuration at VS greater than or equal to 10 Hz and were abolished by succinylcholine. In contrast, the slow-twitch circular responses of smooth muscle showed no repetitive twitches and had a bell-shaped configuration. Two types of circular smooth-muscle contractions were observed: 1) A wave \"on contractions\" occurred 0.5-1.0 s after VS onset, regardless of stimulus length, and 2) infrequent B wave \"off contractions\" occurred only after stimulus cessation. The longitudinal esophageal contractions had a compound wave form with both striated and smooth-muscle components. Atropine abolished the slow component of the longitudinal contraction, the circular A wave, and peristalsis in the distal esophagus. We conclude that cholinergic motor neurons are an important pathway for eliciting peristalsis in feline esophageal smooth muscle.", "contents": "Responses of feline esophagus to cervical vagal stimulation. We used an in vivo feline model to study striated and smooth-muscle esophageal responses to cervical vagal stimulation (VS). Circular esophageal contractions were measured by intraluminal pressure sensors and longitudinal contractions by a force transducer. Responses to VS were recorded before and after giving succinylcholine, atropine, or both. Circular contractions characteristic of striated and smooth muscle were recorded from the mid- and distal esophagus, respectively. With increases in VS frequency, the striated muscle showed rapid, repetitive twitches progressing to tetany. These fast contractions had a square-wave configuration at VS greater than or equal to 10 Hz and were abolished by succinylcholine. In contrast, the slow-twitch circular responses of smooth muscle showed no repetitive twitches and had a bell-shaped configuration. Two types of circular smooth-muscle contractions were observed: 1) A wave \"on contractions\" occurred 0.5-1.0 s after VS onset, regardless of stimulus length, and 2) infrequent B wave \"off contractions\" occurred only after stimulus cessation. The longitudinal esophageal contractions had a compound wave form with both striated and smooth-muscle components. Atropine abolished the slow component of the longitudinal contraction, the circular A wave, and peristalsis in the distal esophagus. We conclude that cholinergic motor neurons are an important pathway for eliciting peristalsis in feline esophageal smooth muscle.", "PMID": 677311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2989", "title": "Parallel pathways for ion transport across rat gastric mucosa: effect of ethanol.", "content": "Transmural fluxes of 22Na or 36Cl across the isolated rat gastric mucosa were measured simultaneously with [3H]mannitol in an attempt to separate transmural ionic movement into cellular and noncellular components. The relationships between mannitol flux and the fluxes of Na and Cl are characteristic of simple diffusion, suggesting that mannitol traverses the isolated epithelium largely via noncellular pathways. The total tissue conductance can be described as the sum of two components, one of which is highly correlated with the transmural mannitol flux and presumably represents the conductance of a noncellular leak path. The cellular components of the mucosa-to-serosa Na flux and of both Cl fluxes are highly correlated with the short-circuit current. Exposure of the mucosal surface of the epithelium to 4% ethanol reduces the short-circuit current and increases the electrical conductance. Ethanol inhibits the active transport of Na and Cl and increases the apparent permeability of noncellular pathways for transmural ionic diffusion.", "contents": "Parallel pathways for ion transport across rat gastric mucosa: effect of ethanol. Transmural fluxes of 22Na or 36Cl across the isolated rat gastric mucosa were measured simultaneously with [3H]mannitol in an attempt to separate transmural ionic movement into cellular and noncellular components. The relationships between mannitol flux and the fluxes of Na and Cl are characteristic of simple diffusion, suggesting that mannitol traverses the isolated epithelium largely via noncellular pathways. The total tissue conductance can be described as the sum of two components, one of which is highly correlated with the transmural mannitol flux and presumably represents the conductance of a noncellular leak path. The cellular components of the mucosa-to-serosa Na flux and of both Cl fluxes are highly correlated with the short-circuit current. Exposure of the mucosal surface of the epithelium to 4% ethanol reduces the short-circuit current and increases the electrical conductance. Ethanol inhibits the active transport of Na and Cl and increases the apparent permeability of noncellular pathways for transmural ionic diffusion.", "PMID": 677312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2990", "title": "Skeletal mass in postmenopausal women.", "content": "The techniques of photon absorptiometry of the radius and total body neutron activation analysis were used for the determination of bone mineral content and total body calcium, respectively. The subjects consisted of 71 normal women who were 1-5 yr postmenopausal and 44 osteoporotic women who had crush fractures of the dorsal spine. Both bone mineral content and total body calcium were corrected for age and body size by using the ratio of observed values to those predicted from previously derived equations. Discrimant analysis involving both osteoporotic and normal postmenopausal women resulted in the successful assignment of 81% of the 115 subjects to their correct group. Statistical analyses of the distribution of the bone mass of the postmenopausal women yielded no evidence to support the hypothesis that a subgroup exists with bone mass levels markedly different from the remainder of the women.", "contents": "Skeletal mass in postmenopausal women. The techniques of photon absorptiometry of the radius and total body neutron activation analysis were used for the determination of bone mineral content and total body calcium, respectively. The subjects consisted of 71 normal women who were 1-5 yr postmenopausal and 44 osteoporotic women who had crush fractures of the dorsal spine. Both bone mineral content and total body calcium were corrected for age and body size by using the ratio of observed values to those predicted from previously derived equations. Discrimant analysis involving both osteoporotic and normal postmenopausal women resulted in the successful assignment of 81% of the 115 subjects to their correct group. Statistical analyses of the distribution of the bone mass of the postmenopausal women yielded no evidence to support the hypothesis that a subgroup exists with bone mass levels markedly different from the remainder of the women.", "PMID": 677313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2991", "title": "Hepatic insulin and glucagon extraction after their augmented secretion in dogs.", "content": "Effects of intravenous arginine and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) infusion on hepatic extraction of insulin (EI) and glucagon (EGG) and also on hepatic glucose output (HGO) were studied in anesthetized dogs. Because insulin and glucagon exert antagonistic effects on HGO, insulin:glucagon (I/GG) molar ratios were determined in the portal vein and also in peripheral vessels. During the arginine-CCK-PZ infusion the amount of insulin and glucagon coming to the liver increased 12- and 15-fold, respectively. In contrast EI decreased significantly from a control value of 62 +/- 6% to a nadir of 22 +/- 13%. EGG (control value 19 +/- 9%), however, was unaffected by arginine-CCK-PZ. The absence of any alteration in EGG cannot be attributed to the molecular heterogeneity of the immunoreactive glucagon. HGO increased fourfold in response to the pancreatic stimulation, whereas portal I/GG decreased significantly from 8.2 +/- 0.9 to 5.0 +/- 0.7. The concurrent femoral arterial I/GG (control 3.7 +/- 1.0) and mesenteric venous I/GG (control 2.1 +/- 0.5) increased significantly. These observations indicate that portal, but not peripheral, I/GG measurements reflect hepatic events in anesthetized dogs, probably because of the different extraction patterns for insulin and glucagon.", "contents": "Hepatic insulin and glucagon extraction after their augmented secretion in dogs. Effects of intravenous arginine and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) infusion on hepatic extraction of insulin (EI) and glucagon (EGG) and also on hepatic glucose output (HGO) were studied in anesthetized dogs. Because insulin and glucagon exert antagonistic effects on HGO, insulin:glucagon (I/GG) molar ratios were determined in the portal vein and also in peripheral vessels. During the arginine-CCK-PZ infusion the amount of insulin and glucagon coming to the liver increased 12- and 15-fold, respectively. In contrast EI decreased significantly from a control value of 62 +/- 6% to a nadir of 22 +/- 13%. EGG (control value 19 +/- 9%), however, was unaffected by arginine-CCK-PZ. The absence of any alteration in EGG cannot be attributed to the molecular heterogeneity of the immunoreactive glucagon. HGO increased fourfold in response to the pancreatic stimulation, whereas portal I/GG decreased significantly from 8.2 +/- 0.9 to 5.0 +/- 0.7. The concurrent femoral arterial I/GG (control 3.7 +/- 1.0) and mesenteric venous I/GG (control 2.1 +/- 0.5) increased significantly. These observations indicate that portal, but not peripheral, I/GG measurements reflect hepatic events in anesthetized dogs, probably because of the different extraction patterns for insulin and glucagon.", "PMID": 677314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2992", "title": "Mobilization of ascites in cirrhotic dogs following furosemide or mannitol diuresis.", "content": "Mobilization of ascites was studied in 20 anesthetized dogs with experimental cirrhosis following a mannitol- or furosemide-induced diuresis. Observations were made at 2 h following the drug, at which time the diuresis was invariably completed, and repeated at 4 h following a 2-h recovery period, during which the ureters were clamped to prevent further urinary losses. In the furosemide group the mean urinary loss was 459 +/- 6 ml and was accompanied by a decline in central venous pressure and hemoconcentration. At 2 h plasma volume had declined by 14% from control values, but at 4 h plasma replenishment was 99% complete. At this time ascites volume had decreased by 467 ml, acting as the major source for vascular replenishment. In the mannitol group, the average urinary loss was 190 +/- 10 ml and was accompanied by maintenance of venous pressure, lack of hemoconcentration, and hyponatremia. At 2 h plasma volume had expanded from control values by 22%, but at 4 h vascular replenishment was only 78% complete. The average ascites volume had decreased by only 55% of the diuretic loss, and was mobilized by a complex sequence of events involving movement of intracellular water.", "contents": "Mobilization of ascites in cirrhotic dogs following furosemide or mannitol diuresis. Mobilization of ascites was studied in 20 anesthetized dogs with experimental cirrhosis following a mannitol- or furosemide-induced diuresis. Observations were made at 2 h following the drug, at which time the diuresis was invariably completed, and repeated at 4 h following a 2-h recovery period, during which the ureters were clamped to prevent further urinary losses. In the furosemide group the mean urinary loss was 459 +/- 6 ml and was accompanied by a decline in central venous pressure and hemoconcentration. At 2 h plasma volume had declined by 14% from control values, but at 4 h plasma replenishment was 99% complete. At this time ascites volume had decreased by 467 ml, acting as the major source for vascular replenishment. In the mannitol group, the average urinary loss was 190 +/- 10 ml and was accompanied by maintenance of venous pressure, lack of hemoconcentration, and hyponatremia. At 2 h plasma volume had expanded from control values by 22%, but at 4 h vascular replenishment was only 78% complete. The average ascites volume had decreased by only 55% of the diuretic loss, and was mobilized by a complex sequence of events involving movement of intracellular water.", "PMID": 677315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2993", "title": "Urinary zinc excretion following infusions of zinc sulfate, cysteine, histidine, or glycine.", "content": "Zinc sulfate (40 mg elemental zinc) or one of three amino acids (5 or 10 g cysteine, 10 g histidine, or 10 g glycine) was infused into anesthetized dogs over a 60-min period. Plasma concentrations and urine excretions of zinc and five other cations, and glomerular filtration rates were determined before, during, and after these infusions. Infusions of zinc sufficient to produce a 20-fold increase in total plasma zinc concentrations had little effect on urinary zinc excretions (threefold increase) or plasma ultrafilterable zinc concentrations. Ten grams of cysteine urinary zinc excretions more than 100-fold, 5 g of cysteine increased zinc excretions more than 30-fold, 10 g of histidine increased zinc excretions sixfold, and 10 g of glycine had no effect. Cysteine infusions appeared to produce a net tubular secretion of zinc. Only histidine appeared to increase serum ultrafilterable zinc concentrations significantly. It would appear that plasma and urine concentrations of certain amino acids, specifically cysteine and histidine, along with polypeptides and other metabolites containing these amino acids, may be major determinants of urinary zinc excretion.", "contents": "Urinary zinc excretion following infusions of zinc sulfate, cysteine, histidine, or glycine. Zinc sulfate (40 mg elemental zinc) or one of three amino acids (5 or 10 g cysteine, 10 g histidine, or 10 g glycine) was infused into anesthetized dogs over a 60-min period. Plasma concentrations and urine excretions of zinc and five other cations, and glomerular filtration rates were determined before, during, and after these infusions. Infusions of zinc sufficient to produce a 20-fold increase in total plasma zinc concentrations had little effect on urinary zinc excretions (threefold increase) or plasma ultrafilterable zinc concentrations. Ten grams of cysteine urinary zinc excretions more than 100-fold, 5 g of cysteine increased zinc excretions more than 30-fold, 10 g of histidine increased zinc excretions sixfold, and 10 g of glycine had no effect. Cysteine infusions appeared to produce a net tubular secretion of zinc. Only histidine appeared to increase serum ultrafilterable zinc concentrations significantly. It would appear that plasma and urine concentrations of certain amino acids, specifically cysteine and histidine, along with polypeptides and other metabolites containing these amino acids, may be major determinants of urinary zinc excretion.", "PMID": 677316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2994", "title": "Inhibition of renin release from rat kidney slices by the angiotensins.", "content": "The mechanism and structural basis of the inhibition of renin release by angiotensin II (AII) were studied in rat kidney slices. Renin release was inhibited by AII and the (2-8), (3-8), (4-8), and (5-8) peptides of AII (5 X 10(-5) M). These constituent peptides of AII which share a common carboxyl terminus inhibited renin release with a sharp decrease in potency when the amino-terminal amino acid was removed. Saralasin attenuated the inhibition of renin release induced by equimolar concentrations of AII. Dose-response curves for AII and the (2-8) peptide [angiotensin III (AIII)] indicate that AII is a more potent inhibitor of renin release than is AIII. Depletion of renal norepinephrine by reserpine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or pretreatment of slices with papaverine (1 X 10(-4) M) did not block the action of AII. The data give evidence for a direct action of AII on the juxtaglomerular cells independent of an interaction with either the sympathetic nervous system or the arteriolar baroreceptor and suggest that the intrarenal receptors that mediate AII-induced inhibition of renin release differ from AII receptors in the adrenal cortex.", "contents": "Inhibition of renin release from rat kidney slices by the angiotensins. The mechanism and structural basis of the inhibition of renin release by angiotensin II (AII) were studied in rat kidney slices. Renin release was inhibited by AII and the (2-8), (3-8), (4-8), and (5-8) peptides of AII (5 X 10(-5) M). These constituent peptides of AII which share a common carboxyl terminus inhibited renin release with a sharp decrease in potency when the amino-terminal amino acid was removed. Saralasin attenuated the inhibition of renin release induced by equimolar concentrations of AII. Dose-response curves for AII and the (2-8) peptide [angiotensin III (AIII)] indicate that AII is a more potent inhibitor of renin release than is AIII. Depletion of renal norepinephrine by reserpine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or pretreatment of slices with papaverine (1 X 10(-4) M) did not block the action of AII. The data give evidence for a direct action of AII on the juxtaglomerular cells independent of an interaction with either the sympathetic nervous system or the arteriolar baroreceptor and suggest that the intrarenal receptors that mediate AII-induced inhibition of renin release differ from AII receptors in the adrenal cortex.", "PMID": 677319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2995", "title": "Reentrant excitation as a cause of cardiac arrhythmias.", "content": "Mechanisms that cause reentry were defined in rings of tissue cut from jellyfish as early as 1906 by Mayer. The concepts were developed by Mines and Garrey during the next 10 years. Lewis then tried to demonstrate that reentry caused atrial flutter. Lewis, Garrey, and later Moe also proposed that atrial fibrillation was caused by reentry. Rosenblueth provided additional experimental evidence that reentry could cause atrial arrhythmias after crushing the intercaval bridge of atrial muscle. Recent studies by Allessie using microelectrodes have provided detailed evidence for reentry in atrial tissue. Mines in 1913 also proposed that reentry could occur in the AV node. Scherf then introduced the concept of functional longitudinal dissociation as a cause of return extrasystoles and this was later shown to happen in the node by Moe and his colleagues. Reentry can also occur between atria and ventricles utilizing accessory connecting pathways. Schmitt and Erlanger in 1913 were the first to do experiments which indicated that reentry can also occur in the ventricles. Subsequently it was shown that reentry can occur in Purkinje fiber bundles. Reentry in ventricular muscle may also cause some of the arrhythmias that occur after myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Reentrant excitation as a cause of cardiac arrhythmias. Mechanisms that cause reentry were defined in rings of tissue cut from jellyfish as early as 1906 by Mayer. The concepts were developed by Mines and Garrey during the next 10 years. Lewis then tried to demonstrate that reentry caused atrial flutter. Lewis, Garrey, and later Moe also proposed that atrial fibrillation was caused by reentry. Rosenblueth provided additional experimental evidence that reentry could cause atrial arrhythmias after crushing the intercaval bridge of atrial muscle. Recent studies by Allessie using microelectrodes have provided detailed evidence for reentry in atrial tissue. Mines in 1913 also proposed that reentry could occur in the AV node. Scherf then introduced the concept of functional longitudinal dissociation as a cause of return extrasystoles and this was later shown to happen in the node by Moe and his colleagues. Reentry can also occur between atria and ventricles utilizing accessory connecting pathways. Schmitt and Erlanger in 1913 were the first to do experiments which indicated that reentry can also occur in the ventricles. Subsequently it was shown that reentry can occur in Purkinje fiber bundles. Reentry in ventricular muscle may also cause some of the arrhythmias that occur after myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 677321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2996", "title": "Lungs from chronically hypoxic rats have decreased pressor response to acute hypoxia.", "content": "We measured pressor responses in blood-perfused lungs from rats kept at low altitude (LA, 1,520 m) and from rats exposed to simulated high altitude (HA, 4-6 wk at 4,270 m) to see if lungs from chronically hypoxic rats were hyper- or hyporeactive to acute airway hypoxia. HA lungs had bigger pressor responses to intra-arterial angiotensin II, prostaglandin F2alpha, and norepinephrine, but smaller responses to airway hypoxia than did LA lungs. The dose-response curve to hypoxia in HA lungs was shifted to the right of that in LA lungs. Thus, HA lungs were hyperreactive to intra-arterial agonists, but were hyporeactive to acute airway hypoxia. In contrast, additional experiments with rats that had been exposed to HA for 5 wk and then returned to LA for 3 days showed that the lungs from such post-HA rats were hyperreactive to acute airway hypoxia. The decreased pressor responsiveness to acute hypoxia in lungs from chronically hypoxic rats could have been due to an increased activity of some endogenous vasodilator or to some abnormality in the mechanism that couples hypoxia to contraction of the vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Lungs from chronically hypoxic rats have decreased pressor response to acute hypoxia. We measured pressor responses in blood-perfused lungs from rats kept at low altitude (LA, 1,520 m) and from rats exposed to simulated high altitude (HA, 4-6 wk at 4,270 m) to see if lungs from chronically hypoxic rats were hyper- or hyporeactive to acute airway hypoxia. HA lungs had bigger pressor responses to intra-arterial angiotensin II, prostaglandin F2alpha, and norepinephrine, but smaller responses to airway hypoxia than did LA lungs. The dose-response curve to hypoxia in HA lungs was shifted to the right of that in LA lungs. Thus, HA lungs were hyperreactive to intra-arterial agonists, but were hyporeactive to acute airway hypoxia. In contrast, additional experiments with rats that had been exposed to HA for 5 wk and then returned to LA for 3 days showed that the lungs from such post-HA rats were hyperreactive to acute airway hypoxia. The decreased pressor responsiveness to acute hypoxia in lungs from chronically hypoxic rats could have been due to an increased activity of some endogenous vasodilator or to some abnormality in the mechanism that couples hypoxia to contraction of the vascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 677322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2997", "title": "Human platelet chemotaxis: requirement for plasma factor(s) and the role of collagen.", "content": "Platelets are actively mobile in plasma in vitro and, in addition, they migrate specifically and directionally toward added intact collagen (chemotaxis). Native human, bovine, and equine collagen, suspended in plasma, induce a chemotactic response in human platelets. However, heat-denatured and dinitrofluorobenzene-treated collagen fail to attract platelets. Platelets migrate directionally and specifically to intact native collagen incubated in plasma over a large distance (6 mm) in a very short time (total 15 min), as observed in a newly designed micromaze apparatus. Platelets obtained from donors deficient in plasma factors XII, IX, and VIII showed normal migration and chemotaxis in normal plasma and in their respective factor-deficient plasmas. Although nondirectional movement (mobility) was normal, platelets from a donor deficient in factor XI did not exhibit chemotaxis toward collagen in either factor XI-deficient plasma or in normal plasma. The results indicate that 1) collagen is a physiological substrate for the chemotactic phenomenon, 2) intact chemical and/or structural integrity of collagen is required for the induction of platelet chemotaxis, 3) at least one plasma constituent, factor XI, plays an essential role in the chemotactic phenomenon, and 4) contact between collagen and a plasma factor is essential for normal chemotaxis.", "contents": "Human platelet chemotaxis: requirement for plasma factor(s) and the role of collagen. Platelets are actively mobile in plasma in vitro and, in addition, they migrate specifically and directionally toward added intact collagen (chemotaxis). Native human, bovine, and equine collagen, suspended in plasma, induce a chemotactic response in human platelets. However, heat-denatured and dinitrofluorobenzene-treated collagen fail to attract platelets. Platelets migrate directionally and specifically to intact native collagen incubated in plasma over a large distance (6 mm) in a very short time (total 15 min), as observed in a newly designed micromaze apparatus. Platelets obtained from donors deficient in plasma factors XII, IX, and VIII showed normal migration and chemotaxis in normal plasma and in their respective factor-deficient plasmas. Although nondirectional movement (mobility) was normal, platelets from a donor deficient in factor XI did not exhibit chemotaxis toward collagen in either factor XI-deficient plasma or in normal plasma. The results indicate that 1) collagen is a physiological substrate for the chemotactic phenomenon, 2) intact chemical and/or structural integrity of collagen is required for the induction of platelet chemotaxis, 3) at least one plasma constituent, factor XI, plays an essential role in the chemotactic phenomenon, and 4) contact between collagen and a plasma factor is essential for normal chemotaxis.", "PMID": 677324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2998", "title": "Influence of low- and high-pressure baroreceptors on plasma renin activity in humans.", "content": "We evaluated effects of the low- and high-pressure baroreceptors on plasma renin activity (immunoassay) using graded lower body suction (LBS) in six healthy men. LBS at -10 and -20 mmHg for 10 min decreased central venous pressure without changing arterial pressure and thereby presumably reduced low- but not high-pressure baroreceptor inhibition of renin release. LBS at these levels produced forearm vasoconstriction, but did not increase renin. LBS at -40 mmHg decreased central venous and arterial pulse pressure and thus reduced both low- and high-pressure baroreceptor inhibition. LBS at this level produced forearm vasoconstriction and tachycardia and increased renin from 2.1 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- SE to 7.4 +/- 1.4 ng.ml-1.h-1 (P less than 0.05). In summary, reduction in low-pressure baroreceptor inhibition in humans did not increase renin in the presence of physiological tonic inhibition from high-pressure baroreceptors. Increases in renin did not occur until there was combined reduction of high- and low-pressure baroreceptor inhibition on plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Influence of low- and high-pressure baroreceptors on plasma renin activity in humans. We evaluated effects of the low- and high-pressure baroreceptors on plasma renin activity (immunoassay) using graded lower body suction (LBS) in six healthy men. LBS at -10 and -20 mmHg for 10 min decreased central venous pressure without changing arterial pressure and thereby presumably reduced low- but not high-pressure baroreceptor inhibition of renin release. LBS at these levels produced forearm vasoconstriction, but did not increase renin. LBS at -40 mmHg decreased central venous and arterial pulse pressure and thus reduced both low- and high-pressure baroreceptor inhibition. LBS at this level produced forearm vasoconstriction and tachycardia and increased renin from 2.1 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- SE to 7.4 +/- 1.4 ng.ml-1.h-1 (P less than 0.05). In summary, reduction in low-pressure baroreceptor inhibition in humans did not increase renin in the presence of physiological tonic inhibition from high-pressure baroreceptors. Increases in renin did not occur until there was combined reduction of high- and low-pressure baroreceptor inhibition on plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 677325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_2999", "title": "Motility and blood flow distribution within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "In anesthetized dogs, the effects of a gentle manipulation of the gut wall, increasing the lumen pressure to 20 mmHg by distention, or an intravenous infusion of physostigmine on blood flow distribution within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract were studied with radioactive microspheres. Manipulation and distension produced rhythmic contractions and increased flow to the distended and manipulated segments. The increased flow was confined to the muscularis serosa; the mucosa-submucosa flow was unchanged. Physostigmine produced a sustained tonic contraction and decreased flow to the whole wall of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. The decreased flow was confined to the mucosa-submucosa; the muscularis serosa flow was unchanged. Thus, the muscularis serosa vasculatures escape the effects of a fall in vascular transmural pressure during the tonic contraction. Manipulation, distention, and physostigmine all increase the percentage of total wall flow perfusing the muscularis serosa. These studies suggest that active hyperemia, similar to exercise hyperemia in skeletal muscles, occurs in the muscularis of gut wall during intestinal contractions.", "contents": "Motility and blood flow distribution within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. In anesthetized dogs, the effects of a gentle manipulation of the gut wall, increasing the lumen pressure to 20 mmHg by distention, or an intravenous infusion of physostigmine on blood flow distribution within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract were studied with radioactive microspheres. Manipulation and distension produced rhythmic contractions and increased flow to the distended and manipulated segments. The increased flow was confined to the muscularis serosa; the mucosa-submucosa flow was unchanged. Physostigmine produced a sustained tonic contraction and decreased flow to the whole wall of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. The decreased flow was confined to the mucosa-submucosa; the muscularis serosa flow was unchanged. Thus, the muscularis serosa vasculatures escape the effects of a fall in vascular transmural pressure during the tonic contraction. Manipulation, distention, and physostigmine all increase the percentage of total wall flow perfusing the muscularis serosa. These studies suggest that active hyperemia, similar to exercise hyperemia in skeletal muscles, occurs in the muscularis of gut wall during intestinal contractions.", "PMID": 677326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3000", "title": "Intestinal muscle and mucosal blood flow during direct sympathetic stimulation.", "content": "The effect of direct sympathetic stimulation on intestinal muscle and submucosal-mucosal vasculatures was studied in the anesthetized rat. Blood flow was calculated from direct measurements of vessel diameter and red cell velocity. Stimulation at 4 Hz caused a slight reduction (4%) in muscle flow, but had no measurable effect on submucosal-mucosal flow; stimulation at 8 and 16 Hz caused muscle flow to decrease to 58.3 +/- 8.7% (SE) and 31 +/- 5.1%, respectively, of control flow, and mucosal flow, to 73 +/- 3.4% and 54.1 +/- 1.2%, respectively, of control flow. Calculations of muscle and mucosal vascular resistances from flows and microvascular pressures indicate that muscle resistance increased proportionately more than mucosal resistance at 4 and 8 Hz. However, during stimulation at 16 Hz, the mucosal resistance is only 55% of control, and muscle resistance is not significantly (P less than 0.05) different from control. Therefore, reduction of muscle and mucosal flows during 16-Hz stimulation must be caused by the intestinal arterioles and venules in series with these vasculatures.", "contents": "Intestinal muscle and mucosal blood flow during direct sympathetic stimulation. The effect of direct sympathetic stimulation on intestinal muscle and submucosal-mucosal vasculatures was studied in the anesthetized rat. Blood flow was calculated from direct measurements of vessel diameter and red cell velocity. Stimulation at 4 Hz caused a slight reduction (4%) in muscle flow, but had no measurable effect on submucosal-mucosal flow; stimulation at 8 and 16 Hz caused muscle flow to decrease to 58.3 +/- 8.7% (SE) and 31 +/- 5.1%, respectively, of control flow, and mucosal flow, to 73 +/- 3.4% and 54.1 +/- 1.2%, respectively, of control flow. Calculations of muscle and mucosal vascular resistances from flows and microvascular pressures indicate that muscle resistance increased proportionately more than mucosal resistance at 4 and 8 Hz. However, during stimulation at 16 Hz, the mucosal resistance is only 55% of control, and muscle resistance is not significantly (P less than 0.05) different from control. Therefore, reduction of muscle and mucosal flows during 16-Hz stimulation must be caused by the intestinal arterioles and venules in series with these vasculatures.", "PMID": 677327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3001", "title": "Fluid volumes during onset of spontaneous hypertension in rats.", "content": "Body fluid volumes were examined in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in two strains of age-matched normotensive controls to ascertain whether expanded plasma volume (PV) or extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) was associated with onset of spontaneous hypertension. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured in conscious male SHR, Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WKY), and American Wistar normotensive (NR) rats 3 h after arterial cannulation. At age 10-14 days no differences in MAP or PV (determine with 125I-albumin) were found between SHR and WKY. At age 18-43 days, SHR had elevated MAP and a small but significant elevation in total body water volume (TBWV; wet weight minus dry weight) compared to WKY and NR; no differences among the three groups were found in PV or ECFV (estimated with inulin). These results provide no evidence that expanded PV or ECFV plays a role in the pathogenic mechanisms of spontaneous hypertension, but do not exclude the possibility of altered vascular compliance. The slightly elevated TBWV in SHR may be related to reduced body fat in SHR.", "contents": "Fluid volumes during onset of spontaneous hypertension in rats. Body fluid volumes were examined in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in two strains of age-matched normotensive controls to ascertain whether expanded plasma volume (PV) or extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) was associated with onset of spontaneous hypertension. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured in conscious male SHR, Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WKY), and American Wistar normotensive (NR) rats 3 h after arterial cannulation. At age 10-14 days no differences in MAP or PV (determine with 125I-albumin) were found between SHR and WKY. At age 18-43 days, SHR had elevated MAP and a small but significant elevation in total body water volume (TBWV; wet weight minus dry weight) compared to WKY and NR; no differences among the three groups were found in PV or ECFV (estimated with inulin). These results provide no evidence that expanded PV or ECFV plays a role in the pathogenic mechanisms of spontaneous hypertension, but do not exclude the possibility of altered vascular compliance. The slightly elevated TBWV in SHR may be related to reduced body fat in SHR.", "PMID": 677329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3002", "title": "Role of autoregulation in spatial and temporal perfusion heterogeneity of canine myocardium.", "content": "Spatial heterogeneity, the region-to-region variation in flow at an instant, and temporal heterogeneity, the time variation of flow in a small region of myocardium, were investigated with radioactive labeled microspheres in 111 regions of left ventricular myocardium. The error of the method was measured by simultaneously injecting four differently labeled microspheres (15 +/- 5 (SD) micron). The coefficient of variation (CV) was 6.5 +/- 1.0%. Spatial variation with autoregulation intact was 21.7 +/- 1.4% (CV); with autoregulation abolished and low perfusion pressure, it was 34.3 +/- 3.7%; and with normal perfusion pressure, 30.8 +/- 6.4% (differences not significantly). This degree of variation was similar in the entire left ventricle and its layers. Forces which tended to cause vessel closure (low perfusion pressure, ventricular systolic pressure, and ventricular diastolic pressure) tended to increase CV. Temporal heterogeneity as measured by 20-s intervals between microsphere injections was 11.1 +/- 1.0% (CV) with autoregulation, 9.8 +/- 1.3% (P less than 0.05) with autoregulation abolished, and 8.4 +/- 0.8% (P less than 0.05) when perfusion pressure was restored. A periodicity of flow cycles of 30-90 s was suggested by the data. These results suggest that spatial heterogeneity is less influenced by autoregulation than by hydraulic considerations, whereas temporal heterogeneity is a component of autoregulation.", "contents": "Role of autoregulation in spatial and temporal perfusion heterogeneity of canine myocardium. Spatial heterogeneity, the region-to-region variation in flow at an instant, and temporal heterogeneity, the time variation of flow in a small region of myocardium, were investigated with radioactive labeled microspheres in 111 regions of left ventricular myocardium. The error of the method was measured by simultaneously injecting four differently labeled microspheres (15 +/- 5 (SD) micron). The coefficient of variation (CV) was 6.5 +/- 1.0%. Spatial variation with autoregulation intact was 21.7 +/- 1.4% (CV); with autoregulation abolished and low perfusion pressure, it was 34.3 +/- 3.7%; and with normal perfusion pressure, 30.8 +/- 6.4% (differences not significantly). This degree of variation was similar in the entire left ventricle and its layers. Forces which tended to cause vessel closure (low perfusion pressure, ventricular systolic pressure, and ventricular diastolic pressure) tended to increase CV. Temporal heterogeneity as measured by 20-s intervals between microsphere injections was 11.1 +/- 1.0% (CV) with autoregulation, 9.8 +/- 1.3% (P less than 0.05) with autoregulation abolished, and 8.4 +/- 0.8% (P less than 0.05) when perfusion pressure was restored. A periodicity of flow cycles of 30-90 s was suggested by the data. These results suggest that spatial heterogeneity is less influenced by autoregulation than by hydraulic considerations, whereas temporal heterogeneity is a component of autoregulation.", "PMID": 677330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3003", "title": "Mechanisms of vascular changes in skeletal muscle during asphyxia in the cat.", "content": "Vascular responses in the hindlimb muscles of anesthetized paralyzed cats during systemic asphyxia were studied. The cats were ventilated with 10% O2-10% CO2-80% N2 for 10-20 min periods, while blood flow to the skinned hindlimb was monitored (electromagnetic flowmeter). Mean arterial pressure rose and hindlimb flow typically fell during asphyxia, implying increased vascular resistance. After sympathetic denervation of the hindlimb, resistance increased  in some groups of animals, and did not change in others during asphyxia. Functional adrenalectomy did not alter these response characteristics. Resistance also did not changes significantly if the control resistance was first increased to the predenervation level by electrically pacing the lumbar sympathetic chain. In contrast, pronounced vasodilatation occurred during asphyxia after blocking of the alpha receptors in the hindlimb (phenoxybenzamine) or after systemic catecholamine depletion (reserpine). We conclude that the vasoconstriction in innervated muscle during asphyxia was caused in part by increased discharge of sympathetic constrictor nerves to the muscle vasculature, with augmentation from a humoral alpha agonist of nonadrenal origin, possibly norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves throughout the body.", "contents": "Mechanisms of vascular changes in skeletal muscle during asphyxia in the cat. Vascular responses in the hindlimb muscles of anesthetized paralyzed cats during systemic asphyxia were studied. The cats were ventilated with 10% O2-10% CO2-80% N2 for 10-20 min periods, while blood flow to the skinned hindlimb was monitored (electromagnetic flowmeter). Mean arterial pressure rose and hindlimb flow typically fell during asphyxia, implying increased vascular resistance. After sympathetic denervation of the hindlimb, resistance increased  in some groups of animals, and did not change in others during asphyxia. Functional adrenalectomy did not alter these response characteristics. Resistance also did not changes significantly if the control resistance was first increased to the predenervation level by electrically pacing the lumbar sympathetic chain. In contrast, pronounced vasodilatation occurred during asphyxia after blocking of the alpha receptors in the hindlimb (phenoxybenzamine) or after systemic catecholamine depletion (reserpine). We conclude that the vasoconstriction in innervated muscle during asphyxia was caused in part by increased discharge of sympathetic constrictor nerves to the muscle vasculature, with augmentation from a humoral alpha agonist of nonadrenal origin, possibly norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves throughout the body.", "PMID": 677331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3004", "title": "Transient oxygen uptake during myocardial reactive hyperemia in the dog.", "content": "Oxygen uptake during myocardial hyperemia (MRH) following occlusions of 2.5-30 s was studied in nine anesthetized open-chest dogs by continuous measurement of left anterior coronary blood flow and anterior coronary vein oxygen saturation with electromagnetic flowmeter and fiber-optic catheters, respectively. The ratio of excess oxygen uptake to debt multiplied by 100% was defined as the oxygen repayment ratio (RR) and varied between -50% and +150% (mean 78%). Application of a steady-state Fick formula, as used by previous investigators, results in a profound overestimate of the RR (70-400%, mean 295%). RR is severely distorted by the venous catheter system, and after consideration of these effects we would conclude that the \"true\" RR in MRH is even lower than we found. Comparing our results with steady-state exercise autoregulation leads us to the following conclusions: 1) chemical kinetic limitations in oxygen release by red blood cells are excluded, 2) a simple direct PO2 regulation of flow is unlikely, but 3) our results are not inconsistent with a more complex integral oxygen regulation or with the metabolic hypothesis.", "contents": "Transient oxygen uptake during myocardial reactive hyperemia in the dog. Oxygen uptake during myocardial hyperemia (MRH) following occlusions of 2.5-30 s was studied in nine anesthetized open-chest dogs by continuous measurement of left anterior coronary blood flow and anterior coronary vein oxygen saturation with electromagnetic flowmeter and fiber-optic catheters, respectively. The ratio of excess oxygen uptake to debt multiplied by 100% was defined as the oxygen repayment ratio (RR) and varied between -50% and +150% (mean 78%). Application of a steady-state Fick formula, as used by previous investigators, results in a profound overestimate of the RR (70-400%, mean 295%). RR is severely distorted by the venous catheter system, and after consideration of these effects we would conclude that the \"true\" RR in MRH is even lower than we found. Comparing our results with steady-state exercise autoregulation leads us to the following conclusions: 1) chemical kinetic limitations in oxygen release by red blood cells are excluded, 2) a simple direct PO2 regulation of flow is unlikely, but 3) our results are not inconsistent with a more complex integral oxygen regulation or with the metabolic hypothesis.", "PMID": 677332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3005", "title": "Lack of specific inhibition of angiotensin II in eels by angiotensin antagonists.", "content": "Synthetic angiotensins I and II (AI and AII) and natural eel angiotensin were injected with angiotensin antagonists into freshwater-adapted, unanesthetized American eels, Anguilla rostrata, in an attempt to characterize the vasopressor properties of angiotensins in a primitive vertebrate. A converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 20,881, inhibited vasopressor responses to eel angiotensin (presumably AI) and [Val5,Ser9]AI, but not those to [Asn1,Val5]AII, suggesting that a converting enzyme-like substance may exist in eels. [Sar1,Thr8]AII (10 microgram/kg per min) and [Sar1,Ile8]AII (1 microgram/kg per min), which antagonize angiotensin's action in mammals, showed neither agonistic vasopressor nor antagonistic effects in eels against [Asn1,Val5]AII or eel angiotensin. [Tal8]AII ([8-thienylalanine]AII) and a higher dose of [Sar1,Ile8]AII increased eel aortic pressure themselves and reduced vasopressor responses to [Asn1,Val5]AII. This is presumably a nonspecific decrease in response during the agonistic phase of the analogs. Angiotensin receptors in the blood vessels of eels may differ from those in mammals. Alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs and reserpine partially inhibited the pressor effect of [Asn1,Val5]AII in eels.", "contents": "Lack of specific inhibition of angiotensin II in eels by angiotensin antagonists. Synthetic angiotensins I and II (AI and AII) and natural eel angiotensin were injected with angiotensin antagonists into freshwater-adapted, unanesthetized American eels, Anguilla rostrata, in an attempt to characterize the vasopressor properties of angiotensins in a primitive vertebrate. A converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 20,881, inhibited vasopressor responses to eel angiotensin (presumably AI) and [Val5,Ser9]AI, but not those to [Asn1,Val5]AII, suggesting that a converting enzyme-like substance may exist in eels. [Sar1,Thr8]AII (10 microgram/kg per min) and [Sar1,Ile8]AII (1 microgram/kg per min), which antagonize angiotensin's action in mammals, showed neither agonistic vasopressor nor antagonistic effects in eels against [Asn1,Val5]AII or eel angiotensin. [Tal8]AII ([8-thienylalanine]AII) and a higher dose of [Sar1,Ile8]AII increased eel aortic pressure themselves and reduced vasopressor responses to [Asn1,Val5]AII. This is presumably a nonspecific decrease in response during the agonistic phase of the analogs. Angiotensin receptors in the blood vessels of eels may differ from those in mammals. Alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs and reserpine partially inhibited the pressor effect of [Asn1,Val5]AII in eels.", "PMID": 677333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3006", "title": "Effect of transferrin saturation on iron delivery in rats.", "content": "Studies were carried out in rats to evaluate the release of iron from monoferric and diferric transferrin. Isoelectric focusing was carried out on plasma tagged at low and high saturations, and it was shown that these represented primarily monoferric and diferric transferrin, respectively. In vivo studies with these tagged plasmas were carried out on normal, iron-deficient, and hypertransfused rats. In all three groups there was a greater in vivo uptake of iron from diferric transferrin by all tissues monitored. Though the amount varied in different animals, the ratio of uptake between diferric and monoferric transferrin iron varied between 1.56 and 2.10 in the erythron and between 2.38 and 2.65 in the liver. These studies indicate that changes in transferrin saturation, by changing the proportion of monoferric to diferric transferrin iron, changed the amount of iron released to tissues.", "contents": "Effect of transferrin saturation on iron delivery in rats. Studies were carried out in rats to evaluate the release of iron from monoferric and diferric transferrin. Isoelectric focusing was carried out on plasma tagged at low and high saturations, and it was shown that these represented primarily monoferric and diferric transferrin, respectively. In vivo studies with these tagged plasmas were carried out on normal, iron-deficient, and hypertransfused rats. In all three groups there was a greater in vivo uptake of iron from diferric transferrin by all tissues monitored. Though the amount varied in different animals, the ratio of uptake between diferric and monoferric transferrin iron varied between 1.56 and 2.10 in the erythron and between 2.38 and 2.65 in the liver. These studies indicate that changes in transferrin saturation, by changing the proportion of monoferric to diferric transferrin iron, changed the amount of iron released to tissues.", "PMID": 677335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3007", "title": "Satiety effects of cholecystokinin and caerulein in rabbits.", "content": "Six adult rabbits were maintained on an 18 h fast, 6 h feeding schedule. At the end of the fast either 0.5-40 Ivy dog units (IDU)/kg cholecystokinin (CCK) or 0.9% NaCl were injected intravenously. Feed intake was then measured for 15 min. Significant depression of intake was found at 1 IDU/kg, a 50% depression of intake after 5.5 IDU/kg, and no intake after 40 IDU/kg. Caerulein in similar experiments gave significant depression of intake at 0.125 microgram/kg, a 50% depression after 0.28 microgram/kg, and no intake after 5.0 microgram/kg. In three of these rabbits subdiaphragmatic vagotomy did not abolish the satiety effects of CCK and caerulein. The synthetic octapeptide of CCK was less potent in causing satiety. After CCK or caerulein the rabbits showed typical postprandial behavior. Taste aversion tests failed to demonstrate a strong aversion to flavors associated with the compounds used. These results indicate that exogenous CCK can act as a satiety agent at levels of the same order as the physiological range.", "contents": "Satiety effects of cholecystokinin and caerulein in rabbits. Six adult rabbits were maintained on an 18 h fast, 6 h feeding schedule. At the end of the fast either 0.5-40 Ivy dog units (IDU)/kg cholecystokinin (CCK) or 0.9% NaCl were injected intravenously. Feed intake was then measured for 15 min. Significant depression of intake was found at 1 IDU/kg, a 50% depression of intake after 5.5 IDU/kg, and no intake after 40 IDU/kg. Caerulein in similar experiments gave significant depression of intake at 0.125 microgram/kg, a 50% depression after 0.28 microgram/kg, and no intake after 5.0 microgram/kg. In three of these rabbits subdiaphragmatic vagotomy did not abolish the satiety effects of CCK and caerulein. The synthetic octapeptide of CCK was less potent in causing satiety. After CCK or caerulein the rabbits showed typical postprandial behavior. Taste aversion tests failed to demonstrate a strong aversion to flavors associated with the compounds used. These results indicate that exogenous CCK can act as a satiety agent at levels of the same order as the physiological range.", "PMID": 677336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3008", "title": "Osmosis, diffusion, convection.", "content": "We present a tutorial on the mechanisms of and connections among osmosis, diffusion, and convection. For simplicity, we consider only two-component nonelectrolyte solutions under isothermal conditions. Further, we confine our attention to laminar convection with application to the case of flow through narrow channels, as might occur in membranes containing pores or slits. The application of equilibrium and near-equilibrium thermodynamics to flow processes is just like considerations of mechanics with friction, or hydrodynamics. The description of flow processes of more than two atomistic components, either solutions or suspensions, is identical in the dilute limit to the description we give, except possibly when the curvature of the flow field (at the velocity profile) is significant. Flow fields, therefore, naturally divide into three regimes: 1) \"one-dimensional\" flow fields, e.g., solutions or suspensions in extended regions, whose velocity profile is macroscopically flat (compared to the atomistic curvature); 2) flow fields with significant curvature, e.g., Poiseuille or turbulent fields; and 3) high curvature fields, e.g., narrow flow channels.", "contents": "Osmosis, diffusion, convection. We present a tutorial on the mechanisms of and connections among osmosis, diffusion, and convection. For simplicity, we consider only two-component nonelectrolyte solutions under isothermal conditions. Further, we confine our attention to laminar convection with application to the case of flow through narrow channels, as might occur in membranes containing pores or slits. The application of equilibrium and near-equilibrium thermodynamics to flow processes is just like considerations of mechanics with friction, or hydrodynamics. The description of flow processes of more than two atomistic components, either solutions or suspensions, is identical in the dilute limit to the description we give, except possibly when the curvature of the flow field (at the velocity profile) is significant. Flow fields, therefore, naturally divide into three regimes: 1) \"one-dimensional\" flow fields, e.g., solutions or suspensions in extended regions, whose velocity profile is macroscopically flat (compared to the atomistic curvature); 2) flow fields with significant curvature, e.g., Poiseuille or turbulent fields; and 3) high curvature fields, e.g., narrow flow channels.", "PMID": 677337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3009", "title": "Sodium transport in the freshwater mussel, Carunculina texasensis (Lea).", "content": "Freshwater bivalves maintain a Na steady state in artificial pondwater: JiNa = 1.2 +/- 0.1 mumol/g dry tissue per h. Na uptake is Cl independent. The affinity (KS) of the Na transport system is 0.15-0.23 mmol Na/1. Sodium influx is coupled to H and/or NH4 exchange. Salt depletion stimulates JiNa 300% relative to nondepleted animals with no change in Ks. Injected ammonium ion stimulates JiNa. Sodium transport is inhibited 84% by 0.5 mM amiloride but is not affected by 4 mM NH4 or 1 mM furosemide in the bathing solution or injection of acetazolamide (0.26 mumol/ml blood).", "contents": "Sodium transport in the freshwater mussel, Carunculina texasensis (Lea). Freshwater bivalves maintain a Na steady state in artificial pondwater: JiNa = 1.2 +/- 0.1 mumol/g dry tissue per h. Na uptake is Cl independent. The affinity (KS) of the Na transport system is 0.15-0.23 mmol Na/1. Sodium influx is coupled to H and/or NH4 exchange. Salt depletion stimulates JiNa 300% relative to nondepleted animals with no change in Ks. Injected ammonium ion stimulates JiNa. Sodium transport is inhibited 84% by 0.5 mM amiloride but is not affected by 4 mM NH4 or 1 mM furosemide in the bathing solution or injection of acetazolamide (0.26 mumol/ml blood).", "PMID": 677338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3010", "title": "Cholesterol oxidation in primates by simultaneous sterol balance and breath analysis.", "content": "Six female adult rhesus monkeys and baboons with exteriorized enterohepatic circulations were simultaneously assessed following [26-14C]cholesterol pulse labeling by 14CO2 breath analysis and combined isotopic and chromatographic sterol balance during metabolic steady state. Bile acid synthesis and/or secretion were compared with 14CO2 breath analysis of cholesterol oxidation during short term physiological changes, and with total bile acid diversion and feedback inhibition, and biliary tract obstruction. Cholesterol oxidation by breath analysis compared closely with acidic sterol losses during steady-state conditions (145.6 +/- 23.9 vs 144.6 +/- 24.4 mg/24 h) and was sensitive enough to detect changes resulting from diurnal variation and fasting. The 14CO2 test detected inhibition of bile acid synthesis consequent to bile acid feedback (355 +/- 32 to 88 +/- 31 mg/24 h, P less than 0.001) or biliary tract obstruction (158 +/- 27 to 60 +/- 28 mg/24 h, P less than 0.05) but underestimated increased synthesis induced by acute bile diversion (245 +/- 24 vs. 868 +/- 104 mg/24 h, P less than 0.01 at 24 h). Insignificant 14C was detected by carcass analysis following cessation of exhaled 14CO2.", "contents": "Cholesterol oxidation in primates by simultaneous sterol balance and breath analysis. Six female adult rhesus monkeys and baboons with exteriorized enterohepatic circulations were simultaneously assessed following [26-14C]cholesterol pulse labeling by 14CO2 breath analysis and combined isotopic and chromatographic sterol balance during metabolic steady state. Bile acid synthesis and/or secretion were compared with 14CO2 breath analysis of cholesterol oxidation during short term physiological changes, and with total bile acid diversion and feedback inhibition, and biliary tract obstruction. Cholesterol oxidation by breath analysis compared closely with acidic sterol losses during steady-state conditions (145.6 +/- 23.9 vs 144.6 +/- 24.4 mg/24 h) and was sensitive enough to detect changes resulting from diurnal variation and fasting. The 14CO2 test detected inhibition of bile acid synthesis consequent to bile acid feedback (355 +/- 32 to 88 +/- 31 mg/24 h, P less than 0.001) or biliary tract obstruction (158 +/- 27 to 60 +/- 28 mg/24 h, P less than 0.05) but underestimated increased synthesis induced by acute bile diversion (245 +/- 24 vs. 868 +/- 104 mg/24 h, P less than 0.01 at 24 h). Insignificant 14C was detected by carcass analysis following cessation of exhaled 14CO2.", "PMID": 677340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3011", "title": "Humoral and mechanical factors modulating neural input to the renal vasculature.", "content": "The velocity and magnitude of neurally elicited renal vasoconstrictions decrease with reduction of renal arterial pressure. We investigated the relative roles of humoral and mechanical factors in this decrease. Cats were anesthetized with chloralose. Renal arterial pressure was controlled with an aortic cuff. Vasoconstrictions were elicited by electrical stimulation of the renal nerves until renal vascular resistance stabilized. Renal blood flow autoregulation was maintained during stimulation. Competitive blockade of angiotensin II did not affect the decrease in renal vascular responsiveness to neural input at reduced renal arterial pressure. A mathematical model suggested that a major portion of the decrease in the velocity of vasoconstrictions was a mechanical consequence of autoregulatory vasodilation. However, the model was only able to account for the experimental findings after the blockade of prostaglandin synthesis, and this blockade significantly increased the velocity of vasoconstrictions at renal arterial pressures of 75 Torr or below. These results suggested that prostaglandins as well as mechanical factors played a role in the autoregulatory decrease in responsiveness to sympathetic input.", "contents": "Humoral and mechanical factors modulating neural input to the renal vasculature. The velocity and magnitude of neurally elicited renal vasoconstrictions decrease with reduction of renal arterial pressure. We investigated the relative roles of humoral and mechanical factors in this decrease. Cats were anesthetized with chloralose. Renal arterial pressure was controlled with an aortic cuff. Vasoconstrictions were elicited by electrical stimulation of the renal nerves until renal vascular resistance stabilized. Renal blood flow autoregulation was maintained during stimulation. Competitive blockade of angiotensin II did not affect the decrease in renal vascular responsiveness to neural input at reduced renal arterial pressure. A mathematical model suggested that a major portion of the decrease in the velocity of vasoconstrictions was a mechanical consequence of autoregulatory vasodilation. However, the model was only able to account for the experimental findings after the blockade of prostaglandin synthesis, and this blockade significantly increased the velocity of vasoconstrictions at renal arterial pressures of 75 Torr or below. These results suggested that prostaglandins as well as mechanical factors played a role in the autoregulatory decrease in responsiveness to sympathetic input.", "PMID": 677341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3012", "title": "Actions of some transmitters and their antagonists on salivary secretion in a tick.", "content": "Cholinomimetics (pilocarpine, carbachol, physostigmine, acetylcholine, acetyl-beta-methylcholine) and sympathomimetics (dopamine, epinephrine), when injected into the hemolymph, provoked salivary fluid secretion in the female ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum Koch. Atropine, but not tubocurarine or toxiferine, abolished pilocarpine-induced secretion without reducing the response to dopamine. Reserpine and guanethidine likewise selectively attenuated pilocarpine-induced secretion. Following extirpation of the synganglion, pilocarpine no longer provoked a secretory response whereas dopamine did. Thus, the salivary gland appears to be innervated directly by catecholaminergic rather than cholinergic secretory nerves. It is suggested that pilocarpine elicits salivation by interacting with muscarinic-type cholinergic receptors situated either on the cell bodies of the secretory nerves, or alternatively in the integrative or sensory pathway.", "contents": "Actions of some transmitters and their antagonists on salivary secretion in a tick. Cholinomimetics (pilocarpine, carbachol, physostigmine, acetylcholine, acetyl-beta-methylcholine) and sympathomimetics (dopamine, epinephrine), when injected into the hemolymph, provoked salivary fluid secretion in the female ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum Koch. Atropine, but not tubocurarine or toxiferine, abolished pilocarpine-induced secretion without reducing the response to dopamine. Reserpine and guanethidine likewise selectively attenuated pilocarpine-induced secretion. Following extirpation of the synganglion, pilocarpine no longer provoked a secretory response whereas dopamine did. Thus, the salivary gland appears to be innervated directly by catecholaminergic rather than cholinergic secretory nerves. It is suggested that pilocarpine elicits salivation by interacting with muscarinic-type cholinergic receptors situated either on the cell bodies of the secretory nerves, or alternatively in the integrative or sensory pathway.", "PMID": 677342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3013", "title": "Calibrating compartmental models of neurons.", "content": "Numerical parameters for a compartmental model of a neuron can be chosen to conform both to the neuron's structure and to its measured steady-state electrical properties. A systematic procedure for assigning parameters is described that makes use of the matrix of coefficients of the set of differential equations that embodies the compartmental model. The inverse of this matrix furnishes input resistances and voltage attenuation factors for the model, and an interactive modification of the original matrix and its inverse may be used to fit the model to anatomic and electrical measurements.", "contents": "Calibrating compartmental models of neurons. Numerical parameters for a compartmental model of a neuron can be chosen to conform both to the neuron's structure and to its measured steady-state electrical properties. A systematic procedure for assigning parameters is described that makes use of the matrix of coefficients of the set of differential equations that embodies the compartmental model. The inverse of this matrix furnishes input resistances and voltage attenuation factors for the model, and an interactive modification of the original matrix and its inverse may be used to fit the model to anatomic and electrical measurements.", "PMID": 677344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3014", "title": "Eye movements and a dynamic stimulus situation.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to investigate performance with and without voluntary eye movements in a dynamic stimulus situation. Experiment I used a combined tracking and prediction task. Level of training, complexity of the signal, and visual region sampled were the variables of interest. Experiment II manipulated the same variables in only the prediction task. Thus, the amount of attention allotted to the prediction task was varied between experiments. The d' measure indicated that under peripheral vision instructions accuracy on the prediction task was the same as under foveal vision instructions provided that: (1) the level of task complexity was low, (2) the subjects were well trained, and (3) only the prediction task was performed, or in the dual task situation only visual regions near the fovea were sampled. All other combinations of the variables resulted in a lower performance scores under peripheral vision instructions. Results are interpreted within the framework of current theories of the functional visual field.", "contents": "Eye movements and a dynamic stimulus situation. Two experiments were conducted to investigate performance with and without voluntary eye movements in a dynamic stimulus situation. Experiment I used a combined tracking and prediction task. Level of training, complexity of the signal, and visual region sampled were the variables of interest. Experiment II manipulated the same variables in only the prediction task. Thus, the amount of attention allotted to the prediction task was varied between experiments. The d' measure indicated that under peripheral vision instructions accuracy on the prediction task was the same as under foveal vision instructions provided that: (1) the level of task complexity was low, (2) the subjects were well trained, and (3) only the prediction task was performed, or in the dual task situation only visual regions near the fovea were sampled. All other combinations of the variables resulted in a lower performance scores under peripheral vision instructions. Results are interpreted within the framework of current theories of the functional visual field.", "PMID": 677345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3015", "title": "Perceived numerosity, item arrangement, and expectancy.", "content": "Ten sets of dots ranging in number from 7 to 91 per set were presented to 54 subjects. Half were arranged regularly and half randomly. The regular sets were overestimated by an average of 22%, while the random were underestimated by 16% compared with the physical number. Evidence was presented showing that subjects expect results in the opposite direction. The findings are discussed in relation to the expectancy-contrast model of Birnbaum and Veit.", "contents": "Perceived numerosity, item arrangement, and expectancy. Ten sets of dots ranging in number from 7 to 91 per set were presented to 54 subjects. Half were arranged regularly and half randomly. The regular sets were overestimated by an average of 22%, while the random were underestimated by 16% compared with the physical number. Evidence was presented showing that subjects expect results in the opposite direction. The findings are discussed in relation to the expectancy-contrast model of Birnbaum and Veit.", "PMID": 677346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3016", "title": "One-trial conditioned suppression: effects of instructions on extinction.", "content": "Two experimental groups of undergraduate volunteers received a single Pavlovian conditioning trial consisting of a paired presentation of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and a shock unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Control groups received either the CS alone or the UCS alone. Subjects from one experimental group were subsequently instructed that they would not receive further shocks, while the other experimental group received no such instructions. The CS alone was then presented once to all four groups while subjects were engaged in a button-pressing task maintained by slide reinforcement. During the latter phase, rate of button-pressing was measured. Classically conditioned suppression of button-pressing was obtained in the noninstructed experimental group but not in the instructed group. The results demonstrate that suppression can be a sensitive index of Pavlovian conditioning in humans but question the use of conditioned suppression as an adequate experimental analog of clinically observed anxiety-motivated behavior.", "contents": "One-trial conditioned suppression: effects of instructions on extinction. Two experimental groups of undergraduate volunteers received a single Pavlovian conditioning trial consisting of a paired presentation of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and a shock unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Control groups received either the CS alone or the UCS alone. Subjects from one experimental group were subsequently instructed that they would not receive further shocks, while the other experimental group received no such instructions. The CS alone was then presented once to all four groups while subjects were engaged in a button-pressing task maintained by slide reinforcement. During the latter phase, rate of button-pressing was measured. Classically conditioned suppression of button-pressing was obtained in the noninstructed experimental group but not in the instructed group. The results demonstrate that suppression can be a sensitive index of Pavlovian conditioning in humans but question the use of conditioned suppression as an adequate experimental analog of clinically observed anxiety-motivated behavior.", "PMID": 677347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3017", "title": "Visual and nominal matching of physically dimensioned polygons.", "content": "The present experiment tested the hypothesis that as the visual salience of stimuli decreases, the use of nominal representations as a basis for matching forms increases. The visual salience manipulation was based upon psychophysical studies showing that the dimension compactness possesses higher visual salience for the human observer than the dimension jaggedness. Subjects were asked to judge whether two successively presented forms were the same or different with respect to their position on the compactness or jaggedness dimension. Reaction times suggested an inverse relationship between the use of nominal representations and the visual salience of the dimension employed as a criterion for matching.", "contents": "Visual and nominal matching of physically dimensioned polygons. The present experiment tested the hypothesis that as the visual salience of stimuli decreases, the use of nominal representations as a basis for matching forms increases. The visual salience manipulation was based upon psychophysical studies showing that the dimension compactness possesses higher visual salience for the human observer than the dimension jaggedness. Subjects were asked to judge whether two successively presented forms were the same or different with respect to their position on the compactness or jaggedness dimension. Reaction times suggested an inverse relationship between the use of nominal representations and the visual salience of the dimension employed as a criterion for matching.", "PMID": 677348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3018", "title": "Current trends in suicidal behavior in the United States.", "content": "Suicidal behavior in the United States from 1900 to 1975 is reviewed. The data presented cover demographic variables such as: age, sex, color, and geographic area. While the overall suicide rate continues to increase, the most striking upturn can be seen in both sexes between the ages of 15 to 25 years. The need for a wide range of innovative approaches and increased research is manifest.", "contents": "Current trends in suicidal behavior in the United States. Suicidal behavior in the United States from 1900 to 1975 is reviewed. The data presented cover demographic variables such as: age, sex, color, and geographic area. While the overall suicide rate continues to increase, the most striking upturn can be seen in both sexes between the ages of 15 to 25 years. The need for a wide range of innovative approaches and increased research is manifest.", "PMID": 677350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3019", "title": "Cognitive therapy of depression and suicide.", "content": "This article reviews the cognitive therapy of depression. The psychotherapy based on this theory consists of behavioral and verbal techniques to change cognitions, beliefs, and errors in logic in the patient's thinking. A few of the various techniques are described and a case example is provided. Finally, the outcome studies testing the efficacy of this approach are reviewed.", "contents": "Cognitive therapy of depression and suicide. This article reviews the cognitive therapy of depression. The psychotherapy based on this theory consists of behavioral and verbal techniques to change cognitions, beliefs, and errors in logic in the patient's thinking. A few of the various techniques are described and a case example is provided. Finally, the outcome studies testing the efficacy of this approach are reviewed.", "PMID": 677351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3020", "title": "Therapy of depressed and suicidal children.", "content": "The author postulates that depression exists in adolescents, with the level of ego development producing varying clinical pictures. Therapy is based upon the psychoanalytic theory of personality development. Individual treatment is based on age and intelligence of patient, level of ego development, defenses utilized, attitude of parents, and community facilities available.", "contents": "Therapy of depressed and suicidal children. The author postulates that depression exists in adolescents, with the level of ego development producing varying clinical pictures. Therapy is based upon the psychoanalytic theory of personality development. Individual treatment is based on age and intelligence of patient, level of ego development, defenses utilized, attitude of parents, and community facilities available.", "PMID": 677353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3021", "title": "Tranylcypromine (Parnate)--a study of 1000 patients with severe agitated depressions.", "content": "This is a study of 1000 patients with severe agitated depressions who were treated with tranylcypromine on an ambulatory basis during a period of 13 years. It was administered in combination with tranquilizers, usually trifluoperazine. Tranylcypromine is a safe, rapidly acting, very effective antidepressant and appears to be the drug of choice in patients with agitated depressions.", "contents": "Tranylcypromine (Parnate)--a study of 1000 patients with severe agitated depressions. This is a study of 1000 patients with severe agitated depressions who were treated with tranylcypromine on an ambulatory basis during a period of 13 years. It was administered in combination with tranquilizers, usually trifluoperazine. Tranylcypromine is a safe, rapidly acting, very effective antidepressant and appears to be the drug of choice in patients with agitated depressions.", "PMID": 677352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3022", "title": "The treatment of depressed and suicidal adolescents.", "content": "Loss and abandonment and distortions of the self-image have special significance for the causation and treatment of depression during adolescence. The management of the manipulative suicidal adolescent and some psychological aspects of pharmacotherapy during this developmental phase are discussed. An eclectic approach is recommended.", "contents": "The treatment of depressed and suicidal adolescents. Loss and abandonment and distortions of the self-image have special significance for the causation and treatment of depression during adolescence. The management of the manipulative suicidal adolescent and some psychological aspects of pharmacotherapy during this developmental phase are discussed. An eclectic approach is recommended.", "PMID": 677354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3023", "title": "Dying without death: the third wish in suicide.", "content": "A hypothesis is proposed that the nonpsychotic patient in the presuicidal state may have impaired reality testing in which the act of suicide is perceived as not leading to injury or death. Impaired reality testing may be enhanced by intense affects, drugs, and sleep deprivation.", "contents": "Dying without death: the third wish in suicide. A hypothesis is proposed that the nonpsychotic patient in the presuicidal state may have impaired reality testing in which the act of suicide is perceived as not leading to injury or death. Impaired reality testing may be enhanced by intense affects, drugs, and sleep deprivation.", "PMID": 677355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3024", "title": "Group therapy with parents of children with leukemia.", "content": "This paper deals with a six-year experience of group therapy for parents of leukemic children. The group, which includes the hospital staff, strengthens the role of parents, doctors, and nurses. Group therapy is seen as a preventive measure in the sense of working with and partially resolving family stresses. Mourning reactions are dealt with but within limits. The group is built into the total treatment program and, while funding lasts, is not considered to be ancillary or temporary.", "contents": "Group therapy with parents of children with leukemia. This paper deals with a six-year experience of group therapy for parents of leukemic children. The group, which includes the hospital staff, strengthens the role of parents, doctors, and nurses. Group therapy is seen as a preventive measure in the sense of working with and partially resolving family stresses. Mourning reactions are dealt with but within limits. The group is built into the total treatment program and, while funding lasts, is not considered to be ancillary or temporary.", "PMID": 677356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3025", "title": "Group therapy with rheumatoid arthritic patients.", "content": "A husband-wife co-therapist team, in clinical collaboration with rheumatologists of the Phoenix Arthritis Center, has instituted a brief inpatient group therapy program in an arthritis unit of a general medical hospital. Problems of initiating the group are presented. Both preliminary findings and research possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "Group therapy with rheumatoid arthritic patients. A husband-wife co-therapist team, in clinical collaboration with rheumatologists of the Phoenix Arthritis Center, has instituted a brief inpatient group therapy program in an arthritis unit of a general medical hospital. Problems of initiating the group are presented. Both preliminary findings and research possibilities are discussed.", "PMID": 677357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3026", "title": "Treatment of public masturbation by behavioral management.", "content": "This case history presents a treatment procedure for a nine-year-old girl who masturbated in the classroom. A fading procedure within a behavioral management contract was implemented which proved to be effective. One-, three-, six-, and nine-month follow-ups did not show any evidence of relapse or symptoms substitution.", "contents": "Treatment of public masturbation by behavioral management. This case history presents a treatment procedure for a nine-year-old girl who masturbated in the classroom. A fading procedure within a behavioral management contract was implemented which proved to be effective. One-, three-, six-, and nine-month follow-ups did not show any evidence of relapse or symptoms substitution.", "PMID": 677358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3027", "title": "Psychotherapy under limited options: psychotherapeutic work with a Turkish youth.", "content": "A patient with highly limited options for psychotherapy, who was moreover not an ideal candidate for standard forms of therapy, was nevertheless able to maintain an effective, if unusual, therapeutic relationship of long duration. The combination of patient, therapist, and milieu gave rise to accomodations and innovations that have practical and theoretical significance.", "contents": "Psychotherapy under limited options: psychotherapeutic work with a Turkish youth. A patient with highly limited options for psychotherapy, who was moreover not an ideal candidate for standard forms of therapy, was nevertheless able to maintain an effective, if unusual, therapeutic relationship of long duration. The combination of patient, therapist, and milieu gave rise to accomodations and innovations that have practical and theoretical significance.", "PMID": 677359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3028", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin and complement levels in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, and their correlation with primary and their relapsing stages of the illness.", "content": "Serum concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, C3 and C4 complement components were estimated in 19 patients with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE). Thirteen of the patients presented during their first episode of TPE and 6 of them during a relapse of the disease. We found a remarkable elevation of serum IgE level in TPE, which is consistent with earlier reports. In contrast, there was a modest increase in IgM levels and unchanged or even lower levels in IgA and IgG immunoglobulin classes. There seemed to be a direct relationship between IgE level and degree of peripheral blood eosinophilia in TPE. The outstanding finding, however, was a nearly threefold higher mean serum IgE level in patients with relapsing disease as compared to that observed in patients during the primary attack. This is the first reported study of circulating complement components in TPE. A significant rise of serum C3 level was found in these patients; there was no similar elevation of serum C4 component.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin and complement levels in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, and their correlation with primary and their relapsing stages of the illness. Serum concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, C3 and C4 complement components were estimated in 19 patients with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE). Thirteen of the patients presented during their first episode of TPE and 6 of them during a relapse of the disease. We found a remarkable elevation of serum IgE level in TPE, which is consistent with earlier reports. In contrast, there was a modest increase in IgM levels and unchanged or even lower levels in IgA and IgG immunoglobulin classes. There seemed to be a direct relationship between IgE level and degree of peripheral blood eosinophilia in TPE. The outstanding finding, however, was a nearly threefold higher mean serum IgE level in patients with relapsing disease as compared to that observed in patients during the primary attack. This is the first reported study of circulating complement components in TPE. A significant rise of serum C3 level was found in these patients; there was no similar elevation of serum C4 component.", "PMID": 677361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3029", "title": "Strongyloides ratti infections in rats. II. Effects of cortisone treatment.", "content": "Cortisone (5 mg daily subcutaneously) suppressed both primary and secondary immune explusion of Strongyloides ratti, and reduced the intestinal mast cell response, but did not induce hyperinfection in rats. Cortisone-treated animals expelled primary worm burdens without complication about 2 wk after steroid treatment. A model for gastrointestinal hypersensitivity syndromes in discussed.", "contents": "Strongyloides ratti infections in rats. II. Effects of cortisone treatment. Cortisone (5 mg daily subcutaneously) suppressed both primary and secondary immune explusion of Strongyloides ratti, and reduced the intestinal mast cell response, but did not induce hyperinfection in rats. Cortisone-treated animals expelled primary worm burdens without complication about 2 wk after steroid treatment. A model for gastrointestinal hypersensitivity syndromes in discussed.", "PMID": 677363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3030", "title": "Schistosomiasis and anterior spinal artery occlusion.", "content": "A case of anterior spinal artery occlusion associated with acute Schistosoma mansoni infection is reported, and it is suggested that there is a direct relationship. It is postulated that there is initially an arteritis which leads to obstruction of either the anterior spinal artery itself, its branches, or one or more of the tributary anterior radicular arteries.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis and anterior spinal artery occlusion. A case of anterior spinal artery occlusion associated with acute Schistosoma mansoni infection is reported, and it is suggested that there is a direct relationship. It is postulated that there is initially an arteritis which leads to obstruction of either the anterior spinal artery itself, its branches, or one or more of the tributary anterior radicular arteries.", "PMID": 677364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3031", "title": "Limitations of the intradermal test for schistosomiasis mansoni: experience from epidemiologic studies in a Puerto Rican community.", "content": "The intradermal reaction with Schistosoma mansoni adult-worm antigen (35-40 microgram/ml nitrogen) was evaluated as an edpidemiologic tool in an endemic Puerto Rican community where the prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 36% and the geometric-mean egg count was 17.6 eggs/g. Subcutaneous injections of antigen were made in forearms, and stool specimens were examined for S. mansoni eggs by a formol-ether concentration method. Of 296 persons tested, 43% had positive intradermal reactions (greater than or equal to 1.0 cm 2  at least twice the area of the control wheal), compared to 48% positive stool examinations. However, sensitivity was low at 36% for children 14 yr old or less, and only 73% to 79% for adults. The test results were very specific for children (96%), but 32% of stool negative adults were positive. Mean wheal area was not directly related to intensity of infection as determined by egg counts in either children or adults, but did increase directly with age. Mean wheal areas were greater for males than females (both children and adults) at all intensities of infection. Because of unsatisfactory sensitivity and specificity the intradermal test may overestimate the prevalence of infection when rates are low, and underestimate prevalence of infection when rates are high. For its proper interpretation, complementary parasitologic data from stool surveys are required.", "contents": "Limitations of the intradermal test for schistosomiasis mansoni: experience from epidemiologic studies in a Puerto Rican community. The intradermal reaction with Schistosoma mansoni adult-worm antigen (35-40 microgram/ml nitrogen) was evaluated as an edpidemiologic tool in an endemic Puerto Rican community where the prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 36% and the geometric-mean egg count was 17.6 eggs/g. Subcutaneous injections of antigen were made in forearms, and stool specimens were examined for S. mansoni eggs by a formol-ether concentration method. Of 296 persons tested, 43% had positive intradermal reactions (greater than or equal to 1.0 cm 2  at least twice the area of the control wheal), compared to 48% positive stool examinations. However, sensitivity was low at 36% for children 14 yr old or less, and only 73% to 79% for adults. The test results were very specific for children (96%), but 32% of stool negative adults were positive. Mean wheal area was not directly related to intensity of infection as determined by egg counts in either children or adults, but did increase directly with age. Mean wheal areas were greater for males than females (both children and adults) at all intensities of infection. Because of unsatisfactory sensitivity and specificity the intradermal test may overestimate the prevalence of infection when rates are low, and underestimate prevalence of infection when rates are high. For its proper interpretation, complementary parasitologic data from stool surveys are required.", "PMID": 677365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3032", "title": "Effect of transferred adult Schistosoma mansoni on resistance of mice to cercarial challenge.", "content": "Four or eight adult Schistosoma mansoni surgically transfered to the mesenteric veins of mice survive well and may play a role in resistance to later cercarial challenge. After receiving transfers of single sex or paired flukes, animals exposed to 50or 100 cercariae showed decreased numbers of parasites derived from the challenge infection when compared with control animals 30 days later. Although statistical analysis of the data indicated that the presence of transferred S. mansoni probably had an adverse effect on the survival of worms in a subsequent challenge, the results were interpreted as inconclusive.", "contents": "Effect of transferred adult Schistosoma mansoni on resistance of mice to cercarial challenge. Four or eight adult Schistosoma mansoni surgically transfered to the mesenteric veins of mice survive well and may play a role in resistance to later cercarial challenge. After receiving transfers of single sex or paired flukes, animals exposed to 50or 100 cercariae showed decreased numbers of parasites derived from the challenge infection when compared with control animals 30 days later. Although statistical analysis of the data indicated that the presence of transferred S. mansoni probably had an adverse effect on the survival of worms in a subsequent challenge, the results were interpreted as inconclusive.", "PMID": 677366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3033", "title": "Quantitative collection and proteolytic activity of preacetabular gland enzyme (s) of cercariae of schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Protease-containing preacetabular gland secretion can be collected from cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni by stimulation with penetration-inducing skin surface lipid, but the method lacks quantitative control because of variability of the lipid. Two commercially available free fatty acid fractions of skin lipid active in stimulating cercariae to penetrate skin, linolenic and linoleic acids, were substituted for skin surface lipid in a technique which provides an improved method of secretion collection. The pattern of protease activity of secreted enzyme (s) was followed throughout patency of infection of a group of snails with the same date of exposure. Day-to-day variability was a characteristic feature of all parameters studied. Major trends were elevated enzyme activity and cercarial emergence during midpatency.", "contents": "Quantitative collection and proteolytic activity of preacetabular gland enzyme (s) of cercariae of schistosoma mansoni. Protease-containing preacetabular gland secretion can be collected from cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni by stimulation with penetration-inducing skin surface lipid, but the method lacks quantitative control because of variability of the lipid. Two commercially available free fatty acid fractions of skin lipid active in stimulating cercariae to penetrate skin, linolenic and linoleic acids, were substituted for skin surface lipid in a technique which provides an improved method of secretion collection. The pattern of protease activity of secreted enzyme (s) was followed throughout patency of infection of a group of snails with the same date of exposure. Day-to-day variability was a characteristic feature of all parameters studied. Major trends were elevated enzyme activity and cercarial emergence during midpatency.", "PMID": 677367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3034", "title": "Immunoelectrophoresis tests showing Echinococcus granulosus arc 5 in human cases of Echinococcus vogeli and cysticercosis-multiple myeloma.", "content": "Human sera from one case of polycystic hydatidosis due to Echnincoccus vogeli and from a case of cysticercosis and multiple myeloma were positive to the immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) test for hydatidosis based on the E. granulosus arc 5 positivity criterion. Arc 5 can therefore be elicited in IEP tests of human sera not only by E. granulosus and E. multilocularis but also by E. vogeli antigens. Whether the cross reaction observed in the second serum was due to the multiple myeloma or to the cysticerci remains to be determined. Although arc 5 antigens are known to be present in Taenia hydatigena cyst fluid this is the first report of an arc 5 due to antigens other than Echinococcus in IEP of human sera.", "contents": "Immunoelectrophoresis tests showing Echinococcus granulosus arc 5 in human cases of Echinococcus vogeli and cysticercosis-multiple myeloma. Human sera from one case of polycystic hydatidosis due to Echnincoccus vogeli and from a case of cysticercosis and multiple myeloma were positive to the immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) test for hydatidosis based on the E. granulosus arc 5 positivity criterion. Arc 5 can therefore be elicited in IEP tests of human sera not only by E. granulosus and E. multilocularis but also by E. vogeli antigens. Whether the cross reaction observed in the second serum was due to the multiple myeloma or to the cysticerci remains to be determined. Although arc 5 antigens are known to be present in Taenia hydatigena cyst fluid this is the first report of an arc 5 due to antigens other than Echinococcus in IEP of human sera.", "PMID": 677368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3035", "title": "Histoplasmosis in Belize, Central America.", "content": "After two small outbreaks of histoplasmosis in Belize, an epidemiologic survey was carried out. Forty percent of 141 persons in two groups tested demonstrated a positive histoplasmin reaction. In one study group there was a significant association between visiting caves and histoplasmin positivity. Histoplasma capsulatum was not isolated in 20 soil specimens collected from outbreak-associated caves, but was isolated from 1 of 26 bats collected from the same caves. The presence of histoplasmosis in Belize, C.A. is documented, and this disease should be considered in differential diagnosis in patients, both residents and visitors in Belize, with compatible clinical presentations.", "contents": "Histoplasmosis in Belize, Central America. After two small outbreaks of histoplasmosis in Belize, an epidemiologic survey was carried out. Forty percent of 141 persons in two groups tested demonstrated a positive histoplasmin reaction. In one study group there was a significant association between visiting caves and histoplasmin positivity. Histoplasma capsulatum was not isolated in 20 soil specimens collected from outbreak-associated caves, but was isolated from 1 of 26 bats collected from the same caves. The presence of histoplasmosis in Belize, C.A. is documented, and this disease should be considered in differential diagnosis in patients, both residents and visitors in Belize, with compatible clinical presentations.", "PMID": 677369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3036", "title": "The landscape epidemiology of rabies in Virginia.", "content": "Rabies virus, the gray fox, and the Alleghenian Biotic Region form a pathobiocenose; rabies in Virginia exists in a diffuse nidus, the Alleghenian Biotic Region. Physiographic features may serve as barriers or as passageways for epidemic spread of rabies. Epidemic spread is characterized by a radial pattern and a linear northeast-southwest pattern reflecting physiographic features. Incidence of rabies in the fox varies according to seasons. Present control efforts are generally ineffective; under certain conditions, population reduction for control of rabies may be detrimental instead of beneficial.", "contents": "The landscape epidemiology of rabies in Virginia. Rabies virus, the gray fox, and the Alleghenian Biotic Region form a pathobiocenose; rabies in Virginia exists in a diffuse nidus, the Alleghenian Biotic Region. Physiographic features may serve as barriers or as passageways for epidemic spread of rabies. Epidemic spread is characterized by a radial pattern and a linear northeast-southwest pattern reflecting physiographic features. Incidence of rabies in the fox varies according to seasons. Present control efforts are generally ineffective; under certain conditions, population reduction for control of rabies may be detrimental instead of beneficial.", "PMID": 677370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3037", "title": "Epidemiologic, clinical, and virologic observations on dengue in the Kingdom of Tonga.", "content": "An outbreak of dengue type 2 infection occurred in the Pacific island Kingdom of Tonga in 1974 and an outbreak of dengue type 1 occurred there in 1975. The 1974 outbreak was characterized by relatively mild clinical disease with few hemorrhagic manifestations, a low attack rate, and relatively low viremia levels. The 1975 outbreak was characterized by relatively severe disease with frequent hemorrhagic manifestations and a high attack rate. The differences between the outbreaks could not be attributed to differences in abudance of, or susceptibility to infection of, mosquito vectors or to the prior immune status or other characteristics of the human population. It appeared that a difference in viral virulence was the most likely explanation.", "contents": "Epidemiologic, clinical, and virologic observations on dengue in the Kingdom of Tonga. An outbreak of dengue type 2 infection occurred in the Pacific island Kingdom of Tonga in 1974 and an outbreak of dengue type 1 occurred there in 1975. The 1974 outbreak was characterized by relatively mild clinical disease with few hemorrhagic manifestations, a low attack rate, and relatively low viremia levels. The 1975 outbreak was characterized by relatively severe disease with frequent hemorrhagic manifestations and a high attack rate. The differences between the outbreaks could not be attributed to differences in abudance of, or susceptibility to infection of, mosquito vectors or to the prior immune status or other characteristics of the human population. It appeared that a difference in viral virulence was the most likely explanation.", "PMID": 677371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3038", "title": "Laboratory and field trials of a slow-release copper molluscicide in St. Lucia.", "content": "Tests of a slow-release molluscicide containing 50% copper sulfate were under-taken in laboratory and field situations in St. Lucia. In laboratory trials, a granule form of the molluscicide produced 100% mortality of Biomphalaria glabrata down to 4 mg/liter active ingredient (a.i), while the pellet form produced 100% mortality down to 8 mg/liter a.i. In field trials, a dose of 100 mg/liter a.i. in  granule form caused mortality of B. glabrata in banana drains but had no effect on B. glabrata populations in a marsh habitat. In both habitats, the dose of 100 mg/liter produced mortality of other molluscan fauna which caused changes in the molluscan diversity indices. This failure in field trials may have been due to dilution of copper levels caused by flooding and also by uptake of copper by mud and algae.", "contents": "Laboratory and field trials of a slow-release copper molluscicide in St. Lucia. Tests of a slow-release molluscicide containing 50% copper sulfate were under-taken in laboratory and field situations in St. Lucia. In laboratory trials, a granule form of the molluscicide produced 100% mortality of Biomphalaria glabrata down to 4 mg/liter active ingredient (a.i), while the pellet form produced 100% mortality down to 8 mg/liter a.i. In field trials, a dose of 100 mg/liter a.i. in  granule form caused mortality of B. glabrata in banana drains but had no effect on B. glabrata populations in a marsh habitat. In both habitats, the dose of 100 mg/liter produced mortality of other molluscan fauna which caused changes in the molluscan diversity indices. This failure in field trials may have been due to dilution of copper levels caused by flooding and also by uptake of copper by mud and algae.", "PMID": 677373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3039", "title": "Acute renal failure following scorpion sting.", "content": "Fifteen cases of acute renal failure follwoing scorpion sting were studied. The onset of disease was characterized by the occurrence of hemoglobinuria within 24 h of the sting. Most of the patients developed oliguria, edema, hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic jaundice. Renal failure developed within a few days after the sting, and in five patients was severe enough to need dialysis. The onset of diuresis in oliguric patients occurred between 6 and 21 days following the sting. Renal biopsies were possible in four cases and showed mesangial proliferation, variable degrees of tubular changes, and mild interstitial infiltration. The pathogenesis of acute renal failure in these patients is discussed", "contents": "Acute renal failure following scorpion sting. Fifteen cases of acute renal failure follwoing scorpion sting were studied. The onset of disease was characterized by the occurrence of hemoglobinuria within 24 h of the sting. Most of the patients developed oliguria, edema, hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic jaundice. Renal failure developed within a few days after the sting, and in five patients was severe enough to need dialysis. The onset of diuresis in oliguric patients occurred between 6 and 21 days following the sting. Renal biopsies were possible in four cases and showed mesangial proliferation, variable degrees of tubular changes, and mild interstitial infiltration. The pathogenesis of acute renal failure in these patients is discussed", "PMID": 677374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3040", "title": "Biological species in Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis (Smith), a rodent carrier of Lassa virus and bubonic plague in Africa.", "content": "Plague has been known from countries surrounding Rhodesia from as early as 1935, but was first reported from Rhodesia in 1974. Part of our investigation of the complex ecosystem involving Yersinia pestis is critical assessment of the evolutionary status of natural populations belonging to formal, taxonomic species of implicated rodents. We present data on chromosomal and hemoglobin variation in sympatric populations and laboratory produced hybrids that give unequivocal evidence for at least two biologicql species in the taxon Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. We argue for the usefulness of the biological species concept as a basis for any ecological investigation into pathogen biology.", "contents": "Biological species in Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis (Smith), a rodent carrier of Lassa virus and bubonic plague in Africa. Plague has been known from countries surrounding Rhodesia from as early as 1935, but was first reported from Rhodesia in 1974. Part of our investigation of the complex ecosystem involving Yersinia pestis is critical assessment of the evolutionary status of natural populations belonging to formal, taxonomic species of implicated rodents. We present data on chromosomal and hemoglobin variation in sympatric populations and laboratory produced hybrids that give unequivocal evidence for at least two biologicql species in the taxon Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. We argue for the usefulness of the biological species concept as a basis for any ecological investigation into pathogen biology.", "PMID": 677375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3041", "title": "Experimental infection with Schistosoma intercalatum (Fisher, 1934) in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and the gibbon (Hylobates lar).", "content": "Two young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and two adult gibbons (Hylobates lar), each exposed to 1,000 cercariae of Schistosoma intercalatum (Cameroon), were examined at 79 and 82 wk and 61 and 69 wk, respectively, post-infection. Based upon worn returns and tissue egg deposits, these primates can be employed as hosts for experimental schistosomiasis intercalata. However, no histopathology was detected in the urogenital system.", "contents": "Experimental infection with Schistosoma intercalatum (Fisher, 1934) in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and the gibbon (Hylobates lar). Two young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and two adult gibbons (Hylobates lar), each exposed to 1,000 cercariae of Schistosoma intercalatum (Cameroon), were examined at 79 and 82 wk and 61 and 69 wk, respectively, post-infection. Based upon worn returns and tissue egg deposits, these primates can be employed as hosts for experimental schistosomiasis intercalata. However, no histopathology was detected in the urogenital system.", "PMID": 677377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3042", "title": "Endorectal ileal pullthrough operation with ileal reservoir after total colectomy.", "content": "Ileonal anastomosis through an extramucosal rectal muscular tube with construction of a proximal S-shaped ileal reservoir was performed on seven dogs in an attempt to reestablish fecal continence. Five of the dogs survived more than four weeks and experienced fecal continence, although they had frequent stools. The use of Lomotil and Metamucil has assisted in decreasing the frequency of defecation, and also in developing semisolid stools. None of the dogs developed perianal excoriation or ulceration. The ileal reservoir volume averaged 250 ml in the longterm surviving dogs. It is anticipated that this operative technic may have clinical application in selected patients with ulcerative colitis and other diseases primarily involving the rectal mucosa, since the neurogenic and muscular sphincteric mechanism necessary for continence can be preserved. Clinical experience with the ileal reservoir and endorectal pullthrough in one patient has been encouraging.", "contents": "Endorectal ileal pullthrough operation with ileal reservoir after total colectomy. Ileonal anastomosis through an extramucosal rectal muscular tube with construction of a proximal S-shaped ileal reservoir was performed on seven dogs in an attempt to reestablish fecal continence. Five of the dogs survived more than four weeks and experienced fecal continence, although they had frequent stools. The use of Lomotil and Metamucil has assisted in decreasing the frequency of defecation, and also in developing semisolid stools. None of the dogs developed perianal excoriation or ulceration. The ileal reservoir volume averaged 250 ml in the longterm surviving dogs. It is anticipated that this operative technic may have clinical application in selected patients with ulcerative colitis and other diseases primarily involving the rectal mucosa, since the neurogenic and muscular sphincteric mechanism necessary for continence can be preserved. Clinical experience with the ileal reservoir and endorectal pullthrough in one patient has been encouraging.", "PMID": 677378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3043", "title": "Surgical correction of complete atrioventricular canal.", "content": "Operative mortality associated with complete atrioventricular canals has decreased from 75 per cent to as low as 10 per cent. The present report reviews the UCLA Hospital experience with the six children who underwent repair of this defect in the past two years. Emphasis is placed on preoperative assessment, operative technics, and postoperative management.", "contents": "Surgical correction of complete atrioventricular canal. Operative mortality associated with complete atrioventricular canals has decreased from 75 per cent to as low as 10 per cent. The present report reviews the UCLA Hospital experience with the six children who underwent repair of this defect in the past two years. Emphasis is placed on preoperative assessment, operative technics, and postoperative management.", "PMID": 677379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3044", "title": "Management of giant lung abscess.", "content": "Ten cases of giant lung abscess were treated by one-stage closed tube drainage after initial medical therapy. Sepsis or hemorrhage was relieved in all patients. There were no operative deaths, serious complications, or late recurrences. Three patients have subsequently died from bronchogenic cancer.", "contents": "Management of giant lung abscess. Ten cases of giant lung abscess were treated by one-stage closed tube drainage after initial medical therapy. Sepsis or hemorrhage was relieved in all patients. There were no operative deaths, serious complications, or late recurrences. Three patients have subsequently died from bronchogenic cancer.", "PMID": 677380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3045", "title": "Heparin activity monitoring during vascular surgery.", "content": "Twelve patients undergoing vascular surgery were administered heparin according to preexisting protocols. The response to heparin and the rate of decay were measured by use of the activated coagulation time (ACT). The results showed a significant patient variability to response to and decay of heparin. In addition, a dose-response curve for heparin administration was established in sixteen patients undergoing vascular surgery. The ACT proved to be a simple and accurate monitor of heparin activity. It also made possible a steady state of anticoagulation throughout the duration of the vascular procedure. The reversal of the heparin effect could also be precisely determined by this test.", "contents": "Heparin activity monitoring during vascular surgery. Twelve patients undergoing vascular surgery were administered heparin according to preexisting protocols. The response to heparin and the rate of decay were measured by use of the activated coagulation time (ACT). The results showed a significant patient variability to response to and decay of heparin. In addition, a dose-response curve for heparin administration was established in sixteen patients undergoing vascular surgery. The ACT proved to be a simple and accurate monitor of heparin activity. It also made possible a steady state of anticoagulation throughout the duration of the vascular procedure. The reversal of the heparin effect could also be precisely determined by this test.", "PMID": 677381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3046", "title": "The dominant role of paracentesis technics in the early diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "A simplified method of diagnostic abdominal paracentesis and lavage is described. Liberal application of this method as part of the initial physical examination of blunt trauma patients resulted in identification at first examination of 94 per cent (61 of 65) of those who were to have laparotomy. No case in the series was brought to laparotomy as the result of findings at arteriography, radionuclide imaging, or sonarography, and no intraabdominal problem was missed because of failure to use one of these organimaging technics. The very limited role of these imaging procedures in early management of blunt abdominal trauma is discussed.", "contents": "The dominant role of paracentesis technics in the early diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma. A simplified method of diagnostic abdominal paracentesis and lavage is described. Liberal application of this method as part of the initial physical examination of blunt trauma patients resulted in identification at first examination of 94 per cent (61 of 65) of those who were to have laparotomy. No case in the series was brought to laparotomy as the result of findings at arteriography, radionuclide imaging, or sonarography, and no intraabdominal problem was missed because of failure to use one of these organimaging technics. The very limited role of these imaging procedures in early management of blunt abdominal trauma is discussed.", "PMID": 677382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3047", "title": "Subclavian-carotid transposition for the subclavian steal syndrome.", "content": "The clinical experience with twelve patients who underwent subclavian-carotid transposition for the subclavian steal syndrome is related. The technical details of the procedure as well as the satisfactory clinical results are described, and the characteristics making it out procedure of choice are summarized.", "contents": "Subclavian-carotid transposition for the subclavian steal syndrome. The clinical experience with twelve patients who underwent subclavian-carotid transposition for the subclavian steal syndrome is related. The technical details of the procedure as well as the satisfactory clinical results are described, and the characteristics making it out procedure of choice are summarized.", "PMID": 677383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3048", "title": "Genesis of a replantation program.", "content": "Development of a replantation program entails establishment of microsurgical skills in the laboratory, training in clinical microvascular technics, supervision, if possible, in the first microvascular free flaps, and close liaison with supporting personnel who transport patients, care for them acutely, and carry out their rehabilitation. Of twenty-six replantations or revascularizations (14 incomplete and 12 complete), twenty-three were successful. The three failures (1 complete and 2 incomplete procedures) were all digits, and each was part of a multiple digit injury.", "contents": "Genesis of a replantation program. Development of a replantation program entails establishment of microsurgical skills in the laboratory, training in clinical microvascular technics, supervision, if possible, in the first microvascular free flaps, and close liaison with supporting personnel who transport patients, care for them acutely, and carry out their rehabilitation. Of twenty-six replantations or revascularizations (14 incomplete and 12 complete), twenty-three were successful. The three failures (1 complete and 2 incomplete procedures) were all digits, and each was part of a multiple digit injury.", "PMID": 677386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3049", "title": "Aortoesophageal fistula.", "content": "With the advent of cardiovascular and bypass procedures, aortoesophageal fistula has progressed from the stage of a pathologic curiosity to a treatable lesion. Although the causes of aortoesophageal fistula are varied, a remarkably consistent clinical picture emerges from study of this condition. Chiari's triad of midthoracic pain, sentinel hemorrhage, and a symptom-free interval followed by fatal exsanguination remains the most important clinical finding today. Although contrast esophagography, esophagoscopy, and aortography are important diagnositc aids, immediate left thoracotomy may be the only means of making the diagnosis and saving the patient when hemorrhage is profuse. In most cases (80 per cent of the present series) there is a symptom-free period varying from hours to days from the original sentinel hemorrhage to the final exsanguination. This permits the informed surgeon trained in cardiovascular technics an opportunity to salvage some of these patients. The various methods of aortic and esophageal repair are discussed.", "contents": "Aortoesophageal fistula. With the advent of cardiovascular and bypass procedures, aortoesophageal fistula has progressed from the stage of a pathologic curiosity to a treatable lesion. Although the causes of aortoesophageal fistula are varied, a remarkably consistent clinical picture emerges from study of this condition. Chiari's triad of midthoracic pain, sentinel hemorrhage, and a symptom-free interval followed by fatal exsanguination remains the most important clinical finding today. Although contrast esophagography, esophagoscopy, and aortography are important diagnositc aids, immediate left thoracotomy may be the only means of making the diagnosis and saving the patient when hemorrhage is profuse. In most cases (80 per cent of the present series) there is a symptom-free period varying from hours to days from the original sentinel hemorrhage to the final exsanguination. This permits the informed surgeon trained in cardiovascular technics an opportunity to salvage some of these patients. The various methods of aortic and esophageal repair are discussed.", "PMID": 677387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3050", "title": "Expanding indications for early parathyroidectomy in the elderly female.", "content": "In a study of fifty consecutive patients with hyperparathyroidism we have noted: (1) Automated laboratory studies have increased the incidence of diagnosed hyperparathyroidism, especially in the elderly. (2) Bone abnormalities and mental changes are the most frequent symptoms in this older population. (3) Natural history studies have produced some delay in surgical treatment, accentuating mental aberrations and bone-associated deficits. Especially in the elderly, the benefits in personality change, feeling of well-being, and lessened bone deterioration warrant early operation.", "contents": "Expanding indications for early parathyroidectomy in the elderly female. In a study of fifty consecutive patients with hyperparathyroidism we have noted: (1) Automated laboratory studies have increased the incidence of diagnosed hyperparathyroidism, especially in the elderly. (2) Bone abnormalities and mental changes are the most frequent symptoms in this older population. (3) Natural history studies have produced some delay in surgical treatment, accentuating mental aberrations and bone-associated deficits. Especially in the elderly, the benefits in personality change, feeling of well-being, and lessened bone deterioration warrant early operation.", "PMID": 677389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3051", "title": "Thymoma: a ten year review.", "content": "The histopathology, clinical features, treatment, and results are reported in twenty-nine patients with thymoma. Benign and malignant thymomas are differentiated by their invasive characteristics. Surgical excision is recommended for benign lesions. Surgical excision and postoperative irradiation are recommended for malignant thymomas irrespective of the predominant cell type. The recommended treatment for thymoma and the symptomatic results in myasthenia gravis are unpredictable.", "contents": "Thymoma: a ten year review. The histopathology, clinical features, treatment, and results are reported in twenty-nine patients with thymoma. Benign and malignant thymomas are differentiated by their invasive characteristics. Surgical excision is recommended for benign lesions. Surgical excision and postoperative irradiation are recommended for malignant thymomas irrespective of the predominant cell type. The recommended treatment for thymoma and the symptomatic results in myasthenia gravis are unpredictable.", "PMID": 677390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3052", "title": "Complications of surgery for morbid obesity.", "content": "From experience with 261 jejonoileal bypass operations performed by one surgeon with the assistance of an interested endocrinologist, many problems have been encountered and many apparently solved. However, there are still some unexplained complications requiring further study, and there must be a continuous follow-up of the patients for some years before the operation can be a completely acceptable treatment for morbid obesity.", "contents": "Complications of surgery for morbid obesity. From experience with 261 jejonoileal bypass operations performed by one surgeon with the assistance of an interested endocrinologist, many problems have been encountered and many apparently solved. However, there are still some unexplained complications requiring further study, and there must be a continuous follow-up of the patients for some years before the operation can be a completely acceptable treatment for morbid obesity.", "PMID": 677391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3053", "title": "Pseudoobstruction of the colon.", "content": "Pseudoobstruction of the colon is a specific variety of adynamic ileus. Its characteristic clinical presentation is severe cramping lower abdominal pain, a massively distended abdomen, and a characteristic x-ray picture. Thirty-five patients with this disease complex have been reviewed, and their surgical and medical therapy is discussed. Guidelines for continued medical versus surgical intervention are suggested. Two patients underwent decompression with the colonoscope. Its use and a possible hazard of the procedure are discussed. For those patients who develop pseudoobstruction after trauma or surgery, a pathophysiologic explanation is offered. The possible role of prostaglandin abnormality in the genesis of pseudoobstruction is also discussed.", "contents": "Pseudoobstruction of the colon. Pseudoobstruction of the colon is a specific variety of adynamic ileus. Its characteristic clinical presentation is severe cramping lower abdominal pain, a massively distended abdomen, and a characteristic x-ray picture. Thirty-five patients with this disease complex have been reviewed, and their surgical and medical therapy is discussed. Guidelines for continued medical versus surgical intervention are suggested. Two patients underwent decompression with the colonoscope. Its use and a possible hazard of the procedure are discussed. For those patients who develop pseudoobstruction after trauma or surgery, a pathophysiologic explanation is offered. The possible role of prostaglandin abnormality in the genesis of pseudoobstruction is also discussed.", "PMID": 677392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3054", "title": "Temporary cardiopulmonary bypass for the treatment of endotoxic shock.", "content": "New Zealand white rabbits were employed in the laboratory to evaluate the efficacy of temporary cardiopulmonary bypass in the prevention of pulmonary injury from endotoxin. Partial cardiopulmonary bypass using peripheral cannulation was carried out for 15 minutes after intraarterial administration of E coli endotoxin of LD90 doses. A significantly better long-term (1 month) survival rate of the treated animals (60 per cent) versus the untreated animals (10 per cent) as well as less severe pulmonary changes in those that succumbed after treatment were observed. It would appear that temporary cardiopulmonary bypass by peripheral cannulation warrants further study in the treatment of patients identified early as suffering from otherwise irreversible septicemic shock.", "contents": "Temporary cardiopulmonary bypass for the treatment of endotoxic shock. New Zealand white rabbits were employed in the laboratory to evaluate the efficacy of temporary cardiopulmonary bypass in the prevention of pulmonary injury from endotoxin. Partial cardiopulmonary bypass using peripheral cannulation was carried out for 15 minutes after intraarterial administration of E coli endotoxin of LD90 doses. A significantly better long-term (1 month) survival rate of the treated animals (60 per cent) versus the untreated animals (10 per cent) as well as less severe pulmonary changes in those that succumbed after treatment were observed. It would appear that temporary cardiopulmonary bypass by peripheral cannulation warrants further study in the treatment of patients identified early as suffering from otherwise irreversible septicemic shock.", "PMID": 677393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3055", "title": "Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts: a ten year experience in Hawaii.", "content": "A ten year review (1966-1975) of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma in three major Honolulu hospitals is presented. Fifty-seven patients satisfied the criteria for the study. The disease occurs predominantly in the Japanese population. Survival of patients with upper third lesions proximal to the cystic duct is poor, and all patients followed died within seventeen months of hospitalization or operation. In patients undergoing bypass procedures for lower third (intrapancreatic) lesions, palliation averages ten months. The Whipple operation, performed in fourteen selected patients with favorable lesions, affords palliation averaging twenty months, and five patients were long-term survivors, including two with five year cures. However, morbidity and mortality for the Whipple procedure is high. Methods for improving palliation in upper third lesions and lowering morbidity and mortality from pancreatoduodenectomy are proposed.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts: a ten year experience in Hawaii. A ten year review (1966-1975) of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma in three major Honolulu hospitals is presented. Fifty-seven patients satisfied the criteria for the study. The disease occurs predominantly in the Japanese population. Survival of patients with upper third lesions proximal to the cystic duct is poor, and all patients followed died within seventeen months of hospitalization or operation. In patients undergoing bypass procedures for lower third (intrapancreatic) lesions, palliation averages ten months. The Whipple operation, performed in fourteen selected patients with favorable lesions, affords palliation averaging twenty months, and five patients were long-term survivors, including two with five year cures. However, morbidity and mortality for the Whipple procedure is high. Methods for improving palliation in upper third lesions and lowering morbidity and mortality from pancreatoduodenectomy are proposed.", "PMID": 677394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3056", "title": "[Respiratory depression after fentanyl and antagonism by naloxone (author's transl)].", "content": "The postoperative respiratory depressant effect of fentanyl in combination with flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) was assessed in awake and in unconscious patients. In awake patients respiratory function was measured with blood-gas analyses. For measurements in unconscious patients the administration of nitrous oxide/oxygen was continued postoperatively and the respiratory depression was judged from the increase in respiratory minute volume after the i.v. administration of 0.05 mg naloxone (Narcan). In the group of awake patients blood-gasvalues were within the normal range after anaesthesia with flunitrazepam (1 mg) and fentanyl (0.80 mcg/kg body weight/10 min anaesthesia; last fentanyl given 40 min before the end of the operation), and the administration of naloxone was without any effect. If, however, naloxone was given while the patients were kept under light nitrous oxide/oxygen anaesthesia, the effect was different. The respiratory minute volume was considerably less than its predicted value in all groups of patients having received fentanyl, and naloxone caused a marked increase in respiratory minute volume and in respiratory rate. In a group of patients which have received no opiate but enflurane, naloxone showed no effect. After premedication with pethidine as compared with flunitrazepam the effect of naloxone on ventilation was more pronounced. This marked difference in the postoperative effect of fentanyl on ventilation depending on the state of consciousness has to be attributed to an interaction between a residual respiratory depressant effect of fentanyl and the effect of unconsciousness. Since after the combined use of flunitrazepam and fentanyl deep postoperative sleep occurs quite frequent, a residual effect of fentanyl should always be antagonized with naloxone to protect the patients from a possible hazardous effect of this interaction.", "contents": "[Respiratory depression after fentanyl and antagonism by naloxone (author's transl)]. The postoperative respiratory depressant effect of fentanyl in combination with flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) was assessed in awake and in unconscious patients. In awake patients respiratory function was measured with blood-gas analyses. For measurements in unconscious patients the administration of nitrous oxide/oxygen was continued postoperatively and the respiratory depression was judged from the increase in respiratory minute volume after the i.v. administration of 0.05 mg naloxone (Narcan). In the group of awake patients blood-gasvalues were within the normal range after anaesthesia with flunitrazepam (1 mg) and fentanyl (0.80 mcg/kg body weight/10 min anaesthesia; last fentanyl given 40 min before the end of the operation), and the administration of naloxone was without any effect. If, however, naloxone was given while the patients were kept under light nitrous oxide/oxygen anaesthesia, the effect was different. The respiratory minute volume was considerably less than its predicted value in all groups of patients having received fentanyl, and naloxone caused a marked increase in respiratory minute volume and in respiratory rate. In a group of patients which have received no opiate but enflurane, naloxone showed no effect. After premedication with pethidine as compared with flunitrazepam the effect of naloxone on ventilation was more pronounced. This marked difference in the postoperative effect of fentanyl on ventilation depending on the state of consciousness has to be attributed to an interaction between a residual respiratory depressant effect of fentanyl and the effect of unconsciousness. Since after the combined use of flunitrazepam and fentanyl deep postoperative sleep occurs quite frequent, a residual effect of fentanyl should always be antagonized with naloxone to protect the patients from a possible hazardous effect of this interaction.", "PMID": 677431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3057", "title": "[The effect of naloxone and levallorphane following fentanyl on the blood gases, EEG and psychodiagnostic tests (author's transl)].", "content": "After administration of fentanyl, 0.15 mg naloxone or levallorphan or placebo were given several times and in increased doses and at same intervals of time to six volunteers. The experiment has been done after the rules of a double blind study. Naloxone has shown its superiority to levallorphan. The study demonstrated a faster and better action of naloxone in the way of a return to initial conditions of respiratory frequency, blood gases, and EEG. The concentration and attention faculties after naloxone have become clearly better in contrary to the results after levallorphan. At the end of an anaesthetic procedure, the greatest care should be given to the patient. First of all effective antagonism of the respiratory depression should be obtained without concomitant sedative and psychomimetic effects. The use of antagonists with agonist properties to reverse respiratory depression due to a morphinomimetic drug is not justified and so naloxone should supplant levallorphan.", "contents": "[The effect of naloxone and levallorphane following fentanyl on the blood gases, EEG and psychodiagnostic tests (author's transl)]. After administration of fentanyl, 0.15 mg naloxone or levallorphan or placebo were given several times and in increased doses and at same intervals of time to six volunteers. The experiment has been done after the rules of a double blind study. Naloxone has shown its superiority to levallorphan. The study demonstrated a faster and better action of naloxone in the way of a return to initial conditions of respiratory frequency, blood gases, and EEG. The concentration and attention faculties after naloxone have become clearly better in contrary to the results after levallorphan. At the end of an anaesthetic procedure, the greatest care should be given to the patient. First of all effective antagonism of the respiratory depression should be obtained without concomitant sedative and psychomimetic effects. The use of antagonists with agonist properties to reverse respiratory depression due to a morphinomimetic drug is not justified and so naloxone should supplant levallorphan.", "PMID": 677433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3058", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of pancuronium in patients with normal and impaired renal function.", "content": "Plasma concentration curves of patients with normal and impaired renal function are fitted to a tri-exponential function according to an open three compartment pharmacokinetic model. A detailed discussion of the relationship between theoretical distribution volumes, clinical pharmacodynamics and morphological or biochemical structures provides the basis for the concept of a central application and measuring compartment, a pharmacologically specific compartment and a non specific one. The distirbution of pancuronium from the application compartment to the specific compartment results in the onset of muscular paralysis. The recovery is governed by renal elimination of the unchanged drug as well as by its redistribution into the non specific compartment. In anuric patients the spontaneous recovery after 3--4 h is the effect of redistribution only. Neither metabolic degradation nor increased biliary elimination can sufficiently compensate for the lack of the renal pathway. The clinician should always keep in mind that after the recovery from pancuronium-induced muscular paralysis, both in patients with or without renal pathology, considerable residues of the active drug are stored at nonspecific and even specific receptor sites for many hours.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of pancuronium in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Plasma concentration curves of patients with normal and impaired renal function are fitted to a tri-exponential function according to an open three compartment pharmacokinetic model. A detailed discussion of the relationship between theoretical distribution volumes, clinical pharmacodynamics and morphological or biochemical structures provides the basis for the concept of a central application and measuring compartment, a pharmacologically specific compartment and a non specific one. The distirbution of pancuronium from the application compartment to the specific compartment results in the onset of muscular paralysis. The recovery is governed by renal elimination of the unchanged drug as well as by its redistribution into the non specific compartment. In anuric patients the spontaneous recovery after 3--4 h is the effect of redistribution only. Neither metabolic degradation nor increased biliary elimination can sufficiently compensate for the lack of the renal pathway. The clinician should always keep in mind that after the recovery from pancuronium-induced muscular paralysis, both in patients with or without renal pathology, considerable residues of the active drug are stored at nonspecific and even specific receptor sites for many hours.", "PMID": 677435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3059", "title": "[Haemodynamic effects after rapid infusion of dextrane in geriatric patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In 85 geriatric premedicated patients haemodynamic effects were investigated following rapid infusion of 500 ml dextrane. The data measured one day preoperative revealed typical age-related changes of the cardiovascular system: decrease of cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate; increase of peripheral vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure. After infusion of dextran central venous pressure rose by 4.9 mm Hg (mean), mean arterial pressure by 7.5 mm Hg (8.5%) and cardiac output by 1.04 1/min (24.3%). Heart rate alterations were insignificant, but total peripheral resistance decreased significantly by 12.5%. Pulmonary capillary pressure rose to 15.4 +/- 3.4 mm Hg. We conclude that it is possible to increase cardiopulmonary efficiency by extracardiac measures preoperatively even in aged patients. In no case critical left- or right ventricular filling pressure exceeded, so we cannot accept the often expressed warnings against induced hypervolaemia in patients with no cardiac failure except old age.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic effects after rapid infusion of dextrane in geriatric patients (author's transl)]. In 85 geriatric premedicated patients haemodynamic effects were investigated following rapid infusion of 500 ml dextrane. The data measured one day preoperative revealed typical age-related changes of the cardiovascular system: decrease of cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate; increase of peripheral vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure. After infusion of dextran central venous pressure rose by 4.9 mm Hg (mean), mean arterial pressure by 7.5 mm Hg (8.5%) and cardiac output by 1.04 1/min (24.3%). Heart rate alterations were insignificant, but total peripheral resistance decreased significantly by 12.5%. Pulmonary capillary pressure rose to 15.4 +/- 3.4 mm Hg. We conclude that it is possible to increase cardiopulmonary efficiency by extracardiac measures preoperatively even in aged patients. In no case critical left- or right ventricular filling pressure exceeded, so we cannot accept the often expressed warnings against induced hypervolaemia in patients with no cardiac failure except old age.", "PMID": 677436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3060", "title": "The thymus of Nu/+ mice.", "content": "At one month, the thymus weight of NMRI mice heterozygous for the Nu gene was lower than that of the wild type. However, the thymic structure was normal and no significant anomalies at the ultrastructurallevel could be found either in epithelial cells or in thymocytes. Stereologic data showed that the loss of weight was only due to a decrease of the lymphoid population, whereas the absolute number of epithelial cells was unmodified. Several hypotheses that could explain the reduced number of thymocytes were discussed.", "contents": "The thymus of Nu/+ mice. At one month, the thymus weight of NMRI mice heterozygous for the Nu gene was lower than that of the wild type. However, the thymic structure was normal and no significant anomalies at the ultrastructurallevel could be found either in epithelial cells or in thymocytes. Stereologic data showed that the loss of weight was only due to a decrease of the lymphoid population, whereas the absolute number of epithelial cells was unmodified. Several hypotheses that could explain the reduced number of thymocytes were discussed.", "PMID": 677466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3061", "title": "The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human digestive system and associated structures during the embryonic period proper.", "content": "A documented scheme of the early development of the human digestive system is presented. It is based on (1) reports of workers who personally studied staged embryos, and (2) personal observations and confirmations. The necessity of studying staged embryos in order to determine the precise sequence of developmental events is stressed.", "contents": "The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human digestive system and associated structures during the embryonic period proper. A documented scheme of the early development of the human digestive system is presented. It is based on (1) reports of workers who personally studied staged embryos, and (2) personal observations and confirmations. The necessity of studying staged embryos in order to determine the precise sequence of developmental events is stressed.", "PMID": 677467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3062", "title": "On the migration of myogenic stem cells into the prospective wing region of chick embryos. A scanning and transmission electron microscope study.", "content": "In chick embryos undifferentiated myogenic stem cells migrate from the ventrolateral somite respectively dermatome edge into the prospective wing region after the second day of incubation. At first, single cells that are elongated in mediolateral direction, later also small groups of cells, are found in the space between somites and somatopleura at the wing bud level. The leading ends of the migrating cells are formed like finger-shaped lobopodia as well as flattened lamellipodia from which thin filopodia arise. The main structural features of the cell processes are microtubules and microfilaments predominantly oriented parallel to the long axis of the cells. The filopodia are found to be in close connection with the surrounding network of collagen fibrils. Since the main strands of the fibrils show a mediolateral orientation, it may be assumed that the direction of cell migration depends on the arrangement of the collagen fibrils.", "contents": "On the migration of myogenic stem cells into the prospective wing region of chick embryos. A scanning and transmission electron microscope study. In chick embryos undifferentiated myogenic stem cells migrate from the ventrolateral somite respectively dermatome edge into the prospective wing region after the second day of incubation. At first, single cells that are elongated in mediolateral direction, later also small groups of cells, are found in the space between somites and somatopleura at the wing bud level. The leading ends of the migrating cells are formed like finger-shaped lobopodia as well as flattened lamellipodia from which thin filopodia arise. The main structural features of the cell processes are microtubules and microfilaments predominantly oriented parallel to the long axis of the cells. The filopodia are found to be in close connection with the surrounding network of collagen fibrils. Since the main strands of the fibrils show a mediolateral orientation, it may be assumed that the direction of cell migration depends on the arrangement of the collagen fibrils.", "PMID": 677470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3063", "title": "A quantitative approach to cytoarchitectonics. I. The areal pattern of the cortex of Tupaia belangeri.", "content": "The cortical map of Tupaia belangeri, evaluated with an automatic quantitative procedure using the Micro-Videomat (Zeiss), shows a well differentiated allocortex and periallocortex with 19 areas, and proisocortex and isocortex with 20 areas. The boundaries of the different areas are based on quantitative differences and the areal pattern of the cortex is, in most cases, compatible with physiological results found in the literature. Tupaia belangeri has a cortex which is largely dominated by primary and secondary sensory areas in its iscortical part and by the impressive visual system. The well differentiated allo- and isocortex show conditions more similar to prosimians than to insectivores, especially when considering the occurrence of primary and supplementary regions. Quantitative analyses of the separate areas with a higher resolution (Zilles et al., in prep.) are necessary in order to provide a basis for further comparative investigations of the Tupaia cortex.", "contents": "A quantitative approach to cytoarchitectonics. I. The areal pattern of the cortex of Tupaia belangeri. The cortical map of Tupaia belangeri, evaluated with an automatic quantitative procedure using the Micro-Videomat (Zeiss), shows a well differentiated allocortex and periallocortex with 19 areas, and proisocortex and isocortex with 20 areas. The boundaries of the different areas are based on quantitative differences and the areal pattern of the cortex is, in most cases, compatible with physiological results found in the literature. Tupaia belangeri has a cortex which is largely dominated by primary and secondary sensory areas in its iscortical part and by the impressive visual system. The well differentiated allo- and isocortex show conditions more similar to prosimians than to insectivores, especially when considering the occurrence of primary and supplementary regions. Quantitative analyses of the separate areas with a higher resolution (Zilles et al., in prep.) are necessary in order to provide a basis for further comparative investigations of the Tupaia cortex.", "PMID": 677471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3064", "title": "The stress at the human atlanto-occipital joint. I. the development of the occipital condyle.", "content": "The development of the occipital condyle has been observed in human fetuses, neonates, children, and juveniles. In contrast to some authorities, the authors believe the occipital condyle to originate from the basioccipital and the exoccipital of the occipital bone. The bony parts of the condyle are divided by the synchondrosis intraoccipitalis anterior. The rostral area on the basioccipital occupies about one-fourth to one-seventh of the surface of the subchondral bone. The sequence and mode of ossification of the synchondrosis intraoccipitalis anterior has been investigated. A causality between the synchondrosis and the occasionally observed subdivisions of the articular surface in the adult does not exist.", "contents": "The stress at the human atlanto-occipital joint. I. the development of the occipital condyle. The development of the occipital condyle has been observed in human fetuses, neonates, children, and juveniles. In contrast to some authorities, the authors believe the occipital condyle to originate from the basioccipital and the exoccipital of the occipital bone. The bony parts of the condyle are divided by the synchondrosis intraoccipitalis anterior. The rostral area on the basioccipital occupies about one-fourth to one-seventh of the surface of the subchondral bone. The sequence and mode of ossification of the synchondrosis intraoccipitalis anterior has been investigated. A causality between the synchondrosis and the occasionally observed subdivisions of the articular surface in the adult does not exist.", "PMID": 677474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3065", "title": "Some observations on the development of the human hyoid bone.", "content": "Investigations on the human hyoid bone in several developmental stages reveal that with the chondrification of the mesenchymal blastema a typical interzone between the body and the greater cornua is formed. This disc of closely packed blastemal cells, distinct and broad in the earlier stages, is reduced in thickness in the course of further development. In fetuses between 5 and 6 months old and in newborns the formation of joint cavities can be seen in some cases. In other cases, however, a small transverse line of cells persists between the two cartilaginous elements. These findings are interpreted as different developmental stages of a diarthrosis generally formed between the corpus and the cornu majus. The fact that in the adult the lesser horn is connected directly to the cornu majus and not to the body is confirmed by the embryological investigations reported in this study.", "contents": "Some observations on the development of the human hyoid bone. Investigations on the human hyoid bone in several developmental stages reveal that with the chondrification of the mesenchymal blastema a typical interzone between the body and the greater cornua is formed. This disc of closely packed blastemal cells, distinct and broad in the earlier stages, is reduced in thickness in the course of further development. In fetuses between 5 and 6 months old and in newborns the formation of joint cavities can be seen in some cases. In other cases, however, a small transverse line of cells persists between the two cartilaginous elements. These findings are interpreted as different developmental stages of a diarthrosis generally formed between the corpus and the cornu majus. The fact that in the adult the lesser horn is connected directly to the cornu majus and not to the body is confirmed by the embryological investigations reported in this study.", "PMID": 677475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3066", "title": "A liquor contacting area in the pineal recess of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "The wall of the third ventricle in the pineal recess of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. Deep in the pineal recess, where the ependymal lining is thin and non-ciliated, clusters of pinealocytes protrude into the ventricular lumen. They force the ependyma apart so that their surface is directly exposed to the CSF, while basal processes extend towards the hypependymal pineal tissue. It is assumed that these cells may secrete melatonin into the CSF which is known to contain varying amounts of this hormone.", "contents": "A liquor contacting area in the pineal recess of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). The wall of the third ventricle in the pineal recess of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. Deep in the pineal recess, where the ependymal lining is thin and non-ciliated, clusters of pinealocytes protrude into the ventricular lumen. They force the ependyma apart so that their surface is directly exposed to the CSF, while basal processes extend towards the hypependymal pineal tissue. It is assumed that these cells may secrete melatonin into the CSF which is known to contain varying amounts of this hormone.", "PMID": 677476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3067", "title": "Effect of chronic centrifugation on bone density of the dog.", "content": "Sixteen male Beagle dogs, 293 to 509 days old, were exposed almost continuously for 3 months to 2.0 G on a 7.9m radius centrifuge. The dogs were maintained on the centrifuge by means of a specially designed, automated waste disposal and life support system. Bone density was measured by a 125I Profile Scanner in the anterior, medial posterior and lateral cortex of the femoral mid-shaft. As compared to mean density in the femora of normal gravity controls, centrifuged dogs showed a 0.8% (P less than 0.05) lower mean linear absorption in their femora. However, the regression of density on the square-root of cross-sectional area/pi differs very significantly in the animals living at earth gravity and those living at hypergravity. Thin hypergravic bones are denser, thick hypergravic ones are less dense than the corresponding ones of normal gravity controls.", "contents": "Effect of chronic centrifugation on bone density of the dog. Sixteen male Beagle dogs, 293 to 509 days old, were exposed almost continuously for 3 months to 2.0 G on a 7.9m radius centrifuge. The dogs were maintained on the centrifuge by means of a specially designed, automated waste disposal and life support system. Bone density was measured by a 125I Profile Scanner in the anterior, medial posterior and lateral cortex of the femoral mid-shaft. As compared to mean density in the femora of normal gravity controls, centrifuged dogs showed a 0.8% (P less than 0.05) lower mean linear absorption in their femora. However, the regression of density on the square-root of cross-sectional area/pi differs very significantly in the animals living at earth gravity and those living at hypergravity. Thin hypergravic bones are denser, thick hypergravic ones are less dense than the corresponding ones of normal gravity controls.", "PMID": 677478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3068", "title": "The relation of aberrant vasculogenesis to skeletal malformation in the hamster fetus.", "content": "Oral administration of teratogenic doses of retinoic acid to pregnant hamsters on day 10 of gestation is associated with dysmorphogenesis of the appendicular skeleton. During the 24 h following retinoic acid treatment, the developing limb bud vasculature was disorganized, with blood vessels encroaching on areas where mesenchymal condensation of the skeletal blastemata normally occurs. Large, branching marginal folds and endothelial cell vesiculations protruded into the blood vessel lumina. It is suggested that the vascular changes observed may affect the concurrent early development of the skeleton and contribute to the skeletal malformation seen in near-term fetuses.", "contents": "The relation of aberrant vasculogenesis to skeletal malformation in the hamster fetus. Oral administration of teratogenic doses of retinoic acid to pregnant hamsters on day 10 of gestation is associated with dysmorphogenesis of the appendicular skeleton. During the 24 h following retinoic acid treatment, the developing limb bud vasculature was disorganized, with blood vessels encroaching on areas where mesenchymal condensation of the skeletal blastemata normally occurs. Large, branching marginal folds and endothelial cell vesiculations protruded into the blood vessel lumina. It is suggested that the vascular changes observed may affect the concurrent early development of the skeleton and contribute to the skeletal malformation seen in near-term fetuses.", "PMID": 677480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3069", "title": "Changes in the mechanical properties or rat tail tendon during postnatal ontogenesis.", "content": "The ultimate tensile strength, elasticity modulus and ultimate elongation of tail tendon in rats age 1-18 months were measured with an Instron tensile apparatus. An increase in all these parameters was observed during the period of maturation, with a later levelling off of the tensile strength and the ultimate elongation. The value of the elasticity modulus attained a maximum during sexual maturation, and then decreased and stabilized.", "contents": "Changes in the mechanical properties or rat tail tendon during postnatal ontogenesis. The ultimate tensile strength, elasticity modulus and ultimate elongation of tail tendon in rats age 1-18 months were measured with an Instron tensile apparatus. An increase in all these parameters was observed during the period of maturation, with a later levelling off of the tensile strength and the ultimate elongation. The value of the elasticity modulus attained a maximum during sexual maturation, and then decreased and stabilized.", "PMID": 677481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3070", "title": "Endoderm regeneration in the chick embryo studied by SEM.", "content": "Regeneration of the area pellucida endoderm of the chick embryo was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A new endoderm was formed by in situ changes in the shape and relationships of mesoderm cells. Initially the cells flattened and lost their processes except along cell boundaries. Later even these processes were lost and an epithelium was formed. The area of regenerated endoderm coincided with the area of mesoderm at the time of endoderm removal, confirming the mesodermal origin of the new layer. Remnants of the original endoderm did not contribute to the regenerated layer. Contact inhibition was observed at the boundary between original and regenerated endoderms.", "contents": "Endoderm regeneration in the chick embryo studied by SEM. Regeneration of the area pellucida endoderm of the chick embryo was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A new endoderm was formed by in situ changes in the shape and relationships of mesoderm cells. Initially the cells flattened and lost their processes except along cell boundaries. Later even these processes were lost and an epithelium was formed. The area of regenerated endoderm coincided with the area of mesoderm at the time of endoderm removal, confirming the mesodermal origin of the new layer. Remnants of the original endoderm did not contribute to the regenerated layer. Contact inhibition was observed at the boundary between original and regenerated endoderms.", "PMID": 677483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3071", "title": "The ependymal and glial configuration in the spinal cord of urodeles.", "content": "The structural organization of the ependymal and macroglial components of the central field of the spinal cord of postmetamorphic ribbed newts has been reinvestigated using elaborate fixation procedures for transmission electron microscopy. All along the central canal, the ependymal cells display ultrastructural features that strongly suggest a secretory activity. Infrequent mitotic images, occurring spontaneously among the ependymal cells, were observed. The tightly compacted periependymal stratum contains two types of glial cells: 1. oligodendrocytes, also observed outside this stratum as neuronal satellites, and 2. radial astrocytic cells, whose somata, exclusively located in the periependymal stratum, send their processes to the subpial lamina. The intercellular relationships between ependyma, oligodendrocytes and astrocytic cells are illustrated to show the continuity of the neuroepithelial configuration. Morphologic clues for identifying the cells of the central field of the urodele spinal cord are given. A gradient of differentiation of the oligodendroglial components could be postulated. In normal conditions, the astroglial differentiation is permanently arrested at the stage of radial glia. Some considerations concerning regeneration in the urodele spinal cord are submitted.", "contents": "The ependymal and glial configuration in the spinal cord of urodeles. The structural organization of the ependymal and macroglial components of the central field of the spinal cord of postmetamorphic ribbed newts has been reinvestigated using elaborate fixation procedures for transmission electron microscopy. All along the central canal, the ependymal cells display ultrastructural features that strongly suggest a secretory activity. Infrequent mitotic images, occurring spontaneously among the ependymal cells, were observed. The tightly compacted periependymal stratum contains two types of glial cells: 1. oligodendrocytes, also observed outside this stratum as neuronal satellites, and 2. radial astrocytic cells, whose somata, exclusively located in the periependymal stratum, send their processes to the subpial lamina. The intercellular relationships between ependyma, oligodendrocytes and astrocytic cells are illustrated to show the continuity of the neuroepithelial configuration. Morphologic clues for identifying the cells of the central field of the urodele spinal cord are given. A gradient of differentiation of the oligodendroglial components could be postulated. In normal conditions, the astroglial differentiation is permanently arrested at the stage of radial glia. Some considerations concerning regeneration in the urodele spinal cord are submitted.", "PMID": 677484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3072", "title": "The pterygoid and ectopterygoid in mammals.", "content": "A dorsal pterygoid element and a ventral ectopterygoid element can be recognised during the development of monotremes, marsupials and eutherian mammals. Their homology with the elements so named in fossils ancestral to mammals can be established by positional evidence. In monotremes the elements remain distinct and show specialised features, including a hamular cartilage in the ectopterygoid of one specimen of Ornithorhynchus. In most higher mammals the pterygoid element is much reduced and is replaced anteriorly by the perpendicular plate of the palatine. Posteriorly the pterygoid element fuses with the ectopterygoid, in many cases before the onset of ossification. The hamular cartilage arises by chondrification within the ectopterygoid element and shows no sign of being a separate morphological entity, but must be regarded as a specialised feature associated with the architecture of the palatal musculature. There is a strong case for the value of recognising that the 'pterygoid process' of higher mammals includes both a pterygoid and an ectopterygoid moiety.", "contents": "The pterygoid and ectopterygoid in mammals. A dorsal pterygoid element and a ventral ectopterygoid element can be recognised during the development of monotremes, marsupials and eutherian mammals. Their homology with the elements so named in fossils ancestral to mammals can be established by positional evidence. In monotremes the elements remain distinct and show specialised features, including a hamular cartilage in the ectopterygoid of one specimen of Ornithorhynchus. In most higher mammals the pterygoid element is much reduced and is replaced anteriorly by the perpendicular plate of the palatine. Posteriorly the pterygoid element fuses with the ectopterygoid, in many cases before the onset of ossification. The hamular cartilage arises by chondrification within the ectopterygoid element and shows no sign of being a separate morphological entity, but must be regarded as a specialised feature associated with the architecture of the palatal musculature. There is a strong case for the value of recognising that the 'pterygoid process' of higher mammals includes both a pterygoid and an ectopterygoid moiety.", "PMID": 677485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3073", "title": "Development of adrenergic innervation of the iris and fluorescent ganglion cells in the choroid of the chick eye.", "content": "The developing innervation of the chick eye has been studied using catecholamine histofluorescence. The innervation of the pupillary dilator by the superior cervical ganglion begins on day 13 of incubation when fluorescent axons can be seen in the ciliary zone circumscribing the dilator. On day 14 a few processes are seen to branch from this band into the dilator. The number of processes in the dilator increases on days 15 and 16. After day 16 there is a reorganization of the fibers radially accompanied by a moderate increase in the number of processes. In addition, a group of fluorescent cells can be seen in the choroid adjacent to the ciliary body. These cells are bipolar at day 9 and become multipolar by 12 days of incubation. These cells contribute to a fluorescent plexus of processes in the choroid which stops abruptly at the border of the choroid and ciliary zone. It is thought that they represent a terminal sympathetic ganglion receiving preganglionic input from the carotid nerve.", "contents": "Development of adrenergic innervation of the iris and fluorescent ganglion cells in the choroid of the chick eye. The developing innervation of the chick eye has been studied using catecholamine histofluorescence. The innervation of the pupillary dilator by the superior cervical ganglion begins on day 13 of incubation when fluorescent axons can be seen in the ciliary zone circumscribing the dilator. On day 14 a few processes are seen to branch from this band into the dilator. The number of processes in the dilator increases on days 15 and 16. After day 16 there is a reorganization of the fibers radially accompanied by a moderate increase in the number of processes. In addition, a group of fluorescent cells can be seen in the choroid adjacent to the ciliary body. These cells are bipolar at day 9 and become multipolar by 12 days of incubation. These cells contribute to a fluorescent plexus of processes in the choroid which stops abruptly at the border of the choroid and ciliary zone. It is thought that they represent a terminal sympathetic ganglion receiving preganglionic input from the carotid nerve.", "PMID": 677486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3074", "title": "Distribution of surface coat material on fusing neural folds of mouse embryos during neurulation.", "content": "Fusing and non-fusing regions of neural folds from mouse embryos were examined during neurulation for the distribution of extracellular macromolecules (surface coats) prior to and at the time of closure. Ruthenium red staining of 10th day ICR/DUB mouse embryos was used to detect the distribution of surface coat material. Light microscopic examination of fusing and non-fusing regions in the midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord showed a consistent increase in ruthenium red positive material immediately prior to closure. Heavy deposits of positive staining material were present along apical neural fold borders and overlying ectoderm cells. This staining pattern was consistent in the three regions examined, but the pattern of initial contact between opposing neural folds differed. In mid- and hindbrain areas contact was initiated by overlying ectoderm, whereas in spinal cord regions contact was first established by neuroepithelial cells. Once contact between opposing neural folds was initiated a decrease in stainable material was observed.", "contents": "Distribution of surface coat material on fusing neural folds of mouse embryos during neurulation. Fusing and non-fusing regions of neural folds from mouse embryos were examined during neurulation for the distribution of extracellular macromolecules (surface coats) prior to and at the time of closure. Ruthenium red staining of 10th day ICR/DUB mouse embryos was used to detect the distribution of surface coat material. Light microscopic examination of fusing and non-fusing regions in the midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord showed a consistent increase in ruthenium red positive material immediately prior to closure. Heavy deposits of positive staining material were present along apical neural fold borders and overlying ectoderm cells. This staining pattern was consistent in the three regions examined, but the pattern of initial contact between opposing neural folds differed. In mid- and hindbrain areas contact was initiated by overlying ectoderm, whereas in spinal cord regions contact was first established by neuroepithelial cells. Once contact between opposing neural folds was initiated a decrease in stainable material was observed.", "PMID": 677488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3075", "title": "The effect of Marcaine on muscle and non-muscle cells in vitro.", "content": "The effect of the local anaesthetic Marcaine on muscle and non-muscle cell types was examined using an in vitro assay. Each of the cell types examined (myotubes, myoblasts, fibroblasts and liver parenchyma) expressed morphological alterations when incubated in Marcaine-medium. Myotubes were the most sensitive of the cells studied and exhibited several pronounced membrane structural changes after short incubation periods in Marcaine-medium. The toxic effects of Marcaine were irreversible and the myotubes continued to degenerate despite being placed in fresh medium. Myoblasts and non-muscle cells, however, demonstrated a rapid recovery when removed from the Marcaine-medium. Since Marcaine is thought to complete with Ca++ for specific sites on cell membranes, it is proposed that the differential effects which were observed are dependent upon the level of calcium related activities being carried out by the cells.", "contents": "The effect of Marcaine on muscle and non-muscle cells in vitro. The effect of the local anaesthetic Marcaine on muscle and non-muscle cell types was examined using an in vitro assay. Each of the cell types examined (myotubes, myoblasts, fibroblasts and liver parenchyma) expressed morphological alterations when incubated in Marcaine-medium. Myotubes were the most sensitive of the cells studied and exhibited several pronounced membrane structural changes after short incubation periods in Marcaine-medium. The toxic effects of Marcaine were irreversible and the myotubes continued to degenerate despite being placed in fresh medium. Myoblasts and non-muscle cells, however, demonstrated a rapid recovery when removed from the Marcaine-medium. Since Marcaine is thought to complete with Ca++ for specific sites on cell membranes, it is proposed that the differential effects which were observed are dependent upon the level of calcium related activities being carried out by the cells.", "PMID": 677489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3076", "title": "Satellite cells of rat muscles as studied by freeze-fracturing.", "content": "Satellite cells in rat muscles were studied by freeze-fracturing. They were found not to be fusiform but to have several narrow projections embedded in grooves of the muscle fibre membrane. Short projections of the muscle fibre covering the outer face of the satellite cells were observed as well. In the P-face of the cell membrane of satellite cells, membrane particles and caveolae were less frequently seen than in the P-face of the muscle membrane. Thus the surface of the satellite cells looked more smooth than that of the muscle fibres. Junctions between muscle fibre and satellite cell were not found. The presence of cytoplasmic extensions of satellite cells may suggest that these cells are motile.", "contents": "Satellite cells of rat muscles as studied by freeze-fracturing. Satellite cells in rat muscles were studied by freeze-fracturing. They were found not to be fusiform but to have several narrow projections embedded in grooves of the muscle fibre membrane. Short projections of the muscle fibre covering the outer face of the satellite cells were observed as well. In the P-face of the cell membrane of satellite cells, membrane particles and caveolae were less frequently seen than in the P-face of the muscle membrane. Thus the surface of the satellite cells looked more smooth than that of the muscle fibres. Junctions between muscle fibre and satellite cell were not found. The presence of cytoplasmic extensions of satellite cells may suggest that these cells are motile.", "PMID": 677490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3077", "title": "Morphological studies on the adrenergic innervation of white adipose tissue.", "content": "White adipose tissue was obtained from the mesentery, epididymis, omentum and subcutis of rats which were fed, fasted or fasted and then refed. Tissue samples were prepared using the glyoxylic acid method to detect adrenergic nerves by fluorescence histochemistry. Other tissue samples were fixed with an aldehyde solution containing sodium molybdate which is specific for catecholamine granules in nerve terminals. Thin and serial thick sections (0.25-0.5 micron) were viewed with a conventional electron microscope and with the high voltage electron microscope. With fluorescence microscopy it was found that most of the blood vessels except veins and venules were richly innervated. The most extensive branching of nerves down to the capillary level was found in the mesentery and epididymal fat of fasted-refed rats. Relatively few adipocytes appeared to be innervated. With electron microscopy, nerve terminals were found distributed with most blood vessels including capillaries, and with some adipocytes. Only 2-3% of all dipocytes were innervated by adrenergic nerves. It is suggested that in the adipose tissue sites studied the major adrenergic innervation is mainly for the supply of blood vessels.", "contents": "Morphological studies on the adrenergic innervation of white adipose tissue. White adipose tissue was obtained from the mesentery, epididymis, omentum and subcutis of rats which were fed, fasted or fasted and then refed. Tissue samples were prepared using the glyoxylic acid method to detect adrenergic nerves by fluorescence histochemistry. Other tissue samples were fixed with an aldehyde solution containing sodium molybdate which is specific for catecholamine granules in nerve terminals. Thin and serial thick sections (0.25-0.5 micron) were viewed with a conventional electron microscope and with the high voltage electron microscope. With fluorescence microscopy it was found that most of the blood vessels except veins and venules were richly innervated. The most extensive branching of nerves down to the capillary level was found in the mesentery and epididymal fat of fasted-refed rats. Relatively few adipocytes appeared to be innervated. With electron microscopy, nerve terminals were found distributed with most blood vessels including capillaries, and with some adipocytes. Only 2-3% of all dipocytes were innervated by adrenergic nerves. It is suggested that in the adipose tissue sites studied the major adrenergic innervation is mainly for the supply of blood vessels.", "PMID": 677491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3078", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study of the developing trout pelvic fin bud.", "content": "The growth of the pelvic fin bud has been studied with the SEM along with the characteristics of the pseudoapical epidermal ridge which occupies the free margin of the bud. SEM revealed fluffy protuberances in many of the epidermal cells, distinguishing the fin bud territory from adjacent areas. When the pseudoapical ridge appears, all the cells show this feature but their relative number decreases and these cells, termed the \"tassel cells,\" are finally restricted to the base of the fin bud. This particular surface structure of the superficial cells may be unique to the fish, since it has not been heretofore reported in SEM studies of tetrapod limb bud.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study of the developing trout pelvic fin bud. The growth of the pelvic fin bud has been studied with the SEM along with the characteristics of the pseudoapical epidermal ridge which occupies the free margin of the bud. SEM revealed fluffy protuberances in many of the epidermal cells, distinguishing the fin bud territory from adjacent areas. When the pseudoapical ridge appears, all the cells show this feature but their relative number decreases and these cells, termed the \"tassel cells,\" are finally restricted to the base of the fin bud. This particular surface structure of the superficial cells may be unique to the fish, since it has not been heretofore reported in SEM studies of tetrapod limb bud.", "PMID": 677492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3079", "title": "[Diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. Apropos of a series of 15 observations].", "content": "Urgent diagnosis of the rupture of the aorta is emphasized. If deceleration is one of trauma factors and the chest Xray shows a widening of the mediastinum and/or a tracheal deviation towards the right, the diagnosis must be ascertained by angiography. If positive, the patient must be immediately transfered to a specialized surgical unit.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. Apropos of a series of 15 observations]. Urgent diagnosis of the rupture of the aorta is emphasized. If deceleration is one of trauma factors and the chest Xray shows a widening of the mediastinum and/or a tracheal deviation towards the right, the diagnosis must be ascertained by angiography. If positive, the patient must be immediately transfered to a specialized surgical unit.", "PMID": 677501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3080", "title": "[Pneumoencephalotomography under diaz-analgesia and narco-analgesia].", "content": "The authors reported 92 observations of anesthesia for gaseous encephalotomography interest the adult. The contrast produce is air. 49 under diazanalgesia and myoresolution. Diazepam, +Fentanyl, pancuronium bromide N2O to 60 p. 100. 25 under diazanalgesia and myoresolution. Diazepam, +Fentanyl, succinylcholine, N2O to 60 p. 100. 18 under narco-analgesia and myoresolution. +Fentyl, pancuronium bromide N2O to 60 p. 100. The conditions of the study are described in the first part. The results and their analysis permit the appreciation of: - the patient confort, the quality of the examination; -the respect of the hemodynamics for this examination, reputed to be \"difficult\"; -the immediatly noticeable diminution of side effects; -the absence of side effects; -the justification and interesting of the control ventilation; -the quality of waking up. In the conclusion the authors underline the interest of their different techniques and the possibility of using them in operations in sitting position in neurosurgery, and all important chirurgical intervention.", "contents": "[Pneumoencephalotomography under diaz-analgesia and narco-analgesia]. The authors reported 92 observations of anesthesia for gaseous encephalotomography interest the adult. The contrast produce is air. 49 under diazanalgesia and myoresolution. Diazepam, +Fentanyl, pancuronium bromide N2O to 60 p. 100. 25 under diazanalgesia and myoresolution. Diazepam, +Fentanyl, succinylcholine, N2O to 60 p. 100. 18 under narco-analgesia and myoresolution. +Fentyl, pancuronium bromide N2O to 60 p. 100. The conditions of the study are described in the first part. The results and their analysis permit the appreciation of: - the patient confort, the quality of the examination; -the respect of the hemodynamics for this examination, reputed to be \"difficult\"; -the immediatly noticeable diminution of side effects; -the absence of side effects; -the justification and interesting of the control ventilation; -the quality of waking up. In the conclusion the authors underline the interest of their different techniques and the possibility of using them in operations in sitting position in neurosurgery, and all important chirurgical intervention.", "PMID": 677506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3081", "title": "[Apropos of 164 aortographies performed with diazepam neuroleptoanalgesia].", "content": "The authors report their experience with the use of a semi-conscious anesthetic technique for translumbar angiography of the abdominal aorta by the means of diazepam neurolept analgesia. This technique permits gathering all the data necessary for the angiographic examination. It is easy to manipulate and  enables a certain comfort for asthenic patient.", "contents": "[Apropos of 164 aortographies performed with diazepam neuroleptoanalgesia]. The authors report their experience with the use of a semi-conscious anesthetic technique for translumbar angiography of the abdominal aorta by the means of diazepam neurolept analgesia. This technique permits gathering all the data necessary for the angiographic examination. It is easy to manipulate and  enables a certain comfort for asthenic patient.", "PMID": 677505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3082", "title": "Anthelmintic activity of fenbendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in calves.", "content": "Anthelmintic activities of fenbendazole were evaluated in a controlled experiment. Forty calves artificially infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were allotted to 4 groups. Calves in group 1 were used as nonmedicated controls; the other calves were given (orally) fenbendazole at the dose level of 5 mg/kg in the forms of a suspension (group 2), medicated feed to individual calves (group 3), and medicated feed to the group (group 4). These treatments were given on day 35 after calves were inoculated with infective nematode larvae. In groups 2, 3, and 4, overall reductions (based on geometric means) were 99.5%, 99.7%, and 99.6%, respectively. These reductions were highly significantly different (P less than 0.01) from the control calves. Nematodes present in the calves were Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Cooperia onchophora, C punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum.", "contents": "Anthelmintic activity of fenbendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in calves. Anthelmintic activities of fenbendazole were evaluated in a controlled experiment. Forty calves artificially infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were allotted to 4 groups. Calves in group 1 were used as nonmedicated controls; the other calves were given (orally) fenbendazole at the dose level of 5 mg/kg in the forms of a suspension (group 2), medicated feed to individual calves (group 3), and medicated feed to the group (group 4). These treatments were given on day 35 after calves were inoculated with infective nematode larvae. In groups 2, 3, and 4, overall reductions (based on geometric means) were 99.5%, 99.7%, and 99.6%, respectively. These reductions were highly significantly different (P less than 0.01) from the control calves. Nematodes present in the calves were Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Cooperia onchophora, C punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum.", "PMID": 677528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3083", "title": "Humoral immune responses of cattle vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines.", "content": "The humoral immune response of cattle vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines was monitored with the microscopic agglutination (MA) test and the leptospiricidal activity (LA) test for a 2.5-year period. The serovars present in the vaccines were canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, pomona, and hardjo. The LA test had greater sensitivity than the MA test for detecting antibodies to the hardjo, canicola, and icterohaemorrhagiae components of the pentavalent vaccine and was approximately equal in sensitivity to the MA test for detecting antibodies to the grippotyphosa and pomona components of the leptospiral vaccine. Both IgM and IgG were produced in similar amounts in the immunized cattle, and both classes were reactive in the MA and the LA tests. The IgM class of antibodies was more reactive in the  MA test, whereas the IgG class of antibodies was more reactive in the LA test. Using the MA test as the criterion of evaluating, the immunogenic potency of the individual vaccine components was found to be canicola more than icterohaemorrhagiae more than grippotyphosa more than pomona more than hardjo. A direct correlation between protective antibodies, as determined by the hamster passive protection test, and antibodies reactive in the MA and the LA tests was observed.", "contents": "Humoral immune responses of cattle vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines. The humoral immune response of cattle vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines was monitored with the microscopic agglutination (MA) test and the leptospiricidal activity (LA) test for a 2.5-year period. The serovars present in the vaccines were canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, pomona, and hardjo. The LA test had greater sensitivity than the MA test for detecting antibodies to the hardjo, canicola, and icterohaemorrhagiae components of the pentavalent vaccine and was approximately equal in sensitivity to the MA test for detecting antibodies to the grippotyphosa and pomona components of the leptospiral vaccine. Both IgM and IgG were produced in similar amounts in the immunized cattle, and both classes were reactive in the MA and the LA tests. The IgM class of antibodies was more reactive in the  MA test, whereas the IgG class of antibodies was more reactive in the LA test. Using the MA test as the criterion of evaluating, the immunogenic potency of the individual vaccine components was found to be canicola more than icterohaemorrhagiae more than grippotyphosa more than pomona more than hardjo. A direct correlation between protective antibodies, as determined by the hamster passive protection test, and antibodies reactive in the MA and the LA tests was observed.", "PMID": 677529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3084", "title": "Elimination of the carrier state of bovine anaplasmosis with a long-acting oxytetracycline.", "content": "A long-acting formulation of oxytetracycline (L-200) was injected at a dose level of 20 mg/kg intramuscularly into 12 yearling cattle that had been experimentally inoculated with Anaplasma marginale 64 days previously. Four cattle were treated twice, 4 were treated 3 times, and 4 were treated 4 times. All injections were given once ever 7 days. Previous work (unpublished) with this formulation has revealed prolonged blood values following a single injection. The blood (80 ml) of each calf was inoculated into a susceptible test calf 83 days after the last treatment dose. Anaplasmosis did not occur in any of the test calves. Two infected cattle were treated with 12 daily injections of oxytetracycline (L-50) at a dose level of 11 mg/kg to establish the sensitivity of the parasite to oxytetracycline. Subsequent calf inoculation tests showed that A marginale was eliminated. Two unmedicated, infected cattle remained infected throughout the study. Complement-fixation tests with A marginale antigen at 6 months after treatment showed average sera titers of less than 5 in the treated cattle and 45 in the unmedicated cattle.", "contents": "Elimination of the carrier state of bovine anaplasmosis with a long-acting oxytetracycline. A long-acting formulation of oxytetracycline (L-200) was injected at a dose level of 20 mg/kg intramuscularly into 12 yearling cattle that had been experimentally inoculated with Anaplasma marginale 64 days previously. Four cattle were treated twice, 4 were treated 3 times, and 4 were treated 4 times. All injections were given once ever 7 days. Previous work (unpublished) with this formulation has revealed prolonged blood values following a single injection. The blood (80 ml) of each calf was inoculated into a susceptible test calf 83 days after the last treatment dose. Anaplasmosis did not occur in any of the test calves. Two infected cattle were treated with 12 daily injections of oxytetracycline (L-50) at a dose level of 11 mg/kg to establish the sensitivity of the parasite to oxytetracycline. Subsequent calf inoculation tests showed that A marginale was eliminated. Two unmedicated, infected cattle remained infected throughout the study. Complement-fixation tests with A marginale antigen at 6 months after treatment showed average sera titers of less than 5 in the treated cattle and 45 in the unmedicated cattle.", "PMID": 677530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3085", "title": "Ultrastructure of anaplasmal inclusions (Pawhuska isolate) and their appendages in intact and hemolyzed erythrocytes and in complement-fixation antigen.", "content": "Hemolysis of parasitized erythrocytes augmented visualization of the anaplasmal inclusion, including its initial bodies, inclusion membrane, and inclusion appendage (\"tail\" or \"band\"). A dense attachment complex joined the appendage to the inclusion membrane (wall of the inclusion vacuole). The inclusion appendage consisted of tightly packed, interconnected laminae and assumed loop, dumbbell, and comet configurations described by other workers. The erythrocytic plasmalemma and the inclusion membrane had a thickness of 9.0 +/- 0.8 nm and similar structures. The initial bodies were covered by a thin inner organismic membrane (7.0 +/- 0.7 nm thick) attached to the organismic chromatin, an intermembranous matrix, and by an outer membranous sheath or pellicle (12.5 +/- 1.2 nm thick). Dense granular aggregates (24 to 40 nm in diameter) within chromatin clumps were the only structures in the initial body remotely similar to ribosomes, yet they were too large, were never free of chromatin, and appeared to disappear upon hemolysis. Complement-fixation antigen prepared by fractionation contained initial bodies, inclusion appendages, a few mitochondria, vesicularized membranes, and stromal debris. The preparatory treatment caused segregation of the organismic chromatin into independent dense particles 103 +/- 12 nm in diameter still bound by inner organismic membrane. Similar particles were seen also in the plasma and inclusion vacuoles of hemolyzed erythrocytes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of anaplasmal inclusions (Pawhuska isolate) and their appendages in intact and hemolyzed erythrocytes and in complement-fixation antigen. Hemolysis of parasitized erythrocytes augmented visualization of the anaplasmal inclusion, including its initial bodies, inclusion membrane, and inclusion appendage (\"tail\" or \"band\"). A dense attachment complex joined the appendage to the inclusion membrane (wall of the inclusion vacuole). The inclusion appendage consisted of tightly packed, interconnected laminae and assumed loop, dumbbell, and comet configurations described by other workers. The erythrocytic plasmalemma and the inclusion membrane had a thickness of 9.0 +/- 0.8 nm and similar structures. The initial bodies were covered by a thin inner organismic membrane (7.0 +/- 0.7 nm thick) attached to the organismic chromatin, an intermembranous matrix, and by an outer membranous sheath or pellicle (12.5 +/- 1.2 nm thick). Dense granular aggregates (24 to 40 nm in diameter) within chromatin clumps were the only structures in the initial body remotely similar to ribosomes, yet they were too large, were never free of chromatin, and appeared to disappear upon hemolysis. Complement-fixation antigen prepared by fractionation contained initial bodies, inclusion appendages, a few mitochondria, vesicularized membranes, and stromal debris. The preparatory treatment caused segregation of the organismic chromatin into independent dense particles 103 +/- 12 nm in diameter still bound by inner organismic membrane. Similar particles were seen also in the plasma and inclusion vacuoles of hemolyzed erythrocytes.", "PMID": 677531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3086", "title": "Quantitative study of the decussating optic axons in the pony, cow, sheep, and pig.", "content": "A quantitative study of optic axons in the optic tracts of several species was performed to determine the number and percentage of optic axons that decussate. Animals were prepared by unilateral ocular enucleation, and light microscopic techniques were employed to count the fibers. The mean number of fibers projecting from a single eye was 732,119 for the pony, 1,041,739 for the cow, 534,755 for the sheep, and 442,629 for the pig. The mean degree of crossover at the chiasm was 80.8% in ponies, 82.9% in cattle, 88.9% in sheep, and 87.8% in pigs.", "contents": "Quantitative study of the decussating optic axons in the pony, cow, sheep, and pig. A quantitative study of optic axons in the optic tracts of several species was performed to determine the number and percentage of optic axons that decussate. Animals were prepared by unilateral ocular enucleation, and light microscopic techniques were employed to count the fibers. The mean number of fibers projecting from a single eye was 732,119 for the pony, 1,041,739 for the cow, 534,755 for the sheep, and 442,629 for the pig. The mean degree of crossover at the chiasm was 80.8% in ponies, 82.9% in cattle, 88.9% in sheep, and 87.8% in pigs.", "PMID": 677532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3087", "title": "Potency of halothane-N20 in the horse.", "content": "The minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane which just prevented purposeful movement in response to electrical stimulation was determined in 11 young, healthy, unpremedicated horses breathing oxygen (O2) or nitrous oxide (N2O) and O2. Ventilation was controlled during these MAC studies. The arterial PO2 was always greater than 90 mm of Hg and the average PaCO2. range was 36 to 40 mm of Hg. The MAC for halothane in O2 was 0.93 vol %. Alveolar N2O concentrations of 25% and 50% reduced the halothane MAC about 12% and 25%, respectively. In 8 of these horses, the cardiovascular effects of halothane-50% N2O-balance O2 (H50N2O) were determined during spontaneous and controlled ventilation and were compared with previously reported results of halothane-O2 studies. Similar to halothane-O2 anesthesia, increasing dosages of H50N2O caused a decrease in cardiovascular function. With the exception of N2O-associated increase in cardiac output and left ventricular work at MAC 1.0 and 1.5, little difference was seen between the 2 forms of general anesthesia during controlled ventilation. However, when H50N20 was administered to spontaneously breathing horses, most indices of cardiovascular function were depressed less than with a similarly administered equipotent level (MAC 1.5) of halothane-O2 anesthesia.", "contents": "Potency of halothane-N20 in the horse. The minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane which just prevented purposeful movement in response to electrical stimulation was determined in 11 young, healthy, unpremedicated horses breathing oxygen (O2) or nitrous oxide (N2O) and O2. Ventilation was controlled during these MAC studies. The arterial PO2 was always greater than 90 mm of Hg and the average PaCO2. range was 36 to 40 mm of Hg. The MAC for halothane in O2 was 0.93 vol %. Alveolar N2O concentrations of 25% and 50% reduced the halothane MAC about 12% and 25%, respectively. In 8 of these horses, the cardiovascular effects of halothane-50% N2O-balance O2 (H50N2O) were determined during spontaneous and controlled ventilation and were compared with previously reported results of halothane-O2 studies. Similar to halothane-O2 anesthesia, increasing dosages of H50N2O caused a decrease in cardiovascular function. With the exception of N2O-associated increase in cardiac output and left ventricular work at MAC 1.0 and 1.5, little difference was seen between the 2 forms of general anesthesia during controlled ventilation. However, when H50N20 was administered to spontaneously breathing horses, most indices of cardiovascular function were depressed less than with a similarly administered equipotent level (MAC 1.5) of halothane-O2 anesthesia.", "PMID": 677533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3088", "title": "Pathologic changes and pathogenesis of Parascaris equorum infection in parasite-free pony foals.", "content": "Parasite-free pony foals (n = 10) were infected orally with 1000,000 Parascaris equorum embryonated eggs. One pony foal each was euthanatized on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 16, 23, 27, 42, or 80 after infection. Foals infected for more than 7 days showed signs of coughing, anorexia, rough coat, and weight loss. Cellular changes in the blood were mild anemia, marked eosinophilia, and leukopenia. Gross postmortem lesions included hemorrhage, edema, and white-to-yellow necrotic foci (0.5 to 1.00 mm) in lungs, liver, and bronchial and hepatic lymph nodes. Microscopically, the liver was hemorrhagic and had focal necrosis and eosinophilic granulomas. Eosinophilic lymphadenitis with edema was in the hepatic and bronchial lymph nodes. The lungs had focal areas of necrosis with hemorrhage and interstitial pneumonia with hyalinization of the alveolar walls. Larvae were first seen in the liver at postinfection hour 24 and in the lungs on postinfection day (PID) 11. Average length of larvae in the liver was 1 mm and 2.5 mm in the lungs. Larvae were not found in the liver after PID 11 or in the lungs after PID 42. The migratory pathway of P equorum was similar to that of Ascaris lumbricoides because the larvae migrated via lymph and blood vessels to the liver and then to the lungs. After migrating through the lungs, the larvae were coughed up and swallowed and then developed in the small intestine.", "contents": "Pathologic changes and pathogenesis of Parascaris equorum infection in parasite-free pony foals. Parasite-free pony foals (n = 10) were infected orally with 1000,000 Parascaris equorum embryonated eggs. One pony foal each was euthanatized on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 16, 23, 27, 42, or 80 after infection. Foals infected for more than 7 days showed signs of coughing, anorexia, rough coat, and weight loss. Cellular changes in the blood were mild anemia, marked eosinophilia, and leukopenia. Gross postmortem lesions included hemorrhage, edema, and white-to-yellow necrotic foci (0.5 to 1.00 mm) in lungs, liver, and bronchial and hepatic lymph nodes. Microscopically, the liver was hemorrhagic and had focal necrosis and eosinophilic granulomas. Eosinophilic lymphadenitis with edema was in the hepatic and bronchial lymph nodes. The lungs had focal areas of necrosis with hemorrhage and interstitial pneumonia with hyalinization of the alveolar walls. Larvae were first seen in the liver at postinfection hour 24 and in the lungs on postinfection day (PID) 11. Average length of larvae in the liver was 1 mm and 2.5 mm in the lungs. Larvae were not found in the liver after PID 11 or in the lungs after PID 42. The migratory pathway of P equorum was similar to that of Ascaris lumbricoides because the larvae migrated via lymph and blood vessels to the liver and then to the lungs. After migrating through the lungs, the larvae were coughed up and swallowed and then developed in the small intestine.", "PMID": 677534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3089", "title": "Evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity responses in normal horses and immunodeficient foals.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) responses of normal and immunodeficient horses were evaluated with antigens [dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)] and phytolectins [phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A)]. Immunologically normal horses sensitized with 5 daily applications of 2 mg of DNCB developed positive skin reactions upon challenge with 0.4 mg of DNCB. The delayed onset of the reaction and the predominately mononuclear cell infiltration at the test site indicated these were DH reactions. Normal horses sensitized with 500 microgram of KLH and challenged with 100 microgram of KLH developed skin reactions appearing earlier and composed of neutrophils and mononuclear cells, suggesting involvement of both humor and cellular mechanisms. Arabian foals with combined immunodeficiency failed to respond visibly to either antigen. Intradermal injection of 50 microgram of PHA induced visible reactions in all normal horses tested. The slow development and the predominately mononuclear cell infiltrate of PHA reactions resembled DH responses to antigen. Reactions were induced by Con A in 15 of 16 normal adult horses and 7 of 14 normal foals. The reactions were rapid in onset and contained numerous eosinophils. All 6 foals with combined immunodeficiency failed to respond to PHA injection, whereas 5 of 6 did not respond to Con A. Based on the results of these studies, it appears that in vivo skin tests with PHA and DNCB can be used to screen horses for deficient T-lymphocyte responses.", "contents": "Evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity responses in normal horses and immunodeficient foals. Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) responses of normal and immunodeficient horses were evaluated with antigens [dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)] and phytolectins [phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A)]. Immunologically normal horses sensitized with 5 daily applications of 2 mg of DNCB developed positive skin reactions upon challenge with 0.4 mg of DNCB. The delayed onset of the reaction and the predominately mononuclear cell infiltration at the test site indicated these were DH reactions. Normal horses sensitized with 500 microgram of KLH and challenged with 100 microgram of KLH developed skin reactions appearing earlier and composed of neutrophils and mononuclear cells, suggesting involvement of both humor and cellular mechanisms. Arabian foals with combined immunodeficiency failed to respond visibly to either antigen. Intradermal injection of 50 microgram of PHA induced visible reactions in all normal horses tested. The slow development and the predominately mononuclear cell infiltrate of PHA reactions resembled DH responses to antigen. Reactions were induced by Con A in 15 of 16 normal adult horses and 7 of 14 normal foals. The reactions were rapid in onset and contained numerous eosinophils. All 6 foals with combined immunodeficiency failed to respond to PHA injection, whereas 5 of 6 did not respond to Con A. Based on the results of these studies, it appears that in vivo skin tests with PHA and DNCB can be used to screen horses for deficient T-lymphocyte responses.", "PMID": 677535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3090", "title": "Isolation of Mycoplasma arginini from swine and from a swine waste disposal system.", "content": "Mycoplasma arginini was isolated from the pharynges and tonsils of 4 of 6 swine necropsied during an epizootic of respiratory tract diseases and lameness. The organism was also isolated from 2 of 16 asymptomatic swine examined in the same herd approximately 10 months after the epizootic. In addition, M arginini, Acholeplasma laidlawii, and other acholeplasmas were isolated from recycled effluent of an anaerobic lagoon used for disposal of waste from the swine herd. This observation represents the 1st report of a Mycoplasma species isolated from a lagoon or sewage system. The pathogenicity of a strain of M arginini isolated during the epizootic was examined by inoculating young swine intranasally, intratracheally, intravenously, and intraperitoneally. The agent colonized in the pharynges of 2 pigs inoculated intranasally, but did not produce overt signs of clinical disease. Although neutralizing antibodies to M arginini were not detected, 1 animal that had been infected naturally and 2 that had been inoculated intravenously did develop complement-fixing antibodies. The findings indicate that M arginini can colonize in the nasal and pharyngeal mucosae of swine, but that it is not highly pathogenic for these animals.", "contents": "Isolation of Mycoplasma arginini from swine and from a swine waste disposal system. Mycoplasma arginini was isolated from the pharynges and tonsils of 4 of 6 swine necropsied during an epizootic of respiratory tract diseases and lameness. The organism was also isolated from 2 of 16 asymptomatic swine examined in the same herd approximately 10 months after the epizootic. In addition, M arginini, Acholeplasma laidlawii, and other acholeplasmas were isolated from recycled effluent of an anaerobic lagoon used for disposal of waste from the swine herd. This observation represents the 1st report of a Mycoplasma species isolated from a lagoon or sewage system. The pathogenicity of a strain of M arginini isolated during the epizootic was examined by inoculating young swine intranasally, intratracheally, intravenously, and intraperitoneally. The agent colonized in the pharynges of 2 pigs inoculated intranasally, but did not produce overt signs of clinical disease. Although neutralizing antibodies to M arginini were not detected, 1 animal that had been infected naturally and 2 that had been inoculated intravenously did develop complement-fixing antibodies. The findings indicate that M arginini can colonize in the nasal and pharyngeal mucosae of swine, but that it is not highly pathogenic for these animals.", "PMID": 677536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3091", "title": "Immunity to Lancefield's group E Streptococcus: passive protection of swine.", "content": "Healthy swine from one source were randomly allotted to 3 groups of 3 pigs each. Troup I and II pigs were parenterally dosed with serum obtained from swine in the convalescent stage of streptococcic lymphadenitis of swine. Group III pigs were contact controls. The swine of all groups were orally exposed to Lancefield's group E Streptococcus sp. During the next 3 weeks, the controls evidenced little resistance to the development of streptococcic lymphadenitis of swine, whereas the principals evidenced considerable resistance to development of the disease.", "contents": "Immunity to Lancefield's group E Streptococcus: passive protection of swine. Healthy swine from one source were randomly allotted to 3 groups of 3 pigs each. Troup I and II pigs were parenterally dosed with serum obtained from swine in the convalescent stage of streptococcic lymphadenitis of swine. Group III pigs were contact controls. The swine of all groups were orally exposed to Lancefield's group E Streptococcus sp. During the next 3 weeks, the controls evidenced little resistance to the development of streptococcic lymphadenitis of swine, whereas the principals evidenced considerable resistance to development of the disease.", "PMID": 677537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3092", "title": "Succinylcholine chloride as a euthanatizing agent in dogs.", "content": "In order to determine the efficacy of succinylcholine chloride as a euthanatizing agent, the possible situation encountered in mass euthanasia was recreated. While anesthetized or awake, sixteen 2-year-old Beagles of both sexes were subcutaneously injected with either 1.1 g or 11 mg of succinylcholine chloride/kg of body weight. Positive pressure respiration was given to 2 dogs, otherwise the treatment was allowed to run its course. Electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, and impedance pneumogram recordings were obtained for time comparisons and for determination of the ultimate cause of death.", "contents": "Succinylcholine chloride as a euthanatizing agent in dogs. In order to determine the efficacy of succinylcholine chloride as a euthanatizing agent, the possible situation encountered in mass euthanasia was recreated. While anesthetized or awake, sixteen 2-year-old Beagles of both sexes were subcutaneously injected with either 1.1 g or 11 mg of succinylcholine chloride/kg of body weight. Positive pressure respiration was given to 2 dogs, otherwise the treatment was allowed to run its course. Electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, and impedance pneumogram recordings were obtained for time comparisons and for determination of the ultimate cause of death.", "PMID": 677539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3093", "title": "Megaloblastic erythropoiesis and tissue depletion of folic acid in the cat.", "content": "Dietary requirement for folic acid was shown in the cat. Folic acid deficiency was produced by feeding young cats a deficient diet (0.125 mg of total folate/kg of dry weight by analysis) for 22 weeks. The folic acid-deficient cats grew normally, but had reduced plasma, red blood cell, and liver folate concentrations in comparison with those concentrations in cats fed a control diet (1.36 mg of total folate/kg).. Urinary excretion of formiminoglutamic acid was increased in all deficient diet cats 24 hours after L-histidine injection. Erythroblasts in bone marrow smears from folic acid-deficient cats were megaloblastic; they showed abnormal nuclear chromatin patterns and had nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchronism.", "contents": "Megaloblastic erythropoiesis and tissue depletion of folic acid in the cat. Dietary requirement for folic acid was shown in the cat. Folic acid deficiency was produced by feeding young cats a deficient diet (0.125 mg of total folate/kg of dry weight by analysis) for 22 weeks. The folic acid-deficient cats grew normally, but had reduced plasma, red blood cell, and liver folate concentrations in comparison with those concentrations in cats fed a control diet (1.36 mg of total folate/kg).. Urinary excretion of formiminoglutamic acid was increased in all deficient diet cats 24 hours after L-histidine injection. Erythroblasts in bone marrow smears from folic acid-deficient cats were megaloblastic; they showed abnormal nuclear chromatin patterns and had nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchronism.", "PMID": 677540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3094", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of penicillin G in the turkey.", "content": "Parmacokinetics of penicillin G was determined for the turkey. The study was prompted by the isolation of a sulfonamide-resistant strain of Pasteurella multocida from tissues of turkeys involved in an outbreak of fowl cholera and the subsequent discovery that little pharmacologic information was available concerning other antimicrobial agents in that species. Penicillin G was chosen for study because P multocida is susceptible to this antibiotic. The elimination of the antibiotic followed first-order kinetics, and the half-life was found to be 0.5 hours. Parenteral administration of benzathine-procaine penicillin G resulted in higher concentrations, which persisted for longer periods than did procaine or potassium salts of the antibiotic.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of penicillin G in the turkey. Parmacokinetics of penicillin G was determined for the turkey. The study was prompted by the isolation of a sulfonamide-resistant strain of Pasteurella multocida from tissues of turkeys involved in an outbreak of fowl cholera and the subsequent discovery that little pharmacologic information was available concerning other antimicrobial agents in that species. Penicillin G was chosen for study because P multocida is susceptible to this antibiotic. The elimination of the antibiotic followed first-order kinetics, and the half-life was found to be 0.5 hours. Parenteral administration of benzathine-procaine penicillin G resulted in higher concentrations, which persisted for longer periods than did procaine or potassium salts of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 677541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3095", "title": "Anaerobic arterial sampling technique in the bovine species.", "content": "An arterial sampling technique was used in the unanesthetized bovine species. Samples for acid-base and blood gas analyses were obtained from a branch of the caudal auricular artery and required minimum restraint of the animal. The technique would be useful for research and clinical practice.", "contents": "Anaerobic arterial sampling technique in the bovine species. An arterial sampling technique was used in the unanesthetized bovine species. Samples for acid-base and blood gas analyses were obtained from a branch of the caudal auricular artery and required minimum restraint of the animal. The technique would be useful for research and clinical practice.", "PMID": 677542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3096", "title": "Toxicologic evaluation of microencapsulated formulation of diazinon applied dermally to cattle.", "content": "Acute toxicity studies in 24 newborn calves and 12 two-year-old steers were conducted with a microencapsulated formulation of diazinon (O-O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-yrimidinyl) phosphorioate) after dermal applications. For calves, the maximum safe dosages of a diazinon wettable powder formulation were identical with those of the new formulation (0.05% concentration); for older cattle, safe dosages were 0.25% concentration. Thus, because of the slow release and absorption of diazinon, the safety factor for mature cattle is fourfold. In the present study, there was cholinesterase depression in calves at the toxic concentrations of 0.1% and in steers at concentrations of 2.0%. As determined by the mean cholinesterase depression activity, the dose-response relationship was true in the 4 treatment groups of older cattle, but was erratic in the 6 groups of calves. The use of modified and improved insecticidal formulations, such as the encapsulated type, is recommended. Their use may prolong acaracidal activity due to effective residues, eliminate the need for repeated applications at shorter intervals of time, and possibly allow increased dosages to mature cattle, without toxicity, and thus reduce acquired resistance of ticks and other insects.", "contents": "Toxicologic evaluation of microencapsulated formulation of diazinon applied dermally to cattle. Acute toxicity studies in 24 newborn calves and 12 two-year-old steers were conducted with a microencapsulated formulation of diazinon (O-O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-yrimidinyl) phosphorioate) after dermal applications. For calves, the maximum safe dosages of a diazinon wettable powder formulation were identical with those of the new formulation (0.05% concentration); for older cattle, safe dosages were 0.25% concentration. Thus, because of the slow release and absorption of diazinon, the safety factor for mature cattle is fourfold. In the present study, there was cholinesterase depression in calves at the toxic concentrations of 0.1% and in steers at concentrations of 2.0%. As determined by the mean cholinesterase depression activity, the dose-response relationship was true in the 4 treatment groups of older cattle, but was erratic in the 6 groups of calves. The use of modified and improved insecticidal formulations, such as the encapsulated type, is recommended. Their use may prolong acaracidal activity due to effective residues, eliminate the need for repeated applications at shorter intervals of time, and possibly allow increased dosages to mature cattle, without toxicity, and thus reduce acquired resistance of ticks and other insects.", "PMID": 677543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3097", "title": "Study of TAMe (p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester) esterase activity of bovine plasma.", "content": "The TAMe (p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester) esterase activity of mature and immature bovine plasma was studied and compared with the activity of this enzyme in human plasma. Kaolin activation of 2 minutes was required to produce maximal activation in cattle, as compared with 1 minute activation in man. The kaolin-activated TAMe esterase values in bovine plasma were approximately one-half the values found in human plasma. The activity of this enzyme was statistically greater in immature than in mature cattle (P less than 0.05) at kaolin activation times of 1, 2, 15, and 20 minutes.", "contents": "Study of TAMe (p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester) esterase activity of bovine plasma. The TAMe (p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester) esterase activity of mature and immature bovine plasma was studied and compared with the activity of this enzyme in human plasma. Kaolin activation of 2 minutes was required to produce maximal activation in cattle, as compared with 1 minute activation in man. The kaolin-activated TAMe esterase values in bovine plasma were approximately one-half the values found in human plasma. The activity of this enzyme was statistically greater in immature than in mature cattle (P less than 0.05) at kaolin activation times of 1, 2, 15, and 20 minutes.", "PMID": 677544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3098", "title": "Comparison of the oral lethality of lead acetate and lead carbonate to the rabbit.", "content": "A significant difference (P = 0.025) was detected between the total amount of lead acetate and lead carbonate fed to rabbits before death occurred. Rabbits given lead carbonate were fed an average of 59% more lead before death occurred than rabbits given lead as a lead acetate.", "contents": "Comparison of the oral lethality of lead acetate and lead carbonate to the rabbit. A significant difference (P = 0.025) was detected between the total amount of lead acetate and lead carbonate fed to rabbits before death occurred. Rabbits given lead carbonate were fed an average of 59% more lead before death occurred than rabbits given lead as a lead acetate.", "PMID": 677546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3099", "title": "Absence of inductive effect of hyperoxia on superoxide dismutase activity in rat alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Mammalian cells may be protected from damage by hyperoxia through the induction of enzymes that reduce destructive oxygen-free radicals. One such enzyme is superoxide dismutase, which reduces superoxide to form hydrogen peroxide and O2. We studied the concentration of this enzyme in rat alveolar macrophages exposed to 85 to 90 per cent O2 in vitro for as long as 6 days and in macrophages obtained from rats exposed to 85 to 97 per cent O2 in vivo for as long as 7 days. In no case was there an increase in superoxide dismutase in rat alveolar macrophages, despite a doubling of superoxide dismutase in whole lungs of rats exposed to 85 to 90 per cent O2 for 7 days in vivo. We concluded that the macrophage of the adult rat does not defent itself against hyperoxia by the induction of superoxide dismutase and does not participate in the increased superoxide dismutase activity of lungs of these animals exposed to hyperoxia.", "contents": "Absence of inductive effect of hyperoxia on superoxide dismutase activity in rat alveolar macrophages. Mammalian cells may be protected from damage by hyperoxia through the induction of enzymes that reduce destructive oxygen-free radicals. One such enzyme is superoxide dismutase, which reduces superoxide to form hydrogen peroxide and O2. We studied the concentration of this enzyme in rat alveolar macrophages exposed to 85 to 90 per cent O2 in vitro for as long as 6 days and in macrophages obtained from rats exposed to 85 to 97 per cent O2 in vivo for as long as 7 days. In no case was there an increase in superoxide dismutase in rat alveolar macrophages, despite a doubling of superoxide dismutase in whole lungs of rats exposed to 85 to 90 per cent O2 for 7 days in vivo. We concluded that the macrophage of the adult rat does not defent itself against hyperoxia by the induction of superoxide dismutase and does not participate in the increased superoxide dismutase activity of lungs of these animals exposed to hyperoxia.", "PMID": 677552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3100", "title": "Distribution of HLA antigens in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.", "content": "Divergent observations suggest that genetic factors contribute to the susceptibility to or clinical course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. To determine whether there is an association between the major histocompatibility (HLA) system and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the distribution of 35 antigens of HLA loci A and B was determined among 33 white patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 329 healthy white control subjects. Although certain antigens tended to be more prevalent among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis compared with control subjects, there were no significant differences in the phenotype frequencies of the HLA-A and HLA-B antigens between these 2 groups. Thus, although subtle associations may exist between the HLA loci and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, these results indicate that antigens of the HLA-A and HLA-B loci are not linked with major risk factors in this disease.", "contents": "Distribution of HLA antigens in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Divergent observations suggest that genetic factors contribute to the susceptibility to or clinical course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. To determine whether there is an association between the major histocompatibility (HLA) system and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the distribution of 35 antigens of HLA loci A and B was determined among 33 white patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 329 healthy white control subjects. Although certain antigens tended to be more prevalent among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis compared with control subjects, there were no significant differences in the phenotype frequencies of the HLA-A and HLA-B antigens between these 2 groups. Thus, although subtle associations may exist between the HLA loci and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, these results indicate that antigens of the HLA-A and HLA-B loci are not linked with major risk factors in this disease.", "PMID": 677553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3101", "title": "Bronchoscopic needle aspiration biopsy of paratracheal tumors.", "content": "Primary lung carcinoma adjacent to the trachea and paratracheal nodal metastasis without evidence of the primary tumor or airway invasion require invasive surgical procedures to obtain adequate diagnostic tissues. Adequate diagnostic tissue was obtained in 3 of 5 patients with paratracheal masses by means of a bronchoscopic needle aspiration technique. There were no complications.", "contents": "Bronchoscopic needle aspiration biopsy of paratracheal tumors. Primary lung carcinoma adjacent to the trachea and paratracheal nodal metastasis without evidence of the primary tumor or airway invasion require invasive surgical procedures to obtain adequate diagnostic tissues. Adequate diagnostic tissue was obtained in 3 of 5 patients with paratracheal masses by means of a bronchoscopic needle aspiration technique. There were no complications.", "PMID": 677557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3102", "title": "The beneficial effect of nasal breathing on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.", "content": "In the first step of a study of the relation of nasal and oral breathing during moderate treadmill exercise to the onset of bronchoconstriction in young patients with perennial bronchial asthma, it was observed that most subjects spontaneously breathed with their mouths open when instructed to breathe \"naturally.\" Subsequently, when they were required to breathe only through the nose during the exercise, an almost complete inhibition of the postexercise bronchoconstrictive airway response was demonstrated. When instructed to breathe only through the mouth during exercise, an increased bronchoconstrictive airway response occurred, as measured by spirometry, flow-volume relationships, and body plethysmography. These findings suggest that the nasopharynx and the oropharynx play important roles in the phenomenon of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.", "contents": "The beneficial effect of nasal breathing on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. In the first step of a study of the relation of nasal and oral breathing during moderate treadmill exercise to the onset of bronchoconstriction in young patients with perennial bronchial asthma, it was observed that most subjects spontaneously breathed with their mouths open when instructed to breathe \"naturally.\" Subsequently, when they were required to breathe only through the nose during the exercise, an almost complete inhibition of the postexercise bronchoconstrictive airway response was demonstrated. When instructed to breathe only through the mouth during exercise, an increased bronchoconstrictive airway response occurred, as measured by spirometry, flow-volume relationships, and body plethysmography. These findings suggest that the nasopharynx and the oropharynx play important roles in the phenomenon of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.", "PMID": 677559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3103", "title": "Transcutaneous oxygen tension in sick infants.", "content": "The clinical usefulness of the transcutaneous O2 electrode was investigated in 30 sick infants; 159 simultaneous measurements of arterial PO2 and transcutaneous PO2 were made. During the comparisons, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and thoracic impedance were continuously recorded, and skin axillary and environmental temperatures and hematocrit were noted. Despite a wide range of arterial blood pressure and hematocrits, arterial PO2 and transcutaneous PO2 were similar (slope, 0.963), except for 2 groups of sick infants. Some infants with severe, persistent pulmonary hypertension who were receiving an intravascular infusion of tolazoline and infants with mean arterial blood pressures more than 2.5 SD less than the predicted average had values for transcutaneous PO2 that were lower than PO2. The surface O2 electrode is safe and relatively easy to use and provides data that can help in the management of most sick infants.", "contents": "Transcutaneous oxygen tension in sick infants. The clinical usefulness of the transcutaneous O2 electrode was investigated in 30 sick infants; 159 simultaneous measurements of arterial PO2 and transcutaneous PO2 were made. During the comparisons, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and thoracic impedance were continuously recorded, and skin axillary and environmental temperatures and hematocrit were noted. Despite a wide range of arterial blood pressure and hematocrits, arterial PO2 and transcutaneous PO2 were similar (slope, 0.963), except for 2 groups of sick infants. Some infants with severe, persistent pulmonary hypertension who were receiving an intravascular infusion of tolazoline and infants with mean arterial blood pressures more than 2.5 SD less than the predicted average had values for transcutaneous PO2 that were lower than PO2. The surface O2 electrode is safe and relatively easy to use and provides data that can help in the management of most sick infants.", "PMID": 677561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3104", "title": "Management of small bowel obstruction.", "content": "Preventable deaths from small bowel obstruction result from misdiagnosis, inappropriate delay in operation, inadequate preoperative preparation, and a poorly performed operative procedure. A systematic approach to each of the factors includes repeat physical examination, x-rays and CBC four hours after initial study in questionable cases, a pre-planned therapeutic interventions timetable, adequate intravascular volume and electrolyte levels, and a carefully designed operation which includes as little bowel manipulation and entrance as possible.", "contents": "Management of small bowel obstruction. Preventable deaths from small bowel obstruction result from misdiagnosis, inappropriate delay in operation, inadequate preoperative preparation, and a poorly performed operative procedure. A systematic approach to each of the factors includes repeat physical examination, x-rays and CBC four hours after initial study in questionable cases, a pre-planned therapeutic interventions timetable, adequate intravascular volume and electrolyte levels, and a carefully designed operation which includes as little bowel manipulation and entrance as possible.", "PMID": 677563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3105", "title": "Experience with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in a community hospital.", "content": "Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation is well established as an adjunct in the treatment of refractory cardiac failure in university centers. We have analyzed the practicality of its use at a community hospital without cardiovascular resident coverage. Between 1971 and 1976, 27 patients were subjected to counterpulsation. The survival rate was 44%. This compares well with university centers where various reports listed survival rates between 14% and 50%. We believe that IABP is a valuable adjunct in the total care of cardiac patients and should be used in all community hospitals in which cardiac surgery is done.", "contents": "Experience with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in a community hospital. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation is well established as an adjunct in the treatment of refractory cardiac failure in university centers. We have analyzed the practicality of its use at a community hospital without cardiovascular resident coverage. Between 1971 and 1976, 27 patients were subjected to counterpulsation. The survival rate was 44%. This compares well with university centers where various reports listed survival rates between 14% and 50%. We believe that IABP is a valuable adjunct in the total care of cardiac patients and should be used in all community hospitals in which cardiac surgery is done.", "PMID": 677565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3106", "title": "Pyloric stenosis.", "content": "In this study, pyloric stenosis appeared to be a commonly occurring, independent, entity probably resulting from antral pyloric canal gastritis rather than from an ulcer crater per se. An appropriate term might be stenosing pyloritis. Intraoperative effects on the pyloric sphincter from glucagon and atropine administration and stimulation of the vagi and gastric pacemaker were not detectable in a limited study on four cases. A local autonomy of sphincteric action was noted which was not affected by trunkal vagotomy.", "contents": "Pyloric stenosis. In this study, pyloric stenosis appeared to be a commonly occurring, independent, entity probably resulting from antral pyloric canal gastritis rather than from an ulcer crater per se. An appropriate term might be stenosing pyloritis. Intraoperative effects on the pyloric sphincter from glucagon and atropine administration and stimulation of the vagi and gastric pacemaker were not detectable in a limited study on four cases. A local autonomy of sphincteric action was noted which was not affected by trunkal vagotomy.", "PMID": 677566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3107", "title": "Volvulus of the cecum.", "content": "Twenty-one cases of volvulus of the cecum are discussed; mortality was 9.5%. Eight patients underwent right hemicolectomy, but gangrenous changes were found in only one of these cases. No distal obstruction was found. The female-to-male ratio was 16:5. The roentgenographic diagnosis is highly suggestive in flat film of the abdomen and conclusive in contrast examination. Treatment of cecal volvulus by simple detorsion or cecopexy is inadequate and associated with a high recurrence rate. Primary resection of the right colon with ileotransverse colostomy is the treatment of choice for all types of cecal volvulus.", "contents": "Volvulus of the cecum. Twenty-one cases of volvulus of the cecum are discussed; mortality was 9.5%. Eight patients underwent right hemicolectomy, but gangrenous changes were found in only one of these cases. No distal obstruction was found. The female-to-male ratio was 16:5. The roentgenographic diagnosis is highly suggestive in flat film of the abdomen and conclusive in contrast examination. Treatment of cecal volvulus by simple detorsion or cecopexy is inadequate and associated with a high recurrence rate. Primary resection of the right colon with ileotransverse colostomy is the treatment of choice for all types of cecal volvulus.", "PMID": 677567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3108", "title": "Use of progressive pneumoperitoneum in the treatment of giant abdominal hernias.", "content": "The preoperative use of progressive pneumoperitoneum in the treatment of large or complicated ventral hernias is established to be safe and useful. Indications for use of this technique include massive hernias, hernias that are repaired in a contaminated field, hernias in patients considered poor operative risks, and recurrent hernias. Five patients are described in whom this technique was used; all five hernias were closed primarily without tension, mesh, or postoperative complications. follow-up reveals no evidence of recurrence.", "contents": "Use of progressive pneumoperitoneum in the treatment of giant abdominal hernias. The preoperative use of progressive pneumoperitoneum in the treatment of large or complicated ventral hernias is established to be safe and useful. Indications for use of this technique include massive hernias, hernias that are repaired in a contaminated field, hernias in patients considered poor operative risks, and recurrent hernias. Five patients are described in whom this technique was used; all five hernias were closed primarily without tension, mesh, or postoperative complications. follow-up reveals no evidence of recurrence.", "PMID": 677568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3109", "title": "An epidemiologic study of postoperative staphylococcal wound infections in patients having vascular procedures.", "content": "An epidemic of postoperative wound infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in 15 patients during a four-month period in 1974 is reported. An unusual staphylococcal antibiogram served as a marker for the multiresistant strain of hospital-acquired infections and raised suspicion of a common source for the infections. The spread of infection began shortly after isolation was discontinued in the index case. An epidemiologic investigation showed that 14 patients were on the same ward, and one patient from another ward had opportunity for contact with the index case. The epidemic was controlled by prompt isolation of all infected patients, adherence to strict isolation techniques, aseptic technique for dressing changes and by treatment of nasal carriers among ward personnel with appropriate antibiotics.", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of postoperative staphylococcal wound infections in patients having vascular procedures. An epidemic of postoperative wound infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in 15 patients during a four-month period in 1974 is reported. An unusual staphylococcal antibiogram served as a marker for the multiresistant strain of hospital-acquired infections and raised suspicion of a common source for the infections. The spread of infection began shortly after isolation was discontinued in the index case. An epidemiologic investigation showed that 14 patients were on the same ward, and one patient from another ward had opportunity for contact with the index case. The epidemic was controlled by prompt isolation of all infected patients, adherence to strict isolation techniques, aseptic technique for dressing changes and by treatment of nasal carriers among ward personnel with appropriate antibiotics.", "PMID": 677569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3110", "title": "Surgical treatment of the acute stroke caused by proven vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency.", "content": "Five patients with acute strokes caused by proven vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency had restoration of acutely lost neurologic function with revascularization of ischemic tissue and cells of the hindbrain, including upper and lower motor neurons of the brainstem. This was done with an operation to correct partial extralumenal obstruction of the proximal vertebral artery. The operations were performed three to seven days after the onset of the acute strokes. Patient selection is dependent on angiography of the aortic arch with visualization of the vessels of the neck, the vertebral and carotid arteries. There was no mortality and no significantly morbidity among these patients.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of the acute stroke caused by proven vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency. Five patients with acute strokes caused by proven vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency had restoration of acutely lost neurologic function with revascularization of ischemic tissue and cells of the hindbrain, including upper and lower motor neurons of the brainstem. This was done with an operation to correct partial extralumenal obstruction of the proximal vertebral artery. The operations were performed three to seven days after the onset of the acute strokes. Patient selection is dependent on angiography of the aortic arch with visualization of the vessels of the neck, the vertebral and carotid arteries. There was no mortality and no significantly morbidity among these patients.", "PMID": 677570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3111", "title": "Cysts of the parathyroid gland: report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two patients are presented, each of whom had a clinically symptomatic neck mass due to a parathyroid cyst. The literature concerning these cysts is reviewed with exclusion of cases considered to be parathyroid adenomas which have undergone cystic change.", "contents": "Cysts of the parathyroid gland: report of two cases and review of the literature. Two patients are presented, each of whom had a clinically symptomatic neck mass due to a parathyroid cyst. The literature concerning these cysts is reviewed with exclusion of cases considered to be parathyroid adenomas which have undergone cystic change.", "PMID": 677574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3112", "title": "Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: a review of the literature and report of two cases.", "content": "A total of 95 cases of metastasizing basal cell carcinomas have been recorded in the literature with 20 of these metastatic to bone. Two additional cases of metastasizing basal cell carcinoma with osseous metastases are presented, with a review of the literature.", "contents": "Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: a review of the literature and report of two cases. A total of 95 cases of metastasizing basal cell carcinomas have been recorded in the literature with 20 of these metastatic to bone. Two additional cases of metastasizing basal cell carcinoma with osseous metastases are presented, with a review of the literature.", "PMID": 677575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3113", "title": "Menopause and coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study.", "content": "A rise in coronary heart disease incidence after menopause and a dramatic increase in the severity of the presenting diseases are noted in a cohort of 2873 Framingham women who were followed up for 24 years. No premenopausal woman developed a myocardial infarction or died of coronary heart disease. Such events were common in postmenopausal women. Even in women under 55, 40% of the postmenopausal coronary heart disease presented in these more serious forms, whether menopause was natural or surgical. The contrast was especially marked in the age group 40 to 44 years. In the age groups 45 to 49 and 50 to 54 years, incidence rates in menopausal and postmenopausal intervals were more than double those in premenopausal intervals, whether menopause was natural or surgical. In surgical menopause there was excess incidence whether the ovaries were removed or not. Postmenopausal women on hormones had a doubled risk of coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Menopause and coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. A rise in coronary heart disease incidence after menopause and a dramatic increase in the severity of the presenting diseases are noted in a cohort of 2873 Framingham women who were followed up for 24 years. No premenopausal woman developed a myocardial infarction or died of coronary heart disease. Such events were common in postmenopausal women. Even in women under 55, 40% of the postmenopausal coronary heart disease presented in these more serious forms, whether menopause was natural or surgical. The contrast was especially marked in the age group 40 to 44 years. In the age groups 45 to 49 and 50 to 54 years, incidence rates in menopausal and postmenopausal intervals were more than double those in premenopausal intervals, whether menopause was natural or surgical. In surgical menopause there was excess incidence whether the ovaries were removed or not. Postmenopausal women on hormones had a doubled risk of coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 677576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3114", "title": "Noninvasive diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis by phleborheography.", "content": "Phleborheography, a recently described noninvasive test for deep venous thrombosis, was compared with leg venography in 75 patients. Acute deep venous thrombosis was accurately diagnosed by phleborheography in 24 patients, with no false-positive diagnoses. External venous compression without thrombosis was diagnosed correctly in two patients. The remaining patients appeared normal or had chronic venous disease by phleborheography; however, 11 of these had acute deep venous thrombosis by venography, for a false-negative rate of 31%. Most undetected thrombi were in small calf veins. The specificity of phleborheography is thus 100%, but the sensitivity is only 69%. Similarly, its positive predictive value is 100% and the negative predictive value is 78%. When phleborheography shows acute deep venous thrombosis, this diagnosis may be accepted with confidence and therapy chosen accordingly, without venographic confirmation. Venography may still be required to withhold anticoagulation when phleborheography is negative.", "contents": "Noninvasive diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis by phleborheography. Phleborheography, a recently described noninvasive test for deep venous thrombosis, was compared with leg venography in 75 patients. Acute deep venous thrombosis was accurately diagnosed by phleborheography in 24 patients, with no false-positive diagnoses. External venous compression without thrombosis was diagnosed correctly in two patients. The remaining patients appeared normal or had chronic venous disease by phleborheography; however, 11 of these had acute deep venous thrombosis by venography, for a false-negative rate of 31%. Most undetected thrombi were in small calf veins. The specificity of phleborheography is thus 100%, but the sensitivity is only 69%. Similarly, its positive predictive value is 100% and the negative predictive value is 78%. When phleborheography shows acute deep venous thrombosis, this diagnosis may be accepted with confidence and therapy chosen accordingly, without venographic confirmation. Venography may still be required to withhold anticoagulation when phleborheography is negative.", "PMID": 677577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3115", "title": "Therapy of the hypereosinophilic syndrome.", "content": "Previous studies of patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome have found very significant morbidity and a high mortality of 77% at 3 years. Our study analyzes the therapy and prognosis of 26 patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Five patients showed no evidence of progressive organ-system dysfunction and were given no therapy; all have done well. Sixteen patients with progressive organ dysfunction were treated with corticosteroids; six of the 16 had a good response and needed no further therapy. Five patients were treated with various chemotherapeutic agents that proved to be ineffective. In eight patients who were unresponsive to corticosteroid therapy, hydroxyurea produced excellent responses in six and partial responses in two. With the above regimen, our 26 patients (including 12 with poor prognostic indicators) have had a marked increase in survival (3-year mortality of 4%) when compared with the historical control group.", "contents": "Therapy of the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Previous studies of patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome have found very significant morbidity and a high mortality of 77% at 3 years. Our study analyzes the therapy and prognosis of 26 patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Five patients showed no evidence of progressive organ-system dysfunction and were given no therapy; all have done well. Sixteen patients with progressive organ dysfunction were treated with corticosteroids; six of the 16 had a good response and needed no further therapy. Five patients were treated with various chemotherapeutic agents that proved to be ineffective. In eight patients who were unresponsive to corticosteroid therapy, hydroxyurea produced excellent responses in six and partial responses in two. With the above regimen, our 26 patients (including 12 with poor prognostic indicators) have had a marked increase in survival (3-year mortality of 4%) when compared with the historical control group.", "PMID": 677578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3116", "title": "Factor V antibody and disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "A factor V inhibitor arose in a 79-year-old man within 1 month of an operation for a fractured leg. Absorption studies with solid-phase antibodies to human immunoglobulins showed the inhibitory activity to be primarily in the IgG class, but also in the IgA class, of immunoglobulins. This is the first report of an IgA immunoglobulin with factor V inhibitory activity. While the inhibitor was present, and at a time when no circulating Factor V activity was detectable, the patient developed septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The mechanism sustaining disseminated intravascular coagulation despite the absence of circulation factor V activity remains unexplained. The factor V inhibitor disappeared within 5 months of its initial detection. Possible origins of factor V inhibitors are discussed.", "contents": "Factor V antibody and disseminated intravascular coagulation. A factor V inhibitor arose in a 79-year-old man within 1 month of an operation for a fractured leg. Absorption studies with solid-phase antibodies to human immunoglobulins showed the inhibitory activity to be primarily in the IgG class, but also in the IgA class, of immunoglobulins. This is the first report of an IgA immunoglobulin with factor V inhibitory activity. While the inhibitor was present, and at a time when no circulating Factor V activity was detectable, the patient developed septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The mechanism sustaining disseminated intravascular coagulation despite the absence of circulation factor V activity remains unexplained. The factor V inhibitor disappeared within 5 months of its initial detection. Possible origins of factor V inhibitors are discussed.", "PMID": 677579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3117", "title": "T-wave abnormalities of intermittent left bundle-branch block.", "content": "Ischemia is traditionally considered a cause of intermittent left bundle-branch block (LBBB), and some patients have right precordial T-wave inversion in the normally conducted beats. Clinical correlates of T-wave abnormalities were examined in 46 consecutive patients with intermittent LBBB. Thirty-three patients (72%) had at least transient right precordial (V-14) T-wave inversion suggesting ischemia in normally conducted beats. Seventeen such patients had no evidence of coronary heart disease, including five with normal arteriograms. During LBBB conduction, T-wave abnormalities (upright T-waves I, aVL, V5-6) were frequent (48%) and more common than among patients with permanent LBBB (p less than 0.005). The T-wave abnormalities during LBBB conduction occurred in the absence of coronary heart disease in nine patients, including two with normal arteriograms. Thus, right precordial T-wave inversion may result from recent LBBB itself, associated with T-wave abnormalities during the LBBB, in the absence of coronary artery disease.", "contents": "T-wave abnormalities of intermittent left bundle-branch block. Ischemia is traditionally considered a cause of intermittent left bundle-branch block (LBBB), and some patients have right precordial T-wave inversion in the normally conducted beats. Clinical correlates of T-wave abnormalities were examined in 46 consecutive patients with intermittent LBBB. Thirty-three patients (72%) had at least transient right precordial (V-14) T-wave inversion suggesting ischemia in normally conducted beats. Seventeen such patients had no evidence of coronary heart disease, including five with normal arteriograms. During LBBB conduction, T-wave abnormalities (upright T-waves I, aVL, V5-6) were frequent (48%) and more common than among patients with permanent LBBB (p less than 0.005). The T-wave abnormalities during LBBB conduction occurred in the absence of coronary heart disease in nine patients, including two with normal arteriograms. Thus, right precordial T-wave inversion may result from recent LBBB itself, associated with T-wave abnormalities during the LBBB, in the absence of coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 677581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3118", "title": "Thrombocytopenia and intravenous heroin use.", "content": "Five young male heroin users presented with a syndrome resembling acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Although a viral, autoimmune, or toxic origin cannot be conclusively excluded at present, data are most consistent with the hypothesis that the thrombocytopenia was due to a drug-related immunologic mechanism that resulted in peripheral platelet destruction. Epidemiologic considerations suggest the common agent involved in their illnesses was present in the heroin they used. Although glucocorticoid therapy was followed by clinical recovery in four of the five patients (one was lost to follow-up), it is not certain that this represented a causal relation.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia and intravenous heroin use. Five young male heroin users presented with a syndrome resembling acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Although a viral, autoimmune, or toxic origin cannot be conclusively excluded at present, data are most consistent with the hypothesis that the thrombocytopenia was due to a drug-related immunologic mechanism that resulted in peripheral platelet destruction. Epidemiologic considerations suggest the common agent involved in their illnesses was present in the heroin they used. Although glucocorticoid therapy was followed by clinical recovery in four of the five patients (one was lost to follow-up), it is not certain that this represented a causal relation.", "PMID": 677582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3119", "title": "Halothane hepatitis: benign resolution of a severe lesion.", "content": "Three patients with halothane hepatitis were studied during the acute phase of their illness and for 10 to 14 months thereafter. Clinical, biochemical, and histologic data were obtained initially and during the course of follow-up. Despite initially severe clinical and biochemical presentations, with extensive bridging hepatic necrosis on liver biopsy, all three patients resolved completely and had minimally abnormal liver biopsy appearances at last follow-up. The results of this study suggest that hepatic necrosis associated with halothane hypersensitivity is self-limited and that despite the initial severity of the hepatic lesion, postnecrotic cirrhosis does not develop. Based on these three patients' courses, survival of the acute bout of halothane hepatitis is apparently accompanied by an excellent prognosis ultimately, provided that reexposure to halothane is avoided.", "contents": "Halothane hepatitis: benign resolution of a severe lesion. Three patients with halothane hepatitis were studied during the acute phase of their illness and for 10 to 14 months thereafter. Clinical, biochemical, and histologic data were obtained initially and during the course of follow-up. Despite initially severe clinical and biochemical presentations, with extensive bridging hepatic necrosis on liver biopsy, all three patients resolved completely and had minimally abnormal liver biopsy appearances at last follow-up. The results of this study suggest that hepatic necrosis associated with halothane hypersensitivity is self-limited and that despite the initial severity of the hepatic lesion, postnecrotic cirrhosis does not develop. Based on these three patients' courses, survival of the acute bout of halothane hepatitis is apparently accompanied by an excellent prognosis ultimately, provided that reexposure to halothane is avoided.", "PMID": 677583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3120", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism and radiation therapy.", "content": "Hypercalcaemic hyperparathyroidism has been diagnosed more commonly in recent years. This reflects an increasing awareness of and a growing interest in the disease. In the search for possible aetiologic mechanisms behind the development of parathyroid adenomata, certain environmental factors have been suggested. This study indicates that a significantly (p less than 0.01) greater number of patients who had parathyroid adenomata had previously undergone radiation therapy involving the neck region compared with normocalcaemic control subjects. The observed and controlled cases originate from a medical screening programme done as part of a health check-up including almost 16 000 persons in the Stockholm area. It is recommended that special attention to a past history of possible neck irradiation be paid in subjects suspected of suffering from hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism and radiation therapy. Hypercalcaemic hyperparathyroidism has been diagnosed more commonly in recent years. This reflects an increasing awareness of and a growing interest in the disease. In the search for possible aetiologic mechanisms behind the development of parathyroid adenomata, certain environmental factors have been suggested. This study indicates that a significantly (p less than 0.01) greater number of patients who had parathyroid adenomata had previously undergone radiation therapy involving the neck region compared with normocalcaemic control subjects. The observed and controlled cases originate from a medical screening programme done as part of a health check-up including almost 16 000 persons in the Stockholm area. It is recommended that special attention to a past history of possible neck irradiation be paid in subjects suspected of suffering from hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 677584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3121", "title": "Lactase deficiency: prevalence in osteoporosis.", "content": "We determined the prevalence of lactase deficiency by analysis of respiratory hydrogen (H2) in 30 women with idiopathic postmenopausal osteoporosis and in 31 female control subjects without evidence of metabolic bone disease. Eight subjects with osteoporosis had breath H2 excretion greater than 0.20 ml/minute at 2 h after receiving 50 g of lactose and were considered lactase deficient; only one control subject was lactase deficient (P less than 0.05). Symptoms developed in seven of the nine lactase-deficient persons after receiving 50 g of lactose; in contrast, only three of the 52 lactase-normal subjects had symptoms. Although none of the lactase-deficient subjects was aware of milk intolerance, their intake of both lactose and calcium was significantly lower than that in the lactase-normal group. Lactase deficiency appears to be one of several factors that predispose to the development of osteoporosis, probably through diminished calcium intake and possibly through an effect on calcium absorption.", "contents": "Lactase deficiency: prevalence in osteoporosis. We determined the prevalence of lactase deficiency by analysis of respiratory hydrogen (H2) in 30 women with idiopathic postmenopausal osteoporosis and in 31 female control subjects without evidence of metabolic bone disease. Eight subjects with osteoporosis had breath H2 excretion greater than 0.20 ml/minute at 2 h after receiving 50 g of lactose and were considered lactase deficient; only one control subject was lactase deficient (P less than 0.05). Symptoms developed in seven of the nine lactase-deficient persons after receiving 50 g of lactose; in contrast, only three of the 52 lactase-normal subjects had symptoms. Although none of the lactase-deficient subjects was aware of milk intolerance, their intake of both lactose and calcium was significantly lower than that in the lactase-normal group. Lactase deficiency appears to be one of several factors that predispose to the development of osteoporosis, probably through diminished calcium intake and possibly through an effect on calcium absorption.", "PMID": 677585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3122", "title": "Variegate porphyria.", "content": "In temperate and cold climates the most usual presenting symptom of variegate porphyria is an acute porphyric attack, indistinguishable from that seen in acute intermittent porphyria. Increased fragility of the skin in sun-exposed areas occurs in only half of such patients, and even then is usually mild and easily overlooked. The diagnosis depends on fecal excretion of porphyrins, which is greatly increased in variegate porphyria and consists predominantly of protoporphyrin. Urinary excretion of porphobilinogen and delta-aminolevulinic acid increases only during acute attacks. There are reasons for thinking that variegate porphyria is commoner than hitherto supposed. During an acute attack a patient without skin symptoms may well be misdiagnosed as having acute intermittent porphyria, because of identical symptoms and excretion of porphobilinogen in the urine. Thus, for a correct diagnosis, every patient presenting with symptoms of acute porphyria requires a fecal analysis.", "contents": "Variegate porphyria. In temperate and cold climates the most usual presenting symptom of variegate porphyria is an acute porphyric attack, indistinguishable from that seen in acute intermittent porphyria. Increased fragility of the skin in sun-exposed areas occurs in only half of such patients, and even then is usually mild and easily overlooked. The diagnosis depends on fecal excretion of porphyrins, which is greatly increased in variegate porphyria and consists predominantly of protoporphyrin. Urinary excretion of porphobilinogen and delta-aminolevulinic acid increases only during acute attacks. There are reasons for thinking that variegate porphyria is commoner than hitherto supposed. During an acute attack a patient without skin symptoms may well be misdiagnosed as having acute intermittent porphyria, because of identical symptoms and excretion of porphobilinogen in the urine. Thus, for a correct diagnosis, every patient presenting with symptoms of acute porphyria requires a fecal analysis.", "PMID": 677592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3123", "title": "Clinical problem solving: a behavioral analysis.", "content": "To extend the understanding of the clinical problem-solving process, we have analyzed the tape-recorded behavior of experienced clinicians engaged in \"taking the history of the present illness\" from a simultated patient. We showed that specific diagnostic hypotheses were generated often with little more information than presenting complaints, that testing of diagnostic hypotheses consisted of various case-building strategies for corroborating and discrediting hypotheses, and that the process of information gathering included techniques to evaluate the validity of data and assess the need for immediate action. Overall strategies were more difficult to discern but included a focused approach, a systemic exploration method, and a chronologic technique. The data have potential value in medical education and in developing computer programs to simulate the diagnostic process.", "contents": "Clinical problem solving: a behavioral analysis. To extend the understanding of the clinical problem-solving process, we have analyzed the tape-recorded behavior of experienced clinicians engaged in \"taking the history of the present illness\" from a simultated patient. We showed that specific diagnostic hypotheses were generated often with little more information than presenting complaints, that testing of diagnostic hypotheses consisted of various case-building strategies for corroborating and discrediting hypotheses, and that the process of information gathering included techniques to evaluate the validity of data and assess the need for immediate action. Overall strategies were more difficult to discern but included a focused approach, a systemic exploration method, and a chronologic technique. The data have potential value in medical education and in developing computer programs to simulate the diagnostic process.", "PMID": 677593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3124", "title": "[Apropos of a paranoid filiation delirium: the \"intelligence\" complex of dementia and psychiatry with associated absence of critical \"control\"].", "content": "Based on a clinical observation of a paranoid filiation delirium, the authors raise the fundamental question of the nature of psychotic structure itself. They suggest an interpretation of the structure of the psychosis as an attempt to rationalize and give shape to an inarticulate discourse. This work as a whole should be looked upon in the perspective of a new approach to the psychiatric occurrence through what might be called a relativist epistemology.", "contents": "[Apropos of a paranoid filiation delirium: the \"intelligence\" complex of dementia and psychiatry with associated absence of critical \"control\"]. Based on a clinical observation of a paranoid filiation delirium, the authors raise the fundamental question of the nature of psychotic structure itself. They suggest an interpretation of the structure of the psychosis as an attempt to rationalize and give shape to an inarticulate discourse. This work as a whole should be looked upon in the perspective of a new approach to the psychiatric occurrence through what might be called a relativist epistemology.", "PMID": 677606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3125", "title": "[Semantics of psychopathological expressions. 2. Productive interpretation and narrative semantics in delirious expressions].", "content": "The second part of \"The semantics of psychopathological statements\" concerns delirious utterances. The relations between the utterance act and the statements implicity constitute the delirium in the operational texture of the psychopathological process. Only the productive interpretation can relate the links between the diegetic elements of the utterance to the ensuing reading effects the words of which diachronically constitute a delusion. The meaning effects of the clinical statements, i.e. the symptoms and their narration have recurring repercussions on the semantics of the delirium process.", "contents": "[Semantics of psychopathological expressions. 2. Productive interpretation and narrative semantics in delirious expressions]. The second part of \"The semantics of psychopathological statements\" concerns delirious utterances. The relations between the utterance act and the statements implicity constitute the delirium in the operational texture of the psychopathological process. Only the productive interpretation can relate the links between the diegetic elements of the utterance to the ensuing reading effects the words of which diachronically constitute a delusion. The meaning effects of the clinical statements, i.e. the symptoms and their narration have recurring repercussions on the semantics of the delirium process.", "PMID": 677611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3126", "title": "[Mental disorders in adolescence and their therapeutic approach implications between theory and practice].", "content": "After a developmental description of the adolescent process, the author describes the manner of initiating psychotherapeutic treatment for psychologically disturbed adolescents. Despite the inevitable reappearance of primitive defense mechanisms and ego positions, it is possible and necessary to distinguish between temporary stress or crises and psychic breakdown corresponding to specific development impairment necessitating, imperatively, therapeutic  help. The author attempts to find a conceptual link between apparently opposite theoritical positions such as intra- and supra-individual doctrines. Ideally, when confronted with borderline or psychotic pathology, family therapy should be coupled with individual psychotherapy. Finally, the therapist's counterattitudes are discussed.", "contents": "[Mental disorders in adolescence and their therapeutic approach implications between theory and practice]. After a developmental description of the adolescent process, the author describes the manner of initiating psychotherapeutic treatment for psychologically disturbed adolescents. Despite the inevitable reappearance of primitive defense mechanisms and ego positions, it is possible and necessary to distinguish between temporary stress or crises and psychic breakdown corresponding to specific development impairment necessitating, imperatively, therapeutic  help. The author attempts to find a conceptual link between apparently opposite theoritical positions such as intra- and supra-individual doctrines. Ideally, when confronted with borderline or psychotic pathology, family therapy should be coupled with individual psychotherapy. Finally, the therapist's counterattitudes are discussed.", "PMID": 677612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3127", "title": "[\"Border-line states\": psychodynamic and existential approach, apropos of 8 case reports].", "content": "This study attempts to determine the specific characteristics of this psychopathological concept, and demonstrate its operational interest. The traditional classification is clearly insufficient, and the clinical findings require metapsychological and existential references. The comprehensive approach to these morbid forms with polymorphic outlines, and variable symptoms, implies a deeper approach to the psychodynamic and structural planes. The experience of these subjects is characterised by sadness and lack of pleasure in life; they oscillate between a feeling of solitude, to which may be attached an anguish of separation and a flight from others when their relationship does not correspond to their special requirements and their modes of exchange with, in addition, an intrusion anxiety. Two references, one to Feeling alone by M. Klein and the other The ability to remain alone by D.W. Winnicott shed light on the psychogenetic basis and on the prevalence of phenomena of idealisation. The coexistence of sectors of mental function and defence mechanisms of different registers intervening together or alternately explain the \"stability in instability\". The existential continuum bears the traces of sudden ruptures. This paper includes the presentation of 8 cases.", "contents": "[\"Border-line states\": psychodynamic and existential approach, apropos of 8 case reports]. This study attempts to determine the specific characteristics of this psychopathological concept, and demonstrate its operational interest. The traditional classification is clearly insufficient, and the clinical findings require metapsychological and existential references. The comprehensive approach to these morbid forms with polymorphic outlines, and variable symptoms, implies a deeper approach to the psychodynamic and structural planes. The experience of these subjects is characterised by sadness and lack of pleasure in life; they oscillate between a feeling of solitude, to which may be attached an anguish of separation and a flight from others when their relationship does not correspond to their special requirements and their modes of exchange with, in addition, an intrusion anxiety. Two references, one to Feeling alone by M. Klein and the other The ability to remain alone by D.W. Winnicott shed light on the psychogenetic basis and on the prevalence of phenomena of idealisation. The coexistence of sectors of mental function and defence mechanisms of different registers intervening together or alternately explain the \"stability in instability\". The existential continuum bears the traces of sudden ruptures. This paper includes the presentation of 8 cases.", "PMID": 677613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3128", "title": "[Various metabolic or toxic effects which can result from short term ingestion of sulfurous acid by the rat].", "content": "The work reported below was conducted for the purpose of evaluating the toxicity of two levels of potassium metabisulfite on various aspects of metabolism in adult rats. It appears that the two doses do not disturb the activity of acid plasmatic phosphatase. The increase of the pyruvic acid o blood caused for the higher level of sulfite (50 mg/kg/day) is considerably increased for absorption of a diet containing 67% of sugar, and considerably decreased by injection the day before the dosage of 200 microgram thiamine. The highest level (50 mg/kg/day) increased the urinary calcium however same larger quantities of sulfite did not cause any augmentation of fecal calcium. The \"creatinine clearance\" is not modified, the seric transaminases (G.O.T.-G.P.T.) are not disturbed, moreover, hematologic controls during the five months of experimentation did not show any perturbation.", "contents": "[Various metabolic or toxic effects which can result from short term ingestion of sulfurous acid by the rat]. The work reported below was conducted for the purpose of evaluating the toxicity of two levels of potassium metabisulfite on various aspects of metabolism in adult rats. It appears that the two doses do not disturb the activity of acid plasmatic phosphatase. The increase of the pyruvic acid o blood caused for the higher level of sulfite (50 mg/kg/day) is considerably increased for absorption of a diet containing 67% of sugar, and considerably decreased by injection the day before the dosage of 200 microgram thiamine. The highest level (50 mg/kg/day) increased the urinary calcium however same larger quantities of sulfite did not cause any augmentation of fecal calcium. The \"creatinine clearance\" is not modified, the seric transaminases (G.O.T.-G.P.T.) are not disturbed, moreover, hematologic controls during the five months of experimentation did not show any perturbation.", "PMID": 677618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3129", "title": "Comparative effects of a protein deprived diet on the weight, lymphocyte content and the number of DNA-synthesizing and dividing cells in the lymphoid organs of the rat. Influence of the diet on the stimulating action of phytohemagglutinin and the inhibitory action of cortisone.", "content": "The changes induced in adult male rats by a protein deprived (PD) diet lasting 7 weeks were investigated from the viewpoint of the cell contents of the popliteal lymph nodes (PLN), spleen and thymus; the levels of DNA-synthesizing lymphocytes counted on cell smear autoradiographs, and the levels of mitoses. The stimulating effect of a subplantar injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and the inhibitory action of cortisone (3 mg/100 g per day for 5 days) were also determined in normal and PD rats. The PD diet significantly reduced the cell contents, primarily in the thymus, as well as the number of labeled cells and mitoses per mg of tissue and per entire organ. When expressed on the basis of 10(3) cells, the levels of both cell groups were also reduced in the spleen but not in the PLN's where they were already very low with a balanced diet. In the thymus, the sharp drop in the mitotic index (M.I.) contrasted with unchanged levels of labeled cells and an important increase in the labeling density per cell. PHA increased the M.I. to a great extent in the PLN's and spleen in normal rats but not in PD rats. In contrast, the labeling index (p. 10(3) cells) in the spleen, as well as the number of labeled cells per mg and per organ, increased in PLN's and the spleen after PHA to a much greater extent with a PD diet than with a normal diet. These results suggest a premitotic block of the cell cycle after protein deprivation. Also, the mitotic index appears to be a more reliable test, than the labeling index, of the lymphostimulating action of PHA and of its inhibition following protein removal from the diet. The effects of cortisone in normal rats resembled to a large degree those of a protein-free diet. If the hormone was administered to PD rats, the residual lymphocytes of the atrophic thymus were still more cortisone-sensitive than those of normal rats. On the contrary, DNA synthesizing cells in the PLN's and spleen, and mitoses in the spleen resisted cortisone in PD rats, while they were partly destroyed by the hormone in the controls. This suggests that primarily the cortisone-resistant lymphocytes of these organs are capable of synthesizing DNA after prolonged protein deprivation. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis of an intervention of endogenous glucocorticoid hormones in the protein lack-induced lymphoid involution.", "contents": "Comparative effects of a protein deprived diet on the weight, lymphocyte content and the number of DNA-synthesizing and dividing cells in the lymphoid organs of the rat. Influence of the diet on the stimulating action of phytohemagglutinin and the inhibitory action of cortisone. The changes induced in adult male rats by a protein deprived (PD) diet lasting 7 weeks were investigated from the viewpoint of the cell contents of the popliteal lymph nodes (PLN), spleen and thymus; the levels of DNA-synthesizing lymphocytes counted on cell smear autoradiographs, and the levels of mitoses. The stimulating effect of a subplantar injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and the inhibitory action of cortisone (3 mg/100 g per day for 5 days) were also determined in normal and PD rats. The PD diet significantly reduced the cell contents, primarily in the thymus, as well as the number of labeled cells and mitoses per mg of tissue and per entire organ. When expressed on the basis of 10(3) cells, the levels of both cell groups were also reduced in the spleen but not in the PLN's where they were already very low with a balanced diet. In the thymus, the sharp drop in the mitotic index (M.I.) contrasted with unchanged levels of labeled cells and an important increase in the labeling density per cell. PHA increased the M.I. to a great extent in the PLN's and spleen in normal rats but not in PD rats. In contrast, the labeling index (p. 10(3) cells) in the spleen, as well as the number of labeled cells per mg and per organ, increased in PLN's and the spleen after PHA to a much greater extent with a PD diet than with a normal diet. These results suggest a premitotic block of the cell cycle after protein deprivation. Also, the mitotic index appears to be a more reliable test, than the labeling index, of the lymphostimulating action of PHA and of its inhibition following protein removal from the diet. The effects of cortisone in normal rats resembled to a large degree those of a protein-free diet. If the hormone was administered to PD rats, the residual lymphocytes of the atrophic thymus were still more cortisone-sensitive than those of normal rats. On the contrary, DNA synthesizing cells in the PLN's and spleen, and mitoses in the spleen resisted cortisone in PD rats, while they were partly destroyed by the hormone in the controls. This suggests that primarily the cortisone-resistant lymphocytes of these organs are capable of synthesizing DNA after prolonged protein deprivation. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis of an intervention of endogenous glucocorticoid hormones in the protein lack-induced lymphoid involution.", "PMID": 677619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3130", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of ferret respiratory mucosa infected with influenza A virus.", "content": "The use of both SEM and TEM techniques in studying the alterations of the columnar ciliated epithelium of the whole respiratory tract of ferrets enables the authors to find a significant discrepancy between tracheal and nasal mucosa destructions. This discrepancy is not a function of the anatomical location of virus instillation. Theoretical and pratical meanings are discussed.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of ferret respiratory mucosa infected with influenza A virus. The use of both SEM and TEM techniques in studying the alterations of the columnar ciliated epithelium of the whole respiratory tract of ferrets enables the authors to find a significant discrepancy between tracheal and nasal mucosa destructions. This discrepancy is not a function of the anatomical location of virus instillation. Theoretical and pratical meanings are discussed.", "PMID": 677615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3131", "title": "[Role of protein in control of the growing chick's appetite].", "content": "After a short study of the literature about the effect of proteins on the food intake regulation, the authors conclude that the only way to compare two feeds about their intake level consist in a comparison with animals of nearly the same live weight by expressing the intakes plotted against live weight. Themselves, they compare ingestions by chickens of rations which vary by their protein level and quality. In a first step, authors show that increasing the protein content of the ration led to a rise in the food intake, but then, beyond a critical level of protein, the food intake decreases gradually. In a second step, authors show that a better quality of the food protein leads to an increase on intake. In conclusion, proteins influence food intake not because they satisfy the nitrogen need of the animal, but because they saturate the blood in products coming from the catabolism of their non utilised fraction.", "contents": "[Role of protein in control of the growing chick's appetite]. After a short study of the literature about the effect of proteins on the food intake regulation, the authors conclude that the only way to compare two feeds about their intake level consist in a comparison with animals of nearly the same live weight by expressing the intakes plotted against live weight. Themselves, they compare ingestions by chickens of rations which vary by their protein level and quality. In a first step, authors show that increasing the protein content of the ration led to a rise in the food intake, but then, beyond a critical level of protein, the food intake decreases gradually. In a second step, authors show that a better quality of the food protein leads to an increase on intake. In conclusion, proteins influence food intake not because they satisfy the nitrogen need of the animal, but because they saturate the blood in products coming from the catabolism of their non utilised fraction.", "PMID": 677620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3132", "title": "[Aflatoxin inactivation after ammonia treatment. In vitro studies on detoxified peanut meals].", "content": "The maximum allowable tolerance of aflatoxins in animal feeds is becoming lower and lower, and it is obvious that the fairly high level of aflatoxin B1 found in almost all peanut meals in recent years restricts this protein source for use in the diets of most animal species. Among the different chemical methods for aflatoxin inactivation, treatment by gaseous ammonia under a pressure of 2 to 3 bars, appears a very attractive solution because it may be achieved by a fairly easy and rapid procedure. This treatment markedly reduces--up to 95 p. 100--the aflatoxins content of the meal. An increase in the nitrogen content, mainly in the non protein form, is observed. Ammoniation has no adverse effect on in vitro pepsin digestibility and even improves the sensitivity of the meal towards proteases. It slightly reduces protein deamination in the artificial rumen and nitrogen solubility in a buffer solution at pH 7,5; these effects seem to be favourable for the utilization of the treated meals by rumiinants. The amino acid compostion of the meal is not significantly changed, particularly with regard to total and available lysine. However, cystine undergoes partial destruction; but this loss could be counterbalanced by a supply of synthetic methionine.", "contents": "[Aflatoxin inactivation after ammonia treatment. In vitro studies on detoxified peanut meals]. The maximum allowable tolerance of aflatoxins in animal feeds is becoming lower and lower, and it is obvious that the fairly high level of aflatoxin B1 found in almost all peanut meals in recent years restricts this protein source for use in the diets of most animal species. Among the different chemical methods for aflatoxin inactivation, treatment by gaseous ammonia under a pressure of 2 to 3 bars, appears a very attractive solution because it may be achieved by a fairly easy and rapid procedure. This treatment markedly reduces--up to 95 p. 100--the aflatoxins content of the meal. An increase in the nitrogen content, mainly in the non protein form, is observed. Ammoniation has no adverse effect on in vitro pepsin digestibility and even improves the sensitivity of the meal towards proteases. It slightly reduces protein deamination in the artificial rumen and nitrogen solubility in a buffer solution at pH 7,5; these effects seem to be favourable for the utilization of the treated meals by rumiinants. The amino acid compostion of the meal is not significantly changed, particularly with regard to total and available lysine. However, cystine undergoes partial destruction; but this loss could be counterbalanced by a supply of synthetic methionine.", "PMID": 677621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3133", "title": "[Isolation of a strain of Mokola virus in Cameroon (author's transl)].", "content": "A strain of Mokola virus has been isolated in Cameroon from a shrew (Crocidura sp.). In Nigeria, where the virus was isolated for the first time, two human cases with one death were reported. The possibility of transmission of this virus by the bite of an arthropod is discussed.", "contents": "[Isolation of a strain of Mokola virus in Cameroon (author's transl)]. A strain of Mokola virus has been isolated in Cameroon from a shrew (Crocidura sp.). In Nigeria, where the virus was isolated for the first time, two human cases with one death were reported. The possibility of transmission of this virus by the bite of an arthropod is discussed.", "PMID": 677617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3134", "title": "[Protein metabolism in vitamin A deficient rats. I. Protein and DNA turn-over in rat liver].", "content": "The effect of a vitamin A deficient diet on liver proteosynthesis was studied with in vivo and in vitro methods. Weanling rats obtained from vitamin A rstricted female were fed \"separate diet\". Control animals received vitamin A in protein diet. Deficient rats were used at the weight plateau stage. The RNA, DNA and protein liver content was unaffected by vitamin A deficiency and the same result was found for free amino acid pool. The turn-over rate of protein and RNA of cellular fractions and total liver was studied. (14C) leucine and (3H) uridine was injected intraperitoneally. Animals were killed at 20-40 minutes and 2-4-6-8-10 days after injection. Synthesis rate of liver proteins was the same in both groups. Our results indicate no difference in the average rate of (14C) protein degradation between control and deficient animals. Vitamin A deficiency decrease the turn-over rate of total ribosomal and soluble RNA. Polyribosome and postribosomal supernatant from deficient rats liver  were less active for protein synthesis in vitro than corresponding fractions from well nourished rats. The lesion was located in the post ribosomal supernatant fraction by \"crossing over\" experiments. Polyribosome desimentation analysis on sucrose gradients revealed no difference between the two groupe. The results indicate that vitamin A deficiency decrease cell proliferation without degeneracy. The limitative agent of proteosynthesis is situated at RNA level. However protein synthesis is unaffected in our experimental procedure.", "contents": "[Protein metabolism in vitamin A deficient rats. I. Protein and DNA turn-over in rat liver]. The effect of a vitamin A deficient diet on liver proteosynthesis was studied with in vivo and in vitro methods. Weanling rats obtained from vitamin A rstricted female were fed \"separate diet\". Control animals received vitamin A in protein diet. Deficient rats were used at the weight plateau stage. The RNA, DNA and protein liver content was unaffected by vitamin A deficiency and the same result was found for free amino acid pool. The turn-over rate of protein and RNA of cellular fractions and total liver was studied. (14C) leucine and (3H) uridine was injected intraperitoneally. Animals were killed at 20-40 minutes and 2-4-6-8-10 days after injection. Synthesis rate of liver proteins was the same in both groups. Our results indicate no difference in the average rate of (14C) protein degradation between control and deficient animals. Vitamin A deficiency decrease the turn-over rate of total ribosomal and soluble RNA. Polyribosome and postribosomal supernatant from deficient rats liver  were less active for protein synthesis in vitro than corresponding fractions from well nourished rats. The lesion was located in the post ribosomal supernatant fraction by \"crossing over\" experiments. Polyribosome desimentation analysis on sucrose gradients revealed no difference between the two groupe. The results indicate that vitamin A deficiency decrease cell proliferation without degeneracy. The limitative agent of proteosynthesis is situated at RNA level. However protein synthesis is unaffected in our experimental procedure.", "PMID": 677622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3135", "title": "[Protein metabolism in vitamin A deficient rats. II. Protein synthesis in striated muscle].", "content": "Parameters of skeletal muscle protein synthesis was studied in vivo and in vitro. The experimental design was previously described. Muscle humidity, protein and DNA content are not modified by vitamin A deficiency. RNA and free amino acids are modified. Glutamine, serine and threonine level decrease while phenylalanine and leucine increase in vitamin A deficients. After a single intra-peritoneal injection of (14C) leucine, the incorporation of radioactivity into total ribosomes and postribosomal supernatant protein was studied. The rats were killed 20, 40, 60 minutes and 2,6,10 days after injections. The half time for radioactivity accumulation was four times higher into total and ribosomal protein, two times higher into postribosomal supernatant protein in vitamin A deficient rats than in well-fed rats. The decay of acid soluble radioactivity was similar in the two groups, although protein synthesis was lowered by vitamin A deficiency. It was then supposed that leucine, enters into other metabolic paths. Sedimentation analysis in sucrose gradients revealed a lower proportion of higher ribosomes species in muscle of deficient rat than in normal ones, but ribosomes from deficients were more active for protein synthesis in vitro than ribosomes from well-fed rats. The vitamin A deficiency decrease the muscle protein synthesis and lead to important changes on in vitro and in vivo ribosomal activity.", "contents": "[Protein metabolism in vitamin A deficient rats. II. Protein synthesis in striated muscle]. Parameters of skeletal muscle protein synthesis was studied in vivo and in vitro. The experimental design was previously described. Muscle humidity, protein and DNA content are not modified by vitamin A deficiency. RNA and free amino acids are modified. Glutamine, serine and threonine level decrease while phenylalanine and leucine increase in vitamin A deficients. After a single intra-peritoneal injection of (14C) leucine, the incorporation of radioactivity into total ribosomes and postribosomal supernatant protein was studied. The rats were killed 20, 40, 60 minutes and 2,6,10 days after injections. The half time for radioactivity accumulation was four times higher into total and ribosomal protein, two times higher into postribosomal supernatant protein in vitamin A deficient rats than in well-fed rats. The decay of acid soluble radioactivity was similar in the two groups, although protein synthesis was lowered by vitamin A deficiency. It was then supposed that leucine, enters into other metabolic paths. Sedimentation analysis in sucrose gradients revealed a lower proportion of higher ribosomes species in muscle of deficient rat than in normal ones, but ribosomes from deficients were more active for protein synthesis in vitro than ribosomes from well-fed rats. The vitamin A deficiency decrease the muscle protein synthesis and lead to important changes on in vitro and in vivo ribosomal activity.", "PMID": 677623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3136", "title": "[New aspect of carbohydrate metabolism in vitamin A deficient rats: absorption of glucose during intestinal perfusions in vivo].", "content": "24 hour fasting rats are anaesthetized and the small intestines are perfused in situ with a Tyrode solution at 37 degrees C, 1 ml/min., containing 0,5 to 15 g of glucose per liter. Larger amounts of glucose and water are absorbed by the intestine of vitamin A-deficient rats at all oncentrations of glucose. Intestines of meal fed rats absorbed more glucose than ad libitumnes. Plasma glucose and insulin levels are measured both before and during the perfusions everal higher values of hyperglycemia are noted in deficient rats which developed a particular lower insulinemia (these results are detailed in a further article).", "contents": "[New aspect of carbohydrate metabolism in vitamin A deficient rats: absorption of glucose during intestinal perfusions in vivo]. 24 hour fasting rats are anaesthetized and the small intestines are perfused in situ with a Tyrode solution at 37 degrees C, 1 ml/min., containing 0,5 to 15 g of glucose per liter. Larger amounts of glucose and water are absorbed by the intestine of vitamin A-deficient rats at all oncentrations of glucose. Intestines of meal fed rats absorbed more glucose than ad libitumnes. Plasma glucose and insulin levels are measured both before and during the perfusions everal higher values of hyperglycemia are noted in deficient rats which developed a particular lower insulinemia (these results are detailed in a further article).", "PMID": 677624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3137", "title": "[Glycemia and insulinemia of vitamin A deficient rats after administration of glucose].", "content": "We have studied the variations of the blood glucose and insulin concentrations of control and vitamin A-deficient rats after administration of glucose by various ways. The avitaminosis decreases the initial glycaemia and insulinaemia in fasting rats. It seems that the insulin release from the pancreas of the deficient rats is normal after a moderate treatment: for example after a single injection of glucose 0,5 g/kg in the carotide, or during the digestion of a mixed meal (rats trained to eat their day's food in a short time), or during an intestinal perfusion in vivo of weak concentrated glucose solutions (0,5 to 2 g/l). But after meal feeding a glucose rich diet (65 p. cent) or during intestinal perfusions of solutions with a higher glucose content (up to 15 g/l) the hyper-insulinaemia is fleeting in the deficient rats and its appeared highest hyperglycaemia in some perfused animals. The endocrine regulations of the vitamin A-deficient rats are considered in the discussion.", "contents": "[Glycemia and insulinemia of vitamin A deficient rats after administration of glucose]. We have studied the variations of the blood glucose and insulin concentrations of control and vitamin A-deficient rats after administration of glucose by various ways. The avitaminosis decreases the initial glycaemia and insulinaemia in fasting rats. It seems that the insulin release from the pancreas of the deficient rats is normal after a moderate treatment: for example after a single injection of glucose 0,5 g/kg in the carotide, or during the digestion of a mixed meal (rats trained to eat their day's food in a short time), or during an intestinal perfusion in vivo of weak concentrated glucose solutions (0,5 to 2 g/l). But after meal feeding a glucose rich diet (65 p. cent) or during intestinal perfusions of solutions with a higher glucose content (up to 15 g/l) the hyper-insulinaemia is fleeting in the deficient rats and its appeared highest hyperglycaemia in some perfused animals. The endocrine regulations of the vitamin A-deficient rats are considered in the discussion.", "PMID": 677625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3138", "title": "Systemic antibiotics for use in ocular infections--penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus.", "content": "An analysis is made of the usefulness of various antibiotics in the systemic treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis. The staphylococcus is a common causative organism, particularly in cases following ocular trauma. Methicillin is the drug with which ophthalmic investigators have had the most experience, and is an acceptable therapeutic choice in the treatment of gram-positive endophthalmitis. Oxacillin has not been shown to penetrate the blood-aqueous barrier, and should not be used systemically. Dicloxacillin, currently not available for parenteral administration, is the penicillinase-resistant penicillin of choice. Cephalothin penetrates the eye well, but satisfactory levels are not maintained for a sufficient length of time. Cephaloridine, with excellent intraocular penetration and gram-negative coverage, may well be the optimal drug in patients with normal renal function.", "contents": "Systemic antibiotics for use in ocular infections--penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. An analysis is made of the usefulness of various antibiotics in the systemic treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis. The staphylococcus is a common causative organism, particularly in cases following ocular trauma. Methicillin is the drug with which ophthalmic investigators have had the most experience, and is an acceptable therapeutic choice in the treatment of gram-positive endophthalmitis. Oxacillin has not been shown to penetrate the blood-aqueous barrier, and should not be used systemically. Dicloxacillin, currently not available for parenteral administration, is the penicillinase-resistant penicillin of choice. Cephalothin penetrates the eye well, but satisfactory levels are not maintained for a sufficient length of time. Cephaloridine, with excellent intraocular penetration and gram-negative coverage, may well be the optimal drug in patients with normal renal function.", "PMID": 677626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3139", "title": "The dynamic film thickness of cushioning agents on contact lens materials.", "content": "Using an in vitro technique, a number of commercial as well as pure polymer solutions were evaluated for their ability to form thick aqueous layers on contact lens materials. It was demonstrated that the thickness of adhered pure polymer films was strictly viscosity dependent and did not depend upon the solution's wetting properties (ie, contact angle and surface tension) nor the surface upon which the solution was deposited (eg, glass, a hydrophilic surface versus Plexiglass, a relatively hydrophobic surface). The clinical implications of this study are that the desired solution properties of tear substitutes may be quite different from those of wetting and \"cushioning\" solutions.", "contents": "The dynamic film thickness of cushioning agents on contact lens materials. Using an in vitro technique, a number of commercial as well as pure polymer solutions were evaluated for their ability to form thick aqueous layers on contact lens materials. It was demonstrated that the thickness of adhered pure polymer films was strictly viscosity dependent and did not depend upon the solution's wetting properties (ie, contact angle and surface tension) nor the surface upon which the solution was deposited (eg, glass, a hydrophilic surface versus Plexiglass, a relatively hydrophobic surface). The clinical implications of this study are that the desired solution properties of tear substitutes may be quite different from those of wetting and \"cushioning\" solutions.", "PMID": 677628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3140", "title": "Treatment of acute gonococcal conjunctivitis.", "content": "Because of the remarkable increasing incidence of gonorrhea, there is danger that gonococcal conjunctivitis also will increase. The ability of the gonococcus to rapidly cause corneal destruction and become increasingly resistant to penicillin make it imperative for ophthalmologists to keep up to date on effective treatment methods. A treatment schedule for acute gonococcal conjunctivitis is presented.", "contents": "Treatment of acute gonococcal conjunctivitis. Because of the remarkable increasing incidence of gonorrhea, there is danger that gonococcal conjunctivitis also will increase. The ability of the gonococcus to rapidly cause corneal destruction and become increasingly resistant to penicillin make it imperative for ophthalmologists to keep up to date on effective treatment methods. A treatment schedule for acute gonococcal conjunctivitis is presented.", "PMID": 677629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3141", "title": "Congenital toxoplasmosis: chances of occurrence in subsequent siblings.", "content": "Occurrence of congenital toxoplasmosis in subsequent siblings after the birth of an affected child is discussed. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis was found in 3 surviving siblings. The diagnosis was made by the typical fundus lesions in children, intracranial calcification in one child, and significant positive titer for toxoplasmic antibodies in all the children and the mother, who was asymptomatic. Serology for syphilis, skin tests for histoplasmosis and tuberculosis, blood studies with sedimentation rate, and chest roentgenograms were all negative in mother and all 3 children. The view that transmission of infection from mother to the fetus may result from a chronically infested uterine wall is supported and is thought to be the probable cause in the cases reported here. After the birth of one child with congenital toxoplasmosis, the parents may be reassured about the favorable prognosis of subsequent pregnancies with some reservation. However, it appears unwise to categorically refute the repetition of congenital toxoplasmosis in siblings. It is also suggested that because of possible danger of reactivation, the healed toxoplasmic chorioretinal lesions should be properly monitored if the patient is to be given corticosteroids for any other reason.", "contents": "Congenital toxoplasmosis: chances of occurrence in subsequent siblings. Occurrence of congenital toxoplasmosis in subsequent siblings after the birth of an affected child is discussed. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis was found in 3 surviving siblings. The diagnosis was made by the typical fundus lesions in children, intracranial calcification in one child, and significant positive titer for toxoplasmic antibodies in all the children and the mother, who was asymptomatic. Serology for syphilis, skin tests for histoplasmosis and tuberculosis, blood studies with sedimentation rate, and chest roentgenograms were all negative in mother and all 3 children. The view that transmission of infection from mother to the fetus may result from a chronically infested uterine wall is supported and is thought to be the probable cause in the cases reported here. After the birth of one child with congenital toxoplasmosis, the parents may be reassured about the favorable prognosis of subsequent pregnancies with some reservation. However, it appears unwise to categorically refute the repetition of congenital toxoplasmosis in siblings. It is also suggested that because of possible danger of reactivation, the healed toxoplasmic chorioretinal lesions should be properly monitored if the patient is to be given corticosteroids for any other reason.", "PMID": 677631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3142", "title": "An irrigation-aspiration handpiece.", "content": "An irrigation-aspiration handpiece consisting of 4 stainless steel pieces affords control and variability for the physician in removal of soft cataractous material.", "contents": "An irrigation-aspiration handpiece. An irrigation-aspiration handpiece consisting of 4 stainless steel pieces affords control and variability for the physician in removal of soft cataractous material.", "PMID": 677635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3143", "title": "Topical anesthesia for inferior rectus recession in thyroid ophthalmopathy.", "content": "The restrictive hypotropia seen in thyroid patients is most commonly due to an infiltrative myopathy of the inferior rectus muscle. With the described technique, using topical anesthesia, the degree of muscle contraction and inelasticity determines where the inferior rectus should be placed to permit full upgaze. This provides full correction of the restrictive hypotropia with the least possible amount of muscle recession.", "contents": "Topical anesthesia for inferior rectus recession in thyroid ophthalmopathy. The restrictive hypotropia seen in thyroid patients is most commonly due to an infiltrative myopathy of the inferior rectus muscle. With the described technique, using topical anesthesia, the degree of muscle contraction and inelasticity determines where the inferior rectus should be placed to permit full upgaze. This provides full correction of the restrictive hypotropia with the least possible amount of muscle recession.", "PMID": 677636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3144", "title": "Eye-cosmetic-induced conjunctival pigmentation.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic study of conjunctival pigmentation in a 27-year-old woman who used eyelid cosmetics is presented. The deposited material consists of ferritin particles and probably iron oxide and carbon. A review of the literature on conjunctival pigmentation secondary to eyelid cosmetics is presented.", "contents": "Eye-cosmetic-induced conjunctival pigmentation. Light and electron microscopic study of conjunctival pigmentation in a 27-year-old woman who used eyelid cosmetics is presented. The deposited material consists of ferritin particles and probably iron oxide and carbon. A review of the literature on conjunctival pigmentation secondary to eyelid cosmetics is presented.", "PMID": 677637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3145", "title": "Prolonged hypotony following cataract extraction.", "content": "Hypotony after intracapsular cataract extraction was prolonged in 3 eyes because cyclodialysis clefts were inadvertently formed. One eye became normotensive with the topical application of corticosteroid; 2 required surgical intervention.", "contents": "Prolonged hypotony following cataract extraction. Hypotony after intracapsular cataract extraction was prolonged in 3 eyes because cyclodialysis clefts were inadvertently formed. One eye became normotensive with the topical application of corticosteroid; 2 required surgical intervention.", "PMID": 677638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3146", "title": "The monocularly elicited visual evoked response in chronic glaucoma.", "content": "The monocularly elicited transscleral visual evoked cortical response was measured in a group of patients with asymmetric visual field loss due to chronic open-angle glaucoma. It was established that the visual field loss in the 2 eyes was statistically different in the patients. In addition, the peak amplitude of the visual evoked response obtained from a common occipital cortical position was statistically different when the 2 eyes were separately stimulated. A good linear correlation was found between the amplitude of the monocular transscleral visual evoked response and the amount of visual field remaining on tangent screen perimetry. The best correlation was found when a red stimulus was used to elicit the VER. The monocularly elicited visual evoked response provides an objective measurement of visual field in chronic open-angle glaucoma. It has value in those patients who have asymmetric disease and who are unable to provide reliable subjective responses. It may be useful in such patients to follow progression of the glaucomatous process.", "contents": "The monocularly elicited visual evoked response in chronic glaucoma. The monocularly elicited transscleral visual evoked cortical response was measured in a group of patients with asymmetric visual field loss due to chronic open-angle glaucoma. It was established that the visual field loss in the 2 eyes was statistically different in the patients. In addition, the peak amplitude of the visual evoked response obtained from a common occipital cortical position was statistically different when the 2 eyes were separately stimulated. A good linear correlation was found between the amplitude of the monocular transscleral visual evoked response and the amount of visual field remaining on tangent screen perimetry. The best correlation was found when a red stimulus was used to elicit the VER. The monocularly elicited visual evoked response provides an objective measurement of visual field in chronic open-angle glaucoma. It has value in those patients who have asymmetric disease and who are unable to provide reliable subjective responses. It may be useful in such patients to follow progression of the glaucomatous process.", "PMID": 677639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3147", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as optic neuritis.", "content": "A 57-year-old white man presented with unilateral optic neuritis. General physical examination and neurologic consultation revealed no further findings. Laboratory investigation, however, yielded an elevated sedimentation rate, positive LE preparation, elevated ANA titer, false-positive VDRL, and red blood cell casts in the urine. A diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was made. The patient was treated with sub-Tenon and systemic corticosteroids. There was a moderate improvement in central visual acuity. The suspected pathophysiology of SLE is reviewed. The papillitis presumably reflects the generalized vasculitis of SLE and may be responsive to corticosteroids as are other signs and symptoms of this disease.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as optic neuritis. A 57-year-old white man presented with unilateral optic neuritis. General physical examination and neurologic consultation revealed no further findings. Laboratory investigation, however, yielded an elevated sedimentation rate, positive LE preparation, elevated ANA titer, false-positive VDRL, and red blood cell casts in the urine. A diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was made. The patient was treated with sub-Tenon and systemic corticosteroids. There was a moderate improvement in central visual acuity. The suspected pathophysiology of SLE is reviewed. The papillitis presumably reflects the generalized vasculitis of SLE and may be responsive to corticosteroids as are other signs and symptoms of this disease.", "PMID": 677640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3148", "title": "Dextrocardia and ventricular septal defect in the M\u00f6bius syndrome.", "content": "A case of M\u00f6bius syndrome is reported with the additional features of dextrocardia and a single ventricle, neither of which have been previously reported in the literature with this syndrome. Correlation of the period in embryogenesis of cardiac partitioning and rotation with the appearance of the cranial nuclei and limb buds would support the proposal that the fourth to the seventh week of gestation is the critical period of embryogenesis, wherein an intrauterine insult could give rise to the M\u00f6bius syndrome.", "contents": "Dextrocardia and ventricular septal defect in the M\u00f6bius syndrome. A case of M\u00f6bius syndrome is reported with the additional features of dextrocardia and a single ventricle, neither of which have been previously reported in the literature with this syndrome. Correlation of the period in embryogenesis of cardiac partitioning and rotation with the appearance of the cranial nuclei and limb buds would support the proposal that the fourth to the seventh week of gestation is the critical period of embryogenesis, wherein an intrauterine insult could give rise to the M\u00f6bius syndrome.", "PMID": 677641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3149", "title": "Retinal vascular occlusions and their treatment with low molecular weight dextran and vasodilators: report of six years' experience.", "content": "Fifty-two cases of retinal vascular occlusions were treated with retrobulbar injection of lidocaine (Xylocaine) and acethylcholine and systemic administration of low molecular weight dextran and papaverine hydrochloride. Twenty-eight patients had arterial occlusion while 24 patients suffered from venous occlusion. Improvement in vision was observed in 13 eyes (46%) with arterial occlusion. Sixteen patients (66%) with venous occlusion showed improvement in vision. Only 9 cases (17.3%) recovered completely (3 arterial occlusion and 6 venous occlusion). Good results were achieved only if treatment was started shortly after the onset of the disease. Systemic side effects of low molecular weight dextran were observed in 6 cases, all of which were excluded from the present study. Despite the relatively good results obtained with the use of low molecular dextran combined with papaverine hydrochloride in the treatment of retinal vascular occlusions, this treatment cannot be considered a revolutionary breakthrough.", "contents": "Retinal vascular occlusions and their treatment with low molecular weight dextran and vasodilators: report of six years' experience. Fifty-two cases of retinal vascular occlusions were treated with retrobulbar injection of lidocaine (Xylocaine) and acethylcholine and systemic administration of low molecular weight dextran and papaverine hydrochloride. Twenty-eight patients had arterial occlusion while 24 patients suffered from venous occlusion. Improvement in vision was observed in 13 eyes (46%) with arterial occlusion. Sixteen patients (66%) with venous occlusion showed improvement in vision. Only 9 cases (17.3%) recovered completely (3 arterial occlusion and 6 venous occlusion). Good results were achieved only if treatment was started shortly after the onset of the disease. Systemic side effects of low molecular weight dextran were observed in 6 cases, all of which were excluded from the present study. Despite the relatively good results obtained with the use of low molecular dextran combined with papaverine hydrochloride in the treatment of retinal vascular occlusions, this treatment cannot be considered a revolutionary breakthrough.", "PMID": 677642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3150", "title": "Traumatic central retinal vein occlusion.", "content": "A patient with the clinical picture of thrombosis of the central retinal vein following relatively minor head trauma is discussed. Only 2 reports in the literature have documented a similar event. It is suggested that the condition may have arisen as a result of an abnormality of the central retinal venous outflow system since such an abnormal pattern was discovered on orbital venography.", "contents": "Traumatic central retinal vein occlusion. A patient with the clinical picture of thrombosis of the central retinal vein following relatively minor head trauma is discussed. Only 2 reports in the literature have documented a similar event. It is suggested that the condition may have arisen as a result of an abnormality of the central retinal venous outflow system since such an abnormal pattern was discovered on orbital venography.", "PMID": 677643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3151", "title": "Iontophoretic local anesthesia for conjunctival surgery.", "content": "An iontophoretic unit, originally designed to deliver local anesthesia to the tympanic membrane, has been adapted for use on the tarsal conjunctiva before excision of conjunctivolithiasis plaques and other intra- and subconjunctival lesions.", "contents": "Iontophoretic local anesthesia for conjunctival surgery. An iontophoretic unit, originally designed to deliver local anesthesia to the tympanic membrane, has been adapted for use on the tarsal conjunctiva before excision of conjunctivolithiasis plaques and other intra- and subconjunctival lesions.", "PMID": 677645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3152", "title": "Numerical grading of the disc.", "content": "The current method of grading the optic disc cannot replace stereoscopic photography. The present method of describing the optic disc is misleading and does not supply as much information as could be provided. The proposed method adds both vertical and horizontal dimensions. It takes very little time to record and supplies both the reader and subsequent examiner with a more detailed description of the disc, cup, disc ratio.", "contents": "Numerical grading of the disc. The current method of grading the optic disc cannot replace stereoscopic photography. The present method of describing the optic disc is misleading and does not supply as much information as could be provided. The proposed method adds both vertical and horizontal dimensions. It takes very little time to record and supplies both the reader and subsequent examiner with a more detailed description of the disc, cup, disc ratio.", "PMID": 677646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3153", "title": "Congenital medial canthal tendon malposition.", "content": "This report describes the characteristics and treatment of a syndrome in which the predominant ophthalmic defect is a congenital malposition of the medial canthal tendon. The syndrome is illustrated by 3 patients, each of whom had associated nasal deformities on the ipsilateral side. These congenital anomalies most likely resulted from an arrest in development during the second month of embryonic life. A combined effort by the ophthalmic plastic surgeon, the general plastic surgeon, and the otolaryngologist has been found useful in the management of these patients.", "contents": "Congenital medial canthal tendon malposition. This report describes the characteristics and treatment of a syndrome in which the predominant ophthalmic defect is a congenital malposition of the medial canthal tendon. The syndrome is illustrated by 3 patients, each of whom had associated nasal deformities on the ipsilateral side. These congenital anomalies most likely resulted from an arrest in development during the second month of embryonic life. A combined effort by the ophthalmic plastic surgeon, the general plastic surgeon, and the otolaryngologist has been found useful in the management of these patients.", "PMID": 677650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3154", "title": "Bietti's crystalline fundus dystrophy.", "content": "Two cases of Bietti's crystalline fundus dystrophy are presented. The crystals in the posterior pole are associated with a diffuse tapetoretinal degeneration. The functional symptoms are less severe than in pigmentary retinopathy.", "contents": "Bietti's crystalline fundus dystrophy. Two cases of Bietti's crystalline fundus dystrophy are presented. The crystals in the posterior pole are associated with a diffuse tapetoretinal degeneration. The functional symptoms are less severe than in pigmentary retinopathy.", "PMID": 677651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3155", "title": "Delayed onset chloroquine retinopathy: case report.", "content": "A patient presented with decreased visual acuity and retinal findings compatible with chloroquine retinopathy 5 years after discontinuing regular usage of chloroquine for rheumatoid arthritis. A review of the literature on chloroquine retinopathy is outlined. In addition, the characteristic findings including fluorescein angiography, retinal physiologic studies, and symptoms are reviewed. Chloroquine retinopathy is dose related and essentially irreversible and often progressive once typical findings are noted. To our knowledge very delayed onset of chloroquine retinopathy is a relatively rare phenomenon but the medical and ophthalmic communities must be alerted to the possibly severe complications of this iatrogenic disease entity.", "contents": "Delayed onset chloroquine retinopathy: case report. A patient presented with decreased visual acuity and retinal findings compatible with chloroquine retinopathy 5 years after discontinuing regular usage of chloroquine for rheumatoid arthritis. A review of the literature on chloroquine retinopathy is outlined. In addition, the characteristic findings including fluorescein angiography, retinal physiologic studies, and symptoms are reviewed. Chloroquine retinopathy is dose related and essentially irreversible and often progressive once typical findings are noted. To our knowledge very delayed onset of chloroquine retinopathy is a relatively rare phenomenon but the medical and ophthalmic communities must be alerted to the possibly severe complications of this iatrogenic disease entity.", "PMID": 677653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3156", "title": "Ocular complications of electroconvulsive therapy.", "content": "Multiple cardioversion shocks were recently reported to cause disruption of the iris pigment epithelium. Pigment debris was deposited on the anterior lens surface, iris stroma, corneal endothelium, and trabecular meshwork. Similar findings were observed in 3 of 4 patients receiving more than 10 electroconvulsive therapy shocks and in a fifth patient who became attached to an electrified fence.", "contents": "Ocular complications of electroconvulsive therapy. Multiple cardioversion shocks were recently reported to cause disruption of the iris pigment epithelium. Pigment debris was deposited on the anterior lens surface, iris stroma, corneal endothelium, and trabecular meshwork. Similar findings were observed in 3 of 4 patients receiving more than 10 electroconvulsive therapy shocks and in a fifth patient who became attached to an electrified fence.", "PMID": 677654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3157", "title": "Peripheral retinal neovascularization in sarcoidosis with thalassemia.", "content": "A black youth with peripheral retinal (sea fan) neovascularization had both sarcoidosis and alpha-thalassemia. The possibility that both of these disease entities were responsible for the observed pathology is explored. Most of the pathology present, the stasis, the hypoxia, and the vasoproliferation, is presumed to be due to the sarcoidosis. No definite relationship was established in this case for the alpha-thalassemia, a rare genetic abnormality of hemoglobin production.", "contents": "Peripheral retinal neovascularization in sarcoidosis with thalassemia. A black youth with peripheral retinal (sea fan) neovascularization had both sarcoidosis and alpha-thalassemia. The possibility that both of these disease entities were responsible for the observed pathology is explored. Most of the pathology present, the stasis, the hypoxia, and the vasoproliferation, is presumed to be due to the sarcoidosis. No definite relationship was established in this case for the alpha-thalassemia, a rare genetic abnormality of hemoglobin production.", "PMID": 677655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3158", "title": "Some observations on ocular manifestation of sickle cell disease.", "content": "The ocular manifestations of 76 sickle cell disease patients are reported. Our findings indicate that any type of sickle cell oculopathy may appear in conjunction with any type of hemoglobinopathy and that no single ocular finding is specific to any one type of sickle cell anomaly. Sickle cell oculopathy, particularly retinopathy, is found to be a slowly progressive condition. Treatment of retinal and vitreal neovascularization with photocoagulation seems to be indicated to stop the disease process. Acute retinal vascular occlusion seems to respond favorably to the intravenous administration of low molecular weight dextran and papaverine hydrochloride. Sickle cell patients suffering from retinal detachment do not respond favorably to conventional retinal detachment surgery.", "contents": "Some observations on ocular manifestation of sickle cell disease. The ocular manifestations of 76 sickle cell disease patients are reported. Our findings indicate that any type of sickle cell oculopathy may appear in conjunction with any type of hemoglobinopathy and that no single ocular finding is specific to any one type of sickle cell anomaly. Sickle cell oculopathy, particularly retinopathy, is found to be a slowly progressive condition. Treatment of retinal and vitreal neovascularization with photocoagulation seems to be indicated to stop the disease process. Acute retinal vascular occlusion seems to respond favorably to the intravenous administration of low molecular weight dextran and papaverine hydrochloride. Sickle cell patients suffering from retinal detachment do not respond favorably to conventional retinal detachment surgery.", "PMID": 677656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3159", "title": "A new gas permeable hard contact lens.", "content": "In reviewing the literature, it becomes apparent that there is continued interest in a gas permeable contact lens. Although silicone is the logical choice of material because of its unusual oxygen permeability, its hydrophobic characteristics, poor centering characteristics, and problems with proper edging have prevented its widespread use. This paper reports on a preliminary study in a group of 25 phakic patients fitted with a lens made of a new material consisting of polymethylmethacrylate in combination with silicone. The material is reported to be gas permeable although advantage is also taken of the lens flexibility to enhance the interchange of tears to maintain normal corneal metabolism. The other advantages of the lens are its wettability and its unusual degree of comfort.", "contents": "A new gas permeable hard contact lens. In reviewing the literature, it becomes apparent that there is continued interest in a gas permeable contact lens. Although silicone is the logical choice of material because of its unusual oxygen permeability, its hydrophobic characteristics, poor centering characteristics, and problems with proper edging have prevented its widespread use. This paper reports on a preliminary study in a group of 25 phakic patients fitted with a lens made of a new material consisting of polymethylmethacrylate in combination with silicone. The material is reported to be gas permeable although advantage is also taken of the lens flexibility to enhance the interchange of tears to maintain normal corneal metabolism. The other advantages of the lens are its wettability and its unusual degree of comfort.", "PMID": 677657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3160", "title": "Cyclic esotropia.", "content": "A recent case of cyclic esotropia is reported. Factors precipitating the cycle and theories about the clock mechanism are discussed. At present the exact nature and location of the clock mechanism remains speculative.", "contents": "Cyclic esotropia. A recent case of cyclic esotropia is reported. Factors precipitating the cycle and theories about the clock mechanism are discussed. At present the exact nature and location of the clock mechanism remains speculative.", "PMID": 677658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3161", "title": "Intraepithelial epithelioma (Bowen's disease) of conjunctiva and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Occurrence of intraepithelial epithelioma (Bowen's disease) of the conjunctiva in a 54-year-old white man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and bilateral labiopalatine clefting is discussed. The lesion developed slowly during 3 years following mechanical trauma to the eye. The interrelationship between trauma, Bowen's disease, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia remains obscure. It is postulated that an altered immunologic status might be responsible for neoplastic changes in the posttraumatic healing process. Intractable lesions in a patient with abnormal immunologic system or with an already proven malignancy should be studied by excisional biopsy.", "contents": "Intraepithelial epithelioma (Bowen's disease) of conjunctiva and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Occurrence of intraepithelial epithelioma (Bowen's disease) of the conjunctiva in a 54-year-old white man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and bilateral labiopalatine clefting is discussed. The lesion developed slowly during 3 years following mechanical trauma to the eye. The interrelationship between trauma, Bowen's disease, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia remains obscure. It is postulated that an altered immunologic status might be responsible for neoplastic changes in the posttraumatic healing process. Intractable lesions in a patient with abnormal immunologic system or with an already proven malignancy should be studied by excisional biopsy.", "PMID": 677659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3162", "title": "Effect of xenon arc photocoagulation on corneal endothelium.", "content": "Xenon arc photocoagulation of the fundus of pigmented rabbits resulted in no corneal endothelial cell damage when the experiment was designed to minimize corneal temperature rise by frequent topical instillations of ophthalmic irrigating solution.", "contents": "Effect of xenon arc photocoagulation on corneal endothelium. Xenon arc photocoagulation of the fundus of pigmented rabbits resulted in no corneal endothelial cell damage when the experiment was designed to minimize corneal temperature rise by frequent topical instillations of ophthalmic irrigating solution.", "PMID": 677661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3163", "title": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments in blacks.", "content": "Primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is probably much less common in blacks than whites. We reviewed 100 consecutive black patients with retinal detachment who were seen over a 3 year period, and compared them to a randomly selected group of 100 whites seen during the same period. Trauma was the most common cause of detachment in blacks (52%), but was a relatively uncommon cause in whites (12%). Posterior vitreous detachment was the most frequent etiology of detachment in whites (47%), but was rare in blacks (15%). Aphakia was the second most common etiology in whites (30%), while it was relatively uncommon in blacks (13%). Myopia and/or lattice was a more frequent associated finding in blacks with detachment (19%), than in whites (9%). These findings are discussed and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments in blacks. Primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is probably much less common in blacks than whites. We reviewed 100 consecutive black patients with retinal detachment who were seen over a 3 year period, and compared them to a randomly selected group of 100 whites seen during the same period. Trauma was the most common cause of detachment in blacks (52%), but was a relatively uncommon cause in whites (12%). Posterior vitreous detachment was the most frequent etiology of detachment in whites (47%), but was rare in blacks (15%). Aphakia was the second most common etiology in whites (30%), while it was relatively uncommon in blacks (13%). Myopia and/or lattice was a more frequent associated finding in blacks with detachment (19%), than in whites (9%). These findings are discussed and the literature reviewed.", "PMID": 677662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3164", "title": "Minimum ptosis corrected by lid fold procedure.", "content": "The lid fold procedure has become a popular ophthalmic plastic surgical procedure among Oriental girls following World War II here in Hawaii and in the Orient. In addition to creating a lid fold, the procedure can be used to correct a mild degree of ptosis (1 to 3 mm). When done under local anesthesia the width of the fold, the amount of elevation, and the matching symmetry of the eyelids can be readily controlled.", "contents": "Minimum ptosis corrected by lid fold procedure. The lid fold procedure has become a popular ophthalmic plastic surgical procedure among Oriental girls following World War II here in Hawaii and in the Orient. In addition to creating a lid fold, the procedure can be used to correct a mild degree of ptosis (1 to 3 mm). When done under local anesthesia the width of the fold, the amount of elevation, and the matching symmetry of the eyelids can be readily controlled.", "PMID": 677663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3165", "title": "Lindner posterior vitreous fistula with senile cataract extraction for quick reformation of anterior chamber: indications, technique, and results.", "content": "Pars plana partial vitrectomy using Lindner posterior vitreous fistula was prophylactically used with senile cataract extraction in cases known to be liable for nonreformation of anterior chamber and gelly vitreous with perfect results as regards postoperative maintenance of anterior chamber aphakic depth. The combined operation is indicated in cases (1) if the other eye was lost through nonreformation of anterior chamber after a perfect senile cataract extraction; and (2) in very old patients with very shallow anterior chamber especially when there are other senile ocular changes such as flatter, thinner cornea, tendency for uveal vascular engorgement and exudations (after hypotony of operation), and bad wound healing. This is especially true in small hypermetropic eyes with small cornea. The technique of the combined operation is described.", "contents": "Lindner posterior vitreous fistula with senile cataract extraction for quick reformation of anterior chamber: indications, technique, and results. Pars plana partial vitrectomy using Lindner posterior vitreous fistula was prophylactically used with senile cataract extraction in cases known to be liable for nonreformation of anterior chamber and gelly vitreous with perfect results as regards postoperative maintenance of anterior chamber aphakic depth. The combined operation is indicated in cases (1) if the other eye was lost through nonreformation of anterior chamber after a perfect senile cataract extraction; and (2) in very old patients with very shallow anterior chamber especially when there are other senile ocular changes such as flatter, thinner cornea, tendency for uveal vascular engorgement and exudations (after hypotony of operation), and bad wound healing. This is especially true in small hypermetropic eyes with small cornea. The technique of the combined operation is described.", "PMID": 677664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3166", "title": "Pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy.", "content": "A patient with paravenous pigmented chorioretinal atrophy is presented. A differential diagnosis and review of the literature are discussed. Fluorescein angiography confirms the presence of a widespread paravenous retinal pigment epithelial defect with minimally affected choroidal vasculature. The visual fields are constricted in proportion to the extent of the pigmentary abnormality. The electro-oculogram and electroretinogram show reduced responses indicative of a more extensive abnormality than is visible ophthalmoscopically. The etiology and natural course of this entity are unknown.", "contents": "Pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy. A patient with paravenous pigmented chorioretinal atrophy is presented. A differential diagnosis and review of the literature are discussed. Fluorescein angiography confirms the presence of a widespread paravenous retinal pigment epithelial defect with minimally affected choroidal vasculature. The visual fields are constricted in proportion to the extent of the pigmentary abnormality. The electro-oculogram and electroretinogram show reduced responses indicative of a more extensive abnormality than is visible ophthalmoscopically. The etiology and natural course of this entity are unknown.", "PMID": 677665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3167", "title": "Abnormal head positions due to ocular problems.", "content": "This paper involves the research of 30 patients, all of whom exhibited a head tilt, turn, or a combination of the two. We report the sensory aspects of 8 of these individuals and demonstrate the fusional ability of each patient. In the majority of the cases, the results were positive. It was found that most abnormal head positions were developed to maintain fusion.", "contents": "Abnormal head positions due to ocular problems. This paper involves the research of 30 patients, all of whom exhibited a head tilt, turn, or a combination of the two. We report the sensory aspects of 8 of these individuals and demonstrate the fusional ability of each patient. In the majority of the cases, the results were positive. It was found that most abnormal head positions were developed to maintain fusion.", "PMID": 677666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3168", "title": "Presumed spontaneously regressed retinoblastoma.", "content": "A history of blindness in one eye since childhood, the fundus appearance of the other eye, and the family history of elevated plasma levels of carcinoembryonic (CEA) antigen and colorectal carcinoma led us to diagnose bilateral spontaneously regressed retinoblastoma. Massive gliosis of the retina was found in the eye enucleated because of blindness and pain. The diagnosis of regressed retinoblastoma should be considered where the pathologic diagnosis of an enucleated eye is massive gliosis of the retina, but where no known cause is present.", "contents": "Presumed spontaneously regressed retinoblastoma. A history of blindness in one eye since childhood, the fundus appearance of the other eye, and the family history of elevated plasma levels of carcinoembryonic (CEA) antigen and colorectal carcinoma led us to diagnose bilateral spontaneously regressed retinoblastoma. Massive gliosis of the retina was found in the eye enucleated because of blindness and pain. The diagnosis of regressed retinoblastoma should be considered where the pathologic diagnosis of an enucleated eye is massive gliosis of the retina, but where no known cause is present.", "PMID": 677667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3169", "title": "B-scan ultrasonography of retinal detachments.", "content": "Characteristic ultrasonsographic patterns of retinal detachment in a variety of clinical circumstances are demonstrated and discussed. Uncomplicated retinal detachment consists of ultrasonically detected retinal detachment without associated pathology in the vitreous, subretinal space, or choroid. The simultaneous detection of lesions in one or more of these areas may be a source of diagnostic confusion. Acoustic diagnostic criteria for differentiation of associated conditions in complicated retinal detachments are demonstrated and discussed. High resolution A-scan and B-scan ultrasonography provides a method for detection and diagnosis of retinal detachment, associated ocular pathology, and simulating conditions.", "contents": "B-scan ultrasonography of retinal detachments. Characteristic ultrasonsographic patterns of retinal detachment in a variety of clinical circumstances are demonstrated and discussed. Uncomplicated retinal detachment consists of ultrasonically detected retinal detachment without associated pathology in the vitreous, subretinal space, or choroid. The simultaneous detection of lesions in one or more of these areas may be a source of diagnostic confusion. Acoustic diagnostic criteria for differentiation of associated conditions in complicated retinal detachments are demonstrated and discussed. High resolution A-scan and B-scan ultrasonography provides a method for detection and diagnosis of retinal detachment, associated ocular pathology, and simulating conditions.", "PMID": 677668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3170", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens (HLA) and open angle glaucoma.", "content": "In 70 patients with primary open angle glaucoma and 70 unrelated controls of identical ethnic origin, the prevalence of different HLA antigens were examined. There were statistically no significant differences in the incidence of the antigens in both groups. There was no association between specific HLA antigen and primary open angle glaucoma.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens (HLA) and open angle glaucoma. In 70 patients with primary open angle glaucoma and 70 unrelated controls of identical ethnic origin, the prevalence of different HLA antigens were examined. There were statistically no significant differences in the incidence of the antigens in both groups. There was no association between specific HLA antigen and primary open angle glaucoma.", "PMID": 677669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3171", "title": "Occult retinitis pigmentosa simulating central nervous system disease.", "content": "The case histories of 3 elderly patients with senile pigmentary dystrophy of the retina are presented. Recognition of this occult form of retinitis pigmentosa was obscured by the late onset of symptoms, lack of subjective night blindness, subtle fundus abnormalities, and absence of family history of eye disease. Unexplained visual field loss prompted invasive neurologic studies for suspected brain tumor in 2 patients and long-term anticoagulation administration in the third, who was believed to have primary cerebrovascular disease. Retinitis pigmentosa should be considered when evaluating older patients with field defects. Fluorescein angiography and electrophysiologic and psychophysical techniques are helpful in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Occult retinitis pigmentosa simulating central nervous system disease. The case histories of 3 elderly patients with senile pigmentary dystrophy of the retina are presented. Recognition of this occult form of retinitis pigmentosa was obscured by the late onset of symptoms, lack of subjective night blindness, subtle fundus abnormalities, and absence of family history of eye disease. Unexplained visual field loss prompted invasive neurologic studies for suspected brain tumor in 2 patients and long-term anticoagulation administration in the third, who was believed to have primary cerebrovascular disease. Retinitis pigmentosa should be considered when evaluating older patients with field defects. Fluorescein angiography and electrophysiologic and psychophysical techniques are helpful in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 677670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3172", "title": "Experimental cataract production by high frequency ultrasound.", "content": "In vivo animal experiments were performed to study the cataractogenic effects of high-frequency, high-intensity ultrasound. A series of anesthetized rabbits was insonified with quantified exposures of ultrasound using a 9.8 MHz focused ultrasonic beam. Ophthalmoscopic and slit lamp examinations revealed small haze cataracts as the first stage of lenticular damage. Larger exposures produced totally opaque cataracts. These first appeared as fine white threads surrounded by haze cataracts. The intensity-exposure time conjugates required to produce haze cataracts were determined over times ranging from 35 msec to 5 sec. At short times (under 100 msec) a relatively constant amount of energy was needed for cataract production. At longer times, the requried energy progressively increased. This observation, together with the physical appearance of these cataracts, suggests that those lesions are the result of thermal phenomena.", "contents": "Experimental cataract production by high frequency ultrasound. In vivo animal experiments were performed to study the cataractogenic effects of high-frequency, high-intensity ultrasound. A series of anesthetized rabbits was insonified with quantified exposures of ultrasound using a 9.8 MHz focused ultrasonic beam. Ophthalmoscopic and slit lamp examinations revealed small haze cataracts as the first stage of lenticular damage. Larger exposures produced totally opaque cataracts. These first appeared as fine white threads surrounded by haze cataracts. The intensity-exposure time conjugates required to produce haze cataracts were determined over times ranging from 35 msec to 5 sec. At short times (under 100 msec) a relatively constant amount of energy was needed for cataract production. At longer times, the requried energy progressively increased. This observation, together with the physical appearance of these cataracts, suggests that those lesions are the result of thermal phenomena.", "PMID": 677671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3173", "title": "Contact lens tolerance and oral contraceptives.", "content": "Five hundred seventeen persons, 199 women used oral contraceptives, 242 women who served as a control group, and reference group of 76 males, were studied with regard to their tolerance to contact lenses. Statistically no difference was found between the number of persons with regard to good, moderate, and poor contact lens tolerance in each of these 3 groups. A total of 40 females, of which 18 were using oral contraceptives and 22 were not, discontinued the wear of contact lenses as they could not tolerate them at all. Analysis showed that the number of persons in each group did not differ significantly. There was a suggestion of increased intolerance in the older age groups as compared to the younger age groups.", "contents": "Contact lens tolerance and oral contraceptives. Five hundred seventeen persons, 199 women used oral contraceptives, 242 women who served as a control group, and reference group of 76 males, were studied with regard to their tolerance to contact lenses. Statistically no difference was found between the number of persons with regard to good, moderate, and poor contact lens tolerance in each of these 3 groups. A total of 40 females, of which 18 were using oral contraceptives and 22 were not, discontinued the wear of contact lenses as they could not tolerate them at all. Analysis showed that the number of persons in each group did not differ significantly. There was a suggestion of increased intolerance in the older age groups as compared to the younger age groups.", "PMID": 677672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3174", "title": "[Incontinentia pigmenti. Chromosomal study of a family (author's transl)].", "content": "After lymphocyte culture, chromosomic study has been performed on a woman and her daughter suffering from incontinentia pigmenti as well as on the two healthy brothers. This study has shown a high rate of chromosomic breakage in the four subjects, which confirms the facts mentioned in several previous reports. As far as genetic advice is concerned, the discovery of an excess of chromosomic breakage in a healthy subject who is a close relative of a patient, should prompt caution.", "contents": "[Incontinentia pigmenti. Chromosomal study of a family (author's transl)]. After lymphocyte culture, chromosomic study has been performed on a woman and her daughter suffering from incontinentia pigmenti as well as on the two healthy brothers. This study has shown a high rate of chromosomic breakage in the four subjects, which confirms the facts mentioned in several previous reports. As far as genetic advice is concerned, the discovery of an excess of chromosomic breakage in a healthy subject who is a close relative of a patient, should prompt caution.", "PMID": 677681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3175", "title": "[Pityrosporum folliculitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Pityrosporum folliculitis occurs mainly among adult males on the back and may result from antibiotic and steroid administration. The lipophilic yeasts are numerous in the papulo-pustular lesions and can easily be demonstrated in the perifollicular inflammation on histological slides. 8 new cases with typical clinicopathological features are recorded by the authors. The best results are obtained with topically applied amphotericin B or econazol.", "contents": "[Pityrosporum folliculitis (author's transl)]. Pityrosporum folliculitis occurs mainly among adult males on the back and may result from antibiotic and steroid administration. The lipophilic yeasts are numerous in the papulo-pustular lesions and can easily be demonstrated in the perifollicular inflammation on histological slides. 8 new cases with typical clinicopathological features are recorded by the authors. The best results are obtained with topically applied amphotericin B or econazol.", "PMID": 677682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3176", "title": "[Ulstrastructural study of various evolutive stages of pityriasis versicolor (author's transl)].", "content": "Small size, less numerous and sometimes clustered melanosomes, were seen within the melanocytes. The others organites alos showed  abnormalities: smaller mitochondria, abundant cytofilaments. Sometimes total degeneration of the melanocyte was seen. These alterations are variable, depending upon the evolutive stage of pityriasis versicolor: either hypopigmented undergoing treatment or not, or hyperpigmented. Reactions of several cellular types of the dermoepidermal unit could be observed: more numerous Langerhans cells located near the base of the epidermis, abundant nerve fibers in the superficial dermis and active fibroblasts of foetal type. A slight inflammatory infiltrate was present in some cases. It is suggested that a toxic effect of the fungus is responsible for the changes of the morphological aspects of the melanocyte.", "contents": "[Ulstrastructural study of various evolutive stages of pityriasis versicolor (author's transl)]. Small size, less numerous and sometimes clustered melanosomes, were seen within the melanocytes. The others organites alos showed  abnormalities: smaller mitochondria, abundant cytofilaments. Sometimes total degeneration of the melanocyte was seen. These alterations are variable, depending upon the evolutive stage of pityriasis versicolor: either hypopigmented undergoing treatment or not, or hyperpigmented. Reactions of several cellular types of the dermoepidermal unit could be observed: more numerous Langerhans cells located near the base of the epidermis, abundant nerve fibers in the superficial dermis and active fibroblasts of foetal type. A slight inflammatory infiltrate was present in some cases. It is suggested that a toxic effect of the fungus is responsible for the changes of the morphological aspects of the melanocyte.", "PMID": 677683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3177", "title": "[Lupus erythematosus profundus: two cases with ultrastructural study].", "content": "Lupus erythematosus profundus (panniculitis) is an unusual clinical variant of lupus erythematosus in which the lesions occur in deeper corium and panniculus. The diagnosis usually causes difficulty. Both reported cases are similar and concern young men with subcutaneous nodules appearing on the face and leaving depressed areas. Histological examination reveals a marked infiltrate in the dermis especially around the skin appendages, reaching the deep dermis and the fat tissue; this infiltarte is composed mainly of lymphocytes and histiocytes. Some moderate epidermal changes are present: liquefaction degeneration of the basal cell layer, epidermal atrophy, thickening of basement membrane (P. A. S.). Direct immunofluorescence of the lesions showed, in one case IgG deposits at the dermo-epidermal junction. Ultrastructural findingd are similar in both cases and may be an important point of diagnosis for isolated forms: -- tubular structures \"paramyxo-virus-like-inclusions\" are present in dermal infiltrate, endothelial cells and sometimes in keratinocytes of the basal layer; -- the basal lamina has many folds and villous projections;-- vacuoles and concentric lamellar formations are observed inside keratinocytes. No clinical or immunological signs of systemic lupus were found. Antimalaric drugs clear up the nodules.", "contents": "[Lupus erythematosus profundus: two cases with ultrastructural study]. Lupus erythematosus profundus (panniculitis) is an unusual clinical variant of lupus erythematosus in which the lesions occur in deeper corium and panniculus. The diagnosis usually causes difficulty. Both reported cases are similar and concern young men with subcutaneous nodules appearing on the face and leaving depressed areas. Histological examination reveals a marked infiltrate in the dermis especially around the skin appendages, reaching the deep dermis and the fat tissue; this infiltarte is composed mainly of lymphocytes and histiocytes. Some moderate epidermal changes are present: liquefaction degeneration of the basal cell layer, epidermal atrophy, thickening of basement membrane (P. A. S.). Direct immunofluorescence of the lesions showed, in one case IgG deposits at the dermo-epidermal junction. Ultrastructural findingd are similar in both cases and may be an important point of diagnosis for isolated forms: -- tubular structures \"paramyxo-virus-like-inclusions\" are present in dermal infiltrate, endothelial cells and sometimes in keratinocytes of the basal layer; -- the basal lamina has many folds and villous projections;-- vacuoles and concentric lamellar formations are observed inside keratinocytes. No clinical or immunological signs of systemic lupus were found. Antimalaric drugs clear up the nodules.", "PMID": 677684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3178", "title": "[Cutaneous dyschromia in three cases of phenylketonuria. Quantitative ultrastructural study of the basal layer of the epidermis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied skin color modifications in 3 cases of phenylketonuria and have observed the characteristic changes; fair skin and fair hair. In addition they noted hundred of pigmented pin point or slightly larger patches in the two more affected patients, in the areas exposed to sunshine. With regard to the ultrastructural study of the epidermis basal layer, the proportion of melanocytes in the two most severe cases was slightly higher than in the normal skin of 6 control subjects. Langerhans cells could not be acertained. The more severe was the disease the greater was the tendency for a lower proportion of keratinocytes containing melanin. There is a  certain parallelism between the skin color modifications the biochemical examinations (blood level of phenylalanin and tyrosine) and the ultrastructural changes. The higher the blood level of phenlalanine and/or the more pronounced the disorders of skin color, the more evident would be the ultrastructural changes: higher proportion of melanocytes that usually do not produce the melanosomes, and lower percentage of keratinocytes with melanin. On the other hand, the ultrastructure of the basal layer would suggest the seriousness of clinical manifestations and/or the intesity of the metabolic error.", "contents": "[Cutaneous dyschromia in three cases of phenylketonuria. Quantitative ultrastructural study of the basal layer of the epidermis (author's transl)]. The authors have studied skin color modifications in 3 cases of phenylketonuria and have observed the characteristic changes; fair skin and fair hair. In addition they noted hundred of pigmented pin point or slightly larger patches in the two more affected patients, in the areas exposed to sunshine. With regard to the ultrastructural study of the epidermis basal layer, the proportion of melanocytes in the two most severe cases was slightly higher than in the normal skin of 6 control subjects. Langerhans cells could not be acertained. The more severe was the disease the greater was the tendency for a lower proportion of keratinocytes containing melanin. There is a  certain parallelism between the skin color modifications the biochemical examinations (blood level of phenylalanin and tyrosine) and the ultrastructural changes. The higher the blood level of phenlalanine and/or the more pronounced the disorders of skin color, the more evident would be the ultrastructural changes: higher proportion of melanocytes that usually do not produce the melanosomes, and lower percentage of keratinocytes with melanin. On the other hand, the ultrastructure of the basal layer would suggest the seriousness of clinical manifestations and/or the intesity of the metabolic error.", "PMID": 677685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3179", "title": "[Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation (author's transl)].", "content": "The feeling of the authors is that their seven reported cases of a pigmented dermatosis are different from the ashy dermatosis and from the erythema dyschromicum perstans. This disease, which affects children and teenagers, males as well as females, is characterized by pigmented macules 5-25 mm in diameter, affecting the neck, the trunk and the limbs. The first symptom is whether a pigmented spot, or an erythematous, papular or achromic lesion; in the latter instance the pigmentation occurs only secundarily. In most of the cases this dermatose is slowly and spontaneously regressive. The histological picture is not really specific. In one case there was a marked intraepidermal dyskeratosis of the sweat duct openings. The etiology remains unknown.", "contents": "[Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation (author's transl)]. The feeling of the authors is that their seven reported cases of a pigmented dermatosis are different from the ashy dermatosis and from the erythema dyschromicum perstans. This disease, which affects children and teenagers, males as well as females, is characterized by pigmented macules 5-25 mm in diameter, affecting the neck, the trunk and the limbs. The first symptom is whether a pigmented spot, or an erythematous, papular or achromic lesion; in the latter instance the pigmentation occurs only secundarily. In most of the cases this dermatose is slowly and spontaneously regressive. The histological picture is not really specific. In one case there was a marked intraepidermal dyskeratosis of the sweat duct openings. The etiology remains unknown.", "PMID": 677686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3180", "title": "[Rare intracytoplasmic membranous structures of some dermatoses (author's transl].", "content": "Rare intracytoplasmic membranous structures were observed in keratinocytes, histiocytes, Langerhans cells and in metastatic cells of several dermatoses. The morphological study is not conclusive of their functional activity. They seem related to the cellular activity, and with no diagnostic value.", "contents": "[Rare intracytoplasmic membranous structures of some dermatoses (author's transl]. Rare intracytoplasmic membranous structures were observed in keratinocytes, histiocytes, Langerhans cells and in metastatic cells of several dermatoses. The morphological study is not conclusive of their functional activity. They seem related to the cellular activity, and with no diagnostic value.", "PMID": 677687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3181", "title": "[Rudiger (E. E. C.) syndrome: report of a case associated with atopic dermatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The syndrome of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip-palate is described in a boy aged 3; although inherited in most cases as an autosomal dominant trait, it seems here to be sporadic. An atopic dermatitis clinically evident and particularly resistant to treatment is present, but IgE level is not raised. Ophthalmologic changes are prominent. Systematic intravenous pyelogram showed urinary tract strictures.", "contents": "[Rudiger (E. E. C.) syndrome: report of a case associated with atopic dermatitis (author's transl)]. The syndrome of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip-palate is described in a boy aged 3; although inherited in most cases as an autosomal dominant trait, it seems here to be sporadic. An atopic dermatitis clinically evident and particularly resistant to treatment is present, but IgE level is not raised. Ophthalmologic changes are prominent. Systematic intravenous pyelogram showed urinary tract strictures.", "PMID": 677688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3182", "title": "[Penile leiomyosarcoma. Ultrastructural study (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of leiomyosarcoma of the penis in a farmer aged 70 is described. The patient was treated by excision/biopsy, and six months later three little tumors recurred on the glans and prepuce. A wide local excision and direct suture was carried out. No troubles happened in the next eight months. The ultrastructural study confirmed the histogenesis showing: polymorphic cells, as well as clear and dark ones, reduction of intracytoplasmic myofilaments, anisocytosis and poikilokaryosis and wide infoldings of the nuclear membrane; very vascularized areas with confluent vesicles on the endothelial cells; and intersticial haemorrhages. This tumor is included among the superficial leiomyosarcomas of \"low malignancy\" of McKenzie Pratt et Ross, for which simple excision that avoid mutilations is suitable. Differential histologic diagnosis includes epithelioid sarcoma of Enzinger. Leiomyosarcoma of the penis is a very rare malinant tumor. Only 15 cases have been described in the literature. A further case is reported and the previous cases are reviewed.", "contents": "[Penile leiomyosarcoma. Ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. A case of leiomyosarcoma of the penis in a farmer aged 70 is described. The patient was treated by excision/biopsy, and six months later three little tumors recurred on the glans and prepuce. A wide local excision and direct suture was carried out. No troubles happened in the next eight months. The ultrastructural study confirmed the histogenesis showing: polymorphic cells, as well as clear and dark ones, reduction of intracytoplasmic myofilaments, anisocytosis and poikilokaryosis and wide infoldings of the nuclear membrane; very vascularized areas with confluent vesicles on the endothelial cells; and intersticial haemorrhages. This tumor is included among the superficial leiomyosarcomas of \"low malignancy\" of McKenzie Pratt et Ross, for which simple excision that avoid mutilations is suitable. Differential histologic diagnosis includes epithelioid sarcoma of Enzinger. Leiomyosarcoma of the penis is a very rare malinant tumor. Only 15 cases have been described in the literature. A further case is reported and the previous cases are reviewed.", "PMID": 677694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3183", "title": "[Treatment of mycosis fungoides by PUVAtherapy. Report on 18 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of 18 patients with mycosis fungoides (M.F.) was treated by PUVAtherapy. According to VanScott classification, they have been set in:--5 parapsoriasis in large plaques = 5 stages I;--6 stages II;--3 stages III;--2 stages IV;--1S\u00e9zary syndrom.--1 erythrodermia. There was complete clearing of 12 patients (66 p. 100); 2 patients (11 p. 100) improved cutaneous lesions without a complete clearing, and there was no response to treatment for 3 patients (22 p. 100) (1 with erythrodermia, 1 with S\u00e9zary syndrom and 1 stage IV, and 1 forsaking). The method applied here was different in several points: orally administered methoxalen were given according to the body area (mg/m2) and some of the patients had twice a day puvatherapy. Puvatherapy seems to be the least dangerous and most effective treatment for the patients in the early stages of mycosis fongoides (I, II) and nitrogen mustard, electron therapy, corticoids and even mono- or polychimiotherapy could be associated to puvatherapy, if necessary, for the stages III and IV.", "contents": "[Treatment of mycosis fungoides by PUVAtherapy. Report on 18 cases (author's transl)]. A group of 18 patients with mycosis fungoides (M.F.) was treated by PUVAtherapy. According to VanScott classification, they have been set in:--5 parapsoriasis in large plaques = 5 stages I;--6 stages II;--3 stages III;--2 stages IV;--1S\u00e9zary syndrom.--1 erythrodermia. There was complete clearing of 12 patients (66 p. 100); 2 patients (11 p. 100) improved cutaneous lesions without a complete clearing, and there was no response to treatment for 3 patients (22 p. 100) (1 with erythrodermia, 1 with S\u00e9zary syndrom and 1 stage IV, and 1 forsaking). The method applied here was different in several points: orally administered methoxalen were given according to the body area (mg/m2) and some of the patients had twice a day puvatherapy. Puvatherapy seems to be the least dangerous and most effective treatment for the patients in the early stages of mycosis fongoides (I, II) and nitrogen mustard, electron therapy, corticoids and even mono- or polychimiotherapy could be associated to puvatherapy, if necessary, for the stages III and IV.", "PMID": 677695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3184", "title": "[Ecology of the Ceratopogonids of the Alsace plain. I. The genus Culicoides from the humid soils of the Ried (author's transl)].", "content": "The Ried of Alsace, a humid landscape of plain, is presented on the gemorophological, pedological and botanical point of view. Fourteen species of Culicoides are studied following numeric importance, topographic distribution, biotop, density per soil surface unit, and specific assoications. C. clastrieri, odibilis, cubitalis, pictipennis and musilator represent 98% of all. Three halophilic species, C. riethi, circumscriptus and salinarius are good indicators of salt pollution of the river Ill.", "contents": "[Ecology of the Ceratopogonids of the Alsace plain. I. The genus Culicoides from the humid soils of the Ried (author's transl)]. The Ried of Alsace, a humid landscape of plain, is presented on the gemorophological, pedological and botanical point of view. Fourteen species of Culicoides are studied following numeric importance, topographic distribution, biotop, density per soil surface unit, and specific assoications. C. clastrieri, odibilis, cubitalis, pictipennis and musilator represent 98% of all. Three halophilic species, C. riethi, circumscriptus and salinarius are good indicators of salt pollution of the river Ill.", "PMID": 677705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3185", "title": "[Preliminary results on a microsporidosis of Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810, from the Languedoc lagoons (author's transl)].", "content": "A most likely new microsporidia parasites Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 and is found from the lagoons south of Montpellier to the Berre lagoon. This Protist establishes itself in the wall of the digestive tract, it forms numerous cysts, as well as in the general cavity of the fish were it evolves into voluminous xenoma (sometimes reatching centimeter in diameter) which present particular histological characteristics. This preliminary report extends from September 1976 to March 1977. The histological, epidemiological and statistical aspects are discussed. Experimental, biochemical and ultrastructural studies are under way.", "contents": "[Preliminary results on a microsporidosis of Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810, from the Languedoc lagoons (author's transl)]. A most likely new microsporidia parasites Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 and is found from the lagoons south of Montpellier to the Berre lagoon. This Protist establishes itself in the wall of the digestive tract, it forms numerous cysts, as well as in the general cavity of the fish were it evolves into voluminous xenoma (sometimes reatching centimeter in diameter) which present particular histological characteristics. This preliminary report extends from September 1976 to March 1977. The histological, epidemiological and statistical aspects are discussed. Experimental, biochemical and ultrastructural studies are under way.", "PMID": 677704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3186", "title": "[Seroepidemiological survey on toxoplasmosis in Guadeloupe and Martinique (author's transl)].", "content": "The examination of 9,950 serums in Guadeloupe and Martinique has revealed the importance and the precocity of infestation by Toxoplasma: 56,9% of the population has complement fixing antibodies, 65,6% haemagglutinating antibodies and from the very first age groups onwards, nearly half the population is found to be infested. Although the consumption of insufficiently cooked meat is most frequently invoked, it would seem that this manner of contamination should not be incriminated in Guadeloupe and Martinique where the population traditionally lives on fish and well-cooked meat. Moreover, the great variability in the rates of infestation observed in the different localities studied leads one to envisage the invtervention of  climatic factors favoring the survival of the oocysts born of the sexed multipilication of the parasite in the external environment.", "contents": "[Seroepidemiological survey on toxoplasmosis in Guadeloupe and Martinique (author's transl)]. The examination of 9,950 serums in Guadeloupe and Martinique has revealed the importance and the precocity of infestation by Toxoplasma: 56,9% of the population has complement fixing antibodies, 65,6% haemagglutinating antibodies and from the very first age groups onwards, nearly half the population is found to be infested. Although the consumption of insufficiently cooked meat is most frequently invoked, it would seem that this manner of contamination should not be incriminated in Guadeloupe and Martinique where the population traditionally lives on fish and well-cooked meat. Moreover, the great variability in the rates of infestation observed in the different localities studied leads one to envisage the invtervention of  climatic factors favoring the survival of the oocysts born of the sexed multipilication of the parasite in the external environment.", "PMID": 677708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3187", "title": "[Ecology of leishmaniasis in southern France. 9. Sampling methods in the study and analysis of canine enzootic leishmaniasis].", "content": "An account is given of the fundamental methods used on an investigation of the canine enzootic of leshmaniasis in the C\u00e9vennes. The objective was to determine the relationship between the prevalence of infection on dogs and the density of the sandfly vector. The basis of the work  was a phyto-ecological map of the two parameters. The results are of epidemiological interest as a logical approach which enable comparisons to be made between ecologically homogeneous sectors or strata. In each stratum the methods were carried out in two steps: the rural parishes were designated as statistical units, and were then examined for clusters composed of the dogs of each parish. Strata of small size were more exhaustively examined than the largest. The clustering techniques clearly revealed a heterogeneity in the distribution of canine leishmaniasis and villages in which non infections were found, were next to others where dogs were infected. The development of the enzootic was seen to be by an increase in the number of microfoci, rather than by a spread of the existing foxi. Finally the methods revealed a gradient in the morbidity of dogs from the cost to the highest points of the mountainrange. This gradient was strongly linked to the distribution and density of the vector, Phlebotomus ariasi.", "contents": "[Ecology of leishmaniasis in southern France. 9. Sampling methods in the study and analysis of canine enzootic leishmaniasis]. An account is given of the fundamental methods used on an investigation of the canine enzootic of leshmaniasis in the C\u00e9vennes. The objective was to determine the relationship between the prevalence of infection on dogs and the density of the sandfly vector. The basis of the work  was a phyto-ecological map of the two parameters. The results are of epidemiological interest as a logical approach which enable comparisons to be made between ecologically homogeneous sectors or strata. In each stratum the methods were carried out in two steps: the rural parishes were designated as statistical units, and were then examined for clusters composed of the dogs of each parish. Strata of small size were more exhaustively examined than the largest. The clustering techniques clearly revealed a heterogeneity in the distribution of canine leishmaniasis and villages in which non infections were found, were next to others where dogs were infected. The development of the enzootic was seen to be by an increase in the number of microfoci, rather than by a spread of the existing foxi. Finally the methods revealed a gradient in the morbidity of dogs from the cost to the highest points of the mountainrange. This gradient was strongly linked to the distribution and density of the vector, Phlebotomus ariasi.", "PMID": 677709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3188", "title": "[Invalidation of the genus Austromicrophallus Szidat. 1964 (Trematoda: Microphallidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "From the study of generotype, the genus Austromicrophallus is considered as a synonym of the genus Levinseniella Stiles and Hassal, 1901. The species L. (Monarrhenos) anenteron (Szidat, 1964) nov. comb. is fully described. It has four atrial male pokets and a destitute digestive tract.", "contents": "[Invalidation of the genus Austromicrophallus Szidat. 1964 (Trematoda: Microphallidae) (author's transl)]. From the study of generotype, the genus Austromicrophallus is considered as a synonym of the genus Levinseniella Stiles and Hassal, 1901. The species L. (Monarrhenos) anenteron (Szidat, 1964) nov. comb. is fully described. It has four atrial male pokets and a destitute digestive tract.", "PMID": 677710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3189", "title": "[The behaviour of Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcler non- or infested ny Fasciola hepatica L. in the presence of predators (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental study of behavior of Lymnaea truncatula in the presence of terrestrial or aquatic predators. The presence of predators disturbes the daily rhythm connected with amphibious conditions of non-infested snails. In half-immersed habitats, Zonitoides nitidus, terrestrial predator, produces a progressive immersion of surviving snails; but the latter run away to dry zones in drying habitats or with aquatic predators. The infested snails (phasis E 1) present the same reactions of behaviour in presence of predators, but the reactions are more limited.", "contents": "[The behaviour of Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcler non- or infested ny Fasciola hepatica L. in the presence of predators (author's transl)]. Experimental study of behavior of Lymnaea truncatula in the presence of terrestrial or aquatic predators. The presence of predators disturbes the daily rhythm connected with amphibious conditions of non-infested snails. In half-immersed habitats, Zonitoides nitidus, terrestrial predator, produces a progressive immersion of surviving snails; but the latter run away to dry zones in drying habitats or with aquatic predators. The infested snails (phasis E 1) present the same reactions of behaviour in presence of predators, but the reactions are more limited.", "PMID": 677712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3190", "title": "[On two filariae from Ungulates, in Malaysia (author's transl].", "content": "Redescription of the female of Setaria thomasi Sandosham, 1954, parasite of Sus scrofa jubatus; description of the female of Papillosetaria malayi n.sp. from Tragulus javanicus. The study of the buccal region of Papillosteria leads the authors to consider this genus as an ancestral form of Setaria.", "contents": "[On two filariae from Ungulates, in Malaysia (author's transl]. Redescription of the female of Setaria thomasi Sandosham, 1954, parasite of Sus scrofa jubatus; description of the female of Papillosetaria malayi n.sp. from Tragulus javanicus. The study of the buccal region of Papillosteria leads the authors to consider this genus as an ancestral form of Setaria.", "PMID": 677714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3191", "title": "[About the original materials of Cotylurus platycephalus and Cotylurus variegatus (Creplin, 1952) (Trematoda : Strigeidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "The examination of the original materials proves that Cotylurus variegatus (Creplin, 1825) is synonymous with C. platycephalus (Creplin 1825), the better known of the two. Their relative priority is determined by our action as first reviser (I.C.Z.N., art. 24) Cotylurus cumulitestis Dubois, 1962 is considered to be a young adult of C. platycephalus.", "contents": "[About the original materials of Cotylurus platycephalus and Cotylurus variegatus (Creplin, 1952) (Trematoda : Strigeidae) (author's transl)]. The examination of the original materials proves that Cotylurus variegatus (Creplin, 1825) is synonymous with C. platycephalus (Creplin 1825), the better known of the two. Their relative priority is determined by our action as first reviser (I.C.Z.N., art. 24) Cotylurus cumulitestis Dubois, 1962 is considered to be a young adult of C. platycephalus.", "PMID": 677711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3192", "title": "[On the ultrastructure of the cysticercoid of Hymenolepis stylosa (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron microscopy of the tegument of H. stylosa cysticercoid as compared with that of H. diminuta reveals great variations in the fine structure of the larval tegument of these two species. On the scolex and the inner cyst wall, the tegument of H. stylosa cysticercoid bears typical microtriches; at the level of the anterior pore, the microtriches are flexuous. The tegument of the outer cyst wall appears as a syncytial band with dense material which accumulates in the region below the unit membrane, and the tegument of the cercomer is increased by branchied microvillies. While, the scolex of H. diminuta cysticercoid is unarmed and the tegument of the outer cyst wall bears branched microvillies. The data permit the conclusion that the differentiation of tegumental structures is graduated from the scolex to the cercomer. This differenciation is more or less important according to the parasite and results of successive inductions which affect parts of the cysticercoid. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of the possible function of these structures and the penetration of substances.", "contents": "[On the ultrastructure of the cysticercoid of Hymenolepis stylosa (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) (author's transl)]. Electron microscopy of the tegument of H. stylosa cysticercoid as compared with that of H. diminuta reveals great variations in the fine structure of the larval tegument of these two species. On the scolex and the inner cyst wall, the tegument of H. stylosa cysticercoid bears typical microtriches; at the level of the anterior pore, the microtriches are flexuous. The tegument of the outer cyst wall appears as a syncytial band with dense material which accumulates in the region below the unit membrane, and the tegument of the cercomer is increased by branchied microvillies. While, the scolex of H. diminuta cysticercoid is unarmed and the tegument of the outer cyst wall bears branched microvillies. The data permit the conclusion that the differentiation of tegumental structures is graduated from the scolex to the cercomer. This differenciation is more or less important according to the parasite and results of successive inductions which affect parts of the cysticercoid. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of the possible function of these structures and the penetration of substances.", "PMID": 677715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3193", "title": "The genus Clelandia Johnston, 1909 and its affinities with Parvitaenia and Neogryporhynchus (Cestoda, Dilepididae).", "content": "The diagnosis of Clelandia has been amended. The validity of the genus and its closeness to Parvitaenia and Neogryporhynchus are discussed. On the basis of its morphology and of the specificity of the dilepidid cestodes within the order Ciconiiformes, one many admit that its host belongs to the suborder Ardeae, and that the original doubtful diagnosis of the host was wrong. Clelandia seems to confirm that the genus Parvitaenia is a nucleus of evolutionary radiation among cestodes of the Ciconiiformes, with peculiar traits in the Australian region, and that it isn't a homogeneous unit.", "contents": "The genus Clelandia Johnston, 1909 and its affinities with Parvitaenia and Neogryporhynchus (Cestoda, Dilepididae). The diagnosis of Clelandia has been amended. The validity of the genus and its closeness to Parvitaenia and Neogryporhynchus are discussed. On the basis of its morphology and of the specificity of the dilepidid cestodes within the order Ciconiiformes, one many admit that its host belongs to the suborder Ardeae, and that the original doubtful diagnosis of the host was wrong. Clelandia seems to confirm that the genus Parvitaenia is a nucleus of evolutionary radiation among cestodes of the Ciconiiformes, with peculiar traits in the Australian region, and that it isn't a homogeneous unit.", "PMID": 677717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3194", "title": "[Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) in Leucophaea maderae (Dictyoptera: Blattidae): the host-parasite conflict after experimental inhibition of haemocytic reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "Development of non-encapsulated cysticercoids of Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna, in the haemocoele of Leucophaea maderae occured after the inhibition of the haemocytic reaction by irradiation or injection of a soluble antigen of Hymenolepis nana. Fine structure of the tegument of free larvae is observed and the mechanism of a possible defence of the parasite by the microvillar coat, discussed.", "contents": "[Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) in Leucophaea maderae (Dictyoptera: Blattidae): the host-parasite conflict after experimental inhibition of haemocytic reaction (author's transl)]. Development of non-encapsulated cysticercoids of Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna, in the haemocoele of Leucophaea maderae occured after the inhibition of the haemocytic reaction by irradiation or injection of a soluble antigen of Hymenolepis nana. Fine structure of the tegument of free larvae is observed and the mechanism of a possible defence of the parasite by the microvillar coat, discussed.", "PMID": 677718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3195", "title": "[Development of cysticercoid larva of Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna in Tenebrio molitor and Leucophaea maderae haemoceles (author's transl)].", "content": "When embryos of Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna are injected abdominally, they are able to reach the cysticercoid stage in the haemocele of Leucophaea maderae which naturally resist to infection by ingestion of the eggs. The haemocytic defence reaction of the cockroach and the structure of the surface of larvae are examined and compared with development in a natural host Tenebrio molitor.", "contents": "[Development of cysticercoid larva of Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna in Tenebrio molitor and Leucophaea maderae haemoceles (author's transl)]. When embryos of Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna are injected abdominally, they are able to reach the cysticercoid stage in the haemocele of Leucophaea maderae which naturally resist to infection by ingestion of the eggs. The haemocytic defence reaction of the cockroach and the structure of the surface of larvae are examined and compared with development in a natural host Tenebrio molitor.", "PMID": 677716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3196", "title": "[Demonstration of life cycle with four obligatory hosts of the Hemiurid Trematodes].", "content": "Research on the transmission of Hemiurid Trematode Halipegus ovocaudatus in experimental and natural conditions demonstrates the following: --the miracidium grows into a sporocyst producing rediae in the Mollusc Planorbis planorbis; -- the cystophorous cercariae become mesocercariae in the hemocoele of Copepodes or finally Ostracodes when swallowed; -- the mesocercariae become matacercariae in the mesenteron of larval Odonates (Zygoptera and Anisoptera) when these larvae swallow the Crustacea; -- the metacercariae become become adults in the Amphibial Rana ridibundal perezi which feeds on dragonflies. The four hosts (Mollusc -- Crustacean -- Odonat -- Amphibian) are obligatory in the life cycle for it is impossible to infect the Insects directly with the cecariae or the frog (tadpoles as well as adults) with the mesocercariae. The different stages of the life cycle of H. oveocaudatus aredescribed and the mode of the transmission is compared with the other species of Halipegus and with the Trematodes in general. The adaptative value of the lengthening of the cycle is discussed from the point of view of the conquest of terrestrial hosts by the Hemiurid Trematodes.", "contents": "[Demonstration of life cycle with four obligatory hosts of the Hemiurid Trematodes]. Research on the transmission of Hemiurid Trematode Halipegus ovocaudatus in experimental and natural conditions demonstrates the following: --the miracidium grows into a sporocyst producing rediae in the Mollusc Planorbis planorbis; -- the cystophorous cercariae become mesocercariae in the hemocoele of Copepodes or finally Ostracodes when swallowed; -- the mesocercariae become matacercariae in the mesenteron of larval Odonates (Zygoptera and Anisoptera) when these larvae swallow the Crustacea; -- the metacercariae become become adults in the Amphibial Rana ridibundal perezi which feeds on dragonflies. The four hosts (Mollusc -- Crustacean -- Odonat -- Amphibian) are obligatory in the life cycle for it is impossible to infect the Insects directly with the cecariae or the frog (tadpoles as well as adults) with the mesocercariae. The different stages of the life cycle of H. oveocaudatus aredescribed and the mode of the transmission is compared with the other species of Halipegus and with the Trematodes in general. The adaptative value of the lengthening of the cycle is discussed from the point of view of the conquest of terrestrial hosts by the Hemiurid Trematodes.", "PMID": 677713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3197", "title": "[Ecological research work about Trematodes life-cycles in a Provencal lagoon (France). II. The cycle of Maritrema misenensis (A. Palombi, 1940) (Microphallidae Travassos, 1920)].", "content": "The authors point out the ecological conditions required for the life-cycle development of Maritrema misenensis (A. Palombi, 1940). This Microphallid parasite occurs in waveless lagoons as well as along the waved marine coast. The first and second intermediate hosts found in these two habitats are not alike. Along the calm edges of the lagoon edges Cerithium mediterraneum (first host) and Orchestia mediterranea (second host) are found whereas along the rocky sea-coast C. rupestre (first host) and O. montagui (second host) are to be seen. The first intermediate hosts are heavily infected along the margin of the lagoon; the parasitism is decreasing gradually as we go away the edge. The infection of the second host depends on the behaviour both of Orchestia and cercariae. Numerous cercariae accumulate against along the very edge of the lagoon, exactly where Orchestia enter the sea-water. The Orchestia parasitism varies as you go along the coast and according to the seasons; it is also different whether you are dealing with males or females.", "contents": "[Ecological research work about Trematodes life-cycles in a Provencal lagoon (France). II. The cycle of Maritrema misenensis (A. Palombi, 1940) (Microphallidae Travassos, 1920)]. The authors point out the ecological conditions required for the life-cycle development of Maritrema misenensis (A. Palombi, 1940). This Microphallid parasite occurs in waveless lagoons as well as along the waved marine coast. The first and second intermediate hosts found in these two habitats are not alike. Along the calm edges of the lagoon edges Cerithium mediterraneum (first host) and Orchestia mediterranea (second host) are found whereas along the rocky sea-coast C. rupestre (first host) and O. montagui (second host) are to be seen. The first intermediate hosts are heavily infected along the margin of the lagoon; the parasitism is decreasing gradually as we go away the edge. The infection of the second host depends on the behaviour both of Orchestia and cercariae. Numerous cercariae accumulate against along the very edge of the lagoon, exactly where Orchestia enter the sea-water. The Orchestia parasitism varies as you go along the coast and according to the seasons; it is also different whether you are dealing with males or females.", "PMID": 677719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3198", "title": "[Research on the life-cycle of Metahaematoloechus exoterorchis (Rees, 1964) (Digenea) parasite of lungs of the frog Dicroglossus occipitalis (Gunther, 1858) in Togoland (author's transl)].", "content": "The sporocysts and xiphidiocercariae of Metahaematoloechus exoterorchis evolve in the Planorbid Segmentorbis kanisaensis (Preston); experiment shows that Gyraulus chudeaui (Germain) and Bulinus forskalii (Erhenberg) are possible vectors. Cercariae encyst in larvae of several Dragonflies. M. exoterorchis adult, is usually harboured by Dicroglossus occipitalis, but experimentally develops in the frog Contraua derooi Hulselmans, 1971.", "contents": "[Research on the life-cycle of Metahaematoloechus exoterorchis (Rees, 1964) (Digenea) parasite of lungs of the frog Dicroglossus occipitalis (Gunther, 1858) in Togoland (author's transl)]. The sporocysts and xiphidiocercariae of Metahaematoloechus exoterorchis evolve in the Planorbid Segmentorbis kanisaensis (Preston); experiment shows that Gyraulus chudeaui (Germain) and Bulinus forskalii (Erhenberg) are possible vectors. Cercariae encyst in larvae of several Dragonflies. M. exoterorchis adult, is usually harboured by Dicroglossus occipitalis, but experimentally develops in the frog Contraua derooi Hulselmans, 1971.", "PMID": 677720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3199", "title": "[Long-term results of biological control by predation. Experimental study of population development of several species of snails (author's transl)].", "content": "The evolution of malacological fauna, which is subject to prediation of Zonitidae snails, is studied on two types of habitats of Lymnaea truncatula: swampy meadows and banks of river maintained by a periodical grass-mowing. Two years are necessary for obtaining an entire elimination of Lymnaea truncatula. Then other species of Lymanaeidae and Succinea are affected by predation, but Succinea snails do not pass away completely. The other snails are not affected or little by predation.", "contents": "[Long-term results of biological control by predation. Experimental study of population development of several species of snails (author's transl)]. The evolution of malacological fauna, which is subject to prediation of Zonitidae snails, is studied on two types of habitats of Lymnaea truncatula: swampy meadows and banks of river maintained by a periodical grass-mowing. Two years are necessary for obtaining an entire elimination of Lymnaea truncatula. Then other species of Lymanaeidae and Succinea are affected by predation, but Succinea snails do not pass away completely. The other snails are not affected or little by predation.", "PMID": 677722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3200", "title": "[An ecological approach to the problem of the responsibility of men and rats in the workings of a transmission site of Schistosoma mansoni in Guadeloupe (Western Indies) (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of the rate of contamination of B. glabrata and the cercarial densities of S. mansoni in the chanels of Beaugendre valley (Guadeloupe, French West Indies) concentrates attention on the focalisation of the sites with high risk of contamination. This focalization of the sites of transmission is directly related to the regular deposition of human faeces. A small number of contamined people is enough to maintain high cercarial densities (230 c/1). In the chanel studied, the role of the rat in the transmission of the parasite seems less important than that of the Man. The infection of the rats during consumption of snails can be foreseen.", "contents": "[An ecological approach to the problem of the responsibility of men and rats in the workings of a transmission site of Schistosoma mansoni in Guadeloupe (Western Indies) (author's transl)]. The study of the rate of contamination of B. glabrata and the cercarial densities of S. mansoni in the chanels of Beaugendre valley (Guadeloupe, French West Indies) concentrates attention on the focalisation of the sites with high risk of contamination. This focalization of the sites of transmission is directly related to the regular deposition of human faeces. A small number of contamined people is enough to maintain high cercarial densities (230 c/1). In the chanel studied, the role of the rat in the transmission of the parasite seems less important than that of the Man. The infection of the rats during consumption of snails can be foreseen.", "PMID": 677723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3201", "title": "[Arguments and proposals for a new developmental interpretation of Fasciola hepatica L. in Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcller (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study the influence of several factors: temperature, drying up of ground, bodily volume of intermediary host on development of the redial generations of Fasciola hepatica in Lymnaea truncatula. Three redial generations are seen in Lymnaea truncatula, whatever environmental factors. The number of rediae of generations 2 and 3 is correlated with bodily volume of the snail host. The temperature affects synchronism of cercarial maturation in rediae of generations 1 and 2.", "contents": "[Arguments and proposals for a new developmental interpretation of Fasciola hepatica L. in Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcller (author's transl)]. The authors study the influence of several factors: temperature, drying up of ground, bodily volume of intermediary host on development of the redial generations of Fasciola hepatica in Lymnaea truncatula. Three redial generations are seen in Lymnaea truncatula, whatever environmental factors. The number of rediae of generations 2 and 3 is correlated with bodily volume of the snail host. The temperature affects synchronism of cercarial maturation in rediae of generations 1 and 2.", "PMID": 677721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3202", "title": "[Dynamics of populations in an urban and underground resting place of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera, Culicidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "An urban and underground resting place of Culex pipiens has been examinated during one year. Many females (28% in September, 70% in January) do not find sexual partners. The cause is a mixing of autogenous and anautogenous forms in the place even if it seems perfectly closed.", "contents": "[Dynamics of populations in an urban and underground resting place of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera, Culicidae) (author's transl)]. An urban and underground resting place of Culex pipiens has been examinated during one year. Many females (28% in September, 70% in January) do not find sexual partners. The cause is a mixing of autogenous and anautogenous forms in the place even if it seems perfectly closed.", "PMID": 677724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3203", "title": "Outcome in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "During a five-year period, 1958--62, 97 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma had been diagnosed in Finland. Twenty two of these patients died from this cancer during a follow-up of 13--18 years. Five of them had initially had distant metastases. Of the remainder seven had had no thyroid operation or only a biopsy, nine an operable tumour that invaded through the thyroid capsule (extrathyroid) and only one a primary tumour confined to the thyroid (intrathyroid). The mortality rates were: 83% for patients with distant metastases, 47% for patients with no thyroid operation, 28% for patients with extrathyroid tumours, and 4% for patients with intrathyroid tumours. Death from an intrathyroid or occult papillary carcinoma that does not show initial distant metastases seems to be exceptional, also if the thyroid operation has been unilateral.", "contents": "Outcome in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. During a five-year period, 1958--62, 97 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma had been diagnosed in Finland. Twenty two of these patients died from this cancer during a follow-up of 13--18 years. Five of them had initially had distant metastases. Of the remainder seven had had no thyroid operation or only a biopsy, nine an operable tumour that invaded through the thyroid capsule (extrathyroid) and only one a primary tumour confined to the thyroid (intrathyroid). The mortality rates were: 83% for patients with distant metastases, 47% for patients with no thyroid operation, 28% for patients with extrathyroid tumours, and 4% for patients with intrathyroid tumours. Death from an intrathyroid or occult papillary carcinoma that does not show initial distant metastases seems to be exceptional, also if the thyroid operation has been unilateral.", "PMID": 677774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3204", "title": "Blunt hepatic injury.", "content": "Fifty-six cases with blunt hepatic injuries occurred in 255 laparotomies on patients with multiple injuries. Pre-operatively, one-half of the patients were in profound shock. In these cases hepatic bleeding was often accompanied by bleeding in other sites, usually from a ruptured spleen or into a retroperitoneal haematoma. Diagnosis was aided by laparocentesis and peritoneal lavage. In 3 cases the diagnosis was delayed for 8--12 hours. The lacerations were sutured in 43 cases, a local resection  was made in 10 cases and a lobar resection in 3 cases. Manual compression of the liver was the best way of achieving temporary haemostasis. In cases where haemodynamic stability was not achieved post-operatively, immediate re-operation to attain haemostasis was definitely advantageous. The mortality from multiple blunt injuries was high (17%) but especially so in cases with hepatic injury (41%). Liver injuries after blunt trauma can often be managed by suturing, and hepatic resection in seldom necessary.", "contents": "Blunt hepatic injury. Fifty-six cases with blunt hepatic injuries occurred in 255 laparotomies on patients with multiple injuries. Pre-operatively, one-half of the patients were in profound shock. In these cases hepatic bleeding was often accompanied by bleeding in other sites, usually from a ruptured spleen or into a retroperitoneal haematoma. Diagnosis was aided by laparocentesis and peritoneal lavage. In 3 cases the diagnosis was delayed for 8--12 hours. The lacerations were sutured in 43 cases, a local resection  was made in 10 cases and a lobar resection in 3 cases. Manual compression of the liver was the best way of achieving temporary haemostasis. In cases where haemodynamic stability was not achieved post-operatively, immediate re-operation to attain haemostasis was definitely advantageous. The mortality from multiple blunt injuries was high (17%) but especially so in cases with hepatic injury (41%). Liver injuries after blunt trauma can often be managed by suturing, and hepatic resection in seldom necessary.", "PMID": 677775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3205", "title": "Clinical experience with surgical treatment of chronic intestinal ischaemia.", "content": "Fourteen patients suffering from abdominal angina have been operated on with different revascularization techniques. Preoperatively all of them had classical symptoms: postprandial pain and all except two had remarkable weight loss. There were six patients with isolated coeliac axis stenosis and in eight cases there were two or three diseased vessels. Liberation and reconstruction of the coeliac axis were carried out in six cases. Aorto-hepatic by pass graft was performed in three patients. Reinsertion of SMA was done in four and reinsertion of IMA in one case. Reconstruction of SMA with a by pass graft was carried out also in one case. There was no operative mortality. One of the patients died five weeks postoperatively at home from myocardial infarction. Another patient operated on in 1965 died seven years later at the age of 78 from myocardial infarction. He had had no further symptoms of abdominal angina postoperatively. The remaining 12 patients were relieved of their symptoms after the operation. They have been followed up for a mean of 5.5 years. The good long term results of arterial reconstructions in contrast to the poor prognosis without operation, favours early operation. The importance of early diagnosis and the importance of early operative treatment are emphasized.", "contents": "Clinical experience with surgical treatment of chronic intestinal ischaemia. Fourteen patients suffering from abdominal angina have been operated on with different revascularization techniques. Preoperatively all of them had classical symptoms: postprandial pain and all except two had remarkable weight loss. There were six patients with isolated coeliac axis stenosis and in eight cases there were two or three diseased vessels. Liberation and reconstruction of the coeliac axis were carried out in six cases. Aorto-hepatic by pass graft was performed in three patients. Reinsertion of SMA was done in four and reinsertion of IMA in one case. Reconstruction of SMA with a by pass graft was carried out also in one case. There was no operative mortality. One of the patients died five weeks postoperatively at home from myocardial infarction. Another patient operated on in 1965 died seven years later at the age of 78 from myocardial infarction. He had had no further symptoms of abdominal angina postoperatively. The remaining 12 patients were relieved of their symptoms after the operation. They have been followed up for a mean of 5.5 years. The good long term results of arterial reconstructions in contrast to the poor prognosis without operation, favours early operation. The importance of early diagnosis and the importance of early operative treatment are emphasized.", "PMID": 677776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3206", "title": "Cardiac disturbances after pneumonectomy--the value of prophylactic digitalization.", "content": "The incidence of postoperative cardiac disturbances and the value of prophylactic digitalization were studied retrospectively in 143 patients undergoing pneumonectomy for carcinoma of the lung. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred in 29% and tachycardia episodes in 30% of the patients. The incidence of myocardial infarction was 2%. Operative mortality was 4%. The cardiac disturbances developed more often after left than after right pneumonectomy. The age of the patients, a history of angina pectoris or hypertension did not markedly increase the incidence of cardiac disturbances, neither did operative factors, such as pericardiotomy, left atrial resection, major bleeding nor postoperative empyema. Prophylactic digitalization significantly reduced postoperative cardiac disorders, their frequency being 33% in the group of patients who received prophylactic digitalis compared with 65% in the group that did not.", "contents": "Cardiac disturbances after pneumonectomy--the value of prophylactic digitalization. The incidence of postoperative cardiac disturbances and the value of prophylactic digitalization were studied retrospectively in 143 patients undergoing pneumonectomy for carcinoma of the lung. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred in 29% and tachycardia episodes in 30% of the patients. The incidence of myocardial infarction was 2%. Operative mortality was 4%. The cardiac disturbances developed more often after left than after right pneumonectomy. The age of the patients, a history of angina pectoris or hypertension did not markedly increase the incidence of cardiac disturbances, neither did operative factors, such as pericardiotomy, left atrial resection, major bleeding nor postoperative empyema. Prophylactic digitalization significantly reduced postoperative cardiac disorders, their frequency being 33% in the group of patients who received prophylactic digitalis compared with 65% in the group that did not.", "PMID": 677777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3207", "title": "Noradrenaline to adrenaline ratio in amniotic fluid as an index of fetal maturity.", "content": "Amniotic fluid lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) and adrenaline concentration, noradrenaline concentration, and noradrenaline to adrenaline ratio (NA/A) were measured in 50 normal women late in pregnancy. Between gestation weeks 37 and 43 the maturity-linked increase in L/S ratio was accompanied by similar increases in NA/A ratio and noradrenaline but by decreases in adrenaline concentration. Although the amniotic fluid NA/A ratio reflects fetal sympathetic nervous system development rather than pulmonary development as mirrored by the L/S ratio, a high correlation existed between log NA/A and L/S, indicating that the NA/A ratio could provide a further index of fetal maturity.", "contents": "Noradrenaline to adrenaline ratio in amniotic fluid as an index of fetal maturity. Amniotic fluid lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) and adrenaline concentration, noradrenaline concentration, and noradrenaline to adrenaline ratio (NA/A) were measured in 50 normal women late in pregnancy. Between gestation weeks 37 and 43 the maturity-linked increase in L/S ratio was accompanied by similar increases in NA/A ratio and noradrenaline but by decreases in adrenaline concentration. Although the amniotic fluid NA/A ratio reflects fetal sympathetic nervous system development rather than pulmonary development as mirrored by the L/S ratio, a high correlation existed between log NA/A and L/S, indicating that the NA/A ratio could provide a further index of fetal maturity.", "PMID": 677793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3208", "title": "Assay of tissue free cystine: application to the diagnosis of cystinosis.", "content": "A fast method for the determination of tissue free cystine is shown. Its usefulness for free cystine assays in leucocytes and muscle biopsies is discussed. The use of muscle biopsy as a means of diagnosis is proposed.", "contents": "Assay of tissue free cystine: application to the diagnosis of cystinosis. A fast method for the determination of tissue free cystine is shown. Its usefulness for free cystine assays in leucocytes and muscle biopsies is discussed. The use of muscle biopsy as a means of diagnosis is proposed.", "PMID": 677794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3209", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of gastric inhibitory polypeptide.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in unextracted plasma in man has been developed using a rabbit antiserum raised against porcine GIP. Porcine GIP was employed also as standard and to produce a 125I-labelled tracer. The assay was able to distinguish 110 pg/ml GIP from zero in plasma samples. Negligible cross-reactivity was demonstrated with cholecystokinin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The mean overnight fasting plasma GIP level in 28 normal subjects was 203 pg/ml (range: undetectable--420 pg/ml). Plasma GIP levels rose, within 45 minutes of eating a mixed meal, to a mean level of 1573 pg/ml.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of gastric inhibitory polypeptide. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in unextracted plasma in man has been developed using a rabbit antiserum raised against porcine GIP. Porcine GIP was employed also as standard and to produce a 125I-labelled tracer. The assay was able to distinguish 110 pg/ml GIP from zero in plasma samples. Negligible cross-reactivity was demonstrated with cholecystokinin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The mean overnight fasting plasma GIP level in 28 normal subjects was 203 pg/ml (range: undetectable--420 pg/ml). Plasma GIP levels rose, within 45 minutes of eating a mixed meal, to a mean level of 1573 pg/ml.", "PMID": 677795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3210", "title": "A simple and economical method for the radioimmunoassay of cortisol in serum.", "content": "A simple, economical method is described for the radioimmunoassay of cortisol in serum. Extraction is avoided by heating the diluted serum to inactivate cortisol-binding globulin. The radioimmunoassay is carried out in a single disposable scintillation vial without centrifugation. Free and bound steroid is separated by partition between ammonium sulphate solution and liquid scintillation fluid. Accuracy, precision and sensitivity are satisfactory. Normal ranges obtained are comparable to those obtained by other radioimmunoassay methods for cortisol.", "contents": "A simple and economical method for the radioimmunoassay of cortisol in serum. A simple, economical method is described for the radioimmunoassay of cortisol in serum. Extraction is avoided by heating the diluted serum to inactivate cortisol-binding globulin. The radioimmunoassay is carried out in a single disposable scintillation vial without centrifugation. Free and bound steroid is separated by partition between ammonium sulphate solution and liquid scintillation fluid. Accuracy, precision and sensitivity are satisfactory. Normal ranges obtained are comparable to those obtained by other radioimmunoassay methods for cortisol.", "PMID": 677796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3211", "title": "The influence of heart rate, age, blood pressure, obesity, and work on systolic and diastolic time intervals.", "content": "Systolic and diastolic time intervals were measured in 655 men who did not have coronary or hypertensive heart disease. The correlation between systolic and diastolic intervals (STI) and the heart rate, age, height, weight, weight/height index, blood pressure and work heaviness were calculated using multiple stepwise regression analysis. There was a significant correlation between heart rate and the majority of STI. Also there was a significant influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and age on the ejection variables (QS2, LVET, S1S2). The PEP and ICT were influenced by heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The PEP/LVET ratio was dependent on diastolic and systolic blood pressure. The height of the A wave of apex cardiogram was significantly dependent on diastolic and systolic blood pressure, obesity, heart rate, and age. The IRT was dependent on heart rate, obesity, and height. When interpreting systolic time intervals one must use systolic time interval indices which are calculated by using the effect of heart rate on them, but in some cases the effect of other factors must be taken into account because blood pressure, age, and obesity also have a significant physiological effect on the STI values.", "contents": "The influence of heart rate, age, blood pressure, obesity, and work on systolic and diastolic time intervals. Systolic and diastolic time intervals were measured in 655 men who did not have coronary or hypertensive heart disease. The correlation between systolic and diastolic intervals (STI) and the heart rate, age, height, weight, weight/height index, blood pressure and work heaviness were calculated using multiple stepwise regression analysis. There was a significant correlation between heart rate and the majority of STI. Also there was a significant influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and age on the ejection variables (QS2, LVET, S1S2). The PEP and ICT were influenced by heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The PEP/LVET ratio was dependent on diastolic and systolic blood pressure. The height of the A wave of apex cardiogram was significantly dependent on diastolic and systolic blood pressure, obesity, heart rate, and age. The IRT was dependent on heart rate, obesity, and height. When interpreting systolic time intervals one must use systolic time interval indices which are calculated by using the effect of heart rate on them, but in some cases the effect of other factors must be taken into account because blood pressure, age, and obesity also have a significant physiological effect on the STI values.", "PMID": 677798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3212", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a surgical unit.", "content": "The value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in a surgical unit was established by analysing 200 consecutive studies. The selective success rate was 80%. The groups of indications were jaundice (27%), postcholecystectomy pain (22%), recurrent acute pancreatitis (19%), complicated attack of acute pancreatitis (14%), and other (18%). A normal ERC was found and operation thus avoided in 26% of cases with persistent jaundice. In patients with postcholecystectomy pain pathological findings were found in 50% and half of them were operated upon. In pancreatitis demonstration of the pancreatic ducts and grading of the disease facilitated selection of the treatment and enabled preoperative planning of the surgical procedure. The pancreas was resected in 13 of 59 cases with diagnostic ERP. In pancreatic carcinoma ERCP led directly to diagnosis, but only two (ampullary carcinomas) out of ten were operable. The overall complication rate was 4%, including one case of fatal haemorrhagic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a surgical unit. The value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in a surgical unit was established by analysing 200 consecutive studies. The selective success rate was 80%. The groups of indications were jaundice (27%), postcholecystectomy pain (22%), recurrent acute pancreatitis (19%), complicated attack of acute pancreatitis (14%), and other (18%). A normal ERC was found and operation thus avoided in 26% of cases with persistent jaundice. In patients with postcholecystectomy pain pathological findings were found in 50% and half of them were operated upon. In pancreatitis demonstration of the pancreatic ducts and grading of the disease facilitated selection of the treatment and enabled preoperative planning of the surgical procedure. The pancreas was resected in 13 of 59 cases with diagnostic ERP. In pancreatic carcinoma ERCP led directly to diagnosis, but only two (ampullary carcinomas) out of ten were operable. The overall complication rate was 4%, including one case of fatal haemorrhagic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 677799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3213", "title": "A method for estimating bias introduced into epidemiological investigations by those who refuse to participate.", "content": "Several methods have been suggested for estimating the error introduced into epidemiological investigations by potential participants who decline participation. As these could not be applied to our present epidemiological case-control breast cancer study, a new and simple method was developed based on information gathered from those controls who participated only relunctantly. A formula is given for calculating an adjusted mean for the sample and corresponding p-value. Our own data were used to illustrate the method. The calculations then indicated that those who declined participation were slightly selected in some aspects, but not to such a degree as to obscure or cause any significant differences between patient and control groups.", "contents": "A method for estimating bias introduced into epidemiological investigations by those who refuse to participate. Several methods have been suggested for estimating the error introduced into epidemiological investigations by potential participants who decline participation. As these could not be applied to our present epidemiological case-control breast cancer study, a new and simple method was developed based on information gathered from those controls who participated only relunctantly. A formula is given for calculating an adjusted mean for the sample and corresponding p-value. Our own data were used to illustrate the method. The calculations then indicated that those who declined participation were slightly selected in some aspects, but not to such a degree as to obscure or cause any significant differences between patient and control groups.", "PMID": 677800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3214", "title": "Inherited systemic amyloidosis (Finnish type): ultrastructure of the skin.", "content": "Ultrastructural study of skin biopsies from two patients suffering from inherited systemic amyloidosis (Finnish type) showed amyloid deposits between epidermal basal cells and dermal fibroblasts. Amyloid was seen on the epithelial side of the fibroblasts, and material resembling basal laminae was embedded in the aggregates of amyloid. Also amyloid deposits were found adjacent to other cells with a basal lamina such as epithelial cells of the sweat glands or sebaceous glands, Schwann cells, capillary endothelial cells, and even smooth muscle cells in the dermis. Amyloidogenetic interaction of cells with a basal lamina and fibroblasts is suggested and the potential role of structural glycoproteins in the genesis of amyloid is discussed.", "contents": "Inherited systemic amyloidosis (Finnish type): ultrastructure of the skin. Ultrastructural study of skin biopsies from two patients suffering from inherited systemic amyloidosis (Finnish type) showed amyloid deposits between epidermal basal cells and dermal fibroblasts. Amyloid was seen on the epithelial side of the fibroblasts, and material resembling basal laminae was embedded in the aggregates of amyloid. Also amyloid deposits were found adjacent to other cells with a basal lamina such as epithelial cells of the sweat glands or sebaceous glands, Schwann cells, capillary endothelial cells, and even smooth muscle cells in the dermis. Amyloidogenetic interaction of cells with a basal lamina and fibroblasts is suggested and the potential role of structural glycoproteins in the genesis of amyloid is discussed.", "PMID": 677801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3215", "title": "Calcification in cervical arteries in life and at autopsy.", "content": "In the clinical part of the study routine neck PA radiographs taken with the mouth open were compared with soft tissue films with the mouth closed for detection of calcification in the carotid arteries. Only 5.5% of 90 hospitalized patients showed foci of calcification in routine films. But foci of calcification were seen in 22% of the soft tissue radiographs of the whole series. In the autopsy part of the study large foci of calcification were found at the carotid bifurcations in 12 out of 20 cadavers by radiography. In an additional five cases contact radiographs also showed smaller foci of calcification. The vascular endothelium over the calcification was often ulcerated. The significance of the large arterial foci of calcification demonstrated in the neck radiographs as a sign of atherosclerosis and as a source of cerebral thromboembolism is discussed.", "contents": "Calcification in cervical arteries in life and at autopsy. In the clinical part of the study routine neck PA radiographs taken with the mouth open were compared with soft tissue films with the mouth closed for detection of calcification in the carotid arteries. Only 5.5% of 90 hospitalized patients showed foci of calcification in routine films. But foci of calcification were seen in 22% of the soft tissue radiographs of the whole series. In the autopsy part of the study large foci of calcification were found at the carotid bifurcations in 12 out of 20 cadavers by radiography. In an additional five cases contact radiographs also showed smaller foci of calcification. The vascular endothelium over the calcification was often ulcerated. The significance of the large arterial foci of calcification demonstrated in the neck radiographs as a sign of atherosclerosis and as a source of cerebral thromboembolism is discussed.", "PMID": 677802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3216", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis. A clinical and morphological study of four cases.", "content": "Four patients with malignant histiocytosis are described. Major clinical signs were fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Laboratory studies showed leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score, normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and elevated serum triglycerides. There was evidence of bone marrow involvement in all four cases. Typical changes were seen in the histological study.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis. A clinical and morphological study of four cases. Four patients with malignant histiocytosis are described. Major clinical signs were fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Laboratory studies showed leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score, normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and elevated serum triglycerides. There was evidence of bone marrow involvement in all four cases. Typical changes were seen in the histological study.", "PMID": 677803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3217", "title": "Oil myelography in cervical spondylosis.", "content": "Oil myelograms were performed on 62 patients with cervical spondylosis and signs of cervical root compression; 185 abnormal roots were seen. A filling defect of greater than or equal to 50% of the thickness of the lateral oil column usually coincided with clinical symptoms from the same root (42/52); 23 such patients were operated on, and 18 had their symptoms relieved. Of 133 roots with less severe abnormalities, only 53 were presumed to be the cause of the clinical symptoms or signs; 16 such patients were operated on, and 7 of them benefited from the operation.", "contents": "Oil myelography in cervical spondylosis. Oil myelograms were performed on 62 patients with cervical spondylosis and signs of cervical root compression; 185 abnormal roots were seen. A filling defect of greater than or equal to 50% of the thickness of the lateral oil column usually coincided with clinical symptoms from the same root (42/52); 23 such patients were operated on, and 18 had their symptoms relieved. Of 133 roots with less severe abnormalities, only 53 were presumed to be the cause of the clinical symptoms or signs; 16 such patients were operated on, and 7 of them benefited from the operation.", "PMID": 677804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3218", "title": "Chronic respiratory disease in rural men. An epidemiological survey at Hankasalmi, Finland.", "content": "To discover the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease and the various factors associated with it, 1162 men (85% of the defined population) aged 25 to 69 years were surveyed using a questionnaire, chest radiograph and spirometry. 112 men with pulmonary tuberculosis or \"other respiratory disease\" were excluded from the analysis. Excluding the youngest age group (25 to 39 years), the smokers were thinner than the non-smokers. The percentages of overweight men among the non-smokers, ex-smokers and smokers were 22%, 27% and 14%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Almost all respiratory symptoms were more common in the smokers than in the non-smokers, and the prevalence of cough, phlegm, severe breathlessness and the effect of weather on respiratory symptoms significantly increased with age. Asthma was not associated with age or smoking, nor was socioeconomic status associated with chronic respiratory disease. The ventilatory function, measured by FEV1, FVC and FEV%, was worse in the smokers than in the non-smokers. In addition the slope of FEV% on age was significantly steeper in the ex-smokers and the various groups of smokers than in the non-smokers.", "contents": "Chronic respiratory disease in rural men. An epidemiological survey at Hankasalmi, Finland. To discover the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease and the various factors associated with it, 1162 men (85% of the defined population) aged 25 to 69 years were surveyed using a questionnaire, chest radiograph and spirometry. 112 men with pulmonary tuberculosis or \"other respiratory disease\" were excluded from the analysis. Excluding the youngest age group (25 to 39 years), the smokers were thinner than the non-smokers. The percentages of overweight men among the non-smokers, ex-smokers and smokers were 22%, 27% and 14%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Almost all respiratory symptoms were more common in the smokers than in the non-smokers, and the prevalence of cough, phlegm, severe breathlessness and the effect of weather on respiratory symptoms significantly increased with age. Asthma was not associated with age or smoking, nor was socioeconomic status associated with chronic respiratory disease. The ventilatory function, measured by FEV1, FVC and FEV%, was worse in the smokers than in the non-smokers. In addition the slope of FEV% on age was significantly steeper in the ex-smokers and the various groups of smokers than in the non-smokers.", "PMID": 677806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3219", "title": "Chronic respiratory disease in rural women. An epidemiological survey at Hankasalmi, Finland.", "content": "To discover the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease and its association with various factors, 1217 women (84% of the defined population) aged 25 to 69 years were surveyed using a questionnaire, chest radiograph and spirometry. 71 women with pulmonary tuberculosis or \"other respiratory disease\" were excluded from the analysis. At all ages the smokers were thinner than the non-smokers. The percentages of overweight women among the non-smokers, ex-smokers and smokers were 50%, 42% and 19%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Nasal catarrh was significantly more common in the smokers than in the non-smokers but for other symptoms no definite association with smoking was found. Breathlessness, wheezing and the effect of weather were significantly more common at older ages. Socioeconomic status did not seem to influence the occurrence of chronic respiratory disease. No significant effect of smoking on FEV1, FVC or FEV1 % was found.", "contents": "Chronic respiratory disease in rural women. An epidemiological survey at Hankasalmi, Finland. To discover the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease and its association with various factors, 1217 women (84% of the defined population) aged 25 to 69 years were surveyed using a questionnaire, chest radiograph and spirometry. 71 women with pulmonary tuberculosis or \"other respiratory disease\" were excluded from the analysis. At all ages the smokers were thinner than the non-smokers. The percentages of overweight women among the non-smokers, ex-smokers and smokers were 50%, 42% and 19%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Nasal catarrh was significantly more common in the smokers than in the non-smokers but for other symptoms no definite association with smoking was found. Breathlessness, wheezing and the effect of weather were significantly more common at older ages. Socioeconomic status did not seem to influence the occurrence of chronic respiratory disease. No significant effect of smoking on FEV1, FVC or FEV1 % was found.", "PMID": 677807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3220", "title": "The normal magnetocardiogram: I Morphology.", "content": "This paper presents a morphological study of the real-time magnetocardiogram (MCG) of normal subjects. The MCGs were obtained using a gradiometric measurement technique, and the magnetic field component perpendicular to the frontal plane (z-compenent) was studied. Forty-one healthy men and women were mapped from 51 positions on the chest, and the statistics of the waveforms of the MCG were computed. In 21 of the subjects both the MCG and the ECG were analyzed. The general behaviour of the MCGs is discussed and proposals for the standardization of the measurements are made.", "contents": "The normal magnetocardiogram: I Morphology. This paper presents a morphological study of the real-time magnetocardiogram (MCG) of normal subjects. The MCGs were obtained using a gradiometric measurement technique, and the magnetic field component perpendicular to the frontal plane (z-compenent) was studied. Forty-one healthy men and women were mapped from 51 positions on the chest, and the statistics of the waveforms of the MCG were computed. In 21 of the subjects both the MCG and the ECG were analyzed. The general behaviour of the MCGs is discussed and proposals for the standardization of the measurements are made.", "PMID": 677808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3221", "title": "Nonsurigcal cure of brain abscess: early diagnosis and follow-up with computerized tomography.", "content": "Four patients with clinical findings and computerized tomographic brain scan evidence of brain suppurative disease were treated and cured with high-dose intravenous antibiotics without neurosurgical intervention. More data are required before any statement can be made regarding the long-term efficacy of nonsurgical versus surgical management of brain abscess.", "contents": "Nonsurigcal cure of brain abscess: early diagnosis and follow-up with computerized tomography. Four patients with clinical findings and computerized tomographic brain scan evidence of brain suppurative disease were treated and cured with high-dose intravenous antibiotics without neurosurgical intervention. More data are required before any statement can be made regarding the long-term efficacy of nonsurgical versus surgical management of brain abscess.", "PMID": 677813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3222", "title": "Diffuse cerebral ischemia in the cat: I. Local blood flow during severe ischemia and recirculation.", "content": "The effects of severe cerebral ischemia on postischemic brain perfusion were examined in a series of pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. Ischemia of 15 or 30 minutes' duration was produced by occlusion of both common carotid arteries and the basilar artery and was coupled with mild systemic hypotension. A 90-minute period of normotensive postischemic recirculation was permitted in some animals. In 9 of 10 animals studied at the end of the ischemic insult and not allowed to recover, blood flow in the cerebral hemispheres was greatly reduced, with minimal flow (0.01 to 0.11 ml gm-1 min-1) persisting only in scattered perisulcal regions in 4 animals. Following 15 minutes of ischemia, blood flow was restored uniformly during recirculation, though at subnormal levels (31 to 35% of control). In contrast, 30 minutes of prior ischemia led to marked heterogeneities of local cerebral perfusion during recirculation, with multiple zones of persistent severe ischemia. Thus, while recirculation was suboptimal following both 15 and 30 minutes of ischemia, the 30-minute insult led to focal postischemic perfusion abnormalities that were sufficiently severe to make the possibility of functional recovery appear unlikely.", "contents": "Diffuse cerebral ischemia in the cat: I. Local blood flow during severe ischemia and recirculation. The effects of severe cerebral ischemia on postischemic brain perfusion were examined in a series of pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. Ischemia of 15 or 30 minutes' duration was produced by occlusion of both common carotid arteries and the basilar artery and was coupled with mild systemic hypotension. A 90-minute period of normotensive postischemic recirculation was permitted in some animals. In 9 of 10 animals studied at the end of the ischemic insult and not allowed to recover, blood flow in the cerebral hemispheres was greatly reduced, with minimal flow (0.01 to 0.11 ml gm-1 min-1) persisting only in scattered perisulcal regions in 4 animals. Following 15 minutes of ischemia, blood flow was restored uniformly during recirculation, though at subnormal levels (31 to 35% of control). In contrast, 30 minutes of prior ischemia led to marked heterogeneities of local cerebral perfusion during recirculation, with multiple zones of persistent severe ischemia. Thus, while recirculation was suboptimal following both 15 and 30 minutes of ischemia, the 30-minute insult led to focal postischemic perfusion abnormalities that were sufficiently severe to make the possibility of functional recovery appear unlikely.", "PMID": 677814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3223", "title": "Diffuse cerebral ischemia in the cat: II. Regional metabolites during severe ischemia and recirculation.", "content": "Metabolite levels were measured in seven brain regions in cats after 15 or 30 minutes of a severe ischemic insult and after a 90-minute period of recirculation following 15 or 30 minutes of ischemia. Brain levels of phosphocreatine were depleted after a 15- or 30-minute insult, and lactate levels were extremely high at both times. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in many brain areas and the presence of microregions of low reduced nicotinamine-adenine dinucleotide in the brains of the animals that had 15 minutes of ischemia suggested that the ischemia, though severe, was not complete. Recirculation following a 15-minute insult restored brain levels of ATP and phosphocreatine to 70 to 100% of control values in all regions analyzed. In contrast, metabolic recovery from a 30-minute insult was regionally heterogeneous. Thus, there was persistent depression of ATP and phosphocreatine and elevation of lactate, which was localized in discrete cortical foci near the longitudinal midline. The factors governing the localization of metabolic failure must have become manifest during the recirculation period since the ischemic insult itself caused similar metabolic perturbations in all cortical regions.", "contents": "Diffuse cerebral ischemia in the cat: II. Regional metabolites during severe ischemia and recirculation. Metabolite levels were measured in seven brain regions in cats after 15 or 30 minutes of a severe ischemic insult and after a 90-minute period of recirculation following 15 or 30 minutes of ischemia. Brain levels of phosphocreatine were depleted after a 15- or 30-minute insult, and lactate levels were extremely high at both times. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in many brain areas and the presence of microregions of low reduced nicotinamine-adenine dinucleotide in the brains of the animals that had 15 minutes of ischemia suggested that the ischemia, though severe, was not complete. Recirculation following a 15-minute insult restored brain levels of ATP and phosphocreatine to 70 to 100% of control values in all regions analyzed. In contrast, metabolic recovery from a 30-minute insult was regionally heterogeneous. Thus, there was persistent depression of ATP and phosphocreatine and elevation of lactate, which was localized in discrete cortical foci near the longitudinal midline. The factors governing the localization of metabolic failure must have become manifest during the recirculation period since the ischemic insult itself caused similar metabolic perturbations in all cortical regions.", "PMID": 677815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3224", "title": "Kearns-Sayre syndrome with hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "The history, clinical findings, and postmortem examination of a patient with Kearns-Sayre syndrome are presented. In addition to the usuual symptoms, the patient also had hypoparathyroidism. There is increasing evidence that the syndrome is frequently associated with involvement ofthe endocrine system. Central nervous system involvement consists of a spongy encephalopathy.", "contents": "Kearns-Sayre syndrome with hypoparathyroidism. The history, clinical findings, and postmortem examination of a patient with Kearns-Sayre syndrome are presented. In addition to the usuual symptoms, the patient also had hypoparathyroidism. There is increasing evidence that the syndrome is frequently associated with involvement ofthe endocrine system. Central nervous system involvement consists of a spongy encephalopathy.", "PMID": 677816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3225", "title": "[Specific blast transformation of rabbit spleen cells induced by a bacterial polysaccharide and inhibitory effect of peripheral blood lymphocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "Following immunization with bacteria (i.e. Salmonella johannesburg), rabbit spleen lymphocytes developed a specific blast response when the lymphocytes were stimulated with polysaccharide, the haptenic moiety of lipopolysaccharide. A clear cut dissociation was noted in the blast response induced by polysaccharide compared with those induced by lipopolysaccharide and lipid A. There was no correlation between the magnitude of the cellular responses and that of the antibody response. Moreover, there was less specificity at the cellular level than at the level of antibody secreted by cells. A decrease of 3H-thymidine incorporation was often observed after immunization, at the level of peripheral blood lymphocytes. An inhibitory effect of these cells was shown on the blast response of spleen lymphocytes with polysaccharide. A high blast response to Salmonella polysaccharide which could be observed in some non-immunized rabbits might be related to a natural sensitization of animals with the same or related unknown antigens which could not be recognized by anti-S. johannesburg antibodies.", "contents": "[Specific blast transformation of rabbit spleen cells induced by a bacterial polysaccharide and inhibitory effect of peripheral blood lymphocytes (author's transl)]. Following immunization with bacteria (i.e. Salmonella johannesburg), rabbit spleen lymphocytes developed a specific blast response when the lymphocytes were stimulated with polysaccharide, the haptenic moiety of lipopolysaccharide. A clear cut dissociation was noted in the blast response induced by polysaccharide compared with those induced by lipopolysaccharide and lipid A. There was no correlation between the magnitude of the cellular responses and that of the antibody response. Moreover, there was less specificity at the cellular level than at the level of antibody secreted by cells. A decrease of 3H-thymidine incorporation was often observed after immunization, at the level of peripheral blood lymphocytes. An inhibitory effect of these cells was shown on the blast response of spleen lymphocytes with polysaccharide. A high blast response to Salmonella polysaccharide which could be observed in some non-immunized rabbits might be related to a natural sensitization of animals with the same or related unknown antigens which could not be recognized by anti-S. johannesburg antibodies.", "PMID": 677811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3226", "title": "Differences in reaction times and average evoked potentials as a function of direct and indirect neural pathways.", "content": "Average evoked potentials and manula response latencies were collected during a simple detection task in which brief visual stimuli were presented to the left and right visual fields. Latencies generated by the ipsilateral stimulus-hand combinations were shorter than contralateral combinations only under certain conditions, impugning the hypothesis that the reaction time difference reflects interhemispheric transfer time. Certain evoked potential components recorded contralateral to the stimulus occurred earlier than their ipsilateral counterparts, but whether this difference can be interpreted as representing interhemispheric transfer time is also questioned.", "contents": "Differences in reaction times and average evoked potentials as a function of direct and indirect neural pathways. Average evoked potentials and manula response latencies were collected during a simple detection task in which brief visual stimuli were presented to the left and right visual fields. Latencies generated by the ipsilateral stimulus-hand combinations were shorter than contralateral combinations only under certain conditions, impugning the hypothesis that the reaction time difference reflects interhemispheric transfer time. Certain evoked potential components recorded contralateral to the stimulus occurred earlier than their ipsilateral counterparts, but whether this difference can be interpreted as representing interhemispheric transfer time is also questioned.", "PMID": 677817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3227", "title": "The use of 4,4'-biphenylbisdiazonium fluoroborate as a coupling agent for passive haemolysis tests.", "content": "The possibility of use a stable diazonium compound, to replace bisdiazotized benzidin (BDB) for conjugating antigens to red blood cells was investigated. Five different batches of 4,4'-biphenylbisdiazonium fluoroborate (BDF) were prepared and tested in conjugation experiments. The sensitivity to specific lysis of red cells coated with different antigens (EG cells) was assayed by both direct and indirect passive haemolysis tests. Optimal conditions for the preparation of EG cells with different protein antigens were established. With the exception of the concentration of the bifunctional reagent, these conditions were similar to those previously reported for BDB. The antibody content of different anti-protein sera could be determined, with a 10 % error, by using EG cells prepared under optimal conditions in indirect passive haemolysis tests. The amount of antibody detected by this method varied from 7 to 12 ng N Ab/ml, depending upon the nature of the antigen fixed to red cell. The content of BSA in dilute solutions could be estimated by the specific inhibition of the indirect passive haemolysis tests. Testing different samples of BDF maintained at different conditions showed that the compound could be kept at room temperature, during the least four years, without appreciable loss of the conjugating properties, provided it was kept in the dry state and in the dark.", "contents": "The use of 4,4'-biphenylbisdiazonium fluoroborate as a coupling agent for passive haemolysis tests. The possibility of use a stable diazonium compound, to replace bisdiazotized benzidin (BDB) for conjugating antigens to red blood cells was investigated. Five different batches of 4,4'-biphenylbisdiazonium fluoroborate (BDF) were prepared and tested in conjugation experiments. The sensitivity to specific lysis of red cells coated with different antigens (EG cells) was assayed by both direct and indirect passive haemolysis tests. Optimal conditions for the preparation of EG cells with different protein antigens were established. With the exception of the concentration of the bifunctional reagent, these conditions were similar to those previously reported for BDB. The antibody content of different anti-protein sera could be determined, with a 10 % error, by using EG cells prepared under optimal conditions in indirect passive haemolysis tests. The amount of antibody detected by this method varied from 7 to 12 ng N Ab/ml, depending upon the nature of the antigen fixed to red cell. The content of BSA in dilute solutions could be estimated by the specific inhibition of the indirect passive haemolysis tests. Testing different samples of BDF maintained at different conditions showed that the compound could be kept at room temperature, during the least four years, without appreciable loss of the conjugating properties, provided it was kept in the dry state and in the dark.", "PMID": 677812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3228", "title": "Effects of acetazolamide on myotonia.", "content": "Myotonia can occur in the periodic paralyses, particularly the hyperkalemic form. The beneficial response to acetazolamide in hypokalemic and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis has led us to study the effect of acetazolamide in 9 patients with disorders having myotonia as the major problem, 7 with myotonia congenita and 2 with paramyotonia congenita. Patients were studied before acetazolamide administration with glucose and potassium loading tests. All patients had an increase in myotonia with potassium, but no weakness occurred with either test. Acetazolamide treatment decreased myotonia in all patients and in 3 proved the most satisfactory therapy. Side-effects during acetazolamide therapy included paresthesias in 5 patients and renal calculus in 1. Flaccid weakness occurred in a patient with paramyotonia congenita. Acetazolamide treatment was associated in all patients with partially compensated metabolic acidosis and lowering of serum potassium within the normal range. Kaliuresis was also noted during introduction of therapy. Acetazolamide appears to be an acceptable treatment for occasional patients with myotonia who are unresponsive to or intolerant of other therapies.", "contents": "Effects of acetazolamide on myotonia. Myotonia can occur in the periodic paralyses, particularly the hyperkalemic form. The beneficial response to acetazolamide in hypokalemic and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis has led us to study the effect of acetazolamide in 9 patients with disorders having myotonia as the major problem, 7 with myotonia congenita and 2 with paramyotonia congenita. Patients were studied before acetazolamide administration with glucose and potassium loading tests. All patients had an increase in myotonia with potassium, but no weakness occurred with either test. Acetazolamide treatment decreased myotonia in all patients and in 3 proved the most satisfactory therapy. Side-effects during acetazolamide therapy included paresthesias in 5 patients and renal calculus in 1. Flaccid weakness occurred in a patient with paramyotonia congenita. Acetazolamide treatment was associated in all patients with partially compensated metabolic acidosis and lowering of serum potassium within the normal range. Kaliuresis was also noted during introduction of therapy. Acetazolamide appears to be an acceptable treatment for occasional patients with myotonia who are unresponsive to or intolerant of other therapies.", "PMID": 677818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3229", "title": "Anatomical correlates of electrical and behavioral events related to amygdaloid kindling.", "content": "Anatomical structures demonstrating increased glucose uptake during the various stages of amygdaloid kindling in rats were identified by the 14C-2-deoxyglucose (DG) autoradiographic technique. Partial (stages 1 and 2) seizures were correlated with increased DG uptake in the ipsilateral amygdala and its direct projection fields. The appearance of generalized motor (stages 3,4, and 5) seizures was accompanied by less limbic involvement and recruitment of a bilateral system including substantia nigra, specific and nonspecific thalamic nuclei, globus pallidus, and neocortex. Increased hippocampal DG uptake was correlated with prolonged amygdaloid after discharge duration but not with the behavioral seizure stage. This study does not reveal which of these structures are responsible for the observed behavioral and electrical events and which are activated by them. It does suggest, however, that three discrete anatomical systems underlie the generation of partial seizures, generalized motor seizures, and local after discharge.", "contents": "Anatomical correlates of electrical and behavioral events related to amygdaloid kindling. Anatomical structures demonstrating increased glucose uptake during the various stages of amygdaloid kindling in rats were identified by the 14C-2-deoxyglucose (DG) autoradiographic technique. Partial (stages 1 and 2) seizures were correlated with increased DG uptake in the ipsilateral amygdala and its direct projection fields. The appearance of generalized motor (stages 3,4, and 5) seizures was accompanied by less limbic involvement and recruitment of a bilateral system including substantia nigra, specific and nonspecific thalamic nuclei, globus pallidus, and neocortex. Increased hippocampal DG uptake was correlated with prolonged amygdaloid after discharge duration but not with the behavioral seizure stage. This study does not reveal which of these structures are responsible for the observed behavioral and electrical events and which are activated by them. It does suggest, however, that three discrete anatomical systems underlie the generation of partial seizures, generalized motor seizures, and local after discharge.", "PMID": 677819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3230", "title": "Alexia and left homonymous hemianopia in a non-right-hander.", "content": "A non-right-handed patient developed alexia without agraphia from a right occipital lobe infarction. An intracarotid amobarbital test showed left hemispheric dominance for speech. The cause of alexia in this patient could not be explained simply by the accepted disconnection hypothesis, which proposes that speech, handedness, and reading functions reside in the same hemisphere. The findings in this patient suggest that his speech function is located on the left, whereas his functions for reading and writing are located in the right hemisphere.", "contents": "Alexia and left homonymous hemianopia in a non-right-hander. A non-right-handed patient developed alexia without agraphia from a right occipital lobe infarction. An intracarotid amobarbital test showed left hemispheric dominance for speech. The cause of alexia in this patient could not be explained simply by the accepted disconnection hypothesis, which proposes that speech, handedness, and reading functions reside in the same hemisphere. The findings in this patient suggest that his speech function is located on the left, whereas his functions for reading and writing are located in the right hemisphere.", "PMID": 677820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3231", "title": "The malignancy of dementias.", "content": "Sruvival times were determined for 982 patients admitted over a ten-year period to the Geneva Psychiatric Clinic. Patients with dementia had one-third the life expectancy of controls. Among patients classed as having Alzheimer disease, the longest survival times were in those with neurofibrillary tangles involving the neocortex, while those lacking this anatomical abnormality had the shortest survival times. Except for women with Alzheimer disease, patients with dementia had less than 10% life expectancy from the time of their admission to the clinic compared to the life expectancy of Geneva's population.", "contents": "The malignancy of dementias. Sruvival times were determined for 982 patients admitted over a ten-year period to the Geneva Psychiatric Clinic. Patients with dementia had one-third the life expectancy of controls. Among patients classed as having Alzheimer disease, the longest survival times were in those with neurofibrillary tangles involving the neocortex, while those lacking this anatomical abnormality had the shortest survival times. Except for women with Alzheimer disease, patients with dementia had less than 10% life expectancy from the time of their admission to the clinic compared to the life expectancy of Geneva's population.", "PMID": 677821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3232", "title": "[Formation of the anthracycline antibiotics, beromycin and nogalamycin, by a new actinomycete species, Streptomyces glomeratus sp. nov].", "content": "Culture 3980 was isolated from a soil sample and described as a new species, Streptomyces glomeratus sp. nov. It was found that the culture produced simultaneously 2 close anthracycline antibiotics, i. e. nogalamycin and beromycin, which were synthesized mainly in the mycelium. S. glomeratus differed from the nogalamycin and beromycin-producing organisms described earlier.", "contents": "[Formation of the anthracycline antibiotics, beromycin and nogalamycin, by a new actinomycete species, Streptomyces glomeratus sp. nov]. Culture 3980 was isolated from a soil sample and described as a new species, Streptomyces glomeratus sp. nov. It was found that the culture produced simultaneously 2 close anthracycline antibiotics, i. e. nogalamycin and beromycin, which were synthesized mainly in the mycelium. S. glomeratus differed from the nogalamycin and beromycin-producing organisms described earlier.", "PMID": 677831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3233", "title": "[Quantitative determination of the phenolic ester of phenylmalonic acid by an IR spectroscopy method].", "content": "A quantitative method was developed for determination of phenyl ether of phenylmalonic acid (I) in the presence of phenol. The method is based on measurement of the optic density of the characteristic absorption bands of I at 1133 and 1770 cm-1 of IR-spectrum. Absorption of I at the above frequencies responded to Ber's law. Determination of I (solution in methylen chloride) was carried out on a standard curve in accordance with equation y : bx for the both frequencies. The value of constants b of the direct regressions for the frequencies of 1133 and 1770 cm-1 were determined with relative errtor of +/- 1.2 and 2.3 per cent respectively. The correlation coefficients were equal to 0.98 and 0.95.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of the phenolic ester of phenylmalonic acid by an IR spectroscopy method]. A quantitative method was developed for determination of phenyl ether of phenylmalonic acid (I) in the presence of phenol. The method is based on measurement of the optic density of the characteristic absorption bands of I at 1133 and 1770 cm-1 of IR-spectrum. Absorption of I at the above frequencies responded to Ber's law. Determination of I (solution in methylen chloride) was carried out on a standard curve in accordance with equation y : bx for the both frequencies. The value of constants b of the direct regressions for the frequencies of 1133 and 1770 cm-1 were determined with relative errtor of +/- 1.2 and 2.3 per cent respectively. The correlation coefficients were equal to 0.98 and 0.95.", "PMID": 677832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3234", "title": "[Equilibrium distribution of weak electrolytes in an organic solvent-water system].", "content": "Distribution of cephalotin, 2-tienylacetic acid, phenacetyl-D-(--)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid, weak acids and D-(--)-alpha-amino-phenylacetic acid methyl ether, a weak base in two-phase systems containing two immiscible liquid phases was studied. The constants of the intraphase and interphase equilibrium necessary for complete quantitative description of the system of electrolyte aqueous solution-organic solvent were determined.", "contents": "[Equilibrium distribution of weak electrolytes in an organic solvent-water system]. Distribution of cephalotin, 2-tienylacetic acid, phenacetyl-D-(--)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid, weak acids and D-(--)-alpha-amino-phenylacetic acid methyl ether, a weak base in two-phase systems containing two immiscible liquid phases was studied. The constants of the intraphase and interphase equilibrium necessary for complete quantitative description of the system of electrolyte aqueous solution-organic solvent were determined.", "PMID": 677833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3235", "title": "[Dependence of the component makeup of the gentamicin complex on Micromonospora purpurea var. violacea 1935 cultivation conditions].", "content": "Dependence of biosynthesis of gentamicin and vitamin B12 on complex and \"synthetic\" media under conditions of decreased aeration, increased phosphorus levels and non-optimal content of carbon source was studied. The decreased levels of vitamin B12 production under conditions of the non-optimal content of the carbon source and increased phosphorus levels in the medium resulted in decreased production of the antibiotic complex as a whole and decreased relative content of the most methylated gentamicins C1 and C2 in the complex. Decreased aeration lowered the mycelium productivity with respect to the antibiotic production without changing the ratio of the components in the complex and the level of vitamin B12 production.", "contents": "[Dependence of the component makeup of the gentamicin complex on Micromonospora purpurea var. violacea 1935 cultivation conditions]. Dependence of biosynthesis of gentamicin and vitamin B12 on complex and \"synthetic\" media under conditions of decreased aeration, increased phosphorus levels and non-optimal content of carbon source was studied. The decreased levels of vitamin B12 production under conditions of the non-optimal content of the carbon source and increased phosphorus levels in the medium resulted in decreased production of the antibiotic complex as a whole and decreased relative content of the most methylated gentamicins C1 and C2 in the complex. Decreased aeration lowered the mycelium productivity with respect to the antibiotic production without changing the ratio of the components in the complex and the level of vitamin B12 production.", "PMID": 677834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3236", "title": "[Method of partitioning polyene macrolide antibiotics].", "content": "Levorin and mycoheptin, polyenic antibiotics were separated into 3 and 7 heptaenic components respectively by the method of disc electrophoresis in 7.5 per cent polyacryl amide gel prepared with tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.9. It was shown that nystatin had different composition as dependent on the organism producing it. The results of electrophoresis confirmed the data of the counter-current distribution.", "contents": "[Method of partitioning polyene macrolide antibiotics]. Levorin and mycoheptin, polyenic antibiotics were separated into 3 and 7 heptaenic components respectively by the method of disc electrophoresis in 7.5 per cent polyacryl amide gel prepared with tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.9. It was shown that nystatin had different composition as dependent on the organism producing it. The results of electrophoresis confirmed the data of the counter-current distribution.", "PMID": 677835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3237", "title": "[Antibacterial activity and bacteriophages of Bacillus pumilus].", "content": "Inducable defective phages analogous to those in Bac. subtilis were found in 5 strains of Bac. pumilus, 3 of which possessed antibacterial activity. A moderate bacteriophage was also induced in addition to the defective phage in strain ATCC 12140 not producing the antibiotic. It was found that the antibacterial activity was not associated with the presence of phages in the cultures. The data on the electron microscopic investigations are presented.", "contents": "[Antibacterial activity and bacteriophages of Bacillus pumilus]. Inducable defective phages analogous to those in Bac. subtilis were found in 5 strains of Bac. pumilus, 3 of which possessed antibacterial activity. A moderate bacteriophage was also induced in addition to the defective phage in strain ATCC 12140 not producing the antibiotic. It was found that the antibacterial activity was not associated with the presence of phages in the cultures. The data on the electron microscopic investigations are presented.", "PMID": 677836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3238", "title": "[Bacteriocinogenic activity of strains of the genus Erwinia].", "content": "Antibacterial activity of 272 Erwinia strains was studied. It was found that 182 or 66.9 per cent of the strains were capable of producing spontaneously antibacterial substances belonging to the class of bacteriocins; 125 bacteriocynogenic strains were divided into 25 groups on the basis of their antibacterial spectrum similarity; 57 bacteriocynogenic strains were not included into any of these groups because of their significant heterogenicity with respect to the feature studied. It was shown that most of the strains inhibited viability of the bacteria of both its own and other species. Investigation of the antagonistic activity of the Erwinia strains with broad antibacterial spectra with respect to E. coli indicative for colicins gave negative results. The study of the Erwinia strains sensitivity to the antibacterial effect of the bacteriocynogenic cultures showed that 210 out of 272 cultures were sensitive to separate bacteriocins.", "contents": "[Bacteriocinogenic activity of strains of the genus Erwinia]. Antibacterial activity of 272 Erwinia strains was studied. It was found that 182 or 66.9 per cent of the strains were capable of producing spontaneously antibacterial substances belonging to the class of bacteriocins; 125 bacteriocynogenic strains were divided into 25 groups on the basis of their antibacterial spectrum similarity; 57 bacteriocynogenic strains were not included into any of these groups because of their significant heterogenicity with respect to the feature studied. It was shown that most of the strains inhibited viability of the bacteria of both its own and other species. Investigation of the antagonistic activity of the Erwinia strains with broad antibacterial spectra with respect to E. coli indicative for colicins gave negative results. The study of the Erwinia strains sensitivity to the antibacterial effect of the bacteriocynogenic cultures showed that 210 out of 272 cultures were sensitive to separate bacteriocins.", "PMID": 677837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3239", "title": "[Standardization of the methods of determining microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics. The effect of the size of the inoculate on the results of determining microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics and its standardization].", "content": "The literature data and personal observations of the authors on the effect of the inoculate amount on the results of determination of microbial sensitivity to antibiotics by the methods of serial dilutions in the liquid and solid nutrient media and agar diffusion are discussed. It was shown that the inoculate of the density of 3.6.10(7) to 4.25.10(7) microbial bodies per 1 ml was optimal for the methods of agar diffusion and serial dilutions in agar. Recommendations for simplifying standardization and dilution of the inoculate are presented.", "contents": "[Standardization of the methods of determining microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics. The effect of the size of the inoculate on the results of determining microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics and its standardization]. The literature data and personal observations of the authors on the effect of the inoculate amount on the results of determination of microbial sensitivity to antibiotics by the methods of serial dilutions in the liquid and solid nutrient media and agar diffusion are discussed. It was shown that the inoculate of the density of 3.6.10(7) to 4.25.10(7) microbial bodies per 1 ml was optimal for the methods of agar diffusion and serial dilutions in agar. Recommendations for simplifying standardization and dilution of the inoculate are presented.", "PMID": 677838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3240", "title": "[Sodium nucleinate increase of nonspecific macroorganism resistance to conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms].", "content": "Sodium nucleinate significantly increased the non-specific resistance of mice to E. coli O26, Ps. vulgaris, Ser. marcesens, Ps. aeruginosa, Kl. ozaenae and their associations and total resistance also accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of the bacteria in the spleen and blood, the total number of the cells in the peritoneal exudate and the number of the cells adhering to the glass (macrophages). The preparation is a low molecular RNA consisting mainly of fraction 3S and a small amount of fraction 4S. It contains 1.5 per cent of protein and 2 per cent of DNA and does not contain any polysaccharides. Repeated purification of sodium nucleinate lowering the levels of the admixtures 5 times did not change its efficacy. The low molecular RNA of the rat liver (4S) had a pronounced stimulating activity. On infection of the host stimulated with sodium nucleinate, formation of the post-infection immunity was not decreased.", "contents": "[Sodium nucleinate increase of nonspecific macroorganism resistance to conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms]. Sodium nucleinate significantly increased the non-specific resistance of mice to E. coli O26, Ps. vulgaris, Ser. marcesens, Ps. aeruginosa, Kl. ozaenae and their associations and total resistance also accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of the bacteria in the spleen and blood, the total number of the cells in the peritoneal exudate and the number of the cells adhering to the glass (macrophages). The preparation is a low molecular RNA consisting mainly of fraction 3S and a small amount of fraction 4S. It contains 1.5 per cent of protein and 2 per cent of DNA and does not contain any polysaccharides. Repeated purification of sodium nucleinate lowering the levels of the admixtures 5 times did not change its efficacy. The low molecular RNA of the rat liver (4S) had a pronounced stimulating activity. On infection of the host stimulated with sodium nucleinate, formation of the post-infection immunity was not decreased.", "PMID": 677839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3241", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of rifamycin].", "content": "Rifamycin pharmacokinetics was studied on experimental animals after the antibiotic administration by various routes. Parenteral use of the antibiotic resulted in its high levels in rats and rabbits. Irrespective of the administration route, i. e. intravenous, intramuscular or oral rifamycin satisfactorily penetrated into the rat tissues. The highest antibiotic levels were found in the animal liver. In small amounts the antibiotic was excreted with the urine (about 6 per cent for 4 hours). The extrarenal clearance of rifamycin was lower than the plasmic clearance only by 3 per cent and higher than the kidney clearance almost by 40 times. Rifamycin was bound in close amounts by the blood serum of humans, oxen and rabbits, i. e. by 68, 64 and 56 per cent respectively. The rat organ homogenates bound the antibiotic by 34--72 per cent.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of rifamycin]. Rifamycin pharmacokinetics was studied on experimental animals after the antibiotic administration by various routes. Parenteral use of the antibiotic resulted in its high levels in rats and rabbits. Irrespective of the administration route, i. e. intravenous, intramuscular or oral rifamycin satisfactorily penetrated into the rat tissues. The highest antibiotic levels were found in the animal liver. In small amounts the antibiotic was excreted with the urine (about 6 per cent for 4 hours). The extrarenal clearance of rifamycin was lower than the plasmic clearance only by 3 per cent and higher than the kidney clearance almost by 40 times. Rifamycin was bound in close amounts by the blood serum of humans, oxen and rabbits, i. e. by 68, 64 and 56 per cent respectively. The rat organ homogenates bound the antibiotic by 34--72 per cent.", "PMID": 677840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3242", "title": "[Comparative toxicity of oxytetracycline and its semisynthetic derivatives, methacycline and doxycycline].", "content": "The acute toxicity parameters of oxytetracycline and its semisynthetic derivatives was determined on laboratory animals of various species. The three antibiotics were described as belonging to the group of low toxic compounds according to the classification adopted in industrial toxicology. However, the absolute values of LD50 indicated that doxycycline was 5.6 or 2.8 times more toxic than oxyteyracycline or methacycline respectively. In addition, doxycycline had the most pronounced hepatoxic effect.", "contents": "[Comparative toxicity of oxytetracycline and its semisynthetic derivatives, methacycline and doxycycline]. The acute toxicity parameters of oxytetracycline and its semisynthetic derivatives was determined on laboratory animals of various species. The three antibiotics were described as belonging to the group of low toxic compounds according to the classification adopted in industrial toxicology. However, the absolute values of LD50 indicated that doxycycline was 5.6 or 2.8 times more toxic than oxyteyracycline or methacycline respectively. In addition, doxycycline had the most pronounced hepatoxic effect.", "PMID": 677841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3243", "title": "[Comparative cytogenetic action of the antitumor antibiotics, carminomycin and rubomycin].", "content": "A comparative mutagenic effect of karminomycin and rubomycin in LD50 on the cells of the rat bone marrow (71 animals) was studied. It was found that karminomycin had a higher and more prolonged mutagenic effect than rubomycin. Both antibiotics induced mainly chromatin deletions and not so frequent reconstructions. They are probably identical with respect to their mechanism of action on chromosomes.", "contents": "[Comparative cytogenetic action of the antitumor antibiotics, carminomycin and rubomycin]. A comparative mutagenic effect of karminomycin and rubomycin in LD50 on the cells of the rat bone marrow (71 animals) was studied. It was found that karminomycin had a higher and more prolonged mutagenic effect than rubomycin. Both antibiotics induced mainly chromatin deletions and not so frequent reconstructions. They are probably identical with respect to their mechanism of action on chromosomes.", "PMID": 677842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3244", "title": "[Transplantability, development and methotrexate sensitivity of mouse leukemia L1210 resistant to olivomycin].", "content": "A total of 52-fold passages of leukemia L-1210 were carried out for a year on mice treated intraperitoneally with olivomycin. Prolonged exposure to olivomycin resulted in decreased transplantability of the tumor cells. The tumor cells obtained under the effect of olivomycin were more sensitive (collateral sensitivity) to methotrexate as compared to the cells of the initial strain L-1210. An intramuscular route for transplantation of the tumor cells of leukemia L-1210 is recommended. The dosage intramuscular transplantation of the tumor cells provided simultaneously data on transplantability, tumor size and lifer-time of mice.", "contents": "[Transplantability, development and methotrexate sensitivity of mouse leukemia L1210 resistant to olivomycin]. A total of 52-fold passages of leukemia L-1210 were carried out for a year on mice treated intraperitoneally with olivomycin. Prolonged exposure to olivomycin resulted in decreased transplantability of the tumor cells. The tumor cells obtained under the effect of olivomycin were more sensitive (collateral sensitivity) to methotrexate as compared to the cells of the initial strain L-1210. An intramuscular route for transplantation of the tumor cells of leukemia L-1210 is recommended. The dosage intramuscular transplantation of the tumor cells provided simultaneously data on transplantability, tumor size and lifer-time of mice.", "PMID": 677843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3245", "title": "[Physiochemical properties of LIA-0191 A and B antibiotics].", "content": "An antifungal antibiotic LIA-0191 was isolated from the mycelium by methanol extraction. It was shown with thin-layer chromatography that it consisted of components A and B. Component A was isolated with collumn chromatography on silica gel, recrystalization from the solvent mixture as a monocomponent crystalline substance. On the basis of the physicochemical and biological properties it was identified with sentacidin. Component B was obtained from preparation LIA-0191 by the method of counter-current distribution and recrystalization from methanol. Comparison of its physico-chemical and biological properties with those of the known purines and pyrimidine pyrrol showed that antibiotic LIA-0191 B is new.", "contents": "[Physiochemical properties of LIA-0191 A and B antibiotics]. An antifungal antibiotic LIA-0191 was isolated from the mycelium by methanol extraction. It was shown with thin-layer chromatography that it consisted of components A and B. Component A was isolated with collumn chromatography on silica gel, recrystalization from the solvent mixture as a monocomponent crystalline substance. On the basis of the physicochemical and biological properties it was identified with sentacidin. Component B was obtained from preparation LIA-0191 by the method of counter-current distribution and recrystalization from methanol. Comparison of its physico-chemical and biological properties with those of the known purines and pyrimidine pyrrol showed that antibiotic LIA-0191 B is new.", "PMID": 677844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3246", "title": "[Chemical characteristics of the antibiotic, memomycin (LIA-0775)].", "content": "By its physico-chemical and biological properties memomycin was classified as belonging to the group of hydrostatin-nifimycin. Memomycin contained  ester (or lactone) and amide, 7 C-methyl and 10-12 acetylating groups. Oxidation of the antibiotic with an excess of alkaline permanganate solution revealed the presence of an unbroken chain consisting at least of 8 methylen groups in the carbon skeleton of memomycin. Acid hydrolysis revealed no sugars and ninhidrine-positive components. Memomycin differed from the antibiotics close to nifimycin mainly in the UV-spectra. It differed from hydrostatin, muzarine, rinamycin and azalomycin by a complete set of physico-chemical properties and biological spectrum. On the basis of these data memomycin may be considered an original antibiotic.", "contents": "[Chemical characteristics of the antibiotic, memomycin (LIA-0775)]. By its physico-chemical and biological properties memomycin was classified as belonging to the group of hydrostatin-nifimycin. Memomycin contained  ester (or lactone) and amide, 7 C-methyl and 10-12 acetylating groups. Oxidation of the antibiotic with an excess of alkaline permanganate solution revealed the presence of an unbroken chain consisting at least of 8 methylen groups in the carbon skeleton of memomycin. Acid hydrolysis revealed no sugars and ninhidrine-positive components. Memomycin differed from the antibiotics close to nifimycin mainly in the UV-spectra. It differed from hydrostatin, muzarine, rinamycin and azalomycin by a complete set of physico-chemical properties and biological spectrum. On the basis of these data memomycin may be considered an original antibiotic.", "PMID": 677845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3247", "title": "[Hydrolysis of the amidine analogs of penicillins].", "content": "The products of the hydrolytic degradation of 6-beta-(hexahydro-IH-azepenyl-1)methylenamino) penicillanic acid, 6-beta-(N,N-dimethylformamidino-N1)-penicillanic acid and 6-beta-(morpholinyl-1)methylenamino penicillanic acid were identified with the method of thin-layer chromatography and paper electrophoresis in neutral, acid and alkaline solutions and in the presence of penicillinase. The data of the study showed that acid hydrolysis of the amidine analogues of penicillins resulted in cleavage of the beta-lactame cycle and formation of the respective penicillanic acids. In the alkaline medium the secondary amine (hexamethylenimine, dimethylamine, morpholine) was cleaved from the antibiotic side chain and the resulting N-formyl-6-aminopenicillanic acid was further cleaved up to peniciec acid. The beta-lactame cycle of the antibiotics was cleaved under the effect of penicillinase and the resulting penicilloinic acids degraded into peniciec acid, N-formylpeniciec acid and secondary amines. In the nutral solution the antibiotics were transformed into N-formyl-6-aminopenicillanic acid and penicilloinic acids at the first stage of the hydrolysis followed by their further degradation with formation of N-formylpeniciec acid, peniciec acid and secondary amines.", "contents": "[Hydrolysis of the amidine analogs of penicillins]. The products of the hydrolytic degradation of 6-beta-(hexahydro-IH-azepenyl-1)methylenamino) penicillanic acid, 6-beta-(N,N-dimethylformamidino-N1)-penicillanic acid and 6-beta-(morpholinyl-1)methylenamino penicillanic acid were identified with the method of thin-layer chromatography and paper electrophoresis in neutral, acid and alkaline solutions and in the presence of penicillinase. The data of the study showed that acid hydrolysis of the amidine analogues of penicillins resulted in cleavage of the beta-lactame cycle and formation of the respective penicillanic acids. In the alkaline medium the secondary amine (hexamethylenimine, dimethylamine, morpholine) was cleaved from the antibiotic side chain and the resulting N-formyl-6-aminopenicillanic acid was further cleaved up to peniciec acid. The beta-lactame cycle of the antibiotics was cleaved under the effect of penicillinase and the resulting penicilloinic acids degraded into peniciec acid, N-formylpeniciec acid and secondary amines. In the nutral solution the antibiotics were transformed into N-formyl-6-aminopenicillanic acid and penicilloinic acids at the first stage of the hydrolysis followed by their further degradation with formation of N-formylpeniciec acid, peniciec acid and secondary amines.", "PMID": 677847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3248", "title": "[Salmonella sensitivity to antibiotics].", "content": "Antibiotic sensitivity of 142 strains of Salmonella isolated from patients within 1974-1976 was studied. An increase in the number of the pathogenic microbes resistant to streptomycin was noted. Rare isolates highly resistant to ampicillin were registered. The number of Salmonella sensitive to other antibiotics did not practically change. Levomycetin proved to be a rather active drug in vitro. Still, its use in therapy of salmonelleses did not always produce positive results. The use of levomycetin in clinics is expedient only after careful and repeated estimation of antibioticograms.", "contents": "[Salmonella sensitivity to antibiotics]. Antibiotic sensitivity of 142 strains of Salmonella isolated from patients within 1974-1976 was studied. An increase in the number of the pathogenic microbes resistant to streptomycin was noted. Rare isolates highly resistant to ampicillin were registered. The number of Salmonella sensitive to other antibiotics did not practically change. Levomycetin proved to be a rather active drug in vitro. Still, its use in therapy of salmonelleses did not always produce positive results. The use of levomycetin in clinics is expedient only after careful and repeated estimation of antibioticograms.", "PMID": 677848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3249", "title": "[Bacteriostatic and bactericidal action of bile acids and antibiotics on staphylococci].", "content": "It was found in vitro that desoxycholic, cholic, glycocholic and choleinic acids inhibited the growth and development of staphylococci. The staphylococci isolated from bile were more resistant to the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of bile acids than the microorganisms isolated from other sources not containing cholates. Under the effect of these substances the activity of some antibiotics especially those from the group of aminoglycosides markedly increased.", "contents": "[Bacteriostatic and bactericidal action of bile acids and antibiotics on staphylococci]. It was found in vitro that desoxycholic, cholic, glycocholic and choleinic acids inhibited the growth and development of staphylococci. The staphylococci isolated from bile were more resistant to the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of bile acids than the microorganisms isolated from other sources not containing cholates. Under the effect of these substances the activity of some antibiotics especially those from the group of aminoglycosides markedly increased.", "PMID": 677849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3250", "title": "[Distribution of 3H-carminomycin in the body of mice].", "content": "Distribution of 3H-carminomycin with the specific activity of 390 mCu/g prepared by the method of isotope exchange in 3H2O was investigated on mice treated with the antibiotic administered intravenously in a dose of 2 mg/kg. It was shown that the antibiotic rapidly accumulated in the mouse tissues, mainly in the liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen. The carminomycin blood levels markedly decreased within the first 5 minutes after the drug administration and remained rather stable during the following 6 hours. The concentrations of carminomycin in the heart muscle were comparatively low. Still, at early periods they were much higher than those in the skeletal muscles. The difference disappeared by 24 hours. Carminomycin penetrated into the tissues of the brain.", "contents": "[Distribution of 3H-carminomycin in the body of mice]. Distribution of 3H-carminomycin with the specific activity of 390 mCu/g prepared by the method of isotope exchange in 3H2O was investigated on mice treated with the antibiotic administered intravenously in a dose of 2 mg/kg. It was shown that the antibiotic rapidly accumulated in the mouse tissues, mainly in the liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen. The carminomycin blood levels markedly decreased within the first 5 minutes after the drug administration and remained rather stable during the following 6 hours. The concentrations of carminomycin in the heart muscle were comparatively low. Still, at early periods they were much higher than those in the skeletal muscles. The difference disappeared by 24 hours. Carminomycin penetrated into the tissues of the brain.", "PMID": 677850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3251", "title": "[Effect of the multiple peroral administration of carminomycin on the body of animals].", "content": "Toxicity of carminomycin used orally for many times was mainly evident from suppression of blood formation, the level of the suppression being dependent on the antibiotic dose. Carminomycin had a low suppressing effect on the white blood in rats. At low doses even moderate leucocytosis was observed. The indices of the functional state of the liver, kidneys, sugar blood levels, content of glycogen and fat in the liver, relative mass of the rat organs after repeated oral administrations of karminomycin to the animals remained mainly unchanged. A change in wave T on the ECG of the dogs treated with high doses of the antibiotic was registered. Histological examination of the organs and tissues of the animals killed after repeated oral administrations of carminomycin revealed pathological changes only in the spleen and thin intestine. Such changes were not more pronounced than those after repeated intravenous administration of the equivalent doses of the antibiotic (by the effect on the blood formation). This allowed the author to recommend the oral administration route for carminomycin trials in clinics.", "contents": "[Effect of the multiple peroral administration of carminomycin on the body of animals]. Toxicity of carminomycin used orally for many times was mainly evident from suppression of blood formation, the level of the suppression being dependent on the antibiotic dose. Carminomycin had a low suppressing effect on the white blood in rats. At low doses even moderate leucocytosis was observed. The indices of the functional state of the liver, kidneys, sugar blood levels, content of glycogen and fat in the liver, relative mass of the rat organs after repeated oral administrations of karminomycin to the animals remained mainly unchanged. A change in wave T on the ECG of the dogs treated with high doses of the antibiotic was registered. Histological examination of the organs and tissues of the animals killed after repeated oral administrations of carminomycin revealed pathological changes only in the spleen and thin intestine. Such changes were not more pronounced than those after repeated intravenous administration of the equivalent doses of the antibiotic (by the effect on the blood formation). This allowed the author to recommend the oral administration route for carminomycin trials in clinics.", "PMID": 677851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3252", "title": "[Components of a native solution that displace the equilibrium distribution of oleandomycin during extraction].", "content": "A marked decrease in the coefficient of oleandomycin distribution in the system of the fermentation broth filtrate-butyl acetate was observed during the transfer from the 1st to the following extraction stages. It was supposed that the oleandomycin fermentation broth filtrate contained admixtures affecting significantly the antibiotic distribution between the aqueous phase and organic solvent.", "contents": "[Components of a native solution that displace the equilibrium distribution of oleandomycin during extraction]. A marked decrease in the coefficient of oleandomycin distribution in the system of the fermentation broth filtrate-butyl acetate was observed during the transfer from the 1st to the following extraction stages. It was supposed that the oleandomycin fermentation broth filtrate contained admixtures affecting significantly the antibiotic distribution between the aqueous phase and organic solvent.", "PMID": 677852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3253", "title": "[Disinfection of surgical silk with decamethoxin, antibiotics and their combinations].", "content": "The disinfecting effect of decametoxin, antibiotics, such as bensylpenicillin, streptomycin, monomycin and their combinations was studied on surgical threads of various thickness previously infected with Staph. aureus, Pr. vulgaris, Bac. anthracis, E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa and Bac. subtilis. It was shown that disinfection of the surgical silk with 0.1% solution of decametoxin for 15 minutes followed by its treatment with an antibiotic solution for 105 minutes provided absolute sterility. Treatment of the surgical silk with decametoxin and antibiotic combinations alone did not provide absolute destruction of the above test-microbes. It was found that treatment of the silk with 0.1% decametoxin solution for 24 hours did not decrease its strength.", "contents": "[Disinfection of surgical silk with decamethoxin, antibiotics and their combinations]. The disinfecting effect of decametoxin, antibiotics, such as bensylpenicillin, streptomycin, monomycin and their combinations was studied on surgical threads of various thickness previously infected with Staph. aureus, Pr. vulgaris, Bac. anthracis, E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa and Bac. subtilis. It was shown that disinfection of the surgical silk with 0.1% solution of decametoxin for 15 minutes followed by its treatment with an antibiotic solution for 105 minutes provided absolute sterility. Treatment of the surgical silk with decametoxin and antibiotic combinations alone did not provide absolute destruction of the above test-microbes. It was found that treatment of the silk with 0.1% decametoxin solution for 24 hours did not decrease its strength.", "PMID": 677853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3254", "title": "[Case of the successful use of carminomycin in combination with cyclophosphane and vincristine in treating ectopic chondrosarcoma of rare localization in a 5-month-old infant].", "content": "Two relapses of ectopic chondrosarcoma of rare localization were registered at early periods in a 5-month child after surgical operation. Complete regression of the tumor was observed after the 1st course of combined therapy with karminomycin, vincristin and cyclophosphan. Subsequent observations for 2 years showed that the child was practically healthy.", "contents": "[Case of the successful use of carminomycin in combination with cyclophosphane and vincristine in treating ectopic chondrosarcoma of rare localization in a 5-month-old infant]. Two relapses of ectopic chondrosarcoma of rare localization were registered at early periods in a 5-month child after surgical operation. Complete regression of the tumor was observed after the 1st course of combined therapy with karminomycin, vincristin and cyclophosphan. Subsequent observations for 2 years showed that the child was practically healthy.", "PMID": 677854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3255", "title": "[Significance of a urinary infection for the diagnosis, clinical course and histological characteristics of epithelial bladder tumors. The results of antibacterial therapy].", "content": "Examination of the case records and histological preparations of 1150 patients with epithelial tumors of the bladder revealed urine infection with inflammation in the bladder wall in 12.1% of the cases. The inflammation not only aggravated the clinical progress of the disease but also interfere with determination of the real tumor size on cytoscopy and cystotomography. Leucocytes, macrophages, edema zones in the granulation tissue were found in great numbers in addition to the usual lympho-plasmocytal infiltration in the cases with intravesical infection in the tumor stroma and perifocally. The signs of cystic or grandular cystitis and more seldom the foci of the transitional epithelium epidermization were found at a distance of 2-4 sm from the tumor in 66.6% of the patients. The signs of the infection and inflammation disappeared after antibacterial therapy in 96.8% of the patients. It was not possible to eliminate the infection and inflammation in 1/3 of the patients with exoendophite and endophite tumors, especially in those predisposed to necrosis.", "contents": "[Significance of a urinary infection for the diagnosis, clinical course and histological characteristics of epithelial bladder tumors. The results of antibacterial therapy]. Examination of the case records and histological preparations of 1150 patients with epithelial tumors of the bladder revealed urine infection with inflammation in the bladder wall in 12.1% of the cases. The inflammation not only aggravated the clinical progress of the disease but also interfere with determination of the real tumor size on cytoscopy and cystotomography. Leucocytes, macrophages, edema zones in the granulation tissue were found in great numbers in addition to the usual lympho-plasmocytal infiltration in the cases with intravesical infection in the tumor stroma and perifocally. The signs of cystic or grandular cystitis and more seldom the foci of the transitional epithelium epidermization were found at a distance of 2-4 sm from the tumor in 66.6% of the patients. The signs of the infection and inflammation disappeared after antibacterial therapy in 96.8% of the patients. It was not possible to eliminate the infection and inflammation in 1/3 of the patients with exoendophite and endophite tumors, especially in those predisposed to necrosis.", "PMID": 677855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3256", "title": "[Effect of inhalatory therapy with antibacterial preparations on the fungal-yeastlike flora of the respiratory tracts in pulmonary tuberculosis].", "content": "A total of 254 patients with various forms of the lung tuberculosis were examined on the presence of the yeast-like flora; 130 patients out of them (the main group) were subjected to complex antibacterial therapy including inhalation with antitubercle drugs and 124 patients (control) were not treated with inhalation. On acceptance to the stationary the fungal flora was registered in 22.4% of the patients including 20.9% of the males and 29.2% of the females. The fungi were found more often in old patients (33.3%), patients with diseases of long duration (29.7%) and patients with fibrous cavernous tuberculosis of the lungs (27.1%). It was shown that the local treatment of the patients suffering from the lung tuberculosis with antitubercle drugs including streptomycin had no significant effect on either the period of the fungi carrying (22.3% before the treatment and 21.5% after the treatment, P less than 0.05), or development of the fungal diseases (1.9% in the main group and 1.6% in the control group, P greater than 0.05).", "contents": "[Effect of inhalatory therapy with antibacterial preparations on the fungal-yeastlike flora of the respiratory tracts in pulmonary tuberculosis]. A total of 254 patients with various forms of the lung tuberculosis were examined on the presence of the yeast-like flora; 130 patients out of them (the main group) were subjected to complex antibacterial therapy including inhalation with antitubercle drugs and 124 patients (control) were not treated with inhalation. On acceptance to the stationary the fungal flora was registered in 22.4% of the patients including 20.9% of the males and 29.2% of the females. The fungi were found more often in old patients (33.3%), patients with diseases of long duration (29.7%) and patients with fibrous cavernous tuberculosis of the lungs (27.1%). It was shown that the local treatment of the patients suffering from the lung tuberculosis with antitubercle drugs including streptomycin had no significant effect on either the period of the fungi carrying (22.3% before the treatment and 21.5% after the treatment, P less than 0.05), or development of the fungal diseases (1.9% in the main group and 1.6% in the control group, P greater than 0.05).", "PMID": 677856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3257", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of amikacin.", "content": "Adult volunteers underwent a single lumbar puncture 1 to 8.5 h after one 7.5-mg/kg intramuscular amikacin injection. Eighteen showed no detectable drug in cerebrospinal fluid; six had concentrations <0.5 mug/ml.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of amikacin. Adult volunteers underwent a single lumbar puncture 1 to 8.5 h after one 7.5-mg/kg intramuscular amikacin injection. Eighteen showed no detectable drug in cerebrospinal fluid; six had concentrations <0.5 mug/ml.", "PMID": 677857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3258", "title": "Iodometric assay method for beta-lactamase with various beta-lactam antibiotics as substrates.", "content": "The rapid fixed-time assay for penicillinase was modified for measuring beta-lactamase activity with twelve substrates, i.e., benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, methicillin, carbenicillin, cefazolin, cephalothin, cephaloglycin, cephalexin, cephalosporin C, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid, and cefoxitin. The method depends upon the reduction of iodine by the hydrolyzed substrate. Determined experimentally, 1 mol of hydrolyzed penicillins consumed 3.4 to 4.0 mol of iodine (I(2)). Iodine consumption of hydrolyzed cephalosporins varied widely from 1.7 for cephalothin to 3.7 for cefazolin. The method is useful for routine assay of beta-lactamase activity with various substrates.", "contents": "Iodometric assay method for beta-lactamase with various beta-lactam antibiotics as substrates. The rapid fixed-time assay for penicillinase was modified for measuring beta-lactamase activity with twelve substrates, i.e., benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, methicillin, carbenicillin, cefazolin, cephalothin, cephaloglycin, cephalexin, cephalosporin C, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid, and cefoxitin. The method depends upon the reduction of iodine by the hydrolyzed substrate. Determined experimentally, 1 mol of hydrolyzed penicillins consumed 3.4 to 4.0 mol of iodine (I(2)). Iodine consumption of hydrolyzed cephalosporins varied widely from 1.7 for cephalothin to 3.7 for cefazolin. The method is useful for routine assay of beta-lactamase activity with various substrates.", "PMID": 677858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3259", "title": "Surveillance of gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli in a general hospital.", "content": "Aerobic gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical specimens from 1 January to 31 December 1976 were tested for gentamicin and tobramycin resistance by standardized disk testing. For Pseudomonas isolates, gentamicin resistance was 17.1% and tobramycin resistance was 2.8%. For other gram-negative bacilli, gentamicin resistance was 5.5% and tobramycin resistance was 5.4%. Seventy-four patients from whom gentamicin-resistant organisms were isolated from 1 January to 30 June 1976 were studied prospectively. These patients were elderly, had serious underlying diseases, and had received prior antibiotic therapy. Eleven patients carried gentamicin-resistant organisms at the time of transfer to our hospital from community hospitals or nursing homes. Of the 82 isolates from these 74 patients, 52 were from the urine. Pseudomonas was found most frequently (32 isolates), followed by Klebsiella (15 isolates), Enterobacter (10 isolates), Serratia (10 isolates), and Proteus (9 isolates). Only 3 of 32 Pseudomonas isolates caused symptomatic infection, while 16 of 50 other gram-negative bacilli were responsible for symptomatic infection. Although amikacin was the most active drug against gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli and had not been used in our hospital at the time of this study, 25% of Pseudomonas and 18% of all gram-negative bacilli showed resistance to this aminoglycoside.", "contents": "Surveillance of gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli in a general hospital. Aerobic gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical specimens from 1 January to 31 December 1976 were tested for gentamicin and tobramycin resistance by standardized disk testing. For Pseudomonas isolates, gentamicin resistance was 17.1% and tobramycin resistance was 2.8%. For other gram-negative bacilli, gentamicin resistance was 5.5% and tobramycin resistance was 5.4%. Seventy-four patients from whom gentamicin-resistant organisms were isolated from 1 January to 30 June 1976 were studied prospectively. These patients were elderly, had serious underlying diseases, and had received prior antibiotic therapy. Eleven patients carried gentamicin-resistant organisms at the time of transfer to our hospital from community hospitals or nursing homes. Of the 82 isolates from these 74 patients, 52 were from the urine. Pseudomonas was found most frequently (32 isolates), followed by Klebsiella (15 isolates), Enterobacter (10 isolates), Serratia (10 isolates), and Proteus (9 isolates). Only 3 of 32 Pseudomonas isolates caused symptomatic infection, while 16 of 50 other gram-negative bacilli were responsible for symptomatic infection. Although amikacin was the most active drug against gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli and had not been used in our hospital at the time of this study, 25% of Pseudomonas and 18% of all gram-negative bacilli showed resistance to this aminoglycoside.", "PMID": 677859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3260", "title": "Azlocillin and mezlocillin: new ureido penicillins.", "content": "The activity of azlocillin and mezlocillin, new semisynthetic ureido penicillins, was investigated and compared with that of other known beta-lactam antibiotics. At a concentration of 25 mug/ml, azlocillin inhibited 74% of Enterobacter, 97% of Proteus mirabilis, 64% of Citrobacter, 91% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 82% of Bacteroides strains tested. Mezlocillin inhibited 86% of Shigella, 96% of Enterobacter, 80% of indole-positive Proteus, 88% of Bacteroides, and 63% of Pseudomonas strains tested. Azlocillin was more active against Pseudomonas than was ticarcillin, carbenicillin, or mezlocillin. Mezlocillin was more active than carbenicillin and ampicillin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Serratia, and Bacteroides. Azlocillin and mezlocillin were less active than cefazolin against beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella strains but more active than cefazolin against Enterobacter, indole-positive Proteus, Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia strains. Both compounds showed activity equivalent to that of cefoxitin against Bacteroides isolates. Both agents were destroyed by many of the beta-lactamases from gram-negative organisms.", "contents": "Azlocillin and mezlocillin: new ureido penicillins. The activity of azlocillin and mezlocillin, new semisynthetic ureido penicillins, was investigated and compared with that of other known beta-lactam antibiotics. At a concentration of 25 mug/ml, azlocillin inhibited 74% of Enterobacter, 97% of Proteus mirabilis, 64% of Citrobacter, 91% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 82% of Bacteroides strains tested. Mezlocillin inhibited 86% of Shigella, 96% of Enterobacter, 80% of indole-positive Proteus, 88% of Bacteroides, and 63% of Pseudomonas strains tested. Azlocillin was more active against Pseudomonas than was ticarcillin, carbenicillin, or mezlocillin. Mezlocillin was more active than carbenicillin and ampicillin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Serratia, and Bacteroides. Azlocillin and mezlocillin were less active than cefazolin against beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella strains but more active than cefazolin against Enterobacter, indole-positive Proteus, Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia strains. Both compounds showed activity equivalent to that of cefoxitin against Bacteroides isolates. Both agents were destroyed by many of the beta-lactamases from gram-negative organisms.", "PMID": 677860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3261", "title": "In vitro studies of piperacilin, a new semisynthetic penicillin.", "content": "Piperacillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin, was compared with other semisynthetic penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides by the agar dilution method against 3,600 isolates of facultative gram-negative bacilli, Bacteroides fragilis, and enterococci. At 64 mug/ml, piperacillin inhibited 90% of the isolates in each group of organisms tested except for Escherichia coli (83% inhibited by 64 mug/ml). Compared with carbenicillin, piperacillin had a 16-fold increase in activity by weight against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the enterococcus, an 8-fold increase against Serratia marcescens, and a 4-fold increase against B. fragilis and Enterobacter species. Piperacillin was highly active against carbenicillin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and inhibited many aminoglycoside-resistant organisms. Except for P. aeruginosa, the minimum bactericidal concentration of piperacillin was usually within one tube dilution of the minimum inhibitory concentration. Approximately one-third of the gram-negative bacilli were inhibited synergistically by piperacillin plus amikacin, but no synergy could be demonstrated against enterococci. Piperacillin's in vitro activity against gram-negative bacilli was similar to gentamicin's except that it also included B. fragilis, and piperacillin was decidedly superior to presently available penicillins against K. pneumoniae.", "contents": "In vitro studies of piperacilin, a new semisynthetic penicillin. Piperacillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin, was compared with other semisynthetic penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides by the agar dilution method against 3,600 isolates of facultative gram-negative bacilli, Bacteroides fragilis, and enterococci. At 64 mug/ml, piperacillin inhibited 90% of the isolates in each group of organisms tested except for Escherichia coli (83% inhibited by 64 mug/ml). Compared with carbenicillin, piperacillin had a 16-fold increase in activity by weight against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the enterococcus, an 8-fold increase against Serratia marcescens, and a 4-fold increase against B. fragilis and Enterobacter species. Piperacillin was highly active against carbenicillin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and inhibited many aminoglycoside-resistant organisms. Except for P. aeruginosa, the minimum bactericidal concentration of piperacillin was usually within one tube dilution of the minimum inhibitory concentration. Approximately one-third of the gram-negative bacilli were inhibited synergistically by piperacillin plus amikacin, but no synergy could be demonstrated against enterococci. Piperacillin's in vitro activity against gram-negative bacilli was similar to gentamicin's except that it also included B. fragilis, and piperacillin was decidedly superior to presently available penicillins against K. pneumoniae.", "PMID": 677861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3262", "title": "Pharmacology of cefaclor in normal volunteers and patients with renal failure.", "content": "After a 500-mg dose of cefaclor, the mean peak plasma level was 12.4 mug/ml and after a 250-mg dose it was 5 mug/ml in normal volunteers. Food intake significantly reduced absorption. Probenecid prolonged plasma levels. Mean plasma half-life in normal volunteers was 0.8 h. Only about 50% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 4 h in normal volunteers. Plasma half-life in patients with renal insufficiency was only about 3 h, which suggests that cefaclor may be eliminated by nonrenal mechanisms in humans. Urinary levels of cefaclor were adequate to inhibit susceptible pathogens even in patients with moderately severe renal failure. Plasma half-life during hemodialysis was 2.1 h and rose to 2.8 h after dialysis.", "contents": "Pharmacology of cefaclor in normal volunteers and patients with renal failure. After a 500-mg dose of cefaclor, the mean peak plasma level was 12.4 mug/ml and after a 250-mg dose it was 5 mug/ml in normal volunteers. Food intake significantly reduced absorption. Probenecid prolonged plasma levels. Mean plasma half-life in normal volunteers was 0.8 h. Only about 50% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 4 h in normal volunteers. Plasma half-life in patients with renal insufficiency was only about 3 h, which suggests that cefaclor may be eliminated by nonrenal mechanisms in humans. Urinary levels of cefaclor were adequate to inhibit susceptible pathogens even in patients with moderately severe renal failure. Plasma half-life during hemodialysis was 2.1 h and rose to 2.8 h after dialysis.", "PMID": 677862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3263", "title": "Pharmacokinetic comparison of oral bacampicillin and parenteral ampicillin.", "content": "Bacampicillin is a new oral prodrug which is rapidly converted to ampicillin during absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. High serum peaks of ampicillin are obtained. Bacampicillin orally was compared pharmacokinetically with parenteral ampicillin (intravenously and intramuscularly). A cross-over study on healthy volunteers showed that ampicillin concentrations after equimolar doses of bacampicillin orally and ampicillin intramuscularly were of the same order. The mean of the individual peak values (regardless of time of occurrence) after a dose of 800 mg of bacampicillin was 13.1 +/- 3.8 mug/ml. Absorption rates of the two doses were similar, as were their distribution volumes (approximately 25% of the body weight). Bioavailability was 87% for bacampicillin, compared to 71% for ampicillin.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic comparison of oral bacampicillin and parenteral ampicillin. Bacampicillin is a new oral prodrug which is rapidly converted to ampicillin during absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. High serum peaks of ampicillin are obtained. Bacampicillin orally was compared pharmacokinetically with parenteral ampicillin (intravenously and intramuscularly). A cross-over study on healthy volunteers showed that ampicillin concentrations after equimolar doses of bacampicillin orally and ampicillin intramuscularly were of the same order. The mean of the individual peak values (regardless of time of occurrence) after a dose of 800 mg of bacampicillin was 13.1 +/- 3.8 mug/ml. Absorption rates of the two doses were similar, as were their distribution volumes (approximately 25% of the body weight). Bioavailability was 87% for bacampicillin, compared to 71% for ampicillin.", "PMID": 677863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3264", "title": "Excretion of cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalothin into T-tube bile.", "content": "The biliary tract excretion of cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalothin was measured in eight patients with T-tubes inserted into their common ducts after ductal exploration for biliary tract stones. Each patient received 1.0 g intravenously of each cephalosporin on 3 separate days; T-tube bile and serum were collected at selected time intervals thereafter. In seven patients, bile and urine were collected for 6 h after the administration of each drug. Mean peak levels of cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalothin in bile were 352, 46, and 12 mug/ml, respectively. The respective mean peak serum levels were 55.0, 92.8, and 32.4 mug/ml. Despite the fact that peak serum levels of cefazolin were 1.5 times those of cefamandole, levels in bile of cefamandole were about 8 times those of cefazolin. Over a 6-h period, almost three times as much cefamandole was excreted into bile as was cefazolin. Therefore, in those patients with biliary tract sepsis, in whom a cephalosporin is indicated for therapy, cefamandole appears to be the drug of choice.", "contents": "Excretion of cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalothin into T-tube bile. The biliary tract excretion of cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalothin was measured in eight patients with T-tubes inserted into their common ducts after ductal exploration for biliary tract stones. Each patient received 1.0 g intravenously of each cephalosporin on 3 separate days; T-tube bile and serum were collected at selected time intervals thereafter. In seven patients, bile and urine were collected for 6 h after the administration of each drug. Mean peak levels of cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalothin in bile were 352, 46, and 12 mug/ml, respectively. The respective mean peak serum levels were 55.0, 92.8, and 32.4 mug/ml. Despite the fact that peak serum levels of cefazolin were 1.5 times those of cefamandole, levels in bile of cefamandole were about 8 times those of cefazolin. Over a 6-h period, almost three times as much cefamandole was excreted into bile as was cefazolin. Therefore, in those patients with biliary tract sepsis, in whom a cephalosporin is indicated for therapy, cefamandole appears to be the drug of choice.", "PMID": 677864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3265", "title": "Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to cefaclor and cephalothin: laboratory and clinical studies.", "content": "In vitro susceptibility tests of 201 strains of Staphylococcus aureus by agar dilution revealed 90% to be susceptible to 8 mug or less of cefaclor per ml. Strains from hospitalized children and adults were more often resistant than those from patients with bullous impetigo. Cephalothin was more active than cefaclor against all strains tested. Results with disk tests, including those strains examined from the clinical investigation, revealed some discrepancies in identifying strains more resistant to cefaclor. In clinical studies, cefaclor proved quite effective for the treatment of bullous impetigo. Of 73 patients, 90% were cured and 7% improved after completing 5 or more days of treatment. Prompt improvement was noted among most patients seen 3 to 5 days after treatment was begun. One patient experienced mild diarrhea. There were no other adverse or toxic manifestations attributable to therapy.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to cefaclor and cephalothin: laboratory and clinical studies. In vitro susceptibility tests of 201 strains of Staphylococcus aureus by agar dilution revealed 90% to be susceptible to 8 mug or less of cefaclor per ml. Strains from hospitalized children and adults were more often resistant than those from patients with bullous impetigo. Cephalothin was more active than cefaclor against all strains tested. Results with disk tests, including those strains examined from the clinical investigation, revealed some discrepancies in identifying strains more resistant to cefaclor. In clinical studies, cefaclor proved quite effective for the treatment of bullous impetigo. Of 73 patients, 90% were cured and 7% improved after completing 5 or more days of treatment. Prompt improvement was noted among most patients seen 3 to 5 days after treatment was begun. One patient experienced mild diarrhea. There were no other adverse or toxic manifestations attributable to therapy.", "PMID": 677865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3266", "title": "Comparison of serum bactericidal activity among three antimicrobial combinations.", "content": "Three antimicrobial combinations, ticarcillin plus cephalothin (T+C), ticarcillin plus gentamicin (T+G), and cephalothin plus gentamicin (C+G), were administered to 105 febrile granulocytopenic cancer patients at the Baltimore Cancer Research Center as part of a multi-institutional prospective randomized antibiotic trial. The sera from 32 of these patients (T+C-10 patients, T+G-10 patients, and C+G-12 patients) obtained 1 h post-antibiotic administration were examined for bactericidal activity against 11 strains each of the most common pathogens infecting the granulocytopenic host: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Each of the three antibiotic regimens produced a high degree of bactericidal activity in these sera against S. aureus and E. coli. P. aeruginosa was equally, although poorly, killed by sera containing ticarcillin (T+G, T+C), whereas C+G produced no measurable serocidal activity (P < 0.05). Sera with C+G killed K. pneumoniae more effectively than T+G; T+C produced the least killing effect of the three regimens against this organism (P < 0.05). The bactericidal activity of the serum from these 32 patients supplements the overall clinical results of the multi-institutional antibiotic trial and suggests that T+G is a useful initial regimen for empiric therapy of febrile episodes in granulocytopenic cancer patients.", "contents": "Comparison of serum bactericidal activity among three antimicrobial combinations. Three antimicrobial combinations, ticarcillin plus cephalothin (T+C), ticarcillin plus gentamicin (T+G), and cephalothin plus gentamicin (C+G), were administered to 105 febrile granulocytopenic cancer patients at the Baltimore Cancer Research Center as part of a multi-institutional prospective randomized antibiotic trial. The sera from 32 of these patients (T+C-10 patients, T+G-10 patients, and C+G-12 patients) obtained 1 h post-antibiotic administration were examined for bactericidal activity against 11 strains each of the most common pathogens infecting the granulocytopenic host: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Each of the three antibiotic regimens produced a high degree of bactericidal activity in these sera against S. aureus and E. coli. P. aeruginosa was equally, although poorly, killed by sera containing ticarcillin (T+G, T+C), whereas C+G produced no measurable serocidal activity (P < 0.05). Sera with C+G killed K. pneumoniae more effectively than T+G; T+C produced the least killing effect of the three regimens against this organism (P < 0.05). The bactericidal activity of the serum from these 32 patients supplements the overall clinical results of the multi-institutional antibiotic trial and suggests that T+G is a useful initial regimen for empiric therapy of febrile episodes in granulocytopenic cancer patients.", "PMID": 677866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3267", "title": "Inclusion of xylan in a medium for the enumeration of total culturable rumen bacteria.", "content": "The influence of the inclusion of xylan in a medium for enumeration of total culturable rumen bacteria was investigated. Maximum colony numbers were obtained on a medium, GCSX-2, which contained 0.033% each glucose and cellobiose and 0.067% each soluble starch and xylan. This medium gave higher colony counts than either medium 98-5 of Bryant and Robinson (J. Dairy Sci. 44:1446-1456, 1961), medium 98-5 of Chung and Hungate (Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32:649-652, 1976), containing an added lucerne (hemicellulose + cellulose) fiber substrate, or medium GCSX-2 with the added lucerne (hemicellulose + cellulose) fraction. The time of collection of rumen fluid influenced the colony counts on the media containing the lucerne fiber substrate but was without effect on medium GCSX-2.", "contents": "Inclusion of xylan in a medium for the enumeration of total culturable rumen bacteria. The influence of the inclusion of xylan in a medium for enumeration of total culturable rumen bacteria was investigated. Maximum colony numbers were obtained on a medium, GCSX-2, which contained 0.033% each glucose and cellobiose and 0.067% each soluble starch and xylan. This medium gave higher colony counts than either medium 98-5 of Bryant and Robinson (J. Dairy Sci. 44:1446-1456, 1961), medium 98-5 of Chung and Hungate (Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32:649-652, 1976), containing an added lucerne (hemicellulose + cellulose) fiber substrate, or medium GCSX-2 with the added lucerne (hemicellulose + cellulose) fraction. The time of collection of rumen fluid influenced the colony counts on the media containing the lucerne fiber substrate but was without effect on medium GCSX-2.", "PMID": 677867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3268", "title": "Virus accumulation by the rock oyster Crassostrea glomerata.", "content": "The accumulation of virus by the New Zealand rock oyster Crassostrea glomerata has been studied in a static seawater system using radioactively labeled reovirus type III and Semliki Forest virus. The uptake of virus was found to be less rapid than for the bacterium Escherichia coli and to be unaffected by the presence of the marine alga Dunaliella primolecta in the seawater. Accumulation was dependent on virus concentration, with saturation achieved at 4 X 10(10) reovirus particles per oyster, implying that an oyster possesses a large but finite number of sites for virus adsorption. When the rates of uptake of two viruses of similar size but differing surface properties were compared, the rate of accumulation of the lipoprotein-enveloped Semliki Forest virus was found to be less than that for the protein-enclosed reovirus. This observation, together with the finding that the oyster shell has a strong affinity for virus, suggests that surface properties, rather than size, are the principal factors governing the accumulation of viruses by filter-feeding marine bivalves.", "contents": "Virus accumulation by the rock oyster Crassostrea glomerata. The accumulation of virus by the New Zealand rock oyster Crassostrea glomerata has been studied in a static seawater system using radioactively labeled reovirus type III and Semliki Forest virus. The uptake of virus was found to be less rapid than for the bacterium Escherichia coli and to be unaffected by the presence of the marine alga Dunaliella primolecta in the seawater. Accumulation was dependent on virus concentration, with saturation achieved at 4 X 10(10) reovirus particles per oyster, implying that an oyster possesses a large but finite number of sites for virus adsorption. When the rates of uptake of two viruses of similar size but differing surface properties were compared, the rate of accumulation of the lipoprotein-enveloped Semliki Forest virus was found to be less than that for the protein-enclosed reovirus. This observation, together with the finding that the oyster shell has a strong affinity for virus, suggests that surface properties, rather than size, are the principal factors governing the accumulation of viruses by filter-feeding marine bivalves.", "PMID": 677868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3269", "title": "Effect of sulfur-containing compounds on anaerobic degradation of cellulose to methane by mixed cultures obtained from sewage sludge.", "content": "Tests were made to determine the effects of inorganic and organic sulfur sources on the degradation of cellulose to methane in a chemically defined medium with sulfur-poor inoculum prepared from sewage sludge. The results show that a sulfur source of about a 0.85 mM concentration is essential for the degradation of cellulose to CH4. However, the production of CH4 from CO2 and H2 provided in the headspace occurred with 0.1 mM sulfate or sulfide. At a 9 mM concentration, all inorganic sulfur compounds other than sulfate inhibited both cellulose degradation and methane formation, and this inhibition increased in the order thiosulfate less than sulfite less than sulfide less than H2S. It appears that the degradation of cellulose to CH4 in a sulfate-free medium by inoculum maintained in a low-sulfur medium is inhibited because of the lack of availability of sulfur for growth of bacteria and synthesis of cell materials and sulfur-containing cofactors involved in cellulose degradation and methanogenesis. The reduction of methanogenesis by higher levels of sulfate probably occurs as a result of stimulation of reactions converting acetate and H2 to end products other than CH4.", "contents": "Effect of sulfur-containing compounds on anaerobic degradation of cellulose to methane by mixed cultures obtained from sewage sludge. Tests were made to determine the effects of inorganic and organic sulfur sources on the degradation of cellulose to methane in a chemically defined medium with sulfur-poor inoculum prepared from sewage sludge. The results show that a sulfur source of about a 0.85 mM concentration is essential for the degradation of cellulose to CH4. However, the production of CH4 from CO2 and H2 provided in the headspace occurred with 0.1 mM sulfate or sulfide. At a 9 mM concentration, all inorganic sulfur compounds other than sulfate inhibited both cellulose degradation and methane formation, and this inhibition increased in the order thiosulfate less than sulfite less than sulfide less than H2S. It appears that the degradation of cellulose to CH4 in a sulfate-free medium by inoculum maintained in a low-sulfur medium is inhibited because of the lack of availability of sulfur for growth of bacteria and synthesis of cell materials and sulfur-containing cofactors involved in cellulose degradation and methanogenesis. The reduction of methanogenesis by higher levels of sulfate probably occurs as a result of stimulation of reactions converting acetate and H2 to end products other than CH4.", "PMID": 677869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3270", "title": "Antimetabolite sensitivity and magnesium uptake by thermally stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "Metabolic inhibitors were added to a culture medium inoculated with theramlly stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus to obtain information pertaining to biosynthetic processes required for recovery from heat damage. Ribonucleic acid and protein syntheses, in addition to membrane repair, were required during recovery of injured cells. Neither nucleic acid nor Mg2+ leakage was noted to occur during the time cells were subjected to heat stress. Studies revealed that Mg2+ was apparently taken up by cells of V. parahaemolyticus during the first 30 min after thermal treatment, indicating a possible increased requirement for Mg2+ for membrane and/or ribosome stability and repair.", "contents": "Antimetabolite sensitivity and magnesium uptake by thermally stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Metabolic inhibitors were added to a culture medium inoculated with theramlly stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus to obtain information pertaining to biosynthetic processes required for recovery from heat damage. Ribonucleic acid and protein syntheses, in addition to membrane repair, were required during recovery of injured cells. Neither nucleic acid nor Mg2+ leakage was noted to occur during the time cells were subjected to heat stress. Studies revealed that Mg2+ was apparently taken up by cells of V. parahaemolyticus during the first 30 min after thermal treatment, indicating a possible increased requirement for Mg2+ for membrane and/or ribosome stability and repair.", "PMID": 677870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3271", "title": "Lignocellulose decomposition by selected streptomyces strains.", "content": "From 30 actinomycete cultures isolated by enrichment technique on agar media containing newsprint as a primary carbon and energy source, three Streptomyces strains were selected for characterization of their lignocellulose-decomposing abilities. All three streptomycetes were capable of oxidizing specifically 14C-labeled lignocelluloses to 14CO2. These Streptomyces were shown to attack primarily the cellulosic (glucan) components, of which between 25 to 40% evolved as 14CO2 during 1,025 h of incubation depending upon the culture used. Lignin labeled lignocelluloses were also attacked, but to a lesser degree, with up to about 3.5% being oxidized to 14CO2 depending upon the culture used. Additionally, it was shown that purified 14C-labeled milled-wood lignin was attacked, with recoveries of up to 17.7% of the label was 14CO2. This is the first conclusive evidence to show that streptomycetes can decompose lignin.", "contents": "Lignocellulose decomposition by selected streptomyces strains. From 30 actinomycete cultures isolated by enrichment technique on agar media containing newsprint as a primary carbon and energy source, three Streptomyces strains were selected for characterization of their lignocellulose-decomposing abilities. All three streptomycetes were capable of oxidizing specifically 14C-labeled lignocelluloses to 14CO2. These Streptomyces were shown to attack primarily the cellulosic (glucan) components, of which between 25 to 40% evolved as 14CO2 during 1,025 h of incubation depending upon the culture used. Lignin labeled lignocelluloses were also attacked, but to a lesser degree, with up to about 3.5% being oxidized to 14CO2 depending upon the culture used. Additionally, it was shown that purified 14C-labeled milled-wood lignin was attacked, with recoveries of up to 17.7% of the label was 14CO2. This is the first conclusive evidence to show that streptomycetes can decompose lignin.", "PMID": 677871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3272", "title": "Phytoplankton uptake and excretion of assimilated nitrate in a small Canadian shield lake.", "content": "Nitrate uptake in the epilemnetic waters of a small eutrophic Canadian Shield lake was studied by using a 15N method during summer stratification. Concurrent with inhibition of primary production, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea inhibited NO3- assimilation. Nitrate up to 1 mg of N/liter did not affect the rate of primary production during 3 h of incubation. The NO3- fertilizer added to the lake weekly was consumed through algal assimilation in about 3 days. Excretion of the photoassimilated NO3- as dissolved organic nitrogen represented a significant portion of the nutrient incorporated by the cells. Only 40% of the NO3- -15N which disappeared could be accounted for in the particulate fraction. Although the rest was presumably excreted, only 15% of the 15N label was accounted for as cationic dissolved organic nitrogen by isotope assays. These excreted organic forms were predominantly serine and glycine in the dissolved free amino acid fraction. Bacteria as well as algae might be expected to contribute to and modify the extracellular nitrogen pool.", "contents": "Phytoplankton uptake and excretion of assimilated nitrate in a small Canadian shield lake. Nitrate uptake in the epilemnetic waters of a small eutrophic Canadian Shield lake was studied by using a 15N method during summer stratification. Concurrent with inhibition of primary production, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea inhibited NO3- assimilation. Nitrate up to 1 mg of N/liter did not affect the rate of primary production during 3 h of incubation. The NO3- fertilizer added to the lake weekly was consumed through algal assimilation in about 3 days. Excretion of the photoassimilated NO3- as dissolved organic nitrogen represented a significant portion of the nutrient incorporated by the cells. Only 40% of the NO3- -15N which disappeared could be accounted for in the particulate fraction. Although the rest was presumably excreted, only 15% of the 15N label was accounted for as cationic dissolved organic nitrogen by isotope assays. These excreted organic forms were predominantly serine and glycine in the dissolved free amino acid fraction. Bacteria as well as algae might be expected to contribute to and modify the extracellular nitrogen pool.", "PMID": 677872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3273", "title": "Influence of ammonium chloride on the nitrogenase activity of nodulated pea plants (Pisum sativum).", "content": "A study was made on the short-term effect of ammonium ions on the nitrogenase activity of pea root nodules. Nodulated pea plants (Pisum sativum), having reached maximum acetylene-reducing activity, were supplied with NH4Cl (20 mM). Nitrogenase activity of intact plants, detached nodules, and isolated bacteroids was measured at differed time intervals. A significant drop (20 to 40%) in the acetylene-reducing activity of treated intact plants and their detached nodules was observed after 1 day. No drop in the nitrogenase activity of bacteroids (assayed aerobically, or anaerobically after treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-toluene) occurred for 2 to 4 days after the addition of NH4+ to the plants, depending on cultural conditions. From these results it is concluded that the adverse effect of NH4+ on acetylene reduction by intact plants and detached nodules during the first 2 days is not due to a decrease in the amount of nitrogenase in the bacteroids. It is suggested that the effect has to be attributed to a reduced supply to the bacteroids of energy-delivery photosynthates.", "contents": "Influence of ammonium chloride on the nitrogenase activity of nodulated pea plants (Pisum sativum). A study was made on the short-term effect of ammonium ions on the nitrogenase activity of pea root nodules. Nodulated pea plants (Pisum sativum), having reached maximum acetylene-reducing activity, were supplied with NH4Cl (20 mM). Nitrogenase activity of intact plants, detached nodules, and isolated bacteroids was measured at differed time intervals. A significant drop (20 to 40%) in the acetylene-reducing activity of treated intact plants and their detached nodules was observed after 1 day. No drop in the nitrogenase activity of bacteroids (assayed aerobically, or anaerobically after treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-toluene) occurred for 2 to 4 days after the addition of NH4+ to the plants, depending on cultural conditions. From these results it is concluded that the adverse effect of NH4+ on acetylene reduction by intact plants and detached nodules during the first 2 days is not due to a decrease in the amount of nitrogenase in the bacteroids. It is suggested that the effect has to be attributed to a reduced supply to the bacteroids of energy-delivery photosynthates.", "PMID": 677873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3274", "title": "Production of cyclochlorotine and a new metabolite, simatoxin, by Penicillium islandicum Sopp.", "content": "Production of the hepatotoxin cyclochlorotine by Penicillium islandicum was studied under a variety of fermentation conditions. The best system for production was agitated red wheat. A thin-layer chromatographic method was developed for the detection of this cyclic polypeptide. These experiments have resulted in the isolation of a new toxic metabolite, which we call simatoxin.", "contents": "Production of cyclochlorotine and a new metabolite, simatoxin, by Penicillium islandicum Sopp. Production of the hepatotoxin cyclochlorotine by Penicillium islandicum was studied under a variety of fermentation conditions. The best system for production was agitated red wheat. A thin-layer chromatographic method was developed for the detection of this cyclic polypeptide. These experiments have resulted in the isolation of a new toxic metabolite, which we call simatoxin.", "PMID": 677874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3275", "title": "Airborne bacteria in an urban environment.", "content": "Samples were taken at random intervals over a 2-year period from urban air and tested for viable bacteria. The number of bacteria in each sample was determined, and each organism isolated was identified by its morphological and biochemical characteristics. The number of bacteria found ranged from 0.013 to 1.88 organisms per liter of air sampled. Representatives of 19 different genera were found in 21 samples. The most frequently isolated organisms and their percent of occurence were Micrococcus (41%), Staphylococcus (11%), and Aerococcus (8%). The bacteria isolated were correlated with various weather and air pollution parameters using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient method. Statistically significant correlations were found between the number of viable bacteria isolated and the concentrations of nitric oxide (-0.45), nitrogen dioxide (+0.43), and suspended particulate pollutants (+0.56). Calculated individually, the total number of Micrococcus, Aerococcus, and Staphylococcus, number of rods, and number of cocci isolated showed negative correlations with nitric oxide and positive correlations with nitrogen dioxide and particulates. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the total number of rods isolated and the concentration of nitrogen dioxide (+0.54) and the percent relative humidity (+0.43). The other parameters tested, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, and temperature, showed no significant correlations.", "contents": "Airborne bacteria in an urban environment. Samples were taken at random intervals over a 2-year period from urban air and tested for viable bacteria. The number of bacteria in each sample was determined, and each organism isolated was identified by its morphological and biochemical characteristics. The number of bacteria found ranged from 0.013 to 1.88 organisms per liter of air sampled. Representatives of 19 different genera were found in 21 samples. The most frequently isolated organisms and their percent of occurence were Micrococcus (41%), Staphylococcus (11%), and Aerococcus (8%). The bacteria isolated were correlated with various weather and air pollution parameters using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient method. Statistically significant correlations were found between the number of viable bacteria isolated and the concentrations of nitric oxide (-0.45), nitrogen dioxide (+0.43), and suspended particulate pollutants (+0.56). Calculated individually, the total number of Micrococcus, Aerococcus, and Staphylococcus, number of rods, and number of cocci isolated showed negative correlations with nitric oxide and positive correlations with nitrogen dioxide and particulates. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the total number of rods isolated and the concentration of nitrogen dioxide (+0.54) and the percent relative humidity (+0.43). The other parameters tested, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, and temperature, showed no significant correlations.", "PMID": 677875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3276", "title": "Electrophoretic protein patterns and enzyme mobilities in anaerobic coryneforms.", "content": "The soluble protein patterns and electrophoretic mobilities of malate and succinate dehydrogenases and catalase have been examined in 25 strains of Propionibacterium acnes, P. granulosum, and P. avidum. A distinctive protein pattern for each species was found, and it was possible also to distinguish the serotypes within P. acnes and P. avidum. Strains of P. acnes, P. granulosum, and P. avidum could be differentiated by the mobilities of their malate dehydrogenases. Catalase activity was detected in the soluble fractions of all strains. Catalases from P. acnes and P. avidum strains had the same mobility, whereas that from P. granulosum was slightly slower. Under the conditions used, succinate dehydrogenase activity could be detected, but the patterns were not distinctive.", "contents": "Electrophoretic protein patterns and enzyme mobilities in anaerobic coryneforms. The soluble protein patterns and electrophoretic mobilities of malate and succinate dehydrogenases and catalase have been examined in 25 strains of Propionibacterium acnes, P. granulosum, and P. avidum. A distinctive protein pattern for each species was found, and it was possible also to distinguish the serotypes within P. acnes and P. avidum. Strains of P. acnes, P. granulosum, and P. avidum could be differentiated by the mobilities of their malate dehydrogenases. Catalase activity was detected in the soluble fractions of all strains. Catalases from P. acnes and P. avidum strains had the same mobility, whereas that from P. granulosum was slightly slower. Under the conditions used, succinate dehydrogenase activity could be detected, but the patterns were not distinctive.", "PMID": 677876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3277", "title": "Transduction in Bacillus thuringiensis.", "content": "Bacteriophage CP-51, originally reported as a generalized transducing phage for Bacillus cereus and B. anthracis, has been shown to carry out generalized transduction in several strains of B. thuringiensis. A newly isolated phage, CP-54, which has a broader host range than CP-51, also mediates generalized transduction in B. thuringiensis. CP-51 and CP-54 are similar in size and morphology and are related serologically, but they are not identical. CP-54 is more cold labile than CP-51, and, as with CP-51, its stability both at 0 and 15 degrees C is enhanced by the presence of 0.02 M Mg2+. Some examples of cotransduction of linked markers in B. thuringiensis are presented, demonstrating the feasibility of chromosomal mapping in this organism. The rare occurrence of cross-transduction among strains of B. thuringiensis is probably a reflection of nonhomology rather than restriction, since phage itself did not appear to be restricted when grown on a particular host and assayed with other hosts as indicator.", "contents": "Transduction in Bacillus thuringiensis. Bacteriophage CP-51, originally reported as a generalized transducing phage for Bacillus cereus and B. anthracis, has been shown to carry out generalized transduction in several strains of B. thuringiensis. A newly isolated phage, CP-54, which has a broader host range than CP-51, also mediates generalized transduction in B. thuringiensis. CP-51 and CP-54 are similar in size and morphology and are related serologically, but they are not identical. CP-54 is more cold labile than CP-51, and, as with CP-51, its stability both at 0 and 15 degrees C is enhanced by the presence of 0.02 M Mg2+. Some examples of cotransduction of linked markers in B. thuringiensis are presented, demonstrating the feasibility of chromosomal mapping in this organism. The rare occurrence of cross-transduction among strains of B. thuringiensis is probably a reflection of nonhomology rather than restriction, since phage itself did not appear to be restricted when grown on a particular host and assayed with other hosts as indicator.", "PMID": 677877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3278", "title": "Survival of bacillus licheniformis on human skin.", "content": "The colonization and survival of Bacillus species, members of the cutaneous microbial community of humans, were investigated by applying spores of Bacillus licheniformis to the forearms of volunteers. Four strains were tested, including the bacitracin producer ATCC 10716 and its bacitracin-negative mutant. Germination occurred within 24 h. Significant differences in survival population and duration were found among the test strains; however, ATCC 10716 and its mutant produced statistically similar survival curves. In general, an inoculum density of 10(4) colony-forming units per cm2 allowed survival for at least 2 weeks. Individual variation was extreme, for one subject harbored bacilli for over 2 months and another eliminated the microorganism within 3 days. Individuals could be differentiated into long-term (greater than 21 days) and short-term (less than 14 days) carriers. Eight of the 11 volunteers (73%) inoculated with ATCC 10716 carried it for 2 weeks, and 5 subjects (45%) continued to support the bacilli for 3 weeks. Spreading of the organism to other regions of the body occurred, but bacilli were not detected in these areas beyond 6 days.", "contents": "Survival of bacillus licheniformis on human skin. The colonization and survival of Bacillus species, members of the cutaneous microbial community of humans, were investigated by applying spores of Bacillus licheniformis to the forearms of volunteers. Four strains were tested, including the bacitracin producer ATCC 10716 and its bacitracin-negative mutant. Germination occurred within 24 h. Significant differences in survival population and duration were found among the test strains; however, ATCC 10716 and its mutant produced statistically similar survival curves. In general, an inoculum density of 10(4) colony-forming units per cm2 allowed survival for at least 2 weeks. Individual variation was extreme, for one subject harbored bacilli for over 2 months and another eliminated the microorganism within 3 days. Individuals could be differentiated into long-term (greater than 21 days) and short-term (less than 14 days) carriers. Eight of the 11 volunteers (73%) inoculated with ATCC 10716 carried it for 2 weeks, and 5 subjects (45%) continued to support the bacilli for 3 weeks. Spreading of the organism to other regions of the body occurred, but bacilli were not detected in these areas beyond 6 days.", "PMID": 677878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3279", "title": "Interactions of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716 and normal flora of human skin.", "content": "To determine whether antibiotic production might be ecologically advantageous in the survival of Bacillus species on human skin, we applied spores of a bacitracin-producing strain of Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC 10716) to the forearms of 11 volunteers. Three additional strains of B. licheniformis which did not synthesize antibiotics, including a mutant of ATCC 10716, were used in subsequent control trials. Samples of flora were taken from inoculated and control (opposite forearm) sites during the colonization period, generally 3 weeks. Although population densities were unaltered, changes in the carriage, composition, and bacitracin sensitivity of resident flora were related with the presence of ATCC 10716 only, which suggests that microbial interactions are important in bacillus colonization and in maintenance of normal flora. Interactions were examined in vitro by comparing growth curves of representative skin bacteria, including isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Micrococcus luteus, and a large-colony diphtheroid, grown individually, in mixed culture with each other, and together in presence of each test strain of B. licheniformis. We observed some diminution of growth of M. luteus and the diphtheroid in the first mixed culture, and the diphtheroid was completely retarded in common culture with ATCC 10716. Lesser antibiotic effects were seen on the cocci, whose rank of sensitivity was similar to that in vivo. The growth of the diphtheroid was enhanced in mixed culture with those strains of bacilli which lack antibiotic activity.", "contents": "Interactions of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716 and normal flora of human skin. To determine whether antibiotic production might be ecologically advantageous in the survival of Bacillus species on human skin, we applied spores of a bacitracin-producing strain of Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC 10716) to the forearms of 11 volunteers. Three additional strains of B. licheniformis which did not synthesize antibiotics, including a mutant of ATCC 10716, were used in subsequent control trials. Samples of flora were taken from inoculated and control (opposite forearm) sites during the colonization period, generally 3 weeks. Although population densities were unaltered, changes in the carriage, composition, and bacitracin sensitivity of resident flora were related with the presence of ATCC 10716 only, which suggests that microbial interactions are important in bacillus colonization and in maintenance of normal flora. Interactions were examined in vitro by comparing growth curves of representative skin bacteria, including isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Micrococcus luteus, and a large-colony diphtheroid, grown individually, in mixed culture with each other, and together in presence of each test strain of B. licheniformis. We observed some diminution of growth of M. luteus and the diphtheroid in the first mixed culture, and the diphtheroid was completely retarded in common culture with ATCC 10716. Lesser antibiotic effects were seen on the cocci, whose rank of sensitivity was similar to that in vivo. The growth of the diphtheroid was enhanced in mixed culture with those strains of bacilli which lack antibiotic activity.", "PMID": 677879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3280", "title": "Studies on an acetate-fermenting strain of Methanosarcina.", "content": "An acetate-fermenting strain of Methanosarcina was isolated from an acetate enrichment culture inoculated with anaerobic sludge from a waste treatment digestor. In pure culture, this organism fermented acetate in the absence of added hydrogen at rates comparable in magnitude to those found in digestor systems. This rate was significantly higher than previously obtained for pure cultures of this genus. Mineral components of yeast extract were highly stimulatory for cultures growing on methanol. Comparable stimulation was not observed for cultures growing on acetate. Labeling studies indicated that acetate was converted to methane and CO2 as predicted by previous studies on mixed cultures. Total oxidation or reduction of acetate was not the mechanism of conversion of acetate to methane by the pure culture. The ability of this strain to form colonies or to produce methane from acetate was apparently influenced by the choice of substrate and conditions used for growing the inoculum.", "contents": "Studies on an acetate-fermenting strain of Methanosarcina. An acetate-fermenting strain of Methanosarcina was isolated from an acetate enrichment culture inoculated with anaerobic sludge from a waste treatment digestor. In pure culture, this organism fermented acetate in the absence of added hydrogen at rates comparable in magnitude to those found in digestor systems. This rate was significantly higher than previously obtained for pure cultures of this genus. Mineral components of yeast extract were highly stimulatory for cultures growing on methanol. Comparable stimulation was not observed for cultures growing on acetate. Labeling studies indicated that acetate was converted to methane and CO2 as predicted by previous studies on mixed cultures. Total oxidation or reduction of acetate was not the mechanism of conversion of acetate to methane by the pure culture. The ability of this strain to form colonies or to produce methane from acetate was apparently influenced by the choice of substrate and conditions used for growing the inoculum.", "PMID": 677880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3281", "title": "Methanogenesis from acetate: a nonmethanogenic bacterium from an anaerobic acetate enrichment.", "content": "A methanogenic acetate enrichment was initiated by inoculation of an acetate-mineral salts medium with domestic anaerobic digestor sludge and maintained by weekly transfer for 2 years. The enrichment culture contained a Methanosarcina and several obligately anaerobic nonmethanogenic bacteria. These latter organisms formed varying degrees of association with the Methanosarcina, ranging from the nutritionally fastidious gram-negative rod called the satellite bacterium to the nutritionally nonfastidious Eubacterium limosum. The satellite bacterium had growth requirements for amino acids, a peptide, a purine base, vitamin B12, and other B vitamins. Glucose, mannitol, starch, pyruvate, cysteine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, and asparagine stimulated growth and hydrogen production. Acetate was neither incorporated nor metabolized by the satellite organism. Since acetate was the sole organic carbon source in the enrichment culture, organism(s) which metabolize acetate (such as the Methanosarcina) must produce substrates and growth factors for associated organisms which do not metabolize acetate.", "contents": "Methanogenesis from acetate: a nonmethanogenic bacterium from an anaerobic acetate enrichment. A methanogenic acetate enrichment was initiated by inoculation of an acetate-mineral salts medium with domestic anaerobic digestor sludge and maintained by weekly transfer for 2 years. The enrichment culture contained a Methanosarcina and several obligately anaerobic nonmethanogenic bacteria. These latter organisms formed varying degrees of association with the Methanosarcina, ranging from the nutritionally fastidious gram-negative rod called the satellite bacterium to the nutritionally nonfastidious Eubacterium limosum. The satellite bacterium had growth requirements for amino acids, a peptide, a purine base, vitamin B12, and other B vitamins. Glucose, mannitol, starch, pyruvate, cysteine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, and asparagine stimulated growth and hydrogen production. Acetate was neither incorporated nor metabolized by the satellite organism. Since acetate was the sole organic carbon source in the enrichment culture, organism(s) which metabolize acetate (such as the Methanosarcina) must produce substrates and growth factors for associated organisms which do not metabolize acetate.", "PMID": 677881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3282", "title": "Rapid qualitative method for detecting staphylococcal nuclease in foods.", "content": "A rapid method for the detection of heat-stable staphylococcal nuclease in foods is described. The procedure consists of an acid precipitation, boiling, and centrifugation followed by enzyme detection in an agar plate containing deoxyribonucleic acid. To test the efficacy of the procedure, purified Staphylococcus aureus nuclease was added to various foods and recovery experiments were performed. Additionally, foods were inoculated and incubated with S. aureus, and the staphylococcal counts were compared with nuclease activity. The results indicate that the procedure possesses merit for a rapid method that can be incorporated into quality control programs. The procedure requires approximately 2.5 h, and it will detect nuclease levels as low as 10 ng/g of food.", "contents": "Rapid qualitative method for detecting staphylococcal nuclease in foods. A rapid method for the detection of heat-stable staphylococcal nuclease in foods is described. The procedure consists of an acid precipitation, boiling, and centrifugation followed by enzyme detection in an agar plate containing deoxyribonucleic acid. To test the efficacy of the procedure, purified Staphylococcus aureus nuclease was added to various foods and recovery experiments were performed. Additionally, foods were inoculated and incubated with S. aureus, and the staphylococcal counts were compared with nuclease activity. The results indicate that the procedure possesses merit for a rapid method that can be incorporated into quality control programs. The procedure requires approximately 2.5 h, and it will detect nuclease levels as low as 10 ng/g of food.", "PMID": 677882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3283", "title": "Isolation of an enteropathogenic, Kanagawa-positive strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from seafood implicated in acute gastroenteritis.", "content": "A strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, serotype O4/K4, that was Kanagawa positive and reactive in the rabbit ileal loop test, was isolated in low numbers from raw oysters implicated in a case of acute gastroenteritis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of a Kanagawa-positive strain from suspect food in the United States.", "contents": "Isolation of an enteropathogenic, Kanagawa-positive strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from seafood implicated in acute gastroenteritis. A strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, serotype O4/K4, that was Kanagawa positive and reactive in the rabbit ileal loop test, was isolated in low numbers from raw oysters implicated in a case of acute gastroenteritis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of a Kanagawa-positive strain from suspect food in the United States.", "PMID": 677883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3284", "title": "Long-range air transmission of bacteria.", "content": "Bacterial spores from a sandstorm area north of the Black Sea were transmitted to Sweden by air, giving increased concentrations of viable bacterial spores at two air sampling stations in Sweden.", "contents": "Long-range air transmission of bacteria. Bacterial spores from a sandstorm area north of the Black Sea were transmitted to Sweden by air, giving increased concentrations of viable bacterial spores at two air sampling stations in Sweden.", "PMID": 677884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3285", "title": "Comparison of selective media for coagulase-positive enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Different culture media were used to detect enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains from peptone salt solution and inoculated minced meat. When recovery, reactions, and counting mistakes were considered, it was concluded that Baird-Parker agar was the best medium.", "contents": "Comparison of selective media for coagulase-positive enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus. Different culture media were used to detect enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains from peptone salt solution and inoculated minced meat. When recovery, reactions, and counting mistakes were considered, it was concluded that Baird-Parker agar was the best medium.", "PMID": 677885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3286", "title": "Distribution of ribonucleic acid coliphages in south and east Asia.", "content": "We investigated the distribution of ribonucleic acid (RNA) coliphages in the Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, India, and Thailand by collecting sewage samples from domestic drainage in November 1976. Of the 221 samples collected from domestic drainage, 50 contained RNA phages (52 strains). By serological analysis, 46 of the 52 strains were found to belong to group III. It can thus be said that the most prevalent RNA phages in Southeast Asia (at least, in the Philippines, Singapore, and Indonesia) were group III phages. Investigations of sewage samples collected from domestic drainage in Japan indicate that the most prevalent RNA phages in mainland Japan (north of Kyushu) are group II phages, whereas group III phages are predominant in the southern part of Japan (south of Amamiohshima Island). We therefore propose a borderline between Kyushu and Amamiohshima Island for the geographical distribution of RNA coliphages in the domestic drainage of South and East Asia. Moreover, one strain (ID2) was inactivated to some extent with the antisera of four groups of RNA phages. This is thought to be significant from the evolutionary viewpoint.", "contents": "Distribution of ribonucleic acid coliphages in south and east Asia. We investigated the distribution of ribonucleic acid (RNA) coliphages in the Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, India, and Thailand by collecting sewage samples from domestic drainage in November 1976. Of the 221 samples collected from domestic drainage, 50 contained RNA phages (52 strains). By serological analysis, 46 of the 52 strains were found to belong to group III. It can thus be said that the most prevalent RNA phages in Southeast Asia (at least, in the Philippines, Singapore, and Indonesia) were group III phages. Investigations of sewage samples collected from domestic drainage in Japan indicate that the most prevalent RNA phages in mainland Japan (north of Kyushu) are group II phages, whereas group III phages are predominant in the southern part of Japan (south of Amamiohshima Island). We therefore propose a borderline between Kyushu and Amamiohshima Island for the geographical distribution of RNA coliphages in the domestic drainage of South and East Asia. Moreover, one strain (ID2) was inactivated to some extent with the antisera of four groups of RNA phages. This is thought to be significant from the evolutionary viewpoint.", "PMID": 677886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3287", "title": "Reticulate pigmented anomaly of the flexures. Dowing Degos disease, a new genodermatosis.", "content": "Acquired reticulate pigmentation of the flexures developed in ten patients. Additional features in some cases were pitted scars near the angles of the mouth and scattered dark comedone-like lesions on the neck (dark dot follicles). The disease affects both sexes, usually develops in early adult life, and is slowly progressive. The abnormality is characterized by pigmented filiform epidermal downgrowths closely resembling an adenoid seborrheic wart, but similar proliferations also develop around the variably dilated pilosebaceous follicles. The occurence of the anomaly in siblings and in mother and daughter in two families suggests the condition in a new genodermatosis. Reticulate pigmented anomaly of the flexures bears a spurious clinical resemblance to acanthosis nigricans and, thus, the recognition of this new genodermatosis should spare patients undergoing unnecessary investigations to exclude visceral malignancy.", "contents": "Reticulate pigmented anomaly of the flexures. Dowing Degos disease, a new genodermatosis. Acquired reticulate pigmentation of the flexures developed in ten patients. Additional features in some cases were pitted scars near the angles of the mouth and scattered dark comedone-like lesions on the neck (dark dot follicles). The disease affects both sexes, usually develops in early adult life, and is slowly progressive. The abnormality is characterized by pigmented filiform epidermal downgrowths closely resembling an adenoid seborrheic wart, but similar proliferations also develop around the variably dilated pilosebaceous follicles. The occurence of the anomaly in siblings and in mother and daughter in two families suggests the condition in a new genodermatosis. Reticulate pigmented anomaly of the flexures bears a spurious clinical resemblance to acanthosis nigricans and, thus, the recognition of this new genodermatosis should spare patients undergoing unnecessary investigations to exclude visceral malignancy.", "PMID": 677911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3288", "title": "Cutaneous sinus tracts of dental origin.", "content": "The most common etiologic factor responsible for the intermittently suppurating cutaneous sinus tract about the face and neck is the extension of chronic infection of dental origin. Complete healing invariably follows the eradication of this source of infection. The presence of a cutaneous sinus tract about the face and neck should alert members of the profession to the necessity of routine dental examination including roentgenographic surveys of the teeth and jaws.", "contents": "Cutaneous sinus tracts of dental origin. The most common etiologic factor responsible for the intermittently suppurating cutaneous sinus tract about the face and neck is the extension of chronic infection of dental origin. Complete healing invariably follows the eradication of this source of infection. The presence of a cutaneous sinus tract about the face and neck should alert members of the profession to the necessity of routine dental examination including roentgenographic surveys of the teeth and jaws.", "PMID": 677912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3289", "title": "Percutaneous absorption of topically applied triamcinolone in children.", "content": "The real and potential problems associated with the percutaneous absorption of topically applied corticosteroids have been used as an argument against the prolonged administration of these drugs. Many pediatricians and dermatologists consider children to be more likely to absorb substantial quantities of topically applied corticosteroids than adults. This study examines the percutaneous absorption of 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide ointment applied four times a day for a period of six weeks to patients with severe atopic eczema. The results of 8 AM and 4 PM plasma cortisol and 24-hour urinary cortisol determinations do not indicate any notable adrenal suppression. No patient had an 8 AM cortisol value that would be considered in the abnormal range. These results indicate that the use of a medium-strength topical corticosteroid for this length of time probably poses no noteworthy hazard from percutaneous absorption.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption of topically applied triamcinolone in children. The real and potential problems associated with the percutaneous absorption of topically applied corticosteroids have been used as an argument against the prolonged administration of these drugs. Many pediatricians and dermatologists consider children to be more likely to absorb substantial quantities of topically applied corticosteroids than adults. This study examines the percutaneous absorption of 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide ointment applied four times a day for a period of six weeks to patients with severe atopic eczema. The results of 8 AM and 4 PM plasma cortisol and 24-hour urinary cortisol determinations do not indicate any notable adrenal suppression. No patient had an 8 AM cortisol value that would be considered in the abnormal range. These results indicate that the use of a medium-strength topical corticosteroid for this length of time probably poses no noteworthy hazard from percutaneous absorption.", "PMID": 677913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3290", "title": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia.", "content": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia is manifested by benign vascular tumors that usually occur about the head in young adults. Clinical and histologic variation of this process has resulted in nosologic confusion, and the cases in the English literature were reviewed to characterize it within racial groups. Oriental patients tend to be younger at onset, usually male, and have marked blood eosinophilia; large, but relatively asymptomatic, tumors develop in these patients. White patients tend to be older at onset and have small, friable tumors. Large tumors that are painful or pruritic tend to develop in blacks and Middle Eastern patients.", "contents": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia is manifested by benign vascular tumors that usually occur about the head in young adults. Clinical and histologic variation of this process has resulted in nosologic confusion, and the cases in the English literature were reviewed to characterize it within racial groups. Oriental patients tend to be younger at onset, usually male, and have marked blood eosinophilia; large, but relatively asymptomatic, tumors develop in these patients. White patients tend to be older at onset and have small, friable tumors. Large tumors that are painful or pruritic tend to develop in blacks and Middle Eastern patients.", "PMID": 677914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3291", "title": "Development of photosensitivity and an SLE-like syndrome in a patient with psoriasis.", "content": "An unusual case of photosensitive psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus-related syndrome was characterized by erythroderma, chronic urticaria, angioneurotic edema, intermittent low-grade fever, and polyarthralgias. Investigation revealed no measurable total hemolytic complement and markedly diminished levels of C4, C2, and C3. Microscopic examination of three skin biopsy sections of sun-exposed skin showed psoriasis. Skin biopsy sections of sun-exposed psoriatic plaques and of non-sun-exposed, uninvolved skin (which were stained with fluorescein-tagged anti-IgG, anti-IgM, anti-IgA, and anti-C3) showed granular deposits of IgM and C3 at the dermal-epidermal junction in the sun-exposed plaques, and IgM alone in a granular pattern at the dermal-epidermal junction in uninvolved skin. Antibodies to single-stranded but not double-stranded DNA were detected in the patient's serum. In addition, serum immune complex-like material was detected by sucrose density-gradient ultracentrifugation, standard anticomplementary assays, and radioimmunoassays using both C1q and monoclonal rheumatoid factor.", "contents": "Development of photosensitivity and an SLE-like syndrome in a patient with psoriasis. An unusual case of photosensitive psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus-related syndrome was characterized by erythroderma, chronic urticaria, angioneurotic edema, intermittent low-grade fever, and polyarthralgias. Investigation revealed no measurable total hemolytic complement and markedly diminished levels of C4, C2, and C3. Microscopic examination of three skin biopsy sections of sun-exposed skin showed psoriasis. Skin biopsy sections of sun-exposed psoriatic plaques and of non-sun-exposed, uninvolved skin (which were stained with fluorescein-tagged anti-IgG, anti-IgM, anti-IgA, and anti-C3) showed granular deposits of IgM and C3 at the dermal-epidermal junction in the sun-exposed plaques, and IgM alone in a granular pattern at the dermal-epidermal junction in uninvolved skin. Antibodies to single-stranded but not double-stranded DNA were detected in the patient's serum. In addition, serum immune complex-like material was detected by sucrose density-gradient ultracentrifugation, standard anticomplementary assays, and radioimmunoassays using both C1q and monoclonal rheumatoid factor.", "PMID": 677915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3292", "title": "Incontinentia pigmenti. Evidence for both neutrophil and lymphocyte dysfunction.", "content": "A child with incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sultzberger syndrome) had recurrent pneumococcal meningitis and pneumococcal bacteremia with associated subdural hematomas. Immunologic evaluation revealed defective neutrophil chemotaxis with normal neutrophil chemiluminescense. In addition, lymphocytes showed a depressed proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation. An immunologic defect may prove to be part of this syndrome.", "contents": "Incontinentia pigmenti. Evidence for both neutrophil and lymphocyte dysfunction. A child with incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sultzberger syndrome) had recurrent pneumococcal meningitis and pneumococcal bacteremia with associated subdural hematomas. Immunologic evaluation revealed defective neutrophil chemotaxis with normal neutrophil chemiluminescense. In addition, lymphocytes showed a depressed proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation. An immunologic defect may prove to be part of this syndrome.", "PMID": 677916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3293", "title": "Hydroa vacciniforme.", "content": "Two patients with hydroa vacciniforme, a rare photodermatosis of unknown etiology, demonstrated distinctive scarring and vesiculobullous skin lesions on light-exposed body areas. Results of blood and urine porphyrin studies were normal, and no systemic abnormalities were noted. A small bullous lesion was produced in normal skin in case 1 with 15 times the minimal erythema dose of ultraviolet energy. The conditions of both patients improved while they were taking beta carotene orally.", "contents": "Hydroa vacciniforme. Two patients with hydroa vacciniforme, a rare photodermatosis of unknown etiology, demonstrated distinctive scarring and vesiculobullous skin lesions on light-exposed body areas. Results of blood and urine porphyrin studies were normal, and no systemic abnormalities were noted. A small bullous lesion was produced in normal skin in case 1 with 15 times the minimal erythema dose of ultraviolet energy. The conditions of both patients improved while they were taking beta carotene orally.", "PMID": 677917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3294", "title": "Isolated nodular cutaneous histoplasmosis. The initial manifestation of recurrent disseminated disease.", "content": "Cutaneous manifestations of histoplasmosis may be divided into primary and secondary lesions. Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis is rare; to our knowledge, there are only three reported cases in the literature. Secondary cutaneous histoplasmosis develops during the course of disseminated disease. An isolated nodule of the hand was the initially appearing sign of recurrent disseminated disease in our patient. Because of the extreme rarity of primary cutaneous histoplasmosis, cutaneous lesions that are proven to be due to histoplasmosis should alert the physician to the presence of disseminated disease.", "contents": "Isolated nodular cutaneous histoplasmosis. The initial manifestation of recurrent disseminated disease. Cutaneous manifestations of histoplasmosis may be divided into primary and secondary lesions. Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis is rare; to our knowledge, there are only three reported cases in the literature. Secondary cutaneous histoplasmosis develops during the course of disseminated disease. An isolated nodule of the hand was the initially appearing sign of recurrent disseminated disease in our patient. Because of the extreme rarity of primary cutaneous histoplasmosis, cutaneous lesions that are proven to be due to histoplasmosis should alert the physician to the presence of disseminated disease.", "PMID": 677918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3295", "title": "Mycetoma-like infection caused by previously undescribed bacterium.", "content": "A 56-year-old man had a verrucous plaque with draining abscesses on the dorsum of hir foot for four years. Examination of cultures revealed a Gram-negative bacterium that, to our knowledge, has not been described in the literature. The infection was cured by treatment with co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole) and topical 10% lactic acid in hydrophylic emulsion base.", "contents": "Mycetoma-like infection caused by previously undescribed bacterium. A 56-year-old man had a verrucous plaque with draining abscesses on the dorsum of hir foot for four years. Examination of cultures revealed a Gram-negative bacterium that, to our knowledge, has not been described in the literature. The infection was cured by treatment with co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole) and topical 10% lactic acid in hydrophylic emulsion base.", "PMID": 677919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3296", "title": "Cheilitis granulomatosa. Successful treatment with combined local triamcinolone injections and surgery.", "content": "Cheilitis granulomatosa is a rare condition that has traditionally proved difficult to treat satisfactorily. Excellent results were obtained in our case with local triamcinolone acetonide injections and surgery. Histopathologic features of the classic, untreated condition were reviewed and compared to the histopathologic features of labial tissues after a seris of triamcinolone injections. It was found that the injected medication was effective in achieving some reduction of labial volume, apparently through a necrotizing effect of granulomas with subsequent replacement by fibrous scars. Discontinuation of local injections after initial surgery apparently contributed to an exacerbation, as shown by the histopathology of a second cheiloplastic procedure. We therefore recommended that patients with chelitis granulomatosa who are receiving combinaed triamcinolone-surgical therapy continue to receive local triamcinolone injections after surgery in order to minimize the tendency for recurrence.", "contents": "Cheilitis granulomatosa. Successful treatment with combined local triamcinolone injections and surgery. Cheilitis granulomatosa is a rare condition that has traditionally proved difficult to treat satisfactorily. Excellent results were obtained in our case with local triamcinolone acetonide injections and surgery. Histopathologic features of the classic, untreated condition were reviewed and compared to the histopathologic features of labial tissues after a seris of triamcinolone injections. It was found that the injected medication was effective in achieving some reduction of labial volume, apparently through a necrotizing effect of granulomas with subsequent replacement by fibrous scars. Discontinuation of local injections after initial surgery apparently contributed to an exacerbation, as shown by the histopathology of a second cheiloplastic procedure. We therefore recommended that patients with chelitis granulomatosa who are receiving combinaed triamcinolone-surgical therapy continue to receive local triamcinolone injections after surgery in order to minimize the tendency for recurrence.", "PMID": 677920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3297", "title": "Oral treatment of keratosis follicularis with a new aromatic retinoid.", "content": "Four patients with extensive keratosis follicularis (Darler's disease) showed excellent clinical response to the oral administration of a new aromatic derivative of retinoic acid (RO 10-9359). Initial oral treatment with 50 to 75 mg of the drug was followed by substantial improvement in four to seven days and the lesions cleared completely after three to four weeks. Long-term treatment with 25 to 30 mg/day was sufficient to prevent recurrence. No serious side effects were seen with this dosage after several months. Some dryness of the lips and the nasal mucosa occurred and one patient experienced slight nausea. Histological investigations showed the gradual disappearance of acantholysis, dyskeratosis, and hyperkeratosis, in this order. The given therapeutic schedule is a reliable routine management for keratosis follicularis in adults.", "contents": "Oral treatment of keratosis follicularis with a new aromatic retinoid. Four patients with extensive keratosis follicularis (Darler's disease) showed excellent clinical response to the oral administration of a new aromatic derivative of retinoic acid (RO 10-9359). Initial oral treatment with 50 to 75 mg of the drug was followed by substantial improvement in four to seven days and the lesions cleared completely after three to four weeks. Long-term treatment with 25 to 30 mg/day was sufficient to prevent recurrence. No serious side effects were seen with this dosage after several months. Some dryness of the lips and the nasal mucosa occurred and one patient experienced slight nausea. Histological investigations showed the gradual disappearance of acantholysis, dyskeratosis, and hyperkeratosis, in this order. The given therapeutic schedule is a reliable routine management for keratosis follicularis in adults.", "PMID": 677921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3298", "title": "Phenylketonuria and scleroderma.", "content": "Two mentally retarded siblings, one with severe segmental scleroderma and the other with atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini, were found at the ages of 6 and 10 years to have phenylketonuria (PKU). The belief that a common pathomechanism exists between morphea and atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini is supported by the case of the two siblings. Disorders in tryptophan metabolism can occur in both PKU and scleroderma. For a low phenylalanine diet to be effective in PKU, it has to be instituted at an early age. Phenylketonuria should be considered in infants and children with sclerodermatous skin lesions.", "contents": "Phenylketonuria and scleroderma. Two mentally retarded siblings, one with severe segmental scleroderma and the other with atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini, were found at the ages of 6 and 10 years to have phenylketonuria (PKU). The belief that a common pathomechanism exists between morphea and atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini is supported by the case of the two siblings. Disorders in tryptophan metabolism can occur in both PKU and scleroderma. For a low phenylalanine diet to be effective in PKU, it has to be instituted at an early age. Phenylketonuria should be considered in infants and children with sclerodermatous skin lesions.", "PMID": 677922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3299", "title": "Endrin and malathion toxicity to flagfish (Jordanella floridae).", "content": "Endrin and malathion effects on survival, growth, and reproduction of flagfish were determined in a flow-through system. Endrin chronic effects on first-generation growth and reproduction occurred only at 0.3 microgram/L, the highest concentration tested. The mean endrin residues in the first-generation fish at 65 days were about 15,000 times the water concentration in all concentrations tested. Malathion concentrations of 31.5 microgram/L and 24.7 microgram/L, the highest concentrations tested, had detrimental effects on first-generation survival. During the same period malathion concentrations as low as 10.9 microgram/L significantly affected growth. Neither insecticide, at the concentrations tested, had any detectable effects on the second generation during a 30-day exposure period. Acute toxicities to juvenile fish were also determined in the same flo-through system. The 96-hr LC50's were 0.85 microgram/L for endrin and 349 microgram/L for malathion.", "contents": "Endrin and malathion toxicity to flagfish (Jordanella floridae). Endrin and malathion effects on survival, growth, and reproduction of flagfish were determined in a flow-through system. Endrin chronic effects on first-generation growth and reproduction occurred only at 0.3 microgram/L, the highest concentration tested. The mean endrin residues in the first-generation fish at 65 days were about 15,000 times the water concentration in all concentrations tested. Malathion concentrations of 31.5 microgram/L and 24.7 microgram/L, the highest concentrations tested, had detrimental effects on first-generation survival. During the same period malathion concentrations as low as 10.9 microgram/L significantly affected growth. Neither insecticide, at the concentrations tested, had any detectable effects on the second generation during a 30-day exposure period. Acute toxicities to juvenile fish were also determined in the same flo-through system. The 96-hr LC50's were 0.85 microgram/L for endrin and 349 microgram/L for malathion.", "PMID": 677942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3300", "title": "Arsenic in sediments, water and aquatic biota from lakes in the vicinity of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada.", "content": "Arsenic concentrations were measured in aquatic invertebrates, macrophytes, sediments, and water of lakes in the vicinity of Yellowknife (N.W.T.), Canada. In arsenic-contaminated lakes the arsenic concentration ranged from 0.70 to 5.5 ppm in water, 6 to 3,500 ppm in bottom sediments, 150 to 3,700 ppm in macrophytes, 700 to 2,400 ppm in zooplankton, and less than 1 to 1,300 ppm in other invertebrates. The arsenic concentration in invertebrates varied with sampling time, place, and taxon. Arsenic concentration factors were calculated, and found to decrease with increasing concentration of arsenic in ecosystem components of the lake. No evidence was found for biomagnification of arsenic through ascending trophic levels. In high-arsenic lakes herbivores had the highest arsenic concentrations, and omnivores the lowest. Pelecypoda, Ephemeroptera, Amphipoda, and Hirudinea were conspicuously absent from high-arsenic lakes. These particular organisms may be more susceptible to the effects of arsenic than others.", "contents": "Arsenic in sediments, water and aquatic biota from lakes in the vicinity of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arsenic concentrations were measured in aquatic invertebrates, macrophytes, sediments, and water of lakes in the vicinity of Yellowknife (N.W.T.), Canada. In arsenic-contaminated lakes the arsenic concentration ranged from 0.70 to 5.5 ppm in water, 6 to 3,500 ppm in bottom sediments, 150 to 3,700 ppm in macrophytes, 700 to 2,400 ppm in zooplankton, and less than 1 to 1,300 ppm in other invertebrates. The arsenic concentration in invertebrates varied with sampling time, place, and taxon. Arsenic concentration factors were calculated, and found to decrease with increasing concentration of arsenic in ecosystem components of the lake. No evidence was found for biomagnification of arsenic through ascending trophic levels. In high-arsenic lakes herbivores had the highest arsenic concentrations, and omnivores the lowest. Pelecypoda, Ephemeroptera, Amphipoda, and Hirudinea were conspicuously absent from high-arsenic lakes. These particular organisms may be more susceptible to the effects of arsenic than others.", "PMID": 677943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3301", "title": "The effect of malathion on the temperature selection response of the common shiner, Notropis cornutus (Mitchill).", "content": "Warm- (17 degrees C) and cold-acclimated (8 degrees C) young-of-the-year, 1-year-old, and 2-year-old common shiners, Notropis cornutus (Mitchell) were exposed for 24 hr to sublethal doses (1.0, 0.25, and 0.05 microgram/L) of malathion to determine the effect of environmental concentrations of this compound on temperature selection. All three factors studied (acclimation temperature, age, and concentration) were found to affect the temperature selection response of malathion-treated fish. Malathion produced dose-dependent decreases in selected temperature (1.9 degrees to 4.3 degrees C below controls) in 17 degrees C-acclimated fish but not in 8 degrees C-acclimated fish. Two-year-olds treated with 1.0 microgram/L displayed the greatest lowering of selected temperature, followed by two-year-olds treated with 0.25 micrgram/L. One-year-olds treated with 1.0 microgram/L showed a slight lowering, while no downward shifts in selected temperature were found for young-of-the-year. Exposure to 0.05 microgram/L had no effect on any age group. Two-year-olds acclimated to 17 degrees C and exposed to 1.0 microgram/L malathion for 24 hr were placed in clean water and allowed to recover from the pesticide. It was found that the lowered selected temperature induced by malathion returned to that of the controls in 24 hr.", "contents": "The effect of malathion on the temperature selection response of the common shiner, Notropis cornutus (Mitchill). Warm- (17 degrees C) and cold-acclimated (8 degrees C) young-of-the-year, 1-year-old, and 2-year-old common shiners, Notropis cornutus (Mitchell) were exposed for 24 hr to sublethal doses (1.0, 0.25, and 0.05 microgram/L) of malathion to determine the effect of environmental concentrations of this compound on temperature selection. All three factors studied (acclimation temperature, age, and concentration) were found to affect the temperature selection response of malathion-treated fish. Malathion produced dose-dependent decreases in selected temperature (1.9 degrees to 4.3 degrees C below controls) in 17 degrees C-acclimated fish but not in 8 degrees C-acclimated fish. Two-year-olds treated with 1.0 microgram/L displayed the greatest lowering of selected temperature, followed by two-year-olds treated with 0.25 micrgram/L. One-year-olds treated with 1.0 microgram/L showed a slight lowering, while no downward shifts in selected temperature were found for young-of-the-year. Exposure to 0.05 microgram/L had no effect on any age group. Two-year-olds acclimated to 17 degrees C and exposed to 1.0 microgram/L malathion for 24 hr were placed in clean water and allowed to recover from the pesticide. It was found that the lowered selected temperature induced by malathion returned to that of the controls in 24 hr.", "PMID": 677944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3302", "title": "Distribution and elimination of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene in rainbow trout during short- and long-term exposures.", "content": "The accumulation and elimination of 14C in rainbow trout tissues following short- and long-term exposures to aqueous 14C-naphthalene or 14C-2-methylnaphthalene were studied. After exposure for eight hr to 0.005 mg/L or 0.023 mg/L of 14C-naphthalene most tissues of fingerling rainbow trout studied contained 14C at 20 to 100 times the water levels while fat and bile contained 14C at several hundred times water levels. The half-lives for elimination of 14C from all tissues except fat were less than 24 hr. Exposure of fingerling rainbow trout to 14C-naphthalene or 14C-2-methylnaphthalene for four weeks in a continuous-flow delivery system resulted in maximum tissue levels of these chemicals of from 40 to 300 times the water concentration. Maximum bile 14C levels were 13,000 and 23,500 times the water concentration for 14C-naphthalene and 14C-2-methylnaphthalene exposure, respectively. Elimination of 14C accumulated from 14C-naphthalene in this long-term exposure was much slower than after short-term exposures, while elimination of 14C accumulated from 14C-2-methylnaphthalene was biphasic. The presence of parent compounds and metabolites in acetone extracts of muscles was determined by TLC. The data suggest that the biphasic release of 14C from muscle of trout exposed to 14C-2-methylnaphthalene may be due to differential elimination of parent compound and metabolites.", "contents": "Distribution and elimination of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene in rainbow trout during short- and long-term exposures. The accumulation and elimination of 14C in rainbow trout tissues following short- and long-term exposures to aqueous 14C-naphthalene or 14C-2-methylnaphthalene were studied. After exposure for eight hr to 0.005 mg/L or 0.023 mg/L of 14C-naphthalene most tissues of fingerling rainbow trout studied contained 14C at 20 to 100 times the water levels while fat and bile contained 14C at several hundred times water levels. The half-lives for elimination of 14C from all tissues except fat were less than 24 hr. Exposure of fingerling rainbow trout to 14C-naphthalene or 14C-2-methylnaphthalene for four weeks in a continuous-flow delivery system resulted in maximum tissue levels of these chemicals of from 40 to 300 times the water concentration. Maximum bile 14C levels were 13,000 and 23,500 times the water concentration for 14C-naphthalene and 14C-2-methylnaphthalene exposure, respectively. Elimination of 14C accumulated from 14C-naphthalene in this long-term exposure was much slower than after short-term exposures, while elimination of 14C accumulated from 14C-2-methylnaphthalene was biphasic. The presence of parent compounds and metabolites in acetone extracts of muscles was determined by TLC. The data suggest that the biphasic release of 14C from muscle of trout exposed to 14C-2-methylnaphthalene may be due to differential elimination of parent compound and metabolites.", "PMID": 677945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3303", "title": "Residues of atrazine and N-deethylated atrazine in water from five agricultural watersheds in Qu\u00e9bec.", "content": "Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) and N-deethylated atrazine (2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) were monitored (1974 and 1975) in five rivers which drained agricultural areas in the Yamaska river basin of Qu\u00e9bec. Water samples were collected frequently from April to December each year from sites near the outflow of each river. The water samples were extracted with benzene, chloroform, or ethyl acetate and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography using a Hall electrolytic conductivity detector and an alkali-flame detector. Atrazine and N-deethylated atrazine residues ranged in concentration from 0.01 to 26.6 microgram/L and less than 0.01 to 1.34 microgram/L, respectively, over the monitoring period. The highest levels of atrazine were observed in July each year and they coincided with the herbicide spraying season in this region and with occasional heavy rainfall events. Discharges (kg/yr) of atrazine from the five rivers were related to corn-growing area in each watershed. Losses of atrazine ranged from 0.1 to 2.9% of the atrazine that was estimated to have been applied in each watershed.", "contents": "Residues of atrazine and N-deethylated atrazine in water from five agricultural watersheds in Qu\u00e9bec. Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) and N-deethylated atrazine (2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) were monitored (1974 and 1975) in five rivers which drained agricultural areas in the Yamaska river basin of Qu\u00e9bec. Water samples were collected frequently from April to December each year from sites near the outflow of each river. The water samples were extracted with benzene, chloroform, or ethyl acetate and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography using a Hall electrolytic conductivity detector and an alkali-flame detector. Atrazine and N-deethylated atrazine residues ranged in concentration from 0.01 to 26.6 microgram/L and less than 0.01 to 1.34 microgram/L, respectively, over the monitoring period. The highest levels of atrazine were observed in July each year and they coincided with the herbicide spraying season in this region and with occasional heavy rainfall events. Discharges (kg/yr) of atrazine from the five rivers were related to corn-growing area in each watershed. Losses of atrazine ranged from 0.1 to 2.9% of the atrazine that was estimated to have been applied in each watershed.", "PMID": 677946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3304", "title": "Dieldrin-14C elimination from turkeys.", "content": "A series of experiments were conducted to find ways of removing dieldrin2 residues from tissues of broiler-type turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). The turkeys were contaminated with dieldrin and dieldrin-14C by oral dosing. Elimination was measured by assaying for 14C in the droppings. Carcass retention was measured by assaying the tissue for 14C, and in one experiment, dieldrin residues were measured by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Charcoal, Colestipol, and cholestyramine at dosages approximately equal to an intake of 5% of the diet were ineffective gastrointestinal adsorbants for removing dieldrin residues from the turkeys. Starvation accelerated the elimination of dieldrin from the turkeys, but only if the body lipids were reduced to approximately 10% or less of the carcass dry matter.", "contents": "Dieldrin-14C elimination from turkeys. A series of experiments were conducted to find ways of removing dieldrin2 residues from tissues of broiler-type turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). The turkeys were contaminated with dieldrin and dieldrin-14C by oral dosing. Elimination was measured by assaying for 14C in the droppings. Carcass retention was measured by assaying the tissue for 14C, and in one experiment, dieldrin residues were measured by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Charcoal, Colestipol, and cholestyramine at dosages approximately equal to an intake of 5% of the diet were ineffective gastrointestinal adsorbants for removing dieldrin residues from the turkeys. Starvation accelerated the elimination of dieldrin from the turkeys, but only if the body lipids were reduced to approximately 10% or less of the carcass dry matter.", "PMID": 677948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3305", "title": "Relationship between theophylline-induced relaxation and excitation-contraction coupling in intestinal smooth muscle.", "content": "The effects of 1.0 to 10.0 mM theophylline on excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling in the taenia coli of the guinea-pig were observed with the sucrose-gap technique. Theophylline at all concentrations simultaneously inhibited spontaneous, calcium-dependent action potentials and muscle contractions. At the higher doses, theophylline depolarized the membrane in spontaneously active preparations. In the presence of high potassium (60 mM) the spike activity was blocked only by 10.0 mM theophylline. High potassium made the spikes more resistant to the drug than were those in spontaneously active preparations. The phasic and tonic components of the potassium-contracture were progressively decreased by increasing concentrations of theophylline and were completely blocked by the 10.0 mM concentration. The drug had no effect on the potassium-induced membrane depolarization observed during the potassium-contracture. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that theophylline inhibits spike and contractile activity in taenia coli by interfering with the availability of calcium which has been postulated to be necessary for maintenance of these functions.", "contents": "Relationship between theophylline-induced relaxation and excitation-contraction coupling in intestinal smooth muscle. The effects of 1.0 to 10.0 mM theophylline on excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling in the taenia coli of the guinea-pig were observed with the sucrose-gap technique. Theophylline at all concentrations simultaneously inhibited spontaneous, calcium-dependent action potentials and muscle contractions. At the higher doses, theophylline depolarized the membrane in spontaneously active preparations. In the presence of high potassium (60 mM) the spike activity was blocked only by 10.0 mM theophylline. High potassium made the spikes more resistant to the drug than were those in spontaneously active preparations. The phasic and tonic components of the potassium-contracture were progressively decreased by increasing concentrations of theophylline and were completely blocked by the 10.0 mM concentration. The drug had no effect on the potassium-induced membrane depolarization observed during the potassium-contracture. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that theophylline inhibits spike and contractile activity in taenia coli by interfering with the availability of calcium which has been postulated to be necessary for maintenance of these functions.", "PMID": 677956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3306", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins on avidin induction in the chick oviduct.", "content": "Effects of exogenous prostaglandins (PGs) on avidin synthesis in the oviduct were studied in immature diethylstilboestrol-treated chicks. Among eight tested PGs only PGF-2alpha was effective when injected directly into the oviduct, but intraperitoneal and intravenous administration also caused avidin induction. 1 ng of PGF-2alpha/100 g B.W. injected into the oviduct caused avidin synthesis. The effect of PGF-2alpha on avidin induction occurred as early as 3 hr after intraoviductal administration. This study provides an additional evidence for the hypothesis that PGF-2alpha may be involved in the mechanism of avidin induction in the chick oviduct.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins on avidin induction in the chick oviduct. Effects of exogenous prostaglandins (PGs) on avidin synthesis in the oviduct were studied in immature diethylstilboestrol-treated chicks. Among eight tested PGs only PGF-2alpha was effective when injected directly into the oviduct, but intraperitoneal and intravenous administration also caused avidin induction. 1 ng of PGF-2alpha/100 g B.W. injected into the oviduct caused avidin synthesis. The effect of PGF-2alpha on avidin induction occurred as early as 3 hr after intraoviductal administration. This study provides an additional evidence for the hypothesis that PGF-2alpha may be involved in the mechanism of avidin induction in the chick oviduct.", "PMID": 677958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3307", "title": "An analysis of action of nicotinic agents on adrenergic nerve terminals in rat isolated vas deferens.", "content": "Nicotine and DMPP caused contraction of rat isolated vas deferens. The contractile response was antagonized by hexamethonium, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, guanethidine and bretylium, but not by atropine. The response was absent in tissues depleted of their norepinephrine content. Nicotine enhanced the outflow of tritium from tissues preloaded with 3H-norepinephrine. Only 50% of the nicotine-induced tritium outflow was due to unchanged norpinephrine, the rest were due to five metabolites of norepinephrine, chiefly glycol derivatives. As tissues, at the time of exposure to nicotine contained almost all of the tritium in the form of unchanged norepinephrine, it is likely that norepinephrine, only after being released from storage sites by nicotine was acted upon by the catabolizing enzymes to form various metabolites. Desensitization and cross desensitization phenomena were observed to both nicotine and DMPP. The tissues desensitized to nicotine were, however, responsive to norepinephrine, tyramine and transmural stimulation.", "contents": "An analysis of action of nicotinic agents on adrenergic nerve terminals in rat isolated vas deferens. Nicotine and DMPP caused contraction of rat isolated vas deferens. The contractile response was antagonized by hexamethonium, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, guanethidine and bretylium, but not by atropine. The response was absent in tissues depleted of their norepinephrine content. Nicotine enhanced the outflow of tritium from tissues preloaded with 3H-norepinephrine. Only 50% of the nicotine-induced tritium outflow was due to unchanged norpinephrine, the rest were due to five metabolites of norepinephrine, chiefly glycol derivatives. As tissues, at the time of exposure to nicotine contained almost all of the tritium in the form of unchanged norepinephrine, it is likely that norepinephrine, only after being released from storage sites by nicotine was acted upon by the catabolizing enzymes to form various metabolites. Desensitization and cross desensitization phenomena were observed to both nicotine and DMPP. The tissues desensitized to nicotine were, however, responsive to norepinephrine, tyramine and transmural stimulation.", "PMID": 677957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3308", "title": "Oxotremorine neuromuscular blockade: effects of calcium and neostigmine and interactions with D-tubocurarine and decamethonium.", "content": "The neuromuscular blocking effect of oxotremorine (OT) on the indirectly stimulated rat diaphragm preparation was compared with that of d-tubocurarine (TC) and decamethonium (C10). Approximate equieffective concentrations of these compounds were 20 micrometer for OT, 1.8 micrometer for TC, and 75 micrometer for C10. Increasing the Ca2+ concentration by 1 mM reduced the rate of onset of OT and C10 blockades whereas TC blockade was almost completely reversed. Neostigmine (NEO) antagonized TC blockade while OT and C10 blockades were enhanced. A facilitatory after-effect of NEO was suppressed in preparations previously exposed to OT but not in those previously exposed to TC or C10. C10 transitorily antagonized TC blockade but not OT blockade. OT did not antagonize TC blockade. A subreceptor effect may be involved in the action of OT and may explain its differences when compared to C10.", "contents": "Oxotremorine neuromuscular blockade: effects of calcium and neostigmine and interactions with D-tubocurarine and decamethonium. The neuromuscular blocking effect of oxotremorine (OT) on the indirectly stimulated rat diaphragm preparation was compared with that of d-tubocurarine (TC) and decamethonium (C10). Approximate equieffective concentrations of these compounds were 20 micrometer for OT, 1.8 micrometer for TC, and 75 micrometer for C10. Increasing the Ca2+ concentration by 1 mM reduced the rate of onset of OT and C10 blockades whereas TC blockade was almost completely reversed. Neostigmine (NEO) antagonized TC blockade while OT and C10 blockades were enhanced. A facilitatory after-effect of NEO was suppressed in preparations previously exposed to OT but not in those previously exposed to TC or C10. C10 transitorily antagonized TC blockade but not OT blockade. OT did not antagonize TC blockade. A subreceptor effect may be involved in the action of OT and may explain its differences when compared to C10.", "PMID": 677959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3309", "title": "Paralytic action of manganese in the dog.", "content": "Manganese is reported to interfere with transmitter release at a number of neuroeffector junctions. This effect is apparently related to competition between manganese and calcium for sites on the prejunctional terminals. Thus manganese can block the entry of calcium into the prejunctional terminals, an essential step in the excitation-secretion process. 5-Hydroxytryptamine, epinephrine, neostigmine, potassium chloride and calcium chloride have been investigated with respect to antagonism to partial paralysis induced with manganese chloride in canine peronealtibialis anterior, nerve-muscle preparations. Close intra-arterial injection of any of these substances manifested some degree of antagonism to manganese partial paralysis. Calcium was found to be the most effective antagonist. Post-tetanic facilitation was demonstrated during partial manganese block. Manganese was found to be seven times more effective than magnesium in producing paralysis.", "contents": "Paralytic action of manganese in the dog. Manganese is reported to interfere with transmitter release at a number of neuroeffector junctions. This effect is apparently related to competition between manganese and calcium for sites on the prejunctional terminals. Thus manganese can block the entry of calcium into the prejunctional terminals, an essential step in the excitation-secretion process. 5-Hydroxytryptamine, epinephrine, neostigmine, potassium chloride and calcium chloride have been investigated with respect to antagonism to partial paralysis induced with manganese chloride in canine peronealtibialis anterior, nerve-muscle preparations. Close intra-arterial injection of any of these substances manifested some degree of antagonism to manganese partial paralysis. Calcium was found to be the most effective antagonist. Post-tetanic facilitation was demonstrated during partial manganese block. Manganese was found to be seven times more effective than magnesium in producing paralysis.", "PMID": 677960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3310", "title": "A comparison of the effects of quinetholate, lidocaine and procainamide on ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia and cardiac function.", "content": "The antiarrhythmic effects of the quinoline derivative, quinetholate, on ouabain-induced tachycardia were compared with those of lidocaine and procainamide in dogs. In addition, the effects of these three agents on cardiac function were compared. Quabain was injected intravenously until ventricular ectopic beats accounted for at least 60% of the heart rate. Then one of the above antiarrhythmic agents was infused until sinus rhythm was reestablished for a minimum of 3 min or until it became evident that successful reversion would not occur. All three agents effectively reversed ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia in most instances. Quinetholate was especially consistent, causing 16 reversions out of a total of 17 experiments. The relative molar antiarrhythmic potencies of the three agents in responding animals were as follows: lidocaine = 1.0, procainamide = 1.5, and quinetholate = 3.1. Quinetholate caused the longest lasting reversions, i.e. usually lasting at least 30 min after infusion was stopped. The degree of cardiac depression caused by the three agents at their mean effective antiarrhythmic doses was determined using the left ventricular function curve method. Lidocaine produced a significant depression of the ventricular function curve at the antiarrhythmic dose while procainamide and quinetholate did not.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of quinetholate, lidocaine and procainamide on ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia and cardiac function. The antiarrhythmic effects of the quinoline derivative, quinetholate, on ouabain-induced tachycardia were compared with those of lidocaine and procainamide in dogs. In addition, the effects of these three agents on cardiac function were compared. Quabain was injected intravenously until ventricular ectopic beats accounted for at least 60% of the heart rate. Then one of the above antiarrhythmic agents was infused until sinus rhythm was reestablished for a minimum of 3 min or until it became evident that successful reversion would not occur. All three agents effectively reversed ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia in most instances. Quinetholate was especially consistent, causing 16 reversions out of a total of 17 experiments. The relative molar antiarrhythmic potencies of the three agents in responding animals were as follows: lidocaine = 1.0, procainamide = 1.5, and quinetholate = 3.1. Quinetholate caused the longest lasting reversions, i.e. usually lasting at least 30 min after infusion was stopped. The degree of cardiac depression caused by the three agents at their mean effective antiarrhythmic doses was determined using the left ventricular function curve method. Lidocaine produced a significant depression of the ventricular function curve at the antiarrhythmic dose while procainamide and quinetholate did not.", "PMID": 677962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3311", "title": "The effect of purine bases and nucleotides on ethanol-induced fatty liver syndrome.", "content": "Rats fed a special liquid fat diet had a higher level of liver triglycerides than rats fed a normal solid chow diet. The ingestion of ethanol induces a concomitant increase in hepatic triglycerides and a depression of ATP levels. Pure adenine base administered orally produces a significant reduction of hepatic triglycerdies and partially restores ATP levels in the chronic ethanol treated rat. Comparable doses of oral ATP are not effective. Pure guanine base and GTP failed to inhibit the ethanol-induced fatty liver and ATP depression.", "contents": "The effect of purine bases and nucleotides on ethanol-induced fatty liver syndrome. Rats fed a special liquid fat diet had a higher level of liver triglycerides than rats fed a normal solid chow diet. The ingestion of ethanol induces a concomitant increase in hepatic triglycerides and a depression of ATP levels. Pure adenine base administered orally produces a significant reduction of hepatic triglycerdies and partially restores ATP levels in the chronic ethanol treated rat. Comparable doses of oral ATP are not effective. Pure guanine base and GTP failed to inhibit the ethanol-induced fatty liver and ATP depression.", "PMID": 677963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3312", "title": "Preservation of cellular integrity as a protective mechanism of dexamethasone in hemorrhagic shock in the cat.", "content": "Anesthetized cats were hemorrhaged to a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mm Hg for 120 minutes. Cats given dexamethasone (6 mg/kg, i.v.) at the time of hemorrhage and again (3 mg/kg, i.v.) at the time of reinfusion maintained post-reinfusion arterial blood pressure at a higher level than cats given the steroid vehicle. In addition, dexamethasone treated cats exhibited higher post-reinfusion liver blood flows than vehicle treated hemorrhaged cats. Dexamethasone significantly retarded the rise in plasma cathepsin D and amino-nitrogen activities during hemorrhage, and prevented the accumulation of a myocardial depressant factor (MDF) in the circulating blood. Dexamethasone had no significant effect on isolated cat papillary muscle or aortic strips. It appears that dexamethasone exerts its beneficial effect in hemorrhage shock primarily by stabilizing lysosomal membranes and the subsequent prevention of proteolysis and MDF formation rather than by a direct vasodilator or inotropic effect.", "contents": "Preservation of cellular integrity as a protective mechanism of dexamethasone in hemorrhagic shock in the cat. Anesthetized cats were hemorrhaged to a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mm Hg for 120 minutes. Cats given dexamethasone (6 mg/kg, i.v.) at the time of hemorrhage and again (3 mg/kg, i.v.) at the time of reinfusion maintained post-reinfusion arterial blood pressure at a higher level than cats given the steroid vehicle. In addition, dexamethasone treated cats exhibited higher post-reinfusion liver blood flows than vehicle treated hemorrhaged cats. Dexamethasone significantly retarded the rise in plasma cathepsin D and amino-nitrogen activities during hemorrhage, and prevented the accumulation of a myocardial depressant factor (MDF) in the circulating blood. Dexamethasone had no significant effect on isolated cat papillary muscle or aortic strips. It appears that dexamethasone exerts its beneficial effect in hemorrhage shock primarily by stabilizing lysosomal membranes and the subsequent prevention of proteolysis and MDF formation rather than by a direct vasodilator or inotropic effect.", "PMID": 677964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3313", "title": "Central therapeutic effects of dihydroderivative of pralidoxime (pro-2-PAM) in organophosphate intoxication.", "content": "Central actions of pro-2-PAM (dihydroderivative of 2-PAM) and 2-PAM in poisonings with DFP have been studied. It was shown that pro-2-PAM significantly increased activity of DFP inhibited acetylcholinesterase in the brain, quickly ceased the DFP-induced paralysis of respiration, partially normalized the DFP-induced abnormalities in electrocorticogram and increased the convulsive dosis of DFP. Effects of 2-PAM in these experiments were negligible.", "contents": "Central therapeutic effects of dihydroderivative of pralidoxime (pro-2-PAM) in organophosphate intoxication. Central actions of pro-2-PAM (dihydroderivative of 2-PAM) and 2-PAM in poisonings with DFP have been studied. It was shown that pro-2-PAM significantly increased activity of DFP inhibited acetylcholinesterase in the brain, quickly ceased the DFP-induced paralysis of respiration, partially normalized the DFP-induced abnormalities in electrocorticogram and increased the convulsive dosis of DFP. Effects of 2-PAM in these experiments were negligible.", "PMID": 677965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3314", "title": "Routine chest roentgenograms and electrocardiograms. Usefulness in the hypertensive workup.", "content": "We reviewed the records of all patients entering the hypertension Clinic in 1974. One hundred sixteen met the criteria for hypertension and had a routine chest roentgenogram and/or ECG obtained for the evaluation of hypertension, Routine chest films and ECGs led to therapeutic or diagnostic interventions in only two instances, were not useful as baseline examinations, were never used for prognostic purposes, and not once influenced hypertensive management. We conclude that the value of routine chest roentgenograms and ECGs cannot be defended on the basis of their contribution to the workup of hypertension.", "contents": "Routine chest roentgenograms and electrocardiograms. Usefulness in the hypertensive workup. We reviewed the records of all patients entering the hypertension Clinic in 1974. One hundred sixteen met the criteria for hypertension and had a routine chest roentgenogram and/or ECG obtained for the evaluation of hypertension, Routine chest films and ECGs led to therapeutic or diagnostic interventions in only two instances, were not useful as baseline examinations, were never used for prognostic purposes, and not once influenced hypertensive management. We conclude that the value of routine chest roentgenograms and ECGs cannot be defended on the basis of their contribution to the workup of hypertension.", "PMID": 677975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3315", "title": "Upper gastrointestinal disease in chronic renal failure. A prospective evaluation.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence of upper gastrointestinal disease in 85 chronic renal failure (CRF) patients on hemodialysis. Upper gastrointestinal x-rays were obtained for 83 patients, and enlarged gastric and duodenal folds were seen in 12% (10/83) and 42% (35/83) of the cases, respectively. Panendoscopy performed on 60 persons revealed gastritis in 22% (13/60), nodular duodenitis in 60% (35/60), and esophagitis in 13% (8/60). No peptic ulcers were identified either radiologically or endoscopically. Pathologic examination of mucosal biopsy specimens demonstrated gastritis in 46% (21/46) and duodenitis in 43% (22/51) of patients. A highly significant correlation was found between endoscopic and radiologic duodenitis (P less than .0001) and also between endoscopic and pathologic duodenitis. We have demonstrated a high incidence of mucosal inflammation but not ulcer disease in CRF patients. These lesions may predispose these individuals to gastrointestinal bleeding following renal transplantation.", "contents": "Upper gastrointestinal disease in chronic renal failure. A prospective evaluation. A prospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence of upper gastrointestinal disease in 85 chronic renal failure (CRF) patients on hemodialysis. Upper gastrointestinal x-rays were obtained for 83 patients, and enlarged gastric and duodenal folds were seen in 12% (10/83) and 42% (35/83) of the cases, respectively. Panendoscopy performed on 60 persons revealed gastritis in 22% (13/60), nodular duodenitis in 60% (35/60), and esophagitis in 13% (8/60). No peptic ulcers were identified either radiologically or endoscopically. Pathologic examination of mucosal biopsy specimens demonstrated gastritis in 46% (21/46) and duodenitis in 43% (22/51) of patients. A highly significant correlation was found between endoscopic and radiologic duodenitis (P less than .0001) and also between endoscopic and pathologic duodenitis. We have demonstrated a high incidence of mucosal inflammation but not ulcer disease in CRF patients. These lesions may predispose these individuals to gastrointestinal bleeding following renal transplantation.", "PMID": 677976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3316", "title": "Infusion intravenous pyelography and renal function. Effects in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "Acute renal failure (ARF) following infusion intravenous pyelography (IVP) has been reported in patients with chronic renal insufficiency, particularly diabetics. Renal function was evaluated before and after infusion IVP in 40 patients with chronic renal insufficiency. In 11 of 12 (92%) diabetics and 17 of 28 (61%) nondiabetics, a 25% or greater increase in serum creatinine values and/or decrease in creatinine clearance was noted after IVP despite adequate hydration in all patients. The maximum decrease in kidney function occurred within three days and usually returned to or near pre-IVP levels in seven to ten days. At least 70% of the patients had hypertension and/or evidence of vascular disease. The data suggest that preexisting vascular disease in the kidney, possibly associated with the known vasoconstricting effects of contrast media, may be an important factor in the ARF following infusion IVP.", "contents": "Infusion intravenous pyelography and renal function. Effects in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Acute renal failure (ARF) following infusion intravenous pyelography (IVP) has been reported in patients with chronic renal insufficiency, particularly diabetics. Renal function was evaluated before and after infusion IVP in 40 patients with chronic renal insufficiency. In 11 of 12 (92%) diabetics and 17 of 28 (61%) nondiabetics, a 25% or greater increase in serum creatinine values and/or decrease in creatinine clearance was noted after IVP despite adequate hydration in all patients. The maximum decrease in kidney function occurred within three days and usually returned to or near pre-IVP levels in seven to ten days. At least 70% of the patients had hypertension and/or evidence of vascular disease. The data suggest that preexisting vascular disease in the kidney, possibly associated with the known vasoconstricting effects of contrast media, may be an important factor in the ARF following infusion IVP.", "PMID": 677977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3317", "title": "Pharyngeal colonization by gram-negative bacilli in aspiration-prone persons.", "content": "We compared the prevalence of Gram-negative bacilli in the pharyngeal flora of two groups of patients with a known predilection for Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia (chronic alcoholics and diabetics), two other groups of aspiration-prone persons with no known predilection for Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia (epileptics and narcotic addicts), and normal control subjects. Quantitative cultures of saline gargles showed pharyngeal Gram-negative bacilli to be significantly (P less than .05) more prevalent among alcoholics (35%) and diabetics (36%) but not epileptics (17%) or  addicts (20%) than controls (18%). Counts of greater than or equal to 100 Gram-negative bacilli per milliliter were also significantly more common in alcoholics (14%) and diabetics (24%) than  controls (5%, P less than .05). Enterobacter sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli were the most common Gram-negative bacilli isolated. Increased colonization by Gram-negative bacilli might be a factor contributing to the propensity of alcoholics and diabetics for Gram-negative pneumonia.", "contents": "Pharyngeal colonization by gram-negative bacilli in aspiration-prone persons. We compared the prevalence of Gram-negative bacilli in the pharyngeal flora of two groups of patients with a known predilection for Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia (chronic alcoholics and diabetics), two other groups of aspiration-prone persons with no known predilection for Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia (epileptics and narcotic addicts), and normal control subjects. Quantitative cultures of saline gargles showed pharyngeal Gram-negative bacilli to be significantly (P less than .05) more prevalent among alcoholics (35%) and diabetics (36%) but not epileptics (17%) or  addicts (20%) than controls (18%). Counts of greater than or equal to 100 Gram-negative bacilli per milliliter were also significantly more common in alcoholics (14%) and diabetics (24%) than  controls (5%, P less than .05). Enterobacter sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli were the most common Gram-negative bacilli isolated. Increased colonization by Gram-negative bacilli might be a factor contributing to the propensity of alcoholics and diabetics for Gram-negative pneumonia.", "PMID": 677978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3318", "title": "Response to corticosteroids in the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Association with increased serum IgE levels.", "content": "Severe blood eosinophilia (16,500/cu mm and 6,500/cu mm) accompanied by involvement of the lungs, pleura, heart, pericardium, liver, gastrointestinal tract, peripheral nerves, or skin developed in two patients with bronchial asthma. Associated with the eosinophilia were elevated serum IgE levels (1,400 IU/ml and 10,500 IU/ml), depressed serum C4 complement levels (13 mg/100 ml and 6 mg/100 ml), and high titers of rheumatoid factor (1:2560 and 1:640). Symptoms improved after treatment with prednisone and the eosinophil counts and serum IgE and C4 complement levels returned to normal.", "contents": "Response to corticosteroids in the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Association with increased serum IgE levels. Severe blood eosinophilia (16,500/cu mm and 6,500/cu mm) accompanied by involvement of the lungs, pleura, heart, pericardium, liver, gastrointestinal tract, peripheral nerves, or skin developed in two patients with bronchial asthma. Associated with the eosinophilia were elevated serum IgE levels (1,400 IU/ml and 10,500 IU/ml), depressed serum C4 complement levels (13 mg/100 ml and 6 mg/100 ml), and high titers of rheumatoid factor (1:2560 and 1:640). Symptoms improved after treatment with prednisone and the eosinophil counts and serum IgE and C4 complement levels returned to normal.", "PMID": 677979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3319", "title": "Association between acute pancreatitis and malignant hypertension with renal failure.", "content": "Of 42 patients with malignant hypertension seen in five years in our institutions, seven (17%) had acute pancreatitis. All patients with pancreatitis were black, all had renal failure, and six received dialysis. No particular drug was received by all patients, gallstones were excluded in the majority, and alcoholism was not a factor. Clinical acute pancreatitis persisted for several weeks and five patients died, three of them with pancreatic pseudocyts. Among 259 patients on long-term hemodialysis programs in the same time period, only two additional cases of acute pancreatitis were observed and related to chronic alcoholism. Acute pancreatitis is a frequent complication of malignant hypertension, and when it happens it is severe and commonly fatal.", "contents": "Association between acute pancreatitis and malignant hypertension with renal failure. Of 42 patients with malignant hypertension seen in five years in our institutions, seven (17%) had acute pancreatitis. All patients with pancreatitis were black, all had renal failure, and six received dialysis. No particular drug was received by all patients, gallstones were excluded in the majority, and alcoholism was not a factor. Clinical acute pancreatitis persisted for several weeks and five patients died, three of them with pancreatic pseudocyts. Among 259 patients on long-term hemodialysis programs in the same time period, only two additional cases of acute pancreatitis were observed and related to chronic alcoholism. Acute pancreatitis is a frequent complication of malignant hypertension, and when it happens it is severe and commonly fatal.", "PMID": 677980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3320", "title": "Cimetidine. H2-receptor blockade in gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "Cimetidine is an H2-receptor antagonist that is capable of marked suppression of gastric acid and pepsin secretion. Patients with active duodenal ulcer disease treated with cimetidine show improved rates of healing and symptom relief compared with placebo-treated controls. Peptic ulcer and diarrhea of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and other acid hypersecretory states respond to cimetidine treatment, as may stress ulcers and steatorrhea of patients with pancreatic insuffficiency who have a suboptimol response to oral pancreatin. Effectiveness with gastric ulcer has been less convincing than with duodenal ulcer. In duodenal ulcer disease, cimetidine need not replace less expensive antacid therapy in most cases and is unlikely to replace definitive surgery for suitable candidates.", "contents": "Cimetidine. H2-receptor blockade in gastrointestinal disease. Cimetidine is an H2-receptor antagonist that is capable of marked suppression of gastric acid and pepsin secretion. Patients with active duodenal ulcer disease treated with cimetidine show improved rates of healing and symptom relief compared with placebo-treated controls. Peptic ulcer and diarrhea of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and other acid hypersecretory states respond to cimetidine treatment, as may stress ulcers and steatorrhea of patients with pancreatic insuffficiency who have a suboptimol response to oral pancreatin. Effectiveness with gastric ulcer has been less convincing than with duodenal ulcer. In duodenal ulcer disease, cimetidine need not replace less expensive antacid therapy in most cases and is unlikely to replace definitive surgery for suitable candidates.", "PMID": 677981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3321", "title": "Acute interstitial nephritis associated with carbenicillin therapy.", "content": "Although acute interstitial nephritis has been documented during therapy with many antibiotics of the penicillin class, it has not previously been reported in association with carbenicillin therapy. We report here the case of a patient who developed the characteristic clinical features of this form of injury while receiving prolonged large doses of carbenicillin. Histologic examination confirmed the presence of a striking interstitial nephritis. Carbenicillin should be considered a potential cause of renal damage in patients who develop rash, eosinophilia, and microscopic hematuria in association with deterioration of renal function.", "contents": "Acute interstitial nephritis associated with carbenicillin therapy. Although acute interstitial nephritis has been documented during therapy with many antibiotics of the penicillin class, it has not previously been reported in association with carbenicillin therapy. We report here the case of a patient who developed the characteristic clinical features of this form of injury while receiving prolonged large doses of carbenicillin. Histologic examination confirmed the presence of a striking interstitial nephritis. Carbenicillin should be considered a potential cause of renal damage in patients who develop rash, eosinophilia, and microscopic hematuria in association with deterioration of renal function.", "PMID": 677983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3322", "title": "Chronic renal insufficiency from cortical necrosis induced by arsenic poisoning.", "content": "A 39-year-old man had anuria and azotemia and was found to be suffering from acute arsenic poisoning. After two peritoneal dialyses, partial renal function returned, and the patient has survived for five years without dialysis. Renal cortical necrosis was demonstrated by renal biopsy and renal calcification. We suggest that arsenic be added to the list of substances capable of causing renal cortical necrosis and recommend consideration of this complication in cases of arsenical poisoning.", "contents": "Chronic renal insufficiency from cortical necrosis induced by arsenic poisoning. A 39-year-old man had anuria and azotemia and was found to be suffering from acute arsenic poisoning. After two peritoneal dialyses, partial renal function returned, and the patient has survived for five years without dialysis. Renal cortical necrosis was demonstrated by renal biopsy and renal calcification. We suggest that arsenic be added to the list of substances capable of causing renal cortical necrosis and recommend consideration of this complication in cases of arsenical poisoning.", "PMID": 677984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3323", "title": "Partial hypopituitarism following septic peritonitis with shock.", "content": "A 46-year-old man had a prolonged septic peritonitis with shock that resulted from a perforated appendix at the age of 29, followed, six months later, by the gradual development of partial hypopituitarism. Radiographic studies, including a pneumoencephalogram, did not reveal any evidence of sellar or surprasellar masses. Endocrine studies revealed growth hormone and gonadotropic deficiency and possible adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency and possible adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency. The nature of the disease course yielded much speculation in regard to pathogenesis of the condition.", "contents": "Partial hypopituitarism following septic peritonitis with shock. A 46-year-old man had a prolonged septic peritonitis with shock that resulted from a perforated appendix at the age of 29, followed, six months later, by the gradual development of partial hypopituitarism. Radiographic studies, including a pneumoencephalogram, did not reveal any evidence of sellar or surprasellar masses. Endocrine studies revealed growth hormone and gonadotropic deficiency and possible adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency and possible adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency. The nature of the disease course yielded much speculation in regard to pathogenesis of the condition.", "PMID": 677985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3324", "title": "Evidence for a hypothalamic defect in septo-optic dysplasia.", "content": "A 21-year-old man demonstrated septo-optic dysplasia. Optic and retinal colobomas were present and panhypopituitarism was documented. Releasing hormone studies showed partial luteinizing hormone (LH) response and no follicle-stimulating hormone response to administration of gonadorelin (LH-releasing hormone); thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin levels were increased normally after administration of protirelin (thyrotropin-releasing hormone). The LH, TSH, and  prolactin responses are believed to be evidence of intact pituitary function and suggest that a hypothalamic defect accounts for the hypopituitarism.", "contents": "Evidence for a hypothalamic defect in septo-optic dysplasia. A 21-year-old man demonstrated septo-optic dysplasia. Optic and retinal colobomas were present and panhypopituitarism was documented. Releasing hormone studies showed partial luteinizing hormone (LH) response and no follicle-stimulating hormone response to administration of gonadorelin (LH-releasing hormone); thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin levels were increased normally after administration of protirelin (thyrotropin-releasing hormone). The LH, TSH, and  prolactin responses are believed to be evidence of intact pituitary function and suggest that a hypothalamic defect accounts for the hypopituitarism.", "PMID": 677986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3325", "title": "Renal artery stenosis and polycystic kidney disease.", "content": "A patient had unilateral renal artery stenosis and, at the same time, bilateral polycystic kidney disease. The renal venous renin ratio of 151:40, together with a high peripheral plasma renin activity, indicated that the hypertension was partially caused by renopressor mechanism. Correction of the obstructive lesion permitted a better control of hypertension with antihypertensive drugs, and the peripheral and renal venous renin activity returned to normal. The success in detecting one pathogenic mechanism responsible for arterial hypertension should not deter further diagnostic efforts.", "contents": "Renal artery stenosis and polycystic kidney disease. A patient had unilateral renal artery stenosis and, at the same time, bilateral polycystic kidney disease. The renal venous renin ratio of 151:40, together with a high peripheral plasma renin activity, indicated that the hypertension was partially caused by renopressor mechanism. Correction of the obstructive lesion permitted a better control of hypertension with antihypertensive drugs, and the peripheral and renal venous renin activity returned to normal. The success in detecting one pathogenic mechanism responsible for arterial hypertension should not deter further diagnostic efforts.", "PMID": 677987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3326", "title": "Familial myopathy. Exacerbation by hypokalemia associated with colonic polyp.", "content": "A patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease developed profuse mucinous diarrhea and severe potassium depletion. After two weeks, her muscle weakness grew worse, rhabdomyolysis occurred, and kaliopenic nephropathy was suspected. The patient's diarrhea ended abruptly after a single tubular adenomatous polyp was removed from her colon. Her metabolic status became normal and remained normal six weeks after transcolonic polypectomy.", "contents": "Familial myopathy. Exacerbation by hypokalemia associated with colonic polyp. A patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease developed profuse mucinous diarrhea and severe potassium depletion. After two weeks, her muscle weakness grew worse, rhabdomyolysis occurred, and kaliopenic nephropathy was suspected. The patient's diarrhea ended abruptly after a single tubular adenomatous polyp was removed from her colon. Her metabolic status became normal and remained normal six weeks after transcolonic polypectomy.", "PMID": 677988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3327", "title": "Hypophosphatemia in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis.", "content": "A patient with thyrotoxicosis from Graves' disease had concomitant muscular paralysis, hypophosphatemia, and severe hypokalemia. The parallel depression and return to normal of these electrolyte abnormalities and his neurologic status suggested that cellular ion influx was related to the paralysis.", "contents": "Hypophosphatemia in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. A patient with thyrotoxicosis from Graves' disease had concomitant muscular paralysis, hypophosphatemia, and severe hypokalemia. The parallel depression and return to normal of these electrolyte abnormalities and his neurologic status suggested that cellular ion influx was related to the paralysis.", "PMID": 677989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3328", "title": "Aortic atherosclerosis in La\u00ebnnec's cirrhosis. A comparative study using a planimeter.", "content": "A postmortem comparison of atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta was made between 107 cirrhotic and 168 control subjects with mean ages of 61 and 64, respectively. The cause of death in 93 of the control subjects was malignant neoplasms. Individuals with a history of hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, ischemic arterial disease, cerebral vascular accidents, or myocardial infarction were eliminated from this study. The entire aorta was removed during necropsy, and the ratio between the total aortic surface and the surface areas of fibrous, calcified, and ulcerated lesions was determined, using a planimeter. Statistical analysis disclosed no difference between the cirrhotic or control groups in either the extent or type of atherosclerotic lesions.", "contents": "Aortic atherosclerosis in La\u00ebnnec's cirrhosis. A comparative study using a planimeter. A postmortem comparison of atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta was made between 107 cirrhotic and 168 control subjects with mean ages of 61 and 64, respectively. The cause of death in 93 of the control subjects was malignant neoplasms. Individuals with a history of hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, ischemic arterial disease, cerebral vascular accidents, or myocardial infarction were eliminated from this study. The entire aorta was removed during necropsy, and the ratio between the total aortic surface and the surface areas of fibrous, calcified, and ulcerated lesions was determined, using a planimeter. Statistical analysis disclosed no difference between the cirrhotic or control groups in either the extent or type of atherosclerotic lesions.", "PMID": 677990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3329", "title": "Ectopic parathyroid hormone syndrome. Occurrence in a case undifferentiated lymphoma with bone marrow involvement.", "content": "A patient with hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and an undifferentiated lymphoma involving only the bone marrow was treated by us. The finding of an elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level in the presence of normal parathyroid glands and increased metabolic bone activity on bone biopsy suggests an ectopic PTH syndrome. To our knowledge, no previous case of ectopic PTH syndrome associated with a lymphoma with bone marrow involvement only has been reported.", "contents": "Ectopic parathyroid hormone syndrome. Occurrence in a case undifferentiated lymphoma with bone marrow involvement. A patient with hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and an undifferentiated lymphoma involving only the bone marrow was treated by us. The finding of an elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level in the presence of normal parathyroid glands and increased metabolic bone activity on bone biopsy suggests an ectopic PTH syndrome. To our knowledge, no previous case of ectopic PTH syndrome associated with a lymphoma with bone marrow involvement only has been reported.", "PMID": 677991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3330", "title": "[Tolerance of the fetus with congenital anemia to induced uterine contractions].", "content": "A study of the fetal cardiac rate was made during uterine contractility induced by Pose's test in a group of 22 isoimmunized women carrying fetuses with variable degrees of hemolytic anemia. A high percentage of \"positive tests\" and other alterations in the fetal cardiac rate recordings were found. The risks of delivery and the need to examine the clinical value of different anomalies in the fetal cardiac rate are noted.", "contents": "[Tolerance of the fetus with congenital anemia to induced uterine contractions]. A study of the fetal cardiac rate was made during uterine contractility induced by Pose's test in a group of 22 isoimmunized women carrying fetuses with variable degrees of hemolytic anemia. A high percentage of \"positive tests\" and other alterations in the fetal cardiac rate recordings were found. The risks of delivery and the need to examine the clinical value of different anomalies in the fetal cardiac rate are noted.", "PMID": 677996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3331", "title": "Utilization and cooxidation of chlorinated phenols by Pseudomonas sp. B 13.", "content": "Pseudomonas sp. B13 was grown in continuous culture on 4-chlorophenol as the only carbon source. Maximum growth rate of 0.4 h(-1) was observed at a substrate concentration of greater than 0.01 mM and less than 0.15 mM. In addition to the enzymes of phenol catabolism, high specific 1,2-dioxygenase activities with chlorocatechols as substrates were found. The isomeric monochlorinated phenols were also totally degraded by 4-chlorophenol grown cells. (+)-2,5-Dihydro-4-methyl- and (+)-2,5-dihydro-2-methyl-5-oxo-furan-2-acetic acid were formed in high yield as dead-end catabolites from cooxidation of cresoles. Several dichlorophenols except 2,6-dichlorophenol were removed from the culture fluid by chlorophenol grown cells. Ring cleavage of chlorinated catechols were shown to be one of the critical steps in chlorophenol catabolism. A catabolic pathway for isomeric chlorophenols is discussed.", "contents": "Utilization and cooxidation of chlorinated phenols by Pseudomonas sp. B 13. Pseudomonas sp. B13 was grown in continuous culture on 4-chlorophenol as the only carbon source. Maximum growth rate of 0.4 h(-1) was observed at a substrate concentration of greater than 0.01 mM and less than 0.15 mM. In addition to the enzymes of phenol catabolism, high specific 1,2-dioxygenase activities with chlorocatechols as substrates were found. The isomeric monochlorinated phenols were also totally degraded by 4-chlorophenol grown cells. (+)-2,5-Dihydro-4-methyl- and (+)-2,5-dihydro-2-methyl-5-oxo-furan-2-acetic acid were formed in high yield as dead-end catabolites from cooxidation of cresoles. Several dichlorophenols except 2,6-dichlorophenol were removed from the culture fluid by chlorophenol grown cells. Ring cleavage of chlorinated catechols were shown to be one of the critical steps in chlorophenol catabolism. A catabolic pathway for isomeric chlorophenols is discussed.", "PMID": 678009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3332", "title": "L-Aspartate fermentation by a free-living Campylobacter species.", "content": "In the fermentation of L-aspartate by a free-living Campylobacter spec., the products formed were acetate, succinate, carbon dioxide and ammonia. The oxidative part of the fermentation pathway yielded acetate, succinate, carbon dioxide and ammonia, and the reductive part gave rise to the formation of succinate and ammonia. When grown anaerobically with aspartate, cells contained cytochromes b and c as well as menaquinone. Reduced cytochrome b, but not reduced cytochrome c could be reoxidized by fumarate. In the presence of nitrate, 90% of the available electrons were transferred to nitrate, which was reduced to nitrite; the remainder was transported via the fumarate reductase system. Cells grown with aspartate and excess of formate converted aspartate quantitatively to succinate.", "contents": "L-Aspartate fermentation by a free-living Campylobacter species. In the fermentation of L-aspartate by a free-living Campylobacter spec., the products formed were acetate, succinate, carbon dioxide and ammonia. The oxidative part of the fermentation pathway yielded acetate, succinate, carbon dioxide and ammonia, and the reductive part gave rise to the formation of succinate and ammonia. When grown anaerobically with aspartate, cells contained cytochromes b and c as well as menaquinone. Reduced cytochrome b, but not reduced cytochrome c could be reoxidized by fumarate. In the presence of nitrate, 90% of the available electrons were transferred to nitrate, which was reduced to nitrite; the remainder was transported via the fumarate reductase system. Cells grown with aspartate and excess of formate converted aspartate quantitatively to succinate.", "PMID": 678010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3333", "title": "[Accident or planned self mutilation? Probability of accidental injuries during chopping].", "content": "The results of 200 chopping experiments with a big axe and a smaller cleaver on two different chopping-block levels were presented. Objects were beech-billets with relatively big cross-section areas. In 66 per cent of all experiments the holding hand was put partially or completely upon the surface of the billet, in a principally endangering position. The lateral deviations from the intended impact place were in 62 per cent not more than +/- 1.5 cm; 7.5 per cent hit closer to the holding hand, in the utmost case 3.7 cm, the angle with the aspired sagittal impact plane in most cases not transgressing 5 degrees in the direction of the holding hand and never more than 15 degrees. It can be deduced, that unwilled forefinger injuries from axe stroke are not to be expected on the base phalanx very probably; those in a right angle to the finger axis are not possible, however. For the thumb these rules do not hold in like manner.", "contents": "[Accident or planned self mutilation? Probability of accidental injuries during chopping]. The results of 200 chopping experiments with a big axe and a smaller cleaver on two different chopping-block levels were presented. Objects were beech-billets with relatively big cross-section areas. In 66 per cent of all experiments the holding hand was put partially or completely upon the surface of the billet, in a principally endangering position. The lateral deviations from the intended impact place were in 62 per cent not more than +/- 1.5 cm; 7.5 per cent hit closer to the holding hand, in the utmost case 3.7 cm, the angle with the aspired sagittal impact plane in most cases not transgressing 5 degrees in the direction of the holding hand and never more than 15 degrees. It can be deduced, that unwilled forefinger injuries from axe stroke are not to be expected on the base phalanx very probably; those in a right angle to the finger axis are not possible, however. For the thumb these rules do not hold in like manner.", "PMID": 678007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3334", "title": "Regulatory properties of the nitrogenase from Rhodopseudomonas palustris.", "content": "Ammonium salts, glutamine, asparagine, and urea cause an immediate inactivation (switch-off) of light-dependent acetylene reduction in intact cells of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. This effect is reversible showing the same kinetic pattern of inactivation and reactivation with all effector compounds. Its duration depends on the amount of effector added to the cells. Both nitrogenase components are found catalytically active in a cell-free preparation after enzyme switch-off in vivo. Involvement of the ammonia assimilating system in this regulatory mechanism is indicated by the following observations: ammonia uptake during the switch-off period, resumption of acetylene reduction after disappearance of ammonia from the outer medium, and persistence of enzyme switch-off with dihydrogen and thiosulfate as electron donors in the absence of an additional carbon source. Nitrogenase activity in crude extracts is non-linear with time and is stimulated by manganese ions. After resolution of nitrogenase into its MoFe--protein and Fe--protein these properties are lost, indicating the presence of an activating factor. Nitrogenase of R. palustris cross reacts reciprocally with the complementary proteins of Azotobacter vinelandii, but not with those of Clostridium pasteurianum.", "contents": "Regulatory properties of the nitrogenase from Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Ammonium salts, glutamine, asparagine, and urea cause an immediate inactivation (switch-off) of light-dependent acetylene reduction in intact cells of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. This effect is reversible showing the same kinetic pattern of inactivation and reactivation with all effector compounds. Its duration depends on the amount of effector added to the cells. Both nitrogenase components are found catalytically active in a cell-free preparation after enzyme switch-off in vivo. Involvement of the ammonia assimilating system in this regulatory mechanism is indicated by the following observations: ammonia uptake during the switch-off period, resumption of acetylene reduction after disappearance of ammonia from the outer medium, and persistence of enzyme switch-off with dihydrogen and thiosulfate as electron donors in the absence of an additional carbon source. Nitrogenase activity in crude extracts is non-linear with time and is stimulated by manganese ions. After resolution of nitrogenase into its MoFe--protein and Fe--protein these properties are lost, indicating the presence of an activating factor. Nitrogenase of R. palustris cross reacts reciprocally with the complementary proteins of Azotobacter vinelandii, but not with those of Clostridium pasteurianum.", "PMID": 678011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3335", "title": "Acetate assimilation and the synthesis of alanine, aspartate and glutamate in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum.", "content": "Cultures of the autotrophic bacterium Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were shown to assimilate acetate when grown on CO2 and H2 in the presence of acetate. At 1 mM acetate 10% of the cell carbon came from acetate, the rest from CO2. At higher concentrations the percentage increased to reach a maximum of 65% at acetate concentrations higher than 20 mM. The data suggest that acetate may be an important carbon source under physiological conditions. The incorporation of acetate into alanine, aspartate and glutamate was studied in more detail. The cells were grown on CO2 and H2 in the presence of 1 mM U-14C-acetate. The three amino acids were isolated from the labelled cells by a simplified procedure. Alanine, aspartate and glutamate were found to have the same specific radioactivity. Degradation studies showed that C1 of alanine, C1 and C4 of aspartate, and C1 and C5 of glutamate were exclusively derived from CO2, whereas C2 and C3 of alanine and aspartate, and C3 and C4 of glutamate were partially derived from acetate. These findings and the presence of pyruvate synthase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and alpha-ketoglutarate synthase in M. thermoautotrophicum indicate that CO2 is assimilated into the three amino acids via acetyl CoA carboxylation to pyruvate, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation to oxaloacetate, and succinyl CoA carboxylation to alpha-ketoglutarate.", "contents": "Acetate assimilation and the synthesis of alanine, aspartate and glutamate in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Cultures of the autotrophic bacterium Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were shown to assimilate acetate when grown on CO2 and H2 in the presence of acetate. At 1 mM acetate 10% of the cell carbon came from acetate, the rest from CO2. At higher concentrations the percentage increased to reach a maximum of 65% at acetate concentrations higher than 20 mM. The data suggest that acetate may be an important carbon source under physiological conditions. The incorporation of acetate into alanine, aspartate and glutamate was studied in more detail. The cells were grown on CO2 and H2 in the presence of 1 mM U-14C-acetate. The three amino acids were isolated from the labelled cells by a simplified procedure. Alanine, aspartate and glutamate were found to have the same specific radioactivity. Degradation studies showed that C1 of alanine, C1 and C4 of aspartate, and C1 and C5 of glutamate were exclusively derived from CO2, whereas C2 and C3 of alanine and aspartate, and C3 and C4 of glutamate were partially derived from acetate. These findings and the presence of pyruvate synthase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and alpha-ketoglutarate synthase in M. thermoautotrophicum indicate that CO2 is assimilated into the three amino acids via acetyl CoA carboxylation to pyruvate, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation to oxaloacetate, and succinyl CoA carboxylation to alpha-ketoglutarate.", "PMID": 678012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3336", "title": "Degradation of microbodies in relation to activities of alcohol oxidase and catalase in Candida boidinii.", "content": "Degradation of microbodies in the methanol-utilizing yeast Candida boidinii was mainly studied by electron microscopical observation. The yeast cells precultured on methanol medium contained five to six  microbodies per section and showed high activities of alcohol oxidase, catalase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase. When the precultured cells were transferred into an ethanol medium the number of microbodies and concomitantly the activities of alcohol oxidase and catalase decreased. After 6 h of cultivation microbodies were hardly detected. Also the activity of alcohol oxidase was not measurable and catalase activity was reduced to one tenth, whereas the activities of formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase decreased only to about 70%. Experiments with methanol-grown cells transferred into an ethanol medium without nitrogen source indicated that the inactivation of alcohol oxidase and catalase does not require protein synthesis. However, the reappearance of these enzymes is presumably due to de novo protein synthesis as shown by experiments with cycloheximide.", "contents": "Degradation of microbodies in relation to activities of alcohol oxidase and catalase in Candida boidinii. Degradation of microbodies in the methanol-utilizing yeast Candida boidinii was mainly studied by electron microscopical observation. The yeast cells precultured on methanol medium contained five to six  microbodies per section and showed high activities of alcohol oxidase, catalase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase. When the precultured cells were transferred into an ethanol medium the number of microbodies and concomitantly the activities of alcohol oxidase and catalase decreased. After 6 h of cultivation microbodies were hardly detected. Also the activity of alcohol oxidase was not measurable and catalase activity was reduced to one tenth, whereas the activities of formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase decreased only to about 70%. Experiments with methanol-grown cells transferred into an ethanol medium without nitrogen source indicated that the inactivation of alcohol oxidase and catalase does not require protein synthesis. However, the reappearance of these enzymes is presumably due to de novo protein synthesis as shown by experiments with cycloheximide.", "PMID": 678013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3337", "title": "Inhibition of methanogenesis by sulphate reducing bacteria competing for transferred hydrogen.", "content": "A methanogenic bacterial consortium was obtained after inoculation of benzoate medium under N2/CO2 atmosphere with intertidal sediment. A hydrogen donating organotroph and Methanococcus mazei were isolated from this enrichment. H2-utilising sulphate reducing bacteria were isolated under H2/CO2 in the absence of organic electron donors. The Methanococcus was able to produce methane in yeast extract medium under N2/CO2 if the H2 donating organism was present, and sulphate reduction occurred if the hydrogen utilising sulphate reducing bacteria were grown with the H2 donating organism. The ability of the H2 utilising sulphate reducing bacteria to inhibit Methanococcus competitively was shown in clutures containing both of these H2 utilising bacteria.", "contents": "Inhibition of methanogenesis by sulphate reducing bacteria competing for transferred hydrogen. A methanogenic bacterial consortium was obtained after inoculation of benzoate medium under N2/CO2 atmosphere with intertidal sediment. A hydrogen donating organotroph and Methanococcus mazei were isolated from this enrichment. H2-utilising sulphate reducing bacteria were isolated under H2/CO2 in the absence of organic electron donors. The Methanococcus was able to produce methane in yeast extract medium under N2/CO2 if the H2 donating organism was present, and sulphate reduction occurred if the hydrogen utilising sulphate reducing bacteria were grown with the H2 donating organism. The ability of the H2 utilising sulphate reducing bacteria to inhibit Methanococcus competitively was shown in clutures containing both of these H2 utilising bacteria.", "PMID": 678014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3338", "title": "Hydrogen as a substrate for methanogenesis and sulphate reduction in anaerobic saltmarsh sediment.", "content": "Hydrogen gas stimulated sulphate reduction in a saltmarsh sediment and the importance of H2 transferred from organotrophic bacteria to the sulphate-reducers is discussed. beta-fluorolactate inhibited sulphate reduction whether lactate, ethanol or hydrogen was being used as growth substrate. When added to sediment beta-fluorolactate inhibited sulphate reduction with a consequent increase in methane production. Addition of H2 stimulated methanogenesis in sediment and this stimulation was greater if CO2 was also present. Hydrogen availability was the primary limitation of methanogenesis but the low concentration of dissolved CO2 in seawater may limit methane production even if H2 is available. The removal of inhibition of methanogenesis by the use of fluorolactate to suppress sulphate reduction or by the provision of hydrogen indicates competitive inhibition of methanogens by sulphate reducers utilizing transferred hydrogen.", "contents": "Hydrogen as a substrate for methanogenesis and sulphate reduction in anaerobic saltmarsh sediment. Hydrogen gas stimulated sulphate reduction in a saltmarsh sediment and the importance of H2 transferred from organotrophic bacteria to the sulphate-reducers is discussed. beta-fluorolactate inhibited sulphate reduction whether lactate, ethanol or hydrogen was being used as growth substrate. When added to sediment beta-fluorolactate inhibited sulphate reduction with a consequent increase in methane production. Addition of H2 stimulated methanogenesis in sediment and this stimulation was greater if CO2 was also present. Hydrogen availability was the primary limitation of methanogenesis but the low concentration of dissolved CO2 in seawater may limit methane production even if H2 is available. The removal of inhibition of methanogenesis by the use of fluorolactate to suppress sulphate reduction or by the provision of hydrogen indicates competitive inhibition of methanogens by sulphate reducers utilizing transferred hydrogen.", "PMID": 678015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3339", "title": "The role of enoyl-coa hydratase in the metabolism of isoleucine by Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine if the enoyl coenzyme A hydratase formed by Pseudomonas putida during growth on isoleucine was a unique enzyme specific for isoleucine metabolism. The highest levels of the hydratase were formed during growth on isoleucine intermediates and the lowest levels during growth on glutamate and glucose. Data from growth experiments revealed that 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A hydratase, an enzyme unique to isoleucine metabolism and enoyl coenzyme A hydratase were coordinately induced, but that 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase was under separate control. The hydratase was purified 180-fold from isoleucine cells, and its physical and catalytic properties reported. The highest activity was with crotonyl coenzyme A,Vmax = 1100 x 10(3) moles/min mole enzyme, next was tiglyl coenzyme A, Vmax = 61 x 10(3) moles/min mole enzyme, and last was 3-methyl-crotonyl coenzyme A, Vmax = 2.3 x 10(3) moles/min mole enzyme. Enzyme purified from butyrate cells had the same elution patterns during column chromatography and catalytic properties as the enzyme from isoleucine cells. These data support the conclusion that a single enzyme in P. putida is responsible for the hydration of both tiglyl coenzyme A and crotonyl coenzyme A.", "contents": "The role of enoyl-coa hydratase in the metabolism of isoleucine by Pseudomonas putida. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the enoyl coenzyme A hydratase formed by Pseudomonas putida during growth on isoleucine was a unique enzyme specific for isoleucine metabolism. The highest levels of the hydratase were formed during growth on isoleucine intermediates and the lowest levels during growth on glutamate and glucose. Data from growth experiments revealed that 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A hydratase, an enzyme unique to isoleucine metabolism and enoyl coenzyme A hydratase were coordinately induced, but that 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase was under separate control. The hydratase was purified 180-fold from isoleucine cells, and its physical and catalytic properties reported. The highest activity was with crotonyl coenzyme A,Vmax = 1100 x 10(3) moles/min mole enzyme, next was tiglyl coenzyme A, Vmax = 61 x 10(3) moles/min mole enzyme, and last was 3-methyl-crotonyl coenzyme A, Vmax = 2.3 x 10(3) moles/min mole enzyme. Enzyme purified from butyrate cells had the same elution patterns during column chromatography and catalytic properties as the enzyme from isoleucine cells. These data support the conclusion that a single enzyme in P. putida is responsible for the hydration of both tiglyl coenzyme A and crotonyl coenzyme A.", "PMID": 678016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3340", "title": "Growth of a photosynthetic bacterium anaerobically in darkness, supported by \"oxidant-dependent\" sugar fermentation.", "content": "Rhodopseudomonas capsulata can obtain energy for growth from light (anaerobically) and can also grow heterotrophically in darkness using alternative energy conversion modes, namely, aerobic respiration or an unusual type of anaerobic catabolism of sugars. Dark anaerobic growth with fructose as sole carbon and energy source is dependent on the presence of an \"accessory\" oxidant such as trimethylamine-N-oxide, is accompanied by production of lactate and other classical fermentation products, and yields cells with a high content of photosynthetic pigments and polyhydroxybutyrate.", "contents": "Growth of a photosynthetic bacterium anaerobically in darkness, supported by \"oxidant-dependent\" sugar fermentation. Rhodopseudomonas capsulata can obtain energy for growth from light (anaerobically) and can also grow heterotrophically in darkness using alternative energy conversion modes, namely, aerobic respiration or an unusual type of anaerobic catabolism of sugars. Dark anaerobic growth with fructose as sole carbon and energy source is dependent on the presence of an \"accessory\" oxidant such as trimethylamine-N-oxide, is accompanied by production of lactate and other classical fermentation products, and yields cells with a high content of photosynthetic pigments and polyhydroxybutyrate.", "PMID": 678017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3341", "title": "Mutants of Alcaligenes eutrophus defective in autotrophic metabolism.", "content": "Forty-four mutants of Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 were isolated which grew poorly or not at all under autotrophic conditions. Four types were characterized with respect to their defects and their physiological properties. One mutant lacked both enzymes specific for autotrophic CO2 fixation, another one lacked both hydrogenases, and two mutants lacked either the membrane-bound or the soluble hydrogenase. Comparing the results of studies on these mutant types, the following conclusions were drawn: the lack of each hydrogenase enzyme could be partially compensated by the other one; the lack of membrane-bound hydrogenase did not affect autotrophic growth, whereas the lack of the soluble hydrogenase resulted in a decreased autotrophic growth rate. When pyruvate as well as hydrogen were supplied to the wild-type, the cell yield was higher than in the presence of pyruvate alone. Mutant experiments under these conditions indicated that either of both hydrogenases was able to add to the energy supply of the cell. Only the soluble hydrogenase was involved in the control of the rate of hydrogen oxidation by carbon dioxide; the mutant lacking this enzyme did not respond to the presence or absence of CO2. The suppression of growth on fructose by hydrogen could be mediated by either of both hydrogenases alone.", "contents": "Mutants of Alcaligenes eutrophus defective in autotrophic metabolism. Forty-four mutants of Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 were isolated which grew poorly or not at all under autotrophic conditions. Four types were characterized with respect to their defects and their physiological properties. One mutant lacked both enzymes specific for autotrophic CO2 fixation, another one lacked both hydrogenases, and two mutants lacked either the membrane-bound or the soluble hydrogenase. Comparing the results of studies on these mutant types, the following conclusions were drawn: the lack of each hydrogenase enzyme could be partially compensated by the other one; the lack of membrane-bound hydrogenase did not affect autotrophic growth, whereas the lack of the soluble hydrogenase resulted in a decreased autotrophic growth rate. When pyruvate as well as hydrogen were supplied to the wild-type, the cell yield was higher than in the presence of pyruvate alone. Mutant experiments under these conditions indicated that either of both hydrogenases was able to add to the energy supply of the cell. Only the soluble hydrogenase was involved in the control of the rate of hydrogen oxidation by carbon dioxide; the mutant lacking this enzyme did not respond to the presence or absence of CO2. The suppression of growth on fructose by hydrogen could be mediated by either of both hydrogenases alone.", "PMID": 678018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3342", "title": "Fungal transformation of naphthalene.", "content": "Eighty-six species of fungi belonging to sixty-four genera were examined for their ability to metabolize naphthalene. Analysis by thin-layer and high pressure liquid chromatography revealed that naphthalene metabolism occurred in forty-seven species belonging to thirty-four genera from the major fungal taxa. All organisms tested from the order Mucorales oxidized naphthalene with species of Cunninghamella, Syncephalastrum and Mucor showing the greatest activity. Significant metabolism was also observed with Neurospora crassa, Claviceps paspali and four species of Psilocybe. The predominant metabolite formed by most organisms was 1-naphthol. Other products identified were, 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone, trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 2-naphthol, 1,2-and 1,4-naphthoquinone.", "contents": "Fungal transformation of naphthalene. Eighty-six species of fungi belonging to sixty-four genera were examined for their ability to metabolize naphthalene. Analysis by thin-layer and high pressure liquid chromatography revealed that naphthalene metabolism occurred in forty-seven species belonging to thirty-four genera from the major fungal taxa. All organisms tested from the order Mucorales oxidized naphthalene with species of Cunninghamella, Syncephalastrum and Mucor showing the greatest activity. Significant metabolism was also observed with Neurospora crassa, Claviceps paspali and four species of Psilocybe. The predominant metabolite formed by most organisms was 1-naphthol. Other products identified were, 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone, trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 2-naphthol, 1,2-and 1,4-naphthoquinone.", "PMID": 678019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3343", "title": "The pathway of formation of acetate and succinate from pyruvate by Bacteroides succinogenes.", "content": "Bacteroides succinogenes produces acetate and succinate as major products of carbohydrate fermentation. An investigation of the enzymes involved indicated that pyruvate is oxidized by a flavin-dependent pyruvate cleavage enzyme to acetyl-CoA and CO2. Active CO2 exchange is associated with the pyruvate oxidation system. Reduction of flavin nucleotides is CoASH-dependent and does not require ferredoxin. Acetyl-CoA is further metabolized via acetyl phosphate to acetate and ATP. Reduced flavin nucleotide is used to reduce fumarate to succinate by a particulate flavin-specific fumarate reductase reaction which may involve cytochrome b. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is carboxylated to oxalacetate by a GDP- specific PEP carboxykinase. Oxalacetate, in turn, is converted to malate by a pyridine nucleotide-dependent malate dehydrogenase. The organism has a NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The data suggest that reduced pyridine nucleotides generated during glycolysis are oxidized in malate formation and that the electrons generated during pyruvate oxidation are used to reduce fumarate to succinate.", "contents": "The pathway of formation of acetate and succinate from pyruvate by Bacteroides succinogenes. Bacteroides succinogenes produces acetate and succinate as major products of carbohydrate fermentation. An investigation of the enzymes involved indicated that pyruvate is oxidized by a flavin-dependent pyruvate cleavage enzyme to acetyl-CoA and CO2. Active CO2 exchange is associated with the pyruvate oxidation system. Reduction of flavin nucleotides is CoASH-dependent and does not require ferredoxin. Acetyl-CoA is further metabolized via acetyl phosphate to acetate and ATP. Reduced flavin nucleotide is used to reduce fumarate to succinate by a particulate flavin-specific fumarate reductase reaction which may involve cytochrome b. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is carboxylated to oxalacetate by a GDP- specific PEP carboxykinase. Oxalacetate, in turn, is converted to malate by a pyridine nucleotide-dependent malate dehydrogenase. The organism has a NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The data suggest that reduced pyridine nucleotides generated during glycolysis are oxidized in malate formation and that the electrons generated during pyruvate oxidation are used to reduce fumarate to succinate.", "PMID": 678020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3344", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation in the classification of coagulase-positive staphylococci.", "content": "DNA-DNA reassociation studies were performed with coagulase-positive staphylococci belonging to the biotypes A, B, C, D, E and F. These studies present genetic evidence for the existence of at least two distinct species within this group of organisms. The common Staphylococcus aureus strains were represented by organisms from biotypes A to D, and their DNA revealed over 80% nucleotide sequence homology under restrictive conditions. Less than 15% DNA homology was detected between strains from biotypes A to D (S. aureus) and those from biotypes E and F. The DNA of organisms from either the biotypes E or F displayed over 70% homology. Together, both biotypes are considered to represent the species S. intermedius. However, DNA homology values dropped to 50--65% between strains from different biotypes. This may justify the separation of S. intermedius biotypes E and F on a subspecies level.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation in the classification of coagulase-positive staphylococci. DNA-DNA reassociation studies were performed with coagulase-positive staphylococci belonging to the biotypes A, B, C, D, E and F. These studies present genetic evidence for the existence of at least two distinct species within this group of organisms. The common Staphylococcus aureus strains were represented by organisms from biotypes A to D, and their DNA revealed over 80% nucleotide sequence homology under restrictive conditions. Less than 15% DNA homology was detected between strains from biotypes A to D (S. aureus) and those from biotypes E and F. The DNA of organisms from either the biotypes E or F displayed over 70% homology. Together, both biotypes are considered to represent the species S. intermedius. However, DNA homology values dropped to 50--65% between strains from different biotypes. This may justify the separation of S. intermedius biotypes E and F on a subspecies level.", "PMID": 678023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3345", "title": "A comparative analysis of extreme thermophilic bacteria belonging to the genus Thermus.", "content": "Several extreme thermophilic Gram negative bacteria found in a thermally polluted river in Belgium have been compared with Thermus strains isolated from widely distant geographical areas. This analysis has become possible after the design of a new culture medium (162). All strains examined (including the isolate successively denominated Flavobacterium thermophilum and Thermus thermophilus) were found to be morphologically identical with strain YT-1 of Thermus aquaticus. The cells are immotile, rod-like, strictly aerobic, catalase and oxidase positive. They produce amylase, hydrolyze gelatin and are confirmed to be highly sensitive towards penicillin. The nutritional pattern of all strains has been analysed extensively, by testing a broad spectrum of possible substrates. The strains display a uniform response to the microbiological tests applied and most probably belong to the same species: Thermus aquaticus.", "contents": "A comparative analysis of extreme thermophilic bacteria belonging to the genus Thermus. Several extreme thermophilic Gram negative bacteria found in a thermally polluted river in Belgium have been compared with Thermus strains isolated from widely distant geographical areas. This analysis has become possible after the design of a new culture medium (162). All strains examined (including the isolate successively denominated Flavobacterium thermophilum and Thermus thermophilus) were found to be morphologically identical with strain YT-1 of Thermus aquaticus. The cells are immotile, rod-like, strictly aerobic, catalase and oxidase positive. They produce amylase, hydrolyze gelatin and are confirmed to be highly sensitive towards penicillin. The nutritional pattern of all strains has been analysed extensively, by testing a broad spectrum of possible substrates. The strains display a uniform response to the microbiological tests applied and most probably belong to the same species: Thermus aquaticus.", "PMID": 678024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3346", "title": "[Severe hyperthermia in children].", "content": "In some children severe hyperthermia may be the result of fever that causes cellular damage. This can be seen histologically as cell necrosis. When hyperthermia occurs with collapse or with neurological symptoms it should lead to a search for other lesions (renal, hepatic and/or coagulation disorders). Treatment of these conditions may, in some cases, lead to improvement. Simple prophylactic measures and close supervision of febrile children should prevent this serious syndrome.", "contents": "[Severe hyperthermia in children]. In some children severe hyperthermia may be the result of fever that causes cellular damage. This can be seen histologically as cell necrosis. When hyperthermia occurs with collapse or with neurological symptoms it should lead to a search for other lesions (renal, hepatic and/or coagulation disorders). Treatment of these conditions may, in some cases, lead to improvement. Simple prophylactic measures and close supervision of febrile children should prevent this serious syndrome.", "PMID": 678027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3347", "title": "[Late diagnosis of cystinosis in 2 brothers: histological and ultrastructural renal study].", "content": "Cystinosis was discovered by chance in two adolescent boys who had proteinuria with minor tubular abnormalities. Renal biopsies were examined by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. There were few histological changes but crystals were present in the epithelial cells of the glomerulus and occasionally in the tubules. A further unusual feature was the detection of IgA deposits in the mesangium.", "contents": "[Late diagnosis of cystinosis in 2 brothers: histological and ultrastructural renal study]. Cystinosis was discovered by chance in two adolescent boys who had proteinuria with minor tubular abnormalities. Renal biopsies were examined by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. There were few histological changes but crystals were present in the epithelial cells of the glomerulus and occasionally in the tubules. A further unusual feature was the detection of IgA deposits in the mesangium.", "PMID": 678028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3348", "title": "[Electroencephalographic approach to lateralization in children].", "content": "Electroencephalograms were recorded in 76 normal children between 10-12 years of age and several parameters were calculated from the results of spectral analysis. Sections of recordings which were free of artefacts, taken under different conditions (eyes open, eyes closed and during tests of mental arithmetic and vocabulary with the eyes closed were analysed. In these normal children, there was significant asymmetry of the alpha 1, beta 1, theta rhythms, and related parameters at rest, but the asymmetry was not necessarily found to correlate with the laterality of hand, eye, foot or all three. Vocabulary, and to a greater extent arithmetic significantly decreased alpha rhythms. Arithmetic affected both hemispheres equally but vocabulary depressed the alpha rhythms more obviously on the left.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic approach to lateralization in children]. Electroencephalograms were recorded in 76 normal children between 10-12 years of age and several parameters were calculated from the results of spectral analysis. Sections of recordings which were free of artefacts, taken under different conditions (eyes open, eyes closed and during tests of mental arithmetic and vocabulary with the eyes closed were analysed. In these normal children, there was significant asymmetry of the alpha 1, beta 1, theta rhythms, and related parameters at rest, but the asymmetry was not necessarily found to correlate with the laterality of hand, eye, foot or all three. Vocabulary, and to a greater extent arithmetic significantly decreased alpha rhythms. Arithmetic affected both hemispheres equally but vocabulary depressed the alpha rhythms more obviously on the left.", "PMID": 678029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3349", "title": "[A new family with mutation of the structural gene of human ornithine carbamoyltransferase].", "content": "Studies of a child with hyperammonemia have demonstrated a deficiency in OCTase. The kinetic properties of the enzyme were studied and it could be shown that we have to deal with a new mutation which is different from the ones previously known. It is a mutation of the structural gene. The detection of a heterozygote is possible when the urinary orotic acid excretion is studied after a loading meal (2g of proteines per kilo of weight). A child with hyperammonaemia due to ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is described. A new structural gene mutation is probable because the kinetic properties of the enzyme are different to previously described variants. The heterozygote could be detected by the measurement of the excretion of orotic acid in the urine following a protein load of 2 g/Kg.", "contents": "[A new family with mutation of the structural gene of human ornithine carbamoyltransferase]. Studies of a child with hyperammonemia have demonstrated a deficiency in OCTase. The kinetic properties of the enzyme were studied and it could be shown that we have to deal with a new mutation which is different from the ones previously known. It is a mutation of the structural gene. The detection of a heterozygote is possible when the urinary orotic acid excretion is studied after a loading meal (2g of proteines per kilo of weight). A child with hyperammonaemia due to ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is described. A new structural gene mutation is probable because the kinetic properties of the enzyme are different to previously described variants. The heterozygote could be detected by the measurement of the excretion of orotic acid in the urine following a protein load of 2 g/Kg.", "PMID": 678030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3350", "title": "[Disseminated osseous angiomatosis in children].", "content": "The authors review 54 cases of diffuse bone angiomatosis (one new case and 53 from the literature) and describe the major clinical, radiological and anatomical features. The difficulties of distinguishing between haemagiomata and lymphangiomata are emphasised. The diagnosis is often helped by the presence of visceral or cutaneous lesions and when such lesions are found, a skeletal survey should always be done. These conditions, which may be classified under the general heading of angiodysplasias of bone, are hamartomata and must be distinguished from other bone lesions of vascular origin.", "contents": "[Disseminated osseous angiomatosis in children]. The authors review 54 cases of diffuse bone angiomatosis (one new case and 53 from the literature) and describe the major clinical, radiological and anatomical features. The difficulties of distinguishing between haemagiomata and lymphangiomata are emphasised. The diagnosis is often helped by the presence of visceral or cutaneous lesions and when such lesions are found, a skeletal survey should always be done. These conditions, which may be classified under the general heading of angiodysplasias of bone, are hamartomata and must be distinguished from other bone lesions of vascular origin.", "PMID": 678031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3351", "title": "[Measurements of the sella turcica in idiopathic hypophyseal nanism].", "content": "The size of the sella turcica was measured in 66 cases of so-called idiopathic hypopituitary dwarfism, and compared to Silverman's standards. In 55 % of patients the sella was abnormally small for age, and in 45 % abnormally small for height. No significant differences were found from male to female patients nor from isolated somatotropic deficiencies to multiple tropic hormones deficiencies.", "contents": "[Measurements of the sella turcica in idiopathic hypophyseal nanism]. The size of the sella turcica was measured in 66 cases of so-called idiopathic hypopituitary dwarfism, and compared to Silverman's standards. In 55 % of patients the sella was abnormally small for age, and in 45 % abnormally small for height. No significant differences were found from male to female patients nor from isolated somatotropic deficiencies to multiple tropic hormones deficiencies.", "PMID": 678032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3352", "title": "[Malignant adrenal carcinoma with metastases: exeresis and treatment with op'DD followed by cure].", "content": "A 6 years old child with a malignant adrenal tumour with metastasis was treated with radical surgery followed by long term therapy with op'DDD. After a 12 year follow up without recurrence it is likely that the child has been cured.", "contents": "[Malignant adrenal carcinoma with metastases: exeresis and treatment with op'DD followed by cure]. A 6 years old child with a malignant adrenal tumour with metastasis was treated with radical surgery followed by long term therapy with op'DDD. After a 12 year follow up without recurrence it is likely that the child has been cured.", "PMID": 678033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3353", "title": "[Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: case report].", "content": "The muco-cutaneous lymphonode syndrome affecting babies and infants has recently been described in Japan. The children present with sub-maxilliary glands, fever and a characteristic desquamating rash. It is important to make the diagnosis because of the rare but dangerous cardiac complications. The aetiology is unknown but the condition may be related to infantile polyarteritis nodosa.", "contents": "[Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: case report]. The muco-cutaneous lymphonode syndrome affecting babies and infants has recently been described in Japan. The children present with sub-maxilliary glands, fever and a characteristic desquamating rash. It is important to make the diagnosis because of the rare but dangerous cardiac complications. The aetiology is unknown but the condition may be related to infantile polyarteritis nodosa.", "PMID": 678034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3354", "title": "[Cerebral trauma - psychological trauma? Study of 47 children with medulloblastoma and their follow-up].", "content": "47 Children with medulloblastoma who were treated between 1954 and 1974 were studied. The parents and children were interviewed regularly with their medical attendants to estimate the contribution of the organic disease, the psychological factors and the environment on their intellectual performance and their personalities. In the assessment, allowance was made for their age, clinical history, and social and scholastic background. The analysis helped in the choice of the most appropriate psychological support. The difficulties of social re-adjustment cannot be solely due to the brain tumour or its sequelae. The parents have to forget their idealised image of their child, who never existed and who never will, so that they can give the child a new start and enjoy life without fear of death. In this distressing exercise, the extent of the emotional trauma becomes obvious.", "contents": "[Cerebral trauma - psychological trauma? Study of 47 children with medulloblastoma and their follow-up]. 47 Children with medulloblastoma who were treated between 1954 and 1974 were studied. The parents and children were interviewed regularly with their medical attendants to estimate the contribution of the organic disease, the psychological factors and the environment on their intellectual performance and their personalities. In the assessment, allowance was made for their age, clinical history, and social and scholastic background. The analysis helped in the choice of the most appropriate psychological support. The difficulties of social re-adjustment cannot be solely due to the brain tumour or its sequelae. The parents have to forget their idealised image of their child, who never existed and who never will, so that they can give the child a new start and enjoy life without fear of death. In this distressing exercise, the extent of the emotional trauma becomes obvious.", "PMID": 678035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3355", "title": "A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia.", "content": "The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) was developed to reduce information variance in both the descriptive and diagnostic evaluation of a subject. The SADS is unique among rating scales in that it provides for (1) a detailed description of the features of the current episodes of illness when they were at their most severe; (2) a description of the level of severity of manifestations of major dimensions of psychopathology during the week preceding the evaluation, which can then be used as a measure of change; (3) a progression of questions and criteria, which provides information for making diagnoses; and (4) a detailed description of past psychopathology and functioning relevant to an evaluation of diagnosis, prognosis, and overall severity of disturbance. This article reports on initial scale development and reliability studies of the items and the scale scores.", "contents": "A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) was developed to reduce information variance in both the descriptive and diagnostic evaluation of a subject. The SADS is unique among rating scales in that it provides for (1) a detailed description of the features of the current episodes of illness when they were at their most severe; (2) a description of the level of severity of manifestations of major dimensions of psychopathology during the week preceding the evaluation, which can then be used as a measure of change; (3) a progression of questions and criteria, which provides information for making diagnoses; and (4) a detailed description of past psychopathology and functioning relevant to an evaluation of diagnosis, prognosis, and overall severity of disturbance. This article reports on initial scale development and reliability studies of the items and the scale scores.", "PMID": 678037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3356", "title": "Concurrent diagnostic validity of a structured psychiatric interview.", "content": "In order to estimate the concurrent validity of a structured psychiatric interview, we compared interview diagnoses obtained for 101 psychiatric inpatients to those recorded in the same patients' hospital charts. For most diagnoses considered, concordance was found to be high. For those in which concordance was low, we examined the reasons for the diagnostic discrepancy. Diagnostic errors that were judged to have occurred on the basis of the structural interview often seemed to have resulted from a lack of longitudinal clinical observation. However, more errors were judged to have occurred in the hospital charts, apparently because of physician oversight. We conclude that the concurrent validity of this structured interview is high and that such examinations might be useful not only for research but also for the routine initial evaluation of psychiatric patients.", "contents": "Concurrent diagnostic validity of a structured psychiatric interview. In order to estimate the concurrent validity of a structured psychiatric interview, we compared interview diagnoses obtained for 101 psychiatric inpatients to those recorded in the same patients' hospital charts. For most diagnoses considered, concordance was found to be high. For those in which concordance was low, we examined the reasons for the diagnostic discrepancy. Diagnostic errors that were judged to have occurred on the basis of the structural interview often seemed to have resulted from a lack of longitudinal clinical observation. However, more errors were judged to have occurred in the hospital charts, apparently because of physician oversight. We conclude that the concurrent validity of this structured interview is high and that such examinations might be useful not only for research but also for the routine initial evaluation of psychiatric patients.", "PMID": 678038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3357", "title": "Genetic strategies in biological psychiatry.", "content": "Studies of the etiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses may be executed by using a genetic framework in the experimental design. This article describes research strategies for identifying the genetic factors that produce a vulnerability to a psychiatric illness. The proposed strategies evaluate the role of a given genetic factor by comparing the transmission of this factor within pedigrees to the transmission of that illness. In a biologically heterogeneous disorder, these strategies can be used to identify homogeneous subgroups. This report also describes a strategy for identification of the environmental events that promote the development of a psychiatric illness, either independently or in conjunction with the genetic diathesis.", "contents": "Genetic strategies in biological psychiatry. Studies of the etiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses may be executed by using a genetic framework in the experimental design. This article describes research strategies for identifying the genetic factors that produce a vulnerability to a psychiatric illness. The proposed strategies evaluate the role of a given genetic factor by comparing the transmission of this factor within pedigrees to the transmission of that illness. In a biologically heterogeneous disorder, these strategies can be used to identify homogeneous subgroups. This report also describes a strategy for identification of the environmental events that promote the development of a psychiatric illness, either independently or in conjunction with the genetic diathesis.", "PMID": 678040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3358", "title": "Prior psychiatric treatment and the development of breast cancer.", "content": "Computerized records of a large university hospital were searched to identify all women from 1967 to 1976 whose conditions had been diagnosed as breast cancer or primary cancer of another site. The records for those women with diagnoses of cancer were then examined to identify any prior psychiatric diagnoses. The rationale was that most patients treated in this hospital setting for psychiatric disorders received neuroleptic drugs, and patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia are almost certain to be treated with major neuroleptic drugs over a prolonged period of time. No substantial difference in the relative frequency of prior psychiatric treatment was observed between breast cancer and other cancer groups.", "contents": "Prior psychiatric treatment and the development of breast cancer. Computerized records of a large university hospital were searched to identify all women from 1967 to 1976 whose conditions had been diagnosed as breast cancer or primary cancer of another site. The records for those women with diagnoses of cancer were then examined to identify any prior psychiatric diagnoses. The rationale was that most patients treated in this hospital setting for psychiatric disorders received neuroleptic drugs, and patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia are almost certain to be treated with major neuroleptic drugs over a prolonged period of time. No substantial difference in the relative frequency of prior psychiatric treatment was observed between breast cancer and other cancer groups.", "PMID": 678041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3359", "title": "A three-year follow-up study of the elimination of the internship. A comparative study of internship- and noninternship-trained residents in a psychiatric outpatient setting.", "content": "The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology eliminated the internship as a requirement for certification in psychiatry in 1970. Preliminary study on a psychiatric inpatient service of internship-trained first-year residents with that of a matched group of residents who entered the same program without the internship disclosed differences in patient care practices. The same group of residents in their subsequent years of training in a psychiatric outpatient service were compared. A chart review comparison disclosed differences in areas of management in psychiatric outpatient treatment, referral patterns, and use of medication. Supervisory ratings of the residents were found to differ substantially in nine of the 15 measured categories.", "contents": "A three-year follow-up study of the elimination of the internship. A comparative study of internship- and noninternship-trained residents in a psychiatric outpatient setting. The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology eliminated the internship as a requirement for certification in psychiatry in 1970. Preliminary study on a psychiatric inpatient service of internship-trained first-year residents with that of a matched group of residents who entered the same program without the internship disclosed differences in patient care practices. The same group of residents in their subsequent years of training in a psychiatric outpatient service were compared. A chart review comparison disclosed differences in areas of management in psychiatric outpatient treatment, referral patterns, and use of medication. Supervisory ratings of the residents were found to differ substantially in nine of the 15 measured categories.", "PMID": 678044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3360", "title": "Research designs for the study of gene-environment interactions in psychiatric disorders. Report of a Foundations Fund for Research in Psychiatry Panel.", "content": "Understanding the genetic and environmental contributions (and their interactions, which are likely to be complex) to the etiology of psychiatric disorders requires research designs incorporating many basic principles of genetics. Genetic variation is likely to contribute to psychiatric disorders and genetic heterogeneity is likely to exist for any single disorder, ie, completely different genetic variants may each be capable of increasing an individual's susceptibility to the disorder. Thus, it is important to define phenotypes that may more closely reflect each individual genetic variant rather than to rely solely on the psychiatric diagnosis. Research should be undertaken with the goal of testing specific hypotheses that can be excluded. Research designs can include studies of unrelated individuals, twins, separated relatives, nuclear families, or extended pedigrees. Not all hypotheses can be tested on one type of data, and appropriate analytic methods vary. Because genetic hypotheses cannot be tested on studies of unrelated individuals, it is important that data be collected on families instead of unrelated individual patients and/or controls. Studies should include traits that bridge the gap between the genotype and the diagnostic phenotype. Such studies should be multidisciplinary, and the best statistical-genetics methodology should be used for data analysis.", "contents": "Research designs for the study of gene-environment interactions in psychiatric disorders. Report of a Foundations Fund for Research in Psychiatry Panel. Understanding the genetic and environmental contributions (and their interactions, which are likely to be complex) to the etiology of psychiatric disorders requires research designs incorporating many basic principles of genetics. Genetic variation is likely to contribute to psychiatric disorders and genetic heterogeneity is likely to exist for any single disorder, ie, completely different genetic variants may each be capable of increasing an individual's susceptibility to the disorder. Thus, it is important to define phenotypes that may more closely reflect each individual genetic variant rather than to rely solely on the psychiatric diagnosis. Research should be undertaken with the goal of testing specific hypotheses that can be excluded. Research designs can include studies of unrelated individuals, twins, separated relatives, nuclear families, or extended pedigrees. Not all hypotheses can be tested on one type of data, and appropriate analytic methods vary. Because genetic hypotheses cannot be tested on studies of unrelated individuals, it is important that data be collected on families instead of unrelated individual patients and/or controls. Studies should include traits that bridge the gap between the genotype and the diagnostic phenotype. Such studies should be multidisciplinary, and the best statistical-genetics methodology should be used for data analysis.", "PMID": 678045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3361", "title": "Primary affective disorder, aggression, and criminality. A review and clinical study.", "content": "Aggressive and criminal behavior among patients with manic and depressive conditions has been in need of greater delineation, particularly since the advent of current pharmacotherapies. This report reviews the literature on aggression and criminality among bipolar and unipolar patients and the nature and occurrence of these conditions among criminal and unprosecuted offender populations, and presents a study of 100 consecutive prisoners (89 women, 11 men) referred for psychiatric evaluation. It is hypothesized that manic and depressive states are underdiagnosed in prison populations, particularly among female prisoners. A comparatively high incidence (10%) of primary affective disorder was found in this study; possible causes of the hypothesized underdiagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Primary affective disorder, aggression, and criminality. A review and clinical study. Aggressive and criminal behavior among patients with manic and depressive conditions has been in need of greater delineation, particularly since the advent of current pharmacotherapies. This report reviews the literature on aggression and criminality among bipolar and unipolar patients and the nature and occurrence of these conditions among criminal and unprosecuted offender populations, and presents a study of 100 consecutive prisoners (89 women, 11 men) referred for psychiatric evaluation. It is hypothesized that manic and depressive states are underdiagnosed in prison populations, particularly among female prisoners. A comparatively high incidence (10%) of primary affective disorder was found in this study; possible causes of the hypothesized underdiagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 678046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3362", "title": "Abnormalities of cerebral lateralization in schizophrenia patients.", "content": "Initial lateral eye movements (LEMs) have been shown to be associated with activation of the contralateral frontal lobes. Using LEM as a criterion measure of activation, schizophrenics were compared to normals with respect to the processing of four types of stimuli: verbal nonemotional (VNE), verbal emotional (VE), spatial nonemotional (SNE), and spatial emotional (SE). Our results indicate that schizophrenics initiate thought in their left hemisphere significantly more often than controls when one compares all test conditions and on VNE, VE, and SE material. Neither medication nor level of education had an appreciable effect on LEM in either group. However, sex was a significant variable; women irrespective of diagnosis consistently used the left hemisphere more often than men. The inappropriate initiation of thought on SE material as well as the overall increase in left hemisphere activity suggest left hemisphere disorder. This is consistent with other findings that suggest a left hemisphere locus of disturbance in schizophrenia.", "contents": "Abnormalities of cerebral lateralization in schizophrenia patients. Initial lateral eye movements (LEMs) have been shown to be associated with activation of the contralateral frontal lobes. Using LEM as a criterion measure of activation, schizophrenics were compared to normals with respect to the processing of four types of stimuli: verbal nonemotional (VNE), verbal emotional (VE), spatial nonemotional (SNE), and spatial emotional (SE). Our results indicate that schizophrenics initiate thought in their left hemisphere significantly more often than controls when one compares all test conditions and on VNE, VE, and SE material. Neither medication nor level of education had an appreciable effect on LEM in either group. However, sex was a significant variable; women irrespective of diagnosis consistently used the left hemisphere more often than men. The inappropriate initiation of thought on SE material as well as the overall increase in left hemisphere activity suggest left hemisphere disorder. This is consistent with other findings that suggest a left hemisphere locus of disturbance in schizophrenia.", "PMID": 678047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3363", "title": "Chromosomes in patients receiving methadone and methadyl acetate.", "content": "Chromosomes of peripheral leukocytes were examined in 28 addicts participating in a Veterans Administration-Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP) cooperative study of methadyl acetate vs methadone. Blood samples for 72-hour leukocyte cultures were drawn after nearly 40 weeks of maintenance therapy while subjects were receiving active medication. For comparison, ten nondrug users were also studied. The frequency of chromosome damage was not greater in subjects maintained on methadyl acetate or methadone than in nondrug users.", "contents": "Chromosomes in patients receiving methadone and methadyl acetate. Chromosomes of peripheral leukocytes were examined in 28 addicts participating in a Veterans Administration-Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP) cooperative study of methadyl acetate vs methadone. Blood samples for 72-hour leukocyte cultures were drawn after nearly 40 weeks of maintenance therapy while subjects were receiving active medication. For comparison, ten nondrug users were also studied. The frequency of chromosome damage was not greater in subjects maintained on methadyl acetate or methadone than in nondrug users.", "PMID": 678048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3364", "title": "Abrupt withdrawal from therapeutically administered diazepam. Report of a case.", "content": "Subjective, behavioral, and physiologic changes followed abrupt withdrawal of diazepam (Valium) in a patient who had been treated with 30 to 45 mg of diazepam daily for 20 months. Precipitous weight loss and orthostatic pulse rate increase were a part of the abstinence syndrome, which occurred between the fifth and ninth days of withdrawal. Accompanying these changes in physiologic measures were discomforting symptoms and dysphoria that were aversive and reinforcing to drug taking since the patient sought diazepam administration. These observations suggest that changes in mood, feeling states, and behavior may be the most prominent characteristics of the abstinence syndrome associated with physical dependence on this dose level of diazepam.", "contents": "Abrupt withdrawal from therapeutically administered diazepam. Report of a case. Subjective, behavioral, and physiologic changes followed abrupt withdrawal of diazepam (Valium) in a patient who had been treated with 30 to 45 mg of diazepam daily for 20 months. Precipitous weight loss and orthostatic pulse rate increase were a part of the abstinence syndrome, which occurred between the fifth and ninth days of withdrawal. Accompanying these changes in physiologic measures were discomforting symptoms and dysphoria that were aversive and reinforcing to drug taking since the patient sought diazepam administration. These observations suggest that changes in mood, feeling states, and behavior may be the most prominent characteristics of the abstinence syndrome associated with physical dependence on this dose level of diazepam.", "PMID": 678049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3365", "title": "[Prognosis of anorexia nervosa in adolescence].", "content": "A group of 28 patients with anorexia nervosa, who had fallen ill at the age of 15 (14 to 18) and were examined for the first time at the age of 17 (14 to 23), were all examined again 10 (5 to 20) years later. In the vast majority (25 cases), the anorexia syndrome sensu stricto had completely, or very nearly, disappeared. While weight and menstruation had returned to normal, nutrition behavior was sometimes still disturbed, although to a lesser extent than before. The course of the disease in the long term generally leads to disappearance of the symptoms; fatal issues and psychotic manifestations are extremely rare. In half of these 28 cases, however, there are other neurotic symptoms (depression, anxiety, obsession), indicating the underlying neurotic disturbance. In the matter of social integration (separation from original family, successful education, professional activity), positive developments predominate. More than one-third of the patients have married. The results are compared with those of some other investigations in this field.", "contents": "[Prognosis of anorexia nervosa in adolescence]. A group of 28 patients with anorexia nervosa, who had fallen ill at the age of 15 (14 to 18) and were examined for the first time at the age of 17 (14 to 23), were all examined again 10 (5 to 20) years later. In the vast majority (25 cases), the anorexia syndrome sensu stricto had completely, or very nearly, disappeared. While weight and menstruation had returned to normal, nutrition behavior was sometimes still disturbed, although to a lesser extent than before. The course of the disease in the long term generally leads to disappearance of the symptoms; fatal issues and psychotic manifestations are extremely rare. In half of these 28 cases, however, there are other neurotic symptoms (depression, anxiety, obsession), indicating the underlying neurotic disturbance. In the matter of social integration (separation from original family, successful education, professional activity), positive developments predominate. More than one-third of the patients have married. The results are compared with those of some other investigations in this field.", "PMID": 678077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3366", "title": "[Cerebral toxoplasmosis complicating Hodgkin's disease in the adult. Light and electron-microscopic findings (author's transl)].", "content": "A male patient with a history of Hodgkin's disease of 11 years duration died at age 41 with signs of progressive cerebral involvement. The blastomatous process had been treated with X-rays, cytostatic agents, and corticosteroids. Autopsy revealed isolated lymphogranulomatous lesions in the chest walls and multiple foci of necrosis in the brain. In the latter, Toxoplasma could be detected by light and electron microscopy. The inflammatory response elicited by the protozoan parasite was strikingly slight. This indicated that the patient had had some immunologic impairment. Pathomorphologic and clinical aspects of cerebral toxoplasmosis in the adult are discussed. It is emphasized that patients suffering from chronic malignant disorders, particularly Hodgkin's disease, are preferentially affected by toxoplasmosis of the brain.", "contents": "[Cerebral toxoplasmosis complicating Hodgkin's disease in the adult. Light and electron-microscopic findings (author's transl)]. A male patient with a history of Hodgkin's disease of 11 years duration died at age 41 with signs of progressive cerebral involvement. The blastomatous process had been treated with X-rays, cytostatic agents, and corticosteroids. Autopsy revealed isolated lymphogranulomatous lesions in the chest walls and multiple foci of necrosis in the brain. In the latter, Toxoplasma could be detected by light and electron microscopy. The inflammatory response elicited by the protozoan parasite was strikingly slight. This indicated that the patient had had some immunologic impairment. Pathomorphologic and clinical aspects of cerebral toxoplasmosis in the adult are discussed. It is emphasized that patients suffering from chronic malignant disorders, particularly Hodgkin's disease, are preferentially affected by toxoplasmosis of the brain.", "PMID": 678078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3367", "title": "Laser-spectrographic analysis of the cation content in Fahr's syndrome.", "content": "The cation content and composition of mineral deposits in cerebral vessels in a case of Fahr's syndrome was studied by laser-spectrographic analysis. It was shown that in addition to Ca and Fe, other minerals such as Mg, Al, and Zn accumulated in pathologic deposits. The occurrence of cations other than Ca and Fe in these deposits had not been previously reported. The observations made in this study may contribute to a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of Fahr's syndrome.", "contents": "Laser-spectrographic analysis of the cation content in Fahr's syndrome. The cation content and composition of mineral deposits in cerebral vessels in a case of Fahr's syndrome was studied by laser-spectrographic analysis. It was shown that in addition to Ca and Fe, other minerals such as Mg, Al, and Zn accumulated in pathologic deposits. The occurrence of cations other than Ca and Fe in these deposits had not been previously reported. The observations made in this study may contribute to a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of Fahr's syndrome.", "PMID": 678079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3368", "title": "[Modification and improvement of the diagnosis of cerebral damage (DCS) for clinical use (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether Weidlich's DCS Test (Diagnostikum f\u00fcr Cerebralsch\u00e4digung) (Weidlich, 1969) which is very burdensome when applied to brain-damaged patients, could be simplified by means of multivariate error analysis without loss of its great diagnostic value. The results of 40 brain-damaged patients and 47 clinical control patients were examined by multivariate analysis. In order to establish a comparative learning-function value, a random sample of 20 nonclinical persons was tested, as well. Results showed that within a discriminant function the error variables could differentiate clinical groups just as well as Weidlich's global criterium, while a diagnosis could be established after only about half the test time. Applicability of the multivariate methods to the diagnosis of single clinical cases was confirmed by means of positive cross validation.", "contents": "[Modification and improvement of the diagnosis of cerebral damage (DCS) for clinical use (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Weidlich's DCS Test (Diagnostikum f\u00fcr Cerebralsch\u00e4digung) (Weidlich, 1969) which is very burdensome when applied to brain-damaged patients, could be simplified by means of multivariate error analysis without loss of its great diagnostic value. The results of 40 brain-damaged patients and 47 clinical control patients were examined by multivariate analysis. In order to establish a comparative learning-function value, a random sample of 20 nonclinical persons was tested, as well. Results showed that within a discriminant function the error variables could differentiate clinical groups just as well as Weidlich's global criterium, while a diagnosis could be established after only about half the test time. Applicability of the multivariate methods to the diagnosis of single clinical cases was confirmed by means of positive cross validation.", "PMID": 678080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3369", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens in primary affective disorders.", "content": "We determined 27 histocompatibility antigens of A, B, and C locus with a standard lymphocyte cytotoxicity test in 125 patients suffering from primary affective disorders, 77 of bipolar type, 24 of unipolar type, and 24 with schizo-affective psychosis. Comparison with a normal control group showed significant increases in the frequencies of antigens Bw40 and Cw4 in unipolar patients and a significantly decreased frequency of antigen Cw3 in bipolar patients. The statistical significances which were at the 5% level, disappeared when the P values were corrected for the number of antigens investigated. Our results failed to confirm previous findings of significantly altered antigen frequencies among patients with primary affective disorders.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens in primary affective disorders. We determined 27 histocompatibility antigens of A, B, and C locus with a standard lymphocyte cytotoxicity test in 125 patients suffering from primary affective disorders, 77 of bipolar type, 24 of unipolar type, and 24 with schizo-affective psychosis. Comparison with a normal control group showed significant increases in the frequencies of antigens Bw40 and Cw4 in unipolar patients and a significantly decreased frequency of antigen Cw3 in bipolar patients. The statistical significances which were at the 5% level, disappeared when the P values were corrected for the number of antigens investigated. Our results failed to confirm previous findings of significantly altered antigen frequencies among patients with primary affective disorders.", "PMID": 678081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3370", "title": "[Long-term follow-up study of the absorption of gas after encephalography in dilated intracranial cerebrospinal fluid spaces (author's transl)].", "content": "The absorption of gas after encephalography in different groups of patients was investigated in a long-term follow-up study. Group I (11 patients) showed no pathological findings in the encephalogram. Group II (8 patients) had encephalographic signs of diffuse cerebral atrophy. Group III (7 patients) demonstrated in the encephalogram characteristics of normal pressure hydrocephalus with variously located blocks of air in the subarachnoid space. In group I the gas located in the subarachnoid space had usually disappeared after 24 h, in some cases after 72 h. In group II the pattern of resorption was basically similar, although in one case cortical air could be seen at 96 h. In group III the absorption of air from the subarachnoid space began after 72 h in radiological relevant amounts. In none of the cases of group III could similar short times of resorption be seen in comparison to group I. It is considered that these two groups can be clearly distinguished from each other in the duration of resorption of air from the subarachnoid space. The importance of encephalography as a pathophysiological tool for investigation of both the disturbed resorption and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid in normal pressure hydrocephalus is stressed.", "contents": "[Long-term follow-up study of the absorption of gas after encephalography in dilated intracranial cerebrospinal fluid spaces (author's transl)]. The absorption of gas after encephalography in different groups of patients was investigated in a long-term follow-up study. Group I (11 patients) showed no pathological findings in the encephalogram. Group II (8 patients) had encephalographic signs of diffuse cerebral atrophy. Group III (7 patients) demonstrated in the encephalogram characteristics of normal pressure hydrocephalus with variously located blocks of air in the subarachnoid space. In group I the gas located in the subarachnoid space had usually disappeared after 24 h, in some cases after 72 h. In group II the pattern of resorption was basically similar, although in one case cortical air could be seen at 96 h. In group III the absorption of air from the subarachnoid space began after 72 h in radiological relevant amounts. In none of the cases of group III could similar short times of resorption be seen in comparison to group I. It is considered that these two groups can be clearly distinguished from each other in the duration of resorption of air from the subarachnoid space. The importance of encephalography as a pathophysiological tool for investigation of both the disturbed resorption and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid in normal pressure hydrocephalus is stressed.", "PMID": 678082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3371", "title": "The influence of sleep deprivation on the duration of endogenous depressive episodes.", "content": "Out of 102 patients suffering from endogenous depression, it was possible to ascertain the duration of episodes in the case of 60 patients. Intraindividual comparisons among patients with unipolar depression show that sleep deprivation therapy causes a tendency to shorter depressive episodes. This tendency is related to the time of application of sleep deprivation: the sooner sleep deprivation is applied within an episode, the better the effect. Younger patients react better than older ones.", "contents": "The influence of sleep deprivation on the duration of endogenous depressive episodes. Out of 102 patients suffering from endogenous depression, it was possible to ascertain the duration of episodes in the case of 60 patients. Intraindividual comparisons among patients with unipolar depression show that sleep deprivation therapy causes a tendency to shorter depressive episodes. This tendency is related to the time of application of sleep deprivation: the sooner sleep deprivation is applied within an episode, the better the effect. Younger patients react better than older ones.", "PMID": 678083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3372", "title": "[One chronobiological aspect of sterotyped behaviour (author's transl)].", "content": "The stereotyped behaviours of six institutionalized handicapped children were continuously observed during several days. Each child showed at least two forms of stereotyped behaviour. Using spectra of variance and cross-correlation analysis, the data were analysed with respect to underlying periodicities. A 2.5-hour cycle was found in all observed stereotypies. Furthermore, stable phase relationships were found between the periodic variations of different stereotypies in one and the same child. The temporal courses of hand and oral stereotypies were synchronous but head and whole-body stereotypies were delayed by half a phase with respect to sterotypic handwaving. A possible relationship is discussed between the 2.5-hour periodicity of stereotyped behaviour and Kleitman's \"Basic Rest Activity Cycle.\"", "contents": "[One chronobiological aspect of sterotyped behaviour (author's transl)]. The stereotyped behaviours of six institutionalized handicapped children were continuously observed during several days. Each child showed at least two forms of stereotyped behaviour. Using spectra of variance and cross-correlation analysis, the data were analysed with respect to underlying periodicities. A 2.5-hour cycle was found in all observed stereotypies. Furthermore, stable phase relationships were found between the periodic variations of different stereotypies in one and the same child. The temporal courses of hand and oral stereotypies were synchronous but head and whole-body stereotypies were delayed by half a phase with respect to sterotypic handwaving. A possible relationship is discussed between the 2.5-hour periodicity of stereotyped behaviour and Kleitman's \"Basic Rest Activity Cycle.\"", "PMID": 678084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3373", "title": "Photic EEG-driving responses in thalamotomized and medicated cases of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "EEG-driving responses to visual stimulation were studied using EEG Interval Spectrum Analysis (EISA) before and after stereotaxic thalamotomy and Nacom (L--Carbidopa and Levodopa) treatment of 67 Parkinson patients. Five types of photic-driving responses were distinguished in the EISA results: (1) all-band response, (2) Beta-dominant, (3) Alpha-Beta-dominant, (4) Alpha-Theta-dominant, (5) non-response. Twenty patients received a daily dose of 750--1000 mg of Nacom orally, and 47 patients 1000--1500 mg for a period of 3 to 4 weeks. In most cases the medication produced no change in photic-driving and EEG patterns. The photic-driving response showed no significant correlation with clinical signs and background EEG. Unilateral thalamotomy was performed in ten Parkinson patients. In two of these patients the EEG-driving response diminished in the first post-operative week for low frequency stimuli but increased after the second week.", "contents": "Photic EEG-driving responses in thalamotomized and medicated cases of Parkinson's disease. EEG-driving responses to visual stimulation were studied using EEG Interval Spectrum Analysis (EISA) before and after stereotaxic thalamotomy and Nacom (L--Carbidopa and Levodopa) treatment of 67 Parkinson patients. Five types of photic-driving responses were distinguished in the EISA results: (1) all-band response, (2) Beta-dominant, (3) Alpha-Beta-dominant, (4) Alpha-Theta-dominant, (5) non-response. Twenty patients received a daily dose of 750--1000 mg of Nacom orally, and 47 patients 1000--1500 mg for a period of 3 to 4 weeks. In most cases the medication produced no change in photic-driving and EEG patterns. The photic-driving response showed no significant correlation with clinical signs and background EEG. Unilateral thalamotomy was performed in ten Parkinson patients. In two of these patients the EEG-driving response diminished in the first post-operative week for low frequency stimuli but increased after the second week.", "PMID": 678085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3374", "title": "Diarrhea and colitis in clindamycin-treated surgical patients.", "content": "Responding to reports that diarrhea and pseudomenbranous colitis occurred relatively frequently among patients who received clindamycin, we initiated a program of surveillance in clindamycin-treated patients, including direct examination of the colon mucosa for inflammation or pseudomembranes and a patient follow-up by a nurse-epidemiologist. Observation of 145 patients having 161 consecutive clindamycin treatment episodes determined that unexplained diarrhea (two or more stools per day) occurred in 30 patients (21%), and more severe diarrhea (five or more stools per day) occurred in 12 patients (8%). Colitis was not identified at all. The absence of pseudomembranes was confirmed by direct examination of colon mucosa in 114 patients. Development of disabling diarrhea or colitis in association with clindamycin therapy is not a universal phenomenon.", "contents": "Diarrhea and colitis in clindamycin-treated surgical patients. Responding to reports that diarrhea and pseudomenbranous colitis occurred relatively frequently among patients who received clindamycin, we initiated a program of surveillance in clindamycin-treated patients, including direct examination of the colon mucosa for inflammation or pseudomembranes and a patient follow-up by a nurse-epidemiologist. Observation of 145 patients having 161 consecutive clindamycin treatment episodes determined that unexplained diarrhea (two or more stools per day) occurred in 30 patients (21%), and more severe diarrhea (five or more stools per day) occurred in 12 patients (8%). Colitis was not identified at all. The absence of pseudomembranes was confirmed by direct examination of colon mucosa in 114 patients. Development of disabling diarrhea or colitis in association with clindamycin therapy is not a universal phenomenon.", "PMID": 678087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3375", "title": "Fat necrosis of the breast.", "content": "Fat necrosis of the breast is an uncommon entity but may mimic malignancy on both mammographic and clinical examination. Seven patients had recent excisional breast biopsy specimens that showed fat necrosis. The mammographic appearance is a reflection of the reparative phase of the lesion, with a cystic appearance representing early or incomplete healing. Progression to connective tissue invasion appears as an irregular, dense, spiculated mass. Clinically, these tumors may be firm, fixed, and produce overlying skin or nipple retraction. No matter how strong the clinical suspicion that a breast lesion represents fat necrosis, an excisional biopsy is necessary for confirmation in all cases.", "contents": "Fat necrosis of the breast. Fat necrosis of the breast is an uncommon entity but may mimic malignancy on both mammographic and clinical examination. Seven patients had recent excisional breast biopsy specimens that showed fat necrosis. The mammographic appearance is a reflection of the reparative phase of the lesion, with a cystic appearance representing early or incomplete healing. Progression to connective tissue invasion appears as an irregular, dense, spiculated mass. Clinically, these tumors may be firm, fixed, and produce overlying skin or nipple retraction. No matter how strong the clinical suspicion that a breast lesion represents fat necrosis, an excisional biopsy is necessary for confirmation in all cases.", "PMID": 678088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3376", "title": "Thromboembolic risk of postsplenectomy thrombocytosis.", "content": "Although thrombocytosis is a very common finding after splenectomy, the thromboembolic risk of postsplenectomy thrombocytosis has not been clarified. To our knowledge, this retrospective study of 318 patients without myeloproliferative disorders who underwent splenectomy is the largest of its type. Thrombocytosis developed in 75% of the patients. No substantial increase in the incidence of thromboembolism was detected in patients with thrombocytosis.", "contents": "Thromboembolic risk of postsplenectomy thrombocytosis. Although thrombocytosis is a very common finding after splenectomy, the thromboembolic risk of postsplenectomy thrombocytosis has not been clarified. To our knowledge, this retrospective study of 318 patients without myeloproliferative disorders who underwent splenectomy is the largest of its type. Thrombocytosis developed in 75% of the patients. No substantial increase in the incidence of thromboembolism was detected in patients with thrombocytosis.", "PMID": 678089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3377", "title": "Nonspecific peritesticular fibrosis manifested as testicular enlargement.", "content": "Nine cases of peritesticular fibrosis initially appeared to be enlargement of the testes. Seven patients under went orchiectomy and two had biopsy specimens taken of the grossly thickened  tunica albuginea. In six patients, a hydrocele was present with intramural fibrosis and minimal chronic inflammation. Active epididymitis and chronic interstitial orchitis were present in two patients, with some spread of the inflammation into the fibrotic peritesticular tissues. One case, without associated hydrocele or epididymitis, showed dense fibrosis of the peritesticular tissues with focal edema, lymphangiectasis, and minimal perivascular round cell infiltration. This clinicopathological entity of diffuse peritesticular fibrosis is an unrecognized cause of benign testicular enlargement. The hypothesis is advanced that the primary process is a congenital hypoplasia of the peritesticular lymphatics progressing at various speeds into a state of chronic lymphedema and end stage noninflammatory fibrosis.", "contents": "Nonspecific peritesticular fibrosis manifested as testicular enlargement. Nine cases of peritesticular fibrosis initially appeared to be enlargement of the testes. Seven patients under went orchiectomy and two had biopsy specimens taken of the grossly thickened  tunica albuginea. In six patients, a hydrocele was present with intramural fibrosis and minimal chronic inflammation. Active epididymitis and chronic interstitial orchitis were present in two patients, with some spread of the inflammation into the fibrotic peritesticular tissues. One case, without associated hydrocele or epididymitis, showed dense fibrosis of the peritesticular tissues with focal edema, lymphangiectasis, and minimal perivascular round cell infiltration. This clinicopathological entity of diffuse peritesticular fibrosis is an unrecognized cause of benign testicular enlargement. The hypothesis is advanced that the primary process is a congenital hypoplasia of the peritesticular lymphatics progressing at various speeds into a state of chronic lymphedema and end stage noninflammatory fibrosis.", "PMID": 678090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3378", "title": "Resection of postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm with and without revascularization.", "content": "Twenty-four patients had resection of their ventricular aneurysm and 29 had resection plus revascularization. Sixty percent of the patients received no blood in the heart lung machine during surgery or at any time during hospitalization. One of 24 patients with ventricular resection and two of 29 patients with resection plus revascularization died during hospitalization, for an overall mortality of 5.7%. Fifty of the 53 patients had an ejection fraction of 0.4 or less and 23 of these had an ejection fraction of 0.2 or less. Survival rate was 75.5% at four years for all 53 patients compared to only 12% of patients alive at five years with medical treatment. For the patient with a large ventricular aneurysm, resection and myocardial revascularization can be performed with a low risk even for the patient with poorly functioning residual myocardium.", "contents": "Resection of postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm with and without revascularization. Twenty-four patients had resection of their ventricular aneurysm and 29 had resection plus revascularization. Sixty percent of the patients received no blood in the heart lung machine during surgery or at any time during hospitalization. One of 24 patients with ventricular resection and two of 29 patients with resection plus revascularization died during hospitalization, for an overall mortality of 5.7%. Fifty of the 53 patients had an ejection fraction of 0.4 or less and 23 of these had an ejection fraction of 0.2 or less. Survival rate was 75.5% at four years for all 53 patients compared to only 12% of patients alive at five years with medical treatment. For the patient with a large ventricular aneurysm, resection and myocardial revascularization can be performed with a low risk even for the patient with poorly functioning residual myocardium.", "PMID": 678091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3379", "title": "Surface cooling (20 degrees C) and circulatory arrest in infants undergoing cardiac surgery. Results in ventricular septal defect, complete atrioventricular canal, and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.", "content": "During a six-year period, 46 severely symptomatic infants (average age, 5.1 months) underwent correction of ventricular septal defect (22 patients), total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (13 patients), and complete atrioventricular canal (11 patients), with the use of surface cooling to 20 degrees C. Cardiac repair was performed during circulatory arrest, and rewarming was performed with a pump oxygenator. Ten patients undergoing repair of ventricular septal defects were studied hemodynamically at 21 degrees C, before repair and at 37 degrees C after rewarming. Heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, maximum dp/dt, cardiac index, stroke work, and oxygen consumption were reduced substantially at 21 degrees C. Systemic vascualr resistance was increased at 21 degrees C. All changes were reversible with repair and rewarming. A protocol for hemodilution and crystalloid volume loading was devised to maintain urine output after early patients  were noted to demonstrate renal dysfunction. With this protocol, survival rates were 89% for patients with ventricular septal defects, 67% for those with atrioventricular canal defects, and 85% for those with total anomalous pulmonary-venous connection.", "contents": "Surface cooling (20 degrees C) and circulatory arrest in infants undergoing cardiac surgery. Results in ventricular septal defect, complete atrioventricular canal, and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. During a six-year period, 46 severely symptomatic infants (average age, 5.1 months) underwent correction of ventricular septal defect (22 patients), total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (13 patients), and complete atrioventricular canal (11 patients), with the use of surface cooling to 20 degrees C. Cardiac repair was performed during circulatory arrest, and rewarming was performed with a pump oxygenator. Ten patients undergoing repair of ventricular septal defects were studied hemodynamically at 21 degrees C, before repair and at 37 degrees C after rewarming. Heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, maximum dp/dt, cardiac index, stroke work, and oxygen consumption were reduced substantially at 21 degrees C. Systemic vascualr resistance was increased at 21 degrees C. All changes were reversible with repair and rewarming. A protocol for hemodilution and crystalloid volume loading was devised to maintain urine output after early patients  were noted to demonstrate renal dysfunction. With this protocol, survival rates were 89% for patients with ventricular septal defects, 67% for those with atrioventricular canal defects, and 85% for those with total anomalous pulmonary-venous connection.", "PMID": 678092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3380", "title": "Retained intrahepatic stones. Use of the U tube during repeated nonoperative stone extractions.", "content": "Of 355 patients undergoing nonoperative extraction procedures for retained bile duct stones, 61 patients had intrahepatic calculi. In seven of these patients with multiple intrahepatic stones and two of them with additional hepatic duct strictures.trahepatic stones, a U tube was placed. Insertion of a U tube is particularly useful if multiple sittings are required for intrahepatic stone removal. The U tube can be inserted postoperatively and permits ease of operation from two sides, particulary if stricture dilation is required before stone removal. With the use of the U tube, inadvertent removal has not occurred and patients are able to work and shower between extraction procedures. Indwelling U tubes are readily replaced over a guide wire. This technique was used with good success and for long periods of time in seven patients, all with multiple intrahepatic stones and two of them with additional hepatic duct strictures.", "contents": "Retained intrahepatic stones. Use of the U tube during repeated nonoperative stone extractions. Of 355 patients undergoing nonoperative extraction procedures for retained bile duct stones, 61 patients had intrahepatic calculi. In seven of these patients with multiple intrahepatic stones and two of them with additional hepatic duct strictures.trahepatic stones, a U tube was placed. Insertion of a U tube is particularly useful if multiple sittings are required for intrahepatic stone removal. The U tube can be inserted postoperatively and permits ease of operation from two sides, particulary if stricture dilation is required before stone removal. With the use of the U tube, inadvertent removal has not occurred and patients are able to work and shower between extraction procedures. Indwelling U tubes are readily replaced over a guide wire. This technique was used with good success and for long periods of time in seven patients, all with multiple intrahepatic stones and two of them with additional hepatic duct strictures.", "PMID": 678093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3381", "title": "Severe chest trauma. Morbidity implication.", "content": "Patients who sustain fracture of either the first or second rib have severe injuries usually involving multiple systems. In comparing 71 patients with first rib fractures and 49 patients with second rib fractures, we found morbidity and mortality to be similar. A multidisciplinary approach to management of these patients is described and vigorous diagnostic and therapeutic measures are warranted to promptly determine the extent of injury and minimize the frequency of missed diagnosis.", "contents": "Severe chest trauma. Morbidity implication. Patients who sustain fracture of either the first or second rib have severe injuries usually involving multiple systems. In comparing 71 patients with first rib fractures and 49 patients with second rib fractures, we found morbidity and mortality to be similar. A multidisciplinary approach to management of these patients is described and vigorous diagnostic and therapeutic measures are warranted to promptly determine the extent of injury and minimize the frequency of missed diagnosis.", "PMID": 678094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3382", "title": "Surgical treatment of the thoracic outlet compression syndrome.", "content": "Narrowing of the thoracic outlet may give rises to symptoms in the arm from compression of the nerves, the subclavian artery, and the subclavian vein. Anatomic studies show that nerve compression may affect fibers from T-1, C-8, and not infrequently C-7, providing an explanation for the diffuse nature of the nerve symptoms in the arm. Relief from this compression at the thoracic outlet is readily accomplished by transaxillary resection of the first rib together with any associated cervical rib, fibrous cervical rib analogues, or other fibrous bands encroaching on the neurovascular structures. A study of 40 patients with the syndrome who were treated in this way and followed up after an interval of three to ten years shows that those with nerve and vein symptoms can expect a good result but the results of treatment in those with arterial symptoms is less satisfactory.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of the thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Narrowing of the thoracic outlet may give rises to symptoms in the arm from compression of the nerves, the subclavian artery, and the subclavian vein. Anatomic studies show that nerve compression may affect fibers from T-1, C-8, and not infrequently C-7, providing an explanation for the diffuse nature of the nerve symptoms in the arm. Relief from this compression at the thoracic outlet is readily accomplished by transaxillary resection of the first rib together with any associated cervical rib, fibrous cervical rib analogues, or other fibrous bands encroaching on the neurovascular structures. A study of 40 patients with the syndrome who were treated in this way and followed up after an interval of three to ten years shows that those with nerve and vein symptoms can expect a good result but the results of treatment in those with arterial symptoms is less satisfactory.", "PMID": 678095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3383", "title": "Expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene as canine arterial bypass or replacement graft.", "content": "Expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been used experimentally and clinically for small-vessel bypass or replacement grafting; the results vary widely. This study  assessed short (4--cm) femoral and carotid artery replacement PTFE grafts and longer (12--cm) femoral artery bypass PTFE grafts that crossed a flexion crease. Pore size at the blood-graft interface ranged from 10 to 30 mu. At the end of three months, overall patency rate was 22%. No long bypass grafts remained patent. The pore size and type of anastomosis did not affect patency. The occlusion was always thrombotic, associated with fibrin at the suture line. Nine of the 20 short carotid grafts (45%) and five of 22 short femoral grafts (22%) remained patent. These poor results indicate that further experimental studies are needed before PTFE is used clinically when an alternative exists.", "contents": "Expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene as canine arterial bypass or replacement graft. Expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been used experimentally and clinically for small-vessel bypass or replacement grafting; the results vary widely. This study  assessed short (4--cm) femoral and carotid artery replacement PTFE grafts and longer (12--cm) femoral artery bypass PTFE grafts that crossed a flexion crease. Pore size at the blood-graft interface ranged from 10 to 30 mu. At the end of three months, overall patency rate was 22%. No long bypass grafts remained patent. The pore size and type of anastomosis did not affect patency. The occlusion was always thrombotic, associated with fibrin at the suture line. Nine of the 20 short carotid grafts (45%) and five of 22 short femoral grafts (22%) remained patent. These poor results indicate that further experimental studies are needed before PTFE is used clinically when an alternative exists.", "PMID": 678096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3384", "title": "Primary liposarcoma of the omentum.", "content": "Liposarcomas are common soft tissue tumors of the mediastinum and the retroperitoneum. Although they are rarely found in the greater omentum, when they occur in that area they can become enormous and be mistaken for pancreatic pseudocysts or ascitic distension. Recently, successful resection of a 10--kg liposarcoma of the omentum was performed at our institution. A description of the clinical presentation, preoperative assessment, and characteristics of this tumor are reported and the literature is surveyed. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy for these tumors is also discussed.", "contents": "Primary liposarcoma of the omentum. Liposarcomas are common soft tissue tumors of the mediastinum and the retroperitoneum. Although they are rarely found in the greater omentum, when they occur in that area they can become enormous and be mistaken for pancreatic pseudocysts or ascitic distension. Recently, successful resection of a 10--kg liposarcoma of the omentum was performed at our institution. A description of the clinical presentation, preoperative assessment, and characteristics of this tumor are reported and the literature is surveyed. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy for these tumors is also discussed.", "PMID": 678097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3385", "title": "Intrahepatic bile duct rupture following blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "The natural history of intrahepatic bile duct rupture secondary to blunt trauma is not known. A unique case of bilateral hepatic lobar duct rupture is presented to demonstrate the clinical features and potential complications of this injury. Operative intervention is not always indicated and treatment should be dictated by the specific lesion.", "contents": "Intrahepatic bile duct rupture following blunt abdominal trauma. The natural history of intrahepatic bile duct rupture secondary to blunt trauma is not known. A unique case of bilateral hepatic lobar duct rupture is presented to demonstrate the clinical features and potential complications of this injury. Operative intervention is not always indicated and treatment should be dictated by the specific lesion.", "PMID": 678098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3386", "title": "Ultrasound and false normal oral cholecystogram.", "content": "Although oral cholecystography is a highly accurate investigation for the diagnosis of gallbladder disease, false normal examinations do occur. In other patients, the presence of jaundice, nausea, or vomiting may preclude oral cholecystography. When there is clinical suspicion of gallbladder disease with a normal or equivocal oral cholecystogram, ultrasound examination is a highly accurate alternative imaging procedure. We describe in this article three patients with apparently normal oral cholecystography who were found to have obvious gallstones on ultrasound examination and at surgery. The relative accuracy of these diagnostic procedures is reviewed and their place in the diagnosis of biliary tract disease is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasound and false normal oral cholecystogram. Although oral cholecystography is a highly accurate investigation for the diagnosis of gallbladder disease, false normal examinations do occur. In other patients, the presence of jaundice, nausea, or vomiting may preclude oral cholecystography. When there is clinical suspicion of gallbladder disease with a normal or equivocal oral cholecystogram, ultrasound examination is a highly accurate alternative imaging procedure. We describe in this article three patients with apparently normal oral cholecystography who were found to have obvious gallstones on ultrasound examination and at surgery. The relative accuracy of these diagnostic procedures is reviewed and their place in the diagnosis of biliary tract disease is discussed.", "PMID": 678099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3387", "title": "Breast carcinoma in a young man.", "content": "Breast carcinoma occurred in a 25-year-old man. This is to our knowledge, the seventh reported instance of this extremely rare cancer. Despite its infrequent occurrence, high cure rates can be obtained if it is detected and treated early. Breast masses in young men must not be ignored.", "contents": "Breast carcinoma in a young man. Breast carcinoma occurred in a 25-year-old man. This is to our knowledge, the seventh reported instance of this extremely rare cancer. Despite its infrequent occurrence, high cure rates can be obtained if it is detected and treated early. Breast masses in young men must not be ignored.", "PMID": 678100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3388", "title": "Adverse effects of calcium administration. Report of two cases.", "content": "Calcium chloride, 7 mg/kg, and calcium gluconate, 20 mg/kg, were administered to patients with low or low-normal levels of serum ionized calcium. Both patients had low blood pressure and cardiac index, and did not respond to digitalis, volume expansion, and beta-adrenergic stimulation with dopamine. Administration of calcium rapid increase of serum ionized calcium levels, decrease of serum potassium levels, and development of severe cardiac arrhythmias. Atrioventricular dissociation and further fall of cardiac index and blood pressure were common features of both cases. Administration of exogenous calcium can cause severe complications, even when theoretically indicated.", "contents": "Adverse effects of calcium administration. Report of two cases. Calcium chloride, 7 mg/kg, and calcium gluconate, 20 mg/kg, were administered to patients with low or low-normal levels of serum ionized calcium. Both patients had low blood pressure and cardiac index, and did not respond to digitalis, volume expansion, and beta-adrenergic stimulation with dopamine. Administration of calcium rapid increase of serum ionized calcium levels, decrease of serum potassium levels, and development of severe cardiac arrhythmias. Atrioventricular dissociation and further fall of cardiac index and blood pressure were common features of both cases. Administration of exogenous calcium can cause severe complications, even when theoretically indicated.", "PMID": 678101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3389", "title": "Reconstruction of a large chest wall defect using greater omentum.", "content": "A 56-year-old woman was admitted for treatment of a large carcinoma that involved the chest wall. Fourteen years earlier, she had undergone a radical mastectomy, which was followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The carcinoma was excised and the large anterior chest wall defect reconstructed using Marlex mesh, an omental pedicle flap, and a split-thickness skin graft.", "contents": "Reconstruction of a large chest wall defect using greater omentum. A 56-year-old woman was admitted for treatment of a large carcinoma that involved the chest wall. Fourteen years earlier, she had undergone a radical mastectomy, which was followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The carcinoma was excised and the large anterior chest wall defect reconstructed using Marlex mesh, an omental pedicle flap, and a split-thickness skin graft.", "PMID": 678102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3390", "title": "High intramuscular anorectal abscess.", "content": "Six percent of the anorectal abscesses drained last year at the Naval Regional Medical Center, Portsmouth, Va, were of the high intramuscular variety. High intramuscular perianal abscesses may be difficult to diagnose because of the lack of external signs. It is important that a patient with unexplained anal pain be examined, under anesthesia if necessary. When a high intramuscular abscess is found, it is best drained into the anal canal rather than through a perianal skin incision.", "contents": "High intramuscular anorectal abscess. Six percent of the anorectal abscesses drained last year at the Naval Regional Medical Center, Portsmouth, Va, were of the high intramuscular variety. High intramuscular perianal abscesses may be difficult to diagnose because of the lack of external signs. It is important that a patient with unexplained anal pain be examined, under anesthesia if necessary. When a high intramuscular abscess is found, it is best drained into the anal canal rather than through a perianal skin incision.", "PMID": 678103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3391", "title": "Severe complications of intralesional BCG therapy in an unsensitized patient. Case report and clinical implications.", "content": "Since the introduction of BCG intralesional immunotherapy for melanoma, severe complications, including death, have been reported after treatment in hypersensitized individuals. This is a case report of BCG dissemination with ulceration, skin necrosis, lymphadenitis, and abscess formation following the first intralesional injection of a minimal dose of BCG in a PPD-negative patient. The case demonstrates that severe complications can occur in patients who are not hypersensitized, anergic, or debilitated or who have been treated multiple times. This patient's complication further suggests that migration of BCG after intralesional therapy may play a role in the regression of uninjected nodules seen in some patients.", "contents": "Severe complications of intralesional BCG therapy in an unsensitized patient. Case report and clinical implications. Since the introduction of BCG intralesional immunotherapy for melanoma, severe complications, including death, have been reported after treatment in hypersensitized individuals. This is a case report of BCG dissemination with ulceration, skin necrosis, lymphadenitis, and abscess formation following the first intralesional injection of a minimal dose of BCG in a PPD-negative patient. The case demonstrates that severe complications can occur in patients who are not hypersensitized, anergic, or debilitated or who have been treated multiple times. This patient's complication further suggests that migration of BCG after intralesional therapy may play a role in the regression of uninjected nodules seen in some patients.", "PMID": 678104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3392", "title": "Lipoma of the colon.", "content": "Lipoma, an uncommon tumor in the gastrointestinal tract, occurs most often in the colon. The majority are asymptomatic but may cause abdominal pain, obstruction, or bleeding. The diagnosis can be made roentgenographically but is usually not made until operation is performed. Small lipomas may be removed by colonoscopy or followed conservatively after biopsy via colonoscopy. The treatment for symptomatic or large lipomas is surgical excision.", "contents": "Lipoma of the colon. Lipoma, an uncommon tumor in the gastrointestinal tract, occurs most often in the colon. The majority are asymptomatic but may cause abdominal pain, obstruction, or bleeding. The diagnosis can be made roentgenographically but is usually not made until operation is performed. Small lipomas may be removed by colonoscopy or followed conservatively after biopsy via colonoscopy. The treatment for symptomatic or large lipomas is surgical excision.", "PMID": 678105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3393", "title": "[Zinc anabolism during pregnancy].", "content": "In the livers of pregnant rats an anabolic effect was found for zinc which, however, developed analogously to the enlargement of the organ. Femur and muscle did not reveal any super-retention of zinc during pregnancy. In the whole organism, a 10% increased zinc storage was found being attributable to stronger accumulation in the reproductive organs (3%) and in the liver (1%) and in other organs (6%) that were not under study. Higher Zn supply did not allow to increase this additional zinc storage during pregnancy. After lactation, the anabolic effect in the livers had declined, the Zn values of the lactating rats remaining, on the whole, at the same level as those of the pregnant animals. The Zn-serum concentrations as well as the alkaline phosphatase and carboxy peptidase A activities of the pancreatic gland were reduced during pregnancy, whilst the alkaline phosphatase activity in the femur increased. This finding is discussed in relation to Zn-supply and Zn-mobilisation.", "contents": "[Zinc anabolism during pregnancy]. In the livers of pregnant rats an anabolic effect was found for zinc which, however, developed analogously to the enlargement of the organ. Femur and muscle did not reveal any super-retention of zinc during pregnancy. In the whole organism, a 10% increased zinc storage was found being attributable to stronger accumulation in the reproductive organs (3%) and in the liver (1%) and in other organs (6%) that were not under study. Higher Zn supply did not allow to increase this additional zinc storage during pregnancy. After lactation, the anabolic effect in the livers had declined, the Zn values of the lactating rats remaining, on the whole, at the same level as those of the pregnant animals. The Zn-serum concentrations as well as the alkaline phosphatase and carboxy peptidase A activities of the pancreatic gland were reduced during pregnancy, whilst the alkaline phosphatase activity in the femur increased. This finding is discussed in relation to Zn-supply and Zn-mobilisation.", "PMID": 678111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3394", "title": "[Behavior of the trace elements copper, zinc and manganese in bovine rumen. 1. Trace element content of different fractions of rumen fluid and the effect of copper sulfate administration].", "content": "Two adult, rumen-fistulated steers were fed, over four consecutive 3-week periods, Cu-deficient and normal hays with and without copper sulphate supplementation. Their rumen liquor levels of copper, zinc and manganese were determined correspondingly. The rumen liquor samples were split into 3 fractions by way of centrifugation, sodium dodecyl sulphate treatment of the sediment and filtration. The fractionation of the rumen liquor showed copper to be contained mainly in the water-soluble supernatant (68%), whilst zinc and manganese are more strongly linked to the microbial fraction (57 and 46%, resp.). The plant residue did not average but 9, 24 and 22% of copper, zinc and manganese, respectively. Copper sulphate supplementation to normal hay resulted in a significantly increased copper content in the supernatant and in the microbial fraction. At the same time, the zinc and manganese content values in the microbial fraction were found increased. However, the same copper sulphate supplementation to Cu-deficient hay was found to reduce highly significantly the copper level in the microbial fraction. It is supposed that the excessively high molybdenum content of this hay (2.5 ng/kg) has prevented any effect of the copper sulphate supplementation. The positive effects of copper sulphate supplementation on the zinc and manganese levels in the bacterial fraction were maintained even when feeding Cu-deficient hay rich in Mo.", "contents": "[Behavior of the trace elements copper, zinc and manganese in bovine rumen. 1. Trace element content of different fractions of rumen fluid and the effect of copper sulfate administration]. Two adult, rumen-fistulated steers were fed, over four consecutive 3-week periods, Cu-deficient and normal hays with and without copper sulphate supplementation. Their rumen liquor levels of copper, zinc and manganese were determined correspondingly. The rumen liquor samples were split into 3 fractions by way of centrifugation, sodium dodecyl sulphate treatment of the sediment and filtration. The fractionation of the rumen liquor showed copper to be contained mainly in the water-soluble supernatant (68%), whilst zinc and manganese are more strongly linked to the microbial fraction (57 and 46%, resp.). The plant residue did not average but 9, 24 and 22% of copper, zinc and manganese, respectively. Copper sulphate supplementation to normal hay resulted in a significantly increased copper content in the supernatant and in the microbial fraction. At the same time, the zinc and manganese content values in the microbial fraction were found increased. However, the same copper sulphate supplementation to Cu-deficient hay was found to reduce highly significantly the copper level in the microbial fraction. It is supposed that the excessively high molybdenum content of this hay (2.5 ng/kg) has prevented any effect of the copper sulphate supplementation. The positive effects of copper sulphate supplementation on the zinc and manganese levels in the bacterial fraction were maintained even when feeding Cu-deficient hay rich in Mo.", "PMID": 678112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3395", "title": "[Feed conversion and the energy requirement of pregnant heifers].", "content": "Eight Holstein heifers were subjected to experiments running over the entire pregnancy period to investigate the conversion of rations mainly made up of maize silage (85% of the ration's dry matter) by the experimental animals. Both digestible and metabolizable energy (ME) and the energy requirement were studied. The live weight (LW) of the heifers was found to rise linearly during the entire pregnancy period being 422 kg at service and reaching 565 kg at calving. Feed intake, referred to 1 kg live weight0.75, was almost constant until the 7th month of gestation and declined gradually until parturition. The degree of digestibility and metabolizability of the energy contained in the silage-bases rations prove equal over the whole gestation period. The energy required for maintenance and gravidity (y) was found to rise exponentially as pregnancy advance (t). This relationship is reflected  by the equation: ME, kcal/kg LW0.75y=135+0.2590.0206t range of significance=+/-0.07 During the last two months of gestation,  a negative energy balance was found. This negative energy balance corresponds with a negative fat balance and a reduction, of the respiratory quotient, a fact suggesting to the mobilisation of body fat reserves by the mother to cover the increased energy requirement during pregnancy. The protein balance was found continuously positive during the entire gestation period. The conversion of metabolizable energy for fetus development was found to be 8.13%.", "contents": "[Feed conversion and the energy requirement of pregnant heifers]. Eight Holstein heifers were subjected to experiments running over the entire pregnancy period to investigate the conversion of rations mainly made up of maize silage (85% of the ration's dry matter) by the experimental animals. Both digestible and metabolizable energy (ME) and the energy requirement were studied. The live weight (LW) of the heifers was found to rise linearly during the entire pregnancy period being 422 kg at service and reaching 565 kg at calving. Feed intake, referred to 1 kg live weight0.75, was almost constant until the 7th month of gestation and declined gradually until parturition. The degree of digestibility and metabolizability of the energy contained in the silage-bases rations prove equal over the whole gestation period. The energy required for maintenance and gravidity (y) was found to rise exponentially as pregnancy advance (t). This relationship is reflected  by the equation: ME, kcal/kg LW0.75y=135+0.2590.0206t range of significance=+/-0.07 During the last two months of gestation,  a negative energy balance was found. This negative energy balance corresponds with a negative fat balance and a reduction, of the respiratory quotient, a fact suggesting to the mobilisation of body fat reserves by the mother to cover the increased energy requirement during pregnancy. The protein balance was found continuously positive during the entire gestation period. The conversion of metabolizable energy for fetus development was found to be 8.13%.", "PMID": 678113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3396", "title": "[The influence of different straw-based ration type on fermentation and production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of lactating cows. 3. Rumenal fermentation processes and milk yield criteria after using a low-fiber straw pellet batch as basal ration component and a fully pelleted straw-based ration].", "content": "Lactating Black-Pied (DSR) cows were used to study, over a period of 100 days, the influence of different basal ration types (I-treated wheat straw pellets, low-fibre; II- monodiet pellets containing 48% of wheat straw; III = conventional rations based on fresh forage and arable root crops) on the molar fermentation pattern and the daily rate of VFA production and some milk yield criteria. Ration types I and II results in almost equal fermentation patterns of the VFA; as against the conventional ration types (III) a significantly higher molar acetate propertion as well as a highly significantly decreased molar proportion of iso-acids were found. The daily rated of VFA production relativated to energy intake were as follows (in the order of the ration types mentioned): 4.9, 4.2 and 5.0, and 3.3, 2.5 and 3.3 moles per 1,000 anergetic feed equivalents (cattle) after 30 and 100 days of feeding, respectively. In both trials, only about 80% of the relative VFA production of the straw pellet-concentrate (I) and conventional (III) ration types were found when feeding fully pelleted diets (II). On account of the relatively wide variation of the experimental results no statistically secured findings were obtained as to the milk yield criteria, but ration type II produced some 200 and 300 kg milk less thant ration types I and III, respectively, during the 100-day experimental period.", "contents": "[The influence of different straw-based ration type on fermentation and production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of lactating cows. 3. Rumenal fermentation processes and milk yield criteria after using a low-fiber straw pellet batch as basal ration component and a fully pelleted straw-based ration]. Lactating Black-Pied (DSR) cows were used to study, over a period of 100 days, the influence of different basal ration types (I-treated wheat straw pellets, low-fibre; II- monodiet pellets containing 48% of wheat straw; III = conventional rations based on fresh forage and arable root crops) on the molar fermentation pattern and the daily rate of VFA production and some milk yield criteria. Ration types I and II results in almost equal fermentation patterns of the VFA; as against the conventional ration types (III) a significantly higher molar acetate propertion as well as a highly significantly decreased molar proportion of iso-acids were found. The daily rated of VFA production relativated to energy intake were as follows (in the order of the ration types mentioned): 4.9, 4.2 and 5.0, and 3.3, 2.5 and 3.3 moles per 1,000 anergetic feed equivalents (cattle) after 30 and 100 days of feeding, respectively. In both trials, only about 80% of the relative VFA production of the straw pellet-concentrate (I) and conventional (III) ration types were found when feeding fully pelleted diets (II). On account of the relatively wide variation of the experimental results no statistically secured findings were obtained as to the milk yield criteria, but ration type II produced some 200 and 300 kg milk less thant ration types I and III, respectively, during the 100-day experimental period.", "PMID": 678114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3397", "title": "[Energy metabolism and energy requirements of growing boars].", "content": "The nitrogen and energy metabolism and the energy consumption of growing boars were measured in 2 metabolic and feeding trials using 8 parallel animals each. The studies covered the 30 to 150 kg live weight range. The growth intensity of the boars was found strongly influenced by the protein level of the ration. At a crude protein level of 18% in the ration, the boars gained, on the average, 780 g per day during the fattening period under study. Energy conversion was found to decline as the protein amount went up. The energy expediture for protein deposition was estimated at 1.8 to 2.0 kcal metabolizable energy per kg deposited. The energy and feed expenditures were calculated to be 7.1 Mcal net energy--fat retention for the whole development period or 3.0 kg dry matter per kg live weight. Boars proved to have an energy requirement differing from that of barrows and gilts; equations are presented for derivation.", "contents": "[Energy metabolism and energy requirements of growing boars]. The nitrogen and energy metabolism and the energy consumption of growing boars were measured in 2 metabolic and feeding trials using 8 parallel animals each. The studies covered the 30 to 150 kg live weight range. The growth intensity of the boars was found strongly influenced by the protein level of the ration. At a crude protein level of 18% in the ration, the boars gained, on the average, 780 g per day during the fattening period under study. Energy conversion was found to decline as the protein amount went up. The energy expediture for protein deposition was estimated at 1.8 to 2.0 kcal metabolizable energy per kg deposited. The energy and feed expenditures were calculated to be 7.1 Mcal net energy--fat retention for the whole development period or 3.0 kg dry matter per kg live weight. Boars proved to have an energy requirement differing from that of barrows and gilts; equations are presented for derivation.", "PMID": 678115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3398", "title": "[Nutrient composition of some newly bred high protein and/or high lysine grains and their digestibility determined on growing pigs].", "content": "With the view to complementing the feedstuff data store and, consequently, to further improving the GDR Feed Evaluation System, some newly bred high-protein and/or high-lysine cereal varieties and strains (spring barley, winter wheat, maize) were studied for their nutrient composition and digestibility. Apart from from WEENDER's feed analysis technique, more recent methods were applied to determine total fat (after HCl treatment), carbohydrates (enzymatic method), lignin and amino acids. The digestibility of the nutrients was determined using growing pigs of different live weight, the test rations being made up of the cereals under and supplementations of limiting amino acids as well as vitamins and minerals. In comparison with the values from currently applied tables, the newly bred strains and varieties proved to have markedly higher contents of crude protein, digestible crude protein, lysine and energetic feed equivalents. Compared to crude fat, the total fat values proved markedly higher in the barley and wheat samples. The readily soluble and easily hydrolizable carbohydrates found with the new analysis procedure suggested, were 100% digestible in all cereal samples used. Lignin proved the constituent most difficult to digest and must be regarded as virtually undigestible in the case of pigs.", "contents": "[Nutrient composition of some newly bred high protein and/or high lysine grains and their digestibility determined on growing pigs]. With the view to complementing the feedstuff data store and, consequently, to further improving the GDR Feed Evaluation System, some newly bred high-protein and/or high-lysine cereal varieties and strains (spring barley, winter wheat, maize) were studied for their nutrient composition and digestibility. Apart from from WEENDER's feed analysis technique, more recent methods were applied to determine total fat (after HCl treatment), carbohydrates (enzymatic method), lignin and amino acids. The digestibility of the nutrients was determined using growing pigs of different live weight, the test rations being made up of the cereals under and supplementations of limiting amino acids as well as vitamins and minerals. In comparison with the values from currently applied tables, the newly bred strains and varieties proved to have markedly higher contents of crude protein, digestible crude protein, lysine and energetic feed equivalents. Compared to crude fat, the total fat values proved markedly higher in the barley and wheat samples. The readily soluble and easily hydrolizable carbohydrates found with the new analysis procedure suggested, were 100% digestible in all cereal samples used. Lignin proved the constituent most difficult to digest and must be regarded as virtually undigestible in the case of pigs.", "PMID": 678116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3399", "title": "[Performance dependent lysine requirement of fattening pigs. 3. Effect of amino acid and energy intake on fat, protein and lysine deposition of swine].", "content": "The gain in structural matter had a linear course with a corresponding feeding intensity and depending on the period of fattening. However, the animals given high-energy diets deposited 130 g protein per day during the first fattening period, this deposition being compensated in the course of further growth by a considerably lower deposition in the sense of aequifinality. Up to a live weight of 70 kg, animals subjected first to restricted feeding and then to fully balanced feeding revealed the highest protein deposition during the last period of fattening, this fact emphasizing the leanmeat character of the animal material used. The daily fat deposition was found clearly determined by energy intake and independent of amino acid supply. Lysine conversion was influenced by the intake of lysine and energy. Under feeding to norm it reached some 40 and 30% during the first and second periods of fattening, respectively.", "contents": "[Performance dependent lysine requirement of fattening pigs. 3. Effect of amino acid and energy intake on fat, protein and lysine deposition of swine]. The gain in structural matter had a linear course with a corresponding feeding intensity and depending on the period of fattening. However, the animals given high-energy diets deposited 130 g protein per day during the first fattening period, this deposition being compensated in the course of further growth by a considerably lower deposition in the sense of aequifinality. Up to a live weight of 70 kg, animals subjected first to restricted feeding and then to fully balanced feeding revealed the highest protein deposition during the last period of fattening, this fact emphasizing the leanmeat character of the animal material used. The daily fat deposition was found clearly determined by energy intake and independent of amino acid supply. Lysine conversion was influenced by the intake of lysine and energy. Under feeding to norm it reached some 40 and 30% during the first and second periods of fattening, respectively.", "PMID": 678117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3400", "title": "[Excessive iron administration to sheep. 2. The effect on the iron, copper, zinc and manganese level in different organs].", "content": "Lambs received 250, 1000 and 1750 mg Fe per kg concentrate dry matter. The Fe-supplementations caused the Fe-levels of spleen, liver, kidneys and ribs to rise significantly. Liver and spleen reflected most markedly the high Fe-supply. The Fe-supplementation reduced the Cu-content in the liver and the share of Zn in the kidneys. The Mn-content of all body parts analysed was not significantly influenced by Fe-supplementation.", "contents": "[Excessive iron administration to sheep. 2. The effect on the iron, copper, zinc and manganese level in different organs]. Lambs received 250, 1000 and 1750 mg Fe per kg concentrate dry matter. The Fe-supplementations caused the Fe-levels of spleen, liver, kidneys and ribs to rise significantly. Liver and spleen reflected most markedly the high Fe-supply. The Fe-supplementation reduced the Cu-content in the liver and the share of Zn in the kidneys. The Mn-content of all body parts analysed was not significantly influenced by Fe-supplementation.", "PMID": 678118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3401", "title": "Some biological and serological properties of large and small plaque variants of Getah virus.", "content": "Two plaque types of Getah virus were isolated on BHK-21 cells from an emulsion of suckling mouse brain  infected with strain AMM-2021 and were designated as large plaque (LP) and small plaque (SP) strains. Some of the properties of LP and SP strains were studied with the following results. The difference in plaque size of the LP and SP strains was quite distinct on BHK-21 cells and there was little difference in size at the 3rd--8th serial passage level in suckling mouse brain. The LP strain showed high hemagglutinating activity but the SP strain produced no detectable HA activity. The LP strain was shown to be more virulent than the SP strain to suckling mice by intracerebral or intraperitoneal inoculation. The LP strain was not neutralized as effectively as the SP strain with antisera to original, LP and SP strains. An enhancement of infectivity was observed when the LP strain was senstized with either anti-LP or anti-SP hyerimmune mouse sera. This phenomenon was not pronounced withe the SP strain.", "contents": "Some biological and serological properties of large and small plaque variants of Getah virus. Two plaque types of Getah virus were isolated on BHK-21 cells from an emulsion of suckling mouse brain  infected with strain AMM-2021 and were designated as large plaque (LP) and small plaque (SP) strains. Some of the properties of LP and SP strains were studied with the following results. The difference in plaque size of the LP and SP strains was quite distinct on BHK-21 cells and there was little difference in size at the 3rd--8th serial passage level in suckling mouse brain. The LP strain showed high hemagglutinating activity but the SP strain produced no detectable HA activity. The LP strain was shown to be more virulent than the SP strain to suckling mice by intracerebral or intraperitoneal inoculation. The LP strain was not neutralized as effectively as the SP strain with antisera to original, LP and SP strains. An enhancement of infectivity was observed when the LP strain was senstized with either anti-LP or anti-SP hyerimmune mouse sera. This phenomenon was not pronounced withe the SP strain.", "PMID": 678119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3402", "title": "Isolation and serological characterization of influenza A viruses from birds that were dead on arrival at Tokyo airport.", "content": "Twenty-two strains of influenza A virus isolated from caged birds which had been imported into Japan from India and Thailand and had died druing transportation to Tokyo. Serological tests divided these strains into two groups. Viruses in the first group contained Hav7 hemagglutinin and were related antigenically to A/duck/Ukraine/1/63 [Hav7 Neq2]; viruses in the second group contained Hav4 hemagglutining and were related to A/duck/Czech/56 [Hav 4 Nav 1]. All strains contained Neq2 neuraminidase that was closely related to that fo A/equine/Miami/1/63[Heq2 Neq2] and A/duck/Ukraine/1/63[Hav7 Neq2]. It was concluded that the strains in the first group were Hav7 Naq2 and those in the second group were Hav4 Neq2; both group of viruses showed antigenic drift from the prototype strains.", "contents": "Isolation and serological characterization of influenza A viruses from birds that were dead on arrival at Tokyo airport. Twenty-two strains of influenza A virus isolated from caged birds which had been imported into Japan from India and Thailand and had died druing transportation to Tokyo. Serological tests divided these strains into two groups. Viruses in the first group contained Hav7 hemagglutinin and were related antigenically to A/duck/Ukraine/1/63 [Hav7 Neq2]; viruses in the second group contained Hav4 hemagglutining and were related to A/duck/Czech/56 [Hav 4 Nav 1]. All strains contained Neq2 neuraminidase that was closely related to that fo A/equine/Miami/1/63[Heq2 Neq2] and A/duck/Ukraine/1/63[Hav7 Neq2]. It was concluded that the strains in the first group were Hav7 Naq2 and those in the second group were Hav4 Neq2; both group of viruses showed antigenic drift from the prototype strains.", "PMID": 678120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3403", "title": "Assay of antibodies to caliciviruses by radioimmune precipitation using staphylococcal protein A as IgG adsorbent.", "content": "A radioimmune assay method designated St-RIP using a staphylococcal IgG adsorbent, which potentially has broad applications to viral (and nonviral) antigen-antibody systems, was applied to detection of calicivirus antibodies. Purified 125I-labeled virions of San Miguel sea lion virus serotypes 4 (SMSV-4) and 5 (SMSV 5) were incubated with sera; the immune complexes were reacted with an immunoadsorbent, formaldehyde-fixed staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus protein A producer, strain Cowan I), and collected by centrifugation. Broad cross-reactivity was observed among serotypes of SMSV and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV), but there was no reaction with antisera to six noncaliciviruses. Antibody production in a rabbit inoculated with SMSV-5 polypeptide was monitored by St-RIP assay; reactivity with intact SMSV-4 virion antigen was slightly less than, but closely paralleled, reactivity with SMSV-5 virion antigen. Applicability of the St-RIP test to serologic survey was demonstrated with pinniped, swine, and human (laboratory personnel) sera; numerous positive St-RIP reactions suggested the occurrence of widespread contacts with caliciviruses.", "contents": "Assay of antibodies to caliciviruses by radioimmune precipitation using staphylococcal protein A as IgG adsorbent. A radioimmune assay method designated St-RIP using a staphylococcal IgG adsorbent, which potentially has broad applications to viral (and nonviral) antigen-antibody systems, was applied to detection of calicivirus antibodies. Purified 125I-labeled virions of San Miguel sea lion virus serotypes 4 (SMSV-4) and 5 (SMSV 5) were incubated with sera; the immune complexes were reacted with an immunoadsorbent, formaldehyde-fixed staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus protein A producer, strain Cowan I), and collected by centrifugation. Broad cross-reactivity was observed among serotypes of SMSV and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV), but there was no reaction with antisera to six noncaliciviruses. Antibody production in a rabbit inoculated with SMSV-5 polypeptide was monitored by St-RIP assay; reactivity with intact SMSV-4 virion antigen was slightly less than, but closely paralleled, reactivity with SMSV-5 virion antigen. Applicability of the St-RIP test to serologic survey was demonstrated with pinniped, swine, and human (laboratory personnel) sera; numerous positive St-RIP reactions suggested the occurrence of widespread contacts with caliciviruses.", "PMID": 678121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3404", "title": "[Variant of the axial position of the thumb].", "content": "In the frontal photo of the hand, the thumb is presented in semilateral projection. In the investigation represented, in about 0.8% of photos radial deflection of the first metacarpal bone and lateral position of the thumb are noted. This variant of the thumb condition is accompanied by brachymesophalangia of the fifth finger.", "contents": "[Variant of the axial position of the thumb]. In the frontal photo of the hand, the thumb is presented in semilateral projection. In the investigation represented, in about 0.8% of photos radial deflection of the first metacarpal bone and lateral position of the thumb are noted. This variant of the thumb condition is accompanied by brachymesophalangia of the fifth finger.", "PMID": 678122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3405", "title": "[Intracortical connections between fields 18 and 19 of the visual cortex of cat's brain].", "content": "To study electron microscopically intracortical connections between areas 18 and 19 in the visual cortex of the cat brain, the distribution of synaptic terminals in every lamina of these areas was investigated after dissection of their border as deep as the grey matter. Mainly axo-dendritic synapses in large, small dendrites and in spines degenerated according to \"light\" and \"dark\" types were subjected to degeneration. All the laminae of the cortex were stated to participate in the formation of overlapping intracortical connections of areas 18 and 19. The greatest nember of altered synaptic buds, however, were detected in the middle layers, that correlated the data of the light optic method (A. S. Iontov, 1961, 1962). To obtain more objective data on the number of intracortical fibrils connecting these areas, normal and altered synapses up to 100 units were counted in every layer. Uneven localization of intracortical connections in every layer and their different functional importance were demonstrated.", "contents": "[Intracortical connections between fields 18 and 19 of the visual cortex of cat's brain]. To study electron microscopically intracortical connections between areas 18 and 19 in the visual cortex of the cat brain, the distribution of synaptic terminals in every lamina of these areas was investigated after dissection of their border as deep as the grey matter. Mainly axo-dendritic synapses in large, small dendrites and in spines degenerated according to \"light\" and \"dark\" types were subjected to degeneration. All the laminae of the cortex were stated to participate in the formation of overlapping intracortical connections of areas 18 and 19. The greatest nember of altered synaptic buds, however, were detected in the middle layers, that correlated the data of the light optic method (A. S. Iontov, 1961, 1962). To obtain more objective data on the number of intracortical fibrils connecting these areas, normal and altered synapses up to 100 units were counted in every layer. Uneven localization of intracortical connections in every layer and their different functional importance were demonstrated.", "PMID": 678123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3406", "title": "[Quantitative characteristics of tissue and ultrastructural organization of the rat myocardium].", "content": "By sterelogical technique with application of a test system, a quantitative investigation of the normal rat myocardium has been performed at light and electron microscopic levels. Comparative volume and superficial density of different structures have been determined, as well as secondary (calculated) indices of volumetric and superficial-volumetric relations have been obtained. Semi-thin sections demonstrate quantitative characteristics of parenchymatous-stromal-microcirculatory interrelations, while electronograms demonstrate quantitative indices and interrelations of cardiomyocytic ultrastructures. The ratio of superficial myocardial structures to their volume gives an objective information on functional morphology of the cardiac muscle.", "contents": "[Quantitative characteristics of tissue and ultrastructural organization of the rat myocardium]. By sterelogical technique with application of a test system, a quantitative investigation of the normal rat myocardium has been performed at light and electron microscopic levels. Comparative volume and superficial density of different structures have been determined, as well as secondary (calculated) indices of volumetric and superficial-volumetric relations have been obtained. Semi-thin sections demonstrate quantitative characteristics of parenchymatous-stromal-microcirculatory interrelations, while electronograms demonstrate quantitative indices and interrelations of cardiomyocytic ultrastructures. The ratio of superficial myocardial structures to their volume gives an objective information on functional morphology of the cardiac muscle.", "PMID": 678124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3407", "title": "[DNA biosynthesis in the muscular and connective tissue cells of the heart in experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "In 60 rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction induces by ligation of the anterior branch of the left coronary artery, DNA synthesis was studied by means of H3-thymidine in muscular and connective tissue cells depending on the period of myocardial infarction. The development of myocardial infarction in the cardiac muscle was stated to be accompanied by activation of DNA synthesis in the connective tissue cells not only in the necrotic zone but in the adjacent, as well as in distant areas of the myocardium and in stromal cells of the auriculum. Indices of H3-thymidine labeled nuclei were of high value during the acute period of myocardial infarction and gradually decreased with the time elapsed since the operation. During the period of the myocardical infarction organization high activity in DNA synthesis was revealed in connective tissue elements of the epicardium and the subepicardial zone of the heart. Myocardial cells of the cardiac auriculi incorporated H3-thymidine but extremely seldom-single labels per thousands of nuclei. In the auriculi with application of prolonged sessions of the labeled precussor introduction, DNA synthesising nuclei were revealed, sometimes with paired nuclei of cardiomyocytes.", "contents": "[DNA biosynthesis in the muscular and connective tissue cells of the heart in experimental myocardial infarct]. In 60 rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction induces by ligation of the anterior branch of the left coronary artery, DNA synthesis was studied by means of H3-thymidine in muscular and connective tissue cells depending on the period of myocardial infarction. The development of myocardial infarction in the cardiac muscle was stated to be accompanied by activation of DNA synthesis in the connective tissue cells not only in the necrotic zone but in the adjacent, as well as in distant areas of the myocardium and in stromal cells of the auriculum. Indices of H3-thymidine labeled nuclei were of high value during the acute period of myocardial infarction and gradually decreased with the time elapsed since the operation. During the period of the myocardical infarction organization high activity in DNA synthesis was revealed in connective tissue elements of the epicardium and the subepicardial zone of the heart. Myocardial cells of the cardiac auriculi incorporated H3-thymidine but extremely seldom-single labels per thousands of nuclei. In the auriculi with application of prolonged sessions of the labeled precussor introduction, DNA synthesising nuclei were revealed, sometimes with paired nuclei of cardiomyocytes.", "PMID": 678125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3408", "title": "[Change in the adrenal cortex of rats in stress after hypophysectomy, thyroidectomy and castration].", "content": "To elucidate factors producing destructive changes in the adrenal cortex under severe stress, the following experiments were performed: 1) severe combined stress (KC) including unilateral adrenalectomy and fixation in supin position for 24 h (control group); 2)hypophysectomy KC; 3) thyroidectomy KC; 4) bilateral orchiectomy KC; 5) injection of vitamine \"E\" for 14 days + KC. The adrenals were studied by a complex of morphometrical and histochemical methods. Hypophysectomy prevented estructive changes in the adrenal cortex under KC. This effect was not connected with hypofunction of the thyroid gland and the testes, as their excision (in rats without hypophysectomy) did not prevent the development of necrobiotic changes in the adrenal cortex. A suggestion is made on a \"corticolytic\" effect of ACTH which reveals itself under severe stress. Destruction of adrenocorticocytes is supposed to result from activation of peroxide oxidation of lipids. This is indirectly supported by a large number of lipofuscin containing cells, by decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and ATPh-ase, by activation of acid phosphatase and also by decreasing alterative phenomena at the injection of vitamine \"E\".", "contents": "[Change in the adrenal cortex of rats in stress after hypophysectomy, thyroidectomy and castration]. To elucidate factors producing destructive changes in the adrenal cortex under severe stress, the following experiments were performed: 1) severe combined stress (KC) including unilateral adrenalectomy and fixation in supin position for 24 h (control group); 2)hypophysectomy KC; 3) thyroidectomy KC; 4) bilateral orchiectomy KC; 5) injection of vitamine \"E\" for 14 days + KC. The adrenals were studied by a complex of morphometrical and histochemical methods. Hypophysectomy prevented estructive changes in the adrenal cortex under KC. This effect was not connected with hypofunction of the thyroid gland and the testes, as their excision (in rats without hypophysectomy) did not prevent the development of necrobiotic changes in the adrenal cortex. A suggestion is made on a \"corticolytic\" effect of ACTH which reveals itself under severe stress. Destruction of adrenocorticocytes is supposed to result from activation of peroxide oxidation of lipids. This is indirectly supported by a large number of lipofuscin containing cells, by decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and ATPh-ase, by activation of acid phosphatase and also by decreasing alterative phenomena at the injection of vitamine \"E\".", "PMID": 678126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3409", "title": "[Effect of various non-radioactive and radioactive chemical compounds on the structure of the spleen].", "content": "Dynamical changes in the spleen of mice and rats were studied morphometrically and electron microscopically when the animals were given in drinking water radionucleotides in small concentrations (137Cs, 226Ra, 89Sr, 65Zn, Pb(NO3)2, BeCl2, hexamethyleniamine, methylmercurchloride) for 1-2 years. Total doses obtained for a year were 0.3-100 rad. Reactive reconstruction of the organ under radioactive and chemical effects was stated to proceed in three directions: a) hyperplasy of lymphoid tissue; b) enhanced plasmocytogenesis; c) hyperplasy of extramedullar hemopoiesis. Sequence in the appearance of these reactions and doses which produced them were different for every compound. In 1-2 years at large doses (160-200 rad) atrophy, amyloid degeneration of the spleen or signs of leukemia were observed. Disturbance of intercellular contacts and of intracellular regeneration was demonstrated electron microscopically.", "contents": "[Effect of various non-radioactive and radioactive chemical compounds on the structure of the spleen]. Dynamical changes in the spleen of mice and rats were studied morphometrically and electron microscopically when the animals were given in drinking water radionucleotides in small concentrations (137Cs, 226Ra, 89Sr, 65Zn, Pb(NO3)2, BeCl2, hexamethyleniamine, methylmercurchloride) for 1-2 years. Total doses obtained for a year were 0.3-100 rad. Reactive reconstruction of the organ under radioactive and chemical effects was stated to proceed in three directions: a) hyperplasy of lymphoid tissue; b) enhanced plasmocytogenesis; c) hyperplasy of extramedullar hemopoiesis. Sequence in the appearance of these reactions and doses which produced them were different for every compound. In 1-2 years at large doses (160-200 rad) atrophy, amyloid degeneration of the spleen or signs of leukemia were observed. Disturbance of intercellular contacts and of intracellular regeneration was demonstrated electron microscopically.", "PMID": 678127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3410", "title": "[Structure and function of the external part of the articular cartilage].", "content": "The data on electron microscopic studies of the main structural elements of the superficial layer of the articular cartilage are represented. The articular cartilage of the femoral lead in young rabbits has been studied. The articular cartilage has no ideal smooth surface but three are some pressings of different sizes. The most superficial cartilage layer--cell-free zone--consists of collagene fibers and hyaluronic fibrils which are closely connected with the ground substance of the cartilage. Superficial chondrocytes are mature, differentiated but functionally weakly active cells. Under normal conditions, destruction (obliteration) of the cell-free zone and desquamation of superficial cells are impossible.", "contents": "[Structure and function of the external part of the articular cartilage]. The data on electron microscopic studies of the main structural elements of the superficial layer of the articular cartilage are represented. The articular cartilage of the femoral lead in young rabbits has been studied. The articular cartilage has no ideal smooth surface but three are some pressings of different sizes. The most superficial cartilage layer--cell-free zone--consists of collagene fibers and hyaluronic fibrils which are closely connected with the ground substance of the cartilage. Superficial chondrocytes are mature, differentiated but functionally weakly active cells. Under normal conditions, destruction (obliteration) of the cell-free zone and desquamation of superficial cells are impossible.", "PMID": 678128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3411", "title": "[Effect of simultaneous administration of estradiol and progesterone on the proliferative pool of the uterine and vaginal epithelium in castrated rats].", "content": "By the method of autoradiography, the proliferative pool in the epithelia covering the vagina, uterine body and its glands was investigated in ovariectomized rats treated with oestradiol alone and in combination with progesterone, under repeated injections of 3H-thymedine for 24 h. None of the epithelia studied demonstrated the proliferative pool more than 80%. Oestradiol and oestradiol in combination with progesterone produced a considerable increase in the size of proliferating cell population in the vaginal and uterine epithlia in comparison with the control animals. In the vaginal epithelium, progesterone decreased the proliferative pool and inhibited migration of the labeled cells towards the superficial epithelial layer comparing with the injection of oestradiol alone. In the epithelium covering the uterus body, progesterone increased the size of proliferative cell population and delayed their rejection into the uterus cavity. In the epithelium of the uterus glands, there was no statistically significant differences in the amount of labeled cells by the end of the experiment both after oestradiol injection and after simultaneous injection of oestradiol and progesterone.", "contents": "[Effect of simultaneous administration of estradiol and progesterone on the proliferative pool of the uterine and vaginal epithelium in castrated rats]. By the method of autoradiography, the proliferative pool in the epithelia covering the vagina, uterine body and its glands was investigated in ovariectomized rats treated with oestradiol alone and in combination with progesterone, under repeated injections of 3H-thymedine for 24 h. None of the epithelia studied demonstrated the proliferative pool more than 80%. Oestradiol and oestradiol in combination with progesterone produced a considerable increase in the size of proliferating cell population in the vaginal and uterine epithlia in comparison with the control animals. In the vaginal epithelium, progesterone decreased the proliferative pool and inhibited migration of the labeled cells towards the superficial epithelial layer comparing with the injection of oestradiol alone. In the epithelium covering the uterus body, progesterone increased the size of proliferative cell population and delayed their rejection into the uterus cavity. In the epithelium of the uterus glands, there was no statistically significant differences in the amount of labeled cells by the end of the experiment both after oestradiol injection and after simultaneous injection of oestradiol and progesterone.", "PMID": 678129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3412", "title": "[Epithelial differentiation of rudimentary gonads of human embryos].", "content": "Changes in coelomic epihtelium of the germinal gonads in human embryos at the age of 28-35 days of intrauterine development were studied after fixation in Carnoy's fluid, in Shabadash's fluid, in 12% neutral formalin. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin, with ferric hematoxylin after Heidenhain. Fibrils of the basal membrane were detected by silver impregnation after Karupu. PAS-reaction after McManus with additional staining by hamatoxylin and light green and the reaction with bromfenol blue after Michel-Kalvoux to reveal total proteins were applied. Since gonad formation, its coelomic epithelium resembles false pseudostratified one: the nuclei are arranged at different levels, with apical position of mitoses. The cells of the \"germinal\" epithelium secrete protein-polysaccharide products. The process reaches its maximum by 31-33 day of embryogenesis and coincides with the appearance of the gonads of primary sex cells in the epithelium. This secretion is probably connected with production of an \"attractive factor\" for gonocytes. On apical surfaces of the epithelium of the gonads, silver impregnation, PAS-reaction and reaction for total proteins reveal an edge which is probably represented by microvilli. The basal membrane of the coelomic epithelium of the gonads loses its integrity when migrating gonads penetrate into the \"germinal\" epithelium. Later, the integrity of the basal membrane structure is restorted. All these make it possible to consider the epithelium of the embryonal gonads as a specific, different from the other coelomic epithelium layer.", "contents": "[Epithelial differentiation of rudimentary gonads of human embryos]. Changes in coelomic epihtelium of the germinal gonads in human embryos at the age of 28-35 days of intrauterine development were studied after fixation in Carnoy's fluid, in Shabadash's fluid, in 12% neutral formalin. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin, with ferric hematoxylin after Heidenhain. Fibrils of the basal membrane were detected by silver impregnation after Karupu. PAS-reaction after McManus with additional staining by hamatoxylin and light green and the reaction with bromfenol blue after Michel-Kalvoux to reveal total proteins were applied. Since gonad formation, its coelomic epithelium resembles false pseudostratified one: the nuclei are arranged at different levels, with apical position of mitoses. The cells of the \"germinal\" epithelium secrete protein-polysaccharide products. The process reaches its maximum by 31-33 day of embryogenesis and coincides with the appearance of the gonads of primary sex cells in the epithelium. This secretion is probably connected with production of an \"attractive factor\" for gonocytes. On apical surfaces of the epithelium of the gonads, silver impregnation, PAS-reaction and reaction for total proteins reveal an edge which is probably represented by microvilli. The basal membrane of the coelomic epithelium of the gonads loses its integrity when migrating gonads penetrate into the \"germinal\" epithelium. Later, the integrity of the basal membrane structure is restorted. All these make it possible to consider the epithelium of the embryonal gonads as a specific, different from the other coelomic epithelium layer.", "PMID": 678130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3413", "title": "[Change in the gonocytic nucle\u012d at different stages of their differentiation in early human female embryos].", "content": "Fourteen human female embryos at the age of 18, 32, 33 days and 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 weeks fixed in Carnoy's fluid and in 12% neutral formalin have been studied. Paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin, methyl green - pyronine were examined under light microscope. Staining with fluorochrome Xexct 33258\" was applied for luminescent microscopy. Gonocyte nuclei both localized in the wall of yolk sac and during their migration differ from somatic cells by \"blasomere\" type of their nucleus organization. During this stage of development, gonocyte nuclei have no sex chromatin, although it is distinctly detected in the nuclei of surrounding somatic cells in the same embryos. After the gonocytes had contacts with \"germinal\" epithelium, heterochromatization of one X-chromosome occurs. Sex chromatin is preserved in the nuclei of oogonia disappearing in the course of preleptotene. At differentiation in oogonia, the nucleus of sex chromatin and the structure of their chromatin undergo certain changes.", "contents": "[Change in the gonocytic nucle\u012d at different stages of their differentiation in early human female embryos]. Fourteen human female embryos at the age of 18, 32, 33 days and 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 weeks fixed in Carnoy's fluid and in 12% neutral formalin have been studied. Paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin, methyl green - pyronine were examined under light microscope. Staining with fluorochrome Xexct 33258\" was applied for luminescent microscopy. Gonocyte nuclei both localized in the wall of yolk sac and during their migration differ from somatic cells by \"blasomere\" type of their nucleus organization. During this stage of development, gonocyte nuclei have no sex chromatin, although it is distinctly detected in the nuclei of surrounding somatic cells in the same embryos. After the gonocytes had contacts with \"germinal\" epithelium, heterochromatization of one X-chromosome occurs. Sex chromatin is preserved in the nuclei of oogonia disappearing in the course of preleptotene. At differentiation in oogonia, the nucleus of sex chromatin and the structure of their chromatin undergo certain changes.", "PMID": 678131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3414", "title": "[Intracellular regeneration and structuro-functional analysis of biological processes in normal cases and in pathology].", "content": "The author elucidates some problems in the history and the modern state in the doctrine on intracellular regenerative processes. Electron microscopic radioautography is considered as the most adequate method for studying intracellular regeneration. Certain examples are given to illustrate principally new possibilities of the structural-functional analysis of intracellular processes, normal and pathologic, studied by means of this method in view of the conception of intracellular generation. At the same time, new perspectives for further elaborating the problem of structural and functional integrity are stressed.", "contents": "[Intracellular regeneration and structuro-functional analysis of biological processes in normal cases and in pathology]. The author elucidates some problems in the history and the modern state in the doctrine on intracellular regenerative processes. Electron microscopic radioautography is considered as the most adequate method for studying intracellular regeneration. Certain examples are given to illustrate principally new possibilities of the structural-functional analysis of intracellular processes, normal and pathologic, studied by means of this method in view of the conception of intracellular generation. At the same time, new perspectives for further elaborating the problem of structural and functional integrity are stressed.", "PMID": 678133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3415", "title": "[Changes in the lymph nodes of adrenalectomized rats with staphylococcal poisoning].", "content": "Histological changes in lymph nodes and dynamics of 11-oxycorticosteroid levels in blood were studied in intact and adrenalectomized rats under staphylococcal intoxication. At early stages (up to 24 h) after staphylotoxin or staphylococcal injection, stress reaction of the organism, which produces a rise of corticosteroid level in blood, was demonstrated to play the major role in aplasy of the lymphoid tissue. At later stages, when the level of corticosteroids decreases, the lymphoid tissue begins to restore. In adrenalectomized rats, aplasy of the lymphoid tissue begins at later stages (in 3--4 days) because of a decreased amount of corticosteroids in blood. From the data obtained a suggestion is made that under intoxication, devastation of the lymphoid tissue occurs via mediated and direct action of the toxin.", "contents": "[Changes in the lymph nodes of adrenalectomized rats with staphylococcal poisoning]. Histological changes in lymph nodes and dynamics of 11-oxycorticosteroid levels in blood were studied in intact and adrenalectomized rats under staphylococcal intoxication. At early stages (up to 24 h) after staphylotoxin or staphylococcal injection, stress reaction of the organism, which produces a rise of corticosteroid level in blood, was demonstrated to play the major role in aplasy of the lymphoid tissue. At later stages, when the level of corticosteroids decreases, the lymphoid tissue begins to restore. In adrenalectomized rats, aplasy of the lymphoid tissue begins at later stages (in 3--4 days) because of a decreased amount of corticosteroids in blood. From the data obtained a suggestion is made that under intoxication, devastation of the lymphoid tissue occurs via mediated and direct action of the toxin.", "PMID": 678134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3416", "title": "[Rhythmicity of structural components of the thyroid gland at different stages of postnatal ontogenesis (morphometric study)].", "content": "Age evolution of biological rhythms in the activity of the thyroid gland has been studied at organic, tissue and cellular levels. The thyroid glands have been studied in 144 male mice, A/He strain, of three age groups: 14--17-day-old (young premature), 55--60-day-old (mature) and 160--170-day-old (ageing animals). The mean height of follicular cells, stereological index of resorption, relative volumes of follicular and interfollicular epithelium, colloid and stroma have been considered, as well as relations of volumetric fractions in certain tissue components. The data obtained have been processed with a computer. Multicomponent character of the rhythms for all indices studied has been revealed, circadian, ultradiurnal and infradiurnal components including. Spectral analysis of the rhythms has revealed steady tendency towards decreasing relative power of ultradiurnal fluctuations with age while circadian rhythmics become more pronounced. Amplitude of the circadian component of all the rhythms studied increases with growth and development of the animal and decreases for a number of indices in ageing mice. Maximal activity of the organ, as stated the data of morphometric analysis, in all three groups corresponds to the night time.", "contents": "[Rhythmicity of structural components of the thyroid gland at different stages of postnatal ontogenesis (morphometric study)]. Age evolution of biological rhythms in the activity of the thyroid gland has been studied at organic, tissue and cellular levels. The thyroid glands have been studied in 144 male mice, A/He strain, of three age groups: 14--17-day-old (young premature), 55--60-day-old (mature) and 160--170-day-old (ageing animals). The mean height of follicular cells, stereological index of resorption, relative volumes of follicular and interfollicular epithelium, colloid and stroma have been considered, as well as relations of volumetric fractions in certain tissue components. The data obtained have been processed with a computer. Multicomponent character of the rhythms for all indices studied has been revealed, circadian, ultradiurnal and infradiurnal components including. Spectral analysis of the rhythms has revealed steady tendency towards decreasing relative power of ultradiurnal fluctuations with age while circadian rhythmics become more pronounced. Amplitude of the circadian component of all the rhythms studied increases with growth and development of the animal and decreases for a number of indices in ageing mice. Maximal activity of the organ, as stated the data of morphometric analysis, in all three groups corresponds to the night time.", "PMID": 678135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3417", "title": "[Effect of ethnic affiliation and the high altitude factor on the tubular bones of the hand in children from Dagestan (x-ray osteologic study)].", "content": "Dimentions of tubular bones were compared concerning ethnic and climatic-geographical peculiarities of populations (under the conditions of ethnic homogenity of the groups). The data obtained demonstrated that Avarian people living at the altitude of 2,000 m differ from Avarian people living at the altitude of 1,000--1,100 m and from Kumyk people living at the foothills (500--600 m) in faster growth of the tubular bones of the hand and in their larger dimentions. Activation in bone growth of the Avarian people living high in the mountains results in \"discoordination\" of increment values of separate dimentions and in decrease of the correlation level.", "contents": "[Effect of ethnic affiliation and the high altitude factor on the tubular bones of the hand in children from Dagestan (x-ray osteologic study)]. Dimentions of tubular bones were compared concerning ethnic and climatic-geographical peculiarities of populations (under the conditions of ethnic homogenity of the groups). The data obtained demonstrated that Avarian people living at the altitude of 2,000 m differ from Avarian people living at the altitude of 1,000--1,100 m and from Kumyk people living at the foothills (500--600 m) in faster growth of the tubular bones of the hand and in their larger dimentions. Activation in bone growth of the Avarian people living high in the mountains results in \"discoordination\" of increment values of separate dimentions and in decrease of the correlation level.", "PMID": 678136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3418", "title": "[X-ray anatomy of the superior mesenteric artery according to intravital angiographic findings].", "content": "Analysis of clinical angiograms made in 1,624 subjects has determined roentgenological differential signs in the upper mesenteric artery. They help to recognise the artery in roentgenograms of frontal and lateral projections regardless the method of contrasting. For the first time roentgenological data on this vessel are obtained concerning age, sex and habitus of the subjects examined. The data were calculated according to biometrical requirements. In women, the artery begins higher than in men. In the asthenics, the artery begins lower than in the normosthenics and still lower than in the hypersthenics. The diameter of the artery in man is wider than in women. At the age of 60 years, the arterial lumen is 10--15% wider than that in persons below 20 years of age.", "contents": "[X-ray anatomy of the superior mesenteric artery according to intravital angiographic findings]. Analysis of clinical angiograms made in 1,624 subjects has determined roentgenological differential signs in the upper mesenteric artery. They help to recognise the artery in roentgenograms of frontal and lateral projections regardless the method of contrasting. For the first time roentgenological data on this vessel are obtained concerning age, sex and habitus of the subjects examined. The data were calculated according to biometrical requirements. In women, the artery begins higher than in men. In the asthenics, the artery begins lower than in the normosthenics and still lower than in the hypersthenics. The diameter of the artery in man is wider than in women. At the age of 60 years, the arterial lumen is 10--15% wider than that in persons below 20 years of age.", "PMID": 678137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3419", "title": "[Ultrastructure of duodenal endocrine cells in children].", "content": "All ultrastructural varieties of endocrine cells, described in literature for adult persons, were revealed in the epithelium of the duodenal crypts of children at the age of 6--14 years. The cells form rather distinct groups in accordance with the International Classification, that speaks in favour of adequate application of the methods for processing the material and allows to compare the data obtained with those in literature. Endocrine cells in children, however, demonstrate greater polymorphism as their secretory granules differ in density even within a single cell. This phenomenon, along with detecting degenerative forms, demonstrates active functioning of this cell system in children.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of duodenal endocrine cells in children]. All ultrastructural varieties of endocrine cells, described in literature for adult persons, were revealed in the epithelium of the duodenal crypts of children at the age of 6--14 years. The cells form rather distinct groups in accordance with the International Classification, that speaks in favour of adequate application of the methods for processing the material and allows to compare the data obtained with those in literature. Endocrine cells in children, however, demonstrate greater polymorphism as their secretory granules differ in density even within a single cell. This phenomenon, along with detecting degenerative forms, demonstrates active functioning of this cell system in children.", "PMID": 678139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3420", "title": "[Effect of combined exposure to hypokinesia and gravitational stress on the structure of the wall of the renal vein].", "content": "Renal veins from 25 rabbits were investigated by means of imbedding in paraffin with subsequent hematoxylin--eosin staining, after Van Gieson and with fuchselin after Hart. Prolonged hypokinesia (over 3 weeks) with subsequent single application of gravitational overloading was stated to produce some structural changes in the wall of the renal vein. They are manifested as loosening of the middle vascular sheath with vacuolization of myocytes and outgrowth of its elastic elements. Hypokinesia of longer duration (8 weeks) with subsequent gravitational overloading produces atrophy of smooth muscle tissue in the middle sheath of the venous wall that brings about decreasing in tonus of the wall of the renal vein.", "contents": "[Effect of combined exposure to hypokinesia and gravitational stress on the structure of the wall of the renal vein]. Renal veins from 25 rabbits were investigated by means of imbedding in paraffin with subsequent hematoxylin--eosin staining, after Van Gieson and with fuchselin after Hart. Prolonged hypokinesia (over 3 weeks) with subsequent single application of gravitational overloading was stated to produce some structural changes in the wall of the renal vein. They are manifested as loosening of the middle vascular sheath with vacuolization of myocytes and outgrowth of its elastic elements. Hypokinesia of longer duration (8 weeks) with subsequent gravitational overloading produces atrophy of smooth muscle tissue in the middle sheath of the venous wall that brings about decreasing in tonus of the wall of the renal vein.", "PMID": 678140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3421", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the kidney in the erectile phase of burn shock].", "content": "Electron microscopical changes in the renal morphofunctional units were studied during the first minutes after termal trauma in the experiments performed with mongrel male dogs. The glomeruli were demonstrated to have some evidence of glomerulonephritis, particularly, in the capillaries of those glomeruli where local thickening of the basal membrane was most constant and where endothelium and podocytes, i. e. the structures directly participating in filtration were involved in the process. Proximal areas of nephrons had a peculiar compact mitochondrial matrix, disturbed basal-apical mitochondrial orientation, shortening of plasmolemma folds, increase in cytosomal number. Activation in the latter was accompanied not only with focal degeneration of cytoplasm but with some changes in the cell as a whole with its subsequent squamation into the lumen. In the epithelium of distal parts of the nephrons and collecting tubes, distrophic changes were registered, as well as a reduction in the folds of plasmolemma which was followed by a disturbance in the integrity of the basal labyrinth and mitochondrial swelling. A large amount of vesicular elements were noted in cytoplasm of the cells, the cells were swelled and underwent focal degeneration.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the kidney in the erectile phase of burn shock]. Electron microscopical changes in the renal morphofunctional units were studied during the first minutes after termal trauma in the experiments performed with mongrel male dogs. The glomeruli were demonstrated to have some evidence of glomerulonephritis, particularly, in the capillaries of those glomeruli where local thickening of the basal membrane was most constant and where endothelium and podocytes, i. e. the structures directly participating in filtration were involved in the process. Proximal areas of nephrons had a peculiar compact mitochondrial matrix, disturbed basal-apical mitochondrial orientation, shortening of plasmolemma folds, increase in cytosomal number. Activation in the latter was accompanied not only with focal degeneration of cytoplasm but with some changes in the cell as a whole with its subsequent squamation into the lumen. In the epithelium of distal parts of the nephrons and collecting tubes, distrophic changes were registered, as well as a reduction in the folds of plasmolemma which was followed by a disturbance in the integrity of the basal labyrinth and mitochondrial swelling. A large amount of vesicular elements were noted in cytoplasm of the cells, the cells were swelled and underwent focal degeneration.", "PMID": 678141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3422", "title": "[Morphology of influenza in the prodromal period (experimental study)].", "content": "The prodromal period of influenza infection was studied in 14 random-bred mice using electron microscopy. The most marked reaction to the invasion of influenza virus virions in the first day was found to develop in large alveolar cells. The defence response of the body in this period was manifested morphologically by a release into the alveolar lumen of plate osmiophilic bodies containing a surfactant, and later by leucocytary infiltration of interalveolar septa. Early in influenza infection pulmonary macrophages took no part in the defence response of the body.", "contents": "[Morphology of influenza in the prodromal period (experimental study)]. The prodromal period of influenza infection was studied in 14 random-bred mice using electron microscopy. The most marked reaction to the invasion of influenza virus virions in the first day was found to develop in large alveolar cells. The defence response of the body in this period was manifested morphologically by a release into the alveolar lumen of plate osmiophilic bodies containing a surfactant, and later by leucocytary infiltration of interalveolar septa. Early in influenza infection pulmonary macrophages took no part in the defence response of the body.", "PMID": 678152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3423", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the central nervous system of mice in tick-borne encephalitis].", "content": "Tick-borne encephalitis virus is localized in nerve cells and intracellular spaces. According to the nature of ultrastructural changes, the pathological process in nerve cells may be divided into three stages connected with the stages of virus reproduction. In the first stage, the protein-synthesizing systems of the cell are degraded. In the second stage specific virus inclusions form in the cell cytoplasm as aggregates of mature and immature virions alongside with destruction of ultrastructures and growth of smooth membranes. In the third stage degradation of neurons is accompanied by necrobiosis and discomplexation of the surrounding glial elements, processes, cells of the inflammatory infiltrate and capillary walls. A certain combination of nonspecific changes in organelles of various cells with viral inclusions makes the ultrastructural picture of the focus of lesions in tick-borne encephalitis sufficiently characteristic for differential pathological diagnosis.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the central nervous system of mice in tick-borne encephalitis]. Tick-borne encephalitis virus is localized in nerve cells and intracellular spaces. According to the nature of ultrastructural changes, the pathological process in nerve cells may be divided into three stages connected with the stages of virus reproduction. In the first stage, the protein-synthesizing systems of the cell are degraded. In the second stage specific virus inclusions form in the cell cytoplasm as aggregates of mature and immature virions alongside with destruction of ultrastructures and growth of smooth membranes. In the third stage degradation of neurons is accompanied by necrobiosis and discomplexation of the surrounding glial elements, processes, cells of the inflammatory infiltrate and capillary walls. A certain combination of nonspecific changes in organelles of various cells with viral inclusions makes the ultrastructural picture of the focus of lesions in tick-borne encephalitis sufficiently characteristic for differential pathological diagnosis.", "PMID": 678153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3424", "title": "[Diagnostic possibilities of gastric biopsy in stomach cancer].", "content": "The results of histological examinations of gastric biopsies are presented; over 20% of the biopsies are sent for examinations with the diagnosis of cancer of suspected cancer of the stomach. Histological examinations of gastrobiopsies confirm only 62% of definite endoscopic diagnoses of gastric cancer which is explained either by a wrong choice of the affection area for biopsy or wrong evaluation of the gastroscopic picture of early cancer. It was first discoverd in 15.5% of cases of histologically confirmed gastric cancer in first examinations of materials of gastric biopsies. Early carcinoma was found in over half of these cases. Erroneous diagnoses in examinations of materials from gastric biopsies were established in 3.5% of the cases. They include both false positive and false negative conclusions on gastric cancer.", "contents": "[Diagnostic possibilities of gastric biopsy in stomach cancer]. The results of histological examinations of gastric biopsies are presented; over 20% of the biopsies are sent for examinations with the diagnosis of cancer of suspected cancer of the stomach. Histological examinations of gastrobiopsies confirm only 62% of definite endoscopic diagnoses of gastric cancer which is explained either by a wrong choice of the affection area for biopsy or wrong evaluation of the gastroscopic picture of early cancer. It was first discoverd in 15.5% of cases of histologically confirmed gastric cancer in first examinations of materials of gastric biopsies. Early carcinoma was found in over half of these cases. Erroneous diagnoses in examinations of materials from gastric biopsies were established in 3.5% of the cases. They include both false positive and false negative conclusions on gastric cancer.", "PMID": 678154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3425", "title": "[Clinico-morphological characteristics of bilateral breast cancer].", "content": "During 22 years (1955--1976) in the Department of Endocrinology of the Oncological Research Center of the USSR AMS 2953 patients were treated for primary mammary cancer, 87 (2.9%) of them developed bilateral mammary cancer. The differential diagnosis of primary and metastic cancer was based on the combination of clinical and morphological data: the extent and stage of the process in both mammary glands, localization of tumor nodes, duration of the interval between the development of cancer in the first and the second mammary gland, the absence of relapses and metastases after treatment of the first carcinoma and during a year after the second mastectomy, the degree of malignancy of the tumors, invasion of blood and lymph vessels of the gland and the background against which the tumor had developed.", "contents": "[Clinico-morphological characteristics of bilateral breast cancer]. During 22 years (1955--1976) in the Department of Endocrinology of the Oncological Research Center of the USSR AMS 2953 patients were treated for primary mammary cancer, 87 (2.9%) of them developed bilateral mammary cancer. The differential diagnosis of primary and metastic cancer was based on the combination of clinical and morphological data: the extent and stage of the process in both mammary glands, localization of tumor nodes, duration of the interval between the development of cancer in the first and the second mammary gland, the absence of relapses and metastases after treatment of the first carcinoma and during a year after the second mastectomy, the degree of malignancy of the tumors, invasion of blood and lymph vessels of the gland and the background against which the tumor had developed.", "PMID": 678155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3426", "title": "[Carcinosarcoma of the uterus and ovaries].", "content": "It was established on the material of 15 observations that carcinosarcomas represented a distinct group of rarely occurring malignancies. Among malignant tumors of the body of the uterus, cervix and ovary they comprise 1.5%, 0.03% and 0.17%, respectively. The details of the structure of two tumor components, epithelial and mesenchymal, are described. A special group of carcinosarcomas of the body of the uterus and ovary consisting of three tumor germs, adenoacanthocarcinosarcoma, is distinguished.", "contents": "[Carcinosarcoma of the uterus and ovaries]. It was established on the material of 15 observations that carcinosarcomas represented a distinct group of rarely occurring malignancies. Among malignant tumors of the body of the uterus, cervix and ovary they comprise 1.5%, 0.03% and 0.17%, respectively. The details of the structure of two tumor components, epithelial and mesenchymal, are described. A special group of carcinosarcomas of the body of the uterus and ovary consisting of three tumor germs, adenoacanthocarcinosarcoma, is distinguished.", "PMID": 678156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3427", "title": "[Inverted papilloma of the bladder].", "content": "No more than 40 cases of inverted papilloma (IP) of the urinary bladder have been reported in literature. The author presents 2 observations of IP in both of which the epithelial transitional cellular structures showed submerged pseudoinvasive growth and a peculiar inversion of the villous strucure. The tumor is benign clinically and histologically, its benign nature is confirmed by the remote results of observations. Despite the fact that the histogenesis of IP is not quite clear yet, the author, as most other investigators, classify IP according to the International Histological Classification as benign tumor differing from common papillomas of the urinary bladded only in the direction of the growth and the arrangement of villous structures.", "contents": "[Inverted papilloma of the bladder]. No more than 40 cases of inverted papilloma (IP) of the urinary bladder have been reported in literature. The author presents 2 observations of IP in both of which the epithelial transitional cellular structures showed submerged pseudoinvasive growth and a peculiar inversion of the villous strucure. The tumor is benign clinically and histologically, its benign nature is confirmed by the remote results of observations. Despite the fact that the histogenesis of IP is not quite clear yet, the author, as most other investigators, classify IP according to the International Histological Classification as benign tumor differing from common papillomas of the urinary bladded only in the direction of the growth and the arrangement of villous structures.", "PMID": 678157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3428", "title": "[Reactive changes and the phagocytic activity of the glial cells in pathological processes in the central nervous system].", "content": "This review deals with the current status of reactive changes and phagocytic activity in various types of glia in the CNS. Data from literature and partly our own findings on the reactive processes in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microgliocytes, and \"multipotential glia\" as well as their relationship with mesenchymal cells, particularly with those of hematogenous origin are given. Glial reactions both in pathological processes (Walter degeneration, trauma, etc) and in different functional states during the development of the central nervous system are considered.", "contents": "[Reactive changes and the phagocytic activity of the glial cells in pathological processes in the central nervous system]. This review deals with the current status of reactive changes and phagocytic activity in various types of glia in the CNS. Data from literature and partly our own findings on the reactive processes in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microgliocytes, and \"multipotential glia\" as well as their relationship with mesenchymal cells, particularly with those of hematogenous origin are given. Glial reactions both in pathological processes (Walter degeneration, trauma, etc) and in different functional states during the development of the central nervous system are considered.", "PMID": 678158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3429", "title": "Severe adolescent-onset proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the effect of pituitary ablation.", "content": "Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is uncommon in patients younger than the age of 20 and has been rarely reported. Since 1969, 14 adolescents with severe PDR have been seen, the youngest of whom was 16 years old and the oldest, 19 years old. The shortest duration of diabetes mellitus prior to diagnosis of PDR was eight years. Ten patients had a positive family history of diabetes. Thirteen patients had suboptimal metabolic control. Ten patients had some degree of azotemia, seven were hypertensive, and six had proteinuria. Ophthalmic findings included advanced neovascular and fibrous proliferation on initial classification, and rapid progression to blindness-which was most frequently secondary to traction retinal detachment. In a small retrospective study, pituitary ablation may have offered greater preservation of vision than that observed in untreated patients.", "contents": "Severe adolescent-onset proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the effect of pituitary ablation. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is uncommon in patients younger than the age of 20 and has been rarely reported. Since 1969, 14 adolescents with severe PDR have been seen, the youngest of whom was 16 years old and the oldest, 19 years old. The shortest duration of diabetes mellitus prior to diagnosis of PDR was eight years. Ten patients had a positive family history of diabetes. Thirteen patients had suboptimal metabolic control. Ten patients had some degree of azotemia, seven were hypertensive, and six had proteinuria. Ophthalmic findings included advanced neovascular and fibrous proliferation on initial classification, and rapid progression to blindness-which was most frequently secondary to traction retinal detachment. In a small retrospective study, pituitary ablation may have offered greater preservation of vision than that observed in untreated patients.", "PMID": 678170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3430", "title": "Retinal detachment due to ocular penetration. I. Clinical characteristics and surgical results.", "content": "The records of 74 patients--young and almost exclusively males--with retinal detachment due to ocular penetration were reviewed to study the characteristics and surgical results of this type of traumatic retinal detachment. There was a high incidence of industrial and domestic accidents. The incidence and degree of myopia were significantly lower than in nontraumatic cases of retinal detachment. The time interval between the injury and the detection of the retinal detachment was variable. Many of the eyes with longer latent intervals had classic signs of traumatic retinal detachment. The most common type of retinal break was a dialysis in the oral zone at the posterior vitreous base border. The most common cause of these retinal breaks was severe traction from contracting vitreous bands and membranes that followed the loss of vitreous gel from the eye. Surgical results were relatively poor; recurrence was common because of progressive vitreous pathology. Postoperative traction on the vitreous base by the continued shrinkage of vitreous membranes was noted in 50% of the eyes that contained such membranes preoperatively.", "contents": "Retinal detachment due to ocular penetration. I. Clinical characteristics and surgical results. The records of 74 patients--young and almost exclusively males--with retinal detachment due to ocular penetration were reviewed to study the characteristics and surgical results of this type of traumatic retinal detachment. There was a high incidence of industrial and domestic accidents. The incidence and degree of myopia were significantly lower than in nontraumatic cases of retinal detachment. The time interval between the injury and the detection of the retinal detachment was variable. Many of the eyes with longer latent intervals had classic signs of traumatic retinal detachment. The most common type of retinal break was a dialysis in the oral zone at the posterior vitreous base border. The most common cause of these retinal breaks was severe traction from contracting vitreous bands and membranes that followed the loss of vitreous gel from the eye. Surgical results were relatively poor; recurrence was common because of progressive vitreous pathology. Postoperative traction on the vitreous base by the continued shrinkage of vitreous membranes was noted in 50% of the eyes that contained such membranes preoperatively.", "PMID": 678171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3431", "title": "Focal parafoveal retinal telangiectasis.", "content": "We describe four patients, two of whom are sisters, with an unusual form of retinal telangiectasis. The vascular abnormality is localized to the temporal parafoveal retina and is virtually identical in appearance in every patient. Other characteristics include: both men and women are involved, both eyes are generally affected, and symptoms develop in middle life. Laser photocoagulation succeeds in improving the visual acuity in the treated eyes. The consistency of the appearance and location, and the familial tendency indicates these cases probably form a subgroup of retinal telangiectasis.", "contents": "Focal parafoveal retinal telangiectasis. We describe four patients, two of whom are sisters, with an unusual form of retinal telangiectasis. The vascular abnormality is localized to the temporal parafoveal retina and is virtually identical in appearance in every patient. Other characteristics include: both men and women are involved, both eyes are generally affected, and symptoms develop in middle life. Laser photocoagulation succeeds in improving the visual acuity in the treated eyes. The consistency of the appearance and location, and the familial tendency indicates these cases probably form a subgroup of retinal telangiectasis.", "PMID": 678172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3432", "title": "Solar retinitis after minimal exposure.", "content": "Solar retinitis after prolonged or purposeful exposure to the sun has been reported many times. In this study, three patients were seen with the clinical diagnosis of solar retinitis but without an initial compatible history. Previously, such persons have frequently been categorized as having foveomacular retinitis. In this study, careful follow-up history was obtained in an attempt to find an origin for the condition of the patients. Evidence for very brief, high-intensity, and long-term low-intensity exposure to the sun's radiant energy was substantiated. Theoretical consideration was made of the mechanisms by which this type of exposure produced retinal damage.", "contents": "Solar retinitis after minimal exposure. Solar retinitis after prolonged or purposeful exposure to the sun has been reported many times. In this study, three patients were seen with the clinical diagnosis of solar retinitis but without an initial compatible history. Previously, such persons have frequently been categorized as having foveomacular retinitis. In this study, careful follow-up history was obtained in an attempt to find an origin for the condition of the patients. Evidence for very brief, high-intensity, and long-term low-intensity exposure to the sun's radiant energy was substantiated. Theoretical consideration was made of the mechanisms by which this type of exposure produced retinal damage.", "PMID": 678173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3433", "title": "Abnormal chloroidal circulation: association with arteriovenous fistula in the cavernous sinus area.", "content": "Abnormalities in the choroidal circulation developed in two patients with arteriovenous fistulae in the area of the cavernous sinus. Fluorescein angiography in both patients revealed delayed filling of their choroidal circulation. In the first patient, this was associated with a central serous detachment of the retina secondary to a retinal pigment epithelial defect. In the second patient, a large choroidal detachment and serous retinal detachment, which resolved spontaneously developed. High venous pressure, low mean arterial pressure, and subsequent tissue hypoxia are postulated to be the cause of the altered choroidal circulation. The possibility of occult dural arteriovenous fistulae should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with a choroidal detachment, proptosis, and a red eye.", "contents": "Abnormal chloroidal circulation: association with arteriovenous fistula in the cavernous sinus area. Abnormalities in the choroidal circulation developed in two patients with arteriovenous fistulae in the area of the cavernous sinus. Fluorescein angiography in both patients revealed delayed filling of their choroidal circulation. In the first patient, this was associated with a central serous detachment of the retina secondary to a retinal pigment epithelial defect. In the second patient, a large choroidal detachment and serous retinal detachment, which resolved spontaneously developed. High venous pressure, low mean arterial pressure, and subsequent tissue hypoxia are postulated to be the cause of the altered choroidal circulation. The possibility of occult dural arteriovenous fistulae should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with a choroidal detachment, proptosis, and a red eye.", "PMID": 678174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3434", "title": "Serous detachment of the macular associated with presumed choroidal nevi.", "content": "Twenty cases of small pigmented choroidal lesions, which were associated with subretinal fluid in the foveal area, were studied clinically and with fluorescein angiography. The ophthalmoscopic appearance as well as the clinical course of these lesions suggest that they are benign. One lesion, however, after remaining stable for four years, showed dramatic enlargement and was demonstrated to be a malignant melanoma following enucleation. The occurrence of subretinal fluid in such cases does not necessarily imply malignant change, although careful follow-up examinations are imperative.", "contents": "Serous detachment of the macular associated with presumed choroidal nevi. Twenty cases of small pigmented choroidal lesions, which were associated with subretinal fluid in the foveal area, were studied clinically and with fluorescein angiography. The ophthalmoscopic appearance as well as the clinical course of these lesions suggest that they are benign. One lesion, however, after remaining stable for four years, showed dramatic enlargement and was demonstrated to be a malignant melanoma following enucleation. The occurrence of subretinal fluid in such cases does not necessarily imply malignant change, although careful follow-up examinations are imperative.", "PMID": 678175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3435", "title": "A proposed pilocarpine therapeutic test.", "content": "For the pilocarpine therapeutic test that we have devised, one drop (0.1 ml) of 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride (an arbitrarily chosen concentration) is instilled in the glaucomatous eye to be treated, and the intraocular pressure is measured hourly for four hours. If the IOP does not fall below 24 mm Hg, which is our chosen pressure limit, the response is considered to be inadequate therapeutically. Our study showed that if an inadequate therapeutic response is obtained, initiation of treatment with 2% pilocarpine is not indicated, since in patients with such a response, continued treatment with 2% pilocarpine will be ineffective in controlling IOPs on subsequent clinical visits. In only those cases of patients with an adequate response to the pilocarpine therapeutic test (with a fall in pressure below 24 mm Hg) was there the likelihood of having the glaucoma controlled with continued 2% pilocarpine treatment.", "contents": "A proposed pilocarpine therapeutic test. For the pilocarpine therapeutic test that we have devised, one drop (0.1 ml) of 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride (an arbitrarily chosen concentration) is instilled in the glaucomatous eye to be treated, and the intraocular pressure is measured hourly for four hours. If the IOP does not fall below 24 mm Hg, which is our chosen pressure limit, the response is considered to be inadequate therapeutically. Our study showed that if an inadequate therapeutic response is obtained, initiation of treatment with 2% pilocarpine is not indicated, since in patients with such a response, continued treatment with 2% pilocarpine will be ineffective in controlling IOPs on subsequent clinical visits. In only those cases of patients with an adequate response to the pilocarpine therapeutic test (with a fall in pressure below 24 mm Hg) was there the likelihood of having the glaucoma controlled with continued 2% pilocarpine treatment.", "PMID": 678176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3436", "title": "Fluorescein iris angiography. I. Normal pattern.", "content": "Fluorescein iris angiography was performed in 42 normal blue or green human eyes to investigate the normal angiographic pattern and in vivo circulation of the iris. Brown irides were unsuitable for the angiography because the brown pigment masked fluorescence. The pattern in the iris was much more complex than in the retina when seen on fluorescein angiography, with interindividual variations in its filling, and these physiological variations may erroneously be considered pathological. Radial arteries of the iris filled rather sluggishly and the circulation in the pupillary and peripupillary region was often much slower than in the peripheral part of the iris. Various segments of the iris usually filled in an irregular order. There was no distinct venous phase, but it merged with the arteriovenous phase. The pupillary region of the iris between the collarette (which contained a fragmented and incomplete minor circle of vessels) and the pupillary margin contained a dense plexus of capillaries. The normal vessels usually showed no fluorescein leakage.", "contents": "Fluorescein iris angiography. I. Normal pattern. Fluorescein iris angiography was performed in 42 normal blue or green human eyes to investigate the normal angiographic pattern and in vivo circulation of the iris. Brown irides were unsuitable for the angiography because the brown pigment masked fluorescence. The pattern in the iris was much more complex than in the retina when seen on fluorescein angiography, with interindividual variations in its filling, and these physiological variations may erroneously be considered pathological. Radial arteries of the iris filled rather sluggishly and the circulation in the pupillary and peripupillary region was often much slower than in the peripheral part of the iris. Various segments of the iris usually filled in an irregular order. There was no distinct venous phase, but it merged with the arteriovenous phase. The pupillary region of the iris between the collarette (which contained a fragmented and incomplete minor circle of vessels) and the pupillary margin contained a dense plexus of capillaries. The normal vessels usually showed no fluorescein leakage.", "PMID": 678177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3437", "title": "Fluorescein iris angiography. II. Disturbances in iris circulation following strabismus operation on the various recti.", "content": "Iris circulation was investigated by fluorescein iris angiography in 33 human eyes before and after tenotomy of one or more recti for correction of strabismus. Tenotomy of one or both horizontal recti produced no appreciable circulatory disturbance in the iris, but tenotomy of superior or inferior rectus produced circulatory delay in superior temporal or inferior temporal sectors, respectively, of the iris. When tenotomies of a horizontal and one or two vertical recti were combined, the defect occurred in the region of the vertical rectus only. Blood supply of the nasal half of the iris was usually not disturbed by tenotomy of the vertical and/or medial rectus. The findings indicate that the blood supply of the iris is segmental and suggest that, in strabismus surgery, cutting the two vertical recti along with the lateral rectus may subject the eye to the risk of anterior segment ischemia. In the light of the present findings, physiological anatomy of the blood supply of the iris and role of the major arterial circle of the iris are discussed.", "contents": "Fluorescein iris angiography. II. Disturbances in iris circulation following strabismus operation on the various recti. Iris circulation was investigated by fluorescein iris angiography in 33 human eyes before and after tenotomy of one or more recti for correction of strabismus. Tenotomy of one or both horizontal recti produced no appreciable circulatory disturbance in the iris, but tenotomy of superior or inferior rectus produced circulatory delay in superior temporal or inferior temporal sectors, respectively, of the iris. When tenotomies of a horizontal and one or two vertical recti were combined, the defect occurred in the region of the vertical rectus only. Blood supply of the nasal half of the iris was usually not disturbed by tenotomy of the vertical and/or medial rectus. The findings indicate that the blood supply of the iris is segmental and suggest that, in strabismus surgery, cutting the two vertical recti along with the lateral rectus may subject the eye to the risk of anterior segment ischemia. In the light of the present findings, physiological anatomy of the blood supply of the iris and role of the major arterial circle of the iris are discussed.", "PMID": 678178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3438", "title": "Corneal complications after closed vitrectomy through the pars plana.", "content": "A retrospective study of 150 patients who underwent closed vitrectomy through the pars plana evaluated the incidence and character of postoperative corneal complications. Corneal changes developed in 43% of patients. Thirty patients had significant corneal complications, half of which resolved with treatment. Fourteen patients had complications that necessitated corneal surgery or resulted in loss of useful vision. Diabetic patients were at greatest risk for corneal problems, particularly postoperative epithelial defects. Intraoperative lensectomy was the only other factor that increased the corneal complication rate. The importance of early recognition and therapy for corneal changes after vitrectomy becomes apparent.", "contents": "Corneal complications after closed vitrectomy through the pars plana. A retrospective study of 150 patients who underwent closed vitrectomy through the pars plana evaluated the incidence and character of postoperative corneal complications. Corneal changes developed in 43% of patients. Thirty patients had significant corneal complications, half of which resolved with treatment. Fourteen patients had complications that necessitated corneal surgery or resulted in loss of useful vision. Diabetic patients were at greatest risk for corneal problems, particularly postoperative epithelial defects. Intraoperative lensectomy was the only other factor that increased the corneal complication rate. The importance of early recognition and therapy for corneal changes after vitrectomy becomes apparent.", "PMID": 678179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3439", "title": "Conjunctival adnexal cysts and dermoids.", "content": "Of 128 cysts diagnosed clinically and pathologically as epidermoids and dermoids, 12 lesions were discovered that were lined by nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium with variable numbers of admixed goblet cells. Five lesions did not contain any adnexal structures in their walls and were designated as simple conjunctival cysts; seven lesions additionally displayed appendages in their walls and were diagnosed as conjunctival dermoids. Clinically, this group of 12 cysts differed from classic epidermoids and dermoids by their overwhelming superomedial location and absence of associated osseous defects. It is proposed that these nonkeratinizing cysts represent sequestrations of conjunctival-type epithelium, analogous to the displacements of keratinizing surface epidermis that are most commonly responsible for the production of classic epidermoids and dermoids. It is possible to confuse conjunctival cysts and dermoids with mucoceles.", "contents": "Conjunctival adnexal cysts and dermoids. Of 128 cysts diagnosed clinically and pathologically as epidermoids and dermoids, 12 lesions were discovered that were lined by nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium with variable numbers of admixed goblet cells. Five lesions did not contain any adnexal structures in their walls and were designated as simple conjunctival cysts; seven lesions additionally displayed appendages in their walls and were diagnosed as conjunctival dermoids. Clinically, this group of 12 cysts differed from classic epidermoids and dermoids by their overwhelming superomedial location and absence of associated osseous defects. It is proposed that these nonkeratinizing cysts represent sequestrations of conjunctival-type epithelium, analogous to the displacements of keratinizing surface epidermis that are most commonly responsible for the production of classic epidermoids and dermoids. It is possible to confuse conjunctival cysts and dermoids with mucoceles.", "PMID": 678180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3440", "title": "Idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor in childhood. I. Clinical characteristics.", "content": "The cases of 29 patients aged 20 years or less with orbital inflammatory pseudotumor were studied retrospectively. There was no sex predilection, although the left orbit was involved twice as often as the right. Patients typically had abrupt onset of periocular pain, early-morning swelling, chemosis, conjunctival and extraocular muscle injection, proptosis, a palpable mass, and extraocular motility disturbances. Visual acuity was usually only mildly affected at onset. Forty-five percent of patients had or subsequently developed bilateral orbital involvement in the absence of notable systemic diseases. Papilledema and iritis were seen in 35% of patients, respectively, particularly in bilateral cases. All cases responded to steroids, but bilateral disease was the most apt to become steroid dependent. Permanent functional impairments were seen most commonly in patients who had alternating recurrent bilateral disease or who underwent surgical exploration.", "contents": "Idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor in childhood. I. Clinical characteristics. The cases of 29 patients aged 20 years or less with orbital inflammatory pseudotumor were studied retrospectively. There was no sex predilection, although the left orbit was involved twice as often as the right. Patients typically had abrupt onset of periocular pain, early-morning swelling, chemosis, conjunctival and extraocular muscle injection, proptosis, a palpable mass, and extraocular motility disturbances. Visual acuity was usually only mildly affected at onset. Forty-five percent of patients had or subsequently developed bilateral orbital involvement in the absence of notable systemic diseases. Papilledema and iritis were seen in 35% of patients, respectively, particularly in bilateral cases. All cases responded to steroids, but bilateral disease was the most apt to become steroid dependent. Permanent functional impairments were seen most commonly in patients who had alternating recurrent bilateral disease or who underwent surgical exploration.", "PMID": 678181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3441", "title": "The blepharocardiac reflex.", "content": "The oculocardiac reflex is described as the triad of bradycardia, nausea, and faintness evoked by the stretching of ocular muscles, or by pressure on or within the eyeball. The trigeminal nerve is the afferent limb of this reflex; the efferent limb is the vagus nerve to the heart. This reflex was noted to occur from traction on the levator aponeurosis in five of 36 patients with ptosis, and from traction on the retractors of the lower eyelid in three of 11 patients with entropion. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of eliciting this reflex by stretching the muscles of the eyelid. Electrocardiogram monitoring for early recognition of these cases, and the availability of an intravenous line with atropine for prompt treatment are strongly recommended. Careful manipulation of the upper and lower eyelid retractors and preoperative atropine therapy may help to reduce the incidence of this reflex.", "contents": "The blepharocardiac reflex. The oculocardiac reflex is described as the triad of bradycardia, nausea, and faintness evoked by the stretching of ocular muscles, or by pressure on or within the eyeball. The trigeminal nerve is the afferent limb of this reflex; the efferent limb is the vagus nerve to the heart. This reflex was noted to occur from traction on the levator aponeurosis in five of 36 patients with ptosis, and from traction on the retractors of the lower eyelid in three of 11 patients with entropion. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of eliciting this reflex by stretching the muscles of the eyelid. Electrocardiogram monitoring for early recognition of these cases, and the availability of an intravenous line with atropine for prompt treatment are strongly recommended. Careful manipulation of the upper and lower eyelid retractors and preoperative atropine therapy may help to reduce the incidence of this reflex.", "PMID": 678182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3442", "title": "Hypoplasia of the optic nerve.", "content": "Premorbid ophthalmoscopic and histopathologic findings were correlated in a case of bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia in a 9-month-old infant with bilateral hydranencephaly. The double-ring sign was due to an extension of retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) over the outer portion of the lamina cribrosa. The outer ring was the junction between sclera and lamina cribrosa, and the inner ring was the termination of the RPE. The center of the inner ring was the hypoplastic nerve head, which appeared whitish because of fibroglial tissue surrounding the central retinal vessels where they entered the optic nerve head. We speculate that an in utero vascular insult, after the third month of development, led to cystic cavitation of the anterior cerebral hemispheres, with subsequent retrograde degeneration of developing retinal ganglion cells.", "contents": "Hypoplasia of the optic nerve. Premorbid ophthalmoscopic and histopathologic findings were correlated in a case of bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia in a 9-month-old infant with bilateral hydranencephaly. The double-ring sign was due to an extension of retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) over the outer portion of the lamina cribrosa. The outer ring was the junction between sclera and lamina cribrosa, and the inner ring was the termination of the RPE. The center of the inner ring was the hypoplastic nerve head, which appeared whitish because of fibroglial tissue surrounding the central retinal vessels where they entered the optic nerve head. We speculate that an in utero vascular insult, after the third month of development, led to cystic cavitation of the anterior cerebral hemispheres, with subsequent retrograde degeneration of developing retinal ganglion cells.", "PMID": 678183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3443", "title": "Definitive treatment of congenital larcrimal sac fistula.", "content": "The procedure we describe is believed to be a rational and effective approach to the rare but preplexing problem of congenital lacrimal sac fistula. The procedure is based on the principles of: (1) definite location of the lacrimal sac for protection of canaliculi and sac through probe insertion; (2) fastidious dissection of the tract to its base; and (3) positive testing of the suture and sac site for leakage.", "contents": "Definitive treatment of congenital larcrimal sac fistula. The procedure we describe is believed to be a rational and effective approach to the rare but preplexing problem of congenital lacrimal sac fistula. The procedure is based on the principles of: (1) definite location of the lacrimal sac for protection of canaliculi and sac through probe insertion; (2) fastidious dissection of the tract to its base; and (3) positive testing of the suture and sac site for leakage.", "PMID": 678184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3444", "title": "Anaerobic flora of the normal human conjunctival sac.", "content": "Specimens from the conjunctival sacs of 92 healthy eyes were cultured on two separate occasions to determine the presence or absence of a persistent anaerobic flora. Aerobic bacteria and fungi were also studied for comparison. Of the 184 eye cultures, 112 (60.9%) contained at least one microorganism. Obligate anaerobes were recovered from 51.6% (95/184) of the cultures. Propionibacterium acnes, the predominant anaerobe encountered, was present in 49.5% (91/184) of the eyes. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria, present in 32.6% of the total eye cultures, were less common than obligate anaerobes. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common of these. Fungi were rarely found. Our findings suggest that the conjunctival sac is either sterile or normally contains small numbers of anaerobic, aerobic, or facultatively anaerobic bacteria. As other workers have suggested, the origin of the bacteria in the eyes may be the skin of the eyelids.", "contents": "Anaerobic flora of the normal human conjunctival sac. Specimens from the conjunctival sacs of 92 healthy eyes were cultured on two separate occasions to determine the presence or absence of a persistent anaerobic flora. Aerobic bacteria and fungi were also studied for comparison. Of the 184 eye cultures, 112 (60.9%) contained at least one microorganism. Obligate anaerobes were recovered from 51.6% (95/184) of the cultures. Propionibacterium acnes, the predominant anaerobe encountered, was present in 49.5% (91/184) of the eyes. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria, present in 32.6% of the total eye cultures, were less common than obligate anaerobes. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common of these. Fungi were rarely found. Our findings suggest that the conjunctival sac is either sterile or normally contains small numbers of anaerobic, aerobic, or facultatively anaerobic bacteria. As other workers have suggested, the origin of the bacteria in the eyes may be the skin of the eyelids.", "PMID": 678185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3445", "title": "Facial rehabilitation with temporal muscle. New concepts.", "content": "Facial rehabilitation, utilizing the transposed temporalis muscle, was performed. Three new innovations of this technique include: (1) The whole muscle is transposed into the face to accomplish augmentation, support, protection for the eye, and movement. (2) Following transposition of the temporalis muscle, its nerve supply is lysed at the foramen ovale. Nerve substitution by a free, autogenous graft from the proximal segment of the ipsilateral facial nerve or crossfacial sural nerve is accomplished. This technique substitutes the facial nerve axons and nuclei for the trigeminal nerve in this muscle and thus eliminates movement on mastication and facilitates the possibility for expression. (3) This muscle may be transposed with a portion of the temporal and parietal bones to add bony architecture to the cheek and orbit.", "contents": "Facial rehabilitation with temporal muscle. New concepts. Facial rehabilitation, utilizing the transposed temporalis muscle, was performed. Three new innovations of this technique include: (1) The whole muscle is transposed into the face to accomplish augmentation, support, protection for the eye, and movement. (2) Following transposition of the temporalis muscle, its nerve supply is lysed at the foramen ovale. Nerve substitution by a free, autogenous graft from the proximal segment of the ipsilateral facial nerve or crossfacial sural nerve is accomplished. This technique substitutes the facial nerve axons and nuclei for the trigeminal nerve in this muscle and thus eliminates movement on mastication and facilitates the possibility for expression. (3) This muscle may be transposed with a portion of the temporal and parietal bones to add bony architecture to the cheek and orbit.", "PMID": 678188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3446", "title": "An incus replacement prosthesis. The ossicle cup.", "content": "To achieve better hearing after incus replacement surgery, the ossicle-cup prosthesis is introduced. This prosthesis incorporates part of a Teflon Robinson's stapes prosthesis into the body of an incus. The ossicle-cup prosthesis has a dynamic joint with the stapes capitulum, as well as a variable height above the stapes. Preliminary hearing results of 45 cases show air-bone gap closure of 67% within 10 dB and 98% within 20 dB.", "contents": "An incus replacement prosthesis. The ossicle cup. To achieve better hearing after incus replacement surgery, the ossicle-cup prosthesis is introduced. This prosthesis incorporates part of a Teflon Robinson's stapes prosthesis into the body of an incus. The ossicle-cup prosthesis has a dynamic joint with the stapes capitulum, as well as a variable height above the stapes. Preliminary hearing results of 45 cases show air-bone gap closure of 67% within 10 dB and 98% within 20 dB.", "PMID": 678189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3447", "title": "Prosthetic functional therapy. A new method for rehabilitation of the orally handicapped patient.", "content": "A new approach to the rehabilitation of individuals who are orally handicapped after surgery offers direct support to dysfunctioning oral musculature, as well as physiologic conditioning to redirect tongue posture. Prosthetic functional therapy can be used to improve problems of speech, swallowing, drooling, and mastication in cases where structural loss of neuromuscular impairment have affected the functional competence of oral tissues. Patients who experience this therapy become highly motivated to succeed in rehabilitation as a result of a positive feedback that is provided by improvement in functional competence. Patients express both satisfaction and comfort and tend to progress favorably in the course of therapy.", "contents": "Prosthetic functional therapy. A new method for rehabilitation of the orally handicapped patient. A new approach to the rehabilitation of individuals who are orally handicapped after surgery offers direct support to dysfunctioning oral musculature, as well as physiologic conditioning to redirect tongue posture. Prosthetic functional therapy can be used to improve problems of speech, swallowing, drooling, and mastication in cases where structural loss of neuromuscular impairment have affected the functional competence of oral tissues. Patients who experience this therapy become highly motivated to succeed in rehabilitation as a result of a positive feedback that is provided by improvement in functional competence. Patients express both satisfaction and comfort and tend to progress favorably in the course of therapy.", "PMID": 678190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3448", "title": "Hearing aid evaluations for persons with total postlingual hearing loss.", "content": "To answer the question whether persons with total postlingual hearing loss can benefit from hearing aid use, hearing aid evaluations were carried out for 18 subjects. Nonstandardized listening tasks were necessitated because none of the subjects could discriminate speech. Subjective considerations played an integral role in the evaluation procedure. The results of the evaluations were as follows: (1) six subjects became new hearing aid users; (2) two retained the aids they were already wearing; (3) one improved when the hearing aid was changed to the opposite ear; (4) one obtained a satisfactory replacement for an inadequate instrument; and (5) eight were unable to use an aid to advantage. Thus, it is important that all persons with total postlingual hearing loss be afforded the opportunity of a careful hearing aid evaluation.", "contents": "Hearing aid evaluations for persons with total postlingual hearing loss. To answer the question whether persons with total postlingual hearing loss can benefit from hearing aid use, hearing aid evaluations were carried out for 18 subjects. Nonstandardized listening tasks were necessitated because none of the subjects could discriminate speech. Subjective considerations played an integral role in the evaluation procedure. The results of the evaluations were as follows: (1) six subjects became new hearing aid users; (2) two retained the aids they were already wearing; (3) one improved when the hearing aid was changed to the opposite ear; (4) one obtained a satisfactory replacement for an inadequate instrument; and (5) eight were unable to use an aid to advantage. Thus, it is important that all persons with total postlingual hearing loss be afforded the opportunity of a careful hearing aid evaluation.", "PMID": 678191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3449", "title": "Lethal thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "Forty-three patients who died of thyroid carcinoma (29 well-differentiated and 14 poorly differentiated tumors) were evaluated to define the parameters that affect the lethal nature of this tumor. Differentiated, limited extent of tumor and a young age at diagnosis correlated favorably with length of survival. Sex showed a trend in favor of female patients, while specific histologic characteristics and extent of resection showed no positive correlation. Based on these findings and a review of the literature, we recommend a radical approach in the management of localized, poorly differentiated tumors. For well-differentiated cancer, resection of the thyroid gland and the paratracheal, jugular, and upper mediastinal lymph nodes is advised.", "contents": "Lethal thyroid carcinoma. Forty-three patients who died of thyroid carcinoma (29 well-differentiated and 14 poorly differentiated tumors) were evaluated to define the parameters that affect the lethal nature of this tumor. Differentiated, limited extent of tumor and a young age at diagnosis correlated favorably with length of survival. Sex showed a trend in favor of female patients, while specific histologic characteristics and extent of resection showed no positive correlation. Based on these findings and a review of the literature, we recommend a radical approach in the management of localized, poorly differentiated tumors. For well-differentiated cancer, resection of the thyroid gland and the paratracheal, jugular, and upper mediastinal lymph nodes is advised.", "PMID": 678192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3450", "title": "Prediction of sensorineural hearing level from the brain stem evoked response.", "content": "Correlational analysis was carried out between the auditory brain stem evoked response (BER) threshold, BER latency, and various audiometric indices in 275 ears with varying degrees and configurations of sensorineural hearing loss. Results confirm the importance of sensitivity in the 1 to 4-kHZ region to the brain stem response. Sensitivity over this frequency region is best predicted as 0.6 of the BER threshold. Brain stem evoked response latency in the 70- to 90-dB hearing level range increases about 0.2 ms for each 30-dB increase in the steepness of the audiometric contour between 1 and 4 kHZ. Finally, audiometric shape appears to be more important than absolute high-frequency sensitivity in determining BER latency.", "contents": "Prediction of sensorineural hearing level from the brain stem evoked response. Correlational analysis was carried out between the auditory brain stem evoked response (BER) threshold, BER latency, and various audiometric indices in 275 ears with varying degrees and configurations of sensorineural hearing loss. Results confirm the importance of sensitivity in the 1 to 4-kHZ region to the brain stem response. Sensitivity over this frequency region is best predicted as 0.6 of the BER threshold. Brain stem evoked response latency in the 70- to 90-dB hearing level range increases about 0.2 ms for each 30-dB increase in the steepness of the audiometric contour between 1 and 4 kHZ. Finally, audiometric shape appears to be more important than absolute high-frequency sensitivity in determining BER latency.", "PMID": 678193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3451", "title": "Cochlear reserve in otosclerosis. A long-term follow-up study of fenestration cases.", "content": "In this long-term follow-up study of fenestration cases, a remarkable stability in sensorineural hearing levels is demonstrated. Since the focus of otosclerosis was not removed at the time of fenestration surgery, this bone conduction stability is an indication that the ear can withstand the presence of an otosclerotic lesion that produces stapes fixation for long periods of time without sensorineural deterioration. It would seem that the otosclerotic lesion in ears suitable for fenestration surgery has had little tendency to invade deeply into the cochlear capsule.", "contents": "Cochlear reserve in otosclerosis. A long-term follow-up study of fenestration cases. In this long-term follow-up study of fenestration cases, a remarkable stability in sensorineural hearing levels is demonstrated. Since the focus of otosclerosis was not removed at the time of fenestration surgery, this bone conduction stability is an indication that the ear can withstand the presence of an otosclerotic lesion that produces stapes fixation for long periods of time without sensorineural deterioration. It would seem that the otosclerotic lesion in ears suitable for fenestration surgery has had little tendency to invade deeply into the cochlear capsule.", "PMID": 678194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3452", "title": "Bilateral choristomas of the external auditory canals.", "content": "To our knowledge, we report the first case of external auditory canal choristomas in the American literature. The pathologic condition of each side was serous salivary tissue, and at surgery, there was no connection with the parotid gland.", "contents": "Bilateral choristomas of the external auditory canals. To our knowledge, we report the first case of external auditory canal choristomas in the American literature. The pathologic condition of each side was serous salivary tissue, and at surgery, there was no connection with the parotid gland.", "PMID": 678195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3453", "title": "Simultaneous bilateral parotid and submandibular gland calculi.", "content": "A recent review of the medical literature revealed no recorded cases of simultaneous bilateral parotid and submandibular calculi. We present such a case with roentgenographic documentation.", "contents": "Simultaneous bilateral parotid and submandibular gland calculi. A recent review of the medical literature revealed no recorded cases of simultaneous bilateral parotid and submandibular calculi. We present such a case with roentgenographic documentation.", "PMID": 678196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3454", "title": "Rupture of the carotid artery from a hypopharyngeal foreign body.", "content": "A 16-year-old boy ruptured his common carotid artery after ingestion of an open safety pin. This unusual occurrence is presented, along with a review of the literature and recommendations for proximal and distal ligation of the involved artery.", "contents": "Rupture of the carotid artery from a hypopharyngeal foreign body. A 16-year-old boy ruptured his common carotid artery after ingestion of an open safety pin. This unusual occurrence is presented, along with a review of the literature and recommendations for proximal and distal ligation of the involved artery.", "PMID": 678197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3455", "title": "Bilateral trigeminal nerve sensory deficits and nasal deformity.", "content": "A nasal deformity developed in a woman with bilateral trigeminal sensory deficits. A comparison of the clinical and pathologic features of this case with those of several other cases that have been reported previously suggests a relationship between the bilateral fifth nerve lesions and the nasal damage. The aforementioned clinical combination does not appear to be pathognomonic of any specific nosologic entity. However, it probably should be accorded the status of a clinical syndrome since the nasal degeneration apparently occurs only if both fifth nerves are affected.", "contents": "Bilateral trigeminal nerve sensory deficits and nasal deformity. A nasal deformity developed in a woman with bilateral trigeminal sensory deficits. A comparison of the clinical and pathologic features of this case with those of several other cases that have been reported previously suggests a relationship between the bilateral fifth nerve lesions and the nasal damage. The aforementioned clinical combination does not appear to be pathognomonic of any specific nosologic entity. However, it probably should be accorded the status of a clinical syndrome since the nasal degeneration apparently occurs only if both fifth nerves are affected.", "PMID": 678198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3456", "title": "Teenagers in today's society.", "content": "The alienation of the adolescent and late-adolescent of western societies in the late 60s and into the 70s has created disturbances which show up as 'illness' in families and youth. This article discusses the aetiology of such illness, and suggests an approach to the problem by counselling rather than by the use of drugs.", "contents": "Teenagers in today's society. The alienation of the adolescent and late-adolescent of western societies in the late 60s and into the 70s has created disturbances which show up as 'illness' in families and youth. This article discusses the aetiology of such illness, and suggests an approach to the problem by counselling rather than by the use of drugs.", "PMID": 678203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3457", "title": "A doctor at school.", "content": "Whether we are parents, teachers, doctors or other health professionals, we share a major concern in the growing number of adolescents who can be called 'alienated'. These people feel 'out-of-touch' with themselves, with others and with society. The causes and consequences are complex, but a greater awareness of the difficulties involved in growing up today, and a greater willingness for harmonious interaction between us all will be of benefit, not only to the adolescents we may help more effectively, but also to ourselves in our professional development. To the doctor, the school represents an influential environment for the adolescent that may play an important role in the aetiology of maladaptation. The school also represents an underutilized potential for health education and intervention, and for individual as well as multidisciplinary health care.", "contents": "A doctor at school. Whether we are parents, teachers, doctors or other health professionals, we share a major concern in the growing number of adolescents who can be called 'alienated'. These people feel 'out-of-touch' with themselves, with others and with society. The causes and consequences are complex, but a greater awareness of the difficulties involved in growing up today, and a greater willingness for harmonious interaction between us all will be of benefit, not only to the adolescents we may help more effectively, but also to ourselves in our professional development. To the doctor, the school represents an influential environment for the adolescent that may play an important role in the aetiology of maladaptation. The school also represents an underutilized potential for health education and intervention, and for individual as well as multidisciplinary health care.", "PMID": 678204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3458", "title": "Changes in plasma tryptophan and melatonin content in penned sheep.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to examine the relationship between the plasma levels of melatonin and its precursor tryptophan. No circadian changes in plasma total tryptophan content were evident which could be related to the marked night-time rise in plasma melatonin. An automated programmable blood sampling device suited to studies of circadian rhythms in blood constituents is described.", "contents": "Changes in plasma tryptophan and melatonin content in penned sheep. The present study was undertaken to examine the relationship between the plasma levels of melatonin and its precursor tryptophan. No circadian changes in plasma total tryptophan content were evident which could be related to the marked night-time rise in plasma melatonin. An automated programmable blood sampling device suited to studies of circadian rhythms in blood constituents is described.", "PMID": 678215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3459", "title": "Pyridoxine and atherosclerosis: role of pyridoxine in the metabolism of  lipids and glycosaminoglycans in rats fed normal and high fat, high cholesterol diets containing 16% casein.", "content": "The effect of administration of low and high doses of pyridoxine on the metabolism of lipids and glycosaminoglycans has been studied in rats fed normal and high fat, high cholesterol diets. Low doses of pyridoxine (0.005 mg/100 g body weight) caused increased concentrations, of cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum and aorta in animals fed normal and high fat, high cholesterol diets. Administration of high doses of pyridoxine (5.0 mg/100 g body weight) caused decrease in the concentration of these lipids in these tissues except in the case of the aorta in the animals fed a normal diet. Low doses of pyridoxine generally caused a decrease in the concentration of many glycosaminoglycan fractions in the aorta in rats fed normal and high fat, high cholesterol diets, whilst high doses caused an increase. The activity of glucosaminephosphate isomerase (glutamine-forming) and UDPglucose dehydrogenase, both key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of glycosaminoglycans, decreased in rats given low doses of pyridoxine and increased in rats given high doses. The activity of many enzymes concerned with degradation of glycosaminoglycans--hyaluronoglucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, aryl sulphatase, and cathepsin D--generally increased in rats fed low doses of the pyridoxine and decreased in those given high doses. The concentration of hepatic 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulphate, and the activity of the sulphate-activating system and of aryl sulphotransferase decreased when the dose of pyridoxine was low and increased when the dose was high.", "contents": "Pyridoxine and atherosclerosis: role of pyridoxine in the metabolism of  lipids and glycosaminoglycans in rats fed normal and high fat, high cholesterol diets containing 16% casein. The effect of administration of low and high doses of pyridoxine on the metabolism of lipids and glycosaminoglycans has been studied in rats fed normal and high fat, high cholesterol diets. Low doses of pyridoxine (0.005 mg/100 g body weight) caused increased concentrations, of cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum and aorta in animals fed normal and high fat, high cholesterol diets. Administration of high doses of pyridoxine (5.0 mg/100 g body weight) caused decrease in the concentration of these lipids in these tissues except in the case of the aorta in the animals fed a normal diet. Low doses of pyridoxine generally caused a decrease in the concentration of many glycosaminoglycan fractions in the aorta in rats fed normal and high fat, high cholesterol diets, whilst high doses caused an increase. The activity of glucosaminephosphate isomerase (glutamine-forming) and UDPglucose dehydrogenase, both key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of glycosaminoglycans, decreased in rats given low doses of pyridoxine and increased in rats given high doses. The activity of many enzymes concerned with degradation of glycosaminoglycans--hyaluronoglucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, aryl sulphatase, and cathepsin D--generally increased in rats fed low doses of the pyridoxine and decreased in those given high doses. The concentration of hepatic 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulphate, and the activity of the sulphate-activating system and of aryl sulphotransferase decreased when the dose of pyridoxine was low and increased when the dose was high.", "PMID": 678216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3460", "title": "The effect of diet and of methionine loading on activity of enzymes in the transulfuration pathway in sheep.", "content": "In three experiments, activity of hepatic enzymes associated with metabolism of methionine through the transulfuration pathway were studied with respect to possible effects of diet and methionine infusion per abomasum. In experiment 1 no differences in methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) or cystathionine lambda-lyase (CGL) were detected between lucerne and wheaten straw diets, or between effects of fasting for 48 h and 96 h after feeding lucrene chaff as opposed to fasting after feeding wheaten straw. Fasting for 96 h resulted in a trend toward increasing CGL and MAT specific activities on both diets. In experiment 2 MAT was depressed significantly by infusion of methionine at 1.4 g/day and to a greater extent by infusion at 4.2 g/day, whilst CGL was not significantly affected. In experiment 3 MAT specific activity decreased significantly in response to both levels of methionine supplementation. Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase activity was increased by methionine infusion. CGL decreased in all treatments but there was a larger decrease in those animals receiving methionine infusion. No significant changes were observed in relation to other enzymes examined which included cystathionine beta-synthase and threonine dehydratase. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that in sheep the increase in methionine in blood plasma which occurs when methionine is absorbed in increased amounts may be due to reduced entry into the transulfuration pathway because of a repression of MAT activity.", "contents": "The effect of diet and of methionine loading on activity of enzymes in the transulfuration pathway in sheep. In three experiments, activity of hepatic enzymes associated with metabolism of methionine through the transulfuration pathway were studied with respect to possible effects of diet and methionine infusion per abomasum. In experiment 1 no differences in methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) or cystathionine lambda-lyase (CGL) were detected between lucerne and wheaten straw diets, or between effects of fasting for 48 h and 96 h after feeding lucrene chaff as opposed to fasting after feeding wheaten straw. Fasting for 96 h resulted in a trend toward increasing CGL and MAT specific activities on both diets. In experiment 2 MAT was depressed significantly by infusion of methionine at 1.4 g/day and to a greater extent by infusion at 4.2 g/day, whilst CGL was not significantly affected. In experiment 3 MAT specific activity decreased significantly in response to both levels of methionine supplementation. Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase activity was increased by methionine infusion. CGL decreased in all treatments but there was a larger decrease in those animals receiving methionine infusion. No significant changes were observed in relation to other enzymes examined which included cystathionine beta-synthase and threonine dehydratase. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that in sheep the increase in methionine in blood plasma which occurs when methionine is absorbed in increased amounts may be due to reduced entry into the transulfuration pathway because of a repression of MAT activity.", "PMID": 678217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3461", "title": "Comparative toxicities of mimosine and some chemically related compounds to mouse bone marrow cells in liquid culture.", "content": "Mimosine, a plant amino acid which is toxic in mammals, was shown to be a potent inhibitor of incorporation of [3H]thymidine in mouse bone marrow cells in liquid culture (is greater than 70% inhibition at a concentration of 2 x 10(-4) M). To determine the parts of the molecule responsible for the inhibitory mechanism the effects of 13 chemically related compounds were examined in this system. The structural features necessary for inhibitory activity of the 4(1H)-pyridones were (1) the 3-hydroxyl-4-oxo function of the pyridone ring together with (2) an alpha-alanine or a 2-aminoethyl side chain. Compounds based on several other hydroxy heterocyclic functions were either weakly active or inactive. 3-Hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone, the goitrogen to which mimosine is converted in ruminants, was only slightly inhibitory. These results are compared with published information on the effects of some of these compounds on other types of mammalian cells in vitro. The mouse bone marrow system in which inhibition of incorporation of [3H]thymidine is used as an index of cytotoxicity was shown to be sensitive and reproducible, and could be useful for structure-activity investigations of other cytotoxic compounds.", "contents": "Comparative toxicities of mimosine and some chemically related compounds to mouse bone marrow cells in liquid culture. Mimosine, a plant amino acid which is toxic in mammals, was shown to be a potent inhibitor of incorporation of [3H]thymidine in mouse bone marrow cells in liquid culture (is greater than 70% inhibition at a concentration of 2 x 10(-4) M). To determine the parts of the molecule responsible for the inhibitory mechanism the effects of 13 chemically related compounds were examined in this system. The structural features necessary for inhibitory activity of the 4(1H)-pyridones were (1) the 3-hydroxyl-4-oxo function of the pyridone ring together with (2) an alpha-alanine or a 2-aminoethyl side chain. Compounds based on several other hydroxy heterocyclic functions were either weakly active or inactive. 3-Hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone, the goitrogen to which mimosine is converted in ruminants, was only slightly inhibitory. These results are compared with published information on the effects of some of these compounds on other types of mammalian cells in vitro. The mouse bone marrow system in which inhibition of incorporation of [3H]thymidine is used as an index of cytotoxicity was shown to be sensitive and reproducible, and could be useful for structure-activity investigations of other cytotoxic compounds.", "PMID": 678218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3462", "title": "Amino acid uptake by the mammary gland of the lactating ewe.", "content": "(1) The arterio-venous difference technique, previously used to measure mammary substrate uptake with cows and goats, was used to measure amino acid uptake by the mammary gland of the lactating Merino ewe. Possession of a single large superficial epigastric vein by the Merino ewe makes the Merino breed the most suitable for this type of study. (2) A method was developed enabling hourly measurement of milk yield without causing undue stress. Milk yield was essentially constant over a 7-8 h period. (3) Mammary extraction of most non-essential amino acids was low relative to output in milk protein and showed a greater variability with time than that found for the essential amino acids. There was a significant mammary extraction of ornithine and citrulline, neither amino acid being found in ovine milk protein. (4) Of the essential amino acids valine, isoleucine, leucine and arginine were taken up in excess of their requirement for milk protein synthesis. (5) On the basis of the extent of mammary extraction, methionine, lysine and leucine were first-, second- and third-limiting to the rate of milk protein synthesis. (6) Despite fluctuations in arterial amino acid concentrations the arterio-venous differences of the essential amino acids were relatively constant over a 7-8 h period. (7) The pattern of mammary amino acid uptake in the ewe is contrasted with that found in similar studies carried out with the lactating cow and goat.", "contents": "Amino acid uptake by the mammary gland of the lactating ewe. (1) The arterio-venous difference technique, previously used to measure mammary substrate uptake with cows and goats, was used to measure amino acid uptake by the mammary gland of the lactating Merino ewe. Possession of a single large superficial epigastric vein by the Merino ewe makes the Merino breed the most suitable for this type of study. (2) A method was developed enabling hourly measurement of milk yield without causing undue stress. Milk yield was essentially constant over a 7-8 h period. (3) Mammary extraction of most non-essential amino acids was low relative to output in milk protein and showed a greater variability with time than that found for the essential amino acids. There was a significant mammary extraction of ornithine and citrulline, neither amino acid being found in ovine milk protein. (4) Of the essential amino acids valine, isoleucine, leucine and arginine were taken up in excess of their requirement for milk protein synthesis. (5) On the basis of the extent of mammary extraction, methionine, lysine and leucine were first-, second- and third-limiting to the rate of milk protein synthesis. (6) Despite fluctuations in arterial amino acid concentrations the arterio-venous differences of the essential amino acids were relatively constant over a 7-8 h period. (7) The pattern of mammary amino acid uptake in the ewe is contrasted with that found in similar studies carried out with the lactating cow and goat.", "PMID": 678219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3463", "title": "Mammary glucose uptake in the lactating ewe and the use of methionine arterio-venous difference for the calculation of mammary blood flow.", "content": "(1) The validity of using the arterio-venous concentration difference of methionine to calculate mammary blood flow in the ewe, on the basis of the Fick principle, is discussed. (2) Calculation of mammary blood flow in the lactating Merino ewe indicated that blood flow per unit weight of tissue and the ratio of blood flow : milk yield were approximately twice that found in the lactating cow and goat. (3) Calculated mammary blood flow in Merino ewes was used in conjunction with glucose arterio-venous difference to determine mammary glucose uptake. Glucose uptake per unit weight of tissue in the ewe was almost double that found in the cow and goat. The ratio of mammary glucose uptake to lactose output was also higher in the ewe than that found in the cow and goat. The utilization of glucose by the mammary gland of the ewe is discussed in relation to the possible greater requirement for NADPH and glycerol for milk fat synthesis in this species.", "contents": "Mammary glucose uptake in the lactating ewe and the use of methionine arterio-venous difference for the calculation of mammary blood flow. (1) The validity of using the arterio-venous concentration difference of methionine to calculate mammary blood flow in the ewe, on the basis of the Fick principle, is discussed. (2) Calculation of mammary blood flow in the lactating Merino ewe indicated that blood flow per unit weight of tissue and the ratio of blood flow : milk yield were approximately twice that found in the lactating cow and goat. (3) Calculated mammary blood flow in Merino ewes was used in conjunction with glucose arterio-venous difference to determine mammary glucose uptake. Glucose uptake per unit weight of tissue in the ewe was almost double that found in the cow and goat. The ratio of mammary glucose uptake to lactose output was also higher in the ewe than that found in the cow and goat. The utilization of glucose by the mammary gland of the ewe is discussed in relation to the possible greater requirement for NADPH and glycerol for milk fat synthesis in this species.", "PMID": 678220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3464", "title": "Metabolism of [14C] amitraz in larvae of Boophilus microplus.", "content": "Amitraz, 1, 5-di(2, 4-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-1, 3, 5-triazapenta-1, 4-diene, labelled with 14C in the 2-methyl groups was applied to B. microplus larvae by an immersion technique. The chemical penetrated readily but never appeared in large amounts internally due to rapid cleavage to N-2, 4-dimethylphenyl-N'-methylformamidine. The expected complementary cleavage product 2, 4-dimethylformanilide was not produced in equivalent quantity. However, large amounts of polar metabolite(s) were produced. Small quantities of 2, 4-dimethylaniline and an unidentified non-polar metabolite were also produced. Of the identified chemicals only amitraz and N-2, 4-dimethylphenyl-N'-methylformamidine were toxic to larvae. Piperonyl butoxide applied simultaneously with amitraz had only a slight effect on metabolism but had a three-fold synergistic effect. SKF 525-A similarly applied had a negligible effect on both metabolism and toxicity.", "contents": "Metabolism of [14C] amitraz in larvae of Boophilus microplus. Amitraz, 1, 5-di(2, 4-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-1, 3, 5-triazapenta-1, 4-diene, labelled with 14C in the 2-methyl groups was applied to B. microplus larvae by an immersion technique. The chemical penetrated readily but never appeared in large amounts internally due to rapid cleavage to N-2, 4-dimethylphenyl-N'-methylformamidine. The expected complementary cleavage product 2, 4-dimethylformanilide was not produced in equivalent quantity. However, large amounts of polar metabolite(s) were produced. Small quantities of 2, 4-dimethylaniline and an unidentified non-polar metabolite were also produced. Of the identified chemicals only amitraz and N-2, 4-dimethylphenyl-N'-methylformamidine were toxic to larvae. Piperonyl butoxide applied simultaneously with amitraz had only a slight effect on metabolism but had a three-fold synergistic effect. SKF 525-A similarly applied had a negligible effect on both metabolism and toxicity.", "PMID": 678221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3465", "title": "Effects of abomasal supplements of methionine on the wool follicles and skin of wheat-fed sheep.", "content": "In wheat-fed sheep, supplemented abomasally with 1.5-6.0 g methionine per day, poor formation and improper keratinization of the wool fibres were evident 4 days after the start of the methionine supplementation. This led to kinking of the fibres. Subsequently severe distortion of the fibres, accompanied by gross thickening of the outer root sheaths, occurred in the distal (upper) halves of most follicles. Within this thickened region partial degradation of the distorted fibres occurred before emergence from the skin surface, causing a marked reduction in the tensile strength of the wool. It is postulated that kinking of the fibres stimulated the accumulation of outer root sheath cells, which led to hyperactivity of the process that normally degrades the inner root sheath, so that the poorly keratinized fibres were also partly degraded. Thickening of the epidermis and cellular infiltration of the upper dermis sometimes occurred during the infusions of methionine, whereas there were negligible effects on the sebaceous and sweat glands. Disappearance of the excess accumulation of outer root sheath cells after cessation of the methionine supplementation occurred gradually following improvement in keratinization and elimination of kinking of the fibres.", "contents": "Effects of abomasal supplements of methionine on the wool follicles and skin of wheat-fed sheep. In wheat-fed sheep, supplemented abomasally with 1.5-6.0 g methionine per day, poor formation and improper keratinization of the wool fibres were evident 4 days after the start of the methionine supplementation. This led to kinking of the fibres. Subsequently severe distortion of the fibres, accompanied by gross thickening of the outer root sheaths, occurred in the distal (upper) halves of most follicles. Within this thickened region partial degradation of the distorted fibres occurred before emergence from the skin surface, causing a marked reduction in the tensile strength of the wool. It is postulated that kinking of the fibres stimulated the accumulation of outer root sheath cells, which led to hyperactivity of the process that normally degrades the inner root sheath, so that the poorly keratinized fibres were also partly degraded. Thickening of the epidermis and cellular infiltration of the upper dermis sometimes occurred during the infusions of methionine, whereas there were negligible effects on the sebaceous and sweat glands. Disappearance of the excess accumulation of outer root sheath cells after cessation of the methionine supplementation occurred gradually following improvement in keratinization and elimination of kinking of the fibres.", "PMID": 678222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3466", "title": "The importance of prolactin and the milking stimulus in the artificial induction of lactation in cows.", "content": "Lactations were successfully induced in 15 out of 18 non-pregnant cows treated with oestradiol-17beta (0.1 mg/kg body weight) and progesterone (0.25 mg/kg body weight) on days 1-7 (where day 1 is the first day of treatment). A further 23 out of 26 cows were successfully treated with oestradiol-17beta and progesterone standardized at 40 and 100 mg/day respectively. No significant differences in milk yields were obtained by the additional treatments of twice daily milking from day 10, sustained elevation or suppression of plasma prolactin during the induction phase by reserpine and bromo-cryptine respectively, or by continuing oestradiol-17beta injections alone on days 8-11. Levels of plasma prolactin less than 20 ng/ml were adequate for the preparation of the mammary gland for lactation to occur. The induced lactation of 24 monozygotic twin cows ranged from 20 to 87% of their respective siblings which had normal parturient lactations. All 11 cows treated with the standard oestrogen-progesterone treatment plus reserpine had successfully induced lactations. In the absence of oestrogen and progesterone treatment, a short period of resperpine treatment followed by dexamethasone trimethylacetate failed to induce lactation in five cows. Ninety per cent of induced cows (n = 39) and 91% of parturient cows (n = 22) conceived and subsequently calved following natural mating.", "contents": "The importance of prolactin and the milking stimulus in the artificial induction of lactation in cows. Lactations were successfully induced in 15 out of 18 non-pregnant cows treated with oestradiol-17beta (0.1 mg/kg body weight) and progesterone (0.25 mg/kg body weight) on days 1-7 (where day 1 is the first day of treatment). A further 23 out of 26 cows were successfully treated with oestradiol-17beta and progesterone standardized at 40 and 100 mg/day respectively. No significant differences in milk yields were obtained by the additional treatments of twice daily milking from day 10, sustained elevation or suppression of plasma prolactin during the induction phase by reserpine and bromo-cryptine respectively, or by continuing oestradiol-17beta injections alone on days 8-11. Levels of plasma prolactin less than 20 ng/ml were adequate for the preparation of the mammary gland for lactation to occur. The induced lactation of 24 monozygotic twin cows ranged from 20 to 87% of their respective siblings which had normal parturient lactations. All 11 cows treated with the standard oestrogen-progesterone treatment plus reserpine had successfully induced lactations. In the absence of oestrogen and progesterone treatment, a short period of resperpine treatment followed by dexamethasone trimethylacetate failed to induce lactation in five cows. Ninety per cent of induced cows (n = 39) and 91% of parturient cows (n = 22) conceived and subsequently calved following natural mating.", "PMID": 678223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3467", "title": "Blood hyperviscosity in cryoglobulinaemia: temperature sensitivity and correlation with reduced skin blood flow.", "content": "Cryoglobulins cause an increase in plasma viscosity and this has been attributed to increased protein-protein interaction. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the interaction between red cells and these proteins by measuring the viscosity of whold blood from 21 patients with cryoglobulinaemia not only at high (73 sec-1) and low (0.18 sec-1) shear rates, but also at different temperatures. At 35 degrees blood hyperviscosity was found in 62% of the patients at the high shear rate, and in 76% of patients at the low shear rate. Cooling of the blood to 25 degrees caused an increase in the blood viscosity which was particularly marked at the low shear rate. The plasma viscosity was significantly increased at both temperatures. The hand blood flow was measured at 32 degrees, 27 degrees and 20 degrees in 12 patients to assess the degree of impairment of the peripheral circulation. The flows were significantly reduced at each temperature and there was an increase in the sensitivity of the flow through this region to local cooling. These findings indicate that in the presence of a cryoglobulin there is an increased viscous resistance, particularly at low flow rates. The temperature and shear rate characteristics of the blood viscosity suggest that cryoglobulins markedly potentiate red cell aggregation. This explains, at lest in part, the high incidence of skin and vascular complications in patients with cryoglobulinaemia and the characteristic localization of these features to exposed peripheral tissues.", "contents": "Blood hyperviscosity in cryoglobulinaemia: temperature sensitivity and correlation with reduced skin blood flow. Cryoglobulins cause an increase in plasma viscosity and this has been attributed to increased protein-protein interaction. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the interaction between red cells and these proteins by measuring the viscosity of whold blood from 21 patients with cryoglobulinaemia not only at high (73 sec-1) and low (0.18 sec-1) shear rates, but also at different temperatures. At 35 degrees blood hyperviscosity was found in 62% of the patients at the high shear rate, and in 76% of patients at the low shear rate. Cooling of the blood to 25 degrees caused an increase in the blood viscosity which was particularly marked at the low shear rate. The plasma viscosity was significantly increased at both temperatures. The hand blood flow was measured at 32 degrees, 27 degrees and 20 degrees in 12 patients to assess the degree of impairment of the peripheral circulation. The flows were significantly reduced at each temperature and there was an increase in the sensitivity of the flow through this region to local cooling. These findings indicate that in the presence of a cryoglobulin there is an increased viscous resistance, particularly at low flow rates. The temperature and shear rate characteristics of the blood viscosity suggest that cryoglobulins markedly potentiate red cell aggregation. This explains, at lest in part, the high incidence of skin and vascular complications in patients with cryoglobulinaemia and the characteristic localization of these features to exposed peripheral tissues.", "PMID": 678224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3468", "title": "Rodent zoonoses in North Queensland: the occurrence and distribution of zoonotic infections in North Queensland rodents.", "content": "A study of potentially zoonotic infections was carried out on 351 rodents trapped in north-eastern Queensland. Their ecosystems included towns, agricultural and livestock areas, wookland and rainforest. Nine serotypes of salmonellae were obtained from asymptomatic carries in predominantly settled locations. Two strains of Ps. pseudomallei occurred in rainforest near Innisfail and one on a cattle property adjacent to Townsville. Ps. aeruginosa caused bronchopneumonia in one animal from Townsville harbour. Ifection by leptospirae of six serogroups and seven serovars were identified by serological or cultural examinations. Enzootic foci occurred on the Mount Spec rainforest where celledoni and australis were being excreted by rats adjacent to the Paluma dam system. In addition to the scrub typhus locations at Rocky Creek, Atherton Tableland and Bullocky Creek, near Ingham, which were confirmed, a new focus of infection by R. tsutsugamushi was identified at El Arish near Tully. Water rat (H. chrysogaster) at Townsville harbour constituted a reservoir of toxoplasmosis. In addition to the known human pathogenic helminths H. nana and H. diminuta, localized foci of hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) were found. Histological evidence of cytomegalic disease of the salivary glands or kidneys was a common finding.", "contents": "Rodent zoonoses in North Queensland: the occurrence and distribution of zoonotic infections in North Queensland rodents. A study of potentially zoonotic infections was carried out on 351 rodents trapped in north-eastern Queensland. Their ecosystems included towns, agricultural and livestock areas, wookland and rainforest. Nine serotypes of salmonellae were obtained from asymptomatic carries in predominantly settled locations. Two strains of Ps. pseudomallei occurred in rainforest near Innisfail and one on a cattle property adjacent to Townsville. Ps. aeruginosa caused bronchopneumonia in one animal from Townsville harbour. Ifection by leptospirae of six serogroups and seven serovars were identified by serological or cultural examinations. Enzootic foci occurred on the Mount Spec rainforest where celledoni and australis were being excreted by rats adjacent to the Paluma dam system. In addition to the scrub typhus locations at Rocky Creek, Atherton Tableland and Bullocky Creek, near Ingham, which were confirmed, a new focus of infection by R. tsutsugamushi was identified at El Arish near Tully. Water rat (H. chrysogaster) at Townsville harbour constituted a reservoir of toxoplasmosis. In addition to the known human pathogenic helminths H. nana and H. diminuta, localized foci of hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) were found. Histological evidence of cytomegalic disease of the salivary glands or kidneys was a common finding.", "PMID": 678225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3469", "title": "A new large chylomicron remnant from cholesterol-fed rabbits.", "content": "The lipoproteins of density less than 1.063 g/ml of cholesterol-fed rabbits were subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation. In many rabbits two peaks were found in the very low density (Sf greater than 20) portion of the lipoprotein spectrum. They were isolated by preparative ultracentrifugation and analysed. The smaller particles (remnant chylomicrons) had a peak Sf of 37, mean diameter of 36 nm, mean density of 1.00 g/ml, and their chemical composition agreed closely with previous reports. The larger particles had a peak Sf of 270, mean diameter of 80 nm, mean density of 0.97 g/ml and a high (80%) cholesterol ester and low (4%) triglyceride content. The fatty acid composition of the cholesterol esters, phospholipids and triglycerides was similar in both fractions. It is proposed that these large lipoprotein particles are also remnant chylomicrons. Possible reasons are presented to explain the presence of this second peak in the very low density lipoprotein spectrum.", "contents": "A new large chylomicron remnant from cholesterol-fed rabbits. The lipoproteins of density less than 1.063 g/ml of cholesterol-fed rabbits were subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation. In many rabbits two peaks were found in the very low density (Sf greater than 20) portion of the lipoprotein spectrum. They were isolated by preparative ultracentrifugation and analysed. The smaller particles (remnant chylomicrons) had a peak Sf of 37, mean diameter of 36 nm, mean density of 1.00 g/ml, and their chemical composition agreed closely with previous reports. The larger particles had a peak Sf of 270, mean diameter of 80 nm, mean density of 0.97 g/ml and a high (80%) cholesterol ester and low (4%) triglyceride content. The fatty acid composition of the cholesterol esters, phospholipids and triglycerides was similar in both fractions. It is proposed that these large lipoprotein particles are also remnant chylomicrons. Possible reasons are presented to explain the presence of this second peak in the very low density lipoprotein spectrum.", "PMID": 678226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3470", "title": "Apparent antihaemophilic activity of basic amphoteric polyelectrolytes.", "content": "Amphoteric polyelectrolytes with alkaline isoelectric points (for example Ampholine 9-11) intended for use in isoelectric focussing were found to shorten the prolonged partial thrombosplastin clotting time with kaolin (PTTK) of plasma deficient in factor VIII. The response of this PTTK to Ampholine 9-11 was linear when plotted on double log paper with a slope slightly greater than that of factor VIII itself. Ampholine 9-11 at 2% concentration had factor VIII and factor IX activity equal to that of normal plasma as well as somewhat less activity as factor XI. It had no significant correcting effect on the clotting of plasmas deficient in factors V, VII, X, II OR XII. Ampholine 9-11 inhibited low concentrations of contact activators and its effect in correcting factor VIII deficient plasma was found to be related to the degree of contact activation.", "contents": "Apparent antihaemophilic activity of basic amphoteric polyelectrolytes. Amphoteric polyelectrolytes with alkaline isoelectric points (for example Ampholine 9-11) intended for use in isoelectric focussing were found to shorten the prolonged partial thrombosplastin clotting time with kaolin (PTTK) of plasma deficient in factor VIII. The response of this PTTK to Ampholine 9-11 was linear when plotted on double log paper with a slope slightly greater than that of factor VIII itself. Ampholine 9-11 at 2% concentration had factor VIII and factor IX activity equal to that of normal plasma as well as somewhat less activity as factor XI. It had no significant correcting effect on the clotting of plasmas deficient in factors V, VII, X, II OR XII. Ampholine 9-11 inhibited low concentrations of contact activators and its effect in correcting factor VIII deficient plasma was found to be related to the degree of contact activation.", "PMID": 678227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3471", "title": "Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on rat intestinal alkaline phsophatase.", "content": "The effect of pyridoxine deficiency was studied on the intestinal alkaline phosphatase of rat. Different segments of the intestine differed in their response to pyridoxine deficiency. In the duodenum alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased, whereas it was markedly increased in the ileum and the jejunal enzyme was least affected. The electrophoretic pattern of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase was altered in the ileum of B6 deficient rats.", "contents": "Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on rat intestinal alkaline phsophatase. The effect of pyridoxine deficiency was studied on the intestinal alkaline phosphatase of rat. Different segments of the intestine differed in their response to pyridoxine deficiency. In the duodenum alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased, whereas it was markedly increased in the ileum and the jejunal enzyme was least affected. The electrophoretic pattern of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase was altered in the ileum of B6 deficient rats.", "PMID": 678228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3472", "title": "Immunoglobulin metabolism in sheep infected with the small intestinal nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis.", "content": "Radiotracer techniques were used to compare the kinetics of IgG1 and IgG2 metabolism in sheep (1) prior to parasite exposure, (2) during an initial patent infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and (3) during continuous exposure to the parasite when the animals were exhibiting resistance. Plasma concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM were also monitored throughout the experiment. Plasma IgG1 concentration increased significantly during the development of resistance and maintained this higher level on further exposure to the parasite. IgA concentration was also elevated during the development of resistance to a level approximately three times that observed prior to initial infection, but this increase was only transitory. No significant changes in either IgG2 or IgM concentration occurred. Analysis of the radiotracer data for IgG1 and Ig G2 was based on a two compartment model comprising intravascular and extravascular protein pools with reversible exchange between them and irreversible loss from the intravascular site. No significant changes in compartment sizes or rates of exchange between compartments were recorded during measurement periods (1), (2) and (3) for either IgG1 or IgG2. Rates of irreversible loss of IgG2 were similar during (1), (2), and (3); the irreversible loss of IgG) was unaltered following the initial infection but increases by approximately 50% during period (3). It is concluded that increased synthesis of IgG1 in resistant sheep continually exposed to T. colubriformis occurs as a result of antigenic stimulation rather than as a consequence of increased loss of plasma into the intestine.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin metabolism in sheep infected with the small intestinal nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Radiotracer techniques were used to compare the kinetics of IgG1 and IgG2 metabolism in sheep (1) prior to parasite exposure, (2) during an initial patent infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and (3) during continuous exposure to the parasite when the animals were exhibiting resistance. Plasma concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM were also monitored throughout the experiment. Plasma IgG1 concentration increased significantly during the development of resistance and maintained this higher level on further exposure to the parasite. IgA concentration was also elevated during the development of resistance to a level approximately three times that observed prior to initial infection, but this increase was only transitory. No significant changes in either IgG2 or IgM concentration occurred. Analysis of the radiotracer data for IgG1 and Ig G2 was based on a two compartment model comprising intravascular and extravascular protein pools with reversible exchange between them and irreversible loss from the intravascular site. No significant changes in compartment sizes or rates of exchange between compartments were recorded during measurement periods (1), (2) and (3) for either IgG1 or IgG2. Rates of irreversible loss of IgG2 were similar during (1), (2), and (3); the irreversible loss of IgG) was unaltered following the initial infection but increases by approximately 50% during period (3). It is concluded that increased synthesis of IgG1 in resistant sheep continually exposed to T. colubriformis occurs as a result of antigenic stimulation rather than as a consequence of increased loss of plasma into the intestine.", "PMID": 678229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3473", "title": "Flow and protein composition of intestinal lymph in sheep infected with the enteric nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis.", "content": "A study of immunoglobulin and albumin concentrations and the flow of intestinal lymph was made in sheep during infection with the parasitic nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Observations were made on uninfected worm-free sheep, on worm-free sheep undergoing primary infection and on immune sheep undergoing challenge infection. The flow of intestinal lymph and the concentrations of IgG1, IgG2 and IgM in intestinal lymph and IgG2  and IgM in blood plasma remained relatively constant during both primary and challenge infection. The concentration of IgA in intestinal lymph and blood plasma increased as early as day 6 of primary infection and maximum values were observed at day 34. By day 34 of primary infection the concentration of IgG1 in blood plasma was significantly greater than that found in worm-free controls. Plasma IgG1 concentrations in resistant sheep were also significantly greater than those observed in worm-free controls. Challenge infection in immune sheep did not raise the concentration of IgA in intestinal lymph and blood or IgG1 in blood. An indirect haemagglutination test was used to detect antibodies to T. colubriformis. Primary infection did not increase anti-worm antibody titres in either intestinal lymph or serum. Significant antibody titres were present in serum and lymph from immune sheep and were rapidly increased by challenge infection. Most antibody activity in serum was associated with IgM, whereas that in intestinal lymph was associated with IgA. These observations indicate the occurrence of a local antibody response to T. colubriformis in the intestine of immune sheep.", "contents": "Flow and protein composition of intestinal lymph in sheep infected with the enteric nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis. A study of immunoglobulin and albumin concentrations and the flow of intestinal lymph was made in sheep during infection with the parasitic nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Observations were made on uninfected worm-free sheep, on worm-free sheep undergoing primary infection and on immune sheep undergoing challenge infection. The flow of intestinal lymph and the concentrations of IgG1, IgG2 and IgM in intestinal lymph and IgG2  and IgM in blood plasma remained relatively constant during both primary and challenge infection. The concentration of IgA in intestinal lymph and blood plasma increased as early as day 6 of primary infection and maximum values were observed at day 34. By day 34 of primary infection the concentration of IgG1 in blood plasma was significantly greater than that found in worm-free controls. Plasma IgG1 concentrations in resistant sheep were also significantly greater than those observed in worm-free controls. Challenge infection in immune sheep did not raise the concentration of IgA in intestinal lymph and blood or IgG1 in blood. An indirect haemagglutination test was used to detect antibodies to T. colubriformis. Primary infection did not increase anti-worm antibody titres in either intestinal lymph or serum. Significant antibody titres were present in serum and lymph from immune sheep and were rapidly increased by challenge infection. Most antibody activity in serum was associated with IgM, whereas that in intestinal lymph was associated with IgA. These observations indicate the occurrence of a local antibody response to T. colubriformis in the intestine of immune sheep.", "PMID": 678230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3474", "title": "Immunity to Nematospiroides dubius: cell and immunoglobulin changes associated with the onset of immunity in mice.", "content": "The effect of one or more immunising infections on the susceptibility of mice to a subsequent challenge dose of Nematospiroides dubius larvae has been investigated. Following a single infection, animals developed a partial resistance characterized by their capacity to kill no more than half of the challenge dose of larvae. This low degree of immunity prevailed for some weeks after initial infection. A second immunising infection was found to induce a sudden increase in resistance such that at least 95% of a subsequent challenge dose of larvae was killed. This increase occurred 6 to 8 days after the second immunisation. Similar results were observed for mice immunised orally or intravenously. During the course of immunisations, absolute and differential cell levels in the blood and peritoneum as well as serum concentrations of the various immunoglobulin classes were determined. The results are considered in terms of the possible involvement of two distinct mechanisms of immunity to N. dubius, one requiring the participation of macrophages and the other, eosinophils.", "contents": "Immunity to Nematospiroides dubius: cell and immunoglobulin changes associated with the onset of immunity in mice. The effect of one or more immunising infections on the susceptibility of mice to a subsequent challenge dose of Nematospiroides dubius larvae has been investigated. Following a single infection, animals developed a partial resistance characterized by their capacity to kill no more than half of the challenge dose of larvae. This low degree of immunity prevailed for some weeks after initial infection. A second immunising infection was found to induce a sudden increase in resistance such that at least 95% of a subsequent challenge dose of larvae was killed. This increase occurred 6 to 8 days after the second immunisation. Similar results were observed for mice immunised orally or intravenously. During the course of immunisations, absolute and differential cell levels in the blood and peritoneum as well as serum concentrations of the various immunoglobulin classes were determined. The results are considered in terms of the possible involvement of two distinct mechanisms of immunity to N. dubius, one requiring the participation of macrophages and the other, eosinophils.", "PMID": 678231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3475", "title": "Histological development of lesions in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens with inclusion body hepatitis.", "content": "Twenty chickens, 4 weeks old, from a flock with spontaneous inclusion body hepatitis were observed for five weeks following the outbreak of disease. Biopsies were made of the bursae of Fabricius on days 1, 3 or 7, and 14 after housing, and the chickens were killed on day 35. Histologically, severe lesions in bursal follicles developed within a few days. At the end of the observation period the bursal structures had completely recovered.", "contents": "Histological development of lesions in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens with inclusion body hepatitis. Twenty chickens, 4 weeks old, from a flock with spontaneous inclusion body hepatitis were observed for five weeks following the outbreak of disease. Biopsies were made of the bursae of Fabricius on days 1, 3 or 7, and 14 after housing, and the chickens were killed on day 35. Histologically, severe lesions in bursal follicles developed within a few days. At the end of the observation period the bursal structures had completely recovered.", "PMID": 678232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3476", "title": "Preincubation dipping of turkey hatching eggs. II. Effect of shell treatment on hatachability.", "content": "The effects of various egg-shell treatments on the hatchability of turkey eggs were investigated. Hatchability was not effected significantly by drilling a hole in the large end, or removing cuticle with dilute acid from the entire shell surface of from either end. Embryo deaths were increased significantly (P less than 0.005), however, by a pinhole pierced in the large end. Sealing the drill or pinhole with Duco cement did not significantly alter the hatchability. Hatchability of treated or untreated eggs was not effected adversely by dipping for 2.5 minutes after preheating to 36 C, or for 10 minutes without preheating.", "contents": "Preincubation dipping of turkey hatching eggs. II. Effect of shell treatment on hatachability. The effects of various egg-shell treatments on the hatchability of turkey eggs were investigated. Hatchability was not effected significantly by drilling a hole in the large end, or removing cuticle with dilute acid from the entire shell surface of from either end. Embryo deaths were increased significantly (P less than 0.005), however, by a pinhole pierced in the large end. Sealing the drill or pinhole with Duco cement did not significantly alter the hatchability. Hatchability of treated or untreated eggs was not effected adversely by dipping for 2.5 minutes after preheating to 36 C, or for 10 minutes without preheating.", "PMID": 678233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3477", "title": "Chicken lymphocyte stimulation by mitogens: a microassay with whole-blood cultures.", "content": "A micromethod is described that uses whole blood for studying mitogen stimulation of chicken lymphocytes. Procedures critical for obtaining a stimulatory response up to 200 times that of unstimulated control cultures include: 1) use of no more than 10 microliter of whole blood per culture; 2) incubation at 41 C for 72 hours in 0.2 ml of medium RPMI 1640 containing 100 microgram of stock phytohemagglutinin-P and 3) pulse labeling for 8 hours with 5-[125I] iodo-2'-deoxyruidine. The method is easy, rapid, and suitable for sequential studies of pathogenesis of disease in poultry.", "contents": "Chicken lymphocyte stimulation by mitogens: a microassay with whole-blood cultures. A micromethod is described that uses whole blood for studying mitogen stimulation of chicken lymphocytes. Procedures critical for obtaining a stimulatory response up to 200 times that of unstimulated control cultures include: 1) use of no more than 10 microliter of whole blood per culture; 2) incubation at 41 C for 72 hours in 0.2 ml of medium RPMI 1640 containing 100 microgram of stock phytohemagglutinin-P and 3) pulse labeling for 8 hours with 5-[125I] iodo-2'-deoxyruidine. The method is easy, rapid, and suitable for sequential studies of pathogenesis of disease in poultry.", "PMID": 678234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3478", "title": "Emergency mental health services during and after a major aircraft accident.", "content": "A major commercial aircraft accident mobilizes a sophisticated disaster response by the federal government and local disaster teams. However, there is no effort to deal with the significant mental health needs of survivors, airline crew, ground personnel, and rescuers. The time has come to deal with the human tragedy and its emotional consequences. The development of an emergency protocol for response to mental health crises at the time of an accident must be confronted. An appropriate response on the part of the mental health community must address all persons involved in the accident. Management would involve a relatively brief length of time. Team members can include psychiatrists, physicians, nurses, psychiatric aides, airline representatives, clergy, and other trained personnel. The establishment of such a mental health preparedness program in crisis intervention must be the responsibility of the airlines, federal agencies, and others if the program is to be a success.", "contents": "Emergency mental health services during and after a major aircraft accident. A major commercial aircraft accident mobilizes a sophisticated disaster response by the federal government and local disaster teams. However, there is no effort to deal with the significant mental health needs of survivors, airline crew, ground personnel, and rescuers. The time has come to deal with the human tragedy and its emotional consequences. The development of an emergency protocol for response to mental health crises at the time of an accident must be confronted. An appropriate response on the part of the mental health community must address all persons involved in the accident. Management would involve a relatively brief length of time. Team members can include psychiatrists, physicians, nurses, psychiatric aides, airline representatives, clergy, and other trained personnel. The establishment of such a mental health preparedness program in crisis intervention must be the responsibility of the airlines, federal agencies, and others if the program is to be a success.", "PMID": 678240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3479", "title": "Transmission of Chlamydiae from grackles to turkeys.", "content": "Two female common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) were inoculated intratracheally with 1.6 X 10(8) chick embryo lethal doses50 of a chlamydial organism isolated from turkeys. Eight female grackles were kept as uninoculated contacts. Six days later, two 12-week-old Broad-Breasted White turkeys (1 male and 1 female) were placed in the pen with the grackles. Chlamydiae were isolated in mice from cloacal swabs taken 14 days postinoculation from the infected grackles. Swabs from the contact grackles did not yield chlamydiae, nor did swabs taken 7 days later from all birds. Twenty-one days after being placed with the grackles, the turkeys developed signs of chlamydiosis. Cloacal swabs taken at 24 days yielded chlamydiae from only the female. Visceral organ tissues collected at 28 days from the male yielded chlamydiae. The only lesions in the turkeys at necropsy were enlarged spleens. The turkeys were serologically negative for chlamydial antibody both when placed and 15 days later, but were positive at days 24 and 28. These results indicate contact transmission of chlamydiae from infected grackles to turkeys.", "contents": "Transmission of Chlamydiae from grackles to turkeys. Two female common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) were inoculated intratracheally with 1.6 X 10(8) chick embryo lethal doses50 of a chlamydial organism isolated from turkeys. Eight female grackles were kept as uninoculated contacts. Six days later, two 12-week-old Broad-Breasted White turkeys (1 male and 1 female) were placed in the pen with the grackles. Chlamydiae were isolated in mice from cloacal swabs taken 14 days postinoculation from the infected grackles. Swabs from the contact grackles did not yield chlamydiae, nor did swabs taken 7 days later from all birds. Twenty-one days after being placed with the grackles, the turkeys developed signs of chlamydiosis. Cloacal swabs taken at 24 days yielded chlamydiae from only the female. Visceral organ tissues collected at 28 days from the male yielded chlamydiae. The only lesions in the turkeys at necropsy were enlarged spleens. The turkeys were serologically negative for chlamydial antibody both when placed and 15 days later, but were positive at days 24 and 28. These results indicate contact transmission of chlamydiae from infected grackles to turkeys.", "PMID": 678235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3480", "title": "Medical evaluation of G-sensitive aircrewmen.", "content": "Etiologies for loss of consciousness in an aerospace environment are diverse and may present as a perplexing problem in specific cases. The high, sustained G that current aircraft are capable of producing represent another etiology for inflight loss of consciousness. Protective measures give only partial protection, however, and pilots continue to remain susceptible to the excessively high G forces. Certain protective methods, including M-1 and L-1 straining maneuvers, may actually become a source of loss of consciousness if not performed correctly. The current methods utilized to evaluate loss of consciousness in flight, as demonstrated in the specific case of a student pilot performing an improper straining maneuver, are reviewed. Specific measures that might be instituted to prevent certain of these loss-of-consciousness episodes are recommended. The human centrifuge can be an integral part of aeromedical evaluation when G-related problems are involved and is an extremely valuable training device in determining individual G tolerance and enabling controlled G-stress training. Use of the centrifuge in high-G training could well lead to both human life and aircraft cost savings in addition to assuring full utilization of today's high-performance aircraft.", "contents": "Medical evaluation of G-sensitive aircrewmen. Etiologies for loss of consciousness in an aerospace environment are diverse and may present as a perplexing problem in specific cases. The high, sustained G that current aircraft are capable of producing represent another etiology for inflight loss of consciousness. Protective measures give only partial protection, however, and pilots continue to remain susceptible to the excessively high G forces. Certain protective methods, including M-1 and L-1 straining maneuvers, may actually become a source of loss of consciousness if not performed correctly. The current methods utilized to evaluate loss of consciousness in flight, as demonstrated in the specific case of a student pilot performing an improper straining maneuver, are reviewed. Specific measures that might be instituted to prevent certain of these loss-of-consciousness episodes are recommended. The human centrifuge can be an integral part of aeromedical evaluation when G-related problems are involved and is an extremely valuable training device in determining individual G tolerance and enabling controlled G-stress training. Use of the centrifuge in high-G training could well lead to both human life and aircraft cost savings in addition to assuring full utilization of today's high-performance aircraft.", "PMID": 678241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3481", "title": "The influence of test conditions on Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition titers.", "content": "Replicate samples of serum from chickens immune to Newcastle disease were titrated to determine the influence of certain test conditions on hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) titers. The test conditions studied were those most likely to vary in normal laboratory operations. The most marked effect on magnitude of HI titers was incubation time of twofold serum dilutions in antigen-saline; the average titer increase after incubation of the serum-antigen mixture for 1 hr at 37 C was log2 2.3 (fivefold). Twofold increases in virus concentration of the antigen-saline diluent caused an average titer reduction of log2 0.8. Shifts in HI titers were only minor with twofold changes in erythrocyte concentration (log2 0.3), with variations of test reading times from 0.5 to 2.0 hr (log2 0.1), and with variations in the period between preparation of the initial 1:10 serum dilution in antigen-saline and the subsequent serum dilutions (log2 0.3).", "contents": "The influence of test conditions on Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition titers. Replicate samples of serum from chickens immune to Newcastle disease were titrated to determine the influence of certain test conditions on hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) titers. The test conditions studied were those most likely to vary in normal laboratory operations. The most marked effect on magnitude of HI titers was incubation time of twofold serum dilutions in antigen-saline; the average titer increase after incubation of the serum-antigen mixture for 1 hr at 37 C was log2 2.3 (fivefold). Twofold increases in virus concentration of the antigen-saline diluent caused an average titer reduction of log2 0.8. Shifts in HI titers were only minor with twofold changes in erythrocyte concentration (log2 0.3), with variations of test reading times from 0.5 to 2.0 hr (log2 0.1), and with variations in the period between preparation of the initial 1:10 serum dilution in antigen-saline and the subsequent serum dilutions (log2 0.3).", "PMID": 678236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3482", "title": "Use of an avirulent Australian strain of Newcastle disease virus as a vaccine.", "content": "One-day-old chickens were transported from Australia to Malaysia and vaccinated orotracheally with an uninactivated vaccine prepared from avirulent Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The vaccination regimes were as follows: group A, once, at 2 weeks old; group B, once, at 3 weeks old; group C, twice, at 2 and at 3 weeks old; group D, direct contact with groups A, B, and C; and group E, indirect contact with groups A, B, C, and D. Group F was unvaccinated controls. Challenge was with NDV virulent Ipoh AF 2240-226 strain, administered at 4 weeks old intramuscularly to 10 chickens in each group and orotracheally to 10 chickens in each group. The remaining chickens were challenged by contact with the inoculated chickens. Group mortalities following challenge were: A, 1/77; B, 1/34; C, 0/39; D, 0/45; E, 6/43; and F, 60/60.", "contents": "Use of an avirulent Australian strain of Newcastle disease virus as a vaccine. One-day-old chickens were transported from Australia to Malaysia and vaccinated orotracheally with an uninactivated vaccine prepared from avirulent Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The vaccination regimes were as follows: group A, once, at 2 weeks old; group B, once, at 3 weeks old; group C, twice, at 2 and at 3 weeks old; group D, direct contact with groups A, B, and C; and group E, indirect contact with groups A, B, C, and D. Group F was unvaccinated controls. Challenge was with NDV virulent Ipoh AF 2240-226 strain, administered at 4 weeks old intramuscularly to 10 chickens in each group and orotracheally to 10 chickens in each group. The remaining chickens were challenged by contact with the inoculated chickens. Group mortalities following challenge were: A, 1/77; B, 1/34; C, 0/39; D, 0/45; E, 6/43; and F, 60/60.", "PMID": 678237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3483", "title": "Effect of ozone variation on disease in Great Britain: II. Femoral neck fracture.", "content": "During the period 1951-72 ozone variation had produced about a 20% decrease in UV radiation at the wavelengths necessary for the production of vitamin D3 in the human skin. Study of the mortality associated with femoral neck fracture, a symptom now linked to vitamin D deficiency disease, shows similar trends, but of opposite sign, to the trends of skin cancer incidence and mortality over the same period.", "contents": "Effect of ozone variation on disease in Great Britain: II. Femoral neck fracture. During the period 1951-72 ozone variation had produced about a 20% decrease in UV radiation at the wavelengths necessary for the production of vitamin D3 in the human skin. Study of the mortality associated with femoral neck fracture, a symptom now linked to vitamin D deficiency disease, shows similar trends, but of opposite sign, to the trends of skin cancer incidence and mortality over the same period.", "PMID": 678242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3484", "title": "Isolation of Salmonella houtenae from a cockateel.", "content": "Salmonella houtenae (43:Z4,Z23:-), a biochemically aberrant serotype, was isolated from the liver and air sac of a male cockateel. This serotype is a member of Salmonella subgenus IV, which is dulcitol-negative, salicin-positive, and KCN-positive. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of this serotype from an avian species.", "contents": "Isolation of Salmonella houtenae from a cockateel. Salmonella houtenae (43:Z4,Z23:-), a biochemically aberrant serotype, was isolated from the liver and air sac of a male cockateel. This serotype is a member of Salmonella subgenus IV, which is dulcitol-negative, salicin-positive, and KCN-positive. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of this serotype from an avian species.", "PMID": 678238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3485", "title": "Effects of hypocapnia on psychomotor and intellectual performance.", "content": "Nine subjects performed five psychomotor tasks (two motor, two intellectual, and one combined motor and short-term memory) at three levels of PACO2 (38.5, 25.0 and 15.0 torr) with voluntary hyperventilation at 20 l/min. There were no performance decrements at PACO2 levels of 38.5 and 25.0 torr. At a PACO2 of 15.0 torr, there were no decrements of intellectual performance but there were highly significant decrements in motor performance. It is suggested that a lack of regional cerebral hypoxia, arising from compensating changes in regional cerebral blood flow, could be responsible for the preservation of intellectual performance at a PACO2 of 15 torr.", "contents": "Effects of hypocapnia on psychomotor and intellectual performance. Nine subjects performed five psychomotor tasks (two motor, two intellectual, and one combined motor and short-term memory) at three levels of PACO2 (38.5, 25.0 and 15.0 torr) with voluntary hyperventilation at 20 l/min. There were no performance decrements at PACO2 levels of 38.5 and 25.0 torr. At a PACO2 of 15.0 torr, there were no decrements of intellectual performance but there were highly significant decrements in motor performance. It is suggested that a lack of regional cerebral hypoxia, arising from compensating changes in regional cerebral blood flow, could be responsible for the preservation of intellectual performance at a PACO2 of 15 torr.", "PMID": 678243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3486", "title": "Disorientation training in FAA-certificated flight and ground schools: a survey.", "content": "A 10-item, voluntary questionnaire answered by 674 flight and ground schools provided information on 1) the conduct of formal instruction about disorientation, 2) the occurrence and content of lectures on disorientation, 3) use of on-the-ground demonstrations of disorientation, 4) use of in-the-air demonstrations of disorientation, 5) use of films on pilot vertigo, 6) amount of instrument flying training students receive, 7) amount of instrument flying training required of flight instructors to maintain their proficiency, 8) adequacy of the schools' programs on disorientation training, 9) other comments, and 10) numerical data regarding the number of students beginning and completing various flight and/or ground school courses. More than one-third of the respondents evaluated their disorientation training program as inadequate and defined the inadequacy most often as a lack of appropriate materials, aids, and information. Tabulations of responses to the separate items suggested areas for improvement in disorientation training. Recommendations were made.", "contents": "Disorientation training in FAA-certificated flight and ground schools: a survey. A 10-item, voluntary questionnaire answered by 674 flight and ground schools provided information on 1) the conduct of formal instruction about disorientation, 2) the occurrence and content of lectures on disorientation, 3) use of on-the-ground demonstrations of disorientation, 4) use of in-the-air demonstrations of disorientation, 5) use of films on pilot vertigo, 6) amount of instrument flying training students receive, 7) amount of instrument flying training required of flight instructors to maintain their proficiency, 8) adequacy of the schools' programs on disorientation training, 9) other comments, and 10) numerical data regarding the number of students beginning and completing various flight and/or ground school courses. More than one-third of the respondents evaluated their disorientation training program as inadequate and defined the inadequacy most often as a lack of appropriate materials, aids, and information. Tabulations of responses to the separate items suggested areas for improvement in disorientation training. Recommendations were made.", "PMID": 678244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3487", "title": "A simple method for recording and analyzing serological data.", "content": "Titration endpoints from any 2-fold dilution series represent either true or modified base-2 logarithms and can be recorded conveniently by tube or dilution number. The simple arithmetic mean of titers thus expressed can be easily converted to geometric mean titer (GMT) by use of a table of antilogarithms, which is presented. This approach not only facilitates the handling of large volumes of data but also simplifies GMT calculation.", "contents": "A simple method for recording and analyzing serological data. Titration endpoints from any 2-fold dilution series represent either true or modified base-2 logarithms and can be recorded conveniently by tube or dilution number. The simple arithmetic mean of titers thus expressed can be easily converted to geometric mean titer (GMT) by use of a table of antilogarithms, which is presented. This approach not only facilitates the handling of large volumes of data but also simplifies GMT calculation.", "PMID": 678239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3488", "title": "Haematologic changes in rabbits during acclimatisation, deacclimatisation, and reinduction to hypoxia.", "content": "Haematologic changes were studied in 16 albino rabbits during acclimatisation, deacclimatisation, and reinduction to hypobaric hypoxia. Of these, four animals died during reinduction. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, and red blood cell count attained maximum values by the 15th day during acclimatisation and by the 10th day during reinduction. Reticulocyte count reached maximum level by the fifth day, both during acclimatisation and reinduction. All these parameters returned to initial control levels by the 10th day of deacclimatisation. The erythrocytes became macrocytic during acclimatisation and remained so during deacclimatisation and reinduction. Blood volume increased on acclimatisation, returned to control values during deacclimatisation, and remained low at this level on reinduction. Red cell mass increased both during acclimatisation and reinduction and returned to control levels on deacclimatisation. Plasma volume did not change on acclimatisation and deacclimatisation, but was reduced on reinduction. The erythrocyte life span and erythrocyte glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (EGOT) decreased during acclimatisation and reinduction. There was no change in RBC osmotic fragility, indicating no change in the integrity of the red cell wall. The deaths during reinduction were possibly due to haemoconcentration and increased blood viscosity as a result of reduction in plasma volume. It has been concluded that reinduction to hypoxia after a phase of deacclimatisation imposes a more severe stress than experienced during acclimatisation.", "contents": "Haematologic changes in rabbits during acclimatisation, deacclimatisation, and reinduction to hypoxia. Haematologic changes were studied in 16 albino rabbits during acclimatisation, deacclimatisation, and reinduction to hypobaric hypoxia. Of these, four animals died during reinduction. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, and red blood cell count attained maximum values by the 15th day during acclimatisation and by the 10th day during reinduction. Reticulocyte count reached maximum level by the fifth day, both during acclimatisation and reinduction. All these parameters returned to initial control levels by the 10th day of deacclimatisation. The erythrocytes became macrocytic during acclimatisation and remained so during deacclimatisation and reinduction. Blood volume increased on acclimatisation, returned to control values during deacclimatisation, and remained low at this level on reinduction. Red cell mass increased both during acclimatisation and reinduction and returned to control levels on deacclimatisation. Plasma volume did not change on acclimatisation and deacclimatisation, but was reduced on reinduction. The erythrocyte life span and erythrocyte glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (EGOT) decreased during acclimatisation and reinduction. There was no change in RBC osmotic fragility, indicating no change in the integrity of the red cell wall. The deaths during reinduction were possibly due to haemoconcentration and increased blood viscosity as a result of reduction in plasma volume. It has been concluded that reinduction to hypoxia after a phase of deacclimatisation imposes a more severe stress than experienced during acclimatisation.", "PMID": 678245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3489", "title": "Diving experience and emotional factors related to the psychomotor effects of nitrogen narcosis.", "content": "Simple and complex psychomotor performance were tested among 21 Navy divers under normal conditions and during nitrogen narcosis in simulated dives to 170 ft of sea water. Complex psychomotor performance was impaired significantly during narcosis, while simple psychomotor performance remained essentially normal. Differences between baseline scores for complex psychomotor performance (pre- and post-dive combined) and scores obtained from the two combined testing sessions administered during narcosis were correlated with official Navy records of diving experience and self-reported moods. None of the diving experience measures was associated significantly with these difference scores. The moods of Fatigue and Happiness were, however, correlated significantly with impairment. These results indicate that, although previous experience with nitrogen narcosis and diving tasks do not mediate the performance effects of nitrogen narcosis, the complex psychomotor effects nitrogen narcosis are related to emotional traits.", "contents": "Diving experience and emotional factors related to the psychomotor effects of nitrogen narcosis. Simple and complex psychomotor performance were tested among 21 Navy divers under normal conditions and during nitrogen narcosis in simulated dives to 170 ft of sea water. Complex psychomotor performance was impaired significantly during narcosis, while simple psychomotor performance remained essentially normal. Differences between baseline scores for complex psychomotor performance (pre- and post-dive combined) and scores obtained from the two combined testing sessions administered during narcosis were correlated with official Navy records of diving experience and self-reported moods. None of the diving experience measures was associated significantly with these difference scores. The moods of Fatigue and Happiness were, however, correlated significantly with impairment. These results indicate that, although previous experience with nitrogen narcosis and diving tasks do not mediate the performance effects of nitrogen narcosis, the complex psychomotor effects nitrogen narcosis are related to emotional traits.", "PMID": 678246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3490", "title": "Blood flow in rat brain during exposure to high oxygen pressure.", "content": "Total cerebral blood flow and blood flow in 10 brain structures of unanesthetized rats were measured by the indicator fractionation technique under different oxygen pressures. The first electrical discharge seen under high oxygen pressure was considered as an early sign of brain oxygen toxicity. It was found that the effect of high oxygen pressure on cerebral blood flow was time- and pressure-dependent. Exposure to 2 and 3.5 ATA of O2 led to vasoconstriction. Exposure to 5 ATA of O2 produced an initial vasoconstriction followed by a secondary vasodilatation to normal level. Cerebral blood flow was not reduced during exposure to 7 ATA of oxygen. Non-decreased blood flow preceded the appearance of the first electrical discharge in all investigated structures of the brain. There was no change in electrical activity of the brain as long as a decrease in cerebral blood flow was maintained. It is suggested that changes in electrical activity of the brain may be produced by toxic levels of brain tissue PO2. Vasoconstriction resulting in decreased cerebral blood flow was considered as a protective mechanism against the toxic effects of high tissue PO2.", "contents": "Blood flow in rat brain during exposure to high oxygen pressure. Total cerebral blood flow and blood flow in 10 brain structures of unanesthetized rats were measured by the indicator fractionation technique under different oxygen pressures. The first electrical discharge seen under high oxygen pressure was considered as an early sign of brain oxygen toxicity. It was found that the effect of high oxygen pressure on cerebral blood flow was time- and pressure-dependent. Exposure to 2 and 3.5 ATA of O2 led to vasoconstriction. Exposure to 5 ATA of O2 produced an initial vasoconstriction followed by a secondary vasodilatation to normal level. Cerebral blood flow was not reduced during exposure to 7 ATA of oxygen. Non-decreased blood flow preceded the appearance of the first electrical discharge in all investigated structures of the brain. There was no change in electrical activity of the brain as long as a decrease in cerebral blood flow was maintained. It is suggested that changes in electrical activity of the brain may be produced by toxic levels of brain tissue PO2. Vasoconstriction resulting in decreased cerebral blood flow was considered as a protective mechanism against the toxic effects of high tissue PO2.", "PMID": 678247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3491", "title": "Changes in EEG pattern during acclimatization to high altitude (3500 m) in man.", "content": "This study was conducted on 30 healthy soldiers to observe EEG changes during acclimatization to high altitude. Of these subjects, 10 were lowlanders (LL), 10 were acclimatized low landers (AL), and 10 10 were high-altitude natives (HAN). The EEG was recorded by the 10-20 international system of electrode placement in LL at sea level (SL) during rest and hyperventilation (HV). Then they were air-lifted to an altitude of 3500 m where periodic recordings of EEG were made for 4 weeks. For comparison, the altitude recordings were also made in AL and HAN. The quantitative analysis of EEG (occipital) was done to determine alpha index (AI) and average amplitude. The mean AI was 25.5% at SL in LL, which changed to 45.7%, 15.8%, 28.0%, 30.3%, and 33.2% on days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. The average amplitude was 17.3 microV at SL, which changed to 23.3 microV, 11.8 microV, 16.2 microV, 17.3 microV, and 19.8 microV on days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. In two subjects, spiking was seen along with the desynchronized pattern of EEG on days 7 and 14. The AI and average amplitude of AL and HAN were significantly more than those of LL. The magnitude of buildup during HV was greater at altitude. These results indicate that there is cerebral cortical depression in the initial phase of induction which changes to cortical desyncronization in the latter part of the first week of induction. During acclimatization, there is gradual buildup of EEG waves, as observed in AL and HAN.", "contents": "Changes in EEG pattern during acclimatization to high altitude (3500 m) in man. This study was conducted on 30 healthy soldiers to observe EEG changes during acclimatization to high altitude. Of these subjects, 10 were lowlanders (LL), 10 were acclimatized low landers (AL), and 10 10 were high-altitude natives (HAN). The EEG was recorded by the 10-20 international system of electrode placement in LL at sea level (SL) during rest and hyperventilation (HV). Then they were air-lifted to an altitude of 3500 m where periodic recordings of EEG were made for 4 weeks. For comparison, the altitude recordings were also made in AL and HAN. The quantitative analysis of EEG (occipital) was done to determine alpha index (AI) and average amplitude. The mean AI was 25.5% at SL in LL, which changed to 45.7%, 15.8%, 28.0%, 30.3%, and 33.2% on days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. The average amplitude was 17.3 microV at SL, which changed to 23.3 microV, 11.8 microV, 16.2 microV, 17.3 microV, and 19.8 microV on days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. In two subjects, spiking was seen along with the desynchronized pattern of EEG on days 7 and 14. The AI and average amplitude of AL and HAN were significantly more than those of LL. The magnitude of buildup during HV was greater at altitude. These results indicate that there is cerebral cortical depression in the initial phase of induction which changes to cortical desyncronization in the latter part of the first week of induction. During acclimatization, there is gradual buildup of EEG waves, as observed in AL and HAN.", "PMID": 678248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3492", "title": "Use of vectorcardiography for the detection of +Gz-related cardiac pathology in miniature swine.", "content": "Vectorcardiograms were recorded from anesthetized, adult miniature swine 1-2 weeks before high sustained +Gz exposure and 2-6 h after exposure. Each +Gz run consisted of one 60-s exposure, respectively, to 3, 5, 7, and 9 +Gz, with 3 min rest between each +Gz plateau. The full range, from severe to minor, of +Gz-induced cardiac pathology was observed in this group of miniature swine. In spite of the large variation in the amount and degree of cardiac pathology, there were no post-exposure vectorcardiographic changes which might be diagnostic of +Gz-induced cardiac pathology. The results of this study indicate that vectorcardiography, performed after +Gz exposure, is not a reliable technique for detecting the presence of +Gz-induced cardiac pathology in miniature swine.", "contents": "Use of vectorcardiography for the detection of +Gz-related cardiac pathology in miniature swine. Vectorcardiograms were recorded from anesthetized, adult miniature swine 1-2 weeks before high sustained +Gz exposure and 2-6 h after exposure. Each +Gz run consisted of one 60-s exposure, respectively, to 3, 5, 7, and 9 +Gz, with 3 min rest between each +Gz plateau. The full range, from severe to minor, of +Gz-induced cardiac pathology was observed in this group of miniature swine. In spite of the large variation in the amount and degree of cardiac pathology, there were no post-exposure vectorcardiographic changes which might be diagnostic of +Gz-induced cardiac pathology. The results of this study indicate that vectorcardiography, performed after +Gz exposure, is not a reliable technique for detecting the presence of +Gz-induced cardiac pathology in miniature swine.", "PMID": 678249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3493", "title": "Effects of hyperbaric oxygen and glutathione on mammalian liver metabolism.", "content": "The effects of hyperbaric oxygen tensions on oxygen consumption and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of mouse liver were investigated. Liver homogenates exposed to a PO2 of 3837 mm Hg for 30 min showed a 50.6% reduction in oxygen consumption compared to controls exposed to nitrogen at ambient pressure. The SDH activity was significantly reduced during a 3-h exposure to a PO2 of 3796 mm Hg. The effects of glutathione as a protective agent against oxygen toxicity were also examined. Mouse liver pretreated with reduced glutathione and exposed to hyperbaric oxygen tensions showed higher rates of oxygen consumption than untreated controls. Oxidized and reduced glutathione protected SDH against hyperbaric oxygen inactivation. It is concluded that glutathione can stimulate oxygen consumption and maintain SDH activity after exposure to hyperbaric oxygen by increasing succinate formation through the glutathione-succinate shunt.", "contents": "Effects of hyperbaric oxygen and glutathione on mammalian liver metabolism. The effects of hyperbaric oxygen tensions on oxygen consumption and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of mouse liver were investigated. Liver homogenates exposed to a PO2 of 3837 mm Hg for 30 min showed a 50.6% reduction in oxygen consumption compared to controls exposed to nitrogen at ambient pressure. The SDH activity was significantly reduced during a 3-h exposure to a PO2 of 3796 mm Hg. The effects of glutathione as a protective agent against oxygen toxicity were also examined. Mouse liver pretreated with reduced glutathione and exposed to hyperbaric oxygen tensions showed higher rates of oxygen consumption than untreated controls. Oxidized and reduced glutathione protected SDH against hyperbaric oxygen inactivation. It is concluded that glutathione can stimulate oxygen consumption and maintain SDH activity after exposure to hyperbaric oxygen by increasing succinate formation through the glutathione-succinate shunt.", "PMID": 678250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3494", "title": "Operational characteristics of liquid-conditioned suits.", "content": "The data from several studies of liquid-conditioned suits carried out over the last 12 years at the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine have been collated, collectively reanalysed, and used to describe the characteristics of personal liquid-conditioning systems in terms of interactions between the conditioning and the conditioned system. Heat exchange across a liquid-conditioned suit (LCS) is shown to be proportional to the inlet temperature (Tin) of the conditioning liquid. Choice of Tin is determined, for resting subjects, primarily by the environmental temperature, by the length of the heat exchange tubing, and by the insulation value of the clothing worn over the LCS. Mean skin temperature (Tsk), but not core temperature (Tc) is directly related to Tin. However, certainly in exercising subjects, steady-state values for Tc can be increased by selecting very low values for Tin, which reduce Tsk below 29 degrees C. It is suggested that mean Tsk should not fall below 30 degrees C when the LCS is used for personal cooling. When the LCS is used for personal heating, sweating should be minimised, or prevented, by not allowing Tsk to rise to levels sufficient to cause an increase in Tc.", "contents": "Operational characteristics of liquid-conditioned suits. The data from several studies of liquid-conditioned suits carried out over the last 12 years at the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine have been collated, collectively reanalysed, and used to describe the characteristics of personal liquid-conditioning systems in terms of interactions between the conditioning and the conditioned system. Heat exchange across a liquid-conditioned suit (LCS) is shown to be proportional to the inlet temperature (Tin) of the conditioning liquid. Choice of Tin is determined, for resting subjects, primarily by the environmental temperature, by the length of the heat exchange tubing, and by the insulation value of the clothing worn over the LCS. Mean skin temperature (Tsk), but not core temperature (Tc) is directly related to Tin. However, certainly in exercising subjects, steady-state values for Tc can be increased by selecting very low values for Tin, which reduce Tsk below 29 degrees C. It is suggested that mean Tsk should not fall below 30 degrees C when the LCS is used for personal cooling. When the LCS is used for personal heating, sweating should be minimised, or prevented, by not allowing Tsk to rise to levels sufficient to cause an increase in Tc.", "PMID": 678251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3495", "title": "Criminal justice system behavior.", "content": "Much has been written recently about the underlying motivation of criminals and about the behavior of the criminal justice system itself. Typically, such studies have shown negative correlations between crime rate, probability of apprehension and probability of conviction. However, in addressing the behavior of the system, the present study examines measures of workload for the criminal justice system rather than performance indicators such as those above. Preliminary evidence is examined over several provinces of Canada and is used to investigate the hypothesis that there is adaptation by different subsystems in the criminal justice system to changing workloads in other parts. The initial findings show that present upstream, i.e., toward the beginning of the system, workload affects future behavior of the system downstream, i.e., toward the end, rather than the reverse, especially for the more serious crime types.", "contents": "Criminal justice system behavior. Much has been written recently about the underlying motivation of criminals and about the behavior of the criminal justice system itself. Typically, such studies have shown negative correlations between crime rate, probability of apprehension and probability of conviction. However, in addressing the behavior of the system, the present study examines measures of workload for the criminal justice system rather than performance indicators such as those above. Preliminary evidence is examined over several provinces of Canada and is used to investigate the hypothesis that there is adaptation by different subsystems in the criminal justice system to changing workloads in other parts. The initial findings show that present upstream, i.e., toward the beginning of the system, workload affects future behavior of the system downstream, i.e., toward the end, rather than the reverse, especially for the more serious crime types.", "PMID": 678275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3496", "title": "Evidence for the presence of two sympatric species of mice (genus Mus L.) in southern France based on biochemical genetics.", "content": "Populations of mice established outdoors as well as indoors have been investigated at 24 loci using starch gel electrophoresis. Two reproductively isolated groups are recognized, one of which is referable to a house mouse subspecies, Mus musculus brevirostris, and the other to a different species. Mus spretus, contrary to the view of Schwarz and Schwarz that only one species of Mus is present in the Mediterranean Basin. The genetic distance between these two groups is larger than between any pair of investigated subspecies of M. musculus. M. m. brevirostris is biochemically almost indistinguishable from M. m. domesticus. On the other hand, M. spretus exhibits several allelic variants unknown or at most very infrequent in M. musculus, as for instance at the lactate dehydrogenase B-chain locus.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of two sympatric species of mice (genus Mus L.) in southern France based on biochemical genetics. Populations of mice established outdoors as well as indoors have been investigated at 24 loci using starch gel electrophoresis. Two reproductively isolated groups are recognized, one of which is referable to a house mouse subspecies, Mus musculus brevirostris, and the other to a different species. Mus spretus, contrary to the view of Schwarz and Schwarz that only one species of Mus is present in the Mediterranean Basin. The genetic distance between these two groups is larger than between any pair of investigated subspecies of M. musculus. M. m. brevirostris is biochemically almost indistinguishable from M. m. domesticus. On the other hand, M. spretus exhibits several allelic variants unknown or at most very infrequent in M. musculus, as for instance at the lactate dehydrogenase B-chain locus.", "PMID": 678291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3497", "title": "An acid phosphatase locus expressed in mouse kidney (Apk) and its genetic location on chromosome 10.", "content": "A genetic locus controlling the electrophoretic mobility of an acid phosphatase in mouse kidney is described. This locus, called acid phosphatase-kidney (Apk), is not expressed in erythrocytes, liver, spleen, heart, lung, brain, skeletal muscle, stomach, or testes. The product of Apk hydrolyzes the substrate naphthol AS-MX phosphoric acid but is not active on alpha-naphthylphosphate or 4-methylumbelliferylphosphate. It is not inactivated by 50 C for 1 hr, nor is its electrophoretic mobility altered by incubation with neuraminidase. The locus is invariant among 31 inbred strains (Apka), with a variant allele (Apkm) observed only in Mus musculus molossinus. Codominant expression was observed in F1 hybrids of M. m. molossinus and inbred strains. Apk was mapped on Chr 10, near the neurological mutant waltzer (v).", "contents": "An acid phosphatase locus expressed in mouse kidney (Apk) and its genetic location on chromosome 10. A genetic locus controlling the electrophoretic mobility of an acid phosphatase in mouse kidney is described. This locus, called acid phosphatase-kidney (Apk), is not expressed in erythrocytes, liver, spleen, heart, lung, brain, skeletal muscle, stomach, or testes. The product of Apk hydrolyzes the substrate naphthol AS-MX phosphoric acid but is not active on alpha-naphthylphosphate or 4-methylumbelliferylphosphate. It is not inactivated by 50 C for 1 hr, nor is its electrophoretic mobility altered by incubation with neuraminidase. The locus is invariant among 31 inbred strains (Apka), with a variant allele (Apkm) observed only in Mus musculus molossinus. Codominant expression was observed in F1 hybrids of M. m. molossinus and inbred strains. Apk was mapped on Chr 10, near the neurological mutant waltzer (v).", "PMID": 678292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3498", "title": "A second gene affecting the sialylation of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase in mouse liver.", "content": "We have previously reported on a mouse liver-specific genetic polymorphism associated with altered sialylation of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase. A second electrophoretic polymorphism for liver lysosomal alpha-mannosidase has now been found and characterized. This variation, between SWR/J and SM/JCv inbred mice, is determined by a single genetic locus (Map-2) on chromosome 17 and appears to be the result of further differences in sialylation of the lysosomal enzyme. The Map-2 gene appears to affect the processing of liver, spleen, and lung lysosomal alpha-mannosidase, whereas the Map-1 gene appears to be specific to the processing of liver lysosomal alpha-mannosidase (Dizik and Elliott, 1977). The more negatively charged electrophoretic liver phenotype (MA-A) characteristic of the SM/JCv strain is recessive to the phenotype (MA-B) characteristic of the SWR/J strain. In contrast, at the Map-1 locus, the more negatively charged phenotype is dominant. The electrophoretic pattern of development of the liver enzyme from SM/JCv mice is described.", "contents": "A second gene affecting the sialylation of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase in mouse liver. We have previously reported on a mouse liver-specific genetic polymorphism associated with altered sialylation of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase. A second electrophoretic polymorphism for liver lysosomal alpha-mannosidase has now been found and characterized. This variation, between SWR/J and SM/JCv inbred mice, is determined by a single genetic locus (Map-2) on chromosome 17 and appears to be the result of further differences in sialylation of the lysosomal enzyme. The Map-2 gene appears to affect the processing of liver, spleen, and lung lysosomal alpha-mannosidase, whereas the Map-1 gene appears to be specific to the processing of liver lysosomal alpha-mannosidase (Dizik and Elliott, 1977). The more negatively charged electrophoretic liver phenotype (MA-A) characteristic of the SM/JCv strain is recessive to the phenotype (MA-B) characteristic of the SWR/J strain. In contrast, at the Map-1 locus, the more negatively charged phenotype is dominant. The electrophoretic pattern of development of the liver enzyme from SM/JCv mice is described.", "PMID": 678293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3499", "title": "Autosomal inheritance of phosphoglycerate kinase in the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Electrophoretic variants of the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) in the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus, were found to be inherited in an autosomal manner. No sperm-specific isozyme of PGK exists in the chicken. This is in direct contrast to previous results from therian (placental and marsupial) mammals in which there are two isozymes of PGK, an autosomal form largely or wholly confined to sperm and a sex-linked form found in most other tissues. The implications of these and other results for the question of homology between the avian Z chromosome and the mammalian X chromosome are discussed. It is concluded that there is no evidence of homology between the X chromosome and the Z chromosome.", "contents": "Autosomal inheritance of phosphoglycerate kinase in the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus). Electrophoretic variants of the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) in the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus, were found to be inherited in an autosomal manner. No sperm-specific isozyme of PGK exists in the chicken. This is in direct contrast to previous results from therian (placental and marsupial) mammals in which there are two isozymes of PGK, an autosomal form largely or wholly confined to sperm and a sex-linked form found in most other tissues. The implications of these and other results for the question of homology between the avian Z chromosome and the mammalian X chromosome are discussed. It is concluded that there is no evidence of homology between the X chromosome and the Z chromosome.", "PMID": 678294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3500", "title": "Genetic and biochemical analysis of cycloheximide resistance in the fungus Podospora anserina.", "content": "Genetic analysis of cycloheximide-resistant mutants has shown that at least three genes control the resistance to cycloheximide in Podospora anserina and that the antibiotic resistance is recessive to sensitivity. In vitro and in vivo studies of protein synthesis indicated that for two mutants cycloheximide resistance is associated with the ribosomes. For one of these mutants, the elongation step in protein biosynthesis is insensitive to cycloheximide over a wide range of concentration. In this mutant the resistance to cycloheximide is a property of the 60S subunit.", "contents": "Genetic and biochemical analysis of cycloheximide resistance in the fungus Podospora anserina. Genetic analysis of cycloheximide-resistant mutants has shown that at least three genes control the resistance to cycloheximide in Podospora anserina and that the antibiotic resistance is recessive to sensitivity. In vitro and in vivo studies of protein synthesis indicated that for two mutants cycloheximide resistance is associated with the ribosomes. For one of these mutants, the elongation step in protein biosynthesis is insensitive to cycloheximide over a wide range of concentration. In this mutant the resistance to cycloheximide is a property of the 60S subunit.", "PMID": 678295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3501", "title": "Estimating total genic diversity in the house mouse.", "content": "In a survey of variation in both electrophoretic charge and thermostability at 14 structural loci in 40 strains of Mus musculus, 27 electromorphs (polypeptides differing in electrophoretic charge) and 20 thermomorphs (polypeptides differing in thermostability) were found. Electrophoresis detected 11 new variants within thermomorphs, and the heat denaturation technique detected four new variants within electromorphs. From these data, and making the assumption that both techniques are independent of each other, it is estimated that the actual total number of alleles at the 14 loci is 53, or an average of 3.79 per locus (1.96 per electromorph), and that electrophoresis apparently detects one-third of the variants, thus describing about 50% of the alleles at structural gene loci in the house mouse.", "contents": "Estimating total genic diversity in the house mouse. In a survey of variation in both electrophoretic charge and thermostability at 14 structural loci in 40 strains of Mus musculus, 27 electromorphs (polypeptides differing in electrophoretic charge) and 20 thermomorphs (polypeptides differing in thermostability) were found. Electrophoresis detected 11 new variants within thermomorphs, and the heat denaturation technique detected four new variants within electromorphs. From these data, and making the assumption that both techniques are independent of each other, it is estimated that the actual total number of alleles at the 14 loci is 53, or an average of 3.79 per locus (1.96 per electromorph), and that electrophoresis apparently detects one-third of the variants, thus describing about 50% of the alleles at structural gene loci in the house mouse.", "PMID": 678296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3502", "title": "Inheritance and linkage analysis of five enzyme loci in interspecific hybrids of toadlets, genus Bombina.", "content": "Progeny produced from Bombina bombina, B. variegata, and field-collected interspecific hybrids have been analyzed for the inheritance of five enzyme loci, which are fixed for alternate alleles in the parental species. Lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh-1), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (Mdh-1), creatine kinase (Ck), adenylate kinase (Ak), and glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi) are all inherited in a Mendelian manner as codominant alleles at nuclear loci. Both parental alleles are equally functional in artificial F1 hybrids (female B. bombina x male B. variegata) at each of the loci studied. No linkage between any pair of loci was observed. Discovery of this inherited biochemical variation combined with a technique for assaying individual genotypes without killing the animals makes feasible studies of hybrid population structure heretofore impossible.", "contents": "Inheritance and linkage analysis of five enzyme loci in interspecific hybrids of toadlets, genus Bombina. Progeny produced from Bombina bombina, B. variegata, and field-collected interspecific hybrids have been analyzed for the inheritance of five enzyme loci, which are fixed for alternate alleles in the parental species. Lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh-1), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (Mdh-1), creatine kinase (Ck), adenylate kinase (Ak), and glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi) are all inherited in a Mendelian manner as codominant alleles at nuclear loci. Both parental alleles are equally functional in artificial F1 hybrids (female B. bombina x male B. variegata) at each of the loci studied. No linkage between any pair of loci was observed. Discovery of this inherited biochemical variation combined with a technique for assaying individual genotypes without killing the animals makes feasible studies of hybrid population structure heretofore impossible.", "PMID": 678297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3503", "title": "Messenger RNA for the insect storage protein calliphorin: in vitro translation and chromosomal hybridization analyses of a 20 S poly(A)-RNA fraction.", "content": "A major poly(A)-containing RNA fraction of the approximate size expected of a monocistronic mRNA for the storage protein calliphorin has been isolated from the larval fat bodies of Calliphora vicina during early instar 3. This 20 S RNA fraction programs the synthesis by cell-free wheat embryo extracts of polypeptides of 86,000 daltons identified by tryptic peptide fingerprinting as precursors of the authentic calliphorin subunits of 83,000 daltons. Complementary DNA synthesized by AMV reverse transcriptase using the same 20 S RNA as template hybridized in situ to a single segment of one or two bands in the salivary polytene chromosomes of C. vicina.", "contents": "Messenger RNA for the insect storage protein calliphorin: in vitro translation and chromosomal hybridization analyses of a 20 S poly(A)-RNA fraction. A major poly(A)-containing RNA fraction of the approximate size expected of a monocistronic mRNA for the storage protein calliphorin has been isolated from the larval fat bodies of Calliphora vicina during early instar 3. This 20 S RNA fraction programs the synthesis by cell-free wheat embryo extracts of polypeptides of 86,000 daltons identified by tryptic peptide fingerprinting as precursors of the authentic calliphorin subunits of 83,000 daltons. Complementary DNA synthesized by AMV reverse transcriptase using the same 20 S RNA as template hybridized in situ to a single segment of one or two bands in the salivary polytene chromosomes of C. vicina.", "PMID": 678298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3504", "title": "Carbon monoxide-induced arterial wall hypoxia and atherosclerosis.", "content": "The elevated carbon monoxide level found in tobacco smokers has been suggested as one etiologic factor linking it with atherosclerosis. Unquestionably carbon monoxide does induce some arterial wall hypoxia, which has been established as an atherogenic factor, but without knowing the extent and location of this hypoxia the importance of this mechanism could not previously be assessed. Carbon monoxide acts both by inducing hypoxemia and shifting the oxyhemoglobin equilibrium curve, with these effects acting on the oxygen transport system from both the luminal blood and the vasa vasorum. We have studied this system using a computer simulation of the human arterial wall and found significant, mid-medial hypoxia with blood carbon monoxide levels routinely found in smokers. Because these levels fluctuate, the hypoxia they induce would be expected to be uncompensated by increased vascularization and therefore potentially represent a much more significant factor in atherogenesis than chronic hypoxia alone.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide-induced arterial wall hypoxia and atherosclerosis. The elevated carbon monoxide level found in tobacco smokers has been suggested as one etiologic factor linking it with atherosclerosis. Unquestionably carbon monoxide does induce some arterial wall hypoxia, which has been established as an atherogenic factor, but without knowing the extent and location of this hypoxia the importance of this mechanism could not previously be assessed. Carbon monoxide acts both by inducing hypoxemia and shifting the oxyhemoglobin equilibrium curve, with these effects acting on the oxygen transport system from both the luminal blood and the vasa vasorum. We have studied this system using a computer simulation of the human arterial wall and found significant, mid-medial hypoxia with blood carbon monoxide levels routinely found in smokers. Because these levels fluctuate, the hypoxia they induce would be expected to be uncompensated by increased vascularization and therefore potentially represent a much more significant factor in atherogenesis than chronic hypoxia alone.", "PMID": 678310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3505", "title": "Platelet factors and the human vascular wall: variations in growth response between endothelial and medial smooth muscle cells.", "content": "In the present investigations, the effects of platelet factors on DNA-synthesis by human arterial and venous smooth muscle and venous endothelial cells were compared. Also studied was the role of such factors in restimulating quiescent endothelial cultures and in endothelial reaction to injury. Aortic smooth muscle cells grown in medium containing 10% human serum prepared from plasma poor in platelets (PPPS) reached 9.7%+/-SE 0.65 labelling index when continuously exposed to [3H] thymidine (1 muCi/ml). When lysate from gel-filtered platelets was added, the index was 19.4% +/- SE 1.13 (P less than 0.01) and in the presence of serum derived from platelet rich plasma (PRPS) it reached 24.6% +/- SE 1.22 (P less than 0.01). Similar results were obtained with smooth muscle cells from umbilical veins. In constrast, platelet factors did not significantly affect DNA-synthesis in endothelial cultures. They reached 25.6% +/- SE 1.97 when grown in medium containing PPPS as compared to 21.9% +/- Se 2.53 (P greater than 0.05), when exposed to PRPS. The ability of sera to stimulate DNA-synthesis in endothelial cultures rendered quiescent by 24 h exposure to medium containing 1.4% serum albumin (labelling index 1.83% +/- SE 0.14) was not affected by platelet factors. Platelet lysates alone were not sufficient to restimulate the quiescent  cells (labelling index 3.03% +/- SE 1.06) (P greater than 0.05). Platelet factors did not affect the proliferative response following experimental mechanical injury to endothelial monolayers in vitro. We conclude that while platelet factors are essential for human vascular smooth muscle cells to achieve optimal growth, they are not indispensable for endothelial cell proliferation. It is suggested that these cellular differences in growth requirements may play an important role in human atherogenesis.", "contents": "Platelet factors and the human vascular wall: variations in growth response between endothelial and medial smooth muscle cells. In the present investigations, the effects of platelet factors on DNA-synthesis by human arterial and venous smooth muscle and venous endothelial cells were compared. Also studied was the role of such factors in restimulating quiescent endothelial cultures and in endothelial reaction to injury. Aortic smooth muscle cells grown in medium containing 10% human serum prepared from plasma poor in platelets (PPPS) reached 9.7%+/-SE 0.65 labelling index when continuously exposed to [3H] thymidine (1 muCi/ml). When lysate from gel-filtered platelets was added, the index was 19.4% +/- SE 1.13 (P less than 0.01) and in the presence of serum derived from platelet rich plasma (PRPS) it reached 24.6% +/- SE 1.22 (P less than 0.01). Similar results were obtained with smooth muscle cells from umbilical veins. In constrast, platelet factors did not significantly affect DNA-synthesis in endothelial cultures. They reached 25.6% +/- SE 1.97 when grown in medium containing PPPS as compared to 21.9% +/- Se 2.53 (P greater than 0.05), when exposed to PRPS. The ability of sera to stimulate DNA-synthesis in endothelial cultures rendered quiescent by 24 h exposure to medium containing 1.4% serum albumin (labelling index 1.83% +/- SE 0.14) was not affected by platelet factors. Platelet lysates alone were not sufficient to restimulate the quiescent  cells (labelling index 3.03% +/- SE 1.06) (P greater than 0.05). Platelet factors did not affect the proliferative response following experimental mechanical injury to endothelial monolayers in vitro. We conclude that while platelet factors are essential for human vascular smooth muscle cells to achieve optimal growth, they are not indispensable for endothelial cell proliferation. It is suggested that these cellular differences in growth requirements may play an important role in human atherogenesis.", "PMID": 678311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3506", "title": "Lipoprotein-lipase activity in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in the fasting and the fed states.", "content": "Sixteen healthy subjects, 7 females and 9 males, with a mean age of 25 years (range 22--29 years), were studied in the fasting state in the morning and 8 h later after partaking of breakfast, lunch and two small meals. The lipoprotein-lipase activity in the adipose tissue increased significantly from 80 +/- 32 to 117 +/- 61 nmol fatty acid released per gram and minute (nmol FA/g/min), whereas in skeletal-muscle tissue it decreased significantly from 25 +/- 11 to 17 +/- 9 nmol FA/g/min. The concentration of serum triglycerides increased significantly from 0.93 +/- 0.18 mmol/l (mean +/- SD) in the fasting state to 1.57 +/- 0.64 mmol/l in the fed state. In the fasting state the lipoprotein-lipase activity of skeletal muscle was inversely related to the ratio between the concentrations of insulin and glucagon.", "contents": "Lipoprotein-lipase activity in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in the fasting and the fed states. Sixteen healthy subjects, 7 females and 9 males, with a mean age of 25 years (range 22--29 years), were studied in the fasting state in the morning and 8 h later after partaking of breakfast, lunch and two small meals. The lipoprotein-lipase activity in the adipose tissue increased significantly from 80 +/- 32 to 117 +/- 61 nmol fatty acid released per gram and minute (nmol FA/g/min), whereas in skeletal-muscle tissue it decreased significantly from 25 +/- 11 to 17 +/- 9 nmol FA/g/min. The concentration of serum triglycerides increased significantly from 0.93 +/- 0.18 mmol/l (mean +/- SD) in the fasting state to 1.57 +/- 0.64 mmol/l in the fed state. In the fasting state the lipoprotein-lipase activity of skeletal muscle was inversely related to the ratio between the concentrations of insulin and glucagon.", "PMID": 678312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3507", "title": "Effect of THD-341, a new hypocholesterolemic agent, on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits.", "content": "The influence of THD-341, N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-delta8-dihydroabietamide, upon the formation and regression of atherosclerosis and on serum and liver lipid levels has been studied. When rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 7 weeks, THD-341 added at a dietary level of 0.01% during the last 4 weeks almost completely prevented the formation of atherosclerotic lesions and the elevation of serum and liver cholesterol levels. When the drug was fed for 10 weeks, either in the normal or cholesterol diet, to rabbits with pre-established atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol feeding for 11 weeks, it did not affect the extent or severity of the lesions but inhibited the progression of lipid deposition in the aorta in a group fed the cholesterol diet during the final 10-weeks period. The reduction of serum and liver cholesterol levels was greater in the drug-treated groups than in the normal rabbit chow-fed group.", "contents": "Effect of THD-341, a new hypocholesterolemic agent, on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. The influence of THD-341, N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-delta8-dihydroabietamide, upon the formation and regression of atherosclerosis and on serum and liver lipid levels has been studied. When rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 7 weeks, THD-341 added at a dietary level of 0.01% during the last 4 weeks almost completely prevented the formation of atherosclerotic lesions and the elevation of serum and liver cholesterol levels. When the drug was fed for 10 weeks, either in the normal or cholesterol diet, to rabbits with pre-established atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol feeding for 11 weeks, it did not affect the extent or severity of the lesions but inhibited the progression of lipid deposition in the aorta in a group fed the cholesterol diet during the final 10-weeks period. The reduction of serum and liver cholesterol levels was greater in the drug-treated groups than in the normal rabbit chow-fed group.", "PMID": 678313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3508", "title": "Cholesteryl ester metabolism in fat- and cholesterol/fat-fed guinea pigs.", "content": "Guinea pigs were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 10% (by weight) cottonseed oil with or without 1% cholesterol. In response to cholesterol/fat feeding there was a significant accumulation of cholesteryl ester (CE), particularly in the liver, but also in the kidney, spleen and suprarenal glands. The hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) increased 5-10 times when the animals were fed cholesterol fat during 11 weeks while the acid cholesterol esterase (CE-ase) was similar in the two dietary groups. Intestinal lymph showed the highest content of cholesterol (both free and esterified) in guinea pigs fed cholesterol/fat. A low activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was present in the intestinal lymph, irrespective of dietary composition. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins seem to inhibit LCAT activity in the intestinal lymph. Plasma cholesterol levels in animals fed cholesterol/fat increased markedly while LCAT remained unaffected by the diets. Activity of ACAT and CE-ase in kidney and spleen was low compared to liver tissue and the enzyme activities were not affected by the cholesterol/fat feeding.", "contents": "Cholesteryl ester metabolism in fat- and cholesterol/fat-fed guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 10% (by weight) cottonseed oil with or without 1% cholesterol. In response to cholesterol/fat feeding there was a significant accumulation of cholesteryl ester (CE), particularly in the liver, but also in the kidney, spleen and suprarenal glands. The hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) increased 5-10 times when the animals were fed cholesterol fat during 11 weeks while the acid cholesterol esterase (CE-ase) was similar in the two dietary groups. Intestinal lymph showed the highest content of cholesterol (both free and esterified) in guinea pigs fed cholesterol/fat. A low activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was present in the intestinal lymph, irrespective of dietary composition. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins seem to inhibit LCAT activity in the intestinal lymph. Plasma cholesterol levels in animals fed cholesterol/fat increased markedly while LCAT remained unaffected by the diets. Activity of ACAT and CE-ase in kidney and spleen was low compared to liver tissue and the enzyme activities were not affected by the cholesterol/fat feeding.", "PMID": 678314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3509", "title": "Hypertension-induced cerebral atherosclerosis in the cholesterol-fed rabbit.", "content": "Foam cell lesions were found in cholesterol-fed rabbits with induced hypertension, particularly in intimal cushions at branching sites, where permeability to horseradish peroxidase was enhanced. Permeability to horseradish peroxidase was enhanced at the edge of intimal cushions without foam cell accumulation. This finding suggests that permeability is increased before foam cell infiltration. No foam cell lesions were observed in the intima of cerebral arteries distant from branching sites, but insudation of plasma constituents here caused endothelial cells to separate from the subendothelial matrices. Foam cell lesions were absent from the cerebral arteries in normotensive cholesterol-fed rabbits.", "contents": "Hypertension-induced cerebral atherosclerosis in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. Foam cell lesions were found in cholesterol-fed rabbits with induced hypertension, particularly in intimal cushions at branching sites, where permeability to horseradish peroxidase was enhanced. Permeability to horseradish peroxidase was enhanced at the edge of intimal cushions without foam cell accumulation. This finding suggests that permeability is increased before foam cell infiltration. No foam cell lesions were observed in the intima of cerebral arteries distant from branching sites, but insudation of plasma constituents here caused endothelial cells to separate from the subendothelial matrices. Foam cell lesions were absent from the cerebral arteries in normotensive cholesterol-fed rabbits.", "PMID": 678315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3510", "title": "Mode of action of the lipid-lowering agents, clofibrate and BM 15075, on cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver.", "content": "When rats were fed a diet containing 0.3% clofibrate or a derivative of this drug, BM 15075, serum cholesterol was lowered within 3-7 days by 26-38%. Both drugs diminished the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase, the regulatory enzyme of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, in rat liver microsomes by about 60% under the same conditions. The decrease in the activity of the enzyme obviously is due to changes in the amount of enzyme protein. Under in vitro conditions microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase was inhibited competitively by (1.35 mM) clofibric acid (sodium salt) and by BM 15075 (1 mM) with respect to its substrate. These results give evidence that these drugs can affect both, the rate of synthesis and the substrate affinity of hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase.", "contents": "Mode of action of the lipid-lowering agents, clofibrate and BM 15075, on cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver. When rats were fed a diet containing 0.3% clofibrate or a derivative of this drug, BM 15075, serum cholesterol was lowered within 3-7 days by 26-38%. Both drugs diminished the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase, the regulatory enzyme of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, in rat liver microsomes by about 60% under the same conditions. The decrease in the activity of the enzyme obviously is due to changes in the amount of enzyme protein. Under in vitro conditions microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase was inhibited competitively by (1.35 mM) clofibric acid (sodium salt) and by BM 15075 (1 mM) with respect to its substrate. These results give evidence that these drugs can affect both, the rate of synthesis and the substrate affinity of hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase.", "PMID": 678316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3511", "title": "Effect of metformin on lipid metabolism in the rabbit aortic wall.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to investigate whether metformin was capable of altering aortic lipid metabolism. Pretreatment of rabbits for 8 days with 120 mg/kg per os metformin reduced by 50--70% the incorporation of a 20 muCi tracer doseof [4(-14)C]cholesterol (given orally 24 h before) into various segments of aorta, plasma, liver, intestine and lung, as compared with control animals. However, as intestinal absorption of cholesterol was also diminished in the same proportion, it was then decided to inject the labelled cholesterol directly into the blood. Under these conditions, metformin induced the same reduction in [4(-14)C]cholesterol specific activity in the aorta, but not in other tissues. Three hours after intravenous injection of a 200 muCi tracer dose of [2(-14)C]-acetate, metformin strongly diminished the radioactivity of total lipids of the aorta, both in fed-rabbits and in rabbits on a 24 h fast, independently of the plasma radioactivity level. The inhibition of acetate incorporation into arterial lipids was observed in all lipid fractions (i.e. free and esterified cholesterol, free fatty acids, phospholipids and especially triglycerides) and the effect persisted unaltered over periods of increasing length after the injection of precursor (1/4, 1/2, 1, 3, 5, 8, 12 h). Metformin also significantly inhibited lipid biosynthesis in the liver and intestine. These properties, added to others previously described, can to a large extent explain the preventive effect of metformin on experimental atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Effect of metformin on lipid metabolism in the rabbit aortic wall. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether metformin was capable of altering aortic lipid metabolism. Pretreatment of rabbits for 8 days with 120 mg/kg per os metformin reduced by 50--70% the incorporation of a 20 muCi tracer doseof [4(-14)C]cholesterol (given orally 24 h before) into various segments of aorta, plasma, liver, intestine and lung, as compared with control animals. However, as intestinal absorption of cholesterol was also diminished in the same proportion, it was then decided to inject the labelled cholesterol directly into the blood. Under these conditions, metformin induced the same reduction in [4(-14)C]cholesterol specific activity in the aorta, but not in other tissues. Three hours after intravenous injection of a 200 muCi tracer dose of [2(-14)C]-acetate, metformin strongly diminished the radioactivity of total lipids of the aorta, both in fed-rabbits and in rabbits on a 24 h fast, independently of the plasma radioactivity level. The inhibition of acetate incorporation into arterial lipids was observed in all lipid fractions (i.e. free and esterified cholesterol, free fatty acids, phospholipids and especially triglycerides) and the effect persisted unaltered over periods of increasing length after the injection of precursor (1/4, 1/2, 1, 3, 5, 8, 12 h). Metformin also significantly inhibited lipid biosynthesis in the liver and intestine. These properties, added to others previously described, can to a large extent explain the preventive effect of metformin on experimental atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 678317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3512", "title": "The dissolution of cholesterol monohydrate crystals in atherosclerotic plaque lipids.", "content": "Uncomplicated human atherosclerotic plaques often contain large amounts of cholesterol esters and solid cholesterol monohydrate crystals. If such plaques are to regress the crystalline cholesterol would have to dissolve and be transported out of the arterial wall. Since cholesterol is quite insoluble in water, dissolution of plaque crystals might occur through lipids in the plaque, specifically, the cholesterol esters. As part of a study on feasibility of plaque reversal we have studied a specific step involving the dissolution of cholesterol monohydrate into cholesterol ester oil. With specific considerations of the composition and physical state of the cholesterol ester solvent, the size and form of cholesterol monohydrate crystals, the agitation rate, the temperature and the presence of water, we have found that cholesterol esters are an efficient solvent for cholesterol monohydrate crystals. The rate of dissolution was fast reaching 90% of saturation in 1 h. We conclude dissolution of cholesterol monohydrate into cholesterol ester oil is not a rate-limiting step in reversal of the atherosclerotic plaque. We suggest that transport of dissolved cholesterol from cholesterol ester oil may limit the removal. If transport of dissolved cholesterol could be enhanced, cholesterol monohydrate crystals could be rapidly dissolved and facilitate reversal of atherosclerotic lesions.", "contents": "The dissolution of cholesterol monohydrate crystals in atherosclerotic plaque lipids. Uncomplicated human atherosclerotic plaques often contain large amounts of cholesterol esters and solid cholesterol monohydrate crystals. If such plaques are to regress the crystalline cholesterol would have to dissolve and be transported out of the arterial wall. Since cholesterol is quite insoluble in water, dissolution of plaque crystals might occur through lipids in the plaque, specifically, the cholesterol esters. As part of a study on feasibility of plaque reversal we have studied a specific step involving the dissolution of cholesterol monohydrate into cholesterol ester oil. With specific considerations of the composition and physical state of the cholesterol ester solvent, the size and form of cholesterol monohydrate crystals, the agitation rate, the temperature and the presence of water, we have found that cholesterol esters are an efficient solvent for cholesterol monohydrate crystals. The rate of dissolution was fast reaching 90% of saturation in 1 h. We conclude dissolution of cholesterol monohydrate into cholesterol ester oil is not a rate-limiting step in reversal of the atherosclerotic plaque. We suggest that transport of dissolved cholesterol from cholesterol ester oil may limit the removal. If transport of dissolved cholesterol could be enhanced, cholesterol monohydrate crystals could be rapidly dissolved and facilitate reversal of atherosclerotic lesions.", "PMID": 678318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3513", "title": "Comparison of absorption and metabolism of beta-sitosterol and beta-sitostanol in rats.", "content": "The fates of [4-14C]beta-sitosterol ([14C]S) and [4-14C]beta-sitostanol ([14C]HS) were compared after after oral or intravenous administration to rats. Excretion into feces of oral [14C]HS was significantly higher than that of [14C]S. More than 97% of [14C]HS and 88% of [14CS]S were recovered in the feces within 7 days. Thus, deposition of [14C]HS was negligible in the tissues that were examined. Turnover in serum of [14C]HS which was injected intravenously appeared to be more rapid than that of [14C]S; [14C]HS was excreted as neutral steroids at a rate more than twice that of [14C]S. The rate of excretion of [3H]cholesterol was slightly greater when HS was administered simultaneously. The liver contained significantly less radioactivity after [14C]HS than after [14C]S administration. More [14C]HS than [14C]S was present in esterified form in serum and liver. The ratio of sterol in very low density lipoprotein to that in high density lipoprotein was less for HS or S than for endogenous cholesterol; this was particularly marked with HS. These results suggest that HS would be a more effective hypocholesterolemic agent than S.", "contents": "Comparison of absorption and metabolism of beta-sitosterol and beta-sitostanol in rats. The fates of [4-14C]beta-sitosterol ([14C]S) and [4-14C]beta-sitostanol ([14C]HS) were compared after after oral or intravenous administration to rats. Excretion into feces of oral [14C]HS was significantly higher than that of [14C]S. More than 97% of [14C]HS and 88% of [14CS]S were recovered in the feces within 7 days. Thus, deposition of [14C]HS was negligible in the tissues that were examined. Turnover in serum of [14C]HS which was injected intravenously appeared to be more rapid than that of [14C]S; [14C]HS was excreted as neutral steroids at a rate more than twice that of [14C]S. The rate of excretion of [3H]cholesterol was slightly greater when HS was administered simultaneously. The liver contained significantly less radioactivity after [14C]HS than after [14C]S administration. More [14C]HS than [14C]S was present in esterified form in serum and liver. The ratio of sterol in very low density lipoprotein to that in high density lipoprotein was less for HS or S than for endogenous cholesterol; this was particularly marked with HS. These results suggest that HS would be a more effective hypocholesterolemic agent than S.", "PMID": 678319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3514", "title": "A language for computer generation of medical data forms.", "content": "In this paper we describe the main features of a small-scale plotting language used to produce medical data forms. It requires no previous knowledge of computers and is easily learned and used. Its use at the Statistical Laboratory at the State University of New York at Buffalo has resulted in considerable time savings, a greater unification of data items and data forms, and an increase in the quality of data collected.", "contents": "A language for computer generation of medical data forms. In this paper we describe the main features of a small-scale plotting language used to produce medical data forms. It requires no previous knowledge of computers and is easily learned and used. Its use at the Statistical Laboratory at the State University of New York at Buffalo has resulted in considerable time savings, a greater unification of data items and data forms, and an increase in the quality of data collected.", "PMID": 678323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3515", "title": "Chemical modifications of tyrosyl residue(s) and action of human-fibroblast interferon.", "content": "Partially purified and purified human fibroblastoid interferon were iodinated and nitrated under experimental conditions in which the most likely amino acyl residue modified was tyrosine(s). The modification resulted in a loss of human interferon activity suggesting that tyrosyl residue(s) is associated with the antiviral action of human interferon.", "contents": "Chemical modifications of tyrosyl residue(s) and action of human-fibroblast interferon. Partially purified and purified human fibroblastoid interferon were iodinated and nitrated under experimental conditions in which the most likely amino acyl residue modified was tyrosine(s). The modification resulted in a loss of human interferon activity suggesting that tyrosyl residue(s) is associated with the antiviral action of human interferon.", "PMID": 678325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3516", "title": "Growth cones of cultured sympathetic neurons contain adrenergic vesicles.", "content": "The growth cones of dissociated rat sympathetic neurons developing in culture were fixed with potassium permanganate to visualize vesicular stores of norepinephrine through the formation of granular precipitates. It was found that growth cones contain numerous small granular vesicles (SGV) 40-60 nm in diameter. The majority of the SGV was present in the varicosity of the growth cone but SGV also occurred in filopodia. The SGV appeared in clusters or scattered throughout the varicosity. Treatment of the cultured neurons, before fixation, with reserpine, which depletes catecholamine stores by blocking uptake into vesicles, resulted in the presence of small clear vesicles. In contrast, growth cones of nonadrenergic sensory neurons dissociated from dorsal root ganglia and fixed with permanganate lacked SGV and possessed small clear vesicles. These observations indicate that the growth cones of cultured sympathetic neurons contain norepinephrine, suggest that the norepinephrine is stored in synaptic vesicles, and raise the question whether this transmitter plays a role in early axon-target cell interactions during synapse formation.", "contents": "Growth cones of cultured sympathetic neurons contain adrenergic vesicles. The growth cones of dissociated rat sympathetic neurons developing in culture were fixed with potassium permanganate to visualize vesicular stores of norepinephrine through the formation of granular precipitates. It was found that growth cones contain numerous small granular vesicles (SGV) 40-60 nm in diameter. The majority of the SGV was present in the varicosity of the growth cone but SGV also occurred in filopodia. The SGV appeared in clusters or scattered throughout the varicosity. Treatment of the cultured neurons, before fixation, with reserpine, which depletes catecholamine stores by blocking uptake into vesicles, resulted in the presence of small clear vesicles. In contrast, growth cones of nonadrenergic sensory neurons dissociated from dorsal root ganglia and fixed with permanganate lacked SGV and possessed small clear vesicles. These observations indicate that the growth cones of cultured sympathetic neurons contain norepinephrine, suggest that the norepinephrine is stored in synaptic vesicles, and raise the question whether this transmitter plays a role in early axon-target cell interactions during synapse formation.", "PMID": 678326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3517", "title": "Inheritance of low serum immunoglobulin D.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that log IgD levels in normal individuals are distributed in a nonunimodal manner. Therefore, in this study we tested whether inheritance might play a role in determination of IgD levels. IgD levels were measured in serum or plasma from 301 randomly selected children aged 6-18 yr, 245 consecutive adult blood donors, and 134 first-degree relatives of subjects with low IgD levels. Comparison of serum and plasma from five individuals revealed no difference, so the two were used interchangeably. The distributions of log IgD levels in randomly selected populations of both adults and children were nonunimodal with nadirs at 2.15 IU/ml. In both of these randomly selected populations, 13-14% of the subjects had low IgD values (<2.15 IU/ml). In addition, there was a significant sibling-sibling correlation of log IgD values (r = 0.56, n = 72, P <0.01). Because of the nonunimodality of the frequency distribution histogram for IgD values and because of the familial aggregation of these values, the study was extended to include first-degree relatives of subjects with low plasma IgD. Blood samples from 92% of living first-degree relatives, 134 individuals, were analyzed for their level of IgD, and the results of segregation and pedigree analyses of these data were compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for low plasma IgD levels. IgD values in plasma from siblings of probands for low IgD were also non-unimodal in distribution with a nadir at congruent with2.15 IU/ml. The results suggest that there is autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for low plasma IgD.", "contents": "Inheritance of low serum immunoglobulin D. Previous studies have shown that log IgD levels in normal individuals are distributed in a nonunimodal manner. Therefore, in this study we tested whether inheritance might play a role in determination of IgD levels. IgD levels were measured in serum or plasma from 301 randomly selected children aged 6-18 yr, 245 consecutive adult blood donors, and 134 first-degree relatives of subjects with low IgD levels. Comparison of serum and plasma from five individuals revealed no difference, so the two were used interchangeably. The distributions of log IgD levels in randomly selected populations of both adults and children were nonunimodal with nadirs at 2.15 IU/ml. In both of these randomly selected populations, 13-14% of the subjects had low IgD values (<2.15 IU/ml). In addition, there was a significant sibling-sibling correlation of log IgD values (r = 0.56, n = 72, P <0.01). Because of the nonunimodality of the frequency distribution histogram for IgD values and because of the familial aggregation of these values, the study was extended to include first-degree relatives of subjects with low plasma IgD. Blood samples from 92% of living first-degree relatives, 134 individuals, were analyzed for their level of IgD, and the results of segregation and pedigree analyses of these data were compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for low plasma IgD levels. IgD values in plasma from siblings of probands for low IgD were also non-unimodal in distribution with a nadir at congruent with2.15 IU/ml. The results suggest that there is autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for low plasma IgD.", "PMID": 678327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3518", "title": "Minimal oxygen consumption in infants cared for under overhead radiant warmers compared with conventional incubators.", "content": "Infants under radiant warmers have large increases in insensible water loss compared with infants in single wall incubators. To answer the question of whether or not a minimal rate of oxygen consumption could be achieved under overhead radiant warmers, we measured oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and abdominal skin, cheek, rectal, thigh, and environmental temperature in ten healthy newborn infants in incubators and radiant warmers, using each infant as his/her own control. The minimal VO2 ranged from 4.41 to 8.87 and from 4.35 to 9.06 cc/kg/minute in the incubator and radiant warmer, respectively. The differences were clearly not significant (paired Student t-test, P greater than 0.60). There were no significant differences between the respiratory quotients, VCO2, or abdominal skin, check, rectal or environmental temperatures. These data support the hypothesis that a thermoneutral environment can be provided with a radiant warmer and imply that large increases in insensible water loss can occur without affecting minimal oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Minimal oxygen consumption in infants cared for under overhead radiant warmers compared with conventional incubators. Infants under radiant warmers have large increases in insensible water loss compared with infants in single wall incubators. To answer the question of whether or not a minimal rate of oxygen consumption could be achieved under overhead radiant warmers, we measured oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and abdominal skin, cheek, rectal, thigh, and environmental temperature in ten healthy newborn infants in incubators and radiant warmers, using each infant as his/her own control. The minimal VO2 ranged from 4.41 to 8.87 and from 4.35 to 9.06 cc/kg/minute in the incubator and radiant warmer, respectively. The differences were clearly not significant (paired Student t-test, P greater than 0.60). There were no significant differences between the respiratory quotients, VCO2, or abdominal skin, check, rectal or environmental temperatures. These data support the hypothesis that a thermoneutral environment can be provided with a radiant warmer and imply that large increases in insensible water loss can occur without affecting minimal oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 678328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3519", "title": "Fever and survival: the role of serum iron.", "content": "1. The effects of bacterial infection and temperature on serum iron levels were investigated in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. 2. Changes in body temperature from normal (38 degrees C) to febrile (41 degrees C) did not alter serum iron levels. Injection with Aeromonas hydrophila led to a significant reduction in serum iron levels, comparable to that found in mammals. This reduction in serum iron level was independent of the lizard's body temperature. 3. When grown in vitro, A. hydrophila grew equally well at afebrile (38 degrees C) and febrile (41 degrees C) temperatures. When the iron levels of the growth medium were reduced, the bacterial growth was diminished at the febrile temperature but was not significantly affected at the afebrile temperature. 4. The addition of iron supplements to bacterially infected lizards led to an increase in the percent mortality. 5. These results indicate that one of the mechanisms behind the beneficial, or adaptive value of fever in D. dorsalis is the decrease in iron available to the pathogenic micro-organisms.", "contents": "Fever and survival: the role of serum iron. 1. The effects of bacterial infection and temperature on serum iron levels were investigated in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. 2. Changes in body temperature from normal (38 degrees C) to febrile (41 degrees C) did not alter serum iron levels. Injection with Aeromonas hydrophila led to a significant reduction in serum iron levels, comparable to that found in mammals. This reduction in serum iron level was independent of the lizard's body temperature. 3. When grown in vitro, A. hydrophila grew equally well at afebrile (38 degrees C) and febrile (41 degrees C) temperatures. When the iron levels of the growth medium were reduced, the bacterial growth was diminished at the febrile temperature but was not significantly affected at the afebrile temperature. 4. The addition of iron supplements to bacterially infected lizards led to an increase in the percent mortality. 5. These results indicate that one of the mechanisms behind the beneficial, or adaptive value of fever in D. dorsalis is the decrease in iron available to the pathogenic micro-organisms.", "PMID": 678329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3520", "title": "Chronic inflammatory gingival and periodontal disease.", "content": "Gingivitis and periodontitis account for more than 95% of all inflammatory diseases of the tissues surrounding the teeth, comprising the principal cause of tooth loss in adults. Gingivitis is a relatively innocuous inflammation of the gums, with associated bleeding and exudation. Gingivitis may convert to periodontitis, a destructive aggressive disease with resorption of alveolar bone, destruction of collagen with fibrosis, and formation of deep pockets around the necks of the teeth. Gingivitis and periodontitis are caused by microorganisms populating the gingival sulcus and periodontal pocket. Treatment is directed toward arresting the progress of the disease through debridement and stabilization of the teeth. Toothbrushing and other measures by which the teeth are mechanically cleaned remain the most effective way to control plaque accumulation and periodontal disease.", "contents": "Chronic inflammatory gingival and periodontal disease. Gingivitis and periodontitis account for more than 95% of all inflammatory diseases of the tissues surrounding the teeth, comprising the principal cause of tooth loss in adults. Gingivitis is a relatively innocuous inflammation of the gums, with associated bleeding and exudation. Gingivitis may convert to periodontitis, a destructive aggressive disease with resorption of alveolar bone, destruction of collagen with fibrosis, and formation of deep pockets around the necks of the teeth. Gingivitis and periodontitis are caused by microorganisms populating the gingival sulcus and periodontal pocket. Treatment is directed toward arresting the progress of the disease through debridement and stabilization of the teeth. Toothbrushing and other measures by which the teeth are mechanically cleaned remain the most effective way to control plaque accumulation and periodontal disease.", "PMID": 678330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3521", "title": "Myofibroblasts and free silicon around breast implants.", "content": "Fibrous tissue capsules, from around silicone breast implants, were examined by light microscopy, and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, the latter combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Contractile fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) were found in most of these fibrous capsules, and especially in those recently formed or manipulated. The element silicon was positively identified by X-ray analysis in half the tissue specimens. This material was found only around gel-filled implants. In the specimens studied, the clinical hardness of the breast was unrelated to the presence of silicon in the capsule.", "contents": "Myofibroblasts and free silicon around breast implants. Fibrous tissue capsules, from around silicone breast implants, were examined by light microscopy, and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, the latter combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Contractile fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) were found in most of these fibrous capsules, and especially in those recently formed or manipulated. The element silicon was positively identified by X-ray analysis in half the tissue specimens. This material was found only around gel-filled implants. In the specimens studied, the clinical hardness of the breast was unrelated to the presence of silicon in the capsule.", "PMID": 678332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3522", "title": "Saccadic velocity studies in M\u00f6bius syndrome.", "content": "Eight patients with M\u00f6bius syndrome were examined and their eye movements studied with horizontal saccadic velocity measurements. A marked decrease in velocity of horizontal saccades was noted, indicating both medial and lateral rectus weakness. Significant esotropia, when present, may be improved with conventional recession-resection surgery.", "contents": "Saccadic velocity studies in M\u00f6bius syndrome. Eight patients with M\u00f6bius syndrome were examined and their eye movements studied with horizontal saccadic velocity measurements. A marked decrease in velocity of horizontal saccades was noted, indicating both medial and lateral rectus weakness. Significant esotropia, when present, may be improved with conventional recession-resection surgery.", "PMID": 678335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3523", "title": "[Squamous cell papilloma of the 3rd cerebral ventricle].", "content": "An extremely rare tumor of the III brain ventricle, a squamous cell papilloma, in a man of 49 is described. The localization of the neoplasia without any topical association with the vascular plexus confirms the opinion that squamous cell papilloma of the III ventricle belongs to the group of craniopharyngiomas.", "contents": "[Squamous cell papilloma of the 3rd cerebral ventricle]. An extremely rare tumor of the III brain ventricle, a squamous cell papilloma, in a man of 49 is described. The localization of the neoplasia without any topical association with the vascular plexus confirms the opinion that squamous cell papilloma of the III ventricle belongs to the group of craniopharyngiomas.", "PMID": 678336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3524", "title": "Perception of blur in optometric test.", "content": "Sensitivity to blur detection was measured for 30 optometric patients by having them match the clarity [or blur] of the target words at the test endpoint with 1 of an identical set of photographically defocused words. The group showed considerable variance in their blur scores which approached a normal distribution. Some clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Perception of blur in optometric test. Sensitivity to blur detection was measured for 30 optometric patients by having them match the clarity [or blur] of the target words at the test endpoint with 1 of an identical set of photographically defocused words. The group showed considerable variance in their blur scores which approached a normal distribution. Some clinical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 678341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3525", "title": "Absorption of inhaled antigen into the circulation of isolated lungs from normal and immunized rabbits.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether the absorption of inhaled antigen (Ag) across the pulmonary air-blood barrier of the isolated perfused lung can be modulated by immunologic mechanisms. Lungs from immunized or nonimmunized rabbits were removed, ventilated, and perfused with autochthonous blood. Radioiodinated Ag (human serum albumin or ovalbumin) was introduced as an aerosol into the isolated lung for 15 min and blood samples were taken over a 4-h period. The results showed that radioactivity fom inhaled Ag entered the perfusing blood as two fractions. One fraction was precipitable by 5% trichloroacetic acid or antiserum. The TCA-soluble fraction chromatographed differently from iodide and may have represented metabolites of the Ag. Immunization specifically reduced the amount of antigenically intact protein entering the blood. On the other hand, the metabolite reached higher concentrations in the blood of immunized lungs. We conclude that the alveolar capillary barrier of the normal rabbit lung could provide a significant route of entry for inhaled antigen into the systemic circulation and that immunization reduces absorption via this route and enhances pulmonary metabolism of the Ag.", "contents": "Absorption of inhaled antigen into the circulation of isolated lungs from normal and immunized rabbits. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the absorption of inhaled antigen (Ag) across the pulmonary air-blood barrier of the isolated perfused lung can be modulated by immunologic mechanisms. Lungs from immunized or nonimmunized rabbits were removed, ventilated, and perfused with autochthonous blood. Radioiodinated Ag (human serum albumin or ovalbumin) was introduced as an aerosol into the isolated lung for 15 min and blood samples were taken over a 4-h period. The results showed that radioactivity fom inhaled Ag entered the perfusing blood as two fractions. One fraction was precipitable by 5% trichloroacetic acid or antiserum. The TCA-soluble fraction chromatographed differently from iodide and may have represented metabolites of the Ag. Immunization specifically reduced the amount of antigenically intact protein entering the blood. On the other hand, the metabolite reached higher concentrations in the blood of immunized lungs. We conclude that the alveolar capillary barrier of the normal rabbit lung could provide a significant route of entry for inhaled antigen into the systemic circulation and that immunization reduces absorption via this route and enhances pulmonary metabolism of the Ag.", "PMID": 678344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3526", "title": "The role of non-biting flies in the transmission of enteric pathogens (Salmonella species and Shigella species) in Beirut, Lebanon.", "content": "In the summer and early autumn of 1974, flies were trapped in the Beirut districts of Ashraffiyah, Burj, Burj-Hammoud, Quarantine, the New Slaughter House, Ras Beirut, American University Campus, and the suburbs of Chiyah and Mreyjieh. Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Calliphora vicina, Phormia regina, Phaenicia sericata, Sarcophagidae spp. and Fannia canicularis were identified. The rural areas of Mreyjieh and Chiyah had higher densities of Musca domestica while higher densities of Calliphoridae spp. were found in the Slaughter House, Quarantine and Burj-Hammoud districts. Twenty-nine isolates, ten of Shigella spp. and 19 of Salmonella spp. were obtained from the bacteriological studies of 72 batches of Muscidae spp. and 84 Calliphoridae spp. These results indicate the hyperendemicity of salmonellosis and shigellosis in the areas under study, due to the prevalent poor sanity conditions and high fly infestation. It is suggested that in countries where valid health statistics are not available, bacteriological studies of flies may provide essential epidemiological information.", "contents": "The role of non-biting flies in the transmission of enteric pathogens (Salmonella species and Shigella species) in Beirut, Lebanon. In the summer and early autumn of 1974, flies were trapped in the Beirut districts of Ashraffiyah, Burj, Burj-Hammoud, Quarantine, the New Slaughter House, Ras Beirut, American University Campus, and the suburbs of Chiyah and Mreyjieh. Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Calliphora vicina, Phormia regina, Phaenicia sericata, Sarcophagidae spp. and Fannia canicularis were identified. The rural areas of Mreyjieh and Chiyah had higher densities of Musca domestica while higher densities of Calliphoridae spp. were found in the Slaughter House, Quarantine and Burj-Hammoud districts. Twenty-nine isolates, ten of Shigella spp. and 19 of Salmonella spp. were obtained from the bacteriological studies of 72 batches of Muscidae spp. and 84 Calliphoridae spp. These results indicate the hyperendemicity of salmonellosis and shigellosis in the areas under study, due to the prevalent poor sanity conditions and high fly infestation. It is suggested that in countries where valid health statistics are not available, bacteriological studies of flies may provide essential epidemiological information.", "PMID": 678345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3527", "title": "Behavioral marriage therapy: I. A psychodynamic-systems analysis and critique.", "content": "After briefly summarizing the major theoretical premises and treatment strategies of Behavioral Marriage Therapy (BMT), five major clusters of implicit assumptions in BMT are identified and critically examined: I. \"The Rational Observing Ego Shall Conquer All\"; II. \"Behavior Should Not Mean, But Be\"; III. \"What's Sauce for the Goose is Sauce for the Gander\"; IV. \"Repression Is Good for Your Marital Mental Health\"; V. \"The Folly of the Therapist as Technician.\" Throughout this analysis, the conceptual and clinical limitations of a strictly or predominantly behavioral approach to couples therapy are described, and BMT is reconsidered in the light of object relations theory and communication theory perspectives on marital dysfunction and its treatment.", "contents": "Behavioral marriage therapy: I. A psychodynamic-systems analysis and critique. After briefly summarizing the major theoretical premises and treatment strategies of Behavioral Marriage Therapy (BMT), five major clusters of implicit assumptions in BMT are identified and critically examined: I. \"The Rational Observing Ego Shall Conquer All\"; II. \"Behavior Should Not Mean, But Be\"; III. \"What's Sauce for the Goose is Sauce for the Gander\"; IV. \"Repression Is Good for Your Marital Mental Health\"; V. \"The Folly of the Therapist as Technician.\" Throughout this analysis, the conceptual and clinical limitations of a strictly or predominantly behavioral approach to couples therapy are described, and BMT is reconsidered in the light of object relations theory and communication theory perspectives on marital dysfunction and its treatment.", "PMID": 678347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3528", "title": "Renin-sodium profile and its therapeutical implications in arterial hypertension.", "content": "In 35 patients with moderate or severe essential hypertension (EH) four groups could be identified by plasma angiotensin II (AII) (formula: see text) and by exchangeable sodium (ENa) (formula: see text) determination. In 6 patients with high AII (135.9 pg/ml +/- 26.29) and normal ENa (98.83% +/- 1.40) propranolol significantly lowered both blood pressure (BP) and AII, suggesting that these forms of EH are renin dependent. In 15 patients with normal AII (36.43 pg/ml +/- 2.27) and high ENa (124.23 +/- 2.78) and in 6 patients with low AII (8.36 pg/ml +/- 3.39) and high ENa (125.16% +/- 5.71) the maximal hypotensive effect was achieved after ENa reduction with thiabutazid. These forms of EH appear to be volume-sodium dependent. In 8 patients with increase of both AII (76.53 pg/ml +/- 5.72) and ENa (112% +/- 1.72), propranolol associated with thiabutazid lowered the BP, AII and ENa suggesting that these cases are mixed forms. ENa determination appears to be a reliable index for renin profiling; such a renin-sodium profile allows to identify some pathophysiologic forms of arterial hypertension.", "contents": "Renin-sodium profile and its therapeutical implications in arterial hypertension. In 35 patients with moderate or severe essential hypertension (EH) four groups could be identified by plasma angiotensin II (AII) (formula: see text) and by exchangeable sodium (ENa) (formula: see text) determination. In 6 patients with high AII (135.9 pg/ml +/- 26.29) and normal ENa (98.83% +/- 1.40) propranolol significantly lowered both blood pressure (BP) and AII, suggesting that these forms of EH are renin dependent. In 15 patients with normal AII (36.43 pg/ml +/- 2.27) and high ENa (124.23 +/- 2.78) and in 6 patients with low AII (8.36 pg/ml +/- 3.39) and high ENa (125.16% +/- 5.71) the maximal hypotensive effect was achieved after ENa reduction with thiabutazid. These forms of EH appear to be volume-sodium dependent. In 8 patients with increase of both AII (76.53 pg/ml +/- 5.72) and ENa (112% +/- 1.72), propranolol associated with thiabutazid lowered the BP, AII and ENa suggesting that these cases are mixed forms. ENa determination appears to be a reliable index for renin profiling; such a renin-sodium profile allows to identify some pathophysiologic forms of arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 678343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3529", "title": "Behavioral marriage therapy. II. Empirical perspective.", "content": "Two recent published reviews of research on behavioral marriage therapy stimulated us to supplement these accounts with additional relevant data. First, we place research on behavioral couples therapy in the broader context of outcome research on nonbehavioral marital therapy. We then summarized the results of 23 studies of behavioral couples therapy not included in these previous reviews and conclude that these additional data on controlled and comparative studies do little to enhance the current empirical status of efficacy of behavioral marriage therapy and in no case do they establish the superiority of social learning approaches. It is concluded that an open mind to all sources of data on the efficacy of marital therapy is needed if the field is to make meaningful advances.", "contents": "Behavioral marriage therapy. II. Empirical perspective. Two recent published reviews of research on behavioral marriage therapy stimulated us to supplement these accounts with additional relevant data. First, we place research on behavioral couples therapy in the broader context of outcome research on nonbehavioral marital therapy. We then summarized the results of 23 studies of behavioral couples therapy not included in these previous reviews and conclude that these additional data on controlled and comparative studies do little to enhance the current empirical status of efficacy of behavioral marriage therapy and in no case do they establish the superiority of social learning approaches. It is concluded that an open mind to all sources of data on the efficacy of marital therapy is needed if the field is to make meaningful advances.", "PMID": 678348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3530", "title": "Behavioral marriage therapy. III. The contents of Gurman et al. may be hazardous to our health.", "content": "This paper was written as a reply to a critique of behavioral marital therapy (BMT) by Gurman, Kniskern, and Knudson (6, 7). The reply is divided into four sections. First, the paper addresses the critics' comments on the conceptual model put forth by BMT, correcting and clarifying various misconceptions, and restating some of the basic ideological principles in the behavioral model. Second, the paper discusses behavioral change techniques and technology, along with extratechnological treatment considerations. Again, misrepresentations of BMT are corrected. Third, an analysis of the literature investigating the therapeutic efficacy of BMT is reviewed, and the conclusion is reached that BMT is demonstrably effective, at least for a substantial number of mildly to moderately distressed couples. Criticisms are made of the analysis of the same literature conducted by Gurman et al. We conclude that, contrary to the spirit of the paper by Gurman et al., BMT is a viable framework for conceptualizing and treating relationship problems and that the commitment of its adherents to experimental investigation promises continued evolution, refinement, and improvement.", "contents": "Behavioral marriage therapy. III. The contents of Gurman et al. may be hazardous to our health. This paper was written as a reply to a critique of behavioral marital therapy (BMT) by Gurman, Kniskern, and Knudson (6, 7). The reply is divided into four sections. First, the paper addresses the critics' comments on the conceptual model put forth by BMT, correcting and clarifying various misconceptions, and restating some of the basic ideological principles in the behavioral model. Second, the paper discusses behavioral change techniques and technology, along with extratechnological treatment considerations. Again, misrepresentations of BMT are corrected. Third, an analysis of the literature investigating the therapeutic efficacy of BMT is reviewed, and the conclusion is reached that BMT is demonstrably effective, at least for a substantial number of mildly to moderately distressed couples. Criticisms are made of the analysis of the same literature conducted by Gurman et al. We conclude that, contrary to the spirit of the paper by Gurman et al., BMT is a viable framework for conceptualizing and treating relationship problems and that the commitment of its adherents to experimental investigation promises continued evolution, refinement, and improvement.", "PMID": 678349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3531", "title": "Behavioral marriage therapy. IV. Take two aspirin and call us in the morning.", "content": "The Jacobson-Weiss critique of the Gurman-Knudson and Gurman-Kniskern discussions of behavioral marriage therapy (BMT), while scholarly, derives from such a narrow conceptual set that, with only minor exceptions, Jacobson and Weiss have failed basically to comprehend the essence of our theoretical and logical criticisms of BMT. Moreover, a careful reanalysis of the research cited by our critics as evidence for the efficacy of BMT reveals the strength of the empirical foundation of this approach to have been greatly exaggerated. While few of our concerns about a preominantly behavioral approach to marriage therapy have been ameliorated by Jacobson and Weiss' commentary, some success seems to have been achieved in terms of our original purpose: to stimulate critical thinking about the premises and process of marital therapy.", "contents": "Behavioral marriage therapy. IV. Take two aspirin and call us in the morning. The Jacobson-Weiss critique of the Gurman-Knudson and Gurman-Kniskern discussions of behavioral marriage therapy (BMT), while scholarly, derives from such a narrow conceptual set that, with only minor exceptions, Jacobson and Weiss have failed basically to comprehend the essence of our theoretical and logical criticisms of BMT. Moreover, a careful reanalysis of the research cited by our critics as evidence for the efficacy of BMT reveals the strength of the empirical foundation of this approach to have been greatly exaggerated. While few of our concerns about a preominantly behavioral approach to marriage therapy have been ameliorated by Jacobson and Weiss' commentary, some success seems to have been achieved in terms of our original purpose: to stimulate critical thinking about the premises and process of marital therapy.", "PMID": 678350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3532", "title": "A feminist approach to family therapy.", "content": "Although family therapy recognizes the importance of the social context as a determiner of behavior, family therapists have not examined the consequences of traditional socialization practices that primarily disadvantage women. The unquestioned reinforcement of stereotyped sex roles takes place in much of family therapy. A feminist therapy orientation that considers the consequences of stereotyped sex roles and the statuses prescribed by society for females and males should be part of family therapy practice. This paper describes the ways in which family therapists who are aware of their own biases and those of the family can change sexist patterns through applying feminist principles to such areas as the contract, shifting tasks in the family, communication, generational boundaries, relabeling deviance, modeling, and therapeutic alliances.", "contents": "A feminist approach to family therapy. Although family therapy recognizes the importance of the social context as a determiner of behavior, family therapists have not examined the consequences of traditional socialization practices that primarily disadvantage women. The unquestioned reinforcement of stereotyped sex roles takes place in much of family therapy. A feminist therapy orientation that considers the consequences of stereotyped sex roles and the statuses prescribed by society for females and males should be part of family therapy practice. This paper describes the ways in which family therapists who are aware of their own biases and those of the family can change sexist patterns through applying feminist principles to such areas as the contract, shifting tasks in the family, communication, generational boundaries, relabeling deviance, modeling, and therapeutic alliances.", "PMID": 678351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3533", "title": "Fluorouracil therapy in patients with carcinoma of the large bowel: a pharmacokinetic comparison of various rates and routes of administration.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of fluorouracil after oral, intravenous and rectal administration were compared in 12 patients with colorectal cancers. Oral administration of 10 to 15 mg/kg gave variable plasma levels (0 to 10.5 microgram/ml) and bioavailability (0 to 74%; mean 28%). Bioavailability increased markedly with increases in dose, suggesting saturation of the 'first pass' hepatic metabolism of the drug. Differences in bioavailability could not be related to standard liver function tests or the presence of metastatic deposits in the liver. Plasma levels were not detectable after rectal administration in the 4 patients studied and were very low (0 to 8 microgram/ml) during high dose (20 to 30 mg/kg/24h) slow intravenous infusion in 6 patients. These findings indicate that different dose schedules and routes of administration produce markedly different plasma levels. They suggest that the rate of degradation of fluorouracil by the liver is quite variable and may become saturated with increasing dose. For these reasons monitoring of plasma levels of the drug in individual patients may be useful.", "contents": "Fluorouracil therapy in patients with carcinoma of the large bowel: a pharmacokinetic comparison of various rates and routes of administration. The pharmacokinetics of fluorouracil after oral, intravenous and rectal administration were compared in 12 patients with colorectal cancers. Oral administration of 10 to 15 mg/kg gave variable plasma levels (0 to 10.5 microgram/ml) and bioavailability (0 to 74%; mean 28%). Bioavailability increased markedly with increases in dose, suggesting saturation of the 'first pass' hepatic metabolism of the drug. Differences in bioavailability could not be related to standard liver function tests or the presence of metastatic deposits in the liver. Plasma levels were not detectable after rectal administration in the 4 patients studied and were very low (0 to 8 microgram/ml) during high dose (20 to 30 mg/kg/24h) slow intravenous infusion in 6 patients. These findings indicate that different dose schedules and routes of administration produce markedly different plasma levels. They suggest that the rate of degradation of fluorouracil by the liver is quite variable and may become saturated with increasing dose. For these reasons monitoring of plasma levels of the drug in individual patients may be useful.", "PMID": 678346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3534", "title": "Individual and family growth: a Gestalt approach.", "content": "Gestalt therapy is described as a comprehensive framework of theory and techniques for experiential family threapy. Like other experientially oriented therapies, it is systems-oriented, immediate-experience-oriented, and affect-oriented. Unlike others, this method regards the client system's emergent processes as the central focus, and it emphasizes that growth occurs as the family and its members are helped to greater self-awareness and responsibility for their own functioning.", "contents": "Individual and family growth: a Gestalt approach. Gestalt therapy is described as a comprehensive framework of theory and techniques for experiential family threapy. Like other experientially oriented therapies, it is systems-oriented, immediate-experience-oriented, and affect-oriented. Unlike others, this method regards the client system's emergent processes as the central focus, and it emphasizes that growth occurs as the family and its members are helped to greater self-awareness and responsibility for their own functioning.", "PMID": 678352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3535", "title": "An interactional approach to dysfunctional silencing in family therapy.", "content": "This paper presents an interactional approach to the problem of dysfunctional silencing in family therapy. Silencing is classified as dysfunctional if it satisfies two conditions: (a) it occurs repeatedly and independently of content, and (b) it functions as negative feedback that limits change in the family system. Dysfunctional silencing is defined as those efforts of one or more family members to limit change by repeatedly blocking the communication of another family member, who in turn colludes by tacitly agreeing to remain silent. The interactional approach presented utilizes conflict-resolution techniques and videotape feedback; it is illustrated by a case example.", "contents": "An interactional approach to dysfunctional silencing in family therapy. This paper presents an interactional approach to the problem of dysfunctional silencing in family therapy. Silencing is classified as dysfunctional if it satisfies two conditions: (a) it occurs repeatedly and independently of content, and (b) it functions as negative feedback that limits change in the family system. Dysfunctional silencing is defined as those efforts of one or more family members to limit change by repeatedly blocking the communication of another family member, who in turn colludes by tacitly agreeing to remain silent. The interactional approach presented utilizes conflict-resolution techniques and videotape feedback; it is illustrated by a case example.", "PMID": 678353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3536", "title": "Through the looking glass: the experiences of two family therapy trainees with live supervision.", "content": "A thorough investigation of the literature pertaining to therapy supervision reveals that supervision has never been examined from the viewpoint of the trainee. This paper examines live supervision of family therapy from that viewpoint. It suggests that live supervision is a powerful and effective tool--a tool that engenders strong emotional responses.", "contents": "Through the looking glass: the experiences of two family therapy trainees with live supervision. A thorough investigation of the literature pertaining to therapy supervision reveals that supervision has never been examined from the viewpoint of the trainee. This paper examines live supervision of family therapy from that viewpoint. It suggests that live supervision is a powerful and effective tool--a tool that engenders strong emotional responses.", "PMID": 678354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3537", "title": "The influence of bronchial smooth muscle tone on critical narrowing of dependent airways.", "content": "Critical narrowing of the dependent airways was examined in anaesthetized dogs with closed chests. Two techniques were used, (a) \"closing\" volume (CV), measured from the expired nitrogen plateau and (b) tantalum bronchography, to measure the calibre of airways of 3-8 mm diameter in the upper (UZ), middle (MZ) and lower (LZ) zones. The point of airway \"closure\" at the junction of phases III and IV of the alveolar plateau coincided with an inflection in the diameter-lung volume curve of the airways in the most basal zone of the lung. This was accompanied by a sudden large increase in the calculated resistance of the airways in LZ compared with UZ. Following stimulation of the vagi CV increased and there was increased narrowing of airways, particularly in LZ. The addition of 0.5% halothane to the anaesthetic abolished the effect of vagal stimulation on CV and on airway resistance.", "contents": "The influence of bronchial smooth muscle tone on critical narrowing of dependent airways. Critical narrowing of the dependent airways was examined in anaesthetized dogs with closed chests. Two techniques were used, (a) \"closing\" volume (CV), measured from the expired nitrogen plateau and (b) tantalum bronchography, to measure the calibre of airways of 3-8 mm diameter in the upper (UZ), middle (MZ) and lower (LZ) zones. The point of airway \"closure\" at the junction of phases III and IV of the alveolar plateau coincided with an inflection in the diameter-lung volume curve of the airways in the most basal zone of the lung. This was accompanied by a sudden large increase in the calculated resistance of the airways in LZ compared with UZ. Following stimulation of the vagi CV increased and there was increased narrowing of airways, particularly in LZ. The addition of 0.5% halothane to the anaesthetic abolished the effect of vagal stimulation on CV and on airway resistance.", "PMID": 678360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3538", "title": "Changes in airway calibre following pulmonary venous congestion.", "content": "\"Closing volume\" (CV) was measured in 18 anaesthetized dogs before, during and after pulmonary vascular congestion produced by inflation of a balloon placed in the left atrium. In group A 10 dogs were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone. CV increased from 30.0 +/- 1.2 to 42 +/- 5.6% of vital capacity (P less than 0.05) when pulmonary wedge pressure was increased from 0.21 +/- 0.27 to 1.54 +/- 0.44 kPa (1.6 +/- 2.0 to 11.6 +/- 3.3 mm Hg) (P less than 0.05). In seven of these 10 dogs gas exchange was impaired after an increase of left atrial pressure. These changes in lung function during pulmonary vascular congestion were not associated with an increase in lung water. In group B, eight dogs were studied after anaesthesia with chloralose and urethane. Vagotomy or vagal cooling to 0 degrees C returned CV to baseline values in six dogs with pulmonary vascular congestion. In two dogs in which bilateral vagotomy had been performed before pulmonary vascular congestion there was no change in CV after balloon inflation. Isoprenaline abolished the effect of pulmonary vascular congestion on closing volume. This suggests that the vagus mediates the changes in lung mechanics associated with pulmonary vascular congestion.", "contents": "Changes in airway calibre following pulmonary venous congestion. \"Closing volume\" (CV) was measured in 18 anaesthetized dogs before, during and after pulmonary vascular congestion produced by inflation of a balloon placed in the left atrium. In group A 10 dogs were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone. CV increased from 30.0 +/- 1.2 to 42 +/- 5.6% of vital capacity (P less than 0.05) when pulmonary wedge pressure was increased from 0.21 +/- 0.27 to 1.54 +/- 0.44 kPa (1.6 +/- 2.0 to 11.6 +/- 3.3 mm Hg) (P less than 0.05). In seven of these 10 dogs gas exchange was impaired after an increase of left atrial pressure. These changes in lung function during pulmonary vascular congestion were not associated with an increase in lung water. In group B, eight dogs were studied after anaesthesia with chloralose and urethane. Vagotomy or vagal cooling to 0 degrees C returned CV to baseline values in six dogs with pulmonary vascular congestion. In two dogs in which bilateral vagotomy had been performed before pulmonary vascular congestion there was no change in CV after balloon inflation. Isoprenaline abolished the effect of pulmonary vascular congestion on closing volume. This suggests that the vagus mediates the changes in lung mechanics associated with pulmonary vascular congestion.", "PMID": 678361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3539", "title": "Ventilatory effects and plasma concentration of morphine in man.", "content": "The relationship between the plasma concentration of morphine and morphine-induced changes in ventilation and the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide was studied in 17 healthy adults undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Each subject was given morphine sulphate 0.15 mg kg-1 i.m.; ventilation (Ve), end-tidal PCO2(PE'CO2), mixed venous PCO2(PVCO2) and ventilatory response to carbon dioxide (delta Ve/deltaPCO2) were measured before and within 90 min after injection. Mixed venous PCO2 and deltaVe/deltaPCO2 were measured by standard rebreathing methods; plasma morphine concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. Maximum plasma morphine ranged from 30 to 120 ng ml-1, between 4 and 60 min after injection. There was a significant increase in mixed venous PCO2 (P less than 0.001), and PE'CO2 (P less than 0.01) after morphine while Ve decreased insignificantly. Morphine displaced the carbon dioxide response curve to the right (P less than 0.01) and delta Ve/delta PCO2 decreased from 12.3 to 10.0 litre min-1 kPa-1 (P less than 0.05). The magnitude of changes in Ve and deltaVe/deltaPCO2 were not related to the peak plasma concentration of morphine or to the mean concentration immediately before and after the carbon dioxide response measurement. Plasma concentrations of morphine, under the conditions of the present study, are not an objective indicator of pharmacological activity between one patient and another.", "contents": "Ventilatory effects and plasma concentration of morphine in man. The relationship between the plasma concentration of morphine and morphine-induced changes in ventilation and the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide was studied in 17 healthy adults undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Each subject was given morphine sulphate 0.15 mg kg-1 i.m.; ventilation (Ve), end-tidal PCO2(PE'CO2), mixed venous PCO2(PVCO2) and ventilatory response to carbon dioxide (delta Ve/deltaPCO2) were measured before and within 90 min after injection. Mixed venous PCO2 and deltaVe/deltaPCO2 were measured by standard rebreathing methods; plasma morphine concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. Maximum plasma morphine ranged from 30 to 120 ng ml-1, between 4 and 60 min after injection. There was a significant increase in mixed venous PCO2 (P less than 0.001), and PE'CO2 (P less than 0.01) after morphine while Ve decreased insignificantly. Morphine displaced the carbon dioxide response curve to the right (P less than 0.01) and delta Ve/delta PCO2 decreased from 12.3 to 10.0 litre min-1 kPa-1 (P less than 0.05). The magnitude of changes in Ve and deltaVe/deltaPCO2 were not related to the peak plasma concentration of morphine or to the mean concentration immediately before and after the carbon dioxide response measurement. Plasma concentrations of morphine, under the conditions of the present study, are not an objective indicator of pharmacological activity between one patient and another.", "PMID": 678362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3540", "title": "Low ventilatory response to carbon dioxide not associated with increased depression by morphine.", "content": "Ventilation (Ve), end-tidal (Pe' CO2), mixed venous PCO2 (PVCO2) and the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide (deltaVE/deltaPCO2) were measured before and within 90 min after morphine 0.15 mg kg-1 i.m. given to 17 adult patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. The hypothesis that patients with a low ventilatory response to carbon dioxide are more susceptible to the ventilatory depressant effects of morphine was tested. Morphine induced increases in PE'CO2 and PVCO2 were not correlated with either the slope or the position of hte preinjection response to carbon dioxide. Mean delta Ve/deltaPCO2 was depressed after morphine (P less than 0.05), but individual responses varied widely. Seven patients whose control delta Ve/PCO2 was 9.9 litre min-1 kPa-1 or less decreased delta Ve/deltaPCO2 after morphine. In four patients, delta Ve/deltaPCO2 increased after morphine; however, in each case, PE'CO2 and PVCO2 increased also. Morphine displaced the carbon dioxide response to the right (P less than 0.001) but no correlation was found betwen either the magnitude of the displacement or change in slope and control delta Ve/deltaPCO2. The results suggest that patients with a low value for delta Ve/deltaPCO2 are not more susceptible to the ventilatory depressant action of morphine.", "contents": "Low ventilatory response to carbon dioxide not associated with increased depression by morphine. Ventilation (Ve), end-tidal (Pe' CO2), mixed venous PCO2 (PVCO2) and the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide (deltaVE/deltaPCO2) were measured before and within 90 min after morphine 0.15 mg kg-1 i.m. given to 17 adult patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. The hypothesis that patients with a low ventilatory response to carbon dioxide are more susceptible to the ventilatory depressant effects of morphine was tested. Morphine induced increases in PE'CO2 and PVCO2 were not correlated with either the slope or the position of hte preinjection response to carbon dioxide. Mean delta Ve/deltaPCO2 was depressed after morphine (P less than 0.05), but individual responses varied widely. Seven patients whose control delta Ve/PCO2 was 9.9 litre min-1 kPa-1 or less decreased delta Ve/deltaPCO2 after morphine. In four patients, delta Ve/deltaPCO2 increased after morphine; however, in each case, PE'CO2 and PVCO2 increased also. Morphine displaced the carbon dioxide response to the right (P less than 0.001) but no correlation was found betwen either the magnitude of the displacement or change in slope and control delta Ve/deltaPCO2. The results suggest that patients with a low value for delta Ve/deltaPCO2 are not more susceptible to the ventilatory depressant action of morphine.", "PMID": 678363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3541", "title": "Effects of fentanyl on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure during hypocapnia.", "content": "Ten patients presenting for carniotomy were studied. Each was anaesthetized with thiopentone or Althesin followed by tubocurarine and the lungs were hyperventilated with nitrous oxide in oxygen. Fentanyl 0.2 mg was administered i.v. and the intracranial pressure (i.c.p.) and mean arterial pressure were recorded continuously for 10 min. At the time of administration of fentanyl nine of the 10 patients were hypocapnic (PaCO2 less than 4 kPa). The changes in i.c.p. were small. Cerebral perfusion pressures less than 50 mm Hg were observed in two patients who had moderate hypotension before the drug was given. We conclude that fentanyl is a valuable agent in the hyperventilation technique in patients with intracranial space-occupying lesions, provided that hypotension is absent.", "contents": "Effects of fentanyl on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure during hypocapnia. Ten patients presenting for carniotomy were studied. Each was anaesthetized with thiopentone or Althesin followed by tubocurarine and the lungs were hyperventilated with nitrous oxide in oxygen. Fentanyl 0.2 mg was administered i.v. and the intracranial pressure (i.c.p.) and mean arterial pressure were recorded continuously for 10 min. At the time of administration of fentanyl nine of the 10 patients were hypocapnic (PaCO2 less than 4 kPa). The changes in i.c.p. were small. Cerebral perfusion pressures less than 50 mm Hg were observed in two patients who had moderate hypotension before the drug was given. We conclude that fentanyl is a valuable agent in the hyperventilation technique in patients with intracranial space-occupying lesions, provided that hypotension is absent.", "PMID": 678364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3542", "title": "Biodegradation of halothane, enflurane and methoxyflurane.", "content": "The biodegradation of halothane, enflurane and methoxyflurane was studied in 22 patients undergoing abdominal surgery, by measuring the uptake and elimination of each agent and the fluoride excretion in urine. Six control patients were anaesthetized with nitrous oxide in oxygen together with neuromuscular blocking drugs, five patients with nitrous oxide in oxygen and 0.93% halothane, five with nitrous oxide in oxygen and 1.30% enflurane, and six with nitrous oxide in oxygen and 0.31% methoxyflurane. The ratio of the fluoride excretion in urine to the total amount of fluoride contained in the amount of each anaesthetic agent absorbed during anaesthesia was estimated to be 17.7% for halothane, 2.3% for enflurane and 46.3% for methoxyflurane. The serum fluoride concentration increased to a maximum of 15.8 +/- 3.8 mumol litre-1 (mean +/- SD) at 6 h after anaesthesia with methoxyflurane, while it did not exceed 8 mumol litre-1 with the other anaesthetic agents.", "contents": "Biodegradation of halothane, enflurane and methoxyflurane. The biodegradation of halothane, enflurane and methoxyflurane was studied in 22 patients undergoing abdominal surgery, by measuring the uptake and elimination of each agent and the fluoride excretion in urine. Six control patients were anaesthetized with nitrous oxide in oxygen together with neuromuscular blocking drugs, five patients with nitrous oxide in oxygen and 0.93% halothane, five with nitrous oxide in oxygen and 1.30% enflurane, and six with nitrous oxide in oxygen and 0.31% methoxyflurane. The ratio of the fluoride excretion in urine to the total amount of fluoride contained in the amount of each anaesthetic agent absorbed during anaesthesia was estimated to be 17.7% for halothane, 2.3% for enflurane and 46.3% for methoxyflurane. The serum fluoride concentration increased to a maximum of 15.8 +/- 3.8 mumol litre-1 (mean +/- SD) at 6 h after anaesthesia with methoxyflurane, while it did not exceed 8 mumol litre-1 with the other anaesthetic agents.", "PMID": 678365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3543", "title": "Frequency of atopy and allergy in an anaesthetic patient population.", "content": "Ten thousand patients presenting for anaesthesia in the British Isles were questioned about a possible history of atopic or allergic disorders. The overall percentage frequency of atopy was 8.5, comprising eczema 2.4, hay fever 3.8 and asthma 3.5. The frequency of allergies was 13.5, of which penicillin was the most common (6.2). Females had a significantly greater frequency of atopy or allergy than males. Patients with a history of atopic disorders had a higher frequency of allergies than the non-atopic group (36.2% compared with 11.4%) and vice versa.", "contents": "Frequency of atopy and allergy in an anaesthetic patient population. Ten thousand patients presenting for anaesthesia in the British Isles were questioned about a possible history of atopic or allergic disorders. The overall percentage frequency of atopy was 8.5, comprising eczema 2.4, hay fever 3.8 and asthma 3.5. The frequency of allergies was 13.5, of which penicillin was the most common (6.2). Females had a significantly greater frequency of atopy or allergy than males. Patients with a history of atopic disorders had a higher frequency of allergies than the non-atopic group (36.2% compared with 11.4%) and vice versa.", "PMID": 678366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3544", "title": "Effect of halothane on the rate of acid production, lactate production and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity of malignant hyperpyrexia human muscle.", "content": "The rates of acid production were compared in thin strips of muscle biopsy samples isolated from malignant hyperpyrexia and control vastus internus human muscle. Halothane doubled the rate of acid production by malignant hyperpyrexia susceptible muscle but had no effect on control samples. This increased rate of release of acid from muscle was not from lactate. In addition, the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity of both control and malignant hyperpyrexia muscle samples was not stimulated by halothane.", "contents": "Effect of halothane on the rate of acid production, lactate production and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity of malignant hyperpyrexia human muscle. The rates of acid production were compared in thin strips of muscle biopsy samples isolated from malignant hyperpyrexia and control vastus internus human muscle. Halothane doubled the rate of acid production by malignant hyperpyrexia susceptible muscle but had no effect on control samples. This increased rate of release of acid from muscle was not from lactate. In addition, the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity of both control and malignant hyperpyrexia muscle samples was not stimulated by halothane.", "PMID": 678367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3545", "title": "Extradural analgesia revisited. A statistical study.", "content": "The results of 334 lumbar extradural analgesics, administered in a standard manner, allowed reassessment of some factors influencing the spread of local anaesthetic solution in the extradural space. There was no evidence of increased spread in patients with degenerative vascular disease when compared with a control group free from such disease. The patient's height and age had a small effect on spread. The results contradict the earlier assumption of a direct relationship between the volume of anaesthetic solution injected and the number of segments blocked.", "contents": "Extradural analgesia revisited. A statistical study. The results of 334 lumbar extradural analgesics, administered in a standard manner, allowed reassessment of some factors influencing the spread of local anaesthetic solution in the extradural space. There was no evidence of increased spread in patients with degenerative vascular disease when compared with a control group free from such disease. The patient's height and age had a small effect on spread. The results contradict the earlier assumption of a direct relationship between the volume of anaesthetic solution injected and the number of segments blocked.", "PMID": 678368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3546", "title": "Bacterial contamination of anaesthetic gases.", "content": "The bacterial content of oxygen and nitrous oxide immediately before and after passing through clean and used breathing systems (circuits) was measured using a specially constructed agar chamber (Bourdillon's slit sampler). The content per litre of oxygen from the outlet of the anaesthetic machine was 4.0 X 10-2, and 2.9 X 10-2 for nitrous oxide, corresponding to 3.5 X 10-2 for a 50% mixture of the gases. After passing through cleaned circuits, the bacterial pollution of the gas mixture had increased by 30%, but more than elevenfold after passing through used circuits. The content from cleaned circuits was less than that measured previously in the air of hospital wards and operating theatres, whereas gases from used circuits were polluted to approximately the same extent. It is concluded that used circuits may increase the risk of cross-infection. The cleaning method employed by us (dish-washer--hot airy drying) appeared to be acceptable.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination of anaesthetic gases. The bacterial content of oxygen and nitrous oxide immediately before and after passing through clean and used breathing systems (circuits) was measured using a specially constructed agar chamber (Bourdillon's slit sampler). The content per litre of oxygen from the outlet of the anaesthetic machine was 4.0 X 10-2, and 2.9 X 10-2 for nitrous oxide, corresponding to 3.5 X 10-2 for a 50% mixture of the gases. After passing through cleaned circuits, the bacterial pollution of the gas mixture had increased by 30%, but more than elevenfold after passing through used circuits. The content from cleaned circuits was less than that measured previously in the air of hospital wards and operating theatres, whereas gases from used circuits were polluted to approximately the same extent. It is concluded that used circuits may increase the risk of cross-infection. The cleaning method employed by us (dish-washer--hot airy drying) appeared to be acceptable.", "PMID": 678369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3547", "title": "Effect of heating on the osmotic fragility of stored blood.", "content": "The effect of incubation at 37 degrees C, 46 degrees C, 47 degrees C and 48 degrees C for 1 h on the osmotic fragility of blood was determined. Blood taken from volunteers into ACD and CPD was examined after 1, 7, 14 and 21 days of storage. In addition, 22-day-old blood stored in CPD was examined. The osmotic fragility was unchanged after incubation at 37 degrees C and 46 degrees C, slightly increased at 47 degrees C and markedly increased at 48 degrees C. The duration of storage did not have any marked effect. The results suggest that incubation of stored blood at 46 degrees C for 1 h does not cause red cell damage.", "contents": "Effect of heating on the osmotic fragility of stored blood. The effect of incubation at 37 degrees C, 46 degrees C, 47 degrees C and 48 degrees C for 1 h on the osmotic fragility of blood was determined. Blood taken from volunteers into ACD and CPD was examined after 1, 7, 14 and 21 days of storage. In addition, 22-day-old blood stored in CPD was examined. The osmotic fragility was unchanged after incubation at 37 degrees C and 46 degrees C, slightly increased at 47 degrees C and markedly increased at 48 degrees C. The duration of storage did not have any marked effect. The results suggest that incubation of stored blood at 46 degrees C for 1 h does not cause red cell damage.", "PMID": 678370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3548", "title": "Assessment of recovery from short anaesthesia using the cerebral function monitor.", "content": "In 18 females undergoing minor gynaecological surgery, recovery from anaesthesia, which included methohexitone, has been assessed using: clinical examination, six different psychomotor tasks and, in six patients, e.e.g. The cerebral function monitor (CFM) was used also to determine its value in such patients. Clinical signs and the results of performance tests returned to the pre-anaesthetic values 2 h following anaesthesia, but CFM tracings were still significantly different at 8 h (P less than 0.05). Similar changes in e.e.g. were significant only in the first 2 h; this may be a result of the visual analysis of the traces. The results suggest that CFM is a sensitive indicator of persistent effects of anaesthesia.", "contents": "Assessment of recovery from short anaesthesia using the cerebral function monitor. In 18 females undergoing minor gynaecological surgery, recovery from anaesthesia, which included methohexitone, has been assessed using: clinical examination, six different psychomotor tasks and, in six patients, e.e.g. The cerebral function monitor (CFM) was used also to determine its value in such patients. Clinical signs and the results of performance tests returned to the pre-anaesthetic values 2 h following anaesthesia, but CFM tracings were still significantly different at 8 h (P less than 0.05). Similar changes in e.e.g. were significant only in the first 2 h; this may be a result of the visual analysis of the traces. The results suggest that CFM is a sensitive indicator of persistent effects of anaesthesia.", "PMID": 678371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3549", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmia induced by pneumoencephalography.", "content": "Cardiovascular collapse associated with pneumoencephalography (PNE) has been reported but there has been no prospective study of its nature and cause. We have recorded prospectively the e.c.g. of 82 unselected patients, with no cardiovascular or metabolic disease, undergoing PNE under general anaesthesia. The frequency of arrhythmia following air injection was 60%; bradycardia 22%; ventricular ectopic beats 26%; nodal rhythm or sinus tachycardia 11%. Cardiovascular collapse occurred in three patients; two with \"torsades de pointes\" and one with bigeminy and q.r.s. block. Arrhythmia was more frequent in patients with a pituitary tumour and intracranial hypertension (91%). Eight postoperative control PNE examinations were uneventful. Three of four patients with frontal lobe tumours and four of seven with posterior fossa tumours exhibited arrhythmia.", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmia induced by pneumoencephalography. Cardiovascular collapse associated with pneumoencephalography (PNE) has been reported but there has been no prospective study of its nature and cause. We have recorded prospectively the e.c.g. of 82 unselected patients, with no cardiovascular or metabolic disease, undergoing PNE under general anaesthesia. The frequency of arrhythmia following air injection was 60%; bradycardia 22%; ventricular ectopic beats 26%; nodal rhythm or sinus tachycardia 11%. Cardiovascular collapse occurred in three patients; two with \"torsades de pointes\" and one with bigeminy and q.r.s. block. Arrhythmia was more frequent in patients with a pituitary tumour and intracranial hypertension (91%). Eight postoperative control PNE examinations were uneventful. Three of four patients with frontal lobe tumours and four of seven with posterior fossa tumours exhibited arrhythmia.", "PMID": 678372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3550", "title": "Use of propanidid and lignocaine to modify the increase in serum potassium concentration following injection of suxamethonium.", "content": "A technique of general anaesthesia involving the use of propanidid, nitrous oxide, oxygen and halothane followed by a slow injection of suxamethonium and lignocaine is described. The technique decreased the increase in serum potassium concentration that follows the injection of suxamethonium and, it is suggested, possesses advantages over the existing practice of the injection of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs before suxamethonium in an attempt to reduce the frequency of serious cardiac arrhythmia.", "contents": "Use of propanidid and lignocaine to modify the increase in serum potassium concentration following injection of suxamethonium. A technique of general anaesthesia involving the use of propanidid, nitrous oxide, oxygen and halothane followed by a slow injection of suxamethonium and lignocaine is described. The technique decreased the increase in serum potassium concentration that follows the injection of suxamethonium and, it is suggested, possesses advantages over the existing practice of the injection of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs before suxamethonium in an attempt to reduce the frequency of serious cardiac arrhythmia.", "PMID": 678373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3551", "title": "Unusual response to extradural analgesia in the presence of an intradural spinal tumour.", "content": "A patient is presented in whom indications of the presence of an intradural, extramedullary tumour became apparent during the induction of an extradural block. It is suggested that a combination of signs should arouse suspicions of such a tumour close to the puncture site. Pain within an area covered by an extradural block does not indicate necessarily a supraspinal cause for the pain.", "contents": "Unusual response to extradural analgesia in the presence of an intradural spinal tumour. A patient is presented in whom indications of the presence of an intradural, extramedullary tumour became apparent during the induction of an extradural block. It is suggested that a combination of signs should arouse suspicions of such a tumour close to the puncture site. Pain within an area covered by an extradural block does not indicate necessarily a supraspinal cause for the pain.", "PMID": 678374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3552", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside for aneurysm surgery in pregnancy. Report of a case.", "content": "A 25-year-old woman in the 7th month of pregnancy was operated upon for a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Sodium nitroprusside was used to achieve effective controlled hypotension. Signs of foetal distress were transient. Subsequent delivery was spontaneous and uneventful. Development of the child at 2 yr was satisfactory. The various physiological aspects and the action of nitroprusside on both mother and foetus are discussed.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside for aneurysm surgery in pregnancy. Report of a case. A 25-year-old woman in the 7th month of pregnancy was operated upon for a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Sodium nitroprusside was used to achieve effective controlled hypotension. Signs of foetal distress were transient. Subsequent delivery was spontaneous and uneventful. Development of the child at 2 yr was satisfactory. The various physiological aspects and the action of nitroprusside on both mother and foetus are discussed.", "PMID": 678375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3553", "title": "The clinical pharmacology of mexiletine.", "content": "1. Mexiletine was given to 156 patients by intravenous or oral routes of administration. 2. There was great interpatient variation in kinetics and plasma concentrations with both routes of administration. 3. The mean volume of distribution was 6.63 l/kg. The mean plasma elimination haf-life after chronic oral therapy was 11.31 h. 4. Plasma concentrations between 0.75 and 2.00 microgram/ml were usually effective. Within this therapeutic range severe side effects were uncommon. 5. Plasma concentrations within this range were achieved in 72% of patients when doses of 10--14 mg-1 kg-1 day were given orally.", "contents": "The clinical pharmacology of mexiletine. 1. Mexiletine was given to 156 patients by intravenous or oral routes of administration. 2. There was great interpatient variation in kinetics and plasma concentrations with both routes of administration. 3. The mean volume of distribution was 6.63 l/kg. The mean plasma elimination haf-life after chronic oral therapy was 11.31 h. 4. Plasma concentrations between 0.75 and 2.00 microgram/ml were usually effective. Within this therapeutic range severe side effects were uncommon. 5. Plasma concentrations within this range were achieved in 72% of patients when doses of 10--14 mg-1 kg-1 day were given orally.", "PMID": 678385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3554", "title": "Comparison of intra-arterial and indirect blood pressures at rest and during isometric exercise in hypertensive patients before and after metoprolol.", "content": "1. Blood pressure was measured both directly and indirectly in seven hypertensive patients before and after a single oral dose of 100 mg metoprolol, at rest and during sustained handgrip. 2. Intra-arterially measured systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased linearly with time during sustained handgrip at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction. This linearity persisted for 60 s or more in most cases. Heart rate increased linearly for the first 30 s. 3. Indirectly measured blood pressure using an observer bias minimizing Auto-Manometer, under-read systolic and over-read diastolic pressure both at rest and during handgrip. 4. By exact timing of recorded values during handgrip and linear extrapolation (or interpolation) from base-line readings, mean values at 30 and 60 s of handgrip were calculated. The relationship between direct and indirect values remained the same at base-line and 30 s of handgrip. At 60 s of handgrip, this was true only for diastolic pressure. For systolic pressure, indirect and direct values almost coincided. 5. After metoprolol, directly recorded pressure fell slightly (7--12 mm Hg, 0.02 less than P less than 0.10), both at rest and during handgrip, and heart rate fell by 15--18 beats/min (P less than 0.01). The systolic blood pressure and heart rate effect of metoprolol at 1 min handgrip correlated with peak plasma drug levels. Indirectly measured blood pressure did not  change significantly. 6. The rate of rise in heart rate and blood pressure from base-line to 60 s handgrip was not significantly influenced by metoprolol.", "contents": "Comparison of intra-arterial and indirect blood pressures at rest and during isometric exercise in hypertensive patients before and after metoprolol. 1. Blood pressure was measured both directly and indirectly in seven hypertensive patients before and after a single oral dose of 100 mg metoprolol, at rest and during sustained handgrip. 2. Intra-arterially measured systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased linearly with time during sustained handgrip at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction. This linearity persisted for 60 s or more in most cases. Heart rate increased linearly for the first 30 s. 3. Indirectly measured blood pressure using an observer bias minimizing Auto-Manometer, under-read systolic and over-read diastolic pressure both at rest and during handgrip. 4. By exact timing of recorded values during handgrip and linear extrapolation (or interpolation) from base-line readings, mean values at 30 and 60 s of handgrip were calculated. The relationship between direct and indirect values remained the same at base-line and 30 s of handgrip. At 60 s of handgrip, this was true only for diastolic pressure. For systolic pressure, indirect and direct values almost coincided. 5. After metoprolol, directly recorded pressure fell slightly (7--12 mm Hg, 0.02 less than P less than 0.10), both at rest and during handgrip, and heart rate fell by 15--18 beats/min (P less than 0.01). The systolic blood pressure and heart rate effect of metoprolol at 1 min handgrip correlated with peak plasma drug levels. Indirectly measured blood pressure did not  change significantly. 6. The rate of rise in heart rate and blood pressure from base-line to 60 s handgrip was not significantly influenced by metoprolol.", "PMID": 678386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3555", "title": "Plasma protein binding of propranolol and isoprenaline in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.", "content": "1. The possibility that thyroid disease might result in alterations in the plasma proteins binding of drugs has been investigated by studying the binding of propranolol and isoprenaline in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. 2. Plasma protein binding of propranolol and isoprenaline has been measured in seven hyperthyroid patients and ten hypothyroid patients. Plasma binding was estimated by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degree C using triatiated propranolol and isoprenaline, both when the patients had thyroid dysfunction and again when they were euthyroid. 3. In the hyperthyroid group, mean propranolol binding varied from 86 +/- 1.7% when hyperthyroid to 88.4 +/- 0.8% when euthyroid. The comparable isoprenaline figures were 65.1 +/- 3.2% and 68.1 +/- 1.4% respectively. Neither difference was significant. 4. Isoprenaline binding was significantly lower (64.3 +/- 1.6%) when patients were hypothyroid than when they became euthyroid (68.8 +/- 1.2%). Propranolol binding was not altered by hypothyroidism. 5. It is concluded that clinically important alterations in free drug concentrations of propranolol or isoprenaline do not occur in hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding of propranolol and isoprenaline in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. 1. The possibility that thyroid disease might result in alterations in the plasma proteins binding of drugs has been investigated by studying the binding of propranolol and isoprenaline in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. 2. Plasma protein binding of propranolol and isoprenaline has been measured in seven hyperthyroid patients and ten hypothyroid patients. Plasma binding was estimated by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degree C using triatiated propranolol and isoprenaline, both when the patients had thyroid dysfunction and again when they were euthyroid. 3. In the hyperthyroid group, mean propranolol binding varied from 86 +/- 1.7% when hyperthyroid to 88.4 +/- 0.8% when euthyroid. The comparable isoprenaline figures were 65.1 +/- 3.2% and 68.1 +/- 1.4% respectively. Neither difference was significant. 4. Isoprenaline binding was significantly lower (64.3 +/- 1.6%) when patients were hypothyroid than when they became euthyroid (68.8 +/- 1.2%). Propranolol binding was not altered by hypothyroidism. 5. It is concluded that clinically important alterations in free drug concentrations of propranolol or isoprenaline do not occur in hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 678388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3556", "title": "Effects of piretanide, bumetanide and frusemide on electrolyte and urate excretion in normal subjects.", "content": "1. The pharmacological actions of a new short acting loop diuretic were investigated in nine healthy male subjects and compared with those of frusemide and bumetanide. Subjects received 6 mg piretanide/day, 40 mg frusemide/day or 1 mg bumetanide/day for a period of 1 week. 2. Comparison of effects following the first dose administered showed that 6 mg piretanide is of similar potency to 40 mg frusemide in terms of diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis but is less potent than 1 mg bumetanide. 3. All three diuretics caused a decrease in urate excretion and a rise in serum uric acid. 4. Piretanide was well tolerated. Further investigation is required to ascertain what clinical advantage it offers over frusemide and bumetanide.", "contents": "Effects of piretanide, bumetanide and frusemide on electrolyte and urate excretion in normal subjects. 1. The pharmacological actions of a new short acting loop diuretic were investigated in nine healthy male subjects and compared with those of frusemide and bumetanide. Subjects received 6 mg piretanide/day, 40 mg frusemide/day or 1 mg bumetanide/day for a period of 1 week. 2. Comparison of effects following the first dose administered showed that 6 mg piretanide is of similar potency to 40 mg frusemide in terms of diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis but is less potent than 1 mg bumetanide. 3. All three diuretics caused a decrease in urate excretion and a rise in serum uric acid. 4. Piretanide was well tolerated. Further investigation is required to ascertain what clinical advantage it offers over frusemide and bumetanide.", "PMID": 678389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3557", "title": "Plasma, bone, hip capsule and drain fluid concentrations of ampicillin and flucloxacillin during total hip replacement after intravenous bolus injection of magnapen.", "content": "1. A rapid intravenous bolus injection of 4.0 g Magnapen (which contains 2.0 g of ampicillin and 2.0 g of flucloxacillin) was to seven patients undergoing total hip replacement immediatly before induction of general anesthesia. Postoperatively the patients patients received 2.0 g Magnapen by intramuscular injection every 6 h for up to 72 h until removal of the wound drains. 2. The plasma, bone, hip capsule and drain fluid concentrations of ampicillin and flucloxacillin were measured by a differential small plate microbiological assay method using Sarcina lutea and a penicillinase producing Staph. aureus Russell as the test organisms. 3. The mean +/- s.e. mean concentrations of ampicillin after this regimen were 4222.2 +/- 285.0 microgram/ml (plasma), 65.6 +/- 1.3 microgram (g (hip capsule), 19.1 +/- 3.8 microgram/g (cancellous bone), and 211.1 +/- 65.6 microgram/g (ground up bone) respectively. 4. The mean +/- s.e. mean flucloxacillin concentrations after this regime were 137.2 +/- 28.4 microgram/ml (plasma), 61.8 +/- 15.0 microgram/g (hip capsule), 47.1 +/- 9.5 microgram/g (cancellous bone) and 139.4 +/- 21.8 microgram/g (ground up bone) respectively. 5. An intravenous bolus injection of Magnepen (4.0 g), given immediately before induction of general anaesthesia, provides concentrations of ampicillin and flucloxacillin in plasma, hip capsule, cancellous and ground up bone, and drain fluid that exceed the MICs of these antibiotics against Staph. aureus and E. coli. 6. The plasma, hip capsule, cancellous and ground up bone concentrations of ampicillin after this dose of Magnapen do not, however, exceed the MICs of the Gram negative anaerobes that sometimes cause postoperative wound infections in these patients.", "contents": "Plasma, bone, hip capsule and drain fluid concentrations of ampicillin and flucloxacillin during total hip replacement after intravenous bolus injection of magnapen. 1. A rapid intravenous bolus injection of 4.0 g Magnapen (which contains 2.0 g of ampicillin and 2.0 g of flucloxacillin) was to seven patients undergoing total hip replacement immediatly before induction of general anesthesia. Postoperatively the patients patients received 2.0 g Magnapen by intramuscular injection every 6 h for up to 72 h until removal of the wound drains. 2. The plasma, bone, hip capsule and drain fluid concentrations of ampicillin and flucloxacillin were measured by a differential small plate microbiological assay method using Sarcina lutea and a penicillinase producing Staph. aureus Russell as the test organisms. 3. The mean +/- s.e. mean concentrations of ampicillin after this regimen were 4222.2 +/- 285.0 microgram/ml (plasma), 65.6 +/- 1.3 microgram (g (hip capsule), 19.1 +/- 3.8 microgram/g (cancellous bone), and 211.1 +/- 65.6 microgram/g (ground up bone) respectively. 4. The mean +/- s.e. mean flucloxacillin concentrations after this regime were 137.2 +/- 28.4 microgram/ml (plasma), 61.8 +/- 15.0 microgram/g (hip capsule), 47.1 +/- 9.5 microgram/g (cancellous bone) and 139.4 +/- 21.8 microgram/g (ground up bone) respectively. 5. An intravenous bolus injection of Magnepen (4.0 g), given immediately before induction of general anaesthesia, provides concentrations of ampicillin and flucloxacillin in plasma, hip capsule, cancellous and ground up bone, and drain fluid that exceed the MICs of these antibiotics against Staph. aureus and E. coli. 6. The plasma, hip capsule, cancellous and ground up bone concentrations of ampicillin after this dose of Magnapen do not, however, exceed the MICs of the Gram negative anaerobes that sometimes cause postoperative wound infections in these patients.", "PMID": 678390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3558", "title": "Irradiation of human skin by short wavelength ultraviolet radiation (100--290 nm) (u.v.C): increased concentrations of arachidonic acid and prostaglandines E2 and F2alpha.", "content": "1. Human abdominal skin was irradiated with six times the minimal erythema dose of ultraviolet C (100--290 nm) radiation. Erythema appeared at 3 h, was of moderate degree by 6 h and was maximal at 12--24 h. It was reduced at 48 h and by 72 h had disappeared. 2. A suction bulla technique was used for the recovery of exudate from normal and inflamed skin at 6, 18, 24 and 48 h after irradiation. 3. Prostaglandin-like activity, estimated by bioassay, showed maximum increase at 18 h, when erythema was also maximum. PGF 2alpha, measured by both radioimmunoassay and by combined gas-liquid chromatography--gas spectrometry, followed a similar time course then fell to normal, or near normal, levels at 48 h. 4. Prostaglandin E2 and arachidonic acid concentrations, measured by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, were maximally raised at 18--24 h. At 48 h, when some erythema was still present, though reduced, prostaglandin E2 concentrations were still raised above control values. 5. The results provide direct evidence in support of the view that the erythma following irradiation of human skin by u.v.C involves activation of arachidonic acid metabolism. However, the relationship between the erythema and increased prostaglandin activity is not fully understood.", "contents": "Irradiation of human skin by short wavelength ultraviolet radiation (100--290 nm) (u.v.C): increased concentrations of arachidonic acid and prostaglandines E2 and F2alpha. 1. Human abdominal skin was irradiated with six times the minimal erythema dose of ultraviolet C (100--290 nm) radiation. Erythema appeared at 3 h, was of moderate degree by 6 h and was maximal at 12--24 h. It was reduced at 48 h and by 72 h had disappeared. 2. A suction bulla technique was used for the recovery of exudate from normal and inflamed skin at 6, 18, 24 and 48 h after irradiation. 3. Prostaglandin-like activity, estimated by bioassay, showed maximum increase at 18 h, when erythema was also maximum. PGF 2alpha, measured by both radioimmunoassay and by combined gas-liquid chromatography--gas spectrometry, followed a similar time course then fell to normal, or near normal, levels at 48 h. 4. Prostaglandin E2 and arachidonic acid concentrations, measured by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, were maximally raised at 18--24 h. At 48 h, when some erythema was still present, though reduced, prostaglandin E2 concentrations were still raised above control values. 5. The results provide direct evidence in support of the view that the erythma following irradiation of human skin by u.v.C involves activation of arachidonic acid metabolism. However, the relationship between the erythema and increased prostaglandin activity is not fully understood.", "PMID": 678391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3559", "title": "Factors determining the potency of cholinomimetic miotic drugs and their effect upon the light reflex in man.", "content": "1. Television pupillometry was used to measure the effect of six topically applied cholinomimetic drugs on the resting diameter and light reflex amplitude of the human pupil. Drug potency was obtained from dose response curves. 2. The tertiary amines arecoline, aceclidine and pilocarpine were considerably more effective miotics than the choline esters carbachol, methacholine and acetylcholine. 3. All the drugs which caused miosis also reduced light reflex amplitude proportionally. 4. The in vitro potency of these drugs was also measured on preparations of rabbit iris sphincter and guinea pig ileum. 5. Dose response relationships for pilocarpine in man and in vitro showed evidence of partial agonist activity on the rabbit iris only. 6. A comparison of the in vivo and in vitro results showed that three factors influenced the potency of topically applied miotics: accessibility to the iris; sensitivity to cholinesterase; and cholinoceptor agonist potency.", "contents": "Factors determining the potency of cholinomimetic miotic drugs and their effect upon the light reflex in man. 1. Television pupillometry was used to measure the effect of six topically applied cholinomimetic drugs on the resting diameter and light reflex amplitude of the human pupil. Drug potency was obtained from dose response curves. 2. The tertiary amines arecoline, aceclidine and pilocarpine were considerably more effective miotics than the choline esters carbachol, methacholine and acetylcholine. 3. All the drugs which caused miosis also reduced light reflex amplitude proportionally. 4. The in vitro potency of these drugs was also measured on preparations of rabbit iris sphincter and guinea pig ileum. 5. Dose response relationships for pilocarpine in man and in vitro showed evidence of partial agonist activity on the rabbit iris only. 6. A comparison of the in vivo and in vitro results showed that three factors influenced the potency of topically applied miotics: accessibility to the iris; sensitivity to cholinesterase; and cholinoceptor agonist potency.", "PMID": 678392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3560", "title": "Drowsiness, impaired performance and tricyclic antidepressants drugs.", "content": "1. The effects of amitriptyline, protriptyline, protriptyline, and a chemically related potential antidepressant, BW247, on performance tests and subjective ratings were studied. 2. Two groups of twelve healthy subjects received drugs and lactose dummy in identical capsules at weekly intervals according to a balanced design, under double-blind conditions, and with standarized tests and environment. 3. Amitriptyline produced the most marked effects, with significant (P less than 0.05) impairment in auditory vigilance after 6.25 mg. Auditory reaction time, tapping rate, arithmetic, and digit symbol substitutions were impaired by amitriptyline 12.5 and 25 mg and all doses produced increased ratings of mental sedation. The effects began 1.5 h after drug and lasted approximately 5 h. 4. Nortriptyline produced fewer effects which were later in onset. Tapping at 1.8 h and auditory vigilance at 3.5 to 4.5 h were impaired by nortriptyline 25 mg whereas reaction time was prolonged by both doses at 5 h. No change in rating of mental sedation occurred. 5. No significant change in performance or subjective ratings followed protriptyline 10 mg or BW247, 12.5 and 25 mg. 6. The findings are discussed in relation to the presence of secondary and tertiary amines on the side chain of the compounds, and their relative abilities to block neuronal uptake of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "contents": "Drowsiness, impaired performance and tricyclic antidepressants drugs. 1. The effects of amitriptyline, protriptyline, protriptyline, and a chemically related potential antidepressant, BW247, on performance tests and subjective ratings were studied. 2. Two groups of twelve healthy subjects received drugs and lactose dummy in identical capsules at weekly intervals according to a balanced design, under double-blind conditions, and with standarized tests and environment. 3. Amitriptyline produced the most marked effects, with significant (P less than 0.05) impairment in auditory vigilance after 6.25 mg. Auditory reaction time, tapping rate, arithmetic, and digit symbol substitutions were impaired by amitriptyline 12.5 and 25 mg and all doses produced increased ratings of mental sedation. The effects began 1.5 h after drug and lasted approximately 5 h. 4. Nortriptyline produced fewer effects which were later in onset. Tapping at 1.8 h and auditory vigilance at 3.5 to 4.5 h were impaired by nortriptyline 25 mg whereas reaction time was prolonged by both doses at 5 h. No change in rating of mental sedation occurred. 5. No significant change in performance or subjective ratings followed protriptyline 10 mg or BW247, 12.5 and 25 mg. 6. The findings are discussed in relation to the presence of secondary and tertiary amines on the side chain of the compounds, and their relative abilities to block neuronal uptake of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "PMID": 678393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3561", "title": "Three-centre study on urinary hydroxyproline excretion in cancer of the breast.", "content": "A study instigated by the British Breast Group and involving 3 centres (Edinburgh, Glasgow and Liverpool) was carried out to compare 3 methods for the estimation of urinary hydroxyproline. No significant difference between the first and the second 24 h urine collection was found for each measure of urinary hydroxyproline, within laboratories and within patient groups. Reliable hydroxyproline studies can, therefore, be performed on one 24 h urine collection. The Grant and Ellis/Goldberg methods gave comparable results and the excretion of hydroxyproline in the urine measured by either of these 2 methods could be used to distinguish cases of breast cancer with osseous involvement (as demonstrated by X-rays) from those without. The Hypronosticon Kit method was found to be unreliable as it has 29.4% false negatives in breast-cancer patients with X-ray demonstrable metastases. The incidence of elevated urinary hydroxyproline excretion in breast-cancer patients with negative X-rays was 11/14 (25%), 5/34 (15%) and 8/43 (19%) for the Ellis/Goldberg, Hypronosticon and Grant methods respectively. No conclusion can be drawn regarding the outcome of this group of patients because of the short period of follow-up.", "contents": "Three-centre study on urinary hydroxyproline excretion in cancer of the breast. A study instigated by the British Breast Group and involving 3 centres (Edinburgh, Glasgow and Liverpool) was carried out to compare 3 methods for the estimation of urinary hydroxyproline. No significant difference between the first and the second 24 h urine collection was found for each measure of urinary hydroxyproline, within laboratories and within patient groups. Reliable hydroxyproline studies can, therefore, be performed on one 24 h urine collection. The Grant and Ellis/Goldberg methods gave comparable results and the excretion of hydroxyproline in the urine measured by either of these 2 methods could be used to distinguish cases of breast cancer with osseous involvement (as demonstrated by X-rays) from those without. The Hypronosticon Kit method was found to be unreliable as it has 29.4% false negatives in breast-cancer patients with X-ray demonstrable metastases. The incidence of elevated urinary hydroxyproline excretion in breast-cancer patients with negative X-rays was 11/14 (25%), 5/34 (15%) and 8/43 (19%) for the Ellis/Goldberg, Hypronosticon and Grant methods respectively. No conclusion can be drawn regarding the outcome of this group of patients because of the short period of follow-up.", "PMID": 678421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3562", "title": "A soft-agar procedure measuring growth of human colonic carcinomas.", "content": "Cell suspensions from 5 human colonic carcinomas were fractionated by velocity sedimentation and plated in soft agar. Cluster formation was restricted to the purest fraction of epithelial cells, as had been determined by immuno- and histochemical criteria. Plating efficiencies for the 5 specimens were 1.0-4.5%. The effects of varying the incubation period and inoculum size upon growth were studied using unseparated cell suspensions from 6 specimens. Clusters were apparent after 3 weeks in culture, and maximum cluster formation was typically seen by 5 weeks. Cluster formation appeared concentration-dependent, and individual specimens varied with respect to the inoculum most conducive to growth. The maximum plating efficiencies for unseparated cells were unseparated cells were 0.4-1.7%.", "contents": "A soft-agar procedure measuring growth of human colonic carcinomas. Cell suspensions from 5 human colonic carcinomas were fractionated by velocity sedimentation and plated in soft agar. Cluster formation was restricted to the purest fraction of epithelial cells, as had been determined by immuno- and histochemical criteria. Plating efficiencies for the 5 specimens were 1.0-4.5%. The effects of varying the incubation period and inoculum size upon growth were studied using unseparated cell suspensions from 6 specimens. Clusters were apparent after 3 weeks in culture, and maximum cluster formation was typically seen by 5 weeks. Cluster formation appeared concentration-dependent, and individual specimens varied with respect to the inoculum most conducive to growth. The maximum plating efficiencies for unseparated cells were unseparated cells were 0.4-1.7%.", "PMID": 678422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3563", "title": "Effect of dose fractionation on the enhancement by radiation or cyclophosphamide of artificial pulmonary metastases.", "content": "Thoracic irradiation or cyclophosphamide (CP) treatment of mice before an i.v. injection of tumour cells enhances the number of lung colonies produced by a factor of up to 100+. The effect of fractionation of the X-ray or CP dose on this phenomenon was investigated in several ways.The dose-response curve for the number of lung colonies as a function of the dose of thoracic irradiation was linear, and the degree of enhancement was independent of the number of tumour cells injected. Splitting a dose of 1,000 rad into 2 equal fractions separated by times varying from 1 to 24 h gave the same enhancement as that produced by a single dose of 1000 rad. Similarly, fractionation of 1000 rad into 5 \u00d7 200 rad, or 2000 rad into 5 \u00d7 400 rad (each interval between fractions being 3 h) had no effect on the radiation enhancement of colony formation.A single dose of 200 mg/kg of CP was compared with 3 doses of 66\u00b77 mg/kg (each dose separated by 12 h) and with a continuous infusion of 200 mg/kg given over 24 h. In this case, fractionation and infusion produced a small reduction in the CP-induced increase, but the factor of colony enhancement compared to control mice remained >100.These data emphasize the potential hazard of prophylactic treatment of pulmonary metastases by X-rays or CP in clinical situations in which control of the primary tumour is not achieved.", "contents": "Effect of dose fractionation on the enhancement by radiation or cyclophosphamide of artificial pulmonary metastases. Thoracic irradiation or cyclophosphamide (CP) treatment of mice before an i.v. injection of tumour cells enhances the number of lung colonies produced by a factor of up to 100+. The effect of fractionation of the X-ray or CP dose on this phenomenon was investigated in several ways.The dose-response curve for the number of lung colonies as a function of the dose of thoracic irradiation was linear, and the degree of enhancement was independent of the number of tumour cells injected. Splitting a dose of 1,000 rad into 2 equal fractions separated by times varying from 1 to 24 h gave the same enhancement as that produced by a single dose of 1000 rad. Similarly, fractionation of 1000 rad into 5 \u00d7 200 rad, or 2000 rad into 5 \u00d7 400 rad (each interval between fractions being 3 h) had no effect on the radiation enhancement of colony formation.A single dose of 200 mg/kg of CP was compared with 3 doses of 66\u00b77 mg/kg (each dose separated by 12 h) and with a continuous infusion of 200 mg/kg given over 24 h. In this case, fractionation and infusion produced a small reduction in the CP-induced increase, but the factor of colony enhancement compared to control mice remained >100.These data emphasize the potential hazard of prophylactic treatment of pulmonary metastases by X-rays or CP in clinical situations in which control of the primary tumour is not achieved.", "PMID": 678423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3564", "title": "Effect of x-irradiation of tumour bed on tumour blood flow and vascular response to drugs.", "content": "The blood flow of tumours growing in rat mammary glands previously exposed to 1500 R X-rays was 52% that of same-sized tumours in unirradiated host tissue. About 2 months after irradiation, the blood flow of the mammary gland was raised and that of the skin was unchanged, compared with the corresponding unirradiated tissue. Tumours growing in preirradiated and unirradiated mammary glands responded similarly to bolus injections of noradrenaline, angiotensin II, and isoprenaline. The responses of the irradiated tissues to these drugs were, however, not always the same as those of the corresponding unirradiated tissues. Exposure of the lungs to approximately 1500 R X-rays made the animals uniquely sensitive to bolus injections of noradrenaline and angiotensin II.", "contents": "Effect of x-irradiation of tumour bed on tumour blood flow and vascular response to drugs. The blood flow of tumours growing in rat mammary glands previously exposed to 1500 R X-rays was 52% that of same-sized tumours in unirradiated host tissue. About 2 months after irradiation, the blood flow of the mammary gland was raised and that of the skin was unchanged, compared with the corresponding unirradiated tissue. Tumours growing in preirradiated and unirradiated mammary glands responded similarly to bolus injections of noradrenaline, angiotensin II, and isoprenaline. The responses of the irradiated tissues to these drugs were, however, not always the same as those of the corresponding unirradiated tissues. Exposure of the lungs to approximately 1500 R X-rays made the animals uniquely sensitive to bolus injections of noradrenaline and angiotensin II.", "PMID": 678424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3565", "title": "Enhancement of tumour growth in two syngeneic C3H murine systems by immunization via the intracaecal route.", "content": "Over the past 70 years many experiments have been designed to promote tumour growth. These studies were all carried out in allogeneic tumour systems or by artificially influencing the immunization process. In the present study, the growth of syngeneic mammary tumour cells was enhanced by prior immunization via the intracaecal route. Such induced enhancement could be transferred to untreated animals by serum or by spleen cells. Tumour growth was also enhanced in another syngeneic system by immunization via the intestinal route with frozen-thawed ascites tumour cells. The result is in direct contrast to that obtained by similar immunization with live cells, which affords protection against a later challenge.", "contents": "Enhancement of tumour growth in two syngeneic C3H murine systems by immunization via the intracaecal route. Over the past 70 years many experiments have been designed to promote tumour growth. These studies were all carried out in allogeneic tumour systems or by artificially influencing the immunization process. In the present study, the growth of syngeneic mammary tumour cells was enhanced by prior immunization via the intracaecal route. Such induced enhancement could be transferred to untreated animals by serum or by spleen cells. Tumour growth was also enhanced in another syngeneic system by immunization via the intestinal route with frozen-thawed ascites tumour cells. The result is in direct contrast to that obtained by similar immunization with live cells, which affords protection against a later challenge.", "PMID": 678425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3566", "title": "A tumour-associated antigen from the pleural effusion of patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of lung.", "content": "A fraction showing tumour-associated antigenic properties has been isolated from pleural effusions of patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung. Purification of the material was accomplished by ion-exchange and affinity chromatography, and by immunoabsorbents. The antigenic activity was monitored by its inhibitory capacity in a specific complement-dependent cytotoxic system. The final fraction has a mol. wt. of approximately 1.7 X 10(5), as judged by gel filtration on Sephadex G200, and the main component appears to be a glycoprotein with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine groups. The most purified antigen preparation exhibited a highly selective capacity to inhibit in the cytotoxic assay and to bind, when labelled with 125I, to 2 specific antisera. The active fractions isolated from pleural effusions fully crossreacted with fractions prepared from squamous-cell carcinoma extracts. CEA and bacterial antigens were not detected in the material, and the presence of alpha-fetoprotein, HLA and blood-group antigens may be ruled out on account of their respective molecular weights.", "contents": "A tumour-associated antigen from the pleural effusion of patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of lung. A fraction showing tumour-associated antigenic properties has been isolated from pleural effusions of patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung. Purification of the material was accomplished by ion-exchange and affinity chromatography, and by immunoabsorbents. The antigenic activity was monitored by its inhibitory capacity in a specific complement-dependent cytotoxic system. The final fraction has a mol. wt. of approximately 1.7 X 10(5), as judged by gel filtration on Sephadex G200, and the main component appears to be a glycoprotein with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine groups. The most purified antigen preparation exhibited a highly selective capacity to inhibit in the cytotoxic assay and to bind, when labelled with 125I, to 2 specific antisera. The active fractions isolated from pleural effusions fully crossreacted with fractions prepared from squamous-cell carcinoma extracts. CEA and bacterial antigens were not detected in the material, and the presence of alpha-fetoprotein, HLA and blood-group antigens may be ruled out on account of their respective molecular weights.", "PMID": 678426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3567", "title": "Immunopathology of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "Eight patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy have been studied by a variety of immunological and pathological techniques. They exhibited a spectrum of immunological reactivities that, in this small series, could be roughly correlated with survival. Those patients with relative B-cell predominance as shown by cell marker studies, histologically showed large numbers of plasma cells, and this pattern was associated in 3 of our patients with a survival of 3 years or more. T-cell predominance or both B- and T-cell depletion was associated histologically with large numbers of blast cells and eosinophils, but with few plasma cells. These patients responded poorly to therapy and had short survival times. One patient with B-cell predominance subsequently died of a histiocytic lymphoma.", "contents": "Immunopathology of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Eight patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy have been studied by a variety of immunological and pathological techniques. They exhibited a spectrum of immunological reactivities that, in this small series, could be roughly correlated with survival. Those patients with relative B-cell predominance as shown by cell marker studies, histologically showed large numbers of plasma cells, and this pattern was associated in 3 of our patients with a survival of 3 years or more. T-cell predominance or both B- and T-cell depletion was associated histologically with large numbers of blast cells and eosinophils, but with few plasma cells. These patients responded poorly to therapy and had short survival times. One patient with B-cell predominance subsequently died of a histiocytic lymphoma.", "PMID": 678427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3568", "title": "Formylhydrazine carcinogenesis in mice.", "content": "Administration of 0.125% formylhydrazine in drinking water to 6-week-old randomly bred Swiss albino mice for life, induced lung tumours. Compared to untreated controls, the lung-tumour incidence rose from 15 to 94% in the females and from 22 to 100% in the males. The treatment had no detectable tumorigenic effect in other organs.", "contents": "Formylhydrazine carcinogenesis in mice. Administration of 0.125% formylhydrazine in drinking water to 6-week-old randomly bred Swiss albino mice for life, induced lung tumours. Compared to untreated controls, the lung-tumour incidence rose from 15 to 94% in the females and from 22 to 100% in the males. The treatment had no detectable tumorigenic effect in other organs.", "PMID": 678435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3569", "title": "Squamous lesions in lungs of rats exposed to tobacco-smoke-condensate fractions by repeated intratracheal instillation.", "content": "Twice-weekly intratracheal instillations in rats of up to 24 mg of Fraction (R + P)G suspended in either infusine (I) or buffered saline/gelatine (BS/G) gave rise to foci of squamous metaplasia of alveolar epithelium (SqM) and squamous neoplasms (SqN). Fraction (R + P)G, which is a fraction of cigarette-smoke condensate almost as tumorigenic for mouse skin as the nearly 30 \u00d7 larger mass of condensate from which it is derived, could be given in this way for up to 40 weeks without excessive mortality or any marked effect on the rate of body-weight gain. By contrast, similar treatment with Fraction N(QG), a fraction having very low tumorigenic activity for mouse skin, induced no SqN and barely any excess of SqM over that induced by either vehicle alone.The effects of Fraction (R + P)G on the incidence of SqM and SqN were both time and dose related, the effect on SqM incidence being already evident after 10 weeks of treatment. No SqN seen were unequivocally malignant, though, due to the design of the experiment, only 5 rats exposed to Fraction (R + P)G were observed more than 60 weeks after the start of the experiment.Other changes in the lung, including aggregates of alveolar macrophages laden with golden-brown pigment (GBM) and foci of cuboidal/columnar metaplasia of alveolar epithelium (CCM), were frequently seen in response to both fractions. Fraction (R + P)G administered in I was more effective in causing SqM and SqN than the same fraction administered in BS/G. The implications of the findings are discussed, particularly the possibility that the intratracheal/instillation technique might be useful as a rapid bioassay for comparing the tumorigenicity of different cigarette-smoke condensates.", "contents": "Squamous lesions in lungs of rats exposed to tobacco-smoke-condensate fractions by repeated intratracheal instillation. Twice-weekly intratracheal instillations in rats of up to 24 mg of Fraction (R + P)G suspended in either infusine (I) or buffered saline/gelatine (BS/G) gave rise to foci of squamous metaplasia of alveolar epithelium (SqM) and squamous neoplasms (SqN). Fraction (R + P)G, which is a fraction of cigarette-smoke condensate almost as tumorigenic for mouse skin as the nearly 30 \u00d7 larger mass of condensate from which it is derived, could be given in this way for up to 40 weeks without excessive mortality or any marked effect on the rate of body-weight gain. By contrast, similar treatment with Fraction N(QG), a fraction having very low tumorigenic activity for mouse skin, induced no SqN and barely any excess of SqM over that induced by either vehicle alone.The effects of Fraction (R + P)G on the incidence of SqM and SqN were both time and dose related, the effect on SqM incidence being already evident after 10 weeks of treatment. No SqN seen were unequivocally malignant, though, due to the design of the experiment, only 5 rats exposed to Fraction (R + P)G were observed more than 60 weeks after the start of the experiment.Other changes in the lung, including aggregates of alveolar macrophages laden with golden-brown pigment (GBM) and foci of cuboidal/columnar metaplasia of alveolar epithelium (CCM), were frequently seen in response to both fractions. Fraction (R + P)G administered in I was more effective in causing SqM and SqN than the same fraction administered in BS/G. The implications of the findings are discussed, particularly the possibility that the intratracheal/instillation technique might be useful as a rapid bioassay for comparing the tumorigenicity of different cigarette-smoke condensates.", "PMID": 678436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3570", "title": "The contributions of diet and childbearing to breast-cancer rates.", "content": "Mean, age-standardized breast-cancer mortality rates for women of 41 countries, during 1970-71, were closely correlated with diet for 1964-66. Partial correlation analysis indicated that breast-cancer rates were positively correlated with total fat, animal protein and animal calories, independently of other components of diet. These 3 components were correlated with one another so closely that it was not possible, with available data, to say whether any one was associated with breast cancer independently of the other 2. In addition to, and independently of, these correlations, breast cancer was associated with consumption of refined sugar.Breast-cancer mortality rates at 50-54 years during 1964-67 for 26 countries were closely correlated with childbearing, expressed as mean family size for women aged 45-49 years in 1960-61. However, this correlation was not independent of the correlations with diet, and it was concluded that variation of breast-cancer rates between countries arose predominantly from differences in diet. The variation of breast-cancer risk with childbearing, observed in clinial studies, seemed best regarded as a second gradient of risk, seen more readily as variation of breast-cancer rates within a population, where differences in diet would be relatively small.The physiological basis for the association between breast cancer and diet was not clear. The dietary associations did not correlate in an obvious way with height, obesity and oestrogen levels, factors observed in clinical studies to influence risk of breast cancer. That the observed statistical associations were real was supported by published findings on effects of diet on mammary cancer in experimental animals, as well as the lower rates of breast cancer amongst vegetarians.", "contents": "The contributions of diet and childbearing to breast-cancer rates. Mean, age-standardized breast-cancer mortality rates for women of 41 countries, during 1970-71, were closely correlated with diet for 1964-66. Partial correlation analysis indicated that breast-cancer rates were positively correlated with total fat, animal protein and animal calories, independently of other components of diet. These 3 components were correlated with one another so closely that it was not possible, with available data, to say whether any one was associated with breast cancer independently of the other 2. In addition to, and independently of, these correlations, breast cancer was associated with consumption of refined sugar.Breast-cancer mortality rates at 50-54 years during 1964-67 for 26 countries were closely correlated with childbearing, expressed as mean family size for women aged 45-49 years in 1960-61. However, this correlation was not independent of the correlations with diet, and it was concluded that variation of breast-cancer rates between countries arose predominantly from differences in diet. The variation of breast-cancer risk with childbearing, observed in clinial studies, seemed best regarded as a second gradient of risk, seen more readily as variation of breast-cancer rates within a population, where differences in diet would be relatively small.The physiological basis for the association between breast cancer and diet was not clear. The dietary associations did not correlate in an obvious way with height, obesity and oestrogen levels, factors observed in clinical studies to influence risk of breast cancer. That the observed statistical associations were real was supported by published findings on effects of diet on mammary cancer in experimental animals, as well as the lower rates of breast cancer amongst vegetarians.", "PMID": 678437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3571", "title": "Epidemiological evaluation of sunlight as a risk factor of lip cancer.", "content": "A total of 3,169 cases of lip cancer in males and 303 cases in females were diagnosed in Finland and reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry in 1953-73. The diagnosis was verified histologically in 95% of the cases in males and in 92% in females. The mean annual age-adjusted incidence rate was 7\u00b73/10(5) in males and 0\u00b75/10(5) in females. The annual incidence for males has decreased since the early 1960s. The decrease involved all age groups and was not due to a cohort effect. Only a very slight decrease in the risk was observable in females. The incidence was clearly higher in rural than in urban areas, the urban/rural ratio of the age-adjusted incidence rates being 0\u00b76 for males. A decrease in the risk with time was observable for both urban and rural populations. The risk was highest in the northern and eastern parts of the country, for both urban and rural areas. It was concluded that the decrease in the incidence of lip cancer in Finland cannot be accounted for solely by the process of urbanization. An inverse relationship was found between the mean annual amount of solar radiation and the risk of lip cancer. The results are not in accordance with the theory of the association between exposure to actinic radiation and the risk of lip cancer. The synergistic action of some other factors related to outdoor occupation, and probably smoking, would provide a better explanation for the observations in this study.", "contents": "Epidemiological evaluation of sunlight as a risk factor of lip cancer. A total of 3,169 cases of lip cancer in males and 303 cases in females were diagnosed in Finland and reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry in 1953-73. The diagnosis was verified histologically in 95% of the cases in males and in 92% in females. The mean annual age-adjusted incidence rate was 7\u00b73/10(5) in males and 0\u00b75/10(5) in females. The annual incidence for males has decreased since the early 1960s. The decrease involved all age groups and was not due to a cohort effect. Only a very slight decrease in the risk was observable in females. The incidence was clearly higher in rural than in urban areas, the urban/rural ratio of the age-adjusted incidence rates being 0\u00b76 for males. A decrease in the risk with time was observable for both urban and rural populations. The risk was highest in the northern and eastern parts of the country, for both urban and rural areas. It was concluded that the decrease in the incidence of lip cancer in Finland cannot be accounted for solely by the process of urbanization. An inverse relationship was found between the mean annual amount of solar radiation and the risk of lip cancer. The results are not in accordance with the theory of the association between exposure to actinic radiation and the risk of lip cancer. The synergistic action of some other factors related to outdoor occupation, and probably smoking, would provide a better explanation for the observations in this study.", "PMID": 678438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3572", "title": "Enzymes of glucose metabolism in carcinoma of the cervix and endometrium of the human uterus.", "content": "Twelve enzymes related to the direct oxidative and glycolytic pathways of glucose metabolism were assayed in 88 cancers of the cervix and 48 cancers of the endometrium of the human uterus, and the activities compared with those obtained from a group of control tissues. Significant increases for all but one of the enzymes studied (alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase) were found in cancer of the cervix, when compared with normal cervix epithelium. Hexokinase, phoshofructokinase, and aldolase appear to be rate-limiting in normal cervix epithelium; however, since the increase in activity of the first two in cancers was least of all the glycolytic enzymes, redundant enzyme synthesis probably occurs in the malignant cell for the enzymes catalysing reversible reactions. There was virtually no correlation between the activity of any enzyme measured in the cancer sample and histological assessments of the degree of malignancy of the tumour, or the clinical stage of the disease. All enzymes except pyruvate kinase had significantly higher activity in normal endometrium than in normal cervix epithelium, presumably reflecting the greater metabolic requirements of the former tissue. Only phosphoglucose isomerase and pyruvate kinase were significantly higher in endometrial cancer than in normal endometrium, and there were few significant differences between cancers of the cervix and of the endometrium, despite the marked differences in their tissues of origin. These results suggest the changes occur during malignant transformation to the activities of both regulatory enzymes and those catalysing reversible reactions, in a manner justifying the conclusion that the general metabolism of tumours is convergent.", "contents": "Enzymes of glucose metabolism in carcinoma of the cervix and endometrium of the human uterus. Twelve enzymes related to the direct oxidative and glycolytic pathways of glucose metabolism were assayed in 88 cancers of the cervix and 48 cancers of the endometrium of the human uterus, and the activities compared with those obtained from a group of control tissues. Significant increases for all but one of the enzymes studied (alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase) were found in cancer of the cervix, when compared with normal cervix epithelium. Hexokinase, phoshofructokinase, and aldolase appear to be rate-limiting in normal cervix epithelium; however, since the increase in activity of the first two in cancers was least of all the glycolytic enzymes, redundant enzyme synthesis probably occurs in the malignant cell for the enzymes catalysing reversible reactions. There was virtually no correlation between the activity of any enzyme measured in the cancer sample and histological assessments of the degree of malignancy of the tumour, or the clinical stage of the disease. All enzymes except pyruvate kinase had significantly higher activity in normal endometrium than in normal cervix epithelium, presumably reflecting the greater metabolic requirements of the former tissue. Only phosphoglucose isomerase and pyruvate kinase were significantly higher in endometrial cancer than in normal endometrium, and there were few significant differences between cancers of the cervix and of the endometrium, despite the marked differences in their tissues of origin. These results suggest the changes occur during malignant transformation to the activities of both regulatory enzymes and those catalysing reversible reactions, in a manner justifying the conclusion that the general metabolism of tumours is convergent.", "PMID": 678439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3573", "title": "Epithelial repair in chronic gastric ulcers.", "content": "Features of epithelial repair, namely mitotic activity, cell migration, and cell differentiation have been investigated in 17 mucosal biopsy samples from the edges of chronic gastric ulcers in 16 patients, using light and electron microscopy. Results have shown that mitosis persists at the margins of these lesions and that mitotic figures are significantly more numerous in the region of chronic ulcers than in normal mucosa. Cells with the ultrastructural features of migratory cells are present but adjacent epithelium shows abnormalities of differentiation. Lack of cell production does not appear to be the limiting factor in epithelialization and some other cause such as an abnormality of cell or re-establishment must be sought.", "contents": "Epithelial repair in chronic gastric ulcers. Features of epithelial repair, namely mitotic activity, cell migration, and cell differentiation have been investigated in 17 mucosal biopsy samples from the edges of chronic gastric ulcers in 16 patients, using light and electron microscopy. Results have shown that mitosis persists at the margins of these lesions and that mitotic figures are significantly more numerous in the region of chronic ulcers than in normal mucosa. Cells with the ultrastructural features of migratory cells are present but adjacent epithelium shows abnormalities of differentiation. Lack of cell production does not appear to be the limiting factor in epithelialization and some other cause such as an abnormality of cell or re-establishment must be sought.", "PMID": 678440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3574", "title": "Changes induced by vascular antigens in the aorta of guinea-pigs: immunological and morphological studies.", "content": "The effects have been studied of human vessel wall on the cell-mediated and humoral immune response, as well as the morphological changes produced in the aorta in guinea-pigs. In animals immunized with calcium chloride-tris-citrate extracts of the aortic and vessel wall a definite cell-mediated and humoral immune response was observed. A cross-reaction was found between the 2 vessel wall extracts in the skin test and in the migration inhibition test. The induction of desoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was found to be specific. Antibody production as well as the concentration of IgG in the serum was increased. Simultaneously with increased production of the antibodies the cellular immune response did not diminish util the 9th week. A definite alteration was found in the aortic intima by histological, histochemical, immunofluorescence and electron microscopic methods. In addition some slight changes could be observed in the media and in the aventitia of the aorta.", "contents": "Changes induced by vascular antigens in the aorta of guinea-pigs: immunological and morphological studies. The effects have been studied of human vessel wall on the cell-mediated and humoral immune response, as well as the morphological changes produced in the aorta in guinea-pigs. In animals immunized with calcium chloride-tris-citrate extracts of the aortic and vessel wall a definite cell-mediated and humoral immune response was observed. A cross-reaction was found between the 2 vessel wall extracts in the skin test and in the migration inhibition test. The induction of desoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was found to be specific. Antibody production as well as the concentration of IgG in the serum was increased. Simultaneously with increased production of the antibodies the cellular immune response did not diminish util the 9th week. A definite alteration was found in the aortic intima by histological, histochemical, immunofluorescence and electron microscopic methods. In addition some slight changes could be observed in the media and in the aventitia of the aorta.", "PMID": 678441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3575", "title": "Survival of human 51Cr erythrocytes in guinea-pigs.", "content": "A guinea-pig model for study of the survival of human erythrocytes has been developed. The T1/2 survival of human erythrocytes in guinea pigs treated with ethyl palmitate and cobra venom factor is about 3 days. This model is particularly suited to the study of the pathogenesis and therapy of certain intrinsic red cell disorders, such as sickle-cell disease.", "contents": "Survival of human 51Cr erythrocytes in guinea-pigs. A guinea-pig model for study of the survival of human erythrocytes has been developed. The T1/2 survival of human erythrocytes in guinea pigs treated with ethyl palmitate and cobra venom factor is about 3 days. This model is particularly suited to the study of the pathogenesis and therapy of certain intrinsic red cell disorders, such as sickle-cell disease.", "PMID": 678442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3576", "title": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test: early gross detection of human myocardial infarcts.", "content": "The hearts from 81 cases of suspected myocardial infarction were stained with the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test to show damaged heart muscle in the gross at necropsy. Thirty-seven cases were of stated clinical age less than 12 h and 27 of these were less than 5 h. Seven out of 17 cases under 1 h were negative with NBT, but all other cases showed either focal diminution of staining with the dark blue diformazan or patchy red staining with the monogormazan of NBT. Thus the method may be of diagnostic value at necropsy from 1 h onwards after the time of apparent infarction (stated clinical onset). Satisfactory results were obtained up to 3 days at ambient temperature after death and for longer when the corpse was stored at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test: early gross detection of human myocardial infarcts. The hearts from 81 cases of suspected myocardial infarction were stained with the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test to show damaged heart muscle in the gross at necropsy. Thirty-seven cases were of stated clinical age less than 12 h and 27 of these were less than 5 h. Seven out of 17 cases under 1 h were negative with NBT, but all other cases showed either focal diminution of staining with the dark blue diformazan or patchy red staining with the monogormazan of NBT. Thus the method may be of diagnostic value at necropsy from 1 h onwards after the time of apparent infarction (stated clinical onset). Satisfactory results were obtained up to 3 days at ambient temperature after death and for longer when the corpse was stored at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 678443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3577", "title": "Perineural angiogenesis in mice bearing subcutaneous tumours.", "content": "Cells of myeloma or fibrosarcoma were inoculated s.c. into BALB/c mice. Intact skins and tissue sections from animals killed at periodic intervals after inoculation of tumor cells were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The development of new blood vessels, probably involved in vascularization of the tumor, was observed around the nerves adjacent to the deposit of tumour cells. This occurred 5 days after inoculation of cells and before the tumour had a mean diameter of less than 1 mm. Lesser degrees of \"perineural angiogenesis\" were noted after s.c. inoculation of mineral oil, Freund's complete adjuvant or implantation of intact spleen, but none was observed with killed tumour cells.", "contents": "Perineural angiogenesis in mice bearing subcutaneous tumours. Cells of myeloma or fibrosarcoma were inoculated s.c. into BALB/c mice. Intact skins and tissue sections from animals killed at periodic intervals after inoculation of tumor cells were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The development of new blood vessels, probably involved in vascularization of the tumor, was observed around the nerves adjacent to the deposit of tumour cells. This occurred 5 days after inoculation of cells and before the tumour had a mean diameter of less than 1 mm. Lesser degrees of \"perineural angiogenesis\" were noted after s.c. inoculation of mineral oil, Freund's complete adjuvant or implantation of intact spleen, but none was observed with killed tumour cells.", "PMID": 678444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3578", "title": "Inhibitory effect of prostaglandin A1 on neutrophil motility.", "content": "Using Boyden chambers, Prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) was shown to inhibit directed movement of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes to the chemoattractants endotoxin-activated serum and casein, and in random migration systems. Depressed chemotaxis could not be entirely attributed to defective random migration, as the drug was shown to inhibit both chemokinesis (stimulated random migration) and \"true chemotaxis\". In addition, PGA1 inhibited the movement of neutrophils out of capillary tubes and substantially reduced hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity. Mice injected with PGA1 demonstrated significantly less PMN movement into trypticase-soy-broth-induced peritoneal exudates, and it is postulated that during inflammatory processes release of PGA1 increases cell accumulation at the site, thereby amplifying the inflammatory response.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of prostaglandin A1 on neutrophil motility. Using Boyden chambers, Prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) was shown to inhibit directed movement of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes to the chemoattractants endotoxin-activated serum and casein, and in random migration systems. Depressed chemotaxis could not be entirely attributed to defective random migration, as the drug was shown to inhibit both chemokinesis (stimulated random migration) and \"true chemotaxis\". In addition, PGA1 inhibited the movement of neutrophils out of capillary tubes and substantially reduced hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity. Mice injected with PGA1 demonstrated significantly less PMN movement into trypticase-soy-broth-induced peritoneal exudates, and it is postulated that during inflammatory processes release of PGA1 increases cell accumulation at the site, thereby amplifying the inflammatory response.", "PMID": 678445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3579", "title": "Induction of the acute-phase serum protein SAA requires both RNA and protein synthesis.", "content": "SAA is a normal acute-phase serum protein which has been identified by its cross-reaction with antibodies to the amyloid A fibril protein, AA, that is associated with secondary amyloidosis. The induction of SAA by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been studied with 3 inhibitors of protein synthesis: cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and galactosamine. Each of the 3 agents when administered simultaneously with LPS completely abolishes induction of SAA for at least 6 h. They are all significantly effective when given 1.5 h after LPS but 3 h after LPS the inhibitory effect of actinomycin D on SAA induction is markedly reduced. Cycloheximide alone can also induce significant concentration of SAA, but a longer time is required than for LPS. Thus it appears that the acute-phase SAA response is characterized by both RNA and protein synthesis which is initiated by the acute-phase inducing agent and which precedes the appearance of elevated SAA concentrations in the serum.", "contents": "Induction of the acute-phase serum protein SAA requires both RNA and protein synthesis. SAA is a normal acute-phase serum protein which has been identified by its cross-reaction with antibodies to the amyloid A fibril protein, AA, that is associated with secondary amyloidosis. The induction of SAA by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been studied with 3 inhibitors of protein synthesis: cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and galactosamine. Each of the 3 agents when administered simultaneously with LPS completely abolishes induction of SAA for at least 6 h. They are all significantly effective when given 1.5 h after LPS but 3 h after LPS the inhibitory effect of actinomycin D on SAA induction is markedly reduced. Cycloheximide alone can also induce significant concentration of SAA, but a longer time is required than for LPS. Thus it appears that the acute-phase SAA response is characterized by both RNA and protein synthesis which is initiated by the acute-phase inducing agent and which precedes the appearance of elevated SAA concentrations in the serum.", "PMID": 678446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3580", "title": "The effect of isoprenaline and pilocarpine on mitotic index and goblet cell number in rat respiratory epithelium.", "content": "The effect of both isoprenaline (IPN) and pilocarpine (PCP) on mitotic activity and goblet cell number has been studied at 5 levels of the bronchial tree in male and female animals. While both drugs increased mitotic index and goblet cell number at most of the airway levels studied, differences in their effect were detected. After both drugs, nuclei in division were more often superficial within the epithelium than basal but IPN caused a greater increase in mitotic index than PCP. IPN increased goblet cell number at all levels, PCP only in the trachea and larger intrapulmonary airways. The types of goblet cell increased by IPN were particularly those containing acid glycoprotein, whereas PCP increased all types of goblet cell, that is, both those containing neutral and acid glycoprotein. After the drugs, the concentration of cells per unit length of airway epithelium was higher than normal. This is the first study demonstrating the effect of these two drugs on both goblet cell number and cell division. While the two drugs differ in their pharmacological action, the result of their stimulation of airway epithelium is similar. The way in which each effect is produced is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of isoprenaline and pilocarpine on mitotic index and goblet cell number in rat respiratory epithelium. The effect of both isoprenaline (IPN) and pilocarpine (PCP) on mitotic activity and goblet cell number has been studied at 5 levels of the bronchial tree in male and female animals. While both drugs increased mitotic index and goblet cell number at most of the airway levels studied, differences in their effect were detected. After both drugs, nuclei in division were more often superficial within the epithelium than basal but IPN caused a greater increase in mitotic index than PCP. IPN increased goblet cell number at all levels, PCP only in the trachea and larger intrapulmonary airways. The types of goblet cell increased by IPN were particularly those containing acid glycoprotein, whereas PCP increased all types of goblet cell, that is, both those containing neutral and acid glycoprotein. After the drugs, the concentration of cells per unit length of airway epithelium was higher than normal. This is the first study demonstrating the effect of these two drugs on both goblet cell number and cell division. While the two drugs differ in their pharmacological action, the result of their stimulation of airway epithelium is similar. The way in which each effect is produced is discussed.", "PMID": 678447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3581", "title": "Lymphoedema of the rabbit ear following partial and complete lymphatic blockade; its effects on fibrotic development, enzyme types and their activity levels.", "content": "The dorsal surface of the rabbit ear was found to be a suitable place for the production of long-lasting lymphoedema. Its major tissues (skin and sub cutaneous) are those to which secondary lymphoedema is confined in clinical situations. After 32 weeks of partial lymphatic blockade total tissue activity levels of neutral proteinase and beta-glucuronidase were depressed while alkaline phosphatase was elevated. Subsequent complete lymphatic blockade for a further 5 weeks resulted in severe fibrosis of the s.c. tissues. The total tissue activity levels of 3 characteristic lysosomal macrophage hydrolases--acid protease, beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase--were significantly increased. There were strong correlations between the activity levels of these enzymes and the extent of fibrosis, increased fibrosis being characterized by higher activity levels. This, together with other evidence, suggested--as fibrosis became more severe--the total number of macrophages increased, but a high proportion of these were non-stimulated. Since these cells (when stimulated) are normally responsible for the lysis of collagen and removal of fibrotic tissue the impairment of their function as occurs in chronic lymphoedema results in further fibrosis and the continuation of the vicious circle.", "contents": "Lymphoedema of the rabbit ear following partial and complete lymphatic blockade; its effects on fibrotic development, enzyme types and their activity levels. The dorsal surface of the rabbit ear was found to be a suitable place for the production of long-lasting lymphoedema. Its major tissues (skin and sub cutaneous) are those to which secondary lymphoedema is confined in clinical situations. After 32 weeks of partial lymphatic blockade total tissue activity levels of neutral proteinase and beta-glucuronidase were depressed while alkaline phosphatase was elevated. Subsequent complete lymphatic blockade for a further 5 weeks resulted in severe fibrosis of the s.c. tissues. The total tissue activity levels of 3 characteristic lysosomal macrophage hydrolases--acid protease, beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase--were significantly increased. There were strong correlations between the activity levels of these enzymes and the extent of fibrosis, increased fibrosis being characterized by higher activity levels. This, together with other evidence, suggested--as fibrosis became more severe--the total number of macrophages increased, but a high proportion of these were non-stimulated. Since these cells (when stimulated) are normally responsible for the lysis of collagen and removal of fibrotic tissue the impairment of their function as occurs in chronic lymphoedema results in further fibrosis and the continuation of the vicious circle.", "PMID": 678448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3582", "title": "Histopathological effects of methotrexate on mouse liver.", "content": "Mice were injected with up to 9 doses of methotrexate and killed at intervals after treatment. Liver changes were assessed histopathologically and by image analysis, and included vacuolation and ballooning degeneration of centrilobular liver cells. There was considerable irregularity in nuclear size in methotrexate-treated mice, in which hepatic nuclei were significantly larger than those of control animals. Fatty change was not induced in the liver by these doses of methotrexate, and there was no cellular infiltration or fibrosis.", "contents": "Histopathological effects of methotrexate on mouse liver. Mice were injected with up to 9 doses of methotrexate and killed at intervals after treatment. Liver changes were assessed histopathologically and by image analysis, and included vacuolation and ballooning degeneration of centrilobular liver cells. There was considerable irregularity in nuclear size in methotrexate-treated mice, in which hepatic nuclei were significantly larger than those of control animals. Fatty change was not induced in the liver by these doses of methotrexate, and there was no cellular infiltration or fibrosis.", "PMID": 678449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3583", "title": "Profile of epidermal metabolic activity in autosomal dominant ichthyosis and small bowel disorders.", "content": "The in vitro incorporation of 14C acetate by the epidermis has been studied in patients with autosomal dominant ichthyosis and in patients with a dry, itchy, slightly scaly skin associated with a disorder of the small bowel. Analysis of 14C acetate containing lipid moieties by thin layer chromatography has indicated that there are both quantitative and qualitative differences in the uptake of 14C acetate between autosomal dominant ichthyosis and normal. In particular an increased incorporation into the triglyceride and phosphatidyl choline fractions was noted. No such differences were apparent in those patients with disorders of the small bowel. In addition the in vitro incorporation of radioactively labelled thymidine, proline and histidine has been studied in these patients. In both groups of patients the rate of incorporation of tritiated thymidine and histidine into epidermal macromolecules was found not to differ significantly from normal. On the other hand the rate of incorporation of tritiated proline was increased in both groups of patients.", "contents": "Profile of epidermal metabolic activity in autosomal dominant ichthyosis and small bowel disorders. The in vitro incorporation of 14C acetate by the epidermis has been studied in patients with autosomal dominant ichthyosis and in patients with a dry, itchy, slightly scaly skin associated with a disorder of the small bowel. Analysis of 14C acetate containing lipid moieties by thin layer chromatography has indicated that there are both quantitative and qualitative differences in the uptake of 14C acetate between autosomal dominant ichthyosis and normal. In particular an increased incorporation into the triglyceride and phosphatidyl choline fractions was noted. No such differences were apparent in those patients with disorders of the small bowel. In addition the in vitro incorporation of radioactively labelled thymidine, proline and histidine has been studied in these patients. In both groups of patients the rate of incorporation of tritiated thymidine and histidine into epidermal macromolecules was found not to differ significantly from normal. On the other hand the rate of incorporation of tritiated proline was increased in both groups of patients.", "PMID": 678450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3584", "title": "Corticosteroid effect on epidermal cell size.", "content": "Changes in the epidermis following application of three corticosteroids, betamethasone 17-valerate, hydrocortisone 17-butyrate, and hydrocortisone have been studied histometrically in human volunteers. The reduction in epidermal thickness observed correlated significantly with a reduction in size of the viable epidermal cells. There was no significant reduction in the number of cells constituting the viable epidermis. These findings indicate that thinning of the epidermis is a function of cell size rather than cell number. The epidermal changes developed quickly and were rapidly reversible. It is suggested that measurement of cell size may be an early and sensitive index of atrophogenicity induced by topical corticosteroids. 0.1% Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and 0.1% betamethasone 17-valerate showed equivalent potency in causing epidermal thinning and reduction in cell size. Reduction in cell size paralleled increasing concentrations of betamethasone 17-valerate, indicating a positive dose-effect relationship.", "contents": "Corticosteroid effect on epidermal cell size. Changes in the epidermis following application of three corticosteroids, betamethasone 17-valerate, hydrocortisone 17-butyrate, and hydrocortisone have been studied histometrically in human volunteers. The reduction in epidermal thickness observed correlated significantly with a reduction in size of the viable epidermal cells. There was no significant reduction in the number of cells constituting the viable epidermis. These findings indicate that thinning of the epidermis is a function of cell size rather than cell number. The epidermal changes developed quickly and were rapidly reversible. It is suggested that measurement of cell size may be an early and sensitive index of atrophogenicity induced by topical corticosteroids. 0.1% Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and 0.1% betamethasone 17-valerate showed equivalent potency in causing epidermal thinning and reduction in cell size. Reduction in cell size paralleled increasing concentrations of betamethasone 17-valerate, indicating a positive dose-effect relationship.", "PMID": 678451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3585", "title": "Melanoma specific protein: occurrence in the urine of patients with halo naevus and vitiligo.", "content": "Melanoma specific protein is immunologically related to altered naevus cell cytoplasm. It is excreted by patients with malignant melanoma but in no other malignancy. The protein has been detected in patients with actively developing halo naevi but not when repigmentation is taking place. It also occurs in patients with very active vitiligo but in no other pigment condition we have studied. It is suggested that the protein is a marker of active destruction of naevus cells by immune mechanisms and that the release of toxic materials during this immune reaction may be responsible for the production of the halo phenomenon and for the areas of vitiligo that may be seen elsewhere on the skin.", "contents": "Melanoma specific protein: occurrence in the urine of patients with halo naevus and vitiligo. Melanoma specific protein is immunologically related to altered naevus cell cytoplasm. It is excreted by patients with malignant melanoma but in no other malignancy. The protein has been detected in patients with actively developing halo naevi but not when repigmentation is taking place. It also occurs in patients with very active vitiligo but in no other pigment condition we have studied. It is suggested that the protein is a marker of active destruction of naevus cells by immune mechanisms and that the release of toxic materials during this immune reaction may be responsible for the production of the halo phenomenon and for the areas of vitiligo that may be seen elsewhere on the skin.", "PMID": 678452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3586", "title": "Cyclophosphamide induced nail pigmentation.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide therapy may occasionally cuase black pigmentation of the nails. We report five cases with this side effect and review the data on eleven cases in the literature. These changes start in the proximal nail beds and progress distally; on withdrawal of cyclophosphamide, clearing of the nail pigmentation proceeds in a similar fashion. The development of the nail pigmentation does not bear any relation to the primary condition for which cyclophosphamide was prescribed. The dose of the drug before the onset of pigmentation ranged from 1.2 to 12.3 g; the duration of treatment ranged from 10 days to 26 weeks. The mechanism of the nail pigmentation is unknown.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide induced nail pigmentation. Cyclophosphamide therapy may occasionally cuase black pigmentation of the nails. We report five cases with this side effect and review the data on eleven cases in the literature. These changes start in the proximal nail beds and progress distally; on withdrawal of cyclophosphamide, clearing of the nail pigmentation proceeds in a similar fashion. The development of the nail pigmentation does not bear any relation to the primary condition for which cyclophosphamide was prescribed. The dose of the drug before the onset of pigmentation ranged from 1.2 to 12.3 g; the duration of treatment ranged from 10 days to 26 weeks. The mechanism of the nail pigmentation is unknown.", "PMID": 678453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3587", "title": "Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson disease)--therapeutic problems.", "content": "A patient with subcorneal pustular dermatosis with a fatal outcome is presented. Treatment with corticosteroids, vitamin E, dapsone, sulphapyridine and levamisole was ineffective. Only systemic treatment with retinoic acid and a new aromatic retinoic acid derivative (Ro 10-9359) produced a satisfactory clinical response, but a complete remission was not obtained.", "contents": "Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson disease)--therapeutic problems. A patient with subcorneal pustular dermatosis with a fatal outcome is presented. Treatment with corticosteroids, vitamin E, dapsone, sulphapyridine and levamisole was ineffective. Only systemic treatment with retinoic acid and a new aromatic retinoic acid derivative (Ro 10-9359) produced a satisfactory clinical response, but a complete remission was not obtained.", "PMID": 678454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3588", "title": "Multiple naevocellular naevi in brothers with albinism.", "content": "Multiple naevocellular naevi occurring in two albino brothers are described. The light and electron microscopic findings of the naevi are described and the nature of the pigment discussed.", "contents": "Multiple naevocellular naevi in brothers with albinism. Multiple naevocellular naevi occurring in two albino brothers are described. The light and electron microscopic findings of the naevi are described and the nature of the pigment discussed.", "PMID": 678455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3589", "title": "Zosteriform lentiginous naevus with ipsilateral rigid cavus foot.", "content": "A patient is presented with a rigid cavus deformity associated with a painful linear keratotic lesion on the lateral plantar border. A unilateral zosteriform lentiginous naevus is found on the same side as the foot deformity. Electrodiagnostic evaluation suggests the presence of a non-specific neuromuscular process on the affected side. This association has not previously been reported.", "contents": "Zosteriform lentiginous naevus with ipsilateral rigid cavus foot. A patient is presented with a rigid cavus deformity associated with a painful linear keratotic lesion on the lateral plantar border. A unilateral zosteriform lentiginous naevus is found on the same side as the foot deformity. Electrodiagnostic evaluation suggests the presence of a non-specific neuromuscular process on the affected side. This association has not previously been reported.", "PMID": 678456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3590", "title": "Immunologic aspects of psoriasis. III. Fc-gamma-receptor bearing mononuclear cells in peripheral blood.", "content": "An anti-IgG activity has previously been reported at the cellular level in patients with psoriasis. This activity was demonstrated by the so-called 'rheumatoid' rosette test. In the present work the nature of 'rheumatoid' rosette-forming cells was studied in comparison with other EA rosette techniques. The use of purified cell populations showed that the lymphocytes participating in the 'rheumatoid' rosette phenomenon were lacking conventional T and B cell membrane markers, and were thus referred to as null cells. Such mononuclear cells bearing a receptor for the Fc part of IgG were able to act as killer cells to IgG-coated target cells. The cytotoxic activity was mainly restricted to a small proportion of lymphocytes forming 'rheumatoid' rosettes which had a high avidity for EA complexes. Such cytotoxicity could contribute to the aetiology of lesions in psoriasis.", "contents": "Immunologic aspects of psoriasis. III. Fc-gamma-receptor bearing mononuclear cells in peripheral blood. An anti-IgG activity has previously been reported at the cellular level in patients with psoriasis. This activity was demonstrated by the so-called 'rheumatoid' rosette test. In the present work the nature of 'rheumatoid' rosette-forming cells was studied in comparison with other EA rosette techniques. The use of purified cell populations showed that the lymphocytes participating in the 'rheumatoid' rosette phenomenon were lacking conventional T and B cell membrane markers, and were thus referred to as null cells. Such mononuclear cells bearing a receptor for the Fc part of IgG were able to act as killer cells to IgG-coated target cells. The cytotoxic activity was mainly restricted to a small proportion of lymphocytes forming 'rheumatoid' rosettes which had a high avidity for EA complexes. Such cytotoxicity could contribute to the aetiology of lesions in psoriasis.", "PMID": 678462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3591", "title": "IgA and C3 complement in the uninvolved skin in dermatitis herpetiformis after gluten withdrawal.", "content": "IgA deposits in the skin in 53 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) have been studied in relation to treatment. In 19 patients the disorder was controlled by a gluten-freen diet (GFD) alone, in 13 patients by dapsone and GFD and in 18 by dapsone alone. In 3 patients the skin disorder became insignificant and required no treatment. Of the patients taking a GFD alone, six had been clear of skin lesions for 7 years, 5 for 3--5 years, and 8 for periods of 6 months--3 years. IgA deposits were found in all patients in an initial biopsy in a second biopsy after treatment for periods varying from 1 to 7 years. There was no difference in the quantity of IgA, as assessed by the amount of fluorescence, whether patients were controlled with a GFD alone, GFD and dapsone, dapsone alone, or in those in clinical remission. The C3 component of complement was present in the skin in 3 of the 19 patients (16%) controlled by a GFD alone, 6 of the 13 patients (46%) of those controlled by a GFD and dapsone, and in 12 of 18 (66%) of the patients taking dapsone alone, and in one of the patients in clinical remission.", "contents": "IgA and C3 complement in the uninvolved skin in dermatitis herpetiformis after gluten withdrawal. IgA deposits in the skin in 53 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) have been studied in relation to treatment. In 19 patients the disorder was controlled by a gluten-freen diet (GFD) alone, in 13 patients by dapsone and GFD and in 18 by dapsone alone. In 3 patients the skin disorder became insignificant and required no treatment. Of the patients taking a GFD alone, six had been clear of skin lesions for 7 years, 5 for 3--5 years, and 8 for periods of 6 months--3 years. IgA deposits were found in all patients in an initial biopsy in a second biopsy after treatment for periods varying from 1 to 7 years. There was no difference in the quantity of IgA, as assessed by the amount of fluorescence, whether patients were controlled with a GFD alone, GFD and dapsone, dapsone alone, or in those in clinical remission. The C3 component of complement was present in the skin in 3 of the 19 patients (16%) controlled by a GFD alone, 6 of the 13 patients (46%) of those controlled by a GFD and dapsone, and in 12 of 18 (66%) of the patients taking dapsone alone, and in one of the patients in clinical remission.", "PMID": 678463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3592", "title": "Acid hydrolases in blister fluid. 3. Characterization and quantification of peptide hydrolases.", "content": "Cathepsin B1 and Cathepsin C have been characterized and quantified in suction blister fluid. These enzymes revealed practically no activity in interstitial fluid and serum. Arylamidase was also investigated and found to have similar concentrations in serum, blister fluid and interstitial fluid. The properties of arylamidase from these sources were identical.", "contents": "Acid hydrolases in blister fluid. 3. Characterization and quantification of peptide hydrolases. Cathepsin B1 and Cathepsin C have been characterized and quantified in suction blister fluid. These enzymes revealed practically no activity in interstitial fluid and serum. Arylamidase was also investigated and found to have similar concentrations in serum, blister fluid and interstitial fluid. The properties of arylamidase from these sources were identical.", "PMID": 678464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3593", "title": "Acid hydrolases in blister fluid. 4. Influence of ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "Large, dose-related increases have been demonstrated in the activity of lysosomal hydrolases in the fluid of experimental suction blisters raised on skin previously irradiated with UVR-B. These increases appear after a latent period of 11--18 h, and the pattern of changes shows an extremely good correlation with the hydrolase profile of epidermis. These observations offer strong support for the concept that lysosomes participated in the sequence of events following UV irradiation, but seem to rule out the lysosome as the initial target for UVR.", "contents": "Acid hydrolases in blister fluid. 4. Influence of ultraviolet radiation. Large, dose-related increases have been demonstrated in the activity of lysosomal hydrolases in the fluid of experimental suction blisters raised on skin previously irradiated with UVR-B. These increases appear after a latent period of 11--18 h, and the pattern of changes shows an extremely good correlation with the hydrolase profile of epidermis. These observations offer strong support for the concept that lysosomes participated in the sequence of events following UV irradiation, but seem to rule out the lysosome as the initial target for UVR.", "PMID": 678465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3594", "title": "Mycosis fungoides, nitrogen mustard and skin cancer.", "content": "The prevalence of epithelial cancer was determined in 202 patients with mycosis fungoides and the S\u00e9zary syndrome and was found to be 10.5%. In an attempt to establish a possible association with topically applied nitrogen mustard, it was noted that 4.0% of these patients had lesions prior to nitrogen mustard therapy (although over half subsequently developed further lesions) and 6.5% of the patients developed them de novo after therapy. In two patients in this latter group, malignancies developed in are as not usually associated with solar-induced cancer. These findings indicate that epidermal neoplasia is not uncommon in these patients and that nitrogen mustard may function as a carcinogen or a co-carcinogen.", "contents": "Mycosis fungoides, nitrogen mustard and skin cancer. The prevalence of epithelial cancer was determined in 202 patients with mycosis fungoides and the S\u00e9zary syndrome and was found to be 10.5%. In an attempt to establish a possible association with topically applied nitrogen mustard, it was noted that 4.0% of these patients had lesions prior to nitrogen mustard therapy (although over half subsequently developed further lesions) and 6.5% of the patients developed them de novo after therapy. In two patients in this latter group, malignancies developed in are as not usually associated with solar-induced cancer. These findings indicate that epidermal neoplasia is not uncommon in these patients and that nitrogen mustard may function as a carcinogen or a co-carcinogen.", "PMID": 678466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3595", "title": "Biological changes of human cutaneous nerves caused by ultraviolet irradiation: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Three white male volunteers were irradiated by long wave ultraviolet (UV-A) and by solar simulating radiation (SSR). An acute change of cutaneous nerves was found following a single exposure of UV-A irradiation. Non-myelinated Schwann cells and perineural cells in the papillary and reticular dermis were degenerated. Axoplasms appeared to be electron-dense, but were less affected than Schwann cells. After long-term repeated exposure, many free nerve endings were found in the dermo-epidermal junction above the basal lamina and some of them made a terminal enlargement. In one instance an axon made a swelling. Dermal free nerve endings also seemed to be increased in number and some of them were situated immediately beneath the melanocytes which were active in melanogenesis. Multiplication of basal lamina of the Schwann cells and perineural cells was observed. Amorphous material was precipitated around the non-myelinated Schwann cells. After a single exposure of SSR irradiation the degeneration of Schwann cells and axons in the dermo-epidermal junction was less severe than after UV-A and changes were minor in the reticular dermis. After repeated exposure, intra-epidermal proliferation of free nerve endings was detected. Dermal nerves were slightly affected. No intra-epidermal free nerve endings were observed in controls. The intra-epidermal proliferation of free nerve endings was confirmed following repeated UV exposures. Melanocyte-nerve association is suggested to be the cause of stimulating melanocyte activity.", "contents": "Biological changes of human cutaneous nerves caused by ultraviolet irradiation: an ultrastructural study. Three white male volunteers were irradiated by long wave ultraviolet (UV-A) and by solar simulating radiation (SSR). An acute change of cutaneous nerves was found following a single exposure of UV-A irradiation. Non-myelinated Schwann cells and perineural cells in the papillary and reticular dermis were degenerated. Axoplasms appeared to be electron-dense, but were less affected than Schwann cells. After long-term repeated exposure, many free nerve endings were found in the dermo-epidermal junction above the basal lamina and some of them made a terminal enlargement. In one instance an axon made a swelling. Dermal free nerve endings also seemed to be increased in number and some of them were situated immediately beneath the melanocytes which were active in melanogenesis. Multiplication of basal lamina of the Schwann cells and perineural cells was observed. Amorphous material was precipitated around the non-myelinated Schwann cells. After a single exposure of SSR irradiation the degeneration of Schwann cells and axons in the dermo-epidermal junction was less severe than after UV-A and changes were minor in the reticular dermis. After repeated exposure, intra-epidermal proliferation of free nerve endings was detected. Dermal nerves were slightly affected. No intra-epidermal free nerve endings were observed in controls. The intra-epidermal proliferation of free nerve endings was confirmed following repeated UV exposures. Melanocyte-nerve association is suggested to be the cause of stimulating melanocyte activity.", "PMID": 678467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3596", "title": "Oral photochemotherapy in the treatment of lichen planus (LP). Clinical results, histological and ultrastructural observations.", "content": "Seven patients with diffuse lichen planus were treated with oral photochemotherapy. Remission was effected in 6 cases. The only failure may be attributable to a low UVA dose. Histological examination after treatment showed disappearance of the superficial dermal lymphocytic infiltrate. Ultrastructural study revealed nuclear alterations of keratinocytes and nuclear and cytoplasmic changes in superficial dermal cells. Various theories concerning the mode of action of photochemotherapy in lichen planus are discussed in the light of these observations.", "contents": "Oral photochemotherapy in the treatment of lichen planus (LP). Clinical results, histological and ultrastructural observations. Seven patients with diffuse lichen planus were treated with oral photochemotherapy. Remission was effected in 6 cases. The only failure may be attributable to a low UVA dose. Histological examination after treatment showed disappearance of the superficial dermal lymphocytic infiltrate. Ultrastructural study revealed nuclear alterations of keratinocytes and nuclear and cytoplasmic changes in superficial dermal cells. Various theories concerning the mode of action of photochemotherapy in lichen planus are discussed in the light of these observations.", "PMID": 678468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3597", "title": "Suppression of epidermal proliferation by ultraviolet light, coal tar and anthralin.", "content": "360 nm ultraviolet light (UVA) plus coal tar depresses mitosis and DNA synthesis in epidermal cells. UVA has no effect by itself. In some models coal tar alone can partially depress DNA synthesis. 254 nm ultraviolet light (UVC) and 290--320 nm ultraviolet light (UVB) do not enhance depression of DNA synthesis by coal tar. Dithranol will suppress mitosis and DNA synthesis of epidermal cells but there appears to be no photo-activation by UVA. Dithranol suppression and suppression of DNA synthesis by UVB or UVC are additive when used together.", "contents": "Suppression of epidermal proliferation by ultraviolet light, coal tar and anthralin. 360 nm ultraviolet light (UVA) plus coal tar depresses mitosis and DNA synthesis in epidermal cells. UVA has no effect by itself. In some models coal tar alone can partially depress DNA synthesis. 254 nm ultraviolet light (UVC) and 290--320 nm ultraviolet light (UVB) do not enhance depression of DNA synthesis by coal tar. Dithranol will suppress mitosis and DNA synthesis of epidermal cells but there appears to be no photo-activation by UVA. Dithranol suppression and suppression of DNA synthesis by UVB or UVC are additive when used together.", "PMID": 678469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3598", "title": "The relationship between serum viscosity, hypervolaemia and clinical manifestations associated with circulating paraprotein.", "content": "In 44 of 56 patients with malignant paraproteinaemia the relationship of serum viscosity, plasma volume (PV), estimated blood volume (BV) and clinical findings was investigated and in the remaining 12 patients one or more of these parameters was studied. There was a correlation between increased PV and serum viscosity (r = 0.66, P less than 0.001). The retinopathy characteristic of the hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS) was always associated with serum viscosity greater than or equal to 3.8 and with hypervolaemia. The evidence that the retinal changes were related more closely to serum hyperviscosity than to hypervolaemia is twofold. First, there was a considerable overlap in the degree of BV expansion, but not serum hyperviscosity, in patients with and without retinopathy. Second, the retinopathy in a patient with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia (WM) improved after plasma exchange with little change in BV. While bleeding was often associated with retinopathy seven patients with multiple myeloma (MM) had no retinopathy, viscosities greater than or equal to 4.3 and BV in the same range as patients with no clinical signs. Haemorrhage in such patients may thus be unrelated to the property of the paraprotein responsible for hyperviscosity. Measurements of PV in a patient with WM having repeated plasma exchanges for bleeding suggested that hypervolaemia may contribute to haemorrhage in some patients. It is suggested that the term 'HVS' should be restricted to patients with retinopathy and that hypervolaemia should be considered a characteristic feature of this syndrome.", "contents": "The relationship between serum viscosity, hypervolaemia and clinical manifestations associated with circulating paraprotein. In 44 of 56 patients with malignant paraproteinaemia the relationship of serum viscosity, plasma volume (PV), estimated blood volume (BV) and clinical findings was investigated and in the remaining 12 patients one or more of these parameters was studied. There was a correlation between increased PV and serum viscosity (r = 0.66, P less than 0.001). The retinopathy characteristic of the hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS) was always associated with serum viscosity greater than or equal to 3.8 and with hypervolaemia. The evidence that the retinal changes were related more closely to serum hyperviscosity than to hypervolaemia is twofold. First, there was a considerable overlap in the degree of BV expansion, but not serum hyperviscosity, in patients with and without retinopathy. Second, the retinopathy in a patient with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia (WM) improved after plasma exchange with little change in BV. While bleeding was often associated with retinopathy seven patients with multiple myeloma (MM) had no retinopathy, viscosities greater than or equal to 4.3 and BV in the same range as patients with no clinical signs. Haemorrhage in such patients may thus be unrelated to the property of the paraprotein responsible for hyperviscosity. Measurements of PV in a patient with WM having repeated plasma exchanges for bleeding suggested that hypervolaemia may contribute to haemorrhage in some patients. It is suggested that the term 'HVS' should be restricted to patients with retinopathy and that hypervolaemia should be considered a characteristic feature of this syndrome.", "PMID": 678470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3599", "title": "Plateletpheresis by discontinuous centrifugation: effect of collecting methods on the in vitro function of platelets.", "content": "The in vitro function of platelets collected by two different methods during centrifugal plateletpheresis was compared. The RBC method involves collecting platelets with red cells followed by a supplementary spin to remove them, whereas the no-RBC method requires collecting platelets only from the buffy coat without red cells. Platelet response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine and collagen was slightly reduced in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) prepared by no-RBC technique and was markedly decreased in samples obtained by the RBC technique when compared to prepheresis controls. The decrease in platelet response to ADP, epinephrine and collagen was apparent in three testing systems: aggregation, release of serotonin and reptilase clot retraction. Both plasma and platelets appeared to be affected by the pheresis procedure. Platelet preparations obtained by both RBC and no-RBC techniques showed an increase of platelet factor 3 activity and an enhancement of aggregation, release of serotonin and clot retraction induced by thrombin as compared to prepheresis controls. Postpheresis platelet-poor plasma contains platelet membrane fragments which exhibit a high platelet factor 3 activity. The results showed that the RBC method, although providing a higher platelet yield, caused more qualitative alterations in platelets than in those obtained by no-RBC method, and that both methods of collecting platelets activated the procoagulant activity of platelets.", "contents": "Plateletpheresis by discontinuous centrifugation: effect of collecting methods on the in vitro function of platelets. The in vitro function of platelets collected by two different methods during centrifugal plateletpheresis was compared. The RBC method involves collecting platelets with red cells followed by a supplementary spin to remove them, whereas the no-RBC method requires collecting platelets only from the buffy coat without red cells. Platelet response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine and collagen was slightly reduced in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) prepared by no-RBC technique and was markedly decreased in samples obtained by the RBC technique when compared to prepheresis controls. The decrease in platelet response to ADP, epinephrine and collagen was apparent in three testing systems: aggregation, release of serotonin and reptilase clot retraction. Both plasma and platelets appeared to be affected by the pheresis procedure. Platelet preparations obtained by both RBC and no-RBC techniques showed an increase of platelet factor 3 activity and an enhancement of aggregation, release of serotonin and clot retraction induced by thrombin as compared to prepheresis controls. Postpheresis platelet-poor plasma contains platelet membrane fragments which exhibit a high platelet factor 3 activity. The results showed that the RBC method, although providing a higher platelet yield, caused more qualitative alterations in platelets than in those obtained by no-RBC method, and that both methods of collecting platelets activated the procoagulant activity of platelets.", "PMID": 678471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3600", "title": "Abnormal platelet aggregation in severe combined immunodeficiency disease with adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "content": "The platelets from a boy with adenosine deaminase deficiency-severe combined immunodeficiency disease (ADA-SCID) showed markedly subnormal aggregation in response to collagen and ADP. In contrast with normal platelets, ATP, AMP and adenosine had little effect in inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation of ADA-SCID platelets. These observations suggest that altered adenosine metabolism exists in ADA-SCID platelets.", "contents": "Abnormal platelet aggregation in severe combined immunodeficiency disease with adenosine deaminase deficiency. The platelets from a boy with adenosine deaminase deficiency-severe combined immunodeficiency disease (ADA-SCID) showed markedly subnormal aggregation in response to collagen and ADP. In contrast with normal platelets, ATP, AMP and adenosine had little effect in inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation of ADA-SCID platelets. These observations suggest that altered adenosine metabolism exists in ADA-SCID platelets.", "PMID": 678472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3601", "title": "The ultrastructural localization of factor VIII-antigen in human platelets, megakaryocytes and endothelial cells utilizing a ferritin-labelled antibody.", "content": "By means of electron microscopy combined with the use of monospecific anti-factor VIII-antigen (VIIIR:AG) antibodies conjugated to ferritin, the subcellular localization of VIIR:AG in platelets, megakaryocytes and in endothelial cells has been established. The reported results suggest the possibility that the megakaryocyte is able to synthesize VIIIR:AG and also to secrete it by means of a microcanalicular system similar to that present in the endothelial cell. Platelets may derive their VIIIR:AG content partly from the megakaryocyte and partly from the plasma.", "contents": "The ultrastructural localization of factor VIII-antigen in human platelets, megakaryocytes and endothelial cells utilizing a ferritin-labelled antibody. By means of electron microscopy combined with the use of monospecific anti-factor VIII-antigen (VIIIR:AG) antibodies conjugated to ferritin, the subcellular localization of VIIR:AG in platelets, megakaryocytes and in endothelial cells has been established. The reported results suggest the possibility that the megakaryocyte is able to synthesize VIIIR:AG and also to secrete it by means of a microcanalicular system similar to that present in the endothelial cell. Platelets may derive their VIIIR:AG content partly from the megakaryocyte and partly from the plasma.", "PMID": 678473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3602", "title": "Immunologic studies of factor IX (Christmas factor). II. Immunoradiometric assay of factor IX antigen.", "content": "A solid-phase two-site immunoradiometric assay has been developed which measures factor IX antigen levels as low as 0.0004 u per ml of plasma. In normal individuals, the factor IX antigen level correlated with the factor IX procoagulant level. In haemophilia B, 14 patients had markedly reduced antigen levels (less than 0.06 u/ml) and five had normal levels (greater than 0.60 u/ml).", "contents": "Immunologic studies of factor IX (Christmas factor). II. Immunoradiometric assay of factor IX antigen. A solid-phase two-site immunoradiometric assay has been developed which measures factor IX antigen levels as low as 0.0004 u per ml of plasma. In normal individuals, the factor IX antigen level correlated with the factor IX procoagulant level. In haemophilia B, 14 patients had markedly reduced antigen levels (less than 0.06 u/ml) and five had normal levels (greater than 0.60 u/ml).", "PMID": 678474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3603", "title": "Factor VIII coagulant activity in an African population in relation to a recognized standard.", "content": "The normal range of factor VIII coagulant activity (derived from log potency ratio) in some sections of the Nigerian population has been established at 0.65--5.55 iu/ml with a geometric mean of 1.90 iu/ml. This was determined against an acceptable standard (MRC Human 68/413 with activity o.66 iu/ml). The distribution of the potency ratio was log normal. The level was not affected by age or an abnormal haemoglobin (Hb A + S or A + C). The mean activity in females was significantly higher than the mean value in male subjects. With the use of a stable standard, our results show that the conclusions of some previous studies in respect of some of the parameters such as population distribution but which did not use a recognized standard, were valid. Within the age limits of our subjects, age did not affect the population level of factor VIII coagulant activity.", "contents": "Factor VIII coagulant activity in an African population in relation to a recognized standard. The normal range of factor VIII coagulant activity (derived from log potency ratio) in some sections of the Nigerian population has been established at 0.65--5.55 iu/ml with a geometric mean of 1.90 iu/ml. This was determined against an acceptable standard (MRC Human 68/413 with activity o.66 iu/ml). The distribution of the potency ratio was log normal. The level was not affected by age or an abnormal haemoglobin (Hb A + S or A + C). The mean activity in females was significantly higher than the mean value in male subjects. With the use of a stable standard, our results show that the conclusions of some previous studies in respect of some of the parameters such as population distribution but which did not use a recognized standard, were valid. Within the age limits of our subjects, age did not affect the population level of factor VIII coagulant activity.", "PMID": 678475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3604", "title": "Haemoglobin Vanderbilt (alpha2beta289Ser leads to Arg): a new haemoglobin with high oxygen affinity and compensatory erythrocytosis.", "content": "Haemolysates of family members from three generations, all of whom had polycythaemia, were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.8. Two closely spaced major bands were observed, one of which corresponded to Hb A and the other to a new mutant designated Hb Vanderbilt. Whole blood from a heterozygote for Hb Vanderbilt was analysed for oxygen affinity which was found to be much higher than that of normal subjects. Haemoglobin Vanderbilt was separated from Hb A using anion exchange chromatography. Cation exchange chromatography yielded a variant beta chain from which a mutant peptide was identified with a structure corresponding to residues beta83--89 with a Ser leads to Arg replacement at position 89. The oxygen affinity of 'stripped' haemolysates from the heterozygote was found to be much less sensitive to added organic phosphates than haemolysates from normal subjects. In while blood, the decreased sensitivity to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate results in an increased oxygen affinity, thus explaining the clinical observations of tissue hypoxia and compensatory polycythaemia.", "contents": "Haemoglobin Vanderbilt (alpha2beta289Ser leads to Arg): a new haemoglobin with high oxygen affinity and compensatory erythrocytosis. Haemolysates of family members from three generations, all of whom had polycythaemia, were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.8. Two closely spaced major bands were observed, one of which corresponded to Hb A and the other to a new mutant designated Hb Vanderbilt. Whole blood from a heterozygote for Hb Vanderbilt was analysed for oxygen affinity which was found to be much higher than that of normal subjects. Haemoglobin Vanderbilt was separated from Hb A using anion exchange chromatography. Cation exchange chromatography yielded a variant beta chain from which a mutant peptide was identified with a structure corresponding to residues beta83--89 with a Ser leads to Arg replacement at position 89. The oxygen affinity of 'stripped' haemolysates from the heterozygote was found to be much less sensitive to added organic phosphates than haemolysates from normal subjects. In while blood, the decreased sensitivity to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate results in an increased oxygen affinity, thus explaining the clinical observations of tissue hypoxia and compensatory polycythaemia.", "PMID": 678476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3605", "title": "The development of haemoglobin A2 in normal negro infants and in sickle cell disease.", "content": "The development of haemoglobin A2 levels from birth to 3 years has been compared in normal, beta-thalassaemia trait, sickle cell (SS) disease, and S-beta-thalassaemia genotypes. Hb A2 levels were almost identical in normals and in children with SS disease at 1, 2 and 3 years. The most rapid increases in Hb A2 levels occurred before 6 months but levels were still rising at the end of the third year. Sickle cell-beta+ thalassaemia could be differentiated from SS disease by the higher Hb A2 levels between 6 months and 1 year. Insufficient data were available on S-beta o thalassaemia but since Hb A2 levels in this condition are generally higher than those in S-beta+ thalassaemia, differentiation from SS disease may may also be possible from the age of 6 months.", "contents": "The development of haemoglobin A2 in normal negro infants and in sickle cell disease. The development of haemoglobin A2 levels from birth to 3 years has been compared in normal, beta-thalassaemia trait, sickle cell (SS) disease, and S-beta-thalassaemia genotypes. Hb A2 levels were almost identical in normals and in children with SS disease at 1, 2 and 3 years. The most rapid increases in Hb A2 levels occurred before 6 months but levels were still rising at the end of the third year. Sickle cell-beta+ thalassaemia could be differentiated from SS disease by the higher Hb A2 levels between 6 months and 1 year. Insufficient data were available on S-beta o thalassaemia but since Hb A2 levels in this condition are generally higher than those in S-beta+ thalassaemia, differentiation from SS disease may may also be possible from the age of 6 months.", "PMID": 678477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3606", "title": "Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria in Thailand with special reference to as association with aplastic anaemia.", "content": "Eighty-five cases of PNH in Thailand were analysed, with emphasis on the comparison with European series and on an association with aplastic anaemia. Compared with European series, two points emerge: (1) the disease in Thai affects individuals of younger age group with a tendency to male preponderance; (2) the incidence of arterial and venous thrombosis is relatively rare. In association with aplastic anaemia, two main categories of PNH patients, are described, which differ in their clinical and laboratory citeria.", "contents": "Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria in Thailand with special reference to as association with aplastic anaemia. Eighty-five cases of PNH in Thailand were analysed, with emphasis on the comparison with European series and on an association with aplastic anaemia. Compared with European series, two points emerge: (1) the disease in Thai affects individuals of younger age group with a tendency to male preponderance; (2) the incidence of arterial and venous thrombosis is relatively rare. In association with aplastic anaemia, two main categories of PNH patients, are described, which differ in their clinical and laboratory citeria.", "PMID": 678478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3607", "title": "Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity during high risk pregnancies.", "content": "142 determinations of leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activity have been done in 103 cases of high risk pregnancy. A statistically significant elevation of LAP score has been found in high risk pregnancies due to diabetes mellitus, toxaemia, renal diseases and third trimester haemorrhage, but not in pregnancies complicated by cardiac disease, chronic hypertension, Rh sensitization or anaemia.", "contents": "Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity during high risk pregnancies. 142 determinations of leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activity have been done in 103 cases of high risk pregnancy. A statistically significant elevation of LAP score has been found in high risk pregnancies due to diabetes mellitus, toxaemia, renal diseases and third trimester haemorrhage, but not in pregnancies complicated by cardiac disease, chronic hypertension, Rh sensitization or anaemia.", "PMID": 678479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3608", "title": "Birth weight standards in a community of mixed racial origin.", "content": "A prospective study of approximately 2000 consecutive deliveries at a north London hospital, with a mixed population distribution of Caucasian, British and Irish, Indian and West Indian mothers was made between May 1975 and August 1976. Most of the results are based on 1322 births of known gestational age. Babies of Indian mothers were found to be approximately 300 g lighter than their Caucasian equivalents at term, and by United Kingdom birth weight standards, 15 per cent of the babies of Indian mothers were below the fifth centile. Birth weights of babies of West Indian mothers ranged between those of the Indian and the Caucasians.", "contents": "Birth weight standards in a community of mixed racial origin. A prospective study of approximately 2000 consecutive deliveries at a north London hospital, with a mixed population distribution of Caucasian, British and Irish, Indian and West Indian mothers was made between May 1975 and August 1976. Most of the results are based on 1322 births of known gestational age. Babies of Indian mothers were found to be approximately 300 g lighter than their Caucasian equivalents at term, and by United Kingdom birth weight standards, 15 per cent of the babies of Indian mothers were below the fifth centile. Birth weights of babies of West Indian mothers ranged between those of the Indian and the Caucasians.", "PMID": 678480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3609", "title": "A comparison of biparietal diameter measurements using a real-time scanner and a conventional scanner equipped with a coded cephalometry system.", "content": "In 131 patients a comparison was made between measurements obtained using a real-time scanner and those obtained using a conventional \"B\" scanner with an attached \"coded cephalometry system\": 69 per cent of the readings agreed within +/- 2 mm and, when the \"B\" scan reading was considered \"good\", 90 percent fell within this range. Between 14 and 28 weeks, gestational age diagnoses using the two methods were within one week of each other in 88 of 89 patients.", "contents": "A comparison of biparietal diameter measurements using a real-time scanner and a conventional scanner equipped with a coded cephalometry system. In 131 patients a comparison was made between measurements obtained using a real-time scanner and those obtained using a conventional \"B\" scanner with an attached \"coded cephalometry system\": 69 per cent of the readings agreed within +/- 2 mm and, when the \"B\" scan reading was considered \"good\", 90 percent fell within this range. Between 14 and 28 weeks, gestational age diagnoses using the two methods were within one week of each other in 88 of 89 patients.", "PMID": 678481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3610", "title": "Use of portable real-time ultrasound scanner in district antenatal clinics.", "content": "A portable real-time ultrasound scanner was transported to nine district antenatal clinics up to 35 miles from the base hospital. A total of 100 patients was scanned. During a scanning time of five to ten minutes, measurements of biparietal diameters were obtained easily, and in most cases details of placental location, fetal movement and the fetal spine were obtained.", "contents": "Use of portable real-time ultrasound scanner in district antenatal clinics. A portable real-time ultrasound scanner was transported to nine district antenatal clinics up to 35 miles from the base hospital. A total of 100 patients was scanned. During a scanning time of five to ten minutes, measurements of biparietal diameters were obtained easily, and in most cases details of placental location, fetal movement and the fetal spine were obtained.", "PMID": 678482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3611", "title": "Effect of smoking during pregnancy upon the haematological values of cord blood.", "content": "Haematological indices in cord blood, measured by a Coulter Counter, in 50 mothers who smoked 10 or more cigarettes a day were compared with those in 75 control mothers who were non-smokers, but of similar age and parity. Smoking during pregnancy was associated with higher levels, of haemoglobin, and the haematocrit, as well as with higher red cell counts and a higher mean corpuscular haemoglobin. The percentage of fetal haemoglobin in cord blood was not affected by smoking. There was no correlation between social class and cord blood haemoglobin; but within social class groups, higher cord blood haemoglobin levels were associated with smoking. It is suggested that smoking during pregnancy stimulates fetal erythropoeisis.", "contents": "Effect of smoking during pregnancy upon the haematological values of cord blood. Haematological indices in cord blood, measured by a Coulter Counter, in 50 mothers who smoked 10 or more cigarettes a day were compared with those in 75 control mothers who were non-smokers, but of similar age and parity. Smoking during pregnancy was associated with higher levels, of haemoglobin, and the haematocrit, as well as with higher red cell counts and a higher mean corpuscular haemoglobin. The percentage of fetal haemoglobin in cord blood was not affected by smoking. There was no correlation between social class and cord blood haemoglobin; but within social class groups, higher cord blood haemoglobin levels were associated with smoking. It is suggested that smoking during pregnancy stimulates fetal erythropoeisis.", "PMID": 678483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3612", "title": "Viscosity, haematocrit, fibrinogen and plasma proteins in maternal and cord blood.", "content": "The viscosity at low shear rate of whole blood, plasma and serum, the haematocrit, plasma fibrinogen, plasma proteins, and IgM were measured in maternal and cord blood immediately following delivery. The whole blood viscosity in maternal blood (mean 19.96 +/- 3.74 centipoise or c/p) was similar to cord blood viscosity (mean 19.44 +/- 4.28 c/p). The mean haematocrit in maternal blood (0.385 +/- 0.026) was significantly lower than the cord haematocrit (0.488 +/- 0.39). Mean plasma viscosity (1.86 +/- 0.47 c/p) and plasma fibrinogen (4.25 +/- 0.75 g/litre) in maternal blood were significantly higher than cord plasma viscosity (1.12 +/- 0.19 c/p) and cord plasma fibrinogen (1.81 +/- 0.61 g/l). Mean serum viscosity (1.22 +/- 0.28 c/p) and mean IgM levels (2.38 +/- 0.36 g/l) in maternal blood were significantly higher than cord serum viscosity (0.90 +/- 0.15 c/p) and cord IgM (0.48 +/- 0.06 g/l). The low low levels of IgM and fibrinogen may protect the fetus from the increased viscosity that could be expected in association with a high haematocrit.", "contents": "Viscosity, haematocrit, fibrinogen and plasma proteins in maternal and cord blood. The viscosity at low shear rate of whole blood, plasma and serum, the haematocrit, plasma fibrinogen, plasma proteins, and IgM were measured in maternal and cord blood immediately following delivery. The whole blood viscosity in maternal blood (mean 19.96 +/- 3.74 centipoise or c/p) was similar to cord blood viscosity (mean 19.44 +/- 4.28 c/p). The mean haematocrit in maternal blood (0.385 +/- 0.026) was significantly lower than the cord haematocrit (0.488 +/- 0.39). Mean plasma viscosity (1.86 +/- 0.47 c/p) and plasma fibrinogen (4.25 +/- 0.75 g/litre) in maternal blood were significantly higher than cord plasma viscosity (1.12 +/- 0.19 c/p) and cord plasma fibrinogen (1.81 +/- 0.61 g/l). Mean serum viscosity (1.22 +/- 0.28 c/p) and mean IgM levels (2.38 +/- 0.36 g/l) in maternal blood were significantly higher than cord serum viscosity (0.90 +/- 0.15 c/p) and cord IgM (0.48 +/- 0.06 g/l). The low low levels of IgM and fibrinogen may protect the fetus from the increased viscosity that could be expected in association with a high haematocrit.", "PMID": 678484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3613", "title": "Triplet pregnancy.", "content": "A series of 14 triplet pregnancies has been analyzed. The older triplet mother had a better chance of fetal survival than the younger mother. Parity did not appear to have much effect on fetal survival but the maturity of the infants at birth had more influence than did birth weight, on their survival. The interval between the delivery of the second and third infants did not correlate with the poor prognosis for the last infant. Spontaneous breech delivery appeared to have a worse prognosis than assisted breech delivery. There was a high incidence of girls and they appeared to do better than the boys. There was a high incidence of monozygotic twin pairs in these triplet pregnancies.", "contents": "Triplet pregnancy. A series of 14 triplet pregnancies has been analyzed. The older triplet mother had a better chance of fetal survival than the younger mother. Parity did not appear to have much effect on fetal survival but the maturity of the infants at birth had more influence than did birth weight, on their survival. The interval between the delivery of the second and third infants did not correlate with the poor prognosis for the last infant. Spontaneous breech delivery appeared to have a worse prognosis than assisted breech delivery. There was a high incidence of girls and they appeared to do better than the boys. There was a high incidence of monozygotic twin pairs in these triplet pregnancies.", "PMID": 678485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3614", "title": "Pulmonary ventilation in pregnancy.", "content": "Serial tests of ventilatory function were made in 38 normal primigravidae during and after pregnancy. During pregnancy all patients showed major changes in tidal volume, functional residual capacity and residual volume. Minor changes were found in many other measurements, all of which occurred at an early stage of pregnancy. Most of the obvious alterations cannot be accounted for adequately by mechanical disturbance from the gravid uterus.", "contents": "Pulmonary ventilation in pregnancy. Serial tests of ventilatory function were made in 38 normal primigravidae during and after pregnancy. During pregnancy all patients showed major changes in tidal volume, functional residual capacity and residual volume. Minor changes were found in many other measurements, all of which occurred at an early stage of pregnancy. Most of the obvious alterations cannot be accounted for adequately by mechanical disturbance from the gravid uterus.", "PMID": 678486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3615", "title": "Myometrial response to a long-acting vasopressin analogue in early pregnancy.", "content": "Intrauterine pressure was recorded for 4 to 6 hours in 21 healthy women having a therapeutic abortion at 6 to 9 weeks gestation. Fourteen of the women received an intravenous injection of 300 microgram of N-alpha-triglycyl-(8-lysine)-vasopressin (TGLVP) and seven were used as controls. Uterine tone and the amplitude and duration of uterine contractions increased in all women receiving the drug, uterine tone usually rising first, with a change in contractions as a secondary effect which lasted for the rest of the observation period. Uterine activity did not change in the controls. These results suggest that TGLVP might be used for the induction of abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy.", "contents": "Myometrial response to a long-acting vasopressin analogue in early pregnancy. Intrauterine pressure was recorded for 4 to 6 hours in 21 healthy women having a therapeutic abortion at 6 to 9 weeks gestation. Fourteen of the women received an intravenous injection of 300 microgram of N-alpha-triglycyl-(8-lysine)-vasopressin (TGLVP) and seven were used as controls. Uterine tone and the amplitude and duration of uterine contractions increased in all women receiving the drug, uterine tone usually rising first, with a change in contractions as a secondary effect which lasted for the rest of the observation period. Uterine activity did not change in the controls. These results suggest that TGLVP might be used for the induction of abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy.", "PMID": 678487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3616", "title": "Aminotic fluid levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyndoleacetic acid before and during labour.", "content": "Levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in amniotic fluid obtained at membrane rupture during labour and at amniotomy before the onset of labour. The levels of both 5-HT and 5-HIAA were higher during labour. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Aminotic fluid levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyndoleacetic acid before and during labour. Levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in amniotic fluid obtained at membrane rupture during labour and at amniotomy before the onset of labour. The levels of both 5-HT and 5-HIAA were higher during labour. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 678488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3617", "title": "The prognostic value in threatened abortion of plasma progesterone values and the cornification index of vaginal smears.", "content": "The predictive values of plasma progesterone levels in 70 patients threatening to abort was investigated. It was found that no patient aborted whosed plasma progesterone level remanined above 35 nmol/l between 7 and 16 weeks of pregnancy, whereas if the plasma progesterone level was less than this, subsequent abortion always occurred. The predictive value of cornification index in vaginal smears was also examined: many smears were unsatisfactory for assessment and in patients with threatened abortion there was a 14 per cent incidence of falsely optimistic and 29 per cent of falsely pessimistic predictions.", "contents": "The prognostic value in threatened abortion of plasma progesterone values and the cornification index of vaginal smears. The predictive values of plasma progesterone levels in 70 patients threatening to abort was investigated. It was found that no patient aborted whosed plasma progesterone level remanined above 35 nmol/l between 7 and 16 weeks of pregnancy, whereas if the plasma progesterone level was less than this, subsequent abortion always occurred. The predictive value of cornification index in vaginal smears was also examined: many smears were unsatisfactory for assessment and in patients with threatened abortion there was a 14 per cent incidence of falsely optimistic and 29 per cent of falsely pessimistic predictions.", "PMID": 678489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3618", "title": "Comparison of oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests in the diagnosis of diabetes in pregnancy.", "content": "Forty potentially diabetic patients in the third trimester of pregnancy had an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)) and an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT); in only three were both test \"diabetic\". Of the 21 patients with a normal OGTT, 9 were \"borderline\" and 3 \"diabetic\" when tested by an IVGTT. Patients with an abnormal IVGTT but a normal OGTT were left untreated and allowed to go into labour spontaneously with a favourable outcome. There were no convincing relations between the results of the GTTs and levels of insulin, HPL or cortisol.", "contents": "Comparison of oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests in the diagnosis of diabetes in pregnancy. Forty potentially diabetic patients in the third trimester of pregnancy had an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)) and an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT); in only three were both test \"diabetic\". Of the 21 patients with a normal OGTT, 9 were \"borderline\" and 3 \"diabetic\" when tested by an IVGTT. Patients with an abnormal IVGTT but a normal OGTT were left untreated and allowed to go into labour spontaneously with a favourable outcome. There were no convincing relations between the results of the GTTs and levels of insulin, HPL or cortisol.", "PMID": 678490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3619", "title": "Production of fibrinolytic enzymes by macrophages on intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) were removed from 44 patients with a variety of clinical conditions, and incubated in culture media. Following incubation for up to 96 hours the total numbers of macrophages on each device were counted. The Lippes loop and Saf-T- Coil had higher counts than the Copper 7. The counts on all devices were higher at mid-cycle and during menstruation and significantly higher in patients with menorrhagia and intermenstrual bleeding (P less than 0.0005). Samples of culture media were taken on a number of occasions for up to 96 hours for fibrinolytic studies, and fibrinolytic activity increased with time in 10 of 16 cases where fibrinolytic activity was detected. There was a weak positive correlation between the number of cells on each of the 10 devices which produced a rise in fibrinolytic activity and the highest level of activity produced by each of the devices (r = +0.59; P less than 0.05). Plasminogen activator activity was maximum early in the incubation period, while plasmin-like activity predominated in later samples. The possible role of macrophages in IUCDs in causing menorrhagia is discussed.", "contents": "Production of fibrinolytic enzymes by macrophages on intrauterine contraceptive devices. Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) were removed from 44 patients with a variety of clinical conditions, and incubated in culture media. Following incubation for up to 96 hours the total numbers of macrophages on each device were counted. The Lippes loop and Saf-T- Coil had higher counts than the Copper 7. The counts on all devices were higher at mid-cycle and during menstruation and significantly higher in patients with menorrhagia and intermenstrual bleeding (P less than 0.0005). Samples of culture media were taken on a number of occasions for up to 96 hours for fibrinolytic studies, and fibrinolytic activity increased with time in 10 of 16 cases where fibrinolytic activity was detected. There was a weak positive correlation between the number of cells on each of the 10 devices which produced a rise in fibrinolytic activity and the highest level of activity produced by each of the devices (r = +0.59; P less than 0.05). Plasminogen activator activity was maximum early in the incubation period, while plasmin-like activity predominated in later samples. The possible role of macrophages in IUCDs in causing menorrhagia is discussed.", "PMID": 678491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3620", "title": "Rapid enlargement of carniopharyngioma in pregnancy.", "content": "A patient is described in whom rapid enlargement of a craniopharyngioma during pregnancy caused visual disturbance. The tumour was removed at 29 weeks gestation and the patient went on to have a spontaneous labour and vaginal delivery at term.", "contents": "Rapid enlargement of carniopharyngioma in pregnancy. A patient is described in whom rapid enlargement of a craniopharyngioma during pregnancy caused visual disturbance. The tumour was removed at 29 weeks gestation and the patient went on to have a spontaneous labour and vaginal delivery at term.", "PMID": 678492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3621", "title": "Effects of various concentrations of diethylcarbamazine citrate applied as eye drops in ocular onchocerciasis, and the possibilities of improved therapy from continuous non-pulsed delivery.", "content": "Diethylcarbamazine was given as eye drops in varying concentrations in a half-log dilution series from 1.0 to 0.0001% to patients with ocular onchocerciasis. Migration of microfilariae into the cornea, followed by their straightening and disintegration, was observed with delivery rates as low as 0.1 microgram/hour. Dose-related adverse inflammatory reactions, including the development of globular limbal infiltrates with itching and redness, were seen with delivery rates as low as 0.6 microgram/hour, but substantial inflammatory reactions, including severe vasculitis, were seen only with delivery rates of or above 1.0 microgram/hour. This suggests that it should be possible to achieve beneficial clearing of the microfilarial load, without adverse reactions, by continuous non-pulsed delivery of the drug. Technology exists for such delivery, either directly into the eye or systemically by a transdermal system that could give 3 to 7 days' treatment from each application. The observations reported suggest that after preliminary clearing of the microfilarial load by carefully controlled delivery of DEC it may be possible to maintain therapy by less strictly controlled delivery in DEC-medicated salt, or to use treatment with suramin, without incurring substantial adverse reactions, such as a deterioration in vision in cases in which the optic nerve is already compromised. Continuous non-pulsed DEC delivery systems could have a place in the management of onchocercal sclerosing keratitis. The unique opportunities for using the ocular model to define the requirements for beneficial non-damaging therapy with DEC should be explored in further field trials.", "contents": "Effects of various concentrations of diethylcarbamazine citrate applied as eye drops in ocular onchocerciasis, and the possibilities of improved therapy from continuous non-pulsed delivery. Diethylcarbamazine was given as eye drops in varying concentrations in a half-log dilution series from 1.0 to 0.0001% to patients with ocular onchocerciasis. Migration of microfilariae into the cornea, followed by their straightening and disintegration, was observed with delivery rates as low as 0.1 microgram/hour. Dose-related adverse inflammatory reactions, including the development of globular limbal infiltrates with itching and redness, were seen with delivery rates as low as 0.6 microgram/hour, but substantial inflammatory reactions, including severe vasculitis, were seen only with delivery rates of or above 1.0 microgram/hour. This suggests that it should be possible to achieve beneficial clearing of the microfilarial load, without adverse reactions, by continuous non-pulsed delivery of the drug. Technology exists for such delivery, either directly into the eye or systemically by a transdermal system that could give 3 to 7 days' treatment from each application. The observations reported suggest that after preliminary clearing of the microfilarial load by carefully controlled delivery of DEC it may be possible to maintain therapy by less strictly controlled delivery in DEC-medicated salt, or to use treatment with suramin, without incurring substantial adverse reactions, such as a deterioration in vision in cases in which the optic nerve is already compromised. Continuous non-pulsed DEC delivery systems could have a place in the management of onchocercal sclerosing keratitis. The unique opportunities for using the ocular model to define the requirements for beneficial non-damaging therapy with DEC should be explored in further field trials.", "PMID": 678494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3622", "title": "Evaluation of microfilaricidal effects in the cornea from topically applied drugs in ocular onchocerciasis: Trials with levamisole and mebendazole.", "content": "Increasing concentrations of levamisole and of mebendazole were applied to 1 eye in groups of 4 patients with ocular onchocerciasis in northern Cameroon. No effect resulted from up to 3.0% mebendazole suspensions, but 3.0% levamisole solutions rapidly caused entry of microfilariae, straightening out and subsequent opacification of previously curled-up living microfilariae, the rapid formation of typical limbal globular infiltrates, and the subsequent formation of fluffy opacities around the microfilariae. These changes are typical of all other drugs so far studied that have a microfilaricidal action on O. volvulus--diethlycarbamizine citrate (DEC), suramin, and metrifonate. The efficacy of 3.0% levamisole approximated to that of 0.03% DEC. This is in keeping with published observations on the filaricidal activity of these 2 compounds. It is suggested that this system of drug testing should be considered for systematic use in the search for more effective and safer drugs for onchocerciasis.", "contents": "Evaluation of microfilaricidal effects in the cornea from topically applied drugs in ocular onchocerciasis: Trials with levamisole and mebendazole. Increasing concentrations of levamisole and of mebendazole were applied to 1 eye in groups of 4 patients with ocular onchocerciasis in northern Cameroon. No effect resulted from up to 3.0% mebendazole suspensions, but 3.0% levamisole solutions rapidly caused entry of microfilariae, straightening out and subsequent opacification of previously curled-up living microfilariae, the rapid formation of typical limbal globular infiltrates, and the subsequent formation of fluffy opacities around the microfilariae. These changes are typical of all other drugs so far studied that have a microfilaricidal action on O. volvulus--diethlycarbamizine citrate (DEC), suramin, and metrifonate. The efficacy of 3.0% levamisole approximated to that of 0.03% DEC. This is in keeping with published observations on the filaricidal activity of these 2 compounds. It is suggested that this system of drug testing should be considered for systematic use in the search for more effective and safer drugs for onchocerciasis.", "PMID": 678495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3623", "title": "Further observations on the relationship between ocular onchocerciasis and the head nodule, and on the possible benefit of nodulectomy.", "content": "From the examination of 197 patients who presented with one or more head nodules in the Sudan savanna in Cameroon, and from previous examinations of patients with ocular onchoceriasis, it concluded that in this part of Africa the formation of a head nodule is often preceded by the development of ocular lesions. Head nodulectomy is therefore of limited prophylactic value. Head nodules were removed from 107 of these patients, of whom 17 also received diethyl-carbamazine citrate (DEC), and 20 received both DEC and suramin. Fifteen other patients received DEC as the only treatment, and 4 suramin alone, while 5 received both DEC and suramin. From the follow-up examinations at 9, 12, and 24 months after treatment it was concluded that removal of the head nodule was of some benefit to lesions of the anterior segment, but that the procedure should be combined with efficient micro- and macrofilaricidal therapy in patients at risk of developing ocular pathology, that is, those with 15 or more microfilariae per skin snip near the outer canthus. This index can be measured by paramedical personnel and is therefore of great public health importance in the early detection of \"at risk\" patients.", "contents": "Further observations on the relationship between ocular onchocerciasis and the head nodule, and on the possible benefit of nodulectomy. From the examination of 197 patients who presented with one or more head nodules in the Sudan savanna in Cameroon, and from previous examinations of patients with ocular onchoceriasis, it concluded that in this part of Africa the formation of a head nodule is often preceded by the development of ocular lesions. Head nodulectomy is therefore of limited prophylactic value. Head nodules were removed from 107 of these patients, of whom 17 also received diethyl-carbamazine citrate (DEC), and 20 received both DEC and suramin. Fifteen other patients received DEC as the only treatment, and 4 suramin alone, while 5 received both DEC and suramin. From the follow-up examinations at 9, 12, and 24 months after treatment it was concluded that removal of the head nodule was of some benefit to lesions of the anterior segment, but that the procedure should be combined with efficient micro- and macrofilaricidal therapy in patients at risk of developing ocular pathology, that is, those with 15 or more microfilariae per skin snip near the outer canthus. This index can be measured by paramedical personnel and is therefore of great public health importance in the early detection of \"at risk\" patients.", "PMID": 678496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3624", "title": "Aspects of corneal changes in onchocerciasis.", "content": "The distribution of living and dead microfilariae in 160 cases of ocular onchocerciasis has been studied. A model for coding the densities in 9 different areas of the cornea has been used. The average numbers of microfilariae and onchocercal punctate opacities per square millimetre were assessed. The highest densities were found in the superficial one-third of the corneal stroma at the periphery of the nasal and temporal parts of the cornea. Sclerosing  keratitis was also recorded, and the average age of the patients in this group was significantly higher than in the group with non-sclerosing onchocercal involvement. Corneal thickness measurement showed that the presence of microfilariae or onchocercal punctate opacities or a faint uveitis did not influence the values. In sclerosed areas the corneal thickness varied greatly and was dependent on the degree of the vascularisation. The routes of entry of microfilariae into the eye are discussed on the basis of the distribution patterns of microfilariae and onchocercal opacities.", "contents": "Aspects of corneal changes in onchocerciasis. The distribution of living and dead microfilariae in 160 cases of ocular onchocerciasis has been studied. A model for coding the densities in 9 different areas of the cornea has been used. The average numbers of microfilariae and onchocercal punctate opacities per square millimetre were assessed. The highest densities were found in the superficial one-third of the corneal stroma at the periphery of the nasal and temporal parts of the cornea. Sclerosing  keratitis was also recorded, and the average age of the patients in this group was significantly higher than in the group with non-sclerosing onchocercal involvement. Corneal thickness measurement showed that the presence of microfilariae or onchocercal punctate opacities or a faint uveitis did not influence the values. In sclerosed areas the corneal thickness varied greatly and was dependent on the degree of the vascularisation. The routes of entry of microfilariae into the eye are discussed on the basis of the distribution patterns of microfilariae and onchocercal opacities.", "PMID": 678498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3625", "title": "Visual field defects in onchocerciasis.", "content": "Lesions in the posterior segment of the eye in onchocerciasis may give visual field defects, but so far no detailed investigation has been done to determine the functional visual loss. Examination of the visual fields in 18 selected cases of onchocerciasis by means of a tangent screen test revealed important visual field defects associated with lesions in the posterior segment of the eye. Involvement of the optic nerve seemed to be important, giving rise to severely constricted visual fields. Cases of postneuritic optic atrophy showed a very uniform pattern of almost completely constricted visual fields, with only 5 to 10 degree central rest spared. Papillitis gave a similar severe constriction of the visual fields. The pattern of visual fields associated with optic neuropathy in onchocerciasis indicates that a progressive lesion of the optic nerve from the periphery may be responsible for the loss of vision. The visual field defects in onchocerciasis constitute a serious handicap, which must be taken into consideration when estimating the socioeconomic importance of the disease.", "contents": "Visual field defects in onchocerciasis. Lesions in the posterior segment of the eye in onchocerciasis may give visual field defects, but so far no detailed investigation has been done to determine the functional visual loss. Examination of the visual fields in 18 selected cases of onchocerciasis by means of a tangent screen test revealed important visual field defects associated with lesions in the posterior segment of the eye. Involvement of the optic nerve seemed to be important, giving rise to severely constricted visual fields. Cases of postneuritic optic atrophy showed a very uniform pattern of almost completely constricted visual fields, with only 5 to 10 degree central rest spared. Papillitis gave a similar severe constriction of the visual fields. The pattern of visual fields associated with optic neuropathy in onchocerciasis indicates that a progressive lesion of the optic nerve from the periphery may be responsible for the loss of vision. The visual field defects in onchocerciasis constitute a serious handicap, which must be taken into consideration when estimating the socioeconomic importance of the disease.", "PMID": 678499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3626", "title": "Two special indications for intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "Two cases with special indications for intraocular lens implants are presented. The first case was of a 60-year-old monocular patient with congenital absence of the external nose and multiple limb deformities. The second case was of a young Bedouin girl with bilateral developmental cataracts who had poor living conditions and social objections to wearing spectacles. Intraocular lenses restored good vision.", "contents": "Two special indications for intraocular lens implantation. Two cases with special indications for intraocular lens implants are presented. The first case was of a 60-year-old monocular patient with congenital absence of the external nose and multiple limb deformities. The second case was of a young Bedouin girl with bilateral developmental cataracts who had poor living conditions and social objections to wearing spectacles. Intraocular lenses restored good vision.", "PMID": 678500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3627", "title": "Early postoperative sterile hypopyons.", "content": "266 eyes were examined by the slit lamp 24 hours after uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extraction. An unexpectedly high incidence of 15% macroscopic hypopyons was found with a further 13% showing a trace. Possible aetiological irritative factors were investigated by individual exclusion, but did not materially alter the incidence. All the hypopyons spontaneously and rapidly regressed without specific treatment. The suggested explanation of hypopyon production is that operative plasmoid aqueous production, inflammatory reaction, and hyphaema, coupled with early mobilisation, allow gravitational sedimenting out of blood constituents, so that white cells will fall late, forming a layer above other blood constituents.", "contents": "Early postoperative sterile hypopyons. 266 eyes were examined by the slit lamp 24 hours after uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extraction. An unexpectedly high incidence of 15% macroscopic hypopyons was found with a further 13% showing a trace. Possible aetiological irritative factors were investigated by individual exclusion, but did not materially alter the incidence. All the hypopyons spontaneously and rapidly regressed without specific treatment. The suggested explanation of hypopyon production is that operative plasmoid aqueous production, inflammatory reaction, and hyphaema, coupled with early mobilisation, allow gravitational sedimenting out of blood constituents, so that white cells will fall late, forming a layer above other blood constituents.", "PMID": 678501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3628", "title": "Depth of anterior chamber after cataract extraction.", "content": "A total of 80 patients with senile cataract had the anterior eye chamber depth measured optically by means of Haag-Streit's attachment II. The distance to the pupillary border was 2.59 +/- 0.05 mm (mean +/- SEM) preoperatively. It increased gradually after cataract extraction to 3.33 +/- 0.04 mm, measured 4 months after the operation. The increase of depth was the greatest in patients with a flat chamber and in elderly patients. The central chamber depth decreased gradually after the operation (from 2.82 +/- 0.05 mm preoperatively to 1.95 +/- 0.13 mm 4 months postoperatively). The number of vitreous prolapse cases rose from 68 to 87.5% in 4 months. These altered chamber depths were observed to bear no relation to postoperative corneal oedema (neither of parenchyma nor of epithelium), intraocular pressure, or bleeding into the chamber.", "contents": "Depth of anterior chamber after cataract extraction. A total of 80 patients with senile cataract had the anterior eye chamber depth measured optically by means of Haag-Streit's attachment II. The distance to the pupillary border was 2.59 +/- 0.05 mm (mean +/- SEM) preoperatively. It increased gradually after cataract extraction to 3.33 +/- 0.04 mm, measured 4 months after the operation. The increase of depth was the greatest in patients with a flat chamber and in elderly patients. The central chamber depth decreased gradually after the operation (from 2.82 +/- 0.05 mm preoperatively to 1.95 +/- 0.13 mm 4 months postoperatively). The number of vitreous prolapse cases rose from 68 to 87.5% in 4 months. These altered chamber depths were observed to bear no relation to postoperative corneal oedema (neither of parenchyma nor of epithelium), intraocular pressure, or bleeding into the chamber.", "PMID": 678502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3629", "title": "Dural arterio-venous malformations involving the cavernous sinus: a case report.", "content": "A case of dural arteriovenous malformation involving the cavernous sinus is reported. The patient was successfully treated with selective embolisation of the fistula. These patients constitute a distinct neuro-ophthalmological syndrome which may be very difficult to diagnose clinically because of the subtle signs and symptoms they present with. Angiography is necessary to make diagnosis and to differentiate these patients from those with the more common carotidcavernous fistulae.", "contents": "Dural arterio-venous malformations involving the cavernous sinus: a case report. A case of dural arteriovenous malformation involving the cavernous sinus is reported. The patient was successfully treated with selective embolisation of the fistula. These patients constitute a distinct neuro-ophthalmological syndrome which may be very difficult to diagnose clinically because of the subtle signs and symptoms they present with. Angiography is necessary to make diagnosis and to differentiate these patients from those with the more common carotidcavernous fistulae.", "PMID": 678503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3630", "title": "Dural arteriovenous fistula and spontaneous choroidal detachment: new cause of an old disease.", "content": "A case is presented in which bilateral spontaneous choroidal detachments appear to be the direce result of bilateral dural arteriovenous fistula of the cavernous sinus region. Rapid resolution of the clinical signs followed bilateral orbital decompression via the transfrontal approach. Similarities in clinical presentation of both entities are reviewed and a premise for their cause-and-effect relationship elaborated. A literature search for similar unrecognised cases is discussed. The paper suggests that this association may be more frequent than published reports would imply.", "contents": "Dural arteriovenous fistula and spontaneous choroidal detachment: new cause of an old disease. A case is presented in which bilateral spontaneous choroidal detachments appear to be the direce result of bilateral dural arteriovenous fistula of the cavernous sinus region. Rapid resolution of the clinical signs followed bilateral orbital decompression via the transfrontal approach. Similarities in clinical presentation of both entities are reviewed and a premise for their cause-and-effect relationship elaborated. A literature search for similar unrecognised cases is discussed. The paper suggests that this association may be more frequent than published reports would imply.", "PMID": 678504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3631", "title": "Waardenburg syndrome with a fixed dilated pupil.", "content": "An unusual case of Waardenburg syndrome associated with a detailed and fixed pupil of the lighter eye is described. Pharmacological investigations were performed to localise the site of the pupillary lesion. A lack of cholinergic reactivity was demonstrated, possibly due to congenital agenesis of the sphincter pupillae. Sympathetic activity was not impaired. Spiral ganglion agenesis and midline congenital anomalies are common features in Waardenburg syndrome. These lesions as well as the fixed dilated pupil might be due to an embryonal inductive failure.", "contents": "Waardenburg syndrome with a fixed dilated pupil. An unusual case of Waardenburg syndrome associated with a detailed and fixed pupil of the lighter eye is described. Pharmacological investigations were performed to localise the site of the pupillary lesion. A lack of cholinergic reactivity was demonstrated, possibly due to congenital agenesis of the sphincter pupillae. Sympathetic activity was not impaired. Spiral ganglion agenesis and midline congenital anomalies are common features in Waardenburg syndrome. These lesions as well as the fixed dilated pupil might be due to an embryonal inductive failure.", "PMID": 678505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3632", "title": "Edge-light pupil cycle time.", "content": "A thin slit-lamp beam illuminating the pupil margin produces clearly visible pupil oscillations. These oscillations can be timed with a stopwatch, thus producing a measurement of the \"edge-light\"  pupil cycle time'. The pupil cycle time is remarkably stable in various testing situations and is repeatable within about +/- 3% over extended periods of time. Expected normal distribution and 95% confidence intervals are given in Table 3. When the iris muscles are normally innervated and responsive, the pupil cycle time is dependent on the speed of nerve conduction and the number and strength of optic nerve impulses. Only 5% of normal persons aged 12 to 50 years are expected to have a pupil cycle time in either eye longer than 954 ms or a difference in pupil cycle time between the two eyes longer than 70 ms.", "contents": "Edge-light pupil cycle time. A thin slit-lamp beam illuminating the pupil margin produces clearly visible pupil oscillations. These oscillations can be timed with a stopwatch, thus producing a measurement of the \"edge-light\"  pupil cycle time'. The pupil cycle time is remarkably stable in various testing situations and is repeatable within about +/- 3% over extended periods of time. Expected normal distribution and 95% confidence intervals are given in Table 3. When the iris muscles are normally innervated and responsive, the pupil cycle time is dependent on the speed of nerve conduction and the number and strength of optic nerve impulses. Only 5% of normal persons aged 12 to 50 years are expected to have a pupil cycle time in either eye longer than 954 ms or a difference in pupil cycle time between the two eyes longer than 70 ms.", "PMID": 678506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3633", "title": "Size and shape of the model lipoprotein complex formed between glucagon and dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine.", "content": "Glucagon forms water-soluble lipoprotein particles with dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine at temperatures below the phase-transition temperature of the lipid. The shape and size of this lipoprotein particle were studied by viscometry, sedimentation velocity, sedimentation equilibrium, quasielastic light scattering, and electron microscopy using both negative-staining and freeze-fracture techniques. The lipoprotein particle has an oblate ellipsoid shape with dimensions of 250 X 70  A and an approximate molecular weight of 1.4 X 106. This molecular weight is similar to that found for small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles but is achieved in the presence of glucagon without sonication. The shape of the glucagon lipoprotein particle is similar to that found for the complex formed between some serum apolipoproteins and dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine. From these data, a model for the glucagon-dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine is proposed consisting of a single bilayer of phospholipid with the glucagon incorporated into the bilayer structure in such a manner as not greatly to disturb the average area occupied per phospholipid molecule.", "contents": "Size and shape of the model lipoprotein complex formed between glucagon and dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine. Glucagon forms water-soluble lipoprotein particles with dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine at temperatures below the phase-transition temperature of the lipid. The shape and size of this lipoprotein particle were studied by viscometry, sedimentation velocity, sedimentation equilibrium, quasielastic light scattering, and electron microscopy using both negative-staining and freeze-fracture techniques. The lipoprotein particle has an oblate ellipsoid shape with dimensions of 250 X 70  A and an approximate molecular weight of 1.4 X 106. This molecular weight is similar to that found for small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles but is achieved in the presence of glucagon without sonication. The shape of the glucagon lipoprotein particle is similar to that found for the complex formed between some serum apolipoproteins and dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine. From these data, a model for the glucagon-dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine is proposed consisting of a single bilayer of phospholipid with the glucagon incorporated into the bilayer structure in such a manner as not greatly to disturb the average area occupied per phospholipid molecule.", "PMID": 678508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3634", "title": "Properties of radiolabeled alpha-bungarotoxin derivatives and their interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.", "content": "Column-purified monoiodinated, diiodinated, and tritiated derivatives of alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Bgt) are distinguished on the basis of their ultraviolet absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The pattern of changes in CD spectra on incorporation of iodine into a single tyrosine residue of alpha-Bgt and the widespread wavelength distribution of these effects are interpreted as reflecting primary chemical modification of the tyrosine chromophore as well as vicinal and global secondary structural changes. Native and tritiated alpha-Bgt are shown to be more effective than iodinated alpha-Bgt derivatives in competing for specific toxin binding sites on putative nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) derived from rat brain reflecting functional perturbation of the modified toxin. In contrast, both membrane-bound and solubilized nAChR from Torpedo californica electroplax display little or no specific binding preference for native toxin, nor are there significant differences in lethal potency of alpha-Bgt derivatives toward mice. These results suggest that peripheral and putative central nAChR may differ in their alpha-Bgt binding properties and suggest the usefulness of modified toxin in detecting those subtle differences.", "contents": "Properties of radiolabeled alpha-bungarotoxin derivatives and their interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Column-purified monoiodinated, diiodinated, and tritiated derivatives of alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Bgt) are distinguished on the basis of their ultraviolet absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The pattern of changes in CD spectra on incorporation of iodine into a single tyrosine residue of alpha-Bgt and the widespread wavelength distribution of these effects are interpreted as reflecting primary chemical modification of the tyrosine chromophore as well as vicinal and global secondary structural changes. Native and tritiated alpha-Bgt are shown to be more effective than iodinated alpha-Bgt derivatives in competing for specific toxin binding sites on putative nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) derived from rat brain reflecting functional perturbation of the modified toxin. In contrast, both membrane-bound and solubilized nAChR from Torpedo californica electroplax display little or no specific binding preference for native toxin, nor are there significant differences in lethal potency of alpha-Bgt derivatives toward mice. These results suggest that peripheral and putative central nAChR may differ in their alpha-Bgt binding properties and suggest the usefulness of modified toxin in detecting those subtle differences.", "PMID": 678509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3635", "title": "Investigation of the shape and size of myosin subfragment 1 using small-angle X-ray scattering.", "content": "Measurement of x-ray scattering at very small angles by solutions of myosin subfragment 1 (S1) yields a radius of gyration of 3.24 nm (mean) +/- 0.03 nm (standard error for N = 9). If S1 is assumed to be ellipsoid of revolution, of uniform electron density, with a molecular weight of 1.15 X 10(5) and a partial specific volume of 0.73 cm3 g-1, then the axial ratio of the ellipsoid is 2.89 +/- 0.06 (prolate) or 0.26 +/- 0.01 (oblate), and the major axis is 13.0 +/- 0.2 nm (prolate) or 10.1 +/- 0.1 nm (oblate). Measurements at larger angles allow models of S1 morphology to be tested; theoretical scattering curves for various ellipsoids of revolution were calculated. The observed scatterina can be approximated by the scattering from ellipsoids with axial ratio 2.0 to 3.0 (prolate), or 0.25 to 0.4 (oblate). Models that fit the data over the range of scattering angles from 0 to 30 mrad are: prolate ellipsoid with axial ratio 2.3, major axis 12 nm; and oblate ellipsoid with axial ratio 0.4 and major axis 10 nm. Thus analyses of two parts of the scattering curve, by different methods, indicate that S1 is fae from spherical, and that its morphology may be approximated by ellipsoids of the aforesaid dimensions.", "contents": "Investigation of the shape and size of myosin subfragment 1 using small-angle X-ray scattering. Measurement of x-ray scattering at very small angles by solutions of myosin subfragment 1 (S1) yields a radius of gyration of 3.24 nm (mean) +/- 0.03 nm (standard error for N = 9). If S1 is assumed to be ellipsoid of revolution, of uniform electron density, with a molecular weight of 1.15 X 10(5) and a partial specific volume of 0.73 cm3 g-1, then the axial ratio of the ellipsoid is 2.89 +/- 0.06 (prolate) or 0.26 +/- 0.01 (oblate), and the major axis is 13.0 +/- 0.2 nm (prolate) or 10.1 +/- 0.1 nm (oblate). Measurements at larger angles allow models of S1 morphology to be tested; theoretical scattering curves for various ellipsoids of revolution were calculated. The observed scatterina can be approximated by the scattering from ellipsoids with axial ratio 2.0 to 3.0 (prolate), or 0.25 to 0.4 (oblate). Models that fit the data over the range of scattering angles from 0 to 30 mrad are: prolate ellipsoid with axial ratio 2.3, major axis 12 nm; and oblate ellipsoid with axial ratio 0.4 and major axis 10 nm. Thus analyses of two parts of the scattering curve, by different methods, indicate that S1 is fae from spherical, and that its morphology may be approximated by ellipsoids of the aforesaid dimensions.", "PMID": 678510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3636", "title": "Highly active position eight analogues of somatostatin and separation of peptide diastereomers by partition chromatography.", "content": "Six stereochemically pure analogues of somatostatin (SS), D- and L-5F-Trp8-SS, D- and L -6F-Trp8-SS, and D- and L-5Br-Trp8-SS, were synthesized and found to be more potent than somatostatin in suppressing the release of growth hormone from cultured rat pituitary cells. Two of the analogues, D-5F-Trp8- and D-5Br-Trp8-SS, were respectively 25 and 30 times more active than somatostatin in that assay. The analogues were prepared by solid phase synthesis of their corresponding diastereomeric mixtures, followed by their complete resolution by preparative partition chromatography. Reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to monitor the resolution and also to check the final purity of each peptide. Positive identification of each diastereoisomer was determined by amino acid analyses of their enzymatic digests, direct comparison with a known all-L standard in the case of the 5F-Trp8 analogues, and chromatographic separation of dansylated amino acids following enzymatic digestion of D- and L-5Br-Trp8-SS. The role of tryptophan in somatostatin is discussed and it is suggested that maintenance of physiological activity in somatostatin peptides, at least on the pituitary, is partially dependent upon the degree of resonance in the indole nucleus in position 8.", "contents": "Highly active position eight analogues of somatostatin and separation of peptide diastereomers by partition chromatography. Six stereochemically pure analogues of somatostatin (SS), D- and L-5F-Trp8-SS, D- and L -6F-Trp8-SS, and D- and L-5Br-Trp8-SS, were synthesized and found to be more potent than somatostatin in suppressing the release of growth hormone from cultured rat pituitary cells. Two of the analogues, D-5F-Trp8- and D-5Br-Trp8-SS, were respectively 25 and 30 times more active than somatostatin in that assay. The analogues were prepared by solid phase synthesis of their corresponding diastereomeric mixtures, followed by their complete resolution by preparative partition chromatography. Reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to monitor the resolution and also to check the final purity of each peptide. Positive identification of each diastereoisomer was determined by amino acid analyses of their enzymatic digests, direct comparison with a known all-L standard in the case of the 5F-Trp8 analogues, and chromatographic separation of dansylated amino acids following enzymatic digestion of D- and L-5Br-Trp8-SS. The role of tryptophan in somatostatin is discussed and it is suggested that maintenance of physiological activity in somatostatin peptides, at least on the pituitary, is partially dependent upon the degree of resonance in the indole nucleus in position 8.", "PMID": 678512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3637", "title": "Sites of phosphorylation on pyruvate dehydrogenase from bovine kidney and heart.", "content": "The highly purfied pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.1) and uncomplexed pyruvate dehydrogenase from bovine kidney and heart mitochondria were phosphorylated and inactivated with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP. Tryptic digestion of the phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase yielded three phosphopeptides, a mono- (site 1) and a di- (sites 1 and 2) phosphorylated tetradecapeptide and a monophosphorylated nonapeptide (site 3). The amino acid sequences of the three phosphopeptides were established to be Tyr-His-Gly-His-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Asn-Pro-Gly-Val-Ser-Tyr-Arg, Tyr-His-Gly-His-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Asn-Pro-Gly-Val-Ser(P)-Tyr-Arg, and Tyr-Gly-Met-Gly-Thr-Ser(P)-Val-Glu-Arg. Phosphorylation proceeded markedly faster at site 1 than at sites 2 and 3, and phosphorylation at site 1 correlated closely with inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Complete inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase was associated with incorporation at site 1 of 1.0--1.6 mol of phosphoryl groups per mol of enzyme. Since pyruvate dehydrogenase is a tetramer (alpha2beta2) and since phosphorylation occurs only on the alpha subunit, the possibility of half-site reactivity is considered.", "contents": "Sites of phosphorylation on pyruvate dehydrogenase from bovine kidney and heart. The highly purfied pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.1) and uncomplexed pyruvate dehydrogenase from bovine kidney and heart mitochondria were phosphorylated and inactivated with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP. Tryptic digestion of the phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase yielded three phosphopeptides, a mono- (site 1) and a di- (sites 1 and 2) phosphorylated tetradecapeptide and a monophosphorylated nonapeptide (site 3). The amino acid sequences of the three phosphopeptides were established to be Tyr-His-Gly-His-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Asn-Pro-Gly-Val-Ser-Tyr-Arg, Tyr-His-Gly-His-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Asn-Pro-Gly-Val-Ser(P)-Tyr-Arg, and Tyr-Gly-Met-Gly-Thr-Ser(P)-Val-Glu-Arg. Phosphorylation proceeded markedly faster at site 1 than at sites 2 and 3, and phosphorylation at site 1 correlated closely with inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Complete inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase was associated with incorporation at site 1 of 1.0--1.6 mol of phosphoryl groups per mol of enzyme. Since pyruvate dehydrogenase is a tetramer (alpha2beta2) and since phosphorylation occurs only on the alpha subunit, the possibility of half-site reactivity is considered.", "PMID": 678513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3638", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 6-hydroxydopamine and its interactions with SH-containing model compounds. Evaluation of possible mechanism for neurocytotoxicity.", "content": "6-Hydroxydopamine (I) is a well-known neurocytotoxic agent which has become an important tool in many neurochemical studies in recent years. Biochemical investigations of the mechanism of action of 6-hydroxydopamine indicated that this amine binds covalently and irreversibly to proteins. In the present work, molecular properties of 6-hydroxydopamine in aqueous solution such as self-association, ionization, intramolecular conformations, and possible cyclization were investigated using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A model study for the interaction of 6-hydroxydopamine with proteins was undertaken by using SH-containing molecules: cysteine, glutathione, and bovine serum albumin. The binding of these compounds to 6-hydroxydopamine was found to cause labilization of the hydrogen attached to C2 of the amine aromatic ring. This effect was interpreted in  terms of nucleophilic attack of RS- on C1 of 6-hydroxydopamine. A proposed model for neurocytotoxicity is discussed.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 6-hydroxydopamine and its interactions with SH-containing model compounds. Evaluation of possible mechanism for neurocytotoxicity. 6-Hydroxydopamine (I) is a well-known neurocytotoxic agent which has become an important tool in many neurochemical studies in recent years. Biochemical investigations of the mechanism of action of 6-hydroxydopamine indicated that this amine binds covalently and irreversibly to proteins. In the present work, molecular properties of 6-hydroxydopamine in aqueous solution such as self-association, ionization, intramolecular conformations, and possible cyclization were investigated using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A model study for the interaction of 6-hydroxydopamine with proteins was undertaken by using SH-containing molecules: cysteine, glutathione, and bovine serum albumin. The binding of these compounds to 6-hydroxydopamine was found to cause labilization of the hydrogen attached to C2 of the amine aromatic ring. This effect was interpreted in  terms of nucleophilic attack of RS- on C1 of 6-hydroxydopamine. A proposed model for neurocytotoxicity is discussed.", "PMID": 678514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3639", "title": "1 alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3: a potent analogue of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "Chemically synthesized 1 alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 was compared to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for potency in the chick intestinal cytosol-binding protein assay, induction of intestinal calcium transport, mobilization of calcium from bone, and epiphyseal plate calcification in the rat. The 25-fluorinated analogue causes 50% displacement of 1,25-dihydroxy[23,24-3H]D3 at 1.8 X 10(-8) M in the competitive protein-binding assay, whereas only 5.6 X 10(-11) M of unlabeled 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is needed for equal competition. This 315-fold difference between and 1 alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 indicates that the fluoro analogue is about equipotent with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the protein-binding assay. However, 1 alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 is 1/50 as active as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in vivo in the stimulation of intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D deficient rats on a low-calcium diet. Likewise, 1 alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 is about 40 times less active than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in inducing endochondrial calcification in rachitic rats. No selective actions of 1alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 were noted. Since the 25 position of the analogue is blocked by a fluorine atom, it appears that 25-hydroxylation of 1 alpha-hydroxylated vitamin D compounds in vivo is not an obligatory requirement for appreciable vitamin D activity.", "contents": "1 alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3: a potent analogue of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Chemically synthesized 1 alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 was compared to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for potency in the chick intestinal cytosol-binding protein assay, induction of intestinal calcium transport, mobilization of calcium from bone, and epiphyseal plate calcification in the rat. The 25-fluorinated analogue causes 50% displacement of 1,25-dihydroxy[23,24-3H]D3 at 1.8 X 10(-8) M in the competitive protein-binding assay, whereas only 5.6 X 10(-11) M of unlabeled 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is needed for equal competition. This 315-fold difference between and 1 alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 indicates that the fluoro analogue is about equipotent with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the protein-binding assay. However, 1 alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 is 1/50 as active as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in vivo in the stimulation of intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D deficient rats on a low-calcium diet. Likewise, 1 alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 is about 40 times less active than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in inducing endochondrial calcification in rachitic rats. No selective actions of 1alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 were noted. Since the 25 position of the analogue is blocked by a fluorine atom, it appears that 25-hydroxylation of 1 alpha-hydroxylated vitamin D compounds in vivo is not an obligatory requirement for appreciable vitamin D activity.", "PMID": 678516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3640", "title": "Phase behavior of synthetic phosphatidylglycerols and binary mixtures with phosphatidylcholines in the presence and absence of calcium ions.", "content": "Using differential thermal analysis, scanning calorimetry and light scattering, transition temperatures and enthalpy data for the gel to liquid crystalline phase transitions of five synthetic phosphatidylglycerol sodium salts (PG-Na+) were measured. The  values obtained were almost identical with literature values for the corresponding phosphatidylcholines (PC). However, transition temperatures for the fully protonated forms of the saturated phosphatidylglycerols (PG-H+) were approximately 20 degrees C higher. For binary mixtures of PG-Na+ and PC in which the acyl chains of the two species were identical, the width of the thermal transition for the phase change was not appreciably greater than that observed with either of the two components alone. In contrast, mixing of PG-Na+ and PC with different chain lengths increases the transition width. In the presence of Ca2+, narrow transitions were also observed with mixtures of PG and PC when the chain length of the PG-Ca2+ was equal to or two carbons shorter than the PC but the transition width was clearly increased when the chain length of the PG-Ca2+ was two carbons longer than the PC. Mixing lipids with greater differences in chain length or mixing saturated lipids with unsaturated lipids in the presence of Ca2+ produced two minima in the thermograms, clearly indicative of phase separation. In sum, these results provide evidence for a high degree of miscibility of the phosphoglycerol and phosphocholine head groups, either in the presence or absence of Ca2+, such that the characteristic phase behavior of each mixture is determined primarily by differences in the hydrocarbon chain structure.", "contents": "Phase behavior of synthetic phosphatidylglycerols and binary mixtures with phosphatidylcholines in the presence and absence of calcium ions. Using differential thermal analysis, scanning calorimetry and light scattering, transition temperatures and enthalpy data for the gel to liquid crystalline phase transitions of five synthetic phosphatidylglycerol sodium salts (PG-Na+) were measured. The  values obtained were almost identical with literature values for the corresponding phosphatidylcholines (PC). However, transition temperatures for the fully protonated forms of the saturated phosphatidylglycerols (PG-H+) were approximately 20 degrees C higher. For binary mixtures of PG-Na+ and PC in which the acyl chains of the two species were identical, the width of the thermal transition for the phase change was not appreciably greater than that observed with either of the two components alone. In contrast, mixing of PG-Na+ and PC with different chain lengths increases the transition width. In the presence of Ca2+, narrow transitions were also observed with mixtures of PG and PC when the chain length of the PG-Ca2+ was equal to or two carbons shorter than the PC but the transition width was clearly increased when the chain length of the PG-Ca2+ was two carbons longer than the PC. Mixing lipids with greater differences in chain length or mixing saturated lipids with unsaturated lipids in the presence of Ca2+ produced two minima in the thermograms, clearly indicative of phase separation. In sum, these results provide evidence for a high degree of miscibility of the phosphoglycerol and phosphocholine head groups, either in the presence or absence of Ca2+, such that the characteristic phase behavior of each mixture is determined primarily by differences in the hydrocarbon chain structure.", "PMID": 678517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3641", "title": "Ligand-induced conformation changes in Torpedo californica membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "A time-dependent increase in ligand affinity has been studied in cholinergic ligand binding to Torpedocalifornica acetylcholine receptor by inhibition of the kinetics of of [125I]-alpha-bungarotoxin-receptor complex formation. The conversion of the acetylcholine receptor from low to high affinity form was induced by both agonists and antagonists of acetylcholine and was reversible upon removal of the ligand. The slow ligand induced affinity change in vitro resembled electrophysiological desensitization observed at the neuromuscular junction and described by a two-state model (Katz, B., & Thesleff, S. (1957) J. Physiol. 138, 63). A quantitative treatment of the rate and equilibrium constants determined for binding of the agonist carbamoylcholine to membrane bound acetylcholine receptor indicated that the two-state model is not compatible with the in vitro results.", "contents": "Ligand-induced conformation changes in Torpedo californica membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor. A time-dependent increase in ligand affinity has been studied in cholinergic ligand binding to Torpedocalifornica acetylcholine receptor by inhibition of the kinetics of of [125I]-alpha-bungarotoxin-receptor complex formation. The conversion of the acetylcholine receptor from low to high affinity form was induced by both agonists and antagonists of acetylcholine and was reversible upon removal of the ligand. The slow ligand induced affinity change in vitro resembled electrophysiological desensitization observed at the neuromuscular junction and described by a two-state model (Katz, B., & Thesleff, S. (1957) J. Physiol. 138, 63). A quantitative treatment of the rate and equilibrium constants determined for binding of the agonist carbamoylcholine to membrane bound acetylcholine receptor indicated that the two-state model is not compatible with the in vitro results.", "PMID": 678518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3642", "title": "Photogenerated reagents for membrane labeling. 1. Phenylnitrene formed within the lipid bilayer.", "content": "Phenylnitrene generated photochemically from phenyl azide that is bound to artificial phospholipid vesicles labels the fatty acid chains of the lipids in low yield. The labeling yield varies from approximately 3.3% with soybean lecithin (which is highly unsaturated) to approximately 0.25% with dimyristoyllecithin (which is completely saturated). Labeling is largely eliminated by reduced glutathione in the aqueous phase. Nitrenes are evidently unsatisfactory reagents for the labeling either of lipids or by analogy of the hydrophobic portions of membrane proteins. This is mainly because the long lifetimes and electrophilic character of nitrenes will lead to the preferential labeling of extrinsic membrane components. Phenyl azide itself is further compromised as a lipophilic reagent by its rather low partition coefficient into lipid bilayers, as measured by equilibrium dialysis.", "contents": "Photogenerated reagents for membrane labeling. 1. Phenylnitrene formed within the lipid bilayer. Phenylnitrene generated photochemically from phenyl azide that is bound to artificial phospholipid vesicles labels the fatty acid chains of the lipids in low yield. The labeling yield varies from approximately 3.3% with soybean lecithin (which is highly unsaturated) to approximately 0.25% with dimyristoyllecithin (which is completely saturated). Labeling is largely eliminated by reduced glutathione in the aqueous phase. Nitrenes are evidently unsatisfactory reagents for the labeling either of lipids or by analogy of the hydrophobic portions of membrane proteins. This is mainly because the long lifetimes and electrophilic character of nitrenes will lead to the preferential labeling of extrinsic membrane components. Phenyl azide itself is further compromised as a lipophilic reagent by its rather low partition coefficient into lipid bilayers, as measured by equilibrium dialysis.", "PMID": 678519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3643", "title": "Photogenerated reagents for membrane labeling. 2. Phenylcarbene and adamantylidene formed within the lipid bilayer.", "content": "Phenylcarbene and adamantylidene have been generated photochemically from the corresponding diazirines within lipid bilayers. Reasonable yields of labeled fatty acid side chains have been observed. The products have been characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  and derive both from the insertion of the carbene into carbon-hydrogen bonds of saturated fatty acids and from the addition of the carbene to the carbon-carbon double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids. In contrast to the results found using phenylnitrene, the lipid labeling by carbene is not reduced by the water-soluble scavenger glutath ione. Carbenes generated from diazirines are evidently superior reagents for the photolabeling of lipids and should be useful for identifying the intrinsic hydrophobic sections of membrane proteins.", "contents": "Photogenerated reagents for membrane labeling. 2. Phenylcarbene and adamantylidene formed within the lipid bilayer. Phenylcarbene and adamantylidene have been generated photochemically from the corresponding diazirines within lipid bilayers. Reasonable yields of labeled fatty acid side chains have been observed. The products have been characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  and derive both from the insertion of the carbene into carbon-hydrogen bonds of saturated fatty acids and from the addition of the carbene to the carbon-carbon double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids. In contrast to the results found using phenylnitrene, the lipid labeling by carbene is not reduced by the water-soluble scavenger glutath ione. Carbenes generated from diazirines are evidently superior reagents for the photolabeling of lipids and should be useful for identifying the intrinsic hydrophobic sections of membrane proteins.", "PMID": 678520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3644", "title": "Resonance Raman studies of bovine metarhodopsin I and metarhodopsin II.", "content": "The resonance Raman spectra of bovine metarhodopsin I and metarhodopsin II have been measured. The spectra are compared with model chromophore resonance Raman data. It was found that metarhodopsin I is linked to opsin via a protonated Schiff base linkage, whereas metarhodopsin II is linked by an unprotonated Schiff base. A recent suggestion that the chromophore of metarhodopsin II is retinal is explicitly disproved. The chromophores of both metarhodopsins are found to have an essentially all-trans conformation. The basic mechanism for color regulation in both forms appears to be electron delocalization. The data tend to support the model of cis-trans isomerization as the primary mechanism for vision. Also, the conclusions and inferences of this work on energy uses and storage by rhodopsin in neural generation are discussed.", "contents": "Resonance Raman studies of bovine metarhodopsin I and metarhodopsin II. The resonance Raman spectra of bovine metarhodopsin I and metarhodopsin II have been measured. The spectra are compared with model chromophore resonance Raman data. It was found that metarhodopsin I is linked to opsin via a protonated Schiff base linkage, whereas metarhodopsin II is linked by an unprotonated Schiff base. A recent suggestion that the chromophore of metarhodopsin II is retinal is explicitly disproved. The chromophores of both metarhodopsins are found to have an essentially all-trans conformation. The basic mechanism for color regulation in both forms appears to be electron delocalization. The data tend to support the model of cis-trans isomerization as the primary mechanism for vision. Also, the conclusions and inferences of this work on energy uses and storage by rhodopsin in neural generation are discussed.", "PMID": 678522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3645", "title": "Altered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes in G1-arrested Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Aminoacyl-tRNA SYNTHETASE COMPLEXES EXISTING IN Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were shown to undergo alterations as a function of the growth state of the cell. The distribution pattern for 13 particulate postribosomal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in 10-30% (w/v) exponential sucrose gradients was determined for the enzymes from CHO cells as they exist under three different culture conditions: exponential growth, G1 arrest induced by isoleucine deficiency, and G1 arrest induced by leucine deficiency. The synthetases specific for the amino acids Arg, Asp, Cys, Gln, His, Lys, Met, Thr, and Val have indistinguishable distribution patterns in all three cell types. However, the synthetases specific for Glu, Pro, Leu, and Ile have a unique distribution of synthetase forms in the G1-arrested cultures and this distribution is independent of whether G1 arrest was induced by isoleucine or leucine deficiency. The distribution of synthetase forms in G1-arrested cells differs in a definite, reproducible manner from the profiles obtained with the exponentially growing cells, and this fact is strong evidence for an in vivo role for the synthetase complexes.", "contents": "Altered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes in G1-arrested Chinese hamster ovary cells. Aminoacyl-tRNA SYNTHETASE COMPLEXES EXISTING IN Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were shown to undergo alterations as a function of the growth state of the cell. The distribution pattern for 13 particulate postribosomal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in 10-30% (w/v) exponential sucrose gradients was determined for the enzymes from CHO cells as they exist under three different culture conditions: exponential growth, G1 arrest induced by isoleucine deficiency, and G1 arrest induced by leucine deficiency. The synthetases specific for the amino acids Arg, Asp, Cys, Gln, His, Lys, Met, Thr, and Val have indistinguishable distribution patterns in all three cell types. However, the synthetases specific for Glu, Pro, Leu, and Ile have a unique distribution of synthetase forms in the G1-arrested cultures and this distribution is independent of whether G1 arrest was induced by isoleucine or leucine deficiency. The distribution of synthetase forms in G1-arrested cells differs in a definite, reproducible manner from the profiles obtained with the exponentially growing cells, and this fact is strong evidence for an in vivo role for the synthetase complexes.", "PMID": 678523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3646", "title": "Structure of methemerythrin at 2.8-Angstrom resolution: computer graphics fit of an averaged electron density map.", "content": "The crystal structure of methemerythrin from Themiste dyscritum has been determined at 2.8-Angstrom resolution by single isomorphous replacement technique combined with anomalous scattering from a K2HgI4 derivative. Noncrystallographic symmetry relating the four subunits in the asymmetric unit was used to obtain an average electron density map of the hemerythrin monomer, and a computer graphics system was used to fit a polypeptide model to the electron density. The average map was of sufficient quality to locate most of the amino acid side chains and to confirm the assignment of His-25, His-54, Glu-58, His-73, His-77, His-101, Asp-106, and Tyr-109 as the iron ligands. One of the mercury sites in the heavy atom derivative is located between two Cys-9 residues related by a noncrystallographic twofold axis, although no intersubunit disulfide bond is present in the native structure. The residues responsible for the binding of the subunits to form the octamer are identified.", "contents": "Structure of methemerythrin at 2.8-Angstrom resolution: computer graphics fit of an averaged electron density map. The crystal structure of methemerythrin from Themiste dyscritum has been determined at 2.8-Angstrom resolution by single isomorphous replacement technique combined with anomalous scattering from a K2HgI4 derivative. Noncrystallographic symmetry relating the four subunits in the asymmetric unit was used to obtain an average electron density map of the hemerythrin monomer, and a computer graphics system was used to fit a polypeptide model to the electron density. The average map was of sufficient quality to locate most of the amino acid side chains and to confirm the assignment of His-25, His-54, Glu-58, His-73, His-77, His-101, Asp-106, and Tyr-109 as the iron ligands. One of the mercury sites in the heavy atom derivative is located between two Cys-9 residues related by a noncrystallographic twofold axis, although no intersubunit disulfide bond is present in the native structure. The residues responsible for the binding of the subunits to form the octamer are identified.", "PMID": 678527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3647", "title": "Assignment of the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of aqueous ganglioside GM1 micelles.", "content": "This article describes the natural-abundance Fourier-transform carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, at 67.88 MHz, of aqueous micelles of bovine brain ganglioside GM1 of purity greater than 99%. Assignments are given for every carbon nucleus in the molecule, on the basis of a comprehensive study of the relevant mono-, di-, tri-, and polysaccharides, including several containing sialic acid (5-acetamido-3, 5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosonic acid), and phospho-, sphingo-, and glycosphingolipids. These assignments represent an extension of the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance data from monosaccharides and lipids to complex oligosaccharides and glycolipids. They also form the basis for interpretation of spectral perturbations induced in GM1 by titration with paramagnetic europium(III). The single sialic acid in GM1 was found to be alpha-glycosidically linked in the oligosaccharide from considerations of its unique anomeric chemical shift. The sialic acid carboxyl and glyceryl side chain, along with additional ligands donated by the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside and terminal beta-D-galactopyranoside residues in the oligosaccharide portion of GM1, were found to be intimately involved with cation binding. It is proposed that the higher affinity, compared with monomeric sialic acid, of GM1 for cations may result from these additional oligosaccharide groups, which may effectively compete for water ligands in the metal cation coordination sphere.", "contents": "Assignment of the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of aqueous ganglioside GM1 micelles. This article describes the natural-abundance Fourier-transform carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, at 67.88 MHz, of aqueous micelles of bovine brain ganglioside GM1 of purity greater than 99%. Assignments are given for every carbon nucleus in the molecule, on the basis of a comprehensive study of the relevant mono-, di-, tri-, and polysaccharides, including several containing sialic acid (5-acetamido-3, 5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosonic acid), and phospho-, sphingo-, and glycosphingolipids. These assignments represent an extension of the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance data from monosaccharides and lipids to complex oligosaccharides and glycolipids. They also form the basis for interpretation of spectral perturbations induced in GM1 by titration with paramagnetic europium(III). The single sialic acid in GM1 was found to be alpha-glycosidically linked in the oligosaccharide from considerations of its unique anomeric chemical shift. The sialic acid carboxyl and glyceryl side chain, along with additional ligands donated by the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside and terminal beta-D-galactopyranoside residues in the oligosaccharide portion of GM1, were found to be intimately involved with cation binding. It is proposed that the higher affinity, compared with monomeric sialic acid, of GM1 for cations may result from these additional oligosaccharide groups, which may effectively compete for water ligands in the metal cation coordination sphere.", "PMID": 678532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3648", "title": "Glutathione-facilitated refolding of reduced, denatured bovine seminal ribonuclease: kinetics and characterization of products.", "content": "Totally reduced and denatured seminal ribonuclease was regenerated using the glutathione redox system. The refolding kinetics of the enzyme were determined as a function of redox state, temperature from 14 to 43 degrees C, pH, and protein concentration. The maximal rate of regeneration occurred with 3 x 10(-3) M reduced glutathione, 6 x 10(-4) M oxidized glutathione, 24 to 30 degrees C, and pH 8.2. The products of the refolding process were characterized by Sephadex G-75, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, enzymatic activity, circular dichroism, and amino acid analysis. The results indicate that the native dimeric form of the enzyme is not produced during refolding to any appreciable extent; rather, the major product is monomeric. The purified monomer exhibits twice the activity of the native enzyme toward yeast RNA. Its circular dichroism spectrum is different from the native enzyme and is quite similar to that of pancreatic ribonuclease A. Amino acid analyses showed that two glutathione molecules are bound to the monomer, suggesting that cysteine-31 and -32, which normally form the intermolecular disulfide bonds, are blocked.", "contents": "Glutathione-facilitated refolding of reduced, denatured bovine seminal ribonuclease: kinetics and characterization of products. Totally reduced and denatured seminal ribonuclease was regenerated using the glutathione redox system. The refolding kinetics of the enzyme were determined as a function of redox state, temperature from 14 to 43 degrees C, pH, and protein concentration. The maximal rate of regeneration occurred with 3 x 10(-3) M reduced glutathione, 6 x 10(-4) M oxidized glutathione, 24 to 30 degrees C, and pH 8.2. The products of the refolding process were characterized by Sephadex G-75, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, enzymatic activity, circular dichroism, and amino acid analysis. The results indicate that the native dimeric form of the enzyme is not produced during refolding to any appreciable extent; rather, the major product is monomeric. The purified monomer exhibits twice the activity of the native enzyme toward yeast RNA. Its circular dichroism spectrum is different from the native enzyme and is quite similar to that of pancreatic ribonuclease A. Amino acid analyses showed that two glutathione molecules are bound to the monomer, suggesting that cysteine-31 and -32, which normally form the intermolecular disulfide bonds, are blocked.", "PMID": 678533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3649", "title": "Identification of the catalytic site of rat liver glutathione peroxidase as selenocysteine.", "content": "A procedure was developed to isolate 75Se-labeled rat liver glutathione peroxidase (glutathione:H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.9) at 30--50% purity with 20--30% yields in 4--5 days. Using these preparations of glutathione peroxidase, the selenium moiety in the enzyme was identified as selenocysteine by derivatizing the seleno group with either iodoacetate or ethylenimine in the intact protein, hydrolyzing the protein with 6 N HCl, and cochromatographing the 75Se-labeled products with known standards. Techniques employed were anion-exchange chromatography, cation-exchange chromatography, gel-permeation chromatography, two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, and automated amino acid analysis. The selenocysteine moiety was identified as the catalytic site in glutathione peroxidase by specifically labeling the enzyme with [14C]iodoacetate on the 75Se-labeled selenium atom and fractionating the 14C, 75Se-labeled derivative after acid hydrolysis. It was concluded that the reduced form of glutathione peroxidase contains the selenocysteine selenol (-SeH) at the catalytic site.", "contents": "Identification of the catalytic site of rat liver glutathione peroxidase as selenocysteine. A procedure was developed to isolate 75Se-labeled rat liver glutathione peroxidase (glutathione:H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.9) at 30--50% purity with 20--30% yields in 4--5 days. Using these preparations of glutathione peroxidase, the selenium moiety in the enzyme was identified as selenocysteine by derivatizing the seleno group with either iodoacetate or ethylenimine in the intact protein, hydrolyzing the protein with 6 N HCl, and cochromatographing the 75Se-labeled products with known standards. Techniques employed were anion-exchange chromatography, cation-exchange chromatography, gel-permeation chromatography, two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, and automated amino acid analysis. The selenocysteine moiety was identified as the catalytic site in glutathione peroxidase by specifically labeling the enzyme with [14C]iodoacetate on the 75Se-labeled selenium atom and fractionating the 14C, 75Se-labeled derivative after acid hydrolysis. It was concluded that the reduced form of glutathione peroxidase contains the selenocysteine selenol (-SeH) at the catalytic site.", "PMID": 678534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3650", "title": "Activation of bovine factor X (Stuart factor)--analogy with pancreatic zymogen-enzyme systems.", "content": "The activation of bovine coagulation factor X has been studied by kinetic and spectrophotometric measurements. The pH dependence of the hydrolysis of specific ester substrates by activated factor Xa can be ascribed to two independently ionizing groups with pKa values of 6.9 and 8.8, respectively. The rates of reaction of factor X, before and after activation, with the active-site titrant methanesulfonyl fluoride, suggest that the reactivity of the active-site serine residue in factor X is similar to that in trypsinogen and in factor Xa similar to that in trypsin. Analogous comparisons using diisopropyl phosphofluoridate as the titrant suggest that a hydrophobic binding site is absent in both the enzyme and zymogen. This conclusion is consistent with the lack of change in circular dichroism when acyl derivatives of factor V are converted to their acyl enzyme counterparts.", "contents": "Activation of bovine factor X (Stuart factor)--analogy with pancreatic zymogen-enzyme systems. The activation of bovine coagulation factor X has been studied by kinetic and spectrophotometric measurements. The pH dependence of the hydrolysis of specific ester substrates by activated factor Xa can be ascribed to two independently ionizing groups with pKa values of 6.9 and 8.8, respectively. The rates of reaction of factor X, before and after activation, with the active-site titrant methanesulfonyl fluoride, suggest that the reactivity of the active-site serine residue in factor X is similar to that in trypsinogen and in factor Xa similar to that in trypsin. Analogous comparisons using diisopropyl phosphofluoridate as the titrant suggest that a hydrophobic binding site is absent in both the enzyme and zymogen. This conclusion is consistent with the lack of change in circular dichroism when acyl derivatives of factor V are converted to their acyl enzyme counterparts.", "PMID": 678535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3651", "title": "Purification and characterization of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate: aspulvinone dimethylallyltransferase from Aspergillus terreus.", "content": "Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate:aspulvinone dimethylallyltransferase, the prenylation enzyme for the biosynthesis of aspulvinone pigments, has been purified from mycelia of Aspergillus terreus. The transferase catalyzed the transfer of the dimethylallyl moiety from dimethylallyl pyrophosphate to either of the two aromatic rings of aspulvinone E to give the mono- and diprenylated derivatives which were identified with the metabolites aspulvinone I and aspulvinone H, respectively. Aspulvinone G, another fundamental metabolite of this series, also acted as substrate to afford the corresponding diprenylated derivative, which is assumed to be a precursor for aspulvinone C, D, and F. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 240 000--270 000 by gel filtration. Since the subunit molecular weight determined by NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis was 45 000, the native enzyme appears to be a hexomeric protein composed of identical molecular weight subunits. The apparent Km values for aspulvinone E, aspulvinone G, and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate were 13.7, 7.7, and 40.0 micron, respectively. The enzyme shows the maximum activity at pH 7.0, and no metal ion is necessary for the activation. Sulfhydryl blocking agents or mercaptoethanol has no effect. Bromophenol blue binds specifically to the transferase and strongly inhibits the enzyme activity.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate: aspulvinone dimethylallyltransferase from Aspergillus terreus. Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate:aspulvinone dimethylallyltransferase, the prenylation enzyme for the biosynthesis of aspulvinone pigments, has been purified from mycelia of Aspergillus terreus. The transferase catalyzed the transfer of the dimethylallyl moiety from dimethylallyl pyrophosphate to either of the two aromatic rings of aspulvinone E to give the mono- and diprenylated derivatives which were identified with the metabolites aspulvinone I and aspulvinone H, respectively. Aspulvinone G, another fundamental metabolite of this series, also acted as substrate to afford the corresponding diprenylated derivative, which is assumed to be a precursor for aspulvinone C, D, and F. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 240 000--270 000 by gel filtration. Since the subunit molecular weight determined by NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis was 45 000, the native enzyme appears to be a hexomeric protein composed of identical molecular weight subunits. The apparent Km values for aspulvinone E, aspulvinone G, and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate were 13.7, 7.7, and 40.0 micron, respectively. The enzyme shows the maximum activity at pH 7.0, and no metal ion is necessary for the activation. Sulfhydryl blocking agents or mercaptoethanol has no effect. Bromophenol blue binds specifically to the transferase and strongly inhibits the enzyme activity.", "PMID": 678538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3652", "title": "Properties and the locations of a set of fluorescent probes sensitive to the fluidity gradient of the lipid bilayer.", "content": "The synthesis and properties of a set of four fluorescent probes (n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids, n = 2, 6, 9, 12) sensitive to the fluidity gradient of the lipid bilayer are described. Fluorescent quenching experiments show that the probes locate at a graded series of depths in the bilayer. A fifth probe, methyl-9-anthroate, locates near the bilayer centre. As an example of their application, the probes are used to study the phase transitions of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline. Changes in the rotational relaxation times of the probes across the transitions are more pronounced at the centre of the bilayer than at the surface.", "contents": "Properties and the locations of a set of fluorescent probes sensitive to the fluidity gradient of the lipid bilayer. The synthesis and properties of a set of four fluorescent probes (n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids, n = 2, 6, 9, 12) sensitive to the fluidity gradient of the lipid bilayer are described. Fluorescent quenching experiments show that the probes locate at a graded series of depths in the bilayer. A fifth probe, methyl-9-anthroate, locates near the bilayer centre. As an example of their application, the probes are used to study the phase transitions of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline. Changes in the rotational relaxation times of the probes across the transitions are more pronounced at the centre of the bilayer than at the surface.", "PMID": 678539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3653", "title": "Photodynamic effects of protoporphyrin on human erythrocytes. Nature of the cross-linking of membrane proteins.", "content": "Protoporphyrin-sensitized photooxidation in human red blood cell membranes leads to severe deterioration of membrane structure and function. The membrane damage is caused by direct oxidation of amino acid residues, with subsequent cross-linking of membrane proteins. The chemical nature of these cross-links was studied in model systems, isolated spectrin and red cell ghosts. Cysteine and methionine are not involved in the cross-linking reaction. Further it could be shown that dityrosine formation, the crucial mechanism in oxidative cross-linking of proteins by peroxidase-H2O2 treatment, plays no role in photodynamic cross-linking. Experimental evidence indicated that a secondary reaction between free amino groups and a photooxidation product of histidine, tyrosine or tryptophan is involved in photodynamic cross-linking. This was deduced from the reaction observed between compounds containing a free amino group and photooxidation products of these amino acids, both in model systems, isolated spectrin and erythrocyte ghosts. In accordance, succinylation of free amino groups of membrane proteins or addition of compounds with free amino groups protected against cross-linking. Quantitative data and consideration of the reaction mechanisms of photodynamic oxidation of amino acids make it highly probable that an oxidation product of histidine rather than of tyrosine or tryptophan is involved in the cross-linking reaction, via a nucleophilic addition by free amino groups.", "contents": "Photodynamic effects of protoporphyrin on human erythrocytes. Nature of the cross-linking of membrane proteins. Protoporphyrin-sensitized photooxidation in human red blood cell membranes leads to severe deterioration of membrane structure and function. The membrane damage is caused by direct oxidation of amino acid residues, with subsequent cross-linking of membrane proteins. The chemical nature of these cross-links was studied in model systems, isolated spectrin and red cell ghosts. Cysteine and methionine are not involved in the cross-linking reaction. Further it could be shown that dityrosine formation, the crucial mechanism in oxidative cross-linking of proteins by peroxidase-H2O2 treatment, plays no role in photodynamic cross-linking. Experimental evidence indicated that a secondary reaction between free amino groups and a photooxidation product of histidine, tyrosine or tryptophan is involved in photodynamic cross-linking. This was deduced from the reaction observed between compounds containing a free amino group and photooxidation products of these amino acids, both in model systems, isolated spectrin and erythrocyte ghosts. In accordance, succinylation of free amino groups of membrane proteins or addition of compounds with free amino groups protected against cross-linking. Quantitative data and consideration of the reaction mechanisms of photodynamic oxidation of amino acids make it highly probable that an oxidation product of histidine rather than of tyrosine or tryptophan is involved in the cross-linking reaction, via a nucleophilic addition by free amino groups.", "PMID": 678540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3654", "title": "Purification and characterization of chick intestine brush border membrane. Effects of 1alpha(OH) vitamin D3 treatment.", "content": "A new technique has been developed for the isolation of membrane vesicles from the vitamin D-deficient and vitamin D-treated chick intestinal brush border membrane. The technique involves removal of nuclei from a low speed pellet by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The resulting intact brush borders are then homogenized in 0.5 M Tris and the membrane fragments purified on a glycerol gradient. This preparation represents a 20-fold purification of the brush border marker sucrase. After 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment there is a significant increase in membrane phospholipid phosphorous, an alteration in the fatty acid composition of the phosphatidylcholine fraction of membrane phospholipid, and a decrease in sucrase specific activity.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of chick intestine brush border membrane. Effects of 1alpha(OH) vitamin D3 treatment. A new technique has been developed for the isolation of membrane vesicles from the vitamin D-deficient and vitamin D-treated chick intestinal brush border membrane. The technique involves removal of nuclei from a low speed pellet by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The resulting intact brush borders are then homogenized in 0.5 M Tris and the membrane fragments purified on a glycerol gradient. This preparation represents a 20-fold purification of the brush border marker sucrase. After 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment there is a significant increase in membrane phospholipid phosphorous, an alteration in the fatty acid composition of the phosphatidylcholine fraction of membrane phospholipid, and a decrease in sucrase specific activity.", "PMID": 678542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3655", "title": "Topographic studies of glycoproteins of intact synaptosomes from rat brain cortex.", "content": "Glycoproteins in the external surface of intact synaptosomes from rat brain cortex have been studied by oxidation of exposed galactose and galactosamine groups by galactose oxidase followed by reduction with labeled sodium borohydride. Purified synaptosomes were labeled, disrupted by osmotic shock, and the particulate components were fractionated on diatrizoate to give four synaptosomal membrane fractions (A to D) and a mitochondrial pellet (E). Fractions A and B represent highly purified synaptosomal plasma membranes. After separation of their polypeptides by electrophoresis, 4/5 of the label was present in two bands: one about 72 000 and the other between 7800 and 3200 daltons. Seven other bands were labeled to various degrees: 160 000, 96 000, 53 000, 39 000, 34 000, 23 000 and 16 000 daltons. With isolated membranes (which incorporate 5--6 times more label) 4/5 of label was present in polypeptides in three ranges: 160 000--96 000, 70 000--40 000 and 7800--3200. The number of polypeptides that can be labeled by treatment of isolated membranes is very large. In comparison, glycoproteins whose topographical distribution permits interaction with large molecules at the synpatic surface are very limited. It is further suggested that the external synaptosome membrane involves a relatively tight network of interacting molecules that cannot be readily penetrated by large molecules.", "contents": "Topographic studies of glycoproteins of intact synaptosomes from rat brain cortex. Glycoproteins in the external surface of intact synaptosomes from rat brain cortex have been studied by oxidation of exposed galactose and galactosamine groups by galactose oxidase followed by reduction with labeled sodium borohydride. Purified synaptosomes were labeled, disrupted by osmotic shock, and the particulate components were fractionated on diatrizoate to give four synaptosomal membrane fractions (A to D) and a mitochondrial pellet (E). Fractions A and B represent highly purified synaptosomal plasma membranes. After separation of their polypeptides by electrophoresis, 4/5 of the label was present in two bands: one about 72 000 and the other between 7800 and 3200 daltons. Seven other bands were labeled to various degrees: 160 000, 96 000, 53 000, 39 000, 34 000, 23 000 and 16 000 daltons. With isolated membranes (which incorporate 5--6 times more label) 4/5 of label was present in polypeptides in three ranges: 160 000--96 000, 70 000--40 000 and 7800--3200. The number of polypeptides that can be labeled by treatment of isolated membranes is very large. In comparison, glycoproteins whose topographical distribution permits interaction with large molecules at the synpatic surface are very limited. It is further suggested that the external synaptosome membrane involves a relatively tight network of interacting molecules that cannot be readily penetrated by large molecules.", "PMID": 678543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3656", "title": "Cytochalasin B inhibition and temperature dependence of 3-O-methylglucose transport in fat cells.", "content": "The transport of 3-O-methylglucose in white fat cells was measured under equilibrium exchange conditions at 3-O-methylglucose concentrations up to 50 mM with a previously described method (Vinten, J., Gliemann, J. and Osterlind, K. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 794--800). Under these conditions the main part of the transport was inhibitable by cytochalasin B. The inhibition was found to be of competitive type with an inhibition constant of about 2.5 . 10(-7) M, both in the absence and in the presence of insulin (1 micrometer). The cytochalasin B-insensitive part of the 3-O-methylglucose permeability was about 2 . 10(-9) cm . s-1, and was not affected by insulin. As calculated from the maximum transport capacity, the half saturation constant and the volume/surface ratio, the maximum permeability of the fat cell membrane to 3-O-methylglucose at 37 degrees C and in the presence of insulin was 4.3 . 10(-6) cm . s-1. From the temperature dependence of the maximum transport capacity in the interval 18--37 degrees C and in the presence of insulin, an Arrhenius activation energy of 14.8 +/- 0.44 kcal/mol was found. The corresponding value was 13.9 +/- 0.89 in the absence of insulin. The half saturating concentration of 3-O-methylglucose was about 6 mM in the temperature interval used, and it was not affected by insulin, although this hormone increased the maximum transport capacity about ten-fold to 1.7 mmol . s-1 per 1 intracellular water at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Cytochalasin B inhibition and temperature dependence of 3-O-methylglucose transport in fat cells. The transport of 3-O-methylglucose in white fat cells was measured under equilibrium exchange conditions at 3-O-methylglucose concentrations up to 50 mM with a previously described method (Vinten, J., Gliemann, J. and Osterlind, K. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 794--800). Under these conditions the main part of the transport was inhibitable by cytochalasin B. The inhibition was found to be of competitive type with an inhibition constant of about 2.5 . 10(-7) M, both in the absence and in the presence of insulin (1 micrometer). The cytochalasin B-insensitive part of the 3-O-methylglucose permeability was about 2 . 10(-9) cm . s-1, and was not affected by insulin. As calculated from the maximum transport capacity, the half saturation constant and the volume/surface ratio, the maximum permeability of the fat cell membrane to 3-O-methylglucose at 37 degrees C and in the presence of insulin was 4.3 . 10(-6) cm . s-1. From the temperature dependence of the maximum transport capacity in the interval 18--37 degrees C and in the presence of insulin, an Arrhenius activation energy of 14.8 +/- 0.44 kcal/mol was found. The corresponding value was 13.9 +/- 0.89 in the absence of insulin. The half saturating concentration of 3-O-methylglucose was about 6 mM in the temperature interval used, and it was not affected by insulin, although this hormone increased the maximum transport capacity about ten-fold to 1.7 mmol . s-1 per 1 intracellular water at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 678544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3657", "title": "On the development of glycine transport systems by rat renal cortex.", "content": "The initial uptake of glycine by renal cortical slices from newborn Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats is the same as that observed in adult tissues. Both newborn and adult tissue possess similar high and low affinity glycine transport systems which require an examination of velocity measurements over a wide range of concentration (0.02--50.0 mM) for their discernment. Initial rates of glycine uptake by isolated renal tubule fragments from newborn and adults are similar at a physiological substrate concentration but at high glycine levels there appears to be a decrease in velocity of uptake (V) associated with the high Km system in the young. Whatever preparation of renal cortex is studied, there is a consistent finding that immature tissue is able to accumulate much higher intracellular levels of glycine than the adult, a finding consistent with slower efflux from the cell. An interpretation of the etiology of physiologic aminoaciduria in young animals should take this into account.", "contents": "On the development of glycine transport systems by rat renal cortex. The initial uptake of glycine by renal cortical slices from newborn Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats is the same as that observed in adult tissues. Both newborn and adult tissue possess similar high and low affinity glycine transport systems which require an examination of velocity measurements over a wide range of concentration (0.02--50.0 mM) for their discernment. Initial rates of glycine uptake by isolated renal tubule fragments from newborn and adults are similar at a physiological substrate concentration but at high glycine levels there appears to be a decrease in velocity of uptake (V) associated with the high Km system in the young. Whatever preparation of renal cortex is studied, there is a consistent finding that immature tissue is able to accumulate much higher intracellular levels of glycine than the adult, a finding consistent with slower efflux from the cell. An interpretation of the etiology of physiologic aminoaciduria in young animals should take this into account.", "PMID": 678545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3658", "title": "Binding of lithium diiodosalicylate to glycophorin.", "content": "Glycophorin was purified from human erythrocyte ghosts by the lithium diiodosalicylate -phenol procedure utilizing 125I-labeled lithium diiodosalicylate. The glycophorin preparation was found to contain 8.9 +/- 2.1 mol lithium diiodosalicylate per mol glycophorin. This bound lithium diiodosalicylate cannot be removed by extensive washings with a variety of polar organic solvents nor by treatment with the detergent, sodium deoxycholate. Further, the hydrophobic peptide produced from glycophorin by trypsin digestion contained 3.4 mol lithium diiodosalicylate per mol peptide.", "contents": "Binding of lithium diiodosalicylate to glycophorin. Glycophorin was purified from human erythrocyte ghosts by the lithium diiodosalicylate -phenol procedure utilizing 125I-labeled lithium diiodosalicylate. The glycophorin preparation was found to contain 8.9 +/- 2.1 mol lithium diiodosalicylate per mol glycophorin. This bound lithium diiodosalicylate cannot be removed by extensive washings with a variety of polar organic solvents nor by treatment with the detergent, sodium deoxycholate. Further, the hydrophobic peptide produced from glycophorin by trypsin digestion contained 3.4 mol lithium diiodosalicylate per mol peptide.", "PMID": 678546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3659", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the amino-terminal residues of spectrin by use of the transamination reaction.", "content": "The metal ion-catalysed transamination reaction has been examined as a means of quantitative amino-terminal analysis of proteins. Application of this method to the erythrocyte membrane protein, spectrin, showed that this protein contained a single amino-terminal residue per 240,000 daltons. This value supports the hypothesis that spectrin is comprised of two polypeptide chains of approx. 220,000 and 250,000 daltons, respectively.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the amino-terminal residues of spectrin by use of the transamination reaction. The metal ion-catalysed transamination reaction has been examined as a means of quantitative amino-terminal analysis of proteins. Application of this method to the erythrocyte membrane protein, spectrin, showed that this protein contained a single amino-terminal residue per 240,000 daltons. This value supports the hypothesis that spectrin is comprised of two polypeptide chains of approx. 220,000 and 250,000 daltons, respectively.", "PMID": 678547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3660", "title": "beta sheet formation by L-methionine oligopeptides.", "content": "Monodispersed N- and C-protected linear homo-oligomethionines (n = 2- -7) are studied by measurements of circular dichroism in the vacuum ultraviolet region. In the solid state higher members of the series take up a beta-conformation in which both parallel and antiparallel chain arrangements are present. The strong beta-forming tendency of the methionine residue is demonstrated.", "contents": "beta sheet formation by L-methionine oligopeptides. Monodispersed N- and C-protected linear homo-oligomethionines (n = 2- -7) are studied by measurements of circular dichroism in the vacuum ultraviolet region. In the solid state higher members of the series take up a beta-conformation in which both parallel and antiparallel chain arrangements are present. The strong beta-forming tendency of the methionine residue is demonstrated.", "PMID": 678548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3661", "title": "Tertiary structure variability within the quaternary states of hemoglobin: a spin label study.", "content": "Using variable temperature techniques, the spin label spectral resolution of hemoglobin labeled at the beta93 cysteines with N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)iodonacetamide has been greatly enhanced. The effects of different ligands, inositol hexaphosphate, pH and salt concentration upon spin labeled ferrous and ferric hemoglobin indicate that the beta chain tertiary structure exhibits considerable variability within the oxy and deoxy quaternary structures. From these studies ligand and spin state changes both appear to be of significance in producing structural changes; binding of inositol hexaphosphate then produces further structural changes secondary in amplitude.", "contents": "Tertiary structure variability within the quaternary states of hemoglobin: a spin label study. Using variable temperature techniques, the spin label spectral resolution of hemoglobin labeled at the beta93 cysteines with N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)iodonacetamide has been greatly enhanced. The effects of different ligands, inositol hexaphosphate, pH and salt concentration upon spin labeled ferrous and ferric hemoglobin indicate that the beta chain tertiary structure exhibits considerable variability within the oxy and deoxy quaternary structures. From these studies ligand and spin state changes both appear to be of significance in producing structural changes; binding of inositol hexaphosphate then produces further structural changes secondary in amplitude.", "PMID": 678549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3662", "title": "Small angle x-ray scattering studies on adenovirus type 2 hexon.", "content": "Adenovirus type 2 hexons have been studied in solution by small angle X-ray scattering, and the following molecular parameters determined: radius of gyration (Rg) = 4.9 nm, molecular weight (M) = 310.000, invariant volume (Vinv) = 630 mn3, maximal distance (Dmax) = 14.5--15.5 nm. A diffraction pattern was obtained up to an angular increment of h = 2.5 nm-1. Various models for the hexon have been explored by calculating the diffraction pattern from the Debye formula for 1200 spheres arranged to define the scattering volume of each model. Models were first built according to electron micrographic results. Later, preliminary results of a crystallographic study were used for model building. The experimental pattern and the pattern resulting from the model determined by crystallographic methods were compared and showed good agreement.", "contents": "Small angle x-ray scattering studies on adenovirus type 2 hexon. Adenovirus type 2 hexons have been studied in solution by small angle X-ray scattering, and the following molecular parameters determined: radius of gyration (Rg) = 4.9 nm, molecular weight (M) = 310.000, invariant volume (Vinv) = 630 mn3, maximal distance (Dmax) = 14.5--15.5 nm. A diffraction pattern was obtained up to an angular increment of h = 2.5 nm-1. Various models for the hexon have been explored by calculating the diffraction pattern from the Debye formula for 1200 spheres arranged to define the scattering volume of each model. Models were first built according to electron micrographic results. Later, preliminary results of a crystallographic study were used for model building. The experimental pattern and the pattern resulting from the model determined by crystallographic methods were compared and showed good agreement.", "PMID": 678550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3663", "title": "X-ray diffraction effects related to superstructure in rat tail tendon collagen.", "content": "A number of unusual X-ray diffraction effects concerning the meridional low angle reflections of collagen are presented which are due to structural inhomogeneities in the 100 micron range within the tendon such as are expected to be associated with the planar crimp structure of tendon units. These newly observed effects provide diffraction confirmation for such a crimped morphology. The effects consist of splitting of the reflections both azimuthally and radially. Azimuthal split varied with rotation of the tendon unit around its own axis and is directly related to the existence of the crimp, its angle and planarity. Radial splitting is a consequence of the limited sampling of the micro-structure by the collimator, which provides further support for the crimp morphology and conveys added information about the crimp form. It is shown that this limited sampling can provide a kind of \"micro-X-ray topography\" technique for the study of micro-textures on the appropriate dimensional level, while ti could be the source of misrepresentation if its origin remains unrecognized. The effect of stretching is examined and interpreted in terms of crimp straightening. Simultaneous examination of medium angle equatorial reflections, when combined with some electron micrographs point to further issues concerning the relation between the large scale and fibril substructure. It is believed that the present findings have general implications for structure research on collagen.", "contents": "X-ray diffraction effects related to superstructure in rat tail tendon collagen. A number of unusual X-ray diffraction effects concerning the meridional low angle reflections of collagen are presented which are due to structural inhomogeneities in the 100 micron range within the tendon such as are expected to be associated with the planar crimp structure of tendon units. These newly observed effects provide diffraction confirmation for such a crimped morphology. The effects consist of splitting of the reflections both azimuthally and radially. Azimuthal split varied with rotation of the tendon unit around its own axis and is directly related to the existence of the crimp, its angle and planarity. Radial splitting is a consequence of the limited sampling of the micro-structure by the collimator, which provides further support for the crimp morphology and conveys added information about the crimp form. It is shown that this limited sampling can provide a kind of \"micro-X-ray topography\" technique for the study of micro-textures on the appropriate dimensional level, while ti could be the source of misrepresentation if its origin remains unrecognized. The effect of stretching is examined and interpreted in terms of crimp straightening. Simultaneous examination of medium angle equatorial reflections, when combined with some electron micrographs point to further issues concerning the relation between the large scale and fibril substructure. It is believed that the present findings have general implications for structure research on collagen.", "PMID": 678551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3664", "title": "Cleavage of a specific bond in troponin C by thrombin.", "content": "Limited proteolysis of rabbit skeletal troponin C with bovine thrombin yielded two fragments, TH1 (Mr = 11000) containing Ca2+ binding regions I--III and TH2 (Mr = 6000) containing region IV. Determination of the partial sequences of the fragments established the site of cleavage at Arg120-Ala121. Secondary cleavage by thrombin at other arginyl or lysyl residues in troponin C was ruled out by the sequence data and by the amino acid compositions of the two fragments.", "contents": "Cleavage of a specific bond in troponin C by thrombin. Limited proteolysis of rabbit skeletal troponin C with bovine thrombin yielded two fragments, TH1 (Mr = 11000) containing Ca2+ binding regions I--III and TH2 (Mr = 6000) containing region IV. Determination of the partial sequences of the fragments established the site of cleavage at Arg120-Ala121. Secondary cleavage by thrombin at other arginyl or lysyl residues in troponin C was ruled out by the sequence data and by the amino acid compositions of the two fragments.", "PMID": 678552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3665", "title": "Studies on the binding of adenylyl-3', 5'-cytidine to ribonuclease.", "content": "The interaction of adenylyl-3',5'-cytidine (ApC) with ribonuclease-A (RNAase-A) was studied by steady-state kinetics and ultraviolet difference spectroscopy. X-ray difference Fourier synthesis at 4 A resolution was also used to study the binding of ApC to RNAase-S. Unlike well-studied compounds like uridylyl-3',5'-adenosine, ApC binds in an unique way: (1) the cytidine moiety is bound to the B1 and R1 sites, (2) the adenosine moiety protrudes to the solution and is not fixed spatially and (3) the phosphate group is bound to the non-specific site (the \"Po site\") previously postulated (Sawada, F. and Irie, M. (1969) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 66, 415--418) as the binding site for the 5'-phosphate of uridine 2',5'-diphosphate or uridine 3',5'-diphosphate. This conclusion is consistent with that derived for adenylyl-3',5' -4-thiouridine based on CD difference spectroscopy (White, M.D., Keren-Zur, M. and Lapidot, Y. (1977) Nucleic Acid Res. 4, 843--851). The \"Po site\" is most likely the epsilon-amino group of Lys 66.", "contents": "Studies on the binding of adenylyl-3', 5'-cytidine to ribonuclease. The interaction of adenylyl-3',5'-cytidine (ApC) with ribonuclease-A (RNAase-A) was studied by steady-state kinetics and ultraviolet difference spectroscopy. X-ray difference Fourier synthesis at 4 A resolution was also used to study the binding of ApC to RNAase-S. Unlike well-studied compounds like uridylyl-3',5'-adenosine, ApC binds in an unique way: (1) the cytidine moiety is bound to the B1 and R1 sites, (2) the adenosine moiety protrudes to the solution and is not fixed spatially and (3) the phosphate group is bound to the non-specific site (the \"Po site\") previously postulated (Sawada, F. and Irie, M. (1969) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 66, 415--418) as the binding site for the 5'-phosphate of uridine 2',5'-diphosphate or uridine 3',5'-diphosphate. This conclusion is consistent with that derived for adenylyl-3',5' -4-thiouridine based on CD difference spectroscopy (White, M.D., Keren-Zur, M. and Lapidot, Y. (1977) Nucleic Acid Res. 4, 843--851). The \"Po site\" is most likely the epsilon-amino group of Lys 66.", "PMID": 678553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3666", "title": "Human serum histidine-rich glycoprotein. I. Interactions with heme, metal ions and organic ligands.", "content": "The 3.8 S alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein of human serum is composed of two non-identical subunits, each of which contains carbohydrate. The far ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum of alpha2-histidine glycoprotein indicates that the protein has little alpha-helix but apparently appreciable amounts of beta-sheet and non-regular structures. alpha2-Histidine-rich glycoprotein binds heme with concomitant changes in the electrophoretic mobility of the protein, in the fluorescence of tryptophan residues, and in the absorption and optical activity of the heme chromophore. By fluorescence quenching, the stoichiometry of binding is 1 heme per alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein molecule with an apparent Kd near 1.5 muM; however, by changes in absorbance, the interaction of 9 to 10 additional heme molecules with the alpha protein can be detected. The absorption spectra of heme . alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein complexes resemble those of low-spin hemoproteins. The ellipticity induced in the heme chromophore on binding by alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein increases linearly up to about 10 hemes bound per mol protein. No change in the conformation of alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein was indicated by circular dichroism when one or two heme molecules are bound by the protein. alpha2-Histidine-rich glycoprotein does not effectively compete with human serum albumin for heme, suggesting that alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein has no major function in serum heme transport. Nonetheless, the binding of heme by alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein provides a means of studying the structure of this protein using the heme chromophore as a probe. alpha2-Histidine-rich glycoprotein also binds other organic molecules including bilirubin, diaquocobinamide, Cibacron blue F3GA and rose bengal, and certain divalent metals. It is of interest that copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium and cobalt effectively inhibit the binding of heme by alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein, whereas other divalent metals tested, including calcium, magnesium and manganese do not appreciably affect the heme-alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein interaction.", "contents": "Human serum histidine-rich glycoprotein. I. Interactions with heme, metal ions and organic ligands. The 3.8 S alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein of human serum is composed of two non-identical subunits, each of which contains carbohydrate. The far ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum of alpha2-histidine glycoprotein indicates that the protein has little alpha-helix but apparently appreciable amounts of beta-sheet and non-regular structures. alpha2-Histidine-rich glycoprotein binds heme with concomitant changes in the electrophoretic mobility of the protein, in the fluorescence of tryptophan residues, and in the absorption and optical activity of the heme chromophore. By fluorescence quenching, the stoichiometry of binding is 1 heme per alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein molecule with an apparent Kd near 1.5 muM; however, by changes in absorbance, the interaction of 9 to 10 additional heme molecules with the alpha protein can be detected. The absorption spectra of heme . alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein complexes resemble those of low-spin hemoproteins. The ellipticity induced in the heme chromophore on binding by alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein increases linearly up to about 10 hemes bound per mol protein. No change in the conformation of alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein was indicated by circular dichroism when one or two heme molecules are bound by the protein. alpha2-Histidine-rich glycoprotein does not effectively compete with human serum albumin for heme, suggesting that alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein has no major function in serum heme transport. Nonetheless, the binding of heme by alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein provides a means of studying the structure of this protein using the heme chromophore as a probe. alpha2-Histidine-rich glycoprotein also binds other organic molecules including bilirubin, diaquocobinamide, Cibacron blue F3GA and rose bengal, and certain divalent metals. It is of interest that copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium and cobalt effectively inhibit the binding of heme by alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein, whereas other divalent metals tested, including calcium, magnesium and manganese do not appreciably affect the heme-alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein interaction.", "PMID": 678554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3667", "title": "The enthalpy titration of troponin C with calcium.", "content": "Microcalorimetric titrations have been used to study the binding of Ca2+ to troponin C, the Ca-binding component of troponin. Troponin C was extracted from rabbit skeletal muscle and Ca2+ was added to Ca-free troponin C in the presence of 1 mM Mg2+ at pH 8.83 at 10 degrees C. In these conditions proton exchanges of troponin C on Ca-binding are negligible. In case of troponin C there is neither aggregation nor dissociation when Ca2+ is added, a phenomenon controlled by bound Ca, which caused some difficulty in the analysis of results for troponin. Using an iterative curve fitting procedure the following parameters of two classes of Ca-binding sites have been determined from the calorimetric results: number of binding sites in 1st class, 1.81; in 2nd class, 0.69; log of binding constant in 1st class, 7; in 2nd class, 5.0; standard enthalpy change for 1st class, -10.00 kJ . mol-1; that in 2nd class, -25.64. The standard free energy and entropy changes have been calculated from these values. The results indicate that the standard entropy change for Ca2+-troponin C interaction is positive and strikingly resembles the values for the interaction of organic sequestering agents such as glycol-EDTA with Ca2+.", "contents": "The enthalpy titration of troponin C with calcium. Microcalorimetric titrations have been used to study the binding of Ca2+ to troponin C, the Ca-binding component of troponin. Troponin C was extracted from rabbit skeletal muscle and Ca2+ was added to Ca-free troponin C in the presence of 1 mM Mg2+ at pH 8.83 at 10 degrees C. In these conditions proton exchanges of troponin C on Ca-binding are negligible. In case of troponin C there is neither aggregation nor dissociation when Ca2+ is added, a phenomenon controlled by bound Ca, which caused some difficulty in the analysis of results for troponin. Using an iterative curve fitting procedure the following parameters of two classes of Ca-binding sites have been determined from the calorimetric results: number of binding sites in 1st class, 1.81; in 2nd class, 0.69; log of binding constant in 1st class, 7; in 2nd class, 5.0; standard enthalpy change for 1st class, -10.00 kJ . mol-1; that in 2nd class, -25.64. The standard free energy and entropy changes have been calculated from these values. The results indicate that the standard entropy change for Ca2+-troponin C interaction is positive and strikingly resembles the values for the interaction of organic sequestering agents such as glycol-EDTA with Ca2+.", "PMID": 678555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3668", "title": "The presence of type III collagen in the developing tooth.", "content": "Type I and type III collagens have been isolated from dental papilla and dental pulp of bovine tissues by enzymic digestion with pepsin and differential salt precipitation. Type III collagen was further purified by molecular sieve and ion-exchange chromatography. The relative proportions of type III and type I collagens were estimated by two different techniques, gel electrophoresis in the presence of mercaptoethanol, and direct estimation of the alpha1(III)CB3 peptide. Both techniques gave similar values. Type III collagen constituted 24% of papilla and 28% of pulp collagen by the first procedure, and 20% and 31% by the second. 18% of dental follicle collagen was type III.", "contents": "The presence of type III collagen in the developing tooth. Type I and type III collagens have been isolated from dental papilla and dental pulp of bovine tissues by enzymic digestion with pepsin and differential salt precipitation. Type III collagen was further purified by molecular sieve and ion-exchange chromatography. The relative proportions of type III and type I collagens were estimated by two different techniques, gel electrophoresis in the presence of mercaptoethanol, and direct estimation of the alpha1(III)CB3 peptide. Both techniques gave similar values. Type III collagen constituted 24% of papilla and 28% of pulp collagen by the first procedure, and 20% and 31% by the second. 18% of dental follicle collagen was type III.", "PMID": 678556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3669", "title": "Interaction of ovalbumin and its asparaginyl-carbohydrate fractions with concanavalin A.", "content": "The interaction of ovalbumin and its asparaginyl-carbohydrate fractions with concanavalin A was studied. Relative affinities were obtained by competitive binding studies using p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Ovalbumin was separated into two fractions, I and II, by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. Ovalbumin and its fractions I and II interacted with concanavalin A in solution with binding affinities at 10 degrees C of 2 . 10(5) M-1, 3 . 10(4) M-1 and 2 . 10(6) M-1, respectively. The seven asparaginyl-carbohydrate fractions, obtained by fractionation on Dowex 50W-X2 (H+) and Durrum DA-4 (borate)columns, bound to concanavalin A with approximately the same affinity as native ovalbumin, suggesting that the sugar residues for binding in the isolated carbohydrates are exposed in the native protein. The binding of ovalbumin to concanavalin A was minimal after treatment with alpha-D-mannosidase in spite of the fact that only one half of the available mannose residues were hydrolyzed when compared to those removed by similar treatment of the asparaginyl-carbohydrate before fractionation. It is concluded that those alpha-D-mannosyl residues in ovalbumin that are required for binding to concanavalin A are accessible to alpha-D-mannosidase while the residual mannosyl groups are \"buried\" from interaction with concanavalin A and the enzyme.", "contents": "Interaction of ovalbumin and its asparaginyl-carbohydrate fractions with concanavalin A. The interaction of ovalbumin and its asparaginyl-carbohydrate fractions with concanavalin A was studied. Relative affinities were obtained by competitive binding studies using p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Ovalbumin was separated into two fractions, I and II, by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. Ovalbumin and its fractions I and II interacted with concanavalin A in solution with binding affinities at 10 degrees C of 2 . 10(5) M-1, 3 . 10(4) M-1 and 2 . 10(6) M-1, respectively. The seven asparaginyl-carbohydrate fractions, obtained by fractionation on Dowex 50W-X2 (H+) and Durrum DA-4 (borate)columns, bound to concanavalin A with approximately the same affinity as native ovalbumin, suggesting that the sugar residues for binding in the isolated carbohydrates are exposed in the native protein. The binding of ovalbumin to concanavalin A was minimal after treatment with alpha-D-mannosidase in spite of the fact that only one half of the available mannose residues were hydrolyzed when compared to those removed by similar treatment of the asparaginyl-carbohydrate before fractionation. It is concluded that those alpha-D-mannosyl residues in ovalbumin that are required for binding to concanavalin A are accessible to alpha-D-mannosidase while the residual mannosyl groups are \"buried\" from interaction with concanavalin A and the enzyme.", "PMID": 678557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3670", "title": "Purification and some properties of a lethal toxic fragment of staphylococcal alpha-toxin by tryptic digestion.", "content": "Purified staphylococcal alpha-toxin (molecular weight approximately 36,000) was mildly digested with trypsin, yielding two components by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A fast-moving component (molecular weight 17,000 +/- 5%) which is relatively resistant to tryptic digestion and a slow-moving component (molecular weight 20,000 +/- 5%) which tends to aggregate. The fast-moving component was highly purified by means of combined procedures of column chromatography on Sephadex G-200 with zone electrophoresis on starch. The purified fast-moving component retained a high degree of lethal toxicity for mouse but lacked hemolytic and dermonecrotic activities, whereas the slow-moving component proved to be a nontoxic polypeptide. The lethal toxic fragment was antigenically active showing partial immunological identity with the parent alpha-toxin and stimulated the formation of antibodies capable of neutralizing the lethal action of alpha-toxin in vivo. Some physical properties and the amino acid composition of the purified lethal toxic fragment have been compared with those of native alpha-toxin.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of a lethal toxic fragment of staphylococcal alpha-toxin by tryptic digestion. Purified staphylococcal alpha-toxin (molecular weight approximately 36,000) was mildly digested with trypsin, yielding two components by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A fast-moving component (molecular weight 17,000 +/- 5%) which is relatively resistant to tryptic digestion and a slow-moving component (molecular weight 20,000 +/- 5%) which tends to aggregate. The fast-moving component was highly purified by means of combined procedures of column chromatography on Sephadex G-200 with zone electrophoresis on starch. The purified fast-moving component retained a high degree of lethal toxicity for mouse but lacked hemolytic and dermonecrotic activities, whereas the slow-moving component proved to be a nontoxic polypeptide. The lethal toxic fragment was antigenically active showing partial immunological identity with the parent alpha-toxin and stimulated the formation of antibodies capable of neutralizing the lethal action of alpha-toxin in vivo. Some physical properties and the amino acid composition of the purified lethal toxic fragment have been compared with those of native alpha-toxin.", "PMID": 678558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3671", "title": "Crystallography and oriented single crystal electron microscopy of hemoglobin deer II, a hemoglobin that exhibits matchstick-shaped erythrocytes.", "content": "Deer hemoglobin beta chain type II has been crystallized and preliminary diffraction data and oriented single crystal transmission electron micrographs have been obtained. The crystals are monoclinic P21 with Z = 4. The electron micrographs show a herringbonelike structure in the ab plane with open rectangular solvent channels and a fiber-like arrangement of molecules perpendicular to this plane.", "contents": "Crystallography and oriented single crystal electron microscopy of hemoglobin deer II, a hemoglobin that exhibits matchstick-shaped erythrocytes. Deer hemoglobin beta chain type II has been crystallized and preliminary diffraction data and oriented single crystal transmission electron micrographs have been obtained. The crystals are monoclinic P21 with Z = 4. The electron micrographs show a herringbonelike structure in the ab plane with open rectangular solvent channels and a fiber-like arrangement of molecules perpendicular to this plane.", "PMID": 678559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3672", "title": "[Nature of the electron excited state in pigment redox reactions. II. Analysis of the scheme of primary processes in the photooxidation reaction of chlorophylls a and b and pheophytin a ].", "content": "A scheme of primary reactions in photooxidation of pigments was considered assuming that electron transfer processes can occur via singlet excited as well as triplet states. The results of analysis are compared with the experimental data on relative yield values of chlorophylls a, b, and pheophytin a cation-radicals, as well as with the data on fluorescence quenching. A conclusion has been drawn that photooxidation of pigments proceeds exclusively via the triplet state. The dependence of rate constant quenching values of chlorophyll a triplet state by certain electron acceptors on values of half cell potentials was given.", "contents": "[Nature of the electron excited state in pigment redox reactions. II. Analysis of the scheme of primary processes in the photooxidation reaction of chlorophylls a and b and pheophytin a ]. A scheme of primary reactions in photooxidation of pigments was considered assuming that electron transfer processes can occur via singlet excited as well as triplet states. The results of analysis are compared with the experimental data on relative yield values of chlorophylls a, b, and pheophytin a cation-radicals, as well as with the data on fluorescence quenching. A conclusion has been drawn that photooxidation of pigments proceeds exclusively via the triplet state. The dependence of rate constant quenching values of chlorophyll a triplet state by certain electron acceptors on values of half cell potentials was given.", "PMID": 678560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3673", "title": "[Impulse photoconductance of solutions of chlorophyll and its analogs. IV. Absolute quantum yield of ion radical formation during photooxidation of chlorophyll a by n-benzoquinone].", "content": "The values of absolute quantum yield phi of the formation of free ion-radicals during the illumination of alkohol solutions of chlorophyll alpha (Chl) and rho-benzoquinone (Q) at room temperature were obtained by the method of impulse photoconductance. With an increase of the dielectric constant epsilon of the solvent from approximately 6 to approximately 25 phi increases by two orders ( approximately 10(-3)--approximately 10(-1). That obtained relationship phi (epsilon) is explained by epsilon effect on the efficiency of dissociation of \"solvent-shared\" ion-radical pair Chls+. Os-. The comparison of experimental data and theoretically expected ones allowed the estimation of some parameters to be obtained which characterize the ion-radical pair: interionic distance (10 A), the dissociation velocity constant ( approximately 10(5)--10(8) s-1), the velocity constant of reverse electron transfer (10(8) s-1), the life time approximately 10(-8) s).", "contents": "[Impulse photoconductance of solutions of chlorophyll and its analogs. IV. Absolute quantum yield of ion radical formation during photooxidation of chlorophyll a by n-benzoquinone]. The values of absolute quantum yield phi of the formation of free ion-radicals during the illumination of alkohol solutions of chlorophyll alpha (Chl) and rho-benzoquinone (Q) at room temperature were obtained by the method of impulse photoconductance. With an increase of the dielectric constant epsilon of the solvent from approximately 6 to approximately 25 phi increases by two orders ( approximately 10(-3)--approximately 10(-1). That obtained relationship phi (epsilon) is explained by epsilon effect on the efficiency of dissociation of \"solvent-shared\" ion-radical pair Chls+. Os-. The comparison of experimental data and theoretically expected ones allowed the estimation of some parameters to be obtained which characterize the ion-radical pair: interionic distance (10 A), the dissociation velocity constant ( approximately 10(5)--10(8) s-1), the velocity constant of reverse electron transfer (10(8) s-1), the life time approximately 10(-8) s).", "PMID": 678561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3674", "title": "[Intensification of the x-ray chemiluminescence of serum albumin solutions by the addition of dyes].", "content": "Effect of dyes of different classes on characteristics of X-chemoluminescence of human serum albumin solutions is studied. Intensification of lumininescence by the addition of uranin, eosin, tetrachlorfluorescein and erythrozan was found. The process of luminescence intensification with the addition of uranine was thoroughly studied (kinetic regularities, spectra, concentration relationships). It has been shown that kinetic regularities specify mainily the rapid component of X-chemoluminescence, that the initiation of chemoluminescence is related to the reactions of protein groups with hydroxyl radicals, that the intensification of luminescence proceeds in the protein-dye complex, that light emission of activated chemoluminescence took place from the singlet levels of the bound dye.", "contents": "[Intensification of the x-ray chemiluminescence of serum albumin solutions by the addition of dyes]. Effect of dyes of different classes on characteristics of X-chemoluminescence of human serum albumin solutions is studied. Intensification of lumininescence by the addition of uranin, eosin, tetrachlorfluorescein and erythrozan was found. The process of luminescence intensification with the addition of uranine was thoroughly studied (kinetic regularities, spectra, concentration relationships). It has been shown that kinetic regularities specify mainily the rapid component of X-chemoluminescence, that the initiation of chemoluminescence is related to the reactions of protein groups with hydroxyl radicals, that the intensification of luminescence proceeds in the protein-dye complex, that light emission of activated chemoluminescence took place from the singlet levels of the bound dye.", "PMID": 678562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3675", "title": "[Distribution of atomic density in protein globules].", "content": "The distribution of atomic density in the elastase and subtilysin globulas was modeled on the basis of their x-ray atomic coordinates and was consequently investigated through comparison with the normal Poisson distribution, using the chi2-test. The results from the above procedure are discussed in connection with the concept of kinetic constraints on the globula folding process as well as with the enzyme-machine hypothesis. It is shown that the minimum average dimensions of atomic irregularities in the protein globula are about 200 A3.", "contents": "[Distribution of atomic density in protein globules]. The distribution of atomic density in the elastase and subtilysin globulas was modeled on the basis of their x-ray atomic coordinates and was consequently investigated through comparison with the normal Poisson distribution, using the chi2-test. The results from the above procedure are discussed in connection with the concept of kinetic constraints on the globula folding process as well as with the enzyme-machine hypothesis. It is shown that the minimum average dimensions of atomic irregularities in the protein globula are about 200 A3.", "PMID": 678563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3676", "title": "[Microcalorimetric study of thermodynamic values of aqueous phase transition and eutectic melting in the binary and ternary systems Na-DNA--H20 and Na-DNA--H20--NaCl].", "content": "Thermodynamic parameters of water phase transition and eutectics melting in DNA water-salt solution were studied by means of low temperature scanning differential microcalorimetry at different concentrations of polyanions. DNA hydration was measured and the character of changes in Na+ counterion binding was revealed during the transition of double helix into the state of random coils.", "contents": "[Microcalorimetric study of thermodynamic values of aqueous phase transition and eutectic melting in the binary and ternary systems Na-DNA--H20 and Na-DNA--H20--NaCl]. Thermodynamic parameters of water phase transition and eutectics melting in DNA water-salt solution were studied by means of low temperature scanning differential microcalorimetry at different concentrations of polyanions. DNA hydration was measured and the character of changes in Na+ counterion binding was revealed during the transition of double helix into the state of random coils.", "PMID": 678564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3677", "title": "[Theoretical study of the effect of several reverse reaction on the kinetics of the primary processes of photosynthesis].", "content": "A theoretical model of energy migration and electron transport in photosynthesis of higher plants was considered. The set of different equations describing these processes takes into consideration the states of 4 components of electron transport chain and back reactions of electron transfer from the reduced acceptors to the oxidized reaction centres. The numerical integration of these equations was made for various kinetics parameters characterizing the electron transport chain.", "contents": "[Theoretical study of the effect of several reverse reaction on the kinetics of the primary processes of photosynthesis]. A theoretical model of energy migration and electron transport in photosynthesis of higher plants was considered. The set of different equations describing these processes takes into consideration the states of 4 components of electron transport chain and back reactions of electron transfer from the reduced acceptors to the oxidized reaction centres. The numerical integration of these equations was made for various kinetics parameters characterizing the electron transport chain.", "PMID": 678566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3678", "title": "[Role of nonspecific complex formation in protein-nucleic acid recognition].", "content": "Combinatory mathematical model of equilibrium binding of recognising proteins to DNA has been considered. The expression for the ratio of specific and unspecific complex as the function of a number of nucleotides in DNA, a number of centers of recognition, concentration of recognising molecules and a code number have been obtained. The analysis of obtained expression for the repressor--operator system showed that binary code would preferable than quartic one. The specificity of binding corresponding to experimental results have been observed by the number of centers more than twenty, in the narrow interval of the energy value and by high limitation on the number of combinations of error centers.", "contents": "[Role of nonspecific complex formation in protein-nucleic acid recognition]. Combinatory mathematical model of equilibrium binding of recognising proteins to DNA has been considered. The expression for the ratio of specific and unspecific complex as the function of a number of nucleotides in DNA, a number of centers of recognition, concentration of recognising molecules and a code number have been obtained. The analysis of obtained expression for the repressor--operator system showed that binary code would preferable than quartic one. The specificity of binding corresponding to experimental results have been observed by the number of centers more than twenty, in the narrow interval of the energy value and by high limitation on the number of combinations of error centers.", "PMID": 678565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3679", "title": "[Electrophoretic mobility of bimolecular lipid membranes].", "content": "The floating membrane vesicle is fixed by the counter solution flow in different points along the radius of a cylinder electrophoretic chamber, which permits to measure the vesicle electrophoretic mobility (EM). Close state condition of the chamber is provided for by the capillary system successively connected with the chamber. Relationship between EM of bimolecular lipid membranes (BLM) and pH and ionic concentration of aqueous solution qualitatively coincides with similar relationship for liposomes. The EM value of BLM essentially decreases in solution containing polyene antibiotics nystatine and levorin when derivative of cholesterol having 3betaOH-groups is present in the membrane.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic mobility of bimolecular lipid membranes]. The floating membrane vesicle is fixed by the counter solution flow in different points along the radius of a cylinder electrophoretic chamber, which permits to measure the vesicle electrophoretic mobility (EM). Close state condition of the chamber is provided for by the capillary system successively connected with the chamber. Relationship between EM of bimolecular lipid membranes (BLM) and pH and ionic concentration of aqueous solution qualitatively coincides with similar relationship for liposomes. The EM value of BLM essentially decreases in solution containing polyene antibiotics nystatine and levorin when derivative of cholesterol having 3betaOH-groups is present in the membrane.", "PMID": 678569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3680", "title": "[Concentration of black spots and the effect of detergents on black lipid membranes].", "content": "Effect of water-soluble detergents, such as triton X-100, saponin and trimethyl octadecylammonium bromide on the concentration of black spots, tension and stability of black lipid membranes was studied. Changes in mechanic stability of the lipid bilayer are discovered, which are in a good correlation with the litic effect of true detergents on cell membranes.", "contents": "[Concentration of black spots and the effect of detergents on black lipid membranes]. Effect of water-soluble detergents, such as triton X-100, saponin and trimethyl octadecylammonium bromide on the concentration of black spots, tension and stability of black lipid membranes was studied. Changes in mechanic stability of the lipid bilayer are discovered, which are in a good correlation with the litic effect of true detergents on cell membranes.", "PMID": 678570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3681", "title": "[Water molecule mobility in the surface layer of a membrane recorded with the fluorescent probe 4-dimethylaminochalcone].", "content": "A scheme of the location of a fluorescent probe 4-dimethylaminochalcone (DCM) in a phospholipid membrane has been proposed. According to the scheme the DMC dimethylamino group is located near phosphate groups and the oxygen atom--in the carbonyl groups region of phosphatidylcholine molecules. It is shown that DMC fluorescence is dynamically quenched by water molecules in the membrane. Therefore the quantum yield and, partly the position of DMC fluorescence maximum are determined by the water concentration near the probe, by the ability of water molecules to penetrate into the membrane as far as the carbonyl groups of fatty acid residues and by the water mobility in the membrane layer.", "contents": "[Water molecule mobility in the surface layer of a membrane recorded with the fluorescent probe 4-dimethylaminochalcone]. A scheme of the location of a fluorescent probe 4-dimethylaminochalcone (DCM) in a phospholipid membrane has been proposed. According to the scheme the DMC dimethylamino group is located near phosphate groups and the oxygen atom--in the carbonyl groups region of phosphatidylcholine molecules. It is shown that DMC fluorescence is dynamically quenched by water molecules in the membrane. Therefore the quantum yield and, partly the position of DMC fluorescence maximum are determined by the water concentration near the probe, by the ability of water molecules to penetrate into the membrane as far as the carbonyl groups of fatty acid residues and by the water mobility in the membrane layer.", "PMID": 678568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3682", "title": "[Structural transformation of human erythrocyte membranes initiated by group specific antibodies].", "content": "Some changes have been found in the rates of the desintegration by sodium dodecylsulfate of human erythrocite membranes (EM) after incubation with specific group antibodies (GA) from incompatible blood. GA have no effect on the disintegration rates of EM by sodium desoxycholate and Triton X-100. The data are considered as the evidence of the structural transition in EM induced by GA and resulting in modification of integrative coupling forces primarily in the protein components of the membrane. The stopflow technique has been used to investigate the dependence of the desintegration rates in the quick phase (10 to 100 ms) upon the GA concentrations in the incubation medium and upon the incubation time. The obtained curves are distinctly S-shaped that is peculiar of cooperative processes.", "contents": "[Structural transformation of human erythrocyte membranes initiated by group specific antibodies]. Some changes have been found in the rates of the desintegration by sodium dodecylsulfate of human erythrocite membranes (EM) after incubation with specific group antibodies (GA) from incompatible blood. GA have no effect on the disintegration rates of EM by sodium desoxycholate and Triton X-100. The data are considered as the evidence of the structural transition in EM induced by GA and resulting in modification of integrative coupling forces primarily in the protein components of the membrane. The stopflow technique has been used to investigate the dependence of the desintegration rates in the quick phase (10 to 100 ms) upon the GA concentrations in the incubation medium and upon the incubation time. The obtained curves are distinctly S-shaped that is peculiar of cooperative processes.", "PMID": 678571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3683", "title": "[Dipole cooperative model of ion channels of excitable biomembranes. Conductance of ion channels].", "content": "An analysis of ionic channel conductance is presented in terms of dipole cooperative model. The dependence of conductance on displaced charge is found to be an S-shaped function. Basing on this function and kinetics of gating currents, the kinetic curves for the conductance are calculated. These curves are compared with Hodgkin--Huxley results on sodium channel. A good agreement may be observed for the case of positive jumps of the potential. Less accurate coincidence takes place for negative jumps of the potential.", "contents": "[Dipole cooperative model of ion channels of excitable biomembranes. Conductance of ion channels]. An analysis of ionic channel conductance is presented in terms of dipole cooperative model. The dependence of conductance on displaced charge is found to be an S-shaped function. Basing on this function and kinetics of gating currents, the kinetic curves for the conductance are calculated. These curves are compared with Hodgkin--Huxley results on sodium channel. A good agreement may be observed for the case of positive jumps of the potential. Less accurate coincidence takes place for negative jumps of the potential.", "PMID": 678572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3684", "title": "[Propagation of impulses through the continuous heterogeneity of an excitable medium].", "content": "A simple method of analysing dynamic processes during pulse propagation is described. A change in duration of pulses and interpulse intervals in the course of propagation is taken into consideration. It is shown that due to inhomogeneity the excitation fronts are grouped into peculiar \"cluster\" moving at a low rate. It is also indicated that after passing the \"cluster\", the influence of inhomogeneity upon the form of the propagating consequence of pulses is essentially weakened.", "contents": "[Propagation of impulses through the continuous heterogeneity of an excitable medium]. A simple method of analysing dynamic processes during pulse propagation is described. A change in duration of pulses and interpulse intervals in the course of propagation is taken into consideration. It is shown that due to inhomogeneity the excitation fronts are grouped into peculiar \"cluster\" moving at a low rate. It is also indicated that after passing the \"cluster\", the influence of inhomogeneity upon the form of the propagating consequence of pulses is essentially weakened.", "PMID": 678574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3685", "title": "[Mathematical model of neuronal adaptation taking into account the effect of calcium on membrane permeability to potassium ions].", "content": "A model of the adaptive neurone was suggested to base on the effect of increasing the potassium permeability during the increasing the intracellular calcium concentration. Calcium accumulation occurs due to entrance of calcium ions into the cell in the course of the potential action development. Extent of influence of the intracellular calcium on the potassium permeability and velocity of moving the calcium off the cell was obtained from Meech's results. Frankenhauzer--Huxley equation was used for computation of membrane excitation, however, in our case the subthreshold potassium inactivation was reduced. Thus, the adaptation phenomenon was simulated in the following succession: 1) calcium accumulation in the cell, 2) increasing the potassium permeability, 3) increasing the after hyperpolarization and 4) increasing the interspike intervals.", "contents": "[Mathematical model of neuronal adaptation taking into account the effect of calcium on membrane permeability to potassium ions]. A model of the adaptive neurone was suggested to base on the effect of increasing the potassium permeability during the increasing the intracellular calcium concentration. Calcium accumulation occurs due to entrance of calcium ions into the cell in the course of the potential action development. Extent of influence of the intracellular calcium on the potassium permeability and velocity of moving the calcium off the cell was obtained from Meech's results. Frankenhauzer--Huxley equation was used for computation of membrane excitation, however, in our case the subthreshold potassium inactivation was reduced. Thus, the adaptation phenomenon was simulated in the following succession: 1) calcium accumulation in the cell, 2) increasing the potassium permeability, 3) increasing the after hyperpolarization and 4) increasing the interspike intervals.", "PMID": 678575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3686", "title": "[Modeling the effect of rhythm on the strength of myocardial contraction].", "content": "A linear three-pool model of rhythm-inotropic phenomena in the cardiac muscle is proposed. Dynamics of accumulation and liberation of calcium from intracellular pools is described by differential equations. It has been shown by numerical experiments that rhythm-inotropic phenomena in the normal cardiac muscle and under cardiac insufficiency can be described qualitatively in terms of the concept on calcium recirculation in intracellular pools.", "contents": "[Modeling the effect of rhythm on the strength of myocardial contraction]. A linear three-pool model of rhythm-inotropic phenomena in the cardiac muscle is proposed. Dynamics of accumulation and liberation of calcium from intracellular pools is described by differential equations. It has been shown by numerical experiments that rhythm-inotropic phenomena in the normal cardiac muscle and under cardiac insufficiency can be described qualitatively in terms of the concept on calcium recirculation in intracellular pools.", "PMID": 678576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3687", "title": "[Conditions for the development of auto-oscillations in the hematopoietic system].", "content": "Oscillations occur when the time of delay in the feed-back chain is increased or when the control system of hemopoiesis is \"roughened\". The analysis of clinical and experimental material indicates that initiation of oscillations seems not to be connected with cell interaction in the bone marrow; it is determined by the feed-back chain from the periphery to the hemopoietic organs. As the same time the role of intercellular interactions is essential for the transfer of autooscillations, initiated in some branches of hemopoiesis, to its other shoots. Oscillations in hemopoiesis with a period of three weeks or more recorded sometimes in humans are evidently initiated in the myeloid shoots, while the oscillations with the period of one and a half--two years--in the erythroid one.", "contents": "[Conditions for the development of auto-oscillations in the hematopoietic system]. Oscillations occur when the time of delay in the feed-back chain is increased or when the control system of hemopoiesis is \"roughened\". The analysis of clinical and experimental material indicates that initiation of oscillations seems not to be connected with cell interaction in the bone marrow; it is determined by the feed-back chain from the periphery to the hemopoietic organs. As the same time the role of intercellular interactions is essential for the transfer of autooscillations, initiated in some branches of hemopoiesis, to its other shoots. Oscillations in hemopoiesis with a period of three weeks or more recorded sometimes in humans are evidently initiated in the myeloid shoots, while the oscillations with the period of one and a half--two years--in the erythroid one.", "PMID": 678577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3688", "title": "[Model of local spectral description of images in the visual system].", "content": "On the basis of experimental evidence presented earlier a model of local spectral analysis of the image performed by the complex receptive fields of the visual cortex has been proposed. An essential feature of the model is that the generalized piece-wise Fourier transform is performed not over the image luminance function but over the logarithm contrast function resulted from analysis of the image by the round receptive fields of the preceding levels. Such an assumption removes a number of experimental objections offered against the hypothesis of two-dimensional Fourier transform in the visual system. The consequencies from the piece-wise expansion in a series of basic functions have been considered and among them: the channel frequency characteristics which can have more than one maximum; the possibility of describing the image by a limited number of channels with overlapping frequency characteristics.", "contents": "[Model of local spectral description of images in the visual system]. On the basis of experimental evidence presented earlier a model of local spectral analysis of the image performed by the complex receptive fields of the visual cortex has been proposed. An essential feature of the model is that the generalized piece-wise Fourier transform is performed not over the image luminance function but over the logarithm contrast function resulted from analysis of the image by the round receptive fields of the preceding levels. Such an assumption removes a number of experimental objections offered against the hypothesis of two-dimensional Fourier transform in the visual system. The consequencies from the piece-wise expansion in a series of basic functions have been considered and among them: the channel frequency characteristics which can have more than one maximum; the possibility of describing the image by a limited number of channels with overlapping frequency characteristics.", "PMID": 678579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3689", "title": "[Assessment of the anisotropic stiffness component of the basilar membrane].", "content": "The average through the section components Dy and Dx of the basilar membrane anisotropic stiffness are evaluated from Bekesy's hydrostatic and hair probe experiments. A contradiction is found between the values and the behaviour of Dy component, calculated from the hydrostatic experiment and from the hair probe. The solution of the strongly bent plate equation for the average through the section transversal component of the basilar membrane anisotropic stiffness is obtained by the asymptotic method. A significant divergence between effective and bending stiffness can exist if the thickness of the human basilar membrane is about twice of that of the guinea pig.", "contents": "[Assessment of the anisotropic stiffness component of the basilar membrane]. The average through the section components Dy and Dx of the basilar membrane anisotropic stiffness are evaluated from Bekesy's hydrostatic and hair probe experiments. A contradiction is found between the values and the behaviour of Dy component, calculated from the hydrostatic experiment and from the hair probe. The solution of the strongly bent plate equation for the average through the section transversal component of the basilar membrane anisotropic stiffness is obtained by the asymptotic method. A significant divergence between effective and bending stiffness can exist if the thickness of the human basilar membrane is about twice of that of the guinea pig.", "PMID": 678580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3690", "title": "[Determination of the direction and degree of an animal's tendency to migrate based on a theoretico-probabilistic analysis of its movements in a maza].", "content": "Using Markov chains a mathematical model of animal displacement in the final labyrinth is obtained. Direction and value of animal tendency towards migration from a given location point are reflected in the complex of absolute frequencies of the system appearing in its states. When estimating the tendency towards migration in the applied labyrith the whole complex of frequencies can be featured by its component, e. g. by the frequencies of animal appearance in the extreme labyrinth passages.", "contents": "[Determination of the direction and degree of an animal's tendency to migrate based on a theoretico-probabilistic analysis of its movements in a maza]. Using Markov chains a mathematical model of animal displacement in the final labyrinth is obtained. Direction and value of animal tendency towards migration from a given location point are reflected in the complex of absolute frequencies of the system appearing in its states. When estimating the tendency towards migration in the applied labyrith the whole complex of frequencies can be featured by its component, e. g. by the frequencies of animal appearance in the extreme labyrinth passages.", "PMID": 678581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3691", "title": "[Protonophoric and uncoupling activity of water-soluble pea flavonols].", "content": "In the experiments with artificial lipid membranes and mitochondria the watersoluble pea flavonols are demonstrated to possess weak protonophoric and uncoupling activities which correlate with each other. It is concluded that the mechanism of flavonol uncoupling activity is the same as for classical uncouplers. The results support the earlier suggestion that one of the flavonol functions in the plants may be the regulation of the energetics and metabolism.", "contents": "[Protonophoric and uncoupling activity of water-soluble pea flavonols]. In the experiments with artificial lipid membranes and mitochondria the watersoluble pea flavonols are demonstrated to possess weak protonophoric and uncoupling activities which correlate with each other. It is concluded that the mechanism of flavonol uncoupling activity is the same as for classical uncouplers. The results support the earlier suggestion that one of the flavonol functions in the plants may be the regulation of the energetics and metabolism.", "PMID": 678582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3692", "title": "[Ferricyanide ion binding sites on the surface of lecithin liposomes].", "content": "Interaction of ferricyanide ions with sonicated lecithin liposomes has been studied by (1)H-NMR. Ferricyanide induced shifts have been shown to change along the choline chain of the lecithin head group. The magnitude of the shift decreases as the distance from the positive end of zwitterionic moiety increases. It is concluded that ferricyanide ions bind to the positive charged ammonium groups of the phospholipid.", "contents": "[Ferricyanide ion binding sites on the surface of lecithin liposomes]. Interaction of ferricyanide ions with sonicated lecithin liposomes has been studied by (1)H-NMR. Ferricyanide induced shifts have been shown to change along the choline chain of the lecithin head group. The magnitude of the shift decreases as the distance from the positive end of zwitterionic moiety increases. It is concluded that ferricyanide ions bind to the positive charged ammonium groups of the phospholipid.", "PMID": 678586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3693", "title": "The effects of maternal phlebotomy and orally-administered erythropoietin (Ep) on erythropoiesis in the suckling rat.", "content": "Erythropoiesis was stimulated in 2- to 5-day-old neonatal rats suckled by phlebotomized mothers. This was established by increases in: hemoglobin levels, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and percentages of peripheral reticulocytes. The oral administration of cow milk containing 4 IU human erythropoietin (Ep) to 10-day-old normal neonates for 4 days induced a reticulocytosis. Significant amounts of Ep appeared in the plasma of 1-day-old rats nursed by mothers bled 3 days prior to delivery as compared to nondetectable levels in 1-day-old control rats of normal mothers. The data suggest that Ep is transmitted to neonatal rats via maternal milk, and escapes inactivation, at least to some extent, in the process of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract with consequent stimulation of erythropoiesis in these animals.", "contents": "The effects of maternal phlebotomy and orally-administered erythropoietin (Ep) on erythropoiesis in the suckling rat. Erythropoiesis was stimulated in 2- to 5-day-old neonatal rats suckled by phlebotomized mothers. This was established by increases in: hemoglobin levels, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and percentages of peripheral reticulocytes. The oral administration of cow milk containing 4 IU human erythropoietin (Ep) to 10-day-old normal neonates for 4 days induced a reticulocytosis. Significant amounts of Ep appeared in the plasma of 1-day-old rats nursed by mothers bled 3 days prior to delivery as compared to nondetectable levels in 1-day-old control rats of normal mothers. The data suggest that Ep is transmitted to neonatal rats via maternal milk, and escapes inactivation, at least to some extent, in the process of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract with consequent stimulation of erythropoiesis in these animals.", "PMID": 678596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3694", "title": "Effects of the teratogenic folic acid antagonist, 9-methyl pteroylglutamic acid on uronic acid levels in fetal rat limbs.", "content": "Experimental pregnant rats were placed on a transitory folic acid-deficient regimen, i.e. dietary restriction of folic acid plus the teratogen and folic acid antagonist, 9-methyl pteroylglutamic acid; a regimen resulting in multiple congenital skeletal malformations. Controls received a folic acid-supplemented regimen. Accumulation of a primary component of the extracellular matrix, glycosaminoglycans (GAG), was quantitatively evaluated by measuring uronic acid concentrations in fetal limbs. On days 16 and 18 of gestation, fetal limbs were removed, pooled from each litter, and prepared for uronic acid, protein, and DNA quantitation. The treatment results in (1) a decreased rate of protein and DNA accumulation prior to day 16 of gestation, the rate not being affected from day 16 to day 18 of gestation; (2) a trend toward an increased rate of uronic acid accumulation prior to day 16 of gestation, and (3) a decreased rate of uronic acid accumulation from day 16 to day 18 of gestation. Furthermore, our observations confirm our earlier suggestion that there is a decreased rate of accumulation of some nonprotein component(s) in fetal limbs obtained from folic acid-deficient mothers from day 16 to day 18 of gestation.", "contents": "Effects of the teratogenic folic acid antagonist, 9-methyl pteroylglutamic acid on uronic acid levels in fetal rat limbs. Experimental pregnant rats were placed on a transitory folic acid-deficient regimen, i.e. dietary restriction of folic acid plus the teratogen and folic acid antagonist, 9-methyl pteroylglutamic acid; a regimen resulting in multiple congenital skeletal malformations. Controls received a folic acid-supplemented regimen. Accumulation of a primary component of the extracellular matrix, glycosaminoglycans (GAG), was quantitatively evaluated by measuring uronic acid concentrations in fetal limbs. On days 16 and 18 of gestation, fetal limbs were removed, pooled from each litter, and prepared for uronic acid, protein, and DNA quantitation. The treatment results in (1) a decreased rate of protein and DNA accumulation prior to day 16 of gestation, the rate not being affected from day 16 to day 18 of gestation; (2) a trend toward an increased rate of uronic acid accumulation prior to day 16 of gestation, and (3) a decreased rate of uronic acid accumulation from day 16 to day 18 of gestation. Furthermore, our observations confirm our earlier suggestion that there is a decreased rate of accumulation of some nonprotein component(s) in fetal limbs obtained from folic acid-deficient mothers from day 16 to day 18 of gestation.", "PMID": 678597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3695", "title": "Oxygen consumption of the fetal sheep in utero.", "content": "Oxygen consumption was measured in 8 chronically instrumented fetal sheep by a combination of recently introduced techniques. Umbilical blood flow was measured by an electromagnetic flow transducer placed around the common portion of the umbilical artery. Blood representative of that in the umbilical artery was obtained from the distal aorta. The common portion of the umbilical vein was catheterized by direct puncture of the vessel at the base of the umbilicus. An accurate micromethod was used to measure oxygen content of blood from the umbilical vessels, and oxygen consumption was calculated by application of the Fick principle. The mean fetal oxygen consumption was 7.9 +/- 1.8 ml O2/min/kg fetus.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption of the fetal sheep in utero. Oxygen consumption was measured in 8 chronically instrumented fetal sheep by a combination of recently introduced techniques. Umbilical blood flow was measured by an electromagnetic flow transducer placed around the common portion of the umbilical artery. Blood representative of that in the umbilical artery was obtained from the distal aorta. The common portion of the umbilical vein was catheterized by direct puncture of the vessel at the base of the umbilicus. An accurate micromethod was used to measure oxygen content of blood from the umbilical vessels, and oxygen consumption was calculated by application of the Fick principle. The mean fetal oxygen consumption was 7.9 +/- 1.8 ml O2/min/kg fetus.", "PMID": 678598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3696", "title": "Fetal pepsinogens in human amniotic fluid.", "content": "The presence of group I (Pg I) and group II (Pg II) pepsinogens was determined in 59 samples of human amniotic fluid between 11 and 40 weeks of gestation. Pg I was present in all of the samples, while Pg II was present only in samples of gestational age 32 weeks or older. No differential pattern of the fractions was present, although the first fraction of Pg I was not present in any of the samples. The sequential appearance of Pg I and Pg II suggests their fetal origin and that the synthesis of Pg I by fetal gastric mucosa may precede that of Pg II, thus serving as a potential marker of fetal maturity.", "contents": "Fetal pepsinogens in human amniotic fluid. The presence of group I (Pg I) and group II (Pg II) pepsinogens was determined in 59 samples of human amniotic fluid between 11 and 40 weeks of gestation. Pg I was present in all of the samples, while Pg II was present only in samples of gestational age 32 weeks or older. No differential pattern of the fractions was present, although the first fraction of Pg I was not present in any of the samples. The sequential appearance of Pg I and Pg II suggests their fetal origin and that the synthesis of Pg I by fetal gastric mucosa may precede that of Pg II, thus serving as a potential marker of fetal maturity.", "PMID": 678599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3697", "title": "Ultrastructure of the cells in the peripheral blood of human embryos at early gestational stages.", "content": "The presence of the different blood series in the peripheral blood of 10- to 18-week-old human embryos was followed by electron microscopy. It has been demonstrated that the earlier the stage of embryonic development, the more immature cells are found in the peripheral blood. This phenomenon may suggest migration of blood cell progenitors from earlier to more definitive sites of embryonic erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the cells in the peripheral blood of human embryos at early gestational stages. The presence of the different blood series in the peripheral blood of 10- to 18-week-old human embryos was followed by electron microscopy. It has been demonstrated that the earlier the stage of embryonic development, the more immature cells are found in the peripheral blood. This phenomenon may suggest migration of blood cell progenitors from earlier to more definitive sites of embryonic erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 678600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3698", "title": "Postnatal development of rats born preterm and postterm. I. Body weight.", "content": "Litters with 3 preterm, 3 term and 3 postterm littermates have been fed by one mother each. Fetal body weight continues to increase in utero if the normal gestational period is extended by 1 day. But this intrauterine weight gain is smaller than the postnatal weight gains of term rats of the same conceptional ages. While the body weights of term and postterm rats increase rapidly immediately after birth, there is a lag phase of 3 days in preterm animals. This delay in weight gain is not caught up during a period of 30 postnatal days. This appears to be due to malnutrition in the early postnatal period. After the 20th day of life, the weight gain markedly increases in all groups, indicating the effect of supplemental feeding in the weaning period.", "contents": "Postnatal development of rats born preterm and postterm. I. Body weight. Litters with 3 preterm, 3 term and 3 postterm littermates have been fed by one mother each. Fetal body weight continues to increase in utero if the normal gestational period is extended by 1 day. But this intrauterine weight gain is smaller than the postnatal weight gains of term rats of the same conceptional ages. While the body weights of term and postterm rats increase rapidly immediately after birth, there is a lag phase of 3 days in preterm animals. This delay in weight gain is not caught up during a period of 30 postnatal days. This appears to be due to malnutrition in the early postnatal period. After the 20th day of life, the weight gain markedly increases in all groups, indicating the effect of supplemental feeding in the weaning period.", "PMID": 678601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3699", "title": "Particulate and free hexokinase in fetal rat liver.", "content": "The association of hexokinase with particulate fractions of liver has been studied during the development of the rat. In the fetal rat liver about 50% of the total hexokinase is bound to the mitochondria. This proportion decreases gradually after birth. No association of hexokinase with mitochondria could be demonstrated in the adult rat liver. It is suggested that the binding of hexokinase to the mitochondria is a consequence of a property which is lost during development of the mitochondrial membranes. At least part of the hexokinase is rather tightly bound to the mitochondria. Glucose-6-phosphate or ATP do not solubilize the enzyme. The proportion of hexokinase bound to the mitochondria is independent of the metabolic state of the hepatocyte as exemplified by studies with inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, using the digitonin technique for the separation of particulate and cytosol fractions of isolated fetal rat hepatocytes.", "contents": "Particulate and free hexokinase in fetal rat liver. The association of hexokinase with particulate fractions of liver has been studied during the development of the rat. In the fetal rat liver about 50% of the total hexokinase is bound to the mitochondria. This proportion decreases gradually after birth. No association of hexokinase with mitochondria could be demonstrated in the adult rat liver. It is suggested that the binding of hexokinase to the mitochondria is a consequence of a property which is lost during development of the mitochondrial membranes. At least part of the hexokinase is rather tightly bound to the mitochondria. Glucose-6-phosphate or ATP do not solubilize the enzyme. The proportion of hexokinase bound to the mitochondria is independent of the metabolic state of the hepatocyte as exemplified by studies with inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, using the digitonin technique for the separation of particulate and cytosol fractions of isolated fetal rat hepatocytes.", "PMID": 678602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3700", "title": "Sequential intravenous glucose tolerance: responses of newborn and adult.", "content": "Acute sequential intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed at an interval of 120 min in 12 normal fasting adults, 5 normal infants, and 6 infants of gestationally diabetic mothers. Glucose disposal (Kt) and plasma insulin elevations were remarkably similar in the paired adult studies. In contrast, the studies in all infants were highly variable although they had similar initial plasma insulin levels (less than 10 micronU/ml). The rates of glucose disposal in the infants (1.43 and 1.47%/min) were slightly slower than the adult rates (1.66%/min). The plasma insulin responses, in contrast, were higher and more sustained throughout the second half of the test in the infants as a group. There was remarkable heterogeneity in the responses of the infants which obscured any differences between the groups.", "contents": "Sequential intravenous glucose tolerance: responses of newborn and adult. Acute sequential intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed at an interval of 120 min in 12 normal fasting adults, 5 normal infants, and 6 infants of gestationally diabetic mothers. Glucose disposal (Kt) and plasma insulin elevations were remarkably similar in the paired adult studies. In contrast, the studies in all infants were highly variable although they had similar initial plasma insulin levels (less than 10 micronU/ml). The rates of glucose disposal in the infants (1.43 and 1.47%/min) were slightly slower than the adult rates (1.66%/min). The plasma insulin responses, in contrast, were higher and more sustained throughout the second half of the test in the infants as a group. There was remarkable heterogeneity in the responses of the infants which obscured any differences between the groups.", "PMID": 678603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3701", "title": "The effects of thyroid hormones on myelination in the developing rat brain.", "content": "Rats radiothyroidectomized 1 day after birth received daily subcutaneous injections of 1 microgram/10 g body weight of thyroxine (T4) or an equimolar amount of triiodothyroacetic acid (T3AC) from day 6 through day 25. The number of myelinated axons, myelinated axon area, and area of the myelin sheath in the corpus striatum were investigated. Hypothyroid neonates demonstrated a normal number of myelinated axons with a decrease in the area of these axons. T4 treatment resulted in an increased number of smaller axons while T3AC treatment produced fewer but larger axons than the T4 treatment. The myelin area changed as the axon area changed with the myelin thickness remaining constant in all groups.", "contents": "The effects of thyroid hormones on myelination in the developing rat brain. Rats radiothyroidectomized 1 day after birth received daily subcutaneous injections of 1 microgram/10 g body weight of thyroxine (T4) or an equimolar amount of triiodothyroacetic acid (T3AC) from day 6 through day 25. The number of myelinated axons, myelinated axon area, and area of the myelin sheath in the corpus striatum were investigated. Hypothyroid neonates demonstrated a normal number of myelinated axons with a decrease in the area of these axons. T4 treatment resulted in an increased number of smaller axons while T3AC treatment produced fewer but larger axons than the T4 treatment. The myelin area changed as the axon area changed with the myelin thickness remaining constant in all groups.", "PMID": 678604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3702", "title": "Gas phase carboxylate anions fron p-nitrobenzyl esters of fatty acids.", "content": "Gas phase carboxylate anions have been efficiently generated from the p-nitrobenzyl esters of nine fatty acids ranging in size from C6 to C22. The process involves the dissociative resonance capture of 2.9 e V electrons by the derivatives. The procedure is specific and gives the carboxylate anions as the base peak in all but two of the derivative. The technique gives extremely simple spectra, with little additional fragmentation and no rearrangement ions.", "contents": "Gas phase carboxylate anions fron p-nitrobenzyl esters of fatty acids. Gas phase carboxylate anions have been efficiently generated from the p-nitrobenzyl esters of nine fatty acids ranging in size from C6 to C22. The process involves the dissociative resonance capture of 2.9 e V electrons by the derivatives. The procedure is specific and gives the carboxylate anions as the base peak in all but two of the derivative. The technique gives extremely simple spectra, with little additional fragmentation and no rearrangement ions.", "PMID": 678606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3703", "title": "Metabolism of [14C] terbutryn (2-(t-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio-s-triazine) by rats and goat.", "content": "Sixteen metabolites of terbutryn were isolated from the urine and feces of either rats or a goat given single oral doses of terbutryn-[14C](2-(t-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine). The metabolites resulted from one or more of the following changes: S-demethylation, conversion of the methylthio group to a hydroxy group; N-deethylation; oxidation of the terminal carbon of the ethyl group to a carboxylic acid; oxidation of a terminal carbon of the t-butyl group to either an alcohol or a carboxylic acid; or conjugation with glucuronic acid.", "contents": "Metabolism of [14C] terbutryn (2-(t-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio-s-triazine) by rats and goat. Sixteen metabolites of terbutryn were isolated from the urine and feces of either rats or a goat given single oral doses of terbutryn-[14C](2-(t-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine). The metabolites resulted from one or more of the following changes: S-demethylation, conversion of the methylthio group to a hydroxy group; N-deethylation; oxidation of the terminal carbon of the ethyl group to a carboxylic acid; oxidation of a terminal carbon of the t-butyl group to either an alcohol or a carboxylic acid; or conjugation with glucuronic acid.", "PMID": 678607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3704", "title": "Mass spectral characterization of the glucuronide conjugates of terbutryn (2-(t-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine) metabolites from rats and goat.", "content": "Five metabolities from terbutyrn (2-(t-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine) were characterized to be glucuronide conjugates by interpretation of mass spectral data of their trimethylsilyl derivatives. These were isolated from rat and goat urine. Three of these glucuronides were characterized to be triazinyl-S-glucuronides and two were characterized to be alkyl-O-glucuronides.", "contents": "Mass spectral characterization of the glucuronide conjugates of terbutryn (2-(t-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine) metabolites from rats and goat. Five metabolities from terbutyrn (2-(t-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine) were characterized to be glucuronide conjugates by interpretation of mass spectral data of their trimethylsilyl derivatives. These were isolated from rat and goat urine. Three of these glucuronides were characterized to be triazinyl-S-glucuronides and two were characterized to be alkyl-O-glucuronides.", "PMID": 678608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3705", "title": "Mass spectrometry of N-nitrosamines.", "content": "The preparation of a series of N-nitrosamines for carcinogenicity studies presented an opportunity to study mass spectral fragmentation schemes in detail. Condensed spectra are listed for 146 N-nitrosamines of widely differing structures, including nitroso derivatives of commercial drugs and insecticides. Aliphatic nitrosamines were generally characterized by molecular ions and loss of OH. Subsequent fragmentation via alpha-cleavage is similar to that of aliphatic amines. The loss of OH is believed to result in a cyclic ion. Subsituted aliphatic nitrosamines varied in fragmentation schemes with structure and position of the substitutent groups. However, most showed alpha-cleavage at some point in fragmentation. When substituted with aromatic groups prominent peaks due to the aromatic moiety were observed. The alicyclic nitrosamines showed losses of NO, NOH and OH and subsequent alpha-cleavages. Nitrosamides were characterized by rupture of the carbonyl to nitrogen bond. Spectra of substituted ureas usually showed charge retention by the carbonyl fragment, while carbamate esters showed ions from both fragments.", "contents": "Mass spectrometry of N-nitrosamines. The preparation of a series of N-nitrosamines for carcinogenicity studies presented an opportunity to study mass spectral fragmentation schemes in detail. Condensed spectra are listed for 146 N-nitrosamines of widely differing structures, including nitroso derivatives of commercial drugs and insecticides. Aliphatic nitrosamines were generally characterized by molecular ions and loss of OH. Subsequent fragmentation via alpha-cleavage is similar to that of aliphatic amines. The loss of OH is believed to result in a cyclic ion. Subsituted aliphatic nitrosamines varied in fragmentation schemes with structure and position of the substitutent groups. However, most showed alpha-cleavage at some point in fragmentation. When substituted with aromatic groups prominent peaks due to the aromatic moiety were observed. The alicyclic nitrosamines showed losses of NO, NOH and OH and subsequent alpha-cleavages. Nitrosamides were characterized by rupture of the carbonyl to nitrogen bond. Spectra of substituted ureas usually showed charge retention by the carbonyl fragment, while carbamate esters showed ions from both fragments.", "PMID": 678609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3706", "title": "Mass spectra of aniline glucuronides.", "content": "Mass spectra of TMS derivatives of aniline glucuronide and pentachloroaniline glucuronide are presented, and the fragmentation of these derivatives is compared with that of TMS aryl-O-glucuronides. Fragmentation yielding ions entirely from the glycone moiety was sufficiently similar to  establish these N-glucuronides as TMS glucuronides in the same manner used for TMS-O-glucuronides; however, differences observed may be diagnostic for TMS-N-glucuronides.", "contents": "Mass spectra of aniline glucuronides. Mass spectra of TMS derivatives of aniline glucuronide and pentachloroaniline glucuronide are presented, and the fragmentation of these derivatives is compared with that of TMS aryl-O-glucuronides. Fragmentation yielding ions entirely from the glycone moiety was sufficiently similar to  establish these N-glucuronides as TMS glucuronides in the same manner used for TMS-O-glucuronides; however, differences observed may be diagnostic for TMS-N-glucuronides.", "PMID": 678610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3707", "title": "Identification of a nitrone as an in vitro metabolite of N-methylamphetamine.", "content": "The relatively labile nitrone, alpha-methyl-(N-methylene) benzeneethanamine N-oxide was isolated from incubates of (+/-)-N-methylamphetamine with fortified liver honogenates from rats and rabbit. Identification of the nitrone was confirmed directly by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry and, after its conversion to isoxazolidine adducts by the action of methyl and ethyl acrylate. An authentic sample of the nitrone was synthesized unequivocally form N-hydroxyamphetamine and formaldehyde. The isomeric nitrone, N-(alpha-methylbenzeneethylidene) methylamine N-oxide, was also synthesized and its gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic mass spectrometric characteristics determined to confirm that the metabolically formed nitrone was not N-(alpha-methylbenzeneethylidene) methylamine N-oxide. Two previously unreported metabolites of (+/-)-Nmethylamphetamine, N-hydroxyamphetamine and 1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-propanone, were isolated from rat in vitro experiments; the latter metabolite was not produced in vitro by rabbit liver homogenates.", "contents": "Identification of a nitrone as an in vitro metabolite of N-methylamphetamine. The relatively labile nitrone, alpha-methyl-(N-methylene) benzeneethanamine N-oxide was isolated from incubates of (+/-)-N-methylamphetamine with fortified liver honogenates from rats and rabbit. Identification of the nitrone was confirmed directly by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry and, after its conversion to isoxazolidine adducts by the action of methyl and ethyl acrylate. An authentic sample of the nitrone was synthesized unequivocally form N-hydroxyamphetamine and formaldehyde. The isomeric nitrone, N-(alpha-methylbenzeneethylidene) methylamine N-oxide, was also synthesized and its gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic mass spectrometric characteristics determined to confirm that the metabolically formed nitrone was not N-(alpha-methylbenzeneethylidene) methylamine N-oxide. Two previously unreported metabolites of (+/-)-Nmethylamphetamine, N-hydroxyamphetamine and 1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-propanone, were isolated from rat in vitro experiments; the latter metabolite was not produced in vitro by rabbit liver homogenates.", "PMID": 678611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3708", "title": "A \"carrier effect\" observed in assay of antidiarrhoeal drug compounds.", "content": "A carrier effect has been shown to exist in a stable isotope dilution assay for diphenoxylate. When a tetradeuterated analogue is used as a carrier and internal standard a sevenfold increase in sensitivity is observed for the unlabelled compound. Examination of a related pharmacologically active compound (SC-27166) showed a much smaller effect.", "contents": "A \"carrier effect\" observed in assay of antidiarrhoeal drug compounds. A carrier effect has been shown to exist in a stable isotope dilution assay for diphenoxylate. When a tetradeuterated analogue is used as a carrier and internal standard a sevenfold increase in sensitivity is observed for the unlabelled compound. Examination of a related pharmacologically active compound (SC-27166) showed a much smaller effect.", "PMID": 678612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3709", "title": "Bile acids. LIV--mass spectra of conjugated bile acids.", "content": "The electron impact mass spectra of conjugated bile acids, their 5alpha-analogs and methyl esters of glyco conjugates were determined by direct insertion into the ion source and their fragmentation patterns were found to be basically similar to those of methyl esters of the free bile acids. The conjugates are additionally characterized by a significant loss of [NH2CH2CO2H] from the glycine moiety and [CH2 = CHSO3 H] from the taurine group. Several 5 alpha- and 5 beta-isomers can be differentiated, but no general pattern of recognition is discernable. Field desorption mass spectra contain [M + Na]+ and [m + Na]2+ ions.", "contents": "Bile acids. LIV--mass spectra of conjugated bile acids. The electron impact mass spectra of conjugated bile acids, their 5alpha-analogs and methyl esters of glyco conjugates were determined by direct insertion into the ion source and their fragmentation patterns were found to be basically similar to those of methyl esters of the free bile acids. The conjugates are additionally characterized by a significant loss of [NH2CH2CO2H] from the glycine moiety and [CH2 = CHSO3 H] from the taurine group. Several 5 alpha- and 5 beta-isomers can be differentiated, but no general pattern of recognition is discernable. Field desorption mass spectra contain [M + Na]+ and [m + Na]2+ ions.", "PMID": 678613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3710", "title": "Determination of double bond positions in fatty acids with conjugated double bonds.", "content": "The positions of the double bonds in fatty acids with conjugated double bonds may be determined by mass spectrometry of the methyl esters of their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives obtained by hydroxylation of the double bonds followed by silylation of the resulting polyols. The method has been applied to trans-9,trans-11- and trans-10, trans-12-octadecadienoic acid.", "contents": "Determination of double bond positions in fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. The positions of the double bonds in fatty acids with conjugated double bonds may be determined by mass spectrometry of the methyl esters of their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives obtained by hydroxylation of the double bonds followed by silylation of the resulting polyols. The method has been applied to trans-9,trans-11- and trans-10, trans-12-octadecadienoic acid.", "PMID": 678614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3711", "title": "Application and evaluation of limited mass monitoring with a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer computer system.", "content": "The technique of scanning a preselected set of ions employing a combined gas chromatography mass spectrometer computer system has been investigated to ascertain the advantages and disadvantages of such a procedure. This technique allows one to determine gas chromatographic retention data with with a high degree of precision and accuracy, in rapid temperature programming operation, due to shortening of the mas spectral scanning interval. Signal-to-noise ratio in ion abundance recordings can be enhanced by increasing the dwell time for as many as 100 ions without lenghtening the scanning interval. The utility of such an approach was demonstrated by analysis of complex mixtures isolated form human urine and cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Application and evaluation of limited mass monitoring with a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer computer system. The technique of scanning a preselected set of ions employing a combined gas chromatography mass spectrometer computer system has been investigated to ascertain the advantages and disadvantages of such a procedure. This technique allows one to determine gas chromatographic retention data with with a high degree of precision and accuracy, in rapid temperature programming operation, due to shortening of the mas spectral scanning interval. Signal-to-noise ratio in ion abundance recordings can be enhanced by increasing the dwell time for as many as 100 ions without lenghtening the scanning interval. The utility of such an approach was demonstrated by analysis of complex mixtures isolated form human urine and cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 678615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3712", "title": "Structural verification of 15-oxo-13,14-dihydrothromboxane B2.", "content": "The mass spectra of three stable isotope derivatives are presented to confirm ion assignments in the spectrum of the methoxime, trimethylsilyl ether, methyl ester from 15-oxo-13,14-dihydrothromboxane B2.", "contents": "Structural verification of 15-oxo-13,14-dihydrothromboxane B2. The mass spectra of three stable isotope derivatives are presented to confirm ion assignments in the spectrum of the methoxime, trimethylsilyl ether, methyl ester from 15-oxo-13,14-dihydrothromboxane B2.", "PMID": 678616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3713", "title": "Rearranged glucuronic acid conjugates of bilirubin-IX alpha in post-obstructive bile. Structure elucidation  of azopigments beta and gamma as ethyl anthranilate N-glycosides derived from 2-, 3- and 4-o-acyl glucuronides.", "content": "Azopigment analysis was performed on conjugates of bilirubin-IXalpha in bile of man and rats obtained after obstruction of the bile duct or in bile incubated under N2. The azopigments beta and gamma, formed by applying a pH 2.7 diazonium reagent containing an excess of ethyl anthranilate, correspond to rearranged ethyl athranilate N-glucuronides having the azodipyrrole acyl group on positions 2, 3 and 4 of the sugar. These assignments were verified, first by conversion of the structurally known 2-, 3- and 4-O-acyl glucuronide azopigments, unsubstituted at C-1, into ethyl anthranilate N-glucuronide reference compounds, and second, by mass spectrometry of trimethylsilyl ether methyl ester derivatives of unknown and reference compounds. The C-1 ethyl anthranilate group of the N-glucuronides triggers characteristics fragmentation reactions of the carbohydrate moiety revealing the position of the azodipyrrole O-acyl group.", "contents": "Rearranged glucuronic acid conjugates of bilirubin-IX alpha in post-obstructive bile. Structure elucidation  of azopigments beta and gamma as ethyl anthranilate N-glycosides derived from 2-, 3- and 4-o-acyl glucuronides. Azopigment analysis was performed on conjugates of bilirubin-IXalpha in bile of man and rats obtained after obstruction of the bile duct or in bile incubated under N2. The azopigments beta and gamma, formed by applying a pH 2.7 diazonium reagent containing an excess of ethyl anthranilate, correspond to rearranged ethyl athranilate N-glucuronides having the azodipyrrole acyl group on positions 2, 3 and 4 of the sugar. These assignments were verified, first by conversion of the structurally known 2-, 3- and 4-O-acyl glucuronide azopigments, unsubstituted at C-1, into ethyl anthranilate N-glucuronide reference compounds, and second, by mass spectrometry of trimethylsilyl ether methyl ester derivatives of unknown and reference compounds. The C-1 ethyl anthranilate group of the N-glucuronides triggers characteristics fragmentation reactions of the carbohydrate moiety revealing the position of the azodipyrrole O-acyl group.", "PMID": 678617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3714", "title": "Development of a procedure for the assay of an experimental steroid drug in dog plasma.", "content": "Studies of the estimation of 16alpha-cyano-3beta-cyclopentyloxypregn-5-en-20-one (an experimental drug) in dog plasma are described. Extraction using a salt/solvent pair (ammonium carbonate/ethyl acetate) is followed by a rapid chromatographic procedure employing Lipidex 5000, which affords a substantially purified fraction. After preparation of the t-butyldimethylsilyloxime, quantification of the drug is performed by selected ion monitoring. The [2H9]cyclopentyloxyl analogue is used as an internal standard. In a preliminary experiment, the advantages (in terms of both sensitivity and selectivity) of the use of an open tubular GLC column are demonstrated.", "contents": "Development of a procedure for the assay of an experimental steroid drug in dog plasma. Studies of the estimation of 16alpha-cyano-3beta-cyclopentyloxypregn-5-en-20-one (an experimental drug) in dog plasma are described. Extraction using a salt/solvent pair (ammonium carbonate/ethyl acetate) is followed by a rapid chromatographic procedure employing Lipidex 5000, which affords a substantially purified fraction. After preparation of the t-butyldimethylsilyloxime, quantification of the drug is performed by selected ion monitoring. The [2H9]cyclopentyloxyl analogue is used as an internal standard. In a preliminary experiment, the advantages (in terms of both sensitivity and selectivity) of the use of an open tubular GLC column are demonstrated.", "PMID": 678618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3715", "title": "Determination of isamoxole (N-butyl-N-(4-methyloxazol-2-yl)-2-methylpropanamide, LRCL 3950) in plasma by selected ion monitoring using a stable isotope internal standard.", "content": "A selected ion monitoring method for the estimation of an anti-allergy compound isamaxole (N-butyl-N-(4-methyloxazol-2-yl)-2-methylpropanamide, LRCL 3950) in plasma has been developed. The method uses a stable analogue containing nine deuterium atoms as internal standard. The assay is sensitive to 2 ng ml-1 plasma and has been used to examine plasma levels of isamoxole after doses of the compound to animals and man.", "contents": "Determination of isamoxole (N-butyl-N-(4-methyloxazol-2-yl)-2-methylpropanamide, LRCL 3950) in plasma by selected ion monitoring using a stable isotope internal standard. A selected ion monitoring method for the estimation of an anti-allergy compound isamaxole (N-butyl-N-(4-methyloxazol-2-yl)-2-methylpropanamide, LRCL 3950) in plasma has been developed. The method uses a stable analogue containing nine deuterium atoms as internal standard. The assay is sensitive to 2 ng ml-1 plasma and has been used to examine plasma levels of isamoxole after doses of the compound to animals and man.", "PMID": 678619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3716", "title": "[Histologic and radiometric studies of the immunocompetent system in rabbits with atherosclerosis].", "content": "Changes in the immunocompetent organs were studied in rabbits during atherosclerosis by the histological and radiometric methods. An increase of cells of the plasmocyte series in the sinuses of the medulla of the mesenteric lymph nodes was observed when the total proliferative activity was reduced. The cells of immune response in atherosclerosis are supposed to be formed not on account of active proliferation, but by means of differentiation of the initial small lymphocytes. The results obtained contribute to out knowledge of immunogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Histologic and radiometric studies of the immunocompetent system in rabbits with atherosclerosis]. Changes in the immunocompetent organs were studied in rabbits during atherosclerosis by the histological and radiometric methods. An increase of cells of the plasmocyte series in the sinuses of the medulla of the mesenteric lymph nodes was observed when the total proliferative activity was reduced. The cells of immune response in atherosclerosis are supposed to be formed not on account of active proliferation, but by means of differentiation of the initial small lymphocytes. The results obtained contribute to out knowledge of immunogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 678637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3717", "title": "[Histocytochemical features of immunopathologic changes in inflammation of the lungs].", "content": "The authors present the results of a comparative cytochemical study of the phagocytes' and lymphocytes' lysosomal membranes state in the rabbit blood, trachea and lungs in immunization with sorbed staphylococcus toxoid and human serum albumin in experimental pneumonia and in this disease against the background of immunization. It was shown that the changes resulting from immunization (the phagocytes' and lymphocytes' lysosomal membranes systemic destabilization, microcirculatory disorders, and cell infiltration in the lungs) were premorbid to pneumonia and intensified the inflammation. The authors considered these changes to be structural and functional signs of the immunopathological reactions accompanying pneumonia.", "contents": "[Histocytochemical features of immunopathologic changes in inflammation of the lungs]. The authors present the results of a comparative cytochemical study of the phagocytes' and lymphocytes' lysosomal membranes state in the rabbit blood, trachea and lungs in immunization with sorbed staphylococcus toxoid and human serum albumin in experimental pneumonia and in this disease against the background of immunization. It was shown that the changes resulting from immunization (the phagocytes' and lymphocytes' lysosomal membranes systemic destabilization, microcirculatory disorders, and cell infiltration in the lungs) were premorbid to pneumonia and intensified the inflammation. The authors considered these changes to be structural and functional signs of the immunopathological reactions accompanying pneumonia.", "PMID": 678638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3718", "title": "[Effect of extirpation of the cervical sympathetic ganglia on the postnatal development of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus].", "content": "The importance of trophico-adaptive influences of the sympathetic nervous system for the postnatal hypothalamus development was shown experimentally on rats. Using kario-cytometric method it was found that cervical ganglia extirpation was followed by retarded ontogenetic development of the neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus, and also by blood vessel changes. The sympathectomy effect coincided with the beginning of an intensive cytoplasm growth in the paraventricular nucleus cells. Sympathectomy proved to be more effective in ratlings than in adult animals.", "contents": "[Effect of extirpation of the cervical sympathetic ganglia on the postnatal development of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus]. The importance of trophico-adaptive influences of the sympathetic nervous system for the postnatal hypothalamus development was shown experimentally on rats. Using kario-cytometric method it was found that cervical ganglia extirpation was followed by retarded ontogenetic development of the neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus, and also by blood vessel changes. The sympathectomy effect coincided with the beginning of an intensive cytoplasm growth in the paraventricular nucleus cells. Sympathectomy proved to be more effective in ratlings than in adult animals.", "PMID": 678639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3719", "title": "[Immunoisotachophoresis on cellulose acetate film].", "content": "Acetate-cellulose strips of \"Cellogel\" type have been shown to be a suitable maintenance medium for performance of isotachophoresis. For immuno-isotachophoresis antigen (from 0.5 to 20 microliter) is applied to a strip of acetate-cellulose film. 1--2 microliter of ampholine solution is placed in front of the antigen zone. All the components present on the strip are made in 0.06 M tris-HCl buffer (pH 6.7), and 0.012 M tris-glycine (pH 8.3) is used as an electrode buffer. Electrophoresis produces migrating Kolraush boundary, which at first is the area of antigen concentration into a narrow starting zone, and then of antigens separation with ampholites. The antigens separated on a cellogel strip are subject to cross-electrophoresis on a film saturated with the respective antiserum, with formation of precipitation peaks for each individual antigen. The method permits to operate with low antigen concentrations since electrophoresis ensures their preliminary concentration and the width of the zones is independent of the time of separation.", "contents": "[Immunoisotachophoresis on cellulose acetate film]. Acetate-cellulose strips of \"Cellogel\" type have been shown to be a suitable maintenance medium for performance of isotachophoresis. For immuno-isotachophoresis antigen (from 0.5 to 20 microliter) is applied to a strip of acetate-cellulose film. 1--2 microliter of ampholine solution is placed in front of the antigen zone. All the components present on the strip are made in 0.06 M tris-HCl buffer (pH 6.7), and 0.012 M tris-glycine (pH 8.3) is used as an electrode buffer. Electrophoresis produces migrating Kolraush boundary, which at first is the area of antigen concentration into a narrow starting zone, and then of antigens separation with ampholites. The antigens separated on a cellogel strip are subject to cross-electrophoresis on a film saturated with the respective antiserum, with formation of precipitation peaks for each individual antigen. The method permits to operate with low antigen concentrations since electrophoresis ensures their preliminary concentration and the width of the zones is independent of the time of separation.", "PMID": 678640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3720", "title": "[Method of electron autoradiographic study of RNA synthesis in gastric gland cells].", "content": "A method of electron microscope autoradiographic investigation of gastric mucosa pieces obtained by clinical gastrobiopsy and incubated with uridine-5H3 was suggested. Comparison of the preparations with electron microscope radioautographs prepared after the administration of uridine-5H3 into the organism and with the results of control treatment with RN-ase permitted the authors to conclude that the method proposed reflect the RNA synthesis in the gastric gland cells.", "contents": "[Method of electron autoradiographic study of RNA synthesis in gastric gland cells]. A method of electron microscope autoradiographic investigation of gastric mucosa pieces obtained by clinical gastrobiopsy and incubated with uridine-5H3 was suggested. Comparison of the preparations with electron microscope radioautographs prepared after the administration of uridine-5H3 into the organism and with the results of control treatment with RN-ase permitted the authors to conclude that the method proposed reflect the RNA synthesis in the gastric gland cells.", "PMID": 678641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3721", "title": "[Model of disseminated intravascular coagulation].", "content": "Vascular-thrombocytic and plasma hemostasis was studied in dogs after blood loss (40--50 ml/kg weight) and subsequent hypervolemic (60--65 ml/kg weight) transfusion of homologous (from 3 donors) platelet and leukocyte rich in plasma. After a short phase of hypercoagulation all the tested dogs displayed hypocoagulation accompanied by a decrease in the count of platelets and a fall of their aggregation function, prolongation of bleeding time, diminution of capillary wall resistance, a decrease of plasma fibrinogen concentration and factor XIII activity, and by a rise of blood fibrinolytic activity. The data obtained show the development of the acute disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC). DIC model is porposed on the basis of the results obtained.", "contents": "[Model of disseminated intravascular coagulation]. Vascular-thrombocytic and plasma hemostasis was studied in dogs after blood loss (40--50 ml/kg weight) and subsequent hypervolemic (60--65 ml/kg weight) transfusion of homologous (from 3 donors) platelet and leukocyte rich in plasma. After a short phase of hypercoagulation all the tested dogs displayed hypocoagulation accompanied by a decrease in the count of platelets and a fall of their aggregation function, prolongation of bleeding time, diminution of capillary wall resistance, a decrease of plasma fibrinogen concentration and factor XIII activity, and by a rise of blood fibrinolytic activity. The data obtained show the development of the acute disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC). DIC model is porposed on the basis of the results obtained.", "PMID": 678642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3722", "title": "[Mechanism of formation of epileptic activity complexes in the cerebral cortex under the influence of a determinant focus].", "content": "It was shown in the experiments on cats anesthetized by nembutal that by forming a hyperactive focus with a high level of excitation in the temporal cortex and a number of foci with a less higher level of the excitation in other parts of neocortex, it is possible to create a functional complex, working in a single routine, determined by the activity of hyperactive focus. The latter plays a role of a determinant structure. The inhibition of the determinant focus results in the disturbance of the epileptic complex. Focus nature has no sufficient importance in the realization of the following interrelations: both the determinant focus and dependent foci may be created by means of strychnin and penicillin, disturbing different forms of the inhibition. The results of our investigations evidence a common conception on the role of determinant structures in the activity of the nervous system.", "contents": "[Mechanism of formation of epileptic activity complexes in the cerebral cortex under the influence of a determinant focus]. It was shown in the experiments on cats anesthetized by nembutal that by forming a hyperactive focus with a high level of excitation in the temporal cortex and a number of foci with a less higher level of the excitation in other parts of neocortex, it is possible to create a functional complex, working in a single routine, determined by the activity of hyperactive focus. The latter plays a role of a determinant structure. The inhibition of the determinant focus results in the disturbance of the epileptic complex. Focus nature has no sufficient importance in the realization of the following interrelations: both the determinant focus and dependent foci may be created by means of strychnin and penicillin, disturbing different forms of the inhibition. The results of our investigations evidence a common conception on the role of determinant structures in the activity of the nervous system.", "PMID": 678643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3723", "title": "[Changes in the properties of enterocyte membrane structures in acholia using carbohydrases with different microtopographies as an example].", "content": "The level of surface and intracellular carbohydrases was compared in rats with complete chronic loss of bile. The function of glycocalyx marke (adsorbed amylase) proved to be deranged much more in comparison with the function of the plasmic membrane proper marker (invertase).", "contents": "[Changes in the properties of enterocyte membrane structures in acholia using carbohydrases with different microtopographies as an example]. The level of surface and intracellular carbohydrases was compared in rats with complete chronic loss of bile. The function of glycocalyx marke (adsorbed amylase) proved to be deranged much more in comparison with the function of the plasmic membrane proper marker (invertase).", "PMID": 678644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3724", "title": "[Blood gases in craniocerebral hypothermia].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on dogs; cranio-cerebral hypothermia (a reduction of body temperature from 38 to 28 degrees C) led to increase of oxygen and to reduction of carbon dioxide tension in the blood. In case of marked hypothermia (24 degrees C) the blood gaseous concentration became less than at 28 degrees C, but remained above the initial level. This indicates prolonged preservation of adequate lung ventilation in the hypothermic organism.", "contents": "[Blood gases in craniocerebral hypothermia]. Experiments were conducted on dogs; cranio-cerebral hypothermia (a reduction of body temperature from 38 to 28 degrees C) led to increase of oxygen and to reduction of carbon dioxide tension in the blood. In case of marked hypothermia (24 degrees C) the blood gaseous concentration became less than at 28 degrees C, but remained above the initial level. This indicates prolonged preservation of adequate lung ventilation in the hypothermic organism.", "PMID": 678645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3725", "title": "[Reciprocal influence of cortical zones in normal cats and after creation of an experimental pathologic process].", "content": "Acute experiments were conducted on non-anesthetized lystenon-restricted cats. The evoked potentials method was applied to the study of interaction of various cortical areas of one hemisphere and interhemispheric relations using stimuli of different modalities. It was shown that the action of somato-sensory areas on the visual cortex responses in the intact brain were mainly of a releasing character; these effects disappear in the formation of an experimental pathological focus. On the basis of the data obtained a conclusion was drawn on a possible participation of functional reorganization of the interhemispheric relations in the compensatory process mechanisms.", "contents": "[Reciprocal influence of cortical zones in normal cats and after creation of an experimental pathologic process]. Acute experiments were conducted on non-anesthetized lystenon-restricted cats. The evoked potentials method was applied to the study of interaction of various cortical areas of one hemisphere and interhemispheric relations using stimuli of different modalities. It was shown that the action of somato-sensory areas on the visual cortex responses in the intact brain were mainly of a releasing character; these effects disappear in the formation of an experimental pathological focus. On the basis of the data obtained a conclusion was drawn on a possible participation of functional reorganization of the interhemispheric relations in the compensatory process mechanisms.", "PMID": 678646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3726", "title": "[Functional difference between the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei of the rat hypothalamus].", "content": "The supraoptic, paraventricular, and postoptic nuclei (SON, PVN, and PON, respectively) of the hypothalamus were studied under conditions of 3 months training of rats to hypoxia (exposure for 6 h daily in a low pressure chamber under 7600m of simulated altitude). All the three nuclei were activated during the first 5 days, and then the state of the SON cells normalized. Functional activity of the PVN and PON decreased (the nucleolar volume of the neurosecretory cells diminished to 70--80%, the amount of the neurosecretory substance in the cells and the posterior lobe of the hypophysis was reduced). Such a decreased activity of the PVN and PON persisted till the end of the experiment. A positive correlation of the thyroid epithelium height and the nucleolar volume of the PVN and PON cells was established for both the PVN (r=0.81, P less than 0.05) and the PON (r=0.82; P less than 0.05); no significant correlation was revealed for the SON (r=0.51; P less than 0.05). Thus, functional similarity of the PVN and the PON, and some peculiarities in the SON reaction under conditions of the experiment described was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Functional difference between the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei of the rat hypothalamus]. The supraoptic, paraventricular, and postoptic nuclei (SON, PVN, and PON, respectively) of the hypothalamus were studied under conditions of 3 months training of rats to hypoxia (exposure for 6 h daily in a low pressure chamber under 7600m of simulated altitude). All the three nuclei were activated during the first 5 days, and then the state of the SON cells normalized. Functional activity of the PVN and PON decreased (the nucleolar volume of the neurosecretory cells diminished to 70--80%, the amount of the neurosecretory substance in the cells and the posterior lobe of the hypophysis was reduced). Such a decreased activity of the PVN and PON persisted till the end of the experiment. A positive correlation of the thyroid epithelium height and the nucleolar volume of the PVN and PON cells was established for both the PVN (r=0.81, P less than 0.05) and the PON (r=0.82; P less than 0.05); no significant correlation was revealed for the SON (r=0.51; P less than 0.05). Thus, functional similarity of the PVN and the PON, and some peculiarities in the SON reaction under conditions of the experiment described was demonstrated.", "PMID": 678647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3727", "title": "[Changes in energy metabolism in the tissues of animals subjected to the effects of constant and intermittent low frequency vibration].", "content": "The exposure of rats to 1 month continuous low-frequency vibration did not cause any changes in the brain adenylic fund and led to significant decrease in ATP content and total adenine nucleotides in the muscles of the extremities. For 3 months after the vibration there was a significant exhaustion of the brain and muscle adenylic fund. Under exposure to the interrupted vibration the state of adenine nucleotide system depended upon the duration of intervals limiting the continuous vibration effects. Under the vibration with the shortest intervals between each of the 30-minutes exposure there were no changes in the muscle and brain energy metabolism. 8- and 15-minute intervals for muscle adenine nucleotide and 8-minute interval for the brain proved to be unfavourable.", "contents": "[Changes in energy metabolism in the tissues of animals subjected to the effects of constant and intermittent low frequency vibration]. The exposure of rats to 1 month continuous low-frequency vibration did not cause any changes in the brain adenylic fund and led to significant decrease in ATP content and total adenine nucleotides in the muscles of the extremities. For 3 months after the vibration there was a significant exhaustion of the brain and muscle adenylic fund. Under exposure to the interrupted vibration the state of adenine nucleotide system depended upon the duration of intervals limiting the continuous vibration effects. Under the vibration with the shortest intervals between each of the 30-minutes exposure there were no changes in the muscle and brain energy metabolism. 8- and 15-minute intervals for muscle adenine nucleotide and 8-minute interval for the brain proved to be unfavourable.", "PMID": 678648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3728", "title": "[Mechanism of the effect of diazepam on acetylcholine concentration in mouse brain].", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of diazepam (20 mg/kg) caused an increase of free and bound acetylcholine in the mouse brain. Diazepam pretreatment (20 mg/kg) increased galanthamine anticholinesterase activity and its toxicity; as to physostigmine, armine, and paraoxon toxicity--it remained unchanged. It is supposed that diazepam blocks the release of aetylcholine from the cholinergic nerve terminals which should result in a decrease of functional acetylcholine concentrations in the synapse.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the effect of diazepam on acetylcholine concentration in mouse brain]. Intraperitoneal injection of diazepam (20 mg/kg) caused an increase of free and bound acetylcholine in the mouse brain. Diazepam pretreatment (20 mg/kg) increased galanthamine anticholinesterase activity and its toxicity; as to physostigmine, armine, and paraoxon toxicity--it remained unchanged. It is supposed that diazepam blocks the release of aetylcholine from the cholinergic nerve terminals which should result in a decrease of functional acetylcholine concentrations in the synapse.", "PMID": 678649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3729", "title": "[Participation of prostaglandins in regulating myocardial catecholamine absorption].", "content": "In vitro experiments showed PGE1 (2.10(-6) and 5.10(-6) M) to decrease adrenaline and noradrenaline uptake by the rat myocardium homogenates. On the other hand, neither PGE1 nor PGA1 influenced the interaction between troponin and noradrenaline. Apparently, the capacity of PGs to decrease catecholamine uptake by the myocardium was not mediated by their effect on troponin.", "contents": "[Participation of prostaglandins in regulating myocardial catecholamine absorption]. In vitro experiments showed PGE1 (2.10(-6) and 5.10(-6) M) to decrease adrenaline and noradrenaline uptake by the rat myocardium homogenates. On the other hand, neither PGE1 nor PGA1 influenced the interaction between troponin and noradrenaline. Apparently, the capacity of PGs to decrease catecholamine uptake by the myocardium was not mediated by their effect on troponin.", "PMID": 678650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3730", "title": "[Quantitative assessment of the degree of stomach cancer cell morphologic dedifferentiation].", "content": "Quantitative estimation of the nucleic acids content in the preparations stained with gallocianine-chromic alum was made in 20 cases of stomach cancer. Coefficients of the ratio of the nucleus section surface and the cytoplasm, the ratio of DNA + RNA of the nucleus to RNA of the cytoplasm, and of DNA of the nucleus to the sum total quantity of RNA in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, the index of DNA accumulation were compared in adenocarcinomas (210 cells) and undifferentiated cancers (390 cells) of the stomach. The ratio of the nucleus surface and the cytoplasm, DNA + RNA of the nucleus to RNA of the cytoplasm was higher (statistically significant value) in adenocarcinomas as compared with undifferentiated cancers of the stomach. This allows to suggest a lower differentiation of adenocarcinoma cells in comparison with tumour cells of undifferentiated forms of stomach cancer.", "contents": "[Quantitative assessment of the degree of stomach cancer cell morphologic dedifferentiation]. Quantitative estimation of the nucleic acids content in the preparations stained with gallocianine-chromic alum was made in 20 cases of stomach cancer. Coefficients of the ratio of the nucleus section surface and the cytoplasm, the ratio of DNA + RNA of the nucleus to RNA of the cytoplasm, and of DNA of the nucleus to the sum total quantity of RNA in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, the index of DNA accumulation were compared in adenocarcinomas (210 cells) and undifferentiated cancers (390 cells) of the stomach. The ratio of the nucleus surface and the cytoplasm, DNA + RNA of the nucleus to RNA of the cytoplasm was higher (statistically significant value) in adenocarcinomas as compared with undifferentiated cancers of the stomach. This allows to suggest a lower differentiation of adenocarcinoma cells in comparison with tumour cells of undifferentiated forms of stomach cancer.", "PMID": 678652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3731", "title": "[Growth of syngeneic transplantable tumors in Syrian hamsters immunized with hamster embryonic tissue].", "content": "The effect of immunization of Syrian hamsters with the hamster embryonic tissue on the growth of two syngeneic transplantable tumours was studied. Immunization of the inbred hamsters with embryonic hamster tissue with subsequent transplantation to them of transplantable syngeneic tumours led neither to inhibition nor to enhancement of the tumour growth. It is suggested that the embryonic antigens do not participate in the formation of the transplantation antitumour immunity.", "contents": "[Growth of syngeneic transplantable tumors in Syrian hamsters immunized with hamster embryonic tissue]. The effect of immunization of Syrian hamsters with the hamster embryonic tissue on the growth of two syngeneic transplantable tumours was studied. Immunization of the inbred hamsters with embryonic hamster tissue with subsequent transplantation to them of transplantable syngeneic tumours led neither to inhibition nor to enhancement of the tumour growth. It is suggested that the embryonic antigens do not participate in the formation of the transplantation antitumour immunity.", "PMID": 678653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3732", "title": "[Experimental use of extracorporeal hemosorption during the postresuscitation period].", "content": "Hemosorption on activated charcoal was used during an early postreanimation period of detoxication of the organism. Hemosorption in experimental dogs resuscitated after a 15-minute circulatory arrest caused by electrotrauma promoted earlier restoration of the corneal reflexes and improved the outcome of resuscitation considerably both on account of elimination of acid metabolites and possibly of other toxins.", "contents": "[Experimental use of extracorporeal hemosorption during the postresuscitation period]. Hemosorption on activated charcoal was used during an early postreanimation period of detoxication of the organism. Hemosorption in experimental dogs resuscitated after a 15-minute circulatory arrest caused by electrotrauma promoted earlier restoration of the corneal reflexes and improved the outcome of resuscitation considerably both on account of elimination of acid metabolites and possibly of other toxins.", "PMID": 678654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3733", "title": "[Effect of helium-neon laser rays on the process of regeneration of irradiated transplanted skeletal muscle].", "content": "Three series of experiments on the gastrocnemius muscle of rats were conducted. In the first series entire muscles were autografted on both hind extremities. In the second series autografting of the muscles was preceded by irradiation of both hind extremities with 1000 R. In the third series irradiation with the same dose and autografting of the muscles were followed by lazer rays treatment of both extremities for 10 days. The transplantation regeneration was studied histologically at periods of 1 week--3 months. The results showed the laser rays to stimulate regeneration depressed completely by X-irradiation. Regeneration proceeded not only in the peripheral, but also in the interior zone of the muscle, and resulted in formation of a muscle organ capable of contraction.", "contents": "[Effect of helium-neon laser rays on the process of regeneration of irradiated transplanted skeletal muscle]. Three series of experiments on the gastrocnemius muscle of rats were conducted. In the first series entire muscles were autografted on both hind extremities. In the second series autografting of the muscles was preceded by irradiation of both hind extremities with 1000 R. In the third series irradiation with the same dose and autografting of the muscles were followed by lazer rays treatment of both extremities for 10 days. The transplantation regeneration was studied histologically at periods of 1 week--3 months. The results showed the laser rays to stimulate regeneration depressed completely by X-irradiation. Regeneration proceeded not only in the peripheral, but also in the interior zone of the muscle, and resulted in formation of a muscle organ capable of contraction.", "PMID": 678656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3734", "title": "[Proliferative activity in several tissues of unilaterally nephrectomized mice subjected to surgery at different times of the day].", "content": "Unilateral nephrectomy was performed in mice in the morning and in the evening. Mitotic activity in the proximal parts of the nephron tubules of the resting kidney and in the corneal epithelium was examined 48 and 60 hours after the operation. As compared with control, after the operation performed in the morning the mitotic index proved to increase 4.3 times and remained at a high level for 60 hours; after the operation performed in the evening mitotic index increased 9.3 times and decreased in 60 hours. It is concluded that the cells of the kidney epithelium entered into division more synchronously in the animals operated in the evening than in those operated in the morning. Nephrectomy had no influence on the level and rhythm of cell proliferation in the corneal epithelium.", "contents": "[Proliferative activity in several tissues of unilaterally nephrectomized mice subjected to surgery at different times of the day]. Unilateral nephrectomy was performed in mice in the morning and in the evening. Mitotic activity in the proximal parts of the nephron tubules of the resting kidney and in the corneal epithelium was examined 48 and 60 hours after the operation. As compared with control, after the operation performed in the morning the mitotic index proved to increase 4.3 times and remained at a high level for 60 hours; after the operation performed in the evening mitotic index increased 9.3 times and decreased in 60 hours. It is concluded that the cells of the kidney epithelium entered into division more synchronously in the animals operated in the evening than in those operated in the morning. Nephrectomy had no influence on the level and rhythm of cell proliferation in the corneal epithelium.", "PMID": 678657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3735", "title": "[Hepatocyte regeneration following Kupffer cell stimulation with prodigiosan].", "content": "The effect of Bac. prodigiosum polysaccharide named \"prodigiosan\" on DNA synthesis and the hepatocyte mitotic rate in the regenerating liver of male Wistar rats was studied. Being injected intraperitoneally in a dose of 50 microgram/rad per 24 h before partial hepatectomy prodigiosan markedly increased the mitotic rate and indices of labeled hepatocyte nuclei which reached the maximum values earlier than in control nonstimulated hepatectomized animals. It is suggested that the stimulatory effect of prodigiosan was due to the Kupffer's cells activation.", "contents": "[Hepatocyte regeneration following Kupffer cell stimulation with prodigiosan]. The effect of Bac. prodigiosum polysaccharide named \"prodigiosan\" on DNA synthesis and the hepatocyte mitotic rate in the regenerating liver of male Wistar rats was studied. Being injected intraperitoneally in a dose of 50 microgram/rad per 24 h before partial hepatectomy prodigiosan markedly increased the mitotic rate and indices of labeled hepatocyte nuclei which reached the maximum values earlier than in control nonstimulated hepatectomized animals. It is suggested that the stimulatory effect of prodigiosan was due to the Kupffer's cells activation.", "PMID": 678658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3736", "title": "[Effect of changes in the concentrations of Na, K and Ca ions in the medium on rhythmo-inotropic relationships in pathologically altered myocardium].", "content": "The following criteria of the myocardial insufficiency were revealed on myocardial fragments of the human auricule tissue (auricula atrii) removed in correction of the valvular cardiac defects: 1) fall of the contraction amplitude in the rhythmic row even with the stimulation frequency of 1--3 Hz (normal mycadrium is characterized by increased contraction amplitude--positive Bowdwitch steps) 2) monophasic character of the frequency-force curve (in a normal myocardium the curve is three-phasic in shape); 3) the absence of positive or the appearance of negative inotropic effect in response to reduction of the external Na concentration or removal of K ions from the solution. The data obtained permit to suggest that disturbed Ca ion transport through the surface membrane and reduction of the capacity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to sequestrate Ca ions underlay myocardial insufficiency of the cardiac cells of the affected heart.", "contents": "[Effect of changes in the concentrations of Na, K and Ca ions in the medium on rhythmo-inotropic relationships in pathologically altered myocardium]. The following criteria of the myocardial insufficiency were revealed on myocardial fragments of the human auricule tissue (auricula atrii) removed in correction of the valvular cardiac defects: 1) fall of the contraction amplitude in the rhythmic row even with the stimulation frequency of 1--3 Hz (normal mycadrium is characterized by increased contraction amplitude--positive Bowdwitch steps) 2) monophasic character of the frequency-force curve (in a normal myocardium the curve is three-phasic in shape); 3) the absence of positive or the appearance of negative inotropic effect in response to reduction of the external Na concentration or removal of K ions from the solution. The data obtained permit to suggest that disturbed Ca ion transport through the surface membrane and reduction of the capacity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to sequestrate Ca ions underlay myocardial insufficiency of the cardiac cells of the affected heart.", "PMID": 678659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3737", "title": "[DNA concentration in cells of the glandular epithelium of the endometrium during the menstrual bleeding phase].", "content": "DNA content in the endometrial gland cells (9 women of fertile age) was studied during menstruation by microspectrophotometry. It was shown that DNA content (mainly 2n) remained unchanged during different days of menstruation, both during the desquamation (the 1st--2nd days of the cycle), and during the regeneration stage (the 3rd--4th days). Along with this the mitotic activity in the glandular epithelium was absent completely (36 samples of endometrium).", "contents": "[DNA concentration in cells of the glandular epithelium of the endometrium during the menstrual bleeding phase]. DNA content in the endometrial gland cells (9 women of fertile age) was studied during menstruation by microspectrophotometry. It was shown that DNA content (mainly 2n) remained unchanged during different days of menstruation, both during the desquamation (the 1st--2nd days of the cycle), and during the regeneration stage (the 3rd--4th days). Along with this the mitotic activity in the glandular epithelium was absent completely (36 samples of endometrium).", "PMID": 678660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3738", "title": "[Effect of acute hypoxia on embryonal death and the sex ratio of the progeny].", "content": "The effect of acute hypoxia on mouse embryogenesis and its influence on the sex ratio in the progeny was studied. On the 7th--10th day of pregnancy mice were subjected to hypoxia at 230 mm HG for 3 hours. They were sacrificed on the 18th day of pregnancy, and gonads of their embryos were taken for investigation. The sex ratio was determined as the ratio of the number of males to that of females. It has been shown that acute hypoxia on the 7th--10th days of pregnancy, resulting in high mortality of adult animals, had no substantial effect on the embryonic development. No selective death of the embryos of either sex was observed both in experimental and control groups.", "contents": "[Effect of acute hypoxia on embryonal death and the sex ratio of the progeny]. The effect of acute hypoxia on mouse embryogenesis and its influence on the sex ratio in the progeny was studied. On the 7th--10th day of pregnancy mice were subjected to hypoxia at 230 mm HG for 3 hours. They were sacrificed on the 18th day of pregnancy, and gonads of their embryos were taken for investigation. The sex ratio was determined as the ratio of the number of males to that of females. It has been shown that acute hypoxia on the 7th--10th days of pregnancy, resulting in high mortality of adult animals, had no substantial effect on the embryonic development. No selective death of the embryos of either sex was observed both in experimental and control groups.", "PMID": 678661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3739", "title": "[Effect of preliminary neurosensitization of rats on the postnatal development of the cerebral cortex of the progeny].", "content": "The author investigated the cerebral cortex of 30-day ratlings born of rats preliminarily neurosensitized with a homologous cerebral cortex antigen, and of intact, control rats. In comparison with control, there was a reduction of the width of the sensory-motor region of the cortex, chiefly on account of the lower layers, diminution of the size of cell bodies of large neurons in the layer, inadequate development of the cytoplasm, and retarded accumulation of basophilic substance in it.", "contents": "[Effect of preliminary neurosensitization of rats on the postnatal development of the cerebral cortex of the progeny]. The author investigated the cerebral cortex of 30-day ratlings born of rats preliminarily neurosensitized with a homologous cerebral cortex antigen, and of intact, control rats. In comparison with control, there was a reduction of the width of the sensory-motor region of the cortex, chiefly on account of the lower layers, diminution of the size of cell bodies of large neurons in the layer, inadequate development of the cytoplasm, and retarded accumulation of basophilic substance in it.", "PMID": 678662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3740", "title": "[Qualitative-quantitative analysis of changes in rat caudate nucleus neurons during postnatal ontogenesis].", "content": "Changes of the neurons of the caudate nucleus were analyzed in rats of different age (newborn, 7-, 14-, and 30-day-old) by qualitative and quantitative methods. Complication of the structural components of the nerve cells during the early postnatal ontogenesis was shown. The process of the neuron maturation proved to be most intensive during two postnatal weeks and was practically complete by the 30th day of the postnatal period. The results suggest that at this period of ontogenesis the caudate nucleus takes part in the integral activity of the brain.", "contents": "[Qualitative-quantitative analysis of changes in rat caudate nucleus neurons during postnatal ontogenesis]. Changes of the neurons of the caudate nucleus were analyzed in rats of different age (newborn, 7-, 14-, and 30-day-old) by qualitative and quantitative methods. Complication of the structural components of the nerve cells during the early postnatal ontogenesis was shown. The process of the neuron maturation proved to be most intensive during two postnatal weeks and was practically complete by the 30th day of the postnatal period. The results suggest that at this period of ontogenesis the caudate nucleus takes part in the integral activity of the brain.", "PMID": 678663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3741", "title": "[Number of clonogenic stromal precursor cells in the hematopoietic organs of guinea pigs at different ages].", "content": "The content of clonogenic stromal precursors in the femoral bone marrow, spleen and the thymus of guinea pigs of different age was studied by the in vitro colony assay method (monolayer cultivation of hemopoietic and lymphoid tissue). The concentration and the total amount of the stromal precursor cells was shown to be age-dependent. In the femoral bone marrow and in the spleen the amount of fibroblast precursors was maximal by the age of two months; then, with ageing, it remained at the former level in the spleen, but decreased essentially in the bone marrow. The number of stromal precursors was rather constant in the thymus during the period of its active functional activity, but these cells were absent in the thymus of old animals.", "contents": "[Number of clonogenic stromal precursor cells in the hematopoietic organs of guinea pigs at different ages]. The content of clonogenic stromal precursors in the femoral bone marrow, spleen and the thymus of guinea pigs of different age was studied by the in vitro colony assay method (monolayer cultivation of hemopoietic and lymphoid tissue). The concentration and the total amount of the stromal precursor cells was shown to be age-dependent. In the femoral bone marrow and in the spleen the amount of fibroblast precursors was maximal by the age of two months; then, with ageing, it remained at the former level in the spleen, but decreased essentially in the bone marrow. The number of stromal precursors was rather constant in the thymus during the period of its active functional activity, but these cells were absent in the thymus of old animals.", "PMID": 678664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3742", "title": "[Skeletal morphology of inbred rats during hypokinesia and variants as a result of rehabilitation].", "content": "Statistically significant dependence between physical loading and drug treatment in hypokinesia, on the one hand, and bone adaptation, on the other hand, was shown. Correction variants studied were expressed unequally in the animals of different strains. This indicates genetic growth determination and formation of limb bones.", "contents": "[Skeletal morphology of inbred rats during hypokinesia and variants as a result of rehabilitation]. Statistically significant dependence between physical loading and drug treatment in hypokinesia, on the one hand, and bone adaptation, on the other hand, was shown. Correction variants studied were expressed unequally in the animals of different strains. This indicates genetic growth determination and formation of limb bones.", "PMID": 678665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3743", "title": "Efficacy of granulocyte transfusions in the control of systemic candidiasis in the leukopenic host.", "content": "An experimental canine model was designed to evaluate the effect of granulocyte transfusions on systemic infection with Candida albicans in the granulocytopenic host. Each of a pair of dogs was rendered granulocytopenic with a single intravenous (i.v.) dose of cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg body weight) and challenged with 10(6) Candida albicans organisms administered i.v. when granulocyte counts were less than or equal to 500/mm3. Granulocytes procured by leukofiltration were infused into six experimental dogs 1, 24, 48, and 72 hr after challenge with Candida. An average of 13 +/- 1.3 X 10(9) granulocytes were administered per infusion, producing an average 1-hr increment of 588 +/- 146 granulocytes/mm3 over the pretransfusion granulocyte count. Experimental and control dogs were killed 96 hr after challenge and organs examined grossly and by quantitative culture techniques to measure the extent of infection. All animals receiving granulocyte transfusions had significantly less tissue infection than nontransfused controls (p less than 0.05). It was concluded that granulocyte transfusions are effective in reducing the severity of infection by Candida albicans during periods of leukopenia.", "contents": "Efficacy of granulocyte transfusions in the control of systemic candidiasis in the leukopenic host. An experimental canine model was designed to evaluate the effect of granulocyte transfusions on systemic infection with Candida albicans in the granulocytopenic host. Each of a pair of dogs was rendered granulocytopenic with a single intravenous (i.v.) dose of cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg body weight) and challenged with 10(6) Candida albicans organisms administered i.v. when granulocyte counts were less than or equal to 500/mm3. Granulocytes procured by leukofiltration were infused into six experimental dogs 1, 24, 48, and 72 hr after challenge with Candida. An average of 13 +/- 1.3 X 10(9) granulocytes were administered per infusion, producing an average 1-hr increment of 588 +/- 146 granulocytes/mm3 over the pretransfusion granulocyte count. Experimental and control dogs were killed 96 hr after challenge and organs examined grossly and by quantitative culture techniques to measure the extent of infection. All animals receiving granulocyte transfusions had significantly less tissue infection than nontransfused controls (p less than 0.05). It was concluded that granulocyte transfusions are effective in reducing the severity of infection by Candida albicans during periods of leukopenia.", "PMID": 678666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3744", "title": "Membrane mechanical properties of ATP-depleted human erythrocytes.", "content": "Although the relations between the metabolic state and the mechanical properties of human red blood cells (RBC) continue to be of current interest, literature reports in this area are not in agreement. The present investigation was designed to determine several intrinsic mechanical properties of human RBC membranes before and after metabolic depletion via incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 hr. Using micropipette and flow channel techniques, three properties were measured: (1) mu, surface shear modulus of elasticity; (2) K, elastic area compressibility modulus; (3) etap, shear viscosity in the plastic domain. Our results indicate no significant differences in these parameters between fresh and ATP-depleted human RBC membranes. These present data are thus in disagreement with other literature reports indicating large changes in membrane mechanical properties consequent to metabolic depletion. A brief discussion of the possible reasons for this disagreement is presented.", "contents": "Membrane mechanical properties of ATP-depleted human erythrocytes. Although the relations between the metabolic state and the mechanical properties of human red blood cells (RBC) continue to be of current interest, literature reports in this area are not in agreement. The present investigation was designed to determine several intrinsic mechanical properties of human RBC membranes before and after metabolic depletion via incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 hr. Using micropipette and flow channel techniques, three properties were measured: (1) mu, surface shear modulus of elasticity; (2) K, elastic area compressibility modulus; (3) etap, shear viscosity in the plastic domain. Our results indicate no significant differences in these parameters between fresh and ATP-depleted human RBC membranes. These present data are thus in disagreement with other literature reports indicating large changes in membrane mechanical properties consequent to metabolic depletion. A brief discussion of the possible reasons for this disagreement is presented.", "PMID": 678667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3745", "title": "Nonreversible loss of platelet aggregability induced by calcium deprivation.", "content": "Platelets lose their ability to aggregate when deprived of divalent cations. This usually was studied by incubating human citrated platelet-rich plasma with EDTA or EGTA and then adding enough CaCl2 to combine with the chelating agent. Incubation for 5-7 min at 37 degrees C caused irreversible loss of the platelets' ability to adhere to glass and to aggregate with ADP, epinephrine, A23187, vasopressin, or serotonin or upon rewarming after chilling and markedly reduced aggregation with collagen or thrombin. Control samples incubated with saline, CaEDTA, or CaEGTA were not inhibited. Untreated platelets washed and incubated in solutions treated with resins that remove divalent cations lost their ability to aggregate in 30 min. More than about 0.26 mM Mg2+ partially protected the platelets. Unlike aggregation, ADP-induced shape change, clot retraction caused by thrombin or ADP plus reptilase, and thrombin-induced 14C-serotonin release were not inhibited after incubation. Aggregability was not restored by prolonged incubation with CaCl2, adding normal plasma, or washing the platelets. Its loss was temperature and pH dependent, occurring in 2 min at 43 degrees C but not in 7 min at 30 degrees C, and at pH 7.8 but much less at pH 7.2. The defect was not associated with an increase in platelet cyclic AMP, a decrease in metabolic ATP, or the presence of free ADP.", "contents": "Nonreversible loss of platelet aggregability induced by calcium deprivation. Platelets lose their ability to aggregate when deprived of divalent cations. This usually was studied by incubating human citrated platelet-rich plasma with EDTA or EGTA and then adding enough CaCl2 to combine with the chelating agent. Incubation for 5-7 min at 37 degrees C caused irreversible loss of the platelets' ability to adhere to glass and to aggregate with ADP, epinephrine, A23187, vasopressin, or serotonin or upon rewarming after chilling and markedly reduced aggregation with collagen or thrombin. Control samples incubated with saline, CaEDTA, or CaEGTA were not inhibited. Untreated platelets washed and incubated in solutions treated with resins that remove divalent cations lost their ability to aggregate in 30 min. More than about 0.26 mM Mg2+ partially protected the platelets. Unlike aggregation, ADP-induced shape change, clot retraction caused by thrombin or ADP plus reptilase, and thrombin-induced 14C-serotonin release were not inhibited after incubation. Aggregability was not restored by prolonged incubation with CaCl2, adding normal plasma, or washing the platelets. Its loss was temperature and pH dependent, occurring in 2 min at 43 degrees C but not in 7 min at 30 degrees C, and at pH 7.8 but much less at pH 7.2. The defect was not associated with an increase in platelet cyclic AMP, a decrease in metabolic ATP, or the presence of free ADP.", "PMID": 678668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3746", "title": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) terminating in multiple myeloma: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of multiple myeloma (MM) developed late in the course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). An 81-yr-old white female developed, after 6 yr of CLL, IgAk MM with sheets of plasma cells abutting sheets of lymphocytes in the bone marrow, multiple pathologic fractures, and 0.26 g/24 free k light chains in the urine. A 74-yr-old white male developed, after 16 yr of CLL, k light chain MM with 20% plasma cells in the bone marrow, multiple panthologic fractures, and 3.7 g/24 hr free k light chains in the urine. In both cases the CLL had responded well to intermittent low-dose chlorambucil therapy, but the MM failed to respond to cyclic melphalanprednisone therapy. A review of 105 cases of CLL seen at the Geisinger Medical Center failed to turn up any other cases of MM developing during the course of CLL. The suggestion that there is an increased prevalence of MM in CLL is an attractive one because both diseases are B cell neoplasms and because of the increased frequency of asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies in CLL found by others.", "contents": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) terminating in multiple myeloma: report of two cases. Two cases of multiple myeloma (MM) developed late in the course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). An 81-yr-old white female developed, after 6 yr of CLL, IgAk MM with sheets of plasma cells abutting sheets of lymphocytes in the bone marrow, multiple pathologic fractures, and 0.26 g/24 free k light chains in the urine. A 74-yr-old white male developed, after 16 yr of CLL, k light chain MM with 20% plasma cells in the bone marrow, multiple panthologic fractures, and 3.7 g/24 hr free k light chains in the urine. In both cases the CLL had responded well to intermittent low-dose chlorambucil therapy, but the MM failed to respond to cyclic melphalanprednisone therapy. A review of 105 cases of CLL seen at the Geisinger Medical Center failed to turn up any other cases of MM developing during the course of CLL. The suggestion that there is an increased prevalence of MM in CLL is an attractive one because both diseases are B cell neoplasms and because of the increased frequency of asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies in CLL found by others.", "PMID": 678669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3747", "title": "Synthesis of a peroxidase activity by the cells of hairy cell leukemia: a study by ultrastructural cytochemistry.", "content": "The nature of cells present in the blood, marrow, and spleen of patients with hairy cell leukemia is largely debated. These cells have been tentatively categorized on the basis of either monocytic or lymphocytic markers, and the accumulating data points to the fact that they share some characteristics of both cell types. Although hairy cells are known to lack myeloperoxidase-positive granules, present in normal human monocytes, we investigated the possible presence of other peroxidase activities differing from the granule-bound myeloperoxidase. The study was carried out with several methods based on the incubation of fixed and unfixed cells in the presence of diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide. A peroxidase activity was found in hairy cells, located always in the endoplasmic reticulum but not in the Golgi apparatus or in any granule. By its cytochemical characteristics it appears to be closely related to that of tissue macrophages, activated blood monocytes, and other nonlymphocytic hematopoietic cells. This peroxidase is not found in lymphocytes with B or T phenotypes.", "contents": "Synthesis of a peroxidase activity by the cells of hairy cell leukemia: a study by ultrastructural cytochemistry. The nature of cells present in the blood, marrow, and spleen of patients with hairy cell leukemia is largely debated. These cells have been tentatively categorized on the basis of either monocytic or lymphocytic markers, and the accumulating data points to the fact that they share some characteristics of both cell types. Although hairy cells are known to lack myeloperoxidase-positive granules, present in normal human monocytes, we investigated the possible presence of other peroxidase activities differing from the granule-bound myeloperoxidase. The study was carried out with several methods based on the incubation of fixed and unfixed cells in the presence of diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide. A peroxidase activity was found in hairy cells, located always in the endoplasmic reticulum but not in the Golgi apparatus or in any granule. By its cytochemical characteristics it appears to be closely related to that of tissue macrophages, activated blood monocytes, and other nonlymphocytic hematopoietic cells. This peroxidase is not found in lymphocytes with B or T phenotypes.", "PMID": 678670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3748", "title": "Effect of acute alcohol intoxication on granulocyte mobilization and kinetics.", "content": "Granulocyte mobilization into skin abrasions in human volunteers was significantly inhibited by acute alcohol intoxication (45,-800 cells in 8 hr versus 353,000 in normal controls). Alcohol applied locally did not inhibit granulocyte delivery, and protection of the abrasion against heat loss did not reduce the inhibited delivery in intoxicated volunteers. Intoxication inhibited granulocyte adherence and local mobilization in parallel. Alcohol administration to rabbits shifted granulocytes from marginal to circulating pool in a manner similar to epinephrine. Mobilization of bone marrow granulocytes by glucocorticoid or endotoxin administration was not inhibited by intoxication, nor did it prevent the endotoxin-induced shift of granulocytes from circulating to marginal pool.", "contents": "Effect of acute alcohol intoxication on granulocyte mobilization and kinetics. Granulocyte mobilization into skin abrasions in human volunteers was significantly inhibited by acute alcohol intoxication (45,-800 cells in 8 hr versus 353,000 in normal controls). Alcohol applied locally did not inhibit granulocyte delivery, and protection of the abrasion against heat loss did not reduce the inhibited delivery in intoxicated volunteers. Intoxication inhibited granulocyte adherence and local mobilization in parallel. Alcohol administration to rabbits shifted granulocytes from marginal to circulating pool in a manner similar to epinephrine. Mobilization of bone marrow granulocytes by glucocorticoid or endotoxin administration was not inhibited by intoxication, nor did it prevent the endotoxin-induced shift of granulocytes from circulating to marginal pool.", "PMID": 678671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3749", "title": "Modified method of erythropoietin (ESF) bioassay in vitro using mouse fetal liver cells. I. Effect of serum iron on 59Fe incorporation into heme.", "content": "Investigations on the mouse fetal liver cell bioassay for erythropoietin (ESF) have revealed that iron present in test sera significantly dilutes the radiolabel (59Fe) and thus decreases 59Fe incorporation into heme. A method of correction for the influence of iron on the dose-response relationship of human sera is presented. Application of this method made it possible to assay human sera up to culture concentrations of 150 microliter/ml. It was shown that a corrected serum dose-response curve showed parallelism to the curve of an ESF standard preparation. This suggests similarity of the active principles and allows valid estimation of a potency ratio.", "contents": "Modified method of erythropoietin (ESF) bioassay in vitro using mouse fetal liver cells. I. Effect of serum iron on 59Fe incorporation into heme. Investigations on the mouse fetal liver cell bioassay for erythropoietin (ESF) have revealed that iron present in test sera significantly dilutes the radiolabel (59Fe) and thus decreases 59Fe incorporation into heme. A method of correction for the influence of iron on the dose-response relationship of human sera is presented. Application of this method made it possible to assay human sera up to culture concentrations of 150 microliter/ml. It was shown that a corrected serum dose-response curve showed parallelism to the curve of an ESF standard preparation. This suggests similarity of the active principles and allows valid estimation of a potency ratio.", "PMID": 678672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3750", "title": "Modified method of erythropoietin (ESF) bioassay in vitro using mouse fetal liver cells. II. measurement of ESF in human serum.", "content": "A modification of the mouse fetal liver cell bioassay for erythropoietin (ESF) that allows quantitative detection of ESF in human serum is described. The modification consists of (1) correction for the effect of serum iron on 59Fe incorporation into heme and (2) the use of an \"internal standard,\" i.e., a standard ESF preparation dissolved in the assayed test serum. As a result of this modification the statistical method of bioassay analysis had to be changed fundamentally. The mean serum concentration of ESF measured in 20 normal males was 48 microunit/ml, as compared to 29 microunit/ml in 18 females. The difference was significant at p = 0.017. The stimulatory activity of a human serum on 59Fe incorporation into heme could be neutralized by an anti-human ESF immune serum.", "contents": "Modified method of erythropoietin (ESF) bioassay in vitro using mouse fetal liver cells. II. measurement of ESF in human serum. A modification of the mouse fetal liver cell bioassay for erythropoietin (ESF) that allows quantitative detection of ESF in human serum is described. The modification consists of (1) correction for the effect of serum iron on 59Fe incorporation into heme and (2) the use of an \"internal standard,\" i.e., a standard ESF preparation dissolved in the assayed test serum. As a result of this modification the statistical method of bioassay analysis had to be changed fundamentally. The mean serum concentration of ESF measured in 20 normal males was 48 microunit/ml, as compared to 29 microunit/ml in 18 females. The difference was significant at p = 0.017. The stimulatory activity of a human serum on 59Fe incorporation into heme could be neutralized by an anti-human ESF immune serum.", "PMID": 678673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3751", "title": "Detection of factor XIIIa (active fibrin-stabilizing factor) in normal plasma.", "content": "Factor XIIIa (active fibrin-stabilizing factor) generated in heat-defibrinated plasma by the addition of thrombin can be measured by 14C-putrescine incorporation into casein. Modification of this assay be substituting 3H-putrescine of high specific activity as the donor amine permits measurement of amine incorporation by plasma even in the absence of added thrombin. Incorporation is calcium dependent, inhibited by iodoacetamide, and absent from congenital factor XIII-deficient plasma and from normal platelets. The transamidating activity detected by radioenzymatic assay catalyzed the formation of gamma-gamma dimers and alpha polymers of fibrin and was thus biologically functional. This fibrin cross-linking activity was absent from factor XIII-deficient plasma. These experiments show (1) some factor XIII is present in plasma as factor XIIIa; (2) this factor XIIIa can cross-link fibrin and thus has biologic activity as well; and (3) this activity is not present in factor XIII-deficient plasma. Factor XIIIa in normal plasma is possibly activated in vivo, perhaps by circulating thrombin, factor Xa, or other proteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Detection of factor XIIIa (active fibrin-stabilizing factor) in normal plasma. Factor XIIIa (active fibrin-stabilizing factor) generated in heat-defibrinated plasma by the addition of thrombin can be measured by 14C-putrescine incorporation into casein. Modification of this assay be substituting 3H-putrescine of high specific activity as the donor amine permits measurement of amine incorporation by plasma even in the absence of added thrombin. Incorporation is calcium dependent, inhibited by iodoacetamide, and absent from congenital factor XIII-deficient plasma and from normal platelets. The transamidating activity detected by radioenzymatic assay catalyzed the formation of gamma-gamma dimers and alpha polymers of fibrin and was thus biologically functional. This fibrin cross-linking activity was absent from factor XIII-deficient plasma. These experiments show (1) some factor XIII is present in plasma as factor XIIIa; (2) this factor XIIIa can cross-link fibrin and thus has biologic activity as well; and (3) this activity is not present in factor XIII-deficient plasma. Factor XIIIa in normal plasma is possibly activated in vivo, perhaps by circulating thrombin, factor Xa, or other proteolytic enzymes.", "PMID": 678674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3752", "title": "Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin density and immunoglobulin secretion in vitro in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).", "content": "Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin (SIg) and immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion were studied in 14 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 12 healthy subjects. The determination of SIgM-bearing (SIgM+) cells by immunofluorescent staining and the quantification of SIgM by radioimmunoassay (RIA) permitted the calculation of the SIgM density. In 12 normal subjects the percentage of SIgM+ cells averaged 8% (range 4%-12%) and the SIgM density 10.2 ng antigenic equivalent/10(6) SIgM+ cells (SD 4.3). In 12 patients with CLL the respective figures were 68% (range 35%-90%) and 0.68 ng (SD 0.57). Ig secretion from pokeweed mitogen-stimulated CLL cells was markedly diminished as compared with normal lymphocytes. In coculture experiments CLL cells had no suppressive effect on Ig secretion of normal lymphocytes and normal lymphocytes did not enhance Ig secretion leukemic lymphocytes. These results indicate that the impaired secretory activity of CLL cells results from an intrinsic anomaly of these cells.", "contents": "Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin density and immunoglobulin secretion in vitro in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin (SIg) and immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion were studied in 14 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 12 healthy subjects. The determination of SIgM-bearing (SIgM+) cells by immunofluorescent staining and the quantification of SIgM by radioimmunoassay (RIA) permitted the calculation of the SIgM density. In 12 normal subjects the percentage of SIgM+ cells averaged 8% (range 4%-12%) and the SIgM density 10.2 ng antigenic equivalent/10(6) SIgM+ cells (SD 4.3). In 12 patients with CLL the respective figures were 68% (range 35%-90%) and 0.68 ng (SD 0.57). Ig secretion from pokeweed mitogen-stimulated CLL cells was markedly diminished as compared with normal lymphocytes. In coculture experiments CLL cells had no suppressive effect on Ig secretion of normal lymphocytes and normal lymphocytes did not enhance Ig secretion leukemic lymphocytes. These results indicate that the impaired secretory activity of CLL cells results from an intrinsic anomaly of these cells.", "PMID": 678675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3753", "title": "Comparison of intracellular bactericidal activities of human neutrophils and eosinophils.", "content": "Eosinophils from a patient with hypereosinophilia were observed to phagocytize radiolabeled E. coli or S. aureus as effectively as neutrophils from a normal control. This was observed at a number of bacteria/cell ratios and a various time intervals following initial challenge and was confirmed by direct microscopic examination. In spite of comparables rates of phagocytosis, the eosinophils were consistently less capable of killing the bacteria. This correlates with an inability of eosinophil peroxidase to catalyze the peroxidase-H2O2-CI--mediated decarboxylation of amino acids; in contrast, both eosinophil and neutrophil peroxidases showed similar capabilities to iodinate protein in vitro. These data are compatible with the importance of the chloride-mediated mechanism in the bactericidal activity of intact phagocytes.", "contents": "Comparison of intracellular bactericidal activities of human neutrophils and eosinophils. Eosinophils from a patient with hypereosinophilia were observed to phagocytize radiolabeled E. coli or S. aureus as effectively as neutrophils from a normal control. This was observed at a number of bacteria/cell ratios and a various time intervals following initial challenge and was confirmed by direct microscopic examination. In spite of comparables rates of phagocytosis, the eosinophils were consistently less capable of killing the bacteria. This correlates with an inability of eosinophil peroxidase to catalyze the peroxidase-H2O2-CI--mediated decarboxylation of amino acids; in contrast, both eosinophil and neutrophil peroxidases showed similar capabilities to iodinate protein in vitro. These data are compatible with the importance of the chloride-mediated mechanism in the bactericidal activity of intact phagocytes.", "PMID": 678676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3754", "title": "Abnormal splenic uptake of red cells in long-lasting iron deficiency anemia due to self-induced bleeding (factitious anemia).", "content": "The authors report on six cases of chronic iron deficiency anemia in which a diagnosis of factitious anemia was made. Erythrokinetic studies demonstrated iron deficiency and blood loss. Besides these features, two kinetic abnormalities are described: precocious splenic sequestration of red cells and excess hemolysis. This hemolytic syndrome seems to be correlated to the duration of anemia rather than to its severity.", "contents": "Abnormal splenic uptake of red cells in long-lasting iron deficiency anemia due to self-induced bleeding (factitious anemia). The authors report on six cases of chronic iron deficiency anemia in which a diagnosis of factitious anemia was made. Erythrokinetic studies demonstrated iron deficiency and blood loss. Besides these features, two kinetic abnormalities are described: precocious splenic sequestration of red cells and excess hemolysis. This hemolytic syndrome seems to be correlated to the duration of anemia rather than to its severity.", "PMID": 678680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3755", "title": "[A modified MOPP regimen in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease stage III B and IV (author's transl)].", "content": "In a retrospective study 80 patients with Hodgkin's disease of stage III B (n = 32) and IV (n = 48) were investigated, who had been treated with a modified MOPP regimen. 28 patients (35%) were previously untreated. A completed remission was reached in 51 patients, a partial remission in 16, and 13 patients failed to respond. 16 patients had died in the observation period. Complete remissions were twice as frequent with 90% in stage III as compared with 45% in stage IV. The group of patients surviving 4 years was 92% in stage III and 62% in stage IV.", "contents": "[A modified MOPP regimen in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease stage III B and IV (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study 80 patients with Hodgkin's disease of stage III B (n = 32) and IV (n = 48) were investigated, who had been treated with a modified MOPP regimen. 28 patients (35%) were previously untreated. A completed remission was reached in 51 patients, a partial remission in 16, and 13 patients failed to respond. 16 patients had died in the observation period. Complete remissions were twice as frequent with 90% in stage III as compared with 45% in stage IV. The group of patients surviving 4 years was 92% in stage III and 62% in stage IV.", "PMID": 678681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3756", "title": "The spreading of leukocytes released from their liquid environment.", "content": "It is known that while leukocytes in conventional blood smears reveal their structures, in smears of erythrocyte-free suspension (EFS) they show a tendency to pyknosis. From the present study it appears that: 1. When any leukocyte suspension is subjected to drying on slides the cells undergo shrinkage (pyknosis in stained state) because their water content is extracted by the suspending fluid that is rendered increasingly hypertonic during drying. 2. When the leukocytes, which while floating within physiological fluids are ball-shaped, are entirely released from their suspending fluid, they suddenly spread into flat cells because the capillary force between the cell membranes and glass overcomes the surface tension of the cells. 3. In contrast to shrunken or even normal (spherical) cells, spread cells are able to display their morphology. Using the smear technique, the cell density of the suspension will determine whether spreading or shrinkage are to occur; with normal blood (high density) the release and consequently the spread are achieved; with EFS (usually of low density) an inadequate release and consequently shrinkage occur. 4. A device (cell spreader) for spreading leukocytes of EFS is presented.", "contents": "The spreading of leukocytes released from their liquid environment. It is known that while leukocytes in conventional blood smears reveal their structures, in smears of erythrocyte-free suspension (EFS) they show a tendency to pyknosis. From the present study it appears that: 1. When any leukocyte suspension is subjected to drying on slides the cells undergo shrinkage (pyknosis in stained state) because their water content is extracted by the suspending fluid that is rendered increasingly hypertonic during drying. 2. When the leukocytes, which while floating within physiological fluids are ball-shaped, are entirely released from their suspending fluid, they suddenly spread into flat cells because the capillary force between the cell membranes and glass overcomes the surface tension of the cells. 3. In contrast to shrunken or even normal (spherical) cells, spread cells are able to display their morphology. Using the smear technique, the cell density of the suspension will determine whether spreading or shrinkage are to occur; with normal blood (high density) the release and consequently the spread are achieved; with EFS (usually of low density) an inadequate release and consequently shrinkage occur. 4. A device (cell spreader) for spreading leukocytes of EFS is presented.", "PMID": 678682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3757", "title": "Influence of hen dietary calcium and phosphorus on the integrity of the egg shell as it would influence hatching success and the consequences of preincubation 2, 4, 5-T spraying with and without a high TCDD level.", "content": "Commercial strain laying hens were fed practical rations deficient in calcium and/or phosphorus to affect weak shelled eggs. Spraying these eggs prior to incubation with 2, 4, 5-T preparations having extremes in TCDD contamination at 10x recommendation was without effect on all parameters used to evaluate embryological development and subsequent early performance of resultant chicks. Analyses for 2, 4, 5-T residues indicated that the shell though weakened was unaffected as a barrier to herbicide contamination.", "contents": "Influence of hen dietary calcium and phosphorus on the integrity of the egg shell as it would influence hatching success and the consequences of preincubation 2, 4, 5-T spraying with and without a high TCDD level. Commercial strain laying hens were fed practical rations deficient in calcium and/or phosphorus to affect weak shelled eggs. Spraying these eggs prior to incubation with 2, 4, 5-T preparations having extremes in TCDD contamination at 10x recommendation was without effect on all parameters used to evaluate embryological development and subsequent early performance of resultant chicks. Analyses for 2, 4, 5-T residues indicated that the shell though weakened was unaffected as a barrier to herbicide contamination.", "PMID": 678683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3758", "title": "The use of Cerenkov radiation in the measurement of 115mCd in blood and other tissues.", "content": "A new method for the activity measurement of 115mCd in biological samples was proposed. After tissues mineralization with 60% perchloric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide (I) or with 0.5 M ethanolic sodium hydroxide (II) the solutions were measured in automatic liquid scintillation counter SL-30 by CERENKOV technique. The channels ratio method was successfully applied for standardization. The recoveries of 115mCd varied in the ranges: 93.6-102% and 82.7-99.3% for method I and II, respectively.", "contents": "The use of Cerenkov radiation in the measurement of 115mCd in blood and other tissues. A new method for the activity measurement of 115mCd in biological samples was proposed. After tissues mineralization with 60% perchloric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide (I) or with 0.5 M ethanolic sodium hydroxide (II) the solutions were measured in automatic liquid scintillation counter SL-30 by CERENKOV technique. The channels ratio method was successfully applied for standardization. The recoveries of 115mCd varied in the ranges: 93.6-102% and 82.7-99.3% for method I and II, respectively.", "PMID": 678684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3759", "title": "Chlorinated tyrosine in municipal waste treatment plant products after superchlorination.", "content": "Previous work has shown that 3, 5-dibromotyrosine acts as a thyroxine production/secretion inhibitor which may imply a similar response to chlorotyrosine derivatives. Chloro- and dichlorotyrosine have been produced in the laboratory by the action of aqueous chlorine upon tyrosine at low pH, and have been found in the effluent from superchlorination facilities in use at three municipal waste treatment plants. The extent to which these and other possible chlorinated amino acids occur in superchlorinated waste products, and their fate in receiving streams is not known, and is under investigation by this laboratory.", "contents": "Chlorinated tyrosine in municipal waste treatment plant products after superchlorination. Previous work has shown that 3, 5-dibromotyrosine acts as a thyroxine production/secretion inhibitor which may imply a similar response to chlorotyrosine derivatives. Chloro- and dichlorotyrosine have been produced in the laboratory by the action of aqueous chlorine upon tyrosine at low pH, and have been found in the effluent from superchlorination facilities in use at three municipal waste treatment plants. The extent to which these and other possible chlorinated amino acids occur in superchlorinated waste products, and their fate in receiving streams is not known, and is under investigation by this laboratory.", "PMID": 678686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3760", "title": "Toxic responses in gerbils treated topically with aflatoxin B1 and dimethylformamide.", "content": "Male and female Mongolian gerbils failed to show observable pathological responses in the liver to topically applied AFB1 and DMF indicating that percutaneous absorption of AFB1 is absent in this species. In males, some responses in weight changes were attributed, proportionally, to increased doses of DMF. Unexplained and currently under investigation is the possibility that AFB1 may have reduced the response of some animals to DMF. This response may relate in some way to the modification of absorption of DMF in the gerbil since AFB1 is known to have an influence on cell membranes.", "contents": "Toxic responses in gerbils treated topically with aflatoxin B1 and dimethylformamide. Male and female Mongolian gerbils failed to show observable pathological responses in the liver to topically applied AFB1 and DMF indicating that percutaneous absorption of AFB1 is absent in this species. In males, some responses in weight changes were attributed, proportionally, to increased doses of DMF. Unexplained and currently under investigation is the possibility that AFB1 may have reduced the response of some animals to DMF. This response may relate in some way to the modification of absorption of DMF in the gerbil since AFB1 is known to have an influence on cell membranes.", "PMID": 678689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3761", "title": "A union catalog of monographs: another approach.", "content": "The rationale for and the production of the 1977 TALON Union Catalog of Monographs are described. The 158,859 records include the existing machine-readable records for six health sciences libraries plus the cataloging of six others, converted by matching other data bases and by keypunching. The method and costs of production are discussed. Use of Computer-Output-Microfiche (COM) significantly decreased the cost and time required for publication. The $.076 unit cost per entry, with both author and title access for the COM method, is almost one-half the unit cost for the previous method which offered only main-entry access. The TALON Catalog compares favorably with the Midwest Medical Union Catalog. The addition of the title index significantly increases its usefulness. However, the unique feature of the TALON Catalog may be its machine-readable form which offers the potential for quantitative analyses of health sciences library collections. Such data may be essential for rational management of limited library funds.", "contents": "A union catalog of monographs: another approach. The rationale for and the production of the 1977 TALON Union Catalog of Monographs are described. The 158,859 records include the existing machine-readable records for six health sciences libraries plus the cataloging of six others, converted by matching other data bases and by keypunching. The method and costs of production are discussed. Use of Computer-Output-Microfiche (COM) significantly decreased the cost and time required for publication. The $.076 unit cost per entry, with both author and title access for the COM method, is almost one-half the unit cost for the previous method which offered only main-entry access. The TALON Catalog compares favorably with the Midwest Medical Union Catalog. The addition of the title index significantly increases its usefulness. However, the unique feature of the TALON Catalog may be its machine-readable form which offers the potential for quantitative analyses of health sciences library collections. Such data may be essential for rational management of limited library funds.", "PMID": 678697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3762", "title": "Toward hospital library standards in Canada.", "content": "A report is given on Canadian hospital library standards as recently developed and incorporated in a new Guide to Hospital Accreditation, 1977. The new Canadian standards are compared with MLA recommendations to the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. Their development is sketched and the contribution from Quebec of a model of hospital classification is examined. This model provides differential minimal library standards based on the function of the hospital rather than on its size alone. Use of these minimal standards as a practical means of developing hospital libraries is discussed and their implications for accreditation visits are underlined.", "contents": "Toward hospital library standards in Canada. A report is given on Canadian hospital library standards as recently developed and incorporated in a new Guide to Hospital Accreditation, 1977. The new Canadian standards are compared with MLA recommendations to the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. Their development is sketched and the contribution from Quebec of a model of hospital classification is examined. This model provides differential minimal library standards based on the function of the hospital rather than on its size alone. Use of these minimal standards as a practical means of developing hospital libraries is discussed and their implications for accreditation visits are underlined.", "PMID": 678698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3763", "title": "Friends of the library groups in health sciences libraries.", "content": "The Houston Academy of Medicine--Texas Medical Center (HAM--TMC) Library collected data on friends of the library groups from 103 health sciences libraries, using a mail questionnaire. Sixteen of the responding libraries had independent friends groups; seven had friends groups that were subordinate to a university group. The sixteen independent groups gave as their major purposes (1) to raise money for their associated library and (2) to develop support for their library. These groups contributed an average of $4,870 a year to their libraries, the money being used primarily to purchase rare books and working-collection books and to sponsor social events. The subordinate groups contributed relatively little money to the health sciences libraries responding to the survey.", "contents": "Friends of the library groups in health sciences libraries. The Houston Academy of Medicine--Texas Medical Center (HAM--TMC) Library collected data on friends of the library groups from 103 health sciences libraries, using a mail questionnaire. Sixteen of the responding libraries had independent friends groups; seven had friends groups that were subordinate to a university group. The sixteen independent groups gave as their major purposes (1) to raise money for their associated library and (2) to develop support for their library. These groups contributed an average of $4,870 a year to their libraries, the money being used primarily to purchase rare books and working-collection books and to sponsor social events. The subordinate groups contributed relatively little money to the health sciences libraries responding to the survey.", "PMID": 678699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3764", "title": "Evaluation of a clinical medical librarian program at the Yale Medical Library.", "content": "A clinical medical librarian (CML) program in a large university-based teaching hospital setting is viewed by the majority of clinicians as education-oriented, with slightly fewer clinicians viewing it as patient care oriented. The CML service has been utilized for research purposes only when it is clear that case-relevant information can evolve into research intended to have \"clinical\" impact. This study reports the results of a questionnaire circulated among clinicians receiving CML support by a large medical school library. Results indicate that (1) the CML effected a change in information-seeking behavior by the clinicians--they obtained information that would not have been available to them if the CML had not been present in patient-management conferences; (2) relevancy of information provided by the CML was judged by the clinicians to be very high; (3) the accuracy of the CML's search, coupled with the rapidity of delivery, was found to be highly satisfactory; (4) acceptance of the CML within the patient care setting was acknowledged by the majority of clinicians, who contact the CML in-hospital and overwhelmingly prefer to do so; and (5) there was no statistically significant variation in the manner in which different medical specialties use the services of a CML. These findings justify implementation of a clinical medical librarian program, on a modified basis, as an additional service to already existing reference services offered by a large medical school library.", "contents": "Evaluation of a clinical medical librarian program at the Yale Medical Library. A clinical medical librarian (CML) program in a large university-based teaching hospital setting is viewed by the majority of clinicians as education-oriented, with slightly fewer clinicians viewing it as patient care oriented. The CML service has been utilized for research purposes only when it is clear that case-relevant information can evolve into research intended to have \"clinical\" impact. This study reports the results of a questionnaire circulated among clinicians receiving CML support by a large medical school library. Results indicate that (1) the CML effected a change in information-seeking behavior by the clinicians--they obtained information that would not have been available to them if the CML had not been present in patient-management conferences; (2) relevancy of information provided by the CML was judged by the clinicians to be very high; (3) the accuracy of the CML's search, coupled with the rapidity of delivery, was found to be highly satisfactory; (4) acceptance of the CML within the patient care setting was acknowledged by the majority of clinicians, who contact the CML in-hospital and overwhelmingly prefer to do so; and (5) there was no statistically significant variation in the manner in which different medical specialties use the services of a CML. These findings justify implementation of a clinical medical librarian program, on a modified basis, as an additional service to already existing reference services offered by a large medical school library.", "PMID": 678700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3765", "title": "In search of an ethic of medical librarianship.", "content": "Why is the literature on the ethics of librarianship so sparse? Some of the codes of ethics proposed or officially adopted during this century are examined, with an informal commentary on the reasons why they seem to have aroused so little sustained interest and discussion. Attention is directed particularly to library--user relationships and to some of the unique ethical situations in medical libraries.", "contents": "In search of an ethic of medical librarianship. Why is the literature on the ethics of librarianship so sparse? Some of the codes of ethics proposed or officially adopted during this century are examined, with an informal commentary on the reasons why they seem to have aroused so little sustained interest and discussion. Attention is directed particularly to library--user relationships and to some of the unique ethical situations in medical libraries.", "PMID": 678701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3766", "title": "Silicone sheet and bead implants to correct the deformities of inadequately healed orbital fractures.", "content": "Following severe trauma to the middle third of the face, a common deformity requiring secondary correction is a combination of lowered orbital floor and enophthalmos often associated with diplopia and ptosis. Silicone discs are used to elevate the orbital floor and silicone beads inserted subperiosteally to correct the enophthalmos. In a series of 44 cases we have had no instance of infection or rejection although some beads had to be removed in 1 patient because of increased pressure on the eye. Close collaboration between plastic and ophthalmic surgeons is essential.", "contents": "Silicone sheet and bead implants to correct the deformities of inadequately healed orbital fractures. Following severe trauma to the middle third of the face, a common deformity requiring secondary correction is a combination of lowered orbital floor and enophthalmos often associated with diplopia and ptosis. Silicone discs are used to elevate the orbital floor and silicone beads inserted subperiosteally to correct the enophthalmos. In a series of 44 cases we have had no instance of infection or rejection although some beads had to be removed in 1 patient because of increased pressure on the eye. Close collaboration between plastic and ophthalmic surgeons is essential.", "PMID": 678728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3767", "title": "Vulnerability factors and depression in women.", "content": "A matched controlled study of 84 depressed women confirms the findings of Browm et al, that loss of mother before 11, three or more children at home under 14 years of age, lack of a confiding marital relationship and lack of employment may be vulnerability factors predisposing to depression in working-class women.", "contents": "Vulnerability factors and depression in women. A matched controlled study of 84 depressed women confirms the findings of Browm et al, that loss of mother before 11, three or more children at home under 14 years of age, lack of a confiding marital relationship and lack of employment may be vulnerability factors predisposing to depression in working-class women.", "PMID": 678732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3768", "title": "Evaluation of a social work service for self-poisoning patients.", "content": "Four hundred patients aged at least 17 who came to Casualty in one year after deliberately poisoning themselves were randomly assigned between an Experimental social work service (task-centered casework) and a Control (routine) follow-up service. 139 patients were excluded from the trial, most of whom were already in continuing psychiatric treatment. After one year there was no difference in the proportions of E and C patients who repeated self-poisoning (about 14 per cent), but significantly more of the excluded group had repeated (36 per cent). A random half of the trial patients were re-interviewed four months after admission. Both E and C groups had improved to a significant extent on measures of depressed mood and of social problems. E patients showed more change in social problems and were more satisfied with the service they had received.", "contents": "Evaluation of a social work service for self-poisoning patients. Four hundred patients aged at least 17 who came to Casualty in one year after deliberately poisoning themselves were randomly assigned between an Experimental social work service (task-centered casework) and a Control (routine) follow-up service. 139 patients were excluded from the trial, most of whom were already in continuing psychiatric treatment. After one year there was no difference in the proportions of E and C patients who repeated self-poisoning (about 14 per cent), but significantly more of the excluded group had repeated (36 per cent). A random half of the trial patients were re-interviewed four months after admission. Both E and C groups had improved to a significant extent on measures of depressed mood and of social problems. E patients showed more change in social problems and were more satisfied with the service they had received.", "PMID": 678733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3769", "title": "Specific psychological deficits in alcoholism.", "content": "Forty alcoholics and 40 controls were compared on tests of frontal lobe functions, abstracting ability, and verbal and picture memory. Alcoholics were inferior to controls, and heavy drinkers poorer than moderate ones (life-time alcohol consumption) on picture memory and a verbal fluency test of frontal lobe functions. Verbal memory and abstracting ability were not significantly impaired. Although this pattern may indicate that frontal and right temporal areas of the brain are particularly vulnerable to the effects of chronic alcoholism, the possibility that it may merely reflect general sensitivity of the tests to brain damage cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Specific psychological deficits in alcoholism. Forty alcoholics and 40 controls were compared on tests of frontal lobe functions, abstracting ability, and verbal and picture memory. Alcoholics were inferior to controls, and heavy drinkers poorer than moderate ones (life-time alcohol consumption) on picture memory and a verbal fluency test of frontal lobe functions. Verbal memory and abstracting ability were not significantly impaired. Although this pattern may indicate that frontal and right temporal areas of the brain are particularly vulnerable to the effects of chronic alcoholism, the possibility that it may merely reflect general sensitivity of the tests to brain damage cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 678734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3770", "title": "Recurrent unipolar depressions with a 48-hour cycle: report of a case.", "content": "Since 1804 there have been twelve case reports of patients with mood disorders showing a regular periodicity of 48 hours, eight bipolar and four unipolar. This paper describes an additional patient, a 57-year-old man with a 48-hour unipolar cycle. Although his 24-hour serum cortisol pattern was abnormal, there were few clear-cut biological abnormalities. Possible mechanisms are discussed, and comparisons made with previous reports of similar patients.", "contents": "Recurrent unipolar depressions with a 48-hour cycle: report of a case. Since 1804 there have been twelve case reports of patients with mood disorders showing a regular periodicity of 48 hours, eight bipolar and four unipolar. This paper describes an additional patient, a 57-year-old man with a 48-hour unipolar cycle. Although his 24-hour serum cortisol pattern was abnormal, there were few clear-cut biological abnormalities. Possible mechanisms are discussed, and comparisons made with previous reports of similar patients.", "PMID": 678735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3771", "title": "Age disorientation in schizophrenia: a constant prevalence of 25 per cent in a chronic mental hospital population?", "content": "The prevalence of age disorientation was estimated in the population of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in a large mental hospital. Of these 357 patients 25 per cent demonstrated age disorientation, defined as a five-year discrepancy between true and subjective age, and 11 per cent of the population believed themselves to be within five years of the age they were at admission, although they were a mean 28.9 years older. Age-disorientated patients differed from the age-orientated in being significantly older. However, when age-matched, they were younger at first admission and had a longer duration of stay than patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia without age-disorientation. Age-disorientation may thus be a feature of a type of schizophrenic illness of early onset and poor prognosis.", "contents": "Age disorientation in schizophrenia: a constant prevalence of 25 per cent in a chronic mental hospital population? The prevalence of age disorientation was estimated in the population of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in a large mental hospital. Of these 357 patients 25 per cent demonstrated age disorientation, defined as a five-year discrepancy between true and subjective age, and 11 per cent of the population believed themselves to be within five years of the age they were at admission, although they were a mean 28.9 years older. Age-disorientated patients differed from the age-orientated in being significantly older. However, when age-matched, they were younger at first admission and had a longer duration of stay than patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia without age-disorientation. Age-disorientation may thus be a feature of a type of schizophrenic illness of early onset and poor prognosis.", "PMID": 678736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3772", "title": "Age disorientation in chronic schizophrenia: the nature of the cognitive deficit.", "content": "In an interview survey of temporal orientation in chronic schizophrenia, patients with age disorientation (n = 77) were much less likely than patients without age disorientation (n = 222) to be able to give correct answers to simple questions about dates and the passage of time (e.g. their date of birth, the present year and the duration of their hospital stay). The age disorientated systematically under-estimate the present year and their duration of hospital stay; in individual patients the errors they make are consistent with their concept of their own age. \"Time stands still\" for these patients. However, there are patients in whom an incorrect appreciation of their own age co-exists with correct awareness of the present year. Between these patients and those for whom subjective time stands still, there appears to be a continuum of increasing temporal disorientation. This dimension may be a clinical correlate of intellectual impairment.", "contents": "Age disorientation in chronic schizophrenia: the nature of the cognitive deficit. In an interview survey of temporal orientation in chronic schizophrenia, patients with age disorientation (n = 77) were much less likely than patients without age disorientation (n = 222) to be able to give correct answers to simple questions about dates and the passage of time (e.g. their date of birth, the present year and the duration of their hospital stay). The age disorientated systematically under-estimate the present year and their duration of hospital stay; in individual patients the errors they make are consistent with their concept of their own age. \"Time stands still\" for these patients. However, there are patients in whom an incorrect appreciation of their own age co-exists with correct awareness of the present year. Between these patients and those for whom subjective time stands still, there appears to be a continuum of increasing temporal disorientation. This dimension may be a clinical correlate of intellectual impairment.", "PMID": 678737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3773", "title": "Clinical laboratory abnormalities and their follow-up in a mental hygiene clinic.", "content": "In a retrospective study, there were clearly abnormal laboratory findings in 4.8 per cent of 4,994 adults who attended for psychiatric evaluation at a mental hygiene clinic. In particular high fasting blood sugars, abnormal blood counts, eosinophilia, VDRL and abnormalities of chest X-ray or urinalysis were found. Just under half of these abnormalities led to further medical follow-up. Old and young, schizophrenic and neurotic were equally likely to be followed up, but tests which were clinically not alarming might be ignored. The implications are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical laboratory abnormalities and their follow-up in a mental hygiene clinic. In a retrospective study, there were clearly abnormal laboratory findings in 4.8 per cent of 4,994 adults who attended for psychiatric evaluation at a mental hygiene clinic. In particular high fasting blood sugars, abnormal blood counts, eosinophilia, VDRL and abnormalities of chest X-ray or urinalysis were found. Just under half of these abnormalities led to further medical follow-up. Old and young, schizophrenic and neurotic were equally likely to be followed up, but tests which were clinically not alarming might be ignored. The implications are discussed.", "PMID": 678738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3774", "title": "The influence of videotape feedback on the self-assessments of psychiatric patients.", "content": "The effects of videotape feedback on patients' self-perception were assessed in a study which was a partial replication of an investigation reported by Griffiths and Hinkson (1973). Subjects were randomly allocated to one of three groups. After a semi-structured interview, they were either (1) shown a videotape of the interview, or (2) shown a videotape of another person being interviewed, or (3) engaged in other activities not involving videotape. Patients' self-ratings indicated that videotape feedback has immediate effects on self-assessments of social ease and physical attractiveness. Feedback produced changes in ratings of social ease, but individuals differed in the direction of the change (i.e. whether social ease was \"better\" or \"worse\"). The direction of the change was predicted by a questionnaire measure of response style. Feedback also tended to make patients rate themselves as less attractive in the eyes of other people. All changes were, however, temporary and had disappeared at a two-week follow-up. The results are generally consistent with those reported by Griffiths and Hinkson in that they indicate temporary and specific changes in response to videotape feedback. The implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of videotape feedback on the self-assessments of psychiatric patients. The effects of videotape feedback on patients' self-perception were assessed in a study which was a partial replication of an investigation reported by Griffiths and Hinkson (1973). Subjects were randomly allocated to one of three groups. After a semi-structured interview, they were either (1) shown a videotape of the interview, or (2) shown a videotape of another person being interviewed, or (3) engaged in other activities not involving videotape. Patients' self-ratings indicated that videotape feedback has immediate effects on self-assessments of social ease and physical attractiveness. Feedback produced changes in ratings of social ease, but individuals differed in the direction of the change (i.e. whether social ease was \"better\" or \"worse\"). The direction of the change was predicted by a questionnaire measure of response style. Feedback also tended to make patients rate themselves as less attractive in the eyes of other people. All changes were, however, temporary and had disappeared at a two-week follow-up. The results are generally consistent with those reported by Griffiths and Hinkson in that they indicate temporary and specific changes in response to videotape feedback. The implications of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 678739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3775", "title": "Symptom patterns among chronic schizophrenic in-patients.", "content": "The Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (DSSI) was administered to 33 chronic non-paranoid schizophrenic patients resident on long-stay wards. It was found that the vast majority of cases (81 per cent) produced symptom patterns conforming to the hierarchy of classes of personal illness model, but with a radically different distribution among the classes from that in acutely ill patients. Within the model a half of the patients were allotted to the two lowest classes--Class 0 (Symptom-free) and Class 1 (Dysthymic States). When each set of items was considered separately and independently of the model, it was found that a half of the group professed to have recently experienced delusions. Affective states and depressive symptoms were reported by over a third of the patients.", "contents": "Symptom patterns among chronic schizophrenic in-patients. The Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (DSSI) was administered to 33 chronic non-paranoid schizophrenic patients resident on long-stay wards. It was found that the vast majority of cases (81 per cent) produced symptom patterns conforming to the hierarchy of classes of personal illness model, but with a radically different distribution among the classes from that in acutely ill patients. Within the model a half of the patients were allotted to the two lowest classes--Class 0 (Symptom-free) and Class 1 (Dysthymic States). When each set of items was considered separately and independently of the model, it was found that a half of the group professed to have recently experienced delusions. Affective states and depressive symptoms were reported by over a third of the patients.", "PMID": 678740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3776", "title": "Factors influencing the response latencies of subnormal children in naming pictures.", "content": "The times taken to name 56 drawings of objects on five separate occasions were analysed for 21 ESN(M) and 21 ESN(S) children, matched for picture-naming vocabulary. The ESN(S) group not only had a higher mean response latency but also showed greater inter- and intra-subject variance. Nine objects were selected whose names have a Thorndike-Lorge language frequency of 50 words per million or greater, and nine others were selected with a frequency of less than 50 words per million. Each object was drawn in two ways, one giving a two-dimensional outline with the addition of important detail, the other drawing also incorporating cues indicating the depth of the object. An analysis of variance of the children's latencies in naming the selected 36 pictures of 18 objects over five trials indicated that the method of drawing had no effect upon naming latencies. Pictures with high-frequency names were named faster than those with lower frequency names, the ESN(S) group showing a greater rate of increase in naming latency for the lower frequency words than the ESN(M) children. Results were discussed in terms of the Oldfield and Lachman models of lexical memory storage and of the search processes required for the retrieval of names.", "contents": "Factors influencing the response latencies of subnormal children in naming pictures. The times taken to name 56 drawings of objects on five separate occasions were analysed for 21 ESN(M) and 21 ESN(S) children, matched for picture-naming vocabulary. The ESN(S) group not only had a higher mean response latency but also showed greater inter- and intra-subject variance. Nine objects were selected whose names have a Thorndike-Lorge language frequency of 50 words per million or greater, and nine others were selected with a frequency of less than 50 words per million. Each object was drawn in two ways, one giving a two-dimensional outline with the addition of important detail, the other drawing also incorporating cues indicating the depth of the object. An analysis of variance of the children's latencies in naming the selected 36 pictures of 18 objects over five trials indicated that the method of drawing had no effect upon naming latencies. Pictures with high-frequency names were named faster than those with lower frequency names, the ESN(S) group showing a greater rate of increase in naming latency for the lower frequency words than the ESN(M) children. Results were discussed in terms of the Oldfield and Lachman models of lexical memory storage and of the search processes required for the retrieval of names.", "PMID": 678742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3777", "title": "Memory effects in visual spatial information processing.", "content": "Eight, ten and twelve year old children were tested on a novel procedure involving the successive presentation of the standard and comparison stimuli. Two hypotheses were evaluated, one dealing with memory effects, and the other with children's pre-testing of choice responses in spatial information processing. It was found, in general, for both spatial perception and coordination of perspectives tasks, that there was no short memory decay for spatial information, but that opportunities to pre-test choice responses improved performance. It was inferred from these data that the performance superiority under simultaneous than successive conditions is attributable to opportunities to pre-test responses and not to memory effects, as opposed to successive conditions is attributable to opportunities to pre-test responses and not to memory effects.", "contents": "Memory effects in visual spatial information processing. Eight, ten and twelve year old children were tested on a novel procedure involving the successive presentation of the standard and comparison stimuli. Two hypotheses were evaluated, one dealing with memory effects, and the other with children's pre-testing of choice responses in spatial information processing. It was found, in general, for both spatial perception and coordination of perspectives tasks, that there was no short memory decay for spatial information, but that opportunities to pre-test choice responses improved performance. It was inferred from these data that the performance superiority under simultaneous than successive conditions is attributable to opportunities to pre-test responses and not to memory effects, as opposed to successive conditions is attributable to opportunities to pre-test responses and not to memory effects.", "PMID": 678744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3778", "title": "Acquisition and performance difference between normal and mentally handicapped adults on a complex assembly task.", "content": "Several single studies concerned with work training with the mentally handicapped have been reported in the literature (Bitter & Bolanovich, 1966; Huddle, 1967; Gold, 1969; Screven, Straka & Lafond, 1971). Most have been concerned with issues of acquisition and motivation to perform. No studies have been reported which focus on the evaluation of different techniques of training or which assess rate of acquisition against that of non-handicapped controls. The aim of this experiment is twofold. It uses a complex task, analysed by MTM-2, to enable comparison between the performances of mentally handicapped adults and adults from a 'normal' population, in the acquisition of new work skills. Various strategies of training were compared and the increase in the rate and quality of performance following acquisition was measured for both, in terms of speed and accuracy of production. Results add further support for the notion that the potential of mentally handicapped individuals is commonly underestimated. It is hoped that the findings provide a basis from which further experiments can be developed and evaluated.", "contents": "Acquisition and performance difference between normal and mentally handicapped adults on a complex assembly task. Several single studies concerned with work training with the mentally handicapped have been reported in the literature (Bitter & Bolanovich, 1966; Huddle, 1967; Gold, 1969; Screven, Straka & Lafond, 1971). Most have been concerned with issues of acquisition and motivation to perform. No studies have been reported which focus on the evaluation of different techniques of training or which assess rate of acquisition against that of non-handicapped controls. The aim of this experiment is twofold. It uses a complex task, analysed by MTM-2, to enable comparison between the performances of mentally handicapped adults and adults from a 'normal' population, in the acquisition of new work skills. Various strategies of training were compared and the increase in the rate and quality of performance following acquisition was measured for both, in terms of speed and accuracy of production. Results add further support for the notion that the potential of mentally handicapped individuals is commonly underestimated. It is hoped that the findings provide a basis from which further experiments can be developed and evaluated.", "PMID": 678746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3779", "title": "Evidence for language recoding in autistic, retarded and normal children: a re-examination.", "content": "In a replication and extension of earlier studies by Hermelin & O'Connor, language recoding abilities in autistic, retarded and normal children matched for mental age and digit span, were compared in a verbal recall task. Random word lists, sentences, and anomalous sentences, eight or 12 items in length (for high and low memory span subgroups) were presented and the number of words recalled from each type of input was scored. All low span children recalled sentences better than random lists with normal children superior to retarded and autistic children and the latter group poorer than the retarded group. Autistic children showed a recency effect with both types of input. There were no group differences amongst high span children and sentences were again better recalled than random lists. In Expt II sentences were better recalled than anomalous sentences, with autistic and retarded children equivalent in performance and poorer than normal children. Although low span autistic children were clearly deficient in recall of sentence material when compared with the two control groups, the effect of conditions showed that they were able to use structure to improve recall. Since high span autistic children did not perform differently from controls it is suggested that results from this kind of study may not be generalizable, and that claims for a specific coding deficit in autistic children need further substantiation.", "contents": "Evidence for language recoding in autistic, retarded and normal children: a re-examination. In a replication and extension of earlier studies by Hermelin & O'Connor, language recoding abilities in autistic, retarded and normal children matched for mental age and digit span, were compared in a verbal recall task. Random word lists, sentences, and anomalous sentences, eight or 12 items in length (for high and low memory span subgroups) were presented and the number of words recalled from each type of input was scored. All low span children recalled sentences better than random lists with normal children superior to retarded and autistic children and the latter group poorer than the retarded group. Autistic children showed a recency effect with both types of input. There were no group differences amongst high span children and sentences were again better recalled than random lists. In Expt II sentences were better recalled than anomalous sentences, with autistic and retarded children equivalent in performance and poorer than normal children. Although low span autistic children were clearly deficient in recall of sentence material when compared with the two control groups, the effect of conditions showed that they were able to use structure to improve recall. Since high span autistic children did not perform differently from controls it is suggested that results from this kind of study may not be generalizable, and that claims for a specific coding deficit in autistic children need further substantiation.", "PMID": 678747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3780", "title": "Computed tomography in spontaneous intracerebral haematomas.", "content": "The typical computed tomographic (CT) features of a recent intracerebral haematoma are a homogenous region of increased attenuation surrounded by a well demarcated relatively narrow low attenuation ring (LAR). The pathology of the LAR is controversial, but it corresponds well with a zone of ischaemic necrosis which is observed around most intracerebral haematomas exmined at autopsy. Observations are made on spontaneous intracerebral haematomas and on blood samples which confirm that extravasated blood clot undergoes a variable degree of retraction which is completed within six hours. This suggests that the LAR in recent haematoma is due to damage caused by the greater volume of the precontracted haemorrhage on the surrounding brain. CT abnormalities in intracerebral haematomas were studied; features which were useful in distinguishing spontaneous haematomas and those which affected prognosis are discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography in spontaneous intracerebral haematomas. The typical computed tomographic (CT) features of a recent intracerebral haematoma are a homogenous region of increased attenuation surrounded by a well demarcated relatively narrow low attenuation ring (LAR). The pathology of the LAR is controversial, but it corresponds well with a zone of ischaemic necrosis which is observed around most intracerebral haematomas exmined at autopsy. Observations are made on spontaneous intracerebral haematomas and on blood samples which confirm that extravasated blood clot undergoes a variable degree of retraction which is completed within six hours. This suggests that the LAR in recent haematoma is due to damage caused by the greater volume of the precontracted haemorrhage on the surrounding brain. CT abnormalities in intracerebral haematomas were studied; features which were useful in distinguishing spontaneous haematomas and those which affected prognosis are discussed.", "PMID": 678748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3781", "title": "The hip joint in Paget's disease (Paget's \"coxopathy\").", "content": "Three hundred patients with Paget's disease around the hip joint are compared with 300 control patients who did not have Paget's disease. The incidence of joint degeneration in the two groups is similar at all ages, and there appears to be no predisposition to joint degeneration in patients who have Paget's disease. A feature of the hip joints is that in approximately half there is joint narrowing to less than 3 mm affecting a portion or the whole of the joint surface, which, together with the incidence of protrusio acetabuli, is probably a specific manifestation of the joint changes associated with Paget's disease.", "contents": "The hip joint in Paget's disease (Paget's \"coxopathy\"). Three hundred patients with Paget's disease around the hip joint are compared with 300 control patients who did not have Paget's disease. The incidence of joint degeneration in the two groups is similar at all ages, and there appears to be no predisposition to joint degeneration in patients who have Paget's disease. A feature of the hip joints is that in approximately half there is joint narrowing to less than 3 mm affecting a portion or the whole of the joint surface, which, together with the incidence of protrusio acetabuli, is probably a specific manifestation of the joint changes associated with Paget's disease.", "PMID": 678749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3782", "title": "Renal tubular sludging of meglumine iodipamide (Biligrafin).", "content": "Linear densities which were thought to represent meglumine iodipamide were seen in the renal papillary tubules of three patients for respectively four, six and nine days following intravenous cholangiography (IVC). All three patients were children with hepato-biliary disease. Two patients had biliary roundworm infestation, and one patient had hepatic dysfunction and intestinal ascariasis with possible biliary involvement. Haematuria and renal enlargement were seen in one patient, but the cholangiogram was not conclusively implicated as a cause. This renal tubular \"sludging\" of biliary contrast medium is recorded because of its potential nephrotoxic significance. The possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "Renal tubular sludging of meglumine iodipamide (Biligrafin). Linear densities which were thought to represent meglumine iodipamide were seen in the renal papillary tubules of three patients for respectively four, six and nine days following intravenous cholangiography (IVC). All three patients were children with hepato-biliary disease. Two patients had biliary roundworm infestation, and one patient had hepatic dysfunction and intestinal ascariasis with possible biliary involvement. Haematuria and renal enlargement were seen in one patient, but the cholangiogram was not conclusively implicated as a cause. This renal tubular \"sludging\" of biliary contrast medium is recorded because of its potential nephrotoxic significance. The possible causes are discussed.", "PMID": 678750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3783", "title": "The early development of the human skeleton: a radiographic study of fetuses impregnated with silver nitrate.", "content": "The use of a silver nitrate impregnation technique and radiography for delineation of the bones of the developing skeleton is not widely known. Using this method, a study of skeleton development was undertaken over a three-year period and special attention was paid to 20 fetuses under the age of 16 weeks. The dates at which ossification in cartilage occurred and the sequence of bone development were noted. Although the technique may be used to delineate skeletal dysplasias in the stillborn, it is best suited to fetuses aged 9--20 weeks. It may become possible to show the earliest age at which bone dysplasias affect the skeleton though this is speculative at the moment.", "contents": "The early development of the human skeleton: a radiographic study of fetuses impregnated with silver nitrate. The use of a silver nitrate impregnation technique and radiography for delineation of the bones of the developing skeleton is not widely known. Using this method, a study of skeleton development was undertaken over a three-year period and special attention was paid to 20 fetuses under the age of 16 weeks. The dates at which ossification in cartilage occurred and the sequence of bone development were noted. Although the technique may be used to delineate skeletal dysplasias in the stillborn, it is best suited to fetuses aged 9--20 weeks. It may become possible to show the earliest age at which bone dysplasias affect the skeleton though this is speculative at the moment.", "PMID": 678751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3784", "title": "Pneumatosis intestinalis in children.", "content": "Pneumatosis intestinalis in children is well documented condition, and is accepted as a manifestation of differing gastrointestinal tract disorders such as mechanical obstruction, vascular disturbances of the bowel with or without bacterial contamination. However, the total spectrum of the mechanisms of production of pneumatosis is not yet fully understood. The presence of pneumatosis in necrotizing enterocolitis is a very serious condition and the mortality rate is very high. Transient ischaemia in infants due to perinatal stress is considered as an important aetiological factor. Gas in the portal venous system and pneumoperitoneum are also well-known associations. Gross peritonitis and perforation of the bowel are regarded as an indication for urgent surgery. Pneumatosis due to other causes follows a benign course, and does not influence the management.", "contents": "Pneumatosis intestinalis in children. Pneumatosis intestinalis in children is well documented condition, and is accepted as a manifestation of differing gastrointestinal tract disorders such as mechanical obstruction, vascular disturbances of the bowel with or without bacterial contamination. However, the total spectrum of the mechanisms of production of pneumatosis is not yet fully understood. The presence of pneumatosis in necrotizing enterocolitis is a very serious condition and the mortality rate is very high. Transient ischaemia in infants due to perinatal stress is considered as an important aetiological factor. Gas in the portal venous system and pneumoperitoneum are also well-known associations. Gross peritonitis and perforation of the bowel are regarded as an indication for urgent surgery. Pneumatosis due to other causes follows a benign course, and does not influence the management.", "PMID": 678752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3785", "title": "Ultrasound and hepatic metastases.", "content": "Recent advances in ultrasonic technology have permitted differentiation of tissue within an organ. Fifty-nine patients in whom satisfactory follow-up could be obtained underwent grey-scale ultrasonic examination of their livers. Fifty-three patients were scanned successfully and of these a correct diagnosis as to whether metastases were present or not was given in 46. Ultrasound is a safe non-invasive way of detecting hepatic metastases.", "contents": "Ultrasound and hepatic metastases. Recent advances in ultrasonic technology have permitted differentiation of tissue within an organ. Fifty-nine patients in whom satisfactory follow-up could be obtained underwent grey-scale ultrasonic examination of their livers. Fifty-three patients were scanned successfully and of these a correct diagnosis as to whether metastases were present or not was given in 46. Ultrasound is a safe non-invasive way of detecting hepatic metastases.", "PMID": 678753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3786", "title": "An evaluation of the use of 99Tcm-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) as a static renal imaging agent.", "content": "The clinical value of 99Tcm-dimercaptosuccinic acid, utilized as a static renal imaging agent, has been analysed in 366 patients. It proved to be diagnostically most useful in space occupying lesions of the kidney when equivocal on IVU and provided useful additional information when used in the determination of divided renal function or the distribution of intrarenal function. Its use is contraindicated in the determination of divided renal function in obstructed kidneys because of accumulation of significant amounts of DMSA that are excreted by glomerular filtration. When DMSA uptake at three hours after injection is compared with 99Tcm-DPTA uptake from 90 to 150 seconds after bolus injection, there is a good correlation between the two methods of determination of divided renal function.", "contents": "An evaluation of the use of 99Tcm-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) as a static renal imaging agent. The clinical value of 99Tcm-dimercaptosuccinic acid, utilized as a static renal imaging agent, has been analysed in 366 patients. It proved to be diagnostically most useful in space occupying lesions of the kidney when equivocal on IVU and provided useful additional information when used in the determination of divided renal function or the distribution of intrarenal function. Its use is contraindicated in the determination of divided renal function in obstructed kidneys because of accumulation of significant amounts of DMSA that are excreted by glomerular filtration. When DMSA uptake at three hours after injection is compared with 99Tcm-DPTA uptake from 90 to 150 seconds after bolus injection, there is a good correlation between the two methods of determination of divided renal function.", "PMID": 678754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3787", "title": "Response of aneurysmal bone cyst to low doses of cobalt 60 gamma radiation with prolonged treatment.", "content": "Successful treatment of two cases of aneurysmal bone cyst by cobalt 60 gamma radiation using low doses over prolonged periods (1400 rad in seven weeks and 1600 rad in eight months) is reported. Follow-up of four to ten years duration does not reveal any recurrence or complications. The merit of low dose, prolonged interval irradiation over surgery is discussed. This technique is recommended for aneurysmal bone cysts in children, especially at inaccessible sites.", "contents": "Response of aneurysmal bone cyst to low doses of cobalt 60 gamma radiation with prolonged treatment. Successful treatment of two cases of aneurysmal bone cyst by cobalt 60 gamma radiation using low doses over prolonged periods (1400 rad in seven weeks and 1600 rad in eight months) is reported. Follow-up of four to ten years duration does not reveal any recurrence or complications. The merit of low dose, prolonged interval irradiation over surgery is discussed. This technique is recommended for aneurysmal bone cysts in children, especially at inaccessible sites.", "PMID": 678755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3788", "title": "Implementation of the Philips treatment planning system for use in radiation teletherapy.", "content": "The Philips TPS is a dedicated computer system primarily for the calculation and display or radiotherapy dose distributions resulting from multiple field and rotational beam teletherapy techniques. Although a comprehensive range of planning facilities is offered by the system, including calculations in a number of parallel slices taken through the patient, the amount of basic data required to program the system is modest. This paper describes the beam checks which are necessary in order to obtain the input data, and then examines how well the computed radiation beams compare with independently measured isodose distributions. Other features of the system are discussed and an assessment of its operational reliability is given. The recently developed interstitial program is not examined here.", "contents": "Implementation of the Philips treatment planning system for use in radiation teletherapy. The Philips TPS is a dedicated computer system primarily for the calculation and display or radiotherapy dose distributions resulting from multiple field and rotational beam teletherapy techniques. Although a comprehensive range of planning facilities is offered by the system, including calculations in a number of parallel slices taken through the patient, the amount of basic data required to program the system is modest. This paper describes the beam checks which are necessary in order to obtain the input data, and then examines how well the computed radiation beams compare with independently measured isodose distributions. Other features of the system are discussed and an assessment of its operational reliability is given. The recently developed interstitial program is not examined here.", "PMID": 678756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3789", "title": "Mean skeletal dose factors for beta-particle emitters in human bone. Part I: volume-seeking radionuclides.", "content": "Based on calculations by Whitwell and Spiers, mean skeletal dose factors for beta-particle emitters have been derived for application to dosimetry in nuclear medicine, radiobiology and radiation protection. The dose factors apply to bone-seeking radionuclides that are depostited more or less uniformly throughout the human mineralized skeleton and are defined as: (1) vDM/DB, the mean dose to the haemopoietic marrow in trabecular bone as a fraction of the \"dose to bone\", DB; (2) vDs/DB, the mean dose to endosteal (osteogenic) tissue lying in a zone 0--10 micron from trabecular surfaces, also as a fraction of the dose DB. Dose factors are given for three ages, 1.7, 9 and 44 years and for eight radionuclides, ranging in mean beta-particle energy from 0.05 MeV (14C) to 0.93 MeV (90Y). Dose factors, calculated for a single lumbar vertebra of an infant aged 3.5 weeks, enable approximate values of mean skeletal dose factors to be estimated for ages less than 1.7 years. Limited data are also reported on dose factors for the femoral cortex from subjects aged 9 and 50 years.", "contents": "Mean skeletal dose factors for beta-particle emitters in human bone. Part I: volume-seeking radionuclides. Based on calculations by Whitwell and Spiers, mean skeletal dose factors for beta-particle emitters have been derived for application to dosimetry in nuclear medicine, radiobiology and radiation protection. The dose factors apply to bone-seeking radionuclides that are depostited more or less uniformly throughout the human mineralized skeleton and are defined as: (1) vDM/DB, the mean dose to the haemopoietic marrow in trabecular bone as a fraction of the \"dose to bone\", DB; (2) vDs/DB, the mean dose to endosteal (osteogenic) tissue lying in a zone 0--10 micron from trabecular surfaces, also as a fraction of the dose DB. Dose factors are given for three ages, 1.7, 9 and 44 years and for eight radionuclides, ranging in mean beta-particle energy from 0.05 MeV (14C) to 0.93 MeV (90Y). Dose factors, calculated for a single lumbar vertebra of an infant aged 3.5 weeks, enable approximate values of mean skeletal dose factors to be estimated for ages less than 1.7 years. Limited data are also reported on dose factors for the femoral cortex from subjects aged 9 and 50 years.", "PMID": 678757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3790", "title": "The injuries of terrorist bombing: a study of 1532 consecutive patients.", "content": "Of 1532 explosion victims only 9 died in hospital. Injury to the chest or abdominal organs was rare (10 patients of whom 5 died). Primary blast lung was apparent in only 2 patients. Major limb amputations occured in 16 patients of whom 4 died. None of the 50 patients with burns required skin grafts. Injuries were predominantly to the head and neck and limbs, suggesting the protective effect of clothing. Half of the patients suffered from emotional shock, most with no physical injury and 82 per cent of whom were female. Eighty-three per cent of patients arrived at hospital between 10.00 a.m. and 7.00 p.m.", "contents": "The injuries of terrorist bombing: a study of 1532 consecutive patients. Of 1532 explosion victims only 9 died in hospital. Injury to the chest or abdominal organs was rare (10 patients of whom 5 died). Primary blast lung was apparent in only 2 patients. Major limb amputations occured in 16 patients of whom 4 died. None of the 50 patients with burns required skin grafts. Injuries were predominantly to the head and neck and limbs, suggesting the protective effect of clothing. Half of the patients suffered from emotional shock, most with no physical injury and 82 per cent of whom were female. Eighty-three per cent of patients arrived at hospital between 10.00 a.m. and 7.00 p.m.", "PMID": 678765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3791", "title": "Major arterial trauma: review of experience with 267 injuries.", "content": "Experience with 267 arterial injuries treated over a 3--4-year period is reported. Vessels in the lower limb were involved most commonly (43 per cent), but there was also a relatively high incidence of carotid (13 per cent) and subclavian (9 per cent) injuries in this series. Penetrating wounds (stab and gunshot) were most commonly responsible. We found that serious distal ischaemia is uncommon in upper limb injuries, but expanding haematoma at the root of the limb is a cause of mortality and serious morbidity. Selective use of preoperative angiography is recommended. Successful results follow liberal use of interposition grafts after wide excision of doubtful vessel, rigorous wound excision, delayed primary closure and fixation of associated fractures. Repair of concomitant venous injuries should always be attempted but is more important in the lower than the upper limb. Late revascularization in the presence of critical ischaemia yields a 50 per cent limb salvage rate, but great care must be taken to avoid renal insufficiency and, if it occurs, energetic treatment is necessary for survival.", "contents": "Major arterial trauma: review of experience with 267 injuries. Experience with 267 arterial injuries treated over a 3--4-year period is reported. Vessels in the lower limb were involved most commonly (43 per cent), but there was also a relatively high incidence of carotid (13 per cent) and subclavian (9 per cent) injuries in this series. Penetrating wounds (stab and gunshot) were most commonly responsible. We found that serious distal ischaemia is uncommon in upper limb injuries, but expanding haematoma at the root of the limb is a cause of mortality and serious morbidity. Selective use of preoperative angiography is recommended. Successful results follow liberal use of interposition grafts after wide excision of doubtful vessel, rigorous wound excision, delayed primary closure and fixation of associated fractures. Repair of concomitant venous injuries should always be attempted but is more important in the lower than the upper limb. Late revascularization in the presence of critical ischaemia yields a 50 per cent limb salvage rate, but great care must be taken to avoid renal insufficiency and, if it occurs, energetic treatment is necessary for survival.", "PMID": 678766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3792", "title": "Isolated complete transection of the common bile duct by blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "Isolated complete transection of the common bile duct due to blunt trauma is rare. Its occurrence and successful treatment in an 8-year-old boy are described. Inital minor peritonism resolved quickly, followed by a deceptive asymptomatic period and insidious development of jaundice, anorexia, vomiting, pain, acholic stools and progressive abdominal distension due to sterile biliary ascites. A preliminary cholecystostomy was followed by construction of a Roux-en-Y cholecystojejunostomy.", "contents": "Isolated complete transection of the common bile duct by blunt abdominal trauma. Isolated complete transection of the common bile duct due to blunt trauma is rare. Its occurrence and successful treatment in an 8-year-old boy are described. Inital minor peritonism resolved quickly, followed by a deceptive asymptomatic period and insidious development of jaundice, anorexia, vomiting, pain, acholic stools and progressive abdominal distension due to sterile biliary ascites. A preliminary cholecystostomy was followed by construction of a Roux-en-Y cholecystojejunostomy.", "PMID": 678767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3793", "title": "Intrathoracic rupture of the spleen.", "content": "The case is reported of a 15-year-old girl who presented following trauma and was found to have a massive congenital diaphragmatic hernia through the foramen of Bochdalek. The spleen, which was intrathoracic, had ruptured. No other similar cases have been reported in the literature hitherto.", "contents": "Intrathoracic rupture of the spleen. The case is reported of a 15-year-old girl who presented following trauma and was found to have a massive congenital diaphragmatic hernia through the foramen of Bochdalek. The spleen, which was intrathoracic, had ruptured. No other similar cases have been reported in the literature hitherto.", "PMID": 678768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3794", "title": "Depot penicillin as prophylaxis in accidental wounds.", "content": "A series of 285 patients attending an accident and emergency department with wounds which required suturing was divided at random into two equal groups. The first group received a single dose of depot penicillin at the time of suture and the second group received no antibiotic cover. The incidence of subsequent wound infections was not significantly reduced in patients who received penicillin.", "contents": "Depot penicillin as prophylaxis in accidental wounds. A series of 285 patients attending an accident and emergency department with wounds which required suturing was divided at random into two equal groups. The first group received a single dose of depot penicillin at the time of suture and the second group received no antibiotic cover. The incidence of subsequent wound infections was not significantly reduced in patients who received penicillin.", "PMID": 678769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3795", "title": "Use of the carbon dioxide laser in an abdominoperineal resection for epidermoid anal carcinoma: a case report.", "content": "An abdominoperineal excision of the rectum was performed on a 52-year-old male who had epidermoid anal carcinoma. A steel scalpel was utilized for the abdominal component, but the entire perineal resection was accomplished with a carbon dioxide laser beam. We believe this to be the first reported case of an abdominoperineal resection using this new modality, which may become a useful and modern adjunct in extirpative surgery. The haemostatic effects of the laser were well demonstrated in our patient.", "contents": "Use of the carbon dioxide laser in an abdominoperineal resection for epidermoid anal carcinoma: a case report. An abdominoperineal excision of the rectum was performed on a 52-year-old male who had epidermoid anal carcinoma. A steel scalpel was utilized for the abdominal component, but the entire perineal resection was accomplished with a carbon dioxide laser beam. We believe this to be the first reported case of an abdominoperineal resection using this new modality, which may become a useful and modern adjunct in extirpative surgery. The haemostatic effects of the laser were well demonstrated in our patient.", "PMID": 678770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3796", "title": "The effect of reversed jejunal segments on the myoelectrical activity of the small bowel.", "content": "Short reversed jejunal segments increase intestinal transit time clinically. In view of the correlation between motility and myoelectrical activity, we have investigated the effect of jejunal reversal and transection on the latter in 10 mongrel dogs. There is a significant decrease in the basic electrical rate in and below both transected and reversed jejunal segments. There is a 3 per cent incidence of retrograde electrical activity within a transected segment and a 24 per cent incidence in the intestine distal to it. In reversed segments the incidence of retrograde activity is 60 per cent within the reversed segment and 61 per cent in the jejunum distal to it.", "contents": "The effect of reversed jejunal segments on the myoelectrical activity of the small bowel. Short reversed jejunal segments increase intestinal transit time clinically. In view of the correlation between motility and myoelectrical activity, we have investigated the effect of jejunal reversal and transection on the latter in 10 mongrel dogs. There is a significant decrease in the basic electrical rate in and below both transected and reversed jejunal segments. There is a 3 per cent incidence of retrograde electrical activity within a transected segment and a 24 per cent incidence in the intestine distal to it. In reversed segments the incidence of retrograde activity is 60 per cent within the reversed segment and 61 per cent in the jejunum distal to it.", "PMID": 678771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3797", "title": "Adenocarcinoma arising in a duplication of the rectum.", "content": "A case of adenocarcinoma arising within a rectal duplication is reported.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma arising in a duplication of the rectum. A case of adenocarcinoma arising within a rectal duplication is reported.", "PMID": 678772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3798", "title": "Peritoneal dialysis in obstructive jaundice: an experimental study.", "content": "Rats were subjected to common bile duct ligation, after which intermittent peritoneal dialysis with a buffered solution containing rat plasma proteins was carried out in an attempt to reduce plasma bilirubin levels. Plasma bilirubin increased significantly (P less than 0.01) on the seventh day and was still rising 12 days after ligation of the common bile duct. Dialysis was performed during the second postoperative week. Provided that rat plasma protein was present in the dialysing fluid, dialysis significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) the levels of total plasma bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin and serum GPT in the experimental animals.", "contents": "Peritoneal dialysis in obstructive jaundice: an experimental study. Rats were subjected to common bile duct ligation, after which intermittent peritoneal dialysis with a buffered solution containing rat plasma proteins was carried out in an attempt to reduce plasma bilirubin levels. Plasma bilirubin increased significantly (P less than 0.01) on the seventh day and was still rising 12 days after ligation of the common bile duct. Dialysis was performed during the second postoperative week. Provided that rat plasma protein was present in the dialysing fluid, dialysis significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) the levels of total plasma bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin and serum GPT in the experimental animals.", "PMID": 678773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3799", "title": "An isotope clearance method for measurement of liver blood flow during portasystemic shunt in man.", "content": "The clearance from the surface of the liver of krypton 85 following its injection into the portal vein was measured in 10 patients. Six control patients (i.e. those not suffering from portal hypertension) averaged flow values of 142 ml per 100 g liver weight per min. A repeat flow estimation in these patients was not significantly different. Four patients with portal hypertension were studied. In 2 with congenital hepatic fibrosis the portal vein was temporarily occluded to allow prediction of the degree of hepatic perfusion likely to be achieved by the hepatic artery alone after portal deviation. The flow after portal venous clamping was unaffected in one of these cases but reduced by 45 per cent in the other. In a patient undergoing a Warren distal splenorenal shunt there was no change in flow after the procedure. If measurements are performed before and during temporary portal vein occlusion, an assessment of the flow reduction to be expected after a shunt procedure can be made. We suggest that a knowledge of liver tissue perfusion might influence the choice of operative procedure.", "contents": "An isotope clearance method for measurement of liver blood flow during portasystemic shunt in man. The clearance from the surface of the liver of krypton 85 following its injection into the portal vein was measured in 10 patients. Six control patients (i.e. those not suffering from portal hypertension) averaged flow values of 142 ml per 100 g liver weight per min. A repeat flow estimation in these patients was not significantly different. Four patients with portal hypertension were studied. In 2 with congenital hepatic fibrosis the portal vein was temporarily occluded to allow prediction of the degree of hepatic perfusion likely to be achieved by the hepatic artery alone after portal deviation. The flow after portal venous clamping was unaffected in one of these cases but reduced by 45 per cent in the other. In a patient undergoing a Warren distal splenorenal shunt there was no change in flow after the procedure. If measurements are performed before and during temporary portal vein occlusion, an assessment of the flow reduction to be expected after a shunt procedure can be made. We suggest that a knowledge of liver tissue perfusion might influence the choice of operative procedure.", "PMID": 678774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3800", "title": "Non-operative treatment of retained bile duct calculi in patients with an indwelling T tube.", "content": "The results of combined instrumental and chemical treatment of retained bile duct calculi in 18 patients with an indwelling T tube are reported. The instrumental extraction of stones was carried out through the T tube channel using a modified Dormia apparatus. The chemical method involved continuous infusion through the T tube of heparin in saline alternating with sodium cholate. The treatment was successful in 16 of 18 patients with from 1 to 14 residual stones. The instrumental extraction of stones is recommended as the treatment of choice 5--6 weeks after choledochotomy in patients with residual stones and an indwelling T tube. Subsequent chemical treatment is recommended if remnants of stones are left in the bile duct after instrumental treatment.", "contents": "Non-operative treatment of retained bile duct calculi in patients with an indwelling T tube. The results of combined instrumental and chemical treatment of retained bile duct calculi in 18 patients with an indwelling T tube are reported. The instrumental extraction of stones was carried out through the T tube channel using a modified Dormia apparatus. The chemical method involved continuous infusion through the T tube of heparin in saline alternating with sodium cholate. The treatment was successful in 16 of 18 patients with from 1 to 14 residual stones. The instrumental extraction of stones is recommended as the treatment of choice 5--6 weeks after choledochotomy in patients with residual stones and an indwelling T tube. Subsequent chemical treatment is recommended if remnants of stones are left in the bile duct after instrumental treatment.", "PMID": 678775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3801", "title": "Clinical experience with silicone rubber grafts as shunts in portal hypertension.", "content": "We report the use of a woven silicone rubber graft as an alternative prosthesis for a shunt in 8 patients with portal hypertension. Four patients were operated on as emergencies and 4 electively. In 4 cases the graft was used as a standard mesocaval H graft, in 2 as a portocaval H graft and in 2 cases it was used to simplify the Warren selective distal splenorenal shunt. The material has properties which make it a superior graft to existing prostheses and autogenous vein. Our results confirm the experience of others, that the poor risk patients do badly whatever form of shunt is performed, and of those who survive, the total portal shunt carries the risk of postoperative encephalopathy.", "contents": "Clinical experience with silicone rubber grafts as shunts in portal hypertension. We report the use of a woven silicone rubber graft as an alternative prosthesis for a shunt in 8 patients with portal hypertension. Four patients were operated on as emergencies and 4 electively. In 4 cases the graft was used as a standard mesocaval H graft, in 2 as a portocaval H graft and in 2 cases it was used to simplify the Warren selective distal splenorenal shunt. The material has properties which make it a superior graft to existing prostheses and autogenous vein. Our results confirm the experience of others, that the poor risk patients do badly whatever form of shunt is performed, and of those who survive, the total portal shunt carries the risk of postoperative encephalopathy.", "PMID": 678776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3802", "title": "Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid arteries.", "content": "Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid arteries are unusual; they present difficulties in diagnosis and may cause death or cerebrovascular accidents in a majority of patients. This report describes three different types of aneurysm of the carotid arteries and their presentation and discusses their management.", "contents": "Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid arteries. Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid arteries are unusual; they present difficulties in diagnosis and may cause death or cerebrovascular accidents in a majority of patients. This report describes three different types of aneurysm of the carotid arteries and their presentation and discusses their management.", "PMID": 678777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3803", "title": "Respiratory viruses and cot death.", "content": "Respiratory viruses and histological appearances of the lung were studied prospectively in an unselected series of 104 children who died between 1 week and 2 years of age. Thirty-one of the cases were cot deaths. Seven of these showed evidence of active virus infection in the lower respiratory tract. Similar evidence was found in two children who died from known causes and did not have a severe respiratory illness terminally. Although in some cases of cot death respiratory viruses may be responsible for a severe and rapidly overwhelming illness, the present results are compatible with an alternative hypothesis-namely, that minor respiratory illness may trigger sudden apnoea.", "contents": "Respiratory viruses and cot death. Respiratory viruses and histological appearances of the lung were studied prospectively in an unselected series of 104 children who died between 1 week and 2 years of age. Thirty-one of the cases were cot deaths. Seven of these showed evidence of active virus infection in the lower respiratory tract. Similar evidence was found in two children who died from known causes and did not have a severe respiratory illness terminally. Although in some cases of cot death respiratory viruses may be responsible for a severe and rapidly overwhelming illness, the present results are compatible with an alternative hypothesis-namely, that minor respiratory illness may trigger sudden apnoea.", "PMID": 678779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3804", "title": "Contribution of general practitioner hospitals in England and Wales.", "content": "A survey of a one-in-seven sample of general practitioner hospitals in England and Wales, performed to determine the contribution they make to overall hospital work load and the attitudes of the general practitioners working in them, showed that 3% of acute hospital beds in England and Wales were in general practitioner hospitals, which provided initial hospital care for up to 20% of the population. Altogether 16% of general practitioners and 22% of consultants were on the staffs, and they coped with more than 13% of all casualties, 6% of operations, and 4% of x-ray examinations. Nearly a million casualties were treated at no cost to the National Health Service. Twenty new district general hospitals would be needed to cope with the work load currently dealt with by general practitioner hospitals. The results of this survey indicate that these smaller hospitals deal efficiently and cheaply with their work load, and that morale is high. General practitioner hospitals could have an important part to play in providing certain types of care, but there are no financial incentives to enable general practitioners to realise this potential fully.", "contents": "Contribution of general practitioner hospitals in England and Wales. A survey of a one-in-seven sample of general practitioner hospitals in England and Wales, performed to determine the contribution they make to overall hospital work load and the attitudes of the general practitioners working in them, showed that 3% of acute hospital beds in England and Wales were in general practitioner hospitals, which provided initial hospital care for up to 20% of the population. Altogether 16% of general practitioners and 22% of consultants were on the staffs, and they coped with more than 13% of all casualties, 6% of operations, and 4% of x-ray examinations. Nearly a million casualties were treated at no cost to the National Health Service. Twenty new district general hospitals would be needed to cope with the work load currently dealt with by general practitioner hospitals. The results of this survey indicate that these smaller hospitals deal efficiently and cheaply with their work load, and that morale is high. General practitioner hospitals could have an important part to play in providing certain types of care, but there are no financial incentives to enable general practitioners to realise this potential fully.", "PMID": 678798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3805", "title": "Benefits of total hip replacement to older patients and the community.", "content": "The benefits of total hip replacement in 49 people aged 55-84 with osteoarthrosis of the hip were evaluated. The main benefit was relief of symptoms, 40 patients being pain free after operation. Range of hip movement and mobility improved moderately in most patients. After operation most patients were better able to perform certain activities of daily life, though only six were completely independent, the rest requiring aids or help from others. Nevertheless, 18 of the patients' main helpers estimated that they had more time free of tasks previously performed for the patient. There was a small reduction in the need for community medical resources such as home visits from general practitioners or district nurses. Thirteen patients were still taking antiarthritic drugs. Older patients needed to spend longer in hospital after operation because of complications. It was concluded that total hip replacement contributed to improving the quality of life of patients and their helpers, while also helping to reduce the demand for community health and welfare services.", "contents": "Benefits of total hip replacement to older patients and the community. The benefits of total hip replacement in 49 people aged 55-84 with osteoarthrosis of the hip were evaluated. The main benefit was relief of symptoms, 40 patients being pain free after operation. Range of hip movement and mobility improved moderately in most patients. After operation most patients were better able to perform certain activities of daily life, though only six were completely independent, the rest requiring aids or help from others. Nevertheless, 18 of the patients' main helpers estimated that they had more time free of tasks previously performed for the patient. There was a small reduction in the need for community medical resources such as home visits from general practitioners or district nurses. Thirteen patients were still taking antiarthritic drugs. Older patients needed to spend longer in hospital after operation because of complications. It was concluded that total hip replacement contributed to improving the quality of life of patients and their helpers, while also helping to reduce the demand for community health and welfare services.", "PMID": 678799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3806", "title": "Failure to detect intra-abdominal metastases from breast cancer: a case for staging laparotomy.", "content": "Two studies were performed to assess the accuracy of non-invasive methods in detecting intra-abdominal metastases from breast cancer. Firstly, the sites of spread detected at the time of first presentation with metastases were compared with the sites of spread shown at necropsy in the same patients. Although about two-thirds of the patients with bone and lung metastases at necropsy had had metastases detected at these sites when they first presented with metastases, only a third of the patients with liver metastases and none of those with other intra-abdominal metastases had had evidence of disease at first presentation with metastases. The second study confirmed a poor detection rate of liver and other intra-abdominal metastases in patients with breast cancer undergoing laparotomy and oophorectomy who were staged immediately before operation.Pre-mastectomy staging laparotomy should be considered in those patients with primary breast cancer who are most likely to have disseminated disease beyond the regional nodes. In the presence of occult gross metastases detected by staging laparotomy, mastectomy will not provide additional protection against loca recurrence of disease. Patients with occult gross metastases should also be excluded from studies on adjuvant chemotherapy (designed to treat micrometastases). Aggressive methods of staging are justified to protect the patient as far as possible against unnecessary mastectomy and to identify those patients who should be treated by therapeutic chemotherapy rather than adjuvant chemotherapy.", "contents": "Failure to detect intra-abdominal metastases from breast cancer: a case for staging laparotomy. Two studies were performed to assess the accuracy of non-invasive methods in detecting intra-abdominal metastases from breast cancer. Firstly, the sites of spread detected at the time of first presentation with metastases were compared with the sites of spread shown at necropsy in the same patients. Although about two-thirds of the patients with bone and lung metastases at necropsy had had metastases detected at these sites when they first presented with metastases, only a third of the patients with liver metastases and none of those with other intra-abdominal metastases had had evidence of disease at first presentation with metastases. The second study confirmed a poor detection rate of liver and other intra-abdominal metastases in patients with breast cancer undergoing laparotomy and oophorectomy who were staged immediately before operation.Pre-mastectomy staging laparotomy should be considered in those patients with primary breast cancer who are most likely to have disseminated disease beyond the regional nodes. In the presence of occult gross metastases detected by staging laparotomy, mastectomy will not provide additional protection against loca recurrence of disease. Patients with occult gross metastases should also be excluded from studies on adjuvant chemotherapy (designed to treat micrometastases). Aggressive methods of staging are justified to protect the patient as far as possible against unnecessary mastectomy and to identify those patients who should be treated by therapeutic chemotherapy rather than adjuvant chemotherapy.", "PMID": 678829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3807", "title": "Comparison of performance of various sphygmomanometers with intra-arterial blood-pressure readings.", "content": "Seven types of sphygmomanometer were used in random order on each of nine hypertensive patients and the readings compared with simultaneous intra-arterial blood-pressure recordings. All the devices gave significantly different values for systolic pressure, and only two measured diastolic pressure without significant error. Systolic pressure was consistently underestimated (range 31-7 mm Hg), and all but one instrument overestimated diastolic pressure (range 10-2 mm Hg). The variability of readings was least with the standard mercury sphygmomanometer and the random-zero machine, while with some of the more automated devices single readings were in error up to -68/33 mm Hg. The strong correlations found between intra-arterial and cuff systolic pressures with all devices tested and significant correlations for diastolic pressure with all but one device indicate that, with one possible exception, the sphygmomanometers would give accurate results where a change in blood pressure was the main concern.", "contents": "Comparison of performance of various sphygmomanometers with intra-arterial blood-pressure readings. Seven types of sphygmomanometer were used in random order on each of nine hypertensive patients and the readings compared with simultaneous intra-arterial blood-pressure recordings. All the devices gave significantly different values for systolic pressure, and only two measured diastolic pressure without significant error. Systolic pressure was consistently underestimated (range 31-7 mm Hg), and all but one instrument overestimated diastolic pressure (range 10-2 mm Hg). The variability of readings was least with the standard mercury sphygmomanometer and the random-zero machine, while with some of the more automated devices single readings were in error up to -68/33 mm Hg. The strong correlations found between intra-arterial and cuff systolic pressures with all devices tested and significant correlations for diastolic pressure with all but one device indicate that, with one possible exception, the sphygmomanometers would give accurate results where a change in blood pressure was the main concern.", "PMID": 678830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3808", "title": "Oxamniquine for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection in Sudan.", "content": "The efficacy and acceptability of oral oxamniquine were assessed in Sudanese patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Cure rates, determined by the absence of viable eggs in the stools six months after treatment, were 94.9% in patients treated with a total of 60 mg/kg, 78.8% in patients treated with 40 mg/kg, and 68.9% in patients treated with 30 mg/kg. All treatment regimens considerably reduced the egg count in those patients not cured. The drug was well tolerated and the side effects were minimal and transient, the most common being dizziness. Most of the patients noticed a reddish discoloration of their urine, which was probably caused by a metabolite of the drug. In patients who received 60 mg/kg oxamniquine there were transient rises in eosinophil counts and in serum alanine aminotransferase concentrations. Though 60 mg/kg was by far the most effective dose in terms of cure rate, egg counts were significantly reduced on all three doses. The lower doses could therefore be useful in a low-cost control programme in reducing transmission of S mansoni infection.", "contents": "Oxamniquine for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection in Sudan. The efficacy and acceptability of oral oxamniquine were assessed in Sudanese patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Cure rates, determined by the absence of viable eggs in the stools six months after treatment, were 94.9% in patients treated with a total of 60 mg/kg, 78.8% in patients treated with 40 mg/kg, and 68.9% in patients treated with 30 mg/kg. All treatment regimens considerably reduced the egg count in those patients not cured. The drug was well tolerated and the side effects were minimal and transient, the most common being dizziness. Most of the patients noticed a reddish discoloration of their urine, which was probably caused by a metabolite of the drug. In patients who received 60 mg/kg oxamniquine there were transient rises in eosinophil counts and in serum alanine aminotransferase concentrations. Though 60 mg/kg was by far the most effective dose in terms of cure rate, egg counts were significantly reduced on all three doses. The lower doses could therefore be useful in a low-cost control programme in reducing transmission of S mansoni infection.", "PMID": 678831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3809", "title": "Screening for breast cancer. Report from Edinburgh Breast Screening Clinic.", "content": "As part of a trial to determine the feasibility of screening for breast cancer, 3952 women aged 40--59 years were screened once or more over two years. They represented 82% of those invited by a personal letter from their GPs. Each woman underwent mammography, two clinical examinations, and, usually, thermography. Further investigations included needle aspiration of cysts, xeromammography, and biopsy. Of the 125 women who underwent biopsy, 18 proved to have cancer. Because of the high response rate and consequent large sample of normal women the biopsy and cancer detection rates were low. Clinical examination and mammography together were more effective in detecting significant lesions than either procedure alone, and knowledge of the mammographic findings enabled the examiner to detect more abnormalities. Screening was expensive: each cancer detected cost about 6000 pounds, excluding data processing, surgical, and pathological costs. The clinic has now adopted a more simplified screening regimen, which should reduce costs, but more accurate imaging techniques and ways of identifying high-risk cases are needed.", "contents": "Screening for breast cancer. Report from Edinburgh Breast Screening Clinic. As part of a trial to determine the feasibility of screening for breast cancer, 3952 women aged 40--59 years were screened once or more over two years. They represented 82% of those invited by a personal letter from their GPs. Each woman underwent mammography, two clinical examinations, and, usually, thermography. Further investigations included needle aspiration of cysts, xeromammography, and biopsy. Of the 125 women who underwent biopsy, 18 proved to have cancer. Because of the high response rate and consequent large sample of normal women the biopsy and cancer detection rates were low. Clinical examination and mammography together were more effective in detecting significant lesions than either procedure alone, and knowledge of the mammographic findings enabled the examiner to detect more abnormalities. Screening was expensive: each cancer detected cost about 6000 pounds, excluding data processing, surgical, and pathological costs. The clinic has now adopted a more simplified screening regimen, which should reduce costs, but more accurate imaging techniques and ways of identifying high-risk cases are needed.", "PMID": 678836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3810", "title": "Do drug offences matter?", "content": "Drug offences in addicts are often thought to indicate little more than continued dependency. In a four-year follow-up study of 60 men attending a drug clinic a history of repeated convictions for drug offences was found to be strongly related to patterns of delinquency. The following variables were associated with a history of repeated drug offences: a higher conviction rate for \"non-drug\" offences; younger age at first conviction; conviction preceding drug use; convictions for offences of sex and violence; longer prison sentences; and regular narcotic use and continued dependency at follow-up. Receiving a clinic prescription was not associated with a lower incidence of drug offences. Repeated drug offences identified a subgroup of drug users who were characterised by extensive sociopathic behaviour. Such offences should not be dismissed as an unavoidable, unimportant part of addiction.", "contents": "Do drug offences matter? Drug offences in addicts are often thought to indicate little more than continued dependency. In a four-year follow-up study of 60 men attending a drug clinic a history of repeated convictions for drug offences was found to be strongly related to patterns of delinquency. The following variables were associated with a history of repeated drug offences: a higher conviction rate for \"non-drug\" offences; younger age at first conviction; conviction preceding drug use; convictions for offences of sex and violence; longer prison sentences; and regular narcotic use and continued dependency at follow-up. Receiving a clinic prescription was not associated with a lower incidence of drug offences. Repeated drug offences identified a subgroup of drug users who were characterised by extensive sociopathic behaviour. Such offences should not be dismissed as an unavoidable, unimportant part of addiction.", "PMID": 678840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3811", "title": "Perinatal mortality and morbidity associated with eclampsia.", "content": "Out of all the women who were delivered in Cardiff maternity units during 1965-74, 43 developed eclampsia, an incidence of 72/100 000 deliveries. The incidence in residents of Cardiff was 53/100 000 deliveries. None of the mothers with eclampsia died, but 10 of the 47 babies were lost, all but one having been born to women with antepartum eclampsia. The perinatal deaths were mainly associated with chronic placental insufficiency and preterm delivery. The extent to which the wide range of complex drug regimens used influenced perinatal outcome is not clear, although polypharmacy should be avoided. Because eclampsia is rare we advocate that its management should be planned and rehearsed and that a simple, standardised treatment regimen should be used. Failing placental function may be detected by monitoring fetal growth by ultrasound.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality and morbidity associated with eclampsia. Out of all the women who were delivered in Cardiff maternity units during 1965-74, 43 developed eclampsia, an incidence of 72/100 000 deliveries. The incidence in residents of Cardiff was 53/100 000 deliveries. None of the mothers with eclampsia died, but 10 of the 47 babies were lost, all but one having been born to women with antepartum eclampsia. The perinatal deaths were mainly associated with chronic placental insufficiency and preterm delivery. The extent to which the wide range of complex drug regimens used influenced perinatal outcome is not clear, although polypharmacy should be avoided. Because eclampsia is rare we advocate that its management should be planned and rehearsed and that a simple, standardised treatment regimen should be used. Failing placental function may be detected by monitoring fetal growth by ultrasound.", "PMID": 678883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3812", "title": "Delayed small-intestinal transit in tropical malabsorption.", "content": "The time of breath hydrogen appearance (T) after oral lactulose was determined in 98 patients in London who had been to the tropics. Fifty-six controls from three different ethnic groups had no evidence of gastrointestinal disease; 23 had tropical malabsorption, which was severe in 10; and 19 had chronic diarrhoea without malabsorption. Mean T was significantly delayed in patients with tropical malabsorption compared with controls, indicating that their mouth-caecum transit rate was abnormally slow. In six patients with tropical malabsorption who were reinvestigated after treatment a fall in the value for T seemed to parallel clinical improvement. Three patients with diarrhoea due to chronic colonic disease had delayed T. Patients with tropical malabsorption have bacterial colonisation of the small intestine, which is important in the pathogenesis of the disease. Bacterial overgrowth, which sometimes occurs after infective diarrhoea in the tropics and gives rise to tropical sprue, is a result of stasis.", "contents": "Delayed small-intestinal transit in tropical malabsorption. The time of breath hydrogen appearance (T) after oral lactulose was determined in 98 patients in London who had been to the tropics. Fifty-six controls from three different ethnic groups had no evidence of gastrointestinal disease; 23 had tropical malabsorption, which was severe in 10; and 19 had chronic diarrhoea without malabsorption. Mean T was significantly delayed in patients with tropical malabsorption compared with controls, indicating that their mouth-caecum transit rate was abnormally slow. In six patients with tropical malabsorption who were reinvestigated after treatment a fall in the value for T seemed to parallel clinical improvement. Three patients with diarrhoea due to chronic colonic disease had delayed T. Patients with tropical malabsorption have bacterial colonisation of the small intestine, which is important in the pathogenesis of the disease. Bacterial overgrowth, which sometimes occurs after infective diarrhoea in the tropics and gives rise to tropical sprue, is a result of stasis.", "PMID": 678884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3813", "title": "Dyspnoea, disability, and distance walked: comparison of estimates of exercise performance in respiratory disease.", "content": "Forty-four patients with airway obstruction and 18 with pulmonary infiltration were studied in an attempt to correlate exercise tolerance, as assessed by a simple walking test, with basic respiratory function values and differing subjective assessments of exercise performance. The distance walked in 12 minutes was significantly correlated with the response to a structured questionnaire and with the patients' assessment of performance using an oxygen-cost diagram. The distance walked did not agree well with simple subjective estimates obtained in the clinical history. It was better correlated with forced vital capacity than with forced expiratory volume in one second in both groups of patients, and was well correlated with carbon monoxide transfer factor in those with pulmonary infiltration. The scatter of results, however, was such that exercise performance could not usefully be predicted from the respiratory function values or from subjective assessments. Simple exercise tests are an essential part of assessing disability and response to treatment in patients with respiratory impairment.", "contents": "Dyspnoea, disability, and distance walked: comparison of estimates of exercise performance in respiratory disease. Forty-four patients with airway obstruction and 18 with pulmonary infiltration were studied in an attempt to correlate exercise tolerance, as assessed by a simple walking test, with basic respiratory function values and differing subjective assessments of exercise performance. The distance walked in 12 minutes was significantly correlated with the response to a structured questionnaire and with the patients' assessment of performance using an oxygen-cost diagram. The distance walked did not agree well with simple subjective estimates obtained in the clinical history. It was better correlated with forced vital capacity than with forced expiratory volume in one second in both groups of patients, and was well correlated with carbon monoxide transfer factor in those with pulmonary infiltration. The scatter of results, however, was such that exercise performance could not usefully be predicted from the respiratory function values or from subjective assessments. Simple exercise tests are an essential part of assessing disability and response to treatment in patients with respiratory impairment.", "PMID": 678885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3814", "title": "Weight reduction in a blood pressure clinic.", "content": "Forty-nine hypertensive patients who were overweight were randomly allocated to one of three strategies for attaining weight reduction and were followed for one year. Those referred to a dietitian lost more weight (mean 5.1 kg) than those given a diet sheet (mean 2.64 kg) or simply advised by the doctor to reduce weight (mean 2.15 kg). One-third of all the patients lost 6 kg or more. Successful weight loss was associated with a highly significant and substantial improvement in blood pressure control and with less frequent increases in antihypertensive treatment.", "contents": "Weight reduction in a blood pressure clinic. Forty-nine hypertensive patients who were overweight were randomly allocated to one of three strategies for attaining weight reduction and were followed for one year. Those referred to a dietitian lost more weight (mean 5.1 kg) than those given a diet sheet (mean 2.64 kg) or simply advised by the doctor to reduce weight (mean 2.15 kg). One-third of all the patients lost 6 kg or more. Successful weight loss was associated with a highly significant and substantial improvement in blood pressure control and with less frequent increases in antihypertensive treatment.", "PMID": 678886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3815", "title": "Scope of surgery for intracranial aneurysm in the elderly: a preliminary report.", "content": "Thirty-two elderly patients were reviewed six months to six years after intracranial surgery for subarachnoid haemorrhage. Out of 24 patients whose surgical outcome had been satisfactory, one had died from an unrelated illness and the remainder were well and leading normal lives. Eight patients had a poor outcome, which in some cases was due to factors other than age. In only three could a poor outcome be attributed to early surgery and advanced age. The results confirm that in at least three-quarters of patients aged 60-65 the risk of further haemorrhage can be removed by surgery without causing a major neurological deficit.", "contents": "Scope of surgery for intracranial aneurysm in the elderly: a preliminary report. Thirty-two elderly patients were reviewed six months to six years after intracranial surgery for subarachnoid haemorrhage. Out of 24 patients whose surgical outcome had been satisfactory, one had died from an unrelated illness and the remainder were well and leading normal lives. Eight patients had a poor outcome, which in some cases was due to factors other than age. In only three could a poor outcome be attributed to early surgery and advanced age. The results confirm that in at least three-quarters of patients aged 60-65 the risk of further haemorrhage can be removed by surgery without causing a major neurological deficit.", "PMID": 678887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3816", "title": "Clinical check list for diagnosis of dementia.", "content": "A clinical check list for testing speech and parietal function as well as memory was used on 200 people admitted to a psychogeriatric assessment unit and repeated four to six weeks later, to see whether those with true dementias could be identified. The finding of errors in all three areas, particularly at the second test, accurately predicted cases with a poor outcome at six months follow-up. Amnesia alone was an unreliable indicator of dementia.", "contents": "Clinical check list for diagnosis of dementia. A clinical check list for testing speech and parietal function as well as memory was used on 200 people admitted to a psychogeriatric assessment unit and repeated four to six weeks later, to see whether those with true dementias could be identified. The finding of errors in all three areas, particularly at the second test, accurately predicted cases with a poor outcome at six months follow-up. Amnesia alone was an unreliable indicator of dementia.", "PMID": 678900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3817", "title": "Stroke after acute myocardial infarction: relation to infarct size.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 783 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 13 (1.7%) suffered a stroke. In all but one case the strokes occurred among the 255 patients whose peak creatine kinase (CK) concentrations fell in the upper third of the range of values (over 1160 IU/l, about eight times the upper limit of normal); the exception was a patient with a pre-existing ventricular aneurysm. The incidence of stroke in the patients with CK over 1160 IU/l was 4.7%, 24 times the incidence when peak CK was below this value (0.2%). Higher peak serum enzyme concentrations were associated with an even higher incidence of stroke. Comparison of peak enzyme concentrations with cumulated CK showed a close correlation (r = 0.90 with peak CK; r = 0.85 with peak aspartate transaminase), suggesting that the peak enzyme values reflected infarct size. Thus the risk of stroke after infarction was a function of the size of the myocardial infarct; two-thirds of the patients had negligible risk of stroke and did not need anticoagulant prophylaxis.", "contents": "Stroke after acute myocardial infarction: relation to infarct size. In a consecutive series of 783 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 13 (1.7%) suffered a stroke. In all but one case the strokes occurred among the 255 patients whose peak creatine kinase (CK) concentrations fell in the upper third of the range of values (over 1160 IU/l, about eight times the upper limit of normal); the exception was a patient with a pre-existing ventricular aneurysm. The incidence of stroke in the patients with CK over 1160 IU/l was 4.7%, 24 times the incidence when peak CK was below this value (0.2%). Higher peak serum enzyme concentrations were associated with an even higher incidence of stroke. Comparison of peak enzyme concentrations with cumulated CK showed a close correlation (r = 0.90 with peak CK; r = 0.85 with peak aspartate transaminase), suggesting that the peak enzyme values reflected infarct size. Thus the risk of stroke after infarction was a function of the size of the myocardial infarct; two-thirds of the patients had negligible risk of stroke and did not need anticoagulant prophylaxis.", "PMID": 678922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3818", "title": "Effect of cigarette smoking on gastric emptying.", "content": "Gastric emptying after a test meal was studied in 17 normal volunteers--10 habitual smokers and seven non-smokers. The solid component of the test meal was labelled with technetium and the liquid component with indium. After one meal the habitual smokers smoked two cigarettes. Emptying curves were produced for both technetium and indium, and the differences between curves for meals with and without cigarettes were analysed. Cigarette smoking accelerated the rate at which the liquid component of a meal left the stomach. This may be important in the pathogenesis of duodneal ulcer and the delay in healing caused by cigarette smoking.", "contents": "Effect of cigarette smoking on gastric emptying. Gastric emptying after a test meal was studied in 17 normal volunteers--10 habitual smokers and seven non-smokers. The solid component of the test meal was labelled with technetium and the liquid component with indium. After one meal the habitual smokers smoked two cigarettes. Emptying curves were produced for both technetium and indium, and the differences between curves for meals with and without cigarettes were analysed. Cigarette smoking accelerated the rate at which the liquid component of a meal left the stomach. This may be important in the pathogenesis of duodneal ulcer and the delay in healing caused by cigarette smoking.", "PMID": 678923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3819", "title": "Epidemiology of adverse drug reactions to phenformin and metformin.", "content": "Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to phenformin and metformin reported to the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Committee during 1965--77 were analysed in relation to sales and prescription data. The biguanides accounted for 0.6% of all reported adverse drug reactions but for 6% of the fatal cases (all phenformin). Sixty-four ADRs to phenformin and eight to metformin were classified as causal relation \"probable\" or \"not excluded.\" Fifty-one of these reactions (71%) were lactic acidosis, all but one being reactions to phenformin. After 1973 phenformin was prescribed less in Sweden and metformin became predominant. A nationwide prescription survey during 1975--6 disclosed no differences in age and sex between patients receiving phenformin and metformin. The mean daily doses prescribed in 1976 were 74 mg of phenformin and 1.5 g of metformin. The numbers of ADRs to the two drugs reported during 1975--7 were related to use. The relative incidences of ADRs reported for phenformin and metformin did not differ. Significantly more cases of lactic acidosis and deaths were reported for phenformin.", "contents": "Epidemiology of adverse drug reactions to phenformin and metformin. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to phenformin and metformin reported to the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Committee during 1965--77 were analysed in relation to sales and prescription data. The biguanides accounted for 0.6% of all reported adverse drug reactions but for 6% of the fatal cases (all phenformin). Sixty-four ADRs to phenformin and eight to metformin were classified as causal relation \"probable\" or \"not excluded.\" Fifty-one of these reactions (71%) were lactic acidosis, all but one being reactions to phenformin. After 1973 phenformin was prescribed less in Sweden and metformin became predominant. A nationwide prescription survey during 1975--6 disclosed no differences in age and sex between patients receiving phenformin and metformin. The mean daily doses prescribed in 1976 were 74 mg of phenformin and 1.5 g of metformin. The numbers of ADRs to the two drugs reported during 1975--7 were related to use. The relative incidences of ADRs reported for phenformin and metformin did not differ. Significantly more cases of lactic acidosis and deaths were reported for phenformin.", "PMID": 678924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3820", "title": "Measurement of capillary blood glucose in filter-paper spots: an aid to the assessment of diabetic control.", "content": "A method of measuring glucose in capillary blood spotted on to filter paper was evaluated. Between-batch reproducibility was about 6%, and the glucose remained stable in the spots for up to four days. Adoption of the method should improve control of diabetes, particularly insulin-dependent forms.", "contents": "Measurement of capillary blood glucose in filter-paper spots: an aid to the assessment of diabetic control. A method of measuring glucose in capillary blood spotted on to filter paper was evaluated. Between-batch reproducibility was about 6%, and the glucose remained stable in the spots for up to four days. Adoption of the method should improve control of diabetes, particularly insulin-dependent forms.", "PMID": 678925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3821", "title": "Lack of proliferation of circulating white blood cells in patients with syphilis before and after a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.", "content": "The occurrence of lymphoblasts in peripheral blood, measured by incorporating tritiated thymidine ([3H]dThd), was studied before, during, and after a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in patients with early syphilis. No difference in [3H]dThd incorporation into peripheral white blood cells was found between five patients with syphilis and 19 healthy controls, whereas in 20 cord blood samples [3H]dThd incorporation was significantly increased.", "contents": "Lack of proliferation of circulating white blood cells in patients with syphilis before and after a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. The occurrence of lymphoblasts in peripheral blood, measured by incorporating tritiated thymidine ([3H]dThd), was studied before, during, and after a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in patients with early syphilis. No difference in [3H]dThd incorporation into peripheral white blood cells was found between five patients with syphilis and 19 healthy controls, whereas in 20 cord blood samples [3H]dThd incorporation was significantly increased.", "PMID": 678954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3822", "title": "Lymphocyte reactivity in patients with gonococcal urethritis.", "content": "Lymphocyte reactivity to virulent gonococcal antigen T2 and the non-pathogenic Neisseria pharyngis (NPN) has been studied by using the 14C-thymidine uptake in cell cultures from 42 patients with gonococcal urethritis and from 18 controls. The DNA synthesis in cell cultures with T2 antigen was higher in 21 female patients than in the 18 controls. No differences in DNA synthesis were observed in antigen-stimulated cell cultures from patients with single or multiple infections, from patients with urogenital complication, or from controls. Gonococcal antibodies in the serum were detected by the gonococcal complement-fixation test (GCFT). A study of the possible correlation between the outcome of the serological test and the cellular response to gonococcal antigen showed that 14C-thymidine uptake in lymphocyte cultures from male patients with negative GCFT, stimulated with T2 antigen, was much lower than the thymidine uptake in stimulated cell cultures from all the other male and female patients (P less than 0.001). The DNA synthesis was higher in cell cultures from seronegative women than from seronegative men (P less than 0.01). A significant difference (P less than 0.01) was also noted in the lymphocyte reactivity to gonococcal antigen between controls and all patients, except in those men who gave negative results to the serological tests. There were no differences between these two groups with respect to the thymidine uptake in NPN-stimulated cell cultures.", "contents": "Lymphocyte reactivity in patients with gonococcal urethritis. Lymphocyte reactivity to virulent gonococcal antigen T2 and the non-pathogenic Neisseria pharyngis (NPN) has been studied by using the 14C-thymidine uptake in cell cultures from 42 patients with gonococcal urethritis and from 18 controls. The DNA synthesis in cell cultures with T2 antigen was higher in 21 female patients than in the 18 controls. No differences in DNA synthesis were observed in antigen-stimulated cell cultures from patients with single or multiple infections, from patients with urogenital complication, or from controls. Gonococcal antibodies in the serum were detected by the gonococcal complement-fixation test (GCFT). A study of the possible correlation between the outcome of the serological test and the cellular response to gonococcal antigen showed that 14C-thymidine uptake in lymphocyte cultures from male patients with negative GCFT, stimulated with T2 antigen, was much lower than the thymidine uptake in stimulated cell cultures from all the other male and female patients (P less than 0.001). The DNA synthesis was higher in cell cultures from seronegative women than from seronegative men (P less than 0.01). A significant difference (P less than 0.01) was also noted in the lymphocyte reactivity to gonococcal antigen between controls and all patients, except in those men who gave negative results to the serological tests. There were no differences between these two groups with respect to the thymidine uptake in NPN-stimulated cell cultures.", "PMID": 678955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3823", "title": "Talampicillin and probenecid compared with ampicillin and probenecid for the treatment of gonococcal urethritis in men.", "content": "Two hundred and ten men suffering from uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis were treated with one of two treatment schedules. Of 109 patients treated with 3 g ampicillin and 2 g probenecid (group A) there were two recurrences in the first week after treatment and none in the second week. Of 101 patients treated with 1.5 g talampicillin and 2 g probenecid (group B), there were three recurrences in the first week and none in the second week. Both antibiotics were well tolerated, but one patient vomited two hours after taking talampicillin. The sensitivity pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin at The London Hospital has shown an increase in the proportion of more sensitive strains during the last three years. Talampicillin given in a single dose with probenecid is satisfactory in the treatment of acute gonococcal urethritis but, apart from the smaller dosage, it does not offer any advantage over ampicillin with probenecid.", "contents": "Talampicillin and probenecid compared with ampicillin and probenecid for the treatment of gonococcal urethritis in men. Two hundred and ten men suffering from uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis were treated with one of two treatment schedules. Of 109 patients treated with 3 g ampicillin and 2 g probenecid (group A) there were two recurrences in the first week after treatment and none in the second week. Of 101 patients treated with 1.5 g talampicillin and 2 g probenecid (group B), there were three recurrences in the first week and none in the second week. Both antibiotics were well tolerated, but one patient vomited two hours after taking talampicillin. The sensitivity pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin at The London Hospital has shown an increase in the proportion of more sensitive strains during the last three years. Talampicillin given in a single dose with probenecid is satisfactory in the treatment of acute gonococcal urethritis but, apart from the smaller dosage, it does not offer any advantage over ampicillin with probenecid.", "PMID": 678956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3824", "title": "Changes in the incidence of acute gonococcal and nongonococcal salpingitis. A five-year study from an urban area of central Sweden.", "content": "The incidence of acute gonococcal and nongonococcal salpingitis for a five-year-period (1970--74) was studied retrospectively in an urban area of central Sweden. The investigation was undertaken to see if the reported decrease of gonorrhoea in Sweden had been followed by a change in the incidence of gonococcal salpingitis--the most common complication of gonorrhoea. The study showed that the relative incidence of acute gonococcal salpingitis had decreased even more than urogenital gonorrhoea and these findings thus indicate a real decrease of gonorrhoea. At the same time there were more patients with nongonococcal salpingitis. During the period of the study the gonococcal complement-fixation test (GCFT) gave positive results in 40% to 80% of the patients with gonococcal salpingitis. The yield with this test was only 4% in patients with nongonococcal salpingitis during 1970 but it increased successively and was 23% in 1974. This increase was statistically highly significant (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Changes in the incidence of acute gonococcal and nongonococcal salpingitis. A five-year study from an urban area of central Sweden. The incidence of acute gonococcal and nongonococcal salpingitis for a five-year-period (1970--74) was studied retrospectively in an urban area of central Sweden. The investigation was undertaken to see if the reported decrease of gonorrhoea in Sweden had been followed by a change in the incidence of gonococcal salpingitis--the most common complication of gonorrhoea. The study showed that the relative incidence of acute gonococcal salpingitis had decreased even more than urogenital gonorrhoea and these findings thus indicate a real decrease of gonorrhoea. At the same time there were more patients with nongonococcal salpingitis. During the period of the study the gonococcal complement-fixation test (GCFT) gave positive results in 40% to 80% of the patients with gonococcal salpingitis. The yield with this test was only 4% in patients with nongonococcal salpingitis during 1970 but it increased successively and was 23% in 1974. This increase was statistically highly significant (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 678957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3825", "title": "Chlamydia trachomatis in non-specific urethritis.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 58.5% of 159 patients with non-specific urethritis (NSU) using irradiated McCoy cell cultures. Patients with persistent Chlamydia-positive NSU remained Chlamydia-positive each time they were examined before treatment and patients with Chlamydia-negative NSU remained Chlamydia-negative during the course of the illness. Neither the duration of symptoms of urethritis nor a history of previous urethritis affected the chlamydial isolation rate significantly. Of 40 patients with severe discharge 30 (75%) harboured C. trachomatis. One-third of the Chlamydia-positive patients had a severe urethral discharge, while this was present in only 15% of Chlamydia-negative patients. Complications--such as conjunctivitis, arthritis, and epididymitis--were more severe in men with Chlamdia-positive NSU than in those with Chlamydia-negative NSU. Of 64 men matched for sexual promiscuity but without urethritis, none harboured C. trachomatis in his urethra. This differs significantly (P less than 0.001) when compared with patients with NSU. C. trachomatis was isolated from the urogenital tract in 24 (42%) out of 57 female sexual contacts of patients with NSU. The presence of C. trachomatis in the women correlated significantly (P less than 0.001) with the isolation of the agent from their male contacts. These findings give further evidence for the aetiological role of C. trachomatis in non-specific urethritis and its sexual transmission.", "contents": "Chlamydia trachomatis in non-specific urethritis. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 58.5% of 159 patients with non-specific urethritis (NSU) using irradiated McCoy cell cultures. Patients with persistent Chlamydia-positive NSU remained Chlamydia-positive each time they were examined before treatment and patients with Chlamydia-negative NSU remained Chlamydia-negative during the course of the illness. Neither the duration of symptoms of urethritis nor a history of previous urethritis affected the chlamydial isolation rate significantly. Of 40 patients with severe discharge 30 (75%) harboured C. trachomatis. One-third of the Chlamydia-positive patients had a severe urethral discharge, while this was present in only 15% of Chlamydia-negative patients. Complications--such as conjunctivitis, arthritis, and epididymitis--were more severe in men with Chlamdia-positive NSU than in those with Chlamydia-negative NSU. Of 64 men matched for sexual promiscuity but without urethritis, none harboured C. trachomatis in his urethra. This differs significantly (P less than 0.001) when compared with patients with NSU. C. trachomatis was isolated from the urogenital tract in 24 (42%) out of 57 female sexual contacts of patients with NSU. The presence of C. trachomatis in the women correlated significantly (P less than 0.001) with the isolation of the agent from their male contacts. These findings give further evidence for the aetiological role of C. trachomatis in non-specific urethritis and its sexual transmission.", "PMID": 678958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3826", "title": "Spectral interactions in horizontal and ganglion cells of the isolated and arterially-perfused rabbit retina.", "content": "Intracellular and extracellular recordings in the arterially-perfused eye cup of pigmented and albino rabbits show the presence of blue cones, green cones and rods. Among the ganglion cells, a fraction shows spectral opponency. Two main types were found. In one, on-depolarizing responses and on-hyperpolarizing responses receive antagonistic input from different cone types ('B/G'); in the other, on-depolarizing responses receive input from both blue and green cones wheras off-depolarizing responses receive input either from blue or from green cones ('BG/G','BG/B'). Two types of horizontal cell responses have been found, both receiving mixed green cone and rod input; one type is cone-dominated while the other is rod-dominated. Neither type shows C-type responses or obvious input from blue cones, either synergistic or antagonistic, with intense selective chromatic adaptation of green cones and rods. Mass b-wave responses show a spectral sensitivity suggestive of antagonistic interactions between blue and green cones signals to inner nuclear layer neurones, which were not seen in action spectra based on a-wave or PIII component responses. It is argued that although blue cone signals contribute to spectral interactions at the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layer cell levels, they do not seem to contribute significantly to such interactions at the receptor or horizontal cell levels.", "contents": "Spectral interactions in horizontal and ganglion cells of the isolated and arterially-perfused rabbit retina. Intracellular and extracellular recordings in the arterially-perfused eye cup of pigmented and albino rabbits show the presence of blue cones, green cones and rods. Among the ganglion cells, a fraction shows spectral opponency. Two main types were found. In one, on-depolarizing responses and on-hyperpolarizing responses receive antagonistic input from different cone types ('B/G'); in the other, on-depolarizing responses receive input from both blue and green cones wheras off-depolarizing responses receive input either from blue or from green cones ('BG/G','BG/B'). Two types of horizontal cell responses have been found, both receiving mixed green cone and rod input; one type is cone-dominated while the other is rod-dominated. Neither type shows C-type responses or obvious input from blue cones, either synergistic or antagonistic, with intense selective chromatic adaptation of green cones and rods. Mass b-wave responses show a spectral sensitivity suggestive of antagonistic interactions between blue and green cones signals to inner nuclear layer neurones, which were not seen in action spectra based on a-wave or PIII component responses. It is argued that although blue cone signals contribute to spectral interactions at the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layer cell levels, they do not seem to contribute significantly to such interactions at the receptor or horizontal cell levels.", "PMID": 678970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3827", "title": "Patterns of output firing generated by a many-input neuronal model for different model parameters and patterns of synaptic drive.", "content": "A relatively simple neuronal model with a large number of 'synaptic' inputs is described. The model has been extensively studied in order to investigate the influence which patterns of presynaptic firing may have upon the pattern of output firing. The model has been studied in two versions. In one the threshold remained constant, while in the other the threshold was increased following an output firing. This increase in threshold decayed with time and was analogous to the after-hyperpolarization of a real neurone. The effect on the frequency of output firing of changes in the threshold and of the overall input rate were studied in detail. The pattern of output firing was studied for two patterns of input firing. In one, each presynaptic input fired steadily, each at a different rate; in the other, the input firings were randomly distributed in time, being generated by a Poisson process. It was found that, for a given total input rate, the pattern of output firing was markedly more regular when the input processes were regular, even though the mean rate of output firing was not appreciably different for the two different distributions of input firings. It is shown that, with suitable parameters for the model, it is possible to mimic very closely the discharge of tonically discharging motoneurones under different experimental conditions. This suggests that the more general properties of the model may have considerable relevance to the way in which real neurones integrate their synaptic input.", "contents": "Patterns of output firing generated by a many-input neuronal model for different model parameters and patterns of synaptic drive. A relatively simple neuronal model with a large number of 'synaptic' inputs is described. The model has been extensively studied in order to investigate the influence which patterns of presynaptic firing may have upon the pattern of output firing. The model has been studied in two versions. In one the threshold remained constant, while in the other the threshold was increased following an output firing. This increase in threshold decayed with time and was analogous to the after-hyperpolarization of a real neurone. The effect on the frequency of output firing of changes in the threshold and of the overall input rate were studied in detail. The pattern of output firing was studied for two patterns of input firing. In one, each presynaptic input fired steadily, each at a different rate; in the other, the input firings were randomly distributed in time, being generated by a Poisson process. It was found that, for a given total input rate, the pattern of output firing was markedly more regular when the input processes were regular, even though the mean rate of output firing was not appreciably different for the two different distributions of input firings. It is shown that, with suitable parameters for the model, it is possible to mimic very closely the discharge of tonically discharging motoneurones under different experimental conditions. This suggests that the more general properties of the model may have considerable relevance to the way in which real neurones integrate their synaptic input.", "PMID": 678971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3828", "title": "Protein and enzyme distribution in microsomal and myelin fractions from rat and Jimpy mouse brain.", "content": "The protein, glycoprotein and enzyme composition of myelin and myelin-related fraction (SN 4) from rat forebrain was compared with that of microsomal fractions. Acetylcholinesterase was largely confined to the microsomal fractions, wheras 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP) showed a high specific activity in myelin and SN 4 fractions. Nevertheless, the total specific activities of CNP present in microsomal membranes and in a water-soluble form were not negligible, and suggest that this enzyme has a wide distribution among subcellular particles. A high molecular weight protein was identified in myelin and all the other fractions studied. This protein (X), which co-migrates with the major myelin glycoprotein, was present in myelin and in fractions lacking typical myelin components as well as in fractions from a myelin deficient mutant, the Jimpy mouse. The results suggest that the X protein is probably a contaminant in isolated myelin, although the occurrence of this protein as an intrinsic component of several different membranes cannot be ruled out. Despite substantial overlap in density upon zonal centrifugation between SN 4 and microsomal fractions, the enzyme patterns of the fractions were different.", "contents": "Protein and enzyme distribution in microsomal and myelin fractions from rat and Jimpy mouse brain. The protein, glycoprotein and enzyme composition of myelin and myelin-related fraction (SN 4) from rat forebrain was compared with that of microsomal fractions. Acetylcholinesterase was largely confined to the microsomal fractions, wheras 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP) showed a high specific activity in myelin and SN 4 fractions. Nevertheless, the total specific activities of CNP present in microsomal membranes and in a water-soluble form were not negligible, and suggest that this enzyme has a wide distribution among subcellular particles. A high molecular weight protein was identified in myelin and all the other fractions studied. This protein (X), which co-migrates with the major myelin glycoprotein, was present in myelin and in fractions lacking typical myelin components as well as in fractions from a myelin deficient mutant, the Jimpy mouse. The results suggest that the X protein is probably a contaminant in isolated myelin, although the occurrence of this protein as an intrinsic component of several different membranes cannot be ruled out. Despite substantial overlap in density upon zonal centrifugation between SN 4 and microsomal fractions, the enzyme patterns of the fractions were different.", "PMID": 678972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3829", "title": "Modulation of ACh turnover in the septal-hippocampal pathway by electrical stimulation and lesioning.", "content": "The septal-hippocampal cholinergic pathway of the rat was either electrically stimulated or lesioned in order to study whether or not acetylcholine turnover rate (TRACh) changes with the activity of the cholinergic neurons. Appropriate electrical stimulation of the septum selectively increased the TRACh in the hippocampus in nonanesthetized and in barbiturate-treated animals. The ACh content of the hippocampus increased by approximately 30% 1 h after fimbria lesions, but decreased by about 80% 9 days after fimbria lesions. Acute fimbria lesions decreased the TRACh in the lesioned side by approximately 85%, but the TRACh in the intact side and in the cortex was unchanged. The same was true in rats with chronic fimbria lesions. In conclusion, the hippocampal TRACh increases or decreases proportionally to the activity of the cholinergic neurons; therefore the measurement of this parameter is of particular value in understanding how postynaptic cholinergic neurons are modulated by putative neurotransmitter released from afferent nerve terminals.", "contents": "Modulation of ACh turnover in the septal-hippocampal pathway by electrical stimulation and lesioning. The septal-hippocampal cholinergic pathway of the rat was either electrically stimulated or lesioned in order to study whether or not acetylcholine turnover rate (TRACh) changes with the activity of the cholinergic neurons. Appropriate electrical stimulation of the septum selectively increased the TRACh in the hippocampus in nonanesthetized and in barbiturate-treated animals. The ACh content of the hippocampus increased by approximately 30% 1 h after fimbria lesions, but decreased by about 80% 9 days after fimbria lesions. Acute fimbria lesions decreased the TRACh in the lesioned side by approximately 85%, but the TRACh in the intact side and in the cortex was unchanged. The same was true in rats with chronic fimbria lesions. In conclusion, the hippocampal TRACh increases or decreases proportionally to the activity of the cholinergic neurons; therefore the measurement of this parameter is of particular value in understanding how postynaptic cholinergic neurons are modulated by putative neurotransmitter released from afferent nerve terminals.", "PMID": 678973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3830", "title": "Induction of chronic epileptiform activity in the rat by an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, U18666A.", "content": "Earlier work in our and other laboratories suggest that alteration of brain lipids, primarily sterols, could be a precondition for the development of epileptiform activity. The present study further tests this hypothesis by attempting to produce chronic epileptiform activity in the rat by a drug which impairs biosynthesis of cerebral cholesterol. Starting one day after birth, weekly injection of the rat with U18666A, 3-beta(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, s.c.), produced a reduced seizure threshold to flurothyl ether and a recurrent, spontaneous seizure state by the sixth and tenth weeks of life, respectively. These conditions were not seen if treatment was delayed until rats were about 4 weeks old. The seizure pattern, as seen by continuous ECoG and EMG recordings, consisted of a 3--5 sec burst of high voltage spiking and corresponding increases in muscle activity. However, major motor seizures were not produced. The total episode lasted 10--15 sec. Seizure frequency ranged from 5 to 21 per day. U18666A decreases cholesterolsynthesis, presumably by inhibiting enzymatic reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol. After the first two weeks of treatment, cerebral cortical cholesterol levels decreased to about 50% of control cortical levels. However, the concentration of cerebral total sterols did not change because desmosterol levels reciprocally increased. In spite of continued drug dosage, cholesterol and desmosterol levels of treated rats approached those of controls by 8 weeks of age. These observations, plus finding that a seizure-prone state did not develop in rats when the onset of drug treatment was postponed until about 4 weeks of age, suggest that alterations of brain sterols early in development of the mammalian brain can result in development of a chronic, epileptiform condition later in life.", "contents": "Induction of chronic epileptiform activity in the rat by an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, U18666A. Earlier work in our and other laboratories suggest that alteration of brain lipids, primarily sterols, could be a precondition for the development of epileptiform activity. The present study further tests this hypothesis by attempting to produce chronic epileptiform activity in the rat by a drug which impairs biosynthesis of cerebral cholesterol. Starting one day after birth, weekly injection of the rat with U18666A, 3-beta(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, s.c.), produced a reduced seizure threshold to flurothyl ether and a recurrent, spontaneous seizure state by the sixth and tenth weeks of life, respectively. These conditions were not seen if treatment was delayed until rats were about 4 weeks old. The seizure pattern, as seen by continuous ECoG and EMG recordings, consisted of a 3--5 sec burst of high voltage spiking and corresponding increases in muscle activity. However, major motor seizures were not produced. The total episode lasted 10--15 sec. Seizure frequency ranged from 5 to 21 per day. U18666A decreases cholesterolsynthesis, presumably by inhibiting enzymatic reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol. After the first two weeks of treatment, cerebral cortical cholesterol levels decreased to about 50% of control cortical levels. However, the concentration of cerebral total sterols did not change because desmosterol levels reciprocally increased. In spite of continued drug dosage, cholesterol and desmosterol levels of treated rats approached those of controls by 8 weeks of age. These observations, plus finding that a seizure-prone state did not develop in rats when the onset of drug treatment was postponed until about 4 weeks of age, suggest that alterations of brain sterols early in development of the mammalian brain can result in development of a chronic, epileptiform condition later in life.", "PMID": 678974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3831", "title": "Ontogeny of (--)-[3H]norepinephrine uptake properties of synaptic storage vesicles of rat brain.", "content": "The ontogeny of[3H]norepinephrine uptake mechanisms has been examined in synaptosomes and storage vesicles isolated from rat whole brain. The [3H]norepinephrine accumulated by synaptosomes was low in neonates, but reached adult levels by 15 days of age. In contrast, development of[3H]norepinephrine uptake into isolated rat brain storage vesicles was not complete until 38 days of age. Kinetic analysis of the developing vesicular uptake mechanism revealed no change in Km, while maximal uptake increased progressively from birth to maturity. Storage vesicles from immature and adult rats exhibited similar energy requirements for uptake as determined by their dependence on ATP-Mg2+ concentration; furthermore, the degree of inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake by other amines was the same in both vesicle preparations. Thus, storage vesicles isolated from adult and developing rats display an in vitro[3H]norepinephrine uptake mechanism with properties that are kinetically and pharmacologically similar. The results suggest that, while the number of storage vesicles in the central nervous system increases during development, those vesicles that are present possess a fully functional amine uptake system.", "contents": "Ontogeny of (--)-[3H]norepinephrine uptake properties of synaptic storage vesicles of rat brain. The ontogeny of[3H]norepinephrine uptake mechanisms has been examined in synaptosomes and storage vesicles isolated from rat whole brain. The [3H]norepinephrine accumulated by synaptosomes was low in neonates, but reached adult levels by 15 days of age. In contrast, development of[3H]norepinephrine uptake into isolated rat brain storage vesicles was not complete until 38 days of age. Kinetic analysis of the developing vesicular uptake mechanism revealed no change in Km, while maximal uptake increased progressively from birth to maturity. Storage vesicles from immature and adult rats exhibited similar energy requirements for uptake as determined by their dependence on ATP-Mg2+ concentration; furthermore, the degree of inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake by other amines was the same in both vesicle preparations. Thus, storage vesicles isolated from adult and developing rats display an in vitro[3H]norepinephrine uptake mechanism with properties that are kinetically and pharmacologically similar. The results suggest that, while the number of storage vesicles in the central nervous system increases during development, those vesicles that are present possess a fully functional amine uptake system.", "PMID": 678975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3832", "title": "Observations on the commissural projection to the dentate gyrus in the Reeler mutant mouse.", "content": "The commissural projection to the displaced granule cells of the dentate gyrus in Reeler mutant mice has been examined with autoradiography, and light and electron microscopy. Commissural terminals in Reeler are confined to the hilar region, in contrast to normal littermates in which this projection is restricted to the inner part of the molecular layer. Granule cell somata in Reeler, but only exceptionally in normal littermates, are invested with spines, which have postsynaptic specializations, but no spine apparatus, and are contacted by presynaptic terminals. Between 20 and 30 h after destruction of the commissural fibres in Reeler, degenerating terminals can be found contacting both somatic and dendritic spines in the hilus; 30 h after decommissuration the number and length of spines on the somata and proximal dendrites of Golgi impregnated cells is greatly reduced, while spines on the distal parts of the dendritic tree are unaffected. A similar pattern of degeneration after decomissuration is found in the inner molecular layer of normal littermates. These results are discussed in terms of factors controlling the normal development of afferent projections. The paper concludes with an analysis of a potential methodological hazard. A change in mean spine length will of itself result in a change in the number of visible spines in golgi material. A quantitative assessment of the relation between spine length and the number of visible spines is developed for spherical cell bodies and cylindrical dendrites.", "contents": "Observations on the commissural projection to the dentate gyrus in the Reeler mutant mouse. The commissural projection to the displaced granule cells of the dentate gyrus in Reeler mutant mice has been examined with autoradiography, and light and electron microscopy. Commissural terminals in Reeler are confined to the hilar region, in contrast to normal littermates in which this projection is restricted to the inner part of the molecular layer. Granule cell somata in Reeler, but only exceptionally in normal littermates, are invested with spines, which have postsynaptic specializations, but no spine apparatus, and are contacted by presynaptic terminals. Between 20 and 30 h after destruction of the commissural fibres in Reeler, degenerating terminals can be found contacting both somatic and dendritic spines in the hilus; 30 h after decommissuration the number and length of spines on the somata and proximal dendrites of Golgi impregnated cells is greatly reduced, while spines on the distal parts of the dendritic tree are unaffected. A similar pattern of degeneration after decomissuration is found in the inner molecular layer of normal littermates. These results are discussed in terms of factors controlling the normal development of afferent projections. The paper concludes with an analysis of a potential methodological hazard. A change in mean spine length will of itself result in a change in the number of visible spines in golgi material. A quantitative assessment of the relation between spine length and the number of visible spines is developed for spherical cell bodies and cylindrical dendrites.", "PMID": 678984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3833", "title": "Neuronal differentiation in somatosensory cortex of the rat. I. Relationship to synaptogenesis in the first postnatal week.", "content": "Newborn (P-0 and P-1) through 6-day-old (P-6) rats were studied using light microscopic (Golgi) and ultrastructural methods. Previous studies demonstrated that early-formed synapses are concentrated at specific cortical depths, i.e. in strata. The present study shows that the synaptic stratum in the marginal zone corresponds to a dense fiber plexus and few somata (Cajal-Retzius cells). Axons in this zone almost exclusively form synapses on distal branches of dendrites originating in deeper lamina. In newborn neocortex there is a second synaptic stratum located deep to the cortical plate. It contains numerous axosomatic and axoproximal dendritic synapses as well as the most highly differentiated somata and proximal dendrites. By age P-6 there are 3 synaptic strata; one each in the marginal zone, cortical plate and 'subplate' layers. For all 3 strata a neuron's most differentiated dendrites are directed towards, traverse or run within, the nearest synaptic stratum. We conclude that, throughout the first postnatal week, the most mature dendrites of a given neuron generally occur at depths where synapse density is highest. At P-0 the most mature somata are similarly related to synaptic density.", "contents": "Neuronal differentiation in somatosensory cortex of the rat. I. Relationship to synaptogenesis in the first postnatal week. Newborn (P-0 and P-1) through 6-day-old (P-6) rats were studied using light microscopic (Golgi) and ultrastructural methods. Previous studies demonstrated that early-formed synapses are concentrated at specific cortical depths, i.e. in strata. The present study shows that the synaptic stratum in the marginal zone corresponds to a dense fiber plexus and few somata (Cajal-Retzius cells). Axons in this zone almost exclusively form synapses on distal branches of dendrites originating in deeper lamina. In newborn neocortex there is a second synaptic stratum located deep to the cortical plate. It contains numerous axosomatic and axoproximal dendritic synapses as well as the most highly differentiated somata and proximal dendrites. By age P-6 there are 3 synaptic strata; one each in the marginal zone, cortical plate and 'subplate' layers. For all 3 strata a neuron's most differentiated dendrites are directed towards, traverse or run within, the nearest synaptic stratum. We conclude that, throughout the first postnatal week, the most mature dendrites of a given neuron generally occur at depths where synapse density is highest. At P-0 the most mature somata are similarly related to synaptic density.", "PMID": 678985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3834", "title": "Use of cortical circuits during focal penicillin seizures: an autoradiographic study with [14C]deoxyglucose.", "content": "Autoradiography with [14C]deoxyglucose was used to study the architectural pattern of glucose utilization in the motor cortex of rats during focal penicillin seizures. The seizure focus was characterized by a well circumscribed area whose metabolic activity was increased 2-3 times normal. This was tightly surrounded by cortex that was normal or slightly depressed. The posterior third of the focus showed an increase in glucose utilization in a columnar pattern with particular accentuation of activity in lamina V. There was a loss of normal activity in lamina IV within the focus and in somatosensory and occipital cortex far behind the focus. This depression was particularly prominent in the ipsilateral barrel field. Increased metabolic activity was found in a small area in contralateral homotopic cortex, in lamina Vb with columns extending above this from lamina IV to the surface. Glucose utilization was accentuated 1.2-1.8 fold in the ipsilateral secondary somatosensory area, but was normal in the contralateral cortex. The intensity of focal seizures was increased by the intracortical injection of more penicillin or by giving intravenous metrazol. Both of these methods resulted in an increase in the size of the focus as determined with [14C]deoxyglucose. This was most prominent on the lateral border in lamina I-II and V. In addition, there was an accentuation of the columnar pattern in the posterior part of the focus, ipsilateral somatosensory cortex, and contralateral motor cortex. The architectural pattern of glucose utilization in the cortex during focal seizures is discussed with reference to corticocortical, commissural, and corticothalamic circuits that have been identified by others in anatomical studies. Superimposed on this structure are physiological principles of recurrent excitation, lateral spread, and surround inhibition that characterize basic electrophysiological mechanisms of epilepsy, and influence the intensity of activity within the architectural design.", "contents": "Use of cortical circuits during focal penicillin seizures: an autoradiographic study with [14C]deoxyglucose. Autoradiography with [14C]deoxyglucose was used to study the architectural pattern of glucose utilization in the motor cortex of rats during focal penicillin seizures. The seizure focus was characterized by a well circumscribed area whose metabolic activity was increased 2-3 times normal. This was tightly surrounded by cortex that was normal or slightly depressed. The posterior third of the focus showed an increase in glucose utilization in a columnar pattern with particular accentuation of activity in lamina V. There was a loss of normal activity in lamina IV within the focus and in somatosensory and occipital cortex far behind the focus. This depression was particularly prominent in the ipsilateral barrel field. Increased metabolic activity was found in a small area in contralateral homotopic cortex, in lamina Vb with columns extending above this from lamina IV to the surface. Glucose utilization was accentuated 1.2-1.8 fold in the ipsilateral secondary somatosensory area, but was normal in the contralateral cortex. The intensity of focal seizures was increased by the intracortical injection of more penicillin or by giving intravenous metrazol. Both of these methods resulted in an increase in the size of the focus as determined with [14C]deoxyglucose. This was most prominent on the lateral border in lamina I-II and V. In addition, there was an accentuation of the columnar pattern in the posterior part of the focus, ipsilateral somatosensory cortex, and contralateral motor cortex. The architectural pattern of glucose utilization in the cortex during focal seizures is discussed with reference to corticocortical, commissural, and corticothalamic circuits that have been identified by others in anatomical studies. Superimposed on this structure are physiological principles of recurrent excitation, lateral spread, and surround inhibition that characterize basic electrophysiological mechanisms of epilepsy, and influence the intensity of activity within the architectural design.", "PMID": 678986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3835", "title": "Kindling of neuroanatomic pathways during recurrent focal penicillin seizures.", "content": "Sequential changes in convulsive phenomena have been studied using intracortical injections of penicillin as a kindling agent. Rats given 25 units of penicillin every 4 days had a progressive increase in the frequency of contralateral muscle jerks. Unilateral tonic-clinic events began after the third injection, and bilateral jerks of both upper extremities began subsequent to that. No generalized convulsions occurred, and further changes in focal convulsions stopped after 7 injections. The seizure events occurring in this kindled state could be seen in rats given a single injection of 100 units of penicillin. Rats subjected to daily injections at this dosage did not develop more intense seizures, and afterdischarges essentially stopped after the first injection. Animals studied with deoxyglucose autoradiography during kindling with 25 units showed an increase in the size and intensity of metabolic activity in the seizure focus. In addition there was an increase in size and intensity of most transynaptic sites, with new activity appearing in contralateral basal ganglia. A comparison of these findings with the autoradiographic results of animals receiving 100 units of penicillin suggests that the major change during kindling takes place in the focus itself. The appearance of new activity in contralateral basal ganglia is probably an expression of activity in crossed corticostriate pathways from the focus as well as pathways descending from the homotopic cortex in an obligatory input-output response. Use of these pathways is not dependent on kindling, but is available on a first come basis if the intensity of discharges from the seizure focus is strong enough.", "contents": "Kindling of neuroanatomic pathways during recurrent focal penicillin seizures. Sequential changes in convulsive phenomena have been studied using intracortical injections of penicillin as a kindling agent. Rats given 25 units of penicillin every 4 days had a progressive increase in the frequency of contralateral muscle jerks. Unilateral tonic-clinic events began after the third injection, and bilateral jerks of both upper extremities began subsequent to that. No generalized convulsions occurred, and further changes in focal convulsions stopped after 7 injections. The seizure events occurring in this kindled state could be seen in rats given a single injection of 100 units of penicillin. Rats subjected to daily injections at this dosage did not develop more intense seizures, and afterdischarges essentially stopped after the first injection. Animals studied with deoxyglucose autoradiography during kindling with 25 units showed an increase in the size and intensity of metabolic activity in the seizure focus. In addition there was an increase in size and intensity of most transynaptic sites, with new activity appearing in contralateral basal ganglia. A comparison of these findings with the autoradiographic results of animals receiving 100 units of penicillin suggests that the major change during kindling takes place in the focus itself. The appearance of new activity in contralateral basal ganglia is probably an expression of activity in crossed corticostriate pathways from the focus as well as pathways descending from the homotopic cortex in an obligatory input-output response. Use of these pathways is not dependent on kindling, but is available on a first come basis if the intensity of discharges from the seizure focus is strong enough.", "PMID": 678987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3836", "title": "Study of cardiac sympathetic and vagal efferent activity during reflex responses produced by stretch of the atria.", "content": "(1) In chloralose anesthetized dogs, effects of the left and the right atrial stretch were studied in the same animal. Stretch of the sino-atrial region of the right atrium produced acceleration of the heart rate during, and reversal of response at the termination of, the stretch. Stretch of the left pulmonary vein-atrial junctional region evoked an initial decrease followed by an increase in heart rate. The responses were similar in all animals, despite initial heart rates ranging from 120 to 200 beats per minute. (2) Activity in vagal and sympathetic nerve branches innervating the heart was recorded simultaneously. Care was taken to identify the vagal fibers innervating the heart, and record their activity without contamination of sympathetic impulses. The right atrial stretch evoked an augmentation of sympathetic activity which reached its peak at 20 sec after the beginning of stimulus. The stimulus slightly increased the vagal activity; this change occurred slowly and reached its peak in about 40-60 sec after stretch. At the release of stretch, sympathetic activity generally showed a reversal of response, i.e. activity was inhibited for 30 sec. (3) Stretch of the left atrium produced biphasic changes in cardiac sympathetic nerves; their activity was strongly inhibited for the first 15 sec, then augmented throughout the remainder of the stretch. This effect lasted 30 sec after the cessation of stimulus. Effects on vagal cardiac nerve fibers were smaller; mild augmentation in activity was produced. The onset of this effect was faster than that seen in case of the right atrium stretch. (4) Reciprocal action between vagal and sympathetic cardiac nerves was obvious only in the early phase of left atrium stretch. Effects on the heart were determined by balances in activity of these antagonistic nerves. In contrast with what occurred in cardiac reflexes, carotid sinus distension even in the same animal produced a large increase in vagal activity, and near complete inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity. Thus, good reciprocal action between the two sets of nerves was demonstrated. A difference in the two types of reflexes was thus revealed. (5) Stretch of the right atrium evoked during carotid sinus distension caused an increase in heart rate from the new low level which was produced by baroreceptor activation. Vagal activity which was greatly augmented by sinus distension was decreased by atrial stretch, while previously inhibited sympathetic activity due to sinus distension was augmented by stretch of the atrium. The effect of stretch on vagal activity seems to depend to a degree on the prestimulus level. It is of interest that the powerful baroreceptor reflexes do not mask the cardiac reflexes studied. (6) The relative importance of sympathetic and vagal efferents to atrial stretch reflexes was discussed.", "contents": "Study of cardiac sympathetic and vagal efferent activity during reflex responses produced by stretch of the atria. (1) In chloralose anesthetized dogs, effects of the left and the right atrial stretch were studied in the same animal. Stretch of the sino-atrial region of the right atrium produced acceleration of the heart rate during, and reversal of response at the termination of, the stretch. Stretch of the left pulmonary vein-atrial junctional region evoked an initial decrease followed by an increase in heart rate. The responses were similar in all animals, despite initial heart rates ranging from 120 to 200 beats per minute. (2) Activity in vagal and sympathetic nerve branches innervating the heart was recorded simultaneously. Care was taken to identify the vagal fibers innervating the heart, and record their activity without contamination of sympathetic impulses. The right atrial stretch evoked an augmentation of sympathetic activity which reached its peak at 20 sec after the beginning of stimulus. The stimulus slightly increased the vagal activity; this change occurred slowly and reached its peak in about 40-60 sec after stretch. At the release of stretch, sympathetic activity generally showed a reversal of response, i.e. activity was inhibited for 30 sec. (3) Stretch of the left atrium produced biphasic changes in cardiac sympathetic nerves; their activity was strongly inhibited for the first 15 sec, then augmented throughout the remainder of the stretch. This effect lasted 30 sec after the cessation of stimulus. Effects on vagal cardiac nerve fibers were smaller; mild augmentation in activity was produced. The onset of this effect was faster than that seen in case of the right atrium stretch. (4) Reciprocal action between vagal and sympathetic cardiac nerves was obvious only in the early phase of left atrium stretch. Effects on the heart were determined by balances in activity of these antagonistic nerves. In contrast with what occurred in cardiac reflexes, carotid sinus distension even in the same animal produced a large increase in vagal activity, and near complete inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity. Thus, good reciprocal action between the two sets of nerves was demonstrated. A difference in the two types of reflexes was thus revealed. (5) Stretch of the right atrium evoked during carotid sinus distension caused an increase in heart rate from the new low level which was produced by baroreceptor activation. Vagal activity which was greatly augmented by sinus distension was decreased by atrial stretch, while previously inhibited sympathetic activity due to sinus distension was augmented by stretch of the atrium. The effect of stretch on vagal activity seems to depend to a degree on the prestimulus level. It is of interest that the powerful baroreceptor reflexes do not mask the cardiac reflexes studied. (6) The relative importance of sympathetic and vagal efferents to atrial stretch reflexes was discussed.", "PMID": 678988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3837", "title": "Eledoisin, substance P and related peptides: intracranial dipsogens in the pigeon and antidipsogens in the rat.", "content": "The undecapeptide eledoisin caused vigorous and copious drinking within a minute or two of injection into the pigeon forebrain. Systemic injections of the same doses were ineffective. The relative efficacy of eledoisin and angiotensin II as dipsogens in the pigeon was similar to that of carbachol and angiotensin II in the rat. The related peptides eledoisin hexapeptide, physalaemin and substance P also caused some drinking, but they were less effective than eledoisin. In the rat none of these substances caused drinking. On the contrary eledoisin and substance P were found to depress angiotensin-induced drinking, but carbachol-induced drinking was not depressed to the same extent by these peptides. The preferential depression of angiotensin II-induced drinking resembles the effects of other vasoplegic drugs on this response in the rat, and may be related to the potent vasodilator properties of these peptides.", "contents": "Eledoisin, substance P and related peptides: intracranial dipsogens in the pigeon and antidipsogens in the rat. The undecapeptide eledoisin caused vigorous and copious drinking within a minute or two of injection into the pigeon forebrain. Systemic injections of the same doses were ineffective. The relative efficacy of eledoisin and angiotensin II as dipsogens in the pigeon was similar to that of carbachol and angiotensin II in the rat. The related peptides eledoisin hexapeptide, physalaemin and substance P also caused some drinking, but they were less effective than eledoisin. In the rat none of these substances caused drinking. On the contrary eledoisin and substance P were found to depress angiotensin-induced drinking, but carbachol-induced drinking was not depressed to the same extent by these peptides. The preferential depression of angiotensin II-induced drinking resembles the effects of other vasoplegic drugs on this response in the rat, and may be related to the potent vasodilator properties of these peptides.", "PMID": 678989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3838", "title": "Effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on development of Mauthner's neuron and neural retina of Xenopus laevis embryos.", "content": "Bromodeoxyuridine (BrUdR) injected into Xenopus embryos at stages before, during or after the last period of DNA synthesis in Mauthner's neurons had no serious effect on differentiation of Mauthner's neurons. However, the BrUdR caused widespread cell degeneration in the central nervous system. The action of BrUdR on retinal neuronal differentiation depended on dose and stage of infection. At all doses (0.005-0.9 microgram per injection), and all stages (22-29), the main effect was retinal cell degeneration. The drug produced complete absence of differentiated retinal neurons only when given at early stages (22-24) and at the highest doses (0.5-0.9 microgram) that enabled the embryo to survive to stage 44. At stages 22-24 at lower doses (0.005 or 0.05 microgram per injection) and at stages 26-29 at all doses, some retinal neurons differentiated, although retinal cell degeneration was the main effect. In these two systems BrUdR did not selectively inhibit neuronal differentiation.", "contents": "Effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on development of Mauthner's neuron and neural retina of Xenopus laevis embryos. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrUdR) injected into Xenopus embryos at stages before, during or after the last period of DNA synthesis in Mauthner's neurons had no serious effect on differentiation of Mauthner's neurons. However, the BrUdR caused widespread cell degeneration in the central nervous system. The action of BrUdR on retinal neuronal differentiation depended on dose and stage of infection. At all doses (0.005-0.9 microgram per injection), and all stages (22-29), the main effect was retinal cell degeneration. The drug produced complete absence of differentiated retinal neurons only when given at early stages (22-24) and at the highest doses (0.5-0.9 microgram) that enabled the embryo to survive to stage 44. At stages 22-24 at lower doses (0.005 or 0.05 microgram per injection) and at stages 26-29 at all doses, some retinal neurons differentiated, although retinal cell degeneration was the main effect. In these two systems BrUdR did not selectively inhibit neuronal differentiation.", "PMID": 678990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3839", "title": "The influence of brain damage on locomotor behavior of mice selectively bred for high or low activity in the open field.", "content": "Locomotor activity was measured in mice with lesions restricted to the neocortex, in animals with hippocampal damage, and in sham-operated control mice of the selectively bred high and low open-field activity lines developed by J. C. DeFries. Postoperatively, the high-activity animals with hippocampal lesions showed reduced activity relative to those with only neocortical damage, and their postoperative activity levels were uncorrelated with those obtained preoperatively. Testing the animals under reduced illumination enhanced locomotor activity, with the greatest increase demonstrated by high-activity mice with hippocampal damage. While increases in activity under low illumination did occur in the low-activity line, no significant group differences were observed. Amphetamine did not affect locomotor behavior of the high-activity control animals, whereas doses of 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg reduced the activity of the low-activity mice. High-activity mice with hippocampal damage evidenced a significant increase in locomotor behavior after the 10.0 mg/kg dose. These results emphasize that the behavioral effects of brain lesions and pharmacological manipulations cannot be adequately assessed without regard to genotype of the animals under investigation.", "contents": "The influence of brain damage on locomotor behavior of mice selectively bred for high or low activity in the open field. Locomotor activity was measured in mice with lesions restricted to the neocortex, in animals with hippocampal damage, and in sham-operated control mice of the selectively bred high and low open-field activity lines developed by J. C. DeFries. Postoperatively, the high-activity animals with hippocampal lesions showed reduced activity relative to those with only neocortical damage, and their postoperative activity levels were uncorrelated with those obtained preoperatively. Testing the animals under reduced illumination enhanced locomotor activity, with the greatest increase demonstrated by high-activity mice with hippocampal damage. While increases in activity under low illumination did occur in the low-activity line, no significant group differences were observed. Amphetamine did not affect locomotor behavior of the high-activity control animals, whereas doses of 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg reduced the activity of the low-activity mice. High-activity mice with hippocampal damage evidenced a significant increase in locomotor behavior after the 10.0 mg/kg dose. These results emphasize that the behavioral effects of brain lesions and pharmacological manipulations cannot be adequately assessed without regard to genotype of the animals under investigation.", "PMID": 678991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3840", "title": "Electron microscopic autoradiography of the uptake of [3H]GABA in dispersed cell cultures of rat cerebellums. I. The morphology of the GABAergic synapse.", "content": "Dispersed cell cultures of rat cerebellums 21 days in vitro were incubated in saline containing 0.5 micrometer [3H]GABA for 5 min, fixed and prepared for electron microscopic autoradiography. Quantitative methods for analyzing the resulting autoradiographs were developed to distinguish lightly labeled neurons from heavily labeled (i.e. GABAergic) neurons. After a 3 week exposure, 2% of the presynaptic elements were found to be GABAergic. A longer incubation time of 15 min resulted in a greatly increased grain density over lightly labeled neurons, making it more difficult to distinguish them from the GABAergic neurons. When the concentration of [3H]GABA was increased to 1.0 micrometer, the grain densities over both GABAergic and other neurons increased to a similar extent. The morphology of the GABAergic synapses differed from that of the total population synapses. The GABAergic synapses had larger cross-sectional areas, lower densities of vesicles, greater numbers of vesicles, and thinner postsynaptic densities. Both the GABAergic and total population had similar lengths of the postsynaptic densities, cleft widths, vesicle sizes and types of postsynaptic elements. The morphology of the GABAergic synapse reported here is similar to that described for basket and stellate presynaptic elements in vivo.", "contents": "Electron microscopic autoradiography of the uptake of [3H]GABA in dispersed cell cultures of rat cerebellums. I. The morphology of the GABAergic synapse. Dispersed cell cultures of rat cerebellums 21 days in vitro were incubated in saline containing 0.5 micrometer [3H]GABA for 5 min, fixed and prepared for electron microscopic autoradiography. Quantitative methods for analyzing the resulting autoradiographs were developed to distinguish lightly labeled neurons from heavily labeled (i.e. GABAergic) neurons. After a 3 week exposure, 2% of the presynaptic elements were found to be GABAergic. A longer incubation time of 15 min resulted in a greatly increased grain density over lightly labeled neurons, making it more difficult to distinguish them from the GABAergic neurons. When the concentration of [3H]GABA was increased to 1.0 micrometer, the grain densities over both GABAergic and other neurons increased to a similar extent. The morphology of the GABAergic synapses differed from that of the total population synapses. The GABAergic synapses had larger cross-sectional areas, lower densities of vesicles, greater numbers of vesicles, and thinner postsynaptic densities. Both the GABAergic and total population had similar lengths of the postsynaptic densities, cleft widths, vesicle sizes and types of postsynaptic elements. The morphology of the GABAergic synapse reported here is similar to that described for basket and stellate presynaptic elements in vivo.", "PMID": 678997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3841", "title": "CNS site of clonidine induced hypotension: a microiontophoretic study of bulbar cardiovascular neurons.", "content": "To localize the central site and mechanism of clonidine induced hypotension, the drug was applied by the technique of microiontophoresis to neurons of the bulbar cardiovascular center in decerebrate cats. The excitatory and inhibitory cardiovascular neurons (CVN) were identified by their response to an increase in the arterial blood pressure induced by intravenous injections of small doses of norepinephrine (NE). Clonidine had an inhibitory effect on the spontaneous firing rate of excitatory CVN but had no effect on the firing rate of inhibitory CVN. At the same doses, it had no effect on the firing rate of NCVN recorded from the same area. Furthermore, clonidine had a blocking action on the excitatory response of CVN induced by microiontophoretic application of NE. It is concluded that clonidine produces its hypotensive response by acting on alpha-adrenergic receptors of bulbar CVN.", "contents": "CNS site of clonidine induced hypotension: a microiontophoretic study of bulbar cardiovascular neurons. To localize the central site and mechanism of clonidine induced hypotension, the drug was applied by the technique of microiontophoresis to neurons of the bulbar cardiovascular center in decerebrate cats. The excitatory and inhibitory cardiovascular neurons (CVN) were identified by their response to an increase in the arterial blood pressure induced by intravenous injections of small doses of norepinephrine (NE). Clonidine had an inhibitory effect on the spontaneous firing rate of excitatory CVN but had no effect on the firing rate of inhibitory CVN. At the same doses, it had no effect on the firing rate of NCVN recorded from the same area. Furthermore, clonidine had a blocking action on the excitatory response of CVN induced by microiontophoretic application of NE. It is concluded that clonidine produces its hypotensive response by acting on alpha-adrenergic receptors of bulbar CVN.", "PMID": 678998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3842", "title": "Sparing of function in rats with early prefrontal cortex lesions.", "content": "Previous work has shown that medial frontal lesions in adult rats produce deficits on spatial reversals, delayed responses, and active avoidance, whereas more ventrolateral (orbital) lesions have little effect on these tasks. These findings were confirmed. However, when lesions were made at 2, 5 or 9 days of age, rats tested as adults showed dramatic sparing of function on all these tasks, whereas similar lesions inflicted at 35 or 40 days of age produced deficits on delayed responses and spatial reversals. Orbital frontal lesions failed to significantly alter behavior on any task at any age. The effects of the neonatal lesions are in striking contrast to the effects of juvenile or adult lesions, even though the infant lesions were considerably larger. Histological analysis revealed no retrograde degeneration in the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus of the rats operated in infancy unless the lesions were so large that the adjacent caudate-putamen was also damaged. The contrast between these results, and results obtained after similar lesions in adults may indicate the growth of sustaining collaterals after the infant lesions which might be involved in the observed behavioral sparing.", "contents": "Sparing of function in rats with early prefrontal cortex lesions. Previous work has shown that medial frontal lesions in adult rats produce deficits on spatial reversals, delayed responses, and active avoidance, whereas more ventrolateral (orbital) lesions have little effect on these tasks. These findings were confirmed. However, when lesions were made at 2, 5 or 9 days of age, rats tested as adults showed dramatic sparing of function on all these tasks, whereas similar lesions inflicted at 35 or 40 days of age produced deficits on delayed responses and spatial reversals. Orbital frontal lesions failed to significantly alter behavior on any task at any age. The effects of the neonatal lesions are in striking contrast to the effects of juvenile or adult lesions, even though the infant lesions were considerably larger. Histological analysis revealed no retrograde degeneration in the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus of the rats operated in infancy unless the lesions were so large that the adjacent caudate-putamen was also damaged. The contrast between these results, and results obtained after similar lesions in adults may indicate the growth of sustaining collaterals after the infant lesions which might be involved in the observed behavioral sparing.", "PMID": 678999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3843", "title": "Functional organization of receptive fields in the cat somatosensory cortex. I: Integration within the coronal region.", "content": "The receptive fields (RF) of the neurons in the coronal region of the first somatosensory cortex (SI) were studied in a preparation of unanesthetized paralyzed cats. The majority of units responded to simple light mechanical stimuli to the hairy or glabrous skin. There were units with slightly larger RFs and more complex properties, such as those preferentially responding to the moving skin stimuli with directional selectivity. The receptive fields tend to be larger in the more rostral (area 3a) or medial coronal (area 3b) region than in the caudal region (area 3b). The largest RFs intermingled among focal ones included other smaller RFs in the vicinity. Their configurations were different at different loci in the coronal region. It is suggested that the coronal SI region is organized in terms of multiple clusterings of units, each with particular receptive field characteristics. The representation of a single peripheral locus on the forepaw can thus be multiple, if it appeared in more than one of such clusterings of receptive fields.", "contents": "Functional organization of receptive fields in the cat somatosensory cortex. I: Integration within the coronal region. The receptive fields (RF) of the neurons in the coronal region of the first somatosensory cortex (SI) were studied in a preparation of unanesthetized paralyzed cats. The majority of units responded to simple light mechanical stimuli to the hairy or glabrous skin. There were units with slightly larger RFs and more complex properties, such as those preferentially responding to the moving skin stimuli with directional selectivity. The receptive fields tend to be larger in the more rostral (area 3a) or medial coronal (area 3b) region than in the caudal region (area 3b). The largest RFs intermingled among focal ones included other smaller RFs in the vicinity. Their configurations were different at different loci in the coronal region. It is suggested that the coronal SI region is organized in terms of multiple clusterings of units, each with particular receptive field characteristics. The representation of a single peripheral locus on the forepaw can thus be multiple, if it appeared in more than one of such clusterings of receptive fields.", "PMID": 679006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3844", "title": "Functional organization of receptive fields in the cat somatosensory cortex. II: Second representation of the forepaw in the ansate region.", "content": "The receptive fields (RF) of the neurons in the ansate region of the first somatosensory cortex (SI) were studied in unanesthetized paralyzed cats. Along the ansate sulcus, the forepaw dorsum was represented laterally, and the ventral surface of the paw was represented medially. These representations of the distal forepaw were found to be different from those in the coronal region in that they take parts of the larger and elongated receptive fields along the forearm axis. The principle of multiple representation of the forepaw on SI proposed in the preceding paper was thus confirmed and extended in this study. Many units in the ansate region showed complex receptive characteristics different from those in the coronal region. The convergence of skin and deep submodality was observed in units recorded in area 2 in the deep fold along the ansate sulcus, border zone along area 5. The functional organization of SI in terms of its cytoarchitectonic differentiation and thalamocortical relationships was discussed.", "contents": "Functional organization of receptive fields in the cat somatosensory cortex. II: Second representation of the forepaw in the ansate region. The receptive fields (RF) of the neurons in the ansate region of the first somatosensory cortex (SI) were studied in unanesthetized paralyzed cats. Along the ansate sulcus, the forepaw dorsum was represented laterally, and the ventral surface of the paw was represented medially. These representations of the distal forepaw were found to be different from those in the coronal region in that they take parts of the larger and elongated receptive fields along the forearm axis. The principle of multiple representation of the forepaw on SI proposed in the preceding paper was thus confirmed and extended in this study. Many units in the ansate region showed complex receptive characteristics different from those in the coronal region. The convergence of skin and deep submodality was observed in units recorded in area 2 in the deep fold along the ansate sulcus, border zone along area 5. The functional organization of SI in terms of its cytoarchitectonic differentiation and thalamocortical relationships was discussed.", "PMID": 679007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3845", "title": "Neurones with synchronous bursting discharges in organ cultures of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus area.", "content": "Explants of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus area from newborn rats were cultured. Ultrastructural studies revealed the existence of typical neurosecretory granules in neuronal perikarya as well as in axons. Large nerve cells that were spontaneously active discharged at an average firing rate of 7.2 +/- 4.4 (S.D., n = 98) spikes/sec and 42% of these neurones displayed a phasic firing pattern as shown by the existence of peaks in their autocorrelograms. The firing of 59% of the neurones was synchronous with the activity of other nerve cells. In some neurones, only the onsets of bursts were correlated, whereas in others periods of high correlation alternated with periods of no correlation. The relative proportion of rhythmically or synchronously firing hypothalamic neurones was not altered when a neurohypophysial explant was co-cultured. Field stimulation in the cultures resulted in a short-latency excitation followed by an inhibition which was found to be bicuculline-sensitive. The existence of functional synapses was furthermore demonstrated by intracellular recordings of postsynaptic potentials.", "contents": "Neurones with synchronous bursting discharges in organ cultures of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus area. Explants of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus area from newborn rats were cultured. Ultrastructural studies revealed the existence of typical neurosecretory granules in neuronal perikarya as well as in axons. Large nerve cells that were spontaneously active discharged at an average firing rate of 7.2 +/- 4.4 (S.D., n = 98) spikes/sec and 42% of these neurones displayed a phasic firing pattern as shown by the existence of peaks in their autocorrelograms. The firing of 59% of the neurones was synchronous with the activity of other nerve cells. In some neurones, only the onsets of bursts were correlated, whereas in others periods of high correlation alternated with periods of no correlation. The relative proportion of rhythmically or synchronously firing hypothalamic neurones was not altered when a neurohypophysial explant was co-cultured. Field stimulation in the cultures resulted in a short-latency excitation followed by an inhibition which was found to be bicuculline-sensitive. The existence of functional synapses was furthermore demonstrated by intracellular recordings of postsynaptic potentials.", "PMID": 679009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3846", "title": "Evidence for the movement of fluid, macromolecules and ions from the brain extracellular space to the CSF.", "content": "This report examines the effect of decreasing serum osmolality on movement into the ventricular system of fluid and of test material injected into the brain. Trace quantities of 22NaCl and 125I-labeled cat serum albumin (CSA) were injected into cerebral white matter of cats. The rates of cerebrospinal fluid volume flow, and appearance of 22Na and 125I-CSA were measured in the effluent fluid using ventriculocisternal perfusion before and while serum osmolality was acutely decreased by the intravenous infusion of a 60 mOsm sucrose solution. As compared to the control period, at the end of the infusion serum osmolality decreased from 321 +/- 4.2 mOsm to 283 +/- 4.0 mOsm and CSF volume flow increased from 21.8 +/- 2.3 microliter/min to 54.9 +/- 4.1 microliter/min (means +/- S.E.). The slope of the regression line describing 22Na influx went from 1.04 to 1.79, while for 125I the slope went from 0 to 1.38. These results suggest that a common pathway may exist for the movement, through the brain and into the ventricular system, of water, ions and large molecules.", "contents": "Evidence for the movement of fluid, macromolecules and ions from the brain extracellular space to the CSF. This report examines the effect of decreasing serum osmolality on movement into the ventricular system of fluid and of test material injected into the brain. Trace quantities of 22NaCl and 125I-labeled cat serum albumin (CSA) were injected into cerebral white matter of cats. The rates of cerebrospinal fluid volume flow, and appearance of 22Na and 125I-CSA were measured in the effluent fluid using ventriculocisternal perfusion before and while serum osmolality was acutely decreased by the intravenous infusion of a 60 mOsm sucrose solution. As compared to the control period, at the end of the infusion serum osmolality decreased from 321 +/- 4.2 mOsm to 283 +/- 4.0 mOsm and CSF volume flow increased from 21.8 +/- 2.3 microliter/min to 54.9 +/- 4.1 microliter/min (means +/- S.E.). The slope of the regression line describing 22Na influx went from 1.04 to 1.79, while for 125I the slope went from 0 to 1.38. These results suggest that a common pathway may exist for the movement, through the brain and into the ventricular system, of water, ions and large molecules.", "PMID": 679010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3847", "title": "The differential effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and raphe stimulation on nociceptive and non-nociceptive dorsal horn interneurones in the cat.", "content": "The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA) and stimulation of the inferior central nucleus of the raphe (RN) were examined on nociceptive and non-nociceptive spinal neurones in anaesthetized cats. 5-HT reduced excitation evoked by noxious stimulation, but increased spontaneous firing and firing evoked by DL-homocysteic acid (DLH) on both nociceptive and non-nociceptive cells. NA reduced spontaneous activity, DLH-evoked excitation and excitation evoked by a noxious stimulus on nociceptive neurones, but had little action on non-nociceptive units. RN inhibited spontaneous, stimulus-evoked and DLH-evoked firing of nociceptive cells and caused briefer inhibitions of non-nociceptive cells. Excitatory effects were also observed. Strychnine antagonized short-duration inhibitions from RN of non-nociceptive cells responding to hair movement, but failed to antagonize any of the other effects of RN. No antagonism of the inhibitory effect of RN was observed with phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, sotalol, bicuculline or methysergide. However, methysergide antagonized some excitatory effects of 5-HT and RN, but also produced non-specific actions on some cells. It was concluded that, although glycine may mediate some of the brief duration inhibitions evoked by RN, the longer duration inhibitions were unlikely to have been mediated by either glycine or GABA. 5-HT may be a mediator of raphe-spinal actions but may have presynaptic inhibitory actions coupled with postsynaptic excitatory effects. NA could mediate some descending inhibition of nociceptive neurones.", "contents": "The differential effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and raphe stimulation on nociceptive and non-nociceptive dorsal horn interneurones in the cat. The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA) and stimulation of the inferior central nucleus of the raphe (RN) were examined on nociceptive and non-nociceptive spinal neurones in anaesthetized cats. 5-HT reduced excitation evoked by noxious stimulation, but increased spontaneous firing and firing evoked by DL-homocysteic acid (DLH) on both nociceptive and non-nociceptive cells. NA reduced spontaneous activity, DLH-evoked excitation and excitation evoked by a noxious stimulus on nociceptive neurones, but had little action on non-nociceptive units. RN inhibited spontaneous, stimulus-evoked and DLH-evoked firing of nociceptive cells and caused briefer inhibitions of non-nociceptive cells. Excitatory effects were also observed. Strychnine antagonized short-duration inhibitions from RN of non-nociceptive cells responding to hair movement, but failed to antagonize any of the other effects of RN. No antagonism of the inhibitory effect of RN was observed with phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, sotalol, bicuculline or methysergide. However, methysergide antagonized some excitatory effects of 5-HT and RN, but also produced non-specific actions on some cells. It was concluded that, although glycine may mediate some of the brief duration inhibitions evoked by RN, the longer duration inhibitions were unlikely to have been mediated by either glycine or GABA. 5-HT may be a mediator of raphe-spinal actions but may have presynaptic inhibitory actions coupled with postsynaptic excitatory effects. NA could mediate some descending inhibition of nociceptive neurones.", "PMID": 679011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3848", "title": "Synaptic structures and quantification of catecholaminergic axons in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat: possible modulatory roles of catecholamines in baroreceptor reflexes.", "content": "The synaptic organization in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the rat at the level of the obex was examined by fluorescence and electron microscopy in 5 groups of animals: (1) normal control, (2) intraventricular injection of 5-OHDA, (3) intraventricular injection of 6-OHDA, (4) intracranial denervation of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves, and (5) intraventricular injection of 5-OHDA 48 h after intracranial denervation of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves. A dense network of catecholaminergic nerves was observed in the NTS and several catecholaminergic neurons were seen to be scattered in the lateral portion of the NTS. Nerve cells in the NTS were small in size (15-20 micrometer in diameter). In addition to ordinary axodendritic and axo-somatic synapses, serial synapses were occasionally encountered. The first presynaptic site in some of the serial synapses was identified as catecholaminergic by 6-OHDA treatment. After treatment with 5-OHDA, 2.4% of axon varicosities were identified as catecholaminergic by small dense-cored vesicles. After administration of 6-OHDA, 5.19% of dense degenerated axon varicosities were counted. After intracranial deafferentation of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves, 5.3% of dense degenerated axon varicosities were found. The total number of axon varicosities in 6800 sq.mum area was decreased by 9% after the injection of 6-OHDA and 11% after deafferentation of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves. At least 3 types of axons could be identified: (1) catecholaminergic axons with small dense-cored vesicles after 5-OHDA administration, (2) afferent axons from the IXth and Xth cranial nerves with small clear vesicles, and (3) axons with small clear vesicles probably originated from the supramedullary nucleus. The results of the present study suggest that catecholamines modulate reflex blood pressure regulation within the NTS of the rat.", "contents": "Synaptic structures and quantification of catecholaminergic axons in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat: possible modulatory roles of catecholamines in baroreceptor reflexes. The synaptic organization in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the rat at the level of the obex was examined by fluorescence and electron microscopy in 5 groups of animals: (1) normal control, (2) intraventricular injection of 5-OHDA, (3) intraventricular injection of 6-OHDA, (4) intracranial denervation of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves, and (5) intraventricular injection of 5-OHDA 48 h after intracranial denervation of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves. A dense network of catecholaminergic nerves was observed in the NTS and several catecholaminergic neurons were seen to be scattered in the lateral portion of the NTS. Nerve cells in the NTS were small in size (15-20 micrometer in diameter). In addition to ordinary axodendritic and axo-somatic synapses, serial synapses were occasionally encountered. The first presynaptic site in some of the serial synapses was identified as catecholaminergic by 6-OHDA treatment. After treatment with 5-OHDA, 2.4% of axon varicosities were identified as catecholaminergic by small dense-cored vesicles. After administration of 6-OHDA, 5.19% of dense degenerated axon varicosities were counted. After intracranial deafferentation of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves, 5.3% of dense degenerated axon varicosities were found. The total number of axon varicosities in 6800 sq.mum area was decreased by 9% after the injection of 6-OHDA and 11% after deafferentation of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves. At least 3 types of axons could be identified: (1) catecholaminergic axons with small dense-cored vesicles after 5-OHDA administration, (2) afferent axons from the IXth and Xth cranial nerves with small clear vesicles, and (3) axons with small clear vesicles probably originated from the supramedullary nucleus. The results of the present study suggest that catecholamines modulate reflex blood pressure regulation within the NTS of the rat.", "PMID": 679012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3849", "title": "Biochemical changes accompanying unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the rat substantia nigra.", "content": "The biochemical consequences of a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the substantia nigra of the rat brain were investigated. Projections of dopaminergic neurons from the A8-A9-A10 regions to a number of forebrain areas were confirmed. No innervation to the hypothalamus, including the median eminence, or to the brain stem, could be found with the present techniques. No destruction of serotonergic or GABAergic fibers could be demonstrated in the lesioned substantia nigra. Increases in glutamic acid decarboxylase activity were found restricted to the caudate and zona compacta of the substantia nigra ipsilateral to the lesion, indicating the possibility of a physiological interaction between GABAergic and dopaminergic systems. The neuroanatomical localization of the nigral dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase was also studied. No change in enzyme activity was found after destruction of a great proportion of the dopaminergic cells, suggesting that this enzyme has an extradopaminergic localization in the substantia nigra.", "contents": "Biochemical changes accompanying unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the rat substantia nigra. The biochemical consequences of a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the substantia nigra of the rat brain were investigated. Projections of dopaminergic neurons from the A8-A9-A10 regions to a number of forebrain areas were confirmed. No innervation to the hypothalamus, including the median eminence, or to the brain stem, could be found with the present techniques. No destruction of serotonergic or GABAergic fibers could be demonstrated in the lesioned substantia nigra. Increases in glutamic acid decarboxylase activity were found restricted to the caudate and zona compacta of the substantia nigra ipsilateral to the lesion, indicating the possibility of a physiological interaction between GABAergic and dopaminergic systems. The neuroanatomical localization of the nigral dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase was also studied. No change in enzyme activity was found after destruction of a great proportion of the dopaminergic cells, suggesting that this enzyme has an extradopaminergic localization in the substantia nigra.", "PMID": 679013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3850", "title": "Cerebral energy metabolism during recovery from carbon monoxide hypoxia-oligemia.", "content": "The effects of 1 h exposure to 1% CO and right common carotid artery clamping upon the cerebral energy metabolism, perfusion and histology were studied in anesthetized (70%N(2)O) and unanesthetized rats following reoxygenation for 0-6 h. At 0 h recovery the clamped hemispheres showed decreases of ATP, PCr and glycogen, and increases of ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphate and lactate which indicated an advanced derangement of the tissues' energy homeostasis. Exposure in unanesthetized animals was associated with lower levels of ATP and glycogen, and with larger increases of lactate in the clamped hemisphere which suggested the presence of a more intense hypoxic-oligemic insult. The metabolic differences in the clamped hemisphere of unanesthetized and anesthetized animals became more marked after 1 h reoxygenation, with anesthetized animals showing large restitutions of ATP, PCr, glycogen and lactate, whereas in unanesthetized animals these metabolites showed severe persistent defects over the 6 h reoxygenation period. Since the arterial oxygen content and tension, and perfusion patterns were equivalent in the 2 series at 0 and 1 h recovery, it is concluded that even minor anesthetic agents such as 70%N(2)O or other non-hypoxic variables during exposure or recovery may cause significant alterations in the metabolic restitution of the hypoxic-oligemic brain.", "contents": "Cerebral energy metabolism during recovery from carbon monoxide hypoxia-oligemia. The effects of 1 h exposure to 1% CO and right common carotid artery clamping upon the cerebral energy metabolism, perfusion and histology were studied in anesthetized (70%N(2)O) and unanesthetized rats following reoxygenation for 0-6 h. At 0 h recovery the clamped hemispheres showed decreases of ATP, PCr and glycogen, and increases of ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphate and lactate which indicated an advanced derangement of the tissues' energy homeostasis. Exposure in unanesthetized animals was associated with lower levels of ATP and glycogen, and with larger increases of lactate in the clamped hemisphere which suggested the presence of a more intense hypoxic-oligemic insult. The metabolic differences in the clamped hemisphere of unanesthetized and anesthetized animals became more marked after 1 h reoxygenation, with anesthetized animals showing large restitutions of ATP, PCr, glycogen and lactate, whereas in unanesthetized animals these metabolites showed severe persistent defects over the 6 h reoxygenation period. Since the arterial oxygen content and tension, and perfusion patterns were equivalent in the 2 series at 0 and 1 h recovery, it is concluded that even minor anesthetic agents such as 70%N(2)O or other non-hypoxic variables during exposure or recovery may cause significant alterations in the metabolic restitution of the hypoxic-oligemic brain.", "PMID": 679014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3851", "title": "Uptake of L-alanine, glycine and L-serine in the pigeon central nervous system.", "content": "The uptake characteristics of L-alpha-alanine, glycine and L-serine into crude mitochondrial fractions from pigeon telencephalon, tectum and spinal cord were determined. Sodium dependent high affinity uptake systems were found for all 3 amino acids in all 3 brain regions, except for glycine in the telencephalon. The mutual inhibition of the high affinity uptake by the 3 amino acids was measured in the tectum. Alanine uptake was inhibited competitively by serine and glycine. The inhibition of serine uptake by alanine and glycine was also competitive. In contrast, glycine uptake inhibition by alanine and serine was incomplete and neither competitive, non-competitive nor uncompetitive. The effect of various chemicals on the uptake of the 3 amino acids was measured in the tectum at a substrate concentration of 10(-5) M. Four groups could be distinguished: (1) Substances with no effect on the uptake of all 3 amino acids, (2) substances which inhibited the uptake of all 3 amino acids to a similar degree, (3) substances which inhibited the uptake of alanine and serine more than glycine and (4) substances which inhibited glycine uptake more than alanine and serine uptake. From these results we conclude: Alanine and serine are probably taken up by the same transport system. This system can possibly also use glycine as substrate. Most of the glycine high affinity uptake, however, is due to a specific glycine transport system. This system was found only in tectum and spinal cord and is probably the same uptake system as known in the spinal cord of other vertebrates.", "contents": "Uptake of L-alanine, glycine and L-serine in the pigeon central nervous system. The uptake characteristics of L-alpha-alanine, glycine and L-serine into crude mitochondrial fractions from pigeon telencephalon, tectum and spinal cord were determined. Sodium dependent high affinity uptake systems were found for all 3 amino acids in all 3 brain regions, except for glycine in the telencephalon. The mutual inhibition of the high affinity uptake by the 3 amino acids was measured in the tectum. Alanine uptake was inhibited competitively by serine and glycine. The inhibition of serine uptake by alanine and glycine was also competitive. In contrast, glycine uptake inhibition by alanine and serine was incomplete and neither competitive, non-competitive nor uncompetitive. The effect of various chemicals on the uptake of the 3 amino acids was measured in the tectum at a substrate concentration of 10(-5) M. Four groups could be distinguished: (1) Substances with no effect on the uptake of all 3 amino acids, (2) substances which inhibited the uptake of all 3 amino acids to a similar degree, (3) substances which inhibited the uptake of alanine and serine more than glycine and (4) substances which inhibited glycine uptake more than alanine and serine uptake. From these results we conclude: Alanine and serine are probably taken up by the same transport system. This system can possibly also use glycine as substrate. Most of the glycine high affinity uptake, however, is due to a specific glycine transport system. This system was found only in tectum and spinal cord and is probably the same uptake system as known in the spinal cord of other vertebrates.", "PMID": 679019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3852", "title": "Chromatin binding of estradiol in the hypothalamus and cortex of male and female rats.", "content": "Gonadal steroids are thought to act by activation of the genome following cytoplasmic binding, translocation of the hormone--receptor complex to the nucleus and chromatin binding at specific acceptor sites. This study examined the kinetics of chromatin binding of estradiol by hypothalamic and cortical cells of adult gonadectomized male and female rats. In both sexes binding was found to be limited to hypothalamic cells. The kinetics of binding differed between the sexes, estradiol being retained less well in males. In females hypothalamic chromatin binding was shown to be of limited capacity and to be competitively inhibited by unlabeled estradiol. Unlabeled testosterone inhibited estradiol binding when administered subcutaneously 3 h before the estradiol, but not by testosterone when administered either intravenously or concurrently with the estradiol. It was suggested that the observed sex difference in hypothalamic chromatin binding might underlie the relative insensitivity of the male to the lordosis-inducing properties of estradiol.", "contents": "Chromatin binding of estradiol in the hypothalamus and cortex of male and female rats. Gonadal steroids are thought to act by activation of the genome following cytoplasmic binding, translocation of the hormone--receptor complex to the nucleus and chromatin binding at specific acceptor sites. This study examined the kinetics of chromatin binding of estradiol by hypothalamic and cortical cells of adult gonadectomized male and female rats. In both sexes binding was found to be limited to hypothalamic cells. The kinetics of binding differed between the sexes, estradiol being retained less well in males. In females hypothalamic chromatin binding was shown to be of limited capacity and to be competitively inhibited by unlabeled estradiol. Unlabeled testosterone inhibited estradiol binding when administered subcutaneously 3 h before the estradiol, but not by testosterone when administered either intravenously or concurrently with the estradiol. It was suggested that the observed sex difference in hypothalamic chromatin binding might underlie the relative insensitivity of the male to the lordosis-inducing properties of estradiol.", "PMID": 679020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3853", "title": "Morphological localization of PNS myelin proteins.", "content": "The localization of PNS myelin protein was studied using two methods: (1) lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination of intraperiod band material, (2) solubilization of basic proteins with ammonium acetate--Triton X-100 solutions. When myelin was swollen in the presence of lactoperoxidase and subsequently submitted to lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination P0 and what appeared to be the X protein labeled with 125I. In specimens which were disrupted in 50% ethyl alcohol, the basic proteins P1 and P2 were also iodinated. When the lactoperoxidase was omitted, there was no labeling of proteins. Ammonium acetate--Triton X-100 solutions solubilized basic proteins from both whole nerve and purified myelin preparations. Electron microscopic changes which accompanied this modification included swelling and splitting of the main period band. These data indicate that the P0 and X proteins are available for iodination in the intraperiod band of swollen PNS myelin and that basic proteins are localized in the main period band.", "contents": "Morphological localization of PNS myelin proteins. The localization of PNS myelin protein was studied using two methods: (1) lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination of intraperiod band material, (2) solubilization of basic proteins with ammonium acetate--Triton X-100 solutions. When myelin was swollen in the presence of lactoperoxidase and subsequently submitted to lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination P0 and what appeared to be the X protein labeled with 125I. In specimens which were disrupted in 50% ethyl alcohol, the basic proteins P1 and P2 were also iodinated. When the lactoperoxidase was omitted, there was no labeling of proteins. Ammonium acetate--Triton X-100 solutions solubilized basic proteins from both whole nerve and purified myelin preparations. Electron microscopic changes which accompanied this modification included swelling and splitting of the main period band. These data indicate that the P0 and X proteins are available for iodination in the intraperiod band of swollen PNS myelin and that basic proteins are localized in the main period band.", "PMID": 679022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3854", "title": "Topography of the neurons responding to estrogen in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of immature female mice.", "content": "The neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) of 20-day-old female mice were examined by electron microscopy. The administration of estradiol-17 beta during 20 days from the day of birth resulted in the increase of dense-core vesicles (DCVs) in some neuronal perikarya of the middle region of the ARC (middle ARC), while, in the posterior region of the ARC (posterior ARC), the increase of DCVs was less marked. Topographical studies revealed that the neuronal perikarya containing few DCVs were assembled in the ventromedial area of the middle ARC in both control mice and mice given estrogen. Those containing 5 or more DCVs were found predominantly in the ventromedial area of the middle ARC in mice given estrogen. In the posterior ARC, however, the neuronal perikarya containing DCVs seemed to be scattered. The distribution patterns of the diameter of DCVs were significantly different between control mice and mice given estrogen. The administration of estrogen seem to bring about the enlargement in the size of DCVs. These results indicate that the neurons responding to estrogen are present in the ventromedial area of the middle ARC, and suggest that this area is a significant focus in estrogen feedback mechanisms.", "contents": "Topography of the neurons responding to estrogen in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of immature female mice. The neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) of 20-day-old female mice were examined by electron microscopy. The administration of estradiol-17 beta during 20 days from the day of birth resulted in the increase of dense-core vesicles (DCVs) in some neuronal perikarya of the middle region of the ARC (middle ARC), while, in the posterior region of the ARC (posterior ARC), the increase of DCVs was less marked. Topographical studies revealed that the neuronal perikarya containing few DCVs were assembled in the ventromedial area of the middle ARC in both control mice and mice given estrogen. Those containing 5 or more DCVs were found predominantly in the ventromedial area of the middle ARC in mice given estrogen. In the posterior ARC, however, the neuronal perikarya containing DCVs seemed to be scattered. The distribution patterns of the diameter of DCVs were significantly different between control mice and mice given estrogen. The administration of estrogen seem to bring about the enlargement in the size of DCVs. These results indicate that the neurons responding to estrogen are present in the ventromedial area of the middle ARC, and suggest that this area is a significant focus in estrogen feedback mechanisms.", "PMID": 679026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3855", "title": "Dependence of the activity of interpositus and red nucleus neurons on sensory input data generated by movement.", "content": "Cats performed flexion movements of the forearm, and the discharge of interpositus and red nucleus neurons was examined for relationships to the motion and to the EMG activity of agonist and antagonist muscles. It is shown that, over a wide range in the time course of the motion, the activity of the neurons is covariant with both the EMG and the movement parameters, in particular, the velocity. Also, the discharge of the interpositus neurons is modulated in phase with the velocity of passive movement. It is concluded that during fast, intentional movements, sensory input data generated by motion is a major determinant of the output of the interpositus nucleus. Furthermore, the results are consistent with the concept that this output provides a continuous modulation of spinal segmental mechanisms by way of the red nucleus and rubrospinal tract.", "contents": "Dependence of the activity of interpositus and red nucleus neurons on sensory input data generated by movement. Cats performed flexion movements of the forearm, and the discharge of interpositus and red nucleus neurons was examined for relationships to the motion and to the EMG activity of agonist and antagonist muscles. It is shown that, over a wide range in the time course of the motion, the activity of the neurons is covariant with both the EMG and the movement parameters, in particular, the velocity. Also, the discharge of the interpositus neurons is modulated in phase with the velocity of passive movement. It is concluded that during fast, intentional movements, sensory input data generated by motion is a major determinant of the output of the interpositus nucleus. Furthermore, the results are consistent with the concept that this output provides a continuous modulation of spinal segmental mechanisms by way of the red nucleus and rubrospinal tract.", "PMID": 679027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3856", "title": "Relationships between sensory input, motor output and unit activity in interpositus and red nuclei during intentional movement.", "content": "The relationship between unit activity in interpositus (8 units) and red nuclei (11 units) and the EMG activity of the biceps during intentional elbow flexion movements was investigated by means of cross-correlation analysis. This analysis showed that there were long-lasting (200 msec) changes in the probability of EMG activity both before and after a single spike in neurons which covaried with the motor output. The dependence of the activity of these units on sensory inputs was investigated by (1) calculating the quantitative relationship between angular displacement and unit activity and (2) recording unit activity after the sensory input from peripheral afferents had been eliminated by dorsal rhizotomy.", "contents": "Relationships between sensory input, motor output and unit activity in interpositus and red nuclei during intentional movement. The relationship between unit activity in interpositus (8 units) and red nuclei (11 units) and the EMG activity of the biceps during intentional elbow flexion movements was investigated by means of cross-correlation analysis. This analysis showed that there were long-lasting (200 msec) changes in the probability of EMG activity both before and after a single spike in neurons which covaried with the motor output. The dependence of the activity of these units on sensory inputs was investigated by (1) calculating the quantitative relationship between angular displacement and unit activity and (2) recording unit activity after the sensory input from peripheral afferents had been eliminated by dorsal rhizotomy.", "PMID": 679028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3857", "title": "Afferent connections of the entorhinal area in the rat as demonstrated by retrograde cell-labeling with horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The entorhinal cortex (EC) of the rat has been divided into medial (MEA) and lateral (LEA) subdivisions. In order to analyze its afferent connections, small deposits of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed at various loci within EC. The patterns of retrograde cell-labeling charted in 18 such cases suggested that EC is projected upon by several allocortical and subcortical structures and that there are differences in the afferent connections of the two subdivisions. Thus, although HRP injection of either division of EC led to cell-labeling in the hippocampal formation, most in ammonic field CA1 and the subiculum, several cells of the presubiculum were preferentially labeled by injection of MEA. Injections of LEA, but not those in MEA, resulted in substantial cell-labeling in the anterior piriform cortex of both hemispheres. Regardless of the location of its injection site within EC, the enzyme labeled cells in the diagonal band nucleus of Broca, amygdala and claustrum. The pattern of cell-labeling in the diagonal band nucleus extended into the ventrolaterally contiguous nucleus basalis after injection of LEA and into the dorsally contiguous medial septal nucleus after injection of MEA Whereas HRP deposits in either division of EC resulted in cell-labeling in the cortical and medial nuclei of the amygdala, only those deposits which involved LEA led to cell-labeling in the posterior part of the lateral nucleus. In the thalamus, labeled cells were found in the rostral part of the paratenial, periventricular and reuniens nuclei. Finally, at midbrain levels, numerous labeled cells appeared in the dorsal raphe nucleus, a few in the median raphe and locus coeruleus, and, only after rostral EC injection, in the ventral tegmental area.", "contents": "Afferent connections of the entorhinal area in the rat as demonstrated by retrograde cell-labeling with horseradish peroxidase. The entorhinal cortex (EC) of the rat has been divided into medial (MEA) and lateral (LEA) subdivisions. In order to analyze its afferent connections, small deposits of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed at various loci within EC. The patterns of retrograde cell-labeling charted in 18 such cases suggested that EC is projected upon by several allocortical and subcortical structures and that there are differences in the afferent connections of the two subdivisions. Thus, although HRP injection of either division of EC led to cell-labeling in the hippocampal formation, most in ammonic field CA1 and the subiculum, several cells of the presubiculum were preferentially labeled by injection of MEA. Injections of LEA, but not those in MEA, resulted in substantial cell-labeling in the anterior piriform cortex of both hemispheres. Regardless of the location of its injection site within EC, the enzyme labeled cells in the diagonal band nucleus of Broca, amygdala and claustrum. The pattern of cell-labeling in the diagonal band nucleus extended into the ventrolaterally contiguous nucleus basalis after injection of LEA and into the dorsally contiguous medial septal nucleus after injection of MEA Whereas HRP deposits in either division of EC resulted in cell-labeling in the cortical and medial nuclei of the amygdala, only those deposits which involved LEA led to cell-labeling in the posterior part of the lateral nucleus. In the thalamus, labeled cells were found in the rostral part of the paratenial, periventricular and reuniens nuclei. Finally, at midbrain levels, numerous labeled cells appeared in the dorsal raphe nucleus, a few in the median raphe and locus coeruleus, and, only after rostral EC injection, in the ventral tegmental area.", "PMID": 679029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3858", "title": "Anatomical evidence of direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other forebrain structures in the rat.", "content": "Ascending projections from the caudal (general-visceroceptive) part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) were studied experimentally in the rat by the aid of the anterograde autoradiographic and the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer techniques. Microelectrophoretic deposits of tritiated proline and leucine which involved the caudal part of the NTS, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (dmX), and portions of the hypoglossal nucleus, nucleus intercalatus and/or nucleus gracilis were found to label ascending fibers that, besides going to numerous brain stem territories that included prominently the parabrachial area, could also be traced to serveral forebrain structures, namely, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), the paraventricular (PA), dorsomedial (HDM) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei of the hypothalamus, the central nucleus of the amygdaloid complex (AC), the medial preoptic area (PM) and the periventricular nucleus of the thalamus (TPV). Smaller isotope injections almost completely confined to the NTS and dmX resulted in lighter labeling of a similar set of parabrachial and forebrain projections, whereas in another case, in which the deposit was almost exclusively limited to the nucleus gracilis, no label was seen in the aforementioned structures. In another series of experiments, aimed at further localizing the neurons of origin of the prosencephalic projections under consideration, small microelectrophoretic HRP injections confined almost totally to BST, PA, HDM, AC, PM or TPV, as well as both small and large injections involving ARC, resulted in labeled neurons situated in the dorsal medullary region, mainly in the medial portion of the NTS at the level of and caudal to the area postrema. Taken together, these observations indicate for the first time the existence of relatively direct conduction lines by which interoceptive information might be conveyed to limbic forebrain structures; some of the possible physiological correlates of these anatomical findings are discussed.", "contents": "Anatomical evidence of direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other forebrain structures in the rat. Ascending projections from the caudal (general-visceroceptive) part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) were studied experimentally in the rat by the aid of the anterograde autoradiographic and the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer techniques. Microelectrophoretic deposits of tritiated proline and leucine which involved the caudal part of the NTS, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (dmX), and portions of the hypoglossal nucleus, nucleus intercalatus and/or nucleus gracilis were found to label ascending fibers that, besides going to numerous brain stem territories that included prominently the parabrachial area, could also be traced to serveral forebrain structures, namely, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), the paraventricular (PA), dorsomedial (HDM) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei of the hypothalamus, the central nucleus of the amygdaloid complex (AC), the medial preoptic area (PM) and the periventricular nucleus of the thalamus (TPV). Smaller isotope injections almost completely confined to the NTS and dmX resulted in lighter labeling of a similar set of parabrachial and forebrain projections, whereas in another case, in which the deposit was almost exclusively limited to the nucleus gracilis, no label was seen in the aforementioned structures. In another series of experiments, aimed at further localizing the neurons of origin of the prosencephalic projections under consideration, small microelectrophoretic HRP injections confined almost totally to BST, PA, HDM, AC, PM or TPV, as well as both small and large injections involving ARC, resulted in labeled neurons situated in the dorsal medullary region, mainly in the medial portion of the NTS at the level of and caudal to the area postrema. Taken together, these observations indicate for the first time the existence of relatively direct conduction lines by which interoceptive information might be conveyed to limbic forebrain structures; some of the possible physiological correlates of these anatomical findings are discussed.", "PMID": 679038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3859", "title": "Visual field representation in the newborn rabbit's cortex.", "content": "The representation of the visual field in the newborn rabbit's visual cortex appears on about the 10th day after the animal's birth coinciding with the time of its eye opening. Initially the visual response is obtained from a small anterolateral segment of the visual area of the cortex representing a few degrees of the extreme nasal vision of the animal. Even at this early stage, the visually responsive area of the rabbit's cortex seems to organize into V1 and V2 with the binocular response confined to V1 only. By the 15th day after the animal's birth, the visually responsive area in the newborn rabbit extends medially and posteriorly over the cortex, representing more of the animal's temporal and superior visual fields. By this time the binocular response is established over a narrow zone of the animal's visual cortex, representing a few degrees of the nasal visual field, on either side of the boundary between V1 and V2. Between the 16th and 17th day after the rabbit's birth, the cortical representation of the animal's visual field extends medially to the margin of the fissura sagittalis lateralis and caudally to the posterior pole of the hemisphere. In this visually responsive area of the cortex, the band-shaped visual field of the newborn rabbit is asymmetrically represented.", "contents": "Visual field representation in the newborn rabbit's cortex. The representation of the visual field in the newborn rabbit's visual cortex appears on about the 10th day after the animal's birth coinciding with the time of its eye opening. Initially the visual response is obtained from a small anterolateral segment of the visual area of the cortex representing a few degrees of the extreme nasal vision of the animal. Even at this early stage, the visually responsive area of the rabbit's cortex seems to organize into V1 and V2 with the binocular response confined to V1 only. By the 15th day after the animal's birth, the visually responsive area in the newborn rabbit extends medially and posteriorly over the cortex, representing more of the animal's temporal and superior visual fields. By this time the binocular response is established over a narrow zone of the animal's visual cortex, representing a few degrees of the nasal visual field, on either side of the boundary between V1 and V2. Between the 16th and 17th day after the rabbit's birth, the cortical representation of the animal's visual field extends medially to the margin of the fissura sagittalis lateralis and caudally to the posterior pole of the hemisphere. In this visually responsive area of the cortex, the band-shaped visual field of the newborn rabbit is asymmetrically represented.", "PMID": 679049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3860", "title": "alpha-Bungarotoxin-acetylcholine receptors in the chick ciliary ganglion: effects of deafferentation and axotomy.", "content": "alpha-Bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTX) binds in a saturable and practically irreversible fashion to membrane-associated receptors in the ciliary ganglion of the adult chick. The binding of toxin to receptors is competitively inhibited by nicotinic cholinergic ligands, and for these properties the receptors are regarded as acetylcholine receptors of the nicotinic type (alpha-buTX-AChRs). The rate constant of association (K1) and dissociation (K-1) of the toxin-receptor reaction has been estimated to be K1 = 7.4 x 104 M(-1) sec(-1) and K-1 = 9.6 X 10(-6) sec(-1), respectively. Light autoradiography shows that most, if not all, the receptors are related to surface membrane, probably to synaptic areas of both choroid and ciliary neurons. The choroid neurons contain more receptors than the ciliary ones. A single chick ciliary ganglion binds specifically 47 fmole of alpha-BuTX in situ corresponding to 2.83 x 1010 alpha-BuTX-AChRs/ganglion. No changes in number and distribution of the toxin receptors occur following preganglionic denervation. Conversely, postganglionic axotomy causes a rapid disappearance of the receptors in situ. Since binding experiments in vitro revealed a partial, instead of a total, loss of the receptors, it is suggested that the disappearance of the receptors in situ includes both a partial loss of the original receptors and the masking of the residual ones.", "contents": "alpha-Bungarotoxin-acetylcholine receptors in the chick ciliary ganglion: effects of deafferentation and axotomy. alpha-Bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTX) binds in a saturable and practically irreversible fashion to membrane-associated receptors in the ciliary ganglion of the adult chick. The binding of toxin to receptors is competitively inhibited by nicotinic cholinergic ligands, and for these properties the receptors are regarded as acetylcholine receptors of the nicotinic type (alpha-buTX-AChRs). The rate constant of association (K1) and dissociation (K-1) of the toxin-receptor reaction has been estimated to be K1 = 7.4 x 104 M(-1) sec(-1) and K-1 = 9.6 X 10(-6) sec(-1), respectively. Light autoradiography shows that most, if not all, the receptors are related to surface membrane, probably to synaptic areas of both choroid and ciliary neurons. The choroid neurons contain more receptors than the ciliary ones. A single chick ciliary ganglion binds specifically 47 fmole of alpha-BuTX in situ corresponding to 2.83 x 1010 alpha-BuTX-AChRs/ganglion. No changes in number and distribution of the toxin receptors occur following preganglionic denervation. Conversely, postganglionic axotomy causes a rapid disappearance of the receptors in situ. Since binding experiments in vitro revealed a partial, instead of a total, loss of the receptors, it is suggested that the disappearance of the receptors in situ includes both a partial loss of the original receptors and the masking of the residual ones.", "PMID": 679050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3861", "title": "Reversible hyperphagia and obesity following intracerebral microinjections of colchicine into the ventromedial hypothalamus of the rat.", "content": "Colchicine, a drug which produces a reversible inhibition of intraaxonal transport and synaptic transmission, was used as a reversible neural blocker to investigate the role of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in the control of ingestive behavior and body weight regulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intracranial microinjections of colchicine into the VMH. Volume and concentration of the colchicine solution were varied to assess specificity of action and dose-response relationship. When colchicine (2 and 4 microgram) was microinjected bilaterally into the VMH, there was a dose-dependent increase in food and water intakes and body weight gain which lasted several days. The acute period of hyperphagia was followed by a marked depression in feeding which persisted until body weight was lowered to control levels. This suppression of feeding appeared to be a consequence of the preceding period of hyperphagia and obesity, since colchicine-treated rats which were pair-fed with controls to prevent obesity continued to maintain normal food intake and body weight gain when later fed ad libitum. The results of this study confirm the importance of the VMH in the long term regulation of feeding, and indicate that reversible neuronal blocking with colchicine is a useful technique for investigating the neural substrates of feeding and other behaviors.", "contents": "Reversible hyperphagia and obesity following intracerebral microinjections of colchicine into the ventromedial hypothalamus of the rat. Colchicine, a drug which produces a reversible inhibition of intraaxonal transport and synaptic transmission, was used as a reversible neural blocker to investigate the role of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in the control of ingestive behavior and body weight regulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intracranial microinjections of colchicine into the VMH. Volume and concentration of the colchicine solution were varied to assess specificity of action and dose-response relationship. When colchicine (2 and 4 microgram) was microinjected bilaterally into the VMH, there was a dose-dependent increase in food and water intakes and body weight gain which lasted several days. The acute period of hyperphagia was followed by a marked depression in feeding which persisted until body weight was lowered to control levels. This suppression of feeding appeared to be a consequence of the preceding period of hyperphagia and obesity, since colchicine-treated rats which were pair-fed with controls to prevent obesity continued to maintain normal food intake and body weight gain when later fed ad libitum. The results of this study confirm the importance of the VMH in the long term regulation of feeding, and indicate that reversible neuronal blocking with colchicine is a useful technique for investigating the neural substrates of feeding and other behaviors.", "PMID": 679051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3862", "title": "Biotin deficiency and liver metabolism in relation to fatty liver and kidney syndrome.", "content": "Varying degrees of biotin deficiency were induced by adding freeze-dried, raw egg white to the diet of broiler chicks. Aspects of liver metabolism were studied with reference to fatty liver and kidney syndrome. Mortality was low with 11.8 g egg white/kg diet, or less, but with 17.7 g/kg or more, mortality was very high. High mortality was observed with less than 0.33 microgram biotin/g liver. Associated with low concentrations of liver biotin were substantial increases in liver weight and lipid content in starved birds. The increased liver lipid content was not observed in birds fed ad libitum. The increased liver lipid content in biotin-deficient, starved birds was not reflected in the specific activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes or hepatic lipogenesis in vivo measured by the incorporation of tritium from 3H-labelled water into liver lipid. Biotin deficiency affected the specific activities of the biotin-requiring enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl CoA carboxylase, differently; the latter was unaffected whereas the former decreased concomitantly with liver biotin concentration.", "contents": "Biotin deficiency and liver metabolism in relation to fatty liver and kidney syndrome. Varying degrees of biotin deficiency were induced by adding freeze-dried, raw egg white to the diet of broiler chicks. Aspects of liver metabolism were studied with reference to fatty liver and kidney syndrome. Mortality was low with 11.8 g egg white/kg diet, or less, but with 17.7 g/kg or more, mortality was very high. High mortality was observed with less than 0.33 microgram biotin/g liver. Associated with low concentrations of liver biotin were substantial increases in liver weight and lipid content in starved birds. The increased liver lipid content was not observed in birds fed ad libitum. The increased liver lipid content in biotin-deficient, starved birds was not reflected in the specific activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes or hepatic lipogenesis in vivo measured by the incorporation of tritium from 3H-labelled water into liver lipid. Biotin deficiency affected the specific activities of the biotin-requiring enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl CoA carboxylase, differently; the latter was unaffected whereas the former decreased concomitantly with liver biotin concentration.", "PMID": 679052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3863", "title": "The tryptophan requirements of young laying pullets.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted with laying pullets between 32 and 47 weeks of age. In each trial 1728 White Leghorn and 1728 cross-bred pullets were used. A series of diets of increasing protein content was offered. Protein quality was identical in all diets and tryptophan was demonstrated to be the most limiting amino acid in the protein mixture used. The daily tryptophan requirement of the individual pullet was estimated, by indirect methods, to be 2.25 mg/g egg output plus 10.25 mg/kg body weight. Response curves for flocks of pullets are illustrated. Calculated optimum intakes of tryptophan for various ratios of costs of input to value of output are tabulated. It is estimated that for a flock of mean body weight 1.5 kg, producing 55 g egg mass/hen d and consuming 110 g food/hen d, the optimum dietary tryptophan concentration is 1.7 g/kg when the marginal cost of supplying 1 kg tryptophan is 20 times the marginal value of 1 kg egg output.", "contents": "The tryptophan requirements of young laying pullets. Two experiments were conducted with laying pullets between 32 and 47 weeks of age. In each trial 1728 White Leghorn and 1728 cross-bred pullets were used. A series of diets of increasing protein content was offered. Protein quality was identical in all diets and tryptophan was demonstrated to be the most limiting amino acid in the protein mixture used. The daily tryptophan requirement of the individual pullet was estimated, by indirect methods, to be 2.25 mg/g egg output plus 10.25 mg/kg body weight. Response curves for flocks of pullets are illustrated. Calculated optimum intakes of tryptophan for various ratios of costs of input to value of output are tabulated. It is estimated that for a flock of mean body weight 1.5 kg, producing 55 g egg mass/hen d and consuming 110 g food/hen d, the optimum dietary tryptophan concentration is 1.7 g/kg when the marginal cost of supplying 1 kg tryptophan is 20 times the marginal value of 1 kg egg output.", "PMID": 679053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3864", "title": "The effect of a single oral dose of nonprotein nitrogen from various sources on amino acid concentrations in the plasma and liver of the chick.", "content": "Broiler chicks were fed normally for 21 d, then starved overnight and given a single oral dose of an aqueous solution of diammonium hydrogen citrate (DAHC), triammonium citrate (TAC), ammonium lactate (AL) or urea equivalent to 24.76 mg N. Controls were given water. The concentrations of free amino acids in the plasma were measured 2, 4 or 6 h after dosing. The only non-essential amino acid significantly affected was glutamine, which increased in chicks given DAHC or TAC (P less than 0.01). In another experiment, non-protein nitrogen (NPN) from the same sources was given at dosages of 124 mg N per chick. The concentrations of free amino acids in the plasma and liver were determined 2, 4 or 6 h after dosing. NPN from all sources increased the amount of glutamic acid and glutamine in both tissues (P less than 0.001), although the response to urea was delayed. The concentrations of plasma aspartic acid (P less than 0.05), plasma alanine (P less than 0.001) and liver aspartic acid (P less than 0.001) also increased. The results are discussed in relation to earlier studies with liver homogenates in vitro.", "contents": "The effect of a single oral dose of nonprotein nitrogen from various sources on amino acid concentrations in the plasma and liver of the chick. Broiler chicks were fed normally for 21 d, then starved overnight and given a single oral dose of an aqueous solution of diammonium hydrogen citrate (DAHC), triammonium citrate (TAC), ammonium lactate (AL) or urea equivalent to 24.76 mg N. Controls were given water. The concentrations of free amino acids in the plasma were measured 2, 4 or 6 h after dosing. The only non-essential amino acid significantly affected was glutamine, which increased in chicks given DAHC or TAC (P less than 0.01). In another experiment, non-protein nitrogen (NPN) from the same sources was given at dosages of 124 mg N per chick. The concentrations of free amino acids in the plasma and liver were determined 2, 4 or 6 h after dosing. NPN from all sources increased the amount of glutamic acid and glutamine in both tissues (P less than 0.001), although the response to urea was delayed. The concentrations of plasma aspartic acid (P less than 0.05), plasma alanine (P less than 0.001) and liver aspartic acid (P less than 0.001) also increased. The results are discussed in relation to earlier studies with liver homogenates in vitro.", "PMID": 679054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3865", "title": "Interrelationships between dietary concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in laying hens.", "content": "Twelve diets, representing the factorial combination of two concentrations of Cl- (0.8 and 1.4 g/kg), three concentrations of Na+ (0.5, 1.1 and 1.7 g/kg) and two concentrations of K+ (7 and 12 g/kg) were fed to groups of laying hens for 24 weeks and records taken of their productivity. Different concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl- showed highly significant interactions which were always similar. Thus, a deficiency of Na+ (0.5 g Na/kg) was aggravated by the restriction of Cl- (0.8 g/kg), but was partly compensated for by supplementing the diet with K+ (12 instead of 7 g/kg). Without a sodium deficiency other interactions occurred; for example, the higher concentration of K+ became unfavourable if the other two ions were also supplied at the higher concentrations. These results show that, for the laying hen, the optimum concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl- cannot be determined independently but depend upon the concentration of the two others in the diet.", "contents": "Interrelationships between dietary concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in laying hens. Twelve diets, representing the factorial combination of two concentrations of Cl- (0.8 and 1.4 g/kg), three concentrations of Na+ (0.5, 1.1 and 1.7 g/kg) and two concentrations of K+ (7 and 12 g/kg) were fed to groups of laying hens for 24 weeks and records taken of their productivity. Different concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl- showed highly significant interactions which were always similar. Thus, a deficiency of Na+ (0.5 g Na/kg) was aggravated by the restriction of Cl- (0.8 g/kg), but was partly compensated for by supplementing the diet with K+ (12 instead of 7 g/kg). Without a sodium deficiency other interactions occurred; for example, the higher concentration of K+ became unfavourable if the other two ions were also supplied at the higher concentrations. These results show that, for the laying hen, the optimum concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl- cannot be determined independently but depend upon the concentration of the two others in the diet.", "PMID": 679055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3866", "title": "The inheritance of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers.", "content": "A breeding programme to develop a line of chickens with a high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) from Australian broiler stock is described. Despite the absence of a control flock, this programme has demonstrated that selection in a broiler population can rapidly increase the incidence of TD. There was consistent circumstantial evidence of the presence of a major sex-linked gene, the recessive allele of which is associated with an increased incidence of TD. The realised heritability estimates (obtained in the absence of a control flock) consistently exceeded 1.00, suggesting the presence of an environmental trend favourable to the onset of TD over the four generations of this investigation. There was a high maternal component or dominance genetic component, or both, for the inheritance of TD in the final generation, suggesting that environmental factors associated with the female parent line may influence the incidence of TD in broilers.", "contents": "The inheritance of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. A breeding programme to develop a line of chickens with a high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) from Australian broiler stock is described. Despite the absence of a control flock, this programme has demonstrated that selection in a broiler population can rapidly increase the incidence of TD. There was consistent circumstantial evidence of the presence of a major sex-linked gene, the recessive allele of which is associated with an increased incidence of TD. The realised heritability estimates (obtained in the absence of a control flock) consistently exceeded 1.00, suggesting the presence of an environmental trend favourable to the onset of TD over the four generations of this investigation. There was a high maternal component or dominance genetic component, or both, for the inheritance of TD in the final generation, suggesting that environmental factors associated with the female parent line may influence the incidence of TD in broilers.", "PMID": 679056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3867", "title": "Studies on the avian shell gland during egg formation: the effect of acetazolamide on the composition of the mucosa.", "content": "The effect of acetazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase activity, on the intracellular composition of the shell gland mucosa was determined. The normal cyclic hydration of the mucosal cells was found to be reduced when the egg was in the uterus and the partition of the water between the intra- and extracellular compartments was modified. Acetazolamide decreased the accumulation of Na+ within the cells, inhibited the Na+-independent movement of Cl- and reduced the transfer of Cl- linked with Na+. It is concluded that acetazolamide blocks the intracellular generation of HCO3- and the reabsorption of Cl-.", "contents": "Studies on the avian shell gland during egg formation: the effect of acetazolamide on the composition of the mucosa. The effect of acetazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase activity, on the intracellular composition of the shell gland mucosa was determined. The normal cyclic hydration of the mucosal cells was found to be reduced when the egg was in the uterus and the partition of the water between the intra- and extracellular compartments was modified. Acetazolamide decreased the accumulation of Na+ within the cells, inhibited the Na+-independent movement of Cl- and reduced the transfer of Cl- linked with Na+. It is concluded that acetazolamide blocks the intracellular generation of HCO3- and the reabsorption of Cl-.", "PMID": 679057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3868", "title": "Studies on the avian shell gland during egg formation: the effect of acetazolamide on the transfer of ions to the albumen.", "content": "Twenty-five laying hens were fed on a diet containing 100 mg acetazolamide/kg in order to determine the effects of a decrease in the activity of carbonic anhydrase on the transfer of minerals to the egg albumen. Treatment with acetazolamide decreased the rate of shell formation by 44%; reduced the concentrations of water and Na+ in the albumen at the beginning of the plumping stage but increased the accumulation of water during plumping; increased the concentration of Cl- in the albumen after the 6-h stage without any appreciable change in K+ and Ca2+ concentrations. The computed relationships between the concentrations of different ions also showed that the transfer of water and Na+ were linked during egg formation, that a water-independent, acetazolamide-sensitive reabsorption of Na+ occurred after the 10-h stage and that Na+ and Cl- moved simultaneously up to 14 h but with the ratio of Cl- to Na+ three times higher in the treated group. It is concluded that acetazolamide impairs the transfer of Na+ and Cl- between the albumen and the extracellular fluid and that secretion of Ca2+ into the uterine lumen seems to depend on Na+ and Cl- reabsorption.", "contents": "Studies on the avian shell gland during egg formation: the effect of acetazolamide on the transfer of ions to the albumen. Twenty-five laying hens were fed on a diet containing 100 mg acetazolamide/kg in order to determine the effects of a decrease in the activity of carbonic anhydrase on the transfer of minerals to the egg albumen. Treatment with acetazolamide decreased the rate of shell formation by 44%; reduced the concentrations of water and Na+ in the albumen at the beginning of the plumping stage but increased the accumulation of water during plumping; increased the concentration of Cl- in the albumen after the 6-h stage without any appreciable change in K+ and Ca2+ concentrations. The computed relationships between the concentrations of different ions also showed that the transfer of water and Na+ were linked during egg formation, that a water-independent, acetazolamide-sensitive reabsorption of Na+ occurred after the 10-h stage and that Na+ and Cl- moved simultaneously up to 14 h but with the ratio of Cl- to Na+ three times higher in the treated group. It is concluded that acetazolamide impairs the transfer of Na+ and Cl- between the albumen and the extracellular fluid and that secretion of Ca2+ into the uterine lumen seems to depend on Na+ and Cl- reabsorption.", "PMID": 679058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3869", "title": "Twisted legs in broilers.", "content": "The effect of various factors on the incidence of leg abnormalities, with particular reference to twisted leg, in broilers was studied. The incidence of twisted legs was influenced by strain and for males was twice that for females. There was also a higher incidence in cages than on litter with the type of cage floor having an effect: broilers reared on floors of metal wire and perforated sheets had more leg problems than those reared on plastic mats and plastic-covered wire. Although vitamin and mineral supplementation had no effect on caged broilers, a restriction of metabolisable energy (ME) intake during the first 14 d after hatching halved the frequency of leg abnormalities compared with those fed ad libitum. Studies of cage size and location of water suggested that a lack of exercise increases the incidence of leg abnormalities.", "contents": "Twisted legs in broilers. The effect of various factors on the incidence of leg abnormalities, with particular reference to twisted leg, in broilers was studied. The incidence of twisted legs was influenced by strain and for males was twice that for females. There was also a higher incidence in cages than on litter with the type of cage floor having an effect: broilers reared on floors of metal wire and perforated sheets had more leg problems than those reared on plastic mats and plastic-covered wire. Although vitamin and mineral supplementation had no effect on caged broilers, a restriction of metabolisable energy (ME) intake during the first 14 d after hatching halved the frequency of leg abnormalities compared with those fed ad libitum. Studies of cage size and location of water suggested that a lack of exercise increases the incidence of leg abnormalities.", "PMID": 679059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3870", "title": "Effects of age on the tryptophan requirement of laying hens.", "content": "White Leghorn pullets which had been used for an assay of tryptophan requirement between 32 and 40 weeks of age were used for similar determinations between 63 and 73 and, after a moult, from 97 to 106 weeks of age. A tryptophan-limiting protein mixture was used and by dilution seven dietary protein contents were produced, supplying from 0.84 to 1.92 g tryptophan/kg diet. The diet of lowest protein content was also supplemented with free tryptophan. These diets were fed in experiments using 24 groups of 72 pullets at 63 to 73 weeks and 45 groups of 21 hens at 97 to 106 weeks. The relationship between egg output and tryptophan intake was the same in moulted hens as in young pullets, but pullets of 63 to 73 weeks of age yielded a different response curve; more tryptophan being needed for a given egg output. It is concluded that tryptophan required, per day, does not decrease during the first laying year, despite a decrease in rate of egg output.", "contents": "Effects of age on the tryptophan requirement of laying hens. White Leghorn pullets which had been used for an assay of tryptophan requirement between 32 and 40 weeks of age were used for similar determinations between 63 and 73 and, after a moult, from 97 to 106 weeks of age. A tryptophan-limiting protein mixture was used and by dilution seven dietary protein contents were produced, supplying from 0.84 to 1.92 g tryptophan/kg diet. The diet of lowest protein content was also supplemented with free tryptophan. These diets were fed in experiments using 24 groups of 72 pullets at 63 to 73 weeks and 45 groups of 21 hens at 97 to 106 weeks. The relationship between egg output and tryptophan intake was the same in moulted hens as in young pullets, but pullets of 63 to 73 weeks of age yielded a different response curve; more tryptophan being needed for a given egg output. It is concluded that tryptophan required, per day, does not decrease during the first laying year, despite a decrease in rate of egg output.", "PMID": 679060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3871", "title": "Ultrastructure of the dolipore-parenthesome septum in Hirschiporus pargamenus (Polyporaceae).", "content": "The septal complex in hyphae of Hirshioporus pargamenus (Fr.) Bond. & Sing. is generally similar to that described for other Homobasidiomycetes. A noteworthy distinction is the presence of imperforate parenthesomes. A dark line is frequently observed in the inner matrix of the parenthesome. We suggest that this line is an image produced by the overlapping of folded, opposing membranes differentiated from the wall endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the dolipore-parenthesome septum in Hirschiporus pargamenus (Polyporaceae). The septal complex in hyphae of Hirshioporus pargamenus (Fr.) Bond. & Sing. is generally similar to that described for other Homobasidiomycetes. A noteworthy distinction is the presence of imperforate parenthesomes. A dark line is frequently observed in the inner matrix of the parenthesome. We suggest that this line is an image produced by the overlapping of folded, opposing membranes differentiated from the wall endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 679064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3872", "title": "Morphology microstructure, and development of colonies of Acetobacter xylinum.", "content": "Development of the morphology and microstructure of colonies of Acetobacter xylinum growing on agar was studied by optical microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The mass of rapidly dividing cells surrounded by a sheath of cellulose microfibrils passes from a smooth spheroid to a flattened aggregate with a characteristic \"pillowed\" surface. This morphology is the result of a repeated extrusion of cells from the confirming sheath, followed by regeneration of a new portion of the sheath on the extrusion of cells from the confirming sheath, followed by regeneration of a new portion of the sheath on the extruded cell mass. Relations of this mechanism to others which produce similar shapes are indicated.", "contents": "Morphology microstructure, and development of colonies of Acetobacter xylinum. Development of the morphology and microstructure of colonies of Acetobacter xylinum growing on agar was studied by optical microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The mass of rapidly dividing cells surrounded by a sheath of cellulose microfibrils passes from a smooth spheroid to a flattened aggregate with a characteristic \"pillowed\" surface. This morphology is the result of a repeated extrusion of cells from the confirming sheath, followed by regeneration of a new portion of the sheath on the extrusion of cells from the confirming sheath, followed by regeneration of a new portion of the sheath on the extruded cell mass. Relations of this mechanism to others which produce similar shapes are indicated.", "PMID": 679065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3873", "title": "Isolation anc characterization of actinophages of Thermoactinomyces and Micropolyspora.", "content": "Two new actionphages infecting thermophilic actinomycetes were isolated from lysogenic cultures of Thermoactinomyces candidus and Micropolyspora faeni. The physiochemical properties, morphology, host range, electron microscopy, and immunology of the two phages, phi-115A (ATCC 29680-B1) and phi-150A (ATCC 29681-B1), are reported.", "contents": "Isolation anc characterization of actinophages of Thermoactinomyces and Micropolyspora. Two new actionphages infecting thermophilic actinomycetes were isolated from lysogenic cultures of Thermoactinomyces candidus and Micropolyspora faeni. The physiochemical properties, morphology, host range, electron microscopy, and immunology of the two phages, phi-115A (ATCC 29680-B1) and phi-150A (ATCC 29681-B1), are reported.", "PMID": 679066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3874", "title": "Difference in generation times for mother and daughter cells in yeasts.", "content": "Fruitless attempts to synchronize haploid yeast cells from the Phargmobasidiomycete Sirobasidium magnum led to the discovery that the mother and daughter cells (MDC) had greatly different generation times. Time-lapse photographic sequences of budding showed that the mean generation time for daughter cells was more than three times greater than that for mother cells. This growth characteristic could be determined by a spot check of the microcolony pattern on agar. Using such a check, yeast strains of Rhodotorula (Rhodosporidium) and Cryptococcus that were tested demonstrated relative MDC equivalence while those of Sporobolomyces, Bullera, and Tremella showed MDC non-equivalence in varying degrees.", "contents": "Difference in generation times for mother and daughter cells in yeasts. Fruitless attempts to synchronize haploid yeast cells from the Phargmobasidiomycete Sirobasidium magnum led to the discovery that the mother and daughter cells (MDC) had greatly different generation times. Time-lapse photographic sequences of budding showed that the mean generation time for daughter cells was more than three times greater than that for mother cells. This growth characteristic could be determined by a spot check of the microcolony pattern on agar. Using such a check, yeast strains of Rhodotorula (Rhodosporidium) and Cryptococcus that were tested demonstrated relative MDC equivalence while those of Sporobolomyces, Bullera, and Tremella showed MDC non-equivalence in varying degrees.", "PMID": 679067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3875", "title": "Possible association of granulocyte mobilization to the peritoneal cavity with ZnCl2-induced protection against endotoxin.", "content": "We have attempted to determine which components of the inflammatory response are responsible for ZnCl2-induced retention of endotoxin in the peritoneal cavity and enhancement of survival following challange with the toxin. ZnCl2 injected intraperitoneally into mice caused accumulation of granulocytes in the peritoneal cavity, but these cells were apparently not responsible for the trapping process. This contention in supported by our observation that reduction of hepatosplenic uptake of 51CR-labeled endotonxin was similar in unirradiated mice and in mice made by irradiation (1000 rad 60 Co) 1 rad = 10 (-2) J/kg). Hepatosplenic uptake was also depressed when untreated mice were injected with endotoxin suspended in cell-free plasma. Furthermore, zinc did not protect irradiated mice challanged with endotoxin, although it enhanced survival in urirradiated animals. Lack of protection in irradiated mice may be due to a deficiency in the cellular response in the peritoneal cavity.", "contents": "Possible association of granulocyte mobilization to the peritoneal cavity with ZnCl2-induced protection against endotoxin. We have attempted to determine which components of the inflammatory response are responsible for ZnCl2-induced retention of endotoxin in the peritoneal cavity and enhancement of survival following challange with the toxin. ZnCl2 injected intraperitoneally into mice caused accumulation of granulocytes in the peritoneal cavity, but these cells were apparently not responsible for the trapping process. This contention in supported by our observation that reduction of hepatosplenic uptake of 51CR-labeled endotonxin was similar in unirradiated mice and in mice made by irradiation (1000 rad 60 Co) 1 rad = 10 (-2) J/kg). Hepatosplenic uptake was also depressed when untreated mice were injected with endotoxin suspended in cell-free plasma. Furthermore, zinc did not protect irradiated mice challanged with endotoxin, although it enhanced survival in urirradiated animals. Lack of protection in irradiated mice may be due to a deficiency in the cellular response in the peritoneal cavity.", "PMID": 679068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3876", "title": "The transport of microbial biomass and suspended material in a high-marsh creek.", "content": "The transport of microbial biomass and suspended material in a high-marsh creek was investigated during four 40-h tidal studies throughout the year. Although considerable differences were noted between successive tidal cycles, overall the creek was found to be an exporting system and transported a mean concentration of ATP (-33g), chlorophyll a (-66g), particulate organic carbon (-31kg), total suspended material (-344kg), and fixed suspended material (-195kg) during each tidal cycle. This net outward flux of materials was associated with a net flow of water out of creek, while the net import of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria (43 x 10(12)) and volatile suspended material (238kg) was generally due to higher mean concentrations of these materials per unit volume of water during the flooding tide. Also the latter generally were associated with increased amounts of suspended material suggesting an association between bacteria and suspended matter.", "contents": "The transport of microbial biomass and suspended material in a high-marsh creek. The transport of microbial biomass and suspended material in a high-marsh creek was investigated during four 40-h tidal studies throughout the year. Although considerable differences were noted between successive tidal cycles, overall the creek was found to be an exporting system and transported a mean concentration of ATP (-33g), chlorophyll a (-66g), particulate organic carbon (-31kg), total suspended material (-344kg), and fixed suspended material (-195kg) during each tidal cycle. This net outward flux of materials was associated with a net flow of water out of creek, while the net import of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria (43 x 10(12)) and volatile suspended material (238kg) was generally due to higher mean concentrations of these materials per unit volume of water during the flooding tide. Also the latter generally were associated with increased amounts of suspended material suggesting an association between bacteria and suspended matter.", "PMID": 679069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3877", "title": "The microbial degradation of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid by a beta-oxidation pathway with simultaneous induction to the utilization of benzoate.", "content": "The metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid by a bacterium, designated PRL W19, follows a pathway involving beta-oxidation of coenzyme A intermediates analogous to the classical oxidation of fatty acids. The organism appears to have the property for the constitutive metabolism of caproic acid, and cell extracts contain high levels of the enzymes required for the functioning of the fatty acid cycle. However, the metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid requires induction by growth or incubation with an appropriate substrate. Extracts of induced cells contain several enzyme activities which are synthesized in response to the induction process. These enzymes include cyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA synthetase, cyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 1-cyclohexenecarboxyl-CoA hydratase, and trans-2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase. A characteristics feature of this organism is that it becomes induced for the metabolism of benzoate and catechol during growth on cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, but benzoate does not appear to be an obligatory intermediate in the metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.", "contents": "The microbial degradation of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid by a beta-oxidation pathway with simultaneous induction to the utilization of benzoate. The metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid by a bacterium, designated PRL W19, follows a pathway involving beta-oxidation of coenzyme A intermediates analogous to the classical oxidation of fatty acids. The organism appears to have the property for the constitutive metabolism of caproic acid, and cell extracts contain high levels of the enzymes required for the functioning of the fatty acid cycle. However, the metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid requires induction by growth or incubation with an appropriate substrate. Extracts of induced cells contain several enzyme activities which are synthesized in response to the induction process. These enzymes include cyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA synthetase, cyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 1-cyclohexenecarboxyl-CoA hydratase, and trans-2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase. A characteristics feature of this organism is that it becomes induced for the metabolism of benzoate and catechol during growth on cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, but benzoate does not appear to be an obligatory intermediate in the metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.", "PMID": 679070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3878", "title": "Lipopolysaccharides of the motile aeromonads; core oligosaccharide analysis as an aid to taxonomic classification.", "content": "Twelve motile Aeromonas strains have been examined with respect to the hexose and heptose monosaccharide residures present in the core region of their cell wall lipopolysaccharides. These strains were divided into three distinctly separate groups on the basis of the various combinations of hexose and heptose residues. The assignment of a strain to any one of the three groups furnishes a distribution which is substantially the same as that recently reported in a computerbased numerical analysis. All strains tested which were previoulsy named A. liquefaciens fall into the same group.", "contents": "Lipopolysaccharides of the motile aeromonads; core oligosaccharide analysis as an aid to taxonomic classification. Twelve motile Aeromonas strains have been examined with respect to the hexose and heptose monosaccharide residures present in the core region of their cell wall lipopolysaccharides. These strains were divided into three distinctly separate groups on the basis of the various combinations of hexose and heptose residues. The assignment of a strain to any one of the three groups furnishes a distribution which is substantially the same as that recently reported in a computerbased numerical analysis. All strains tested which were previoulsy named A. liquefaciens fall into the same group.", "PMID": 679071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3879", "title": "Necrotrophic mycoparasitism of Ceratocystic fimbriata by Hirschioporus pargamenus (Polyporaceae).", "content": "Necortrophic mycoparasitism by Hirschioporus parganenus (Fr.) Bond. & Sing. on selected non-basidiomycetous fungi is characterized by rapid necrosis of host cytoplasm. Invagination of the host plasmalemma is followed by the production of a conspicuous extraplasmalemmal wall deposit. Necrosis is the result of disruption of membrane systems and is followed  by the penetration of dead host cells. Pathogenesis involves an unidentified toxic substance excreted by the parasite. Contact is not essential.", "contents": "Necrotrophic mycoparasitism of Ceratocystic fimbriata by Hirschioporus pargamenus (Polyporaceae). Necortrophic mycoparasitism by Hirschioporus parganenus (Fr.) Bond. & Sing. on selected non-basidiomycetous fungi is characterized by rapid necrosis of host cytoplasm. Invagination of the host plasmalemma is followed by the production of a conspicuous extraplasmalemmal wall deposit. Necrosis is the result of disruption of membrane systems and is followed  by the penetration of dead host cells. Pathogenesis involves an unidentified toxic substance excreted by the parasite. Contact is not essential.", "PMID": 679072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3880", "title": "The effect of compounds which degrade hydrogen peroxide on the enumeration of heat-stressed cells of Salmonella senftenberg.", "content": "Greater than 90% of heat-stressed cells of Salmonella senftenberg failed to grow on trypticase soy agar. Adding to this medium compounds which are capable of degrading hydrogen peroxide allowed growth of the heat-injured cells. These compounds did not stimulate growth of heated cells of Streptococcus faecium, an organism which does not possess catalase.", "contents": "The effect of compounds which degrade hydrogen peroxide on the enumeration of heat-stressed cells of Salmonella senftenberg. Greater than 90% of heat-stressed cells of Salmonella senftenberg failed to grow on trypticase soy agar. Adding to this medium compounds which are capable of degrading hydrogen peroxide allowed growth of the heat-injured cells. These compounds did not stimulate growth of heated cells of Streptococcus faecium, an organism which does not possess catalase.", "PMID": 679073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3881", "title": "Clinical experience with the newer hepatobiliary radiopharmaceuticals.", "content": "Technetium 99m-labelled hepatobiliary imaging agents provide high resolution images not previously possible with rose bengal labelled with iodine 131. This has prompted a re-examination of the utility of these radioactive pharmaceuticals. We have found that the newer methodology provides a rapid, innocuous and accurate means of excluding acute cholecystitis from the diagnosis in patients with symptoms suggestive of this disease and of assessing surgically altered biliary anatomy. In the presence of moderate bilirubinemia, up to about 85.5 to 103 mumol/L [5 to 6 mg/dL], a definitive distinction can be made between medical and surgical jaundice.", "contents": "Clinical experience with the newer hepatobiliary radiopharmaceuticals. Technetium 99m-labelled hepatobiliary imaging agents provide high resolution images not previously possible with rose bengal labelled with iodine 131. This has prompted a re-examination of the utility of these radioactive pharmaceuticals. We have found that the newer methodology provides a rapid, innocuous and accurate means of excluding acute cholecystitis from the diagnosis in patients with symptoms suggestive of this disease and of assessing surgically altered biliary anatomy. In the presence of moderate bilirubinemia, up to about 85.5 to 103 mumol/L [5 to 6 mg/dL], a definitive distinction can be made between medical and surgical jaundice.", "PMID": 679075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3882", "title": "Recurrent duodenal ulcer.", "content": "In the past 6 years 26 patients underwent operation for recurrent duodenal ulcer after what was considered to be an \"adequate\" initial operation. In such patients it is necessary first to demonstrate the recurrent ulcer and then to determine its cause. Endoscopy was the best means of confirming the diagnosis. The cause of recurrence was determined by tests for gastric acid secretion; 70% of patients had hyperacidity and 80% had positive results of the Hollander test. Treatment is always surgical but varies depending on the type of initial surgery, the primary cause of recurrence and the condition of the patient. Ten patients underwent vagotomy, 12 had vagotomy with antrectomy and 4 had antrectomy alone. There were no operative deaths but nine (35%) patients experienced 11 significant postoperative complications.", "contents": "Recurrent duodenal ulcer. In the past 6 years 26 patients underwent operation for recurrent duodenal ulcer after what was considered to be an \"adequate\" initial operation. In such patients it is necessary first to demonstrate the recurrent ulcer and then to determine its cause. Endoscopy was the best means of confirming the diagnosis. The cause of recurrence was determined by tests for gastric acid secretion; 70% of patients had hyperacidity and 80% had positive results of the Hollander test. Treatment is always surgical but varies depending on the type of initial surgery, the primary cause of recurrence and the condition of the patient. Ten patients underwent vagotomy, 12 had vagotomy with antrectomy and 4 had antrectomy alone. There were no operative deaths but nine (35%) patients experienced 11 significant postoperative complications.", "PMID": 679076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3883", "title": "Reoperation following failure of aortoiliofemoral arterial reconstruction.", "content": "Over a 19-year period, 729 primary arterial reconstructions for aneurysmal and occlusive disease of the aortoiliac arterial system were performed at the Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg. During the same interval 49 of these reconstructions required reoperation and 6 additional cases were referred for secondary repair from other institutions. The authors reviewed these 55 cases to determine the reasons for reoperation and the cumulative results of secondary repair. Secondary arterial repair was performed in 11.5% of cases of occlusive disease and in 1.2% of cases of aneurysmal disease. The overall frequency of reoperation was 6.7%. The mean interval between primary and secondary operation was 31.5 months. Perioperative failure, false aneurysm, graft infection, progression of disease and late technical problems were the major reasons for reoperation. Of the secondary repairs the results in 83.6% were satisfactory at 30 days. At 5 years, 57% of secondary repairs at risk remained satisfactory. The operative mortality for secondary arterial repair was 5.4%. The authors believe that continued aggressive management of failed primary aortoiliac reconstructions is justified.", "contents": "Reoperation following failure of aortoiliofemoral arterial reconstruction. Over a 19-year period, 729 primary arterial reconstructions for aneurysmal and occlusive disease of the aortoiliac arterial system were performed at the Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg. During the same interval 49 of these reconstructions required reoperation and 6 additional cases were referred for secondary repair from other institutions. The authors reviewed these 55 cases to determine the reasons for reoperation and the cumulative results of secondary repair. Secondary arterial repair was performed in 11.5% of cases of occlusive disease and in 1.2% of cases of aneurysmal disease. The overall frequency of reoperation was 6.7%. The mean interval between primary and secondary operation was 31.5 months. Perioperative failure, false aneurysm, graft infection, progression of disease and late technical problems were the major reasons for reoperation. Of the secondary repairs the results in 83.6% were satisfactory at 30 days. At 5 years, 57% of secondary repairs at risk remained satisfactory. The operative mortality for secondary arterial repair was 5.4%. The authors believe that continued aggressive management of failed primary aortoiliac reconstructions is justified.", "PMID": 679077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3884", "title": "Role of Doppler ultrasonography in determining the hemodynamic significance of aortoiliac disease.", "content": "Doppler ultrasound recordings from the common femoral artery were quantified by calculation of the pulsatility index (a number of related to the maximum oscillatory energy of the wave). To demonstrate that the index permits detection of hemodynamically significant aortoiliac stenosis, studies were carried out that led to the following conclusions: (a) in patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease and normal distal vessels, the index correlates with the ankle pressure ratio (the ratio of systolic blood pressure at the ankle to brachial systolic blood pressure) (r = 0.70); (b) the index allows distinction of subjects with significant aortoiliac disease, demonstrated arteriographically, from normal subjects; and (c) in patients with pure aortoiliac occlusive disease (no evidence of distal disease on arteriography) there is a strong correlation between the index and the percentage improvement (i.e., increase) in the ankle pressure ratio following operation (r = 0.80). When the femoral  pulsatility index was greater than 5, the ankle pressure ratio did not improve following operation, but when it was 4 or less, an objective improvement in ankle pressure ratio was demonstrated.", "contents": "Role of Doppler ultrasonography in determining the hemodynamic significance of aortoiliac disease. Doppler ultrasound recordings from the common femoral artery were quantified by calculation of the pulsatility index (a number of related to the maximum oscillatory energy of the wave). To demonstrate that the index permits detection of hemodynamically significant aortoiliac stenosis, studies were carried out that led to the following conclusions: (a) in patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease and normal distal vessels, the index correlates with the ankle pressure ratio (the ratio of systolic blood pressure at the ankle to brachial systolic blood pressure) (r = 0.70); (b) the index allows distinction of subjects with significant aortoiliac disease, demonstrated arteriographically, from normal subjects; and (c) in patients with pure aortoiliac occlusive disease (no evidence of distal disease on arteriography) there is a strong correlation between the index and the percentage improvement (i.e., increase) in the ankle pressure ratio following operation (r = 0.80). When the femoral  pulsatility index was greater than 5, the ankle pressure ratio did not improve following operation, but when it was 4 or less, an objective improvement in ankle pressure ratio was demonstrated.", "PMID": 679078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3885", "title": "Oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Sixteen patients with an established diagnosis of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy underwent clinical, radiologic and manometric assessment. Secondary pharyngo-oral and pharyngonasal regurgitations are usually associated with this condition and chronic aspiration with consequent bronchorrhea is common. Such patients may present with marked oropharyngeal dysphagia. Cineradiologic findings correlated well with the mamometric results. The pharynx showed very weak contractions of longer duration than those observed in normal subjects. The proximal esophageal sphincter had a normal resting and closing pressure; however, relaxation and coordination of the sphincter were substantially different from those in a control group. Eleven patients underwent cricopharyngeal myotomy. All had notable improvement of their symptoms. Surgery on the sphincter results in a substantial decrease in its resting pressure; pharyngeal contraction remains unaltered.", "contents": "Oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Sixteen patients with an established diagnosis of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy underwent clinical, radiologic and manometric assessment. Secondary pharyngo-oral and pharyngonasal regurgitations are usually associated with this condition and chronic aspiration with consequent bronchorrhea is common. Such patients may present with marked oropharyngeal dysphagia. Cineradiologic findings correlated well with the mamometric results. The pharynx showed very weak contractions of longer duration than those observed in normal subjects. The proximal esophageal sphincter had a normal resting and closing pressure; however, relaxation and coordination of the sphincter were substantially different from those in a control group. Eleven patients underwent cricopharyngeal myotomy. All had notable improvement of their symptoms. Surgery on the sphincter results in a substantial decrease in its resting pressure; pharyngeal contraction remains unaltered.", "PMID": 679079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3886", "title": "Antibiotics in surgery of the colon.", "content": "In a randomized prospective study of patients undergoing elective colonic surgery the postoperative wound infection rate was 13% (early, 10%) in patients receiving systemic cephaloridine perioperatively and 12% (early, 7.3%) in those given oral neomycin and erythromycin base preoperatively. Wound infections were more frequent in patients with severe lymphopenia or hypoalbuminemia preoperatively, but the potential degree of wound contamination was the main determinant of postoperative infection.", "contents": "Antibiotics in surgery of the colon. In a randomized prospective study of patients undergoing elective colonic surgery the postoperative wound infection rate was 13% (early, 10%) in patients receiving systemic cephaloridine perioperatively and 12% (early, 7.3%) in those given oral neomycin and erythromycin base preoperatively. Wound infections were more frequent in patients with severe lymphopenia or hypoalbuminemia preoperatively, but the potential degree of wound contamination was the main determinant of postoperative infection.", "PMID": 679080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3887", "title": "Importance of a fifth parathyroid gland in the surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Of 365 patients surgically treated for hyperparathyroidism at the University of Toronto hospitals, 3 had hypercalcemia due to an abnormal and ectopic fifth parathyroid gland. Autopsy studies have shown that a fifth gland may be present in 3% to 5% of patients with hyperparathyroidism. The possibility of an abnormal fifth gland as the cause of primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered when four glands of normal size and histology have been found in the neck, and such a gland should be sought in all patients with the diffuse hyperplasia of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The fifth gland is usually in the lower neck or upper mediastinum, frequently within the thymus. If present, it can usually be recognized and excised.", "contents": "Importance of a fifth parathyroid gland in the surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Of 365 patients surgically treated for hyperparathyroidism at the University of Toronto hospitals, 3 had hypercalcemia due to an abnormal and ectopic fifth parathyroid gland. Autopsy studies have shown that a fifth gland may be present in 3% to 5% of patients with hyperparathyroidism. The possibility of an abnormal fifth gland as the cause of primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered when four glands of normal size and histology have been found in the neck, and such a gland should be sought in all patients with the diffuse hyperplasia of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The fifth gland is usually in the lower neck or upper mediastinum, frequently within the thymus. If present, it can usually be recognized and excised.", "PMID": 679081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3888", "title": "Aspiration and gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "Gastroesophageal reflux is the commonest esophageal cause of chronic intermittent aspiration. The authors investigated 1000 consecutive patients with reflux with reference to their medical history, and by barium esophagography, esophageal manometry and pH studies. In patients with respiratory complications, chest roentgenography and pulmonary function tests were also performed. Of the total number, 279 patients aspirated either by coughing and choking during swallowing or as a result of night reflux; of these, 159 had associated respiratory symptoms, which included cough, voice change, recurrent respiratory infection, bronchiectasis and asthma. Of the patients with aspiration, 120 had surgical correction of reflux because conservative management failed. This form of reflux control improved the symptoms of cough and voice change and the condition of patients with recurrent infections or bronchiectasis, but alleviated the symptoms in only 8 of 28 asthmatic persons.", "contents": "Aspiration and gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroesophageal reflux is the commonest esophageal cause of chronic intermittent aspiration. The authors investigated 1000 consecutive patients with reflux with reference to their medical history, and by barium esophagography, esophageal manometry and pH studies. In patients with respiratory complications, chest roentgenography and pulmonary function tests were also performed. Of the total number, 279 patients aspirated either by coughing and choking during swallowing or as a result of night reflux; of these, 159 had associated respiratory symptoms, which included cough, voice change, recurrent respiratory infection, bronchiectasis and asthma. Of the patients with aspiration, 120 had surgical correction of reflux because conservative management failed. This form of reflux control improved the symptoms of cough and voice change and the condition of patients with recurrent infections or bronchiectasis, but alleviated the symptoms in only 8 of 28 asthmatic persons.", "PMID": 679082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3889", "title": "The anterior interosseous nerve syndrome.", "content": "A review of the literature pertaining to the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) syndrome revealed that the diagnostic criteria for this syndrome need to be defined. The authors describe the etiology of the AIN syndrome and use two cases of their own and 52 cases reported in the English literature to draw up a definition of the diagnostic criteria. The recommended criteria are: (a) demonstrable weakness of muscles innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve; (b) electromyographic findings of marked denervation potentials and decreased or absent voluntary motor unit potentials of these muscles; (c) operative evidence of entrapment of, or injury to, the anterior interosseous nerve; and (d) improved power in the muscles and reversal of the electromyographic changes on follow-up after operation.", "contents": "The anterior interosseous nerve syndrome. A review of the literature pertaining to the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) syndrome revealed that the diagnostic criteria for this syndrome need to be defined. The authors describe the etiology of the AIN syndrome and use two cases of their own and 52 cases reported in the English literature to draw up a definition of the diagnostic criteria. The recommended criteria are: (a) demonstrable weakness of muscles innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve; (b) electromyographic findings of marked denervation potentials and decreased or absent voluntary motor unit potentials of these muscles; (c) operative evidence of entrapment of, or injury to, the anterior interosseous nerve; and (d) improved power in the muscles and reversal of the electromyographic changes on follow-up after operation.", "PMID": 679083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3890", "title": "Renal artery embolism: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "A 59-year-old woman presented with flank pain, atrial fibrillation and a nonfunctioning left kidney. A diagnosis of renal artery embolism was made and she was treated successfully by embolectomy. A review of the literature reaffirms the role of embolectomy, even in cases with delayed diagnosis.", "contents": "Renal artery embolism: diagnosis and treatment. A 59-year-old woman presented with flank pain, atrial fibrillation and a nonfunctioning left kidney. A diagnosis of renal artery embolism was made and she was treated successfully by embolectomy. A review of the literature reaffirms the role of embolectomy, even in cases with delayed diagnosis.", "PMID": 679084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3891", "title": "Cake kidney with abdominal aneurysm.", "content": "The authors describe a case of cake kidney occurring in association with a ruptured abdominal aneurysm with special reference to preoperative evaluation by angiography. They discuss the need to prepare these patients for possible in-vivo or ex-vivo renal manipulation during the removal of the aneurysm and the placement of the Dacron graft.", "contents": "Cake kidney with abdominal aneurysm. The authors describe a case of cake kidney occurring in association with a ruptured abdominal aneurysm with special reference to preoperative evaluation by angiography. They discuss the need to prepare these patients for possible in-vivo or ex-vivo renal manipulation during the removal of the aneurysm and the placement of the Dacron graft.", "PMID": 679085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3892", "title": "Interstitial pregnancy following ipsilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.", "content": "A case of interstitial pregnancy, which occurred 12 years after ipsilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, was managed by cornual wedge resection. Internal (transuterine) migration of the fertilized ovum is the most probable explanation for this ectopic gestation. During the past 10 years three other cases of interstitial gestation have been managed at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, an incidence of 3% of all ectopic pregnancies seen at the hospital during that period.", "contents": "Interstitial pregnancy following ipsilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. A case of interstitial pregnancy, which occurred 12 years after ipsilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, was managed by cornual wedge resection. Internal (transuterine) migration of the fertilized ovum is the most probable explanation for this ectopic gestation. During the past 10 years three other cases of interstitial gestation have been managed at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, an incidence of 3% of all ectopic pregnancies seen at the hospital during that period.", "PMID": 679086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3893", "title": "Total replacement of the hip joint affected by Paget's diseases.", "content": "In seven patients with Paget's disease involving the bones about the hip joint, associated degenerative changes of the joint caused such severe pain and disability that total hip replacement was necessary. The results were uniformly satisfactory and no serious complications were encountered.", "contents": "Total replacement of the hip joint affected by Paget's diseases. In seven patients with Paget's disease involving the bones about the hip joint, associated degenerative changes of the joint caused such severe pain and disability that total hip replacement was necessary. The results were uniformly satisfactory and no serious complications were encountered.", "PMID": 679087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3894", "title": "The paramedic ambulance: a Canadian experience.", "content": "Prehospital critical care provided by specially trained ambulance attendants in New Westminster, BC during a 27-month period was studied. Although the most important benefit of the improved care was the prevention of sudden death in a large proportion of persons with crises due to coronary artery disease, the skills learned to provide basic life support are applicable to a wide variety of other disorders that can result in death before the patient reaches hospital.", "contents": "The paramedic ambulance: a Canadian experience. Prehospital critical care provided by specially trained ambulance attendants in New Westminster, BC during a 27-month period was studied. Although the most important benefit of the improved care was the prevention of sudden death in a large proportion of persons with crises due to coronary artery disease, the skills learned to provide basic life support are applicable to a wide variety of other disorders that can result in death before the patient reaches hospital.", "PMID": 679096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3895", "title": "Calcium infusion and pentagastrin injection in diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "Calcium infusion and pentagastrin injection were compared as tests to stimulate calcitonin secretion for the detection of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive calcitonin were measured by radioimmunoassay before and during both stimulation tests in 2 persons who had been found at operation to have medullary thyroid carcinoma, 1 relative in whom a cervical lymph node biopsy had shown medullary thyroid carcinoma and 36 asymptomatic relatives. The tests were carried out on separate days by intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate for 2 hours, to provide 3.75 mg/kg of elemental calcium per hour, and rapid intravenous injection of 0.5 microgram/kg of pentagastrin. Before stimulation immunoreactive calcitonin was undetectable in the plasma of 34 of the 36 asymptomatic persons; the 2 with elevated baseline concentrations of the hormone had a positive response to both tests. Seven others showed an increase in plasma immunoreactive calcitonin concentration only after pentagastrin injection. The two persons with initially elevated values and three of the seven with increased values after pentagastrin injection were found at subsequent operation to have focal medullary carcinoma and parafollicular cell hyperplasia; after the operation immunoreactive calcitonin was undetectable in the plasma, even after stimulation. Rapid injection of pentagastrin is more reliable than slow infusion of calcium as a stimulation test for the early detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "contents": "Calcium infusion and pentagastrin injection in diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Calcium infusion and pentagastrin injection were compared as tests to stimulate calcitonin secretion for the detection of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive calcitonin were measured by radioimmunoassay before and during both stimulation tests in 2 persons who had been found at operation to have medullary thyroid carcinoma, 1 relative in whom a cervical lymph node biopsy had shown medullary thyroid carcinoma and 36 asymptomatic relatives. The tests were carried out on separate days by intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate for 2 hours, to provide 3.75 mg/kg of elemental calcium per hour, and rapid intravenous injection of 0.5 microgram/kg of pentagastrin. Before stimulation immunoreactive calcitonin was undetectable in the plasma of 34 of the 36 asymptomatic persons; the 2 with elevated baseline concentrations of the hormone had a positive response to both tests. Seven others showed an increase in plasma immunoreactive calcitonin concentration only after pentagastrin injection. The two persons with initially elevated values and three of the seven with increased values after pentagastrin injection were found at subsequent operation to have focal medullary carcinoma and parafollicular cell hyperplasia; after the operation immunoreactive calcitonin was undetectable in the plasma, even after stimulation. Rapid injection of pentagastrin is more reliable than slow infusion of calcium as a stimulation test for the early detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "PMID": 679097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3896", "title": "Prinzmetal's angina, normal coronary arteries and pericarditis.", "content": "A woman with Prinzmetal's variant angina had spontaneous attacks of myocardial ischemia characterized by severe chest pain, hypotension, inferior ST-segment elevation, transient complete heart block and selective right ventricular dysfunction. Despite initial improvement following intravenous administration of atropine and sublingual administration of nitroglycerin she died of cardiogenic shock. Autopsy showed normal coronary arteries and acute pericarditis, more pronounced over the right side of the heart. It is postulated that the pericardial inflammation elicited severe spasm of the subjacent right coronary artery.", "contents": "Prinzmetal's angina, normal coronary arteries and pericarditis. A woman with Prinzmetal's variant angina had spontaneous attacks of myocardial ischemia characterized by severe chest pain, hypotension, inferior ST-segment elevation, transient complete heart block and selective right ventricular dysfunction. Despite initial improvement following intravenous administration of atropine and sublingual administration of nitroglycerin she died of cardiogenic shock. Autopsy showed normal coronary arteries and acute pericarditis, more pronounced over the right side of the heart. It is postulated that the pericardial inflammation elicited severe spasm of the subjacent right coronary artery.", "PMID": 679098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3897", "title": "Carbon monoxide poisoning and nonoliguric acute renal failure.", "content": "Carbon monoxide poisoning in a 37-year-old man was complicated by neurologic damage, skin changes, muscle necrosis and nonoliguric renal failure. The relation between nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in carbon monoxide poisoning is reviewed. Recognition of the acute renal failure in such cases is important, for this complication can be fatal; the prognosis is excellent, however, if proper medical management is provided.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide poisoning and nonoliguric acute renal failure. Carbon monoxide poisoning in a 37-year-old man was complicated by neurologic damage, skin changes, muscle necrosis and nonoliguric renal failure. The relation between nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in carbon monoxide poisoning is reviewed. Recognition of the acute renal failure in such cases is important, for this complication can be fatal; the prognosis is excellent, however, if proper medical management is provided.", "PMID": 679099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3898", "title": "Air transport of infants in Newfoundland and Labrador.", "content": "Air transportation of 33 infants in small unpressurized aircraft over long distances is described. Twenty-six of the infants were transported more than 320 km in environmental temperatures varying from -35 to +21 degrees C. A commercially available incubator was used. Although more than half the infants had a rectal temperature within the normal range at the time of arrival at hospital, 12 infants had rectal temperatures above 37.5 degrees C as a result of efforts to diminish heat loss. Adequate oxygenation of infants at 3000 m in unpressurized aircraft can be difficult. Cold and vibration can affect equipment, and at high altitudes the readings from oxygen analysers may not be true. The use of an expanded transport team, which includes experienced nonmedical personnel, is particularly important in these cases.", "contents": "Air transport of infants in Newfoundland and Labrador. Air transportation of 33 infants in small unpressurized aircraft over long distances is described. Twenty-six of the infants were transported more than 320 km in environmental temperatures varying from -35 to +21 degrees C. A commercially available incubator was used. Although more than half the infants had a rectal temperature within the normal range at the time of arrival at hospital, 12 infants had rectal temperatures above 37.5 degrees C as a result of efforts to diminish heat loss. Adequate oxygenation of infants at 3000 m in unpressurized aircraft can be difficult. Cold and vibration can affect equipment, and at high altitudes the readings from oxygen analysers may not be true. The use of an expanded transport team, which includes experienced nonmedical personnel, is particularly important in these cases.", "PMID": 679112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3899", "title": "Preservation of pre-excitation despite acute myocardial infarction complicated by complete heart block.", "content": "In a 53-year-old man with ventricular pre-excitation (normal PR interval, QRS interval of 0.12 seconds and delta-waves) acute inferior wall myocardial infarction was complicated by, successively, first-degree atrioventricular block, second-degree atrioventricular block (Wenckebach type) and complete heart block. The QRS pattern of pre-excitation was preserved throughout these events. The classification of ventricular pre-excitation is reviewed and the correlation between the various electrocardiographic patterns (the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and its variants and the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome) and the anomalous conduction pathways of Kent, James and Mahaim are discussed. In this case the best possible explanation for preservation of pre-excitation during complete heart block was the existence of accessory fibres of Mahaim.", "contents": "Preservation of pre-excitation despite acute myocardial infarction complicated by complete heart block. In a 53-year-old man with ventricular pre-excitation (normal PR interval, QRS interval of 0.12 seconds and delta-waves) acute inferior wall myocardial infarction was complicated by, successively, first-degree atrioventricular block, second-degree atrioventricular block (Wenckebach type) and complete heart block. The QRS pattern of pre-excitation was preserved throughout these events. The classification of ventricular pre-excitation is reviewed and the correlation between the various electrocardiographic patterns (the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and its variants and the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome) and the anomalous conduction pathways of Kent, James and Mahaim are discussed. In this case the best possible explanation for preservation of pre-excitation during complete heart block was the existence of accessory fibres of Mahaim.", "PMID": 679113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3900", "title": "Hypophosphatemia associated with coma.", "content": "In three cases of severe hypophosphatemia profound coma was associated. Although the occurrence of hypophosphatemia appeared to coincide with a high rate of intravenous administration of glucose and water, two of the three patients had liver disease and the other had hypothermia. In two instances the neurologic status improved with intravenous phosphate therapy. These case reports emphasize the importance of early recognition and treatment of profound hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients.", "contents": "Hypophosphatemia associated with coma. In three cases of severe hypophosphatemia profound coma was associated. Although the occurrence of hypophosphatemia appeared to coincide with a high rate of intravenous administration of glucose and water, two of the three patients had liver disease and the other had hypothermia. In two instances the neurologic status improved with intravenous phosphate therapy. These case reports emphasize the importance of early recognition and treatment of profound hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients.", "PMID": 679114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3901", "title": "Diagnostic efficacy of tests for the detection of iron overload in chronic liver disease.", "content": "The value of tests for the detection of body iron overload was investigated in 8 patients with clinically manifest primary hemochromatosis, 12 patients with cirrhosis and iron overload and 20 patients with liver disease and low or normal iron stores. Iron overload was defined as the presence of stainable iron in more than 50% of hepatocytes in a liver biopsy specimen. The percentages of patients with a true-positive (abnormal) or true-negative (normal) result were: serum iron concentration 65%, transferin saturation 85%, serum ferritin concentration 78%, serum ferritin:serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) index 78%, percent iron absorption 58%, percent iron absorption in relation to serum ferritin concentration 80% and percent iron absorption in relation to serum ferritin:SGOT index 93%. The calculated predictive value of a normal test result for the exclusion of iron overload in patients with liver disease, a group with an assumed prevalence of iron overload of 10%, was 98% to 99% for transferrin saturation and serum ferritin concentration used alone and 100% for these measures used together; the predictive value of an abnormal result for the diagnosis of iron overload was less than 50% for all of the above measures used alone or in combination. Hence, in patients with an increased serum ferritin concentration or transferrin saturation, or both, determination of the hepatocellular iron content of a specimen from a percutaneous liver biopsy is required for the diagnosis of iron overload.", "contents": "Diagnostic efficacy of tests for the detection of iron overload in chronic liver disease. The value of tests for the detection of body iron overload was investigated in 8 patients with clinically manifest primary hemochromatosis, 12 patients with cirrhosis and iron overload and 20 patients with liver disease and low or normal iron stores. Iron overload was defined as the presence of stainable iron in more than 50% of hepatocytes in a liver biopsy specimen. The percentages of patients with a true-positive (abnormal) or true-negative (normal) result were: serum iron concentration 65%, transferin saturation 85%, serum ferritin concentration 78%, serum ferritin:serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) index 78%, percent iron absorption 58%, percent iron absorption in relation to serum ferritin concentration 80% and percent iron absorption in relation to serum ferritin:SGOT index 93%. The calculated predictive value of a normal test result for the exclusion of iron overload in patients with liver disease, a group with an assumed prevalence of iron overload of 10%, was 98% to 99% for transferrin saturation and serum ferritin concentration used alone and 100% for these measures used together; the predictive value of an abnormal result for the diagnosis of iron overload was less than 50% for all of the above measures used alone or in combination. Hence, in patients with an increased serum ferritin concentration or transferrin saturation, or both, determination of the hepatocellular iron content of a specimen from a percutaneous liver biopsy is required for the diagnosis of iron overload.", "PMID": 679127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3902", "title": "Person-to-person transmission of Giardia lamblia in day-care nurseries.", "content": "In an outbreak of giardiasis at two day-care nurseries in metropolitan Toranto Giardia lamblia appeared to be transmitted person to person. No common source of infection could be found. The proportions of children infected in the two nurseries were 39% and 17%; infection was spread to 7% and 23% of their household contacts. Of the infected children and household contacts 26% and 30% respectively of those for whom detailed information could be obtained were symptomatic. Canadian children were more likely to be infected and symptomatic than were immigrant children attending the nurseries. The most susceptible ages for infection were 1 to 3 years. The results of this study suggest that all children in day-care nurseries who are infected with G. lamblia should be treated, regardless of whether they are symptomatic.", "contents": "Person-to-person transmission of Giardia lamblia in day-care nurseries. In an outbreak of giardiasis at two day-care nurseries in metropolitan Toranto Giardia lamblia appeared to be transmitted person to person. No common source of infection could be found. The proportions of children infected in the two nurseries were 39% and 17%; infection was spread to 7% and 23% of their household contacts. Of the infected children and household contacts 26% and 30% respectively of those for whom detailed information could be obtained were symptomatic. Canadian children were more likely to be infected and symptomatic than were immigrant children attending the nurseries. The most susceptible ages for infection were 1 to 3 years. The results of this study suggest that all children in day-care nurseries who are infected with G. lamblia should be treated, regardless of whether they are symptomatic.", "PMID": 679128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3903", "title": "The staging and treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer.", "content": "Recent advances in the staging of ovarian cancer have suggested that many patients with apparently localized (stage I or II) disease have occult dissemination within the abdomen. Approximately 20% of patients classified at laparotomy as having stage I or II ovarian cancer are found by lymphangiography to have abnormal retroperitoneal lymph nodes. In many other patients advanced disease is also detected by peritonescopy; with this technique metastases are often discovered on the undersurface of the right diaphragm. These findings may help explain the high rates of recurrence after surgical resection or pelvic irradiation, or both, in patients with localized disease. Studies are in progress to determine whether modification of the radiotherapy field to include the right diaphragm will improve survival. Along with improved staging, histologic grading of the degree of anaplasia of the tumour tissue may permit more precise determination of prognosis and therefore better design of therapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy has not yet been shown to improve the survival of patients with stage I disease, but the 5-year survival of patients with stage II disease is greater for those receiving postoperative radiotherapy than for those undergoing surgery alone. For most patients with advanced disease radiotherapy is palliative only and carries a high risk of long-term complications. Numerous chemotherapeutic agents used singly can produce an objective response by tumour. Preliminary data suggest that combination chemotherapy can increase the rate of objective response, but a longer follow-up period is necessary to determine whether this form of therapy can improve survival.", "contents": "The staging and treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Recent advances in the staging of ovarian cancer have suggested that many patients with apparently localized (stage I or II) disease have occult dissemination within the abdomen. Approximately 20% of patients classified at laparotomy as having stage I or II ovarian cancer are found by lymphangiography to have abnormal retroperitoneal lymph nodes. In many other patients advanced disease is also detected by peritonescopy; with this technique metastases are often discovered on the undersurface of the right diaphragm. These findings may help explain the high rates of recurrence after surgical resection or pelvic irradiation, or both, in patients with localized disease. Studies are in progress to determine whether modification of the radiotherapy field to include the right diaphragm will improve survival. Along with improved staging, histologic grading of the degree of anaplasia of the tumour tissue may permit more precise determination of prognosis and therefore better design of therapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy has not yet been shown to improve the survival of patients with stage I disease, but the 5-year survival of patients with stage II disease is greater for those receiving postoperative radiotherapy than for those undergoing surgery alone. For most patients with advanced disease radiotherapy is palliative only and carries a high risk of long-term complications. Numerous chemotherapeutic agents used singly can produce an objective response by tumour. Preliminary data suggest that combination chemotherapy can increase the rate of objective response, but a longer follow-up period is necessary to determine whether this form of therapy can improve survival.", "PMID": 679129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3904", "title": "Diagnosis of schizophrenia.", "content": "Case records of ninety consecutive first lifetime admissions with a hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia were examined for Schneiderian first rank symptoms, the Feighner diagnostic criteria, and the New Haven Schizophrenia Index. Diagnostic exclusion criteria were developed and applied. It is concluded that the hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia is likely to be too broad. Each diagnostic system can increase accuracy of diagnosis, but their exclusion criteria are too vague and the system would be improved by using those given here. Each diagnostic system selects similar groups of patients, and can be applied retrospectively to adequate case records.", "contents": "Diagnosis of schizophrenia. Case records of ninety consecutive first lifetime admissions with a hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia were examined for Schneiderian first rank symptoms, the Feighner diagnostic criteria, and the New Haven Schizophrenia Index. Diagnostic exclusion criteria were developed and applied. It is concluded that the hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia is likely to be too broad. Each diagnostic system can increase accuracy of diagnosis, but their exclusion criteria are too vague and the system would be improved by using those given here. Each diagnostic system selects similar groups of patients, and can be applied retrospectively to adequate case records.", "PMID": 679137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3905", "title": "University students, mental health and development.", "content": "University students of the late 1960s and 1970s have been included in a study of factors affecting their mental health and academic functioning in many countries and cultures. Social change and intergenerational conflict were seen to be almost inseparable as social, economic and political concerns involve both students and their countries. Results of studies at Dalhousie University, six British universities, and the University of Singapore are examined in light of the socioeconomic problems existing at the time. High unemployment of university graduates, a growing factor in developing and developed nations, is pointed to as a major stress during a university education in the late 1970s.", "contents": "University students, mental health and development. University students of the late 1960s and 1970s have been included in a study of factors affecting their mental health and academic functioning in many countries and cultures. Social change and intergenerational conflict were seen to be almost inseparable as social, economic and political concerns involve both students and their countries. Results of studies at Dalhousie University, six British universities, and the University of Singapore are examined in light of the socioeconomic problems existing at the time. High unemployment of university graduates, a growing factor in developing and developed nations, is pointed to as a major stress during a university education in the late 1970s.", "PMID": 679139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3906", "title": "The superior-mesenteric-artery syndrome: cause or complication of anorexia nervosa?", "content": "The so-called superior-mesenteric-artery syndrome is not mentioned in psychiatric journals or books. Yet two variations of the condition have been described. In its acute form, it can be mistaken for psychogenic vomiting in anorexic patients, while its chronic intermittent form is readily misdiagnosed as anorexia nervosa. The case report is of a 16 year old boy admitted for investigation and treatment of severe weight loss. He initially responded to a modified behaviour program, but within days developed an acute small-bowel obstruction. Superior-mesenteric-artery syndrome was diagnosed and he improved with appropriate medical management. This condition needs to be considered by the psychiatrist who otherwise might not differentiate it from the symptoms of anorexia nervosa.", "contents": "The superior-mesenteric-artery syndrome: cause or complication of anorexia nervosa? The so-called superior-mesenteric-artery syndrome is not mentioned in psychiatric journals or books. Yet two variations of the condition have been described. In its acute form, it can be mistaken for psychogenic vomiting in anorexic patients, while its chronic intermittent form is readily misdiagnosed as anorexia nervosa. The case report is of a 16 year old boy admitted for investigation and treatment of severe weight loss. He initially responded to a modified behaviour program, but within days developed an acute small-bowel obstruction. Superior-mesenteric-artery syndrome was diagnosed and he improved with appropriate medical management. This condition needs to be considered by the psychiatrist who otherwise might not differentiate it from the symptoms of anorexia nervosa.", "PMID": 679142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3907", "title": "Consistency in the diagnosis of the functional psychoses.", "content": "A review of the case books of 868 patients who had been admitted into a psychiatric hospital from January 1, 1970, to December 31, 1973, was carried out for consistency in the pattern of diagnosis by the same or different psychiatrists. Of these, 16.5% had a revision in diagnosis. The pertinent literature was reviewed. The possible factors that contribute to the observed inconsistency in diagnosis in this and other investigations are discussed. It is concluded that the problems as reflected in the significant change in diagnosis in this study are multifactorial. It is suggested that these problems may be related to the unknown etiology of the functional psychoses and the absence of identifiable specific lesions.", "contents": "Consistency in the diagnosis of the functional psychoses. A review of the case books of 868 patients who had been admitted into a psychiatric hospital from January 1, 1970, to December 31, 1973, was carried out for consistency in the pattern of diagnosis by the same or different psychiatrists. Of these, 16.5% had a revision in diagnosis. The pertinent literature was reviewed. The possible factors that contribute to the observed inconsistency in diagnosis in this and other investigations are discussed. It is concluded that the problems as reflected in the significant change in diagnosis in this study are multifactorial. It is suggested that these problems may be related to the unknown etiology of the functional psychoses and the absence of identifiable specific lesions.", "PMID": 679143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3908", "title": "Primary extranodal lymphoma: response to treatment and factors influencing prognosis.", "content": "The cumulative 10 year lymphoma experience of a teaching hospital and two of its affiliated institutions was reviewed. From this group, a series of 39 cases of regionally localized primary extranodal lymphomas (Ann Arbor Stages IE and IIE) were selected for study. This group of patients was analyzed for response to initial curative treatment and factors influencing prognosis. The disease-free survival rate following initial treatment is 41% and the rate is 51% if those treated for a single relapse are included. Factors which clearly influence prognosis in this group are stage (extent of disease) at presentation and Rappaport histologic subclassification. The relationships of anatomic site and age to prognosis independent of other factors are unclear. There appears to be an association between sites of involvement in Waldeyer's Ring and the gastrointestinal tract seen both initially and in sites of relapse. An analysis of relapse patterns revealed that 33% of relapses occur as solitary extranodal \"skip\" recurrences that when treated with radical local treatment may result in long disease-free survival. The latter is one of several findings which suggest that a modification of the current Ann Arbor staging system may be necessary to encompass certain unique features of this group of tumors.", "contents": "Primary extranodal lymphoma: response to treatment and factors influencing prognosis. The cumulative 10 year lymphoma experience of a teaching hospital and two of its affiliated institutions was reviewed. From this group, a series of 39 cases of regionally localized primary extranodal lymphomas (Ann Arbor Stages IE and IIE) were selected for study. This group of patients was analyzed for response to initial curative treatment and factors influencing prognosis. The disease-free survival rate following initial treatment is 41% and the rate is 51% if those treated for a single relapse are included. Factors which clearly influence prognosis in this group are stage (extent of disease) at presentation and Rappaport histologic subclassification. The relationships of anatomic site and age to prognosis independent of other factors are unclear. There appears to be an association between sites of involvement in Waldeyer's Ring and the gastrointestinal tract seen both initially and in sites of relapse. An analysis of relapse patterns revealed that 33% of relapses occur as solitary extranodal \"skip\" recurrences that when treated with radical local treatment may result in long disease-free survival. The latter is one of several findings which suggest that a modification of the current Ann Arbor staging system may be necessary to encompass certain unique features of this group of tumors.", "PMID": 679145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3909", "title": "Treatment of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors: response to vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (preliminary report).", "content": "From November 1971 to November 1975, 27 patients with malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary (excluding pure dysgerminoma and tumors containing trophoblastic elements) were treated with vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide; 12 patients received other therapy. Fourteen tumors were pure endodermal sinus tumors, two were embryonal carcinomas, 11 were mixed germ cell tumors and 12 were immature teratomas. Of 23 patients with surgically resected disease (Stages I-IIA) only seven have failed. Median follow-up for 16 patients remaining free of disease is 24.5 months. Restaging (second-look) laparotomies were done in 15 patients. Eight were negative. Fifteen of the patients had tumors with endodermal sinus elements. Six of these have failed. Of 16 patients with advanced disease (Stage IIB, III and recurrent), eight have responded to chemotherapy, eight have failed. Median follow-up period for those remaining free of disease is 26.5 months. Six have had negative second-look surgery and one had mature teratoma. Four of eight cases which contained endodermal sinus elements responded to chemotherapy and remain disease-free. Grade 3 hematologic toxicity was seen in eight patients, dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity in five patients, dose-limiting neurotoxicity in five patients.", "contents": "Treatment of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors: response to vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (preliminary report). From November 1971 to November 1975, 27 patients with malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary (excluding pure dysgerminoma and tumors containing trophoblastic elements) were treated with vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide; 12 patients received other therapy. Fourteen tumors were pure endodermal sinus tumors, two were embryonal carcinomas, 11 were mixed germ cell tumors and 12 were immature teratomas. Of 23 patients with surgically resected disease (Stages I-IIA) only seven have failed. Median follow-up for 16 patients remaining free of disease is 24.5 months. Restaging (second-look) laparotomies were done in 15 patients. Eight were negative. Fifteen of the patients had tumors with endodermal sinus elements. Six of these have failed. Of 16 patients with advanced disease (Stage IIB, III and recurrent), eight have responded to chemotherapy, eight have failed. Median follow-up period for those remaining free of disease is 26.5 months. Six have had negative second-look surgery and one had mature teratoma. Four of eight cases which contained endodermal sinus elements responded to chemotherapy and remain disease-free. Grade 3 hematologic toxicity was seen in eight patients, dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity in five patients, dose-limiting neurotoxicity in five patients.", "PMID": 679144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3910", "title": "Anatomical substages of stage III Hodgkin's disease: implications for staging, therapy, and experimental design.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with pathologic stage III Hodgkin's disease were classified with respect to the presence or absence of symptoms (III-A, III-B), the presence or absence of splenic involvement (IIIS+, IIIS-) and anatomic substage--the extent of disease within the abdomen (III1, III2). Stage III1 disease included disease limited to the upper abdomen, i.e., spleen, splenic node, celiac node, and/or portal node. All other more extensive disease was classified as stage III2. Symptoms and splenic involvement did not predict either disease-free survival or survival. However, 5 year actuarial disease-free survival was significantly better in III1 patients as compared to III2 patients (77% vs. 13%, p less than .001). Eight of nine stage III2 patients receiving total nodal radiotherapy alone relapsed. When considered along the previous studies of anatomic substage, these findings suggest that patients in stage III1 and III2 should receive different therapeutic approaches. Analysis of therapeutic results in stage III patients must consider anatomic substage.", "contents": "Anatomical substages of stage III Hodgkin's disease: implications for staging, therapy, and experimental design. Twenty-three patients with pathologic stage III Hodgkin's disease were classified with respect to the presence or absence of symptoms (III-A, III-B), the presence or absence of splenic involvement (IIIS+, IIIS-) and anatomic substage--the extent of disease within the abdomen (III1, III2). Stage III1 disease included disease limited to the upper abdomen, i.e., spleen, splenic node, celiac node, and/or portal node. All other more extensive disease was classified as stage III2. Symptoms and splenic involvement did not predict either disease-free survival or survival. However, 5 year actuarial disease-free survival was significantly better in III1 patients as compared to III2 patients (77% vs. 13%, p less than .001). Eight of nine stage III2 patients receiving total nodal radiotherapy alone relapsed. When considered along the previous studies of anatomic substage, these findings suggest that patients in stage III1 and III2 should receive different therapeutic approaches. Analysis of therapeutic results in stage III patients must consider anatomic substage.", "PMID": 679146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3911", "title": "Complications of total nodal irradiation of Hodgkin's disease stages III and IV.", "content": "One hundred twenty-seven patients with Hodgkin's disease, Stages III-IV, received total nodal irradiation. Of these, 101 patients were managed primarily by radiation therapy employing the split course sequential segmental radiation technique called the \"3 & 2\". A dose of 3800-4000 rad is delivered in 2 phases in an overall period of 12 to 13 weeks (TDF 61-64; 1094-1148 rets). For various reasons, the remaining 26 patients received their mantle irradiation to full doses 3800-4000 rad in 4 weeks (TDF 63-66; 1112-1184 rets) without rest periods and a few were irradiated after failing chemotherapy. Of the 101 patients treated between 1969-1974 using the \"3 & 2\" technique, 2 developed pericarditis (2.0%), none manifested symptomatic pneumonitis (0%), and 3 hypothyroidism )3.0%). The low incidence of severe complications is primarily the result of the technique employed to give total nodal irradiation. The overall incidence of Herpes Zoster was 42% (53/127), and there was a slightly higher incidence when TNI was given following splenectomy.", "contents": "Complications of total nodal irradiation of Hodgkin's disease stages III and IV. One hundred twenty-seven patients with Hodgkin's disease, Stages III-IV, received total nodal irradiation. Of these, 101 patients were managed primarily by radiation therapy employing the split course sequential segmental radiation technique called the \"3 & 2\". A dose of 3800-4000 rad is delivered in 2 phases in an overall period of 12 to 13 weeks (TDF 61-64; 1094-1148 rets). For various reasons, the remaining 26 patients received their mantle irradiation to full doses 3800-4000 rad in 4 weeks (TDF 63-66; 1112-1184 rets) without rest periods and a few were irradiated after failing chemotherapy. Of the 101 patients treated between 1969-1974 using the \"3 & 2\" technique, 2 developed pericarditis (2.0%), none manifested symptomatic pneumonitis (0%), and 3 hypothyroidism )3.0%). The low incidence of severe complications is primarily the result of the technique employed to give total nodal irradiation. The overall incidence of Herpes Zoster was 42% (53/127), and there was a slightly higher incidence when TNI was given following splenectomy.", "PMID": 679147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3912", "title": "A comparative study of the influence of malignant tumor on host metabolism in mice and man: evaluation of an experimental model.", "content": "Metabolic alterations in skeletal muscles and liver tissue from cancer patients were compared with corresponding alterations in mice (C-57) with sarcoma (MCG-101). In tumor-bearing man and mice similar changes in enzyme activities and in protein turnover were found. Glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities were decreased in skeletal muscle tissue. Tumor-associated increase in lysosomal enzyme activities was found in both species. Leucine was incorporated into skeletal muscle proteins at a lower rate and into hepatic proteins at a higher rate in both species with malignant tumor. In tumor-bearing mice ribosome profiles from skeletal muscle, heart muscle and liver showed a preponderance of slowly sedimenting units of polyribosomes suggesting that initiation of protein synthesis may be a rate limiting step. The metabolic host reactions in tumor-bearing mice were similar to those in cancer patients implying that experimental tumors are relevant to use for analysis of mechanisms behind the development of cancer cachexia in man.", "contents": "A comparative study of the influence of malignant tumor on host metabolism in mice and man: evaluation of an experimental model. Metabolic alterations in skeletal muscles and liver tissue from cancer patients were compared with corresponding alterations in mice (C-57) with sarcoma (MCG-101). In tumor-bearing man and mice similar changes in enzyme activities and in protein turnover were found. Glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities were decreased in skeletal muscle tissue. Tumor-associated increase in lysosomal enzyme activities was found in both species. Leucine was incorporated into skeletal muscle proteins at a lower rate and into hepatic proteins at a higher rate in both species with malignant tumor. In tumor-bearing mice ribosome profiles from skeletal muscle, heart muscle and liver showed a preponderance of slowly sedimenting units of polyribosomes suggesting that initiation of protein synthesis may be a rate limiting step. The metabolic host reactions in tumor-bearing mice were similar to those in cancer patients implying that experimental tumors are relevant to use for analysis of mechanisms behind the development of cancer cachexia in man.", "PMID": 679148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3913", "title": "Histologic findings in the tracheobronchial tree of uranium miners and non-miners with lung cancer.", "content": "The remaining tissue of the tracheobronchial tree from 210 men who died from lung cancer was studied to compare the histologic alterations leading to further sites of primary cancer. These men were uranium miners matched with nonminers for age and smoking habits. In the examination of a total of 28,928 cross-sections carcinoma in situ was found in 96% of the miners and in 92% of the nonminers. The number of slides from miners showing degree 2 or 3 atypia in areas of carcinoma in situ was about double the number found from the nonminers. Although the difference was not statistically significant, 32% of the miners had at least one section showing early primary invasive carcinoma compared with 22% of the nonminers. The data indicate that the synergistic effect of the exposure to uranium dust along with cigarette smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and that in addition to a main tumor mass, other sites of tissue alterations leading to tumor development are frequently already present in the lung.", "contents": "Histologic findings in the tracheobronchial tree of uranium miners and non-miners with lung cancer. The remaining tissue of the tracheobronchial tree from 210 men who died from lung cancer was studied to compare the histologic alterations leading to further sites of primary cancer. These men were uranium miners matched with nonminers for age and smoking habits. In the examination of a total of 28,928 cross-sections carcinoma in situ was found in 96% of the miners and in 92% of the nonminers. The number of slides from miners showing degree 2 or 3 atypia in areas of carcinoma in situ was about double the number found from the nonminers. Although the difference was not statistically significant, 32% of the miners had at least one section showing early primary invasive carcinoma compared with 22% of the nonminers. The data indicate that the synergistic effect of the exposure to uranium dust along with cigarette smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and that in addition to a main tumor mass, other sites of tissue alterations leading to tumor development are frequently already present in the lung.", "PMID": 679150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3914", "title": "Ultrastructure of infantile hemangioendothelioma of the liver.", "content": "A two-month-old female presented with hepatomegaly 5 cm below the right costal margin. Resection of a 6 cm hepatic mass demonstrated an infantile hemangioendotheliom (IHE). This documents for the first time the ultrastructural features of an IHE of the liver. Ultrastructural examination showed large numbers of vascular channels of varying sizes lined by abnormal endothelial cells. An incomplete basal lamina separated the endothelial cells from the extracellular material and there were no associated pericytes. The intervascular area contained abundant collagen fibers, fibrils, and cells ultrastructurally similar to fibroblasts. The relationship of structure to certain clinical features of this lesion is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of infantile hemangioendothelioma of the liver. A two-month-old female presented with hepatomegaly 5 cm below the right costal margin. Resection of a 6 cm hepatic mass demonstrated an infantile hemangioendotheliom (IHE). This documents for the first time the ultrastructural features of an IHE of the liver. Ultrastructural examination showed large numbers of vascular channels of varying sizes lined by abnormal endothelial cells. An incomplete basal lamina separated the endothelial cells from the extracellular material and there were no associated pericytes. The intervascular area contained abundant collagen fibers, fibrils, and cells ultrastructurally similar to fibroblasts. The relationship of structure to certain clinical features of this lesion is discussed.", "PMID": 679153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3915", "title": "LDH isoenzyme patterns in human gastric mucosa with precancerous changes.", "content": "By using an original method of electrophoresis separation, the normal relative values of each one of the LDH isoenzymes in the gastric body and antral mucosa were determined. It has been shown in gastric tumors that there is a significance rise in the relative values of \"type M\" isoenzymes (iso-LDH-4-5). With intestinal metaplasia as well as gastritis, a significant elevation of the relative value of iso-LDH-5 has been demonstrated in the antral mucosa. In 6 benign gastric polyps we found a similar disturbance. This would confirm the known precancerous condition of these lesions. In the normal mucosa of subtotal gastrectomy specimens, 19 patients with antral cancer had 2 types of LDH isoenzyme patterns: one normal and the other with an increase in the relative proportion of \"type M\" isoenzymes. These LDH isoenzyme pattern shifts in the gastric mucosa could be an early sign of malignancy prior to the morphologic changes.", "contents": "LDH isoenzyme patterns in human gastric mucosa with precancerous changes. By using an original method of electrophoresis separation, the normal relative values of each one of the LDH isoenzymes in the gastric body and antral mucosa were determined. It has been shown in gastric tumors that there is a significance rise in the relative values of \"type M\" isoenzymes (iso-LDH-4-5). With intestinal metaplasia as well as gastritis, a significant elevation of the relative value of iso-LDH-5 has been demonstrated in the antral mucosa. In 6 benign gastric polyps we found a similar disturbance. This would confirm the known precancerous condition of these lesions. In the normal mucosa of subtotal gastrectomy specimens, 19 patients with antral cancer had 2 types of LDH isoenzyme patterns: one normal and the other with an increase in the relative proportion of \"type M\" isoenzymes. These LDH isoenzyme pattern shifts in the gastric mucosa could be an early sign of malignancy prior to the morphologic changes.", "PMID": 679151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3916", "title": "Human neuroblastoma serially transplanted in nude mice and metastases.", "content": "A human neuroblastoma from a female patient was directly transplanted into nude mice and serial transplantation was established. Histology of the transplanted tumor was almost the same as that of the patient. During serial transplantation, a high frequency of metastasis to distant organs such as ovaries, lymph node and cerebrum was observed, especially in the ovaries where the metastatic rate reached to 66%. Regarding the distribution of organs involved, there is close similarity between that in the patient with neuroblastoma and tumor-bearing mice. This transplantable human neuroblastoma provided a unique research tool for studies on its morphological and biological nature, including metastasis.", "contents": "Human neuroblastoma serially transplanted in nude mice and metastases. A human neuroblastoma from a female patient was directly transplanted into nude mice and serial transplantation was established. Histology of the transplanted tumor was almost the same as that of the patient. During serial transplantation, a high frequency of metastasis to distant organs such as ovaries, lymph node and cerebrum was observed, especially in the ovaries where the metastatic rate reached to 66%. Regarding the distribution of organs involved, there is close similarity between that in the patient with neuroblastoma and tumor-bearing mice. This transplantable human neuroblastoma provided a unique research tool for studies on its morphological and biological nature, including metastasis.", "PMID": 679149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3917", "title": "Ultrastructural study of superficial spreading melanoma and benign simulants.", "content": "Ultrastructural examination of the intraepidermal component of superficial spreading melanomas (SSM) and benign melanocytic lesions was undertaken to determine the diagnostic value of electron microscopy in clinically \"borderline\" melanoma problems. Seventeen SSMs and ten benign melanocytic nevi and lentigenes which clinically resembled melanoma were studied. Melanocytes of the intraepidermal component of the SSMs showed a greater tendency for abnormal melanosome formation than did melanocytes of the benign simulants. However, the abnormalities were variable and were not limited to the SSMs. Our observations suggest that qualitative ultrastructural evaluation cannot be reliably used differentiating SSMs from benign melanocytic lesions.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of superficial spreading melanoma and benign simulants. Ultrastructural examination of the intraepidermal component of superficial spreading melanomas (SSM) and benign melanocytic lesions was undertaken to determine the diagnostic value of electron microscopy in clinically \"borderline\" melanoma problems. Seventeen SSMs and ten benign melanocytic nevi and lentigenes which clinically resembled melanoma were studied. Melanocytes of the intraepidermal component of the SSMs showed a greater tendency for abnormal melanosome formation than did melanocytes of the benign simulants. However, the abnormalities were variable and were not limited to the SSMs. Our observations suggest that qualitative ultrastructural evaluation cannot be reliably used differentiating SSMs from benign melanocytic lesions.", "PMID": 679152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3918", "title": "Plasma copper and zinc levels in patients with malignant tumors of digestive organs: clinical evaluation of the C1/Zn ratio.", "content": "The plasma copper level (PCL) and plasma zinc level (PZL) were determined in 126 patients: 54 had carcinomas of which 40 were carcinomas of the digestive organs, 37 had benign lesions, and 35 were without disease. The PCL increased and the PZL decreased significantly in the group with carcinoma of the digestive organs. The CuHZn ratio was not only significantly higher than in the normal group, but also was high in cases with advanced carcinoma especially when liver metastasis was present. Therefore, the Cu/Zn ratio may be valuable in estimating the extent of the carcinoma as well as in determining the prognosis of the cancer patients.", "contents": "Plasma copper and zinc levels in patients with malignant tumors of digestive organs: clinical evaluation of the C1/Zn ratio. The plasma copper level (PCL) and plasma zinc level (PZL) were determined in 126 patients: 54 had carcinomas of which 40 were carcinomas of the digestive organs, 37 had benign lesions, and 35 were without disease. The PCL increased and the PZL decreased significantly in the group with carcinoma of the digestive organs. The CuHZn ratio was not only significantly higher than in the normal group, but also was high in cases with advanced carcinoma especially when liver metastasis was present. Therefore, the Cu/Zn ratio may be valuable in estimating the extent of the carcinoma as well as in determining the prognosis of the cancer patients.", "PMID": 679154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3919", "title": "Cystadenocarcinoma and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).", "content": "A 40-year-old woman with back pain, an abdominal and a serum CEA level of 200 ng/ml was found to have at laparotomy, a large but resectable mucinous retroperitoneal mass. Pathologic diagnosis revealed cystadenocarcinoma, probably of pancreatic origin. It is remarkable that the cyst fluid contained a CEA level 100,000-fold normal. Serum CEA fell to normal levels in the postoperative period. This suggests that the CEA was of cyst epithelial origin.", "contents": "Cystadenocarcinoma and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). A 40-year-old woman with back pain, an abdominal and a serum CEA level of 200 ng/ml was found to have at laparotomy, a large but resectable mucinous retroperitoneal mass. Pathologic diagnosis revealed cystadenocarcinoma, probably of pancreatic origin. It is remarkable that the cyst fluid contained a CEA level 100,000-fold normal. Serum CEA fell to normal levels in the postoperative period. This suggests that the CEA was of cyst epithelial origin.", "PMID": 679155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3920", "title": "Characteristics of adenocarcinomas of the colorectum with low levels of preoperative plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is evaluated preoperatively and then serially postoperatively in 97 patients with colorectal carcinoma. CEA is initially elevated (greater than 2.5 ng/ml) only in 58% of the these patients. The group without preoperative CEA elevation has a statistically significant higher proporation of Dukes A lesions (p less than 0.05), seems less likely to suffer recurrence or have CEA elevation at the time of recurrence, and has a longer disease-free interval, than the group with preoperative CEA elevation. However, no distinction between the two groups can be made on the basis of the patients age, sex, presenting signs and symptoms, or location and size of their primary lesions. Higher postoperative CEA values are associated with liver metastases in both groups.", "contents": "Characteristics of adenocarcinomas of the colorectum with low levels of preoperative plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is evaluated preoperatively and then serially postoperatively in 97 patients with colorectal carcinoma. CEA is initially elevated (greater than 2.5 ng/ml) only in 58% of the these patients. The group without preoperative CEA elevation has a statistically significant higher proporation of Dukes A lesions (p less than 0.05), seems less likely to suffer recurrence or have CEA elevation at the time of recurrence, and has a longer disease-free interval, than the group with preoperative CEA elevation. However, no distinction between the two groups can be made on the basis of the patients age, sex, presenting signs and symptoms, or location and size of their primary lesions. Higher postoperative CEA values are associated with liver metastases in both groups.", "PMID": 679156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3921", "title": "Immunoblastic sarcoma of the central nervous system in a patient with lymphomatoid granulomatosis.", "content": "A 26-year-old man with lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) was found at postmortem examination to have an immunoblastic sarcoma involving the central nervous system. Residual evidence of LYG was present only in the lungs at autopsy. Studies for intracellular immunoglobulin utilizing the immunoperoxidase technique showed a marked polyclonal reaction in sections of lymph nodes and occasional cells in the cellular central nervous system tumor that stained for intracellular immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and both kappa and lambda). This case may represent another example of immunoblastic sarcoma occurring in the presence of an abnormal immune state or proliferation.", "contents": "Immunoblastic sarcoma of the central nervous system in a patient with lymphomatoid granulomatosis. A 26-year-old man with lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) was found at postmortem examination to have an immunoblastic sarcoma involving the central nervous system. Residual evidence of LYG was present only in the lungs at autopsy. Studies for intracellular immunoglobulin utilizing the immunoperoxidase technique showed a marked polyclonal reaction in sections of lymph nodes and occasional cells in the cellular central nervous system tumor that stained for intracellular immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and both kappa and lambda). This case may represent another example of immunoblastic sarcoma occurring in the presence of an abnormal immune state or proliferation.", "PMID": 679157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3922", "title": "Acinic cell adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands.", "content": "Nine cases identified as acinic cell adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and the Department of Pathology, Temple University School of Dentistry were studied to determine the clinical and histomorphologic parameters of this lesion. One case was examined ultrastructurally. Clinical results show that the tumor is more common in females and the average age of patients was 42.5 years. The most common sites were upper and lower lips and buccal mucosa. The tumor tends to be locally limited, but recurrence is a distinct possibilty. Cytologic features usually associated with malignancies are generally not present. However, perineural space and muscle invasion occur, and it is felt that this tumor should be considered as a low-grade malignancy. Fine structural observations showed the presence of cells with serous secretory granules and cells with mucous globules. However, the serous secretory granules were not as numerous as those reported in the acinic cell adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland. It appears that these tumors arise from intercalated duct cells or pluripotential duct cells rather than from fully differentiated serous cells.", "contents": "Acinic cell adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands. Nine cases identified as acinic cell adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and the Department of Pathology, Temple University School of Dentistry were studied to determine the clinical and histomorphologic parameters of this lesion. One case was examined ultrastructurally. Clinical results show that the tumor is more common in females and the average age of patients was 42.5 years. The most common sites were upper and lower lips and buccal mucosa. The tumor tends to be locally limited, but recurrence is a distinct possibilty. Cytologic features usually associated with malignancies are generally not present. However, perineural space and muscle invasion occur, and it is felt that this tumor should be considered as a low-grade malignancy. Fine structural observations showed the presence of cells with serous secretory granules and cells with mucous globules. However, the serous secretory granules were not as numerous as those reported in the acinic cell adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland. It appears that these tumors arise from intercalated duct cells or pluripotential duct cells rather than from fully differentiated serous cells.", "PMID": 679160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3923", "title": "Malignant apudoma of the liver with symptomatic intractable hypoglycemia.", "content": "This report documents a case of a fatal primary malignant neoplasm of the liver with metastases to the lymph nodes of the porta hepatis and the pubic bone. Profound, intractable hypoglycemia was seen during the course of the disease. No immunoassayable insulin was found in the blood during episodes of severe, symptomatic hypoglycemia. The neoplasm was composed of uniform polygonal cells with distinct cytoplasmic borders growing in broad strands with a tendency toward nesting and was morphologically similar to neoplasms of neural crest derivation. The presence of osmophilic, membrane-bound granules in the neoplastic cells was documented by ultrastructural studies. The tentative conclusion that the hypoglycemia was produced by the secretion of a substance with insulin-like activity, probably a polypeptide, by the secretory granules in the neoplastic cells is supported by clinical and laboratory data.", "contents": "Malignant apudoma of the liver with symptomatic intractable hypoglycemia. This report documents a case of a fatal primary malignant neoplasm of the liver with metastases to the lymph nodes of the porta hepatis and the pubic bone. Profound, intractable hypoglycemia was seen during the course of the disease. No immunoassayable insulin was found in the blood during episodes of severe, symptomatic hypoglycemia. The neoplasm was composed of uniform polygonal cells with distinct cytoplasmic borders growing in broad strands with a tendency toward nesting and was morphologically similar to neoplasms of neural crest derivation. The presence of osmophilic, membrane-bound granules in the neoplastic cells was documented by ultrastructural studies. The tentative conclusion that the hypoglycemia was produced by the secretion of a substance with insulin-like activity, probably a polypeptide, by the secretory granules in the neoplastic cells is supported by clinical and laboratory data.", "PMID": 679161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3924", "title": "Thin needle biopsy in the diagnosis of ureteral obstruction with malignancy.", "content": "Ureteral obstruction after treatment for abdominal cancers is a common situation in which the thin needle biopsy presents an attractive low morbidity alternative to laparotomy for the diagnosis of malignant disease. A negative biopsy is still nonconclusive, although helpful in determining the next step in the patient's management. In our own series, biopsy in the region of ureteral obstruction revealed tumor rather than benign disease in four of five patients. No morbidity was encountered.", "contents": "Thin needle biopsy in the diagnosis of ureteral obstruction with malignancy. Ureteral obstruction after treatment for abdominal cancers is a common situation in which the thin needle biopsy presents an attractive low morbidity alternative to laparotomy for the diagnosis of malignant disease. A negative biopsy is still nonconclusive, although helpful in determining the next step in the patient's management. In our own series, biopsy in the region of ureteral obstruction revealed tumor rather than benign disease in four of five patients. No morbidity was encountered.", "PMID": 679162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3925", "title": "Liposarcoma of the neck: a clinicopathologic study of 4 cases.", "content": "A clinicopathological study of 4 patients with liposarcoma in the neck treated surgically is presented. Three of the liposarcomas were located in the supraclavicular region, two to the right one to the left, and one appeared to the left in the back of the neck. Liposarcoma rarely involves the head and neck region. A survey is given of the few reported liposarcomas in this region. Two of the tumors in the present series were well differentiated, one of which recurred repeatedly. The other two tumors were round-cell and pleomorphic in type, both of which recurred. At the end of follow-up 11 and 9 years, the two patients with well-differentiated liposarcomas were alive. The other two patients had died after 5 and 4 years from intercurrent disease and metastatic spread, respectively. The histopathological basis for the diagnosis, distinguishing features of intramuscular (infiltrating) lipoma, hibernoma and spindle cell lipoma, as well as the treatment, are discussed.", "contents": "Liposarcoma of the neck: a clinicopathologic study of 4 cases. A clinicopathological study of 4 patients with liposarcoma in the neck treated surgically is presented. Three of the liposarcomas were located in the supraclavicular region, two to the right one to the left, and one appeared to the left in the back of the neck. Liposarcoma rarely involves the head and neck region. A survey is given of the few reported liposarcomas in this region. Two of the tumors in the present series were well differentiated, one of which recurred repeatedly. The other two tumors were round-cell and pleomorphic in type, both of which recurred. At the end of follow-up 11 and 9 years, the two patients with well-differentiated liposarcomas were alive. The other two patients had died after 5 and 4 years from intercurrent disease and metastatic spread, respectively. The histopathological basis for the diagnosis, distinguishing features of intramuscular (infiltrating) lipoma, hibernoma and spindle cell lipoma, as well as the treatment, are discussed.", "PMID": 679163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3926", "title": "A simple technique for increasing cancer patients knowledge of informed consent to treatment.", "content": "Seventy-seven sequential patients referred to a radiation oncology clinic for treatment of malignant neoplasms were tested for their immediate recall of information presented, recorded, and signed on informed consent documents. An experimental group of 40 patients were given the intervention of taking the completed form home before signing. Results support the usefulness of the intervention. The experimental patients were found to possess greater information than the 37 patients who signed the form after the usual clinic procedure in virtually every area required of informed consent. The most significant gains were made in patients' understanding of proposed treatment procedures and appropriate treatment alternatives. Women recalled more information relevant to informed consent than did men. Results also indicated a tendency for younger patients to recall more informed consent information than older patients.", "contents": "A simple technique for increasing cancer patients knowledge of informed consent to treatment. Seventy-seven sequential patients referred to a radiation oncology clinic for treatment of malignant neoplasms were tested for their immediate recall of information presented, recorded, and signed on informed consent documents. An experimental group of 40 patients were given the intervention of taking the completed form home before signing. Results support the usefulness of the intervention. The experimental patients were found to possess greater information than the 37 patients who signed the form after the usual clinic procedure in virtually every area required of informed consent. The most significant gains were made in patients' understanding of proposed treatment procedures and appropriate treatment alternatives. Women recalled more information relevant to informed consent than did men. Results also indicated a tendency for younger patients to recall more informed consent information than older patients.", "PMID": 679164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3927", "title": "Iatrogenic lactic acidosis: association with hypertonic glucose administration in a patient with cancer.", "content": "A case of lactic acidosis associated with the administration of hypertonic glucose to a patient with a bulky undifferentiated carcinoma is presented. Characteristic alterations in amino acid concentrations were observed during the period of lactic acidosis. Resolution of the metabolic abnormalities were seen with discontinuation of glucose infusion. Short-term glucose infusion in a 90 minute iv glucose tolerance test resulted in an increase in serum lactate and appropriate changes in serine, ornithine, taurine, alanine, and arginine despite normal hormonal responsiveness.", "contents": "Iatrogenic lactic acidosis: association with hypertonic glucose administration in a patient with cancer. A case of lactic acidosis associated with the administration of hypertonic glucose to a patient with a bulky undifferentiated carcinoma is presented. Characteristic alterations in amino acid concentrations were observed during the period of lactic acidosis. Resolution of the metabolic abnormalities were seen with discontinuation of glucose infusion. Short-term glucose infusion in a 90 minute iv glucose tolerance test resulted in an increase in serum lactate and appropriate changes in serine, ornithine, taurine, alanine, and arginine despite normal hormonal responsiveness.", "PMID": 679165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3928", "title": "Malignant melanoma in spouses.", "content": "A study of three married couples where both spouses developed malignant melanoma was undertaken at the New York University-Bellevue Medical Center melanoma registry. An upper bound was calculated for the number of spouses expected to develop melanoma, along with the origin of the disease and its relation to nation-wide rates of incidence. The observed number was six times greater than the bound.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma in spouses. A study of three married couples where both spouses developed malignant melanoma was undertaken at the New York University-Bellevue Medical Center melanoma registry. An upper bound was calculated for the number of spouses expected to develop melanoma, along with the origin of the disease and its relation to nation-wide rates of incidence. The observed number was six times greater than the bound.", "PMID": 679166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3929", "title": "Cancers among users of preparations containing vitamin A: a case-control investigation.", "content": "The frequency of regular use of Vitamin A preparations was compared among 800 newly diagnosed cancer patients and 3433 patients with certain nonmalignant conditions. Overall there was no convincing evidence that regular consumption of such preparations protected against the development of cancer (risk ratio 0.85). However, there was a suggestion of a negative association among men (risk ratio 0.54, p less than 0.01) but not among women (risk ratio 1.11). The negative association among men did not increase with the period that such preparations had been regularly taken and was not greater for squamous cell tumors. The results of this study offer encouragement for further epidemiologic studies of the possible protective role of Vitamin A against cancer.", "contents": "Cancers among users of preparations containing vitamin A: a case-control investigation. The frequency of regular use of Vitamin A preparations was compared among 800 newly diagnosed cancer patients and 3433 patients with certain nonmalignant conditions. Overall there was no convincing evidence that regular consumption of such preparations protected against the development of cancer (risk ratio 0.85). However, there was a suggestion of a negative association among men (risk ratio 0.54, p less than 0.01) but not among women (risk ratio 1.11). The negative association among men did not increase with the period that such preparations had been regularly taken and was not greater for squamous cell tumors. The results of this study offer encouragement for further epidemiologic studies of the possible protective role of Vitamin A against cancer.", "PMID": 679167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3930", "title": "Marked differences in the carcinogenic activity of optically pure (+)- and (-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene in newborn mice.", "content": "Optically pure (+)- and (-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrenes [(+)- and (-)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol] were tested for carcinogenicity by giving newborn mice i.p. injections of 20, 40, and 80 nmol of compound on Days 1, 8, and 15 of life. The animals were killed at 17 weeks of age. Control mice had 0.10 pulmonary adenoma per mouse, whereas animals treated with (+)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol and (-)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol had 0.16 and 9.28 pulmonary adenomas per mouse, respectively. When a 5-fold higher dose was administered according to the above dosage schedule, (+)-dihydrodiol caused 2.34 pulmonary adenomas per mouse and (-)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol caused 32.2 pulmonary adenomas per mouse. When 200, 400, and 800 nmol of benzo(a)pyrene or (+)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol were administered sequentially on Days 1, 8, and 15 of life, 4.13 and 18.5 pulmonary adenomas per mouse, respectively, were observed when the mice were 17 weeks of age. This high dose of (-)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol killed most of the mice. Administration of (-)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol caused a high incidence of malignant lymphomas, whereas (+)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol and benzo(a)pyrene had little or no ability to cause malignant lymphomas.", "contents": "Marked differences in the carcinogenic activity of optically pure (+)- and (-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene in newborn mice. Optically pure (+)- and (-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrenes [(+)- and (-)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol] were tested for carcinogenicity by giving newborn mice i.p. injections of 20, 40, and 80 nmol of compound on Days 1, 8, and 15 of life. The animals were killed at 17 weeks of age. Control mice had 0.10 pulmonary adenoma per mouse, whereas animals treated with (+)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol and (-)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol had 0.16 and 9.28 pulmonary adenomas per mouse, respectively. When a 5-fold higher dose was administered according to the above dosage schedule, (+)-dihydrodiol caused 2.34 pulmonary adenomas per mouse and (-)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol caused 32.2 pulmonary adenomas per mouse. When 200, 400, and 800 nmol of benzo(a)pyrene or (+)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol were administered sequentially on Days 1, 8, and 15 of life, 4.13 and 18.5 pulmonary adenomas per mouse, respectively, were observed when the mice were 17 weeks of age. This high dose of (-)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol killed most of the mice. Administration of (-)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol caused a high incidence of malignant lymphomas, whereas (+)-BP 7,8-dihydrodiol and benzo(a)pyrene had little or no ability to cause malignant lymphomas.", "PMID": 679168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3931", "title": "Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on the proliferative rate of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells and the toxicity of chemotherapy.", "content": "We have studied the interaction of Corynebacterium parvum and a variety of cell cycle-specific and cell cycle-nonspecific chemotherapeutic agents on granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells [colony-forming units culture (CFU-c)] in C57BL/6 mice. In vitro tritiated thymidine suicide studies showed an increased rate of proliferation of bone marrow CFU-c 24 hr after C. parvum injection. In vivo toxicity of cell cycle-specific agents but not of cell cycle-nonspecific agents for bone marrow CFU-c was increased 24 hr after C. parvum injections. The increased numbers of CFU-c in the spleen, induced by C. parvum, were also sensitive to a cell cycle-specific agent for up to 7 days after C. parvum injection. The findings suggest differences in the kinetics of proliferation of splenic compared to bone marrow CFU-c. The relative time of administration of chemotherapy and immunostimulants such as C. parvum will have to be carefully considered in the design of clinical trials.", "contents": "Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on the proliferative rate of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells and the toxicity of chemotherapy. We have studied the interaction of Corynebacterium parvum and a variety of cell cycle-specific and cell cycle-nonspecific chemotherapeutic agents on granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells [colony-forming units culture (CFU-c)] in C57BL/6 mice. In vitro tritiated thymidine suicide studies showed an increased rate of proliferation of bone marrow CFU-c 24 hr after C. parvum injection. In vivo toxicity of cell cycle-specific agents but not of cell cycle-nonspecific agents for bone marrow CFU-c was increased 24 hr after C. parvum injections. The increased numbers of CFU-c in the spleen, induced by C. parvum, were also sensitive to a cell cycle-specific agent for up to 7 days after C. parvum injection. The findings suggest differences in the kinetics of proliferation of splenic compared to bone marrow CFU-c. The relative time of administration of chemotherapy and immunostimulants such as C. parvum will have to be carefully considered in the design of clinical trials.", "PMID": 679169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3932", "title": "Structure-activity study of the inhibition of microtubule assembly in vitro by podophyllotoxin and its congeners.", "content": "This study investigates the inhibition of microtubule assembly in vitro by podophyllotoxin and its derivatives, which include in part the antitumor compounds 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin ethylidene beta-D-glucoside (VP-16-213) and 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin thenylidene beta-D-glucoside (VM-26); the cyclic ethers, cyclic sulfides, and cyclic sulfones of podophyllotoxin and deoxypodophyllotoxin; epipodophyllotoxin; picropodophyllotoxin; and several 4'-demethyl compounds. The inhibitory activity of these derivatives is sensitive to the configuration and size of substituents at position 4 in ring C and to steric features of substituents at position 12 in ring D. Decreasing activity correlates with the increasing size of the substituent at position 12, as indexed by their van der Waals radii. These results suggest that rings C and D of these drugs are involved in their interaction with the podophyllotoxin-binding site in tubulin.", "contents": "Structure-activity study of the inhibition of microtubule assembly in vitro by podophyllotoxin and its congeners. This study investigates the inhibition of microtubule assembly in vitro by podophyllotoxin and its derivatives, which include in part the antitumor compounds 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin ethylidene beta-D-glucoside (VP-16-213) and 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin thenylidene beta-D-glucoside (VM-26); the cyclic ethers, cyclic sulfides, and cyclic sulfones of podophyllotoxin and deoxypodophyllotoxin; epipodophyllotoxin; picropodophyllotoxin; and several 4'-demethyl compounds. The inhibitory activity of these derivatives is sensitive to the configuration and size of substituents at position 4 in ring C and to steric features of substituents at position 12 in ring D. Decreasing activity correlates with the increasing size of the substituent at position 12, as indexed by their van der Waals radii. These results suggest that rings C and D of these drugs are involved in their interaction with the podophyllotoxin-binding site in tubulin.", "PMID": 679171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3933", "title": "Differential regulation of alpha-lactalbumin and casein messenger RNA's in mammary tissue.", "content": "Rat caseins were characterized with respect to moleculare weight and carbohydrate and amino acid content. Messenger RNA was extracted from rat mammary glands at 5, 10, 15, and 20 days of pregnancy and at 2, 8, and 15 days of lactation and translated in a wheat germ cell-free system. Nascent [3H]casein and alpha-[3H]actalbumin were precipitated separately with specific antibodies and identified by their mobilities on sodium dodecyl sulfate:acrylamide gels and by competition with unlabeled casein and alpha-lactalbumin, respectively. Casein messenger rose continuously from Day 5 of pregnancy to Day 15 of lactation. In contrast, alpha-lactalbumin messenger RNA levels remained low during pregnancy but rose markedly during lactation.", "contents": "Differential regulation of alpha-lactalbumin and casein messenger RNA's in mammary tissue. Rat caseins were characterized with respect to moleculare weight and carbohydrate and amino acid content. Messenger RNA was extracted from rat mammary glands at 5, 10, 15, and 20 days of pregnancy and at 2, 8, and 15 days of lactation and translated in a wheat germ cell-free system. Nascent [3H]casein and alpha-[3H]actalbumin were precipitated separately with specific antibodies and identified by their mobilities on sodium dodecyl sulfate:acrylamide gels and by competition with unlabeled casein and alpha-lactalbumin, respectively. Casein messenger rose continuously from Day 5 of pregnancy to Day 15 of lactation. In contrast, alpha-lactalbumin messenger RNA levels remained low during pregnancy but rose markedly during lactation.", "PMID": 679172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3934", "title": "Fifty-five percent complete remission of mammary carcinoma in mice with 5-fluorouracil and chloroquine.", "content": "Injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FUra) [12 mg/kg i.p. (0.1 ml) every other day] and chloroquine phosphate (CP) [10 mg/kg i.p. (0.1 ml) daily] after the 19th day postimplant brought about a 55% complete remission of mammary carcinoma (C3HBA) in 2 separate experiments. FUra used alone brought about 40% complete tumor remissions, whereas CP used alone resulted in 30% complete remissions. None of these tumors reappeared before 189 days postimplant in Experiment 1 and 120 days postimplant in Experiment 2. The 5-FUra + CP treatment showed statistically (P less than 0.05) smaller tumor sizes compared to control mice tumor sizes on each of 13 check days after treatment was begun. The CP-treated tumors were statistically smaller than the control tumors on 10 check days, whereas the 5-FUra-treated tumors were smaller than the control tumors on 9 check days. The 5-FUra-treated tumors were statistically smaller than the CP-treated tumors on 2 check days (23 and 33). The 5-FUra + CP-treated tumors were statistically smaller than the CP-treated tumors on 3 check days (36, 43, and 47), and the 5-FUra + CP-treated tumors were statistically smaller than the 5-FUra-treated tumors on the last 4 check days (54, 57, 61, and 64).", "contents": "Fifty-five percent complete remission of mammary carcinoma in mice with 5-fluorouracil and chloroquine. Injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FUra) [12 mg/kg i.p. (0.1 ml) every other day] and chloroquine phosphate (CP) [10 mg/kg i.p. (0.1 ml) daily] after the 19th day postimplant brought about a 55% complete remission of mammary carcinoma (C3HBA) in 2 separate experiments. FUra used alone brought about 40% complete tumor remissions, whereas CP used alone resulted in 30% complete remissions. None of these tumors reappeared before 189 days postimplant in Experiment 1 and 120 days postimplant in Experiment 2. The 5-FUra + CP treatment showed statistically (P less than 0.05) smaller tumor sizes compared to control mice tumor sizes on each of 13 check days after treatment was begun. The CP-treated tumors were statistically smaller than the control tumors on 10 check days, whereas the 5-FUra-treated tumors were smaller than the control tumors on 9 check days. The 5-FUra-treated tumors were statistically smaller than the CP-treated tumors on 2 check days (23 and 33). The 5-FUra + CP-treated tumors were statistically smaller than the CP-treated tumors on 3 check days (36, 43, and 47), and the 5-FUra + CP-treated tumors were statistically smaller than the 5-FUra-treated tumors on the last 4 check days (54, 57, 61, and 64).", "PMID": 679173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3935", "title": "Breast cancer at a psychiatric hospital before and after the introduction of neuroleptic agents.", "content": "No association between breast cancer and treatment with neuroleptic agents agents was detected in a study of 5463 women who died or underwent breast biopsy at the Norristown State Hospital between 1940 and 1974. The method of proportionality was used to evaluate the frequency with which breast cancer occurred at the hospital; cases of breast cancer were related to deaths from other cancers and to deaths from all causes other than breast cancer. Deaths and cancers that occurred within 1 year of hospital admission were excluded from the analysis. To allow for a 10-year transition period and for latency in the development of breast cancer, comparison was made between the 15 years preceding the introduction of neuroleptic agents into medical practice (1940 to 1954) and the second decade after the introduction (1965 to 1974). Although neuroleptic agents were used extensively for treatment of patients at the hospital, there was no statistically or medically significant change in the indicated incidence of breast cancer at the hospital during the neuroleptic period. The study did not rule out the possibility that neuroleptic agents might have some effect on breast cancer after a very long latency period.", "contents": "Breast cancer at a psychiatric hospital before and after the introduction of neuroleptic agents. No association between breast cancer and treatment with neuroleptic agents agents was detected in a study of 5463 women who died or underwent breast biopsy at the Norristown State Hospital between 1940 and 1974. The method of proportionality was used to evaluate the frequency with which breast cancer occurred at the hospital; cases of breast cancer were related to deaths from other cancers and to deaths from all causes other than breast cancer. Deaths and cancers that occurred within 1 year of hospital admission were excluded from the analysis. To allow for a 10-year transition period and for latency in the development of breast cancer, comparison was made between the 15 years preceding the introduction of neuroleptic agents into medical practice (1940 to 1954) and the second decade after the introduction (1965 to 1974). Although neuroleptic agents were used extensively for treatment of patients at the hospital, there was no statistically or medically significant change in the indicated incidence of breast cancer at the hospital during the neuroleptic period. The study did not rule out the possibility that neuroleptic agents might have some effect on breast cancer after a very long latency period.", "PMID": 679174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3936", "title": "Differential response of cultured mouse mammary cells of varying tumorigenicity to cytochalasin B.", "content": "Cultured BALB/c mouse mammary gland epithelial cells of varying oncogenic potential in vivo have been examined for their ability to multinucleate in the presence of cytochalasin B (CB). Highly tumorigenic cell lines derived from mammary tumors with hormonal, viral, or chemical carcinogen etiologies were extensively multinucleated when cultured in CB-supplemented medium. Normal mammary gland cells from either pregnant or lactating animals were predominantly mono- or binucleate under comparable conditions. At low passage levels after cloning, cell lines derived from a chemical carcinogen-induced mammary tumor were weakly oncogenic and remained largely mono-, or binucleated when cultured in CB-supplemented medium. At higher cell passage levels, both the ability to produce tumors in vivo and the degree of multinucleation in CB-supplemented medium increased dramatically with the clonal cell lines. Thus, the response of cultured mouse mammary gland epithelial cells to CB in vitro may be useful as a marker of the oncogenic potential of such cells.", "contents": "Differential response of cultured mouse mammary cells of varying tumorigenicity to cytochalasin B. Cultured BALB/c mouse mammary gland epithelial cells of varying oncogenic potential in vivo have been examined for their ability to multinucleate in the presence of cytochalasin B (CB). Highly tumorigenic cell lines derived from mammary tumors with hormonal, viral, or chemical carcinogen etiologies were extensively multinucleated when cultured in CB-supplemented medium. Normal mammary gland cells from either pregnant or lactating animals were predominantly mono- or binucleate under comparable conditions. At low passage levels after cloning, cell lines derived from a chemical carcinogen-induced mammary tumor were weakly oncogenic and remained largely mono-, or binucleated when cultured in CB-supplemented medium. At higher cell passage levels, both the ability to produce tumors in vivo and the degree of multinucleation in CB-supplemented medium increased dramatically with the clonal cell lines. Thus, the response of cultured mouse mammary gland epithelial cells to CB in vitro may be useful as a marker of the oncogenic potential of such cells.", "PMID": 679176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3937", "title": "A preliminary study of the superoxide dismutase content of some human tumors.", "content": "The cell cytosol superoxide dismutase (SODase) content of 46 human tumors was investigated. The extraction procedure of McCord and Fridovich was used with the epinephrine assay of Misra and Fridovich (J. Biol. Chem., 247; 3170-3175, 1975). The purpose of the study was to determine whether SODase could be reliably assayed from small, biopsy-sized pieces of tumor (0.5 to 1.0 g). In most cases it was possible to examined larger masses of tumor, which served as a control of the methodology. In this preliminary study SODase values, calculated from a standard curve derived from purified bovine blood SODase with a specific activity of 2584 units/mg, ranged from as little as 0.23 to as much as 160.5 units/g of tumor. These findings suggested that the procedures used might be feasable on a routine basis to determine the SODase content of tumors and its possible relationship to the radiation sensitivity of the tumors.", "contents": "A preliminary study of the superoxide dismutase content of some human tumors. The cell cytosol superoxide dismutase (SODase) content of 46 human tumors was investigated. The extraction procedure of McCord and Fridovich was used with the epinephrine assay of Misra and Fridovich (J. Biol. Chem., 247; 3170-3175, 1975). The purpose of the study was to determine whether SODase could be reliably assayed from small, biopsy-sized pieces of tumor (0.5 to 1.0 g). In most cases it was possible to examined larger masses of tumor, which served as a control of the methodology. In this preliminary study SODase values, calculated from a standard curve derived from purified bovine blood SODase with a specific activity of 2584 units/mg, ranged from as little as 0.23 to as much as 160.5 units/g of tumor. These findings suggested that the procedures used might be feasable on a routine basis to determine the SODase content of tumors and its possible relationship to the radiation sensitivity of the tumors.", "PMID": 679181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3938", "title": "Deoxycytidine kinase and cytosine nucleoside deaminase activities in synchronized cultures of normal rat kidney cells.", "content": "Previous work has suggested that 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate is the active metabolite of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. The amount of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate formed in tissues has been shown to be influenced by the relative levels of deoxycytidine kinase and cytosine deaminase. In this study we have measured the intracellular levels of deoxycytidine kinase and cytosine deaminase activities in synchronized cultures of normal rat kidney cells. The deoxycytidine kinase activity was found to be cell cycle related with a minor peak of activity in early G1 phase and a major peak of activity in middle and late S phase. The cytosine deaminase activity was also found to be cycle dependent with a peak of activity at G1 phase and another at S phase of the cell cycle. Similar results were obtained when cytosine deaminase activities were measured with cytidine, deoxycytidine, or 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine as substrate. Present studies also confirmed earlier studies by other workers that the main effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine is in the late S phase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Deoxycytidine kinase and cytosine nucleoside deaminase activities in synchronized cultures of normal rat kidney cells. Previous work has suggested that 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate is the active metabolite of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. The amount of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate formed in tissues has been shown to be influenced by the relative levels of deoxycytidine kinase and cytosine deaminase. In this study we have measured the intracellular levels of deoxycytidine kinase and cytosine deaminase activities in synchronized cultures of normal rat kidney cells. The deoxycytidine kinase activity was found to be cell cycle related with a minor peak of activity in early G1 phase and a major peak of activity in middle and late S phase. The cytosine deaminase activity was also found to be cycle dependent with a peak of activity at G1 phase and another at S phase of the cell cycle. Similar results were obtained when cytosine deaminase activities were measured with cytidine, deoxycytidine, or 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine as substrate. Present studies also confirmed earlier studies by other workers that the main effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine is in the late S phase of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 679182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3939", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase in estrogen-responsive human breast cancer cells.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) was measured in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line derived at the Michigan Cancer Foundation from a patient with metastatic breast adenocarcinoma. LDH was found in the 46,000 X g supernatant of cell lysates, but not in the culture medium. Only the fifth isozyme (LDH-5) could be demonstrated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and relative heat inactivation studies. When endogenous steroids were removed from the medium, addition of estrogen to the growth medium for several days elevated LDH 2-fold above controls; LDH was not altered when MCF-7 cells were treated with progesterone, hydrocortisone, prolactin, insulin, or triiodothyronine. A physiological concentration (0.1 nM) of 17beta-estradiol was sufficient to produce a maximal LDH increase. There were no qualitative isozyme changes in response to estrogen. LDH activity may therefore be a useful marker protein for studying hormone action in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase in estrogen-responsive human breast cancer cells. Lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) was measured in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line derived at the Michigan Cancer Foundation from a patient with metastatic breast adenocarcinoma. LDH was found in the 46,000 X g supernatant of cell lysates, but not in the culture medium. Only the fifth isozyme (LDH-5) could be demonstrated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and relative heat inactivation studies. When endogenous steroids were removed from the medium, addition of estrogen to the growth medium for several days elevated LDH 2-fold above controls; LDH was not altered when MCF-7 cells were treated with progesterone, hydrocortisone, prolactin, insulin, or triiodothyronine. A physiological concentration (0.1 nM) of 17beta-estradiol was sufficient to produce a maximal LDH increase. There were no qualitative isozyme changes in response to estrogen. LDH activity may therefore be a useful marker protein for studying hormone action in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line.", "PMID": 679183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3940", "title": "Glycoprotein synthesis and secretion in human colon cancers and normal colonic mucosa.", "content": "Glycoprotein synthesis and secretion were measured in short-term organ culture of normal and neoplastic colonic mucosa from 11 patients undergoing colectomy for colon cancer. Mucosal explants were incubated for up to 24 hr with [3H]glucosamine, which was incorporated into both explant and secreted glycoproteins. Structural and functional viability was documented by morphological studies that showed excellent preservation of architectural detail and biochemical studies that documented a steady increase in glycoprotein synthesis during 24-hr incubation. The major difference between normal and neoplastic mucosa was a 35% decrease (p less than 0.02) in the incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into tumor explants, as compared to the amount incorporated into normal explants from the same patient. The rate of secretion of radiolabeled glycoproteins into the medium did not differ significantly. Separation of explants into particulate and cytosol fractions showed that the overall decreases in glycoprotein synthesis in tumor explants was primarily due to a marked reduction in particulate glycoprotein synthesis in the cancer tissue.", "contents": "Glycoprotein synthesis and secretion in human colon cancers and normal colonic mucosa. Glycoprotein synthesis and secretion were measured in short-term organ culture of normal and neoplastic colonic mucosa from 11 patients undergoing colectomy for colon cancer. Mucosal explants were incubated for up to 24 hr with [3H]glucosamine, which was incorporated into both explant and secreted glycoproteins. Structural and functional viability was documented by morphological studies that showed excellent preservation of architectural detail and biochemical studies that documented a steady increase in glycoprotein synthesis during 24-hr incubation. The major difference between normal and neoplastic mucosa was a 35% decrease (p less than 0.02) in the incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into tumor explants, as compared to the amount incorporated into normal explants from the same patient. The rate of secretion of radiolabeled glycoproteins into the medium did not differ significantly. Separation of explants into particulate and cytosol fractions showed that the overall decreases in glycoprotein synthesis in tumor explants was primarily due to a marked reduction in particulate glycoprotein synthesis in the cancer tissue.", "PMID": 679185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3941", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic observation of two retinoblastoma cell lines.", "content": "Two continuous retinoblastoma cell lines were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Both cell lines spontaneously grow as a suspension of round cells in clusters, chains, and unique ring (rosette) formations. Scanning electron microscopy of suspension cells reveals some variation in the number and frequency of surface adornments such as blebs, lamellipodia, and microvilli. Although the cell lines are nonadherent to substratum and therefore assume a spherical form, highly villous cells are not characteristic of the entire cell populations. When WERI-Rb1 and Y79 are seeded onto a polyornithine-treated substrate, attachment and growth as adherent cultures are evident. With selective attachment on a positively charged substrate, we observe alteration of membrane architecture with the extension of cytoplasm and filopidia. In addition, WERI-Rb1 cell-to-substratum adhesion induces morphological changes suggestive of neuronal cell differentiation.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic observation of two retinoblastoma cell lines. Two continuous retinoblastoma cell lines were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Both cell lines spontaneously grow as a suspension of round cells in clusters, chains, and unique ring (rosette) formations. Scanning electron microscopy of suspension cells reveals some variation in the number and frequency of surface adornments such as blebs, lamellipodia, and microvilli. Although the cell lines are nonadherent to substratum and therefore assume a spherical form, highly villous cells are not characteristic of the entire cell populations. When WERI-Rb1 and Y79 are seeded onto a polyornithine-treated substrate, attachment and growth as adherent cultures are evident. With selective attachment on a positively charged substrate, we observe alteration of membrane architecture with the extension of cytoplasm and filopidia. In addition, WERI-Rb1 cell-to-substratum adhesion induces morphological changes suggestive of neuronal cell differentiation.", "PMID": 679190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3942", "title": "High estrogen and low progestin receptor levels in outgrowths of hypophyseal isografts.", "content": "Markedly enlarged pituitary isografts in mice contain high concentrations of estrogen receptors and low concentrations, if any, of progestin receptor. This finding is consistent with previous observations that estrogen increases the isograft growth and prolactin secretion while progestin does not. Both types of evidence indicate that in this model system estrogens act indirectly on mammary tumorigenesis by enhancing prolactin secretion in the pituitary isograft and perhaps also the hypophysis in situ, whereas progesterone acts directly on the mammary gland itself.", "contents": "High estrogen and low progestin receptor levels in outgrowths of hypophyseal isografts. Markedly enlarged pituitary isografts in mice contain high concentrations of estrogen receptors and low concentrations, if any, of progestin receptor. This finding is consistent with previous observations that estrogen increases the isograft growth and prolactin secretion while progestin does not. Both types of evidence indicate that in this model system estrogens act indirectly on mammary tumorigenesis by enhancing prolactin secretion in the pituitary isograft and perhaps also the hypophysis in situ, whereas progesterone acts directly on the mammary gland itself.", "PMID": 679193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3943", "title": "Effects of retinoic acid and juvenile hormone on the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.", "content": "The tumor-promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a highly active comitogen in phytohemagglutinin-treated bovine lymphocytes, induces an 11-fold increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity over cultures treated with the lectin alone. This synergistic action of TPA could be antagonized by the simultaneous addition of the acyclic sesquiterpene, insect juvenile hormone III. Retinoic acid (vitamin A acid), an inhibitor of the tumor-promoting action of TPA in mice, was also an effective antagonist but required administration to lectin-activated lymphocytes 1 hr prior to TPA. These data suggest that metabolic activation of retinoic acid is required in order to exert its antagonistic action. Comparison of the responses in the lymphocytes and mouse skin suggests that the lymphocytes provide an excellent system for studying the molecular processes through which phorbol esters and retinoids influence the growth and differentiation of both normal and premalignant cells.", "contents": "Effects of retinoic acid and juvenile hormone on the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The tumor-promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a highly active comitogen in phytohemagglutinin-treated bovine lymphocytes, induces an 11-fold increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity over cultures treated with the lectin alone. This synergistic action of TPA could be antagonized by the simultaneous addition of the acyclic sesquiterpene, insect juvenile hormone III. Retinoic acid (vitamin A acid), an inhibitor of the tumor-promoting action of TPA in mice, was also an effective antagonist but required administration to lectin-activated lymphocytes 1 hr prior to TPA. These data suggest that metabolic activation of retinoic acid is required in order to exert its antagonistic action. Comparison of the responses in the lymphocytes and mouse skin suggests that the lymphocytes provide an excellent system for studying the molecular processes through which phorbol esters and retinoids influence the growth and differentiation of both normal and premalignant cells.", "PMID": 679197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3944", "title": "A double-blind study on the effect of purified cellulose dietary fiber on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colonic neoplasia.", "content": "The incidence, distribution, size, and histopathology of grossly visible colonic tumors induced by parenteral administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were examined in rats fed either a chemically defined fiber-free diet or a nutritionally and calorically equivalent diet containing a purified fiber component, microcrystalline cellulose. This double-blind study indicates that cellulose ingestion was associated with reduced numbers of animals involved with colonic neoplasia as well as a reduction in the total numbers of colonic tumors. Furthermore, this protective effect of cellulose appears to be time dependent and associated with a shift in tumor distribution from the proximal colon to a more distal site. Cellulose fiber had no apparent effect on colonic tumor size, histopathology, or the incidence of other tumors known to occur in this experimental animal model. This study strongly supports the hypothesis that fiber is an important protective agent against colonic neoplasia development. While the mechanism for this protective effect remains obscure, it appears to be temporally related to the duration of fiber ingestion as well as to a differential fiber effect on either the luminal content or the mucosa of the proximal and distal colon.", "contents": "A double-blind study on the effect of purified cellulose dietary fiber on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colonic neoplasia. The incidence, distribution, size, and histopathology of grossly visible colonic tumors induced by parenteral administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were examined in rats fed either a chemically defined fiber-free diet or a nutritionally and calorically equivalent diet containing a purified fiber component, microcrystalline cellulose. This double-blind study indicates that cellulose ingestion was associated with reduced numbers of animals involved with colonic neoplasia as well as a reduction in the total numbers of colonic tumors. Furthermore, this protective effect of cellulose appears to be time dependent and associated with a shift in tumor distribution from the proximal colon to a more distal site. Cellulose fiber had no apparent effect on colonic tumor size, histopathology, or the incidence of other tumors known to occur in this experimental animal model. This study strongly supports the hypothesis that fiber is an important protective agent against colonic neoplasia development. While the mechanism for this protective effect remains obscure, it appears to be temporally related to the duration of fiber ingestion as well as to a differential fiber effect on either the luminal content or the mucosa of the proximal and distal colon.", "PMID": 679200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3945", "title": "Localized changes in blood-brain barrier permeability following the administration of antineoplastic drugs.", "content": "The effects of four antineoplastic drugs on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to Evans blue-albumin and to horseradish peroxidase were studied in cats. Extravasation of tracer in brain tissue was observed only rarely following the injection of methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, or vincristine. However, 5-fluorouracil (15 mg/kg) caused localized Evans blue-albumin exudation in various gray and white matter areas in 8 of 13 cats to which the Evans blue was administered 7 hr after the drug injection. Electron microscopy revealed that 5-fluorouracil stimulated pinocytotic vesicular transport of peroxidase across brain capillary endothelial cells and possibly that it widened endothelial tight junctions. Barrier leakage was not observed when time periods longer than 7 hr elapsed between 5-fluorouracil injection and tracer administration, and extravasation occurred only once after a shorter time interval. These results suggest that changes in blood-brain barrier permeability observed 7 hr after 5-fluorouracil administration are reversible and of fairly short duration. Such changes may be relevant to the development of secondary intracranial tumors following antineoplastic chemotherapy.", "contents": "Localized changes in blood-brain barrier permeability following the administration of antineoplastic drugs. The effects of four antineoplastic drugs on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to Evans blue-albumin and to horseradish peroxidase were studied in cats. Extravasation of tracer in brain tissue was observed only rarely following the injection of methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, or vincristine. However, 5-fluorouracil (15 mg/kg) caused localized Evans blue-albumin exudation in various gray and white matter areas in 8 of 13 cats to which the Evans blue was administered 7 hr after the drug injection. Electron microscopy revealed that 5-fluorouracil stimulated pinocytotic vesicular transport of peroxidase across brain capillary endothelial cells and possibly that it widened endothelial tight junctions. Barrier leakage was not observed when time periods longer than 7 hr elapsed between 5-fluorouracil injection and tracer administration, and extravasation occurred only once after a shorter time interval. These results suggest that changes in blood-brain barrier permeability observed 7 hr after 5-fluorouracil administration are reversible and of fairly short duration. Such changes may be relevant to the development of secondary intracranial tumors following antineoplastic chemotherapy.", "PMID": 679202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3946", "title": "Selective potentiation of hyperthermic killing of hypoxic cells by 5-thio-D-glucose.", "content": "The modification of cell lethality at elevated temperatures by 5-thio-D-glucose, the nearest analog of D-glucose was studied with the use of HeLa cells in the presence or absence of oxygen. When the cells were exposed to temperatures ranging from 40.5-42 degrees for 0.5 to 4 hr in the presence of 5-thio-D-glucose (5 mM), there was a selective potentiation of hyperthermic killing of hypoxic cells. No enhanced killing of oxic cells by 5-thio-D-glucose was seen at these temperatures. These results indicate that glucose metabolism may be involved in influencing the heat sensitivity of hypoxic cells. The low toxicity of 5-thio-D-glucose and its specificity to hypoxic cells suggest that it may be a useful adjuvant to hyperthermic therapy.", "contents": "Selective potentiation of hyperthermic killing of hypoxic cells by 5-thio-D-glucose. The modification of cell lethality at elevated temperatures by 5-thio-D-glucose, the nearest analog of D-glucose was studied with the use of HeLa cells in the presence or absence of oxygen. When the cells were exposed to temperatures ranging from 40.5-42 degrees for 0.5 to 4 hr in the presence of 5-thio-D-glucose (5 mM), there was a selective potentiation of hyperthermic killing of hypoxic cells. No enhanced killing of oxic cells by 5-thio-D-glucose was seen at these temperatures. These results indicate that glucose metabolism may be involved in influencing the heat sensitivity of hypoxic cells. The low toxicity of 5-thio-D-glucose and its specificity to hypoxic cells suggest that it may be a useful adjuvant to hyperthermic therapy.", "PMID": 679203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3947", "title": "Relationships between carcinogenicity and theoretical reactivity indices in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.", "content": "Theoretical reactivity indices have been used to examine the metabolic reactions presumed, on the basis of recent biochemical evidence, to be responsible for the transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon precarcinogens to ultimate carcinogens. Of a large number of indices examined, several show strong correlations with carcinogenic activity in a set of 25 representative compounds. The results support the belief that specific transformations involving dihydrodiol, \"bay-region\" epoxide, and carbonium ion intermediates are responsible for the carcinogenic activity of these compounds. Additional implications of the results are discussed, including the suggestion that this type of analysis might provide a rapid and simple means for prescreening compounds for potential carcinogens.", "contents": "Relationships between carcinogenicity and theoretical reactivity indices in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Theoretical reactivity indices have been used to examine the metabolic reactions presumed, on the basis of recent biochemical evidence, to be responsible for the transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon precarcinogens to ultimate carcinogens. Of a large number of indices examined, several show strong correlations with carcinogenic activity in a set of 25 representative compounds. The results support the belief that specific transformations involving dihydrodiol, \"bay-region\" epoxide, and carbonium ion intermediates are responsible for the carcinogenic activity of these compounds. Additional implications of the results are discussed, including the suggestion that this type of analysis might provide a rapid and simple means for prescreening compounds for potential carcinogens.", "PMID": 679205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3948", "title": "An in situ method for estimating cell survival in a solid tumor.", "content": "The response of the murine Meth-A fibrosarcoma (a methylcholanthrene-induced tumor) to single and fractionated doses of X-irradiation, actinomycin D chemotherapy, and/or concomitant local tumor hyperthermia was assayed with the use of an in situ method for estimating cell kill within a solid tumor. The cell survival assay was based on a standard curve plotting number of inoculated viable cells (10(1) to 10(7)) with and without radiation (10 kilorads)-inactivated homologous tumor cells (heavily irradiated) versus the time required for i.m. tumors to grow to 1.0 cu cm. The time for post-treatment tumors to grow to 1.0 cu cm was cross-referenced to the standard curve, and the number of surviving cells contributing to tumor regrowth was estimated. The resulting surviving fraction curves closely resemble those obtained with in vitro systems. The advantages and limitations of this technique are discussed as a method for evaluating treatment effectiveness.", "contents": "An in situ method for estimating cell survival in a solid tumor. The response of the murine Meth-A fibrosarcoma (a methylcholanthrene-induced tumor) to single and fractionated doses of X-irradiation, actinomycin D chemotherapy, and/or concomitant local tumor hyperthermia was assayed with the use of an in situ method for estimating cell kill within a solid tumor. The cell survival assay was based on a standard curve plotting number of inoculated viable cells (10(1) to 10(7)) with and without radiation (10 kilorads)-inactivated homologous tumor cells (heavily irradiated) versus the time required for i.m. tumors to grow to 1.0 cu cm. The time for post-treatment tumors to grow to 1.0 cu cm was cross-referenced to the standard curve, and the number of surviving cells contributing to tumor regrowth was estimated. The resulting surviving fraction curves closely resemble those obtained with in vitro systems. The advantages and limitations of this technique are discussed as a method for evaluating treatment effectiveness.", "PMID": 679208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3949", "title": "Induction of tumors in heterotopic bladder by topical application of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine.", "content": "The heterotopic urinary bladder with a communicating reservoir is a potentially useful model for bladder carcinogenesis studies. As a test of whether such bladders will develop transitional cell carcinomas after chronic carcinogenic stimuli, two carcinogens, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine, were instilled repeatedly into the reservoir connected with the heterotopic bladder. Transitional cell carcinomas developed in 25 of 33 heterotopic bladders exposed to cumulative doses of 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 mg of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea for between 20 and 30 weeks, while heterotopic bladders exposed to cumulative doses of 150 or 300 mg of N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine failed to develop tumors. However, 11 of 27 rats with heterotopic bladders that were exposed to N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine for over 20 weeks developed tumors in their homotopic or natural bladders. N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea probably acted directly on the bladder epithelial cells to induce neoplastic change. The reason(s) for the development of tumors in homotopic but not heterotopic bladders when N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine was administered directly into the heterotopic bladders could not be ascertained from these studies.", "contents": "Induction of tumors in heterotopic bladder by topical application of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine. The heterotopic urinary bladder with a communicating reservoir is a potentially useful model for bladder carcinogenesis studies. As a test of whether such bladders will develop transitional cell carcinomas after chronic carcinogenic stimuli, two carcinogens, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine, were instilled repeatedly into the reservoir connected with the heterotopic bladder. Transitional cell carcinomas developed in 25 of 33 heterotopic bladders exposed to cumulative doses of 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 mg of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea for between 20 and 30 weeks, while heterotopic bladders exposed to cumulative doses of 150 or 300 mg of N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine failed to develop tumors. However, 11 of 27 rats with heterotopic bladders that were exposed to N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine for over 20 weeks developed tumors in their homotopic or natural bladders. N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea probably acted directly on the bladder epithelial cells to induce neoplastic change. The reason(s) for the development of tumors in homotopic but not heterotopic bladders when N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine was administered directly into the heterotopic bladders could not be ascertained from these studies.", "PMID": 679209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3950", "title": "Anovulation and increased androgenic activity as breast cancer risk in women with fibrocystic disease of the breast.", "content": "The urine of 26 otherwise healthy women with fibrocystic disease of the breast was assayed by gas chromatography for testosterone and androstanediol (5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol), the major metabolite of dihydrotestosterone. The mean values for both androgens were significantly higher than in 18 normal women in the same age range. Sixteen of the 26 fibrocystic disease patients also had endometrial hyperplasia. Since the endometrial specimen was obtained in the premenstrual period, the presence of hyperplasia proved that the menstrual cycle in over two-thirds of the fibrocystic disease patients was nonovulatory.", "contents": "Anovulation and increased androgenic activity as breast cancer risk in women with fibrocystic disease of the breast. The urine of 26 otherwise healthy women with fibrocystic disease of the breast was assayed by gas chromatography for testosterone and androstanediol (5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol), the major metabolite of dihydrotestosterone. The mean values for both androgens were significantly higher than in 18 normal women in the same age range. Sixteen of the 26 fibrocystic disease patients also had endometrial hyperplasia. Since the endometrial specimen was obtained in the premenstrual period, the presence of hyperplasia proved that the menstrual cycle in over two-thirds of the fibrocystic disease patients was nonovulatory.", "PMID": 679211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3951", "title": "Excretion of spermidine from BHK-21/C13 cells exposed to 6-thioguanosine.", "content": "The growth of BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer cultures was inhibited by 6-thioguanosine. Accumulation of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine was inhibited by 6-thioguanosine, and cells incubated in the presence of the drug had a decreased content of polyamines relative to control cells. These effects were more marked for spermidine than for spermine or putrescine. Consequently, the intracellular spermidine:spermine molar ratio was decreased in cells exposed to the drug. Cells, the polyamines of which had been labeled with [3H]putrescine, were incubated in the presence or absence of 6-thioguanosine. More polyamines were lost from cells exposed to the drug than from control cells. The radioactive material excreted was predominantly spermidine, both as its free form and in a conjugated form, even when the cells contained large amounts of labeled spermine. This release of spermidine from BHK-21/C13 cells into the culture medium was a specific response of the cells to alterations in growth potential rather than a consequence of leakage due to cell lysis.", "contents": "Excretion of spermidine from BHK-21/C13 cells exposed to 6-thioguanosine. The growth of BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer cultures was inhibited by 6-thioguanosine. Accumulation of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine was inhibited by 6-thioguanosine, and cells incubated in the presence of the drug had a decreased content of polyamines relative to control cells. These effects were more marked for spermidine than for spermine or putrescine. Consequently, the intracellular spermidine:spermine molar ratio was decreased in cells exposed to the drug. Cells, the polyamines of which had been labeled with [3H]putrescine, were incubated in the presence or absence of 6-thioguanosine. More polyamines were lost from cells exposed to the drug than from control cells. The radioactive material excreted was predominantly spermidine, both as its free form and in a conjugated form, even when the cells contained large amounts of labeled spermine. This release of spermidine from BHK-21/C13 cells into the culture medium was a specific response of the cells to alterations in growth potential rather than a consequence of leakage due to cell lysis.", "PMID": 679212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3952", "title": "DNA alkylation in mice with genetically different susceptibility to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis.", "content": "The formation and persistence of methylated purines was determined in mice that received a single s.c. injection of 1,2-[14C]dimethylhydrazine (15 mg/kg) and were allowed to survive for 12 or 60 hr. In mice with a low susceptibility to dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis (C57BL/Ha), concentrations of 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine in DNA of colon, ileum, and kidney were 40 to 60% less than in mice with a high incidence of colonic tumors (ICR/Ha). In hepatic DNA the extent of methylation was higher in C57BL/Ha than in ICR/Ha mice. The rate of loss of methylated purines from colon DNA was similar in both strains. In all organs investigated the metabolic incorporation of 14C into normal DNA bases was lower in C57BL/Ha than in ICR/Ha mice. It is concluded that the low carcinogenic response of C57BL/Ha mice is due to the smaller extent of initial alkylation of colon DNA, which probably reflects differences in the enzymic metabolism of the parent carcinogen.", "contents": "DNA alkylation in mice with genetically different susceptibility to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis. The formation and persistence of methylated purines was determined in mice that received a single s.c. injection of 1,2-[14C]dimethylhydrazine (15 mg/kg) and were allowed to survive for 12 or 60 hr. In mice with a low susceptibility to dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis (C57BL/Ha), concentrations of 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine in DNA of colon, ileum, and kidney were 40 to 60% less than in mice with a high incidence of colonic tumors (ICR/Ha). In hepatic DNA the extent of methylation was higher in C57BL/Ha than in ICR/Ha mice. The rate of loss of methylated purines from colon DNA was similar in both strains. In all organs investigated the metabolic incorporation of 14C into normal DNA bases was lower in C57BL/Ha than in ICR/Ha mice. It is concluded that the low carcinogenic response of C57BL/Ha mice is due to the smaller extent of initial alkylation of colon DNA, which probably reflects differences in the enzymic metabolism of the parent carcinogen.", "PMID": 679214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3953", "title": "A typical dermatan sulfate isolate from whale intestine.", "content": "Alkaline extraction of whale intestine, followed by pronase digestion and precipitation of heparin (omega-heparin) with dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride gave a supernatant fraction containing dermatan sulfate. Ethanol at 20% concentration precipitated dermatan sulfate from the supernatant fraction. The crude dermatan sulfate was further fractionated by ion-exchange column chromatography on Dowex-1 (C1- form), eluting stepwise with aqueous sodium chloride. The fractions eluted with 1.5M and 1.75M sodium chloride contained a typical dermatan sulfate. Chemical and enzymic studies of these preparations revealed that the sulfate groups were located solely at O-4 of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose resides. L-Iduronic acid was assumed to be distributed uniformly in the backbone of the polysaccharide chain, with D-glucuronic acid being located in the linkage region to the protein core. A new method for determining the ratio of D-glucuronic to L-iduronic acid is also described.", "contents": "A typical dermatan sulfate isolate from whale intestine. Alkaline extraction of whale intestine, followed by pronase digestion and precipitation of heparin (omega-heparin) with dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride gave a supernatant fraction containing dermatan sulfate. Ethanol at 20% concentration precipitated dermatan sulfate from the supernatant fraction. The crude dermatan sulfate was further fractionated by ion-exchange column chromatography on Dowex-1 (C1- form), eluting stepwise with aqueous sodium chloride. The fractions eluted with 1.5M and 1.75M sodium chloride contained a typical dermatan sulfate. Chemical and enzymic studies of these preparations revealed that the sulfate groups were located solely at O-4 of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose resides. L-Iduronic acid was assumed to be distributed uniformly in the backbone of the polysaccharide chain, with D-glucuronic acid being located in the linkage region to the protein core. A new method for determining the ratio of D-glucuronic to L-iduronic acid is also described.", "PMID": 679216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3954", "title": "Purification of intracellular dextranases and D-glucosidases from pseudomonas UQM 733.", "content": "The intracellular enzymes of Pseudomonas UQM 733 which act on dextran have been re-investigated mainly by isoelectric focusing. At least three dextranases are present, and one of them (D4) has been purified and shown to be very similar to one of the extracellular endo-dextranases (D1), Three different alpha-D-glucosidases have also been purified.", "contents": "Purification of intracellular dextranases and D-glucosidases from pseudomonas UQM 733. The intracellular enzymes of Pseudomonas UQM 733 which act on dextran have been re-investigated mainly by isoelectric focusing. At least three dextranases are present, and one of them (D4) has been purified and shown to be very similar to one of the extracellular endo-dextranases (D1), Three different alpha-D-glucosidases have also been purified.", "PMID": 679217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3955", "title": "Structure of some oligosaccharides derived from rat-intestinal glycoproteins.", "content": "Glycoproteins derived from intestinal mucus were isolated by phenol-water extraction of feces from germ-free rats. The water-soluble glycoproteins were subjected to alkaline-borohydride degradation, and three different oligosaccharide alditols were isolated. The structures of thse were determined by using methylation analysis and n.m.r. spectroscopy as the principal methods. One disaccharide alditol and one trisaccharide alditol were characterised as beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to 3)-D-GalNAcol and alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-D-GalNAcol. The third oligosaccharide alditol was a blood-group A-active tetrasaccharide alditol for which the structure alpha-D-GalNAcp-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to 2)]-beta-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-D-GalNAcol is proposed.", "contents": "Structure of some oligosaccharides derived from rat-intestinal glycoproteins. Glycoproteins derived from intestinal mucus were isolated by phenol-water extraction of feces from germ-free rats. The water-soluble glycoproteins were subjected to alkaline-borohydride degradation, and three different oligosaccharide alditols were isolated. The structures of thse were determined by using methylation analysis and n.m.r. spectroscopy as the principal methods. One disaccharide alditol and one trisaccharide alditol were characterised as beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to 3)-D-GalNAcol and alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-D-GalNAcol. The third oligosaccharide alditol was a blood-group A-active tetrasaccharide alditol for which the structure alpha-D-GalNAcp-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to 2)]-beta-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-D-GalNAcol is proposed.", "PMID": 679218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3956", "title": "Structural studies of a specific polysaccharide isolated from non-agglutinable Vibrio.", "content": "The purified, specific polysaccharide from Vibrio cholera type NAG, NV 384, O-antigen, 2A, 2B human, contains glucose (5.14%), galactose (4.21%), mannose (64.8%), xylose (3.16%), arabinose (1.98%), fucose (1.50%), mannuronic acid (14.3%), phosphate (0.32%), 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2.9%), and 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose (1.0%). Various reactions have shown that the material comprises a phosphoric diester-linked polysaccharide containing mainly ( 1 leads to 2)-linked mannopyranose residues that are highly branched with other sugar residues.", "contents": "Structural studies of a specific polysaccharide isolated from non-agglutinable Vibrio. The purified, specific polysaccharide from Vibrio cholera type NAG, NV 384, O-antigen, 2A, 2B human, contains glucose (5.14%), galactose (4.21%), mannose (64.8%), xylose (3.16%), arabinose (1.98%), fucose (1.50%), mannuronic acid (14.3%), phosphate (0.32%), 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2.9%), and 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose (1.0%). Various reactions have shown that the material comprises a phosphoric diester-linked polysaccharide containing mainly ( 1 leads to 2)-linked mannopyranose residues that are highly branched with other sugar residues.", "PMID": 679219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3957", "title": "Cardiovascular changes in awake dogs caused by suddenly induced aortic hypertension.", "content": "Cardiovascular adaptation to the sudden inflation of a balloon in the descending aorta was investigated in intact awake, standing dogs. The balloon inflation raised pressure in the arterial bed proximal from the balloon. Initially, it lowered heart rate and cardiac output. After 4 sec, heart rate and cardiac output began increasing again and within the next 14 sec, these functions returned almost to the control values. The restoration of cardiac output was associated with a further rise in aortic pressure. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the prime circulatory adaptation to a hindrance to arterial flow is restoration of blood flow even though this requires a further elevation of arterial pressure. The demands of the tissues for an adequate supply of blood appear to override the inhibitory baroreceptor reflexes. The circulatory changes observed under conditions of attenuated parasympathetic inhibition and under conditions of attenuated beta-adrenergic stimulation were consistent with this interpretation. The findings suggest that arterial hyertension may involve a comparable adaptation of cardiac output in patients whose blood flow is hindered by pathologically narrowed arterioles.", "contents": "Cardiovascular changes in awake dogs caused by suddenly induced aortic hypertension. Cardiovascular adaptation to the sudden inflation of a balloon in the descending aorta was investigated in intact awake, standing dogs. The balloon inflation raised pressure in the arterial bed proximal from the balloon. Initially, it lowered heart rate and cardiac output. After 4 sec, heart rate and cardiac output began increasing again and within the next 14 sec, these functions returned almost to the control values. The restoration of cardiac output was associated with a further rise in aortic pressure. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the prime circulatory adaptation to a hindrance to arterial flow is restoration of blood flow even though this requires a further elevation of arterial pressure. The demands of the tissues for an adequate supply of blood appear to override the inhibitory baroreceptor reflexes. The circulatory changes observed under conditions of attenuated parasympathetic inhibition and under conditions of attenuated beta-adrenergic stimulation were consistent with this interpretation. The findings suggest that arterial hyertension may involve a comparable adaptation of cardiac output in patients whose blood flow is hindered by pathologically narrowed arterioles.", "PMID": 679220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3958", "title": "An analysis of cholinergic involvement in postvagal tachycardia.", "content": "The role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the sinus tachycardia which follows vagal stimulation ('postvagal tachycardia') was investigated in anesthetized dogs. The stimulation of either vagus was followed by postvagal tachycardia. The bradycardia induced by local application of ACh to the sinus node was followed by sinus tachycardia while local application of methacholine (a predominantly muscarinic agonist) induced only bradycardia. Atropine potentiated the postvagal tachycardia in low doses and blocked it in high doses. The conclusion drawn is that postvagal tachycardia is caused by the release of ACh by either vagus acting on a nicotinic receptor.", "contents": "An analysis of cholinergic involvement in postvagal tachycardia. The role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the sinus tachycardia which follows vagal stimulation ('postvagal tachycardia') was investigated in anesthetized dogs. The stimulation of either vagus was followed by postvagal tachycardia. The bradycardia induced by local application of ACh to the sinus node was followed by sinus tachycardia while local application of methacholine (a predominantly muscarinic agonist) induced only bradycardia. Atropine potentiated the postvagal tachycardia in low doses and blocked it in high doses. The conclusion drawn is that postvagal tachycardia is caused by the release of ACh by either vagus acting on a nicotinic receptor.", "PMID": 679221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3959", "title": "Sipple's syndrome with a malignant pheochromocytoma presenting as a pericardial effusion.", "content": "Sipple's syndrome is a multiple endocrinopathy usually involving the adrenal medulla and the thyroid. In the present case, a malignant pheochromocytoma metastasized to the pericardium and both lungs. The patient was known to have had a calcified right suprarenal mass for 8 years. He was admitted to the emergency room with symptomatology consistent with pericardial tamponade, but despite intensive management, he expired.", "contents": "Sipple's syndrome with a malignant pheochromocytoma presenting as a pericardial effusion. Sipple's syndrome is a multiple endocrinopathy usually involving the adrenal medulla and the thyroid. In the present case, a malignant pheochromocytoma metastasized to the pericardium and both lungs. The patient was known to have had a calcified right suprarenal mass for 8 years. He was admitted to the emergency room with symptomatology consistent with pericardial tamponade, but despite intensive management, he expired.", "PMID": 679223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3960", "title": "Different prognostic value of exercise electrocardiogram in men and women.", "content": "In 1,455 subjects (947 men and 508 women) who underwent a bicycle ergometer stress test for evaluation of atypical chest pain, the incidence of coronary events (definite myocardial infarction or sudden death) was assessed by the life table method. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 7 years (mean 5.2 years). In men with positive exercise test (ischemic ST depression greater than or equal to 1 mm), the 5-year incidence of coronary events was 18.3%, compared with 1.9% in negative responders. In women with positive response, the 5-year incidence of coronary events was 4.6%; in negative responders, it was 0.3%. The poor predictive value of ischemic ST responses to exercise in women is emphasized.", "contents": "Different prognostic value of exercise electrocardiogram in men and women. In 1,455 subjects (947 men and 508 women) who underwent a bicycle ergometer stress test for evaluation of atypical chest pain, the incidence of coronary events (definite myocardial infarction or sudden death) was assessed by the life table method. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 7 years (mean 5.2 years). In men with positive exercise test (ischemic ST depression greater than or equal to 1 mm), the 5-year incidence of coronary events was 18.3%, compared with 1.9% in negative responders. In women with positive response, the 5-year incidence of coronary events was 4.6%; in negative responders, it was 0.3%. The poor predictive value of ischemic ST responses to exercise in women is emphasized.", "PMID": 679224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3961", "title": "Effect of hydrostatic pressure on isolated cardiac nuclei: Stimulation of RNA polymerase II activity.", "content": "RNA polymerase activity was measured in isolated cardiac nuclei subjected to hydrostatic pressure. After 20 min of pressure, Mn2+ stimulated RNA polymerase II activity was increased. The response to pressure was inhibited by low concentrations of alpha-amanitin (1.1 microgram.cm-3) an inhibitor of polymerase II activity. The data show that pressure applied to isolated nuclei stimulates RNA polymerase II activity, forming mRNA, and suggests that direct application of pressure to cardiac nuclei may be the stimulus which triggers the augmented protein synthesis seen in pressure overload.", "contents": "Effect of hydrostatic pressure on isolated cardiac nuclei: Stimulation of RNA polymerase II activity. RNA polymerase activity was measured in isolated cardiac nuclei subjected to hydrostatic pressure. After 20 min of pressure, Mn2+ stimulated RNA polymerase II activity was increased. The response to pressure was inhibited by low concentrations of alpha-amanitin (1.1 microgram.cm-3) an inhibitor of polymerase II activity. The data show that pressure applied to isolated nuclei stimulates RNA polymerase II activity, forming mRNA, and suggests that direct application of pressure to cardiac nuclei may be the stimulus which triggers the augmented protein synthesis seen in pressure overload.", "PMID": 679225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3962", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of static and dynamic exercise in males with arterial hypertension of varying severity.", "content": "Sustained handgrip at 30% of the maximal strength and submaximal supine bicycle exercise elicited mean blood pressure increases of similar magnitude in healthy males and in men with essential hypertension WHO Stage 1 and 2, but with different contributions of systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes. While systolic blood pressure exceeded 22.7 kPa (170 mmHg) during static exercise in every hypertensive man, this did not occur in any of the control subjects. During dynamic exercise, the arterial blood pressure increase per litre increase in cardiac output was significantly less than during static exercise, indicating different patterns of circulatory adaptation to these two forms of stress. Combination of dynamic and static exercise tests might be of value for identifying subjects with a hypertensive pattern of circulatory regulation.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of static and dynamic exercise in males with arterial hypertension of varying severity. Sustained handgrip at 30% of the maximal strength and submaximal supine bicycle exercise elicited mean blood pressure increases of similar magnitude in healthy males and in men with essential hypertension WHO Stage 1 and 2, but with different contributions of systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes. While systolic blood pressure exceeded 22.7 kPa (170 mmHg) during static exercise in every hypertensive man, this did not occur in any of the control subjects. During dynamic exercise, the arterial blood pressure increase per litre increase in cardiac output was significantly less than during static exercise, indicating different patterns of circulatory adaptation to these two forms of stress. Combination of dynamic and static exercise tests might be of value for identifying subjects with a hypertensive pattern of circulatory regulation.", "PMID": 679226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3963", "title": "Relation between pressure difference across the aortic valve and left ventricular outflow.", "content": "Equations are presented to relate left ventricular-aortic pressure difference and flow. The relative importance of fluid inertia and friction are evaluated and the errors introduced by the neglect of compliance are estimated. The equations are used to calculate pressure differences for both normal conditions and simulated aortic stenosis and to explain the timing of the reversal of the pressure difference.", "contents": "Relation between pressure difference across the aortic valve and left ventricular outflow. Equations are presented to relate left ventricular-aortic pressure difference and flow. The relative importance of fluid inertia and friction are evaluated and the errors introduced by the neglect of compliance are estimated. The equations are used to calculate pressure differences for both normal conditions and simulated aortic stenosis and to explain the timing of the reversal of the pressure difference.", "PMID": 679227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3964", "title": "Effect of digitalis on human ventricular refactoriness.", "content": "In order to evaluate the effect of digitalis on the effective refractory period of the human ventricle, 14 patients were studied with atrial or ventricular pacing and with the introduction of ventricular extra-stimuli. The ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) was recorded before and after 1.0 to 1.25 mg ouabain given intravenously and the results compared with similar changes in the Q-T interval. During atrial pacing (eight patients) at rates of 70 to 110 beats per minute, ouabain reduced the mean ventricular effective refractory period from 290 +/- 13 ms to 260 +/- 16 ms (P less than 0.01) and the mean Q-T interval was reduced from 372 +/- 18 ms to 359 +/- 19 ms (P less than 0.01); the mean VERP/Q-T ratio was 0.79 +/- 0.04 before ouabain and 0.73 +/- 0.04 after ouabain (P less than 0.01). Utilising ventricular drive pacing (six patients) the mean ventricular effective refractory period was reduced from 245 +/- 16 ms to 226 +/- 13 ms (P less than 0.01) and the mean Q-T interval reduced from 382 +/- 18 ms to 360 +/- 29 ms (P less than 0.01). There was no significant change in the mean VERP/Q-T ratio (0.63 +/- 0.04 before vs 0.63 +/- 0.04 after ouabain). The results demonstrate that clinically effective doses of ouabain produce a significant reduction of the effective refractory period of the human ventricle. This change is accompanied by a reduction in the VERP/Q-T ratio during atrial pacing.", "contents": "Effect of digitalis on human ventricular refactoriness. In order to evaluate the effect of digitalis on the effective refractory period of the human ventricle, 14 patients were studied with atrial or ventricular pacing and with the introduction of ventricular extra-stimuli. The ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) was recorded before and after 1.0 to 1.25 mg ouabain given intravenously and the results compared with similar changes in the Q-T interval. During atrial pacing (eight patients) at rates of 70 to 110 beats per minute, ouabain reduced the mean ventricular effective refractory period from 290 +/- 13 ms to 260 +/- 16 ms (P less than 0.01) and the mean Q-T interval was reduced from 372 +/- 18 ms to 359 +/- 19 ms (P less than 0.01); the mean VERP/Q-T ratio was 0.79 +/- 0.04 before ouabain and 0.73 +/- 0.04 after ouabain (P less than 0.01). Utilising ventricular drive pacing (six patients) the mean ventricular effective refractory period was reduced from 245 +/- 16 ms to 226 +/- 13 ms (P less than 0.01) and the mean Q-T interval reduced from 382 +/- 18 ms to 360 +/- 29 ms (P less than 0.01). There was no significant change in the mean VERP/Q-T ratio (0.63 +/- 0.04 before vs 0.63 +/- 0.04 after ouabain). The results demonstrate that clinically effective doses of ouabain produce a significant reduction of the effective refractory period of the human ventricle. This change is accompanied by a reduction in the VERP/Q-T ratio during atrial pacing.", "PMID": 679228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3965", "title": "Comparative haemodynamic and metabolic effects of vasodilator and inotropic agents in experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "Following coronary embolisation and onset of left ventricular failure 27 awake dogs were randomly assigned to infusion of saline (controls), nitroprusside, or dobutamine (a new inotropic agent). Nitroprusside and dobutamine both increased cardiac output and lowered left ventricular filling pressure while raising coronary sinus flow. Dobutamine, however, increased myocardial oxygen consumption whereas nitroprusside reduced it. Therefore vasidilators may be more beneficial than inotropic agents in acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Comparative haemodynamic and metabolic effects of vasodilator and inotropic agents in experimental myocardial infarction. Following coronary embolisation and onset of left ventricular failure 27 awake dogs were randomly assigned to infusion of saline (controls), nitroprusside, or dobutamine (a new inotropic agent). Nitroprusside and dobutamine both increased cardiac output and lowered left ventricular filling pressure while raising coronary sinus flow. Dobutamine, however, increased myocardial oxygen consumption whereas nitroprusside reduced it. Therefore vasidilators may be more beneficial than inotropic agents in acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 679229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3966", "title": "Functional role of collateral flow in the ischaemic dog heart.", "content": "Studies were carried out in four different canine preparations to determine the effect of collateral flow on early changes induced by acute segmental ischaemia. The results of these experiments indicated that collateral flow provided a limited and variable amount of protection. When collateral flow was eliminated, myocardial cell injury was more severe and less variable.", "contents": "Functional role of collateral flow in the ischaemic dog heart. Studies were carried out in four different canine preparations to determine the effect of collateral flow on early changes induced by acute segmental ischaemia. The results of these experiments indicated that collateral flow provided a limited and variable amount of protection. When collateral flow was eliminated, myocardial cell injury was more severe and less variable.", "PMID": 679230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3967", "title": "An analogue device for the measurement of cardiovascular variables.", "content": "An analogue device is described which is designed to analyse repetitive signals. It measures peak amplitudes, time to peak values, areas, and values at a preset time. The results can be displayed or recorded on a beat-to-beat basis, or an average can be taken over up to 31 consecutive beats.", "contents": "An analogue device for the measurement of cardiovascular variables. An analogue device is described which is designed to analyse repetitive signals. It measures peak amplitudes, time to peak values, areas, and values at a preset time. The results can be displayed or recorded on a beat-to-beat basis, or an average can be taken over up to 31 consecutive beats.", "PMID": 679231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3968", "title": "Quantitative analysis of squamous epithelium of normal palatal mucosa in guinea pigs.", "content": "The epithelium of intact guinea pig palate was subjected to stereologic analysis in a study of structural alterations in the keratinizing epithelium in response to wounding. Point counting procedures were employed to analyse electron micrographs sampled from three epithelial strata in biopsies collected from five animals. The differentiation pattern of the guinea pig palate epithelium displayed the following structural density gradients from basal to granular layers: descending gradients of metabolically active organelles, ascending gradient of bundled filaments coupled with the appearance of membrane coating granules and keratohyalin granules, and a plateau-like gradient of cytoplasmic ground substance. This pattern of epithelial differentiation is basically identical to that of human hard palate epithelium and epidermis. Regional and species variations in structure of keratinizing epithelia are suggested based on interepithelial differences in morphometric parameters.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of squamous epithelium of normal palatal mucosa in guinea pigs. The epithelium of intact guinea pig palate was subjected to stereologic analysis in a study of structural alterations in the keratinizing epithelium in response to wounding. Point counting procedures were employed to analyse electron micrographs sampled from three epithelial strata in biopsies collected from five animals. The differentiation pattern of the guinea pig palate epithelium displayed the following structural density gradients from basal to granular layers: descending gradients of metabolically active organelles, ascending gradient of bundled filaments coupled with the appearance of membrane coating granules and keratohyalin granules, and a plateau-like gradient of cytoplasmic ground substance. This pattern of epithelial differentiation is basically identical to that of human hard palate epithelium and epidermis. Regional and species variations in structure of keratinizing epithelia are suggested based on interepithelial differences in morphometric parameters.", "PMID": 679256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3969", "title": "Structural re-evaluation of the neurosecretory system in the crayfish eyestalk.", "content": "The topography of the neurosecretory system in the decapod eyestalk has not been precisely delineated with light microscopy. Cobalt iontophoresis and electron microscopy have proved useful in clarifying the microstructure of this system. The sinus gland (sg) of the crayfish eyestalk consists of aggregated axon terminals which end at or near the blood space. Iontophoresing cobalt back through the cut base of the sinus glands reveals proximal cell bodies in the eyestalk only in the X organ (Xo) region. Electron microscopy demonstrates that axons from about 115 neurosecretory cell bodies in the Xo form the Xo-sg tract. Intermingled with these Xo somata are smaller non-neurosecretory cell bodies which do not send axons into the sinus gland. One of these exhibits catecholamine fluorescence. Backfilling also reveals a second group of fibres which run from the brain along the optic tract and into the sinus gland. These brain-sg fibres are smaller in diameter than Xo-sg axons and lack neurosecretory vesicles. From these fibres collaterals extend into the eyestalk neuropil, especially in the proximity of the visual elements. The possible function of these non-neurosecretory processes within the sinus gland is discussed.", "contents": "Structural re-evaluation of the neurosecretory system in the crayfish eyestalk. The topography of the neurosecretory system in the decapod eyestalk has not been precisely delineated with light microscopy. Cobalt iontophoresis and electron microscopy have proved useful in clarifying the microstructure of this system. The sinus gland (sg) of the crayfish eyestalk consists of aggregated axon terminals which end at or near the blood space. Iontophoresing cobalt back through the cut base of the sinus glands reveals proximal cell bodies in the eyestalk only in the X organ (Xo) region. Electron microscopy demonstrates that axons from about 115 neurosecretory cell bodies in the Xo form the Xo-sg tract. Intermingled with these Xo somata are smaller non-neurosecretory cell bodies which do not send axons into the sinus gland. One of these exhibits catecholamine fluorescence. Backfilling also reveals a second group of fibres which run from the brain along the optic tract and into the sinus gland. These brain-sg fibres are smaller in diameter than Xo-sg axons and lack neurosecretory vesicles. From these fibres collaterals extend into the eyestalk neuropil, especially in the proximity of the visual elements. The possible function of these non-neurosecretory processes within the sinus gland is discussed.", "PMID": 679257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3970", "title": "Effect of stretch and contraction on caveolae of smooth muscle cells.", "content": "The number of caveolae present at the surface of smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig taenia coli and visualized by freeze-fracture is about 35 per micron2. (By comparison, endothelial cells of intramuscular capillaries have about 73 caveolae per micron2). The packing density of smooth muscle caveolae is not significantly different in muscle strips isotonically contracted with carbachol or stretched and relaxed in a calcium-free solution, under a range of loads varying from 1 to 15 g. Also the diameter of the fractured necks of the caveolae appears unchanged in all the experimental conditions tested. The plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells often shows a ring of intramembranous particles rimming the opening of a caveola; on the other hand, particles are rare in the membrane of the caveolae themselves. The close relation between caveolae and sarcoplasmic reticulum is readily visualized in freeze-fracture preparations. Characteristic changes of the cell surface shape accompany the contraction and relaxation of the muscle. On rare occasions small aggregates of intramembranous particles are found and it is possible that they represent punctate gap junctions. However, the characteristic clusters of particles found in the circular musculature of the caecum and ileum are not seen in taenia coli.", "contents": "Effect of stretch and contraction on caveolae of smooth muscle cells. The number of caveolae present at the surface of smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig taenia coli and visualized by freeze-fracture is about 35 per micron2. (By comparison, endothelial cells of intramuscular capillaries have about 73 caveolae per micron2). The packing density of smooth muscle caveolae is not significantly different in muscle strips isotonically contracted with carbachol or stretched and relaxed in a calcium-free solution, under a range of loads varying from 1 to 15 g. Also the diameter of the fractured necks of the caveolae appears unchanged in all the experimental conditions tested. The plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells often shows a ring of intramembranous particles rimming the opening of a caveola; on the other hand, particles are rare in the membrane of the caveolae themselves. The close relation between caveolae and sarcoplasmic reticulum is readily visualized in freeze-fracture preparations. Characteristic changes of the cell surface shape accompany the contraction and relaxation of the muscle. On rare occasions small aggregates of intramembranous particles are found and it is possible that they represent punctate gap junctions. However, the characteristic clusters of particles found in the circular musculature of the caecum and ileum are not seen in taenia coli.", "PMID": 679259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3971", "title": "Automatic morphometric analysis of retrograde changes in the nucleus n. facialis at different ontogenetic stages in the rat.", "content": "The grey level index (= GLI) and the fresh voluem were determined with the image analyser Micro-Videomat for the nucl. n. facialis after axotomy of the left n. facialis. The experiments were performed on 10 rats in different stages of ontogenesis. The GLI is a quantitative parameter which could be quickly obtained and which demonstrated quantitative changes during retrograde reaction in the respective centres. A decrease in the fresh volumes of the affected nucl. n. facialis could also be demonstrated. The meaning of GLI is discussed.", "contents": "Automatic morphometric analysis of retrograde changes in the nucleus n. facialis at different ontogenetic stages in the rat. The grey level index (= GLI) and the fresh voluem were determined with the image analyser Micro-Videomat for the nucl. n. facialis after axotomy of the left n. facialis. The experiments were performed on 10 rats in different stages of ontogenesis. The GLI is a quantitative parameter which could be quickly obtained and which demonstrated quantitative changes during retrograde reaction in the respective centres. A decrease in the fresh volumes of the affected nucl. n. facialis could also be demonstrated. The meaning of GLI is discussed.", "PMID": 679260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3972", "title": "Fine structure and composition of the submucous nerve plexus of the guinea-pig trachea.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the nerves forming the submucous plexus of cervical and thoracic parts of the trachea was studied in the guinea-pig. Specimens were obtained from 6 animals perfused with warm fixative and from 6 animals in which pieces of trachea were incubated in buffer containing 5-hydroxydopamine before immersed in cold fixative. Of the two types of axonal terminal identified in the nerves, one contained mainly large dense-cored vesicles, and the second contained numerous small vesicles. In specimens incubated in 5-hydroxydopamine, the small vesicles of the latter terminals exhibited the electron-dense cores which are characteristic of adrenergic axonal terminals. Counts made on perfused specimens showed that, in both the thoracic and cervical parts of the trachea, the density of adrenergic terminals was higher than that of terminals containing mainly large dense-cored vesicles. Overall terminal density was, however, higher in the thoracic than in the cervical part of the trachea, and estimates of nerve size showed that this was associated with the presence in the thoracic plexus of a substantially greater proportion of nerves with less than 6 axons. The possible function of the nerves in the control of the calibre of the submucous blood vessels was discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure and composition of the submucous nerve plexus of the guinea-pig trachea. The ultrastructure of the nerves forming the submucous plexus of cervical and thoracic parts of the trachea was studied in the guinea-pig. Specimens were obtained from 6 animals perfused with warm fixative and from 6 animals in which pieces of trachea were incubated in buffer containing 5-hydroxydopamine before immersed in cold fixative. Of the two types of axonal terminal identified in the nerves, one contained mainly large dense-cored vesicles, and the second contained numerous small vesicles. In specimens incubated in 5-hydroxydopamine, the small vesicles of the latter terminals exhibited the electron-dense cores which are characteristic of adrenergic axonal terminals. Counts made on perfused specimens showed that, in both the thoracic and cervical parts of the trachea, the density of adrenergic terminals was higher than that of terminals containing mainly large dense-cored vesicles. Overall terminal density was, however, higher in the thoracic than in the cervical part of the trachea, and estimates of nerve size showed that this was associated with the presence in the thoracic plexus of a substantially greater proportion of nerves with less than 6 axons. The possible function of the nerves in the control of the calibre of the submucous blood vessels was discussed.", "PMID": 679261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3973", "title": "The respiratory epithelium in the lungs of the slow-worm, Anguis fragilis.", "content": "The epithelium covering the respiratory portion in the lung of the slow-worm (Anguis fragilis) has been studied by electron microscopy. The epithelium is composed of two different types of pneumonocytes. The type I pneumonocytes are roughly squamous and their cytoplasmic sheets spread over relatively large areas of the septal walls. These cytoplasmic sheets are attenuated in regions where they overlie septal capillaries; they usually have extensive areas of contact with adjacent cells. The type II pneumonocytes are also squamous but are more compact and possess more organelles. Their osmiophilic inclusion bodies are especially conspicuous. Most of their microvilli are concentrated on the surfaces of cytoplasmic \"hillocks\". Deposits of membranous material are present in the air sacs. The morphological evidence suggests that the type II cells of Anguis secrete surface-active material.", "contents": "The respiratory epithelium in the lungs of the slow-worm, Anguis fragilis. The epithelium covering the respiratory portion in the lung of the slow-worm (Anguis fragilis) has been studied by electron microscopy. The epithelium is composed of two different types of pneumonocytes. The type I pneumonocytes are roughly squamous and their cytoplasmic sheets spread over relatively large areas of the septal walls. These cytoplasmic sheets are attenuated in regions where they overlie septal capillaries; they usually have extensive areas of contact with adjacent cells. The type II pneumonocytes are also squamous but are more compact and possess more organelles. Their osmiophilic inclusion bodies are especially conspicuous. Most of their microvilli are concentrated on the surfaces of cytoplasmic \"hillocks\". Deposits of membranous material are present in the air sacs. The morphological evidence suggests that the type II cells of Anguis secrete surface-active material.", "PMID": 679263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3974", "title": "Occurrence and regional distribution of striated muscle fibers in the rat pineal gland.", "content": "In a total of 96 rat pineals studied 31 were found to contain striated muscle fibers or their precursors. The muscle fibers were most frequently present in the stalk region and more frequently found in the left than in the right hemisphere. Size measurements revealed that the lengths of pineal muscle cell nuclei differ only slightly from those of the sphincter muscle of the iris. However, the yellowish appearance of pineal muscle cell nuclei under darkfield investigation, a phenomenon observed in all muscular tissues of mesenchymal origin and connective tissue cells, may support the hypothesis that pineal musculature is of mesenchymal rather than ectodermal origin.", "contents": "Occurrence and regional distribution of striated muscle fibers in the rat pineal gland. In a total of 96 rat pineals studied 31 were found to contain striated muscle fibers or their precursors. The muscle fibers were most frequently present in the stalk region and more frequently found in the left than in the right hemisphere. Size measurements revealed that the lengths of pineal muscle cell nuclei differ only slightly from those of the sphincter muscle of the iris. However, the yellowish appearance of pineal muscle cell nuclei under darkfield investigation, a phenomenon observed in all muscular tissues of mesenchymal origin and connective tissue cells, may support the hypothesis that pineal musculature is of mesenchymal rather than ectodermal origin.", "PMID": 679264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3975", "title": "Effect of cyproterone acetate, d-norgestrel and progesterone on cells of the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis in the beagle bitch.", "content": "The effects of short-term (8 weeks) treatment with different doses of cyproterone acetate (CPA), d-norgestrel (d-N) and progesterone on cells of the pars distalis, as revealed by the immunoperoxidase technique, were studied in cycle-synchronized beagle bitches (first anoestrus). Pituitary glands from non-treated primiparous beagle bitches at the 6th and 9th week of pregnancy were also included. For immunochemical staining specific antisera to the following hormones were used: canine GH, canine PRI, porcine ACTH, bovine TSHbeta, bovine LHbeta and human FSHbeta. Morphological features of high secretory activity in GH cells were evident even after the human oral contraceptive does of CPA and d-N, and after a dose as low as 0.1 mg/kg/day subcutaneously (s.c.) of progesterone. In contrast, PRL cells did not show any significant treatment-related effects except in those animals which received the highest dose of d-N (0.5 mg/kg/day per os). In this group, as well as in all pregnant bitches, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of PRL cells were found. In the animals treated with the highest doses of CPA (4.0 mg/kg/day per os) and progesterone (42.5 mg/kg/day s.c.) as well as in pregnant bitches, ACTH/MSH and TSH cells showed marked atrophy and regressive changes. Similar morphological signs of depressed secretory activity were also observed in the cells shown to contain FSHbeta and/or LHbeta as a result of treatment with the highest dose of progesterone and at the 9th week of pregnancy. These structural responses indicate that quantitiative and/or qualitative differences may exist between progesterone, the synthetic progesterone derivative CPA and the nortestosterone type progestagen d-N with regard to their effect on pituitary hormone secretion in the beagle bitch.", "contents": "Effect of cyproterone acetate, d-norgestrel and progesterone on cells of the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis in the beagle bitch. The effects of short-term (8 weeks) treatment with different doses of cyproterone acetate (CPA), d-norgestrel (d-N) and progesterone on cells of the pars distalis, as revealed by the immunoperoxidase technique, were studied in cycle-synchronized beagle bitches (first anoestrus). Pituitary glands from non-treated primiparous beagle bitches at the 6th and 9th week of pregnancy were also included. For immunochemical staining specific antisera to the following hormones were used: canine GH, canine PRI, porcine ACTH, bovine TSHbeta, bovine LHbeta and human FSHbeta. Morphological features of high secretory activity in GH cells were evident even after the human oral contraceptive does of CPA and d-N, and after a dose as low as 0.1 mg/kg/day subcutaneously (s.c.) of progesterone. In contrast, PRL cells did not show any significant treatment-related effects except in those animals which received the highest dose of d-N (0.5 mg/kg/day per os). In this group, as well as in all pregnant bitches, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of PRL cells were found. In the animals treated with the highest doses of CPA (4.0 mg/kg/day per os) and progesterone (42.5 mg/kg/day s.c.) as well as in pregnant bitches, ACTH/MSH and TSH cells showed marked atrophy and regressive changes. Similar morphological signs of depressed secretory activity were also observed in the cells shown to contain FSHbeta and/or LHbeta as a result of treatment with the highest dose of progesterone and at the 9th week of pregnancy. These structural responses indicate that quantitiative and/or qualitative differences may exist between progesterone, the synthetic progesterone derivative CPA and the nortestosterone type progestagen d-N with regard to their effect on pituitary hormone secretion in the beagle bitch.", "PMID": 679265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3976", "title": "The structure of the nervous system of the pluteus larva of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.", "content": "Tissues that have the ultrastructural characteristics of nervous tissues are associated with ciliary and muscular elements of the pluteus larva of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The nerve cells are found along the margins of the ciliary bands, which are composed predominantly of spindle-shaped ciliated cells. The nerve cells contribute axonal processes to a tract of axons, which runs at the base of the ciliary band throughout its length. Axonal tracts, in the esophagus, lie beneath the circumesophageal muscles. Branched microvilli, which have been interpreted as sensory receptors, are located on the oral side of the main ciliary band and connect with the nerve cells in the ciliary band. The nervous structures described here, and other tissues of the pluteus that have been previously described as nervous, are compared on the basis of their association with receptor and effector organs, and their ultrastructural characteristics.", "contents": "The structure of the nervous system of the pluteus larva of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Tissues that have the ultrastructural characteristics of nervous tissues are associated with ciliary and muscular elements of the pluteus larva of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The nerve cells are found along the margins of the ciliary bands, which are composed predominantly of spindle-shaped ciliated cells. The nerve cells contribute axonal processes to a tract of axons, which runs at the base of the ciliary band throughout its length. Axonal tracts, in the esophagus, lie beneath the circumesophageal muscles. Branched microvilli, which have been interpreted as sensory receptors, are located on the oral side of the main ciliary band and connect with the nerve cells in the ciliary band. The nervous structures described here, and other tissues of the pluteus that have been previously described as nervous, are compared on the basis of their association with receptor and effector organs, and their ultrastructural characteristics.", "PMID": 679266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3977", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on the hypothalamo-posthypophysical complex of the Brattleboro rat.", "content": "The hypothalamo-posthypophysial complex of the homozygous Brattleboro rat is characterized by a hyperactivity of its neurons. The neurosecretory fibers, especially in the neurohypophysis, show numerous signs of autophagy and tubular proliferation of the axoplasmic reticulum. These structural alterations, as well as the nematosomes of nucleolus-like bodies encountered in the perikarya, may be related to the chronic hyperactivity of the neurons. They can be reduced by administration of exogenous vasopressin. The numerous liposomes in the pituicytes are paralleled in the neuronal perikarya by a great number of lysosomes. Small dense core vesicles observed in the neurosecretory endings and perikarya may indicate a secretory product distinct from oxytocin and vasopressin. In the homozygous Brattleboro rat, endings of the aminergic type are more numerous than in the normal rat. With respect to the role they may play in the secretory processes, their increase might be secondary to the vasopressin deficiency.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on the hypothalamo-posthypophysical complex of the Brattleboro rat. The hypothalamo-posthypophysial complex of the homozygous Brattleboro rat is characterized by a hyperactivity of its neurons. The neurosecretory fibers, especially in the neurohypophysis, show numerous signs of autophagy and tubular proliferation of the axoplasmic reticulum. These structural alterations, as well as the nematosomes of nucleolus-like bodies encountered in the perikarya, may be related to the chronic hyperactivity of the neurons. They can be reduced by administration of exogenous vasopressin. The numerous liposomes in the pituicytes are paralleled in the neuronal perikarya by a great number of lysosomes. Small dense core vesicles observed in the neurosecretory endings and perikarya may indicate a secretory product distinct from oxytocin and vasopressin. In the homozygous Brattleboro rat, endings of the aminergic type are more numerous than in the normal rat. With respect to the role they may play in the secretory processes, their increase might be secondary to the vasopressin deficiency.", "PMID": 679267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3978", "title": "Lamellated outer dendritic segments of a sensory cell within a poreless thermo- and hygroreceptive sensillum of the insect Carausius morosus.", "content": "A sensillum in a narrow pit with a braod cuticular collar, located in a sensillum field on the 12th segment of the antennae of Carausius morosus, was investigated electrophysiologically. After marking, it was also examined with the transmission and the scanning electron microscopes. The number of sensory cells within the sensillum varies between three and four. One cell, present in half of the sensilla studied, exhibits a simple cilium of the 9 x 2 + 0 type as outer dendritic segment. The outer segment of a second unit is noteworthy in that it divides near its ciliary base into two branches. These flatten to form lamellae, then fold and wrap around each other. The remaining two sensory cells bear unbranched or bifurcate outer segments which contain densely packed microtubules. Only these outer segments extend into the cuticular peg; the others end beneath its base. The cuticular peg is devoid of pore systems. Electrophysiological recording yielded evidence that a cold, a dry and a moist air receptor are present. The fourth unit did not respond clearly to stimulation.", "contents": "Lamellated outer dendritic segments of a sensory cell within a poreless thermo- and hygroreceptive sensillum of the insect Carausius morosus. A sensillum in a narrow pit with a braod cuticular collar, located in a sensillum field on the 12th segment of the antennae of Carausius morosus, was investigated electrophysiologically. After marking, it was also examined with the transmission and the scanning electron microscopes. The number of sensory cells within the sensillum varies between three and four. One cell, present in half of the sensilla studied, exhibits a simple cilium of the 9 x 2 + 0 type as outer dendritic segment. The outer segment of a second unit is noteworthy in that it divides near its ciliary base into two branches. These flatten to form lamellae, then fold and wrap around each other. The remaining two sensory cells bear unbranched or bifurcate outer segments which contain densely packed microtubules. Only these outer segments extend into the cuticular peg; the others end beneath its base. The cuticular peg is devoid of pore systems. Electrophysiological recording yielded evidence that a cold, a dry and a moist air receptor are present. The fourth unit did not respond clearly to stimulation.", "PMID": 679268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3979", "title": "Fine structure of degenerating abdominal motor neurons after eclosion in the sphingid moth, Manduca sexta.", "content": "Ultrastructural aspects of the natural degeneration of a group of six motor neurons in the fourth abdominal ganglion of Manduca sexta are described. These motor neurons innervate intersegmental muscles that degenerate and disappear immediately after adult eclosion. The first detectable changes in the cell bodies appear 12h after eclosion and include disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the size and number of lamellar bodies. At 32h the nuclear membranes rupture, and the membranous and granular cytoorganelles segregate in different parts of the cell. At that stage the surrounding glial cells participate in the digestion of material from the degenerating neurons. From 72h onward the remaining neuronal structures become disrupted, and are finally transformed into a single, large lamellar body (residual body) within the glial profile. The degeneration pattern differs significantly from that of embryonic vertebrate neurons.", "contents": "Fine structure of degenerating abdominal motor neurons after eclosion in the sphingid moth, Manduca sexta. Ultrastructural aspects of the natural degeneration of a group of six motor neurons in the fourth abdominal ganglion of Manduca sexta are described. These motor neurons innervate intersegmental muscles that degenerate and disappear immediately after adult eclosion. The first detectable changes in the cell bodies appear 12h after eclosion and include disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the size and number of lamellar bodies. At 32h the nuclear membranes rupture, and the membranous and granular cytoorganelles segregate in different parts of the cell. At that stage the surrounding glial cells participate in the digestion of material from the degenerating neurons. From 72h onward the remaining neuronal structures become disrupted, and are finally transformed into a single, large lamellar body (residual body) within the glial profile. The degeneration pattern differs significantly from that of embryonic vertebrate neurons.", "PMID": 679269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3980", "title": "Ultrastructural and morphometric study of the lung of the European salamander, Salamandra salamandra L.", "content": "Ultrastructural and morphometric investigations were performed on the lung of the European salamander, Salamandra salamandra L. Folds of first and second order are covered with a ciliated epithelium containing goblet cells. The respiratory surface of the lung is lined by a single type of cell which, in amphibians, combines features of type I and type II alveolar cells of the mammalian lung. In the salamander the respiratory and ciliated epithelial cells as well as goblet cells possess electron dense and lucent vesicles in their cytoplasm as well as lamellar bodies. A small amount of surfactant, composed most probably of phospholipids and mucopolysaccharides, was observed covering the entire inner surface of the lung. Morphometric methods were used to determine the dimensions of the perinuclear region of pneumocytes, the thickness of the air-blood barrier and lung wall, and also the diameter of capillaries. The thickness of the respiratory air-blood barrier was found to be considerably higher than that of the corresponding barrier in mammals.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and morphometric study of the lung of the European salamander, Salamandra salamandra L. Ultrastructural and morphometric investigations were performed on the lung of the European salamander, Salamandra salamandra L. Folds of first and second order are covered with a ciliated epithelium containing goblet cells. The respiratory surface of the lung is lined by a single type of cell which, in amphibians, combines features of type I and type II alveolar cells of the mammalian lung. In the salamander the respiratory and ciliated epithelial cells as well as goblet cells possess electron dense and lucent vesicles in their cytoplasm as well as lamellar bodies. A small amount of surfactant, composed most probably of phospholipids and mucopolysaccharides, was observed covering the entire inner surface of the lung. Morphometric methods were used to determine the dimensions of the perinuclear region of pneumocytes, the thickness of the air-blood barrier and lung wall, and also the diameter of capillaries. The thickness of the respiratory air-blood barrier was found to be considerably higher than that of the corresponding barrier in mammals.", "PMID": 679270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3981", "title": "Crystalloid structures within giant mitochondria of the prothoracic glands of Spodoptera littoralis (Bois) (Lepidoptera).", "content": "The fine structure of the prothoracic glands of Spodoptera littoralis was investigated during the first half of the last larval instar. The secretory cells have two types of mitochondria, micromitochondria and macromitochondria. The micromitochondria have rounded to elongated profiles and sometimes branch. They contain lamellar, tubular and also tubulo-vesicular cristae. The macromitochondria appear generally rounded or oval and possess tubular cristae. Many regular parallel membranes appear within macromitochondria. Favorable sections show tubular structures packed in honeycomb fashion. The mitochondrial cristae are in connection with the tubular structures. Honeycomb and parallel membranes increase in number as the size of the macromitochondria increases.", "contents": "Crystalloid structures within giant mitochondria of the prothoracic glands of Spodoptera littoralis (Bois) (Lepidoptera). The fine structure of the prothoracic glands of Spodoptera littoralis was investigated during the first half of the last larval instar. The secretory cells have two types of mitochondria, micromitochondria and macromitochondria. The micromitochondria have rounded to elongated profiles and sometimes branch. They contain lamellar, tubular and also tubulo-vesicular cristae. The macromitochondria appear generally rounded or oval and possess tubular cristae. Many regular parallel membranes appear within macromitochondria. Favorable sections show tubular structures packed in honeycomb fashion. The mitochondrial cristae are in connection with the tubular structures. Honeycomb and parallel membranes increase in number as the size of the macromitochondria increases.", "PMID": 679271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3982", "title": "The ontogenesis of calcium-binding protein in fetal rat kidney.", "content": "The presence of calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial cells of renal tubules varies with the physiologic state. As part of a study to determine whether or not intranuclear CaBP precedes intracytoplasmic CaBP in the same cell, we used peroxidase-labeled antibody against human renal CaBP to localize CaBP in fetal rat kidney tubules. This paper reports examination of kidneys from rats on each day of gestation from the 10th to term (21 days) and on each of the first seven postnatal days. CaBP was first detected in fetal rat kidneys on the 19th gestational day. The histochemical staining reaction that revealed the CaBP was less intense than that produced in kidneys from adult animals, but its distribution was like that in adults, with some cells having no CaBP, others having it in the cytoplasm only, in the nucleus only, or in both. By the seventh postnatal day the staining reaction was similar to the adult patterns in all respects.", "contents": "The ontogenesis of calcium-binding protein in fetal rat kidney. The presence of calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial cells of renal tubules varies with the physiologic state. As part of a study to determine whether or not intranuclear CaBP precedes intracytoplasmic CaBP in the same cell, we used peroxidase-labeled antibody against human renal CaBP to localize CaBP in fetal rat kidney tubules. This paper reports examination of kidneys from rats on each day of gestation from the 10th to term (21 days) and on each of the first seven postnatal days. CaBP was first detected in fetal rat kidneys on the 19th gestational day. The histochemical staining reaction that revealed the CaBP was less intense than that produced in kidneys from adult animals, but its distribution was like that in adults, with some cells having no CaBP, others having it in the cytoplasm only, in the nucleus only, or in both. By the seventh postnatal day the staining reaction was similar to the adult patterns in all respects.", "PMID": 679272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3983", "title": "Stimulation of microsomal dimethylnitrosamine-N-demethylase by pretreatment of mice with acetone.", "content": "To further investigate the relationship between in vivo microsomal enzyme modifiers and in vitro dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) metabolism, male C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with acetone or Aroclor 1254, two compounds known to influence DMN-N-demethylase activity. Pretreatment with acetone enhanced the in vitro microsomal activity of DMN-N-demethylase, as measured by formaldehyde production from DMN. Accompanying this acetone-enhanced demethylase activity was an increase in the covalent binding of [14C]DMN to RNA, protein and DNA. Four distinct Km values dependent on the substrate concentration were observed for the N-demethylase present in control microsomes. Only one Km value was observed for the demethylase in microsomes from acetone-treated animals, but it was significantly lower than the lowest Km observed in the control microsomes. At DMN concentrations of 1 and 10 mM, acetone significantly increased N-demethylation of DMN as compared to control, but not at 100 mM DMN. Aroclor 1254 pretreatment repressed DMN-N-demethylase at 1 mM DMN but enhanced it at 100 mM. These results suggest that there may be multiple forms of DMN-N-demethylase which are dependent on DMN concentration and respond differently to modifiers of the microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes.", "contents": "Stimulation of microsomal dimethylnitrosamine-N-demethylase by pretreatment of mice with acetone. To further investigate the relationship between in vivo microsomal enzyme modifiers and in vitro dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) metabolism, male C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with acetone or Aroclor 1254, two compounds known to influence DMN-N-demethylase activity. Pretreatment with acetone enhanced the in vitro microsomal activity of DMN-N-demethylase, as measured by formaldehyde production from DMN. Accompanying this acetone-enhanced demethylase activity was an increase in the covalent binding of [14C]DMN to RNA, protein and DNA. Four distinct Km values dependent on the substrate concentration were observed for the N-demethylase present in control microsomes. Only one Km value was observed for the demethylase in microsomes from acetone-treated animals, but it was significantly lower than the lowest Km observed in the control microsomes. At DMN concentrations of 1 and 10 mM, acetone significantly increased N-demethylation of DMN as compared to control, but not at 100 mM DMN. Aroclor 1254 pretreatment repressed DMN-N-demethylase at 1 mM DMN but enhanced it at 100 mM. These results suggest that there may be multiple forms of DMN-N-demethylase which are dependent on DMN concentration and respond differently to modifiers of the microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes.", "PMID": 679394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3984", "title": "Influence of cystein deficiency on the inhibition of hepatic microsomal detoxication by methyl mercury in two rat strains.", "content": "Two rat strains, Wistar, strain R and Sprague--Dawley, were subjected to cystein deficiency and methyl mercury pretreatment, both separately and in combination, after which the hepatic microsomal N- and C-oxygenation of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) was studied. Cystein deficiency caused a reduction in C-oxygenation in strain R microsomes, and this reduction was nearly doubled by methyl mercury pretreatment of the depleted rats. Methyl mercury pretreatment per se of strain R rats on the standard diet gave no effect. By contrast microsomes from cystein deficient SpD rats showed no statistically significant decrease in C-oxygenation, and cystein deficiency did not further enhance the inhibitory effect obtained with methyl mercury pretreatment alone. N-oxygenation was not significantly affected by any treatment of the two strains.", "contents": "Influence of cystein deficiency on the inhibition of hepatic microsomal detoxication by methyl mercury in two rat strains. Two rat strains, Wistar, strain R and Sprague--Dawley, were subjected to cystein deficiency and methyl mercury pretreatment, both separately and in combination, after which the hepatic microsomal N- and C-oxygenation of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) was studied. Cystein deficiency caused a reduction in C-oxygenation in strain R microsomes, and this reduction was nearly doubled by methyl mercury pretreatment of the depleted rats. Methyl mercury pretreatment per se of strain R rats on the standard diet gave no effect. By contrast microsomes from cystein deficient SpD rats showed no statistically significant decrease in C-oxygenation, and cystein deficiency did not further enhance the inhibitory effect obtained with methyl mercury pretreatment alone. N-oxygenation was not significantly affected by any treatment of the two strains.", "PMID": 679395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3985", "title": "Reaction products of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-4-acetylamino-4'-fluorobiphenyl with DNA in liver and kidney of the rat.", "content": "The binding of AABP4'F and ABP4'F residues to rat liver and kidney DNA in vivo was studied at different periods of time after administration of N-[G-3H]hydroxy-AABP4'F at dose levels of 5 and 25 mg/kg body weight. DNA preparations from both organs were hydrolyzed enzymatically at pH 8--9 with mixtures of DNAase, snake venom phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli. The enzymatic digests were analysed by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography using synthetic N-([G-14C] deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-AABP4'F as marker. Elution with 30% ethanol gave three major peaks of tritium activity. The first peak consisted largely of N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-ABP4'F decomposition products, which were not further characterized. The second product has similar chromatographical and chemical properties as 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-AAF; and was also persistent in liver as well as in kidneys. The third peak of tritium activity co-chromatographed with the marker compound N-([G-14C] deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-AABP4'F. Kinetic studies revealed that the latter product was removed rapidly from liver and kidney DNA at equal rates (t1/2 = 2 days). Approximately 80% of the total radioactivity bound to DNA consisted of deacetylated material, which was removed at a much slower rate (t1/2 = 10 days) in both organs. An initial rapid removal of all products in kidney during the first 7 days (t1/2 = 3.3 days) at dose levels of 25 mg/kg is probably due to toxic effects on the kidneys, because this phenomenon was not observed at dose levels of 5 mg/kg. The synthetic ester N-OSO3K-AABP4'F was at least twice as reactive towards L-methionine and guanosine as compared to the corresponding AABP derivative, but had 40% of the reactivity of N-acetoxy-AAF under similar conditions. The new compounds 3-methylmercapto-4-acetylamino-4'-fluorobiphenyl and N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-acetylamino-4'-fluorobiphenyl have been characterized by means of their NMR and mass spectra. Attempts to devise an unambiguous synthesis for 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)arylamides have been unsuccessful.", "contents": "Reaction products of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-4-acetylamino-4'-fluorobiphenyl with DNA in liver and kidney of the rat. The binding of AABP4'F and ABP4'F residues to rat liver and kidney DNA in vivo was studied at different periods of time after administration of N-[G-3H]hydroxy-AABP4'F at dose levels of 5 and 25 mg/kg body weight. DNA preparations from both organs were hydrolyzed enzymatically at pH 8--9 with mixtures of DNAase, snake venom phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli. The enzymatic digests were analysed by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography using synthetic N-([G-14C] deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-AABP4'F as marker. Elution with 30% ethanol gave three major peaks of tritium activity. The first peak consisted largely of N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-ABP4'F decomposition products, which were not further characterized. The second product has similar chromatographical and chemical properties as 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-AAF; and was also persistent in liver as well as in kidneys. The third peak of tritium activity co-chromatographed with the marker compound N-([G-14C] deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-AABP4'F. Kinetic studies revealed that the latter product was removed rapidly from liver and kidney DNA at equal rates (t1/2 = 2 days). Approximately 80% of the total radioactivity bound to DNA consisted of deacetylated material, which was removed at a much slower rate (t1/2 = 10 days) in both organs. An initial rapid removal of all products in kidney during the first 7 days (t1/2 = 3.3 days) at dose levels of 25 mg/kg is probably due to toxic effects on the kidneys, because this phenomenon was not observed at dose levels of 5 mg/kg. The synthetic ester N-OSO3K-AABP4'F was at least twice as reactive towards L-methionine and guanosine as compared to the corresponding AABP derivative, but had 40% of the reactivity of N-acetoxy-AAF under similar conditions. The new compounds 3-methylmercapto-4-acetylamino-4'-fluorobiphenyl and N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-acetylamino-4'-fluorobiphenyl have been characterized by means of their NMR and mass spectra. Attempts to devise an unambiguous synthesis for 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)arylamides have been unsuccessful.", "PMID": 679396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3986", "title": "Maleate induced change in the kidney binding of mercury in rats pretreated with cadmium.", "content": "The kidney uptake of Hg2+ was increased by Cd2+-pretreatment when Hg2+ was given intraperitoneally but not subcutaneously. Subsequent s.c. administration of maleate increased Hg2+ release from the kidneys only if Hg2+ was given subcutaneously. Neither the effect of Cd2+, nor that of maleate, on the distribution of Hg2+ among the renal soluble protein fractions was affected by the route of Hg2+ administration. The protective effect of Cd2+-pretreatment against the nephrotoxic effect of Hg2+ was also independent of the route of Hg2+ administration. Maleate given in nephrotoxic doses removed Hg2+ and copper, but not Cd2+ from the renal metallothionein fraction. Mercury in the urine, however, was not complexed by proteins with the molecular weight of thionein, but was bound to high molecular weight proteins and diffusible molecules. These findings are discussed in relation to the role of metallothionein in the interaction between Cd2+ and Hg2+.", "contents": "Maleate induced change in the kidney binding of mercury in rats pretreated with cadmium. The kidney uptake of Hg2+ was increased by Cd2+-pretreatment when Hg2+ was given intraperitoneally but not subcutaneously. Subsequent s.c. administration of maleate increased Hg2+ release from the kidneys only if Hg2+ was given subcutaneously. Neither the effect of Cd2+, nor that of maleate, on the distribution of Hg2+ among the renal soluble protein fractions was affected by the route of Hg2+ administration. The protective effect of Cd2+-pretreatment against the nephrotoxic effect of Hg2+ was also independent of the route of Hg2+ administration. Maleate given in nephrotoxic doses removed Hg2+ and copper, but not Cd2+ from the renal metallothionein fraction. Mercury in the urine, however, was not complexed by proteins with the molecular weight of thionein, but was bound to high molecular weight proteins and diffusible molecules. These findings are discussed in relation to the role of metallothionein in the interaction between Cd2+ and Hg2+.", "PMID": 679397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3987", "title": "Distribution of a platinum anti-tumour drug in HeLa cells by analytical electron microscopy.", "content": "The distribution of Pt in HeLa cell sections after cell treatment with cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide was probed by analytical electron microscopy. Primary targets were the nucleolus and the inner side of the nuclear double membrane. Even after solvolysis in dimethylsulphoxide the drug reached similar sites. It is suggested that cell death may be due to Pt inhibition at the initiation sites of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Distribution of a platinum anti-tumour drug in HeLa cells by analytical electron microscopy. The distribution of Pt in HeLa cell sections after cell treatment with cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide was probed by analytical electron microscopy. Primary targets were the nucleolus and the inner side of the nuclear double membrane. Even after solvolysis in dimethylsulphoxide the drug reached similar sites. It is suggested that cell death may be due to Pt inhibition at the initiation sites of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 679398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3988", "title": "Dose-response studies of penicillamine and related compounds in reducing skin--tensile strength of rats.", "content": "Penicillamine (I) and certain related compounds are known to reduce the skin tensile strength (sts) of rat dorsal skin when they are given in the diet. This effect seems significant to studies of the biochemistry of collagen and of diseases of collagen, perhaps including the arthritides. The reduction of sts appears to be caused by diminution of collagen crosslinking. The effects of several such compounds were studied after intraperitoneal (ip) injection, in order to determine structure-activity relationships divorced from possible anorexic or gastrointestinal complications seen after oral dosing, and to examine the relation of ip dose to response. A cyclopentyl analog (II) of I was at least as active as I, showing that structural variants of I can be active when given ip. A dimethylthiazolidine (V) and a zinc chelate (III, rather toxic) of I were nearly as active as I, showing that probable in vivo precursors of I can be obtained that will be active when given ip. The disulfide of I and a zinc chelate of cysteine were inactive. Maximum response for several compounds seemed to occur at intermediate dose levels, with larger or smaller doses affording less sts reduction.", "contents": "Dose-response studies of penicillamine and related compounds in reducing skin--tensile strength of rats. Penicillamine (I) and certain related compounds are known to reduce the skin tensile strength (sts) of rat dorsal skin when they are given in the diet. This effect seems significant to studies of the biochemistry of collagen and of diseases of collagen, perhaps including the arthritides. The reduction of sts appears to be caused by diminution of collagen crosslinking. The effects of several such compounds were studied after intraperitoneal (ip) injection, in order to determine structure-activity relationships divorced from possible anorexic or gastrointestinal complications seen after oral dosing, and to examine the relation of ip dose to response. A cyclopentyl analog (II) of I was at least as active as I, showing that structural variants of I can be active when given ip. A dimethylthiazolidine (V) and a zinc chelate (III, rather toxic) of I were nearly as active as I, showing that probable in vivo precursors of I can be obtained that will be active when given ip. The disulfide of I and a zinc chelate of cysteine were inactive. Maximum response for several compounds seemed to occur at intermediate dose levels, with larger or smaller doses affording less sts reduction.", "PMID": 679400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3989", "title": "Effects of long-term turpentine inhalation on rat brain protein metabolism.", "content": "Chronic exposure of adult male rats to commercial turpentine resulted in an accumulation of the solvent in perinephric fat and brain. The body solvent content remained virtually stable during 8 weeks. Brain RNA content was below the control range initially and it increased to the control level at the 4th week of exposure. Serum non-specific cholinesterase activity was somewhat below the control range at the first and second week of exposure and it returned to the control level thereafter. The present data are in agreement with the small effects of turpentine exposure on human central nervous system in clinical follow-up studies.", "contents": "Effects of long-term turpentine inhalation on rat brain protein metabolism. Chronic exposure of adult male rats to commercial turpentine resulted in an accumulation of the solvent in perinephric fat and brain. The body solvent content remained virtually stable during 8 weeks. Brain RNA content was below the control range initially and it increased to the control level at the 4th week of exposure. Serum non-specific cholinesterase activity was somewhat below the control range at the first and second week of exposure and it returned to the control level thereafter. The present data are in agreement with the small effects of turpentine exposure on human central nervous system in clinical follow-up studies.", "PMID": 679401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3990", "title": "The preparation of dihydrodiols from 7-methylbenz[a]-anthracene.", "content": "The products formed when the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon 7-methylbenz[a] anthracene is oxidized with an ascorbic acid-ferrous sulphate mixture have been investigated. All 5 possible dihydrodiols were formed and the isolation of the 3 non-K-region dihydrodiols, trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[a]anthracene, trans-3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[a] anthracene and trans-8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[a] anthracene is described. The purification of the dihydrodiols was carried out by thin-layer (TLC) followed by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ultra-violet, spectral and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characteristics of the dihydrodiols are reported and the data used to assign the proposed structures. An explanation for the unusual preferred conformation which the 8,9-dihydrodiol adopts is advanced.", "contents": "The preparation of dihydrodiols from 7-methylbenz[a]-anthracene. The products formed when the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon 7-methylbenz[a] anthracene is oxidized with an ascorbic acid-ferrous sulphate mixture have been investigated. All 5 possible dihydrodiols were formed and the isolation of the 3 non-K-region dihydrodiols, trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[a]anthracene, trans-3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[a] anthracene and trans-8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[a] anthracene is described. The purification of the dihydrodiols was carried out by thin-layer (TLC) followed by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ultra-violet, spectral and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characteristics of the dihydrodiols are reported and the data used to assign the proposed structures. An explanation for the unusual preferred conformation which the 8,9-dihydrodiol adopts is advanced.", "PMID": 679402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3991", "title": "The metabolism of selenite by intact rat erythrocytes in vitro.", "content": "75Se-labeled selenite was used to study its metabolism by intact rat erythrocytes in vitro. Utilizing both N-ethylmaleimide and excess selenite to lower erythrocyte GSH concentrations it was shown that the uptake and subsequent metabolism of selenite was dependent upon GSH. The secondary release of Se by rat erythrocytes had no relation to the erythrocyte transport of GSSG. While fluoride depressed and chromate increased GSSG transport, chromate, a glutathione reductase inhibitor, decreased Se release. This was consistent with the concept that the release was secondary to a reaction catalyzed by gluthathione reductase. The similarity of the I50 values for chromates' irreversible inhibition of glutathione reductase and for the inhibition of Se release further suggested a relationship between these two events. These results supported the hypothesis that H2Se or a similar product of GSSeSG reduction by glutathione reductase was the final product of selenite metabolism by rat erythrocytes.", "contents": "The metabolism of selenite by intact rat erythrocytes in vitro. 75Se-labeled selenite was used to study its metabolism by intact rat erythrocytes in vitro. Utilizing both N-ethylmaleimide and excess selenite to lower erythrocyte GSH concentrations it was shown that the uptake and subsequent metabolism of selenite was dependent upon GSH. The secondary release of Se by rat erythrocytes had no relation to the erythrocyte transport of GSSG. While fluoride depressed and chromate increased GSSG transport, chromate, a glutathione reductase inhibitor, decreased Se release. This was consistent with the concept that the release was secondary to a reaction catalyzed by gluthathione reductase. The similarity of the I50 values for chromates' irreversible inhibition of glutathione reductase and for the inhibition of Se release further suggested a relationship between these two events. These results supported the hypothesis that H2Se or a similar product of GSSeSG reduction by glutathione reductase was the final product of selenite metabolism by rat erythrocytes.", "PMID": 679403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3992", "title": "[Distal termino-lateral spleno-renal anastomosis, using the Warren technic].", "content": "The authors describe 23 cases of distal splenorenal derivation after Warren. Of these patients, 17 received a complete followup clinical hematological and angiographic examination at an average remove of 10 months after surgery. The authors discuss their results and submit that the Warren operation, while really selcetive in most cases when performed, in the long run tends to shung rather too much blood away from the liver; in other words, the effectiveness of the shunt tends to exceed the intended drainage,which should be restricted to the gastro-esophageal vascular bed.", "contents": "[Distal termino-lateral spleno-renal anastomosis, using the Warren technic]. The authors describe 23 cases of distal splenorenal derivation after Warren. Of these patients, 17 received a complete followup clinical hematological and angiographic examination at an average remove of 10 months after surgery. The authors discuss their results and submit that the Warren operation, while really selcetive in most cases when performed, in the long run tends to shung rather too much blood away from the liver; in other words, the effectiveness of the shunt tends to exceed the intended drainage,which should be restricted to the gastro-esophageal vascular bed.", "PMID": 679406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3993", "title": "[Role of post-embolectomy anticoagulant therapy in the prevention of recurrences].", "content": "The authors review two homogenous groups of patients subjected to surgical embolectomy, one group receiving standard anticoagulant therapy before and after surgery, and the other not receiving that treatment regularly or at all. The results obtained in the two groups indicate that anticoagulant therapy plays a role of no mean order in the prevention of postoperative relapses.", "contents": "[Role of post-embolectomy anticoagulant therapy in the prevention of recurrences]. The authors review two homogenous groups of patients subjected to surgical embolectomy, one group receiving standard anticoagulant therapy before and after surgery, and the other not receiving that treatment regularly or at all. The results obtained in the two groups indicate that anticoagulant therapy plays a role of no mean order in the prevention of postoperative relapses.", "PMID": 679407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3994", "title": "[Anastomoses of the lower 3d of the esophagus].", "content": "In view of the larger number of operations on the bottom third of the oesophagus recently necessary in the destructive surgical therapy for tumours, the Authors re-examine 50 cases of oesophago-gastric and oesophago-jejunal anastomoses and stress the importance of accurate anastomoses, preferably single-layer in order to avoid early and delayed complications.", "contents": "[Anastomoses of the lower 3d of the esophagus]. In view of the larger number of operations on the bottom third of the oesophagus recently necessary in the destructive surgical therapy for tumours, the Authors re-examine 50 cases of oesophago-gastric and oesophago-jejunal anastomoses and stress the importance of accurate anastomoses, preferably single-layer in order to avoid early and delayed complications.", "PMID": 679408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3995", "title": "[Agenesis of the gallbladder. Presentation of a case].", "content": "The authors describe one case of agenesis of the gallbladder associated with papillary stenosis, dyskinesia of the extrahepatic bile ducts, and chronic appendicitis. They devote particular attention to the composition of hepatic bile and choledochal bile, which was investigated in detail after surgical exploration of the extrahepatic bile passages, transduodenal papillosphincterotomy, and appendectomy. They conclude that this rare congenital failure of organ development, in the long run, even a slight alteration of bile composition in the hepatic and/or choledochal segment of the biliary tract (the latter somewhat serving the purpose of the missing gallbladder) may invite calculosis of the common bile duct.", "contents": "[Agenesis of the gallbladder. Presentation of a case]. The authors describe one case of agenesis of the gallbladder associated with papillary stenosis, dyskinesia of the extrahepatic bile ducts, and chronic appendicitis. They devote particular attention to the composition of hepatic bile and choledochal bile, which was investigated in detail after surgical exploration of the extrahepatic bile passages, transduodenal papillosphincterotomy, and appendectomy. They conclude that this rare congenital failure of organ development, in the long run, even a slight alteration of bile composition in the hepatic and/or choledochal segment of the biliary tract (the latter somewhat serving the purpose of the missing gallbladder) may invite calculosis of the common bile duct.", "PMID": 679409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3996", "title": "[Neurinoma of the tongue].", "content": "The authors describe one case of neurinoma of the tongue, recently come to their observation, and offer a clinical and anatomopathological presentation of this heteroplasia. In the light of a careful search of existing literature they estimate the incidence of this tumor both versus neurinoma located elsewhere in the body versus pathological processes located in the tongue. In particular, they call attention to problems of differential diagnosis posed by neurinoma in clinical terms and in the pathologist's laboratory, in relation to other tumors and infectious processes observed in the tongue.", "contents": "[Neurinoma of the tongue]. The authors describe one case of neurinoma of the tongue, recently come to their observation, and offer a clinical and anatomopathological presentation of this heteroplasia. In the light of a careful search of existing literature they estimate the incidence of this tumor both versus neurinoma located elsewhere in the body versus pathological processes located in the tongue. In particular, they call attention to problems of differential diagnosis posed by neurinoma in clinical terms and in the pathologist's laboratory, in relation to other tumors and infectious processes observed in the tongue.", "PMID": 679410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3997", "title": "[Some practical diagnostic notes on severe jaundice].", "content": "The authors discuss duodenoscopy conduced with the help of a topical anesthetic plus systemic antispasmodic premedication for the differential diagnosis of severe jaundice, with or without catheterization of the papilla. From their first-hand experience with this method, the authors conclude that the procedure is remarkably useful and free of complications.", "contents": "[Some practical diagnostic notes on severe jaundice]. The authors discuss duodenoscopy conduced with the help of a topical anesthetic plus systemic antispasmodic premedication for the differential diagnosis of severe jaundice, with or without catheterization of the papilla. From their first-hand experience with this method, the authors conclude that the procedure is remarkably useful and free of complications.", "PMID": 679413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3998", "title": "[Splenectomy: indications and results].", "content": "The authors review their splenectomy records for the last ten years and discuss complications and mortality in relation to the indications for such surgery in each case. They conclude that both immediate and delayed postoperative mortality reflects mainly the underlying disease rather than surgical trauma; in their clinical material, complications were never severe and at any rate readily brought under control.", "contents": "[Splenectomy: indications and results]. The authors review their splenectomy records for the last ten years and discuss complications and mortality in relation to the indications for such surgery in each case. They conclude that both immediate and delayed postoperative mortality reflects mainly the underlying disease rather than surgical trauma; in their clinical material, complications were never severe and at any rate readily brought under control.", "PMID": 679414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_3999", "title": "[Use of blood and blood derivatives in surgical patients].", "content": "In view of the considerable therapeutic significance of blood transfusion in connection with major surgery and of the various problems involved, the author offers a discussion of the best ways to use whole blood and blood derivatives in the surgical patient. First he gives a synthetic outline of the pathophysiology of blood losses; then he sketches a set of guidelines to appropriate remedial treatment; and last, he discusses the risks and drawbacks associated with blood transfusion.", "contents": "[Use of blood and blood derivatives in surgical patients]. In view of the considerable therapeutic significance of blood transfusion in connection with major surgery and of the various problems involved, the author offers a discussion of the best ways to use whole blood and blood derivatives in the surgical patient. First he gives a synthetic outline of the pathophysiology of blood losses; then he sketches a set of guidelines to appropriate remedial treatment; and last, he discusses the risks and drawbacks associated with blood transfusion.", "PMID": 679416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4000", "title": "[A case of renal clear-cell carcinoma simulating a renal cyst. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations].", "content": "The authors describe one case of renal cyst with radiological evidence of psammoma-like calcifications. Explored surgically, and even though the liquid content was clear, this cyst revealed the presence of a light-cell carcinoma at the bottom of the cavity. One the strength of this finding, the authors recommend exploratory lumbotomy and opening of the cyst wall in such cases.", "contents": "[A case of renal clear-cell carcinoma simulating a renal cyst. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations]. The authors describe one case of renal cyst with radiological evidence of psammoma-like calcifications. Explored surgically, and even though the liquid content was clear, this cyst revealed the presence of a light-cell carcinoma at the bottom of the cavity. One the strength of this finding, the authors recommend exploratory lumbotomy and opening of the cyst wall in such cases.", "PMID": 679417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4001", "title": "Electrotonic interaction during canine ventricular repolarization.", "content": "Canine ventricular refractory periods were measured during test site drive, during drive of single ectopic sites, during fusion drive from two ectopic sites, and during fusion drive from an ectopic site and the test site. Refractory period duration was dependent on the driving modes employed. Refractory periods were 2.63 +/- 0.73%, 3.42 +/- 0.87%, 3.54 +/- 100%, and 4.68 +/- 1.36% (mean +/- SD) shorter during drive of single ectopic sites 2, 4, 6, and 40-60 mm, respectively, from the test site than during test site drive. During fusion drive from two ectopic sites, refractory periods were an average of 2.44 +/- 1.04 msec (mean +/- SD) less than during drive from a single ectopic site (P less than 0.005). When fusion of activation, induced by ectopic and test site drive, was located within 4 mm or less of the test site, refractory periods during fusion drive were also significantly shorter than during test site drive (P less than 0.05). Refractory periods were as much as 10 msec shorter when fusion occurred within 1 mm of the test site than their durations during test site drive. The differences in refractory periods measured during various driving modes were most likely due to electrotonic interactions during ventricular repolarization and are explicable on the basis of the intracellular distribution of potentials to be expected with each driving mode.", "contents": "Electrotonic interaction during canine ventricular repolarization. Canine ventricular refractory periods were measured during test site drive, during drive of single ectopic sites, during fusion drive from two ectopic sites, and during fusion drive from an ectopic site and the test site. Refractory period duration was dependent on the driving modes employed. Refractory periods were 2.63 +/- 0.73%, 3.42 +/- 0.87%, 3.54 +/- 100%, and 4.68 +/- 1.36% (mean +/- SD) shorter during drive of single ectopic sites 2, 4, 6, and 40-60 mm, respectively, from the test site than during test site drive. During fusion drive from two ectopic sites, refractory periods were an average of 2.44 +/- 1.04 msec (mean +/- SD) less than during drive from a single ectopic site (P less than 0.005). When fusion of activation, induced by ectopic and test site drive, was located within 4 mm or less of the test site, refractory periods during fusion drive were also significantly shorter than during test site drive (P less than 0.05). Refractory periods were as much as 10 msec shorter when fusion occurred within 1 mm of the test site than their durations during test site drive. The differences in refractory periods measured during various driving modes were most likely due to electrotonic interactions during ventricular repolarization and are explicable on the basis of the intracellular distribution of potentials to be expected with each driving mode.", "PMID": 679418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4002", "title": "Diet and sire effects on serum cholesterol and cholesterol absorption in infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus).", "content": "One hundred three baboon infants, the progeny of an equal number of dams and seven sires, were breast fed or were fed prepared formulas containing 1.2, 29, or 61 mg/dl cholesterol for 14 weeks. We measured serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations at birth and at 3-week intervals, and cholesterol absorption at 12 weeks. Dietary cholesterol had a significant effect on serum cholesterol concentration at 12 weeks and on cholesterol absorption, but did not affect weight or serum triglyceride concentration. Sire had a significant effect on serum cholesterol concentration at birth and at 12 weeks, but the effect at birth did not predict the effect at 12 weeks. Sire did not affect cholesterol absorption, serum triglyceride concentration, or weight at 12 weeks. The sire effect on serum cholesterol concentration in infancy is not mediated by control of cholesterol absorption. Males weighed more than females at 12 weeks, but sex did not affect serum cholesterol concentration, triglyceride concentration, or cholesterol absorption.", "contents": "Diet and sire effects on serum cholesterol and cholesterol absorption in infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus). One hundred three baboon infants, the progeny of an equal number of dams and seven sires, were breast fed or were fed prepared formulas containing 1.2, 29, or 61 mg/dl cholesterol for 14 weeks. We measured serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations at birth and at 3-week intervals, and cholesterol absorption at 12 weeks. Dietary cholesterol had a significant effect on serum cholesterol concentration at 12 weeks and on cholesterol absorption, but did not affect weight or serum triglyceride concentration. Sire had a significant effect on serum cholesterol concentration at birth and at 12 weeks, but the effect at birth did not predict the effect at 12 weeks. Sire did not affect cholesterol absorption, serum triglyceride concentration, or weight at 12 weeks. The sire effect on serum cholesterol concentration in infancy is not mediated by control of cholesterol absorption. Males weighed more than females at 12 weeks, but sex did not affect serum cholesterol concentration, triglyceride concentration, or cholesterol absorption.", "PMID": 679419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4003", "title": "Effects of nifedipine on myocardial perfusion and ischemic injury in dogs.", "content": "To determine whether nifedipine, a calcium antagonist, protects ischemic myocardium, conscious dogs were subjected to coronary occlusion and given nifedipine by intravenous infusion beginning 30 minutes after the onset of ischemia and lasting for 24 hours while systemic arterial pressure, left atrial pressure, and cardiac output were monitored. Local myocardial perfusion at selected intervals after coronary occlusion was assessed with radioactive microspheres injected into the left atrium. In regions of myocardium exhibiting moderately depressed flow 29 minutes after occlusion in control dogs (n = 8), flow was significantly greater 3 and 23.5 hours later, reflecting increases in collateral perfusion. Corresponding zones of myocardium in treated dogs (n = 9) exhibited significantly greater increases in flow at each interval after occlusion (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, myocardial creatine kinase depletion (which correlated well with morphometric estimates of necrosis) in myocardium matched for ischemia prior to treatment was 1.5 to 3 times less in treated than in control dogs (P less than 0.05). Thus, nifedipine produced sustained increases in collateral flow and reduced myocardial ischemic injury.", "contents": "Effects of nifedipine on myocardial perfusion and ischemic injury in dogs. To determine whether nifedipine, a calcium antagonist, protects ischemic myocardium, conscious dogs were subjected to coronary occlusion and given nifedipine by intravenous infusion beginning 30 minutes after the onset of ischemia and lasting for 24 hours while systemic arterial pressure, left atrial pressure, and cardiac output were monitored. Local myocardial perfusion at selected intervals after coronary occlusion was assessed with radioactive microspheres injected into the left atrium. In regions of myocardium exhibiting moderately depressed flow 29 minutes after occlusion in control dogs (n = 8), flow was significantly greater 3 and 23.5 hours later, reflecting increases in collateral perfusion. Corresponding zones of myocardium in treated dogs (n = 9) exhibited significantly greater increases in flow at each interval after occlusion (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, myocardial creatine kinase depletion (which correlated well with morphometric estimates of necrosis) in myocardium matched for ischemia prior to treatment was 1.5 to 3 times less in treated than in control dogs (P less than 0.05). Thus, nifedipine produced sustained increases in collateral flow and reduced myocardial ischemic injury.", "PMID": 679420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4004", "title": "Adenosine production in the ischemic kidney.", "content": "We conducted experiments to determine (1) tissue, blood, and urine levels of adenosine produced by the ischemic kidney under conditions of renal artery occlusion, and (2) the site(s) of production and release of adenosine by the kidney. Concentrations of adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine in the dog urine were found to increase after 2 minutes of renal artery occlusion as were concentrations of these metabolites in renal tissue after 10 minutes of renal artery occlusion. Renal venous plasma levels of inosine and hypoxanthine also were elevated after 3 minutes of arterial occlusion. In modified stop-flow experiments, adenosine appeared in the urine in a peak that corresponded most closely with proximal tubule fluid. 5'-Nucleotidase, the enzyme which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 5'-AMP or 5'-IMP to adenosine or inosine, respectively, was found to be located primarily on the external membranes and mitochondria of proximal tubule cells, but not in distal tubule or collecting duct cells. Since adenosine has been demonstrated to elicit renal vasoconstriction and is produced by the ischemic kidney, it is suggested that adenosine may be involved in the mediation of postocclusion renal ischemia.", "contents": "Adenosine production in the ischemic kidney. We conducted experiments to determine (1) tissue, blood, and urine levels of adenosine produced by the ischemic kidney under conditions of renal artery occlusion, and (2) the site(s) of production and release of adenosine by the kidney. Concentrations of adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine in the dog urine were found to increase after 2 minutes of renal artery occlusion as were concentrations of these metabolites in renal tissue after 10 minutes of renal artery occlusion. Renal venous plasma levels of inosine and hypoxanthine also were elevated after 3 minutes of arterial occlusion. In modified stop-flow experiments, adenosine appeared in the urine in a peak that corresponded most closely with proximal tubule fluid. 5'-Nucleotidase, the enzyme which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 5'-AMP or 5'-IMP to adenosine or inosine, respectively, was found to be located primarily on the external membranes and mitochondria of proximal tubule cells, but not in distal tubule or collecting duct cells. Since adenosine has been demonstrated to elicit renal vasoconstriction and is produced by the ischemic kidney, it is suggested that adenosine may be involved in the mediation of postocclusion renal ischemia.", "PMID": 679422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4005", "title": "Surface reflections of cardiac excitation and the assessment of infarct volume in dogs. A comparison of methods.", "content": "Ventricular depolarization was analyzed in intact dogs by simultaneously recording body surface potential maps, McFee axial vectorcardiograms, and a 5 X 4 lead precordial grid of QRS complexes. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of subtraction approaches, using the simultaneously acquired data. The totally closed chest approach avoided the problem of volume conductor alteration by thoracotomy. Infarct volume was calculated morphologically from measurements of serial ventricular sections. The maximal correlation with anatomic infarct size using the precordial QRS grid approach was 0.51, using cumulative difference data between 1 and 38 msec when the postinfarction grid was substracted from the preinfarction grid. A correlation coefficient of 0.80 was achieved using the numerically integrated data between 1 and 31 msec from the vectorcardiogram, and the body surface potential map achieved a correlation coefficient above 0.88 when the electrical difference of msec 16 was used. These data suggest that estimates of infarct size from selected surface reflections of the activation process are feasible if some sort of preinfarction control data are available. Caution must be exercised to avoid inclusion of electrical effects late in the activation process which contain contamination by highly variable alterations in the excitation sequence due to delayed conduction or alteration in conduction pathway in or near the infarct zone.", "contents": "Surface reflections of cardiac excitation and the assessment of infarct volume in dogs. A comparison of methods. Ventricular depolarization was analyzed in intact dogs by simultaneously recording body surface potential maps, McFee axial vectorcardiograms, and a 5 X 4 lead precordial grid of QRS complexes. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of subtraction approaches, using the simultaneously acquired data. The totally closed chest approach avoided the problem of volume conductor alteration by thoracotomy. Infarct volume was calculated morphologically from measurements of serial ventricular sections. The maximal correlation with anatomic infarct size using the precordial QRS grid approach was 0.51, using cumulative difference data between 1 and 38 msec when the postinfarction grid was substracted from the preinfarction grid. A correlation coefficient of 0.80 was achieved using the numerically integrated data between 1 and 31 msec from the vectorcardiogram, and the body surface potential map achieved a correlation coefficient above 0.88 when the electrical difference of msec 16 was used. These data suggest that estimates of infarct size from selected surface reflections of the activation process are feasible if some sort of preinfarction control data are available. Caution must be exercised to avoid inclusion of electrical effects late in the activation process which contain contamination by highly variable alterations in the excitation sequence due to delayed conduction or alteration in conduction pathway in or near the infarct zone.", "PMID": 679423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4006", "title": "Effects of a cardiac glycoside on regional function, blood flow, and electrograms in conscious dogs with myocardial ischemia.", "content": "We studied the effects of coronary occlusion and of subsequent ouabain administration on regional myocardial function, flow, and electrograms in 14 conscious dogs. Coronary occlusion resulted in a graded loss of regional function as reflected by measurements of segment length (SL), velocity of SL shortening and myocardial \"work\" from the normal to severely ischemic zones, along with graded flow (radioactive microsphere technique) reductions and graded elevation of the regional S-T segment. Ouabain, 20 microgram/kg, improved function in the normal zone, in which stroke shortening rose by 0.23 +/- 0.07 mm (mean +/- SE) and \"work\" rose by 30.2 +/- 9.5 mm Hg-mm. In moderately ischemic segments, stroke shortening rose by 0.60 +/- 0.05 mm and \"work\" rose by 58.1 +/- 6.1 mm Hg-mm. In the majority of severely ischemic segments, stroke shortening and \"work\" also increased; the average effect in all severely ischemic segments was an increase in stroke shortening of 0.35 +/- 0.10 mm and in \"work\" of 31.5 +/- 9.9 mm Hg-mm. In addition, ouabain reduced S-T elevation by 0.90 +/- 0.20 mV in moderately ischemic zones and by 3.14 +/- 0.35 mV in severely ischemic zones, and increased flow by 28 +/- 6% and 46 +/- 9% in moderately and severely ischemic zones, respectively. All these changes were significant, P less than 0.01. Thus, ouabain caused an improvement in perfusion of ischemic tissue, which was associated with significant enhancement of stroke shortening and \"work.\" Most strikingly, ouabain returned normal systolic shortening to 10 severely ischemic segments which previously were akinetic.", "contents": "Effects of a cardiac glycoside on regional function, blood flow, and electrograms in conscious dogs with myocardial ischemia. We studied the effects of coronary occlusion and of subsequent ouabain administration on regional myocardial function, flow, and electrograms in 14 conscious dogs. Coronary occlusion resulted in a graded loss of regional function as reflected by measurements of segment length (SL), velocity of SL shortening and myocardial \"work\" from the normal to severely ischemic zones, along with graded flow (radioactive microsphere technique) reductions and graded elevation of the regional S-T segment. Ouabain, 20 microgram/kg, improved function in the normal zone, in which stroke shortening rose by 0.23 +/- 0.07 mm (mean +/- SE) and \"work\" rose by 30.2 +/- 9.5 mm Hg-mm. In moderately ischemic segments, stroke shortening rose by 0.60 +/- 0.05 mm and \"work\" rose by 58.1 +/- 6.1 mm Hg-mm. In the majority of severely ischemic segments, stroke shortening and \"work\" also increased; the average effect in all severely ischemic segments was an increase in stroke shortening of 0.35 +/- 0.10 mm and in \"work\" of 31.5 +/- 9.9 mm Hg-mm. In addition, ouabain reduced S-T elevation by 0.90 +/- 0.20 mV in moderately ischemic zones and by 3.14 +/- 0.35 mV in severely ischemic zones, and increased flow by 28 +/- 6% and 46 +/- 9% in moderately and severely ischemic zones, respectively. All these changes were significant, P less than 0.01. Thus, ouabain caused an improvement in perfusion of ischemic tissue, which was associated with significant enhancement of stroke shortening and \"work.\" Most strikingly, ouabain returned normal systolic shortening to 10 severely ischemic segments which previously were akinetic.", "PMID": 679424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4007", "title": "The effects of agents that bind to cytochrome P-450 on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.", "content": "The relationship between pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) and blood (Q) was determined during normoxia and hypoxia in ventilated pig lungs perfused in situ with the animal's own blood. Hypoxia shifted the Ppa-Q relationship to the right and decreased its slope, indicating pulmonary vasoconstriction. Carbon monoxide (11.5% in the inspired gas) and metyrapone ditartrate (10 mg/min into the perfusate) caused vasodilation when oxygenation was normal and reduced the vasoconstriction caused by hypoxia. Since the only pharmacological property CO and metyrapone are thought to have in common at the concentrations employed is the ability to bind to the heme iron of cytochrome P-450, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that desaturation of this cytochrome leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction. Prostaglandin F2alpha, infused into the pulmonary artery at 0.01 mg/min, when oxygenation was normal, had effects on the Ppa-Q relationship similar to those of hypoxia. The F2alpha response was also reduced by CO and metyrapone, suggesting either that P-450 was involved in the F2alpha response or that CO and metyrapone were toxic to pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. Proadifen hydrochloride (1 mg/min), which is thought to bind to the protein moiety of P-450 also reduced the hypoxic response, but was a vasoconstrictor during normoxia and did not affect the F2alpha response.", "contents": "The effects of agents that bind to cytochrome P-450 on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. The relationship between pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) and blood (Q) was determined during normoxia and hypoxia in ventilated pig lungs perfused in situ with the animal's own blood. Hypoxia shifted the Ppa-Q relationship to the right and decreased its slope, indicating pulmonary vasoconstriction. Carbon monoxide (11.5% in the inspired gas) and metyrapone ditartrate (10 mg/min into the perfusate) caused vasodilation when oxygenation was normal and reduced the vasoconstriction caused by hypoxia. Since the only pharmacological property CO and metyrapone are thought to have in common at the concentrations employed is the ability to bind to the heme iron of cytochrome P-450, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that desaturation of this cytochrome leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction. Prostaglandin F2alpha, infused into the pulmonary artery at 0.01 mg/min, when oxygenation was normal, had effects on the Ppa-Q relationship similar to those of hypoxia. The F2alpha response was also reduced by CO and metyrapone, suggesting either that P-450 was involved in the F2alpha response or that CO and metyrapone were toxic to pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. Proadifen hydrochloride (1 mg/min), which is thought to bind to the protein moiety of P-450 also reduced the hypoxic response, but was a vasoconstrictor during normoxia and did not affect the F2alpha response.", "PMID": 679425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4008", "title": "Pressor responses to norepinephrine in rabbits with 3-day and 30-day renal artery stenosis. The role of angiotensin II.", "content": "Pressor responses to norepinephrine (NE) infusions were examined in normal rabbits, in rabbits with renal artery stenosis of over 30 days' duration (chronic renal hypertensive rabbits), and in rabbits with renal artery stenosis of 3 days' duration (3-day clipped rabbits). The 3-day clipped rabbits did not have hypertension, but they showed the same increased pressor responses to NE as did the chronic renal hypertensive rabbits, which was about 2.5 times that of the normal rabbits. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was the same in the 3-day clipped rabbits as in the normal group, but in the chronic renal hypertensive rabbits the PRA was significantly below normal. Infusions of angiotensin II (A II) in either subpressor or pressor amounts potentiated the pressor responses to NE in normal rabbits, whereas, in 3-day clipped rabbits and chronic renal hypertensive rabbits, A II in subpressor or pressor doses did not alter the pressor responses to NE. Infusion of the A II antagonist, [1-sarcosine, 8-isoleucine]angiotensin II, did not alter the pressor responses of normal rabbits to NE, but this A II analogue completely abolished the pressor hyperresponsiveness to NE in the 3-day clipped rabbits and greatly reduced the NE hyperresponsiveness in the chronic renal hypertensive rabbits; this A II antagonist did not alter the control arterial pressure in any of the three groups of rabbits. These studies show that the increased pressor response to NE in rabbits with renal artery stenosis occurs before the onset of hypertension and thus is not merely a result of the hypertension. Also, these results provide evidence that A II plays an important role in the increased pressor responses to NE in hypertensive and prehypertensive rabbits.", "contents": "Pressor responses to norepinephrine in rabbits with 3-day and 30-day renal artery stenosis. The role of angiotensin II. Pressor responses to norepinephrine (NE) infusions were examined in normal rabbits, in rabbits with renal artery stenosis of over 30 days' duration (chronic renal hypertensive rabbits), and in rabbits with renal artery stenosis of 3 days' duration (3-day clipped rabbits). The 3-day clipped rabbits did not have hypertension, but they showed the same increased pressor responses to NE as did the chronic renal hypertensive rabbits, which was about 2.5 times that of the normal rabbits. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was the same in the 3-day clipped rabbits as in the normal group, but in the chronic renal hypertensive rabbits the PRA was significantly below normal. Infusions of angiotensin II (A II) in either subpressor or pressor amounts potentiated the pressor responses to NE in normal rabbits, whereas, in 3-day clipped rabbits and chronic renal hypertensive rabbits, A II in subpressor or pressor doses did not alter the pressor responses to NE. Infusion of the A II antagonist, [1-sarcosine, 8-isoleucine]angiotensin II, did not alter the pressor responses of normal rabbits to NE, but this A II analogue completely abolished the pressor hyperresponsiveness to NE in the 3-day clipped rabbits and greatly reduced the NE hyperresponsiveness in the chronic renal hypertensive rabbits; this A II antagonist did not alter the control arterial pressure in any of the three groups of rabbits. These studies show that the increased pressor response to NE in rabbits with renal artery stenosis occurs before the onset of hypertension and thus is not merely a result of the hypertension. Also, these results provide evidence that A II plays an important role in the increased pressor responses to NE in hypertensive and prehypertensive rabbits.", "PMID": 679426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4009", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin augments the renal vasodilator response to bradykinin in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "It has been proposed that the increase in renal blood flow (RBF) produced by bradykinin (BK) is mediated or amplified by the intrarenal generation of prostaglandins. The present investigation was designed to explore these relationships further. In anesthetized dogs, the renal arterial infusion of BK (100 ng/kg per min), prior to the intravenous administration of indomethacin, produced a 93 +/- 14% increase in RBF and an increase in the renal venous concentration of a prostaglandin E-like substance (\"PGE\") from 51 +/- 23 to 235 +/- 73 pg/ml as determined by bioassay. Following indomethacin (5 mg/kg), the same dose of BK produced a 151 +/- 18% increase in RBF (P less than 0.001 compared to the preindomethacin increase) and the concentration of \"PGE\" remained largely below the threshold of sensitivity of the bioassay system. In three experiments, a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay technique was used to obtain better quantitative estimates of concentrations of E2-like (\"PGE2\") and F2alpha-like (\"PGF2alpha\") substances so that determinations of renal efflux could be made. Thus, prior to indomethacin, BK administration increased RBF by 142 +/- 39 ml/min and was associated with a 26-fold increase in renal efflux of \"PGE2\" and a 12-fold increase in \"PGF2alpha.\" After indomethacin, the effluxes of both \"PGE2\" and \"PGF2alpha\" decreased to negligible levels and were not influenced by BK infusion, although RBF increased by 225 +/- 75 ml/min. These results are not compatible with the hypothesis that intrarenal prostaglandins mediate or amplify the renal vasodilator response to BK.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin augments the renal vasodilator response to bradykinin in the anesthetized dog. It has been proposed that the increase in renal blood flow (RBF) produced by bradykinin (BK) is mediated or amplified by the intrarenal generation of prostaglandins. The present investigation was designed to explore these relationships further. In anesthetized dogs, the renal arterial infusion of BK (100 ng/kg per min), prior to the intravenous administration of indomethacin, produced a 93 +/- 14% increase in RBF and an increase in the renal venous concentration of a prostaglandin E-like substance (\"PGE\") from 51 +/- 23 to 235 +/- 73 pg/ml as determined by bioassay. Following indomethacin (5 mg/kg), the same dose of BK produced a 151 +/- 18% increase in RBF (P less than 0.001 compared to the preindomethacin increase) and the concentration of \"PGE\" remained largely below the threshold of sensitivity of the bioassay system. In three experiments, a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay technique was used to obtain better quantitative estimates of concentrations of E2-like (\"PGE2\") and F2alpha-like (\"PGF2alpha\") substances so that determinations of renal efflux could be made. Thus, prior to indomethacin, BK administration increased RBF by 142 +/- 39 ml/min and was associated with a 26-fold increase in renal efflux of \"PGE2\" and a 12-fold increase in \"PGF2alpha.\" After indomethacin, the effluxes of both \"PGE2\" and \"PGF2alpha\" decreased to negligible levels and were not influenced by BK infusion, although RBF increased by 225 +/- 75 ml/min. These results are not compatible with the hypothesis that intrarenal prostaglandins mediate or amplify the renal vasodilator response to BK.", "PMID": 679427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4010", "title": "Actions of lidocaine on transmembrane potentials of subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving in infarcted canine hearts.", "content": "We compared the effects of lidocaine, 2 X 10(-5) M, on transmembrane resting and action potentials of Purkinje fibers on the endocardial surface of 24- to 72-hour-old myocardial infarcts in dogs with its actions and subendocardial Purkinje fibers in normal hearts. At both proximal (near the tip of the papillary muscle) and distal (toward the apex) recording sites in noninfarcted hearts, lidocaine had no significant effect on maximum diastolic potential (MDP) or Vmax. It shortened action potential duration (APD) only at the proximal site. In infarcted hearts, we arbitrarily divided Purkinje fibers at the infarcted distal site into two groups. Group I consisted of fibers which did not have a severely depressed MDP or Vmax but in which APD was markedly prolonged. Lidocaine had no effect on MDP of these fibers, significantly depressed Vmax, and shortened APD. Group II consisted of fibers in which MDP and Vmax were markedly reduced. Lidocaine also reduced Vmax of these fibers further (by 60%) without altering resting potential. In addition, lidocaine depressed pacemaker activity of Purkinje fibers in infarcts. The drug did not alter conduction of premature impulses in the subendocardial Purkinje network in normal hearts but increased the maximum delay of early premature impulses in Purkinje fibers in infarcted hearts and sometimes resulted in nondriven repetitive activity. Therefore, the effects of lidocaine on transmembrane potentials of Purkinje fibers in infarcts are different from its effects on fibers in normal hearts.", "contents": "Actions of lidocaine on transmembrane potentials of subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving in infarcted canine hearts. We compared the effects of lidocaine, 2 X 10(-5) M, on transmembrane resting and action potentials of Purkinje fibers on the endocardial surface of 24- to 72-hour-old myocardial infarcts in dogs with its actions and subendocardial Purkinje fibers in normal hearts. At both proximal (near the tip of the papillary muscle) and distal (toward the apex) recording sites in noninfarcted hearts, lidocaine had no significant effect on maximum diastolic potential (MDP) or Vmax. It shortened action potential duration (APD) only at the proximal site. In infarcted hearts, we arbitrarily divided Purkinje fibers at the infarcted distal site into two groups. Group I consisted of fibers which did not have a severely depressed MDP or Vmax but in which APD was markedly prolonged. Lidocaine had no effect on MDP of these fibers, significantly depressed Vmax, and shortened APD. Group II consisted of fibers in which MDP and Vmax were markedly reduced. Lidocaine also reduced Vmax of these fibers further (by 60%) without altering resting potential. In addition, lidocaine depressed pacemaker activity of Purkinje fibers in infarcts. The drug did not alter conduction of premature impulses in the subendocardial Purkinje network in normal hearts but increased the maximum delay of early premature impulses in Purkinje fibers in infarcted hearts and sometimes resulted in nondriven repetitive activity. Therefore, the effects of lidocaine on transmembrane potentials of Purkinje fibers in infarcts are different from its effects on fibers in normal hearts.", "PMID": 679429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4011", "title": "Limitations of routine long-term electrocardiographic monitoring to assess ventricular ectopic frequency.", "content": "Variations in the frequency of ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs) were evaluated with three consecutive 24-hour long-term electrocardiography monitor recordings from 15 clinically stable patients with various cardiac disorders. Mean hourly VPD frequencies ranged from 37--1,801 per hour. Data were subjected to 4 and 5 factor nested analyses of variance. The extent of spontaneous variation in arrhythmia frequency that occurred in individual patients from day to day was 23%, between 8-hour periods within days was 29%, and from hour to hour was 48%. In addition, the variability between repeated three-day monitoring periods over time was quantified in five patients and found to be 37%. This analysis determined that to distinguish a reduction in VPD frequency attributable to therapeutic intervention rather than biologic or spontaneous variation alone required a greater than 83% reduction in VPD frequency if only two-24-hour monitoring periods were compared, and greater than 65% reduction if two 72-hour periods were compared. The limitations of routine 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring must be considered in diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making.", "contents": "Limitations of routine long-term electrocardiographic monitoring to assess ventricular ectopic frequency. Variations in the frequency of ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs) were evaluated with three consecutive 24-hour long-term electrocardiography monitor recordings from 15 clinically stable patients with various cardiac disorders. Mean hourly VPD frequencies ranged from 37--1,801 per hour. Data were subjected to 4 and 5 factor nested analyses of variance. The extent of spontaneous variation in arrhythmia frequency that occurred in individual patients from day to day was 23%, between 8-hour periods within days was 29%, and from hour to hour was 48%. In addition, the variability between repeated three-day monitoring periods over time was quantified in five patients and found to be 37%. This analysis determined that to distinguish a reduction in VPD frequency attributable to therapeutic intervention rather than biologic or spontaneous variation alone required a greater than 83% reduction in VPD frequency if only two-24-hour monitoring periods were compared, and greater than 65% reduction if two 72-hour periods were compared. The limitations of routine 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring must be considered in diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making.", "PMID": 679430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4012", "title": "Effects of self-induced starvation on cardiac size and function in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Cardiac size, function and rhythm were examined in 11 patients with anorexia nervosa. Mean left ventricular, left atrial and aortic dimensions on echocardiogram were below normal adult values at baseline. In addition to decreased cardiac dimensions--ventricular ectopy, relative hypotension, bradycardia and blunted heart rate--response to exercise were noted. Left ventricular systolic function, however, was unimpaired as indicated by normal echocardiographic fractional shortening, and by normal exercise augmentation of ejection fraction determined by radionuclide cineangiography. Eight of the patients responded to treatment with a mean weight gain of 32%. In these eight, cardiac dimensions increased toward normal: left ventricular dimension increased by 13%; left atrial dimension by 20%; aortic dimension by 15% and estimated left ventricular mass by 20%. We conclude that abnormalities of heart size and rhythm occur in patients with anorexia nervosa. However, cardiac dimensions, including left ventricular mass, may increase following nutritional rehabilitation, accompanied by an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.", "contents": "Effects of self-induced starvation on cardiac size and function in anorexia nervosa. Cardiac size, function and rhythm were examined in 11 patients with anorexia nervosa. Mean left ventricular, left atrial and aortic dimensions on echocardiogram were below normal adult values at baseline. In addition to decreased cardiac dimensions--ventricular ectopy, relative hypotension, bradycardia and blunted heart rate--response to exercise were noted. Left ventricular systolic function, however, was unimpaired as indicated by normal echocardiographic fractional shortening, and by normal exercise augmentation of ejection fraction determined by radionuclide cineangiography. Eight of the patients responded to treatment with a mean weight gain of 32%. In these eight, cardiac dimensions increased toward normal: left ventricular dimension increased by 13%; left atrial dimension by 20%; aortic dimension by 15% and estimated left ventricular mass by 20%. We conclude that abnormalities of heart size and rhythm occur in patients with anorexia nervosa. However, cardiac dimensions, including left ventricular mass, may increase following nutritional rehabilitation, accompanied by an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.", "PMID": 679432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4013", "title": "Aortic input impedance in heart failure.", "content": "The input impedance of the systemic circulation was calculated from recordings of pulsatile pressure and flow in the ascending aorta of 20 patients. Ten patients had clinical and hemodynamic evidence of heart failure. The other 10 subjects had no clinical evidence of heart failure and were used as a control group. In the heart failure patients, both input resistance and characteristic impedance (index of aortic distensibility) were significantly increased compared to pressure- and age-matched control subjects. Oscillations of impedance moduli, represented by the difference between maximum and minimum moduli, were also significantly increased in the heart failure patients compared with the control subjects. The increased characteristic input impedance in these heart failure patients suggests that the human aorta is stiffer in heart failure, and the larger oscillations in the impedance spectrum indicate an increase in pressure and flow wave reflections. From reflected wave theory in elastic tubes, reflected pressure waves add to the amplitude of incident pressure waves at the entrance of the system, whereas reflected flow waves subtract from the magnitude of the forward flow. Thus, changes in aortic distensibility could have an important influence on the pulsatile function of the failing left ventricle.", "contents": "Aortic input impedance in heart failure. The input impedance of the systemic circulation was calculated from recordings of pulsatile pressure and flow in the ascending aorta of 20 patients. Ten patients had clinical and hemodynamic evidence of heart failure. The other 10 subjects had no clinical evidence of heart failure and were used as a control group. In the heart failure patients, both input resistance and characteristic impedance (index of aortic distensibility) were significantly increased compared to pressure- and age-matched control subjects. Oscillations of impedance moduli, represented by the difference between maximum and minimum moduli, were also significantly increased in the heart failure patients compared with the control subjects. The increased characteristic input impedance in these heart failure patients suggests that the human aorta is stiffer in heart failure, and the larger oscillations in the impedance spectrum indicate an increase in pressure and flow wave reflections. From reflected wave theory in elastic tubes, reflected pressure waves add to the amplitude of incident pressure waves at the entrance of the system, whereas reflected flow waves subtract from the magnitude of the forward flow. Thus, changes in aortic distensibility could have an important influence on the pulsatile function of the failing left ventricle.", "PMID": 679436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4014", "title": "Comparative systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine in patients with cardiomyopathic heart failure.", "content": "Thirteen patients with severe cardiac failure underwent a single crossover study of dopamine and dobutamine in order to compare the systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of the two drugs. The dose-response data demonstrated that dobutamine (2.5--10 microgram/kg/min) progressively and predictably increases cardiac output by increasing stroke volume, while simultaneously decreasing systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. There was no change in heart rate or premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)/min at this dose range. Dopamine (2--8 microgram/kg/min) increased the stroke volume and cardiac output at 4 microgram/kg/min. Dopamine at less than 4 microgram/kg/min provided little additional increase in cardiac output and increased the pulmonary wedge pressure and the number of PVCs/min. At greater than 6 microgram/kg/min, dopamine increased heart rate. During the 24-hour maintenance-dose infusion of each drug (dopamine 3.7--4, dobutamine 7.3--7.7 microgram/kg/min), only dobutamine maintained a significant increase of stroke volume, cardiac output, urine flow, urine sodium concentration, creatinine clearance and peripheral blood flow. Renal and hepatic blood flow were not signfiicantly altered by the maintenance dose of either drug. Systemic and regional hemodynamic data suggest that dobutamine has many advantages over dopamine when infused in patients with cardiac failure.", "contents": "Comparative systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine in patients with cardiomyopathic heart failure. Thirteen patients with severe cardiac failure underwent a single crossover study of dopamine and dobutamine in order to compare the systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of the two drugs. The dose-response data demonstrated that dobutamine (2.5--10 microgram/kg/min) progressively and predictably increases cardiac output by increasing stroke volume, while simultaneously decreasing systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. There was no change in heart rate or premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)/min at this dose range. Dopamine (2--8 microgram/kg/min) increased the stroke volume and cardiac output at 4 microgram/kg/min. Dopamine at less than 4 microgram/kg/min provided little additional increase in cardiac output and increased the pulmonary wedge pressure and the number of PVCs/min. At greater than 6 microgram/kg/min, dopamine increased heart rate. During the 24-hour maintenance-dose infusion of each drug (dopamine 3.7--4, dobutamine 7.3--7.7 microgram/kg/min), only dobutamine maintained a significant increase of stroke volume, cardiac output, urine flow, urine sodium concentration, creatinine clearance and peripheral blood flow. Renal and hepatic blood flow were not signfiicantly altered by the maintenance dose of either drug. Systemic and regional hemodynamic data suggest that dobutamine has many advantages over dopamine when infused in patients with cardiac failure.", "PMID": 679437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4015", "title": "The effect of free fatty acids on myocardial oxygen consumption during atrial pacing and catecholamine infusion in man.", "content": "The effect of myocardial uptake of free fatty acids (FFAu) on myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) in relation to increased heart rate and inotropic stimulation was determined in patients with coronary artery disease. Submaximal atrial pacing and isoproterenol stimulation increased MVO2 by 66% and 142%, respectively, at similar heart rates. Inhibition of lipolysis with beta-pyridyl carbinol almost abolished FFAu and reduced MVO2 significantly. Increased heart rate contributed 47% and FFAu 50% of the raised MVO2 attributed to inotropic stimulation was 30%. Augmentation of FFAu by triglyceride/heparin infusion increased MVO2 significantly above control levels, both during pacing and isoproterenol infusion. We conclude that MVO2 is closely correlated to FFAu, catecholamines sensitize the heart to FFA, and increased FFAu account for a major part of the increased MVO2 during catecholamine stimulation. The importance of reducing heart rate and lipolysis to reduce myocardial oxygen requirements is emphasized.", "contents": "The effect of free fatty acids on myocardial oxygen consumption during atrial pacing and catecholamine infusion in man. The effect of myocardial uptake of free fatty acids (FFAu) on myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) in relation to increased heart rate and inotropic stimulation was determined in patients with coronary artery disease. Submaximal atrial pacing and isoproterenol stimulation increased MVO2 by 66% and 142%, respectively, at similar heart rates. Inhibition of lipolysis with beta-pyridyl carbinol almost abolished FFAu and reduced MVO2 significantly. Increased heart rate contributed 47% and FFAu 50% of the raised MVO2 attributed to inotropic stimulation was 30%. Augmentation of FFAu by triglyceride/heparin infusion increased MVO2 significantly above control levels, both during pacing and isoproterenol infusion. We conclude that MVO2 is closely correlated to FFAu, catecholamines sensitize the heart to FFA, and increased FFAu account for a major part of the increased MVO2 during catecholamine stimulation. The importance of reducing heart rate and lipolysis to reduce myocardial oxygen requirements is emphasized.", "PMID": 679439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4016", "title": "Relation between left coronary artery stenosis and regional left ventricular function.", "content": "The effect of stenosis of the left main and proximal anterior descending coronary arteries on anterior left ventricular wall dynamics was investigated in 70 patients with ischemic heart disease by the use of roentgen videometric analysis of left ventricular angiograms. In all patients with ischemic heart disease, mean values for peak rate of systolic wall thickening and diastolic wall thinning were significantly smaller than normal (P less than 0.01). In patients without infarction, there was no correlation between peak rate of systolic anterior wall thickening and stenosis of the coronary artery supplying it, but there was a significant reduction in peak rate of diastolic wall thinning (P less than 0.01) in patients with stenosis greater than 90%; this difference was not apparent at any lower degree of stenosis. This population could not be recognized by any other parameter of global or regional ventricular function; thus, diastole is more sensitive to regional left ventricular dysfunction than systole.", "contents": "Relation between left coronary artery stenosis and regional left ventricular function. The effect of stenosis of the left main and proximal anterior descending coronary arteries on anterior left ventricular wall dynamics was investigated in 70 patients with ischemic heart disease by the use of roentgen videometric analysis of left ventricular angiograms. In all patients with ischemic heart disease, mean values for peak rate of systolic wall thickening and diastolic wall thinning were significantly smaller than normal (P less than 0.01). In patients without infarction, there was no correlation between peak rate of systolic anterior wall thickening and stenosis of the coronary artery supplying it, but there was a significant reduction in peak rate of diastolic wall thinning (P less than 0.01) in patients with stenosis greater than 90%; this difference was not apparent at any lower degree of stenosis. This population could not be recognized by any other parameter of global or regional ventricular function; thus, diastole is more sensitive to regional left ventricular dysfunction than systole.", "PMID": 679440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4017", "title": "Computed tomography for localization and sizing of experimental acute myocardial infarcts.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) has been used to quantitate acute myocardial infarct size in isolated, arrested canine hearts. Acute myocardial infarcts were produced in 20 hearts by either left anterior descending (13 dogs) or circumflex coronary artery ligation (seven dogs). Each animal was given iodinated contrast media intravenously immediately before sacrifice 24--72 hours postinfarction. All infarcts greater than 1 g and one of three infarcts 0.5 g or less were detected by CT imaging. Infarct volume determined by CT correlated with gross infarct weight (r=0.83). CT imaging, however, consistently underestimated infarct volume; underestimation was largest in a group of patchy, predominantly subendocardial infarcts. As adequate equipment and techniques for in vivo studies are developed, CT imaging of the heart may become important in clinical evaluation of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Computed tomography for localization and sizing of experimental acute myocardial infarcts. Computed tomography (CT) has been used to quantitate acute myocardial infarct size in isolated, arrested canine hearts. Acute myocardial infarcts were produced in 20 hearts by either left anterior descending (13 dogs) or circumflex coronary artery ligation (seven dogs). Each animal was given iodinated contrast media intravenously immediately before sacrifice 24--72 hours postinfarction. All infarcts greater than 1 g and one of three infarcts 0.5 g or less were detected by CT imaging. Infarct volume determined by CT correlated with gross infarct weight (r=0.83). CT imaging, however, consistently underestimated infarct volume; underestimation was largest in a group of patchy, predominantly subendocardial infarcts. As adequate equipment and techniques for in vivo studies are developed, CT imaging of the heart may become important in clinical evaluation of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 679441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4018", "title": "A multivariate approach for interpreting treadmill exercise tests in coronary artery disease.", "content": "To determine the value of a multivariate approach for the analysis of the treadmill exercise tolerance test (ETT), 237 patients referred for evaluation of chest pain who underwent a standard Bruce protocol ETT and coronary arteriography were studied. Predictive value of a positive ETT was 0.78 (43/55) using 1.0--1.9 mm ST segment depression criterion, 0.97 (59/61) using greater than or equal to 2.0 mm ST segment depression. When the 1.0--1.9 mm ST criterion was combined with peak systolic blood pressure-heart rate product (double product) less than or smaller than 23,000, exercise duration less than 6 minutes, and ST depression for greater than 3 minutes into recovery, predictive value improved to 0.89 in 18 patients with any two of the above. Predictive value for multivessel disease was also improved using non-ST criteria. Predictive value of a negative ETT for absence of coronary artery disease was 0.60 (29/48), and was 0.86 (12/14) if double product was greater than or equal to 30,000. Presence of chest pain during ETT did not improve predictive value of any type of test. Digitalis ingestion in 33 patients was not associated with decreased predictive value of a positive test. These data suggest that the predictive value of both positive and negative ETT in a symptomatic population can be improved with a multivariate approach.", "contents": "A multivariate approach for interpreting treadmill exercise tests in coronary artery disease. To determine the value of a multivariate approach for the analysis of the treadmill exercise tolerance test (ETT), 237 patients referred for evaluation of chest pain who underwent a standard Bruce protocol ETT and coronary arteriography were studied. Predictive value of a positive ETT was 0.78 (43/55) using 1.0--1.9 mm ST segment depression criterion, 0.97 (59/61) using greater than or equal to 2.0 mm ST segment depression. When the 1.0--1.9 mm ST criterion was combined with peak systolic blood pressure-heart rate product (double product) less than or smaller than 23,000, exercise duration less than 6 minutes, and ST depression for greater than 3 minutes into recovery, predictive value improved to 0.89 in 18 patients with any two of the above. Predictive value for multivessel disease was also improved using non-ST criteria. Predictive value of a negative ETT for absence of coronary artery disease was 0.60 (29/48), and was 0.86 (12/14) if double product was greater than or equal to 30,000. Presence of chest pain during ETT did not improve predictive value of any type of test. Digitalis ingestion in 33 patients was not associated with decreased predictive value of a positive test. These data suggest that the predictive value of both positive and negative ETT in a symptomatic population can be improved with a multivariate approach.", "PMID": 679442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4019", "title": "Echocardiography of left ventricular masses.", "content": "The M-mode and two-dimensinal real-time echocardiographic findings in 10 patients with left ventricular masses are discussed. Two patients had left ventricular tumors and eight had left ventricular thrombi. In all cases the diagnosis was confirmed by angiography or surgery. The intracavitary and intramural left ventricular tumors were detected both by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography . M-mode echocardiography, however, did not detect the left ventricular thrombus in all instances. Two-dimensional echocardiography was able to identify the four large and inhomogeneous left ventricular thrombi but did not clearly identify four cases of smaller mural thrombi. Echocardiography techniques useful in detection of left ventricular masses are discussed.", "contents": "Echocardiography of left ventricular masses. The M-mode and two-dimensinal real-time echocardiographic findings in 10 patients with left ventricular masses are discussed. Two patients had left ventricular tumors and eight had left ventricular thrombi. In all cases the diagnosis was confirmed by angiography or surgery. The intracavitary and intramural left ventricular tumors were detected both by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography . M-mode echocardiography, however, did not detect the left ventricular thrombus in all instances. Two-dimensional echocardiography was able to identify the four large and inhomogeneous left ventricular thrombi but did not clearly identify four cases of smaller mural thrombi. Echocardiography techniques useful in detection of left ventricular masses are discussed.", "PMID": 679444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4020", "title": "Effects of indomethacin on the vascular abnormalities of Bartter's syndrome.", "content": "We examined the hypothesis that the vascular abnormalities of Bartter's syndrome are due to excess production of prostaglandin. Balance studies and vascular reactivity studies were performed before and after indomethacin (200 mg/day) in a patient with well-documented Bartter's syndrome. During indomethacin, potassium balance became positive, serum potassium rose from 2.1--3 mEq/1 in the absence of potassium supplementation, plasma renin activity decreased from 55--3.2 ng/day and peripheral plasma PGA-like activity fell from 1460 +/- 220 to 456 +/- 71 pg/ml. Before indomethacin, forearm vasoconstrictor responses to brachial arterial infusions of angiotensin II, norepinephrine and to neurogenic reflex stimulation elicited by lower body suction were greatly depressed compared to those of normal subjects. During indomethacin these responses were restored to normal. The dose of intravenous angiotensin II required to increase diastolic blood pressure 20 mm Hg decreased from 160--30 ng/kg/min. These data support the hypothesis that the vascular insensitivity to exogenous angiotensin II, norepinephrine and to neurogenic reflex stimulation observed in this patient with Bartter's syndrome is due to excess prostaglandin. Moreover, stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in this syndrome appears to be a compensatory adaptation to excess prostaglandin production.", "contents": "Effects of indomethacin on the vascular abnormalities of Bartter's syndrome. We examined the hypothesis that the vascular abnormalities of Bartter's syndrome are due to excess production of prostaglandin. Balance studies and vascular reactivity studies were performed before and after indomethacin (200 mg/day) in a patient with well-documented Bartter's syndrome. During indomethacin, potassium balance became positive, serum potassium rose from 2.1--3 mEq/1 in the absence of potassium supplementation, plasma renin activity decreased from 55--3.2 ng/day and peripheral plasma PGA-like activity fell from 1460 +/- 220 to 456 +/- 71 pg/ml. Before indomethacin, forearm vasoconstrictor responses to brachial arterial infusions of angiotensin II, norepinephrine and to neurogenic reflex stimulation elicited by lower body suction were greatly depressed compared to those of normal subjects. During indomethacin these responses were restored to normal. The dose of intravenous angiotensin II required to increase diastolic blood pressure 20 mm Hg decreased from 160--30 ng/kg/min. These data support the hypothesis that the vascular insensitivity to exogenous angiotensin II, norepinephrine and to neurogenic reflex stimulation observed in this patient with Bartter's syndrome is due to excess prostaglandin. Moreover, stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in this syndrome appears to be a compensatory adaptation to excess prostaglandin production.", "PMID": 679446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4021", "title": "Complete common atrioventricular canal in infancy--surgical repair and postoperative hemodynamics.", "content": "Fourteen infants with complete common atrioventricular canal (CCAVC) underwent open heart surgery under deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. There were three operative deaths and two late deaths. Postoperative studies performed in seven of the nine survivors revealed nearly normal hemodynamics. There were no residual shunts, and excellent mitral valve function was observed in six patients. In one patient, residual mitral regurgitation was noted. The pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary vascular resistances were normal except in one who had severe pulmonary vascular obstructive disease before surgery. The mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume changed from 175 +/- 24% (SEM) before surgery to 106 +/- 7% after surgery (P less than 0.01). The corresponding right ventricular end-diastolic volume changed from 166 +/- 16% to 102 +/- 19% (P less than 0.025). Left ventricular ejection fraction was mildly decreased before and after surgery (0.63 +/- 0.02). Surgical repair of CCAVC is possible during the first year of life, with likely normalization of cardiac size and function. Unsatisfactory results related to pulmonary vascular obstruction may be anticipated if repair is delayed much beyond the first year.", "contents": "Complete common atrioventricular canal in infancy--surgical repair and postoperative hemodynamics. Fourteen infants with complete common atrioventricular canal (CCAVC) underwent open heart surgery under deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. There were three operative deaths and two late deaths. Postoperative studies performed in seven of the nine survivors revealed nearly normal hemodynamics. There were no residual shunts, and excellent mitral valve function was observed in six patients. In one patient, residual mitral regurgitation was noted. The pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary vascular resistances were normal except in one who had severe pulmonary vascular obstructive disease before surgery. The mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume changed from 175 +/- 24% (SEM) before surgery to 106 +/- 7% after surgery (P less than 0.01). The corresponding right ventricular end-diastolic volume changed from 166 +/- 16% to 102 +/- 19% (P less than 0.025). Left ventricular ejection fraction was mildly decreased before and after surgery (0.63 +/- 0.02). Surgical repair of CCAVC is possible during the first year of life, with likely normalization of cardiac size and function. Unsatisfactory results related to pulmonary vascular obstruction may be anticipated if repair is delayed much beyond the first year.", "PMID": 679447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4022", "title": "Fulminant beriberi heart disease with lactic acidosis: presentation of a case with evaluation of left ventricular function and review of pathophysiologic mechanisms.", "content": "Cardiac beriberi is considered a rare disease in western society. A patient with fulminant Shoshin-type beriberi was studied in the acute phase and found to have severe metabolic acidosis, high output biventricular failure, and markedly low systemic vascular resistance. Red blood cell transketolase activity was abnormally low. Following treatment with thiamine, diuretics, digitalis and oxygen, all abnormalities disappeared. The historical background of the disease is reviewed along with a discussion of pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for the hemodynamic profile and lactic acidosis. Angiographic and hemodynamic data on the patient presented suggest relative depression of left ventricular function in the acute phase of beriberi. Since beriberi is uncommonly encountered, emphasis is placed on diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the disease which may not be widely appreciated.", "contents": "Fulminant beriberi heart disease with lactic acidosis: presentation of a case with evaluation of left ventricular function and review of pathophysiologic mechanisms. Cardiac beriberi is considered a rare disease in western society. A patient with fulminant Shoshin-type beriberi was studied in the acute phase and found to have severe metabolic acidosis, high output biventricular failure, and markedly low systemic vascular resistance. Red blood cell transketolase activity was abnormally low. Following treatment with thiamine, diuretics, digitalis and oxygen, all abnormalities disappeared. The historical background of the disease is reviewed along with a discussion of pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for the hemodynamic profile and lactic acidosis. Angiographic and hemodynamic data on the patient presented suggest relative depression of left ventricular function in the acute phase of beriberi. Since beriberi is uncommonly encountered, emphasis is placed on diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the disease which may not be widely appreciated.", "PMID": 679449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4023", "title": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic separation and fluorescence measurement of biogenic amines in plasma, urine, and tissue.", "content": "We describe a high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for measuring histamine, norepinephrine, octopamine, normetanephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and tyramine in plasma (2 ml), brain (0.2 g), or urine. These amines are modifed by pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde, which stabilizes the molecules, facilitates extraction, and improves detection of nanogram amounts. Before separation, samples were neutralized with KOH and immediately derivatized and extracted into ethyl acetate, in which derivatives were stable for longer than 24 h. Interfering amino acids were removed from ethyl acetate by partitioning twice with Na2HPO4 buffer (pH 10.0). Separation was complete in about 90 min on a \"\"mu Bondapak/phenyl\" column, with which a stepwise gradient of methanol/phosphate buffer (pH 5.1) was used. A variable-wavelength fluorometer was used (exciting wavelength, 340 nm; emission wavelength, 480 nm). Amount and response were linearly related from 1 to 200 pmol. Precision (CV) for retention times was 1%, for derivatization and injection 2.5%. Analytical recoveries of the seven amines from 2 ml of plasma fortified with 200 pmol averaged 65% (CV approximately 8%). Data on rat-brain tissue samples are compared with results by the trihydroxyindole method. Application of the method to urine from normal persons and a patient with a brain tumor is demonstrated.", "contents": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic separation and fluorescence measurement of biogenic amines in plasma, urine, and tissue. We describe a high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for measuring histamine, norepinephrine, octopamine, normetanephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and tyramine in plasma (2 ml), brain (0.2 g), or urine. These amines are modifed by pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde, which stabilizes the molecules, facilitates extraction, and improves detection of nanogram amounts. Before separation, samples were neutralized with KOH and immediately derivatized and extracted into ethyl acetate, in which derivatives were stable for longer than 24 h. Interfering amino acids were removed from ethyl acetate by partitioning twice with Na2HPO4 buffer (pH 10.0). Separation was complete in about 90 min on a \"\"mu Bondapak/phenyl\" column, with which a stepwise gradient of methanol/phosphate buffer (pH 5.1) was used. A variable-wavelength fluorometer was used (exciting wavelength, 340 nm; emission wavelength, 480 nm). Amount and response were linearly related from 1 to 200 pmol. Precision (CV) for retention times was 1%, for derivatization and injection 2.5%. Analytical recoveries of the seven amines from 2 ml of plasma fortified with 200 pmol averaged 65% (CV approximately 8%). Data on rat-brain tissue samples are compared with results by the trihydroxyindole method. Application of the method to urine from normal persons and a patient with a brain tumor is demonstrated.", "PMID": 679455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4024", "title": "A melting-point-of gallium apparatus for thermometer calibration.", "content": "We have investigated the equilibrium melting point of gallium as a temperature fixed-point at which to calibrate small thermistor thermometers, such as those used to measure temperature in enzyme reaction analysis and other temperature-dependent biological assays. We have determined that the melting temperature of \"6N\" (99.999% pure) gallium is 29.770 +/- 0.002 degrees C, and that the constant-temperature plateau can be prolonged for several hours. We have designed a simple automated apparatus that exploits this phenomenon and that permits routine calibration verification of thermistor temperature probes throughout the laboratory day. We describe the physics of the gallium melt, and the design and use of the apparatus.", "contents": "A melting-point-of gallium apparatus for thermometer calibration. We have investigated the equilibrium melting point of gallium as a temperature fixed-point at which to calibrate small thermistor thermometers, such as those used to measure temperature in enzyme reaction analysis and other temperature-dependent biological assays. We have determined that the melting temperature of \"6N\" (99.999% pure) gallium is 29.770 +/- 0.002 degrees C, and that the constant-temperature plateau can be prolonged for several hours. We have designed a simple automated apparatus that exploits this phenomenon and that permits routine calibration verification of thermistor temperature probes throughout the laboratory day. We describe the physics of the gallium melt, and the design and use of the apparatus.", "PMID": 679456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4025", "title": "Multilayer film elements for clinical analysis: general concepts.", "content": "Dry, thin films containing all necessary reagents for clinical analysis by colorimetry have been designed. Reagents in a matrix of hydrophilic polymer are coated on top of a transparent plastic base. A white isotropically porous polymer spreading layer, 80% void volume, is coated over the reagent layer(s). In the analysis, a drop (typically 10 microliter) of undiluted serum or other fluid is touched to the spreading layer. The fluid spreads rapidly and uniformly through the pore structure, filling a void volume corresponding to the drop volume. Water and low-molecular-weight components diffuse from the spreading layer into the reagent layer(s), initiating the reaction sequence. The spreading layer acts also as a white optical diffuser for reflection densitometry. Optical reflection density is linearized through use of the function developed by Williams and Clapper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43, 595 (1953)] to convert reflection to transmission density. A wide variety of chemical assays are compatible with this format. As an example, for the glucose film we found coefficients of variation of 1.5% in predicting glucose concentrations in control sera during 20 days. Results for glucose concentrations in several hundred patients' sera by the present method were very cose to those obtained with the Center for Disease Control's hexokinase reference method.", "contents": "Multilayer film elements for clinical analysis: general concepts. Dry, thin films containing all necessary reagents for clinical analysis by colorimetry have been designed. Reagents in a matrix of hydrophilic polymer are coated on top of a transparent plastic base. A white isotropically porous polymer spreading layer, 80% void volume, is coated over the reagent layer(s). In the analysis, a drop (typically 10 microliter) of undiluted serum or other fluid is touched to the spreading layer. The fluid spreads rapidly and uniformly through the pore structure, filling a void volume corresponding to the drop volume. Water and low-molecular-weight components diffuse from the spreading layer into the reagent layer(s), initiating the reaction sequence. The spreading layer acts also as a white optical diffuser for reflection densitometry. Optical reflection density is linearized through use of the function developed by Williams and Clapper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43, 595 (1953)] to convert reflection to transmission density. A wide variety of chemical assays are compatible with this format. As an example, for the glucose film we found coefficients of variation of 1.5% in predicting glucose concentrations in control sera during 20 days. Results for glucose concentrations in several hundred patients' sera by the present method were very cose to those obtained with the Center for Disease Control's hexokinase reference method.", "PMID": 679457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4026", "title": "Rapid assessment of isoenzymes by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe the rapid profiling of isoenzymes by use of microparticulate anion-exchange chromatography supports and a continuous, post-separation enzyme detector in a high-performance liquid chromatograph. Chromatographic analysis and enzyme detection are fully automated and provide excellent reproducibility. Factors affecting the isoenzyme profile and detector response characteristics are assessed. Lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissue extracts, control materials used as electrophoretic standards, and serum were profiled by this method to establish the resolution and reliability of the method. We show the clinical use of this method in detecting changes in these isoenzymes in serum associated with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Rapid assessment of isoenzymes by high-performance liquid chromatography. We describe the rapid profiling of isoenzymes by use of microparticulate anion-exchange chromatography supports and a continuous, post-separation enzyme detector in a high-performance liquid chromatograph. Chromatographic analysis and enzyme detection are fully automated and provide excellent reproducibility. Factors affecting the isoenzyme profile and detector response characteristics are assessed. Lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissue extracts, control materials used as electrophoretic standards, and serum were profiled by this method to establish the resolution and reliability of the method. We show the clinical use of this method in detecting changes in these isoenzymes in serum associated with acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 679458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4027", "title": "Automated system for fractionation of blood samples.", "content": "We describe a prototype system for preparing multiple fractions of blood components (plasma, washed erythrocytes, and hemolysates) by use of automated techniques. The procedure is based on centrifugal separation and sample transfer by induced pressure differentials in a blood-processing vessel (rotor) that has been designed to process 24 samples simultaneously. Erythrocytes are sedimented against the outer walls of individual sample chambers, and plasma is siphoned, by imposition of either a slight positive or negative pressure, into individual reservoirs in a collection ring. Cells are washed in situ; samples of washed cells, either packed or in saline solution, can be recovered. Cellular hemolysates are automatically prepared and transferred to individual, commercially available collection vials, ready for immediate analysis or for storage in liquid nitrogen. The system has potential application in any biomedical area in which many samples are to be expeditiously analyzed and in which one or more of the blood fractions will be used. A separate unit has been designed and developed for the semiautomated cleaning of the rotor.", "contents": "Automated system for fractionation of blood samples. We describe a prototype system for preparing multiple fractions of blood components (plasma, washed erythrocytes, and hemolysates) by use of automated techniques. The procedure is based on centrifugal separation and sample transfer by induced pressure differentials in a blood-processing vessel (rotor) that has been designed to process 24 samples simultaneously. Erythrocytes are sedimented against the outer walls of individual sample chambers, and plasma is siphoned, by imposition of either a slight positive or negative pressure, into individual reservoirs in a collection ring. Cells are washed in situ; samples of washed cells, either packed or in saline solution, can be recovered. Cellular hemolysates are automatically prepared and transferred to individual, commercially available collection vials, ready for immediate analysis or for storage in liquid nitrogen. The system has potential application in any biomedical area in which many samples are to be expeditiously analyzed and in which one or more of the blood fractions will be used. A separate unit has been designed and developed for the semiautomated cleaning of the rotor.", "PMID": 679459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4028", "title": "Development and evaluation of a glucose analyzer for a glucose controlled insulin infusion system ((Biostator).", "content": "The Glucose-Controlled Insulin Infusion System (Biostator) is a modular, computerized, feedback control system for dynamic control of blood glucose concentrations in diabetics. This on-line glucose analyzer for use with whole blood utilizes a novel enzyme (glucose oxidase)-membrane configuration and an electrochemical cell to measure the H202 generated. The analyzer exhibits both short- and long-range stability, and instrument response and analyte concentration are linearly related over the full range of clinical interest. The response is fast, accurate, and precise, and permits determination of blood glucose within 2 min from the moment the blood leaves the patient. Correlation studies were completed to show the agreement between the Biostator Glucose Analyzer and the FDA's recommended hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase procedure on whole blood (e.g., average per cent recovered for 11 concentrations between 250 and 900 mg/liter was: hexokinase, 95.6%, Biostator Analyzer, 95.9%; bias and SDd, respectively, at low, normal, and high glucose values were: 12 and 41 mg/liter at the 500 mg/liter level; 4 and 52 mg/liter at the 1000 mg/liter level, and 4 and 128 mg/liter at the 4000 mg/liter level). No appreciable interference is observed with above-normal concentrations of bilirubin, uric acid, creatinine, sodium salicylate, or dextran. Platelet adhesion, which tends to decrease the useful life of the membrane, has been significantly decreased.", "contents": "Development and evaluation of a glucose analyzer for a glucose controlled insulin infusion system ((Biostator). The Glucose-Controlled Insulin Infusion System (Biostator) is a modular, computerized, feedback control system for dynamic control of blood glucose concentrations in diabetics. This on-line glucose analyzer for use with whole blood utilizes a novel enzyme (glucose oxidase)-membrane configuration and an electrochemical cell to measure the H202 generated. The analyzer exhibits both short- and long-range stability, and instrument response and analyte concentration are linearly related over the full range of clinical interest. The response is fast, accurate, and precise, and permits determination of blood glucose within 2 min from the moment the blood leaves the patient. Correlation studies were completed to show the agreement between the Biostator Glucose Analyzer and the FDA's recommended hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase procedure on whole blood (e.g., average per cent recovered for 11 concentrations between 250 and 900 mg/liter was: hexokinase, 95.6%, Biostator Analyzer, 95.9%; bias and SDd, respectively, at low, normal, and high glucose values were: 12 and 41 mg/liter at the 500 mg/liter level; 4 and 52 mg/liter at the 1000 mg/liter level, and 4 and 128 mg/liter at the 4000 mg/liter level). No appreciable interference is observed with above-normal concentrations of bilirubin, uric acid, creatinine, sodium salicylate, or dextran. Platelet adhesion, which tends to decrease the useful life of the membrane, has been significantly decreased.", "PMID": 679460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4029", "title": "Dual-column cation-exchange chromatographic method for beta-aminoisobutyric acid and beta-alanine in biological samples.", "content": "A rapid, automated chromatographic method has been developed for the quantitation of the nucleic acid catabolites beta-aminoisobutyric acid and beta-alanine in urine, serum, and other physiological fluids. The analyses were performed on a modified Beckman 121M amino acid analyzer with dual ion-exchange columns and the use of a single sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.38, 0.20 mol/liter). By carefully matching the elution pattern for the two ion-exchange columns and alternating use of these columns, analyses are completed every 40 min. The chromatography, regeneration, and equilibration of the two columns are precisely programmed, thus the detector sees only the elution of beta-aminoisobutyric acid and beta-alanine alternately from each column. Long-term precision and analytical recovery for the two metabolites in urine were 1.9 and 102%, and 3.3 and 101%, respectively. Their normal physiological values were determined in human serum and urine. Their excretion in the urine was also studied as a function of collection time, to validate a more convenient, less costly method of sampling. This study shows that randomly collected samples are acceptable when the concentration of the two metabolites are expressed in terms of creatinine excretion. In addition, the distribution of the free and conjugated forms of the two metabolites in urine and serum was studied. A preparative method was also developed for the quantitative isolation of beta-amino-isobutyric acid from urine samples. The alternating dual-column technique may be applied to any ion-exchange chromatographic method where many analyses must be performed. This method is currently used in our laboratories for measuring these beta-amino acids in urine and serum of patients with various types of cancers.", "contents": "Dual-column cation-exchange chromatographic method for beta-aminoisobutyric acid and beta-alanine in biological samples. A rapid, automated chromatographic method has been developed for the quantitation of the nucleic acid catabolites beta-aminoisobutyric acid and beta-alanine in urine, serum, and other physiological fluids. The analyses were performed on a modified Beckman 121M amino acid analyzer with dual ion-exchange columns and the use of a single sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.38, 0.20 mol/liter). By carefully matching the elution pattern for the two ion-exchange columns and alternating use of these columns, analyses are completed every 40 min. The chromatography, regeneration, and equilibration of the two columns are precisely programmed, thus the detector sees only the elution of beta-aminoisobutyric acid and beta-alanine alternately from each column. Long-term precision and analytical recovery for the two metabolites in urine were 1.9 and 102%, and 3.3 and 101%, respectively. Their normal physiological values were determined in human serum and urine. Their excretion in the urine was also studied as a function of collection time, to validate a more convenient, less costly method of sampling. This study shows that randomly collected samples are acceptable when the concentration of the two metabolites are expressed in terms of creatinine excretion. In addition, the distribution of the free and conjugated forms of the two metabolites in urine and serum was studied. A preparative method was also developed for the quantitative isolation of beta-amino-isobutyric acid from urine samples. The alternating dual-column technique may be applied to any ion-exchange chromatographic method where many analyses must be performed. This method is currently used in our laboratories for measuring these beta-amino acids in urine and serum of patients with various types of cancers.", "PMID": 679461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4030", "title": "Determination of drugs in plasma by high-performance thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "High-performance thin-layer chromatography was used to determine chlorpromazine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin in plasma, to demonstrate the utility of this technique for routine analysis. We quantitated the separated components by use of ultraviolet reflectance spectrometry with detection limits as low as 1 microgram/liter. Regressions of psychoactive agents extracted from plasma were linear over the range of 0 to 300 microgram/liter. The anti-convulsant drugs, phenobarbital and phenytoin, were determined over a range of 0 to 50 mg/liter. Analyses were rapid, reproducible, and well-suited to large-scale programs. Separated components also can be identified in situ by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.", "contents": "Determination of drugs in plasma by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. High-performance thin-layer chromatography was used to determine chlorpromazine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin in plasma, to demonstrate the utility of this technique for routine analysis. We quantitated the separated components by use of ultraviolet reflectance spectrometry with detection limits as low as 1 microgram/liter. Regressions of psychoactive agents extracted from plasma were linear over the range of 0 to 300 microgram/liter. The anti-convulsant drugs, phenobarbital and phenytoin, were determined over a range of 0 to 50 mg/liter. Analyses were rapid, reproducible, and well-suited to large-scale programs. Separated components also can be identified in situ by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.", "PMID": 679462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4031", "title": "Chromatographic separation and continuously referenced, on-line monitoring of creatine kinase isoenzymes by use of an immobilized-enzyme microreactor.", "content": "We describe a new concept in continuously referenced monitoring of the isoenzyme activities of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) after liquid-chromatographic separation. After separation on a diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel column, the three isoenzymes of creatine kinase undergo a series of coupled enzyme reactions, ultimately resulting in the formation of ultraviolet-detectable NADPH. A major advantage of this detection system is the immobilized-enzyme microreactor (2 X 17 mm), which may be removed and stored refrigerated when not in use. A split-stream configuation allows self-blanking of endogenous ultraviolet-absorbing constituents in authentic sera samples, which would otherwise make definitive diagnosis and quantitation difficult or impossible. This system is applicable to the automated analysis of creatine kinase isoenzymes in the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Chromatographic separation and continuously referenced, on-line monitoring of creatine kinase isoenzymes by use of an immobilized-enzyme microreactor. We describe a new concept in continuously referenced monitoring of the isoenzyme activities of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) after liquid-chromatographic separation. After separation on a diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel column, the three isoenzymes of creatine kinase undergo a series of coupled enzyme reactions, ultimately resulting in the formation of ultraviolet-detectable NADPH. A major advantage of this detection system is the immobilized-enzyme microreactor (2 X 17 mm), which may be removed and stored refrigerated when not in use. A split-stream configuation allows self-blanking of endogenous ultraviolet-absorbing constituents in authentic sera samples, which would otherwise make definitive diagnosis and quantitation difficult or impossible. This system is applicable to the automated analysis of creatine kinase isoenzymes in the clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 679463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4032", "title": "Prospective applications of calorimetry in the clinical laboratory.", "content": "Calorimetric analysis depends on the direct proportionality between the heat changes that occur during chemical reactions and the amount of reacting substances. Potential uses of calorimetry in the clinical laboratory are discussed, with examples. The calorimetric technique does not require optically clear specimens, and if the specificity of the measured reaction is assured, calorimetry can be used for quantitative determinations of components that are present in a complex matrix system such as body fluids. Specific enzymic reactions have been used to measure substrates and enzyme activities in biological specimens calorimetrically, with precision, sensitivity, and accuracy comparable to routine photometric techniques. The application of calorimetry in the clinical laboratory is limited now by its slowness, but development of automated instruments may enable the technique to become competitive with conventional analytical techniques in the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Prospective applications of calorimetry in the clinical laboratory. Calorimetric analysis depends on the direct proportionality between the heat changes that occur during chemical reactions and the amount of reacting substances. Potential uses of calorimetry in the clinical laboratory are discussed, with examples. The calorimetric technique does not require optically clear specimens, and if the specificity of the measured reaction is assured, calorimetry can be used for quantitative determinations of components that are present in a complex matrix system such as body fluids. Specific enzymic reactions have been used to measure substrates and enzyme activities in biological specimens calorimetrically, with precision, sensitivity, and accuracy comparable to routine photometric techniques. The application of calorimetry in the clinical laboratory is limited now by its slowness, but development of automated instruments may enable the technique to become competitive with conventional analytical techniques in the clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 679464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4033", "title": "Phosphate metabolism in chronic liver disease.", "content": "Phosphate metabolism was investigated in 26 patients with a spectrum of liver diseases and mean fasting plasma phosphate concentrations were in the low normal range. A standard oral load of phosphate was used to test absorption and was subnormal in the majority of patients with large bile-duct obstruction and alcoholic liver disease. Subnormal results were also seen in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and cirrhosis secondary to chronic active hepatitis. These abnormalities appeared to be related to vitamin-D deficiency. Tubular reabsorption of phosohate was markedly reduced in 3 of 14 patients. The therapeutic implications of phosphate status in liver disease are important.", "contents": "Phosphate metabolism in chronic liver disease. Phosphate metabolism was investigated in 26 patients with a spectrum of liver diseases and mean fasting plasma phosphate concentrations were in the low normal range. A standard oral load of phosphate was used to test absorption and was subnormal in the majority of patients with large bile-duct obstruction and alcoholic liver disease. Subnormal results were also seen in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and cirrhosis secondary to chronic active hepatitis. These abnormalities appeared to be related to vitamin-D deficiency. Tubular reabsorption of phosohate was markedly reduced in 3 of 14 patients. The therapeutic implications of phosphate status in liver disease are important.", "PMID": 679474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4034", "title": "Identification of placental alkaline phosphatase in human sera using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis may be used to separate placental alkaline phosphatase from other types of serum alkaline phosphatase. This method, of which specificity is demonstrated by the thermostability and immunological reaction of the placental form, is sensitive enough to detect an activity of 0.02 mU in a sample, and seems suitable for use in investigating placental isoenzyme in serum.", "contents": "Identification of placental alkaline phosphatase in human sera using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis may be used to separate placental alkaline phosphatase from other types of serum alkaline phosphatase. This method, of which specificity is demonstrated by the thermostability and immunological reaction of the placental form, is sensitive enough to detect an activity of 0.02 mU in a sample, and seems suitable for use in investigating placental isoenzyme in serum.", "PMID": 679475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4035", "title": "3-Aminopiperid-2-one, an unusual metabolite in the urine of a patient with hyperammonaemia, hyperornithinaemia and homocitrullinuria.", "content": "The urine of a patient with a disorder characterized by hyperammonaemia, hyperornithinaemia and homocitrullinuria contains abnormal amounts of 3-aminopiperid-2-one. The properties of this compound closely resemble those ascribed previously (Gordon, B.A., Gatfield, P.D. and Taller, E. (1977) Clin. Biochem. 10, 78-82) to ornithine methyl ester. The excretion of the aminopiperidone ranged from 130-1050 micronmol/g creatinine.", "contents": "3-Aminopiperid-2-one, an unusual metabolite in the urine of a patient with hyperammonaemia, hyperornithinaemia and homocitrullinuria. The urine of a patient with a disorder characterized by hyperammonaemia, hyperornithinaemia and homocitrullinuria contains abnormal amounts of 3-aminopiperid-2-one. The properties of this compound closely resemble those ascribed previously (Gordon, B.A., Gatfield, P.D. and Taller, E. (1977) Clin. Biochem. 10, 78-82) to ornithine methyl ester. The excretion of the aminopiperidone ranged from 130-1050 micronmol/g creatinine.", "PMID": 679476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4036", "title": "3-Amino-2-piperidone in the urine of patients with hyperornithinemia.", "content": "3-Amino-2-piperidone, a delta-lactam of ornithine, has been detected in the urine of a number of patients with hyperornithinemia. The distinctive yellow colour formed with a ninhydrin-cadmium reagent should help in the detection of hyperornithinemia by urinary chromatography.", "contents": "3-Amino-2-piperidone in the urine of patients with hyperornithinemia. 3-Amino-2-piperidone, a delta-lactam of ornithine, has been detected in the urine of a number of patients with hyperornithinemia. The distinctive yellow colour formed with a ninhydrin-cadmium reagent should help in the detection of hyperornithinemia by urinary chromatography.", "PMID": 679477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4037", "title": "Renal excretion of cystathionine and creatinine in humans at different ages.", "content": "The renal excretion of cystathionine is not age-dependent when related to body surface. Regarding the urinary creatinine concentration as reference, the excretion of cystathionine in adults is lower than in infants and children. However, this is probably due to a higher urinary concentration of creatinine in adults compared to that in children. Premature infants excrete more cystathionine in their urine than mature infants. The same is true for premature infants on a methionine-enriched formula compared to premature infants on a low methionine formula.", "contents": "Renal excretion of cystathionine and creatinine in humans at different ages. The renal excretion of cystathionine is not age-dependent when related to body surface. Regarding the urinary creatinine concentration as reference, the excretion of cystathionine in adults is lower than in infants and children. However, this is probably due to a higher urinary concentration of creatinine in adults compared to that in children. Premature infants excrete more cystathionine in their urine than mature infants. The same is true for premature infants on a methionine-enriched formula compared to premature infants on a low methionine formula.", "PMID": 679479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4038", "title": "A rapid and simple microfractionation method for the analysis of hexosaminidase A and B activities in small numbers of cultured (amniotic fluid) cells.", "content": "A simple and rapid microfractionation procedure is described which enables the separate analysis of hexosaminidase A and B activities in as little as a few hundred to a thousand cultured human cells. 25 microliter cell homogenate is added to a pellet of DEAE-cellulose and 50 microliter 0.1 M NaCl in buffer. After centrifugation the hex B and I forms are measured in the supernatant, whereas hex A is determined by direct incubation of the DEAE pellet with methylumbelliferyl substrate. The reliability and reproducibility of the method is compared with that of heat inactivation and column chromatography. The application of the procedure is illustrated by analyses of fibroblasts and cultured amniotic fluid cells from pregnancies at risk for Tay-Sachs disease and by serum assays for the diagnosis and heterozygote testing of this disease.", "contents": "A rapid and simple microfractionation method for the analysis of hexosaminidase A and B activities in small numbers of cultured (amniotic fluid) cells. A simple and rapid microfractionation procedure is described which enables the separate analysis of hexosaminidase A and B activities in as little as a few hundred to a thousand cultured human cells. 25 microliter cell homogenate is added to a pellet of DEAE-cellulose and 50 microliter 0.1 M NaCl in buffer. After centrifugation the hex B and I forms are measured in the supernatant, whereas hex A is determined by direct incubation of the DEAE pellet with methylumbelliferyl substrate. The reliability and reproducibility of the method is compared with that of heat inactivation and column chromatography. The application of the procedure is illustrated by analyses of fibroblasts and cultured amniotic fluid cells from pregnancies at risk for Tay-Sachs disease and by serum assays for the diagnosis and heterozygote testing of this disease.", "PMID": 679481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4039", "title": "Serum squalene levels in hepatobiliary diseases.", "content": "Serum squalene levels did not change in patients with acute hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, but were significantly reduced in patients with intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. The ratio of cholesterol to squalene remained normal in patients with acute hepatitis as well as chronic active hepatitis, while being slightly decreased in patients with liver cirrhosis. On the other hand, in patients with cholestasis the ratio was markedly raised. From these observations we confirmed abnormal sterol metabolism in hepatobiliary diseases, and clinical usefulness of the ratio of cholesterol to squalene to distinguish hepatocellular injury and cholestasis.", "contents": "Serum squalene levels in hepatobiliary diseases. Serum squalene levels did not change in patients with acute hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, but were significantly reduced in patients with intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. The ratio of cholesterol to squalene remained normal in patients with acute hepatitis as well as chronic active hepatitis, while being slightly decreased in patients with liver cirrhosis. On the other hand, in patients with cholestasis the ratio was markedly raised. From these observations we confirmed abnormal sterol metabolism in hepatobiliary diseases, and clinical usefulness of the ratio of cholesterol to squalene to distinguish hepatocellular injury and cholestasis.", "PMID": 679482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4040", "title": "Determination of total and direct bilirubins in serum with sodium dodecyl sulfate as an accelerator.", "content": "A new method for the determination of total and conjugated bilirubins in serum with use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is described. In the presence of SDS, the reaction of bilirubin with diazotized sulfanilic acid proceeded smoothly and was completed within 15 min at room temperature, thus resulting in a clear solution having a maximal absorbance at 565 nm which was linear up to a level of 200 mg/l bilirubin concentration. The advantages of this method are: (1) a clear reaction mixture results in any case; (2) the result is not affected by hemolysis, lipemic and turbid sera. The proposed method offers a new general application for the measurement of total and conjugated bilirubins in serum.", "contents": "Determination of total and direct bilirubins in serum with sodium dodecyl sulfate as an accelerator. A new method for the determination of total and conjugated bilirubins in serum with use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is described. In the presence of SDS, the reaction of bilirubin with diazotized sulfanilic acid proceeded smoothly and was completed within 15 min at room temperature, thus resulting in a clear solution having a maximal absorbance at 565 nm which was linear up to a level of 200 mg/l bilirubin concentration. The advantages of this method are: (1) a clear reaction mixture results in any case; (2) the result is not affected by hemolysis, lipemic and turbid sera. The proposed method offers a new general application for the measurement of total and conjugated bilirubins in serum.", "PMID": 679483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4041", "title": "Serum glycylproline p-nitroanilidase activity in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Glycylproline p-nitroanilidase activity in serum of patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis or with systemic lupus erythematosus but with normal hepatic function was found to be significantly lower than that of normal adult controls. Decrease of this enzyme's serum activity was more pronounced in systemic lupus erythematosus. A significant inverse correlation was observed between the enzyme activity and the duration of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Serum glycylproline p-nitroanilidase activity in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Glycylproline p-nitroanilidase activity in serum of patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis or with systemic lupus erythematosus but with normal hepatic function was found to be significantly lower than that of normal adult controls. Decrease of this enzyme's serum activity was more pronounced in systemic lupus erythematosus. A significant inverse correlation was observed between the enzyme activity and the duration of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 679484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4042", "title": "Improved electrophoretic resolution of LDH isoenzymes in agar-agarose mixtures by utilizing its endosmotic properties.", "content": "A simple technique is described which gives a better separation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; by mixing a correct proportion of a gel with a high electroendosmotic property such as agar, and a gel with alow electroendosmotic property such as agarose. The different positions of the application slit in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns and the effect on the positioning of the application slit after mixing gels with different electroendosmotic properties are discussed.", "contents": "Improved electrophoretic resolution of LDH isoenzymes in agar-agarose mixtures by utilizing its endosmotic properties. A simple technique is described which gives a better separation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; by mixing a correct proportion of a gel with a high electroendosmotic property such as agar, and a gel with alow electroendosmotic property such as agarose. The different positions of the application slit in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns and the effect on the positioning of the application slit after mixing gels with different electroendosmotic properties are discussed.", "PMID": 679485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4043", "title": "Infinite dilution conductimetry of plasma and urine: correlation with osmolality.", "content": "The infinite dilution conductivity (IDC) of plasma and urine allows a measurement of the electrolyte content in small samples (5 to 15 microliter). The method was compared to the corrected osmolality (II'p) measured by the freezing-point depression. A linear correlation existed between II'p and the IDC: for plasma: II'p = 13.10 sigma o,p + 37.00 (n = 46 and r = 0.9949) for urine: II'u = 12.75 sigma o,u + 16.56 (n = 85 and r = 0.9504). The measurement of the IDC does not depend on protein concentration and can be used instead of the osmometer methods to determine the total plasma and urine electrolyte content.", "contents": "Infinite dilution conductimetry of plasma and urine: correlation with osmolality. The infinite dilution conductivity (IDC) of plasma and urine allows a measurement of the electrolyte content in small samples (5 to 15 microliter). The method was compared to the corrected osmolality (II'p) measured by the freezing-point depression. A linear correlation existed between II'p and the IDC: for plasma: II'p = 13.10 sigma o,p + 37.00 (n = 46 and r = 0.9949) for urine: II'u = 12.75 sigma o,u + 16.56 (n = 85 and r = 0.9504). The measurement of the IDC does not depend on protein concentration and can be used instead of the osmometer methods to determine the total plasma and urine electrolyte content.", "PMID": 679486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4044", "title": "The absolute configuration of urinary 2-hydroxybutyric acid in patients with ketosis and lactic acidosis.", "content": "The absolute configurations of urinary 2-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxybutyrate were determined in patients with lactic acidemia and ketosis by capillary gas-liquid chromatography of their O-acetylated (--)-menthyl ester derivatives. 2-Hydroxybutyrate had the L-configuration, whereas 3-hydroxybutyrate was in the D-configuration.", "contents": "The absolute configuration of urinary 2-hydroxybutyric acid in patients with ketosis and lactic acidosis. The absolute configurations of urinary 2-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxybutyrate were determined in patients with lactic acidemia and ketosis by capillary gas-liquid chromatography of their O-acetylated (--)-menthyl ester derivatives. 2-Hydroxybutyrate had the L-configuration, whereas 3-hydroxybutyrate was in the D-configuration.", "PMID": 679487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4045", "title": "Mechanism for interference of hydrochlorothiazide with the Kober reaction for determination of urinary estriol in pregnancy.", "content": "Investigation of the mechanism of the lowering effect of hydrochlorothiazide, which was administered orally, in the determination of estriol from the pregnancy urine has been carried out. The isolation and determination of the structure of a copolymer formed from estriol and formaldehyde have suggested the mechanism by which, during the acid hydrolysis process of the glucuronide conjugate of estriol, some copolymers of estriol and formaldehyde generated from hydrochlorothiazide, were formed, thus lowering the observed values of the estriol contents in the urine.", "contents": "Mechanism for interference of hydrochlorothiazide with the Kober reaction for determination of urinary estriol in pregnancy. Investigation of the mechanism of the lowering effect of hydrochlorothiazide, which was administered orally, in the determination of estriol from the pregnancy urine has been carried out. The isolation and determination of the structure of a copolymer formed from estriol and formaldehyde have suggested the mechanism by which, during the acid hydrolysis process of the glucuronide conjugate of estriol, some copolymers of estriol and formaldehyde generated from hydrochlorothiazide, were formed, thus lowering the observed values of the estriol contents in the urine.", "PMID": 679490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4046", "title": "Optimized radioimmunoassay curve fitting program suitable for use on desktop calculators.", "content": "A simplex search program for the logit-log parameters of radioimmunoassay calibration curves, suitable for use on a small desktop calculator, is described. The technique features a weighted least-square method to extract the maximum information out of the calibration data. A criterion for rejection of outliers is included.", "contents": "Optimized radioimmunoassay curve fitting program suitable for use on desktop calculators. A simplex search program for the logit-log parameters of radioimmunoassay calibration curves, suitable for use on a small desktop calculator, is described. The technique features a weighted least-square method to extract the maximum information out of the calibration data. A criterion for rejection of outliers is included.", "PMID": 679491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4047", "title": "An enzyme-linked immunoassay for ferritin in human serum and rat plasma and the influence of the iron in serum ferritin on serum iron measurement, during acute hepatitis.", "content": "To measure human serum ferritin and rat plasma ferritin a non-competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay has been developed using horseradish peroxidase as the enzyme. In this assay it proved necessary to use heated rat plasma to obtain reproducible ferritin values. The heating procedure caused a loss of 38% of the plasma ferritin. Rat plasma ferritin values have been corrected for this loss. The standard deviation, from duplicate normal human and rat samples is 10 ng ferritin/ml serum and 69 ng/ml plasma, respectively. (The mean ferritin concentrations are: in human sera, 82 ng/ml and in rat plasma 762 ng/ml.) Mean recovery of added liver ferritin in the human serum is 104% +/- 4% (+/-S.E.M') and in the rat plasma 101% +/- 3% (+/- S.E.M.). Normal ferritin concentrations varied in the human material between 30 ng/ml and 300 ng/ml serum, and in the rat plasma between 500 ng/ml and 1300 ng/ml. During increased body iron and acute hepatitis the ferritin concentrations, in patients as well as in rats, exceeded the upper limit of the normal values in most cases. During human hepatitis high serum ferritin levels combined with high serum iron levels were measured. The high serum iron concentrations could not be explained by the high serum ferritin concentrations, even if the iron content of the ferritin is supposed to be high.", "contents": "An enzyme-linked immunoassay for ferritin in human serum and rat plasma and the influence of the iron in serum ferritin on serum iron measurement, during acute hepatitis. To measure human serum ferritin and rat plasma ferritin a non-competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay has been developed using horseradish peroxidase as the enzyme. In this assay it proved necessary to use heated rat plasma to obtain reproducible ferritin values. The heating procedure caused a loss of 38% of the plasma ferritin. Rat plasma ferritin values have been corrected for this loss. The standard deviation, from duplicate normal human and rat samples is 10 ng ferritin/ml serum and 69 ng/ml plasma, respectively. (The mean ferritin concentrations are: in human sera, 82 ng/ml and in rat plasma 762 ng/ml.) Mean recovery of added liver ferritin in the human serum is 104% +/- 4% (+/-S.E.M') and in the rat plasma 101% +/- 3% (+/- S.E.M.). Normal ferritin concentrations varied in the human material between 30 ng/ml and 300 ng/ml serum, and in the rat plasma between 500 ng/ml and 1300 ng/ml. During increased body iron and acute hepatitis the ferritin concentrations, in patients as well as in rats, exceeded the upper limit of the normal values in most cases. During human hepatitis high serum ferritin levels combined with high serum iron levels were measured. The high serum iron concentrations could not be explained by the high serum ferritin concentrations, even if the iron content of the ferritin is supposed to be high.", "PMID": 679492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4048", "title": "Measurement of plasma renin activity by radioimmunoassay after prolonged cold storage.", "content": "Measurement of plasma renin activities in four separate quality control pools showed no change when measured by radioimmunoassay after being individually stored at -20 degrees C for up to fifteen months, validating their use as long-term quality controls. These results contradict those reported by some authors.", "contents": "Measurement of plasma renin activity by radioimmunoassay after prolonged cold storage. Measurement of plasma renin activities in four separate quality control pools showed no change when measured by radioimmunoassay after being individually stored at -20 degrees C for up to fifteen months, validating their use as long-term quality controls. These results contradict those reported by some authors.", "PMID": 679493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4049", "title": "Volume exclusion errors and the determination of serum zinc.", "content": "Volume exclusion gives rise to positive errors in the results of plasma or serum zinc determinations by methods in which protein is precipitated and the zinc extracted into solution. The error is amplified if two extraction steps are employed, and may be +20% or more. The same effects must be expected in any analysis involving comparable extraction procedures, whatever the substance being determined.", "contents": "Volume exclusion errors and the determination of serum zinc. Volume exclusion gives rise to positive errors in the results of plasma or serum zinc determinations by methods in which protein is precipitated and the zinc extracted into solution. The error is amplified if two extraction steps are employed, and may be +20% or more. The same effects must be expected in any analysis involving comparable extraction procedures, whatever the substance being determined.", "PMID": 679494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4050", "title": "Decreased tryptophan excretion by depressive patients.", "content": "The concentration and 24-h urinary excretion of tryptophan has been measured in urine samples from monopolar female depressed patients and female control subjects. Female depressed patients and the control subjects excrete similar amounts of tryptophan. Patients with endogenous features of depression excrete significantly less tryptophan in 24 h than do the patients with reactive features and the control subjects. The relationship between plasma tryptophan concentration and 24-h urine tryptophan excretion in control subjects has been investigated and the results discussed in the light of abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism in depressive illness.", "contents": "Decreased tryptophan excretion by depressive patients. The concentration and 24-h urinary excretion of tryptophan has been measured in urine samples from monopolar female depressed patients and female control subjects. Female depressed patients and the control subjects excrete similar amounts of tryptophan. Patients with endogenous features of depression excrete significantly less tryptophan in 24 h than do the patients with reactive features and the control subjects. The relationship between plasma tryptophan concentration and 24-h urine tryptophan excretion in control subjects has been investigated and the results discussed in the light of abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism in depressive illness.", "PMID": 679495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4051", "title": "A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay of human plasma catecholamines.", "content": "Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine have been determined by mass fragmentography in plasma of normo- and hypertensive patients. New derivatives of norepinephrine and epinephrine have been prepared, allowing the simultaneous reading of the base peaks of the three amines and of their internal standards with a magnetic-sector mass spectrometer.", "contents": "A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay of human plasma catecholamines. Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine have been determined by mass fragmentography in plasma of normo- and hypertensive patients. New derivatives of norepinephrine and epinephrine have been prepared, allowing the simultaneous reading of the base peaks of the three amines and of their internal standards with a magnetic-sector mass spectrometer.", "PMID": 679496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4052", "title": "An improved method for the determination of human erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase activity.", "content": "A radiometric method is described for measuring pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase activity in human peripheral blood haemolysate. The substrate [14C]uridine monophosphate is converted to [14C]uridine. Two simple and rapid methods to isolate the product of the reaction employing either descending chromatography or elution from DEAE cellulose paper have been developed. With the described methods the specific activity of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase of human erythrocytes is 6.7 +/- 2.7 (+/- 1 S.D.) nmol/h/mg protein and this activity appears to be widely distributed in human tissue.", "contents": "An improved method for the determination of human erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase activity. A radiometric method is described for measuring pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase activity in human peripheral blood haemolysate. The substrate [14C]uridine monophosphate is converted to [14C]uridine. Two simple and rapid methods to isolate the product of the reaction employing either descending chromatography or elution from DEAE cellulose paper have been developed. With the described methods the specific activity of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase of human erythrocytes is 6.7 +/- 2.7 (+/- 1 S.D.) nmol/h/mg protein and this activity appears to be widely distributed in human tissue.", "PMID": 679498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4053", "title": "Simultaneous study of cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin nyctohemeral variations in normal and obese subjects. Influence of prolonged fasting in obesity.", "content": "Hourly integrated concentrations (IC) of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and cortisol were determined by a continuous sampling procedure in six obese women, before and at the end of a 12 day fast, and in eight normal controls under basal conditions. Hormonal 24 h IC and nyctohemeral variations were calculated from these data. Nyctohemeral rhythms were investigated by the periodogram method. A significant increase over basal values of 24 h IC of PRL, GH and cortisol was observed at the end of the fasting period. Nyctohemeral variations--but not nyctohemeral rhythm--of IC-GH were found in normal subjects. They were abolished in obese patients under basal conditions but restored during fasting. The circadian rhythm of cortisol was not altered in obesity. A shift of the normal nyctohemeral rhythm of PRL was observed in obese patients, but the normal pattern was restored during fasting.", "contents": "Simultaneous study of cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin nyctohemeral variations in normal and obese subjects. Influence of prolonged fasting in obesity. Hourly integrated concentrations (IC) of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and cortisol were determined by a continuous sampling procedure in six obese women, before and at the end of a 12 day fast, and in eight normal controls under basal conditions. Hormonal 24 h IC and nyctohemeral variations were calculated from these data. Nyctohemeral rhythms were investigated by the periodogram method. A significant increase over basal values of 24 h IC of PRL, GH and cortisol was observed at the end of the fasting period. Nyctohemeral variations--but not nyctohemeral rhythm--of IC-GH were found in normal subjects. They were abolished in obese patients under basal conditions but restored during fasting. The circadian rhythm of cortisol was not altered in obesity. A shift of the normal nyctohemeral rhythm of PRL was observed in obese patients, but the normal pattern was restored during fasting.", "PMID": 679499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4054", "title": "'Low T3 syndrome' in patients chronically treated with an iodine-containing drug, amiodarone.", "content": "Cardiac patients treated with the iodine-containing drug 'amiodarone' undergo a significant iodine overload which can last for months after the drug has been withdrawn. Some patients develop hyperthyroidism and others hypothyroidism. In the hyper- or hypothyroid patients, the indices of thyroid function are modified as usually observed in these situations. In the patients remaining euthyroid while taking amiodarone or after its withdrawal, but still under its influence as shown by the iodine overload, a 'low-T3 syndrome' is observed, this state being characterized by a high total T4, a low free T4, a normal T3 resin uptake, a low total T3, a normal free T3, a high r-T3 and a relative TSH-unresponsiveness to TRH.", "contents": "'Low T3 syndrome' in patients chronically treated with an iodine-containing drug, amiodarone. Cardiac patients treated with the iodine-containing drug 'amiodarone' undergo a significant iodine overload which can last for months after the drug has been withdrawn. Some patients develop hyperthyroidism and others hypothyroidism. In the hyper- or hypothyroid patients, the indices of thyroid function are modified as usually observed in these situations. In the patients remaining euthyroid while taking amiodarone or after its withdrawal, but still under its influence as shown by the iodine overload, a 'low-T3 syndrome' is observed, this state being characterized by a high total T4, a low free T4, a normal T3 resin uptake, a low total T3, a normal free T3, a high r-T3 and a relative TSH-unresponsiveness to TRH.", "PMID": 679500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4055", "title": "Oestradiol secretion in men and pre-menopausal women.", "content": "Blood samples were obtained from a group of regularly-cycling normal women (n = 13) and a group of normal men (n = 5) at 15 min intervals for periods ranging from 9-14 h whilst the subjects remained resting quietly in bed. The concentration of plasma oestradiol was measured in a radioimmunoassay which had been carefully optimised and the mean concentration and coefficient of variation calculated for each subject. Plasma oestradiol concentrations were found to fluctuate rapidly in all subjects. The largest sample-to-sample variation was found in regularly cycling women near mid-cycle, and the least variation occurred in the male subjects. The coefficients of variation were approximately twice the intra-assay variation confirming that the observed pulsatile patterns of secretion were not due to technical errors. An analysis of variance performed on the mean hourly concentrations from each subject showed a significant variation (P less than 0.001) between sampling periods with peaks occurring during the first hour of sampling (08.00-09.00 hours). This result is suggestive of the presence of a circadian rhythm although it is not conslusive.", "contents": "Oestradiol secretion in men and pre-menopausal women. Blood samples were obtained from a group of regularly-cycling normal women (n = 13) and a group of normal men (n = 5) at 15 min intervals for periods ranging from 9-14 h whilst the subjects remained resting quietly in bed. The concentration of plasma oestradiol was measured in a radioimmunoassay which had been carefully optimised and the mean concentration and coefficient of variation calculated for each subject. Plasma oestradiol concentrations were found to fluctuate rapidly in all subjects. The largest sample-to-sample variation was found in regularly cycling women near mid-cycle, and the least variation occurred in the male subjects. The coefficients of variation were approximately twice the intra-assay variation confirming that the observed pulsatile patterns of secretion were not due to technical errors. An analysis of variance performed on the mean hourly concentrations from each subject showed a significant variation (P less than 0.001) between sampling periods with peaks occurring during the first hour of sampling (08.00-09.00 hours). This result is suggestive of the presence of a circadian rhythm although it is not conslusive.", "PMID": 679501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4056", "title": "Sex hormone concentrations in post-menopausal women.", "content": "Plasma sex hormone concentrations (testosterone, (T), androstenedione (A), oestrone (E1) and oestradiol (E2) were measured in forty post-menopausal women more than 4 years post-normal menopause. Correlations between these and age, years post-menopause (YPM), degree of obesity and fat mass respectively were studied. T and A, as well as E1 and E2 were positively correlated (P less than 0.01), but no statistically significant correlation between A and E1 was observed. Sex hormone concentrations in this group of postmenopausal women (greater than 4YPM) did not show any variation as a function of age, with the possible exception of E2 which showed a tendency to decrease in the late post-menopause. E1 and to a lesser extent E2 as well as the E1/A ratio were significantly corelated with degree of obesity or fat mass, suggesting a possible role of fat tissue in the aromatization of androgens. Neither the T/A nor the E2/E1 ratios were correlated with fat mass, suggesting that the reduction of 17 oxo-group does not occur in fat tissue. The E1/A ratio was significantly higher than the reported conversion rate of A in E1. This might suggest the existence of an additional precursor of plasma E1.", "contents": "Sex hormone concentrations in post-menopausal women. Plasma sex hormone concentrations (testosterone, (T), androstenedione (A), oestrone (E1) and oestradiol (E2) were measured in forty post-menopausal women more than 4 years post-normal menopause. Correlations between these and age, years post-menopause (YPM), degree of obesity and fat mass respectively were studied. T and A, as well as E1 and E2 were positively correlated (P less than 0.01), but no statistically significant correlation between A and E1 was observed. Sex hormone concentrations in this group of postmenopausal women (greater than 4YPM) did not show any variation as a function of age, with the possible exception of E2 which showed a tendency to decrease in the late post-menopause. E1 and to a lesser extent E2 as well as the E1/A ratio were significantly corelated with degree of obesity or fat mass, suggesting a possible role of fat tissue in the aromatization of androgens. Neither the T/A nor the E2/E1 ratios were correlated with fat mass, suggesting that the reduction of 17 oxo-group does not occur in fat tissue. The E1/A ratio was significantly higher than the reported conversion rate of A in E1. This might suggest the existence of an additional precursor of plasma E1.", "PMID": 679502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4057", "title": "The effect of propranolol on thyroid hormones and oxygen consumption in thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "The possibility that propranolol may exert its beneficial actions in thyrotoxicosis by an effect on thyroid hormone concentrations has been investigated by measuring these and oxygen consumption in a group of thyrotoxic patients before and after treatment with propranolol. Following treatment a significant fall in plasma T3 concentration and oxygen consumption occurred and a direct correlation was found between these two variables. Propranolol may, therefore, exert some of its beneficial effects in thyrotoxicosis by an action on T3 metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of propranolol on thyroid hormones and oxygen consumption in thyrotoxicosis. The possibility that propranolol may exert its beneficial actions in thyrotoxicosis by an effect on thyroid hormone concentrations has been investigated by measuring these and oxygen consumption in a group of thyrotoxic patients before and after treatment with propranolol. Following treatment a significant fall in plasma T3 concentration and oxygen consumption occurred and a direct correlation was found between these two variables. Propranolol may, therefore, exert some of its beneficial effects in thyrotoxicosis by an action on T3 metabolism.", "PMID": 679503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4058", "title": "Bromocriptine treatment of males with pituitary tumours, hyperprolactinaemia, and hypogonadism.", "content": "Plasma prolactin concentrations were measured in thirty-four males with pituitary tumours and twenty-two patients (65%) were found to have hyperprolactinaemia. Plasma testosterone concentrations were subnormal in twenty-nine patients. Ten patients with hyperprolactinaemia were treated with bromocriptine; prolactin was restored to normal values in eight patients but testosterone secretion remained deficient. Two patients were resistant to bromocriptine. Some improvement in libido and potency was obtained after restoration of normal prolactin concentrations in four cases in spite of persistently low testosterone secretion. For maximal improvement in sexual function treatment with both bromocriptine and testosterone was required.", "contents": "Bromocriptine treatment of males with pituitary tumours, hyperprolactinaemia, and hypogonadism. Plasma prolactin concentrations were measured in thirty-four males with pituitary tumours and twenty-two patients (65%) were found to have hyperprolactinaemia. Plasma testosterone concentrations were subnormal in twenty-nine patients. Ten patients with hyperprolactinaemia were treated with bromocriptine; prolactin was restored to normal values in eight patients but testosterone secretion remained deficient. Two patients were resistant to bromocriptine. Some improvement in libido and potency was obtained after restoration of normal prolactin concentrations in four cases in spite of persistently low testosterone secretion. For maximal improvement in sexual function treatment with both bromocriptine and testosterone was required.", "PMID": 679504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4059", "title": "Influence of lower body negative pressure upon arginine vasopressin release.", "content": "Lower body negative pressure (9-12 kPa) was applied to ten normal subjects. Large increases in plasma arginine vasopression concentration occurred only in subjects that experienced syncopal symptoms and developed hypotension. Blood samples obtained from the superior vena cava at 1/2 min intervals during application of negative pressure showed that maximal plasma vasopressin concentrations occurred with hypotension. Chromatography of the presyncopal plasma on Sephadex G-25 gave a large peak which eluted in the position of synthetic arginine vasopressin.", "contents": "Influence of lower body negative pressure upon arginine vasopressin release. Lower body negative pressure (9-12 kPa) was applied to ten normal subjects. Large increases in plasma arginine vasopression concentration occurred only in subjects that experienced syncopal symptoms and developed hypotension. Blood samples obtained from the superior vena cava at 1/2 min intervals during application of negative pressure showed that maximal plasma vasopressin concentrations occurred with hypotension. Chromatography of the presyncopal plasma on Sephadex G-25 gave a large peak which eluted in the position of synthetic arginine vasopressin.", "PMID": 679506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4060", "title": "Correlations between prolactin and progesterone, oestradiol-17-beta and oestriol during early human pregnancy.", "content": "The correlations between serum prolactin and progesterone, oestradiol-17-beta and oestriol were determined in 125 pregnant females between the sixth and fourteenth week of pregnancy. No significant correlations were found between prolactin and progesterone. Correlations between prolactin and oestradiol-17-beta and oestriol were mostly positive, but only significant during the twelfth week of pregnancy.", "contents": "Correlations between prolactin and progesterone, oestradiol-17-beta and oestriol during early human pregnancy. The correlations between serum prolactin and progesterone, oestradiol-17-beta and oestriol were determined in 125 pregnant females between the sixth and fourteenth week of pregnancy. No significant correlations were found between prolactin and progesterone. Correlations between prolactin and oestradiol-17-beta and oestriol were mostly positive, but only significant during the twelfth week of pregnancy.", "PMID": 679507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4061", "title": "Presymptomatic diagnosis of adult onset polycystic kidney disease by ultrasonography.", "content": "Results of an ongoing prospective study of progeny of patients with adult-onset polycystic kidney disease using grey-scale ultrasound and high-dose nephrotomography are reported. Six asymptomatic subjects out of 17 at risk for polycystic kidney disease were found by ultrasonography to have multiple renal cysts; this included two unrelated children aged 18 months and 6 y who had normal high-dose nephrotomography. We suggest that ultrasonography may be the method of choice for presymptomatic detection of polycystic kidney disease. Serial studies of at-risk individuals by sonography will be useful in determining the earliest age of detection, the latest age of ultrasonography presentation, and in following the natural history of polycystic kidney disease.", "contents": "Presymptomatic diagnosis of adult onset polycystic kidney disease by ultrasonography. Results of an ongoing prospective study of progeny of patients with adult-onset polycystic kidney disease using grey-scale ultrasound and high-dose nephrotomography are reported. Six asymptomatic subjects out of 17 at risk for polycystic kidney disease were found by ultrasonography to have multiple renal cysts; this included two unrelated children aged 18 months and 6 y who had normal high-dose nephrotomography. We suggest that ultrasonography may be the method of choice for presymptomatic detection of polycystic kidney disease. Serial studies of at-risk individuals by sonography will be useful in determining the earliest age of detection, the latest age of ultrasonography presentation, and in following the natural history of polycystic kidney disease.", "PMID": 679518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4062", "title": "The Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome in adult siblings.", "content": "The clinical and radiographic features of three adult siblings with mental deficiency and dwarfism due to the Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome are documented. The consanguinity of the unaffected parents is further evidence to support the concept of autosomal recessive inheritance of this disorder. The fact that this is the fifth reported kindred of Lebanese extraction emphasises the geographic predilection of the abnormal genes.", "contents": "The Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome in adult siblings. The clinical and radiographic features of three adult siblings with mental deficiency and dwarfism due to the Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome are documented. The consanguinity of the unaffected parents is further evidence to support the concept of autosomal recessive inheritance of this disorder. The fact that this is the fifth reported kindred of Lebanese extraction emphasises the geographic predilection of the abnormal genes.", "PMID": 679519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4063", "title": "H-Y antigen in human intersexuality.", "content": "The status of H-Y antigen was studied in 10 intersexual cases (three pure gonadal dysgenesis with XY genotype, three Klinefelter's syndrome, two true hermaphroditism with XX genotype, two male hermaphroditism) and in 18 normal adult subjects (nine males and nine females). In all these subjects, fluorescent staining and G-banding on chromosomes from cultured leukocytes confirmed their karyotype. Interestingly, H-Y antigen was found to be negative in XY females with dysgenetic gonads (PGD), while in the remaining intersexual states (viz Klinefelter's syndrome, true hermaphroditism and male hermaphroditism), it was found to be positive. These observations confirm that morphological differentiation of testis is controlled by H-Y antigen, and indicate that in the absence of the H-Y antigen, the gonad in pure gonadal dysgenetic patients (46, XY) could not be differentiated into testis, Further, it appears that H-Y antigen in no way influences the secretory function of testis.", "contents": "H-Y antigen in human intersexuality. The status of H-Y antigen was studied in 10 intersexual cases (three pure gonadal dysgenesis with XY genotype, three Klinefelter's syndrome, two true hermaphroditism with XX genotype, two male hermaphroditism) and in 18 normal adult subjects (nine males and nine females). In all these subjects, fluorescent staining and G-banding on chromosomes from cultured leukocytes confirmed their karyotype. Interestingly, H-Y antigen was found to be negative in XY females with dysgenetic gonads (PGD), while in the remaining intersexual states (viz Klinefelter's syndrome, true hermaphroditism and male hermaphroditism), it was found to be positive. These observations confirm that morphological differentiation of testis is controlled by H-Y antigen, and indicate that in the absence of the H-Y antigen, the gonad in pure gonadal dysgenetic patients (46, XY) could not be differentiated into testis, Further, it appears that H-Y antigen in no way influences the secretory function of testis.", "PMID": 679520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4064", "title": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: data for genetic counseling relating age to risk.", "content": "One hundred and nine individuals from complete sibships at risk for autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease in 15 unrelated families were evaluated by physical examination and motor nerve conduction studies. Penetrance of the gene was 28% in the first decade, but was essentially complete by the middle of the third decade. The average age of onset of symptoms was 12.2 y, with a standard deviation of 7.3. Persons at risk who have no clinical manifestations and who are over age 27 have less than a 3% probability of having inherited the CMT gene.", "contents": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: data for genetic counseling relating age to risk. One hundred and nine individuals from complete sibships at risk for autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease in 15 unrelated families were evaluated by physical examination and motor nerve conduction studies. Penetrance of the gene was 28% in the first decade, but was essentially complete by the middle of the third decade. The average age of onset of symptoms was 12.2 y, with a standard deviation of 7.3. Persons at risk who have no clinical manifestations and who are over age 27 have less than a 3% probability of having inherited the CMT gene.", "PMID": 679521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4065", "title": "Biochemical investigations in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were studied with a double-labeling procedure. Preliminary evaluation of the growth characteristics and average viability of dystrophic cells did not show any major abnormalities. Analysis of doubly labeled fibroblast mixture did not disclose any consistent anomaly in the distribution of subcellular fractions or in the major protein components of dystrophic fibroblasts.", "contents": "Biochemical investigations in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were studied with a double-labeling procedure. Preliminary evaluation of the growth characteristics and average viability of dystrophic cells did not show any major abnormalities. Analysis of doubly labeled fibroblast mixture did not disclose any consistent anomaly in the distribution of subcellular fractions or in the major protein components of dystrophic fibroblasts.", "PMID": 679522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4066", "title": "The cherry red spot-myoclonus syndrome: a newly recognized inherited lysosomal storage disease due to acid neuraminidase deficiency.", "content": "A newly discovered lysosomal storage disorder, apparently transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, presents with cherry red spots in childhood, progressive debilitating myoclonus, insidious visual loss, and normal intelligence. Somatic and bony abnormalities are not evident clinically. Neuronal lipidosis and vacuolated Kuppfer cells are found upon tissue examination. The diagnosis can be most easily confirmed by chromatographic screening for urinary sialyloligosaccharides. The primary enzyme defect is a deficiency of an acid neuraminidase isoenzyme which cleaves sialyloligosaccharides. I discuss here the clinical phenotype in four patients, the chemical abnormality, the pathogenesis, the enzyme defect and the molecular genetics of this disorder.", "contents": "The cherry red spot-myoclonus syndrome: a newly recognized inherited lysosomal storage disease due to acid neuraminidase deficiency. A newly discovered lysosomal storage disorder, apparently transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, presents with cherry red spots in childhood, progressive debilitating myoclonus, insidious visual loss, and normal intelligence. Somatic and bony abnormalities are not evident clinically. Neuronal lipidosis and vacuolated Kuppfer cells are found upon tissue examination. The diagnosis can be most easily confirmed by chromatographic screening for urinary sialyloligosaccharides. The primary enzyme defect is a deficiency of an acid neuraminidase isoenzyme which cleaves sialyloligosaccharides. I discuss here the clinical phenotype in four patients, the chemical abnormality, the pathogenesis, the enzyme defect and the molecular genetics of this disorder.", "PMID": 679523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4067", "title": "Apparently non-deleted ring-1 chromosome and extreme growth failure in a mentally retarded girl.", "content": "A girl, who was the product of the first recognized conception by healthy and chromosomally normal parents, and who was born 5 weeks before term with a birth weight of only 1,690 g, was found to have a ring-1 chromosome, r(1), in almost all cells analysed. A minor proportion of cells had a normal diploid chromosome complement including two regular No. 1 homologues. A few cells contained a large dicentric ring, and two monocentric ring-1 chromosomes were simultaneously observed in a few other cells. Q- and G- banding revealed the r(1) chromosome to be apparently non-deleted. The patient phenotypically resembled the three previously described human subjects with r(1) chromosomes, especially with respect to her remarkable growth failure and metal retardation. From consideration of data available on general development in subjects with an autosomal ring chromosome, it appears likely that the presence of such a ring chromosome per se in an early foetal chromosome complement may predispose to significantly retarded intrauterine and postnatal growth. Various genetical implications, including mitotic irregularities with subsequent loss of cells at division, are thought to account for the significant reduction of body mass in these patients.", "contents": "Apparently non-deleted ring-1 chromosome and extreme growth failure in a mentally retarded girl. A girl, who was the product of the first recognized conception by healthy and chromosomally normal parents, and who was born 5 weeks before term with a birth weight of only 1,690 g, was found to have a ring-1 chromosome, r(1), in almost all cells analysed. A minor proportion of cells had a normal diploid chromosome complement including two regular No. 1 homologues. A few cells contained a large dicentric ring, and two monocentric ring-1 chromosomes were simultaneously observed in a few other cells. Q- and G- banding revealed the r(1) chromosome to be apparently non-deleted. The patient phenotypically resembled the three previously described human subjects with r(1) chromosomes, especially with respect to her remarkable growth failure and metal retardation. From consideration of data available on general development in subjects with an autosomal ring chromosome, it appears likely that the presence of such a ring chromosome per se in an early foetal chromosome complement may predispose to significantly retarded intrauterine and postnatal growth. Various genetical implications, including mitotic irregularities with subsequent loss of cells at division, are thought to account for the significant reduction of body mass in these patients.", "PMID": 679524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4068", "title": "Incidence and natural history of \"head at risk\" factors in Perthes' disease.", "content": "Twenty-eight cases of Perthes' disease were evaluated roentgenographically a minimum of 4 years after diagnosis (range, 4-17 years). The original roentgenograms were examined to see if a prognosis was possible of the final result on the basis of: (1) \"head at risk\" factors, or (2) Catterall's degree of epiphyseal involvement. Five \"head at risk\" factors more accurately predicted the course of Perthes' disease than Catterall's degree of epiphyseal involvement. The latter may change as the disease progresses. There is a definite decreasing incidence of a good radiological result with an increasing number of risk factors. The 5 risk factors are: Gage's sign; lateral subluxation; calcification lateral to the epiphysis; diffuse metaphyseal reaction and a transverse epiphyseal plate. The ability to predict the probable course of the disease and the final result should allow early institution of a more rational treatment program.", "contents": "Incidence and natural history of \"head at risk\" factors in Perthes' disease. Twenty-eight cases of Perthes' disease were evaluated roentgenographically a minimum of 4 years after diagnosis (range, 4-17 years). The original roentgenograms were examined to see if a prognosis was possible of the final result on the basis of: (1) \"head at risk\" factors, or (2) Catterall's degree of epiphyseal involvement. Five \"head at risk\" factors more accurately predicted the course of Perthes' disease than Catterall's degree of epiphyseal involvement. The latter may change as the disease progresses. There is a definite decreasing incidence of a good radiological result with an increasing number of risk factors. The 5 risk factors are: Gage's sign; lateral subluxation; calcification lateral to the epiphysis; diffuse metaphyseal reaction and a transverse epiphyseal plate. The ability to predict the probable course of the disease and the final result should allow early institution of a more rational treatment program.", "PMID": 679525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4069", "title": "The adductor transfer in the high-risk hip in myelodysplasia: a preliminary report.", "content": "Hip instability occurs in meningomyelocele patients with lumbar level paralysis because of muscle imbalance. Transferring the hip adductor origins to the ischium can be used as the primary procedure to restore muscle balance and prevent hip instability in myelodysplasia patients if performed by the age of one year. Twelve lumbar meningomyelocele patients underwent bilateral adductor transfers. Secondary procedures, such as iliopsoas release or transfer or varus derotation osteotomy, were done in 14 hips. Ten hips needed no further surgery. Twenty of 24 hips were clinically and roentgenographically stable and showed roentgenographic evidence of improving hip development. Instability was associated with scoliosis, congenital dislocation, and age greater than one year at the time of the transfer.", "contents": "The adductor transfer in the high-risk hip in myelodysplasia: a preliminary report. Hip instability occurs in meningomyelocele patients with lumbar level paralysis because of muscle imbalance. Transferring the hip adductor origins to the ischium can be used as the primary procedure to restore muscle balance and prevent hip instability in myelodysplasia patients if performed by the age of one year. Twelve lumbar meningomyelocele patients underwent bilateral adductor transfers. Secondary procedures, such as iliopsoas release or transfer or varus derotation osteotomy, were done in 14 hips. Ten hips needed no further surgery. Twenty of 24 hips were clinically and roentgenographically stable and showed roentgenographic evidence of improving hip development. Instability was associated with scoliosis, congenital dislocation, and age greater than one year at the time of the transfer.", "PMID": 679526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4070", "title": "The results of Charnley arthroplasty of hip performed for protrusio acetabuli.", "content": "The results of total hip replacement in protrusio acetabuli using the Charnley technique have been very satisfactory. The immediate and late complications have been in no way different from those in ordinary cases of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis as performed in this hospital. There was no difference in the successful results whether a bone graft or cement alone had been used, and nothing to suggest that wire mesh need be used even in the severe cases. The diagnosis of idiopathic protrusio is 4 times more frequent than that of secondary protrusio. There was an incidence of 10 females for every male suffering from protrusio acetabuli. About half of the patients required bilateral low friction arthroplasties.", "contents": "The results of Charnley arthroplasty of hip performed for protrusio acetabuli. The results of total hip replacement in protrusio acetabuli using the Charnley technique have been very satisfactory. The immediate and late complications have been in no way different from those in ordinary cases of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis as performed in this hospital. There was no difference in the successful results whether a bone graft or cement alone had been used, and nothing to suggest that wire mesh need be used even in the severe cases. The diagnosis of idiopathic protrusio is 4 times more frequent than that of secondary protrusio. There was an incidence of 10 females for every male suffering from protrusio acetabuli. About half of the patients required bilateral low friction arthroplasties.", "PMID": 679527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4071", "title": "Osteomalacia as a contributing factor in fracture of the femoral neck in the elderly in Quatar.", "content": "Eighty-seven patients with femoral neck fractures were investigated for possible evidence of osteomalacia. Eighteen patients were under the age of 50, or had sustained the fracture following severe injury. No evidence of osteomalacia was demonstrated in this group. In the remaining 69 patients the fracture was associated with a trivial injury, and in some patients no history of injury could be obtained. Only 16 (23.2%) of these showed evidence of osteomalacia; in 7 (10.1%) the disease was suspected. This occurred more often in women than men, and in trochanteric rather than cervical fractures.", "contents": "Osteomalacia as a contributing factor in fracture of the femoral neck in the elderly in Quatar. Eighty-seven patients with femoral neck fractures were investigated for possible evidence of osteomalacia. Eighteen patients were under the age of 50, or had sustained the fracture following severe injury. No evidence of osteomalacia was demonstrated in this group. In the remaining 69 patients the fracture was associated with a trivial injury, and in some patients no history of injury could be obtained. Only 16 (23.2%) of these showed evidence of osteomalacia; in 7 (10.1%) the disease was suspected. This occurred more often in women than men, and in trochanteric rather than cervical fractures.", "PMID": 679528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4072", "title": "Stabilization of Thompson femoral head prosthesis with a porous stem coating: a case report.", "content": "A 40-year-old woman with a femoral neck fracture was treated with a proplast coated Fred Thompson prosthesis. Two years later the prosthesis was found to be securely stabilized to the femoral shaft with tissue ingrowth into the coating.", "contents": "Stabilization of Thompson femoral head prosthesis with a porous stem coating: a case report. A 40-year-old woman with a femoral neck fracture was treated with a proplast coated Fred Thompson prosthesis. Two years later the prosthesis was found to be securely stabilized to the femoral shaft with tissue ingrowth into the coating.", "PMID": 679529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4073", "title": "The effects of walking velocity and age on hip kinematics and kinetics.", "content": "Kinematic and kinetic parameters of gait have a significant dependency on subject age and walking velocity. Hip flexion-extension, stride length, hip resultant force, hip resultant moment, and hip contact force all increase with increasing velocity. All of these parameters except hip resultant force are significantly affected by the age of the subject. The evaluation of patients with lower extremity problems utilizing such gait parameters must be conducted with an appreciation of normal values corrected for subject size, age, and walking velocity.", "contents": "The effects of walking velocity and age on hip kinematics and kinetics. Kinematic and kinetic parameters of gait have a significant dependency on subject age and walking velocity. Hip flexion-extension, stride length, hip resultant force, hip resultant moment, and hip contact force all increase with increasing velocity. All of these parameters except hip resultant force are significantly affected by the age of the subject. The evaluation of patients with lower extremity problems utilizing such gait parameters must be conducted with an appreciation of normal values corrected for subject size, age, and walking velocity.", "PMID": 679530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4074", "title": "The assessment of the internal rotation gait in cerebral palsy: an electromyographic gait analysis.", "content": "A study of 12 cerebral palsied children with internal rotation revealed three patterns of electromyographic activity: (1) Diagnostic pattern--where a simple muscle group stood out as the responsible agent--notably the medial hamstrings; (2) Nondiagnostic pattern--nonrecurring pattern; (3) Nondiagnostic pattern--recurring \"mass limb reflex\" pattern. In all cases, electromyography was useful for: (1) confirmation of clinical impressions. Electromyographic confirmation of phasic hamstring overactivity gives a firm basis for tendon surgery with expectancy of good results. (2) Detection of the responsible muscle group where clinical methods fail to do so. It detects the \"at risk\" patients, where follow up with tendon surgery at the appropriate time could be performed with predictable results. (3) Selection of patients who are likely to respond to tendon surgery, and those unlikely to benefit from it. The adductors and internal rotators may play only a secondary role in children whose predominant problem is internal rotation during gait. The medial hamstrings stand out as the most important single muscle group causing this problem. Consequently, it is important to analyze gait problems with the patient walking, and examine electromyographs during walking in the overall assessment of a patient with dynamic gait problem.", "contents": "The assessment of the internal rotation gait in cerebral palsy: an electromyographic gait analysis. A study of 12 cerebral palsied children with internal rotation revealed three patterns of electromyographic activity: (1) Diagnostic pattern--where a simple muscle group stood out as the responsible agent--notably the medial hamstrings; (2) Nondiagnostic pattern--nonrecurring pattern; (3) Nondiagnostic pattern--recurring \"mass limb reflex\" pattern. In all cases, electromyography was useful for: (1) confirmation of clinical impressions. Electromyographic confirmation of phasic hamstring overactivity gives a firm basis for tendon surgery with expectancy of good results. (2) Detection of the responsible muscle group where clinical methods fail to do so. It detects the \"at risk\" patients, where follow up with tendon surgery at the appropriate time could be performed with predictable results. (3) Selection of patients who are likely to respond to tendon surgery, and those unlikely to benefit from it. The adductors and internal rotators may play only a secondary role in children whose predominant problem is internal rotation during gait. The medial hamstrings stand out as the most important single muscle group causing this problem. Consequently, it is important to analyze gait problems with the patient walking, and examine electromyographs during walking in the overall assessment of a patient with dynamic gait problem.", "PMID": 679531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4075", "title": "Use of the Fogarty embolectomy catheter as an \"internal tourniquet\".", "content": "The Fogarty embolectomy catheter has been found useful in minimizing blood loss in large surgical procedures about the hip and pelvis. Its utility lies in the ability to achieve temporary intraluminal occlusion of the common iliac artery while the proposed surgical procedure is being carried out. The technique of instrumentation is simple, rapid, and can be carried out using no special instruments other than the catheter itself. The instrumentation adds little, if any, additional time to the surgical procedure, and in fact may significantly shorten it by achieving earlier definitive hemostasis. Fogarty catheters, a part of the regular armamentarium of vascular surgeons, are readily available at most institutions.", "contents": "Use of the Fogarty embolectomy catheter as an \"internal tourniquet\". The Fogarty embolectomy catheter has been found useful in minimizing blood loss in large surgical procedures about the hip and pelvis. Its utility lies in the ability to achieve temporary intraluminal occlusion of the common iliac artery while the proposed surgical procedure is being carried out. The technique of instrumentation is simple, rapid, and can be carried out using no special instruments other than the catheter itself. The instrumentation adds little, if any, additional time to the surgical procedure, and in fact may significantly shorten it by achieving earlier definitive hemostasis. Fogarty catheters, a part of the regular armamentarium of vascular surgeons, are readily available at most institutions.", "PMID": 679532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4076", "title": "The immunogenicity of allograft knee joint transplants.", "content": "Joint allotransplantation has been employed in the management of osteoarthritis affecting primarily one compartment of the knee. Biological resurfacing and realignment of the knee has been the goal. The immunological results of six patients posttransplant were studied with the lymphocyte microcytotoxicity test. Definite immunogenicity was demonstrated at an early stage. The sera from the recipients posttransplant was noted to abrogate the in vitro cytotoxicity suggesting the presence of blocking factors. The actual clinical significance of this phenomenon was difficult to judge insofar as no evidence of allograft joint rejection was seen.", "contents": "The immunogenicity of allograft knee joint transplants. Joint allotransplantation has been employed in the management of osteoarthritis affecting primarily one compartment of the knee. Biological resurfacing and realignment of the knee has been the goal. The immunological results of six patients posttransplant were studied with the lymphocyte microcytotoxicity test. Definite immunogenicity was demonstrated at an early stage. The sera from the recipients posttransplant was noted to abrogate the in vitro cytotoxicity suggesting the presence of blocking factors. The actual clinical significance of this phenomenon was difficult to judge insofar as no evidence of allograft joint rejection was seen.", "PMID": 679533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4077", "title": "A case report of total knee arthroplasty infected by Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "A 72-year-old woman with a total knee prosthesis was infected with Pasteurella multocida organisms from a cat bite. The joint was successfully salvaged by surgical debridement, closed tube irrigation utilizing .25% acetic acid and appropriate antibiotics.", "contents": "A case report of total knee arthroplasty infected by Pasteurella multocida. A 72-year-old woman with a total knee prosthesis was infected with Pasteurella multocida organisms from a cat bite. The joint was successfully salvaged by surgical debridement, closed tube irrigation utilizing .25% acetic acid and appropriate antibiotics.", "PMID": 679534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4078", "title": "GSB knee joint: a further possibility, principle, results.", "content": "The GSB Knee joint is a nonconstrained hinge joint, which combines the advantages of the so-called condylar or surface prosthesis with those of the constrained hinge joints. This report is of observations on the results and complications in 150 arthroplasties performed over a 5 year period.", "contents": "GSB knee joint: a further possibility, principle, results. The GSB Knee joint is a nonconstrained hinge joint, which combines the advantages of the so-called condylar or surface prosthesis with those of the constrained hinge joints. This report is of observations on the results and complications in 150 arthroplasties performed over a 5 year period.", "PMID": 679535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4079", "title": "Nontraumatic osteomyelitis of the patella.", "content": "Nontraumatic, hemotogenous osteomyelitis is a childhood disease uncommonly encountered and rare in the patella. The initial signs are usually intraarticular, because of the sterile effusion. The primary pathology in the patella is easy to overlook. The infection generally does not penetrate the joint cavity and most cases can be treated conservatively, or by local debridement. Arthrotomy is not necessary and could involve the joint with the infection.", "contents": "Nontraumatic osteomyelitis of the patella. Nontraumatic, hemotogenous osteomyelitis is a childhood disease uncommonly encountered and rare in the patella. The initial signs are usually intraarticular, because of the sterile effusion. The primary pathology in the patella is easy to overlook. The infection generally does not penetrate the joint cavity and most cases can be treated conservatively, or by local debridement. Arthrotomy is not necessary and could involve the joint with the infection.", "PMID": 679536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4080", "title": "Function after patellectomy.", "content": "Twenty cases of patellectomy for fracture and 14 cases of patellectomy for chondromalacia evaluated for postoperative strength, endurance, pain and functional complaints, revealed satisfactory results in 85% of the fracture group and 79% of the chondromalacia group. Some quadriceps weakness was usually present, but quadriceps strengthening overcame the loss of mechanical efficiency caused by patellectomy. A vigorous rehabilitation program should be followed for at least one year after surgery to secure the fullest recovery of function.", "contents": "Function after patellectomy. Twenty cases of patellectomy for fracture and 14 cases of patellectomy for chondromalacia evaluated for postoperative strength, endurance, pain and functional complaints, revealed satisfactory results in 85% of the fracture group and 79% of the chondromalacia group. Some quadriceps weakness was usually present, but quadriceps strengthening overcame the loss of mechanical efficiency caused by patellectomy. A vigorous rehabilitation program should be followed for at least one year after surgery to secure the fullest recovery of function.", "PMID": 679537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4081", "title": "Primary coccidioidal synovitis of the knee: a report of four cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Primary coccidioidal synovitis of the knee is a rare disorder and controversy exists in the literature over the efficacy of treatment with synovectomy and Amphotericin B therapy. Four cases are presented illustrating features of the natural history, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease.", "contents": "Primary coccidioidal synovitis of the knee: a report of four cases and review of the literature. Primary coccidioidal synovitis of the knee is a rare disorder and controversy exists in the literature over the efficacy of treatment with synovectomy and Amphotericin B therapy. Four cases are presented illustrating features of the natural history, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease.", "PMID": 679538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4082", "title": "Arthrographic demonstration of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee.", "content": "Arthrography of the knee is most frequently used for diagnosis of conditions affecting the cartilage and menisci. In a 40-year-old man with pigmented villonodular synovitis, arthrography demonstrated a characteristic pattern of multiple filling defects. Arthrography may prove to be as useful for diagnosis of synovial lesions as for other intraarticular lesions.", "contents": "Arthrographic demonstration of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee. Arthrography of the knee is most frequently used for diagnosis of conditions affecting the cartilage and menisci. In a 40-year-old man with pigmented villonodular synovitis, arthrography demonstrated a characteristic pattern of multiple filling defects. Arthrography may prove to be as useful for diagnosis of synovial lesions as for other intraarticular lesions.", "PMID": 679539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4083", "title": "The torn or degenerated meniscus and its relationship to degeneration of the weight-bearing areas of the femur and tibia.", "content": "Data was collected on 300 cadaver knees dissected for the prime purpose of studying chondromalacia of the patella. Simultaneous observations were also made on the state of the meniscus and the articular cartilage in the tibio-femoral joint. The data did not seem to support the oft-repeated statement that the torn meniscus is the primary cause of unicompartmental osteoarthritis. Investigations were also carried out on 69 additional cadaver knees and 100 consecutive unselected arthroscoped knees in which there was damage either to the meniscus or the adjacent joint surfaces. In 60% of the combined series of cadaver and arthroscoped knees, the meniscal changes could not be correlated with the condition of the articular cartilage. In the remaining 40% in which there was coexisting pathology in the meniscus and the articular cartilage, a cause and effect relationship could not be established, but there was no evidence that a torn meniscus posed a significant threat to the articular cartilage.", "contents": "The torn or degenerated meniscus and its relationship to degeneration of the weight-bearing areas of the femur and tibia. Data was collected on 300 cadaver knees dissected for the prime purpose of studying chondromalacia of the patella. Simultaneous observations were also made on the state of the meniscus and the articular cartilage in the tibio-femoral joint. The data did not seem to support the oft-repeated statement that the torn meniscus is the primary cause of unicompartmental osteoarthritis. Investigations were also carried out on 69 additional cadaver knees and 100 consecutive unselected arthroscoped knees in which there was damage either to the meniscus or the adjacent joint surfaces. In 60% of the combined series of cadaver and arthroscoped knees, the meniscal changes could not be correlated with the condition of the articular cartilage. In the remaining 40% in which there was coexisting pathology in the meniscus and the articular cartilage, a cause and effect relationship could not be established, but there was no evidence that a torn meniscus posed a significant threat to the articular cartilage.", "PMID": 679540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4084", "title": "Problem areas in the diagnosis and treatment of ligament injuries of the knee.", "content": "The importance of the correct and early diagnosis of these soft tissue injuries to the knee cannot be overemphasized. There is a definite place for non-operative management of carefully selected patients. Realistic goals and expectations of surgery must be discussed with the patient to avoid postoperative misunderstandings. A more aggressive approach to cruciate ligament injuries, early mobilization of repairs and reconstructions, and a better understanding of the complexities of rotatory instability represent some of the recent, major advances in knee ligament surgery. Well supervised and constructed rehabilitation programs in the care of these injuries are essential if satisfactory results are to be achieved.", "contents": "Problem areas in the diagnosis and treatment of ligament injuries of the knee. The importance of the correct and early diagnosis of these soft tissue injuries to the knee cannot be overemphasized. There is a definite place for non-operative management of carefully selected patients. Realistic goals and expectations of surgery must be discussed with the patient to avoid postoperative misunderstandings. A more aggressive approach to cruciate ligament injuries, early mobilization of repairs and reconstructions, and a better understanding of the complexities of rotatory instability represent some of the recent, major advances in knee ligament surgery. Well supervised and constructed rehabilitation programs in the care of these injuries are essential if satisfactory results are to be achieved.", "PMID": 679542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4085", "title": "Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: a rationale for treatment.", "content": "Isolated MCL I and MCL II lesions evidence good recovery of integrity and function under non-operative modes of treatment. Isolated MCL III lesions may also be treated by non-operative management, but with the expectation of a slightly less successful result. However, there is an 80% incidence of concomitant ligament injury with this grade of lesion. The prognosis following injury to the MCL is significantly influenced by the presence of concurrent compromise of other ligaments, particularly that of the anterior cruciate ligament. Resolution of knee instability and dysfunction following a mixed MCL injury of any grade severity is best accomplished through operative intervention. Therefore, it is the authors' opinion that isolated MCL III and all mixed MCL lesions are best managed with operative treatment. Because of the apparent influence compromise of other ligament structures have on the recovery of MCL function, an attempt must be made to repair all acutely injured structures at the time of surgery. The keystones of a satisfactory result are early and accurate diagnosis, prompt treatment, and when indicated, complete surgical repair.", "contents": "Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: a rationale for treatment. Isolated MCL I and MCL II lesions evidence good recovery of integrity and function under non-operative modes of treatment. Isolated MCL III lesions may also be treated by non-operative management, but with the expectation of a slightly less successful result. However, there is an 80% incidence of concomitant ligament injury with this grade of lesion. The prognosis following injury to the MCL is significantly influenced by the presence of concurrent compromise of other ligaments, particularly that of the anterior cruciate ligament. Resolution of knee instability and dysfunction following a mixed MCL injury of any grade severity is best accomplished through operative intervention. Therefore, it is the authors' opinion that isolated MCL III and all mixed MCL lesions are best managed with operative treatment. Because of the apparent influence compromise of other ligament structures have on the recovery of MCL function, an attempt must be made to repair all acutely injured structures at the time of surgery. The keystones of a satisfactory result are early and accurate diagnosis, prompt treatment, and when indicated, complete surgical repair.", "PMID": 679543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4086", "title": "Neutral fat globules in traumatized knees.", "content": "Synovial fluid was analyzed for neutral fat globules using a modified Gurd test in 146 patients with various knee disorders. The presence of liquid neutral fat without an intra-articular fracture is an ominous sign of a significant soft tissue injury. Mechanically damaged knees contain neutral fat globules that are not found in normal or osteoarthritic knees. While liquid neutral fat may suggest a surgically amendable ligamentous and/or meniscal injury, 10% of the injured knees containing fat had an intra-articular fracture.", "contents": "Neutral fat globules in traumatized knees. Synovial fluid was analyzed for neutral fat globules using a modified Gurd test in 146 patients with various knee disorders. The presence of liquid neutral fat without an intra-articular fracture is an ominous sign of a significant soft tissue injury. Mechanically damaged knees contain neutral fat globules that are not found in normal or osteoarthritic knees. While liquid neutral fat may suggest a surgically amendable ligamentous and/or meniscal injury, 10% of the injured knees containing fat had an intra-articular fracture.", "PMID": 679544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4087", "title": "Gross pathological changes in the knee joint of the aged individual: a study of 300 cases.", "content": "The incidence of chondromalacia of the pattella and degenerative arthritis of the knee is based on conjectural rather than objective autopsy observations. The notion that chondromalacia is a disabling, troublesome and almost universal disease affecting most older individuals is chiefly derived from clinical impressions of physicians who treat arthritis plus a few reports of European authors published some 50 years ago. The present investigation of 300 cadaver knees, whose average age was 70 years, demonstrates a much lower incidence of degenerative lesions of the articular cartilage than might be expected. There was minimal or no damage to the patella in 62% of the cases and an even lower incidence of 23% in the weight-bearing areas of the joint. Eighty-two per cent of the menisci were essentially normal, as were 96% of the cruciates. In patients in the U.S.A., articular cartilage of the knee resists the wear and tear of a normal lifespan remarkably well and infrequently undergoes progressive degradation.", "contents": "Gross pathological changes in the knee joint of the aged individual: a study of 300 cases. The incidence of chondromalacia of the pattella and degenerative arthritis of the knee is based on conjectural rather than objective autopsy observations. The notion that chondromalacia is a disabling, troublesome and almost universal disease affecting most older individuals is chiefly derived from clinical impressions of physicians who treat arthritis plus a few reports of European authors published some 50 years ago. The present investigation of 300 cadaver knees, whose average age was 70 years, demonstrates a much lower incidence of degenerative lesions of the articular cartilage than might be expected. There was minimal or no damage to the patella in 62% of the cases and an even lower incidence of 23% in the weight-bearing areas of the joint. Eighty-two per cent of the menisci were essentially normal, as were 96% of the cruciates. In patients in the U.S.A., articular cartilage of the knee resists the wear and tear of a normal lifespan remarkably well and infrequently undergoes progressive degradation.", "PMID": 679545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4088", "title": "Deep venous thrombosis following Charnley arthroplasty.", "content": "A venographic investigation has been carried out on 50 patients undergoing Charnley total hip replacement. The overall incidence of thrombus formation was 54%. Most of the thrombi formed in the second postoperative week, with a preponderance for the operated side, and were sevenly distributed throughout the venous system. The preoperative assessment both clinical and venographic was of no value in predicting thrombus formation postoperatively. The fact that few thrombi formed in the \"sensitive area\" indicates that the Charnley technique of arthroplasty and the heat generated using acrylic cement has little part to play in the formation of postoperative thrombi, rather that a generalized hypercoagulable state is induced by the operation.", "contents": "Deep venous thrombosis following Charnley arthroplasty. A venographic investigation has been carried out on 50 patients undergoing Charnley total hip replacement. The overall incidence of thrombus formation was 54%. Most of the thrombi formed in the second postoperative week, with a preponderance for the operated side, and were sevenly distributed throughout the venous system. The preoperative assessment both clinical and venographic was of no value in predicting thrombus formation postoperatively. The fact that few thrombi formed in the \"sensitive area\" indicates that the Charnley technique of arthroplasty and the heat generated using acrylic cement has little part to play in the formation of postoperative thrombi, rather that a generalized hypercoagulable state is induced by the operation.", "PMID": 679546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4089", "title": "Extracortical attachment of bioceramic endoprostheses to long bones without bone cement.", "content": "Dense, highly pure A12O3 ceramic not only shows excellent wear resistance and tissue biocompatibility, but also has sufficient mechanical strength for loaded endoprostheses. The necessary diameter size of the material to sustain adequate shear stresses can be achieved, if the endoprosthesis is attached extracortically to the conically truncated long bone according to the principle of the conical sleeve. Extracortical attachment of the endoprosthesis causes minor nutritive damage since long bones derive their vascular supply mainly from the medullary cavity. In this way a primary stable and loadable connection is established, which is a prerequisite for permanent anchorage of the implant through new bone formation. After experiments in 12 dogs bioceramic endoprostheses were implanted in a total of 40 human patients using this technique of extracortical attachment (12 hip joints, 24 proximal humeri, 4 special constructions). Thirty-six of these implants were stable after observation periods ranging from one to 49 months. A stable anchorage of the prostheses to the pre-existing bone through new bone formation could be demonstrated histologically. The above preliminary results show that bioceramic endoprostheses can be \"incorporated\" in the skeleton and possibly also withstand the functional stresses.", "contents": "Extracortical attachment of bioceramic endoprostheses to long bones without bone cement. Dense, highly pure A12O3 ceramic not only shows excellent wear resistance and tissue biocompatibility, but also has sufficient mechanical strength for loaded endoprostheses. The necessary diameter size of the material to sustain adequate shear stresses can be achieved, if the endoprosthesis is attached extracortically to the conically truncated long bone according to the principle of the conical sleeve. Extracortical attachment of the endoprosthesis causes minor nutritive damage since long bones derive their vascular supply mainly from the medullary cavity. In this way a primary stable and loadable connection is established, which is a prerequisite for permanent anchorage of the implant through new bone formation. After experiments in 12 dogs bioceramic endoprostheses were implanted in a total of 40 human patients using this technique of extracortical attachment (12 hip joints, 24 proximal humeri, 4 special constructions). Thirty-six of these implants were stable after observation periods ranging from one to 49 months. A stable anchorage of the prostheses to the pre-existing bone through new bone formation could be demonstrated histologically. The above preliminary results show that bioceramic endoprostheses can be \"incorporated\" in the skeleton and possibly also withstand the functional stresses.", "PMID": 679548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4090", "title": "An evaluation of a method of trochanteric fixation using three wires in the Charnley low friction arthroplasty.", "content": "The crossed wire technique of trochanteric reattachment, with ambulation from the second day after the arthroplasty, resulted in 2.3% of complete detachments, and 2.7% of fibrous union at one year (total failure rate of 5%). Of 75 trochanters which had a fibrous union at 3 months, 2 later became completely detached, 27 remained as a fibrous union and 46 progressed to complete or partial bony union by one year. The incidence of defective trochanteric union was 2.3 times more frequent in arthroplasties performed by residents in training than it was in those performed by senior staff, (10.8% and 4.6% respectively at 3 months and 5.6% and 2.4% respectively at 12 months). The incidence of defective trochanteric union in bilateral arthroplasties was double the rate in unilateral operations, (14% and 7% respectively). Eighty-six and one half per cent of the arthroplasties which developed defective union of the trochanter showed follow-up radiographic evidence of defective fixation, though 13.5% were apparently satisfactory on discharge. Roughly 79% (79.2%) of the cases which developed defective union of the trochanter developed broken wires within one year of the arthroplasty. Relief from pain by total joint arthroplasty was not significantly influenced by defective trochanteric union (mean postoperative grade for pain 5.8).", "contents": "An evaluation of a method of trochanteric fixation using three wires in the Charnley low friction arthroplasty. The crossed wire technique of trochanteric reattachment, with ambulation from the second day after the arthroplasty, resulted in 2.3% of complete detachments, and 2.7% of fibrous union at one year (total failure rate of 5%). Of 75 trochanters which had a fibrous union at 3 months, 2 later became completely detached, 27 remained as a fibrous union and 46 progressed to complete or partial bony union by one year. The incidence of defective trochanteric union was 2.3 times more frequent in arthroplasties performed by residents in training than it was in those performed by senior staff, (10.8% and 4.6% respectively at 3 months and 5.6% and 2.4% respectively at 12 months). The incidence of defective trochanteric union in bilateral arthroplasties was double the rate in unilateral operations, (14% and 7% respectively). Eighty-six and one half per cent of the arthroplasties which developed defective union of the trochanter showed follow-up radiographic evidence of defective fixation, though 13.5% were apparently satisfactory on discharge. Roughly 79% (79.2%) of the cases which developed defective union of the trochanter developed broken wires within one year of the arthroplasty. Relief from pain by total joint arthroplasty was not significantly influenced by defective trochanteric union (mean postoperative grade for pain 5.8).", "PMID": 679549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4091", "title": "The number of total joint replacements in the United States.", "content": "By comparing estimates from several sources an assessment can be made of the number of total joint replacement procedures performed annually in the United States. Approximately 80,000 hips and 40,000 knee joints were replaced in the U.S. during 1976. Total hip replacement has been accepted by the orthopedic community as an efficacious mode of treatment of the many painful and disabling forms of arthritis. A substantial patient population could benefit from perfection of designs for treating joints other than the hip.", "contents": "The number of total joint replacements in the United States. By comparing estimates from several sources an assessment can be made of the number of total joint replacement procedures performed annually in the United States. Approximately 80,000 hips and 40,000 knee joints were replaced in the U.S. during 1976. Total hip replacement has been accepted by the orthopedic community as an efficacious mode of treatment of the many painful and disabling forms of arthritis. A substantial patient population could benefit from perfection of designs for treating joints other than the hip.", "PMID": 679551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4092", "title": "A new power tool for removal of methylmethacrylate from the femur.", "content": "An air turbine drill will remove methylmethacrylate from the medullary canal of the proximal femur in cases of failed total hip replacement and from the distal femur in cases of failed long stem total knee replacement. This power tool is expensive, but the high cost is partially offset by multiple other uses: cutting burr holes in the skull, doing osteotomies, cutting bone grafts and making windows in the femur. The power of the instrument and effectiveness of the burrs make it important to have instruction and direct experience in its proper use prior to use in the operating room.", "contents": "A new power tool for removal of methylmethacrylate from the femur. An air turbine drill will remove methylmethacrylate from the medullary canal of the proximal femur in cases of failed total hip replacement and from the distal femur in cases of failed long stem total knee replacement. This power tool is expensive, but the high cost is partially offset by multiple other uses: cutting burr holes in the skull, doing osteotomies, cutting bone grafts and making windows in the femur. The power of the instrument and effectiveness of the burrs make it important to have instruction and direct experience in its proper use prior to use in the operating room.", "PMID": 679552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4093", "title": "The Amsterdam suspension. Balanced suspension after hip surgery.", "content": "The Amsterdam Suspension is an easily applied, mechanically efficient and inexpensive apparatus for use in postoperative treatment of patients with either hip fractures or arthroplasties. Amsterdam suspension allows lower extremity exercises to be started in the immediate post surgical period by markedly reducing the gravitation load on the extremity.", "contents": "The Amsterdam suspension. Balanced suspension after hip surgery. The Amsterdam Suspension is an easily applied, mechanically efficient and inexpensive apparatus for use in postoperative treatment of patients with either hip fractures or arthroplasties. Amsterdam suspension allows lower extremity exercises to be started in the immediate post surgical period by markedly reducing the gravitation load on the extremity.", "PMID": 679553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4094", "title": "Gluteal compartment syndromes: a report of three cases and management utilizing the Wick catheter.", "content": "Contusion or prolonged compression of the buttock produced severe local injury in 3 cases. Rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure occurred in 2 of these cases, and one of them had an associated sciatic nerve palsy. The affected muscles included the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and the tensor fascia latae. Clinically and experimentally, these muscles were shown to be functionally enclosed within separate compartments like the peripheral limb muscles. Prompt decompression in the two cases with pressures exceeding 30 mm Hg resulted in muscle and nerve recovery.", "contents": "Gluteal compartment syndromes: a report of three cases and management utilizing the Wick catheter. Contusion or prolonged compression of the buttock produced severe local injury in 3 cases. Rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure occurred in 2 of these cases, and one of them had an associated sciatic nerve palsy. The affected muscles included the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and the tensor fascia latae. Clinically and experimentally, these muscles were shown to be functionally enclosed within separate compartments like the peripheral limb muscles. Prompt decompression in the two cases with pressures exceeding 30 mm Hg resulted in muscle and nerve recovery.", "PMID": 679554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4095", "title": "Efficacy of graded-compression antiembolism stockings in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "A prospective randomized trial evaluated graded-compression antiembolism stockings for prevention of leg vein thrombosis as assessed by Doppler ultrasound, in patients undergoing total hip replacement. The study was terminated after the evaluation of 18 patients revealed a significantly greater incidence of deep vein thrombosis, documented by phlebography, in patients without stockings (5 of 10) compared to those with stockings (none of 8, p less than 0.03). Three of the patients with thrombosis developed pulmonary emboli. Although the sample size of this study is small, the implication that graded-compression stockings reduce the incidence of leg vein thrombosis is strong and is supported by the results of other recent trials. These findings are at variance with earlier studies which failed to document efficacy of elastic stockings, which involved products which did not provide graded limb compression.", "contents": "Efficacy of graded-compression antiembolism stockings in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. A prospective randomized trial evaluated graded-compression antiembolism stockings for prevention of leg vein thrombosis as assessed by Doppler ultrasound, in patients undergoing total hip replacement. The study was terminated after the evaluation of 18 patients revealed a significantly greater incidence of deep vein thrombosis, documented by phlebography, in patients without stockings (5 of 10) compared to those with stockings (none of 8, p less than 0.03). Three of the patients with thrombosis developed pulmonary emboli. Although the sample size of this study is small, the implication that graded-compression stockings reduce the incidence of leg vein thrombosis is strong and is supported by the results of other recent trials. These findings are at variance with earlier studies which failed to document efficacy of elastic stockings, which involved products which did not provide graded limb compression.", "PMID": 679555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4096", "title": "Persistent sciatic artery and sciatic artery aneurysm: a hazard in hip surgery.", "content": "During a posterior approach to the hip joint great caution must be exercised in protecting a persistent sciatic artery. Inappropriate trauma could either cause peripheral embolization, propagation of mural clots, or rupture. Prior to ligation, arteriography is critical because, despite the presence of strong femoral or popliteal pulses, the persistent sciatic artery may be the main conduit to the lower extremity.", "contents": "Persistent sciatic artery and sciatic artery aneurysm: a hazard in hip surgery. During a posterior approach to the hip joint great caution must be exercised in protecting a persistent sciatic artery. Inappropriate trauma could either cause peripheral embolization, propagation of mural clots, or rupture. Prior to ligation, arteriography is critical because, despite the presence of strong femoral or popliteal pulses, the persistent sciatic artery may be the main conduit to the lower extremity.", "PMID": 679556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4097", "title": "The histological characteristics of congenital coxa vara: a case report of a five year old boy.", "content": "In a 51/2 year old boy with unilateral coxa vara who died of unrelated causes histological sections were made of the proximal femora and pelvic growth plates. The proximal femora were also perfused to study the pattern of arterial supply. Evidence of active endochondral ossification was not detectable in growth plates of the affected right femur, the clinically and roentgenographically normal left femur and the pelvis, including a Salter Type II fissure fracture. The endochondral ossification defect found in growth plates of the proximal right femur and pelvis was associated with a reduction in the number and caliber of intraosseous arteries supplying the metaphyseal sides of the growth plates in the proximal femur and those supplying the subchondral region and extraosseous medial ascending cervical arteries on the surface of the femoral neck. This deficiency in endochondral ossification resembles a form of dwarfism associated with a coxa vara and a generalized growth plate disorder.", "contents": "The histological characteristics of congenital coxa vara: a case report of a five year old boy. In a 51/2 year old boy with unilateral coxa vara who died of unrelated causes histological sections were made of the proximal femora and pelvic growth plates. The proximal femora were also perfused to study the pattern of arterial supply. Evidence of active endochondral ossification was not detectable in growth plates of the affected right femur, the clinically and roentgenographically normal left femur and the pelvis, including a Salter Type II fissure fracture. The endochondral ossification defect found in growth plates of the proximal right femur and pelvis was associated with a reduction in the number and caliber of intraosseous arteries supplying the metaphyseal sides of the growth plates in the proximal femur and those supplying the subchondral region and extraosseous medial ascending cervical arteries on the surface of the femoral neck. This deficiency in endochondral ossification resembles a form of dwarfism associated with a coxa vara and a generalized growth plate disorder.", "PMID": 679557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4098", "title": "Biomechanical aspects of Salter osteotomy.", "content": "A mathematical model of a Salter osteotomy in an adult male pelvis reveals that during innominate osteotomy, the center of the hip joint moves distally, posteriorly, and medially. The acetabulum extends by an angle roughly equivalent to the angle of osteotomy opening. Adduction of the acetabulum takes place to a lesser extent. Hip abductors and flexors tighten minmally following innominate osteotomy. Augmentation of abduction occurs as a result of medial acetabular displacement rather than gross alteration of the abductor muscles themselves. Theoretical considerations suggest that the surgeon should strive to obtain maximum correction at the osteotomy site while avoiding levering at the greater sciatic notch.", "contents": "Biomechanical aspects of Salter osteotomy. A mathematical model of a Salter osteotomy in an adult male pelvis reveals that during innominate osteotomy, the center of the hip joint moves distally, posteriorly, and medially. The acetabulum extends by an angle roughly equivalent to the angle of osteotomy opening. Adduction of the acetabulum takes place to a lesser extent. Hip abductors and flexors tighten minmally following innominate osteotomy. Augmentation of abduction occurs as a result of medial acetabular displacement rather than gross alteration of the abductor muscles themselves. Theoretical considerations suggest that the surgeon should strive to obtain maximum correction at the osteotomy site while avoiding levering at the greater sciatic notch.", "PMID": 679558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4099", "title": "Combined valgus derotation osteotomy and cervical osteoplasty for severely slipped capital femoral epiphysis: mechanical analysis and report preliminary results using compression screw fixation and early weight bearing.", "content": "Although considerable remodeling can occur in slipped capital femoral epiphysis, it is generally conceded that the severely-slipped epiphysis requires corrective osteotomy to restore adequate range of motion, and to prevent early degenerative changes. A study of artifically-created severe slips in cadaver specimens demonstrated that removal of the cervical prominence, as well as valgus-derotational osteotomy is necessary to restore good range of motion and provide a satisfactory weight-bearing surface. Clinical trial in 6 patients also demonstrated that the cervical prominence is a barrier to flexion, internal rotation, and abduction even after a valgus derotational osteotomy. The Watson-Jones approach afforded adequate exposure of the anterior femoral neck and head as well as the femoral shaft to allow excision of the cervical prominence, insertion of internal fixation, and adjustment of valgus and rotation under direct vision. The Richards compression screw proved to be ideal for fixation in the proper degree of valgus, and for allowing rotary alignment of the distal fragments. Early results were very good, and all patients had near-normal hip flexion, internal rotation, and abduction; and most were able to bear weight in the early postoperative period. The operation appears to offer a workable solution to the problem posed by the severly slipped capital femoral epiphysis, but more definitive conclusions must await the results of a larger series.", "contents": "Combined valgus derotation osteotomy and cervical osteoplasty for severely slipped capital femoral epiphysis: mechanical analysis and report preliminary results using compression screw fixation and early weight bearing. Although considerable remodeling can occur in slipped capital femoral epiphysis, it is generally conceded that the severely-slipped epiphysis requires corrective osteotomy to restore adequate range of motion, and to prevent early degenerative changes. A study of artifically-created severe slips in cadaver specimens demonstrated that removal of the cervical prominence, as well as valgus-derotational osteotomy is necessary to restore good range of motion and provide a satisfactory weight-bearing surface. Clinical trial in 6 patients also demonstrated that the cervical prominence is a barrier to flexion, internal rotation, and abduction even after a valgus derotational osteotomy. The Watson-Jones approach afforded adequate exposure of the anterior femoral neck and head as well as the femoral shaft to allow excision of the cervical prominence, insertion of internal fixation, and adjustment of valgus and rotation under direct vision. The Richards compression screw proved to be ideal for fixation in the proper degree of valgus, and for allowing rotary alignment of the distal fragments. Early results were very good, and all patients had near-normal hip flexion, internal rotation, and abduction; and most were able to bear weight in the early postoperative period. The operation appears to offer a workable solution to the problem posed by the severly slipped capital femoral epiphysis, but more definitive conclusions must await the results of a larger series.", "PMID": 679559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4100", "title": "Base of the neck extracapsular osteotomy for correction of deformity in slipped capital femoral epiphysis.", "content": "This is a report on a University of Illinois Hospital series of cases of extracapsular base of the neck osteotomy for slipped capital femoral epiphyses. The osteotomy was performed on 20 hips in 16 patients, with a 71/2 year average follow-up. The results of this procedure are encouraging and illustrate the advantages of technical simplicity and minimal risk of avascular necrosis. The method does not create any additional deformity. The only disadvantage is that the correction could be limited. The maximum correction of posterior tilt was 55 degrees and the maximum correction of varus deformity was 50 degrees.", "contents": "Base of the neck extracapsular osteotomy for correction of deformity in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. This is a report on a University of Illinois Hospital series of cases of extracapsular base of the neck osteotomy for slipped capital femoral epiphyses. The osteotomy was performed on 20 hips in 16 patients, with a 71/2 year average follow-up. The results of this procedure are encouraging and illustrate the advantages of technical simplicity and minimal risk of avascular necrosis. The method does not create any additional deformity. The only disadvantage is that the correction could be limited. The maximum correction of posterior tilt was 55 degrees and the maximum correction of varus deformity was 50 degrees.", "PMID": 679560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4101", "title": "Detection of heterotopic calcification with 99mTc-pyrophosphate in spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "Whole body 99mTc-pyrophosphate scans were obtained and correlated with skeletal radiographs for detection of heterotopic calcification in 122 spinal injury patients. There were 27 patients with recent injury (less than 6 months) and 95 with injury of 6 months to 25 years duration. Ectopic calcification was detected in 8 of the 27 patients (30%) with recent injury and in 32 of the 95 (34%) with injury of over 6 months duration. Ectopic calcification seen on radiographs were also seen on scans in all instances. The scan was a sensitive indicator of the ectopic calcification particularly at its early stage, and detected its presence before observable radiographic changes in 5 patients with injury of 1-3 months duration. In 3 of the 5 patients, the ectopic calcification mimicked deep vein thrombosis in presentation, and the scan was valuable in identifying the nature of the complication.", "contents": "Detection of heterotopic calcification with 99mTc-pyrophosphate in spinal cord injury patients. Whole body 99mTc-pyrophosphate scans were obtained and correlated with skeletal radiographs for detection of heterotopic calcification in 122 spinal injury patients. There were 27 patients with recent injury (less than 6 months) and 95 with injury of 6 months to 25 years duration. Ectopic calcification was detected in 8 of the 27 patients (30%) with recent injury and in 32 of the 95 (34%) with injury of over 6 months duration. Ectopic calcification seen on radiographs were also seen on scans in all instances. The scan was a sensitive indicator of the ectopic calcification particularly at its early stage, and detected its presence before observable radiographic changes in 5 patients with injury of 1-3 months duration. In 3 of the 5 patients, the ectopic calcification mimicked deep vein thrombosis in presentation, and the scan was valuable in identifying the nature of the complication.", "PMID": 679561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4102", "title": "Reproducibility of ventilation studies.", "content": "Differences in ventilation patterns were observed in several instances in two consecutive ventilation studies with 127 Xe and 133Xe gas involving a group of 20 patients with COPD and other pulmonary disorders. Included were differences in the distribution of a tracer gas bolus during the initial inspiration, the distribution of gas tracer after equilibration and during gas washout, artifacts external to the lung, and variations in the half-time for gas washout. The observed discrepancies are clinically significant and could lead to erroneous or ambiguous diagnoses.", "contents": "Reproducibility of ventilation studies. Differences in ventilation patterns were observed in several instances in two consecutive ventilation studies with 127 Xe and 133Xe gas involving a group of 20 patients with COPD and other pulmonary disorders. Included were differences in the distribution of a tracer gas bolus during the initial inspiration, the distribution of gas tracer after equilibration and during gas washout, artifacts external to the lung, and variations in the half-time for gas washout. The observed discrepancies are clinically significant and could lead to erroneous or ambiguous diagnoses.", "PMID": 679562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4103", "title": "Implications of liver activity associated with 133Xe ventilation lung scans.", "content": "A series of 35 xenon-133 (133Xe) ventilation studies yielded nine cases demonstrating accumulation of activity in the liver. Maximum intrahepatic deposition of radioxenon occurred during the washout phase of the study. In addition to those clinical instances which make this phenomenon possible, i.e., obesity, alcoholic-induced liver steatosis and diabetes mellitus, we found that hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease also favor xenon-133 localization into the hepatic parenchyma. It is concluded that the lipid avidity of 133Xe facilitates its liver accumulation hyperlipidemic patients and in patients with coronary artery disease, and that this action may be explored to further understand deranged metabolic pathways in the liver of these patients. Hepatic accumulation of 133Xe during ventilation studies must be considered when assessing regional ventilation/perfusion relationships.", "contents": "Implications of liver activity associated with 133Xe ventilation lung scans. A series of 35 xenon-133 (133Xe) ventilation studies yielded nine cases demonstrating accumulation of activity in the liver. Maximum intrahepatic deposition of radioxenon occurred during the washout phase of the study. In addition to those clinical instances which make this phenomenon possible, i.e., obesity, alcoholic-induced liver steatosis and diabetes mellitus, we found that hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease also favor xenon-133 localization into the hepatic parenchyma. It is concluded that the lipid avidity of 133Xe facilitates its liver accumulation hyperlipidemic patients and in patients with coronary artery disease, and that this action may be explored to further understand deranged metabolic pathways in the liver of these patients. Hepatic accumulation of 133Xe during ventilation studies must be considered when assessing regional ventilation/perfusion relationships.", "PMID": 679563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4104", "title": "Radionuclide brain scan findings in superior sagittal sinus thrombosis.", "content": "Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis is a serious condition requiring early diagnosis. This paper presents our experience with two cases and describes the findings. In one case radionuclide brain imaging was the first study performed. In the other, the diagnosis was made at arteriography with scanning used for follow-up.", "contents": "Radionuclide brain scan findings in superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis is a serious condition requiring early diagnosis. This paper presents our experience with two cases and describes the findings. In one case radionuclide brain imaging was the first study performed. In the other, the diagnosis was made at arteriography with scanning used for follow-up.", "PMID": 679564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4105", "title": "Technique of scanning for Meckel's diverticulum.", "content": "99mTc-pertechnetate scanning is now recognized as a useful means of detecting Meckel's diverticula. When these contain gastric mucosa and present with ulceration and bleeding, the ectopic gastric mucosa can be identified by its secretion of 99mTc-pertechnetate. However, the secretions of normal gastric and salivary glands can pool in the gut and simulate a Meckel's diverticulum. We believe the diagnostic procedure of choice to include both continuous nasogastric suction and continuous sequential gamma camera images. To support this view, we present cases illustrating 1) that 99mTc-pertechnetate can appear in the bowel within the first few minutes of administering 99mTc-pertechnetate, even in the absence of a Meckel's diverticulum; 2) that rapid sequential camera views are helpful but not definitive in distinguishing such bowel activity from a Meckel's diverticulum; and 3) that continuous nasogastric suction most successfully eliminates this interference.", "contents": "Technique of scanning for Meckel's diverticulum. 99mTc-pertechnetate scanning is now recognized as a useful means of detecting Meckel's diverticula. When these contain gastric mucosa and present with ulceration and bleeding, the ectopic gastric mucosa can be identified by its secretion of 99mTc-pertechnetate. However, the secretions of normal gastric and salivary glands can pool in the gut and simulate a Meckel's diverticulum. We believe the diagnostic procedure of choice to include both continuous nasogastric suction and continuous sequential gamma camera images. To support this view, we present cases illustrating 1) that 99mTc-pertechnetate can appear in the bowel within the first few minutes of administering 99mTc-pertechnetate, even in the absence of a Meckel's diverticulum; 2) that rapid sequential camera views are helpful but not definitive in distinguishing such bowel activity from a Meckel's diverticulum; and 3) that continuous nasogastric suction most successfully eliminates this interference.", "PMID": 679565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4106", "title": "Demonstration of a radionuclide pattern in phenochromocytomas in children.", "content": "Scintigraphic findings in a child with pheochromocytomas is illustrated. The patient demonstrated a hypervascular lesion during the radionuclide angiogram, and renal displacement on subsequent static images.", "contents": "Demonstration of a radionuclide pattern in phenochromocytomas in children. Scintigraphic findings in a child with pheochromocytomas is illustrated. The patient demonstrated a hypervascular lesion during the radionuclide angiogram, and renal displacement on subsequent static images.", "PMID": 679566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4107", "title": "Clinical experience with [111 In] indium chloride scanning in inflammatory diseases.", "content": "Forty-eight patients were scanned with 111 In-chloride in an attempt to identify the cause of fever. Fifteen true positive scans, 30 true negatives, and 3 false negatives were found. Of the 15 true positives, 7 cases of abdominal or pelvic abscess, and 8 cases of alcoholic hepatitis were detected. The 3 false negatives included: 1) an abscess in the anterior abdominal wall; 2) an abscess in the right upper quadrant at the site of a necrotic gallbladder; and 3) a tuberculous abscesss of the lumbar spine. Examples from the different categories, pitfalls in interpretation and advantages and disadvantages of scanning with 111In-chloride will be presented. These studies indicate that 111In-chloride is a safe, reliable scanning agent for abscesses below the diaphragm especially in patients who cannot undergo adequate bowel preparation.", "contents": "Clinical experience with [111 In] indium chloride scanning in inflammatory diseases. Forty-eight patients were scanned with 111 In-chloride in an attempt to identify the cause of fever. Fifteen true positive scans, 30 true negatives, and 3 false negatives were found. Of the 15 true positives, 7 cases of abdominal or pelvic abscess, and 8 cases of alcoholic hepatitis were detected. The 3 false negatives included: 1) an abscess in the anterior abdominal wall; 2) an abscess in the right upper quadrant at the site of a necrotic gallbladder; and 3) a tuberculous abscesss of the lumbar spine. Examples from the different categories, pitfalls in interpretation and advantages and disadvantages of scanning with 111In-chloride will be presented. These studies indicate that 111In-chloride is a safe, reliable scanning agent for abscesses below the diaphragm especially in patients who cannot undergo adequate bowel preparation.", "PMID": 679567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4108", "title": "Liver/pleural cavity scan for diagnosis of subphrenic abscess.", "content": "The interpretation of a combined liver/lung scan can be difficult in patients with pleural or pulmonary disease. A procedure is suggested to circumvent these difficulties by injecting 99mTc-sulfur colloid into the pleural cavity. A scan of the pleural cavity can then replace the lung scan in the conventional liver/lung scan. Two examples of liver/pleural cavity scans are shown.", "contents": "Liver/pleural cavity scan for diagnosis of subphrenic abscess. The interpretation of a combined liver/lung scan can be difficult in patients with pleural or pulmonary disease. A procedure is suggested to circumvent these difficulties by injecting 99mTc-sulfur colloid into the pleural cavity. A scan of the pleural cavity can then replace the lung scan in the conventional liver/lung scan. Two examples of liver/pleural cavity scans are shown.", "PMID": 679571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4109", "title": "Perfusion vascularity mismatch in liver hemangiomas.", "content": "Perfusion defect in the dynamic study and slow filling of the lesion by a blood pool agent were observed in three cases with large cavernous hemangiomas of the liver. This finding is explained by the low perfusion and the large blood volume of cavernous hemangiomas. When such a lesion is suspected a late blood pool study should be performed in order to demonstrate the true vascularity of the lesion.", "contents": "Perfusion vascularity mismatch in liver hemangiomas. Perfusion defect in the dynamic study and slow filling of the lesion by a blood pool agent were observed in three cases with large cavernous hemangiomas of the liver. This finding is explained by the low perfusion and the large blood volume of cavernous hemangiomas. When such a lesion is suspected a late blood pool study should be performed in order to demonstrate the true vascularity of the lesion.", "PMID": 679572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4110", "title": "Diagnosis of extra-hepatic abnormalities on dynamic study over thoraco-abdominal region prior to hepatic imaging.", "content": "Findings on 262 thoraco-abdominal dynamic studies done at the time of hepatic imaging were reviewed. Twenty-nine extra-hepatic abnormalities were diagnosed solely on the basis of these studies, including pericardial and pleural effusions and decreased perfusion to one lung. Half of these abnormalities were not suspected clinically. The dynamic study is an important part of hepatic imaging and should be performed routinely. Besides aiding in differential diagnosis of various hepatic lesions, extra-hepatic abnormalities can be discovered.", "contents": "Diagnosis of extra-hepatic abnormalities on dynamic study over thoraco-abdominal region prior to hepatic imaging. Findings on 262 thoraco-abdominal dynamic studies done at the time of hepatic imaging were reviewed. Twenty-nine extra-hepatic abnormalities were diagnosed solely on the basis of these studies, including pericardial and pleural effusions and decreased perfusion to one lung. Half of these abnormalities were not suspected clinically. The dynamic study is an important part of hepatic imaging and should be performed routinely. Besides aiding in differential diagnosis of various hepatic lesions, extra-hepatic abnormalities can be discovered.", "PMID": 679573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4111", "title": "Clinical application of 201Tl scintigraphy in patients with cold thyroid nodules.", "content": "201Tl-chloride scintigraphy was performed in 45 patients with cold thyroid nodules. The 201Tl scintigram was positive in 17 of 18 thyroid patients with cancer (94.4%), 8 of 20 patients with an ademoma (40.0%), 1 of 2 adenomatous goiter patients (50.0%), and all of 5 cases of chronic thyroiditis (100.0%). When the cold nodule was demonstrated to be positive with 201Tl, the statistical chance of the lesion being a cellular one was 100.0% and a risk of its malignancy was 54.8%. On the other hand, the nodule with negative 201Tl concentration had a 14.3% chance of cellularity and a 7.1% risk of malignancy. Thus, 201Tl scintigraphy is of use in the differential diagnosis of the cold thyroid nodule.", "contents": "Clinical application of 201Tl scintigraphy in patients with cold thyroid nodules. 201Tl-chloride scintigraphy was performed in 45 patients with cold thyroid nodules. The 201Tl scintigram was positive in 17 of 18 thyroid patients with cancer (94.4%), 8 of 20 patients with an ademoma (40.0%), 1 of 2 adenomatous goiter patients (50.0%), and all of 5 cases of chronic thyroiditis (100.0%). When the cold nodule was demonstrated to be positive with 201Tl, the statistical chance of the lesion being a cellular one was 100.0% and a risk of its malignancy was 54.8%. On the other hand, the nodule with negative 201Tl concentration had a 14.3% chance of cellularity and a 7.1% risk of malignancy. Thus, 201Tl scintigraphy is of use in the differential diagnosis of the cold thyroid nodule.", "PMID": 679574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4112", "title": "Substernal thyroid carcinoma detected by 67Ga scan in a patient with normal 131I scan.", "content": "A patient with a superior mediastinal mass on an admission chest radiograph was initially evaluated by an 131I thyroid scan which failed to demonstrate a substernal thyroid. However, the tomographic 67Ga scan clearly showed an abnormal uptake in the area corresponding to the mass lesion on radiographic examination. Subsequent resection and biopsy of the substernal mass revealed a poorly differentiated follicular carcinoma with foci of anaplastic carcinoma. The differential diagnosis of the anterior mediastinal mass and the usefullness of the tomographic gallium scan are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Substernal thyroid carcinoma detected by 67Ga scan in a patient with normal 131I scan. A patient with a superior mediastinal mass on an admission chest radiograph was initially evaluated by an 131I thyroid scan which failed to demonstrate a substernal thyroid. However, the tomographic 67Ga scan clearly showed an abnormal uptake in the area corresponding to the mass lesion on radiographic examination. Subsequent resection and biopsy of the substernal mass revealed a poorly differentiated follicular carcinoma with foci of anaplastic carcinoma. The differential diagnosis of the anterior mediastinal mass and the usefullness of the tomographic gallium scan are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 679575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4113", "title": "67Ga-citrate scanning in hypernephroma.", "content": "67Ga scanning was performed in 26 patients with hypernephroma (17 with only a primary lesion of hypernephroma, 4 with both primary and metastatic lesions, 2 with hypernephroma and pyelonephritis, and 3 with only a metastatic lesion after nephrectomy). In patients with primary lesions alone, the positive finding rate by 67Ga scanning was low (26%), and in metastatic lesions that by scanning was high (86%). The practical conclusions are as follows: 67Ga scanning is of littel use as a diagnostic aid in primary lesion of hypernephroma, but may be useful in case with metastases with inflammatory disease.", "contents": "67Ga-citrate scanning in hypernephroma. 67Ga scanning was performed in 26 patients with hypernephroma (17 with only a primary lesion of hypernephroma, 4 with both primary and metastatic lesions, 2 with hypernephroma and pyelonephritis, and 3 with only a metastatic lesion after nephrectomy). In patients with primary lesions alone, the positive finding rate by 67Ga scanning was low (26%), and in metastatic lesions that by scanning was high (86%). The practical conclusions are as follows: 67Ga scanning is of littel use as a diagnostic aid in primary lesion of hypernephroma, but may be useful in case with metastases with inflammatory disease.", "PMID": 679576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4114", "title": "The clinical presentations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Comments on recognition and management based on a study of 63 patients.", "content": "Rocky Mountain spotted fever continues to increase in the United States and the case-fatality ratio remains unchanged despite the availability of effective antibiotics. The apparent reason for the continuing deaths from this disease is the failure of physicians to consider the diagnosis in patients presenting with febrile exanthems in the late spring and summer months. A clinical diagnosis should be based on the history of tick exposure and the presence of fever and the typical exanthem. Serologic tests are useful mainly in retrospect. This article reviews the clinical experience with Rocky Mountain spotted fever in an endemic area in recent years and discusses problems in the diagnosis and management.", "contents": "The clinical presentations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Comments on recognition and management based on a study of 63 patients. Rocky Mountain spotted fever continues to increase in the United States and the case-fatality ratio remains unchanged despite the availability of effective antibiotics. The apparent reason for the continuing deaths from this disease is the failure of physicians to consider the diagnosis in patients presenting with febrile exanthems in the late spring and summer months. A clinical diagnosis should be based on the history of tick exposure and the presence of fever and the typical exanthem. Serologic tests are useful mainly in retrospect. This article reviews the clinical experience with Rocky Mountain spotted fever in an endemic area in recent years and discusses problems in the diagnosis and management.", "PMID": 679582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4115", "title": "Anaerobic bacteremia as observed in a children's hospital. Clinically this may signify true anaerobic sepsis.", "content": "To ascertain the significance of anaerobic bacteremia in a children's hospital, the records of all patients whose blood cultures grew anaerobes during a 24-month period were reviewed. Anaerobes were isolated from 144 out of 1,126 blood cultures yielding bacteria. Anaerobic diphtheroid grew in 122 out of 143 anaerobic cultures, but only 4 out of 122 were isolated from patients with anaerobic sepsis. Nine per cent of the total episodes of anaerobic bacteremia occurred in 13 children who met out criteria for anaerobic sepsis; two oor more blood cultures obtained within a three-day period growing anaerobic bacteria, or an aerobe and an anaerobe, in a febrile child or one with an apparent infectious focus. Bacteroides accounted for 7 out of 13 (64 per cent) of the relevant isolates, while anaerobic diphtheroids 4 out of 13 (26 per cent) and anaerobic gram-positive cocci accounted for the remainder 2 out of 13 (18 per cent). Only one infant, with polymicrobial bacteremia, died, suggesting that anaerobic bacteremia is associated with less mortality in children than in adults. Anaerobic sepsis occurred in children who have had recent abdominal surgery, or who are immunosuppressed.", "contents": "Anaerobic bacteremia as observed in a children's hospital. Clinically this may signify true anaerobic sepsis. To ascertain the significance of anaerobic bacteremia in a children's hospital, the records of all patients whose blood cultures grew anaerobes during a 24-month period were reviewed. Anaerobes were isolated from 144 out of 1,126 blood cultures yielding bacteria. Anaerobic diphtheroid grew in 122 out of 143 anaerobic cultures, but only 4 out of 122 were isolated from patients with anaerobic sepsis. Nine per cent of the total episodes of anaerobic bacteremia occurred in 13 children who met out criteria for anaerobic sepsis; two oor more blood cultures obtained within a three-day period growing anaerobic bacteria, or an aerobe and an anaerobe, in a febrile child or one with an apparent infectious focus. Bacteroides accounted for 7 out of 13 (64 per cent) of the relevant isolates, while anaerobic diphtheroids 4 out of 13 (26 per cent) and anaerobic gram-positive cocci accounted for the remainder 2 out of 13 (18 per cent). Only one infant, with polymicrobial bacteremia, died, suggesting that anaerobic bacteremia is associated with less mortality in children than in adults. Anaerobic sepsis occurred in children who have had recent abdominal surgery, or who are immunosuppressed.", "PMID": 679583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4116", "title": "Clinically significant adverse effects in a Phase 1 testing program.", "content": "Twelve years' experience with a Phase I drug testing program in normal prison volunteers is reported. Involved in 805 protocol studies were 29,162 participants over 614,534 subject days. During this period there were 64 significant medical events of which 58 were adverse drug reactions and 6 were complications. One subject has residual hip changes due to an infectious complication, another on placebo died from cerebrovascular hemorrhage while asleep. There was complete recovery from all adverse drug reactions and the other 4 complications encountered. Thus a clinically significant medical event occurred once every 9,602 days subject exposure or about once every 26.3 years of individual subject participation.", "contents": "Clinically significant adverse effects in a Phase 1 testing program. Twelve years' experience with a Phase I drug testing program in normal prison volunteers is reported. Involved in 805 protocol studies were 29,162 participants over 614,534 subject days. During this period there were 64 significant medical events of which 58 were adverse drug reactions and 6 were complications. One subject has residual hip changes due to an infectious complication, another on placebo died from cerebrovascular hemorrhage while asleep. There was complete recovery from all adverse drug reactions and the other 4 complications encountered. Thus a clinically significant medical event occurred once every 9,602 days subject exposure or about once every 26.3 years of individual subject participation.", "PMID": 679592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4117", "title": "The rate of development of new drugs in the United States, 1963 through 1975.", "content": "Information was obtained on 1,103 new chemical entities (NCEs) first tested in man from 1963 through mid-1975 by 36 U. S.-owned and 10 foreign-owned pharmaceutical companies operating in the U. S. Of these NCEs 1,029 reached the stage of IND filing. The portion of the U. S. industry responsible for the NCEs was relatively concentrated; 7 of the 36 companies accounted for half of the NCEs and 4 of these accounted for one-third. Although the annual worldwide rate of testing of NCEs by U. S. companies appeared to rise and then fall from 1963 through 1966, since 1966 the rate has been fairly constant. With time, however, a higher proportion of U. S.-owned NCEs is being first studied in man abroad. The annual rate of IND filings for U. S.-owned NCEs generally declined from 1965 to 1972, whereas the rate was fairly constant for foreign-owned NCEs over the entire period. The overall success rate in drug development has been low; nearly 90% of the NCEs studied in man are dropped prior to NDA submission, but about 88% of the NDAs submitted are approved for market. The 1974-1975 data indicate that the mean durations of the IND and NDA phase were then 4 and 2 years, respectively. However, there were variations in the time required for DNA approval between different pharmacologic areas. The data described in this paper represent the first baselines against which future trends in the processes of drug development and approval can be measured.", "contents": "The rate of development of new drugs in the United States, 1963 through 1975. Information was obtained on 1,103 new chemical entities (NCEs) first tested in man from 1963 through mid-1975 by 36 U. S.-owned and 10 foreign-owned pharmaceutical companies operating in the U. S. Of these NCEs 1,029 reached the stage of IND filing. The portion of the U. S. industry responsible for the NCEs was relatively concentrated; 7 of the 36 companies accounted for half of the NCEs and 4 of these accounted for one-third. Although the annual worldwide rate of testing of NCEs by U. S. companies appeared to rise and then fall from 1963 through 1966, since 1966 the rate has been fairly constant. With time, however, a higher proportion of U. S.-owned NCEs is being first studied in man abroad. The annual rate of IND filings for U. S.-owned NCEs generally declined from 1965 to 1972, whereas the rate was fairly constant for foreign-owned NCEs over the entire period. The overall success rate in drug development has been low; nearly 90% of the NCEs studied in man are dropped prior to NDA submission, but about 88% of the NDAs submitted are approved for market. The 1974-1975 data indicate that the mean durations of the IND and NDA phase were then 4 and 2 years, respectively. However, there were variations in the time required for DNA approval between different pharmacologic areas. The data described in this paper represent the first baselines against which future trends in the processes of drug development and approval can be measured.", "PMID": 679593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4118", "title": "Plasma protein binding and distribution characteristics of drugs as indices of their hemodialyzability.", "content": "The dialysis clearance, plasma protein binding, and distribution (expressed as volume of distribution) characteristics of a drug were evaluated as predictive indices of the efficiency of hemodialysis in removing drug from the body. Dialysis clearance correlated poorly with the fraction of drug in the body removed by hemodialysis. The best predictive measure of hemodialysis efficiency was obtained by a nonlinear model relating the ratio of the percent of free drug in the plasma and the volume of distribution of the drug to the fraction removed. Knowledge of the binding and distribution characteristics of a drug provides insight into the dialyzability of a drug which in turn may assist in coming to decisions on the necessity of dose adjustments for patients on chronic hemodialysis and the rational use of hemodialysis in the treatment of drug intoxication.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding and distribution characteristics of drugs as indices of their hemodialyzability. The dialysis clearance, plasma protein binding, and distribution (expressed as volume of distribution) characteristics of a drug were evaluated as predictive indices of the efficiency of hemodialysis in removing drug from the body. Dialysis clearance correlated poorly with the fraction of drug in the body removed by hemodialysis. The best predictive measure of hemodialysis efficiency was obtained by a nonlinear model relating the ratio of the percent of free drug in the plasma and the volume of distribution of the drug to the fraction removed. Knowledge of the binding and distribution characteristics of a drug provides insight into the dialyzability of a drug which in turn may assist in coming to decisions on the necessity of dose adjustments for patients on chronic hemodialysis and the rational use of hemodialysis in the treatment of drug intoxication.", "PMID": 679594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4119", "title": "Spironolactone-induced changes in digoxin kinetics.", "content": "Plasma clearance, volumes of distribution, and renal and extrarenal clearances of digoxin were calculated from plasma digoxin concentrations and urinary excretion of digoxin after intravenous injection of digoxin in 8 subjects. The investigation was repeated in the same subjects during long-term treatment with spironolactone. Increased plasma concentration of digoxin was detected during spironolactone treatment. Calculated plasma and renal clearances of digoxin and the volumes of distribution decreased statistically significant. Near maximal capacity for the tubular secretion of digoxin was found when normal digoxin dosage was used. It is suggested that unless spironolactone decreases the myocardial sensitivity for digoxin, the loading dose as well as the maintenance dose of digoxin should be reduced during treatment with spironolactone.", "contents": "Spironolactone-induced changes in digoxin kinetics. Plasma clearance, volumes of distribution, and renal and extrarenal clearances of digoxin were calculated from plasma digoxin concentrations and urinary excretion of digoxin after intravenous injection of digoxin in 8 subjects. The investigation was repeated in the same subjects during long-term treatment with spironolactone. Increased plasma concentration of digoxin was detected during spironolactone treatment. Calculated plasma and renal clearances of digoxin and the volumes of distribution decreased statistically significant. Near maximal capacity for the tubular secretion of digoxin was found when normal digoxin dosage was used. It is suggested that unless spironolactone decreases the myocardial sensitivity for digoxin, the loading dose as well as the maintenance dose of digoxin should be reduced during treatment with spironolactone.", "PMID": 679595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4120", "title": "Influence of corticosteroid on hexobarbital and tolbutamide disposition.", "content": "The influence of 10 days' prednisone treatment on the disposition of hexobarbital and tolbutamide was studied in 7 healthy male volunteers. No significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of the two drugs became apparent, which indicates that prednisone pretreatment does not affect their metabolic activities.", "contents": "Influence of corticosteroid on hexobarbital and tolbutamide disposition. The influence of 10 days' prednisone treatment on the disposition of hexobarbital and tolbutamide was studied in 7 healthy male volunteers. No significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of the two drugs became apparent, which indicates that prednisone pretreatment does not affect their metabolic activities.", "PMID": 679598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4121", "title": "Effect of human growth hormone on amobarbital metabolism in children.", "content": "Drug metabolism changes during the course of growth and development. Hormones mediate somatic growth and may mediate other developmental changes. To determine the effect of human growth hormone (hGH) on human drug metabolism, 6 hGH-deficient children were given single oral doses of amobarbital before and 6 wk after beginning hGH replacement therapy. Amobarbital was selected as a marker of hepatic microsomal oxidation. Half-lives rose from 13.89 +/- 2.78 hr to 22.75 +/- 3.97 hr, volume of distribution was unchanged, and clearance fell from 62.2 +/- 15.2 ml/kg/hr to 31.2 +/- 11.4 ml/kg/hr. Results indicate that hGH slows the metabolism of amobarbital, probably through an effect on the hepatic microsomal drug-oxidizing system.", "contents": "Effect of human growth hormone on amobarbital metabolism in children. Drug metabolism changes during the course of growth and development. Hormones mediate somatic growth and may mediate other developmental changes. To determine the effect of human growth hormone (hGH) on human drug metabolism, 6 hGH-deficient children were given single oral doses of amobarbital before and 6 wk after beginning hGH replacement therapy. Amobarbital was selected as a marker of hepatic microsomal oxidation. Half-lives rose from 13.89 +/- 2.78 hr to 22.75 +/- 3.97 hr, volume of distribution was unchanged, and clearance fell from 62.2 +/- 15.2 ml/kg/hr to 31.2 +/- 11.4 ml/kg/hr. Results indicate that hGH slows the metabolism of amobarbital, probably through an effect on the hepatic microsomal drug-oxidizing system.", "PMID": 679599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4122", "title": "Effects of an oral contraceptive on hepatic size and antipyrine metabolism in premenopausal women.", "content": "Liver volume and antipyrine disposition have been investigated in healthy premenopausal women who received 30 microgram ethinyl oestradiol + 500 microgram dl-norgesterol as an oral contraceptive. Six months' treatment was associated with a 17% increase in liver volume while no change occurred in age-matched control subjects. In the same subjects the contraceptive decreased antipyrine clearance by 21%. Thus the contraceptive markedly reduced drug-metabolizing activity per unit volume of liver by 33%. In additional subjects, discontinuation of the contraceptive resulted in a 30% increase in antipyrine clearance. These observations confirm that conventional oral contraceptive therapy to premenopausal women increases hepatic size and that it is a potent inhibitor of drug-metabolizing activity.", "contents": "Effects of an oral contraceptive on hepatic size and antipyrine metabolism in premenopausal women. Liver volume and antipyrine disposition have been investigated in healthy premenopausal women who received 30 microgram ethinyl oestradiol + 500 microgram dl-norgesterol as an oral contraceptive. Six months' treatment was associated with a 17% increase in liver volume while no change occurred in age-matched control subjects. In the same subjects the contraceptive decreased antipyrine clearance by 21%. Thus the contraceptive markedly reduced drug-metabolizing activity per unit volume of liver by 33%. In additional subjects, discontinuation of the contraceptive resulted in a 30% increase in antipyrine clearance. These observations confirm that conventional oral contraceptive therapy to premenopausal women increases hepatic size and that it is a potent inhibitor of drug-metabolizing activity.", "PMID": 679600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4123", "title": "Microvascular grafting.", "content": "In microvascular replantation and transplantation surgery, vascular repairs must be performed on undamaged vessels without tension. Meticulous inspection under the microscope will enable the microsurgeon to delineate th proper level of vascular d\u00e9bridement. The resultant defect, be it 2 or 20cm in length, can then be bridged with autogenous microvascular grafts. Forty-one microvascular grafts have been used on 17 patients, with survival of all but one transplant and replant.", "contents": "Microvascular grafting. In microvascular replantation and transplantation surgery, vascular repairs must be performed on undamaged vessels without tension. Meticulous inspection under the microscope will enable the microsurgeon to delineate th proper level of vascular d\u00e9bridement. The resultant defect, be it 2 or 20cm in length, can then be bridged with autogenous microvascular grafts. Forty-one microvascular grafts have been used on 17 patients, with survival of all but one transplant and replant.", "PMID": 679603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4124", "title": "Digit replantation. Analysis of 163 replantations in an 11 year period.", "content": "From July 1965 to June 1976, 163 digits in 107 patients were replanted, and 145 digits survived-an 89 per cent success rate. Critical analyses were made of the causes of failures, complications, bone union, sensory recovery, secondary reconstructive procedures, and the final outcome. The majority of the patients were satisfied with their replanted digits, and no reamputation because of uselessness or causalgic pain of the replanted part has been necessary.", "contents": "Digit replantation. Analysis of 163 replantations in an 11 year period. From July 1965 to June 1976, 163 digits in 107 patients were replanted, and 145 digits survived-an 89 per cent success rate. Critical analyses were made of the causes of failures, complications, bone union, sensory recovery, secondary reconstructive procedures, and the final outcome. The majority of the patients were satisfied with their replanted digits, and no reamputation because of uselessness or causalgic pain of the replanted part has been necessary.", "PMID": 679604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4125", "title": "Reconstruction of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus with microvascular jejunal transplant.", "content": "A method of replacement of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus utilizing a microvascular jejunal transplant has been presented. This has been found to be a clinically acceptable and reliable method of repair. Its primary advantage compared with other methods of reconstruction is that it is a one-stage repair with a lower incidence of postoperative complications.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus with microvascular jejunal transplant. A method of replacement of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus utilizing a microvascular jejunal transplant has been presented. This has been found to be a clinically acceptable and reliable method of repair. Its primary advantage compared with other methods of reconstruction is that it is a one-stage repair with a lower incidence of postoperative complications.", "PMID": 679607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4126", "title": "The chest film findings in 'Q' fever--a series of 35 cases.", "content": "Thirty-five cases of 'Q' fever have been admitted and confirmed serologically over the past 20 years. Thirty-two of these cases had chest films on admission, and lung changes were present in 87%. The lung changes were: 1. Multiple round segmental consolidations, 5--10 cm in diameter, of ground glass density and usually situated in the lower lobes. 2. Linear atelectasis. 3. Lobar or partial lobar consolidation, with some loss of volume in the affected lobe. 4. A slight pleural reaction in a few cases. 5. Some cases had background emphysema of the lungs. All the lesions tended to be slow to clear. The resolution time was from 10 to 70 days, with an average time fo 30 days. Some of the segmental lesions became small, round and dense during resolution. The 35 cases were almost exclusively in males. The finding of a single or multiple round segmental opacities of ground glass density, as described, especially with linear atelectasis, was found to be good evidence that the patient had 'Q' fever. The point is made that the admission chest film is in some cases a very useful early pointer to the diagnosis. This allows specific chemotherapy to be started before the serological results have come back. Plate atelectasis was helpful as a distinguishing feature from primary atypical pneumonia.", "contents": "The chest film findings in 'Q' fever--a series of 35 cases. Thirty-five cases of 'Q' fever have been admitted and confirmed serologically over the past 20 years. Thirty-two of these cases had chest films on admission, and lung changes were present in 87%. The lung changes were: 1. Multiple round segmental consolidations, 5--10 cm in diameter, of ground glass density and usually situated in the lower lobes. 2. Linear atelectasis. 3. Lobar or partial lobar consolidation, with some loss of volume in the affected lobe. 4. A slight pleural reaction in a few cases. 5. Some cases had background emphysema of the lungs. All the lesions tended to be slow to clear. The resolution time was from 10 to 70 days, with an average time fo 30 days. Some of the segmental lesions became small, round and dense during resolution. The 35 cases were almost exclusively in males. The finding of a single or multiple round segmental opacities of ground glass density, as described, especially with linear atelectasis, was found to be good evidence that the patient had 'Q' fever. The point is made that the admission chest film is in some cases a very useful early pointer to the diagnosis. This allows specific chemotherapy to be started before the serological results have come back. Plate atelectasis was helpful as a distinguishing feature from primary atypical pneumonia.", "PMID": 679610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4127", "title": "Pleural effusion aspiration with ultrasound.", "content": "This paper describes how pulsed ultrasound applied through a combined transducer-aspirator aids in the location and complete aspiration of pleural exudates, particularly loculated ones, which may be difficult to assess fully using clinical techniques alone.", "contents": "Pleural effusion aspiration with ultrasound. This paper describes how pulsed ultrasound applied through a combined transducer-aspirator aids in the location and complete aspiration of pleural exudates, particularly loculated ones, which may be difficult to assess fully using clinical techniques alone.", "PMID": 679611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4128", "title": "The role of echocardiography in suspected infective endocarditis.", "content": "In 14 of 15 patients initially suspected of having infective endocarditis echocardiography accurately predicted the final diagnosis. Echocardiography is particularly valuable in culture negative cases and in excluding patients with other conditions whose clinical features mimic those of infective endocarditis. The presence of fibrosed aortic valve cusps resulted in one false positive diagnosis of valvular vegetations.", "contents": "The role of echocardiography in suspected infective endocarditis. In 14 of 15 patients initially suspected of having infective endocarditis echocardiography accurately predicted the final diagnosis. Echocardiography is particularly valuable in culture negative cases and in excluding patients with other conditions whose clinical features mimic those of infective endocarditis. The presence of fibrosed aortic valve cusps resulted in one false positive diagnosis of valvular vegetations.", "PMID": 679612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4129", "title": "The epinephrine effect in renal angiography revisited.", "content": "The effect of various doses of epinephrine on the renal vessels was studied angiographically in 15 kidneys including three renal tumours. Commonly used doses (10--25 microgram) are often too high as demonstrated in this study. Our findings indicate that the optimal dose for pharmacoangiography of renal masses should be 2--5 microgram of epinephrine. The time interval between drug administration and angiography should be less than 1 min and optimally in the range of 10--30s.", "contents": "The epinephrine effect in renal angiography revisited. The effect of various doses of epinephrine on the renal vessels was studied angiographically in 15 kidneys including three renal tumours. Commonly used doses (10--25 microgram) are often too high as demonstrated in this study. Our findings indicate that the optimal dose for pharmacoangiography of renal masses should be 2--5 microgram of epinephrine. The time interval between drug administration and angiography should be less than 1 min and optimally in the range of 10--30s.", "PMID": 679613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4130", "title": "Smooth muscle tumours of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The clinical and radiological features and endoscopic findings in 13 patients with smooth muscle tumours of the upper gastrointestinal tract are reviewed. The study emphasises the non-specific nature of the symptomatology and exemplifies a number of aspects of the radiological picture of these disorders. It also illustrates some of the problems that can arise in their investigation, by radiological and endoscopic methods, and gives some indication of the favourable prognosis that may obtain when complete surgical removal of the tumour is possible.", "contents": "Smooth muscle tumours of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The clinical and radiological features and endoscopic findings in 13 patients with smooth muscle tumours of the upper gastrointestinal tract are reviewed. The study emphasises the non-specific nature of the symptomatology and exemplifies a number of aspects of the radiological picture of these disorders. It also illustrates some of the problems that can arise in their investigation, by radiological and endoscopic methods, and gives some indication of the favourable prognosis that may obtain when complete surgical removal of the tumour is possible.", "PMID": 679614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4131", "title": "Synovial rupture of the knee joint: confusion with deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "Four patients were admitted to hospital with a provisional diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Arthrography of the knee joint subsequently demonstrated the presence of synovial cysts in all four patients with rupture into the tissues of the calf in two cases. These conditions are difficult to distinguish clincally and radiological investigation may be required to provide the correct diagnosis. Synovial rupture should be suspected in patients with knee effusions who develop acute pain and swelling of the calf, particularly if the patient has rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Synovial rupture of the knee joint: confusion with deep vein thrombosis. Four patients were admitted to hospital with a provisional diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Arthrography of the knee joint subsequently demonstrated the presence of synovial cysts in all four patients with rupture into the tissues of the calf in two cases. These conditions are difficult to distinguish clincally and radiological investigation may be required to provide the correct diagnosis. Synovial rupture should be suspected in patients with knee effusions who develop acute pain and swelling of the calf, particularly if the patient has rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 679615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4132", "title": "Paget's diseases of bone: some observations on the relation of the skeletal distribution to pathogenesis.", "content": "A survey of the prevalence of Paget's disease in the United Kingdom (Barker et al., 1977) revealed 1225 patients with Paget's disease, detected in films of the lumbar spine, pelvis and femoral heads. These films and others obtained in these patients, have been analysed; 100 of the patients received full skeletal surveys. In these, the order of frequency of involvement was pelvis, lumbar spine, sacrum, femur, skull and dorsal spine. A similar distribution was found in those with incomplete surveys, with lower frequencies elsewhere in the skeleton. The extent of disease tended to increase with age. In the pelivs, the femora and the clavicles there was a right-sided bias; in the spine there were well-defined distributional differences. Of the patients with full skeletal surveys, 90% showed the disease in films covering the lumbar spine, pelvis and upper ends of femora and 31% had monostotic disease. The geographical and anatomical findings suggest that environment and stress are factors in the development of Paget's disease.", "contents": "Paget's diseases of bone: some observations on the relation of the skeletal distribution to pathogenesis. A survey of the prevalence of Paget's disease in the United Kingdom (Barker et al., 1977) revealed 1225 patients with Paget's disease, detected in films of the lumbar spine, pelvis and femoral heads. These films and others obtained in these patients, have been analysed; 100 of the patients received full skeletal surveys. In these, the order of frequency of involvement was pelvis, lumbar spine, sacrum, femur, skull and dorsal spine. A similar distribution was found in those with incomplete surveys, with lower frequencies elsewhere in the skeleton. The extent of disease tended to increase with age. In the pelivs, the femora and the clavicles there was a right-sided bias; in the spine there were well-defined distributional differences. Of the patients with full skeletal surveys, 90% showed the disease in films covering the lumbar spine, pelvis and upper ends of femora and 31% had monostotic disease. The geographical and anatomical findings suggest that environment and stress are factors in the development of Paget's disease.", "PMID": 679616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4133", "title": "A radiological study of vertebral and rib malformations in children with myelomeningocele.", "content": "Postmortem radiographs from 112 infants with thoracolumbosacral or lumbosacral myelomeningoceles were surveyed for associated vertebral and rib malformations. Sixty-four exhibited a variety of anomalies including hemivertebrae, fused vertebral bodies, fused vertebral arches, fused ribs, absence of ribs and absence of vertebral bodies. Anomalies were commonly associated with the cranial end of a dysraphic spina bifida region; in addition hemivertebrae and rib fusion exhibited peak incidences centred around the seventh cervical and fourth thoracic vertebra respectively. Fusion of vertebral arch elements increased in frequency throughout the thoracic region towards T10. The twelfth pair of ribs were absent in 20% of cases. Apparent absence of vertebral bodies from the caudal end of the vertebral column was seen in 24% of the radiographs.", "contents": "A radiological study of vertebral and rib malformations in children with myelomeningocele. Postmortem radiographs from 112 infants with thoracolumbosacral or lumbosacral myelomeningoceles were surveyed for associated vertebral and rib malformations. Sixty-four exhibited a variety of anomalies including hemivertebrae, fused vertebral bodies, fused vertebral arches, fused ribs, absence of ribs and absence of vertebral bodies. Anomalies were commonly associated with the cranial end of a dysraphic spina bifida region; in addition hemivertebrae and rib fusion exhibited peak incidences centred around the seventh cervical and fourth thoracic vertebra respectively. Fusion of vertebral arch elements increased in frequency throughout the thoracic region towards T10. The twelfth pair of ribs were absent in 20% of cases. Apparent absence of vertebral bodies from the caudal end of the vertebral column was seen in 24% of the radiographs.", "PMID": 679617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4134", "title": "Radiological aspects of posterior dislocation of the hip.", "content": "Ninety-six cases of traumatic dislocation of the hip were admitted to one general hospital over a 10-year period. Eighty of these (83.3%) were posterior dislocations, usually with associated acetabular fractures (81.25%). The aetiology and various complications of posterior hip dislocation are described adn discussed, together with the radiographic management. Radiologists should take special care to exclude associated femoral and pelvic fractures both within and beyond the acetabulum. Fractures of the ipsilateral femur associated with posterior hip dislocation usually involve the femoral head and the radiological appearances and assessment of this injury is important. Ipsilateral femoral shaft fractures are less frequent, but it may be the hip dislocation which is then overlooked unless there is an awareness of the combined injury.", "contents": "Radiological aspects of posterior dislocation of the hip. Ninety-six cases of traumatic dislocation of the hip were admitted to one general hospital over a 10-year period. Eighty of these (83.3%) were posterior dislocations, usually with associated acetabular fractures (81.25%). The aetiology and various complications of posterior hip dislocation are described adn discussed, together with the radiographic management. Radiologists should take special care to exclude associated femoral and pelvic fractures both within and beyond the acetabulum. Fractures of the ipsilateral femur associated with posterior hip dislocation usually involve the femoral head and the radiological appearances and assessment of this injury is important. Ipsilateral femoral shaft fractures are less frequent, but it may be the hip dislocation which is then overlooked unless there is an awareness of the combined injury.", "PMID": 679618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4135", "title": "The relationship between microcalcification and in situ carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "The relationship of microcalcification to lobulo-ductal dysplasia and non-invasive carcinoma was studied in 20 women with in situ carcinoma of the breast. All had microcalcification on the mammogram and in half there was also mammographic evidence of disruption of the breast structure. Three-quarters of the women presented with breast symptoms. Multifocal carcinoma was found in seven patients and the histology suggested that not all foci may progess to extensive duct infiltration or invasion. Calcification was found to occur both in carcinoma and in adjacent benign breast lesions and in three cases no evidence of calcification was found in the carcinoma, but was present in adjacent epitheliosis. The origin and distribution of microcalcification appears to be the same in epithelial hyperplasia, non-invasive carcinoma and invasive carcinoma and there may be a relationship between the amount of calcification and the activity of the epithelial cells. Microcalcification is not specific to breast cancer, but is a product of increased cellular activity in the lobulo-ductal complex and may be extruded into the surrounding interstitial tissue. This implies that microcalcification on the mammogram, particularly if sparse, demonstrates a high risk area of breast rather than a certainty of the presence of carcinoma.", "contents": "The relationship between microcalcification and in situ carcinoma of the breast. The relationship of microcalcification to lobulo-ductal dysplasia and non-invasive carcinoma was studied in 20 women with in situ carcinoma of the breast. All had microcalcification on the mammogram and in half there was also mammographic evidence of disruption of the breast structure. Three-quarters of the women presented with breast symptoms. Multifocal carcinoma was found in seven patients and the histology suggested that not all foci may progess to extensive duct infiltration or invasion. Calcification was found to occur both in carcinoma and in adjacent benign breast lesions and in three cases no evidence of calcification was found in the carcinoma, but was present in adjacent epitheliosis. The origin and distribution of microcalcification appears to be the same in epithelial hyperplasia, non-invasive carcinoma and invasive carcinoma and there may be a relationship between the amount of calcification and the activity of the epithelial cells. Microcalcification is not specific to breast cancer, but is a product of increased cellular activity in the lobulo-ductal complex and may be extruded into the surrounding interstitial tissue. This implies that microcalcification on the mammogram, particularly if sparse, demonstrates a high risk area of breast rather than a certainty of the presence of carcinoma.", "PMID": 679620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4136", "title": "Internal mammary lymphoscintigraphy: a rational adjunct to the staging and management of breast carcinoma.", "content": "Radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy utilising the bilateral subcostal introduction into the posterior rectus sheath of a small volume of radiocolloid of suitable particle size (99mTc antimony colloid) has provided scintigraphic images of diagnostic quality of the parasternal nodes in 2328 patients with malignant disease. An evaluation of the use of this technique in 1072 patients with breast carcinoma underlines the value of a procedure which, utilised routinely, should alter conventional staging criteria and provide a more rational basis for the management of patients with breast carcinoma and assessment of end results.", "contents": "Internal mammary lymphoscintigraphy: a rational adjunct to the staging and management of breast carcinoma. Radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy utilising the bilateral subcostal introduction into the posterior rectus sheath of a small volume of radiocolloid of suitable particle size (99mTc antimony colloid) has provided scintigraphic images of diagnostic quality of the parasternal nodes in 2328 patients with malignant disease. An evaluation of the use of this technique in 1072 patients with breast carcinoma underlines the value of a procedure which, utilised routinely, should alter conventional staging criteria and provide a more rational basis for the management of patients with breast carcinoma and assessment of end results.", "PMID": 679621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4137", "title": "Sustained tumour opacification in infants during cerebral angiography.", "content": "Total body opacification in infants following the intravenous injection of a large dose of water soluble contrast medium has long been recognised, but no example of increased radiodensity of abdominal or intracranial tumours has been reported using this technique. This paper reports the sustained opacification of intracranial tumours in three infants during cerebral angiography. Two of the tumours were papillomas of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle and the third a medulloblastoma of the fourth ventricle. Three possible explanations of this phenomenon are briefly considered: 1. That the amount of contrast medium was sufficient to cause total body opacification and the visibility of the tumours was due to a combination of their vascularity and the iodine concentration in the circulation blood. 2. That the observed phenomenon is peculiar to these tumours. 3. That the sustained opacity of these these tumours is due to the same cause or causes as the density enhancement of some intracranial tumours demonstrated by computerised tomography after intravenous injection of contrast medium.", "contents": "Sustained tumour opacification in infants during cerebral angiography. Total body opacification in infants following the intravenous injection of a large dose of water soluble contrast medium has long been recognised, but no example of increased radiodensity of abdominal or intracranial tumours has been reported using this technique. This paper reports the sustained opacification of intracranial tumours in three infants during cerebral angiography. Two of the tumours were papillomas of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle and the third a medulloblastoma of the fourth ventricle. Three possible explanations of this phenomenon are briefly considered: 1. That the amount of contrast medium was sufficient to cause total body opacification and the visibility of the tumours was due to a combination of their vascularity and the iodine concentration in the circulation blood. 2. That the observed phenomenon is peculiar to these tumours. 3. That the sustained opacity of these these tumours is due to the same cause or causes as the density enhancement of some intracranial tumours demonstrated by computerised tomography after intravenous injection of contrast medium.", "PMID": 679623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4138", "title": "Thermographic assessment of synovial haemangioma.", "content": "Three patients with synovial haemangioma of the knee were examined by thermography. This technique disclosed extensive subcutaneous distribution of haemangiomata which had been unsuspected clinically. Localised and diffuse lesions can be differentiated by this method. This information is important in planning surgery and in assessment of prognosis.", "contents": "Thermographic assessment of synovial haemangioma. Three patients with synovial haemangioma of the knee were examined by thermography. This technique disclosed extensive subcutaneous distribution of haemangiomata which had been unsuspected clinically. Localised and diffuse lesions can be differentiated by this method. This information is important in planning surgery and in assessment of prognosis.", "PMID": 679624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4139", "title": "Biphasic changes in thymus structure during evolving renal hypertension.", "content": "1. Structural changes in the thymus during the evolution experimental renal hypertension were investigated to determine their possible role in the genesis of hypertensive vascular disease. 2. The thymus, adrenal glands and the progression of hypertensive vascular lesions were investigated in rats during the first 30 days after occlusion of the aorta between the two renal arteries. 3. Hypertension was initially accompanied by marked atrophy of the thymus, most pronounced 9 days after operation. During this time, the adrenal glands doubled in size and the heart became enlarged. 4. After 21 days the thymus regenerated and became hypertrophic. Histological features of hyperactivity accompanied by infiltration of plasma cells were evident, while the adrenal glands remained enlarged. 5. The observed structural changes of the regenerated thymus in the presence of sustained adrenal hypertrophy indicate that the thymus may contribute to the production of hypertensive vascular disease.", "contents": "Biphasic changes in thymus structure during evolving renal hypertension. 1. Structural changes in the thymus during the evolution experimental renal hypertension were investigated to determine their possible role in the genesis of hypertensive vascular disease. 2. The thymus, adrenal glands and the progression of hypertensive vascular lesions were investigated in rats during the first 30 days after occlusion of the aorta between the two renal arteries. 3. Hypertension was initially accompanied by marked atrophy of the thymus, most pronounced 9 days after operation. During this time, the adrenal glands doubled in size and the heart became enlarged. 4. After 21 days the thymus regenerated and became hypertrophic. Histological features of hyperactivity accompanied by infiltration of plasma cells were evident, while the adrenal glands remained enlarged. 5. The observed structural changes of the regenerated thymus in the presence of sustained adrenal hypertrophy indicate that the thymus may contribute to the production of hypertensive vascular disease.", "PMID": 679625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4140", "title": "Lack of effect of isometric handgrip exercise on the responses of the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex in man.", "content": "1. The change in arterial pressure and heart rate resulting from alteration of carotid sinus transmural pressure by a median--34 mmHg and +33 mmHg by means of a variable-pressure neck chamber was tested in seven male volunteer subjects, at rest and during exertion of 35, 45 and 65% of maximum voluntary handgrip. 2. During 60 s of 35 and 45%, and during 30 s of 65%, of maximal voluntary handgrip there was virtually no alteration of the response of blood pressure to alteration carotid sinus transmural pressure. 3. The bradycardic response to increase in carotid sinus transmural pressure was reduced at various times after the commencement of handgrip at 45 and 65% of maximum voluntary contraction. 4. It is concluded that a reduction in arterial baroreceptor reflex sensitivy does not play an important role in the initiation of the increase in arterial blood pressure and heart rate caused by isometric exercise. 5. The hypothesis is advanced that some of the cardiovascular changes in exercise may result from elevation of the central 'set point' for blood pressure.", "contents": "Lack of effect of isometric handgrip exercise on the responses of the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex in man. 1. The change in arterial pressure and heart rate resulting from alteration of carotid sinus transmural pressure by a median--34 mmHg and +33 mmHg by means of a variable-pressure neck chamber was tested in seven male volunteer subjects, at rest and during exertion of 35, 45 and 65% of maximum voluntary handgrip. 2. During 60 s of 35 and 45%, and during 30 s of 65%, of maximal voluntary handgrip there was virtually no alteration of the response of blood pressure to alteration carotid sinus transmural pressure. 3. The bradycardic response to increase in carotid sinus transmural pressure was reduced at various times after the commencement of handgrip at 45 and 65% of maximum voluntary contraction. 4. It is concluded that a reduction in arterial baroreceptor reflex sensitivy does not play an important role in the initiation of the increase in arterial blood pressure and heart rate caused by isometric exercise. 5. The hypothesis is advanced that some of the cardiovascular changes in exercise may result from elevation of the central 'set point' for blood pressure.", "PMID": 679626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4141", "title": "Intestinal absorption and tissue retention of cadmium and calcium in normal adult rats and rats given an active metabolite of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol).", "content": "1. Nine-months-old male rats were divided into a normal control group and one experimental group which received eight daily intraperitoneal injections 15 pmol of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol/100 g body weight. After 5 days, 20 muCi of 109CdCl2 or 20muCi of 45CaCl2 was administered by stomach tube. The intestinal absorption and tissue retention of the radioisotopes were analysed during the next 3 days, the animals being kept in metabolic cages. 2. The administration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol caused significantly increased net absorption of intestinal calcium, hypercalcaemia and increased incorporation of calcium into bone. In comparison, there was no significant effect on the intestinal absorption of trace doses of cadmium or upon the accumulation of cadmium in the liver and kidneys.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption and tissue retention of cadmium and calcium in normal adult rats and rats given an active metabolite of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol). 1. Nine-months-old male rats were divided into a normal control group and one experimental group which received eight daily intraperitoneal injections 15 pmol of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol/100 g body weight. After 5 days, 20 muCi of 109CdCl2 or 20muCi of 45CaCl2 was administered by stomach tube. The intestinal absorption and tissue retention of the radioisotopes were analysed during the next 3 days, the animals being kept in metabolic cages. 2. The administration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol caused significantly increased net absorption of intestinal calcium, hypercalcaemia and increased incorporation of calcium into bone. In comparison, there was no significant effect on the intestinal absorption of trace doses of cadmium or upon the accumulation of cadmium in the liver and kidneys.", "PMID": 679627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4142", "title": "Galactose and hepatic metabolism in malnutrition and sepsis in man.", "content": "1. Hepatic carbohydrate metabolism was studied by an intravenous galactose test in control patients, malnourished non-septic patients, patients with prolonged severe sepsis and patients after recovery from sepsis. 2. Blood galactose half-life was not significantly increased in the septic group despite abnormal liver-function tests, whereas it was approximately doubled in the malnourished patients. 3. The rise in blood glucose after galactose injection was less in both the septic and malnourished groups, as compared with that in the control subjects. 4. Fasting blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate concentrations were similar in all groups, whereas blood ketone bodies were increased in the malnourished and septic groups, and blood alanine was decreased only in the septic group. 5. The changes in hepatic metabolism and function were reversible on recovery from sepsis. 6. It is suggested that alterations in hepatic blood flow and the metabolic fate of galactose within the liver may explain the changes in the metabolic response to galactose observed in malnourished or septic patients.", "contents": "Galactose and hepatic metabolism in malnutrition and sepsis in man. 1. Hepatic carbohydrate metabolism was studied by an intravenous galactose test in control patients, malnourished non-septic patients, patients with prolonged severe sepsis and patients after recovery from sepsis. 2. Blood galactose half-life was not significantly increased in the septic group despite abnormal liver-function tests, whereas it was approximately doubled in the malnourished patients. 3. The rise in blood glucose after galactose injection was less in both the septic and malnourished groups, as compared with that in the control subjects. 4. Fasting blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate concentrations were similar in all groups, whereas blood ketone bodies were increased in the malnourished and septic groups, and blood alanine was decreased only in the septic group. 5. The changes in hepatic metabolism and function were reversible on recovery from sepsis. 6. It is suggested that alterations in hepatic blood flow and the metabolic fate of galactose within the liver may explain the changes in the metabolic response to galactose observed in malnourished or septic patients.", "PMID": 679628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4143", "title": "Peptide excretion in experimental Fanconi syndrome in the rat.", "content": "A study has been made of urinary peptide output in rats before and after production of a Fanconi syndrome induced by a single injection of sodium maleate. There was an unequivocal increase of urinary peptides on the first and second days after the injection, without any detectable change in the concentration of plasma peptides. 2. Similar results were obtained in osteolathyritic rats in which skeletal lesions had been produced by ingestion of beta-aminopropionitrile. 3. The fractional amino acid content of urinary peptides after maleate and beta-aminopropionitrile is shown to be significantly different from that in control animals. 4. Evidence is presented that the increased output of peptides is mainly due to increased renal clearance similar to that previously described for amino acids, glucose and several electrolytes in this type of experimental Fanconi syndrome.", "contents": "Peptide excretion in experimental Fanconi syndrome in the rat. A study has been made of urinary peptide output in rats before and after production of a Fanconi syndrome induced by a single injection of sodium maleate. There was an unequivocal increase of urinary peptides on the first and second days after the injection, without any detectable change in the concentration of plasma peptides. 2. Similar results were obtained in osteolathyritic rats in which skeletal lesions had been produced by ingestion of beta-aminopropionitrile. 3. The fractional amino acid content of urinary peptides after maleate and beta-aminopropionitrile is shown to be significantly different from that in control animals. 4. Evidence is presented that the increased output of peptides is mainly due to increased renal clearance similar to that previously described for amino acids, glucose and several electrolytes in this type of experimental Fanconi syndrome.", "PMID": 679629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4144", "title": "Post-mortem migration of bone-seeking radionuclides in the rat and rabbit and its effect on estimates of bone uptake.", "content": "1. The continued uptake of 18F, 85Sr and 47Ca by bone after death has been studied in rats and rabbits after aortic injection followed by quick killing, a period of recirculation of tracer before death, and perfusion of the carcase. In each case an approximately linear increase of bone radioactivity was observed during a period of 1 h at about the same rate. The proportionate increase depended on the initial concentration of bone-seeking nuclide, ranging from a factor of 1.5 to 4.5. Boiling the carcase did not increase the migration rate. 2. Delay between death and dissection may therefore lead to spuriously high bone concentrations of these radionuclides, leading to over-estimates of bone uptake, extraction ratio or bone blood flow.", "contents": "Post-mortem migration of bone-seeking radionuclides in the rat and rabbit and its effect on estimates of bone uptake. 1. The continued uptake of 18F, 85Sr and 47Ca by bone after death has been studied in rats and rabbits after aortic injection followed by quick killing, a period of recirculation of tracer before death, and perfusion of the carcase. In each case an approximately linear increase of bone radioactivity was observed during a period of 1 h at about the same rate. The proportionate increase depended on the initial concentration of bone-seeking nuclide, ranging from a factor of 1.5 to 4.5. Boiling the carcase did not increase the migration rate. 2. Delay between death and dissection may therefore lead to spuriously high bone concentrations of these radionuclides, leading to over-estimates of bone uptake, extraction ratio or bone blood flow.", "PMID": 679630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4145", "title": "Interference by tannic acid with the effectiveness of activated charcoal in \"universal antidote\".", "content": "Evidence is presented to show that tannic acid is responsible for the reduced effectiveness of \"universal antidote\" as compared with activated charcoal alone. Adsorption isotherm data indicate that tannic acid binds strongly to charcoal and hence uses up part of the adsorption capacity that would otherwise be available for binding of a drug or poison. Data on sodium salicylate adsorption from simulated gastric fluid, both with and without the presence of tannic acid, are presented that illustrate clearly that tannic acid interferes significantly with the adsorption of salicylate. Magnesium oxide, another component of \"universal antidote,\" was found to offer no interference to salicylate adsorption, presumably because it does not adsorb to charcoal to any significant extent.", "contents": "Interference by tannic acid with the effectiveness of activated charcoal in \"universal antidote\". Evidence is presented to show that tannic acid is responsible for the reduced effectiveness of \"universal antidote\" as compared with activated charcoal alone. Adsorption isotherm data indicate that tannic acid binds strongly to charcoal and hence uses up part of the adsorption capacity that would otherwise be available for binding of a drug or poison. Data on sodium salicylate adsorption from simulated gastric fluid, both with and without the presence of tannic acid, are presented that illustrate clearly that tannic acid interferes significantly with the adsorption of salicylate. Magnesium oxide, another component of \"universal antidote,\" was found to offer no interference to salicylate adsorption, presumably because it does not adsorb to charcoal to any significant extent.", "PMID": 679636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4146", "title": "Reduction of pheniramine toxicity using activated charcoal.", "content": "Pheniramine is efficiently adsorbed by Norit Medicinal Activated Charcoal in vitro. Administration of activated charcoal after pheniramine ingestion in dogs resulted in significantly lower blood levels. Norit or another proven effective activated charcoal would be of value in first-aid treatment of pheniramine poisoning.", "contents": "Reduction of pheniramine toxicity using activated charcoal. Pheniramine is efficiently adsorbed by Norit Medicinal Activated Charcoal in vitro. Administration of activated charcoal after pheniramine ingestion in dogs resulted in significantly lower blood levels. Norit or another proven effective activated charcoal would be of value in first-aid treatment of pheniramine poisoning.", "PMID": 679637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4147", "title": "Evaluation of sodium hypochlorite as a screening reagent for the identification of cocaine.", "content": "The effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite, or commercial household bleach, as a screening test for the presence of cocaine in illicit drug specimens was evaluated. The advantages of using this reagent in an undercover situation are described, and the experience of undercover agents and law enforcement officers indicate that the test is simply and reliably interpreted. Chemical analyses of the sodium hypochlorite reaction product demonstrated the utility of this test as an adjunct in the identification of cocaine for forensic purposes.", "contents": "Evaluation of sodium hypochlorite as a screening reagent for the identification of cocaine. The effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite, or commercial household bleach, as a screening test for the presence of cocaine in illicit drug specimens was evaluated. The advantages of using this reagent in an undercover situation are described, and the experience of undercover agents and law enforcement officers indicate that the test is simply and reliably interpreted. Chemical analyses of the sodium hypochlorite reaction product demonstrated the utility of this test as an adjunct in the identification of cocaine for forensic purposes.", "PMID": 679640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4148", "title": "Hematologic abnormalities and pain during acute opiate abstinence syndrome.", "content": "Opiate addicts receiving nonmethadone, symptomatic, chemotherapeutic treatment for the abstinence syndrome (at Terros' Opiate Detoxification Program), complained of pains that appeared unrelated to abstinence. The pains reported were primarily lumbosacral pains, joint pains, abdominal cramps, and muscle cramps in the lower extremities. Admission laboratory tests on 150 addicts were used in an attempt to correlate the blood chemistry with the type of pains described. Results of this preliminary screening indicate that a high uric acid level and a low blood urea nitrogen (BUN) may be related in females with joint pains and males with lumbrosacral pains. Values obtained from the nomogram indicate that all addicts have less than 50% of the total serum calcium in ionized form, and the low serum ionized calcium content is associated with abdominal and muscle pains, although 72% of all the addicts studied were within the 3.5 to 4.0 mg range. Hyperproteinemia, low BUN, high uric acid, and low serum ionized calcium were the most significant of the blood chemistry values. Blood glucose levels were not included due to the fact that test were not necessarily fasting results.", "contents": "Hematologic abnormalities and pain during acute opiate abstinence syndrome. Opiate addicts receiving nonmethadone, symptomatic, chemotherapeutic treatment for the abstinence syndrome (at Terros' Opiate Detoxification Program), complained of pains that appeared unrelated to abstinence. The pains reported were primarily lumbosacral pains, joint pains, abdominal cramps, and muscle cramps in the lower extremities. Admission laboratory tests on 150 addicts were used in an attempt to correlate the blood chemistry with the type of pains described. Results of this preliminary screening indicate that a high uric acid level and a low blood urea nitrogen (BUN) may be related in females with joint pains and males with lumbrosacral pains. Values obtained from the nomogram indicate that all addicts have less than 50% of the total serum calcium in ionized form, and the low serum ionized calcium content is associated with abdominal and muscle pains, although 72% of all the addicts studied were within the 3.5 to 4.0 mg range. Hyperproteinemia, low BUN, high uric acid, and low serum ionized calcium were the most significant of the blood chemistry values. Blood glucose levels were not included due to the fact that test were not necessarily fasting results.", "PMID": 679642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4149", "title": "Mercury and selenium in cod-liver oil.", "content": "Cod-liver oil preparations were analyzed for mercury and selenium. The conclusion can be drawn that the intake of mercury and selenium in the normal use of these preparations will be very low.", "contents": "Mercury and selenium in cod-liver oil. Cod-liver oil preparations were analyzed for mercury and selenium. The conclusion can be drawn that the intake of mercury and selenium in the normal use of these preparations will be very low.", "PMID": 679643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4150", "title": "Fixatives and methods of fixation in selected tissues of the laboratory rat.", "content": "The histologic appearances of tissues fixed by immersion and perfusion were compared, as well as the effects of these different fixatives: 10% neutral buffered formalin, Carnoy's fluid, and Bouin's fluid. Intravascular perfusion provided better tissue preservation than fixation by immersion. The quality of preservation by neutral buffered formalin was equal to that of Carnoy's fluid and Bouin's fluid, but the overall staining quality of the latter two was judged to be superior.", "contents": "Fixatives and methods of fixation in selected tissues of the laboratory rat. The histologic appearances of tissues fixed by immersion and perfusion were compared, as well as the effects of these different fixatives: 10% neutral buffered formalin, Carnoy's fluid, and Bouin's fluid. Intravascular perfusion provided better tissue preservation than fixation by immersion. The quality of preservation by neutral buffered formalin was equal to that of Carnoy's fluid and Bouin's fluid, but the overall staining quality of the latter two was judged to be superior.", "PMID": 679644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4151", "title": "Anatomical and pathological study of the brain by CT scanner--II. Anatomical study of normal brain at various angles. Multiple angle examination.", "content": "Having previously described the brain anatomy using traditional CT scanning methods, we will now present the advantages of examining the brain at various angles with representative cuts and descriptions. We propose the use of the multiple angle examination for a complete CT picture.", "contents": "Anatomical and pathological study of the brain by CT scanner--II. Anatomical study of normal brain at various angles. Multiple angle examination. Having previously described the brain anatomy using traditional CT scanning methods, we will now present the advantages of examining the brain at various angles with representative cuts and descriptions. We propose the use of the multiple angle examination for a complete CT picture.", "PMID": 679657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4152", "title": "Improved visualization of subdural hematoma by use of coronal view in computerized tomography.", "content": "Subdural hematoma may be difficult to visualize on standard axial views in computerized tomography (CT). There are a number of reasons for this. The hematoma may be too small to cause a significant shift of the midline. The content of hemoglobin in the clot may vary from case to case. The clot may appear isodense to the surrounding brain tissue in one patient, and in another patient it may be of increased density. We have noted that the use of the coronal view significantly improves the visualization of a subdural hematoma. Not only is the hematoma better visualized, but ventricular displacement in both lateral and downward direction is better appreciated. We are presenting five such consecutive cases studied by us.", "contents": "Improved visualization of subdural hematoma by use of coronal view in computerized tomography. Subdural hematoma may be difficult to visualize on standard axial views in computerized tomography (CT). There are a number of reasons for this. The hematoma may be too small to cause a significant shift of the midline. The content of hemoglobin in the clot may vary from case to case. The clot may appear isodense to the surrounding brain tissue in one patient, and in another patient it may be of increased density. We have noted that the use of the coronal view significantly improves the visualization of a subdural hematoma. Not only is the hematoma better visualized, but ventricular displacement in both lateral and downward direction is better appreciated. We are presenting five such consecutive cases studied by us.", "PMID": 679658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4153", "title": "Efficacy of computed tomography of the abdomen--early results.", "content": "Our experience with 153 CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis over the first eight months of availability at our institution has been analyzed. The efficacy in terms of contribution to the diagnosis in each patient was assessed and accuracy determined. CT was found to have made a significant contribution to the diagnosis in patients with diseases of the pancreas, aorta, retroperitoneal structures, and in cases of abdominal and pelvic masses and abcesses. It has been somewhat less helpful in evaluation of liver and renal diseases. Overall, CT scanning appears to be a significant new diagnostic modality in the evaluation of patients with abdominal and pelvic diseases.", "contents": "Efficacy of computed tomography of the abdomen--early results. Our experience with 153 CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis over the first eight months of availability at our institution has been analyzed. The efficacy in terms of contribution to the diagnosis in each patient was assessed and accuracy determined. CT was found to have made a significant contribution to the diagnosis in patients with diseases of the pancreas, aorta, retroperitoneal structures, and in cases of abdominal and pelvic masses and abcesses. It has been somewhat less helpful in evaluation of liver and renal diseases. Overall, CT scanning appears to be a significant new diagnostic modality in the evaluation of patients with abdominal and pelvic diseases.", "PMID": 679659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4154", "title": "Computed tomography of the skeletal system.", "content": "Because of its sensitivity to minor variations in radiographic density and its ability to eliminate overlapping because of the cross-sectional display, computed tomography (CT) of the skeletal system may yield valuable information that may not be apparent on plain film or radionclide examination of bone lesions. The authors present five case illustrations in which CT examination of bone was particularly helpful in the evaluation of the patient.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the skeletal system. Because of its sensitivity to minor variations in radiographic density and its ability to eliminate overlapping because of the cross-sectional display, computed tomography (CT) of the skeletal system may yield valuable information that may not be apparent on plain film or radionclide examination of bone lesions. The authors present five case illustrations in which CT examination of bone was particularly helpful in the evaluation of the patient.", "PMID": 679660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4155", "title": "Heart imaging from computerized tomography.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo animal experiments have demonstrated the potential for using computerized tomography in heart imaging. This paper summarizes some of the work done in our laboratory related to heart imaging of dogs, of cadavers, and of live subjects using the CT approach. We have also provided examples demonstrating a method for computing the heart volume from serial CT images.", "contents": "Heart imaging from computerized tomography. In vitro and in vivo animal experiments have demonstrated the potential for using computerized tomography in heart imaging. This paper summarizes some of the work done in our laboratory related to heart imaging of dogs, of cadavers, and of live subjects using the CT approach. We have also provided examples demonstrating a method for computing the heart volume from serial CT images.", "PMID": 679661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4156", "title": "Application of the apexcarotis diagram in ischaemic heart disease with angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.", "content": "The apexcarotis diagram is a new mechanocardiographic method, uniting into a single diagram synchronous recordings of the carotidogram and apexcardiogram. Characteristic features of the apexcarotis diagram (ACD) in ischaemic heart disease with angina pectoris are the reduction of the area of ventricular ejection with a turn to the right toward the point S (p less than 0.001) and an extension of the diastolic subsegment A by more than 10% (p less than 0.001). In patients with myocardial infarction, in addition to the above changes, there occur a reduction of the area of ventricular filling (p less than 0.01) and an enlargement of the angle alpha (p less than 0.02). In 8 patients with angina pectoris and 7 patients with myocardial infarction, the coronary disease was established by coronary angiography as well as by catheterization of the right and left heart. In these patients, a reduction of the area of ventricular ejection was found, which was closely correlated with the elevation of left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (r = -0.72, p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Application of the apexcarotis diagram in ischaemic heart disease with angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. The apexcarotis diagram is a new mechanocardiographic method, uniting into a single diagram synchronous recordings of the carotidogram and apexcardiogram. Characteristic features of the apexcarotis diagram (ACD) in ischaemic heart disease with angina pectoris are the reduction of the area of ventricular ejection with a turn to the right toward the point S (p less than 0.001) and an extension of the diastolic subsegment A by more than 10% (p less than 0.001). In patients with myocardial infarction, in addition to the above changes, there occur a reduction of the area of ventricular filling (p less than 0.01) and an enlargement of the angle alpha (p less than 0.02). In 8 patients with angina pectoris and 7 patients with myocardial infarction, the coronary disease was established by coronary angiography as well as by catheterization of the right and left heart. In these patients, a reduction of the area of ventricular ejection was found, which was closely correlated with the elevation of left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (r = -0.72, p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 679689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4157", "title": "The sick sinus syndrome. Clinical and electrocardiographic spectrum of nine patients.", "content": "The paper presents a report on the clinical and electrographic spectrum of nine patients with the sick sinus syndrome with severe symptoms of clinical disturbances and serious disorders of impulse formation and conduction. Seven patients had syncope associated with sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block or atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular rate. Prolonged episodes of atrial and ventricular asystole occurred and were interrupted by junctional escape beats. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and flutter were foun in three patients and infrahisian block in four. Atropine induced a slight acceleration of the heart rate in all the patients studied while the post-suppression S-A node recovery time was prolonged in four.", "contents": "The sick sinus syndrome. Clinical and electrocardiographic spectrum of nine patients. The paper presents a report on the clinical and electrographic spectrum of nine patients with the sick sinus syndrome with severe symptoms of clinical disturbances and serious disorders of impulse formation and conduction. Seven patients had syncope associated with sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block or atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular rate. Prolonged episodes of atrial and ventricular asystole occurred and were interrupted by junctional escape beats. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and flutter were foun in three patients and infrahisian block in four. Atropine induced a slight acceleration of the heart rate in all the patients studied while the post-suppression S-A node recovery time was prolonged in four.", "PMID": 679690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4158", "title": "Plasma renin activity in patients with renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Changes of plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied in 45 patients with renovascular hypertension. Peripheral PRA was assayed by Serebovskaya's modification of Pickens' biological method; in 13 patients it was additionally assayed in blood samples taken from both renal veins. In some of the patients who were not surgically treated PRA was followed up over a period of 1 to 5 years. The interrelation between PRA and the sex and age of the patients, the duration and the severity of the disease, the clinical and the morphological type of renovascular hypertension, as well as uni- or bilateral involvement of the renal artery is discussed. PRA was increased during the early stage of renovascular hypertension, while later it became normal. PRA of renal vein blood samples, from the kidney with a constricted renal artery, reflects more exactly the dynamics of the changes in the pressor system of the kidney. The assay of PRA is of special importance in the evaluation of the indications for surgical treatment and of the effect of reconstructive surgery.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in patients with renovascular hypertension. Changes of plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied in 45 patients with renovascular hypertension. Peripheral PRA was assayed by Serebovskaya's modification of Pickens' biological method; in 13 patients it was additionally assayed in blood samples taken from both renal veins. In some of the patients who were not surgically treated PRA was followed up over a period of 1 to 5 years. The interrelation between PRA and the sex and age of the patients, the duration and the severity of the disease, the clinical and the morphological type of renovascular hypertension, as well as uni- or bilateral involvement of the renal artery is discussed. PRA was increased during the early stage of renovascular hypertension, while later it became normal. PRA of renal vein blood samples, from the kidney with a constricted renal artery, reflects more exactly the dynamics of the changes in the pressor system of the kidney. The assay of PRA is of special importance in the evaluation of the indications for surgical treatment and of the effect of reconstructive surgery.", "PMID": 679691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4159", "title": "Post-exertion restitution of left ventricular systolic time intervals in healthy subjects.", "content": "The left ventricular systolic function was studied in 123 healthy men aged 23-24 years under the influence of exercise and during a two-hour restitution period. Left ventricular systolic time intervals (LVSTI) were evaluated by means of the Blumberger method with Holldack's modification before the exercise, immediately after its termination and after 30, 60 and 120 minutes. After exercise, a decrease was found in the absolute values of LVSTI and of the diastolic stage. During two-hour restitution, the authors found a decrease of left ventricular ejection time, total mechanical systolic time, total electromechanical systolic time, total ventricular electrical stimulation time and of the diastolic stage. A statistically highly significant decrease of all mentioned intervals was related to persisting, still after 2 hours, increased heart rate with which these intervals significantly correlated. The share (in percent) of LVSTI in the total cardiac cycle increased after exercise and was still increased after 2 hours following its termination. The relative increase of systolic time intervals was accompanied by a decrease in the duration of the diastolic stage.", "contents": "Post-exertion restitution of left ventricular systolic time intervals in healthy subjects. The left ventricular systolic function was studied in 123 healthy men aged 23-24 years under the influence of exercise and during a two-hour restitution period. Left ventricular systolic time intervals (LVSTI) were evaluated by means of the Blumberger method with Holldack's modification before the exercise, immediately after its termination and after 30, 60 and 120 minutes. After exercise, a decrease was found in the absolute values of LVSTI and of the diastolic stage. During two-hour restitution, the authors found a decrease of left ventricular ejection time, total mechanical systolic time, total electromechanical systolic time, total ventricular electrical stimulation time and of the diastolic stage. A statistically highly significant decrease of all mentioned intervals was related to persisting, still after 2 hours, increased heart rate with which these intervals significantly correlated. The share (in percent) of LVSTI in the total cardiac cycle increased after exercise and was still increased after 2 hours following its termination. The relative increase of systolic time intervals was accompanied by a decrease in the duration of the diastolic stage.", "PMID": 679692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4160", "title": "Contraction activity of right heart ventricle and pulmonary haemodynamics in cytotoxic cardiogenic shock.", "content": "In the course of experimental cardiogenic shock in dogs it was found that in comparison with marked disturbances of heart function and haemodynamics in the systemic circulation, the changes in the right ventricular contractility were less conspicuous. The pulmonary arterial pressure kept at a level approaching the initial one. The pulmonary vascular resistance substantially rose at the same time, especially so in the arterioles. The left heart filling pressure did not increase. The authors assume that the changes in the pulmonary vascular resistance result from direct neurohumoral control of vascular resistance, and discuss possible mechanism of this control.", "contents": "Contraction activity of right heart ventricle and pulmonary haemodynamics in cytotoxic cardiogenic shock. In the course of experimental cardiogenic shock in dogs it was found that in comparison with marked disturbances of heart function and haemodynamics in the systemic circulation, the changes in the right ventricular contractility were less conspicuous. The pulmonary arterial pressure kept at a level approaching the initial one. The pulmonary vascular resistance substantially rose at the same time, especially so in the arterioles. The left heart filling pressure did not increase. The authors assume that the changes in the pulmonary vascular resistance result from direct neurohumoral control of vascular resistance, and discuss possible mechanism of this control.", "PMID": 679693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4161", "title": "Angiometric assessment of coronary atherosclerosis in ischaemic heart disease in elderly and old patients.", "content": "In 30 patients deceased because of various forms of ischaemic heart disease and in 10 control subjects who had died of other causes (age range in both groups, 60-89 years), the first proximal segments of the main coronary arteries were examined angiometrically. There were determined the circumference of the arterial lumen and the IM index, expressing the quotient intimal area/medial area. It was found that the magnitude of the IM index characterized, to a certain extent, the degree of severity of atherosclerosis: at IM values higher than the standard means there occurred complicated atherosclerotic lesions, and at lower IM values, only diffuse thickening of coronary arteries. The length of the circumference of the arterial lumen exhibited a positive correlation with the patients' age.", "contents": "Angiometric assessment of coronary atherosclerosis in ischaemic heart disease in elderly and old patients. In 30 patients deceased because of various forms of ischaemic heart disease and in 10 control subjects who had died of other causes (age range in both groups, 60-89 years), the first proximal segments of the main coronary arteries were examined angiometrically. There were determined the circumference of the arterial lumen and the IM index, expressing the quotient intimal area/medial area. It was found that the magnitude of the IM index characterized, to a certain extent, the degree of severity of atherosclerosis: at IM values higher than the standard means there occurred complicated atherosclerotic lesions, and at lower IM values, only diffuse thickening of coronary arteries. The length of the circumference of the arterial lumen exhibited a positive correlation with the patients' age.", "PMID": 679694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4162", "title": "Incidence of circulatory arrest in patients with acute myocardial infarction in coronary unit. Mechanism of their genesis and factors conditioning successful resuscitation.", "content": "The incidence, circumstances, and mechanism of development of cardiac arrest in 786 patients with myocardial infarction treated at a coronary care unit within a five-year period were studied and clinical factors are analysed with respect to success of resuscitation. One or more episodes of cardiac arrest occurred in a total of 156 patients (19.8%). Of these, 25 (16.0%) were successfully resuscitated and 131 (84.0%) died. At the clinical ward where the patients had been transferred after the acute stage, cardiac arrest occurred in additional 22 patients, of whom two were successfully resuscitated. Thus, the total number of successfully resuscitated patients throughout the five-year period was twenty-seven. The results of resuscitation were poorer in elderly patients, in those with anterior infarction, and above all in patients with severe symptoms of mechanical heart failure. Anamnestic factors (chronic angina pectoris, previous myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic disease of the lower limbs) were not significantly associated with the results of resuscitation. Primary ventricular fibrillation was the principal mechanism of cardiac arrest in 24 of the 27 patients successfully resuscitated, and its total incidence in the investigated group was 3%. The prognosis of resuscitation in patients with primary ventricular fibrillation was very good, and in all of them the resuscitation was successful and permanent.", "contents": "Incidence of circulatory arrest in patients with acute myocardial infarction in coronary unit. Mechanism of their genesis and factors conditioning successful resuscitation. The incidence, circumstances, and mechanism of development of cardiac arrest in 786 patients with myocardial infarction treated at a coronary care unit within a five-year period were studied and clinical factors are analysed with respect to success of resuscitation. One or more episodes of cardiac arrest occurred in a total of 156 patients (19.8%). Of these, 25 (16.0%) were successfully resuscitated and 131 (84.0%) died. At the clinical ward where the patients had been transferred after the acute stage, cardiac arrest occurred in additional 22 patients, of whom two were successfully resuscitated. Thus, the total number of successfully resuscitated patients throughout the five-year period was twenty-seven. The results of resuscitation were poorer in elderly patients, in those with anterior infarction, and above all in patients with severe symptoms of mechanical heart failure. Anamnestic factors (chronic angina pectoris, previous myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic disease of the lower limbs) were not significantly associated with the results of resuscitation. Primary ventricular fibrillation was the principal mechanism of cardiac arrest in 24 of the 27 patients successfully resuscitated, and its total incidence in the investigated group was 3%. The prognosis of resuscitation in patients with primary ventricular fibrillation was very good, and in all of them the resuscitation was successful and permanent.", "PMID": 679695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4163", "title": "Field dependence and lateralization of verbal and configurational processing.", "content": "With tachistoscopic presentation, relatively field-dependent 18- to 30-year-old males were found to show a significant right-visual-field advantage in reaction-time in a letter discrimination task, while relatively field-dependent subjects did not show a significant hemifield difference. In a second study, relatively field-independent 18- to 30-year-old males again showed a significant right-visual-field superiority in reaction time to letter discrimination, and in addition showed a significant left-visual-field superiority in tachistoscopic face discrimination, while relatively field-dependent subjects showed no significant hemifield difference on either task. The results are interpreted as indicating a link between Witkin's concept of psychological differentiation and differentiation at the neural level, as manifested by specialization of function of the cerebral hemispheres.", "contents": "Field dependence and lateralization of verbal and configurational processing. With tachistoscopic presentation, relatively field-dependent 18- to 30-year-old males were found to show a significant right-visual-field advantage in reaction-time in a letter discrimination task, while relatively field-dependent subjects did not show a significant hemifield difference. In a second study, relatively field-independent 18- to 30-year-old males again showed a significant right-visual-field superiority in reaction time to letter discrimination, and in addition showed a significant left-visual-field superiority in tachistoscopic face discrimination, while relatively field-dependent subjects showed no significant hemifield difference on either task. The results are interpreted as indicating a link between Witkin's concept of psychological differentiation and differentiation at the neural level, as manifested by specialization of function of the cerebral hemispheres.", "PMID": 679696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4164", "title": "Lateral asymmetries in visual perception with and without eye movements.", "content": "A signal detection analysis was made of single letter recognition in the right and left visual fields. When letters were presented 2 degrees 3' to the right or left of a central fixation there were no significant differences between the fields in perceptual accuracy independent of bias when the subject maintained a central fixation point. However, when subjects were free to move their eyes a right field advantage was found. The results were discussed in terms of attentional bias theories and hemispheric specialization theories.", "contents": "Lateral asymmetries in visual perception with and without eye movements. A signal detection analysis was made of single letter recognition in the right and left visual fields. When letters were presented 2 degrees 3' to the right or left of a central fixation there were no significant differences between the fields in perceptual accuracy independent of bias when the subject maintained a central fixation point. However, when subjects were free to move their eyes a right field advantage was found. The results were discussed in terms of attentional bias theories and hemispheric specialization theories.", "PMID": 679697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4165", "title": "The development of the right ear advantage in dichotic listening with focused attention.", "content": "The influence of selective attention on cerebral asymmetry in 6, 8 and 10 year old children was studied using pre-cued dichotic recall of 1 to 4 pairs of digits. A constant right ear advantage for correct recall from the attended ear and intrusions from the unattended ear was found in all three age groups. The ear difference increased with set size and across serial position with a set size of 4 digit pairs. Thus the number of items in acoustic memory determined the degree of lateral asymmetry. The ability to focus attention on the left ear improved between 6 and 8 years. It was concluded that control of directed attention, which improves with development, and left hemisphere specialization for speech processing, which remains constant, both determine performance in dichotic verbal listening.", "contents": "The development of the right ear advantage in dichotic listening with focused attention. The influence of selective attention on cerebral asymmetry in 6, 8 and 10 year old children was studied using pre-cued dichotic recall of 1 to 4 pairs of digits. A constant right ear advantage for correct recall from the attended ear and intrusions from the unattended ear was found in all three age groups. The ear difference increased with set size and across serial position with a set size of 4 digit pairs. Thus the number of items in acoustic memory determined the degree of lateral asymmetry. The ability to focus attention on the left ear improved between 6 and 8 years. It was concluded that control of directed attention, which improves with development, and left hemisphere specialization for speech processing, which remains constant, both determine performance in dichotic verbal listening.", "PMID": 679698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4166", "title": "The effects of cuing on picture naming in aphasia.", "content": "This study compared the facilitative values of six types of cue for eliciting picture naming responses from Brocas, Wernickes, and anomic aphasics. Degree of responsivity to cues was inversely related to severity of naming disorder. Type of cue, severity of naming disorder, and diagnostic category contributed significantly to the results obtained, though the diagnostic groups did not show differential patterns of response to the cues. First Sounds and Completion sentences were the most effective cues. The finding of diagnostic group differences in degree of responsivity to cues, without differential sensitivity to type of cue, was interpreted as indicating that a single factor might account for group differences in ability to benefit from cuing.", "contents": "The effects of cuing on picture naming in aphasia. This study compared the facilitative values of six types of cue for eliciting picture naming responses from Brocas, Wernickes, and anomic aphasics. Degree of responsivity to cues was inversely related to severity of naming disorder. Type of cue, severity of naming disorder, and diagnostic category contributed significantly to the results obtained, though the diagnostic groups did not show differential patterns of response to the cues. First Sounds and Completion sentences were the most effective cues. The finding of diagnostic group differences in degree of responsivity to cues, without differential sensitivity to type of cue, was interpreted as indicating that a single factor might account for group differences in ability to benefit from cuing.", "PMID": 679699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4167", "title": "Dyscalculia and elements of the developmental Gerstmann syndrome in school children.", "content": "Fourteen (14) dyscalculic school children were drawn from a larger population of learning-disabled children. The subjects were divided into two groups, those with normal-or-better reading ability and those with dyslexia equal in degree to their dyscalculia. Both groups showed a variety of behavioral deficits in addition to those comprising Gerstmann's syndrome and were notably poor in auditory and visual discrimination and motor coordination. Good readers showed severely-impaired ability to make right-left discriminations, while the poor readers were average in this ability. Poor readers showed marked impairment of word fluency and hand writing, while good readers were average in this regard. The dyscalculia and reading deficits reported here appear unrelated to central-language impairment. Subjects with all four elements of the developmental Gerstmann's syndrome did not constitute an homogeneous behavioral group and were found among samples of both good and poor readers. The pattern of behavioral deficits shown by these subjects suggests cerebral impairment rather than slow maturation as a probable etiology. While the DGS is not useful as a behavioral description, its value as a possible localizing neurological sign cannot yet be ruled out.", "contents": "Dyscalculia and elements of the developmental Gerstmann syndrome in school children. Fourteen (14) dyscalculic school children were drawn from a larger population of learning-disabled children. The subjects were divided into two groups, those with normal-or-better reading ability and those with dyslexia equal in degree to their dyscalculia. Both groups showed a variety of behavioral deficits in addition to those comprising Gerstmann's syndrome and were notably poor in auditory and visual discrimination and motor coordination. Good readers showed severely-impaired ability to make right-left discriminations, while the poor readers were average in this ability. Poor readers showed marked impairment of word fluency and hand writing, while good readers were average in this regard. The dyscalculia and reading deficits reported here appear unrelated to central-language impairment. Subjects with all four elements of the developmental Gerstmann's syndrome did not constitute an homogeneous behavioral group and were found among samples of both good and poor readers. The pattern of behavioral deficits shown by these subjects suggests cerebral impairment rather than slow maturation as a probable etiology. While the DGS is not useful as a behavioral description, its value as a possible localizing neurological sign cannot yet be ruled out.", "PMID": 679700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4168", "title": "Inverted writing in right- and left-handers in relation to lateralization of face recognition.", "content": "In a study with 157 right-handed and 69 left-handed college students, Gilbert's two-face choice task, which was used as an indicator of cerebral lateralization for face recognition, distinguished left-handers from right-handers. Right-handers primarily attended to the right side of the face (left visual field), while the group of left-handers had no visual field preference. Levy's hypothesis that inverted-writing left-handers are cortically lateralized like right-handers, and that inverted-writing right-handers are lateralized like left-handers found some support among the males. However, the females in both handedness groups performed in an opposite manner to that predicted by Levy's hypothesis.", "contents": "Inverted writing in right- and left-handers in relation to lateralization of face recognition. In a study with 157 right-handed and 69 left-handed college students, Gilbert's two-face choice task, which was used as an indicator of cerebral lateralization for face recognition, distinguished left-handers from right-handers. Right-handers primarily attended to the right side of the face (left visual field), while the group of left-handers had no visual field preference. Levy's hypothesis that inverted-writing left-handers are cortically lateralized like right-handers, and that inverted-writing right-handers are lateralized like left-handers found some support among the males. However, the females in both handedness groups performed in an opposite manner to that predicted by Levy's hypothesis.", "PMID": 679701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4169", "title": "Delayed auditory feedback and aphasia.", "content": "The effect of Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) was evaluated in three groups of subjects: 10 normal controls, 10 non-fluent aphasics, and 10 fluent aphasics. Speec production tasks consisted of (1) repeating sound and words; (2) naming objects; (3) producing sentences from given stimulus words; (4) answering questions; (5) reciting nursery rhymes; and (6) reading. Two delays were used, 180 and 360 msec. Two independent judges rated patients' responses for changes in intensity, duration, and quality of speech. Inter-judge reliability was considered satisfactory. Contrary to some previous reports, all subjects, including all the fluent aphasics, showed some DAF effect. Fluent aphasics, however, showed a significantly smaller DAF effect than non-fluent aphasics. Patient with conduction aphasia appeared to be the least impaired. Overall DAF effect was greater with 180 msec. than with 360 msec. The largest DAF effect occurred during answering question, followed by repeating, reading, nursery rhymes, sentence production, and naming, in that order. Repetition of a complex word produced a greater DAF effect than repetition of a simple sound. Finally, we found a differential effect of DAF on the three measures used in the study. We hypothesize that DAF effects result from changes in two separate monitoring systems. One systems is related to changes in the intensity of speech and does not appear to be affected by aphasia. The other is responsible for duration and qualitative changes in speech and is differentially affected in relation to pathology producing  aphasia.", "contents": "Delayed auditory feedback and aphasia. The effect of Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) was evaluated in three groups of subjects: 10 normal controls, 10 non-fluent aphasics, and 10 fluent aphasics. Speec production tasks consisted of (1) repeating sound and words; (2) naming objects; (3) producing sentences from given stimulus words; (4) answering questions; (5) reciting nursery rhymes; and (6) reading. Two delays were used, 180 and 360 msec. Two independent judges rated patients' responses for changes in intensity, duration, and quality of speech. Inter-judge reliability was considered satisfactory. Contrary to some previous reports, all subjects, including all the fluent aphasics, showed some DAF effect. Fluent aphasics, however, showed a significantly smaller DAF effect than non-fluent aphasics. Patient with conduction aphasia appeared to be the least impaired. Overall DAF effect was greater with 180 msec. than with 360 msec. The largest DAF effect occurred during answering question, followed by repeating, reading, nursery rhymes, sentence production, and naming, in that order. Repetition of a complex word produced a greater DAF effect than repetition of a simple sound. Finally, we found a differential effect of DAF on the three measures used in the study. We hypothesize that DAF effects result from changes in two separate monitoring systems. One systems is related to changes in the intensity of speech and does not appear to be affected by aphasia. The other is responsible for duration and qualitative changes in speech and is differentially affected in relation to pathology producing  aphasia.", "PMID": 679702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4170", "title": "Verbal and spatial encoding of visual stimuli: the effects of sex, hemisphere and yes-no judgements.", "content": "Six male and six female subjects were given 112 trials on each of two tasks requiring a yes-no comparison of pairs of letters presented to the right and left hemispheres. One task was predominantly visual (detection of curved letter segments) and the other was predominantly verbal (detection of rhyming \"ee\" sounds). It was found that for \"yes\" decisions, females were faster in the right hemisphere than in the left, while the reverse was the case for males. Also for females \"no\" decisions were faster than \"yes\" decisions in the left hemisphere but \"yes\" decisions were faster than \"no\" decisions in the right hemiphere.", "contents": "Verbal and spatial encoding of visual stimuli: the effects of sex, hemisphere and yes-no judgements. Six male and six female subjects were given 112 trials on each of two tasks requiring a yes-no comparison of pairs of letters presented to the right and left hemispheres. One task was predominantly visual (detection of curved letter segments) and the other was predominantly verbal (detection of rhyming \"ee\" sounds). It was found that for \"yes\" decisions, females were faster in the right hemisphere than in the left, while the reverse was the case for males. Also for females \"no\" decisions were faster than \"yes\" decisions in the left hemisphere but \"yes\" decisions were faster than \"no\" decisions in the right hemiphere.", "PMID": 679703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4171", "title": "Dementia: the estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the New Adult Reading Test.", "content": "The NART is a new word-reading test which was specifically designed for use with adults: the 50 words were selected in order to assess familiarity with words rather than the ability to phonetically decode unfamilar words, i.e. for each word intelligent guesswork alone would not result in a correct response. The results from a group of patients with cortical atrophy and a control group demonstrated the superiority of the NART over the best previously available word list (the Schonell GWRT) in enabling higher and more accurate levels of intelligence to be predicted. The evidence implied that the reading of the NART words was not significantly affected by the dementing processes in the patients with cortical atrophy, and therefore that the NART reading score can provide an accurate estimate of premorbid intelligence levels in these patients.", "contents": "Dementia: the estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the New Adult Reading Test. The NART is a new word-reading test which was specifically designed for use with adults: the 50 words were selected in order to assess familiarity with words rather than the ability to phonetically decode unfamilar words, i.e. for each word intelligent guesswork alone would not result in a correct response. The results from a group of patients with cortical atrophy and a control group demonstrated the superiority of the NART over the best previously available word list (the Schonell GWRT) in enabling higher and more accurate levels of intelligence to be predicted. The evidence implied that the reading of the NART words was not significantly affected by the dementing processes in the patients with cortical atrophy, and therefore that the NART reading score can provide an accurate estimate of premorbid intelligence levels in these patients.", "PMID": 679704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4172", "title": "Hemisphere differences in the recognition of nonsense shapes: cerebral dominance or strategy effects?", "content": "A tachistoscopic visual half-field task involving delayed recognition of nonsense shapes did not prove to rely disproportionately on either cerebral hemisphere. However, subjects at either extreme of the laterality distribution were more accurate at recognition overall, relative to subjects displaying indeterminate laterality. These results are discussed in terms of subjects' preferred processing strategies and it is concluded that until we possess a detailed knowledge of task requirements and of subjects' strategies, the results of laterality studies will remain ambiguous.", "contents": "Hemisphere differences in the recognition of nonsense shapes: cerebral dominance or strategy effects? A tachistoscopic visual half-field task involving delayed recognition of nonsense shapes did not prove to rely disproportionately on either cerebral hemisphere. However, subjects at either extreme of the laterality distribution were more accurate at recognition overall, relative to subjects displaying indeterminate laterality. These results are discussed in terms of subjects' preferred processing strategies and it is concluded that until we possess a detailed knowledge of task requirements and of subjects' strategies, the results of laterality studies will remain ambiguous.", "PMID": 679705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4173", "title": "Handedness effects in kinesthetic spatial location judgements.", "content": "This experiment examines hemispheric assymetry in reproduction of spatial location in the kinesthetic modality. Using a dichotomous presentation technique, blindfolded, right-handed subjects moved both arms (arm positioning task) or the thumb (thumb positioning task) of each hand simultaneously to predetermined spatial locations and were subsequently asked to reproduce these locations. The results showed a marked left hand advantage only in the thumb positioning task suggesting that the right hemisphere was superior in performing this task. These data were discussed as they relate to other evidence pertaining to cerebral hemispheric specialization in motor activities.", "contents": "Handedness effects in kinesthetic spatial location judgements. This experiment examines hemispheric assymetry in reproduction of spatial location in the kinesthetic modality. Using a dichotomous presentation technique, blindfolded, right-handed subjects moved both arms (arm positioning task) or the thumb (thumb positioning task) of each hand simultaneously to predetermined spatial locations and were subsequently asked to reproduce these locations. The results showed a marked left hand advantage only in the thumb positioning task suggesting that the right hemisphere was superior in performing this task. These data were discussed as they relate to other evidence pertaining to cerebral hemispheric specialization in motor activities.", "PMID": 679706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4174", "title": "A developmental study of hemisphere specialization for alphabetical stimuli.", "content": "Three groups of normal female subjects (7 and 8 years of age, 13 and 14 years of age, and young adults) were tested on a choice reaction time task using a tachistoscopic presentation of single letters to either hemisphere. The two older groups of subjects were found to exhibit a significant right visual field (left hemisphere) superiority in reaction time to letters, but the 7 and 8 year old children did not show a hemisphere asymmetry. These reaction time results for the two older groups are consistent with Rizzolatti et al.'s (1971) finding of a right visual field superiority in reaction time to letters in male adults. The analyses of error rates for visual field differences were not significant for the children or the adolescents. In this study, in contrast to Rizzolatti et al.'s result with male adults, the female adults produced a significant visual field difference in error rate.", "contents": "A developmental study of hemisphere specialization for alphabetical stimuli. Three groups of normal female subjects (7 and 8 years of age, 13 and 14 years of age, and young adults) were tested on a choice reaction time task using a tachistoscopic presentation of single letters to either hemisphere. The two older groups of subjects were found to exhibit a significant right visual field (left hemisphere) superiority in reaction time to letters, but the 7 and 8 year old children did not show a hemisphere asymmetry. These reaction time results for the two older groups are consistent with Rizzolatti et al.'s (1971) finding of a right visual field superiority in reaction time to letters in male adults. The analyses of error rates for visual field differences were not significant for the children or the adolescents. In this study, in contrast to Rizzolatti et al.'s result with male adults, the female adults produced a significant visual field difference in error rate.", "PMID": 679707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4175", "title": "Processing of visual contour orientation information in normal and disabled reading children.", "content": "Four experiments comparing the processing of contour orientation information in normal and specific reading disabled children were conducted. The first two experiments demonstrated that the reading disabled subjects had significantly longer visual information store durations than did the control subjects. In addition differences in visual information store durations for different orientations were found between the two groups. The final two experiments investigated processing of contour orientation information in the visual cortex. Results of Experiment IV suggested that the two groups differ in their processing of information in the visual cortex as well as in VIS. Because of the importance of feature detection in letter recognition, it is suggested that the present results may be important in understanding letter recognition is disabled readers.", "contents": "Processing of visual contour orientation information in normal and disabled reading children. Four experiments comparing the processing of contour orientation information in normal and specific reading disabled children were conducted. The first two experiments demonstrated that the reading disabled subjects had significantly longer visual information store durations than did the control subjects. In addition differences in visual information store durations for different orientations were found between the two groups. The final two experiments investigated processing of contour orientation information in the visual cortex. Results of Experiment IV suggested that the two groups differ in their processing of information in the visual cortex as well as in VIS. Because of the importance of feature detection in letter recognition, it is suggested that the present results may be important in understanding letter recognition is disabled readers.", "PMID": 679708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4176", "title": "The Reporter's Test: a sensitive test to detect expressive disturbances in aphasics.", "content": "The Reporter's Test requires the patient to verbally report to a hypothetical third person the actions the examiner is performing on an array of tokens, so as to enable him to replicate them. These performances correspond for the most part to the commands of the Token Test. The aim is to have the patient produce connected sequences of words, the choice and order of which is determined in advance and can be easily scored. The test was given to 70 normal controls, 60 aphasics (selected for absence of severe expressive impairment), 20 non-aphasic left brain-damaged patients and 20 right brain-damaged patients. Years of schooling, but not age, were found to significantly influence and the scores were consequently corrected. The inferior 5% limit of the 90% tolerance interval around the controls' mean was choosen as the cutting score discriminating a normal from a pathological performance. The hit rate of the Reporter's Test was 92% in the aphasic group. The percentage of non-aphasic left brain-damaged patients and right brain-damaged patients who scored below the cutting point and would, therefore, be erroneously classified as aphasic, was 10% and 15%, respectively. The screening power of the Reporter's Test was clearly superior to that of other expressive tests that were given to aphasic and non-aphasic brain-damaged patients. Besides the pass or fail score, a wheighted score, which takes into account the number of correct words chosen in the first four parts of the test, was used. Although somewhat inferior as a screening device, it presents the advantage of allowing a more graded evaluation of aphasics' performance.", "contents": "The Reporter's Test: a sensitive test to detect expressive disturbances in aphasics. The Reporter's Test requires the patient to verbally report to a hypothetical third person the actions the examiner is performing on an array of tokens, so as to enable him to replicate them. These performances correspond for the most part to the commands of the Token Test. The aim is to have the patient produce connected sequences of words, the choice and order of which is determined in advance and can be easily scored. The test was given to 70 normal controls, 60 aphasics (selected for absence of severe expressive impairment), 20 non-aphasic left brain-damaged patients and 20 right brain-damaged patients. Years of schooling, but not age, were found to significantly influence and the scores were consequently corrected. The inferior 5% limit of the 90% tolerance interval around the controls' mean was choosen as the cutting score discriminating a normal from a pathological performance. The hit rate of the Reporter's Test was 92% in the aphasic group. The percentage of non-aphasic left brain-damaged patients and right brain-damaged patients who scored below the cutting point and would, therefore, be erroneously classified as aphasic, was 10% and 15%, respectively. The screening power of the Reporter's Test was clearly superior to that of other expressive tests that were given to aphasic and non-aphasic brain-damaged patients. Besides the pass or fail score, a wheighted score, which takes into account the number of correct words chosen in the first four parts of the test, was used. Although somewhat inferior as a screening device, it presents the advantage of allowing a more graded evaluation of aphasics' performance.", "PMID": 679709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4177", "title": "The involvement of the frontal lobes in cognitive estimation.", "content": "Ninety-six patients with localised cerebral lesions were tested on a task of providing reasonable answers to Cognitive Estimate questions. These questions are ones that can be answered using general knowledge available to almost all subjects, but for which no immediately obvious strategy is available. It was found that patients with frontal lesions gave significantly more bizarre answers than patients with more posterior lesions. This effect is interpreted in terms of Luria's (1966) theory of the planning functions of the frontal lobes.", "contents": "The involvement of the frontal lobes in cognitive estimation. Ninety-six patients with localised cerebral lesions were tested on a task of providing reasonable answers to Cognitive Estimate questions. These questions are ones that can be answered using general knowledge available to almost all subjects, but for which no immediately obvious strategy is available. It was found that patients with frontal lesions gave significantly more bizarre answers than patients with more posterior lesions. This effect is interpreted in terms of Luria's (1966) theory of the planning functions of the frontal lobes.", "PMID": 679710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4178", "title": "Handedness and intelligence.", "content": "The scores of 37 right and 30 left-handed subjects on tests of fluid and crystallized intelligence were compared. Consistent with the hypothesis, it was found that the left-handers were inferior to the right-handers on the Gf task. These data are consistent with those from three earlier studies and serve to question the assertion that there are no handedness related differences in ability.", "contents": "Handedness and intelligence. The scores of 37 right and 30 left-handed subjects on tests of fluid and crystallized intelligence were compared. Consistent with the hypothesis, it was found that the left-handers were inferior to the right-handers on the Gf task. These data are consistent with those from three earlier studies and serve to question the assertion that there are no handedness related differences in ability.", "PMID": 679711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4179", "title": "Ageing of the female gamete. 2 Lactate dehydrogenase activity in fragmented oocytes and ova of the rat.", "content": "LDH enzyme activities were determined in atretic and fragmented oocytes. The enzymatic activities in fragmented oocytes and ova were compared to those already known in early rat cleavage stages. Atretic oocytes are totally devoid of LDH activity. However, fragmented oocytes and ova exhibit nearly identical LDH activities to early cleavage stages. This result supports our earlier assumption that fragmentation and cleavage are homologus processes, induced by the same maternally transmitted factors in the oocyte cytoplasm.", "contents": "Ageing of the female gamete. 2 Lactate dehydrogenase activity in fragmented oocytes and ova of the rat. LDH enzyme activities were determined in atretic and fragmented oocytes. The enzymatic activities in fragmented oocytes and ova were compared to those already known in early rat cleavage stages. Atretic oocytes are totally devoid of LDH activity. However, fragmented oocytes and ova exhibit nearly identical LDH activities to early cleavage stages. This result supports our earlier assumption that fragmentation and cleavage are homologus processes, induced by the same maternally transmitted factors in the oocyte cytoplasm.", "PMID": 679722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4180", "title": "Chromosome studies in Edentata.", "content": "The karyotypes of three additional species of Edentata are described. The differences in karyotype between Tolypeutes matacus (2n = 38), and other species of armadillo is remarkable. Three species of Euphractini were compared through G- and C-banding patterns. Chaetophractus villosus appears to be much closer to Zaedyus pichiy than suggested by taxonomy. On the other hand, Tamandua tetradactyla and Tamandua longicaudata, two different species of anteater, possess the same karyotypes. The presence of an unusual Y-chromosome in Choloepus hoffmanni may be responsible for the peculiar sex-ratio reported in this species.", "contents": "Chromosome studies in Edentata. The karyotypes of three additional species of Edentata are described. The differences in karyotype between Tolypeutes matacus (2n = 38), and other species of armadillo is remarkable. Three species of Euphractini were compared through G- and C-banding patterns. Chaetophractus villosus appears to be much closer to Zaedyus pichiy than suggested by taxonomy. On the other hand, Tamandua tetradactyla and Tamandua longicaudata, two different species of anteater, possess the same karyotypes. The presence of an unusual Y-chromosome in Choloepus hoffmanni may be responsible for the peculiar sex-ratio reported in this species.", "PMID": 679723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4181", "title": "Interaction of microtubules and the mechanism of chromosome movement (zipper hypothesis). 3 Theoretical analysis of energy requirements and computer simulation of chromosome movement.", "content": "A theoretical analysis of the energy requirements and a computer analysis of a special case (symmetrical pull in one plane during anaphase), of the zipper model for chromosome movement (Bajer, 1973a,b) is presented. The conclusions are general, however, and can be applied to any stage of mitosis. It is assumed that the movement is due to a series of short lateral interactions (called 'zips') between microtubules, and it is shown that a particular zip could begin if the bending energy requirement for two microtubules is met, and could terminate when a strain restriction is exceeded. The series of zips ends when the energy requirements for initiation of a particular zip are not met. In such conditions, certain predictions concerning the behaviour of microtubules in the spindle can be made (see Conclusions). It is shown that hydrolysis of ATP or GTP can yield sufficient energy to bend microtubules as specified by the model, that insignificant quantities of the triphosphate would be utilized, and that the linearity of chromosome movement predicted by the model is consistent with the linearity observed in vitro.", "contents": "Interaction of microtubules and the mechanism of chromosome movement (zipper hypothesis). 3 Theoretical analysis of energy requirements and computer simulation of chromosome movement. A theoretical analysis of the energy requirements and a computer analysis of a special case (symmetrical pull in one plane during anaphase), of the zipper model for chromosome movement (Bajer, 1973a,b) is presented. The conclusions are general, however, and can be applied to any stage of mitosis. It is assumed that the movement is due to a series of short lateral interactions (called 'zips') between microtubules, and it is shown that a particular zip could begin if the bending energy requirement for two microtubules is met, and could terminate when a strain restriction is exceeded. The series of zips ends when the energy requirements for initiation of a particular zip are not met. In such conditions, certain predictions concerning the behaviour of microtubules in the spindle can be made (see Conclusions). It is shown that hydrolysis of ATP or GTP can yield sufficient energy to bend microtubules as specified by the model, that insignificant quantities of the triphosphate would be utilized, and that the linearity of chromosome movement predicted by the model is consistent with the linearity observed in vitro.", "PMID": 679724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4182", "title": "[Cultured cell isolates of the smooth muscle layer from the rat duodenum].", "content": "A culture obtained from rat duodenal smooth muscle layer is described. The cells were isolated by trypsinization (0.2%), and the medium used for culture was either MEM with glutamine and non-essential AA or RPMI, both containing 10% foetal calf serum. The cell culture contained both smooth muscle cells and fibroplasts in proportions varying with the age of the culture. At day 6, cell differentiation is important. At day 12, when the cells are confluent, the majority of the cells are fibroblasts. Although it is difficult, the transfer of cells is possible at least twice.", "contents": "[Cultured cell isolates of the smooth muscle layer from the rat duodenum]. A culture obtained from rat duodenal smooth muscle layer is described. The cells were isolated by trypsinization (0.2%), and the medium used for culture was either MEM with glutamine and non-essential AA or RPMI, both containing 10% foetal calf serum. The cell culture contained both smooth muscle cells and fibroplasts in proportions varying with the age of the culture. At day 6, cell differentiation is important. At day 12, when the cells are confluent, the majority of the cells are fibroblasts. Although it is difficult, the transfer of cells is possible at least twice.", "PMID": 679725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4183", "title": "Variation in lateral asymmetry of human chromosome 1.", "content": "Variations in lateral asymmetry of human chromosome 1 were studied in 17 amniotic cell samples and eight blood samples by the 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) quenching of 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence. The size and the relative proportion of the bright fluorescent spots on each chromatid in the heterochromatic region of chromosome 1 (1qh) are variable from different amniotic (or blood) samples after one cycle of BrdU incorporation. However, the particular pattern for a given chromosome 1 is consistent within the individual sample. Size variations were classified into three groups, and variations in the pattern (proportion) of bright fluorescence on each chromatid in the 1qh region were classified into four groups. A preliminary estimate of the type and frequency of lateral asymmetry variations was obtained. These results suggest a high frequency of variability of heterochromatin in the population. The BrdU-DAPI fluorescence technique was found to be very useful for characterizing variations in the 1qh region; variations in organization of heterochromatin DNA with the 1qh region can be detected, and a simple system of nomenclature is proposed for naming the variations in this region.", "contents": "Variation in lateral asymmetry of human chromosome 1. Variations in lateral asymmetry of human chromosome 1 were studied in 17 amniotic cell samples and eight blood samples by the 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) quenching of 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence. The size and the relative proportion of the bright fluorescent spots on each chromatid in the heterochromatic region of chromosome 1 (1qh) are variable from different amniotic (or blood) samples after one cycle of BrdU incorporation. However, the particular pattern for a given chromosome 1 is consistent within the individual sample. Size variations were classified into three groups, and variations in the pattern (proportion) of bright fluorescence on each chromatid in the 1qh region were classified into four groups. A preliminary estimate of the type and frequency of lateral asymmetry variations was obtained. These results suggest a high frequency of variability of heterochromatin in the population. The BrdU-DAPI fluorescence technique was found to be very useful for characterizing variations in the 1qh region; variations in organization of heterochromatin DNA with the 1qh region can be detected, and a simple system of nomenclature is proposed for naming the variations in this region.", "PMID": 679726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4184", "title": "The chromosomes of cockerels (Gallus domesticus) during meiosis.", "content": "The chromosomes in spermatogenic cells of 10 cockerels were examined. Prior to removing the testes, the birds had been injected with either 2.5 mg vinblastine sulfate or 5 mg colchicine, or were untreated. A cell suspension was made from small pieces of testis and slides were prepared using an air-drying technique. Pretreatments of the birds increased the numbers of spermatogonial and secondary spermatocyte cells at metaphase and rendered them more amenable to analysis. The modal number of macrochromosomes or bivalents was observed in 90.2% of spermatogonia, 98% of primary spermatocytes at diakinesis, and 94.2% of secondary spermatocytes. Polyploid cells at all stages were thought to be largely artifacts of the procedure. Aneuploidy was rare, being found in only 1% of secondary spermatocytes. It is estimated that between 56 and 66 chiasmata occur in the 39 bivalents; of these, an average of 28 are seen in the six macrobivalents. Average numbers were 8.1, 5.9, 4.6, 3.6, 2.4, and 3.5 for macrobivalents 1 through 5 and the Z respectively. The numbers of chiasmata differed significantly among birds but were not differentially affected by pretreatment of the birds.", "contents": "The chromosomes of cockerels (Gallus domesticus) during meiosis. The chromosomes in spermatogenic cells of 10 cockerels were examined. Prior to removing the testes, the birds had been injected with either 2.5 mg vinblastine sulfate or 5 mg colchicine, or were untreated. A cell suspension was made from small pieces of testis and slides were prepared using an air-drying technique. Pretreatments of the birds increased the numbers of spermatogonial and secondary spermatocyte cells at metaphase and rendered them more amenable to analysis. The modal number of macrochromosomes or bivalents was observed in 90.2% of spermatogonia, 98% of primary spermatocytes at diakinesis, and 94.2% of secondary spermatocytes. Polyploid cells at all stages were thought to be largely artifacts of the procedure. Aneuploidy was rare, being found in only 1% of secondary spermatocytes. It is estimated that between 56 and 66 chiasmata occur in the 39 bivalents; of these, an average of 28 are seen in the six macrobivalents. Average numbers were 8.1, 5.9, 4.6, 3.6, 2.4, and 3.5 for macrobivalents 1 through 5 and the Z respectively. The numbers of chiasmata differed significantly among birds but were not differentially affected by pretreatment of the birds.", "PMID": 679727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4185", "title": "The replicative life spans of euploid hybrids derived from short-lived and long-lived human skin fibroblast cultures.", "content": "Two recent technical advances facilitate the derivation of proliferating hybrids from human diploid fibroblast strains without recourse to biochemical selection: (1) a new chemically-mediated method of somatic cell fusion (PEG-DMSO) yields hybrids at rates as high as 1 in 160 colonies after dilute plating of treated cell mixtures, and (2) a simple technology for assessment of DNA content (flow microfluorometry) permits rapid and highly sensitive monitoring of ploidy. Employing these techniques, we isolated 43 chromosomally stable hybrid clones from 12 crosses between seven different strains representing a wide range of longevities. Crosses between short-lived strains resulted in short-lived hybrid offspring, whereas hybrids derived from long-lived parents tended to be long-lived. Crosses between strains of contrasting longevities gave clones with intermediate growth potentials relative to the other types of hybrids. The failure to observe complementation (enhanced longevity) of hybrids argues against random recessive single-copy gene mutations as important determinants of clonal senescence.", "contents": "The replicative life spans of euploid hybrids derived from short-lived and long-lived human skin fibroblast cultures. Two recent technical advances facilitate the derivation of proliferating hybrids from human diploid fibroblast strains without recourse to biochemical selection: (1) a new chemically-mediated method of somatic cell fusion (PEG-DMSO) yields hybrids at rates as high as 1 in 160 colonies after dilute plating of treated cell mixtures, and (2) a simple technology for assessment of DNA content (flow microfluorometry) permits rapid and highly sensitive monitoring of ploidy. Employing these techniques, we isolated 43 chromosomally stable hybrid clones from 12 crosses between seven different strains representing a wide range of longevities. Crosses between short-lived strains resulted in short-lived hybrid offspring, whereas hybrids derived from long-lived parents tended to be long-lived. Crosses between strains of contrasting longevities gave clones with intermediate growth potentials relative to the other types of hybrids. The failure to observe complementation (enhanced longevity) of hybrids argues against random recessive single-copy gene mutations as important determinants of clonal senescence.", "PMID": 679728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4186", "title": "Nongranulomatous interstitial pneumonitis in sarcoidosis. Relationship to development of epithelioid granulomas.", "content": "Nongranulomatous, nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis was a predominating or prominent histopathologic finding in 62 percent of 128 granuloma-containing specimens from open lung biopsies obtained from patients with sarcoidosis. Data from this study, combined with observations by others on the evolution of experimentally induced granulomas, indicate that interstitial pneumonitis represents a very early lesion, possibly the initial lesion, in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Because of the relatively large error of sampling inherent in the currently increasing practice of obtaining small specimens for lung biopsy via the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, we anticipate that interstitial pneumonitis will be seen as the only histopathologic finding in these specimens with increasing frequency. It is therefore important to recognize that interstitial pneumonitis is a characteristic, although nondiagnostic, morphologic feature of pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Nongranulomatous interstitial pneumonitis in sarcoidosis. Relationship to development of epithelioid granulomas. Nongranulomatous, nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis was a predominating or prominent histopathologic finding in 62 percent of 128 granuloma-containing specimens from open lung biopsies obtained from patients with sarcoidosis. Data from this study, combined with observations by others on the evolution of experimentally induced granulomas, indicate that interstitial pneumonitis represents a very early lesion, possibly the initial lesion, in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Because of the relatively large error of sampling inherent in the currently increasing practice of obtaining small specimens for lung biopsy via the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, we anticipate that interstitial pneumonitis will be seen as the only histopathologic finding in these specimens with increasing frequency. It is therefore important to recognize that interstitial pneumonitis is a characteristic, although nondiagnostic, morphologic feature of pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 679737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4187", "title": "Irreversibility of obstructive changes in severe asthma in childhood.", "content": "The findings in three children with severe asthma are presented. Following intensive round-the-clock therapy with theophylline (the dosage of which maintained serum levels of theophylline between 10 microgram/ml and 20 microgram/ml) and therapy with prednisone (20 mg twice daily for three weeks or more), there were improvements in spirometric and body plethysmographic measurements. Despite this therapy, abnormalities in the forced expiratory volume in one second, the maximal midexpiratory flow, the residual volume, and specific airway conductance remained. These cases represent a subgroup of asthmatic children with reactive airways who have an irreversible component to their disease.", "contents": "Irreversibility of obstructive changes in severe asthma in childhood. The findings in three children with severe asthma are presented. Following intensive round-the-clock therapy with theophylline (the dosage of which maintained serum levels of theophylline between 10 microgram/ml and 20 microgram/ml) and therapy with prednisone (20 mg twice daily for three weeks or more), there were improvements in spirometric and body plethysmographic measurements. Despite this therapy, abnormalities in the forced expiratory volume in one second, the maximal midexpiratory flow, the residual volume, and specific airway conductance remained. These cases represent a subgroup of asthmatic children with reactive airways who have an irreversible component to their disease.", "PMID": 679738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4188", "title": "Intermittent severe mitral regurgitation.", "content": "The findings in two patients with hemodynamic evidence of intermittent severe mitral regurgitation with cyclic variation in right and left ventricular pressures are presented. Both patients had aortic and mitral valvular regurgitation of unknown etiology without definite evidence of papillary muscle dysfunction. The basis for the variation in the degree of mitral regurgitation is unclear.", "contents": "Intermittent severe mitral regurgitation. The findings in two patients with hemodynamic evidence of intermittent severe mitral regurgitation with cyclic variation in right and left ventricular pressures are presented. Both patients had aortic and mitral valvular regurgitation of unknown etiology without definite evidence of papillary muscle dysfunction. The basis for the variation in the degree of mitral regurgitation is unclear.", "PMID": 679739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4189", "title": "ST-segment elevation during recovery from exercise. A new manifestation of Prinzmetal's variant angina.", "content": "Four patients underwent exercise testing because of a history of pain in the chest; all four developed marked elevation of the S-T segment only during recovery after exercise. Three of the four patients showed ST-segment depression during exercise, but ST-segment elevation was absent until two or more minutes after cessation of exercise. ST-segment elevation after exercise was accompanied by hypotension in three patients and by ventricular arrhythmias in one. Subsequent coronary angiographic studies revealed normal or minimally diseased coronary arteries in two patients and significant coronary lesions in the other two. Review of the literature shows that contrary to the prevailing belief, over half of the patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina have electrocardiographic changes diagnostic of ischemia during exercise testing. Over half of the patients with abnormal findings on tests during exercise display ST-segment elevation as a manifestation of ischemia; however, delayed ST-segment elevation of the type seen in these four patients is distinctly uncommon, having previously been described in only three individual case reports. The pathophysiology of this response is uncertain but may relate to rapid alterations in the autonomic balance during recovery after exercise.", "contents": "ST-segment elevation during recovery from exercise. A new manifestation of Prinzmetal's variant angina. Four patients underwent exercise testing because of a history of pain in the chest; all four developed marked elevation of the S-T segment only during recovery after exercise. Three of the four patients showed ST-segment depression during exercise, but ST-segment elevation was absent until two or more minutes after cessation of exercise. ST-segment elevation after exercise was accompanied by hypotension in three patients and by ventricular arrhythmias in one. Subsequent coronary angiographic studies revealed normal or minimally diseased coronary arteries in two patients and significant coronary lesions in the other two. Review of the literature shows that contrary to the prevailing belief, over half of the patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina have electrocardiographic changes diagnostic of ischemia during exercise testing. Over half of the patients with abnormal findings on tests during exercise display ST-segment elevation as a manifestation of ischemia; however, delayed ST-segment elevation of the type seen in these four patients is distinctly uncommon, having previously been described in only three individual case reports. The pathophysiology of this response is uncertain but may relate to rapid alterations in the autonomic balance during recovery after exercise.", "PMID": 679740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4190", "title": "Arrhythmias from fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "The electrocardiogram was monitored in 51 patients during fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures and was compared to recordings made before premedication. Sixteen of the patients had heart disease. During the bronchoscopic procedure, the heart rate increased by 154 \"/- 5 percent (+/- SE). The frequency of atrial ectopic beats was minimally increased, by an average 0.15 +/- 0.12 beats per minute (not significant). Ventricular ectopic beats became less frequent during the bronchoscopic procedure (-0.17 +/- 0.41 beats per minute; not significant), and there was no ventricular tachycardia. Frequent ventricular ectopic beats were seen mainly during bronchoscopic procedures in patients with coronary heart disease, but even in this group, ventricular ectopic beats became less frequent than at rest (-1.13 +/- 1.46 beats per minute; not significant). The nearly uniform sinus tachycardia that was observed was well tolerated but could predispose coronary patients to ischemia; however, the fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedure per se does not enhance prior ectopy.", "contents": "Arrhythmias from fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The electrocardiogram was monitored in 51 patients during fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures and was compared to recordings made before premedication. Sixteen of the patients had heart disease. During the bronchoscopic procedure, the heart rate increased by 154 \"/- 5 percent (+/- SE). The frequency of atrial ectopic beats was minimally increased, by an average 0.15 +/- 0.12 beats per minute (not significant). Ventricular ectopic beats became less frequent during the bronchoscopic procedure (-0.17 +/- 0.41 beats per minute; not significant), and there was no ventricular tachycardia. Frequent ventricular ectopic beats were seen mainly during bronchoscopic procedures in patients with coronary heart disease, but even in this group, ventricular ectopic beats became less frequent than at rest (-1.13 +/- 1.46 beats per minute; not significant). The nearly uniform sinus tachycardia that was observed was well tolerated but could predispose coronary patients to ischemia; however, the fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedure per se does not enhance prior ectopy.", "PMID": 679741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4191", "title": "Desmoid tumors of the chest wall.", "content": "Twenty-six cases of desmoid tumors of the wall of the chest were reviewed. These are rare lesions, which nonetheless should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all tumors of the chest wall. Although the lesion is most often palpable, several of the tumors were detectable only by means of an x-ray film of the thorax. Definitive diagnosis could not be made clinically but was easily established by pathologic examination of widely excised tumor. Like all desmoid tumors, these were locally aggressive in their growth but nonmetastatic and generally carried a good prognosis. Ideally, treatment consisted of wide local excision, but if there was encroachment of the tumor on vital structures, excision with suboptimal tumor-free margins was required. Even in the latter instance, tumefaction could be well controlled for long periods. Recurrences after an initial attempted removal were common, but most of these responded to reexcision.", "contents": "Desmoid tumors of the chest wall. Twenty-six cases of desmoid tumors of the wall of the chest were reviewed. These are rare lesions, which nonetheless should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all tumors of the chest wall. Although the lesion is most often palpable, several of the tumors were detectable only by means of an x-ray film of the thorax. Definitive diagnosis could not be made clinically but was easily established by pathologic examination of widely excised tumor. Like all desmoid tumors, these were locally aggressive in their growth but nonmetastatic and generally carried a good prognosis. Ideally, treatment consisted of wide local excision, but if there was encroachment of the tumor on vital structures, excision with suboptimal tumor-free margins was required. Even in the latter instance, tumefaction could be well controlled for long periods. Recurrences after an initial attempted removal were common, but most of these responded to reexcision.", "PMID": 679743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4192", "title": "Surgical management of the small aortic annulus. Hemodynamic evaluation.", "content": "Replacement of the aortic valve can be accomplished with ease and safety in most instances. The presence of a small aortic root, however, remains a problem in that both mechanical and stent-mounted tissue valves produce higher resting gradients in the smaller sizes. To avoid this, a technique has been developed to enlarge the aortic annulus. In a series of 253 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, 22 required division of the aortic annulus. Extension of the incision inferiorly to the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve and a resulting separation of the annulus facilitated implantation of a larger valve. The resulting defect is obliterated with a woven Dacron patch. Hemodynamic data obtained on 12 patients who had recatheterization one to ten months postoperatively disclosed an average resting transvalvular gradient of 13.5 mm Hg. This procedure has been used successfully in combined aortic and mitral valve replacement and heart block has not occurred. Based upon encouraging follow-up studies of the Hancock glutaraldehyde-stabilized porcine heterograft, we use this prosthesis in patients with annular diameters of less than 25 mm. Our experience suggests that enlargement of the aortic annulus is necessary in a significant number of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement.", "contents": "Surgical management of the small aortic annulus. Hemodynamic evaluation. Replacement of the aortic valve can be accomplished with ease and safety in most instances. The presence of a small aortic root, however, remains a problem in that both mechanical and stent-mounted tissue valves produce higher resting gradients in the smaller sizes. To avoid this, a technique has been developed to enlarge the aortic annulus. In a series of 253 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, 22 required division of the aortic annulus. Extension of the incision inferiorly to the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve and a resulting separation of the annulus facilitated implantation of a larger valve. The resulting defect is obliterated with a woven Dacron patch. Hemodynamic data obtained on 12 patients who had recatheterization one to ten months postoperatively disclosed an average resting transvalvular gradient of 13.5 mm Hg. This procedure has been used successfully in combined aortic and mitral valve replacement and heart block has not occurred. Based upon encouraging follow-up studies of the Hancock glutaraldehyde-stabilized porcine heterograft, we use this prosthesis in patients with annular diameters of less than 25 mm. Our experience suggests that enlargement of the aortic annulus is necessary in a significant number of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement.", "PMID": 679744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4193", "title": "Pleural reaction to thoracotomy tube.", "content": "Knowledge of the transitory pleural thickening seen around thoracotomy tubes can avoid confusion with more serious pleural and pulmonary conditions. In this study of 60 children treated with chest tubes, nine had a local pleural reaction severe enough to produce findings on x-ray films taken up to ten days after removal of the tube.", "contents": "Pleural reaction to thoracotomy tube. Knowledge of the transitory pleural thickening seen around thoracotomy tubes can avoid confusion with more serious pleural and pulmonary conditions. In this study of 60 children treated with chest tubes, nine had a local pleural reaction severe enough to produce findings on x-ray films taken up to ten days after removal of the tube.", "PMID": 679745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4194", "title": "Pericardial effusion diagnosed by echocardiography. Clinical and electrocardiographic findings in 171 patients.", "content": "Clinical and electrocardiographic findings in 171 patients with pericardial effusion diagnosed by echocardiographic studies were reviewed. In 70 patients the effusion was unsuspected. There were 87 small, 50 moderate, and 31 large effusions. Cardiac tamponade was present in three patients. Congestive heart failure was the most common cause of pericardial effusion and occurred in 37 patients. Other frequently noted conditions included cardiac disease without congestive heart failure, neoplasms, acute nonspecific pericarditis, renal failure, and acute myocardial infarction. A pericardial friction rub was present in 23 patients, two-thirds of whom had moderate or large effusions. Atrial arrhythmias were common. Low voltage occurred in 31 of 136 patients and was more common with large effusions. The ability to distinguish between a small effusion and the quantity of pericardial fluid present normally is a problem requiring further clarification.", "contents": "Pericardial effusion diagnosed by echocardiography. Clinical and electrocardiographic findings in 171 patients. Clinical and electrocardiographic findings in 171 patients with pericardial effusion diagnosed by echocardiographic studies were reviewed. In 70 patients the effusion was unsuspected. There were 87 small, 50 moderate, and 31 large effusions. Cardiac tamponade was present in three patients. Congestive heart failure was the most common cause of pericardial effusion and occurred in 37 patients. Other frequently noted conditions included cardiac disease without congestive heart failure, neoplasms, acute nonspecific pericarditis, renal failure, and acute myocardial infarction. A pericardial friction rub was present in 23 patients, two-thirds of whom had moderate or large effusions. Atrial arrhythmias were common. Low voltage occurred in 31 of 136 patients and was more common with large effusions. The ability to distinguish between a small effusion and the quantity of pericardial fluid present normally is a problem requiring further clarification.", "PMID": 679747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4195", "title": "Experimental myocardial infarction. 14. Accelerated myocardial stiffening related to coronary reperfusion following ischemia.", "content": "In six dogs with surgically opened chests, segmental mechanical function was determined by measuring segment length using mercury-in-Silastic gauges attached to the epicardial surface of the left ventricular wall. Following coronary arterial occlusion the amplitude of the resulting paradoxical systolic bulge was quantitated in terms of \"muscle lengths\", defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the segment length over the end-diastolic segment length (EDSL). From an excursion of 0.176 +/- 0.029 muscle lengths at six hours of ischemia, the amplitude of the bulge decreased abruptly to 0.125 +/- 0.024 muscle lengths after 15 minutes of coronary reperfusion (P less than 0.05) but maintained paradoxical expansion in systole. Segmental \"effective stiffness\", calculated at the same periods of time from end-diastolic pressure-length relationships during transient pressure loading of the left ventricle, showed a reciprocal change, increasing from 1.416 +/- 0.161 to 2.051 +/- 0.238 mm Hg/% deltaEDSL (P less than 0.05). These data indicate that the degree of paradoxical bulging of an ischemic segment is affected by its pressure-length characteristics (distensibility) and that a rapid decrease both in the amplitude of the bulge and in distensibility occurs during reperfusion. The mechanism is uncertain but may relate to either myocardial edema or myofibrillar contracture.", "contents": "Experimental myocardial infarction. 14. Accelerated myocardial stiffening related to coronary reperfusion following ischemia. In six dogs with surgically opened chests, segmental mechanical function was determined by measuring segment length using mercury-in-Silastic gauges attached to the epicardial surface of the left ventricular wall. Following coronary arterial occlusion the amplitude of the resulting paradoxical systolic bulge was quantitated in terms of \"muscle lengths\", defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the segment length over the end-diastolic segment length (EDSL). From an excursion of 0.176 +/- 0.029 muscle lengths at six hours of ischemia, the amplitude of the bulge decreased abruptly to 0.125 +/- 0.024 muscle lengths after 15 minutes of coronary reperfusion (P less than 0.05) but maintained paradoxical expansion in systole. Segmental \"effective stiffness\", calculated at the same periods of time from end-diastolic pressure-length relationships during transient pressure loading of the left ventricle, showed a reciprocal change, increasing from 1.416 +/- 0.161 to 2.051 +/- 0.238 mm Hg/% deltaEDSL (P less than 0.05). These data indicate that the degree of paradoxical bulging of an ischemic segment is affected by its pressure-length characteristics (distensibility) and that a rapid decrease both in the amplitude of the bulge and in distensibility occurs during reperfusion. The mechanism is uncertain but may relate to either myocardial edema or myofibrillar contracture.", "PMID": 679749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4196", "title": "The effect of glucagon on the pulmonary transvascular fluid filtration rate.", "content": "Administration of glucagon has been shown to decrease pulmonary vascular resistance, but its primary site of action is undetermined. Whether this is on the arterial or venous side of the capillary would be reflected in the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. We used the pulmonary flow of lymph, a sensitive index of the transvascular fluid filtration rate, to monitor the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. Eight unanesthetized sheep with a surgically created long-term fistula for monitoring pulmonary lymph were given a 3-mg bolus of glucagon after a baseline period. We found no change in pulmonary arterial or left atrial pressures but noted a significant increase in cardiac output and a decrease in pulmonary resistance. The flow of pulmonary lymph increased by 50 percent for 30 minutes after administration of glucagon, and the protein content of the lymph decreased by 15 percent, indicating a large increase in the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. From these data, we calculated a decrease in arterial resistance from 60 percent to 30 percent of the total and, subsequently, an increase of 6 cm H2O in the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. Administration of glucagon, therefore, decreases the arterial resistance while increasing microvascular pressure in the process.", "contents": "The effect of glucagon on the pulmonary transvascular fluid filtration rate. Administration of glucagon has been shown to decrease pulmonary vascular resistance, but its primary site of action is undetermined. Whether this is on the arterial or venous side of the capillary would be reflected in the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. We used the pulmonary flow of lymph, a sensitive index of the transvascular fluid filtration rate, to monitor the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. Eight unanesthetized sheep with a surgically created long-term fistula for monitoring pulmonary lymph were given a 3-mg bolus of glucagon after a baseline period. We found no change in pulmonary arterial or left atrial pressures but noted a significant increase in cardiac output and a decrease in pulmonary resistance. The flow of pulmonary lymph increased by 50 percent for 30 minutes after administration of glucagon, and the protein content of the lymph decreased by 15 percent, indicating a large increase in the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. From these data, we calculated a decrease in arterial resistance from 60 percent to 30 percent of the total and, subsequently, an increase of 6 cm H2O in the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. Administration of glucagon, therefore, decreases the arterial resistance while increasing microvascular pressure in the process.", "PMID": 679750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4197", "title": "Profound first-degree atrioventricular block. A 30-year study.", "content": "We report the findings in a 60-year-old patient with a 30-year history of profound first-degree heart block with no associated cardiac abnormalities. The sinus node and the His-Purkinje system were normal. The time for atrioventricular nodal conduction was prolonged, with normal refractoriness both before and after administration of atropine, suggesting that the atrioventricular node may be lengthened, although electrically normal.", "contents": "Profound first-degree atrioventricular block. A 30-year study. We report the findings in a 60-year-old patient with a 30-year history of profound first-degree heart block with no associated cardiac abnormalities. The sinus node and the His-Purkinje system were normal. The time for atrioventricular nodal conduction was prolonged, with normal refractoriness both before and after administration of atropine, suggesting that the atrioventricular node may be lengthened, although electrically normal.", "PMID": 679755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4198", "title": "Fascicular block within the His bundle.", "content": "The findings in a patient with complete atrioventricular block and normal morphology and duration of the QRS complex are presented. A His bundle electrogram was obtained, which led to the location of the atrioventricular block within the His bundle. A careful review of the electrocardiograms obtained during the seven years preceding the onset of complete atrioventricular block showed a QRS complex with the features of left anterior hemiblock and a progressive impairment of atrioventricular conduction. From these data, we inferred that the different degrees of atrioventricular block and the left anterior hemiblock were caused by lesions within the His bundle involving the fibers destined for the left anterior division of the left branch. After the onset of complete atrioventricular block, with the subsidiary pacemaker located in the His bundle distal to the lesions, the QRS complex became normal, indicating the integrity of the bundle branches and fasciculi. The atrial and proximal His potential intervals and those between distal His and ventricular potentials were normal.", "contents": "Fascicular block within the His bundle. The findings in a patient with complete atrioventricular block and normal morphology and duration of the QRS complex are presented. A His bundle electrogram was obtained, which led to the location of the atrioventricular block within the His bundle. A careful review of the electrocardiograms obtained during the seven years preceding the onset of complete atrioventricular block showed a QRS complex with the features of left anterior hemiblock and a progressive impairment of atrioventricular conduction. From these data, we inferred that the different degrees of atrioventricular block and the left anterior hemiblock were caused by lesions within the His bundle involving the fibers destined for the left anterior division of the left branch. After the onset of complete atrioventricular block, with the subsidiary pacemaker located in the His bundle distal to the lesions, the QRS complex became normal, indicating the integrity of the bundle branches and fasciculi. The atrial and proximal His potential intervals and those between distal His and ventricular potentials were normal.", "PMID": 679756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4199", "title": "Recurrent mediastinal bronchogenic cyst. Cause of bronchial obstruction and compression of superior vena cava and pulmonary artery.", "content": "The recurrence of a benign mediastinal bronchogenic cyst 20 years after partial excision precipitated potentially serious vascular and pulmonary complications. Aggressive total surgical excision should be feasible in the majority of cases. An approach via a median sternotomy offers distinct advantages in certain cases and should be considered. Computerized axial tomographic scanning promises to provide improved definition of mediastinal anatomic features and should be a valuable noninvasive diagnostic method in selected cases.", "contents": "Recurrent mediastinal bronchogenic cyst. Cause of bronchial obstruction and compression of superior vena cava and pulmonary artery. The recurrence of a benign mediastinal bronchogenic cyst 20 years after partial excision precipitated potentially serious vascular and pulmonary complications. Aggressive total surgical excision should be feasible in the majority of cases. An approach via a median sternotomy offers distinct advantages in certain cases and should be considered. Computerized axial tomographic scanning promises to provide improved definition of mediastinal anatomic features and should be a valuable noninvasive diagnostic method in selected cases.", "PMID": 679757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4200", "title": "Legionnaires' disease. Clinical and pulmonary histopathologic features of a sporadic case.", "content": "The pulmonary histopathologic features in a sporadic case of Legionnaires' disease are shown. The changes include acute bronchitis with focal ulceration and diffuse acute interstitial pneumonitis. These changes are not those seen with typical bacterial pneumonia but are similar to changes seen when viruses, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae organisms are the infecting agents.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease. Clinical and pulmonary histopathologic features of a sporadic case. The pulmonary histopathologic features in a sporadic case of Legionnaires' disease are shown. The changes include acute bronchitis with focal ulceration and diffuse acute interstitial pneumonitis. These changes are not those seen with typical bacterial pneumonia but are similar to changes seen when viruses, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae organisms are the infecting agents.", "PMID": 679758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4201", "title": "Treatment of pulmonary melioidosis with combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.", "content": "Treatment with a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole proved lifesaving in a patient with pulmonary melioidosis after therapeutic failure occurred with other antibiotics to which the organisms were sensitive in vitro. Antagonistic interaction of drugs occurred when the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole was given along with other antibiotics. The combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole should be considered a major addition to the pharmacologic armamentarium for the treatment of pulmonary melioidosis.", "contents": "Treatment of pulmonary melioidosis with combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Treatment with a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole proved lifesaving in a patient with pulmonary melioidosis after therapeutic failure occurred with other antibiotics to which the organisms were sensitive in vitro. Antagonistic interaction of drugs occurred when the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole was given along with other antibiotics. The combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole should be considered a major addition to the pharmacologic armamentarium for the treatment of pulmonary melioidosis.", "PMID": 679759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4202", "title": "Continuous precordial murmur due to congenital fistula between the femoral artery and the superior vena cava.", "content": "An unusual case of arteriovenous communication between the left inferior epigastric artery, a branch of the femoral artery, and the superior vena cava is presented. The communication caused a continuous murmur at the lower parasternal area and was responsible for a significant left-to-right shunt. Surgical treatment, which consisted of ligation of the aberrant artery at its origin, was followed by disappearance of the precordial murmur.", "contents": "Continuous precordial murmur due to congenital fistula between the femoral artery and the superior vena cava. An unusual case of arteriovenous communication between the left inferior epigastric artery, a branch of the femoral artery, and the superior vena cava is presented. The communication caused a continuous murmur at the lower parasternal area and was responsible for a significant left-to-right shunt. Surgical treatment, which consisted of ligation of the aberrant artery at its origin, was followed by disappearance of the precordial murmur.", "PMID": 679760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4203", "title": "Pneumomediastinum. An unusual complication of needle biopsy of the lung.", "content": "Pneumomediastinum without pneumothorax is an unusual and apparently benign complication of needle biopsy of the lung.", "contents": "Pneumomediastinum. An unusual complication of needle biopsy of the lung. Pneumomediastinum without pneumothorax is an unusual and apparently benign complication of needle biopsy of the lung.", "PMID": 679761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4204", "title": "Procainamide-induced left anterior hemiblock of the 2:1 type (pseudoelectrical alternans).", "content": "A selective defect in cardiac conduction in the anterior division of the left bundle branch was induced in a patient by therapy with procainamide hydrochloride. The defect in conduction, when intermittent, resulted in 2:1 Wencklebach sequences and produced a pattern similar to classic electrical alternans. The prognosis in drug-induced alternans is good, and it is important to differentiate it from true electrical alternans.", "contents": "Procainamide-induced left anterior hemiblock of the 2:1 type (pseudoelectrical alternans). A selective defect in cardiac conduction in the anterior division of the left bundle branch was induced in a patient by therapy with procainamide hydrochloride. The defect in conduction, when intermittent, resulted in 2:1 Wencklebach sequences and produced a pattern similar to classic electrical alternans. The prognosis in drug-induced alternans is good, and it is important to differentiate it from true electrical alternans.", "PMID": 679762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4205", "title": "Brain edema in immature animals. An experimental study in rats.", "content": "Applying several procedures to produce brian edema, the authors examined electron microscopically immature rat brains, and the findings were compared with those in adult rat brains. Using Na-fluorescein and ferritin as tracers, the authors also examined the blood brain barrier (BBB) functionally. It was clarified that immature rat brains showed resistance to the brain edema of the vasogenic type in spite of breakdown of the BBB. On the basis of these results the authors discussed on genesis of brain edema of the vasogenic type.", "contents": "Brain edema in immature animals. An experimental study in rats. Applying several procedures to produce brian edema, the authors examined electron microscopically immature rat brains, and the findings were compared with those in adult rat brains. Using Na-fluorescein and ferritin as tracers, the authors also examined the blood brain barrier (BBB) functionally. It was clarified that immature rat brains showed resistance to the brain edema of the vasogenic type in spite of breakdown of the BBB. On the basis of these results the authors discussed on genesis of brain edema of the vasogenic type.", "PMID": 679770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4206", "title": "Gangliogliomas in children. A clinicopathological study.", "content": "14 children with central nervous system gangliogliomas are reviewed. The tumors were most frequently located in the cerebral hemisphere and often were cystic and calcified. Total removal was performed in only 1 patient. A well-defined plane of cleavage could not obtained in the majority of tumors at surgery. All patients are alive on follow-up and only 1 is neurologically disabled. Radiation therapy was given to 4 patients postoperatively. The clinical course of patients given postoperative radiation therapy was not different from that of those who were not irradiated. The histological aspects of the tumors are described.", "contents": "Gangliogliomas in children. A clinicopathological study. 14 children with central nervous system gangliogliomas are reviewed. The tumors were most frequently located in the cerebral hemisphere and often were cystic and calcified. Total removal was performed in only 1 patient. A well-defined plane of cleavage could not obtained in the majority of tumors at surgery. All patients are alive on follow-up and only 1 is neurologically disabled. Radiation therapy was given to 4 patients postoperatively. The clinical course of patients given postoperative radiation therapy was not different from that of those who were not irradiated. The histological aspects of the tumors are described.", "PMID": 679771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4207", "title": "Myeloschisis in early human embryos.", "content": "Four early human embryos with open myeloschisis are reported. These are a thoracolumbar myeloschisis in Carnegie developmental stage 12, a cervical myeloschisis in stage 13, and two lumbosacral myeloschisis in stage 14. All of them are the smallest human embryos with this type of malformation ever reported. In these embryos, the neuroectodermal junction is smooth and there is no microscopic evidence that the neural tube is forced open after its proper closure. The presence of the lesion in such early embryos, especially in one of stage 12, implies that the lesion evolved from the neural plate which never closed. Cellular polarity and the limiting membrane in the lesion are generally well preserved in spite of apparent overgrowth of the neural tissue. These findings do not support the hypothesis of LEMIRE et al. that the defective external limiting membrane predisposes to a loss of cellular polarity and resultant neural overgrowth.", "contents": "Myeloschisis in early human embryos. Four early human embryos with open myeloschisis are reported. These are a thoracolumbar myeloschisis in Carnegie developmental stage 12, a cervical myeloschisis in stage 13, and two lumbosacral myeloschisis in stage 14. All of them are the smallest human embryos with this type of malformation ever reported. In these embryos, the neuroectodermal junction is smooth and there is no microscopic evidence that the neural tube is forced open after its proper closure. The presence of the lesion in such early embryos, especially in one of stage 12, implies that the lesion evolved from the neural plate which never closed. Cellular polarity and the limiting membrane in the lesion are generally well preserved in spite of apparent overgrowth of the neural tissue. These findings do not support the hypothesis of LEMIRE et al. that the defective external limiting membrane predisposes to a loss of cellular polarity and resultant neural overgrowth.", "PMID": 679772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4208", "title": "Hydrocephalus in children treated with the one-piece shunt.", "content": "The results of the surgical treatment of 50 children with hydrocephalus with a new one-piece shunt are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of this shunt are discussed.", "contents": "Hydrocephalus in children treated with the one-piece shunt. The results of the surgical treatment of 50 children with hydrocephalus with a new one-piece shunt are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of this shunt are discussed.", "PMID": 679773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4209", "title": "Infant recognition of the invariant form of objects.", "content": "The developing ability to abstract and recognize the invariant form of an object was studied in 6- to 9-month-old infants. It was found that 9-month-olds were capable of recognizing the invariant form of objects. They demonstrated this ability by differentiating a variation of a familiarized object from a configurationally novel object after a period of familiarization involving other variations of the familiar object. The forms of some objects were more difficult to recognize than others, but recognition of the more difficult forms was enhanced by allowing simultaneous comparison of variations during familiarization. 6-month-olds, on the other hand, did not demonstrate recognition of the invariant form of the experimental objects.", "contents": "Infant recognition of the invariant form of objects. The developing ability to abstract and recognize the invariant form of an object was studied in 6- to 9-month-old infants. It was found that 9-month-olds were capable of recognizing the invariant form of objects. They demonstrated this ability by differentiating a variation of a familiarized object from a configurationally novel object after a period of familiarization involving other variations of the familiar object. The forms of some objects were more difficult to recognize than others, but recognition of the more difficult forms was enhanced by allowing simultaneous comparison of variations during familiarization. 6-month-olds, on the other hand, did not demonstrate recognition of the invariant form of the experimental objects.", "PMID": 679774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4210", "title": "Memory factors in vowel discrimination of normal and at-risk infants.", "content": "The role of memory factors in infant vowel discrimination was examined by studying the categorical versus continuous discrimination of very brief vowels and the effect on discrimination of the silent delay interval between the last familiar and the first novel stimulus. 8-week-old infants of normal and at-risk medical histories were presented in a nonnutritive sucking paradigm with either a between-category or a within-category vowel shift. The results revealed reliable between-category but not within-category discrimination. In addition, the magnitude of the recovery in the between-category shift was related inversely to the duration of the shift delay interval. Finally, differences were observed between normal and at-risk infants in their initial attention to, discrimination of, and memory for short vowels. These findings were discussed in terms of the relative contributions of auditory and phonetic short-term memory in infant and adult vowel perception.", "contents": "Memory factors in vowel discrimination of normal and at-risk infants. The role of memory factors in infant vowel discrimination was examined by studying the categorical versus continuous discrimination of very brief vowels and the effect on discrimination of the silent delay interval between the last familiar and the first novel stimulus. 8-week-old infants of normal and at-risk medical histories were presented in a nonnutritive sucking paradigm with either a between-category or a within-category vowel shift. The results revealed reliable between-category but not within-category discrimination. In addition, the magnitude of the recovery in the between-category shift was related inversely to the duration of the shift delay interval. Finally, differences were observed between normal and at-risk infants in their initial attention to, discrimination of, and memory for short vowels. These findings were discussed in terms of the relative contributions of auditory and phonetic short-term memory in infant and adult vowel perception.", "PMID": 679775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4211", "title": "Criteria for same and different judgments and visual comparison strategies of four-year-olds.", "content": "4-year-olds made same and different judgments about pairs of stimuli requiring detailed comparison in 2 conditions: a judgment-only condition and a justification condition in which children explained the reasons for their judgments. The systematic comparison strategies revealed in the justifications indicated that all children had definite criteria for \"same\" and \"different\" although about two-thirds of the children used a criterion that differed from the adult criterion. Judgments were more accurate in the justification than in the judgment-only condition, suggesting that overt verbalizations and gestures may provide a beneficial external support for completion of a child's own visual comparison strategy.", "contents": "Criteria for same and different judgments and visual comparison strategies of four-year-olds. 4-year-olds made same and different judgments about pairs of stimuli requiring detailed comparison in 2 conditions: a judgment-only condition and a justification condition in which children explained the reasons for their judgments. The systematic comparison strategies revealed in the justifications indicated that all children had definite criteria for \"same\" and \"different\" although about two-thirds of the children used a criterion that differed from the adult criterion. Judgments were more accurate in the justification than in the judgment-only condition, suggesting that overt verbalizations and gestures may provide a beneficial external support for completion of a child's own visual comparison strategy.", "PMID": 679776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4212", "title": "Visually elicited finger movements in infants.", "content": "The relationship between visual stimulus intensity and finger movements was examined in infants from 10 to 15 weeks of age and from 20 to 25 weeks of age who were shown a cone that varied in size, brightness, and distance from them. 2 hypotheses derived from Schneirla's approach-withdrawal theory were examined; (1) that responses of the younger infants would be directly related to stimulus intensity, with finger extension (approach) movements elicited by weak stimuli and flexion (withdrawal) movements elicited by more intense stimuli; and (2) that stimulus dimensions such as distance, size, and brightness would make additive contributions to stimulus intensity, so that combinations of weak intensity would elicit finger extension and combinations of strong intensity would elicit flexion. Analyses of variance indicated no significant main effects of distance, size, or brightness, but significant age, intensity, and age x intensity effects. Older infants tended to extend their fingers more than younger infants. However, as intensity increased, the younger infants' responses showed decreases in extension and increases in flexion, while the older infants' responses indicated no clear relationship between intensity and response direction. That younger infants were responsive to the quantitative rather than the qualitative aspects of stimulation has important implications for understanding how various stimulus dimensions affect infant responses.", "contents": "Visually elicited finger movements in infants. The relationship between visual stimulus intensity and finger movements was examined in infants from 10 to 15 weeks of age and from 20 to 25 weeks of age who were shown a cone that varied in size, brightness, and distance from them. 2 hypotheses derived from Schneirla's approach-withdrawal theory were examined; (1) that responses of the younger infants would be directly related to stimulus intensity, with finger extension (approach) movements elicited by weak stimuli and flexion (withdrawal) movements elicited by more intense stimuli; and (2) that stimulus dimensions such as distance, size, and brightness would make additive contributions to stimulus intensity, so that combinations of weak intensity would elicit finger extension and combinations of strong intensity would elicit flexion. Analyses of variance indicated no significant main effects of distance, size, or brightness, but significant age, intensity, and age x intensity effects. Older infants tended to extend their fingers more than younger infants. However, as intensity increased, the younger infants' responses showed decreases in extension and increases in flexion, while the older infants' responses indicated no clear relationship between intensity and response direction. That younger infants were responsive to the quantitative rather than the qualitative aspects of stimulation has important implications for understanding how various stimulus dimensions affect infant responses.", "PMID": 679777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4213", "title": "The development of cognitive gender constancy and sex role preferences.", "content": "The chief purpose of this study was to examine the development of stable concepts of \"boy\" and \"girl\" (gender identity constancy) in kindergartners and first and second graders. Gender constancy was explored in relation to cognitive level (assessed both by grade and conservation measures); whether the concept was applied to the subject himself or to another child; whether the concept was applied to live children or pictorial representations; and sex role preferences (games, television characters, peer preferences). In support of a cognitive-developmental position, gender constancy was found to be related to cognitive level, and most children conformed to a developmental sequence (Guttman scalogram) in which conservation preceded gender constancy. Gender constancy performance was better when the concept was applied to the self versus another child and when applied to pictorial representations versus live forms. Gender constancy was not related to sex role preferences.", "contents": "The development of cognitive gender constancy and sex role preferences. The chief purpose of this study was to examine the development of stable concepts of \"boy\" and \"girl\" (gender identity constancy) in kindergartners and first and second graders. Gender constancy was explored in relation to cognitive level (assessed both by grade and conservation measures); whether the concept was applied to the subject himself or to another child; whether the concept was applied to live children or pictorial representations; and sex role preferences (games, television characters, peer preferences). In support of a cognitive-developmental position, gender constancy was found to be related to cognitive level, and most children conformed to a developmental sequence (Guttman scalogram) in which conservation preceded gender constancy. Gender constancy performance was better when the concept was applied to the self versus another child and when applied to pictorial representations versus live forms. Gender constancy was not related to sex role preferences.", "PMID": 679778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4214", "title": "Sex role concepts of two- and three-year-olds.", "content": "An instrument was developed to assess beliefs about males and females in very young children. Use of the instrument with 72 2- and 3-year-old subjects indicated that children as young as 2 years of age possess substantial knowledge of sex role stereotypes prevailing in the adult culture. Knowledge of sex role stereotypes was highly correlated (.85) with comprehension of gender identity as an irreversible characteristic. Subjects who indicated actual or ideal identity with the opposite sex, however, showed a level of stereotyping no greater than chance. While there were no differences in amount of stereotyping as a function of subjects' age or sex, an analysis of the content of subjects' stereotypes revealed that boys' and girls' beliefs were only partially overlapping. In particular, girls tended to ascribe positive characteristics to their own sex and negative characteristics to males, while boys did the reverse. Explanations for these findings in terms of self-valuation processes were suggested.", "contents": "Sex role concepts of two- and three-year-olds. An instrument was developed to assess beliefs about males and females in very young children. Use of the instrument with 72 2- and 3-year-old subjects indicated that children as young as 2 years of age possess substantial knowledge of sex role stereotypes prevailing in the adult culture. Knowledge of sex role stereotypes was highly correlated (.85) with comprehension of gender identity as an irreversible characteristic. Subjects who indicated actual or ideal identity with the opposite sex, however, showed a level of stereotyping no greater than chance. While there were no differences in amount of stereotyping as a function of subjects' age or sex, an analysis of the content of subjects' stereotypes revealed that boys' and girls' beliefs were only partially overlapping. In particular, girls tended to ascribe positive characteristics to their own sex and negative characteristics to males, while boys did the reverse. Explanations for these findings in terms of self-valuation processes were suggested.", "PMID": 679779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4215", "title": "Sex role stereotypes and children's memory for story content.", "content": "This investigation examined children's memory for stereotypic and reverse-stereotypic sex role content in their reading material. In experiment 1, lists of traits and behaviors deemed typical of boys and girls were obtained from 2 classrooms of fifth-grade students. 4 experimental stories were developed from these lists of stereotypic items, each depicting a male and female character who exhibited an equal number of masculine and feminine characteristics. In experiment 2, 24 fifth-grade students of each sex read 2 experimental stories and were administered a choice-recognition test. Results revealed that both sexes remembered more of the masculine sex typed characteristics of male characters and more of the feminine sex-typed characteristics of female characters. Moreover, the subjects were less proficient in remembering trait than behavioral descriptions and were particularly unlikely to remember the feminine traits of male characters. On the basis of these findings, it was speculated that children use the sex role stereotype as an organizational framework in reading comprehension. Possible implications of this research for children's reading programs were discussed.", "contents": "Sex role stereotypes and children's memory for story content. This investigation examined children's memory for stereotypic and reverse-stereotypic sex role content in their reading material. In experiment 1, lists of traits and behaviors deemed typical of boys and girls were obtained from 2 classrooms of fifth-grade students. 4 experimental stories were developed from these lists of stereotypic items, each depicting a male and female character who exhibited an equal number of masculine and feminine characteristics. In experiment 2, 24 fifth-grade students of each sex read 2 experimental stories and were administered a choice-recognition test. Results revealed that both sexes remembered more of the masculine sex typed characteristics of male characters and more of the feminine sex-typed characteristics of female characters. Moreover, the subjects were less proficient in remembering trait than behavioral descriptions and were particularly unlikely to remember the feminine traits of male characters. On the basis of these findings, it was speculated that children use the sex role stereotype as an organizational framework in reading comprehension. Possible implications of this research for children's reading programs were discussed.", "PMID": 679780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4216", "title": "The effects of extraneous speech on visual vigilance performance of children.", "content": "First-grade males performed a 30-min visual vigilance task under 5 conditions of auditory background stimulation. The 5 conditions consisted of (1) continuous conversation, in which subjects listened to a tape of conversation spliced so that there were no intervals of silence lasting longer than 3 sec; (2) continuous reverse, in which subjects heard the continuous conversation tape played in reverse; (3) intermittent conversation, in which subjects heard alternating segments of conversation and silence; (4) intermittent reverse, in which subjects heard alternating segments of reverse conversation and silence; and (5) silence control. Compared with silence or continuous stimulation, intermittent stimulation produced better detection regardless of whether or not it was meaningful. High achievers made more correct detections than low achievers, but only in the second and third time periods. Few subjects made errors of commission.", "contents": "The effects of extraneous speech on visual vigilance performance of children. First-grade males performed a 30-min visual vigilance task under 5 conditions of auditory background stimulation. The 5 conditions consisted of (1) continuous conversation, in which subjects listened to a tape of conversation spliced so that there were no intervals of silence lasting longer than 3 sec; (2) continuous reverse, in which subjects heard the continuous conversation tape played in reverse; (3) intermittent conversation, in which subjects heard alternating segments of conversation and silence; (4) intermittent reverse, in which subjects heard alternating segments of reverse conversation and silence; and (5) silence control. Compared with silence or continuous stimulation, intermittent stimulation produced better detection regardless of whether or not it was meaningful. High achievers made more correct detections than low achievers, but only in the second and third time periods. Few subjects made errors of commission.", "PMID": 679781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4217", "title": "Locus of control and generosity in learning disabled, normal achieving, and gifted children.", "content": "Locus of control and generosity were investigated in 3 groups of children varying in academic achievement, namely, the learning disabled, normal achieving, and gifted. 34 9- and 10-year-old males were administered in dividually the shortened Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale and a donation task. An analysis of covariance and subsequent t tests for adjusted means revealed significant differences between all the groups, with learning disabled the most, and gifted the least, externally oriented. In addition, generosity was found to correlate significantly with internal-external control. The implications for special education, and resulting research priorities, are discussed.", "contents": "Locus of control and generosity in learning disabled, normal achieving, and gifted children. Locus of control and generosity were investigated in 3 groups of children varying in academic achievement, namely, the learning disabled, normal achieving, and gifted. 34 9- and 10-year-old males were administered in dividually the shortened Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale and a donation task. An analysis of covariance and subsequent t tests for adjusted means revealed significant differences between all the groups, with learning disabled the most, and gifted the least, externally oriented. In addition, generosity was found to correlate significantly with internal-external control. The implications for special education, and resulting research priorities, are discussed.", "PMID": 679782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4218", "title": "A family study of gender identification.", "content": "Self-reports about 70 masculine and feminine behaviors were collected from 177 undergraduates and their families. These self-report scores were correlated within family pairs to assess family resemblances in masculine or feminine preferences. The obtained family correlations were compared with those predicted by a simple additive-genetic theory, an X- linkage model, and a same-sex identification theory of gender-identity acquisition. The obtained pattern of correlations (mother x daughter=.26, sister x sister=.28, father x son=.33, and brother x brother=.23, all other family correlations near 0) strongly rejects the X-linkage and simple additive-genetic models of gender-identity acquisition. On the other hand, the obtained family correlations are quite consistent with a same-sex theory of gender identification, although, of course, within-family correlations only suggest causal relations, they do not prove them. Other factors such as social class could affect sex role identification as well.", "contents": "A family study of gender identification. Self-reports about 70 masculine and feminine behaviors were collected from 177 undergraduates and their families. These self-report scores were correlated within family pairs to assess family resemblances in masculine or feminine preferences. The obtained family correlations were compared with those predicted by a simple additive-genetic theory, an X- linkage model, and a same-sex identification theory of gender-identity acquisition. The obtained pattern of correlations (mother x daughter=.26, sister x sister=.28, father x son=.33, and brother x brother=.23, all other family correlations near 0) strongly rejects the X-linkage and simple additive-genetic models of gender-identity acquisition. On the other hand, the obtained family correlations are quite consistent with a same-sex theory of gender identification, although, of course, within-family correlations only suggest causal relations, they do not prove them. Other factors such as social class could affect sex role identification as well.", "PMID": 679783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4219", "title": "[The multiple stomach carcinoid].", "content": "Carcinoid tumors can be found in the entire alimentary tract. Stomach carcinoids make up about 3% of all carcinoids; 0.39% of all stomach tumors are carcinoids. Multiple stomach carcinoid is a medical rarity. In spite of an invasive growth, carcinoids with a diameter of less than 1 cm are considered semimalignant, those with a diameter of more than 1 cm are considered sure malignant. There are 8 cases of multiple gastric carcinoids described in the literature. In our case we found macroscopically 31 polyps with a diameter of between 0.4 and 2 cm in the stomach. Histologically they were growing invasively with small tumor groups in the lymph ducts. Therapeutically total gastrectomy was necessary.", "contents": "[The multiple stomach carcinoid]. Carcinoid tumors can be found in the entire alimentary tract. Stomach carcinoids make up about 3% of all carcinoids; 0.39% of all stomach tumors are carcinoids. Multiple stomach carcinoid is a medical rarity. In spite of an invasive growth, carcinoids with a diameter of less than 1 cm are considered semimalignant, those with a diameter of more than 1 cm are considered sure malignant. There are 8 cases of multiple gastric carcinoids described in the literature. In our case we found macroscopically 31 polyps with a diameter of between 0.4 and 2 cm in the stomach. Histologically they were growing invasively with small tumor groups in the lymph ducts. Therapeutically total gastrectomy was necessary.", "PMID": 679784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4220", "title": "[Treatment of meconium ileus equivalent].", "content": "A 12-year old boy with mucoviscidosis developed a mechanical obstruction of the small intestine. The diagnosis of a meconium ileus equivalent was made and a conservative treatment was started. After this treatment failed, a laparotomy was performed which verified the diagnosis of a meconium ileus equivalent. It was possible to move the inspissated feces inside the terminal ileum into the ascending colon. The postoperative course was uneventful. The etiology, differential diagnosis, and both conservative and operative treatment of this complication of the mucoviscidosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of meconium ileus equivalent]. A 12-year old boy with mucoviscidosis developed a mechanical obstruction of the small intestine. The diagnosis of a meconium ileus equivalent was made and a conservative treatment was started. After this treatment failed, a laparotomy was performed which verified the diagnosis of a meconium ileus equivalent. It was possible to move the inspissated feces inside the terminal ileum into the ascending colon. The postoperative course was uneventful. The etiology, differential diagnosis, and both conservative and operative treatment of this complication of the mucoviscidosis are discussed.", "PMID": 679786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4221", "title": "[The meso-caval shunt--a future standard operation?].", "content": "As a result of several retrospective and prospective studies, there have been remarkable changes in surgery for portal hypertension, namely the limitation of surgical interventions to an asymptomatic time interval (without bleeding), and the preference for distal shunt operations, aiming at a lasting reduction of the portal hypertension with minimal reduction of portal liver perfusion. These requirements are best met by the mesocaval (H-) shunt, using a vascular prosthesis with sufficient wall stability and a negatively charged inner surface, such as, for example, the expanded PTFE graft (Gore-TEX). In contrast to several types of splenorenal shunt, the H-shunt in mesocaval position is characterized by the following advantages: (a) minimal operative stress, even in high-risk patients, (b) technical ease of use, (c) reduced operative mortality, especially for interval operations, (d) minimal risk of recurrent bleeding and encephalopathy. From this preliminary report it may be expected that the technique of mesocaval expanded PTFE shunt here presented is likely to become the method of choice in both elective and emergency interventions.", "contents": "[The meso-caval shunt--a future standard operation?]. As a result of several retrospective and prospective studies, there have been remarkable changes in surgery for portal hypertension, namely the limitation of surgical interventions to an asymptomatic time interval (without bleeding), and the preference for distal shunt operations, aiming at a lasting reduction of the portal hypertension with minimal reduction of portal liver perfusion. These requirements are best met by the mesocaval (H-) shunt, using a vascular prosthesis with sufficient wall stability and a negatively charged inner surface, such as, for example, the expanded PTFE graft (Gore-TEX). In contrast to several types of splenorenal shunt, the H-shunt in mesocaval position is characterized by the following advantages: (a) minimal operative stress, even in high-risk patients, (b) technical ease of use, (c) reduced operative mortality, especially for interval operations, (d) minimal risk of recurrent bleeding and encephalopathy. From this preliminary report it may be expected that the technique of mesocaval expanded PTFE shunt here presented is likely to become the method of choice in both elective and emergency interventions.", "PMID": 679787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4222", "title": "[Choice of procedure in the surgical treatment of liver injuries].", "content": "We give an analysis of liver-rupture cases among our own patients and discuss the problems of diagnosis and surgical therapy. Total lethality is 29%; this is dependent on quick diagnostic procedure, the number and severity of accompanying traumas, and the type of liver rupture. The main diagnostic feature seems to be peritoneal lavage, Operative procedure depends on the type and severity of the liver rupture. We therefore propose a classification of the types of liver ruptures, together with their adequate surgical therapy. Some postoperative complications can also be avoided.", "contents": "[Choice of procedure in the surgical treatment of liver injuries]. We give an analysis of liver-rupture cases among our own patients and discuss the problems of diagnosis and surgical therapy. Total lethality is 29%; this is dependent on quick diagnostic procedure, the number and severity of accompanying traumas, and the type of liver rupture. The main diagnostic feature seems to be peritoneal lavage, Operative procedure depends on the type and severity of the liver rupture. We therefore propose a classification of the types of liver ruptures, together with their adequate surgical therapy. Some postoperative complications can also be avoided.", "PMID": 679788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4223", "title": "[Neuroma of the cystic nerve stump. No explanation for post-cholecystectomy pain].", "content": "The investigation of 20 clinical patients and the autopsy material of 15 cases showed that neuromas of the cystic duct stump following cholecystectomy represent a regular pathomorphologic condition and have no correlation with any postoperative symptoms. Identical morphologic alterations can also be found on arterial stumps after resection of abdominal organs. Therefore, we suggest eliminating the cystic duct neuroma from the list of possible causes of symptoms after cholecystectomy.", "contents": "[Neuroma of the cystic nerve stump. No explanation for post-cholecystectomy pain]. The investigation of 20 clinical patients and the autopsy material of 15 cases showed that neuromas of the cystic duct stump following cholecystectomy represent a regular pathomorphologic condition and have no correlation with any postoperative symptoms. Identical morphologic alterations can also be found on arterial stumps after resection of abdominal organs. Therefore, we suggest eliminating the cystic duct neuroma from the list of possible causes of symptoms after cholecystectomy.", "PMID": 679789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4224", "title": "[The elimination of the excretory pancreatic parenchyma by means of intraductal injection of a rapidly hardening solution of aminoacids].", "content": "The effect of the occlusion of the pancreatic duct system uith a new alcoholic solution of aminoacids has been studied in animal experiments. The solution solidifies in the duct system, is microbiologically indifferent, and becomes disintegrated within 11 days. The development of fistulas following exploratory excision is prevented by the filling of the duct system. The solution could be suitable for a therapeutic acceleration of the \"burning-out\" of the chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "[The elimination of the excretory pancreatic parenchyma by means of intraductal injection of a rapidly hardening solution of aminoacids]. The effect of the occlusion of the pancreatic duct system uith a new alcoholic solution of aminoacids has been studied in animal experiments. The solution solidifies in the duct system, is microbiologically indifferent, and becomes disintegrated within 11 days. The development of fistulas following exploratory excision is prevented by the filling of the duct system. The solution could be suitable for a therapeutic acceleration of the \"burning-out\" of the chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 679790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4225", "title": "[Local gastric fibrinolysis].", "content": "Local fibrinolytic activity was studied in normal and hemorrhagic gastric juice and in the gastric wall of men and pigs. This activity was definitely higher in hemorrhagic juice than in normal gastric juice, and its probably released from hemolyzed erythrocytes and mucosal lesions of the gastric wall.", "contents": "[Local gastric fibrinolysis]. Local fibrinolytic activity was studied in normal and hemorrhagic gastric juice and in the gastric wall of men and pigs. This activity was definitely higher in hemorrhagic juice than in normal gastric juice, and its probably released from hemolyzed erythrocytes and mucosal lesions of the gastric wall.", "PMID": 679791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4226", "title": "[Late results after extra-anatomical shunt surgery in vascular surgery].", "content": "Alternative procedures were applied in high-risk patients or, in cases in which it was necessary, to bypass infected vascular beds. Some of our 113 procedures, especially the carotid-subclavian and the femoro-femoral grafts, showed excellent long-term results and wider application of these operations thus appears justified. Infected areas in the groin may be bypassed by the lateral iliaco-femoral graft as an alternative to the obturator bypass.", "contents": "[Late results after extra-anatomical shunt surgery in vascular surgery]. Alternative procedures were applied in high-risk patients or, in cases in which it was necessary, to bypass infected vascular beds. Some of our 113 procedures, especially the carotid-subclavian and the femoro-femoral grafts, showed excellent long-term results and wider application of these operations thus appears justified. Infected areas in the groin may be bypassed by the lateral iliaco-femoral graft as an alternative to the obturator bypass.", "PMID": 679792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4227", "title": "[Effect of exogenous collagen on the metabolism of rat burns].", "content": "Standardized burns on rats were treated with 14C-labeled collagen from guinea pig skin. Collagen fractions of different solubility were extracted from the wounds during healing and the incorporation rates were measured. In the neutral salt-soluble fraction, maximal specific activity was found on day 7 after application of the burns; 1,65% of the applied label was incoporated, and it was calculated that 11,8% of the total neutral salt-soluble collagen of the wounds originated from the applied exogenous collagen. In the citric acid soluble collagen, maximal specific activity was observed on day 9; 1,48% of the applied label was incorporated; 6,0% of total citric acid-soluble collagen of the wounds was derived from the exogenous collagen. In the insoluble collagen, no significant increase in radioactivity was observed before day 14 after burning. The results support the opinion that exogenous collagen is used for substitution in connection with endogenous collagen synthesis.", "contents": "[Effect of exogenous collagen on the metabolism of rat burns]. Standardized burns on rats were treated with 14C-labeled collagen from guinea pig skin. Collagen fractions of different solubility were extracted from the wounds during healing and the incorporation rates were measured. In the neutral salt-soluble fraction, maximal specific activity was found on day 7 after application of the burns; 1,65% of the applied label was incoporated, and it was calculated that 11,8% of the total neutral salt-soluble collagen of the wounds originated from the applied exogenous collagen. In the citric acid soluble collagen, maximal specific activity was observed on day 9; 1,48% of the applied label was incorporated; 6,0% of total citric acid-soluble collagen of the wounds was derived from the exogenous collagen. In the insoluble collagen, no significant increase in radioactivity was observed before day 14 after burning. The results support the opinion that exogenous collagen is used for substitution in connection with endogenous collagen synthesis.", "PMID": 679793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4228", "title": "Circadian rhythm in murine reticuloendothelial function.", "content": "Six separate groups, each composed of 15 comparable inbred female CBA mice, standardized in light daily from 0700 to 1900, alternating with darkness, maintained with food and water available ad libitum, were tested at 4-h intervals for a 24-h span for the phagocytic index, determined 3, 6, 9 and 12 min after the injection of a carbon suspension. By an analysis of variance and the single cosinor method applied to these data a circadian rhythm was demonstrated, with a double amplitude of 20% and an acrophase during the second half of the daily light span. These results extend the scope of immunologic circadian rhythms to the reticuloendothelial system as a feature of a bioperiodic defense mechanism, most active during the habitual rest light span of nocturnally active mice.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm in murine reticuloendothelial function. Six separate groups, each composed of 15 comparable inbred female CBA mice, standardized in light daily from 0700 to 1900, alternating with darkness, maintained with food and water available ad libitum, were tested at 4-h intervals for a 24-h span for the phagocytic index, determined 3, 6, 9 and 12 min after the injection of a carbon suspension. By an analysis of variance and the single cosinor method applied to these data a circadian rhythm was demonstrated, with a double amplitude of 20% and an acrophase during the second half of the daily light span. These results extend the scope of immunologic circadian rhythms to the reticuloendothelial system as a feature of a bioperiodic defense mechanism, most active during the habitual rest light span of nocturnally active mice.", "PMID": 679796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4229", "title": "Chronobiologic study in the domestic duck. II. Physiological mechanism of the chronobiologic action of visible light on the gonads of the male duck.", "content": "1. The physiological mechanism of the gonad-stimulant effect of light rays on the pre-pubertal duck testis, is the basis of any chronobiolgical study of this effect. 2. The light stimulates the chain formed by the retina, the optic nerve, the hypothalamus and the anterior part of the pituitary. This chain includes 2 photo-receptors, a superficial one, the retina and a deep one, the hypothalamus. The retina is here only sensitive to orange and red rays. Consequently an autonomic retina intervenes instead of the visual retina. The hypothalamus, on the other hand, is sensitive to all visible rays when they are  brought directly in contact with it through a quartz rod placed in the orbit which has been previously emptied. 3. The hypothalamus, which is thus enlightened directly is more than a hundred times more sensitive than the retina. This great sensitivity allows normal stimulation by the most penetrating rays in the orbital region. 4. Ultra-violet and infra-red rays are inactive on the autonomic retina and on the hypothalamus. 5. The neuro-secretory cells of the latter, stimulated directly or indirectly, secrete hormones which via the axones reach a capillary network covering the median eminence, then, by series of portal veins, the anterior part of the pituitary, the corresponding cells of which secrete various hormones, which through the systemic circulation reach the corresponding target organs and in particular the gonads. It is thus a neuro-hormonal mechanism which the external factor light, brings into play to stimulate various functions of the autonomic life of the organism.", "contents": "Chronobiologic study in the domestic duck. II. Physiological mechanism of the chronobiologic action of visible light on the gonads of the male duck. 1. The physiological mechanism of the gonad-stimulant effect of light rays on the pre-pubertal duck testis, is the basis of any chronobiolgical study of this effect. 2. The light stimulates the chain formed by the retina, the optic nerve, the hypothalamus and the anterior part of the pituitary. This chain includes 2 photo-receptors, a superficial one, the retina and a deep one, the hypothalamus. The retina is here only sensitive to orange and red rays. Consequently an autonomic retina intervenes instead of the visual retina. The hypothalamus, on the other hand, is sensitive to all visible rays when they are  brought directly in contact with it through a quartz rod placed in the orbit which has been previously emptied. 3. The hypothalamus, which is thus enlightened directly is more than a hundred times more sensitive than the retina. This great sensitivity allows normal stimulation by the most penetrating rays in the orbital region. 4. Ultra-violet and infra-red rays are inactive on the autonomic retina and on the hypothalamus. 5. The neuro-secretory cells of the latter, stimulated directly or indirectly, secrete hormones which via the axones reach a capillary network covering the median eminence, then, by series of portal veins, the anterior part of the pituitary, the corresponding cells of which secrete various hormones, which through the systemic circulation reach the corresponding target organs and in particular the gonads. It is thus a neuro-hormonal mechanism which the external factor light, brings into play to stimulate various functions of the autonomic life of the organism.", "PMID": 679797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4230", "title": "[Low-dose x-ray treatment of 44 haemangiomas of the lid (author's transl)].", "content": "An extent knowledge of different haemangioma forms is the prerequisite of any treatment of haemangioma. Only the blastomatous haemangioma, because of its histological substrate, has a marked sensitivity to x-radiation. The tendency towards spontaneous regression among haemangiomas is an important factor which must be taken into consideration in any treatment plan. The blastomatous haemangiomas are most radiation-sensitive during the growth phase. For this reason such treatment should be undertaken in the first two years of life and under quite specific indications. The results of low-dose radiotherapy was assessed five years after the end of treatment on 157 patients with haemangiomas (of these, 44 were of the lid). Very good to satisfactory results had been achieved in 95.5% of blastomatous haemangiomas. Radiotherapy was only little effective in juveniles and adults. These results indicate that radiotherapy is the treatment of choice for blastomatous haemangiomas.", "contents": "[Low-dose x-ray treatment of 44 haemangiomas of the lid (author's transl)]. An extent knowledge of different haemangioma forms is the prerequisite of any treatment of haemangioma. Only the blastomatous haemangioma, because of its histological substrate, has a marked sensitivity to x-radiation. The tendency towards spontaneous regression among haemangiomas is an important factor which must be taken into consideration in any treatment plan. The blastomatous haemangiomas are most radiation-sensitive during the growth phase. For this reason such treatment should be undertaken in the first two years of life and under quite specific indications. The results of low-dose radiotherapy was assessed five years after the end of treatment on 157 patients with haemangiomas (of these, 44 were of the lid). Very good to satisfactory results had been achieved in 95.5% of blastomatous haemangiomas. Radiotherapy was only little effective in juveniles and adults. These results indicate that radiotherapy is the treatment of choice for blastomatous haemangiomas.", "PMID": 679823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4231", "title": "[New aspects of pathogenesis and treatment of dysmenorrhoea (author's transl)].", "content": "Menstrual blood of 5 dysmenorrhoeic women was collected in tampons during two menstrual cycles without and four cycles with intrauterine progesterone treatment (Progestasert). Three eumenorrhoeic women served as controls. Progesterone was assayed radioimmunologically after purification and extraction. Total progesterone excretion in the menstrual blood was the same in eumenorrhoeic and dysmenorrhoeic women without treatment. An increase of menstrual progesterone excretion by the factor 13 was found during the first bleeding after insertion of progesterone T. After 12 months of treatment with Progestasert only 41.7% (2 alpha less than or equal to 0.001) of the initial progesterone amount per menstruation was found. The progesterone concentration per ml menstrual blood had decreased in the same way but was still clearly higher than eumenorrhoeic values. The results indicate that progesterone controls intrauterine prostaglandin F2alpha formation indirectly.", "contents": "[New aspects of pathogenesis and treatment of dysmenorrhoea (author's transl)]. Menstrual blood of 5 dysmenorrhoeic women was collected in tampons during two menstrual cycles without and four cycles with intrauterine progesterone treatment (Progestasert). Three eumenorrhoeic women served as controls. Progesterone was assayed radioimmunologically after purification and extraction. Total progesterone excretion in the menstrual blood was the same in eumenorrhoeic and dysmenorrhoeic women without treatment. An increase of menstrual progesterone excretion by the factor 13 was found during the first bleeding after insertion of progesterone T. After 12 months of treatment with Progestasert only 41.7% (2 alpha less than or equal to 0.001) of the initial progesterone amount per menstruation was found. The progesterone concentration per ml menstrual blood had decreased in the same way but was still clearly higher than eumenorrhoeic values. The results indicate that progesterone controls intrauterine prostaglandin F2alpha formation indirectly.", "PMID": 679824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4232", "title": "[Psychological aspects of glossodynia (author's transl)].", "content": "The term glossodynia refers to all conditions with pain and dysaesthesia of the tongue and entire oral mucosa manifesting themselves in burning, prickling, itching, stinging, and other frequently bizarre sensations as well as subjective xerostomia and bad taste. In most cases psychiatric diseases are the cause of the complex of complaints whereas local and general disorders are of only minor importance. Menopausal women with atypical depression are most often affected. Schizophrenia and abnormal personality development are far less frequent in glossodynia. After exclusion or therapy of organic disorders antidepressants are the treatment of choice in glossodynia. Thereapeutic difficulties may arise in patients suffering from marked xerostomia whose complaints may intensify during therapy because of the anticholinergic effect of most antidepressants, and in neurotic persons.", "contents": "[Psychological aspects of glossodynia (author's transl)]. The term glossodynia refers to all conditions with pain and dysaesthesia of the tongue and entire oral mucosa manifesting themselves in burning, prickling, itching, stinging, and other frequently bizarre sensations as well as subjective xerostomia and bad taste. In most cases psychiatric diseases are the cause of the complex of complaints whereas local and general disorders are of only minor importance. Menopausal women with atypical depression are most often affected. Schizophrenia and abnormal personality development are far less frequent in glossodynia. After exclusion or therapy of organic disorders antidepressants are the treatment of choice in glossodynia. Thereapeutic difficulties may arise in patients suffering from marked xerostomia whose complaints may intensify during therapy because of the anticholinergic effect of most antidepressants, and in neurotic persons.", "PMID": 679825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4233", "title": "[Cefamandol: pharmacokinetics with normal and impaired renal function (author's transl)].", "content": "1.0 g cefamandol was injected in 25 patients with various degrees of renal function. Half-life and distribution volume of this antibiotic and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were then measured. The distribution volume was 18.5 +/- 3.5% of body weight, similar to the extracellular space. Half-life and GFR were related in a way which could be expressed in the formula: half-life = 400 sqaure root GFR. Levels of blood concentration of cefamandol could be estimated from half-life and GFR, with the construction of \"isoconcentration dosages\", by which it is possible to achieve levels similar to those in normal subjects receiving a normal dosage.", "contents": "[Cefamandol: pharmacokinetics with normal and impaired renal function (author's transl)]. 1.0 g cefamandol was injected in 25 patients with various degrees of renal function. Half-life and distribution volume of this antibiotic and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were then measured. The distribution volume was 18.5 +/- 3.5% of body weight, similar to the extracellular space. Half-life and GFR were related in a way which could be expressed in the formula: half-life = 400 sqaure root GFR. Levels of blood concentration of cefamandol could be estimated from half-life and GFR, with the construction of \"isoconcentration dosages\", by which it is possible to achieve levels similar to those in normal subjects receiving a normal dosage.", "PMID": 679835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4234", "title": "[Psychiatric and psychometric examinations in Raynaud's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "20 patients with Raynaud's syndrome were examined psychiatrically, 15 of them psychometrically as well (Giessen test, Freiburg personality inventory). Psychiatrically, there were neither psychoses nor manifest neuroses, but a chronic overconformity, emotional restraint and a compulsive, often stiff way of life were found as group-characteristic features. Psychometrically, the group-personality profiles lay within normal range. Psychopathologically, they showed contours, uncertain at best, of obsessional structure. Coincidence of psychic conflict situations due to chronically social influences and frequent occurrences of Raynaud attacks was confirmed. Incorporation of psychotherapeutic and sociomedical measures into the therapy of Raynaud's syndrome is thus well founded and necessary.", "contents": "[Psychiatric and psychometric examinations in Raynaud's syndrome (author's transl)]. 20 patients with Raynaud's syndrome were examined psychiatrically, 15 of them psychometrically as well (Giessen test, Freiburg personality inventory). Psychiatrically, there were neither psychoses nor manifest neuroses, but a chronic overconformity, emotional restraint and a compulsive, often stiff way of life were found as group-characteristic features. Psychometrically, the group-personality profiles lay within normal range. Psychopathologically, they showed contours, uncertain at best, of obsessional structure. Coincidence of psychic conflict situations due to chronically social influences and frequent occurrences of Raynaud attacks was confirmed. Incorporation of psychotherapeutic and sociomedical measures into the therapy of Raynaud's syndrome is thus well founded and necessary.", "PMID": 679836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4235", "title": "[Results of intensive care and intensive therapy of very low birth-weight infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Newborns of less than 1500 g birth-weight are thought to be especially at risk with regard to their psychomotor development. Among 71 such infants admitted to the University Childrens Clinic, T\u00fcbingen, in 1974-1975, 43 survived (38% mortality). All but two of them were followed serially and assessed for their psychomotor development. Five were found to be abnormal (12%), three of them most probably having sustained CNS damage prenatally.", "contents": "[Results of intensive care and intensive therapy of very low birth-weight infants (author's transl)]. Newborns of less than 1500 g birth-weight are thought to be especially at risk with regard to their psychomotor development. Among 71 such infants admitted to the University Childrens Clinic, T\u00fcbingen, in 1974-1975, 43 survived (38% mortality). All but two of them were followed serially and assessed for their psychomotor development. Five were found to be abnormal (12%), three of them most probably having sustained CNS damage prenatally.", "PMID": 679855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4236", "title": "[Abnormal left-ventricular contraction and filling in patients receiving adriamycin for solid tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Various ventricular functions, as obtained by echocardiography (M-mode), were measured on 14 patients with solid tumours receiving adriamycin (mean total dosage 330 +/- 188 mg/m2 body surface area), the results being compared with those on 14 normal subjects of similar ages. There were statistically highly significant differences between the two groups. In those receiving the drug there was (1) a decrease in the percentage shortening fraction and (2) a reduction in the maximal velocity of endocardial circumferential fibre shortening, as expression of reduced contractility. The abnormal filling was characterized by a marked decrease in maximal velocity of endocardial fibre stretch, diminution of diameter increase during the rapid filling phase, and a shortened duration of the rapid filling phase. There was no electrocardiographic or radiological evidence of myocardial damage. The findings suggest that it will be possible by serial echocardiography to recognize a higher tolerance to the drug in some individuals and, at the same time, reveal abnormal contractility and filling due to adriamycin before irreversible heart failure has occurred.", "contents": "[Abnormal left-ventricular contraction and filling in patients receiving adriamycin for solid tumours (author's transl)]. Various ventricular functions, as obtained by echocardiography (M-mode), were measured on 14 patients with solid tumours receiving adriamycin (mean total dosage 330 +/- 188 mg/m2 body surface area), the results being compared with those on 14 normal subjects of similar ages. There were statistically highly significant differences between the two groups. In those receiving the drug there was (1) a decrease in the percentage shortening fraction and (2) a reduction in the maximal velocity of endocardial circumferential fibre shortening, as expression of reduced contractility. The abnormal filling was characterized by a marked decrease in maximal velocity of endocardial fibre stretch, diminution of diameter increase during the rapid filling phase, and a shortened duration of the rapid filling phase. There was no electrocardiographic or radiological evidence of myocardial damage. The findings suggest that it will be possible by serial echocardiography to recognize a higher tolerance to the drug in some individuals and, at the same time, reveal abnormal contractility and filling due to adriamycin before irreversible heart failure has occurred.", "PMID": 679856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4237", "title": "Severe asthma: prevention is better than cure.", "content": "Asthmatic patients during sympton-free periods almost invariably have abnormalities in lung mechanics and gas exchange. Tentacious secretions and mucosal thickening exaggerate maldistribution of ventilation and cause flow limitation in small airways. Hence, the maximal expiratory flow volume loop in these patients will show impaired flow rates at low lung volumes and many will show a widened alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference. Preventive treatment should be aimed at reversing these abnormalities. The regular use of inhaled sympathomimetics and oral theophylline preparations is justified in the symptom-free patient whose history suggests that he is susceptible to acute exacerbations. Such patients commonly experience an improved sense of well-being, increased exercise tolerance, and a decrease in the frequency and severity of their acute episodes.", "contents": "Severe asthma: prevention is better than cure. Asthmatic patients during sympton-free periods almost invariably have abnormalities in lung mechanics and gas exchange. Tentacious secretions and mucosal thickening exaggerate maldistribution of ventilation and cause flow limitation in small airways. Hence, the maximal expiratory flow volume loop in these patients will show impaired flow rates at low lung volumes and many will show a widened alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference. Preventive treatment should be aimed at reversing these abnormalities. The regular use of inhaled sympathomimetics and oral theophylline preparations is justified in the symptom-free patient whose history suggests that he is susceptible to acute exacerbations. Such patients commonly experience an improved sense of well-being, increased exercise tolerance, and a decrease in the frequency and severity of their acute episodes.", "PMID": 679860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4238", "title": "Rehabilitation and the client with epilepsy: a survey of the client's view of the rehabilitation process and its results.", "content": "A survey of epileptic clients of the Maryland State Department of Vocational Rehabilitation was conducted to evaluate the success of the rehabilitation process from the client's point of view. Less than half had become employed, 70% had continuing seizures, most had psychosocial problems. Recommendations are made as to how the rehabilitation process could better serve persons with epilepsy.", "contents": "Rehabilitation and the client with epilepsy: a survey of the client's view of the rehabilitation process and its results. A survey of epileptic clients of the Maryland State Department of Vocational Rehabilitation was conducted to evaluate the success of the rehabilitation process from the client's point of view. Less than half had become employed, 70% had continuing seizures, most had psychosocial problems. Recommendations are made as to how the rehabilitation process could better serve persons with epilepsy.", "PMID": 679893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4239", "title": "Pharmacokinetic comparison of tablet and suspension dosage forms of carbamazepine.", "content": "The bioavailability of two preparations of carbamazepine--the tablet and a new syrup-was studied in 9 adult male volunteers by measuring saliva and serum levels. Peak time was significantly earlier and peak level significantly higher in serum for syrup as compared to tablet. Levels remained higher for syrup for 12 hr. Saliva was contaminated for up to 2 hr by syrup ingestion, possibly for a half hour by the tablet. Beyond that, saliva/serum ratios remained stable. Saliva level variation was too large for pharmacokinetic studies but acceptable for clinical purposes if sampling was long enough after the last dose.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic comparison of tablet and suspension dosage forms of carbamazepine. The bioavailability of two preparations of carbamazepine--the tablet and a new syrup-was studied in 9 adult male volunteers by measuring saliva and serum levels. Peak time was significantly earlier and peak level significantly higher in serum for syrup as compared to tablet. Levels remained higher for syrup for 12 hr. Saliva was contaminated for up to 2 hr by syrup ingestion, possibly for a half hour by the tablet. Beyond that, saliva/serum ratios remained stable. Saliva level variation was too large for pharmacokinetic studies but acceptable for clinical purposes if sampling was long enough after the last dose.", "PMID": 679894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4240", "title": "Quantitative analysis and characterization of infantile spasms.", "content": "An effective, time-synchronized monitoring system for the study of patients with infantile spasms has been developed. This system utilizes concurrent graphically recorded data, including EEG, body movement via triaxial accelerometry, respiration, electrocardiogram, electromyogram, electro-oculogram, and galvanic skin response. These data, when evaluated in conjunction with a closed-circuit TV recording of the patient, greatly facilitate the differentiation of seizures from nonictal activity and permit the characterization and quantification of the behavioral, motor, and autonomic phenomena intrinsically associated with infantile spasms.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis and characterization of infantile spasms. An effective, time-synchronized monitoring system for the study of patients with infantile spasms has been developed. This system utilizes concurrent graphically recorded data, including EEG, body movement via triaxial accelerometry, respiration, electrocardiogram, electromyogram, electro-oculogram, and galvanic skin response. These data, when evaluated in conjunction with a closed-circuit TV recording of the patient, greatly facilitate the differentiation of seizures from nonictal activity and permit the characterization and quantification of the behavioral, motor, and autonomic phenomena intrinsically associated with infantile spasms.", "PMID": 679895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4241", "title": "Contractile activity of neonatal heart cells in culture derived from offspring of exercised pregnant rats.", "content": "5-day-old neonatal offspring of exercised or non-exercised pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were used to prepare primary cultures of beating myocardial cells. The cells from the exercise group exhibited a slower beating rate for both single and aggregate cells; a larger cell size; an increased percentage of contracting cells; a greater capacity to form confluent monolayers, and a greater viability. It was concluded that exercise during the period of pregnancy produced morphological alterations in the myocardium of the progeny.", "contents": "Contractile activity of neonatal heart cells in culture derived from offspring of exercised pregnant rats. 5-day-old neonatal offspring of exercised or non-exercised pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were used to prepare primary cultures of beating myocardial cells. The cells from the exercise group exhibited a slower beating rate for both single and aggregate cells; a larger cell size; an increased percentage of contracting cells; a greater capacity to form confluent monolayers, and a greater viability. It was concluded that exercise during the period of pregnancy produced morphological alterations in the myocardium of the progeny.", "PMID": 679939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4242", "title": "The effects of blood loss on the performance of physical exercise.", "content": "Seven male subjects were studied before and up to 53 days after the loss of 11 of blood. The resting hematocrit fell from 44.0 to 38.7% and returned to control level after 3 weeks. Maximal oxygen uptake decreased from 4.00 1/min to 3.54 1/min and returned to the initial level within 2 weeks. Submaximal oxygen uptake, pulmonary ventilation, maximal heart rate and blood lactate were not found to change significantly. Submaximal heart rate was increased from 125 beats . min-1 to about 135 beats . min-1 and remained elevated for 3 weeks, whereas blood lactate was increased only in the first week. Maximal work time decreased from 5.1 min to 3.8 min and remained low for the first 2 weeks, but rose thereafter above the starting level. Comparison with a control study suggested that there is some training effect, which, when allowed for, indicates that maximal work time returns to starting values at the same time as does the maximal oxygen uptake. It is concluded that the drop in Hct, maximal oxygen uptake and work capacity, found after the loss of 11 of blood, are related to each other both in magnitude and duration.", "contents": "The effects of blood loss on the performance of physical exercise. Seven male subjects were studied before and up to 53 days after the loss of 11 of blood. The resting hematocrit fell from 44.0 to 38.7% and returned to control level after 3 weeks. Maximal oxygen uptake decreased from 4.00 1/min to 3.54 1/min and returned to the initial level within 2 weeks. Submaximal oxygen uptake, pulmonary ventilation, maximal heart rate and blood lactate were not found to change significantly. Submaximal heart rate was increased from 125 beats . min-1 to about 135 beats . min-1 and remained elevated for 3 weeks, whereas blood lactate was increased only in the first week. Maximal work time decreased from 5.1 min to 3.8 min and remained low for the first 2 weeks, but rose thereafter above the starting level. Comparison with a control study suggested that there is some training effect, which, when allowed for, indicates that maximal work time returns to starting values at the same time as does the maximal oxygen uptake. It is concluded that the drop in Hct, maximal oxygen uptake and work capacity, found after the loss of 11 of blood, are related to each other both in magnitude and duration.", "PMID": 679940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4243", "title": "Variable resistance versus constant resistance strength training in adult males.", "content": "Changes in strength, body composition and anthropometric measures for groups training with constant resistance and variable resistance training procedures was compared. Thirty-six male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Constant Resistance (CR), Variable Resistance (VR) and Control (C). Strength training was conducted 3 days per week, 45 min per day, for 10 weeks. The results demonstrated that both the CR and the VR groups increased muscular strength. The CR group demonstrated significant increases in strength over the VR group when strength was assessed by CR procedures. Conversely, the VR group demonstrated significant increases in strength over the CR group when strength was assessed by VR procedures. Neither group exhibited superiority over the other relative to changes in body composition and anthropometric measures. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Variable resistance versus constant resistance strength training in adult males. Changes in strength, body composition and anthropometric measures for groups training with constant resistance and variable resistance training procedures was compared. Thirty-six male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Constant Resistance (CR), Variable Resistance (VR) and Control (C). Strength training was conducted 3 days per week, 45 min per day, for 10 weeks. The results demonstrated that both the CR and the VR groups increased muscular strength. The CR group demonstrated significant increases in strength over the VR group when strength was assessed by CR procedures. Conversely, the VR group demonstrated significant increases in strength over the CR group when strength was assessed by VR procedures. Neither group exhibited superiority over the other relative to changes in body composition and anthropometric measures. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 679941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4244", "title": "CO2 dissociation curves of oxygenated whole blood obtained at rest and in exercise.", "content": "In vitro CO2 dissociation curves for oxygenated whole blood were determined in 19 healthy male subjects at rest and during submaximal and maximal bicycle work. Hemoglobin concentration and blood lactate increased with increasing work load and accordingly buffer value of the whole blood increased while bicarbonate and Base Excess (BE) decreased, resulting in a downward shift of the CO2 dissociation curve during exercise. Despite the marked increase in buffer values of the blood, the slopes of the CO2 dissociation curves during exercise were found to be about the same as those obtained at rest. It was inferred that the increasing effect of increased buffer value, on the dissociation slope, was essentially compensated by the decreasing effect of diminished bicarbonate content. The advantages of this relatively constant CO2 dissociation slope for the indirect measurement of cardiac output by the Fick principle are discussed.", "contents": "CO2 dissociation curves of oxygenated whole blood obtained at rest and in exercise. In vitro CO2 dissociation curves for oxygenated whole blood were determined in 19 healthy male subjects at rest and during submaximal and maximal bicycle work. Hemoglobin concentration and blood lactate increased with increasing work load and accordingly buffer value of the whole blood increased while bicarbonate and Base Excess (BE) decreased, resulting in a downward shift of the CO2 dissociation curve during exercise. Despite the marked increase in buffer values of the blood, the slopes of the CO2 dissociation curves during exercise were found to be about the same as those obtained at rest. It was inferred that the increasing effect of increased buffer value, on the dissociation slope, was essentially compensated by the decreasing effect of diminished bicarbonate content. The advantages of this relatively constant CO2 dissociation slope for the indirect measurement of cardiac output by the Fick principle are discussed.", "PMID": 679942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4245", "title": "Effect of glucose on plasma glucagon and free fatty acids during prolonged exercise.", "content": "The effects of glucose ingestion on the changes in blood glucose, FFA, insulin and glucagon levels induced by a prolonged exercise at about 50% of maximal oxygen uptake were investigated. Healthy volunteers were submitted to the following procedures: 1. a control test at rest consisting of the ingestion of 100 g glucose, 2. an exercise test without, or 3. with ingestion of 100 g of glucose. Exercise without glucose induced a progressive decrease in blood glucose and plasma insulin; plasma glucagon rose significantly from the 60th min onward (+45 pg/ml), the maximal increase being recorded during the 4th h of exercise (+135 pg/ml); plasma FFA rose significantly from the 60th min onward and reached their maximal values during the 4th h of exercise (2177 +/- 144 muEq/l, m +/- SE). Exercise with glucose ingestion blunted almost completely the normal insulin response to glucose. Under these conditions, exercise did not increase plasma glucagon before the 210th min; similarly, the exercise-induced increase in plasma FFA was markedly delayed and reduced by about 60%. It is suggested that glucose availability reduces exercise-induced glucagon secretion and, possibly consequently, FFA mobilization.", "contents": "Effect of glucose on plasma glucagon and free fatty acids during prolonged exercise. The effects of glucose ingestion on the changes in blood glucose, FFA, insulin and glucagon levels induced by a prolonged exercise at about 50% of maximal oxygen uptake were investigated. Healthy volunteers were submitted to the following procedures: 1. a control test at rest consisting of the ingestion of 100 g glucose, 2. an exercise test without, or 3. with ingestion of 100 g of glucose. Exercise without glucose induced a progressive decrease in blood glucose and plasma insulin; plasma glucagon rose significantly from the 60th min onward (+45 pg/ml), the maximal increase being recorded during the 4th h of exercise (+135 pg/ml); plasma FFA rose significantly from the 60th min onward and reached their maximal values during the 4th h of exercise (2177 +/- 144 muEq/l, m +/- SE). Exercise with glucose ingestion blunted almost completely the normal insulin response to glucose. Under these conditions, exercise did not increase plasma glucagon before the 210th min; similarly, the exercise-induced increase in plasma FFA was markedly delayed and reduced by about 60%. It is suggested that glucose availability reduces exercise-induced glucagon secretion and, possibly consequently, FFA mobilization.", "PMID": 679944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4246", "title": "[Adaptive modifications of cold pain. III. Communication: short-term experiments with 1-min-intervals (author's transl)].", "content": "The subjective short-term habituation to pain-inducing cold stimuli is demonstrated for the first time by measuring the tolerated exposition time. It proves impossible to separate temporally a detection threshold of cold pain from the distress reaction level. The slope of subjective habituation is clearly dependent on the individual vegetative starting position. It is discussed why the blood pressure reaction may be used as a valid parameter for experienced intensity of a cold pain sensation only to a limited extent.", "contents": "[Adaptive modifications of cold pain. III. Communication: short-term experiments with 1-min-intervals (author's transl)]. The subjective short-term habituation to pain-inducing cold stimuli is demonstrated for the first time by measuring the tolerated exposition time. It proves impossible to separate temporally a detection threshold of cold pain from the distress reaction level. The slope of subjective habituation is clearly dependent on the individual vegetative starting position. It is discussed why the blood pressure reaction may be used as a valid parameter for experienced intensity of a cold pain sensation only to a limited extent.", "PMID": 679945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4247", "title": "Fat and carbohydrate metabolism during low intensity exercise: effects of the availability of muscle glycogen.", "content": "Four subjects were studied during exercise at 50% of maximum oxygen uptake after a normal diet, after a low carbohydrate (CHO) diet following exercise-induced glycogen depletion, and after a high CHO diet. This regime has previously been shown to cause changes in the amount of glycogen stored in the exercising muscles. Metabolic and respiratory parameters were measured during the exercise. The respiratory exchange ratio, blood lactate, blood pyruvate, blood glucose and plasma triglycerides were lower than normal following the low CHO diet and higher than normal following the high CHO diet. Plasma free fatty acids and plasma glycerol were higher than normal after the low CHO diet and lower than normal after the high CHO diet. The contribution of CHO to metabolism was less than normal after the low CHO diet and greater than normal after the high CHO diet. The altered availability of FFA does not appear to be a result of the variations in the blood lactate content.", "contents": "Fat and carbohydrate metabolism during low intensity exercise: effects of the availability of muscle glycogen. Four subjects were studied during exercise at 50% of maximum oxygen uptake after a normal diet, after a low carbohydrate (CHO) diet following exercise-induced glycogen depletion, and after a high CHO diet. This regime has previously been shown to cause changes in the amount of glycogen stored in the exercising muscles. Metabolic and respiratory parameters were measured during the exercise. The respiratory exchange ratio, blood lactate, blood pyruvate, blood glucose and plasma triglycerides were lower than normal following the low CHO diet and higher than normal following the high CHO diet. Plasma free fatty acids and plasma glycerol were higher than normal after the low CHO diet and lower than normal after the high CHO diet. The contribution of CHO to metabolism was less than normal after the low CHO diet and greater than normal after the high CHO diet. The altered availability of FFA does not appear to be a result of the variations in the blood lactate content.", "PMID": 679946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4248", "title": "A structural model of cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata deduced from density measurements at different osmotic pressures.", "content": "Density measurements made on cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organs of Torpedo marmorata at different osmotic pressures are consistent with the following structural model of the vesicle. The particle behaves like a sphere 80-100 nm in diameter bounded by a semi-permeable membrane. The bulk of its soluble constituents are in true solution at physiological osmolalities. The limiting membrane is approximately 4-5 nm thick, suggesting that it contains large areas of phospholipid bilayer exposed to its bathing medium. The limiting membrane takes up about 26% (v/v) of the particle, a further 34% (v/v) of which is osmotically active water and 31% (v/v) hydrated core material at 800 mosmol/1. The buoyant density of the membrane is 1.132 g . cm-3. The density of the hydrated core material is approximately 1.05 g . cm-3. The membrane is selectively permeable to small molecules when subjected to hypo-osmotic stress. It is proposed that this occurs by the formation of small transient pores in the lipid bilayer of the membrane, which are induced by stretching caused by the osmotic pressure change.", "contents": "A structural model of cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata deduced from density measurements at different osmotic pressures. Density measurements made on cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organs of Torpedo marmorata at different osmotic pressures are consistent with the following structural model of the vesicle. The particle behaves like a sphere 80-100 nm in diameter bounded by a semi-permeable membrane. The bulk of its soluble constituents are in true solution at physiological osmolalities. The limiting membrane is approximately 4-5 nm thick, suggesting that it contains large areas of phospholipid bilayer exposed to its bathing medium. The limiting membrane takes up about 26% (v/v) of the particle, a further 34% (v/v) of which is osmotically active water and 31% (v/v) hydrated core material at 800 mosmol/1. The buoyant density of the membrane is 1.132 g . cm-3. The density of the hydrated core material is approximately 1.05 g . cm-3. The membrane is selectively permeable to small molecules when subjected to hypo-osmotic stress. It is proposed that this occurs by the formation of small transient pores in the lipid bilayer of the membrane, which are induced by stretching caused by the osmotic pressure change.", "PMID": 679947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4249", "title": "Regulation of mammary gland metabolism: pathways of glucose utilization, metabolite profile and hormone response of a modified mammary gland cell preparation.", "content": "1. A method for the preparation of isolated mammary gland cells of the rat is described. 2. The procedure involves disaggregation of the tissue in a collagenase-hyaluronidase mixture and subsequent purification of the heterogeneous population of cells by centrifugation in discontinuous Ficoll-400 gradients; the preparation takes 60 minutes. The yield of cells is approximately 14%. 3. The cells as prepared have high rates of metabolism and synthetic capacity and exhibit metabolic characteristics comparable to intact tissue. 4. Measurements of the content of metabolic intermediates show cells to have, and retain, outstandingly high levels of ATP and to have an energy charge close to 0.9. Levels of other intermediates approximate to those found in the intact tissue. The level of glycolytic intermediates below the triose phosphate stage indicate the highly aerobic state of the cells. 5. The pattern and scale of glucose utilization, measured using specifically labelled glucose incorporation into 14CO2 and 14C-labelled lipid production, approximates closely in isolated cells at 5 and 20 mM glucose and in tissue slices at 20 mM glucose concentration. Mammary gland slices incubated with 5 mM glucose have a considerably lower rate of metabolism. Isolated cells exhibit a higher proportionate rate of glucose utilization by way of the pentose phosphate pathway. 6. The isolated cells are hormone responsive. Insulin increases the oxidation of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway and stimulates lipid synthesis. Addition of progesterone and cortisone in vitro (10 muM) leads to a marked and rapid decrease in the rate of glucose oxidation and conversion to lipid.", "contents": "Regulation of mammary gland metabolism: pathways of glucose utilization, metabolite profile and hormone response of a modified mammary gland cell preparation. 1. A method for the preparation of isolated mammary gland cells of the rat is described. 2. The procedure involves disaggregation of the tissue in a collagenase-hyaluronidase mixture and subsequent purification of the heterogeneous population of cells by centrifugation in discontinuous Ficoll-400 gradients; the preparation takes 60 minutes. The yield of cells is approximately 14%. 3. The cells as prepared have high rates of metabolism and synthetic capacity and exhibit metabolic characteristics comparable to intact tissue. 4. Measurements of the content of metabolic intermediates show cells to have, and retain, outstandingly high levels of ATP and to have an energy charge close to 0.9. Levels of other intermediates approximate to those found in the intact tissue. The level of glycolytic intermediates below the triose phosphate stage indicate the highly aerobic state of the cells. 5. The pattern and scale of glucose utilization, measured using specifically labelled glucose incorporation into 14CO2 and 14C-labelled lipid production, approximates closely in isolated cells at 5 and 20 mM glucose and in tissue slices at 20 mM glucose concentration. Mammary gland slices incubated with 5 mM glucose have a considerably lower rate of metabolism. Isolated cells exhibit a higher proportionate rate of glucose utilization by way of the pentose phosphate pathway. 6. The isolated cells are hormone responsive. Insulin increases the oxidation of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway and stimulates lipid synthesis. Addition of progesterone and cortisone in vitro (10 muM) leads to a marked and rapid decrease in the rate of glucose oxidation and conversion to lipid.", "PMID": 679949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4250", "title": "Effect of zinc(II) on the refolding and reactivation of liver alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "Horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase requires Zn2+ for enzymatic activity. Reactivation experiments after dissociation and denaturation of the enzyme in 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride and subsequent separation of zinc prove that the effect of the metal on the rate and yield of reconstitution is complex. In the absence of Zn2+ no reactivation is detectable, while excess of Zn2+ leads to inactive aggregates. Optimum reactivation yields are obtained at 10 muM Zn2+ after short incubation in the denaturant; increasing zinc concentration causes a decrease of the rate of reactivation. The refolding of the zinc-free enzyme is characterized by consecutive first-order processes which may be separated from second-order dimer formation. Addition of 10 muM Zn2+ during refolding may be used to block side reactions competing with the reconstitution. The transition from sigmoidal kinetics to second-order profiles by adding Zn2+ after completion of the aforementioned first-order process corroborates the proposed uni-bimolecular reactivation mechanism which implies the involvement of inactive monomers. These gain their enzymatic function as a consequence of dimerization. The effect of Zn2+ may be explained by a side reaction in the overall reaction scheme of reactivation and renaturation which allows the kinetic measurements to be quantitatively described.", "contents": "Effect of zinc(II) on the refolding and reactivation of liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase requires Zn2+ for enzymatic activity. Reactivation experiments after dissociation and denaturation of the enzyme in 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride and subsequent separation of zinc prove that the effect of the metal on the rate and yield of reconstitution is complex. In the absence of Zn2+ no reactivation is detectable, while excess of Zn2+ leads to inactive aggregates. Optimum reactivation yields are obtained at 10 muM Zn2+ after short incubation in the denaturant; increasing zinc concentration causes a decrease of the rate of reactivation. The refolding of the zinc-free enzyme is characterized by consecutive first-order processes which may be separated from second-order dimer formation. Addition of 10 muM Zn2+ during refolding may be used to block side reactions competing with the reconstitution. The transition from sigmoidal kinetics to second-order profiles by adding Zn2+ after completion of the aforementioned first-order process corroborates the proposed uni-bimolecular reactivation mechanism which implies the involvement of inactive monomers. These gain their enzymatic function as a consequence of dimerization. The effect of Zn2+ may be explained by a side reaction in the overall reaction scheme of reactivation and renaturation which allows the kinetic measurements to be quantitatively described.", "PMID": 679951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4251", "title": "Hypothalamic-pituitary functions in patients with idiopathic pituitary dwarfism. Further evidence for hypophysiotropic human deficiencies.", "content": "Somatotropic, thyrotropic, gonadotropic and corticotropic functions in 10 patients with idiopathic hypopituitary dwarfism (IH) were investigated. The patients were divided into two groups: Group I (5 patients) had normal plasma T4 levels, and Group II (5 patients) had T4 levels of less than 4.6 microgram/dl. In Group I three cases had isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency and two cases had GH and gonadotropin (Gn) deficiencies; in Group II the 5 cases showed multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies. In Group II, the plasma thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was 4.1-9.4 muU/ml and the response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was greatly delayed and prolonged, with a maximum after 120 min instead of 15 min. The basal prolactin (PRL) level in Group II was 12-31 ng/ml, which was significantly higher than normal (P less than 0.001). In 4 cases in Group II, the plasma cortisol level increased 120 min after the infusion of lysine-vasopressin, whereas oral administration of metyrapone and hypoglycemia induced by insulin did not increase the plasma cortisol levels. From these findings it is concluded that hypothalamic lesions caused the pituitary hormone deficiencies in 4 Group II cases, and Group I may tentatively be differentiated from Group II by T4 determinations.", "contents": "Hypothalamic-pituitary functions in patients with idiopathic pituitary dwarfism. Further evidence for hypophysiotropic human deficiencies. Somatotropic, thyrotropic, gonadotropic and corticotropic functions in 10 patients with idiopathic hypopituitary dwarfism (IH) were investigated. The patients were divided into two groups: Group I (5 patients) had normal plasma T4 levels, and Group II (5 patients) had T4 levels of less than 4.6 microgram/dl. In Group I three cases had isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency and two cases had GH and gonadotropin (Gn) deficiencies; in Group II the 5 cases showed multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies. In Group II, the plasma thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was 4.1-9.4 muU/ml and the response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was greatly delayed and prolonged, with a maximum after 120 min instead of 15 min. The basal prolactin (PRL) level in Group II was 12-31 ng/ml, which was significantly higher than normal (P less than 0.001). In 4 cases in Group II, the plasma cortisol level increased 120 min after the infusion of lysine-vasopressin, whereas oral administration of metyrapone and hypoglycemia induced by insulin did not increase the plasma cortisol levels. From these findings it is concluded that hypothalamic lesions caused the pituitary hormone deficiencies in 4 Group II cases, and Group I may tentatively be differentiated from Group II by T4 determinations.", "PMID": 679952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4252", "title": "Morphological observations on the vasculitis in the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. A skin biopsy study of 27 patients.", "content": "Twenty-seven skin biopsies were obtained from the exanthemata of patients in the acute stage of the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS). The three vascular systems of different caliber size--the intrapapillary capillary loops (ICL), the superficial arteriolar or venular plexus (SAP, SVP) and the small subcutaneous vessels--were examined to investigate the characteristics of the vasculitis in MCLS and differentiate it from infantile polyarteritis nodosa (IPN). Significant papillary edema and dilatation of ICL, SAP and SVP were observed on the 4th day after the onset of the illness, and then gradually decreased. In the subcutaneous regions, vasculitis began with endothelial necrosis, and subendothelial edema and degenerative changes in the muscle cells followed. These changes in the small subcutaneous vessels were observed for a longer period than in the ICL, SAP and SVP. Moderate mononuclear cell infiltrations were observed. Both arteries and veins were affected.", "contents": "Morphological observations on the vasculitis in the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. A skin biopsy study of 27 patients. Twenty-seven skin biopsies were obtained from the exanthemata of patients in the acute stage of the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS). The three vascular systems of different caliber size--the intrapapillary capillary loops (ICL), the superficial arteriolar or venular plexus (SAP, SVP) and the small subcutaneous vessels--were examined to investigate the characteristics of the vasculitis in MCLS and differentiate it from infantile polyarteritis nodosa (IPN). Significant papillary edema and dilatation of ICL, SAP and SVP were observed on the 4th day after the onset of the illness, and then gradually decreased. In the subcutaneous regions, vasculitis began with endothelial necrosis, and subendothelial edema and degenerative changes in the muscle cells followed. These changes in the small subcutaneous vessels were observed for a longer period than in the ICL, SAP and SVP. Moderate mononuclear cell infiltrations were observed. Both arteries and veins were affected.", "PMID": 679953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4253", "title": "Electronic platelet counting with capillary blood samples--experiences in a paediatric clinic.", "content": "For several reasons, electronic platelet counts have not been generally adopted in paediatric routine laboratories. A method of platelet counting in capillary blood samples using an electronic counter is described. This is based on brief centrifugation of the blood sample after the addition of a diluent containing heparin/dextran and with a density of 1.050. The thrombocytes are uniformly suspended in the supernatant after 5 min of centrifugation at 250 g, so that the counting procedure in the electric unit can follow immediately. This simplified, dependable and reproducible method is also suitable for venous blood, and as a result of several years of successful trial, it can be recommended for routine use, especially in clinics with paediatric patients.", "contents": "Electronic platelet counting with capillary blood samples--experiences in a paediatric clinic. For several reasons, electronic platelet counts have not been generally adopted in paediatric routine laboratories. A method of platelet counting in capillary blood samples using an electronic counter is described. This is based on brief centrifugation of the blood sample after the addition of a diluent containing heparin/dextran and with a density of 1.050. The thrombocytes are uniformly suspended in the supernatant after 5 min of centrifugation at 250 g, so that the counting procedure in the electric unit can follow immediately. This simplified, dependable and reproducible method is also suitable for venous blood, and as a result of several years of successful trial, it can be recommended for routine use, especially in clinics with paediatric patients.", "PMID": 679954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4254", "title": "Pituitary function in a patient with septo-optic dysplasia and pituitary dwarfism (Kaplan-Grumbach-Hoyt syndrome).", "content": "The cause of a seventeen-year-old female patient with septo-optic dysplasia and pituitary dwarfism is presented. Mental retardatin and epilepsy, in addition to absence of the septum pellucidum, point to a widespread lesion of the central nervous system. There is unilateral hypoplasia of the optic nerve. She is of small stature. The dynamic pituitary tests point to deficiency of GH, TSH and ACTH, and an adequate reserve of prolactin, gonadotropins and vasopressin. TSH insufficiency is probably of primary pituitary origin.", "contents": "Pituitary function in a patient with septo-optic dysplasia and pituitary dwarfism (Kaplan-Grumbach-Hoyt syndrome). The cause of a seventeen-year-old female patient with septo-optic dysplasia and pituitary dwarfism is presented. Mental retardatin and epilepsy, in addition to absence of the septum pellucidum, point to a widespread lesion of the central nervous system. There is unilateral hypoplasia of the optic nerve. She is of small stature. The dynamic pituitary tests point to deficiency of GH, TSH and ACTH, and an adequate reserve of prolactin, gonadotropins and vasopressin. TSH insufficiency is probably of primary pituitary origin.", "PMID": 679955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4255", "title": "Idiopathic arterial calcification in infancy. A case report.", "content": "An infant with idiopathic arterial calcification is presented. The disease was diagnosed during the life of the patient as an aortogram demonstrated a stenosis of the left coronary artery and complete occlusion of the right coronary artery.", "contents": "Idiopathic arterial calcification in infancy. A case report. An infant with idiopathic arterial calcification is presented. The disease was diagnosed during the life of the patient as an aortogram demonstrated a stenosis of the left coronary artery and complete occlusion of the right coronary artery.", "PMID": 679956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4256", "title": "Cranial morphology in the 18p-syndrome.", "content": "Three of four recently described children with the 18p- syndrome were reinvestigated using cranial computerized tomography (CCT). More severe deformities were found in the cases with severe cerebral malformation, but there was no correlation with the degree of mental retardation.", "contents": "Cranial morphology in the 18p-syndrome. Three of four recently described children with the 18p- syndrome were reinvestigated using cranial computerized tomography (CCT). More severe deformities were found in the cases with severe cerebral malformation, but there was no correlation with the degree of mental retardation.", "PMID": 679957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4257", "title": "Reduced capillary resistance in allergic patients.", "content": "Fifty four of 67 allergic children (81%) had a pathologically reduced capillary resistance (CR) of less than 16 cm Hg. Five of the 13 allergic children with normal CR were treated with corticosteroids. Prednisone improved CR in on patient for at least 24 h, and this was reflected by improvement of hemorrhagic parameters such as bleeding intensity, bleeding pattern and blood loss. There was no correlation between CR and IgE levels. 90% of the symptomatic relatives of allergic children had a reduced CR, but only 44% of asymptomatic relatives. CR presents a simple additional tool for diagnosing allergy and might give hints to the carrier state of allergy.", "contents": "Reduced capillary resistance in allergic patients. Fifty four of 67 allergic children (81%) had a pathologically reduced capillary resistance (CR) of less than 16 cm Hg. Five of the 13 allergic children with normal CR were treated with corticosteroids. Prednisone improved CR in on patient for at least 24 h, and this was reflected by improvement of hemorrhagic parameters such as bleeding intensity, bleeding pattern and blood loss. There was no correlation between CR and IgE levels. 90% of the symptomatic relatives of allergic children had a reduced CR, but only 44% of asymptomatic relatives. CR presents a simple additional tool for diagnosing allergy and might give hints to the carrier state of allergy.", "PMID": 679958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4258", "title": "Peripheral circulation in the newborn: interaction of peripheral blood flow, blood pressure, blood volume, and blood viscosity.", "content": "Peripheral blood flow and systolic blood pressure (strain-gauge plethysmograph), blood volume (Evans blue) and whole blood viscosity (cone-plate viscometer) have been measured in 66 premature and full-term infants 6 to 144h of age. Blood flow and blood volume were moderately decreased in the infants with respiratory distress. Highly significant (P less than 0.001) correlations were found between blood flow and blood volume (r = 0.77), blood pressure and blood volume (r = 0.50), peripheral resistance and blood volume (r = -0.44), blood flow and blood pressure (r = 0.50), blood flow and peripheral resistance (r = -0.67), peripheral resistance and blood viscosity (r = 0.45), and blood viscosity and haematocrit (r = 0.86). There was no correlation between peripheral blood flow and blood viscosity. However, at given blood volume, peripheral blood flow decreased with increasing blood viscosity. These results indicate that in newborn infants peripheral blood flow, blood pressure and peripheral resistance are influenced by blood volume, but also depend on blood viscosity.", "contents": "Peripheral circulation in the newborn: interaction of peripheral blood flow, blood pressure, blood volume, and blood viscosity. Peripheral blood flow and systolic blood pressure (strain-gauge plethysmograph), blood volume (Evans blue) and whole blood viscosity (cone-plate viscometer) have been measured in 66 premature and full-term infants 6 to 144h of age. Blood flow and blood volume were moderately decreased in the infants with respiratory distress. Highly significant (P less than 0.001) correlations were found between blood flow and blood volume (r = 0.77), blood pressure and blood volume (r = 0.50), peripheral resistance and blood volume (r = -0.44), blood flow and blood pressure (r = 0.50), blood flow and peripheral resistance (r = -0.67), peripheral resistance and blood viscosity (r = 0.45), and blood viscosity and haematocrit (r = 0.86). There was no correlation between peripheral blood flow and blood viscosity. However, at given blood volume, peripheral blood flow decreased with increasing blood viscosity. These results indicate that in newborn infants peripheral blood flow, blood pressure and peripheral resistance are influenced by blood volume, but also depend on blood viscosity.", "PMID": 679959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4259", "title": "Anatomy of the naso-lacrimal duct in new-borns: therapeutic considerations.", "content": "The topography and morphology of the lacrimal ducts in newborn infants was demonstrated by means of post mortem dacryocystograms and microphotograms of histologic slides. Because of bends in the course of the lower tear duct, a percentage of probings will fail to effect satisfactory perforation of the Hasner membrane. In most cases, the soft texture of this membrane requires no more than syringing under pressure, using a hollow probe as described by Bangerter (1953).", "contents": "Anatomy of the naso-lacrimal duct in new-borns: therapeutic considerations. The topography and morphology of the lacrimal ducts in newborn infants was demonstrated by means of post mortem dacryocystograms and microphotograms of histologic slides. Because of bends in the course of the lower tear duct, a percentage of probings will fail to effect satisfactory perforation of the Hasner membrane. In most cases, the soft texture of this membrane requires no more than syringing under pressure, using a hollow probe as described by Bangerter (1953).", "PMID": 679960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4260", "title": "Lymph node excision as a simple diagnostic aid in rare lipidoses.", "content": "Autopsy material from a case of Niemann-Pick disease was subjected to lipid analysis. Among the six tissues investigated, lymph nodes exhibited the greatest storage of several lipids. Since lymph nodes are relatively easy to obtain by biopsy, they may be utilized for chemical diagnosis of this type of lipidosis.", "contents": "Lymph node excision as a simple diagnostic aid in rare lipidoses. Autopsy material from a case of Niemann-Pick disease was subjected to lipid analysis. Among the six tissues investigated, lymph nodes exhibited the greatest storage of several lipids. Since lymph nodes are relatively easy to obtain by biopsy, they may be utilized for chemical diagnosis of this type of lipidosis.", "PMID": 679961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4261", "title": "Self-established porto-caval and porto-pulmonary shunts in mechanically induced portal hypertension. An experimental study.", "content": "Portal hypertension was mechanically induced in rats by partial constriction of the portal vein. Angiography revealed the spontaneous development of porto-systemic and porto-pulmonary shunts in all hypertensive animals. A coincident decompression of the portal system was recorded. Release of the portal vein constriction led to disappearance of the collaterals in most of the experimental animals.", "contents": "Self-established porto-caval and porto-pulmonary shunts in mechanically induced portal hypertension. An experimental study. Portal hypertension was mechanically induced in rats by partial constriction of the portal vein. Angiography revealed the spontaneous development of porto-systemic and porto-pulmonary shunts in all hypertensive animals. A coincident decompression of the portal system was recorded. Release of the portal vein constriction led to disappearance of the collaterals in most of the experimental animals.", "PMID": 679963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4262", "title": "Exocrine secretion of canine pancreas perfused extracorporeally.", "content": "A canine gastroduodenopancreatic block was isolated and perfused extracorporeally with homologous blood. This preparation was used for studying stimulated exocrine secretion of the pancreas. Stimulants were infused intra-arterially. Both vagi were stimulated electrically. Hydrochloric acid or L-phenylalanine were instilled intragastrically. Pancreatic secretion induced by secretin and during HCl instillation was rich in bicarbonate and poor in total protein. Pancreatic secretion obtained during the infusion of normal saline, cholecystokinin, bethanechol chloride or acetylcholine chloride and during instillation of amino acid as well as during electrical stimulation of vagi, contained less bicarbonate and more protein than secretin-induced secretion.", "contents": "Exocrine secretion of canine pancreas perfused extracorporeally. A canine gastroduodenopancreatic block was isolated and perfused extracorporeally with homologous blood. This preparation was used for studying stimulated exocrine secretion of the pancreas. Stimulants were infused intra-arterially. Both vagi were stimulated electrically. Hydrochloric acid or L-phenylalanine were instilled intragastrically. Pancreatic secretion induced by secretin and during HCl instillation was rich in bicarbonate and poor in total protein. Pancreatic secretion obtained during the infusion of normal saline, cholecystokinin, bethanechol chloride or acetylcholine chloride and during instillation of amino acid as well as during electrical stimulation of vagi, contained less bicarbonate and more protein than secretin-induced secretion.", "PMID": 679962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4263", "title": "Microvascular bypass grafts. Experimental study of pathologic changes in arterial and venous grafts.", "content": "Experimental autogenous grafts were made on adult Wistar rats using microvascular techniques. 3 months postoperatively, the grafts were controlled by angiography and by histopathological examination. We obtained a total patency rate of 52.7% and we observed that failure of the grafting can be explained by progressive hypertrophy of the walls of the vessels inducing thrombosis.", "contents": "Microvascular bypass grafts. Experimental study of pathologic changes in arterial and venous grafts. Experimental autogenous grafts were made on adult Wistar rats using microvascular techniques. 3 months postoperatively, the grafts were controlled by angiography and by histopathological examination. We obtained a total patency rate of 52.7% and we observed that failure of the grafting can be explained by progressive hypertrophy of the walls of the vessels inducing thrombosis.", "PMID": 679965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4264", "title": "Hypothalamic LH-releasing activity in young and aged intact and gonadectomized rats.", "content": "Hypothalamic LH-releasing activity content was measured in young (3-5 mo) and aged (22-26 mo) intact and gonadectomized male and female rats. Hypothalamic extracts (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 hypothalamus equivalents) from young and aged rats were incubated with untreated hemisectioned rat pituitaries in medium 199. All hypothalamic extract treatments stimulated LH release from the incubated pituitaries. Increased amounts of hypothalamic extracts added to to the incubation medium proportionally increased LH release. There were no differences in LH release stimulated by young or aged hypothalamic extracts from either the intact or gonadectomized groups. In addition serum testosterone concentrations were reduced in the aged male rats and serum LH was lower in aged male and female rats than in the young groups. Although serum LH was increased after gonadectomy in all groups, the increase was of smaller magnitude in the aged rats. These data indicate significant alterations in the responsiveness of the hypothalamus to steroid feedback in the aged rat. Although the hypothalamus contains sufficient LH-releasing activity to stimulate higher levels of pituitary and gonadal endocrine function, aging effects on the neuroendocrine control mechanisms inhibit hypothalamic hormone function.", "contents": "Hypothalamic LH-releasing activity in young and aged intact and gonadectomized rats. Hypothalamic LH-releasing activity content was measured in young (3-5 mo) and aged (22-26 mo) intact and gonadectomized male and female rats. Hypothalamic extracts (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 hypothalamus equivalents) from young and aged rats were incubated with untreated hemisectioned rat pituitaries in medium 199. All hypothalamic extract treatments stimulated LH release from the incubated pituitaries. Increased amounts of hypothalamic extracts added to to the incubation medium proportionally increased LH release. There were no differences in LH release stimulated by young or aged hypothalamic extracts from either the intact or gonadectomized groups. In addition serum testosterone concentrations were reduced in the aged male rats and serum LH was lower in aged male and female rats than in the young groups. Although serum LH was increased after gonadectomy in all groups, the increase was of smaller magnitude in the aged rats. These data indicate significant alterations in the responsiveness of the hypothalamus to steroid feedback in the aged rat. Although the hypothalamus contains sufficient LH-releasing activity to stimulate higher levels of pituitary and gonadal endocrine function, aging effects on the neuroendocrine control mechanisms inhibit hypothalamic hormone function.", "PMID": 679966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4265", "title": "Cognitive maps of environmental knowledge and preference in nursing home patients.", "content": "Two studies examined cognitive maps of environmental knowledge and preference shown by nursing home patients. In study I, knowledge of the nursing home environment was investigated. Age was found to be negatively related to accuracy in identifying the locations of slide-depicted scenes. Also, patients who had lived several years in the nursing home were less able to identify the locations than were students who received a five-minute exposure to each area. Variable identification performance across areas was determined to be the result of relative visual distinctiveness rather than differential familiarity. Study II examined preference structures for different areas of the nursing home. Patients indicated a marked preference for their own room relative to common areas. Two different models of nursing design were suggested: 1) a social facilitation model emphasizing the allocation of a large proportion of space to common areas, and 2) an ethological model emphasizing preferences of patients for more private space.", "contents": "Cognitive maps of environmental knowledge and preference in nursing home patients. Two studies examined cognitive maps of environmental knowledge and preference shown by nursing home patients. In study I, knowledge of the nursing home environment was investigated. Age was found to be negatively related to accuracy in identifying the locations of slide-depicted scenes. Also, patients who had lived several years in the nursing home were less able to identify the locations than were students who received a five-minute exposure to each area. Variable identification performance across areas was determined to be the result of relative visual distinctiveness rather than differential familiarity. Study II examined preference structures for different areas of the nursing home. Patients indicated a marked preference for their own room relative to common areas. Two different models of nursing design were suggested: 1) a social facilitation model emphasizing the allocation of a large proportion of space to common areas, and 2) an ethological model emphasizing preferences of patients for more private space.", "PMID": 679967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4266", "title": "Age differences in verbal mediation: a structural and functional analysis.", "content": "Five experiments were conducted to investigate potential structural and functional differences in verbal mediators given by young and elderly adults to CVC material. Experiment 1 found no significant differences in the complexity and flexibility of mediator formation by the two age groups. Experiment 2 replicated these findings using a different sample and task, and different materials. Additionally, this study also indicated a significant rank order correlation for the particular types of mediators used. Experiment 3 indicated that under some situations young subjects may be able to discriminate young from old mediators while Experiment 4 showed that younger subjects had no preference for which mediator would be most helpful to them in a learning task. Experiment 5 found that, in a paired associate learning task, young subjects learned faster the mediators given by other young subjects. The data were discussed in terms of current methodolical practices and in terms of localizing age-related memory deficits in structure or process variables.", "contents": "Age differences in verbal mediation: a structural and functional analysis. Five experiments were conducted to investigate potential structural and functional differences in verbal mediators given by young and elderly adults to CVC material. Experiment 1 found no significant differences in the complexity and flexibility of mediator formation by the two age groups. Experiment 2 replicated these findings using a different sample and task, and different materials. Additionally, this study also indicated a significant rank order correlation for the particular types of mediators used. Experiment 3 indicated that under some situations young subjects may be able to discriminate young from old mediators while Experiment 4 showed that younger subjects had no preference for which mediator would be most helpful to them in a learning task. Experiment 5 found that, in a paired associate learning task, young subjects learned faster the mediators given by other young subjects. The data were discussed in terms of current methodolical practices and in terms of localizing age-related memory deficits in structure or process variables.", "PMID": 679968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4267", "title": "Age differences in a controlled-lag recognition memory task.", "content": "Sixty subjects, 30 young and 30 old, were treated for word recognition using a controlled-lag method. A significant age differences was found for both recognition and for a subsequent recall task. Young subjects were superior to old on both recognition and recall. The greater the lag between the two presentations of a word, the greater the number of errors for both age groups. Most errors were made towards the beginning of the list, with a sharp drop in the middle, and a slight increase in the end. The older people took more time to complete the recognition task than the young.", "contents": "Age differences in a controlled-lag recognition memory task. Sixty subjects, 30 young and 30 old, were treated for word recognition using a controlled-lag method. A significant age differences was found for both recognition and for a subsequent recall task. Young subjects were superior to old on both recognition and recall. The greater the lag between the two presentations of a word, the greater the number of errors for both age groups. Most errors were made towards the beginning of the list, with a sharp drop in the middle, and a slight increase in the end. The older people took more time to complete the recognition task than the young.", "PMID": 679969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4268", "title": "The effects of overtraining on mediational processes in elderly males.", "content": "To examine the effects of overtraining on mediational processes, 81 male residents (aged 55 or above) of a VA domicillary were tested using a two-choice discrimination task. Upon reaching criterion, the men were given, 0, 15, or 30 overtraining trials and then shifted to either a reversal, intradimensional, or extradimensional task. Analysis of the error scores resulted in a significant initial versus shift task main effect and type of shift by initial versus shift task interaction. Further analysis indicated no difference among the three shift groups for the initial task. However, in the shift task, the reversal group had significantly fewer errors than the other two groups who were not statistically different. Participants thus appeared to be mediationally sufficient when reversal and extradimensional tasks were compared, but mediationally deficient when intra- and extradimensional, and reversal and intradimensional tasks were contrasted. While overtraining had no significant effect, examination of the three way interaction suggested potentially facilitative effects of overtraining and a possible regression effect among participants not receiving overtraining.", "contents": "The effects of overtraining on mediational processes in elderly males. To examine the effects of overtraining on mediational processes, 81 male residents (aged 55 or above) of a VA domicillary were tested using a two-choice discrimination task. Upon reaching criterion, the men were given, 0, 15, or 30 overtraining trials and then shifted to either a reversal, intradimensional, or extradimensional task. Analysis of the error scores resulted in a significant initial versus shift task main effect and type of shift by initial versus shift task interaction. Further analysis indicated no difference among the three shift groups for the initial task. However, in the shift task, the reversal group had significantly fewer errors than the other two groups who were not statistically different. Participants thus appeared to be mediationally sufficient when reversal and extradimensional tasks were compared, but mediationally deficient when intra- and extradimensional, and reversal and intradimensional tasks were contrasted. While overtraining had no significant effect, examination of the three way interaction suggested potentially facilitative effects of overtraining and a possible regression effect among participants not receiving overtraining.", "PMID": 679970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4269", "title": "Instrumentality--terminality values in relation to age.", "content": "Terminal and instrumental value preference was investigated by asking young adults and older adults to respond to a modified version of the Rokeach Value Survey. Terminal and instrumental values were almost identical among the age and sex groups. Thus, the present data provide no evidence to support the hypothesis that older adults have a higher priority for terminal values than do young adults.", "contents": "Instrumentality--terminality values in relation to age. Terminal and instrumental value preference was investigated by asking young adults and older adults to respond to a modified version of the Rokeach Value Survey. Terminal and instrumental values were almost identical among the age and sex groups. Thus, the present data provide no evidence to support the hypothesis that older adults have a higher priority for terminal values than do young adults.", "PMID": 679971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4270", "title": "The neuromuscular blocking activity of a new aminoglycoside antibiotic netilmicin sulphate (SCH 20569).", "content": "The neuromuscular blocking activity of netilmicin sulphate (Sch 20569), a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was studied on the rat sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle preparation. The i.v. administration of netilmicin caused a gradual fall, up to complete blockade, of the muscular contraction elicited by nerve stimulation. Conversely, the muscular response to direct stimulation was not affected. The response pattern was similar to that seen with known aminoglycoside antibiotics. The acute toxic effects (LD50 i.p. in mice) of netilmicin were antagonized by pretreatment with neostigmine; this latter partially prevented netilmicin-induced blockade, but was not able to reverse it. Calcium chloride was the only agent effective both to prevent and to reverse the neuromuscular blocking effects of netilmicin.", "contents": "The neuromuscular blocking activity of a new aminoglycoside antibiotic netilmicin sulphate (SCH 20569). The neuromuscular blocking activity of netilmicin sulphate (Sch 20569), a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was studied on the rat sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle preparation. The i.v. administration of netilmicin caused a gradual fall, up to complete blockade, of the muscular contraction elicited by nerve stimulation. Conversely, the muscular response to direct stimulation was not affected. The response pattern was similar to that seen with known aminoglycoside antibiotics. The acute toxic effects (LD50 i.p. in mice) of netilmicin were antagonized by pretreatment with neostigmine; this latter partially prevented netilmicin-induced blockade, but was not able to reverse it. Calcium chloride was the only agent effective both to prevent and to reverse the neuromuscular blocking effects of netilmicin.", "PMID": 679972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4271", "title": "Positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of angiotensin II in the dog heart.", "content": "The effects of angiotensin II on sinus rate and atrial contractility were investigated in 17 isolated canine atria and 5 isolated paced ventricular preparations perfused with arterial blood conducted from a heparinized donor dog. When angiotensin II was injected into the cannulated sinus node artery, positive chronotropic responses were dose-dependently produced starting from the 0.01 microgram dose although inotropic responses to angiotensin II were not consistently induced. Angiotensin II produced a similar inotropic response pattern in the paced ventricular preparation. Moreover, when angiotensin II was given into the jugular vein of the donor dog, similar positive chronotropic and inotropic responses were also shown in the isolated atrium. Angiotensin II-induced positive chronotropic and slight inotropic effects were not influenced by treatment with the beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, propranolol and carteolol, but significantly suppressed by saralasin which has been reported to be a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II. From these results, it is suggested that angiotensin II induced a positive chronotropic and slight positive inotropic effect via angiotensin II receptors in the dog heart.", "contents": "Positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of angiotensin II in the dog heart. The effects of angiotensin II on sinus rate and atrial contractility were investigated in 17 isolated canine atria and 5 isolated paced ventricular preparations perfused with arterial blood conducted from a heparinized donor dog. When angiotensin II was injected into the cannulated sinus node artery, positive chronotropic responses were dose-dependently produced starting from the 0.01 microgram dose although inotropic responses to angiotensin II were not consistently induced. Angiotensin II produced a similar inotropic response pattern in the paced ventricular preparation. Moreover, when angiotensin II was given into the jugular vein of the donor dog, similar positive chronotropic and inotropic responses were also shown in the isolated atrium. Angiotensin II-induced positive chronotropic and slight inotropic effects were not influenced by treatment with the beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, propranolol and carteolol, but significantly suppressed by saralasin which has been reported to be a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II. From these results, it is suggested that angiotensin II induced a positive chronotropic and slight positive inotropic effect via angiotensin II receptors in the dog heart.", "PMID": 679973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4272", "title": "The postjunctional effects and neural release of purine compounds in the guinea-pig vas deferens.", "content": "The smooth muscle of the in vitro guinea-pig vas deferens was shown to contract upon addition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), the order of potency being ATP greater than ADP greater than AMP. Adenosine did not produce contraction. Pretreatment of animals with reserpine or treatment of tissues with an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent failed to alter the dose-response relationship for ATP. Because ATP is both a potent contractile agent and is present in the adrenergic storage complex, evidence was sought for the role of ATP as a possible co-transmitter following neural stimulation. Tissues preincubated in 3H-adenosine, a procedure which results in the incorporation of label into 3H-adenine nucleotides in the vas deferens, released significant amounts of tritium upon transmural stimulation. Because contraction per se can contribute to the tritium overflow, experiments were conducted with bathing solution made hypertonic with sucrose (12.5%). Hypertonic solution prevented the electrically induced tissue contraction, but failed to prevent a tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of tritium from tissue preincubated with either 3H-norepinephrine or 3H-adenosine. Because of the known association of ATP with norepinephrine in synaptic vesicles of adrenergic nerves and in view of the present evidence of a postjunctional action of ATP as well as the release of tritium from 3H-adenosine-treated vasa deferentia, it seems possible that in this tissue ATP, in addition to its other functions, may serve as a co-transmitter with norepinephrine.", "contents": "The postjunctional effects and neural release of purine compounds in the guinea-pig vas deferens. The smooth muscle of the in vitro guinea-pig vas deferens was shown to contract upon addition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), the order of potency being ATP greater than ADP greater than AMP. Adenosine did not produce contraction. Pretreatment of animals with reserpine or treatment of tissues with an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent failed to alter the dose-response relationship for ATP. Because ATP is both a potent contractile agent and is present in the adrenergic storage complex, evidence was sought for the role of ATP as a possible co-transmitter following neural stimulation. Tissues preincubated in 3H-adenosine, a procedure which results in the incorporation of label into 3H-adenine nucleotides in the vas deferens, released significant amounts of tritium upon transmural stimulation. Because contraction per se can contribute to the tritium overflow, experiments were conducted with bathing solution made hypertonic with sucrose (12.5%). Hypertonic solution prevented the electrically induced tissue contraction, but failed to prevent a tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of tritium from tissue preincubated with either 3H-norepinephrine or 3H-adenosine. Because of the known association of ATP with norepinephrine in synaptic vesicles of adrenergic nerves and in view of the present evidence of a postjunctional action of ATP as well as the release of tritium from 3H-adenosine-treated vasa deferentia, it seems possible that in this tissue ATP, in addition to its other functions, may serve as a co-transmitter with norepinephrine.", "PMID": 679974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4273", "title": "Regional and systemic haemodynamic changes evoked by 5-hydroxytryptamine in awake and anaesthetized rabbits.", "content": "The radioactive microsphere method has been used to study the effects of the infusions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on cardiac output and its distribution in both pentobarbital-anaesthetized and conscious rabbits. Doses of 5 and 10 microgram kg-1 min-1 caused progressive decreases in diastolic pressure and total peripheral resistance in the anaesthetized rabbits but not in conscious ones. There was no significant effect on systolic pressure, cardiac output or heart rate. However, in spite of minimal systemic changes, in both groups 5-HT evoked increases in blood flow to the brain, heart and stomach at the expense of the kidneys, skin, liver (hepatic artery) and lungs (bronchial artery plus arteriovenous anastomotic flow). The 10 microgram kg-1 min-1 dose at 5-HT also increased blood flow and decreased resistance in the extracerebral tissues of the head. The significance of these findings in relation to the possible role of 5-HT in the migraine syndrome has been discussed.", "contents": "Regional and systemic haemodynamic changes evoked by 5-hydroxytryptamine in awake and anaesthetized rabbits. The radioactive microsphere method has been used to study the effects of the infusions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on cardiac output and its distribution in both pentobarbital-anaesthetized and conscious rabbits. Doses of 5 and 10 microgram kg-1 min-1 caused progressive decreases in diastolic pressure and total peripheral resistance in the anaesthetized rabbits but not in conscious ones. There was no significant effect on systolic pressure, cardiac output or heart rate. However, in spite of minimal systemic changes, in both groups 5-HT evoked increases in blood flow to the brain, heart and stomach at the expense of the kidneys, skin, liver (hepatic artery) and lungs (bronchial artery plus arteriovenous anastomotic flow). The 10 microgram kg-1 min-1 dose at 5-HT also increased blood flow and decreased resistance in the extracerebral tissues of the head. The significance of these findings in relation to the possible role of 5-HT in the migraine syndrome has been discussed.", "PMID": 679975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4274", "title": "Properties of contractions induced by ouabain and K+-free solution in guinea pig taenia coli.", "content": "The properties of contractions induced by ouabain and by K depletion were studied in comparison with those induced by other stimulants in guinea pig taenia coli. Ouabain 7.5 X 10(-6) M and K depletion produced biphasic contractions with similar time courses. Both contractions were slightly inhibited by low (0.25 mM) and high (7.5 mM) Ca concentrations, while the high K contraction was strongly inhibited by low Ca and potentiated by high Ca. Contractions induced by ouabain and K depletion were highly sensitive to lowering of the temperature and abolished at 15 degrees C, although contractions induced by carbachol 1.1 X 10(-7) M and histamine 5 X 10(-7) M were still observed below 15 degrees C. In Cl deficient solution substituted by SO4 or propionate, contractions induced by ouabain and K depletion were potentiated, while contractions induced by high K, carbachol and histamine were suppressed. These results indicate a striking similarity between contractions induced by ouabain and K depletion suggesting a common mechanism for both contractions.", "contents": "Properties of contractions induced by ouabain and K+-free solution in guinea pig taenia coli. The properties of contractions induced by ouabain and by K depletion were studied in comparison with those induced by other stimulants in guinea pig taenia coli. Ouabain 7.5 X 10(-6) M and K depletion produced biphasic contractions with similar time courses. Both contractions were slightly inhibited by low (0.25 mM) and high (7.5 mM) Ca concentrations, while the high K contraction was strongly inhibited by low Ca and potentiated by high Ca. Contractions induced by ouabain and K depletion were highly sensitive to lowering of the temperature and abolished at 15 degrees C, although contractions induced by carbachol 1.1 X 10(-7) M and histamine 5 X 10(-7) M were still observed below 15 degrees C. In Cl deficient solution substituted by SO4 or propionate, contractions induced by ouabain and K depletion were potentiated, while contractions induced by high K, carbachol and histamine were suppressed. These results indicate a striking similarity between contractions induced by ouabain and K depletion suggesting a common mechanism for both contractions.", "PMID": 679976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4275", "title": "Structure-activity relationships of bradykinin potentiating peptides.", "content": "A number of A-VI-5 (Val-Glu-Ser-Ser-Lys) analogues and fragments were synthetized and tested on bradykinin potentiating activity so as to establish the nature of the active group(s) or structural characteristics of some bradykinin potentiating pentapeptides. It could be concluded that (1) the polar groups of the side-chains, such as the two hydroxyl groups of the serine residues, the omega-carboxyl group of the glutamic acid residue and the omega-amino group of the C-terminal lysine, are not essential for the bradykinin potentiating activity; (2) the chain length (at least 5 amino acids) and the lipophilicity of the N-terminal amino acid as well as the whole peptide are of much more importance; (3) the free N-terminal NH2-group is not essential; (4) aromatic amino acids in position 3 of the peptide chain result in highly active bradykinin potentiating peptides.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships of bradykinin potentiating peptides. A number of A-VI-5 (Val-Glu-Ser-Ser-Lys) analogues and fragments were synthetized and tested on bradykinin potentiating activity so as to establish the nature of the active group(s) or structural characteristics of some bradykinin potentiating pentapeptides. It could be concluded that (1) the polar groups of the side-chains, such as the two hydroxyl groups of the serine residues, the omega-carboxyl group of the glutamic acid residue and the omega-amino group of the C-terminal lysine, are not essential for the bradykinin potentiating activity; (2) the chain length (at least 5 amino acids) and the lipophilicity of the N-terminal amino acid as well as the whole peptide are of much more importance; (3) the free N-terminal NH2-group is not essential; (4) aromatic amino acids in position 3 of the peptide chain result in highly active bradykinin potentiating peptides.", "PMID": 679977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4276", "title": "Effect of papaverine on Ca2+ uptake by a mitochondrial fraction isolated from rat uterine smooth muscle.", "content": "A mitochondrial fraction was isolated from rat uterine smooth muscle. The effect of papaverine (3 X 10(-6), 10(-5), 3 X 10(-5), 10(-4) M) on Ca2+ accumulation by the fraction was studied. The effect of papaverine was changed by using different substrates for Ca2+ accumulation. Papaverine inhibited the Ca2+ accumulation supported by glutamate plus ATP concentration-dependently. The Ca2+ accumulation supported by ATP alone was also inhibited. On the other hand, the Ca2+ accumulation supported by succinate and ATP was increased by papaverine. The effect was not concentration-dependent; papaverine (3 X 10(-5) M) was the most effective concentration for the effect with a shorter incubation (2 min).", "contents": "Effect of papaverine on Ca2+ uptake by a mitochondrial fraction isolated from rat uterine smooth muscle. A mitochondrial fraction was isolated from rat uterine smooth muscle. The effect of papaverine (3 X 10(-6), 10(-5), 3 X 10(-5), 10(-4) M) on Ca2+ accumulation by the fraction was studied. The effect of papaverine was changed by using different substrates for Ca2+ accumulation. Papaverine inhibited the Ca2+ accumulation supported by glutamate plus ATP concentration-dependently. The Ca2+ accumulation supported by ATP alone was also inhibited. On the other hand, the Ca2+ accumulation supported by succinate and ATP was increased by papaverine. The effect was not concentration-dependent; papaverine (3 X 10(-5) M) was the most effective concentration for the effect with a shorter incubation (2 min).", "PMID": 679978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4277", "title": "Bencyclan: a new drug with unusual membrane stabilising properties in erythrocytes.", "content": "Bencyclan, a drug recently introduced to treat peripheral circulatory disease, has been shown to stabilise human erythrocytes in hypotonic saline. Two peaks of maximum stabilisation are present: at 10(-5)--10(-4) M and at 10(-3) M drug concentration.", "contents": "Bencyclan: a new drug with unusual membrane stabilising properties in erythrocytes. Bencyclan, a drug recently introduced to treat peripheral circulatory disease, has been shown to stabilise human erythrocytes in hypotonic saline. Two peaks of maximum stabilisation are present: at 10(-5)--10(-4) M and at 10(-3) M drug concentration.", "PMID": 679979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4278", "title": "Apomorphine-induced locomotor stimulation in developing rats treated with 6-hydroxydopa.", "content": "Apomorphine-induced locomotor stimulation was investigated in the developing rat following injection with 6-hydroxydopa at birth. Treatment with 6-hydroxydopa potentiated locomotor responsiveness to apomorphine in the 20-day-old rat. The 6-hydroxydopa-treated animal at 30 days, however, was less sensitive to the drug than was the control. Apomorphine again elicited more locomotor stimulation in 6-hydroxydopa-treated animals than in the controls on day 50. These results suggest that the altered sensitivity of dopamine receptors induced with 6-hydroxydopa, is influenced by the onset of activity of other \"inhibitory\" neurons on day 30.", "contents": "Apomorphine-induced locomotor stimulation in developing rats treated with 6-hydroxydopa. Apomorphine-induced locomotor stimulation was investigated in the developing rat following injection with 6-hydroxydopa at birth. Treatment with 6-hydroxydopa potentiated locomotor responsiveness to apomorphine in the 20-day-old rat. The 6-hydroxydopa-treated animal at 30 days, however, was less sensitive to the drug than was the control. Apomorphine again elicited more locomotor stimulation in 6-hydroxydopa-treated animals than in the controls on day 50. These results suggest that the altered sensitivity of dopamine receptors induced with 6-hydroxydopa, is influenced by the onset of activity of other \"inhibitory\" neurons on day 30.", "PMID": 679980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4279", "title": "A comparative study of the effects of cinnarizine, sulpiride and thiethylperazine on vestibular nystagmus in rabbits.", "content": "The effects of cinnarizine, sulpiride, thiethylperazine and a placebo on vestibular nystagmus in rabbits were investigated. The nystagmus was provoked by means of a torsion swing. A suppressive effect was shown by all drugs and not by the placebo. A fast and strong effect was seen after the administration of sulpiride, however this effect decreased after 1 h. The onset of the effect of cinnarizine was slower but the effect lasted longer. Thiethylperazine had a clear suppressive effect but less strong and shorter than that of the other two drugs.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effects of cinnarizine, sulpiride and thiethylperazine on vestibular nystagmus in rabbits. The effects of cinnarizine, sulpiride, thiethylperazine and a placebo on vestibular nystagmus in rabbits were investigated. The nystagmus was provoked by means of a torsion swing. A suppressive effect was shown by all drugs and not by the placebo. A fast and strong effect was seen after the administration of sulpiride, however this effect decreased after 1 h. The onset of the effect of cinnarizine was slower but the effect lasted longer. Thiethylperazine had a clear suppressive effect but less strong and shorter than that of the other two drugs.", "PMID": 679981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4280", "title": "Effect of intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine on seizure susceptibility in rats.", "content": "Rats with 60--70% deficits in brain catecholamines produced by the intracisternal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine were examined by 3 tests of seizure susceptibility. In all procedures (minimal and maximal electroshock and flurothyl convulsions) evidence for increased sensitivity to seizures was obtained. All the animals displayed normal rectal temperature at the times of seizure testing and normal blood chemistry at approximately the time of the third seizure test. These observations strengthen the widely held hypothesis that brain catecholaminergic neurons play a fundamental role in governing sensitivity to convulsions.", "contents": "Effect of intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine on seizure susceptibility in rats. Rats with 60--70% deficits in brain catecholamines produced by the intracisternal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine were examined by 3 tests of seizure susceptibility. In all procedures (minimal and maximal electroshock and flurothyl convulsions) evidence for increased sensitivity to seizures was obtained. All the animals displayed normal rectal temperature at the times of seizure testing and normal blood chemistry at approximately the time of the third seizure test. These observations strengthen the widely held hypothesis that brain catecholaminergic neurons play a fundamental role in governing sensitivity to convulsions.", "PMID": 679982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4281", "title": "Sensory defects caused by lesions of the first (SI) and second (SII) somatosensory areas of the dog.", "content": "Dogs were trained to respond to light tactile stimulation of one of two places on either hindlimb and to flashes of light. One stage or sequential, uni- and/or bilateral lesions were then made in SI and/or SII. The lesions encompassed the hindlimb projection areas, and were placed on the basis of electrophysiological mapping made during surgery. Defects attributable to specific somatosensory deficits were observed after lesions involving SII. No such defects were observed after lesions of SI alone. The defects caused by SII lesions were enhanced by previous or simultaneous lesions of SI. The results suggest that SII rather than SI is of primary importance for the recognition of tactile stimuli, but that SI also may be involved in the tactile conditioned reflex, perhaps as a focus for sensory-motor feedback loops.", "contents": "Sensory defects caused by lesions of the first (SI) and second (SII) somatosensory areas of the dog. Dogs were trained to respond to light tactile stimulation of one of two places on either hindlimb and to flashes of light. One stage or sequential, uni- and/or bilateral lesions were then made in SI and/or SII. The lesions encompassed the hindlimb projection areas, and were placed on the basis of electrophysiological mapping made during surgery. Defects attributable to specific somatosensory deficits were observed after lesions involving SII. No such defects were observed after lesions of SI alone. The defects caused by SII lesions were enhanced by previous or simultaneous lesions of SI. The results suggest that SII rather than SI is of primary importance for the recognition of tactile stimuli, but that SI also may be involved in the tactile conditioned reflex, perhaps as a focus for sensory-motor feedback loops.", "PMID": 680038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4282", "title": "Response variability and orientation discrimination of single cells in striate cortex of cat.", "content": "The response of single cells in the striate cortex of cat to a moving light bar of variable orientation was measured by a method providing data on the mean response as well as the standard deviation (SD) at the different stimulus orientations. At the optimal stimulus orientation the SD was about 1/3 of the mean response. Marked differences in this respect were found between simple and complex cells, i.e., the SD for the simple cells was about 1/2 of the mean response and about 1/4 for the complex cells. The variation coefficient (Vc = SD/mean) was minimal at the optimal orientation and increased relatively in the same manner for simple and complex cells as the stimulus orientation was varied away from optimal orientation. The Vc varied with the mean response at optimal orientation in a nonlinear manner. A function is proposed which fits this relationship and which is equally applicable for both simple and complex cells. The mean orientation discrimination (MOD) was defined as that change in orientation angle away from the optimal which produced a response statistically different--on the 1% level--from the response to the optimal orientation. There were differences in MOD between the two sides of the orientation tuning curve: the mean of the smaller of the two values was 13.5 deg and of the larger 19.7 deg. No significant difference in MOD was found between simple and complex cells despite the fact that the halfwidth of the tuning curves for the two cell types was 19.5 deg and 31.6 deg, respectively. The preciseness in localization of the most sensitive part within the receptive field of single cells was calculated from the variability in time of occurrence of the smallest interspike interval. The degree of preciseness was found to be of the order of 1/4 of the receptive field diameter in both simple and complex cells. When nonoptimal stimulus orientations were presented, the preciseness significantly decreased in complex cells whereas it remained unchanged in simple cells. It is suggested that the same type of intracortical wiring produces orientation selectivity in simple and complex cells, and that the differences in tuning width are mainly due to a larger extension of inhibitory fields in the simple cells. Considering the cortical visual cells as elementary units in a network built for orientation detection and discrimination, the tuning width seems of minor importance for that function.", "contents": "Response variability and orientation discrimination of single cells in striate cortex of cat. The response of single cells in the striate cortex of cat to a moving light bar of variable orientation was measured by a method providing data on the mean response as well as the standard deviation (SD) at the different stimulus orientations. At the optimal stimulus orientation the SD was about 1/3 of the mean response. Marked differences in this respect were found between simple and complex cells, i.e., the SD for the simple cells was about 1/2 of the mean response and about 1/4 for the complex cells. The variation coefficient (Vc = SD/mean) was minimal at the optimal orientation and increased relatively in the same manner for simple and complex cells as the stimulus orientation was varied away from optimal orientation. The Vc varied with the mean response at optimal orientation in a nonlinear manner. A function is proposed which fits this relationship and which is equally applicable for both simple and complex cells. The mean orientation discrimination (MOD) was defined as that change in orientation angle away from the optimal which produced a response statistically different--on the 1% level--from the response to the optimal orientation. There were differences in MOD between the two sides of the orientation tuning curve: the mean of the smaller of the two values was 13.5 deg and of the larger 19.7 deg. No significant difference in MOD was found between simple and complex cells despite the fact that the halfwidth of the tuning curves for the two cell types was 19.5 deg and 31.6 deg, respectively. The preciseness in localization of the most sensitive part within the receptive field of single cells was calculated from the variability in time of occurrence of the smallest interspike interval. The degree of preciseness was found to be of the order of 1/4 of the receptive field diameter in both simple and complex cells. When nonoptimal stimulus orientations were presented, the preciseness significantly decreased in complex cells whereas it remained unchanged in simple cells. It is suggested that the same type of intracortical wiring produces orientation selectivity in simple and complex cells, and that the differences in tuning width are mainly due to a larger extension of inhibitory fields in the simple cells. Considering the cortical visual cells as elementary units in a network built for orientation detection and discrimination, the tuning width seems of minor importance for that function.", "PMID": 680039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4283", "title": "Reflexes induced by nerve stimulation in walking cats with implanted cuff electrodes.", "content": "Neural cuffs, implanted around various hindlimb nerves (sural, common peroneal, posterior tibial), were used to deliver brief stimulus trains to unrestrained cats walking on a treadmill. The resulting perturbations of the step cycle were evaluated by analyzing the EMG bursts recorded from the ankle extensors and by high speed cinematography. It was found that relatively weak stimulation (1.4 to 2 X T) of the posterior tibial nerve was very effective in eliciting a prolongation of the flexion phase provided the stimuli were applied just prior to the expected onset of the ankle extensor EMG burst. This ipsilateral hyperflexion was correlated with a prolongation of the contralateral extension. The same stimuli applied during stance usually evoked a yielding of the stimulated leg and a prolongation of the ongoing contralateral stance. In addition to these flexor and extensor reflex effects, it was found that low threshold stimulation of the sural and common peroneal nerves resulted in a powerful reflex activation of the ankle extensors. In contrast, stimulation of the gastrocnemius-soleus nerve (a muscle nerve) produced no discernible behavioral effects, even for stimuli at 3 X T, indicating that the observed reflexes are probably mediated by cutaneous afferents. The results were largely confirmed in experiments using the same cuffs implanted in spontaneously walking premammilliary cats.", "contents": "Reflexes induced by nerve stimulation in walking cats with implanted cuff electrodes. Neural cuffs, implanted around various hindlimb nerves (sural, common peroneal, posterior tibial), were used to deliver brief stimulus trains to unrestrained cats walking on a treadmill. The resulting perturbations of the step cycle were evaluated by analyzing the EMG bursts recorded from the ankle extensors and by high speed cinematography. It was found that relatively weak stimulation (1.4 to 2 X T) of the posterior tibial nerve was very effective in eliciting a prolongation of the flexion phase provided the stimuli were applied just prior to the expected onset of the ankle extensor EMG burst. This ipsilateral hyperflexion was correlated with a prolongation of the contralateral extension. The same stimuli applied during stance usually evoked a yielding of the stimulated leg and a prolongation of the ongoing contralateral stance. In addition to these flexor and extensor reflex effects, it was found that low threshold stimulation of the sural and common peroneal nerves resulted in a powerful reflex activation of the ankle extensors. In contrast, stimulation of the gastrocnemius-soleus nerve (a muscle nerve) produced no discernible behavioral effects, even for stimuli at 3 X T, indicating that the observed reflexes are probably mediated by cutaneous afferents. The results were largely confirmed in experiments using the same cuffs implanted in spontaneously walking premammilliary cats.", "PMID": 680040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4284", "title": "Differences in peripheral and foveal effects observed in stabilized vision.", "content": "Foveal images fade much faster than peripheral images, at light-on as well as at light-off. An opposite result can be obtained, however, in case of unsatisfactory stabilization. The amount and extension of the brightness spreading before the fading depend on the stimulus brightness and its location on the retina. The intensity threshold and the maximal obtainable sharpness of the image decrease towards the periphery, the image becomes wider and sharper on increasing the stimulus intensity. In the foveal area brightness or darkness can be observed (even from stimuli below the foveal threshold) by a filling-in from the periphery, which has a lower threshold. On increasing the stimulus intensity very small pinpoints of light, tiny dots are observable in the foveal area. Each dot measures less than 1 min arc in diameter and is visible for a few hundred milliseconds only. The final sharply contoured foveal percept of a narrow line, observed at higher intensities, is made up of a crowding of these tiny dots. When lines wider than about 10 min arc are used as stimuli these small foveal dots are only seen along the inside contours but not on the (diffuse) interior of the line. In the periphery no tiny dots but only spots of larger size can be observed. At each location of the visual field the final percept seems to be built up from the co-operation of a number of perceptive elements of different sizes. Small elements fade faster, have higher thresholds, habituate more easily on repeated stimulation and become easier activated by small-amplitude stimulus displacements than larger elements. The results described, contradicting some literature date, depend heavily on the quality of the stabilization.", "contents": "Differences in peripheral and foveal effects observed in stabilized vision. Foveal images fade much faster than peripheral images, at light-on as well as at light-off. An opposite result can be obtained, however, in case of unsatisfactory stabilization. The amount and extension of the brightness spreading before the fading depend on the stimulus brightness and its location on the retina. The intensity threshold and the maximal obtainable sharpness of the image decrease towards the periphery, the image becomes wider and sharper on increasing the stimulus intensity. In the foveal area brightness or darkness can be observed (even from stimuli below the foveal threshold) by a filling-in from the periphery, which has a lower threshold. On increasing the stimulus intensity very small pinpoints of light, tiny dots are observable in the foveal area. Each dot measures less than 1 min arc in diameter and is visible for a few hundred milliseconds only. The final sharply contoured foveal percept of a narrow line, observed at higher intensities, is made up of a crowding of these tiny dots. When lines wider than about 10 min arc are used as stimuli these small foveal dots are only seen along the inside contours but not on the (diffuse) interior of the line. In the periphery no tiny dots but only spots of larger size can be observed. At each location of the visual field the final percept seems to be built up from the co-operation of a number of perceptive elements of different sizes. Small elements fade faster, have higher thresholds, habituate more easily on repeated stimulation and become easier activated by small-amplitude stimulus displacements than larger elements. The results described, contradicting some literature date, depend heavily on the quality of the stabilization.", "PMID": 680041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4285", "title": "Spatial summation of responses in receptive fields of single cells in cat striate cortex.", "content": "Spatial summation of responses in striate neurons in cats under N2O/O2 anaesthesia was examined quantitatively both along the line of the optimal stimulus orientation (length summation) using moving light bars and single light and dark edge stimuli, and at right angles to the optimal orientation (width summation) using stationary flashing bars. Activity profiles and length-response curves were prepared from simple, complex and hypercomplex I and II cells. An activity profile indicates the responsiveness of a cell at locations along the length of its receptive field. The activity profiles from all cell types were usually well fitted by Gaussian functions. Length summation occurs both in end-free (simple and complex) and, to a lesser extent, in end-stopped (hypercomplex I and II) cells over a wide range of stimulus contrasts (0.13 to 0.95). The linearity of length summation was tested either by comparing the recorded length-response curves with the curves predicted from the linear integration of the activity profiles or by comparing the response to the activation of two regions of the receptive field with the sum of the responses to each region activated separately. Although length summation was usually non-linear (either greater than or less than direct proportionality) it was more nearly linear in complex than it was in simple and hypercomplex I cells. Mechanisms responsible for non-linear length summation were studied, including a threshold for discharge, response saturation and summation of end-zone inhibition. Complex cells show little width summation for bars wider than 0.3 degrees. In simple and hypercomplex I cells there was also relatively little width summation either in an ON or an OFF discharge region at contrasts above about 0.4 but at lower contrasts width summation may be apporximately linear. Spatial summation of responses does not appear to be a useful characteristic for distinguishing one striate cell type from another.", "contents": "Spatial summation of responses in receptive fields of single cells in cat striate cortex. Spatial summation of responses in striate neurons in cats under N2O/O2 anaesthesia was examined quantitatively both along the line of the optimal stimulus orientation (length summation) using moving light bars and single light and dark edge stimuli, and at right angles to the optimal orientation (width summation) using stationary flashing bars. Activity profiles and length-response curves were prepared from simple, complex and hypercomplex I and II cells. An activity profile indicates the responsiveness of a cell at locations along the length of its receptive field. The activity profiles from all cell types were usually well fitted by Gaussian functions. Length summation occurs both in end-free (simple and complex) and, to a lesser extent, in end-stopped (hypercomplex I and II) cells over a wide range of stimulus contrasts (0.13 to 0.95). The linearity of length summation was tested either by comparing the recorded length-response curves with the curves predicted from the linear integration of the activity profiles or by comparing the response to the activation of two regions of the receptive field with the sum of the responses to each region activated separately. Although length summation was usually non-linear (either greater than or less than direct proportionality) it was more nearly linear in complex than it was in simple and hypercomplex I cells. Mechanisms responsible for non-linear length summation were studied, including a threshold for discharge, response saturation and summation of end-zone inhibition. Complex cells show little width summation for bars wider than 0.3 degrees. In simple and hypercomplex I cells there was also relatively little width summation either in an ON or an OFF discharge region at contrasts above about 0.4 but at lower contrasts width summation may be apporximately linear. Spatial summation of responses does not appear to be a useful characteristic for distinguishing one striate cell type from another.", "PMID": 680042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4286", "title": "A new auditory area of the songbird forebrain: a connection between auditory and song control centers.", "content": "Single unit microelectrode recordings followed by electrolytic lesions which mark the recording sites demonstrate that there is an auditory region of the songbird forebrain that is distinct from and superficial to field L, the primary auditory region of the telencephalon. The location of the superficial auditory area and its large cells suggest identification with HVc, the large-celled telencephalic nucleus which controls song in the canary.", "contents": "A new auditory area of the songbird forebrain: a connection between auditory and song control centers. Single unit microelectrode recordings followed by electrolytic lesions which mark the recording sites demonstrate that there is an auditory region of the songbird forebrain that is distinct from and superficial to field L, the primary auditory region of the telencephalon. The location of the superficial auditory area and its large cells suggest identification with HVc, the large-celled telencephalic nucleus which controls song in the canary.", "PMID": 680043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4287", "title": "Chronic asymmetry in the extraocular muscles of adult cats: stability in binocularity of cortical neurons.", "content": "During the first 2 weeks following unilateral severance of the 6 extraocular eye muscles in adult cats, the operated eye is partially immobile as shown by electrooculographic (EOG) recordings of horizontal eye movements. Although the motility of the operated eye improves with time (mainly in terms of amplitude but also with regard to direction and frequency of movements), it does not reach (up to 2 months) the level of the normal eye. Unit recording was done in visual cortex area 17 of these cats while paralyzed, either immediately (acute group, 5 cats), or 3-60 days (chronic group, 6 cats) following the operation. The number of visually inactive cells was slightly higher in the operated cats (13.8%) than in normal cats (8.3%), but the number of nonoriented cells or cells with disorganized receptive fields was similar in both groups of cats. The proportion of binocularly activated cells in the operated cats, especially in the chronic group (greater than 10 days after the operation, 71.2% of 153 cells), was similar to that of the normal control cats (72.8% of 236 cells). No ocular dominance shift was found when either the operated eye was compared to the normal one or the ipsilateral eye to the contralateral one. It was concluded that distortion of afferent proprioceptive input from the extraocular eye muscles to visual centers has no effect on binocularity of cortical neurons in adult cats.", "contents": "Chronic asymmetry in the extraocular muscles of adult cats: stability in binocularity of cortical neurons. During the first 2 weeks following unilateral severance of the 6 extraocular eye muscles in adult cats, the operated eye is partially immobile as shown by electrooculographic (EOG) recordings of horizontal eye movements. Although the motility of the operated eye improves with time (mainly in terms of amplitude but also with regard to direction and frequency of movements), it does not reach (up to 2 months) the level of the normal eye. Unit recording was done in visual cortex area 17 of these cats while paralyzed, either immediately (acute group, 5 cats), or 3-60 days (chronic group, 6 cats) following the operation. The number of visually inactive cells was slightly higher in the operated cats (13.8%) than in normal cats (8.3%), but the number of nonoriented cells or cells with disorganized receptive fields was similar in both groups of cats. The proportion of binocularly activated cells in the operated cats, especially in the chronic group (greater than 10 days after the operation, 71.2% of 153 cells), was similar to that of the normal control cats (72.8% of 236 cells). No ocular dominance shift was found when either the operated eye was compared to the normal one or the ipsilateral eye to the contralateral one. It was concluded that distortion of afferent proprioceptive input from the extraocular eye muscles to visual centers has no effect on binocularity of cortical neurons in adult cats.", "PMID": 680044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4288", "title": "Discharge patterns in the cochlear nucleus of the chinchilla following noise induced asymptotic threshold shift.", "content": "Chinchillas were exposed to an 86 dB SPL octave band of noise centered at 4.0 kHz for 3.5--5 days. The noise elevated the hearing thresholds between 4.0 and 16.0 kHz to between 60 and 75 dB SPL. Measurements from single neurons in the cochlear nucleus revealed abnormalities in the response properties of neurons with characteristic frequencies (CF) above 2.0 kHz. Units above 2.0 kHz had elevated thresholds (between 50 and 90 dB SPL) and broad tuning curves due to a greater loss in sensitivity near CF than at lower frequencies. The tuning curve Q10dB values for high frequency neurons were generally less than 3.0 and approached the Q10dB values for basilar membrane displacement. Spontaneous activity rates in units above 2.0 kHz were also low. In a few units, the threshold for single tone inhibition was significantly lower than that for excitation; the best inhibitory frequencies were always below 2.0 kHz. Two-tone inhibition was present in both low and high threshold neurons, but its strength was not assessed. Cochleagrams obtained 12 hours postexposure revealed discrete hair cell lesions in the basal third of the cochlea. The locations of the lesions were consistent with the frequencies of maximum hearing loss. The behavioral thresholds and the thresholds at CF  of the most sensitive units were within 10--15 dB of each other. The results indicate that intense sounds reduce the sensitivity, frequency selectivity and spontaneous activity of units in the cochlear nucleus. The findings are similar to those obtained in auditory nerve fibers with ototoxic drugs and hypoxia.", "contents": "Discharge patterns in the cochlear nucleus of the chinchilla following noise induced asymptotic threshold shift. Chinchillas were exposed to an 86 dB SPL octave band of noise centered at 4.0 kHz for 3.5--5 days. The noise elevated the hearing thresholds between 4.0 and 16.0 kHz to between 60 and 75 dB SPL. Measurements from single neurons in the cochlear nucleus revealed abnormalities in the response properties of neurons with characteristic frequencies (CF) above 2.0 kHz. Units above 2.0 kHz had elevated thresholds (between 50 and 90 dB SPL) and broad tuning curves due to a greater loss in sensitivity near CF than at lower frequencies. The tuning curve Q10dB values for high frequency neurons were generally less than 3.0 and approached the Q10dB values for basilar membrane displacement. Spontaneous activity rates in units above 2.0 kHz were also low. In a few units, the threshold for single tone inhibition was significantly lower than that for excitation; the best inhibitory frequencies were always below 2.0 kHz. Two-tone inhibition was present in both low and high threshold neurons, but its strength was not assessed. Cochleagrams obtained 12 hours postexposure revealed discrete hair cell lesions in the basal third of the cochlea. The locations of the lesions were consistent with the frequencies of maximum hearing loss. The behavioral thresholds and the thresholds at CF  of the most sensitive units were within 10--15 dB of each other. The results indicate that intense sounds reduce the sensitivity, frequency selectivity and spontaneous activity of units in the cochlear nucleus. The findings are similar to those obtained in auditory nerve fibers with ototoxic drugs and hypoxia.", "PMID": 680046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4289", "title": "The prefrontal cortex of the cat: anatomical subdivisions based on retrograde labeling of cells in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.", "content": "Different areas of the frontal cortex of the cat were injected with small amounts of horseradish peroxidase. The region of labeled cells in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) were related to the injected areas. Distinct relations between subdivisions of MD and of the prefrontal cortex were established: a rather large central sector of MD projects to the gyrus proreus and the anterior parts of the gyri sigmoideus, rectus, and frontalis. A narrow lateral band of anterior MD neurons projects predominantly to an area on both sides of the sulcus praesylvius, whereas a postero-lateral band sends fibers to a region on the ventral anterior sylvian gyrus. The area between the presylvian sulcus and the sylvian gyrus is apparently free of MD afferents, but not of other thalamic afferents. A fourth sector of MD, situated dorsomedially, projects to the middle parts of the gyri rectus and frontalis. And a fifth sector, located ventrally to the dorsomedial MD sector, projects to the ventral part of the gyrus rectus. The established subfields of MD and of the prefrontal cortex are discussed with respect to previous anatomical research in the cat.", "contents": "The prefrontal cortex of the cat: anatomical subdivisions based on retrograde labeling of cells in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Different areas of the frontal cortex of the cat were injected with small amounts of horseradish peroxidase. The region of labeled cells in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) were related to the injected areas. Distinct relations between subdivisions of MD and of the prefrontal cortex were established: a rather large central sector of MD projects to the gyrus proreus and the anterior parts of the gyri sigmoideus, rectus, and frontalis. A narrow lateral band of anterior MD neurons projects predominantly to an area on both sides of the sulcus praesylvius, whereas a postero-lateral band sends fibers to a region on the ventral anterior sylvian gyrus. The area between the presylvian sulcus and the sylvian gyrus is apparently free of MD afferents, but not of other thalamic afferents. A fourth sector of MD, situated dorsomedially, projects to the middle parts of the gyri rectus and frontalis. And a fifth sector, located ventrally to the dorsomedial MD sector, projects to the ventral part of the gyrus rectus. The established subfields of MD and of the prefrontal cortex are discussed with respect to previous anatomical research in the cat.", "PMID": 680047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4290", "title": "Electrophysiological properties of identified output neurons of the rat substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata): evidences for the existence of branched neurons.", "content": "In Ketamine-anaesthetized rats the nigral efferents to the ipsilateral striatum, to both VL/VM thalamic nuclei and to both superior colliculi were studied. Nigral output neurons were antidromically activated from these target nuclei and characterized by their spontaneous activity and cellular localization within the substantia nigra. Neurons in the pars compacta, which give rise to the dopaminergic nigro-striatal pathway, exhibited a low spontaneous discharg rate (3 to 6/sec) and their axon had a slow conduction velocity (0.33 to 1 m/sec). They were antidromically activated from the striatum only. Neurons in the pars reticulata were characterized by a higher spontaneous activity (20 to 40/sec) anda faster conduction velocity (1.9 m/sec to 10 m/sec). They were antidromically activated from the thalamus, superior colliculus and striatum. Furthermore, some of these neurons were found to have branching axons projecting at least to two of the different target nuclei studied.", "contents": "Electrophysiological properties of identified output neurons of the rat substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata): evidences for the existence of branched neurons. In Ketamine-anaesthetized rats the nigral efferents to the ipsilateral striatum, to both VL/VM thalamic nuclei and to both superior colliculi were studied. Nigral output neurons were antidromically activated from these target nuclei and characterized by their spontaneous activity and cellular localization within the substantia nigra. Neurons in the pars compacta, which give rise to the dopaminergic nigro-striatal pathway, exhibited a low spontaneous discharg rate (3 to 6/sec) and their axon had a slow conduction velocity (0.33 to 1 m/sec). They were antidromically activated from the striatum only. Neurons in the pars reticulata were characterized by a higher spontaneous activity (20 to 40/sec) anda faster conduction velocity (1.9 m/sec to 10 m/sec). They were antidromically activated from the thalamus, superior colliculus and striatum. Furthermore, some of these neurons were found to have branching axons projecting at least to two of the different target nuclei studied.", "PMID": 680048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4291", "title": "Influence of a low-frequency tone on the sensitivity of primary auditory neurons: two fiber populations.", "content": "The influence of biasing low-frequency tone on the sensitivity of primary auditory nerve fibers to tone bursts at the characteristic frequency is determined. In 7% of the investigated fibers the sensitivity varied systematically with the position of the tone burst within the low-frequency tone period. In the remaining 93% of fibers this dependence was not observed. A comparison of the ratio of these numbers with the ratio of fibers from inner and outer hair cells leads to the suggestion that different responses stem from fibers innervating different types of hair cells.", "contents": "Influence of a low-frequency tone on the sensitivity of primary auditory neurons: two fiber populations. The influence of biasing low-frequency tone on the sensitivity of primary auditory nerve fibers to tone bursts at the characteristic frequency is determined. In 7% of the investigated fibers the sensitivity varied systematically with the position of the tone burst within the low-frequency tone period. In the remaining 93% of fibers this dependence was not observed. A comparison of the ratio of these numbers with the ratio of fibers from inner and outer hair cells leads to the suggestion that different responses stem from fibers innervating different types of hair cells.", "PMID": 680049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4292", "title": "Time course of the disappearance of pineal noradrenaline following superior cervical ganglionectomy.", "content": "Pineal glands were collected from superior cervical ganglionectomized (SCGX) and sham-treated rats at time intervals following surgical manipulation. Pineal noradrenaline (NA) levels were quantitated by a radioisotopic-enzyme technique, or the pineals were examined by histofluorescence or electron microscopic techniques. A significant decline in pineal NA content was observed by 12 hours with a virtual disappearance of NA by 24 hours following SCGX. The depletion of NA content correlated with the disappearance of synaptic vesicles and the appearance of generalized fine structural degeneration of the sympathetic nerve endings in the pineals. Then results indicate that less than one day is required to remove all of the potentially, functional neurotransmitter from the denervated pineal gland. These observations agree closely with the time course of degeneration of other sympathetic nerve terminals following SCGX.", "contents": "Time course of the disappearance of pineal noradrenaline following superior cervical ganglionectomy. Pineal glands were collected from superior cervical ganglionectomized (SCGX) and sham-treated rats at time intervals following surgical manipulation. Pineal noradrenaline (NA) levels were quantitated by a radioisotopic-enzyme technique, or the pineals were examined by histofluorescence or electron microscopic techniques. A significant decline in pineal NA content was observed by 12 hours with a virtual disappearance of NA by 24 hours following SCGX. The depletion of NA content correlated with the disappearance of synaptic vesicles and the appearance of generalized fine structural degeneration of the sympathetic nerve endings in the pineals. Then results indicate that less than one day is required to remove all of the potentially, functional neurotransmitter from the denervated pineal gland. These observations agree closely with the time course of degeneration of other sympathetic nerve terminals following SCGX.", "PMID": 680050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4293", "title": "Connections of behaviorally identified cat omnipause neurons.", "content": "The afferent and efferent connections of omnipause neurons involved in saccadic eye movements were studied electrophysiologically in ketamine anesthetized cats. Omnipause neurons were identified by their characteristic discharge pattern which was qualitatively unaltered by ketamine anesthesia.", "contents": "Connections of behaviorally identified cat omnipause neurons. The afferent and efferent connections of omnipause neurons involved in saccadic eye movements were studied electrophysiologically in ketamine anesthetized cats. Omnipause neurons were identified by their characteristic discharge pattern which was qualitatively unaltered by ketamine anesthesia.", "PMID": 680051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4294", "title": "Erythrocytophagocytosis by arterial smooth muscle cells in experimental atherosclerosis.", "content": "The morphological examination of advanced atherosclerosis caused by atherogenic diet in the coronary arteries and in the aorta abdominalis (trifurcation) of pigs showed plaque hemorrhage and signs of vascularisation. In these areas phagocytosis of erythrocytes could be observed. The cells involved in the phagocytic process vary considerably in size and shape but show common features of arterial smooth muscle cells. The modulation of smooth muscle cells is evident and progresses as the process of phagocytosis progresses. In early stages of erythrocyte engulfment the morphological characteristics which identify these cells as of smooth muscle origin are parts of surrounding basement membrane, caveolae intracellulares and myofilaments. The authors suggest, that under certain conditions arterial smooth muscle cells participate in phagocytic processes in the injured vessel wall as potential macrophages with lysosomal enzyme adaptation. Changes in extracellular surroundings and the actual situation of the vessel wall condition seem to play an important role in the induction of phagocytosis. Relations to vascularisation processes of the arterial plaques are evident.", "contents": "Erythrocytophagocytosis by arterial smooth muscle cells in experimental atherosclerosis. The morphological examination of advanced atherosclerosis caused by atherogenic diet in the coronary arteries and in the aorta abdominalis (trifurcation) of pigs showed plaque hemorrhage and signs of vascularisation. In these areas phagocytosis of erythrocytes could be observed. The cells involved in the phagocytic process vary considerably in size and shape but show common features of arterial smooth muscle cells. The modulation of smooth muscle cells is evident and progresses as the process of phagocytosis progresses. In early stages of erythrocyte engulfment the morphological characteristics which identify these cells as of smooth muscle origin are parts of surrounding basement membrane, caveolae intracellulares and myofilaments. The authors suggest, that under certain conditions arterial smooth muscle cells participate in phagocytic processes in the injured vessel wall as potential macrophages with lysosomal enzyme adaptation. Changes in extracellular surroundings and the actual situation of the vessel wall condition seem to play an important role in the induction of phagocytosis. Relations to vascularisation processes of the arterial plaques are evident.", "PMID": 680084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4295", "title": "Collagen-bound glycoprotein of Guerin epithelioma.", "content": "The polymeric collagen of Guerin epithelioma is strongly bound to a large amount of noncollagenous substance. Almost full dissociation of this complex was achieved by heating in 7 Murea, at 100 degrees C for 4 hours. The collagen bound substance was identified as an acidic glycoprotein containing glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine and M-acetylneuraminic acid. Heterogeneity of this substance in regard to molecular weight was found.", "contents": "Collagen-bound glycoprotein of Guerin epithelioma. The polymeric collagen of Guerin epithelioma is strongly bound to a large amount of noncollagenous substance. Almost full dissociation of this complex was achieved by heating in 7 Murea, at 100 degrees C for 4 hours. The collagen bound substance was identified as an acidic glycoprotein containing glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine and M-acetylneuraminic acid. Heterogeneity of this substance in regard to molecular weight was found.", "PMID": 680085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4296", "title": "Structural changes in brain mitochondria of mice subjected to hyperthermia.", "content": "Structural changes in brain mitochondria of mice subjected to hyperthermia have been examined under the electron microscope. In electronmicrographs of mice heated up to 41 degrees C the mitochondria were slightly damaged and those heated up to 42 degrees C showed marked destruction.", "contents": "Structural changes in brain mitochondria of mice subjected to hyperthermia. Structural changes in brain mitochondria of mice subjected to hyperthermia have been examined under the electron microscope. In electronmicrographs of mice heated up to 41 degrees C the mitochondria were slightly damaged and those heated up to 42 degrees C showed marked destruction.", "PMID": 680086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4297", "title": "Differential response to chick skeletal muscle to denervation. A histopathological study with reference to lipid and lipase distribution.", "content": "The effects of denervation on the three gastrocnemii muscle of chick have been studied with regard to the lipid and lipase distribution on the different fibre types, for a maximum period of 8 weeks after unilateral sciatectomy. The observations exhibit a loss of intrafibrillar lipids which is not on account of enhanced lipolytic activity within the muscle fibres. The lipases also exhibit lowered intrafibrillar activity during the corresponding period and may be one of the several lytic enzymes responsible for the degenerative changes in the muscle cells. The differential response of the three muscles, the muscle bundles in each of them and the different fibre types, to denervation, has been explained on the basis of the balance maintained between the trophic and the intrinsic regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "Differential response to chick skeletal muscle to denervation. A histopathological study with reference to lipid and lipase distribution. The effects of denervation on the three gastrocnemii muscle of chick have been studied with regard to the lipid and lipase distribution on the different fibre types, for a maximum period of 8 weeks after unilateral sciatectomy. The observations exhibit a loss of intrafibrillar lipids which is not on account of enhanced lipolytic activity within the muscle fibres. The lipases also exhibit lowered intrafibrillar activity during the corresponding period and may be one of the several lytic enzymes responsible for the degenerative changes in the muscle cells. The differential response of the three muscles, the muscle bundles in each of them and the different fibre types, to denervation, has been explained on the basis of the balance maintained between the trophic and the intrinsic regulatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 680087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4298", "title": "Distinct muscarinic mediation of suspected dopaminergic activity in sympathetic ganglions.", "content": "The competitive neuromuscular blocking agents, gallamine and pancuronium, enhanced the nictitating membrane contraction, in the cat, resulting from muscarine ganglionic transmission. Inhibition of ganglionic muscarinic hyperpolarization, in response to short tetanic bouts of preganglionic cervical sympathetic stimulation, was an associated event and is considered by us to be causally related. The neuroleptic drug, haloperidol, enhanced ganglionic hyperpolarization under similar stimulatory conditions, and reduced the nictitating membrane contraction elicited via ganglionic muscarine pathways, effects opposite to those produced by the skeletal muscle relaxants. Apomorphine reduced both ganglionic hyperpolarization and the ganglionic muscarinic-induced nictitating membrane contractions. The action of gallamine and pancuronium conforms to a speculative cholinergic antagonism at the specific muscarinic receptors, termed Mi, on the ganglionic dopaminergic interneuron. Haloperiodol and apomorphine are anticipated to be exerting distinct antagonistic and agonistic actions, respectively, on prejunctional dopamine receptors of the ganglionic interneuron. Ganglionic slow depolarization mediated through the muscarinic receptors, termed Me, was unaltered by any of the agents studied.", "contents": "Distinct muscarinic mediation of suspected dopaminergic activity in sympathetic ganglions. The competitive neuromuscular blocking agents, gallamine and pancuronium, enhanced the nictitating membrane contraction, in the cat, resulting from muscarine ganglionic transmission. Inhibition of ganglionic muscarinic hyperpolarization, in response to short tetanic bouts of preganglionic cervical sympathetic stimulation, was an associated event and is considered by us to be causally related. The neuroleptic drug, haloperidol, enhanced ganglionic hyperpolarization under similar stimulatory conditions, and reduced the nictitating membrane contraction elicited via ganglionic muscarine pathways, effects opposite to those produced by the skeletal muscle relaxants. Apomorphine reduced both ganglionic hyperpolarization and the ganglionic muscarinic-induced nictitating membrane contractions. The action of gallamine and pancuronium conforms to a speculative cholinergic antagonism at the specific muscarinic receptors, termed Mi, on the ganglionic dopaminergic interneuron. Haloperiodol and apomorphine are anticipated to be exerting distinct antagonistic and agonistic actions, respectively, on prejunctional dopamine receptors of the ganglionic interneuron. Ganglionic slow depolarization mediated through the muscarinic receptors, termed Me, was unaltered by any of the agents studied.", "PMID": 680146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4299", "title": "Amenorrhea-etiologic approach to diagnosis.", "content": "Amenorrhea is a ubiquitous problem, and clearly tangible causes are evident only in a relatively small number of patients. The clinician should proceed cautiously and select appropriate laboratory studies which will be of maximal benefit to the patient. While the evaluation of endogenous estrogen, skull x-rays, and serum gonadotropin levels are in progress, a continued dialogue with the patient must continue in order to identify factors that may contribute to psychogenic amenorrhea. Continued studies in the area of neuroendocrinology may help to clarify the relationship between the functions of the neocortex and gonadotropin production. Advancements in this area should help the clinician in his attempts to separate dysfunction from organic pathology. Meanwhile, the approach to amenorrhea should be tempered by a constant vigilance for pituitary tumors. The physician must always be aware of the role of psychosocial and nutritional factors in the interruption of the cyclinic mechanism.", "contents": "Amenorrhea-etiologic approach to diagnosis. Amenorrhea is a ubiquitous problem, and clearly tangible causes are evident only in a relatively small number of patients. The clinician should proceed cautiously and select appropriate laboratory studies which will be of maximal benefit to the patient. While the evaluation of endogenous estrogen, skull x-rays, and serum gonadotropin levels are in progress, a continued dialogue with the patient must continue in order to identify factors that may contribute to psychogenic amenorrhea. Continued studies in the area of neuroendocrinology may help to clarify the relationship between the functions of the neocortex and gonadotropin production. Advancements in this area should help the clinician in his attempts to separate dysfunction from organic pathology. Meanwhile, the approach to amenorrhea should be tempered by a constant vigilance for pituitary tumors. The physician must always be aware of the role of psychosocial and nutritional factors in the interruption of the cyclinic mechanism.", "PMID": 680176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4300", "title": "Spontaneous pregnancy during the infertility evaluation.", "content": "Of 299 patients evaluated for infertility between July 1, 1974, and December 31, 1976, 21 (7.2%) became pregnant during the initial evaluation prior to any recognized therapy. A comparative analysis was made between these 21 couples and the 223 completely evaluated infertility couples. No significant difference in sexual, psychiatric, or menstrual history was found. There was a significantly increased incidence of low coital frequency in the pregnancy group (P less than 0.01). The mean duration of infertility was also significantly less (1.6 years versus 2.9 years) in the pregnancy group. It is concluded that the majority of patients who become pregnant during an evaluation for infertility do so because of prior low coital exposure. There was no evidence in this study to support the concept that psychophysiologic factors were altered in these 21 couples during the initial clinical visits.", "contents": "Spontaneous pregnancy during the infertility evaluation. Of 299 patients evaluated for infertility between July 1, 1974, and December 31, 1976, 21 (7.2%) became pregnant during the initial evaluation prior to any recognized therapy. A comparative analysis was made between these 21 couples and the 223 completely evaluated infertility couples. No significant difference in sexual, psychiatric, or menstrual history was found. There was a significantly increased incidence of low coital frequency in the pregnancy group (P less than 0.01). The mean duration of infertility was also significantly less (1.6 years versus 2.9 years) in the pregnancy group. It is concluded that the majority of patients who become pregnant during an evaluation for infertility do so because of prior low coital exposure. There was no evidence in this study to support the concept that psychophysiologic factors were altered in these 21 couples during the initial clinical visits.", "PMID": 680180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4301", "title": "Profile of women requesting reversal of sterilization.", "content": "One hundred consecutive patients requesting reversal of sterilization have been analyzed. At the time of sterilization 52% were 25 years old or under and 89% were 30 years old or under. Fifty-three patients were not in a stable marital relationship. The mean number of children per patient was 2.39. Two-thirds of the 47 patients who underwent pueperal sterilization regretted their decision within the 1st year. Twenty-six percent of the patients felt psychologically adversely affected by the procedure. The reason for requesting reversal of sterilization in the majority (63%) was a change in marital status. Other reasons were crib death (17%), desire for more children (10%), psychologic factors (6%) accidental tragedies (4%).", "contents": "Profile of women requesting reversal of sterilization. One hundred consecutive patients requesting reversal of sterilization have been analyzed. At the time of sterilization 52% were 25 years old or under and 89% were 30 years old or under. Fifty-three patients were not in a stable marital relationship. The mean number of children per patient was 2.39. Two-thirds of the 47 patients who underwent pueperal sterilization regretted their decision within the 1st year. Twenty-six percent of the patients felt psychologically adversely affected by the procedure. The reason for requesting reversal of sterilization in the majority (63%) was a change in marital status. Other reasons were crib death (17%), desire for more children (10%), psychologic factors (6%) accidental tragedies (4%).", "PMID": 680181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4302", "title": "Release of prolactin during pregnancy: effect of sulpiride.", "content": "The aim of this trial was to study the prolactin-releasing capacity of the pituitary during pregnancy by means of an acute stimulation with sulpiride. Thirty women with normal pregnancies were included in the study (first trimester, nine women; second trimester, eleven women thir trimester, ten women). Each woman received an intramusclar injection of 100 mg of sulpiride sulfate between 8 and 9 A.M. Three similar groups received injections of a saline solution. Blood samples were obtained before and 30 and 60 minutes after the injection. In each sample the prolactin concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. Basal prolactin levels increased during pregnancy. Significant responses to sulpiride were observed during the three stages of pregnancy, and the levels in the second and third trimesters were higher than those in the firsttrimester. The prolactin-releasing capacity of the pituitary, as judged by the response to sulpiride, seems to be maintained during pregnancy.", "contents": "Release of prolactin during pregnancy: effect of sulpiride. The aim of this trial was to study the prolactin-releasing capacity of the pituitary during pregnancy by means of an acute stimulation with sulpiride. Thirty women with normal pregnancies were included in the study (first trimester, nine women; second trimester, eleven women thir trimester, ten women). Each woman received an intramusclar injection of 100 mg of sulpiride sulfate between 8 and 9 A.M. Three similar groups received injections of a saline solution. Blood samples were obtained before and 30 and 60 minutes after the injection. In each sample the prolactin concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. Basal prolactin levels increased during pregnancy. Significant responses to sulpiride were observed during the three stages of pregnancy, and the levels in the second and third trimesters were higher than those in the firsttrimester. The prolactin-releasing capacity of the pituitary, as judged by the response to sulpiride, seems to be maintained during pregnancy.", "PMID": 680182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4303", "title": "Salpingitis in ovarian endometriosis.", "content": "A histologic study of 87 cases of ovarian endometriosis with salpingectomy revealed 29 cases (33%) in which the removed fallopian tubes showed chronic salpingitis. Tubal obstruction could be demonstrated in only one of these patients. Tubo-ovarian adhesions were found in 15 patients (17%) and in only 7 of these in association with salpingitis. Although the patients in the present series did not consult their physicians because of infertility, but rather for other symptoms related to pelvic endometriosis, the finding of chronic salpingitis in 33% of the cases suggests that salpingitis may play a role in the infertility associated with endometriosis, possibly through altered tubal secretion.", "contents": "Salpingitis in ovarian endometriosis. A histologic study of 87 cases of ovarian endometriosis with salpingectomy revealed 29 cases (33%) in which the removed fallopian tubes showed chronic salpingitis. Tubal obstruction could be demonstrated in only one of these patients. Tubo-ovarian adhesions were found in 15 patients (17%) and in only 7 of these in association with salpingitis. Although the patients in the present series did not consult their physicians because of infertility, but rather for other symptoms related to pelvic endometriosis, the finding of chronic salpingitis in 33% of the cases suggests that salpingitis may play a role in the infertility associated with endometriosis, possibly through altered tubal secretion.", "PMID": 680183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4304", "title": "Corrosion of copper in utero.", "content": "The influence of corrosion on the copper wire in the Copper T-200 intrauterine device (IUD) was studied in devices which had been in utero for 3 to 52 months. This was done mainly by examining cross-sections of the wires under a light microscope. Corrosion was normally localized to narrow areas and led to breakage and fragmentation of the copper wire. Neither deposits on the wire nor corrosion products prevented the dissolution of the copper. The progress of the corrosion over a given time was determined by comparing the depth of corrosion with the original dimension of the wire. The lifetime of the IUD was evaluated on the basis of the progress of corrosion, the calculated copper release, and the number of cases of wire breakage. It was found that the Copper T-200 could be left in place for up to 45 months.", "contents": "Corrosion of copper in utero. The influence of corrosion on the copper wire in the Copper T-200 intrauterine device (IUD) was studied in devices which had been in utero for 3 to 52 months. This was done mainly by examining cross-sections of the wires under a light microscope. Corrosion was normally localized to narrow areas and led to breakage and fragmentation of the copper wire. Neither deposits on the wire nor corrosion products prevented the dissolution of the copper. The progress of the corrosion over a given time was determined by comparing the depth of corrosion with the original dimension of the wire. The lifetime of the IUD was evaluated on the basis of the progress of corrosion, the calculated copper release, and the number of cases of wire breakage. It was found that the Copper T-200 could be left in place for up to 45 months.", "PMID": 680184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4305", "title": "A simultaneous assay to quantitate plasma and endometrial hormone concentrations.", "content": "A method for radioimmunoassay determination of hormones in both plasma and endometrium is presented. Total estrogen (TE) and progesterone (P) concentrations were measured simultaneously in plasma and endometrium in 59 women throughout the menstrual cycle. TE values in endometrium showed an increase of 0.45 ng/gm wet tissue weight on days 7 to 9, reaching a peak of 4.89 ng/gm wet weight at midcycle; values of 2.2 ng/gm wet weight were constant during the secretory phase. The endometrial P concentrations were 5.31 and 44.93 ng/gm wet weight during the proliferative and luteal phases, respectively. Plasma P levels during the proliferative phase were below 1 ng/ml, in comparison with values above 5.71 ng/ml during the luteal phase. The quadratic coefficients of correlation between plasma and endometrial concentrations of TE and P were 0.8 and 0.9, respectively, indicating that under such conditions modifications in the amount of circulating hormones are reflected in the target tissue. These simultaneous studies may permit further investigation of the role of circulationg hormones in local biologic phenomena.", "contents": "A simultaneous assay to quantitate plasma and endometrial hormone concentrations. A method for radioimmunoassay determination of hormones in both plasma and endometrium is presented. Total estrogen (TE) and progesterone (P) concentrations were measured simultaneously in plasma and endometrium in 59 women throughout the menstrual cycle. TE values in endometrium showed an increase of 0.45 ng/gm wet tissue weight on days 7 to 9, reaching a peak of 4.89 ng/gm wet weight at midcycle; values of 2.2 ng/gm wet weight were constant during the secretory phase. The endometrial P concentrations were 5.31 and 44.93 ng/gm wet weight during the proliferative and luteal phases, respectively. Plasma P levels during the proliferative phase were below 1 ng/ml, in comparison with values above 5.71 ng/ml during the luteal phase. The quadratic coefficients of correlation between plasma and endometrial concentrations of TE and P were 0.8 and 0.9, respectively, indicating that under such conditions modifications in the amount of circulating hormones are reflected in the target tissue. These simultaneous studies may permit further investigation of the role of circulationg hormones in local biologic phenomena.", "PMID": 680185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4306", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on egg transport and in vivo egg recovery from the vaginas of rabbits.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on egg transport and vaginal egg recovery were examined in rabbits. Little disturbance of egg transport was induced by an injection of 2 or 5 mg/kg of PGF2alpha 12 hours after mating. A remarkable disturbance of egg transport was seen when 5 mg/kg were injected 22 hours after mating. The administration of PGF2alpha24 hours after mating led to maximal vaginal egg recovery: 48.4% and 54.8% of eggs were recovered by 51 hours after treatment, and implantation rates were 3.2% and 6.5% after treatment with 2 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. The earliest eggs were recovered vaginally 3 hours after administration of PGF2alpha at 24, 36, 48, or 96 hours after mating. The recovery of slightly bloody washing fluids at the first and second vaginal washings in animals treated 24 or 36 hours after mating appears to indicate that severe uterine contractions were induced by PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on egg transport and in vivo egg recovery from the vaginas of rabbits. The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on egg transport and vaginal egg recovery were examined in rabbits. Little disturbance of egg transport was induced by an injection of 2 or 5 mg/kg of PGF2alpha 12 hours after mating. A remarkable disturbance of egg transport was seen when 5 mg/kg were injected 22 hours after mating. The administration of PGF2alpha24 hours after mating led to maximal vaginal egg recovery: 48.4% and 54.8% of eggs were recovered by 51 hours after treatment, and implantation rates were 3.2% and 6.5% after treatment with 2 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. The earliest eggs were recovered vaginally 3 hours after administration of PGF2alpha at 24, 36, 48, or 96 hours after mating. The recovery of slightly bloody washing fluids at the first and second vaginal washings in animals treated 24 or 36 hours after mating appears to indicate that severe uterine contractions were induced by PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 680187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4307", "title": "Interruption of pregnancy in rats by azastene, an inhibitor of ovarian and adrenal steroidogenesis.", "content": "Azastene (4,4,17alpha-trimethylandrost-5-eno[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol), when given orally to rats at a dose of 12 mg/kg once on day 10 of pregnancy, induced resorption of all fetuses and a precipitous decline of circulating progesterone levels in all test animals. The disruption of pregnancy was prevented by a single, concurrent, subcutaneous injection of progesterone (4 mg/rat). Thus, the interruption of pregnancy occurs via an acute, short-term, reversible progesterone withdrawal. The reduction of progesterone levels is brought about by competitive inhibition of ovarian 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Despite its potency as an interceptive agent, azastene exhibited only moderate endocrine-related effects if given daily for 2 weeks to female rats at doses as high as 1000 mg/kg. Those effects were an increase in the number of vaginal estrous days and a dose-related increase in adrenal weight. The latter effect is consistent with the known adrenal inhibitory properties of this drug.", "contents": "Interruption of pregnancy in rats by azastene, an inhibitor of ovarian and adrenal steroidogenesis. Azastene (4,4,17alpha-trimethylandrost-5-eno[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol), when given orally to rats at a dose of 12 mg/kg once on day 10 of pregnancy, induced resorption of all fetuses and a precipitous decline of circulating progesterone levels in all test animals. The disruption of pregnancy was prevented by a single, concurrent, subcutaneous injection of progesterone (4 mg/rat). Thus, the interruption of pregnancy occurs via an acute, short-term, reversible progesterone withdrawal. The reduction of progesterone levels is brought about by competitive inhibition of ovarian 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Despite its potency as an interceptive agent, azastene exhibited only moderate endocrine-related effects if given daily for 2 weeks to female rats at doses as high as 1000 mg/kg. Those effects were an increase in the number of vaginal estrous days and a dose-related increase in adrenal weight. The latter effect is consistent with the known adrenal inhibitory properties of this drug.", "PMID": 680188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4308", "title": "Hormonal factors related to the incidence of testicular tumors in male pseudohermaphrodite rats.", "content": "Pieces of testicular tumor from male pseudohermaphrodite (tfm) rats were transplanted between the skin and body wall musculature of 4-day-old female, male, and tfm hosts and to the anterior chambers of the eyes of gonadectomized and intact adult tfm, female, and male hosts. These transplants grew in all hosts except normal males. To determine whether these tumors were hormone-dependent, the levels of circulating gonadotropins were measured in all host types to ascertain which were low in the males and high in all of the others. Prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were measured in intact and castrated normal and tfm rats. Normal males had low levels of prolactin, estrogen, LH, and FSH; however, transplants grew well in other hosts with low titers of these hormones. Except for normal males, all hosts had high serum levels of LH. Thus, testicular tumors in tfm rats appear to be LH-dependent.", "contents": "Hormonal factors related to the incidence of testicular tumors in male pseudohermaphrodite rats. Pieces of testicular tumor from male pseudohermaphrodite (tfm) rats were transplanted between the skin and body wall musculature of 4-day-old female, male, and tfm hosts and to the anterior chambers of the eyes of gonadectomized and intact adult tfm, female, and male hosts. These transplants grew in all hosts except normal males. To determine whether these tumors were hormone-dependent, the levels of circulating gonadotropins were measured in all host types to ascertain which were low in the males and high in all of the others. Prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were measured in intact and castrated normal and tfm rats. Normal males had low levels of prolactin, estrogen, LH, and FSH; however, transplants grew well in other hosts with low titers of these hormones. Except for normal males, all hosts had high serum levels of LH. Thus, testicular tumors in tfm rats appear to be LH-dependent.", "PMID": 680189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4309", "title": "Nursing-mediated prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion during puerperal lactation.", "content": "Alterations in plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations in response to nursing in puerperally lactating women are often significant beyond the 90th postpartum day, yet the increment appears unrelated to the frequency or duration of the nursing stimulus. Tonic gonadotropin secretion is low, assuming a more episodic secretory pattern either when the frequency of breast-feeding is reduced or when weaning takes place. Significant increments in peripheral concentrations of luteinizing hormone can be seen in response to weaning coincident with a fall in peripheral plasma PRL concentration. At the same time, peripheral estrogen concentrations increase, suggesting that a specific set point for ovarian responsiveness to gonadotropins exists. Whether this set point is related solely to the peripheral concentration of gonadotropins or whether it is also related to the peripheral PRL concentration is not known at this time.", "contents": "Nursing-mediated prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion during puerperal lactation. Alterations in plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations in response to nursing in puerperally lactating women are often significant beyond the 90th postpartum day, yet the increment appears unrelated to the frequency or duration of the nursing stimulus. Tonic gonadotropin secretion is low, assuming a more episodic secretory pattern either when the frequency of breast-feeding is reduced or when weaning takes place. Significant increments in peripheral concentrations of luteinizing hormone can be seen in response to weaning coincident with a fall in peripheral plasma PRL concentration. At the same time, peripheral estrogen concentrations increase, suggesting that a specific set point for ovarian responsiveness to gonadotropins exists. Whether this set point is related solely to the peripheral concentration of gonadotropins or whether it is also related to the peripheral PRL concentration is not known at this time.", "PMID": 680192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4310", "title": "Human cervical mucus. IV. Viscoelasticity and sperm penetrability during the ovulatory menstrual cycle.", "content": "Quantitative viscoelastic and sperm penetration measurements were made on individual human cervial mucus samples collected from several ovulatory menstrual cycles. An inverse relationship was found to exist between these two mucus properties, with peak penetrability seen during the ovulatory phase of the cycle when viscoelasticity was lowest. Limited sperm penetration was also observed with follicular phase mucus. When mucus was collected three times daily, the first sample of the day showed reduced pH values and elevated percentage of nondialyzable solids (NDS) and viscoelastcity. Rates of mucus production were calculated for two cycles; the highest rate was seen during the ovulatory phase, with the follicular and luteal phases showing approximately 50% and 30% of this rate, respectively. Limited disparities were noted between midcycle changes in percentage of mucus NDS and viscoelasticity and in blood levels of total estrogens.", "contents": "Human cervical mucus. IV. Viscoelasticity and sperm penetrability during the ovulatory menstrual cycle. Quantitative viscoelastic and sperm penetration measurements were made on individual human cervial mucus samples collected from several ovulatory menstrual cycles. An inverse relationship was found to exist between these two mucus properties, with peak penetrability seen during the ovulatory phase of the cycle when viscoelasticity was lowest. Limited sperm penetration was also observed with follicular phase mucus. When mucus was collected three times daily, the first sample of the day showed reduced pH values and elevated percentage of nondialyzable solids (NDS) and viscoelastcity. Rates of mucus production were calculated for two cycles; the highest rate was seen during the ovulatory phase, with the follicular and luteal phases showing approximately 50% and 30% of this rate, respectively. Limited disparities were noted between midcycle changes in percentage of mucus NDS and viscoelasticity and in blood levels of total estrogens.", "PMID": 680193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4311", "title": "Preliminary studies on streoid-binding proteins in human testes of testicular feminization syndrome.", "content": "This study was designed to detect either 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 17beta-estradiol (E2)-binding protein in the testes of a 1-year-old patient with testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) and in the testes of patients with prostatic cancer. Sucrose gradient analyses revealed E27S protein binding (but no such 7S protein binding of DHT) in the testes of the patient with TFS, but both E2 and DHT 7 S protein binding was observed in normal senile testes. The dissociation constants (Kd) were measured by charcoal adsorption. The Kd of E2 protein binding in both testes of different status was approximately 1.3 x 10(-9) M, and the Kd of DHT protein binding was 2.0 x 10(-9) M in the senile testes. A ligand specificty study indicated characteristics of both E2 and DHT receptors in the senile testes. It is speculated that a deficiency of androgen receptor and the presence of estrogen receptor in the testes of patients with TFS lead to insensitivity to androgen as a result of the androgen receptor deficiency and to sensitivity to estrogen as a result of the presence of the estrogen receptor.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on streoid-binding proteins in human testes of testicular feminization syndrome. This study was designed to detect either 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 17beta-estradiol (E2)-binding protein in the testes of a 1-year-old patient with testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) and in the testes of patients with prostatic cancer. Sucrose gradient analyses revealed E27S protein binding (but no such 7S protein binding of DHT) in the testes of the patient with TFS, but both E2 and DHT 7 S protein binding was observed in normal senile testes. The dissociation constants (Kd) were measured by charcoal adsorption. The Kd of E2 protein binding in both testes of different status was approximately 1.3 x 10(-9) M, and the Kd of DHT protein binding was 2.0 x 10(-9) M in the senile testes. A ligand specificty study indicated characteristics of both E2 and DHT receptors in the senile testes. It is speculated that a deficiency of androgen receptor and the presence of estrogen receptor in the testes of patients with TFS lead to insensitivity to androgen as a result of the androgen receptor deficiency and to sensitivity to estrogen as a result of the presence of the estrogen receptor.", "PMID": 680194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4312", "title": "Alterations in human endometrial protein synthesis during the menstrual cycle and in progestone-stimulated organ culture.", "content": "The cytoplasmic protein content of endometrium from women at various times in the menstrual cycle has been examined by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using a double-label isotope technique. Analysis of the gels for altered label ratios suggests an increase in the concentration of a single protein band during the immediate postovulatory period that can be duplicated by the addition of progesterone to organ cultures of preovulatory endometrium. An alteration in the protein content is also observed in the same section of these gels when they are stained and scanned. The protein band of interest migrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels at a rate that establishes its approximate molecular weight as 51,500.", "contents": "Alterations in human endometrial protein synthesis during the menstrual cycle and in progestone-stimulated organ culture. The cytoplasmic protein content of endometrium from women at various times in the menstrual cycle has been examined by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using a double-label isotope technique. Analysis of the gels for altered label ratios suggests an increase in the concentration of a single protein band during the immediate postovulatory period that can be duplicated by the addition of progesterone to organ cultures of preovulatory endometrium. An alteration in the protein content is also observed in the same section of these gels when they are stained and scanned. The protein band of interest migrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels at a rate that establishes its approximate molecular weight as 51,500.", "PMID": 680195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4313", "title": "Transplantation of a human testis for anorchia.", "content": "One of two genetically identical twins (30 years old) had been born with two normal testes and the other with none. In the anorchic twin, preoperative serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were extremely high, and the serum testosterone level was extremely low. In the twin with two testes, preoperative serum FSH, LH, and testosterone levels were normal. After successful transplantation of a testis from the twin with two testes to the twin with no testes, using the microvascular technique, the recipient twin developed a normal serum testosterone level within 2 hours of surgery; his FSH and LH levels came down toward a normal range more slowly over the ensuing 4 weeks. The donor's FSH level became mildly elevated 2 days postoperatively but returned to normal by 3 months. Thereafter, serum FSH, LH, and testosterone levels remained persistently normal in both twins. In the donor, pre- and postoperative sperm counts were normal. Preoperatively the recipient's semen had no sperm, but postoperatively the sperm content has slowly increased to normal levels.", "contents": "Transplantation of a human testis for anorchia. One of two genetically identical twins (30 years old) had been born with two normal testes and the other with none. In the anorchic twin, preoperative serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were extremely high, and the serum testosterone level was extremely low. In the twin with two testes, preoperative serum FSH, LH, and testosterone levels were normal. After successful transplantation of a testis from the twin with two testes to the twin with no testes, using the microvascular technique, the recipient twin developed a normal serum testosterone level within 2 hours of surgery; his FSH and LH levels came down toward a normal range more slowly over the ensuing 4 weeks. The donor's FSH level became mildly elevated 2 days postoperatively but returned to normal by 3 months. Thereafter, serum FSH, LH, and testosterone levels remained persistently normal in both twins. In the donor, pre- and postoperative sperm counts were normal. Preoperatively the recipient's semen had no sperm, but postoperatively the sperm content has slowly increased to normal levels.", "PMID": 680196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4314", "title": "Size and size distribution of subfertile human spermatozoa.", "content": "An improved apparatus for measuring the electrical size (shape factor times volume) of particles based on the Coulter counter principle was used to characterize 110 subfertile semen specimens; size distributions were attainable in the 97 cases with a count above 1 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml. The typical size distribution was unimodal and positively skewed. Spermatozoa maintained a constant profile during their passage through the orifice of the sizing apparatus, with an effective shape factor of 1.28. Two groups of cells were found. The larger one consisted of 68 specimens with a modal volume of 18.1 +/- 2.0 cu micron and a cell count of 27.5 +/- 9.2 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml (mean +/- 1 SD). The smaller group contained 29 cases and had a modal volume of 6.6 +/- 0.9 cu micron and a count of 10.2 +/- 7.8 x 10(6). Samples with cell counts below 10 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml tended to have low modal volumes (less than one-half the normal), but those above showed no particular trend.", "contents": "Size and size distribution of subfertile human spermatozoa. An improved apparatus for measuring the electrical size (shape factor times volume) of particles based on the Coulter counter principle was used to characterize 110 subfertile semen specimens; size distributions were attainable in the 97 cases with a count above 1 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml. The typical size distribution was unimodal and positively skewed. Spermatozoa maintained a constant profile during their passage through the orifice of the sizing apparatus, with an effective shape factor of 1.28. Two groups of cells were found. The larger one consisted of 68 specimens with a modal volume of 18.1 +/- 2.0 cu micron and a cell count of 27.5 +/- 9.2 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml (mean +/- 1 SD). The smaller group contained 29 cases and had a modal volume of 6.6 +/- 0.9 cu micron and a count of 10.2 +/- 7.8 x 10(6). Samples with cell counts below 10 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml tended to have low modal volumes (less than one-half the normal), but those above showed no particular trend.", "PMID": 680197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4315", "title": "Fructose and hormone levels in semen: their correlations with sperm counts and motility.", "content": "Levels of fructose, growth hormone (GH), prolactin (HPr), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were determined in semen. The samples were obtained from patients attending an infertility clinic and separated into four groups according to the number of spermatozoa. Levels of HPr, LH, and FSH showed significant positive correlations with sperm counts. Significant differences in fructose and hormone levels were found between various groups. Expressed as concentrations of hormones or fructose per milliliter of semen, none of the hormones showed a significant negative correlation with sperm motility whereas fructose showed a significant negative correlation. Expressed as amounts per ejaculate of semen, only prolactin showed a significant positive correlation with sperm motility. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Fructose and hormone levels in semen: their correlations with sperm counts and motility. Levels of fructose, growth hormone (GH), prolactin (HPr), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were determined in semen. The samples were obtained from patients attending an infertility clinic and separated into four groups according to the number of spermatozoa. Levels of HPr, LH, and FSH showed significant positive correlations with sperm counts. Significant differences in fructose and hormone levels were found between various groups. Expressed as concentrations of hormones or fructose per milliliter of semen, none of the hormones showed a significant negative correlation with sperm motility whereas fructose showed a significant negative correlation. Expressed as amounts per ejaculate of semen, only prolactin showed a significant positive correlation with sperm motility. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 680199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4316", "title": "Restoration of cyclic ovarian function by metergoline treatment in a patient with a prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma.", "content": "A patient with amenorrhea due to a prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma was treated with the antiserotoninergic drug metergoline for 8 months. The first menstruation occurred after 1 month of therapy, and it was followed by regular menses by the 3rd month. Presumptive evidence of ovulation was obtained in at least some instances by serum progesterone and gonadotropin determination. Serum prolactin was only slightly lowered by treatment. The patient had menses and possibly ovulation in the 2 months following drug withdrawal. Metergoline might restore ovarian function in hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea either by prolactin suppression or perhaps by direct stimulation of gonadotropin release.", "contents": "Restoration of cyclic ovarian function by metergoline treatment in a patient with a prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma. A patient with amenorrhea due to a prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma was treated with the antiserotoninergic drug metergoline for 8 months. The first menstruation occurred after 1 month of therapy, and it was followed by regular menses by the 3rd month. Presumptive evidence of ovulation was obtained in at least some instances by serum progesterone and gonadotropin determination. Serum prolactin was only slightly lowered by treatment. The patient had menses and possibly ovulation in the 2 months following drug withdrawal. Metergoline might restore ovarian function in hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea either by prolactin suppression or perhaps by direct stimulation of gonadotropin release.", "PMID": 680200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4317", "title": "Secondary amenorrhea in obesity: etiologic role of weight-related androgen excess.", "content": "A massively obese, amenorrheic young woman had elevated levels of plasma androgens which could be reduced either acutely by dexamethasone administration or chronically by weight loss. Normalization of plasma androgen levels in both instances led to resumption of ovulation, suggesting that weight-related hyperandrogenism is a cause of amenorrhea in obesity.", "contents": "Secondary amenorrhea in obesity: etiologic role of weight-related androgen excess. A massively obese, amenorrheic young woman had elevated levels of plasma androgens which could be reduced either acutely by dexamethasone administration or chronically by weight loss. Normalization of plasma androgen levels in both instances led to resumption of ovulation, suggesting that weight-related hyperandrogenism is a cause of amenorrhea in obesity.", "PMID": 680202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4318", "title": "[The meaning of nonlinear distortions in the internal ear for acoustic and ultrasonic stimuli].", "content": "A comparative study of nonlinear distortion of microphonic potentials in the rabbit cochlear at the air and bone conduction showed equal values for the air as well as for the within the ultrasonic frequency range did not exceed the hearing spectrum values. The hearing response to ultrasonic stimuli was found not to be due to formation of overtones of ower frequencies but to represent rather the direct cochlear response.", "contents": "[The meaning of nonlinear distortions in the internal ear for acoustic and ultrasonic stimuli]. A comparative study of nonlinear distortion of microphonic potentials in the rabbit cochlear at the air and bone conduction showed equal values for the air as well as for the within the ultrasonic frequency range did not exceed the hearing spectrum values. The hearing response to ultrasonic stimuli was found not to be due to formation of overtones of ower frequencies but to represent rather the direct cochlear response.", "PMID": 680260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4319", "title": "[Polyaxonal innervation of frog phasic muscle fibers].", "content": "A cholinesterase activity was revealed in two to four regions of each of the 120 fibers isolated from the frog sartorius muscle, which suggests polysynaptic character of innervation of the phasic muscle fibers. Electrophysiological methods showed the participation of different axons in formation of synapses with a single fiber, as well as the existence of synapses with the correlation between EPP's amplitude and strength of stimulation. The data obtained show such EPPs to be connected with polyaxonal innervation of one region of a muscle fiber.", "contents": "[Polyaxonal innervation of frog phasic muscle fibers]. A cholinesterase activity was revealed in two to four regions of each of the 120 fibers isolated from the frog sartorius muscle, which suggests polysynaptic character of innervation of the phasic muscle fibers. Electrophysiological methods showed the participation of different axons in formation of synapses with a single fiber, as well as the existence of synapses with the correlation between EPP's amplitude and strength of stimulation. The data obtained show such EPPs to be connected with polyaxonal innervation of one region of a muscle fiber.", "PMID": 680261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4320", "title": "[Adrenosensitivity of isolated rat organs after a change in their noradrenaline content].", "content": "The 30-day dynamics of noradrenaline contents after a single administration of guanitidine (50 mg/kg) was similar in the heart and small intestine but different in the vas deferens. The decrease of the noradrenaline content in the small intestine and vas deferens duct was followed by an increase of their adrenosensitivity, and the restoration of noradrenaline level--by a decrease of the adrenosensitivity, which reveals an invert relationship between these parameters (the correlation coefficient for small intestine being 0.78 and for vas deferens duct--0.61). The role of the catecholamine level near the adrenoreceptors in regulation of the adrenosensitivity of effectors is discussed.", "contents": "[Adrenosensitivity of isolated rat organs after a change in their noradrenaline content]. The 30-day dynamics of noradrenaline contents after a single administration of guanitidine (50 mg/kg) was similar in the heart and small intestine but different in the vas deferens. The decrease of the noradrenaline content in the small intestine and vas deferens duct was followed by an increase of their adrenosensitivity, and the restoration of noradrenaline level--by a decrease of the adrenosensitivity, which reveals an invert relationship between these parameters (the correlation coefficient for small intestine being 0.78 and for vas deferens duct--0.61). The role of the catecholamine level near the adrenoreceptors in regulation of the adrenosensitivity of effectors is discussed.", "PMID": 680262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4321", "title": "[Physiologic properties of heparin--thromboplastin complex].", "content": "The complexes of heparin with components of tissue thromboplastine occurring in vivo and in vitro, reveal an anticoagulating and antipolymerizational effects as well as a nonfermentative fibrinolytic activity. The latter becomes obvious in presence of proteinase inhibitors. On i. v. administration, the complex increases the fibrinolytic and anticoagulating properties of the blood. Its nonfermentative fibrinolytic activity in the bloodstream lasts for 60--90 min.", "contents": "[Physiologic properties of heparin--thromboplastin complex]. The complexes of heparin with components of tissue thromboplastine occurring in vivo and in vitro, reveal an anticoagulating and antipolymerizational effects as well as a nonfermentative fibrinolytic activity. The latter becomes obvious in presence of proteinase inhibitors. On i. v. administration, the complex increases the fibrinolytic and anticoagulating properties of the blood. Its nonfermentative fibrinolytic activity in the bloodstream lasts for 60--90 min.", "PMID": 680264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4322", "title": "[Importance of the \"proximity effect\" in recording intracardiac electrograms].", "content": "Intracardiac \"local\" electrograms were recorded and studied in 73 dogs. When unipolar macroelectrode (to 1 mm in diameter) approaches immediately the main conduction pathway the resistance between them disappears, the \"proximity effect\" takes place and simultaneously the quick and synchronous spread of the excitation wave through the corresponding preferential pathways may be recorded as a spike. Spike potential of the sinus node, atria of the bundle of His obvious during the \"proximity effect\"; in absence of the latter the above spikes are recorded as rudimentary spikes. The moment of the sinus impulse generation occurs in a form of a spike of this node which precedes by 10--30 msec the onset of P wave on the body surface ECG. The atrial depolarization appears in the intracardiac right atrium ECG in the form of a slow wave A and three superimposed spikes. Genesis of these spikes and the influence of the heart valves upon the amplitude of H potentials and atrial wave A, are discussed.", "contents": "[Importance of the \"proximity effect\" in recording intracardiac electrograms]. Intracardiac \"local\" electrograms were recorded and studied in 73 dogs. When unipolar macroelectrode (to 1 mm in diameter) approaches immediately the main conduction pathway the resistance between them disappears, the \"proximity effect\" takes place and simultaneously the quick and synchronous spread of the excitation wave through the corresponding preferential pathways may be recorded as a spike. Spike potential of the sinus node, atria of the bundle of His obvious during the \"proximity effect\"; in absence of the latter the above spikes are recorded as rudimentary spikes. The moment of the sinus impulse generation occurs in a form of a spike of this node which precedes by 10--30 msec the onset of P wave on the body surface ECG. The atrial depolarization appears in the intracardiac right atrium ECG in the form of a slow wave A and three superimposed spikes. Genesis of these spikes and the influence of the heart valves upon the amplitude of H potentials and atrial wave A, are discussed.", "PMID": 680265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4323", "title": "[Circulatory responses to adrenaline administration at rest, during physical loading and under anesthesia].", "content": "In chronic experiments, the effects of 0.5 and 2.5 mcg/kg/min adrenaline infusion on central hemodynamics of conscions and anesthetized dogs were studied. Circulatory reactions elicited by blood volume change and running on treadmill were compared before and during adrenaline infusion. In conscions dogs, infusion of 0.5 mcg/kg/min adrenaline increased cardiac output and central venous pressure, decreased systemic vascular resistance and pumping heart capacity, while mean arterial pressure and heart rate were unchanged. It did not change pumping heart capacity in anesthetized dogs. Infusion of 0.5 mcg/kg/min adrenaline did not change the tendency of hemodynamic reactions on hemorrhage and blood transfusion. Exercise during adrenaline infusion resulted in a more cardiac output increase and lesser heart rate increase than without adrenaline. Infusion of 2.5 mcg/kg/min adrenaline induced more significant increase of arterial pressure in conscions dogs than in anesthetized.", "contents": "[Circulatory responses to adrenaline administration at rest, during physical loading and under anesthesia]. In chronic experiments, the effects of 0.5 and 2.5 mcg/kg/min adrenaline infusion on central hemodynamics of conscions and anesthetized dogs were studied. Circulatory reactions elicited by blood volume change and running on treadmill were compared before and during adrenaline infusion. In conscions dogs, infusion of 0.5 mcg/kg/min adrenaline increased cardiac output and central venous pressure, decreased systemic vascular resistance and pumping heart capacity, while mean arterial pressure and heart rate were unchanged. It did not change pumping heart capacity in anesthetized dogs. Infusion of 0.5 mcg/kg/min adrenaline did not change the tendency of hemodynamic reactions on hemorrhage and blood transfusion. Exercise during adrenaline infusion resulted in a more cardiac output increase and lesser heart rate increase than without adrenaline. Infusion of 2.5 mcg/kg/min adrenaline induced more significant increase of arterial pressure in conscions dogs than in anesthetized.", "PMID": 680266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4324", "title": "[Effect of phrenicotomy on extravagal diaphragmatic reflexes].", "content": "In experiments on decerebrated or anesthetized with nembutal and vagotomized cats responses of phrenic motoneurons were studied before and after bilateral phrenicotomy. The tracheal occlusion and changes of the lung and chest volumes were used as stimuli. Phrenicotomy did not eliminate the responses. As before the diaphragm denervation, tracheal occlusion evoked only a small shortening of inspiration, extending of the expiration and respiratory cycle, decreasing the amplitude of activity of the phrenic nerve. In response to lung inflation expiration was a little shortened. With lung deflation activity of phrenic motoneurons was not changed. Impulses of the diaphragm mechanoreceptors and excitatory intercostal-to-phrenic reflex from caudal intercostal proprioceptors had no significance in regulation of activity of phrenic motoneurons in response to tracheal occlusion and changes of the lung and chest volumes in decerebrated and anesthetized cats.", "contents": "[Effect of phrenicotomy on extravagal diaphragmatic reflexes]. In experiments on decerebrated or anesthetized with nembutal and vagotomized cats responses of phrenic motoneurons were studied before and after bilateral phrenicotomy. The tracheal occlusion and changes of the lung and chest volumes were used as stimuli. Phrenicotomy did not eliminate the responses. As before the diaphragm denervation, tracheal occlusion evoked only a small shortening of inspiration, extending of the expiration and respiratory cycle, decreasing the amplitude of activity of the phrenic nerve. In response to lung inflation expiration was a little shortened. With lung deflation activity of phrenic motoneurons was not changed. Impulses of the diaphragm mechanoreceptors and excitatory intercostal-to-phrenic reflex from caudal intercostal proprioceptors had no significance in regulation of activity of phrenic motoneurons in response to tracheal occlusion and changes of the lung and chest volumes in decerebrated and anesthetized cats.", "PMID": 680267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4325", "title": "[Effect of the dynamic factor on the discharge frequency of high threshold pulmonary stretch receptors in cats].", "content": "The discharge frequency of high threshold pulmonary stretch receptor at the end of inspiration is much greater than at the corresponding lung volume under static conditions. During inspiratory phase the discharge frequency of some receptors (type IV) is created by dynamic factor by 90% (\"rate\" receptors). In static conditions the lowering of discharge frequency of most of the receptors under study makes 9--13% at 10s, though in some receptors (type III)--makes 28% at 10s. Properties of most of the pulmonary stretch receptors under study were changed with increasing of threshold. The frequency of discharges during inspiratory phase or lung inflation becomes lower, the influence of dynamic factor on receptor activity becomes relatively potent, the frequency of discharges vs lung volume ratio becomes different.", "contents": "[Effect of the dynamic factor on the discharge frequency of high threshold pulmonary stretch receptors in cats]. The discharge frequency of high threshold pulmonary stretch receptor at the end of inspiration is much greater than at the corresponding lung volume under static conditions. During inspiratory phase the discharge frequency of some receptors (type IV) is created by dynamic factor by 90% (\"rate\" receptors). In static conditions the lowering of discharge frequency of most of the receptors under study makes 9--13% at 10s, though in some receptors (type III)--makes 28% at 10s. Properties of most of the pulmonary stretch receptors under study were changed with increasing of threshold. The frequency of discharges during inspiratory phase or lung inflation becomes lower, the influence of dynamic factor on receptor activity becomes relatively potent, the frequency of discharges vs lung volume ratio becomes different.", "PMID": 680268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4326", "title": "[Role of pneumotaxic centers in regulating the length of inspiration in decerebrate cats].", "content": "Off-switch of pneumotaxic centers (PTC) as well as vagotomy evoked an increment in tidal volume (VT) and inspiratory duration (TI) in quiet breathing. Increase of TI is more pronounced after off-switch of PTC. In such cats lung ventilation is diminished in result of decrease in sensitivity to chemoceptive stimuli. With increment of VT evoked by rebreathing after hyperventilatory apnoae TI at first were increased. Inspirations become apneustic with weak dependence on VT (diapason I). Then TI quickly diminished, inverse relationship between VT and TI was preserved (diapason II). TI reached its minimal values (diapason III). Inspiratory off-switch threshold and minimal TI were more increased after PTC lesion than after vagotomy. PTC and lung stretch receptors affected relationship between VT and TI synonymously, but PTC had a relatively greater importance in its determining.", "contents": "[Role of pneumotaxic centers in regulating the length of inspiration in decerebrate cats]. Off-switch of pneumotaxic centers (PTC) as well as vagotomy evoked an increment in tidal volume (VT) and inspiratory duration (TI) in quiet breathing. Increase of TI is more pronounced after off-switch of PTC. In such cats lung ventilation is diminished in result of decrease in sensitivity to chemoceptive stimuli. With increment of VT evoked by rebreathing after hyperventilatory apnoae TI at first were increased. Inspirations become apneustic with weak dependence on VT (diapason I). Then TI quickly diminished, inverse relationship between VT and TI was preserved (diapason II). TI reached its minimal values (diapason III). Inspiratory off-switch threshold and minimal TI were more increased after PTC lesion than after vagotomy. PTC and lung stretch receptors affected relationship between VT and TI synonymously, but PTC had a relatively greater importance in its determining.", "PMID": 680269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4327", "title": "[Neuronal activity of the submucous plexus of the pyloric and ileocecal sphincters].", "content": "In plexus of isolated segments of pyloric and ileo-caecal sphincters of the cat, three types of spontaneously active cells were revealed: 1) with single, 2) with fast, and 3) with slow burst type of discharges, as well as a group of silent neurons only responding to mechanical stimulation with electrode or application of acetylcholine. The data obtained indicated the qualitative unity of neuronal organization of submucous plexus along the alimentary canal, the neurons of the sphincters' plexus included. However, an increasing number of the silent cells and neurons with the single burst activity were revealed in the vicinity of mesenteric border and in the central belt of the segment which, probably, reflected the functional specifics of sphincters.", "contents": "[Neuronal activity of the submucous plexus of the pyloric and ileocecal sphincters]. In plexus of isolated segments of pyloric and ileo-caecal sphincters of the cat, three types of spontaneously active cells were revealed: 1) with single, 2) with fast, and 3) with slow burst type of discharges, as well as a group of silent neurons only responding to mechanical stimulation with electrode or application of acetylcholine. The data obtained indicated the qualitative unity of neuronal organization of submucous plexus along the alimentary canal, the neurons of the sphincters' plexus included. However, an increasing number of the silent cells and neurons with the single burst activity were revealed in the vicinity of mesenteric border and in the central belt of the segment which, probably, reflected the functional specifics of sphincters.", "PMID": 680270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4328", "title": "[Criteria for heat resistance and individual peculiarities].", "content": "In white rats, the body temperature recorded in the course of heat effect could not serve as an index of the heat resistance and its alteration in the course of adaptation in these animals. The adequate index of the rat heat resistance turned out to be the period of keeping the body temperature at a plateau level establishing within 30--70 min of the heat action, duration of the plateau significantly increasing in the course of heat adaptation. The individual peculiarities of the organism adaptability varied rather largely.", "contents": "[Criteria for heat resistance and individual peculiarities]. In white rats, the body temperature recorded in the course of heat effect could not serve as an index of the heat resistance and its alteration in the course of adaptation in these animals. The adequate index of the rat heat resistance turned out to be the period of keeping the body temperature at a plateau level establishing within 30--70 min of the heat action, duration of the plateau significantly increasing in the course of heat adaptation. The individual peculiarities of the organism adaptability varied rather largely.", "PMID": 680271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4329", "title": "[Role of a decrease in the body's heat content on the thermoregulatory reaction of the vessels of the external ear].", "content": "At the constant ambient temperature 28--30 degrees C the rabbit ear vessels were dilated and their temperature was 34.8/0.1 degrees C. Administration of the 23--29 degrees water into the stomach entailed thermoregulatory constriction of the ear vessels within 15--25 min. The response occurred at various combinations of temperature changes in different parts of the body. The heat content of the rabbit body, as calculated by the blood temperature in the aorta arc, reduced by 266.3 +/- 26.2 cal/kg at the beginning of the response. The decrease in the organism heat content seems to serve as a signal for occurrence of a corresponding thermoregulatory response.", "contents": "[Role of a decrease in the body's heat content on the thermoregulatory reaction of the vessels of the external ear]. At the constant ambient temperature 28--30 degrees C the rabbit ear vessels were dilated and their temperature was 34.8/0.1 degrees C. Administration of the 23--29 degrees water into the stomach entailed thermoregulatory constriction of the ear vessels within 15--25 min. The response occurred at various combinations of temperature changes in different parts of the body. The heat content of the rabbit body, as calculated by the blood temperature in the aorta arc, reduced by 266.3 +/- 26.2 cal/kg at the beginning of the response. The decrease in the organism heat content seems to serve as a signal for occurrence of a corresponding thermoregulatory response.", "PMID": 680272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4330", "title": "[Role of tissue glycolysis in combined exposure to hypercapnia, hypoxia and hypothermia].", "content": "The amount of metabolites of the glycolytic way of carbohydrates transformation and the enzymatic activity were studied in the tissues of brain, myocardium, liver, skeletal muscles, and the blood serum of rats subjected to cooling in conditions of gradually increasing concentrations of CO2 and decreasing concentrations of O2. Single as well as repeated actions of these factors entailed changes of the substrates under study and of some enzymatic activity which revealed a moderate intensification of the glycolysis within the general rearrangement of metabolism during adaptation to sharp hypoxia under the above conditions.", "contents": "[Role of tissue glycolysis in combined exposure to hypercapnia, hypoxia and hypothermia]. The amount of metabolites of the glycolytic way of carbohydrates transformation and the enzymatic activity were studied in the tissues of brain, myocardium, liver, skeletal muscles, and the blood serum of rats subjected to cooling in conditions of gradually increasing concentrations of CO2 and decreasing concentrations of O2. Single as well as repeated actions of these factors entailed changes of the substrates under study and of some enzymatic activity which revealed a moderate intensification of the glycolysis within the general rearrangement of metabolism during adaptation to sharp hypoxia under the above conditions.", "PMID": 680273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4331", "title": "[Autonomic nerve firing and small intestinal motoricity following introduction of a sucrose solution into its lumen].", "content": "Changes in potentials and motility of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the small intestine, as well as the impulsation of afferent fibers of the mesenteric, splanchnic, and vagus nerves and the impulsation of sympathetic efferent fibers at the pre- and post-ganglionic levels during excitation of the mucosa by 1 M sucrose solution, were studied in acute experiments on cats. Intraluminal administration of sucrose increased the motility of both muscle layers as well as spike potential and firing rate of mesenteric afferents, decreased the firing rate of the left vagus afferents, and evoked a biphasic change of the firing rate of the left splanchnic afferents. The firing rate of sympathetic efferents increased.", "contents": "[Autonomic nerve firing and small intestinal motoricity following introduction of a sucrose solution into its lumen]. Changes in potentials and motility of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the small intestine, as well as the impulsation of afferent fibers of the mesenteric, splanchnic, and vagus nerves and the impulsation of sympathetic efferent fibers at the pre- and post-ganglionic levels during excitation of the mucosa by 1 M sucrose solution, were studied in acute experiments on cats. Intraluminal administration of sucrose increased the motility of both muscle layers as well as spike potential and firing rate of mesenteric afferents, decreased the firing rate of the left vagus afferents, and evoked a biphasic change of the firing rate of the left splanchnic afferents. The firing rate of sympathetic efferents increased.", "PMID": 680279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4332", "title": "[Proteolytic processes in rat brain and liver during adaptation to cold].", "content": "The autolysis and the neutral proteinase activity with respect to protamine in the brain and liver of rats were studied during cold adaptation, on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th, and 45th days in the cold chamber at 2--4 degrees C. A short cold effect (1--3 days) decreases the brain autolysis by 33%, the liver one by 18%. The activity of protamine-lytic peptide-hydrolase diminishes nearly by half both in the brain and in the liver. In cold-adapted rats (45 days) the autolysis increases by 50% in the brain and by 24% in the liver. The activity of neutral peptide-hydrolase remains lowered by 43% in the brain and by 36% in the liver. Thus, only autolytic processes are intensified in cold-adapted animals while the neutral peptide-hydrolase does not participate in the increasing protein catabolism in the brain and liver.", "contents": "[Proteolytic processes in rat brain and liver during adaptation to cold]. The autolysis and the neutral proteinase activity with respect to protamine in the brain and liver of rats were studied during cold adaptation, on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th, and 45th days in the cold chamber at 2--4 degrees C. A short cold effect (1--3 days) decreases the brain autolysis by 33%, the liver one by 18%. The activity of protamine-lytic peptide-hydrolase diminishes nearly by half both in the brain and in the liver. In cold-adapted rats (45 days) the autolysis increases by 50% in the brain and by 24% in the liver. The activity of neutral peptide-hydrolase remains lowered by 43% in the brain and by 36% in the liver. Thus, only autolytic processes are intensified in cold-adapted animals while the neutral peptide-hydrolase does not participate in the increasing protein catabolism in the brain and liver.", "PMID": 680280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4333", "title": "[Asymmetric nature of a focus of maximal activity of transcallosal responses].", "content": "In immobilized cats, transcollosal (TCR) and direct cortical responses (DCR) from 170 points of the motor cortex, were recorded. The TCR maximal activity focus (MAF) is shifted in relation to the point symmetrical to stimulation (PSS) in oral--caudal direction. Ablation of the cortex around the stimulating electrode is followed by disappearance of TCR in MAF and of PSS and DCR beyond the ablation limits. Ablation of PSS entails diminishing of TCR in MAF. Transection of the corpus callosum eliminates TCR  in MAF and PSS. The MAF shift seems to be due to a relatively strengthened convergence of several excitation flows in PSS, the flows spreading over the callosal fibers and intrahemisphere projections of both hemispheres.", "contents": "[Asymmetric nature of a focus of maximal activity of transcallosal responses]. In immobilized cats, transcollosal (TCR) and direct cortical responses (DCR) from 170 points of the motor cortex, were recorded. The TCR maximal activity focus (MAF) is shifted in relation to the point symmetrical to stimulation (PSS) in oral--caudal direction. Ablation of the cortex around the stimulating electrode is followed by disappearance of TCR in MAF and of PSS and DCR beyond the ablation limits. Ablation of PSS entails diminishing of TCR in MAF. Transection of the corpus callosum eliminates TCR  in MAF and PSS. The MAF shift seems to be due to a relatively strengthened convergence of several excitation flows in PSS, the flows spreading over the callosal fibers and intrahemisphere projections of both hemispheres.", "PMID": 680283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4334", "title": "[Excitability levels of the auditory fields of the cerebral cortex in the presence of different experimental effects].", "content": "The interrelationships of stimulation thresholds in the auditory cortical areas AI, AII, and Ep were studied in chronic experiments on cats. The linear correlation existed between the fluctuations of excitation levels of the auditory areas. The correlation coefficients could be changed by sound stimulation. Administration of amphetamine and aminazine as well as anodal polarization of the midbrain reticular formation revealed participation of the latter in establishing of the above interrelationships.", "contents": "[Excitability levels of the auditory fields of the cerebral cortex in the presence of different experimental effects]. The interrelationships of stimulation thresholds in the auditory cortical areas AI, AII, and Ep were studied in chronic experiments on cats. The linear correlation existed between the fluctuations of excitation levels of the auditory areas. The correlation coefficients could be changed by sound stimulation. Administration of amphetamine and aminazine as well as anodal polarization of the midbrain reticular formation revealed participation of the latter in establishing of the above interrelationships.", "PMID": 680285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4335", "title": "[Effect of static work on the baroreceptor reflex in cats].", "content": "10 cats were trained to pull a weight for escaping a noxious stimulation. Arterial pressure and heart rate increased during isometric exercise, while cardiac output did not change. Artificial rising of the blood pressure by noradrenaline infusion or by short-lasting occlusion of thoracic aorta was used to test chronotropic component of the baroreceptor reflex. The baroflex bradycardia was partly inhibited during presentation of conditioned stimulus (tone 1000 Hz) and even more during isometric exercise. Mechanisms of the suppression of baroflex during muscular exercise are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of static work on the baroreceptor reflex in cats]. 10 cats were trained to pull a weight for escaping a noxious stimulation. Arterial pressure and heart rate increased during isometric exercise, while cardiac output did not change. Artificial rising of the blood pressure by noradrenaline infusion or by short-lasting occlusion of thoracic aorta was used to test chronotropic component of the baroreceptor reflex. The baroflex bradycardia was partly inhibited during presentation of conditioned stimulus (tone 1000 Hz) and even more during isometric exercise. Mechanisms of the suppression of baroflex during muscular exercise are discussed.", "PMID": 680286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4336", "title": "[Analysis of the activity of fibers in an entire nerve trunk and a study of impulse frequency in sympathetic preganglionic fibers].", "content": "The firing rate in type \"B\" preganglionic sympathetic fibers during strong pressor reactions varied in different fibers from 0 to 80/sec. With an increase of the pressor reaction, the maximum of the density of frequency distribution shifts from 30--40 to 50--60/sec, previously \"silent\" fibers becoming involved.", "contents": "[Analysis of the activity of fibers in an entire nerve trunk and a study of impulse frequency in sympathetic preganglionic fibers]. The firing rate in type \"B\" preganglionic sympathetic fibers during strong pressor reactions varied in different fibers from 0 to 80/sec. With an increase of the pressor reaction, the maximum of the density of frequency distribution shifts from 30--40 to 50--60/sec, previously \"silent\" fibers becoming involved.", "PMID": 680287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4337", "title": "[Hypothalamic mechanisms of regulating blood circulation in the coronary and brachial artery systems].", "content": "In anesthetized curarized cats effects of high frequency stimulation of anterior, ventromedial, and posterior hypothalamus on arterial blood pressure (ABP) and on perfusion pressure of the coronary and brachial arteries were studied. The stimulation induced vasoconstriction of coronary vessels and increased the ABP. In most experiments, especially in case of stimulation of anterior hypothalamus, simultaneously with increase of perfusion pressure of the coronary artery, a decrease of the brachial artery perfusion pressure was revealed. The mechanism of vasodilatation of the brachial artery seems to be related to a direct inhibition of the tonic activity of the vertebral branch of the ganglion stellatum. The descending influence of the hypothalamus in respect to the activity of the inferior cardiac nerve is mainly facilitatory. Mechanisms of neural control of the regional blood flow in coronary and brachial arteries are discussed.", "contents": "[Hypothalamic mechanisms of regulating blood circulation in the coronary and brachial artery systems]. In anesthetized curarized cats effects of high frequency stimulation of anterior, ventromedial, and posterior hypothalamus on arterial blood pressure (ABP) and on perfusion pressure of the coronary and brachial arteries were studied. The stimulation induced vasoconstriction of coronary vessels and increased the ABP. In most experiments, especially in case of stimulation of anterior hypothalamus, simultaneously with increase of perfusion pressure of the coronary artery, a decrease of the brachial artery perfusion pressure was revealed. The mechanism of vasodilatation of the brachial artery seems to be related to a direct inhibition of the tonic activity of the vertebral branch of the ganglion stellatum. The descending influence of the hypothalamus in respect to the activity of the inferior cardiac nerve is mainly facilitatory. Mechanisms of neural control of the regional blood flow in coronary and brachial arteries are discussed.", "PMID": 680288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4338", "title": "[Analysis of mechanisms regulating the heart in extreme situations].", "content": "Parasympathetic influences on functional and structural condition of myocardium in the process of stress modelling and adrenaline action on the background of the blockade of M-cholinoreceptors, was studied in 124 white rats. The stress was caused by means of severe exteroceptive stimulation or immobilization. Adrenaline and stress conditions caused impairment of automatism, change of conduct rate in the heart muscle and of force of excitement, anisotropia of muscle fibers, and penetration into the heart muscle cells of fluorescine. The effects were accelerated by diminishing of parasympathetic influences. The immobilization stress increased parasympathetic cardiac reflexes.", "contents": "[Analysis of mechanisms regulating the heart in extreme situations]. Parasympathetic influences on functional and structural condition of myocardium in the process of stress modelling and adrenaline action on the background of the blockade of M-cholinoreceptors, was studied in 124 white rats. The stress was caused by means of severe exteroceptive stimulation or immobilization. Adrenaline and stress conditions caused impairment of automatism, change of conduct rate in the heart muscle and of force of excitement, anisotropia of muscle fibers, and penetration into the heart muscle cells of fluorescine. The effects were accelerated by diminishing of parasympathetic influences. The immobilization stress increased parasympathetic cardiac reflexes.", "PMID": 680289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4339", "title": "[Cardiovascular reactions to a change in the composition of cerebrospinal fluid].", "content": "In cats and dogs, cardiovascular responses were studied during stimulation of afferents, intraspinal pathways, after changes in composition of interneuronal media, 3rd ventricle's and spinal fluid. The longer hemodynamic responses as compared with the reflex and humoral those, preservation in conditions of spinal shock, their increased markedness together with weakening of the reflex regulation, their interrelationship with the reflex effects, their differentiation associated with the type of affecting drugs and with morpho-functional features of the central mechanisms of regulation and, finally, their integration with the reflex and hemato-encephalic influences in determination of the final hemodynamic effect,--all these constituted the six revealed features. Possible controlling role of the fluid effects is discussed.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular reactions to a change in the composition of cerebrospinal fluid]. In cats and dogs, cardiovascular responses were studied during stimulation of afferents, intraspinal pathways, after changes in composition of interneuronal media, 3rd ventricle's and spinal fluid. The longer hemodynamic responses as compared with the reflex and humoral those, preservation in conditions of spinal shock, their increased markedness together with weakening of the reflex regulation, their interrelationship with the reflex effects, their differentiation associated with the type of affecting drugs and with morpho-functional features of the central mechanisms of regulation and, finally, their integration with the reflex and hemato-encephalic influences in determination of the final hemodynamic effect,--all these constituted the six revealed features. Possible controlling role of the fluid effects is discussed.", "PMID": 680290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4340", "title": "[Pharmacologic analysis of the cholinergic vasodilation in unanesthetized animals].", "content": "Cholinergic vasodilatation evoked by hypothalamic stimulation in cats could be elicited by stimulation of both the emotional and mator areas of the brain. Tranquilizers affected the cholinergic vasodilatation in different ways: reserpine decreased, catapresan increased, while diazepam had no effect on amplitude of the cholinergic vasodilatation. The latter seems to be closely connected with activity of skeletal muscles but not with emotional reactions. Alpha--adrenergic structures of the c. n. s. are the activating mechanism of the central integration of cholinergic vasodilatation.", "contents": "[Pharmacologic analysis of the cholinergic vasodilation in unanesthetized animals]. Cholinergic vasodilatation evoked by hypothalamic stimulation in cats could be elicited by stimulation of both the emotional and mator areas of the brain. Tranquilizers affected the cholinergic vasodilatation in different ways: reserpine decreased, catapresan increased, while diazepam had no effect on amplitude of the cholinergic vasodilatation. The latter seems to be closely connected with activity of skeletal muscles but not with emotional reactions. Alpha--adrenergic structures of the c. n. s. are the activating mechanism of the central integration of cholinergic vasodilatation.", "PMID": 680291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4341", "title": "[Blood and cardiac cholinesterase activity in rats of different sexes and ages during muscle loading and hypokinesia].", "content": "The activity of acetylcholinesterase (Ache) and butyrilcholinesterase (Bche) in the blood and the heart of 3 and 13-month old control male rats is considerably lower than in female rats. In old rats (25 months) no sex differences in the Ache and Bche were revealed in the heart. In 3 and 13-month old male and female rats, under conditions of muscular exercises, the Ache and Bche activity is lower, and in hypokinetic male rats--higher than that in respective control animals. In all the rats, irrespective of sex, age and motor conditions, the Ache and Bche activity tended to decrease, in direction from the sino-atrial node to the heart apex.", "contents": "[Blood and cardiac cholinesterase activity in rats of different sexes and ages during muscle loading and hypokinesia]. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (Ache) and butyrilcholinesterase (Bche) in the blood and the heart of 3 and 13-month old control male rats is considerably lower than in female rats. In old rats (25 months) no sex differences in the Ache and Bche were revealed in the heart. In 3 and 13-month old male and female rats, under conditions of muscular exercises, the Ache and Bche activity is lower, and in hypokinetic male rats--higher than that in respective control animals. In all the rats, irrespective of sex, age and motor conditions, the Ache and Bche activity tended to decrease, in direction from the sino-atrial node to the heart apex.", "PMID": 680292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4342", "title": "Severe erosive stomatitis and giant lymph node hyperplasia of retroperitoneum (Castleman's tumor).", "content": "A severe, extensive, erosive stomatitis developed in a 33-year-old Japanese man who had had intraperitoneal giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's tumor) of the hyaline-vascular type. Histologically, there was a dense lymphoid cell infiltration in the dermis with invasion of the mucosal epithelium. It was hypothesized that an autoaggressive attack of lymphoid cells against the epithelium of the oral mucosa played a role in the pathogenesis of this erosive stomatitis and it was suggested that there might be a correlation between the occurrence of stomatitis and the presence of Castleman's tumor.", "contents": "Severe erosive stomatitis and giant lymph node hyperplasia of retroperitoneum (Castleman's tumor). A severe, extensive, erosive stomatitis developed in a 33-year-old Japanese man who had had intraperitoneal giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's tumor) of the hyaline-vascular type. Histologically, there was a dense lymphoid cell infiltration in the dermis with invasion of the mucosal epithelium. It was hypothesized that an autoaggressive attack of lymphoid cells against the epithelium of the oral mucosa played a role in the pathogenesis of this erosive stomatitis and it was suggested that there might be a correlation between the occurrence of stomatitis and the presence of Castleman's tumor.", "PMID": 680299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4343", "title": "Trichilemmal cysts. Ultrastructural similarities to the trichilemmal sac.", "content": "Recently experienced cases of trichilemmal cysts were studied by light and electron microscopy. Although ultrastructural findings in the present case were basically consistent with those reported in the literature, they were in contrast to them in some important respects: (1) a few, oval and small-sized keratohyalin and a large number of membrane-coating granules were observed in the cytoplasm of keratinizing cells beneath the keratinized cells and (2) the junctional structure between the keratinized cells and the keratinizing cells beneath them showed interdigitation. From these findings, it is shown that trichilemmal cysts have close similarities to and might be derived from the trichilemmal sac surrounding the lower end of the catagen or telogen hair.", "contents": "Trichilemmal cysts. Ultrastructural similarities to the trichilemmal sac. Recently experienced cases of trichilemmal cysts were studied by light and electron microscopy. Although ultrastructural findings in the present case were basically consistent with those reported in the literature, they were in contrast to them in some important respects: (1) a few, oval and small-sized keratohyalin and a large number of membrane-coating granules were observed in the cytoplasm of keratinizing cells beneath the keratinized cells and (2) the junctional structure between the keratinized cells and the keratinizing cells beneath them showed interdigitation. From these findings, it is shown that trichilemmal cysts have close similarities to and might be derived from the trichilemmal sac surrounding the lower end of the catagen or telogen hair.", "PMID": 680300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4344", "title": "[Treatment of lichen planus mucosae with vitamin A acid derivatives].", "content": "27 patients with lichen planus mucosae or erosive lichen planus mucosae were treated with two vitamin A acid derivatives, 13-cis-retinoic acid or an aroumatic retinoid. 20 patients were definitively improved or healed. The treatment was especially effective in erosive lesions of the oral mucous membrane. Side-effects of this treatment are pointed out.", "contents": "[Treatment of lichen planus mucosae with vitamin A acid derivatives]. 27 patients with lichen planus mucosae or erosive lichen planus mucosae were treated with two vitamin A acid derivatives, 13-cis-retinoic acid or an aroumatic retinoid. 20 patients were definitively improved or healed. The treatment was especially effective in erosive lesions of the oral mucous membrane. Side-effects of this treatment are pointed out.", "PMID": 680301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4345", "title": "Oral contraceptives and their influence on porphyrin concentrations in erythrocytes and urine.", "content": "In 15 females who have never before taken oral contraceptives, the porphyrin concentration in erythrocytes and in urine were investigated. The laboratory assays were performed before and after being on the oral contraceptive Stediril during 5 months (2 women took Stediril during only 3 months). The mean PP concentration in the erythrocytes increased from 16.4 microgram (before) to 24.1 microgram/100 ml of erythrocytes after taking Stediril regularly for 5 months. A statistical evaluation with the Student's test showed that at the level of 2%, the t(exp) = 2.58 was larger than the theoretical t(0.02) = 2.47. The difference of the mean CP concentration in the erythrocytes before and after taking Stediril was not statistically significant at the level of 5%. The mean concentration of CP in urine increased from 119.2 to 137.1 microgram in 1,000 ml. This difference was, however, not statistically significant at the level of 5% when assayed with the same test. There was no increase in UP concentration in urine.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and their influence on porphyrin concentrations in erythrocytes and urine. In 15 females who have never before taken oral contraceptives, the porphyrin concentration in erythrocytes and in urine were investigated. The laboratory assays were performed before and after being on the oral contraceptive Stediril during 5 months (2 women took Stediril during only 3 months). The mean PP concentration in the erythrocytes increased from 16.4 microgram (before) to 24.1 microgram/100 ml of erythrocytes after taking Stediril regularly for 5 months. A statistical evaluation with the Student's test showed that at the level of 2%, the t(exp) = 2.58 was larger than the theoretical t(0.02) = 2.47. The difference of the mean CP concentration in the erythrocytes before and after taking Stediril was not statistically significant at the level of 5%. The mean concentration of CP in urine increased from 119.2 to 137.1 microgram in 1,000 ml. This difference was, however, not statistically significant at the level of 5% when assayed with the same test. There was no increase in UP concentration in urine.", "PMID": 680302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4346", "title": "[Experience with the photochemotherapy of psoriasis in Lausanne (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of photochemotherapy of psoriasis with oral 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light reported here are comparable to those observed in other centers using the same method of treatment. An average of 17-20 treatments was required to obtain clearing; 99-100% clearing was obtained in nearly 90% of the treated patients.", "contents": "[Experience with the photochemotherapy of psoriasis in Lausanne (author's transl)]. The results of photochemotherapy of psoriasis with oral 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light reported here are comparable to those observed in other centers using the same method of treatment. An average of 17-20 treatments was required to obtain clearing; 99-100% clearing was obtained in nearly 90% of the treated patients.", "PMID": 680303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4347", "title": "Plasma insulin response to arginine stimulation in children and adolescents with constitutional short stature according to sex, age, sexual development and skinfold thickness.", "content": "The plasma insulin response to a standard arginine stimulation test was studied in 247 children and adolescents (177 males and 70 females) with constitutional growth retardation as compared with the response obtained in a matched group of 42 normal subjects and a group of 57 obese subjects. When the insulin response was related to pubertal ratings in the children and adolescents with growth retardation, it was found that the mean fasting levels and mean peak response both rose with the progression of puberty. This tendency was more pronounced in the females. When the insulin response was related to the degree of adiposity as measured by the degree of subscapular skinfold thickness, it was found that the greater the adiposity, the greater was the mean response, with the females showing higher levels than the males in each group. Even when the response in the two sexes was compared in subjects of a similar age and skinfold thickness, the females had a higher mean peak insulin response than did the males.", "contents": "Plasma insulin response to arginine stimulation in children and adolescents with constitutional short stature according to sex, age, sexual development and skinfold thickness. The plasma insulin response to a standard arginine stimulation test was studied in 247 children and adolescents (177 males and 70 females) with constitutional growth retardation as compared with the response obtained in a matched group of 42 normal subjects and a group of 57 obese subjects. When the insulin response was related to pubertal ratings in the children and adolescents with growth retardation, it was found that the mean fasting levels and mean peak response both rose with the progression of puberty. This tendency was more pronounced in the females. When the insulin response was related to the degree of adiposity as measured by the degree of subscapular skinfold thickness, it was found that the greater the adiposity, the greater was the mean response, with the females showing higher levels than the males in each group. Even when the response in the two sexes was compared in subjects of a similar age and skinfold thickness, the females had a higher mean peak insulin response than did the males.", "PMID": 680309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4348", "title": "[Idiopathic hemochromatosis linkage with the HLA system (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourteen selected families containing two or more subjects suffering from idiopathic hemochromatosis and 34 unrelated cases have been studied for their HLA markers. A 3 was present in 75% of the unrelated cases vs 26% in the normal population (p less than 10(-8)). The frequencies of B 7 (38% vs 19%) and B 14 (23% vs 9%) were also increased (p lessthan 0,05). Inevitably, in most cases both antigens in the B locus were associated with A 3. Seven of nine affected sib pairs shared both HLA haplotypes, while two shared only one. Significant association between HLA haplotypes and diseases segregation has been demonstrated in family studies. These facts are consistent with the recessive inheritance of a strongly A 3 linked \"disease\" gene responsible for abnormal iron stores in the heterozygote state. This hypothesis would account for 64% of our present cases. Most of discordances (26%) were females who are physiologically protected, or children under 17 who might later develop the disease. The remaining 10% of disordant cases could be explained by crossing-over between \"disease\" gene and HLA loci or by an heterogeneity of the disease. This provides a method for screening for high risk subjects and perhaps an opportunity for anticipatory prevention.", "contents": "[Idiopathic hemochromatosis linkage with the HLA system (author's transl)]. Fourteen selected families containing two or more subjects suffering from idiopathic hemochromatosis and 34 unrelated cases have been studied for their HLA markers. A 3 was present in 75% of the unrelated cases vs 26% in the normal population (p less than 10(-8)). The frequencies of B 7 (38% vs 19%) and B 14 (23% vs 9%) were also increased (p lessthan 0,05). Inevitably, in most cases both antigens in the B locus were associated with A 3. Seven of nine affected sib pairs shared both HLA haplotypes, while two shared only one. Significant association between HLA haplotypes and diseases segregation has been demonstrated in family studies. These facts are consistent with the recessive inheritance of a strongly A 3 linked \"disease\" gene responsible for abnormal iron stores in the heterozygote state. This hypothesis would account for 64% of our present cases. Most of discordances (26%) were females who are physiologically protected, or children under 17 who might later develop the disease. The remaining 10% of disordant cases could be explained by crossing-over between \"disease\" gene and HLA loci or by an heterogeneity of the disease. This provides a method for screening for high risk subjects and perhaps an opportunity for anticipatory prevention.", "PMID": 680310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4349", "title": "Health behaviour and its determinants among insulin-dependent diabetics. Results of the diabetes Warsaw study.", "content": "Health behaviour of a group of insulin-dependent diabetics and some factors influencing it have been described and analyzed. Aspects of health behaviour measured were: adherence to diet, insulin injection technique, urine self-testing and the pattern of action adopted in response to hypo- and hyperglycemia. Data were collected in 1975, from 170 insulin-dependent diabetics, aged 18-41, with known diabetes of from 6 months to 12 years duration. A standard questionnaire included items on health behaviour, knowledge of the disease and other factors. Of the subjects studied only 40% stated that they adhered to diet prescription. Occasional insulin injections were missed by 15%. Half the patients restricted diet or increased insulin dose in hyperglycemia but only 18% regularly tested urine for sugar. An important determinant of health behaviour was the level of understanding of the disease, which was found to be low among 58%. The present health education system for diabetic patients in Poland is discussed.", "contents": "Health behaviour and its determinants among insulin-dependent diabetics. Results of the diabetes Warsaw study. Health behaviour of a group of insulin-dependent diabetics and some factors influencing it have been described and analyzed. Aspects of health behaviour measured were: adherence to diet, insulin injection technique, urine self-testing and the pattern of action adopted in response to hypo- and hyperglycemia. Data were collected in 1975, from 170 insulin-dependent diabetics, aged 18-41, with known diabetes of from 6 months to 12 years duration. A standard questionnaire included items on health behaviour, knowledge of the disease and other factors. Of the subjects studied only 40% stated that they adhered to diet prescription. Occasional insulin injections were missed by 15%. Half the patients restricted diet or increased insulin dose in hyperglycemia but only 18% regularly tested urine for sugar. An important determinant of health behaviour was the level of understanding of the disease, which was found to be low among 58%. The present health education system for diabetic patients in Poland is discussed.", "PMID": 680311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4350", "title": "Absence of true pancreatic glucagon but persistence of circulating pancreatic glucagon-like immunoreactivity after pancreatectomy in pigs.", "content": "The possible existence of circulating pancreatic type glucagon (immunoreactive glucagon as measured with a highly specific antibody) of extrapancreatic origin was investigated in 20-25 kg pigs after pancreatectomy. In intact conscious animals intravenous arginine infusions stimulated glucagon as well as insulin secretion, while blood glucose remained unaffected. Two weeks after pancreatectomy, and 48 hours after insulin withdrawal, basal glucagon and glucose concentrations were elevated (from 22 +/- 3.7 to 55 +/- 9.5 pmol/1 and 5.8 +/- 0.4 to 16.2 +/- 2.0 mmol/l, respectively), (mean +/- SEM), while insulin concentrations were either undetectable or very low. After pancreatectomy, however, glucagon concentrations no longer increased during arginine infusion. Gut type glucagon levels were not affected by pancreatectomy, and did not change during arginine infusion. When examined by gel filtration, plasma from unoperated pigs contained two components of pancreatic type glucagon, one coeluting with the glucagon marker, the other eluting earlier, probably reflecting larger molecular size. After pancreatectomy only this larger component was found in the plasma. The role of this component in the control of blood glucose is unknown.", "contents": "Absence of true pancreatic glucagon but persistence of circulating pancreatic glucagon-like immunoreactivity after pancreatectomy in pigs. The possible existence of circulating pancreatic type glucagon (immunoreactive glucagon as measured with a highly specific antibody) of extrapancreatic origin was investigated in 20-25 kg pigs after pancreatectomy. In intact conscious animals intravenous arginine infusions stimulated glucagon as well as insulin secretion, while blood glucose remained unaffected. Two weeks after pancreatectomy, and 48 hours after insulin withdrawal, basal glucagon and glucose concentrations were elevated (from 22 +/- 3.7 to 55 +/- 9.5 pmol/1 and 5.8 +/- 0.4 to 16.2 +/- 2.0 mmol/l, respectively), (mean +/- SEM), while insulin concentrations were either undetectable or very low. After pancreatectomy, however, glucagon concentrations no longer increased during arginine infusion. Gut type glucagon levels were not affected by pancreatectomy, and did not change during arginine infusion. When examined by gel filtration, plasma from unoperated pigs contained two components of pancreatic type glucagon, one coeluting with the glucagon marker, the other eluting earlier, probably reflecting larger molecular size. After pancreatectomy only this larger component was found in the plasma. The role of this component in the control of blood glucose is unknown.", "PMID": 680313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4351", "title": "Partial lipodystrophy and insulin-resistant diabetes.", "content": "The coexistence of partial lipodystrophy of unusual distribution (limbs, back and head) with insulin-resistant diabetes and severe retinal, renal, neurological and arterial complications is reported. The lipodystrophy followed juvenile arthritis (Still's disease) and the diabetes, initially asymptomatic, became insulin dependent and technically insulin resistant (200 - 300 units insulin/day). Severe hyperlipidaemia has been a feature of this syndrome, probably contributing to the conspicuous peripheral arterial disease. The mother was diabetic but three sisters had normal glucose tolerance and there is no lipodystrophic member of the family. Underlying mechanisms of this syndrome remain obscure.", "contents": "Partial lipodystrophy and insulin-resistant diabetes. The coexistence of partial lipodystrophy of unusual distribution (limbs, back and head) with insulin-resistant diabetes and severe retinal, renal, neurological and arterial complications is reported. The lipodystrophy followed juvenile arthritis (Still's disease) and the diabetes, initially asymptomatic, became insulin dependent and technically insulin resistant (200 - 300 units insulin/day). Severe hyperlipidaemia has been a feature of this syndrome, probably contributing to the conspicuous peripheral arterial disease. The mother was diabetic but three sisters had normal glucose tolerance and there is no lipodystrophic member of the family. Underlying mechanisms of this syndrome remain obscure.", "PMID": 680314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4352", "title": "[Adipose tissue cellularity and skinfold thickness of the deltoid and retrotrochanteric areas in obese women (author's transl)].", "content": "301 women, 261 of them obese, were the subject of an anthropometric study of brachial and femoral adipomuscular ratio, adipocytometry in the deltoid and retro-trochanteric areas and oral glucose tolerance. Deltoid adipocyte volume was highly correlated (p less than 0,001) with total fat deposition in this area, while no such relationship was found in the retrotrochanteric area. In obese women with chemical or overt diabetes, deltoid adipose cells were significantly larger than those of non-diabetic obese women. This, however, was not the case for retro-trochanteric adipose cells.", "contents": "[Adipose tissue cellularity and skinfold thickness of the deltoid and retrotrochanteric areas in obese women (author's transl)]. 301 women, 261 of them obese, were the subject of an anthropometric study of brachial and femoral adipomuscular ratio, adipocytometry in the deltoid and retro-trochanteric areas and oral glucose tolerance. Deltoid adipocyte volume was highly correlated (p less than 0,001) with total fat deposition in this area, while no such relationship was found in the retrotrochanteric area. In obese women with chemical or overt diabetes, deltoid adipose cells were significantly larger than those of non-diabetic obese women. This, however, was not the case for retro-trochanteric adipose cells.", "PMID": 680315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4353", "title": "Evaluation of oral glucose tolerance test results in pregnancy.", "content": "Oral glucose tolerance and insulin response to glucose were analysed in 124 pregnant women during the fourth quartile of pregnancy. Employing different criteria for the detection of glucose intolerance, 9% to 21% of women were abnormal, and using the H index 43% would have been declared \"diabetic\". There was no evidence of a progressive change in the glucose curve detectable by the H index within the fourth quartile of pregnancy. There was no association between actual or potential fetal morbidity and any of the interpretative criteria employed. It is concluded that the oral glucose tolerance test should be interpreted with caution if non-pregnant criteria of abnormality are employed.", "contents": "Evaluation of oral glucose tolerance test results in pregnancy. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin response to glucose were analysed in 124 pregnant women during the fourth quartile of pregnancy. Employing different criteria for the detection of glucose intolerance, 9% to 21% of women were abnormal, and using the H index 43% would have been declared \"diabetic\". There was no evidence of a progressive change in the glucose curve detectable by the H index within the fourth quartile of pregnancy. There was no association between actual or potential fetal morbidity and any of the interpretative criteria employed. It is concluded that the oral glucose tolerance test should be interpreted with caution if non-pregnant criteria of abnormality are employed.", "PMID": 680316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4354", "title": "Interaction of arginine vasotocin and norepinephrine upon pineal indoleamine synthesis in vitro.", "content": "The interaction of arginine vasotocin (AVT) and norepinephrine (NE) upon pineal gland indoleamine synthesis was investigated. Rat pineal glands were incubated for 10 h in Krebs--Ringer bicarbonate plus 2 mg/ml glucose, 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, [14C]tryptophan, NE (10(-6) M), and log doses of AVT ranging from 100 ng to 10 microgram. Incubation media were extracted for [14C]serotonin while the other [14C]indoleamines, melatonin, hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA), methoxyindoleacetic acid (MIAA), N-acetylserotonin (NAS), hydroxytryptophol (HTOL), and methoxytryptophol (MTOH) were separated by thin-layer chromatography. Serotonin metabolism was decreased by 0.1 microgram AVT and NAS decreased by 1.0 microgram AVT. Melatonin synthesis was decreased by both 0.1 and 1.0 microgram AVT. AVT also decreased the conversion of [14C]serotonin to MIAA and to HTOL. The data indicates that AVT decreased NE-stimulated pineal indoleamine synthesis in vitro and further suggests that AVT may participate in the intracellular regulation of melatonin synthesis.", "contents": "Interaction of arginine vasotocin and norepinephrine upon pineal indoleamine synthesis in vitro. The interaction of arginine vasotocin (AVT) and norepinephrine (NE) upon pineal gland indoleamine synthesis was investigated. Rat pineal glands were incubated for 10 h in Krebs--Ringer bicarbonate plus 2 mg/ml glucose, 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, [14C]tryptophan, NE (10(-6) M), and log doses of AVT ranging from 100 ng to 10 microgram. Incubation media were extracted for [14C]serotonin while the other [14C]indoleamines, melatonin, hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA), methoxyindoleacetic acid (MIAA), N-acetylserotonin (NAS), hydroxytryptophol (HTOL), and methoxytryptophol (MTOH) were separated by thin-layer chromatography. Serotonin metabolism was decreased by 0.1 microgram AVT and NAS decreased by 1.0 microgram AVT. Melatonin synthesis was decreased by both 0.1 and 1.0 microgram AVT. AVT also decreased the conversion of [14C]serotonin to MIAA and to HTOL. The data indicates that AVT decreased NE-stimulated pineal indoleamine synthesis in vitro and further suggests that AVT may participate in the intracellular regulation of melatonin synthesis.", "PMID": 680335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4355", "title": "Effect of replacement of extracellular sodium ions and of D-600 on the activation by adrenalin of adenylate cyclase in intact pigeon erythrocytes.", "content": "The effect of replacement of extracellular Na+ by Li+, choline K+ or sucrose on cyclic AMP formation in pigeon erythrocytes has been investigated. Replacement of extracellular Na+ by Li+, choline or sucrose but not by K+ inhibited the stimulation by adrenalin of cyclic AMP formation, but had no detectable effect on cyclic AMP content in the absence of adrenalin. This inhibition was observed in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+. The relative inhibition caused by Na+ removal decreased with increasing adrenalin concentration. It was concluded that extracellular Na+ or K+ ions were required for maximal activation of adenylate cyclase by low concentrations of adrenalin, and that this effect of monovalent cations may have been due to an effect on the affinity of the receptor for adrenalin. The verapamil derivative D-600 also inhibited the stimulation by adrenalin of cyclic AMP formation. This effect occurred in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and hence seemed to be unrelated to the inhibition by C-600 of the slow Ca2+ channel in electrically excitable tissues.", "contents": "Effect of replacement of extracellular sodium ions and of D-600 on the activation by adrenalin of adenylate cyclase in intact pigeon erythrocytes. The effect of replacement of extracellular Na+ by Li+, choline K+ or sucrose on cyclic AMP formation in pigeon erythrocytes has been investigated. Replacement of extracellular Na+ by Li+, choline or sucrose but not by K+ inhibited the stimulation by adrenalin of cyclic AMP formation, but had no detectable effect on cyclic AMP content in the absence of adrenalin. This inhibition was observed in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+. The relative inhibition caused by Na+ removal decreased with increasing adrenalin concentration. It was concluded that extracellular Na+ or K+ ions were required for maximal activation of adenylate cyclase by low concentrations of adrenalin, and that this effect of monovalent cations may have been due to an effect on the affinity of the receptor for adrenalin. The verapamil derivative D-600 also inhibited the stimulation by adrenalin of cyclic AMP formation. This effect occurred in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and hence seemed to be unrelated to the inhibition by C-600 of the slow Ca2+ channel in electrically excitable tissues.", "PMID": 680336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4356", "title": "Biological and immunological characterization of human luteinizing hormone: IV. Biological and immunological profile of two international reference preparations after electrofocusing.", "content": "The first IRP of Human Pituitary Gonadotrophins (FSH/LH) for bioassay (69/104) and the 1st IRP of Human Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone (LH) for immunoassay (68/40) were fractionated by an electrofocusing technique in a sucrose density gradient and the profile of biological and immunological activities was determined. The partially purified LH preparation (69/104) gave a broad pattern of biolgical and immunological activities which extended from pH 4 to 10. The biological : immunological (B/I) ratio of the various fractions (using the 68/40 preparation as standard) ranged from 0.04 to 1.05. The low B/I ratios indicate the presence of high levels of immunologically active, biologically inactive material in this preparation. In contrast to the behaviour of the 69/104 preparation, the major proportion (88%) of the biological activity recovered after electrofocusing of the highly purified LH preparation (68/40) was found within the pH range 7--9, with B/I ratios (again using as standard the 68/40 preparation) ranging from 0.4 to 1.5. Multiple dose parallel line design radioimmunoassays revealed a lack of parallelism between the 69/104 and 68/40 International Reference Preparations. This was attributed to the presence of acidic material in the former preparation, which is practically absent from the latter. The biological LH profiles of both the 69/104 and 68/40 preparations differed from those previously reported for aqueous extracts of pituitaries. It is concluded that the dissimilarity in the electrofocusing profiles of the biological and immunological activities of the 69/104 preparation renders this preparation unsuitable as a reference preparation for the quantitation of biologically active LH by radioimmunoassay methods. Using the same criteria, the 68/40 preparation would appear to be a more suitable standard.", "contents": "Biological and immunological characterization of human luteinizing hormone: IV. Biological and immunological profile of two international reference preparations after electrofocusing. The first IRP of Human Pituitary Gonadotrophins (FSH/LH) for bioassay (69/104) and the 1st IRP of Human Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone (LH) for immunoassay (68/40) were fractionated by an electrofocusing technique in a sucrose density gradient and the profile of biological and immunological activities was determined. The partially purified LH preparation (69/104) gave a broad pattern of biolgical and immunological activities which extended from pH 4 to 10. The biological : immunological (B/I) ratio of the various fractions (using the 68/40 preparation as standard) ranged from 0.04 to 1.05. The low B/I ratios indicate the presence of high levels of immunologically active, biologically inactive material in this preparation. In contrast to the behaviour of the 69/104 preparation, the major proportion (88%) of the biological activity recovered after electrofocusing of the highly purified LH preparation (68/40) was found within the pH range 7--9, with B/I ratios (again using as standard the 68/40 preparation) ranging from 0.4 to 1.5. Multiple dose parallel line design radioimmunoassays revealed a lack of parallelism between the 69/104 and 68/40 International Reference Preparations. This was attributed to the presence of acidic material in the former preparation, which is practically absent from the latter. The biological LH profiles of both the 69/104 and 68/40 preparations differed from those previously reported for aqueous extracts of pituitaries. It is concluded that the dissimilarity in the electrofocusing profiles of the biological and immunological activities of the 69/104 preparation renders this preparation unsuitable as a reference preparation for the quantitation of biologically active LH by radioimmunoassay methods. Using the same criteria, the 68/40 preparation would appear to be a more suitable standard.", "PMID": 680337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4357", "title": "Studies on the binding of the estradiol-receptor complex to rat DNA fragments.", "content": "The activation by estradiol of a series of reactions in hormone target tissues provides a model for the study of gene regulation in eukaryotic cells. We have examined the interaction of the estradiol--receptor complex with the various frequency classes of rat DNA to determine whether specificity can be detected at this level of chromosome organization. Interaction of the 8S estradiol--receptor complex with DNA was assayed by a change in the sedimentation rate of the complex. The receptor was found to bind to high molecular weight rat DNA as well as to 450 nucleotide long fragments of rat DNA. When the sheared DNA was separated by denaturation and reassociation into three frequency classes, the unique and moderately repeated sequences bound the receptor almost as effectively as the total sheared DNA. The resulting DNA--receptor complexes were sensitive to pancreatic DNAase. The highly repeated class of sequences bound the receptor less effectively than the other fractions. This did not result from the presence in this fraction of an inhibitor of binding, since addition of unique DNA fragments resulted in formation of a normal DNA--receptor complex. Nor was nuclease activity responsible since intact DNA could be isolated from the incubation mixture. An increase in length of the highly repeated DNA to 800 nucleotide long fragments caused them to bind the receptor almost as effectively as the other DNA fractions. These studies suggest that there may be sequences in eukaryotic DNA that preferentially bind the estradiol--receptor complex.", "contents": "Studies on the binding of the estradiol-receptor complex to rat DNA fragments. The activation by estradiol of a series of reactions in hormone target tissues provides a model for the study of gene regulation in eukaryotic cells. We have examined the interaction of the estradiol--receptor complex with the various frequency classes of rat DNA to determine whether specificity can be detected at this level of chromosome organization. Interaction of the 8S estradiol--receptor complex with DNA was assayed by a change in the sedimentation rate of the complex. The receptor was found to bind to high molecular weight rat DNA as well as to 450 nucleotide long fragments of rat DNA. When the sheared DNA was separated by denaturation and reassociation into three frequency classes, the unique and moderately repeated sequences bound the receptor almost as effectively as the total sheared DNA. The resulting DNA--receptor complexes were sensitive to pancreatic DNAase. The highly repeated class of sequences bound the receptor less effectively than the other fractions. This did not result from the presence in this fraction of an inhibitor of binding, since addition of unique DNA fragments resulted in formation of a normal DNA--receptor complex. Nor was nuclease activity responsible since intact DNA could be isolated from the incubation mixture. An increase in length of the highly repeated DNA to 800 nucleotide long fragments caused them to bind the receptor almost as effectively as the other DNA fractions. These studies suggest that there may be sequences in eukaryotic DNA that preferentially bind the estradiol--receptor complex.", "PMID": 680339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4358", "title": "Chronic administration of pentagastrin: effect on gastric mucosal protein synthesis in rats.", "content": "Groups of adult rats were injected with either saline or pentagastrin (500 microgramg/kg) for 14 days. The capacity of the gastric mucosal ribosomes to synthesize endogenous and exogenous mRNA-directed protein in a cell-free system was then investigated. Polyribosomal profiles were also analysed on sucrose gradients. The endogenous mRNA-directed incorporation of 14C-labelled amino acids into protein by the gastric mucosal ribosomes from the pentagrastrin-injected rats was found to be considerably greater than that of the control. In the presence of exogenous mRNA (poly-U) the polyribosomes as well as the endogenous mRNA-free ribosomes (run-off ribosomes) from the pentagastrin-treated group showed 86% and 136% increment in [14C]-phenylalanie incorporation as compared to the corresponding control preparation. The ribosomal ribonuclease activity between the groups was found to be the same. The results of the present investigation indicate that an enhancement in the translational capacity of the ribosomes is in part responsible for stimulation of gastric mucosal protein synthesis after chronic administration of pentagastrin.", "contents": "Chronic administration of pentagastrin: effect on gastric mucosal protein synthesis in rats. Groups of adult rats were injected with either saline or pentagastrin (500 microgramg/kg) for 14 days. The capacity of the gastric mucosal ribosomes to synthesize endogenous and exogenous mRNA-directed protein in a cell-free system was then investigated. Polyribosomal profiles were also analysed on sucrose gradients. The endogenous mRNA-directed incorporation of 14C-labelled amino acids into protein by the gastric mucosal ribosomes from the pentagrastrin-injected rats was found to be considerably greater than that of the control. In the presence of exogenous mRNA (poly-U) the polyribosomes as well as the endogenous mRNA-free ribosomes (run-off ribosomes) from the pentagastrin-treated group showed 86% and 136% increment in [14C]-phenylalanie incorporation as compared to the corresponding control preparation. The ribosomal ribonuclease activity between the groups was found to be the same. The results of the present investigation indicate that an enhancement in the translational capacity of the ribosomes is in part responsible for stimulation of gastric mucosal protein synthesis after chronic administration of pentagastrin.", "PMID": 680338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4359", "title": "High-affinity binding of the antiestrogen [3H]tamoxifen to the 8S estradiol receptor.", "content": "The interaction of tamoxifen (ICI 46,474), a synthetic antiestrogen, with uterine cytosol proteins of immature calf and rat has been studied directly using the tritiated compound labeled with a high specific activity. The binding complexes were measured by the dextrancoated charcoal, protamine sulfate and hydroxyapatite assays. Scatchard plots revealed a single class of high-affinity (KD congruent to 1.7 nM) binding sites, with a binding capacity similar to that of estradiol. Competitive experiments showed the same binding specificity for estrogens and antiestrogens. Sucrose gradient analysis revealed an 8S binding protein which could be partially proteolysed by trypsin into a 4S binding protein. Kinetic studies showed that the association rate of tamoxifen was 5 times lower than that of estradiol and reacted according to a second order kinetics. The first-order kinetics of dissociation was considerably higher than that of estradiol, giving a half-dissociation time of 20--40 min at 0--2 degrees C. In some cases tamoxifen displayed two slopes of dissociation, but the proportion of the slow-dissociating complex was always inferior to that found with estradiol. In contrast to estradiol, the kinetic constants ratio (k-/k+) gave a calculated dissociation constant, similar to that determined in equilibrium conditions (KD), agreeing with a simple reactional scheme. We conclude that the antiestrogen tamoxifen binds directly to the 8S cytosol receptor for estrogens and not to another receptor for the antagonists. In contrast to estradiol, the antagonist is rapidly dissociated from the receptor sites and is unable to protect them against thermal inactivation. The affinity of tamoxifen for its receptor sites as determined directly is surprisingly high when compared to its affinity evaluated indirectly by competitive experiments. It is then suggested that the two ligands either bind on two different sites of the same protein or induce a different conformational change of the same binding site.", "contents": "High-affinity binding of the antiestrogen [3H]tamoxifen to the 8S estradiol receptor. The interaction of tamoxifen (ICI 46,474), a synthetic antiestrogen, with uterine cytosol proteins of immature calf and rat has been studied directly using the tritiated compound labeled with a high specific activity. The binding complexes were measured by the dextrancoated charcoal, protamine sulfate and hydroxyapatite assays. Scatchard plots revealed a single class of high-affinity (KD congruent to 1.7 nM) binding sites, with a binding capacity similar to that of estradiol. Competitive experiments showed the same binding specificity for estrogens and antiestrogens. Sucrose gradient analysis revealed an 8S binding protein which could be partially proteolysed by trypsin into a 4S binding protein. Kinetic studies showed that the association rate of tamoxifen was 5 times lower than that of estradiol and reacted according to a second order kinetics. The first-order kinetics of dissociation was considerably higher than that of estradiol, giving a half-dissociation time of 20--40 min at 0--2 degrees C. In some cases tamoxifen displayed two slopes of dissociation, but the proportion of the slow-dissociating complex was always inferior to that found with estradiol. In contrast to estradiol, the kinetic constants ratio (k-/k+) gave a calculated dissociation constant, similar to that determined in equilibrium conditions (KD), agreeing with a simple reactional scheme. We conclude that the antiestrogen tamoxifen binds directly to the 8S cytosol receptor for estrogens and not to another receptor for the antagonists. In contrast to estradiol, the antagonist is rapidly dissociated from the receptor sites and is unable to protect them against thermal inactivation. The affinity of tamoxifen for its receptor sites as determined directly is surprisingly high when compared to its affinity evaluated indirectly by competitive experiments. It is then suggested that the two ligands either bind on two different sites of the same protein or induce a different conformational change of the same binding site.", "PMID": 680340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4360", "title": "Accumulation of carnitine in rat epididymis after injection of [3H]butyrobetaine in vivo: quantitative aspects, and the effects of androgens and antiandrogens.", "content": "After i.m. injection of [3H]butyrobetaine into intact and castrated rats, the specific activity of plasma carnitine remained nearly constant over 24--96 h and epididymal uptake of carnitine was constant per unit time up to 72 h. The uptake ratio of intact to castrated rats was high at 48, 72 and 96 h after injection. Administration of estradiol valerate over 20 days reduced carnitine uptake in epididymis. This reduction was dose-dependent when estrogen was administered i.m. at 0.33--10 microgram/day levels. A maximum reduction of 90% was obtained with the 10 microgram dose. A dose increase from 33 to 100 microgram/day caused no further reduction. Norspiroxenone (2--10 mg/day) and SK 7670 (1.5 and 7.5 mg/day) were less effective than estradiol valerate (10 microgram/day) in suppressing carnitine uptake in epididymis. Epididymal carnitine uptake in estradiol valerate treated rats (33 microgram/day for 20 days) increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner under testosterone propionate treatment (50, 250, 1250 microgram/day). Carnitine uptake increased to 80% of the nonsuppressed levels when testosterone propionate was adminsitered over a 6-day period at 1250 microgram/day. Dihydrotestosterone increased epididymal carnitine uptake to the same extent as testosterone propionate. delta4-androstene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (50 microgram/day) were less effective, stimulating uptake to only 15% and 40% respectively of the testosterone propionate (250 microgram/day) stimulated levels. Changes in epididymal carnitine uptake evoked by various experimental procedures were closely paralleled by weight changes in the ventral prostate. This response resemblance indicates a similarity between the androgen sensitivity of the prostate gland and that of the carnitine uptake system in epididymis. The dose-dependent effect of estrogen on the accumulation of epididymal carnitine, together with the marked responses induced in this system by manipulation of its androgen status, support a possible use for the system as an assay for androgen or antiandrogen potency in vivo.", "contents": "Accumulation of carnitine in rat epididymis after injection of [3H]butyrobetaine in vivo: quantitative aspects, and the effects of androgens and antiandrogens. After i.m. injection of [3H]butyrobetaine into intact and castrated rats, the specific activity of plasma carnitine remained nearly constant over 24--96 h and epididymal uptake of carnitine was constant per unit time up to 72 h. The uptake ratio of intact to castrated rats was high at 48, 72 and 96 h after injection. Administration of estradiol valerate over 20 days reduced carnitine uptake in epididymis. This reduction was dose-dependent when estrogen was administered i.m. at 0.33--10 microgram/day levels. A maximum reduction of 90% was obtained with the 10 microgram dose. A dose increase from 33 to 100 microgram/day caused no further reduction. Norspiroxenone (2--10 mg/day) and SK 7670 (1.5 and 7.5 mg/day) were less effective than estradiol valerate (10 microgram/day) in suppressing carnitine uptake in epididymis. Epididymal carnitine uptake in estradiol valerate treated rats (33 microgram/day for 20 days) increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner under testosterone propionate treatment (50, 250, 1250 microgram/day). Carnitine uptake increased to 80% of the nonsuppressed levels when testosterone propionate was adminsitered over a 6-day period at 1250 microgram/day. Dihydrotestosterone increased epididymal carnitine uptake to the same extent as testosterone propionate. delta4-androstene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (50 microgram/day) were less effective, stimulating uptake to only 15% and 40% respectively of the testosterone propionate (250 microgram/day) stimulated levels. Changes in epididymal carnitine uptake evoked by various experimental procedures were closely paralleled by weight changes in the ventral prostate. This response resemblance indicates a similarity between the androgen sensitivity of the prostate gland and that of the carnitine uptake system in epididymis. The dose-dependent effect of estrogen on the accumulation of epididymal carnitine, together with the marked responses induced in this system by manipulation of its androgen status, support a possible use for the system as an assay for androgen or antiandrogen potency in vivo.", "PMID": 680341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4361", "title": "Purification and characterization of a juvenile hormone binding protein from the hemolymph of the fourth instar tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.", "content": "A protein which binds the insect juvenile hormone has been isolated from the hemolymph of the fourth instar tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera). Bioassay and chemical characterization of the bound ligand from the purified binding protein indicates that this molecule is the primary macromolecule responsible for juvenile hormone transport in the hemolymph of this insect. The juvenile hormone binding protein has been purified using gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein is a single polypeptide chain of about 28,000 daltons with a sedimentation coefficient of 2.2S and an isoelectric point of 5.0. Binding analysis using a hydroxyapatite batch assay indicates that the juvenile hormone binding protein has one binding site with a Ka of 1.2 times 10(7) M-1 at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a juvenile hormone binding protein from the hemolymph of the fourth instar tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. A protein which binds the insect juvenile hormone has been isolated from the hemolymph of the fourth instar tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera). Bioassay and chemical characterization of the bound ligand from the purified binding protein indicates that this molecule is the primary macromolecule responsible for juvenile hormone transport in the hemolymph of this insect. The juvenile hormone binding protein has been purified using gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein is a single polypeptide chain of about 28,000 daltons with a sedimentation coefficient of 2.2S and an isoelectric point of 5.0. Binding analysis using a hydroxyapatite batch assay indicates that the juvenile hormone binding protein has one binding site with a Ka of 1.2 times 10(7) M-1 at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 680342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4362", "title": "[Preventive rabies vaccination using vaccine prepared from human diploid cells].", "content": "228 persons have been previously vaccinated with inactivated human rabies vaccine M\u00e9rieux (HDC). They received three injections of 1 ml by the deep subcutaneous route with a one month interval. The vaccination is completed with a booster of 1 ml one year later. Serum samples for antibody titration are taken just at the time of each injection and also 21 days after the third injection and after the booster. Antibody titration is performed using two different methods: seroneutralization by intracerebral inoculation in mice and focus fluorescent inhibition test. Both methods give similar results. The antibody levels with this vaccine are very high and the average titers are about 1/511 at the day 28 (14,27 I.U./ml), 1/1.558 at the day 56 (59,15 I.U./ml), 1/2.783 at the day 77 (75,09 I.U./ml). In comparison with suckling mouse brain vaccine we obtain titres five times higher with the vaccine HDC (titer 21 days after complete vaccination). The titres are 1/1.109 for HDC vaccine and 1/225 for suckling mouse vaccine. The incidence of second reactions after the different injections is about 27%. They resulted essentially in light pain (21%), redness (17%) and light induration (10%) at the site of the injection during 24 to 48 hours. Fever was observed in less of 1% of cases and no one other general reaction was described.", "contents": "[Preventive rabies vaccination using vaccine prepared from human diploid cells]. 228 persons have been previously vaccinated with inactivated human rabies vaccine M\u00e9rieux (HDC). They received three injections of 1 ml by the deep subcutaneous route with a one month interval. The vaccination is completed with a booster of 1 ml one year later. Serum samples for antibody titration are taken just at the time of each injection and also 21 days after the third injection and after the booster. Antibody titration is performed using two different methods: seroneutralization by intracerebral inoculation in mice and focus fluorescent inhibition test. Both methods give similar results. The antibody levels with this vaccine are very high and the average titers are about 1/511 at the day 28 (14,27 I.U./ml), 1/1.558 at the day 56 (59,15 I.U./ml), 1/2.783 at the day 77 (75,09 I.U./ml). In comparison with suckling mouse brain vaccine we obtain titres five times higher with the vaccine HDC (titer 21 days after complete vaccination). The titres are 1/1.109 for HDC vaccine and 1/225 for suckling mouse vaccine. The incidence of second reactions after the different injections is about 27%. They resulted essentially in light pain (21%), redness (17%) and light induration (10%) at the site of the injection during 24 to 48 hours. Fever was observed in less of 1% of cases and no one other general reaction was described.", "PMID": 680381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4363", "title": "Human rabies immunoprophylaxis using HDC (MRC-5) vaccine.", "content": "In a field trial 181 high risk persons of both sexes between ages of 2--71 years were prophylactically vaccinated against rabies with the beta-propiolactone inactivated rabies-vaccine (hdc) mrc-5. 1 ml of vaccine was administered intramuscularly on days 0, 7 and 21. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 7, 21 and 35.  Neutralizing antibody titers against the rabies virus were determined in the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, 7 days after the first injection measurable titers of antibodies were found in all sera with one exception. On day 21 all persons showed a 100% seroconversion with a mean titer of 1:1000 (8,3 IU/ml). On day 35 the final mean titer measured 1:2400 (20 IU/ml). Major side effects during the prophylactic vaccination were not observed.", "contents": "Human rabies immunoprophylaxis using HDC (MRC-5) vaccine. In a field trial 181 high risk persons of both sexes between ages of 2--71 years were prophylactically vaccinated against rabies with the beta-propiolactone inactivated rabies-vaccine (hdc) mrc-5. 1 ml of vaccine was administered intramuscularly on days 0, 7 and 21. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 7, 21 and 35.  Neutralizing antibody titers against the rabies virus were determined in the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, 7 days after the first injection measurable titers of antibodies were found in all sera with one exception. On day 21 all persons showed a 100% seroconversion with a mean titer of 1:1000 (8,3 IU/ml). On day 35 the final mean titer measured 1:2400 (20 IU/ml). Major side effects during the prophylactic vaccination were not observed.", "PMID": 680382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4364", "title": "The continuing imperatives of diversity of rabies vaccine.", "content": "Current preoccupation with and enthusiasm for the human diploid cell rabies vaccine are reminiscent of the advent of duck embryo vaccine (DEV) a quarter of a century ago. Development of the latter vaccine, considered both potent and entirely safe at the time, had the effect of paralyzing development of other vaccines, at least in the United States. Subsequent experience has demonstrated the DEV is neither potent nor entirely safe, although its use is not attended by the trepidation that accompanied the use of older vaccines. Availability in the USA of only one vaccine licensed for human use has created a hardship on both patients and physicians in as much as a large percentage of vaccinated persons suffer side effects of various degrees that pose problems for continuation of treatment. Experience has shown that most of those problems can be resolved by simple substitution of vaccine of another kind. Data obtained thus far indicate the marked superiority of diploid cell vaccine over DEV in several respects but it is not yet evident that it is completely free of allergen. Moreover, purified preparations of antigenic fractions have been obtained, and other vaccines have been shown to benefit, in apparent potency, from their capability of eliciting interferon formation. Economic considerations cannot be overlooked, and the advantage, in this respect, of suckling mouse brain vaccine in some areas of greatest need is evident.", "contents": "The continuing imperatives of diversity of rabies vaccine. Current preoccupation with and enthusiasm for the human diploid cell rabies vaccine are reminiscent of the advent of duck embryo vaccine (DEV) a quarter of a century ago. Development of the latter vaccine, considered both potent and entirely safe at the time, had the effect of paralyzing development of other vaccines, at least in the United States. Subsequent experience has demonstrated the DEV is neither potent nor entirely safe, although its use is not attended by the trepidation that accompanied the use of older vaccines. Availability in the USA of only one vaccine licensed for human use has created a hardship on both patients and physicians in as much as a large percentage of vaccinated persons suffer side effects of various degrees that pose problems for continuation of treatment. Experience has shown that most of those problems can be resolved by simple substitution of vaccine of another kind. Data obtained thus far indicate the marked superiority of diploid cell vaccine over DEV in several respects but it is not yet evident that it is completely free of allergen. Moreover, purified preparations of antigenic fractions have been obtained, and other vaccines have been shown to benefit, in apparent potency, from their capability of eliciting interferon formation. Economic considerations cannot be overlooked, and the advantage, in this respect, of suckling mouse brain vaccine in some areas of greatest need is evident.", "PMID": 680383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4365", "title": "Studies with human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine and human antirabies immunoglobulin in man.", "content": "Seventy healthy veterinary students with no previous history of rabies vaccination were inoculated either with human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) alone, human diploid cell strain (HDCS) vaccine alone, or combinations of both. HRIG, prepared either at the Lister Institute or by Cutter Laboratories, was inoculated (20 i.u./kg) on day 0, vaccine was inoculated on days 0, 3, 7 and 14 either in 0.1 ml doses intradermally (i.d.) or in 1.0 ml doses intramuscularly (i.m.). Neutralizing antibodies were measured by the mouse neutralization test on samples taken from each group of 10 volunteers on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 30, 50 and 90. The treatments were well tolerated and no serious reactions were seen. Antibody estimations, as yet incomplete, indicate that in those subjects receiving HRIG alone, low levels of antibody were detectable in most but not all cases after 24 hours; peak titres (0.16 i.u./ml : 1 in 7.2) were observed on days 2 and 3 and became undetectable after 30 days. Most subjects receiving vaccine and HRIG also had detectable antibody at 24 hours and all had antibody by 48 hours. Peak titres (GM +/- 18 i.u./ml) were recorded at 21 to 30 days. The response to vaccine administered by either route does not appear so far to be markedly suppressed by HRIG.", "contents": "Studies with human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine and human antirabies immunoglobulin in man. Seventy healthy veterinary students with no previous history of rabies vaccination were inoculated either with human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) alone, human diploid cell strain (HDCS) vaccine alone, or combinations of both. HRIG, prepared either at the Lister Institute or by Cutter Laboratories, was inoculated (20 i.u./kg) on day 0, vaccine was inoculated on days 0, 3, 7 and 14 either in 0.1 ml doses intradermally (i.d.) or in 1.0 ml doses intramuscularly (i.m.). Neutralizing antibodies were measured by the mouse neutralization test on samples taken from each group of 10 volunteers on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 30, 50 and 90. The treatments were well tolerated and no serious reactions were seen. Antibody estimations, as yet incomplete, indicate that in those subjects receiving HRIG alone, low levels of antibody were detectable in most but not all cases after 24 hours; peak titres (0.16 i.u./ml : 1 in 7.2) were observed on days 2 and 3 and became undetectable after 30 days. Most subjects receiving vaccine and HRIG also had detectable antibody at 24 hours and all had antibody by 48 hours. Peak titres (GM +/- 18 i.u./ml) were recorded at 21 to 30 days. The response to vaccine administered by either route does not appear so far to be markedly suppressed by HRIG.", "PMID": 680384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4366", "title": "Human rabies globulin and human diploid vaccine dose determinations.", "content": "Veterinary students were injected with either human rabies immune globulin and human diploid rabies vaccine, or with human diploid vaccine alone. All those students who received three or more doses of the vaccine developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). The levels of early antibody in the students receiving the combination of globulin and vaccine depended very much on the dose of globulin. The neutralizing antibody levels in the sera of students who received 12 IU/kg were low 48 hours after the globulin injection: 6 of the 25 students receiving this dose were found to have no antibody, and eight were found to have titers between 1:6 and 1:10. When the globulin dose of 20 or 30 IU/kg was administered all students had early titers of 1:11 or above and all students subsequently developed high levels of antibody.", "contents": "Human rabies globulin and human diploid vaccine dose determinations. Veterinary students were injected with either human rabies immune globulin and human diploid rabies vaccine, or with human diploid vaccine alone. All those students who received three or more doses of the vaccine developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). The levels of early antibody in the students receiving the combination of globulin and vaccine depended very much on the dose of globulin. The neutralizing antibody levels in the sera of students who received 12 IU/kg were low 48 hours after the globulin injection: 6 of the 25 students receiving this dose were found to have no antibody, and eight were found to have titers between 1:6 and 1:10. When the globulin dose of 20 or 30 IU/kg was administered all students had early titers of 1:11 or above and all students subsequently developed high levels of antibody.", "PMID": 680385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4367", "title": "Serovaccination by human immune globulin and HDCS-vaccine against rabies.", "content": "A serological study was performed in 16 volunteer subjects and 3 patients to determine the active antibody response after vaccination with HDCS vaccine alone and in conjunction with rabies immunglobulin of human origin (RIGH). When heterologous antiserum from horse or mule and any rabies vaccine is used for passive-active immunization, a pronounced interfering effect is observed, depending upon the relative concentrations of preformed rabies antibodies given and rabies virus antigen of the vaccines. When 20 IU/kg bwt of RIGH were applied simultaneously with vaccine on day 0 followed by a full series of post-exposure anti-rabies treatment, i.e. 6 doses of vaccine at days 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90, no interference phenomenon was observed, as indicated by an additive effect between passive antibody and actively produced antibody. This was reflected by the observed increase of rabies antibody titre on day 7 post-vaccination and could be demonstrated in three different assays (MNT, CFT and HIT). From day 14 to day 90, no significant difference as to logarithmic increase, plateau formation and persistence of neutralizing and HI antibodies was observed between the serovaccinated and the control group. Serum samples obtained on day 455 from 12 individuals representing both study groups revealed comparable antibody values as assayed in the MNT or HIT respectively. Thus persistence and quantity of vaccine induced antibody to rabies virus, whether produced after plain vaccination or under sero-vaccination conditions, actually show no difference.", "contents": "Serovaccination by human immune globulin and HDCS-vaccine against rabies. A serological study was performed in 16 volunteer subjects and 3 patients to determine the active antibody response after vaccination with HDCS vaccine alone and in conjunction with rabies immunglobulin of human origin (RIGH). When heterologous antiserum from horse or mule and any rabies vaccine is used for passive-active immunization, a pronounced interfering effect is observed, depending upon the relative concentrations of preformed rabies antibodies given and rabies virus antigen of the vaccines. When 20 IU/kg bwt of RIGH were applied simultaneously with vaccine on day 0 followed by a full series of post-exposure anti-rabies treatment, i.e. 6 doses of vaccine at days 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90, no interference phenomenon was observed, as indicated by an additive effect between passive antibody and actively produced antibody. This was reflected by the observed increase of rabies antibody titre on day 7 post-vaccination and could be demonstrated in three different assays (MNT, CFT and HIT). From day 14 to day 90, no significant difference as to logarithmic increase, plateau formation and persistence of neutralizing and HI antibodies was observed between the serovaccinated and the control group. Serum samples obtained on day 455 from 12 individuals representing both study groups revealed comparable antibody values as assayed in the MNT or HIT respectively. Thus persistence and quantity of vaccine induced antibody to rabies virus, whether produced after plain vaccination or under sero-vaccination conditions, actually show no difference.", "PMID": 680386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4368", "title": "IgM and IgG antibody profiles after immunization of man with a HDCS-vaccine (preliminary communication).", "content": "HDCS vaccine was given to 20 healthy, not rabies-exposed people on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90. Ten of them received in addition 20 IU/kg of human antirabies immunoglobulin. Vaccine potency in NIH tests was 1.8 (WHO). Most individuals did not show any measurable neutralizing antibody titer on days 3 and 7. On days 14, 28, 90 and 300 the mean of titres was above 1:200; with one exception, no titer was lower than 1:50. The sera of days 14 and 90 were separated on \"Sephadex G-200\" columns. On day 14 at least 46% of the rabies antibody was found in the IgM fraction, while 15% was recovered from the IgG fraction. On day 90 the proportion recovered from the IgM fraction had decreased to 17%; the IgG antibody had increased to 30% of the titres found in whole serum. Almost no antirabies activity was found in the IgG fractions.", "contents": "IgM and IgG antibody profiles after immunization of man with a HDCS-vaccine (preliminary communication). HDCS vaccine was given to 20 healthy, not rabies-exposed people on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90. Ten of them received in addition 20 IU/kg of human antirabies immunoglobulin. Vaccine potency in NIH tests was 1.8 (WHO). Most individuals did not show any measurable neutralizing antibody titer on days 3 and 7. On days 14, 28, 90 and 300 the mean of titres was above 1:200; with one exception, no titer was lower than 1:50. The sera of days 14 and 90 were separated on \"Sephadex G-200\" columns. On day 14 at least 46% of the rabies antibody was found in the IgM fraction, while 15% was recovered from the IgG fraction. On day 90 the proportion recovered from the IgM fraction had decreased to 17%; the IgG antibody had increased to 30% of the titres found in whole serum. Almost no antirabies activity was found in the IgG fractions.", "PMID": 680387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4369", "title": "Serological investigations on rabies tissue culture vaccine (USSR) and development of short methods in post-exposure treatment.", "content": "Comparisons have been carried out in the GDR between the Hempt-vaccine, which has been used until now, and a vaccine prepared in the USSR from the Vnukovo-32 strain on tissue culture. A trial of 1,800 treatments undertaken in 18 vaccination centres has clearly shown that the tissue culture vaccine is superior to the Hempt-vaccine and allows the number of injections to be reduced. The authors recommend three types of treatment--with or without the combination of antirabies immunoglobulin--according to the risk of exposure or the injuries sustained.", "contents": "Serological investigations on rabies tissue culture vaccine (USSR) and development of short methods in post-exposure treatment. Comparisons have been carried out in the GDR between the Hempt-vaccine, which has been used until now, and a vaccine prepared in the USSR from the Vnukovo-32 strain on tissue culture. A trial of 1,800 treatments undertaken in 18 vaccination centres has clearly shown that the tissue culture vaccine is superior to the Hempt-vaccine and allows the number of injections to be reduced. The authors recommend three types of treatment--with or without the combination of antirabies immunoglobulin--according to the risk of exposure or the injuries sustained.", "PMID": 680388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4370", "title": "Humoral immunity conferred by the HDCS rabies vaccine M\u00e9rieux administered after exposure: 151 cases with and without specific immune globulin of human origin. Preliminary communication.", "content": "The results of the analysis of the neutralizing antibodies measured at days 30 and 90 after vaccination are described in brief. Different lots of M\u00e9rieux vaccine were used, of which two were checked separately for relative antigenic value by the Federal Public Health Service (CH). The lowest antigenic value (lot 0420 M) was 1.6 in relation to the standard NIH vaccine No.182. The inhibiting effect of immune globulin was shown to be significant with this lot, but not with the other, more powerful lots. The attention is drawn to isolated cases which did not present antibodies--or not a sufficient count--on days 30 or 90 according to the RFFI test.", "contents": "Humoral immunity conferred by the HDCS rabies vaccine M\u00e9rieux administered after exposure: 151 cases with and without specific immune globulin of human origin. Preliminary communication. The results of the analysis of the neutralizing antibodies measured at days 30 and 90 after vaccination are described in brief. Different lots of M\u00e9rieux vaccine were used, of which two were checked separately for relative antigenic value by the Federal Public Health Service (CH). The lowest antigenic value (lot 0420 M) was 1.6 in relation to the standard NIH vaccine No.182. The inhibiting effect of immune globulin was shown to be significant with this lot, but not with the other, more powerful lots. The attention is drawn to isolated cases which did not present antibodies--or not a sufficient count--on days 30 or 90 according to the RFFI test.", "PMID": 680389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4371", "title": "Results of rabies post-exposure treatment with antirabies serum and the human diploid cell vaccine in Iran.", "content": "Confirmation of safety and antigenicity of HDCV vaccine in volunteers and in post-exposure treatment of severely injured patients. In some cases the use of antirabies serum inhibited, temporarily, the development of the active response to vaccine. During the last year about 2000 treatments were carried out : no failure nor undesirable reactions were observed.", "contents": "Results of rabies post-exposure treatment with antirabies serum and the human diploid cell vaccine in Iran. Confirmation of safety and antigenicity of HDCV vaccine in volunteers and in post-exposure treatment of severely injured patients. In some cases the use of antirabies serum inhibited, temporarily, the development of the active response to vaccine. During the last year about 2000 treatments were carried out : no failure nor undesirable reactions were observed.", "PMID": 680390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4372", "title": "Production of inactivated rabies vaccine for human use on WI38 diploid cells. Results of potency tests. Stability of the vaccine in liquid and freeze-dried forms.", "content": "The purpose of the article is to give the experience gained with the manufacture of the vaccine for five years and to dicuss the potency results obtained. Sixty ampoules of WI38 cells were used. The processing of twelve of them was stopped for accidental reasons. Forty-eight lots were freeze-dried, four were rejected as final product, three lots because of low potency, one following some febrile reactions in children due to an unexpectedly high content in endotoxin. The activity level of each lot was determined: (1) by titration of the viral suspension before concentration in young mice by the intracerebral route or by the plaquing technique in monolayers of BHK 21 cells. The mean titer in mice is 10(6.5) per ml; on cells the titer is lower, mean 10(5.8) per ml, but more homogeneous, and (2) by the NIH potency test in mice: 90% of the lots have an antigenic value compared to the International Reference Vaccine above 2. There is not a good agreement between the results of the NIH potency test and the titer of the viral suspension. The antigenic values obtained on the freeze-dried vaccine after storage one month at 37 degrees C are the same as those for the vaccine stored at + 4 degrees C. The activity is not modified after storage for two years at + 4 degrees C in the freeze-dried or in the liquid state. The main drawback of the vaccine is its high cost. Some suggestions are proposed to try to lower it and to find a sound compromise between high quality and price.", "contents": "Production of inactivated rabies vaccine for human use on WI38 diploid cells. Results of potency tests. Stability of the vaccine in liquid and freeze-dried forms. The purpose of the article is to give the experience gained with the manufacture of the vaccine for five years and to dicuss the potency results obtained. Sixty ampoules of WI38 cells were used. The processing of twelve of them was stopped for accidental reasons. Forty-eight lots were freeze-dried, four were rejected as final product, three lots because of low potency, one following some febrile reactions in children due to an unexpectedly high content in endotoxin. The activity level of each lot was determined: (1) by titration of the viral suspension before concentration in young mice by the intracerebral route or by the plaquing technique in monolayers of BHK 21 cells. The mean titer in mice is 10(6.5) per ml; on cells the titer is lower, mean 10(5.8) per ml, but more homogeneous, and (2) by the NIH potency test in mice: 90% of the lots have an antigenic value compared to the International Reference Vaccine above 2. There is not a good agreement between the results of the NIH potency test and the titer of the viral suspension. The antigenic values obtained on the freeze-dried vaccine after storage one month at 37 degrees C are the same as those for the vaccine stored at + 4 degrees C. The activity is not modified after storage for two years at + 4 degrees C in the freeze-dried or in the liquid state. The main drawback of the vaccine is its high cost. Some suggestions are proposed to try to lower it and to find a sound compromise between high quality and price.", "PMID": 680392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4373", "title": "Potency testing of diploid-cell rabies vaccine and correlation with immunogenicity.", "content": "Two procedures for evaluating the potency of diploid-cell rabies vaccine (WRV) were compared by mouse-serum neutralization (MNT) and RFFIT serological determinations, using NIH Reference Rabies Vaccine No. 182 as base. Mean antibody-induction potency value ratios in female CD1 mice for 12 WRV assays were 5.12 by MSN and 4.57 by RFFIT compared with a 2.84 Antigen Value by the standard 28-day NIH mouse neutralization tests on the same lots. The mean antibody-induction potency values for 12 control DEV preparations were 0.71 (MSN) and 0.81 (RFFIT) versus 0.51 Antigen Value by NIH test. The statistical parameters of all respective means were similarly compared. MRV potencies of the order of magnitude shown correlated well with superior human immunogenicity but not linearly over a ten-fold range of antigen values from about 1 to 10. MNT antibody responses were 15-30 I.U. per ml of serum to WRV in this range (3-dose immunization); corresponding overall RFFIT values were 8 to 15 I.U. per ml. Control immunizations with DEV preparations yielded immune responses approximately one order of magnitude lower under comparable conditions.", "contents": "Potency testing of diploid-cell rabies vaccine and correlation with immunogenicity. Two procedures for evaluating the potency of diploid-cell rabies vaccine (WRV) were compared by mouse-serum neutralization (MNT) and RFFIT serological determinations, using NIH Reference Rabies Vaccine No. 182 as base. Mean antibody-induction potency value ratios in female CD1 mice for 12 WRV assays were 5.12 by MSN and 4.57 by RFFIT compared with a 2.84 Antigen Value by the standard 28-day NIH mouse neutralization tests on the same lots. The mean antibody-induction potency values for 12 control DEV preparations were 0.71 (MSN) and 0.81 (RFFIT) versus 0.51 Antigen Value by NIH test. The statistical parameters of all respective means were similarly compared. MRV potencies of the order of magnitude shown correlated well with superior human immunogenicity but not linearly over a ten-fold range of antigen values from about 1 to 10. MNT antibody responses were 15-30 I.U. per ml of serum to WRV in this range (3-dose immunization); corresponding overall RFFIT values were 8 to 15 I.U. per ml. Control immunizations with DEV preparations yielded immune responses approximately one order of magnitude lower under comparable conditions.", "PMID": 680393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4374", "title": "Standardization of methods used for testing the safety of tissue culture rabies vaccines.", "content": "Tissue culture rabies vaccines are essentially new preparations intended for prophylaxis and treatment of rabies. However, the methods used for their testing are mostly the same as those used for rabies vaccines prepared from brain tissue. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop and standardize methods for testing tissue culture rabies vaccines. The main criteria for the evaluation of Vnukovo-32 production strain have been formulated. The strain has been characterized in pathomorphological studies; the degree and nature of lesions produced in animal brain tissue by various doses of antigen and different routes of inoculation have been determined. In order to ensure the specific innocuity of rabies vaccines inactivated preparations are produced. However, with the current methods of inactivation (treatment with beta-propiolactone or phenol, ultraviolet irradiation and others) some viral particles may occasionally remain active. Besides, reparative processes may possibly occur in utraviolet-irradiated viruses. The penetration of even sublethal doses of live virus into the body is highly undesirable, since under certain conditions the long-term harbouring of the live viral particle may result in the development of various pathological conditions. In order to reveal minimum amounts of live virus in the preparation a method of additional passages in a susceptible cell system using the fluorescent antibody technique has been developed. By this method it has been possible to detect the presence of live virus in 10 out of 51 lots of vaccine under test.", "contents": "Standardization of methods used for testing the safety of tissue culture rabies vaccines. Tissue culture rabies vaccines are essentially new preparations intended for prophylaxis and treatment of rabies. However, the methods used for their testing are mostly the same as those used for rabies vaccines prepared from brain tissue. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop and standardize methods for testing tissue culture rabies vaccines. The main criteria for the evaluation of Vnukovo-32 production strain have been formulated. The strain has been characterized in pathomorphological studies; the degree and nature of lesions produced in animal brain tissue by various doses of antigen and different routes of inoculation have been determined. In order to ensure the specific innocuity of rabies vaccines inactivated preparations are produced. However, with the current methods of inactivation (treatment with beta-propiolactone or phenol, ultraviolet irradiation and others) some viral particles may occasionally remain active. Besides, reparative processes may possibly occur in utraviolet-irradiated viruses. The penetration of even sublethal doses of live virus into the body is highly undesirable, since under certain conditions the long-term harbouring of the live viral particle may result in the development of various pathological conditions. In order to reveal minimum amounts of live virus in the preparation a method of additional passages in a susceptible cell system using the fluorescent antibody technique has been developed. By this method it has been possible to detect the presence of live virus in 10 out of 51 lots of vaccine under test.", "PMID": 680394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4375", "title": "Rabies vaccine HDC: toxicological studies in laboratory animals.", "content": "A purified rabies vaccine prepared in human diploid cell cultures (Wistar 38 adapted Pitman-Moore strain) was tested in several animal species with single and repeated administration. Acute toxicity studies were performed in mice, rats, and guinea pigs with s.c. or i.m. injections of at least 1 human dose/animal. The results gave no evidence of toxic effects. Studies on local compatibility were carried out in white rabbits (i.c. and s.c.) and albino guinea pigs (i.m.). During the observation period of 1 or 2 weeks after inoculation no adverse reactions were seen. Pyrogen tests in rabbits with 6 lots of vaccines showed that rabies vaccine is pyrogenfree. Long-term studies with 4 injections into rats and dogs and observation over a 4-month period gave no alterations of hematological parameters and of the urinalysis. The behaviour of the animals was not altered. Short- and long-term experiments in animals showed the innocuity of this type of rabies vaccine.", "contents": "Rabies vaccine HDC: toxicological studies in laboratory animals. A purified rabies vaccine prepared in human diploid cell cultures (Wistar 38 adapted Pitman-Moore strain) was tested in several animal species with single and repeated administration. Acute toxicity studies were performed in mice, rats, and guinea pigs with s.c. or i.m. injections of at least 1 human dose/animal. The results gave no evidence of toxic effects. Studies on local compatibility were carried out in white rabbits (i.c. and s.c.) and albino guinea pigs (i.m.). During the observation period of 1 or 2 weeks after inoculation no adverse reactions were seen. Pyrogen tests in rabbits with 6 lots of vaccines showed that rabies vaccine is pyrogenfree. Long-term studies with 4 injections into rats and dogs and observation over a 4-month period gave no alterations of hematological parameters and of the urinalysis. The behaviour of the animals was not altered. Short- and long-term experiments in animals showed the innocuity of this type of rabies vaccine.", "PMID": 680395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4376", "title": "A purified human diploid cell rabies vaccine.", "content": "Continuous-flow isopycnic banding of rabies virus in sucrose gradient was used to purify the antigen for the preparation of a human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Prior to the addition of the stabilizer, the average specific potency of several vaccine batches was 234 antigenic values per 1.0 mg of protein. Further data regarding potency and stability of this vaccine are presented.", "contents": "A purified human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Continuous-flow isopycnic banding of rabies virus in sucrose gradient was used to purify the antigen for the preparation of a human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Prior to the addition of the stabilizer, the average specific potency of several vaccine batches was 234 antigenic values per 1.0 mg of protein. Further data regarding potency and stability of this vaccine are presented.", "PMID": 680396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4377", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity and postexposure protection from rabies by inactivated vaccines of tissue culture origin.", "content": "A strong cell-mediated cytotoxic response (CMC), which was maximal 6-7 days after treatment, was generated in mice exposed to inactivated rabies virus vaccine. CMC response was linear and was a function of antigenic mass. Live attenuated viruses also generated a strong CMC response after intracerebral infection. Mice lethally infected with virulent strains of virus failed to develop CMC. There was, however, no difference in the rate and amount of virus-neutralizing or lytic antibodies and interferon induction in mice infected with virulent as compared to those infected with attenuated strains of virus. The level of T-cell effector function was found to be directly correlated with survival. Secondary CMC response to inactivated virus vaccine is strong, appears faster (3 days)and requires a smaller amount of antigen than does the primary CMC response. A consistent high level of CMC can be maintained for extended periods of time by repeated vaccine inoculations. When mice were treated with vaccine after being infected with street virus, high levels of CMC were found in effectively protected animals, but no CMC was found in unprotected animals. High levels of virus-neutralizing antibody were present in both surviving and dying mice. CMC responses to different antigenic components of rabies virus were also investigated.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity and postexposure protection from rabies by inactivated vaccines of tissue culture origin. A strong cell-mediated cytotoxic response (CMC), which was maximal 6-7 days after treatment, was generated in mice exposed to inactivated rabies virus vaccine. CMC response was linear and was a function of antigenic mass. Live attenuated viruses also generated a strong CMC response after intracerebral infection. Mice lethally infected with virulent strains of virus failed to develop CMC. There was, however, no difference in the rate and amount of virus-neutralizing or lytic antibodies and interferon induction in mice infected with virulent as compared to those infected with attenuated strains of virus. The level of T-cell effector function was found to be directly correlated with survival. Secondary CMC response to inactivated virus vaccine is strong, appears faster (3 days)and requires a smaller amount of antigen than does the primary CMC response. A consistent high level of CMC can be maintained for extended periods of time by repeated vaccine inoculations. When mice were treated with vaccine after being infected with street virus, high levels of CMC were found in effectively protected animals, but no CMC was found in unprotected animals. High levels of virus-neutralizing antibody were present in both surviving and dying mice. CMC responses to different antigenic components of rabies virus were also investigated.", "PMID": 680397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4378", "title": "Antigenicity of low concentrated HDCS vaccine with and without adjuvant as compared to the standard fluid formulation.", "content": "It can be shown that 0.1% aluminum hydroxide is able to compensate a 90% difference in antigen content of a human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine in man. This conclusion, however, is drawn only from the formation of neutralizing antibodies (kinetics and antibody concentration). Further experiments should be performed to compare also the protective capacity of HDCS vaccines varying in antigen content and adjuvant. A sole reduction of viral antigen is reflected by a corresponding reduction in antibody formation provided the different doses fall within the logarithmic part of the dose-response curve.", "contents": "Antigenicity of low concentrated HDCS vaccine with and without adjuvant as compared to the standard fluid formulation. It can be shown that 0.1% aluminum hydroxide is able to compensate a 90% difference in antigen content of a human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine in man. This conclusion, however, is drawn only from the formation of neutralizing antibodies (kinetics and antibody concentration). Further experiments should be performed to compare also the protective capacity of HDCS vaccines varying in antigen content and adjuvant. A sole reduction of viral antigen is reflected by a corresponding reduction in antibody formation provided the different doses fall within the logarithmic part of the dose-response curve.", "PMID": 680398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4379", "title": "Development and clinical trials of the new human rabies vaccine of tissue culture (human diploid cell) origin.", "content": "A new type of rabies vaccine for human prophylaxis was developed by workers at the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. Vaccine is prepared from rabies virus infected tissue cultures of human diploid cells and is inactivated following concentration and purification of virus. Vaccine is being successfully used for prophylactic and postexposure treatment in humans with reduced number of doses and is virtually free from adverse reactions associated with the use of other types of rabies vaccines.", "contents": "Development and clinical trials of the new human rabies vaccine of tissue culture (human diploid cell) origin. A new type of rabies vaccine for human prophylaxis was developed by workers at the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. Vaccine is prepared from rabies virus infected tissue cultures of human diploid cells and is inactivated following concentration and purification of virus. Vaccine is being successfully used for prophylactic and postexposure treatment in humans with reduced number of doses and is virtually free from adverse reactions associated with the use of other types of rabies vaccines.", "PMID": 680399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4380", "title": "Zonal centrifuge purification of human rabies vaccine obtained on bovine fetal kidney cells. Biological results.", "content": "An inactivated human rabies vaccine prepared on bovine fetal kidney cells is concentrated and purified by zonal centrifugation. The peak of rabies particles is monitored by hemagglutination. Immunogenicity of the purified particles was evaluated by titration of specific antibodies from vaccinated animals. Protective activity of the vaccine was assayed on guinea pigs challenged with street rabies. Biological results were compared with those obtained with other tissue culture vaccines.", "contents": "Zonal centrifuge purification of human rabies vaccine obtained on bovine fetal kidney cells. Biological results. An inactivated human rabies vaccine prepared on bovine fetal kidney cells is concentrated and purified by zonal centrifugation. The peak of rabies particles is monitored by hemagglutination. Immunogenicity of the purified particles was evaluated by titration of specific antibodies from vaccinated animals. Protective activity of the vaccine was assayed on guinea pigs challenged with street rabies. Biological results were compared with those obtained with other tissue culture vaccines.", "PMID": 680400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4381", "title": "Structure and function of rabies virus glycoprotein.", "content": "Of the three major proteins associated with the rabies virus membrane, only the glycoprotein (G-protein) was found to be located on the external surface of the viral membrane. A minor glycoprotein (gp 50) detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of rabies virus appeared to be a breakdown product of the G-protein. Glycoprotein prepared by treatment of rabies virus with Triton X100 and purified by isoelectric focusing was found to be homogeneous with respect to size and isoelectric point. The apparent molecular weight of this component isolated under nondenaturing conditions is approximately 400,000 daltons. The same material analyzed by PAGE was found to be comprised solely of polypeptide chains of the G-protein (MW 80,000 daltons). Therefore, the Triton X100-released material represents homopolymers of the G-protein. The purified rabies virus glycoprotein (G) is only structural protein of the virus that induces the formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies and which confers immunity to animals. The total protective activity of the virus was recovered in the purified G protein preparation. The protective activity of G protein increased with purification : 9 ng of G protein was required to protect 50% of the mice as compared to 1.63 microgram of the virus. The number of oligosaccharide side chains on rabies virus glycoprotein was investigated. Analysis of glycopeptides obtained by protease digestion of desialated glycoprotein revealed three discrete glycopeptides. Comparison of the protease digestion products from desialated and from untreated glycoprotein indicated a heterogeneity among the glycopeptides in the sialic acid content. Two major tryptic glycopeptides were isolated from desialated rabies virus glycoprotein and were analyzed after protease digestion; one contained two oligosaccharide side chains and the other contained a single oligosaccharide side chain.", "contents": "Structure and function of rabies virus glycoprotein. Of the three major proteins associated with the rabies virus membrane, only the glycoprotein (G-protein) was found to be located on the external surface of the viral membrane. A minor glycoprotein (gp 50) detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of rabies virus appeared to be a breakdown product of the G-protein. Glycoprotein prepared by treatment of rabies virus with Triton X100 and purified by isoelectric focusing was found to be homogeneous with respect to size and isoelectric point. The apparent molecular weight of this component isolated under nondenaturing conditions is approximately 400,000 daltons. The same material analyzed by PAGE was found to be comprised solely of polypeptide chains of the G-protein (MW 80,000 daltons). Therefore, the Triton X100-released material represents homopolymers of the G-protein. The purified rabies virus glycoprotein (G) is only structural protein of the virus that induces the formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies and which confers immunity to animals. The total protective activity of the virus was recovered in the purified G protein preparation. The protective activity of G protein increased with purification : 9 ng of G protein was required to protect 50% of the mice as compared to 1.63 microgram of the virus. The number of oligosaccharide side chains on rabies virus glycoprotein was investigated. Analysis of glycopeptides obtained by protease digestion of desialated glycoprotein revealed three discrete glycopeptides. Comparison of the protease digestion products from desialated and from untreated glycoprotein indicated a heterogeneity among the glycopeptides in the sialic acid content. Two major tryptic glycopeptides were isolated from desialated rabies virus glycoprotein and were analyzed after protease digestion; one contained two oligosaccharide side chains and the other contained a single oligosaccharide side chain.", "PMID": 680401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4382", "title": "Evaluation of the inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine from the Vnukovo-32 strain. Results of its industrial production and field use for post-exposure immunization of man.", "content": "During 1973-1977, 981,000 doses of rabies vaccine were prepared in primary young Syrian hamster kidney cell cultures infected with attenuated rabies virus (strain Vnukovo-32) and inactivated by UV-irradiation. Potency of the vaccine varied from 0.3 to 3.5. More the 53% of vaccine lots had potency in the range of 1.1-3.5 (NIH). Post-exposure immunization was carried out in 45,842 persons aged from 2 weeks to greater than 76 years. The vaccination course lasted from 2 to 25 days and was followed by 2 booster injections with the dose of 1.5-5 ml. The vaccine combined with gammaglobulin was injected into 2,856 persons; 19,764 persons had bites of dangerous localization (face, head, fingers). Post-exposure immunization was carried out in 4,416 humans who were bitten or licked with saliva of rabid animals (diagnosis was confirmed clinically or in the laboratory) and in 16,760 humans bitten by suspected animals (diagnosis remained unknown). None of those who received the complete course of antirabic treatment fell ill with hydrophobia. No neurological complications or other severe side effects were noted. Field trials and the results of studies of virus-neutralizing antibody titers in 390 treated people make it possible to conclude that tissue culture rabies vaccine from strain Vnukovo-32 is an effective preparation with low reactogenicity.", "contents": "Evaluation of the inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine from the Vnukovo-32 strain. Results of its industrial production and field use for post-exposure immunization of man. During 1973-1977, 981,000 doses of rabies vaccine were prepared in primary young Syrian hamster kidney cell cultures infected with attenuated rabies virus (strain Vnukovo-32) and inactivated by UV-irradiation. Potency of the vaccine varied from 0.3 to 3.5. More the 53% of vaccine lots had potency in the range of 1.1-3.5 (NIH). Post-exposure immunization was carried out in 45,842 persons aged from 2 weeks to greater than 76 years. The vaccination course lasted from 2 to 25 days and was followed by 2 booster injections with the dose of 1.5-5 ml. The vaccine combined with gammaglobulin was injected into 2,856 persons; 19,764 persons had bites of dangerous localization (face, head, fingers). Post-exposure immunization was carried out in 4,416 humans who were bitten or licked with saliva of rabid animals (diagnosis was confirmed clinically or in the laboratory) and in 16,760 humans bitten by suspected animals (diagnosis remained unknown). None of those who received the complete course of antirabic treatment fell ill with hydrophobia. No neurological complications or other severe side effects were noted. Field trials and the results of studies of virus-neutralizing antibody titers in 390 treated people make it possible to conclude that tissue culture rabies vaccine from strain Vnukovo-32 is an effective preparation with low reactogenicity.", "PMID": 680402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4383", "title": "Delayed type hypersensitivity in mice immunized with inactivated rabies virus.", "content": "Evidence of the DTH reaction is in agreement with in vitro observation done with the lymphoblast transformation test in rabbits (5,8) or with the cytotoxicity test in mice (7). The footpad test (FPT) fulfilled all criteria of DTH. A maximum swelling at the injection site was observed 24 h after challenge. FPT could not be transferred by immune serum. But both local and systemic transfer of dissociated spleen cells or lymph node cells sensitized recipient mice to the FPT. A lymphoproliferative response in the draining lymph node was observed after injection of RV, coinciding with the appearance of circulating cells mediating DTH and this response is not dependent upon a B-cell regulatoring mechanism (3). Evaluation of vaccines in vivo by specific DTH reaction is of interest for testing the cell-mediated immunity of these vaccines.", "contents": "Delayed type hypersensitivity in mice immunized with inactivated rabies virus. Evidence of the DTH reaction is in agreement with in vitro observation done with the lymphoblast transformation test in rabbits (5,8) or with the cytotoxicity test in mice (7). The footpad test (FPT) fulfilled all criteria of DTH. A maximum swelling at the injection site was observed 24 h after challenge. FPT could not be transferred by immune serum. But both local and systemic transfer of dissociated spleen cells or lymph node cells sensitized recipient mice to the FPT. A lymphoproliferative response in the draining lymph node was observed after injection of RV, coinciding with the appearance of circulating cells mediating DTH and this response is not dependent upon a B-cell regulatoring mechanism (3). Evaluation of vaccines in vivo by specific DTH reaction is of interest for testing the cell-mediated immunity of these vaccines.", "PMID": 680403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4384", "title": "Some experiences with human diploid cell strain-(HDCS) rabies vaccine in pre- and post-exposure vaccinated humans.", "content": "HDCS vaccine has been in official use in the F.R.G. for pre- and post-exposure vaccination of man, after having shown its superiority to the Hempt and duck embryo vaccine--as far as compatibility, antigenicity and protective capacity is concerned--since February 1977. HDCS vaccines of both manufacturers, M\u00e9rieux/Lyon and Behring/Marburg, did not produce any severe side effects in about 5000 vaccinees in West Germany when conditions of vaccine production were properly observed. The lack of neuropathogenicity of vaccines is stressed. Contamination by bacterial lipopolysaccharides, however, resulted in endotoxin shock in 32 out of 35 vaccinees with one vaccine lot. Testing for pyrogenicity of every vaccine lot should be carefully observed in future. When comparing antigenicity of different vaccine lots of both manufacturers, individual titers of complement-fixing and neutralizing antibodies were correlated with the antigenic values of the vaccines. Duration of immunity after one course of vaccination is approximately 2 years and can be extended by only 1 booster injection for an additional 3 years. Protective capacity of HDCS vaccine (using Essen scheme, 6 applications) seems to be very pronounced.  So far, between 1973-1977, 68 individuals under severe risk were vaccinated post-exposure in West Germany and 45 individuals in Iran from 1975-76. No cases of rabies occurred in the vaccinees. HDCS vaccine in man induces a very early antibody response with appearance of IgM rabies specific antibodies on day 3, and IgG rabies specific antibodies on day 7 and an early IgM/IgG antibody conversion at that time.", "contents": "Some experiences with human diploid cell strain-(HDCS) rabies vaccine in pre- and post-exposure vaccinated humans. HDCS vaccine has been in official use in the F.R.G. for pre- and post-exposure vaccination of man, after having shown its superiority to the Hempt and duck embryo vaccine--as far as compatibility, antigenicity and protective capacity is concerned--since February 1977. HDCS vaccines of both manufacturers, M\u00e9rieux/Lyon and Behring/Marburg, did not produce any severe side effects in about 5000 vaccinees in West Germany when conditions of vaccine production were properly observed. The lack of neuropathogenicity of vaccines is stressed. Contamination by bacterial lipopolysaccharides, however, resulted in endotoxin shock in 32 out of 35 vaccinees with one vaccine lot. Testing for pyrogenicity of every vaccine lot should be carefully observed in future. When comparing antigenicity of different vaccine lots of both manufacturers, individual titers of complement-fixing and neutralizing antibodies were correlated with the antigenic values of the vaccines. Duration of immunity after one course of vaccination is approximately 2 years and can be extended by only 1 booster injection for an additional 3 years. Protective capacity of HDCS vaccine (using Essen scheme, 6 applications) seems to be very pronounced.  So far, between 1973-1977, 68 individuals under severe risk were vaccinated post-exposure in West Germany and 45 individuals in Iran from 1975-76. No cases of rabies occurred in the vaccinees. HDCS vaccine in man induces a very early antibody response with appearance of IgM rabies specific antibodies on day 3, and IgG rabies specific antibodies on day 7 and an early IgM/IgG antibody conversion at that time.", "PMID": 680404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4385", "title": "[Results of preventive rabies vaccination with a concentrated vaccine of the PM/WI38-1503-3M rabies strain cultured on human diploid cells. Preparation of mixed antirabies-antitetanus hyperimmune immunoglobulin by plasmapheresis of blood taken from vaccinated veterinary students].", "content": "Many thousands of people in France and abroad have already benefited from preventive rabies vaccination by means of a vaccine obtained from culture on human diploid cells, perfected ten years ago by R. Lang, the Institut M\u00e9rieux and the Wistar Institute. In addition to being well tolerated, the serological efficacy of this vaccine is such that 100% of the vaccines observed had a seroconversion after only two injections at an interval of one month. However, a booster dose should be given 6 to 12 months after the first injection, and a further booster 3 to 5 years later or on request in case of known contamination. These boosters, combined with an anti-tetanus booster, induce such high antibody titers--between 10-100 and even 1000 I.U./ml--that it is easy to obtain substantial batches of combined anti-rabies and anti-tetanus immunoglobulin from a small number of volunteers. The complete efficacy of this new vaccine reduces the number of systematic post-vaccinal serologic controls and its innocuity is such that an extended preventive vaccination programme may be carried out, for instance in the case of children living in areas known to be dangerous.", "contents": "[Results of preventive rabies vaccination with a concentrated vaccine of the PM/WI38-1503-3M rabies strain cultured on human diploid cells. Preparation of mixed antirabies-antitetanus hyperimmune immunoglobulin by plasmapheresis of blood taken from vaccinated veterinary students]. Many thousands of people in France and abroad have already benefited from preventive rabies vaccination by means of a vaccine obtained from culture on human diploid cells, perfected ten years ago by R. Lang, the Institut M\u00e9rieux and the Wistar Institute. In addition to being well tolerated, the serological efficacy of this vaccine is such that 100% of the vaccines observed had a seroconversion after only two injections at an interval of one month. However, a booster dose should be given 6 to 12 months after the first injection, and a further booster 3 to 5 years later or on request in case of known contamination. These boosters, combined with an anti-tetanus booster, induce such high antibody titers--between 10-100 and even 1000 I.U./ml--that it is easy to obtain substantial batches of combined anti-rabies and anti-tetanus immunoglobulin from a small number of volunteers. The complete efficacy of this new vaccine reduces the number of systematic post-vaccinal serologic controls and its innocuity is such that an extended preventive vaccination programme may be carried out, for instance in the case of children living in areas known to be dangerous.", "PMID": 680405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4386", "title": "Bimodality of fasting and two-hour glucose tolerance distributions in a Micronesian population.", "content": "While frequency distributions of glucose concentrations in Caucasian populations are unimodal, bimodality has been described in the Pima Indians, a population with an extremely high prevalence of diabetes. Venous plasma glucose concentrations at fasting and after a 75-gm. oral glucose load were determined in 596 Nauruans, a Micronesian population with a diabetes prevalence of the same order as the Pima Indians. In both sexes and in subjects 10 to 19 years, the frequency distributions of the logarithms of the fasting and two-hour glucose values were clearly unimodal. In most sex and age groups of 20 years and older, the frequency distributions of fasting and two-hour glucose values were bimodal and consistent with a model of two overlapping Gaussian distributions. This population is characterized by marked obesity. However, there was no significant difference in the degree of obesity between subjects in the first and second curves of the bimodal distribution. This makes it unlikely that the bimodality is a consequence of the marked obesity seen in both the Pima and Nauru populations. The data show that among Nauruans, as with the Pimas, the frequency distribution of glucose concentrations can be used to separate the population into normal and hyperglycemic groups.", "contents": "Bimodality of fasting and two-hour glucose tolerance distributions in a Micronesian population. While frequency distributions of glucose concentrations in Caucasian populations are unimodal, bimodality has been described in the Pima Indians, a population with an extremely high prevalence of diabetes. Venous plasma glucose concentrations at fasting and after a 75-gm. oral glucose load were determined in 596 Nauruans, a Micronesian population with a diabetes prevalence of the same order as the Pima Indians. In both sexes and in subjects 10 to 19 years, the frequency distributions of the logarithms of the fasting and two-hour glucose values were clearly unimodal. In most sex and age groups of 20 years and older, the frequency distributions of fasting and two-hour glucose values were bimodal and consistent with a model of two overlapping Gaussian distributions. This population is characterized by marked obesity. However, there was no significant difference in the degree of obesity between subjects in the first and second curves of the bimodal distribution. This makes it unlikely that the bimodality is a consequence of the marked obesity seen in both the Pima and Nauru populations. The data show that among Nauruans, as with the Pimas, the frequency distribution of glucose concentrations can be used to separate the population into normal and hyperglycemic groups.", "PMID": 680406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4387", "title": "Glycosylated hemoglobin in normal subjects and subjects with maturity-onset diabetes. Evidence for a saturable system in man.", "content": "Concentrations of glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) are elevated in diabetes mellitus and are believed to reflect previous metabolic control. To better define possible determinants of GHb in man, we investigated the relationship between GHb and both fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and basal insulin (IRI) in 42 normal subjects and 29 patients with maturity-onset diabetes. Concentrations of GHb in diabetic subjects (12.7 +/- 3.4, x +/- S.D., per cent total hemoglobin) were significantly higher than in normal subjects (8.2 +/- 1.2, p less than 0.001). In normal subjects, FPG (r = 0.52) and GHb (r = 0.58) (both p less than 0.001) correlated with age. GHb did not correlate with IRI in either group. However, GHb was closely associated with FPG in both normal (r = 0.60, p less than 0.001) and diabetic (r = 0.85, p less than 0.001) subjects. Linear regression analysis of the data for the two groups combined was highly significant (r = 0.91, p less than 0.001). However, the slope of the regression line for GHb versus FPG seen in normal subjects was significantly steeper than that of diabetic patients (p less than 0.005). A curve describing a nonenzymatic saturable model was also found to fit the data of the two groups combined (r = 0.85, p less than 0.001), suggesting the possible existence of a saturable system for glycosylation in man.", "contents": "Glycosylated hemoglobin in normal subjects and subjects with maturity-onset diabetes. Evidence for a saturable system in man. Concentrations of glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) are elevated in diabetes mellitus and are believed to reflect previous metabolic control. To better define possible determinants of GHb in man, we investigated the relationship between GHb and both fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and basal insulin (IRI) in 42 normal subjects and 29 patients with maturity-onset diabetes. Concentrations of GHb in diabetic subjects (12.7 +/- 3.4, x +/- S.D., per cent total hemoglobin) were significantly higher than in normal subjects (8.2 +/- 1.2, p less than 0.001). In normal subjects, FPG (r = 0.52) and GHb (r = 0.58) (both p less than 0.001) correlated with age. GHb did not correlate with IRI in either group. However, GHb was closely associated with FPG in both normal (r = 0.60, p less than 0.001) and diabetic (r = 0.85, p less than 0.001) subjects. Linear regression analysis of the data for the two groups combined was highly significant (r = 0.91, p less than 0.001). However, the slope of the regression line for GHb versus FPG seen in normal subjects was significantly steeper than that of diabetic patients (p less than 0.005). A curve describing a nonenzymatic saturable model was also found to fit the data of the two groups combined (r = 0.85, p less than 0.001), suggesting the possible existence of a saturable system for glycosylation in man.", "PMID": 680410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4388", "title": "Obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and portal blood flow. A theoretic study of the effects of increased portal blood flow upon fasting peripheral insulin concentrations.", "content": "A mathematical model of steady state insulin metabolism was developed to predict the effects of blood flow changes upon fasting arterial insulin concentration. In addition to blood flows to major organs and tissues, the model includes representations for insulin feedback regulation of hepatic insulin clearance and pancreatic insulin secretion. Within the range of insulin sensitivities assumed for hepatic and pancreatic feedback regulation and the range of initial insulin secretion rates employed, the model predicts that the fasting arterial insulin concentration rises by up to 20 muU. per milliliter as portal blood flow increases. The necessary elevations in portal blood flow lie well inside the range of increased total hepatic blood flow observed in obese subjects. The results of this study suggest that a significant portion of the elevation in fasting insulin concentrations seen in obesity may be the result of increased portal blood flow and that other clinical observations and metabolic changes that accompany obesity may also be related to altered portal flow.", "contents": "Obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and portal blood flow. A theoretic study of the effects of increased portal blood flow upon fasting peripheral insulin concentrations. A mathematical model of steady state insulin metabolism was developed to predict the effects of blood flow changes upon fasting arterial insulin concentration. In addition to blood flows to major organs and tissues, the model includes representations for insulin feedback regulation of hepatic insulin clearance and pancreatic insulin secretion. Within the range of insulin sensitivities assumed for hepatic and pancreatic feedback regulation and the range of initial insulin secretion rates employed, the model predicts that the fasting arterial insulin concentration rises by up to 20 muU. per milliliter as portal blood flow increases. The necessary elevations in portal blood flow lie well inside the range of increased total hepatic blood flow observed in obese subjects. The results of this study suggest that a significant portion of the elevation in fasting insulin concentrations seen in obesity may be the result of increased portal blood flow and that other clinical observations and metabolic changes that accompany obesity may also be related to altered portal flow.", "PMID": 680411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4389", "title": "Abnormal lactic dehydrogenase patterns in carcinoma of stomach and in peritumoral tissues.", "content": "Segments of gastric mucosa from 32 surgical and biopsy specimens containing gastric carcinoma have been studied to determine the total content of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The LDH isoenzyme distribution patterns in tumoral tissues have been compared to that of peritumoral tissue and to the gastric mucosa of a healthy control group. LDH isoenzyme activity in the samples from tumoral tissue was significantly increased. The adjacent peritumoral tissue had a slight increment in the polypeptide M as compared to the distant and normal tissue. This suggests that LDH isoenzyme measurement may prove a valuable addition to histologic study, in the recognition of the tumoral distribution in stomach carcinoma.", "contents": "Abnormal lactic dehydrogenase patterns in carcinoma of stomach and in peritumoral tissues. Segments of gastric mucosa from 32 surgical and biopsy specimens containing gastric carcinoma have been studied to determine the total content of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The LDH isoenzyme distribution patterns in tumoral tissues have been compared to that of peritumoral tissue and to the gastric mucosa of a healthy control group. LDH isoenzyme activity in the samples from tumoral tissue was significantly increased. The adjacent peritumoral tissue had a slight increment in the polypeptide M as compared to the distant and normal tissue. This suggests that LDH isoenzyme measurement may prove a valuable addition to histologic study, in the recognition of the tumoral distribution in stomach carcinoma.", "PMID": 680415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4390", "title": "Cellular and humoral indices of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "In 51 untreated cases of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease some cellular (neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity, neutrophil NBT reducing capacity, and neutrophil and plasma lysozyme activities) and humoral (serum orosomucoid and serum haptoglobin) indices of disease activity were quantitated. The most pronounced signs of disease activity, thus, were found in severe cases of ulcerative colitis. Combining lysozyme activities with other disease activity indices seems to facilitate the distinction between severe cases of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Beyond this the addition of the humoral indices seemed not to offer substantial help.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral indices of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. In 51 untreated cases of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease some cellular (neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity, neutrophil NBT reducing capacity, and neutrophil and plasma lysozyme activities) and humoral (serum orosomucoid and serum haptoglobin) indices of disease activity were quantitated. The most pronounced signs of disease activity, thus, were found in severe cases of ulcerative colitis. Combining lysozyme activities with other disease activity indices seems to facilitate the distinction between severe cases of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Beyond this the addition of the humoral indices seemed not to offer substantial help.", "PMID": 680416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4391", "title": "Fecal chymotroypsin: a study on its diagnostic value by comparison with the secretin-cholecystokinin test.", "content": "Fecal chymotrypsin (CT) activities were determined in 149 randomly collected fecal specimens of 80 patients in whom the pancreatic function had been tested by a secretin-cholecystokinin test. There was a significant correlation between fecal CT activities and outputs of trypsin (r = 0.3451, p less than 0.01) and amylase (r = 0.3285, p less than 0.01) in duodenal juice. Fecal CT activities were normal in all patients who--based upon enzyme outputs in duodenal juice after stimulation with secretin and CCK/PZ--were classified as 'borderline cases', in most patients with 'low-normal' pancreatic function, and in a significant number of patients with established insufficiency of exocrine pancreas. On the other hand, fecal CT activities were abnormal in patients with severely impaired output of trypsin in duodenal juice, and only 7% of the fecal specimens from patients with established normal function of exocrine pancreas had abnormal low CT activities. It is concluded that the sensitivity of the fecal enzyme method is rather low as compared to the secretin-cholecystokinin test, but that fecal CT determinations give valuable diagnostic information in patients with more pronounced insufficiency of the exocrine pancreas.", "contents": "Fecal chymotroypsin: a study on its diagnostic value by comparison with the secretin-cholecystokinin test. Fecal chymotrypsin (CT) activities were determined in 149 randomly collected fecal specimens of 80 patients in whom the pancreatic function had been tested by a secretin-cholecystokinin test. There was a significant correlation between fecal CT activities and outputs of trypsin (r = 0.3451, p less than 0.01) and amylase (r = 0.3285, p less than 0.01) in duodenal juice. Fecal CT activities were normal in all patients who--based upon enzyme outputs in duodenal juice after stimulation with secretin and CCK/PZ--were classified as 'borderline cases', in most patients with 'low-normal' pancreatic function, and in a significant number of patients with established insufficiency of exocrine pancreas. On the other hand, fecal CT activities were abnormal in patients with severely impaired output of trypsin in duodenal juice, and only 7% of the fecal specimens from patients with established normal function of exocrine pancreas had abnormal low CT activities. It is concluded that the sensitivity of the fecal enzyme method is rather low as compared to the secretin-cholecystokinin test, but that fecal CT determinations give valuable diagnostic information in patients with more pronounced insufficiency of the exocrine pancreas.", "PMID": 680417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4392", "title": "14C-D-galactose breath test for evaluation of liver function in patients with chronic liver disease.", "content": "D-Galactose metabolism and demethylation of aminopyrine by healthy controls and patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and cirrhosis (Ci), were assessed by a breath analysis technique measuring 14CO2 exhalation after oral ingestion of 14C-D-galactose or 14C-aminopyrine. Patients with CAH and Ci exhibited decreased 14CO2-exhalation rates following 14C-D-galactose or 14C-aminopyrine. D-Galactose oxidation capacity of the liver can be assessed by a breath analysis technique in analogy to the demethylating function for aminopyrine. The ordinary oral D-galactose tolerance test seems, however, superior in comparison to the 14C-D-galactose tolerance test, in discriminating between healthy controls and patients with chronic liver disease.", "contents": "14C-D-galactose breath test for evaluation of liver function in patients with chronic liver disease. D-Galactose metabolism and demethylation of aminopyrine by healthy controls and patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and cirrhosis (Ci), were assessed by a breath analysis technique measuring 14CO2 exhalation after oral ingestion of 14C-D-galactose or 14C-aminopyrine. Patients with CAH and Ci exhibited decreased 14CO2-exhalation rates following 14C-D-galactose or 14C-aminopyrine. D-Galactose oxidation capacity of the liver can be assessed by a breath analysis technique in analogy to the demethylating function for aminopyrine. The ordinary oral D-galactose tolerance test seems, however, superior in comparison to the 14C-D-galactose tolerance test, in discriminating between healthy controls and patients with chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 680418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4393", "title": "Perhexiline maleate-induced hepatitis.", "content": "5 patients treated with perhexiline maleate, 200-400 mg/day for at least 6 months, exhibited evidence of hepatitis. The picture was very similar to acute alcoholic hepatitis, clinically, biologically and histologically with presence of necrosis, Mallory's hyaline, polynuclear infiltration and to a lesser degree, steatosis. Association with peripheral neuropathy, hypoglycemia, and renal failure appears strikingly frequently. The evolution was severe since 3 patients died within 6 months, even after treatment withdrawal. Further studies are to be done to understand the mechanisms of hepatic and neurologic toxicity, and to measure the hazards of this drug. These studies could bring a new insight to alcohol toxicity.", "contents": "Perhexiline maleate-induced hepatitis. 5 patients treated with perhexiline maleate, 200-400 mg/day for at least 6 months, exhibited evidence of hepatitis. The picture was very similar to acute alcoholic hepatitis, clinically, biologically and histologically with presence of necrosis, Mallory's hyaline, polynuclear infiltration and to a lesser degree, steatosis. Association with peripheral neuropathy, hypoglycemia, and renal failure appears strikingly frequently. The evolution was severe since 3 patients died within 6 months, even after treatment withdrawal. Further studies are to be done to understand the mechanisms of hepatic and neurologic toxicity, and to measure the hazards of this drug. These studies could bring a new insight to alcohol toxicity.", "PMID": 680419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4394", "title": "The mechanism of anterior-posterior polarity control in planarians.", "content": "The substance which inhibits brain formation in the regenerating planarian Dugesia etrusca was found to be a large molecule, at least in part protein, which electrophoreses as an electronegative moiety in pH 6.8 buffer. A model is presented, based on this finding and previous studies, which proposes an electrochemical mechanism for the control of polarity and possibly for the maintenance of tissue organization in planarians. It is proposed that a bioelectric field exists and moves the electronegative brain-inhibiting substance in a posterior direction, establishing polarity. This model explains the polarity reversal experiments using external fields and many of the previously unexplained classical planarian experiments. Data are presented demonstrating the existence, magnitude, and polarity of this bioelectric field, which is not greatly altered upon decapitation, all in accord with predictions of the model.", "contents": "The mechanism of anterior-posterior polarity control in planarians. The substance which inhibits brain formation in the regenerating planarian Dugesia etrusca was found to be a large molecule, at least in part protein, which electrophoreses as an electronegative moiety in pH 6.8 buffer. A model is presented, based on this finding and previous studies, which proposes an electrochemical mechanism for the control of polarity and possibly for the maintenance of tissue organization in planarians. It is proposed that a bioelectric field exists and moves the electronegative brain-inhibiting substance in a posterior direction, establishing polarity. This model explains the polarity reversal experiments using external fields and many of the previously unexplained classical planarian experiments. Data are presented demonstrating the existence, magnitude, and polarity of this bioelectric field, which is not greatly altered upon decapitation, all in accord with predictions of the model.", "PMID": 680426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4395", "title": "[Hemodynamic classification of acute myocardial infarction: physiopathological aspects and prognostic implications. Considerations on 130 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemodynamic evaluations of 130 patients with acute myocardial infarction were performed by right and/or left heart catheterization. 115 patients were subdivided in six groups by the pulmonary artery mean pressure (PMP)-left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) relationship: 1) normal LVSWI in relation to PMP (14.8% of all cases); 2) increased LVSWI in relation to PMP (0.9%); 3) moderately reduced LVSWI with increased PMP (severe heart failure-cardiogenic shock) (7.0%); 5) reduced LVSWI with low or normal PMP (22.6%); 6) normal LVSWI with elevated PMP (reduced left ventricular compliance or high pulmonary vascular resistance) (15.7%). 28 cases were studied by right and left heart catheterization; in 10 cases only left heart catheterization was performed. Discriminant analysis on the values measured at the first stage of hemodynamic monitoring was conducted: this type of mathematical analysis seemed to provide a more useful prognostic index.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic classification of acute myocardial infarction: physiopathological aspects and prognostic implications. Considerations on 130 cases (author's transl)]. Hemodynamic evaluations of 130 patients with acute myocardial infarction were performed by right and/or left heart catheterization. 115 patients were subdivided in six groups by the pulmonary artery mean pressure (PMP)-left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) relationship: 1) normal LVSWI in relation to PMP (14.8% of all cases); 2) increased LVSWI in relation to PMP (0.9%); 3) moderately reduced LVSWI with increased PMP (severe heart failure-cardiogenic shock) (7.0%); 5) reduced LVSWI with low or normal PMP (22.6%); 6) normal LVSWI with elevated PMP (reduced left ventricular compliance or high pulmonary vascular resistance) (15.7%). 28 cases were studied by right and left heart catheterization; in 10 cases only left heart catheterization was performed. Discriminant analysis on the values measured at the first stage of hemodynamic monitoring was conducted: this type of mathematical analysis seemed to provide a more useful prognostic index.", "PMID": 680432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4396", "title": "[Electrophysiological effects of ajmaline on the human conduction system (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of ajmaline have been investigated using the intracardiac electrograms and the extrastimulus method. The drug was infused intravenously into 21 patients at the dose of 1 mg/Kg. Ajmaline induces:--variable effect on the sinusal cycle length--variable effect on the corrected sinus node recovery time--increase of the atrial effective refractory period (P less than 0.001)--in AV node slowing of conduction (P less than 0.001), a slight prolongation of PRE (P less 0.01) and more marked one of the FRP (P less than 0.001). The His-Purkinje (HV interval) and intraventicular (QRS interval) conduction times are prolonged (P less than 0.001), as well as the RRF of His-Purkinje system. The maxium increase of AH,HV and QRS intervals appears 3 minutes after drug administration; at the 5th minute these intervals have already slightly decreased, then they decrease almost quickly till the 15th minute and more slowly till the 30th minute. The absolute prolongation of the HV and QRS intervals is more marked in the patients in which these intervals are more prolonged during the control study, while the percentage increase is almost equal in the patients with normal HV and QRS interval and in those with prolonged HV and QRS intervals. The electrophysiological properties of the drug are discussed on the basis of the obtained results.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological effects of ajmaline on the human conduction system (author's transl)]. The electrophysiological effects of ajmaline have been investigated using the intracardiac electrograms and the extrastimulus method. The drug was infused intravenously into 21 patients at the dose of 1 mg/Kg. Ajmaline induces:--variable effect on the sinusal cycle length--variable effect on the corrected sinus node recovery time--increase of the atrial effective refractory period (P less than 0.001)--in AV node slowing of conduction (P less than 0.001), a slight prolongation of PRE (P less 0.01) and more marked one of the FRP (P less than 0.001). The His-Purkinje (HV interval) and intraventicular (QRS interval) conduction times are prolonged (P less than 0.001), as well as the RRF of His-Purkinje system. The maxium increase of AH,HV and QRS intervals appears 3 minutes after drug administration; at the 5th minute these intervals have already slightly decreased, then they decrease almost quickly till the 15th minute and more slowly till the 30th minute. The absolute prolongation of the HV and QRS intervals is more marked in the patients in which these intervals are more prolonged during the control study, while the percentage increase is almost equal in the patients with normal HV and QRS interval and in those with prolonged HV and QRS intervals. The electrophysiological properties of the drug are discussed on the basis of the obtained results.", "PMID": 680433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4397", "title": "[Hypoplasia of left pulmonary artery secondary to aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis. Diagnostic and therapeutical considerations (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of tetralogy of Fallot treated under twelve months of life with aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis are reported, in which severe hypoplasia of left pulmonary artery secondary to palliation was present. In the first two cases this complication was not recognized during investigation prior to repair and both died of low cardiac output due to severe right ventricular hypertension. In the third case the complication was evidenced and treated with interposition of a prosthetic valved conduit between right ventricle and confluence of the pulmonary arteries. Hypoplasia or atresia of left pulmonary artery and right pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, secondary to a long-functioning aortopulmonary anastomosis, require surgical consideration identical to tetralogy of Fallot with single pulmonary artery, which is corrected with the use of a valved conduit. The Authors suggest that aortopulmonary shunts should be dismantled within two years and investigation prior to repair should include: 1) exploring of all cardiac chambers and right pulmonary artery through the fistula; 2) injection of contrast medium in right pulmonary artery, aortic root, right ventricle or pulmonary trunk. These diagnostic methods should demonstrate continuity between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries, confluence of pulmonary arteries, and rule out acquired left pulmonary artery atresia, right pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, right ventricular outflow tract atresia.", "contents": "[Hypoplasia of left pulmonary artery secondary to aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis. Diagnostic and therapeutical considerations (author's transl)]. Three cases of tetralogy of Fallot treated under twelve months of life with aorta-right pulmonary artery anastomosis are reported, in which severe hypoplasia of left pulmonary artery secondary to palliation was present. In the first two cases this complication was not recognized during investigation prior to repair and both died of low cardiac output due to severe right ventricular hypertension. In the third case the complication was evidenced and treated with interposition of a prosthetic valved conduit between right ventricle and confluence of the pulmonary arteries. Hypoplasia or atresia of left pulmonary artery and right pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, secondary to a long-functioning aortopulmonary anastomosis, require surgical consideration identical to tetralogy of Fallot with single pulmonary artery, which is corrected with the use of a valved conduit. The Authors suggest that aortopulmonary shunts should be dismantled within two years and investigation prior to repair should include: 1) exploring of all cardiac chambers and right pulmonary artery through the fistula; 2) injection of contrast medium in right pulmonary artery, aortic root, right ventricle or pulmonary trunk. These diagnostic methods should demonstrate continuity between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries, confluence of pulmonary arteries, and rule out acquired left pulmonary artery atresia, right pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, right ventricular outflow tract atresia.", "PMID": 680435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4398", "title": "[The echographic aspects of the foetal heart (author's transl)].", "content": "In 15 pregnant women, during the last month of pregnancy, the heart of living human foetuses has been searched for with echocardiological techniques, using a multiple-crystal transducer. The single heart structures distinguished on the bidimensional image were picked out with a single ultrasonic ray and photographed with a Polaroid camera. The echocardiological image revealed of such structures is similar to that found in newborns. The aorta and the mitral valve have been registered in all cases. It has been possible, with minor frequency, to reveal the echoes of the tricuspid valve, of the interventricular septum, of the posterior wall of the left ventricle and of the pulmonary valve. The left atrium/aorta root relationship resulted almost always higher with regard to the values considered normal for newborns. The behaviour of the interventricular septum is of particular interest, as it always showed a normal movement. This report indicates that the functional load of the different heart cavities during the various phases of interuterine life is in perfect equilibrium, notwithstanding the substantial anatomical and functional modifications which occur during the course of foetal life. The Authors maintain that echocardiological methods could become indispensable in understanding the physiological and pathological aspects of foetal circulation.", "contents": "[The echographic aspects of the foetal heart (author's transl)]. In 15 pregnant women, during the last month of pregnancy, the heart of living human foetuses has been searched for with echocardiological techniques, using a multiple-crystal transducer. The single heart structures distinguished on the bidimensional image were picked out with a single ultrasonic ray and photographed with a Polaroid camera. The echocardiological image revealed of such structures is similar to that found in newborns. The aorta and the mitral valve have been registered in all cases. It has been possible, with minor frequency, to reveal the echoes of the tricuspid valve, of the interventricular septum, of the posterior wall of the left ventricle and of the pulmonary valve. The left atrium/aorta root relationship resulted almost always higher with regard to the values considered normal for newborns. The behaviour of the interventricular septum is of particular interest, as it always showed a normal movement. This report indicates that the functional load of the different heart cavities during the various phases of interuterine life is in perfect equilibrium, notwithstanding the substantial anatomical and functional modifications which occur during the course of foetal life. The Authors maintain that echocardiological methods could become indispensable in understanding the physiological and pathological aspects of foetal circulation.", "PMID": 680436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4399", "title": "[Echo-phonomechanocardiographic relations of the systolic time intervals of the left ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "15 normal subjects and 23 subjects with cardiac valve disease have been studied. All the subjects have undergone an echo-phonomechanocardiographic investigation with simultaneous recording of the tracings. The values of the systolic time intervals have been obtained from the echo-cardiographic tracings and compared with those obtained from the phonomechanocardiographic tracings evaluating the differences between them. The comparison has pointed out values nearly coincident, providing useful elements about the relations existing between the cardiac sounds and the moments of closure of the mitral and aortic valves. Moreover, the two techniques are considered useful and valid in the evaluation of the left ventricle performance by the systolic time intervals, especially when the recording is carried out simultaneously.", "contents": "[Echo-phonomechanocardiographic relations of the systolic time intervals of the left ventricle (author's transl)]. 15 normal subjects and 23 subjects with cardiac valve disease have been studied. All the subjects have undergone an echo-phonomechanocardiographic investigation with simultaneous recording of the tracings. The values of the systolic time intervals have been obtained from the echo-cardiographic tracings and compared with those obtained from the phonomechanocardiographic tracings evaluating the differences between them. The comparison has pointed out values nearly coincident, providing useful elements about the relations existing between the cardiac sounds and the moments of closure of the mitral and aortic valves. Moreover, the two techniques are considered useful and valid in the evaluation of the left ventricle performance by the systolic time intervals, especially when the recording is carried out simultaneously.", "PMID": 680437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4400", "title": "The usefulness of the phonocardiography in the diagnosis of the extrinsic obstruction of the pulmonary artery. Report of a case (author's transl).", "content": "The Authors describe a case in which an anterior mediastinal tumor manifested as a cardiovascular disease. Phonocardiographic findings and their modifications induced by respiratory manoeuvres are presented and discussed. Particular enphasis is given to the disappearance, with deep inspiration, of the pulmonary ejection murmur associated with the simultaneous paradoxical behaviour of pulmonary component of the second sound. The Authors suggest that such findings can be indicative of pulmonary outflow obstruction by an external mass.", "contents": "The usefulness of the phonocardiography in the diagnosis of the extrinsic obstruction of the pulmonary artery. Report of a case (author's transl). The Authors describe a case in which an anterior mediastinal tumor manifested as a cardiovascular disease. Phonocardiographic findings and their modifications induced by respiratory manoeuvres are presented and discussed. Particular enphasis is given to the disappearance, with deep inspiration, of the pulmonary ejection murmur associated with the simultaneous paradoxical behaviour of pulmonary component of the second sound. The Authors suggest that such findings can be indicative of pulmonary outflow obstruction by an external mass.", "PMID": 680438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4401", "title": "[Variations of the pre-coronary times (1973-1977) (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison has been made between the pre-coronary times of IMA patients in the UCIC of the S. Camillo Hospital in Rome between 1973 and 1977, and the pre-coronary times of patients in another UCIC in the same city, in order to record possible modifications. From 1973 to 1977 there has been a decrease in the pre-coronary times: this is the result of a better hospitalization policy and more frequent admission directly to the UCIC. The mortality rate according to the data in question, has also decreased from 21% in 1973 to 10% in 1977, with a marked reduction for patients with a pre-coronary time superior to 12 hours. This is also connected to the fact that there is a considerable reduction in the number of patients, generally suffering from serious complications, transferred to UCIC from other wards. From an analysis of the data we infer that there has been an improvement in the policy governing the admission of patients to UCIC, a policy which could be improved further by a more adequate training both for doctors and the population in general.", "contents": "[Variations of the pre-coronary times (1973-1977) (author's transl)]. A comparison has been made between the pre-coronary times of IMA patients in the UCIC of the S. Camillo Hospital in Rome between 1973 and 1977, and the pre-coronary times of patients in another UCIC in the same city, in order to record possible modifications. From 1973 to 1977 there has been a decrease in the pre-coronary times: this is the result of a better hospitalization policy and more frequent admission directly to the UCIC. The mortality rate according to the data in question, has also decreased from 21% in 1973 to 10% in 1977, with a marked reduction for patients with a pre-coronary time superior to 12 hours. This is also connected to the fact that there is a considerable reduction in the number of patients, generally suffering from serious complications, transferred to UCIC from other wards. From an analysis of the data we infer that there has been an improvement in the policy governing the admission of patients to UCIC, a policy which could be improved further by a more adequate training both for doctors and the population in general.", "PMID": 680440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4402", "title": "Differentiation between patients with malignant diseases and non-malignant diseases or healthy donors by changes of fluorescence polarization in the cytoplams of circulating lymphocytes.", "content": "Changes in the degree of fluorescence polarization in the fluorescent cytoplasm of lymphocytes from patients with malignant diseases, patients with nonmalignant diseases, and normal donors were investigated by the fluorescence polarization technique. In order to confirm Cercek's cancer test, two kinds of parameters, the degree of fluorescence polarization of lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and cancer basic protein, were obtained for each person. Patients with malignant diseases were easily differentiated from the others without exception by an index, the response ratio of the degree of fluorescence polarization. Usefulness of this technique was confirmed for the detection of cancer-bearing patients.", "contents": "Differentiation between patients with malignant diseases and non-malignant diseases or healthy donors by changes of fluorescence polarization in the cytoplams of circulating lymphocytes. Changes in the degree of fluorescence polarization in the fluorescent cytoplasm of lymphocytes from patients with malignant diseases, patients with nonmalignant diseases, and normal donors were investigated by the fluorescence polarization technique. In order to confirm Cercek's cancer test, two kinds of parameters, the degree of fluorescence polarization of lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and cancer basic protein, were obtained for each person. Patients with malignant diseases were easily differentiated from the others without exception by an index, the response ratio of the degree of fluorescence polarization. Usefulness of this technique was confirmed for the detection of cancer-bearing patients.", "PMID": 680459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4403", "title": "Effect of Ehrlich ascites tumour on the clinical course and pathology of mice having carbon tetrachloride-induced hepato-renal necrosis.", "content": "Ehrlich ascites tumour, administered intraperitoneally 18 hr following a dose of CCl4 by stomach tube, produces and irreversible illness characterised by failure to resolve extensive hepato-renal necrosis. Equally extensive hepato-renal necrosis occurs in animals given CCl4 and saline; such animals, however, remain clinically well and show rapid histological regeneration of both organs. Carbon tetrachloride given to mice on day 5 of tumour growth produces hepatic necrosis only, the kidney of such animals being immune to the necrotising effect of CCl4. Such animals remain well, and histological recovery of the liver is rapid. It is proposed that the Ehrlich tumour produces a \"regeneration-inhibiting\" toxin, active against the damaged liver and kidney; the CCl4-damaged kidney fails to excrete this toxin, hence the irreversibility of hepato-renal damage and a fatal outcome. A marked reduction of ascites volume as compared with controls was observed in those animals given Ehrlich tumour 18 hr after CCl4, but not in animals given CCl4 on day 5 of Ehrlich ascites tumour growth.", "contents": "Effect of Ehrlich ascites tumour on the clinical course and pathology of mice having carbon tetrachloride-induced hepato-renal necrosis. Ehrlich ascites tumour, administered intraperitoneally 18 hr following a dose of CCl4 by stomach tube, produces and irreversible illness characterised by failure to resolve extensive hepato-renal necrosis. Equally extensive hepato-renal necrosis occurs in animals given CCl4 and saline; such animals, however, remain clinically well and show rapid histological regeneration of both organs. Carbon tetrachloride given to mice on day 5 of tumour growth produces hepatic necrosis only, the kidney of such animals being immune to the necrotising effect of CCl4. Such animals remain well, and histological recovery of the liver is rapid. It is proposed that the Ehrlich tumour produces a \"regeneration-inhibiting\" toxin, active against the damaged liver and kidney; the CCl4-damaged kidney fails to excrete this toxin, hence the irreversibility of hepato-renal damage and a fatal outcome. A marked reduction of ascites volume as compared with controls was observed in those animals given Ehrlich tumour 18 hr after CCl4, but not in animals given CCl4 on day 5 of Ehrlich ascites tumour growth.", "PMID": 680460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4404", "title": "Late effects of fetal mice x-irradiated at middle or late intrauterine stage.", "content": "Mice of F1 hybrids of (C57BL/6xWHT) strains were exposed in utero to 200 R of X-rays at 12 or 16 approximately 18 days post coitum. Mice of both sexes were allowed to liver through their life span, and the induction of tumors, growth retardation, and induction of degenerative diseases were examined. A significant enhancement of lung, pituitary gland, and ovary tumorigenesis was observed in mice irradiated at the late intrauterine stage. Also, incidence of liver and skin tumors was increased slightly in this group, whereas thymic lymphomas were not induced. Persistent growth retardation, several congenital malformation, and amyloid degeneration were found in mice irradiated at the middle intrauterine stage. However, no increases incidence of tumors was seen in this group. Moreover, incidnece of lymphoreticular tissue tumors, lung tumors, and leiomyosarcomas of uterus was significantly decreased by irradiation at  the middle intrauterine stage from the unirradiated control and the late intrauterine irradiated group.", "contents": "Late effects of fetal mice x-irradiated at middle or late intrauterine stage. Mice of F1 hybrids of (C57BL/6xWHT) strains were exposed in utero to 200 R of X-rays at 12 or 16 approximately 18 days post coitum. Mice of both sexes were allowed to liver through their life span, and the induction of tumors, growth retardation, and induction of degenerative diseases were examined. A significant enhancement of lung, pituitary gland, and ovary tumorigenesis was observed in mice irradiated at the late intrauterine stage. Also, incidence of liver and skin tumors was increased slightly in this group, whereas thymic lymphomas were not induced. Persistent growth retardation, several congenital malformation, and amyloid degeneration were found in mice irradiated at the middle intrauterine stage. However, no increases incidence of tumors was seen in this group. Moreover, incidnece of lymphoreticular tissue tumors, lung tumors, and leiomyosarcomas of uterus was significantly decreased by irradiation at  the middle intrauterine stage from the unirradiated control and the late intrauterine irradiated group.", "PMID": 680461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4405", "title": "Correlation of differences in antigenicity of four 3-methyl-cholanthrene-induced tumors in syngeneic mice with the susceptibility of tumors to an immunopotentiator, PS-K.", "content": "Eleven syngeneic tumors were induced by 3-methylcholanthrene in DDD mice. Their antigenicity in vivo was examined by measuring growth inhibition of transplanted tumors in mice immunized by implanting tumors into their tail and then cutting off the tail. Four tumors with different antigenicity were selected from them for study. The growth-suppressive effect of an immunotherapeutic agent, PS-K, on the four tumors was examined. The growth of highly antigenic tumors in mice was inhibited by PS-K, but that of weakly antigenic tumors was not, and a close correlation was found between the antigenicity of tumors and the antitumor activity of PS-K against them. No similar correlation was found between their antigenicity and their sensitivity to a mitotic poison, 6-mercaptopurine. These results suggest that the antitumor effect of an immunopotentiator depends greatly on the antigenicity of tumors.", "contents": "Correlation of differences in antigenicity of four 3-methyl-cholanthrene-induced tumors in syngeneic mice with the susceptibility of tumors to an immunopotentiator, PS-K. Eleven syngeneic tumors were induced by 3-methylcholanthrene in DDD mice. Their antigenicity in vivo was examined by measuring growth inhibition of transplanted tumors in mice immunized by implanting tumors into their tail and then cutting off the tail. Four tumors with different antigenicity were selected from them for study. The growth-suppressive effect of an immunotherapeutic agent, PS-K, on the four tumors was examined. The growth of highly antigenic tumors in mice was inhibited by PS-K, but that of weakly antigenic tumors was not, and a close correlation was found between the antigenicity of tumors and the antitumor activity of PS-K against them. No similar correlation was found between their antigenicity and their sensitivity to a mitotic poison, 6-mercaptopurine. These results suggest that the antitumor effect of an immunopotentiator depends greatly on the antigenicity of tumors.", "PMID": 680462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4406", "title": "Effect of combined use of anticancer drugs with a polysaccharide preparation, Krestin, on mouse leukemia P388.", "content": "When CDF1 mice inoculated intraperitoneally with leukemia P388 were treated intraperitoneally with mitomycin-C, of which dose was not so effective, on day 1 and given intraperitoneally polysaccharide preparation, Krestin, on day 2, 5, or 8 after tumor inoculation, best therapeutic results judged from 60-day survivors were obtained by combined use of mitomycin-C on day 1 and Krestin on day 5. Besides mitomycin-C, none of anticancer drugs such as cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and 6-mercaptopurine was effective in this system. From these results, it was concluded that in this system, enhancement of anti-tumor effect of mitomycin-C by Krestin depends on the time of Krestin administration and that the combination effect is observed with mitomycin-C but not with cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, or 6-mercaptopurine.", "contents": "Effect of combined use of anticancer drugs with a polysaccharide preparation, Krestin, on mouse leukemia P388. When CDF1 mice inoculated intraperitoneally with leukemia P388 were treated intraperitoneally with mitomycin-C, of which dose was not so effective, on day 1 and given intraperitoneally polysaccharide preparation, Krestin, on day 2, 5, or 8 after tumor inoculation, best therapeutic results judged from 60-day survivors were obtained by combined use of mitomycin-C on day 1 and Krestin on day 5. Besides mitomycin-C, none of anticancer drugs such as cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and 6-mercaptopurine was effective in this system. From these results, it was concluded that in this system, enhancement of anti-tumor effect of mitomycin-C by Krestin depends on the time of Krestin administration and that the combination effect is observed with mitomycin-C but not with cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, or 6-mercaptopurine.", "PMID": 680463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4407", "title": "Cytotoxic activity of human blood monocytes against cultured breast cancer cells.", "content": "Cytotoxic activity of blood monocytes from 19 healthy individuals was examined in vitro against the cultured floating cells of human breast cancer origin. Target tumor cells inoculated on monocyte cultures and maintained for 5 days were reduced in number, compared with the control cultues of tumor cells alone. Increased cytotoxicity of the monocytes was noted after in vitro activation by heat-killed Corynebacterium liquefaciens (Propionibacterium acnes). C. liquefaciens of the same dose as used for monocyte activation had no effect on the tumor cell growth. These results may indicate that blood monocytes have an antitumor activity and it can be strengthened by treatment with C. liquefaciens. Antitumor activity of blood monocytes and macrophages was discussed on a concept of the mononuclear phagocyte system. A possible development of a new assay method for macrophage function as a parameter of host defence state against cancer will be expected.", "contents": "Cytotoxic activity of human blood monocytes against cultured breast cancer cells. Cytotoxic activity of blood monocytes from 19 healthy individuals was examined in vitro against the cultured floating cells of human breast cancer origin. Target tumor cells inoculated on monocyte cultures and maintained for 5 days were reduced in number, compared with the control cultues of tumor cells alone. Increased cytotoxicity of the monocytes was noted after in vitro activation by heat-killed Corynebacterium liquefaciens (Propionibacterium acnes). C. liquefaciens of the same dose as used for monocyte activation had no effect on the tumor cell growth. These results may indicate that blood monocytes have an antitumor activity and it can be strengthened by treatment with C. liquefaciens. Antitumor activity of blood monocytes and macrophages was discussed on a concept of the mononuclear phagocyte system. A possible development of a new assay method for macrophage function as a parameter of host defence state against cancer will be expected.", "PMID": 680464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4408", "title": "Antitumor activity of water-soluble platinum(II) complexes of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine isomers.", "content": "Dichloroplatinum(II) complexes of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine isomers were reported to have high antitumor activity against leukemia L-1210 and P-388, but they were hardly soluble in water and, therefore, dibromo- and diiodo-platinum(II) complexes of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine isomers were prepared. They were not soluble in water but showed high antitumor activity. When the chloride ions are replaced with sulfate ions, they become soluble and also they are anti-tumor active. Bismonobromoacetatoplatinum (II) complexes were synthesized and tested. Mono- and bis-(D-glucuronato)platinum(II) complexes of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine isomers were newly synthesized. All of them were freely soluble in water and showed high antitumor activity with low toxicity. The chelated mono(D-glucuronato)platinum(II) was found to be more effective than the monodentate bis(D-glucuronato)platinum (II) complexes.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of water-soluble platinum(II) complexes of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine isomers. Dichloroplatinum(II) complexes of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine isomers were reported to have high antitumor activity against leukemia L-1210 and P-388, but they were hardly soluble in water and, therefore, dibromo- and diiodo-platinum(II) complexes of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine isomers were prepared. They were not soluble in water but showed high antitumor activity. When the chloride ions are replaced with sulfate ions, they become soluble and also they are anti-tumor active. Bismonobromoacetatoplatinum (II) complexes were synthesized and tested. Mono- and bis-(D-glucuronato)platinum(II) complexes of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine isomers were newly synthesized. All of them were freely soluble in water and showed high antitumor activity with low toxicity. The chelated mono(D-glucuronato)platinum(II) was found to be more effective than the monodentate bis(D-glucuronato)platinum (II) complexes.", "PMID": 680465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4409", "title": "Evidence for a defective inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion by antral distension in the duodenal ulcer patient.", "content": "Graded antrum distension by 50-, 100-, and 150-ml balloon volumes significantly stimulated gastric acid secretion in 6 duodenal ulcer patients, but had no stimulatory effect in 6 healthy subjects. Antrum distension by 150-ml balloon volume had no effect on the acid response to submaximal stimulation by a continuous intravenous infusion of pentagastrin in the duodenal ulcer patients, but significantly inhibited this response in the healthy subjects. The inhibition by antrum distension in the healthy subjects amounted to 20%. The results suggest that antrum distension elicits stimulatory as well as inhibitory mechanisms in man with inhibition of acid secretion predominating in healthy subjects and stimulation of acid secretion predominating in duodenal ulcer patients. The mechanism of inhibition is unknown.", "contents": "Evidence for a defective inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion by antral distension in the duodenal ulcer patient. Graded antrum distension by 50-, 100-, and 150-ml balloon volumes significantly stimulated gastric acid secretion in 6 duodenal ulcer patients, but had no stimulatory effect in 6 healthy subjects. Antrum distension by 150-ml balloon volume had no effect on the acid response to submaximal stimulation by a continuous intravenous infusion of pentagastrin in the duodenal ulcer patients, but significantly inhibited this response in the healthy subjects. The inhibition by antrum distension in the healthy subjects amounted to 20%. The results suggest that antrum distension elicits stimulatory as well as inhibitory mechanisms in man with inhibition of acid secretion predominating in healthy subjects and stimulation of acid secretion predominating in duodenal ulcer patients. The mechanism of inhibition is unknown.", "PMID": 680489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4410", "title": "Cell wall-defective variants of pseudomonas-like (group Va) bacteria in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Several animal transmission studies have indicated that Crohn's disease may be caused by a filterable agent. Filtrates of homogenized tissues were prepared from 8 patients with Crohn's disease, 9 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis, and 20 control patients without inflammatory bowel disease. Conventional bacteriological cultures and hypertonic cultures for cell wall-defective bacterial variants were performed on the filtrates. Bacterial revertants (parent forms) of cell wall-defective variants were obtained from filtrates of various tissues including mesenteric lymph nodes of all patients with Crohn's disease. In no instance were revertants cultured from tissue filtrates of the other patients. The 11 revertants isolated from the 8 patients were identified as Pseudomonas-like bacteria, most closely identifiable with group Va.", "contents": "Cell wall-defective variants of pseudomonas-like (group Va) bacteria in Crohn's disease. Several animal transmission studies have indicated that Crohn's disease may be caused by a filterable agent. Filtrates of homogenized tissues were prepared from 8 patients with Crohn's disease, 9 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis, and 20 control patients without inflammatory bowel disease. Conventional bacteriological cultures and hypertonic cultures for cell wall-defective bacterial variants were performed on the filtrates. Bacterial revertants (parent forms) of cell wall-defective variants were obtained from filtrates of various tissues including mesenteric lymph nodes of all patients with Crohn's disease. In no instance were revertants cultured from tissue filtrates of the other patients. The 11 revertants isolated from the 8 patients were identified as Pseudomonas-like bacteria, most closely identifiable with group Va.", "PMID": 680490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4411", "title": "Effects of caffeine and coffee on fluid transport in the small intestine.", "content": "Although caffeine is known to stimulate small intestinal water secretion in man, no available studies have examined the effect of coffee on small intestinal fluid transport. We have studied the effect of both coffee and caffeine on jejunal sodium and water transport by the triple lumen intestinal perfusion technique. Both caffeine and coffee solutions had equivalent caffeine concentrations, approximating the caffeine concentration in one cup of coffee. Control and coffee perfusion resulted in net absorption of 0.9 +/- 0.2 and 1.1 +/- 0.3 ml per min per 30 cm, respectively, whereas caffeine perfusion resulted in net water secretion of 2.4 +/- 0.4 ml per min per 30 cm (P less than 0.02). Net sodium absorption was observed with control and coffee solutions with a mean absorption of 190 +/- 32 and 184 +/- 40 muEq per min per 30 cm, respectively. Net sodium secretion of 334 +/- 25 muEq er min per 30 cm was observed during caffeine perfusion (P less than 0.02). We conclude that coffee perfusion has no significant effect on sodium and water transport in the jejunum in spite of the marked secretory effects of caffeine solutions. The results of this study yield further support to the suggestion that the effects of caffeine may not be similar to the effects of caffeine-containing compounds such as coffee.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine and coffee on fluid transport in the small intestine. Although caffeine is known to stimulate small intestinal water secretion in man, no available studies have examined the effect of coffee on small intestinal fluid transport. We have studied the effect of both coffee and caffeine on jejunal sodium and water transport by the triple lumen intestinal perfusion technique. Both caffeine and coffee solutions had equivalent caffeine concentrations, approximating the caffeine concentration in one cup of coffee. Control and coffee perfusion resulted in net absorption of 0.9 +/- 0.2 and 1.1 +/- 0.3 ml per min per 30 cm, respectively, whereas caffeine perfusion resulted in net water secretion of 2.4 +/- 0.4 ml per min per 30 cm (P less than 0.02). Net sodium absorption was observed with control and coffee solutions with a mean absorption of 190 +/- 32 and 184 +/- 40 muEq per min per 30 cm, respectively. Net sodium secretion of 334 +/- 25 muEq er min per 30 cm was observed during caffeine perfusion (P less than 0.02). We conclude that coffee perfusion has no significant effect on sodium and water transport in the jejunum in spite of the marked secretory effects of caffeine solutions. The results of this study yield further support to the suggestion that the effects of caffeine may not be similar to the effects of caffeine-containing compounds such as coffee.", "PMID": 680492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4412", "title": "Multiple immunoreactive forms of vasoactive intestinal peptide in human colonic mucosa.", "content": "Extracts of human colon mucosa and muscle were fractionated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography and molecular forms of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) estimated by radioimmunoassay. Total concentrations of immunoreactive VIP in mucosa were 237.1 +/- 53.9 and 119 +/- 26.0 pmoles per g in muscle. In muscle, over 90% of the immunoreactivity was accounted for by a single component indistinguishable from porcine VIP by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. In contrast, mucosa contained four components with VIP-like immunoreactivity. One of these had the chromatographic properties of porcine VIP; the others were less positively charged. Two of the new VIP-like components had gel filtration properties similar to those of VIP and are, therefore, probably of similar size to the porcine octacosapeptide, and the remaining component emerged later on Sephadex and is, therefore, probably a smaller peptide. Immunoreactive VIP in muscle extracts is believed to originate from nerve fibers, and this form of VIP is likely to be identical to the previously characterized form of VIP. However, immunoreactive VIP in mucosal extracts may originate either from endocrine cells or nerve fibers. The possibility arises, then, that there are different immunoreactive forms of VIP in nerves and endocrine cells.", "contents": "Multiple immunoreactive forms of vasoactive intestinal peptide in human colonic mucosa. Extracts of human colon mucosa and muscle were fractionated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography and molecular forms of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) estimated by radioimmunoassay. Total concentrations of immunoreactive VIP in mucosa were 237.1 +/- 53.9 and 119 +/- 26.0 pmoles per g in muscle. In muscle, over 90% of the immunoreactivity was accounted for by a single component indistinguishable from porcine VIP by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. In contrast, mucosa contained four components with VIP-like immunoreactivity. One of these had the chromatographic properties of porcine VIP; the others were less positively charged. Two of the new VIP-like components had gel filtration properties similar to those of VIP and are, therefore, probably of similar size to the porcine octacosapeptide, and the remaining component emerged later on Sephadex and is, therefore, probably a smaller peptide. Immunoreactive VIP in muscle extracts is believed to originate from nerve fibers, and this form of VIP is likely to be identical to the previously characterized form of VIP. However, immunoreactive VIP in mucosal extracts may originate either from endocrine cells or nerve fibers. The possibility arises, then, that there are different immunoreactive forms of VIP in nerves and endocrine cells.", "PMID": 680493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4413", "title": "Evaluation of xylose absorption as measured in blood and urine: a one-hour blood xylose screening test in malabsorption.", "content": "The assessment of D-xylose absorption by measurement of urinary excretion is subject to several sources of error. An investigation has been made into the use of the blood levels obtained after a 5-g dose as an assessment of malabsorption. We have shown that optimal discrimination between normal and impaired xylose absorption is achieved by measuring blood xylose levels 1 hr after oral administration and then correcting the results to a constant body surface area. The reference range was 0.65 to 1.33 mmoles per liter for values corrected to 1.73m2. In a prospective study of the value of this modification in investigating malabsorption, the incidence of false-negatives and false-positives was found to be 4.8 and 2.2%, respectively. The test is of particular value in the elderly because surface area corrected 1-hr blood xylose levels are independent of age, eliminating the expected and observed declines in renal function and urinary xylose excretion in this age group.", "contents": "Evaluation of xylose absorption as measured in blood and urine: a one-hour blood xylose screening test in malabsorption. The assessment of D-xylose absorption by measurement of urinary excretion is subject to several sources of error. An investigation has been made into the use of the blood levels obtained after a 5-g dose as an assessment of malabsorption. We have shown that optimal discrimination between normal and impaired xylose absorption is achieved by measuring blood xylose levels 1 hr after oral administration and then correcting the results to a constant body surface area. The reference range was 0.65 to 1.33 mmoles per liter for values corrected to 1.73m2. In a prospective study of the value of this modification in investigating malabsorption, the incidence of false-negatives and false-positives was found to be 4.8 and 2.2%, respectively. The test is of particular value in the elderly because surface area corrected 1-hr blood xylose levels are independent of age, eliminating the expected and observed declines in renal function and urinary xylose excretion in this age group.", "PMID": 680494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4414", "title": "Effects of pentagastrin, G17, and G34 on the electrical and mechanical activities of canine antral smooth muscle.", "content": "Intracellular microelectrode technique and standard organ bath technique were used to investigate the effects of pentagastrin, G17, and G34 on the electrical and mechanical activities of canine antral circular muscle. All three molecular forms increased the amplitude and duration of the plateau of the gastric action potential and the frequency of spontaneous action potentials. They also increased the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions. G17 was equal to or less potent than pentagastrin in all of its actions on this tissue. G34 had an equal or greater activity than G17. The electrical studies indicate that G17 is active in this tissue in a physiological range of concentrations. The ED50 for the effect of G17 to increase the amplitude of the plateau potential is less than that for the effect of G17 on gastric secretion, indicating that this is a physiological action of gastrin. Atropine studies indicate that only part of the in vitro inotropic action of gastrin is caused by the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals, but that the chronotropic action is attributable to a direct effect on the smooth muscle membrane.", "contents": "Effects of pentagastrin, G17, and G34 on the electrical and mechanical activities of canine antral smooth muscle. Intracellular microelectrode technique and standard organ bath technique were used to investigate the effects of pentagastrin, G17, and G34 on the electrical and mechanical activities of canine antral circular muscle. All three molecular forms increased the amplitude and duration of the plateau of the gastric action potential and the frequency of spontaneous action potentials. They also increased the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions. G17 was equal to or less potent than pentagastrin in all of its actions on this tissue. G34 had an equal or greater activity than G17. The electrical studies indicate that G17 is active in this tissue in a physiological range of concentrations. The ED50 for the effect of G17 to increase the amplitude of the plateau potential is less than that for the effect of G17 on gastric secretion, indicating that this is a physiological action of gastrin. Atropine studies indicate that only part of the in vitro inotropic action of gastrin is caused by the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals, but that the chronotropic action is attributable to a direct effect on the smooth muscle membrane.", "PMID": 680495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4415", "title": "Influence of high luminal PO2 on the anaerobic bacteria of the rat colon.", "content": "The influence of high luminal PO2 on colonic anaerobes was investigated by chronically perfusing the colon of unrestrained rats with O2 or N2. A luminal PO2 of approximately 700 mm Hg did not significantly influence the fecal concentration of total anaerobes recovered on rabbit blood agar or of Bifidobacterium sp. and Bacteroides sp. recovered on selective media. However, the O2 infusion reduced the rat's excretion of CH4 (a metabolic product of anaerobic bacteria) to about 5% of the control value, although the feces of O2-treated rats produced CH4 normally. This study suggests that the production of metabolites by the colonic bacteria may sometimes be more accurately studied in situ rather than in culture. Measurement of volatile bacterial metabolites in breath may provide a simple means of studying the in situ metabolism of a variety of colonic bacteria in man.", "contents": "Influence of high luminal PO2 on the anaerobic bacteria of the rat colon. The influence of high luminal PO2 on colonic anaerobes was investigated by chronically perfusing the colon of unrestrained rats with O2 or N2. A luminal PO2 of approximately 700 mm Hg did not significantly influence the fecal concentration of total anaerobes recovered on rabbit blood agar or of Bifidobacterium sp. and Bacteroides sp. recovered on selective media. However, the O2 infusion reduced the rat's excretion of CH4 (a metabolic product of anaerobic bacteria) to about 5% of the control value, although the feces of O2-treated rats produced CH4 normally. This study suggests that the production of metabolites by the colonic bacteria may sometimes be more accurately studied in situ rather than in culture. Measurement of volatile bacterial metabolites in breath may provide a simple means of studying the in situ metabolism of a variety of colonic bacteria in man.", "PMID": 680497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4416", "title": "Histofluorescence of 3-methylcholanthrene metabolites in the rat pancreas.", "content": "Pancreases of Long-Evans rats were treated in vitro and in vivo with 3-methylcholanthrene and examined by histofluorescence techniques. For in vitro studies, tissue sections were dipped in 3-methylcholanthrene and incubated in vitro. These sections revealed that acinar and ductal epithelium had equal fluorescence which suggested equal metabolic capability. For in vivo experiments, 3-methylcholanthrene was injected intraperitoneally and the rats were killed 60 min later. Two additional rats were provided with biliary cannulae to divert bile from the pancreatobiliary ducts. Frozen sections, 16 mu in thickness, were prepared and examined under the fluorescence microscope. The sections revealed that fluorescence was concentrated in the epithelium and lumen of ducts. Animals with diversion of bile from the pancreatobiliary ducts had similar intensity and distribution of fluorescence. The in vivo studies showed that ductal epithelium was exposed to greater concentrations of carcinogen than nonductal epithelium. These observations provide a link between epidemiological studies that show an increased incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in populations exposed to environmental carcinogens and morphological studies that show the ductal cell to be the most likely cell of origin.", "contents": "Histofluorescence of 3-methylcholanthrene metabolites in the rat pancreas. Pancreases of Long-Evans rats were treated in vitro and in vivo with 3-methylcholanthrene and examined by histofluorescence techniques. For in vitro studies, tissue sections were dipped in 3-methylcholanthrene and incubated in vitro. These sections revealed that acinar and ductal epithelium had equal fluorescence which suggested equal metabolic capability. For in vivo experiments, 3-methylcholanthrene was injected intraperitoneally and the rats were killed 60 min later. Two additional rats were provided with biliary cannulae to divert bile from the pancreatobiliary ducts. Frozen sections, 16 mu in thickness, were prepared and examined under the fluorescence microscope. The sections revealed that fluorescence was concentrated in the epithelium and lumen of ducts. Animals with diversion of bile from the pancreatobiliary ducts had similar intensity and distribution of fluorescence. The in vivo studies showed that ductal epithelium was exposed to greater concentrations of carcinogen than nonductal epithelium. These observations provide a link between epidemiological studies that show an increased incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in populations exposed to environmental carcinogens and morphological studies that show the ductal cell to be the most likely cell of origin.", "PMID": 680499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4417", "title": "Phalloidin-induced cholestasis in the rat: relation to changes in microfilaments.", "content": "The influence of phalloidin, an agent that causes irreversible polymerisation of actin into microfilaments, on bile secretion and hepatocyte ultrastructure was examined in rats. Phalloidin was given intraperitoneally at the dose of 50 microgram per 100 g of body weight per day for 1, 3, or 7 days. The following was observed. (1) Bile flow decreased, as compared to controls, by 19% after 1 day, 34% after 3 days, and 55% after 7 days. Bile acid secretion was also decreased. (2) Electron microscopic examination of the hepatocyte in treated animals revealed an increased thickness of the pericanalicular microfilamentous network and a dilatation of bile canaliculi. Stereological examination revealed an increase in the relative volume of the microfilamentous network (per unit of hepatocyte cytoplasm) of 2.55% after 1 day, 4.06% ater 3 days, and 6.16% after 7 days. (3) [14C]Erythritol biliary clearance, measured after 7 days, decreased in parallel to bile flow, suggesting that the decrease in bile flow was of canalicular origin. [14C]Sucrose biliary clearance increased in treated animals, suggesting an increased permeability of the biliary system to sucrose. There was a predominant decrease in the bile acid independent bile flow. These data provide circumstantial evidence for the hypothesis that microfilament dysfunction can produce cholestasis.", "contents": "Phalloidin-induced cholestasis in the rat: relation to changes in microfilaments. The influence of phalloidin, an agent that causes irreversible polymerisation of actin into microfilaments, on bile secretion and hepatocyte ultrastructure was examined in rats. Phalloidin was given intraperitoneally at the dose of 50 microgram per 100 g of body weight per day for 1, 3, or 7 days. The following was observed. (1) Bile flow decreased, as compared to controls, by 19% after 1 day, 34% after 3 days, and 55% after 7 days. Bile acid secretion was also decreased. (2) Electron microscopic examination of the hepatocyte in treated animals revealed an increased thickness of the pericanalicular microfilamentous network and a dilatation of bile canaliculi. Stereological examination revealed an increase in the relative volume of the microfilamentous network (per unit of hepatocyte cytoplasm) of 2.55% after 1 day, 4.06% ater 3 days, and 6.16% after 7 days. (3) [14C]Erythritol biliary clearance, measured after 7 days, decreased in parallel to bile flow, suggesting that the decrease in bile flow was of canalicular origin. [14C]Sucrose biliary clearance increased in treated animals, suggesting an increased permeability of the biliary system to sucrose. There was a predominant decrease in the bile acid independent bile flow. These data provide circumstantial evidence for the hypothesis that microfilament dysfunction can produce cholestasis.", "PMID": 680500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4418", "title": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of desialylated human lymphocytes induced by a mitogenic mammalian liver protein.", "content": "The ability of a purified rabbit liver membrane protein that selectively binds desialylated glycoproteins to induce desialylated human peripheral blood lymphocytes to mediate mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity has been determined. After short term exposure to purified hepatic binding protein, desialylated, but not intact, lymphocytes exhibited mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity against Chang target cells, which do not have exposed hepatic binding protein on their surface membrane. Furthermore, desialylated lymphocytes, in the absence of purified hepatic binding protein, reduced the proportion of isolated rabbit hepatocytes that adhered to plastic to a significantly greater extent than did intact lymphocytes, suggesting that the exposed hepatic binding protein demonstrated on the surface membrane of these target cells is capable of inducing mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity. The specific inhibition of this effect by asialo-orosomucoid, but not by intact orosomucoid, indicates that the site involved in the binding of asialo-glycoproteins to hepatic binding protein is probably also responsible for the induction of mitogen-induced cellular cytoxocity. The demonstration that hepatic binding protein, a normal constituent of the surface, membrane of mammalian hepatocytes, can induce mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity, suggests that mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity may be a mechanism of cellular injury in vivo.", "contents": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of desialylated human lymphocytes induced by a mitogenic mammalian liver protein. The ability of a purified rabbit liver membrane protein that selectively binds desialylated glycoproteins to induce desialylated human peripheral blood lymphocytes to mediate mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity has been determined. After short term exposure to purified hepatic binding protein, desialylated, but not intact, lymphocytes exhibited mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity against Chang target cells, which do not have exposed hepatic binding protein on their surface membrane. Furthermore, desialylated lymphocytes, in the absence of purified hepatic binding protein, reduced the proportion of isolated rabbit hepatocytes that adhered to plastic to a significantly greater extent than did intact lymphocytes, suggesting that the exposed hepatic binding protein demonstrated on the surface membrane of these target cells is capable of inducing mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity. The specific inhibition of this effect by asialo-orosomucoid, but not by intact orosomucoid, indicates that the site involved in the binding of asialo-glycoproteins to hepatic binding protein is probably also responsible for the induction of mitogen-induced cellular cytoxocity. The demonstration that hepatic binding protein, a normal constituent of the surface, membrane of mammalian hepatocytes, can induce mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity, suggests that mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity may be a mechanism of cellular injury in vivo.", "PMID": 680501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4419", "title": "Hepatic cholesterol ester hydrolase in human liver disease.", "content": "Human liver contains an acid cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH) of presumed lysosomal origin, but its significance is unknown. We developed a modified CEH radioassay suitable for needle biopsy specimens and measured hepatic activity of this enzyme in 69 patients undergoing percutaneous liver biopsy. Histologically normal livers hydrolyzed 5.80 +/- 0.78 SEM mumoles of cholesterol ester per hr per g of liver protein (n, 10). Values were similar in alcoholic liver disease (n, 17), obstructive jaundice (n, 9), and miscellaneous hepatic disorders (n, 21). In contrast, mean hepatic CEH activity was more than 3-fold elevated in 12 patients with acute hepatitis, 21.05 +/- 2.45 SEM mumoles per hr per g of protein (P less than 0.01). In 2 patients studied serially, CEH returned to normal as hepatitis resolved. CEH activity in all patients paralleled SGOT levels (r, 0.84; P less than 0.01). There was no correlation with serum levels of free or esterified cholesterol nor with serum activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for cholesterol esterification in plasma. These studies confirm the presence of CEH activity in human liver and show markedly increased activity in acute hepatitis. The pathogenesis and clinical significance of altered hepatic CEH activity in liver disease require further study.", "contents": "Hepatic cholesterol ester hydrolase in human liver disease. Human liver contains an acid cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH) of presumed lysosomal origin, but its significance is unknown. We developed a modified CEH radioassay suitable for needle biopsy specimens and measured hepatic activity of this enzyme in 69 patients undergoing percutaneous liver biopsy. Histologically normal livers hydrolyzed 5.80 +/- 0.78 SEM mumoles of cholesterol ester per hr per g of liver protein (n, 10). Values were similar in alcoholic liver disease (n, 17), obstructive jaundice (n, 9), and miscellaneous hepatic disorders (n, 21). In contrast, mean hepatic CEH activity was more than 3-fold elevated in 12 patients with acute hepatitis, 21.05 +/- 2.45 SEM mumoles per hr per g of protein (P less than 0.01). In 2 patients studied serially, CEH returned to normal as hepatitis resolved. CEH activity in all patients paralleled SGOT levels (r, 0.84; P less than 0.01). There was no correlation with serum levels of free or esterified cholesterol nor with serum activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for cholesterol esterification in plasma. These studies confirm the presence of CEH activity in human liver and show markedly increased activity in acute hepatitis. The pathogenesis and clinical significance of altered hepatic CEH activity in liver disease require further study.", "PMID": 680503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4420", "title": "Incidence and clinical significance of sinusoidal dilatation in liver biopsies.", "content": "In a review of 906 consecutive liver biopsies, sinusoidal dilatation, unrelated to passive congestion of the liver, sinusoidal infiltration, or cirrhosis, was found in 26 cases (2.9%). In 21 of them the final diagnosis was a neoplastic or granulomatous disease (tuberculosis, brucellosis, Crohn's disease), but in only half of them was there evidence of neoplastic or granulomatous infiltration of the liver. In the remaining cases, sinusoidal dilatation was either the only histological abnormality or it was associated with nonspecific changes. Although the pathogenesis of sinusoidal ectasia is not known, our findings indicate a definite relationship to the presence of tumor or granulomatous disease in the liver or elsewhere in the body. It is concluded that the finding of sinusoidal dilatation as an isolated histological change in a liver biopsy specimen should prompt the search for a tumor or a disease associated with granulomas.", "contents": "Incidence and clinical significance of sinusoidal dilatation in liver biopsies. In a review of 906 consecutive liver biopsies, sinusoidal dilatation, unrelated to passive congestion of the liver, sinusoidal infiltration, or cirrhosis, was found in 26 cases (2.9%). In 21 of them the final diagnosis was a neoplastic or granulomatous disease (tuberculosis, brucellosis, Crohn's disease), but in only half of them was there evidence of neoplastic or granulomatous infiltration of the liver. In the remaining cases, sinusoidal dilatation was either the only histological abnormality or it was associated with nonspecific changes. Although the pathogenesis of sinusoidal ectasia is not known, our findings indicate a definite relationship to the presence of tumor or granulomatous disease in the liver or elsewhere in the body. It is concluded that the finding of sinusoidal dilatation as an isolated histological change in a liver biopsy specimen should prompt the search for a tumor or a disease associated with granulomas.", "PMID": 680504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4421", "title": "Effect of age and parenchymal liver disease on the disposition and elimination of chlordiazepoxide (librium).", "content": "There is an increased incidence of unwanted sedation associated with chlordiazepoxide usage in the elderly and in patients with liver disease. To determine whether pharmacokinetic alterations could account in part for these observations we studied the disposition and elimination of intravenously administered chlordiazepoxide in 27 healthy controls aged 16 to 86 years, 8 patients with cirrhosis, and 5 patients with acute viral hepatitis. Both increasing age and parenchymal liver disease led to similar changes in chlordiazepoxide pharmacokinetics. Over the age range 20 to 80 years, elimination half-life (t1/2(beta)) increased from 7 to 40 hr (r, 0.67; P less than 0.001) attributable to a decrease in plasma clearance from 30 ml per min to 10 ml per min (r, -0.71; P less than 0.001) and an increase in volume of distribution from 0.26 to 0.38 liters per kg (r, 0.60; P less than 0.05). Similarly, a decrease in plasma clearance in cirrhosis (7.7 +/- 2.1 compared to 15.3 +/- 4.4 ml per min, P less than 0.01) and acute viral hepatitis (6.1 +/- 4.3 compared to 18.1 +/- 7.1 ml per min, P less than 0.01) relative to age-matched controls and an increase in the volume of distribution resulted in a prolongation of the elimination half-life in both forms of liver disease. Impaired elimination of chlordiazepoxide may account in part for the increased incidence of oversedation seen in the elderly and in patients with liver disease.", "contents": "Effect of age and parenchymal liver disease on the disposition and elimination of chlordiazepoxide (librium). There is an increased incidence of unwanted sedation associated with chlordiazepoxide usage in the elderly and in patients with liver disease. To determine whether pharmacokinetic alterations could account in part for these observations we studied the disposition and elimination of intravenously administered chlordiazepoxide in 27 healthy controls aged 16 to 86 years, 8 patients with cirrhosis, and 5 patients with acute viral hepatitis. Both increasing age and parenchymal liver disease led to similar changes in chlordiazepoxide pharmacokinetics. Over the age range 20 to 80 years, elimination half-life (t1/2(beta)) increased from 7 to 40 hr (r, 0.67; P less than 0.001) attributable to a decrease in plasma clearance from 30 ml per min to 10 ml per min (r, -0.71; P less than 0.001) and an increase in volume of distribution from 0.26 to 0.38 liters per kg (r, 0.60; P less than 0.05). Similarly, a decrease in plasma clearance in cirrhosis (7.7 +/- 2.1 compared to 15.3 +/- 4.4 ml per min, P less than 0.01) and acute viral hepatitis (6.1 +/- 4.3 compared to 18.1 +/- 7.1 ml per min, P less than 0.01) relative to age-matched controls and an increase in the volume of distribution resulted in a prolongation of the elimination half-life in both forms of liver disease. Impaired elimination of chlordiazepoxide may account in part for the increased incidence of oversedation seen in the elderly and in patients with liver disease.", "PMID": 680505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4422", "title": "Iproclozide fulminant hepatitis. Possible role of enzyme induction.", "content": "The authors report the cases of 3 patients who died from fulminant hepatitis after receiving iproclozide, a hydrazine-containing monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Fulminant hepatitis in these patients resembled that reported in patients receiving other hydrazine-containing monoamine oxidase inhibitors: (1) the 3 patients were women; (2) the monoamine oxidase inhibitor has been ingested for 1 month or more; (3) the main clinical manifestations were jaundice and disorders of consciousness; (4) hypersensitivity manifestations were absent; (5) the predominant liver lesion was necrosis; (6) all 3 patients died. In our 3 patients, jaundice occurred 7 to 10 days after the adjunction to iproclozide of a microsomal enzyme inducer. These observations suggest that concomitant administration of iproclozide and of microsomal enzyme inducers may produce fulminant hepatitis in man. It is speculated that iproclozide could be, like iproniazid, transformed into a hepatotoxic metabolite, the production of which would be increased by microsomal enzyme induction.", "contents": "Iproclozide fulminant hepatitis. Possible role of enzyme induction. The authors report the cases of 3 patients who died from fulminant hepatitis after receiving iproclozide, a hydrazine-containing monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Fulminant hepatitis in these patients resembled that reported in patients receiving other hydrazine-containing monoamine oxidase inhibitors: (1) the 3 patients were women; (2) the monoamine oxidase inhibitor has been ingested for 1 month or more; (3) the main clinical manifestations were jaundice and disorders of consciousness; (4) hypersensitivity manifestations were absent; (5) the predominant liver lesion was necrosis; (6) all 3 patients died. In our 3 patients, jaundice occurred 7 to 10 days after the adjunction to iproclozide of a microsomal enzyme inducer. These observations suggest that concomitant administration of iproclozide and of microsomal enzyme inducers may produce fulminant hepatitis in man. It is speculated that iproclozide could be, like iproniazid, transformed into a hepatotoxic metabolite, the production of which would be increased by microsomal enzyme induction.", "PMID": 680506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4423", "title": "Gastric and esophageal dysfunction after ingestion of acid.", "content": "Esophageal and gastric function was measured in a patient who swallowed a household acid solution. Dysphagia, transient ulceration of the esophagus with luminal narrowing, and complete loss of peristalsis without loss of lower esophageal sphincter function were noted. Gastric dysfunction appeared 2 weeks after ingestion with complete obstruction, necessitating antral resection. The proximal stomach was relatively spared.", "contents": "Gastric and esophageal dysfunction after ingestion of acid. Esophageal and gastric function was measured in a patient who swallowed a household acid solution. Dysphagia, transient ulceration of the esophagus with luminal narrowing, and complete loss of peristalsis without loss of lower esophageal sphincter function were noted. Gastric dysfunction appeared 2 weeks after ingestion with complete obstruction, necessitating antral resection. The proximal stomach was relatively spared.", "PMID": 680508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4424", "title": "[Progress in diagnosis and treatment of pregnancies with low birthweight infants (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to prove the progress in diagnosis and treatment of pregnancies with low birthweight we performed a retrospective computer-analysis of three groups of patients including newborns below 2750 g delivered dumping the last 10 years. The first group contains the years 1967/68; the deliveries of low birthweight infants were monitored without cardiotocogram. The second group of patients from the years 1971/72 was monitored continuously during delivery by cardiotocogram. The endocrinologic diagnostic methods for detection of a possible placental insufficiency in low weight fetus were applied regularly (DHEA-S-loading test, oestriol, HPL). The treatment of premature newborns with respiratory distress syndrome was facilitated by CPAP. A thorough ultrasound diagnosis was available additionally for the third group of patients. Long term treatment with Partusisten was applied in cases of premature labour in this group and betamethasone-therapy was used for accelleration of fetal lung maturation. With a nearly constant number of preterm eutrophic newborns, preterm infants with retarded growth and mature infants with retarded growth over a period of ten years the unpurified mortality rate decreased from 14.3% to 6.7% when the pregnancies and deliveries had intensive (obstetrical medical) care. With the help of Shirodkar procedure and tocolytic treatment the birthweight could be shifted significantly into the favourable group over 2000 g. The prenatal prophylactical treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome with beta-methasone and the postnatal CPAP-therapy decrease the mortality rate caused by respiratory deficiency from 13.7% to 6.4%. The preventive caesarean section in cases of low birthweight infants with abnormal positions in utero helped to reduce the mortality rate from 21% to 10.6% in these cases. The accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine retarded fetal growth by hormone analysis and ultrasonic measurement of the fetus was improved from 24% to 66%.", "contents": "[Progress in diagnosis and treatment of pregnancies with low birthweight infants (author's transl)]. In order to prove the progress in diagnosis and treatment of pregnancies with low birthweight we performed a retrospective computer-analysis of three groups of patients including newborns below 2750 g delivered dumping the last 10 years. The first group contains the years 1967/68; the deliveries of low birthweight infants were monitored without cardiotocogram. The second group of patients from the years 1971/72 was monitored continuously during delivery by cardiotocogram. The endocrinologic diagnostic methods for detection of a possible placental insufficiency in low weight fetus were applied regularly (DHEA-S-loading test, oestriol, HPL). The treatment of premature newborns with respiratory distress syndrome was facilitated by CPAP. A thorough ultrasound diagnosis was available additionally for the third group of patients. Long term treatment with Partusisten was applied in cases of premature labour in this group and betamethasone-therapy was used for accelleration of fetal lung maturation. With a nearly constant number of preterm eutrophic newborns, preterm infants with retarded growth and mature infants with retarded growth over a period of ten years the unpurified mortality rate decreased from 14.3% to 6.7% when the pregnancies and deliveries had intensive (obstetrical medical) care. With the help of Shirodkar procedure and tocolytic treatment the birthweight could be shifted significantly into the favourable group over 2000 g. The prenatal prophylactical treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome with beta-methasone and the postnatal CPAP-therapy decrease the mortality rate caused by respiratory deficiency from 13.7% to 6.4%. The preventive caesarean section in cases of low birthweight infants with abnormal positions in utero helped to reduce the mortality rate from 21% to 10.6% in these cases. The accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine retarded fetal growth by hormone analysis and ultrasonic measurement of the fetus was improved from 24% to 66%.", "PMID": 680542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4425", "title": "[The fluoroscopic detection of micro-calcifications of the breast during the operation in the excisional biopsy material (author's transl)].", "content": "In 101 excisional biopsies of the breast the biopsy material was examined fluoroscopically in the operating room for micro-calcifications with a specially constructed X-ray machine. This method of operation and control has the advantage of shortening the operative time and avoiding additional radiation to the breast. The surgeon becomes independent of a radiologist for control. Very accurate excisional biopsies of clinical obscure lesions in the breast become possible.", "contents": "[The fluoroscopic detection of micro-calcifications of the breast during the operation in the excisional biopsy material (author's transl)]. In 101 excisional biopsies of the breast the biopsy material was examined fluoroscopically in the operating room for micro-calcifications with a specially constructed X-ray machine. This method of operation and control has the advantage of shortening the operative time and avoiding additional radiation to the breast. The surgeon becomes independent of a radiologist for control. Very accurate excisional biopsies of clinical obscure lesions in the breast become possible.", "PMID": 680543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4426", "title": "[Determination of microelements in human placenta II. Commun.: Spectrophotometric determination of zinc content in human placenta (author's transl)].", "content": "The zinc content of human placenta is determinaed by means of an improved combined dithizone-zincon-method. The results obtained are given as follows: 11.13 +/- 0.62 ppm in the fresh and 64.98 +/- 3.34 ppm in the dried material.", "contents": "[Determination of microelements in human placenta II. Commun.: Spectrophotometric determination of zinc content in human placenta (author's transl)]. The zinc content of human placenta is determinaed by means of an improved combined dithizone-zincon-method. The results obtained are given as follows: 11.13 +/- 0.62 ppm in the fresh and 64.98 +/- 3.34 ppm in the dried material.", "PMID": 680544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4427", "title": "[Compression of the spinal cord secondary to an intradural metastasis from a primary carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The intradural spinal spread from operated primary carcinomas of the breast is discussed considering our own case and the literature. The identical localization of the intradural spinal metastases at the junction of the cervical to the thoracic spine in all three known cases is striking.", "contents": "[Compression of the spinal cord secondary to an intradural metastasis from a primary carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)]. The intradural spinal spread from operated primary carcinomas of the breast is discussed considering our own case and the literature. The identical localization of the intradural spinal metastases at the junction of the cervical to the thoracic spine in all three known cases is striking.", "PMID": 680545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4428", "title": "[Description of a new modified clamp for the parametrium in abdominal hysterectomies (author's transl)].", "content": "A new modified clamp for the parametrium is presented which facilitates abdominal hysterectomy in large myomatous uteri. The curbed clamp has a blunt angle of 160 degrees to its handle and permits clamping of the parametrium parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cervix. The clamp appears to be an enrichment of the available instruments for abdominal hysterectomies.", "contents": "[Description of a new modified clamp for the parametrium in abdominal hysterectomies (author's transl)]. A new modified clamp for the parametrium is presented which facilitates abdominal hysterectomy in large myomatous uteri. The curbed clamp has a blunt angle of 160 degrees to its handle and permits clamping of the parametrium parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cervix. The clamp appears to be an enrichment of the available instruments for abdominal hysterectomies.", "PMID": 680546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4429", "title": "[Clinical experimental studies in the treatment of ovarian dysfunction with bromo-ergocryptin (pravidel) (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 62 patients with galactorrhoea a corpus luteum deficiency or anovulatory cycles were found in 35 cases by serum progesterone determination, endometrial biopsy or basal body temperature records. 27 patients had a hyperpro-lactenemic amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome. During treatment with 2.5-5 mg. of Pravidel daily the basal body temperature was recorded, the concentrations of serum FSH, LH, Prolactin and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. Other possible reasons for infertility were investigated. 10 of the 19 patients with normal serum prolactins in the group with deficient corpus luteum or anovulation became pregnant after a short duration of treatment, whereas only 2 of the 16 patients with hyperprolactenemia became pregnant. Among 27 patients with secondary amenorrhoea 11 became pregnant. All these patients had increased serum prolactins. During treatment with Pravidel all patients showed a significant increase of FSH and LH concentrations and a decrease of the prolactin concentrations. The outcome of the pregnancy of the 58 patients who became pregnant during treatment with Pravidel was also reported. 14 of the 58 pregnancies occured following additional treatment with Dyneric or HMG/HCG. Up to now there were 18 term deliveries following uneventful pregnancies. There were no fetal anomalies. The abortion rate was not higher than in the general population. All results show that euprolactinemia is not alone characterized by normal prolactin concentration. The clinical signs and symptoms of galactorrhoea without increase of prolactin over 20 ng/ml. in conjunction with ovarian dysfunction must be classified as dysprolactinemia.", "contents": "[Clinical experimental studies in the treatment of ovarian dysfunction with bromo-ergocryptin (pravidel) (author's transl)]. Among 62 patients with galactorrhoea a corpus luteum deficiency or anovulatory cycles were found in 35 cases by serum progesterone determination, endometrial biopsy or basal body temperature records. 27 patients had a hyperpro-lactenemic amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome. During treatment with 2.5-5 mg. of Pravidel daily the basal body temperature was recorded, the concentrations of serum FSH, LH, Prolactin and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. Other possible reasons for infertility were investigated. 10 of the 19 patients with normal serum prolactins in the group with deficient corpus luteum or anovulation became pregnant after a short duration of treatment, whereas only 2 of the 16 patients with hyperprolactenemia became pregnant. Among 27 patients with secondary amenorrhoea 11 became pregnant. All these patients had increased serum prolactins. During treatment with Pravidel all patients showed a significant increase of FSH and LH concentrations and a decrease of the prolactin concentrations. The outcome of the pregnancy of the 58 patients who became pregnant during treatment with Pravidel was also reported. 14 of the 58 pregnancies occured following additional treatment with Dyneric or HMG/HCG. Up to now there were 18 term deliveries following uneventful pregnancies. There were no fetal anomalies. The abortion rate was not higher than in the general population. All results show that euprolactinemia is not alone characterized by normal prolactin concentration. The clinical signs and symptoms of galactorrhoea without increase of prolactin over 20 ng/ml. in conjunction with ovarian dysfunction must be classified as dysprolactinemia.", "PMID": 680550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4430", "title": "[A subglutaeal abscess as a possible result of pudendal anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Described is the subglutaeal abscess of a 17-year old primigravida that may have been the result of pudendal anaesthesia. This has to be looked upon as an extremely rare and unavoidable complication of obstetric regional anaesthesia. On the basis of known cases of subglutaeal abscess, it cannot be concluded that pudendal anaesthesia should be relinquished.", "contents": "[A subglutaeal abscess as a possible result of pudendal anaesthesia (author's transl)]. Described is the subglutaeal abscess of a 17-year old primigravida that may have been the result of pudendal anaesthesia. This has to be looked upon as an extremely rare and unavoidable complication of obstetric regional anaesthesia. On the basis of known cases of subglutaeal abscess, it cannot be concluded that pudendal anaesthesia should be relinquished.", "PMID": 680552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4431", "title": "[Development of a method of screening for hemoglobin S for the purpose of genetic consultation in Cuba. Results of an analysis of 24,000 blood samples].", "content": "Electrophoretic screening system is worked out, which combines a high resolving power in polyacrylamide gel and a principle of simultaneous treatment of a large number of examples. 24,000 blood examples from inhabitants of Havana province (Cuba) are analysed in order to check the efficiency of the method described, to find the hemoglobin S frequency and to use these results in further genetic consulting. The frequency of hemoglobin S carriers is found to be 3.0%, that of hemoglobin C--0.7%. 15 rare hemoglobin variants are detected, 9 variants of alpha-chain and 3 variants of beta-chain are detected. One case was a result of hemoglobin S and a variant of alpha-chain interaction. Frequencies of S, C and A alleles were 0.016, 0.0038 and 0.98 respectively.", "contents": "[Development of a method of screening for hemoglobin S for the purpose of genetic consultation in Cuba. Results of an analysis of 24,000 blood samples]. Electrophoretic screening system is worked out, which combines a high resolving power in polyacrylamide gel and a principle of simultaneous treatment of a large number of examples. 24,000 blood examples from inhabitants of Havana province (Cuba) are analysed in order to check the efficiency of the method described, to find the hemoglobin S frequency and to use these results in further genetic consulting. The frequency of hemoglobin S carriers is found to be 3.0%, that of hemoglobin C--0.7%. 15 rare hemoglobin variants are detected, 9 variants of alpha-chain and 3 variants of beta-chain are detected. One case was a result of hemoglobin S and a variant of alpha-chain interaction. Frequencies of S, C and A alleles were 0.016, 0.0038 and 0.98 respectively.", "PMID": 680558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4432", "title": "[Sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes detected by using 5-bromdeoxyuridine].", "content": "Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were studied in chromosomes of peripheral blood lymphocytes taken from 19 normal individuals of both sexes and cultured in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). BUdR was added to the culture in final concentration of 15 or 30 microgram/ml for the last 28 hours of cultivation. The chromosome preparations were stained with the fluorescent dye Hoechst-33258, followed by Giemsa staining. At BUdR concentration of 15 microgram/ml the mean number of SCE was significantly less (8.9 per metaphase), that at the concentration of 30 microgram/ml (12.3 per metaphase). The incidence of SCE among 19 individuals varied from 6.5 to 13.7. The mean numbers of SCE in five individuals were significantly different from the mean number calculated for the whole group of 19 subjects. There were no differences between the sexes in the incidence of SCE. The distribution of SCE between chromosomes was found to be proportional to the chromosome length and to the amount of DNA. However, the chromosomes of groups E, F and G were highly significantly under-represented in the number of exchanges.", "contents": "[Sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes detected by using 5-bromdeoxyuridine]. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were studied in chromosomes of peripheral blood lymphocytes taken from 19 normal individuals of both sexes and cultured in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). BUdR was added to the culture in final concentration of 15 or 30 microgram/ml for the last 28 hours of cultivation. The chromosome preparations were stained with the fluorescent dye Hoechst-33258, followed by Giemsa staining. At BUdR concentration of 15 microgram/ml the mean number of SCE was significantly less (8.9 per metaphase), that at the concentration of 30 microgram/ml (12.3 per metaphase). The incidence of SCE among 19 individuals varied from 6.5 to 13.7. The mean numbers of SCE in five individuals were significantly different from the mean number calculated for the whole group of 19 subjects. There were no differences between the sexes in the incidence of SCE. The distribution of SCE between chromosomes was found to be proportional to the chromosome length and to the amount of DNA. However, the chromosomes of groups E, F and G were highly significantly under-represented in the number of exchanges.", "PMID": 680559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4433", "title": "[Effective use of rapid tests to evaluate the mutagenicity of environmental chemicals].", "content": "Efficiency of short-term tests for mutagenicity with the use of various Salmonella strains is conditioned by a high sensitivity and a prompt answer. Besides, these tests are valuable because they permit to evaluate quickly a probable cancerogenic activity of the tested chemicals, as there is a high degree of correlation between the mutagenic and cancerogenic response for a great number of chemicals. However, whatever results are obtained with the use of short-term tests, questions arise about the relative force of a mutagenic activity, the spectrum of induced genetic damage, relative frequency of each type of damages, the danger of such a damage for an individual, probability of a successful transmission of each type of damage to the following generation. And the main problem which investigators are facing in this field is the prognostic value of information on the mutagenic activity which is obtained from these tests for the evaluation of risk from the effects of chemicals on human population. The answers to these questions may be got only by means of tests on eukaryotes, as they might give more complete data concerning both quantitative and qualitative effects.", "contents": "[Effective use of rapid tests to evaluate the mutagenicity of environmental chemicals]. Efficiency of short-term tests for mutagenicity with the use of various Salmonella strains is conditioned by a high sensitivity and a prompt answer. Besides, these tests are valuable because they permit to evaluate quickly a probable cancerogenic activity of the tested chemicals, as there is a high degree of correlation between the mutagenic and cancerogenic response for a great number of chemicals. However, whatever results are obtained with the use of short-term tests, questions arise about the relative force of a mutagenic activity, the spectrum of induced genetic damage, relative frequency of each type of damages, the danger of such a damage for an individual, probability of a successful transmission of each type of damage to the following generation. And the main problem which investigators are facing in this field is the prognostic value of information on the mutagenic activity which is obtained from these tests for the evaluation of risk from the effects of chemicals on human population. The answers to these questions may be got only by means of tests on eukaryotes, as they might give more complete data concerning both quantitative and qualitative effects.", "PMID": 680560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4434", "title": "[Photosensitizing effect of 8-methoxypsoralen on bacteriophage cd].", "content": "Mutagenesis in extracellular phage sd by 8-metoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and longwave (lambda greater than 310 nm) UV-irradiation has been established. The kinetics of lethal and mutagenic effects of 8-MOP+light was studied. The efficiency of mutagenesis on the first linear part of mutation curve was 0.3% per the lethal hit which is 2 times lower than that of shortwave (lambda=254 nm) UV-irradiation. The maximum yield of mutants makes up 1%, after which the mutation curve is maintained. It has been established that the main (may be the only) contribution into mutagenesis is made by monoadducts, whereas the lethal effect is conditioned by diadducts (cross-links). The comparison of the efficiency of mutagenic effects of 8-MOP+light with mutagenic effects of other kinds of irradiations was carried out. The possibility of repair of damaged 8-MOP+light phage sd DNA by transfection of Escherichia coli C (uvr+) and Cs (uvr-) lysozyme spheroplasts has been established. The repair mechanism of photodamage in intact phage sd induced with 8-MOP+light was also investigated using the method of two-step irradiation. It has been shown that 65% of photodamages are repaired in E. coli SK cells in the M9 medium, i. e. under cellular metabolism. The recovery of phage sd is completely inhibited in phosphate buffer. Unlike chloramphenicol (150 microgram/ml), 1% caffeine blocks the phage recovery only by 30%. The participation of phage sd determining enzymes in its intracellular recovery from 8-MOP+light damages is assumed.", "contents": "[Photosensitizing effect of 8-methoxypsoralen on bacteriophage cd]. Mutagenesis in extracellular phage sd by 8-metoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and longwave (lambda greater than 310 nm) UV-irradiation has been established. The kinetics of lethal and mutagenic effects of 8-MOP+light was studied. The efficiency of mutagenesis on the first linear part of mutation curve was 0.3% per the lethal hit which is 2 times lower than that of shortwave (lambda=254 nm) UV-irradiation. The maximum yield of mutants makes up 1%, after which the mutation curve is maintained. It has been established that the main (may be the only) contribution into mutagenesis is made by monoadducts, whereas the lethal effect is conditioned by diadducts (cross-links). The comparison of the efficiency of mutagenic effects of 8-MOP+light with mutagenic effects of other kinds of irradiations was carried out. The possibility of repair of damaged 8-MOP+light phage sd DNA by transfection of Escherichia coli C (uvr+) and Cs (uvr-) lysozyme spheroplasts has been established. The repair mechanism of photodamage in intact phage sd induced with 8-MOP+light was also investigated using the method of two-step irradiation. It has been shown that 65% of photodamages are repaired in E. coli SK cells in the M9 medium, i. e. under cellular metabolism. The recovery of phage sd is completely inhibited in phosphate buffer. Unlike chloramphenicol (150 microgram/ml), 1% caffeine blocks the phage recovery only by 30%. The participation of phage sd determining enzymes in its intracellular recovery from 8-MOP+light damages is assumed.", "PMID": 680561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4435", "title": "Guidelines for diagnosing and treating urinary tract infections.", "content": "Urinary tract infections are problems in both men and women in the geriatric age group, although causative factors in each sex differ widely. Diagnostic evaluation is directed at determining obstructive disease in men and underlying anatomic abnormalities in both men and women. Bacteriologic diagnosis is important, and localization studies are often helpful. Antibiotic therapy is guided by the usual standards, with special awareness of the greater incidence of chronic or degenerative disease in older patients.", "contents": "Guidelines for diagnosing and treating urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infections are problems in both men and women in the geriatric age group, although causative factors in each sex differ widely. Diagnostic evaluation is directed at determining obstructive disease in men and underlying anatomic abnormalities in both men and women. Bacteriologic diagnosis is important, and localization studies are often helpful. Antibiotic therapy is guided by the usual standards, with special awareness of the greater incidence of chronic or degenerative disease in older patients.", "PMID": 680567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4436", "title": "Intradaily variation of the human ulnar length and short term growth--a longitudinal study in eleven boys.", "content": "In order to detect the intradaily variation of the clinical ulnar length in eleven boys the right ulnar length was determined using a condylograph at seven set times of each day during a study period of three weeks. The mean standard error of the determinations amounted 0.09 mm. In 86% of the days concerned the ulnar length changed significantly (one way analysis of variance p less than 0.05). As far as the whole group concerned the ulnar length decreased significantly during the time interval from 8.00 h to 12.00 h (Friedman's related samples test, p less than 0.01). The decrement amounted 0.4 mm. During the rest of the day the changes in the ulnar length were not significant. A consistent decrement of the ulnar length during the day in combination with total growth of 0.99 mm during the three week study period suggested that growth in length of the human ulna occurs during the night.", "contents": "Intradaily variation of the human ulnar length and short term growth--a longitudinal study in eleven boys. In order to detect the intradaily variation of the clinical ulnar length in eleven boys the right ulnar length was determined using a condylograph at seven set times of each day during a study period of three weeks. The mean standard error of the determinations amounted 0.09 mm. In 86% of the days concerned the ulnar length changed significantly (one way analysis of variance p less than 0.05). As far as the whole group concerned the ulnar length decreased significantly during the time interval from 8.00 h to 12.00 h (Friedman's related samples test, p less than 0.01). The decrement amounted 0.4 mm. During the rest of the day the changes in the ulnar length were not significant. A consistent decrement of the ulnar length during the day in combination with total growth of 0.99 mm during the three week study period suggested that growth in length of the human ulna occurs during the night.", "PMID": 680576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4437", "title": "The linear regression of body weight and age in intact, ovariecotomised, and estrogen treated rats: some applications and implications.", "content": "Many variables, including rat body weight (BWt), are sequentially measured in individuals yet the information obtained is often poorly utilised. Many advantages result if a linear relationship is established, on the original or transformed scales, between the variable and time. For individual rats log BWt, which is normally distributed, is linearly related to the reciprocal of age. Slopes (rates of BWt gain) and constants (ultimate BWts) then serve as data. Linearity extended from 4 weeks onwards in ovariectomised (OvX) and intact rats, implying that puberty does not affect BWt and that BWt increases before puberty following pre-pubertal OvX; the ovary inhibiting growth before puberty. For individual rats weaning BWt was correlated with rate of BWt gain but not with ultimate BWt, indicating postweaning compensatory growth which continues to maturity. Pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements were made on individuals, allowing within-animal comparisons and regression. Thus the BWt response to OvX or estrogen treatment depended on the pre-treatment rate of BWt gain and ultimate BWt, implying that the BWt response entails a form of compensatory growth. OvX at three ages (day 2, week 4, and week 7) produced different rates of BWt gain but similar ultimate BWts. These results support the hypothesis that ultimate BWt is predetermined, but can be modified by treatment.", "contents": "The linear regression of body weight and age in intact, ovariecotomised, and estrogen treated rats: some applications and implications. Many variables, including rat body weight (BWt), are sequentially measured in individuals yet the information obtained is often poorly utilised. Many advantages result if a linear relationship is established, on the original or transformed scales, between the variable and time. For individual rats log BWt, which is normally distributed, is linearly related to the reciprocal of age. Slopes (rates of BWt gain) and constants (ultimate BWts) then serve as data. Linearity extended from 4 weeks onwards in ovariectomised (OvX) and intact rats, implying that puberty does not affect BWt and that BWt increases before puberty following pre-pubertal OvX; the ovary inhibiting growth before puberty. For individual rats weaning BWt was correlated with rate of BWt gain but not with ultimate BWt, indicating postweaning compensatory growth which continues to maturity. Pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements were made on individuals, allowing within-animal comparisons and regression. Thus the BWt response to OvX or estrogen treatment depended on the pre-treatment rate of BWt gain and ultimate BWt, implying that the BWt response entails a form of compensatory growth. OvX at three ages (day 2, week 4, and week 7) produced different rates of BWt gain but similar ultimate BWts. These results support the hypothesis that ultimate BWt is predetermined, but can be modified by treatment.", "PMID": 680577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4438", "title": "Growth curve changes associated with long-term selection for body weight in Japanese quail.", "content": "Four quail lines were utilized to investigate growth patterns in quail. Three of these lines (P, T and S) had previously undergone long-term selection for high 4-week body weight, while line C was maintained as a nonselected control. Quail progeny from generation 37 and 38 breeders were fed diets containing 28% and 20% protein. Within each trial, the diet/line treatments were replicated 3 times with 12 quail per subclass. Body weight measurements suggested that the growth of all lines was best approximated by the logistic growth curve model. When fed a 28% protein diet the age at maximum growth (point of inflection) of selected lines was 4 to 6 days earlier than the corresponding age of controls. Similar rates of gain after 4 weeks of age between selected and control lines suggested that mechanisms influenced by selection for 4-week body weight in quail operate only during the period prior to the age at selection with little or no residual effect.", "contents": "Growth curve changes associated with long-term selection for body weight in Japanese quail. Four quail lines were utilized to investigate growth patterns in quail. Three of these lines (P, T and S) had previously undergone long-term selection for high 4-week body weight, while line C was maintained as a nonselected control. Quail progeny from generation 37 and 38 breeders were fed diets containing 28% and 20% protein. Within each trial, the diet/line treatments were replicated 3 times with 12 quail per subclass. Body weight measurements suggested that the growth of all lines was best approximated by the logistic growth curve model. When fed a 28% protein diet the age at maximum growth (point of inflection) of selected lines was 4 to 6 days earlier than the corresponding age of controls. Similar rates of gain after 4 weeks of age between selected and control lines suggested that mechanisms influenced by selection for 4-week body weight in quail operate only during the period prior to the age at selection with little or no residual effect.", "PMID": 680578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4439", "title": "The effects of lead nitrate on the central nervous system of the chick embryo I. Observations of light and electron microscopy.", "content": "The effects of lead on the developing central nervous system were studied for the first time by light and electron microscopy in the chick embryo after injecting lead nitrate into the air space of the egg at 10 days of incubation. Lead-treated embryos showed curled toes as a sign of neurological injury, weighed less and were smaller in size than controls of the same incubation age. Light microscope studies of brain and spinal cord revealed the presence of numerous accumulations of blood cells which appeared to accompany the extensive injury found in those tissues. Ultrastructure of spinal cord suggests that neuroglial astrocytes in the vicinity of blood vessels are altered in leaded embryos. Prominent morphological changes were extensive vacuolation and disorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell. The evidence indicates that the spinal cord like the developing brain is subject to the biological effects of lead. The results encourage further experimentation using the chick embryo for studies of lead neuropathies.", "contents": "The effects of lead nitrate on the central nervous system of the chick embryo I. Observations of light and electron microscopy. The effects of lead on the developing central nervous system were studied for the first time by light and electron microscopy in the chick embryo after injecting lead nitrate into the air space of the egg at 10 days of incubation. Lead-treated embryos showed curled toes as a sign of neurological injury, weighed less and were smaller in size than controls of the same incubation age. Light microscope studies of brain and spinal cord revealed the presence of numerous accumulations of blood cells which appeared to accompany the extensive injury found in those tissues. Ultrastructure of spinal cord suggests that neuroglial astrocytes in the vicinity of blood vessels are altered in leaded embryos. Prominent morphological changes were extensive vacuolation and disorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell. The evidence indicates that the spinal cord like the developing brain is subject to the biological effects of lead. The results encourage further experimentation using the chick embryo for studies of lead neuropathies.", "PMID": 680579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4440", "title": "Marginal congenital malnutrition on skeletal muscle composition.", "content": "Experiments were performed on well fed and marginally malnourished rats from a black and white hooded strain bred for 11 generations. The colony on high protein diet was fed a well balanced cubed diet of net dietary protein energy ratio 10% (Diet F1). The other colony was fed a cubed diet of net dietary protein energy ratio 6.8% (Diet F2). This latter diet is inadequate to maintain normal growth of young rats but adequate for the maintenance of adult life. The animals were killed at various ages from weaning until they aged 330 days. At various time points, the gastrocnemius muscle was excised quantitatively and analysed for RNA. Analyses were also made for DNA and protein and the results were discussed in terms of RNA/DNA, protein/DNA and RNA/protein ratios. During normal growth and development, there was pronounced reduction in the RNA/protein ratio in both colonies similar to reported developmental changes on the rate of protein synthesis. The cause of failure of the \"catch up\" growth of the marginally malnourished rats was not reduction in RNA concentration but reduction in nuclear proliferation and protein accumulation leading to hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth failures at most stages.", "contents": "Marginal congenital malnutrition on skeletal muscle composition. Experiments were performed on well fed and marginally malnourished rats from a black and white hooded strain bred for 11 generations. The colony on high protein diet was fed a well balanced cubed diet of net dietary protein energy ratio 10% (Diet F1). The other colony was fed a cubed diet of net dietary protein energy ratio 6.8% (Diet F2). This latter diet is inadequate to maintain normal growth of young rats but adequate for the maintenance of adult life. The animals were killed at various ages from weaning until they aged 330 days. At various time points, the gastrocnemius muscle was excised quantitatively and analysed for RNA. Analyses were also made for DNA and protein and the results were discussed in terms of RNA/DNA, protein/DNA and RNA/protein ratios. During normal growth and development, there was pronounced reduction in the RNA/protein ratio in both colonies similar to reported developmental changes on the rate of protein synthesis. The cause of failure of the \"catch up\" growth of the marginally malnourished rats was not reduction in RNA concentration but reduction in nuclear proliferation and protein accumulation leading to hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth failures at most stages.", "PMID": 680580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4441", "title": "Regulation of skeletal muscle development by the central nervous system in the fetal pig.", "content": "The effect of upper motor neuron regulation on skeletal muscle development was studied in the fetal pig. A region of the spinal cord at the level of the upper cervical vertebrae was destroyed by cauterization at 45 days of gestation in four pig fetuses. Five fetuses with intact spinal cords served as controls. Innervation and enzyme activities in the longissimus muscle, the ultrastructure and quantitation of satellite cells in the sartorius muscle, and plasma composition were evaluated at 110 days of gestation. The terminal innervation ratios were similar (P greater than 0.05) for muscles from control and cauterized fetuses. Endplate morphology was also similar. Therefore, innervation of newly formed primary fibers is not controlled by upper motor neurons after 45 days of gestation. Mean values for body weight, percentage of muscle dry weight, percentage of myofibers with myonuclei and plasma levels of protein, glucose, triglycerides, lactate, and creatine phosphokinase activity were similar (P greater than 0.05) between the two groups of fetuses. All but one muscle fiber examined was of the secondary fiber type. These observations suggest that the physiological maturity of the muscle was not appreciably altered even though glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was higher (P greater than 0.05) and total phosphorylase activity was lower (P greater than 0.05) in the spinal cauterized fetuses than in the control group. The percentage of satellite cells was lower when based on the number of myofibers observed (P greater than 0.005) or on the number of nuclei contained within the basal lamina (P greater than 0.001) in the muscle of the spinal cauterized fetuses than in the control fetuses. The cytoplasm of satellite cells from the muscles of control fetuses was rich in organelles indicative of metabolic and mitotic activity whereas a paucity of such organelles was observed in the satellite cells of cauterized fetuses. Since the percentage of myofibers that had myonuclei was similar (P greater than 0.05) for the control and cauterized fetuses, it appeared that the myonuclear population was maintained by direct incorporation of the parent satellite cell.", "contents": "Regulation of skeletal muscle development by the central nervous system in the fetal pig. The effect of upper motor neuron regulation on skeletal muscle development was studied in the fetal pig. A region of the spinal cord at the level of the upper cervical vertebrae was destroyed by cauterization at 45 days of gestation in four pig fetuses. Five fetuses with intact spinal cords served as controls. Innervation and enzyme activities in the longissimus muscle, the ultrastructure and quantitation of satellite cells in the sartorius muscle, and plasma composition were evaluated at 110 days of gestation. The terminal innervation ratios were similar (P greater than 0.05) for muscles from control and cauterized fetuses. Endplate morphology was also similar. Therefore, innervation of newly formed primary fibers is not controlled by upper motor neurons after 45 days of gestation. Mean values for body weight, percentage of muscle dry weight, percentage of myofibers with myonuclei and plasma levels of protein, glucose, triglycerides, lactate, and creatine phosphokinase activity were similar (P greater than 0.05) between the two groups of fetuses. All but one muscle fiber examined was of the secondary fiber type. These observations suggest that the physiological maturity of the muscle was not appreciably altered even though glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was higher (P greater than 0.05) and total phosphorylase activity was lower (P greater than 0.05) in the spinal cauterized fetuses than in the control group. The percentage of satellite cells was lower when based on the number of myofibers observed (P greater than 0.005) or on the number of nuclei contained within the basal lamina (P greater than 0.001) in the muscle of the spinal cauterized fetuses than in the control fetuses. The cytoplasm of satellite cells from the muscles of control fetuses was rich in organelles indicative of metabolic and mitotic activity whereas a paucity of such organelles was observed in the satellite cells of cauterized fetuses. Since the percentage of myofibers that had myonuclei was similar (P greater than 0.05) for the control and cauterized fetuses, it appeared that the myonuclear population was maintained by direct incorporation of the parent satellite cell.", "PMID": 680581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4442", "title": "Molar polymorphisms and body growth.", "content": "Body growth at adolescence was later in children of the serial experimental sample of the Burlington Growth Centre who had agenesis of third molars of 4-cusped mandibular permanent first molars. These groups of children tended to have later maximum increment of growth, later completion of the growth spurt, less adolescent prepeak gain and greater postpeak gain in height and weight than the children with four third molars and 5-cusped first molars. Growth of the boys differed significantly (P less than 0.05) according to absence or presence of third molars, whereas in girls it differed significantly (P less than 0.05) by the number of cusps of the mandibular first molars. In skeletal age, the children with the molar reductions were slightly advanced before adolescence, fell behind during prepeak adolescent growth, and caught up to the other children by the end of their growth spurt. Later maturation in association with dental reduction may be an evolutionary trend in man.", "contents": "Molar polymorphisms and body growth. Body growth at adolescence was later in children of the serial experimental sample of the Burlington Growth Centre who had agenesis of third molars of 4-cusped mandibular permanent first molars. These groups of children tended to have later maximum increment of growth, later completion of the growth spurt, less adolescent prepeak gain and greater postpeak gain in height and weight than the children with four third molars and 5-cusped first molars. Growth of the boys differed significantly (P less than 0.05) according to absence or presence of third molars, whereas in girls it differed significantly (P less than 0.05) by the number of cusps of the mandibular first molars. In skeletal age, the children with the molar reductions were slightly advanced before adolescence, fell behind during prepeak adolescent growth, and caught up to the other children by the end of their growth spurt. Later maturation in association with dental reduction may be an evolutionary trend in man.", "PMID": 680582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4443", "title": "Body composition, in vitro lipid metabolism and skeletal muscle characteristics in fast-growing, lean and in slow-growing, obese pigs at equal age and weight.", "content": "Eight slow-growing feral, obese (Ossabaw) pigs were sacrificed at 45 kg live weight and an average age of 170 days and were compared with a group of fast-growing, lean (Yorkshire) pigs fed the same ration and sacrificed at either 45 kg (average age 130 days) or at 170 days (average live weight 90 kg). Body composition and various carcass measurements, in vitro adipose tissue metabolism and muscle composition were measured. At equal weight, the obese pig had a greater percent body fat (40 vs. 23%) and backfat thickness (3.3 vs. 2.0 cm) than the lean. At equal age, the difference in percent body fat was not as great (40 vs. 31%) while backfat thickness was equal. Percent body protein was greater in the lean pigs at either equal weight or equal age. In vitro lipolysis, per 100 mg adipose tissue, was lower in obese pigs than in lean pigs at equal weight. However, obese tissue exhibited a greater lipolytic reaponse to DBcAMP stimulation than adipose tissue from lean pigs at equal weight; basal lipolysis per total fat mass was similar. At equal age, no differences in lipolysis between lean and obese pigs were observed. When compared at either equal age or equal weight, weight of semitendinosus muscle, and measurements of muscle RNA and DNA were greater in lean compared to obese pigs. RNA/DNA ratios were similar at equal weight and age whereas the protein/DNA ratio was lower in lean muscle compared to obese at equal weight. The decreased protein deposition in the obese, slow-growing pigs appeared due to fewer muscle nuclei rather than a decreased cellular capacity for protein synthesis.", "contents": "Body composition, in vitro lipid metabolism and skeletal muscle characteristics in fast-growing, lean and in slow-growing, obese pigs at equal age and weight. Eight slow-growing feral, obese (Ossabaw) pigs were sacrificed at 45 kg live weight and an average age of 170 days and were compared with a group of fast-growing, lean (Yorkshire) pigs fed the same ration and sacrificed at either 45 kg (average age 130 days) or at 170 days (average live weight 90 kg). Body composition and various carcass measurements, in vitro adipose tissue metabolism and muscle composition were measured. At equal weight, the obese pig had a greater percent body fat (40 vs. 23%) and backfat thickness (3.3 vs. 2.0 cm) than the lean. At equal age, the difference in percent body fat was not as great (40 vs. 31%) while backfat thickness was equal. Percent body protein was greater in the lean pigs at either equal weight or equal age. In vitro lipolysis, per 100 mg adipose tissue, was lower in obese pigs than in lean pigs at equal weight. However, obese tissue exhibited a greater lipolytic reaponse to DBcAMP stimulation than adipose tissue from lean pigs at equal weight; basal lipolysis per total fat mass was similar. At equal age, no differences in lipolysis between lean and obese pigs were observed. When compared at either equal age or equal weight, weight of semitendinosus muscle, and measurements of muscle RNA and DNA were greater in lean compared to obese pigs. RNA/DNA ratios were similar at equal weight and age whereas the protein/DNA ratio was lower in lean muscle compared to obese at equal weight. The decreased protein deposition in the obese, slow-growing pigs appeared due to fewer muscle nuclei rather than a decreased cellular capacity for protein synthesis.", "PMID": 680583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4444", "title": "Reabsorption of sodium in the proximal renal tubule in cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "Proximal tubular reabsorption was examined in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites by a variety of indirect methods. Maximal diluting ability, urine flow rate, and free water clearance were reduced. During frusemide administration V/GFR was lower than in normal control subjects, indicating that proximal fractional reabsorption is enhanced in liver cirrhosis. This, by reducing Na delivery to the loop of Henle, impairs maximal urine osmolality. Mannitol, by reducing proximal reabsorption, restores availability of Na to the loop and urine concentrating ability during osmotic diuresis, whereas volume expansion with dextran was ineffective. This could be due to a persistent increase in renal vascular resistance preventing the rise in interstitial pressure responsible for driving fluid back into the proximal tubular lumen.", "contents": "Reabsorption of sodium in the proximal renal tubule in cirrhosis of the liver. Proximal tubular reabsorption was examined in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites by a variety of indirect methods. Maximal diluting ability, urine flow rate, and free water clearance were reduced. During frusemide administration V/GFR was lower than in normal control subjects, indicating that proximal fractional reabsorption is enhanced in liver cirrhosis. This, by reducing Na delivery to the loop of Henle, impairs maximal urine osmolality. Mannitol, by reducing proximal reabsorption, restores availability of Na to the loop and urine concentrating ability during osmotic diuresis, whereas volume expansion with dextran was ineffective. This could be due to a persistent increase in renal vascular resistance preventing the rise in interstitial pressure responsible for driving fluid back into the proximal tubular lumen.", "PMID": 680584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4445", "title": "Long-term follow-up of chronic active hepatitis of moderate severity.", "content": "A group of patients with only moderately active chronic hepatitis has been studied. The follow-up was long (mean 87 months). All patients except one were treated with prednisone and/or azathioprine. Of the hepatitis B virus positive patients two-thirds developed cirrhosis between the second and fifth year of evolution, while in the hepatitis B negative group this occurred in less than one-third. The transition to cirrhosis was clinically silent. The patients were all allowed to do their normal work except in the terminal stages of cirrhosis. Five patients died of causes related to the disease: three patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, one with gallbladder carcinoma, and one from bleeding varices. The high incidence of tumour, especially liver-cell carcinoma, may be due to a cumulative effect of the presence of hepatitis B virus, cirrhotic transformation, and immuno-suppression. The other patients are currently in apparently good health.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of chronic active hepatitis of moderate severity. A group of patients with only moderately active chronic hepatitis has been studied. The follow-up was long (mean 87 months). All patients except one were treated with prednisone and/or azathioprine. Of the hepatitis B virus positive patients two-thirds developed cirrhosis between the second and fifth year of evolution, while in the hepatitis B negative group this occurred in less than one-third. The transition to cirrhosis was clinically silent. The patients were all allowed to do their normal work except in the terminal stages of cirrhosis. Five patients died of causes related to the disease: three patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, one with gallbladder carcinoma, and one from bleeding varices. The high incidence of tumour, especially liver-cell carcinoma, may be due to a cumulative effect of the presence of hepatitis B virus, cirrhotic transformation, and immuno-suppression. The other patients are currently in apparently good health.", "PMID": 680585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4446", "title": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis: the long-term prognosis.", "content": "The long-term prognosis in congenital hepatic fibrosis has been assessed in 30 patients, 13 treated at Newcastle and 17 from other British centres. Twenty-four patients had been followed-up for more than five years from diagnosis. Shunt operations, performed in 18 patients, were successful in controlling haemorrhage with a low mortality (1/18), low incidence of recurrent haemorrhage (3/18) and portal-systemic encephalopathy (3/18) but with a higher incidence of postoperative jaundice (7/18). About a third of the survivors had some evidence of hepatic dysfunction but none had chronic portal systemic encephalopathy. Intelligence quotient was close to normal but educational achievement and job status were low. Serum albumin fell after shunt surgery and a few patients developed ascites: anaemia and hypersplenism however, were corrected by surgery. Blood ammonia is raised in survivors with congenital hepatic fibrosis and rises further after a normal meal; further observations are needed on cerebral function after several decades of survival.", "contents": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis: the long-term prognosis. The long-term prognosis in congenital hepatic fibrosis has been assessed in 30 patients, 13 treated at Newcastle and 17 from other British centres. Twenty-four patients had been followed-up for more than five years from diagnosis. Shunt operations, performed in 18 patients, were successful in controlling haemorrhage with a low mortality (1/18), low incidence of recurrent haemorrhage (3/18) and portal-systemic encephalopathy (3/18) but with a higher incidence of postoperative jaundice (7/18). About a third of the survivors had some evidence of hepatic dysfunction but none had chronic portal systemic encephalopathy. Intelligence quotient was close to normal but educational achievement and job status were low. Serum albumin fell after shunt surgery and a few patients developed ascites: anaemia and hypersplenism however, were corrected by surgery. Blood ammonia is raised in survivors with congenital hepatic fibrosis and rises further after a normal meal; further observations are needed on cerebral function after several decades of survival.", "PMID": 680586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4447", "title": "Relationship between serum ferritin and total body iron stores in idiopathic haemochromatosis.", "content": "The relationship between the serum ferritin concentration and total body iron stores was investigated in 41 patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis and 199 first or second degree relatives. Thirty-two relatives (16.1%) had increased iron stores and serum ferritin levels were increased in all but one of them. The false-positive rate in the relatives with normal iron stores was 1.8% compared with 10% for the serum iron concentration and 33% for the transferrin saturation. There was a significant correlation between the serum ferritin concentration and both the chelatable body iron and the hepatic iron concentration. We conclude that in the natural history of classical idiopathic haemochromatosis the serum ferritin concentration is usually raised when hepatic iron stores are increased and before there is architectural damage to the liver.", "contents": "Relationship between serum ferritin and total body iron stores in idiopathic haemochromatosis. The relationship between the serum ferritin concentration and total body iron stores was investigated in 41 patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis and 199 first or second degree relatives. Thirty-two relatives (16.1%) had increased iron stores and serum ferritin levels were increased in all but one of them. The false-positive rate in the relatives with normal iron stores was 1.8% compared with 10% for the serum iron concentration and 33% for the transferrin saturation. There was a significant correlation between the serum ferritin concentration and both the chelatable body iron and the hepatic iron concentration. We conclude that in the natural history of classical idiopathic haemochromatosis the serum ferritin concentration is usually raised when hepatic iron stores are increased and before there is architectural damage to the liver.", "PMID": 680587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4448", "title": "Advantages of treatment of ascites without sodium restriction and without complete removal of excess fluid.", "content": "Two modifications of the standard method of treatment of ascites in chronic liver disease were investigated in three separate randomised trials involving a total of 201 patients. These modifications were (1) an unrestricted sodium intake and (2) limitation of diuresis to partial removal of ascites, to the point of relief of abdominal tension. Mean serum sodium fell significantly in all patient groups receiving the low sodium diet and did not fall in the groups given an unrestricted diet. Mean serum urea nitrogen rose significantly in the patient groups undergoing complete diuresis and did not change in the groups undergoing partial diuresis. Mean serum uric acid rose only in the groups undergoing complete diuresis. We concluded that the advantages of these two modifications of therapy of ascites were increased dietary palatability and decreased likelihood of hyponatraemia and of rise in serum urea nitrogen and uric acid. Disadvantages included dissatisfaction of patients over incomplete clearing of ascites, occasional difficulty in performing diagnostic studies because of prolonged ascites, and unsuitability of a high sodium intake in patients whose ascites is highly refractory to treatment.", "contents": "Advantages of treatment of ascites without sodium restriction and without complete removal of excess fluid. Two modifications of the standard method of treatment of ascites in chronic liver disease were investigated in three separate randomised trials involving a total of 201 patients. These modifications were (1) an unrestricted sodium intake and (2) limitation of diuresis to partial removal of ascites, to the point of relief of abdominal tension. Mean serum sodium fell significantly in all patient groups receiving the low sodium diet and did not fall in the groups given an unrestricted diet. Mean serum urea nitrogen rose significantly in the patient groups undergoing complete diuresis and did not change in the groups undergoing partial diuresis. Mean serum uric acid rose only in the groups undergoing complete diuresis. We concluded that the advantages of these two modifications of therapy of ascites were increased dietary palatability and decreased likelihood of hyponatraemia and of rise in serum urea nitrogen and uric acid. Disadvantages included dissatisfaction of patients over incomplete clearing of ascites, occasional difficulty in performing diagnostic studies because of prolonged ascites, and unsuitability of a high sodium intake in patients whose ascites is highly refractory to treatment.", "PMID": 680588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4449", "title": "Epithelial cell proliferation in diverse models of experimental cholelithiasis.", "content": "Proliferation of the epithelial cells of the gall bladder during the initial stages of experimental cholelithiasis has been studied by autoradiography. Rabbits taking a diet with 1% dihydrocholesterol added showed a rise in labelling index from 1.5%-19% by three days. Mice taking a 1% cholesterol 0.5% cholic acid diet showed a similar rise from less than 1% to 15-21% at two and five days. Guinea-pigs receiving lincomycin showed a rise from less than 1% to 6% after 24 hours. These changes, which appear well before the appearance of gall stones, together with previous reports of enhanced mucous secretion during lithogenesis, make it clear that in these laboratory models of cholelithiasis the gall bladder is abnormal well before stones form.", "contents": "Epithelial cell proliferation in diverse models of experimental cholelithiasis. Proliferation of the epithelial cells of the gall bladder during the initial stages of experimental cholelithiasis has been studied by autoradiography. Rabbits taking a diet with 1% dihydrocholesterol added showed a rise in labelling index from 1.5%-19% by three days. Mice taking a 1% cholesterol 0.5% cholic acid diet showed a similar rise from less than 1% to 15-21% at two and five days. Guinea-pigs receiving lincomycin showed a rise from less than 1% to 6% after 24 hours. These changes, which appear well before the appearance of gall stones, together with previous reports of enhanced mucous secretion during lithogenesis, make it clear that in these laboratory models of cholelithiasis the gall bladder is abnormal well before stones form.", "PMID": 680589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4450", "title": "Intracellular electrolyte depletion in patients with ileostomies.", "content": "Fourteen apparently healthy patients with ileostomies were found to be depleted of total exchangeable sodium and potassium, but had normal serum electrolyte concentrations and normal extracellular fluid and total body water volumes. The low exchangeable sodium and potassiums were thus primarily due to depletion of the intracellular compartment. There was no evidence of renal or intestinal conservation of these ions and plasma aldosterone, renin activity, and prolactin concentrations were normal in most and only moderately raised in a few. This apparent lack of any hormonal compensatory change to the electrolyte depletion may be due to the normality of the extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte concentrations. These patients seem to have adapted to a stable but depleted intracellular sodium and potassium state.", "contents": "Intracellular electrolyte depletion in patients with ileostomies. Fourteen apparently healthy patients with ileostomies were found to be depleted of total exchangeable sodium and potassium, but had normal serum electrolyte concentrations and normal extracellular fluid and total body water volumes. The low exchangeable sodium and potassiums were thus primarily due to depletion of the intracellular compartment. There was no evidence of renal or intestinal conservation of these ions and plasma aldosterone, renin activity, and prolactin concentrations were normal in most and only moderately raised in a few. This apparent lack of any hormonal compensatory change to the electrolyte depletion may be due to the normality of the extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte concentrations. These patients seem to have adapted to a stable but depleted intracellular sodium and potassium state.", "PMID": 680590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4451", "title": "Clinical and pathological study of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers in Chile.", "content": "A clinical, biochemical, and pathological study was performed in 38 chronic HBsAg carriers. The study group is a part of 393 carriers found among 117 705 voluntary blood donors at the National Blood Bank, Hospital del Salvador, Santiago, Chile. None of the 38 carriers had a past history of illicit drug abuse, hepatitis, or work involving a high risk of hepatitis B virus infection. Ten individuals had a normal liver biopsy, 17 reactive non-specific hepatitis, one fatty changes, four chr onic persistent hepatitis, one aggressive hepatitis, two post-necrotic cirrhosis, and three alcoholic cirrhosis. There was not a close correlation between liver function test and liver histology. The most significant laboratory finding was the postivity of alpha fetoprotein in two cases. During the follow-up the two alpha fetoprotein patients presented a hepatocarcinoma 12 and 14 months after admission to the study.", "contents": "Clinical and pathological study of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers in Chile. A clinical, biochemical, and pathological study was performed in 38 chronic HBsAg carriers. The study group is a part of 393 carriers found among 117 705 voluntary blood donors at the National Blood Bank, Hospital del Salvador, Santiago, Chile. None of the 38 carriers had a past history of illicit drug abuse, hepatitis, or work involving a high risk of hepatitis B virus infection. Ten individuals had a normal liver biopsy, 17 reactive non-specific hepatitis, one fatty changes, four chr onic persistent hepatitis, one aggressive hepatitis, two post-necrotic cirrhosis, and three alcoholic cirrhosis. There was not a close correlation between liver function test and liver histology. The most significant laboratory finding was the postivity of alpha fetoprotein in two cases. During the follow-up the two alpha fetoprotein patients presented a hepatocarcinoma 12 and 14 months after admission to the study.", "PMID": 680591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4452", "title": "Sialic acids of human large bowel mucosa: o-acylated variants in normal and malignant states.", "content": "Five sialic acid variants have been demonstrated in normal, 'transitional', and tumour extracts of human large bowel mucosa by thin-layer chromatography. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, with intermediate alkaline hydrolysis, confirmed that the variants were N-acetyl neuraminic acids with additional O-acylation. Cases studied so far show changes in the proportions of these variants in malignancy.", "contents": "Sialic acids of human large bowel mucosa: o-acylated variants in normal and malignant states. Five sialic acid variants have been demonstrated in normal, 'transitional', and tumour extracts of human large bowel mucosa by thin-layer chromatography. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, with intermediate alkaline hydrolysis, confirmed that the variants were N-acetyl neuraminic acids with additional O-acylation. Cases studied so far show changes in the proportions of these variants in malignancy.", "PMID": 680592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4453", "title": "Quantitative comparison of the effects of cholecystokinin, secretin, and pentagastrin on gastrointestinal myoelectric activity in the conscious fasted dog.", "content": "The effects on gastrointestinal myoelectric activity of infused pentagastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin at physiological doses were studied in live dogs with implanted serosal electrodes during 56 six-hour studies. Pentagastrin dose-dependently increased gastric and duodenal slow-wave frequencies; secretin and CCK did not. Pentagastrin and CCK diminished the incidence of fasting migrating myoelectric complexes (MMCs), but MMCs were abolished only in the proximal small intestine. Pentagastrin infusion was not reflected in an increased number of spikes, whereas CCK induced a dose-dependent increase in jejunal spike activity. Secretin dose-dependently decreased duodenal and jejunal spike incidence without a marked effect on MMC incidence. Analysis of patterns of spike activity showed significant dose-dependent changes with all three peptides. The different effects of pentagastrin and CCK on spike activity in these studies may have been a consequence of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. None of the three peptides produced a pattern of myoelectric activity which closely resembled that seen on feeding; since, unlike food, all three peptides had little or no effect on the distal small intestine, it seems unlikely that combinations of these peptides are responsible for the change induced by food. The failure of these peptides to abolish fasting patterns in the distal intestine suggests a possible mechanism for some types of post-vagotomy dysfunction.", "contents": "Quantitative comparison of the effects of cholecystokinin, secretin, and pentagastrin on gastrointestinal myoelectric activity in the conscious fasted dog. The effects on gastrointestinal myoelectric activity of infused pentagastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin at physiological doses were studied in live dogs with implanted serosal electrodes during 56 six-hour studies. Pentagastrin dose-dependently increased gastric and duodenal slow-wave frequencies; secretin and CCK did not. Pentagastrin and CCK diminished the incidence of fasting migrating myoelectric complexes (MMCs), but MMCs were abolished only in the proximal small intestine. Pentagastrin infusion was not reflected in an increased number of spikes, whereas CCK induced a dose-dependent increase in jejunal spike activity. Secretin dose-dependently decreased duodenal and jejunal spike incidence without a marked effect on MMC incidence. Analysis of patterns of spike activity showed significant dose-dependent changes with all three peptides. The different effects of pentagastrin and CCK on spike activity in these studies may have been a consequence of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. None of the three peptides produced a pattern of myoelectric activity which closely resembled that seen on feeding; since, unlike food, all three peptides had little or no effect on the distal small intestine, it seems unlikely that combinations of these peptides are responsible for the change induced by food. The failure of these peptides to abolish fasting patterns in the distal intestine suggests a possible mechanism for some types of post-vagotomy dysfunction.", "PMID": 680593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4454", "title": "Alterations of the colonic flora and their effect on the hydrogen breath test.", "content": "The hydrogen breath test was performed by ingestion of 20 g lactulose and analysis of end-expiratory air. Eighteen patients undergoing colonoscopy, 17 receiving antibiotics, 12 prepared for colon surgery, and 15 controls were examined. The test was repeated under control conditions in the treated patients. Eleven of 55 subjects failed to produce significant amounts of hydrogen under control conditions. This 20% proportion of non-hydrogen producers is much higher than that reported by other investigators. The hydrogen production was very markedly depressed after preparation for colonscopy and antibiotic therapy. The effect of neomycin and enemata as used in preparation for colon surgery was less marked. Hydrogen production by the colonic flora is thus subject to individual variations and may be affected by various therapeutic regimens. All these may cause false negative results when using the hydrogen breath test to evaluate carbohydrate absorption. The test should therefore not be performed for a considerable time after therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.", "contents": "Alterations of the colonic flora and their effect on the hydrogen breath test. The hydrogen breath test was performed by ingestion of 20 g lactulose and analysis of end-expiratory air. Eighteen patients undergoing colonoscopy, 17 receiving antibiotics, 12 prepared for colon surgery, and 15 controls were examined. The test was repeated under control conditions in the treated patients. Eleven of 55 subjects failed to produce significant amounts of hydrogen under control conditions. This 20% proportion of non-hydrogen producers is much higher than that reported by other investigators. The hydrogen production was very markedly depressed after preparation for colonscopy and antibiotic therapy. The effect of neomycin and enemata as used in preparation for colon surgery was less marked. Hydrogen production by the colonic flora is thus subject to individual variations and may be affected by various therapeutic regimens. All these may cause false negative results when using the hydrogen breath test to evaluate carbohydrate absorption. The test should therefore not be performed for a considerable time after therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.", "PMID": 680594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4455", "title": "Role of neural influences in the release of gastrin, glucagon, and secretin during hypoglycaemia in man.", "content": "Both vagal and sympathetic innervation been have described as influencing hormone release from the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. The role of neural influences on the release of gastrin, glucagon, and secretin has been studied using the potent autonomic nerve stimulus of hypoglycaemia. Healthy subjects were each rendered hypoglycaemic by insulin 0.2 units/kg on three occasions: after atropine 20 microgram/kg: after propranolol 160 mg orally, and without prior drug administration. Adequate beta-blockade was confirmed by observation of the pusle rate response to a standard exercise at the end of the experiment, and by measurements of plasma propranolol levels. Hypoglycaemia failed to produce a rise in plasma gastrin under either propranolol or control conditions but a significant rise was noted with prior atropinisation. The glucagon response to hypoglycaemia, when measured with either the C- or N-terminal reactive antibodies, was found not to be influenced to any significant extent by either beta-blockade or atropinisation. No alteration in plasma secretin levels was noted during hypoglycaemia. It therefore appears that neural influences are relatively unimportant in the release of gastrin, glucagon, and secretin in man.", "contents": "Role of neural influences in the release of gastrin, glucagon, and secretin during hypoglycaemia in man. Both vagal and sympathetic innervation been have described as influencing hormone release from the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. The role of neural influences on the release of gastrin, glucagon, and secretin has been studied using the potent autonomic nerve stimulus of hypoglycaemia. Healthy subjects were each rendered hypoglycaemic by insulin 0.2 units/kg on three occasions: after atropine 20 microgram/kg: after propranolol 160 mg orally, and without prior drug administration. Adequate beta-blockade was confirmed by observation of the pusle rate response to a standard exercise at the end of the experiment, and by measurements of plasma propranolol levels. Hypoglycaemia failed to produce a rise in plasma gastrin under either propranolol or control conditions but a significant rise was noted with prior atropinisation. The glucagon response to hypoglycaemia, when measured with either the C- or N-terminal reactive antibodies, was found not to be influenced to any significant extent by either beta-blockade or atropinisation. No alteration in plasma secretin levels was noted during hypoglycaemia. It therefore appears that neural influences are relatively unimportant in the release of gastrin, glucagon, and secretin in man.", "PMID": 680595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4456", "title": "Changes in the electrolyte content of leucocytes at different clinical stages of cirrhosis.", "content": "The intracellular sodium, potassium, and water content of isolated leucocytes was estimated in 47 patients with cirrhosis. The values for sodium showed a wide scatter. In patients without ascites the mean value was significantly increased but in those accumulating ascites it was normal, although often reduced in individual subjects. Reduced values were found in patients with hyponatraemia associated with end-stage cirrhosis and diuretic treatment. Changes in leucocyte water content closely followed those in sodium content. Leucocyte potassium content was normal except in patients accumulating ascites in whom it was significantly reduced, indicating whole body depletion, and this could be corrected by administration of spironolactone.", "contents": "Changes in the electrolyte content of leucocytes at different clinical stages of cirrhosis. The intracellular sodium, potassium, and water content of isolated leucocytes was estimated in 47 patients with cirrhosis. The values for sodium showed a wide scatter. In patients without ascites the mean value was significantly increased but in those accumulating ascites it was normal, although often reduced in individual subjects. Reduced values were found in patients with hyponatraemia associated with end-stage cirrhosis and diuretic treatment. Changes in leucocyte water content closely followed those in sodium content. Leucocyte potassium content was normal except in patients accumulating ascites in whom it was significantly reduced, indicating whole body depletion, and this could be corrected by administration of spironolactone.", "PMID": 680596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4457", "title": "Twenty-four hour gastric acidity after vagotomy.", "content": "Twenty-four hour intragastric pH during normal daily activity has been studied by nasogastric intubation and aspiration of gastric samples in seven patients four years after vagotomy (four truncal, three selective). Two of these patients also had pre- and early postoperative studies. Mean pH was inversely correlated with basal, insulin- and pentagastrin-stimulated acid outputs. However, one of four patients after truncal vagotomy with drainage, and two of three after selective vagotomy and drainage had most of their hourly intragastric pH values more acidic than pH 3.5 despite more than 70% reductions in preoperative stimulated-acid outputs.", "contents": "Twenty-four hour gastric acidity after vagotomy. Twenty-four hour intragastric pH during normal daily activity has been studied by nasogastric intubation and aspiration of gastric samples in seven patients four years after vagotomy (four truncal, three selective). Two of these patients also had pre- and early postoperative studies. Mean pH was inversely correlated with basal, insulin- and pentagastrin-stimulated acid outputs. However, one of four patients after truncal vagotomy with drainage, and two of three after selective vagotomy and drainage had most of their hourly intragastric pH values more acidic than pH 3.5 despite more than 70% reductions in preoperative stimulated-acid outputs.", "PMID": 680598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4458", "title": "Gastrointestinal somatostatin: extraction and radioimmunoassay in different species.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay capable of detecting 300 fg somatostatin has been developed and levels of the polypeptide in gastrointestinal tissues from man, dog, and rat have been measured. Rapid freezing of collected samples and careful control of extraction is necessary. Concentrations in different regions of dog antrum (425 +/- 50 to 773 +/- 254 ng/g tissue) are similar to those in antrum from duodenal ulcer patients and control subjects: 614 +/- 125 and 465 +/- 104 ng/g tissue respectively. Levels in histologically normal human pancreas (253 +/- 43 ng/g tissue) are comparable with those in dog pancreas (333 +/- 66 ng/g tissue), whereas in two cases of neonatal hypoglycaemia the concentration exceeded 3000 ng/g tissue. On gel chromatography the majority of immunoreactive somatostatin elutes as the synthetic tetradecapeptide and a small fraction as a larger species.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal somatostatin: extraction and radioimmunoassay in different species. A radioimmunoassay capable of detecting 300 fg somatostatin has been developed and levels of the polypeptide in gastrointestinal tissues from man, dog, and rat have been measured. Rapid freezing of collected samples and careful control of extraction is necessary. Concentrations in different regions of dog antrum (425 +/- 50 to 773 +/- 254 ng/g tissue) are similar to those in antrum from duodenal ulcer patients and control subjects: 614 +/- 125 and 465 +/- 104 ng/g tissue respectively. Levels in histologically normal human pancreas (253 +/- 43 ng/g tissue) are comparable with those in dog pancreas (333 +/- 66 ng/g tissue), whereas in two cases of neonatal hypoglycaemia the concentration exceeded 3000 ng/g tissue. On gel chromatography the majority of immunoreactive somatostatin elutes as the synthetic tetradecapeptide and a small fraction as a larger species.", "PMID": 680597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4459", "title": "Comparative clinical impact of endoscopic pancreatography, grey-scale ultrasonography, and computed tomography (EMI scanning) in pancreatic disease: preliminary report.", "content": "Grey-scale ultrasound scanning (US), computed tomography (CT), and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were performed in a series of 50 patients with known or suspected pancreatic disease. The impact of the individual tests were assessed in the relevant clinical context. With a maximum of 100, the overall clinical impact score of ERCP (75) exceeded that of CT(63) and US (36). In patients with obscure pain, and in those with relapsing pancreatitis, a combination of US and ERCP provides good clinical guidance. Computed tomography scanning can currently be reserved for documentation of patients with a major mass lesion. None of the techniques can detect early pancreatic cancer, except of the papilla of Vater, where ERCP is diagnostic. Recommendations for future diagnostic strategies may alter as grey-scale ultrasonography and computed tomography develop, and, in any case, depend on many factors including local expertise, availability, and cost.", "contents": "Comparative clinical impact of endoscopic pancreatography, grey-scale ultrasonography, and computed tomography (EMI scanning) in pancreatic disease: preliminary report. Grey-scale ultrasound scanning (US), computed tomography (CT), and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were performed in a series of 50 patients with known or suspected pancreatic disease. The impact of the individual tests were assessed in the relevant clinical context. With a maximum of 100, the overall clinical impact score of ERCP (75) exceeded that of CT(63) and US (36). In patients with obscure pain, and in those with relapsing pancreatitis, a combination of US and ERCP provides good clinical guidance. Computed tomography scanning can currently be reserved for documentation of patients with a major mass lesion. None of the techniques can detect early pancreatic cancer, except of the papilla of Vater, where ERCP is diagnostic. Recommendations for future diagnostic strategies may alter as grey-scale ultrasonography and computed tomography develop, and, in any case, depend on many factors including local expertise, availability, and cost.", "PMID": 680599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4460", "title": "Computed tomography, ultrasound, and cholestatic jaundice.", "content": "Computed tomography detected the presence of dilated ducts in 15 of 18 cases with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice and demonstrated the obstructing lesion in 18 out of 25. The cause of the obstruction was detected in the absence of duct dilatation, and calculi which were radiolucent on conventional radiographs were demonstrated. Ulstrasound detected dilated ducts in eight of 10 cases, but demonstrated the cause of the obstruction in only one of 13 cases. Both techniques are capable of demonstrating dilated ducts in the majority of cases, but computed tomography is better at detecting the cause of the obstruction.", "contents": "Computed tomography, ultrasound, and cholestatic jaundice. Computed tomography detected the presence of dilated ducts in 15 of 18 cases with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice and demonstrated the obstructing lesion in 18 out of 25. The cause of the obstruction was detected in the absence of duct dilatation, and calculi which were radiolucent on conventional radiographs were demonstrated. Ulstrasound detected dilated ducts in eight of 10 cases, but demonstrated the cause of the obstruction in only one of 13 cases. Both techniques are capable of demonstrating dilated ducts in the majority of cases, but computed tomography is better at detecting the cause of the obstruction.", "PMID": 680600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4461", "title": "G cell population of the gastric antrum, plasma gastrin, and gastric acid secretion in patients with and without duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Estimates of the G cell population were made in 24 resected human pyloric antra from counts of cells in multiple samples and from measurements of antral size. Measurements had been made previously in 20 subjects of acid output (basal and after pentagastrin) and in 10 subjects of plasma gastrin (basal and after insulin + bicarbonate). G cells were most dense near the pylorus, but their circumferential distribution was even. The G cell populations ranged from 8 to 15 (mean 10) million in four control patients and from 3 to 43 (mean 18) million in 15 patients with duodenal ulcer. Those with recurrent ulcer after vagotomy had either a low G cell count and incomplete vagotomy, or a high G cell count and apparently complete denervation. Two patients with hypergastrinaemia and duodenal ulcer had moderate (29 X 10(6)) or marked (56 X 10(6)) excesses of G cells. 'G cell hyperplasia' may represent the extreme end of the normal range of G cell numbers in the antrum, and can be assessed by semi-quantitative grading of G cell hyperplasia in antral biopsies. There were significant direct correlations between antral area and G cell density, between peak acid output and G cell population, and between basal plasma gastrin and G cell density (but not population). We suggest that, in patients with duodenal ulcer, acid and gastrin secretion are interrelated and that both are related to the masses of parietal cells and of G cells.", "contents": "G cell population of the gastric antrum, plasma gastrin, and gastric acid secretion in patients with and without duodenal ulcer. Estimates of the G cell population were made in 24 resected human pyloric antra from counts of cells in multiple samples and from measurements of antral size. Measurements had been made previously in 20 subjects of acid output (basal and after pentagastrin) and in 10 subjects of plasma gastrin (basal and after insulin + bicarbonate). G cells were most dense near the pylorus, but their circumferential distribution was even. The G cell populations ranged from 8 to 15 (mean 10) million in four control patients and from 3 to 43 (mean 18) million in 15 patients with duodenal ulcer. Those with recurrent ulcer after vagotomy had either a low G cell count and incomplete vagotomy, or a high G cell count and apparently complete denervation. Two patients with hypergastrinaemia and duodenal ulcer had moderate (29 X 10(6)) or marked (56 X 10(6)) excesses of G cells. 'G cell hyperplasia' may represent the extreme end of the normal range of G cell numbers in the antrum, and can be assessed by semi-quantitative grading of G cell hyperplasia in antral biopsies. There were significant direct correlations between antral area and G cell density, between peak acid output and G cell population, and between basal plasma gastrin and G cell density (but not population). We suggest that, in patients with duodenal ulcer, acid and gastrin secretion are interrelated and that both are related to the masses of parietal cells and of G cells.", "PMID": 680601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4462", "title": "Analysis of the effects of food and of digestive secretions on the small intestine of the rat: III. Mucosal mass, activity of brush border enzymes, and in vivo absorption of galactose, sodium, and potassium.", "content": "A modified Roux-en-y repositioning of rat proximal small intestine resulted in a gut segment (A) exposed only to digestive secretions, but not to food and a gut segment (B) exposed to food, stomach juice and by reflux only to digestive secretions, and a third segment (C) exposed to both, food and digestive secretions. The changes in segment A were qualitatively very similar to those occurring after removal of luminal nutrition (intravenous feeding, self-emptying blind loop, and Thiry Vella loop). These findings support the hypothesis that the presence of luminal nutrition is a major factor regulating mucosal mass and enzyme activity in rat proximal small intestine. The changes in the luminal environment in segment B caused an increase in mucosal mass (in the proximal half only), an increase in sucrase activity which paralleled the increase in mucosal mass, and no change in activity of alkaline phosphatase which in fact was a decrease in activity ;at the cellular level'. Later on the net absorption of sodium and potassium was improved and the disappearance of galactose was unchanged when referred to unit length of small intestine.In segment C there was a small increase in mucosal mass, an increase in activity only for alkaline phosphatase, and an improvement of the net absorption of sodium without changes in the disappearance of galactose. These changes were compatible with a more proximal promotion of a distal gut segment.", "contents": "Analysis of the effects of food and of digestive secretions on the small intestine of the rat: III. Mucosal mass, activity of brush border enzymes, and in vivo absorption of galactose, sodium, and potassium. A modified Roux-en-y repositioning of rat proximal small intestine resulted in a gut segment (A) exposed only to digestive secretions, but not to food and a gut segment (B) exposed to food, stomach juice and by reflux only to digestive secretions, and a third segment (C) exposed to both, food and digestive secretions. The changes in segment A were qualitatively very similar to those occurring after removal of luminal nutrition (intravenous feeding, self-emptying blind loop, and Thiry Vella loop). These findings support the hypothesis that the presence of luminal nutrition is a major factor regulating mucosal mass and enzyme activity in rat proximal small intestine. The changes in the luminal environment in segment B caused an increase in mucosal mass (in the proximal half only), an increase in sucrase activity which paralleled the increase in mucosal mass, and no change in activity of alkaline phosphatase which in fact was a decrease in activity ;at the cellular level'. Later on the net absorption of sodium and potassium was improved and the disappearance of galactose was unchanged when referred to unit length of small intestine.In segment C there was a small increase in mucosal mass, an increase in activity only for alkaline phosphatase, and an improvement of the net absorption of sodium without changes in the disappearance of galactose. These changes were compatible with a more proximal promotion of a distal gut segment.", "PMID": 680602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4463", "title": "Transport of large breakdown products of dietary protein through the gut wall.", "content": "Ferritin or tritium labelled immunoglobulin G may, by electron microscopy, be demonstrated entering, within, and leaving the epithelial cells. Quantitative studies using various proteins labelled with radioiodine show that large amounts of protein bound radioactivity may be demonstrated in the tissues after feeding the labelled protein to adult rats by stomach tube. The molecular size of this material as determined by sugar gradient ultracentrifugation of tissue extracts ranges when IgG is fed from 50,000-20,000 Daltons. The material retains its ability to react as antigen with antisera specific to the original molecule: precipitation reactions may be obtained in gels and quantitative studies show that cnosiderable amounts of the protein-bound radioactivity are still specifically precipitable. Such studies have been carried out with alpha-gliadin as well as bovine IgG. At 100 days old rats may absorb as much as 40% of a dose of bovine IgG in the form of these large molecular breakdown products.", "contents": "Transport of large breakdown products of dietary protein through the gut wall. Ferritin or tritium labelled immunoglobulin G may, by electron microscopy, be demonstrated entering, within, and leaving the epithelial cells. Quantitative studies using various proteins labelled with radioiodine show that large amounts of protein bound radioactivity may be demonstrated in the tissues after feeding the labelled protein to adult rats by stomach tube. The molecular size of this material as determined by sugar gradient ultracentrifugation of tissue extracts ranges when IgG is fed from 50,000-20,000 Daltons. The material retains its ability to react as antigen with antisera specific to the original molecule: precipitation reactions may be obtained in gels and quantitative studies show that cnosiderable amounts of the protein-bound radioactivity are still specifically precipitable. Such studies have been carried out with alpha-gliadin as well as bovine IgG. At 100 days old rats may absorb as much as 40% of a dose of bovine IgG in the form of these large molecular breakdown products.", "PMID": 680603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4464", "title": "Effect of dopamine infusion on gastric and pancreatic secretion and on gastrin release in man.", "content": "The effect of dopamine infusion on basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion, on basal and secretin-CCK-PZ-stimulated pancreatic secretion, and on basal and meal-induced gastrin release has been evaluated in healthy volunteers. Both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion were significantly inhibited during dopamine infusion with a significant rebound to pre-infusion values after discontinuing dopamine. These effects were prevented by pretreatment with the antidopaminergic drug, metoclopramide. A slight but now significant decrease in amylase and bicarbonate outputs was also observed during dopamine infusion, while gastrin release did not change. These data suggest the existence of dopaminergic mechanisms in the regulation of gastric acid secretion in man.", "contents": "Effect of dopamine infusion on gastric and pancreatic secretion and on gastrin release in man. The effect of dopamine infusion on basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion, on basal and secretin-CCK-PZ-stimulated pancreatic secretion, and on basal and meal-induced gastrin release has been evaluated in healthy volunteers. Both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion were significantly inhibited during dopamine infusion with a significant rebound to pre-infusion values after discontinuing dopamine. These effects were prevented by pretreatment with the antidopaminergic drug, metoclopramide. A slight but now significant decrease in amylase and bicarbonate outputs was also observed during dopamine infusion, while gastrin release did not change. These data suggest the existence of dopaminergic mechanisms in the regulation of gastric acid secretion in man.", "PMID": 680604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4465", "title": "Factors which influenced postoperative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease of the colon on corticosteroids.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was undertaken of the records of 107 patients with Crohn's disease of the colon or with ulcerative colitis who underwent 162 operations under steroid cover. The study revealed no correlation between steroid dosage and postoperative morbidity or mortality. The incidence of wound dehiscence and incisional hernia compared favourably with the reports of other unselected series of similar patients. Contamination did significantly influence results. Septic complications were more frequent when the operative field was contaminated and both delayed wound healing and mortality were related to this sepsis. A ;clean and dirty' technique was effective in controlling contamination during elective bowel division but preoperative bowel perforation and accidental entry into the lumen of the bowel during dissection were potentially avoidable sources of contamination. Primary healing of the perineal wound after proctocolectomy was seldom achieved in contaminated patients where a drain tube was brought out through the main perineal incision. When perineal sinuses or fistulae followed a proctocolectomy, patients with Crohn's disease had a significantly slower rate of healing than did patients with ulcerative colitis. However, there was no difference in the healing of abdominal wounds in relation to the primary pathology. Even abdominal incisions which were used on more than one occasion healed as well as those which were used for the first time. A prophylactic antibiotic regime of either ampicillin or tetracycline offered little protection against postoperative sepsis. The organisms which caused such infections were often insensitive to the two antibiotics.", "contents": "Factors which influenced postoperative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease of the colon on corticosteroids. A retrospective analysis was undertaken of the records of 107 patients with Crohn's disease of the colon or with ulcerative colitis who underwent 162 operations under steroid cover. The study revealed no correlation between steroid dosage and postoperative morbidity or mortality. The incidence of wound dehiscence and incisional hernia compared favourably with the reports of other unselected series of similar patients. Contamination did significantly influence results. Septic complications were more frequent when the operative field was contaminated and both delayed wound healing and mortality were related to this sepsis. A ;clean and dirty' technique was effective in controlling contamination during elective bowel division but preoperative bowel perforation and accidental entry into the lumen of the bowel during dissection were potentially avoidable sources of contamination. Primary healing of the perineal wound after proctocolectomy was seldom achieved in contaminated patients where a drain tube was brought out through the main perineal incision. When perineal sinuses or fistulae followed a proctocolectomy, patients with Crohn's disease had a significantly slower rate of healing than did patients with ulcerative colitis. However, there was no difference in the healing of abdominal wounds in relation to the primary pathology. Even abdominal incisions which were used on more than one occasion healed as well as those which were used for the first time. A prophylactic antibiotic regime of either ampicillin or tetracycline offered little protection against postoperative sepsis. The organisms which caused such infections were often insensitive to the two antibiotics.", "PMID": 680605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4466", "title": "Response of the skin in dermatitis herpetiformis to a gluten free diet, with reference to jejunal morphology.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with dermatitis herpetiformis have been on a gluten free diet regularly followed up for at least one year (mean four years). Eighteen patients had a 'flat' mucosal appearance (grade III), one patient had moderately severe mucosal abnormality (grade II), one patient had mild mucosal abnormality (grade I), and one patient had a normal mucosal appearance (grade O). On the diet, 10 patients had no skin rash and took no dapsone, seven patients controlled the skin rash on a lower dose of dapsone, and four noticed no improvement. There was no correlation between pre-diet jejunal morphology and response of the skin. A repeat jejunal biopsy, on the gluten free diet, was possible in 15 patients. While all those with skin improvement showed some improvement in jejunal morphology, there was no association between the degree of skin improvement and the degree of recovery of the jejunal mucosa.", "contents": "Response of the skin in dermatitis herpetiformis to a gluten free diet, with reference to jejunal morphology. Twenty-one patients with dermatitis herpetiformis have been on a gluten free diet regularly followed up for at least one year (mean four years). Eighteen patients had a 'flat' mucosal appearance (grade III), one patient had moderately severe mucosal abnormality (grade II), one patient had mild mucosal abnormality (grade I), and one patient had a normal mucosal appearance (grade O). On the diet, 10 patients had no skin rash and took no dapsone, seven patients controlled the skin rash on a lower dose of dapsone, and four noticed no improvement. There was no correlation between pre-diet jejunal morphology and response of the skin. A repeat jejunal biopsy, on the gluten free diet, was possible in 15 patients. While all those with skin improvement showed some improvement in jejunal morphology, there was no association between the degree of skin improvement and the degree of recovery of the jejunal mucosa.", "PMID": 680606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4467", "title": "Enteral bacterial infection as a possible cause of cot death.", "content": "At post mortems performed in cases of cot death, the cause of death has been established as due to a variety of pathological changes. In connection with the anamnesis data, inflammation in the region of the respiratory system, especially of the lungs, infections of the gastrointestinal tract, otitis media and electrolyte shifts can in many cases be traced back to a common origin, if we assume a bacterioenterotoxin poisoning (which takes a different course in infants than in older children or adults). Extensive inquiries prior to the post mortem, autopsies performed always by the same method, as well as all the ensuing examinations, are indispensable in order to explain the cause of the sudden death and to make sure that the results of the post mortem are not influenced by the importance the pathologist attributes to a certain method of examination.", "contents": "Enteral bacterial infection as a possible cause of cot death. At post mortems performed in cases of cot death, the cause of death has been established as due to a variety of pathological changes. In connection with the anamnesis data, inflammation in the region of the respiratory system, especially of the lungs, infections of the gastrointestinal tract, otitis media and electrolyte shifts can in many cases be traced back to a common origin, if we assume a bacterioenterotoxin poisoning (which takes a different course in infants than in older children or adults). Extensive inquiries prior to the post mortem, autopsies performed always by the same method, as well as all the ensuing examinations, are indispensable in order to explain the cause of the sudden death and to make sure that the results of the post mortem are not influenced by the importance the pathologist attributes to a certain method of examination.", "PMID": 680607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4468", "title": "[Long-term treatment with psychoverlan in children and adolescents with behavior disorders].", "content": "Numerous pharmacological and clinical long-term studies on mono-magnesium-L-glutamate-hydrobromide. H2O were reason to undertake another trial in adolescents with reactive behavioral abnormalities. The aim of the study was to assess the effecacy of Psychoverlan in abolishing or improving these symptoms and to reveal any possible drug-induced side effects. In a long-term study 19 young females were treated with Psychoverlan capsules or syrup for an average of 11.4 months. Intolerance phenomena and side-effects were not seen. It was even decided to increase the standard dose. None of the patients developed brominism or bromine intoxication. The general state of health of 13 of the 19 subjects was improved by the harmonizing effect of the drug on psychic and vegetative functions. Tiredness and somnolence were not observed.", "contents": "[Long-term treatment with psychoverlan in children and adolescents with behavior disorders]. Numerous pharmacological and clinical long-term studies on mono-magnesium-L-glutamate-hydrobromide. H2O were reason to undertake another trial in adolescents with reactive behavioral abnormalities. The aim of the study was to assess the effecacy of Psychoverlan in abolishing or improving these symptoms and to reveal any possible drug-induced side effects. In a long-term study 19 young females were treated with Psychoverlan capsules or syrup for an average of 11.4 months. Intolerance phenomena and side-effects were not seen. It was even decided to increase the standard dose. None of the patients developed brominism or bromine intoxication. The general state of health of 13 of the 19 subjects was improved by the harmonizing effect of the drug on psychic and vegetative functions. Tiredness and somnolence were not observed.", "PMID": 680616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4469", "title": "Problems in brain death determination.", "content": "During the last decade there has been philosophical acceptance of the concept that the state of brain death is equivalent to total patient death. The application of this concept to clinical medicine has been associated with major problems in both the diagnosis of brain death and the medical management of the brain dead patient. In our experience with 176 consecutive cases of suspected brain death over a seven-year period, we have found that a standardized protocol applied by experienced clinicians will minimize these problems.", "contents": "Problems in brain death determination. During the last decade there has been philosophical acceptance of the concept that the state of brain death is equivalent to total patient death. The application of this concept to clinical medicine has been associated with major problems in both the diagnosis of brain death and the medical management of the brain dead patient. In our experience with 176 consecutive cases of suspected brain death over a seven-year period, we have found that a standardized protocol applied by experienced clinicians will minimize these problems.", "PMID": 680611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4470", "title": "The value of succinate dehydrogenase stain in the post-mortem diagnosis of early acute myocardial infarction. A forensic study.", "content": "In consecutive medicolegal material comprising 79 persons, the formazan test revealed recent myocardial infarction in 16 cases (20%). Only 4 of these cases (25%) were demonstrated by macroscopic examination. By means of microscopic examination, the 4 infarctions recognized macroscopically and 5 other cases which were demonstrated by the formazan test could be confirmed. If the formazan test is employed as an independent demonstration of myocardial infarction, a total of 16 cases could be demonstrated (as mentioned above), or four times as many as at macroscopic examination at autopsy.", "contents": "The value of succinate dehydrogenase stain in the post-mortem diagnosis of early acute myocardial infarction. A forensic study. In consecutive medicolegal material comprising 79 persons, the formazan test revealed recent myocardial infarction in 16 cases (20%). Only 4 of these cases (25%) were demonstrated by macroscopic examination. By means of microscopic examination, the 4 infarctions recognized macroscopically and 5 other cases which were demonstrated by the formazan test could be confirmed. If the formazan test is employed as an independent demonstration of myocardial infarction, a total of 16 cases could be demonstrated (as mentioned above), or four times as many as at macroscopic examination at autopsy.", "PMID": 680613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4471", "title": "Comparison of GLC-EMIT analysis for the assay of methadone and its major metabolite in urine.", "content": "The enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) was compared with the gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method in the analysis of 130 urine samples from subjects receiving methadone treatment and non-methadone controls. The GC method allowed the quantitation of 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine, and major metabolite of methadone. A good correlation was found between the two methods. The advantages of using the EMIT system are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of GLC-EMIT analysis for the assay of methadone and its major metabolite in urine. The enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) was compared with the gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method in the analysis of 130 urine samples from subjects receiving methadone treatment and non-methadone controls. The GC method allowed the quantitation of 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine, and major metabolite of methadone. A good correlation was found between the two methods. The advantages of using the EMIT system are discussed.", "PMID": 680610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4472", "title": "[Critical disorders of circulatory regulation. The vago-vasal syncope].", "content": "Disturbances in regulation of circulation dependent vagovasal syncope in combination with fright-shock-syncope or psychasthenic faint can easily be controlled. General treatment like lying down and elevation of the legs is required. The use of medicaments is rarely indicated. Precise recognition of the symptoms is necessary to differentiate against more serious causes of a sudden faint.", "contents": "[Critical disorders of circulatory regulation. The vago-vasal syncope]. Disturbances in regulation of circulation dependent vagovasal syncope in combination with fright-shock-syncope or psychasthenic faint can easily be controlled. General treatment like lying down and elevation of the legs is required. The use of medicaments is rarely indicated. Precise recognition of the symptoms is necessary to differentiate against more serious causes of a sudden faint.", "PMID": 680618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4473", "title": "Interfering basic materials in urine from racing greyhounds.", "content": "Three quinoline amines, 2-aminomethylquinoline, 2-hydroxymethylquinoline and quinaldine (2-methylquinoline), are identified in greyhound urine. These amines can interfere in the analysis of greyhound material for basic drugs. This is a special problem in ultraviolet spectrometry since their extinction coefficients are high. Reference analytical data for these quinoline amines and for six related compounds are given. The techniques used are infrared spectrometry, ultraviolet spectrometry, fluorometry, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Interfering basic materials in urine from racing greyhounds. Three quinoline amines, 2-aminomethylquinoline, 2-hydroxymethylquinoline and quinaldine (2-methylquinoline), are identified in greyhound urine. These amines can interfere in the analysis of greyhound material for basic drugs. This is a special problem in ultraviolet spectrometry since their extinction coefficients are high. Reference analytical data for these quinoline amines and for six related compounds are given. The techniques used are infrared spectrometry, ultraviolet spectrometry, fluorometry, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 680612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4474", "title": "[Frequent anal and perianal disorders and their treatment].", "content": "Anal fissures, internal hemorrhoids and perianal thromboses are very common and frequent diseases. Diagnosis is simple even with limited experience in endoscopy. Treatment of the anal fissure consists in slow dilatation with a bougie in cases of acute fissues if the sphincter internus muscle is not highly spastic, in cases of chronic or very painful acute fissures a posterior or lateral sphincterotomy should be performed. Hemorrhoids can be treated with different methods, the optimal conservative treatment is by injection of phenol. In cases of prolapsing hemorrhoids an operation should be performed. Perianal thromboses should be opened by incision. The different methods of treatment are described.", "contents": "[Frequent anal and perianal disorders and their treatment]. Anal fissures, internal hemorrhoids and perianal thromboses are very common and frequent diseases. Diagnosis is simple even with limited experience in endoscopy. Treatment of the anal fissure consists in slow dilatation with a bougie in cases of acute fissues if the sphincter internus muscle is not highly spastic, in cases of chronic or very painful acute fissures a posterior or lateral sphincterotomy should be performed. Hemorrhoids can be treated with different methods, the optimal conservative treatment is by injection of phenol. In cases of prolapsing hemorrhoids an operation should be performed. Perianal thromboses should be opened by incision. The different methods of treatment are described.", "PMID": 680619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4475", "title": "[The virostatic effect of adenine-arabinoside monophosphate. Experimental findings and preliminary clinical experiences].", "content": "Adenine arabinoside (Ara-A), a synthetic nucleoside, is an antiviral agent, which is effective against poxviruses and viruses of the herpes group. The monophosphate (Ara-AMP) has the great advantage of better solubility, compared to the parent compound. Experimental studies show the outstanding effect of Ara-AMP on the encephalitis by vaccinia-virus in white mice. Even after immunesuppression by total body irradiation, the survival rate of the Ara-AMP treated animals was significantly higher compared to the untreated controls. In experimental vaccinia-virus infections in rabbits, who had undergone total body irradiation. Ara-AMP has a favourable influence upon the course of the disease and the prognosis. Some clinical observations in children with immunesuppression, who suffered from generalized zoster of varicella-infections, are reported. Furthermore in cases of viral encephalitis Ara-AMP was successful. Controlled studies of a greater number of patients on the therapeutic value of Ara-AMP in infections with DNS-viruses are needed.", "contents": "[The virostatic effect of adenine-arabinoside monophosphate. Experimental findings and preliminary clinical experiences]. Adenine arabinoside (Ara-A), a synthetic nucleoside, is an antiviral agent, which is effective against poxviruses and viruses of the herpes group. The monophosphate (Ara-AMP) has the great advantage of better solubility, compared to the parent compound. Experimental studies show the outstanding effect of Ara-AMP on the encephalitis by vaccinia-virus in white mice. Even after immunesuppression by total body irradiation, the survival rate of the Ara-AMP treated animals was significantly higher compared to the untreated controls. In experimental vaccinia-virus infections in rabbits, who had undergone total body irradiation. Ara-AMP has a favourable influence upon the course of the disease and the prognosis. Some clinical observations in children with immunesuppression, who suffered from generalized zoster of varicella-infections, are reported. Furthermore in cases of viral encephalitis Ara-AMP was successful. Controlled studies of a greater number of patients on the therapeutic value of Ara-AMP in infections with DNS-viruses are needed.", "PMID": 680620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4476", "title": "[Pseudomembranous colitis after antibiotics therapy].", "content": "Pseudomembranous colitis may arise as a severe complication of chemotherapy with antibiotics. Lincomycin and clindamycin are especially incriminated, but the condition has also been reported after treatment with other broad-spectrum antibiotics. The endoscopic findings are suggestive, though not specific. Overall mortality is estimated to be 10--20%. There is an increased risk in patients with a previous history and pseudomembranous colitis in relatives of these patients.", "contents": "[Pseudomembranous colitis after antibiotics therapy]. Pseudomembranous colitis may arise as a severe complication of chemotherapy with antibiotics. Lincomycin and clindamycin are especially incriminated, but the condition has also been reported after treatment with other broad-spectrum antibiotics. The endoscopic findings are suggestive, though not specific. Overall mortality is estimated to be 10--20%. There is an increased risk in patients with a previous history and pseudomembranous colitis in relatives of these patients.", "PMID": 680623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4477", "title": "[Isolation of soluble tumor-associated antigens of human malignant melanoma].", "content": "Experiments were started with an animal model: Tumor antigens could be solubilized from fibrosarcomas of inbred guinea pigs by extraction with physiological saline. Extracts were fractionated by ammoniumsulfate precipitation, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Skin tests and leucocyte migration assays could detect antigenic activity in a number of fractions different with respect to size and charge. A less heterogeneous antigen could be extracted with phenol-water from guinea pig fibrosarcomas. Tumor associated antigens could be demonstrated in phenol-water extracts of human melanoma by leucocyte migration tests. Weak migration reactions were found with leucocytes from melanoma patients, not with leucocytes from controls. The frequency of positive results was similar in patients with and without metastases. No antibodies against antigens of phenol-water extracts could be detected in sera from melanoma patients. No antibodies against tumor associated substances could be demonstrated after immunization of rabbits with phenol-water extracts. Antigens extracted by phenol-water seem to be weak immunogens. Radioactive antigens were extracted from membranes of labelled cell cultures of human melanoma. Antigenic activity was assayed by double immune precipitation followed by sodium-dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide-electrophoresis. Yields from available cell quantities were too small for further purification and clinical studies.", "contents": "[Isolation of soluble tumor-associated antigens of human malignant melanoma]. Experiments were started with an animal model: Tumor antigens could be solubilized from fibrosarcomas of inbred guinea pigs by extraction with physiological saline. Extracts were fractionated by ammoniumsulfate precipitation, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Skin tests and leucocyte migration assays could detect antigenic activity in a number of fractions different with respect to size and charge. A less heterogeneous antigen could be extracted with phenol-water from guinea pig fibrosarcomas. Tumor associated antigens could be demonstrated in phenol-water extracts of human melanoma by leucocyte migration tests. Weak migration reactions were found with leucocytes from melanoma patients, not with leucocytes from controls. The frequency of positive results was similar in patients with and without metastases. No antibodies against antigens of phenol-water extracts could be detected in sera from melanoma patients. No antibodies against tumor associated substances could be demonstrated after immunization of rabbits with phenol-water extracts. Antigens extracted by phenol-water seem to be weak immunogens. Radioactive antigens were extracted from membranes of labelled cell cultures of human melanoma. Antigenic activity was assayed by double immune precipitation followed by sodium-dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide-electrophoresis. Yields from available cell quantities were too small for further purification and clinical studies.", "PMID": 680624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4478", "title": "[Effects and side effects of benzbromaron in the initial treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Results of a field study on 3899 patients].", "content": "In a collective of 3899 out-patients, the effect of uric acid reduction of benzbromarone was tested. Ten days after beginning of treatment, a uric acid concentration of 5.1 to 5.7 mg/100 ml had been obtained. Three months after beginning of therapy, uric acid values were at 4.9 mg/100 ml, independently of age and sex. As side-effects were observed:diarrhoea in 1% (n = 41) of the treated patients, furthermore, 0,8% (n = 31) complained of gastro-intestinal trouble such as pressure over the stomach, nausea, sensation of fullness and epigastric pain. Only in 2 of the 3899 patients (0.05%) the appearance of a renal colic was observed.", "contents": "[Effects and side effects of benzbromaron in the initial treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Results of a field study on 3899 patients]. In a collective of 3899 out-patients, the effect of uric acid reduction of benzbromarone was tested. Ten days after beginning of treatment, a uric acid concentration of 5.1 to 5.7 mg/100 ml had been obtained. Three months after beginning of therapy, uric acid values were at 4.9 mg/100 ml, independently of age and sex. As side-effects were observed:diarrhoea in 1% (n = 41) of the treated patients, furthermore, 0,8% (n = 31) complained of gastro-intestinal trouble such as pressure over the stomach, nausea, sensation of fullness and epigastric pain. Only in 2 of the 3899 patients (0.05%) the appearance of a renal colic was observed.", "PMID": 680625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4479", "title": "Muscle metabolism during exercise in diabetics and in obese during starvation.", "content": "The influence of exercise on forearm muscle metabolism was examined in 9 healthy subjects, in 16 diabetics and in 4 obese subjects during complete starvation. During exercise glucose uptake rose 7-8 fold in the controls. However, no increase of glucose uptake was observed in the other groups studied. Moreover, a glucose production from the working muscle took place in about 40 percent of both the diabetic patients and the starved obese subjects. The nonutilization of glucose during physical work in the diabetic like states was accompanied by a significantly diminished lactate output. The arterial concentration of FFA, glycerol beta-HOB and Acac was markedly elevated in the starved obese patients. The FFA-uptake at rest and during exercise, however, was not different from results of controls. Whereas an effux of beta-HOB has been observed during exercise, Acac uptake was increased in these patients. It is suggested that in maturity onset and starvation diabetes glycolysis is inhibited.", "contents": "Muscle metabolism during exercise in diabetics and in obese during starvation. The influence of exercise on forearm muscle metabolism was examined in 9 healthy subjects, in 16 diabetics and in 4 obese subjects during complete starvation. During exercise glucose uptake rose 7-8 fold in the controls. However, no increase of glucose uptake was observed in the other groups studied. Moreover, a glucose production from the working muscle took place in about 40 percent of both the diabetic patients and the starved obese subjects. The nonutilization of glucose during physical work in the diabetic like states was accompanied by a significantly diminished lactate output. The arterial concentration of FFA, glycerol beta-HOB and Acac was markedly elevated in the starved obese patients. The FFA-uptake at rest and during exercise, however, was not different from results of controls. Whereas an effux of beta-HOB has been observed during exercise, Acac uptake was increased in these patients. It is suggested that in maturity onset and starvation diabetes glycolysis is inhibited.", "PMID": 680626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4480", "title": "Non-glucoregulatory hormones (T4, T3, rT3, TSH, testosterone) during physical exercise in juvenile type diabetics.", "content": "Non-glucoregulatory hormones (T4, T3, rT3, TSH and testosterone) were studied by radioimmunoassay in juvenile-type diabetics in moderate control and in ketosis due to insulin withdrawal and in age matched \"normals\" during a mild prolonged exercise test. The basal serum hormone levels revealed the following findings: Serum testosterone was markedly lower in diabetics than in normals ( 177 +/- 24 resp. 618 +/- 52 ng/dl). This is in contrast to other studies, but it may reflect decreased testicular function due to an early, clinically not apparent atherosclerotic disease. Serum T3 was significantly lower in diabetics than in normals (110 +/- 16 resp. 145 +/- 19), suggesting an early \"low T3-syndrome\" in juvenile-type diabetics. However, increased serum rT3 levels were not observed, and serum T4 and TSH were normal. Mild prolonged exercise had no major effects on these nonglucoregulatory hormones. In juvenile-type diabetics the degree of metabolic control had no influence on the response of the mentioned hormones. However, an increased cortisol/testosterone ratio in ketotic diabetics in the basal state with a further increase during exercise was demonstrated, indicating an aggravation of the catabolic state in these patients during exercise.", "contents": "Non-glucoregulatory hormones (T4, T3, rT3, TSH, testosterone) during physical exercise in juvenile type diabetics. Non-glucoregulatory hormones (T4, T3, rT3, TSH and testosterone) were studied by radioimmunoassay in juvenile-type diabetics in moderate control and in ketosis due to insulin withdrawal and in age matched \"normals\" during a mild prolonged exercise test. The basal serum hormone levels revealed the following findings: Serum testosterone was markedly lower in diabetics than in normals ( 177 +/- 24 resp. 618 +/- 52 ng/dl). This is in contrast to other studies, but it may reflect decreased testicular function due to an early, clinically not apparent atherosclerotic disease. Serum T3 was significantly lower in diabetics than in normals (110 +/- 16 resp. 145 +/- 19), suggesting an early \"low T3-syndrome\" in juvenile-type diabetics. However, increased serum rT3 levels were not observed, and serum T4 and TSH were normal. Mild prolonged exercise had no major effects on these nonglucoregulatory hormones. In juvenile-type diabetics the degree of metabolic control had no influence on the response of the mentioned hormones. However, an increased cortisol/testosterone ratio in ketotic diabetics in the basal state with a further increase during exercise was demonstrated, indicating an aggravation of the catabolic state in these patients during exercise.", "PMID": 680627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4481", "title": "The effect of altered autonomic tone on alanine induced insulin secretion.", "content": "The effect of pharmacologically induced altered autonomic tone upon alanine stimulated insulin release was examined in adult norgrel dogs. In control studies, intravenous administration of alanine, 1 gm/kg body weight resulted in a mean rise in plasma insulin concentration from basal levels of 7.4 (+/- 2) MUU/ml to a maximum of 24.5 (+/- 6) muU/ml by 10 minutes after injection. In paired studies, epinephrine infusion or atropine administration had no significant effect on the insulin rise in response to the alanine stimulus. This data indicates that in contrast to a glucose stimulus, the insulin response to the amino acid alanine is not influenced by epinephrine or cholinergic blockade. These studies provide further evidence that alanine acts through alternate pathways, different from those utilized by glucose to effect insulin secretion.", "contents": "The effect of altered autonomic tone on alanine induced insulin secretion. The effect of pharmacologically induced altered autonomic tone upon alanine stimulated insulin release was examined in adult norgrel dogs. In control studies, intravenous administration of alanine, 1 gm/kg body weight resulted in a mean rise in plasma insulin concentration from basal levels of 7.4 (+/- 2) MUU/ml to a maximum of 24.5 (+/- 6) muU/ml by 10 minutes after injection. In paired studies, epinephrine infusion or atropine administration had no significant effect on the insulin rise in response to the alanine stimulus. This data indicates that in contrast to a glucose stimulus, the insulin response to the amino acid alanine is not influenced by epinephrine or cholinergic blockade. These studies provide further evidence that alanine acts through alternate pathways, different from those utilized by glucose to effect insulin secretion.", "PMID": 680628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4482", "title": "Early effects of feeding upon hormonal and metabolic alterations in adult rats with ventromedial (VMH) lesions.", "content": "The importance of the nutritional state for the development of metabolic alterations after ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) destructions has been investigated. In the first experiment, groups of fed and 12 hours fasted animals were operated, given an intraperitoneal injection of 3H2O (1 mCi), and left without food until sacrificed 12 hours postoperatively. The lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissue, and the plasma levels of insulin, glucose, urea, free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) were measured. Animals operated in the fed state had increased lipogenesis in parametrial adipose tissue and hypoglycemia compared to their controls, whereas we found no differences between the groups which had been fasted 12 hours before surgery. In the second experiment, animals were deprived of food for 12 hours before being lesioned or sham-operated, and for 12 more hours postoperatively. They were then given one meal by stomach tube, and groups were killed 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours later. The following differences between groups were observed: 2 hours after feeding, the lesioned animals had increased plasma TG levels, but decreased liver lipogenesis. 4 hours after feeding, animals with lesions were hypoglycemic, and had lower plasma levels of FFA and TG than the controls. Hypoglycemia in lesioned animals was found also 8 hours after feeding, together with increased plasma TG levels. 12 hours after feeding, increased liver lipogenesis in lesioned animals was the only difference observed between the groups. The third and last experiment investigated the effect of three meals given 12, 18 and 24 hours postoperatively. Lesioned animals sacrificed 4 hours after the third meal had hypoglycemia, increased plasma TG levels, and increased lipogenesis, both in liver and adipose tissue. The metabolic differences between lesioned and sham-operated animals persisted also 8 hours after the last meal, except for the lipogenesis in adipose tissue. No differences in plasma insulin levels between animals with lesions or sham-operations were observed in these experiments.", "contents": "Early effects of feeding upon hormonal and metabolic alterations in adult rats with ventromedial (VMH) lesions. The importance of the nutritional state for the development of metabolic alterations after ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) destructions has been investigated. In the first experiment, groups of fed and 12 hours fasted animals were operated, given an intraperitoneal injection of 3H2O (1 mCi), and left without food until sacrificed 12 hours postoperatively. The lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissue, and the plasma levels of insulin, glucose, urea, free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) were measured. Animals operated in the fed state had increased lipogenesis in parametrial adipose tissue and hypoglycemia compared to their controls, whereas we found no differences between the groups which had been fasted 12 hours before surgery. In the second experiment, animals were deprived of food for 12 hours before being lesioned or sham-operated, and for 12 more hours postoperatively. They were then given one meal by stomach tube, and groups were killed 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours later. The following differences between groups were observed: 2 hours after feeding, the lesioned animals had increased plasma TG levels, but decreased liver lipogenesis. 4 hours after feeding, animals with lesions were hypoglycemic, and had lower plasma levels of FFA and TG than the controls. Hypoglycemia in lesioned animals was found also 8 hours after feeding, together with increased plasma TG levels. 12 hours after feeding, increased liver lipogenesis in lesioned animals was the only difference observed between the groups. The third and last experiment investigated the effect of three meals given 12, 18 and 24 hours postoperatively. Lesioned animals sacrificed 4 hours after the third meal had hypoglycemia, increased plasma TG levels, and increased lipogenesis, both in liver and adipose tissue. The metabolic differences between lesioned and sham-operated animals persisted also 8 hours after the last meal, except for the lipogenesis in adipose tissue. No differences in plasma insulin levels between animals with lesions or sham-operations were observed in these experiments.", "PMID": 680629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4483", "title": "Thyroid function in acute intermittent porphyria: a neurogenic cause of hyperthyroidism?", "content": "Thyroid function was investigated in 17 patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). In 13 patients in remission and latent for the disease, thyroid function was normal. In contrast, transient hyperthyoridism with elevated total T4, T3 free T4 and T3, and FTI levels occurred in one pregnant patient with severe attacks of AIP, and similar, though less pronounced, alterations in thyroid function were found in three other symptomatic female patients. It is suggested that increased thyroidal sympathetic neural stimulation is responsible for these changes in thyroid function.", "contents": "Thyroid function in acute intermittent porphyria: a neurogenic cause of hyperthyroidism? Thyroid function was investigated in 17 patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). In 13 patients in remission and latent for the disease, thyroid function was normal. In contrast, transient hyperthyoridism with elevated total T4, T3 free T4 and T3, and FTI levels occurred in one pregnant patient with severe attacks of AIP, and similar, though less pronounced, alterations in thyroid function were found in three other symptomatic female patients. It is suggested that increased thyroidal sympathetic neural stimulation is responsible for these changes in thyroid function.", "PMID": 680630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4484", "title": "Effect of hormone on human mammary duct in vitro.", "content": "Human mammary ducts were maintained in median-term organ culture. DNA synthesis was assessed by the uptake of 3H-thymidine in epithelial cells; labeling indices were counted on autoradiographies. DNA synthesis grossly remained between starting values in the basic conditions without hormones. Insulin (5 microgram/ml) did not stimulate the uptake of the isotope as compared with the controls. Estradiol (0.001 microgram/ml) and progesterone (1 microgram/ml) highly significantly enhanced DNA synthesis; subsequent waves did occur.", "contents": "Effect of hormone on human mammary duct in vitro. Human mammary ducts were maintained in median-term organ culture. DNA synthesis was assessed by the uptake of 3H-thymidine in epithelial cells; labeling indices were counted on autoradiographies. DNA synthesis grossly remained between starting values in the basic conditions without hormones. Insulin (5 microgram/ml) did not stimulate the uptake of the isotope as compared with the controls. Estradiol (0.001 microgram/ml) and progesterone (1 microgram/ml) highly significantly enhanced DNA synthesis; subsequent waves did occur.", "PMID": 680631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4485", "title": "Calcitonin diuretic effect in the rabbit.", "content": "In an attempt to study the renal effects of Calcitonin (porcine CT) in the rabbit, the excreted fractions of filtered water, osmolality, sodium, potassium and chloride, and the calcium and phosphorus urinary excretions were studied during isotonic (ISD) and hypertonic (HSD) saline diuresis. Four doses (0.1, 0.8, 4 and 20 IU MRC/kg were perfused during one hour in I.S.D.; 4 and 20 IU MRC/kg in HSD. During ISD, Calcitonin at doses of 4 and 20 IU MRC/kg/hr significantly increased the diuresis and the Na+, Cl-, K+, PO4 3-, Ca2+ excreted fractions. This effect was also observed, to a lesser extent, at a dose of 0.8 IU MRC/kg/hr, whereas 0.1 IU MRC/kg/hr produced no significant effect. During ISD, a log dose related effect of CT appeared to exist with all studied parameters. Moreover, a biphasic pattern of free-water clearance was observed during ISD: this parameter increased during the first half hour of CT perfusion, and then decreased dramatically. During HSD, CT perfusion induced a decrease of free-water reabsorption and urinary osmolality/plasma osmolality ratio. These results suggest that the diuretic effect and saliuretic effect of CT (in the rabbit) are mainly the consequence of the decrease of the proximal reabsorption of sodium. The possibility of a second site of action is discussed. The diuretic effects of CT are compared to data observed with the well-known diuretic drugs.", "contents": "Calcitonin diuretic effect in the rabbit. In an attempt to study the renal effects of Calcitonin (porcine CT) in the rabbit, the excreted fractions of filtered water, osmolality, sodium, potassium and chloride, and the calcium and phosphorus urinary excretions were studied during isotonic (ISD) and hypertonic (HSD) saline diuresis. Four doses (0.1, 0.8, 4 and 20 IU MRC/kg were perfused during one hour in I.S.D.; 4 and 20 IU MRC/kg in HSD. During ISD, Calcitonin at doses of 4 and 20 IU MRC/kg/hr significantly increased the diuresis and the Na+, Cl-, K+, PO4 3-, Ca2+ excreted fractions. This effect was also observed, to a lesser extent, at a dose of 0.8 IU MRC/kg/hr, whereas 0.1 IU MRC/kg/hr produced no significant effect. During ISD, a log dose related effect of CT appeared to exist with all studied parameters. Moreover, a biphasic pattern of free-water clearance was observed during ISD: this parameter increased during the first half hour of CT perfusion, and then decreased dramatically. During HSD, CT perfusion induced a decrease of free-water reabsorption and urinary osmolality/plasma osmolality ratio. These results suggest that the diuretic effect and saliuretic effect of CT (in the rabbit) are mainly the consequence of the decrease of the proximal reabsorption of sodium. The possibility of a second site of action is discussed. The diuretic effects of CT are compared to data observed with the well-known diuretic drugs.", "PMID": 680632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4486", "title": "Amniotic fluid, maternal and fetal blood insulin in overweight pregnant women.", "content": "The effect of excessive maternal weight gain on insulin levels during pregnancy (15 cases) was compared with the insulin levels in a control group (20 normal pregnancies) by radioimmunologic determination of insulin in the amniotic fluid and in maternal and fetal blood. The mean values of insulin in the control group were as follows: mother 24.9 +/- 0.51, fetus 10.86 +/- 0.48 and amniotif fluid 6.08 +/- 0.42 muU/ml, and in patients with excessive weight gain during pregnancy, maternal insulin mean values were 39.45 +/- 1.86, fetal 20.99 +/- 3.39 and amniotic fluid 12.25 +/- 1.15 muU/ml. Insulin concentrations in maternal blood (P less than 0.001), fetal blood (P less than 0.001) and amniotic fluid (P less than 0.001) were higher in excessive weight gain pregnancies as compared to the control group.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid, maternal and fetal blood insulin in overweight pregnant women. The effect of excessive maternal weight gain on insulin levels during pregnancy (15 cases) was compared with the insulin levels in a control group (20 normal pregnancies) by radioimmunologic determination of insulin in the amniotic fluid and in maternal and fetal blood. The mean values of insulin in the control group were as follows: mother 24.9 +/- 0.51, fetus 10.86 +/- 0.48 and amniotif fluid 6.08 +/- 0.42 muU/ml, and in patients with excessive weight gain during pregnancy, maternal insulin mean values were 39.45 +/- 1.86, fetal 20.99 +/- 3.39 and amniotic fluid 12.25 +/- 1.15 muU/ml. Insulin concentrations in maternal blood (P less than 0.001), fetal blood (P less than 0.001) and amniotic fluid (P less than 0.001) were higher in excessive weight gain pregnancies as compared to the control group.", "PMID": 680636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4487", "title": "The metabolism in man of (3H)-5alpha-16-androsten-3alpha-ol and of (3H)-5alpha-16-androsten-3-one.", "content": "The in vitro metabolism in man of two 16-androstene steroids, 5alpha-16-androsten-3-one and 5alpha-16-androsten-3alpha-ol, has been studied using 3H-labelled tracers. 4 healthy subjects (2 of each sex) were chosen, and each labelled steroid was administered, by a single injection, to 1 man and 1 woman. Disappearance of (3H)-3alpha-androstenol in the subjects receiving this compound followed a curve which indicated a two-pool distribution in both cases; metabolic clearance rates for these subjects were found to be 3,790 1/24 h in the man and 3,120 1/24 h in the woman. Blood production rates calculated for the 3alpha-androstenol-treated subjects were 875 microgram/24 h in the man and 1,780 microgram/24 h in the woman. Recovery of 3H in the urine of all 4 subjects was very low, between 28 and 42%. Conversion of the injected precursors to urinary 3alpha-androstenol was 13.5 and 12.7% in the 2 men and 6.1 and 5.9% in the 2 women. The male subjects were found to have a lower 24-hour urinary 3alpha-androstenol output (570 and 387 microgram/24 h) than the average for men of their age. The urinary 3alpha-androstenol output in the women was 225 and 276 microgram/24 h, and was within the normal range for women. The urine production rates of 3alpha-androstenol were 2,470 and 4,090 microgram/24 h in the male and female subjects, respectively; the difference between the blood and urine production rates of this compound are thought to indicate the direct secretion of conjugates. Urine production rates of 5alpha-androstenone (measured as 3alpha-androstenol) were 2,370 and 4,340 microgram/24 h in the male and female subjects, respectively.", "contents": "The metabolism in man of (3H)-5alpha-16-androsten-3alpha-ol and of (3H)-5alpha-16-androsten-3-one. The in vitro metabolism in man of two 16-androstene steroids, 5alpha-16-androsten-3-one and 5alpha-16-androsten-3alpha-ol, has been studied using 3H-labelled tracers. 4 healthy subjects (2 of each sex) were chosen, and each labelled steroid was administered, by a single injection, to 1 man and 1 woman. Disappearance of (3H)-3alpha-androstenol in the subjects receiving this compound followed a curve which indicated a two-pool distribution in both cases; metabolic clearance rates for these subjects were found to be 3,790 1/24 h in the man and 3,120 1/24 h in the woman. Blood production rates calculated for the 3alpha-androstenol-treated subjects were 875 microgram/24 h in the man and 1,780 microgram/24 h in the woman. Recovery of 3H in the urine of all 4 subjects was very low, between 28 and 42%. Conversion of the injected precursors to urinary 3alpha-androstenol was 13.5 and 12.7% in the 2 men and 6.1 and 5.9% in the 2 women. The male subjects were found to have a lower 24-hour urinary 3alpha-androstenol output (570 and 387 microgram/24 h) than the average for men of their age. The urinary 3alpha-androstenol output in the women was 225 and 276 microgram/24 h, and was within the normal range for women. The urine production rates of 3alpha-androstenol were 2,470 and 4,090 microgram/24 h in the male and female subjects, respectively; the difference between the blood and urine production rates of this compound are thought to indicate the direct secretion of conjugates. Urine production rates of 5alpha-androstenone (measured as 3alpha-androstenol) were 2,370 and 4,340 microgram/24 h in the male and female subjects, respectively.", "PMID": 680637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4488", "title": "[Hemoglobin XXIII: note on the sequence of the delta-chains of human hemoglobin (author's transl)].", "content": "The minor component of the human adult hemoglobin Hb A2 (alpha2/delta2) was isolated. The peptide chains were separated by counter current distribution, the delta-chains digested with trypsin and all hydrolysis splitting products separated and quantitatively characterized. With the film technique the different peptides were sequenced with hydrophilic phenylisothiocyanates I and IV or by the propyne programme. The complete sequence of the delta-chains is given and compared with the sequence reported in former investigations, in which the delta-chain sequence was only partly elucidated. Having completely sequenced the delta-chains of the human hemoglobin, we found the 10 previously reported exchanges and no additional exchanges with respect to the beta-chains.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin XXIII: note on the sequence of the delta-chains of human hemoglobin (author's transl)]. The minor component of the human adult hemoglobin Hb A2 (alpha2/delta2) was isolated. The peptide chains were separated by counter current distribution, the delta-chains digested with trypsin and all hydrolysis splitting products separated and quantitatively characterized. With the film technique the different peptides were sequenced with hydrophilic phenylisothiocyanates I and IV or by the propyne programme. The complete sequence of the delta-chains is given and compared with the sequence reported in former investigations, in which the delta-chain sequence was only partly elucidated. Having completely sequenced the delta-chains of the human hemoglobin, we found the 10 previously reported exchanges and no additional exchanges with respect to the beta-chains.", "PMID": 680638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4489", "title": "Distribution of metabolites between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments of hepatocytes isolated from fed rats.", "content": "In isolated hepatocytes from normal fed rats, the subcellular distribution of malate, citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, glutamate, aspartate, oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA and CoASH has been determined by a modified digitonin method. Incubation with various substrates (lactate, pyruvate, alanine, oleate, oleate plus lactate, ethanol and aspartate) markedly changed the total cellular amounts of metabolites, but their distribution between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments was kept fairly constant. In the presence of lactate, pyruvate or alanine, about 90% of cellular aspartate, malate and oxaloacetate, and 50% of citrate was located in the cytosol. The changes in acetyl-CoA in the cytosol were opposite to those in the mitochondrial space, the sum of both remaining nearly constant. The mitochondrial acetyl-CoA/CoASH ratio ranged from 0.3-0.9 and was positively correlated with the rate of ketone body formation. The mitochondrial/cytosolic (m/c) concentration gradients for malate, citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, glutamate, aspartate, oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA and CoASH averaged from hepatocytes under different substrate conditions were determined to be 1.0, 8.8, 1.6, 2.2, 0.5, 0.7, 13 and 40, respectively. From the distribution of citrate, a pH difference of 0.3 across the inner mitochondrial membrane was calculated, yet lower values resulted from the m/c gradients of 2-oxoglutarate, glutamate and malate. The mass action ratios for citrate synthase and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase have been calculated from the metabolite concentrations measured in the mitochondrial pellet fraction. A comparison with the respective equilibrium constants indicates that in intact hepatocytes, neither enzyme maintains its reactants at equilibrium. On the assumption that mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase operate near equilibrium, the concentration of free oxaloacetate appears to be 0.3-2 micron, depending on the substrate used. Plotting the calculated free mitochondrial oxaloacetate concentration against the citrate concentration measured in the mitochondrial pellet yielded a hyperbolic saturation curve, from which an apparent Km of citrate synthase for oxaloacetate in the intact cells of 2 micron can be derived, which is comparable to the value determined with purified rat liver citrate synthase. The results are discussed with respect to the supply of substrates and effectors of anion carriers and of key enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Distribution of metabolites between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments of hepatocytes isolated from fed rats. In isolated hepatocytes from normal fed rats, the subcellular distribution of malate, citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, glutamate, aspartate, oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA and CoASH has been determined by a modified digitonin method. Incubation with various substrates (lactate, pyruvate, alanine, oleate, oleate plus lactate, ethanol and aspartate) markedly changed the total cellular amounts of metabolites, but their distribution between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments was kept fairly constant. In the presence of lactate, pyruvate or alanine, about 90% of cellular aspartate, malate and oxaloacetate, and 50% of citrate was located in the cytosol. The changes in acetyl-CoA in the cytosol were opposite to those in the mitochondrial space, the sum of both remaining nearly constant. The mitochondrial acetyl-CoA/CoASH ratio ranged from 0.3-0.9 and was positively correlated with the rate of ketone body formation. The mitochondrial/cytosolic (m/c) concentration gradients for malate, citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, glutamate, aspartate, oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA and CoASH averaged from hepatocytes under different substrate conditions were determined to be 1.0, 8.8, 1.6, 2.2, 0.5, 0.7, 13 and 40, respectively. From the distribution of citrate, a pH difference of 0.3 across the inner mitochondrial membrane was calculated, yet lower values resulted from the m/c gradients of 2-oxoglutarate, glutamate and malate. The mass action ratios for citrate synthase and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase have been calculated from the metabolite concentrations measured in the mitochondrial pellet fraction. A comparison with the respective equilibrium constants indicates that in intact hepatocytes, neither enzyme maintains its reactants at equilibrium. On the assumption that mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase operate near equilibrium, the concentration of free oxaloacetate appears to be 0.3-2 micron, depending on the substrate used. Plotting the calculated free mitochondrial oxaloacetate concentration against the citrate concentration measured in the mitochondrial pellet yielded a hyperbolic saturation curve, from which an apparent Km of citrate synthase for oxaloacetate in the intact cells of 2 micron can be derived, which is comparable to the value determined with purified rat liver citrate synthase. The results are discussed with respect to the supply of substrates and effectors of anion carriers and of key enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid biosynthesis.", "PMID": 680639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4490", "title": "[Improved preparation of des-alanylB30-insulin (author's transl)].", "content": "Des-AlaB30-insulin was prepared by incubation of insulin with carboxypeptidase A. The C-terminal alanineB30 of the B-chain was quantitatively liberated without liberating asparagineA21 of the A-chain in ammonium hydrogencarbonate buffer.", "contents": "[Improved preparation of des-alanylB30-insulin (author's transl)]. Des-AlaB30-insulin was prepared by incubation of insulin with carboxypeptidase A. The C-terminal alanineB30 of the B-chain was quantitatively liberated without liberating asparagineA21 of the A-chain in ammonium hydrogencarbonate buffer.", "PMID": 680640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4491", "title": "Subcellular distribution of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine in the blood platelets of rabbits: effects of imipramine and and haloperidol.", "content": "Long-term (10 days) administration of imipramine [20 mg/(kg X d)] to rabbits significantly increases the Km value (4.0 micron) of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in their platelets compared to those of saline- (0.7 micron) or haloperidol- (0.4 micron) treated rabbits. Administration of haloperidol inhibits the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake non-competitively, and in vitro it had an ID50 value of 22 micron. Intravenous injections of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine were given to the animals 1 h before blood collection. After isolation of platelets, their sonicates were subjected to 30-60% continuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The subcellular distribution of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine indicates that imipramine treatment, in contrast to the control and haloperidol treatment, led to a shift in the exogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine peak from within the granular zone (d 1.18) to the extragranular cytoplasm (d 1.15). Compared to control values, the imipramine treatment caused 63% inhibition in the platelet Na-K-ATPase activity.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine in the blood platelets of rabbits: effects of imipramine and and haloperidol. Long-term (10 days) administration of imipramine [20 mg/(kg X d)] to rabbits significantly increases the Km value (4.0 micron) of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in their platelets compared to those of saline- (0.7 micron) or haloperidol- (0.4 micron) treated rabbits. Administration of haloperidol inhibits the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake non-competitively, and in vitro it had an ID50 value of 22 micron. Intravenous injections of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine were given to the animals 1 h before blood collection. After isolation of platelets, their sonicates were subjected to 30-60% continuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The subcellular distribution of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine indicates that imipramine treatment, in contrast to the control and haloperidol treatment, led to a shift in the exogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine peak from within the granular zone (d 1.18) to the extragranular cytoplasm (d 1.15). Compared to control values, the imipramine treatment caused 63% inhibition in the platelet Na-K-ATPase activity.", "PMID": 680641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4492", "title": "Structure-function studies on red pigment-concentrating hormone; the significance of the terminal residues.", "content": "The significance of the terminal residues of the red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH: Glu-Leu-Asn-Phe-Ser-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2) for its blanching effect on crustacean chromatophores has been investigated. The chemical synthesis of the following small analogues, starting from the C-terminal amino acid are described: Ac-Trp-NH2, Boc-Gly-Trp-NH2, Ac-Gly-Trp-NH2, Gly-Trp-NH2, Ac-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2, Glu-Trp-NH2, Glu-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2, Ac-Pro-Gly and Glu-Pro-Gly-NH2. Assay of the biological activity of the various synthetic compounds in the shrimp Leander adspersus has established that only the C-terminal tryptophan residue is indispensable for the blanching effect of the hormone, although elongation of the chain length improves its potency.", "contents": "Structure-function studies on red pigment-concentrating hormone; the significance of the terminal residues. The significance of the terminal residues of the red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH: Glu-Leu-Asn-Phe-Ser-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2) for its blanching effect on crustacean chromatophores has been investigated. The chemical synthesis of the following small analogues, starting from the C-terminal amino acid are described: Ac-Trp-NH2, Boc-Gly-Trp-NH2, Ac-Gly-Trp-NH2, Gly-Trp-NH2, Ac-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2, Glu-Trp-NH2, Glu-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2, Ac-Pro-Gly and Glu-Pro-Gly-NH2. Assay of the biological activity of the various synthetic compounds in the shrimp Leander adspersus has established that only the C-terminal tryptophan residue is indispensable for the blanching effect of the hormone, although elongation of the chain length improves its potency.", "PMID": 680642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4493", "title": "Fructose, a substrate for energy-yielding metabolism in the heart?", "content": "Effects of fructose and glucose on cardiac function and 14CO2 production from radioactive hexoses were studied in isolated working guinea pig hearts perfused at constant filling pressure via the left atrium. When hearts were perfused without exogenous substrates external work declined, indicating exhaustion of endogenous energy sources. It was possible to restore left ventricular function with concentrations of glucose in the physiological range; in order to achieve a similar restoration with fructose as the only exogenous substrate concentrations higher than 40mM were necessary. 14CO2 necessary. 14CO2 production from [U-14C]glucose was half-maximal at about 2mM glucose. On the other hand, 14CO2 production from [U-14C]fructose did not show saturation kinetics and, at concentrations around 2mM, was less than 5% of the rates observed with [U-14C]glucose. Moreover, fructose oxidation was suppressed in the presence of 5mM glucose. The data suggest that fructose cannot serve as a major substrate in the heart under in vivo conditions.", "contents": "Fructose, a substrate for energy-yielding metabolism in the heart? Effects of fructose and glucose on cardiac function and 14CO2 production from radioactive hexoses were studied in isolated working guinea pig hearts perfused at constant filling pressure via the left atrium. When hearts were perfused without exogenous substrates external work declined, indicating exhaustion of endogenous energy sources. It was possible to restore left ventricular function with concentrations of glucose in the physiological range; in order to achieve a similar restoration with fructose as the only exogenous substrate concentrations higher than 40mM were necessary. 14CO2 necessary. 14CO2 production from [U-14C]glucose was half-maximal at about 2mM glucose. On the other hand, 14CO2 production from [U-14C]fructose did not show saturation kinetics and, at concentrations around 2mM, was less than 5% of the rates observed with [U-14C]glucose. Moreover, fructose oxidation was suppressed in the presence of 5mM glucose. The data suggest that fructose cannot serve as a major substrate in the heart under in vivo conditions.", "PMID": 680643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4494", "title": "Uptake of thymidine into isolated rat hepatocytes. Evidence for two transport systems.", "content": "Thymidine transport was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. In these cells no phosphorylation of the substrate by thymidine kinase occurred subsequent to transport. Results from studies of the concentration-dependent uptake of thymidine indicated two transport systems with about 80-fold differences in their kinetic constants. These systems were denoted as high affinity [Km = 5.3 micron, V = 0.47 pmol/(10(6) cells X s)] and low affinity systems [Km = 480 micron, V = 37.6 pmol/(10(6) cells X s)]. From intracellular to extracellular distribution ratios of [3H]thymidine it could be concluded that the uptake by the high affinity system was a concentrative process while the transport by the low affinity system was non-concentrative. The uptake of [3H]-thymidine by the high affinity system could only be inhibited by unlabeled thymidine. In contrast, all other nucleosides tested (uridine, 2'-deoxycytidine, and 2'-deoxyguanosine) were equally effective in inhibiting the low affinity system competitively. The results would suggest that in hepatocytes lacking phosphorylation by thymidine kinase, thymidine is taken up by a high and a low affinity system working in tandem. The high affinity system seems to be an active transport process with narrow substrate specificity. Thymidine uptake by the low affinity system is a facilitated diffusion process. This system is considered to be a common transport route for nucleosides of different structures.", "contents": "Uptake of thymidine into isolated rat hepatocytes. Evidence for two transport systems. Thymidine transport was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. In these cells no phosphorylation of the substrate by thymidine kinase occurred subsequent to transport. Results from studies of the concentration-dependent uptake of thymidine indicated two transport systems with about 80-fold differences in their kinetic constants. These systems were denoted as high affinity [Km = 5.3 micron, V = 0.47 pmol/(10(6) cells X s)] and low affinity systems [Km = 480 micron, V = 37.6 pmol/(10(6) cells X s)]. From intracellular to extracellular distribution ratios of [3H]thymidine it could be concluded that the uptake by the high affinity system was a concentrative process while the transport by the low affinity system was non-concentrative. The uptake of [3H]-thymidine by the high affinity system could only be inhibited by unlabeled thymidine. In contrast, all other nucleosides tested (uridine, 2'-deoxycytidine, and 2'-deoxyguanosine) were equally effective in inhibiting the low affinity system competitively. The results would suggest that in hepatocytes lacking phosphorylation by thymidine kinase, thymidine is taken up by a high and a low affinity system working in tandem. The high affinity system seems to be an active transport process with narrow substrate specificity. Thymidine uptake by the low affinity system is a facilitated diffusion process. This system is considered to be a common transport route for nucleosides of different structures.", "PMID": 680644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4495", "title": "Subunit structure of Micrococcus luteus catalase. Dissociation of M. luteus catalase induced by dodecylsulfate, citraconic and 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydrides and urea.", "content": "M. luteus catalase dissociates upon treatment with urea, dodecylsulfate and anhydrides into monomers, the molecular weight of which appears to be 1/4 of that of the native enzyme. The urea-induced dissociation depends upon the incubation time, the urea concentration and the pH of the incubation mixture. Reassociation of the subunits proved to be unsuccessful. Native M. luteus catalase only contains 30% alpha-helix. When fully dissociated in presence of urea, it still retains 15% alpha-helix. Catalase from M. luteus was found to lack cysteine residues.", "contents": "Subunit structure of Micrococcus luteus catalase. Dissociation of M. luteus catalase induced by dodecylsulfate, citraconic and 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydrides and urea. M. luteus catalase dissociates upon treatment with urea, dodecylsulfate and anhydrides into monomers, the molecular weight of which appears to be 1/4 of that of the native enzyme. The urea-induced dissociation depends upon the incubation time, the urea concentration and the pH of the incubation mixture. Reassociation of the subunits proved to be unsuccessful. Native M. luteus catalase only contains 30% alpha-helix. When fully dissociated in presence of urea, it still retains 15% alpha-helix. Catalase from M. luteus was found to lack cysteine residues.", "PMID": 680645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4496", "title": "Ultrastructural features of the colonic epithelium in familial polyposis coli.", "content": "Colectomy specimens from 6 cases of familial polyposis coli (FPC) were examined. Macroscopically normal mucosa between polyps was taken at intervals along the ascending, transverse and descending colons and studied at EM level. All three regions show the same cell populations varying only in their ratio and height of the epithelium. The same cell types seen in the normal crypt epithelium are present in the mucosa from FPC. As in the normal, 'intermediate' cells are present in FPC but they are less conspicuous than in the mucosa adjacent to colonic carcinoma. However, there are ultrastructural features which distinguish the \"normal\" mucosa in FPC from the true normal: (a) the presence of \"clear columnar\" cells; (b) increased vesiculation in the absorptive cells; (c) large number of lysosomes; and (d) the presence of small electron-dense bodies. The ultrastructure of the \"clear columnar\" cells suggests their being incompletely differentiated cells, thus raising the possibility that their presence in the upper crypt and surface epithelium may represent an early stage in the process of polyp and cancer formation.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of the colonic epithelium in familial polyposis coli. Colectomy specimens from 6 cases of familial polyposis coli (FPC) were examined. Macroscopically normal mucosa between polyps was taken at intervals along the ascending, transverse and descending colons and studied at EM level. All three regions show the same cell populations varying only in their ratio and height of the epithelium. The same cell types seen in the normal crypt epithelium are present in the mucosa from FPC. As in the normal, 'intermediate' cells are present in FPC but they are less conspicuous than in the mucosa adjacent to colonic carcinoma. However, there are ultrastructural features which distinguish the \"normal\" mucosa in FPC from the true normal: (a) the presence of \"clear columnar\" cells; (b) increased vesiculation in the absorptive cells; (c) large number of lysosomes; and (d) the presence of small electron-dense bodies. The ultrastructure of the \"clear columnar\" cells suggests their being incompletely differentiated cells, thus raising the possibility that their presence in the upper crypt and surface epithelium may represent an early stage in the process of polyp and cancer formation.", "PMID": 680647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4497", "title": "Detection of neoplastic and preneoplastic urothelia by combined scanning and transmission electron microscopy of urinary surface of human and rat bladders.", "content": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy reveal distinct differences between the appearance of the luminal surface membrane of normal urothelium and those of transitional cell tumours of both human and rat bladder. The luminal surface membrane of the preneoplastic rat urothelium shows features similar to those seen in the fully developed tumour. In human tumour-bearing bladders the urothelium away from the transitional cell tumour is not recognizable as being preneoplastic by light microscopy. However, by scanning or transmission electron microscopy, the luminal membrane in some areas shows changes identical to those in the preneoplastic rat bladder. These observations are in accordance with the clinical behaviour of the urothelium in patients with vesical transitional cell tumours which tend to recur in disparate site. We suggest that scanning electron microscopy of the bladder urothelium away from the tumour may be of prognostic value for indicating the subsequent biological behaviour of the urothelium.", "contents": "Detection of neoplastic and preneoplastic urothelia by combined scanning and transmission electron microscopy of urinary surface of human and rat bladders. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy reveal distinct differences between the appearance of the luminal surface membrane of normal urothelium and those of transitional cell tumours of both human and rat bladder. The luminal surface membrane of the preneoplastic rat urothelium shows features similar to those seen in the fully developed tumour. In human tumour-bearing bladders the urothelium away from the transitional cell tumour is not recognizable as being preneoplastic by light microscopy. However, by scanning or transmission electron microscopy, the luminal membrane in some areas shows changes identical to those in the preneoplastic rat bladder. These observations are in accordance with the clinical behaviour of the urothelium in patients with vesical transitional cell tumours which tend to recur in disparate site. We suggest that scanning electron microscopy of the bladder urothelium away from the tumour may be of prognostic value for indicating the subsequent biological behaviour of the urothelium.", "PMID": 680648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4498", "title": "Morphology and staining patterns of endocrine cell tumours in the gut, pancreas and bronchus and their possible significance.", "content": "We have studied 109 endocrine cell tumours of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and bronchus in terms of histological pattern and histochemical staining with immunocytochemical studies on seven tumours. As a result we believe that previous histological classifications need modification. 5-Hydroxytryptamine secreting tumours have a carcinoid (A1) pattern with, in some cases, an additional tubuloacinar element (A1A2) and definable histochemical reactions; well differentiated gastrinomas, insulinomas and glucagonomas are associated commonly, but not exclusively, with particular histological patterns and argyrophilia, but no such association exists for less differentiated tumours. This may be related to the synthesis of precursor hormones by less differentiated tumours. Mixed patterns are common, particularly in tumours of foregut derivation. Prospective studies planned to correlate histology, histochemistry, immunocytochemistry and ultrastructure are needed on all endocrine cell tumours.", "contents": "Morphology and staining patterns of endocrine cell tumours in the gut, pancreas and bronchus and their possible significance. We have studied 109 endocrine cell tumours of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and bronchus in terms of histological pattern and histochemical staining with immunocytochemical studies on seven tumours. As a result we believe that previous histological classifications need modification. 5-Hydroxytryptamine secreting tumours have a carcinoid (A1) pattern with, in some cases, an additional tubuloacinar element (A1A2) and definable histochemical reactions; well differentiated gastrinomas, insulinomas and glucagonomas are associated commonly, but not exclusively, with particular histological patterns and argyrophilia, but no such association exists for less differentiated tumours. This may be related to the synthesis of precursor hormones by less differentiated tumours. Mixed patterns are common, particularly in tumours of foregut derivation. Prospective studies planned to correlate histology, histochemistry, immunocytochemistry and ultrastructure are needed on all endocrine cell tumours.", "PMID": 680649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4499", "title": "Standardization and the histopathology of tumours.", "content": "Standardization of tumor classifications is a prerequisite in facilitating international communication in cancer research. Standardized classifications are not meant to replace, or compete with, conceptual classifications. The World Health Organization's efforts in this field give consideration to definitions of tumour types, terminology, formats of categorization, and codes.", "contents": "Standardization and the histopathology of tumours. Standardization of tumor classifications is a prerequisite in facilitating international communication in cancer research. Standardized classifications are not meant to replace, or compete with, conceptual classifications. The World Health Organization's efforts in this field give consideration to definitions of tumour types, terminology, formats of categorization, and codes.", "PMID": 680650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4500", "title": "Localization of glomerular \"deposits\" in Henoch--Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis.", "content": "Twenty-five renal biopsies from patients with Henoch--Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis were examined using light microscopy, immunofluorescence, 1 micrometer plastic-embedded sections and electron microscopy. The 1 micrometer plastic-embedded sections and electron microscopy showed deposits in mesangial, subendothelial and subepithelial sites. Some of the latter were very large and similar to those which have been described as \"humps\" in acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. Immunofluorescence showed the mesangial deposition of IgG, IgA and C3 with extension into a peripheral position in some cases. Fibrin was frequently found associated with crescents. The case for Henoch--Sch\u00f6nlein disease being mediated, in part at least, by immune complex deposition, is presented.", "contents": "Localization of glomerular \"deposits\" in Henoch--Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis. Twenty-five renal biopsies from patients with Henoch--Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis were examined using light microscopy, immunofluorescence, 1 micrometer plastic-embedded sections and electron microscopy. The 1 micrometer plastic-embedded sections and electron microscopy showed deposits in mesangial, subendothelial and subepithelial sites. Some of the latter were very large and similar to those which have been described as \"humps\" in acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. Immunofluorescence showed the mesangial deposition of IgG, IgA and C3 with extension into a peripheral position in some cases. Fibrin was frequently found associated with crescents. The case for Henoch--Sch\u00f6nlein disease being mediated, in part at least, by immune complex deposition, is presented.", "PMID": 680651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4501", "title": "A hospital for all seasons.", "content": "Seasonal variations in occupancy, cash flow, staffing patterns, and emergency department activity are familiar to any hospital, but institutions located in seasonal resort areas must cope with more extreme variations than do most hospitals. Mount Desert Island Hospital, Bar Harbor, ME, has developed several innovative means of handling slack periods in wintertime and intense activity in the summer.", "contents": "A hospital for all seasons. Seasonal variations in occupancy, cash flow, staffing patterns, and emergency department activity are familiar to any hospital, but institutions located in seasonal resort areas must cope with more extreme variations than do most hospitals. Mount Desert Island Hospital, Bar Harbor, ME, has developed several innovative means of handling slack periods in wintertime and intense activity in the summer.", "PMID": 680652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4502", "title": "Energy management: total program considers all building's systems.", "content": "Managing energy consumption, containing fuel usage, and preparing for alternate fuel sources are immediate areas for concern and action for all health care providers. The authors describe how they are meeting the challenge of increased energy costs and reduced availability while maintaining high-quality care by applying the concept of total energy management.", "contents": "Energy management: total program considers all building's systems. Managing energy consumption, containing fuel usage, and preparing for alternate fuel sources are immediate areas for concern and action for all health care providers. The authors describe how they are meeting the challenge of increased energy costs and reduced availability while maintaining high-quality care by applying the concept of total energy management.", "PMID": 680654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4503", "title": "Housekeeping: customized training program keyed to hospital's procedures, staff.", "content": "Thoughtfully developed, conscientiously applied housekeeping employee training programs are all too scarce. The program described was customized to fit an individual hospital's standard procedures, and it used volunteer models from among the workers to illustrate the video portion of the program. Recognition of employee merit and effective supervision and follow-up were two other key elements.", "contents": "Housekeeping: customized training program keyed to hospital's procedures, staff. Thoughtfully developed, conscientiously applied housekeeping employee training programs are all too scarce. The program described was customized to fit an individual hospital's standard procedures, and it used volunteer models from among the workers to illustrate the video portion of the program. Recognition of employee merit and effective supervision and follow-up were two other key elements.", "PMID": 680656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4504", "title": "Joint planning--how a hospital and a city carried it off.", "content": "Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Inc., and the City of Indianapolis, both having a strong commitment to redevelopment, designed a long-range project in which the hospital, as the dominant permanent institution of its inner-city neighborhood, played an important part in solving the problems faced by the entire community.", "contents": "Joint planning--how a hospital and a city carried it off. Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Inc., and the City of Indianapolis, both having a strong commitment to redevelopment, designed a long-range project in which the hospital, as the dominant permanent institution of its inner-city neighborhood, played an important part in solving the problems faced by the entire community.", "PMID": 680667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4505", "title": "Patients and staff favor night ministry program.", "content": "Patients often are more receptive to pastoral care during the night hours than during the day. When a chaplain remains in the hospital through the night, he is able to translate his religious calling into concern and love where it is most needed.", "contents": "Patients and staff favor night ministry program. Patients often are more receptive to pastoral care during the night hours than during the day. When a chaplain remains in the hospital through the night, he is able to translate his religious calling into concern and love where it is most needed.", "PMID": 680668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4506", "title": "Understanding trustees' concerns promotes board development.", "content": "A hospital's CEO has a major responsibility to promote development of the board into an effective, competent, functioning body. To do so, he must understand the special problems, fears, and risks that trustees confront in the health care setting; allow and expect the board to fulfill its own role; and provide a supportive environment in which the board can function and develop.", "contents": "Understanding trustees' concerns promotes board development. A hospital's CEO has a major responsibility to promote development of the board into an effective, competent, functioning body. To do so, he must understand the special problems, fears, and risks that trustees confront in the health care setting; allow and expect the board to fulfill its own role; and provide a supportive environment in which the board can function and develop.", "PMID": 680669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4507", "title": "Nursing aide training by community saves hospital time, space, money.", "content": "A hospital's staff development department and the community's public school adult education division jointly established an out-of-hospital training program for nursing aides and orderlies. This arrangement has enabled the hospital to devote more resources to other high educational priorities. It also has ensured effective training for the students and excellent employment opportunities for the graduates.", "contents": "Nursing aide training by community saves hospital time, space, money. A hospital's staff development department and the community's public school adult education division jointly established an out-of-hospital training program for nursing aides and orderlies. This arrangement has enabled the hospital to devote more resources to other high educational priorities. It also has ensured effective training for the students and excellent employment opportunities for the graduates.", "PMID": 680671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4508", "title": "Mobile critical care unit safeguards lives during transfers.", "content": "Providing access to high-quality critical care services for patients in small or remote hospitals is an important problem faced by many hospitals in this country. In an effort to meet the needs of critically ill patients who might be saved if they could be safely transported from their community hospitals to a large medical center with more specialized care capabilities, the University of Wisconsin Hospitals, Madison, designed a Mobile Critical Care Unit. The details of the unit's construction and of the program's operation are presented herein.", "contents": "Mobile critical care unit safeguards lives during transfers. Providing access to high-quality critical care services for patients in small or remote hospitals is an important problem faced by many hospitals in this country. In an effort to meet the needs of critically ill patients who might be saved if they could be safely transported from their community hospitals to a large medical center with more specialized care capabilities, the University of Wisconsin Hospitals, Madison, designed a Mobile Critical Care Unit. The details of the unit's construction and of the program's operation are presented herein.", "PMID": 680670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4509", "title": "Offering continuity of care for the elderly.", "content": "St. Benedict Hospital and Nursing Home provides a continuum of patient care services for the elderly ranging from home health service to acute hospital care. The many levels of care provided result in the advantages of economy of scale for the organization and continuity of care for the patients.", "contents": "Offering continuity of care for the elderly. St. Benedict Hospital and Nursing Home provides a continuum of patient care services for the elderly ranging from home health service to acute hospital care. The many levels of care provided result in the advantages of economy of scale for the organization and continuity of care for the patients.", "PMID": 680677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4510", "title": "The Christian administrator in a secular society.", "content": "While government involvement with hospitals complicates an administrator's operating environment, much of what government and consumer advocates want is at least philosophically good. In the midst of conflicts between a secular society and the goals of church-related hospitals, Christian administrators must demonstrate integrity and would do well to see adversity as a challenge promoting greater strenghts for themselves and for their hospitals.", "contents": "The Christian administrator in a secular society. While government involvement with hospitals complicates an administrator's operating environment, much of what government and consumer advocates want is at least philosophically good. In the midst of conflicts between a secular society and the goals of church-related hospitals, Christian administrators must demonstrate integrity and would do well to see adversity as a challenge promoting greater strenghts for themselves and for their hospitals.", "PMID": 680684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4511", "title": "Planning for \"the technology factor\".", "content": "Modern medical care technology impacts on decision making in the industry as never before. Whether this impact is more positive than negative is debatable; but the dialogue is of vital interest to hospitals, as technology is the central issue in the current furor over cost control.", "contents": "Planning for \"the technology factor\". Modern medical care technology impacts on decision making in the industry as never before. Whether this impact is more positive than negative is debatable; but the dialogue is of vital interest to hospitals, as technology is the central issue in the current furor over cost control.", "PMID": 680688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4512", "title": "Distribution of blood groups, serum markers and red cell enzymes in two human populations from Northern Siberia.", "content": "555 individuals were examined in relation to the ABO (with A1 and A2 subtypes), MNSs, P, Rh, Lutheran, Kell and Duffy systems. Less individuals were studied for the Kidd and Diego systems as well as for transferrins, haptoglobins and red cell enzymes, i.e. PGM1, 6-PGD, AK, and AcP. Besides, several Gm and Km (1) factors were also studied.", "contents": "Distribution of blood groups, serum markers and red cell enzymes in two human populations from Northern Siberia. 555 individuals were examined in relation to the ABO (with A1 and A2 subtypes), MNSs, P, Rh, Lutheran, Kell and Duffy systems. Less individuals were studied for the Kidd and Diego systems as well as for transferrins, haptoglobins and red cell enzymes, i.e. PGM1, 6-PGD, AK, and AcP. Besides, several Gm and Km (1) factors were also studied.", "PMID": 680695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4513", "title": "Relationship between Hp1S and Hp2 gene frequencies among human populations.", "content": "In this work, we present new data on the Hp1alpha- and Hp2alpha-chains polymorphism in different populations. We confirm the singularity of the geographical distribution of the Hp2 alleles in our samples. The analysis of the results shows that a significant correlation exists in the population between the Hp1S and Hp2 gene frequencies. An additional Hp1alpha-chain variant is described in a Pyrenean sample.", "contents": "Relationship between Hp1S and Hp2 gene frequencies among human populations. In this work, we present new data on the Hp1alpha- and Hp2alpha-chains polymorphism in different populations. We confirm the singularity of the geographical distribution of the Hp2 alleles in our samples. The analysis of the results shows that a significant correlation exists in the population between the Hp1S and Hp2 gene frequencies. An additional Hp1alpha-chain variant is described in a Pyrenean sample.", "PMID": 680696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4514", "title": "Problems in estimating non-disjunction rate from the F-bodies of two-headed human spermatozoa.", "content": "The F-bodies of two-headed human spermatozoa offer a unique potential for estimating non-disjunction rate of the Y chromosome. But there is an unexplained quantitative discrepancy: a gross deficiency of two-headed spermatozoa with no F-bodies, relative to the numbers with one F-body in each head. Any estimation of non-disjunction rate would be overshadowed by this and other major factors. Two-headed spermatozoa cannot be regarded as a random aggregation of haploid heads in pairs. DNA measurements confirmed that each head of 25 normal-sized two-headed spermatozoa was haploid. The distribution of F-body classes is independent of whether sperm tails are single or double. Donors with an exceptionally high incidence of two-headed spermatozoa exist.", "contents": "Problems in estimating non-disjunction rate from the F-bodies of two-headed human spermatozoa. The F-bodies of two-headed human spermatozoa offer a unique potential for estimating non-disjunction rate of the Y chromosome. But there is an unexplained quantitative discrepancy: a gross deficiency of two-headed spermatozoa with no F-bodies, relative to the numbers with one F-body in each head. Any estimation of non-disjunction rate would be overshadowed by this and other major factors. Two-headed spermatozoa cannot be regarded as a random aggregation of haploid heads in pairs. DNA measurements confirmed that each head of 25 normal-sized two-headed spermatozoa was haploid. The distribution of F-body classes is independent of whether sperm tails are single or double. Donors with an exceptionally high incidence of two-headed spermatozoa exist.", "PMID": 680697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4515", "title": "Consanguinity in multifactorial inheritance. Application to data on congenital glaucoma.", "content": "The increase of parental consanguinity in multifactorial inheritance is evaluated by calculating the expected incidence of affected children whose parents are first cousins, using several values, namely for condition frequency and heritability of liability. This increase is compared to the expected increase in recessive inheritance, when one or more loci are involved. The method is illustrated by examples of recessive and multifactorial conditions and applied, as a test of discrimination between different modes of inheritance, to data on congenital glaucoma.", "contents": "Consanguinity in multifactorial inheritance. Application to data on congenital glaucoma. The increase of parental consanguinity in multifactorial inheritance is evaluated by calculating the expected incidence of affected children whose parents are first cousins, using several values, namely for condition frequency and heritability of liability. This increase is compared to the expected increase in recessive inheritance, when one or more loci are involved. The method is illustrated by examples of recessive and multifactorial conditions and applied, as a test of discrimination between different modes of inheritance, to data on congenital glaucoma.", "PMID": 680698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4516", "title": "Serum genetic markers in a Newfoundland isolate with a familial aggregate of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Inherited genetic markers on the immunoglobulins and three other serum proteins were investigated in members of an isolated Newfoundland community. The frequencies found were compared with those from Europe. Whilst the incidence of the commonest variant forms were typically 'European', the occurrence of rare phenotypes pointed towards specific admixture from American Indians and Scandinavia. A possible contribution of these rare alleles, and of others, to pathogenesis in a familial aggregate of Hodgkin's disease within this community is discussed.", "contents": "Serum genetic markers in a Newfoundland isolate with a familial aggregate of Hodgkin's disease. Inherited genetic markers on the immunoglobulins and three other serum proteins were investigated in members of an isolated Newfoundland community. The frequencies found were compared with those from Europe. Whilst the incidence of the commonest variant forms were typically 'European', the occurrence of rare phenotypes pointed towards specific admixture from American Indians and Scandinavia. A possible contribution of these rare alleles, and of others, to pathogenesis in a familial aggregate of Hodgkin's disease within this community is discussed.", "PMID": 680699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4517", "title": "Genetic distance between the American Indians and the three major races of man.", "content": "The genetic distances between the American Indians and the three major races of man, Caucasoids, Negroids and Mongoloids, were determined by using gene frequency data on 14 blood group and 12 protein loci. The results support the general view that the ancestry of the American Indian is predominantly Mongoloid. Using 30,000 years as the separation time between the American Indian and Mongoloid, the divergence time between the three major races of man was estimated to be 33,000-92,000 years.", "contents": "Genetic distance between the American Indians and the three major races of man. The genetic distances between the American Indians and the three major races of man, Caucasoids, Negroids and Mongoloids, were determined by using gene frequency data on 14 blood group and 12 protein loci. The results support the general view that the ancestry of the American Indian is predominantly Mongoloid. Using 30,000 years as the separation time between the American Indian and Mongoloid, the divergence time between the three major races of man was estimated to be 33,000-92,000 years.", "PMID": 680700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4518", "title": "Linkage of glyoxalase I and HLA in two Newfoundland communities.", "content": "Family studies in Newfoundland confirm linkage between the glyoxalase I locus and HLA. The combined data gives a map distance of 4.54 centimorgans between the HLA B locus and glyoxalase I.", "contents": "Linkage of glyoxalase I and HLA in two Newfoundland communities. Family studies in Newfoundland confirm linkage between the glyoxalase I locus and HLA. The combined data gives a map distance of 4.54 centimorgans between the HLA B locus and glyoxalase I.", "PMID": 680701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4519", "title": "Genetic investigations in a Northern Brazilian island. II. Random drift.", "content": "18 albinos were born on Len\u00e7\u00f3is island. Since 3 of them died and 5 emigrated, the prevalence of albinism is about 3% in the island. 2 inbred brothers with brachydactyly of the index fingers and 1 case of 'achondroplasia' were also found. The analysis of the population structure of the island suggests that its high frequency of albinism may have been produced by random drift. The index of isolation of its present population is roughly 17--27. Genealogical, clinical and histological data are presented and anslyzed. Natural selection is not acting against the albinism gene at a measurable rate. Cytogenetic investigations among albinos and normals did not reveal any difference as regards frequency of aneuploidy, association of acrocentrics and chromatid gaps. The role of random processes in evolution is mentioned and the possibility that they may be more important than it is sometimes assumed is stressed.", "contents": "Genetic investigations in a Northern Brazilian island. II. Random drift. 18 albinos were born on Len\u00e7\u00f3is island. Since 3 of them died and 5 emigrated, the prevalence of albinism is about 3% in the island. 2 inbred brothers with brachydactyly of the index fingers and 1 case of 'achondroplasia' were also found. The analysis of the population structure of the island suggests that its high frequency of albinism may have been produced by random drift. The index of isolation of its present population is roughly 17--27. Genealogical, clinical and histological data are presented and anslyzed. Natural selection is not acting against the albinism gene at a measurable rate. Cytogenetic investigations among albinos and normals did not reveal any difference as regards frequency of aneuploidy, association of acrocentrics and chromatid gaps. The role of random processes in evolution is mentioned and the possibility that they may be more important than it is sometimes assumed is stressed.", "PMID": 680702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4520", "title": "Further data on mitochondrial malic enzyme in man.", "content": "Mitochondrial malic enzyme was examined by starch-gel electrophoresis in human brain samples from 291 adults and 118 fetuses, all of European origin. Gene frequencies were estimated as MEM10.65 and MEM20.35. There was no significant difference in phenotype distribution between the sexes nor between adults and fetuses. No deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found. Malic enzyme was examined in various other tissues and although strongest in brain, it was also frequently active in adult testis, heart and kidney. An additional isozyme migrating less anodally than mitochondrial malic enzyme and especially prominent in heart muscle was found to be attributable to a combination of aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase acting on citrate in the gel buffer.", "contents": "Further data on mitochondrial malic enzyme in man. Mitochondrial malic enzyme was examined by starch-gel electrophoresis in human brain samples from 291 adults and 118 fetuses, all of European origin. Gene frequencies were estimated as MEM10.65 and MEM20.35. There was no significant difference in phenotype distribution between the sexes nor between adults and fetuses. No deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found. Malic enzyme was examined in various other tissues and although strongest in brain, it was also frequently active in adult testis, heart and kidney. An additional isozyme migrating less anodally than mitochondrial malic enzyme and especially prominent in heart muscle was found to be attributable to a combination of aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase acting on citrate in the gel buffer.", "PMID": 680703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4521", "title": "GLO I and Bf phenotype distribution in a West German population sample.", "content": "GLO I phenotypes were determined in 1,075 unrelated West German individuals by starch gel electrophoresis. Gene frequencies were 0.4512 for GLO1 and 0.5488 for GLO2.  Association studies between GLO I and Bf in 985 individuals of which Bf phenotypes were known from previous reports gave no significant evidence for close association between the two systems.", "contents": "GLO I and Bf phenotype distribution in a West German population sample. GLO I phenotypes were determined in 1,075 unrelated West German individuals by starch gel electrophoresis. Gene frequencies were 0.4512 for GLO1 and 0.5488 for GLO2.  Association studies between GLO I and Bf in 985 individuals of which Bf phenotypes were known from previous reports gave no significant evidence for close association between the two systems.", "PMID": 680704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4522", "title": "Immunoglobulin Gm and Km genetic markers in Vietnamese.", "content": "The distribution of the G1m (1,2,3,17), G2m(23), G3m(5,10,11,13,14,15,21,28) and Km (1,2) allotypic markers has been examined in 122 unrelated Vietnamese subjects originating from all regions of Vietnam. The 13 observed phenotypes have been explained by means of 8 haplotypes: 5 'major' ones (which are also known to be usual in all other reported Mongoloid populations) and 3 'minor' ones. Consideration of gene frequencies allows easy integration of Vietnamese within the south-north cline of Gm haplotype distribution in East Asia, where they insert between Southern Chinese, on one hand, and Singapore as well as South Central Chinese on the other hand. The observed Km10.290 frequency value revealed to be of the same order of magnitude as the values reported for most other non-Thai Mongoloids.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin Gm and Km genetic markers in Vietnamese. The distribution of the G1m (1,2,3,17), G2m(23), G3m(5,10,11,13,14,15,21,28) and Km (1,2) allotypic markers has been examined in 122 unrelated Vietnamese subjects originating from all regions of Vietnam. The 13 observed phenotypes have been explained by means of 8 haplotypes: 5 'major' ones (which are also known to be usual in all other reported Mongoloid populations) and 3 'minor' ones. Consideration of gene frequencies allows easy integration of Vietnamese within the south-north cline of Gm haplotype distribution in East Asia, where they insert between Southern Chinese, on one hand, and Singapore as well as South Central Chinese on the other hand. The observed Km10.290 frequency value revealed to be of the same order of magnitude as the values reported for most other non-Thai Mongoloids.", "PMID": 680705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4523", "title": "Genetical distance and dermatoglyphic characters. II. Intrapopulation distance coefficients.", "content": "This paper attempts to evaluate the dermatoglyphic (genetical) distance between two Polish population samples in relation to the intrapopulation distance coefficients estimated within each sample. All the coefficients have been based, in turn, on frequencies of fingertip, palmar and sole pattern elements, separately and for all characters combined. The results of a comparison of various combinations of dermatoglyphic characters with one another in respect of all successive values of a distance coefficient indicate that, if populations of mostly related individuals were compared, sole patterns have been the most efficient ones in differentiating between the two normal population samples. The values of inter- and intrapopulation distance coefficients obtained from samples consisting mostly of family units have been compared with those estimated in samples of non-related individuals. The limitations and difficulties in the interpretation of the values of a distance coefficient related both to the material used and statistical procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Genetical distance and dermatoglyphic characters. II. Intrapopulation distance coefficients. This paper attempts to evaluate the dermatoglyphic (genetical) distance between two Polish population samples in relation to the intrapopulation distance coefficients estimated within each sample. All the coefficients have been based, in turn, on frequencies of fingertip, palmar and sole pattern elements, separately and for all characters combined. The results of a comparison of various combinations of dermatoglyphic characters with one another in respect of all successive values of a distance coefficient indicate that, if populations of mostly related individuals were compared, sole patterns have been the most efficient ones in differentiating between the two normal population samples. The values of inter- and intrapopulation distance coefficients obtained from samples consisting mostly of family units have been compared with those estimated in samples of non-related individuals. The limitations and difficulties in the interpretation of the values of a distance coefficient related both to the material used and statistical procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 680706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4524", "title": "Chemical models for possible nitrosamine artifact formation in environmental analysis.", "content": "Preliminary data concerning two different phenomena of potential importance to those studying the analysis and formation of environmental N-nitroso compounds are presented. First of all, we report that inorganic nitrite in the solid phase can serve as an effective nitrosating agent for solutions of amines in certain nonaqueous media. Secondly, we describe evidence suggesting that the appearance of nitrosamines as contaminants in deionized water (Cohen, 1977; Gough et al., 1977; Fiddler et al., 1977) might result at least partly from simple, acid-catalyzed nitrosation of the amine/ammonium functional groups on the anion exchange resins used in the demineralization process. Possible implications of both phenomena are discussed and potentially useful measures for their control are suggested.", "contents": "Chemical models for possible nitrosamine artifact formation in environmental analysis. Preliminary data concerning two different phenomena of potential importance to those studying the analysis and formation of environmental N-nitroso compounds are presented. First of all, we report that inorganic nitrite in the solid phase can serve as an effective nitrosating agent for solutions of amines in certain nonaqueous media. Secondly, we describe evidence suggesting that the appearance of nitrosamines as contaminants in deionized water (Cohen, 1977; Gough et al., 1977; Fiddler et al., 1977) might result at least partly from simple, acid-catalyzed nitrosation of the amine/ammonium functional groups on the anion exchange resins used in the demineralization process. Possible implications of both phenomena are discussed and potentially useful measures for their control are suggested.", "PMID": 680721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4525", "title": "Studies related to nitrosamide formation: nitrosation in solvent: water and solvent systems, nitrosomethylurea formation in the rat stomach and analysis of a fish product for ureas.", "content": "Nitrous acid (HNO2) was partly extracted from water by organic solvents, especially polar ones. Carbaryl was nitrosated in solvent: water mixtures most rapidly when nonpolar solvents, e.g. methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride and hexane, were used. Under given conditions, carbaryl was nitrosated in methylene chloride:water mixtures 20 times faster than in water alone, mainly because of its insolubility in water. For ethylurea, hexylurea, ethyl N-ethyl-carbamate and aminopyrine, nitrosation by sodium sulfate-dried methylene chloride extracts of nitrous acid ('dried HNO2') was at least 88% complete after reaction for 5 seconds at 6 degrees C. Nitrosation of N-butylacetamide by the same extract proceeded more slowly, with a second-order rate constant 31,000 times greater than for nitrosation in water at pH 2. Butylacetamide was nitrosated in methylene chloride by equivalent concentrations of 'dried HNO2', dinitrogen trioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide at similar rates. Nitrosomethylurea (NMU) formation was measured radioactively in the stomach contents of rats fed [3H]methylurea (MU) and sodium nitrite. When both compounds were given in the food (100 mg MU and 4 g NaNO2/kg) and the rats were killed 3 hours later, the NMU yield was 0.46% of the MU. When the food also contained 11.5 g sodium ascorbate/kg, NMU production was completely inhibited. With 2-4 g/1 sodium nitrite in the drinking water and MU in the food, no NMU was detected. Ureas were determined in dried, salted bonito fish from Japan, by a method involving ion-exchange and paper chromatography. The fish sample contained 80 mg urea/kg, but no MU. When the fish was nitrosated at pH 1 and then denitrosated at pH 0, 25 mg MU/kg was detected. Mu identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Studies related to nitrosamide formation: nitrosation in solvent: water and solvent systems, nitrosomethylurea formation in the rat stomach and analysis of a fish product for ureas. Nitrous acid (HNO2) was partly extracted from water by organic solvents, especially polar ones. Carbaryl was nitrosated in solvent: water mixtures most rapidly when nonpolar solvents, e.g. methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride and hexane, were used. Under given conditions, carbaryl was nitrosated in methylene chloride:water mixtures 20 times faster than in water alone, mainly because of its insolubility in water. For ethylurea, hexylurea, ethyl N-ethyl-carbamate and aminopyrine, nitrosation by sodium sulfate-dried methylene chloride extracts of nitrous acid ('dried HNO2') was at least 88% complete after reaction for 5 seconds at 6 degrees C. Nitrosation of N-butylacetamide by the same extract proceeded more slowly, with a second-order rate constant 31,000 times greater than for nitrosation in water at pH 2. Butylacetamide was nitrosated in methylene chloride by equivalent concentrations of 'dried HNO2', dinitrogen trioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide at similar rates. Nitrosomethylurea (NMU) formation was measured radioactively in the stomach contents of rats fed [3H]methylurea (MU) and sodium nitrite. When both compounds were given in the food (100 mg MU and 4 g NaNO2/kg) and the rats were killed 3 hours later, the NMU yield was 0.46% of the MU. When the food also contained 11.5 g sodium ascorbate/kg, NMU production was completely inhibited. With 2-4 g/1 sodium nitrite in the drinking water and MU in the food, no NMU was detected. Ureas were determined in dried, salted bonito fish from Japan, by a method involving ion-exchange and paper chromatography. The fish sample contained 80 mg urea/kg, but no MU. When the fish was nitrosated at pH 1 and then denitrosated at pH 0, 25 mg MU/kg was detected. Mu identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 680724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4526", "title": "Characteristics of the TEA detector in use with high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "It was found that the response of the TEA detector was highly dependent on the operating temperature of the furnace and on the flow rate of gas that is used to purge the furnace. It was also found that the response of the detector was very highly dependent on the volatility of the nitroso compound and the optimum operating conditions were also very different for low and high volatility compounds. When samples containing equal quantities of NDMA, NPYR, NPRO and NPIC were chromatographed at low furnace temperatures, only the peaks for NPRO and NPIC (low volatility) were observed. When a high furnace temperature was used, only NDMA and NPYR (high volatility) were routinely observed. At intermediate temperatures, all four compounds could usually be observed. Under optimum conditions, the sensitivity was 3 microgram/ml for NPRO and 5 microgram/ml for NPIC.", "contents": "Characteristics of the TEA detector in use with high pressure liquid chromatography. It was found that the response of the TEA detector was highly dependent on the operating temperature of the furnace and on the flow rate of gas that is used to purge the furnace. It was also found that the response of the detector was very highly dependent on the volatility of the nitroso compound and the optimum operating conditions were also very different for low and high volatility compounds. When samples containing equal quantities of NDMA, NPYR, NPRO and NPIC were chromatographed at low furnace temperatures, only the peaks for NPRO and NPIC (low volatility) were observed. When a high furnace temperature was used, only NDMA and NPYR (high volatility) were routinely observed. At intermediate temperatures, all four compounds could usually be observed. Under optimum conditions, the sensitivity was 3 microgram/ml for NPRO and 5 microgram/ml for NPIC.", "PMID": 680726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4527", "title": "Possible nitrosodimethylamine formation in comparative in vitro nitrosation experiments with six different tetracycline antibiotics.", "content": "The hydrochlorides of tetracycline, minocycline, chlorotetracycline, anhydrochlorotetracycline, desmethylchlorotetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline were reacted with sodium nitrite for two hours at 37 degrees C in aqueous buffer solutions at pH 2 and 4 under simulated stomach conditions. NDMA formation was detected from minocycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and anhydrochlorotetracycline by GLC and GLC-MS analysis. NDMA formation from minocycline and dodxycycline was blocked by ascorbic acid. The catalytic effect of sodium thiocyanate for NDMA formation from minocycline and nitrite was investigated. The different reactivities of the tested tetracyclines towards nitrite in acidic solutions (NDMA formation from minocycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and no NDMA formation from tetracycline, chlorotetracycline and desmethylchlorotetracycline) may be understood from stereochemical considerations. The failure of dealkylative nitrosation reactions in the latter tetracyclines is explained by the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bridge linkages between epidimethylamino groups at C-4 and OH groups at C-6. This hypothesis was proved by the observations of NDMA formation from anhydrochlortetracycline and sodium nitrite at pH 2.", "contents": "Possible nitrosodimethylamine formation in comparative in vitro nitrosation experiments with six different tetracycline antibiotics. The hydrochlorides of tetracycline, minocycline, chlorotetracycline, anhydrochlorotetracycline, desmethylchlorotetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline were reacted with sodium nitrite for two hours at 37 degrees C in aqueous buffer solutions at pH 2 and 4 under simulated stomach conditions. NDMA formation was detected from minocycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and anhydrochlorotetracycline by GLC and GLC-MS analysis. NDMA formation from minocycline and dodxycycline was blocked by ascorbic acid. The catalytic effect of sodium thiocyanate for NDMA formation from minocycline and nitrite was investigated. The different reactivities of the tested tetracyclines towards nitrite in acidic solutions (NDMA formation from minocycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and no NDMA formation from tetracycline, chlorotetracycline and desmethylchlorotetracycline) may be understood from stereochemical considerations. The failure of dealkylative nitrosation reactions in the latter tetracyclines is explained by the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bridge linkages between epidimethylamino groups at C-4 and OH groups at C-6. This hypothesis was proved by the observations of NDMA formation from anhydrochlortetracycline and sodium nitrite at pH 2.", "PMID": 680727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4528", "title": "Non-volatile N-nitroso compounds in human feces.", "content": "A bacterial mutagen has been detected in ether extracts of freeze-dried feces of humans on Western diet. Several types of evidence suggest that nitroso compounds are present in human feces and the mutagen could be a nitroso compound. Ascorbic acid supplement in the diet reduces the levels of both the mutagens and nitroso compounds in the feces.", "contents": "Non-volatile N-nitroso compounds in human feces. A bacterial mutagen has been detected in ether extracts of freeze-dried feces of humans on Western diet. Several types of evidence suggest that nitroso compounds are present in human feces and the mutagen could be a nitroso compound. Ascorbic acid supplement in the diet reduces the levels of both the mutagens and nitroso compounds in the feces.", "PMID": 680728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4529", "title": "An assessment of human exposure to N-nitroso compounds.", "content": "Current knowledge on human exposure to N-nitroso compounds is reviewed. Four exposure routes are considered: ingestion, inhalation, dermal and in vivo. The relative importance of various N-nitrosation mechanisms is discussed.", "contents": "An assessment of human exposure to N-nitroso compounds. Current knowledge on human exposure to N-nitroso compounds is reviewed. Four exposure routes are considered: ingestion, inhalation, dermal and in vivo. The relative importance of various N-nitrosation mechanisms is discussed.", "PMID": 680729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4530", "title": "Comprehensive analytical procedures for the determination of volatile and non-volatile, polar and non-polar N-nitroso compounds.", "content": "The first comprehensive analytical procedures for the quantitative analysis of N-nitroso compounds are described. The scheme divides N-nitroso compounds into four major, overlapping categories: volatile (Class I), non-volatile, low polarity (Class II), non-volatile, non-ionic, high polarity (Class III) and non-volatile, ionic, high polarity (Class IV). Existing analytical techniques for each class of compound are integrated into an organized and logical sequence of analysis to allow all classes of compounds to be determined. TEA-GC is used for the volatile compounds and TEA-HPLC for the non-volatile. It is emphasized that the coincidence of retention time in either TEA-GC alone or TEA-HPLC alone cannot be taken as sufficient evidence for the identification of N-nitroso compounds, especially for samples from complex matrices. Independent techniques are required to confirm these results. The confirmatory techniques used frequently in our laboratory are: (1) spectroscopic analysis (IR, NMR, UV and MS), (2) formation and identification of derivatives, and (3) parallel TEA-GC/TEA-HPLC techniques. These procedures are now used at Thermo Electron for the comprehensive screening of environmental samples.", "contents": "Comprehensive analytical procedures for the determination of volatile and non-volatile, polar and non-polar N-nitroso compounds. The first comprehensive analytical procedures for the quantitative analysis of N-nitroso compounds are described. The scheme divides N-nitroso compounds into four major, overlapping categories: volatile (Class I), non-volatile, low polarity (Class II), non-volatile, non-ionic, high polarity (Class III) and non-volatile, ionic, high polarity (Class IV). Existing analytical techniques for each class of compound are integrated into an organized and logical sequence of analysis to allow all classes of compounds to be determined. TEA-GC is used for the volatile compounds and TEA-HPLC for the non-volatile. It is emphasized that the coincidence of retention time in either TEA-GC alone or TEA-HPLC alone cannot be taken as sufficient evidence for the identification of N-nitroso compounds, especially for samples from complex matrices. Independent techniques are required to confirm these results. The confirmatory techniques used frequently in our laboratory are: (1) spectroscopic analysis (IR, NMR, UV and MS), (2) formation and identification of derivatives, and (3) parallel TEA-GC/TEA-HPLC techniques. These procedures are now used at Thermo Electron for the comprehensive screening of environmental samples.", "PMID": 680730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4531", "title": "Analytical determination of N-nitroso compounds in pesticides by the United States Environmental Protection Agency--a preliminary study.", "content": "Lijinsky, Eisenbrand and others have demonstrated the formation of N-nitroso derivatives of certain secondary amine pesticides under specified experimental conditions. Partly based on these studies and on reports of the industrial discharge of N-nitrosos compounds from several chemical manufacturing facilities the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued several reports on the nitroso problem, including a report by a special ad hoc committee under the Administrator's Science Advisory Board (1976). Unexpectedly high N-nitrosoalkylamine residues found in several pesticide products (Fine et al., 1976) have prompted EPA to conduct a survey, initially of approximately 70-80 pesticides that potentially were representative of the following three routes of contamination: 1. industrial process formation and carryover; 2. in situ (container) nitrosation and 3. utilization of contaminated amines in the manufacturing process. Environmental formation was not studied in this survey. Duplicate samples were analysed by two different laboratories using GC and HPLC interfaced with Hall, UV and chemiluminescent (TEA) detectors. Results of some analyses of this continuing survey are presented. Based partly on the results of this study, the Agency has decided to conduct risk-benefit analyses on pesticides suspected of containing N-nitroso contaminants, with special consideration given to oncogenic and mutagenic potential. The analytical results of the study are discussed, as is the cooperative effort within the Agency.", "contents": "Analytical determination of N-nitroso compounds in pesticides by the United States Environmental Protection Agency--a preliminary study. Lijinsky, Eisenbrand and others have demonstrated the formation of N-nitroso derivatives of certain secondary amine pesticides under specified experimental conditions. Partly based on these studies and on reports of the industrial discharge of N-nitrosos compounds from several chemical manufacturing facilities the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued several reports on the nitroso problem, including a report by a special ad hoc committee under the Administrator's Science Advisory Board (1976). Unexpectedly high N-nitrosoalkylamine residues found in several pesticide products (Fine et al., 1976) have prompted EPA to conduct a survey, initially of approximately 70-80 pesticides that potentially were representative of the following three routes of contamination: 1. industrial process formation and carryover; 2. in situ (container) nitrosation and 3. utilization of contaminated amines in the manufacturing process. Environmental formation was not studied in this survey. Duplicate samples were analysed by two different laboratories using GC and HPLC interfaced with Hall, UV and chemiluminescent (TEA) detectors. Results of some analyses of this continuing survey are presented. Based partly on the results of this study, the Agency has decided to conduct risk-benefit analyses on pesticides suspected of containing N-nitroso contaminants, with special consideration given to oncogenic and mutagenic potential. The analytical results of the study are discussed, as is the cooperative effort within the Agency.", "PMID": 680732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4532", "title": "Chemical studies on tobacco smoke LIX. Analysis of volatile nitrosamines in tobacco smoke and polluted indoor environments.", "content": "Chemical-analytical data were presented illustrating that the mainstream smoke of tobacco products contains traces of volatile N-nitrosamines. The quantity of volatile nitrosamines in the sidestream smoke of cigarettes and cigars exceeds that in the mainstream smoke by at least a factor of 10. This observation led to model studies and analysis of air in bar cars of trains, in a local bar and other indoor atmospheres polluted by tobacco smoke. The results showed that, during one hour in a smoke-polluted indoor environment, one may inhale volatile nitrosamines in quantities equal to those in the mainstream smoke of 0.5-30 cigarettes. It is emphasized that there are, at present, no epidemiological data linking human respiratory cancers to volatile nitrosamines.", "contents": "Chemical studies on tobacco smoke LIX. Analysis of volatile nitrosamines in tobacco smoke and polluted indoor environments. Chemical-analytical data were presented illustrating that the mainstream smoke of tobacco products contains traces of volatile N-nitrosamines. The quantity of volatile nitrosamines in the sidestream smoke of cigarettes and cigars exceeds that in the mainstream smoke by at least a factor of 10. This observation led to model studies and analysis of air in bar cars of trains, in a local bar and other indoor atmospheres polluted by tobacco smoke. The results showed that, during one hour in a smoke-polluted indoor environment, one may inhale volatile nitrosamines in quantities equal to those in the mainstream smoke of 0.5-30 cigarettes. It is emphasized that there are, at present, no epidemiological data linking human respiratory cancers to volatile nitrosamines.", "PMID": 680733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4533", "title": "Chemical studies on tobacco smoke LVI. Tobacco specific nitrosamines: origins, carcinogenicity and metabolism.", "content": "Tobacco contains specific carcinogenic nitrosamines which are derived from nicotine. These compounds may be among the causative agents for the various cancers (lung, oral cavity, oesophagus, bladder and pancreas) which are associated with tobacco usage. The major tobacco specific nitrosamine is N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), which has been detected in both unburned tobacco (0.3-90.6 ppm) and cigarette mainstream smoke (137-238 ng/cig.). Studies with labelled precursors showed that the major source of NNN formed during curing of tobacco was nicotine, rather than nornicotine. The transfer rate of NNN from tobacco to mainstream smoke was 11.3%; about half the NNN present in smoke therefore originated from tobacco, with the remainder being formed during smoking. Model studies of the reaction of nicotine and nitrite showed that, in addition to NNN, two other nitrosamines, 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanal (NNA) and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were formed. Analysis of tobacco revealed the presence of NNK in chewing tobacco and snuff (0.6-2.4 ppm). A comparative bioassay of NNN, NNK and NNA in strain A mice indicated that NNK was more tumorigenic than NNN and that NNA was inactive. NNN, which had previously been shown to induce oesophageal and nasal cavity tumours in rats, also was a moderately active carcinogen in the Syrian golden hamster, giving tracheal tumours. A study of the metabolism of cyclic nitrosamines was initiated. Metabolic alpha-hydroxylation of nitrosopyrrolidine, which is thought to be the critical step in activation of this compound, was demonstrated by detection in vitro and in vivo of 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, which was the product of decomposition of alpha-hydroxynitrosopyrrolidine. The metabolism of the related cyclic nitrosamine, NNN, is currently under investigation, with emphasis on metabolites resulting from alpha- and beta-hydroxylation. These analytical and metabolic studies are intended to clarify the possible relationship of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and site-specific cancers in tobacco users.", "contents": "Chemical studies on tobacco smoke LVI. Tobacco specific nitrosamines: origins, carcinogenicity and metabolism. Tobacco contains specific carcinogenic nitrosamines which are derived from nicotine. These compounds may be among the causative agents for the various cancers (lung, oral cavity, oesophagus, bladder and pancreas) which are associated with tobacco usage. The major tobacco specific nitrosamine is N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), which has been detected in both unburned tobacco (0.3-90.6 ppm) and cigarette mainstream smoke (137-238 ng/cig.). Studies with labelled precursors showed that the major source of NNN formed during curing of tobacco was nicotine, rather than nornicotine. The transfer rate of NNN from tobacco to mainstream smoke was 11.3%; about half the NNN present in smoke therefore originated from tobacco, with the remainder being formed during smoking. Model studies of the reaction of nicotine and nitrite showed that, in addition to NNN, two other nitrosamines, 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanal (NNA) and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were formed. Analysis of tobacco revealed the presence of NNK in chewing tobacco and snuff (0.6-2.4 ppm). A comparative bioassay of NNN, NNK and NNA in strain A mice indicated that NNK was more tumorigenic than NNN and that NNA was inactive. NNN, which had previously been shown to induce oesophageal and nasal cavity tumours in rats, also was a moderately active carcinogen in the Syrian golden hamster, giving tracheal tumours. A study of the metabolism of cyclic nitrosamines was initiated. Metabolic alpha-hydroxylation of nitrosopyrrolidine, which is thought to be the critical step in activation of this compound, was demonstrated by detection in vitro and in vivo of 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, which was the product of decomposition of alpha-hydroxynitrosopyrrolidine. The metabolism of the related cyclic nitrosamine, NNN, is currently under investigation, with emphasis on metabolites resulting from alpha- and beta-hydroxylation. These analytical and metabolic studies are intended to clarify the possible relationship of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and site-specific cancers in tobacco users.", "PMID": 680735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4534", "title": "Absorption, tissue deposition and passage into eggs of N-nitrosodimethylamine in hens.", "content": "The experiments were performed on 262 laying hens divided into 8 groups: 5 groups of hens were given orally N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in single doses of 30, 10, 3, 1 and 0.1 mg/kg of body weight, two groups received tap water containing 2 and 5 mg NDMA/kg, provided ad libitum for 20 consecutive days, and one group of layers served as a control. Birds were selected at random and sacrificed at one or two day intervals and NDMA content was determined in blood, muscles, liver, brain and in collected eggs. The highest concentrations of NDMA were found 24-36 hours after dosing in all investigated tissues and eggs. A single oral dose of 0.1 mg NDMA/kg produced tissue levels up to 0.06 mg/kg and resulted in excretion of detectable amounts of the carcinogen in eggs for up to 6 days. After large doses, 10 mg and 30 mg NDMA/kg, concentrations in corresponding tissues reached 6.0 and 12.7 mg/kg, and the presence of NDMA in eggs could still be detected after 12 and 14 days. Birds receiving NDMA in drinking water showed increasing NDMA concentrations in all analysed tissue and eggs. After 12 days, the highest levels were found in eggs, blood and brain. Practical implications of the results must be evaluated from the point of view of human safety.", "contents": "Absorption, tissue deposition and passage into eggs of N-nitrosodimethylamine in hens. The experiments were performed on 262 laying hens divided into 8 groups: 5 groups of hens were given orally N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in single doses of 30, 10, 3, 1 and 0.1 mg/kg of body weight, two groups received tap water containing 2 and 5 mg NDMA/kg, provided ad libitum for 20 consecutive days, and one group of layers served as a control. Birds were selected at random and sacrificed at one or two day intervals and NDMA content was determined in blood, muscles, liver, brain and in collected eggs. The highest concentrations of NDMA were found 24-36 hours after dosing in all investigated tissues and eggs. A single oral dose of 0.1 mg NDMA/kg produced tissue levels up to 0.06 mg/kg and resulted in excretion of detectable amounts of the carcinogen in eggs for up to 6 days. After large doses, 10 mg and 30 mg NDMA/kg, concentrations in corresponding tissues reached 6.0 and 12.7 mg/kg, and the presence of NDMA in eggs could still be detected after 12 and 14 days. Birds receiving NDMA in drinking water showed increasing NDMA concentrations in all analysed tissue and eggs. After 12 days, the highest levels were found in eggs, blood and brain. Practical implications of the results must be evaluated from the point of view of human safety.", "PMID": 680736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4535", "title": "The intake of nitrate, nitrite and volatile N-nitrosamines and the occurrence of volatile N-nitrosamines in human urine and veal calves.", "content": "A hundred samples of total diets, 19 samples of cheese (mainly Dutch), a total of 30 samples of muscle, fat liver, kidney, blood and fried meat from experimental veal calves (fed daily with 0.6 or 300 mg of potassium nitrate per kg b.w.) and 14 samples of urine of patients medicated with massive amounts of ammonium nitrate (up to an equivalent of 180 mg potassium nitrate per kg b.w.) have been analysed with GC-TEA for their content of the following N-nitrosamines: NDMA, NDEA, NDPA, NDBA, NPIP, NPYR and NMOR. NDMA was frequently found, but always in the sub micrograms per kg range, except for two diets (1.2 and 1.7 microgram/kg). Other N-nitrosamines were sporadically found in the same concentration range, except for one diet (NPYR, 1.9 microgram/kg). No correlation was found between NDMA content and the composition of diets or the nitrate load of patients or veal calves. Mean daily intake of NDMA, potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite from total diets was calculated to be 0.5 microgram, 215 mg and 7.7 mg respectively. N-nitrosamine recoveries from the various samples were determined mostly at the 1 microgram/kg level. Contents of potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite are reported for 124 samples of various vegetables, 94 samples of canned baby food and 48 samples of human saliva, collected at various times after the intake of meals. Some kinds of vegetables showed high to very high nitrate contents, for example, purslane, red beets, spinach and lettuce. Only traces of nitrite were found in the vegetables. Salivary nitrite content was shown to be highly dependent on the dietary intake of nitrate and increased up to 60 times its initial value after the consumption of vegetable-rich meals.", "contents": "The intake of nitrate, nitrite and volatile N-nitrosamines and the occurrence of volatile N-nitrosamines in human urine and veal calves. A hundred samples of total diets, 19 samples of cheese (mainly Dutch), a total of 30 samples of muscle, fat liver, kidney, blood and fried meat from experimental veal calves (fed daily with 0.6 or 300 mg of potassium nitrate per kg b.w.) and 14 samples of urine of patients medicated with massive amounts of ammonium nitrate (up to an equivalent of 180 mg potassium nitrate per kg b.w.) have been analysed with GC-TEA for their content of the following N-nitrosamines: NDMA, NDEA, NDPA, NDBA, NPIP, NPYR and NMOR. NDMA was frequently found, but always in the sub micrograms per kg range, except for two diets (1.2 and 1.7 microgram/kg). Other N-nitrosamines were sporadically found in the same concentration range, except for one diet (NPYR, 1.9 microgram/kg). No correlation was found between NDMA content and the composition of diets or the nitrate load of patients or veal calves. Mean daily intake of NDMA, potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite from total diets was calculated to be 0.5 microgram, 215 mg and 7.7 mg respectively. N-nitrosamine recoveries from the various samples were determined mostly at the 1 microgram/kg level. Contents of potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite are reported for 124 samples of various vegetables, 94 samples of canned baby food and 48 samples of human saliva, collected at various times after the intake of meals. Some kinds of vegetables showed high to very high nitrate contents, for example, purslane, red beets, spinach and lettuce. Only traces of nitrite were found in the vegetables. Salivary nitrite content was shown to be highly dependent on the dietary intake of nitrate and increased up to 60 times its initial value after the consumption of vegetable-rich meals.", "PMID": 680737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4536", "title": "Nitrosobenzylmethylamine, zinc deficiency and oesophageal cancer.", "content": "In an earlier study, we found reduced levels of zinc in the blood, hair and oesophageal tissue from patients with oesophageal cancer, compared with those in matched control subjects. Using a rat model, dietary zinc deficiency was found to increase the incidence and shorten the lag time for oesophageal tumour induction by NBMA. Zinc levels were also lower in samples of serum, hair, oesophagus and testis of the zinc-deficient rats, treated with the carcinogen or untreated, compared with the control rats, treated or untreated.", "contents": "Nitrosobenzylmethylamine, zinc deficiency and oesophageal cancer. In an earlier study, we found reduced levels of zinc in the blood, hair and oesophageal tissue from patients with oesophageal cancer, compared with those in matched control subjects. Using a rat model, dietary zinc deficiency was found to increase the incidence and shorten the lag time for oesophageal tumour induction by NBMA. Zinc levels were also lower in samples of serum, hair, oesophagus and testis of the zinc-deficient rats, treated with the carcinogen or untreated, compared with the control rats, treated or untreated.", "PMID": 680742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4537", "title": "The permeability of laboratory gloves to selected nitrosamines.", "content": "Samples of laboratory gloves of various composition and thicknesses were used as barriers between 0.136 M solutions of nitrosamines (dimethyl-, ethylmethyl-, diethyl-8 n-butylmethyl-, di-n-propyl-, di-iso-propyl- and di-sec-butyl- in dichloromethane, acetone, ethanol and double-distilled, deionized water) and water. The concentration of permeated nitrosamine was measured periodically. Nearly all gloves tested were permeable to the nitrosamine solutions. The results indicate that: (1) gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection, (2) gloves should be discarded immeidately following overt contamination and (3) gloves should not be reused.", "contents": "The permeability of laboratory gloves to selected nitrosamines. Samples of laboratory gloves of various composition and thicknesses were used as barriers between 0.136 M solutions of nitrosamines (dimethyl-, ethylmethyl-, diethyl-8 n-butylmethyl-, di-n-propyl-, di-iso-propyl- and di-sec-butyl- in dichloromethane, acetone, ethanol and double-distilled, deionized water) and water. The concentration of permeated nitrosamine was measured periodically. Nearly all gloves tested were permeable to the nitrosamine solutions. The results indicate that: (1) gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection, (2) gloves should be discarded immeidately following overt contamination and (3) gloves should not be reused.", "PMID": 680743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4538", "title": "Diffusion of nitrosamines through protective gloves.", "content": "A simple experimental demonstration of the permeability of protective gloves to volatile nitrosamines has been carried out. Rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves were turned inside out and the fingers filled with dilute solutions of nitrosamines in hexane. The outer faces of the fingers were washed with water at various times and the nitrosamine content of these washings determined. From these measurements the proportions of the various nitrosamines passing through the gloves were calculated. For both types of gloves N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) permeated the fingers most rapidly and to the greatest extent. Only a relatively small amount of N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) was transmitted. It was also established that the rubber gloves themselves did not contain any of the common volatile nitrosamines; N-nitrosomethylphenylamine and N-nitrosodiphenylamine were also absent.", "contents": "Diffusion of nitrosamines through protective gloves. A simple experimental demonstration of the permeability of protective gloves to volatile nitrosamines has been carried out. Rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves were turned inside out and the fingers filled with dilute solutions of nitrosamines in hexane. The outer faces of the fingers were washed with water at various times and the nitrosamine content of these washings determined. From these measurements the proportions of the various nitrosamines passing through the gloves were calculated. For both types of gloves N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) permeated the fingers most rapidly and to the greatest extent. Only a relatively small amount of N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) was transmitted. It was also established that the rubber gloves themselves did not contain any of the common volatile nitrosamines; N-nitrosomethylphenylamine and N-nitrosodiphenylamine were also absent.", "PMID": 680745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4539", "title": "The analysis and source of 1-diphenylmethyl-4-nitrosopiperazine in 1-diphenylmethyl-4-[(6-methyl-2-pyridyl) methyleneamino]piperazine: a case history.", "content": "Analytical methods were developed to determine whether there was less than one ppm of II in IV. Purified IV contained a compound with the same GC retention time as authentic II on OV-17 and Silar 10C columns, using a FID or a nitrogen/phosphorus detector. The GC-coupled mass spectra contained major peaks at m/e 251 and 167 and the GC-coupled methane CI spectra gave the quasi-molecular ion, m/e 282. However, the CI selected ion monitor indicated three compounds at m/e 282. The nitrosamine II was separated from IV by HPLC on muBondapak C18. The GC-coupled mass spectra of the HPLC nitrosamine fraction had peaks at m/e 251 and 167 and other peaks for a compound of greater MW than II, although the GC retention times were the same. Evidence for II and a decrease in the detection limit to one ppm was obtained with a TEA interfaced with a HPLC. To determine if II was formed from IV, it was exposed to ozone at -78 degrees C in methylene chloride. The DSC, IR and NMR of the product were coincident with those of the standard of II. In other experiments, IV in methylene chloride was exposed to light and dry air in the presence and absence of methylene blue. The PMR and 13C NMR of the product formed in the presence of methylene blue were the same as that of II. It is postulated that this nitrosamine was formed by a singlet oxygen mechanism.", "contents": "The analysis and source of 1-diphenylmethyl-4-nitrosopiperazine in 1-diphenylmethyl-4-[(6-methyl-2-pyridyl) methyleneamino]piperazine: a case history. Analytical methods were developed to determine whether there was less than one ppm of II in IV. Purified IV contained a compound with the same GC retention time as authentic II on OV-17 and Silar 10C columns, using a FID or a nitrogen/phosphorus detector. The GC-coupled mass spectra contained major peaks at m/e 251 and 167 and the GC-coupled methane CI spectra gave the quasi-molecular ion, m/e 282. However, the CI selected ion monitor indicated three compounds at m/e 282. The nitrosamine II was separated from IV by HPLC on muBondapak C18. The GC-coupled mass spectra of the HPLC nitrosamine fraction had peaks at m/e 251 and 167 and other peaks for a compound of greater MW than II, although the GC retention times were the same. Evidence for II and a decrease in the detection limit to one ppm was obtained with a TEA interfaced with a HPLC. To determine if II was formed from IV, it was exposed to ozone at -78 degrees C in methylene chloride. The DSC, IR and NMR of the product were coincident with those of the standard of II. In other experiments, IV in methylene chloride was exposed to light and dry air in the presence and absence of methylene blue. The PMR and 13C NMR of the product formed in the presence of methylene blue were the same as that of II. It is postulated that this nitrosamine was formed by a singlet oxygen mechanism.", "PMID": 680747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4540", "title": "Electronic properties of the nitrosamine function.", "content": "The addition of a chiral alcohol, such as l-menthol or R-(-)-2-octanol, to an achiral nitrosamine causes a dissymmetric perturbation of the symmetrical chromophore and a Cotton effect is evident in the circular dichroism curve at the wavelength of ultraviolet absorption of the nitrosamine function. The intensity (ellipticity) of this induced circular dichroism is concentration dependent and appears to result from a weak 1:1 complex of nitrosamine and alcohol. The implications of these observations for structural studies are considered.", "contents": "Electronic properties of the nitrosamine function. The addition of a chiral alcohol, such as l-menthol or R-(-)-2-octanol, to an achiral nitrosamine causes a dissymmetric perturbation of the symmetrical chromophore and a Cotton effect is evident in the circular dichroism curve at the wavelength of ultraviolet absorption of the nitrosamine function. The intensity (ellipticity) of this induced circular dichroism is concentration dependent and appears to result from a weak 1:1 complex of nitrosamine and alcohol. The implications of these observations for structural studies are considered.", "PMID": 680749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4541", "title": "Histological and cytological technique for the quantitation of cultured human bone-marrow cells:formation of aggregates.", "content": "A bone-marrow culture system is described that provides a simple, quantitative and rapid assessment of marrow bone cells in vitro. Aggregation of bone-marrow cells, an in vitro phenomenon, occurs within 24 hr of culture and is observed utilizing Millipore filters. Daily quantitation shows both an increase in the number and a change in the morphology of these aggregates. The maximum number of aggregates is achieved on the 2nd or 3rd day of incubation. Histologically, aggregates are composed of myeloid, mononuclear and mesenchymal fibroblastic cells. Mesenchymal cells form a matrix for apposed mononuclear and myeloid cells. Scanning electron micrographs show intimate cell contact and spreading by the marrow cells. Fluctuation of the absolute numbers of various cell types are observed. The system can be utilized for long-term culture of bone marrow.", "contents": "Histological and cytological technique for the quantitation of cultured human bone-marrow cells:formation of aggregates. A bone-marrow culture system is described that provides a simple, quantitative and rapid assessment of marrow bone cells in vitro. Aggregation of bone-marrow cells, an in vitro phenomenon, occurs within 24 hr of culture and is observed utilizing Millipore filters. Daily quantitation shows both an increase in the number and a change in the morphology of these aggregates. The maximum number of aggregates is achieved on the 2nd or 3rd day of incubation. Histologically, aggregates are composed of myeloid, mononuclear and mesenchymal fibroblastic cells. Mesenchymal cells form a matrix for apposed mononuclear and myeloid cells. Scanning electron micrographs show intimate cell contact and spreading by the marrow cells. Fluctuation of the absolute numbers of various cell types are observed. The system can be utilized for long-term culture of bone marrow.", "PMID": 680770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4542", "title": "Differing effects of isoleucine deficiency on the toxicity of MNNG for 10T1/2 and CHO cells.", "content": "Isoleucine deficiency sensitizes C3H 10T1/2 cells to the cytotoxic effects of MNNG. Synchrony of proliferation is not required for this effect since it occurs prior to full growth arrest and subsequent establishment of synchronous proliferation after refeeding in complete medium. Furthermore, confluence arrest of proliferation of 10T1/2 cells does not affect their cytotoxic response to MNNG, although they proliferate synchronously after replating at low density. In contrast, the toxicity of MNNG for CHO cells is not altered by isoleucine deficiency, even though these cells are readily synchronized by refeeding in complete medium after transient isoleucine deficiency.", "contents": "Differing effects of isoleucine deficiency on the toxicity of MNNG for 10T1/2 and CHO cells. Isoleucine deficiency sensitizes C3H 10T1/2 cells to the cytotoxic effects of MNNG. Synchrony of proliferation is not required for this effect since it occurs prior to full growth arrest and subsequent establishment of synchronous proliferation after refeeding in complete medium. Furthermore, confluence arrest of proliferation of 10T1/2 cells does not affect their cytotoxic response to MNNG, although they proliferate synchronously after replating at low density. In contrast, the toxicity of MNNG for CHO cells is not altered by isoleucine deficiency, even though these cells are readily synchronized by refeeding in complete medium after transient isoleucine deficiency.", "PMID": 680771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4543", "title": "Changes in isoperoxidases during shoot formation in tobacco callus.", "content": "Shoot formation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) callus is accompanied by an increase in peroxidase activity which takes a form similar to a sigmoid curve. The \"stationary\" phase coincides with the period of organ formation. Characteristic changes in isoperoxidase pattern are found in the shoot-forming part of the callus. These changes are different from those in the nonshoot-forming part or in gibberellin-treated tissue, which does not form shoots.", "contents": "Changes in isoperoxidases during shoot formation in tobacco callus. Shoot formation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) callus is accompanied by an increase in peroxidase activity which takes a form similar to a sigmoid curve. The \"stationary\" phase coincides with the period of organ formation. Characteristic changes in isoperoxidase pattern are found in the shoot-forming part of the callus. These changes are different from those in the nonshoot-forming part or in gibberellin-treated tissue, which does not form shoots.", "PMID": 680772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4544", "title": "The cytogenetic, proliferative and viability effects of four bacteriophages on human lymphocytes.", "content": "Certain bacteriophages have been found in live virus vaccines, while a few others have been associated with disease states. Some of these phages have produced abnormal growth of eukaryotic tissue cultures. For this reason bacteriophages phiX-174, MS2, T2 and an isolate from live virus vaccines, phiV-1, were incubated with human cell cultures for examination of chromosomal effects, cell proliferation and viability. Mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and human embryonic kidney tissue cultures showed no increase in chromosomal abnormalities for high doses of phage-infected versus control cultures. Tritiated-thymidine uptake, correlated with mitotic indices for phage-treated lymphocyte cultures, indicated a reduction in cell division, while 51-chromium release studies showed no cell death occurring in these cultures. This suggested that inhibition of DNA synthesis was occurring in some cells. The presence of phage in the supernate of cells that were exposed to phage suggested the possibility of phage attachment to the plasma membranes of lymphocytes, which may in turn affect the suppression of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "The cytogenetic, proliferative and viability effects of four bacteriophages on human lymphocytes. Certain bacteriophages have been found in live virus vaccines, while a few others have been associated with disease states. Some of these phages have produced abnormal growth of eukaryotic tissue cultures. For this reason bacteriophages phiX-174, MS2, T2 and an isolate from live virus vaccines, phiV-1, were incubated with human cell cultures for examination of chromosomal effects, cell proliferation and viability. Mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and human embryonic kidney tissue cultures showed no increase in chromosomal abnormalities for high doses of phage-infected versus control cultures. Tritiated-thymidine uptake, correlated with mitotic indices for phage-treated lymphocyte cultures, indicated a reduction in cell division, while 51-chromium release studies showed no cell death occurring in these cultures. This suggested that inhibition of DNA synthesis was occurring in some cells. The presence of phage in the supernate of cells that were exposed to phage suggested the possibility of phage attachment to the plasma membranes of lymphocytes, which may in turn affect the suppression of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 680773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4545", "title": "[Antibiotic treatment of gynecologic and obstetric infections (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Obstetric and gynecologic infections especially ascending intrauterine infections, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and postoperative infections are usually polymicrobial infections involving enterobacteria and anaerobes. 2. The antibiotic treatment of these infections must primarily be active against the two groups of organisms mentioned. Semisynthetic penicillins, cephalosporines or aminoglycosides combined with clindamycin or one of the new large spectrum penicillins, or cephalosporines alone proved to be effective. In addition to the antimicrobial therapy surgical intervention is very often required in postoperative infections after obstetric and gynecologic surgery and for pelvic abscesses. 3. For treatment of infections in pregnancy specific side effects of antimicrobial agents concerning the mother and the fetus have to be considered. Transfer of the antibiotic to the fetus and the amniotic fluid in sufficiently high concentrations is mandatory for the treatment of intrauterine infections. 4. In cervicitis and salpingitis the possibility of a gonococcal infection has to be kept in mind.", "contents": "[Antibiotic treatment of gynecologic and obstetric infections (author's transl)]. 1. Obstetric and gynecologic infections especially ascending intrauterine infections, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and postoperative infections are usually polymicrobial infections involving enterobacteria and anaerobes. 2. The antibiotic treatment of these infections must primarily be active against the two groups of organisms mentioned. Semisynthetic penicillins, cephalosporines or aminoglycosides combined with clindamycin or one of the new large spectrum penicillins, or cephalosporines alone proved to be effective. In addition to the antimicrobial therapy surgical intervention is very often required in postoperative infections after obstetric and gynecologic surgery and for pelvic abscesses. 3. For treatment of infections in pregnancy specific side effects of antimicrobial agents concerning the mother and the fetus have to be considered. Transfer of the antibiotic to the fetus and the amniotic fluid in sufficiently high concentrations is mandatory for the treatment of intrauterine infections. 4. In cervicitis and salpingitis the possibility of a gonococcal infection has to be kept in mind.", "PMID": 680789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4546", "title": "[Indirect hemagglutination test for detection of toxoplasma antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "A micromethod with stable reagents for the simple and rapid detection of toxoplasma antibodies with the indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) is presented. The results obtained with this method are compared with the titers in the dye test and complement-fixation test and with two IHAT-kits recently offered by commercial firms. We propose to use the IHAT as a supplementary reaction to the methods commonly in use. The relationship between the Sabin-Feldman dye test and IHAT is dependent upon the stage of infection. A very good agreement is obtained with latent toxoplasma infections. On the contrary with some new infections (up to 6 months) the IHAT titer is clearly lower than the dye test titer. This discrepancy opens the possibility of determining the infection stage with a single serum-sample.", "contents": "[Indirect hemagglutination test for detection of toxoplasma antibodies (author's transl)]. A micromethod with stable reagents for the simple and rapid detection of toxoplasma antibodies with the indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) is presented. The results obtained with this method are compared with the titers in the dye test and complement-fixation test and with two IHAT-kits recently offered by commercial firms. We propose to use the IHAT as a supplementary reaction to the methods commonly in use. The relationship between the Sabin-Feldman dye test and IHAT is dependent upon the stage of infection. A very good agreement is obtained with latent toxoplasma infections. On the contrary with some new infections (up to 6 months) the IHAT titer is clearly lower than the dye test titer. This discrepancy opens the possibility of determining the infection stage with a single serum-sample.", "PMID": 680790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4547", "title": "Mechanisms of long and short term immunity to plague.", "content": "Long and short term immunity to plague was produced in normal mice by using, respectively, an antibiotic resistant Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Both immunogens were used live. Passive serum transfer experiments, together with assays for the bactericidal activity of macrophages and delayed hypersensitivity tests, showed that the short term immunity was of a humoral nature and the long term immunity was cell mediated. The plague virulence markers of the two immunogens were: Y. pestis VW- F1+ P1+ P+; Y. pseudotuberculosis VW+ F1- P1- P-. The challenge organism was Y. pestis VW+ F1+ P1+ P+.", "contents": "Mechanisms of long and short term immunity to plague. Long and short term immunity to plague was produced in normal mice by using, respectively, an antibiotic resistant Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Both immunogens were used live. Passive serum transfer experiments, together with assays for the bactericidal activity of macrophages and delayed hypersensitivity tests, showed that the short term immunity was of a humoral nature and the long term immunity was cell mediated. The plague virulence markers of the two immunogens were: Y. pestis VW- F1+ P1+ P+; Y. pseudotuberculosis VW+ F1- P1- P-. The challenge organism was Y. pestis VW+ F1+ P1+ P+.", "PMID": 680791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4548", "title": "The effects of oral D-penicillamine treatment on experimental arthritis and the associated immune response in rabbits.", "content": "D-penicillamine given orally to rabbits at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight, administered daily for long periods commencing prior to and at the time of immunization, reduced the concentration of specific IgG antibodies directed against ovalbumin. This effect was not observed when treatment with the drug commenced after immunization and the onset of a mono-articular arthritis. The concentration of serum IgA rose abruptly after antigen was injected intra-articularly to induce the arthritis. This increase was not affected by treatment with D-penicillamine. The concentration of serum IgA decreased markedly during the chronic phase of the mono-articular arthritis, falling below the lower limit of the normal range. Treatment with D-penicillamine for at least 50 days restored the serum IgA concentration to the middle of the normal range. D-penicillamine treatment had no significant effect on the concentration of IgG, or IgM in serum either before or after the onset of mono-articular arthritis.", "contents": "The effects of oral D-penicillamine treatment on experimental arthritis and the associated immune response in rabbits. D-penicillamine given orally to rabbits at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight, administered daily for long periods commencing prior to and at the time of immunization, reduced the concentration of specific IgG antibodies directed against ovalbumin. This effect was not observed when treatment with the drug commenced after immunization and the onset of a mono-articular arthritis. The concentration of serum IgA rose abruptly after antigen was injected intra-articularly to induce the arthritis. This increase was not affected by treatment with D-penicillamine. The concentration of serum IgA decreased markedly during the chronic phase of the mono-articular arthritis, falling below the lower limit of the normal range. Treatment with D-penicillamine for at least 50 days restored the serum IgA concentration to the middle of the normal range. D-penicillamine treatment had no significant effect on the concentration of IgG, or IgM in serum either before or after the onset of mono-articular arthritis.", "PMID": 680792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4549", "title": "Cyclophosphamide-like cellular immunostimulation induced by 6-thioguanine (Lanvis).", "content": "The possible immunostimulating effect of 6-thioguanine was studied in the mouse. It caused a dose-dependent suppression of the cellular and humoral immune response if administered 1 day before immunization. If, however, the interval between 6-thioguanine administration and immunization was extended to 5 days, a significant enhancement of delayed hypersensitivity was observed. The The enhancement occurred only after immunization with 10(6) and 10(7) sheep red cells. The analogy between the immunostimulating effects of 6-thioguanine and cyclophosphamide is discussed.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide-like cellular immunostimulation induced by 6-thioguanine (Lanvis). The possible immunostimulating effect of 6-thioguanine was studied in the mouse. It caused a dose-dependent suppression of the cellular and humoral immune response if administered 1 day before immunization. If, however, the interval between 6-thioguanine administration and immunization was extended to 5 days, a significant enhancement of delayed hypersensitivity was observed. The The enhancement occurred only after immunization with 10(6) and 10(7) sheep red cells. The analogy between the immunostimulating effects of 6-thioguanine and cyclophosphamide is discussed.", "PMID": 680793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4550", "title": "[3H] thymidine labelling kinetics of peripheral blood lymphocytes in adult thymectomized mice.", "content": "The appearance of labelled lymphocytes in the blood of adult thymectomized mice was followed for 21 days after a single injection of [3H] thymidine. The results showed that the expected changes in their life-span resulting from thymic deprivation were not reflected in the kinetics of labelling of these cells with this radioactively-labelled precursor for DNA synthesis. Turnover of DNA and exchange of label between cells must be considered in relation to the results, as had been previously concluded from similar studies of intact mice (Harris, 1975a).", "contents": "[3H] thymidine labelling kinetics of peripheral blood lymphocytes in adult thymectomized mice. The appearance of labelled lymphocytes in the blood of adult thymectomized mice was followed for 21 days after a single injection of [3H] thymidine. The results showed that the expected changes in their life-span resulting from thymic deprivation were not reflected in the kinetics of labelling of these cells with this radioactively-labelled precursor for DNA synthesis. Turnover of DNA and exchange of label between cells must be considered in relation to the results, as had been previously concluded from similar studies of intact mice (Harris, 1975a).", "PMID": 680794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4551", "title": "The binding of human and guinea-pig IgG subclasses to homologous macrophage and monocyte Fc receptors.", "content": "Guinea-pig IgG2 and IgT1 bind to contiguous Fc receptors on homologous peritoneal macrophages. Equilibrium association constants determined for the binding of human IgG subclasses to homologous peripheral blood monocytes show that the order of binding is IgG1 greater than IgG3 greater than IgG4 greater than IgG2. Direct binding and rosette assay techniques independently established that both guinea-pig IgG2 and human IgG bind to homologous macrophage-monocyte Fc receptors through a site present in whole Fc (CH2. CH3)2, but absent in pFc' subfragments (CH3)2.", "contents": "The binding of human and guinea-pig IgG subclasses to homologous macrophage and monocyte Fc receptors. Guinea-pig IgG2 and IgT1 bind to contiguous Fc receptors on homologous peritoneal macrophages. Equilibrium association constants determined for the binding of human IgG subclasses to homologous peripheral blood monocytes show that the order of binding is IgG1 greater than IgG3 greater than IgG4 greater than IgG2. Direct binding and rosette assay techniques independently established that both guinea-pig IgG2 and human IgG bind to homologous macrophage-monocyte Fc receptors through a site present in whole Fc (CH2. CH3)2, but absent in pFc' subfragments (CH3)2.", "PMID": 680795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4552", "title": "Modulation of the immune response by passive antibodies. IV. Effects of IgG1 and IgG2 anti-hapten antibodies.", "content": "The effects of IgG1 and IgG2 anti-hapten antibodies waere studied on celluar and humoral reactions induced by immunization with a hapten-carrier complex. IgG2 was shown to depress delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the carrier and to enhance anaphylactic reactions to both the hapten and the carrier whereas IgG1 appeared to have no activity except a little enhancing effect on antibody synthesis to the carrier. The regulatory role of IgG2 antibodies, which were cytophilic for macrophages, in the immune response to a hapten-carrier conjugate is discussed.", "contents": "Modulation of the immune response by passive antibodies. IV. Effects of IgG1 and IgG2 anti-hapten antibodies. The effects of IgG1 and IgG2 anti-hapten antibodies waere studied on celluar and humoral reactions induced by immunization with a hapten-carrier complex. IgG2 was shown to depress delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the carrier and to enhance anaphylactic reactions to both the hapten and the carrier whereas IgG1 appeared to have no activity except a little enhancing effect on antibody synthesis to the carrier. The regulatory role of IgG2 antibodies, which were cytophilic for macrophages, in the immune response to a hapten-carrier conjugate is discussed.", "PMID": 680796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4553", "title": "Opsonins in human serum for the phagocytosis of complexes between IgG and protein A of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The phagocytosis of complexes between staphylococcal protein A and 125I-labelled IgG is enhanced by fresh human serum and to a somewhat lesser extent by heat-inactivated serum. Opsonizing activity is detected in two distinct peaks by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. One peak corresponds to the excluded material and the other to the ascending limb of the second protein peak. The active material in serum is retained on a protein A-Sepharose but not on an IgG-Sepharose column. Active material eluted from a protein A-Sepharose column and run on a Sephadex G-200 column again shows two activity peaks corresponding to those obtained on chromatography of whole serum. The first peak contains mainly IgA nd IgM but very little total protein material. The second peak contains mainly IgG but also IgA. Purified normal IgA, but not one myeloma IgA preparation tested, has the capacity to enhance phagocytosis of protein A-IgG complexes. Possible examinations for the opsonin activity are discussed.", "contents": "Opsonins in human serum for the phagocytosis of complexes between IgG and protein A of Staphylococcus aureus. The phagocytosis of complexes between staphylococcal protein A and 125I-labelled IgG is enhanced by fresh human serum and to a somewhat lesser extent by heat-inactivated serum. Opsonizing activity is detected in two distinct peaks by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. One peak corresponds to the excluded material and the other to the ascending limb of the second protein peak. The active material in serum is retained on a protein A-Sepharose but not on an IgG-Sepharose column. Active material eluted from a protein A-Sepharose column and run on a Sephadex G-200 column again shows two activity peaks corresponding to those obtained on chromatography of whole serum. The first peak contains mainly IgA nd IgM but very little total protein material. The second peak contains mainly IgG but also IgA. Purified normal IgA, but not one myeloma IgA preparation tested, has the capacity to enhance phagocytosis of protein A-IgG complexes. Possible examinations for the opsonin activity are discussed.", "PMID": 680797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4554", "title": "The effect of chemotactic factors and agents which influence neutrophil movement on anaerobic glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt activity.", "content": "The effects of two chemotactic factors, endotoxin activated serm (EAS) and casein and a number of drugs known to affect intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels and various froms of neutrophil movement, on neutrophil anaerobic glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity were assessed. EAS caused stimulation of glycolysis. HMPS activity and NBT reduction, but casein was without effect on glycolysis and NBT reduction and inhibited HMPS activity. Drug known to increase intracellular cAMP levels caused a depression of HMPS activity whereas those reported to elevate cGMP had a variety of effects. Glycolysis was not affected by any of these agents. These results indicate a lack of relationship between cyclic nucleotide effect on cell motility and neutrophil glycolysis and HMPS activity.", "contents": "The effect of chemotactic factors and agents which influence neutrophil movement on anaerobic glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt activity. The effects of two chemotactic factors, endotoxin activated serm (EAS) and casein and a number of drugs known to affect intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels and various froms of neutrophil movement, on neutrophil anaerobic glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity were assessed. EAS caused stimulation of glycolysis. HMPS activity and NBT reduction, but casein was without effect on glycolysis and NBT reduction and inhibited HMPS activity. Drug known to increase intracellular cAMP levels caused a depression of HMPS activity whereas those reported to elevate cGMP had a variety of effects. Glycolysis was not affected by any of these agents. These results indicate a lack of relationship between cyclic nucleotide effect on cell motility and neutrophil glycolysis and HMPS activity.", "PMID": 680798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4555", "title": "The effects of oral D-penicillamine treatment on experimental arthritis and the associated immune response in rabbits. II. The effects on cellular parameters.", "content": "Prolonged oral treatment (up to 410 days) of rabbits with D-penicillamine at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight commencing either before or after immunization and the onset of arthritis, diminished and eventually abolished the delayed hypersensitivity response to intradermally administered tuberculin PPD. The 48 h cutaneous hypersensitivity response to the immunizing antigen (ovalbumin) was also significantly reduced, as was the inhibition of leucotye migration by ovalbumin. Cutaneous Arthus reactivity to ovalbumin was unaffected by D-penicillamine treatment. D-penicillamine treatment of normal rabbits was also found to increase the phagocytic index of the reticuloendothelial system as measured by carbon clearance.", "contents": "The effects of oral D-penicillamine treatment on experimental arthritis and the associated immune response in rabbits. II. The effects on cellular parameters. Prolonged oral treatment (up to 410 days) of rabbits with D-penicillamine at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight commencing either before or after immunization and the onset of arthritis, diminished and eventually abolished the delayed hypersensitivity response to intradermally administered tuberculin PPD. The 48 h cutaneous hypersensitivity response to the immunizing antigen (ovalbumin) was also significantly reduced, as was the inhibition of leucotye migration by ovalbumin. Cutaneous Arthus reactivity to ovalbumin was unaffected by D-penicillamine treatment. D-penicillamine treatment of normal rabbits was also found to increase the phagocytic index of the reticuloendothelial system as measured by carbon clearance.", "PMID": 680799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4556", "title": "In vitro macrophage chemotactic generation from serum immunoglobulin G by neutrophil neutral seryl protease.", "content": "A neutral protease with a molecular weight of about 14,00 was separated at acid pH from rabbit neutrophils and then partially purified by elution on DEAE-Sephadex, CM-Sephadex and Sephadex G-75 in that order. This enzyme was inactivated by diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), phenylmethyl sulphonylfluoride (PMSF), soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), or elastatinal, suggesting a seryl protease resembling elastase, but it failed to digest elastin-orcein. The enzyme seemed different from histonase of rabbit neutrophils because of its haemoglobin (3HHb)-degrading ability and of inactivation by heparin. The protease generated in vitro macrophage chemotactic activity from guineapig serum IgG. This chemotactic factor had a molecular weight similar to that of IgG and its chemotacic generation was accompanied by release of dialysable peptide(s). No generation of macrophage chemotactic activity from IgG was induced in vitro by elastase from pig pancreas or by neutral thiol protease from rabbit neutrophils.", "contents": "In vitro macrophage chemotactic generation from serum immunoglobulin G by neutrophil neutral seryl protease. A neutral protease with a molecular weight of about 14,00 was separated at acid pH from rabbit neutrophils and then partially purified by elution on DEAE-Sephadex, CM-Sephadex and Sephadex G-75 in that order. This enzyme was inactivated by diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), phenylmethyl sulphonylfluoride (PMSF), soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), or elastatinal, suggesting a seryl protease resembling elastase, but it failed to digest elastin-orcein. The enzyme seemed different from histonase of rabbit neutrophils because of its haemoglobin (3HHb)-degrading ability and of inactivation by heparin. The protease generated in vitro macrophage chemotactic activity from guineapig serum IgG. This chemotactic factor had a molecular weight similar to that of IgG and its chemotacic generation was accompanied by release of dialysable peptide(s). No generation of macrophage chemotactic activity from IgG was induced in vitro by elastase from pig pancreas or by neutral thiol protease from rabbit neutrophils.", "PMID": 680800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4557", "title": "Dependence of phagocytosis on strength of phagocyte-particle interaction.", "content": "Sheep erythrocytes were pretreated with concanavalin A (Con-A-SRC), or glutaraldehyde (G-SRC), or specific rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG-SRC), or specific rabbit immunoglobulin M and complement (C-SRC). Each erythrocyte type was made to adhere to rat peritoneal cells and adhesion was measured; binding decreased as follow: conA-SRC greater than IgG-SRC  greater than less than G-SRC greater than C-SRC Peritoneal cell-erythrocyte complexes were then submitted to a laminar shear flow, and resistance of binding was assayed. Binging strength decreased in the following order: G-SRC greater than C-SRC greater than IgG-SRC greater than ConA-SRC Cell suspensions were incubated at 37 degrees, and phagocytosis was measured. Ingestion decreased in the following order: G-SRC greater than IgG-SRC greater than C-SRC greater than ConA-SRC It is concluded that: Binding strength may be of importance in triggering phagocytosis; when immunocytoadherence is studied, two independent parameters should be considered: binding and binding strength. This report describes a new method that may allow discrimination between different cell subpopulations of similar binding specificities.", "contents": "Dependence of phagocytosis on strength of phagocyte-particle interaction. Sheep erythrocytes were pretreated with concanavalin A (Con-A-SRC), or glutaraldehyde (G-SRC), or specific rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG-SRC), or specific rabbit immunoglobulin M and complement (C-SRC). Each erythrocyte type was made to adhere to rat peritoneal cells and adhesion was measured; binding decreased as follow: conA-SRC greater than IgG-SRC  greater than less than G-SRC greater than C-SRC Peritoneal cell-erythrocyte complexes were then submitted to a laminar shear flow, and resistance of binding was assayed. Binging strength decreased in the following order: G-SRC greater than C-SRC greater than IgG-SRC greater than ConA-SRC Cell suspensions were incubated at 37 degrees, and phagocytosis was measured. Ingestion decreased in the following order: G-SRC greater than IgG-SRC greater than C-SRC greater than ConA-SRC It is concluded that: Binding strength may be of importance in triggering phagocytosis; when immunocytoadherence is studied, two independent parameters should be considered: binding and binding strength. This report describes a new method that may allow discrimination between different cell subpopulations of similar binding specificities.", "PMID": 680801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4558", "title": "The effect of thiol compounds on lymphocytes stimulated in culture.", "content": "The effect was studied of D-penicillamine (D-PAm) and other thiol compounds (concentration range, approximately 10(-4)-3.4 X 10(-3) M) on mouse spleen cells, stimulated in culture by concanavalin A or by mixed lymphocyte interaction. Thiols initially enhanced the rate of incorporation of [3H] thymidine into DNA of these cells. The enhanecment was typically followed by a sharp decline in activity to a level often below that of thiol-free cultures. The time which elapsed between adding the thiol and the decline in activity depended on the concentration of the particular thiol used. Exceptional among thiols studied was L-cysteine, which lacked inhibitory properties. Variation of the L-cystine content of the medium used here influenced the effect of thiols such as D-PAm on the cells, an increase in cystine content favouring the retention of high activity. It was found that D-PAm reacted slowly with a constituent of the culture medium, causing the latter eventually to lose its capacity to maintain cells. The effects of this reaction could be counteracted by adding L-cystine, L-cysteine, and certain other thiol compounds. It was concluded that DPAm combined with L-cystine in the medium to form the mixed disulphide, which evidently could not be utilized by the cells as a source of L-cystine. Deprivation of this essential nutrient accounted for the eventual inhibition of [3H] thymidine incorporation in cultures exposed to thiols. The initial, enhancing effect of thiols on stimulated lymphocytes represented a modulation of the response to the primary stimulant: there was no evidence that thiols were themselves mitogenic.", "contents": "The effect of thiol compounds on lymphocytes stimulated in culture. The effect was studied of D-penicillamine (D-PAm) and other thiol compounds (concentration range, approximately 10(-4)-3.4 X 10(-3) M) on mouse spleen cells, stimulated in culture by concanavalin A or by mixed lymphocyte interaction. Thiols initially enhanced the rate of incorporation of [3H] thymidine into DNA of these cells. The enhanecment was typically followed by a sharp decline in activity to a level often below that of thiol-free cultures. The time which elapsed between adding the thiol and the decline in activity depended on the concentration of the particular thiol used. Exceptional among thiols studied was L-cysteine, which lacked inhibitory properties. Variation of the L-cystine content of the medium used here influenced the effect of thiols such as D-PAm on the cells, an increase in cystine content favouring the retention of high activity. It was found that D-PAm reacted slowly with a constituent of the culture medium, causing the latter eventually to lose its capacity to maintain cells. The effects of this reaction could be counteracted by adding L-cystine, L-cysteine, and certain other thiol compounds. It was concluded that DPAm combined with L-cystine in the medium to form the mixed disulphide, which evidently could not be utilized by the cells as a source of L-cystine. Deprivation of this essential nutrient accounted for the eventual inhibition of [3H] thymidine incorporation in cultures exposed to thiols. The initial, enhancing effect of thiols on stimulated lymphocytes represented a modulation of the response to the primary stimulant: there was no evidence that thiols were themselves mitogenic.", "PMID": 680802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4559", "title": "Polyadenylic acid-polyuridylic acid (poly A : U) and experimental murine brucellosis. I. Effect of single and double-stranded polynucleotides on Brucella abortus in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The double stranded polynucleotide, poly A : U, when administered intraperitoneally at the same time as intravenous infection with Brucella abortus, suppressed the growth of that organism in the spleen and liver of mice. Single stranded poly A or poly U were not effective. On the other hand both the single and double stranded forms enhanced the growth of Br. abortus in broth culture. Poly A : U did not enhance the blood clearance of intravenously administered Br. abortus. Indeed its suppressive effect was not apparent until 2 days after administration. When mice given Br. abortus and poly A : U were given a second infection 2 days later, with either Br. abortus or Listeria monocytogens, the second infection was exacerbated, indicating a biphasic effect of poly A : U and antigen.", "contents": "Polyadenylic acid-polyuridylic acid (poly A : U) and experimental murine brucellosis. I. Effect of single and double-stranded polynucleotides on Brucella abortus in vivo and in vitro. The double stranded polynucleotide, poly A : U, when administered intraperitoneally at the same time as intravenous infection with Brucella abortus, suppressed the growth of that organism in the spleen and liver of mice. Single stranded poly A or poly U were not effective. On the other hand both the single and double stranded forms enhanced the growth of Br. abortus in broth culture. Poly A : U did not enhance the blood clearance of intravenously administered Br. abortus. Indeed its suppressive effect was not apparent until 2 days after administration. When mice given Br. abortus and poly A : U were given a second infection 2 days later, with either Br. abortus or Listeria monocytogens, the second infection was exacerbated, indicating a biphasic effect of poly A : U and antigen.", "PMID": 680803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4560", "title": "Some metabolic effects of adrenergic drugs in Bubalus bubalis.", "content": "The effects of intravenous administration of equimolar doses of adrenaline (20.00 microgram/kg), noradrenaline (18.47 microgram/kg) and isoprenaline (23.06 microgram/kg) on blood glucose, serum total protein, serum total cholesterol and serum urea were investigated in buffalo calves. There was significant increase in blood glucose level with all the sympathomimetic amines 5 min after their administration (P less than 0.05). Adrenaline and noradrenaline were almost equipotent in inducing hyperglycaemic response whereas the effect of isoprenaline was relatively less and short-lived. The increased glucose levels returned to pre-administration levels within 5 hr. These sympathomimetic amines produced no significant changes in other metabolic parameters viz. serum levels of total cholesterol, total protein and urea.", "contents": "Some metabolic effects of adrenergic drugs in Bubalus bubalis. The effects of intravenous administration of equimolar doses of adrenaline (20.00 microgram/kg), noradrenaline (18.47 microgram/kg) and isoprenaline (23.06 microgram/kg) on blood glucose, serum total protein, serum total cholesterol and serum urea were investigated in buffalo calves. There was significant increase in blood glucose level with all the sympathomimetic amines 5 min after their administration (P less than 0.05). Adrenaline and noradrenaline were almost equipotent in inducing hyperglycaemic response whereas the effect of isoprenaline was relatively less and short-lived. The increased glucose levels returned to pre-administration levels within 5 hr. These sympathomimetic amines produced no significant changes in other metabolic parameters viz. serum levels of total cholesterol, total protein and urea.", "PMID": 680935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4561", "title": "Effect of glucocorticoids on insulin sensitivity in newborn dogs.", "content": "A 3-day treatment with 4 mg/kg Betnesol in anesthetized mongrel pups, 4-55 days of age effectively raised fasting plasma glucose concentration by 23 +/- 2.9%, which was higher than that observed in adult dogs similarly treated. Possibly this was due to the lack of effectiveness of insulin in the pups which is normally produced in response to hyperglycemia. The relative lack of effectiveness of insulin induced hypoglycemia in stimulating hepatic glucose production in the newborn pups was further demonstrated by the fact that insulin administration produced a hypoglycemia which lasted much longer than in adult dogs. On the other hand Betnesol treatment was found to be effective in restoring normoglycemia following administration of insulin in these pups presumably due to its gluconeogenic effect through the liver. In general this investigation points towards the lack of development of appropriate feedback mechanisms for glucose homeostasis in the newborn pups, and that it takes a period of about 3-4 weeks after birth to develop such mechanisms.", "contents": "Effect of glucocorticoids on insulin sensitivity in newborn dogs. A 3-day treatment with 4 mg/kg Betnesol in anesthetized mongrel pups, 4-55 days of age effectively raised fasting plasma glucose concentration by 23 +/- 2.9%, which was higher than that observed in adult dogs similarly treated. Possibly this was due to the lack of effectiveness of insulin in the pups which is normally produced in response to hyperglycemia. The relative lack of effectiveness of insulin induced hypoglycemia in stimulating hepatic glucose production in the newborn pups was further demonstrated by the fact that insulin administration produced a hypoglycemia which lasted much longer than in adult dogs. On the other hand Betnesol treatment was found to be effective in restoring normoglycemia following administration of insulin in these pups presumably due to its gluconeogenic effect through the liver. In general this investigation points towards the lack of development of appropriate feedback mechanisms for glucose homeostasis in the newborn pups, and that it takes a period of about 3-4 weeks after birth to develop such mechanisms.", "PMID": 680938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4562", "title": "Study of heart rate and blood pressure changes under distension of right and left atrial appendages in dogs.", "content": "Fifteen healthy stray dogs of both sexes were employed in the present study. The effect of distension of right and left atrial appendages with normal saline was observed on heart rate and blood pressure under different situations. It has been found that distension of either appendages separately or simultaneously invariably evoked tachycardia without any appreciable change in blood pressure. Increase in heart rate was found to be of a same magnitude with 5 ml normal saline in both the atrial appendages. However, a higher response was obtained with 10 ml normal saline distension in case of right atrial appendage as compared to left one. Increase in the extent of distension causes more significant response, the receptors of which are stimulated and may be allied to stretch receptors. It is contended that tachycardia could be a reflex effect which is abolished by vagotomy. It is further contended that either afferent, efferent or both pathways exist in the vagi.", "contents": "Study of heart rate and blood pressure changes under distension of right and left atrial appendages in dogs. Fifteen healthy stray dogs of both sexes were employed in the present study. The effect of distension of right and left atrial appendages with normal saline was observed on heart rate and blood pressure under different situations. It has been found that distension of either appendages separately or simultaneously invariably evoked tachycardia without any appreciable change in blood pressure. Increase in heart rate was found to be of a same magnitude with 5 ml normal saline in both the atrial appendages. However, a higher response was obtained with 10 ml normal saline distension in case of right atrial appendage as compared to left one. Increase in the extent of distension causes more significant response, the receptors of which are stimulated and may be allied to stretch receptors. It is contended that tachycardia could be a reflex effect which is abolished by vagotomy. It is further contended that either afferent, efferent or both pathways exist in the vagi.", "PMID": 680940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4563", "title": "Effect of papaya (Carica papaya linn) on pregnancy and estrous cycle in albino rats of Wistar strain.", "content": "The antifertility effects of Carica papaya were investigated by feeding adult cycling and pregnant rats with different components of its fruits. No attempt was made to force-feed the animals. The results indicate that unripe fruits of papaya interrupt estrous cycle and induce abortions. The abortifacient property seems to decrease as the fruit becomes stale or ripe. Exogenous progesterone counteracts partially the adverse effects on pregnancy and the surviving foeti are without any distinct malformations.", "contents": "Effect of papaya (Carica papaya linn) on pregnancy and estrous cycle in albino rats of Wistar strain. The antifertility effects of Carica papaya were investigated by feeding adult cycling and pregnant rats with different components of its fruits. No attempt was made to force-feed the animals. The results indicate that unripe fruits of papaya interrupt estrous cycle and induce abortions. The abortifacient property seems to decrease as the fruit becomes stale or ripe. Exogenous progesterone counteracts partially the adverse effects on pregnancy and the surviving foeti are without any distinct malformations.", "PMID": 680941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4564", "title": "A new sensitive method for detecting human endogenous (leukocyte) pyrogen.", "content": "Endogenous, or leukocyte pyrogen (EP), the mediator of fever, is currently detected by injection of pyrogen-containing supernatants into rabbits. This assay has been of little value in the study of human fever because it required injection of relatively large amounts of pyrogen. We now report that injection of medium containing human EP produces fever in mice. Supernatant from 1 c 10(5) granulocytes, stimulated by phagocytosis of staphylococci and incubated overnight, or 1 x 10(4) monocytes similarly treated, produce clear pyrogenic responses. This method for detecting EP is about 100-fold more sensitive than the rabbit assay, and it appears to be specific for EP. Preliminary studies of EP released by small samples of needle liver biopsies from febrile and afebrile patients suggests that this sensitive assay may be useful for investigations into the mechanisms of clinical fever.", "contents": "A new sensitive method for detecting human endogenous (leukocyte) pyrogen. Endogenous, or leukocyte pyrogen (EP), the mediator of fever, is currently detected by injection of pyrogen-containing supernatants into rabbits. This assay has been of little value in the study of human fever because it required injection of relatively large amounts of pyrogen. We now report that injection of medium containing human EP produces fever in mice. Supernatant from 1 c 10(5) granulocytes, stimulated by phagocytosis of staphylococci and incubated overnight, or 1 x 10(4) monocytes similarly treated, produce clear pyrogenic responses. This method for detecting EP is about 100-fold more sensitive than the rabbit assay, and it appears to be specific for EP. Preliminary studies of EP released by small samples of needle liver biopsies from febrile and afebrile patients suggests that this sensitive assay may be useful for investigations into the mechanisms of clinical fever.", "PMID": 680947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4565", "title": "Effects of cyproterone acetate on the testicular function of bat (Rhinopoma kinneari Wroughton).", "content": "1-Cyproterone acetate administration (0.2 mg/day/animal for 25 days) caused widespread testicular necrosis. The lumen of the epididymides were devoid of spermatozoa. The RNA, protein, sialic acid and phosphatase enzyme activity of the testes were reduced. Serum transaminase enzyme activity was slightly changed. Haemoglobin, hematocrit, blood sugar, and blood urea levels were in the normal range. Regressed Leydig cell tissue and decreased production of RNA and sialic acid in the testes could be due to the antiandrogenic action produced by cyproterone acetate.", "contents": "Effects of cyproterone acetate on the testicular function of bat (Rhinopoma kinneari Wroughton). 1-Cyproterone acetate administration (0.2 mg/day/animal for 25 days) caused widespread testicular necrosis. The lumen of the epididymides were devoid of spermatozoa. The RNA, protein, sialic acid and phosphatase enzyme activity of the testes were reduced. Serum transaminase enzyme activity was slightly changed. Haemoglobin, hematocrit, blood sugar, and blood urea levels were in the normal range. Regressed Leydig cell tissue and decreased production of RNA and sialic acid in the testes could be due to the antiandrogenic action produced by cyproterone acetate.", "PMID": 680942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4566", "title": "Role of vagus in thermal panting.", "content": "In dogs anaesthetised with pentobarbitone sodium, raising the body temperature from 37 degrees C to 42 degrees C increased the rate of respiration and pulmonary ventilation but decreased the tidal volume. A similar change though of a lower magnitude, was observed in these parameters after cold blocking the vagi. At 40 degrees C body temperature, however, the vagal block was not effective in reducing the rate. The significance of hyperthermic panting mechanism dominating the Hering-Breuer mechanism at 40 degrees C has been discussed. It has been postulated that the vagi carry temperature dependent afferents that have effect opposite to the Hering-Breuer reflex. At 42 degrees C when respiratory failure usually sets in the temperature regulating function of respiration is the last to be lost.", "contents": "Role of vagus in thermal panting. In dogs anaesthetised with pentobarbitone sodium, raising the body temperature from 37 degrees C to 42 degrees C increased the rate of respiration and pulmonary ventilation but decreased the tidal volume. A similar change though of a lower magnitude, was observed in these parameters after cold blocking the vagi. At 40 degrees C body temperature, however, the vagal block was not effective in reducing the rate. The significance of hyperthermic panting mechanism dominating the Hering-Breuer mechanism at 40 degrees C has been discussed. It has been postulated that the vagi carry temperature dependent afferents that have effect opposite to the Hering-Breuer reflex. At 42 degrees C when respiratory failure usually sets in the temperature regulating function of respiration is the last to be lost.", "PMID": 680939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4567", "title": "Restoration of methotrexate-suppressed oxazolone-induced contact sensitivity with levamisole.", "content": "The effect of levamisole upon cell-mediated immunity was investigated using the oxazolone-induced contact sensitivity response in immunosuppressed and nonimmunosuppressed C57Bl male mice. Mice were sensitized to oxazolone on day 0, and where appropriate, methotrexate (1 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered on days 1 and 2. On day 3, levamisole (5--50 mg/kg, p.o., base) was administered. One hour later, the animals were challenged with oxazolone on the left hindpaw. Twenty-four hours after challenge, the resulting edema was read plethysmographically. Levamisole, in the absence of immunosuppression, had no significant effect upon the oxazolone response whereas, in the face of immunosuppression, restoration of oxazolone responsiveness was observed. These results were suggested to be due to (1) the ability of levamisole to stimulate opposing suppressor and effector components of the oxazolone response coupled with (2) an apparent alteration of suppressor influence by methotrexate allowing levamisole to enhance an unencumbered effector cell population.", "contents": "Restoration of methotrexate-suppressed oxazolone-induced contact sensitivity with levamisole. The effect of levamisole upon cell-mediated immunity was investigated using the oxazolone-induced contact sensitivity response in immunosuppressed and nonimmunosuppressed C57Bl male mice. Mice were sensitized to oxazolone on day 0, and where appropriate, methotrexate (1 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered on days 1 and 2. On day 3, levamisole (5--50 mg/kg, p.o., base) was administered. One hour later, the animals were challenged with oxazolone on the left hindpaw. Twenty-four hours after challenge, the resulting edema was read plethysmographically. Levamisole, in the absence of immunosuppression, had no significant effect upon the oxazolone response whereas, in the face of immunosuppression, restoration of oxazolone responsiveness was observed. These results were suggested to be due to (1) the ability of levamisole to stimulate opposing suppressor and effector components of the oxazolone response coupled with (2) an apparent alteration of suppressor influence by methotrexate allowing levamisole to enhance an unencumbered effector cell population.", "PMID": 680948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4568", "title": "Effect of diethylcarbamazine on Setaria cervi in vitro.", "content": "Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) produced an initial stimulation followed by depression of the movements of the intact worm and nerve-muscle preparation of Setaria cervi. The effective concentration of DEC was reduced to one hundredth in the nerve-muscle preparation as compared to the whole worm, suggesting that the cuticular barrier is highly effective in preventing the penetration of the drugs. The depressant effect of DEC was concentration dependent and was not reversed even after repeated changes of the bath fluid. The worms consumed 7.7 mg +/- 0.2 glucose/g wet weight/hr. The consumption of glucose was directly proportional to its motor activity; it increased during the stimulant phase with low doses of DEC and decreased during the depressant phase.", "contents": "Effect of diethylcarbamazine on Setaria cervi in vitro. Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) produced an initial stimulation followed by depression of the movements of the intact worm and nerve-muscle preparation of Setaria cervi. The effective concentration of DEC was reduced to one hundredth in the nerve-muscle preparation as compared to the whole worm, suggesting that the cuticular barrier is highly effective in preventing the penetration of the drugs. The depressant effect of DEC was concentration dependent and was not reversed even after repeated changes of the bath fluid. The worms consumed 7.7 mg +/- 0.2 glucose/g wet weight/hr. The consumption of glucose was directly proportional to its motor activity; it increased during the stimulant phase with low doses of DEC and decreased during the depressant phase.", "PMID": 680945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4569", "title": "Pathogenesis of papain-induced emphysema in the hamster.", "content": "In an effort to determine the mechanism of papain action in causing an emphysema-like lesion in hamsters, the number and types of cells and the activities of two lysosomal enzymes in the lung were determined after papain exposure. Three and four weeks after a 3-h exposure to an aerosol of 3% papain the following alterations in lung structure and function were observed: (1) the mean linear intercept, or average distance between adjacent alveoli, was increased; (2) the internal surface area declined; (3) the dynamic compliance was elevated at low breathing frequencies. The numbers of cells present free in the lung increased from a control value of 2.0 +/- 0.2 x 10 (6)  to 6.6 +/- 0.5 x 10 (6) 5 days after exposure. The free beta-glucuronidase, alysosomal enzyme, likewise increased over threefold during the first 3 days after exposure. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that papain induces an inflammatory-type responses, and this may be in part responsible for inducing the lesion.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of papain-induced emphysema in the hamster. In an effort to determine the mechanism of papain action in causing an emphysema-like lesion in hamsters, the number and types of cells and the activities of two lysosomal enzymes in the lung were determined after papain exposure. Three and four weeks after a 3-h exposure to an aerosol of 3% papain the following alterations in lung structure and function were observed: (1) the mean linear intercept, or average distance between adjacent alveoli, was increased; (2) the internal surface area declined; (3) the dynamic compliance was elevated at low breathing frequencies. The numbers of cells present free in the lung increased from a control value of 2.0 +/- 0.2 x 10 (6)  to 6.6 +/- 0.5 x 10 (6) 5 days after exposure. The free beta-glucuronidase, alysosomal enzyme, likewise increased over threefold during the first 3 days after exposure. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that papain induces an inflammatory-type responses, and this may be in part responsible for inducing the lesion.", "PMID": 680950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4570", "title": "The influence of chemotactic factors on neutrophil adhesiveness.", "content": "The ability of several chemotactic factors to alter polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) adhesiveness to nylon fibers was studied. Partly purified bacterial chemotactic factor, the isolated chemotactic fragment of human C5, and the chemotactic synthetic tripeptide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, transiently enhanced the nylon fiber adhesiveness of rabbit peritoneal PMSs. The capacity of these chemotactic factors to augment PMN adherence closely paralleled their ability to aggregate PMNs in suspension and to induce neutropenia when infused into rabbits. However, at least a portion of the adhreence-augmenting capacity of these agents was independent of their ability to induce PMN aggregation. Thus, chemotactic factors appear to transiently enhance PMN adhesiveness to a variety of surfaces. This hyper-adhesiveness may underlie the augmented nylon fiber adherence, aggregation, and neutropenia induced by these factors.", "contents": "The influence of chemotactic factors on neutrophil adhesiveness. The ability of several chemotactic factors to alter polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) adhesiveness to nylon fibers was studied. Partly purified bacterial chemotactic factor, the isolated chemotactic fragment of human C5, and the chemotactic synthetic tripeptide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, transiently enhanced the nylon fiber adhesiveness of rabbit peritoneal PMSs. The capacity of these chemotactic factors to augment PMN adherence closely paralleled their ability to aggregate PMNs in suspension and to induce neutropenia when infused into rabbits. However, at least a portion of the adhreence-augmenting capacity of these agents was independent of their ability to induce PMN aggregation. Thus, chemotactic factors appear to transiently enhance PMN adhesiveness to a variety of surfaces. This hyper-adhesiveness may underlie the augmented nylon fiber adherence, aggregation, and neutropenia induced by these factors.", "PMID": 680949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4571", "title": "Modification of the toxicity of acetylcholine by prior atropinization in mice.", "content": "The potentiation of acetylcholine (Ach) toxicity in mice with prior atropinization was tested. The experiments were carried out with three doses of 200 mg, 300 mg, and 400 mg/kg of Ach administered ip. Prior atropinization was observed to potentiate the Ach toxicity at all dose levels of atropine except the highest in the group that received Ach 200 mg/kg and the results were variable in the other two groups.", "contents": "Modification of the toxicity of acetylcholine by prior atropinization in mice. The potentiation of acetylcholine (Ach) toxicity in mice with prior atropinization was tested. The experiments were carried out with three doses of 200 mg, 300 mg, and 400 mg/kg of Ach administered ip. Prior atropinization was observed to potentiate the Ach toxicity at all dose levels of atropine except the highest in the group that received Ach 200 mg/kg and the results were variable in the other two groups.", "PMID": 680946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4572", "title": "Two distinct mechanisms for the initiation of mast cell degranulation. II. A specific inhibition of amine release by serum proteins.", "content": "Our experiments have provided additional data in support of the concept that different mast cell activators follow distinct biochemical path-ways in the initiation of secretion and degranulation. To do this we have taken advantage of the observation that some serum proteins, and albumins in particular, have the capacity to inhibit selectively the release of amines from rat peritoneal mast cells initiated by some, but not all, stimuli. We show that the relative inhibition of release obtained is independent of the concentration of activator but dependent upon the concentration of albumin, indicating that the inhibitory process does not involve a direct activator--inhibitor interaction. Finally, our data demonstrate that the inhibition does not interfere with the ability of the acitivator to interact with the mast cell. Thus, cells incubated with activator in the presence of inhibitor become increasingly unresponsive, or desensitized, to subsequent challenge with activator in the absence of inhibitor. These combined data therefore provide evidence, that, in addition to a selectivity in the activation/desensitization process initiated by different mast cell stimuli, at least one of the biochemical steps subsequent to the activation step is also not shared by all mast cell stimuli.", "contents": "Two distinct mechanisms for the initiation of mast cell degranulation. II. A specific inhibition of amine release by serum proteins. Our experiments have provided additional data in support of the concept that different mast cell activators follow distinct biochemical path-ways in the initiation of secretion and degranulation. To do this we have taken advantage of the observation that some serum proteins, and albumins in particular, have the capacity to inhibit selectively the release of amines from rat peritoneal mast cells initiated by some, but not all, stimuli. We show that the relative inhibition of release obtained is independent of the concentration of activator but dependent upon the concentration of albumin, indicating that the inhibitory process does not involve a direct activator--inhibitor interaction. Finally, our data demonstrate that the inhibition does not interfere with the ability of the acitivator to interact with the mast cell. Thus, cells incubated with activator in the presence of inhibitor become increasingly unresponsive, or desensitized, to subsequent challenge with activator in the absence of inhibitor. These combined data therefore provide evidence, that, in addition to a selectivity in the activation/desensitization process initiated by different mast cell stimuli, at least one of the biochemical steps subsequent to the activation step is also not shared by all mast cell stimuli.", "PMID": 680951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4573", "title": "Pulmonary functions and their correlation with anthropomorphic parameters in young adults of Haryana (India).", "content": "Pulmonary functions in 169 young males of Haryana were studied with the help of a water seal spirometer and Wright's peak flow meter. Different parameters analysed were FVC, FEV1%, P.F.R., MVV, and expiratory flow rates between 25-50%, 25-75% and 50-75% of FVC. Our mean values are well comparable with those of Indian workers but less than those reported by Western workers. Pulmonary functions correlate better with physical parameters, height arm span and upper segment than with age. Correlation coefficient (r) values of FVC and anthropomorphic parameters are +0.7953, +0.3835, +0.3566 and +0.0992 with arm span, upper segment, height and age respectively. These values of pulmonary functions in healthy adults when compared with those obtained from patients suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease, it was observed that expiratory flow rates may be more useful in the detection of pulmonary changes in obstructive lung diseases at an early and reversible stage.", "contents": "Pulmonary functions and their correlation with anthropomorphic parameters in young adults of Haryana (India). Pulmonary functions in 169 young males of Haryana were studied with the help of a water seal spirometer and Wright's peak flow meter. Different parameters analysed were FVC, FEV1%, P.F.R., MVV, and expiratory flow rates between 25-50%, 25-75% and 50-75% of FVC. Our mean values are well comparable with those of Indian workers but less than those reported by Western workers. Pulmonary functions correlate better with physical parameters, height arm span and upper segment than with age. Correlation coefficient (r) values of FVC and anthropomorphic parameters are +0.7953, +0.3835, +0.3566 and +0.0992 with arm span, upper segment, height and age respectively. These values of pulmonary functions in healthy adults when compared with those obtained from patients suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease, it was observed that expiratory flow rates may be more useful in the detection of pulmonary changes in obstructive lung diseases at an early and reversible stage.", "PMID": 680943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4574", "title": "Sympathetic or reflex footpad swelling due to crystal-induced inflammation in the opposite foot.", "content": "Sympathetic or reflex footpad swelling occurred in rats when several crystals known to be pathogenic in human joints or soft tissues were injected into the opposite footpad. Monosodium urate (MSU), calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CaPPD), hydroxyapatite, calcium oxalate (CaOx), and xanthine (X) suspension induced varying degrees of such reflex of sympathetic swelling. In the second cycle of crystal-induced swelling, the foot that had been the initial or primary site of inflammation reacted with greater reflex swelling, when compared to the first cycle. Similarly, reflex increases in temperature occurred when CaPPD was injected. These reflex increases in swelling and temperature may relate to signs and symptoms of patients with reflex neurovascular dystrophy or shoulder--hand syndrome.", "contents": "Sympathetic or reflex footpad swelling due to crystal-induced inflammation in the opposite foot. Sympathetic or reflex footpad swelling occurred in rats when several crystals known to be pathogenic in human joints or soft tissues were injected into the opposite footpad. Monosodium urate (MSU), calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CaPPD), hydroxyapatite, calcium oxalate (CaOx), and xanthine (X) suspension induced varying degrees of such reflex of sympathetic swelling. In the second cycle of crystal-induced swelling, the foot that had been the initial or primary site of inflammation reacted with greater reflex swelling, when compared to the first cycle. Similarly, reflex increases in temperature occurred when CaPPD was injected. These reflex increases in swelling and temperature may relate to signs and symptoms of patients with reflex neurovascular dystrophy or shoulder--hand syndrome.", "PMID": 680952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4575", "title": "Neutrophilic leukocyte membrane proteins. I. Isolation.", "content": "Rabbit exudate-derived PMN were homogenized and the cell membranes isolated on a two-phase aqueous system. Glycoproteins were extracted from cell membranes with lithium diiodosalicylate. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis showed a consistent pattern of three major glycoprotein entities. Cells radioiodinated supravitally showed most of the radioactivity associated with larger glycoprotein entities whereas PMN membranes radiolabeled after isolation yielded a single major peak of radioactivity associated with a much smaller protein entity. Heterologous antisera against rabbit PMN, PMN membranes, and membrane glycoproteins were all cytotoxic for PMN in the presence of complement, and all bound to the PMN surface as demonstrated with immunocolloidal gold on electron microscopy. The data suggest that one or more glycoprotein entities are membrane-associated ectoglycoproteins which can be radiolabeled supravitally.", "contents": "Neutrophilic leukocyte membrane proteins. I. Isolation. Rabbit exudate-derived PMN were homogenized and the cell membranes isolated on a two-phase aqueous system. Glycoproteins were extracted from cell membranes with lithium diiodosalicylate. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis showed a consistent pattern of three major glycoprotein entities. Cells radioiodinated supravitally showed most of the radioactivity associated with larger glycoprotein entities whereas PMN membranes radiolabeled after isolation yielded a single major peak of radioactivity associated with a much smaller protein entity. Heterologous antisera against rabbit PMN, PMN membranes, and membrane glycoproteins were all cytotoxic for PMN in the presence of complement, and all bound to the PMN surface as demonstrated with immunocolloidal gold on electron microscopy. The data suggest that one or more glycoprotein entities are membrane-associated ectoglycoproteins which can be radiolabeled supravitally.", "PMID": 680953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4576", "title": "Effect of three coccidiostatics against toxoplasmosis in mice.", "content": "Duocoxin, nicrazine and amprol plus showed no therapeutic effect in 50 mice each of which was infected with 25,000 organisms of a virulent Toxoplasma strain.", "contents": "Effect of three coccidiostatics against toxoplasmosis in mice. Duocoxin, nicrazine and amprol plus showed no therapeutic effect in 50 mice each of which was infected with 25,000 organisms of a virulent Toxoplasma strain.", "PMID": 680984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4577", "title": "Sex hormones and the immune response. II. Perturbation of antibody production by estradiol 17beta.", "content": "The administration of 75 microgram/kg of estradiol 17beta at successively later stages in the immune response of female guinea pigs to penicilloyl-coupled cavian globulins showed that this steroid reduces the rate of attainment of the maximum titer, the magnitude of the titer achieved, and the rate of titer decay. Control titers maximized at the third experimental week and diminished to one third the peak value by the 6th week. When steroid treatment was begun coincidentally with inoculation (week 0), the peak titer was delayed by 3 weeks, and by 2 weeks when hormone priming was begun at week 1 or 2. The highest antibody titers achieved in the presence of estrogen were 25-30% lower than those of sesame oil controls. The greatest immunosuppressive effect was observed when estradiol was given at the peak of the immune response, the titer dropping by 50% and remaining at that level for the next 4 weeks in spite of continued antigen inoculation and steroid treatment. Titer decay after the end of the inoculation course was prevented by estradiol but not by progesterone, CHP, or these same oil vehicle.", "contents": "Sex hormones and the immune response. II. Perturbation of antibody production by estradiol 17beta. The administration of 75 microgram/kg of estradiol 17beta at successively later stages in the immune response of female guinea pigs to penicilloyl-coupled cavian globulins showed that this steroid reduces the rate of attainment of the maximum titer, the magnitude of the titer achieved, and the rate of titer decay. Control titers maximized at the third experimental week and diminished to one third the peak value by the 6th week. When steroid treatment was begun coincidentally with inoculation (week 0), the peak titer was delayed by 3 weeks, and by 2 weeks when hormone priming was begun at week 1 or 2. The highest antibody titers achieved in the presence of estrogen were 25-30% lower than those of sesame oil controls. The greatest immunosuppressive effect was observed when estradiol was given at the peak of the immune response, the titer dropping by 50% and remaining at that level for the next 4 weeks in spite of continued antigen inoculation and steroid treatment. Titer decay after the end of the inoculation course was prevented by estradiol but not by progesterone, CHP, or these same oil vehicle.", "PMID": 680989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4578", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to hapten-skin protein conjugates in guinea pigs sensitized to benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "Guinea pigs were sensitized to 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene, by epicutaneous application or by footbad injection in Freund's complete adjuvant. Conjugates of benzo(a)pyrene and guinea pig skin protein formed by ultraviolet radiation could elicit cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity and could inhibit the migration of macrophages obtained from guinea pigs sensitized to the carcinogen. Extracts of benzo(a)pyrene-treated guinea pig skin and conjugates formed in vitro with benzo(a)pyrene isocyanate were unable to consistently elicit delayed hypersensitivity reactions in vivo or in vitro. The results indicate a high degree of hapten-carrier specificity to contact sensitivity to benzo(a)pyrene.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to hapten-skin protein conjugates in guinea pigs sensitized to benzo(a)pyrene. Guinea pigs were sensitized to 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene, by epicutaneous application or by footbad injection in Freund's complete adjuvant. Conjugates of benzo(a)pyrene and guinea pig skin protein formed by ultraviolet radiation could elicit cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity and could inhibit the migration of macrophages obtained from guinea pigs sensitized to the carcinogen. Extracts of benzo(a)pyrene-treated guinea pig skin and conjugates formed in vitro with benzo(a)pyrene isocyanate were unable to consistently elicit delayed hypersensitivity reactions in vivo or in vitro. The results indicate a high degree of hapten-carrier specificity to contact sensitivity to benzo(a)pyrene.", "PMID": 680990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4579", "title": "Activation of neutrophilic granulocytes by products of human lymphocytes.", "content": "Materials produced by stimulated primary cultures of human lymphocytes and by a continuous human lymphoid cell line, RPMI 1788, were tested for granulocyte phagocytosis promoting activity. Blood lymphocytes of healthy donors were stimulated with tuberculin (PPD) or concanavalin A (con A) and the culture fluids collected after 3 days of in vitro incubation. Fluids of the lymphoid cell line were collected from 2-day-old cultures. All three kinds of preparations were found to induce a significant increase in neutrophilic granulocyte phagocytic activity. Studies on the kinetics of granulocyte activation revealed that it is a relatively rapid process, being maximal within 60-120 min. This is in contrast to the considerably slower activation of monocytes in a comparable system. Intracutaneous inoculation of the active materials in human volunteers resulted in reactions that grossly and histologically resembled accelerated delayed type hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "Activation of neutrophilic granulocytes by products of human lymphocytes. Materials produced by stimulated primary cultures of human lymphocytes and by a continuous human lymphoid cell line, RPMI 1788, were tested for granulocyte phagocytosis promoting activity. Blood lymphocytes of healthy donors were stimulated with tuberculin (PPD) or concanavalin A (con A) and the culture fluids collected after 3 days of in vitro incubation. Fluids of the lymphoid cell line were collected from 2-day-old cultures. All three kinds of preparations were found to induce a significant increase in neutrophilic granulocyte phagocytic activity. Studies on the kinetics of granulocyte activation revealed that it is a relatively rapid process, being maximal within 60-120 min. This is in contrast to the considerably slower activation of monocytes in a comparable system. Intracutaneous inoculation of the active materials in human volunteers resulted in reactions that grossly and histologically resembled accelerated delayed type hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 680991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4580", "title": "Cross-reactivity between grass and corn pollen antigens.", "content": "Analogous reactions of grass and corn pollen extracts in skin tests on patients suffering from pollinosis might suggest an antigenic relationship between grass and corn pollens. This problem was studied using the RAST inhibition test. Tests were performed with cellulose discs labelled with commercial skin test extracts containing grass, rye, wheat, barley, oat and maize pollens. Different mutual inhibitions were measured showing various grades of antigenic relationship. Only grass pollen antigens could strongly inhibit all other antigen-antibody reactions. Thus, we suppose that the investigated grass pollen extract also contains all antigens typical of corn pollen. Therefore, exclusive use of this extract seems to be possible in diagnosis and perhaps therapy of combined grass and corn pollen allergy.", "contents": "Cross-reactivity between grass and corn pollen antigens. Analogous reactions of grass and corn pollen extracts in skin tests on patients suffering from pollinosis might suggest an antigenic relationship between grass and corn pollens. This problem was studied using the RAST inhibition test. Tests were performed with cellulose discs labelled with commercial skin test extracts containing grass, rye, wheat, barley, oat and maize pollens. Different mutual inhibitions were measured showing various grades of antigenic relationship. Only grass pollen antigens could strongly inhibit all other antigen-antibody reactions. Thus, we suppose that the investigated grass pollen extract also contains all antigens typical of corn pollen. Therefore, exclusive use of this extract seems to be possible in diagnosis and perhaps therapy of combined grass and corn pollen allergy.", "PMID": 680992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4581", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to soluble antigens in mice. I. Analysis in vivo.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity to a soluble protein has been analyzed in mice. Ear swelling, 24 h after injection of a test dose of antigen, has been used to monitor the response to a subcutaneous tail injection of egg albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant. Maximal 24 h ear swelling was observed 8 days after sensitization with either 50 or 100 microgram of antigen. These delayed reactions, which were characterized by mononuclear infiltrates, were relatively uncomplicated by Arthus reactions. The latter, antibody-mediated reactions were apparent at later times after immunization. More intense 24 hr reactions were elicited in C57BL/6 than BALB/c mice. Passive transfer of sensitivity has been accomplished with lymph node cells.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to soluble antigens in mice. I. Analysis in vivo. Delayed hypersensitivity to a soluble protein has been analyzed in mice. Ear swelling, 24 h after injection of a test dose of antigen, has been used to monitor the response to a subcutaneous tail injection of egg albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant. Maximal 24 h ear swelling was observed 8 days after sensitization with either 50 or 100 microgram of antigen. These delayed reactions, which were characterized by mononuclear infiltrates, were relatively uncomplicated by Arthus reactions. The latter, antibody-mediated reactions were apparent at later times after immunization. More intense 24 hr reactions were elicited in C57BL/6 than BALB/c mice. Passive transfer of sensitivity has been accomplished with lymph node cells.", "PMID": 680993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4582", "title": "A porous metal system for joint replacement surgery.", "content": "A porous coated chrome cobalt system has been developed to provide long term stabilization in joint replacement surgery. The pore sizes are 50 to 100 microns, thus ensuring sufficient fatigue strength for use in high load bearing situations. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed, and a five year follow-up of porous coated total shoulder prostheses has failed to reveal any evidence of loosening. The early results of porous coated hip implants is encouraging.", "contents": "A porous metal system for joint replacement surgery. A porous coated chrome cobalt system has been developed to provide long term stabilization in joint replacement surgery. The pore sizes are 50 to 100 microns, thus ensuring sufficient fatigue strength for use in high load bearing situations. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed, and a five year follow-up of porous coated total shoulder prostheses has failed to reveal any evidence of loosening. The early results of porous coated hip implants is encouraging.", "PMID": 680998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4583", "title": "Studies on sorbents for use in a hepatic support system.", "content": "A range of adsorbent and ion exchange materials has been tested for the sorption of fatty acids (hexanoic, octanoic and oleic), bilirubin and bromosulphthalein from human plasma. The importance of sorbent particle size for the kinetics of removal of strongly protein bound substances is shown. A system allowing the use of small particle size bioincompatible sorbents for detoxification is presented.", "contents": "Studies on sorbents for use in a hepatic support system. A range of adsorbent and ion exchange materials has been tested for the sorption of fatty acids (hexanoic, octanoic and oleic), bilirubin and bromosulphthalein from human plasma. The importance of sorbent particle size for the kinetics of removal of strongly protein bound substances is shown. A system allowing the use of small particle size bioincompatible sorbents for detoxification is presented.", "PMID": 681004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4584", "title": "Antithrombogenicity of immobilized urokinase--clinical application.", "content": "A plasminogen activator, urokinase (UK) was immobilized on four different polymer surfaces: nylon, silicone rubber, poly (vinyl chloride) and a polyester, using our newly devised technique. Each material proved to have plasminogen activating activity. In vitro the thrombus formation time (TFT) of the UK-immobilized nylon tubes was over 45 minutes and the TFT of UK-immobilized silicone rubber tubes varied. When applied clinically, the UK-immobilized nylon tubes showed excellent antithrombogenicity.", "contents": "Antithrombogenicity of immobilized urokinase--clinical application. A plasminogen activator, urokinase (UK) was immobilized on four different polymer surfaces: nylon, silicone rubber, poly (vinyl chloride) and a polyester, using our newly devised technique. Each material proved to have plasminogen activating activity. In vitro the thrombus formation time (TFT) of the UK-immobilized nylon tubes was over 45 minutes and the TFT of UK-immobilized silicone rubber tubes varied. When applied clinically, the UK-immobilized nylon tubes showed excellent antithrombogenicity.", "PMID": 681005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4585", "title": "Attempts at simulating evolution by a computer: I. evolution of proteins under prebiotic conditions.", "content": "The effect of random mutations of five identical pentapeptides that have been inserted arbitrarily along a 100 amino acid-long protein chain has been studied by computer simulation. The method used was the application of mutation probability matrix for 2 PAMs of Dayhoff (1972) repeatedly to obtain the desired length of time. The results indicated that, given sufficient length of time, even the identical peptides could become drastically altered and in order to recognise them as stemming from the same origin one has to use reasonable statistical significance thresholds.", "contents": "Attempts at simulating evolution by a computer: I. evolution of proteins under prebiotic conditions. The effect of random mutations of five identical pentapeptides that have been inserted arbitrarily along a 100 amino acid-long protein chain has been studied by computer simulation. The method used was the application of mutation probability matrix for 2 PAMs of Dayhoff (1972) repeatedly to obtain the desired length of time. The results indicated that, given sufficient length of time, even the identical peptides could become drastically altered and in order to recognise them as stemming from the same origin one has to use reasonable statistical significance thresholds.", "PMID": 681006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4586", "title": "A hierarchically-structured model of information processing in neural networks.", "content": "In order to describe the information processing mechanisms of a neural system a basic building block (sub-network), consisting of a group of interacting neural elements, is introduced. By interconnecting such units to give an integrated structure, a hierarchically-organised processing chain is formed. The properties of such a system are shown to provide a logical description of information processing which links high level events with underlying neural mechanisms.", "contents": "A hierarchically-structured model of information processing in neural networks. In order to describe the information processing mechanisms of a neural system a basic building block (sub-network), consisting of a group of interacting neural elements, is introduced. By interconnecting such units to give an integrated structure, a hierarchically-organised processing chain is formed. The properties of such a system are shown to provide a logical description of information processing which links high level events with underlying neural mechanisms.", "PMID": 681007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4587", "title": "Computer analog simulation of a model for the regulation of ago-antagonistic couples.", "content": "A system of quadratic differential equations is proposed within the framework of 'non-linear mechanics', but also outside this framework in respect of certain features, and it is used with a view to formalising a feedback control system. The model helps to simulate states of balance or imbalance within an ago-antagonistic couple and to suggest methods for correcting the imbalances, which do not require modification of the parameter space. Its possibilities of synchronic or diachronic functioning are emphasised. The model may apparently be used for the construction of similar models which include several ago-antagonistic couples. Finally, the aims of such a model, which could be considered as an 'action' model, are defined; its place would be assigned midway between a black-box system and 'knowledge' models.", "contents": "Computer analog simulation of a model for the regulation of ago-antagonistic couples. A system of quadratic differential equations is proposed within the framework of 'non-linear mechanics', but also outside this framework in respect of certain features, and it is used with a view to formalising a feedback control system. The model helps to simulate states of balance or imbalance within an ago-antagonistic couple and to suggest methods for correcting the imbalances, which do not require modification of the parameter space. Its possibilities of synchronic or diachronic functioning are emphasised. The model may apparently be used for the construction of similar models which include several ago-antagonistic couples. Finally, the aims of such a model, which could be considered as an 'action' model, are defined; its place would be assigned midway between a black-box system and 'knowledge' models.", "PMID": 681008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4588", "title": "Robustness of life table methods in large populations--a study by computer simulation.", "content": "The robustness of the product life table estimator of the survival function was studied for large populations under perturbations in the age distribution, changing levels of mortality and changing patterns of fertility. A macrosimulation system, based on a class of stochastic population models called generalised age-dependent branching processes, was used to carry out the numerical investigations. Aside from drastic perturbations in the age distribution and changes in levels of mortality, the product life table estimator of the survival function was found to be robust in large populations, under a variety of conditions.", "contents": "Robustness of life table methods in large populations--a study by computer simulation. The robustness of the product life table estimator of the survival function was studied for large populations under perturbations in the age distribution, changing levels of mortality and changing patterns of fertility. A macrosimulation system, based on a class of stochastic population models called generalised age-dependent branching processes, was used to carry out the numerical investigations. Aside from drastic perturbations in the age distribution and changes in levels of mortality, the product life table estimator of the survival function was found to be robust in large populations, under a variety of conditions.", "PMID": 681009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4589", "title": "Rapidly progressing breast cancer (pouss\u00e9e \u00e9volutive) in Tunisia: studies on delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to a battery of antigens were measured in 145 Tunisian breast cancer patients to determine whether an immunologic mechanism could be detected which might explain the high frequency (60%) of the rapidly progressing form in Tunisian breast cancer patients. Although a greater proportion (30%) of patients with rapily progressing breast cancer reacted to extracts of a breast tumor antigen (2937) than patients without PEV (9%), no significnat difference between PEV and non-PEV patients could be found in reactivity to DNCB, standard microbial antigens, or extracts from tissue culture cell lines. Rapidly progressing breast cancer in Tunisia is not associated with an impairment of delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Rapidly progressing breast cancer (pouss\u00e9e \u00e9volutive) in Tunisia: studies on delayed hypersensitivity. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to a battery of antigens were measured in 145 Tunisian breast cancer patients to determine whether an immunologic mechanism could be detected which might explain the high frequency (60%) of the rapidly progressing form in Tunisian breast cancer patients. Although a greater proportion (30%) of patients with rapily progressing breast cancer reacted to extracts of a breast tumor antigen (2937) than patients without PEV (9%), no significnat difference between PEV and non-PEV patients could be found in reactivity to DNCB, standard microbial antigens, or extracts from tissue culture cell lines. Rapidly progressing breast cancer in Tunisia is not associated with an impairment of delayed hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 681022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4590", "title": "Infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A cohort of 9,454 patients with infectious mononucleosis, serologically confirmed, was followed up to determine their risk of developing lymphoproliferative diseases. A total of 1,759 patients was identified in Scotland from 1959 to 1971 and 7,695 in Sweden from 1952 to 1970. The cancer cases were identified by matching the list of patients with infectious mononucleosis against a list of patients with lymphoma, nasopharyngeal and colon carcinomas registered through 1972 in Sweden and through 1973 in Scotland. A four-fold increase in risk was found for Hodgkin's disease based on 7 cases observed against 1.8 expected. Most of the excess cases of Hodgkin's disease occurred within three years of the diagnosis of infectious moonucleosis and among females. These results are similar to those of four other cohort studies and it is concluded that a positive association exists between infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin's disease. Several explanations of this association were evaluated. Firstly, it may be that a very small proportion of persons who are in the course of developing Hodgkin's disease are temporarily misdiagnosed as having infectious mononucleosis. Secondly, infectious mononucleosis may increase the susceptibility to a factor which causes or promotes the development of Hodgkin's disease. Thirdly, infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin's disease may share a common aetiology. Arguments in favour of, or against, each of these explanations are presented.", "contents": "Infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin's disease. A cohort of 9,454 patients with infectious mononucleosis, serologically confirmed, was followed up to determine their risk of developing lymphoproliferative diseases. A total of 1,759 patients was identified in Scotland from 1959 to 1971 and 7,695 in Sweden from 1952 to 1970. The cancer cases were identified by matching the list of patients with infectious mononucleosis against a list of patients with lymphoma, nasopharyngeal and colon carcinomas registered through 1972 in Sweden and through 1973 in Scotland. A four-fold increase in risk was found for Hodgkin's disease based on 7 cases observed against 1.8 expected. Most of the excess cases of Hodgkin's disease occurred within three years of the diagnosis of infectious moonucleosis and among females. These results are similar to those of four other cohort studies and it is concluded that a positive association exists between infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin's disease. Several explanations of this association were evaluated. Firstly, it may be that a very small proportion of persons who are in the course of developing Hodgkin's disease are temporarily misdiagnosed as having infectious mononucleosis. Secondly, infectious mononucleosis may increase the susceptibility to a factor which causes or promotes the development of Hodgkin's disease. Thirdly, infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin's disease may share a common aetiology. Arguments in favour of, or against, each of these explanations are presented.", "PMID": 681023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4591", "title": "Substrate activation of cell adhesion factor as a prerequisite for cell attachment.", "content": "Cell Adhesion Factor, complexed to insoluble collagen-coated tissue culture dishes, is required for the attachment of fibroblasts to this substrate. In solution, the factor has no demonstrable affinity for cells in suspension following trypsin-EDTA removal of cells from monolayer. Cell surface receptors for the factor are present during the assay period since cells allowed to recover for 1 h at 37 degrees C, 4 degrees C or in the presence of 10(-6) M cycloheximide show exactly the same kinetics of adhesion as control cells. It is demonstrated that Cell Adhesion Factor acquires affinity for the cell surface only following its binding to collagen.", "contents": "Substrate activation of cell adhesion factor as a prerequisite for cell attachment. Cell Adhesion Factor, complexed to insoluble collagen-coated tissue culture dishes, is required for the attachment of fibroblasts to this substrate. In solution, the factor has no demonstrable affinity for cells in suspension following trypsin-EDTA removal of cells from monolayer. Cell surface receptors for the factor are present during the assay period since cells allowed to recover for 1 h at 37 degrees C, 4 degrees C or in the presence of 10(-6) M cycloheximide show exactly the same kinetics of adhesion as control cells. It is demonstrated that Cell Adhesion Factor acquires affinity for the cell surface only following its binding to collagen.", "PMID": 681024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4592", "title": "Immunological characteristics of leukemia and lymphoma in allogeneic cell immunity: growth of syngeneic tumors in rats immunized with allogeneic cells.", "content": "The growth of transplanted tumors was strongly inhibited in syngeneic Wistar King Aptekman (WKA) rats immunized with allogeneic tumor cells from Donryu rats. This phenomenon of non-specific immunity against tumors is referred to as \"allogeneic cell immunity\". However, an exception to the \"allogeneic cell immunity\" was observed in leukemias and lymphomas. Four transplanted leukemia or lymphoma lines were not inhibited in syngeneic rats immunized with allogenic tumor cells. Furthermore, immunization with allogeneic leukemic cells had only a relatively weak inhibitory effect upon a syngeneic fibrosarcoma and no inhibitory effect upon leukemias. In WKA rats immunized with allogeneic lymphoid cells from Donryu rats, the growth of fibrosarcoma, but not of lymphoma, was inhibited. Using transplantation experiments, both fibrosarcoma and lymphoma were defined as antigenic tumors in WKA rats. Transplantation of mixtures of syngeneic tumor cells and allogeneic tumor cells in WKA rats confirmed the above findings. These results revealed that leukemia and lymphoma differ from non-leukemic tumors in regard to \"allogeneic cell immunity\".", "contents": "Immunological characteristics of leukemia and lymphoma in allogeneic cell immunity: growth of syngeneic tumors in rats immunized with allogeneic cells. The growth of transplanted tumors was strongly inhibited in syngeneic Wistar King Aptekman (WKA) rats immunized with allogeneic tumor cells from Donryu rats. This phenomenon of non-specific immunity against tumors is referred to as \"allogeneic cell immunity\". However, an exception to the \"allogeneic cell immunity\" was observed in leukemias and lymphomas. Four transplanted leukemia or lymphoma lines were not inhibited in syngeneic rats immunized with allogenic tumor cells. Furthermore, immunization with allogeneic leukemic cells had only a relatively weak inhibitory effect upon a syngeneic fibrosarcoma and no inhibitory effect upon leukemias. In WKA rats immunized with allogeneic lymphoid cells from Donryu rats, the growth of fibrosarcoma, but not of lymphoma, was inhibited. Using transplantation experiments, both fibrosarcoma and lymphoma were defined as antigenic tumors in WKA rats. Transplantation of mixtures of syngeneic tumor cells and allogeneic tumor cells in WKA rats confirmed the above findings. These results revealed that leukemia and lymphoma differ from non-leukemic tumors in regard to \"allogeneic cell immunity\".", "PMID": 681026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4593", "title": "Work and general psychological and physical well-being.", "content": "This article describes a study of the influence of job factors (e.g. job control, pay, etc.) on job attitudes (satisfaction, alienation, stress) as well as the joint influence of job factors and job attitudes on general psychological and physical well-being. Satisfaction/alienation and felt stress were found to be two different modes of response to work. Prestige, control, variety, and opportunity for promotion were powerful predictors of satisfaction/alienation. Number of deadlines and job overlap with family life were important predictors of stress. The job factors and job attitudes showed substantively important relationships to general well-being. The testing of various alternate hypotheses supported the inference of a causal work-health link. Implications of the findings are that work must be viewed in a wider context than simply as a form of economic activity if the well-being of the population is to be improved and that a focus on individual \"life-styles\" as causes of lowered well-being leads to neglect of the underlying social structural bases of disease.", "contents": "Work and general psychological and physical well-being. This article describes a study of the influence of job factors (e.g. job control, pay, etc.) on job attitudes (satisfaction, alienation, stress) as well as the joint influence of job factors and job attitudes on general psychological and physical well-being. Satisfaction/alienation and felt stress were found to be two different modes of response to work. Prestige, control, variety, and opportunity for promotion were powerful predictors of satisfaction/alienation. Number of deadlines and job overlap with family life were important predictors of stress. The job factors and job attitudes showed substantively important relationships to general well-being. The testing of various alternate hypotheses supported the inference of a causal work-health link. Implications of the findings are that work must be viewed in a wider context than simply as a form of economic activity if the well-being of the population is to be improved and that a focus on individual \"life-styles\" as causes of lowered well-being leads to neglect of the underlying social structural bases of disease.", "PMID": 681045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4594", "title": "Social relations of production and consumption in the human service occupations.", "content": "This paper presents a Marxist analysis of human service occupations. As the forces of monopoly capitalism increased the need for human services and destroyed the social institutions which previously satisfied those needs, employment in the human service industries grew rapidly, and may now exceed that in manufacturing. The nature of human services is discussed: production and consumption occur simultaneously; the social relations of consumption and production are closely related; and service workers play a direct social control role. These characteristics generate contradictions between service and control in service work, and between service workers' roles as both oppressed workers and oppressors. Discussions of the ideologies impacting on the relationships between workers and \"clients,\" the dynamics of these relationships, and the struggles to which they give rise conclude the paper.", "contents": "Social relations of production and consumption in the human service occupations. This paper presents a Marxist analysis of human service occupations. As the forces of monopoly capitalism increased the need for human services and destroyed the social institutions which previously satisfied those needs, employment in the human service industries grew rapidly, and may now exceed that in manufacturing. The nature of human services is discussed: production and consumption occur simultaneously; the social relations of consumption and production are closely related; and service workers play a direct social control role. These characteristics generate contradictions between service and control in service work, and between service workers' roles as both oppressed workers and oppressors. Discussions of the ideologies impacting on the relationships between workers and \"clients,\" the dynamics of these relationships, and the struggles to which they give rise conclude the paper.", "PMID": 681046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4595", "title": "The magnitude of malnutrition in Latin America.", "content": "Malnutrition, an illness which can easily be prevented and cured with existing resources and technology, is perhaps the most widespread disease in Latin America. However, it is unrecognized as such, and those population groups that suffer most from it are most prone to have their sufferings unrecorded. Two factors contribute to this: (a) the inaccuracy and incomplete coverage of vital statistics, as reflected by underregistration of deaths, insufficient medical certification of registered deaths, and biases both among certifying physicians and in the International Classification of Diseases; and (b) low population coverage by the health care systems and thus by the statistics which they generate. These factors are related to the ideological bias of those statistical systems and to the concepts of causality which they use. Through a review and analysis of \"ad hoc\" studies on the frequency of malnutrition in Latin America and its incidence in relation to morbidity and mortality, an estimation is made of malnutrition-caused deaths, which would amount to almost one-fifth of deaths from all causes. As overall availability of food in Latin America is adequate, it is held that this continent ultimately has the level of malnutrition that it wishes to have.", "contents": "The magnitude of malnutrition in Latin America. Malnutrition, an illness which can easily be prevented and cured with existing resources and technology, is perhaps the most widespread disease in Latin America. However, it is unrecognized as such, and those population groups that suffer most from it are most prone to have their sufferings unrecorded. Two factors contribute to this: (a) the inaccuracy and incomplete coverage of vital statistics, as reflected by underregistration of deaths, insufficient medical certification of registered deaths, and biases both among certifying physicians and in the International Classification of Diseases; and (b) low population coverage by the health care systems and thus by the statistics which they generate. These factors are related to the ideological bias of those statistical systems and to the concepts of causality which they use. Through a review and analysis of \"ad hoc\" studies on the frequency of malnutrition in Latin America and its incidence in relation to morbidity and mortality, an estimation is made of malnutrition-caused deaths, which would amount to almost one-fifth of deaths from all causes. As overall availability of food in Latin America is adequate, it is held that this continent ultimately has the level of malnutrition that it wishes to have.", "PMID": 681047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4596", "title": "Health policy in France: a major issue in the 1978 legislative elections.", "content": "For the 1978 legislative elections, all French political parties have, for the first time, a relatively detailed health policy. The right-wing parties of the present government concentrate on the reduction of medical expenditure and the maintenance of the free enterprise tradition of French medicine. The left-wing parties concentrate more on the development of public health institutions and suggest nationalization of the pharmaceutical industry. Within the Left, there is, however, a difference of emphasis: the Socialists propose the setting up of medicosocial centers and abolition of the fee-for-service system; the Communists concentrate rather on industrial health and believe that an improved health service can only come from changes in overall social economic policy. None of these policies is particularly adventurous but their mere existence shows that health is now a major political preoccupation in France. Some of these policies are mainly concerned with individual and public welfare and others with the necessity of maintaining a certain social order. The debate surrounding health policy usually turns around these two issues.", "contents": "Health policy in France: a major issue in the 1978 legislative elections. For the 1978 legislative elections, all French political parties have, for the first time, a relatively detailed health policy. The right-wing parties of the present government concentrate on the reduction of medical expenditure and the maintenance of the free enterprise tradition of French medicine. The left-wing parties concentrate more on the development of public health institutions and suggest nationalization of the pharmaceutical industry. Within the Left, there is, however, a difference of emphasis: the Socialists propose the setting up of medicosocial centers and abolition of the fee-for-service system; the Communists concentrate rather on industrial health and believe that an improved health service can only come from changes in overall social economic policy. None of these policies is particularly adventurous but their mere existence shows that health is now a major political preoccupation in France. Some of these policies are mainly concerned with individual and public welfare and others with the necessity of maintaining a certain social order. The debate surrounding health policy usually turns around these two issues.", "PMID": 681048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4597", "title": "The search for medical care: an exploration of urban black behavior.", "content": "Results are presented of a study of the medical care-seeking behavior of black adult residents of lower and middle socioeconomic status in two predominantly black, yet geographically and socioeconomically distinct communities within the District of Columbia. Against a varied distribution of primary medical care opportunities within the District, substantial differences are demonstrated in their use by lower- and middle-status residents of a lower-class community. These differences are not, however, manifested among lower- and middle-status residents of an essentially middle-class neighborhood. The patterns of medical care-seeking behavior are observed within a framework of an almost total avoidance of the available medical care personnel and facilities in the proximate suburbs.", "contents": "The search for medical care: an exploration of urban black behavior. Results are presented of a study of the medical care-seeking behavior of black adult residents of lower and middle socioeconomic status in two predominantly black, yet geographically and socioeconomically distinct communities within the District of Columbia. Against a varied distribution of primary medical care opportunities within the District, substantial differences are demonstrated in their use by lower- and middle-status residents of a lower-class community. These differences are not, however, manifested among lower- and middle-status residents of an essentially middle-class neighborhood. The patterns of medical care-seeking behavior are observed within a framework of an almost total avoidance of the available medical care personnel and facilities in the proximate suburbs.", "PMID": 681049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4598", "title": "Health in Argentina under the Military Junta.", "content": "The socioeconomic policies of Argentina's Military Junta, in power since March 1976, have led to a sharp impoverishment of the vast majority of the population. In the health sector, facilities which previously were public are being transferred to the private sector, and public hospitals formerly providing free services to the population now charge patients for the care received. As a necessary counterpart to these unpopular measures, a regime of terror has been waged against members of the health team--both those politically active and those considered potentially subversive, particularly the psychiatrists and workers in community health. Differences between the Argentinian situation and previous European fascist patterns are noted, and the possibility of use of the \"Argentinian model\" in other capitalist countries in crisis is discussed.", "contents": "Health in Argentina under the Military Junta. The socioeconomic policies of Argentina's Military Junta, in power since March 1976, have led to a sharp impoverishment of the vast majority of the population. In the health sector, facilities which previously were public are being transferred to the private sector, and public hospitals formerly providing free services to the population now charge patients for the care received. As a necessary counterpart to these unpopular measures, a regime of terror has been waged against members of the health team--both those politically active and those considered potentially subversive, particularly the psychiatrists and workers in community health. Differences between the Argentinian situation and previous European fascist patterns are noted, and the possibility of use of the \"Argentinian model\" in other capitalist countries in crisis is discussed.", "PMID": 681050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4599", "title": "The foreign medical graduate and public policy: a discussion of the issues and options.", "content": "This paper analyzes four basic reasons for curtailing the number of foreign medical graduates (FMGs) entering the United States: the loss to less-developed countries, the possible lower quality of medical care delivered by FMGs, the inability of all U.S. citizens who desire to receive a medical education to do so, and the fear of a possible surplus of physicians in the U.S. For each of these concerns, alternatives are presented and analyzed according to how well they would achieve their objectives. Based on the options proposed for reducing the number of FMGs, the conclusion is reached that the primary concern at present is an oversupply of U.S. physicians.", "contents": "The foreign medical graduate and public policy: a discussion of the issues and options. This paper analyzes four basic reasons for curtailing the number of foreign medical graduates (FMGs) entering the United States: the loss to less-developed countries, the possible lower quality of medical care delivered by FMGs, the inability of all U.S. citizens who desire to receive a medical education to do so, and the fear of a possible surplus of physicians in the U.S. For each of these concerns, alternatives are presented and analyzed according to how well they would achieve their objectives. Based on the options proposed for reducing the number of FMGs, the conclusion is reached that the primary concern at present is an oversupply of U.S. physicians.", "PMID": 681051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4600", "title": "Ascitic cirrhosis in relation to alcohol consumption.", "content": "The average daily alcohol consumption of 184 male patients with ascitic cirrhosis and a random population sample of 778 males was ascertained by interview. Relative risks of ascitic cirrhosis are calculated for different levels of daily alcohol consumption: the logarithm of risk is shown to be a linear function of consumption. The proportion of cases attributable to alcohol is calculated and shown to be over 90%. The potential saving of ascitic cirrhosis if individual consumption of alcohol does not exceed 40g. per day is estimated at 80%.", "contents": "Ascitic cirrhosis in relation to alcohol consumption. The average daily alcohol consumption of 184 male patients with ascitic cirrhosis and a random population sample of 778 males was ascertained by interview. Relative risks of ascitic cirrhosis are calculated for different levels of daily alcohol consumption: the logarithm of risk is shown to be a linear function of consumption. The proportion of cases attributable to alcohol is calculated and shown to be over 90%. The potential saving of ascitic cirrhosis if individual consumption of alcohol does not exceed 40g. per day is estimated at 80%.", "PMID": 681057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4601", "title": "Mortality from malignant tumours of bone and Paget's disease in the United States and in England and Wales.", "content": "Changes in death rates from malignant tumours of bone among successive cohorts in the U S A and in England and Wales are shown to be remarkably similar. Since cohorts born in the 1870's there have been simultaneous and equal declines in both countries and in both sexes. Comparable cohort trends are also shown for Paget's disease, although the death rates in the U S A are only about one-fifth of those in England and Wales.", "contents": "Mortality from malignant tumours of bone and Paget's disease in the United States and in England and Wales. Changes in death rates from malignant tumours of bone among successive cohorts in the U S A and in England and Wales are shown to be remarkably similar. Since cohorts born in the 1870's there have been simultaneous and equal declines in both countries and in both sexes. Comparable cohort trends are also shown for Paget's disease, although the death rates in the U S A are only about one-fifth of those in England and Wales.", "PMID": 681058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4602", "title": "Blood pressure and rural--urban migration in Iran.", "content": "To find the possible association between rural-urban migration and elevation of blood pressure a cross-sectional study was carried out with 379 subjects 40--59 years of age in rural areas of East Azarbaijan, northwest Iran. Another cross-sectional study was carried out in Teheran City in which 403 migrants from the same rural areas and also 357 non-migrant urban residents of the same age group from both sexes were examined. Comparison of the three groups showed that, in all age and sex groups, migrants had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure than did the people in the rural areas of origin. The blood pressure levels of migrants and non-migrants in the city were not much different from each other. The effect of other variables on the levels of blood pressure was investigated. Age, sex and body build (as measured by ponderal index) were also associated with blood pressure. None of these factors however explained the differences in blood pressure levels between rural-urban migrants and people in the rural areas of origin.", "contents": "Blood pressure and rural--urban migration in Iran. To find the possible association between rural-urban migration and elevation of blood pressure a cross-sectional study was carried out with 379 subjects 40--59 years of age in rural areas of East Azarbaijan, northwest Iran. Another cross-sectional study was carried out in Teheran City in which 403 migrants from the same rural areas and also 357 non-migrant urban residents of the same age group from both sexes were examined. Comparison of the three groups showed that, in all age and sex groups, migrants had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure than did the people in the rural areas of origin. The blood pressure levels of migrants and non-migrants in the city were not much different from each other. The effect of other variables on the levels of blood pressure was investigated. Age, sex and body build (as measured by ponderal index) were also associated with blood pressure. None of these factors however explained the differences in blood pressure levels between rural-urban migrants and people in the rural areas of origin.", "PMID": 681059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4603", "title": "Lichen planus actinicus.", "content": "Two patients with lichen planus actinicus are reported. Lichen planus actinicus is more descriptive than lichen planus tropicus, since the condition appears in more temperate climate, i.e. Italy. The etiology of this condition is obscure, but light may act as a triggering mechanism.", "contents": "Lichen planus actinicus. Two patients with lichen planus actinicus are reported. Lichen planus actinicus is more descriptive than lichen planus tropicus, since the condition appears in more temperate climate, i.e. Italy. The etiology of this condition is obscure, but light may act as a triggering mechanism.", "PMID": 681054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4604", "title": "'The analgesic abuse syndrome': an epidemiological perspective.", "content": "Mild analgesics are freely available, widely used, and generally safe. Nevertheless a proportion of the population takes excessive quantities, of whom some develop chronic renal failure in consequence. A syndrome of analgesic abuse has been proposed, definable by characteristics other than analgesic intake. To examine this concept, a population study of analgesic consumption was carried out; the distribution was clearly unimodal and no association could be found between the quantity of analgesics taken and social class, marital status, working or not working, tea or coffee consumption or the number of cigarettes smoked. The principal determinants appeared to be sex, with females reporting a higher intake, and the presence of painful conditions. It was concluded that analgesics abuse cannot be defined other than by the number of analgesics consumed, and that the concept of an analgesic abuse 'syndrome' is not helpful in the design of preventive programmes.", "contents": "'The analgesic abuse syndrome': an epidemiological perspective. Mild analgesics are freely available, widely used, and generally safe. Nevertheless a proportion of the population takes excessive quantities, of whom some develop chronic renal failure in consequence. A syndrome of analgesic abuse has been proposed, definable by characteristics other than analgesic intake. To examine this concept, a population study of analgesic consumption was carried out; the distribution was clearly unimodal and no association could be found between the quantity of analgesics taken and social class, marital status, working or not working, tea or coffee consumption or the number of cigarettes smoked. The principal determinants appeared to be sex, with females reporting a higher intake, and the presence of painful conditions. It was concluded that analgesics abuse cannot be defined other than by the number of analgesics consumed, and that the concept of an analgesic abuse 'syndrome' is not helpful in the design of preventive programmes.", "PMID": 681060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4605", "title": "The St John's randomized trial of the family practice nurse: health outcomes of patients.", "content": "From June 1975, to May 1976, in a large family practice in St. John's, Newfoundland, a randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a family practice nurse. Effectiveness was assessed using standardized health outcome measures of physical, emotional, and social function which could be applied easily and objectively by non-clinicians to the two groups of patients under study: patients receiving conventional care and patients receiving care from the family practice nurse. After establishing the comparability of these two groups of patients at the beginning of the study, these measurements showed similar levels of physical, emotional, and social function in the two groups after 1 year of receiving either family practice nurse or conventional care. These results agree with previous controlled trials of family practice nurses which have indicated that family practice nurses are effective and safe.", "contents": "The St John's randomized trial of the family practice nurse: health outcomes of patients. From June 1975, to May 1976, in a large family practice in St. John's, Newfoundland, a randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a family practice nurse. Effectiveness was assessed using standardized health outcome measures of physical, emotional, and social function which could be applied easily and objectively by non-clinicians to the two groups of patients under study: patients receiving conventional care and patients receiving care from the family practice nurse. After establishing the comparability of these two groups of patients at the beginning of the study, these measurements showed similar levels of physical, emotional, and social function in the two groups after 1 year of receiving either family practice nurse or conventional care. These results agree with previous controlled trials of family practice nurses which have indicated that family practice nurses are effective and safe.", "PMID": 681061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4606", "title": "Utilization of services for preventable disease: a case study of dental care in a southern rural area of the United States.", "content": "The use made of dental services, both preventive and symptomatic, was explored in a small rural southern community in North Carolina as part of a case study illustrative of southern rural patterns of utilization of elective health services. The target population of 1689 persons in 545 households was interviewed in a household survey and in each of four follow-up panel visits over a period of one year--1974--75. Though overall utilization of dental services was low and preventive dental services even lower in both blacks and whites, blacks were at a considerable disadvantage. Unlike whites, increasing education did not increase use of services in blacks; also, unlike whites, black mothers' preventive behaviour was not associated with increased dental preventive behaviour in their children. In addition to barriers to care suffered by the poor, blacks in the south still have additional barriers to overcome: Established patterns of practice are slow to change even when legal and financial barriers are lowered.", "contents": "Utilization of services for preventable disease: a case study of dental care in a southern rural area of the United States. The use made of dental services, both preventive and symptomatic, was explored in a small rural southern community in North Carolina as part of a case study illustrative of southern rural patterns of utilization of elective health services. The target population of 1689 persons in 545 households was interviewed in a household survey and in each of four follow-up panel visits over a period of one year--1974--75. Though overall utilization of dental services was low and preventive dental services even lower in both blacks and whites, blacks were at a considerable disadvantage. Unlike whites, increasing education did not increase use of services in blacks; also, unlike whites, black mothers' preventive behaviour was not associated with increased dental preventive behaviour in their children. In addition to barriers to care suffered by the poor, blacks in the south still have additional barriers to overcome: Established patterns of practice are slow to change even when legal and financial barriers are lowered.", "PMID": 681062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4607", "title": "Calculation of attributable risks from epidemiological data.", "content": "Attributable risk is an important epidemiological index, and may be more relevant to many health planning situations than other indices such as the relative risk. This paper outlines the requirements of typical epidemiological data in order to estimate attributable risks, and illustrates the calculations for some common types of research study. The examples chosen have no special significance per se, but represent the main findings of several typical investigations reported in the epidemiological literature. The combination of estimates from several studies and extrapolation to other populations are discussed. Finally the concept of attributable risk as the causal effect of a risk factor is presented.", "contents": "Calculation of attributable risks from epidemiological data. Attributable risk is an important epidemiological index, and may be more relevant to many health planning situations than other indices such as the relative risk. This paper outlines the requirements of typical epidemiological data in order to estimate attributable risks, and illustrates the calculations for some common types of research study. The examples chosen have no special significance per se, but represent the main findings of several typical investigations reported in the epidemiological literature. The combination of estimates from several studies and extrapolation to other populations are discussed. Finally the concept of attributable risk as the causal effect of a risk factor is presented.", "PMID": 681063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4608", "title": "Some epidemiological factors related to smoking among secondary school children of Delhi urban area.", "content": "The smoking habits of 1284 school children in Delhi Urban Areas (India) were studied. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 8.7% overall, increasing from 5.4% amongst boys age 14 to 26.7% at age 19. Nearly 80% started smoking between the ages of 11 to 14 years. Smoking habit was associated with family income and presence of smokers in the family.", "contents": "Some epidemiological factors related to smoking among secondary school children of Delhi urban area. The smoking habits of 1284 school children in Delhi Urban Areas (India) were studied. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 8.7% overall, increasing from 5.4% amongst boys age 14 to 26.7% at age 19. Nearly 80% started smoking between the ages of 11 to 14 years. Smoking habit was associated with family income and presence of smokers in the family.", "PMID": 681064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4609", "title": "A comparative study of urban and rural tetanus in adults.", "content": "An analysis of 240 patients, aged 15+, admitted to the tetanus ward of Irwin Hospital, New Delhi, with clinically diagnosed tetanus is reported. 134 patients (55.8%) came from rural areas and 106 (44.2%) from urban areas. The male--female ratio for both groups was approximately 2:1. Rural patients were younger, showed a longer incubation period and experienced a lower crude case fatality rate. Traditional practices like the application of cow dung to wounds, ear piercing and tatooing, and chronic ear infections were important factors in developing tetanus, demonstrating a need for health education in rural communities.", "contents": "A comparative study of urban and rural tetanus in adults. An analysis of 240 patients, aged 15+, admitted to the tetanus ward of Irwin Hospital, New Delhi, with clinically diagnosed tetanus is reported. 134 patients (55.8%) came from rural areas and 106 (44.2%) from urban areas. The male--female ratio for both groups was approximately 2:1. Rural patients were younger, showed a longer incubation period and experienced a lower crude case fatality rate. Traditional practices like the application of cow dung to wounds, ear piercing and tatooing, and chronic ear infections were important factors in developing tetanus, demonstrating a need for health education in rural communities.", "PMID": 681065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4610", "title": "Human somatotropin. 55. Synthesis and growth-promoting activity of peptide analogs of the carboxyl terminal plasmin fragment.", "content": "Three analogs of the carboxyl terminal plasmin fragment of human somatotropin, [Nle 170, Ala165, 182, 189]-human somatotropin-(145-191), [Nle170, Ala165, 182, 189]-human somatotropin-(140-191), and [Lys135,136, 138, Glu137, 139, Nle170, Ala165, 182, 189]-human somatotropin-(135-191) have been synthesized by the solid-phase method. The synthetic peptides were assayed for growth-promoting activity and their potency was found to be comparable to that of [S-carbamideomethylcysteine165,182, 189]-human somatotropin-(141-191) which was derived from the native hormone.", "contents": "Human somatotropin. 55. Synthesis and growth-promoting activity of peptide analogs of the carboxyl terminal plasmin fragment. Three analogs of the carboxyl terminal plasmin fragment of human somatotropin, [Nle 170, Ala165, 182, 189]-human somatotropin-(145-191), [Nle170, Ala165, 182, 189]-human somatotropin-(140-191), and [Lys135,136, 138, Glu137, 139, Nle170, Ala165, 182, 189]-human somatotropin-(135-191) have been synthesized by the solid-phase method. The synthetic peptides were assayed for growth-promoting activity and their potency was found to be comparable to that of [S-carbamideomethylcysteine165,182, 189]-human somatotropin-(141-191) which was derived from the native hormone.", "PMID": 681075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4611", "title": "The synthesis and opiate activity of human beta-endorphin analogs. Substituted at residue positions 27 and 31.", "content": "Four analogs of human beta-endorphin have been synthesized and their opiate activities have been determined. One of the analogs, [27-phenylalanine, 31-glycine]-betah-endorphin, was shown to possess an analgesic potency greater than that of the natural peptide.", "contents": "The synthesis and opiate activity of human beta-endorphin analogs. Substituted at residue positions 27 and 31. Four analogs of human beta-endorphin have been synthesized and their opiate activities have been determined. One of the analogs, [27-phenylalanine, 31-glycine]-betah-endorphin, was shown to possess an analgesic potency greater than that of the natural peptide.", "PMID": 681076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4612", "title": "Catalytic hydrogenolysis in liquid ammonia. Cleavage of Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl groups from cysteine-containing peptides with tert-butyl side chain protection. Application to a stepwise synthesis of somatostatin.", "content": "To exemplify the extension to synthesis of sulfur-containing peptides of the Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl and side chain tert-butyl protective group combination, somatostatin has been synthesized via incremental chain elongation starting from the COOH-terminal cysteine. Cleavage of the Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl groups was achieved in high yield, at each stage, by palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation in liquid ammonia. All side chain functionalities including the cysteine thiol groups were blocked by tert-butyl-derived groups. Each gave rise to individual n.m.r. signals which permitted sensitive characterization of all intermediate protected peptides. Mild conditions were used for the removal of all protecting groups from the completed somatostatin tetradecapeptide. The tert-butyl thiol protective groups were readily and completely cleaved by mercuric acetate at pH 4. Oxidation of dihydrosomatostatin with potassium ferricyanide provided somatostatin in good yield. The results indicate that the absolute selectivity between alpha-amine and side chain protective group cleavage afforded by Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl hydrogenolysis in the presence of omega-tert-butyl groups may now be extended to synthesis of cysteine- and methionine-containing peptides.", "contents": "Catalytic hydrogenolysis in liquid ammonia. Cleavage of Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl groups from cysteine-containing peptides with tert-butyl side chain protection. Application to a stepwise synthesis of somatostatin. To exemplify the extension to synthesis of sulfur-containing peptides of the Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl and side chain tert-butyl protective group combination, somatostatin has been synthesized via incremental chain elongation starting from the COOH-terminal cysteine. Cleavage of the Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl groups was achieved in high yield, at each stage, by palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation in liquid ammonia. All side chain functionalities including the cysteine thiol groups were blocked by tert-butyl-derived groups. Each gave rise to individual n.m.r. signals which permitted sensitive characterization of all intermediate protected peptides. Mild conditions were used for the removal of all protecting groups from the completed somatostatin tetradecapeptide. The tert-butyl thiol protective groups were readily and completely cleaved by mercuric acetate at pH 4. Oxidation of dihydrosomatostatin with potassium ferricyanide provided somatostatin in good yield. The results indicate that the absolute selectivity between alpha-amine and side chain protective group cleavage afforded by Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl hydrogenolysis in the presence of omega-tert-butyl groups may now be extended to synthesis of cysteine- and methionine-containing peptides.", "PMID": 681077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4613", "title": "Purification of milk-clotting protease from Bacillus mesentericus strain 76.", "content": "A two-step procedure for the isolation of pure enzyme from Bacillus mesentericus strain 76 is developed. Ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex-C50 is used as a second step after precipitation from ethanol. The pure enzyme preparation, obtained after gel filtration on Sephadex-G25 of the ion-exchange chromatographically separated product, possess the highest specific activity achieved. The homogeneity of the final preparation is proved by determination of the N-terminal amino acid (Arg) and by SDS-PAGDE (single disc).", "contents": "Purification of milk-clotting protease from Bacillus mesentericus strain 76. A two-step procedure for the isolation of pure enzyme from Bacillus mesentericus strain 76 is developed. Ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex-C50 is used as a second step after precipitation from ethanol. The pure enzyme preparation, obtained after gel filtration on Sephadex-G25 of the ion-exchange chromatographically separated product, possess the highest specific activity achieved. The homogeneity of the final preparation is proved by determination of the N-terminal amino acid (Arg) and by SDS-PAGDE (single disc).", "PMID": 681078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4614", "title": "Reaction of ovine prolactin with 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolemine.", "content": "The two tryptophan bonds at positions 91 and 150 in ovine prolactin have been cleaved by the use of 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolemine. The reaction yielded three products: a small fragment containing residues 92-150, a large fragment consisting of residues 1-91 and 151-199 joined by a disulfide bond, and a derivative containing uncleaved but oxidized prolactin. The yield of the two fragments was 38% and 26%, respectively, indicating a cleavage of approximately 55% for each tryptophan residue. The products were characterized by exclusion chromotography, amino acid analysis, isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide, circular dichroism spectra, two-dimensional chromatography/electrophoresis on tryptic digests, and ultraviolet absorption spectra. The oxidized but uncleaved product had immunological activity, whereas the two fragments had none. None of these derivatives was active as assayed by the pigeon crop-sac test.", "contents": "Reaction of ovine prolactin with 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolemine. The two tryptophan bonds at positions 91 and 150 in ovine prolactin have been cleaved by the use of 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolemine. The reaction yielded three products: a small fragment containing residues 92-150, a large fragment consisting of residues 1-91 and 151-199 joined by a disulfide bond, and a derivative containing uncleaved but oxidized prolactin. The yield of the two fragments was 38% and 26%, respectively, indicating a cleavage of approximately 55% for each tryptophan residue. The products were characterized by exclusion chromotography, amino acid analysis, isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide, circular dichroism spectra, two-dimensional chromatography/electrophoresis on tryptic digests, and ultraviolet absorption spectra. The oxidized but uncleaved product had immunological activity, whereas the two fragments had none. None of these derivatives was active as assayed by the pigeon crop-sac test.", "PMID": 681079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4615", "title": "Synthesis and circular dichroism studies of two polypeptides H-[Gly-(Pro)3]n-OH and H-[Gly-(Pro)4]n-OH.", "content": "Recently Gly-(Pro)3 a proline-rich protein (PRP) containing repetitive Gly-(Pro)3 or Gly-(Pro)4 sequences was isolated from human parotid saliva. The synthesis of two polypeptides containing these sequences is described. Their circular dichroism spectra have been recorded and are compared with the circular dichroism spectrum of the natural protein.", "contents": "Synthesis and circular dichroism studies of two polypeptides H-[Gly-(Pro)3]n-OH and H-[Gly-(Pro)4]n-OH. Recently Gly-(Pro)3 a proline-rich protein (PRP) containing repetitive Gly-(Pro)3 or Gly-(Pro)4 sequences was isolated from human parotid saliva. The synthesis of two polypeptides containing these sequences is described. Their circular dichroism spectra have been recorded and are compared with the circular dichroism spectrum of the natural protein.", "PMID": 681080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4616", "title": "Synthesis of an open-chain asymmmetrical cystine peptide corresponding to the sequence A18-21--B19-26 of bovine insulin by solid phase fragment condensation.", "content": "An insulin fragment containing residues A 18-21 and B 19-26 linked by the disulfide bond between residues A 20 and B 19 was synthesized. The sequence B 21-26 was assembled on a solid support by the Merrifield technique. The protected fragments A 18-21 and B 19-20 were prepared by conventional methods. After forming the disulfide bridge through cleavage of the S-thiocarbonate derivative of A 18-21 by the thiol peptide B 19-20, the resulting assymmetrical cystine peptide A 18-21--B 19-20 was coupled via the carboxyl group of residue B 20 to the free NH 2-terminal amino group of the protected B 21-26 resin. The product was deprotected, cleaved from the resin, and purified to give the homogenous dodecapeptide A 18-21--B 19-26.", "contents": "Synthesis of an open-chain asymmmetrical cystine peptide corresponding to the sequence A18-21--B19-26 of bovine insulin by solid phase fragment condensation. An insulin fragment containing residues A 18-21 and B 19-26 linked by the disulfide bond between residues A 20 and B 19 was synthesized. The sequence B 21-26 was assembled on a solid support by the Merrifield technique. The protected fragments A 18-21 and B 19-20 were prepared by conventional methods. After forming the disulfide bridge through cleavage of the S-thiocarbonate derivative of A 18-21 by the thiol peptide B 19-20, the resulting assymmetrical cystine peptide A 18-21--B 19-20 was coupled via the carboxyl group of residue B 20 to the free NH 2-terminal amino group of the protected B 21-26 resin. The product was deprotected, cleaved from the resin, and purified to give the homogenous dodecapeptide A 18-21--B 19-26.", "PMID": 681081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4617", "title": "Tight packing of protein cores and interfaces. Relation to conservative amino acid sequences and stability of protein-protein interaction.", "content": "The tightly packed protein interiors and interfaces are taken to be essentially solids. The tight packing, and the r -6 dependence of the energy of van der Waals' interactions may account for the highly conservative core regions of homologous proteins. The hydrophobic free energies used to calculate confirmational stability and the association constants for protein-protein interactions are not adequate, since the free energies are obtained from liquid-liquid transfer of model compounds. An additional term is required, the enthalpy of fusion. This provides an additional approximately 7 kcal mol -1 for the stabilization of the trypsin-trypsin inhibitor complex.", "contents": "Tight packing of protein cores and interfaces. Relation to conservative amino acid sequences and stability of protein-protein interaction. The tightly packed protein interiors and interfaces are taken to be essentially solids. The tight packing, and the r -6 dependence of the energy of van der Waals' interactions may account for the highly conservative core regions of homologous proteins. The hydrophobic free energies used to calculate confirmational stability and the association constants for protein-protein interactions are not adequate, since the free energies are obtained from liquid-liquid transfer of model compounds. An additional term is required, the enthalpy of fusion. This provides an additional approximately 7 kcal mol -1 for the stabilization of the trypsin-trypsin inhibitor complex.", "PMID": 681083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4618", "title": "Synthesis and opiate activity of human beta-endorphin analogs with various chain lengths.", "content": "The synthesis of beta h-endorphin -(1--15), -(1--21), -(1--26), -(1--28) and -(1--29) have been accomplished by the solid-phase method. The opiate activities of the peptides were measured in the guinea pig ileum assay. Their relative potencies were beta h-endorphin (beta h-EP), 1.00; Met-enkephalin, 0.25: beta h-EP-(1--15), 0.17; beta H-EP-(1--21), 0.46; beta H-EP-(1-26), 0.48; beta h-EP-(1--28), 0.89; beta h-EP-(1--29), 1.04.", "contents": "Synthesis and opiate activity of human beta-endorphin analogs with various chain lengths. The synthesis of beta h-endorphin -(1--15), -(1--21), -(1--26), -(1--28) and -(1--29) have been accomplished by the solid-phase method. The opiate activities of the peptides were measured in the guinea pig ileum assay. Their relative potencies were beta h-endorphin (beta h-EP), 1.00; Met-enkephalin, 0.25: beta h-EP-(1--15), 0.17; beta H-EP-(1--21), 0.46; beta H-EP-(1-26), 0.48; beta h-EP-(1--28), 0.89; beta h-EP-(1--29), 1.04.", "PMID": 681084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4619", "title": "A survey of atom packing in globular proteins.", "content": "This survey of the atom packing in the high resolution X-ray crystal structures of 21 proteins indicates that the atom density around a given central atom is determined primarily by its covalently bonded neighbors and proximity to the surface of the protein. Long-range hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions are strictly of secondary importance. Both radial and angular atom densities were calculated about various central atoms of several residue types, averaged over all occurrences of the chosen residue type in all 21 proteins. Polar interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, involve on the average shorter distances than hydrophobic interactions do, and are more directional. Spatial segregation of polar and non-polar atoms is never complete in long-range interactions since the types of atoms are linked together covalently.", "contents": "A survey of atom packing in globular proteins. This survey of the atom packing in the high resolution X-ray crystal structures of 21 proteins indicates that the atom density around a given central atom is determined primarily by its covalently bonded neighbors and proximity to the surface of the protein. Long-range hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions are strictly of secondary importance. Both radial and angular atom densities were calculated about various central atoms of several residue types, averaged over all occurrences of the chosen residue type in all 21 proteins. Polar interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, involve on the average shorter distances than hydrophobic interactions do, and are more directional. Spatial segregation of polar and non-polar atoms is never complete in long-range interactions since the types of atoms are linked together covalently.", "PMID": 681085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4620", "title": "Cyclic peptides. V. Synthesis of AM-toxin II and its analog.", "content": "A cyclic tetradepsipeptide with a sequence corresponding to AM-toxin II (a phytotoxic peptide) was synthesized in order to confirm the proposed structure by a conventional method. This was mediated through a dehydration reaction of cyclodepsipeptide containing a D-Ser residue, by methanesulfonyl chloride containing sulfur dioxide. The synthetic peptide and natural AM-toxin II were identical as regards t.l.c., crystal form, several kinds of spectra measurements and biological activity in causing necrosis on apple leaves. An analog, [L-Phe1]-AM-toxin, containing the lower homolog (L-phenylalanine) instead of L-2-amino-5-phenylpentanoic acid in position 1 of natural toxin II, was synthesized simultaneously. [L-Phe1]-AM-toxin showed extremely weak activity; the relationship between the bulkiness of an aromatic side chain and the biological activity of AM-toxin II is discussed.", "contents": "Cyclic peptides. V. Synthesis of AM-toxin II and its analog. A cyclic tetradepsipeptide with a sequence corresponding to AM-toxin II (a phytotoxic peptide) was synthesized in order to confirm the proposed structure by a conventional method. This was mediated through a dehydration reaction of cyclodepsipeptide containing a D-Ser residue, by methanesulfonyl chloride containing sulfur dioxide. The synthetic peptide and natural AM-toxin II were identical as regards t.l.c., crystal form, several kinds of spectra measurements and biological activity in causing necrosis on apple leaves. An analog, [L-Phe1]-AM-toxin, containing the lower homolog (L-phenylalanine) instead of L-2-amino-5-phenylpentanoic acid in position 1 of natural toxin II, was synthesized simultaneously. [L-Phe1]-AM-toxin showed extremely weak activity; the relationship between the bulkiness of an aromatic side chain and the biological activity of AM-toxin II is discussed.", "PMID": 681086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4621", "title": "Visual acuity: the influence of refraction and diffraction and the use of interference fringes.", "content": "In summary, interference acuity provides an exceedingly useful technique for separating optical from retinal causes for poor vision. Opacities can cause gross disturbances of the fringe pattern, so failure in this test may or may not be caused by poor macular function. For patients who would be operated on only if indications of existing potential for vision could be obtained, this test is invaluable. We had several patients who would have been excluded from consideration for a cataract extraction but who were not because we were able to show good potential for acuity; postoperatively, they achieved acuities as predicted. The test succeeded in evaluating macular function in instances when the usual methods of testing for vision potential, such as two-point discrimination, electroretinography, and ultrasound, provided only crude estimates of retinal function. Although the apparatus required is simple-a small laser, a few optical components, and a patient chair-I am not sure how long it will take before ophthalmologists will have it available for office use. But I am optimistic about the possibilities offered by the widespread use of what I consider to be a promising new technique for evaluating macular function behind opacities of the ocular media.", "contents": "Visual acuity: the influence of refraction and diffraction and the use of interference fringes. In summary, interference acuity provides an exceedingly useful technique for separating optical from retinal causes for poor vision. Opacities can cause gross disturbances of the fringe pattern, so failure in this test may or may not be caused by poor macular function. For patients who would be operated on only if indications of existing potential for vision could be obtained, this test is invaluable. We had several patients who would have been excluded from consideration for a cataract extraction but who were not because we were able to show good potential for acuity; postoperatively, they achieved acuities as predicted. The test succeeded in evaluating macular function in instances when the usual methods of testing for vision potential, such as two-point discrimination, electroretinography, and ultrasound, provided only crude estimates of retinal function. Although the apparatus required is simple-a small laser, a few optical components, and a patient chair-I am not sure how long it will take before ophthalmologists will have it available for office use. But I am optimistic about the possibilities offered by the widespread use of what I consider to be a promising new technique for evaluating macular function behind opacities of the ocular media.", "PMID": 681121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4622", "title": "The relationship between retinal receptor orientation and photoreceptor optics.", "content": "At this time, based on still-restricted studies, it would seem that a fundamental property of vertebrate receptor optics is anterior pointing by receptors. The anterior pointing locus is most probably a point approximating the center of the exit pupil of the eye. There is evidence for the recovery of orientation when that orientation is disturbed. One or more mechanisms mediate that orientation, and we must seek to define and understand their functional properties. We must better define how disturbance in orientation influences vision. Briefly stated, substantially disturbed receptors have reduced light-guiding capability (and hence reduced sensitivity), reduced contrast sensitivity (caused by increased cross talk and so forth), and reduced resolution capability. These combine to creat a detectable (but not necessarily common) form of amblyopia [30]. In a sense, these cases of poor acuity would seem to represent a failure of the photoreceptor alignment system. An interesting set of theories has evolved in relation to receptor alignment in the neonate. There is considerable mechanical hydraulic stress on the newborn ocular vascular system at the time of delivery. Retinal hemorrhages and transient edema of the optic papilla following intracranial pressure rise and rapid decompression later during delivery of the head commonly occur. These can readily causd disturbances in receptor alignment. In some instances the macula is involved. While hemorrhages are apparently rapidly absorbed, if foveal receptors remain misaligned during the critical period (not yet really defined) for the development of vision, central fine-resolution capability may fail to develop. That is, subsequent elaboration of the visual system is dependent upon the quality of the optically transmitted and neurally transformed retinal image during the critical period for visual development. If the capability for realignment exists and occurs after part or all of the critical period, then signs of a prior receptor disarray may no longer be present in later years, but reduced resolution capability can persist. There is interesting literature on the subject [63-68]. K. Simons is currently reviewing this literature as part of his dissertation. Simons points out that the rupture of vessels may in fact partially serve as a safety valve protective of the infant in the presence of these substantive forces, i.e., fine-vessel rupture may limit the potential for damage to the eye. At this stage of investigation it is dangerous to carry speclation too far. Thus not only must we consider the mechanism for orientation, the nature of a possible error signal, and the mechaniisms for maintaning orientation and relating the retina to its substrate, but we must also analyze the consequences of disturbances in these mechanisms in relation to the individual's visual capability. Of equal importance is the need to understand the mechanisms and processes leading to failure of recovery of proper photoreceptor orientation...", "contents": "The relationship between retinal receptor orientation and photoreceptor optics. At this time, based on still-restricted studies, it would seem that a fundamental property of vertebrate receptor optics is anterior pointing by receptors. The anterior pointing locus is most probably a point approximating the center of the exit pupil of the eye. There is evidence for the recovery of orientation when that orientation is disturbed. One or more mechanisms mediate that orientation, and we must seek to define and understand their functional properties. We must better define how disturbance in orientation influences vision. Briefly stated, substantially disturbed receptors have reduced light-guiding capability (and hence reduced sensitivity), reduced contrast sensitivity (caused by increased cross talk and so forth), and reduced resolution capability. These combine to creat a detectable (but not necessarily common) form of amblyopia [30]. In a sense, these cases of poor acuity would seem to represent a failure of the photoreceptor alignment system. An interesting set of theories has evolved in relation to receptor alignment in the neonate. There is considerable mechanical hydraulic stress on the newborn ocular vascular system at the time of delivery. Retinal hemorrhages and transient edema of the optic papilla following intracranial pressure rise and rapid decompression later during delivery of the head commonly occur. These can readily causd disturbances in receptor alignment. In some instances the macula is involved. While hemorrhages are apparently rapidly absorbed, if foveal receptors remain misaligned during the critical period (not yet really defined) for the development of vision, central fine-resolution capability may fail to develop. That is, subsequent elaboration of the visual system is dependent upon the quality of the optically transmitted and neurally transformed retinal image during the critical period for visual development. If the capability for realignment exists and occurs after part or all of the critical period, then signs of a prior receptor disarray may no longer be present in later years, but reduced resolution capability can persist. There is interesting literature on the subject [63-68]. K. Simons is currently reviewing this literature as part of his dissertation. Simons points out that the rupture of vessels may in fact partially serve as a safety valve protective of the infant in the presence of these substantive forces, i.e., fine-vessel rupture may limit the potential for damage to the eye. At this stage of investigation it is dangerous to carry speclation too far. Thus not only must we consider the mechanism for orientation, the nature of a possible error signal, and the mechaniisms for maintaning orientation and relating the retina to its substrate, but we must also analyze the consequences of disturbances in these mechanisms in relation to the individual's visual capability. Of equal importance is the need to understand the mechanisms and processes leading to failure of recovery of proper photoreceptor orientation...", "PMID": 681129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4623", "title": "Possible indication of dopaminergic blockade in man by electroretinography.", "content": "In view of the finding that dopamine is the principle neurotransmitter in the retina, an attempt was made to demonstrate dopaminergic receptor blockade by means of electroretinography. In an open experimental setting, the effect of 50 mg thioridazine was compared with that of placebo in 2 groups of 10 normal volunteers. In the placebo group, the post-drug scotopic electroretinogram (ERG) was not significantly different from the pre-drug ERG, while in the thioridazine group, the post-drug scotopic ERG showed prolongation of 'a' wave latency time, prolongation of 'b' wave evolution time, and diminution of 'b' wave amplitude.", "contents": "Possible indication of dopaminergic blockade in man by electroretinography. In view of the finding that dopamine is the principle neurotransmitter in the retina, an attempt was made to demonstrate dopaminergic receptor blockade by means of electroretinography. In an open experimental setting, the effect of 50 mg thioridazine was compared with that of placebo in 2 groups of 10 normal volunteers. In the placebo group, the post-drug scotopic electroretinogram (ERG) was not significantly different from the pre-drug ERG, while in the thioridazine group, the post-drug scotopic ERG showed prolongation of 'a' wave latency time, prolongation of 'b' wave evolution time, and diminution of 'b' wave amplitude.", "PMID": 681132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4624", "title": "Rhodopsin and visual threshold in retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Rhodopsin kinetics and visual threshold were determined in three subjects with a dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa. The retinal areas studied showed varying loss of sensitivity, which correlated well with the reduction in the measured density of rhodopsin in the test region. Rhodopsin photosensitivity was normal, and there was no evidence that either rhodopsin or the cone pigments regenerated more rapidly than normal. The findings in these cases of retinitis pigmentosa, when compared with the threshold changes induced by vitamin A deficiency or photic bleaching, suggest that the disease produces an imbalance between disc removal and new disc formation, which results in a progressive shortening of the photoreceptor outer segments and, eventually, in their complete disappearance.", "contents": "Rhodopsin and visual threshold in retinitis pigmentosa. Rhodopsin kinetics and visual threshold were determined in three subjects with a dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa. The retinal areas studied showed varying loss of sensitivity, which correlated well with the reduction in the measured density of rhodopsin in the test region. Rhodopsin photosensitivity was normal, and there was no evidence that either rhodopsin or the cone pigments regenerated more rapidly than normal. The findings in these cases of retinitis pigmentosa, when compared with the threshold changes induced by vitamin A deficiency or photic bleaching, suggest that the disease produces an imbalance between disc removal and new disc formation, which results in a progressive shortening of the photoreceptor outer segments and, eventually, in their complete disappearance.", "PMID": 681133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4625", "title": "Normal and amblyopic contrast sensitivity function in central and peripheral retinas.", "content": "Contrast sensitivity functions (CSF's) for temporally modulated sine wave gratings were established at a variety of retinal eccentricities in three esotropic amblyopes with acuities in their amblyopic eyes of 20/50, 20/100, and 20/300. CSF's were shown to vary with eccentricity and the degree of amblyopia. In the 20/50 amblyope, reduced CSF's were confined to the higher spatial frequencies and to the central 5 degrees of the retina. Given greater acuity deficits (e.g., 20/100 and 20/300), CSF's were depressed over the entire spatial frequency range tested, with the effects intruding farther into the peripheral retina than for the 20/50 amblyope. In addition, the detection of the temporal as well as the spatial modulation was depressed in the CSF's of the observers with severe amblyopia.", "contents": "Normal and amblyopic contrast sensitivity function in central and peripheral retinas. Contrast sensitivity functions (CSF's) for temporally modulated sine wave gratings were established at a variety of retinal eccentricities in three esotropic amblyopes with acuities in their amblyopic eyes of 20/50, 20/100, and 20/300. CSF's were shown to vary with eccentricity and the degree of amblyopia. In the 20/50 amblyope, reduced CSF's were confined to the higher spatial frequencies and to the central 5 degrees of the retina. Given greater acuity deficits (e.g., 20/100 and 20/300), CSF's were depressed over the entire spatial frequency range tested, with the effects intruding farther into the peripheral retina than for the 20/50 amblyope. In addition, the detection of the temporal as well as the spatial modulation was depressed in the CSF's of the observers with severe amblyopia.", "PMID": 681134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4626", "title": "A displaced Stiles-Crawford effect associated with an eccentric pupil.", "content": "Receptors tend to be oriented toward a point near the center of the pupil in the normal eye. We report psychophysical studies of receptor orientation and directional sensitivity in a subject whose right pupil is displaced nearly 3 mm nasally as a result of injury sustained 25 years ago. The Stiles-Crawford effect was measured for foveal cones and for parafoveal cones and rods. Greatest sensitivity was found in all cases at a point close to the center of the natural pupil, indicating that the receptors in this eye are trained toward the abnormally situated pupil. At large angles of incidence, foveal cones exhibited a clear asymptote of sensitivity 0.83 log units below the sensitivity for axially incident light. Parafoveal cones were more directionally sensitive, with a suggestion of an asymptote for oblique incidence about 1.2 log units below the sensitivity for axial incidence. Rods showed a sensitivity pattern decentered like that of the cones, with a greatest observed sensitivity loss of 0.28 log units. Best acuity for cones was observed for entrance pupils close to the optical axis of the eye, remote from the pupillary region for best sensitivity.", "contents": "A displaced Stiles-Crawford effect associated with an eccentric pupil. Receptors tend to be oriented toward a point near the center of the pupil in the normal eye. We report psychophysical studies of receptor orientation and directional sensitivity in a subject whose right pupil is displaced nearly 3 mm nasally as a result of injury sustained 25 years ago. The Stiles-Crawford effect was measured for foveal cones and for parafoveal cones and rods. Greatest sensitivity was found in all cases at a point close to the center of the natural pupil, indicating that the receptors in this eye are trained toward the abnormally situated pupil. At large angles of incidence, foveal cones exhibited a clear asymptote of sensitivity 0.83 log units below the sensitivity for axially incident light. Parafoveal cones were more directionally sensitive, with a suggestion of an asymptote for oblique incidence about 1.2 log units below the sensitivity for axial incidence. Rods showed a sensitivity pattern decentered like that of the cones, with a greatest observed sensitivity loss of 0.28 log units. Best acuity for cones was observed for entrance pupils close to the optical axis of the eye, remote from the pupillary region for best sensitivity.", "PMID": 681135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4627", "title": "The effects of intravitreally injected prostaglandin E1 on retinal function and their enhancement by a prostaglandin-transporter inhibitor.", "content": "The effects of intravitreally injected prostaglandins (PG's) E1 and F2alpha were studied on conscious, bromcresol green (BrCG)-pretreated and control rabbits. The electroretinogram (ERG) of both the PG-injected and the contralateral control eyes was recorded with contact lens electrodes; and electrocorticogram and the visually evoked response (VER) were recorded from both hemispheres with previously implanted supradural electrodes. In normal rabbits, intravitreal injection of 0.70 mg of PGE1 resulted in a small reduction in the amplitude of the ERG b-wave and of the slow negative wave (SNW) of the contralateral VER. In BrCG-pretreated rabbits, intravitreal injection of 0.70 mg of PGE1 caused a statistically significant decrease in the amplitude of the ERG b-wave and the SNW. Intravitreal injection of 0.7 mg of PGE1 also caused a significantly prolonged inhibition of the ERG in BrCG-pretreated, but not in normal rabbits, following exposure of the eye to a bright light flash. A smaller dose of PGE1 (0.35 mg/eye) caused more moderate effects on some of these parameters. These effects could not be explained by the PG-induced miosis. PGF2alpha (0.7 mg/eye) caused no significant changes in any of the parameters studied. These results indicate that exogenous PG's can have adverse effects on retinal function and that these effects are enhanced by BrCG, a PG-transport inhibitor. Presumably, this inhibitor blocks the PG-removal mechanisms across the blood-retinal barriers and hence allows the accumulation of PG's in the extracellular fluids of the retina.", "contents": "The effects of intravitreally injected prostaglandin E1 on retinal function and their enhancement by a prostaglandin-transporter inhibitor. The effects of intravitreally injected prostaglandins (PG's) E1 and F2alpha were studied on conscious, bromcresol green (BrCG)-pretreated and control rabbits. The electroretinogram (ERG) of both the PG-injected and the contralateral control eyes was recorded with contact lens electrodes; and electrocorticogram and the visually evoked response (VER) were recorded from both hemispheres with previously implanted supradural electrodes. In normal rabbits, intravitreal injection of 0.70 mg of PGE1 resulted in a small reduction in the amplitude of the ERG b-wave and of the slow negative wave (SNW) of the contralateral VER. In BrCG-pretreated rabbits, intravitreal injection of 0.70 mg of PGE1 caused a statistically significant decrease in the amplitude of the ERG b-wave and the SNW. Intravitreal injection of 0.7 mg of PGE1 also caused a significantly prolonged inhibition of the ERG in BrCG-pretreated, but not in normal rabbits, following exposure of the eye to a bright light flash. A smaller dose of PGE1 (0.35 mg/eye) caused more moderate effects on some of these parameters. These effects could not be explained by the PG-induced miosis. PGF2alpha (0.7 mg/eye) caused no significant changes in any of the parameters studied. These results indicate that exogenous PG's can have adverse effects on retinal function and that these effects are enhanced by BrCG, a PG-transport inhibitor. Presumably, this inhibitor blocks the PG-removal mechanisms across the blood-retinal barriers and hence allows the accumulation of PG's in the extracellular fluids of the retina.", "PMID": 681136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4628", "title": "Reduction by indomethacin of the degeneration increase in outflow facility after superior cervical ganglionectomy in the rabbit.", "content": "The effects of indomethacin and aspirin on the increase in facility of aqueous outflow occurring 24 hr after removal of the the superior cervical ganglion from rabbits have been studied. Both drugs were administered in the suppository from 1 hr prior to facility determinations. After pretreatment of rabbits with indomethacin in this  manner, the degeneration increase in outflow facility was significantly reduced but not completely abolished. After pretreatment with aspirin, on the other hand, outflow facility of the denervated eyes, although showing a trend toward reduction from values for ganglionectomized eyes of untreated rabbits, was not changed statistically. The effect of indomethacin may be due to inhibition of porstaglandin or thromboxane synthesis. Because of the results with aspirin, however, a special action of indomethacin in reducing the elevated outflow facility must also be considered.", "contents": "Reduction by indomethacin of the degeneration increase in outflow facility after superior cervical ganglionectomy in the rabbit. The effects of indomethacin and aspirin on the increase in facility of aqueous outflow occurring 24 hr after removal of the the superior cervical ganglion from rabbits have been studied. Both drugs were administered in the suppository from 1 hr prior to facility determinations. After pretreatment of rabbits with indomethacin in this  manner, the degeneration increase in outflow facility was significantly reduced but not completely abolished. After pretreatment with aspirin, on the other hand, outflow facility of the denervated eyes, although showing a trend toward reduction from values for ganglionectomized eyes of untreated rabbits, was not changed statistically. The effect of indomethacin may be due to inhibition of porstaglandin or thromboxane synthesis. Because of the results with aspirin, however, a special action of indomethacin in reducing the elevated outflow facility must also be considered.", "PMID": 681137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4629", "title": "Abnormal retinogeniculate projections in the congenitally microphthalmic cat.", "content": "The retinogeniculate projections from the normal eye of a unilaterally microphthalmic cat are abnormal in that optic tract fibers cross laminar borders and end, inappropriately, in geniculate layers that would normally receive input from the microphthalmic eye. This congenitally induced abnormal retinogeniculate projection is quite similar to that seen in cats with one eye surgically removed shortly after birth. Although most cells are shrunken in the laminae normally innervated by the microphathalmic eye, cells in the region of the abnormal projection appear normal. The normal pattern of geniculate lamination is also disrupted in that cell-free interlaminar regions are considerably more difficult to define in the microphthalmic cat.", "contents": "Abnormal retinogeniculate projections in the congenitally microphthalmic cat. The retinogeniculate projections from the normal eye of a unilaterally microphthalmic cat are abnormal in that optic tract fibers cross laminar borders and end, inappropriately, in geniculate layers that would normally receive input from the microphthalmic eye. This congenitally induced abnormal retinogeniculate projection is quite similar to that seen in cats with one eye surgically removed shortly after birth. Although most cells are shrunken in the laminae normally innervated by the microphathalmic eye, cells in the region of the abnormal projection appear normal. The normal pattern of geniculate lamination is also disrupted in that cell-free interlaminar regions are considerably more difficult to define in the microphthalmic cat.", "PMID": 681138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4630", "title": "Inflammatory response of guinea pig to injected limbal tissue.", "content": "This study examined the possibility that homologous limbal tissue, including trabecular meshwork, serving as an antigen, could elicit inflammatory cells responsible for both aqueous obstruction and inflammation; the possible role of this response in ocular disease was also studied. Four sets of guinea pigs were sensitized with complete Freund's adjuvant. One set received just adjuvant and saline, one set received adjuvant plus uvea, and two sets received adjuvant plus limbal tissue. The animal injected with only adjuvant and saline all showed normal ocular histology. Sensitizing guinea pigs with limbus and adjuvant produced mononuclear infiltration of the uvea, trabeculum, and episclera. Lymphocytes and plasma cells predominated. The response induced by the limbus seemed to consist of two components: a uveal and a specific limbal component. The lymphoid infiltration of the uvea was identical to the response induced by uveal antigen in our uvea control group. The limbal component was characterized by clusters of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the trabecular and episcleral regions. This study showed that limbal tissue antigen induces an inflammatory response in both uvea and limbus, and that the inflammatory response in the trabeculum is greater with limbal than uveal antigen.", "contents": "Inflammatory response of guinea pig to injected limbal tissue. This study examined the possibility that homologous limbal tissue, including trabecular meshwork, serving as an antigen, could elicit inflammatory cells responsible for both aqueous obstruction and inflammation; the possible role of this response in ocular disease was also studied. Four sets of guinea pigs were sensitized with complete Freund's adjuvant. One set received just adjuvant and saline, one set received adjuvant plus uvea, and two sets received adjuvant plus limbal tissue. The animal injected with only adjuvant and saline all showed normal ocular histology. Sensitizing guinea pigs with limbus and adjuvant produced mononuclear infiltration of the uvea, trabeculum, and episclera. Lymphocytes and plasma cells predominated. The response induced by the limbus seemed to consist of two components: a uveal and a specific limbal component. The lymphoid infiltration of the uvea was identical to the response induced by uveal antigen in our uvea control group. The limbal component was characterized by clusters of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the trabecular and episcleral regions. This study showed that limbal tissue antigen induces an inflammatory response in both uvea and limbus, and that the inflammatory response in the trabeculum is greater with limbal than uveal antigen.", "PMID": 681139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4631", "title": "Elastin content of the scleral spur, trabecular mesh, and sclera.", "content": "The scleral spur and trabecular mesh of the human eye contain approximately 5% elastic tissue. Elastic tissue forms less than 2% of the sclera.", "contents": "Elastin content of the scleral spur, trabecular mesh, and sclera. The scleral spur and trabecular mesh of the human eye contain approximately 5% elastic tissue. Elastic tissue forms less than 2% of the sclera.", "PMID": 681140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4632", "title": "Kitten ganglion cells: dendritic field size at 3 weeks of age and correlation with receptive field size.", "content": "A Golgi study of beta (brisk-X type) ganglion cells has been done to compare ganglion cells in the retina of 3-week-old and adult cats. An anatomical basis for the large receptive field centers found in the immature kitten retina was sought. Kitten beta-type ganglion cells have significantly smaller dendritic spreads than adult beta cells; the dendrites of the kitten cells must still grow to reach their final adult size. Therefore a synaptic basis for the large receptive field size of the immature cells is suggested.", "contents": "Kitten ganglion cells: dendritic field size at 3 weeks of age and correlation with receptive field size. A Golgi study of beta (brisk-X type) ganglion cells has been done to compare ganglion cells in the retina of 3-week-old and adult cats. An anatomical basis for the large receptive field centers found in the immature kitten retina was sought. Kitten beta-type ganglion cells have significantly smaller dendritic spreads than adult beta cells; the dendrites of the kitten cells must still grow to reach their final adult size. Therefore a synaptic basis for the large receptive field size of the immature cells is suggested.", "PMID": 681141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4633", "title": "Paramyxovirdae.", "content": "Iit is proposed that the family paramyxovirdae shall comprise three genera: paramyxovirus, Morbillivirus, and Pneumovirus.", "contents": "Paramyxovirdae. Iit is proposed that the family paramyxovirdae shall comprise three genera: paramyxovirus, Morbillivirus, and Pneumovirus.", "PMID": 681143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4634", "title": "Hepatitis B vaccine: efficacy in high-risk settings, a two-year study.", "content": "A formalin-treated hepatitis B vaccine in the form of purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was prepared from asymptomatic human HBsAg carriers. Its safety and potency were tested in 5 chimpanzees. The vaccine was administered to 264-individuals. The results of the first 173 immunizations--46 hemodialysis patients and 127 staff members--are presented. Potency was ascertained and efficacy assessed by the development of humoral immune responses to HBsAg (anti-HBs antibody) and seroepidemiologic studies of vaccinated and nonvaccinated subjects. The results, 2 years after immunization, suggest that the vaccine was protective against hepatitis B infection in high-risk hemodialysis settings. Preliminary studies with an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine similarly prepared, but with aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant, indicate that a such a preparation induces a more rapid and stronger anti-HBs response.", "contents": "Hepatitis B vaccine: efficacy in high-risk settings, a two-year study. A formalin-treated hepatitis B vaccine in the form of purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was prepared from asymptomatic human HBsAg carriers. Its safety and potency were tested in 5 chimpanzees. The vaccine was administered to 264-individuals. The results of the first 173 immunizations--46 hemodialysis patients and 127 staff members--are presented. Potency was ascertained and efficacy assessed by the development of humoral immune responses to HBsAg (anti-HBs antibody) and seroepidemiologic studies of vaccinated and nonvaccinated subjects. The results, 2 years after immunization, suggest that the vaccine was protective against hepatitis B infection in high-risk hemodialysis settings. Preliminary studies with an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine similarly prepared, but with aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant, indicate that a such a preparation induces a more rapid and stronger anti-HBs response.", "PMID": 681144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4635", "title": "Effect of supraoptimal temperatures upon tobacco mosaic virus RNA replicase.", "content": "An examination of the effect of supraoptimal temperatures upon tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA replicase demonstrated that the enzyme activity rapidly decreased at 40 degrees whether incubated in vitro after extraction or in leaves at that temperature prior to extraction and assay. The loss of replicase activity paralled the decline in capacity for in vivo incorporation of 32P into TMV RNA at 25 degrees following different periods of incubation at 40 degrews. The optimal temperature for replicase activity in vitro 35 degrees, and greater activity occurred at 40 than at 25 degrees. After about 15 min incubation at 40 degrees, in vivo incorporation of 32P into double-stranded TMV RNA became temperature-sensitive. This function could not be reproduced with the in vitro replicase system.", "contents": "Effect of supraoptimal temperatures upon tobacco mosaic virus RNA replicase. An examination of the effect of supraoptimal temperatures upon tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA replicase demonstrated that the enzyme activity rapidly decreased at 40 degrees whether incubated in vitro after extraction or in leaves at that temperature prior to extraction and assay. The loss of replicase activity paralled the decline in capacity for in vivo incorporation of 32P into TMV RNA at 25 degrees following different periods of incubation at 40 degrews. The optimal temperature for replicase activity in vitro 35 degrees, and greater activity occurred at 40 than at 25 degrees. After about 15 min incubation at 40 degrees, in vivo incorporation of 32P into double-stranded TMV RNA became temperature-sensitive. This function could not be reproduced with the in vitro replicase system.", "PMID": 681145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4636", "title": "Hepatitis B core particles with endogenous DNA polymerase activity from chimpanzee liver.", "content": "Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) particles, approximately 27-28 nm in diameter and rho = 1.30-1.35 g/cm3, were purified from the liver of a chimpanzee experimentally infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) while under cyclophosphamide treatment. The purified HBcAg particles incorporated radioactive deoxythymidine triphosphate. The product was precipitable by trichloroacetic acid and sensitive to DNase, but resistant to digestion by RNase. The reaction required four deoxyribonucleosise triphosphates- dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP. Exogenous template did not enhance the reaction. From these findings, it was suggested that HBcAg particles purified from the HBV-infected chimpanzee liver contained DNA polymerase and endogenous DNA.", "contents": "Hepatitis B core particles with endogenous DNA polymerase activity from chimpanzee liver. Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) particles, approximately 27-28 nm in diameter and rho = 1.30-1.35 g/cm3, were purified from the liver of a chimpanzee experimentally infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) while under cyclophosphamide treatment. The purified HBcAg particles incorporated radioactive deoxythymidine triphosphate. The product was precipitable by trichloroacetic acid and sensitive to DNase, but resistant to digestion by RNase. The reaction required four deoxyribonucleosise triphosphates- dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP. Exogenous template did not enhance the reaction. From these findings, it was suggested that HBcAg particles purified from the HBV-infected chimpanzee liver contained DNA polymerase and endogenous DNA.", "PMID": 681146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4637", "title": "An insect cell line persistently infected with a baculovirus-like particle.", "content": "A persistent infection by a baculovirus-like particle was found in the established lepidopteran (Heliothis zea) cell line, IMC-HZ-1. The virus caused CPE in less than 1% of the IMC-HZ-1 cells, as measured by phase-contrast and electron microscopy. Transmission tests showed that four lepidopteran cell lines were susceptible to the persistent virus (designated as IMC-HZ-I-NOV). In inoculated TN-368 cell cultures, 90--100% infection was achieved. The ultrastructure and development of IMC-HZ-I-NOV in cell cultures were similar to known baculoviruses, and it is probable that this persistent virus is a member of the family Baculoviridae. Two lepidopterous species (Estigmene acrea and H. zea) inoculated with IMC-HZ-1-NOV by intrahemocoelic injection and/or per os feeding of larvae were not susceptible.", "contents": "An insect cell line persistently infected with a baculovirus-like particle. A persistent infection by a baculovirus-like particle was found in the established lepidopteran (Heliothis zea) cell line, IMC-HZ-1. The virus caused CPE in less than 1% of the IMC-HZ-1 cells, as measured by phase-contrast and electron microscopy. Transmission tests showed that four lepidopteran cell lines were susceptible to the persistent virus (designated as IMC-HZ-I-NOV). In inoculated TN-368 cell cultures, 90--100% infection was achieved. The ultrastructure and development of IMC-HZ-I-NOV in cell cultures were similar to known baculoviruses, and it is probable that this persistent virus is a member of the family Baculoviridae. Two lepidopterous species (Estigmene acrea and H. zea) inoculated with IMC-HZ-1-NOV by intrahemocoelic injection and/or per os feeding of larvae were not susceptible.", "PMID": 681147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4638", "title": "Patterns of primary thyroid failure.", "content": "Serum thyroxine(T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured in 170 patients with suspected hypothyroidism. Only patients with elevated serum TSH levels indicative of some degree of primary thyroid failure were included in the study. They appeared to represent four distinct classes of thyroid failure: class 1 (19.5%) had normal T4 and normal T3; class 2 (8%) had low T4 and elevated T3; class 3 (37%) had low T4 and normal T3; and class 4 (35.5%) had low T4 and low T3. TSH levels were increased in all classes. Of 10 patients who were followed without treatment and evaluated after three and six months, six showed increasing clinical and chemical evidence of hypothyroidism and were reclassified, two did not progress and two patients improved. Our study showed that serum T3 levels may be normal or even elevated in hypothyroidism and, therefore, are not a useful indicator. The data also suggested that serum T4 is the main determinant of the metabolic state of the patient, since class 3 patients, the largest single group, had normal serum T3 levels despite striking clinical evidence of hypothyroidism. Thus, a normal serum T3 in the absence of a normal serum T4 is not generally sufficient for maintenance of a euthyroid state. Finally, our study showed that in primary thyroid failure there is better reciprocal correlation between the levels of serum TSH and T4 than between those of serum TSH and T3.", "contents": "Patterns of primary thyroid failure. Serum thyroxine(T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured in 170 patients with suspected hypothyroidism. Only patients with elevated serum TSH levels indicative of some degree of primary thyroid failure were included in the study. They appeared to represent four distinct classes of thyroid failure: class 1 (19.5%) had normal T4 and normal T3; class 2 (8%) had low T4 and elevated T3; class 3 (37%) had low T4 and normal T3; and class 4 (35.5%) had low T4 and low T3. TSH levels were increased in all classes. Of 10 patients who were followed without treatment and evaluated after three and six months, six showed increasing clinical and chemical evidence of hypothyroidism and were reclassified, two did not progress and two patients improved. Our study showed that serum T3 levels may be normal or even elevated in hypothyroidism and, therefore, are not a useful indicator. The data also suggested that serum T4 is the main determinant of the metabolic state of the patient, since class 3 patients, the largest single group, had normal serum T3 levels despite striking clinical evidence of hypothyroidism. Thus, a normal serum T3 in the absence of a normal serum T4 is not generally sufficient for maintenance of a euthyroid state. Finally, our study showed that in primary thyroid failure there is better reciprocal correlation between the levels of serum TSH and T4 than between those of serum TSH and T3.", "PMID": 681161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4639", "title": "Low levels of serum calcium, phosphorus and plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D in cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "In a retrospective analysis of 78 patients with liver cirrhosis, we found low serum levels of calcium and phosphorus. The low calcium levels showed a better correlation with high activity of aspartate aminotransferase than with low levels of albumin. In addition, there was a relationship between low calcium and low phosphorus levels. Therefore, factors other than, and in addition to, hypoalbuminemia seem to be responsible for the low calcium and phosphorus levels in cirrhosis patients. Although low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were found in 23 of our patients, there was no indication that hypovitaminosis D was causative factor in the hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia.", "contents": "Low levels of serum calcium, phosphorus and plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D in cirrhosis of the liver. In a retrospective analysis of 78 patients with liver cirrhosis, we found low serum levels of calcium and phosphorus. The low calcium levels showed a better correlation with high activity of aspartate aminotransferase than with low levels of albumin. In addition, there was a relationship between low calcium and low phosphorus levels. Therefore, factors other than, and in addition to, hypoalbuminemia seem to be responsible for the low calcium and phosphorus levels in cirrhosis patients. Although low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were found in 23 of our patients, there was no indication that hypovitaminosis D was causative factor in the hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia.", "PMID": 681162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4640", "title": "1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol: a promising therapeutic approach for renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "The effectiveness of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol [1alpha-OH)D3] in healing uremic bone disease was investigated in 10 uremic patients on maintenance dialysis. Seven patients received 1alpha-(OH)D3, 2 microgram/day, for six months, and three patients served as a control group. Bone density was determined from X-rays of the second phalanx of the second digit. The apparent intestinal calcium absorption improved on treatment with 1alpha-(OH)D3, serum calcium levels and bone density significantly increased, and a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity was observed. In one patient, reversal of uremic myopathy occurred after 17 days of 1alpha-(OH)D3 therapy.", "contents": "1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol: a promising therapeutic approach for renal osteodystrophy. The effectiveness of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol [1alpha-OH)D3] in healing uremic bone disease was investigated in 10 uremic patients on maintenance dialysis. Seven patients received 1alpha-(OH)D3, 2 microgram/day, for six months, and three patients served as a control group. Bone density was determined from X-rays of the second phalanx of the second digit. The apparent intestinal calcium absorption improved on treatment with 1alpha-(OH)D3, serum calcium levels and bone density significantly increased, and a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity was observed. In one patient, reversal of uremic myopathy occurred after 17 days of 1alpha-(OH)D3 therapy.", "PMID": 681163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4641", "title": "Effect of an egg-rich diet on plasma lipids and proteins in severely burned patients.", "content": "Eight severely burned young patients were maintained on an oral hyperalimentation regimen of about 7,000 calories--including 314 proteins, 600 g carbohydrates and 336 g fats, containing greater than 8 g cholesterol--based mainly on a daily ingestion of 35 eggs. Serum cholesterol and protein, and plasma lipoprotein levels were measured during period of 30 days on the diet. The mean serum cholesterol level prior to the egg-rich diet was low [108 +/- 42 (SD) mg/dl] and it remained within the normal range during the study. The initial mean serum total protein level of 4.1 +/- 0.5 (SD) rose to 6.5 +/- 0.7 g/dl by the 19th day and stayed high throughout the remainder of the study. Plasma lipoprotein levels, assessed by nephelometry and reported as concentrations of large, medium and small particles, were not increased. It is assumed that the high demand for energy during recovery from burns prevented abnormal rises in plasma lipid levels on fat-rich diet.", "contents": "Effect of an egg-rich diet on plasma lipids and proteins in severely burned patients. Eight severely burned young patients were maintained on an oral hyperalimentation regimen of about 7,000 calories--including 314 proteins, 600 g carbohydrates and 336 g fats, containing greater than 8 g cholesterol--based mainly on a daily ingestion of 35 eggs. Serum cholesterol and protein, and plasma lipoprotein levels were measured during period of 30 days on the diet. The mean serum cholesterol level prior to the egg-rich diet was low [108 +/- 42 (SD) mg/dl] and it remained within the normal range during the study. The initial mean serum total protein level of 4.1 +/- 0.5 (SD) rose to 6.5 +/- 0.7 g/dl by the 19th day and stayed high throughout the remainder of the study. Plasma lipoprotein levels, assessed by nephelometry and reported as concentrations of large, medium and small particles, were not increased. It is assumed that the high demand for energy during recovery from burns prevented abnormal rises in plasma lipid levels on fat-rich diet.", "PMID": 681164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4642", "title": "Absence of formation of cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal subarachnoid space of the cat.", "content": "It is widely believed that formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) takes place within the cerebral ventricles--80 to 85% being produced by the choroid plexus and the remaining 15 to 20% being secreted by the lining ependyma. It has also been suggested that CSF is formed within the subarachnoid space. To investigate this possibility. CSF formation was measured in the isolated subarachnoid space of the cat. In 16 animals that underwent 26 steady-state perfusions, the rate of formation of CSF was found to be only 0.00005 +/- 0.00056 (SE) ml/min. It is therefore concluded that little or no CSF is formed in the spinal subarachnoid space of the cat.", "contents": "Absence of formation of cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal subarachnoid space of the cat. It is widely believed that formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) takes place within the cerebral ventricles--80 to 85% being produced by the choroid plexus and the remaining 15 to 20% being secreted by the lining ependyma. It has also been suggested that CSF is formed within the subarachnoid space. To investigate this possibility. CSF formation was measured in the isolated subarachnoid space of the cat. In 16 animals that underwent 26 steady-state perfusions, the rate of formation of CSF was found to be only 0.00005 +/- 0.00056 (SE) ml/min. It is therefore concluded that little or no CSF is formed in the spinal subarachnoid space of the cat.", "PMID": 681165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4643", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy studies on the origin and structure of matrix vesicles in epiphyseal cartilage from young rats.", "content": "Epiphyseal plates of young rats were examined by scanning electron microscopy to study the distribution, morphology and origin or the matrix vesicles (calcifying globules) and the results were compared with the findings on transmission electron microscopy. The matrix vesicles, 0.1 micrometer in diameter, were found to cover the intercolumnar septa and to increase gradually in number from the zone of proliferation to the zone of provisional calcification. In the intercolumnar septa of hypertrophic and calcifying cartilage, the vesicles aggregated to form calcospherites, i.e. mineralized globules about 1 micrometer in diameter. Chondrocytes showed numerous cell processes that were longer and more abundant in the more mature cells. In the zone of maturation many processes had enlarged tips with small globular projections (\"bulges\"), about 0.1 micrometer in diameter, which resembled the matrix vesicles covering chondrocytic lacunae. In the zones of hypertrophy and provisional calcification, many of these bulges aggregated to form larger, spherical structures. It is suggested that matrix vesicles in cartilage originate by budding from cell processess, and that in the zone of provisional calcification they aggregate to form the calcospherites, which are the loci of initial calcification of cartilage.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy studies on the origin and structure of matrix vesicles in epiphyseal cartilage from young rats. Epiphyseal plates of young rats were examined by scanning electron microscopy to study the distribution, morphology and origin or the matrix vesicles (calcifying globules) and the results were compared with the findings on transmission electron microscopy. The matrix vesicles, 0.1 micrometer in diameter, were found to cover the intercolumnar septa and to increase gradually in number from the zone of proliferation to the zone of provisional calcification. In the intercolumnar septa of hypertrophic and calcifying cartilage, the vesicles aggregated to form calcospherites, i.e. mineralized globules about 1 micrometer in diameter. Chondrocytes showed numerous cell processes that were longer and more abundant in the more mature cells. In the zone of maturation many processes had enlarged tips with small globular projections (\"bulges\"), about 0.1 micrometer in diameter, which resembled the matrix vesicles covering chondrocytic lacunae. In the zones of hypertrophy and provisional calcification, many of these bulges aggregated to form larger, spherical structures. It is suggested that matrix vesicles in cartilage originate by budding from cell processess, and that in the zone of provisional calcification they aggregate to form the calcospherites, which are the loci of initial calcification of cartilage.", "PMID": 681166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4644", "title": "Significance of hyperprolactinemia in 70 women with amenorrhea.", "content": "The clinical, radiological and hormonal findings in 70 amenorrheic patients are described. Hyperprolactinemia was found in 18 patients (25.7%) who were divided into three groups: nine patients with functional secondary amenorrhea, six patients with radiological evidence of pituitary tumor, and three patients with primary amenorrhea. One of the latter group had primary hypothyroidism. Plasma gonadotropin concentrations were normal or low in most patients, with the exception of five women with ovarian failure in whom the levels were significantly raised. Galactorrhea was diagnosed in 23 patients (32.8%), and in 16 of them plasma prolactin levels were elevated. Recent experience has shown that reduction of prolactin levels to normal by removal of prolactin-secreting tumors or by treatment with bromocriptine results in the restoration of normal menstrual cycles and fertility. The hormonal and radiological identification and characterization of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea are therefore of prime importance.", "contents": "Significance of hyperprolactinemia in 70 women with amenorrhea. The clinical, radiological and hormonal findings in 70 amenorrheic patients are described. Hyperprolactinemia was found in 18 patients (25.7%) who were divided into three groups: nine patients with functional secondary amenorrhea, six patients with radiological evidence of pituitary tumor, and three patients with primary amenorrhea. One of the latter group had primary hypothyroidism. Plasma gonadotropin concentrations were normal or low in most patients, with the exception of five women with ovarian failure in whom the levels were significantly raised. Galactorrhea was diagnosed in 23 patients (32.8%), and in 16 of them plasma prolactin levels were elevated. Recent experience has shown that reduction of prolactin levels to normal by removal of prolactin-secreting tumors or by treatment with bromocriptine results in the restoration of normal menstrual cycles and fertility. The hormonal and radiological identification and characterization of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea are therefore of prime importance.", "PMID": 681167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4645", "title": "Vaginal adenosis in a 48-year-old woman.", "content": "Vaginal adenosis was diagnosed in a 48-year-old woman who had been on estradiol therapy in the past. The possible role of hormonal factors in the development of vaginal adenosis in older women is discussed.", "contents": "Vaginal adenosis in a 48-year-old woman. Vaginal adenosis was diagnosed in a 48-year-old woman who had been on estradiol therapy in the past. The possible role of hormonal factors in the development of vaginal adenosis in older women is discussed.", "PMID": 681168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4646", "title": "Total hip replacement in a patient on hemodialysis.", "content": "A 52-year-old woman, on intermittent hemodialysis because of chronic renal failure, underwent total hip replacement for severe osteoarthritic changes. The operation was performed under epidural anesthesia, the postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was completely relieved of pain and limitation of movement. Although total hip replacement is a major surgical procedure, it is suggested that the operation can, when considered necessary, by successfully carried out in a patient on hemodialysis, provided that careful attention is paid to the pre- and postoperative care.", "contents": "Total hip replacement in a patient on hemodialysis. A 52-year-old woman, on intermittent hemodialysis because of chronic renal failure, underwent total hip replacement for severe osteoarthritic changes. The operation was performed under epidural anesthesia, the postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was completely relieved of pain and limitation of movement. Although total hip replacement is a major surgical procedure, it is suggested that the operation can, when considered necessary, by successfully carried out in a patient on hemodialysis, provided that careful attention is paid to the pre- and postoperative care.", "PMID": 681169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4647", "title": "[Generalized acute pustulosis. An unusual presentation of leukocytoclastic vasculitis].", "content": "After an acute course of pharyngitis and bronchitis treated with Bactrim (trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazol), a 52 year old woman suddenly developed a widespread, sterile pustular eruption with predilection of the distal parts of the extremities. The histological and electron microscopical examinations showed intraepidermal pustules with underlying distinct leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Direct immunofluorescence revealed the prescence of intra- and perivascular deposits of C3 in the upper part of the dermis. Drug- and/or infection allergy is suggested to be responsible for the etiopathogenetic mechanism of leukocytoclastic vasculitis.", "contents": "[Generalized acute pustulosis. An unusual presentation of leukocytoclastic vasculitis]. After an acute course of pharyngitis and bronchitis treated with Bactrim (trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazol), a 52 year old woman suddenly developed a widespread, sterile pustular eruption with predilection of the distal parts of the extremities. The histological and electron microscopical examinations showed intraepidermal pustules with underlying distinct leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Direct immunofluorescence revealed the prescence of intra- and perivascular deposits of C3 in the upper part of the dermis. Drug- and/or infection allergy is suggested to be responsible for the etiopathogenetic mechanism of leukocytoclastic vasculitis.", "PMID": 681173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4648", "title": "[Porphyria cutanea tarda--a multifactorial hereditary disease? A working hypothesis].", "content": "The influence of genetic and hepatotoxic factors in the development of porphyria cutanea tarda was studied in 51 patients with this disease. According to their data and findings in literature, the following hypothesis was made: porphyria cutanea tarda is assumed to be a disease following the rules of the polygenetical heredity. The appearance of the disease seems to be influenced by genetic rules, and hepatotoxic factors are playing a role in the manifestation of the disease.", "contents": "[Porphyria cutanea tarda--a multifactorial hereditary disease? A working hypothesis]. The influence of genetic and hepatotoxic factors in the development of porphyria cutanea tarda was studied in 51 patients with this disease. According to their data and findings in literature, the following hypothesis was made: porphyria cutanea tarda is assumed to be a disease following the rules of the polygenetical heredity. The appearance of the disease seems to be influenced by genetic rules, and hepatotoxic factors are playing a role in the manifestation of the disease.", "PMID": 681174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4649", "title": "[The value of C3-complement and ceruloplasmin determinations for the diagnosis of infections of the seminiferous tract].", "content": "25 percent of 776 andrologic patients showed C3c-complement and coeruloplasmin--determined by radial immundiffusion--in their ejaculate. No correlation could be found between these globulines and possible bacterial infections of the genital tract.", "contents": "[The value of C3-complement and ceruloplasmin determinations for the diagnosis of infections of the seminiferous tract]. 25 percent of 776 andrologic patients showed C3c-complement and coeruloplasmin--determined by radial immundiffusion--in their ejaculate. No correlation could be found between these globulines and possible bacterial infections of the genital tract.", "PMID": 681175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4650", "title": "[Neurotrophic heel ulcers due to spondylolisthesis].", "content": "A case of neurotrophic ulcers on both heels is reported, which is due to congenital spondylolisthesis. Spondylolisthesis as the etiology of the neurotrophic ulcer has not yet been described.", "contents": "[Neurotrophic heel ulcers due to spondylolisthesis]. A case of neurotrophic ulcers on both heels is reported, which is due to congenital spondylolisthesis. Spondylolisthesis as the etiology of the neurotrophic ulcer has not yet been described.", "PMID": 681176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4651", "title": "[Subungual melanoma with linear nail pigmentation].", "content": "A 53 year old male patient presented with a dark-brown linear pigmentation of the thumb nail due to a subungual melanoma mainly of the superficial spreading melanoma-type. Melanin-induced nail pigmentations are recommended to be treated by a resection in local anaemia of the dorsal two thirds of the terminal phalanx. This procedure combines sufficient radical surgery with a good functional and acceptable cosmetic result.", "contents": "[Subungual melanoma with linear nail pigmentation]. A 53 year old male patient presented with a dark-brown linear pigmentation of the thumb nail due to a subungual melanoma mainly of the superficial spreading melanoma-type. Melanin-induced nail pigmentations are recommended to be treated by a resection in local anaemia of the dorsal two thirds of the terminal phalanx. This procedure combines sufficient radical surgery with a good functional and acceptable cosmetic result.", "PMID": 681177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4652", "title": "Quality assurance practice in rural and urban hospital clinical laboratories.", "content": "This survey examined quality assurance practice in matched pairs of rural and urban hospital clinical laboratories. Questions directed at personnel qualifications, laboratory management, internal quality control mechanisms, and proficiency testing enrollment revealed no major differences between the rural-urban pairs. Deficiencies observed were either generic or size-related. Most laboratories were directed by physicians; however, almost half spent 5 or less hours per week in the laboratory. All respondents employed at least one individual professionally certified at the \"technologist\" level. Virtually all respondents insisted they employ a laboratory management system for ensuring quality performance, although 20% did not document their practice. Internal quality control practice varied widely. Many respondents recognized shortcomings related to volume and budget, and requested specific training courses for technical personnel. At least 20% of the laboratories were not enrolled in any recognized proficiency testing program, an integral part of the total quality assurance process.", "contents": "Quality assurance practice in rural and urban hospital clinical laboratories. This survey examined quality assurance practice in matched pairs of rural and urban hospital clinical laboratories. Questions directed at personnel qualifications, laboratory management, internal quality control mechanisms, and proficiency testing enrollment revealed no major differences between the rural-urban pairs. Deficiencies observed were either generic or size-related. Most laboratories were directed by physicians; however, almost half spent 5 or less hours per week in the laboratory. All respondents employed at least one individual professionally certified at the \"technologist\" level. Virtually all respondents insisted they employ a laboratory management system for ensuring quality performance, although 20% did not document their practice. Internal quality control practice varied widely. Many respondents recognized shortcomings related to volume and budget, and requested specific training courses for technical personnel. At least 20% of the laboratories were not enrolled in any recognized proficiency testing program, an integral part of the total quality assurance process.", "PMID": 681180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4653", "title": "An improved polystyrene polymeric XAD-2 resin column extraction of 5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol from polluted water.", "content": "Appropriate methods and criteria for judging the degree of sewage contamination of water and its suitability for drinking or recreational uses are essential to safeguard the public health. 5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol seems to satisfy many, if not all, of the criteria required of a good indicator of fecal pollution. It was shown that this fecal sterol was strongly adsorbed to the polystyrene polymeric XAD-2 adsorbents at low pH, resulting in a 100% retention. The adsorbed sterols could be easily removed from the columns with acetone adjusted to pH 8.5-9 with concentrated NH4OH. It has also been demonstrated that large volumes of both fresh and sea water samples can be extracted by the \"closed\" column method in a relatively short time. The sensitivity of the column exceeded that of the conventional liquid-liquid partitioning procedure. With some modifications, the column extraction process can be incorporated in a fully- or semi-automated analytical procedure.", "contents": "An improved polystyrene polymeric XAD-2 resin column extraction of 5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol from polluted water. Appropriate methods and criteria for judging the degree of sewage contamination of water and its suitability for drinking or recreational uses are essential to safeguard the public health. 5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol seems to satisfy many, if not all, of the criteria required of a good indicator of fecal pollution. It was shown that this fecal sterol was strongly adsorbed to the polystyrene polymeric XAD-2 adsorbents at low pH, resulting in a 100% retention. The adsorbed sterols could be easily removed from the columns with acetone adjusted to pH 8.5-9 with concentrated NH4OH. It has also been demonstrated that large volumes of both fresh and sea water samples can be extracted by the \"closed\" column method in a relatively short time. The sensitivity of the column exceeded that of the conventional liquid-liquid partitioning procedure. With some modifications, the column extraction process can be incorporated in a fully- or semi-automated analytical procedure.", "PMID": 681181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4654", "title": "The comparison of viral antibody titers of acid-precipitated and non-precipitated mouse ascitic fluids.", "content": "Mouse immune ascitic fluid has become a primary source of antibody for diagnostic, reference, and research work in many virus laboratories. The inherent disadvantage of ascitic fluid is that it repeatedly forms clots and subsequently loses volume. The acid-precipitation method of Chiewsilp and McCown eliminates the clot formation and does not appreciably alter the antibody titers for several arboviruses, varicella, rabies and influenza viruses.", "contents": "The comparison of viral antibody titers of acid-precipitated and non-precipitated mouse ascitic fluids. Mouse immune ascitic fluid has become a primary source of antibody for diagnostic, reference, and research work in many virus laboratories. The inherent disadvantage of ascitic fluid is that it repeatedly forms clots and subsequently loses volume. The acid-precipitation method of Chiewsilp and McCown eliminates the clot formation and does not appreciably alter the antibody titers for several arboviruses, varicella, rabies and influenza viruses.", "PMID": 681182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4655", "title": "[Operative therapy for chronic otitis media and middle ear cholesteatoma with preservation of the posterior auditory canal wall (\"intact wall technique\") (author's transl)].", "content": "The late results of two different procedures for middle ear surgery are compared 2-10 years following surgery. A total of 478 ears were operated, of which 367 had cholesteatomas and 111 chronic granulating otitis without cholesteatoma. a) In conservative radical operations, tympanoplasties, meatoplasties with fascia and obliteration with muscle (298 ears) gave satisfactory and stable results: 8% required re-operation, 2.8% had residual cholesteatoma, 0.9% had recurrent cholesteatoma, 15% had perforations, and 90% had dry operative cavities. b) In modified \"Intact Wall Technique\" with small cortical mastoidectomies and epitympanic control openings, 7% had residual cholesteatomas, 2% recurrent cholesteatomas, and 11% required re-operation. The following conclusions were made: The \"Intact Wall Technique\" is a safe method for the surgical management of granulating otitis media. However, the procedure is not considered to be safe when disease involves cholesteatoma because of the significant frequency of recurrent disease or the development of retractions which can then form cholesteatoma. Under such circumstances, combination of the \"Intact Wall Technique\" with obliteration may give more stable results.", "contents": "[Operative therapy for chronic otitis media and middle ear cholesteatoma with preservation of the posterior auditory canal wall (\"intact wall technique\") (author's transl)]. The late results of two different procedures for middle ear surgery are compared 2-10 years following surgery. A total of 478 ears were operated, of which 367 had cholesteatomas and 111 chronic granulating otitis without cholesteatoma. a) In conservative radical operations, tympanoplasties, meatoplasties with fascia and obliteration with muscle (298 ears) gave satisfactory and stable results: 8% required re-operation, 2.8% had residual cholesteatoma, 0.9% had recurrent cholesteatoma, 15% had perforations, and 90% had dry operative cavities. b) In modified \"Intact Wall Technique\" with small cortical mastoidectomies and epitympanic control openings, 7% had residual cholesteatomas, 2% recurrent cholesteatomas, and 11% required re-operation. The following conclusions were made: The \"Intact Wall Technique\" is a safe method for the surgical management of granulating otitis media. However, the procedure is not considered to be safe when disease involves cholesteatoma because of the significant frequency of recurrent disease or the development of retractions which can then form cholesteatoma. Under such circumstances, combination of the \"Intact Wall Technique\" with obliteration may give more stable results.", "PMID": 681183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4656", "title": "[The clinical presentation and management of otogenic intracranial disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the introduction of antibiotics in the treatment of ear infection the number of otogenic intracranial complications has decreased. Furthermore the clinical presentation of these complications has likewise since changed. The traditional symptoms and signs as mentioned in the literature are replaced by an indefinite inflammatory course, which is finally succeeded by rapid progress of the disease despite the use of antibiotics. Experiences with 22 patients are reported. Temporal lobe brain abscesses occurred in 11 patients, meningitis occurred in 3 others and lateral sinus thrombophlebitis occurred in 8, in 2 of whom meningitis also occurred. Five patients died as a result of the intracranial complication. After establishing the diagnosis the recommended treatment is the immediate surgical clearance of the primary aural abscess, together with if possible drainage of the intracranial abscess or evacuation of the lateral sinus disease under appropriate antibiotic cover. Whether the patient with intracranial disease is subsequently handled in the ORL or Neurosurgical wards depends upon ward facilities and interdepartmental liaison and cooperation.", "contents": "[The clinical presentation and management of otogenic intracranial disease (author's transl)]. Since the introduction of antibiotics in the treatment of ear infection the number of otogenic intracranial complications has decreased. Furthermore the clinical presentation of these complications has likewise since changed. The traditional symptoms and signs as mentioned in the literature are replaced by an indefinite inflammatory course, which is finally succeeded by rapid progress of the disease despite the use of antibiotics. Experiences with 22 patients are reported. Temporal lobe brain abscesses occurred in 11 patients, meningitis occurred in 3 others and lateral sinus thrombophlebitis occurred in 8, in 2 of whom meningitis also occurred. Five patients died as a result of the intracranial complication. After establishing the diagnosis the recommended treatment is the immediate surgical clearance of the primary aural abscess, together with if possible drainage of the intracranial abscess or evacuation of the lateral sinus disease under appropriate antibiotic cover. Whether the patient with intracranial disease is subsequently handled in the ORL or Neurosurgical wards depends upon ward facilities and interdepartmental liaison and cooperation.", "PMID": 681185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4657", "title": "[Reflections on the technique of inserting the esophagoscope (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to the muscular attachments of the hyoid bone to the posterior part of the base of the skull, and the larynx to the sternum, the larynx will be pressed posteriorly against the vertebral column if the head is kept in a reclined position. This causes a greater resistance when trying to open the hypopharynx with the esophagoscope. If, however, the head is held forward, this resistance will be considerably reduced.", "contents": "[Reflections on the technique of inserting the esophagoscope (author's transl)]. Due to the muscular attachments of the hyoid bone to the posterior part of the base of the skull, and the larynx to the sternum, the larynx will be pressed posteriorly against the vertebral column if the head is kept in a reclined position. This causes a greater resistance when trying to open the hypopharynx with the esophagoscope. If, however, the head is held forward, this resistance will be considerably reduced.", "PMID": 681187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4658", "title": "[Laryngeal and pharyngeal endoscopy and the disinfection of the endoscope in routine practice (author's transl)].", "content": "The usefulness in routine ENT practice of a laryngo-epipharyngoscope with a Hopkins lateral telescope is reported. The chemical disinfection of this endoscope is bacteriologically proven to be effective, and is discussed.", "contents": "[Laryngeal and pharyngeal endoscopy and the disinfection of the endoscope in routine practice (author's transl)]. The usefulness in routine ENT practice of a laryngo-epipharyngoscope with a Hopkins lateral telescope is reported. The chemical disinfection of this endoscope is bacteriologically proven to be effective, and is discussed.", "PMID": 681188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4659", "title": "[Osteoradionecrosis resulting from cobalt-60 therapy for head and neck tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1966--1974, 628 patients were irradiated with Cobalt-60 as treatment for tumors of the head and neck. Tumor doses ranged from 6200 R to 8000 R. An osteoradionecrosis was discovered in 17 patients, and was mostly localized in the mandible. Most of the patients developed the necrosis during the first two years following completion of their radiation, although necrosis was also found up to 9 years following therapy. Prophylactic treatment of teeth should be completed before beginning radiation therapy, but such does not exclude the risk of necrosis.", "contents": "[Osteoradionecrosis resulting from cobalt-60 therapy for head and neck tumors (author's transl)]. From 1966--1974, 628 patients were irradiated with Cobalt-60 as treatment for tumors of the head and neck. Tumor doses ranged from 6200 R to 8000 R. An osteoradionecrosis was discovered in 17 patients, and was mostly localized in the mandible. Most of the patients developed the necrosis during the first two years following completion of their radiation, although necrosis was also found up to 9 years following therapy. Prophylactic treatment of teeth should be completed before beginning radiation therapy, but such does not exclude the risk of necrosis.", "PMID": 681189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4660", "title": "[The longterm results of osteoplastic frontal sinus surgery for recurrent disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The osteoplastic frontal sinus operation permits the complete removal of sinus mucosa and, with blockage of the frontonasal duct, the reliable obliteration of the sinus cavity. Two patients, who had had several surgical procedures for recurrent frontal sinusitis, became symptom free after this procedure. After an interval of 5 to 6 years the cosmetic result remained satisfactory and ossified obliteration of the sinus was demonstrable radiologically.", "contents": "[The longterm results of osteoplastic frontal sinus surgery for recurrent disease (author's transl)]. The osteoplastic frontal sinus operation permits the complete removal of sinus mucosa and, with blockage of the frontonasal duct, the reliable obliteration of the sinus cavity. Two patients, who had had several surgical procedures for recurrent frontal sinusitis, became symptom free after this procedure. After an interval of 5 to 6 years the cosmetic result remained satisfactory and ossified obliteration of the sinus was demonstrable radiologically.", "PMID": 681190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4661", "title": "[Post-laryngectomy vocal rehabilitation with a tracheophypopharyngeal shunt (author's transl)].", "content": "Oesophageal speech is the accepted method of post-laryngectomy speech rehabilitation, but still has a high failure rate. Among the different surgical procedures that create a tracheo-oesophageal fistula the method of Komorn based on a concept of Conley appears to have the greatest theoretical advantages. In this procedure a fistula is created with its inferior opening into the oesophagus and its superior opening into the trachea. Komorn's technique has been utilized in a modified form in 12 patients and in 6, because of wound problems, useful speech was not achieved. Five patients have achieved excellent speech without difficulty.", "contents": "[Post-laryngectomy vocal rehabilitation with a tracheophypopharyngeal shunt (author's transl)]. Oesophageal speech is the accepted method of post-laryngectomy speech rehabilitation, but still has a high failure rate. Among the different surgical procedures that create a tracheo-oesophageal fistula the method of Komorn based on a concept of Conley appears to have the greatest theoretical advantages. In this procedure a fistula is created with its inferior opening into the oesophagus and its superior opening into the trachea. Komorn's technique has been utilized in a modified form in 12 patients and in 6, because of wound problems, useful speech was not achieved. Five patients have achieved excellent speech without difficulty.", "PMID": 681191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4662", "title": "Pure tone delayed auditory feedback: effect of instructions.", "content": "This study compared the effect of instructions to the subject upon key tapping performance with pure-tone delayed auditory feedback. One set of instructions stressed the importance of maintaining tapping rate whereas a second set emphasized consistency of the pattern. A third set stressed rate and pattern equality. The results lead to the recommendation that instructions stress equally both rate and pattern consistency.", "contents": "Pure tone delayed auditory feedback: effect of instructions. This study compared the effect of instructions to the subject upon key tapping performance with pure-tone delayed auditory feedback. One set of instructions stressed the importance of maintaining tapping rate whereas a second set emphasized consistency of the pattern. A third set stressed rate and pattern equality. The results lead to the recommendation that instructions stress equally both rate and pattern consistency.", "PMID": 681193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4663", "title": "Elicitation of the acoustic reflex with synthetically produced consonant and vowel stimuli.", "content": "Acoustic reflexes were elicited from seven normal hearing subjects with synthesized isolated consonant and vowel speech stimuli. Stimulus intensity and duration were controlled so that equivalent amplitudes and durations from 100 to 300 msec were produced. The recorded stimulus items were presented over an earphone to the subject's right ear, while susceptance changes caused by bilateral acoustic reflex activity were monitored in the subject's left ear. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference between reflex threshold values for isolated synthetic consonant and vowel stimuli. Main effects of stimulus duration and subjects and the two-way interaction of phoneme type by subject were found to be significant.", "contents": "Elicitation of the acoustic reflex with synthetically produced consonant and vowel stimuli. Acoustic reflexes were elicited from seven normal hearing subjects with synthesized isolated consonant and vowel speech stimuli. Stimulus intensity and duration were controlled so that equivalent amplitudes and durations from 100 to 300 msec were produced. The recorded stimulus items were presented over an earphone to the subject's right ear, while susceptance changes caused by bilateral acoustic reflex activity were monitored in the subject's left ear. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference between reflex threshold values for isolated synthetic consonant and vowel stimuli. Main effects of stimulus duration and subjects and the two-way interaction of phoneme type by subject were found to be significant.", "PMID": 681194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4664", "title": "Negative needle deflection of the acoustic reflex in otosclerotics.", "content": "The preoperative audiometric and electroacoustic impedance test results of 24 surgically confirmed otosclerotics are reviewed with special attention given to the direction of needle deflection during acoustic reflex testing. Information on the direction of needle deflection during acoustic reflex testing was gathered at 5 or 10 dB above reflex threshold. In 12 of the 24 patients acoustic reflexes were present, and in each case the response included negative needle deflections. The presence or absence of the acoustic reflex seemed to be related to the reported duration of the hearing loss.", "contents": "Negative needle deflection of the acoustic reflex in otosclerotics. The preoperative audiometric and electroacoustic impedance test results of 24 surgically confirmed otosclerotics are reviewed with special attention given to the direction of needle deflection during acoustic reflex testing. Information on the direction of needle deflection during acoustic reflex testing was gathered at 5 or 10 dB above reflex threshold. In 12 of the 24 patients acoustic reflexes were present, and in each case the response included negative needle deflections. The presence or absence of the acoustic reflex seemed to be related to the reported duration of the hearing loss.", "PMID": 681195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4665", "title": "Changes in ventilatory pattern induced by intravenous anesthetic agents in human subjects.", "content": "The tidal volume-inspiratory duration relationship was studied during air breathing and rebreathing in conscious and anesthetized human subjects using three different intravenous agents. The results observed have been compared with similar experiments carried out in cats. Its has been shown that anesthesia provokes an increase in breathing rate associated with a decrease in tidal volume in human subjects; an opposite effect on breathing rate was observed in cats. Thus, the tidal volume-inspiratory duration relationship, although very similar in the conscious cat or human subject, is very different under anesthesia. The results were quite consistent in a given species whatever the nature of the drug used. It is suggested that modifications of the breathing rate by anesthesia, related to animal species, are caused by central effects of the drug. These effects are probably mediated by different actions on inputs to the inspiratory \"off-switch\" mechanisms in the two species.", "contents": "Changes in ventilatory pattern induced by intravenous anesthetic agents in human subjects. The tidal volume-inspiratory duration relationship was studied during air breathing and rebreathing in conscious and anesthetized human subjects using three different intravenous agents. The results observed have been compared with similar experiments carried out in cats. Its has been shown that anesthesia provokes an increase in breathing rate associated with a decrease in tidal volume in human subjects; an opposite effect on breathing rate was observed in cats. Thus, the tidal volume-inspiratory duration relationship, although very similar in the conscious cat or human subject, is very different under anesthesia. The results were quite consistent in a given species whatever the nature of the drug used. It is suggested that modifications of the breathing rate by anesthesia, related to animal species, are caused by central effects of the drug. These effects are probably mediated by different actions on inputs to the inspiratory \"off-switch\" mechanisms in the two species.", "PMID": 681201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4666", "title": "Effects of physical training and lean body mass of plasma amino acids in man.", "content": "Postabsorptive plasma amino acid and insulin concentrations were determined in subjects with hyperplastic obesity and in nonobese controls before and after a 6-wk period of physical training. After the training period the plasma concentrations of insulin and leucine decreased and the concentration of alanine increased in the obese subjects. No changes were noticed in the controls. The obese subjects had elevated plasma levels of valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine before as well as after physical training. The concentrations of these amino acids were correlated to the plasma insulin level and to lean body mass before but only to lean body mass after physical training. It is suggested that the lean body mass, whick is higher in hyperplastic obesity, contributes to the elevated concentrations of amino acids, and it is unlikely that the insulin decreases in the obese subjects after physical training is mediated through an effect of amino acids on insulin secretion.", "contents": "Effects of physical training and lean body mass of plasma amino acids in man. Postabsorptive plasma amino acid and insulin concentrations were determined in subjects with hyperplastic obesity and in nonobese controls before and after a 6-wk period of physical training. After the training period the plasma concentrations of insulin and leucine decreased and the concentration of alanine increased in the obese subjects. No changes were noticed in the controls. The obese subjects had elevated plasma levels of valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine before as well as after physical training. The concentrations of these amino acids were correlated to the plasma insulin level and to lean body mass before but only to lean body mass after physical training. It is suggested that the lean body mass, whick is higher in hyperplastic obesity, contributes to the elevated concentrations of amino acids, and it is unlikely that the insulin decreases in the obese subjects after physical training is mediated through an effect of amino acids on insulin secretion.", "PMID": 681202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4667", "title": "Thresholds of aural overload, word discrimination in noise, and the \"fragile ear\".", "content": "This study examined the relationship between two previously proposed measures of the fragile ear, the aural overload test and word discrimination score in noise. Ten normal-hearing young adults served as subjects. Aural overload thresholds were determined for fundamental frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz. Word intelligibility in noise was assessed with tests using an open response-set (Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6) and closed response-set (Modified Rhyme Test) at a variety of primary-to-secondary ratios. Results revealed a lack of correlation between threshold of overload and word discrimination in noise at unfavorable primary:secondary ratios for both tests(-6 and 0 dB for the NU-6' s and -12 and -6 dB for the Modified Rhythm Test). Significant correlations (p less than 0.05) were achieved, however, with both word discrimination tests when administered at the more advantageous primary:secondary ratios.", "contents": "Thresholds of aural overload, word discrimination in noise, and the \"fragile ear\". This study examined the relationship between two previously proposed measures of the fragile ear, the aural overload test and word discrimination score in noise. Ten normal-hearing young adults served as subjects. Aural overload thresholds were determined for fundamental frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz. Word intelligibility in noise was assessed with tests using an open response-set (Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6) and closed response-set (Modified Rhyme Test) at a variety of primary-to-secondary ratios. Results revealed a lack of correlation between threshold of overload and word discrimination in noise at unfavorable primary:secondary ratios for both tests(-6 and 0 dB for the NU-6' s and -12 and -6 dB for the Modified Rhythm Test). Significant correlations (p less than 0.05) were achieved, however, with both word discrimination tests when administered at the more advantageous primary:secondary ratios.", "PMID": 681197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4668", "title": "Masking of spondees by interrupted noise in hearing-impaired listeners.", "content": "The effects of changing the duty cycle of an interrupted-broad band masker on the spondee thresholds of hearing-impaired subjects were explored. Two diagnostic groups of sensorineural hearing loss, presbycusics and cochlear otosclerotics, were investigated. The interruption rate of the masker was 10/sec, and its duty cycle was varied at 25% intervals. Thresholds also were obtained in continuous noise and in quiet. Results when compared with earlier data from normal listeners revealed that subjects with sensorineural impairment exhibited poorer performance in all instances, including the continuous noise condition, when mean masker levels were adjusted to comparable sound pressure levels. The overall pattern of masking was more similar for the normal and hearing-impaired groups when performance was equated in terms of the mean threshold shift each group experienced in continuous noise. Even under these circumstances, however, hearing-impaired subjects demostrated notably greater residual masking under the 25 and 50% noise-on conditions. A major determinant of speech reception in fluctuating noise backgrounds is the dependence of the pattern of masking upon the difference between an individual's masked threshold in continuous noise and his threshold in quiet, rather than upon the sound pressure level of the masker.", "contents": "Masking of spondees by interrupted noise in hearing-impaired listeners. The effects of changing the duty cycle of an interrupted-broad band masker on the spondee thresholds of hearing-impaired subjects were explored. Two diagnostic groups of sensorineural hearing loss, presbycusics and cochlear otosclerotics, were investigated. The interruption rate of the masker was 10/sec, and its duty cycle was varied at 25% intervals. Thresholds also were obtained in continuous noise and in quiet. Results when compared with earlier data from normal listeners revealed that subjects with sensorineural impairment exhibited poorer performance in all instances, including the continuous noise condition, when mean masker levels were adjusted to comparable sound pressure levels. The overall pattern of masking was more similar for the normal and hearing-impaired groups when performance was equated in terms of the mean threshold shift each group experienced in continuous noise. Even under these circumstances, however, hearing-impaired subjects demostrated notably greater residual masking under the 25 and 50% noise-on conditions. A major determinant of speech reception in fluctuating noise backgrounds is the dependence of the pattern of masking upon the difference between an individual's masked threshold in continuous noise and his threshold in quiet, rather than upon the sound pressure level of the masker.", "PMID": 681196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4669", "title": "Tracheobronchial secretions collected from intact dogs. II. Effects of cholinomimetic stimulation.", "content": "The effect of cholinomimetic stimulation on the quantity and composition of tracheobronchial secretions (TBS) collected from intact dogs was studied. After the administration of methacholine chloride, the collection rate of TBS increased over threefold within 10 min and returned to the control level by 50 min. Even though there was an increase in the total amount of protein collected, the protein concentration of the secretions decreased initially by 40%, returning to normal by 30 min. This was the result of an apparent dilution of the secretions by nonproteinaceous components. In addition, at 10 min, there was an increase in the protein associated with mucins. These responses were blocked by the preadministration of atropine. When TBS was separated into supernatant and pellet phases by centrifugation, we found that, following methacholine, there was a 35% increase in the ratio of albumin to IgG in the supernatant phase. These results suggest that the increased secretion due to methacholine may result, in part, by a selective filtration of fluid from the interstitial and/or vascular compartment(s) with proteins appearing in the secretory mixture based partially on their size.", "contents": "Tracheobronchial secretions collected from intact dogs. II. Effects of cholinomimetic stimulation. The effect of cholinomimetic stimulation on the quantity and composition of tracheobronchial secretions (TBS) collected from intact dogs was studied. After the administration of methacholine chloride, the collection rate of TBS increased over threefold within 10 min and returned to the control level by 50 min. Even though there was an increase in the total amount of protein collected, the protein concentration of the secretions decreased initially by 40%, returning to normal by 30 min. This was the result of an apparent dilution of the secretions by nonproteinaceous components. In addition, at 10 min, there was an increase in the protein associated with mucins. These responses were blocked by the preadministration of atropine. When TBS was separated into supernatant and pellet phases by centrifugation, we found that, following methacholine, there was a 35% increase in the ratio of albumin to IgG in the supernatant phase. These results suggest that the increased secretion due to methacholine may result, in part, by a selective filtration of fluid from the interstitial and/or vascular compartment(s) with proteins appearing in the secretory mixture based partially on their size.", "PMID": 681203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4670", "title": "Reflex effects of lung inflation and inhalation of halothane, ether, and ammonia.", "content": "Anesthetized dogs were perfused at constant pressure from an external oxygenator after removing their hearts. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and spontaneous breathing effors were monitored while the lungs were ventilated briefly at a low frequency with several tidal volumes and at a low volume with several frequencies. Inflation depressed respiratory activity and transiently lowered SVR to a minimum from which it spontaneously partially recovered. The transient and sustained SVR changes were directly related to peak inflating pressure, independent of the mode of ventilation. Pressurization of the sublaryngeal extrapulmonary airways and addition of ammonia to lung inspirate were without effect. Ventilation with 7% ether had no effect, but at 13% it occasionally increased respiratory activity. Ventilation with 7% halothane depressed SVR and stimulated respiration, whereas 13% caused vasodilation and apnea. The magnitudes of SVR responses to halothane and to inflation were uncorrelated. All effects of inflation and inhalants were eliminated by vagotomy. We condluded that the systemic vessels appear to respond to changes in respiratory minute volume; that this is brought about by intrapulmonary receptors, perhaps of more than one type; that two classical \"irritants\" have little effect in dogs; and that halothane has effects on breathing and SVR consistent with stimulation of J-receptors.", "contents": "Reflex effects of lung inflation and inhalation of halothane, ether, and ammonia. Anesthetized dogs were perfused at constant pressure from an external oxygenator after removing their hearts. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and spontaneous breathing effors were monitored while the lungs were ventilated briefly at a low frequency with several tidal volumes and at a low volume with several frequencies. Inflation depressed respiratory activity and transiently lowered SVR to a minimum from which it spontaneously partially recovered. The transient and sustained SVR changes were directly related to peak inflating pressure, independent of the mode of ventilation. Pressurization of the sublaryngeal extrapulmonary airways and addition of ammonia to lung inspirate were without effect. Ventilation with 7% ether had no effect, but at 13% it occasionally increased respiratory activity. Ventilation with 7% halothane depressed SVR and stimulated respiration, whereas 13% caused vasodilation and apnea. The magnitudes of SVR responses to halothane and to inflation were uncorrelated. All effects of inflation and inhalants were eliminated by vagotomy. We condluded that the systemic vessels appear to respond to changes in respiratory minute volume; that this is brought about by intrapulmonary receptors, perhaps of more than one type; that two classical \"irritants\" have little effect in dogs; and that halothane has effects on breathing and SVR consistent with stimulation of J-receptors.", "PMID": 681205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4671", "title": "Comparison of speech detection and spondee thresholds and half- versus full-list intelligibility scores with MLV and taped presentations of NU-6.", "content": "Several speech audiometric measurements were made on 212 ears with mild sensorineural hearing loss. An 8-dB difference between speech detection and spondee thresholds was observed, which is the same relationship that has been found in normal ears. No significant differences in speech discrimination scores (SDS's) were observed when NU-6 was administered via monitored live voice (MLV) and the Auditec recordings. Although our data support the use of MLV testing, verification with a standardized recording should be considered when unusually poor SDS's are obtained. Half-list and full-list SDS's were analyzed for both taped and MLV presentation modes. This analysis showed that both the MLV and taped stimuli exhibited very similar variability and that about 96% of the half-list scores were within 6% of the full-list scores. The clinician should be cautious, however, because 4% of the ears had half-list/full-list discrepancies ranging from 8 to 14% and differences as large as 28% have been reported by Raffin and Thornton (1977). Furthermore, variability between half-list and full-list SDS's varies as a function of intelligibility impairment, being least for scores approaching the extremes of 0 and 100% and greatest for scores in the 30 to 70% range. Finally, our data suggest that half-list testing can be an effective screening procedure to determine it full-list testing is advisable.", "contents": "Comparison of speech detection and spondee thresholds and half- versus full-list intelligibility scores with MLV and taped presentations of NU-6. Several speech audiometric measurements were made on 212 ears with mild sensorineural hearing loss. An 8-dB difference between speech detection and spondee thresholds was observed, which is the same relationship that has been found in normal ears. No significant differences in speech discrimination scores (SDS's) were observed when NU-6 was administered via monitored live voice (MLV) and the Auditec recordings. Although our data support the use of MLV testing, verification with a standardized recording should be considered when unusually poor SDS's are obtained. Half-list and full-list SDS's were analyzed for both taped and MLV presentation modes. This analysis showed that both the MLV and taped stimuli exhibited very similar variability and that about 96% of the half-list scores were within 6% of the full-list scores. The clinician should be cautious, however, because 4% of the ears had half-list/full-list discrepancies ranging from 8 to 14% and differences as large as 28% have been reported by Raffin and Thornton (1977). Furthermore, variability between half-list and full-list SDS's varies as a function of intelligibility impairment, being least for scores approaching the extremes of 0 and 100% and greatest for scores in the 30 to 70% range. Finally, our data suggest that half-list testing can be an effective screening procedure to determine it full-list testing is advisable.", "PMID": 681199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4672", "title": "Effects of time and vasoconstrictor tone on O2 extraction during hypoxic hypoxia.", "content": "To test the role of peripheral vasoconstrictor tone in the efficient use of a limited O2 supply, three groups of anesthetized dogs were ventilated with 9.1% O2 until circulation failed. Two groups were alpha-blocked with phenoxybenzamine and one of those was volume expanded with dextran to restore blood pressure. After O2 utake was lowered in hypoxia, O2 uptake was linearly related to O2 delivery (cardiac output X arterial O2 content) with r = 0.94. The slope of that line was mathematically identical to the extraction ratio and it increased from 0.54 at 10 min to 0.87 at the end of hypoxia (r = 0.99). In both alpha-block groups O2 extraction remained constant with time, and O2 extraction in each alpha-block group was significantly less (P less than 0.01) than in the unblocked group. As further evidence of better O2 extraction, mixed venous partial O2 pressure was significantly less in the unblocked group, 6.2 +/- 3.4 Torr vs. 10.6 +/- 3.2 and 9.9 +/- 2.4 Torr with alpha block (P less than 0.01). Results after alpha-block indicated that a vigorous vasoconstrictor tone during hypoxia conserved O2 by promoting greater extraction by the tissues.", "contents": "Effects of time and vasoconstrictor tone on O2 extraction during hypoxic hypoxia. To test the role of peripheral vasoconstrictor tone in the efficient use of a limited O2 supply, three groups of anesthetized dogs were ventilated with 9.1% O2 until circulation failed. Two groups were alpha-blocked with phenoxybenzamine and one of those was volume expanded with dextran to restore blood pressure. After O2 utake was lowered in hypoxia, O2 uptake was linearly related to O2 delivery (cardiac output X arterial O2 content) with r = 0.94. The slope of that line was mathematically identical to the extraction ratio and it increased from 0.54 at 10 min to 0.87 at the end of hypoxia (r = 0.99). In both alpha-block groups O2 extraction remained constant with time, and O2 extraction in each alpha-block group was significantly less (P less than 0.01) than in the unblocked group. As further evidence of better O2 extraction, mixed venous partial O2 pressure was significantly less in the unblocked group, 6.2 +/- 3.4 Torr vs. 10.6 +/- 3.2 and 9.9 +/- 2.4 Torr with alpha block (P less than 0.01). Results after alpha-block indicated that a vigorous vasoconstrictor tone during hypoxia conserved O2 by promoting greater extraction by the tissues.", "PMID": 681206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4673", "title": "Relation between oxygen uptake and developed tension in dog skeletal muscle.", "content": "Isometric developed tension of in situ gastro-cnemius-plantaris and semitendinosus muscles of the dog was increased 30% with twitch contraction frequency over the range of 0.5--2.0 tw/sc. Developed tension was decreased 75% after 30--40 min of 11--14 tw/s contractions, fatigue. Recovery from fatigue was slow. Intravenously injected K+ after fatigue increased developed tension 50%. Infusions of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and ouabain did not change developed tension. When the oxygen uptake of gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle was measured during twitch contractions at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 tw/s before and after fatigue and after injection of K+, the oxygen uptake was found to be directly related to the developed tension.", "contents": "Relation between oxygen uptake and developed tension in dog skeletal muscle. Isometric developed tension of in situ gastro-cnemius-plantaris and semitendinosus muscles of the dog was increased 30% with twitch contraction frequency over the range of 0.5--2.0 tw/sc. Developed tension was decreased 75% after 30--40 min of 11--14 tw/s contractions, fatigue. Recovery from fatigue was slow. Intravenously injected K+ after fatigue increased developed tension 50%. Infusions of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and ouabain did not change developed tension. When the oxygen uptake of gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle was measured during twitch contractions at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 tw/s before and after fatigue and after injection of K+, the oxygen uptake was found to be directly related to the developed tension.", "PMID": 681208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4674", "title": "Effects of atropine on potentiation of exercise-induced bronchospasm by cold air.", "content": "The role of vagal efferent activity in the cold air potentiation of exercise-induced asthma was assessed by exercising nine subjects who breathed air at ambient and subfreezing temperatures before and after cholinergic blockade. Lung volumes and maximal expiratory flow volume curves with air and with 80% helium-20% oxygen were obtained before and 5--10 min after each challenge. Isovolume comparisons of maximal expiratory flow rates with the two gases were used to assess relative contributions of large and small airways to flow limitation. Exercise under ambient conditions resulted in the expected airway obstruction and cold air exaggerated the response. Atropine pretreatment had no effect on the cold air potentiation. After atropine with ambient air exercise, there was an increase in the relative contribution of large airways to flow limitation, whereas exercise with cold air resulted in an increase in the contribution of small airways. We concluded that the potentiating effects of cold air are local and suggest that the immediate stimulus is related to cooling of intrathoracic airways.", "contents": "Effects of atropine on potentiation of exercise-induced bronchospasm by cold air. The role of vagal efferent activity in the cold air potentiation of exercise-induced asthma was assessed by exercising nine subjects who breathed air at ambient and subfreezing temperatures before and after cholinergic blockade. Lung volumes and maximal expiratory flow volume curves with air and with 80% helium-20% oxygen were obtained before and 5--10 min after each challenge. Isovolume comparisons of maximal expiratory flow rates with the two gases were used to assess relative contributions of large and small airways to flow limitation. Exercise under ambient conditions resulted in the expected airway obstruction and cold air exaggerated the response. Atropine pretreatment had no effect on the cold air potentiation. After atropine with ambient air exercise, there was an increase in the relative contribution of large airways to flow limitation, whereas exercise with cold air resulted in an increase in the contribution of small airways. We concluded that the potentiating effects of cold air are local and suggest that the immediate stimulus is related to cooling of intrathoracic airways.", "PMID": 681209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4675", "title": "Behavior of the human pulmonary circulation during head-up tilt.", "content": "Pulmonary blood volume (PBV), flow, and pressures were measured in 15 cardiopulmonary normal subjects, while supine and at 60 degrees head-up passive tilt. PBV, cardiac index (CI), right ventricular diastolic volume (VDVR), and mean pulmonary arterial (Ppa), venous (Pv), and mean right atrial (Pra) pressures all decreased during the first 4 min of tilting, with little subsequent change thereafter, to 30 min. Relative changes of CI, PBV, and VDVR were of similar magnitude (25--30%; mean Ppa and Pv fell 3.2 and 2.3 Torr, respectively. From measurements of thoracic dimensions and changes in intravascular pressures, we calculate that 11% of the pulmonary vascular bed falls into zone I condition, 34% goes from zone III to zone II, and 55% remains in zone III condition during tilt. A highly significant correlation exists between PBV and CI (P less than 0.001), with no significant change in pulmonary mean transit time during tilt. Significant correlations also exist between PBV and Pra (P less than 0.001), Pv (P less than 0.01), and Ppa (P less than 0.05). We conclude that outflow pressure plays a significant role in determining PBV during head-up tilt, but the major determinant is venous return to the right heart.", "contents": "Behavior of the human pulmonary circulation during head-up tilt. Pulmonary blood volume (PBV), flow, and pressures were measured in 15 cardiopulmonary normal subjects, while supine and at 60 degrees head-up passive tilt. PBV, cardiac index (CI), right ventricular diastolic volume (VDVR), and mean pulmonary arterial (Ppa), venous (Pv), and mean right atrial (Pra) pressures all decreased during the first 4 min of tilting, with little subsequent change thereafter, to 30 min. Relative changes of CI, PBV, and VDVR were of similar magnitude (25--30%; mean Ppa and Pv fell 3.2 and 2.3 Torr, respectively. From measurements of thoracic dimensions and changes in intravascular pressures, we calculate that 11% of the pulmonary vascular bed falls into zone I condition, 34% goes from zone III to zone II, and 55% remains in zone III condition during tilt. A highly significant correlation exists between PBV and CI (P less than 0.001), with no significant change in pulmonary mean transit time during tilt. Significant correlations also exist between PBV and Pra (P less than 0.001), Pv (P less than 0.01), and Ppa (P less than 0.05). We conclude that outflow pressure plays a significant role in determining PBV during head-up tilt, but the major determinant is venous return to the right heart.", "PMID": 681211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4676", "title": "Respiratory mechanics in the anesthetized rat.", "content": "Functional residual capacity (FRC) and pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lung, chest wall, and total respiratory system were studied in 15 anesthetized rats, weighing 307 +/- 10 (SE) g. Pleural pressure was estimated from the esophageal pressure measured with a water-filled catheter. The FRC determined by body plethysmograph was slightly and significantly larger than FRC determined from saline displacement of excised lungs. The difference may be accounted for by O2 uptake by lung tissue, escape of CO2 through the pleura, and abdominal gas. Paralysis in the prone position did not affect FRC, and abdominal gas content contributed only slightly to the FRC measured by body plethysmograph. Values of various pulmonary parameters (mean +/- SE) were as follows: residual volume, 1.26 +/- 0.13 ml; FRC, 2.51 +/- 0.20 ml; total lung capacity, 12.23 +/- 0.55 ml; compliance of the lung, 0.90 +/- 0.06 ml/cmH2O; chest wall compliance, 1.50 +/- 0.11 ml/cmH2O; and respiratory system compliance, 0.57 +/- 0.03 ml/cmH2O. The lung PV curve did not show a consistent change after the chest was opened.", "contents": "Respiratory mechanics in the anesthetized rat. Functional residual capacity (FRC) and pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lung, chest wall, and total respiratory system were studied in 15 anesthetized rats, weighing 307 +/- 10 (SE) g. Pleural pressure was estimated from the esophageal pressure measured with a water-filled catheter. The FRC determined by body plethysmograph was slightly and significantly larger than FRC determined from saline displacement of excised lungs. The difference may be accounted for by O2 uptake by lung tissue, escape of CO2 through the pleura, and abdominal gas. Paralysis in the prone position did not affect FRC, and abdominal gas content contributed only slightly to the FRC measured by body plethysmograph. Values of various pulmonary parameters (mean +/- SE) were as follows: residual volume, 1.26 +/- 0.13 ml; FRC, 2.51 +/- 0.20 ml; total lung capacity, 12.23 +/- 0.55 ml; compliance of the lung, 0.90 +/- 0.06 ml/cmH2O; chest wall compliance, 1.50 +/- 0.11 ml/cmH2O; and respiratory system compliance, 0.57 +/- 0.03 ml/cmH2O. The lung PV curve did not show a consistent change after the chest was opened.", "PMID": 681212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4677", "title": "Elasticity of excised dog lung parenchyma.", "content": "An experimental procedure was developed to measure the stress-strain relationship on rectangular slabs (5.0 X 5.0 X 0.5 cm) of excised dog's lung. The slabs were subjected to biaxial loading and the resulting triaxial deformations were measured. Deformations were measured in the central portion of the specimen by video dimension analysers in order to minimize boundary effects. Specimen thickness was measured with a magnetic reluctance proximeter system. The data were sampled and stored on-line by a PDP-8E computer. An electromechanical servo system was used to control the lateral force. Tests were performed at several pH values and at 20 and 37 degrees C. The tissue exhibited a highly nonlinear stress-strain relationship, compliant at low stress levels and stiff when the stress was high. Hysteresis was observed to be about 28% and was unaffected by a 250-fold change in strain rate. Biaxial loading revealed a new characteristic: there is a change in elastic behavior when the tissue undergoes a compressive strain. When the tissue was in tension increasing the lateral load decreased the compliance, but the opposite was true when compressive strain was present.", "contents": "Elasticity of excised dog lung parenchyma. An experimental procedure was developed to measure the stress-strain relationship on rectangular slabs (5.0 X 5.0 X 0.5 cm) of excised dog's lung. The slabs were subjected to biaxial loading and the resulting triaxial deformations were measured. Deformations were measured in the central portion of the specimen by video dimension analysers in order to minimize boundary effects. Specimen thickness was measured with a magnetic reluctance proximeter system. The data were sampled and stored on-line by a PDP-8E computer. An electromechanical servo system was used to control the lateral force. Tests were performed at several pH values and at 20 and 37 degrees C. The tissue exhibited a highly nonlinear stress-strain relationship, compliant at low stress levels and stiff when the stress was high. Hysteresis was observed to be about 28% and was unaffected by a 250-fold change in strain rate. Biaxial loading revealed a new characteristic: there is a change in elastic behavior when the tissue undergoes a compressive strain. When the tissue was in tension increasing the lateral load decreased the compliance, but the opposite was true when compressive strain was present.", "PMID": 681213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4678", "title": "Influence of posture on isometric fatigue.", "content": "The isometric strength of four trained subjects was unaltered by changes in posture. But the endurance of an isometric contraction held to fatigue at 25 and 40% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was 20% greater in the sitting than in the recumbent posture. This difference was abolished when the exercise was performed with the arm's circulation arrested. At rest, the blood flow through the forearm was greater when the subjects were in the recumbent than in the sitting position but the reverse was true during isometric contractions. In these two postures, there was no difference in the right atrial pressure during the contraction, suggesting that the low-pressure baroreceptors are not responsible for the differences in blood flow during exercise. To date no mechanism is available to explain these observations.", "contents": "Influence of posture on isometric fatigue. The isometric strength of four trained subjects was unaltered by changes in posture. But the endurance of an isometric contraction held to fatigue at 25 and 40% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was 20% greater in the sitting than in the recumbent posture. This difference was abolished when the exercise was performed with the arm's circulation arrested. At rest, the blood flow through the forearm was greater when the subjects were in the recumbent than in the sitting position but the reverse was true during isometric contractions. In these two postures, there was no difference in the right atrial pressure during the contraction, suggesting that the low-pressure baroreceptors are not responsible for the differences in blood flow during exercise. To date no mechanism is available to explain these observations.", "PMID": 681214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4679", "title": "Pulmonary capillary and permeability during hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "In previous experiments from this laboratory horseradish peroxidase was used to study the structural and functional characteristics of the normal canine pulmonary capillary membrane. The present study used the same technique to try to determine if any change occurred in the pulmonary capillary as a result of hemorrhagic shock. We found that hemorrhagic shock caused a fall (5 expt) or no change (2 expt) in estimated pulmonary transcapillary pressure based on Starling's equation. However, lymphatic flow from the lungs increased. Estimated of filtration coefficients showed a highly significant increase (P less than 0.01) during the hypotensive period. Pulmonary lymphatic protein concentrations were not altered, indicating that water and protein continued to traverse the membrane in the same proportions as under normotensive conditions. These data are consistent with recent observations of minimal changes in the intercellular junctions of the capillary endothelium following hemorrhagic shock made independently on lung tissue from these experiments.", "contents": "Pulmonary capillary and permeability during hemorrhagic shock. In previous experiments from this laboratory horseradish peroxidase was used to study the structural and functional characteristics of the normal canine pulmonary capillary membrane. The present study used the same technique to try to determine if any change occurred in the pulmonary capillary as a result of hemorrhagic shock. We found that hemorrhagic shock caused a fall (5 expt) or no change (2 expt) in estimated pulmonary transcapillary pressure based on Starling's equation. However, lymphatic flow from the lungs increased. Estimated of filtration coefficients showed a highly significant increase (P less than 0.01) during the hypotensive period. Pulmonary lymphatic protein concentrations were not altered, indicating that water and protein continued to traverse the membrane in the same proportions as under normotensive conditions. These data are consistent with recent observations of minimal changes in the intercellular junctions of the capillary endothelium following hemorrhagic shock made independently on lung tissue from these experiments.", "PMID": 681215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4680", "title": "An animal model for the study of regional lung function.", "content": "An animal model for the study of regional lung function is described. In sheep, the bronchus to the right apical lobe (RAL) of the lung arises directly from the trachea. A tracheal divider, inserted under local anesthesia via a permanent tracheostomy, was used to separate the ventilation of the RAL from that of the rest of the lung. Lobar blood flow was estimated from the RAL contribution to the pulmonary clearance of an intravenous bolus of 85Kr. Gas exchange was measured by conventional methods. Expressed as a percentage of the value obtained for the whole lung, lobar expired volume was 14.7 +/- 4.3%, capillary perfusion was 12.3 +/- 4.2%, oxygen uptake was 14.7 +/- 4.9%, and carbon dioxide production was 13.4 +/- 5.5% (mean +/- SD of 25 studies in 11 animals breathing air). The model permits the study of experimental conditions confined to a single lobe of the lung and offers the advantages of an intact chest wall, spontaneous ventilation and an unanesthetized animal.", "contents": "An animal model for the study of regional lung function. An animal model for the study of regional lung function is described. In sheep, the bronchus to the right apical lobe (RAL) of the lung arises directly from the trachea. A tracheal divider, inserted under local anesthesia via a permanent tracheostomy, was used to separate the ventilation of the RAL from that of the rest of the lung. Lobar blood flow was estimated from the RAL contribution to the pulmonary clearance of an intravenous bolus of 85Kr. Gas exchange was measured by conventional methods. Expressed as a percentage of the value obtained for the whole lung, lobar expired volume was 14.7 +/- 4.3%, capillary perfusion was 12.3 +/- 4.2%, oxygen uptake was 14.7 +/- 4.9%, and carbon dioxide production was 13.4 +/- 5.5% (mean +/- SD of 25 studies in 11 animals breathing air). The model permits the study of experimental conditions confined to a single lobe of the lung and offers the advantages of an intact chest wall, spontaneous ventilation and an unanesthetized animal.", "PMID": 681217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4681", "title": "Electron microscopy of lung rapidly frozen under controlled physiological conditions.", "content": "Light microscopy of lung rapidly frozen under controlled physiological conditions has been very successful in correlating pulmonary structure and function. However, to study some aspects of pulmonary capillary morphology, the higher resolution of electron microscopy (EM) is necessary. To date, most EM of lung has involed the instillation of a fixative through the airways or vascular system, techniques that probably alter the normal pressure relationships of the capillaries and therefore their morphology. We describe here a technique for rapidly freezing lung to a depth of 1--2 mm below the pleural surface and preparing sections for EM. Lungs from open-chest rats were frozen at various transpulmonary pressures with cold (--80 degrees C) 70% ethylene glycol. Small pieces were then fixed with a solution containing glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde for 24 h at --50 degrees C. Staining was with osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate. Lung frozen at high volumes showed marked stretching of the alveolar septa with severe deformation of the capillaries. Lung frozen at low inflation pressures revealed open capillaries containing numerous red blood cells; in addition, infolding of the alveolar wall was frequently seen. We conclude that this technique gives a level of preservation of rapidly frozen lung suitable for electron microscopy.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of lung rapidly frozen under controlled physiological conditions. Light microscopy of lung rapidly frozen under controlled physiological conditions has been very successful in correlating pulmonary structure and function. However, to study some aspects of pulmonary capillary morphology, the higher resolution of electron microscopy (EM) is necessary. To date, most EM of lung has involed the instillation of a fixative through the airways or vascular system, techniques that probably alter the normal pressure relationships of the capillaries and therefore their morphology. We describe here a technique for rapidly freezing lung to a depth of 1--2 mm below the pleural surface and preparing sections for EM. Lungs from open-chest rats were frozen at various transpulmonary pressures with cold (--80 degrees C) 70% ethylene glycol. Small pieces were then fixed with a solution containing glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde for 24 h at --50 degrees C. Staining was with osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate. Lung frozen at high volumes showed marked stretching of the alveolar septa with severe deformation of the capillaries. Lung frozen at low inflation pressures revealed open capillaries containing numerous red blood cells; in addition, infolding of the alveolar wall was frequently seen. We conclude that this technique gives a level of preservation of rapidly frozen lung suitable for electron microscopy.", "PMID": 681218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4682", "title": "Microscopic tissue alterations following cryosurgery of canine skin.", "content": "Cryosurgery of cutaneous tissue of 6 dogs was followed by serial biopsies throughout the necrotizing and healing periods. The duration of cold application was controlled by thermocouple monitoring in 3 dogs and by a standard time in 3 dogs. Tissue changes following cryosurgery were consistent in all 6 dogs and were composed of edema, erythema, necrosis, sloughing, granulation, and epithelialization.", "contents": "Microscopic tissue alterations following cryosurgery of canine skin. Cryosurgery of cutaneous tissue of 6 dogs was followed by serial biopsies throughout the necrotizing and healing periods. The duration of cold application was controlled by thermocouple monitoring in 3 dogs and by a standard time in 3 dogs. Tissue changes following cryosurgery were consistent in all 6 dogs and were composed of edema, erythema, necrosis, sloughing, granulation, and epithelialization.", "PMID": 681219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4683", "title": "Focal cystic hypertrophic gastropathy in a dog.", "content": "A 6-year-old female dog had a 3-day history of postprandial vomiting of undigested food. Plain and contrast radiography revealed a large mass on the greater curvature of the stomach. On exploratory gastrotomy, the mass was found to consist of hypertrophic rugae resembling cerebral gyri and sulci. The histopathologic findings were similar to those for hypertrophic gastropathy in man and the dog.", "contents": "Focal cystic hypertrophic gastropathy in a dog. A 6-year-old female dog had a 3-day history of postprandial vomiting of undigested food. Plain and contrast radiography revealed a large mass on the greater curvature of the stomach. On exploratory gastrotomy, the mass was found to consist of hypertrophic rugae resembling cerebral gyri and sulci. The histopathologic findings were similar to those for hypertrophic gastropathy in man and the dog.", "PMID": 681221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4684", "title": "Canine coccidiosis attributed to an Isospora ohioensis-like organism: a case report.", "content": "Coccidiosis due to an Isospora ohioensis-like organism was diagnosed in a 10-week-old pup. The pup had diarrhea, dehydration, and weight loss before it died 7 days after onset of clinical signs. Lesions were limited to the intestinal tract. Beginning in the distal end of the small intestine and extending through cecum and colon were mild histiocytic proliferation in the lamina propria and multifocal cryptitis. Numerous meronts and gamonts of an unidentified coccidium were in or near the lesions. Parasites were in the villous epithelium, lamina propria, and intestinal glands of the distal one-half of the small intestine, cecum, and colon. It was concluded that infection was due to an unidentified coccidium with oocysts structurally similar to those of I ohioensis.", "contents": "Canine coccidiosis attributed to an Isospora ohioensis-like organism: a case report. Coccidiosis due to an Isospora ohioensis-like organism was diagnosed in a 10-week-old pup. The pup had diarrhea, dehydration, and weight loss before it died 7 days after onset of clinical signs. Lesions were limited to the intestinal tract. Beginning in the distal end of the small intestine and extending through cecum and colon were mild histiocytic proliferation in the lamina propria and multifocal cryptitis. Numerous meronts and gamonts of an unidentified coccidium were in or near the lesions. Parasites were in the villous epithelium, lamina propria, and intestinal glands of the distal one-half of the small intestine, cecum, and colon. It was concluded that infection was due to an unidentified coccidium with oocysts structurally similar to those of I ohioensis.", "PMID": 681222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4685", "title": "Cauda equina compression from lumbosacral malarticulation and malformation in the dog.", "content": "Compression of the cauda equina from subluxation, stenosis, or spondylosis of the lumbosacral articulation was found in 20 dogs, 13 of which were German Shepherd Dogs or crossbred German Shepherd Dogs. Pain, posterior paresis, and urinary or fecal incontinence were the most frequent problems associated with the compression. Dorsal laminectomy was performed on 13 cases, with good to excellent results on 10 of these.", "contents": "Cauda equina compression from lumbosacral malarticulation and malformation in the dog. Compression of the cauda equina from subluxation, stenosis, or spondylosis of the lumbosacral articulation was found in 20 dogs, 13 of which were German Shepherd Dogs or crossbred German Shepherd Dogs. Pain, posterior paresis, and urinary or fecal incontinence were the most frequent problems associated with the compression. Dorsal laminectomy was performed on 13 cases, with good to excellent results on 10 of these.", "PMID": 681230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4686", "title": "Streptoalloteichus, a new genus of the family Actinoplanaceae.", "content": "A new genus Streptoalloteichus is proposed in the family Actinoplanaceae to distinguish species of actinomycetes which form short or long spore-chains on aerial mycelium, bears oval sporangia with motile spores and has a characteristic cell-wall composition of strain C677-91 type. Strain C677-91 (ATCC 31217, FERM-P No. 4070) was named Streptoalloteichus hindustanus gen. nov. and sp. nov. The actinomycete strain C677-91 produces spore-chain clusters and sclerotia in the aerial mycelium which are morphologically similar to those found in some species of Streptomyces. The cultural characteristics of the strain on agar media also resemble those of Streptomyces species and the colonies have no distinct color. Strain C677-91 produces sporangia or sporangia-like vesicles which contain one to several spores in the vegetative mycelium. The sporangiospores possess a single long polar flagellum and are motile. The cell wall of strain C677-91 contains meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, galactose, mannose, rhamnose and glucosamine. Strain C677-91 has several important characteristics in common with Streptomyces tenebrarius including the production of nebramycin factors but the latter strain does not produce sporangia.", "contents": "Streptoalloteichus, a new genus of the family Actinoplanaceae. A new genus Streptoalloteichus is proposed in the family Actinoplanaceae to distinguish species of actinomycetes which form short or long spore-chains on aerial mycelium, bears oval sporangia with motile spores and has a characteristic cell-wall composition of strain C677-91 type. Strain C677-91 (ATCC 31217, FERM-P No. 4070) was named Streptoalloteichus hindustanus gen. nov. and sp. nov. The actinomycete strain C677-91 produces spore-chain clusters and sclerotia in the aerial mycelium which are morphologically similar to those found in some species of Streptomyces. The cultural characteristics of the strain on agar media also resemble those of Streptomyces species and the colonies have no distinct color. Strain C677-91 produces sporangia or sporangia-like vesicles which contain one to several spores in the vegetative mycelium. The sporangiospores possess a single long polar flagellum and are motile. The cell wall of strain C677-91 contains meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, galactose, mannose, rhamnose and glucosamine. Strain C677-91 has several important characteristics in common with Streptomyces tenebrarius including the production of nebramycin factors but the latter strain does not produce sporangia.", "PMID": 681231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4687", "title": "Taxonomic study and fermentation of producing organism and antimicrobial activity of mildiomycin.", "content": "A taxonomic study of strain B-98891, which produced an antibiotic effective against powdery mildew of barley, identified it as Streptoverticillium rimofaciens. On agar media the antibiotic, which was named mildiomycin, was only weakly active against most fungi and bacteria tested. However, it inhibited some Mycobacterium and Rhodotorula, and it showed excellent control of powdery mildew of barley plants in greenhouse tests at concentrations between 31.2 and 62.5 ppm. Rhodotorula rubra IFO 0907 was selected as the test organism for in vitro assay of mildiomycin.", "contents": "Taxonomic study and fermentation of producing organism and antimicrobial activity of mildiomycin. A taxonomic study of strain B-98891, which produced an antibiotic effective against powdery mildew of barley, identified it as Streptoverticillium rimofaciens. On agar media the antibiotic, which was named mildiomycin, was only weakly active against most fungi and bacteria tested. However, it inhibited some Mycobacterium and Rhodotorula, and it showed excellent control of powdery mildew of barley plants in greenhouse tests at concentrations between 31.2 and 62.5 ppm. Rhodotorula rubra IFO 0907 was selected as the test organism for in vitro assay of mildiomycin.", "PMID": 681232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4688", "title": "Isolation and characterization of mildiomycin, a new nucleoside antibiotic.", "content": "A new antibiotic mildiomycin, strongly active against powdery mildew, was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptoverticillium rimofaciens B-98891. It is a water-soluble basic antibiotic and was purified by ion-exchange and adsorption chromatography. The molecular formula of the purified compound was determined to be C19H30N8O9(H2O) from physical and chemical data. The UV and NMR spectra suggested that this antibiotic is a nucleoside. On acidic hydrolysis it gave 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine which has not previously been found in nucleoside antibiotics.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of mildiomycin, a new nucleoside antibiotic. A new antibiotic mildiomycin, strongly active against powdery mildew, was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptoverticillium rimofaciens B-98891. It is a water-soluble basic antibiotic and was purified by ion-exchange and adsorption chromatography. The molecular formula of the purified compound was determined to be C19H30N8O9(H2O) from physical and chemical data. The UV and NMR spectra suggested that this antibiotic is a nucleoside. On acidic hydrolysis it gave 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine which has not previously been found in nucleoside antibiotics.", "PMID": 681233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4689", "title": "Aurantinin, a new antibiotic of bacterial origin.", "content": "A new polyene class antibiotic, aurantinin (KM-214), was isolated from the fermentation broth of Bacillus aurantinus MASUMA and OMURA sp. nov. The substance is a conjugated triene with a molecular weight of 618 and molecular formula C35H54O9, and melts at 139 approximately 140 degrees C. The antibiotic is active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria, but not against yeast and fungi.", "contents": "Aurantinin, a new antibiotic of bacterial origin. A new polyene class antibiotic, aurantinin (KM-214), was isolated from the fermentation broth of Bacillus aurantinus MASUMA and OMURA sp. nov. The substance is a conjugated triene with a molecular weight of 618 and molecular formula C35H54O9, and melts at 139 approximately 140 degrees C. The antibiotic is active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria, but not against yeast and fungi.", "PMID": 681234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4690", "title": "Funiculosin, a new antibiotic. II. Structure elucidation and antifungal activity.", "content": "Structure elucidation and some biological properties of an antiviral and antifungal antibiotic, funiculosin, are summarized. Funiculosin is a derivative of N-methyl-4-hydroxy-3, 5-disubstituted-2-pyridone containing a novel substituent, cyclopentanetetrol moiety, that is reported here for the first time in a natural product. The antibiotic protects guinea pigs efficiently against experimental trichophytosis. Toxicity of funiculosin is unique and highly selective for animal species.", "contents": "Funiculosin, a new antibiotic. II. Structure elucidation and antifungal activity. Structure elucidation and some biological properties of an antiviral and antifungal antibiotic, funiculosin, are summarized. Funiculosin is a derivative of N-methyl-4-hydroxy-3, 5-disubstituted-2-pyridone containing a novel substituent, cyclopentanetetrol moiety, that is reported here for the first time in a natural product. The antibiotic protects guinea pigs efficiently against experimental trichophytosis. Toxicity of funiculosin is unique and highly selective for animal species.", "PMID": 681235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4691", "title": "Diastereomeric 7-ureidoacetyl cephalosporins. I. Superiority of 7alpha-H-L-isomers over D-isomers.", "content": "The synthesis and in vitro structure-activity relationship of 7-ureidoacetyl cephalosporins carrying various substituents in the 3-position, compounds that showed an enhanced broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, has been outlined. Contrary to most of the previous observations with diastereomeric isomers of cephalosporins, it has been found that the L-side chain isomers also are very potent antibiotics and are even more active inhibitors of certain beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria than the corresponding D-side chain isomers. SQ 69,613, 7beta-[[L-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-2-furanylacetyl]amino]-3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, sodium salt, the most active compound tested, except for activity against staphylococci, was as active in vitro as cefamandole.", "contents": "Diastereomeric 7-ureidoacetyl cephalosporins. I. Superiority of 7alpha-H-L-isomers over D-isomers. The synthesis and in vitro structure-activity relationship of 7-ureidoacetyl cephalosporins carrying various substituents in the 3-position, compounds that showed an enhanced broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, has been outlined. Contrary to most of the previous observations with diastereomeric isomers of cephalosporins, it has been found that the L-side chain isomers also are very potent antibiotics and are even more active inhibitors of certain beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria than the corresponding D-side chain isomers. SQ 69,613, 7beta-[[L-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-2-furanylacetyl]amino]-3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, sodium salt, the most active compound tested, except for activity against staphylococci, was as active in vitro as cefamandole.", "PMID": 681236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4692", "title": "Diastereomeric 7-ureidoacetyl cephalosporins. II. 7beta [[[(Aminocarbonyl) amino]-2-thienylacetyl] amino]-7-methoxy-3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) thio] methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid.", "content": "The synthesis and antibacterial activity in vitro of 7-methoxylated cephalosporins having a thienylureidoacetyl or a thienylglycyl C-7 side-chain are described. Acylation of 7 beta-amino-7-methoxycephems with a novel 2-aminooxazolone hydrochloride under neutral conditions gave the thienylureidoacetyl derivatives in good yield with retention of configuration. 7 beta-[[D-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]-2-thienylacetyl]amino]-7-methoxy-3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio] methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid sodium salt (SQ 14,359) was found to have a broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity in vitro, particularly against beta-lactamase-producing organisms.", "contents": "Diastereomeric 7-ureidoacetyl cephalosporins. II. 7beta [[[(Aminocarbonyl) amino]-2-thienylacetyl] amino]-7-methoxy-3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) thio] methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid. The synthesis and antibacterial activity in vitro of 7-methoxylated cephalosporins having a thienylureidoacetyl or a thienylglycyl C-7 side-chain are described. Acylation of 7 beta-amino-7-methoxycephems with a novel 2-aminooxazolone hydrochloride under neutral conditions gave the thienylureidoacetyl derivatives in good yield with retention of configuration. 7 beta-[[D-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]-2-thienylacetyl]amino]-7-methoxy-3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio] methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid sodium salt (SQ 14,359) was found to have a broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity in vitro, particularly against beta-lactamase-producing organisms.", "PMID": 681237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4693", "title": "Diastereomeric 7-ureidoacetyl cephalosporins. III. Contribution of D- and L-isomers to the growth inhibiting activities of 7alpha-H and 7alpha-OCH3 derivatives for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "A series of 7beta-ureidoacetyl, 7alpha-H and 7alpha-OCH3 cephalosporin antibiotics have shown broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro. In the 7alpha-H but not in the 7alpha-OCH3 series, contrary to experience in the antibiotic field, the L-isomers were substantially more active than the D-isomers both in vitro and in vivo particularly, but not exclusively, against Enterobacteriaceae that produce potent chromosomal cephalosporinases. Enhanced resistance to and inhibition of beta-lactamase (s) appeared to be responsible for this effect. Studies in vitro specifically with 7beta-thienylureidoacetyl derivatives showed that D-isomers interacted with L-isomers in the 7alpha-OCH3 series in a synergistic manner against \"cephalosporinase-type\" enzyme producers while isomers in the 7alpha-H series did not. Examples were presented in which this favorable event resulted in improved efficacy of the racemic mixture over the pure D- or L-isomer alone in appropriate experimental infections.", "contents": "Diastereomeric 7-ureidoacetyl cephalosporins. III. Contribution of D- and L-isomers to the growth inhibiting activities of 7alpha-H and 7alpha-OCH3 derivatives for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. A series of 7beta-ureidoacetyl, 7alpha-H and 7alpha-OCH3 cephalosporin antibiotics have shown broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro. In the 7alpha-H but not in the 7alpha-OCH3 series, contrary to experience in the antibiotic field, the L-isomers were substantially more active than the D-isomers both in vitro and in vivo particularly, but not exclusively, against Enterobacteriaceae that produce potent chromosomal cephalosporinases. Enhanced resistance to and inhibition of beta-lactamase (s) appeared to be responsible for this effect. Studies in vitro specifically with 7beta-thienylureidoacetyl derivatives showed that D-isomers interacted with L-isomers in the 7alpha-OCH3 series in a synergistic manner against \"cephalosporinase-type\" enzyme producers while isomers in the 7alpha-H series did not. Examples were presented in which this favorable event resulted in improved efficacy of the racemic mixture over the pure D- or L-isomer alone in appropriate experimental infections.", "PMID": 681238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4694", "title": "Semisynthetic cephalosporins with antifungal activity: laboratory studies on 2-pyridinethiol 1-oxide cephalosporins.", "content": "Cephalosporins are chemotherapeutic agents whose spectrum and use are limited to antibacterial activity. Therefore, it was of interest to find several new semisynthetic cephalosporins which possess in vitro antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans and certain other yeasts. Five new cephalosporins containing the 2-pyridinethiol 1-oxide grouping were examined. Four with this heterocyclic moiety in the 3-position were found to have activity. One with the grouping in the 7-acyl-side chain was inactive. The degree of the antifungal activity was influenced by the substituent at the 7-position. The cephalosporin with a p-hydroxyphenylglycyl side chain was the most potent against the fungal strains studied. Despite this in vitro antifungal activity, none of the compounds protected mice against a systemic Candida albicans infection. All of these cephalosporins had broad spectrum in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity.", "contents": "Semisynthetic cephalosporins with antifungal activity: laboratory studies on 2-pyridinethiol 1-oxide cephalosporins. Cephalosporins are chemotherapeutic agents whose spectrum and use are limited to antibacterial activity. Therefore, it was of interest to find several new semisynthetic cephalosporins which possess in vitro antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans and certain other yeasts. Five new cephalosporins containing the 2-pyridinethiol 1-oxide grouping were examined. Four with this heterocyclic moiety in the 3-position were found to have activity. One with the grouping in the 7-acyl-side chain was inactive. The degree of the antifungal activity was influenced by the substituent at the 7-position. The cephalosporin with a p-hydroxyphenylglycyl side chain was the most potent against the fungal strains studied. Despite this in vitro antifungal activity, none of the compounds protected mice against a systemic Candida albicans infection. All of these cephalosporins had broad spectrum in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity.", "PMID": 681239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4695", "title": "Studies on the biosynthesis of clavulanic acid. I. Incorporation of 13C-labelled precursors.", "content": "The biosynthesis of clavulanic acid was investigated by feeding 13C-labelled precursors to Streptomyces clavuligerus fermentations. The resulting samples of clavulanic acid were isolated as the benzyl ester and were examined by 13C NMR spectroscopy for 13C-enrichment. The results showed that the carbon skeleton of 1,3-13C2-glycerol was incorporated intact into the three beta-lactam carbons of clavulanic acid. Studies with 1-13C-acetate, 2-13C-acetate and 1,2-13C2-acetate indicated that the remaining five carbons of clavulanic acid were probably derived from alpha-ketoglutarate. 1-13C-Propionate and 3-13C-propionate were not metabolised via the same route as glycerol, but were probably converted to succinate, via methylmalonyl CoA, and hence via the tricarboxylic acid cycle to the clavulanic acid precursors.", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthesis of clavulanic acid. I. Incorporation of 13C-labelled precursors. The biosynthesis of clavulanic acid was investigated by feeding 13C-labelled precursors to Streptomyces clavuligerus fermentations. The resulting samples of clavulanic acid were isolated as the benzyl ester and were examined by 13C NMR spectroscopy for 13C-enrichment. The results showed that the carbon skeleton of 1,3-13C2-glycerol was incorporated intact into the three beta-lactam carbons of clavulanic acid. Studies with 1-13C-acetate, 2-13C-acetate and 1,2-13C2-acetate indicated that the remaining five carbons of clavulanic acid were probably derived from alpha-ketoglutarate. 1-13C-Propionate and 3-13C-propionate were not metabolised via the same route as glycerol, but were probably converted to succinate, via methylmalonyl CoA, and hence via the tricarboxylic acid cycle to the clavulanic acid precursors.", "PMID": 681240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4696", "title": "Absorption, distribution and excretion of cefsulodin, an antipseudomonal cephalosporin, in mice, rats and dogs.", "content": "A single dose of 20 mg/kg of cefsulodin [3-(4-carbamoyl-1-pyridiniomethyl)-7 beta-(D-alpha-sulfophenylacetamido)-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylate monosodium salt] was administered subcutaneously to mice, and intramuscularly to rats and dogs. The plasma and tissue levels reached the peak 15 approximately 30 minutes after administration. In mice and rats, no plasma levels were measurable 2 and 4 hours after administration. In dogs, the plasma levels were measurable 6 hours after administration. The level in the kidney of mice was slightly lower than the plasma level, while in rats and dogs, the level in the kidney was higher than the plasma level. The cefsulodin levels in the lung of rats and dogs were relatively high, and the level in mice was relatively low. The hepatic levels were very low in all test animal species. Cefsulodin was mainly excreted into the urine, and the excretion of cefsulodin into the bile was very slight.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution and excretion of cefsulodin, an antipseudomonal cephalosporin, in mice, rats and dogs. A single dose of 20 mg/kg of cefsulodin [3-(4-carbamoyl-1-pyridiniomethyl)-7 beta-(D-alpha-sulfophenylacetamido)-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylate monosodium salt] was administered subcutaneously to mice, and intramuscularly to rats and dogs. The plasma and tissue levels reached the peak 15 approximately 30 minutes after administration. In mice and rats, no plasma levels were measurable 2 and 4 hours after administration. In dogs, the plasma levels were measurable 6 hours after administration. The level in the kidney of mice was slightly lower than the plasma level, while in rats and dogs, the level in the kidney was higher than the plasma level. The cefsulodin levels in the lung of rats and dogs were relatively high, and the level in mice was relatively low. The hepatic levels were very low in all test animal species. Cefsulodin was mainly excreted into the urine, and the excretion of cefsulodin into the bile was very slight.", "PMID": 681241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4697", "title": "Inhibition of mitochondrial functions by the antibiotics, bikaverin and duclauxine.", "content": "Four cytotoxic antibiotics, bikaverin, duclauxine, PSX-1 and vermiculine, were examined with respect to their interference with glycolysis and respiration and their possible ionophoric or cytolytic activity. Duclauxine was found to be an inhibitor of respiration and bikaverin an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation of tumor cells and of isolated rat liver mitochondria. Bikaverin was also found to be an efficient haemolytic agent. Vermiculine and PSX-1 showed no effect in the systems employed.", "contents": "Inhibition of mitochondrial functions by the antibiotics, bikaverin and duclauxine. Four cytotoxic antibiotics, bikaverin, duclauxine, PSX-1 and vermiculine, were examined with respect to their interference with glycolysis and respiration and their possible ionophoric or cytolytic activity. Duclauxine was found to be an inhibitor of respiration and bikaverin an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation of tumor cells and of isolated rat liver mitochondria. Bikaverin was also found to be an efficient haemolytic agent. Vermiculine and PSX-1 showed no effect in the systems employed.", "PMID": 681242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4698", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatography of zearalenone in cereals.", "content": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for determining zearalenone in cereals. The sample is extracted with phosphoric acid and chloroform. The extract is cleaned up by washing on a silica gel column with benzene-hexane or cyclohexane-ethylene dicholride-ethyl ether and eluting with chloroform, and further purified by extracting into alkaline solution, washing with water, adjusting pH, and back-extracting into chloroform. Zearalenone is determined by using a liquid chromatograph with 2 columns in series packed with Spherisorb 10 micron ODS and with an ultraviolet detector set at 236 nm. The detection limit of the method is 2 microgram/kg. Recovery is about 90% when benzene-hexane is used in the washing step and about 80% when cyclo-hexane-ethylene dichloride-ethyl ether is used.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatography of zearalenone in cereals. A high pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for determining zearalenone in cereals. The sample is extracted with phosphoric acid and chloroform. The extract is cleaned up by washing on a silica gel column with benzene-hexane or cyclohexane-ethylene dicholride-ethyl ether and eluting with chloroform, and further purified by extracting into alkaline solution, washing with water, adjusting pH, and back-extracting into chloroform. Zearalenone is determined by using a liquid chromatograph with 2 columns in series packed with Spherisorb 10 micron ODS and with an ultraviolet detector set at 236 nm. The detection limit of the method is 2 microgram/kg. Recovery is about 90% when benzene-hexane is used in the washing step and about 80% when cyclo-hexane-ethylene dichloride-ethyl ether is used.", "PMID": 681251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4699", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in peanut products.", "content": "A precise and sensitive high pressure liquid chromatographic method is proposed for determining aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in all types of peanut products. The method is based on acidified aqueous methanol extraction, partition of aflatoxins into dichloromethane, and purification of the extract on a 2 g silica gel column. Aflatoxins in the purified extract are completely resolved on a microparticulate (10 micron) porous silica gel column in approximately 10 min with a water-saturated chloroform-cyclohexane-acetonitrile solvent. The preferred detection system, B1, and B2 by ultraviolet absorbance at 360-365 nm and G1 and G2 by fluorescence, allows accurate and sensitive detection of all 4 aflatoxins at levels as low as 0.3-1.0 microgram/kg. Repetitive assay of 3 samples of naturally contaminated peanut butters containing total aflatoxins (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) at levels of 5, 10, and 15  microgram/kg gave within-laboratory coefficients of variation of 11, 5, and 5% respectively.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in peanut products. A precise and sensitive high pressure liquid chromatographic method is proposed for determining aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in all types of peanut products. The method is based on acidified aqueous methanol extraction, partition of aflatoxins into dichloromethane, and purification of the extract on a 2 g silica gel column. Aflatoxins in the purified extract are completely resolved on a microparticulate (10 micron) porous silica gel column in approximately 10 min with a water-saturated chloroform-cyclohexane-acetonitrile solvent. The preferred detection system, B1, and B2 by ultraviolet absorbance at 360-365 nm and G1 and G2 by fluorescence, allows accurate and sensitive detection of all 4 aflatoxins at levels as low as 0.3-1.0 microgram/kg. Repetitive assay of 3 samples of naturally contaminated peanut butters containing total aflatoxins (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) at levels of 5, 10, and 15  microgram/kg gave within-laboratory coefficients of variation of 11, 5, and 5% respectively.", "PMID": 681252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4700", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol in corn and mixed feeds.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) in corn and mixed feeds. The analytes are extracted with aqueous methanol. Ammonium sulfate is used to denature and precipitate proteinaceous compounds and to salt out low polar compounds. The analytes are selectively concentrated into chloroform, which is washed with aqueous potassium hydroxide to remove acidic compounds. Residual interferences are removed by silica gel column chromatography. Heptafluorobutrylimidazole (HFBI) is added to form esters of the analytes. The HFB-esters are separated on an SE-30 glass column and measured witha 63Ni electron capture detector, using methoxychlor as an internal standard. The method has been applied to corn, livestock feeds, and pet food. The limit of detection is 100 ng T-2 toxin and 25 ng DAS/G. Average recoveries of 105 and 97% and coefficients of variation of 17 and 10% were obtained for T-2 toxin and DAS, respectively.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol in corn and mixed feeds. A gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) in corn and mixed feeds. The analytes are extracted with aqueous methanol. Ammonium sulfate is used to denature and precipitate proteinaceous compounds and to salt out low polar compounds. The analytes are selectively concentrated into chloroform, which is washed with aqueous potassium hydroxide to remove acidic compounds. Residual interferences are removed by silica gel column chromatography. Heptafluorobutrylimidazole (HFBI) is added to form esters of the analytes. The HFB-esters are separated on an SE-30 glass column and measured witha 63Ni electron capture detector, using methoxychlor as an internal standard. The method has been applied to corn, livestock feeds, and pet food. The limit of detection is 100 ng T-2 toxin and 25 ng DAS/G. Average recoveries of 105 and 97% and coefficients of variation of 17 and 10% were obtained for T-2 toxin and DAS, respectively.", "PMID": 681253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4701", "title": "Confirmatory test for aflatoxin M1 on a thin layer plate.", "content": "The identity of aflatoxin M1 can easily be confirmed directly on a thin layer plate by reacting aflatoxin M1 with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). This confirmation reaction is carried out on the thin layer plate which has been developed in 2 dimensions and used for the quantitation of aflatoxin M1 in the sample. TFA is superimposed on the separated M1 spot. The plate is kept in the dark 3 min, heated to 75 degrees C for 5 min, and developed with chloroform-methanol-acetic acid-water (92 + 8 + 2 + 0.8). The Rf value of the blue-fluorescent derivative is compared with that for the M1 standard. The method was used successfully on extracts of milk, cheese, and liver. M1 quantities on the plate as low as 0.5  ng can be confirmed by this method. The method is also suitable for simultaneous confirmation of aflatoxin B1.", "contents": "Confirmatory test for aflatoxin M1 on a thin layer plate. The identity of aflatoxin M1 can easily be confirmed directly on a thin layer plate by reacting aflatoxin M1 with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). This confirmation reaction is carried out on the thin layer plate which has been developed in 2 dimensions and used for the quantitation of aflatoxin M1 in the sample. TFA is superimposed on the separated M1 spot. The plate is kept in the dark 3 min, heated to 75 degrees C for 5 min, and developed with chloroform-methanol-acetic acid-water (92 + 8 + 2 + 0.8). The Rf value of the blue-fluorescent derivative is compared with that for the M1 standard. The method was used successfully on extracts of milk, cheese, and liver. M1 quantities on the plate as low as 0.5  ng can be confirmed by this method. The method is also suitable for simultaneous confirmation of aflatoxin B1.", "PMID": 681254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4702", "title": "Headspace sampling and gas-solid chromatographic determination and confirmation of greater than or equal to 1 ppb vinyl chloride residues in polyvinyl chloride food packaging.", "content": "The determination and confirmation of residual vinyl chloride (VC) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) food packaging materials are described. PVC packaging materials are dissolved in dimethylacetamide (DMAC). VC is sparged from solution with helium gas and collected in sealed vials of ethanol. VC is detected and quantitated by using a headspace sampling technique and standard gas-solid chromatography (GSC) with flame ionization detection. GSC peak heights of about 5% full scale deflection are obtained for samples of PVC containing 1 ppb VC. Polymer samples taken from tubing, blood bags, food packaging films, bottles, and unprocessed resin were analyzed. Residual VC levels ranged from 0.3 to 913 ppb. VC was confirmed by GSC-mass spectrometry, using selected ion recording of m/z 62 and 64 in conjunction with full mass scans to identify components eluting near VC.", "contents": "Headspace sampling and gas-solid chromatographic determination and confirmation of greater than or equal to 1 ppb vinyl chloride residues in polyvinyl chloride food packaging. The determination and confirmation of residual vinyl chloride (VC) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) food packaging materials are described. PVC packaging materials are dissolved in dimethylacetamide (DMAC). VC is sparged from solution with helium gas and collected in sealed vials of ethanol. VC is detected and quantitated by using a headspace sampling technique and standard gas-solid chromatography (GSC) with flame ionization detection. GSC peak heights of about 5% full scale deflection are obtained for samples of PVC containing 1 ppb VC. Polymer samples taken from tubing, blood bags, food packaging films, bottles, and unprocessed resin were analyzed. Residual VC levels ranged from 0.3 to 913 ppb. VC was confirmed by GSC-mass spectrometry, using selected ion recording of m/z 62 and 64 in conjunction with full mass scans to identify components eluting near VC.", "PMID": 681255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4703", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography and flame photometric detection of phosphine in wheat.", "content": "A screening method using gas-liquid chromatography with  flame photometric detection has been developed for determining phosphine in wheat. Phosphine is measured as the sum of physically bound intact phosphine and that derived from residual aluminum phosphide. Wheat is extracted in a closed, partially evacuated glass system by refluxing with 10% sulfuric acid. Liberated gases are swept into a gas-collection flask fitted with rubber septa to permit gas sampling. Aliquots of collected gas are injected into a gas chromatograph. Phosphine is quantitated by peak area as determined by an electronic integrator. Recoveries varied with concentration: 67% was recovered at 0.10 ppm and 98% was recovered at 19 ppm. For concentrations less than 1.5 ppm, the coefficient of variation was 9.95%. Using flame photometric detection, phosphine concentrations as low as 0.04 ppm were easily determined in wheat.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography and flame photometric detection of phosphine in wheat. A screening method using gas-liquid chromatography with  flame photometric detection has been developed for determining phosphine in wheat. Phosphine is measured as the sum of physically bound intact phosphine and that derived from residual aluminum phosphide. Wheat is extracted in a closed, partially evacuated glass system by refluxing with 10% sulfuric acid. Liberated gases are swept into a gas-collection flask fitted with rubber septa to permit gas sampling. Aliquots of collected gas are injected into a gas chromatograph. Phosphine is quantitated by peak area as determined by an electronic integrator. Recoveries varied with concentration: 67% was recovered at 0.10 ppm and 98% was recovered at 19 ppm. For concentrations less than 1.5 ppm, the coefficient of variation was 9.95%. Using flame photometric detection, phosphine concentrations as low as 0.04 ppm were easily determined in wheat.", "PMID": 681256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4704", "title": "Gas-liqiid chromatographic determination of pydrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, in cabbage and lettuce.", "content": "Pydrin, alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate, a synthetic pyrethroid ester, is extracted from vegetables with acetonitrile, partitioned into petroleum ether before cleanup on a Florisil column, and analyzed by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Recoveries of 88-102% at 0.01 ppm, 99-102% at 0.1 ppm, and 98-104% at 1.0 ppm were obtained from fortified cabbage and lettuce samples. The method appears applicable to detection of the residues of Pydrin in the foliage of many types of crops.", "contents": "Gas-liqiid chromatographic determination of pydrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, in cabbage and lettuce. Pydrin, alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate, a synthetic pyrethroid ester, is extracted from vegetables with acetonitrile, partitioned into petroleum ether before cleanup on a Florisil column, and analyzed by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Recoveries of 88-102% at 0.01 ppm, 99-102% at 0.1 ppm, and 98-104% at 1.0 ppm were obtained from fortified cabbage and lettuce samples. The method appears applicable to detection of the residues of Pydrin in the foliage of many types of crops.", "PMID": 681258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4705", "title": "Oil flotation extraction of light filth from ground capsicums excluding paprika: collaborative study.", "content": "A collaborative study has been completed on an improved method for the isolation of light filth from ground capsicums other than paprika. The proposed method involves isopropanol pretreatment, wet-sieving, and extraction from cooled 60% ethanol with a mineral oil-heptane mixture. The collaborative tests by the proposed method showed an approximate 2-fold increase in recoveries of insect fragments and rodent hairs with acceptable coefficients of variation and clean filter papers. The proposed method has been adopted as official first action to replace 44.123.", "contents": "Oil flotation extraction of light filth from ground capsicums excluding paprika: collaborative study. A collaborative study has been completed on an improved method for the isolation of light filth from ground capsicums other than paprika. The proposed method involves isopropanol pretreatment, wet-sieving, and extraction from cooled 60% ethanol with a mineral oil-heptane mixture. The collaborative tests by the proposed method showed an approximate 2-fold increase in recoveries of insect fragments and rodent hairs with acceptable coefficients of variation and clean filter papers. The proposed method has been adopted as official first action to replace 44.123.", "PMID": 681260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4706", "title": "Thin layer chromatographic method for the detection of uric acid: collaborative study.", "content": "A collaborative study has been completed on an improved method for the detection and confirmation of uric acid from bird and insect excreta. The proposed method involves the lithium carbonate solubilization of the suspect excreta material, followed by butanol-methanol-water-acetic acid thin layer chromatography, and trisodium phosphate-phosphotungstic acid color development. The collaborative tests resulted in 100% detection of uric acid standard at the 50 ng level and 75% detection at the 20-25 ng level. No false positives were reported during tests of compounds similar to uric acid. The proposed method has been adopted official first action; the present official final action method, 44.161, will be retained for screening purposes.", "contents": "Thin layer chromatographic method for the detection of uric acid: collaborative study. A collaborative study has been completed on an improved method for the detection and confirmation of uric acid from bird and insect excreta. The proposed method involves the lithium carbonate solubilization of the suspect excreta material, followed by butanol-methanol-water-acetic acid thin layer chromatography, and trisodium phosphate-phosphotungstic acid color development. The collaborative tests resulted in 100% detection of uric acid standard at the 50 ng level and 75% detection at the 20-25 ng level. No false positives were reported during tests of compounds similar to uric acid. The proposed method has been adopted official first action; the present official final action method, 44.161, will be retained for screening purposes.", "PMID": 681261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4707", "title": "Mineral oil extraction of light filth from rubbed sage: collaborative study.", "content": "An improved method has been developed for extracting light filth in rubbed sage. The method is similar to 44.A04 and 44.A05, except the light filth is isolated by using 20% isopropanol with mineral oil. Collaborative results show that the proposed method yielded better recoveries than the present official first action method. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Mineral oil extraction of light filth from rubbed sage: collaborative study. An improved method has been developed for extracting light filth in rubbed sage. The method is similar to 44.A04 and 44.A05, except the light filth is isolated by using 20% isopropanol with mineral oil. Collaborative results show that the proposed method yielded better recoveries than the present official first action method. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 681262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4708", "title": "Fruits and fruit products. Non-parametric methods for detection of adulteration of concentrated orange juice for manufacturing.", "content": "The composition of organic constituents (total sugars, reactive phenols, total amino acids, arginine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid) has been measured in a large (360 samples) selection of concentrated orange juice for manufacturing and orange pulp wash in the U.S. trade. The detection of adulteration with sugar, reducing sugars, and citric acid addition has been investigated by using non-parametric nearest neighbor classification techniques in the 4-space of log ratios of the compositions. The results show that such detection is possible with a type 1=type 2 error rate of 10% for 20% adulteration if at least 7 samples are taken. The assumptions of such samplings are discussed.", "contents": "Fruits and fruit products. Non-parametric methods for detection of adulteration of concentrated orange juice for manufacturing. The composition of organic constituents (total sugars, reactive phenols, total amino acids, arginine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid) has been measured in a large (360 samples) selection of concentrated orange juice for manufacturing and orange pulp wash in the U.S. trade. The detection of adulteration with sugar, reducing sugars, and citric acid addition has been investigated by using non-parametric nearest neighbor classification techniques in the 4-space of log ratios of the compositions. The results show that such detection is possible with a type 1=type 2 error rate of 10% for 20% adulteration if at least 7 samples are taken. The assumptions of such samplings are discussed.", "PMID": 681263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4709", "title": "Improved microbiological assay for penicillin residues in milk and dairy products.", "content": "The microbiological assay for penicillin residues in milk was improved. Acidification of milk with phosphoric acid to pH 4.5, centrifugation to remove precipitated proteinaceous matter, adjustment of pH to 6.0, a second centrifugation, and the use of a 2% agar base layer resulted in the consistent measurement of 0.01 unit penicillin activity/ml milk. Sarcina lutea was used as the assay organism. Recoveries in milk averaged 94%, in nonfat dry milk 84%, in cottage cheese 97%, and in cream cheese 94%.", "contents": "Improved microbiological assay for penicillin residues in milk and dairy products. The microbiological assay for penicillin residues in milk was improved. Acidification of milk with phosphoric acid to pH 4.5, centrifugation to remove precipitated proteinaceous matter, adjustment of pH to 6.0, a second centrifugation, and the use of a 2% agar base layer resulted in the consistent measurement of 0.01 unit penicillin activity/ml milk. Sarcina lutea was used as the assay organism. Recoveries in milk averaged 94%, in nonfat dry milk 84%, in cottage cheese 97%, and in cream cheese 94%.", "PMID": 681264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4710", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of selenium in biological materials, using 4-bromo- and 4-chloro 1,2-diaminobenzene as derivatizing reagents.", "content": "A method is described for the gas-liquid chromatographic determination of traces of selenium in marine biological materials. The method is based on the reaction of Se(IV) with bromo- and chloro-substituted 1,2-diaminobenzenes. The benzoselenadiazoles so formed are sensitive to electron capture detection. The sample is digested in a nitric-perchloric acid mixture and selenium is reduced to the IV oxidation state. Different aliquots of the digest solution are reacted with either 4-bromo- or 4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene to quantitatively form the corresponding 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole. Recovery of added selenite to a fish meal sample was 95% for the bromo derivative and 101% for the chloro derivative. Different portions of a well mixed fish meal sample were analyzed in independent laboratories by the fluorometric method and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (hydride generation). The following mean values (microgram/g) were found: present method 1.89, fluorometric method 1.91, atomic absorption method 2.1. The lower limit of detection for the method described was 13 ng, using the bromo derivative, and 27 ng, using the chloro derivative.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of selenium in biological materials, using 4-bromo- and 4-chloro 1,2-diaminobenzene as derivatizing reagents. A method is described for the gas-liquid chromatographic determination of traces of selenium in marine biological materials. The method is based on the reaction of Se(IV) with bromo- and chloro-substituted 1,2-diaminobenzenes. The benzoselenadiazoles so formed are sensitive to electron capture detection. The sample is digested in a nitric-perchloric acid mixture and selenium is reduced to the IV oxidation state. Different aliquots of the digest solution are reacted with either 4-bromo- or 4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene to quantitatively form the corresponding 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole. Recovery of added selenite to a fish meal sample was 95% for the bromo derivative and 101% for the chloro derivative. Different portions of a well mixed fish meal sample were analyzed in independent laboratories by the fluorometric method and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (hydride generation). The following mean values (microgram/g) were found: present method 1.89, fluorometric method 1.91, atomic absorption method 2.1. The lower limit of detection for the method described was 13 ng, using the bromo derivative, and 27 ng, using the chloro derivative.", "PMID": 681265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4711", "title": "Leak in evaporated milk by anodic stripping voltammetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry: cooperative interlaboratory study.", "content": "The results of a cooperative study on the determination of lead in evaporated milk, using a double blind referee technique, are reported. This study was designed to determine the normal variability of methods currently used for lead analysis by canned food industry laboratories. Twenty-three laboratories participated in this study. Each laboratory was instructed to use atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AOAC 25.065), anodic stripping voltammetry, or carbon rod atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Overall, the results appear to be in close agreement with the spiking levels. The coefficient of variation for all laboratories was 36.0% at the 0.15 ppm lead level and 16.8% at the 0.40 ppm lead level.", "contents": "Leak in evaporated milk by anodic stripping voltammetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry: cooperative interlaboratory study. The results of a cooperative study on the determination of lead in evaporated milk, using a double blind referee technique, are reported. This study was designed to determine the normal variability of methods currently used for lead analysis by canned food industry laboratories. Twenty-three laboratories participated in this study. Each laboratory was instructed to use atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AOAC 25.065), anodic stripping voltammetry, or carbon rod atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Overall, the results appear to be in close agreement with the spiking levels. The coefficient of variation for all laboratories was 36.0% at the 0.15 ppm lead level and 16.8% at the 0.40 ppm lead level.", "PMID": 681266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4712", "title": "Spectrofluorometric determination of atropine-hyoscyamine in tablets and powders.", "content": "A method is presented for determining atropine-hyoscyamine alkaloids in tablets and powders by spectrofluorometry. The sample is first shaken with 0.1N H2SO4 solution; then and aliquot containing about 0.1 mg alkaloid is transferred to a separatory funnel, made basic with NaOH solution, and extracted with CHCL3. The extract is added to a CEelite-092N H2SO column and the eluate is discarded. The alkaloids are then eluted from the column with ammoniacal CHCl3 and the eluate is evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in CHCL3, EOSIN Y solution is added, and the solution is mixed. Aliqutos of a reference solution of atropine are similarly treated and a blank is prepared from CHCl3 and eosin Y solution, All solutions are scanned with a recording spectrofluorometer in the emission mode from 440 to 700 nm and the excitation set at 475 nm. The emission peaks near 550 nm are used for quantitative estimation of the alkaloids. The method cannot generally be used in the presence of other organic bases but is applicable in the presence of barbiturates.", "contents": "Spectrofluorometric determination of atropine-hyoscyamine in tablets and powders. A method is presented for determining atropine-hyoscyamine alkaloids in tablets and powders by spectrofluorometry. The sample is first shaken with 0.1N H2SO4 solution; then and aliquot containing about 0.1 mg alkaloid is transferred to a separatory funnel, made basic with NaOH solution, and extracted with CHCL3. The extract is added to a CEelite-092N H2SO column and the eluate is discarded. The alkaloids are then eluted from the column with ammoniacal CHCl3 and the eluate is evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in CHCL3, EOSIN Y solution is added, and the solution is mixed. Aliqutos of a reference solution of atropine are similarly treated and a blank is prepared from CHCl3 and eosin Y solution, All solutions are scanned with a recording spectrofluorometer in the emission mode from 440 to 700 nm and the excitation set at 475 nm. The emission peaks near 550 nm are used for quantitative estimation of the alkaloids. The method cannot generally be used in the presence of other organic bases but is applicable in the presence of barbiturates.", "PMID": 681267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4713", "title": "Differential pulse and AC polarography of reserpine, using an aprotic organic solvent system.", "content": "Previously demonstrated advantages of aprotic organic solvent for analysis of organic pharmaceuticals have been applied to the assay of reserpine tablets. A procedure using high sensitivity electroanalytical relaxation methods was developed which is simpler and more sensitive than the USP assay. Most data were obtained with a commercial differential pulse polarograph which is widely available. However, less extensive measurements with other instruments established the general applicability of the differential pulse method, as well as various acpolarographic techniques. The results of differential pulse polarographic (DPP) and USP assays of synthetically formulated reserpine tablets compare favorably. The DPP method yields an average recovery for 0.1 mg reserpine/tablet of 100%, with a range of 97.6-102.3%. Corresponding data for 0.25 mg reserpine/tablet are 99.3%, with a range of 97.6-100.6%. Satisfactory results also were obtained in content uniformity studies, using single 0.1 and 0.25 mg tablets.", "contents": "Differential pulse and AC polarography of reserpine, using an aprotic organic solvent system. Previously demonstrated advantages of aprotic organic solvent for analysis of organic pharmaceuticals have been applied to the assay of reserpine tablets. A procedure using high sensitivity electroanalytical relaxation methods was developed which is simpler and more sensitive than the USP assay. Most data were obtained with a commercial differential pulse polarograph which is widely available. However, less extensive measurements with other instruments established the general applicability of the differential pulse method, as well as various acpolarographic techniques. The results of differential pulse polarographic (DPP) and USP assays of synthetically formulated reserpine tablets compare favorably. The DPP method yields an average recovery for 0.1 mg reserpine/tablet of 100%, with a range of 97.6-102.3%. Corresponding data for 0.25 mg reserpine/tablet are 99.3%, with a range of 97.6-100.6%. Satisfactory results also were obtained in content uniformity studies, using single 0.1 and 0.25 mg tablets.", "PMID": 681268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4714", "title": "Fluorometric determination of metaraminol bitartrate injection.", "content": "A fluorescence assay for metaraminol bitartrate injection has been developed which uses o-phthalaldehyde as a fluorogenic reagent, and dose not require prior isolation of metaraminol. It is 50 times more sensitive than the USP assay. Six analyses of 2 vials of the same lot of metaraminol bitartrate injection gave 96 +/- 0.4% of label declaration.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of metaraminol bitartrate injection. A fluorescence assay for metaraminol bitartrate injection has been developed which uses o-phthalaldehyde as a fluorogenic reagent, and dose not require prior isolation of metaraminol. It is 50 times more sensitive than the USP assay. Six analyses of 2 vials of the same lot of metaraminol bitartrate injection gave 96 +/- 0.4% of label declaration.", "PMID": 681269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4715", "title": "Semiautomated method for determining ferrous sulfate in pharmaceuticals: collaborative study.", "content": "A semiautomated colorimetric method is described for determining ferrous sulfate in tablets, capsules, and elixirs. The method involves the formation of an orange-red complex between 1,10-phenanthroline and ferrous ion. Collaborators were supplied with 3 solid composites and one liquid sample. Two of the solid composites were prepared from commerical tablets of different dosage and one from commercial timed-release capsules; the fourth sample was an elixir. The results of the automated analyses for ferrous sulfate agreed well with those of the applicable USP method. No interference was found from ferric iron or from the red and green coloring used on coated tablets. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Semiautomated method for determining ferrous sulfate in pharmaceuticals: collaborative study. A semiautomated colorimetric method is described for determining ferrous sulfate in tablets, capsules, and elixirs. The method involves the formation of an orange-red complex between 1,10-phenanthroline and ferrous ion. Collaborators were supplied with 3 solid composites and one liquid sample. Two of the solid composites were prepared from commerical tablets of different dosage and one from commercial timed-release capsules; the fourth sample was an elixir. The results of the automated analyses for ferrous sulfate agreed well with those of the applicable USP method. No interference was found from ferric iron or from the red and green coloring used on coated tablets. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 681270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4716", "title": "Determination of fluoride in deboned meat.", "content": "A rapid analytical procedure was investigated for measuring the fluoride content of deboned meat, using a specific ion electrode. The method involves a defatting procedure followed by chelation with EDTA before final solubilization and measurement. Fluoride content is determined by comparison to a standard curve on 2-cycle semi-logarithmic graph paper of fluoride ion vs. millivolt readings. The method is applicable to hand and mechanically deboned pork, beef, and poultry within a range of from 0.7 to 25.0 ppm fluoride. Higher concentrations may be measured by analyzing additional standards and extending the curve into a third cycle. The curve is not linear below 0.7 ppm. Samples less than 0.7 ppm may be estimated by extrapolation. Studies with fortified samples indicate average recoveries of 92 +/- 4.2%. The standard deviation of duplicates within the laboratory is 0.5 ppm in the range stated above.", "contents": "Determination of fluoride in deboned meat. A rapid analytical procedure was investigated for measuring the fluoride content of deboned meat, using a specific ion electrode. The method involves a defatting procedure followed by chelation with EDTA before final solubilization and measurement. Fluoride content is determined by comparison to a standard curve on 2-cycle semi-logarithmic graph paper of fluoride ion vs. millivolt readings. The method is applicable to hand and mechanically deboned pork, beef, and poultry within a range of from 0.7 to 25.0 ppm fluoride. Higher concentrations may be measured by analyzing additional standards and extending the curve into a third cycle. The curve is not linear below 0.7 ppm. Samples less than 0.7 ppm may be estimated by extrapolation. Studies with fortified samples indicate average recoveries of 92 +/- 4.2%. The standard deviation of duplicates within the laboratory is 0.5 ppm in the range stated above.", "PMID": 681271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4717", "title": "Survey for aflatoxin B1 in chicken eggs.", "content": "Samples of egg products were obtained during January and July 1977 from 35 establishments located in the southern part of the United States. Of the 112 samples analyzed, aflatoxin B1 was found in 1 sample of liquid egg white at a level of 0.06 ng/g. No aflatoxin was found in 101 samples of shell eggs offered for sale to consumers in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina in the late fall of 1977.", "contents": "Survey for aflatoxin B1 in chicken eggs. Samples of egg products were obtained during January and July 1977 from 35 establishments located in the southern part of the United States. Of the 112 samples analyzed, aflatoxin B1 was found in 1 sample of liquid egg white at a level of 0.06 ng/g. No aflatoxin was found in 101 samples of shell eggs offered for sale to consumers in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina in the late fall of 1977.", "PMID": 681272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4718", "title": "Improved method for determination of light filth in chocolate products.", "content": "The recovery of rodent hairs from chocolate has been significantly improved by the introduction of an additional defatting step, substitution of 40% isopropanol for water, and substitution of mineral oil-heptane (85+15) for heptane in the trapping-off step. These changes have no adverse effect on insect fragment recovery. An average recovery of 95% was obtained for rodent hairs, coefficient of variation 7.9%. Insect fragment recoveries were 100%.", "contents": "Improved method for determination of light filth in chocolate products. The recovery of rodent hairs from chocolate has been significantly improved by the introduction of an additional defatting step, substitution of 40% isopropanol for water, and substitution of mineral oil-heptane (85+15) for heptane in the trapping-off step. These changes have no adverse effect on insect fragment recovery. An average recovery of 95% was obtained for rodent hairs, coefficient of variation 7.9%. Insect fragment recoveries were 100%.", "PMID": 681273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4719", "title": "Mitochondrial biogenesis during fungal spore germination: effects of the antilipogenic antibiotic cerulenin upon Botryodiplodia spores.", "content": "Germination of spores of the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae was inhibited by the antilipogenic antibiotic cerulenin. The spores remained viable in the presence of the antibiotic, however, and after prolonged incubation they were able to overcome the inhibition. Cerulenin inhibition of germination was reversed by Tween 40 and Tween 60 (derivatives of palmitate and stearate, respectively), but not by representatives of a range of free fatty acids or their soaps. Cerulenin abolished incorporation of [14C]acetate into sterols and triglycerides and reduced its incorporation into fatty acids by 69%. Cyanide-sensitive oxygen consumption by spores incubated in the presence of cerulenin was greatly reduced throughout germination, and the activity of cytochrome c oxidase was no more than 13% of the activity in untreated spores, even after prolonged incubation. However, low-temperature difference spectra of mitochondrial extracts showed that the cerulenin-treated spores accumulated a threefold excess of cytochrome a, whereas the cellular concentrations of cytochroms c and b were identical to those of untreated spores. Cerulenin treatment sharply reduced the rates of whole spore protein and RNA synthesis. Cerulenin had no effects upon mitochondrial morphology which could be discerned with an electron microscope.", "contents": "Mitochondrial biogenesis during fungal spore germination: effects of the antilipogenic antibiotic cerulenin upon Botryodiplodia spores. Germination of spores of the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae was inhibited by the antilipogenic antibiotic cerulenin. The spores remained viable in the presence of the antibiotic, however, and after prolonged incubation they were able to overcome the inhibition. Cerulenin inhibition of germination was reversed by Tween 40 and Tween 60 (derivatives of palmitate and stearate, respectively), but not by representatives of a range of free fatty acids or their soaps. Cerulenin abolished incorporation of [14C]acetate into sterols and triglycerides and reduced its incorporation into fatty acids by 69%. Cyanide-sensitive oxygen consumption by spores incubated in the presence of cerulenin was greatly reduced throughout germination, and the activity of cytochrome c oxidase was no more than 13% of the activity in untreated spores, even after prolonged incubation. However, low-temperature difference spectra of mitochondrial extracts showed that the cerulenin-treated spores accumulated a threefold excess of cytochrome a, whereas the cellular concentrations of cytochroms c and b were identical to those of untreated spores. Cerulenin treatment sharply reduced the rates of whole spore protein and RNA synthesis. Cerulenin had no effects upon mitochondrial morphology which could be discerned with an electron microscope.", "PMID": 681274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4720", "title": "Biodegradation of acyclic isoprenoids by Pseudomonas species.", "content": "The ability of various pseudomonads to utilize acyclic isoprenoids as a sole carbon source was investigated. Tests for utilization of acyclic isoprenols such as citronellol and geraniol were complicated by toxic effects of these alcohols, and most species tested were killed by exposure to citronellol or geraniol (0.1%, vol/vol) in liquid culture. In the case of Pseudomonas citronellolis, sensitivity to isoprenols is reduced by prior induction of the isoprenoid degradative pathway via either growth on succinate in the presence of citronellol or growth on citronellic acid. For this species, citronellic acid proved to be the best isoprenoid growth substrate tested. Geraniol utilization as a taxonomic indicator for different subgroups of pseudomonads is discussed. Only a few of the species tested were able to utilize acyclic isoprenoids. Two species which utilize C10 acyclic isoprenoids, P. aeruginosa and P. mendocina, were shown to contain the inducible enzyme geranyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, one of the unique enzymes in the isoprenol degradative pathway known to occur in P. citronellolis. Of the species which utilized geranitol, none showed definite growth on the homologous C15 and C20 isoprenols.", "contents": "Biodegradation of acyclic isoprenoids by Pseudomonas species. The ability of various pseudomonads to utilize acyclic isoprenoids as a sole carbon source was investigated. Tests for utilization of acyclic isoprenols such as citronellol and geraniol were complicated by toxic effects of these alcohols, and most species tested were killed by exposure to citronellol or geraniol (0.1%, vol/vol) in liquid culture. In the case of Pseudomonas citronellolis, sensitivity to isoprenols is reduced by prior induction of the isoprenoid degradative pathway via either growth on succinate in the presence of citronellol or growth on citronellic acid. For this species, citronellic acid proved to be the best isoprenoid growth substrate tested. Geraniol utilization as a taxonomic indicator for different subgroups of pseudomonads is discussed. Only a few of the species tested were able to utilize acyclic isoprenoids. Two species which utilize C10 acyclic isoprenoids, P. aeruginosa and P. mendocina, were shown to contain the inducible enzyme geranyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, one of the unique enzymes in the isoprenol degradative pathway known to occur in P. citronellolis. Of the species which utilized geranitol, none showed definite growth on the homologous C15 and C20 isoprenols.", "PMID": 681275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4721", "title": "Effect of cultural conditions on the concentrations of metabolic intermediates during growth and sporulation of Bacillus licheniformis.", "content": "Intracellular concentrations of adenine nucleotides and intermediates of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle have been determined during growth and sporulation of Bacillus licheniformis in a variety of different media. The ATP pool was independent of growth rate and nitrogen source, but the use of glucose as a carbon source resulted in a twofold elevation in the ATP pool during exponential growth. The intracellular phosphoenolpyruvate pool was at least twofold higher during gluconeogenesis than during glycolysis. The finding that the use of glutamate as the sole nitrogen source resulted in at least a fivefold elevation of the alpha-ketoglutarate pool suggests a role for alpha-ketoglutarate in the repression of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle responsible for alpha-ketoglutarate synthesis. Not one of the metabolites assayed appears to function as a signal of the nutrient deprivation which accompanies the initiation of sporulation.", "contents": "Effect of cultural conditions on the concentrations of metabolic intermediates during growth and sporulation of Bacillus licheniformis. Intracellular concentrations of adenine nucleotides and intermediates of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle have been determined during growth and sporulation of Bacillus licheniformis in a variety of different media. The ATP pool was independent of growth rate and nitrogen source, but the use of glucose as a carbon source resulted in a twofold elevation in the ATP pool during exponential growth. The intracellular phosphoenolpyruvate pool was at least twofold higher during gluconeogenesis than during glycolysis. The finding that the use of glutamate as the sole nitrogen source resulted in at least a fivefold elevation of the alpha-ketoglutarate pool suggests a role for alpha-ketoglutarate in the repression of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle responsible for alpha-ketoglutarate synthesis. Not one of the metabolites assayed appears to function as a signal of the nutrient deprivation which accompanies the initiation of sporulation.", "PMID": 681276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4722", "title": "Membrane phospholipid asymmetry in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.", "content": "The phospholipid distribution in the membrane of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was studied by using phospholipase C (B. cereus), phospholipase A2 (Crotalus), and the nonpenetrating chemical probe trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. After treatment of intact protoplasts of B. amyloliquefaciens with either phospholipase, about 70%  of total membrane phospholipid was hydrolyzed; specifically, about 90, 90, and 30% of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin, respectively. Under these conditions, protoplasts remained intact and sealed. However, when protoplasts that were permeabilized by cold-shock treatment were incubated with either of the phospholipases, up to 80% of cardiolipin was hydrolyzed and phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine were hydrolyzed virtually to completion. In intact cells, 92% of the phosphatidylethanolamine could be labeled with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid under conditions in which the reagent did not penetrate the membrane to any significant extent. These results indicate that 70% of total phospholipid of this bacillus exists in the outer half of the bilayer. The distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine in this bilayer is highly asymmetric with it being located predominantly in the outer half. The results with phospholipases suggest that the distributions of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol are also asymmetric but independent confirmation of this is required.", "contents": "Membrane phospholipid asymmetry in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The phospholipid distribution in the membrane of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was studied by using phospholipase C (B. cereus), phospholipase A2 (Crotalus), and the nonpenetrating chemical probe trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. After treatment of intact protoplasts of B. amyloliquefaciens with either phospholipase, about 70%  of total membrane phospholipid was hydrolyzed; specifically, about 90, 90, and 30% of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin, respectively. Under these conditions, protoplasts remained intact and sealed. However, when protoplasts that were permeabilized by cold-shock treatment were incubated with either of the phospholipases, up to 80% of cardiolipin was hydrolyzed and phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine were hydrolyzed virtually to completion. In intact cells, 92% of the phosphatidylethanolamine could be labeled with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid under conditions in which the reagent did not penetrate the membrane to any significant extent. These results indicate that 70% of total phospholipid of this bacillus exists in the outer half of the bilayer. The distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine in this bilayer is highly asymmetric with it being located predominantly in the outer half. The results with phospholipases suggest that the distributions of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol are also asymmetric but independent confirmation of this is required.", "PMID": 681277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4723", "title": "Presence of glycerophospholipid: cholesterol acyltransferase and phospholipase in culture supernatant of Aeromonas hydrophila.", "content": "Human erythrocyte membrane glycerophospholipids are deacylated by Aeromonas hydrophila 13-h culture supernatants, resulting in the production of cholesterol ester, free fatty acid, and water-soluble phosphates. This activity appears to be due to the actions of an acyltransferase (phosphatide:cholesterol acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1 group) and a phospholipase (phosphatide acyl-hydrolase). The enzyme activities are produced simultaneously in late exponential/early stationary phase, are precipitated together from the culture supernatant with 85% ammonium sulfate, and are eluted together near the void volume during gel filtration on Sepharose 6B. These results suggest that A. hydrophila produces a multienzyme complex with an unusual mode of action on membrane lipids. The complex is distinct from the hemolytic factor aerolysin, which is also produced by A. hydrophila.", "contents": "Presence of glycerophospholipid: cholesterol acyltransferase and phospholipase in culture supernatant of Aeromonas hydrophila. Human erythrocyte membrane glycerophospholipids are deacylated by Aeromonas hydrophila 13-h culture supernatants, resulting in the production of cholesterol ester, free fatty acid, and water-soluble phosphates. This activity appears to be due to the actions of an acyltransferase (phosphatide:cholesterol acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1 group) and a phospholipase (phosphatide acyl-hydrolase). The enzyme activities are produced simultaneously in late exponential/early stationary phase, are precipitated together from the culture supernatant with 85% ammonium sulfate, and are eluted together near the void volume during gel filtration on Sepharose 6B. These results suggest that A. hydrophila produces a multienzyme complex with an unusual mode of action on membrane lipids. The complex is distinct from the hemolytic factor aerolysin, which is also produced by A. hydrophila.", "PMID": 681278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4724", "title": "Bacterial xanthine oxidase from Arthrobacter S-2.", "content": "Arthrobacter S-2, originally isolated by enrichment on xanthine, produced high levels of xanthine oxidase activity, requiring as little as a 20-fold purification to approach homogeneity with some preparations. Molecular oxygen, ferricyanide, and 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol served as electron acceptors, but nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide did not. The enzyme was relatively specific when compared with previously studied xanthine-oxidizing enzymes, but at least one purine was observed to be oxidized at each of the three positions of the purine ring that have been subject to oxidation by this type of enzyme. The enzyme had a relatively high Km for xanthine (1.3 X 10(-4) M), and substrate inhibition was not observed with this compound, in contrast to the enzyme from cow's milk. In fact, an opposite effect was observed, and double-reciprocal plots with xanthine as the variable substrate showed a concave downward deviation at high concentrations. At 2.5 mM xanthine the enzyme had a specific activity approximately 50 times that of the most active preparations of the milk enzyme. The spectrum of the Arthrobacter enzyme resembled that of milk xanthine oxidase, suggesting a similarity of the prosthetic centers of the two enzymes. The bacterial enzyme was relatively small and may be dimeric, with approximate native and subunit molecular weights of 146,000 and 79,000, respectively.", "contents": "Bacterial xanthine oxidase from Arthrobacter S-2. Arthrobacter S-2, originally isolated by enrichment on xanthine, produced high levels of xanthine oxidase activity, requiring as little as a 20-fold purification to approach homogeneity with some preparations. Molecular oxygen, ferricyanide, and 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol served as electron acceptors, but nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide did not. The enzyme was relatively specific when compared with previously studied xanthine-oxidizing enzymes, but at least one purine was observed to be oxidized at each of the three positions of the purine ring that have been subject to oxidation by this type of enzyme. The enzyme had a relatively high Km for xanthine (1.3 X 10(-4) M), and substrate inhibition was not observed with this compound, in contrast to the enzyme from cow's milk. In fact, an opposite effect was observed, and double-reciprocal plots with xanthine as the variable substrate showed a concave downward deviation at high concentrations. At 2.5 mM xanthine the enzyme had a specific activity approximately 50 times that of the most active preparations of the milk enzyme. The spectrum of the Arthrobacter enzyme resembled that of milk xanthine oxidase, suggesting a similarity of the prosthetic centers of the two enzymes. The bacterial enzyme was relatively small and may be dimeric, with approximate native and subunit molecular weights of 146,000 and 79,000, respectively.", "PMID": 681279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4725", "title": "Differences in incorporation of nucleic acid bases and nucleosides by various Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species.", "content": "Eight species representative of the serological diversity of the Mycoplasmatales were tested for their ability to incorporate radiolabeled nucleic acid precursors into acid-insoluble material. Cultures in complex growth medium were centrifuged and resuspended in minimal essential medium (Eagle). For Acholeplasma laidlawii, labeling occurred mainly during the first 4 h of incubation, with substrate saturation at 20 micron. All organisms tested incorporated uracil, adenine, and guanine; none incorporated cytosine. Thymine was incorporated only by bovine group 7, Mycoplasma putrefaciens, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (strain 3546), but deoxynucleosides enhanced thymine incorporation in A. laidlawii, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. pneumoniae (strain AP-164), and Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Nucleoside incorporation (adenosine, guanosine, uridine, cytidine, and thymidine) was not observed for the arginine-utilizing species, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma arginini, whereas all other organisms tested incorporated nucleosides. The incorporation pattern provides additional metabolic evidence to support the biochemical and antigenic diversity of these organisms. The recognition of differences in incorporation of nucleic acid precursors is important not only to the specific labeling of these organisms, but also to the study of metabolism and transport.", "contents": "Differences in incorporation of nucleic acid bases and nucleosides by various Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species. Eight species representative of the serological diversity of the Mycoplasmatales were tested for their ability to incorporate radiolabeled nucleic acid precursors into acid-insoluble material. Cultures in complex growth medium were centrifuged and resuspended in minimal essential medium (Eagle). For Acholeplasma laidlawii, labeling occurred mainly during the first 4 h of incubation, with substrate saturation at 20 micron. All organisms tested incorporated uracil, adenine, and guanine; none incorporated cytosine. Thymine was incorporated only by bovine group 7, Mycoplasma putrefaciens, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (strain 3546), but deoxynucleosides enhanced thymine incorporation in A. laidlawii, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. pneumoniae (strain AP-164), and Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Nucleoside incorporation (adenosine, guanosine, uridine, cytidine, and thymidine) was not observed for the arginine-utilizing species, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma arginini, whereas all other organisms tested incorporated nucleosides. The incorporation pattern provides additional metabolic evidence to support the biochemical and antigenic diversity of these organisms. The recognition of differences in incorporation of nucleic acid precursors is important not only to the specific labeling of these organisms, but also to the study of metabolism and transport.", "PMID": 681280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4726", "title": "Isolation and characterization of morphogenetic mutants of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes.", "content": "Mutants of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes that exhibited altered ability to undergo the normal sphere-to-rod-to-sphere morphogenetic cycle were isolated. The procedure used to isolate these mutants involved velocity sedimentation in a sterile sucrose gradient to separate morphogenesis-deficient spherical cells from rod-shaped cells capable of normal morphogenesis. Three classes of mutants were obtained: (i) those that cannot form rods, (ii) those that cannot form long rods, and (iii) those that form long rods but exhibit more extensive rudimentary branching than the wild type. The isolation and characterization of these mutants are described, and the use of these mutants in the study of the morphogenetic cycle of arthrobacters is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of morphogenetic mutants of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes. Mutants of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes that exhibited altered ability to undergo the normal sphere-to-rod-to-sphere morphogenetic cycle were isolated. The procedure used to isolate these mutants involved velocity sedimentation in a sterile sucrose gradient to separate morphogenesis-deficient spherical cells from rod-shaped cells capable of normal morphogenesis. Three classes of mutants were obtained: (i) those that cannot form rods, (ii) those that cannot form long rods, and (iii) those that form long rods but exhibit more extensive rudimentary branching than the wild type. The isolation and characterization of these mutants are described, and the use of these mutants in the study of the morphogenetic cycle of arthrobacters is discussed.", "PMID": 681281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4727", "title": "Temperature-sensitive multicellular mutants of Wangiella dermatitidis.", "content": "Three temperature-sensitive morphological mutants of Wangiella dermatitidis were isolated and characterized. The mutants grew in the yeastlike morphology at the permissive temperature (25 degrees C) but expressed a multicellular (Mc) phenotype at the restrictive temperature (37 degrees C). Cultures of Mc 2 and 3 incubated at the restrictive temperature showed rapid reductions in the percentage of budded cells in the population. In contrast, budding continued for several generations in cultures of Mc 1. Incubation of cultures of Mc 2 and 3 at the restrictive temperature for 48 h resulted in nearly total conversion of yeastlike cells to the multicellular form; about 50% of the cells of Mc 1 had converted to multicellular forms after 48 h at the restrictive temperature. Studies using radiolabeled compounds documented that DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis continued at the restrictive temperature. The results suggest that multicellularity is the result of inhibition of bud emergence and cell separation without inhibition of growth nuclear division, and cytokinesis.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive multicellular mutants of Wangiella dermatitidis. Three temperature-sensitive morphological mutants of Wangiella dermatitidis were isolated and characterized. The mutants grew in the yeastlike morphology at the permissive temperature (25 degrees C) but expressed a multicellular (Mc) phenotype at the restrictive temperature (37 degrees C). Cultures of Mc 2 and 3 incubated at the restrictive temperature showed rapid reductions in the percentage of budded cells in the population. In contrast, budding continued for several generations in cultures of Mc 1. Incubation of cultures of Mc 2 and 3 at the restrictive temperature for 48 h resulted in nearly total conversion of yeastlike cells to the multicellular form; about 50% of the cells of Mc 1 had converted to multicellular forms after 48 h at the restrictive temperature. Studies using radiolabeled compounds documented that DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis continued at the restrictive temperature. The results suggest that multicellularity is the result of inhibition of bud emergence and cell separation without inhibition of growth nuclear division, and cytokinesis.", "PMID": 681282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4728", "title": "Morphological and cell association characteristics of Rochalimaea quintana: comparison of the Vole and Fuller strains.", "content": "The vole and Fuller strains of Rochalimaea quintana were grown on monolayers of mouse L cells irradiated 7 days previously and examined by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Most of the bacteria of both strains were shown to adhere to the L cells but remained in an extracellular location. Cell division was frequently seen among the extracellular bacteria. The few intracellular bacteria seemed to be within vacuoles and did not multiply. Attachment to the eucaryotic cell did not seem to involve pili or other bacterial surface structures. The dimensions of the bacteria were approximately 0.45 micron in width by 1.0 to 1.7 micron in length. The cell envelope consisted of the usual trilaminar cell wall and plasma membranes separated by a layer of low electron density, as found in other gram-negative bacteria. No significant differences between the vole and Fuller strains either in morphology or relationship to eucaryotic cells were encountered.", "contents": "Morphological and cell association characteristics of Rochalimaea quintana: comparison of the Vole and Fuller strains. The vole and Fuller strains of Rochalimaea quintana were grown on monolayers of mouse L cells irradiated 7 days previously and examined by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Most of the bacteria of both strains were shown to adhere to the L cells but remained in an extracellular location. Cell division was frequently seen among the extracellular bacteria. The few intracellular bacteria seemed to be within vacuoles and did not multiply. Attachment to the eucaryotic cell did not seem to involve pili or other bacterial surface structures. The dimensions of the bacteria were approximately 0.45 micron in width by 1.0 to 1.7 micron in length. The cell envelope consisted of the usual trilaminar cell wall and plasma membranes separated by a layer of low electron density, as found in other gram-negative bacteria. No significant differences between the vole and Fuller strains either in morphology or relationship to eucaryotic cells were encountered.", "PMID": 681283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4729", "title": "Ultrastructural and physiological changes occurring upon germination and outgrowth of Azotobacter vinelandii cysts.", "content": "Dormant cysts of Azotobacter vinelandii germinated at 30 degrees C in Burk nitrogen-free media containing 1% glucose. Samples taken at intervals and examined by electron microscopy revealed that as germination progressed, vesicle-like and fibrillar structures became visible in the intine region. Lamellae associated with the cell membrane appeared in the central body at 6 h post-initiation of germination. Both electron micrographic and chemical analysis showed that the poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate content of cysts decreased significantly after 4 h of germination. Dormant cysts were resistant to sonic oscillation, but this property was lost during their conversion to metabolically active vegetative cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and physiological changes occurring upon germination and outgrowth of Azotobacter vinelandii cysts. Dormant cysts of Azotobacter vinelandii germinated at 30 degrees C in Burk nitrogen-free media containing 1% glucose. Samples taken at intervals and examined by electron microscopy revealed that as germination progressed, vesicle-like and fibrillar structures became visible in the intine region. Lamellae associated with the cell membrane appeared in the central body at 6 h post-initiation of germination. Both electron micrographic and chemical analysis showed that the poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate content of cysts decreased significantly after 4 h of germination. Dormant cysts were resistant to sonic oscillation, but this property was lost during their conversion to metabolically active vegetative cells.", "PMID": 681284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4730", "title": "Rate of major protein synthesis during the cell cycle of Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "The rate of major protein synthesis was examined during the synchronous differentiation of Caulobacter crescentus. Total cell proteins were pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine at different times in the swarmer cell cycle and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The rates of synthesis of total cell proteins and of about one-half of the individual major proteins examined increased through G1 and S periods but remained nearly constant during G2 period. The rates of synthesis of the other half of the individual major proteins either increased continuously throughout the swarmer cell cycle or doubled during S period. One stage-specific protein was also detected in late S period. For most of the major proteins examined, the rate of synthesis in the swarmer cell was less than that in the stalked cell. It seemed that, before the onset of G2 period, the Caulobacter cell was already able to synthesize each major protein at the additive rate of the two progeny cells. Compared to the stability of cellular proteins, the functional degradation rate of mRNA coding for individual major proteins was rapid, with half-lives of 0.4 to 5.8 min. It thus seems that the rate of major protein synthesis mainly reflects the transcriptional control of gene expression.", "contents": "Rate of major protein synthesis during the cell cycle of Caulobacter crescentus. The rate of major protein synthesis was examined during the synchronous differentiation of Caulobacter crescentus. Total cell proteins were pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine at different times in the swarmer cell cycle and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The rates of synthesis of total cell proteins and of about one-half of the individual major proteins examined increased through G1 and S periods but remained nearly constant during G2 period. The rates of synthesis of the other half of the individual major proteins either increased continuously throughout the swarmer cell cycle or doubled during S period. One stage-specific protein was also detected in late S period. For most of the major proteins examined, the rate of synthesis in the swarmer cell was less than that in the stalked cell. It seemed that, before the onset of G2 period, the Caulobacter cell was already able to synthesize each major protein at the additive rate of the two progeny cells. Compared to the stability of cellular proteins, the functional degradation rate of mRNA coding for individual major proteins was rapid, with half-lives of 0.4 to 5.8 min. It thus seems that the rate of major protein synthesis mainly reflects the transcriptional control of gene expression.", "PMID": 681285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4731", "title": "Location of ribosome-binding sites on the tetracycline resistance transposon Tn10.", "content": "Eight ribosome-binding sites were located on the single-stranded Tn10 DNA loop which was formed after denaturation of lambda phage DNA containing the Tn10 transposon sequence. Ribosomes were bound only to the Tn10 loop contained on the R strand of lambda DNA but not to that on the L strand, suggesting that one of the two strands of Tn10 DNA is selectively transcribed. Six of the eight ribosome binding sites were located in one-half of the DNA loop. The maximum sizes of potential polypeptides were calculated for these genes to range between 9,500 and 84,000 daltons.", "contents": "Location of ribosome-binding sites on the tetracycline resistance transposon Tn10. Eight ribosome-binding sites were located on the single-stranded Tn10 DNA loop which was formed after denaturation of lambda phage DNA containing the Tn10 transposon sequence. Ribosomes were bound only to the Tn10 loop contained on the R strand of lambda DNA but not to that on the L strand, suggesting that one of the two strands of Tn10 DNA is selectively transcribed. Six of the eight ribosome binding sites were located in one-half of the DNA loop. The maximum sizes of potential polypeptides were calculated for these genes to range between 9,500 and 84,000 daltons.", "PMID": 681286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4732", "title": "Effect of guanosine tetraphosphate on in vitro protein synthesis directed by E1 and E3 colicinogenic factors.", "content": "The in vitro synthesis of colicin E3 was found to be stimulated by guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp), while that of several other ColE3 plasmid-specific proteins was reduced in the presence of this nucleotide. The ColE1 plasmid-directed in vitro synthesis of colicin E1 was also found to be stimulated by ppGpp.", "contents": "Effect of guanosine tetraphosphate on in vitro protein synthesis directed by E1 and E3 colicinogenic factors. The in vitro synthesis of colicin E3 was found to be stimulated by guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp), while that of several other ColE3 plasmid-specific proteins was reduced in the presence of this nucleotide. The ColE1 plasmid-directed in vitro synthesis of colicin E1 was also found to be stimulated by ppGpp.", "PMID": 681287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4733", "title": "Living with the characterologically altered brain injured patient.", "content": "Characterological defects secondary to brain injury tend to disrupt normal family interaction patterns and create adjustment problems for the patient's close family members. Social and psychological ties, expectations, and vulnerabilities make caretaking spouses and dependent children particularly susceptible to emotional stresses. Unrealistic expectations often compound these problems. Almost all family members experience some depression. Counseling family members can improve the quality of their adjustment and their care of the patient. Counseling goals include helping the family readjust expectations, providing practical management advice, and alerting family members to their own needs. Specific recommendations for dealing with common family problems are offered.", "contents": "Living with the characterologically altered brain injured patient. Characterological defects secondary to brain injury tend to disrupt normal family interaction patterns and create adjustment problems for the patient's close family members. Social and psychological ties, expectations, and vulnerabilities make caretaking spouses and dependent children particularly susceptible to emotional stresses. Unrealistic expectations often compound these problems. Almost all family members experience some depression. Counseling family members can improve the quality of their adjustment and their care of the patient. Counseling goals include helping the family readjust expectations, providing practical management advice, and alerting family members to their own needs. Specific recommendations for dealing with common family problems are offered.", "PMID": 681289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4734", "title": "Diagnostic delay in presenile dementia.", "content": "In a retrospective study, patients with presenile dementia and histories of symptoms of depressive illness and of antecedent diagnosis of depressive disorder were found to have significantly longer intervals from initial physician contact to final diagnosis than patients without such histories. Patients with histories of psychiatric treatment prior to final diagnosis also had longer intervals, with differences approaching statistical significance. In contrast, intervals from symptom onset to first physician contact were noted to be shorter for those patients with these antecedent histories. A discussion of these results, a review of the relevant literature and an illustrative case report are presented.", "contents": "Diagnostic delay in presenile dementia. In a retrospective study, patients with presenile dementia and histories of symptoms of depressive illness and of antecedent diagnosis of depressive disorder were found to have significantly longer intervals from initial physician contact to final diagnosis than patients without such histories. Patients with histories of psychiatric treatment prior to final diagnosis also had longer intervals, with differences approaching statistical significance. In contrast, intervals from symptom onset to first physician contact were noted to be shorter for those patients with these antecedent histories. A discussion of these results, a review of the relevant literature and an illustrative case report are presented.", "PMID": 681290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4735", "title": "Indicators of E.C.T. response and non-response in the treatment of depression.", "content": "Two matched groups of depressed patients, one ECT responsive and one ECT non-responsive, were compared for clinical, historical and treatment variables. Three factors predicted good response: (1) duration of illness less than one year; (2) presence of a precipitating event; (3) presence of delusions. A trend suggested that concurrent physical debilitation was a negative indicator. Possible explanations for these findings were proposed.", "contents": "Indicators of E.C.T. response and non-response in the treatment of depression. Two matched groups of depressed patients, one ECT responsive and one ECT non-responsive, were compared for clinical, historical and treatment variables. Three factors predicted good response: (1) duration of illness less than one year; (2) presence of a precipitating event; (3) presence of delusions. A trend suggested that concurrent physical debilitation was a negative indicator. Possible explanations for these findings were proposed.", "PMID": 681291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4736", "title": "Lithium in diabetes mellitus: a paradoxical response.", "content": "An unusual hyperglycemic effect of lithium was observed in a patient suffering from diabetes mellitus and mania. In the presence of constant insulin dosage, high serum lithium levels were correlated with high fasting bloos sugar, while lowering of the lithium level led to a lowering the fasting blood sugar. These observations are discussed in terms of the effects of lithium on glucose metabolism and with particular emphasis on the ability of lithium to increase the release of glucagon.", "contents": "Lithium in diabetes mellitus: a paradoxical response. An unusual hyperglycemic effect of lithium was observed in a patient suffering from diabetes mellitus and mania. In the presence of constant insulin dosage, high serum lithium levels were correlated with high fasting bloos sugar, while lowering of the lithium level led to a lowering the fasting blood sugar. These observations are discussed in terms of the effects of lithium on glucose metabolism and with particular emphasis on the ability of lithium to increase the release of glucagon.", "PMID": 681292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4737", "title": "Capgras syndrome: case report of an adolescent and review of literature.", "content": "Case report of an adolescent with Capgras Syndrome in the absence of organic brain syndrome is presented. Four cardinal features associated with Capgras Syndrome--(1) moderate-to-severe anxiety or stress, (2) ambivalent love-hate relationships with important love objects, (3) body image distortion, and (4) rejection-abandonment phenomena--were developed vis-a-vis the developmental tasks of adolescence. The literature consisting of 75 case reports is reviewed from the standpoint of differential diagnosis especially with respect to organic brain syndromes and schizophrenia.", "contents": "Capgras syndrome: case report of an adolescent and review of literature. Case report of an adolescent with Capgras Syndrome in the absence of organic brain syndrome is presented. Four cardinal features associated with Capgras Syndrome--(1) moderate-to-severe anxiety or stress, (2) ambivalent love-hate relationships with important love objects, (3) body image distortion, and (4) rejection-abandonment phenomena--were developed vis-a-vis the developmental tasks of adolescence. The literature consisting of 75 case reports is reviewed from the standpoint of differential diagnosis especially with respect to organic brain syndromes and schizophrenia.", "PMID": 681293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4738", "title": "Toxoplasmosis masquerading as a psychotropic side effect.", "content": "When treating a patient with neuroleptics or tricyclic antidepressants, it is usually assumed that complaints of blurred vision can be ascribed to the anticholinergic side effects of these drugs. The authors present a patient treated with imipramine and trifluoperazine whose complaints of blurred vision led to the diagnosis of toxoplasma chorioretinitis.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis masquerading as a psychotropic side effect. When treating a patient with neuroleptics or tricyclic antidepressants, it is usually assumed that complaints of blurred vision can be ascribed to the anticholinergic side effects of these drugs. The authors present a patient treated with imipramine and trifluoperazine whose complaints of blurred vision led to the diagnosis of toxoplasma chorioretinitis.", "PMID": 681294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4739", "title": "A comparison of the onset of action and therapeutic efficacy of amoxapine and amitriptyline.", "content": "A total of 61 moderately to severely depressed outpatients were treated for four weeks with either amoxapine (a dibenzoxapine tricyclic) or amitriptyline. This double blind study showed that amoxapine was as effective as amitriptyline and had an earlier onset of action. Maximum doses used were 300 mg of amoxapine and 150 mg of amitriptyline. Side effects were similar for the two drugs, except for impotence or loss of libido in eight male amoxapine, as against three amitriptyline patients. Laboratory, EKG, and vital signs findings showed no pathological trends.", "contents": "A comparison of the onset of action and therapeutic efficacy of amoxapine and amitriptyline. A total of 61 moderately to severely depressed outpatients were treated for four weeks with either amoxapine (a dibenzoxapine tricyclic) or amitriptyline. This double blind study showed that amoxapine was as effective as amitriptyline and had an earlier onset of action. Maximum doses used were 300 mg of amoxapine and 150 mg of amitriptyline. Side effects were similar for the two drugs, except for impotence or loss of libido in eight male amoxapine, as against three amitriptyline patients. Laboratory, EKG, and vital signs findings showed no pathological trends.", "PMID": 681295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4740", "title": "Incest in psychiatric practice: a description of patients and incestuous relationships.", "content": "Patients reporting incest resembled the author's other patients in age, sex marital status, education, residence and social class. Both initiating and receptive partners were represented among these patients. In two-thirds of 32 patients, incest had occurred more than 1 year previously. No one clinical picture predominated. Thirty-two patients had been involved in 42 incestuous relationships. Initiating partners, always older, included 32 men and 10 women. Coitus was the most frequent sexual activity; homosexual relations were present in 4 instances. Adults initiating incest had usually lost access to adult sexual partners by death, divorce, illness, or marital partners' refusal to cohabit.", "contents": "Incest in psychiatric practice: a description of patients and incestuous relationships. Patients reporting incest resembled the author's other patients in age, sex marital status, education, residence and social class. Both initiating and receptive partners were represented among these patients. In two-thirds of 32 patients, incest had occurred more than 1 year previously. No one clinical picture predominated. Thirty-two patients had been involved in 42 incestuous relationships. Initiating partners, always older, included 32 men and 10 women. Coitus was the most frequent sexual activity; homosexual relations were present in 4 instances. Adults initiating incest had usually lost access to adult sexual partners by death, divorce, illness, or marital partners' refusal to cohabit.", "PMID": 681299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4741", "title": "Common errors in the treatment of suicidal patients.", "content": "As a suicidology consultant to a county coroner and to several hospitals, the author has noted 5 common errors by the mental health caretakers in the treatment and management of suicidal patients. Prototypical cases of these errors are presented and discussed along with suggestions for prevention.", "contents": "Common errors in the treatment of suicidal patients. As a suicidology consultant to a county coroner and to several hospitals, the author has noted 5 common errors by the mental health caretakers in the treatment and management of suicidal patients. Prototypical cases of these errors are presented and discussed along with suggestions for prevention.", "PMID": 681300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4742", "title": "Role interference: an analysis of suicide victims, homicide offenders, and non-violent individuals.", "content": "The relationship between role interference and suicidal, homicidal and non-violent behavior is investigated. Interference obtains to the extent that enactment of certain roles tends to impede the enactment of others. High degrees of interference in the performance of roles is generally frustrating to individuals and is a potential generator of outwardly directed violence. Low degrees of role interference is likewise disconcerting to persons but in the absence of an external target for aggression may lead to self deprecation and ultimately suicide. Detailed life histories of 98 suicide victims, 62 homicide offenders, and 76 non-violent individuals having no history of homicidal or suicidal behavior were studied. Homicide offenders suffered a higher incidence of role interference than the suicide or non-violent samples. Suicide victims tended to experience low degrees of such interference.", "contents": "Role interference: an analysis of suicide victims, homicide offenders, and non-violent individuals. The relationship between role interference and suicidal, homicidal and non-violent behavior is investigated. Interference obtains to the extent that enactment of certain roles tends to impede the enactment of others. High degrees of interference in the performance of roles is generally frustrating to individuals and is a potential generator of outwardly directed violence. Low degrees of role interference is likewise disconcerting to persons but in the absence of an external target for aggression may lead to self deprecation and ultimately suicide. Detailed life histories of 98 suicide victims, 62 homicide offenders, and 76 non-violent individuals having no history of homicidal or suicidal behavior were studied. Homicide offenders suffered a higher incidence of role interference than the suicide or non-violent samples. Suicide victims tended to experience low degrees of such interference.", "PMID": 681301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4743", "title": "Portrait of a pusher--\"mother\".", "content": "The authors describe a case history of a drug pusher who has represented a special problem for their drug treatment program, since he functions symbiotically with this program, and is intimately involved with its clientele. Such a development, in the course of a drug treatment program, has implications for the practicality of the treatment approach. Methods of coping are discussed.", "contents": "Portrait of a pusher--\"mother\". The authors describe a case history of a drug pusher who has represented a special problem for their drug treatment program, since he functions symbiotically with this program, and is intimately involved with its clientele. Such a development, in the course of a drug treatment program, has implications for the practicality of the treatment approach. Methods of coping are discussed.", "PMID": 681302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4744", "title": "Imipramine and desipramine plasma levels: relationship to dosage schedule and sampling time.", "content": "Tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels were determined after administration if imipramine (11 patients) and desipramine (ten patients) as a single daily bedtime dose or in divided doses. Plasma levels of the tricyclics were relatively stable on both dosage schedules due to the long plasma half-lives of these drugs. No difference was found between the two dosage schedules and the therapeutic effectiveness or the severity of side effects. The majority of patients preferred the single dose schedule. These findings support the use of a single daily dose of imipramine and desipramine.", "contents": "Imipramine and desipramine plasma levels: relationship to dosage schedule and sampling time. Tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels were determined after administration if imipramine (11 patients) and desipramine (ten patients) as a single daily bedtime dose or in divided doses. Plasma levels of the tricyclics were relatively stable on both dosage schedules due to the long plasma half-lives of these drugs. No difference was found between the two dosage schedules and the therapeutic effectiveness or the severity of side effects. The majority of patients preferred the single dose schedule. These findings support the use of a single daily dose of imipramine and desipramine.", "PMID": 681303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4745", "title": "Acute phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication: psychopathology and prognosis.", "content": "In 15 patients hospitalized with phencyclidine (PCP) psychosis, several measures of psychopathology were examined in relationship to urine PCP levels, duration of hospitalization and mode of intoxication. Duration of hospitalization was found to be significantly shorter for smokers than for ingesters of PCP. Impaired ability to estimate 30 seconds duration was found to correlate significantly with a higher urine PCP level and a longer hospitalization. No other measure of psychopathology was found to correlate with either duration of hospitalization or urine PCP levels, now were other measures of psychopathology found to distinguish these patients from patients with acute functional mental illness.", "contents": "Acute phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication: psychopathology and prognosis. In 15 patients hospitalized with phencyclidine (PCP) psychosis, several measures of psychopathology were examined in relationship to urine PCP levels, duration of hospitalization and mode of intoxication. Duration of hospitalization was found to be significantly shorter for smokers than for ingesters of PCP. Impaired ability to estimate 30 seconds duration was found to correlate significantly with a higher urine PCP level and a longer hospitalization. No other measure of psychopathology was found to correlate with either duration of hospitalization or urine PCP levels, now were other measures of psychopathology found to distinguish these patients from patients with acute functional mental illness.", "PMID": 681304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4746", "title": "Reactive affective cycles and lithium: a caveat.", "content": "The author has been referred increasing numbers of patients who were inappropriately treated with Lithium for cyclic \"depressions\" which were in fact reactive-depressive episodes resulting from cyclic patterns of interpersonal behavior. This paper gives two case reports to demonstrate the phenomenon of reactive-affective cycles, their clinical presentations and the problems arising from treatment with medications. The structure of cycles of interpersonal behavior and their presentation in therapy is described and treatment strategies are suggested.", "contents": "Reactive affective cycles and lithium: a caveat. The author has been referred increasing numbers of patients who were inappropriately treated with Lithium for cyclic \"depressions\" which were in fact reactive-depressive episodes resulting from cyclic patterns of interpersonal behavior. This paper gives two case reports to demonstrate the phenomenon of reactive-affective cycles, their clinical presentations and the problems arising from treatment with medications. The structure of cycles of interpersonal behavior and their presentation in therapy is described and treatment strategies are suggested.", "PMID": 681305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4747", "title": "Metaphor as a diagnostic tool.", "content": "A case study is reported wherein the patient's frequent use of metaphors was used as presumptive evidence that the patient had been misdiagnosed ten years earlier as having central nervous system disease. The ability to produce metaphors depends upon the capacity to condense several meanings into a word or two, and this in turn implies a rather active associative process. Concretism, not associative richness, characterizes central nervous system disease. The presumption as regards diagnosis was supported by subsequent data including the patient's response to psychotherapy.", "contents": "Metaphor as a diagnostic tool. A case study is reported wherein the patient's frequent use of metaphors was used as presumptive evidence that the patient had been misdiagnosed ten years earlier as having central nervous system disease. The ability to produce metaphors depends upon the capacity to condense several meanings into a word or two, and this in turn implies a rather active associative process. Concretism, not associative richness, characterizes central nervous system disease. The presumption as regards diagnosis was supported by subsequent data including the patient's response to psychotherapy.", "PMID": 681306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4748", "title": "Fatal hyperthermia following haloperidol therapy of sedative-hypnotic withdrawal.", "content": "A 30 year old male, with a history of methalqualone and barbiturate abuse, developed a delirium tremens-like syndrome following discontinuation of the medications. Shortly following high doses of parenteral haloperidol administered for treatment of the withdrawal syndrome, the patient developed severe hyperthermia, with body temperatures reaching as high as 108 degrees F. The hyperthermic episode was followed by cardiovascular collapse, multiple complications, and death. The sequence of events strongly suggests that haloperidol therapy was casually related to the development of fatal hyperthermia. Thus the butyrophenone haloperidol, like the phenothiazine derivatives, can produce clinically important impairment of thermoregulation.", "contents": "Fatal hyperthermia following haloperidol therapy of sedative-hypnotic withdrawal. A 30 year old male, with a history of methalqualone and barbiturate abuse, developed a delirium tremens-like syndrome following discontinuation of the medications. Shortly following high doses of parenteral haloperidol administered for treatment of the withdrawal syndrome, the patient developed severe hyperthermia, with body temperatures reaching as high as 108 degrees F. The hyperthermic episode was followed by cardiovascular collapse, multiple complications, and death. The sequence of events strongly suggests that haloperidol therapy was casually related to the development of fatal hyperthermia. Thus the butyrophenone haloperidol, like the phenothiazine derivatives, can produce clinically important impairment of thermoregulation.", "PMID": 681307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4749", "title": "Life threatening self-mutilation of the nose.", "content": "Potentially life threatening self-mutilation of the nose in a patient with a severe passive aggressive character disorder is described. The phenomenological and psychodynamic features of this case are contrasted with those of schizophrenia and factitious dermatoses with similar excoriations.", "contents": "Life threatening self-mutilation of the nose. Potentially life threatening self-mutilation of the nose in a patient with a severe passive aggressive character disorder is described. The phenomenological and psychodynamic features of this case are contrasted with those of schizophrenia and factitious dermatoses with similar excoriations.", "PMID": 681308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4750", "title": "Absence of hostility in outpatients after administration of halazepam--a new benzodiazepine.", "content": "A number of benzodiazepine have been shown to increase hostility and aggression. This study examines whether halazepam, a new benzodiazepine structurally very similar to diazepam, is associated with increases in hostility. Fifty-one adult outpatients in a double blind, 6 week study were randomly assigned either halazepam or placebo. Hostility was measured by changes in response on four different scales, the anger-hostility factor of the Patient Symptom Checklist and three MMPI hostility scales. The results of our study indicated that halazepam does not induce significant changes in hositility.", "contents": "Absence of hostility in outpatients after administration of halazepam--a new benzodiazepine. A number of benzodiazepine have been shown to increase hostility and aggression. This study examines whether halazepam, a new benzodiazepine structurally very similar to diazepam, is associated with increases in hostility. Fifty-one adult outpatients in a double blind, 6 week study were randomly assigned either halazepam or placebo. Hostility was measured by changes in response on four different scales, the anger-hostility factor of the Patient Symptom Checklist and three MMPI hostility scales. The results of our study indicated that halazepam does not induce significant changes in hositility.", "PMID": 681309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4751", "title": "Evaluation of polysulfone as a potential biomedical material.", "content": "In the course of preliminary screening of various potential biomaterials, polysulfone (PS) has been found to have good biocompatibility (1,2). This paper describes the detailed results of evaluation of PS by several methods. Although a number of screening programs for biomaterials have been published (3,4,5,6,), we used our own program in this experiment.", "contents": "Evaluation of polysulfone as a potential biomedical material. In the course of preliminary screening of various potential biomaterials, polysulfone (PS) has been found to have good biocompatibility (1,2). This paper describes the detailed results of evaluation of PS by several methods. Although a number of screening programs for biomaterials have been published (3,4,5,6,), we used our own program in this experiment.", "PMID": 681310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4752", "title": "The application of experimental design in bioengineering.", "content": "The use of factorial designs in experimentation and the careful planning of the three basic phases of experimental projects, will maximize the reliable information from the experiment and minimize the cost and effort to the experimentor. The application of the principles of good experimental design are illustrated in a case study of experimentation which investigates a new mode of peritoneal dialysis.", "contents": "The application of experimental design in bioengineering. The use of factorial designs in experimentation and the careful planning of the three basic phases of experimental projects, will maximize the reliable information from the experiment and minimize the cost and effort to the experimentor. The application of the principles of good experimental design are illustrated in a case study of experimentation which investigates a new mode of peritoneal dialysis.", "PMID": 681312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4753", "title": "Surface tension measurements on methacrylate monomer solutions, selected solvents, and gel extracts.", "content": "The surface tensions of selected methacrylate monomer and solvent solutions were measured, and calibration curves were generated. The curves were then used to deduce the amounts of water soluble extractables in methacrylate hydrogels by measuring the surface tension of the extractant. The detectability limit (parts per 10,000) and the overall sensitivity of the method suggests its possible use as an extraction monitor test for related biomaterials.", "contents": "Surface tension measurements on methacrylate monomer solutions, selected solvents, and gel extracts. The surface tensions of selected methacrylate monomer and solvent solutions were measured, and calibration curves were generated. The curves were then used to deduce the amounts of water soluble extractables in methacrylate hydrogels by measuring the surface tension of the extractant. The detectability limit (parts per 10,000) and the overall sensitivity of the method suggests its possible use as an extraction monitor test for related biomaterials.", "PMID": 681313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4754", "title": "Structure-function relations in mammalian tendon: the effect of geometrical nonuniformity.", "content": "The stress-strain relations of mammalian tendon are analyzed in terms of the structure of its constituents. Two observed experimental features are accounted for by the present model: the effect of the elastic fibers on the stress-strain curve in the primary range and the effect of the geometrical diversity of the structural units of the collagen fibers on the nonlinearity of the stress-strain relations. The effect of the matrix-fiber interaction and the bending rigidity of the fiber are neglected. It is shown that the observed nonlinear characteristics of the stress-strain relations in the tendon can be accurately accounted for by the model. It is further shown that on the basis of this model, considerable insight into the structure and mechanics of the tendon's constituents can be obtained from results of simple stress-strain tests.", "contents": "Structure-function relations in mammalian tendon: the effect of geometrical nonuniformity. The stress-strain relations of mammalian tendon are analyzed in terms of the structure of its constituents. Two observed experimental features are accounted for by the present model: the effect of the elastic fibers on the stress-strain curve in the primary range and the effect of the geometrical diversity of the structural units of the collagen fibers on the nonlinearity of the stress-strain relations. The effect of the matrix-fiber interaction and the bending rigidity of the fiber are neglected. It is shown that the observed nonlinear characteristics of the stress-strain relations in the tendon can be accurately accounted for by the model. It is further shown that on the basis of this model, considerable insight into the structure and mechanics of the tendon's constituents can be obtained from results of simple stress-strain tests.", "PMID": 681314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4755", "title": "Instantaneous center of rotation by least square method.", "content": "In the design of the total replacement of the human joint, the joint center of rotation is often important. This paper describes an analytical technique to study joint kinematics, especially the instantaneous center of rotation. The empirical data for the analysis were obtained by the sonic digitizer system which works acoustically and electronically. As biomechanical applications of the technique, the elbow, the metacarpophalangeal, and wrist joints were studied.", "contents": "Instantaneous center of rotation by least square method. In the design of the total replacement of the human joint, the joint center of rotation is often important. This paper describes an analytical technique to study joint kinematics, especially the instantaneous center of rotation. The empirical data for the analysis were obtained by the sonic digitizer system which works acoustically and electronically. As biomechanical applications of the technique, the elbow, the metacarpophalangeal, and wrist joints were studied.", "PMID": 681315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4756", "title": "A feasibility study for the use of a silastic gage as an in vivo muscle force transducer.", "content": "This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing silastic gages for in vivo dynamic muscle force measurement. The gastrocnemius muscle of a fifty-one pound black short hair dog was selected for the test. The study shows that such measurements can be reliably performed in vivo for short durations without interfering with the natural movement of the animal. The durability of the gage appears to be primarily limited by the biological rejection process at the gage site.", "contents": "A feasibility study for the use of a silastic gage as an in vivo muscle force transducer. This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing silastic gages for in vivo dynamic muscle force measurement. The gastrocnemius muscle of a fifty-one pound black short hair dog was selected for the test. The study shows that such measurements can be reliably performed in vivo for short durations without interfering with the natural movement of the animal. The durability of the gage appears to be primarily limited by the biological rejection process at the gage site.", "PMID": 681316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4757", "title": "An analytical approach to the determination of optimal phasing for external counterpulsation.", "content": "An inhomogeneous linear one-dimensional mathematical model is constructed as a conceptual approach to the study of the effects of External Counterpulsation (ECP) on the pressure and flow at the root of the aorta. The optimal operation of ECP is defined by two conditions: (1) minimization of the mean systolic pressure; and (b) maximization of the ratio of diastolic area over systolic area under the total pressure curve. The phase shift of the external pressure is determined so as to satisfy these two requirements. It is demonstrated within our approximation that with a given magnitude of external pressure, the phase shifts that satisfy these two requirements are the same. These phase shifts are linear functions of the systolic fraction of the total cardiac period, and depend on the time for the external wave to travel from the site of application up the vascular bed to the root of the aorta, plus the reflection contributions. Even though these results are derived from a simple model far from the complexity of the actual vasculature, the basic concepts would remain valid even if more complex mathematical treatments would have been used.", "contents": "An analytical approach to the determination of optimal phasing for external counterpulsation. An inhomogeneous linear one-dimensional mathematical model is constructed as a conceptual approach to the study of the effects of External Counterpulsation (ECP) on the pressure and flow at the root of the aorta. The optimal operation of ECP is defined by two conditions: (1) minimization of the mean systolic pressure; and (b) maximization of the ratio of diastolic area over systolic area under the total pressure curve. The phase shift of the external pressure is determined so as to satisfy these two requirements. It is demonstrated within our approximation that with a given magnitude of external pressure, the phase shifts that satisfy these two requirements are the same. These phase shifts are linear functions of the systolic fraction of the total cardiac period, and depend on the time for the external wave to travel from the site of application up the vascular bed to the root of the aorta, plus the reflection contributions. Even though these results are derived from a simple model far from the complexity of the actual vasculature, the basic concepts would remain valid even if more complex mathematical treatments would have been used.", "PMID": 681317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4758", "title": "A self-transmitting surface acoustic wave (SAW) pressure transducer.", "content": "We have developed a small, pressure-sensitive device using SAW oscillators, which is capable of being implanted and transmitting a signal several hundred feet. This paper presents the device and its prototypes, and data from the laboratory and live subjects.", "contents": "A self-transmitting surface acoustic wave (SAW) pressure transducer. We have developed a small, pressure-sensitive device using SAW oscillators, which is capable of being implanted and transmitting a signal several hundred feet. This paper presents the device and its prototypes, and data from the laboratory and live subjects.", "PMID": 681318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4759", "title": "Limitations of bandwidth compression hearing aids applied to the voiced portion of speech.", "content": "Numerous speech processing techniques have been applied to assist hearing-impaired subjects with extreme high-frequency hearing losses who can be helped only to a limited degree with conventional hearing aids. The results of providing this class of deaf subjects with a speech encoding hearing aid, which is able to reproduce intelligible speech for their particular needs, have generally been disappointing. There are at least four problems related to bandwidth compression applied to the voiced portion of speech: (1) the problem of pitch extraction in real time; (2) pitch extraction under realistic listening conditions, i.e. when competing speech and noise sources are present; (3) an insufficient data base for successful compression of voiced speech; and (4) the introduction of undesirable spectral energies in the bandwidth-compressed signal, due to the compression process itself. Experiments seem to indicate that voiced speech segments bandwidth limited to f = 1000 Hz, even at a loss of higher formant frequencies, is in most instances superior in intelligibility compared to bandwidth-compressed voiced speech segments of the same bandwidth, even if pitch can be extracted with no error. With the added complexity of real-time pitch extraction which has to function in actual listening conditions, it is doubtful that a speech encoding hearing aid, based on bandwidth compression on the voiced portion of speech, could be successfully implemented. However, if bandwidth compression is applied to the unvoiced portions of speech only, the above limitations can be overcome (1).", "contents": "Limitations of bandwidth compression hearing aids applied to the voiced portion of speech. Numerous speech processing techniques have been applied to assist hearing-impaired subjects with extreme high-frequency hearing losses who can be helped only to a limited degree with conventional hearing aids. The results of providing this class of deaf subjects with a speech encoding hearing aid, which is able to reproduce intelligible speech for their particular needs, have generally been disappointing. There are at least four problems related to bandwidth compression applied to the voiced portion of speech: (1) the problem of pitch extraction in real time; (2) pitch extraction under realistic listening conditions, i.e. when competing speech and noise sources are present; (3) an insufficient data base for successful compression of voiced speech; and (4) the introduction of undesirable spectral energies in the bandwidth-compressed signal, due to the compression process itself. Experiments seem to indicate that voiced speech segments bandwidth limited to f = 1000 Hz, even at a loss of higher formant frequencies, is in most instances superior in intelligibility compared to bandwidth-compressed voiced speech segments of the same bandwidth, even if pitch can be extracted with no error. With the added complexity of real-time pitch extraction which has to function in actual listening conditions, it is doubtful that a speech encoding hearing aid, based on bandwidth compression on the voiced portion of speech, could be successfully implemented. However, if bandwidth compression is applied to the unvoiced portions of speech only, the above limitations can be overcome (1).", "PMID": 681320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4760", "title": "An electronic frequency shifting stethoscope for heart sounds.", "content": "The predominating energy in the normal heart sounds has been found to be at frequencies below the normal hearing threshold. Because it was felt that significant clinical information was likely to be present at those frequencies, an instrument was designed and fabricated which would frequency shift the entire heart sound into the middle of the auditory frequency range. Clinical testing showed that changes were readily detected in a monitoring situation, and that use of the instrument was both simple and easy to learn.", "contents": "An electronic frequency shifting stethoscope for heart sounds. The predominating energy in the normal heart sounds has been found to be at frequencies below the normal hearing threshold. Because it was felt that significant clinical information was likely to be present at those frequencies, an instrument was designed and fabricated which would frequency shift the entire heart sound into the middle of the auditory frequency range. Clinical testing showed that changes were readily detected in a monitoring situation, and that use of the instrument was both simple and easy to learn.", "PMID": 681321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4761", "title": "Adsorption of collagen on model hydrophobic surfaces.", "content": "The change in interfacial tension with time for rat-tail tendon collagen adsorbing at the air, methylene iodide and isooctane interfaces has been followed by the pendant drop technique as a model for hydrophobic biomaterials. It is shown that the surface activity of tropocollagen at these three interfaces is less than that of albumin, gamma-globulin, serum of plasma, so that displacement of a preadsorbed plasma protein layer by tropocollagen molecules is energetically unfavourable and unlikely to occur. It is proposed that this may be one reason for the lack of interaction between hydrophobic soft tissue implants and their tissue capsules. It is then speculated that such interaction may require the development of biomaterials with a specific affinity for connective tissue components.", "contents": "Adsorption of collagen on model hydrophobic surfaces. The change in interfacial tension with time for rat-tail tendon collagen adsorbing at the air, methylene iodide and isooctane interfaces has been followed by the pendant drop technique as a model for hydrophobic biomaterials. It is shown that the surface activity of tropocollagen at these three interfaces is less than that of albumin, gamma-globulin, serum of plasma, so that displacement of a preadsorbed plasma protein layer by tropocollagen molecules is energetically unfavourable and unlikely to occur. It is proposed that this may be one reason for the lack of interaction between hydrophobic soft tissue implants and their tissue capsules. It is then speculated that such interaction may require the development of biomaterials with a specific affinity for connective tissue components.", "PMID": 681323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4762", "title": "Calcium and magnesium binding to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing peptides via metal ion nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "The determination of binding constants of metal ions to biomolecules is approachable via many techniques. Metal ion NMR spectroscopy is an alternative to more traditional techniques and is complementary to them, particularly in investigations of the interactions of metal ions with relatively small peptides containing multiple ionizing groups. The method requires relatively small amounts of material, is fairly fast, and is carried out at equilibrium. Our study has been of calcium and magnesium ion binding to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-containing peptides. Dissociation constants of approximately 0.6 mM for the binding of either metal ion to Z-D-Gla-D-Gla-OMe have been obtained. The procedure for determination of these constants via metal ion NMR is discussed.", "contents": "Calcium and magnesium binding to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing peptides via metal ion nuclear magnetic resonance. The determination of binding constants of metal ions to biomolecules is approachable via many techniques. Metal ion NMR spectroscopy is an alternative to more traditional techniques and is complementary to them, particularly in investigations of the interactions of metal ions with relatively small peptides containing multiple ionizing groups. The method requires relatively small amounts of material, is fairly fast, and is carried out at equilibrium. Our study has been of calcium and magnesium ion binding to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-containing peptides. Dissociation constants of approximately 0.6 mM for the binding of either metal ion to Z-D-Gla-D-Gla-OMe have been obtained. The procedure for determination of these constants via metal ion NMR is discussed.", "PMID": 681324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4763", "title": "Identification of two protease inhibitors from bovine cardiac muscle.", "content": "Low salt extracts from homogenates of bovine cardiac muscle contain two protease inhibitors, one specific for the calcium-activated protease from this tissue and the other for trypsin and chymotrypsin, but no other serine proteases, including plasmin, thrombin, and subtilisin. The former, which can be separated from the protease by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, is a protein with a molecular weight of 270,000. Its action is not based on the sequestering of calcium, and it is present in large excess over the amount of calcium-activated protease in this tissue. The trypsin inhibitor, which has a molecular weight of 70,000, is estimated to be present at approximately 300 microgram/g, wet weight, of tissue. The identification of inhibitors such as these in the cytoplasm may explain why nonlysosomal proteolytic activity has been thought to be insignificant in the overall turnover of intracellular protein and suggests that a re-evaluation of this possibility is necessary.", "contents": "Identification of two protease inhibitors from bovine cardiac muscle. Low salt extracts from homogenates of bovine cardiac muscle contain two protease inhibitors, one specific for the calcium-activated protease from this tissue and the other for trypsin and chymotrypsin, but no other serine proteases, including plasmin, thrombin, and subtilisin. The former, which can be separated from the protease by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, is a protein with a molecular weight of 270,000. Its action is not based on the sequestering of calcium, and it is present in large excess over the amount of calcium-activated protease in this tissue. The trypsin inhibitor, which has a molecular weight of 70,000, is estimated to be present at approximately 300 microgram/g, wet weight, of tissue. The identification of inhibitors such as these in the cytoplasm may explain why nonlysosomal proteolytic activity has been thought to be insignificant in the overall turnover of intracellular protein and suggests that a re-evaluation of this possibility is necessary.", "PMID": 681325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4764", "title": "Unusual COOH-terminal structure of staphylococcal protease.", "content": "The extracellular enzyme, staphylococcal protease, carries a COOH-terminal tryptic peptide of 43 amino acid residues most of which are aspartic acid, asparagine, and proline. This peptide might have a function equivalent to that of a similar segment previously observed at the NH2-terminal end of the membrane-bound penicillinase precursor of Bacillus licheniformis (Yamamoto, S., and Lampen, J. O. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 73, 1457-1461). These observations would suggest that bacterial exoproteins which are secreted in the form of precursors differ from extracellular proteins by the presence of an extra segment at their NH2- and/or COOH-terminal ends.", "contents": "Unusual COOH-terminal structure of staphylococcal protease. The extracellular enzyme, staphylococcal protease, carries a COOH-terminal tryptic peptide of 43 amino acid residues most of which are aspartic acid, asparagine, and proline. This peptide might have a function equivalent to that of a similar segment previously observed at the NH2-terminal end of the membrane-bound penicillinase precursor of Bacillus licheniformis (Yamamoto, S., and Lampen, J. O. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 73, 1457-1461). These observations would suggest that bacterial exoproteins which are secreted in the form of precursors differ from extracellular proteins by the presence of an extra segment at their NH2- and/or COOH-terminal ends.", "PMID": 681326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4765", "title": "Kinetic mechanisms of gentamicin acetyltransferase I. Antibiotic-dependent shift from rapid to nonrapid equilibrium random mechanisms.", "content": "Initial velocity, product, dead-end, and substrate inhibition studies are described for gentamicin acetyltransferase I in the forward reaction. Initial velocity patterns were linear with tobramycin (Km acetyl-CoA = 1.7 micron, Km tobramycin = 1.6 micron), concave upward with sisomicin (V/K.Et = 1.7 X 10(7) M-1 s-1, indicative of nonrapid equilibrium conditions), and showed partial uncompetitive substrate inhibition with gentamicin C1a (Km acetyl-CoA = 1.3 micron, Km gentamicin C1a = 0.12 micron, KI = 6.5 micron). Product inhibition by CoA and acetyltobramycin consists of two competitive and two noncompetitive patterns. Dead-end inhibition by butyryl-CoA and neomycin consists of two competitive and two uncompetitive patterns. However, the uncompetitive pattern between neomycin and acetyl-CoA became noncompetitive when sisomicin rather than tobramycin was the nonvaried substrate. These results are consistent with a Random BiBi mechanism with synergism between binding sites which is nonrapid equilibrium with gentamicin C1a and sisomicin and rapid equilibrium with poor substrates such as tobramycin. The substrate inhibition by gentamicin C1a arises from a reduction in the rate of product (CoA) release which is partially rate-determining under nonrapid equilibrium conditions.", "contents": "Kinetic mechanisms of gentamicin acetyltransferase I. Antibiotic-dependent shift from rapid to nonrapid equilibrium random mechanisms. Initial velocity, product, dead-end, and substrate inhibition studies are described for gentamicin acetyltransferase I in the forward reaction. Initial velocity patterns were linear with tobramycin (Km acetyl-CoA = 1.7 micron, Km tobramycin = 1.6 micron), concave upward with sisomicin (V/K.Et = 1.7 X 10(7) M-1 s-1, indicative of nonrapid equilibrium conditions), and showed partial uncompetitive substrate inhibition with gentamicin C1a (Km acetyl-CoA = 1.3 micron, Km gentamicin C1a = 0.12 micron, KI = 6.5 micron). Product inhibition by CoA and acetyltobramycin consists of two competitive and two noncompetitive patterns. Dead-end inhibition by butyryl-CoA and neomycin consists of two competitive and two uncompetitive patterns. However, the uncompetitive pattern between neomycin and acetyl-CoA became noncompetitive when sisomicin rather than tobramycin was the nonvaried substrate. These results are consistent with a Random BiBi mechanism with synergism between binding sites which is nonrapid equilibrium with gentamicin C1a and sisomicin and rapid equilibrium with poor substrates such as tobramycin. The substrate inhibition by gentamicin C1a arises from a reduction in the rate of product (CoA) release which is partially rate-determining under nonrapid equilibrium conditions.", "PMID": 681327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4766", "title": "Initiation factor eIF-4B (IF-M3)-dependent recognition and translation of capped versus uncapped eukaryotic mRNAs.", "content": "Translation of capped and uncapped eukaryotic mRNAs is stimulated by addition of eIF-4B to an mRNA-dependent reticulocyte lysate system. m7G5 ppp inhibits translation of capped but not uncapped mRNAs and reduces translation of capped vaccinia mRNA to the level obtained with uncapped vaccinia mRNA. Exogenous eIF-4B but no other initiation factor reverses inhibition of protein synthesis by m7G5'ppp. Both capped and uncapped mRNAs interact directly with eIF-4B to form a stable complex, which can be detected by a simple nitrocellulose filter binding assay. However, addition of a 5'-cap to beta-eliminated globin mRNA or satellite tobacco necrosis virus RNA (normally uncapped) increased binding affinity of these mRNAs for eIF-4B and causes binding of these mRNAs to become sensitive to inhibition by m7G5'ppp. These results indicate that the role of the mRNA 5'-cap in translation is related specifically to the function of eIF-4B in forming a complex with mRNA (prior to association of mRNA with the 40 S ribosomal subunit) and that both cap and non-cap sequences participate in this process.", "contents": "Initiation factor eIF-4B (IF-M3)-dependent recognition and translation of capped versus uncapped eukaryotic mRNAs. Translation of capped and uncapped eukaryotic mRNAs is stimulated by addition of eIF-4B to an mRNA-dependent reticulocyte lysate system. m7G5 ppp inhibits translation of capped but not uncapped mRNAs and reduces translation of capped vaccinia mRNA to the level obtained with uncapped vaccinia mRNA. Exogenous eIF-4B but no other initiation factor reverses inhibition of protein synthesis by m7G5'ppp. Both capped and uncapped mRNAs interact directly with eIF-4B to form a stable complex, which can be detected by a simple nitrocellulose filter binding assay. However, addition of a 5'-cap to beta-eliminated globin mRNA or satellite tobacco necrosis virus RNA (normally uncapped) increased binding affinity of these mRNAs for eIF-4B and causes binding of these mRNAs to become sensitive to inhibition by m7G5'ppp. These results indicate that the role of the mRNA 5'-cap in translation is related specifically to the function of eIF-4B in forming a complex with mRNA (prior to association of mRNA with the 40 S ribosomal subunit) and that both cap and non-cap sequences participate in this process.", "PMID": 681329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4767", "title": "Calcium-induced conformational changes in a cyanogen bromide fragment of troponin C that contains one of the binding sites.", "content": "The increase observed in alpha helix from 20 to 38%, the spectral red shift of the absorption bands of the side chain chromophores, the increase of phenylalanine side chain optical activity and a decrease of cysteinyl side chain reactivity with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) are consistent with a coil to helix change in the segment containing Cys-98 and Phe-99 and 102 when the CB9 fragment of troponin C (TnC) with an intact binding site III binds Ca2+. Since similar spectrophotometric observations have been made on the whole molecule the data with CB9 confirm our previous suggestion that binding site III of TnC is one of the strong binding sites for Ca2+. The estimate of the binding constant of Ca2+ for CB9 is about 2 orders of magnitude lower than in whole TnC, indicating further stabilization in the intact molecule.", "contents": "Calcium-induced conformational changes in a cyanogen bromide fragment of troponin C that contains one of the binding sites. The increase observed in alpha helix from 20 to 38%, the spectral red shift of the absorption bands of the side chain chromophores, the increase of phenylalanine side chain optical activity and a decrease of cysteinyl side chain reactivity with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) are consistent with a coil to helix change in the segment containing Cys-98 and Phe-99 and 102 when the CB9 fragment of troponin C (TnC) with an intact binding site III binds Ca2+. Since similar spectrophotometric observations have been made on the whole molecule the data with CB9 confirm our previous suggestion that binding site III of TnC is one of the strong binding sites for Ca2+. The estimate of the binding constant of Ca2+ for CB9 is about 2 orders of magnitude lower than in whole TnC, indicating further stabilization in the intact molecule.", "PMID": 681332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4768", "title": "Quantitation and characterization of antibody binding to tubulin.", "content": "A goat antiserum, raised to native hog brain tubulin, was characterized by conventional immunological techniques and by employing a method for precipitation of tubulin.anti-tubulin complexes with heat-inactivated Staphylococcus aureus. Antiserum dilution experiments indicated that antibodies to native tubulin were raised, and maximal binding was observed to microtubules fixed with 1 mM glutaraldehyde. Competition experiments, using iodinated fixed microtubules as tracer, demonstrated that equivalent binding occurred with microtubules at protein concentrations 100- to 1000-fold lower than those for monomeric tubulin. A rabbit antiserum raised to sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated axonemal tubulin was also characterized. The serum bound maximally (90%) to either sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated or native iodinated hog brain tubulin, and competition for antibody binding has been observed with tubulin from diverse sources (Tetrahymena pyriformis ciliary axonemes, Lytechinus pictus flagellar axonemes, and mouse neuroblastoma extracts). Using these two antisera, radioimmunoassays are being developed for quantitation of polymeric and total tubulin in cellular systems.", "contents": "Quantitation and characterization of antibody binding to tubulin. A goat antiserum, raised to native hog brain tubulin, was characterized by conventional immunological techniques and by employing a method for precipitation of tubulin.anti-tubulin complexes with heat-inactivated Staphylococcus aureus. Antiserum dilution experiments indicated that antibodies to native tubulin were raised, and maximal binding was observed to microtubules fixed with 1 mM glutaraldehyde. Competition experiments, using iodinated fixed microtubules as tracer, demonstrated that equivalent binding occurred with microtubules at protein concentrations 100- to 1000-fold lower than those for monomeric tubulin. A rabbit antiserum raised to sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated axonemal tubulin was also characterized. The serum bound maximally (90%) to either sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated or native iodinated hog brain tubulin, and competition for antibody binding has been observed with tubulin from diverse sources (Tetrahymena pyriformis ciliary axonemes, Lytechinus pictus flagellar axonemes, and mouse neuroblastoma extracts). Using these two antisera, radioimmunoassays are being developed for quantitation of polymeric and total tubulin in cellular systems.", "PMID": 681333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4769", "title": "Arginine deiminase from Mycoplasma arthritidis. Properties of the enzyme from log phase cultures.", "content": "Hydrodynamic, chemical, and optical properties of arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6) from Mycoplasma arthritidis are reported for the enzyme isolated from log phase cells. The S020,w and D020,w values of the enzyme are 5.48 S and 5.87 X 10(-7) cm3/s, respectively; the molecular weight is 87,300. Determination of the amino acid composition shows that about 45% of the residues are nonpolar. Another unique feature of the composition is the presence of 36 half-cystine residues. The state of oxidation of the half-cystines appears to be well established as 16 disulfide and 4 sulfhydryl groups. The reaction of 1 sulfhydryl group with 0.3 mM 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) has a half-life of about 50 min at pH 8. The modified enzyme retains full activity. Two -SH groups are accessible to this reagent in 2 M guanidine hydrochloride, whereas all 4 -SH groups react immediately in 4 M guanidine hydrochloride. Reduction of disulfide bonds with dithiothreitol occurs only to a limited extent in 8 M urea, but is complete in 4 M guanidine hydrochloride. The enzyme loses activity immediately at pH 2.5, but retains full activity upon standing 8 h at pH 9.5 in several buffers. The large number of cystine residues leads to a complex near ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum with cystine contributions apparently superimposed on contributions from aromatic residues. The far ultraviolet spectrum suggests that the molecule contains about 18% alpha helix. At pH 2.5, beta conformation and disulfide contributions are dominant. Aromatic and alpha bands are reduced considerably at pH 9.5.", "contents": "Arginine deiminase from Mycoplasma arthritidis. Properties of the enzyme from log phase cultures. Hydrodynamic, chemical, and optical properties of arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6) from Mycoplasma arthritidis are reported for the enzyme isolated from log phase cells. The S020,w and D020,w values of the enzyme are 5.48 S and 5.87 X 10(-7) cm3/s, respectively; the molecular weight is 87,300. Determination of the amino acid composition shows that about 45% of the residues are nonpolar. Another unique feature of the composition is the presence of 36 half-cystine residues. The state of oxidation of the half-cystines appears to be well established as 16 disulfide and 4 sulfhydryl groups. The reaction of 1 sulfhydryl group with 0.3 mM 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) has a half-life of about 50 min at pH 8. The modified enzyme retains full activity. Two -SH groups are accessible to this reagent in 2 M guanidine hydrochloride, whereas all 4 -SH groups react immediately in 4 M guanidine hydrochloride. Reduction of disulfide bonds with dithiothreitol occurs only to a limited extent in 8 M urea, but is complete in 4 M guanidine hydrochloride. The enzyme loses activity immediately at pH 2.5, but retains full activity upon standing 8 h at pH 9.5 in several buffers. The large number of cystine residues leads to a complex near ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum with cystine contributions apparently superimposed on contributions from aromatic residues. The far ultraviolet spectrum suggests that the molecule contains about 18% alpha helix. At pH 2.5, beta conformation and disulfide contributions are dominant. Aromatic and alpha bands are reduced considerably at pH 9.5.", "PMID": 681335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4770", "title": "Arginine deiminase from Mycoplasma arthritidis. Structure-activity relationships among  substrates and competitive inhibitors.", "content": "The arginine deiminase (L-arginine iminohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.6) from Mycoplasma arthritidis catalyzes the irreversible hydrolysis of arginine and related guanidine derivatives to ammonia and the corresponding ureido analog of the substrate. The kinetic constants Km, kcat, and kcat/Km for the arginine deiminase-catalyzed hydrolysis of L-arginine are equal to 4 micron, 29 s-1, and 7.4 X 10(7) M-1 s-1, respectively, at 25 degrees C and pH 7.2. The enzyme also catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-canavanine, Nalpha-methyl-L-argine, D-arginine, L-homoarginine, L-argininic acid, and guanidine, in order of decreasing second order rate constants (kcat/Km); the second order rate constants for these substrates are 10(-3) to 10(-10) smaller than the rate constant for L-arginine. Twenty-two arginine and guanidine analogs were tested for inhibitory capacity. Only 13 are competitive inhibitors having Ki values in the range 3.2 to 40 mM. These results show that binding of ligands to the enzyme is dominated by electrostatic or hydrogen bonding interactions, or both, of the guanidino and alpha-amino group. Neither citrulline nor ornithine, the end product of arginine degradation in M. arthritidis, is an inhibitor of arginine deiminase from this organism.", "contents": "Arginine deiminase from Mycoplasma arthritidis. Structure-activity relationships among  substrates and competitive inhibitors. The arginine deiminase (L-arginine iminohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.6) from Mycoplasma arthritidis catalyzes the irreversible hydrolysis of arginine and related guanidine derivatives to ammonia and the corresponding ureido analog of the substrate. The kinetic constants Km, kcat, and kcat/Km for the arginine deiminase-catalyzed hydrolysis of L-arginine are equal to 4 micron, 29 s-1, and 7.4 X 10(7) M-1 s-1, respectively, at 25 degrees C and pH 7.2. The enzyme also catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-canavanine, Nalpha-methyl-L-argine, D-arginine, L-homoarginine, L-argininic acid, and guanidine, in order of decreasing second order rate constants (kcat/Km); the second order rate constants for these substrates are 10(-3) to 10(-10) smaller than the rate constant for L-arginine. Twenty-two arginine and guanidine analogs were tested for inhibitory capacity. Only 13 are competitive inhibitors having Ki values in the range 3.2 to 40 mM. These results show that binding of ligands to the enzyme is dominated by electrostatic or hydrogen bonding interactions, or both, of the guanidino and alpha-amino group. Neither citrulline nor ornithine, the end product of arginine degradation in M. arthritidis, is an inhibitor of arginine deiminase from this organism.", "PMID": 681336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4771", "title": "Human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Steady state kinetics of the forward and reverse reactions.", "content": "A steady state kinetic study of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-catalyzed reaction in the forward and the reverse directions was carried out. The results obtained favor a sequential mechanism where the monomagnesium complexes of IMP and PPi bind to the enzyme in a rapid equilibrium random fashion while products must dissociate from the enzyme in ordered sequence, first the purine base and then the magnesium complex(es) of P-Rib-PP.", "contents": "Human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Steady state kinetics of the forward and reverse reactions. A steady state kinetic study of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-catalyzed reaction in the forward and the reverse directions was carried out. The results obtained favor a sequential mechanism where the monomagnesium complexes of IMP and PPi bind to the enzyme in a rapid equilibrium random fashion while products must dissociate from the enzyme in ordered sequence, first the purine base and then the magnesium complex(es) of P-Rib-PP.", "PMID": 681338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4772", "title": "Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Formation of L-kynurenine from L-tryptophan in cultured rabbit fineal gland.", "content": "The distribution of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity was investigated in various parts of the rabbit brain using the supernatant fraction (30,000 X g, 30 min) of homogenates. A low but significant activity was detected in all parts of the brain. The highest activity was associated with the pineal gland and choroid plexus. Specific activities of the supernatant fractions derived from the pineal gland and choroid plexus were 84.8 and 34.2 pmol/h/mg of protein at 37 degrees C, respectively, with L-tryptophan as substrate. When the pineal gland was cultured with L-[methylene-14C]tryptophan, L-[methylene-14C]kynurenine formed by the action of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase was found as one of the major products. It was isolated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and identified by thin layer chromatography with and without the treatment by kynureninase from a pseudomonad. The amount of kynurenine thus measured accounted for approximately one-third of the total amount of tryptophan metabolites, indicating that the kynurenine pathway is one of the major metabolic pathways of tryptophan in the rabbit pineal gland.", "contents": "Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Formation of L-kynurenine from L-tryptophan in cultured rabbit fineal gland. The distribution of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity was investigated in various parts of the rabbit brain using the supernatant fraction (30,000 X g, 30 min) of homogenates. A low but significant activity was detected in all parts of the brain. The highest activity was associated with the pineal gland and choroid plexus. Specific activities of the supernatant fractions derived from the pineal gland and choroid plexus were 84.8 and 34.2 pmol/h/mg of protein at 37 degrees C, respectively, with L-tryptophan as substrate. When the pineal gland was cultured with L-[methylene-14C]tryptophan, L-[methylene-14C]kynurenine formed by the action of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase was found as one of the major products. It was isolated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and identified by thin layer chromatography with and without the treatment by kynureninase from a pseudomonad. The amount of kynurenine thus measured accounted for approximately one-third of the total amount of tryptophan metabolites, indicating that the kynurenine pathway is one of the major metabolic pathways of tryptophan in the rabbit pineal gland.", "PMID": 681340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4773", "title": "The sugar chain structures of ABO blood group active glycoproteins obtained from human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "The glycoproteins of human erythrocyte membrane have two groups of sugar chains with blood type ABH determinants, which are quite distinct in their molecular sizes. A neutral sugar chain and an acidic sugar chain, which belong to the small size group, were isolated from the glycoproteins obtained from the erythrocyte of blood type O individuals, and their structures were elucidated as Fucalpha1 leads to 2Galbeta1 leads to 3N-acetylgalactosaminitol and Fucalpha1 leads to 2Galbeta1 leads to 3(AcNeualpha2 leads to 6)N-acetylgalactosaminitol, respectively. The molecular weight of the large sugar chains with ABH determinants were estimated to be more than 4000. Both large and small neutral sugar chains of membrane glycoproteins obtained from blood type O erythrocyte could serve as acceptors of alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases purified from milk of blood type A1 and A2 individuals, producing the same radioactive sugar chain distribution patterns. However, the acidic sugar chain with the H determinant could not serve as an acceptor of these enzymes.", "contents": "The sugar chain structures of ABO blood group active glycoproteins obtained from human erythrocyte membrane. The glycoproteins of human erythrocyte membrane have two groups of sugar chains with blood type ABH determinants, which are quite distinct in their molecular sizes. A neutral sugar chain and an acidic sugar chain, which belong to the small size group, were isolated from the glycoproteins obtained from the erythrocyte of blood type O individuals, and their structures were elucidated as Fucalpha1 leads to 2Galbeta1 leads to 3N-acetylgalactosaminitol and Fucalpha1 leads to 2Galbeta1 leads to 3(AcNeualpha2 leads to 6)N-acetylgalactosaminitol, respectively. The molecular weight of the large sugar chains with ABH determinants were estimated to be more than 4000. Both large and small neutral sugar chains of membrane glycoproteins obtained from blood type O erythrocyte could serve as acceptors of alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases purified from milk of blood type A1 and A2 individuals, producing the same radioactive sugar chain distribution patterns. However, the acidic sugar chain with the H determinant could not serve as an acceptor of these enzymes.", "PMID": 681341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4774", "title": "The binding of d-glucosyl-neoglycoproteins to the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor.", "content": "The binding of D-glucosyl-neoglycoproteins and D-galactose-terminated glycoproteins to the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor of rabbit liver membranes were characterized and compared. The binding of both types of glycoproteins showed the same dependence on calcium concentration, sensitivity to neuraminidase, and degree of inhibition by various carbohydrate derivatives. These results, along with the observation that the rabbit liver membranes bound both the D-glucosyl- and D-galactosyl-terminated glycoproteins to the same extent, indicated that both types of glycoproteins bound to the same receptor. To confirm this hypothesis, receptors were isolated from rabbit livers by affinity chromatography using D-galactosyl-bovine serum albumin or D-glucosyl-bovine serum albumin immobilized on Sepharose. These receptors were shown to be identical by several chemical and immunological criteria as well as in their ability to bind equal amounts of D-galactosyl- and D-glucosyl-terminated glycoproteins. The conclusion is that the rabbit hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor cannot discriminate between D-galactosyl and D-glucosyl-terminated glycoproteins and binds both.", "contents": "The binding of d-glucosyl-neoglycoproteins to the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. The binding of D-glucosyl-neoglycoproteins and D-galactose-terminated glycoproteins to the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor of rabbit liver membranes were characterized and compared. The binding of both types of glycoproteins showed the same dependence on calcium concentration, sensitivity to neuraminidase, and degree of inhibition by various carbohydrate derivatives. These results, along with the observation that the rabbit liver membranes bound both the D-glucosyl- and D-galactosyl-terminated glycoproteins to the same extent, indicated that both types of glycoproteins bound to the same receptor. To confirm this hypothesis, receptors were isolated from rabbit livers by affinity chromatography using D-galactosyl-bovine serum albumin or D-glucosyl-bovine serum albumin immobilized on Sepharose. These receptors were shown to be identical by several chemical and immunological criteria as well as in their ability to bind equal amounts of D-galactosyl- and D-glucosyl-terminated glycoproteins. The conclusion is that the rabbit hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor cannot discriminate between D-galactosyl and D-glucosyl-terminated glycoproteins and binds both.", "PMID": 681342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4775", "title": "Rapid stimulation of hepatic microsomal heme oxygenase in selenium-deficient rats. An effect of phenobarbital.", "content": "Hepatic microsomal heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation, is rapidly and markedly stimulated in selenium-deficient rats but not in controls, after a single injection of phenobarbital sodium. This stimulation occurred as early as 2 h and reached an 8- to 10-fold maximum 6 h following the drug. These observations suggest that phenobarbital rapidly and markedly enhances the degradation of hepatic heme in selenium deficiency. The cause for this rapid phenobarbital-mediated stimulation of heme degradation was investigated. It could not be ascribed to either accelerated turnover of cytochrome P-450, or enhanced lipid peroxidation possibly resulting from the concomitant lack of glutathione peroxidase in selenium deficiency. For these reasons, the metabolism of hepatic heme in the selenium-deficient rat liver was further examined during the 6-h period following phenobarbital. These studies indicated that whereas heme was synthesized much faster and to a greater extent in the selenium-deficient rat liver than in the control, its utilization in the formation of hemoproteins such as cytochrome P-450 and tryptophan pyrrolase was apparently impaired in selenium deficiency. Such defective utilization of heme in the 6-h period following phenobarbital could effectively result in a relative excess of unutilized \"free\" heme; hence the consequent stimulation of microsomal heme oxygenase for its disposal.", "contents": "Rapid stimulation of hepatic microsomal heme oxygenase in selenium-deficient rats. An effect of phenobarbital. Hepatic microsomal heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation, is rapidly and markedly stimulated in selenium-deficient rats but not in controls, after a single injection of phenobarbital sodium. This stimulation occurred as early as 2 h and reached an 8- to 10-fold maximum 6 h following the drug. These observations suggest that phenobarbital rapidly and markedly enhances the degradation of hepatic heme in selenium deficiency. The cause for this rapid phenobarbital-mediated stimulation of heme degradation was investigated. It could not be ascribed to either accelerated turnover of cytochrome P-450, or enhanced lipid peroxidation possibly resulting from the concomitant lack of glutathione peroxidase in selenium deficiency. For these reasons, the metabolism of hepatic heme in the selenium-deficient rat liver was further examined during the 6-h period following phenobarbital. These studies indicated that whereas heme was synthesized much faster and to a greater extent in the selenium-deficient rat liver than in the control, its utilization in the formation of hemoproteins such as cytochrome P-450 and tryptophan pyrrolase was apparently impaired in selenium deficiency. Such defective utilization of heme in the 6-h period following phenobarbital could effectively result in a relative excess of unutilized \"free\" heme; hence the consequent stimulation of microsomal heme oxygenase for its disposal.", "PMID": 681348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4776", "title": "Transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine by dense granules from porcine platelets.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation of a homogeneous preparation of dense granules from procine platelets. The purified dense granule fraction contained approximately 400 nmol of 5-hydroxytryptamine/mg of protein and appeared to be homogeneous when examined by electron microscopy. Isolated dense granules transport exogenously added 5-hydroxytryptamine via two mechanisms: 1) a carrier-mediated process predominating at low substrate concentrations and 2) a diffusion-controlled process predominating at high substrate concentrations. Temperature studies revealed an apparent energy of activation of 14.9 kcal/mol for the carrier-mediated transport. Kinetic data yielded a Km of 3.3 micron and a Vmax of 0.79 nmol/min/mg of protein for the mediated transport process. Steady state uptake was sensitive to changes in medium osmotic pressure and a decline in uptake below 300 mosM was correlated with release of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine. The transport was inhibited by a number of structural analogs of 5-hydroxytryptamine. These results demonstrate the existence of a carrier-mediated transport system for 5-hydroxytryptamine in the membranes of the platelet dense granules.", "contents": "Transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine by dense granules from porcine platelets. A method is described for the isolation of a homogeneous preparation of dense granules from procine platelets. The purified dense granule fraction contained approximately 400 nmol of 5-hydroxytryptamine/mg of protein and appeared to be homogeneous when examined by electron microscopy. Isolated dense granules transport exogenously added 5-hydroxytryptamine via two mechanisms: 1) a carrier-mediated process predominating at low substrate concentrations and 2) a diffusion-controlled process predominating at high substrate concentrations. Temperature studies revealed an apparent energy of activation of 14.9 kcal/mol for the carrier-mediated transport. Kinetic data yielded a Km of 3.3 micron and a Vmax of 0.79 nmol/min/mg of protein for the mediated transport process. Steady state uptake was sensitive to changes in medium osmotic pressure and a decline in uptake below 300 mosM was correlated with release of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine. The transport was inhibited by a number of structural analogs of 5-hydroxytryptamine. These results demonstrate the existence of a carrier-mediated transport system for 5-hydroxytryptamine in the membranes of the platelet dense granules.", "PMID": 681350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4777", "title": "Conversion of rat pre-proalbumin to proalbumin in vitro by ascites membranes. Demonstration by NH2-TERMINAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS.", "content": "Rat liver poly(A)-containing RNA was translated in an ascites cell-free system. Labeled protein precipitable by antibody directed against rat serum albumin was identified as pre-proalbumin based on its size and partial NH2-terminal sequence. However, when an ascites membrane fraction was added to the translation reaction, the albumin antibody-precipitable material was smaller than pre-proalbumin. Partial NH2-terminal sequence analysis of this protein revealed that it was proalbumin. Conversion of pre-proalbumin to proalbumin by the ascites membrane fraction was complete and precise--i.e. no serum albumin was observed. Reconstitution in vitro of the processing of pre-proalbumin to its stable intracellular form, proalbumin, provides a method for studying the initial proteloytic event involved in secretion of rat serum albumin.", "contents": "Conversion of rat pre-proalbumin to proalbumin in vitro by ascites membranes. Demonstration by NH2-TERMINAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS. Rat liver poly(A)-containing RNA was translated in an ascites cell-free system. Labeled protein precipitable by antibody directed against rat serum albumin was identified as pre-proalbumin based on its size and partial NH2-terminal sequence. However, when an ascites membrane fraction was added to the translation reaction, the albumin antibody-precipitable material was smaller than pre-proalbumin. Partial NH2-terminal sequence analysis of this protein revealed that it was proalbumin. Conversion of pre-proalbumin to proalbumin by the ascites membrane fraction was complete and precise--i.e. no serum albumin was observed. Reconstitution in vitro of the processing of pre-proalbumin to its stable intracellular form, proalbumin, provides a method for studying the initial proteloytic event involved in secretion of rat serum albumin.", "PMID": 681351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4778", "title": "Cyclic analog of elastin polyhexapeptide exhibits an inverse temperature transition leading to crystallization.", "content": "The cyclic dodecapeptide analog of the linear polyhexapeptide of tropoelastin crystallizes from water on raising of the temperature and thereby demonstrates an inverse temperature transition implying dominant intermolecular hydrophobic interactions. The temperature profiles of turbidity (TP tau) of the cyclododecapeptide are analogous to those of the polyhexapeptide where increases in concentration lead to translations of the profiles to lower temperature without sharpening of the transition. The demonstration of increase in order with increase in temperature for the cyclododecapeptide in water and the similarity of TPtau's lends credence to the view that increases in temperature lead to increases in order, specifically, for the linear polyhexapeptide and, generally, for the precursor protein of the elastic fiber wherein the repeating hexapeptide occurs.", "contents": "Cyclic analog of elastin polyhexapeptide exhibits an inverse temperature transition leading to crystallization. The cyclic dodecapeptide analog of the linear polyhexapeptide of tropoelastin crystallizes from water on raising of the temperature and thereby demonstrates an inverse temperature transition implying dominant intermolecular hydrophobic interactions. The temperature profiles of turbidity (TP tau) of the cyclododecapeptide are analogous to those of the polyhexapeptide where increases in concentration lead to translations of the profiles to lower temperature without sharpening of the transition. The demonstration of increase in order with increase in temperature for the cyclododecapeptide in water and the similarity of TPtau's lends credence to the view that increases in temperature lead to increases in order, specifically, for the linear polyhexapeptide and, generally, for the precursor protein of the elastic fiber wherein the repeating hexapeptide occurs.", "PMID": 681352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4779", "title": "Reconstitution of hybrid toxin from Fragment A of diphtheria toxin and a subunit of Wistaria floribunda lectin.", "content": "A hybrid protein was prepared in which Fragment A of diphtheria toxin was linked to a monovalent subunit of the lectin from Wistaria floribunda seeds by a disulfide bridge. The hybrid molecule was reconstituted effectively from a reduced mixture of Fragment A and the lectin subunit by oxidation with o-phenanthroline and CuSO4. The monovalent hybrid protein was partially purified and found to be toxic to L cells. The toxicity of the hybrid protein on the cells was blocked by the addition of either N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, which specifically binds to the lectin, or by anti-Fragment A antibody.", "contents": "Reconstitution of hybrid toxin from Fragment A of diphtheria toxin and a subunit of Wistaria floribunda lectin. A hybrid protein was prepared in which Fragment A of diphtheria toxin was linked to a monovalent subunit of the lectin from Wistaria floribunda seeds by a disulfide bridge. The hybrid molecule was reconstituted effectively from a reduced mixture of Fragment A and the lectin subunit by oxidation with o-phenanthroline and CuSO4. The monovalent hybrid protein was partially purified and found to be toxic to L cells. The toxicity of the hybrid protein on the cells was blocked by the addition of either N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, which specifically binds to the lectin, or by anti-Fragment A antibody.", "PMID": 681353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4780", "title": "Synthesis of preprolactin and conversion to prolactin in intact cells and a cell-free system.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of pituitary cells were pulse-labeled with [3H]leucine for several minutes and the incorporated radioactivity was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate containing polyacrylamide gels. Following a 3-min labeling period, a peak of radioactivity with a mobility similar to that of preprolactin was observed, as well as radioactivity co-migrating with prolactin. Competition with unlabeled prolactin demonstrated the specificity of the immunoprecipitation reaction. After 5 min of pulse-labeling followed by 5-min chase in medium with unlabeled leucine, only a product with the mobility of prolactin remained. Addition of a membrane fraction from dog pancreas to a wheat germ cell-free translation system containing pituitary mRNA resulted in the conversion of preprolactin to prolactin. Partial sequence analysis demonstrated that the processed product contained the correct NH2 terminus of prolactin. Thus, both intact pituitary cells and a cell-free heterologous system are able to synthesize preprolactin and cleave it to prolactin offering strong evidence that preprolactin is the biosynthetic precursor to prolactin.", "contents": "Synthesis of preprolactin and conversion to prolactin in intact cells and a cell-free system. Monolayer cultures of pituitary cells were pulse-labeled with [3H]leucine for several minutes and the incorporated radioactivity was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate containing polyacrylamide gels. Following a 3-min labeling period, a peak of radioactivity with a mobility similar to that of preprolactin was observed, as well as radioactivity co-migrating with prolactin. Competition with unlabeled prolactin demonstrated the specificity of the immunoprecipitation reaction. After 5 min of pulse-labeling followed by 5-min chase in medium with unlabeled leucine, only a product with the mobility of prolactin remained. Addition of a membrane fraction from dog pancreas to a wheat germ cell-free translation system containing pituitary mRNA resulted in the conversion of preprolactin to prolactin. Partial sequence analysis demonstrated that the processed product contained the correct NH2 terminus of prolactin. Thus, both intact pituitary cells and a cell-free heterologous system are able to synthesize preprolactin and cleave it to prolactin offering strong evidence that preprolactin is the biosynthetic precursor to prolactin.", "PMID": 681354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4781", "title": "Actinomycin D prevents nuclear processing of estrogen receptor.", "content": "This communication describes a novel effect of actinomycin D (AcD) in inhibiting the nuclear processing or turnover of estrogen receptors in the human breast cancer cell line. MCF-7. In the absence of AcD, estradiol treatment results in rapid (5 min) hormone binding and translocation of unfilled cytoplasmic receptors (Rc) and binding of unfilled nuclear receptors (Rn). Thereafter, filled nuclear receptors (RnE) progressively deplete and, by 3 to 5 h, 70% are lost or processed. We now show that 1 to 2 micrometer AcD or chromomycin A3, both of which intercalate at G-C base-pairs on DNA, selectively and completely block RnE processing. In contrast, estrogen binding, translocation of receptor complex, and RnE accumulation in the nucleus are completely insensitive to AcD inhibition. At 1 to 2 micrometer, all other intercalators and inhibitors tested, including other inhibitors of transcription and replication, or inhibitors of translocation or of other functions, fail to prevent binding, translocation, or the nuclear processing step. AcD intranslocation, or the nuclear processing step. AcD inhibition of RnE processing is dependent on dose; at lower doses (100 nM decreasing to 1 nm), progressively greater RnE depletion occurs. AcD completely prevents RnE depletion if given together with or within 30 min after estradiol; at any time between 30 min and 5 h after estradiol, the processing of RnE is stopped instantly by addition of AcD. Because of the complexity of actinomycin action, several mechanisms can be proposed to explain its effect on nuclear ER levels.", "contents": "Actinomycin D prevents nuclear processing of estrogen receptor. This communication describes a novel effect of actinomycin D (AcD) in inhibiting the nuclear processing or turnover of estrogen receptors in the human breast cancer cell line. MCF-7. In the absence of AcD, estradiol treatment results in rapid (5 min) hormone binding and translocation of unfilled cytoplasmic receptors (Rc) and binding of unfilled nuclear receptors (Rn). Thereafter, filled nuclear receptors (RnE) progressively deplete and, by 3 to 5 h, 70% are lost or processed. We now show that 1 to 2 micrometer AcD or chromomycin A3, both of which intercalate at G-C base-pairs on DNA, selectively and completely block RnE processing. In contrast, estrogen binding, translocation of receptor complex, and RnE accumulation in the nucleus are completely insensitive to AcD inhibition. At 1 to 2 micrometer, all other intercalators and inhibitors tested, including other inhibitors of transcription and replication, or inhibitors of translocation or of other functions, fail to prevent binding, translocation, or the nuclear processing step. AcD intranslocation, or the nuclear processing step. AcD inhibition of RnE processing is dependent on dose; at lower doses (100 nM decreasing to 1 nm), progressively greater RnE depletion occurs. AcD completely prevents RnE depletion if given together with or within 30 min after estradiol; at any time between 30 min and 5 h after estradiol, the processing of RnE is stopped instantly by addition of AcD. Because of the complexity of actinomycin action, several mechanisms can be proposed to explain its effect on nuclear ER levels.", "PMID": 681355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4782", "title": "Formation of phenylalanine transfer RNA lacking the wye base in Vero cells during methionine starvation.", "content": "Vero, a cell line derived from African green monkey kidney, normally contains a single species of tRNAPhe (tRNA2Phe), containing a hypermodified base, wye (originally called Y), next to the 3' end of the anticodon. When methionine is removed from the growth medium, there appears a new tRNAPhe species (tRNA1Phe) lacking the wye base and eluting early from reversed phase chromatography columns. Its appearance is not due to the cessation of cell growth. Addition of methionine to cells containing both species of tRNAPhe leads to the disappearance of tRNA1Phe. When [methyl-3H5methionine is added in the presence of actinomycin D, which blocks new RNA synthesis, label appears in the wye base of tRNA2Phe. These results are consistent with the model that tRNA1Phe is an undermodifed precursor of tRNA2Phe and that methionine is required for modification to the mature form.", "contents": "Formation of phenylalanine transfer RNA lacking the wye base in Vero cells during methionine starvation. Vero, a cell line derived from African green monkey kidney, normally contains a single species of tRNAPhe (tRNA2Phe), containing a hypermodified base, wye (originally called Y), next to the 3' end of the anticodon. When methionine is removed from the growth medium, there appears a new tRNAPhe species (tRNA1Phe) lacking the wye base and eluting early from reversed phase chromatography columns. Its appearance is not due to the cessation of cell growth. Addition of methionine to cells containing both species of tRNAPhe leads to the disappearance of tRNA1Phe. When [methyl-3H5methionine is added in the presence of actinomycin D, which blocks new RNA synthesis, label appears in the wye base of tRNA2Phe. These results are consistent with the model that tRNA1Phe is an undermodifed precursor of tRNA2Phe and that methionine is required for modification to the mature form.", "PMID": 681356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4783", "title": "A photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization study of pancreatic phospholipase A2. NMR assignment of some aromatic residues.", "content": "Application of the photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization technique to porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 and its precursor resulted in the observation of nuclear spin polarization for the single tryptophan and 2 tyrosine residues. Using selectively nitrated enzymes, the tyrosine resonances could be assigned to residues 69 and 123. Both tryptophan-3 and tyrosine-69 are of particular interest because they are part of the lipid binding site.", "contents": "A photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization study of pancreatic phospholipase A2. NMR assignment of some aromatic residues. Application of the photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization technique to porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 and its precursor resulted in the observation of nuclear spin polarization for the single tryptophan and 2 tyrosine residues. Using selectively nitrated enzymes, the tyrosine resonances could be assigned to residues 69 and 123. Both tryptophan-3 and tyrosine-69 are of particular interest because they are part of the lipid binding site.", "PMID": 681357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4784", "title": "Production of a covalent flavin linkage in lipoamide dehydrogenase. Reaction with 8-Cl-FAD.", "content": "A method is described for preparation of apolipoamide dehydrogenase which gives quantitative removal of FAD. Active holoenzyme can be reconstituted by incubation with FAD. Reconstitution of apoenzyme with 8-Cl-FAD results in the fixation of most of the flavin to the protein in a covalently bound form. The portion noncovalently bound was shown to be unmodified 8-Cl-FAD. The covalently bound flavin has an absorption spectrum quite different from that of 8-Cl-FAD. It has a single band in the visible with a maximum at 459 nm (extinction coefficient of 22 mM-1 cm-1) and a shoulder at 480 nm. Model reactions between 8-Cl-Flavin (riboflavin or FAD) and organic thiols (thiophenol, beta-mercaptoethanol, or N-acetylcysteine) give products with spectra which are similar to that of FAD covalently bound to lipoamide dehydrogenase. The products of the model reactions have a single visible band with a maximum at 480 nm (extinction coefficient of 23.6 mM-1 cm-1 to 28.4 mM-1 cm-1) and a shoulder at 460 nm. The products of the model reaction and the covalently bound FAD of lipoamide dehydrogenase appear to be the result of a nucleophilic attack on the carbon at position 8 of the flavin ring by a thiolate anion, displacing the chloride. Thus, the product of the model reaction is 8-(RS)-flavin, and the product of the reaction between 8-Cl-FAD and protein probably has a cysteinyl residue covalently attacked at position 8 of FAD. Reconstitution of apoliopoamide dehydrogenase with 8-Cl-FAD gives two enzyme products which are fractionated by ammonium sulfate. Enzyme fractionating between 20% and 45% ammonium sulfate is monomeric and contains covanently bound FAD. Enzyme fractionating between 55% and 75% ammonium sulfate is dimeric and contains both covalently bound FAD and noncovalently bound 8-Cl-FAD. Both protein fractions contain one FAD per protein subunit and both are active with physiological substrates with Km values for NAD and dihydrolipoamide similar to those of native lipoamide dehydrogenase. The maximum turnover rates differ dramatically. Enzyme fractionating between 55% and 75% ammonium sulfate has a Vmax which is 61 times slower than native enzyme. Enzyme fractionating between 20% and 45% ammonium sulfate has a Vmax which is 7400 times slower than native enzyme. These slower rates are partially explainable by the oxidation-reduction potentials of the modified enzymes. Both covalently bound FAD and noncovalently bound FAD appear to reside in the native flavin binding site of the enzyme. However, once dimerization of the protien has taken place, the noncovalently bound 8-Cl-FAD cannot be induced to form a covalent bond with the protein except under protein denaturing conditions. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Production of a covalent flavin linkage in lipoamide dehydrogenase. Reaction with 8-Cl-FAD. A method is described for preparation of apolipoamide dehydrogenase which gives quantitative removal of FAD. Active holoenzyme can be reconstituted by incubation with FAD. Reconstitution of apoenzyme with 8-Cl-FAD results in the fixation of most of the flavin to the protein in a covalently bound form. The portion noncovalently bound was shown to be unmodified 8-Cl-FAD. The covalently bound flavin has an absorption spectrum quite different from that of 8-Cl-FAD. It has a single band in the visible with a maximum at 459 nm (extinction coefficient of 22 mM-1 cm-1) and a shoulder at 480 nm. Model reactions between 8-Cl-Flavin (riboflavin or FAD) and organic thiols (thiophenol, beta-mercaptoethanol, or N-acetylcysteine) give products with spectra which are similar to that of FAD covalently bound to lipoamide dehydrogenase. The products of the model reactions have a single visible band with a maximum at 480 nm (extinction coefficient of 23.6 mM-1 cm-1 to 28.4 mM-1 cm-1) and a shoulder at 460 nm. The products of the model reaction and the covalently bound FAD of lipoamide dehydrogenase appear to be the result of a nucleophilic attack on the carbon at position 8 of the flavin ring by a thiolate anion, displacing the chloride. Thus, the product of the model reaction is 8-(RS)-flavin, and the product of the reaction between 8-Cl-FAD and protein probably has a cysteinyl residue covalently attacked at position 8 of FAD. Reconstitution of apoliopoamide dehydrogenase with 8-Cl-FAD gives two enzyme products which are fractionated by ammonium sulfate. Enzyme fractionating between 20% and 45% ammonium sulfate is monomeric and contains covanently bound FAD. Enzyme fractionating between 55% and 75% ammonium sulfate is dimeric and contains both covalently bound FAD and noncovalently bound 8-Cl-FAD. Both protein fractions contain one FAD per protein subunit and both are active with physiological substrates with Km values for NAD and dihydrolipoamide similar to those of native lipoamide dehydrogenase. The maximum turnover rates differ dramatically. Enzyme fractionating between 55% and 75% ammonium sulfate has a Vmax which is 61 times slower than native enzyme. Enzyme fractionating between 20% and 45% ammonium sulfate has a Vmax which is 7400 times slower than native enzyme. These slower rates are partially explainable by the oxidation-reduction potentials of the modified enzymes. Both covalently bound FAD and noncovalently bound FAD appear to reside in the native flavin binding site of the enzyme. However, once dimerization of the protien has taken place, the noncovalently bound 8-Cl-FAD cannot be induced to form a covalent bond with the protein except under protein denaturing conditions. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 681358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4785", "title": "Stabilizing effect of various organic solvents on protein.", "content": "The rate of denaturation of hemaglobin and other proteins by mechanical shaking is strongly affected by organic solvents. A group pf solvents,including alcohols and ketones, was found to stabilize proteins at low concentrations, although these same organic solvents denatured proteins at high concentrations. The stabilizing effect of alcohols increased with increasing chain lenghts. The second group of solvents, including toluene and chloroform, showed only a destabilizing effect, while the third group of solvents such as formamide and pentane had no effect over a wide range of concentrations. Organic solvents may be used to protect or denature a specific protein in solutions containing various proteins.", "contents": "Stabilizing effect of various organic solvents on protein. The rate of denaturation of hemaglobin and other proteins by mechanical shaking is strongly affected by organic solvents. A group pf solvents,including alcohols and ketones, was found to stabilize proteins at low concentrations, although these same organic solvents denatured proteins at high concentrations. The stabilizing effect of alcohols increased with increasing chain lenghts. The second group of solvents, including toluene and chloroform, showed only a destabilizing effect, while the third group of solvents such as formamide and pentane had no effect over a wide range of concentrations. Organic solvents may be used to protect or denature a specific protein in solutions containing various proteins.", "PMID": 681359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4786", "title": "Structure of the altered oligosaccharide present in glycoproteins from a clone of Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.", "content": "Clone 15B cells, derived from Chinese hamster ovary cells and deficient in a specific UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity, synthesize glycoproteins with altered oligosaccharide units. Glycopeptides prepared from these glycoproteins contain large quantities of a glycopeptide with the composition (Man)5(GlcNAc)2-Asn whereas parent cells have only small amounts of this glycopeptide. The structure of the glycopeptide was determined by the combination of methylation analysis, acetolysis, Smith periodate degradation, and alpha- and beta-mannosidase digestion. Its complete structure is Manalpha 1 leads to 6[Manalpha1 leads to 3]-Manalpha1 leads to 6[Manalpha 1 leads to 3]-Manbeta1 leads to 4 GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4 GlcNAc leads to Asn-peptide. The structures of two other glycopeptides found in smaller quantities in clone 15B but not detected in the parent cells were determined and are Manalpha 1 leads to 6 [Manalpha 1 leads to 3]-Manalpha1 leads to 6Manbeta 1 leads to 4 GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc-Asn-peptide and Manalpha 1 leads to 3 Manalpha 1 leads to 6[Manalpha 1 leads to 3] Manbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc-Asn-peptide. It is proposed that the (Man)5(GlcNAc)2-Asn unit is the physiologic acceptor for the particular N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase which is deficient in clone 15B cells and that this reaction is necessary for complex oligosacchari-e biosynthesis.", "contents": "Structure of the altered oligosaccharide present in glycoproteins from a clone of Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity. Clone 15B cells, derived from Chinese hamster ovary cells and deficient in a specific UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity, synthesize glycoproteins with altered oligosaccharide units. Glycopeptides prepared from these glycoproteins contain large quantities of a glycopeptide with the composition (Man)5(GlcNAc)2-Asn whereas parent cells have only small amounts of this glycopeptide. The structure of the glycopeptide was determined by the combination of methylation analysis, acetolysis, Smith periodate degradation, and alpha- and beta-mannosidase digestion. Its complete structure is Manalpha 1 leads to 6[Manalpha1 leads to 3]-Manalpha1 leads to 6[Manalpha 1 leads to 3]-Manbeta1 leads to 4 GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4 GlcNAc leads to Asn-peptide. The structures of two other glycopeptides found in smaller quantities in clone 15B but not detected in the parent cells were determined and are Manalpha 1 leads to 6 [Manalpha 1 leads to 3]-Manalpha1 leads to 6Manbeta 1 leads to 4 GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc-Asn-peptide and Manalpha 1 leads to 3 Manalpha 1 leads to 6[Manalpha 1 leads to 3] Manbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc-Asn-peptide. It is proposed that the (Man)5(GlcNAc)2-Asn unit is the physiologic acceptor for the particular N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase which is deficient in clone 15B cells and that this reaction is necessary for complex oligosacchari-e biosynthesis.", "PMID": 681360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4787", "title": "The dissociation of NO from nitrosylhemoglobin.", "content": "The reaction between nitrosylhemoglobin and an excess of deoxymyoglobin has been used to study the kinetics of ligand dissociation from Hb4(NO)4 and Hb4(no)1 species. The kinetics of the dissociation of the first NO molecule from Hb4(no)4 was studied by the ligand replacement method. The results indicate that: (a) the ligand dissociation reaction in Hb4(NO)4 is a cooperative process. This is consistent with the results of Moore and Gibson (Moore, E.G., and Gibson, Q.H. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2788-2794). (b) alpha and beta chains in the T state formed by adding IHP to Hb4(NO)4 show kinetic heterogeneity. (c) A similar kinetic heterogeneity is shown by alpha and beta chains in the species Hb4NO in the absence of IHP.(d) The value for the NO dissociation rate constant calculated from the slow phases observed in (b) and (c) is similar to that estimated for the R state. These results suggest that the R  to T transition brought about with or without inositol hexaphosphate changes the ligand affinity of one type of the chains much more than of the other. On the basis of IR and EPR studies, it is suggested that alpha chains undergo larger functional changes in R to T transition (or vice versa) in nitrosylhemoglobin. The kinetic parameters for HbNO are compared with those of HbO2 and HbCO and the implications of the results for the reaction mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "The dissociation of NO from nitrosylhemoglobin. The reaction between nitrosylhemoglobin and an excess of deoxymyoglobin has been used to study the kinetics of ligand dissociation from Hb4(NO)4 and Hb4(no)1 species. The kinetics of the dissociation of the first NO molecule from Hb4(no)4 was studied by the ligand replacement method. The results indicate that: (a) the ligand dissociation reaction in Hb4(NO)4 is a cooperative process. This is consistent with the results of Moore and Gibson (Moore, E.G., and Gibson, Q.H. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2788-2794). (b) alpha and beta chains in the T state formed by adding IHP to Hb4(NO)4 show kinetic heterogeneity. (c) A similar kinetic heterogeneity is shown by alpha and beta chains in the species Hb4NO in the absence of IHP.(d) The value for the NO dissociation rate constant calculated from the slow phases observed in (b) and (c) is similar to that estimated for the R state. These results suggest that the R  to T transition brought about with or without inositol hexaphosphate changes the ligand affinity of one type of the chains much more than of the other. On the basis of IR and EPR studies, it is suggested that alpha chains undergo larger functional changes in R to T transition (or vice versa) in nitrosylhemoglobin. The kinetic parameters for HbNO are compared with those of HbO2 and HbCO and the implications of the results for the reaction mechanism are discussed.", "PMID": 681362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4788", "title": "Purification and properties of cystathionine beta-synthase from human liver. Evidence for identical subunits.", "content": "Cystathionine beta-synthase has been purified from human liver more than 3000-fold by a series of steps including high speed centrifugation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on hydroxylapatite and DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and glycerol density gradient centrifugation. The enzyme obtained is homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in four different systems: native, isoelectric focusing, in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and in 8 M urea. The native enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 94,000 and is composed of two apparently identical subunits of 48,000. The pure enzyme has a specific activity of 160 units/mg of protein and contains tightly bound cofactor, pyridoxal 5' -phosphate. It is possesses serine sulfhydrase as well as cystathionine synthase activity. It has a broad pH optimum from 8.4 to 9.0, apparent Km values for L-serine of 1.15 mM and for L-homocysteine of 0.59 mM, and a pI of 5.2 The enzyme is stable over a pH range from 6.5 to 8.0 in phosphate buffers and can be stored in 40% glycerol at -15 degrees C for at least 1 month.", "contents": "Purification and properties of cystathionine beta-synthase from human liver. Evidence for identical subunits. Cystathionine beta-synthase has been purified from human liver more than 3000-fold by a series of steps including high speed centrifugation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on hydroxylapatite and DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and glycerol density gradient centrifugation. The enzyme obtained is homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in four different systems: native, isoelectric focusing, in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and in 8 M urea. The native enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 94,000 and is composed of two apparently identical subunits of 48,000. The pure enzyme has a specific activity of 160 units/mg of protein and contains tightly bound cofactor, pyridoxal 5' -phosphate. It is possesses serine sulfhydrase as well as cystathionine synthase activity. It has a broad pH optimum from 8.4 to 9.0, apparent Km values for L-serine of 1.15 mM and for L-homocysteine of 0.59 mM, and a pI of 5.2 The enzyme is stable over a pH range from 6.5 to 8.0 in phosphate buffers and can be stored in 40% glycerol at -15 degrees C for at least 1 month.", "PMID": 681363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4789", "title": "Detection and relative quantitation of mRNA for creatine kinase isoenzymes in mRNA from myogenic cell cultures and embryonic chicken tissues.", "content": "The presence of mRNA coding for creatine kinase M (Mck) and creatine kinase B (B-CK) in RNA from myogenic and fibrogenic cell cultures, embryonic muscle, and embryonic brain tissue was demonstrated by \"in vitro\" translation in a heterologous cell-free protein-synthesizing system from rabbit reticulocytes. The products were isolated by sensitive immunochemical methods and their identity with isolated M-CK and B-CK was shown by the following criteria: (a) the in vitro synthesized creatine kinases react with the specific antibody against these antigens; (b) the labeled peptides co-migrate with purified creatine kinase on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels in single bands; (c) the labeled peptides form homo- and heterodimers with isolated enzymatically active creatine kinase, thus behaving like authentic creatine kinases. The assay was shown to be reproducible and gave a linear response with increasing amounts of RNA, allowing relative quantitation of mRNA in polysomal RNA for the creatine kinases M and B. MRNA for M-CK was detected in polusomal RAN and total cellular RNA from myogenic cells. It is also present in polysomal RNA from enbryonic muscle and the fraction binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose. mRNA for B-CK could be found in RNA extracted from young myogenic cultures and the fraction of polysomal embryonic brain RNA binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose.", "contents": "Detection and relative quantitation of mRNA for creatine kinase isoenzymes in mRNA from myogenic cell cultures and embryonic chicken tissues. The presence of mRNA coding for creatine kinase M (Mck) and creatine kinase B (B-CK) in RNA from myogenic and fibrogenic cell cultures, embryonic muscle, and embryonic brain tissue was demonstrated by \"in vitro\" translation in a heterologous cell-free protein-synthesizing system from rabbit reticulocytes. The products were isolated by sensitive immunochemical methods and their identity with isolated M-CK and B-CK was shown by the following criteria: (a) the in vitro synthesized creatine kinases react with the specific antibody against these antigens; (b) the labeled peptides co-migrate with purified creatine kinase on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels in single bands; (c) the labeled peptides form homo- and heterodimers with isolated enzymatically active creatine kinase, thus behaving like authentic creatine kinases. The assay was shown to be reproducible and gave a linear response with increasing amounts of RNA, allowing relative quantitation of mRNA in polysomal RNA for the creatine kinases M and B. MRNA for M-CK was detected in polusomal RAN and total cellular RNA from myogenic cells. It is also present in polysomal RNA from enbryonic muscle and the fraction binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose. mRNA for B-CK could be found in RNA extracted from young myogenic cultures and the fraction of polysomal embryonic brain RNA binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose.", "PMID": 681364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4790", "title": "Localization of the arginine tRNA gene to the D segment of T5 bacteriophage DNA. A new procedure for producing duplex DNA fragments.", "content": "The tRNA genes of bacteriophage T5 are located in four clusters on the continuous heavy DNA strand (Chen, M.-J., Locker, J., and Weiss, S.B. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 536--547). Three of the four clusters are within the DNA C segment; the fourth cluster, to which only tRNAArg has been localized, maps in a 3.02 kilobase (kb) region of which 1.99 kb are at the right end of the C segment and 1.03 kb at the left end of the D segment. In order to localize the tRNAArg gene further and to define its relationship to the C-D nick, we devised a suitable method for preparing T5 DNA fragments whose ends correspond to the position of the T5 DNA nicks contained in the light DNA strand. In this method, DNA is denatured, partially renatured, and digested with low concentrations of S1 nuclease. Agarose-gel electrophoresis of these digests gives a pattern of bands which correlate in size with the pattern expected from the nicked structure of T5 DNA. Annealing of individual purified T5 [35P]tRNA species to the T5 DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose filters shows that tRNAArg hybridizes exclusively to the D fragment and is therefore localized to 1.03 kb at the 5' (left) end of the heavy strand of the D segment. This finding suggests that the promotor for this early gene is to the right of the C-D nick in T5 DNA; hence, the C-D nick does not coincide with this early promotor.", "contents": "Localization of the arginine tRNA gene to the D segment of T5 bacteriophage DNA. A new procedure for producing duplex DNA fragments. The tRNA genes of bacteriophage T5 are located in four clusters on the continuous heavy DNA strand (Chen, M.-J., Locker, J., and Weiss, S.B. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 536--547). Three of the four clusters are within the DNA C segment; the fourth cluster, to which only tRNAArg has been localized, maps in a 3.02 kilobase (kb) region of which 1.99 kb are at the right end of the C segment and 1.03 kb at the left end of the D segment. In order to localize the tRNAArg gene further and to define its relationship to the C-D nick, we devised a suitable method for preparing T5 DNA fragments whose ends correspond to the position of the T5 DNA nicks contained in the light DNA strand. In this method, DNA is denatured, partially renatured, and digested with low concentrations of S1 nuclease. Agarose-gel electrophoresis of these digests gives a pattern of bands which correlate in size with the pattern expected from the nicked structure of T5 DNA. Annealing of individual purified T5 [35P]tRNA species to the T5 DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose filters shows that tRNAArg hybridizes exclusively to the D fragment and is therefore localized to 1.03 kb at the 5' (left) end of the heavy strand of the D segment. This finding suggests that the promotor for this early gene is to the right of the C-D nick in T5 DNA; hence, the C-D nick does not coincide with this early promotor.", "PMID": 681365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4791", "title": "Mutagenesis at a specific position in a DNA sequence.", "content": "Predefined changes in a known DNA sequence were introduced by a general method. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides complementary to positions 582 to 593 of the viral DNA strand of the bacteriophage phiX174 am3 mutant (pGTATCCTACAAA), and to the wild type sequence in this region (pGTATCCTACAAA), were synthesized and used as specific mutagens. Each of these oligonucleotides was incorporated into a complete circular complementary strand when used as primer on a genetically heterologous viral strand template, by the combined action of subtilisin-treated Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and T4 DNA ligase. Incomplete duplexes were removed or were inactivated by nuclease S1 and the products were used to transfect spheroplasts of E. coli. Both oligonucleotides induced specific mutations at high efficiency when used with heterologous template (15% mutants among progeny phage). The am phages isolated by this procedure are phenotypically gene E mutants, and contain A at position 587 of the viral strand. They thus appear identical with am3 and provide evidence that the change G leads to A at position 587 is sufficient to produce a defective E function. Since the template for the induction of am mutants carried another genetic marker (sB1), the strains carrying the induced mutations have the new genotype am3 sB1. It should be possible to introduce the am3 mutation into any known mutant strain of phi174 using this same oligonucleotide. Both possible transition mutations were induced in these experiments. In principle, the method could also induce transversions, insertions, and deletions. The method should be applicable to other circular DNAs of similar size, for example recombinant DNA plasmids.", "contents": "Mutagenesis at a specific position in a DNA sequence. Predefined changes in a known DNA sequence were introduced by a general method. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides complementary to positions 582 to 593 of the viral DNA strand of the bacteriophage phiX174 am3 mutant (pGTATCCTACAAA), and to the wild type sequence in this region (pGTATCCTACAAA), were synthesized and used as specific mutagens. Each of these oligonucleotides was incorporated into a complete circular complementary strand when used as primer on a genetically heterologous viral strand template, by the combined action of subtilisin-treated Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and T4 DNA ligase. Incomplete duplexes were removed or were inactivated by nuclease S1 and the products were used to transfect spheroplasts of E. coli. Both oligonucleotides induced specific mutations at high efficiency when used with heterologous template (15% mutants among progeny phage). The am phages isolated by this procedure are phenotypically gene E mutants, and contain A at position 587 of the viral strand. They thus appear identical with am3 and provide evidence that the change G leads to A at position 587 is sufficient to produce a defective E function. Since the template for the induction of am mutants carried another genetic marker (sB1), the strains carrying the induced mutations have the new genotype am3 sB1. It should be possible to introduce the am3 mutation into any known mutant strain of phi174 using this same oligonucleotide. Both possible transition mutations were induced in these experiments. In principle, the method could also induce transversions, insertions, and deletions. The method should be applicable to other circular DNAs of similar size, for example recombinant DNA plasmids.", "PMID": 681366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4792", "title": "Migration of 40 S ribosomal subunits on messenger RNA in the presence of edeine.", "content": "The antibiotic edenine induces binding of multiple 40 S ribosomes to reovirus messenger RNAs, producing complexes that sediment rapidly in glycerol gradients. Rapidly sedimenting complexes were also obtained with tobacco mosaic virus RNA and rabbit globin mRNA in the presence of edeine. Following ribonuclease digestion of the heavy complexes, nuclease-resistant 32P-labeled reovirus fragments protected by 40 S ribosomes in the presence of edeine were recovered and fingerprinted. The sequence complexity of the protected material supports the interpretation that 40 S subunits are distributed at many internal sites in each messenger RNA. Additional experiments indicate that binding of the multiple 40 S subunits occurs from a single \"entry site\" which involves the 5' terminus of the message. This, in turn, implies that in the presence of edeine 40 S ribosomes are able to move along the mRNA chain, attaching initially near the 5' end, then advancing to make room for the next subunit. We suggest that in the absence of antibiotics, also, a 40 S ribosome might bind near the 5' terminus and then advance, stopping where it encounters the first AUG triplet. The effect of edeine might be to interfere with the AUG recognition process, thus allowing the 40 S ribosome to continue unhalted along the message. The present experiments with edeine provide the first direct evidence that 40 S ribosomal subunits are capable of moving along the mRNA chain.", "contents": "Migration of 40 S ribosomal subunits on messenger RNA in the presence of edeine. The antibiotic edenine induces binding of multiple 40 S ribosomes to reovirus messenger RNAs, producing complexes that sediment rapidly in glycerol gradients. Rapidly sedimenting complexes were also obtained with tobacco mosaic virus RNA and rabbit globin mRNA in the presence of edeine. Following ribonuclease digestion of the heavy complexes, nuclease-resistant 32P-labeled reovirus fragments protected by 40 S ribosomes in the presence of edeine were recovered and fingerprinted. The sequence complexity of the protected material supports the interpretation that 40 S subunits are distributed at many internal sites in each messenger RNA. Additional experiments indicate that binding of the multiple 40 S subunits occurs from a single \"entry site\" which involves the 5' terminus of the message. This, in turn, implies that in the presence of edeine 40 S ribosomes are able to move along the mRNA chain, attaching initially near the 5' end, then advancing to make room for the next subunit. We suggest that in the absence of antibiotics, also, a 40 S ribosome might bind near the 5' terminus and then advance, stopping where it encounters the first AUG triplet. The effect of edeine might be to interfere with the AUG recognition process, thus allowing the 40 S ribosome to continue unhalted along the message. The present experiments with edeine provide the first direct evidence that 40 S ribosomal subunits are capable of moving along the mRNA chain.", "PMID": 681367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4793", "title": "Microporous glassy fillers for dental composites.", "content": "A microporous filler giving greatly improved finish ability, systemic nontoxic X-ray opacification, low thermal expansion (27.2 x 10(-6)/degrees C), and satisfactory translucencies has been developed for dental composite resin restorations. These fillers are prepared from frits obtained by the low-temperature calcination of gelled inorganic sols followed by a pulsed high-temperature treatment. Composites prepared from these fillers are within the range of commercial products with regard to strength and setting contraction.", "contents": "Microporous glassy fillers for dental composites. A microporous filler giving greatly improved finish ability, systemic nontoxic X-ray opacification, low thermal expansion (27.2 x 10(-6)/degrees C), and satisfactory translucencies has been developed for dental composite resin restorations. These fillers are prepared from frits obtained by the low-temperature calcination of gelled inorganic sols followed by a pulsed high-temperature treatment. Composites prepared from these fillers are within the range of commercial products with regard to strength and setting contraction.", "PMID": 681369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4794", "title": "The effect of antibiotic additions on the mechanical properties of acrylic cement.", "content": "Early work on hip prosthesis showed that the metal component would loosen in bone even when screws were used. This practice resulted in the death and resorption of the bone; thus cement was used in orthopedic surgery for firm implantation of prostheses. In recent years antibiotics have been added to the cement as a prophylaxis against infection. This research investigates the effects of antibiotics on the diametral tensile and compression strength of the cement. Samples made with 2 g of antibiotic per surgical packet of bone cement containing the antibiotics gentamicin, keflin, and a combination of the two were tested. These samples were aged at ambient temperature for periods of 1 day and 1, 2, 8, 13, and over 30 weeks. A stastical analysis using a two-way analysis of variance with interaction was conducted. It was concluded that the compression strength was affected by the antibiotic, and not by the aging period, but that there is an antibiotic-aging period interaction. The tensile strength is not affected by either the antibiotic or the aging period, and there is an antibiotic-aging period interaction. Current work being conducted will analyze additional factors and interactions.", "contents": "The effect of antibiotic additions on the mechanical properties of acrylic cement. Early work on hip prosthesis showed that the metal component would loosen in bone even when screws were used. This practice resulted in the death and resorption of the bone; thus cement was used in orthopedic surgery for firm implantation of prostheses. In recent years antibiotics have been added to the cement as a prophylaxis against infection. This research investigates the effects of antibiotics on the diametral tensile and compression strength of the cement. Samples made with 2 g of antibiotic per surgical packet of bone cement containing the antibiotics gentamicin, keflin, and a combination of the two were tested. These samples were aged at ambient temperature for periods of 1 day and 1, 2, 8, 13, and over 30 weeks. A stastical analysis using a two-way analysis of variance with interaction was conducted. It was concluded that the compression strength was affected by the antibiotic, and not by the aging period, but that there is an antibiotic-aging period interaction. The tensile strength is not affected by either the antibiotic or the aging period, and there is an antibiotic-aging period interaction. Current work being conducted will analyze additional factors and interactions.", "PMID": 681370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4795", "title": "Antiinflammatory activities of polymers of o-metacryloyloxybenzoic acid.", "content": "Antiinflammatory activities of low- and high- molecular-weight polymers of o-methacryloyloxybenzoic acid were compared with the antiinflammatory activity of o-acetoxybenzoic (acetylsalicylic) acid in tests on hind-leg inflammations in rats induced by injection of either Freund's adjuvant or aqueous suspension of kaolin. The antiinflammatory activies of the orally administered polymers cooresponded to 40-90% of the activity of o-acetoxybenzoic acid, and were not substantially dependent on the degree of polymerization.", "contents": "Antiinflammatory activities of polymers of o-metacryloyloxybenzoic acid. Antiinflammatory activities of low- and high- molecular-weight polymers of o-methacryloyloxybenzoic acid were compared with the antiinflammatory activity of o-acetoxybenzoic (acetylsalicylic) acid in tests on hind-leg inflammations in rats induced by injection of either Freund's adjuvant or aqueous suspension of kaolin. The antiinflammatory activies of the orally administered polymers cooresponded to 40-90% of the activity of o-acetoxybenzoic acid, and were not substantially dependent on the degree of polymerization.", "PMID": 681371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4796", "title": "The effect of surface finish on the anodic polarization of a conventional spherical amalgam.", "content": "The corrosion of carved, burnished, polished, and burnished--polished samples of a conventional spherical amalgam was studied by anodic polarization in Ringer's solution. The effect of the variation of the mercury content from 40 to 60 wt% on the corrosion of burnished or polished samples was also investigated. It was found that burnished and burnished--polished samples corrode the least and carved samples the most. The current-density peak associated with gamma2 was of greater magnitude in polished specimens than in burnished specimens throughout the range of mercury concentrations investigated. It is hypothesized that lower porosity and more ready passivation of the surface due to a high amount of gamma2 are the reasons that burnished samples corroded less than polished samples in this anodic polarization test.", "contents": "The effect of surface finish on the anodic polarization of a conventional spherical amalgam. The corrosion of carved, burnished, polished, and burnished--polished samples of a conventional spherical amalgam was studied by anodic polarization in Ringer's solution. The effect of the variation of the mercury content from 40 to 60 wt% on the corrosion of burnished or polished samples was also investigated. It was found that burnished and burnished--polished samples corrode the least and carved samples the most. The current-density peak associated with gamma2 was of greater magnitude in polished specimens than in burnished specimens throughout the range of mercury concentrations investigated. It is hypothesized that lower porosity and more ready passivation of the surface due to a high amount of gamma2 are the reasons that burnished samples corroded less than polished samples in this anodic polarization test.", "PMID": 681373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4797", "title": "Experimental infections along subcutaneous conduits.", "content": "To determine whether progressive infection along percutaneous conduits (PC) usually leads to infection of cardiac assist devices, two PCs each were implanted into the subcutis of 11 dogs. One month later, one end of one conduit was inoculated with either E. coli or S. aureus. The resulting infections in all dogs progressed little during the first two weeks and in 10 of the 11 animals involved less than 40% of the total length of the PC. Bacteriological tests one month after the infecting organisms were introduced showed that they were no longer present at the site of inoculation in 4 of the 11 dogs and no bacteria were found at the opposite end of the inoculated PCs or in the noninoculated PCs. Histological observations confirmed these results and indicated that in all animals encapsulation of the infected area prevented its further enlargement.", "contents": "Experimental infections along subcutaneous conduits. To determine whether progressive infection along percutaneous conduits (PC) usually leads to infection of cardiac assist devices, two PCs each were implanted into the subcutis of 11 dogs. One month later, one end of one conduit was inoculated with either E. coli or S. aureus. The resulting infections in all dogs progressed little during the first two weeks and in 10 of the 11 animals involved less than 40% of the total length of the PC. Bacteriological tests one month after the infecting organisms were introduced showed that they were no longer present at the site of inoculation in 4 of the 11 dogs and no bacteria were found at the opposite end of the inoculated PCs or in the noninoculated PCs. Histological observations confirmed these results and indicated that in all animals encapsulation of the infected area prevented its further enlargement.", "PMID": 681374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4798", "title": "Growth and development of the acetabulum in the normal child. Anatomical, histological, and roentgenographic studies.", "content": "Postmortem studies of ten normal full-term infants and of three children, seven, nine, and fourteen years old, showed that the acetabular cartilage complex is a unit that is triradiate medially and cup-shaped laterally and is interposed between the ilium, ischium, and pubis. This complex is composed of epiphyseal growth-plate cartilage adjacent to these bones, of articular cartilage adjacent to these bones, of articular cartilage around the acetabular cavity, and, for the most part, of hyaline carilage. Interstitial growth within the triradiate part of the cartilage complex causes the hip socket to expand during growth. The concavity of the acetabulum develops in response to the presence of the spherical femoral head. The depth of the acetabulum increased during development as the result of interstitial growth in the acetabular cartilage, of appositional growth at the periphery of this cartilage, and of periosteal new-bone formation at the acetabular margin. At puberty, three secondary centers of ossification appear in the hyaline cartilage surrounding the acetabular cavity. These centers are homologous with other epiphyses in the skeleton. The os acetabuli, which is the epiphysis of the os pubis, forms the anterior wall of the acetabulum. The epiphysis of the ilium, which has been called the acetabular epiphysis, forms a good part of the superior wall of the acetabulum. A small epiphysis of the ischium was seen in the oldest patient, who was fourteen years old. The bone in these epiphyses expands toward the periphery of the acetabulum and thus contributes to its increase in depth.", "contents": "Growth and development of the acetabulum in the normal child. Anatomical, histological, and roentgenographic studies. Postmortem studies of ten normal full-term infants and of three children, seven, nine, and fourteen years old, showed that the acetabular cartilage complex is a unit that is triradiate medially and cup-shaped laterally and is interposed between the ilium, ischium, and pubis. This complex is composed of epiphyseal growth-plate cartilage adjacent to these bones, of articular cartilage adjacent to these bones, of articular cartilage around the acetabular cavity, and, for the most part, of hyaline carilage. Interstitial growth within the triradiate part of the cartilage complex causes the hip socket to expand during growth. The concavity of the acetabulum develops in response to the presence of the spherical femoral head. The depth of the acetabulum increased during development as the result of interstitial growth in the acetabular cartilage, of appositional growth at the periphery of this cartilage, and of periosteal new-bone formation at the acetabular margin. At puberty, three secondary centers of ossification appear in the hyaline cartilage surrounding the acetabular cavity. These centers are homologous with other epiphyses in the skeleton. The os acetabuli, which is the epiphysis of the os pubis, forms the anterior wall of the acetabulum. The epiphysis of the ilium, which has been called the acetabular epiphysis, forms a good part of the superior wall of the acetabulum. A small epiphysis of the ischium was seen in the oldest patient, who was fourteen years old. The bone in these epiphyses expands toward the periphery of the acetabulum and thus contributes to its increase in depth.", "PMID": 681376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4799", "title": "Morphology of the acetabulum in congenital dislocation of the hip. Gross, histological and roentgenographic studies.", "content": "At autopsy, the hips of six infants who died soon after birth and had unilateral congenital hip dysplasia were found to have a cartilaginous ridge in the acetabulum which separated the hip socket into two sections. In two of the hips with a moderate degree of dysplasia and in one completely dislocated hip the ridge was formed exclusively by a bulge of acetabular cartilage. In three completely dislocated hips the ridge was formed by a bulge of acetabular cartilage covered by the inverted labrum. The acetabular cartilage showed signs of degeneration whereas the triradiate cartilage was normal. Examination of many newborn infants indicated that hip \"clicks\" are common and are not diagnostic of hip dysplasia. This diagnosis should be made only when the femoral head slides with a jolt over the acetabular ridge, causing a true positive Ortolani sign. Scattered ossification centers in the acetabular cartilage were seen on the roentgenograms of nearly half of fifty-nine hips with congenital dislocation reduced after the child was two years old, but less frequently in hips reduced at an earlier age.", "contents": "Morphology of the acetabulum in congenital dislocation of the hip. Gross, histological and roentgenographic studies. At autopsy, the hips of six infants who died soon after birth and had unilateral congenital hip dysplasia were found to have a cartilaginous ridge in the acetabulum which separated the hip socket into two sections. In two of the hips with a moderate degree of dysplasia and in one completely dislocated hip the ridge was formed exclusively by a bulge of acetabular cartilage. In three completely dislocated hips the ridge was formed by a bulge of acetabular cartilage covered by the inverted labrum. The acetabular cartilage showed signs of degeneration whereas the triradiate cartilage was normal. Examination of many newborn infants indicated that hip \"clicks\" are common and are not diagnostic of hip dysplasia. This diagnosis should be made only when the femoral head slides with a jolt over the acetabular ridge, causing a true positive Ortolani sign. Scattered ossification centers in the acetabular cartilage were seen on the roentgenograms of nearly half of fifty-nine hips with congenital dislocation reduced after the child was two years old, but less frequently in hips reduced at an earlier age.", "PMID": 681377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4800", "title": "Computed tomography. Its use in space-occupying lesions of the musculoskeletal system.", "content": "The value of computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of lesions of the musculoskeletal system is being determined. Illustrative cases including a lipoma of the thigh, osteochondroma of the hip, simple cyst of the ilium, recurrent liposarcoma of the lumbar spine, desmoid tumor in the gluteal region, and postoperative interspace infection of the lumbar spine are presented to indicate the potential value of this procedure in the diagnosis and planning of treatment of musculoskeletal lesions.", "contents": "Computed tomography. Its use in space-occupying lesions of the musculoskeletal system. The value of computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of lesions of the musculoskeletal system is being determined. Illustrative cases including a lipoma of the thigh, osteochondroma of the hip, simple cyst of the ilium, recurrent liposarcoma of the lumbar spine, desmoid tumor in the gluteal region, and postoperative interspace infection of the lumbar spine are presented to indicate the potential value of this procedure in the diagnosis and planning of treatment of musculoskeletal lesions.", "PMID": 681378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4801", "title": "Improved fixation of the femoral component after total hip replacement using a methacrylate intramedullary plug.", "content": "When the distal part of the medullary canal of the femur was plugged with a bolus of methylmethacrylate prior to the insertion of cement and femoral component, fixation of the prosthesis was improved in vitro. A special syringe was devised to introduce the plug at the desired level. When the plug was used, the penetration of the cement into the trabecular bone lining the canal was increased, and subsequent push-out tests showed that the force necessary to disrupt the methacrylate from the bone was significantly greater. Casts of the methacrylate from femora with and without plugged canals showed that the surfaces of the casts made with the canal plugged conformed much more completely with the irregularities of the bone and provided more intimate contact at the cement-bone interface.", "contents": "Improved fixation of the femoral component after total hip replacement using a methacrylate intramedullary plug. When the distal part of the medullary canal of the femur was plugged with a bolus of methylmethacrylate prior to the insertion of cement and femoral component, fixation of the prosthesis was improved in vitro. A special syringe was devised to introduce the plug at the desired level. When the plug was used, the penetration of the cement into the trabecular bone lining the canal was increased, and subsequent push-out tests showed that the force necessary to disrupt the methacrylate from the bone was significantly greater. Casts of the methacrylate from femora with and without plugged canals showed that the surfaces of the casts made with the canal plugged conformed much more completely with the irregularities of the bone and provided more intimate contact at the cement-bone interface.", "PMID": 681379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4802", "title": "The development of a computational stress analysis of the femoral head. Mapping tensile, compressive, and shear stress for the varus and valgus positions.", "content": "Using a computer-based, two-dimensional finite-element analysis which has wide application to problems involving the hip joint, alterations in the distribution of stress in the femoral head consequent to varus and valgus osteotomy were studied. The mathematical model used in this analysis incorporated experimentally measured spatial variations in the stiffness of the bone of the femoral head and neck. These variations led to patterns of load transmission that were strikingly different from those in a homogeneous material. Because of their lower stiffness, the central region of the head and the medullary region of the neck make very little contribution to weight-bearing, regardless of the orientation of the femoral head. In the neutral configuration (normal neck-shaft angle), the lateral cortex of the neck is in slight tension, while the medial cortex is under strong compression and provides the support for the over-all load on the joint. With increasing valgus angulation, the bending component of the joint load disappears progressively, and when the valgus angulation is 30 degrees in excess of normal essentially equal compressive stresses prevail in both cortices. Varus osteotomy exaggerates the bending component relative to the compressive component of the load. The computed stress patterns in the femoral head and neck for the normal neck-shaft angle show elevations of shear stress where the lateral epiphyseal artery enters and branches within the femoral head. This finding may be significant since this region is the area at risk of infarction in both Legg-Perthes disease in children and idiopathic aseptic necrosis in adults. Since a 30-degree varus angulation induces tensile stresses in the lateral cortex of the neck that are increased fourfold above those for the neutral configuration, it is postulated that force transmitted through the femur when the hip is in abduction could produce shear fractures of the bone in the region of the central branch of the lateral epiphyseal artery and thus occlude this vessel and initiate aseptic necrosis of the femoral head.", "contents": "The development of a computational stress analysis of the femoral head. Mapping tensile, compressive, and shear stress for the varus and valgus positions. Using a computer-based, two-dimensional finite-element analysis which has wide application to problems involving the hip joint, alterations in the distribution of stress in the femoral head consequent to varus and valgus osteotomy were studied. The mathematical model used in this analysis incorporated experimentally measured spatial variations in the stiffness of the bone of the femoral head and neck. These variations led to patterns of load transmission that were strikingly different from those in a homogeneous material. Because of their lower stiffness, the central region of the head and the medullary region of the neck make very little contribution to weight-bearing, regardless of the orientation of the femoral head. In the neutral configuration (normal neck-shaft angle), the lateral cortex of the neck is in slight tension, while the medial cortex is under strong compression and provides the support for the over-all load on the joint. With increasing valgus angulation, the bending component of the joint load disappears progressively, and when the valgus angulation is 30 degrees in excess of normal essentially equal compressive stresses prevail in both cortices. Varus osteotomy exaggerates the bending component relative to the compressive component of the load. The computed stress patterns in the femoral head and neck for the normal neck-shaft angle show elevations of shear stress where the lateral epiphyseal artery enters and branches within the femoral head. This finding may be significant since this region is the area at risk of infarction in both Legg-Perthes disease in children and idiopathic aseptic necrosis in adults. Since a 30-degree varus angulation induces tensile stresses in the lateral cortex of the neck that are increased fourfold above those for the neutral configuration, it is postulated that force transmitted through the femur when the hip is in abduction could produce shear fractures of the bone in the region of the central branch of the lateral epiphyseal artery and thus occlude this vessel and initiate aseptic necrosis of the femoral head.", "PMID": 681380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4803", "title": "The role of mitochondria in growth plate calcification as demonstrated in a rachitic model.", "content": "In a phosphate-vitamin D-deficiency rachitic model in rats, potassium pyroantimonate was employed as a histochemical stain for calcium at the ultrastructural level in the costochondral growth plates. In the control plates, there was a shift of calcium from an intracellular, mainly mitochondrial location in the top part of the zone of hypertrophic cells to an extracellular, mainly matrix-vesicle location in the bottom part of the zone of hypertrophic cells. In the rachitic plates, mitochondria and cell membranes throughout the bottom of the hypertrophic zone remained heavily loaded with calcium. After treatment with phosphate was started, the mitochondria and cell membranes at the bottom of the hypertrophic zone rapidly lost calcium and matrix calcification began. Thus, in the normal growth plate, matrix calcification begins at the level in the plate where mitochondria lose calcium; in rickets, the matrix does not calcify and mitochondria do not lose calcium; and in healing rickets, calcification begins in the matrix at the bottom of the hypertrophic zone as the mitochondria at that level lose calcium. These findings support the hypothesis that mitochondria play an important role in matrix calcification.", "contents": "The role of mitochondria in growth plate calcification as demonstrated in a rachitic model. In a phosphate-vitamin D-deficiency rachitic model in rats, potassium pyroantimonate was employed as a histochemical stain for calcium at the ultrastructural level in the costochondral growth plates. In the control plates, there was a shift of calcium from an intracellular, mainly mitochondrial location in the top part of the zone of hypertrophic cells to an extracellular, mainly matrix-vesicle location in the bottom part of the zone of hypertrophic cells. In the rachitic plates, mitochondria and cell membranes throughout the bottom of the hypertrophic zone remained heavily loaded with calcium. After treatment with phosphate was started, the mitochondria and cell membranes at the bottom of the hypertrophic zone rapidly lost calcium and matrix calcification began. Thus, in the normal growth plate, matrix calcification begins at the level in the plate where mitochondria lose calcium; in rickets, the matrix does not calcify and mitochondria do not lose calcium; and in healing rickets, calcification begins in the matrix at the bottom of the hypertrophic zone as the mitochondria at that level lose calcium. These findings support the hypothesis that mitochondria play an important role in matrix calcification.", "PMID": 681381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4804", "title": "Bilateral total hip-replacement arthroplasty in one stage.", "content": "We reviewed 122 single-stage bilateral total hip replacements as compared with two other regimens: bilateral total hip replacement performed in stages during the same hospitalization and during separate hospitalizations. When compared with the single procedures, the duration of surgery in the one-stage procedure was not quite doubled while the blood loss was increased by about one-third and the length of stay by about one week. However, the total length of stay in the hospital was reduced by about one-half in comparison with single-admission two-stage replacements and the incidence of local and systemic complications was similar for all three groups, as were the clinical and roentgenographic results. There was one death in the single-stage group due to massive fat embolus.", "contents": "Bilateral total hip-replacement arthroplasty in one stage. We reviewed 122 single-stage bilateral total hip replacements as compared with two other regimens: bilateral total hip replacement performed in stages during the same hospitalization and during separate hospitalizations. When compared with the single procedures, the duration of surgery in the one-stage procedure was not quite doubled while the blood loss was increased by about one-third and the length of stay by about one week. However, the total length of stay in the hospital was reduced by about one-half in comparison with single-admission two-stage replacements and the incidence of local and systemic complications was similar for all three groups, as were the clinical and roentgenographic results. There was one death in the single-stage group due to massive fat embolus.", "PMID": 681382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4805", "title": "Skeletal metastases of melanoma.", "content": "Sixteen hundred and seventy-seven melanoma patients were treated at Duke University Medical Center from 1956 to 1976. Osseous metastases were more common than previously reported and occurred in 116 patients (6.9 per cent), most often in the axial skeleton. Diagnosis was made by roentgenogram, bone scan, or both in the symptomatic patient. Seventy-five patients sustained pathological fractures, most of which were successfully treated conservatively. Nine of the ten patients with neurological symptoms were improved by laminectomy. The grave prognosis for melanoma patients with osseous metastases (mean survival, 3.6 months) led to conservatism even for an impending pathological fracture. Unstable pathological fractures of long bones were treated by internal fixation and irradiation.", "contents": "Skeletal metastases of melanoma. Sixteen hundred and seventy-seven melanoma patients were treated at Duke University Medical Center from 1956 to 1976. Osseous metastases were more common than previously reported and occurred in 116 patients (6.9 per cent), most often in the axial skeleton. Diagnosis was made by roentgenogram, bone scan, or both in the symptomatic patient. Seventy-five patients sustained pathological fractures, most of which were successfully treated conservatively. Nine of the ten patients with neurological symptoms were improved by laminectomy. The grave prognosis for melanoma patients with osseous metastases (mean survival, 3.6 months) led to conservatism even for an impending pathological fracture. Unstable pathological fractures of long bones were treated by internal fixation and irradiation.", "PMID": 681383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4806", "title": "Supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children.", "content": "Seventy-eight supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children were reviewed to compare four kinds of treatment: closed reduction and immobilization in a cast or splint, overhead skeletal traction, side-arm skeletal traction, and Dunlop's skin traction. The skeletal traction device usually used was a winged screw of our own design. The arms treated in overhead traction had significantly less change in carrying angle than those treated in side-arm traction. Significant changes in carrying angle were encountered in three instances of medially impacted so-called non-displaced fractures. There were two instances of significant carrying-angle change due to overgrowth of the lateral aspect of the distal part of the humerus. Overhead traction, utilizing a winged traction screw, was the most effective method of treatment that we found. There were no instances of Volkmann's ischemic contracture.", "contents": "Supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. Seventy-eight supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children were reviewed to compare four kinds of treatment: closed reduction and immobilization in a cast or splint, overhead skeletal traction, side-arm skeletal traction, and Dunlop's skin traction. The skeletal traction device usually used was a winged screw of our own design. The arms treated in overhead traction had significantly less change in carrying angle than those treated in side-arm traction. Significant changes in carrying angle were encountered in three instances of medially impacted so-called non-displaced fractures. There were two instances of significant carrying-angle change due to overgrowth of the lateral aspect of the distal part of the humerus. Overhead traction, utilizing a winged traction screw, was the most effective method of treatment that we found. There were no instances of Volkmann's ischemic contracture.", "PMID": 681384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4807", "title": "Surgical treatment of displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Analysis of fifty-two cases followed for five to fifteen years.", "content": "Long-term review of fifty-two displaced supracondylar humeral fractures in children treated by open reduction and crossed Kirschner-wire fixation demonstrated functional results similar to those obtained by closed methods, but fewer and milder cases of cubitus varus deformity (only 25 per cent of patients). The deformity appeared to result from faulty reduction with medial angulation of the distal fragment. Surgical treatment of these fractures may offer, as its principal advantages: reduced hospitalization time, fewer sequelae, more stable fixation, and slightly better anatomical results. No infections or other specific complications (such as myositis ossificans or Volkmann's contracture) were encountered.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Analysis of fifty-two cases followed for five to fifteen years. Long-term review of fifty-two displaced supracondylar humeral fractures in children treated by open reduction and crossed Kirschner-wire fixation demonstrated functional results similar to those obtained by closed methods, but fewer and milder cases of cubitus varus deformity (only 25 per cent of patients). The deformity appeared to result from faulty reduction with medial angulation of the distal fragment. Surgical treatment of these fractures may offer, as its principal advantages: reduced hospitalization time, fewer sequelae, more stable fixation, and slightly better anatomical results. No infections or other specific complications (such as myositis ossificans or Volkmann's contracture) were encountered.", "PMID": 681385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4808", "title": "In vivo knee stability. A quantitative assessment using an instrumented clinical testing apparatus.", "content": "Twenty-eight male and twenty-one female subjects with no history of previous injury to their knees were examined using a newly developed clinical testing apparatus designed to record anterior-posterior tibial force versus displacement and varus-valgus moment versus angulation during manual manipulation of the knee. Joint stiffness and laxity were measured from test tracings made with the knee muscles relaxed and tensed. Agreement between these measurements and those made previously on thirty-five fresh cadaver knee specimens was very good. Anterior-posterior laxity averaged 3.7 millimeters in full extension, 5.5 in 20 degrees of flexion, and 4.8 millimeters in 90 degrees of flexion, while the mean varus-valgus laxity was 6.7 degrees in full extension. The common clinical assumption that normal right-left differences are negligible was found to be invalid. Individual right-left differences averaged 26 to 35 per cent for laxity and 19 to 24 per cent for stiffness. There was no discernible tendency for one knee to be more stable than the other; random interchanges of relative stability between the right and left knees were observed for each individual at different knee positions. When requested to tense the knee muscles, these subjects were able to increase their knee stiffness an average of two to four times while knee laxity was reduced to 25 to 50 per cent of the normal value.", "contents": "In vivo knee stability. A quantitative assessment using an instrumented clinical testing apparatus. Twenty-eight male and twenty-one female subjects with no history of previous injury to their knees were examined using a newly developed clinical testing apparatus designed to record anterior-posterior tibial force versus displacement and varus-valgus moment versus angulation during manual manipulation of the knee. Joint stiffness and laxity were measured from test tracings made with the knee muscles relaxed and tensed. Agreement between these measurements and those made previously on thirty-five fresh cadaver knee specimens was very good. Anterior-posterior laxity averaged 3.7 millimeters in full extension, 5.5 in 20 degrees of flexion, and 4.8 millimeters in 90 degrees of flexion, while the mean varus-valgus laxity was 6.7 degrees in full extension. The common clinical assumption that normal right-left differences are negligible was found to be invalid. Individual right-left differences averaged 26 to 35 per cent for laxity and 19 to 24 per cent for stiffness. There was no discernible tendency for one knee to be more stable than the other; random interchanges of relative stability between the right and left knees were observed for each individual at different knee positions. When requested to tense the knee muscles, these subjects were able to increase their knee stiffness an average of two to four times while knee laxity was reduced to 25 to 50 per cent of the normal value.", "PMID": 681387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4809", "title": "The snapping knee of infancy.", "content": "Three infants with generalized joint laxity and a negative family history had painful episodes of snapping of one or both knees caused by involuntary, momentary lateral subluxation of the tibia. These episodes of subluxation appeared to be due to involuntary contraction of the biceps femoris muscle. Older children learned to produce the phenomenon voluntarily. Treatment should be symptomatic, since the two children who were followed gradually stopped having involuntary subluxations.", "contents": "The snapping knee of infancy. Three infants with generalized joint laxity and a negative family history had painful episodes of snapping of one or both knees caused by involuntary, momentary lateral subluxation of the tibia. These episodes of subluxation appeared to be due to involuntary contraction of the biceps femoris muscle. Older children learned to produce the phenomenon voluntarily. Treatment should be symptomatic, since the two children who were followed gradually stopped having involuntary subluxations.", "PMID": 681389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4810", "title": "The repair of chronic massive ruptures of the rotator cuff of the shoulder by use of a freeze-dried rotator cuff.", "content": "In sixteen patients with massive tears of the rotator cuff of the shoulder, bridging of the defect with a freeze-dried graft of a rotator cuff from a cadaver produced a satisfactory repair in all cases. A good or excellent functional result was obtained in all but two patients, with a definite decrease or absence of nocturnal pain in all sixteen. The operative technique includes avoidance of a complete acromionectomy and an adequate suture of the deltoid muscle to the acromion after an acromioplasty.", "contents": "The repair of chronic massive ruptures of the rotator cuff of the shoulder by use of a freeze-dried rotator cuff. In sixteen patients with massive tears of the rotator cuff of the shoulder, bridging of the defect with a freeze-dried graft of a rotator cuff from a cadaver produced a satisfactory repair in all cases. A good or excellent functional result was obtained in all but two patients, with a definite decrease or absence of nocturnal pain in all sixteen. The operative technique includes avoidance of a complete acromionectomy and an adequate suture of the deltoid muscle to the acromion after an acromioplasty.", "PMID": 681390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4811", "title": "Osseous hydatidosis.", "content": "Nineteen patients with osseous hydatidosis were treated over a period of thirteen years. There were four deaths. Ten patients became asymptomatic. The treatment used was either curetage or resection, often repeatedly, and protracted lavage of the wound with ethacridine. Five patients received a desensitization treatment (hydatin), but the results in these cases were indeterminate as far as the action of the drug was concerned.", "contents": "Osseous hydatidosis. Nineteen patients with osseous hydatidosis were treated over a period of thirteen years. There were four deaths. Ten patients became asymptomatic. The treatment used was either curetage or resection, often repeatedly, and protracted lavage of the wound with ethacridine. Five patients received a desensitization treatment (hydatin), but the results in these cases were indeterminate as far as the action of the drug was concerned.", "PMID": 681391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4812", "title": "Manchester knee arthroplasty.", "content": "The results of fifty-one Manchester knee arthroplasties in forty-one patients are reviewed and discussed. Excellent and good results were obtained in 85.4 per cent of arthroplasties. Varus and valgus deformity can be corrected and stability preserved or restored. Complications occurred in only twelve patients but resolved in all except one.", "contents": "Manchester knee arthroplasty. The results of fifty-one Manchester knee arthroplasties in forty-one patients are reviewed and discussed. Excellent and good results were obtained in 85.4 per cent of arthroplasties. Varus and valgus deformity can be corrected and stability preserved or restored. Complications occurred in only twelve patients but resolved in all except one.", "PMID": 681405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4813", "title": "The Liverpool Mark II knee prosthesis. A preliminary report.", "content": "This is a preliminary report of the results of knee joint replacements using the Liverpool Mark II knee joint system which consists of a bicondylar prosthesis and a set of stereotactic instruments. The prosthesis has been developed from Gunston's concept, and the special instruments ensure its accurate insertion through meniscectomy-type incisions placed on either side of the patella. Particular features of the prosthesis are near-normal articulation, and the simplicity of the operation. Sixty-two knee replacements were implanted in forty-two patients between the spring of 1974 and January 1977. After the operation fifty-six knees were painless and four others produced only slight pain. Full extension was obtained in fifty-eight knees, and none showed a valgus or varus deformity. Collateral laxity was absent in all knees. There were two failures. These early results are most encouraging.", "contents": "The Liverpool Mark II knee prosthesis. A preliminary report. This is a preliminary report of the results of knee joint replacements using the Liverpool Mark II knee joint system which consists of a bicondylar prosthesis and a set of stereotactic instruments. The prosthesis has been developed from Gunston's concept, and the special instruments ensure its accurate insertion through meniscectomy-type incisions placed on either side of the patella. Particular features of the prosthesis are near-normal articulation, and the simplicity of the operation. Sixty-two knee replacements were implanted in forty-two patients between the spring of 1974 and January 1977. After the operation fifty-six knees were painless and four others produced only slight pain. Full extension was obtained in fifty-eight knees, and none showed a valgus or varus deformity. Collateral laxity was absent in all knees. There were two failures. These early results are most encouraging.", "PMID": 681406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4814", "title": "The Attenborough total knee replacement.", "content": "The stabilised gliding knee prosthesis is a compromise between hinged joints and condylar prostheses. It is a two-piece implant designed to allow normal gliding movements of flexion and extension and which, stabilised by a connecting rod between the femoral and tibial components, allows a designed laxity of rotation and lateral movements. A modification of the original femoral component is described. Two hundred and forty-five knee replacement operations have been done between January 1973 and September 1977 and the results are reported. The results using this prosthesis are at least equal to those using hinged or condylar prostheses. So far there has been no case of spontaneous loosening of the components and the implant can be used in patients who, because of severe deformities and instability, are unsuitable for condylar prostheses.", "contents": "The Attenborough total knee replacement. The stabilised gliding knee prosthesis is a compromise between hinged joints and condylar prostheses. It is a two-piece implant designed to allow normal gliding movements of flexion and extension and which, stabilised by a connecting rod between the femoral and tibial components, allows a designed laxity of rotation and lateral movements. A modification of the original femoral component is described. Two hundred and forty-five knee replacement operations have been done between January 1973 and September 1977 and the results are reported. The results using this prosthesis are at least equal to those using hinged or condylar prostheses. So far there has been no case of spontaneous loosening of the components and the implant can be used in patients who, because of severe deformities and instability, are unsuitable for condylar prostheses.", "PMID": 681407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4815", "title": "The Stanmore hinged knee arthroplasty.", "content": "The Stanmore hinged total knee replacement was introduced in 1969 for severe destructive arthropathy of the knee, and the results of one hundred consecutive operations are presented after an average interval of two and a half years. Insertion of the prosthesis relieved pain in 94 per cent, improved the range of movement in 67 per cent, invariably restored stability and corrected valgus or varus deformity. Gross flexion contractures were improved but not always fully corrected. Serious complications were few, though of three cases of deep infection two came to amputation and one to fibrous ankylosis. There were no mechanical failures of components of the prosthesis.", "contents": "The Stanmore hinged knee arthroplasty. The Stanmore hinged total knee replacement was introduced in 1969 for severe destructive arthropathy of the knee, and the results of one hundred consecutive operations are presented after an average interval of two and a half years. Insertion of the prosthesis relieved pain in 94 per cent, improved the range of movement in 67 per cent, invariably restored stability and corrected valgus or varus deformity. Gross flexion contractures were improved but not always fully corrected. Serious complications were few, though of three cases of deep infection two came to amputation and one to fibrous ankylosis. There were no mechanical failures of components of the prosthesis.", "PMID": 681408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4816", "title": "Arthroplasty of the knee.", "content": "Arthrodesis of the knee is a simple and safe operation that ensures stability and freedom from pain. But it is achieved at the expense of movement and occasionally of social acceptability. If arthroplasty is to be recommended, the advantages of arthrodesis must be retained, with the added bonus of a functional arc of movement.", "contents": "Arthroplasty of the knee. Arthrodesis of the knee is a simple and safe operation that ensures stability and freedom from pain. But it is achieved at the expense of movement and occasionally of social acceptability. If arthroplasty is to be recommended, the advantages of arthrodesis must be retained, with the added bonus of a functional arc of movement.", "PMID": 681409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4817", "title": "ICLH arthroplasty of the knee: 1968--1977.", "content": "The essentially satisfactory results from the ICLH implant as used until 1975 were marred by examples of loosening and sinking of the tibial implant, by patellar pain of varying severity, by wear of the tibial implant caused by fragments of cement and by failure consistently to control the alignment of the leg. This report describes the methods now being used to overcome these complications and gives an account of the success so far achieved.", "contents": "ICLH arthroplasty of the knee: 1968--1977. The essentially satisfactory results from the ICLH implant as used until 1975 were marred by examples of loosening and sinking of the tibial implant, by patellar pain of varying severity, by wear of the tibial implant caused by fragments of cement and by failure consistently to control the alignment of the leg. This report describes the methods now being used to overcome these complications and gives an account of the success so far achieved.", "PMID": 681410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4818", "title": "Patellectomy for osteoarthritis. A study of eighty-one patients followed from two to twenty-two years.", "content": "Eighty-one patients treated by patellectomy for osteoarthritis have been reviewed. Eighty-seven knees were examined with a mean follow-up period of six and a half years. Clinical and radiological assessment was carried out and the results have been analysed. A good result was achieved in 53 per cent, a fair result in 26 per cent and a poor result in 21 per cent. The overall result did not deteriorate significantly with time and the radiological appearance of the tibiofemoral joint deteriorated minimally. Pain before operation, radiological changes at the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints and the duration of immobilisation after operation were analysed against the end-result. The only factor before operation that indicated a good prognosis was a minimal radiological change at the tibiofemoral joint. Immobilisation for at least three weeks after operation appeared to be beneficial.", "contents": "Patellectomy for osteoarthritis. A study of eighty-one patients followed from two to twenty-two years. Eighty-one patients treated by patellectomy for osteoarthritis have been reviewed. Eighty-seven knees were examined with a mean follow-up period of six and a half years. Clinical and radiological assessment was carried out and the results have been analysed. A good result was achieved in 53 per cent, a fair result in 26 per cent and a poor result in 21 per cent. The overall result did not deteriorate significantly with time and the radiological appearance of the tibiofemoral joint deteriorated minimally. Pain before operation, radiological changes at the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints and the duration of immobilisation after operation were analysed against the end-result. The only factor before operation that indicated a good prognosis was a minimal radiological change at the tibiofemoral joint. Immobilisation for at least three weeks after operation appeared to be beneficial.", "PMID": 681411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4819", "title": "The radiation improvement of polyethylene prostheses. A preliminary study.", "content": "The radiation crosslinking of high-density polyethylene prostheses was investigated over a wide range of doses in the presence and absence of gaseous crosslinking agents. It was found that in the bulk polymer the crosslinking pattern is completely different from the homogeneous crosslinking that occurs in polymer films. The presence of crosslinking agents causes highly crosslinked polymer to be formed on the surface while the bulk of the polymer is largely unaffected--which is explained in terms of diffusion phenomena. This surface crosslinking has a profound effect on the mechanical properties of the prostheses and restricts cold flow and deformation of the polymer without sacrificing the excellent abrasion-resistance properties of the polyethylene when subjected to high pressures. Based on this research a number of high-density polyethylene knee prostheses have been radiation-crosslinked and the results in vitro appear to be very promising.", "contents": "The radiation improvement of polyethylene prostheses. A preliminary study. The radiation crosslinking of high-density polyethylene prostheses was investigated over a wide range of doses in the presence and absence of gaseous crosslinking agents. It was found that in the bulk polymer the crosslinking pattern is completely different from the homogeneous crosslinking that occurs in polymer films. The presence of crosslinking agents causes highly crosslinked polymer to be formed on the surface while the bulk of the polymer is largely unaffected--which is explained in terms of diffusion phenomena. This surface crosslinking has a profound effect on the mechanical properties of the prostheses and restricts cold flow and deformation of the polymer without sacrificing the excellent abrasion-resistance properties of the polyethylene when subjected to high pressures. Based on this research a number of high-density polyethylene knee prostheses have been radiation-crosslinked and the results in vitro appear to be very promising.", "PMID": 681412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4820", "title": "The characteristics of acetabular cups worn in the human body.", "content": "In laboratory tests, the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene used for the acetabular cups of Charnley hip prostheses has a very low wear rate against steel. In the body radiographic measurements indicate that the polyethylene wears more rapidly. In order to investigate this higher wear rate, the sockets of acetabular cups removed at post-mortem have been examined using optical and electron microscopy. It has been shown that a socket wears predominantly on its superior part and that this is a direct consequence of the orientation of the cup in the body and the direction of loading of the hip. In the worn region the femoral head in effect bores out a new socket for itself, a process which is visible with the naked eye after approximately eight years. Electron microscopy shows that the predominant wear mechanism is adhesion, but after about eight years the appearance of surface cracks suggests that surface fatigue is taking place in addition to this. Laboratory wear tests have shown that pure surface fatigue is not sufficient to account for the high clinical wear rate. Other deformation processes are suggested and discussed with regard to the higher clinical wear rate.", "contents": "The characteristics of acetabular cups worn in the human body. In laboratory tests, the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene used for the acetabular cups of Charnley hip prostheses has a very low wear rate against steel. In the body radiographic measurements indicate that the polyethylene wears more rapidly. In order to investigate this higher wear rate, the sockets of acetabular cups removed at post-mortem have been examined using optical and electron microscopy. It has been shown that a socket wears predominantly on its superior part and that this is a direct consequence of the orientation of the cup in the body and the direction of loading of the hip. In the worn region the femoral head in effect bores out a new socket for itself, a process which is visible with the naked eye after approximately eight years. Electron microscopy shows that the predominant wear mechanism is adhesion, but after about eight years the appearance of surface cracks suggests that surface fatigue is taking place in addition to this. Laboratory wear tests have shown that pure surface fatigue is not sufficient to account for the high clinical wear rate. Other deformation processes are suggested and discussed with regard to the higher clinical wear rate.", "PMID": 681413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4821", "title": "Anterior supracondylar fracture of the humerus (flexion type). A simple technique for closed reduction and fixation in adults and the aged.", "content": "The management of an anterior supracondylar fracture by closed reduction, traction, percutaneous pinning or open reduction is seldom satisfactory, especially for adults and the aged with a lesser ability to remodel and a slower functional recovery. A new, safe, and simple technique is described in which the condylar mass is pushed posteriorly along the axis of the forearm and the hand is rotated to full supination while the elbow is held in flexion to correct deformities. Fixation is divided into two parts: the circular cast around the upper arm provides a firm buttress onto which the lower fragment is reduced and then the arm is immobilised in a plaster which includes the wrist. Four cases of delayed, comminuted, compound fractures have been fully evaluated clinically and radiologically and the results assessed as good or excellent.", "contents": "Anterior supracondylar fracture of the humerus (flexion type). A simple technique for closed reduction and fixation in adults and the aged. The management of an anterior supracondylar fracture by closed reduction, traction, percutaneous pinning or open reduction is seldom satisfactory, especially for adults and the aged with a lesser ability to remodel and a slower functional recovery. A new, safe, and simple technique is described in which the condylar mass is pushed posteriorly along the axis of the forearm and the hand is rotated to full supination while the elbow is held in flexion to correct deformities. Fixation is divided into two parts: the circular cast around the upper arm provides a firm buttress onto which the lower fragment is reduced and then the arm is immobilised in a plaster which includes the wrist. Four cases of delayed, comminuted, compound fractures have been fully evaluated clinically and radiologically and the results assessed as good or excellent.", "PMID": 681414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4822", "title": "Lower limb arthrodeses in haemophilia.", "content": "Sixteen severely haemophilic patients have undergone arthrodesis of one joint of the lower limb in the period 1966 to 1976. There have been nine arthrodeses of the knee and seven of the ankle. The follow-up period was from nine months to eight years. The arthrodeses were secured by internal fixation. The method was not without complications, but a satisfactory bony union resulted in all cases without further surgical intervention.", "contents": "Lower limb arthrodeses in haemophilia. Sixteen severely haemophilic patients have undergone arthrodesis of one joint of the lower limb in the period 1966 to 1976. There have been nine arthrodeses of the knee and seven of the ankle. The follow-up period was from nine months to eight years. The arthrodeses were secured by internal fixation. The method was not without complications, but a satisfactory bony union resulted in all cases without further surgical intervention.", "PMID": 681415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4823", "title": "Triplane osteotomy for severely slipped upper femoral epiphysis.", "content": "Intertrochanteric osteotomy gives compensatory correction for the severely slipped upper femoral epiphysis without endangering its blood supply. The results of thirty-five such osteotomies carried out over an eighteen-year period are reviewed. The indication for operation was a chronic slip of a third or more of the growth plate in the lateral radiograph. The mean age at operation was fourteen years and the mean follow-up period seven and a half years. The results showed that even a moderate correction of deformity as shown by the radiograph could produce a hip with a functionally satisfactory range of movement. Chondrolysis was the most serious complication and occurred in four hips. The radiological results are discussed in relation to details of operative technique and also to long-term prognosis.", "contents": "Triplane osteotomy for severely slipped upper femoral epiphysis. Intertrochanteric osteotomy gives compensatory correction for the severely slipped upper femoral epiphysis without endangering its blood supply. The results of thirty-five such osteotomies carried out over an eighteen-year period are reviewed. The indication for operation was a chronic slip of a third or more of the growth plate in the lateral radiograph. The mean age at operation was fourteen years and the mean follow-up period seven and a half years. The results showed that even a moderate correction of deformity as shown by the radiograph could produce a hip with a functionally satisfactory range of movement. Chondrolysis was the most serious complication and occurred in four hips. The radiological results are discussed in relation to details of operative technique and also to long-term prognosis.", "PMID": 681416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4824", "title": "Replacement of the femoral head by open operation in severe adolescent slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis.", "content": "The stages in adolescent slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis are classified in relation to treatment. The operation of open replacement of the displaced femoral head is described, and the results of a personal series of seventy-three such operations are presented. Open replacement is excellent treatment for severe chronic slipping so long as the growth plate is still open. The greater incidence of avascular necrosis in acute-on-chronic cases is probably due to damage to the blood supply of the head at the time of the acute slip or kinking of the vessels before replacement. Prolonged traction before operation may increase the risk of chondrolysis. Late onset of osteoarthritis when neither avascular necrosis nor chondrolysis has occurred may be due to misfitting of the articular cartilage because of inaccurate reduction.", "contents": "Replacement of the femoral head by open operation in severe adolescent slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis. The stages in adolescent slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis are classified in relation to treatment. The operation of open replacement of the displaced femoral head is described, and the results of a personal series of seventy-three such operations are presented. Open replacement is excellent treatment for severe chronic slipping so long as the growth plate is still open. The greater incidence of avascular necrosis in acute-on-chronic cases is probably due to damage to the blood supply of the head at the time of the acute slip or kinking of the vessels before replacement. Prolonged traction before operation may increase the risk of chondrolysis. Late onset of osteoarthritis when neither avascular necrosis nor chondrolysis has occurred may be due to misfitting of the articular cartilage because of inaccurate reduction.", "PMID": 681417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4825", "title": "Halo-pelvic apparatus: peritoneal penetration by pelvic pins.", "content": "In a series of over 250 patients, four suffered peritoneal penetration by one of the pelvic pins while being put into a halo-pelvic apparatus. In each case a point on the iliac crest two to three centimetres posterior to the anterior superior iliac crest had been used as the anterior landmark for the positioning of the pelvic pin guide. To avoid this complication we advise that the anterior landmark for the guide should be the \"tubercle of the crest\", five centimetres or more posterior to the anterior superior iliac spine.", "contents": "Halo-pelvic apparatus: peritoneal penetration by pelvic pins. In a series of over 250 patients, four suffered peritoneal penetration by one of the pelvic pins while being put into a halo-pelvic apparatus. In each case a point on the iliac crest two to three centimetres posterior to the anterior superior iliac crest had been used as the anterior landmark for the positioning of the pelvic pin guide. To avoid this complication we advise that the anterior landmark for the guide should be the \"tubercle of the crest\", five centimetres or more posterior to the anterior superior iliac spine.", "PMID": 681418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4826", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine.", "content": "Aneurysmal bone cysts are uncommon lesions, especially in the spine. Seventy-eight cases have been previously documented in the English literature and an additional fourteen cases are now reported. There is a definite predilection for the lumbar region and the neural arch is the part of the vertebra most commonly affected. It is recommended that treatment should consist of total excision or when this is not possible, curettage. Radiotherapy should be reserved for those few cases where operation is inadvisable.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine. Aneurysmal bone cysts are uncommon lesions, especially in the spine. Seventy-eight cases have been previously documented in the English literature and an additional fourteen cases are now reported. There is a definite predilection for the lumbar region and the neural arch is the part of the vertebra most commonly affected. It is recommended that treatment should consist of total excision or when this is not possible, curettage. Radiotherapy should be reserved for those few cases where operation is inadvisable.", "PMID": 681419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4827", "title": "Congenital spinal extradural cyst (lateral meningocele) simulating acute transverse myelitis. Report of a case.", "content": "Congenital spinal extradural cysts are rare and may be the cause of acute paraplegia. In their clinical features they closely resemble acute transverse myelitis. Immediate decompression of the spinal cord and removal of the cyst may lead to restoration of normal function. Myelography differentiates these two conditions by showing a cyst in communication with the spinal canal. This investigation must be mandatory.", "contents": "Congenital spinal extradural cyst (lateral meningocele) simulating acute transverse myelitis. Report of a case. Congenital spinal extradural cysts are rare and may be the cause of acute paraplegia. In their clinical features they closely resemble acute transverse myelitis. Immediate decompression of the spinal cord and removal of the cyst may lead to restoration of normal function. Myelography differentiates these two conditions by showing a cyst in communication with the spinal canal. This investigation must be mandatory.", "PMID": 681420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4828", "title": "Familial multiple non-osteogenic fibromata.", "content": "Three members of a family with a symmetrical distribution of multiple metaphysial lesions presented during childhood with pathological fractures and showed a tendency to spontaneous resolution after maturity. The histological and radiological features suggested multiple non-osteogenic fibromata of bone.", "contents": "Familial multiple non-osteogenic fibromata. Three members of a family with a symmetrical distribution of multiple metaphysial lesions presented during childhood with pathological fractures and showed a tendency to spontaneous resolution after maturity. The histological and radiological features suggested multiple non-osteogenic fibromata of bone.", "PMID": 681421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4829", "title": "Bone loss in response to long-term immobilisation.", "content": "The histodynamic response to long-term \"non-traumatic\" immobilisation was studied in young adult Beagle dogs by means of radiomorphometry and histomorphometry, the right forelimb being encased in plaster and the left forelimb serving as a control. The dogs were killed at two, four, six, eight, twelve, sixteen, twenty, twenty-four, thirty-two and forty weeks and the third metacarpal, radius, ulna and humerus removed for analysis of the contributions of the periosteal, haversian and endosteal envelopes to the bone loss at the mid-diaphysis. The bone mass responded to long-term immobilisation in three stages. First there was a rapid initial loss of bone, reaching its maximum (some 16 per cent of original mass) at six weeks, to which all three bone envelopes, to some extent, contributed. A rapid reversal followed, the bone mass approaching the control values between eight and twelve weeks after immobilisation. A second stage of slower but longer lasting bone loss ended twenty-four to thirty-two weeks after immobilisation; the periosteal envelope was the main contributor (80 to 90 per cent of the total loss). The third stage was characterised by maintenance of the bone mass which had been reduced by some 30 to 50 per cent of original values. This pattern was qualitatively similar in all four bones but the distal bones lost more bone than the proximal bones. The extent of resorption surface and the total histologically \"active\" periosteal envelope increased parallel to the phases of bone loss. The linear mineralisation rate did not differ significantly between the experimental and control sides.", "contents": "Bone loss in response to long-term immobilisation. The histodynamic response to long-term \"non-traumatic\" immobilisation was studied in young adult Beagle dogs by means of radiomorphometry and histomorphometry, the right forelimb being encased in plaster and the left forelimb serving as a control. The dogs were killed at two, four, six, eight, twelve, sixteen, twenty, twenty-four, thirty-two and forty weeks and the third metacarpal, radius, ulna and humerus removed for analysis of the contributions of the periosteal, haversian and endosteal envelopes to the bone loss at the mid-diaphysis. The bone mass responded to long-term immobilisation in three stages. First there was a rapid initial loss of bone, reaching its maximum (some 16 per cent of original mass) at six weeks, to which all three bone envelopes, to some extent, contributed. A rapid reversal followed, the bone mass approaching the control values between eight and twelve weeks after immobilisation. A second stage of slower but longer lasting bone loss ended twenty-four to thirty-two weeks after immobilisation; the periosteal envelope was the main contributor (80 to 90 per cent of the total loss). The third stage was characterised by maintenance of the bone mass which had been reduced by some 30 to 50 per cent of original values. This pattern was qualitatively similar in all four bones but the distal bones lost more bone than the proximal bones. The extent of resorption surface and the total histologically \"active\" periosteal envelope increased parallel to the phases of bone loss. The linear mineralisation rate did not differ significantly between the experimental and control sides.", "PMID": 681422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4830", "title": "Hereditary hypophosphataemic rickets with autosomal recessive inheritance and severe osteosclerosis. A report of two cases.", "content": "We have observed congenital hypophosphataemic rickets in two sons of a marriage between first cousins, their mother being clinically and biochemically normal. Both patients are now approaching middle age. In addition to severe childhood rickets and lifelong hypophosphataemia, their disease is characterised by gross osteosclerosis with extraskeletal ossification, clinically persistent osteomalacia in one and spinal cord compression in the other. The genetics of this disease can be satisfactorily explained only on the basis of autosomal recessive inheritance, a mode which has only once before been reported in the literature. The severity of certain features, which would be expected in a homozygous state, may help our understanding of the more usual X-linked form.", "contents": "Hereditary hypophosphataemic rickets with autosomal recessive inheritance and severe osteosclerosis. A report of two cases. We have observed congenital hypophosphataemic rickets in two sons of a marriage between first cousins, their mother being clinically and biochemically normal. Both patients are now approaching middle age. In addition to severe childhood rickets and lifelong hypophosphataemia, their disease is characterised by gross osteosclerosis with extraskeletal ossification, clinically persistent osteomalacia in one and spinal cord compression in the other. The genetics of this disease can be satisfactorily explained only on the basis of autosomal recessive inheritance, a mode which has only once before been reported in the literature. The severity of certain features, which would be expected in a homozygous state, may help our understanding of the more usual X-linked form.", "PMID": 681423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4831", "title": "Periosteal resorption of finger phalanges: radial versus ulnar surfaces.", "content": "Measurement of periosteal resorption (PR) at the radial and ulnar surfaces of the second, third and fourth middle phalanges of one hand in 60 normals and 61 chronic renal failure (CRF) patients showed generally higher involvement at the radial than the ulnar surfaces; however, best diagnostic results were achieved when PR was measured at both radial and ulnar surfaces of the index finger only. With the quantitative method, 31 of 61 CRF patients showed changes, whereas only 22 were identified with the grading method.", "contents": "Periosteal resorption of finger phalanges: radial versus ulnar surfaces. Measurement of periosteal resorption (PR) at the radial and ulnar surfaces of the second, third and fourth middle phalanges of one hand in 60 normals and 61 chronic renal failure (CRF) patients showed generally higher involvement at the radial than the ulnar surfaces; however, best diagnostic results were achieved when PR was measured at both radial and ulnar surfaces of the index finger only. With the quantitative method, 31 of 61 CRF patients showed changes, whereas only 22 were identified with the grading method.", "PMID": 681427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4832", "title": "Further pitfalls in knee arthrography.", "content": "Peripheral separations of the posterior medial meniscus, diagnosed at arthrography, may not be recognized at arthroscopy, arthrotomy or even upon examination of the resected specimen. Arthrographic recognition of an oblique buckethandle meniscal tear may be difficult when the visualized outer fragment maintains a triangular appearance. Articular cartilage defects, out of profile to the x-ray beam, may be suspected at fluoroscopy and confirmed by additional views. There is an icreased incidence of chondromalacia in symptomatic postmeniscectomy knees. Degenerative meniscal changes without arthrographically recognized discrete tears are common, particularly in older individuals. Localized lack of definition of meniscal surfaces may be the only arthrographic finding. Resected specimens invariably show surface irregularities to be more extensive than suggested radiologivally, and frequently there are unsuspected associated horizontal cleavage tears. The clinical implications of degenerated menisci are controversial. A variety of normal synovial folds can simulate the anterior cruciate ligament.", "contents": "Further pitfalls in knee arthrography. Peripheral separations of the posterior medial meniscus, diagnosed at arthrography, may not be recognized at arthroscopy, arthrotomy or even upon examination of the resected specimen. Arthrographic recognition of an oblique buckethandle meniscal tear may be difficult when the visualized outer fragment maintains a triangular appearance. Articular cartilage defects, out of profile to the x-ray beam, may be suspected at fluoroscopy and confirmed by additional views. There is an icreased incidence of chondromalacia in symptomatic postmeniscectomy knees. Degenerative meniscal changes without arthrographically recognized discrete tears are common, particularly in older individuals. Localized lack of definition of meniscal surfaces may be the only arthrographic finding. Resected specimens invariably show surface irregularities to be more extensive than suggested radiologivally, and frequently there are unsuspected associated horizontal cleavage tears. The clinical implications of degenerated menisci are controversial. A variety of normal synovial folds can simulate the anterior cruciate ligament.", "PMID": 681428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4833", "title": "Visualization of vascular structures during routine nephrotomography.", "content": "Using an immediate nephrotomogram at 30 to 40 seconds, one can show the nephrographic phase and often visualized the renal vein, splenic vein, and portal vein. In a series of 200 consecutive patients, technique was adequate in 169. Some visualization of the renal veins was obtained in 54% and the splenic vein was demonstrated in 25% of the immediate nephrotomograms.", "contents": "Visualization of vascular structures during routine nephrotomography. Using an immediate nephrotomogram at 30 to 40 seconds, one can show the nephrographic phase and often visualized the renal vein, splenic vein, and portal vein. In a series of 200 consecutive patients, technique was adequate in 169. Some visualization of the renal veins was obtained in 54% and the splenic vein was demonstrated in 25% of the immediate nephrotomograms.", "PMID": 681430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4834", "title": "Iatrogenic arterial injuries.", "content": "A review is presented of patients with an iatrogenic arterial injury treated during the period 1971 through 1976. Twelve patients sustained an arterial injury after diagnostic procedures, eight of them after angiography or heart catheterization. In three cases an injury of the radial artery was caused after puncture or cannulation for monitoring of blood gas values or blood pressure. In seven patients an arterial injury occurred after a therapeutic procedure. In two of them there was a lesion of the external iliac artery after gynaecological operations. Two other cases had an injury of the femoral artery after operation for varicose veins. Not infrequently, arterial injuries after diagnostic as well as after therapeutic procedures are not treated until in a later stage because they are initially overlooked. In only four patients was immediate repair carried out, and in fourteen correction was done later on. In all patients operated upon, the signs and symptoms of the iatrogenic arterial injury were controlled completely and the circulation could restored completely. Some late sequelae of arterial injuries are reviewed. In terms of prevention, the important factors are a sound knowledge of topographical anatomy and improvement of techniques and materials used with diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Iatrogenic arterial injuries. A review is presented of patients with an iatrogenic arterial injury treated during the period 1971 through 1976. Twelve patients sustained an arterial injury after diagnostic procedures, eight of them after angiography or heart catheterization. In three cases an injury of the radial artery was caused after puncture or cannulation for monitoring of blood gas values or blood pressure. In seven patients an arterial injury occurred after a therapeutic procedure. In two of them there was a lesion of the external iliac artery after gynaecological operations. Two other cases had an injury of the femoral artery after operation for varicose veins. Not infrequently, arterial injuries after diagnostic as well as after therapeutic procedures are not treated until in a later stage because they are initially overlooked. In only four patients was immediate repair carried out, and in fourteen correction was done later on. In all patients operated upon, the signs and symptoms of the iatrogenic arterial injury were controlled completely and the circulation could restored completely. Some late sequelae of arterial injuries are reviewed. In terms of prevention, the important factors are a sound knowledge of topographical anatomy and improvement of techniques and materials used with diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 681436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4835", "title": "Comparison of expanded PTFE and vein grafts in lower extremity arterial reconstructions.", "content": "Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) bypasses were used in a series of arterial reconstructions to the popliteal artery (45) and to arteries below that level (11). These were performed in high-risk situations in patients who lacked a suitable saphenous vein. Vein bypasses were performed in a comparable series of high-risk situations in patients having a suitable autologous saphenous vein (45 to the level of the popliteal artery and 11 to an artery below that level). PTFE patency rates at 4-14 months were 43 to 45 (96%) for the femoro-popliteal reconstructions (with a limb salvage rate of 39 to 45 or 87%) and 5 of 11 (45%) for the distal bypasses. Saphenous vein bypass patency rates at 8-14 months were 39 of 45 (87%) for the femoropopliteal reconstructions (with a limb salvage rate of 36 of 45 or 80%) and 5 of 11 (45%) for the distal bypasses. These results justify continued use of PTFE grafts in patients without saphenous veins who require lower extremity arterial reconstructions for limb salvage. The exact place of PTFE grafts in arterial reconstructive surgery of the lower extremity definition based on longer periods of observation.", "contents": "Comparison of expanded PTFE and vein grafts in lower extremity arterial reconstructions. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) bypasses were used in a series of arterial reconstructions to the popliteal artery (45) and to arteries below that level (11). These were performed in high-risk situations in patients who lacked a suitable saphenous vein. Vein bypasses were performed in a comparable series of high-risk situations in patients having a suitable autologous saphenous vein (45 to the level of the popliteal artery and 11 to an artery below that level). PTFE patency rates at 4-14 months were 43 to 45 (96%) for the femoro-popliteal reconstructions (with a limb salvage rate of 39 to 45 or 87%) and 5 of 11 (45%) for the distal bypasses. Saphenous vein bypass patency rates at 8-14 months were 39 of 45 (87%) for the femoropopliteal reconstructions (with a limb salvage rate of 36 of 45 or 80%) and 5 of 11 (45%) for the distal bypasses. These results justify continued use of PTFE grafts in patients without saphenous veins who require lower extremity arterial reconstructions for limb salvage. The exact place of PTFE grafts in arterial reconstructive surgery of the lower extremity definition based on longer periods of observation.", "PMID": 681437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4836", "title": "When can revascularization be limited to the profunda femoris alone?", "content": "Dealing with lower limbs arteriopathies with combined aorto iliac and superficial femoral occlusive diease and when ischemia leads to operation should an extension bypass to the popliteal or tibial artery be associated every time it is possible? The authors have investigated the results of revascularizing operation above the profunda femoris on 35 limbs (27 patients). On 19 limbs only, has the revascularization been sufficient to cure the distal ischemia. On the other 16 limbs, a second operation was necessary 7 times an extension bypass to the popliteal or tibial artery, once an above knee amputation, twic a below knee amputation. From the comparison of these results with the degree of ischemia and the arteriographic aspect of the profunda femoris, the author's conclusion is that revascularization must extent below the profunda femoris unless the profunda is in good condition and there is no rest ischemia.", "contents": "When can revascularization be limited to the profunda femoris alone? Dealing with lower limbs arteriopathies with combined aorto iliac and superficial femoral occlusive diease and when ischemia leads to operation should an extension bypass to the popliteal or tibial artery be associated every time it is possible? The authors have investigated the results of revascularizing operation above the profunda femoris on 35 limbs (27 patients). On 19 limbs only, has the revascularization been sufficient to cure the distal ischemia. On the other 16 limbs, a second operation was necessary 7 times an extension bypass to the popliteal or tibial artery, once an above knee amputation, twic a below knee amputation. From the comparison of these results with the degree of ischemia and the arteriographic aspect of the profunda femoris, the author's conclusion is that revascularization must extent below the profunda femoris unless the profunda is in good condition and there is no rest ischemia.", "PMID": 681438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4837", "title": "EXternal iliac \"steal syndrome\".", "content": "A case of steal syndrome in the external iliac artery characterized by distinct clinical symptoms and by a reversal of blood flow in the internal iliac artery secondary to the closure of the common iliac artery, has been described. The patient reported marked decrease in sexual activity and impariment of erection in addition to intermittent claudication of the corresponding lower extremity. He was able to achieve and maintain an erection only with absolute rest. The erection disapperaed immediately when he moved his lower extremities. Endarterectomy of the common external and internal iliac arteries along with an aortofemoral bypass, resulted in disapperrance of both claudication and his sexual impotence.", "contents": "EXternal iliac \"steal syndrome\". A case of steal syndrome in the external iliac artery characterized by distinct clinical symptoms and by a reversal of blood flow in the internal iliac artery secondary to the closure of the common iliac artery, has been described. The patient reported marked decrease in sexual activity and impariment of erection in addition to intermittent claudication of the corresponding lower extremity. He was able to achieve and maintain an erection only with absolute rest. The erection disapperaed immediately when he moved his lower extremities. Endarterectomy of the common external and internal iliac arteries along with an aortofemoral bypass, resulted in disapperrance of both claudication and his sexual impotence.", "PMID": 681439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4838", "title": "True aneurysm of the abdominal aorta due to blunt trauma.", "content": "This paper presents the case history of a 13-year-old boy who developed a true aneurysm of the abdominal aorta after a blunt abdominal trauma. A few months after the accident the aneurysmm was resected and replaced by a graft. Three previously published cases of abdominal aortic aneurysm after blunt trauma are briefly outlined. In each of these cases, however, a false aneurysm was involved. A traumatic aneurysm can develop after a penetrating or a blunt trauma, with complete or partial lesion of the aortic wall. Consequences of such a partial lesion are described. Operative treatment is required in the presence of an intimal flap or an aneurysm.", "contents": "True aneurysm of the abdominal aorta due to blunt trauma. This paper presents the case history of a 13-year-old boy who developed a true aneurysm of the abdominal aorta after a blunt abdominal trauma. A few months after the accident the aneurysmm was resected and replaced by a graft. Three previously published cases of abdominal aortic aneurysm after blunt trauma are briefly outlined. In each of these cases, however, a false aneurysm was involved. A traumatic aneurysm can develop after a penetrating or a blunt trauma, with complete or partial lesion of the aortic wall. Consequences of such a partial lesion are described. Operative treatment is required in the presence of an intimal flap or an aneurysm.", "PMID": 681440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4839", "title": "Paradoxical embolism.", "content": "Paradoxical embolization of venous thrombus into the abdominal aortic bifurcation has been diagnosed by means of aortography. Lower limb phlebothrombosis accounting for the embolus formation has been demonstrated by phlebography. Arterial embolectomy and venous thrombectomy were successfully performed. Recovery was complete without sequelae.", "contents": "Paradoxical embolism. Paradoxical embolization of venous thrombus into the abdominal aortic bifurcation has been diagnosed by means of aortography. Lower limb phlebothrombosis accounting for the embolus formation has been demonstrated by phlebography. Arterial embolectomy and venous thrombectomy were successfully performed. Recovery was complete without sequelae.", "PMID": 681441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4840", "title": "Positive and negative effects of anticoagulant treatment during and after arterial embolectomy.", "content": "Eighty-four consecutive patients subjected to arterial embolectomy were studied. Cardiac arrythmia was found in 64% of the cases. The incidence of upper limb embolus was 15%, and lower limb 85%. Our total results are in agreement with most reports--the limb salvage rate of survivors was 84%, and the amputation rate was 16%. The primary mortality, 18%, is a rather low figure considering the high mean age (72 years) of the material. The prognosis after embolectomy was dependent on time from onset of symptoms and on the age of the patient. In the group of patients treated with anticoagulants the primary mortality was 7%, and in the untreated group 26%. The results of this investigation of patients treated with arterial embolectomy indicate: Adequate anticoagulant treatment during the per- and postoperative period decreased the primary mortality significantly, possibly as a result of fewer thromboembolic complications. The anticoagulant treatment was associated with a higher frequency of local complications as postoperative hemorrhage and reocclusions, which increased the frequency of reoperations and amputations. These drawbacks of anticoagulant treatment could possibly be counteracted by proper measures during the operation.", "contents": "Positive and negative effects of anticoagulant treatment during and after arterial embolectomy. Eighty-four consecutive patients subjected to arterial embolectomy were studied. Cardiac arrythmia was found in 64% of the cases. The incidence of upper limb embolus was 15%, and lower limb 85%. Our total results are in agreement with most reports--the limb salvage rate of survivors was 84%, and the amputation rate was 16%. The primary mortality, 18%, is a rather low figure considering the high mean age (72 years) of the material. The prognosis after embolectomy was dependent on time from onset of symptoms and on the age of the patient. In the group of patients treated with anticoagulants the primary mortality was 7%, and in the untreated group 26%. The results of this investigation of patients treated with arterial embolectomy indicate: Adequate anticoagulant treatment during the per- and postoperative period decreased the primary mortality significantly, possibly as a result of fewer thromboembolic complications. The anticoagulant treatment was associated with a higher frequency of local complications as postoperative hemorrhage and reocclusions, which increased the frequency of reoperations and amputations. These drawbacks of anticoagulant treatment could possibly be counteracted by proper measures during the operation.", "PMID": 681442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4841", "title": "Successful surgical management of a dissecting aneurysm of the ascending and transverse aorta with heart failure due to sudden, severe aortic valve insufficiency.", "content": "A dissecting aneurysm of the ascending and transverse aorta with heart failure due to sudden severe arotic valve insufficiency in a 47-year-old man has been treated successfully. Vasodilator therapy was done preoperatively, and then hemodynamics was improved markedly. A selective perfusion technique by using separate pumps at pre-determined flow-rates with hypothermia was utilized. The replacement of both the aortic valve and the ascending and transverse aorta involving brachiocephalic artery with a prosthetic valve and expanded polytetra-fluoroethylene coated woven Dacron grafts was performed.", "contents": "Successful surgical management of a dissecting aneurysm of the ascending and transverse aorta with heart failure due to sudden, severe aortic valve insufficiency. A dissecting aneurysm of the ascending and transverse aorta with heart failure due to sudden severe arotic valve insufficiency in a 47-year-old man has been treated successfully. Vasodilator therapy was done preoperatively, and then hemodynamics was improved markedly. A selective perfusion technique by using separate pumps at pre-determined flow-rates with hypothermia was utilized. The replacement of both the aortic valve and the ascending and transverse aorta involving brachiocephalic artery with a prosthetic valve and expanded polytetra-fluoroethylene coated woven Dacron grafts was performed.", "PMID": 681444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4842", "title": "Syringe holder for constant Fogarty balloon catheter inflation.", "content": "Use of the Fogarty balloon catheter for hemostasis in vascular trauma and difficult vascular dissections requires constant balloon inflation. A syringe holder to maintain balloon inflation without requiring constant attention of an assistant has been designed. Other applications of the syringe holder are discussed, including use with endotracheal tubes, gastrointestinal tubes, and for Fogarty balloon occlusion of pulmonary segments.", "contents": "Syringe holder for constant Fogarty balloon catheter inflation. Use of the Fogarty balloon catheter for hemostasis in vascular trauma and difficult vascular dissections requires constant balloon inflation. A syringe holder to maintain balloon inflation without requiring constant attention of an assistant has been designed. Other applications of the syringe holder are discussed, including use with endotracheal tubes, gastrointestinal tubes, and for Fogarty balloon occlusion of pulmonary segments.", "PMID": 681445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4843", "title": "Surgical treatment of the \"parachute mitral valve\" complex in infancy (report of a case).", "content": "The case is presented of a 15-month-old male, affected by severe mitral valve regurgitation associated to aortic coarctation. The surgical treatment consisted in replacement of the mitral valve by a Hancock prosthesis followed, at a second state, by resection of the coarctation. The mitral insufficiency was secondary to an anomaly of the subvalvular apparatus of the \"Parachute Valve\" type. The incidence of defects associated to congenital mitral insufficiency is commented. The surgical indications for replacement or repair of these anomalies in infancy are discussed, and the surgical results achieved to data are analysed. Emphasis is made on the convenience, in case the corrective procedure requires valvular replacement, of implanting a low-profile biological prosthesis, which does not require anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of the \"parachute mitral valve\" complex in infancy (report of a case). The case is presented of a 15-month-old male, affected by severe mitral valve regurgitation associated to aortic coarctation. The surgical treatment consisted in replacement of the mitral valve by a Hancock prosthesis followed, at a second state, by resection of the coarctation. The mitral insufficiency was secondary to an anomaly of the subvalvular apparatus of the \"Parachute Valve\" type. The incidence of defects associated to congenital mitral insufficiency is commented. The surgical indications for replacement or repair of these anomalies in infancy are discussed, and the surgical results achieved to data are analysed. Emphasis is made on the convenience, in case the corrective procedure requires valvular replacement, of implanting a low-profile biological prosthesis, which does not require anticoagulant therapy.", "PMID": 681446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4844", "title": "Successful repair of left ventricular aneurysm due to blunt trauma. A case report.", "content": "The authors report the successful surgical treatment of their patient with posttraumatic aneurysm of the left ventricle. On the basis of the data reported in the literature and on their own experience, the authors consider this lesion absolute indication for surgery.", "contents": "Successful repair of left ventricular aneurysm due to blunt trauma. A case report. The authors report the successful surgical treatment of their patient with posttraumatic aneurysm of the left ventricle. On the basis of the data reported in the literature and on their own experience, the authors consider this lesion absolute indication for surgery.", "PMID": 681447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4845", "title": "Mitosis in Barbulanympha. I. Spindle structure, formation, and kinetochore engagement.", "content": "Successful culture of the obligatorily anaerobic symbionts residing in the hindgut of the wood-eating cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus now permits continuous observation of mitosis in individual Barbulanympha cells. In Part I of this two-part paper, we report methods for culture of the protozoa, preparation of microscope slide cultures in which Barbulanympha survived and divided for up to 3 days, and an optical arrangement which permits observation and through-focus photographic recording of dividing cells, sequentially in differential interference contrast and rectified polarized light microscopy. We describe the following prophase events and structures: development of the astral rays and large extranuclear central spindle from the tips of the elongate-centrioles; the fine structure of spindle fibers and astral rays which were deduced in vivo from polarized light microscopy and seen as a particular array of microtubules in thin-section electron micrographs; formation of chromosomal spindle fibers by dynamic engagement of astral rays to the kinetochores embedded in the persistent nuclear envelope; and repetitive shortening of chromosomal spindle fibers which appear to hoist the nucleus to the spindle surface, cyclically jostle the kinetochores within the nuclear envelope, and churn the prophase chromosomes. The observations described here and in Part II have implications both for the evolution of mitosis and for understanding the mitotic process generally.", "contents": "Mitosis in Barbulanympha. I. Spindle structure, formation, and kinetochore engagement. Successful culture of the obligatorily anaerobic symbionts residing in the hindgut of the wood-eating cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus now permits continuous observation of mitosis in individual Barbulanympha cells. In Part I of this two-part paper, we report methods for culture of the protozoa, preparation of microscope slide cultures in which Barbulanympha survived and divided for up to 3 days, and an optical arrangement which permits observation and through-focus photographic recording of dividing cells, sequentially in differential interference contrast and rectified polarized light microscopy. We describe the following prophase events and structures: development of the astral rays and large extranuclear central spindle from the tips of the elongate-centrioles; the fine structure of spindle fibers and astral rays which were deduced in vivo from polarized light microscopy and seen as a particular array of microtubules in thin-section electron micrographs; formation of chromosomal spindle fibers by dynamic engagement of astral rays to the kinetochores embedded in the persistent nuclear envelope; and repetitive shortening of chromosomal spindle fibers which appear to hoist the nucleus to the spindle surface, cyclically jostle the kinetochores within the nuclear envelope, and churn the prophase chromosomes. The observations described here and in Part II have implications both for the evolution of mitosis and for understanding the mitotic process generally.", "PMID": 681451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4846", "title": "Protection of the ischaemic myocardium by glucose-insulin-potassium infusion assessed by ventricular function and electron microscopy.", "content": "The protective effect of GIK infusion on the ischaemic myocardium was assessed by isovolumic function tests and electron microscopy. There were two control groups, group 1 hearts underwent 2 hours of continous normothermic cross-perfusion and group 2 hearts endured 2 hours of ischaemia. Group 3 hearts were administered GIK solution prior to ischaemic arrest. The group 3 hearts showed less loss of contractile force and contractile velocity from the ischaemic period compared to group 2 hearts, but no benfit was shown in terms of compliance. Electron microscopic examination showed slightly less damage in the group 3 hearts compared to group 2 hearts. Group 1 hearts maintained better function than either of the other two groups. Ultrastructure was not examined in group 1 hearts. A slight protective effect of GIK on the ischaemic myocardium was thus confirmed.", "contents": "Protection of the ischaemic myocardium by glucose-insulin-potassium infusion assessed by ventricular function and electron microscopy. The protective effect of GIK infusion on the ischaemic myocardium was assessed by isovolumic function tests and electron microscopy. There were two control groups, group 1 hearts underwent 2 hours of continous normothermic cross-perfusion and group 2 hearts endured 2 hours of ischaemia. Group 3 hearts were administered GIK solution prior to ischaemic arrest. The group 3 hearts showed less loss of contractile force and contractile velocity from the ischaemic period compared to group 2 hearts, but no benfit was shown in terms of compliance. Electron microscopic examination showed slightly less damage in the group 3 hearts compared to group 2 hearts. Group 1 hearts maintained better function than either of the other two groups. Ultrastructure was not examined in group 1 hearts. A slight protective effect of GIK on the ischaemic myocardium was thus confirmed.", "PMID": 681448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4847", "title": "Morphometric analysis of the translocation of lumenal membrane between cytoplasm and cell surface of transitional epithelial cells during the expansion-contraction cycles of mammalian urinary bladder.", "content": "The flow of membrane between the cytoplasm and the lumenal surface during the expansion-contraction cycle of urinary bladder was estimated by stereological examination of electron micrographs of urothelial cells from guinea pigs, gerbils, hamsters, rabbits, and rats. The quantitative data obtained allowed an approximation of the surface area, volume, and numbers of lumenal membranelike vesicles and infoldings per unit volume of cytoplasm. Depending upon the species, approximately 85 to approximately 94% of the membrane surface area translocated into and out of the cytoplasm was in the form of discoidal vesicles. The remainder was accounted for by infoldings of the lumenal plasma membrane. The density of vesicles involved in transfer of membrane was quite similar in all the species examined, except guinea pigs which yielded lower values. In contrast, the densities of the total cytoplasmic pools of discoidal vesicles potentially available for translocation varied greatly among the different species. In general, species of animals with a highly concentrated urine had a greater density of discoidal vesicles than species with a less concentrated urine. This correlation may indicate an authentic relationship between lumenal membranes and the tonicity of urine, such as increased membrane recycling or turnover with increasingly hypertonic urine; or it may signify the existence of some other, more obscure relationship.", "contents": "Morphometric analysis of the translocation of lumenal membrane between cytoplasm and cell surface of transitional epithelial cells during the expansion-contraction cycles of mammalian urinary bladder. The flow of membrane between the cytoplasm and the lumenal surface during the expansion-contraction cycle of urinary bladder was estimated by stereological examination of electron micrographs of urothelial cells from guinea pigs, gerbils, hamsters, rabbits, and rats. The quantitative data obtained allowed an approximation of the surface area, volume, and numbers of lumenal membranelike vesicles and infoldings per unit volume of cytoplasm. Depending upon the species, approximately 85 to approximately 94% of the membrane surface area translocated into and out of the cytoplasm was in the form of discoidal vesicles. The remainder was accounted for by infoldings of the lumenal plasma membrane. The density of vesicles involved in transfer of membrane was quite similar in all the species examined, except guinea pigs which yielded lower values. In contrast, the densities of the total cytoplasmic pools of discoidal vesicles potentially available for translocation varied greatly among the different species. In general, species of animals with a highly concentrated urine had a greater density of discoidal vesicles than species with a less concentrated urine. This correlation may indicate an authentic relationship between lumenal membranes and the tonicity of urine, such as increased membrane recycling or turnover with increasingly hypertonic urine; or it may signify the existence of some other, more obscure relationship.", "PMID": 681453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4848", "title": "Mitosis in Barbulanympha. II. Dynamics of a two-stage anaphase, nuclear morphogenesis, and cytokinesis.", "content": "Anaphase in Barbulanympha proceeds in two discrete steps. In anaphase-A, chromosomal spindle fibers shorten and chromosomes move to the stationary centrosomes. In anaphase-B, the central spindle elongates and (\"telophasic\") bouquets of chromosomes, with kinetochores still connected by the shortened chromosomal fibers to the centrosomes, are moved far apart. The length, width, and birefringence of the central spindle remain unchanged throughout anaphase-A. In anaphase-B, the central spindle elongates up to fivefold. During elongation, the peripheral fibers of the central spindle splay, first anteriorly and then laterally. The remaining central spindle progressively becomes thinner and the retardation decreases; however, the coefficient of birefringence stays approximately constant. The nuclear envelope persists throughout mitosis in Barbulanympha and the nucleus undergoes an intricate morphological change. In prophase, the nucleus engulfs the spindle; in early anaphase-A, the nuclear envelope forms a seam anterior to the spindle, the nucleus thus transforms into a complete sleeve surrounding the central spindle. In late anaphase-A, the middle of the seam opens up in a cleft as the lips part; in anaphase-B, the cleft expands posteriorly, progressively exposing the central spindle. Finally, the cleft partitions the nucleus into two. The nuclear envelope shows an apparent elasticity and two-dimensional fluidity. Localized, transient deformations of the nuclear envelope indicate poleward and counter-poleward forces acting on the kinetochores embedded in the envelope. These forces appear responsible for nuclear morphogenesis as well as anaphase chromosome movement. At the end of anaphase-B, the two rostrate Barbulanympha may swim apart of be poked apart into two daughter cells by another organism cohabiting the host's hindgut.", "contents": "Mitosis in Barbulanympha. II. Dynamics of a two-stage anaphase, nuclear morphogenesis, and cytokinesis. Anaphase in Barbulanympha proceeds in two discrete steps. In anaphase-A, chromosomal spindle fibers shorten and chromosomes move to the stationary centrosomes. In anaphase-B, the central spindle elongates and (\"telophasic\") bouquets of chromosomes, with kinetochores still connected by the shortened chromosomal fibers to the centrosomes, are moved far apart. The length, width, and birefringence of the central spindle remain unchanged throughout anaphase-A. In anaphase-B, the central spindle elongates up to fivefold. During elongation, the peripheral fibers of the central spindle splay, first anteriorly and then laterally. The remaining central spindle progressively becomes thinner and the retardation decreases; however, the coefficient of birefringence stays approximately constant. The nuclear envelope persists throughout mitosis in Barbulanympha and the nucleus undergoes an intricate morphological change. In prophase, the nucleus engulfs the spindle; in early anaphase-A, the nuclear envelope forms a seam anterior to the spindle, the nucleus thus transforms into a complete sleeve surrounding the central spindle. In late anaphase-A, the middle of the seam opens up in a cleft as the lips part; in anaphase-B, the cleft expands posteriorly, progressively exposing the central spindle. Finally, the cleft partitions the nucleus into two. The nuclear envelope shows an apparent elasticity and two-dimensional fluidity. Localized, transient deformations of the nuclear envelope indicate poleward and counter-poleward forces acting on the kinetochores embedded in the envelope. These forces appear responsible for nuclear morphogenesis as well as anaphase chromosome movement. At the end of anaphase-B, the two rostrate Barbulanympha may swim apart of be poked apart into two daughter cells by another organism cohabiting the host's hindgut.", "PMID": 681452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4849", "title": "Differences between nucleus and cytoplasm in the degree of actin polymerization.", "content": "For purposes of studying the degree of polymerization of actin in nuclei, nuclei from 35S-labeled amoebas (Amoeba proteus) were transplanted into unlabeled cells, which were immediately lysed and extracted under conditions considered to stabilize preexisting fibrous actin. The enucleated 35S-donor cells were similarly treated for analysis of cytoplasmic actin. The extraction conditions permitted separation of soluble (unpolymerized or G) actin from pelletable (polymerized or F) actin, and the radioactivity of each was determined after the actin was separated from other proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We found that about 2/3 of the actin within the nucleus is pelletable, whereas only about 1/3 of the cytoplasmic actin is pelletable. We speculate that polymerized actin in the nucleus is involved in the condensation of chromatin.", "contents": "Differences between nucleus and cytoplasm in the degree of actin polymerization. For purposes of studying the degree of polymerization of actin in nuclei, nuclei from 35S-labeled amoebas (Amoeba proteus) were transplanted into unlabeled cells, which were immediately lysed and extracted under conditions considered to stabilize preexisting fibrous actin. The enucleated 35S-donor cells were similarly treated for analysis of cytoplasmic actin. The extraction conditions permitted separation of soluble (unpolymerized or G) actin from pelletable (polymerized or F) actin, and the radioactivity of each was determined after the actin was separated from other proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We found that about 2/3 of the actin within the nucleus is pelletable, whereas only about 1/3 of the cytoplasmic actin is pelletable. We speculate that polymerized actin in the nucleus is involved in the condensation of chromatin.", "PMID": 681454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4850", "title": "Prosthetic valve endocarditis after heart catheterization.", "content": "It is accepted that patients with valvular disease or valvular prosthesis should be protected against endocarditis during procedures causing bacteriemia. On the other hand it has been shown that bacteriemia occurs during catheterization. Thus, protection against endocarditis for patients undergoing catheterization deserves more consideration, specially among patients with prosthetic valves. Moved by the fatal outcome of one of our patients with postcatheterization prosthetic valve endocarditis, the authors leave an open discussion about this subject.", "contents": "Prosthetic valve endocarditis after heart catheterization. It is accepted that patients with valvular disease or valvular prosthesis should be protected against endocarditis during procedures causing bacteriemia. On the other hand it has been shown that bacteriemia occurs during catheterization. Thus, protection against endocarditis for patients undergoing catheterization deserves more consideration, specially among patients with prosthetic valves. Moved by the fatal outcome of one of our patients with postcatheterization prosthetic valve endocarditis, the authors leave an open discussion about this subject.", "PMID": 681450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4851", "title": "Acute bacterial endocarditis following traumatic ventricular septal defect.", "content": "Traumatic ventricular septal defect occur rarely although penetrating wounds of the heart rate are fairly common. The urgency for the surgical correction of traumatic ventricular septal defects has been debated. In life-saving instances where left heart failure or cardiac tamponade occur, the decision is simple. A case report of early bacterial endocarditis complicating traumatic ventricular septal defect in the first 12 hours following injury has been presented. Avoidance of this complication by early surgical correction is advocated.", "contents": "Acute bacterial endocarditis following traumatic ventricular septal defect. Traumatic ventricular septal defect occur rarely although penetrating wounds of the heart rate are fairly common. The urgency for the surgical correction of traumatic ventricular septal defects has been debated. In life-saving instances where left heart failure or cardiac tamponade occur, the decision is simple. A case report of early bacterial endocarditis complicating traumatic ventricular septal defect in the first 12 hours following injury has been presented. Avoidance of this complication by early surgical correction is advocated.", "PMID": 681449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4852", "title": "Localization of the guinea pig eosinophil major basic protein to the core of the granule.", "content": "The localization of the guinea pig eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) within the cell was investigated by the use of immunoelectron microscopy and by isolation of the granule crystalloids. First, by immunoperoxidase electron microscopy, we found that the MBP of eosinophil granules is contained within the crystalloid core of the granule. Specific staining of cores was present when rabbit antiserum to MBP was used as the first stage antibody in a double antibody staining procedure, whereas staining was not seen when normal rabbit serum was used as the first stage antibody. Second, crystalloids were isolated from eosinophil granules by disruption in 0.1% Triton X-100 and centrifugation through a cushion of 50% sucrose. Highly purified core preparations yielded essentially a single band when analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The E1%1cm of the core protein was 26.8 +/- 1.0 (X +/- SEM); the E1%1cm for the MBP was 26.3. The core protein could not be distinguished from the MBP by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and essentially all of the protein in the core preparations could be accounted for as MBP. The results indicate that the MBP is contained in the core of the guinea pig eosinophil granule and that it is probably the only protein present in the core.", "contents": "Localization of the guinea pig eosinophil major basic protein to the core of the granule. The localization of the guinea pig eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) within the cell was investigated by the use of immunoelectron microscopy and by isolation of the granule crystalloids. First, by immunoperoxidase electron microscopy, we found that the MBP of eosinophil granules is contained within the crystalloid core of the granule. Specific staining of cores was present when rabbit antiserum to MBP was used as the first stage antibody in a double antibody staining procedure, whereas staining was not seen when normal rabbit serum was used as the first stage antibody. Second, crystalloids were isolated from eosinophil granules by disruption in 0.1% Triton X-100 and centrifugation through a cushion of 50% sucrose. Highly purified core preparations yielded essentially a single band when analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The E1%1cm of the core protein was 26.8 +/- 1.0 (X +/- SEM); the E1%1cm for the MBP was 26.3. The core protein could not be distinguished from the MBP by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and essentially all of the protein in the core preparations could be accounted for as MBP. The results indicate that the MBP is contained in the core of the guinea pig eosinophil granule and that it is probably the only protein present in the core.", "PMID": 681455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4853", "title": "\"The Merck Index\": the merits of using computers in publishing.", "content": "\"The Merck Index\", an internationally recognized encyclopedia of drugs, chemicals, and biologicals was produced by the traditional method for eight consecutive editions. Owing to the rapidly increasing volume of information and escalating costs of book production, it became desirable to design a computer-assisted production method for preparation of the recently published ninth edition. The method that was developed and used as well as the philosophy behind its use are described.", "contents": "\"The Merck Index\": the merits of using computers in publishing. \"The Merck Index\", an internationally recognized encyclopedia of drugs, chemicals, and biologicals was produced by the traditional method for eight consecutive editions. Owing to the rapidly increasing volume of information and escalating costs of book production, it became desirable to design a computer-assisted production method for preparation of the recently published ninth edition. The method that was developed and used as well as the philosophy behind its use are described.", "PMID": 681457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4854", "title": "Biochemical and stereological analysis of rat liver mitochondria in different thyroid states.", "content": "The concentrations of the inner mitochondrial membrane markers cardiolipin and cytochrome alpha have been measured in liver homogenates and in purified mitochondria after thyroxine administration to thyroidectomized and normal rats. The biochemical results have been correlated with stereological electron micrographic analyses of hepatocytes in liver sections, and of isolated mitochondrial pellets. There were progressive and parallel increases in homogenate and mitochondrial cardiolipin concentration, and in mitochondrial cytochrome alpha concentration, after administration of 20 microgram of thyroxine on alternate days to thyroidectomized rats, and of 300 microgram on alternate days to normal rats. Electron microscope measurements showed marked differences in the shape of the mitochondria and in the number of cristae in different thyroid states. Hypothyroid mitochondria were shorter and wider than controls, and hyperthyroid mitochondria longer but of similar width. Mitochondrial volume per unit cell volume was virtually unchanged in hypo- and hyperthyroid animals. The most striking changes were a decrease in the area of the inner membrane plus cristae in thyroidectomized rats, and a substantial increase in membrane area after thyroxine administration. The biochemical and electron micrographic results indicate that, in rat liver, thyroid hormone administration leads to a selective increase in the relative amount of mitochondrial inner membranes, with little or no change in the mitochondrial volume per unit cell volume, or in total mitochondrial protein per unit total cell protein.", "contents": "Biochemical and stereological analysis of rat liver mitochondria in different thyroid states. The concentrations of the inner mitochondrial membrane markers cardiolipin and cytochrome alpha have been measured in liver homogenates and in purified mitochondria after thyroxine administration to thyroidectomized and normal rats. The biochemical results have been correlated with stereological electron micrographic analyses of hepatocytes in liver sections, and of isolated mitochondrial pellets. There were progressive and parallel increases in homogenate and mitochondrial cardiolipin concentration, and in mitochondrial cytochrome alpha concentration, after administration of 20 microgram of thyroxine on alternate days to thyroidectomized rats, and of 300 microgram on alternate days to normal rats. Electron microscope measurements showed marked differences in the shape of the mitochondria and in the number of cristae in different thyroid states. Hypothyroid mitochondria were shorter and wider than controls, and hyperthyroid mitochondria longer but of similar width. Mitochondrial volume per unit cell volume was virtually unchanged in hypo- and hyperthyroid animals. The most striking changes were a decrease in the area of the inner membrane plus cristae in thyroidectomized rats, and a substantial increase in membrane area after thyroxine administration. The biochemical and electron micrographic results indicate that, in rat liver, thyroid hormone administration leads to a selective increase in the relative amount of mitochondrial inner membranes, with little or no change in the mitochondrial volume per unit cell volume, or in total mitochondrial protein per unit total cell protein.", "PMID": 681456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4855", "title": "Analysis of the registry of toxic effects of chemical substances (RTECS) files and conversion of the data in these files for input to the environmental chemicals data and information network (ECDIN).", "content": "A data bank for environmental chemicals, ECDIN, is being developed at the Joint Research Centre of the European Communities in cooperation with universities and research institutes in the nine member states as a part of the Environmental Research Programme of the EC. During the pilot phase of the project, data from the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances have been incorporated into the data bank. Conversions of the data into ECDIN input format was necessary before inclusion of the toxicity data in ECDIN, and the computer programs used for this format conversion have produced various statistics for the contents of the RTECS files. Analyses of the data in three editions of RTECS are presented.", "contents": "Analysis of the registry of toxic effects of chemical substances (RTECS) files and conversion of the data in these files for input to the environmental chemicals data and information network (ECDIN). A data bank for environmental chemicals, ECDIN, is being developed at the Joint Research Centre of the European Communities in cooperation with universities and research institutes in the nine member states as a part of the Environmental Research Programme of the EC. During the pilot phase of the project, data from the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances have been incorporated into the data bank. Conversions of the data into ECDIN input format was necessary before inclusion of the toxicity data in ECDIN, and the computer programs used for this format conversion have produced various statistics for the contents of the RTECS files. Analyses of the data in three editions of RTECS are presented.", "PMID": 681458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4856", "title": "[Anaerobic bacteria in digestive surgery. Pathogenic role and prognostic incidence (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors isolated in common surgical practice 83 anaerobic bacteria mainly bacteroides and clostridia. They analyse their pathogenic role in relation to the site of sampling. Comparing the bacteriological results with a clinical study of 96 cases of generalised peritonitis, there appeared to be no significant differente between the prognosis in peritonitis and anaerobic bacteria and those without anaerobic bacteria. The mortality was identical in septicemia due to anaerobic and aerobic bacteria; jaundice was just as frequent in both series. However, the prognosis of peritonitis due to anaerobic bacteria seems better when antibiotic treatment is adapted to the bacteria, e.g. lincomycin, metronidazole. With regard to anaerobic bacteria, which represent only part of the fecal flora, it may be dangerous by selection of resistant strains to use prophylactic antibiotics as a routine; local treatment of the septic focus seems the most important. The pathogenic role of anaerobic bacteria in digestive pathology is far from clearly defined; one should not follow the fashion of using even specific antibiotics without justification.", "contents": "[Anaerobic bacteria in digestive surgery. Pathogenic role and prognostic incidence (author's transl)]. The authors isolated in common surgical practice 83 anaerobic bacteria mainly bacteroides and clostridia. They analyse their pathogenic role in relation to the site of sampling. Comparing the bacteriological results with a clinical study of 96 cases of generalised peritonitis, there appeared to be no significant differente between the prognosis in peritonitis and anaerobic bacteria and those without anaerobic bacteria. The mortality was identical in septicemia due to anaerobic and aerobic bacteria; jaundice was just as frequent in both series. However, the prognosis of peritonitis due to anaerobic bacteria seems better when antibiotic treatment is adapted to the bacteria, e.g. lincomycin, metronidazole. With regard to anaerobic bacteria, which represent only part of the fecal flora, it may be dangerous by selection of resistant strains to use prophylactic antibiotics as a routine; local treatment of the septic focus seems the most important. The pathogenic role of anaerobic bacteria in digestive pathology is far from clearly defined; one should not follow the fashion of using even specific antibiotics without justification.", "PMID": 681459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4857", "title": "[Aseptic inflammatory reaction in surgery of the knee (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports 15 cases which show the clinical and laboratory characteristics and treatment of the aseptic inflammatory reaction observed after operation on the knee. It should be carefully distinguished from pyogenic arthritis; the clinical signs and the appearance of the synovial fluid are identical. Only laboratory examination permits ones to distinguish them, by the presence or absence of bacteria. This is a benign complication which becomes cured within a few days by common medical anti-inflammatory treatment. The danger is confusion with septic arthritis and the choice of inappropriate treatment, which often causes severe sequelae of even secondary infection. The true cause of this complication which in every way resembles acute inflammatory rheumatism, remains unknown.", "contents": "[Aseptic inflammatory reaction in surgery of the knee (author's transl)]. The author reports 15 cases which show the clinical and laboratory characteristics and treatment of the aseptic inflammatory reaction observed after operation on the knee. It should be carefully distinguished from pyogenic arthritis; the clinical signs and the appearance of the synovial fluid are identical. Only laboratory examination permits ones to distinguish them, by the presence or absence of bacteria. This is a benign complication which becomes cured within a few days by common medical anti-inflammatory treatment. The danger is confusion with septic arthritis and the choice of inappropriate treatment, which often causes severe sequelae of even secondary infection. The true cause of this complication which in every way resembles acute inflammatory rheumatism, remains unknown.", "PMID": 681460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4858", "title": "[Dislocations of the calcaneum, talus and navicular bones. Report of 7 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 7 cases of sub-taloid dislocation, to which they prefer Allieu's term of talo-navicular-calcaneal dislocation, either internal (the most frequent) or external (rare) depending on the direction of displacement of the foot. After studying their mechanism, they analyse the results, which, contrary to dislocation-fractures of the talus, are usually good, in spite of the frequency of subtalal arthritis.", "contents": "[Dislocations of the calcaneum, talus and navicular bones. Report of 7 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report 7 cases of sub-taloid dislocation, to which they prefer Allieu's term of talo-navicular-calcaneal dislocation, either internal (the most frequent) or external (rare) depending on the direction of displacement of the foot. After studying their mechanism, they analyse the results, which, contrary to dislocation-fractures of the talus, are usually good, in spite of the frequency of subtalal arthritis.", "PMID": 681461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4859", "title": "[An isolated neurinoma in the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the clinical record of an isolated neurinoma in the pancreas of a fifty year old African woman. Thanks to this observation and ten other cases previously described by literature, they remind of the rarity of this localization as of the polymorphous clinical aspects in this disease. They point out the difficulty of anerting the positive diagnostic as well as the importance of the histological investigation which alone can authenticate the lesion and precise its benign ou malignant nature.", "contents": "[An isolated neurinoma in the pancreas (author's transl)]. The authors report the clinical record of an isolated neurinoma in the pancreas of a fifty year old African woman. Thanks to this observation and ten other cases previously described by literature, they remind of the rarity of this localization as of the polymorphous clinical aspects in this disease. They point out the difficulty of anerting the positive diagnostic as well as the importance of the histological investigation which alone can authenticate the lesion and precise its benign ou malignant nature.", "PMID": 681462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4860", "title": "[Contribution to the study of gallstones. Morphological, radiological and cristallographic analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The structure of gallstones has become of recent interest with the medical treatment of cholesterol stones. It seemed to us interesting to determine by morphological, radiological and above all cristallographic criteria the constituants of gallstones in order to draw up a practical classification which reflects better the biological reality. The present study confirms the existence of cholesterol and calcium carbonate in various types of stone, but reveals in addition the presence of cholesterol and bile salts associated with new mineral constituants identified for the first time (aluminium chlorite and silicate). The notion of pure stones, generally attributed to cholesterol and pigmented stones was only verified in the case of mineral stones.", "contents": "[Contribution to the study of gallstones. Morphological, radiological and cristallographic analysis (author's transl)]. The structure of gallstones has become of recent interest with the medical treatment of cholesterol stones. It seemed to us interesting to determine by morphological, radiological and above all cristallographic criteria the constituants of gallstones in order to draw up a practical classification which reflects better the biological reality. The present study confirms the existence of cholesterol and calcium carbonate in various types of stone, but reveals in addition the presence of cholesterol and bile salts associated with new mineral constituants identified for the first time (aluminium chlorite and silicate). The notion of pure stones, generally attributed to cholesterol and pigmented stones was only verified in the case of mineral stones.", "PMID": 681463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4861", "title": "Thin-layer detection of diazepam and/or chilordiazepoxide alone or in combination with major drugs of abuse in drug abuse urine screening programs.", "content": "Three extraction procedures for the detection of diazepam, oxazepam, chlorazepate and/or chlordiazepoxide in human urines are presented. All three procedures are based on the acid hydrolysis of benzodiazepines and/or their conjugated metabolites to give the corresponding benzophenones. Procedure I involves the direct acid hydrolysis of raw urine and is recommended when the aim is to test the abuse of benzodiazepine derivatives only. Procedure II Is a two-step extraction method in which a wide variety of drugs of abuse including cocaine (test based on the detection of benzoylecgonine) are extracted by the first step using paper loaded with cation-exchange resin and the benzodiazepines are tested in the second step by the acid hydrolysis of the spent urine left after removing the ion-exchange paper. Procedure III involves the use of inert fibrous matrix and then its acid hydrolysis. The detection procedure is based on the identification of methylaminochlorobenzophenone (MACB) and aminochlorobenzophenone (ACB). MACB is detected as a yellow-colored compound while ACB is detected by spraying with Bratton-Marshall reagent. Specificity of detection of ACB has been achieved by the selection of a thin-layer developing solvent system in which sulfonamides with primary aromatic amino groups remain at the origin.", "contents": "Thin-layer detection of diazepam and/or chilordiazepoxide alone or in combination with major drugs of abuse in drug abuse urine screening programs. Three extraction procedures for the detection of diazepam, oxazepam, chlorazepate and/or chlordiazepoxide in human urines are presented. All three procedures are based on the acid hydrolysis of benzodiazepines and/or their conjugated metabolites to give the corresponding benzophenones. Procedure I involves the direct acid hydrolysis of raw urine and is recommended when the aim is to test the abuse of benzodiazepine derivatives only. Procedure II Is a two-step extraction method in which a wide variety of drugs of abuse including cocaine (test based on the detection of benzoylecgonine) are extracted by the first step using paper loaded with cation-exchange resin and the benzodiazepines are tested in the second step by the acid hydrolysis of the spent urine left after removing the ion-exchange paper. Procedure III involves the use of inert fibrous matrix and then its acid hydrolysis. The detection procedure is based on the identification of methylaminochlorobenzophenone (MACB) and aminochlorobenzophenone (ACB). MACB is detected as a yellow-colored compound while ACB is detected by spraying with Bratton-Marshall reagent. Specificity of detection of ACB has been achieved by the selection of a thin-layer developing solvent system in which sulfonamides with primary aromatic amino groups remain at the origin.", "PMID": 681472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4862", "title": "An improved method for determining total urinary phenol.", "content": "A simple and easily manipulated method is described for th- determination of total urinary phenol. This modification of earlier procedures incorporates the enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugated phenol, extraction of the hydrolysis products into isopropyl ether and final quantitation by gas-liquid chromatography-flame ionization detection. The method employs benzyl alcohol as internal standard.", "contents": "An improved method for determining total urinary phenol. A simple and easily manipulated method is described for th- determination of total urinary phenol. This modification of earlier procedures incorporates the enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugated phenol, extraction of the hydrolysis products into isopropyl ether and final quantitation by gas-liquid chromatography-flame ionization detection. The method employs benzyl alcohol as internal standard.", "PMID": 681485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4863", "title": "Combined high-pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay method for the quantitation of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and some of its metabolites in human plasma.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatography-radioimmunoassay (HPLC-RIA) method for the measurement of cannabinoid levels in plasma is described. The method is capable of quantifying 0.1 ng of a cannabinoid in 1 ml of plasma. The experimental procedure consists of an initial separation of cannabinoids in a plasma extract by HPLC followed by collection of the HPLC eluate and RIA. A chromatogram consisting of the cross-reacting cannabinoids in plasma may then be constructed. The plasma concentrations of cannabinoids with retention volumes equivalent to those of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and mono-hydroxylated metabolites have been measured by this technique.", "contents": "Combined high-pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay method for the quantitation of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and some of its metabolites in human plasma. A high-pressure liquid chromatography-radioimmunoassay (HPLC-RIA) method for the measurement of cannabinoid levels in plasma is described. The method is capable of quantifying 0.1 ng of a cannabinoid in 1 ml of plasma. The experimental procedure consists of an initial separation of cannabinoids in a plasma extract by HPLC followed by collection of the HPLC eluate and RIA. A chromatogram consisting of the cross-reacting cannabinoids in plasma may then be constructed. The plasma concentrations of cannabinoids with retention volumes equivalent to those of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and mono-hydroxylated metabolites have been measured by this technique.", "PMID": 681490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4864", "title": "[Determination of ketoprofen in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. Comparison with gas--liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method of determination of ketoprofen 2-(3-benzoyl phenyl) propionic acid in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. After extraction by diethyl either in acidic medium, ketoprofen and the internal standard, 2-(4-benzoyl phenyl) butyric acid, are methylated with gaseous diazomethane and their concentrations measured by HPLC using in LiChrosorb Si 60 (5 micrometer) column and dichloromethane-hexane (60:40) as the mobile phase. The absolute retention times of the internal standard and ketoprofen are 11.6 and 12.8 min, respectively. The precision of the methods is +/- 4% and the lower detection limit ranges from 0.06 to 0.10 microgram/ml. The results obtained by HPLC show a very good correlation with those obtained by gas--liquid chromatography. The proposed method is sensitive, reproducible and rapid and very suitable for ketoprofen determination in pharmacokinetic studies.", "contents": "[Determination of ketoprofen in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. Comparison with gas--liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. A new method of determination of ketoprofen 2-(3-benzoyl phenyl) propionic acid in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. After extraction by diethyl either in acidic medium, ketoprofen and the internal standard, 2-(4-benzoyl phenyl) butyric acid, are methylated with gaseous diazomethane and their concentrations measured by HPLC using in LiChrosorb Si 60 (5 micrometer) column and dichloromethane-hexane (60:40) as the mobile phase. The absolute retention times of the internal standard and ketoprofen are 11.6 and 12.8 min, respectively. The precision of the methods is +/- 4% and the lower detection limit ranges from 0.06 to 0.10 microgram/ml. The results obtained by HPLC show a very good correlation with those obtained by gas--liquid chromatography. The proposed method is sensitive, reproducible and rapid and very suitable for ketoprofen determination in pharmacokinetic studies.", "PMID": 681491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4865", "title": "[Detection of sulfamethoxazol and N4-acetylsulfamethoxazol in  biological fluids by resversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (author's tarnsl)].", "content": "Sulfonamide drugs can be detected by reversed-phase hihg-pressure liquid chromatography. The possibilities of this method in the direct qualitative and quantitative analysis in blood or in urine without enrichment and derivatization are illustrated by the analysis of sulfamethoxazol and its metabolite N4-acetylsulfamethoxazol.", "contents": "[Detection of sulfamethoxazol and N4-acetylsulfamethoxazol in  biological fluids by resversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (author's tarnsl)]. Sulfonamide drugs can be detected by reversed-phase hihg-pressure liquid chromatography. The possibilities of this method in the direct qualitative and quantitative analysis in blood or in urine without enrichment and derivatization are illustrated by the analysis of sulfamethoxazol and its metabolite N4-acetylsulfamethoxazol.", "PMID": 681492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4866", "title": "Improved separation of nucleosides, nucleotides, and aminoacyl tRNA a strong anion-exchange resin.", "content": "Nucleosides and nucleotides can be separated on a polystyrene-dinylbenzene anion-exchange resin, Chromex DA-X8-11 at 50 degree using isocratic elution with 1.0 M ammonium carbonate pH 8.8 or 0.05 M formic acid pH 2.4. The resin can also resolve aminoacyl tRNA on either the analytical or preparative scale.", "contents": "Improved separation of nucleosides, nucleotides, and aminoacyl tRNA a strong anion-exchange resin. Nucleosides and nucleotides can be separated on a polystyrene-dinylbenzene anion-exchange resin, Chromex DA-X8-11 at 50 degree using isocratic elution with 1.0 M ammonium carbonate pH 8.8 or 0.05 M formic acid pH 2.4. The resin can also resolve aminoacyl tRNA on either the analytical or preparative scale.", "PMID": 681493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4867", "title": "A novel and rapid method for the preparation of methyl esters for gas chromatography: application to the determination of the fatty acids of edible fats and oils.", "content": "A rapid, mild, and convenient transesterification of triglycerides was obtained using 0.2 N-methanolic (m-trifluoro-methylphenyl) trimethylammonium hydroxide. The method yielded results comparable to those obtained using methanolic sodium methoxide.", "contents": "A novel and rapid method for the preparation of methyl esters for gas chromatography: application to the determination of the fatty acids of edible fats and oils. A rapid, mild, and convenient transesterification of triglycerides was obtained using 0.2 N-methanolic (m-trifluoro-methylphenyl) trimethylammonium hydroxide. The method yielded results comparable to those obtained using methanolic sodium methoxide.", "PMID": 681496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4868", "title": "Determination of aflatoxins in peanut products using reverse phase HPLC.", "content": "A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for the determination of the four major aflatoxins, B1, B2, G1 and G2, in peanut products. The aflatoxins are extracted by adapting a procedure developed by Pons (1) at the SRRC, USDA, and quantitated utilizing a new 5 mum reverse-phase column with NaCl/acetontrile/methanol mobile phase (3 + 1 + 1). The 5 mum column achieved baseline resolution of each of the four aflatoxins. Retention times and peak heights were reproducible. The procedure was successfully applied to several types of peanut products and was applicable to both roasted and unroasted peanuts, which is a decided advantage over the current CB and BF extraction methods. Additionally, it can be used for sweetened peanut matrixes with no interferences in the chromatography. The total time required for sample preparation and aflatoxin determination is less than 1.5 hours.", "contents": "Determination of aflatoxins in peanut products using reverse phase HPLC. A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for the determination of the four major aflatoxins, B1, B2, G1 and G2, in peanut products. The aflatoxins are extracted by adapting a procedure developed by Pons (1) at the SRRC, USDA, and quantitated utilizing a new 5 mum reverse-phase column with NaCl/acetontrile/methanol mobile phase (3 + 1 + 1). The 5 mum column achieved baseline resolution of each of the four aflatoxins. Retention times and peak heights were reproducible. The procedure was successfully applied to several types of peanut products and was applicable to both roasted and unroasted peanuts, which is a decided advantage over the current CB and BF extraction methods. Additionally, it can be used for sweetened peanut matrixes with no interferences in the chromatography. The total time required for sample preparation and aflatoxin determination is less than 1.5 hours.", "PMID": 681497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4869", "title": "The Personal Health Survey.", "content": "The Personal Health Survey (PHS) is a 200-item inventory that consists of 12 scales of empirically constructed items that relate to symptomatology from the principal psychophysiological supporting systems. The PHS was administered to 730 Ss in five clinical groups. Base rates of responding T or F to each item were compared across the five diagnostic groups. The test results were factor analyzed with a principal component method combined with Varimax rotation. The factors were orthogonal. Five main factors were extracted from the overall population and from each of the five subgroups and compared as to item composition. Administration, scoring, interpretation and validation of the empirical and factored scales are discussed.", "contents": "The Personal Health Survey. The Personal Health Survey (PHS) is a 200-item inventory that consists of 12 scales of empirically constructed items that relate to symptomatology from the principal psychophysiological supporting systems. The PHS was administered to 730 Ss in five clinical groups. Base rates of responding T or F to each item were compared across the five diagnostic groups. The test results were factor analyzed with a principal component method combined with Varimax rotation. The factors were orthogonal. Five main factors were extracted from the overall population and from each of the five subgroups and compared as to item composition. Administration, scoring, interpretation and validation of the empirical and factored scales are discussed.", "PMID": 681499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4870", "title": "Factored scales for the Personal Health Survey with schizophrenics, alcoholics, felons, unmarried mothers, and college students.", "content": "Employed the Personal Health Survey (PHS) to study patterns of symptomology related to physical and mental health in a population of 730 Ss, which consisted of five subgroups: felons, hospitalized alcoholics, unmarried mothers, college students and institutionalized schizophrenics. The factorial data were analyzed in terms of (a) size of item factor loadings; (b) base rates of responding True to each item; and (c) clinical judgments as to the specificity and meaning of the items and factor scale patterns. Five main factors were extracted: Factor I--General health status; Factor II--Sociopathic character disorders; Factor III--Mixed psychiatric symptoms; Factor IV--Anxiety state with psychosomatic symptoms and general nervousness; and Factor V--Schizophrenicity.", "contents": "Factored scales for the Personal Health Survey with schizophrenics, alcoholics, felons, unmarried mothers, and college students. Employed the Personal Health Survey (PHS) to study patterns of symptomology related to physical and mental health in a population of 730 Ss, which consisted of five subgroups: felons, hospitalized alcoholics, unmarried mothers, college students and institutionalized schizophrenics. The factorial data were analyzed in terms of (a) size of item factor loadings; (b) base rates of responding True to each item; and (c) clinical judgments as to the specificity and meaning of the items and factor scale patterns. Five main factors were extracted: Factor I--General health status; Factor II--Sociopathic character disorders; Factor III--Mixed psychiatric symptoms; Factor IV--Anxiety state with psychosomatic symptoms and general nervousness; and Factor V--Schizophrenicity.", "PMID": 681500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4871", "title": "The factorial structure of the Personal Health Survey in normals and schizophrenics.", "content": "Administered the Personal Health Survey to five different groups: 74 incarcerated felons, 47 hospitalized alcoholics, 172 unmarried mothers, 51 college students, and 386 hospitalized chronic schizophrenics. On 191 of 200 items, the schizophrenics had higher base rates than any other group. Although some groups did not have large enough Ns for statistically adequate factor analyses, factorial studies also were done on the four control groups. Every group studied gave different factor patterns, with different orders of emergence of factors, different item loadings and heterogeneous composition of items. It is concluded that subgroups should be factored independently across time to determine population characteristics because overall population patterns do not make possible more than general predictions about subgroups. Individuals cannot be predicted from either overall or subgroup factorial characteristics.", "contents": "The factorial structure of the Personal Health Survey in normals and schizophrenics. Administered the Personal Health Survey to five different groups: 74 incarcerated felons, 47 hospitalized alcoholics, 172 unmarried mothers, 51 college students, and 386 hospitalized chronic schizophrenics. On 191 of 200 items, the schizophrenics had higher base rates than any other group. Although some groups did not have large enough Ns for statistically adequate factor analyses, factorial studies also were done on the four control groups. Every group studied gave different factor patterns, with different orders of emergence of factors, different item loadings and heterogeneous composition of items. It is concluded that subgroups should be factored independently across time to determine population characteristics because overall population patterns do not make possible more than general predictions about subgroups. Individuals cannot be predicted from either overall or subgroup factorial characteristics.", "PMID": 681501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4872", "title": "Methodological advances in the validation of inventory items, scales, profiles and interpretations.", "content": "Factor analytic research is still in its infancy--theoretically, methodologically, and interpretively. Definitive research has not yet been done on problems of (a) item design and selection of items suitable for factor analysis; (b) identification of highly significant marker items; (c) tracings of item response distributions across scales, populations, occasions and other relevant variables; (d) determination of the number of items with different loadings necessary to obtain valid scale scores for psychological state measurements; (e) questions about the validity of summating factorially heterogeneous lowly correlated items in arriving at scale scores; (f) the use of clinical judgment to evaluate the possibly differing significances of the same item responses across populations and occasions; i.e., does the same factored item response have the same significance across scales?; (g) how to interpret scales with factorially mixed item compositions; (h) clinical judgement decisions in evaluating and interpreting scale meanings; and (i) the comparison of the results of analyzing data by different scaling methods. This study makes a start toward clarifying these methodological issues by analyzing the results of applying different methods of scale construction that utilized 146,000 item responses made by 730 Ss on the Personal Health Survey, a 200-item inventory designed to measure organ system functioning that contributes to physical and mental health.", "contents": "Methodological advances in the validation of inventory items, scales, profiles and interpretations. Factor analytic research is still in its infancy--theoretically, methodologically, and interpretively. Definitive research has not yet been done on problems of (a) item design and selection of items suitable for factor analysis; (b) identification of highly significant marker items; (c) tracings of item response distributions across scales, populations, occasions and other relevant variables; (d) determination of the number of items with different loadings necessary to obtain valid scale scores for psychological state measurements; (e) questions about the validity of summating factorially heterogeneous lowly correlated items in arriving at scale scores; (f) the use of clinical judgment to evaluate the possibly differing significances of the same item responses across populations and occasions; i.e., does the same factored item response have the same significance across scales?; (g) how to interpret scales with factorially mixed item compositions; (h) clinical judgement decisions in evaluating and interpreting scale meanings; and (i) the comparison of the results of analyzing data by different scaling methods. This study makes a start toward clarifying these methodological issues by analyzing the results of applying different methods of scale construction that utilized 146,000 item responses made by 730 Ss on the Personal Health Survey, a 200-item inventory designed to measure organ system functioning that contributes to physical and mental health.", "PMID": 681502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4873", "title": "Predictors of psychiatric illness among Navy hospital corpsmen.", "content": "Evaluated Recruit Temperament Survey (RTS) responses and aptitude test scores as potential predictors of psychiatric illness among 1,082 Navy hospital corpsmen. Twenty-six RTS items discriminated significantly between those corpsmen who became psychiatric casualties during a 4-year criterion period and those who did not; these items appeared to assess a construct of preservice personal and vocational adjustment. Scores on the aptitude measure were unrelated to illness incidence. The validity of the discriminating RTS items taken in combination for predicting psychiatric hospitalization among corpsmen was .28 with a cross-validity of .22. Implications of these findings for the use of measures such as the RTS in psychiatric screening were discussed.", "contents": "Predictors of psychiatric illness among Navy hospital corpsmen. Evaluated Recruit Temperament Survey (RTS) responses and aptitude test scores as potential predictors of psychiatric illness among 1,082 Navy hospital corpsmen. Twenty-six RTS items discriminated significantly between those corpsmen who became psychiatric casualties during a 4-year criterion period and those who did not; these items appeared to assess a construct of preservice personal and vocational adjustment. Scores on the aptitude measure were unrelated to illness incidence. The validity of the discriminating RTS items taken in combination for predicting psychiatric hospitalization among corpsmen was .28 with a cross-validity of .22. Implications of these findings for the use of measures such as the RTS in psychiatric screening were discussed.", "PMID": 681503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4874", "title": "Sex differences in anxiety response and adjustment to dental surgery: effects of general vs. specific preoperative information.", "content": "Monitored anxiety level by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Corah's (1969a) dental anxiety scale and evaluated adjustment via behavioral ratings, in 32 female and 31 male dental surgery patients who were presented general or specific information prior to surgery. The findings indicated that dental surgery is a stressful procedure that elicits comparably high levels of state anxiety in males and females. For most patients, even those high in dental anxiety, state anxiety level returns to \"normal\" levels just after the completion of surgery. The dental anxiety scale administered well before surgery is a good predictor of patient anxiety level in the dental situation, especially for males. Females responded to an informational tape received prior to surgery with increased anxiety, and were rated as showing poorer overall adjustment in surgery than males. The general and specific information tapes did not differentially affect adjustment, but informational input and related variables such as patient expectancies and prior level of information are factors that need further investigation in terms of their potential relevance for the reduction of patient anxiety and enhancement of patient adjustment during dental procedures.", "contents": "Sex differences in anxiety response and adjustment to dental surgery: effects of general vs. specific preoperative information. Monitored anxiety level by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Corah's (1969a) dental anxiety scale and evaluated adjustment via behavioral ratings, in 32 female and 31 male dental surgery patients who were presented general or specific information prior to surgery. The findings indicated that dental surgery is a stressful procedure that elicits comparably high levels of state anxiety in males and females. For most patients, even those high in dental anxiety, state anxiety level returns to \"normal\" levels just after the completion of surgery. The dental anxiety scale administered well before surgery is a good predictor of patient anxiety level in the dental situation, especially for males. Females responded to an informational tape received prior to surgery with increased anxiety, and were rated as showing poorer overall adjustment in surgery than males. The general and specific information tapes did not differentially affect adjustment, but informational input and related variables such as patient expectancies and prior level of information are factors that need further investigation in terms of their potential relevance for the reduction of patient anxiety and enhancement of patient adjustment during dental procedures.", "PMID": 681504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4875", "title": "Social skills training for the complex offender: employment seeking skills.", "content": "Compared 11 probationers with a history of psychiatric referral to a randomly selected group of unemployed persons from the State Unemployment Office in a number of job interview assessment situations. The probationers were rated as less skillful and also rated themselves as less likely to obtain employment than did the control Ss. After this pretest, the probationers were assigned to one of two treatment groups in which either monetary incentives for job interviews were provided or a skills training program was initiated. Posttest scores indicated that the skills program was most effective in changing behavioral and cognitive responses. These results generalized during the follow-up period; the skills training group obtained employment more frequently than did the incentive group. Implications for training critical skill deficits are discussed in terms of a response acquisition model.", "contents": "Social skills training for the complex offender: employment seeking skills. Compared 11 probationers with a history of psychiatric referral to a randomly selected group of unemployed persons from the State Unemployment Office in a number of job interview assessment situations. The probationers were rated as less skillful and also rated themselves as less likely to obtain employment than did the control Ss. After this pretest, the probationers were assigned to one of two treatment groups in which either monetary incentives for job interviews were provided or a skills training program was initiated. Posttest scores indicated that the skills program was most effective in changing behavioral and cognitive responses. These results generalized during the follow-up period; the skills training group obtained employment more frequently than did the incentive group. Implications for training critical skill deficits are discussed in terms of a response acquisition model.", "PMID": 681505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4876", "title": "Analysis of structural factors in schizophrenic delusions.", "content": "A previous factor analysis of delusional properties, scored from verbatim typescripts of interviews held with 32 schizophrenic patients, had generated four interpretable factors. The present study considered the meaning of these qualitative factors in terms of their relationships to four types of information potentially important to understanding the development or maintenance of delusions--sex gender, intelligence, chronicity, and type of delusion (e.g., persecution, grandeur). The possible contribution of factorial structure to understanding delusional behavior was indicated by the number of relationships found between these factors and the independent variables.", "contents": "Analysis of structural factors in schizophrenic delusions. A previous factor analysis of delusional properties, scored from verbatim typescripts of interviews held with 32 schizophrenic patients, had generated four interpretable factors. The present study considered the meaning of these qualitative factors in terms of their relationships to four types of information potentially important to understanding the development or maintenance of delusions--sex gender, intelligence, chronicity, and type of delusion (e.g., persecution, grandeur). The possible contribution of factorial structure to understanding delusional behavior was indicated by the number of relationships found between these factors and the independent variables.", "PMID": 681506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4877", "title": "MMPIs of rapists of adults, rapists of children, and non-rapist sex offenders.", "content": "Compared MMPI group mean profiles of rapists of adults, rapists of children, and non-rapist sex offenders. All three groups showed similar elevations on scale 4, but they differed in the extent to which scale 8 characteristics combined with those of scale 4. Rapists of adults showed an elevated 8-4 profile, rapists of children showed a 4-8 profile but with scale 8 somewhat lower, and non-rapists showed a high-4 profile with scale 8 elevated still less. Though there was marked heterogeneity in the two-point codes within groups, still the group results supported the notion that while all three types of sex offenders are impulsive and self-centered with poor social intelligence, the rapists of adults are more hostile, resentful, and interpersonally alienated than are rapists of children, and both types of rapists show those hostile and resentful characteristics more than do non-rapist sex offenders.", "contents": "MMPIs of rapists of adults, rapists of children, and non-rapist sex offenders. Compared MMPI group mean profiles of rapists of adults, rapists of children, and non-rapist sex offenders. All three groups showed similar elevations on scale 4, but they differed in the extent to which scale 8 characteristics combined with those of scale 4. Rapists of adults showed an elevated 8-4 profile, rapists of children showed a 4-8 profile but with scale 8 somewhat lower, and non-rapists showed a high-4 profile with scale 8 elevated still less. Though there was marked heterogeneity in the two-point codes within groups, still the group results supported the notion that while all three types of sex offenders are impulsive and self-centered with poor social intelligence, the rapists of adults are more hostile, resentful, and interpersonally alienated than are rapists of children, and both types of rapists show those hostile and resentful characteristics more than do non-rapist sex offenders.", "PMID": 681507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4878", "title": "The nature of deficit among paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics in the interpretation of sentences: an information processing approach.", "content": "Compared paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics to normal controls on a sentence verification task. The task permitted separation of times taken for central scanning and comparison operations and for operations associated with response selection and response execution. Neither group of schizophrenics took more time than normal controls for the latter operations; however, both groups of schizophrenics took longer at central scanning and comparison. Performance on this task was compared to previous results in which schizophrenics were similar to normals on times for central scanning and comparison, but took longer for non-central aspects of processing. It was condluded that the present deficit at the central processing level was attributable to deficient short-term memory of the encoded version of the sentence during the scanning and comparison operations. The absence of differences in the time taken for the non-central operations was ascribed to the exclusion of sentence encoding from the present latency times.", "contents": "The nature of deficit among paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics in the interpretation of sentences: an information processing approach. Compared paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics to normal controls on a sentence verification task. The task permitted separation of times taken for central scanning and comparison operations and for operations associated with response selection and response execution. Neither group of schizophrenics took more time than normal controls for the latter operations; however, both groups of schizophrenics took longer at central scanning and comparison. Performance on this task was compared to previous results in which schizophrenics were similar to normals on times for central scanning and comparison, but took longer for non-central aspects of processing. It was condluded that the present deficit at the central processing level was attributable to deficient short-term memory of the encoded version of the sentence during the scanning and comparison operations. The absence of differences in the time taken for the non-central operations was ascribed to the exclusion of sentence encoding from the present latency times.", "PMID": 681508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4879", "title": "Anxiety and classroom examination performance.", "content": "Studied classroom examination performance over the course of an entire semester as a function of (a) students' anxiety level (high, medium, low); (b) difficulty level of exam question (more vs. less difficult); (c) type of exam question (rote memory vs. generalization); (d) sex of S; and (e) intelligence level of S. As expected, there was a strong main effect of anxiety and a significant interaction between anxiety and item difficulty. The latter was consistent with the Hull-Spence formulation of learning and performance--as the habit strength of incorrect responses increases (i.e., as the items become more difficult), the superiority of low over high anxious Ss also should increase. When item difficulty was held constant, anxiety did not interact with type of exam question.", "contents": "Anxiety and classroom examination performance. Studied classroom examination performance over the course of an entire semester as a function of (a) students' anxiety level (high, medium, low); (b) difficulty level of exam question (more vs. less difficult); (c) type of exam question (rote memory vs. generalization); (d) sex of S; and (e) intelligence level of S. As expected, there was a strong main effect of anxiety and a significant interaction between anxiety and item difficulty. The latter was consistent with the Hull-Spence formulation of learning and performance--as the habit strength of incorrect responses increases (i.e., as the items become more difficult), the superiority of low over high anxious Ss also should increase. When item difficulty was held constant, anxiety did not interact with type of exam question.", "PMID": 681509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4880", "title": "Locus of control as a predictor variable in rehabilitation medicine.", "content": "Reports the results of preliminary work with the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. It was predicted that treatment motivation and treatment success would be related to the dimension of locus of control. Independent physiotherapist's ratings confirmed the first hypothesis, but not the second. This appears to be a fruitful area for further research with this instrument.", "contents": "Locus of control as a predictor variable in rehabilitation medicine. Reports the results of preliminary work with the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. It was predicted that treatment motivation and treatment success would be related to the dimension of locus of control. Independent physiotherapist's ratings confirmed the first hypothesis, but not the second. This appears to be a fruitful area for further research with this instrument.", "PMID": 681510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4881", "title": "An exploratory study of the interaction between personality and psychopathology.", "content": "Presented an exploratory study that focused on the relationship between personality and psychopathology. A sample of 389 male veterans was evaluation and diagnostically categorized into four mental illness categories and one nonmental illness group. Each S was tested with the MMPI and the Differential Personality Questionnaire. Several analyses were performed to test two of Zubin's (1967) hypotheses about possible interactions between personality and psychopathology. Results are seen as suggestive that personality is neither independent nor interactive with psychopathology.", "contents": "An exploratory study of the interaction between personality and psychopathology. Presented an exploratory study that focused on the relationship between personality and psychopathology. A sample of 389 male veterans was evaluation and diagnostically categorized into four mental illness categories and one nonmental illness group. Each S was tested with the MMPI and the Differential Personality Questionnaire. Several analyses were performed to test two of Zubin's (1967) hypotheses about possible interactions between personality and psychopathology. Results are seen as suggestive that personality is neither independent nor interactive with psychopathology.", "PMID": 681511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4882", "title": "The relation between trait anxiety and the Harris MMPI PD subscales among psychiatric inpatients.", "content": "Investigated the relationship between trait anxiety and MMPI PD scores among psychiatric inpatients from a multidimensional standpoint by means of the Harris PD subscales. The trait anxiety scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Harris PD subscales were administered to 24 female and 21 male psychiatric inpatients. Trait anxiety was correlated positively with the basic PD scale in accord with previous findings. However, the Self-Alienation and Social Alienation PD subscales were the only Harris subscales that were correlated significantly with anxiety in the positive direction. The Social Imperturbability PD subscale was related inversely to trait anxiety. The findings were discussed primarily in terms of the potential benefit of employing the Harris subscales in studies of psychopathy and in clinical settings.", "contents": "The relation between trait anxiety and the Harris MMPI PD subscales among psychiatric inpatients. Investigated the relationship between trait anxiety and MMPI PD scores among psychiatric inpatients from a multidimensional standpoint by means of the Harris PD subscales. The trait anxiety scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Harris PD subscales were administered to 24 female and 21 male psychiatric inpatients. Trait anxiety was correlated positively with the basic PD scale in accord with previous findings. However, the Self-Alienation and Social Alienation PD subscales were the only Harris subscales that were correlated significantly with anxiety in the positive direction. The Social Imperturbability PD subscale was related inversely to trait anxiety. The findings were discussed primarily in terms of the potential benefit of employing the Harris subscales in studies of psychopathy and in clinical settings.", "PMID": 681512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4883", "title": "Muscle tension and personality.", "content": "Studied the relationship between skeletal muscle activity and personality variables as measured by the MMPI in 17 male and 51 female patients (most with chronic pain) in a large general hospital. After administration of the MMPI, muscle activity was measured from the frontalis. A biserial correlation coefficient was calculated between muscle tension and each of 12 MMPI scales. The high-tension group obtained a significantly higher score on scale L and a significantly lower score on scale PD.", "contents": "Muscle tension and personality. Studied the relationship between skeletal muscle activity and personality variables as measured by the MMPI in 17 male and 51 female patients (most with chronic pain) in a large general hospital. After administration of the MMPI, muscle activity was measured from the frontalis. A biserial correlation coefficient was calculated between muscle tension and each of 12 MMPI scales. The high-tension group obtained a significantly higher score on scale L and a significantly lower score on scale PD.", "PMID": 681513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4884", "title": "The separation of organics from depressives with ability- and personality-based tests.", "content": "Previous research has indicated that ability-oriented organicity tests are of limited value in the separation of brain-damaged from schizophrenic patients in psychiatric hospitals. In the present study the capabilities of nine ability test measures and the MMPI Depression scale to differentiate organics from depressives were evaluated. Only six of the nine ts used to evaluate the differences between the two groups were significant at the 0.5 level and, after the samples were levelled for age, education and IQ, the number fell to zero. In contrast, the Depression scale differences were highly significant both before and after levelling. Multiple correlations run to evaluate the use of personality and ability measures in combination showed that they had considerable promise and suggest that the separation of organic from functional psychiatric hospital groups is best achieved by such combinations.", "contents": "The separation of organics from depressives with ability- and personality-based tests. Previous research has indicated that ability-oriented organicity tests are of limited value in the separation of brain-damaged from schizophrenic patients in psychiatric hospitals. In the present study the capabilities of nine ability test measures and the MMPI Depression scale to differentiate organics from depressives were evaluated. Only six of the nine ts used to evaluate the differences between the two groups were significant at the 0.5 level and, after the samples were levelled for age, education and IQ, the number fell to zero. In contrast, the Depression scale differences were highly significant both before and after levelling. Multiple correlations run to evaluate the use of personality and ability measures in combination showed that they had considerable promise and suggest that the separation of organic from functional psychiatric hospital groups is best achieved by such combinations.", "PMID": 681514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4885", "title": "An MMPI sign to separate organic from functional psychiatric patients.", "content": "Evaluated the utilities of all 90 possible unweighted additive/subtractive two-scale MMPI combinations as indices to separate brain-damaged from functional patient groups in a Veterans Administration psychiatric hospital. One index, Hs-PT, showed more promise than any of the other 89. Hs-PT mean scores were significantly higher among organics than among alcoholics, neurotics, affective psychoses, character disorders, process schizophrenics or reactive schizophrenics. Interpretative information on the Hs-PT index was presented.", "contents": "An MMPI sign to separate organic from functional psychiatric patients. Evaluated the utilities of all 90 possible unweighted additive/subtractive two-scale MMPI combinations as indices to separate brain-damaged from functional patient groups in a Veterans Administration psychiatric hospital. One index, Hs-PT, showed more promise than any of the other 89. Hs-PT mean scores were significantly higher among organics than among alcoholics, neurotics, affective psychoses, character disorders, process schizophrenics or reactive schizophrenics. Interpretative information on the Hs-PT index was presented.", "PMID": 681515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4886", "title": "Effects of participation in the Physical Conditioning Platoon.", "content": "Designed to assess the effects of Marine recruits' participation in the Physical Conditioning Platoon during 1975 (N - 635). Comparisons (t-values) of pre and post measures of an attitude questionnaire, the Comrey Personality Scales, and a self-evaluation scale indicated that significant increases in favorability of perceptions occurred during training for 12 of the 13 scales. During a stay of approximately 30 days, overweight recruits lost an average of 26 pounds. The most powerful predictors of graduation from PCP and recruit training included the Affiliation (with the Marine Corps) scale and a composite of 10 Activity Scale items. These two variables may be useful in selection of PCP participants by reducing the 36% PCP attrition rate.", "contents": "Effects of participation in the Physical Conditioning Platoon. Designed to assess the effects of Marine recruits' participation in the Physical Conditioning Platoon during 1975 (N - 635). Comparisons (t-values) of pre and post measures of an attitude questionnaire, the Comrey Personality Scales, and a self-evaluation scale indicated that significant increases in favorability of perceptions occurred during training for 12 of the 13 scales. During a stay of approximately 30 days, overweight recruits lost an average of 26 pounds. The most powerful predictors of graduation from PCP and recruit training included the Affiliation (with the Marine Corps) scale and a composite of 10 Activity Scale items. These two variables may be useful in selection of PCP participants by reducing the 36% PCP attrition rate.", "PMID": 681516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4887", "title": "Foulds' \"general instability\" and \"psychopathy\" 16PF scales and their relationship to psychiatric mood state.", "content": "Previous research examined \"general instability\" and \"psychopathy\" scales, derived from the 16PF, in terms of Foulds' criteria of content, group differentiation, change over time, and score distributions. When the external criterion of a newly validated measure of psychiatric mood state (the DSSI/sAD) was used, it was confirmed in both a patient and a normal group that the \"general instability\" scale is related significantly to symptomatology, while the \"psychopathy\" scale is relatively independent of present state.", "contents": "Foulds' \"general instability\" and \"psychopathy\" 16PF scales and their relationship to psychiatric mood state. Previous research examined \"general instability\" and \"psychopathy\" scales, derived from the 16PF, in terms of Foulds' criteria of content, group differentiation, change over time, and score distributions. When the external criterion of a newly validated measure of psychiatric mood state (the DSSI/sAD) was used, it was confirmed in both a patient and a normal group that the \"general instability\" scale is related significantly to symptomatology, while the \"psychopathy\" scale is relatively independent of present state.", "PMID": 681517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4888", "title": "Death fantasies and future time perspective.", "content": "Explored death fantasies of young adults through use of life scripts and future time perspective questionnaires. Results indicated a significantly younger age of death from disease and accident as opposed to natural causes. Type of death fantasied was markedly at variance from health statistics, with most projecting a benign end for themselves (old age).", "contents": "Death fantasies and future time perspective. Explored death fantasies of young adults through use of life scripts and future time perspective questionnaires. Results indicated a significantly younger age of death from disease and accident as opposed to natural causes. Type of death fantasied was markedly at variance from health statistics, with most projecting a benign end for themselves (old age).", "PMID": 681518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4889", "title": "The use of grafted polynomials and dummy variables in analyzing time series data.", "content": "Describes an innovative statistical method for analyzing single-S time series data. The S and data in the paper were selected from a larger study which applied operant conditioning to ambulation problems of severely handicapped patients and used positive verbal reinforcement. The method described is a variation of traditional multiple regression analysis described elsewhere as \"grafted polynomials\" (Draper & Smith, 1967; Fuller, Note 1). An extensive explanation of the use of dummy variables also is provided.", "contents": "The use of grafted polynomials and dummy variables in analyzing time series data. Describes an innovative statistical method for analyzing single-S time series data. The S and data in the paper were selected from a larger study which applied operant conditioning to ambulation problems of severely handicapped patients and used positive verbal reinforcement. The method described is a variation of traditional multiple regression analysis described elsewhere as \"grafted polynomials\" (Draper & Smith, 1967; Fuller, Note 1). An extensive explanation of the use of dummy variables also is provided.", "PMID": 681519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4890", "title": "The Disruptive Behavior Scale: an objective assessment of unmanageable social behavior in adolescents.", "content": "The Disruptive Behavior Scale, a 26-item behavioral checklist, provides an objective measure of socially unacceptable public secondary school behavior and may prove to be of value in determining public school exit and reentry plans for disruptive adolescents. The checklist may be completed in 15-25 minutes and does not require direct administration. Test-retest reliability scores were significant (p less than .05) for all items; item-whole test scores were significant for all but 2 items. Both initial and replication validity studies that involved comparisons between public school students and adolescents expelled from public schools yielded significant differences (p less than .05) in the expected direction.", "contents": "The Disruptive Behavior Scale: an objective assessment of unmanageable social behavior in adolescents. The Disruptive Behavior Scale, a 26-item behavioral checklist, provides an objective measure of socially unacceptable public secondary school behavior and may prove to be of value in determining public school exit and reentry plans for disruptive adolescents. The checklist may be completed in 15-25 minutes and does not require direct administration. Test-retest reliability scores were significant (p less than .05) for all items; item-whole test scores were significant for all but 2 items. Both initial and replication validity studies that involved comparisons between public school students and adolescents expelled from public schools yielded significant differences (p less than .05) in the expected direction.", "PMID": 681520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4891", "title": "Factors in the rotation of reproduced figures.", "content": "Investigated the effectiveness of presenting some of the MPD designs on rotated backgrounds; examination was made of the incidence of a particular rotational error in the records of 246 psychiatric patients. This error, the reproduction of the square of the circle-square design in \"square\" instead of the correct \"diamond\" orientation, occurred very much more often when the background was rotated than when it was normal, which confirmed that the orientation of the background had a strong effect on the reproductions. The error was made significantly more often by Ss with brain damage than by those with functional disorders. The findings were discussed in relation to the concept of field-dependence.", "contents": "Factors in the rotation of reproduced figures. Investigated the effectiveness of presenting some of the MPD designs on rotated backgrounds; examination was made of the incidence of a particular rotational error in the records of 246 psychiatric patients. This error, the reproduction of the square of the circle-square design in \"square\" instead of the correct \"diamond\" orientation, occurred very much more often when the background was rotated than when it was normal, which confirmed that the orientation of the background had a strong effect on the reproductions. The error was made significantly more often by Ss with brain damage than by those with functional disorders. The findings were discussed in relation to the concept of field-dependence.", "PMID": 681521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4892", "title": "Intellectual functioning in lobotomized and non-lobotomized long term chronic schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Administered the WAIS routinely to 28 long term hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients who had a bilateral prefrontal lobotomy during the years between 1948 and 1954 and 28 of their non-lobotomized counterparts matched on appropriate demographic characteristics. No statistically significant t-score differences between group means were demonstrated on any of the 11 subtests or three scale IQs.", "contents": "Intellectual functioning in lobotomized and non-lobotomized long term chronic schizophrenic patients. Administered the WAIS routinely to 28 long term hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients who had a bilateral prefrontal lobotomy during the years between 1948 and 1954 and 28 of their non-lobotomized counterparts matched on appropriate demographic characteristics. No statistically significant t-score differences between group means were demonstrated on any of the 11 subtests or three scale IQs.", "PMID": 681522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4893", "title": "Normative data for the Tactual Performance Test.", "content": "Investigated the effects of age and IQ on the Tactual Performance Test (TPT) with 117 normal Ss divided into three IQ ranges (91-111, 112-122, 123-139) and four age ranges (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-60). The high percentage of older Ss classified as brain-damaged by Reitan's suggested cut-off scores indicated the need for age adjusted cut-offs. A revised cut-off score for total time of 17.7 minutes for the 30-49 age range and 21.7 minutes for the 50-60 age range was suggested. A revised cut-off score for memory of 5 or less for the 20-39 age range, 4 or less for the 40-49 age range, and 3 or less for the 50-60 age range was suggested. A cut-off score for location of 3 or less for the 20-29 age range, 2 or less for the 30-49 age range, and 1 or less for the 50-60 age range was suggested. Examination of preferred and nonpreferred hand times on the TPT showed that either a simple difference or a ratio of the two scores could be used to establish normative scores unaffected by age or IQ.", "contents": "Normative data for the Tactual Performance Test. Investigated the effects of age and IQ on the Tactual Performance Test (TPT) with 117 normal Ss divided into three IQ ranges (91-111, 112-122, 123-139) and four age ranges (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-60). The high percentage of older Ss classified as brain-damaged by Reitan's suggested cut-off scores indicated the need for age adjusted cut-offs. A revised cut-off score for total time of 17.7 minutes for the 30-49 age range and 21.7 minutes for the 50-60 age range was suggested. A revised cut-off score for memory of 5 or less for the 20-39 age range, 4 or less for the 40-49 age range, and 3 or less for the 50-60 age range was suggested. A cut-off score for location of 3 or less for the 20-29 age range, 2 or less for the 30-49 age range, and 1 or less for the 50-60 age range was suggested. Examination of preferred and nonpreferred hand times on the TPT showed that either a simple difference or a ratio of the two scores could be used to establish normative scores unaffected by age or IQ.", "PMID": 681523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4894", "title": "Psychometrics of a neuropsychological test battery.", "content": "Compared factor analysis (linear) and hierarchical cluster analysis (nonlinear) of a neuropsychological battery of tests, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Memory Scale, the Graham-Kendall Memory for Designs Test, and the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Designs Test. The results were discussed within the framework of descriptive and predictive analysis of the major cognitive functions of verbal intelligence, perceptual performance, and memory.", "contents": "Psychometrics of a neuropsychological test battery. Compared factor analysis (linear) and hierarchical cluster analysis (nonlinear) of a neuropsychological battery of tests, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Memory Scale, the Graham-Kendall Memory for Designs Test, and the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Designs Test. The results were discussed within the framework of descriptive and predictive analysis of the major cognitive functions of verbal intelligence, perceptual performance, and memory.", "PMID": 681524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4895", "title": "The relationship of defensive language behavior in patient monologues to the course of psychoanalysis.", "content": "Examined the relationship of the time-course of psychoanalysis to progressive alteration of defensive language behavior in 7 patients. Spontaneous 5-minute monologues were recorded over 1 1/2 years of three-times-a-week individual psychotherapy. Weintraub and Aronson's (1962) formal measures of defensive language were used: nonpersonal references, negators, qualifiers, retractors, explaining expressions of feeling, and evaluators. The magnitude of defensive speech displayed by a patient was able to predict significantly the duration of psychoanalysis undergone by that patient in 4 of 7 cases.", "contents": "The relationship of defensive language behavior in patient monologues to the course of psychoanalysis. Examined the relationship of the time-course of psychoanalysis to progressive alteration of defensive language behavior in 7 patients. Spontaneous 5-minute monologues were recorded over 1 1/2 years of three-times-a-week individual psychotherapy. Weintraub and Aronson's (1962) formal measures of defensive language were used: nonpersonal references, negators, qualifiers, retractors, explaining expressions of feeling, and evaluators. The magnitude of defensive speech displayed by a patient was able to predict significantly the duration of psychoanalysis undergone by that patient in 4 of 7 cases.", "PMID": 681525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4896", "title": "The empirical evaluation of the effects of different group treatment strategies against a controlled treatment strategy on behavior exhibited by antisocial children, behaviors of the therapist, and two self-rating scales that measure antisocial behavior.", "content": "Evaluated two group treatment strategies against a control treatment strategy on the behaviors exhibited by antisocial children, behaviors of their therapists, and two self-rating scales. The first year 139 antisocial children were stratified according to age and then randomly placed into 14 groups. For the second year, 100 children were placed into 11 groups composed of antisocial children. Behavioral measurements of the children's and therapists' behaviors were secured at each weekly 2-hour meeting. Children were pre- and posttested on the various inventories postulated to measure antisocial behavior. In addition, significant adults, such as group therapists, filled out pre- and posttest inventories to measure antisocial behavior. For both years very few significant differences occurred between the treatment groups and the control groups on the dependent variables studies. The findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for behavior therapy.", "contents": "The empirical evaluation of the effects of different group treatment strategies against a controlled treatment strategy on behavior exhibited by antisocial children, behaviors of the therapist, and two self-rating scales that measure antisocial behavior. Evaluated two group treatment strategies against a control treatment strategy on the behaviors exhibited by antisocial children, behaviors of their therapists, and two self-rating scales. The first year 139 antisocial children were stratified according to age and then randomly placed into 14 groups. For the second year, 100 children were placed into 11 groups composed of antisocial children. Behavioral measurements of the children's and therapists' behaviors were secured at each weekly 2-hour meeting. Children were pre- and posttested on the various inventories postulated to measure antisocial behavior. In addition, significant adults, such as group therapists, filled out pre- and posttest inventories to measure antisocial behavior. For both years very few significant differences occurred between the treatment groups and the control groups on the dependent variables studies. The findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for behavior therapy.", "PMID": 681526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4897", "title": "Changing students' constructs of mental patients by means of educative seminars.", "content": "Demonstrated that through a brief, didactic, demythologizing approach, college students' attitudes toward mental illness can be changed in a psychosocial or non-medical model direction. Furthermore, results indicate that such an approach effectively can change students' somewhat negative constructs of mental patients in a positive direction.", "contents": "Changing students' constructs of mental patients by means of educative seminars. Demonstrated that through a brief, didactic, demythologizing approach, college students' attitudes toward mental illness can be changed in a psychosocial or non-medical model direction. Furthermore, results indicate that such an approach effectively can change students' somewhat negative constructs of mental patients in a positive direction.", "PMID": 681527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4898", "title": "Problems with using dominance indices to evaluate family interaction patterns.", "content": "Used four well-accepted behavioral measures of dominance to document changes in dominant/submissive behaviors of marital couples as a result of videotape feedback of behavior in decision-making tasks. Dominance scores for 30 normal couples on each of the four indices were correlated, and results indicated that the measures bore little relationship to each other. Further, a review of videotaped interactions revealed little to warrant even intuitive support for three of the measures. Such data support the contention that these popular indices may be inappropriate to assess dominance across couples.", "contents": "Problems with using dominance indices to evaluate family interaction patterns. Used four well-accepted behavioral measures of dominance to document changes in dominant/submissive behaviors of marital couples as a result of videotape feedback of behavior in decision-making tasks. Dominance scores for 30 normal couples on each of the four indices were correlated, and results indicated that the measures bore little relationship to each other. Further, a review of videotaped interactions revealed little to warrant even intuitive support for three of the measures. Such data support the contention that these popular indices may be inappropriate to assess dominance across couples.", "PMID": 681528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4899", "title": "Group decision-making and self-management in the treatment of psychiatric patients.", "content": "Examined the effects of a treatment program of patient decision making and self-management upon the self-concept, locus of control and behavioral adjustment of psychiatric patients. It was hypothesized that patients exposed to the experimental treatment would reveal significantly higher levels of self-concept, lower levels of external control and more acceptable behavioral adjustment than patients who did not receive such treatment. Of the three dependent variables, only behavioral adjustment revealed significant changes after treatment. Ss who participated in the decision-making and self-management program displayed substantial gains in their level of behavioral adjustment, while the remaining Ss did not. Nonsignificant trends toward greater levels of self-concept and internal control also were observed in these Ss.", "contents": "Group decision-making and self-management in the treatment of psychiatric patients. Examined the effects of a treatment program of patient decision making and self-management upon the self-concept, locus of control and behavioral adjustment of psychiatric patients. It was hypothesized that patients exposed to the experimental treatment would reveal significantly higher levels of self-concept, lower levels of external control and more acceptable behavioral adjustment than patients who did not receive such treatment. Of the three dependent variables, only behavioral adjustment revealed significant changes after treatment. Ss who participated in the decision-making and self-management program displayed substantial gains in their level of behavioral adjustment, while the remaining Ss did not. Nonsignificant trends toward greater levels of self-concept and internal control also were observed in these Ss.", "PMID": 681529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4900", "title": "A cognitive-experiential approach to the interpersonal and intrapersonal development of counselors and therapists.", "content": "Examined the effects of a training program for counselors and therapists based upon configurations of (a) systematic human relations training; (b) cognitive restructuring of counselor beliefs; and (c) systematic performance feedback. Criterion measures consisted of post vs. pre-gain scores on selected scales of the Personal Orientation Inventory and the seven Carkhuff scales. Results indicated that the most significant gains made on the criterion measures were evidenced by those Ss who participated in the training program that consisted of all three of the training conditions.", "contents": "A cognitive-experiential approach to the interpersonal and intrapersonal development of counselors and therapists. Examined the effects of a training program for counselors and therapists based upon configurations of (a) systematic human relations training; (b) cognitive restructuring of counselor beliefs; and (c) systematic performance feedback. Criterion measures consisted of post vs. pre-gain scores on selected scales of the Personal Orientation Inventory and the seven Carkhuff scales. Results indicated that the most significant gains made on the criterion measures were evidenced by those Ss who participated in the training program that consisted of all three of the training conditions.", "PMID": 681530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4901", "title": "Psycholinguistic correlates of language predictability in psychiatric interviews.", "content": "Applied the cloze technique to patient speech samples that were obtained from tape-recorded initial intake interviews in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. The findings indicated that cloze samples taken from the end of the interview were less predictable than those obtained from the beginning. Correlation with cloze change scores in discussed.", "contents": "Psycholinguistic correlates of language predictability in psychiatric interviews. Applied the cloze technique to patient speech samples that were obtained from tape-recorded initial intake interviews in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. The findings indicated that cloze samples taken from the end of the interview were less predictable than those obtained from the beginning. Correlation with cloze change scores in discussed.", "PMID": 681531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4902", "title": "A test of Sarbin's self-role congruency theory within a role-playing therapy analogue situation.", "content": "Explored the application of role playing, as a research technique, in a test of Sarbin's self-role congruency theory. Forty male Ss volunteered to play either the role of a therapist or client in a simulation of psychotherapy. The CPI dominance scale was used to select high dominant Ss to play the role of therapists. Half of these high dominant Ss were instructed in directive therapy (creating a self-role congruent condition with high dominance and directiveness being congruent) and half were instructed in non-directive therapy (creating a self-role incongruent condition). Judges' ratings were used to compare Ss' role playing ability and visible comfort between the self-role congruent and self-role incongruent conditions. The results supported Sarbin's theory of self-role congruence. These findings suggest methodological improvements in psychotherapy research via the use of role playing and have practical implications for the practice of psychotherapy.", "contents": "A test of Sarbin's self-role congruency theory within a role-playing therapy analogue situation. Explored the application of role playing, as a research technique, in a test of Sarbin's self-role congruency theory. Forty male Ss volunteered to play either the role of a therapist or client in a simulation of psychotherapy. The CPI dominance scale was used to select high dominant Ss to play the role of therapists. Half of these high dominant Ss were instructed in directive therapy (creating a self-role congruent condition with high dominance and directiveness being congruent) and half were instructed in non-directive therapy (creating a self-role incongruent condition). Judges' ratings were used to compare Ss' role playing ability and visible comfort between the self-role congruent and self-role incongruent conditions. The results supported Sarbin's theory of self-role congruence. These findings suggest methodological improvements in psychotherapy research via the use of role playing and have practical implications for the practice of psychotherapy.", "PMID": 681532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4903", "title": "Locus of control and perceived adjustment to life events.", "content": "Investigated the relationship between locus of control orientation and perceived adjustment to critical life events. The Locus of Control scale and a modification of the Life Events scale were group administered to undergraduate students. No significant difference was found between internal and external scorers in the number of life events experienced during the 2-year assessment period. As predicted, external scorers reported a significantly more difficult adjustment to life events than internal scorers. The results suggest that it may be important for educators and mental health professionals to promote an internal locus of control orientation as a preventive and remedial approach to adjustment problems.", "contents": "Locus of control and perceived adjustment to life events. Investigated the relationship between locus of control orientation and perceived adjustment to critical life events. The Locus of Control scale and a modification of the Life Events scale were group administered to undergraduate students. No significant difference was found between internal and external scorers in the number of life events experienced during the 2-year assessment period. As predicted, external scorers reported a significantly more difficult adjustment to life events than internal scorers. The results suggest that it may be important for educators and mental health professionals to promote an internal locus of control orientation as a preventive and remedial approach to adjustment problems.", "PMID": 681533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4904", "title": "Therapeugenic factors in psychotherapy: the use of psychological tests.", "content": "In the first part of the experiment all Ss were administered a battery of psychological tests that they were told would provide an accurate description of their personality. Two weeks later, Ss were contacted and asked to participate in the second half of the experiment. Half of the Ss were led to believe that the psychological assessment indicated that they could remain calm and relaxed when exposed to a stressful situation (therapeutic suggestion), while the other half did not receive this feedback (no suggestion). Half of the Ss then were exposed to a stressful situation (threat), while the other half were not (no threat); the effectiveness of the diagnostic predictions was assessed via physiological and self-report measures of arousal. Results indicated that (a) the threat manipulation was effective in creating stress; and (b) Ss given therapeutic-suggestion feedback based on the psychological assessment were able to remain significantly more calm and relaxed in the experiment than Ss who did not receive therapeutic suggestions. Implications for the use of psychological testing and diagnostic feedback as a technique of social influence are discussed.", "contents": "Therapeugenic factors in psychotherapy: the use of psychological tests. In the first part of the experiment all Ss were administered a battery of psychological tests that they were told would provide an accurate description of their personality. Two weeks later, Ss were contacted and asked to participate in the second half of the experiment. Half of the Ss were led to believe that the psychological assessment indicated that they could remain calm and relaxed when exposed to a stressful situation (therapeutic suggestion), while the other half did not receive this feedback (no suggestion). Half of the Ss then were exposed to a stressful situation (threat), while the other half were not (no threat); the effectiveness of the diagnostic predictions was assessed via physiological and self-report measures of arousal. Results indicated that (a) the threat manipulation was effective in creating stress; and (b) Ss given therapeutic-suggestion feedback based on the psychological assessment were able to remain significantly more calm and relaxed in the experiment than Ss who did not receive therapeutic suggestions. Implications for the use of psychological testing and diagnostic feedback as a technique of social influence are discussed.", "PMID": 681534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4905", "title": "Some personality correlates of the A-B therapist scale for male and female medical students.", "content": "Provided more knowledge about the personality dimensions that underlie the A-B scale particularly with respect to potential sex differences. A-B scores of two samples, 155 male and 36 female medical students, were related to their scale scores from the Personal Orientation Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Univariate analyses indicate that the present set of measures are related to A-B status for females, but not for males. For female medical students it appears that scoring as an A is associated with anxiety proneness, low self-esteem, constriction and introversion, rigidity, dependence, and guilt feelings. Implications of the present results and recommendations for future research with the A-B dimension are discussed.", "contents": "Some personality correlates of the A-B therapist scale for male and female medical students. Provided more knowledge about the personality dimensions that underlie the A-B scale particularly with respect to potential sex differences. A-B scores of two samples, 155 male and 36 female medical students, were related to their scale scores from the Personal Orientation Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Univariate analyses indicate that the present set of measures are related to A-B status for females, but not for males. For female medical students it appears that scoring as an A is associated with anxiety proneness, low self-esteem, constriction and introversion, rigidity, dependence, and guilt feelings. Implications of the present results and recommendations for future research with the A-B dimension are discussed.", "PMID": 681535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4906", "title": "Biofeedback-assisted EMG reduction and subsequent self-disclosure.", "content": "A male E and a female E each conducted a single session of EMG biofeedback training with 24 male and 24 female Ss (N =96) under one of three conditions: verbal reinforcement presented contingently on EMG reduction, yoked noncontingent verbal reinforcement, and no verbal reinforcement. After the biofeedback session, all Ss completed a Journard Self-disclosure Scale. Sex of S and verbal reinforcement conditions did not affect EMG biofeedback performance, but Ss treated by the male E decreased EMG mean and standard deviation more than Ss treated by the female E (p less than .01). Ss who received noncontingent verbal reinforcement reported being least willing to disclose to the E (p less than .05). These results are discussed in terms of the interpersonal influences that may affect biofeedback performance and self-disclosure.", "contents": "Biofeedback-assisted EMG reduction and subsequent self-disclosure. A male E and a female E each conducted a single session of EMG biofeedback training with 24 male and 24 female Ss (N =96) under one of three conditions: verbal reinforcement presented contingently on EMG reduction, yoked noncontingent verbal reinforcement, and no verbal reinforcement. After the biofeedback session, all Ss completed a Journard Self-disclosure Scale. Sex of S and verbal reinforcement conditions did not affect EMG biofeedback performance, but Ss treated by the male E decreased EMG mean and standard deviation more than Ss treated by the female E (p less than .01). Ss who received noncontingent verbal reinforcement reported being least willing to disclose to the E (p less than .05). These results are discussed in terms of the interpersonal influences that may affect biofeedback performance and self-disclosure.", "PMID": 681536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4907", "title": "Coping effectiveness and dreams as a function of personality and dream recall.", "content": "Investigated the proposition that effectiveness of coping with daytime and dream stress would be influenced by personality style, as defined by the Repression-Sensitization scale (R-S), and by dreaming style, as defined by frequent (F) or infrequent (I) questionnaire dream recall. The relationship between R-S and F-I dream recall also was explored. Ss kept dream diaries for 30 consecutive days. Sensitizers, who were I recallers, had very low daytime self-confidence scores. Repressors had more positive Dream Coping Scores than Sensitizers, and F recallers had more positive Dream Coping Scores than I recallers. Repressors had a positive morning mood, regardless of whether the ending of their dream was positive or negative. The morning mood of Sensitizers, particularly the I recallers, was dependent on the pleasantness-unpleasantness of the dream ending. R-S and F-I questionnaire dream recall had a low positive correlation; no relationship was found between R-S and F-I dream diary recall.", "contents": "Coping effectiveness and dreams as a function of personality and dream recall. Investigated the proposition that effectiveness of coping with daytime and dream stress would be influenced by personality style, as defined by the Repression-Sensitization scale (R-S), and by dreaming style, as defined by frequent (F) or infrequent (I) questionnaire dream recall. The relationship between R-S and F-I dream recall also was explored. Ss kept dream diaries for 30 consecutive days. Sensitizers, who were I recallers, had very low daytime self-confidence scores. Repressors had more positive Dream Coping Scores than Sensitizers, and F recallers had more positive Dream Coping Scores than I recallers. Repressors had a positive morning mood, regardless of whether the ending of their dream was positive or negative. The morning mood of Sensitizers, particularly the I recallers, was dependent on the pleasantness-unpleasantness of the dream ending. R-S and F-I questionnaire dream recall had a low positive correlation; no relationship was found between R-S and F-I dream diary recall.", "PMID": 681537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4908", "title": "The interactive effects of instructional set, field dependence, and extraversion on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique.", "content": "Studied the interactive effects of examiner, instructional set, field dependence, and extraversion on the reactions of 81 males and 39 females to five Holtzman Inkblot Technique factor scores. Half of the Ss were told that the HIT was a measure of mental health and half that it was experimental in nature, which produced two instructional sets. Field dependence was measured with the Embedded Figures Test and extraversion by the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Subjective anxiety was tapped via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results revealed no differences among five examiners. However, three of the five HIT factors and the STAI were affected significantly by the instructional set. The effects, while significant, were not massive. Field dependence interacted with instructional set; field dependent Ss reacted with generally more changes in scores than did field independent S. Unlike field dependence, extraversion appeared unrelated to instructional set effects. The results are discussed in terms of how the factor scores interacted with the field dependence and instructional set in psychologically meaningful ways.", "contents": "The interactive effects of instructional set, field dependence, and extraversion on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. Studied the interactive effects of examiner, instructional set, field dependence, and extraversion on the reactions of 81 males and 39 females to five Holtzman Inkblot Technique factor scores. Half of the Ss were told that the HIT was a measure of mental health and half that it was experimental in nature, which produced two instructional sets. Field dependence was measured with the Embedded Figures Test and extraversion by the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Subjective anxiety was tapped via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results revealed no differences among five examiners. However, three of the five HIT factors and the STAI were affected significantly by the instructional set. The effects, while significant, were not massive. Field dependence interacted with instructional set; field dependent Ss reacted with generally more changes in scores than did field independent S. Unlike field dependence, extraversion appeared unrelated to instructional set effects. The results are discussed in terms of how the factor scores interacted with the field dependence and instructional set in psychologically meaningful ways.", "PMID": 681538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4909", "title": "Semantic representations of drug terms by industrial workers.", "content": "Studied semantic representations of drug terms as a function of reported use of illicit drugs, with young-adult industrial workers as the Ss (college students served in a preliminary study). Procedures for describing semantic organizations included the semantic differential, similarity ratings, sorting, and verbal production of drug names. In general, structured representations of drug terms were produced, in line with the categories: illicit drugs, medicinal drugs, alcohol products, and substances containing nicotine or caffeine. Increased drug use was accompanied by more positive evaluations of illicit drugs on the semantic differential and more extensive clustering on the verbal production task. It was concluded that use of illicit drugs is accompanied by distinctive semantic representations, that these patterns mainly involve drugs used illicitly, and that they are most apparent on tasks in which responses are least constrained, such as verbal production.", "contents": "Semantic representations of drug terms by industrial workers. Studied semantic representations of drug terms as a function of reported use of illicit drugs, with young-adult industrial workers as the Ss (college students served in a preliminary study). Procedures for describing semantic organizations included the semantic differential, similarity ratings, sorting, and verbal production of drug names. In general, structured representations of drug terms were produced, in line with the categories: illicit drugs, medicinal drugs, alcohol products, and substances containing nicotine or caffeine. Increased drug use was accompanied by more positive evaluations of illicit drugs on the semantic differential and more extensive clustering on the verbal production task. It was concluded that use of illicit drugs is accompanied by distinctive semantic representations, that these patterns mainly involve drugs used illicitly, and that they are most apparent on tasks in which responses are least constrained, such as verbal production.", "PMID": 681539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4910", "title": "Reliability and stability of the Comrey Personality Scales in a clinical setting.", "content": "Examined split-half reliabilities, retest reliabilities, and stability of the Comrey Personality Scales (CPS) (Comrey, 1970) for a Navy sample of 200 young drug abusers tested at the beginning and end of rehabilitation in a no-feedback, compulsory participation setting. The pre-rehabilitation split-half reliabilities for the eight personality scales ranged from .73 to .94, with an average of .85, and ranged from .74 to .91, with an average of .83, on the post-rehabilitation administration. Retest reliabilities for the eight scales were between .39 and .64, with an average of .52. Post-rehabilitation means were significantly higher on four of the eight scales, and one scale mean was significantly lower. It is concluded that the CPS is appropriate in a clinical setting in which test participation is compulsory and test feedback is not made available to the respondents.", "contents": "Reliability and stability of the Comrey Personality Scales in a clinical setting. Examined split-half reliabilities, retest reliabilities, and stability of the Comrey Personality Scales (CPS) (Comrey, 1970) for a Navy sample of 200 young drug abusers tested at the beginning and end of rehabilitation in a no-feedback, compulsory participation setting. The pre-rehabilitation split-half reliabilities for the eight personality scales ranged from .73 to .94, with an average of .85, and ranged from .74 to .91, with an average of .83, on the post-rehabilitation administration. Retest reliabilities for the eight scales were between .39 and .64, with an average of .52. Post-rehabilitation means were significantly higher on four of the eight scales, and one scale mean was significantly lower. It is concluded that the CPS is appropriate in a clinical setting in which test participation is compulsory and test feedback is not made available to the respondents.", "PMID": 681540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4911", "title": "Need similarity in husbands and wives who are receiving methadone maintenance therapy.", "content": "Investigated whether a common dimension of need similarity underlies marriages in which both partners are receiving methadone maintenance therapy. Thirty couples who were receiving methadone maintenance therapy for their heroin addiction were asked to complete the Marital Adjustment Test and Adjective Check List. A canonical correlation analysis was performed between the husbands' and wives' Adjective Check List need scores. One dimension was found that was related positively to the husbands' needs for Dominance, Affiliation, Heterosexuality, Exhibition, and Change, whereas the same dimension was related positively to the wives' needs for Achievement, Dominance, Endurance, and Intraception. It was concluded that Dominance revealed a complementary relationship in which the marriage was meeting the husbands' social needs and the wives' intrapsychic needs.", "contents": "Need similarity in husbands and wives who are receiving methadone maintenance therapy. Investigated whether a common dimension of need similarity underlies marriages in which both partners are receiving methadone maintenance therapy. Thirty couples who were receiving methadone maintenance therapy for their heroin addiction were asked to complete the Marital Adjustment Test and Adjective Check List. A canonical correlation analysis was performed between the husbands' and wives' Adjective Check List need scores. One dimension was found that was related positively to the husbands' needs for Dominance, Affiliation, Heterosexuality, Exhibition, and Change, whereas the same dimension was related positively to the wives' needs for Achievement, Dominance, Endurance, and Intraception. It was concluded that Dominance revealed a complementary relationship in which the marriage was meeting the husbands' social needs and the wives' intrapsychic needs.", "PMID": 681541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4912", "title": "An expectancy-value theory approach to the long-term modification of smoking behavior.", "content": "Despite the research interest in modifying smoking behavior, therapeutic treatments that can produce long-term cessation have not been demonstrated rigorously. A follow-up study of two attitude change experiments (N = 173) examined the effects of a fear appeal, that is, increasing smokers' awareness and appreciation of the highly noxious consequences of smoking. Although this familiar type of information may be an integral component of many smoking treatment programs, its long-term suppressive effect has not been demonstrated in well-controlled experiments. The results disclosed that 3 months and also 1 year after treatment, a high-fear manipulation had increased significantly the percentage of smokers who were able to stop smoking completely.", "contents": "An expectancy-value theory approach to the long-term modification of smoking behavior. Despite the research interest in modifying smoking behavior, therapeutic treatments that can produce long-term cessation have not been demonstrated rigorously. A follow-up study of two attitude change experiments (N = 173) examined the effects of a fear appeal, that is, increasing smokers' awareness and appreciation of the highly noxious consequences of smoking. Although this familiar type of information may be an integral component of many smoking treatment programs, its long-term suppressive effect has not been demonstrated in well-controlled experiments. The results disclosed that 3 months and also 1 year after treatment, a high-fear manipulation had increased significantly the percentage of smokers who were able to stop smoking completely.", "PMID": 681542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4913", "title": "The effect of marihuana intoxication on blood pressure.", "content": "Forty-eight experienced marihuana smokers were assigned to one of four groups: coltsfoot, placebo, low dose marihuana and high dose marihuana. While both marihuana groups showed significant increases in subjective ratings of intoxication and pulse rate, blood pressure readings were unaffected or showed a modest decrease. This latter finding is discrepant with previous studies and is explained in terms of a drug X person interaction present in those studies.", "contents": "The effect of marihuana intoxication on blood pressure. Forty-eight experienced marihuana smokers were assigned to one of four groups: coltsfoot, placebo, low dose marihuana and high dose marihuana. While both marihuana groups showed significant increases in subjective ratings of intoxication and pulse rate, blood pressure readings were unaffected or showed a modest decrease. This latter finding is discrepant with previous studies and is explained in terms of a drug X person interaction present in those studies.", "PMID": 681543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4914", "title": "Internal-external control and withdrawal AMA from an alcohol rehabilitation program.", "content": "Male and female alcoholics who were participating in an in-patient rehabilitation program were given the Rotter internal-external control scale in order to determine whether there were differences between those who leave against medical advice vs. those who complete treatment. It was anticipated that AMA patients would have significantly higher scores than completers. The hypothesis was given some support for males (p less than .06) and was not supported for females. Males and younger patients also were more inclined to leave against medical advice.", "contents": "Internal-external control and withdrawal AMA from an alcohol rehabilitation program. Male and female alcoholics who were participating in an in-patient rehabilitation program were given the Rotter internal-external control scale in order to determine whether there were differences between those who leave against medical advice vs. those who complete treatment. It was anticipated that AMA patients would have significantly higher scores than completers. The hypothesis was given some support for males (p less than .06) and was not supported for females. Males and younger patients also were more inclined to leave against medical advice.", "PMID": 681544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4915", "title": "Golgi-staining of \"primary\" and \"secondary\" motoneurons in the developing spinal cord of an amphibian.", "content": "The Golgi technique was used to study the morphology of spinal motoneurons at various stages in the early development of swimming behaviour in embryos and larvae of the palmate newt, Triturus helveticus ((Razoumowsky). The earliest motoneurons stained appeared to be associated with the Mauthner-cell system. The overall morphology of these \"primary\" motoneurons seems to be similar throughout the lower vertebrates and the distinctive characteristics found in earlier descriptions of those from caudate amphibia were probably due to misinterpretation. At about the time of hatching and development of low-frequency swimming behaviour, other motoneurons were found to innervate the axial musculature, cells with a central morphology different from those of the \"primary\" type. It was found likely that these \"secondary\" motoneurons innervate a separate muscle system concerned with tonic and \"slow phasic\" activity, while \"fast phasic\" acitivity in rapid swimming is supplied by \"primary\" cells.", "contents": "Golgi-staining of \"primary\" and \"secondary\" motoneurons in the developing spinal cord of an amphibian. The Golgi technique was used to study the morphology of spinal motoneurons at various stages in the early development of swimming behaviour in embryos and larvae of the palmate newt, Triturus helveticus ((Razoumowsky). The earliest motoneurons stained appeared to be associated with the Mauthner-cell system. The overall morphology of these \"primary\" motoneurons seems to be similar throughout the lower vertebrates and the distinctive characteristics found in earlier descriptions of those from caudate amphibia were probably due to misinterpretation. At about the time of hatching and development of low-frequency swimming behaviour, other motoneurons were found to innervate the axial musculature, cells with a central morphology different from those of the \"primary\" type. It was found likely that these \"secondary\" motoneurons innervate a separate muscle system concerned with tonic and \"slow phasic\" activity, while \"fast phasic\" acitivity in rapid swimming is supplied by \"primary\" cells.", "PMID": 681545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4916", "title": "The number and distribution of ganglion cells in the cat's retina.", "content": "The number of ganglion cells in the cat's retina, and the pattern of their distribution over the retina, have been reinvestigated. Criteria are presented for the identification of ganglion cells in Nissl-stained whole mounts, most particularly for the distinction between small ganglion cells and neuroglial cells, by reference to retinas with no ganglion cells (obtained by nerve section) and to areas to retina containing a population of only small ganglion cells (obtained by optic tract section). Using these criteria, the number of ganglion cells was counted in four retinas (mean total 116,250). The number of large or \"giant\" cells (presumably the somas of Y-cells and of alpha-cells) varied from 4,200 to 7,100. Overall these cells comprised 4.0-6.3% of the total ganglion cell population. Their distribution over the retina showed a concentration around the area centralis, with a localized minimum density at the area centralis, and a concentration in the visual streak. These concentrations of large cells were quantitatively less than the concentrations of smaller cells in the area centralis and visual streak, so that the relative frequency of large cells was minimal (mean 1.6%) at the area centralis and increased steadily up to 5.5-6.9% in peripheral retina. Their relative frequency was distinctly lower along the visual streak than in peripheral retina above or below the streak.", "contents": "The number and distribution of ganglion cells in the cat's retina. The number of ganglion cells in the cat's retina, and the pattern of their distribution over the retina, have been reinvestigated. Criteria are presented for the identification of ganglion cells in Nissl-stained whole mounts, most particularly for the distinction between small ganglion cells and neuroglial cells, by reference to retinas with no ganglion cells (obtained by nerve section) and to areas to retina containing a population of only small ganglion cells (obtained by optic tract section). Using these criteria, the number of ganglion cells was counted in four retinas (mean total 116,250). The number of large or \"giant\" cells (presumably the somas of Y-cells and of alpha-cells) varied from 4,200 to 7,100. Overall these cells comprised 4.0-6.3% of the total ganglion cell population. Their distribution over the retina showed a concentration around the area centralis, with a localized minimum density at the area centralis, and a concentration in the visual streak. These concentrations of large cells were quantitatively less than the concentrations of smaller cells in the area centralis and visual streak, so that the relative frequency of large cells was minimal (mean 1.6%) at the area centralis and increased steadily up to 5.5-6.9% in peripheral retina. Their relative frequency was distinctly lower along the visual streak than in peripheral retina above or below the streak.", "PMID": 681546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4917", "title": "Retinal abnormalities in the Siamese cat.", "content": "Ganglion cell density maps of the retinas of Siamese cats show the same major features of ganglion cell distribution as are found in normally pigmented cats, in particular the area centralis and visual streak. In the retinas of the seven Siamese cats investigated, however, the areas centralis was \"underdeveloped\" when compared with the normally pigmented cat. The peak ganglion cell density was lower and the ganglion cells usually larger than at the area centralis of the normally pigmented cat, and the characteristic blood vessel pattern around the area centralis was less developed. One animal showed a marked blood vessel abnormality, a vessel crossing the area centralis in each retina. In another animal, the distribution of ganglion cells appeared abnormal throughout the retina. Medium-sized, possibly X-type ganglion cells were lacking from all retinal areas, overall cell numbers were low and the distribution of ganglion cells showed a prominent visual streak.", "contents": "Retinal abnormalities in the Siamese cat. Ganglion cell density maps of the retinas of Siamese cats show the same major features of ganglion cell distribution as are found in normally pigmented cats, in particular the area centralis and visual streak. In the retinas of the seven Siamese cats investigated, however, the areas centralis was \"underdeveloped\" when compared with the normally pigmented cat. The peak ganglion cell density was lower and the ganglion cells usually larger than at the area centralis of the normally pigmented cat, and the characteristic blood vessel pattern around the area centralis was less developed. One animal showed a marked blood vessel abnormality, a vessel crossing the area centralis in each retina. In another animal, the distribution of ganglion cells appeared abnormal throughout the retina. Medium-sized, possibly X-type ganglion cells were lacking from all retinal areas, overall cell numbers were low and the distribution of ganglion cells showed a prominent visual streak.", "PMID": 681547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4918", "title": "The nasotemporal division of retina in the Siamese cat.", "content": "By sectioning one optic tract in Siamese kittens and allowing sufficient time for the affected ganglion cells to degenerate and disappear, we have obtained maps of the distribution of ipsi- and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells in the retina of the Siamese cat. As previous work predicted, many ganglion cells in the Siamese cat retina project contralaterally which, in the normally pigmented cat, would project ipsilaterally. The transition from the pattern of projection typical of nasal retina (all contralateral) to that typical of temporal retina (most ipsilateral) is much more gradual in the Siamese cat than in the normally pigmented cat, and is centred 1.7-3 mm temporal to the area centralis, instead of at the area centralis. In the Siamese cat only a few ganglion cells at the area centralis project ipsilaterally, as against nearly 50% in the normally pigmented cat. The proportion of ipsi-projecting cells reaches the 50% level 1.7-3.0 mm into temporal retina, and overall the zone of transition may be several millimetres wide, as against about 0.2-0.5 mm in in the normall pigmented cat. Evidence is presented that the degree of the abnormality of nasotemporal division varies between individual Siamese cats and that the abnormality is more severe among large or \"giant\" cells than among the population as a whole.", "contents": "The nasotemporal division of retina in the Siamese cat. By sectioning one optic tract in Siamese kittens and allowing sufficient time for the affected ganglion cells to degenerate and disappear, we have obtained maps of the distribution of ipsi- and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells in the retina of the Siamese cat. As previous work predicted, many ganglion cells in the Siamese cat retina project contralaterally which, in the normally pigmented cat, would project ipsilaterally. The transition from the pattern of projection typical of nasal retina (all contralateral) to that typical of temporal retina (most ipsilateral) is much more gradual in the Siamese cat than in the normally pigmented cat, and is centred 1.7-3 mm temporal to the area centralis, instead of at the area centralis. In the Siamese cat only a few ganglion cells at the area centralis project ipsilaterally, as against nearly 50% in the normally pigmented cat. The proportion of ipsi-projecting cells reaches the 50% level 1.7-3.0 mm into temporal retina, and overall the zone of transition may be several millimetres wide, as against about 0.2-0.5 mm in in the normall pigmented cat. Evidence is presented that the degree of the abnormality of nasotemporal division varies between individual Siamese cats and that the abnormality is more severe among large or \"giant\" cells than among the population as a whole.", "PMID": 681548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4919", "title": "Estimate of the number of myelinated axons in the cat's optic nerve.", "content": "The number of myelinated axons in the cat's optic nerve has been estimated from a partial count of sections of the nerve examined by electron microscopy. The average count obtained from four nerves was 128,600 (range 112,800-147,200). This figure is within 10% of a previous estimate of the number of ganglion cells in the cat's retina, but is 33% lower than the only previous estimate of the number of these axons based directly on electron microscopy. Possible sources of the discrepancy are discussed. The functional implications of this total, in the context of earlier work on ganglion cell topography, are also discussed.", "contents": "Estimate of the number of myelinated axons in the cat's optic nerve. The number of myelinated axons in the cat's optic nerve has been estimated from a partial count of sections of the nerve examined by electron microscopy. The average count obtained from four nerves was 128,600 (range 112,800-147,200). This figure is within 10% of a previous estimate of the number of ganglion cells in the cat's retina, but is 33% lower than the only previous estimate of the number of these axons based directly on electron microscopy. Possible sources of the discrepancy are discussed. The functional implications of this total, in the context of earlier work on ganglion cell topography, are also discussed.", "PMID": 681549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4920", "title": "Sites on termination on the saccular macula of auditory nerve fibers in the goldfish as determined by intracellular injection of procion yellow.", "content": "Procion yellow dye was injected intracellularly into large auditory fibers of goldfish to  investigate the relationship between the response type of these fibers and their site of termination in the saccular macula. Fibers which responded to the rarefaction phases of sound were found to terminate on the hair cells located in the ventral half of the saccular macula, while those which responded to the compression phases were found to terminate on the dorsally located hair cells. A third group of fibers, which responded to both sound phases, was found to bifurcate outside the saccular macula and terminate on both dorsally and ventrally located hair cells. Some of the fibers of this group were found to trifurcate before entering the saccular macula. Results obtained in the present study, in conjunction with the findings on the orientation of hair cells within the sensory macula, can explain the mechanism underlying the presence of three different response types of fibers in the auditory nerve of the goldfish.", "contents": "Sites on termination on the saccular macula of auditory nerve fibers in the goldfish as determined by intracellular injection of procion yellow. Procion yellow dye was injected intracellularly into large auditory fibers of goldfish to  investigate the relationship between the response type of these fibers and their site of termination in the saccular macula. Fibers which responded to the rarefaction phases of sound were found to terminate on the hair cells located in the ventral half of the saccular macula, while those which responded to the compression phases were found to terminate on the dorsally located hair cells. A third group of fibers, which responded to both sound phases, was found to bifurcate outside the saccular macula and terminate on both dorsally and ventrally located hair cells. Some of the fibers of this group were found to trifurcate before entering the saccular macula. Results obtained in the present study, in conjunction with the findings on the orientation of hair cells within the sensory macula, can explain the mechanism underlying the presence of three different response types of fibers in the auditory nerve of the goldfish.", "PMID": 681550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4921", "title": "Fine structure of reactive cells in injured nervous tissue labeled with 3H-thymidine injected before injury.", "content": "To examine the fine structure of blood mononuclear cells in injured nervous tissue, mice were given repeated injections of 3H-thymidine with the last injection at least 16 hours before injury. Under ether anesthesia the animals either were given a stab wound to the spinal cord or had their left hypoglossal nerve transected. The animals were killed at 2, 4, 8, or 16 days after injury. Tissue sections containing the spinal cord wound or both hypoglossal nuclei were prepared for electron microscopic radioautography, and all labeled cells were photographed. About half the labeled cells in the injured spinal cords and almost all the labeled cells in the nuclei of the injured hypoglossal nerves had nuclei with dark staining peripheral heterochromatin, dark cytoplasm with long cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum, and other ultrastructural features characteristic of the cells usually identified as microglia. The remaining labeled cells in the injured spinal cords were macrophages, fibroblasts, cells with pale nuclei, some of which contained cytoplasmic filaments, and vascular cells. Since uninjured nervous tissue has extremely few labeled cells and since 3H-thymidine should be available for only a short time following injection, most of the labeled cells in this experiment should be derived from blood mononuclear cells. However, the possibility is discussed that some or all of the labeled cells may be intrinsic cells proliferating in response to the injury and labeled through reutilization of labeled DNA precursor material.", "contents": "Fine structure of reactive cells in injured nervous tissue labeled with 3H-thymidine injected before injury. To examine the fine structure of blood mononuclear cells in injured nervous tissue, mice were given repeated injections of 3H-thymidine with the last injection at least 16 hours before injury. Under ether anesthesia the animals either were given a stab wound to the spinal cord or had their left hypoglossal nerve transected. The animals were killed at 2, 4, 8, or 16 days after injury. Tissue sections containing the spinal cord wound or both hypoglossal nuclei were prepared for electron microscopic radioautography, and all labeled cells were photographed. About half the labeled cells in the injured spinal cords and almost all the labeled cells in the nuclei of the injured hypoglossal nerves had nuclei with dark staining peripheral heterochromatin, dark cytoplasm with long cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum, and other ultrastructural features characteristic of the cells usually identified as microglia. The remaining labeled cells in the injured spinal cords were macrophages, fibroblasts, cells with pale nuclei, some of which contained cytoplasmic filaments, and vascular cells. Since uninjured nervous tissue has extremely few labeled cells and since 3H-thymidine should be available for only a short time following injection, most of the labeled cells in this experiment should be derived from blood mononuclear cells. However, the possibility is discussed that some or all of the labeled cells may be intrinsic cells proliferating in response to the injury and labeled through reutilization of labeled DNA precursor material.", "PMID": 681551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4922", "title": "Reconstruction of trajectory of primary afferent collaterals in the dorsal horn of the cat spinal cord, using Golgi-stained serial sections.", "content": "Using Golgi-stained serial sections obtained at the sacro-caudal levels of the cat spinal cord, it was possible to reconstruct the trajectory of primary afferents. They were classified into two groups: reliable primary afferents directly traced from the dorsal root and probable primary afferents traced from the dorsal funiculus or Lissauer's tract. The diameters of the reliable primary afferents vary from 0.88-1.88 mum. According to their courses, reliable primary afferents as well as probable primary afferents were classified into three groups: the first is distributed to both medial and lateral halves of the dorsal horn, the second to the medial half, and the third to the lateral half. Commissural fibers were also observed among the probable primary afferents. The rostro-caudal and medio-lateral extents of reliable primary afferents are found to be between 250 and 950 mum and 270 and 700 mum respectively, while those of the probable primary afferents were between 125 and 670 mum and 270 and 1,640 mum respectively. These primary afferent fibers are connected with at least two or more laminae of the dorsal horn gray matter.", "contents": "Reconstruction of trajectory of primary afferent collaterals in the dorsal horn of the cat spinal cord, using Golgi-stained serial sections. Using Golgi-stained serial sections obtained at the sacro-caudal levels of the cat spinal cord, it was possible to reconstruct the trajectory of primary afferents. They were classified into two groups: reliable primary afferents directly traced from the dorsal root and probable primary afferents traced from the dorsal funiculus or Lissauer's tract. The diameters of the reliable primary afferents vary from 0.88-1.88 mum. According to their courses, reliable primary afferents as well as probable primary afferents were classified into three groups: the first is distributed to both medial and lateral halves of the dorsal horn, the second to the medial half, and the third to the lateral half. Commissural fibers were also observed among the probable primary afferents. The rostro-caudal and medio-lateral extents of reliable primary afferents are found to be between 250 and 950 mum and 270 and 700 mum respectively, while those of the probable primary afferents were between 125 and 670 mum and 270 and 1,640 mum respectively. These primary afferent fibers are connected with at least two or more laminae of the dorsal horn gray matter.", "PMID": 681553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4923", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of the otolithic organs in the bichir (Polypterus bichir) and shovel-nose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus).", "content": "The anatomy and ultrastructure of the sacculus, lagena, and utriculus of the ear of Polypterus bichir and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus were studied using the scanning electron microscope. The otolithic organs each contain a single dense calcareous otolith in close contact with a sensory epithelium (macula). The maculae have sensory hair cells typical of those found in other vertebrates, surrounded by microvilli-covered supporting cells. The hair cells on each macula are divided into several groups, with all of the cells in each group morphologically polarized in the same direction. The cells of the utricular macula in both species are divided into opposing groups in a pattern similar to that found in other vertebrates. The saccular and lagenar maculae are located in a single large chamber in both species. In Scaphirhychus the two maculae are on the same plane, while in Polypterus they are at right angles to one another. The hair cells on the saccular maculae of both species are divided into two oppositely oriented groups. In Scaphirhynchus the cells on the posterior half of the macula are oriented dorsally on the dorsal half of the macula and ventrally on the ventral half. The anterior region of the macula is rotated and the cells of the dorsal and ventral groups are shifted so that they are oriented on the animal's horizon plane. A similar pattern is found in Polypterus, except that this macula is shaped like a \"J\" with the vertical portion of the J having horizontal cells and the bottom portion vertical cells. The lagenar maculae in both species have dorsally oriented cells on the anterior side of the macula and ventrally oriented cells on the posterior half of the macula. While these data are not sufficient for clarifying the taxonomic relationship between the two species studied, it is clear that the ears in these species have a number of significant differences from the teleost ear that could have functional and/or taxonomic significance.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of the otolithic organs in the bichir (Polypterus bichir) and shovel-nose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus). The anatomy and ultrastructure of the sacculus, lagena, and utriculus of the ear of Polypterus bichir and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus were studied using the scanning electron microscope. The otolithic organs each contain a single dense calcareous otolith in close contact with a sensory epithelium (macula). The maculae have sensory hair cells typical of those found in other vertebrates, surrounded by microvilli-covered supporting cells. The hair cells on each macula are divided into several groups, with all of the cells in each group morphologically polarized in the same direction. The cells of the utricular macula in both species are divided into opposing groups in a pattern similar to that found in other vertebrates. The saccular and lagenar maculae are located in a single large chamber in both species. In Scaphirhychus the two maculae are on the same plane, while in Polypterus they are at right angles to one another. The hair cells on the saccular maculae of both species are divided into two oppositely oriented groups. In Scaphirhynchus the cells on the posterior half of the macula are oriented dorsally on the dorsal half of the macula and ventrally on the ventral half. The anterior region of the macula is rotated and the cells of the dorsal and ventral groups are shifted so that they are oriented on the animal's horizon plane. A similar pattern is found in Polypterus, except that this macula is shaped like a \"J\" with the vertical portion of the J having horizontal cells and the bottom portion vertical cells. The lagenar maculae in both species have dorsally oriented cells on the anterior side of the macula and ventrally oriented cells on the posterior half of the macula. While these data are not sufficient for clarifying the taxonomic relationship between the two species studied, it is clear that the ears in these species have a number of significant differences from the teleost ear that could have functional and/or taxonomic significance.", "PMID": 681554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4924", "title": "Myelin sheath thickness and conduction latency groups in the cat optic nerve.", "content": "In many animals, the optic nerve has multiple conduction latency groups of fibres yet displays a unimodal frequency distribution of fibre sizes. An attempt has been made to resolve this discrepancy in the cat. Examination of teased preparations of fixed cat optic nerve fibres by polarizing interference light microscopy indicated that a fibre's size may change abruptly along its length. Furthermore, the diameters of single nerve fibres followed for distances of up to 30 mum in serial transverse sections of cat optic nerve showed variations of up to 100% of a fibre's average diameter over that distance. On the other hand, the myelin sheath thickness of these fibres appeared to be relatively constant along any one fibre. A population of cat optic nerve fibres which had a unimodal axon diameter frequency distribution was found to have a myelin sheath thickness frequency distribution with five modes. These modes have been interpreted as indicating the existence of five groups of fibres in the cat optic nerve. Four of these groups may be related to four negative peaks seen in the antidromic compound action potential recorded at the margin of the cat optic disc following stimulation of the optic chiasm. The fifth myelin thickness group appears to represent the slowly conducting fibres which do not make an obvious contribution to the antidromic compound action potential. It is concluded that for the cat optic nerve, the conduction latency groups seen in the compound action potential may be more directly correlated with the frequency distribution of fixed nerve myelin thickness than with the frequency distribution of fixed nerve fibre diameter.", "contents": "Myelin sheath thickness and conduction latency groups in the cat optic nerve. In many animals, the optic nerve has multiple conduction latency groups of fibres yet displays a unimodal frequency distribution of fibre sizes. An attempt has been made to resolve this discrepancy in the cat. Examination of teased preparations of fixed cat optic nerve fibres by polarizing interference light microscopy indicated that a fibre's size may change abruptly along its length. Furthermore, the diameters of single nerve fibres followed for distances of up to 30 mum in serial transverse sections of cat optic nerve showed variations of up to 100% of a fibre's average diameter over that distance. On the other hand, the myelin sheath thickness of these fibres appeared to be relatively constant along any one fibre. A population of cat optic nerve fibres which had a unimodal axon diameter frequency distribution was found to have a myelin sheath thickness frequency distribution with five modes. These modes have been interpreted as indicating the existence of five groups of fibres in the cat optic nerve. Four of these groups may be related to four negative peaks seen in the antidromic compound action potential recorded at the margin of the cat optic disc following stimulation of the optic chiasm. The fifth myelin thickness group appears to represent the slowly conducting fibres which do not make an obvious contribution to the antidromic compound action potential. It is concluded that for the cat optic nerve, the conduction latency groups seen in the compound action potential may be more directly correlated with the frequency distribution of fixed nerve myelin thickness than with the frequency distribution of fixed nerve fibre diameter.", "PMID": 681556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4925", "title": "A light and electron microscopic study of the pineal in the blind goby, Typhlogobius californiensis (Pisces: Gobiidae).", "content": "The pineal of the burrow-inhabiting, blind goby, Typhlogobius californiensis, was studied by light and electron microscopy. The two predominant cell types were photoreceptor and supportive cells. Ganglion cells could not be positively identified. The majority of photoreceptor cells had well developed outer segments and made apparent synaptic contact with nerve processes of unknown origin. Similar unmyelinated nerve fibers containing dense-cored vesicles were seen descending the pineal stalk. The cytoplasm of supportive cells contained several Golgi zones, occasional dense aggregations of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, abundant quantities of glycogen, some dense-cored vesicles and unusual rod crystalline inclusions measuring approximately 0.5 micrometer in width and 4-5 micrometer in length. These observations suggest that the pineal in this light-deprived species has retained its photoreceptive function and is a metabolically active organ which may also function in secretion.", "contents": "A light and electron microscopic study of the pineal in the blind goby, Typhlogobius californiensis (Pisces: Gobiidae). The pineal of the burrow-inhabiting, blind goby, Typhlogobius californiensis, was studied by light and electron microscopy. The two predominant cell types were photoreceptor and supportive cells. Ganglion cells could not be positively identified. The majority of photoreceptor cells had well developed outer segments and made apparent synaptic contact with nerve processes of unknown origin. Similar unmyelinated nerve fibers containing dense-cored vesicles were seen descending the pineal stalk. The cytoplasm of supportive cells contained several Golgi zones, occasional dense aggregations of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, abundant quantities of glycogen, some dense-cored vesicles and unusual rod crystalline inclusions measuring approximately 0.5 micrometer in width and 4-5 micrometer in length. These observations suggest that the pineal in this light-deprived species has retained its photoreceptive function and is a metabolically active organ which may also function in secretion.", "PMID": 681557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4926", "title": "Postnatal synaptogenesis in the rat interpeduncular nucleus.", "content": "The rat interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) was studied by electron microscopy from the day of birth to 33 days of age. The habenulointerpeduncular (H-IPN) axons, the principal afferents to IPN, were prominent at birth, occurring in large groups. They formed occasional S synapses en passant at this time. S synapses subsequently increased progressively in number and maturity until 28 days of age. Crest synapses, also formed by the H-IPN axons, appeared at eight days without a recognized formative stage. They exhibited their diverse adult morphology by 14 days of age. F synapses, endings of uncertain origin that contain flattened vesicles, were seen at 21 days, although endings containing small vesicles at 14 days represented the same population. Axosomatic synapses were first seen at four days and remained infrequent subsequently. Dendritic growth cones had their maximal prevalence at birth, decreased at four days and were absent by six days of age. Thus each of the four synaptic types previously described in the adult rat IPN exhibited a characteristic time of appearance and pattern of development in normal rat pups. This well-ordered sequence of synaptogenesis makes the  H-IPN system well suited for a study of synaptic plasticity.", "contents": "Postnatal synaptogenesis in the rat interpeduncular nucleus. The rat interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) was studied by electron microscopy from the day of birth to 33 days of age. The habenulointerpeduncular (H-IPN) axons, the principal afferents to IPN, were prominent at birth, occurring in large groups. They formed occasional S synapses en passant at this time. S synapses subsequently increased progressively in number and maturity until 28 days of age. Crest synapses, also formed by the H-IPN axons, appeared at eight days without a recognized formative stage. They exhibited their diverse adult morphology by 14 days of age. F synapses, endings of uncertain origin that contain flattened vesicles, were seen at 21 days, although endings containing small vesicles at 14 days represented the same population. Axosomatic synapses were first seen at four days and remained infrequent subsequently. Dendritic growth cones had their maximal prevalence at birth, decreased at four days and were absent by six days of age. Thus each of the four synaptic types previously described in the adult rat IPN exhibited a characteristic time of appearance and pattern of development in normal rat pups. This well-ordered sequence of synaptogenesis makes the  H-IPN system well suited for a study of synaptic plasticity.", "PMID": 681558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4927", "title": "Effect of neonatal deafferentation on synaptogenesis in the rat interpeduncular nucleus.", "content": "Changes in the normal synaptogenetic pattern of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) were induced by destruction of one or both habenular nuclei in neonatal rats. The S synapses, the principal habenulointerpeduncular (H-IPN) afferents, were reduced in number and delayed in time of appearance by unilateral lesions. They were eliminated by bilateral lesions. The crest synapses,  also of habenular origin, appeared at ten days of age and were apparently normal in structure after unilateral lesions. However, this actually represented a change in connectivity, since normal crest synapses are of bilateral origin. Following bilateral habenular lesions abnormal crest synapses appeared at 28 days of age. These had normal postsynaptic structure, but presynaptically were formed by non-habenular axons, usually of two different types of each crest synapse. Lesions induced an early appearance of F synapses, at three days, instead of the normal time after six days of age. Apparently similar processes containing flattened vesicles formed somatic contacts only in lesioned animals beginning at 21 days of age. The axosomatic synapses which were only occassional in the adult appeared at the normal time in lesioned animals. At 28 days of age in both unilaterally and bilaterally lesioned animals there was an increase in the number of somatic synapses. This increase was due to an increase of the normal somatic endings plus the appearance of somatic synapses containing flattened vesicles. Both types of somatic contacts were found in similar numbers at subsequent ages up to three months. The changes in S synapses represent Wallerian degeneration. The formation of unilaterally derived crest synapses in unilaterally lesioned animals is interpreted as evidence for a specific recognition mechanism. A postsynaptic control mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of heterologous crest synapses, with the usual distinctive geometry but involving abnormal, non-habenular presynaptic elements four weeks following neonatal bilateral lesions. The increase in axosomatic synapses is unusual since the dendrites of IPN neurons were deafferented, not their somata. The factors leading to the changes in somatic synapses are discussed. The findings reveal new examples of the complexity of neuronal adaptation to CNS lesions in early life.", "contents": "Effect of neonatal deafferentation on synaptogenesis in the rat interpeduncular nucleus. Changes in the normal synaptogenetic pattern of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) were induced by destruction of one or both habenular nuclei in neonatal rats. The S synapses, the principal habenulointerpeduncular (H-IPN) afferents, were reduced in number and delayed in time of appearance by unilateral lesions. They were eliminated by bilateral lesions. The crest synapses,  also of habenular origin, appeared at ten days of age and were apparently normal in structure after unilateral lesions. However, this actually represented a change in connectivity, since normal crest synapses are of bilateral origin. Following bilateral habenular lesions abnormal crest synapses appeared at 28 days of age. These had normal postsynaptic structure, but presynaptically were formed by non-habenular axons, usually of two different types of each crest synapse. Lesions induced an early appearance of F synapses, at three days, instead of the normal time after six days of age. Apparently similar processes containing flattened vesicles formed somatic contacts only in lesioned animals beginning at 21 days of age. The axosomatic synapses which were only occassional in the adult appeared at the normal time in lesioned animals. At 28 days of age in both unilaterally and bilaterally lesioned animals there was an increase in the number of somatic synapses. This increase was due to an increase of the normal somatic endings plus the appearance of somatic synapses containing flattened vesicles. Both types of somatic contacts were found in similar numbers at subsequent ages up to three months. The changes in S synapses represent Wallerian degeneration. The formation of unilaterally derived crest synapses in unilaterally lesioned animals is interpreted as evidence for a specific recognition mechanism. A postsynaptic control mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of heterologous crest synapses, with the usual distinctive geometry but involving abnormal, non-habenular presynaptic elements four weeks following neonatal bilateral lesions. The increase in axosomatic synapses is unusual since the dendrites of IPN neurons were deafferented, not their somata. The factors leading to the changes in somatic synapses are discussed. The findings reveal new examples of the complexity of neuronal adaptation to CNS lesions in early life.", "PMID": 681559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4928", "title": "Development of species identification in ducklings: IV. Change in species-specific perception caused by auditory deprivation.", "content": "The purpose of the present experiments was to identify the change in species-specific perception that underlies the aurally deprived ducklings' lack pf preference or discrimination in the mallard versus chicken call test. Among other acoustic differences, the mallard and chicken maternal calls differ in repetition rate (3.7 and 2.3 notes/sec, respectively). The present experiments showed the dimension of repetition rate to be uppermost in the perceptual hierarchy underlying the auditory aspect of species identification in Peking ducklings. The relatively narrow species-typical repetition-rate preferences of normal Peking ducklings (about 4--6 notes/sec) is lacking in the aurally deprived ducklings, and they respond to lower rates than usual (2.3 notes/sec). This broadening of the range of responsiveness on a perceptual dimension (repetition rate) that is basic to species identification accounts for the devocal ducklings' lack of discrimination in the mallard versus chicken call test.", "contents": "Development of species identification in ducklings: IV. Change in species-specific perception caused by auditory deprivation. The purpose of the present experiments was to identify the change in species-specific perception that underlies the aurally deprived ducklings' lack pf preference or discrimination in the mallard versus chicken call test. Among other acoustic differences, the mallard and chicken maternal calls differ in repetition rate (3.7 and 2.3 notes/sec, respectively). The present experiments showed the dimension of repetition rate to be uppermost in the perceptual hierarchy underlying the auditory aspect of species identification in Peking ducklings. The relatively narrow species-typical repetition-rate preferences of normal Peking ducklings (about 4--6 notes/sec) is lacking in the aurally deprived ducklings, and they respond to lower rates than usual (2.3 notes/sec). This broadening of the range of responsiveness on a perceptual dimension (repetition rate) that is basic to species identification accounts for the devocal ducklings' lack of discrimination in the mallard versus chicken call test.", "PMID": 681560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4929", "title": "Frequency selectivity in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus) studied with psychophysical tuning curves.", "content": "Seven parakeets were trained to avoid shock during pure-tone stimulation. A modified method of limits was used to measure detection thresholds of the pure tones. The intensity of masker tones, at numerous frequencies, was varied in order to measure the masked threshold of a probe-tone signal set at a fixed frequency and intensity. Masking curves were obtained for three probe tones (.63, 1.6, and 2.5 kHz) at each of five sensation levels (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 dB). The masking curves from this procedure are frequently referred to as \"psychophysical tuning curves\" and provide an indication of frequency selectivity. The results are compared with analogous data in other species and suggest that frequency analysis in the parakeet ear is somewhat less accurate than in the mammalian ear.", "contents": "Frequency selectivity in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus) studied with psychophysical tuning curves. Seven parakeets were trained to avoid shock during pure-tone stimulation. A modified method of limits was used to measure detection thresholds of the pure tones. The intensity of masker tones, at numerous frequencies, was varied in order to measure the masked threshold of a probe-tone signal set at a fixed frequency and intensity. Masking curves were obtained for three probe tones (.63, 1.6, and 2.5 kHz) at each of five sensation levels (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 dB). The masking curves from this procedure are frequently referred to as \"psychophysical tuning curves\" and provide an indication of frequency selectivity. The results are compared with analogous data in other species and suggest that frequency analysis in the parakeet ear is somewhat less accurate than in the mammalian ear.", "PMID": 681561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4930", "title": "Chick vocalization and emotional behavior influenced by apomorphine.", "content": "For the purpose of studying the role of dopamine (DA) in the causation of vocalization and other behavior in domestic chicks, 5-day-old birds were injected with 1 mg/kg doses of apomorphine hydrochloride, and their behavior was recorded by methods of direct observation. The effects of the drug on birds with bilateral lesions of the intercollicular nucleus (a vocal area) and on birds pretreated with the DA antagonists pimozide and haloperidol were also examined. In intact chicks, apomorphine induced trills, facilitated twitters, and inhibited warbles. Pecking at conspicuous objects in the cage and locomotion were increased, whereas the duration of eye closure was reduced. In chicks with lesions there was no facilitation of trills, twitters, or pecking, whereas the other drug-induced behavioral effects were as in intact chicks. Dopamine antagonists blocked the trills and twitters facilitated by apomorphine but did not protect against the inhibition of warbles. It is concluded that trills, twitters, and pecking are produced by activation of dopaminergic mechanisms. It is hypothesized that some of the behavior induced by apomorphine, especially vocalization and pecking, are a consequence of altered states of attention induced by the drug.", "contents": "Chick vocalization and emotional behavior influenced by apomorphine. For the purpose of studying the role of dopamine (DA) in the causation of vocalization and other behavior in domestic chicks, 5-day-old birds were injected with 1 mg/kg doses of apomorphine hydrochloride, and their behavior was recorded by methods of direct observation. The effects of the drug on birds with bilateral lesions of the intercollicular nucleus (a vocal area) and on birds pretreated with the DA antagonists pimozide and haloperidol were also examined. In intact chicks, apomorphine induced trills, facilitated twitters, and inhibited warbles. Pecking at conspicuous objects in the cage and locomotion were increased, whereas the duration of eye closure was reduced. In chicks with lesions there was no facilitation of trills, twitters, or pecking, whereas the other drug-induced behavioral effects were as in intact chicks. Dopamine antagonists blocked the trills and twitters facilitated by apomorphine but did not protect against the inhibition of warbles. It is concluded that trills, twitters, and pecking are produced by activation of dopaminergic mechanisms. It is hypothesized that some of the behavior induced by apomorphine, especially vocalization and pecking, are a consequence of altered states of attention induced by the drug.", "PMID": 681562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4931", "title": "Influence of gonadal hormones and sexual behavior on ultrasonic vocalization in rats: I. Treatment of females.", "content": "Ultrasonic vocalizations were measured when male rats were placed with ovariectomized females that had experienced various hormonal and behavioral treatments. In Experiment 1, 18 males were tested with females in each of the following conditions: nonestrous (OVX), estrogen treated (E), estrogen and progesterone treated (EP), and estrogen and progesterone treated and given two intromissions from a stud male prior to testing (EPI). Control conditions included clean cage (CL) and cage soiled by an estrous female (SOI). The treatments differed in effect on rate and maintenance of vocalization: EP greater than E greater than EPI = OVX greater than SOI greater than CL. In tests in which males produced a high rate of vocalization, some males with short intromission latencies shifted from the normal 50-kHz pulse to a 22-kHz pulse. In Experiment 2, the effect of the female's vocalization and movement on the rate of and latency to vocalization was measured. Twenty-one males were presented with each of the following stimulus conditions: estrous female with red light (EP), estrous female without red light (EP dark), estrous anesthetized female (EP anes), and nonestrous anesthetized female (OVX anes). Effects on vocalization of various treatments were as follows: EP = EP dark greater than EP anes greater than OVX anes. These data suggest that the 50-kHz vocalizations constitute a graded response influenced by the female's hormonal and sexual condition.", "contents": "Influence of gonadal hormones and sexual behavior on ultrasonic vocalization in rats: I. Treatment of females. Ultrasonic vocalizations were measured when male rats were placed with ovariectomized females that had experienced various hormonal and behavioral treatments. In Experiment 1, 18 males were tested with females in each of the following conditions: nonestrous (OVX), estrogen treated (E), estrogen and progesterone treated (EP), and estrogen and progesterone treated and given two intromissions from a stud male prior to testing (EPI). Control conditions included clean cage (CL) and cage soiled by an estrous female (SOI). The treatments differed in effect on rate and maintenance of vocalization: EP greater than E greater than EPI = OVX greater than SOI greater than CL. In tests in which males produced a high rate of vocalization, some males with short intromission latencies shifted from the normal 50-kHz pulse to a 22-kHz pulse. In Experiment 2, the effect of the female's vocalization and movement on the rate of and latency to vocalization was measured. Twenty-one males were presented with each of the following stimulus conditions: estrous female with red light (EP), estrous female without red light (EP dark), estrous anesthetized female (EP anes), and nonestrous anesthetized female (OVX anes). Effects on vocalization of various treatments were as follows: EP = EP dark greater than EP anes greater than OVX anes. These data suggest that the 50-kHz vocalizations constitute a graded response influenced by the female's hormonal and sexual condition.", "PMID": 681563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4932", "title": "Movement discrimination capacities in the cat.", "content": "Cats were trained to discriminate moving from nonmoving targets or one direction of movement from another. Various stimulus changes, e.g., size, direction, and rate, were then introduced as a test for generalization of the dimension of movement. Thresholds for detection for minimal movement were also determined. The results showed that (a) for cats, discrimination of movement is more difficult than discriminations based on brightness; (b) the dimension of movement is completely generalized across stimulus configuration but incompletely generalized for direction of movement; (c) the mean movement detection threshold was found to be 3.3 degrees/sec; (d) the thresholds for minimal movement and direction of movement were essentially identical; and (e) stimulus-viewing strategies were found to play an important role in the threshold determinations. The results of the generalization tests are consistent with the physiological properties of neurons found to be sensitive to movement in the cat visual system. The movement threshold values were found to lend support to the view that resolution and slow movement thresholds are correlated.", "contents": "Movement discrimination capacities in the cat. Cats were trained to discriminate moving from nonmoving targets or one direction of movement from another. Various stimulus changes, e.g., size, direction, and rate, were then introduced as a test for generalization of the dimension of movement. Thresholds for detection for minimal movement were also determined. The results showed that (a) for cats, discrimination of movement is more difficult than discriminations based on brightness; (b) the dimension of movement is completely generalized across stimulus configuration but incompletely generalized for direction of movement; (c) the mean movement detection threshold was found to be 3.3 degrees/sec; (d) the thresholds for minimal movement and direction of movement were essentially identical; and (e) stimulus-viewing strategies were found to play an important role in the threshold determinations. The results of the generalization tests are consistent with the physiological properties of neurons found to be sensitive to movement in the cat visual system. The movement threshold values were found to lend support to the view that resolution and slow movement thresholds are correlated.", "PMID": 681564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4933", "title": "Water and NaCl intake after furosemide treatment in sheep (Ovis aires).", "content": "Intravenous infusion of the natriuretic drug furosemide in sheep led to the excretion of large quantitites of hypotonic urine. The sheep consumed more water than was needed simply to restore osmotic equilibrium. The stimulus for the additional intake was presumably hypovolemia resulting from the loss of sodium in urine. Despite the natriuresis, in only 2 of 15 experiments did sheep drink significant amounts of .5 M NaCl solution during the first 10 hr after the onset of furosemide treatment, and hemoconcentration and arterial hypotension were evident during this time. By 24 hr, however, the saline consumption in all but three experiments had increased and compensated adequately (together with the water intakes) for the furosemide-induced loss of sodium-rich fluid in urine. These results provide evidence that following acute hypovolemia in sheep, as in rats, the onset of sodium appetite is delayed relative to the appearance of thirst.", "contents": "Water and NaCl intake after furosemide treatment in sheep (Ovis aires). Intravenous infusion of the natriuretic drug furosemide in sheep led to the excretion of large quantitites of hypotonic urine. The sheep consumed more water than was needed simply to restore osmotic equilibrium. The stimulus for the additional intake was presumably hypovolemia resulting from the loss of sodium in urine. Despite the natriuresis, in only 2 of 15 experiments did sheep drink significant amounts of .5 M NaCl solution during the first 10 hr after the onset of furosemide treatment, and hemoconcentration and arterial hypotension were evident during this time. By 24 hr, however, the saline consumption in all but three experiments had increased and compensated adequately (together with the water intakes) for the furosemide-induced loss of sodium-rich fluid in urine. These results provide evidence that following acute hypovolemia in sheep, as in rats, the onset of sodium appetite is delayed relative to the appearance of thirst.", "PMID": 681565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4934", "title": "Response suppression on DRL by rats with septal damage.", "content": "The effectiveness of the differential reinforcement for low rates of responding (DRL) contingency in suppressing response rates of septal rats was investigated by using a Multi-DRL-yoked-VI (variable interval) schedule of reinforcement. The yoking procedure equated the interreinforcement times on the two schedules. Each schedule was in effect for half of each session, and the change in schedule was signaled by the presence or absence of a cue light. Schedule order and DRL delay requirement were varied. For both normal and septal rats, the response rates were higher in the VI component than the DRL component; this effect demonstrates that the responding of septals as well as normals is suppressed by the differential reinforcement of a particular class of IRTs. A sharp difference in the level of responding occurred at the point of transition from one component of the multiple schedule to the other, which provides evidence of a discrimination between the two schedules for both normals and septals. The conclusion is that the responding of septals is suppressed by the DRL contingency and not controlled solely by the density and distribution of reinforcement.", "contents": "Response suppression on DRL by rats with septal damage. The effectiveness of the differential reinforcement for low rates of responding (DRL) contingency in suppressing response rates of septal rats was investigated by using a Multi-DRL-yoked-VI (variable interval) schedule of reinforcement. The yoking procedure equated the interreinforcement times on the two schedules. Each schedule was in effect for half of each session, and the change in schedule was signaled by the presence or absence of a cue light. Schedule order and DRL delay requirement were varied. For both normal and septal rats, the response rates were higher in the VI component than the DRL component; this effect demonstrates that the responding of septals as well as normals is suppressed by the differential reinforcement of a particular class of IRTs. A sharp difference in the level of responding occurred at the point of transition from one component of the multiple schedule to the other, which provides evidence of a discrimination between the two schedules for both normals and septals. The conclusion is that the responding of septals is suppressed by the DRL contingency and not controlled solely by the density and distribution of reinforcement.", "PMID": 681566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4935", "title": "Effect of self-determined intravenous infusion of hypertonic NaCl on Na appetite of sheep.", "content": "The time delay that occurs between a rapid, systemically produced change in Na balance and a change of voluntary Na intake was examined in Na-deficient sheep with a parotid fistula. They were trained to bar press in order to replace a daily Na deficit of 300--500 mmol. During basal conditions on different days, each delivery to a drinking cup consisted of either a small or a large amount of NaHCO3 solution. In the experimental situation, the small amount of NaHCO3 was delivered to the cup, but total Na delivered was made to equal that of the large amount by automatic concurrent infusion of hypertonic NaCl intravenously with each delivery to the cup. As a control, the concurrent intravenous infusion was .15 M NaCl, which had little influence on Na balance. A significant difference in the cumulative number of deliveries between the hypertonic and isotonic NaCl infusion conditions occurred by 10--20 min. It is concluded that systemic injections of hypertonic NaCl are effective within 10 to 20 min in reducing the sodium appetite of Na-depleted animals.", "contents": "Effect of self-determined intravenous infusion of hypertonic NaCl on Na appetite of sheep. The time delay that occurs between a rapid, systemically produced change in Na balance and a change of voluntary Na intake was examined in Na-deficient sheep with a parotid fistula. They were trained to bar press in order to replace a daily Na deficit of 300--500 mmol. During basal conditions on different days, each delivery to a drinking cup consisted of either a small or a large amount of NaHCO3 solution. In the experimental situation, the small amount of NaHCO3 was delivered to the cup, but total Na delivered was made to equal that of the large amount by automatic concurrent infusion of hypertonic NaCl intravenously with each delivery to the cup. As a control, the concurrent intravenous infusion was .15 M NaCl, which had little influence on Na balance. A significant difference in the cumulative number of deliveries between the hypertonic and isotonic NaCl infusion conditions occurred by 10--20 min. It is concluded that systemic injections of hypertonic NaCl are effective within 10 to 20 min in reducing the sodium appetite of Na-depleted animals.", "PMID": 681567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4936", "title": "Effects of experience on interocular transfer of pattern discriminations in split-chiasm and split-brain cats.", "content": "Interocular transfer of monocularly learned pattern discriminations was found to be imperfect in split-chiasm cats but to improve as a result of specific practice with interocular transfer tasks. Section of the forebrain commissures subsequently performed in these animals abolished immediate interocular transfer of pattern discriminations. However, there were some savings in reattaining the learning criterion with the second eye. Other cats that learned the same discriminations monocularly but had sustained a combined section of optic chiasm and forebrain commissures before learning showed no indication of interocular transfer. These data suggest that the commissural systems involved in interocular and interhemispheric transfer of pattern discriminations may be modified by practice and learning. Further, it is possible that the intervening transfer experience between the section of the optic chiasm and that of the forebrain commissures results in the persistence of some capacity for interocular transfer of pattern discriminations after commissurotomy. However, this residual capacity may be negligible when compared with the capacity for interocular transfer of split-chiasm cats with intact forebrain commissures.", "contents": "Effects of experience on interocular transfer of pattern discriminations in split-chiasm and split-brain cats. Interocular transfer of monocularly learned pattern discriminations was found to be imperfect in split-chiasm cats but to improve as a result of specific practice with interocular transfer tasks. Section of the forebrain commissures subsequently performed in these animals abolished immediate interocular transfer of pattern discriminations. However, there were some savings in reattaining the learning criterion with the second eye. Other cats that learned the same discriminations monocularly but had sustained a combined section of optic chiasm and forebrain commissures before learning showed no indication of interocular transfer. These data suggest that the commissural systems involved in interocular and interhemispheric transfer of pattern discriminations may be modified by practice and learning. Further, it is possible that the intervening transfer experience between the section of the optic chiasm and that of the forebrain commissures results in the persistence of some capacity for interocular transfer of pattern discriminations after commissurotomy. However, this residual capacity may be negligible when compared with the capacity for interocular transfer of split-chiasm cats with intact forebrain commissures.", "PMID": 681568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4937", "title": "Escape from deficits in sodium intake after thalamic lesions as a function of preoperative experience.", "content": "Saline and water intakes in response to treatments with a natriuretic agent and a mineralocorticoid were studied in intact rats and in rats with lesions centered in the taste delay of the thalamus. Intact rats responded to the treatments by increasing both saline and water intake. Rats with thalamic lesions that had never drunk saline prior to induction of the lesions generally did not increase their saline intake in response to the treatments but showed normal increases in water intake. In contrast, rats with thalamic lesions that had drunk saline prior to induction of the lesions showed normal increases in both saline and water intake. Preoperative experience of sodium need did not protect rats against the lesion-induced deficit.", "contents": "Escape from deficits in sodium intake after thalamic lesions as a function of preoperative experience. Saline and water intakes in response to treatments with a natriuretic agent and a mineralocorticoid were studied in intact rats and in rats with lesions centered in the taste delay of the thalamus. Intact rats responded to the treatments by increasing both saline and water intake. Rats with thalamic lesions that had never drunk saline prior to induction of the lesions generally did not increase their saline intake in response to the treatments but showed normal increases in water intake. In contrast, rats with thalamic lesions that had drunk saline prior to induction of the lesions showed normal increases in both saline and water intake. Preoperative experience of sodium need did not protect rats against the lesion-induced deficit.", "PMID": 681569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4938", "title": "Insulin and glucagon as determinants of body weight set point and microregulation in rats.", "content": "Seven adult male rats were observed for body weight and microregulation (feeding, drinking, and running patterns) after manipulation of insulin and glucagon levels. They received three injections per day for 3 days each week of 3 U of protamine zinc insulin, .25 mg of zinc glucagon, 50 microgram of protamine zinc somatostatin (SRIF), or protamine zinc vehicle. Diabetes was then induced with an iv injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg), and the injection schedule was repeated after the full diabetic syndrome emerged. In all rats whose insulin levels were increased relative to glucagon levels, body weight increased; in those whose glucagon levels were increased relative to insulin levels, body weight decreased. All injections except vehicle reduced meal sizes in both normal and diabetic rats, but only insulin increased the frequency of feeding. These effects could be predicted by the glucostatic theory of food intake regulation and are thus interpreted as supportive of this theory. These results also support the hypothesis that the relative concentration of insulin to glucagon is a regulator of body weight set point.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon as determinants of body weight set point and microregulation in rats. Seven adult male rats were observed for body weight and microregulation (feeding, drinking, and running patterns) after manipulation of insulin and glucagon levels. They received three injections per day for 3 days each week of 3 U of protamine zinc insulin, .25 mg of zinc glucagon, 50 microgram of protamine zinc somatostatin (SRIF), or protamine zinc vehicle. Diabetes was then induced with an iv injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg), and the injection schedule was repeated after the full diabetic syndrome emerged. In all rats whose insulin levels were increased relative to glucagon levels, body weight increased; in those whose glucagon levels were increased relative to insulin levels, body weight decreased. All injections except vehicle reduced meal sizes in both normal and diabetic rats, but only insulin increased the frequency of feeding. These effects could be predicted by the glucostatic theory of food intake regulation and are thus interpreted as supportive of this theory. These results also support the hypothesis that the relative concentration of insulin to glucagon is a regulator of body weight set point.", "PMID": 681570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4939", "title": "Dyskeratosis benigna intraepithelialis mucosae et cutis hereditaria. A report of this disorder in father and son.", "content": "A congenital syndrome affecting the skin, oral mucosa and bulbar conjunctiva is reported in father and son. Skin lesions consisted of brownish papules with central keratotic plugs. Trauma was able to provoke lesions. In addition, changes of oral mucosa with premature loss of the teeth, and recurrent eye symptoms with conjunctivitis were present. Histological examination of specimens from skin, oral mucosa and conjunctiva revealed a uniform picture of dyskeratosis (single cell keratinization). The symptoms reported do not seem to fit into any of the existing muco-cutaneous syndromes. An autosomal dominant mutation is suggested as the cause of the disease.", "contents": "Dyskeratosis benigna intraepithelialis mucosae et cutis hereditaria. A report of this disorder in father and son. A congenital syndrome affecting the skin, oral mucosa and bulbar conjunctiva is reported in father and son. Skin lesions consisted of brownish papules with central keratotic plugs. Trauma was able to provoke lesions. In addition, changes of oral mucosa with premature loss of the teeth, and recurrent eye symptoms with conjunctivitis were present. Histological examination of specimens from skin, oral mucosa and conjunctiva revealed a uniform picture of dyskeratosis (single cell keratinization). The symptoms reported do not seem to fit into any of the existing muco-cutaneous syndromes. An autosomal dominant mutation is suggested as the cause of the disease.", "PMID": 681574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4940", "title": "Cutis laxa (generalized elastolysis). A report of four cases with autopsy findings.", "content": "Four children with cutis laxa (generalized elastolysis) are reported. The first three cases were siblings from a Canadian Indian family and the fourth case was the only affected child in an American Black family. Loose and sagging skin folded over the face, neck and trunk, gave a premature senile appearance. Post-mortem examination was performed on the first three cases. The most common and serious visceral involvement was development of pulmonary emphysema. This was present in two autopsied cases and was demonstrated by chest X-ray in the fourth case. Other abnormalities included large inguinal and perineal hernia, rectal diverticulum and multiple diverticulae of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "Cutis laxa (generalized elastolysis). A report of four cases with autopsy findings. Four children with cutis laxa (generalized elastolysis) are reported. The first three cases were siblings from a Canadian Indian family and the fourth case was the only affected child in an American Black family. Loose and sagging skin folded over the face, neck and trunk, gave a premature senile appearance. Post-mortem examination was performed on the first three cases. The most common and serious visceral involvement was development of pulmonary emphysema. This was present in two autopsied cases and was demonstrated by chest X-ray in the fourth case. Other abnormalities included large inguinal and perineal hernia, rectal diverticulum and multiple diverticulae of the urinary bladder.", "PMID": 681575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4941", "title": "3H-thymidine labeling of epidermis in morbus Darier.", "content": "3H-thymidine incorporation into epidermal cells of four patients with morbus Darier was studied by an in vitro technique. The labeling index counted on 0.5 mu thick plastic sections was 13.7 +/- 5.3, indicating increased epidermopoieses in morbus Darier.", "contents": "3H-thymidine labeling of epidermis in morbus Darier. 3H-thymidine incorporation into epidermal cells of four patients with morbus Darier was studied by an in vitro technique. The labeling index counted on 0.5 mu thick plastic sections was 13.7 +/- 5.3, indicating increased epidermopoieses in morbus Darier.", "PMID": 681576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4942", "title": "Lipid metabolism in non-uremic and uremic dogs during and after hemodialysis with acetate.", "content": "Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were elevated in dogs after nephrectomy induced uremia. Plasma triglyceride concentrations remained constant during a 4-hour period of hemodialysis of uremic and non-uremic dogs against an acetate concentration of 39.5 mM (delivering 3 mEq/Kg/hr) plus infusion of 12.5 muCi/Kg/hr of acetate-1-14C, but rose progressively following dialysis. Radioactivities in plasma phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesteryl esters increased during dialysis and continued to rise in the post dialysis period, whereas 14C activity in free fatty acids and free cholesterol increased during dialysis and decreased post-dialysis. Acetate 14-C incorporation into plasma triglycerides was similar in the uremic and non-uremic groups, but incorporation into plasma cholesterol was higher in the uremics. Liver triglyceride concentrations and radioactivities at 12 hours were higher in the uremic dogs. At this time, adipose tissue 14C incorporation was also higher in uremic dogs but no differences were observed in aorta, heart or sciatic nerve incorporation. The results suggest that acetate may contribute to the increased plasma triglyceride concentrations observed following dialysis, and that uremia further accentuates acetate incorporation into plasma cholesterol and liver triglycerides.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in non-uremic and uremic dogs during and after hemodialysis with acetate. Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were elevated in dogs after nephrectomy induced uremia. Plasma triglyceride concentrations remained constant during a 4-hour period of hemodialysis of uremic and non-uremic dogs against an acetate concentration of 39.5 mM (delivering 3 mEq/Kg/hr) plus infusion of 12.5 muCi/Kg/hr of acetate-1-14C, but rose progressively following dialysis. Radioactivities in plasma phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesteryl esters increased during dialysis and continued to rise in the post dialysis period, whereas 14C activity in free fatty acids and free cholesterol increased during dialysis and decreased post-dialysis. Acetate 14-C incorporation into plasma triglycerides was similar in the uremic and non-uremic groups, but incorporation into plasma cholesterol was higher in the uremics. Liver triglyceride concentrations and radioactivities at 12 hours were higher in the uremic dogs. At this time, adipose tissue 14C incorporation was also higher in uremic dogs but no differences were observed in aorta, heart or sciatic nerve incorporation. The results suggest that acetate may contribute to the increased plasma triglyceride concentrations observed following dialysis, and that uremia further accentuates acetate incorporation into plasma cholesterol and liver triglycerides.", "PMID": 681578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4943", "title": "Augmented peritoneal mass transport with intraperitoneal nitroprusside.", "content": "Lightly restrained, alert New Zealand white rabbits underwent peritoneal dialysis by percutaneous instillation of standard dialysis solution with or without intraperitoneal nitroprusside. Corrected to a mean intraperitoneal dwell time of 36 minutes, mean clearances of creatinine and urea were 0.74 and 0.90 ml/kg/min in six rabbits. With intraperitoneal nitroprusside, 1.13 mg/kg clearances increased to 1.13 and 1.30 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.01) respectively. The 53% increment in creatinine clearance maintained the ratio clearance larger/smaller solute suggesting increased peritoneal permeability and/or area. Lower nitroprusside doses were less effective and not significantly above control. Nitroprusside also increased clearances during hypertonic peritoneal dialysis, but had no effect on osmotically induced water flux. Lavage studies demonstrated a persistent effect of nitroprusside after a single exposure and a sustained effect with repeated use.", "contents": "Augmented peritoneal mass transport with intraperitoneal nitroprusside. Lightly restrained, alert New Zealand white rabbits underwent peritoneal dialysis by percutaneous instillation of standard dialysis solution with or without intraperitoneal nitroprusside. Corrected to a mean intraperitoneal dwell time of 36 minutes, mean clearances of creatinine and urea were 0.74 and 0.90 ml/kg/min in six rabbits. With intraperitoneal nitroprusside, 1.13 mg/kg clearances increased to 1.13 and 1.30 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.01) respectively. The 53% increment in creatinine clearance maintained the ratio clearance larger/smaller solute suggesting increased peritoneal permeability and/or area. Lower nitroprusside doses were less effective and not significantly above control. Nitroprusside also increased clearances during hypertonic peritoneal dialysis, but had no effect on osmotically induced water flux. Lavage studies demonstrated a persistent effect of nitroprusside after a single exposure and a sustained effect with repeated use.", "PMID": 681579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4944", "title": "Critical appraisal of haemofiltration and ultra-filtration. The development of ultra-short dialysis: preliminary results.", "content": "The clinical experience obtained with 2 hours every other day recirculation dialysis, using 20-40 liters of dialysate, without sorbents, and standard cuprophane dialyzers of 1.0-1.5 sq.mt. is reported. So far, over 350 treatments in 8 patients have been performed. After 2 hours of treatment the removal of urea, creatinine, phosphate and uric acid, is similar to that obtained by 4-6 hours of haemofiltration. The alkalinazation of the patient through direct venous infusion of bicarbonate, makes predialysis acid-base significantly better than in standard haemodialysis and haemofiltration. Asymptomatic correction of severe fluid overload is easily obtained like in isolated ultrafiltration. The role of osmolality and vasopressors are discussed. A dry weight below the value obtained by previous dialysis treatment is achieved, and volume dependent hypertensions as in haemofiltration are corrected after 2-8 weeks. As an additional advantage, this method offers a highly semplified technical approach and a further reduction of the dialysis time.", "contents": "Critical appraisal of haemofiltration and ultra-filtration. The development of ultra-short dialysis: preliminary results. The clinical experience obtained with 2 hours every other day recirculation dialysis, using 20-40 liters of dialysate, without sorbents, and standard cuprophane dialyzers of 1.0-1.5 sq.mt. is reported. So far, over 350 treatments in 8 patients have been performed. After 2 hours of treatment the removal of urea, creatinine, phosphate and uric acid, is similar to that obtained by 4-6 hours of haemofiltration. The alkalinazation of the patient through direct venous infusion of bicarbonate, makes predialysis acid-base significantly better than in standard haemodialysis and haemofiltration. Asymptomatic correction of severe fluid overload is easily obtained like in isolated ultrafiltration. The role of osmolality and vasopressors are discussed. A dry weight below the value obtained by previous dialysis treatment is achieved, and volume dependent hypertensions as in haemofiltration are corrected after 2-8 weeks. As an additional advantage, this method offers a highly semplified technical approach and a further reduction of the dialysis time.", "PMID": 681580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4945", "title": "Self-care and home dialysis-role of social work.", "content": "Social work intervention in Self-Care involves evaluation, preparation, crisis-intervention and ongoing assessment and support. Early introduction of this modality is considered vital and factors of age, education, socio-economic level, sensory and environmental conditions are considered in the evaluation process. The social work relationship with patients is described within the context of family and community supports. Experience has demonstrated that patients with pre-existing adaptation problems may require more concentrated social work counseling. The goals of independence and rehabilitation are shown to be effected by patient motivation and economic restrictions. The social worker participating in the team approach is described as contributing to the patients opportunity for self-determination through patient advocacy, supportive services and social action. Self-Care patients are considered as having high potential for achievement and satisfaction.", "contents": "Self-care and home dialysis-role of social work. Social work intervention in Self-Care involves evaluation, preparation, crisis-intervention and ongoing assessment and support. Early introduction of this modality is considered vital and factors of age, education, socio-economic level, sensory and environmental conditions are considered in the evaluation process. The social work relationship with patients is described within the context of family and community supports. Experience has demonstrated that patients with pre-existing adaptation problems may require more concentrated social work counseling. The goals of independence and rehabilitation are shown to be effected by patient motivation and economic restrictions. The social worker participating in the team approach is described as contributing to the patients opportunity for self-determination through patient advocacy, supportive services and social action. Self-Care patients are considered as having high potential for achievement and satisfaction.", "PMID": 681581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4946", "title": "Psychological aspects of self-care and home dialysis.", "content": "Self-care and home dialysis encourages the patient's active participation in his treatment which may enhance coping and adaptation to his illness. The psychological issues of dependence-independence, activity-passivity, and control and mastery are frequently referred to in the literature as being important in understanding the chronic stress of illness and treatment. The measure of successful coping should be determined by adaptive or maladaptive value of behavior rather than traditional concepts of normality or abnormality. Treatment planning and patient selection should be tailored to the psychological needs of the patient, the family and the staff. Several clinical vignettes are presented to illustrate that initial impressions of patient suitability for self-care and home dialysis may be deceiving. The medical staff plays an important role in influencing the patient's adaptation and coping.", "contents": "Psychological aspects of self-care and home dialysis. Self-care and home dialysis encourages the patient's active participation in his treatment which may enhance coping and adaptation to his illness. The psychological issues of dependence-independence, activity-passivity, and control and mastery are frequently referred to in the literature as being important in understanding the chronic stress of illness and treatment. The measure of successful coping should be determined by adaptive or maladaptive value of behavior rather than traditional concepts of normality or abnormality. Treatment planning and patient selection should be tailored to the psychological needs of the patient, the family and the staff. Several clinical vignettes are presented to illustrate that initial impressions of patient suitability for self-care and home dialysis may be deceiving. The medical staff plays an important role in influencing the patient's adaptation and coping.", "PMID": 681582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4947", "title": "Incidence of cervical cancer by marital status.", "content": "The incidence of invasive cervical cancer by age and marital status was examined, using census statistics and 1968--71 cancer registry data from women who lived in the Manchester Regional Hospital Board area. The relative rarity of the disease in the unmarried and its higher incidence in formerly married than in currently married women was confirmed. This higher incidence was shown to be mainly in widows under 50 and divorced women, suggesting that it is related to the association of the disease with number of sexual partners.", "contents": "Incidence of cervical cancer by marital status. The incidence of invasive cervical cancer by age and marital status was examined, using census statistics and 1968--71 cancer registry data from women who lived in the Manchester Regional Hospital Board area. The relative rarity of the disease in the unmarried and its higher incidence in formerly married than in currently married women was confirmed. This higher incidence was shown to be mainly in widows under 50 and divorced women, suggesting that it is related to the association of the disease with number of sexual partners.", "PMID": 681583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4948", "title": "Monitoring of lead in the environment.", "content": "Children living near a lead works and children of employees at the works were selected in order to analyse the lead content of their blood as the biological counterpart of a monitoring exercise for lead in the environment. The overall mean for the 262 children in the survey was 0.91 mumol/l and results were within the normal reference range of 0.3 to 1.8 for all except two children. The results compared favourably with similar areas, and with a survey in the same area in 1972. The mean for the 71 children of employees at the lead works was 1.02 mumol/l, significantly higher than the mean for the other children in the survey (0.88 mumol/l). No appreciable differences were found in housing or wind direction. The means for all groups were unexceptional, but some of the differences were significant. Younger children had significantly higher blood lead levels than older children, and the group of 26 children with levels of 1.3 mumol/l or more was doubly weighted with the youngest age group. After careful investigation, no deviations from normal health were found in this group. The weighting of younger children also contributed to the significance of the higher mean found for children living in the central half of the area.", "contents": "Monitoring of lead in the environment. Children living near a lead works and children of employees at the works were selected in order to analyse the lead content of their blood as the biological counterpart of a monitoring exercise for lead in the environment. The overall mean for the 262 children in the survey was 0.91 mumol/l and results were within the normal reference range of 0.3 to 1.8 for all except two children. The results compared favourably with similar areas, and with a survey in the same area in 1972. The mean for the 71 children of employees at the lead works was 1.02 mumol/l, significantly higher than the mean for the other children in the survey (0.88 mumol/l). No appreciable differences were found in housing or wind direction. The means for all groups were unexceptional, but some of the differences were significant. Younger children had significantly higher blood lead levels than older children, and the group of 26 children with levels of 1.3 mumol/l or more was doubly weighted with the youngest age group. After careful investigation, no deviations from normal health were found in this group. The weighting of younger children also contributed to the significance of the higher mean found for children living in the central half of the area.", "PMID": 681584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4949", "title": "The association between blood pressure and serum cholesterol in healthy men: the Oslo study.", "content": "The association between serum cholesterol and blood pressure (BP) has been studied in 16 525 men. The study reveals that these Oslo men in their forties present with a serum cholesterol value which is on average 0.71 mmol/l (27.4 mg/100 ml) higher at diastolic BP greater than 110 mmHg than at BP less than 70 mmHg. According to earlier studies in Oslo, this cholesterol difference alone imparts a 10-year myocardial infarction morbidity difference of 25--30%. These findings might be of practical importance for epidemiological studies and for preventive measures against the two factors. The influence of other variables on the association between blood pressure and cholesterol has been studied in a multivariate analysis. Of these variables, only body mass index and serum triglycerides significantly influence the relationship between blood pressure and cholesterol, whereas age, cigarette smoking, non-fasting blood sugar, season, socioeconomic status, and physical activity at work and leisure do not influence the correlation.", "contents": "The association between blood pressure and serum cholesterol in healthy men: the Oslo study. The association between serum cholesterol and blood pressure (BP) has been studied in 16 525 men. The study reveals that these Oslo men in their forties present with a serum cholesterol value which is on average 0.71 mmol/l (27.4 mg/100 ml) higher at diastolic BP greater than 110 mmHg than at BP less than 70 mmHg. According to earlier studies in Oslo, this cholesterol difference alone imparts a 10-year myocardial infarction morbidity difference of 25--30%. These findings might be of practical importance for epidemiological studies and for preventive measures against the two factors. The influence of other variables on the association between blood pressure and cholesterol has been studied in a multivariate analysis. Of these variables, only body mass index and serum triglycerides significantly influence the relationship between blood pressure and cholesterol, whereas age, cigarette smoking, non-fasting blood sugar, season, socioeconomic status, and physical activity at work and leisure do not influence the correlation.", "PMID": 681585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4950", "title": "Interpregnancy interval. Association with birth weight, stillbirth, and neonatal death.", "content": "Pairs of first and second births and pairs of second and third births to the same Norwegian mothers were studied to determine the association between interpregnancy interval and birth weight, stillbirth, and neonatal death. Use of the pair approach provides one birth which could possibly have been affected by the length of the interval and one birth which could not. The association of interval and birth weight for births which precede an interval is found to be equivalent to that for births which follow an interval. The data on stillbirth are compatible with higher rates at long intervals while the data on neonatal death are consistent with higher rates at short intervals. However, we conclude that manipulation of the interval between pregnancies is unlikely to have any marked, direct, beneficial effect on outcome of pregnancy.", "contents": "Interpregnancy interval. Association with birth weight, stillbirth, and neonatal death. Pairs of first and second births and pairs of second and third births to the same Norwegian mothers were studied to determine the association between interpregnancy interval and birth weight, stillbirth, and neonatal death. Use of the pair approach provides one birth which could possibly have been affected by the length of the interval and one birth which could not. The association of interval and birth weight for births which precede an interval is found to be equivalent to that for births which follow an interval. The data on stillbirth are compatible with higher rates at long intervals while the data on neonatal death are consistent with higher rates at short intervals. However, we conclude that manipulation of the interval between pregnancies is unlikely to have any marked, direct, beneficial effect on outcome of pregnancy.", "PMID": 681586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4951", "title": "An epidemiological study of blindness in an Indian rural community.", "content": "A house-to-house survey of blindness in an Indian rural community covering a population of 20 134 in 12 villages revealed a prevalence rate of 35 blind and 144 partially blind persons per 10 000 population. Blindness was significantly associated with the age, sex, marital status, occupation, and socioeconomic status of the respondents. Caratact, glaucoma, smallpox and trachoma were the main causes of blindness. Preventive measures can reduce the toll of blindness in such a community.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of blindness in an Indian rural community. A house-to-house survey of blindness in an Indian rural community covering a population of 20 134 in 12 villages revealed a prevalence rate of 35 blind and 144 partially blind persons per 10 000 population. Blindness was significantly associated with the age, sex, marital status, occupation, and socioeconomic status of the respondents. Caratact, glaucoma, smallpox and trachoma were the main causes of blindness. Preventive measures can reduce the toll of blindness in such a community.", "PMID": 681587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4952", "title": "Changes in local clinical practice following an experiment in medical care: evaluation of evaluation.", "content": "The changes in clinical practice following a randomised controlled trial of early discharge for inguinal hernia and varicose veins are reviewed. A significant reduction in mean length of stay was recorded in the study area between 1970 (the year before the start of the study) and 1975 (two complete years after the study). This change was not found in two adjacent health districts.", "contents": "Changes in local clinical practice following an experiment in medical care: evaluation of evaluation. The changes in clinical practice following a randomised controlled trial of early discharge for inguinal hernia and varicose veins are reviewed. A significant reduction in mean length of stay was recorded in the study area between 1970 (the year before the start of the study) and 1975 (two complete years after the study). This change was not found in two adjacent health districts.", "PMID": 681588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4953", "title": "Occupational mortality: work or way of life?", "content": "For more than 100 years the Registrar General has reviewed mortality in depth in a series of supplements relating extra information provided by decennial censuses to deaths in a period before and after the census. The volume describing occupationl mortiality in 1970--72 was recently published (Registrar General, 1978). Here we consider in more detail one of the questions raised by occupational mortality studies: how much does mortality of an occupation group reflect work environment and how much way of life? We first describe the traditional method of distinguishing these direct and indirect influences (that is, the comparison of the mortality of men following an occupation with that of their wives) and then introduce an alternative which we call 'social class standardisation'.", "contents": "Occupational mortality: work or way of life? For more than 100 years the Registrar General has reviewed mortality in depth in a series of supplements relating extra information provided by decennial censuses to deaths in a period before and after the census. The volume describing occupationl mortiality in 1970--72 was recently published (Registrar General, 1978). Here we consider in more detail one of the questions raised by occupational mortality studies: how much does mortality of an occupation group reflect work environment and how much way of life? We first describe the traditional method of distinguishing these direct and indirect influences (that is, the comparison of the mortality of men following an occupation with that of their wives) and then introduce an alternative which we call 'social class standardisation'.", "PMID": 681589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4954", "title": "A national study of asthma in childhood.", "content": "A history of asthma was obtained in 3.5% of a representative national sample of children aged 11 years. A further 8.8% had a history of wheezy bronchitis. In the 12 months before the interview, 2% had experienced attacks of asthma and a further 2.9% attacks of wheezy bronchitis. Both conditions were significantly more common among boys than girls, and a history of asthma was reported more frequently among children from non-manual than from manual social classes. Children with frequent attacks of wheezing had lower mean relative weights. A history of eczema and hay fever was more frequently discovered in children with reported asthma than in those with wheezy bronchitis, whereas migraine or recurrent headaches, recurrent abdominal pain, and recurrent throat or ear infections were more commonly associated with wheezy bronchitis than with asthma. The modified Rutter home behaviour scale, which reflects the parental view of the child's behaviour, was significantly raised among children with a history of wheezing, but their school behaviour as judged by the Bristol social adjustment guide showed no such difference. In spite of increased absence from school because of illness, no differences were found in educational attainment between children with a history of asthma or wheezy bronchitis and those with neither condition.", "contents": "A national study of asthma in childhood. A history of asthma was obtained in 3.5% of a representative national sample of children aged 11 years. A further 8.8% had a history of wheezy bronchitis. In the 12 months before the interview, 2% had experienced attacks of asthma and a further 2.9% attacks of wheezy bronchitis. Both conditions were significantly more common among boys than girls, and a history of asthma was reported more frequently among children from non-manual than from manual social classes. Children with frequent attacks of wheezing had lower mean relative weights. A history of eczema and hay fever was more frequently discovered in children with reported asthma than in those with wheezy bronchitis, whereas migraine or recurrent headaches, recurrent abdominal pain, and recurrent throat or ear infections were more commonly associated with wheezy bronchitis than with asthma. The modified Rutter home behaviour scale, which reflects the parental view of the child's behaviour, was significantly raised among children with a history of wheezing, but their school behaviour as judged by the Bristol social adjustment guide showed no such difference. In spite of increased absence from school because of illness, no differences were found in educational attainment between children with a history of asthma or wheezy bronchitis and those with neither condition.", "PMID": 681590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4955", "title": "Factors related to respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms in the United Kingdom.", "content": "Factors related to eight respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms have been studied in a sample of 12 736 men and women aged 37 to 67 living in England, Scotland and Wales. The prevalence of each of these symptoms was independently associated with increasing age, with lower social class, with living in wales, and with exposure at work to fumes or to dust, especially in mines or quarries. Prevalence of some symptoms was also increased in those who were divorced, separated or widowed, who took less exercise or who were seriously over or under weight. Respiratory symptoms increased with the number of cigarettes smoked, with level of inhalation, and with the smoking of plain rather than filter cigarettes, though the last two associations were significant only for some symptoms. Smokers who had given up for five years or more had levels of symptoms similar to those who had never smoked, while pipe and cigar smokers had markedly fewer symptoms than cigarette smokers. The relationship between smoking and cardiovascular symptoms was not as clear as the relationship between smoking and respiratory symptoms.", "contents": "Factors related to respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms in the United Kingdom. Factors related to eight respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms have been studied in a sample of 12 736 men and women aged 37 to 67 living in England, Scotland and Wales. The prevalence of each of these symptoms was independently associated with increasing age, with lower social class, with living in wales, and with exposure at work to fumes or to dust, especially in mines or quarries. Prevalence of some symptoms was also increased in those who were divorced, separated or widowed, who took less exercise or who were seriously over or under weight. Respiratory symptoms increased with the number of cigarettes smoked, with level of inhalation, and with the smoking of plain rather than filter cigarettes, though the last two associations were significant only for some symptoms. Smokers who had given up for five years or more had levels of symptoms similar to those who had never smoked, while pipe and cigar smokers had markedly fewer symptoms than cigarette smokers. The relationship between smoking and cardiovascular symptoms was not as clear as the relationship between smoking and respiratory symptoms.", "PMID": 681591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4956", "title": "Parental smoking related to adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy in children.", "content": "Histories of adeno\u00efdectomy and tonsillectomy were ascertained, as well as smoking habits of both parents, using questionnaires answered by 3920 schoolchildren aged 10 to 20. Adeno\u00efdectomy and/or tonsillectomy, considered as an index of repeated upper respiratory tract disease in early childhood, was very significantly related to the amount of smoking by each parent. This relationship persisted when age, sex, day nursery attendance, sibship size, and history of appendicectomy were controlled.", "contents": "Parental smoking related to adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy in children. Histories of adeno\u00efdectomy and tonsillectomy were ascertained, as well as smoking habits of both parents, using questionnaires answered by 3920 schoolchildren aged 10 to 20. Adeno\u00efdectomy and/or tonsillectomy, considered as an index of repeated upper respiratory tract disease in early childhood, was very significantly related to the amount of smoking by each parent. This relationship persisted when age, sex, day nursery attendance, sibship size, and history of appendicectomy were controlled.", "PMID": 681592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4957", "title": "Effects of stimulus frequency on two-tone suppression: a comparison of physiological and psychophysical results.", "content": "The effects of stimulus frequency on two-tone suppression were investigated in single auditory-nerve fibers of anesthetized cats and compared with human psychophysical data. In the physiological experiment, both average discharge rate and phase-locked activity were measured in response to one- and two-tone stimuli. The first component f1 produced an increase in rate above spontaneous activity when presented alone. The second tone f2 was always well below the fiber's characteristic frequency and was held at a fixed sound pressure level appropriate to produce two-tone suppression. Responses were plotted as a function of stimulus level of the first tone both alone and in the presence of f2. For different values of f1 with f2 fixed, suppression was maximum with f1 near fiber CF. In the psychophysical experiment, similar stimulus parameters of f1 and f2 were used as the masker in a forward-masker paradigm. In this experiment the addition of the second masker tone at frequency f2 could produce less masking of the signal. When f1 was varied with f2 fixed, the relative decrease in masking, analogous to suppression, was greatest when f1 was equal to the signal frequency.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus frequency on two-tone suppression: a comparison of physiological and psychophysical results. The effects of stimulus frequency on two-tone suppression were investigated in single auditory-nerve fibers of anesthetized cats and compared with human psychophysical data. In the physiological experiment, both average discharge rate and phase-locked activity were measured in response to one- and two-tone stimuli. The first component f1 produced an increase in rate above spontaneous activity when presented alone. The second tone f2 was always well below the fiber's characteristic frequency and was held at a fixed sound pressure level appropriate to produce two-tone suppression. Responses were plotted as a function of stimulus level of the first tone both alone and in the presence of f2. For different values of f1 with f2 fixed, suppression was maximum with f1 near fiber CF. In the psychophysical experiment, similar stimulus parameters of f1 and f2 were used as the masker in a forward-masker paradigm. In this experiment the addition of the second masker tone at frequency f2 could produce less masking of the signal. When f1 was varied with f2 fixed, the relative decrease in masking, analogous to suppression, was greatest when f1 was equal to the signal frequency.", "PMID": 681620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4958", "title": "Acoustically dependent latency shifts of BSER (wave V) in man.", "content": "The latencies of wave V in Brain Stem Evoked Responses (BSER) elicited by a set of acoustic transients were measured. The stimuli were produced by delivering pulses to two filters, arranged in series. The filters were set so that the maximum acoustic energy in the transients, i.e., filtered clicks, occurred at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 8 kHz. The filtered clicks were presented via earphones at a rate of 30/s at 20, 40, or 60 dB HL to ten subjects with normal hearing. The latencies of wave V varied systematically with center frequency of the filtered clicks when they were each at the same HL. Stimuli presented at 40 dB HL produced the greatest opportunity for relating stimulus frequency to latency. The latencies for a smaller set of responses to stimuli presented at 10/s were the same as those for the principal data taken at 30/s. The changes in latency of wave V due to frequency are similar to those observed by other investigators in whole-nerve responses recorded in man.", "contents": "Acoustically dependent latency shifts of BSER (wave V) in man. The latencies of wave V in Brain Stem Evoked Responses (BSER) elicited by a set of acoustic transients were measured. The stimuli were produced by delivering pulses to two filters, arranged in series. The filters were set so that the maximum acoustic energy in the transients, i.e., filtered clicks, occurred at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 8 kHz. The filtered clicks were presented via earphones at a rate of 30/s at 20, 40, or 60 dB HL to ten subjects with normal hearing. The latencies of wave V varied systematically with center frequency of the filtered clicks when they were each at the same HL. Stimuli presented at 40 dB HL produced the greatest opportunity for relating stimulus frequency to latency. The latencies for a smaller set of responses to stimuli presented at 10/s were the same as those for the principal data taken at 30/s. The changes in latency of wave V due to frequency are similar to those observed by other investigators in whole-nerve responses recorded in man.", "PMID": 681621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4959", "title": "The influence of middle-ear muscle contraction on auditory threshold for selected pure tones.", "content": "The influence of middle-ear muscle (MEM) contraction on auditory threshold has been measured for pure tones of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.5 kHz. The reflex-activating signal was a 3-kHz pure tone. Signal paradigms were chosen to reduce or eliminate the effects of binaural loudness summation, contralateral direct masking, and contralateral remote and backward masking effects, and to maximize the influence of MEM contraction. Results indicate that under no condition was behavioral threshold affected by the MEM contraction induced using a pure-tone stimulus of 3 kHz, 105 dB SPL.", "contents": "The influence of middle-ear muscle contraction on auditory threshold for selected pure tones. The influence of middle-ear muscle (MEM) contraction on auditory threshold has been measured for pure tones of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.5 kHz. The reflex-activating signal was a 3-kHz pure tone. Signal paradigms were chosen to reduce or eliminate the effects of binaural loudness summation, contralateral direct masking, and contralateral remote and backward masking effects, and to maximize the influence of MEM contraction. Results indicate that under no condition was behavioral threshold affected by the MEM contraction induced using a pure-tone stimulus of 3 kHz, 105 dB SPL.", "PMID": 681622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4960", "title": "Amplitude-modulated noise: the detection of modulation versus the detection of modulation rate.", "content": "Modulation threshold, that is, the modulation depth required to discriminate a sample of amplitude-modulated (AM) noise from a sample of unmodulated noise, was measured as a function of modulation rate (16--320 Hz), modulator waveform (sine or square), and the bandwidth of the AM noise (0.5--8.0 kHz). Modulation threshold increases monotonically with modulation rate, sine-wave thresholds are greater than square-wave thresholds, and threshold rises as the bandwith of the AM stimulus decreases. These effects all support the use of some form of energy detection model to explain modulation threshold. The modulation thresholds were compared with pitch thresholds gathered under precisely the same conditions. Pitch threshold or, alternatively, rate threshold was taken to be the modulation depth required to decide which of two samples had the higher modulation; the rate difference was 20%--just over three semitones. In the region above about 70 Hz, rate threshold is essentially a constant multiple of modulation threshold, indicating that the primary constraint on rate threshold is the audibility of the modulation. Below 70 Hz, rate and modulation threshold diverge; it is argued that the limit on rate threshold in this region is probably the length of the correlation required to extract the periodicity.", "contents": "Amplitude-modulated noise: the detection of modulation versus the detection of modulation rate. Modulation threshold, that is, the modulation depth required to discriminate a sample of amplitude-modulated (AM) noise from a sample of unmodulated noise, was measured as a function of modulation rate (16--320 Hz), modulator waveform (sine or square), and the bandwidth of the AM noise (0.5--8.0 kHz). Modulation threshold increases monotonically with modulation rate, sine-wave thresholds are greater than square-wave thresholds, and threshold rises as the bandwith of the AM stimulus decreases. These effects all support the use of some form of energy detection model to explain modulation threshold. The modulation thresholds were compared with pitch thresholds gathered under precisely the same conditions. Pitch threshold or, alternatively, rate threshold was taken to be the modulation depth required to decide which of two samples had the higher modulation; the rate difference was 20%--just over three semitones. In the region above about 70 Hz, rate threshold is essentially a constant multiple of modulation threshold, indicating that the primary constraint on rate threshold is the audibility of the modulation. Below 70 Hz, rate and modulation threshold diverge; it is argued that the limit on rate threshold in this region is probably the length of the correlation required to extract the periodicity.", "PMID": 681623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4961", "title": "Masking-level differences for repeated filtered transients.", "content": "Masking-level differences (MLDs) for the repeated high-pass (2000-Hz) and low-pass (2000-Hz) 100-microseconds pulses were obtained as a function of the number of transient repetitions and the repetition rate. MLDs compared to the NoSo condition were obtained for the NoSpi and NoSd binaural configurations (Sd refers to the conditions in which there was a 1.1-ms interaural delay for the transient signals). MLDs of 11--14 dB were obtained for the low-pass transients independent of the number of transients, repetition rate, or type of binaural configuration. MLDs of 2--4 dB were obtained for the high-pass transients only if the transients were repeated 12 or more times. The results for the high-pass transients did not depend on the repetition rate or type of binaural configuration. The results suggest that high-frequency binaural auditory channels can process noisy low-frequency temporal envelopes, but not as well as low-frequency temporal and spectral information.", "contents": "Masking-level differences for repeated filtered transients. Masking-level differences (MLDs) for the repeated high-pass (2000-Hz) and low-pass (2000-Hz) 100-microseconds pulses were obtained as a function of the number of transient repetitions and the repetition rate. MLDs compared to the NoSo condition were obtained for the NoSpi and NoSd binaural configurations (Sd refers to the conditions in which there was a 1.1-ms interaural delay for the transient signals). MLDs of 11--14 dB were obtained for the low-pass transients independent of the number of transients, repetition rate, or type of binaural configuration. MLDs of 2--4 dB were obtained for the high-pass transients only if the transients were repeated 12 or more times. The results for the high-pass transients did not depend on the repetition rate or type of binaural configuration. The results suggest that high-frequency binaural auditory channels can process noisy low-frequency temporal envelopes, but not as well as low-frequency temporal and spectral information.", "PMID": 681624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4962", "title": "Intensity of guitar playing as a function of auditory feedback.", "content": "Subjects played an electric guitar while auditory feedback was attenuated or amplified at seven sidetone levels varying 10-dB steps around a comfortable listening level. The sidetone signal was presented in quiet (experiment I) and several levels of white noise (experiment II). Subjects compensated for feedback changes, demonstrating a sidetone amplification as well as a Lombard effect. The similarity of these results to those found previously for speech suggests that guitar playing can be a useful analog for the function of auditory feedback in speech production. Unlike previous findings for speech, the sidetone-amplification effect was not potentiated by masking, consistent with a hypothesis that potentiation in speech is attributable to interference with bone conduction caused by the masking noise.", "contents": "Intensity of guitar playing as a function of auditory feedback. Subjects played an electric guitar while auditory feedback was attenuated or amplified at seven sidetone levels varying 10-dB steps around a comfortable listening level. The sidetone signal was presented in quiet (experiment I) and several levels of white noise (experiment II). Subjects compensated for feedback changes, demonstrating a sidetone amplification as well as a Lombard effect. The similarity of these results to those found previously for speech suggests that guitar playing can be a useful analog for the function of auditory feedback in speech production. Unlike previous findings for speech, the sidetone-amplification effect was not potentiated by masking, consistent with a hypothesis that potentiation in speech is attributable to interference with bone conduction caused by the masking noise.", "PMID": 681625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4963", "title": "Aural harmonics: estimation consistency from tone-on-tone masking measurements.", "content": "Amplitudes of inaudible \"subjective\" signals are inferred from tone-on-tone masking measurements. Several methodological issues are involved, e.g., the problems of how many and which measurements to include. To explore such sampling questions, sets of masked thresholds using a 250-Hz masker and a 500-Hz maskee are determined at various phase angles. These measurements are distributed into subsamples of (n=) 13, 9, 7, 5, or 4 each, and repeated estimates of the second aural harmonic inferred. For n greater than 4, these estimates averaged to within +/- 1 dB of one another,, although individual estimates vary considerably with the smaller n's (to 13 dB with n=4). Sets of five consecutive measurements also were analyzed when the masker : maskee phase angle was incremented in 90 degrees steps through two complete periods (of the maskee). Again, the reestimates for individuals can vary by at least 6 dB, but the averages over seven subjects remain within 2 dB of each other. Apparently, for n's of six or more, it matters little which masker: maskee phase angles are used to estimate the aural harmonic amplitudes.", "contents": "Aural harmonics: estimation consistency from tone-on-tone masking measurements. Amplitudes of inaudible \"subjective\" signals are inferred from tone-on-tone masking measurements. Several methodological issues are involved, e.g., the problems of how many and which measurements to include. To explore such sampling questions, sets of masked thresholds using a 250-Hz masker and a 500-Hz maskee are determined at various phase angles. These measurements are distributed into subsamples of (n=) 13, 9, 7, 5, or 4 each, and repeated estimates of the second aural harmonic inferred. For n greater than 4, these estimates averaged to within +/- 1 dB of one another,, although individual estimates vary considerably with the smaller n's (to 13 dB with n=4). Sets of five consecutive measurements also were analyzed when the masker : maskee phase angle was incremented in 90 degrees steps through two complete periods (of the maskee). Again, the reestimates for individuals can vary by at least 6 dB, but the averages over seven subjects remain within 2 dB of each other. Apparently, for n's of six or more, it matters little which masker: maskee phase angles are used to estimate the aural harmonic amplitudes.", "PMID": 681626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4964", "title": "Corticosteroid effect on immunoglobulins.", "content": "The corticosteroid (prednisone) effect on serum immunoglobulins in 9 atopic asthmatic patients who required corticosteroids for the control of asthma was evaluated. Serum immunoglobulins were determined before corticosteroids were administered, an average of 15 days while on corticosteroids, and again an average of 22 days after corticosteroids were discontinued. While on corticosteroids (averaging 16.8 mg prednisone daily) for 15 days, mean serum IgG was significantly decreased (-22%, p less than or equal to 0.01), mean serum IgA tended to be decreased (-10%), and mean serum IgM was essentially unchanged. Serum IgE was initially significantly increased (p less than 0.01) when compared to levels of other serum immunoglobulins (IgG,A,M). An average of 22 days after corticosteroids were discontinued, mean serum IgG was still significantly decreased (p less than 0.05), and mean serum IgA again tended to be decreased. Serum IgM remained unchanged and mean serum IgE now was significantly decreased (p less than 0.01). Corticosteroids appear to have a significant effect on levels of some serum immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Corticosteroid effect on immunoglobulins. The corticosteroid (prednisone) effect on serum immunoglobulins in 9 atopic asthmatic patients who required corticosteroids for the control of asthma was evaluated. Serum immunoglobulins were determined before corticosteroids were administered, an average of 15 days while on corticosteroids, and again an average of 22 days after corticosteroids were discontinued. While on corticosteroids (averaging 16.8 mg prednisone daily) for 15 days, mean serum IgG was significantly decreased (-22%, p less than or equal to 0.01), mean serum IgA tended to be decreased (-10%), and mean serum IgM was essentially unchanged. Serum IgE was initially significantly increased (p less than 0.01) when compared to levels of other serum immunoglobulins (IgG,A,M). An average of 22 days after corticosteroids were discontinued, mean serum IgG was still significantly decreased (p less than 0.05), and mean serum IgA again tended to be decreased. Serum IgM remained unchanged and mean serum IgE now was significantly decreased (p less than 0.01). Corticosteroids appear to have a significant effect on levels of some serum immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 681628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4965", "title": "IgE response in heterophil-positive infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Nineteen patients with heterophil-positive infectious mononucleosis were followed with serial blood sampling for an average of 14.6 mo. A preillness serum sample, obtained more than 2 mo before onset of illness, was available from 9 patients. A total of 141 samples were tested under identical conditions for total IgE levels by a paper-disc radioimmunoassay. Hematologic and serologic studies were also done. IgE changes showed a definite pattern, consisting of an elevation early in illness, rapidly followed by a significant drop reaching a nadir by the third month, then gradually returning to the preillness level (PIL) over a period of about a year. On the average, the peak was about 3 times the PIL, and the nadir about half the PIL. The IgE peak always coincided with the peak of atypical lymphocytes, and in no instance did it occur later than the peaks of other hematologic or serologic changes. No definite relationship was noted between IgE levels and the severity of illness. Heterophil-positive infectious mononucleosis is the first well-defined infectious disease found to be associated with such a pattern of IgE response.", "contents": "IgE response in heterophil-positive infectious mononucleosis. Nineteen patients with heterophil-positive infectious mononucleosis were followed with serial blood sampling for an average of 14.6 mo. A preillness serum sample, obtained more than 2 mo before onset of illness, was available from 9 patients. A total of 141 samples were tested under identical conditions for total IgE levels by a paper-disc radioimmunoassay. Hematologic and serologic studies were also done. IgE changes showed a definite pattern, consisting of an elevation early in illness, rapidly followed by a significant drop reaching a nadir by the third month, then gradually returning to the preillness level (PIL) over a period of about a year. On the average, the peak was about 3 times the PIL, and the nadir about half the PIL. The IgE peak always coincided with the peak of atypical lymphocytes, and in no instance did it occur later than the peaks of other hematologic or serologic changes. No definite relationship was noted between IgE levels and the severity of illness. Heterophil-positive infectious mononucleosis is the first well-defined infectious disease found to be associated with such a pattern of IgE response.", "PMID": 681629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4966", "title": "Radiographic contrast media studies in high-risk patients.", "content": "Patients with prior anaphylactoid reactions (AR) to radiographic contrast media (RCM) are at increased risk for another reaction upon repeat exposure to RCM. One hundred one patients, who had prior AR to RCM, who gave informed consent, and who had an essential need for a  repeat RCM study, were pretreated with prednisone, 50 mg orally every 6 hours for 3 doses ending one hour prior to RCM study, and diphenhydramine, 50 mg intramuscularly, one hour prior to RCM study. The repeat RCM study was then carried out using standard procedures with resuscitation equipment readily available. Ninety-six patients had no reaction. Five of the 101 (4.95%) developed AR. These AR consisted only of mild urticaria or pruritus. No significant or life-threatening reactions occurred. Pretreatment decreases the risk in this population of patients and is recommended as standard prophylaxis for patients requiring RCM who have had a previous AR.", "contents": "Radiographic contrast media studies in high-risk patients. Patients with prior anaphylactoid reactions (AR) to radiographic contrast media (RCM) are at increased risk for another reaction upon repeat exposure to RCM. One hundred one patients, who had prior AR to RCM, who gave informed consent, and who had an essential need for a  repeat RCM study, were pretreated with prednisone, 50 mg orally every 6 hours for 3 doses ending one hour prior to RCM study, and diphenhydramine, 50 mg intramuscularly, one hour prior to RCM study. The repeat RCM study was then carried out using standard procedures with resuscitation equipment readily available. Ninety-six patients had no reaction. Five of the 101 (4.95%) developed AR. These AR consisted only of mild urticaria or pruritus. No significant or life-threatening reactions occurred. Pretreatment decreases the risk in this population of patients and is recommended as standard prophylaxis for patients requiring RCM who have had a previous AR.", "PMID": 681630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4967", "title": "Farmer's lung disease among farmers with precipitating antibodies to the thermophilic actinomycetes: a clinical and immunologic study.", "content": "Farmers were evaluated for the presence of farmer's lung disease by serologic methods and by clinical histories. From a large farming population screened serologically, 40 of 92 farmers with precipitating antibodies to the thermophilic actinomycetes consented to be evaluated for clinical evidence of farmer's lung disease. Each subject completed a standardized questionnaire which was reviewd by a trained observer. On the basis of the questionnaire and an indepth clinical history, the subjects were grouped into those farmers who had a history of farmer's lung disease (38%), those with no history (50%), or a doubtful group (12%). When these groups were compared for radiologic changes, pulmonary function abnormalities, and immune function, no differences were discernible. None of the parameters tested were useful in predicting which farmer would develop clinical farmer's lung disease. The parameters tested did not provide reliable criteria for differentiating those patients who present without acute symptoms but relate a history of recurrent pulmonary illnesses associated with moldy forage.", "contents": "Farmer's lung disease among farmers with precipitating antibodies to the thermophilic actinomycetes: a clinical and immunologic study. Farmers were evaluated for the presence of farmer's lung disease by serologic methods and by clinical histories. From a large farming population screened serologically, 40 of 92 farmers with precipitating antibodies to the thermophilic actinomycetes consented to be evaluated for clinical evidence of farmer's lung disease. Each subject completed a standardized questionnaire which was reviewd by a trained observer. On the basis of the questionnaire and an indepth clinical history, the subjects were grouped into those farmers who had a history of farmer's lung disease (38%), those with no history (50%), or a doubtful group (12%). When these groups were compared for radiologic changes, pulmonary function abnormalities, and immune function, no differences were discernible. None of the parameters tested were useful in predicting which farmer would develop clinical farmer's lung disease. The parameters tested did not provide reliable criteria for differentiating those patients who present without acute symptoms but relate a history of recurrent pulmonary illnesses associated with moldy forage.", "PMID": 681631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4968", "title": "Dietary status of lactating women. II. Relation of nutritional knowledge and attitudes to nutritional intake.", "content": "Dietary practices of sixty-one nursing mothers who had been breast-feeding their infants an average of four months were examined in relation to their knowledge of nutrition and their attitudes about nutrition, taking vitamin supplements, meal preparation, and meal planning. The women were fairly knowledgeable about nutrition, and most exhibited an attitude that \"nutrition is important\". Nutritional knowledge, as measured by performance on a reliable test instrument, correlated well with the attitude that \"nutrition is important\" and with education. Nutritional knowledge also correlated well with four dietary factors used as dependent variables. Associations between nutrition-related attitudes and dietary factors were much less strong. Path analysis was used to test the knowledge-to-attitudes-to-behavior paradigm. Results, using multiple regression analysis, indicated that this model was not supported by the data. Rather, path analysis supported the model of attitudes-to-knowledge-to-behavior. This research suggests that nutrition education programs should adopt, as a primary goal, that of instilling positive attitudes about nutrition and demonstrating to learners that \"nutrition is important\". Once such attitudes have been formulated, ability to learn and comprehend nutritional facts and concepts will be facilitated, thus resulting in improved dietary intake of crucial nutrients.", "contents": "Dietary status of lactating women. II. Relation of nutritional knowledge and attitudes to nutritional intake. Dietary practices of sixty-one nursing mothers who had been breast-feeding their infants an average of four months were examined in relation to their knowledge of nutrition and their attitudes about nutrition, taking vitamin supplements, meal preparation, and meal planning. The women were fairly knowledgeable about nutrition, and most exhibited an attitude that \"nutrition is important\". Nutritional knowledge, as measured by performance on a reliable test instrument, correlated well with the attitude that \"nutrition is important\" and with education. Nutritional knowledge also correlated well with four dietary factors used as dependent variables. Associations between nutrition-related attitudes and dietary factors were much less strong. Path analysis was used to test the knowledge-to-attitudes-to-behavior paradigm. Results, using multiple regression analysis, indicated that this model was not supported by the data. Rather, path analysis supported the model of attitudes-to-knowledge-to-behavior. This research suggests that nutrition education programs should adopt, as a primary goal, that of instilling positive attitudes about nutrition and demonstrating to learners that \"nutrition is important\". Once such attitudes have been formulated, ability to learn and comprehend nutritional facts and concepts will be facilitated, thus resulting in improved dietary intake of crucial nutrients.", "PMID": 681637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4969", "title": "A survey of undergraduate programs for the community practitioner.", "content": "The purpose of the survey of college and university undergraduate programs in community nutrition, community dietetics, and public health nutrition was to characterize undergraduate programs which prepared entry-level practitioners in order to facilitate planning at the graduate level. The survey, which sampled known problems areas, revealed the diversity, confusion, and accomplishments of a field of study that is changing. The rapid growth and early stage of development of many of the undergraduate programs suggested that measures may be taken to promote excellence in both undergraduate and graduate education. Specific problems in the organization, administration, and curricula of the programs surveyed were identified. Recommendations were made to the Association of Faculties of Graduate Programs in Public Health Nutrition and the State and Territorial Public Health Nutrition Directors to promote surveillance of these programs, to encourage problem-solving communications, and to conduct educational research. The report and the recommendations have been referred to the newly formed ad hoc committee of the joint associations for further action.", "contents": "A survey of undergraduate programs for the community practitioner. The purpose of the survey of college and university undergraduate programs in community nutrition, community dietetics, and public health nutrition was to characterize undergraduate programs which prepared entry-level practitioners in order to facilitate planning at the graduate level. The survey, which sampled known problems areas, revealed the diversity, confusion, and accomplishments of a field of study that is changing. The rapid growth and early stage of development of many of the undergraduate programs suggested that measures may be taken to promote excellence in both undergraduate and graduate education. Specific problems in the organization, administration, and curricula of the programs surveyed were identified. Recommendations were made to the Association of Faculties of Graduate Programs in Public Health Nutrition and the State and Territorial Public Health Nutrition Directors to promote surveillance of these programs, to encourage problem-solving communications, and to conduct educational research. The report and the recommendations have been referred to the newly formed ad hoc committee of the joint associations for further action.", "PMID": 681639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4970", "title": "Dietitians as behavior--change agents.", "content": "The traditional relationship between the client and the dietitian or nutritionist has been that of student and teacher. In the past, a patient has received excellent dietary counseling and advice from the dietitian, but has often ignored what he or she has taught. Until recently, the referring physician could only blame the patient, the dietitian, or both for this failure. Dietitians needed some new tools. The behavioral sciences have taken a new look at the problems of obesity, including a new assumption, viz.at some time, the obese have learned to eat in a way that results in excess caloric intake. Treatment now includes not only nutritional and caloric instruction, but also an attempt to change eating habits and behaviors. With these new tools, the dietitian-teacher becomes a dietitian-behavior-change agent; in addition to food content, the context of food becomes important in dietary counseling. Although dietitians are not usually trained in behavioral counseling, the weight loss in groups led by dietitans, after only minimal instruction, is comparable to that reported for groups led by psychiatry residents.", "contents": "Dietitians as behavior--change agents. The traditional relationship between the client and the dietitian or nutritionist has been that of student and teacher. In the past, a patient has received excellent dietary counseling and advice from the dietitian, but has often ignored what he or she has taught. Until recently, the referring physician could only blame the patient, the dietitian, or both for this failure. Dietitians needed some new tools. The behavioral sciences have taken a new look at the problems of obesity, including a new assumption, viz.at some time, the obese have learned to eat in a way that results in excess caloric intake. Treatment now includes not only nutritional and caloric instruction, but also an attempt to change eating habits and behaviors. With these new tools, the dietitian-teacher becomes a dietitian-behavior-change agent; in addition to food content, the context of food becomes important in dietary counseling. Although dietitians are not usually trained in behavioral counseling, the weight loss in groups led by dietitans, after only minimal instruction, is comparable to that reported for groups led by psychiatry residents.", "PMID": 681643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4971", "title": "Changing dietitians' attitudes toward client counseling.", "content": "Based on experiences with and observations of dietitians with responsibilities for client counseling, a course was designed to teach them the skills necessary to help clients manage their nutritional care at home, as well as to improve the dietitians' attitudes toward client education. A tool involving the development of Likert-type, summated scale was developed to measure dietians' attitudes. Statements were collected and subjected to item analysis. After such culling, statements discriminating between dietians with positive attitudes and those with less than positive attitudes were retained. During the first session of the class, the instrument was administered; the average mean value of the sample (N = 30) was 3.63. The post-instruction mean score was 4.14. After the course, dietitians demonstrated more positive attitudes toward clients, educational methods, and client counseling.", "contents": "Changing dietitians' attitudes toward client counseling. Based on experiences with and observations of dietitians with responsibilities for client counseling, a course was designed to teach them the skills necessary to help clients manage their nutritional care at home, as well as to improve the dietitians' attitudes toward client education. A tool involving the development of Likert-type, summated scale was developed to measure dietians' attitudes. Statements were collected and subjected to item analysis. After such culling, statements discriminating between dietians with positive attitudes and those with less than positive attitudes were retained. During the first session of the class, the instrument was administered; the average mean value of the sample (N = 30) was 3.63. The post-instruction mean score was 4.14. After the course, dietitians demonstrated more positive attitudes toward clients, educational methods, and client counseling.", "PMID": 681644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4972", "title": "Nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and food patterns of women athletes.", "content": "Nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and food patterns of women athletes at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln were studied. Mean test scores for nutritional knowledge were higher for questions relating to \"nutrition for the athlete\" than to \"general nutrition.\" Attitudes toward nutrition were generally favorable, with a positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and attitudes. Athletes who had received some form of nutrition education had higher nutritional knowledge and attitude scores than those who had not. Respondents were especially concerned with diet as it relates to weight control; those with higher knowledge scores consistently followed food patterns for weight-control diets similar to those used in training and pre-event diets.", "contents": "Nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and food patterns of women athletes. Nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and food patterns of women athletes at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln were studied. Mean test scores for nutritional knowledge were higher for questions relating to \"nutrition for the athlete\" than to \"general nutrition.\" Attitudes toward nutrition were generally favorable, with a positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and attitudes. Athletes who had received some form of nutrition education had higher nutritional knowledge and attitude scores than those who had not. Respondents were especially concerned with diet as it relates to weight control; those with higher knowledge scores consistently followed food patterns for weight-control diets similar to those used in training and pre-event diets.", "PMID": 681645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4973", "title": "Physicians' opinions and counseling practices in maternal and infant nutrition.", "content": "Opinions and practices regarding maternal and infant nutrition of general practitioners, pediatricians, and obstetricians in the province of British Columbia were surveyed by mail questionnaires. Scores were significantly higher for physicians who: (a) Were female; (b) consulted with a nutritionist-dietitian; (c) had additional training; (d) attended continuing education programs; and (e) had studied nutrition in their medical school curriculum. Pediatricians' and obstetricians' practice scores were significantly higher than those of general practitioners. However, there were no significant differences among the nutrition opinion scores for the three groups of physicians.", "contents": "Physicians' opinions and counseling practices in maternal and infant nutrition. Opinions and practices regarding maternal and infant nutrition of general practitioners, pediatricians, and obstetricians in the province of British Columbia were surveyed by mail questionnaires. Scores were significantly higher for physicians who: (a) Were female; (b) consulted with a nutritionist-dietitian; (c) had additional training; (d) attended continuing education programs; and (e) had studied nutrition in their medical school curriculum. Pediatricians' and obstetricians' practice scores were significantly higher than those of general practitioners. However, there were no significant differences among the nutrition opinion scores for the three groups of physicians.", "PMID": 681646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4974", "title": "Nutrient levels of some foods of Eskimos from Artic Bay, N. W.T., Canada.", "content": "Native food samples of caribou, seal, and arctic char were collected from resident Eskimos in Arctic Bay, N.W. T., and analyzed for nutrients. Caribou and seal meats were similar in protein and fat content in comparison with beef. Arctic char was above the average in protein and fat content for fish. Ascorbic acid was present in significant amounts only in baby seal liver. Thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, folacin, and pantothenic acid content ranged from average to high for seal and carbiou meat, respectively, in comparison to published values for pork and beef. The vitamin B6 content of caribou meat was comparable to average values reported for pork and beef but was lower in seal meat. Baby seal liver contained similar levels of thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, folacin, and pantothenic acid and less vitamin B6 than those reported for pork, beef, calf, and lamb liver. Arctic char was not appreciably different in these vitamins from other fish. The iron content of the Eskimo foods was higher than the meat group of the mixed Canadian diet. The macro mineral nutrients in these foods were comparable to those in beef and fish. The amino acid composition of caribou and seal meat was similar to beef, except that seal meat had a lower content of sulfur-containing amino acids and a much higher content of histidine. The sample of seal and arctic char were relatively high in concentrations of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids.", "contents": "Nutrient levels of some foods of Eskimos from Artic Bay, N. W.T., Canada. Native food samples of caribou, seal, and arctic char were collected from resident Eskimos in Arctic Bay, N.W. T., and analyzed for nutrients. Caribou and seal meats were similar in protein and fat content in comparison with beef. Arctic char was above the average in protein and fat content for fish. Ascorbic acid was present in significant amounts only in baby seal liver. Thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, folacin, and pantothenic acid content ranged from average to high for seal and carbiou meat, respectively, in comparison to published values for pork and beef. The vitamin B6 content of caribou meat was comparable to average values reported for pork and beef but was lower in seal meat. Baby seal liver contained similar levels of thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, folacin, and pantothenic acid and less vitamin B6 than those reported for pork, beef, calf, and lamb liver. Arctic char was not appreciably different in these vitamins from other fish. The iron content of the Eskimo foods was higher than the meat group of the mixed Canadian diet. The macro mineral nutrients in these foods were comparable to those in beef and fish. The amino acid composition of caribou and seal meat was similar to beef, except that seal meat had a lower content of sulfur-containing amino acids and a much higher content of histidine. The sample of seal and arctic char were relatively high in concentrations of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids.", "PMID": 681647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4975", "title": "Baked products for the fat--controlled, low--cholesterol diet.", "content": "Shortened cakes, sugar cookies, pastry, biscuits, muffins, and yeast bread were made with oil in place of hydrogenated shortening with little change in quality. Either 1 c. or 3/4 c. oil could be subsituted for hydrogenated shortening in shortened cakes, biscuits, muffins, and yeast bread. Sugar cookies were best when 1 c. oil replaced 1 c. hydrogenated shortening. Pastry was best when 3/4 c. oil was substituted for 1 c. shortening. The effect of method of mixing on product quality often was greater than the effect of the amount of oil.", "contents": "Baked products for the fat--controlled, low--cholesterol diet. Shortened cakes, sugar cookies, pastry, biscuits, muffins, and yeast bread were made with oil in place of hydrogenated shortening with little change in quality. Either 1 c. or 3/4 c. oil could be subsituted for hydrogenated shortening in shortened cakes, biscuits, muffins, and yeast bread. Sugar cookies were best when 1 c. oil replaced 1 c. hydrogenated shortening. Pastry was best when 3/4 c. oil was substituted for 1 c. shortening. The effect of method of mixing on product quality often was greater than the effect of the amount of oil.", "PMID": 681648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4976", "title": "Pathology of centenarians. II. Urogenital and digestive systems.", "content": "The urogenital and digestive systems in 23 centenarians (7 males and 16 females) were examined pathologically. In the urogenital system, macroscopic scar formation, chronic pyelonephritis and arterio- and arteriolosclerosis of the kidney usually were pronounced. Six instances of prostatic glandular hyperplasia were demonstrated, and three of these were associated with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. The testis, ovary and uterus usually showed a strong tendency toward atrophic changes. In the digestive system, senile atrophy of the liver and formation of colonic diverticula were noted. In this series of aged subjects, malignant lesions of the gastrointestinal tract were rare. It is also noteworthy that the unsuspected lesion of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage associated with the various observed disorders might have been the cause of death in some of these centenarians.", "contents": "Pathology of centenarians. II. Urogenital and digestive systems. The urogenital and digestive systems in 23 centenarians (7 males and 16 females) were examined pathologically. In the urogenital system, macroscopic scar formation, chronic pyelonephritis and arterio- and arteriolosclerosis of the kidney usually were pronounced. Six instances of prostatic glandular hyperplasia were demonstrated, and three of these were associated with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. The testis, ovary and uterus usually showed a strong tendency toward atrophic changes. In the digestive system, senile atrophy of the liver and formation of colonic diverticula were noted. In this series of aged subjects, malignant lesions of the gastrointestinal tract were rare. It is also noteworthy that the unsuspected lesion of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage associated with the various observed disorders might have been the cause of death in some of these centenarians.", "PMID": 681654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4977", "title": "Evaluation of goal attainment in geriatric settings.", "content": "Determination of the impact of programs designed to enhance the functional independence of geriatric residents requires prior specification of goals in terms that clearly indicate the desired outcomes. The Geriatric Resident Goals Scale (GRGS) is a listing of specific goals developed to provide a systematic means of assessing resident status and program effectiveness. For male residents in a VA Nursing Home Care Unit, the obtained internal consistency reliability coefficient was .97 (N = 198), and the reliability coefficient reflecting a combination of test-retest and interrater consistency was .95 (N = 22). For a group of 178 residents, the GRGS was predictive of level of independence ratings (r = .82) and mental status (r = .71). The data showed the GRGS to be a highly reliable and valid means of assessing the functioning of geriatric residents, lending support to an assessment process based on a listing of specific goals. The GRGS can be viewed as a general procedure that is adaptable to a range of geriatic settings and programs.", "contents": "Evaluation of goal attainment in geriatric settings. Determination of the impact of programs designed to enhance the functional independence of geriatric residents requires prior specification of goals in terms that clearly indicate the desired outcomes. The Geriatric Resident Goals Scale (GRGS) is a listing of specific goals developed to provide a systematic means of assessing resident status and program effectiveness. For male residents in a VA Nursing Home Care Unit, the obtained internal consistency reliability coefficient was .97 (N = 198), and the reliability coefficient reflecting a combination of test-retest and interrater consistency was .95 (N = 22). For a group of 178 residents, the GRGS was predictive of level of independence ratings (r = .82) and mental status (r = .71). The data showed the GRGS to be a highly reliable and valid means of assessing the functioning of geriatric residents, lending support to an assessment process based on a listing of specific goals. The GRGS can be viewed as a general procedure that is adaptable to a range of geriatic settings and programs.", "PMID": 681655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4978", "title": "The nursing home and training in geropsychiatry.", "content": "Although the elderly have a higher incidence of mental illness than other groups, their need for psychiatric services is not being met adequately. This situation could be improved by providing psychiatrists with a broader education in aging and more extensive supervised experience in treating mentally ill old people at an early stage of their training. The Bronx-Lebanon Hospital established a program for this purpose in cooperation with the Daughters of Jacob Geriatric Center. Second-year residents in psychiatry are given regular assignments, under supervision, in this multiservice nursing home. They become knowledgeable about the aging process, gain a better understanding of the effect of physical, emotional and social factors on mental health in late life, and acquire a special competence and greater interest in treating the mentally ill aging. The success of the program suggests its value as a means of encouraging psychiatrists to take a more active and responsible role toward the aging.", "contents": "The nursing home and training in geropsychiatry. Although the elderly have a higher incidence of mental illness than other groups, their need for psychiatric services is not being met adequately. This situation could be improved by providing psychiatrists with a broader education in aging and more extensive supervised experience in treating mentally ill old people at an early stage of their training. The Bronx-Lebanon Hospital established a program for this purpose in cooperation with the Daughters of Jacob Geriatric Center. Second-year residents in psychiatry are given regular assignments, under supervision, in this multiservice nursing home. They become knowledgeable about the aging process, gain a better understanding of the effect of physical, emotional and social factors on mental health in late life, and acquire a special competence and greater interest in treating the mentally ill aging. The success of the program suggests its value as a means of encouraging psychiatrists to take a more active and responsible role toward the aging.", "PMID": 681656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4979", "title": "Carcinoma of the liver: cytopathologic diagnosis.", "content": "Primary cancer of the liver is a rare disease, especially in countries with temperate climates. It is reported to be found in only 0.3% of all autopsies in these countries. An exact diagnosis is not always easy, especially in the elderly. In three aged patients, cytologic examination of material obtained from the liver by aspiration after puncture with a thin needle, indicated the diagnosis. Cytologic examination of aspirated liver tissue, although it can never be a substitute for biopsy, may be very useful not only in diagnosis but in monitoring the treatment of obstructive jaundice in elderly patients.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the liver: cytopathologic diagnosis. Primary cancer of the liver is a rare disease, especially in countries with temperate climates. It is reported to be found in only 0.3% of all autopsies in these countries. An exact diagnosis is not always easy, especially in the elderly. In three aged patients, cytologic examination of material obtained from the liver by aspiration after puncture with a thin needle, indicated the diagnosis. Cytologic examination of aspirated liver tissue, although it can never be a substitute for biopsy, may be very useful not only in diagnosis but in monitoring the treatment of obstructive jaundice in elderly patients.", "PMID": 681657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4980", "title": "An attributional approach to psychotherapy with the aged.", "content": "The continued growth of the number of aged persons potentially requiring psychotherapeutic service should be met with a concomitant increase in relevant theory and research. An attribution theory approach to individual psychotherapy with the aged is suggested insofar as it: 1) is explicitly responsive to the possible negative consequences of the old person's diminished use of social consensus to validate the interpretation of behavioral events, 2) is relatively concrete in terms of implementation, and 3) may be used on a short-term basis.", "contents": "An attributional approach to psychotherapy with the aged. The continued growth of the number of aged persons potentially requiring psychotherapeutic service should be met with a concomitant increase in relevant theory and research. An attribution theory approach to individual psychotherapy with the aged is suggested insofar as it: 1) is explicitly responsive to the possible negative consequences of the old person's diminished use of social consensus to validate the interpretation of behavioral events, 2) is relatively concrete in terms of implementation, and 3) may be used on a short-term basis.", "PMID": 681658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4981", "title": "Occult cardiac arrhythmias associated with falls and dizziness in the elderly: detection by Holter monitoring.", "content": "Sixteen elderly patients with occult cardiac arrhythmias presented with signs of neurologic dysfunction that often had led to traumatic falls. Holter electrocardiographic monitoring was a valuable tool in defining the arrhythmia for which specific treatment was successful.", "contents": "Occult cardiac arrhythmias associated with falls and dizziness in the elderly: detection by Holter monitoring. Sixteen elderly patients with occult cardiac arrhythmias presented with signs of neurologic dysfunction that often had led to traumatic falls. Holter electrocardiographic monitoring was a valuable tool in defining the arrhythmia for which specific treatment was successful.", "PMID": 681659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4982", "title": "Falls in the institutionalized elderly.", "content": "The reports on 72 of 190 accidents occurring among 189 nursing home residents during a 3-month period were drawn at random and reviewed. The majority of the accidents were falls, either major or minor. Personal data on the residents included age, sex, mental status, number of diseases, and number of drugs administered. Data on environmental factors included the time of day and location of the accident, and the concomitant nursing staff patterns. Women of advanced age were more likely to be involved in a major fall, whereas younger men were more likely to be involved in a minor one. Alert, wheelchair-bound elderly patients were at the highest risk, whereas those who used assistive devices were at the lowest risk. Falls were directly related to the number of diseases present and the use of drugs. Most accidents occurred at the bedside during the evenings and nights, with the greatest frequency during the changes in nursing shifts or when the patient was either rising or retiring.", "contents": "Falls in the institutionalized elderly. The reports on 72 of 190 accidents occurring among 189 nursing home residents during a 3-month period were drawn at random and reviewed. The majority of the accidents were falls, either major or minor. Personal data on the residents included age, sex, mental status, number of diseases, and number of drugs administered. Data on environmental factors included the time of day and location of the accident, and the concomitant nursing staff patterns. Women of advanced age were more likely to be involved in a major fall, whereas younger men were more likely to be involved in a minor one. Alert, wheelchair-bound elderly patients were at the highest risk, whereas those who used assistive devices were at the lowest risk. Falls were directly related to the number of diseases present and the use of drugs. Most accidents occurred at the bedside during the evenings and nights, with the greatest frequency during the changes in nursing shifts or when the patient was either rising or retiring.", "PMID": 681660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4983", "title": "[Contraception and antenatal care (author's transl)].", "content": "Taking a representative sample selected from 11,220 deliveries the authors set out to study the interrelationship between contraception, antenatal care and socio-cultural factors. They show that there is a liaison between the first two variables even taking account of the socio-cultural factors which were found. This result leads to the conclusion that the spread of contraceptive information brings with it an improvement in the statistics for perinatal results.", "contents": "[Contraception and antenatal care (author's transl)]. Taking a representative sample selected from 11,220 deliveries the authors set out to study the interrelationship between contraception, antenatal care and socio-cultural factors. They show that there is a liaison between the first two variables even taking account of the socio-cultural factors which were found. This result leads to the conclusion that the spread of contraceptive information brings with it an improvement in the statistics for perinatal results.", "PMID": 681693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4984", "title": "[The histogenetic significance of dysplastic lesions of the cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "From the morphological studies that they have carried out the authors describe dysplasias of the cervix of the uterus as a collection of lesions developed from the vestigial cells which are situated at the endo-exocervical junction. The embryological origin of this junction is the sinus. These dysplasias consist of cells with basophil cytoplasm with edges that are not sharp. These form streams which run from the external os of the cervix towards the endocervix, where they replace and disturb the cylindrical epithelium wherever they meet it. These lesions may take on two forms: regular or irregular according to the degree of nucleo-cytoplasmic disharmony. The slow and insidious evolution of these lesions must be distinguished from dystrophic endocervical lesions which are caused by a disturbance in the nutrition of the tissues, which itself is of hormonal or inflammatory origin, and from exocervical lesions which, in common with all lesions of the malpighian mucosa, can undergo atypical scarring.", "contents": "[The histogenetic significance of dysplastic lesions of the cervix (author's transl)]. From the morphological studies that they have carried out the authors describe dysplasias of the cervix of the uterus as a collection of lesions developed from the vestigial cells which are situated at the endo-exocervical junction. The embryological origin of this junction is the sinus. These dysplasias consist of cells with basophil cytoplasm with edges that are not sharp. These form streams which run from the external os of the cervix towards the endocervix, where they replace and disturb the cylindrical epithelium wherever they meet it. These lesions may take on two forms: regular or irregular according to the degree of nucleo-cytoplasmic disharmony. The slow and insidious evolution of these lesions must be distinguished from dystrophic endocervical lesions which are caused by a disturbance in the nutrition of the tissues, which itself is of hormonal or inflammatory origin, and from exocervical lesions which, in common with all lesions of the malpighian mucosa, can undergo atypical scarring.", "PMID": 681694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4985", "title": "[Haemangiopericytomas of the uterus. 4 case histories (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report four cases of uterine haemangiopericytoma. These vascular tumours develop at the expense of the pericytes of Zimmermann. They are very rare since only 64 cases have been reported. The haemangiopericytomas of the uterus are clear cut histologically and as far as their ultrastructure is concerned. They therefore can be clearly distinguished from other connective tissue tumours which develop in the uterus and especially in the stroma of the endometrium. They should be considered as slow growing sarcomata of the myometrium as a study of the embryogenesis of the genital tract shows. Their prognosis is guarded.", "contents": "[Haemangiopericytomas of the uterus. 4 case histories (author's transl)]. The authors report four cases of uterine haemangiopericytoma. These vascular tumours develop at the expense of the pericytes of Zimmermann. They are very rare since only 64 cases have been reported. The haemangiopericytomas of the uterus are clear cut histologically and as far as their ultrastructure is concerned. They therefore can be clearly distinguished from other connective tissue tumours which develop in the uterus and especially in the stroma of the endometrium. They should be considered as slow growing sarcomata of the myometrium as a study of the embryogenesis of the genital tract shows. Their prognosis is guarded.", "PMID": 681695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4986", "title": "[Balanced translocations with abnormal phenotype (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of balanced translocations with phenotype abnormalities are reported. Three of them are reciprocal translocation, one is a Robertsonnian translocation. The consequences of the phenomene on genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Balanced translocations with abnormal phenotype (author's transl)]. Four cases of balanced translocations with phenotype abnormalities are reported. Three of them are reciprocal translocation, one is a Robertsonnian translocation. The consequences of the phenomene on genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 681696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4987", "title": "[The relationship between palmitic acid and stearic acid on the pharyngeal secretions of the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on their study of the ratio of palmitic acid to stearic acid (P/S) in the pharyngeal secretions of the newborn before the sixth hour of life. Four groups of infants were studied: 78 infants used as controls who hac no respiratory distress, 36 with hyaline membrane disease, 16 with transitory respiratory distress and 5 with perinatal asphyxia. The aetiological diagnosis of the respiratory distress was based on clinical as well as radiological and biological criteria. The P/S ratio is always less than 3 with hyaline membrane disease and above 3 in asphyxias. In the control group and the group with transitory respiratory distress the ratio ranged between 1.3 and 14 which was evidence of false negative results, probably attributable to treatment with cortisone given to the mother in premature labour in a certain number of cases. Study of the P/S ratio in amniotic fluid and in the pharyngeal secretions of 27 children born by Caesarean operation embodies a contradiction in the results the newborns in whom the ratio in the amniotic fluid was greater than 3 never had respiratory distress although the ratio studied at the same time in the pharyngeal secretions was low and sometimes less than 3.", "contents": "[The relationship between palmitic acid and stearic acid on the pharyngeal secretions of the newborn (author's transl)]. The authors report on their study of the ratio of palmitic acid to stearic acid (P/S) in the pharyngeal secretions of the newborn before the sixth hour of life. Four groups of infants were studied: 78 infants used as controls who hac no respiratory distress, 36 with hyaline membrane disease, 16 with transitory respiratory distress and 5 with perinatal asphyxia. The aetiological diagnosis of the respiratory distress was based on clinical as well as radiological and biological criteria. The P/S ratio is always less than 3 with hyaline membrane disease and above 3 in asphyxias. In the control group and the group with transitory respiratory distress the ratio ranged between 1.3 and 14 which was evidence of false negative results, probably attributable to treatment with cortisone given to the mother in premature labour in a certain number of cases. Study of the P/S ratio in amniotic fluid and in the pharyngeal secretions of 27 children born by Caesarean operation embodies a contradiction in the results the newborns in whom the ratio in the amniotic fluid was greater than 3 never had respiratory distress although the ratio studied at the same time in the pharyngeal secretions was low and sometimes less than 3.", "PMID": 681697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4988", "title": "[Endolymphatic myosis low grade sarcoma of the endometrical stroma. II. Clinical (author's transl)].", "content": "Various clinical parameters of myosis have been reviewed in the light of the literature. This is a rare tumour which manifests itself generally by metrorrhagia in the pre- or perimenopausal age groups. The first treatment which among other operative forms of treatment offers the best prognostic chances is total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Radiotherapy and endocrine therapy with progestogens have their place in cases of relapse of metastases. There are several anatomo-pathological and clinical features which point to the fact that stromal myosis is hormone-dependent.", "contents": "[Endolymphatic myosis low grade sarcoma of the endometrical stroma. II. Clinical (author's transl)]. Various clinical parameters of myosis have been reviewed in the light of the literature. This is a rare tumour which manifests itself generally by metrorrhagia in the pre- or perimenopausal age groups. The first treatment which among other operative forms of treatment offers the best prognostic chances is total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Radiotherapy and endocrine therapy with progestogens have their place in cases of relapse of metastases. There are several anatomo-pathological and clinical features which point to the fact that stromal myosis is hormone-dependent.", "PMID": 681698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4989", "title": "[Perforation of the uterus after voluntary termination of pregnancy using the aspiration technique. Two serious cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors formulate some safety rules in view of two case histories of bowel complications following voluntary termination of pregnancy using suction techniques. Where it is not certain that a perforation has occurred laparoscopy is necessary. When perforation has been confirmed a laparotomy is undertaken in order to check the state of the bowel throughout its length, because when lesions of the digestive tract are treated rapidly the results are good whereas when they have to be treated for peritonitis the outlook is poor.", "contents": "[Perforation of the uterus after voluntary termination of pregnancy using the aspiration technique. Two serious cases (author's transl)]. The authors formulate some safety rules in view of two case histories of bowel complications following voluntary termination of pregnancy using suction techniques. Where it is not certain that a perforation has occurred laparoscopy is necessary. When perforation has been confirmed a laparotomy is undertaken in order to check the state of the bowel throughout its length, because when lesions of the digestive tract are treated rapidly the results are good whereas when they have to be treated for peritonitis the outlook is poor.", "PMID": 681699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4990", "title": "[Feto-maternal transfusion. A rare cause of acute fetal distress. A case history (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of feto-maternal transfusion which showed as acute fetal distress spotted by fetal cardiac rhythm monitoring. Following this observation the authors point out such occurrences are rare with a possibility of intra-uterine fetal death at 1/1000. They also point out the value of fetal cardiac monitoring and of systematic performance of amnioscopy at the start of labour and of carrying out the Kleihauer test in every case of neonatal anaemia as well as in every case of unexplained perinatal death.", "contents": "[Feto-maternal transfusion. A rare cause of acute fetal distress. A case history (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of feto-maternal transfusion which showed as acute fetal distress spotted by fetal cardiac rhythm monitoring. Following this observation the authors point out such occurrences are rare with a possibility of intra-uterine fetal death at 1/1000. They also point out the value of fetal cardiac monitoring and of systematic performance of amnioscopy at the start of labour and of carrying out the Kleihauer test in every case of neonatal anaemia as well as in every case of unexplained perinatal death.", "PMID": 681700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4991", "title": "[The treatment of benign pathological conditions of the breasts with progesterone and progestogens. The results according to the type of breast condition (260 case records) (author's transl)].", "content": "This work reports the clinical results which were obtained after treating 260 women who had pathological conditions of the breasts using a combination of a progestogen which was given by a generalised route (orally or by injection) and progesterone which was applied locally so that its effect would be percutaneous on the breasts. These results were evaluated according to the effectiveness of the treatment according to the different symptoms or groups of clinical symptoms and radiological findings which had been noted at the time of the first examination. A better therapeutic effect was found in cases of early lesions where oedema was the dominant factor (mastodynia) and glandular hyperplasia (diffuse polyadenomatosis). On the other hand, longstanding lesions (sclerocystic mastopathia) where sclerosis was marked showed a much more variable result of treatment with progestogens. Therefore its seems that benign conditions of the breasts should be treated early and particularly in the stage of mastodynia if development into irreversible sclerotic conditions is to be avoided. It also has to be carried on for a long time, especially if there are other risk factors for cancer which are associated with conditions in the breast. The prophylactic role of this treatment in regard to cancer of the breast is discussed.", "contents": "[The treatment of benign pathological conditions of the breasts with progesterone and progestogens. The results according to the type of breast condition (260 case records) (author's transl)]. This work reports the clinical results which were obtained after treating 260 women who had pathological conditions of the breasts using a combination of a progestogen which was given by a generalised route (orally or by injection) and progesterone which was applied locally so that its effect would be percutaneous on the breasts. These results were evaluated according to the effectiveness of the treatment according to the different symptoms or groups of clinical symptoms and radiological findings which had been noted at the time of the first examination. A better therapeutic effect was found in cases of early lesions where oedema was the dominant factor (mastodynia) and glandular hyperplasia (diffuse polyadenomatosis). On the other hand, longstanding lesions (sclerocystic mastopathia) where sclerosis was marked showed a much more variable result of treatment with progestogens. Therefore its seems that benign conditions of the breasts should be treated early and particularly in the stage of mastodynia if development into irreversible sclerotic conditions is to be avoided. It also has to be carried on for a long time, especially if there are other risk factors for cancer which are associated with conditions in the breast. The prophylactic role of this treatment in regard to cancer of the breast is discussed.", "PMID": 681701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4992", "title": "[Disturbances in ovulation following on artificial insemination with donors (A.I.D.) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on the results of statistical analysis of temperature curves in 139 patients before artificial insemination from donors (A.I.D.) and in the cycles in which they were inseminated. It appears that frequently the practice of A.I.D. causes ovulation to come early or late. Late ovulation seems to be the most frequent cause of failures which are then considered to be due to \"psychogenic sterility\".", "contents": "[Disturbances in ovulation following on artificial insemination with donors (A.I.D.) (author's transl)]. The authors report on the results of statistical analysis of temperature curves in 139 patients before artificial insemination from donors (A.I.D.) and in the cycles in which they were inseminated. It appears that frequently the practice of A.I.D. causes ovulation to come early or late. Late ovulation seems to be the most frequent cause of failures which are then considered to be due to \"psychogenic sterility\".", "PMID": 681703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4993", "title": "[Prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in induction of labour, induced abortion and molar abortion. (70 case histories) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on their experience using prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in obstetrics. 70 cases are involved: 30 inductions of labour, 33 abortions and 7 hydatidiform moles. The results as far as induction of labour is concerned are encouraging (76.6 p 100 success), but in the doses used no better than those achieved with synthetic posterior-pituitary oxytocins. On the other hand, as far as abortions are concerned, prostaglandins, whether given intravenously, intra-amniotically or extra-amniotically, are the method of choice because they are practically free of danger in the second trimester of pregnancy (93.9 p. 100 success). Side effects are common but are usually not severe and do not interfere with the treatment.", "contents": "[Prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in induction of labour, induced abortion and molar abortion. (70 case histories) (author's transl)]. The authors report on their experience using prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in obstetrics. 70 cases are involved: 30 inductions of labour, 33 abortions and 7 hydatidiform moles. The results as far as induction of labour is concerned are encouraging (76.6 p 100 success), but in the doses used no better than those achieved with synthetic posterior-pituitary oxytocins. On the other hand, as far as abortions are concerned, prostaglandins, whether given intravenously, intra-amniotically or extra-amniotically, are the method of choice because they are practically free of danger in the second trimester of pregnancy (93.9 p. 100 success). Side effects are common but are usually not severe and do not interfere with the treatment.", "PMID": 681704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4994", "title": "Digital sensibility following replantation.", "content": "The amputated digit serves as an excellent model for the examination of digital nerve repair. When amputation is complete, there is no question of cross-over or anomalous innervation. The sensibility of 35 replanted digits in 29 patients was evaluated. Sensory return was related most closely to restored digital vascularity, as measured by Allen test, pulse volume flow, and Doppler. Level of amputation, mechanism of injury, and age of patient also affected ultimate sensation. All patients experienced cold intolerance and some were considerably disabled because of it. The severity of cold intolerance with pain and requiring prolonged rewarming was directly proportional to digital vascularity. When one digital artery thrombosed, ipsilateral digital sensation was not diminished as long as flow through the contralateral vessel was adequate. Two-point discrimation in our series was not as good as that reported for digital nerve repair in the nonamputated digit. Establishing and maintaining adequate digital flow at the time of replantation is essential to obtain good digital sensibility and to avoid symptoms of cold intolerance.", "contents": "Digital sensibility following replantation. The amputated digit serves as an excellent model for the examination of digital nerve repair. When amputation is complete, there is no question of cross-over or anomalous innervation. The sensibility of 35 replanted digits in 29 patients was evaluated. Sensory return was related most closely to restored digital vascularity, as measured by Allen test, pulse volume flow, and Doppler. Level of amputation, mechanism of injury, and age of patient also affected ultimate sensation. All patients experienced cold intolerance and some were considerably disabled because of it. The severity of cold intolerance with pain and requiring prolonged rewarming was directly proportional to digital vascularity. When one digital artery thrombosed, ipsilateral digital sensation was not diminished as long as flow through the contralateral vessel was adequate. Two-point discrimation in our series was not as good as that reported for digital nerve repair in the nonamputated digit. Establishing and maintaining adequate digital flow at the time of replantation is essential to obtain good digital sensibility and to avoid symptoms of cold intolerance.", "PMID": 681714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4995", "title": "Anatomic dissections relating the posterior interosseous nerve to the carpus, and the etiology of dorsal wrist ganglion pain.", "content": "Prompted by the finding of a neuroma, which clinically simulated a recurrent ganglion, we dissected the terminal branches of the posterior interosseous nerve. A constant relationship between these terminal branches and the scapholunate ligament was demonstrated. Since most, if not all, dorsal wrist ganglions arise from the scapholunate ligament, we suggest that the aching wrist pain associated with a dorsal wrist ganglion may be due to a compression neuropathy of the posterior interosseous nerve.", "contents": "Anatomic dissections relating the posterior interosseous nerve to the carpus, and the etiology of dorsal wrist ganglion pain. Prompted by the finding of a neuroma, which clinically simulated a recurrent ganglion, we dissected the terminal branches of the posterior interosseous nerve. A constant relationship between these terminal branches and the scapholunate ligament was demonstrated. Since most, if not all, dorsal wrist ganglions arise from the scapholunate ligament, we suggest that the aching wrist pain associated with a dorsal wrist ganglion may be due to a compression neuropathy of the posterior interosseous nerve.", "PMID": 681715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4996", "title": "The mechanism of the intrinsic-minus finger: a biomechanical study.", "content": "To demonstrate in the cadaver model that the sequence of extension of the flexed metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the intrinsic-minus finger can be explained on the basis of moment ratios about these joints, the engineering concept of free body analysis was applied. Intrinsic-minus fingers, i.e., fingers of a cadaver in which all forces exerted by the intrinsic muscles were removed, were observed to hyperextend maximally at the metacarpophalangeal joint before extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint began. Mathematical calculation of moments provides an explanation of this sequence. This study confirmed that, when an equilibrium of forces at the hyperextended metacarpophalangeal joint is reached, the proximal interphalangeal joint is incompletely extended. These forces include: (1) the proximal pull of the extensor tendon; (2) the distal loading of the extensor tendon by the flexor tendons; (3) the force preventing spanning of the laminae.", "contents": "The mechanism of the intrinsic-minus finger: a biomechanical study. To demonstrate in the cadaver model that the sequence of extension of the flexed metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the intrinsic-minus finger can be explained on the basis of moment ratios about these joints, the engineering concept of free body analysis was applied. Intrinsic-minus fingers, i.e., fingers of a cadaver in which all forces exerted by the intrinsic muscles were removed, were observed to hyperextend maximally at the metacarpophalangeal joint before extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint began. Mathematical calculation of moments provides an explanation of this sequence. This study confirmed that, when an equilibrium of forces at the hyperextended metacarpophalangeal joint is reached, the proximal interphalangeal joint is incompletely extended. These forces include: (1) the proximal pull of the extensor tendon; (2) the distal loading of the extensor tendon by the flexor tendons; (3) the force preventing spanning of the laminae.", "PMID": 681716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4997", "title": "Temperature monitoring in digital replantation.", "content": "Postoperative monitoring of replanted and revascularized digits with skin temperature probes was performed on the 20 patients admitted to the Duke University Medical Center Orthopaedic Replantation Service from April to July, 1977. Using multiple probes, temperatures were recorded for the replanted digit, a control digit on the same hand, and the dressing which represented the ambient temperature. In addition, the following simultaneous clinical inspections were performed on the digits: capillary refill, skin color, turgor, audibility of arterial Doppler tones, and amplitude of pulp pressure tracing. Temperatures of the replanted digits were in the range of 26.0 degrees to 35.0 degrees C. Control temperatures remained relatively stable, in the range of 33.0 degrees to 35.0 degrees C. From the authors' experience the patterns of temperature change which signaled changes in perfusion of the replanted digit and possible poor prognosis were (1) the temperature of the replanted digit dropping more than 2.5 degrees C while the control temperature stayed constant; (2) the temperature of the replanted digit dropping below 30.0 degrees C for longer than 1 hour; and (3) the control temperature dropping below 30.0 degrees C with no correctable cause found.", "contents": "Temperature monitoring in digital replantation. Postoperative monitoring of replanted and revascularized digits with skin temperature probes was performed on the 20 patients admitted to the Duke University Medical Center Orthopaedic Replantation Service from April to July, 1977. Using multiple probes, temperatures were recorded for the replanted digit, a control digit on the same hand, and the dressing which represented the ambient temperature. In addition, the following simultaneous clinical inspections were performed on the digits: capillary refill, skin color, turgor, audibility of arterial Doppler tones, and amplitude of pulp pressure tracing. Temperatures of the replanted digits were in the range of 26.0 degrees to 35.0 degrees C. Control temperatures remained relatively stable, in the range of 33.0 degrees to 35.0 degrees C. From the authors' experience the patterns of temperature change which signaled changes in perfusion of the replanted digit and possible poor prognosis were (1) the temperature of the replanted digit dropping more than 2.5 degrees C while the control temperature stayed constant; (2) the temperature of the replanted digit dropping below 30.0 degrees C for longer than 1 hour; and (3) the control temperature dropping below 30.0 degrees C with no correctable cause found.", "PMID": 681717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4998", "title": "Two families with congenital nail anomalies: Nail formation in ectopic areas.", "content": "Two families with congenital nail anomalies are reported. The nail covered not only the dorsal but also some of the palmar aspect of the distal phalanx. The ungual phalanges of the affected fingers were lacking in the crescent-shaped cap and had a blunt Y-shaped bony projection. The anomalies may have been transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene.", "contents": "Two families with congenital nail anomalies: Nail formation in ectopic areas. Two families with congenital nail anomalies are reported. The nail covered not only the dorsal but also some of the palmar aspect of the distal phalanx. The ungual phalanges of the affected fingers were lacking in the crescent-shaped cap and had a blunt Y-shaped bony projection. The anomalies may have been transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene.", "PMID": 681718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_4999", "title": "Nutrient pathways to flexor tendons of chickens using tritiated proline.", "content": "The nutrient pathway to the flexor tendons within the digital flexor sheath of adult chickens was investigated using tritiated proline. There was no difference in the uptake of the radioactive tracer by free segment tendons (detached from blood vessels) and the intact tendon lying in synovium. The uptake of tracer by tendons isolated from the synovium (but with unaltered vascular attachments) was significantly less than by the intact tendons. Radioactive tracer not only diffused across the synovium into the tendon, but along the course of the tendon itself. There was no difference in the uptake of radioactive tracer by 2-week-old tendon grafts with and without adhesions.", "contents": "Nutrient pathways to flexor tendons of chickens using tritiated proline. The nutrient pathway to the flexor tendons within the digital flexor sheath of adult chickens was investigated using tritiated proline. There was no difference in the uptake of the radioactive tracer by free segment tendons (detached from blood vessels) and the intact tendon lying in synovium. The uptake of tracer by tendons isolated from the synovium (but with unaltered vascular attachments) was significantly less than by the intact tendons. Radioactive tracer not only diffused across the synovium into the tendon, but along the course of the tendon itself. There was no difference in the uptake of radioactive tracer by 2-week-old tendon grafts with and without adhesions.", "PMID": 681719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5000", "title": "Treatment of mallet finger due to intra-articular fracture of the distal phalanx.", "content": "When a mallet finger deformity results from an intra-articular fracture of the distal phalanx comprising more than one third of the articular surface, an accurate reduction of this fracture is necessary to prevent secondary degenerative arthritis. A technique for open reduction is described in which the distal interphalangeal joint is exposed by dividing the extensor tendon and permitting a precise reduction of the fracutre fragment. Elective division of the extensor tendon had not compromised the results.", "contents": "Treatment of mallet finger due to intra-articular fracture of the distal phalanx. When a mallet finger deformity results from an intra-articular fracture of the distal phalanx comprising more than one third of the articular surface, an accurate reduction of this fracture is necessary to prevent secondary degenerative arthritis. A technique for open reduction is described in which the distal interphalangeal joint is exposed by dividing the extensor tendon and permitting a precise reduction of the fracutre fragment. Elective division of the extensor tendon had not compromised the results.", "PMID": 681720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5001", "title": "Flexor tenosynovectomy in the rheumatoid finger.", "content": "The usual operation fo stenosing flexor tenosynovitis is resection of the proximal pulley. In the rheumatoid hand this operation may not be proper because motion still may be limited by the thickened synovium more distally, and also because there is a greater chance for the production of ulnar drift later on if the proximal pulley system is obliterated. The operation we recommend for the finger with rheumatoid tenosynovitis is a tenosynovectomy, but with maintainence of the pulley system and resection of one slip of the superficialis in order to decompress the digital theca. We have performed this operation on 54 fingers with satisfactory results.", "contents": "Flexor tenosynovectomy in the rheumatoid finger. The usual operation fo stenosing flexor tenosynovitis is resection of the proximal pulley. In the rheumatoid hand this operation may not be proper because motion still may be limited by the thickened synovium more distally, and also because there is a greater chance for the production of ulnar drift later on if the proximal pulley system is obliterated. The operation we recommend for the finger with rheumatoid tenosynovitis is a tenosynovectomy, but with maintainence of the pulley system and resection of one slip of the superficialis in order to decompress the digital theca. We have performed this operation on 54 fingers with satisfactory results.", "PMID": 681721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5002", "title": "Reconstruction of the unstable proximal interphalangeal joint: The double superficialis tenodesis.", "content": "A technique is described for reconstructing the unstable proximal interphalangeal joint where there has been a break in continuity of both the volar plate and the collateral ligament. Both slips of the superficialis are used. They are divided proximally and tenodesed in appropriate positions on the proximal phalanx.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the unstable proximal interphalangeal joint: The double superficialis tenodesis. A technique is described for reconstructing the unstable proximal interphalangeal joint where there has been a break in continuity of both the volar plate and the collateral ligament. Both slips of the superficialis are used. They are divided proximally and tenodesed in appropriate positions on the proximal phalanx.", "PMID": 681722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5003", "title": "Chronic mallet finger: The use of Fowler's central slip release.", "content": "The use of Fowler's central slip release is reported in five patients considered to be failures of closed management in a personal series of 100 consecutive \"mallet fingers\" seen over a period of 3 years. Fracture-subluxation of the distal interphalangeal joint, avulsion fractures of the extensor tendon, and distal phalangeal epiphyseal injuries are excluded to regidly control the data interpretation. In all five the central slip release was employed as a salvage procedure-as Fowler recommended. In four cases the result was rated as excellent; the remaining case was rated as good, with minimum follow-up of 1 year.", "contents": "Chronic mallet finger: The use of Fowler's central slip release. The use of Fowler's central slip release is reported in five patients considered to be failures of closed management in a personal series of 100 consecutive \"mallet fingers\" seen over a period of 3 years. Fracture-subluxation of the distal interphalangeal joint, avulsion fractures of the extensor tendon, and distal phalangeal epiphyseal injuries are excluded to regidly control the data interpretation. In all five the central slip release was employed as a salvage procedure-as Fowler recommended. In four cases the result was rated as excellent; the remaining case was rated as good, with minimum follow-up of 1 year.", "PMID": 681724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5004", "title": "Medical and surgical importance of the arterial blood supply of the thumb.", "content": "The arterial supply of the thumb was studied in 50 cadaver hands. In 80% the princeps pollicis artery was the first palmar metacarpal artery, a major branch of the deep radial arch. In 50% of the specimens the princeps pollicis artery also supplied the proper radial digital artery to the index finger. Variations of the thumb arterial patterns were present in 25%. In 75% there was a single end-arterial blood supply to the thumb. The anatomic findings are correlated with problems of radial artery injections, thrombosis, and surgical injury to illustrate the clinical importance of the princeps pollicis artery.", "contents": "Medical and surgical importance of the arterial blood supply of the thumb. The arterial supply of the thumb was studied in 50 cadaver hands. In 80% the princeps pollicis artery was the first palmar metacarpal artery, a major branch of the deep radial arch. In 50% of the specimens the princeps pollicis artery also supplied the proper radial digital artery to the index finger. Variations of the thumb arterial patterns were present in 25%. In 75% there was a single end-arterial blood supply to the thumb. The anatomic findings are correlated with problems of radial artery injections, thrombosis, and surgical injury to illustrate the clinical importance of the princeps pollicis artery.", "PMID": 681725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5005", "title": "Unstable fracture dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers: a preliminary report of a new treatment technique.", "content": "A linkage of Kirschner wires activated by a single rubber band creates a force couple across a fracture-dislocated proximal interphalangeal joint. The method dynamically achieves concentric joint reduction, which is maintained through a full active range-of-joint flexion and extension. Two case reports accompany a description of the technique.", "contents": "Unstable fracture dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers: a preliminary report of a new treatment technique. A linkage of Kirschner wires activated by a single rubber band creates a force couple across a fracture-dislocated proximal interphalangeal joint. The method dynamically achieves concentric joint reduction, which is maintained through a full active range-of-joint flexion and extension. Two case reports accompany a description of the technique.", "PMID": 681726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5006", "title": "Clinical and experimental studies on the effect of extensor carpi radialis longus transfer in the rheumatoid hand.", "content": "Digital ulnar drift in the rheumatoid hand is a complex problem. The radial deformity of the wrist causes abnormal forces on the extrinsic flexor and extensor tendons which aggravate metacarpophalangeal ulnar drift. Analysis of the results of the transfer of the extensor carpi radialis longus to the extensor carpi ulnaris in 20 wrists showed that 13 of 20 had significant correction of the wrist deformity. The transferred tendon did not contract during active ulnar deviation. Laboratory studies of the transfer on cadaveric rheumatoid wrist models showed correction of the wrist deformity. The dorsal ulnar capsule was determined to be a stabilizer of wrist position, as evidenced by deformity after transection.", "contents": "Clinical and experimental studies on the effect of extensor carpi radialis longus transfer in the rheumatoid hand. Digital ulnar drift in the rheumatoid hand is a complex problem. The radial deformity of the wrist causes abnormal forces on the extrinsic flexor and extensor tendons which aggravate metacarpophalangeal ulnar drift. Analysis of the results of the transfer of the extensor carpi radialis longus to the extensor carpi ulnaris in 20 wrists showed that 13 of 20 had significant correction of the wrist deformity. The transferred tendon did not contract during active ulnar deviation. Laboratory studies of the transfer on cadaveric rheumatoid wrist models showed correction of the wrist deformity. The dorsal ulnar capsule was determined to be a stabilizer of wrist position, as evidenced by deformity after transection.", "PMID": 681727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5007", "title": "The effect of early experience on the exploratory behaviour, learning ability and on the synaptosomes of the mice brain.", "content": "This study deals with the effects that are produced by an enriched early experience on the mitochondrial fraction on the mice brain. The total content of lipids and proteins in mitochondrial fraction, the morphology of the mitochondries and the density of synaptosomes were investigated. A significant difference in the total quantity of lipids of the mitochondrial fraction and the density of synaptosomes was observed between mice subjected to an enriched environment and others subjected to an impoverished environment. These mice, which were subjected to a psychological study before proceeding to the extraction of the mitochondrial fraction, displayed distinct characteristics. The enriched group displayed a greater exploratory behaviour and a greater capacity to learn than the mice raised in the impoverished environment.", "contents": "The effect of early experience on the exploratory behaviour, learning ability and on the synaptosomes of the mice brain. This study deals with the effects that are produced by an enriched early experience on the mitochondrial fraction on the mice brain. The total content of lipids and proteins in mitochondrial fraction, the morphology of the mitochondries and the density of synaptosomes were investigated. A significant difference in the total quantity of lipids of the mitochondrial fraction and the density of synaptosomes was observed between mice subjected to an enriched environment and others subjected to an impoverished environment. These mice, which were subjected to a psychological study before proceeding to the extraction of the mitochondrial fraction, displayed distinct characteristics. The enriched group displayed a greater exploratory behaviour and a greater capacity to learn than the mice raised in the impoverished environment.", "PMID": 681739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5008", "title": "Studies on the immune response to fixed antigens. III. Induction of helper function for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity responses.", "content": "Heavy trinitrophenylated sheep red cells (TNP128SRC) and glutaraldehyde-treated SRC (G-SRC) could not induce cellular cytotoxicity against 51Cr-SRC. In contrast, the native antigen SRC could stimulate a cytolytic response against the radiolabeled homologous target cell. However, fixed SRC could stimulate a priming function that accelerated and augmented the secondary cytotoxic response to SRC. Such fixed antigens could stimulate a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTHS) response also. Thus, the immunologic memory to the chemically modified antigen, as well as the DTHS response, are completely dissociated from the primary cytotoxic responses. The primary and the secondary cytotoxic responses that were developed in the spleens of the injected mice were mediated by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), since the active supernatant that was released from the spleen cells could lyse the target cells in the presence of normal splenocytes. The active supernatant was identified as antibody. We suggest that B effector cells cytolyzed the antibody-coated target cells. Normal cells from nude mice could mediate the cytolytic process as efficiently as spleen cells from other strains of mouse. The results are discussed in terms of selective stimulation of T cell subpopulations.", "contents": "Studies on the immune response to fixed antigens. III. Induction of helper function for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity responses. Heavy trinitrophenylated sheep red cells (TNP128SRC) and glutaraldehyde-treated SRC (G-SRC) could not induce cellular cytotoxicity against 51Cr-SRC. In contrast, the native antigen SRC could stimulate a cytolytic response against the radiolabeled homologous target cell. However, fixed SRC could stimulate a priming function that accelerated and augmented the secondary cytotoxic response to SRC. Such fixed antigens could stimulate a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTHS) response also. Thus, the immunologic memory to the chemically modified antigen, as well as the DTHS response, are completely dissociated from the primary cytotoxic responses. The primary and the secondary cytotoxic responses that were developed in the spleens of the injected mice were mediated by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), since the active supernatant that was released from the spleen cells could lyse the target cells in the presence of normal splenocytes. The active supernatant was identified as antibody. We suggest that B effector cells cytolyzed the antibody-coated target cells. Normal cells from nude mice could mediate the cytolytic process as efficiently as spleen cells from other strains of mouse. The results are discussed in terms of selective stimulation of T cell subpopulations.", "PMID": 681740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5009", "title": "Participation of the humoral immune system in the myeloma-specific transplantation resistance.", "content": "Studies are reported that examine the participation of humoral and cellular responses in the myeloma-specific transplantation resistance induced by preimmunization of BALB/c mice with purified myeloma protein M315. A plasmacytoma spleen colony-forming assay was used to provide a quantitative estimate of the tumor immunity in recipients of unfractionated spleen cells or serum from mice immunized four to seven times with M315. The primary findings were: 1) that the tumor immunity can be transferred by immune spleen cells provided that a boost of M315 is given to adoptive hosts, and 2) that passively transferred serum containing anti-M315 idiotype antibody (a-Id315) can also inhibit tumor growth. Adoptive transfer was successful in the presence of minute amounts of a-Id315, whereas passive transfer required relatively large amounts of activity. The passive transfer experiments involved an extended injection schedule and thus could not discriminate between direct effects of antibody or idiotype-specific humoral substances on tumor cells or inductive effects on the cellular immune system. Experiments examining the properties of the immune elements involved in the transplantation immunity demonstrated that, once established, they are resistant to acute radiation (to 800 R) and cortisone damage.", "contents": "Participation of the humoral immune system in the myeloma-specific transplantation resistance. Studies are reported that examine the participation of humoral and cellular responses in the myeloma-specific transplantation resistance induced by preimmunization of BALB/c mice with purified myeloma protein M315. A plasmacytoma spleen colony-forming assay was used to provide a quantitative estimate of the tumor immunity in recipients of unfractionated spleen cells or serum from mice immunized four to seven times with M315. The primary findings were: 1) that the tumor immunity can be transferred by immune spleen cells provided that a boost of M315 is given to adoptive hosts, and 2) that passively transferred serum containing anti-M315 idiotype antibody (a-Id315) can also inhibit tumor growth. Adoptive transfer was successful in the presence of minute amounts of a-Id315, whereas passive transfer required relatively large amounts of activity. The passive transfer experiments involved an extended injection schedule and thus could not discriminate between direct effects of antibody or idiotype-specific humoral substances on tumor cells or inductive effects on the cellular immune system. Experiments examining the properties of the immune elements involved in the transplantation immunity demonstrated that, once established, they are resistant to acute radiation (to 800 R) and cortisone damage.", "PMID": 681744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5010", "title": "In vitro activation of suppressor cells from spleens of mice treated with radioactive strontium.", "content": "Mice were treated with two 100-muCi injections of 89Sr to deplete marrow-dependent (M) cells. Mice so treated responded normally to immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vivo; moreover, spleen cells from 89Sr-treated mice were able to respond to SRBC after infusion into irradiated recipient mice. However, spleen cells from mice treated with 89Sr did not respond to SRBC in vitro and mixtures of normal spleen cells with the latter were also not able to respond in vitro. The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro responses was abolished by culturing spleen cells for 24 hr before testing their ability to respond to SRBC in the adoptive transfer in vivo. Pretreatment of spleen cells from 89Sr-treated mice with 1000 R of gamma-radiation lessened their suppressive activity. The suppressor cells were detected in spleens of athymic nude mice treated with 89Sr. The suppressive activity, after the 24-hr culture period, was not abolished by irradiation and was active in vivo as well as in vitro. Thus, depletion of M cells by 89Sr results in the appearance within the spleen of thymus-independent suppressor cells, which require a short period of in vitro cultivation before becoming functionally active.", "contents": "In vitro activation of suppressor cells from spleens of mice treated with radioactive strontium. Mice were treated with two 100-muCi injections of 89Sr to deplete marrow-dependent (M) cells. Mice so treated responded normally to immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vivo; moreover, spleen cells from 89Sr-treated mice were able to respond to SRBC after infusion into irradiated recipient mice. However, spleen cells from mice treated with 89Sr did not respond to SRBC in vitro and mixtures of normal spleen cells with the latter were also not able to respond in vitro. The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro responses was abolished by culturing spleen cells for 24 hr before testing their ability to respond to SRBC in the adoptive transfer in vivo. Pretreatment of spleen cells from 89Sr-treated mice with 1000 R of gamma-radiation lessened their suppressive activity. The suppressor cells were detected in spleens of athymic nude mice treated with 89Sr. The suppressive activity, after the 24-hr culture period, was not abolished by irradiation and was active in vivo as well as in vitro. Thus, depletion of M cells by 89Sr results in the appearance within the spleen of thymus-independent suppressor cells, which require a short period of in vitro cultivation before becoming functionally active.", "PMID": 681747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5011", "title": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected target cells in humans. I. Characterization of the effector lymphocyte.", "content": "In a 51Chromium release assay performed without immune sera, purified lymphocytes from randomly selected healthy donors killed significantly more allogeneic virus-infected than noninfected fibroblasts. An incubation period of 18 to 20 hr was optimal for determining cytotoxicity, but increased cytotoxic activity against infected cells was observed as early as 6 hr from the start of the test. No correlation could be found between donors' antibody titers to any virus tested and the cytotoxic efficiency of their effector cells: virus-infected cells were lysed by both seropositive and seronegative individuals. With several different cell fractionation techniques, the effector cell in this system could not be distinguished from the human natural killer cell, which is a lymphocyte with receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG but with no surface immunoglobulin. When lymphocytes were separated on the basis of ability to form rosettes with neuraminidase or AET (2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide)-treated sheep erythrocytes, the majority of cytotoxic activity was consistently recovered in the nonrosetting fraction. A portion of it, however, was always present in the rosetting fraction and was, again, mediated by lymphocytes carrying receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG.", "contents": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected target cells in humans. I. Characterization of the effector lymphocyte. In a 51Chromium release assay performed without immune sera, purified lymphocytes from randomly selected healthy donors killed significantly more allogeneic virus-infected than noninfected fibroblasts. An incubation period of 18 to 20 hr was optimal for determining cytotoxicity, but increased cytotoxic activity against infected cells was observed as early as 6 hr from the start of the test. No correlation could be found between donors' antibody titers to any virus tested and the cytotoxic efficiency of their effector cells: virus-infected cells were lysed by both seropositive and seronegative individuals. With several different cell fractionation techniques, the effector cell in this system could not be distinguished from the human natural killer cell, which is a lymphocyte with receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG but with no surface immunoglobulin. When lymphocytes were separated on the basis of ability to form rosettes with neuraminidase or AET (2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide)-treated sheep erythrocytes, the majority of cytotoxic activity was consistently recovered in the nonrosetting fraction. A portion of it, however, was always present in the rosetting fraction and was, again, mediated by lymphocytes carrying receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG.", "PMID": 681748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5012", "title": "Serologic and immunochemical characterization of HLA-A9 xenoantisera.", "content": "The specificity of A9 antiserum produced in rabbits immunized with high density lipoprotein-associated HLA-A9 from serum was investigated by using serologic and immunochemical approaches. After suitable absorption, the xenoantiserum No. 2958 is monospecific for A9 antigens in direct cytotoxic test. Data from lysostrip experiments and from blocking of cytotoxicity with Fab2 fragments indicate that the A9 xenoantiserum No. 2958 react with the same or closely associated antigenic structures recognized by A9 alloantisera. Immunoprecipitates obtained with the specific xenoantiserum No. 2958 and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis contained only proteins of the size of detergent-solubilized HLA and beta2-microglobulin (45,000 and 12,000 m.w.). Immunodepletion experiments indicated  that the precipitation was mediated by antibodies directed to the heavy chain, and not the light chain of the complex. These results indicate that monospecific HLA-A9 xenoantisera have the same discriminatory capacity of alloantisera and can be useful for the serologic and immunochemical characterization of HLA antigens.", "contents": "Serologic and immunochemical characterization of HLA-A9 xenoantisera. The specificity of A9 antiserum produced in rabbits immunized with high density lipoprotein-associated HLA-A9 from serum was investigated by using serologic and immunochemical approaches. After suitable absorption, the xenoantiserum No. 2958 is monospecific for A9 antigens in direct cytotoxic test. Data from lysostrip experiments and from blocking of cytotoxicity with Fab2 fragments indicate that the A9 xenoantiserum No. 2958 react with the same or closely associated antigenic structures recognized by A9 alloantisera. Immunoprecipitates obtained with the specific xenoantiserum No. 2958 and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis contained only proteins of the size of detergent-solubilized HLA and beta2-microglobulin (45,000 and 12,000 m.w.). Immunodepletion experiments indicated  that the precipitation was mediated by antibodies directed to the heavy chain, and not the light chain of the complex. These results indicate that monospecific HLA-A9 xenoantisera have the same discriminatory capacity of alloantisera and can be useful for the serologic and immunochemical characterization of HLA antigens.", "PMID": 681750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5013", "title": "Sulfated glycosaminoglycans of guinea pig basophilic leukocytes.", "content": "Cytoplasmic granules of basophilic leukocytes stain metachromatically and have been thought to contain sulfated glycosaminoglycans, presumably heparin. To test this hypothesis, we identified the [35S]glycosaminoglycans synthesized by guinea pig blood basophils in culture and in vivo. Basophils isolated from guinea pig blood were cultured for 20 hr in F12 medium--10% guinea pig serum containing sodium [35S]sulfate. Alternatively, basophils were purified from animals receiving repeated i.v. injections of sodium [35S]sulfate. Glycoaminoglycans were isolated from these basophils after pronase digestion and identified by the use of selective glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes. Approximately 55% of the [35S]glycosaminoglycans was degraded by chondroitinase AC, indicating the presence of chondroitin sulfate; an additional 30 to 35% could be degraded by chondroitinase ABC, indicating that dermatan sulfate was also present. The 15% glycosaminoglycan remaining after chondroitinase ABC digestion was degraded by purified heparitinase (heparanase), which has no effect on authentic heparin but degrades heparan sulfate. Thus, the glycosaminoglycan content of guinea pig basophils is a mixture of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and smaller amounts of heparan sulfate. No heparin was detected.", "contents": "Sulfated glycosaminoglycans of guinea pig basophilic leukocytes. Cytoplasmic granules of basophilic leukocytes stain metachromatically and have been thought to contain sulfated glycosaminoglycans, presumably heparin. To test this hypothesis, we identified the [35S]glycosaminoglycans synthesized by guinea pig blood basophils in culture and in vivo. Basophils isolated from guinea pig blood were cultured for 20 hr in F12 medium--10% guinea pig serum containing sodium [35S]sulfate. Alternatively, basophils were purified from animals receiving repeated i.v. injections of sodium [35S]sulfate. Glycoaminoglycans were isolated from these basophils after pronase digestion and identified by the use of selective glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes. Approximately 55% of the [35S]glycosaminoglycans was degraded by chondroitinase AC, indicating the presence of chondroitin sulfate; an additional 30 to 35% could be degraded by chondroitinase ABC, indicating that dermatan sulfate was also present. The 15% glycosaminoglycan remaining after chondroitinase ABC digestion was degraded by purified heparitinase (heparanase), which has no effect on authentic heparin but degrades heparan sulfate. Thus, the glycosaminoglycan content of guinea pig basophils is a mixture of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and smaller amounts of heparan sulfate. No heparin was detected.", "PMID": 681751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5014", "title": "Physicochemical separation of two distinct Fc receptors on murine macrophage-like cell lines.", "content": "By using radiolabeled myeloma proteins specific for each of two distinct Fc receptor activities on macrophage-like murine cell lines (\"aggregated IgG FcR\" activity and \"monomer IgG2a FcR\" activity), we have been able to detect solubilized FcR of both types in detergent lysates of these cells. The two solubilized Fc receptors can be distinguished and physically separated from one another by means of affinity chromatography and by sucrose gradient centrifugation. They also differ in their sensitivity to phospholipase C. The detergent solubilized monomer IgG2a FcR can be removed from solution with a Sepharose IgG2a column, has an S value of 4 to 5 and is resistant to phospholipase C. The solubilized aggregated IgG FcR does not bind to insolubilized IgG2a, has an S value of greater than 19, and is sensitive to phospholipase C treatment. We conclude from these studies that two different cell membrane macromolecules are responsible for the Fc receptor activities observed in macrophage-like cell lines.", "contents": "Physicochemical separation of two distinct Fc receptors on murine macrophage-like cell lines. By using radiolabeled myeloma proteins specific for each of two distinct Fc receptor activities on macrophage-like murine cell lines (\"aggregated IgG FcR\" activity and \"monomer IgG2a FcR\" activity), we have been able to detect solubilized FcR of both types in detergent lysates of these cells. The two solubilized Fc receptors can be distinguished and physically separated from one another by means of affinity chromatography and by sucrose gradient centrifugation. They also differ in their sensitivity to phospholipase C. The detergent solubilized monomer IgG2a FcR can be removed from solution with a Sepharose IgG2a column, has an S value of 4 to 5 and is resistant to phospholipase C. The solubilized aggregated IgG FcR does not bind to insolubilized IgG2a, has an S value of greater than 19, and is sensitive to phospholipase C treatment. We conclude from these studies that two different cell membrane macromolecules are responsible for the Fc receptor activities observed in macrophage-like cell lines.", "PMID": 681752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5015", "title": "Spontaneous cytotoxicity of cultured human cell lines mediated by normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. III. Kinetic parameters.", "content": "The mechanism of spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) of cultured cell lines has been investigated and compared with antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) by detailed kinetic analysis. The mechanism of SCMC resembles that of an enzyme, as does ADCMC where effector cells are analogous to an enzyme and the 51Cr-labeled target cells are analogous to the substrate. Temporal kinetic studies revealed an induction period of about 1 hr before significant 51Cr release for SCMC, but not for ADCMC. This induction period is not due to differences in effector-target affinity between SCMC and ADCMC. On the basis of kinetic analysis it was shown that SCMC approaches simple Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics, allowing determination of a Michaelis constant, Km, and maximal velocity, Vmax, for the interaction between a given effector and target cell. The Km values thus determined were found to be identical for the lysis of several target cell lines of varying SCMC susceptibility to effector cells from a given donor, whereas Vmax values for lysis of different target cells varied considerably. However, effector cells isolated from the peripheral blood of different donors exhibited different Km values for the target cells tested. Moreover, the Km value obtained for ADCMC effected by a given donor's lymphocytes was found equal to the Km value obtained for SCMC by that donor.", "contents": "Spontaneous cytotoxicity of cultured human cell lines mediated by normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. III. Kinetic parameters. The mechanism of spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) of cultured cell lines has been investigated and compared with antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) by detailed kinetic analysis. The mechanism of SCMC resembles that of an enzyme, as does ADCMC where effector cells are analogous to an enzyme and the 51Cr-labeled target cells are analogous to the substrate. Temporal kinetic studies revealed an induction period of about 1 hr before significant 51Cr release for SCMC, but not for ADCMC. This induction period is not due to differences in effector-target affinity between SCMC and ADCMC. On the basis of kinetic analysis it was shown that SCMC approaches simple Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics, allowing determination of a Michaelis constant, Km, and maximal velocity, Vmax, for the interaction between a given effector and target cell. The Km values thus determined were found to be identical for the lysis of several target cell lines of varying SCMC susceptibility to effector cells from a given donor, whereas Vmax values for lysis of different target cells varied considerably. However, effector cells isolated from the peripheral blood of different donors exhibited different Km values for the target cells tested. Moreover, the Km value obtained for ADCMC effected by a given donor's lymphocytes was found equal to the Km value obtained for SCMC by that donor.", "PMID": 681753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5016", "title": "Phagocytic properties of isolated human eosinophils.", "content": "Viable eosinophils from normal human peripheral blood were separated by sedimentation through a nutrient-enriched linear gradient of sodium hypaque. Ingestion experiments with these cells showed that eosinophils would phagocytose latex beads coated with a mixture of allergen and corresponding allergic human serum. The stimulatory activity of the allergic serum correlated with the IgG fraction and not with those properties associated with IgE. Eosinophils isolated from allergic donors were found to be inferior in their phagocytic ability when compared with eosinophils from normal cell donors.", "contents": "Phagocytic properties of isolated human eosinophils. Viable eosinophils from normal human peripheral blood were separated by sedimentation through a nutrient-enriched linear gradient of sodium hypaque. Ingestion experiments with these cells showed that eosinophils would phagocytose latex beads coated with a mixture of allergen and corresponding allergic human serum. The stimulatory activity of the allergic serum correlated with the IgG fraction and not with those properties associated with IgE. Eosinophils isolated from allergic donors were found to be inferior in their phagocytic ability when compared with eosinophils from normal cell donors.", "PMID": 681754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5017", "title": "Fc receptors induced by herpes simplex virus. I. Biologic and biochemical properties.", "content": "Radioiodinated normal rabbit IgG was used to detect Fc receptors on the surface of HeLa S3-2 cells infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV). Unlike the Fc receptors present on most leukocytes, these virus-induced Fc receptors were found to be sensitivite to trypsin at concentrations of enzyme as low as 0.1 mg/ml. Treatment of infected cells with neuraminidase enhanced the binding of IgG. Yet the HSV-induced Fc receptor(s) is probably a glycoprotein because its synthesis was inhibited by 2-deoxy-D-glucose at concentrations inhibiting glycoproteins but not total proteins. Binding of radioiodinated IgG to Fc receptors on infected HeLa S3-2 cells was unaffected by F(ab')2 fragments prepared from antisera against uninfected HeLa S3-2 cells or against human beta2-microglobulin. By contrast, anti-HSV F(ab')2 or Fab' fragments decreased binding of radioiodinated IgG to HSV-infected cells by 85%, and binding of radioiodinated Fc was also inhibited by anti-HSV Fab'.", "contents": "Fc receptors induced by herpes simplex virus. I. Biologic and biochemical properties. Radioiodinated normal rabbit IgG was used to detect Fc receptors on the surface of HeLa S3-2 cells infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV). Unlike the Fc receptors present on most leukocytes, these virus-induced Fc receptors were found to be sensitivite to trypsin at concentrations of enzyme as low as 0.1 mg/ml. Treatment of infected cells with neuraminidase enhanced the binding of IgG. Yet the HSV-induced Fc receptor(s) is probably a glycoprotein because its synthesis was inhibited by 2-deoxy-D-glucose at concentrations inhibiting glycoproteins but not total proteins. Binding of radioiodinated IgG to Fc receptors on infected HeLa S3-2 cells was unaffected by F(ab')2 fragments prepared from antisera against uninfected HeLa S3-2 cells or against human beta2-microglobulin. By contrast, anti-HSV F(ab')2 or Fab' fragments decreased binding of radioiodinated IgG to HSV-infected cells by 85%, and binding of radioiodinated Fc was also inhibited by anti-HSV Fab'.", "PMID": 681755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5018", "title": "Light transmission analysis of lymphocyte activation by mitogens: a new technique.", "content": "In vitro lymphocyte transformation was evaluated by laser light transmission cytometry. Criteria are given for optimal application of this system to assessment of total cells and proportion of lymphoblasts in cultures. The light transmission studies revealed that cell numbers in mitogen stimulated cultures increase steadily, reaching a plateau. The percentage of lymphoblasts reached a peak after 4 days culture. The kinetics of [3H]-thymidine incorporation are similar. The increase in total cell number concomitant with decrease in [3H]thymidine incorporation at the fifth and sixth days indicates discordance between the cell proliferation and utilization of exogenous thymidine. The kinetics of total cell numbers and percentage of lymphoblasts suggest that in vitro reversion of lymphoblasts to small lymphocytes occurred. In addition to examining directly the cellular events during blastogenesis with ease, the current method appeared to be more reproducible than the [3H]thymidine incorporation assay.", "contents": "Light transmission analysis of lymphocyte activation by mitogens: a new technique. In vitro lymphocyte transformation was evaluated by laser light transmission cytometry. Criteria are given for optimal application of this system to assessment of total cells and proportion of lymphoblasts in cultures. The light transmission studies revealed that cell numbers in mitogen stimulated cultures increase steadily, reaching a plateau. The percentage of lymphoblasts reached a peak after 4 days culture. The kinetics of [3H]-thymidine incorporation are similar. The increase in total cell number concomitant with decrease in [3H]thymidine incorporation at the fifth and sixth days indicates discordance between the cell proliferation and utilization of exogenous thymidine. The kinetics of total cell numbers and percentage of lymphoblasts suggest that in vitro reversion of lymphoblasts to small lymphocytes occurred. In addition to examining directly the cellular events during blastogenesis with ease, the current method appeared to be more reproducible than the [3H]thymidine incorporation assay.", "PMID": 681756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5019", "title": "Human antibodies to immunoglobulin A (IgA). A radioimmunological method for differentiation between anti-IgA antibodies and IgA in the serum of IgA deficient individuals.", "content": "In the sera of 12 out of 27 individuals with IgA deficiency (serum level below 0.02 mg IgA/ml) class-specific anti-IgA antibodies were demonstrated by haemagglutination. These sera showed false-positive results in a solid-phase inhibition radioimmunoassay (RIST) (apparent IgA concentration between 0.6 and 13.7 microgram IgA/ml) indicating that the RIST is not an appropriate test for the analysis of serum of IgA deficient individuals. A modification of the RIST is proposed (titration RIA) that permits differentiation between low levels of IgA and class-specific anti-IgA antibodies. With this test IgA deficient individuals could be classified as those with low but detectable levels of IgA and those with class-specific anti-IgA antibodies. A computer procedure was developed to calculate both the amount and the avidity (K) of the anti-IgA antibodies and to simulate the assay system. The K value calculated from experimental points proved to be an overestimation of the K value which fitted most adequately in the simulation. The comparison of the results with clinical findings indicated a possible correlation between the amount and the avidity of the anti-IgA antibodies and the appearance of anaphylactic reactions after transfusion of IgA.", "contents": "Human antibodies to immunoglobulin A (IgA). A radioimmunological method for differentiation between anti-IgA antibodies and IgA in the serum of IgA deficient individuals. In the sera of 12 out of 27 individuals with IgA deficiency (serum level below 0.02 mg IgA/ml) class-specific anti-IgA antibodies were demonstrated by haemagglutination. These sera showed false-positive results in a solid-phase inhibition radioimmunoassay (RIST) (apparent IgA concentration between 0.6 and 13.7 microgram IgA/ml) indicating that the RIST is not an appropriate test for the analysis of serum of IgA deficient individuals. A modification of the RIST is proposed (titration RIA) that permits differentiation between low levels of IgA and class-specific anti-IgA antibodies. With this test IgA deficient individuals could be classified as those with low but detectable levels of IgA and those with class-specific anti-IgA antibodies. A computer procedure was developed to calculate both the amount and the avidity (K) of the anti-IgA antibodies and to simulate the assay system. The K value calculated from experimental points proved to be an overestimation of the K value which fitted most adequately in the simulation. The comparison of the results with clinical findings indicated a possible correlation between the amount and the avidity of the anti-IgA antibodies and the appearance of anaphylactic reactions after transfusion of IgA.", "PMID": 681757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5020", "title": "Nephelometric method for determination of rheumatoid factor.", "content": "We have developed a nephelometric technique for determining titers of rheumatoid factor. Serum dilutions are added to a mixture of commercially available latex particles of small size (0.098 micrometer) and human gamma-globulin. Rheumatoid sera induce a substantial increase in the light scattering properties of the mixture, and the highest dilution significantly increasing the light scattering is considered as the titer for that serum. This technique is simple to use, provides objective results, and can be automated for analysis of large numbers of samples.", "contents": "Nephelometric method for determination of rheumatoid factor. We have developed a nephelometric technique for determining titers of rheumatoid factor. Serum dilutions are added to a mixture of commercially available latex particles of small size (0.098 micrometer) and human gamma-globulin. Rheumatoid sera induce a substantial increase in the light scattering properties of the mixture, and the highest dilution significantly increasing the light scattering is considered as the titer for that serum. This technique is simple to use, provides objective results, and can be automated for analysis of large numbers of samples.", "PMID": 681758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5021", "title": "Quantitation of Fc receptors and surface immunoglobulin is affected by cell isolation procedures using plasmagel and ficoll-hypaque.", "content": "When mononuclear leukocytes are isolated directly from whole human blood using Ficoll-Hypaque or Plasmagel, cytophilic immunoglobulin is detected on cell surfaces. Upon incubation at 37 degrees C, this cell-associated immunoglobulin is shed slowly into the medium. However, when cells are prewashed in phosphate-buffered saline prior to isolation, they appear to be free of cytophilic immunoglobulin. Compared to prewashed cells, populations retaining cytophilic immunoglobulin on their surfaces demonstrate a decreased binding of soluble immune complexes and radiolabelled trimeric rabbit IgG. The data suggest that Ficoll-Hypaque and Plasmagel cause serum IgG to bind with abnormally high affinity to human mononuclear leukocytes, probably via Fc receptors. This artifact of preparation can lead to erroneous estimates of the numbers of cells bearing Fc receptors or intrinsic membrane immunoglobulin within a given population of cells and to an inaccurate assessment of the average number of Fc receptors per cell.", "contents": "Quantitation of Fc receptors and surface immunoglobulin is affected by cell isolation procedures using plasmagel and ficoll-hypaque. When mononuclear leukocytes are isolated directly from whole human blood using Ficoll-Hypaque or Plasmagel, cytophilic immunoglobulin is detected on cell surfaces. Upon incubation at 37 degrees C, this cell-associated immunoglobulin is shed slowly into the medium. However, when cells are prewashed in phosphate-buffered saline prior to isolation, they appear to be free of cytophilic immunoglobulin. Compared to prewashed cells, populations retaining cytophilic immunoglobulin on their surfaces demonstrate a decreased binding of soluble immune complexes and radiolabelled trimeric rabbit IgG. The data suggest that Ficoll-Hypaque and Plasmagel cause serum IgG to bind with abnormally high affinity to human mononuclear leukocytes, probably via Fc receptors. This artifact of preparation can lead to erroneous estimates of the numbers of cells bearing Fc receptors or intrinsic membrane immunoglobulin within a given population of cells and to an inaccurate assessment of the average number of Fc receptors per cell.", "PMID": 681759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5022", "title": "A set of analytical electrophoresis experiments to predict the results of affinity chromatographic separations: fractionation of allergens from cow's hair and dander.", "content": "Analytical affinity electrophoresis experiments are described as analogues of column and batch affinity experiments. The are based on crossed immunoelectrophoresis with included affinity, here concanavalian A (con A) and con A-Sepharose. Reactions with serum proteins and allergens from cow's hair and dander are described, and a purification scheme for the latter is described.", "contents": "A set of analytical electrophoresis experiments to predict the results of affinity chromatographic separations: fractionation of allergens from cow's hair and dander. Analytical affinity electrophoresis experiments are described as analogues of column and batch affinity experiments. The are based on crossed immunoelectrophoresis with included affinity, here concanavalian A (con A) and con A-Sepharose. Reactions with serum proteins and allergens from cow's hair and dander are described, and a purification scheme for the latter is described.", "PMID": 681760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5023", "title": "A highly sensitive and reproducible microcytotoxicity assay for demonstrating cytotoxic antibodies to cell surface antigens.", "content": "An assay is described, in which target cells are suspended in diluted rabbit serum (as a source of complement) and pipetted into the wells of Falcon No. 3034 Microtest plates, to which diluted antiserum (or control serum) has been added. After 18--24 h of incubation, the plates are stained with crystal violet and counted using an electronic Quantimet image analyzer. This technique could reproducibly detect complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies to target cell H-2 antigens and to MuLV gp70 on cell lines which expressed this antigen, at serum dilutions up to 1:160,000. The cytotoxic antibodies could be removed by absorption of sera with cells carrying the respective antigens.", "contents": "A highly sensitive and reproducible microcytotoxicity assay for demonstrating cytotoxic antibodies to cell surface antigens. An assay is described, in which target cells are suspended in diluted rabbit serum (as a source of complement) and pipetted into the wells of Falcon No. 3034 Microtest plates, to which diluted antiserum (or control serum) has been added. After 18--24 h of incubation, the plates are stained with crystal violet and counted using an electronic Quantimet image analyzer. This technique could reproducibly detect complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies to target cell H-2 antigens and to MuLV gp70 on cell lines which expressed this antigen, at serum dilutions up to 1:160,000. The cytotoxic antibodies could be removed by absorption of sera with cells carrying the respective antigens.", "PMID": 681761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5024", "title": "Recovery of lymphocytes from clotted blood for HLA typing.", "content": "A method to recover lymphoid cells from clotted blood for the microcytotoxicity test used in HLA typing is described. The procedure consists of disruption of the clotted blood followed by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient purification of the mononuclear cells. The results of HLA typing of lymphocytes from unclotted and clotted blood were identical.", "contents": "Recovery of lymphocytes from clotted blood for HLA typing. A method to recover lymphoid cells from clotted blood for the microcytotoxicity test used in HLA typing is described. The procedure consists of disruption of the clotted blood followed by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient purification of the mononuclear cells. The results of HLA typing of lymphocytes from unclotted and clotted blood were identical.", "PMID": 681762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5025", "title": "Receptor modulation and mast cell secretion.", "content": "Co-workers and I examined the early events in the interaction of rat peritoneal mast cells with a number of noncytotoxic mast cell stimuli. These studies demonstrated that an interaction limited to the cytoplasmic membrane is sufficient to induce a secretory mast cell response. Additional experiments suggested that a continued interaction between the stimulus and the membrane receptor is required for maintenance of the secretory response. We have provided evidence to support the concept that different mast cell activators interact with different receptors on the cell membrane and initiate distinct biochemical pathways leading to secretion. Finally, we have shown that pretreatment of mast cells with concentrations of a stimulus that, by themselves, are incapable of initiating a secretory response can profoundly affect the ability of mast cells to respond fully to a subsequent challenge with an optional concentration of stimulus.", "contents": "Receptor modulation and mast cell secretion. Co-workers and I examined the early events in the interaction of rat peritoneal mast cells with a number of noncytotoxic mast cell stimuli. These studies demonstrated that an interaction limited to the cytoplasmic membrane is sufficient to induce a secretory mast cell response. Additional experiments suggested that a continued interaction between the stimulus and the membrane receptor is required for maintenance of the secretory response. We have provided evidence to support the concept that different mast cell activators interact with different receptors on the cell membrane and initiate distinct biochemical pathways leading to secretion. Finally, we have shown that pretreatment of mast cells with concentrations of a stimulus that, by themselves, are incapable of initiating a secretory response can profoundly affect the ability of mast cells to respond fully to a subsequent challenge with an optional concentration of stimulus.", "PMID": 681776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5026", "title": "Purification and some characteristics of the human epidermal SH-protease inhibitor.", "content": "An inhibitor of papain and other SH-proteases was purified 520-fold from human epidermis extracts by acetone fractionation, heat treatment, papain-Sepharose affinity chromatography, and Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The purified inhibitor had a molecular weight of 12,600 and contained no hexose, as tested by the anthrone reaction. The inhibitor survived in a boiling water bath, in 5% trichloroacetic acid, 20 mM Na3PO4 (pH 12.1) and 4 M NH4OH (pH 11.9). By isoelectric focusing 2 major activity peaks with pI's of 4.6 and 4.8, and a minor peak with a pI of 4.9 was fractioned, and 3 corresponding protein bands were seen after analytical isoelectric focusing. Immunization of rabbits with the purified inhibitor yielded a highly specific anti-inhibitor serum. The purified inhibitor inhibited papain, ficin, human cathepsins B and C, and slightly inhibited bromelain. No inhibition of serine proteases (bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin A, porcine elastase) or an acid protease (human cathepsin D) was observed. Evidence was obtained that the inhibitor formed a complex with both dithiothreitol-activated papain and enzymatically inactive mercuripapain.", "contents": "Purification and some characteristics of the human epidermal SH-protease inhibitor. An inhibitor of papain and other SH-proteases was purified 520-fold from human epidermis extracts by acetone fractionation, heat treatment, papain-Sepharose affinity chromatography, and Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The purified inhibitor had a molecular weight of 12,600 and contained no hexose, as tested by the anthrone reaction. The inhibitor survived in a boiling water bath, in 5% trichloroacetic acid, 20 mM Na3PO4 (pH 12.1) and 4 M NH4OH (pH 11.9). By isoelectric focusing 2 major activity peaks with pI's of 4.6 and 4.8, and a minor peak with a pI of 4.9 was fractioned, and 3 corresponding protein bands were seen after analytical isoelectric focusing. Immunization of rabbits with the purified inhibitor yielded a highly specific anti-inhibitor serum. The purified inhibitor inhibited papain, ficin, human cathepsins B and C, and slightly inhibited bromelain. No inhibition of serine proteases (bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin A, porcine elastase) or an acid protease (human cathepsin D) was observed. Evidence was obtained that the inhibitor formed a complex with both dithiothreitol-activated papain and enzymatically inactive mercuripapain.", "PMID": 681777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5027", "title": "The low-molecular-weight SH-protease inhibitor in rat skin is epidermal.", "content": "The epidermis and dermis of rat skin were separated and the presence of the high-molecular-weight SH-protease inhibitor I1 and the low-molecular-weight inhibitor I2 in both was studied. Gel filtrations of the extracts revealed that 97% of the epidermal inhibitor activity was due to I2 and 89% of the dermal activity to I1. The presence of I2 mainly in the epidermis extract was confirmed by immunodiffusion of specific rabbit anti-I2 serum against purified I2, epidermis and dermis extracts, and rat serum. Most of the immunoreactive protein was seen in the epidermis extract, traces in the dermis extract and none in the rat serum. I2 was localized in rat skin by indirect immunofluorescence using rabbit anti-I2 serum and fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate of goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulins. Intense fluorescence, much brighter than in the controls treated with rabbit non-immune serum, was seen in the epidermis, being most pronounced in the cytoplasms of cells in the granular layer. The weak fluorescence of the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, connective tissue cells and fibres was unspecific and was also seen in the controls. In view of its epidermal location, the name epidermal SH-protease inhibitor is suggested for I2.", "contents": "The low-molecular-weight SH-protease inhibitor in rat skin is epidermal. The epidermis and dermis of rat skin were separated and the presence of the high-molecular-weight SH-protease inhibitor I1 and the low-molecular-weight inhibitor I2 in both was studied. Gel filtrations of the extracts revealed that 97% of the epidermal inhibitor activity was due to I2 and 89% of the dermal activity to I1. The presence of I2 mainly in the epidermis extract was confirmed by immunodiffusion of specific rabbit anti-I2 serum against purified I2, epidermis and dermis extracts, and rat serum. Most of the immunoreactive protein was seen in the epidermis extract, traces in the dermis extract and none in the rat serum. I2 was localized in rat skin by indirect immunofluorescence using rabbit anti-I2 serum and fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate of goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulins. Intense fluorescence, much brighter than in the controls treated with rabbit non-immune serum, was seen in the epidermis, being most pronounced in the cytoplasms of cells in the granular layer. The weak fluorescence of the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, connective tissue cells and fibres was unspecific and was also seen in the controls. In view of its epidermal location, the name epidermal SH-protease inhibitor is suggested for I2.", "PMID": 681778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5028", "title": "Induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to staphylococcal antigens in guinea pigs.", "content": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity against staphylococcal antigens was induced in guinea pigs using Freund's incomplete as well as Freund's complete adjuvant. In animals sensitized with Freund's complete adjuvant the induction time and the duration of delayed-type hypersensitivity were longer and the skin reactions were stronger compared to animals sensitized with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. The difference between animals sensitized with Freund's incomplete or complete adjuvant may reflect the difference between tuberculin- and Jones-Mote type hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to staphylococcal antigens in guinea pigs. Delayed-type hypersensitivity against staphylococcal antigens was induced in guinea pigs using Freund's incomplete as well as Freund's complete adjuvant. In animals sensitized with Freund's complete adjuvant the induction time and the duration of delayed-type hypersensitivity were longer and the skin reactions were stronger compared to animals sensitized with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. The difference between animals sensitized with Freund's incomplete or complete adjuvant may reflect the difference between tuberculin- and Jones-Mote type hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 681779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5029", "title": "8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in human skin: penetration kinetics.", "content": "Penetration kinetics of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) into human skin have been investigated under in vitro conditions. The dependence of the resulting tissue concentration on time of penetration, drug concentration in the applied preparation and vehicle composition has been studied. Tissue concentration of the drug was found to increase with time of penetration; however, in both horny layer and epidermis, this increase was followed by a significant decrease in concentration, (after 100 to 300 min), although a large amount of unpenetrated drug was present on the horny layer surface at all times. In contrast to this, 8-MOP accumulated in the lower corium and subcutis and reached concentrations higher then those found in the upper corium and epidermis. This accumulation of the drug is a consequence of the in vitro conditions and its amount is proportional to that amount that under in vivo conditions would have been taken up by the capillary system. Penetration was dependent on vehicle characteristics and was found to increase with increasing polarity of the vehicle. The penetration was found to be directly proportional to the applied concentration; however, the percentage of the drug that actually penetrated was inversely proportional to the applied concentration.", "contents": "8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in human skin: penetration kinetics. Penetration kinetics of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) into human skin have been investigated under in vitro conditions. The dependence of the resulting tissue concentration on time of penetration, drug concentration in the applied preparation and vehicle composition has been studied. Tissue concentration of the drug was found to increase with time of penetration; however, in both horny layer and epidermis, this increase was followed by a significant decrease in concentration, (after 100 to 300 min), although a large amount of unpenetrated drug was present on the horny layer surface at all times. In contrast to this, 8-MOP accumulated in the lower corium and subcutis and reached concentrations higher then those found in the upper corium and epidermis. This accumulation of the drug is a consequence of the in vitro conditions and its amount is proportional to that amount that under in vivo conditions would have been taken up by the capillary system. Penetration was dependent on vehicle characteristics and was found to increase with increasing polarity of the vehicle. The penetration was found to be directly proportional to the applied concentration; however, the percentage of the drug that actually penetrated was inversely proportional to the applied concentration.", "PMID": 681780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5030", "title": "The influence of water content, chemical treatment and temperature on the rheological properties of stratum corneum.", "content": "The elastic modulus is determined as a function of water content for untreated stratum corneum, and stratum corneum treated with urea and LiBr. The modulus is also determined for stratum corneum at temperatures from 2 degrees C to 45 degrees C and on samples with the water solubles extracted. The modulus is independent of temperature, but may be modified by binding of small molecules to the protein in stratum corneum. The modulus is found to be a function of water content, not water activity.", "contents": "The influence of water content, chemical treatment and temperature on the rheological properties of stratum corneum. The elastic modulus is determined as a function of water content for untreated stratum corneum, and stratum corneum treated with urea and LiBr. The modulus is also determined for stratum corneum at temperatures from 2 degrees C to 45 degrees C and on samples with the water solubles extracted. The modulus is independent of temperature, but may be modified by binding of small molecules to the protein in stratum corneum. The modulus is found to be a function of water content, not water activity.", "PMID": 681782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5031", "title": "Heat loss in anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.", "content": "The dynamics of heat loss by 2 patients with classic anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia were studied. Both were active in high school athletics and avoided heat injuries by various forms of behavior modification. Elevated core and skin temperature measurements were found at rest in comfortable environments. In a warm environment 35-45% of the heat generated was lost by radiation, 44-52% by conduction and convection, and only 4-6% by evaporation. Heat loss in control subjects was 9% by radiation, 17% by conduction/convection, and 67% by evaporation. The dry routes of heat dissipation used by the anhidrotic patients were inadequate to prevent a rise in core temperature.", "contents": "Heat loss in anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. The dynamics of heat loss by 2 patients with classic anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia were studied. Both were active in high school athletics and avoided heat injuries by various forms of behavior modification. Elevated core and skin temperature measurements were found at rest in comfortable environments. In a warm environment 35-45% of the heat generated was lost by radiation, 44-52% by conduction and convection, and only 4-6% by evaporation. Heat loss in control subjects was 9% by radiation, 17% by conduction/convection, and 67% by evaporation. The dry routes of heat dissipation used by the anhidrotic patients were inadequate to prevent a rise in core temperature.", "PMID": 681783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5032", "title": "Fibrous protein of human epidermis.", "content": "The fibrous proteins of the malpighian layer of human epidermis (prekeratin) have been isolated with citrate buffer, pH 2.65, and shown to consist of 7 polypeptide chains varying in molecular weight from 45,000 daltons to 67,000. Some variation in the number and amount of the components was observed in prekeratin prepared from the epidermis of different individuals. The fibrous proteins of the stratum corneum were isolated with Tris buffer, pH 9.0, containing 6 M urea and 0.1 M mercapto-ethanol and were found to have a pattern similar to prekeratin but not identical to it. However, fibrous protein isolated from the superficial layers of the stratum showed a considerably different pattern indicating that there was post-translational modification of the protein in the late stages of keratinization. These data show that human keratin has the same heterogeneity which was observed previously in cow epidermis. This was further confirmed by studying the polypeptide chain content of prekeratin from a large number of lesions showing benign epidermal hyperplasia, where considerable variation in composition was observed.", "contents": "Fibrous protein of human epidermis. The fibrous proteins of the malpighian layer of human epidermis (prekeratin) have been isolated with citrate buffer, pH 2.65, and shown to consist of 7 polypeptide chains varying in molecular weight from 45,000 daltons to 67,000. Some variation in the number and amount of the components was observed in prekeratin prepared from the epidermis of different individuals. The fibrous proteins of the stratum corneum were isolated with Tris buffer, pH 9.0, containing 6 M urea and 0.1 M mercapto-ethanol and were found to have a pattern similar to prekeratin but not identical to it. However, fibrous protein isolated from the superficial layers of the stratum showed a considerably different pattern indicating that there was post-translational modification of the protein in the late stages of keratinization. These data show that human keratin has the same heterogeneity which was observed previously in cow epidermis. This was further confirmed by studying the polypeptide chain content of prekeratin from a large number of lesions showing benign epidermal hyperplasia, where considerable variation in composition was observed.", "PMID": 681784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5033", "title": "Individual differences in the bacterial flora of the skin of the forehead: Peptococcus saccharolyticus.", "content": "Peptococcus saccharolyticus was a numerically important constituent of the bacterial flora of the forehead of 20% of 40 subjects. 16 of these subjects were studied over periods of 12 to 54 mo. It was consistently absent from 12 subjects, was present on every test of 3 subjects, and constituted 96 to 100% of the total flora on 1 subject tested 8 times in a 16-month period. On the forehead of one subject, Peptococcus saccharolyticus was recovered in only 1 of 5 tests.", "contents": "Individual differences in the bacterial flora of the skin of the forehead: Peptococcus saccharolyticus. Peptococcus saccharolyticus was a numerically important constituent of the bacterial flora of the forehead of 20% of 40 subjects. 16 of these subjects were studied over periods of 12 to 54 mo. It was consistently absent from 12 subjects, was present on every test of 3 subjects, and constituted 96 to 100% of the total flora on 1 subject tested 8 times in a 16-month period. On the forehead of one subject, Peptococcus saccharolyticus was recovered in only 1 of 5 tests.", "PMID": 681785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5034", "title": "Isolation and growth of adult human epidermal keratinocytes in cell culture.", "content": "Human epidermal keratinocytes may be isolated in high yield from 0.1 mm keratotome sections of adult skin by short-term trypsin release. When plated on a collagen-coated plastic surface or on a collagen gel, keratinocytes attach with high efficiencies (greater than 70%) and form confluent, stratified cultures. Cell populations of predominantly basal cells produce proliferative primary cell cultures while populations of basal cells and malpighian cells result in nonproliferative primary cultures. Both nonproliferative and proliferative primary cultures may be subcultured on collagen gels following dispersion by trypsin and EDTA. Methotrexate strongly inhibits proliferative keratinocytes at low concentrations (0.1 microgram/ml) but has no cytotoxic effect on non-proliferative cells. L-serine and dexamethasone increase the multiplication rate of both primary and subcultured human keratinocytes.", "contents": "Isolation and growth of adult human epidermal keratinocytes in cell culture. Human epidermal keratinocytes may be isolated in high yield from 0.1 mm keratotome sections of adult skin by short-term trypsin release. When plated on a collagen-coated plastic surface or on a collagen gel, keratinocytes attach with high efficiencies (greater than 70%) and form confluent, stratified cultures. Cell populations of predominantly basal cells produce proliferative primary cell cultures while populations of basal cells and malpighian cells result in nonproliferative primary cultures. Both nonproliferative and proliferative primary cultures may be subcultured on collagen gels following dispersion by trypsin and EDTA. Methotrexate strongly inhibits proliferative keratinocytes at low concentrations (0.1 microgram/ml) but has no cytotoxic effect on non-proliferative cells. L-serine and dexamethasone increase the multiplication rate of both primary and subcultured human keratinocytes.", "PMID": 681786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5035", "title": "Dopamine: a novel antitumor agent active against B-16 melanoma in vivo.", "content": "L-dopa methyl ester has been shown to be an effective antitumor agent against the B-16 melanoma in vivo. We have now examined the analog, dopamine, a major catabolite of L-dopa. Dopamine administration at a daily dose of 600 mg/kg resulted in a 48% (p less than .001) increase in survival of treated mice as compared to non-treated controls. In vitro, an effect similar to that observed with L-dopa methyl ester was noted, specifically, a rapid and profound inhibition of thymidine incorporation with little effect on uridine or leucine incorporation. We have postulated that the inhibition of a DNA polymerase might be the site of action of these novel antitumor agents.", "contents": "Dopamine: a novel antitumor agent active against B-16 melanoma in vivo. L-dopa methyl ester has been shown to be an effective antitumor agent against the B-16 melanoma in vivo. We have now examined the analog, dopamine, a major catabolite of L-dopa. Dopamine administration at a daily dose of 600 mg/kg resulted in a 48% (p less than .001) increase in survival of treated mice as compared to non-treated controls. In vitro, an effect similar to that observed with L-dopa methyl ester was noted, specifically, a rapid and profound inhibition of thymidine incorporation with little effect on uridine or leucine incorporation. We have postulated that the inhibition of a DNA polymerase might be the site of action of these novel antitumor agents.", "PMID": 681787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5036", "title": "Necrotizing myocarditis in mice infected with Western equine encephalitis virus: Clinical, electrocardiographic, and histopathologic correlations.", "content": "Western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus was found in myocardial tissue of adult mice during the first five days after inoculation of the virus, with a peak titer (5.0 log plaque-forming units/g) at 24 hr. Light microscopy revealed a multifocal necrotizing myocarditis with a prominent inflammatory response and hyaline and granular degeneration of myofibers. Electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic viral nucleoids and budding and free mature WEE viral particles. Serial electrocardiograms showed the development of disturbances of rate and rhythm, defects in conduction, marked elevation in the ST segment, and low voltage. Myocarditis has not been previously recognized as a complication of alphavirus infection in humans. and we found no evidence for myocardial damage in 11 persons with acute WEE virus infections studied electrocardiographically in 1975. Demonstration of myocarditis in the WEE virus-infected mouse, however, suggests the need to monitor human patients for possible cardiac involvement during future epidemics of WEE virus infection.", "contents": "Necrotizing myocarditis in mice infected with Western equine encephalitis virus: Clinical, electrocardiographic, and histopathologic correlations. Western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus was found in myocardial tissue of adult mice during the first five days after inoculation of the virus, with a peak titer (5.0 log plaque-forming units/g) at 24 hr. Light microscopy revealed a multifocal necrotizing myocarditis with a prominent inflammatory response and hyaline and granular degeneration of myofibers. Electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic viral nucleoids and budding and free mature WEE viral particles. Serial electrocardiograms showed the development of disturbances of rate and rhythm, defects in conduction, marked elevation in the ST segment, and low voltage. Myocarditis has not been previously recognized as a complication of alphavirus infection in humans. and we found no evidence for myocardial damage in 11 persons with acute WEE virus infections studied electrocardiographically in 1975. Demonstration of myocarditis in the WEE virus-infected mouse, however, suggests the need to monitor human patients for possible cardiac involvement during future epidemics of WEE virus infection.", "PMID": 681791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5037", "title": "Mechanisms of infertility in genital tract infections due to Chlamydia psittaci transmitted through contaminated semen.", "content": "Ten heifers inseminated with semen artificially contaminated with Chlamydia psittaci were not pregnant 40 days later, whereas five of 10 control heifers inseminated with the same semen mixed with control diluent became pregnant. Normal embryos were recovered two and one-half or three days after insemination of another group of animals with semen containing C. psittaci, a finding indicating that fertilization failure was not responsible for the infertility. Uterine biopsy samples taken from two heifers in this group contained scattered Chlamydia-infected cells that were detected by immunofluorescence in the subepithelial tissues of the uterine horns. This finding suggests that the infertility may result from an alteration in the uterine environment caused by multiplication of C. psittaci.", "contents": "Mechanisms of infertility in genital tract infections due to Chlamydia psittaci transmitted through contaminated semen. Ten heifers inseminated with semen artificially contaminated with Chlamydia psittaci were not pregnant 40 days later, whereas five of 10 control heifers inseminated with the same semen mixed with control diluent became pregnant. Normal embryos were recovered two and one-half or three days after insemination of another group of animals with semen containing C. psittaci, a finding indicating that fertilization failure was not responsible for the infertility. Uterine biopsy samples taken from two heifers in this group contained scattered Chlamydia-infected cells that were detected by immunofluorescence in the subepithelial tissues of the uterine horns. This finding suggests that the infertility may result from an alteration in the uterine environment caused by multiplication of C. psittaci.", "PMID": 681792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5038", "title": "Isolation and characterization of protease-deficient mutants of vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Mutants of Vibrio cholerae that were deficient in protease production were isolated by picking clones form gelatin or casein plates which showed reduced zones of proteolysis. All mutants showed reduced ability to degrade complex proteins (casein and gelatin), and those tested were deficient in ability to degrade chicken egg ovomucin. Some of the mutants demonstrated a decrease in neuraminidase activity. Almost all mutants showed a dramatic loss of virulence in the infant mouse, although toxin was still produced. A partial revertant, to protease-proficient, demonstrated a simultaneous increase in neuraminidase activity and also an increase in mouse virulence. The strains described had a variety of phenotypes.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of protease-deficient mutants of vibrio cholerae. Mutants of Vibrio cholerae that were deficient in protease production were isolated by picking clones form gelatin or casein plates which showed reduced zones of proteolysis. All mutants showed reduced ability to degrade complex proteins (casein and gelatin), and those tested were deficient in ability to degrade chicken egg ovomucin. Some of the mutants demonstrated a decrease in neuraminidase activity. Almost all mutants showed a dramatic loss of virulence in the infant mouse, although toxin was still produced. A partial revertant, to protease-proficient, demonstrated a simultaneous increase in neuraminidase activity and also an increase in mouse virulence. The strains described had a variety of phenotypes.", "PMID": 681794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5039", "title": "Prediction of the concentration of penicillins in ascitic fluid from serum kinetics and protein binding of the antibiotics in serum and ascitic fluid of dogs.", "content": "Ascites was induced in dogs by partial ligation of the inferior vena cava. Concentrations of ampicillin, penicillin G, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, and methicillin in ascitic fluid and serum were each determined in three animals. All antibiotics were administered intramuscularly in a dose of 15 mg/kg (dry weight) for both single-dose and multiple-dose (eight doses at 4-hr intervals) studies. Binding of antibiotics to serum and ascitic fluid proteins was measured by ultracentrifugation. After single doses the highly protein-bound drugs (oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin) had lower percentages of penetration (ratio of peak in ascitic fluid to that in serum, multipled by 100) than did methicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin G, which have a lower degree of protein binding. The effect was partially overcome by repetitive doses, but five to six doses were usually required to reach equilibrium. In addition to protein binding, serum kinetics (particularly the log mean total concentration of drug in serum after multiple doses) were important determinants of antibiotic concentrations in ascitic fluid. The total antibiotic concentration in ascitic fluid at equilibrium can be accurately calculated from the log mean serum concnetration and the percentages of protein binding in serum and ascitic fluid.", "contents": "Prediction of the concentration of penicillins in ascitic fluid from serum kinetics and protein binding of the antibiotics in serum and ascitic fluid of dogs. Ascites was induced in dogs by partial ligation of the inferior vena cava. Concentrations of ampicillin, penicillin G, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, and methicillin in ascitic fluid and serum were each determined in three animals. All antibiotics were administered intramuscularly in a dose of 15 mg/kg (dry weight) for both single-dose and multiple-dose (eight doses at 4-hr intervals) studies. Binding of antibiotics to serum and ascitic fluid proteins was measured by ultracentrifugation. After single doses the highly protein-bound drugs (oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin) had lower percentages of penetration (ratio of peak in ascitic fluid to that in serum, multipled by 100) than did methicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin G, which have a lower degree of protein binding. The effect was partially overcome by repetitive doses, but five to six doses were usually required to reach equilibrium. In addition to protein binding, serum kinetics (particularly the log mean total concentration of drug in serum after multiple doses) were important determinants of antibiotic concentrations in ascitic fluid. The total antibiotic concentration in ascitic fluid at equilibrium can be accurately calculated from the log mean serum concnetration and the percentages of protein binding in serum and ascitic fluid.", "PMID": 681795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5040", "title": "Canine mycoplasmas: pathogenicity of mycoplasmas associated with distemper pneumonia.", "content": "Mycoplasmas of the following species were isolated from the lungs of dog with distemper: Mycoplasma cynos, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma canis, Mycoplasma spumans, and Mycoplasma gateae. One-week-old dogs were inoculated endobronchially with cloned cultures of each species. M. cynos induced a focal pneumonia that were characterized histologically by severe inflammation of bronchi and adjacent respiratory tract tissue. The inflammatory response was initially neutrophilic and later was histiocytic with interstitial lymphoid hyperplasia. M. cynos was recovered from the lungs of inoculated dogs until three weeks after inoculation. A mild inflammatory response was observed in lung tissue of the dog inoculated with M. bovigenitalium, whereas M. canis, M. spumans, and, M. gateae did not induce any visible lesions.", "contents": "Canine mycoplasmas: pathogenicity of mycoplasmas associated with distemper pneumonia. Mycoplasmas of the following species were isolated from the lungs of dog with distemper: Mycoplasma cynos, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma canis, Mycoplasma spumans, and Mycoplasma gateae. One-week-old dogs were inoculated endobronchially with cloned cultures of each species. M. cynos induced a focal pneumonia that were characterized histologically by severe inflammation of bronchi and adjacent respiratory tract tissue. The inflammatory response was initially neutrophilic and later was histiocytic with interstitial lymphoid hyperplasia. M. cynos was recovered from the lungs of inoculated dogs until three weeks after inoculation. A mild inflammatory response was observed in lung tissue of the dog inoculated with M. bovigenitalium, whereas M. canis, M. spumans, and, M. gateae did not induce any visible lesions.", "PMID": 681796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5041", "title": "Infantile papular acrodermatitis (Gianotti's disease) and intrafamilial occurence of acute hepatitis B with jaundice: age dependency of clinical manifestations of hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "Infantile papular acrodermatitis (IPA, Gianotti's disease) is a clinical manifestation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in childhood. An epidemic of of IPA occurred in Matsuyama, Japan, where 153 patients in a pediatric clinic had IPA between October 1974 and March 1977. In this period 12 mothers and two fathers of patients contracted acute hepatitis B with overt jaundice three to 14 months after their offspring had IPA. Analysis of the subtype of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the infants and their jaundiced mothers and/or fathers disclosed that HBV was transmitted from the infants. All of the index cases were one year old or younger, although the age of patients with IPA ranged from three months to 10 years. In approximately 40% of patients with IPA who were one year old or younger, HBs antigenemia persisted for one year. These facts suggested that the contraction of IPA in children, especially those one year old or younger, was an important route toward establishment of the carrier state of HBV which maintains the reservoir of this virus in the community.", "contents": "Infantile papular acrodermatitis (Gianotti's disease) and intrafamilial occurence of acute hepatitis B with jaundice: age dependency of clinical manifestations of hepatitis B virus infection. Infantile papular acrodermatitis (IPA, Gianotti's disease) is a clinical manifestation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in childhood. An epidemic of of IPA occurred in Matsuyama, Japan, where 153 patients in a pediatric clinic had IPA between October 1974 and March 1977. In this period 12 mothers and two fathers of patients contracted acute hepatitis B with overt jaundice three to 14 months after their offspring had IPA. Analysis of the subtype of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the infants and their jaundiced mothers and/or fathers disclosed that HBV was transmitted from the infants. All of the index cases were one year old or younger, although the age of patients with IPA ranged from three months to 10 years. In approximately 40% of patients with IPA who were one year old or younger, HBs antigenemia persisted for one year. These facts suggested that the contraction of IPA in children, especially those one year old or younger, was an important route toward establishment of the carrier state of HBV which maintains the reservoir of this virus in the community.", "PMID": 681797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5042", "title": "Measurement of IgM and IgG antibodies to Yersinia by solid-phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassays for IgM and IgG antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3. Y. enterocolitica serotype 9, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IA are described. Bacteria were adsorbed onto polystyrene balls, and serum antibodies bound to the antigen-coated balls were quantitated by their capacity to bind 125I-labeled antibodies to human immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Measurement of IgM and IgG antibodies to Yersinia by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Solid-phase radioimmunoassays for IgM and IgG antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3. Y. enterocolitica serotype 9, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IA are described. Bacteria were adsorbed onto polystyrene balls, and serum antibodies bound to the antigen-coated balls were quantitated by their capacity to bind 125I-labeled antibodies to human immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 681798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5043", "title": "Incomplete inactivation of hepatitis B virus after heat treatment at 60 C for 10 hours.", "content": "A 10(-3) dilution of pooled serum (positive for hepatitis B e antigen and DNA polymerase activity) containing hepatitis B virus (HBV) in a titer 10(5) times the chimpanzee-infectious dose, was heated under water maintained at 60 C for 10 hr. There was a twofold decrease in the titer of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as measured by reverse passive hemagglutination after the heat treatment. The heated, diluted serum was still infectious and caused HBV infections in both seronegative chimpanzees given 1-ml iv inoculations of the diluted serum. However, the infectivity of the virus was decreased approximately 10(4)-fold by heat treatment as judged from the prolonged incubation period before appearance of HBsAg in blood. This figure was based on the inverse linear relation between the dose of HBV and the incubation period. The incomplete inactivation of HBV by heat treatment at 60 C for 10 hr should be emphasized because it is widely accepted that heat treatment destroys HBV.", "contents": "Incomplete inactivation of hepatitis B virus after heat treatment at 60 C for 10 hours. A 10(-3) dilution of pooled serum (positive for hepatitis B e antigen and DNA polymerase activity) containing hepatitis B virus (HBV) in a titer 10(5) times the chimpanzee-infectious dose, was heated under water maintained at 60 C for 10 hr. There was a twofold decrease in the titer of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as measured by reverse passive hemagglutination after the heat treatment. The heated, diluted serum was still infectious and caused HBV infections in both seronegative chimpanzees given 1-ml iv inoculations of the diluted serum. However, the infectivity of the virus was decreased approximately 10(4)-fold by heat treatment as judged from the prolonged incubation period before appearance of HBsAg in blood. This figure was based on the inverse linear relation between the dose of HBV and the incubation period. The incomplete inactivation of HBV by heat treatment at 60 C for 10 hr should be emphasized because it is widely accepted that heat treatment destroys HBV.", "PMID": 681799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5044", "title": "Comparison of the in vitro antifungal activities of miconazole and a new imidazole, R41,400.", "content": "R41,400 is a recently synthesized, water-soluble imidazole. Its antifungal properties were compared in vitro with those of miconazole using an agar dilution procedure and 175 isolates of human fungal pathogens. The filamentous forms of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis were inhibited by less than or equal to 2 microgram of either drug/ml; Coccidioides immitis was inhibited by less than or equal to 0.5 microgram of R41,400/ml. Among the yeasts tested, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida parapsilosis were the most susceptibel to the two drugs, whereas Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were the least susceptible; 0.5 microgram of either drug/ml was inhibitory for 90%-100% of tested isolates of C. neoformans but for only less than or equal to 20% of isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata. Both drugs were inhibitory for most isolates of Trichophyton and Microsporum species at concentrations of less than or equal to 4 microgram/ml; Epidermophyton floccosum was uniquely susceptible to both drugs.", "contents": "Comparison of the in vitro antifungal activities of miconazole and a new imidazole, R41,400. R41,400 is a recently synthesized, water-soluble imidazole. Its antifungal properties were compared in vitro with those of miconazole using an agar dilution procedure and 175 isolates of human fungal pathogens. The filamentous forms of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis were inhibited by less than or equal to 2 microgram of either drug/ml; Coccidioides immitis was inhibited by less than or equal to 0.5 microgram of R41,400/ml. Among the yeasts tested, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida parapsilosis were the most susceptibel to the two drugs, whereas Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were the least susceptible; 0.5 microgram of either drug/ml was inhibitory for 90%-100% of tested isolates of C. neoformans but for only less than or equal to 20% of isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata. Both drugs were inhibitory for most isolates of Trichophyton and Microsporum species at concentrations of less than or equal to 4 microgram/ml; Epidermophyton floccosum was uniquely susceptible to both drugs.", "PMID": 681800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5045", "title": "Relationship of subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen with e antigen and its corresponding antibody.", "content": "A total of 3,212 samples of blood from asymptomatic volunteer donors positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by radioimmunoassay and 860 samples negative for HBsAg were tested for the presence of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) and its corresponding antibody (anti-HBe) using a rheophoresis technique. Neither HBeAg nor anti-HBe was detected in any sample negative for HBsAg. Of the HBsAg-positive samples, 237 (7.4%) contained HBeAg and 749 (23.3%) had anti-HBe. HBeAg was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.0005) more likely to be in samples with high titers of HBsAg. Anti-HBe had an equal chance of occurring in samples with low or high titers of HBsAg. Both HBeAg and anti-HBe were found in samples with HBsAg subtypes ad or ay. However, a significant association (P less than or equal to 0.0005) between HBsAg/ay and HBeAg as well as an association between anti-HBe and HBsAg/ad was found.", "contents": "Relationship of subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen with e antigen and its corresponding antibody. A total of 3,212 samples of blood from asymptomatic volunteer donors positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by radioimmunoassay and 860 samples negative for HBsAg were tested for the presence of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) and its corresponding antibody (anti-HBe) using a rheophoresis technique. Neither HBeAg nor anti-HBe was detected in any sample negative for HBsAg. Of the HBsAg-positive samples, 237 (7.4%) contained HBeAg and 749 (23.3%) had anti-HBe. HBeAg was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.0005) more likely to be in samples with high titers of HBsAg. Anti-HBe had an equal chance of occurring in samples with low or high titers of HBsAg. Both HBeAg and anti-HBe were found in samples with HBsAg subtypes ad or ay. However, a significant association (P less than or equal to 0.0005) between HBsAg/ay and HBeAg as well as an association between anti-HBe and HBsAg/ad was found.", "PMID": 681801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5046", "title": "Mechanism of iron chelation in the hypertransfused rat: definition of two alternative pathways of iron mobilization.", "content": "The mechanism of action of two recently identified iron-chelating drugs, RA and CHA, was compared with that of two well-known chelating agents, DF and DTPA, in hypertransfused rats labeled with selective parenchymal and RE cell radioiron probes. The existence of two alternative pathways for the in vivo chelation of iron has been indicated by the present findings. The first of these pathways involves the extracellular chelation of RE cell iron and its subsequent excretion in the urine. The second pathway is concerned with the intracellular binding of hepatic parenchymal cell iron and its subsequent excretion in the bile. Iron chelation by DTPA is restricted to the first pathway, whereas iron chelation by CHA is confined to the second pathway. DF and RA have a dual effect and are able to enhance the urinary excretion of RE cell iron as well as the biliary excretion of hepatic parenchymal iron. Hypertransfused rats are a simple and useful experimental model for the study of iron mobilization by chelating agents of potential clinical usefulness. However, further studies are required to show whether the pathways of iron chelation identified in rats may represent the mechanism of iron chelation in patients with transfusional iron overload.", "contents": "Mechanism of iron chelation in the hypertransfused rat: definition of two alternative pathways of iron mobilization. The mechanism of action of two recently identified iron-chelating drugs, RA and CHA, was compared with that of two well-known chelating agents, DF and DTPA, in hypertransfused rats labeled with selective parenchymal and RE cell radioiron probes. The existence of two alternative pathways for the in vivo chelation of iron has been indicated by the present findings. The first of these pathways involves the extracellular chelation of RE cell iron and its subsequent excretion in the urine. The second pathway is concerned with the intracellular binding of hepatic parenchymal cell iron and its subsequent excretion in the bile. Iron chelation by DTPA is restricted to the first pathway, whereas iron chelation by CHA is confined to the second pathway. DF and RA have a dual effect and are able to enhance the urinary excretion of RE cell iron as well as the biliary excretion of hepatic parenchymal iron. Hypertransfused rats are a simple and useful experimental model for the study of iron mobilization by chelating agents of potential clinical usefulness. However, further studies are required to show whether the pathways of iron chelation identified in rats may represent the mechanism of iron chelation in patients with transfusional iron overload.", "PMID": 681807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5047", "title": "C-1 inactivator and cold-promoted activation of factor VII.", "content": "When exposed to  temperatures between -5 degree and +5 degree C, plasma from pregnant women and from certain blood donors show shortening of the Thrombotest clotting time, kallikrein formation, and activation of blood-clotting factor VII. This phenomenon has been called cold-promoted activation of factor VII (CPA). In this study, it was found that CPA-positive plasma or serum samples which had been exposed to low temepratures showed spontaneous disappearance of C-1-inactivator activity in parallel to the shortening of the Thrombotest clotting time. C-1-inactivator antigen was not affected by storage at 4 degree C. In these CPA-possitive samples the loss of C-1-inactivator activity is caused partially by the formation of kallikrein at this temperature because when kallikrelin was added to C-1 inactivator, the latter was inactive when tested in the esterolytic assay. The formation of Hageman factor fragments may add to further loss. Purified C-1 inactivator effectively inhibited the CPA phenomenon, whereas alpha2-macroglobulin did so only weakly. This finding indicates that during exposure of CPA-positive plasma samples to low temperatures, Hageman factor fragments, which are inhibited only by C-1 inactivator, induce the activation of the kallikrein system and blood clotting factor VII. The reported lowered activity of C-1 inactivator in pregnancy is probably an artifact caused by generation of CPA during storage, since in fresh samples the levels were compeletely normal. Similarly, various subjects classified as belonging to the variant type of HANE (low C-1-inactivator activity with a normal antigen content) were found to have normal C-1-inactivator activity when determinations were made on fresh instead of frozen samples. It is recommended that plasma or serum samples should not be exposed to temperatures between -5degree and +5degree C prior to the determination of C-1-inactivator activity. Moreover, during purification procedures of kallikrein-binding antiproteases such as C-1 inactivator and also alpha2-macroglobulin, the occurrence of CPA should be avoided by the use of CPA-negative plasma as starting material.", "contents": "C-1 inactivator and cold-promoted activation of factor VII. When exposed to  temperatures between -5 degree and +5 degree C, plasma from pregnant women and from certain blood donors show shortening of the Thrombotest clotting time, kallikrein formation, and activation of blood-clotting factor VII. This phenomenon has been called cold-promoted activation of factor VII (CPA). In this study, it was found that CPA-positive plasma or serum samples which had been exposed to low temepratures showed spontaneous disappearance of C-1-inactivator activity in parallel to the shortening of the Thrombotest clotting time. C-1-inactivator antigen was not affected by storage at 4 degree C. In these CPA-possitive samples the loss of C-1-inactivator activity is caused partially by the formation of kallikrein at this temperature because when kallikrelin was added to C-1 inactivator, the latter was inactive when tested in the esterolytic assay. The formation of Hageman factor fragments may add to further loss. Purified C-1 inactivator effectively inhibited the CPA phenomenon, whereas alpha2-macroglobulin did so only weakly. This finding indicates that during exposure of CPA-positive plasma samples to low temperatures, Hageman factor fragments, which are inhibited only by C-1 inactivator, induce the activation of the kallikrein system and blood clotting factor VII. The reported lowered activity of C-1 inactivator in pregnancy is probably an artifact caused by generation of CPA during storage, since in fresh samples the levels were compeletely normal. Similarly, various subjects classified as belonging to the variant type of HANE (low C-1-inactivator activity with a normal antigen content) were found to have normal C-1-inactivator activity when determinations were made on fresh instead of frozen samples. It is recommended that plasma or serum samples should not be exposed to temperatures between -5degree and +5degree C prior to the determination of C-1-inactivator activity. Moreover, during purification procedures of kallikrein-binding antiproteases such as C-1 inactivator and also alpha2-macroglobulin, the occurrence of CPA should be avoided by the use of CPA-negative plasma as starting material.", "PMID": 681808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5048", "title": "Precise anticoagulation for routine hemodialysis.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic model for minimal dose heparinization for chornic hemodialysis patients was recently described by Gotch and Keen. The model requires the determination of two parameters: dose sensitivity (computed for a given heparin dose from increase in WBPTT above a baseline value) and the heparin elimination constant. This study describes the extension of this model to the more precise control of anticoagulation during routine dialysis. S and K were measured in 30 stable chronic dialysis patients and were found to differ markedly (0.015 less than or equal to S 0.08 sec/unit; 0.04 less than or equal to K less than or equal to 1.7 hr-1). The mean S value was 0.041 +/- 0.002 sec/unit (N = 30) and the mean K value was 0.90 +/- 0.06 hr-1 (N = 30). In addition, the mean t 1/2 of heparin obtained in the group of 30 patients from individual rate constants was 0.86 +/- 0.06 hr, in excellent agreement with values obtained in normal subjects given similar doses of the drug. Variations in sensitivity during dialysis were minimal, but variations in elimination rate of up to 50% were encountered during modeling. However, the large variations in K did  not affect the applicability of the model of control clotting times during dialysis when infusion requirements were based on mean values of S and K taken over four to five dialyses. In an initial group of five patients, whose heparin requirements were reduced by an average of 38% +/- 20 (range  13% to 65%), there was no significant change in the degree of dialyzer clotting in comparing premodeling and postmodeling heparin therapy. In most of the remaining patients (N = 22) the pattern was similar: a reduction in total heparin administration without increased dialyzer clotting. In three patients (10%) over-all heparin dose had to be moderately increased (3% to 13%). Heparin modeling has been successfully applied to routine anticoahe technique cannot be extended to other clinical procedures involving either intermittent or continuous infusion of heparin. To assist in the application of heparin modeling, nomograms have been developed.", "contents": "Precise anticoagulation for routine hemodialysis. A pharmacokinetic model for minimal dose heparinization for chornic hemodialysis patients was recently described by Gotch and Keen. The model requires the determination of two parameters: dose sensitivity (computed for a given heparin dose from increase in WBPTT above a baseline value) and the heparin elimination constant. This study describes the extension of this model to the more precise control of anticoagulation during routine dialysis. S and K were measured in 30 stable chronic dialysis patients and were found to differ markedly (0.015 less than or equal to S 0.08 sec/unit; 0.04 less than or equal to K less than or equal to 1.7 hr-1). The mean S value was 0.041 +/- 0.002 sec/unit (N = 30) and the mean K value was 0.90 +/- 0.06 hr-1 (N = 30). In addition, the mean t 1/2 of heparin obtained in the group of 30 patients from individual rate constants was 0.86 +/- 0.06 hr, in excellent agreement with values obtained in normal subjects given similar doses of the drug. Variations in sensitivity during dialysis were minimal, but variations in elimination rate of up to 50% were encountered during modeling. However, the large variations in K did  not affect the applicability of the model of control clotting times during dialysis when infusion requirements were based on mean values of S and K taken over four to five dialyses. In an initial group of five patients, whose heparin requirements were reduced by an average of 38% +/- 20 (range  13% to 65%), there was no significant change in the degree of dialyzer clotting in comparing premodeling and postmodeling heparin therapy. In most of the remaining patients (N = 22) the pattern was similar: a reduction in total heparin administration without increased dialyzer clotting. In three patients (10%) over-all heparin dose had to be moderately increased (3% to 13%). Heparin modeling has been successfully applied to routine anticoahe technique cannot be extended to other clinical procedures involving either intermittent or continuous infusion of heparin. To assist in the application of heparin modeling, nomograms have been developed.", "PMID": 681809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5049", "title": "Fetal sulfated and nonsulfated bile acids in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.", "content": "Nonsulfated the sulfated bile acids were determined in maternal and umbilical cord serum, amniotic fluid, and meconium samples in pregnancies complicated by maternal intrahepatic cholestasis, and the results were compared with those obtained in uncomplicated pregnancy. The serum levels of nonsulfated and sulfated bile acids were elevated in both maternal and fetal serum in cholestasis pregnancies, and there was a considerable maternal-to-fetal difference in their levels across the placenta, the lower values being in the fetal compartment. The proportion of sulfate conjugates of the total serum bile acids was similar in both compartments, about 10%. In amniotic fluid low levels of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid were found in uncomplicated pregnancies. In the cholestasis pregnancies amniotic fluid bile acid levels were elevated, especially that of cholic acid. The swallowing of considerable amounts of bile salt by the fetus with the amniotic fluid leads to an increased accumulation of bile salt in the meconium in cholestasis. The proportion of sulfate-conjugated bile acids was large in the meconium samples in both uncomplicated and cholestasis pregnancies.", "contents": "Fetal sulfated and nonsulfated bile acids in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Nonsulfated the sulfated bile acids were determined in maternal and umbilical cord serum, amniotic fluid, and meconium samples in pregnancies complicated by maternal intrahepatic cholestasis, and the results were compared with those obtained in uncomplicated pregnancy. The serum levels of nonsulfated and sulfated bile acids were elevated in both maternal and fetal serum in cholestasis pregnancies, and there was a considerable maternal-to-fetal difference in their levels across the placenta, the lower values being in the fetal compartment. The proportion of sulfate conjugates of the total serum bile acids was similar in both compartments, about 10%. In amniotic fluid low levels of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid were found in uncomplicated pregnancies. In the cholestasis pregnancies amniotic fluid bile acid levels were elevated, especially that of cholic acid. The swallowing of considerable amounts of bile salt by the fetus with the amniotic fluid leads to an increased accumulation of bile salt in the meconium in cholestasis. The proportion of sulfate-conjugated bile acids was large in the meconium samples in both uncomplicated and cholestasis pregnancies.", "PMID": 681810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5050", "title": "Cholesterol from serum and cholesterol-phospholipid dispersions by isolated rat hepatocytes in vitro.", "content": "The rate of uptake of cholesterol by isolated rat hepatocytes from incubation medium containing rat serum was low and did not increase by the prolongation of incubation time up to 2 hr at 4 degree. However, the hepatocytes took up cholesterol very actively at 37.5 degree from serum as well as from a cholesterol-phospholipid dispersion. The cholesterol uptake by the cells from liposomes increased linearly with the increase of the cholesterol concentration of liposomes, but that from serum reached the maximum at about 1.5 mu mol/ml cholesterol and remained at a plateau level at higher concentrations. Cholesterol was transfered from every class of serum lipoprotein, although the uptake ratio was the highest from the LDL fraction. As the lipoprotein concentration was increased, the uptake ratio decreased in the same way as that observed in the incubation with whole serum. The concentration of labeled ester cholesterol in the medium decreased more rapidly than free cholesterol during incubation. Cholesterol in the hepatocytes, however, was found mainly as the free form, suggesting that ester cholesterol taken up by the cells was rapidly hydrolyzed. Cholesterol accumulation was not observed in hepatocytes incubated in medium containing serum, but their cholesterol content was increased after the incubation in medium with liposomes of high cholesterol concentration. Therefore the uptake of cholesterol by hepatocytes from serum lipoproteins is probably carried out by a process different from that of uptake from liposomes which is considered to be a physicochemical phenomenon.", "contents": "Cholesterol from serum and cholesterol-phospholipid dispersions by isolated rat hepatocytes in vitro. The rate of uptake of cholesterol by isolated rat hepatocytes from incubation medium containing rat serum was low and did not increase by the prolongation of incubation time up to 2 hr at 4 degree. However, the hepatocytes took up cholesterol very actively at 37.5 degree from serum as well as from a cholesterol-phospholipid dispersion. The cholesterol uptake by the cells from liposomes increased linearly with the increase of the cholesterol concentration of liposomes, but that from serum reached the maximum at about 1.5 mu mol/ml cholesterol and remained at a plateau level at higher concentrations. Cholesterol was transfered from every class of serum lipoprotein, although the uptake ratio was the highest from the LDL fraction. As the lipoprotein concentration was increased, the uptake ratio decreased in the same way as that observed in the incubation with whole serum. The concentration of labeled ester cholesterol in the medium decreased more rapidly than free cholesterol during incubation. Cholesterol in the hepatocytes, however, was found mainly as the free form, suggesting that ester cholesterol taken up by the cells was rapidly hydrolyzed. Cholesterol accumulation was not observed in hepatocytes incubated in medium containing serum, but their cholesterol content was increased after the incubation in medium with liposomes of high cholesterol concentration. Therefore the uptake of cholesterol by hepatocytes from serum lipoproteins is probably carried out by a process different from that of uptake from liposomes which is considered to be a physicochemical phenomenon.", "PMID": 681811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5051", "title": "Microtubule assembly in renal medullary slices: effects of vasopressin, vinblastine, and lithium.", "content": "The effects of vasopressin and some of its inhibitors on the extent of MT polymerization (assembly) were studied in renal medullary slices by means of temperature-dependent polymerization-depolymerization procedure to determine the relative ratio of free (unpolymerized) tubulin to assembled MT's. Assembled MT's were stabilized in a medium containing high concentrations of glycerol and DMSO. Tubulin was assessed indirectly by the [3H]-CLC-binding assay. Incubation of slices at temperatures higher than 20 degree C promoted MT polymerization. Although vasopressin markedly increased the tissue levels of cAMP and activated in situ cAMP-dependent protein kinase, it did not change the extent of MT polymerization. On the other hand, VBL and to a lesser degree lithium chloride inhibited the rate of MT assembly. This finding suggests that VBL and lithium, which are known to inhibit the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin in vivo, may exert at least part of their inhibitory effect by interfering with MT assembly in the renal medulla. Present results thus are consistent with the view that vasopressin does not influence the extent of cytoplasmic MT polymerization in spite of the increase in tissue cAMP level and activation of protein kinase but that inact MT's are required for the cellular action of vasopressin.", "contents": "Microtubule assembly in renal medullary slices: effects of vasopressin, vinblastine, and lithium. The effects of vasopressin and some of its inhibitors on the extent of MT polymerization (assembly) were studied in renal medullary slices by means of temperature-dependent polymerization-depolymerization procedure to determine the relative ratio of free (unpolymerized) tubulin to assembled MT's. Assembled MT's were stabilized in a medium containing high concentrations of glycerol and DMSO. Tubulin was assessed indirectly by the [3H]-CLC-binding assay. Incubation of slices at temperatures higher than 20 degree C promoted MT polymerization. Although vasopressin markedly increased the tissue levels of cAMP and activated in situ cAMP-dependent protein kinase, it did not change the extent of MT polymerization. On the other hand, VBL and to a lesser degree lithium chloride inhibited the rate of MT assembly. This finding suggests that VBL and lithium, which are known to inhibit the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin in vivo, may exert at least part of their inhibitory effect by interfering with MT assembly in the renal medulla. Present results thus are consistent with the view that vasopressin does not influence the extent of cytoplasmic MT polymerization in spite of the increase in tissue cAMP level and activation of protein kinase but that inact MT's are required for the cellular action of vasopressin.", "PMID": 681812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5052", "title": "The effect of experimental tobacco smoke inhalation on in vitro alveolar macrophage bactericidal function.", "content": "The in vitro antibacterial activity of rat alveolar macrophages against a challenge of radiolabeled Staphylococcus epidermidis was studied following 30 and 60 consecutive days of in vivo tobacco smoke inhalation in a dose equivalent to approximately 1 1/2 packs of unfiltered cigarettes per day in man. Macrophages harvested by bronchopulmonary lavage, were cultured, infected, and assayed hourly for 3 hr to determine the relative percentage of surviving radiolabeled intracellular bacteria. Macrophages  harvested from smoke-treated rats for 30 days had an impaired capacity to kill bacteria when compared to macrophages from control and sham-smoked animals (63.5% +/- 3.3, 80.8% +/- 3.8, and 86.2% %/- 1.2 killed in 3 hr, respectively). Alveolar macrophages harvested from rats exposed to cigarette smoke for 60 days, however, did not have an impairment in their bactericidal activity relative to matched controls (73.3% +/- 3.9 vs 69.8% +/- 6.9 killed in 3 hr). These data imply that doses of cigarette smoke commonly consumed by man impair the in vitro bactericidal function of the rat alveolar macrophages following 30 consecutive days of experimental smoke treatment. The disappearance of this effect after 60 days of exposure to tobacco smoke suggests that an adaptation to the initial impairment has developed.", "contents": "The effect of experimental tobacco smoke inhalation on in vitro alveolar macrophage bactericidal function. The in vitro antibacterial activity of rat alveolar macrophages against a challenge of radiolabeled Staphylococcus epidermidis was studied following 30 and 60 consecutive days of in vivo tobacco smoke inhalation in a dose equivalent to approximately 1 1/2 packs of unfiltered cigarettes per day in man. Macrophages harvested by bronchopulmonary lavage, were cultured, infected, and assayed hourly for 3 hr to determine the relative percentage of surviving radiolabeled intracellular bacteria. Macrophages  harvested from smoke-treated rats for 30 days had an impaired capacity to kill bacteria when compared to macrophages from control and sham-smoked animals (63.5% +/- 3.3, 80.8% +/- 3.8, and 86.2% %/- 1.2 killed in 3 hr, respectively). Alveolar macrophages harvested from rats exposed to cigarette smoke for 60 days, however, did not have an impairment in their bactericidal activity relative to matched controls (73.3% +/- 3.9 vs 69.8% +/- 6.9 killed in 3 hr). These data imply that doses of cigarette smoke commonly consumed by man impair the in vitro bactericidal function of the rat alveolar macrophages following 30 consecutive days of experimental smoke treatment. The disappearance of this effect after 60 days of exposure to tobacco smoke suggests that an adaptation to the initial impairment has developed.", "PMID": 681813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5053", "title": "Comparison of screening methods for determination of N4-acetyltransferase capacity (acetylator phenotype) in outbred rabbit strains.", "content": "The low incidence (10% to 35%) of slow acetylator phenotype requires development of efficient screening techniques for phenotyping rabbits. We report here the phenotyping of 166 rabbits by means of an IA calculated from the plasma determination of SDZ and NSDZ at 60 min after a dose of 20 mg/kg SDZ intravenously. The IA is compared to the elimination t 1/2 beta of SDZ as well as with other parameters. CITB and present of dose recovered in urine as NSDZ. The use of IA to screen for slow or fast acetylators when compared to t1/2 beta resulted in six rabbits being misclassified (13.3%); the use of CITB values from the same animals resulted in two misclassifications (4.4%); the use of percent of dose recovered in urine as NSDZ resulted in only one rabbit being misclassified (3.8%). We conclude that the IA provides an efficient screening procedure for acetylation phenotype in the rabbit with the further advantage that it can be performed as part of the definitive t1/2 beta determination, avoiding double handling of rabbits.", "contents": "Comparison of screening methods for determination of N4-acetyltransferase capacity (acetylator phenotype) in outbred rabbit strains. The low incidence (10% to 35%) of slow acetylator phenotype requires development of efficient screening techniques for phenotyping rabbits. We report here the phenotyping of 166 rabbits by means of an IA calculated from the plasma determination of SDZ and NSDZ at 60 min after a dose of 20 mg/kg SDZ intravenously. The IA is compared to the elimination t 1/2 beta of SDZ as well as with other parameters. CITB and present of dose recovered in urine as NSDZ. The use of IA to screen for slow or fast acetylators when compared to t1/2 beta resulted in six rabbits being misclassified (13.3%); the use of CITB values from the same animals resulted in two misclassifications (4.4%); the use of percent of dose recovered in urine as NSDZ resulted in only one rabbit being misclassified (3.8%). We conclude that the IA provides an efficient screening procedure for acetylation phenotype in the rabbit with the further advantage that it can be performed as part of the definitive t1/2 beta determination, avoiding double handling of rabbits.", "PMID": 681814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5054", "title": "Dissociation of the neutrophill functions of exocytosis and chemotaxis.", "content": "The peptide Gly-His-Gly is shown to be chemotactic for human neutrophils in vitro and for rabbit neutrophils in vivo but to be unable to induce lysosomal enzyme release from human neutrophils at sublytic concentrations. The failure of this chemotactic peptide to elicit lysosomal enzyme release provides evidence that interactions with a chemotactic receptor does not necessarily activate chemotaxis and exocytosis in the human neutrophil, thus suggesting that the presumed common pathway of exocytosis and chemotaxis may be divergent at the  cell receptor and/or postreceptor level.", "contents": "Dissociation of the neutrophill functions of exocytosis and chemotaxis. The peptide Gly-His-Gly is shown to be chemotactic for human neutrophils in vitro and for rabbit neutrophils in vivo but to be unable to induce lysosomal enzyme release from human neutrophils at sublytic concentrations. The failure of this chemotactic peptide to elicit lysosomal enzyme release provides evidence that interactions with a chemotactic receptor does not necessarily activate chemotaxis and exocytosis in the human neutrophil, thus suggesting that the presumed common pathway of exocytosis and chemotaxis may be divergent at the  cell receptor and/or postreceptor level.", "PMID": 681815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5055", "title": "Effect of protein deprivation on hematopoietic stem cells and on peripheral blood counts.", "content": "Experiments were performed to determined the effect of protein deprivation on CFU-S in the spleen and femoral marrow, on the peripheral blood counts, and on the rate at which these parameters regenerate following radiation. Splenic CFU-S decrease in number after only 3 days on diets containing 5% protein or less. Marrow CFU-S, on the other hand, decrease only after mice are fed a protein-free diet for 4 weeks or more. The hematocrits, platelet counts, and WBC counts fall in the latter group. Marrow CFU-S regenerate more slowly in irradiated mice fed diets containing 5% protein or less. Also, the hemocrits, WBC counts, and platelet counts of irradiated mice fed diets containing 5% protein regenerate more slowly than do those of irradiated mice fed normal diets. The effect of protein deprivation on erythropoietin production, erythropoiesis, granulocyte function, and immunocompetence is well known. The studies reported here indicate, in addition, that protein deprivation also causes the numbers of CFU-S and the platelet counts to decline.", "contents": "Effect of protein deprivation on hematopoietic stem cells and on peripheral blood counts. Experiments were performed to determined the effect of protein deprivation on CFU-S in the spleen and femoral marrow, on the peripheral blood counts, and on the rate at which these parameters regenerate following radiation. Splenic CFU-S decrease in number after only 3 days on diets containing 5% protein or less. Marrow CFU-S, on the other hand, decrease only after mice are fed a protein-free diet for 4 weeks or more. The hematocrits, platelet counts, and WBC counts fall in the latter group. Marrow CFU-S regenerate more slowly in irradiated mice fed diets containing 5% protein or less. Also, the hemocrits, WBC counts, and platelet counts of irradiated mice fed diets containing 5% protein regenerate more slowly than do those of irradiated mice fed normal diets. The effect of protein deprivation on erythropoietin production, erythropoiesis, granulocyte function, and immunocompetence is well known. The studies reported here indicate, in addition, that protein deprivation also causes the numbers of CFU-S and the platelet counts to decline.", "PMID": 681816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5056", "title": "Variability in the interaction of beta-thalassemia with the alpha-chain variants Hb G-Philadelphia and Hb Rampa.", "content": "Two unrelated families are reported in which beta-thalassemia trait occurred with a heterozygosity of Hb G-Philadelphia (alpha2 68(E17)Asn leads to Lys beta2) in one family and with Hb Rampa (alpha2 95(G2)Pro leads to Ser beta2) in the other. The percentage of Hb G-Philadelphia was not influenced by the simultaneous presence of a beta-thalassemai determinant, but that of Hb Rampa was descreased from 20% in the simple heterozygote to about 6% in persons with the Hb Rampa-beta-thalassemia combination. Data from  in vitro recombination experiments with isolated alpha X, alpha A, and beta A chains, with heme attached, indicated a preferential formation of Hb A over Hb Rampa but not over Hb G-Philadelphia in conditions of relative beta-chain deficiency. This suggests that the rate of assembly of monomers to form dimers or tetramers can be an important mechanism of controlling the quantity of certain hemoglobin variants with critical substitutions in heterozygotes.", "contents": "Variability in the interaction of beta-thalassemia with the alpha-chain variants Hb G-Philadelphia and Hb Rampa. Two unrelated families are reported in which beta-thalassemia trait occurred with a heterozygosity of Hb G-Philadelphia (alpha2 68(E17)Asn leads to Lys beta2) in one family and with Hb Rampa (alpha2 95(G2)Pro leads to Ser beta2) in the other. The percentage of Hb G-Philadelphia was not influenced by the simultaneous presence of a beta-thalassemai determinant, but that of Hb Rampa was descreased from 20% in the simple heterozygote to about 6% in persons with the Hb Rampa-beta-thalassemia combination. Data from  in vitro recombination experiments with isolated alpha X, alpha A, and beta A chains, with heme attached, indicated a preferential formation of Hb A over Hb Rampa but not over Hb G-Philadelphia in conditions of relative beta-chain deficiency. This suggests that the rate of assembly of monomers to form dimers or tetramers can be an important mechanism of controlling the quantity of certain hemoglobin variants with critical substitutions in heterozygotes.", "PMID": 681817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5057", "title": "An interactive data management and analysis system for clinical investigators.", "content": "An interactive minicomputer-based system has been developed that enables the clinical research investigator to personally explore and analyze his research data and, as a consequence of these explorations, to acquire more information. This system, which does not require extensive training or computer programming, enables the investigator to describe his data interactively in his own terms, enter data values while having them checked for validity, store time-oriented patient data in a carefully controlled on-line data base, retrieve data by patient, variable, and time, create subsets of patients with common characteristics, perform statistical analyses, and produce tables and graphs. It also permits data to be transferred to and from other computers. The system is well accepted and is being used by a variety  of medical specialists at the three clinical research centers where it is operational. Reported benefits include less elapsed and nonproductive time, more thorough analysis of more data, greater and earlier insight into the meaning of research data, and increased publishable results.", "contents": "An interactive data management and analysis system for clinical investigators. An interactive minicomputer-based system has been developed that enables the clinical research investigator to personally explore and analyze his research data and, as a consequence of these explorations, to acquire more information. This system, which does not require extensive training or computer programming, enables the investigator to describe his data interactively in his own terms, enter data values while having them checked for validity, store time-oriented patient data in a carefully controlled on-line data base, retrieve data by patient, variable, and time, create subsets of patients with common characteristics, perform statistical analyses, and produce tables and graphs. It also permits data to be transferred to and from other computers. The system is well accepted and is being used by a variety  of medical specialists at the three clinical research centers where it is operational. Reported benefits include less elapsed and nonproductive time, more thorough analysis of more data, greater and earlier insight into the meaning of research data, and increased publishable results.", "PMID": 681819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5058", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for human myoglobin: methods and results in patients with skeletal muscle or myocardial disorders.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of serum Mb. immunization of rabbit with human Mb yielded anti-Mb antibody which was purified by affinity chromatography. Human hemoglobin, CK, and the component of serum per se did not appear to cross-react with the antibody. Mb was radiolabeled by the chloramine T method. The radioimmunoassay method could detect as little as 0.3 ng of Mb and was not affected by hemolysis. Information is also given on precision, recovery, and specimen preservation. Mb levels could be detected in all of 120 normal adults, and the values ranged between 1 and 28 ng/ml (mean, 13.1 +/- 6.1). No sex difference was observed. Levels were markedly elevated in all the patients with progressive muscular dystrophy, especially in the Duchenne type at the level of 40 to 1700 ng/ml. It was also noticed that about 70% of female gene carriers of Duchenne type had a slightly increased Mb level. An elevated serum Mb was also noted in polymyositis. In every case of acute myocardial infarction, serum Mb levels were increased, peak values ranging from 175 to 4400 ng/ml and averaging 1162 +/- 287.9. Mb levels were elevated faster and peaked earlier (within 6 to 12 hr after the attack) than serum CK activity and returned to nearly normal range within 3 to 4 days. The increase in serum Mb was also noticed in shock and surgery. These data indicate that radioimmunoassay of Mb is a useful test for judging the myolytic state of myogenic myopathies and for early detection of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for human myoglobin: methods and results in patients with skeletal muscle or myocardial disorders. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of serum Mb. immunization of rabbit with human Mb yielded anti-Mb antibody which was purified by affinity chromatography. Human hemoglobin, CK, and the component of serum per se did not appear to cross-react with the antibody. Mb was radiolabeled by the chloramine T method. The radioimmunoassay method could detect as little as 0.3 ng of Mb and was not affected by hemolysis. Information is also given on precision, recovery, and specimen preservation. Mb levels could be detected in all of 120 normal adults, and the values ranged between 1 and 28 ng/ml (mean, 13.1 +/- 6.1). No sex difference was observed. Levels were markedly elevated in all the patients with progressive muscular dystrophy, especially in the Duchenne type at the level of 40 to 1700 ng/ml. It was also noticed that about 70% of female gene carriers of Duchenne type had a slightly increased Mb level. An elevated serum Mb was also noted in polymyositis. In every case of acute myocardial infarction, serum Mb levels were increased, peak values ranging from 175 to 4400 ng/ml and averaging 1162 +/- 287.9. Mb levels were elevated faster and peaked earlier (within 6 to 12 hr after the attack) than serum CK activity and returned to nearly normal range within 3 to 4 days. The increase in serum Mb was also noticed in shock and surgery. These data indicate that radioimmunoassay of Mb is a useful test for judging the myolytic state of myogenic myopathies and for early detection of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 681820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5059", "title": "The anemia of chronic renal failure: studies of the effect of organic solvent extraction of serum.", "content": "CRF serum contains a material(s) which is inhibitory to erythropoiesis in vitro. The chemical nature and mechanism of action of this material are unclear at the present time. To further study this problem, we extracted NL serum and CRF serum samples with two organic solvents, chloroform and petroleum ether. The serum samples were studied before and after extraction in a tissue culture system in which dog erythroblasts were stimulated by EP to synthesize heme. Before extraction, cells suspended in CRF serum synthesized less heme than cells cultured in NL serum. Extraction of CRF serum with chloroform, but not petroleum ether, resulted in an improvement in its ability to support heme synthesis. Studies of the material extracted by chloroform from CRF serum showed that it was inhibitory to erythropoiesis. We propose that the erythropoietic inhibitory substance in uremic serum in soluble in chloroform but not in petroleum ether, suggesting that it is a polar lipid.", "contents": "The anemia of chronic renal failure: studies of the effect of organic solvent extraction of serum. CRF serum contains a material(s) which is inhibitory to erythropoiesis in vitro. The chemical nature and mechanism of action of this material are unclear at the present time. To further study this problem, we extracted NL serum and CRF serum samples with two organic solvents, chloroform and petroleum ether. The serum samples were studied before and after extraction in a tissue culture system in which dog erythroblasts were stimulated by EP to synthesize heme. Before extraction, cells suspended in CRF serum synthesized less heme than cells cultured in NL serum. Extraction of CRF serum with chloroform, but not petroleum ether, resulted in an improvement in its ability to support heme synthesis. Studies of the material extracted by chloroform from CRF serum showed that it was inhibitory to erythropoiesis. We propose that the erythropoietic inhibitory substance in uremic serum in soluble in chloroform but not in petroleum ether, suggesting that it is a polar lipid.", "PMID": 681821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5060", "title": "The effect of serum from patients with chronic renal failure on erythroid colony growth in vitro.", "content": "Considerable evidence suggests that insufficient EP production and the presence of a toxic factor inhibiting erythropoiesis are two major factors responsible for the production of anemia in patients with CRF. The toxic factor can be detected in a number of tissue culture systems. In order to evaluate its mechanism of action in a proliferation-dependent system, we studied the formation of erythroid colonies in plasma clots containing normal serum and CRF serum, using normal mouse marrow cells as the target organ. Fewer colonies were found in cultures containing uremic serum. This effect was greater as the concentration of serum was increased. No differences were found in the size or morphology of colonies formed. Addition of urea and creatinine to normal sera did not affect their ability to support colony growth. Uremic sera had no effect on white cell colony growth in the plasma clot system. We conclude that materials inhibitory to erythroid proliferation are present in CRF serum.", "contents": "The effect of serum from patients with chronic renal failure on erythroid colony growth in vitro. Considerable evidence suggests that insufficient EP production and the presence of a toxic factor inhibiting erythropoiesis are two major factors responsible for the production of anemia in patients with CRF. The toxic factor can be detected in a number of tissue culture systems. In order to evaluate its mechanism of action in a proliferation-dependent system, we studied the formation of erythroid colonies in plasma clots containing normal serum and CRF serum, using normal mouse marrow cells as the target organ. Fewer colonies were found in cultures containing uremic serum. This effect was greater as the concentration of serum was increased. No differences were found in the size or morphology of colonies formed. Addition of urea and creatinine to normal sera did not affect their ability to support colony growth. Uremic sera had no effect on white cell colony growth in the plasma clot system. We conclude that materials inhibitory to erythroid proliferation are present in CRF serum.", "PMID": 681822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5061", "title": "Catabolism of hemoglobin by human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The role of the human erythrocyte membrane in degrading hemoglobin and hemoglobin subunits was investigated by determined the total radioactivity (cpm) of the nascent alpha and beta globin chains attached to the membrane after labeling of intact cells with 14C-leucine. In conditions characterized by balanced globin synthesis (normal and sickle cell anemia), the total radioactivity of membrane-attached alpha globin is always less than membrane-attached beta globin (alpha/beta = 0.60 +/- 0.10) despite the equal synthesis of alpha and beta chains in the hemolysate. In conditions characterized by unbalanced globin synthesis (alpha-thal and beta-thal traits) the cpm of membrane-attached alpha are also less than those of membrane-attached beta. Attachment of globin chains to the membrane is not related to the net ionic charge of individual chains, but the amount of attachment is related to the relative size of the free intracellular alpha chain pool. The alpha/beta ratio of less than 1 is not due to selective attachment of nascent beta chains or selective destruction of nascent alpha chains. The data indicate that part of the discrepancy between membrane and hemolysate alpha/beta radioactivities seen in the conditions studied is due to different rates of entry into the membrane and catabolism of newly labeled globin polypeptide chains by it.", "contents": "Catabolism of hemoglobin by human erythrocyte membranes. The role of the human erythrocyte membrane in degrading hemoglobin and hemoglobin subunits was investigated by determined the total radioactivity (cpm) of the nascent alpha and beta globin chains attached to the membrane after labeling of intact cells with 14C-leucine. In conditions characterized by balanced globin synthesis (normal and sickle cell anemia), the total radioactivity of membrane-attached alpha globin is always less than membrane-attached beta globin (alpha/beta = 0.60 +/- 0.10) despite the equal synthesis of alpha and beta chains in the hemolysate. In conditions characterized by unbalanced globin synthesis (alpha-thal and beta-thal traits) the cpm of membrane-attached alpha are also less than those of membrane-attached beta. Attachment of globin chains to the membrane is not related to the net ionic charge of individual chains, but the amount of attachment is related to the relative size of the free intracellular alpha chain pool. The alpha/beta ratio of less than 1 is not due to selective attachment of nascent beta chains or selective destruction of nascent alpha chains. The data indicate that part of the discrepancy between membrane and hemolysate alpha/beta radioactivities seen in the conditions studied is due to different rates of entry into the membrane and catabolism of newly labeled globin polypeptide chains by it.", "PMID": 681824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5062", "title": "A platelet procoagulant activity associated with platelet shape change.", "content": "PCA was measured for human PRP by determining recalcification times assayed in a minimal-dilution, controlled PH/PCO2 system in a siliconized cuvette, with the use of light transmission measurements (aggregometry). Platelet shape, aggregation, and plasma clotting end points were assayed photometrically, with platelet morphology and aggregation studied in parallel by light microscopy. With varying concentrations of ADP preincubated with PRP initially containing essentially disc-shaped platelets, it was found that induced shape change in the absence of an aggregation is necessary and sufficient for the development of PCA. This was consistently measurable as a shortening of recalcification times by approximately 50% for suspensions of shape-changed platelets vs. disc-shaped platelets. The pharmacologic inhibition of the endoperoxide pathway-mediated platelet secondary aggregation and release by aspirin administered in vivo does not impair the ability of human platelets to develop this PCA. Inhibition of shape change with amounts of 5'-adenosine monophosphate insufficient to affect coagulation tests in the absence of platelets leads to 80% to 90% inhibition of the ADP-induced PCA. This PCA is shown to be fully reversible, with morphologic reversion of shape-changed platelets to the discoid form, and is shown to be distinct from other PCAs previously described for platelets activated in different ways, such as PF3 activity. It is suggested that the binding of coagulation factors to the platelet membrane may be regulated concomitantly with shape change.", "contents": "A platelet procoagulant activity associated with platelet shape change. PCA was measured for human PRP by determining recalcification times assayed in a minimal-dilution, controlled PH/PCO2 system in a siliconized cuvette, with the use of light transmission measurements (aggregometry). Platelet shape, aggregation, and plasma clotting end points were assayed photometrically, with platelet morphology and aggregation studied in parallel by light microscopy. With varying concentrations of ADP preincubated with PRP initially containing essentially disc-shaped platelets, it was found that induced shape change in the absence of an aggregation is necessary and sufficient for the development of PCA. This was consistently measurable as a shortening of recalcification times by approximately 50% for suspensions of shape-changed platelets vs. disc-shaped platelets. The pharmacologic inhibition of the endoperoxide pathway-mediated platelet secondary aggregation and release by aspirin administered in vivo does not impair the ability of human platelets to develop this PCA. Inhibition of shape change with amounts of 5'-adenosine monophosphate insufficient to affect coagulation tests in the absence of platelets leads to 80% to 90% inhibition of the ADP-induced PCA. This PCA is shown to be fully reversible, with morphologic reversion of shape-changed platelets to the discoid form, and is shown to be distinct from other PCAs previously described for platelets activated in different ways, such as PF3 activity. It is suggested that the binding of coagulation factors to the platelet membrane may be regulated concomitantly with shape change.", "PMID": 681825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5063", "title": "Defective chemotaxis in uremia.", "content": "Of uremic patients, 37% demonstrated the presence of CFI in their sera. The serum factor acts directly on leukotatic factors, C5f, C3f, and BF to render them irreversibly inactive. Inhibitory activity was found in five of 16 patients: 37% to 61% for C5f, 25% to 36% for C3f, and 28% to 51% for BF. There is no correlation of this inhibitory activity with BUN or creatinine levels. The presence of this chemotactic inhibitor may be responsible for the increased incidence of infection in uremia.", "contents": "Defective chemotaxis in uremia. Of uremic patients, 37% demonstrated the presence of CFI in their sera. The serum factor acts directly on leukotatic factors, C5f, C3f, and BF to render them irreversibly inactive. Inhibitory activity was found in five of 16 patients: 37% to 61% for C5f, 25% to 36% for C3f, and 28% to 51% for BF. There is no correlation of this inhibitory activity with BUN or creatinine levels. The presence of this chemotactic inhibitor may be responsible for the increased incidence of infection in uremia.", "PMID": 681826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5064", "title": "Effect of nonsupressible insulin-like protein on glomerular protein synthesis.", "content": "Partially purified preparations of NSILP were evaluated for effect on incorporation of labeled precursors into protein, collagen, and basement membrane by isolated rat renal glomeruli. Dowex-adsorbed NSILP (0.5 mU/mg) inhibited the secretion of protein and collagen and resulted in a significant diminution of incorporation of labeled lysine into glomerular basement membrane. Glomerular protein and collagen secretion were also inhibited in the presence of Sephadex G-200 NSILP (4.5 mU/mg), but an effect on incorporation of radiolabeled proline, hydroxyproline, lysine, and hydroxylysine into glomerular basement membrane was not observed. The in vitro response of renal glomeruli to NSILP constitutes another \"insulin-like\" effect of this substance.", "contents": "Effect of nonsupressible insulin-like protein on glomerular protein synthesis. Partially purified preparations of NSILP were evaluated for effect on incorporation of labeled precursors into protein, collagen, and basement membrane by isolated rat renal glomeruli. Dowex-adsorbed NSILP (0.5 mU/mg) inhibited the secretion of protein and collagen and resulted in a significant diminution of incorporation of labeled lysine into glomerular basement membrane. Glomerular protein and collagen secretion were also inhibited in the presence of Sephadex G-200 NSILP (4.5 mU/mg), but an effect on incorporation of radiolabeled proline, hydroxyproline, lysine, and hydroxylysine into glomerular basement membrane was not observed. The in vitro response of renal glomeruli to NSILP constitutes another \"insulin-like\" effect of this substance.", "PMID": 681827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5065", "title": "The measurement of urinary prostaglandin E in normal subjects and in high-renin states.", "content": "Antisera generated toward PGE was obtained from rabbits immunized with PGE2 conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin by the carbodiimide reaction. The specificity of the antibody is such that only PGE1 and PGE2 has significant cross-reactions. 13, 14-Dihydro and 15-keto PG's did not react. An RIA capable of measuring 6 pg of PGE2 was developed to measure PGE in human urine. Urine samples adjusted with buffer to pH-5 are extracted with 5% MeOH in CH2CI2 and chromatographed through Sephadex LH-20 columns. The second-antibody technique is used to separate bound from free. This urine method yields blank values of 2 +/- 2 pg per sample, with a between-assay precision determined by duplicate analysis of 14% and intra-assay precision of 8%. The mean urinary excretion rate is 500 +/- 74 (S.E.), +/- 209 (S.D.) ng/day (n = 8) in men and 300 +/- 70, +/- 242 (n = 12) in women. These values are in agreement with those reported by others using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of receptor assay with hepatic plasma membranes. Patients in a high-renin state, whether normotensive or hypertensive, have elevated PGE in urine. These studies suggest a relationship between the renin-angiotensin system and renal PG's in man.", "contents": "The measurement of urinary prostaglandin E in normal subjects and in high-renin states. Antisera generated toward PGE was obtained from rabbits immunized with PGE2 conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin by the carbodiimide reaction. The specificity of the antibody is such that only PGE1 and PGE2 has significant cross-reactions. 13, 14-Dihydro and 15-keto PG's did not react. An RIA capable of measuring 6 pg of PGE2 was developed to measure PGE in human urine. Urine samples adjusted with buffer to pH-5 are extracted with 5% MeOH in CH2CI2 and chromatographed through Sephadex LH-20 columns. The second-antibody technique is used to separate bound from free. This urine method yields blank values of 2 +/- 2 pg per sample, with a between-assay precision determined by duplicate analysis of 14% and intra-assay precision of 8%. The mean urinary excretion rate is 500 +/- 74 (S.E.), +/- 209 (S.D.) ng/day (n = 8) in men and 300 +/- 70, +/- 242 (n = 12) in women. These values are in agreement with those reported by others using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of receptor assay with hepatic plasma membranes. Patients in a high-renin state, whether normotensive or hypertensive, have elevated PGE in urine. These studies suggest a relationship between the renin-angiotensin system and renal PG's in man.", "PMID": 681828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5066", "title": "Interaction of plasma proteins with artificial surfaces: protein adsorption isotherms.", "content": "A simple technique using a small disc which is dipped into a 125I-labeled protein solution has been devised to study the adsorption of human albumin, fibrinogen, and IgG onto Cuprophane or PVC. The purity of these human plasma proteins has been examined carefully with PAGE and immunochemical methods. The adsorption isotherms of albumin, fibrinogen, and IgG show a langmuir type adsorption. Delipidation of albumin did not alter the albumin affinity to Cuprophane and PVC. The surface saturation concentration (ng/cm2) for albumin, fibrinogen, or IgG were all found to be more on PVC (a hydrophobic surface) than on Cuprophane (a hydrophilic surface). The competitive adsorption of one protein species in a two- or three-protein mixture was also studied. Albumin and fibrinogen complete with each other for adsorption. The effects of IgG on the adsorption of albumin or fibrinogen were inconsistent and not predictable; the reason for this is unknown. The effect of laminar flow on albumin adsorption was studied with a specially designed Richardson flow chamber. In general caused an increase in albumin adsorption over that at static conditions. The increase of albumin adsorption was more pronounced also for PVC than for Cuprophane from 1 to 10 ml/min.", "contents": "Interaction of plasma proteins with artificial surfaces: protein adsorption isotherms. A simple technique using a small disc which is dipped into a 125I-labeled protein solution has been devised to study the adsorption of human albumin, fibrinogen, and IgG onto Cuprophane or PVC. The purity of these human plasma proteins has been examined carefully with PAGE and immunochemical methods. The adsorption isotherms of albumin, fibrinogen, and IgG show a langmuir type adsorption. Delipidation of albumin did not alter the albumin affinity to Cuprophane and PVC. The surface saturation concentration (ng/cm2) for albumin, fibrinogen, or IgG were all found to be more on PVC (a hydrophobic surface) than on Cuprophane (a hydrophilic surface). The competitive adsorption of one protein species in a two- or three-protein mixture was also studied. Albumin and fibrinogen complete with each other for adsorption. The effects of IgG on the adsorption of albumin or fibrinogen were inconsistent and not predictable; the reason for this is unknown. The effect of laminar flow on albumin adsorption was studied with a specially designed Richardson flow chamber. In general caused an increase in albumin adsorption over that at static conditions. The increase of albumin adsorption was more pronounced also for PVC than for Cuprophane from 1 to 10 ml/min.", "PMID": 681830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5067", "title": "The surgery of congenital deafness.", "content": "This paper outlines the indications for surgery of congenital deafness in complete meatal aplasia, the methods of audiological and radiological assessment and an operative technique used in ten ears. It is felt that otologic surgery should be done before the pinna reconstruction as it is very important to try and introduce sound into these children at an early age. In addition, the position of the new auricle can be made more satisfactorily around an already established meatus. The value of tomography of the internal as well as the middle ear is stressed and the necessity for providing a stable and uninfected meatus emphasized with regard to the possible fitting of a hearing aid.", "contents": "The surgery of congenital deafness. This paper outlines the indications for surgery of congenital deafness in complete meatal aplasia, the methods of audiological and radiological assessment and an operative technique used in ten ears. It is felt that otologic surgery should be done before the pinna reconstruction as it is very important to try and introduce sound into these children at an early age. In addition, the position of the new auricle can be made more satisfactorily around an already established meatus. The value of tomography of the internal as well as the middle ear is stressed and the necessity for providing a stable and uninfected meatus emphasized with regard to the possible fitting of a hearing aid.", "PMID": 681831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5068", "title": "Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: electrocochleographic findings in 70 patients.", "content": "The results of transtympanic ECochG in 70 patients with sudden sensorineural deafness are presented. ECochG was compared with traditional methods of audiometry as a means of deciding whether the deafness was mainly cochlear or retrocochlear. It was found to make a useful and sometimes unique contribution. ECochG gave a definite localization of the deafness in 22 out of 23 patients in whom conventional methods of audiometry had produced equivocal results and was also found to be extremely valuable in 17 patients with \"dead\" ears. Electrical stimulation of the cochlea may have a prognostic value in cases of sudden retrocochlear deafness. A rational approach to the treatment of sudden deafness depends on precise knowledge of the aetiology and pathology: accurate localization of the site of the lesion is a convenient first step.", "contents": "Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: electrocochleographic findings in 70 patients. The results of transtympanic ECochG in 70 patients with sudden sensorineural deafness are presented. ECochG was compared with traditional methods of audiometry as a means of deciding whether the deafness was mainly cochlear or retrocochlear. It was found to make a useful and sometimes unique contribution. ECochG gave a definite localization of the deafness in 22 out of 23 patients in whom conventional methods of audiometry had produced equivocal results and was also found to be extremely valuable in 17 patients with \"dead\" ears. Electrical stimulation of the cochlea may have a prognostic value in cases of sudden retrocochlear deafness. A rational approach to the treatment of sudden deafness depends on precise knowledge of the aetiology and pathology: accurate localization of the site of the lesion is a convenient first step.", "PMID": 681832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5069", "title": "Diploic dermoids.", "content": "A diploic dermoid involving the orbital plate of the frontal bone is described in a 52-year-old man. It presented proptosis, downward displacement of the globe and limitation of its movement while looking up. Its extension into the anterior cranial fossa was detected by injecting a radio-opaque material into the cyst.", "contents": "Diploic dermoids. A diploic dermoid involving the orbital plate of the frontal bone is described in a 52-year-old man. It presented proptosis, downward displacement of the globe and limitation of its movement while looking up. Its extension into the anterior cranial fossa was detected by injecting a radio-opaque material into the cyst.", "PMID": 681833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5070", "title": "Idiopathic pleomorphic midfacial granuloma (Stewart's type).", "content": "Idiopathic mid-facial granuloma is an unusual highly destructive disease which was virtually unknown prior to 1955. Great confusion exists, due in large part to the terminology applied to this entity as well as the clinical similarity of the process to other destructive mid-facial lesions. A classical case of idiopathic mid-facial granuloma of Stewart's type is presented, with characteristic lesions limited to the mid-face. Definitive histopathological features consist of pleomorphic inflammatory granulation tissue with patchy necrosis and no system lesions or neoplasia in the autopsy tissues.", "contents": "Idiopathic pleomorphic midfacial granuloma (Stewart's type). Idiopathic mid-facial granuloma is an unusual highly destructive disease which was virtually unknown prior to 1955. Great confusion exists, due in large part to the terminology applied to this entity as well as the clinical similarity of the process to other destructive mid-facial lesions. A classical case of idiopathic mid-facial granuloma of Stewart's type is presented, with characteristic lesions limited to the mid-face. Definitive histopathological features consist of pleomorphic inflammatory granulation tissue with patchy necrosis and no system lesions or neoplasia in the autopsy tissues.", "PMID": 681834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5071", "title": "Malignant lymphoma of the maxillary sinus.", "content": "Extranodular lymphoma is not frequent and primary lymphoma of the paranasal sinuses is rare. An unusual case of malignant lymphoma of the maxillary sinus in a boy, involving the C.N.S. is reported.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma of the maxillary sinus. Extranodular lymphoma is not frequent and primary lymphoma of the paranasal sinuses is rare. An unusual case of malignant lymphoma of the maxillary sinus in a boy, involving the C.N.S. is reported.", "PMID": 681835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5072", "title": "Permanent closure of the nostrils in recurrent nasal myiasis.", "content": "Four cases of recurrent nasal myiasis were treated successfully by permanent closure of the nostrils. In two patients unilateral, and in two patients bilateral, closures were performed without further recurrence of the disease.", "contents": "Permanent closure of the nostrils in recurrent nasal myiasis. Four cases of recurrent nasal myiasis were treated successfully by permanent closure of the nostrils. In two patients unilateral, and in two patients bilateral, closures were performed without further recurrence of the disease.", "PMID": 681837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5073", "title": "A clicking larynx.", "content": "A case of a \"clicking\", painful act of deglutition is presented. Overriding of the hyoid bone and the thyroid lamina is thought to have been the mechanism. A partial thyroid laminectomy performed sub-mucoperichondrially effected an immediate and, at present, lasting cure. No similar case could be found in the literature after extensive searches.", "contents": "A clicking larynx. A case of a \"clicking\", painful act of deglutition is presented. Overriding of the hyoid bone and the thyroid lamina is thought to have been the mechanism. A partial thyroid laminectomy performed sub-mucoperichondrially effected an immediate and, at present, lasting cure. No similar case could be found in the literature after extensive searches.", "PMID": 681838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5074", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the thyroid cartilage.", "content": "A TUMOUR which had been present for nine years in the thyroid cartilage of a 45-year-old man, was shown on microscopy to be a chondrosarcoma. This tumour probably took its origin in a pre-existing benign tumour at this site. The literature on similar previously documented tumours is reviewed, and the classification, diagnosis and management of these rare tumours is briefly discussed. Primary cartilaginous laryngeal tumours are uncommon (Hyams and Rubuzzi, 1970; Zizmor et al., 1975). A tumour of the thyroid cartilage which had been present for about nine years was shown histologically to be a low-grade chondrosarcoma probably arising from a pre-existing chondroma at this site. The clinical and pathological features of this case are presented and discussed in the light of the available literature.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the thyroid cartilage. A TUMOUR which had been present for nine years in the thyroid cartilage of a 45-year-old man, was shown on microscopy to be a chondrosarcoma. This tumour probably took its origin in a pre-existing benign tumour at this site. The literature on similar previously documented tumours is reviewed, and the classification, diagnosis and management of these rare tumours is briefly discussed. Primary cartilaginous laryngeal tumours are uncommon (Hyams and Rubuzzi, 1970; Zizmor et al., 1975). A tumour of the thyroid cartilage which had been present for about nine years was shown histologically to be a low-grade chondrosarcoma probably arising from a pre-existing chondroma at this site. The clinical and pathological features of this case are presented and discussed in the light of the available literature.", "PMID": 681839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5075", "title": "Surgery of the nasal septum.", "content": "A modification of the 'maxilla-premaxilla' approach for nasal septum surgery is described. With this modification the mucosal elevation in the area of the two inferior tunnels is performed from above along the crests of the vomer, maxillary and premaxillary bones, instead of from below through the undermined base of the nose as in the 'maxilla-premaxilla' approach. This mucosal elevation is performed under direct vision in the intraseptal area instead of by blind elevation as in the 'maxilla-premaxilla' approach where the progress of the elevator beneath the nasal mucosa is followed through the nasal chambers. It gives the surgeon the increased advantage of working under the perichondrium and periosteum and of overcoming any difficulty arising from malformations in the anterior (caudal) area of the septal cartilage, premaxillary wings and maxillary crest. With this modification, extensive undermining of the base of the nose is also avoided. Finally the septal framework is fully exposed as in the 'maxilla-premaxilla' approach but in a more easy and safe way while all the advantages of the 'maxilla-premaxilla' approach are preserved.", "contents": "Surgery of the nasal septum. A modification of the 'maxilla-premaxilla' approach for nasal septum surgery is described. With this modification the mucosal elevation in the area of the two inferior tunnels is performed from above along the crests of the vomer, maxillary and premaxillary bones, instead of from below through the undermined base of the nose as in the 'maxilla-premaxilla' approach. This mucosal elevation is performed under direct vision in the intraseptal area instead of by blind elevation as in the 'maxilla-premaxilla' approach where the progress of the elevator beneath the nasal mucosa is followed through the nasal chambers. It gives the surgeon the increased advantage of working under the perichondrium and periosteum and of overcoming any difficulty arising from malformations in the anterior (caudal) area of the septal cartilage, premaxillary wings and maxillary crest. With this modification, extensive undermining of the base of the nose is also avoided. Finally the septal framework is fully exposed as in the 'maxilla-premaxilla' approach but in a more easy and safe way while all the advantages of the 'maxilla-premaxilla' approach are preserved.", "PMID": 681841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5076", "title": "Changes of the nasal mucosa in altered airflow illustrated by blind quantitative histology.", "content": "In 20 rabbits one nostril was closed surgically for 4, 10, 16, 20, 60 and 90 days, and thereafter the mucous membranes from the open and closed sides of the nose were investigated. Anteriorly on the open side a process of repair started as early as the 4th day after ciliary damage. This process consisted in hyperplasia of basal cells, displacement and gradual desquamation of ciliated cells and goblet cells, differentiation of basal cells into ciliated and goblet cells. On the 16th day the epithelium was again ciliated. As a result of a continued abnormally increased airflow new damage to the cilia occurred and a new cycle was initiated, so that on the 30th and 90th days the epithelium was again ciliated. Even though the epithelium is 'squamous-like' in some phases, there is no question of a transformation into squamous epithelium. On the closed side anteriorly there is increased secretory activity in the epithelium. Posteriorly blind quantitative histology showed no differences between the open and the closed side, or between 'treated' and control material.", "contents": "Changes of the nasal mucosa in altered airflow illustrated by blind quantitative histology. In 20 rabbits one nostril was closed surgically for 4, 10, 16, 20, 60 and 90 days, and thereafter the mucous membranes from the open and closed sides of the nose were investigated. Anteriorly on the open side a process of repair started as early as the 4th day after ciliary damage. This process consisted in hyperplasia of basal cells, displacement and gradual desquamation of ciliated cells and goblet cells, differentiation of basal cells into ciliated and goblet cells. On the 16th day the epithelium was again ciliated. As a result of a continued abnormally increased airflow new damage to the cilia occurred and a new cycle was initiated, so that on the 30th and 90th days the epithelium was again ciliated. Even though the epithelium is 'squamous-like' in some phases, there is no question of a transformation into squamous epithelium. On the closed side anteriorly there is increased secretory activity in the epithelium. Posteriorly blind quantitative histology showed no differences between the open and the closed side, or between 'treated' and control material.", "PMID": 681843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5077", "title": "Cancer of the naso-pharynx in Kuwait.", "content": "A clinico-pathological study of 143 cases of malignancy of the naso-pharynx diagnosed and treated at the E.N.T. and Radiotherapy Departments of Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait, between the years 1963 to 1974 inclusive is presented. The entire population of Kuwait is served and also a variable but small number of Nomads. During the years of the survey the population has been steadily increasing from about 500,000 in 1963 to about a million in 1974. It is composed of 45 per cent Kuwaitis of pure Arab stock and 55 per cent of immigrant workers, largely of Arabic origin. Cancer of naso-pharynx is the commonest of all head and neck cancers (18.3 per cent) and comprises 4.2 per cent of all malignancies. This is comparable with the 5.1 per cent in the Arab population of North Africa. The sex incidence is 2.2 Kuwaiti males and 0.8 females per 100,000; Non-Kuwaitis 2.0 male and 1.2 female per 100,000, giving an approximate ratio of 2.9 to 1 in both groups. The age distribution shows two peaks in male patients, Kuwaitis and Non-Kuwaitis in the 2nd decade (11.1 per cent) and fifth decade (28.8 per cent). In females, the graph shows a plateau pattern from the 3rd decade onwards. Cervical lymphadenopathy (83 per cent) was the commonest presenting symptom. The commonest histological finding was undifferentiated carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (28 per cent each). The hypotheses of the aetiology are reviewed.", "contents": "Cancer of the naso-pharynx in Kuwait. A clinico-pathological study of 143 cases of malignancy of the naso-pharynx diagnosed and treated at the E.N.T. and Radiotherapy Departments of Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait, between the years 1963 to 1974 inclusive is presented. The entire population of Kuwait is served and also a variable but small number of Nomads. During the years of the survey the population has been steadily increasing from about 500,000 in 1963 to about a million in 1974. It is composed of 45 per cent Kuwaitis of pure Arab stock and 55 per cent of immigrant workers, largely of Arabic origin. Cancer of naso-pharynx is the commonest of all head and neck cancers (18.3 per cent) and comprises 4.2 per cent of all malignancies. This is comparable with the 5.1 per cent in the Arab population of North Africa. The sex incidence is 2.2 Kuwaiti males and 0.8 females per 100,000; Non-Kuwaitis 2.0 male and 1.2 female per 100,000, giving an approximate ratio of 2.9 to 1 in both groups. The age distribution shows two peaks in male patients, Kuwaitis and Non-Kuwaitis in the 2nd decade (11.1 per cent) and fifth decade (28.8 per cent). In females, the graph shows a plateau pattern from the 3rd decade onwards. Cervical lymphadenopathy (83 per cent) was the commonest presenting symptom. The commonest histological finding was undifferentiated carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (28 per cent each). The hypotheses of the aetiology are reviewed.", "PMID": 681844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5078", "title": "Basal-cell carcinoma in maxillary osteomyelitis.", "content": "A 40-year-old female with a basal-cell carcinoma in maxillary osteomyelitis is reported. Blood-stained discharge from a sinus associated with ulceration of the infra-orbital region and the onset of blindness wree the presenting features. It is suggested that biopsies from multiple sites of the lesion rather than reliance on the clinical picture would help in detecting early malignant change.", "contents": "Basal-cell carcinoma in maxillary osteomyelitis. A 40-year-old female with a basal-cell carcinoma in maxillary osteomyelitis is reported. Blood-stained discharge from a sinus associated with ulceration of the infra-orbital region and the onset of blindness wree the presenting features. It is suggested that biopsies from multiple sites of the lesion rather than reliance on the clinical picture would help in detecting early malignant change.", "PMID": 681849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5079", "title": "Bilateral post-intubation talc granulomata of the vocal cords.", "content": "A clear histological picture of talcum powder within the vocal cord granulomata in one patient has been described. As talcum powder is not deliberately employed during the manufacture of surgical gloves or endotracheal tubes, accidental contamination of the endotracheal tube appears likely.", "contents": "Bilateral post-intubation talc granulomata of the vocal cords. A clear histological picture of talcum powder within the vocal cord granulomata in one patient has been described. As talcum powder is not deliberately employed during the manufacture of surgical gloves or endotracheal tubes, accidental contamination of the endotracheal tube appears likely.", "PMID": 681850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5080", "title": "Rat myometrial activity in vivo: effects of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone in relation to the concentrations of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors.", "content": "The amplitude, frequency and rate of rise of intra-uterine pressure cycles in rats (postpartum, ovariectomized) were unaffected by treatment with progesterone. Amplitude was also unaffected by a combination of treatments with progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta, which was adequate to ensure the survival of 84% of foetuses in ovariectomized pregnant rats. The failure of progesterone to influence myometerial activity could not be attributed to a lack of \"true\" progesterone receptors since these were present in the myometria of the test animals in concentrations exceeding those of oestrous animals. Evidence was obtained which suggested that a high-affinity binding protein, different from the \"true\" receptor may predominate in the myometrium of the pregnant rat. Oestradiol-17 beta in single or repeated doses of from 0.25 to 5 microgram, however, was found to reduce the frequency of pressure cycles but to increase significantly their rate of rise of pressure. There was a latency of 6--8 h in these effects of oestradiol. The possibility that inhibition of the myometrium by oestrogen may play a part in the preparation for parturition is discussed.", "contents": "Rat myometrial activity in vivo: effects of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone in relation to the concentrations of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors. The amplitude, frequency and rate of rise of intra-uterine pressure cycles in rats (postpartum, ovariectomized) were unaffected by treatment with progesterone. Amplitude was also unaffected by a combination of treatments with progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta, which was adequate to ensure the survival of 84% of foetuses in ovariectomized pregnant rats. The failure of progesterone to influence myometerial activity could not be attributed to a lack of \"true\" progesterone receptors since these were present in the myometria of the test animals in concentrations exceeding those of oestrous animals. Evidence was obtained which suggested that a high-affinity binding protein, different from the \"true\" receptor may predominate in the myometrium of the pregnant rat. Oestradiol-17 beta in single or repeated doses of from 0.25 to 5 microgram, however, was found to reduce the frequency of pressure cycles but to increase significantly their rate of rise of pressure. There was a latency of 6--8 h in these effects of oestradiol. The possibility that inhibition of the myometrium by oestrogen may play a part in the preparation for parturition is discussed.", "PMID": 681864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5081", "title": "Evidence that inhibition of myometrial activity by oestradiol in the rat is mediated by an RNA synthetic pathway.", "content": "Within some 14 h of treatment with oestradiol benzoate (5 microgram), the intra-uterine pressure cycles in ovariectomized puerperal rats were almost abolished. However, treatment with 600 microgram actinomycin D 30 min before the administration of oestradiol benzoate interfered significantly with the inhibition of uterine mechanical activity during the following 14h. Treatment of rats with actinomycin D alone produced no significant fall in the frequency of pressure cycles. These results suggest that oestrogen inhibits myometrial activity in the rat through a mechanism which involves the synthesis of protein.", "contents": "Evidence that inhibition of myometrial activity by oestradiol in the rat is mediated by an RNA synthetic pathway. Within some 14 h of treatment with oestradiol benzoate (5 microgram), the intra-uterine pressure cycles in ovariectomized puerperal rats were almost abolished. However, treatment with 600 microgram actinomycin D 30 min before the administration of oestradiol benzoate interfered significantly with the inhibition of uterine mechanical activity during the following 14h. Treatment of rats with actinomycin D alone produced no significant fall in the frequency of pressure cycles. These results suggest that oestrogen inhibits myometrial activity in the rat through a mechanism which involves the synthesis of protein.", "PMID": 681865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5082", "title": "Prolonged oestrogenic and mitogenic activity of tamoxifen in the ovariectomized mouse.", "content": "A dose of tamoxifen (ICI 46,474), which has been found to inhibit the vaginal smear response to oestrogens, exerted prolonged oestrogenic effects in mice and increased the rate of cell proliferation in both the vagina and uterus. The vaginal epithelium became multilayered with stratified or cornified surface layers and the uterus developed gross cystic glandular hyperplasia. This demonstrates that ICI 46,474 is simply a weak oestrogen in the mouse.", "contents": "Prolonged oestrogenic and mitogenic activity of tamoxifen in the ovariectomized mouse. A dose of tamoxifen (ICI 46,474), which has been found to inhibit the vaginal smear response to oestrogens, exerted prolonged oestrogenic effects in mice and increased the rate of cell proliferation in both the vagina and uterus. The vaginal epithelium became multilayered with stratified or cornified surface layers and the uterus developed gross cystic glandular hyperplasia. This demonstrates that ICI 46,474 is simply a weak oestrogen in the mouse.", "PMID": 681866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5083", "title": "Separation of rat pituitary thyrotrophic cells.", "content": "A method for the enrichment of live thyrotrophic pituitary cells is described. Pituitary glands of young male rats were removed into Earle's solution and dispersed in a 0.1% trypsin solution containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin, pH 7.2. Nylon fibres (25 microgram) were used for the separation of the thyrotrophic cells, by stringing them across a plastic frame which fitted a plastic Petri dish containing the cell suspension. The fibres were washed with light petroleum (b.p. 60--80 degree C) and carbon tetrachloride, hydrolysed with 3 M-HCL for 30 min at room temperature and washed with distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2). The fibres were treated with thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) alone or in the presence of soluble carbodiimide solution. After incubation for 1 h at room temperature, the fibres were transferred to a new Earle's medium and cells were released from the fibres by plucking them with a needle. The separated thyrotrophic cells were identified by radioimmunoassay and by electron microscopy. Using the above-mentioned methods, enrichment of thyrotrophic cells was obtained. Thus, the amounts of TSH, prolactin, LH and GH released, during 2 h of incubation, by 1.5 x 10(6) unseparated cells were 6.8 +/- 0.65, 4.1 +/- 0.47, 4.8 +/- 0.52 and 5.2 +/- 0.68 microgram respectively, while the same number of purified thyrotrophic cells released 76.1 +/- 0.42, 1.2 +/- 0.3, 0.6 +/- 0.35 and 1.6 +/- 0.22 microgram of the same hormones (means +/- S.E.M.).", "contents": "Separation of rat pituitary thyrotrophic cells. A method for the enrichment of live thyrotrophic pituitary cells is described. Pituitary glands of young male rats were removed into Earle's solution and dispersed in a 0.1% trypsin solution containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin, pH 7.2. Nylon fibres (25 microgram) were used for the separation of the thyrotrophic cells, by stringing them across a plastic frame which fitted a plastic Petri dish containing the cell suspension. The fibres were washed with light petroleum (b.p. 60--80 degree C) and carbon tetrachloride, hydrolysed with 3 M-HCL for 30 min at room temperature and washed with distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2). The fibres were treated with thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) alone or in the presence of soluble carbodiimide solution. After incubation for 1 h at room temperature, the fibres were transferred to a new Earle's medium and cells were released from the fibres by plucking them with a needle. The separated thyrotrophic cells were identified by radioimmunoassay and by electron microscopy. Using the above-mentioned methods, enrichment of thyrotrophic cells was obtained. Thus, the amounts of TSH, prolactin, LH and GH released, during 2 h of incubation, by 1.5 x 10(6) unseparated cells were 6.8 +/- 0.65, 4.1 +/- 0.47, 4.8 +/- 0.52 and 5.2 +/- 0.68 microgram respectively, while the same number of purified thyrotrophic cells released 76.1 +/- 0.42, 1.2 +/- 0.3, 0.6 +/- 0.35 and 1.6 +/- 0.22 microgram of the same hormones (means +/- S.E.M.).", "PMID": 681867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5084", "title": "Observations on the localization of labelled amino acid in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells after the injection of L-[4,5-3H] leucine.", "content": "The intracellular localization of L-[4,5-3H] leucine in chromaffin cells has been observed using light and electron microscopic autoradiography and the association of the labelled amino acid with particular cell components confirmed by statistical analysis. By making observations at short intervals after a single intravenous pulse of [3H]leucine it has been possible to follow the movement of the isotope from the endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi complex to the chromaffin granules. No evidence for movement of the label through the Golgi complex was observed in adjacent cortical cells. The time sequence of transport of the amino acid through the various cell organelles was very similar to that observed by previous workers in protein-secreting exocrine cells.", "contents": "Observations on the localization of labelled amino acid in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells after the injection of L-[4,5-3H] leucine. The intracellular localization of L-[4,5-3H] leucine in chromaffin cells has been observed using light and electron microscopic autoradiography and the association of the labelled amino acid with particular cell components confirmed by statistical analysis. By making observations at short intervals after a single intravenous pulse of [3H]leucine it has been possible to follow the movement of the isotope from the endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi complex to the chromaffin granules. No evidence for movement of the label through the Golgi complex was observed in adjacent cortical cells. The time sequence of transport of the amino acid through the various cell organelles was very similar to that observed by previous workers in protein-secreting exocrine cells.", "PMID": 681872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5085", "title": "Purification of human parathyroid hormone: recent studies and further observations.", "content": "During the isolation of human parathyroid hormone there is an extensive loss of immuno-assayble hormone over the successive extraction steps, due in part to the presence of fragments that are soluble in 4% trichloroacetic acid. These fragments are derived from both the amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions of the hormone. The hormonal fractions precipitated with trichloroacetic acid were further purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. At the final ion-exchange purification step, some preparations of the hormone eluted in multiple fractions. When the various components were characterized separately by immunoassay, amino acid composition, enzymic cleavage and partial sequence analysis, they were found to be closely comparable, although the most acidic fraction contained a blocked terminal amino group. Extraction of a number of batches of tissue permitted revision of the amino acid composition of human parathyroid hormone. Biosynthetic studies with labelled amino acids confirmed the absence of tyrosine and the presence of phenylalanine and threonine and localized these residues to definite regions of the molecule.", "contents": "Purification of human parathyroid hormone: recent studies and further observations. During the isolation of human parathyroid hormone there is an extensive loss of immuno-assayble hormone over the successive extraction steps, due in part to the presence of fragments that are soluble in 4% trichloroacetic acid. These fragments are derived from both the amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions of the hormone. The hormonal fractions precipitated with trichloroacetic acid were further purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. At the final ion-exchange purification step, some preparations of the hormone eluted in multiple fractions. When the various components were characterized separately by immunoassay, amino acid composition, enzymic cleavage and partial sequence analysis, they were found to be closely comparable, although the most acidic fraction contained a blocked terminal amino group. Extraction of a number of batches of tissue permitted revision of the amino acid composition of human parathyroid hormone. Biosynthetic studies with labelled amino acids confirmed the absence of tyrosine and the presence of phenylalanine and threonine and localized these residues to definite regions of the molecule.", "PMID": 681873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5086", "title": "Dose-related effects of non-steroidal antioestrogens nad oestrogens on the measurement of cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors in the rat and mouse uterus.", "content": "The dose-related effects of non-steroidal antioestrogens and oestrogens on the measurement of cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors in the rat uterus have been determined. The simultaneous administration of tamoxifen or monohydroxytamoxifen and oestradiol on three consecutive days resulted in dose-dependent decreases in both the wet weight of the uterus and the number of available cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors. The oestrogenic triphenylethylenes ICI 47 699 and ICI 3188 both produced dose-dependent decreases in the number of available cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors. Increasing doses of ICI 47 699 resulted in increasing concentrations of oestrogen receptors within the nucleus. The effects of tamoxifen and oestradiol-17 beta were compared in the ovariectomized mouse; replenishment of uterine oestrogen receptors was less evident in tamoxifen-treated animals than in animals receiving oestradiol, although increases in uterine weight were similar. A single large dose of tamoxifen (50 microgram) produced a prolonged depletion of cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors whilst stimulating rises in uterine weight and DNA and protein content. The results demonstrate that the depletion of the uterine cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor pool is a function of the dose administered for any compound with the ability to translocate oestrogen receptors to the nucleus and as such is not an exclusive characteristic of non-steroidal antioestrogens.", "contents": "Dose-related effects of non-steroidal antioestrogens nad oestrogens on the measurement of cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors in the rat and mouse uterus. The dose-related effects of non-steroidal antioestrogens and oestrogens on the measurement of cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors in the rat uterus have been determined. The simultaneous administration of tamoxifen or monohydroxytamoxifen and oestradiol on three consecutive days resulted in dose-dependent decreases in both the wet weight of the uterus and the number of available cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors. The oestrogenic triphenylethylenes ICI 47 699 and ICI 3188 both produced dose-dependent decreases in the number of available cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors. Increasing doses of ICI 47 699 resulted in increasing concentrations of oestrogen receptors within the nucleus. The effects of tamoxifen and oestradiol-17 beta were compared in the ovariectomized mouse; replenishment of uterine oestrogen receptors was less evident in tamoxifen-treated animals than in animals receiving oestradiol, although increases in uterine weight were similar. A single large dose of tamoxifen (50 microgram) produced a prolonged depletion of cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors whilst stimulating rises in uterine weight and DNA and protein content. The results demonstrate that the depletion of the uterine cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor pool is a function of the dose administered for any compound with the ability to translocate oestrogen receptors to the nucleus and as such is not an exclusive characteristic of non-steroidal antioestrogens.", "PMID": 681874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5087", "title": "A rapid simplified bioassay for somatomedin.", "content": "A simplified, more rapid bioassay for the estimation of somatomedin activity, based on the porcine costal cartilage bioassay, is described. A micro-scale system based on the porcine costal cartilage assay is also described. These assay systems showed no decrease in sensitivity or precision, compared with other methods, as a result of the modifications. The assays have been used for routine hospital laboratory determinations, for the estimation of somatomedin activity in normal adolescent children of both sexes and in clinical studies of scoliotic, acromegalic and hypopituitary patients.", "contents": "A rapid simplified bioassay for somatomedin. A simplified, more rapid bioassay for the estimation of somatomedin activity, based on the porcine costal cartilage bioassay, is described. A micro-scale system based on the porcine costal cartilage assay is also described. These assay systems showed no decrease in sensitivity or precision, compared with other methods, as a result of the modifications. The assays have been used for routine hospital laboratory determinations, for the estimation of somatomedin activity in normal adolescent children of both sexes and in clinical studies of scoliotic, acromegalic and hypopituitary patients.", "PMID": 681875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5088", "title": "Three genes for lupus nephritis in NZB x NZW mice.", "content": "The occurrence of early severe lupus nephritis in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice must depend on the action of at least two dominant or codominant genes (at least one gene from each parent) as neither of the inbred parental strains shows the disorder. Identifying affected animals by antemortem determinations of renal function, we have studied the incidence of the renal disease in 230 (NZB x NZW) x NZW backcross mice (an earlier study) and, in this study, in 150 (NZB x NZW) x NZB backcross mice. The data indicate that the NZB strain contributes only one gene and the NZW strain contributes two genes, or clusters of closely linked genes, to the renal disorder of the F1 hybrid. One of the NZW genes was found to be linked to the H-2 complex. All three genes must be dominant or codominant, as their effect is expressed in the heterozygous state.", "contents": "Three genes for lupus nephritis in NZB x NZW mice. The occurrence of early severe lupus nephritis in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice must depend on the action of at least two dominant or codominant genes (at least one gene from each parent) as neither of the inbred parental strains shows the disorder. Identifying affected animals by antemortem determinations of renal function, we have studied the incidence of the renal disease in 230 (NZB x NZW) x NZW backcross mice (an earlier study) and, in this study, in 150 (NZB x NZW) x NZB backcross mice. The data indicate that the NZB strain contributes only one gene and the NZW strain contributes two genes, or clusters of closely linked genes, to the renal disorder of the F1 hybrid. One of the NZW genes was found to be linked to the H-2 complex. All three genes must be dominant or codominant, as their effect is expressed in the heterozygous state.", "PMID": 681876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5089", "title": "Human immune responses to hapten-conjugated cells. I. Primary and secondary proliferative responses in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro model was developed to study both primary and secondary proliferative responses of human lymphocytes to hapten-conjugated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Coculture of human lymphocytes with autologous trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated stimulator cells resulted in primary proliferative responses. Subjects segregated into high and low primary responders with mean stimulation indices of 11 and 2.1, respectively. Restimulation of primed cells from high responder subjects 3 wk after initial sensitization generated secondary proliferative responses. To investigate the antigenic requirements for secondary stimulation, autologous TNP-conjugate primed responders were restimulated with both autologous and allogeneic TNP-conjugated stimulators. In all experiments restimulation with autologous conjugated cells yielded substantially greater proliferative responses than with allogeneic conjugates. Experiments were then performed to ascertain whether HLA determinant homology between primed responder and stimulator cells influenced the level of secondary responsiveness. Homology for HLA-A and B locus serologic determinants was not associated with enhanced responsiveness. In contrast, D region determinant homology, detected by B-cell antigen typing, showed a highly significant positive correlation with the magnitude of secondary responses. The data thus strongly suggest that for secondary proliferative responses to TNP, human T cells recognize hapten in association with HLA-D region determinants.", "contents": "Human immune responses to hapten-conjugated cells. I. Primary and secondary proliferative responses in vitro. An in vitro model was developed to study both primary and secondary proliferative responses of human lymphocytes to hapten-conjugated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Coculture of human lymphocytes with autologous trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated stimulator cells resulted in primary proliferative responses. Subjects segregated into high and low primary responders with mean stimulation indices of 11 and 2.1, respectively. Restimulation of primed cells from high responder subjects 3 wk after initial sensitization generated secondary proliferative responses. To investigate the antigenic requirements for secondary stimulation, autologous TNP-conjugate primed responders were restimulated with both autologous and allogeneic TNP-conjugated stimulators. In all experiments restimulation with autologous conjugated cells yielded substantially greater proliferative responses than with allogeneic conjugates. Experiments were then performed to ascertain whether HLA determinant homology between primed responder and stimulator cells influenced the level of secondary responsiveness. Homology for HLA-A and B locus serologic determinants was not associated with enhanced responsiveness. In contrast, D region determinant homology, detected by B-cell antigen typing, showed a highly significant positive correlation with the magnitude of secondary responses. The data thus strongly suggest that for secondary proliferative responses to TNP, human T cells recognize hapten in association with HLA-D region determinants.", "PMID": 681877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5090", "title": "Interaction of glucocorticoids with macrophages. Identification of glucocorticoid receptors in monocytes and macrophages.", "content": "Glucocorticoid binding was measured in resident and thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages, rabbit alveolar macrophages, and human monocytes. Two assays of binding were used--an assay with intact cells in suspension or monolayers, and an assay of cytosol and nuclear forms of glucocorticoid receptors. The mononuclear phagocytes contained approximately equal to 4--10 X 10(3) high affinity receptor sites per cell, with dissociation constants of approximately equal to 2--8 nM dexamethasone. The binding to the saturable sites was specific for steroids with glucocorticoid or antiglucocorticoid activity. Cortisol, corticosterone, and progesterone competed with dexamethasone for binding, whereas estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, and 11-epicortisol competed very little. Binding of dexamethasone to cytosol and nuclear forms of the receptor complex and temperature-sensitive translocation of cytosol forms to nuclear forms were shown. At 37 degrees C the predominant form of the hormone-receptor complex was nuclear. These results demonstrate that corticosteroids interact with macrophages at physiological concentrations.", "contents": "Interaction of glucocorticoids with macrophages. Identification of glucocorticoid receptors in monocytes and macrophages. Glucocorticoid binding was measured in resident and thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages, rabbit alveolar macrophages, and human monocytes. Two assays of binding were used--an assay with intact cells in suspension or monolayers, and an assay of cytosol and nuclear forms of glucocorticoid receptors. The mononuclear phagocytes contained approximately equal to 4--10 X 10(3) high affinity receptor sites per cell, with dissociation constants of approximately equal to 2--8 nM dexamethasone. The binding to the saturable sites was specific for steroids with glucocorticoid or antiglucocorticoid activity. Cortisol, corticosterone, and progesterone competed with dexamethasone for binding, whereas estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, and 11-epicortisol competed very little. Binding of dexamethasone to cytosol and nuclear forms of the receptor complex and temperature-sensitive translocation of cytosol forms to nuclear forms were shown. At 37 degrees C the predominant form of the hormone-receptor complex was nuclear. These results demonstrate that corticosteroids interact with macrophages at physiological concentrations.", "PMID": 681878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5091", "title": "The human complement system in thrombin-mediated platelet function.", "content": "Thrombin-mediated platelet membrane-specific uptake of C3 and C5 was demonstrated by radiolabeled components and was visualized electron microscopically utilizing a ferritin marker conjugated to monospecific antibody to each component. The role of complement in thrombin-induced platelet function was determined. Though complement was not essential for thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and release of serotonin, these activities were significantly increased if complement was present. The release of serotonin was found to be a nonlytic process because under the conditions employed, no lactic dehydrogenase was released. The activation of complement was induced by a mechanism which has not been previously described. Thrombin associated with the platelet membrane presumably formed a C3 convertase that entered the known complement sequence at the C3 stage and proceeded to activate the terminal components through the known sequence to C9.", "contents": "The human complement system in thrombin-mediated platelet function. Thrombin-mediated platelet membrane-specific uptake of C3 and C5 was demonstrated by radiolabeled components and was visualized electron microscopically utilizing a ferritin marker conjugated to monospecific antibody to each component. The role of complement in thrombin-induced platelet function was determined. Though complement was not essential for thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and release of serotonin, these activities were significantly increased if complement was present. The release of serotonin was found to be a nonlytic process because under the conditions employed, no lactic dehydrogenase was released. The activation of complement was induced by a mechanism which has not been previously described. Thrombin associated with the platelet membrane presumably formed a C3 convertase that entered the known complement sequence at the C3 stage and proceeded to activate the terminal components through the known sequence to C9.", "PMID": 681879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5092", "title": "Secretory component of epithelial cells is a surface receptor for polymeric immunoglobulins.", "content": "Epithelial cells of human fetal intestines and of a colonic carcinoma cell line (HT-29) exhibited intracellular and surface binding of polymeric immunoglobulins of IgA and IgM classes; monomeric IgA and IgG did not bind to these cells. Secretory component was identified as the receptor involved in the immunoglobulin binding. This conclusion was confirmed by the following experiments: trypsin abrogated the surface binding of polymeric immunoglobulin, reappearance of surface secretory component (SC) restored immunoglobulin binding; the appearance of SC in developing fetal tissues coincided with their potential to bind polymeric immunoglobulin; anti-SC reagents inhibited the binding of immunoglobulins to epithelial cells; and SC-containing secretory IgA did not bind to the surface of HT-29 cells.", "contents": "Secretory component of epithelial cells is a surface receptor for polymeric immunoglobulins. Epithelial cells of human fetal intestines and of a colonic carcinoma cell line (HT-29) exhibited intracellular and surface binding of polymeric immunoglobulins of IgA and IgM classes; monomeric IgA and IgG did not bind to these cells. Secretory component was identified as the receptor involved in the immunoglobulin binding. This conclusion was confirmed by the following experiments: trypsin abrogated the surface binding of polymeric immunoglobulin, reappearance of surface secretory component (SC) restored immunoglobulin binding; the appearance of SC in developing fetal tissues coincided with their potential to bind polymeric immunoglobulin; anti-SC reagents inhibited the binding of immunoglobulins to epithelial cells; and SC-containing secretory IgA did not bind to the surface of HT-29 cells.", "PMID": 681880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5093", "title": "The determination of total bilirubin with the Du Pont ACA with respect to neonatal sera.", "content": "The interference of hemoglobin in the determination of total bilirubin with the Du Pont ACA was studied. The method seemed of limited value in our opinion especially with respect to neonatal sera. By changing the wave-length setting a rather broad plateau was found when the hemoglobin concentration was plotted against the actual bilirubin concentration. On the basis of these findings a new calibration graph was constructed and programmed into the ACA. The new method correlates well with two other micro bilirubin techniques.", "contents": "The determination of total bilirubin with the Du Pont ACA with respect to neonatal sera. The interference of hemoglobin in the determination of total bilirubin with the Du Pont ACA was studied. The method seemed of limited value in our opinion especially with respect to neonatal sera. By changing the wave-length setting a rather broad plateau was found when the hemoglobin concentration was plotted against the actual bilirubin concentration. On the basis of these findings a new calibration graph was constructed and programmed into the ACA. The new method correlates well with two other micro bilirubin techniques.", "PMID": 681881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5094", "title": "[Laboratory findings in cerebrospinal fluid in relation to age: trivariate evaluation of albumin and immunoglobulin G concentrations (author's transl)].", "content": "In cerebrospinal fluid from controls (\"non-diseased probands\", n = 326) the following variables were determined: albumin and immunoglobulin G (by immunodiffusion) and total protein. Total protein rose parallel with the age of the subjects (r = 0.319); the albumin fractions (r = 0.126) and immunoglobulin G (r = 0.144) also correlated with age. The concentrations of albumin and immunoglobulin G were correlated even more closely (r = 0.589), leading to a particularly slender form of the elliptic bivariate normal range. The correlation of the variables albumin and immunoglobulin G with each other and with age was drawn upon as additional information, in order to discriminate between laboratory findings from diseased and from non-diseased subjects: a trivariate area of reference (\"trivariate normal range\") was calculated, which avoided errors of the second kind (diseased values not recognized) more powerfully than the usual one-dimensional ranges (x +/- 2s or percentile).", "contents": "[Laboratory findings in cerebrospinal fluid in relation to age: trivariate evaluation of albumin and immunoglobulin G concentrations (author's transl)]. In cerebrospinal fluid from controls (\"non-diseased probands\", n = 326) the following variables were determined: albumin and immunoglobulin G (by immunodiffusion) and total protein. Total protein rose parallel with the age of the subjects (r = 0.319); the albumin fractions (r = 0.126) and immunoglobulin G (r = 0.144) also correlated with age. The concentrations of albumin and immunoglobulin G were correlated even more closely (r = 0.589), leading to a particularly slender form of the elliptic bivariate normal range. The correlation of the variables albumin and immunoglobulin G with each other and with age was drawn upon as additional information, in order to discriminate between laboratory findings from diseased and from non-diseased subjects: a trivariate area of reference (\"trivariate normal range\") was calculated, which avoided errors of the second kind (diseased values not recognized) more powerfully than the usual one-dimensional ranges (x +/- 2s or percentile).", "PMID": 681882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5095", "title": "[A routine method for the investigation of the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described for the measurement of the half saturation pressure (p50) and the \"standardised O2-saturation\", as an index of the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin. In addition to the normal blood gas analysis, the only other parameter required is the O2-saturation after equilibration of the blood at pO2 = 31 mm Hg (4.72 kPa). The results are read from a specially prepared nomogram. Potential uses and limitations of the method are discussed.", "contents": "[A routine method for the investigation of the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin (author's transl)]. A method is described for the measurement of the half saturation pressure (p50) and the \"standardised O2-saturation\", as an index of the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin. In addition to the normal blood gas analysis, the only other parameter required is the O2-saturation after equilibration of the blood at pO2 = 31 mm Hg (4.72 kPa). The results are read from a specially prepared nomogram. Potential uses and limitations of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 681883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5096", "title": "A biomechanical invariant for gait perception.", "content": "Viewers can determine the gender of a walker from sagitally projected, dynamic displays of point-lights attached to prominent joints. This article explores three interrelated approaches in search of a biomechanical invariant that viewers might use. The first, an index of torso structure, accounts for the data handsomely but seems inappropriate because it is not directly revealed in the dynamic stimuli. The second, a dynamic index of visible torsion in the trunk of a walker, also fits the data well but seems to have a logical problem and a difficulty in accounting for performance in certain conditions of several previous studies. The third has the strengths of the first two indices, and it can account for some other data as well. It is the center of moment and is a \"deeper\", more general description of the invariant. This center is a point around which all movement occurs. It can be thought of as one specification of the gestalt law of common fate and may be helpful for the study of movement perception in general.", "contents": "A biomechanical invariant for gait perception. Viewers can determine the gender of a walker from sagitally projected, dynamic displays of point-lights attached to prominent joints. This article explores three interrelated approaches in search of a biomechanical invariant that viewers might use. The first, an index of torso structure, accounts for the data handsomely but seems inappropriate because it is not directly revealed in the dynamic stimuli. The second, a dynamic index of visible torsion in the trunk of a walker, also fits the data well but seems to have a logical problem and a difficulty in accounting for performance in certain conditions of several previous studies. The third has the strengths of the first two indices, and it can account for some other data as well. It is the center of moment and is a \"deeper\", more general description of the invariant. This center is a point around which all movement occurs. It can be thought of as one specification of the gestalt law of common fate and may be helpful for the study of movement perception in general.", "PMID": 681885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5097", "title": "Auditory streaming is cumulative.", "content": "The auditory system appears to begin listening to an input with a basis toward hearing the input as a single stream, but it gradually accumulates evidence over a period of seconds which may lead to the input's being split into substreams. Several seconds of silence or of unpatterned noise slowly remove the bias of the mechanism in favor of these streams. The effects were demonstrated in experiments in which young adult listeners sped up sequences of tones until they split. The sequences varied in the number of tones packaged between recurrent \"separators\" (periods of silence or of white noise) and in the lengths of these separators.", "contents": "Auditory streaming is cumulative. The auditory system appears to begin listening to an input with a basis toward hearing the input as a single stream, but it gradually accumulates evidence over a period of seconds which may lead to the input's being split into substreams. Several seconds of silence or of unpatterned noise slowly remove the bias of the mechanism in favor of these streams. The effects were demonstrated in experiments in which young adult listeners sped up sequences of tones until they split. The sequences varied in the number of tones packaged between recurrent \"separators\" (periods of silence or of white noise) and in the lengths of these separators.", "PMID": 681887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5098", "title": "Organizational factors in perceived dimensionality.", "content": "The hypothesis that perceived dimensionality of projection drawings is influenced by perceived organization was tested in two experiments. Organization was biased by coloration: The drawings were (a) uncolored, (b) colored in ways that emphasized plausible three-dimensional parts of the represented objects, or (c) colored in ways that emphasized two-dimensional (2D) parts of the drawings themselves. In Experiment 1, subjective ratings of three-dimensionality (3D) were greater for the 3D-biased stimuli than for the unbiased stimuli, and ratings for the 2D-biased stimuli were lower than for the unbiased stimuli. Similar results were obtained in Experiment 2 in which latencies to perceive the drawings three-dimensionally were measured. The 3D-biased stimuli were seen in depth more quickly than the unbiased stimuli, and the 2D-biased stimuli were seen in depth more slowly than the unbiased stimuli. Additional results on the relation between ratings and latencies suggest that latencies are affected more strongly by object complexity than are ratings.", "contents": "Organizational factors in perceived dimensionality. The hypothesis that perceived dimensionality of projection drawings is influenced by perceived organization was tested in two experiments. Organization was biased by coloration: The drawings were (a) uncolored, (b) colored in ways that emphasized plausible three-dimensional parts of the represented objects, or (c) colored in ways that emphasized two-dimensional (2D) parts of the drawings themselves. In Experiment 1, subjective ratings of three-dimensionality (3D) were greater for the 3D-biased stimuli than for the unbiased stimuli, and ratings for the 2D-biased stimuli were lower than for the unbiased stimuli. Similar results were obtained in Experiment 2 in which latencies to perceive the drawings three-dimensionally were measured. The 3D-biased stimuli were seen in depth more quickly than the unbiased stimuli, and the 2D-biased stimuli were seen in depth more slowly than the unbiased stimuli. Additional results on the relation between ratings and latencies suggest that latencies are affected more strongly by object complexity than are ratings.", "PMID": 681888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5099", "title": "Quantification of three-dimensional structures.", "content": "A mathematical model, based on additive subcomponents of grouping, subitizing and adding, was derived to account for quantification latencies of three-dimensional block arrangements. Subitizing is the process that people use to directly quantify a small number of objects without counting. It was found that most people consistently subitized up to four blocks. With more than four blocks, people resorted to grouping and adding, and the model was able to account for these data. The structural variables of compactness, symmetry, linearity, and planarity were shown to have small effects on quantification latencies relative to the large effect of number of blocks. Of these structural variables, compactness had the largest effect, and in terms of the model, it is suggested that visual structure had its effect on the perceptual grouping subcomponent.", "contents": "Quantification of three-dimensional structures. A mathematical model, based on additive subcomponents of grouping, subitizing and adding, was derived to account for quantification latencies of three-dimensional block arrangements. Subitizing is the process that people use to directly quantify a small number of objects without counting. It was found that most people consistently subitized up to four blocks. With more than four blocks, people resorted to grouping and adding, and the model was able to account for these data. The structural variables of compactness, symmetry, linearity, and planarity were shown to have small effects on quantification latencies relative to the large effect of number of blocks. Of these structural variables, compactness had the largest effect, and in terms of the model, it is suggested that visual structure had its effect on the perceptual grouping subcomponent.", "PMID": 681889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5100", "title": "Multidimensional same--different judgments: evidence against independent comparisons of dimensions.", "content": "Commonly discussed models of performance in the multidimensional same-different task are based on the assumption that independent same-different decisions are reached for each of the stimulus dimensions used in an experiment. In these models, a higher level mechanism examines th outcome of these independent decisions in order to determine whether the stimuli are the same or different overall. Previous evidence indicating that these models are inconsistent with results from same trials is summarized, and a new test of the above assumption using data from different trials is proposed. Detailed analysis of reaction times from different trials is shown, at least for some pairs of dimensions, to be incompatible with the view that separate same-different decisions are reached for each dimension. The major finding is that there are more relatively fast responses in a condition with two dimensions different, compared with the two conditions with only one of the dimensions different, than any processing model treating the dimensions separately could predict. The results suggest that partial information may be combined across dimensions in order to reach a \"different\" judgment.", "contents": "Multidimensional same--different judgments: evidence against independent comparisons of dimensions. Commonly discussed models of performance in the multidimensional same-different task are based on the assumption that independent same-different decisions are reached for each of the stimulus dimensions used in an experiment. In these models, a higher level mechanism examines th outcome of these independent decisions in order to determine whether the stimuli are the same or different overall. Previous evidence indicating that these models are inconsistent with results from same trials is summarized, and a new test of the above assumption using data from different trials is proposed. Detailed analysis of reaction times from different trials is shown, at least for some pairs of dimensions, to be incompatible with the view that separate same-different decisions are reached for each dimension. The major finding is that there are more relatively fast responses in a condition with two dimensions different, compared with the two conditions with only one of the dimensions different, than any processing model treating the dimensions separately could predict. The results suggest that partial information may be combined across dimensions in order to reach a \"different\" judgment.", "PMID": 681890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5101", "title": "Reaction times and evoked potentials as indicators of hemispheric differences for laterally presented name and physical matches.", "content": "Letter pairs, which could be name matches, physical matches, or mismatches, were presented at fixation or 2.5 degrees left or right of fixation. During different experimental sessions, the locations and the types of matches were fixed (and therefore known in advance by the subject) or were randomized. Right visual field superiority in reaction time occurred for name matches only when location was randomized, and then the extent of the superiority depended on whether the types of match called for were predictable. Evoked potentials to the letter pairs during this task revealed hemispheric and neural pathway differences that were independent of expectancy condition. Right hemisphere responses were larger than left. For some components, amplitudes were smaller and latencies were shorter for direct than for indirect projection of stimuli to each cerebral hemisphere. Indirect-direct differences in P300 amplitude varied for each cerebral hemisphere according to whether a physical or name match occurred. The P130 and N170 components manifested hemispheric differences that depended on whether the two letters of a pair were in the same or different cases.", "contents": "Reaction times and evoked potentials as indicators of hemispheric differences for laterally presented name and physical matches. Letter pairs, which could be name matches, physical matches, or mismatches, were presented at fixation or 2.5 degrees left or right of fixation. During different experimental sessions, the locations and the types of matches were fixed (and therefore known in advance by the subject) or were randomized. Right visual field superiority in reaction time occurred for name matches only when location was randomized, and then the extent of the superiority depended on whether the types of match called for were predictable. Evoked potentials to the letter pairs during this task revealed hemispheric and neural pathway differences that were independent of expectancy condition. Right hemisphere responses were larger than left. For some components, amplitudes were smaller and latencies were shorter for direct than for indirect projection of stimuli to each cerebral hemisphere. Indirect-direct differences in P300 amplitude varied for each cerebral hemisphere according to whether a physical or name match occurred. The P130 and N170 components manifested hemispheric differences that depended on whether the two letters of a pair were in the same or different cases.", "PMID": 681891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5102", "title": "Response bias in category and magnitude estimation of difference and similarity for loudness and pitch.", "content": "Interval scales of sensory magnitude were derived from magnitude and category estimates of loudness differences, loudness similarities, pitch differences, and pitch similarities. In each of the four loudness experiments, a loudness scale was constructed from a nonmetric analysis of the rank order of the judgments. The four loudness scales so constructed were found to be equivalent to one another and indicated that loudness was a power function of sound pressure with an exponent of .29. A similar analysis for the four pitch experiments found the pitch scales derived in each case to be equivalent to one another and linear with the mel scale of pitch. Thus the same sensory and similarities for two distinct perceptual continua. For both pitch and loudness, these sensory scales were used to generate scales of sensory differences. A comparison of the category and magnitude estimates of sensory differences with the scale of sensory differences derived from the nonmetric analyses indicated the presence of significant response biases in both category and magnitude estimation procedures.", "contents": "Response bias in category and magnitude estimation of difference and similarity for loudness and pitch. Interval scales of sensory magnitude were derived from magnitude and category estimates of loudness differences, loudness similarities, pitch differences, and pitch similarities. In each of the four loudness experiments, a loudness scale was constructed from a nonmetric analysis of the rank order of the judgments. The four loudness scales so constructed were found to be equivalent to one another and indicated that loudness was a power function of sound pressure with an exponent of .29. A similar analysis for the four pitch experiments found the pitch scales derived in each case to be equivalent to one another and linear with the mel scale of pitch. Thus the same sensory and similarities for two distinct perceptual continua. For both pitch and loudness, these sensory scales were used to generate scales of sensory differences. A comparison of the category and magnitude estimates of sensory differences with the scale of sensory differences derived from the nonmetric analyses indicated the presence of significant response biases in both category and magnitude estimation procedures.", "PMID": 681892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5103", "title": "Peptic ulcer disease in children: report of a case and a problem-oriented review.", "content": "The family physician who sees many children with vague abdominal pain must include peptic ulcer disease in the differential diagnosis. A case report is presented and the characteristics of primary and secondary ulcers in children are reviewed with respect to symptoms, signs, diagnosis, and treatment. Ulcers in children may be primary or secondary (stress) ulcers. Clinical and radiographic diagnosis is difficult. Medical therapy suffices in most cases, but there is a high recurrence rate in adolescence and adulthood. Peptic ulcer disease in children is a diagnostic dilemma, but the family physician may be in an excellent position to make the diagnosis since he/she is often the first physician to see the patient and is aware of altered family dynamics, which may play a role in this disease.", "contents": "Peptic ulcer disease in children: report of a case and a problem-oriented review. The family physician who sees many children with vague abdominal pain must include peptic ulcer disease in the differential diagnosis. A case report is presented and the characteristics of primary and secondary ulcers in children are reviewed with respect to symptoms, signs, diagnosis, and treatment. Ulcers in children may be primary or secondary (stress) ulcers. Clinical and radiographic diagnosis is difficult. Medical therapy suffices in most cases, but there is a high recurrence rate in adolescence and adulthood. Peptic ulcer disease in children is a diagnostic dilemma, but the family physician may be in an excellent position to make the diagnosis since he/she is often the first physician to see the patient and is aware of altered family dynamics, which may play a role in this disease.", "PMID": 681895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5104", "title": "A case control survey and dysmenorrhea in a family practice population: a proposed disability index.", "content": "Dysmenorrhea, though rarely coded as a diagnosis in the records of family physicians, is a common problem in their female patients. Responses to a questionnaire indicated that at least 50 percent of women experience menstrual pain at one time with a minimum of 29 percent experiencing pain in any two-month period. The average duration of pain was greater than one day. A disability index was developed which revealed that half the women were Grade 3, or severely disabled. This study suggests that menstrual pain is a common problem in family practice and clearly ranks as a major cause of temporary disability in women patients.", "contents": "A case control survey and dysmenorrhea in a family practice population: a proposed disability index. Dysmenorrhea, though rarely coded as a diagnosis in the records of family physicians, is a common problem in their female patients. Responses to a questionnaire indicated that at least 50 percent of women experience menstrual pain at one time with a minimum of 29 percent experiencing pain in any two-month period. The average duration of pain was greater than one day. A disability index was developed which revealed that half the women were Grade 3, or severely disabled. This study suggests that menstrual pain is a common problem in family practice and clearly ranks as a major cause of temporary disability in women patients.", "PMID": 681896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5105", "title": "Depression in primary care: changes in pattern of patient visits and complaints during a developing depression.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to characterize changes in patient behavior associated with a developing depression. The records of 154 depressed patients from a solo family practice were examined for type and number of complaints, number of visits, and amount of hospitalization during two periods of time. In addition, 154 patients were used as controls and matched to the depressive patients by age, sex, and season of year seen. Two similar time periods were examined in the controls. The depressed group in comparisons both with itself and with the control group showed, in the seven months prior to the diagnosis of depression, these changes: (1) increase in number of patient-initiated office and home visits; (2) increased incidence of hospitalization; and (3) increased number of presenting complaints of three types: ill-defined \"functional\" complaints; pain of undetermined etiology in a wide variety of sites: head, chest, abdomen, and extremities; and \"nervous\" complaints, mainly increased tension and feelings of anxiety. The study results indicate that increased number of office visits and \"functional\" somatic complaints or anxiety-tension feelings should suggest depression.", "contents": "Depression in primary care: changes in pattern of patient visits and complaints during a developing depression. The purpose of this study was to characterize changes in patient behavior associated with a developing depression. The records of 154 depressed patients from a solo family practice were examined for type and number of complaints, number of visits, and amount of hospitalization during two periods of time. In addition, 154 patients were used as controls and matched to the depressive patients by age, sex, and season of year seen. Two similar time periods were examined in the controls. The depressed group in comparisons both with itself and with the control group showed, in the seven months prior to the diagnosis of depression, these changes: (1) increase in number of patient-initiated office and home visits; (2) increased incidence of hospitalization; and (3) increased number of presenting complaints of three types: ill-defined \"functional\" complaints; pain of undetermined etiology in a wide variety of sites: head, chest, abdomen, and extremities; and \"nervous\" complaints, mainly increased tension and feelings of anxiety. The study results indicate that increased number of office visits and \"functional\" somatic complaints or anxiety-tension feelings should suggest depression.", "PMID": 681897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5106", "title": "Group therapy in family medicine. Part 3: starting the group.", "content": "This paper is the third in a four-part series and in it some issues and techniques pertaining to the pregroup screening interview are discussed as well as the initial meeting of a therapy group in a family practice setting. The screening interview enables patient and group therapists to decide whether or not the patient might benefit from group therapy. Topics covered in such an interview are discussed. Some ways of beginning and of ending the first session are described.", "contents": "Group therapy in family medicine. Part 3: starting the group. This paper is the third in a four-part series and in it some issues and techniques pertaining to the pregroup screening interview are discussed as well as the initial meeting of a therapy group in a family practice setting. The screening interview enables patient and group therapists to decide whether or not the patient might benefit from group therapy. Topics covered in such an interview are discussed. Some ways of beginning and of ending the first session are described.", "PMID": 681898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5107", "title": "Ambulatory family practice experience as the primary and integrating clinical concept in a four-year undergraduate curriculum.", "content": "The Upper Peninsula Medical Education Program seeks to graduate primary care physicians who will practice in rural, underserved areas. The program has a unique curriculum that involves four years away from Michigan State University's main campus and is based on ambulatory outpatient experience in a family practice model office. All basic and clinical sciences are learned in this setting. Novel ways of organizing faculty and student time help facilitate this plan. A thorough evaluation system helps monitor student progress. Preliminary results are promising indications that the program is meeting its goals.", "contents": "Ambulatory family practice experience as the primary and integrating clinical concept in a four-year undergraduate curriculum. The Upper Peninsula Medical Education Program seeks to graduate primary care physicians who will practice in rural, underserved areas. The program has a unique curriculum that involves four years away from Michigan State University's main campus and is based on ambulatory outpatient experience in a family practice model office. All basic and clinical sciences are learned in this setting. Novel ways of organizing faculty and student time help facilitate this plan. A thorough evaluation system helps monitor student progress. Preliminary results are promising indications that the program is meeting its goals.", "PMID": 681899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5108", "title": "Integrated residency training in family medicine and general practice dentistry.", "content": "General practice dental training and family practice medical training can be combined into one effective integrated program. This combination benefits the patients in a family practice model unit, enhances family practice resident education, and will ultimately benefit patient care delivery. This paper describes the experience of such an integrated program which is now well established.", "contents": "Integrated residency training in family medicine and general practice dentistry. General practice dental training and family practice medical training can be combined into one effective integrated program. This combination benefits the patients in a family practice model unit, enhances family practice resident education, and will ultimately benefit patient care delivery. This paper describes the experience of such an integrated program which is now well established.", "PMID": 681900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5109", "title": "Determinants of physician recognition and follow-up of abnormal laboratory values.", "content": "Potential determinants of physician recognition and follow-up of abnormal laboratory values were studied in the ambulatory primary care setting. Data support the hypothesis that a significant positive association exists between the clinical importance of a laboratory result and physician response. Clinical importance was indicated by degree of abnormality of the laboratory value, the type of test, and the indication for obtaining the test. Response was not significantly associated with type of laboratory report or resident's year of training, but a relationship was shown with resident's National Board scores. A model of 12 laboratory tests was found to be more appropriate for studying recognition and follow-up than one of 30 because of fewer repetitious tests and fewer results of doubtful clinical usefulness. With such a select model, recognition and follow-up of abnormals can be used as process measures of quality of medical care.", "contents": "Determinants of physician recognition and follow-up of abnormal laboratory values. Potential determinants of physician recognition and follow-up of abnormal laboratory values were studied in the ambulatory primary care setting. Data support the hypothesis that a significant positive association exists between the clinical importance of a laboratory result and physician response. Clinical importance was indicated by degree of abnormality of the laboratory value, the type of test, and the indication for obtaining the test. Response was not significantly associated with type of laboratory report or resident's year of training, but a relationship was shown with resident's National Board scores. A model of 12 laboratory tests was found to be more appropriate for studying recognition and follow-up than one of 30 because of fewer repetitious tests and fewer results of doubtful clinical usefulness. With such a select model, recognition and follow-up of abnormals can be used as process measures of quality of medical care.", "PMID": 681901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5110", "title": "Hemoptysis.", "content": "Hemoptysis is an alarming symptom that should not be dismissed lightly. A thorough evaluation will lead to the correct diagnosis in 80 to 90 percent of cases. Surgery is occasionally necessary where life-threatening hemorrhage is present but, more commonly, appropriate therapy can only be determined when the etiology is discovered, thus mandating a careful, thorough diagnostic search.", "contents": "Hemoptysis. Hemoptysis is an alarming symptom that should not be dismissed lightly. A thorough evaluation will lead to the correct diagnosis in 80 to 90 percent of cases. Surgery is occasionally necessary where life-threatening hemorrhage is present but, more commonly, appropriate therapy can only be determined when the etiology is discovered, thus mandating a careful, thorough diagnostic search.", "PMID": 681902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5111", "title": "Electron microscopic observation on sperm penetration and pronuclear formation in the fish egg.", "content": "Unfertilized eggs of the medaka, Oryzias latipes were inseminated after being mechanically freed from the chorion. In the first step of penetration, as soon as it reached the vitelline surface, the whole spermatozoon was quickly enclosed by ooplasmic protrusions (fertilization cone) of the vitelline surface. In the second step, the egg plasma membrane fused with various regions of the plasma membrane of the enclosed spermatozoon; finally the sperm flagellum was also incorporated into the ooplasm. Initial disappearance of the nuclear envelope of the sperm with vesiculation at the apical region of the head is followed by dispersal of the sperm chromatin. The nuclear envelope is then reformed by fusion of elongated or flattened vesicles along the margin of dispersing nuclear chromatin. The mature male pronucleus has a large nucleolus within a wrinkled envelope. It seems that the fertilization process in this fish involves some features of that occurring in the marine invertebrate and the mammalian eggs.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observation on sperm penetration and pronuclear formation in the fish egg. Unfertilized eggs of the medaka, Oryzias latipes were inseminated after being mechanically freed from the chorion. In the first step of penetration, as soon as it reached the vitelline surface, the whole spermatozoon was quickly enclosed by ooplasmic protrusions (fertilization cone) of the vitelline surface. In the second step, the egg plasma membrane fused with various regions of the plasma membrane of the enclosed spermatozoon; finally the sperm flagellum was also incorporated into the ooplasm. Initial disappearance of the nuclear envelope of the sperm with vesiculation at the apical region of the head is followed by dispersal of the sperm chromatin. The nuclear envelope is then reformed by fusion of elongated or flattened vesicles along the margin of dispersing nuclear chromatin. The mature male pronucleus has a large nucleolus within a wrinkled envelope. It seems that the fertilization process in this fish involves some features of that occurring in the marine invertebrate and the mammalian eggs.", "PMID": 681908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5112", "title": "The possible influence of temporal factors in androgenic responsiveness of urogenital tissue recombinants from wild-type and androgen-insensitive (Tfm) mice.", "content": "Tissue recombinants of epithelium and stroma from embryonic and neonatal urogenital rudiments derived from wild-type and feminized (Tfm/Y) mice sere grown as grafts in intact male hosts and analyzed morphologically for androgenic response. When mesenchyme of embryonic wild-type urogenital sinus (UGS) was associated with epithelium from embryonic wild-type bladder (B), the epithelium developed into glandular structures resembling prostate. In the reciprocal recombinant (B mesenchyme + UGS epithelium) the response was mixed, half of the recombinants exhibited bladder morphology and half exhibited prostatic-like morphology. Vaginal-like histogenesis occurred in UGS recombinants of androgen-insensitive Tfm/Y mesenchyme and wild-type epithelium, while prostatic morphology developed in reciprocal recombinants of wild-type mesenchyme and Tfm/Y epithelium. These observations demonstrate (1) that the presence of wild-type mesenchyme appears essential for expression of androgen-dependent morphogenesis during embryonic periods; and (2) that Tfm/Y epithelium is capable of participating in an androgenic response. Conversely, in similar recombinants prepared with neonatal tissues, the presence of wild-type urogenital stroma may not be required for expression of certain androgen-dependent phenomena since maintenance of the height and cytodifferentiation of ductus deferens epithelium occurs even when this epithelium is associated with Tfm/Y urogenital stroma. It appears, therefore, that the requirement of urogenital epithelium for wild-type (androgen sensitive) stroma may vary temporally.", "contents": "The possible influence of temporal factors in androgenic responsiveness of urogenital tissue recombinants from wild-type and androgen-insensitive (Tfm) mice. Tissue recombinants of epithelium and stroma from embryonic and neonatal urogenital rudiments derived from wild-type and feminized (Tfm/Y) mice sere grown as grafts in intact male hosts and analyzed morphologically for androgenic response. When mesenchyme of embryonic wild-type urogenital sinus (UGS) was associated with epithelium from embryonic wild-type bladder (B), the epithelium developed into glandular structures resembling prostate. In the reciprocal recombinant (B mesenchyme + UGS epithelium) the response was mixed, half of the recombinants exhibited bladder morphology and half exhibited prostatic-like morphology. Vaginal-like histogenesis occurred in UGS recombinants of androgen-insensitive Tfm/Y mesenchyme and wild-type epithelium, while prostatic morphology developed in reciprocal recombinants of wild-type mesenchyme and Tfm/Y epithelium. These observations demonstrate (1) that the presence of wild-type mesenchyme appears essential for expression of androgen-dependent morphogenesis during embryonic periods; and (2) that Tfm/Y epithelium is capable of participating in an androgenic response. Conversely, in similar recombinants prepared with neonatal tissues, the presence of wild-type urogenital stroma may not be required for expression of certain androgen-dependent phenomena since maintenance of the height and cytodifferentiation of ductus deferens epithelium occurs even when this epithelium is associated with Tfm/Y urogenital stroma. It appears, therefore, that the requirement of urogenital epithelium for wild-type (androgen sensitive) stroma may vary temporally.", "PMID": 681909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5113", "title": "Atrophy of a breast muscle with a single fibre type (M. pectoralis) in fasting willow grouse, Lagopus lagopus (L.).", "content": "The willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus) are arctic gallinaceous birds with small fat stores and large muscles. In winter, these birds may starve for periods of several days. It was important to know which energy reserves were utlized during periods of starvation. Body composition of female willow grouse and Bantam hens was studied before and after fasting. Grouse have much larger breast muscles than do Bantams, but reproductive organs are larger in hens. The relative amounts of adipose tissue are about equal in grouse and Bantams. When the birds had lost about 20% of their initial body weight due to fasting, Bantams had lost as much weight from their reproductive organs as from the adipose tissue, with little loss from the muscles. Grouse lost more weight from the pectoralis muscles alone than from the adipose tissue. Since the major component of muscle is protein, the grouse obtain a larger proportion of acloric needs during fasting from protein than do the Bantams. Grouse breast muscles are dark red, and the pectoralis consists homogeneously of type IIa (oxidative-glycolytic) fibres, assessed by ATPase and by Sudan Black staining. The supracoracoideus muscle has type II fibres, not resolvable in subtypes. The leg muscle biceps femoris contains the three fibre types I, IIa, and IIb. During fasting, the weight loss of the pectoralis muscle may be accounted for by all fibres losing some material.", "contents": "Atrophy of a breast muscle with a single fibre type (M. pectoralis) in fasting willow grouse, Lagopus lagopus (L.). The willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus) are arctic gallinaceous birds with small fat stores and large muscles. In winter, these birds may starve for periods of several days. It was important to know which energy reserves were utlized during periods of starvation. Body composition of female willow grouse and Bantam hens was studied before and after fasting. Grouse have much larger breast muscles than do Bantams, but reproductive organs are larger in hens. The relative amounts of adipose tissue are about equal in grouse and Bantams. When the birds had lost about 20% of their initial body weight due to fasting, Bantams had lost as much weight from their reproductive organs as from the adipose tissue, with little loss from the muscles. Grouse lost more weight from the pectoralis muscles alone than from the adipose tissue. Since the major component of muscle is protein, the grouse obtain a larger proportion of acloric needs during fasting from protein than do the Bantams. Grouse breast muscles are dark red, and the pectoralis consists homogeneously of type IIa (oxidative-glycolytic) fibres, assessed by ATPase and by Sudan Black staining. The supracoracoideus muscle has type II fibres, not resolvable in subtypes. The leg muscle biceps femoris contains the three fibre types I, IIa, and IIb. During fasting, the weight loss of the pectoralis muscle may be accounted for by all fibres losing some material.", "PMID": 681910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5114", "title": "Chimaera studies of the origin and formation of the pectoral musculature of the avian embryo.", "content": "Cervical, brachial, and thoracic somites and brachial somatopleure were transplanted from quail into 2-day chick embryos to determine their contribution to the formation of the pectoralis major muscle. The results show that the musculature of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor is derived entirely from brachial somites (16-20) while the brachial somatopleure provides much of the connective tissue of these muscles. Migration of somitic cells into the somatopleure appears to begin before the somites are fully formed. The primordium of the pectoralis muscle forms at the base of the wing bud and extends ventro-caudally into the thoracic area to attach to the sternum.", "contents": "Chimaera studies of the origin and formation of the pectoral musculature of the avian embryo. Cervical, brachial, and thoracic somites and brachial somatopleure were transplanted from quail into 2-day chick embryos to determine their contribution to the formation of the pectoralis major muscle. The results show that the musculature of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor is derived entirely from brachial somites (16-20) while the brachial somatopleure provides much of the connective tissue of these muscles. Migration of somitic cells into the somatopleure appears to begin before the somites are fully formed. The primordium of the pectoralis muscle forms at the base of the wing bud and extends ventro-caudally into the thoracic area to attach to the sternum.", "PMID": 681911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5115", "title": "Enhanced identification of lethal yellow (Ay/Ay) mouse embryos by means of delayed development of four-cell stages.", "content": "At present, experimental studies on the primary genetic lesion in Ay/Ay embryos are restricted by the absence of techniques designed to identify Ay homozygotes prior to the onset of secondary defects. This paper describes a methodology to enrich the yields of Ay homozygotes in experimental populations by taking advantage of an early homozygous Ay expression-lagging development in 4-cell embryos.", "contents": "Enhanced identification of lethal yellow (Ay/Ay) mouse embryos by means of delayed development of four-cell stages. At present, experimental studies on the primary genetic lesion in Ay/Ay embryos are restricted by the absence of techniques designed to identify Ay homozygotes prior to the onset of secondary defects. This paper describes a methodology to enrich the yields of Ay homozygotes in experimental populations by taking advantage of an early homozygous Ay expression-lagging development in 4-cell embryos.", "PMID": 681912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5116", "title": "Differential activation of hepatitis B DNA polymerase by detergent and salt.", "content": "Three patterns of activity were evident when the differential activation of the DNA polymerase associated with serum Dane particles by nonionic detergent and salt was investigated. The patterns were obtained by plotting the increase in enzyme activity mediated by the detergent Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) in increasing concentrations of KCl compared to the activity observed in the absence of detergent. The pattern of differential activity of hepatitis B (HB) DNA polymerase in detergent and salt was altered by subjecting the HBAg preparations to shearing forces. Hepatitis B DNA polymerase activity was stable even in NP-40 concentrations as high as 10%. In addition to hepatitis B DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase activated by calf thymus DNA was found in pellets containing Dane particles. The latter DNA polymerase activity was also activated by NP-40 and was not decreased by DNAse; this DNA polymerase coprecipitated with hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) upon addition of anti-HBs. However, the DNA polymerase activated by calf thymus DNA was inhibited by 0.4 M KCl. Electron microscopic observations of serum Dane particles in 0.4 M KCl showed no alterations of morphology of these particles when compared to particles in low-salt buffer. The data indicated that KCl activated HB DNA polymerase by a different mechanism from that of shear or NP-40, which removed the surface antigen coat from the Dane particles.", "contents": "Differential activation of hepatitis B DNA polymerase by detergent and salt. Three patterns of activity were evident when the differential activation of the DNA polymerase associated with serum Dane particles by nonionic detergent and salt was investigated. The patterns were obtained by plotting the increase in enzyme activity mediated by the detergent Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) in increasing concentrations of KCl compared to the activity observed in the absence of detergent. The pattern of differential activity of hepatitis B (HB) DNA polymerase in detergent and salt was altered by subjecting the HBAg preparations to shearing forces. Hepatitis B DNA polymerase activity was stable even in NP-40 concentrations as high as 10%. In addition to hepatitis B DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase activated by calf thymus DNA was found in pellets containing Dane particles. The latter DNA polymerase activity was also activated by NP-40 and was not decreased by DNAse; this DNA polymerase coprecipitated with hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) upon addition of anti-HBs. However, the DNA polymerase activated by calf thymus DNA was inhibited by 0.4 M KCl. Electron microscopic observations of serum Dane particles in 0.4 M KCl showed no alterations of morphology of these particles when compared to particles in low-salt buffer. The data indicated that KCl activated HB DNA polymerase by a different mechanism from that of shear or NP-40, which removed the surface antigen coat from the Dane particles.", "PMID": 681913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5117", "title": "Coping and defense in relation to accommodation among a sample of blind men.", "content": "The relation of 26  measures of ego functioning, as assessed by the responses of 101 blind men to the California Psychological Inventory, to employment status and travel freedom were examined. Previous research findings and methodology and the need to control for intervening variables were discussed. The accommodation of blindness was characterized by greater cognitive and intellectual articulation, the absence of intraceptive rigidity, and the flexible regulation of affect and impulse. While this pattern held true for those subjects born partially sighted and those acquiring total and partial blindness, no differences emerged for subject born totally or partially blind. Support was found for the construct validity of the ego measures, as well as Haan's proposition of complementary pairing of ego functions. On the basis of these results specific recommendations were made regarding the administration of the scales and counseling among the blind.", "contents": "Coping and defense in relation to accommodation among a sample of blind men. The relation of 26  measures of ego functioning, as assessed by the responses of 101 blind men to the California Psychological Inventory, to employment status and travel freedom were examined. Previous research findings and methodology and the need to control for intervening variables were discussed. The accommodation of blindness was characterized by greater cognitive and intellectual articulation, the absence of intraceptive rigidity, and the flexible regulation of affect and impulse. While this pattern held true for those subjects born partially sighted and those acquiring total and partial blindness, no differences emerged for subject born totally or partially blind. Support was found for the construct validity of the ego measures, as well as Haan's proposition of complementary pairing of ego functions. On the basis of these results specific recommendations were made regarding the administration of the scales and counseling among the blind.", "PMID": 681914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5118", "title": "Alcoholic MMPI subtypes. Relationship to drinking styles, benefits, and consequences.", "content": "The present study was designed, first, to attempt to replicate the previously derived Goldstein and Linden Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory alcoholic personality subtypes, and second, to relate these personality patterns to a multidimensional measure of alcohol usage. Two of the previously obtained profile types were replicated through two independent cluster analytic procedures. These subtypes were defined as psychopathic and neurotic-depressive, respectively. Higher levels of drinking-related impairment were associated with anxiety and depression, while lower levels of impairment were related to psychopathic features among patients hospitalized primarily for alcoholism. However, relatively heterogeneous, distinctive configurations of reported drinking benefits, styles, and consequences were found across the Goldstein-Linden subtypes. Methodological factors potentially contributing to the failure to replicate two of the previously derived subtypes were discussed. The potential therapeutic utility of a multivariate classification of personality functioning and the use of a multidimensional assessment of alcohol usage within alcoholic populations was also discussed.", "contents": "Alcoholic MMPI subtypes. Relationship to drinking styles, benefits, and consequences. The present study was designed, first, to attempt to replicate the previously derived Goldstein and Linden Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory alcoholic personality subtypes, and second, to relate these personality patterns to a multidimensional measure of alcohol usage. Two of the previously obtained profile types were replicated through two independent cluster analytic procedures. These subtypes were defined as psychopathic and neurotic-depressive, respectively. Higher levels of drinking-related impairment were associated with anxiety and depression, while lower levels of impairment were related to psychopathic features among patients hospitalized primarily for alcoholism. However, relatively heterogeneous, distinctive configurations of reported drinking benefits, styles, and consequences were found across the Goldstein-Linden subtypes. Methodological factors potentially contributing to the failure to replicate two of the previously derived subtypes were discussed. The potential therapeutic utility of a multivariate classification of personality functioning and the use of a multidimensional assessment of alcohol usage within alcoholic populations was also discussed.", "PMID": 681915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5119", "title": "The frequency and persistence of depressive symptoms in the alcohol abuser.", "content": "A survey of 61 outpatients admitted to a mental health center for the treatment of alcoholism determined that a majority of them (59 per cent) were clinically depressed. The depressive symptoms were rarely treated with anti-depressant agents and, at 1-year follow-up, were found to persist even though the patients had attended the standard treatment program for alcoholics. There is need for new treatment strategies that recognize the diagnostic heterogeneity of the alcoholic and that consider the use of appropriate psychopharmacological agents.", "contents": "The frequency and persistence of depressive symptoms in the alcohol abuser. A survey of 61 outpatients admitted to a mental health center for the treatment of alcoholism determined that a majority of them (59 per cent) were clinically depressed. The depressive symptoms were rarely treated with anti-depressant agents and, at 1-year follow-up, were found to persist even though the patients had attended the standard treatment program for alcoholics. There is need for new treatment strategies that recognize the diagnostic heterogeneity of the alcoholic and that consider the use of appropriate psychopharmacological agents.", "PMID": 681916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5120", "title": "Toward a rationale for the seclusion process.", "content": "The present paper summarizes three studies focusing on different aspects of seclusion room practices. The first study involved chart review to collect empirical data on reasons for seclusion, length of seclusion, and characteristics of secluded patients. The second study focused on staff attitudes toward seclusion; the third dealt with the attitudes of both secluded and nonsecluded patients. The average time of seclusion was approximately 4 hours and in most cases aggressive behaviors of various types were cited as the precipitating event. In addition, patient and staff attitudes implied that a major function of the seclusion process was to isolate patients from disturbing interactions and to maintain the smooth functioning of the ward minisociety. Two models of seclusion, an ethological model and a behavioristic \"time out\" model, were developed in order to integrate the results of these studies. Implications of the findings and models are presented for changes in seclusion room procedures.", "contents": "Toward a rationale for the seclusion process. The present paper summarizes three studies focusing on different aspects of seclusion room practices. The first study involved chart review to collect empirical data on reasons for seclusion, length of seclusion, and characteristics of secluded patients. The second study focused on staff attitudes toward seclusion; the third dealt with the attitudes of both secluded and nonsecluded patients. The average time of seclusion was approximately 4 hours and in most cases aggressive behaviors of various types were cited as the precipitating event. In addition, patient and staff attitudes implied that a major function of the seclusion process was to isolate patients from disturbing interactions and to maintain the smooth functioning of the ward minisociety. Two models of seclusion, an ethological model and a behavioristic \"time out\" model, were developed in order to integrate the results of these studies. Implications of the findings and models are presented for changes in seclusion room procedures.", "PMID": 681917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5121", "title": "Referral of patients from primary care physicians to a community mental health center.", "content": "The referral process between primary care physicians and a community mental health center was examined in a community which lacks a geographically based psychiatrist. The method included inspection of referral completion rate and evaluation or patients' characteristics and attitudes concerning mental health care. The findings indicated that only 10 per cent of referred patients who have had no prior contact with the community mental health center completed the referral. Reasons for this low referral completion rate are discussed.", "contents": "Referral of patients from primary care physicians to a community mental health center. The referral process between primary care physicians and a community mental health center was examined in a community which lacks a geographically based psychiatrist. The method included inspection of referral completion rate and evaluation or patients' characteristics and attitudes concerning mental health care. The findings indicated that only 10 per cent of referred patients who have had no prior contact with the community mental health center completed the referral. Reasons for this low referral completion rate are discussed.", "PMID": 681919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5122", "title": "Catatonia associated with disulfiram therapy.", "content": "This is the first report of a catatonic syndrome occurring in a patient receiving disulfiram treatment. A causal relationship is strongly suggested by the mode of onset, the absence of a previous history of catatonia, and the rapid resolution of the syndrome within 72 hours of discontinuance of the disulfiram therapy. Neurophysiological mechanisms which aid in elucidating the role of disulfiram in the etiology of catatonia are discussed. It is important that physicians be alerted to this serious, potentially lethal, complication, as it is readily reversible if the disulfiram is discontinued and appropriate supportive measures are taken. Also, it appears that these patients may be more susceptible to complications with future disulfiram usage and should be strongly counseled to seek alternative therapies for their alcohol problems in the future.", "contents": "Catatonia associated with disulfiram therapy. This is the first report of a catatonic syndrome occurring in a patient receiving disulfiram treatment. A causal relationship is strongly suggested by the mode of onset, the absence of a previous history of catatonia, and the rapid resolution of the syndrome within 72 hours of discontinuance of the disulfiram therapy. Neurophysiological mechanisms which aid in elucidating the role of disulfiram in the etiology of catatonia are discussed. It is important that physicians be alerted to this serious, potentially lethal, complication, as it is readily reversible if the disulfiram is discontinued and appropriate supportive measures are taken. Also, it appears that these patients may be more susceptible to complications with future disulfiram usage and should be strongly counseled to seek alternative therapies for their alcohol problems in the future.", "PMID": 681921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5123", "title": "The influence of taipoxin on cholinergic synapses in the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata.", "content": "The influences of the snake venom taipoxin on the cholinergic synapses of the electric organ of Torpedo mamorata were investigated. 1. In ultrathin sections presynaptic membrane indentations are noted under the influence of taipoxin/NaCl. 2. The presynaptic membranes often show small interruptions. 3. In taipoxin/horseradish peroxidase incubated organ pieces typical omega-shaped indentations are found, but on the postsynaptic side. 4. The vesicle density decreased under the influence of the taipoxin in contrast untreated cholinergic synapses. 5. In freeze etched preparations no membrane indentations and interruptions are observed, but only a small vesicle density was seen.", "contents": "The influence of taipoxin on cholinergic synapses in the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. The influences of the snake venom taipoxin on the cholinergic synapses of the electric organ of Torpedo mamorata were investigated. 1. In ultrathin sections presynaptic membrane indentations are noted under the influence of taipoxin/NaCl. 2. The presynaptic membranes often show small interruptions. 3. In taipoxin/horseradish peroxidase incubated organ pieces typical omega-shaped indentations are found, but on the postsynaptic side. 4. The vesicle density decreased under the influence of the taipoxin in contrast untreated cholinergic synapses. 5. In freeze etched preparations no membrane indentations and interruptions are observed, but only a small vesicle density was seen.", "PMID": 681922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5124", "title": "Location by paper chromatography of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) inhibiting activity in acetic acid extracts from bovine pineals.", "content": "Acetic acid extracts of bovine pineals and cerebral cortex were separated on Sephadex G-25 columns. Subsequently two low molecular weight fractions, F2 and F3, were ultrafiltered through the membranes UM2 and UM05. The UM05 residues were gel filtered on Sephadex G-15 columns or chromatographed on Dowex W50-X4 columns. Fractions from these columns were tested and those which showed COH-inhibiting activity were separated by preparative paper chromatography in different solvents. The absorption spectra of those fractions were recorded and tested for COH-inhibiting activity were separated by preparative paper chromatography in different solvents. The absorption spectra of those fractions were recorded and tested for COH-inhibition. By these methods, a COH-inhibitor was localized in three different solvents. Some active paper chromatography fractions were studied in high pressure, reverse phase, liquid chromatography. This latter method showed that the active fractions obtained by paper chromatography contain several orthophthlaldehyde (OPT) positive compounds. Key words: acetic acid, bovine pineal extracts, compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH), paper chromatography, high pressure, reverse phase, liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Location by paper chromatography of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) inhibiting activity in acetic acid extracts from bovine pineals. Acetic acid extracts of bovine pineals and cerebral cortex were separated on Sephadex G-25 columns. Subsequently two low molecular weight fractions, F2 and F3, were ultrafiltered through the membranes UM2 and UM05. The UM05 residues were gel filtered on Sephadex G-15 columns or chromatographed on Dowex W50-X4 columns. Fractions from these columns were tested and those which showed COH-inhibiting activity were separated by preparative paper chromatography in different solvents. The absorption spectra of those fractions were recorded and tested for COH-inhibiting activity were separated by preparative paper chromatography in different solvents. The absorption spectra of those fractions were recorded and tested for COH-inhibition. By these methods, a COH-inhibitor was localized in three different solvents. Some active paper chromatography fractions were studied in high pressure, reverse phase, liquid chromatography. This latter method showed that the active fractions obtained by paper chromatography contain several orthophthlaldehyde (OPT) positive compounds. Key words: acetic acid, bovine pineal extracts, compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH), paper chromatography, high pressure, reverse phase, liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 681923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5125", "title": "Hypothermic decrease in microtubule density and birefringence in unimyelinated axons.", "content": "The density of microtubules, T.D. (number of tubules/unit area) is highest in small crab nerve axons. After cooling of the nerve at 0 degrees C, the tubule density tends to zero (T.D. 2% of the normothermic value). Once the cooled nerves are returned in normothermia, the reconstitution of the microtubules is evidenced (T.D. =  90% of the initial normothermic value). Therefore cooling \"depolymerizes\" the tubules, whereas rewarming leads to their \"repolymerization.\" These results definitely improve the interpretation of the birefringence decrease by cooling: as tubules and filaments contribute to the positive fraction of the total positive birefringence, their depolymerization by cooling explains to a large extent the decrease in total birefringence.", "contents": "Hypothermic decrease in microtubule density and birefringence in unimyelinated axons. The density of microtubules, T.D. (number of tubules/unit area) is highest in small crab nerve axons. After cooling of the nerve at 0 degrees C, the tubule density tends to zero (T.D. 2% of the normothermic value). Once the cooled nerves are returned in normothermia, the reconstitution of the microtubules is evidenced (T.D. =  90% of the initial normothermic value). Therefore cooling \"depolymerizes\" the tubules, whereas rewarming leads to their \"repolymerization.\" These results definitely improve the interpretation of the birefringence decrease by cooling: as tubules and filaments contribute to the positive fraction of the total positive birefringence, their depolymerization by cooling explains to a large extent the decrease in total birefringence.", "PMID": 681924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5126", "title": "Postsynaptic potentials in pacemaker cells: a correlation of behavior in command cells of an electric fish.", "content": "Intracellular recordings were made from pacemaker-command cells of the electric organ discharge (EOD) of the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia virescens. The fish was immobilized with gallamine triethiodide (Flaxedil) which silenced the EOD. A simulated EOD of this fish (ca. 300 Hz) and a sine wave simulating a neighbor, a few Hz higher (+deltaF) or lower (-deltaF) were introduced into the bath to elicit the \"jamming avoidance response\" (JAR), monitored through the pacemaker potential. We observed that accompanying the JAR there is a minute hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential (hpsp) superimposed on the pacemaker potential. A shift in the phase of the hpsp occurs with a change in the sign of deltaF, and therefore of the JAR. Assuming that the behaviorally correlated hpsp is inhibitory, it suggests that mutual inhibition may play a role in regulating the synchronous firing frequency of command neurons, which are electrically coupled with one-another. Scheich and Bullock (1974) proposed a neuronal scheme for the JAR in which they suggest that two systems (P and T) operate together in the nervous system. The T system affects the pacemaker cells at a precise, variable phase of the pacemaker cycle. Although the present results indeed reveal a shift in the hpsp with a change in the sign of deltaF, the actual significance of this shift remains to be evaluated. The unexpected direction of the shift suggests either that the hpsp is excitatory at the phases when it occurs, or that effectiveness of inhibition decreases at later phases in this case instead of increasing as in other cases, or that the hpsp opposes the JAR. The parallel P system is probably more important in explaining the JAR, acting by a DC level control rather than a phase control.", "contents": "Postsynaptic potentials in pacemaker cells: a correlation of behavior in command cells of an electric fish. Intracellular recordings were made from pacemaker-command cells of the electric organ discharge (EOD) of the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia virescens. The fish was immobilized with gallamine triethiodide (Flaxedil) which silenced the EOD. A simulated EOD of this fish (ca. 300 Hz) and a sine wave simulating a neighbor, a few Hz higher (+deltaF) or lower (-deltaF) were introduced into the bath to elicit the \"jamming avoidance response\" (JAR), monitored through the pacemaker potential. We observed that accompanying the JAR there is a minute hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential (hpsp) superimposed on the pacemaker potential. A shift in the phase of the hpsp occurs with a change in the sign of deltaF, and therefore of the JAR. Assuming that the behaviorally correlated hpsp is inhibitory, it suggests that mutual inhibition may play a role in regulating the synchronous firing frequency of command neurons, which are electrically coupled with one-another. Scheich and Bullock (1974) proposed a neuronal scheme for the JAR in which they suggest that two systems (P and T) operate together in the nervous system. The T system affects the pacemaker cells at a precise, variable phase of the pacemaker cycle. Although the present results indeed reveal a shift in the hpsp with a change in the sign of deltaF, the actual significance of this shift remains to be evaluated. The unexpected direction of the shift suggests either that the hpsp is excitatory at the phases when it occurs, or that effectiveness of inhibition decreases at later phases in this case instead of increasing as in other cases, or that the hpsp opposes the JAR. The parallel P system is probably more important in explaining the JAR, acting by a DC level control rather than a phase control.", "PMID": 681925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5127", "title": "Feeding motor program in Limax. I. Neuromuscular correlates and control by chemosensory input.", "content": "The feeding motor program(FMP) of the terrestrial slug Limax maximus was examined in vivo and in vitro. The feeding pattern of intact animals shows an initial increase in bite frequency followed by a plateau phase. Recordings obtained from semi-intact preparations of the lips, brain, and buccal mass established the correlation of activity in buccal ganglion nerve roots with the protraction-retraction bite cycle. A preparation of the lips, cerebral ganglia, and buccal ganglia was developed, such that, repetitive chemostimulation of the lips yields reproducible bouts of FMP. Sources of proprioceptive feedback from buccal muscles were demonstrated. The feasibility of computer scoring of the FMP is documented. The results demonstrate that aspects of in vivo feeding behavior are retained and identifiable in highly dissected, in vivo preparations.", "contents": "Feeding motor program in Limax. I. Neuromuscular correlates and control by chemosensory input. The feeding motor program(FMP) of the terrestrial slug Limax maximus was examined in vivo and in vitro. The feeding pattern of intact animals shows an initial increase in bite frequency followed by a plateau phase. Recordings obtained from semi-intact preparations of the lips, brain, and buccal mass established the correlation of activity in buccal ganglion nerve roots with the protraction-retraction bite cycle. A preparation of the lips, cerebral ganglia, and buccal ganglia was developed, such that, repetitive chemostimulation of the lips yields reproducible bouts of FMP. Sources of proprioceptive feedback from buccal muscles were demonstrated. The feasibility of computer scoring of the FMP is documented. The results demonstrate that aspects of in vivo feeding behavior are retained and identifiable in highly dissected, in vivo preparations.", "PMID": 681926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5128", "title": "Developmental abnormalities of identifiable neurons in the crayfish Procambarus simulans.", "content": "We report anomalies of lateral giant neurons in field-caught animals. In one case, both lateral giant neurons arising from the fifth abdominal ganglion did not terminate in the next-most anterior ganglion, but rather continued to the third abdominal ganglion. In another case, an additional large neuron arising in the fifth abdominal ganglion coursed in a posterior direction. All othe CNS structures appeared normal in animals having either anomaly.", "contents": "Developmental abnormalities of identifiable neurons in the crayfish Procambarus simulans. We report anomalies of lateral giant neurons in field-caught animals. In one case, both lateral giant neurons arising from the fifth abdominal ganglion did not terminate in the next-most anterior ganglion, but rather continued to the third abdominal ganglion. In another case, an additional large neuron arising in the fifth abdominal ganglion coursed in a posterior direction. All othe CNS structures appeared normal in animals having either anomaly.", "PMID": 681927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5129", "title": "Serial synapses in Aplysia.", "content": "Serial synapses occur between small profiles in the neuropil of Aplysia abdominal ganglion. Material was fixed in phosphate buffered OsO4, embedded in epon, and sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. A class of synapses had the following characteristics: (1) synaptic vesicles clustered against the presynaptic membrane, (2) a widened extracellular space of about 20 nm containing electron-dense material, (3) straightening of the pre- and postsynaptic membranes, and (4) no postsynaptic membrane specialization. Some density between the presynaptic membrane and the adjacent synaptic vesicles was occasionally observed. Synapses occurred between small profiles in the neuropil (typical profile diameters were 1--3 micrometer). In this sample of approximately 100 synapses, four serial synapses were identified. The serial synaptic profiles were all small. In addition to the finding of serial synapses, 40% of the postsynaptic profiles contained vesicles similar to the synaptic vesicles seen in presynaptic profiles. Serial synapses may be the anatomical substrate of presynaptic inhibition and facilitation and of dishabituation.", "contents": "Serial synapses in Aplysia. Serial synapses occur between small profiles in the neuropil of Aplysia abdominal ganglion. Material was fixed in phosphate buffered OsO4, embedded in epon, and sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. A class of synapses had the following characteristics: (1) synaptic vesicles clustered against the presynaptic membrane, (2) a widened extracellular space of about 20 nm containing electron-dense material, (3) straightening of the pre- and postsynaptic membranes, and (4) no postsynaptic membrane specialization. Some density between the presynaptic membrane and the adjacent synaptic vesicles was occasionally observed. Synapses occurred between small profiles in the neuropil (typical profile diameters were 1--3 micrometer). In this sample of approximately 100 synapses, four serial synapses were identified. The serial synaptic profiles were all small. In addition to the finding of serial synapses, 40% of the postsynaptic profiles contained vesicles similar to the synaptic vesicles seen in presynaptic profiles. Serial synapses may be the anatomical substrate of presynaptic inhibition and facilitation and of dishabituation.", "PMID": 681928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5130", "title": "Neurophysiological studies of autogenous sural nerve grafts.", "content": "Sixteen autogenous sural nerve grafts used for ulnar and median injuries in the forearm have been studied neurophysiologically up to two and a half years after operation. Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies revealed a slow but sustained improvement during the follow-up period. By two years, motor conduction velocity across the graft itself reached in most cases 40 to 85% of the conduction velocity in the contralateral normal limb. Some reduction of motor conduction velocity was observed in the uninjured nerve proximal to the graft but this was less marked. Sensory nerve action potentials were obtained in 44% of nerves after 18 months although in all cases the amplitude of the potentials and in most cases their velocity, was greatly reduced.", "contents": "Neurophysiological studies of autogenous sural nerve grafts. Sixteen autogenous sural nerve grafts used for ulnar and median injuries in the forearm have been studied neurophysiologically up to two and a half years after operation. Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies revealed a slow but sustained improvement during the follow-up period. By two years, motor conduction velocity across the graft itself reached in most cases 40 to 85% of the conduction velocity in the contralateral normal limb. Some reduction of motor conduction velocity was observed in the uninjured nerve proximal to the graft but this was less marked. Sensory nerve action potentials were obtained in 44% of nerves after 18 months although in all cases the amplitude of the potentials and in most cases their velocity, was greatly reduced.", "PMID": 681954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5131", "title": "Synaptic connections to individual tibialis anterior motoneurones in man.", "content": "The characteristics of post-synaptic potentials in a single human motoneurone can be derived from the profiles of post-stimulus time histograms (PSTH) of that neurone when it is firing rhythmically. We have used this method to explore the synaptic connections to individual tibialis anterior motoneurones in man. Agonist group 1 volleys produced short latency excitation of 85% of tibialis anterior motoneurones probably representing the 1a EPSP. Excitation, at a latency of 70 ms, is attributed to a long loop reflex. Antagonist group 1 volleys produced short latency inhibition of 65% of tibialis anterior motoneurones probably representing the 1a IPSP. Excitation, at a latency of 97 ms, may represent spino-bulbo-spinal reflex. None of these effects are due to the excitation of cutaneous afferent nerve fibres.", "contents": "Synaptic connections to individual tibialis anterior motoneurones in man. The characteristics of post-synaptic potentials in a single human motoneurone can be derived from the profiles of post-stimulus time histograms (PSTH) of that neurone when it is firing rhythmically. We have used this method to explore the synaptic connections to individual tibialis anterior motoneurones in man. Agonist group 1 volleys produced short latency excitation of 85% of tibialis anterior motoneurones probably representing the 1a EPSP. Excitation, at a latency of 70 ms, is attributed to a long loop reflex. Antagonist group 1 volleys produced short latency inhibition of 65% of tibialis anterior motoneurones probably representing the 1a IPSP. Excitation, at a latency of 97 ms, may represent spino-bulbo-spinal reflex. None of these effects are due to the excitation of cutaneous afferent nerve fibres.", "PMID": 681955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5132", "title": "Abnormalities of Bell's phenomenon in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical and electrophysiological evaluation.", "content": "A clinical and electromyographic study of oculomotor function was carried out in a series of 24 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In 15 cases an alteration of Bell's phenomenon was found. In addition, three patients showed some impairment of conjugate ocular motility in the form of upward gaze paly. All cases had preserved oculocephalic reflexes in the vertical and horizontal planes. On clinical and electromyographic grounds, three degrees of altered Bell's phenomenon are suggested: attenuated (short and unsustained upward displacement of the eyeballs after forced closure of the eyelids), abolished (no upward displacement), and inverted (downward instead of upward displacement of the eyes). These oculomotor alterations were not directly related to the type of ALS at onset of the illness, nor with its duration. However they were correlated with the relative degree of the clinical bilateral pyramidal tract signs at the supraspinal level. The common involvement of the corticogeniculate tract in ALS could explain the unexpectedly high incidence of alteration of Bell's phenomenon found in this disease, but is is non-specific and similar lesions from different causes may also produce it.", "contents": "Abnormalities of Bell's phenomenon in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical and electrophysiological evaluation. A clinical and electromyographic study of oculomotor function was carried out in a series of 24 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In 15 cases an alteration of Bell's phenomenon was found. In addition, three patients showed some impairment of conjugate ocular motility in the form of upward gaze paly. All cases had preserved oculocephalic reflexes in the vertical and horizontal planes. On clinical and electromyographic grounds, three degrees of altered Bell's phenomenon are suggested: attenuated (short and unsustained upward displacement of the eyeballs after forced closure of the eyelids), abolished (no upward displacement), and inverted (downward instead of upward displacement of the eyes). These oculomotor alterations were not directly related to the type of ALS at onset of the illness, nor with its duration. However they were correlated with the relative degree of the clinical bilateral pyramidal tract signs at the supraspinal level. The common involvement of the corticogeniculate tract in ALS could explain the unexpectedly high incidence of alteration of Bell's phenomenon found in this disease, but is is non-specific and similar lesions from different causes may also produce it.", "PMID": 681956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5133", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens (HLA) in multiple sclerosis in Iran.", "content": "Thirty-five patients (19 male and 16 female) with clinically definite multiple sclerosis and 100 healthy control subjects were studied for the A and B locus of the HLA system. A significant increase of HLA A3 and A11 of the A locus and B7 of the B locus was observed in patients with multiple sclerosis compared with controls. An increase of antigen A3 was also observed in eight cases of probable multiple sclerosis. A significant increase of both A3 and B7 was observed in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens (HLA) in multiple sclerosis in Iran. Thirty-five patients (19 male and 16 female) with clinically definite multiple sclerosis and 100 healthy control subjects were studied for the A and B locus of the HLA system. A significant increase of HLA A3 and A11 of the A locus and B7 of the B locus was observed in patients with multiple sclerosis compared with controls. An increase of antigen A3 was also observed in eight cases of probable multiple sclerosis. A significant increase of both A3 and B7 was observed in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 681957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5134", "title": "Water intoxication in epileptic patients receiving carbamazepine.", "content": "Plasma sodium and osmolality were determined in 80 adult epileptic patients receiving chronic treatment with carbamazepine and in 50 control patients treated with other anticonvulsant drugs. Mean plasma osmolality was significantly lower in the carbamazepine-treated patients but mean plasma sodium did not differ in the two groups. Hyponatraemia was found in five of the carbamazine-treated patients and hypo-osmolality in six. None of the control patients had hyponatraemia and only one had a borderline low osmolality. Three of the 13 patients receiving carbamazepine alone were hyponatraemic. Plasma sodium concentration correlated negatively with both daily carbamazepine dose and serum carbamazepine level. Free water clearance after an oral water load was determined in six patients on carbamazepine alone and in six normal subjects not receiving drug therapy. The capacity of some of the patients to excrete the water load was found to be grossly impaired.", "contents": "Water intoxication in epileptic patients receiving carbamazepine. Plasma sodium and osmolality were determined in 80 adult epileptic patients receiving chronic treatment with carbamazepine and in 50 control patients treated with other anticonvulsant drugs. Mean plasma osmolality was significantly lower in the carbamazepine-treated patients but mean plasma sodium did not differ in the two groups. Hyponatraemia was found in five of the carbamazine-treated patients and hypo-osmolality in six. None of the control patients had hyponatraemia and only one had a borderline low osmolality. Three of the 13 patients receiving carbamazepine alone were hyponatraemic. Plasma sodium concentration correlated negatively with both daily carbamazepine dose and serum carbamazepine level. Free water clearance after an oral water load was determined in six patients on carbamazepine alone and in six normal subjects not receiving drug therapy. The capacity of some of the patients to excrete the water load was found to be grossly impaired.", "PMID": 681958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5135", "title": "Muscle hypertrophy after partial denervation: a human case.", "content": "While undergoing long-term physiotherapy, a 41 year old woman with a chronic S1 radiculopathy developed progressive, painless enlargement of the weak calf. Gastrocnemius muscle biopsy disclosed changes of partial denervation and reinnervation, with small groups of type I and type II atrophic muscle fibres and abundant hypertrophic fibres of both types but mostly type II. It is postulated that, in addition to comprensatory work-induced type II muscle fibre hypertrophy, there was an element of (type I) stretched-induced hypertrophy of denervated fibres, a condition well recognised experimentally but not documented in man.", "contents": "Muscle hypertrophy after partial denervation: a human case. While undergoing long-term physiotherapy, a 41 year old woman with a chronic S1 radiculopathy developed progressive, painless enlargement of the weak calf. Gastrocnemius muscle biopsy disclosed changes of partial denervation and reinnervation, with small groups of type I and type II atrophic muscle fibres and abundant hypertrophic fibres of both types but mostly type II. It is postulated that, in addition to comprensatory work-induced type II muscle fibre hypertrophy, there was an element of (type I) stretched-induced hypertrophy of denervated fibres, a condition well recognised experimentally but not documented in man.", "PMID": 681959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5136", "title": "Intracranial venous thrombosis in the first trimester of pregnancy.", "content": "We describe a fatal case of intracranial venous thrombosis occurring in early pregnancy. Such thrombosis usually occurs in late pregnancy or the puerperium but rarely during the first trimester of pregnancy. Computerized axial tomography suggested massive cerebral venous infarction. Necropsy findings showed not only cerebral venous thrombosis but also extensive pelvic and iliac vein thromboses. The relationship of cerebral venous thrombosis and pregnancy is discussed and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Intracranial venous thrombosis in the first trimester of pregnancy. We describe a fatal case of intracranial venous thrombosis occurring in early pregnancy. Such thrombosis usually occurs in late pregnancy or the puerperium but rarely during the first trimester of pregnancy. Computerized axial tomography suggested massive cerebral venous infarction. Necropsy findings showed not only cerebral venous thrombosis but also extensive pelvic and iliac vein thromboses. The relationship of cerebral venous thrombosis and pregnancy is discussed and the literature reviewed.", "PMID": 681960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5137", "title": "Thoracolumbar intraspinal tumours presenting features of raised intracranial pressure.", "content": "Five patients are described in whom a benign or malignant thoracolumbar tumour, producing increased level of cerebrospinal fluid protein, was associated with hydrocephalus or papilloedema or both. A review of the clinical and laboratory features in these and 40 published cases underlines the difficulty in explaining the increased intracranial pressure in such patients. Slow absorption of cerebrospinal fluid as a result of the elevated protein levels or recurrent subarachnoid bleeding may play a part. When patients are discovered to have communicating hydrocephalus or a syndrome resemlbing benign intracranial hypertension, the finding of increased cerebrospinal fluid protein or any symptoms or signs relative to the spine should suggest the possibility of an intraspinal tumour.", "contents": "Thoracolumbar intraspinal tumours presenting features of raised intracranial pressure. Five patients are described in whom a benign or malignant thoracolumbar tumour, producing increased level of cerebrospinal fluid protein, was associated with hydrocephalus or papilloedema or both. A review of the clinical and laboratory features in these and 40 published cases underlines the difficulty in explaining the increased intracranial pressure in such patients. Slow absorption of cerebrospinal fluid as a result of the elevated protein levels or recurrent subarachnoid bleeding may play a part. When patients are discovered to have communicating hydrocephalus or a syndrome resemlbing benign intracranial hypertension, the finding of increased cerebrospinal fluid protein or any symptoms or signs relative to the spine should suggest the possibility of an intraspinal tumour.", "PMID": 681961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5138", "title": "Subdural haematoma and the malfunctioning shunt.", "content": "Of 30 consecutive children with hydrocephalus treated by shunt implant, six developed subdural haematoma. Four of them presented with a malfunctioning shunt, and the diagnoses in all six cases were made by CT scan.", "contents": "Subdural haematoma and the malfunctioning shunt. Of 30 consecutive children with hydrocephalus treated by shunt implant, six developed subdural haematoma. Four of them presented with a malfunctioning shunt, and the diagnoses in all six cases were made by CT scan.", "PMID": 681962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5139", "title": "Properties of a spinal somatosensory evoked potential recorded in man.", "content": "Somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded from the skin overlying the cervical and lumbar spinal cord of man after stimulation of median and tibial nerves respectively. The early negative component (N11) of the cervical potential and the negative lumbar potential (N14) were studied. The spatial properties of N11 and N14 indicate a spinal cord origin. Evidence partly from threshold studies, shows that the low threshold cutaneous afferent fibres were responsible for activating the generators of the potentials. A conditioning test stimulation procedure supports a postsynaptic generator. It is concluded that N11 and N14 have properties similar to the cord dorsum potentials recorded in animals and probably have the same generator, the neurones of the dorsal horn.", "contents": "Properties of a spinal somatosensory evoked potential recorded in man. Somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded from the skin overlying the cervical and lumbar spinal cord of man after stimulation of median and tibial nerves respectively. The early negative component (N11) of the cervical potential and the negative lumbar potential (N14) were studied. The spatial properties of N11 and N14 indicate a spinal cord origin. Evidence partly from threshold studies, shows that the low threshold cutaneous afferent fibres were responsible for activating the generators of the potentials. A conditioning test stimulation procedure supports a postsynaptic generator. It is concluded that N11 and N14 have properties similar to the cord dorsum potentials recorded in animals and probably have the same generator, the neurones of the dorsal horn.", "PMID": 681963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5140", "title": "Pathogenetic profile of TIA before 55. A three-year investigation.", "content": "Fifty-seven cases admitted to the Karolinska Hospital 1973-1976 with the diagnosis transient cerebral ischemia were reviewed. Seventeen cases were excluded as not fulfilling the strict TIA definition. An analysis of the records and the supplementary questionnaire of the remaining cases showed considerable sex differences in the stroke-prone profile. In the male group arteriosclerosis in the extracranial cerebral arteries was demonstrated in 90% of these examined by angiography. In the female group factors recognized as interfering with the coagulation system were obvious in more than 70% and two women had fibromuscular dysplasia. These differences may have therapeutic and prognostic implications. In the total material only 35% had hypertension. Diabetes was not present in any of the patients. Of the men 46.6% had abnormal blood lipids against 15.4% of the women. Seventy-five percent of the patients with verified arteriosclerosis were regular smokers. At a mean follow-up time of 18.7 months only one patient, in the untreated group, developed completed stroke.", "contents": "Pathogenetic profile of TIA before 55. A three-year investigation. Fifty-seven cases admitted to the Karolinska Hospital 1973-1976 with the diagnosis transient cerebral ischemia were reviewed. Seventeen cases were excluded as not fulfilling the strict TIA definition. An analysis of the records and the supplementary questionnaire of the remaining cases showed considerable sex differences in the stroke-prone profile. In the male group arteriosclerosis in the extracranial cerebral arteries was demonstrated in 90% of these examined by angiography. In the female group factors recognized as interfering with the coagulation system were obvious in more than 70% and two women had fibromuscular dysplasia. These differences may have therapeutic and prognostic implications. In the total material only 35% had hypertension. Diabetes was not present in any of the patients. Of the men 46.6% had abnormal blood lipids against 15.4% of the women. Seventy-five percent of the patients with verified arteriosclerosis were regular smokers. At a mean follow-up time of 18.7 months only one patient, in the untreated group, developed completed stroke.", "PMID": 681966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5141", "title": "Serum pyruvate-kinase (PK) and creatine-phosphokinase (CPK) in progressive muscular dystrophies.", "content": "PK and CPK have been determined in the serum from 208 individuals including 70 normal controls (61 adults and 9 children) and 138 patients with a variety of neuromuscular disorders. In adult controls the mean activity (+/- SE) for PK is 1.2 +/- 0.05 mumol/ml/h. In normal children PK activity was about twice as high as in normal adults and decreases with increasing age. In 26 patients with Duchenne dystrophy the range of serum PK was 4.0-150.4 and in 17 individuals with the Becker type, 3.0 to 148.7. All had elevated PK and CPK levels. Eighteen of 20 patients with the facio-scapulo-humeral (FSH) from of muscular dystrophy had increased PK while only 9 had elevated CPK. Regression analyses have shown an inverse correlation between PK levels and age (or degree of disability in DMD). Kinetic and electrophoretic studies indicate that the PK isozyme found in the serum from affected patients and from heterozygotes for the DMD gene is mainly the M1 type PK, which is the only PK isozyme found in skeletal muscle and brain and the major component from myocardium.", "contents": "Serum pyruvate-kinase (PK) and creatine-phosphokinase (CPK) in progressive muscular dystrophies. PK and CPK have been determined in the serum from 208 individuals including 70 normal controls (61 adults and 9 children) and 138 patients with a variety of neuromuscular disorders. In adult controls the mean activity (+/- SE) for PK is 1.2 +/- 0.05 mumol/ml/h. In normal children PK activity was about twice as high as in normal adults and decreases with increasing age. In 26 patients with Duchenne dystrophy the range of serum PK was 4.0-150.4 and in 17 individuals with the Becker type, 3.0 to 148.7. All had elevated PK and CPK levels. Eighteen of 20 patients with the facio-scapulo-humeral (FSH) from of muscular dystrophy had increased PK while only 9 had elevated CPK. Regression analyses have shown an inverse correlation between PK levels and age (or degree of disability in DMD). Kinetic and electrophoretic studies indicate that the PK isozyme found in the serum from affected patients and from heterozygotes for the DMD gene is mainly the M1 type PK, which is the only PK isozyme found in skeletal muscle and brain and the major component from myocardium.", "PMID": 681967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5142", "title": "An analysis of double discharges in the human electromyogram.", "content": "Different characteristics of double discharges (doublets) of motor units in m. biceps brachii and tibialis anterior were examined. Doublets may occur physiologically at the beginning and termination of muscular effort and at the minimum rhythmic firing frequency, but doublets arising within a regular sequence of motor unit potentials can be regarded as abnormal. In neuromuscular diseases about 3% of motor units showed this firing pattern, but it was never found in intact limb muscles. Most of the abnormal doublets have the following characteristics: the interval between the first and the second component is 9 msec or less (longer intervals up to 22 msec occur very rarely); both components have nearly the same form; the amplitude of the second component is slightly smaller than that of the first; a stepwise or continuous jitter between doublet components is common; doublets recur randomly during a sequence of motor unit potentials; the interval between the doublet and the next MUP is usually about 50% longer than the mean MUP interval. A number of doublets differ, however, in one way or another from the above. The second component of the doublet may differ completely in amplitude and even in form from the first component; or they may fuse. It is thus hardly possible to define the lower limit of the interval between doublet components. Sometimes the post-doublet interval increase is absent. When applying all the criteria there is seldom any uncertainty about the identification of doublets.", "contents": "An analysis of double discharges in the human electromyogram. Different characteristics of double discharges (doublets) of motor units in m. biceps brachii and tibialis anterior were examined. Doublets may occur physiologically at the beginning and termination of muscular effort and at the minimum rhythmic firing frequency, but doublets arising within a regular sequence of motor unit potentials can be regarded as abnormal. In neuromuscular diseases about 3% of motor units showed this firing pattern, but it was never found in intact limb muscles. Most of the abnormal doublets have the following characteristics: the interval between the first and the second component is 9 msec or less (longer intervals up to 22 msec occur very rarely); both components have nearly the same form; the amplitude of the second component is slightly smaller than that of the first; a stepwise or continuous jitter between doublet components is common; doublets recur randomly during a sequence of motor unit potentials; the interval between the doublet and the next MUP is usually about 50% longer than the mean MUP interval. A number of doublets differ, however, in one way or another from the above. The second component of the doublet may differ completely in amplitude and even in form from the first component; or they may fuse. It is thus hardly possible to define the lower limit of the interval between doublet components. Sometimes the post-doublet interval increase is absent. When applying all the criteria there is seldom any uncertainty about the identification of doublets.", "PMID": 681968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5143", "title": "Double discharges in neuromuscular diseases.", "content": "Double discharges (doublets) of motor units were examined in routine EMG. The material consisted of 132 patients suffering from different neuromuscular diseases and 34 controls in whom the examined muscles were intact. Only m. tibialis anterior and biceps brachii were examined. Activity from at least 10 different motor units per muscle were recorded and analyzed off-line. Modified criteria were used in determining doubling units. Applying the modified criteria no doubling units were found in controls. In myopathies doublets occurred only in myotonic dystrophy and in one case of polymyositis in remission. In neuropathies, the occurrence of doublets was most common in proximal neuropathies. In polyneuropathies and root syndromes doubling units were relatively common, but none were found in exclusively distal neuropathies. It is concluded that doublets have a definite diagnostic value in routine EMG examination.", "contents": "Double discharges in neuromuscular diseases. Double discharges (doublets) of motor units were examined in routine EMG. The material consisted of 132 patients suffering from different neuromuscular diseases and 34 controls in whom the examined muscles were intact. Only m. tibialis anterior and biceps brachii were examined. Activity from at least 10 different motor units per muscle were recorded and analyzed off-line. Modified criteria were used in determining doubling units. Applying the modified criteria no doubling units were found in controls. In myopathies doublets occurred only in myotonic dystrophy and in one case of polymyositis in remission. In neuropathies, the occurrence of doublets was most common in proximal neuropathies. In polyneuropathies and root syndromes doubling units were relatively common, but none were found in exclusively distal neuropathies. It is concluded that doublets have a definite diagnostic value in routine EMG examination.", "PMID": 681969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5144", "title": "The effects of hydrocephalus upon the developing brain. Histological and quantitative studies of the ependyma and subependyma in hydrocephalic rats.", "content": "A suspension of kaolin was injected into the cisterna magna of 44 rats at 2 weeks of age. Animals killed at intervals from 5--19 weeks of age showed varying degrees of hydrocephalus. Light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed stretching and flattening of the ependymal cells but no significant loss of cilia. Histological evidence of periventricular tissue damage in these chronically hydrocephalic animals was only present when the ventricular dilatation was extensive. A quantitative assessment was made of the ependymal and subependymal cell reactions around the lateral ventricles of the hydrocephalic animals. Although the ependymal cells were clearly stretched around the ventricles, there was no apparent proliferation of these cells. An increase in the total number of subependymal cells was observed in hydrocephalic animals when compared with a series of 39 aged-matched controls. The greatest proliferation was in the dorsal and lateral walls of the ventricles which were the regions most severely stretched by the ventricular dilatation. There is evidence that subependymal cells differentiate into astrocytes and microglia so that proliferation of these cells may be interpreted as a response to continuing and progressive brain damage in chronic hydrocephalus. Such progressive tissue damage could adversely affect the developing brain.", "contents": "The effects of hydrocephalus upon the developing brain. Histological and quantitative studies of the ependyma and subependyma in hydrocephalic rats. A suspension of kaolin was injected into the cisterna magna of 44 rats at 2 weeks of age. Animals killed at intervals from 5--19 weeks of age showed varying degrees of hydrocephalus. Light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed stretching and flattening of the ependymal cells but no significant loss of cilia. Histological evidence of periventricular tissue damage in these chronically hydrocephalic animals was only present when the ventricular dilatation was extensive. A quantitative assessment was made of the ependymal and subependymal cell reactions around the lateral ventricles of the hydrocephalic animals. Although the ependymal cells were clearly stretched around the ventricles, there was no apparent proliferation of these cells. An increase in the total number of subependymal cells was observed in hydrocephalic animals when compared with a series of 39 aged-matched controls. The greatest proliferation was in the dorsal and lateral walls of the ventricles which were the regions most severely stretched by the ventricular dilatation. There is evidence that subependymal cells differentiate into astrocytes and microglia so that proliferation of these cells may be interpreted as a response to continuing and progressive brain damage in chronic hydrocephalus. Such progressive tissue damage could adversely affect the developing brain.", "PMID": 681970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5145", "title": "Chemical control of cerebral circulation. Modification by a new vasodilator (YC-93).", "content": "This study was undertaken to investigate influences of a new vasodilator, YC-93, a derivative of 1,4-dihydropyridine, on cerebral circulation and cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity. Cerebrocortical PO2, cerebrocortical PCO2, cerebrocortical blood flow and arterial blood pressure were continuously recorded by means of a PO2 electrode, a PCO2 electrode and a plate-type crossed thermocouple flowmeter placed on an exposed pial surface of the cat brain. The changes in each parameter induced by YC-93 were compared with those induced by papaverine hydrochloride. The effects of 5% CO2 inhalation were compared before and after the intravenous injection of YC-93. YC-93 (0.01 mg/kg) showed a more marked and longer-lasting hypotensive effect that papaverine (1 mg/kg) and yet produced a significant increase in cerebrocortical PO2. After the administration of YC-93, the degree of the increase in cerebrocortical PO2 during 5% CO2 inhalation was reduced significantly in comparison with that before the administration. The above data indicates that YC-93 has a vasodilating effect on cerebral blood vessels and that the drug causes a decrease in cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity.", "contents": "Chemical control of cerebral circulation. Modification by a new vasodilator (YC-93). This study was undertaken to investigate influences of a new vasodilator, YC-93, a derivative of 1,4-dihydropyridine, on cerebral circulation and cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity. Cerebrocortical PO2, cerebrocortical PCO2, cerebrocortical blood flow and arterial blood pressure were continuously recorded by means of a PO2 electrode, a PCO2 electrode and a plate-type crossed thermocouple flowmeter placed on an exposed pial surface of the cat brain. The changes in each parameter induced by YC-93 were compared with those induced by papaverine hydrochloride. The effects of 5% CO2 inhalation were compared before and after the intravenous injection of YC-93. YC-93 (0.01 mg/kg) showed a more marked and longer-lasting hypotensive effect that papaverine (1 mg/kg) and yet produced a significant increase in cerebrocortical PO2. After the administration of YC-93, the degree of the increase in cerebrocortical PO2 during 5% CO2 inhalation was reduced significantly in comparison with that before the administration. The above data indicates that YC-93 has a vasodilating effect on cerebral blood vessels and that the drug causes a decrease in cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity.", "PMID": 681971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5146", "title": "Computerized tomography of brain and optic nerve in multiple sclerosis. Observations in 100 patients, including serial studies in 16.", "content": "Computerized tomography (CT) of the brain was carried out in 100 patients with established or suspected multiple sclerosis (MS). The optic nerves were also examined in 53 of these patients. Areas compatible with demyelinating lesions were found in the cerebral hemisphere white matter and less frequently in the brain stem in 47% of cases. The hemisphere lesions were commonly multiple, typically situated in the deep white matter and periventricular regions, and were often asymptomatic. Small areas with unduly low attenuation coefficients were found in one or both optic nerves in 52% of patients in whom the optic nerves were examined. While these areas may represent demyelinating lesions their significance remains uncertain in view of poor correlation with clinical and electrophysiological parameters of optic nerve damage. Cerebral cortical atrophy and/or ventricular dilatation was found in 44% of cases, the frequency and severity of atrophy increasing with age and duration of disease. Serial studies after intervals of up to 21 months were performed in 16 patients, providing the opportunity to study the natural history of the cerebral lesions. While in some cases no significant change occurred, in others white matter lesions underwent an increase or a reduction in size, and in some cases new lesions appeared. In some patients minor degrees of atrophy became apparent over the period of the study. The value of CT in the investigation of patients with suspected MS and as a means of studying the natural history of the disease is discussed.", "contents": "Computerized tomography of brain and optic nerve in multiple sclerosis. Observations in 100 patients, including serial studies in 16. Computerized tomography (CT) of the brain was carried out in 100 patients with established or suspected multiple sclerosis (MS). The optic nerves were also examined in 53 of these patients. Areas compatible with demyelinating lesions were found in the cerebral hemisphere white matter and less frequently in the brain stem in 47% of cases. The hemisphere lesions were commonly multiple, typically situated in the deep white matter and periventricular regions, and were often asymptomatic. Small areas with unduly low attenuation coefficients were found in one or both optic nerves in 52% of patients in whom the optic nerves were examined. While these areas may represent demyelinating lesions their significance remains uncertain in view of poor correlation with clinical and electrophysiological parameters of optic nerve damage. Cerebral cortical atrophy and/or ventricular dilatation was found in 44% of cases, the frequency and severity of atrophy increasing with age and duration of disease. Serial studies after intervals of up to 21 months were performed in 16 patients, providing the opportunity to study the natural history of the cerebral lesions. While in some cases no significant change occurred, in others white matter lesions underwent an increase or a reduction in size, and in some cases new lesions appeared. In some patients minor degrees of atrophy became apparent over the period of the study. The value of CT in the investigation of patients with suspected MS and as a means of studying the natural history of the disease is discussed.", "PMID": 681972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5147", "title": "The maturation of the ventral root-spinal cord transitional zone. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Initially, ventral motoneurone axons in the transitional zone are closely apposed to one another. They subsequently become progressively separated by astrocyte processes which grow into the axon bundles. These processes become progressively more numerous and project into the ventral rootlet as a glial dome. This disappears with maturation, the surface of the transitional zone becoming level with that of the surrounding cord. At first, a considerable length of the axon in and deep to, the transitional zone is covered only by astrocyte processes. The sleeve of oligodendrocytic cytoplasm myelinating the axon extends distally along it towards the cord surface, thus decreasing the length of axon covered by astrocyte processes. Concurrently, the Schwann cell myelinating the most proximal peripheral internode becomes invaginated into the cord over lengths of 50 micrometer or more. Finger-like processes stem from its central end and abut on the nodal axolemma, as in peripheral nodes. However, a few astrocyte processes remain closely applied to the nodal axolemma, even at maturity. In the adult, the attachment zone consists of closely packed invaginations, each containing the central end of a Schwann cell and its myelin sheath, presenting a honeycomb appearance.", "contents": "The maturation of the ventral root-spinal cord transitional zone. An ultrastructural study. Initially, ventral motoneurone axons in the transitional zone are closely apposed to one another. They subsequently become progressively separated by astrocyte processes which grow into the axon bundles. These processes become progressively more numerous and project into the ventral rootlet as a glial dome. This disappears with maturation, the surface of the transitional zone becoming level with that of the surrounding cord. At first, a considerable length of the axon in and deep to, the transitional zone is covered only by astrocyte processes. The sleeve of oligodendrocytic cytoplasm myelinating the axon extends distally along it towards the cord surface, thus decreasing the length of axon covered by astrocyte processes. Concurrently, the Schwann cell myelinating the most proximal peripheral internode becomes invaginated into the cord over lengths of 50 micrometer or more. Finger-like processes stem from its central end and abut on the nodal axolemma, as in peripheral nodes. However, a few astrocyte processes remain closely applied to the nodal axolemma, even at maturity. In the adult, the attachment zone consists of closely packed invaginations, each containing the central end of a Schwann cell and its myelin sheath, presenting a honeycomb appearance.", "PMID": 681973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5148", "title": "Hereditary distal myopathy with onset in early infancy. Observation of a family.", "content": "The study of a family affected with hereditary distal myopathy with onset in early infancy is presented. Complete neurological examination was necessary in several members of the two last generations to discover the existence of the abnormalities of which they were unaware. The propositus was the most affected member of the family iwth distal paresis of the upper and lower extremities and selective paresis of the deltoid muscles. In addition he had kyphoscoliosis, talipes valgus and limitation of mobility of several joints. The onset of the disease was estimated as before the age of 2 when the child started walking. There was no progression of the disease. Clinical examination suggested a myopathic origin of the condition. A sural nerve biopsy was normal. Light-microscopy histochemical studies disclosed a predominance of type I fibres which were at the same time hypotrophic. Subsarcolemmal deposits of mitochondria were present although they were scanty and of normal ultrastructural appearance. In view of the morphological presentation it is postulated that this disease should be classified within the groups of myopathies accompanied by disproportion of fibres and selective atrophy of type I fibres.", "contents": "Hereditary distal myopathy with onset in early infancy. Observation of a family. The study of a family affected with hereditary distal myopathy with onset in early infancy is presented. Complete neurological examination was necessary in several members of the two last generations to discover the existence of the abnormalities of which they were unaware. The propositus was the most affected member of the family iwth distal paresis of the upper and lower extremities and selective paresis of the deltoid muscles. In addition he had kyphoscoliosis, talipes valgus and limitation of mobility of several joints. The onset of the disease was estimated as before the age of 2 when the child started walking. There was no progression of the disease. Clinical examination suggested a myopathic origin of the condition. A sural nerve biopsy was normal. Light-microscopy histochemical studies disclosed a predominance of type I fibres which were at the same time hypotrophic. Subsarcolemmal deposits of mitochondria were present although they were scanty and of normal ultrastructural appearance. In view of the morphological presentation it is postulated that this disease should be classified within the groups of myopathies accompanied by disproportion of fibres and selective atrophy of type I fibres.", "PMID": 681974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5149", "title": "Analysis of the electrical muscle activity during maximal contraction and the influence of ischaemia.", "content": "(1) The mechanism underlying muscle fatigue has been studied in maintained isometric maximal contraction of the wrist flexor muscles under normal and ischaemic conditions. Automatic EMG analysis has been used to show the level of motor unit firing rates in fatiguing contractions. (2) Under non-ischaemic conditions the decay of force, turns and amplitude is about the same, whereas during ischaemia force and to a lesser extent amplitude pulses, decline steeply towards zero, while turns, representing the number of impulses, remain in the non-ischaemic range. (3) Depending on the duration of the ischaemia applied before contraction, force and amplitude are initially reduced but turns are nearly unchanged compared with the non-ischaemic values. It is suggested, that this is due to nerve blocking of high threshold motor units. (4) The results show that transmission failure at the neuromuscular junction is a minor factor in muscle fatigue and that this structure is not greatly affected by ischaemia. (5) It is believed that in the first phase of muscle fatigue the force decline is connnected with a slowing of discharge rates. This change of firing frequencies with time must be considered optimal in respect to the force produced because higher as well as lower discharge rates would reduce the force development. In the later phase it is possible that contractile element fatigue, connected with a reduction of action potential amplitudes of single muscle fibres, predominates, especially when the blood supply is obstructed.", "contents": "Analysis of the electrical muscle activity during maximal contraction and the influence of ischaemia. (1) The mechanism underlying muscle fatigue has been studied in maintained isometric maximal contraction of the wrist flexor muscles under normal and ischaemic conditions. Automatic EMG analysis has been used to show the level of motor unit firing rates in fatiguing contractions. (2) Under non-ischaemic conditions the decay of force, turns and amplitude is about the same, whereas during ischaemia force and to a lesser extent amplitude pulses, decline steeply towards zero, while turns, representing the number of impulses, remain in the non-ischaemic range. (3) Depending on the duration of the ischaemia applied before contraction, force and amplitude are initially reduced but turns are nearly unchanged compared with the non-ischaemic values. It is suggested, that this is due to nerve blocking of high threshold motor units. (4) The results show that transmission failure at the neuromuscular junction is a minor factor in muscle fatigue and that this structure is not greatly affected by ischaemia. (5) It is believed that in the first phase of muscle fatigue the force decline is connnected with a slowing of discharge rates. This change of firing frequencies with time must be considered optimal in respect to the force produced because higher as well as lower discharge rates would reduce the force development. In the later phase it is possible that contractile element fatigue, connected with a reduction of action potential amplitudes of single muscle fibres, predominates, especially when the blood supply is obstructed.", "PMID": 681975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5150", "title": "Protein fractions of lumbar, cisternal, and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. Separate areas of reference.", "content": "Ventricular (n=27), cisternal (n=33) and lumbar (n=127) cerebrospinal fluid of \"non-diseased\" reference persons was investigated. The following measurements were taken: (1) Total protein, albumin, immunoglobulin A,G, M (IgA,G,M) in unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (2) Protein fractions in the microzone electrophoresis of concentrated CSF. Albumin and IgG concentrations were highly correlated in all the samples, regardless of their origin. Therefore, bivariate areas of reference as well as interdependent regression coefficients were computed for the paired data. The regression lines of the 3 different areas of reference (ventricular, cisternal, lumbar) ran parallel to each other, displaced along the axis of the IgG concentration: approximately 10% of the lumbar IgG does not originate directly from serum. Although the albumin concentration increased 2.2 times, and the IgG 2.6 times, from ventricular to lumbar region, the concentration of pre-albumin decreased by a factor of 0.7. The concentration of IgA never surpassed the limits of detection set by this method (8 mg/I), in spite of its similarity to IgG regarding molecular weight and size. The observations strengthen the assumption that selective functions are present at the blood-CSF barrier. In 4 illustrative cases with a chronic inflammatory process, the discriminating power of the different reference areas was demonstrated. The findings should be evaluated in a multivariate manner, considering the location from which the sample was obtained.", "contents": "Protein fractions of lumbar, cisternal, and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. Separate areas of reference. Ventricular (n=27), cisternal (n=33) and lumbar (n=127) cerebrospinal fluid of \"non-diseased\" reference persons was investigated. The following measurements were taken: (1) Total protein, albumin, immunoglobulin A,G, M (IgA,G,M) in unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (2) Protein fractions in the microzone electrophoresis of concentrated CSF. Albumin and IgG concentrations were highly correlated in all the samples, regardless of their origin. Therefore, bivariate areas of reference as well as interdependent regression coefficients were computed for the paired data. The regression lines of the 3 different areas of reference (ventricular, cisternal, lumbar) ran parallel to each other, displaced along the axis of the IgG concentration: approximately 10% of the lumbar IgG does not originate directly from serum. Although the albumin concentration increased 2.2 times, and the IgG 2.6 times, from ventricular to lumbar region, the concentration of pre-albumin decreased by a factor of 0.7. The concentration of IgA never surpassed the limits of detection set by this method (8 mg/I), in spite of its similarity to IgG regarding molecular weight and size. The observations strengthen the assumption that selective functions are present at the blood-CSF barrier. In 4 illustrative cases with a chronic inflammatory process, the discriminating power of the different reference areas was demonstrated. The findings should be evaluated in a multivariate manner, considering the location from which the sample was obtained.", "PMID": 681976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5151", "title": "Spectrophotometry of the CSF (CSF-SPE) and computer tomography (CT) in traumatic head injuries.", "content": "Combined examinations with quantitative CSF spectrophotometry (CSF-SPE) and computer tomography (CT) were performed on 53 patients with traumatic head injuries. In cerebral concussion the results were mainly normal in both examinations. In cerebral contusion bleeding patterns were found by CSF-SPE in all subjects, with a special bleeding pattern (S2 pattern) occurring in 86%. CT showed findings described as typical for contusion in 8 of 14 examined patients, the remaining CT scans showing questionable or normal signs. In extra- and intracerebral haematomas, all patients had bleeding patterns on the CSF-SPE. A special bleeding component (H factor) was found in about 72%. The H component was not observed during the first 3 to 4 days after the trauma. All but one patient examined later than the 4th day had an H component with or without an S-pattern. CT demonstrated a haematoma in 14 of 18 verified haematoma patients, while 4 subjects with subdural haematoma (e.g. one third of this group) had questionable CT findings. The combined examinations with CT and CSF-SPE, being complementary to each other, are of great value in the different diagnosis of traumatic head injuries.", "contents": "Spectrophotometry of the CSF (CSF-SPE) and computer tomography (CT) in traumatic head injuries. Combined examinations with quantitative CSF spectrophotometry (CSF-SPE) and computer tomography (CT) were performed on 53 patients with traumatic head injuries. In cerebral concussion the results were mainly normal in both examinations. In cerebral contusion bleeding patterns were found by CSF-SPE in all subjects, with a special bleeding pattern (S2 pattern) occurring in 86%. CT showed findings described as typical for contusion in 8 of 14 examined patients, the remaining CT scans showing questionable or normal signs. In extra- and intracerebral haematomas, all patients had bleeding patterns on the CSF-SPE. A special bleeding component (H factor) was found in about 72%. The H component was not observed during the first 3 to 4 days after the trauma. All but one patient examined later than the 4th day had an H component with or without an S-pattern. CT demonstrated a haematoma in 14 of 18 verified haematoma patients, while 4 subjects with subdural haematoma (e.g. one third of this group) had questionable CT findings. The combined examinations with CT and CSF-SPE, being complementary to each other, are of great value in the different diagnosis of traumatic head injuries.", "PMID": 681977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5152", "title": "A genetic study of subacute and chronic spinal muscular atrophy in childhood. A nosological analysis of 124 index patients.", "content": "A genetic study of the subacute spinal muscular atrophies (SMA) of late infancy and early childhood has been undertaken. All such patients with chronic disease (with ages at onset up to 14 years, and excluding SMA Type I) known to 2 large Neurological Centres were reassessed clinically and genetically. There were 124 index patients (67 females and 57 males) and 17 secondary cases, which formed two consecutive unselected series. To investigate the genetic composition of this group, 4 nosological approaches were used; cluster analysis of clinical features of the disease, Haldane's sib-sib analysis on familial cases, interpretation of frequency distribution histograms, and a segregation analysis. A single autosomal recessive gene accounts for over 90% of cases, causes a clinical syndrome which manifests its first clinical signs before 5 years of age and in almost all cases before two years of age, but which is compatible with life into the third decade. Moderate intrafamilial discordance for some clinical features may be observed, but no genetic heterogeneity within this group was demonstrated. A small group of cases is caused by (a) new dominant mutation(s), or (b) is composed of phenocopies, or both. This relatively uncommon form may comprise the majority of late-presenting cases, and may account for all cases which manifest the first signs after 5 years of age. The spectrum of age-at-onset of this group cannot be determined at present, but the disease may be manifest before the age of two years; it is clinically indistinguishable from SMA caused by an autosomal recessive gene. The literature has been reviewed in the light of these findings. Empirical risks for use in genetic counselling are presented.", "contents": "A genetic study of subacute and chronic spinal muscular atrophy in childhood. A nosological analysis of 124 index patients. A genetic study of the subacute spinal muscular atrophies (SMA) of late infancy and early childhood has been undertaken. All such patients with chronic disease (with ages at onset up to 14 years, and excluding SMA Type I) known to 2 large Neurological Centres were reassessed clinically and genetically. There were 124 index patients (67 females and 57 males) and 17 secondary cases, which formed two consecutive unselected series. To investigate the genetic composition of this group, 4 nosological approaches were used; cluster analysis of clinical features of the disease, Haldane's sib-sib analysis on familial cases, interpretation of frequency distribution histograms, and a segregation analysis. A single autosomal recessive gene accounts for over 90% of cases, causes a clinical syndrome which manifests its first clinical signs before 5 years of age and in almost all cases before two years of age, but which is compatible with life into the third decade. Moderate intrafamilial discordance for some clinical features may be observed, but no genetic heterogeneity within this group was demonstrated. A small group of cases is caused by (a) new dominant mutation(s), or (b) is composed of phenocopies, or both. This relatively uncommon form may comprise the majority of late-presenting cases, and may account for all cases which manifest the first signs after 5 years of age. The spectrum of age-at-onset of this group cannot be determined at present, but the disease may be manifest before the age of two years; it is clinically indistinguishable from SMA caused by an autosomal recessive gene. The literature has been reviewed in the light of these findings. Empirical risks for use in genetic counselling are presented.", "PMID": 681978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5153", "title": "Essential fatty acid deficiency and CNS myelin. Biochemical and morphological observations.", "content": "Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency was induced by feeding pregnant rats a fat-free diet 10--12 days after impregnation and maintaining the offspring on this diet until 120 days of age. EFA-deficiency rats demonstrated marked alterations in the fatty acid composition of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG's) from myelin subfractions. A decrease in the fatty acids of the linoleic (n-6) and linolenic (n-3) families was accompanied by an increase in the non-essential fatty acids of the oleic (n-9) family. These alterations decreased the unsaturation index of heavy myelin by 23% and that of light myelin by 10%. The EPG fatty acid composition of heavy myelin from control animals contained a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the light myelin which contained more monounsaturated fatty acids. These differences may be a reflection of distinct anatomical locations or functional properties of the subfractions. The differences between light and heavy myelin EPG fatty acids were not maintained during EFA deficiency. Morphologically, 1 mum thick sections revealed vacuoles within the optic nerve of EFA-deficient rats. Ultrastructurally these vacuoles were identified as fibers undergoing Wallerian degeneration and fibers demonstrating intramyelinic splitting. No qualitative changes were found in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes or vascular elements within EFA-deficient optic nerve. EFA deficiency did not alter the diameter of fibers within the optic nerve. These results show that although there is no apparent decrease in the degree of myelination within the optic nerve, morphological changes do occur in fibers of EFA-deficient optic nerve concomitantly with alterations in the EPG fatty acids of myelin subfractions.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid deficiency and CNS myelin. Biochemical and morphological observations. Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency was induced by feeding pregnant rats a fat-free diet 10--12 days after impregnation and maintaining the offspring on this diet until 120 days of age. EFA-deficiency rats demonstrated marked alterations in the fatty acid composition of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG's) from myelin subfractions. A decrease in the fatty acids of the linoleic (n-6) and linolenic (n-3) families was accompanied by an increase in the non-essential fatty acids of the oleic (n-9) family. These alterations decreased the unsaturation index of heavy myelin by 23% and that of light myelin by 10%. The EPG fatty acid composition of heavy myelin from control animals contained a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the light myelin which contained more monounsaturated fatty acids. These differences may be a reflection of distinct anatomical locations or functional properties of the subfractions. The differences between light and heavy myelin EPG fatty acids were not maintained during EFA deficiency. Morphologically, 1 mum thick sections revealed vacuoles within the optic nerve of EFA-deficient rats. Ultrastructurally these vacuoles were identified as fibers undergoing Wallerian degeneration and fibers demonstrating intramyelinic splitting. No qualitative changes were found in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes or vascular elements within EFA-deficient optic nerve. EFA deficiency did not alter the diameter of fibers within the optic nerve. These results show that although there is no apparent decrease in the degree of myelination within the optic nerve, morphological changes do occur in fibers of EFA-deficient optic nerve concomitantly with alterations in the EPG fatty acids of myelin subfractions.", "PMID": 681979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5154", "title": "3,3'-Iminodipropionitrile induced centrifugal segmental demyelination and onion bulb formation.", "content": "Centrifugal segmental demyelination extended from the proximal to the distal portion, and onion bulb formation in the extraspinal ventral root occurred following the axonal lesion of the intraspinal ventral root induced by 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile. These results suggest that axonal factors may be responsible to segmental demyelination and onion bulb formation.", "contents": "3,3'-Iminodipropionitrile induced centrifugal segmental demyelination and onion bulb formation. Centrifugal segmental demyelination extended from the proximal to the distal portion, and onion bulb formation in the extraspinal ventral root occurred following the axonal lesion of the intraspinal ventral root induced by 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile. These results suggest that axonal factors may be responsible to segmental demyelination and onion bulb formation.", "PMID": 681981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5155", "title": "Increased endocytosis with lysosomal activation in skeletal muscle of dystrophic mouse.", "content": "Endocytosis in dystrophic muscles was studied by a combination of biochemical, radiochemical, and light and electron microscopic techniques. It was observed that the uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 3H-Inulin in vitro was increased in leg skeletal muscles from dystrophic mice compared with littermate controls. Endocytosis of HRP in vivo was also increased in dystrophic muscles. When HRP was administered intravenously, light microscopic examination of the muscles showed that the macromolecular tracer was present not only in the extracellular space but also as intracellular deposits in several dystropic muscle fibers. Ultrastructural examination of these fibers showed HRP to be present in membrane limited bodies of variable size, some of which likely represented secondary lysosomes, located preferentially close to the A-I junction. HRP was also found inside vacuoles which were sometimes in close vicinity to autophagic vacuoles. Primary uptake vesicles containing HRP appeared to originate from the sarcolemma and the transverse tubules. Biochemical determination of lysosomal enzyme activities revealed elevated levels of both cathepsin D and N-acetylglucosaminidase in dystrophic muscles as compared with controls. The results suggest an increased endocytic activity in dystrophic muscles with distribution of exogenous marcromolecular tracers into endocytic vesicles and lysosomal structures. The hypothesis is put forward that endocytic activity constitutes an important mechanism of lysosomal activation in dystrophic muscles.", "contents": "Increased endocytosis with lysosomal activation in skeletal muscle of dystrophic mouse. Endocytosis in dystrophic muscles was studied by a combination of biochemical, radiochemical, and light and electron microscopic techniques. It was observed that the uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 3H-Inulin in vitro was increased in leg skeletal muscles from dystrophic mice compared with littermate controls. Endocytosis of HRP in vivo was also increased in dystrophic muscles. When HRP was administered intravenously, light microscopic examination of the muscles showed that the macromolecular tracer was present not only in the extracellular space but also as intracellular deposits in several dystropic muscle fibers. Ultrastructural examination of these fibers showed HRP to be present in membrane limited bodies of variable size, some of which likely represented secondary lysosomes, located preferentially close to the A-I junction. HRP was also found inside vacuoles which were sometimes in close vicinity to autophagic vacuoles. Primary uptake vesicles containing HRP appeared to originate from the sarcolemma and the transverse tubules. Biochemical determination of lysosomal enzyme activities revealed elevated levels of both cathepsin D and N-acetylglucosaminidase in dystrophic muscles as compared with controls. The results suggest an increased endocytic activity in dystrophic muscles with distribution of exogenous marcromolecular tracers into endocytic vesicles and lysosomal structures. The hypothesis is put forward that endocytic activity constitutes an important mechanism of lysosomal activation in dystrophic muscles.", "PMID": 681982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5156", "title": "Postnatal development of visually evoked activity within motor cortex of cat.", "content": "1. The development of visually evoked activity within motor cortex was studied in chloralose-anesthetized kittens of 3, 4, and 5 mo of age and adult cats. 2. The slow-wave response from motor cortex of the adult cat is a triphasic negative-positive-negative wave. In 3-mo-old kittens the response is only a long-duration negative wave, while at 4 mo the positive and late negative waves emerge, and at 5 mo of age the adult form of the response is present. 3. Single neurons in the adult respond to the light during the positive component of the slow-wave response. When only the negative wave is present in kittens of 3 and 4 mo of age, neurons do not respond to the photic stimulus. At 5 mo of age the correlation between unit activity and the positive component of the response is identical to the adult. 4. The laminar analysis of the positive component of the response suggests that it originates relatively superficially in cortex and migrates down toward the deeper layers. Its correlation with unit activity indicates that the positive component represents excitatory postsynaptic potentials. 5. These results are consistent with an excitatory drive on neurons within motor cortex undergoing development change until the 5th mo of life.", "contents": "Postnatal development of visually evoked activity within motor cortex of cat. 1. The development of visually evoked activity within motor cortex was studied in chloralose-anesthetized kittens of 3, 4, and 5 mo of age and adult cats. 2. The slow-wave response from motor cortex of the adult cat is a triphasic negative-positive-negative wave. In 3-mo-old kittens the response is only a long-duration negative wave, while at 4 mo the positive and late negative waves emerge, and at 5 mo of age the adult form of the response is present. 3. Single neurons in the adult respond to the light during the positive component of the slow-wave response. When only the negative wave is present in kittens of 3 and 4 mo of age, neurons do not respond to the photic stimulus. At 5 mo of age the correlation between unit activity and the positive component of the response is identical to the adult. 4. The laminar analysis of the positive component of the response suggests that it originates relatively superficially in cortex and migrates down toward the deeper layers. Its correlation with unit activity indicates that the positive component represents excitatory postsynaptic potentials. 5. These results are consistent with an excitatory drive on neurons within motor cortex undergoing development change until the 5th mo of life.", "PMID": 681985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5157", "title": "Early edematous lesion of pyrithiamine induced acute thiamine deficient encephalopathy in the mouse.", "content": "Pyrithiamine induced acute thiamine deficient encephalopathy in the mouse is one of the possible animal models of human Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. In this experiment, the adult male Swiss Mice, treated with a daily subcutaneous injection of pyrithiamine in conjunction with a thiamine deficient diet, abruptly developed unique encephalopathic signs on day 10. In the animals sacrificed immediately after the onset of the disease, the gross examination of the brains revealed a small number of minute hemorrhagic lesions in the thalamus, mammilary bodies and pontine tegmentum, including the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei. When spared the hemorrhage, these regions appear intact grossly and in paraffin sections, but were found to be significantly altered in Epon sections. In semithin Epon sections of the pontine tegmentum, there was edematous swelling of all the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and occasional myelin sheaths. By electron microscopy, the edema of astrocytes involved both nucleus and cytoplasm extensively. The oligodendroglial edema was severe in the peripheral cytoplasm, particularly in the inner loops of the myelin sheaths and only moderately in the nuclei, perinuclear cytoplasm and outer loops. Disintegration of the myelin lamellae occurred when edema of the inner loops had advanced. The axis cylinders surrounded by the edematous loops were essentially intact. In contrast to such glial cell damage, the nerve cells and blood vessels were not altered. These findings suggest that (1) astroglia and oligodendroglia are the cells most sensitive to thiamine deficiency and (2) the resultant glial cell injury is the initial change of thiamine deficient encephalopathy in man and in experimental animals.", "contents": "Early edematous lesion of pyrithiamine induced acute thiamine deficient encephalopathy in the mouse. Pyrithiamine induced acute thiamine deficient encephalopathy in the mouse is one of the possible animal models of human Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. In this experiment, the adult male Swiss Mice, treated with a daily subcutaneous injection of pyrithiamine in conjunction with a thiamine deficient diet, abruptly developed unique encephalopathic signs on day 10. In the animals sacrificed immediately after the onset of the disease, the gross examination of the brains revealed a small number of minute hemorrhagic lesions in the thalamus, mammilary bodies and pontine tegmentum, including the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei. When spared the hemorrhage, these regions appear intact grossly and in paraffin sections, but were found to be significantly altered in Epon sections. In semithin Epon sections of the pontine tegmentum, there was edematous swelling of all the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and occasional myelin sheaths. By electron microscopy, the edema of astrocytes involved both nucleus and cytoplasm extensively. The oligodendroglial edema was severe in the peripheral cytoplasm, particularly in the inner loops of the myelin sheaths and only moderately in the nuclei, perinuclear cytoplasm and outer loops. Disintegration of the myelin lamellae occurred when edema of the inner loops had advanced. The axis cylinders surrounded by the edematous loops were essentially intact. In contrast to such glial cell damage, the nerve cells and blood vessels were not altered. These findings suggest that (1) astroglia and oligodendroglia are the cells most sensitive to thiamine deficiency and (2) the resultant glial cell injury is the initial change of thiamine deficient encephalopathy in man and in experimental animals.", "PMID": 681983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5158", "title": "Calcium and potassium changes in extracellular microenvironment of cat cerebellar cortex.", "content": "1. Local stimulus-evoked changes in concentration of extracellular calcium ions, [Ca2+]0, and potassium ions, [K+[0, were measured in the cerebellar cortex of the cat using paired ion-selected micropipettes. 2. Repetitive stimulation of 30 s duration decreased [Ca2+]0 from a base line of 1.2 mM to as low as 0.8 mM and increased [K+]0 from 3 mM to as much as 8 mM. The magnitude of the changes was directly related to stimulus frequency. Laminar analysis showed that the greatest ion changes occurred at the level of maximum parallel fiber-Purkinje cell dendrite stimulation, but that the [Ca2+]0 changes were more localized than the [K+]0 changes. 3. Combining real-time current-source density measurement with [K+]0 determination and local manganese application, showed that the Mn blocked parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic transmission, but that much of the [K+]0 changes persisted. Thus, a large part of the [K+]0 flux most probably originated in the parallel fibers. In contrast, [Ca2+]0 changes were abolished by the Mn, indicating that the decrease in this ion was probably associated with synaptic transmission or dendritic events. 4. In a few cases, spreading depression occurred in the cat cerebellar cortex. This could be accompanied by decreases in [Ca2+]0 to as low as 0.12 mM and increases in [K+]0 in excess of 48 mM. 5. These results show that significant changes in [Ca2+]0 and [K+]0 occur during cerebellar stimulation and indicate possible origins of the ion fluxes in terms of neuronal elements. This work also shows that the cerebellar cortex of the cat can support spreading depression. The present results, together with those of earlier studies on [Ca2+]0 and [K+]0 changes in the presence of aminopyridine in the cat cerebellum, suggest that synaptic or dendritic electroresponsive properties may play a role in the observed [Ca2+]0 and [K+]0 changes.", "contents": "Calcium and potassium changes in extracellular microenvironment of cat cerebellar cortex. 1. Local stimulus-evoked changes in concentration of extracellular calcium ions, [Ca2+]0, and potassium ions, [K+[0, were measured in the cerebellar cortex of the cat using paired ion-selected micropipettes. 2. Repetitive stimulation of 30 s duration decreased [Ca2+]0 from a base line of 1.2 mM to as low as 0.8 mM and increased [K+]0 from 3 mM to as much as 8 mM. The magnitude of the changes was directly related to stimulus frequency. Laminar analysis showed that the greatest ion changes occurred at the level of maximum parallel fiber-Purkinje cell dendrite stimulation, but that the [Ca2+]0 changes were more localized than the [K+]0 changes. 3. Combining real-time current-source density measurement with [K+]0 determination and local manganese application, showed that the Mn blocked parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic transmission, but that much of the [K+]0 changes persisted. Thus, a large part of the [K+]0 flux most probably originated in the parallel fibers. In contrast, [Ca2+]0 changes were abolished by the Mn, indicating that the decrease in this ion was probably associated with synaptic transmission or dendritic events. 4. In a few cases, spreading depression occurred in the cat cerebellar cortex. This could be accompanied by decreases in [Ca2+]0 to as low as 0.12 mM and increases in [K+]0 in excess of 48 mM. 5. These results show that significant changes in [Ca2+]0 and [K+]0 occur during cerebellar stimulation and indicate possible origins of the ion fluxes in terms of neuronal elements. This work also shows that the cerebellar cortex of the cat can support spreading depression. The present results, together with those of earlier studies on [Ca2+]0 and [K+]0 changes in the presence of aminopyridine in the cat cerebellum, suggest that synaptic or dendritic electroresponsive properties may play a role in the observed [Ca2+]0 and [K+]0 changes.", "PMID": 681986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5159", "title": "Generation of scratching. I. Activity of spinal interneurons during scratching.", "content": "1. In decerebrate, curarized cats, stimulation of the cervical spinal cord evoked fictitious scratching (9), i.e., periodical activity of the hindlimb motoneurons with a discharge pattern typical of actual scratching (cycle duration about 250 ms, flexor phase about 200 ms, extensor phase about 50 ms). During fictitious scratching, extra-cellular records were obtained from 182 spinal neurons located in different regions of the gray matter cross section (except for the motor nuclei), from segments L4 and L5. 2. The firing rate of 73% of neurons was rhythmically modulated in relation with the scratch cycle. Most of the modulated neurons fired in bursts and were silent between bursts. They were located mainly in Rexed's (22) layer VII. 3. Burst onsets (\"switchings on\" of the neurons) were distributed rather evenly throughout the scratch cycle except for a small maximum at the very beginning of the cycle (the cycle was assumed to start with the termination of the extensor phase). Burst terminations (\"switchings off\") in the overwhelming majority of the neurons were distributed over the last-third part of the cycle. As a result, those neurons which began to fire earlier in the cycle usually had longer bursts, compared to the neurons which began to fire later. Besides, since there were very few switchings off in the first half of the cycle, the number of simultaneously active neurons increased during the first half of the cycle, reached the maximum somewhat later than the middle of the cycle, and considerably decreased by the end of the cycle. 4. With more intensive scratching, the firing rate in the bursts considerably increased in all neurons tested, while the duration of the scratch cycle changed only slightly. 5. A correlation between the burst position in the cycle and the behavior during the latent period of scratching (when stimulation of the cervical spinal cord had already been started but rhythmical oscillations had not yet appeared) was found in many neurons. Most of the neurons which began to fire at the beginning of the scratch cycle and had long bursts were tonically activated during the latent period. On the contrary, most of the neurons which fired in short bursts at the end of the cycle were either inhibited or not affected during this period. 6. A correlation betwen the burst position in the cycle and the frequency pattern was found in many neurons. In most of the neurons which began to fire in the first half of the cycle (except for the very beginning), the discharge rate increased in the course of the burst. In the remaining neurons, the discharge rate changed only slightly during the burst. 7. Hypotheses concerning organization of the spinal mechanism of scratching are discussed.", "contents": "Generation of scratching. I. Activity of spinal interneurons during scratching. 1. In decerebrate, curarized cats, stimulation of the cervical spinal cord evoked fictitious scratching (9), i.e., periodical activity of the hindlimb motoneurons with a discharge pattern typical of actual scratching (cycle duration about 250 ms, flexor phase about 200 ms, extensor phase about 50 ms). During fictitious scratching, extra-cellular records were obtained from 182 spinal neurons located in different regions of the gray matter cross section (except for the motor nuclei), from segments L4 and L5. 2. The firing rate of 73% of neurons was rhythmically modulated in relation with the scratch cycle. Most of the modulated neurons fired in bursts and were silent between bursts. They were located mainly in Rexed's (22) layer VII. 3. Burst onsets (\"switchings on\" of the neurons) were distributed rather evenly throughout the scratch cycle except for a small maximum at the very beginning of the cycle (the cycle was assumed to start with the termination of the extensor phase). Burst terminations (\"switchings off\") in the overwhelming majority of the neurons were distributed over the last-third part of the cycle. As a result, those neurons which began to fire earlier in the cycle usually had longer bursts, compared to the neurons which began to fire later. Besides, since there were very few switchings off in the first half of the cycle, the number of simultaneously active neurons increased during the first half of the cycle, reached the maximum somewhat later than the middle of the cycle, and considerably decreased by the end of the cycle. 4. With more intensive scratching, the firing rate in the bursts considerably increased in all neurons tested, while the duration of the scratch cycle changed only slightly. 5. A correlation between the burst position in the cycle and the behavior during the latent period of scratching (when stimulation of the cervical spinal cord had already been started but rhythmical oscillations had not yet appeared) was found in many neurons. Most of the neurons which began to fire at the beginning of the scratch cycle and had long bursts were tonically activated during the latent period. On the contrary, most of the neurons which fired in short bursts at the end of the cycle were either inhibited or not affected during this period. 6. A correlation betwen the burst position in the cycle and the frequency pattern was found in many neurons. In most of the neurons which began to fire in the first half of the cycle (except for the very beginning), the discharge rate increased in the course of the burst. In the remaining neurons, the discharge rate changed only slightly during the burst. 7. Hypotheses concerning organization of the spinal mechanism of scratching are discussed.", "PMID": 681987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5160", "title": "Effect of lead on the developing peripheral nervous system.", "content": "The effect of lead on the developing nervous system was studied in the Long-Evans rat. Pups were intoxicated with lead from day 2 through the 20th day of life with a dosage of 1 gm Pb/kg body weight. Doses were administered via gastric gavage on the second and third days of life, and bidaily thereafter. Lead-treated and age-matched controls were then studied at selected intervals up to and including 20 days of age. Central and peripheral nervous systems were examined by light and electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis focused on defined segments of proximal and distal sciatic nerves and the 6th dorsal and ventral lumbar roots. For teased fiber studies, a segment of the contralateral proximal sciatic nerve was used. The investigation revealed that during the period studied, the myelin formed is stable. Multiple lead effects, however, were found: the Schwann cell is initially swollen but this effect gradually wanes during the 20 day period; myelin compaction is initially delayed, particularly in the ventral roots; axonal segregation proceeds, but appears to be accelerated in the ventral roots of the lead-treated pups where the larger bundles of naked axons disappear by five days of life. All of the changes noted, except axonal segregation, are reversed in the face of continued lead intoxication. While the hallmarks of \"classical\" lead neuropathy--segmental demyelination and the selective involvement of large fibers were not observed--the sensitivity of the somatic efferent fibers to lead was apparent in the accentuation of the lead effects in the ventral roots.", "contents": "Effect of lead on the developing peripheral nervous system. The effect of lead on the developing nervous system was studied in the Long-Evans rat. Pups were intoxicated with lead from day 2 through the 20th day of life with a dosage of 1 gm Pb/kg body weight. Doses were administered via gastric gavage on the second and third days of life, and bidaily thereafter. Lead-treated and age-matched controls were then studied at selected intervals up to and including 20 days of age. Central and peripheral nervous systems were examined by light and electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis focused on defined segments of proximal and distal sciatic nerves and the 6th dorsal and ventral lumbar roots. For teased fiber studies, a segment of the contralateral proximal sciatic nerve was used. The investigation revealed that during the period studied, the myelin formed is stable. Multiple lead effects, however, were found: the Schwann cell is initially swollen but this effect gradually wanes during the 20 day period; myelin compaction is initially delayed, particularly in the ventral roots; axonal segregation proceeds, but appears to be accelerated in the ventral roots of the lead-treated pups where the larger bundles of naked axons disappear by five days of life. All of the changes noted, except axonal segregation, are reversed in the face of continued lead intoxication. While the hallmarks of \"classical\" lead neuropathy--segmental demyelination and the selective involvement of large fibers were not observed--the sensitivity of the somatic efferent fibers to lead was apparent in the accentuation of the lead effects in the ventral roots.", "PMID": 681984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5161", "title": "Generation of scratching. II. Nonregular regimes of generation.", "content": "1. The activity of muscle nerves and that of spinal interneurons from the L4 and L5 segments was recorded during fictitious scratching (5), which was evoked in decerebrate curarized cats by stimulation of the cervical spinal cord. In some experiments, rhythmical generation was disturbed by stimulation of the fifth lumbar dorsal root (DL5). 2. Excluding the very beginning of scratching, rhythmical generation was usually rather regular: fluctuations of the cycle duration were less than +/-5%. But changes in the stimulation strength, in the stimulating electrode position, and in the hindlimb position led to changes of the generation regime. In different regimes, the mean value of the cycle duration could differ by 20-30%. No correlation was found between mean durations of flexor and extensor phases for different regimes. 3. Rhythmical generation was possible only if the hindlimb was put to \"scratch posture,\" i.e., deflected forward. Generation immediately stopped when the limb was deflected backward, and immediately started when it was returned to scratch posture. 4. In some experiments, stimulation of the cervical spinal cord first resulted in generation of slow oscillations with the temporal pattern typical of stepping (cycle duration about 500 ms, flexor and extensor phases being almost equal to each other). Then, during 5-20 cycles, gradual transition to a normal scratch cycle (about 250 ms) occurred mainly due to considerable shortening (5-10 times) of the extensor phase. In some experiments, considerable spontaneous variations of the flexor phase were observed, while the extensor phase was constant. 5. A single stimulus applied to DL5 considerably affected the cycle duration. Repetitive DL5 stimulation,with a rhythm close to that of scratching, resulted in synchronization of the spinal generator by the stimuli. 6. Spinal interneurons recorded during transition from slow oscillations to a normal scratch cycle only slightly changed phases of their activity in relation to the activity of motoneurons. 7. A hypothesis is advanced that generation of different kinds of limb movements is produced by one and the same central spinal mechanism which can operate in different regimes. The role of sensory input for operation of this mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "Generation of scratching. II. Nonregular regimes of generation. 1. The activity of muscle nerves and that of spinal interneurons from the L4 and L5 segments was recorded during fictitious scratching (5), which was evoked in decerebrate curarized cats by stimulation of the cervical spinal cord. In some experiments, rhythmical generation was disturbed by stimulation of the fifth lumbar dorsal root (DL5). 2. Excluding the very beginning of scratching, rhythmical generation was usually rather regular: fluctuations of the cycle duration were less than +/-5%. But changes in the stimulation strength, in the stimulating electrode position, and in the hindlimb position led to changes of the generation regime. In different regimes, the mean value of the cycle duration could differ by 20-30%. No correlation was found between mean durations of flexor and extensor phases for different regimes. 3. Rhythmical generation was possible only if the hindlimb was put to \"scratch posture,\" i.e., deflected forward. Generation immediately stopped when the limb was deflected backward, and immediately started when it was returned to scratch posture. 4. In some experiments, stimulation of the cervical spinal cord first resulted in generation of slow oscillations with the temporal pattern typical of stepping (cycle duration about 500 ms, flexor and extensor phases being almost equal to each other). Then, during 5-20 cycles, gradual transition to a normal scratch cycle (about 250 ms) occurred mainly due to considerable shortening (5-10 times) of the extensor phase. In some experiments, considerable spontaneous variations of the flexor phase were observed, while the extensor phase was constant. 5. A single stimulus applied to DL5 considerably affected the cycle duration. Repetitive DL5 stimulation,with a rhythm close to that of scratching, resulted in synchronization of the spinal generator by the stimuli. 6. Spinal interneurons recorded during transition from slow oscillations to a normal scratch cycle only slightly changed phases of their activity in relation to the activity of motoneurons. 7. A hypothesis is advanced that generation of different kinds of limb movements is produced by one and the same central spinal mechanism which can operate in different regimes. The role of sensory input for operation of this mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 681988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5162", "title": "External nucleus of inferior colliculus: auditory and spinal somatosensory afferents and their interactions.", "content": "1. The discharges of 129 units were studied in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus of 11 anesthetised and paralyzed cats. This region is known to receive fibers from auditory nuclei and the dorsal column nuclei. 2. Stimuli used were pure tone bursts, monaural or binaural, tactile stimulation of the body surface, and electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns (DC) at a low cervical level and of the contralateral and ipsilateral tibial nerves. 3. Forty-six percent of units were only influenced by one type of stimulation (26% auditory, 20% DC). Of the remaining bimodally influenced units, the majority was excited by pure tone stimuli and inhibited by DC stimulation. 4. A small proportion of the total population (18%) was excited by both DC and auditory input, and units sensitive to both tones and tactile stimulation of the skin were rare (4%). 5. Auditory tuning curves were generally very broad compared with those of units in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. Similarly, somatic receptive fields were large and usually extended over a whole limb. 6. The majority of tone-responsive units were influenced binaurally (70%); most somatic receptive fields were located on the contralateral fore- or hindlimb (16/18). 7. The results indicate that both auditory and somatosensory information is contained in the discharges of units in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus. 8. Speculations are made about the role of this nucleus in descending auditory input to the spinal cord and in the comparison of auditory and cutaneous information during sound-evoked coordinated body movements.", "contents": "External nucleus of inferior colliculus: auditory and spinal somatosensory afferents and their interactions. 1. The discharges of 129 units were studied in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus of 11 anesthetised and paralyzed cats. This region is known to receive fibers from auditory nuclei and the dorsal column nuclei. 2. Stimuli used were pure tone bursts, monaural or binaural, tactile stimulation of the body surface, and electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns (DC) at a low cervical level and of the contralateral and ipsilateral tibial nerves. 3. Forty-six percent of units were only influenced by one type of stimulation (26% auditory, 20% DC). Of the remaining bimodally influenced units, the majority was excited by pure tone stimuli and inhibited by DC stimulation. 4. A small proportion of the total population (18%) was excited by both DC and auditory input, and units sensitive to both tones and tactile stimulation of the skin were rare (4%). 5. Auditory tuning curves were generally very broad compared with those of units in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. Similarly, somatic receptive fields were large and usually extended over a whole limb. 6. The majority of tone-responsive units were influenced binaurally (70%); most somatic receptive fields were located on the contralateral fore- or hindlimb (16/18). 7. The results indicate that both auditory and somatosensory information is contained in the discharges of units in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus. 8. Speculations are made about the role of this nucleus in descending auditory input to the spinal cord and in the comparison of auditory and cutaneous information during sound-evoked coordinated body movements.", "PMID": 681989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5163", "title": "Eye alignment in kittens.", "content": "1. The alignment of the pupillary axes and of the visual axes has been measured in 23 normally reared cats ranging in age from 14 days to adulthood. 2. In agreement with a previous report, we find that pupillary divergence, as measured from photographs, tends to decrease during the first 2 mo of life. 3. The angle between the visual axes of cats of various ages was determined during paralysis by plotting the receptive fields of neurons in cortical area 17, and extrapolation to the angle of alignment of the freely moving animal was accomplished by comparing pupillary photographs taken before and after immobilization. Results obtained by this method reveal that in cats of all ages the visual axes are convergent, and that the average angle of convergence is approximately the same at all ages. 4. We conclude that young kittens may be capable of coordinated binocular vision. Further study will be required to determine whether animals as young as 2 wk are able to align their eyes accurately so as to bring the two retinal images of object space into register. 5. Pupillary divergence decreases during development as a result of changes in the geometry of the eye characterized by a reduction of the angle between the pupillary axis and the visual axis in each eye. This angle changes from around 25 degrees at 14 days to around 16 degrees in adulthood. 6. The role of visual experience in the maintenance of normal eye alignment was investigated by rearing five cats in darkness until the age of 4-7 mo. In three animals, visual axis alignment was within the normal range. The two remaining cats were slightly exotropic. 7. A change occurs during development in the apparent cyclotorsional alignment of the eyes, as determined by measuring the intorsional angle formed by the two slit pupils. This angle increases during the 1st and 2nd mo, assuming a mean value of 14 degrees. In dark-reared cats the increase continues through the 3rd mo, culminating in an abnormally large angle of pupillary intorsion (mean of 24 degrees). The possibility that these changes reflect true shifts in cyclotorsional alignment of the eyes is discussed.", "contents": "Eye alignment in kittens. 1. The alignment of the pupillary axes and of the visual axes has been measured in 23 normally reared cats ranging in age from 14 days to adulthood. 2. In agreement with a previous report, we find that pupillary divergence, as measured from photographs, tends to decrease during the first 2 mo of life. 3. The angle between the visual axes of cats of various ages was determined during paralysis by plotting the receptive fields of neurons in cortical area 17, and extrapolation to the angle of alignment of the freely moving animal was accomplished by comparing pupillary photographs taken before and after immobilization. Results obtained by this method reveal that in cats of all ages the visual axes are convergent, and that the average angle of convergence is approximately the same at all ages. 4. We conclude that young kittens may be capable of coordinated binocular vision. Further study will be required to determine whether animals as young as 2 wk are able to align their eyes accurately so as to bring the two retinal images of object space into register. 5. Pupillary divergence decreases during development as a result of changes in the geometry of the eye characterized by a reduction of the angle between the pupillary axis and the visual axis in each eye. This angle changes from around 25 degrees at 14 days to around 16 degrees in adulthood. 6. The role of visual experience in the maintenance of normal eye alignment was investigated by rearing five cats in darkness until the age of 4-7 mo. In three animals, visual axis alignment was within the normal range. The two remaining cats were slightly exotropic. 7. A change occurs during development in the apparent cyclotorsional alignment of the eyes, as determined by measuring the intorsional angle formed by the two slit pupils. This angle increases during the 1st and 2nd mo, assuming a mean value of 14 degrees. In dark-reared cats the increase continues through the 3rd mo, culminating in an abnormally large angle of pupillary intorsion (mean of 24 degrees). The possibility that these changes reflect true shifts in cyclotorsional alignment of the eyes is discussed.", "PMID": 681990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5164", "title": "Space and frequency are represented separately in auditory midbrain of the owl.", "content": "1. The influence of sound location and sound frequency on the responses of single units in the midbrain auditory area (MLD) of the owl (Tyto alba) were studied using a movable sound source under free-field conditions. With this technique, two functionally distinct regions in MLD have been identified: a tonotopic region and a space-mapped region. 2. MLD units were classified according to their receptive-field properties: 1) limited-field units responded only to sound from a small, discrete area of space; 2) complex-field units exhibited two to four different excitatory areas separated by areas of reduced response or inhibition: 3) space-preferring units responded best to a certain area of space, but their fields expanded considerably with increasing sound intensities; 4) Space-independent units responded similarly to a sound stimulus regardless of its location in space. 3. Limited-field units were located exclusively along the lateral and anterior borders of MLD. These units were tuned to sound frequencies at the high end of the owl's audible range (5-8.7 kHz). They usually responded only at the onset of a tonal stimulus; but most importantly, the units were systematically arranged in this region according to the azimuths and elevations of their receptive fields, thus creating a physiological map of auditory space. Because of this latter, dominant aspect of its functional organization, this region is named the space-mapped region of MLD. 4. The receptive fields of units in the larger, medial portion of MLD were of the space-independent, space-preferring, or complex-field types. These units tended to respond in a sustained fashion to tone and noise bursts, and these units were arranged in a strict frequency-dependent order. Based on this last property, this region is named the tonotopic region of MLD. 5. Because of the salient differences in the response properties of their constituent units, it is argued that the space-mapped region and the tonotopic region are involved in different aspects of sound analysis.", "contents": "Space and frequency are represented separately in auditory midbrain of the owl. 1. The influence of sound location and sound frequency on the responses of single units in the midbrain auditory area (MLD) of the owl (Tyto alba) were studied using a movable sound source under free-field conditions. With this technique, two functionally distinct regions in MLD have been identified: a tonotopic region and a space-mapped region. 2. MLD units were classified according to their receptive-field properties: 1) limited-field units responded only to sound from a small, discrete area of space; 2) complex-field units exhibited two to four different excitatory areas separated by areas of reduced response or inhibition: 3) space-preferring units responded best to a certain area of space, but their fields expanded considerably with increasing sound intensities; 4) Space-independent units responded similarly to a sound stimulus regardless of its location in space. 3. Limited-field units were located exclusively along the lateral and anterior borders of MLD. These units were tuned to sound frequencies at the high end of the owl's audible range (5-8.7 kHz). They usually responded only at the onset of a tonal stimulus; but most importantly, the units were systematically arranged in this region according to the azimuths and elevations of their receptive fields, thus creating a physiological map of auditory space. Because of this latter, dominant aspect of its functional organization, this region is named the space-mapped region of MLD. 4. The receptive fields of units in the larger, medial portion of MLD were of the space-independent, space-preferring, or complex-field types. These units tended to respond in a sustained fashion to tone and noise bursts, and these units were arranged in a strict frequency-dependent order. Based on this last property, this region is named the tonotopic region of MLD. 5. Because of the salient differences in the response properties of their constituent units, it is argued that the space-mapped region and the tonotopic region are involved in different aspects of sound analysis.", "PMID": 681991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5165", "title": "Specificity of afferent and efferent regeneration in the cockroach: establishment of a reflex pathway between contralaterally homologous target cells.", "content": "1. In 132 cockroaches the main leg nerve on one side (right), of the metathoracic segment was crossed to the opposite (left) side and allowed to regenerate. In 3-8 wk, 59% of the animals displayed reflex activity in the left leg (behaviorally demonstrated by leg withdrawal following tarsal stimulation). 2. EMGs from the femoral extensor revealed potentials characteristic of normal activity in the extensor, which is innervated by an identified motor neuron, Ds. 3. Intracellular recordings from processes within the right hemiganglion of the metathoracic ganglion (CNS) demonstrated 1:1 activity between a unit in the CNS recording and the EMG of the left extensor. Subsequent intracellular staining revealed that the unit was on the right side of the CNS and was identified as motor neuron Ds by the location of its soma and dendrites. This finding indicated that specific, contralateral, efferent reinnervation occurs in the cockroach. 4. In normal cockroaches a monosynaptic reflex exists between hair plate afferents and Ds. A temporal analysis (stimulus-interval histogram) indicated that the reflex is also established in the crossed-regenerated animals. These data suggested that specific contralateral afferent reinnervation also occurs in the cockroach and that the monosynaptic nature of the normal reflex was reestablished. 5. Therefore, cell-to-cell specificity in neuron-to-neuron or neuron-to-muscle interactions not only occurs in normally developing or regenerating animals but also occurs between contralaterally homologous target cells, given the proper experimental conditions. It is also suggested that this experimental procedure of redesigning pathways may be a useful tool for further studies of behavior.", "contents": "Specificity of afferent and efferent regeneration in the cockroach: establishment of a reflex pathway between contralaterally homologous target cells. 1. In 132 cockroaches the main leg nerve on one side (right), of the metathoracic segment was crossed to the opposite (left) side and allowed to regenerate. In 3-8 wk, 59% of the animals displayed reflex activity in the left leg (behaviorally demonstrated by leg withdrawal following tarsal stimulation). 2. EMGs from the femoral extensor revealed potentials characteristic of normal activity in the extensor, which is innervated by an identified motor neuron, Ds. 3. Intracellular recordings from processes within the right hemiganglion of the metathoracic ganglion (CNS) demonstrated 1:1 activity between a unit in the CNS recording and the EMG of the left extensor. Subsequent intracellular staining revealed that the unit was on the right side of the CNS and was identified as motor neuron Ds by the location of its soma and dendrites. This finding indicated that specific, contralateral, efferent reinnervation occurs in the cockroach. 4. In normal cockroaches a monosynaptic reflex exists between hair plate afferents and Ds. A temporal analysis (stimulus-interval histogram) indicated that the reflex is also established in the crossed-regenerated animals. These data suggested that specific contralateral afferent reinnervation also occurs in the cockroach and that the monosynaptic nature of the normal reflex was reestablished. 5. Therefore, cell-to-cell specificity in neuron-to-neuron or neuron-to-muscle interactions not only occurs in normally developing or regenerating animals but also occurs between contralaterally homologous target cells, given the proper experimental conditions. It is also suggested that this experimental procedure of redesigning pathways may be a useful tool for further studies of behavior.", "PMID": 681992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5166", "title": "Physiological consequences for the cat's visual cortex of effectively restricting early visual experience with oriented contours.", "content": "1. The early visual experience of nine cats was restricted to viewing horizontal or vertical lines inside opaque goggles. 2. When the kittens were 3-4 mo old, extracellular recordings were made in the primary visual cortex. To obtain a representative sample of cortical cells, units were studied at regularly spaced intervals along the course of electrode penetrations traveling oblique to the cortical surface. An automated assessment of preferred orientation using a computer-driven optical display was employed, and during the recording session the experimenters did not know which orientation(s) each animal had viewed in early life. 3. In the cats that viewed horizontal lines with one eye and vertical lines with the other during rearing, two major findings of previous workers (14) were confirmed. First, a majority of units were not selective for orientation. Second, units with preferred orientations near vertical tended to be activated exclusively by the eye that had viewed vertical, and likewise for horizontal. 4. In cats that viewed lines of the same orientation with both eyes during rearing, a substantially smaller proportion of units were selective for orientation; the preferred orientations of these units also tended to match the orientation to which the cats had been exposed. 5. Portions of some electrode penetrations showed an orderly arrangement of cells according to preferred orientation similar to that seen in normal cats, but with regions over which only nonselective cells were found. Many penetrations appeared less orderly. 6. The results are consistent with a role for early visual experience in maintaining the responsiveness and innate selectivity of cortical neurons, although they cannot entirely rule out the possibility that experience may alter or determine the preferred orientation of some cells.", "contents": "Physiological consequences for the cat's visual cortex of effectively restricting early visual experience with oriented contours. 1. The early visual experience of nine cats was restricted to viewing horizontal or vertical lines inside opaque goggles. 2. When the kittens were 3-4 mo old, extracellular recordings were made in the primary visual cortex. To obtain a representative sample of cortical cells, units were studied at regularly spaced intervals along the course of electrode penetrations traveling oblique to the cortical surface. An automated assessment of preferred orientation using a computer-driven optical display was employed, and during the recording session the experimenters did not know which orientation(s) each animal had viewed in early life. 3. In the cats that viewed horizontal lines with one eye and vertical lines with the other during rearing, two major findings of previous workers (14) were confirmed. First, a majority of units were not selective for orientation. Second, units with preferred orientations near vertical tended to be activated exclusively by the eye that had viewed vertical, and likewise for horizontal. 4. In cats that viewed lines of the same orientation with both eyes during rearing, a substantially smaller proportion of units were selective for orientation; the preferred orientations of these units also tended to match the orientation to which the cats had been exposed. 5. Portions of some electrode penetrations showed an orderly arrangement of cells according to preferred orientation similar to that seen in normal cats, but with regions over which only nonselective cells were found. Many penetrations appeared less orderly. 6. The results are consistent with a role for early visual experience in maintaining the responsiveness and innate selectivity of cortical neurons, although they cannot entirely rule out the possibility that experience may alter or determine the preferred orientation of some cells.", "PMID": 681993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5167", "title": "Receptive-field properties of neurons in different laminae of visual cortex of the cat.", "content": "1. Receptive-field properties of neurons in the different layers of the visual cortex of normal adult cats were analyzed quantitatively. Neurons were classified into one of two groups: 1) S-cells, which have discrete on- and/or off-regions in their receptive fields and possess inhibitory side bands; 2) C-cells, which do not have discrete on- and off-regions in their receptive fields but display an on-off response to flashing stimuli. Neurons of this type rarely display side-band inhibition. 2. As a group, S-cells display lower relative degrees of binocularity and are more selective for stimulus orientation than C-cells. In addition, within a given lamina the S-cells have smaller receptive fields, lower cutoff velocities, lower peak responses to visual stimulation, and lower spontaneous activity than do the C-cells. 3. S-cells in all layers of the cortex display similar orientation sensitivities, mean spontaneous discharge rates, peak response to visual stimulation, and degrees of binocularity. 4. Many of the receptive-field properties of cortical cells vary with laminar location. Receptive-field sizes and cutoff velocities of S-cells and of C-cells are greater in layers V and VI than in layers II-IV. For S-cells, preferred velocities are also greater in layers V and VI than in layers II-IV. Furthermore, C-cells in layers V and VI display high mean spontaneous discharge rates, weak orientation preferences, high relative degrees of binocularity, and higher peak responses to visual stimulation when compared to C-cells in layers II and III. 5. The receptive-field properties of cells in layers V-VI of the striate cortex suggest that most neurons that have their somata in these laminae receive afferents from LGNd Y-cells. Hence, our results suggest that afferents from LGNd Y-cells may play a major part in the cortical control of subcortical visual functions.", "contents": "Receptive-field properties of neurons in different laminae of visual cortex of the cat. 1. Receptive-field properties of neurons in the different layers of the visual cortex of normal adult cats were analyzed quantitatively. Neurons were classified into one of two groups: 1) S-cells, which have discrete on- and/or off-regions in their receptive fields and possess inhibitory side bands; 2) C-cells, which do not have discrete on- and off-regions in their receptive fields but display an on-off response to flashing stimuli. Neurons of this type rarely display side-band inhibition. 2. As a group, S-cells display lower relative degrees of binocularity and are more selective for stimulus orientation than C-cells. In addition, within a given lamina the S-cells have smaller receptive fields, lower cutoff velocities, lower peak responses to visual stimulation, and lower spontaneous activity than do the C-cells. 3. S-cells in all layers of the cortex display similar orientation sensitivities, mean spontaneous discharge rates, peak response to visual stimulation, and degrees of binocularity. 4. Many of the receptive-field properties of cortical cells vary with laminar location. Receptive-field sizes and cutoff velocities of S-cells and of C-cells are greater in layers V and VI than in layers II-IV. For S-cells, preferred velocities are also greater in layers V and VI than in layers II-IV. Furthermore, C-cells in layers V and VI display high mean spontaneous discharge rates, weak orientation preferences, high relative degrees of binocularity, and higher peak responses to visual stimulation when compared to C-cells in layers II and III. 5. The receptive-field properties of cells in layers V-VI of the striate cortex suggest that most neurons that have their somata in these laminae receive afferents from LGNd Y-cells. Hence, our results suggest that afferents from LGNd Y-cells may play a major part in the cortical control of subcortical visual functions.", "PMID": 681994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5168", "title": "Effect of auditory cortex ablation on localization and discrimination of brief sounds.", "content": "1. Dogs with bilateral auditory cortex lesions were tested on their ability to localize and discriminate brief sounds. In each test the animals were required to approach one of two goal boxes in order to indicate their response. 2. The results showed: a) that the operated animals could not solve the localization tasks when the goal boxes were located more than 125 cm away, but could solve the task if the goal boxes were located closer to the animal; b) that the operated animals could successfully discriminate brief bursts of click trains (i.e., 100/s versus 10/s, 0.3 s duration) even when required to indicate their discrimination by moving to goal boxes located 250 cm away, in spite of the fact that they could not successfully localize these sounds under similar conditions; c) that the operated animals tracked the source of a continuous sound instead of localizing it in a normal manner. 3. It appears that the deficit in sound localization resulting from cortical ablation is not due to any impairment in auditory attention or memory. Furthermore, the deficit cannot be ascribed to an inability to make a spatial response to an auditory cue. Instead, the deficit may be the result of a disconnection of the sound-localization mechanism from the motor mechanism necessary for some, though not all, behavioral responses.", "contents": "Effect of auditory cortex ablation on localization and discrimination of brief sounds. 1. Dogs with bilateral auditory cortex lesions were tested on their ability to localize and discriminate brief sounds. In each test the animals were required to approach one of two goal boxes in order to indicate their response. 2. The results showed: a) that the operated animals could not solve the localization tasks when the goal boxes were located more than 125 cm away, but could solve the task if the goal boxes were located closer to the animal; b) that the operated animals could successfully discriminate brief bursts of click trains (i.e., 100/s versus 10/s, 0.3 s duration) even when required to indicate their discrimination by moving to goal boxes located 250 cm away, in spite of the fact that they could not successfully localize these sounds under similar conditions; c) that the operated animals tracked the source of a continuous sound instead of localizing it in a normal manner. 3. It appears that the deficit in sound localization resulting from cortical ablation is not due to any impairment in auditory attention or memory. Furthermore, the deficit cannot be ascribed to an inability to make a spatial response to an auditory cue. Instead, the deficit may be the result of a disconnection of the sound-localization mechanism from the motor mechanism necessary for some, though not all, behavioral responses.", "PMID": 681995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5169", "title": "Neural correlates of auditory fatigue: frequency-dependent changes in activity of single cochlear nerve fibers.", "content": "1. These experiments were designed to test whether intense pure tones produced greater depression of cochlear nerve fibers tuned to the exposure frequency or of those tuned to frequencies above the exposure frequency. Spike discharges of single fibers were studied in anesthetized cats before, during, and after exposures lasting 1 min. Exposure frequency was varied relative to each fiber's characteristic frequency (CF), and was either at the CF or 1/2 octave above (+1/2 oct) or 1/2 octave below (-1/2 oct) the CF. Exposure levels were 85 or 90 dB SPL. Effects of the various exposures on driven discharge rates were evaluated using standard test stimuli at each fiber's CF. In addition, nonevoked discharges were measured during the brief quiet intervals between test stimuli (\"interstimulus activity\") as well as during extended quiet periods (\"resting activity\"). Major results were as follows: 2. All the exposures resulted in depression of the driven discharge rates; however, these effects were strongly dependent on the exposure frequency. The depression was greatest and endured the longest following -1/2 oct exposures at 90 dB. The CF exposures at 85 and 90 dB were much less depressant, as were exposures at -1/2 oct at 85 dB; these three exposures resulted in very similar recovery functions. The +1/2 oct exposures produced little or no depression, whether at 85 or 90 dB. 3. Interstimulus activity was depressed immediately following all exposures, but recovered to normal quickly than did driven discharge rates. Following exposures at -1/2 oct at 90 dB, recovery was non-monotonic in that an extended period of supernormality preceded the return to normal rates. During this period of elevated activity, the interstimulus activity approached but never exceeded the resting rate of the same fiber. 4. Resting activity recovered even more rapidly than interstimulus activity, being completely normal by 1 min following all exposures. 5. These results constitute the first demonstration that the CF is not necessarily the most depressant exposure frequency for a given cochlear nerve fiber. Further, the results imply that the half-octave (or greater) shifts of the point of maximum hearing loss, so characteristic of auditory fatigue, may be accounted for by frequency-dependent alterations in the responsiveness of cochlear nerve fibers.", "contents": "Neural correlates of auditory fatigue: frequency-dependent changes in activity of single cochlear nerve fibers. 1. These experiments were designed to test whether intense pure tones produced greater depression of cochlear nerve fibers tuned to the exposure frequency or of those tuned to frequencies above the exposure frequency. Spike discharges of single fibers were studied in anesthetized cats before, during, and after exposures lasting 1 min. Exposure frequency was varied relative to each fiber's characteristic frequency (CF), and was either at the CF or 1/2 octave above (+1/2 oct) or 1/2 octave below (-1/2 oct) the CF. Exposure levels were 85 or 90 dB SPL. Effects of the various exposures on driven discharge rates were evaluated using standard test stimuli at each fiber's CF. In addition, nonevoked discharges were measured during the brief quiet intervals between test stimuli (\"interstimulus activity\") as well as during extended quiet periods (\"resting activity\"). Major results were as follows: 2. All the exposures resulted in depression of the driven discharge rates; however, these effects were strongly dependent on the exposure frequency. The depression was greatest and endured the longest following -1/2 oct exposures at 90 dB. The CF exposures at 85 and 90 dB were much less depressant, as were exposures at -1/2 oct at 85 dB; these three exposures resulted in very similar recovery functions. The +1/2 oct exposures produced little or no depression, whether at 85 or 90 dB. 3. Interstimulus activity was depressed immediately following all exposures, but recovered to normal quickly than did driven discharge rates. Following exposures at -1/2 oct at 90 dB, recovery was non-monotonic in that an extended period of supernormality preceded the return to normal rates. During this period of elevated activity, the interstimulus activity approached but never exceeded the resting rate of the same fiber. 4. Resting activity recovered even more rapidly than interstimulus activity, being completely normal by 1 min following all exposures. 5. These results constitute the first demonstration that the CF is not necessarily the most depressant exposure frequency for a given cochlear nerve fiber. Further, the results imply that the half-octave (or greater) shifts of the point of maximum hearing loss, so characteristic of auditory fatigue, may be accounted for by frequency-dependent alterations in the responsiveness of cochlear nerve fibers.", "PMID": 681996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5170", "title": "Head injury and coagulation disorders.", "content": "Coagulation studies (plasma fibrinogen, ethanol gelation test, and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product concentration) were done in 150 patients who were admitted after blunt head injury. Results were abnormal in 60 patients and were found to be correlated with the level of consciousness and with the presence of neurological signs. Many of these patients had fractures, but findings in a control group of 26 patients with major fractures without head injury indicate that fractures were not of paramount importance in causing clotting changes. Conclusive evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was found in 12 patients. Cases with a fatal clinical course were mostly associated with very high fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product concentrations. Some case histories are reported, confirming the hypothesized correlation between coagulation results and brain tissue destruction rather than brain compression. It was concluded that some degree of disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with blunt head injury occurs more often than expected and that coagulation studies might have both diagnostic and prognostic value.", "contents": "Head injury and coagulation disorders. Coagulation studies (plasma fibrinogen, ethanol gelation test, and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product concentration) were done in 150 patients who were admitted after blunt head injury. Results were abnormal in 60 patients and were found to be correlated with the level of consciousness and with the presence of neurological signs. Many of these patients had fractures, but findings in a control group of 26 patients with major fractures without head injury indicate that fractures were not of paramount importance in causing clotting changes. Conclusive evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was found in 12 patients. Cases with a fatal clinical course were mostly associated with very high fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product concentrations. Some case histories are reported, confirming the hypothesized correlation between coagulation results and brain tissue destruction rather than brain compression. It was concluded that some degree of disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with blunt head injury occurs more often than expected and that coagulation studies might have both diagnostic and prognostic value.", "PMID": 681997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5171", "title": "Reproducibility of regional cerebral blood flow measurements in acute severe head injury.", "content": "In order to evaluate the reproducibility of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements in pathological brain tissue, serial measurements were carried out in 13 determinations performed in patients who were comatose after severe head injuries within the first 2 weeks after the head trauma. The xenon-133 intra-arterial method was used for the flow measurements, and the flow was studied separately in 16 areas of the brain, producing 197 regional double determinations. The patients were maintained in a steady state during and between the measurements, and only differences of less than 2 mm Hg in the arterial CO2 pressure and less than 5 mm Hg in the perfusion pressure were tolerated. The reproducibility was found to be reasonably good as regards initial slope-flow indices and height/area flow indices and height/area flow values, whereas that of the compartmentally calculated flow parameters was poorer. On dividing the series into severely and moderately pathological areas, it could be shown that the reproducibility of the flor values in the moderately pathological brain areas was acceptable and similar to the results reported by others, whereas the reproducibility in the most severely pathological areas of the brain was rather poor, as regards the flow in the fast compartments. The correlation between the various flow parameters was found to be fairly good.", "contents": "Reproducibility of regional cerebral blood flow measurements in acute severe head injury. In order to evaluate the reproducibility of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements in pathological brain tissue, serial measurements were carried out in 13 determinations performed in patients who were comatose after severe head injuries within the first 2 weeks after the head trauma. The xenon-133 intra-arterial method was used for the flow measurements, and the flow was studied separately in 16 areas of the brain, producing 197 regional double determinations. The patients were maintained in a steady state during and between the measurements, and only differences of less than 2 mm Hg in the arterial CO2 pressure and less than 5 mm Hg in the perfusion pressure were tolerated. The reproducibility was found to be reasonably good as regards initial slope-flow indices and height/area flow indices and height/area flow values, whereas that of the compartmentally calculated flow parameters was poorer. On dividing the series into severely and moderately pathological areas, it could be shown that the reproducibility of the flor values in the moderately pathological brain areas was acceptable and similar to the results reported by others, whereas the reproducibility in the most severely pathological areas of the brain was rather poor, as regards the flow in the fast compartments. The correlation between the various flow parameters was found to be fairly good.", "PMID": 681998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5172", "title": "Deep vein thrombosis and low-dose heparin prophylaxis in neurosurgical patients.", "content": "By the use of 125I-labeled fibrinogen test, the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and the effectiveness of prophylactic low-dose heparin treatment were investigated in 110 patients who underwent elective neurosurgical procedures. Fifty patients were appointed randomly to a control group and 50 to a heparin group (10 patients were excluded since they had DVT before surgery). The incidence of DVT was reduced from 34% in the control group to 6% in the heparin group (p less than 0.005). No statistically significant differences were observed in transfusion requirements, postoperative hemoglobin concentration, and the occurrence of postoperative hematomas between the two groups. Positive correlation was observed between DVT and motor deficit (p less than 0.05). Preoperative assessment of patients' sensitivity to the standard 5000-unit dose of heparin was performed in all treated patients and is thought an important factor in improving the safety of heparin prophylaxis.", "contents": "Deep vein thrombosis and low-dose heparin prophylaxis in neurosurgical patients. By the use of 125I-labeled fibrinogen test, the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and the effectiveness of prophylactic low-dose heparin treatment were investigated in 110 patients who underwent elective neurosurgical procedures. Fifty patients were appointed randomly to a control group and 50 to a heparin group (10 patients were excluded since they had DVT before surgery). The incidence of DVT was reduced from 34% in the control group to 6% in the heparin group (p less than 0.005). No statistically significant differences were observed in transfusion requirements, postoperative hemoglobin concentration, and the occurrence of postoperative hematomas between the two groups. Positive correlation was observed between DVT and motor deficit (p less than 0.05). Preoperative assessment of patients' sensitivity to the standard 5000-unit dose of heparin was performed in all treated patients and is thought an important factor in improving the safety of heparin prophylaxis.", "PMID": 681999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5173", "title": "Cervical myeloradiculopathy caused by arthrotic hypertrophy of the posterior facets and laminae.", "content": "Five patients with typical cervical myeloradiculopathy caused by focal cervical spinal stenosis are presented. Dorsal intrusions into the spinal canal by hypertrophied apophyseal joints and thickened laminae resulted in cord and nerve root compression. Minor spondylotic changes were present in the floor of the spinal canal. Laminar decompression with formainotomy and facetectomy relieved the patients of their symptoms. An anterior approach should not be considered in the management of this disorder. Our findings of severe apophyseal arthrosis with lesser degrees of associated spondylosis are similar to those described in anatomical studies by other authors. While uncommon, myelopathy caused by dorsal compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots deserves specific mention so that therapy can be directed to the proper quadrants of the spinal canal wherein the significant pathology is located.", "contents": "Cervical myeloradiculopathy caused by arthrotic hypertrophy of the posterior facets and laminae. Five patients with typical cervical myeloradiculopathy caused by focal cervical spinal stenosis are presented. Dorsal intrusions into the spinal canal by hypertrophied apophyseal joints and thickened laminae resulted in cord and nerve root compression. Minor spondylotic changes were present in the floor of the spinal canal. Laminar decompression with formainotomy and facetectomy relieved the patients of their symptoms. An anterior approach should not be considered in the management of this disorder. Our findings of severe apophyseal arthrosis with lesser degrees of associated spondylosis are similar to those described in anatomical studies by other authors. While uncommon, myelopathy caused by dorsal compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots deserves specific mention so that therapy can be directed to the proper quadrants of the spinal canal wherein the significant pathology is located.", "PMID": 682000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5174", "title": "Management of recurrent CSF rhinorrhea of the middle and posterior fossa.", "content": "The authors review 39 patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks originating from the middle or posterior fossa. They evaluate the usefulness of preoperative investigative procedures, including cisternal radionuclide scanning and the deliberate increase of intracranial pressure. The results in this series emphasize the important role that abnormal CSF dynamics play in the recurrence of problematic cases of rhinorrhea or otorrhea. The following guidelines are recommended by the authors on the basis of their recent experience: 1) if hydrocephalus is present, if the cisternogram is abnormal, or if the CSF leak is intermittent and slight, the initial treatment should be insertion of a lumboperitoneal shunt; 2) if the leak is localized in the sellar or parasellar area, a transsphenoidal approach to obliterate the leak is advised; 3) if the CSF leak originates through a dural opening into the middle ear, an intracranial repair is indicated.", "contents": "Management of recurrent CSF rhinorrhea of the middle and posterior fossa. The authors review 39 patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks originating from the middle or posterior fossa. They evaluate the usefulness of preoperative investigative procedures, including cisternal radionuclide scanning and the deliberate increase of intracranial pressure. The results in this series emphasize the important role that abnormal CSF dynamics play in the recurrence of problematic cases of rhinorrhea or otorrhea. The following guidelines are recommended by the authors on the basis of their recent experience: 1) if hydrocephalus is present, if the cisternogram is abnormal, or if the CSF leak is intermittent and slight, the initial treatment should be insertion of a lumboperitoneal shunt; 2) if the leak is localized in the sellar or parasellar area, a transsphenoidal approach to obliterate the leak is advised; 3) if the CSF leak originates through a dural opening into the middle ear, an intracranial repair is indicated.", "PMID": 682001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5175", "title": "Computerized tomography in hydatid cyst of the brain.", "content": "From among 1500 patients who underwent computerized tomography (CT) during an 18-month period, five cases of hydatid disease of the brain were diagnosed. The preoperative diagnosis is of paramount importance as the cyst has to be removed unruptured. The CT features of this condition are practically pathognomonic. The authors discuss the CT findings in these cases and differential diagnosis with other cystic lesions of the brain. The help that this safe and sure method of investigation gives to attain preoperative diagnosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in hydatid cyst of the brain. From among 1500 patients who underwent computerized tomography (CT) during an 18-month period, five cases of hydatid disease of the brain were diagnosed. The preoperative diagnosis is of paramount importance as the cyst has to be removed unruptured. The CT features of this condition are practically pathognomonic. The authors discuss the CT findings in these cases and differential diagnosis with other cystic lesions of the brain. The help that this safe and sure method of investigation gives to attain preoperative diagnosis is emphasized.", "PMID": 682002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5176", "title": "South American blastomycosis presenting as a posterior fossa tumor. Case report.", "content": "An unusual case of infection of the central nervous system by Paracoccidioides braziliensis, presenting as posterior fossa tumor, is discussed and the pertinent literature reviewed.", "contents": "South American blastomycosis presenting as a posterior fossa tumor. Case report. An unusual case of infection of the central nervous system by Paracoccidioides braziliensis, presenting as posterior fossa tumor, is discussed and the pertinent literature reviewed.", "PMID": 682004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5177", "title": "Paracoccidioidomycosis of the skull. Case report.", "content": "A case of paracoccidioidomycosis of the skull is presented. No evidence of a previous lung, mucous membrane, or nervous system infection was found. Radiological and surgical findings suggested osteomyelitis. The authors stress the importance of including paracoccidioidomycosis in the differential diagnosis of osteolytic skull lesions in countries where this fungus is endemic.", "contents": "Paracoccidioidomycosis of the skull. Case report. A case of paracoccidioidomycosis of the skull is presented. No evidence of a previous lung, mucous membrane, or nervous system infection was found. Radiological and surgical findings suggested osteomyelitis. The authors stress the importance of including paracoccidioidomycosis in the differential diagnosis of osteolytic skull lesions in countries where this fungus is endemic.", "PMID": 682005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5178", "title": "Recurrence of medulloblastoma after homogeneous field radiotherapy. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases are reported of posterior fossa medulloblastoma in children. In each case metastatic spread occurred despite homogeneous field radiotherapy to the whole neuraxis; the secondary tumor was located in the subfrontal region. In the two cases in which operative removal of the metastasis was carried out, the tumor was found to be extracerebral and was attached to the dura in the region of the cribiform plate. The \"face-down\" position of patients during operations on the posterior fossa makes this area the most dependent part and therefore the most likely recipient of tumor cells shed at operation. This area has not previously been included in the field of maximum dosage for radiotherapy, but as a result of these findings a modification in technique of radiotherapy has been suggested.", "contents": "Recurrence of medulloblastoma after homogeneous field radiotherapy. Report of three cases. Three cases are reported of posterior fossa medulloblastoma in children. In each case metastatic spread occurred despite homogeneous field radiotherapy to the whole neuraxis; the secondary tumor was located in the subfrontal region. In the two cases in which operative removal of the metastasis was carried out, the tumor was found to be extracerebral and was attached to the dura in the region of the cribiform plate. The \"face-down\" position of patients during operations on the posterior fossa makes this area the most dependent part and therefore the most likely recipient of tumor cells shed at operation. This area has not previously been included in the field of maximum dosage for radiotherapy, but as a result of these findings a modification in technique of radiotherapy has been suggested.", "PMID": 682006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5179", "title": "Congenital lumbar ridge causing spinal claudication in adolescents. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two adolescent boys had classic histories and findings of spinal claudication. Their plain x-ray films were read as normal and myelograms demonstrated a ventral defect at L4-5. Surgical exploration revealed ventral bony ridges in both cases. Laminectomy initially provided substantial relief, but spinal fusion was necessary for complete abolition of symptoms.", "contents": "Congenital lumbar ridge causing spinal claudication in adolescents. Report of two cases. Two adolescent boys had classic histories and findings of spinal claudication. Their plain x-ray films were read as normal and myelograms demonstrated a ventral defect at L4-5. Surgical exploration revealed ventral bony ridges in both cases. Laminectomy initially provided substantial relief, but spinal fusion was necessary for complete abolition of symptoms.", "PMID": 682007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5180", "title": "Development of cerebellar malignant astrocytoma at site of a medulloblastoma treated 11 years earlier. Case report.", "content": "A child treated for a desmoplastic medulloblastoma of the left cerebellar hemisphere at the age of 10 months developed a malignant astrocytoma in the same site 11 years later. Theories of origin of the second tumor, particularly in relation to concepts of the genesis of medulloblastoma in general, are discussed.", "contents": "Development of cerebellar malignant astrocytoma at site of a medulloblastoma treated 11 years earlier. Case report. A child treated for a desmoplastic medulloblastoma of the left cerebellar hemisphere at the age of 10 months developed a malignant astrocytoma in the same site 11 years later. Theories of origin of the second tumor, particularly in relation to concepts of the genesis of medulloblastoma in general, are discussed.", "PMID": 682008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5181", "title": "Basilar-middle meningeal arterial anastomosis. Case report.", "content": "A rare case of basilar-middle meningeal arterial anastomosis is reported. Pertinent literature is reviewed and an embryological explanation of this anastomosis is discussed.", "contents": "Basilar-middle meningeal arterial anastomosis. Case report. A rare case of basilar-middle meningeal arterial anastomosis is reported. Pertinent literature is reviewed and an embryological explanation of this anastomosis is discussed.", "PMID": 682009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5182", "title": "Lipoma of the quadrigeminal plate causing progressive obstructive hydrocephalus. Case report.", "content": "A patient with congenital hydrocephalus and poor vision since early childhood, but with normal motor and intellectual development, suffered progressive mental deterioration during the last decade of life. At necropsy he was found to have severe hydrocephalus secondary to a lipoma of the midbrain tectum obstructing the aqueduct of Sylvius. In addition, the septum pellucidum was absent, the corpus callosum was thinned, and the anterior visual system was atrophic. The case emphasizes the importance of full neuroradiological investigation of congenital hydrocephalus. The possible association of intracranial lipoma with septo-optic dysplasia is discussed.", "contents": "Lipoma of the quadrigeminal plate causing progressive obstructive hydrocephalus. Case report. A patient with congenital hydrocephalus and poor vision since early childhood, but with normal motor and intellectual development, suffered progressive mental deterioration during the last decade of life. At necropsy he was found to have severe hydrocephalus secondary to a lipoma of the midbrain tectum obstructing the aqueduct of Sylvius. In addition, the septum pellucidum was absent, the corpus callosum was thinned, and the anterior visual system was atrophic. The case emphasizes the importance of full neuroradiological investigation of congenital hydrocephalus. The possible association of intracranial lipoma with septo-optic dysplasia is discussed.", "PMID": 682010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5183", "title": "Infratentorial neuroepithelial cyst (colloid cyst). Case report.", "content": "An asymptomatic neuroepithelial cyst (colloid cyst) located in the leptomeninges between the inferior colliculus and the paravermal region of the superior cerebellum was an incidental postmortem finding. The cyst was lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the respiratory tract type as lell as cuboidal epithelium of the ependymal type. Its developmental relationship to previously described colloid and paraphyseal cysts in the third ventricle is discussed.", "contents": "Infratentorial neuroepithelial cyst (colloid cyst). Case report. An asymptomatic neuroepithelial cyst (colloid cyst) located in the leptomeninges between the inferior colliculus and the paravermal region of the superior cerebellum was an incidental postmortem finding. The cyst was lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the respiratory tract type as lell as cuboidal epithelium of the ependymal type. Its developmental relationship to previously described colloid and paraphyseal cysts in the third ventricle is discussed.", "PMID": 682011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5184", "title": "Intracranial solitary chondroma. Case report.", "content": "A case of massive solitary intracranial chondroma involving the base of the skull in a 15-month-old baby boy was successfully treated by total excision. The diagnosis was greatly simplified by the us of computerized tomography, which materially helped in planning the surgical approach.", "contents": "Intracranial solitary chondroma. Case report. A case of massive solitary intracranial chondroma involving the base of the skull in a 15-month-old baby boy was successfully treated by total excision. The diagnosis was greatly simplified by the us of computerized tomography, which materially helped in planning the surgical approach.", "PMID": 682012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5185", "title": "Eosinophilic granuloma of the base of the skull. Case report.", "content": "The authors present an unusual case of eosinophilic granuloma arising in the region of the foramen rotundum.", "contents": "Eosinophilic granuloma of the base of the skull. Case report. The authors present an unusual case of eosinophilic granuloma arising in the region of the foramen rotundum.", "PMID": 682013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5186", "title": "Gallium-67 scintigraphy in untreated and treated non-hodgkin lymphomas.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-four gallium scans of patients with biopsy-proved non-Hodgkin lymphoma were reviewed. When the lymphomas were subdivided into histologic groups, there was a significant difference in detection rates, with 62% of the histiocytic lymphomas being identified, while only 39% of the poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas were detected. There was a high detection rate for lesions in the mediastinum and in extranodal locations. When analyzed with regard to therapy, the detection rate was higher in all histologic subgroups after therapy than before.", "contents": "Gallium-67 scintigraphy in untreated and treated non-hodgkin lymphomas. One hundred and seventy-four gallium scans of patients with biopsy-proved non-Hodgkin lymphoma were reviewed. When the lymphomas were subdivided into histologic groups, there was a significant difference in detection rates, with 62% of the histiocytic lymphomas being identified, while only 39% of the poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas were detected. There was a high detection rate for lesions in the mediastinum and in extranodal locations. When analyzed with regard to therapy, the detection rate was higher in all histologic subgroups after therapy than before.", "PMID": 682018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5187", "title": "Ejection fraction by count rate from gated images.", "content": "Left-ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) was determined from ECG-gated images of the cardiac blood pool, by computing the relative change in net LV counts occurring in these images during systole. EFs obtained with this method gave satisfactory interobserver agreement in 20 studies reviewed by three independent observers (average r = 0.95) and also compared favorably with EFs obtained by contrast ventriculography in 39 patients (r = 0.92). The technique appears suitable for use in the evaluation of systolic function in patients with heart disease.", "contents": "Ejection fraction by count rate from gated images. Left-ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) was determined from ECG-gated images of the cardiac blood pool, by computing the relative change in net LV counts occurring in these images during systole. EFs obtained with this method gave satisfactory interobserver agreement in 20 studies reviewed by three independent observers (average r = 0.95) and also compared favorably with EFs obtained by contrast ventriculography in 39 patients (r = 0.92). The technique appears suitable for use in the evaluation of systolic function in patients with heart disease.", "PMID": 682019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5188", "title": "Femoral head activity in Perthes' disease: clinical evaluation of a quantitative technique for estimating tracer uptake.", "content": "A method for quantifying the uptake of Tc-99m-labeled phosphate complexes in the femoral head has been clinically evaluated, being used specifically for studying the uptake of these bone-seeking agents in Perthes' disease. The analysis depends on the selection, by computer program, of a reliable reference area in the femoral shaft, which is then compared with the mean uptake from each femoral head. The femoral-head activity is then represented as an uptake ratio. These ratios, together with a fixed contour representing the uptake in the femoral-head regions, provide more clinical information than the radiograph or scintiphoto, particularly in the early stages of unilateral or bilateral femoral-head disease and during followup. No correlation has been found between these ratios and qualitative techniques for assessing Perthes' disease by radiograph. From the quantitative data so far obtained it is clear that osteotomy reduces the vascularity of the femoral head, and in certain cases this reduction persists for some years. Tc-99m-labeled diphosphonate compounds were used in more recent studies, and a significant increase in sensitivity was obtained, compared with earlier polyphosphate data.", "contents": "Femoral head activity in Perthes' disease: clinical evaluation of a quantitative technique for estimating tracer uptake. A method for quantifying the uptake of Tc-99m-labeled phosphate complexes in the femoral head has been clinically evaluated, being used specifically for studying the uptake of these bone-seeking agents in Perthes' disease. The analysis depends on the selection, by computer program, of a reliable reference area in the femoral shaft, which is then compared with the mean uptake from each femoral head. The femoral-head activity is then represented as an uptake ratio. These ratios, together with a fixed contour representing the uptake in the femoral-head regions, provide more clinical information than the radiograph or scintiphoto, particularly in the early stages of unilateral or bilateral femoral-head disease and during followup. No correlation has been found between these ratios and qualitative techniques for assessing Perthes' disease by radiograph. From the quantitative data so far obtained it is clear that osteotomy reduces the vascularity of the femoral head, and in certain cases this reduction persists for some years. Tc-99m-labeled diphosphonate compounds were used in more recent studies, and a significant increase in sensitivity was obtained, compared with earlier polyphosphate data.", "PMID": 682020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5189", "title": "Comparison of In-111-labeled platelets and iodinated fibrinogen for the detection of deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "Indium-111-labeled platelets and I-125 fibrinogen were administered to dogs with experimentally induced deep-vein thrombosis. The thrombus uptake of both labeled compounds was studied as a function of thrombus age. In thrombi less than 24 hr old, thrombus-to-blood ratios for In-111 platelets were about twice as great as those obtained for I-125 fibrinogen. Excellent scintiphotos were obtained with In-111 platelets. In thrombi older than 24 hr, uptake of both agents was low, but good images were still obtained with In-111 platelets. The images in this case are not of thrombi, but rather of damaged vessel wall. Indium-111-labeled platelets are superior to iodinated fibrinogen for imaging fresh thrombi, but offer no advantage for thrombi over 24 hr old.", "contents": "Comparison of In-111-labeled platelets and iodinated fibrinogen for the detection of deep vein thrombosis. Indium-111-labeled platelets and I-125 fibrinogen were administered to dogs with experimentally induced deep-vein thrombosis. The thrombus uptake of both labeled compounds was studied as a function of thrombus age. In thrombi less than 24 hr old, thrombus-to-blood ratios for In-111 platelets were about twice as great as those obtained for I-125 fibrinogen. Excellent scintiphotos were obtained with In-111 platelets. In thrombi older than 24 hr, uptake of both agents was low, but good images were still obtained with In-111 platelets. The images in this case are not of thrombi, but rather of damaged vessel wall. Indium-111-labeled platelets are superior to iodinated fibrinogen for imaging fresh thrombi, but offer no advantage for thrombi over 24 hr old.", "PMID": 682021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5190", "title": "Preparation of iodine-125-labeled insulin for radioimmunoassay: comparison of lactoperoxidase and chloramine-T iodination.", "content": "The enzymatic radioiodination of porcine insulin by a system consisting of lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and Na125I was compared with a modified chloramine-T technique. Satisfactory specific activity of the labeled hormone was obtained with the enzymatic iodination, with much greater immunoreactivity and stability than after chloramine-T, besides being quite suitable for the measurement of low plasma insulin levels. There was a positive and highly significant correlation between the insulin concentrations measured with the two tracers, with the regression line defined by the equation: y (chloramine-T) = 8.34 + 0.99 x (lactoperoxidase).", "contents": "Preparation of iodine-125-labeled insulin for radioimmunoassay: comparison of lactoperoxidase and chloramine-T iodination. The enzymatic radioiodination of porcine insulin by a system consisting of lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and Na125I was compared with a modified chloramine-T technique. Satisfactory specific activity of the labeled hormone was obtained with the enzymatic iodination, with much greater immunoreactivity and stability than after chloramine-T, besides being quite suitable for the measurement of low plasma insulin levels. There was a positive and highly significant correlation between the insulin concentrations measured with the two tracers, with the regression line defined by the equation: y (chloramine-T) = 8.34 + 0.99 x (lactoperoxidase).", "PMID": 682022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5191", "title": "Accidental ingestion of Tc-99m in breast milk by a 10-week-old child.", "content": "Ten weeks after the birth of her first child by Caesarian section, a 27-year-old woman was admitted for evaluation of a possible central nervous system lesion. Four hours after i.v. administration of 15 mCi of Tc-99m for a brain scan, the patient breast-fed her infant; then became concerned about the possibility of radioactivity in her breast milk. Total body gamma-ray measurements of the infant indicated ingestion of 82.5 muCi Tc-99m (corrected for effective T 1/2), while ingestion calculated from gamma-ray measurements of serial milk samples was 75.6 muCi. The single organ radiation dose for the thyroid as the critical organ was 300 mRad, whereas that to the total body was 12 mRad (values derived from 82.5 muCi determined by whole body counting). Had breast feeding been continued at 4-hr intervals, the total ingested activity would have been 94.8 muCi giving the infant a dose of 380 mRad to the thyroid and 16 mRad to the whole body. Had the feeding been given 1/2-hr after injection 726 muCi would have been ingested, increasing the dose by a factor of 10.", "contents": "Accidental ingestion of Tc-99m in breast milk by a 10-week-old child. Ten weeks after the birth of her first child by Caesarian section, a 27-year-old woman was admitted for evaluation of a possible central nervous system lesion. Four hours after i.v. administration of 15 mCi of Tc-99m for a brain scan, the patient breast-fed her infant; then became concerned about the possibility of radioactivity in her breast milk. Total body gamma-ray measurements of the infant indicated ingestion of 82.5 muCi Tc-99m (corrected for effective T 1/2), while ingestion calculated from gamma-ray measurements of serial milk samples was 75.6 muCi. The single organ radiation dose for the thyroid as the critical organ was 300 mRad, whereas that to the total body was 12 mRad (values derived from 82.5 muCi determined by whole body counting). Had breast feeding been continued at 4-hr intervals, the total ingested activity would have been 94.8 muCi giving the infant a dose of 380 mRad to the thyroid and 16 mRad to the whole body. Had the feeding been given 1/2-hr after injection 726 muCi would have been ingested, increasing the dose by a factor of 10.", "PMID": 682023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5192", "title": "Bone scintigraphy in scurvy.", "content": "Scintigraphic bone changes in two cases of scurvy are described, the cause being subperiosteal hematoma. Generalized increased uptake was shown in the affected femur at an early state of the disease. At a late stage, marked uptake both in the femoral shaft and surrounding tissue was seen causing scintigraphic appearance of widened (\"club-shaped\") femur.", "contents": "Bone scintigraphy in scurvy. Scintigraphic bone changes in two cases of scurvy are described, the cause being subperiosteal hematoma. Generalized increased uptake was shown in the affected femur at an early state of the disease. At a late stage, marked uptake both in the femoral shaft and surrounding tissue was seen causing scintigraphic appearance of widened (\"club-shaped\") femur.", "PMID": 682024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5193", "title": "Ga-67 and Fe-59 distributions in mice.", "content": "Tissue distributions of i.v.-injected Ga-67 citrate and [59Fe] ferric citrate were measured in normal mice and in lymphoid-tumor hosts. The study arose out of previously reported tissue-culture work showing marked transferrin stimulation of Ga-67 and Fe-59 uptakes by cultured cells from mouse lymphoid tumors. In vivo, however, no obvious correlation was found between Ga-67 and Fe-59 tissue distributions; indeed, Ga-67 showed high affinity for tumor tissue and low affinity for hemopoietic tissues, while for Fe-59 the reverse applied. Taken together, these comparisons of kinetics and distributions for Ga-67 and Fe-59 suggest that a tissue's avidity for Ga-67 is strongly influenced by other factors besides the cell population's capacity for transferrin interactions.", "contents": "Ga-67 and Fe-59 distributions in mice. Tissue distributions of i.v.-injected Ga-67 citrate and [59Fe] ferric citrate were measured in normal mice and in lymphoid-tumor hosts. The study arose out of previously reported tissue-culture work showing marked transferrin stimulation of Ga-67 and Fe-59 uptakes by cultured cells from mouse lymphoid tumors. In vivo, however, no obvious correlation was found between Ga-67 and Fe-59 tissue distributions; indeed, Ga-67 showed high affinity for tumor tissue and low affinity for hemopoietic tissues, while for Fe-59 the reverse applied. Taken together, these comparisons of kinetics and distributions for Ga-67 and Fe-59 suggest that a tissue's avidity for Ga-67 is strongly influenced by other factors besides the cell population's capacity for transferrin interactions.", "PMID": 682025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5194", "title": "Performance evaluations of recent wide field scintillation gamma cameras.", "content": "Performance characteristics of four recent wide field scintillation gamma cameras were evaluated for 140-keV gamma imaging. Parameters measured included intrinsic spatial resolution, energy resolution, uniformity and linearity distortion, and count-rate capability and its influence on the spatial resolution. The system performance of the cameras was compared with representative parallel-channel collimators in terms of spatial resolution and relative sensitivity. Visual imaging comparisons of each camera system were performed by taking images of Rollo phantom containing four different lesion sizes, with four different contrast ratios, for equal imaging time.", "contents": "Performance evaluations of recent wide field scintillation gamma cameras. Performance characteristics of four recent wide field scintillation gamma cameras were evaluated for 140-keV gamma imaging. Parameters measured included intrinsic spatial resolution, energy resolution, uniformity and linearity distortion, and count-rate capability and its influence on the spatial resolution. The system performance of the cameras was compared with representative parallel-channel collimators in terms of spatial resolution and relative sensitivity. Visual imaging comparisons of each camera system were performed by taking images of Rollo phantom containing four different lesion sizes, with four different contrast ratios, for equal imaging time.", "PMID": 682026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5195", "title": "Subcutaneous isoproterenol: a convenient rat model for early detection of myocardial necrosis.", "content": "The uptake of Tc-99m pyrophosphate was studied in rat myocardial lesions produced by a single subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (10--50 mg/kg of body weight). The uptake in the whole heart of treated rats is directly proportional to the isoproterenol dose. The Tc-99m PPi uptake measured at various times after lesion initiation parallels the myocardial calcium concentration changes. This model is useful for screening radiopharmaceuticals, and may also be suitable for studying early uptake in myocardial infarcts.", "contents": "Subcutaneous isoproterenol: a convenient rat model for early detection of myocardial necrosis. The uptake of Tc-99m pyrophosphate was studied in rat myocardial lesions produced by a single subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (10--50 mg/kg of body weight). The uptake in the whole heart of treated rats is directly proportional to the isoproterenol dose. The Tc-99m PPi uptake measured at various times after lesion initiation parallels the myocardial calcium concentration changes. This model is useful for screening radiopharmaceuticals, and may also be suitable for studying early uptake in myocardial infarcts.", "PMID": 682027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5196", "title": "A simple way of obtaining a composite video output signal from the GAMMA-11 computing system.", "content": "Many departments of nuclear medicine are currently using the GAMMA-11 computer to process clinical images. Often practitioners would like to display the output pictures on conventional cathode-ray monitors that they already have. Some may want to record the images on a video tape recorder. Both of these devices require a composite video signal, which the computer does not provide. Such a signal can be obtained, however, by combining two signals that the system does produce. A number of relatively complicated systems for doing this have been suggested. The desired result can be obtained, however, by using two ten-cent resistors in the simple circuit described in this paper.", "contents": "A simple way of obtaining a composite video output signal from the GAMMA-11 computing system. Many departments of nuclear medicine are currently using the GAMMA-11 computer to process clinical images. Often practitioners would like to display the output pictures on conventional cathode-ray monitors that they already have. Some may want to record the images on a video tape recorder. Both of these devices require a composite video signal, which the computer does not provide. Such a signal can be obtained, however, by combining two signals that the system does produce. A number of relatively complicated systems for doing this have been suggested. The desired result can be obtained, however, by using two ten-cent resistors in the simple circuit described in this paper.", "PMID": 682028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5197", "title": "A field procedure for the quantitative assessment of nuclear imaging cameras.", "content": "Techniques developed for the quantitative assessment of gamma cameras are described. The performance parameters discussed include energy resolution, intransic line spread function, uniformity, and extrinsic line spread function. In addition to describing the equipment used and indicating methods used in analyzing data, some of the potential problems in interfacing multichannel analyzers to gamma cameras are discussed.", "contents": "A field procedure for the quantitative assessment of nuclear imaging cameras. Techniques developed for the quantitative assessment of gamma cameras are described. The performance parameters discussed include energy resolution, intransic line spread function, uniformity, and extrinsic line spread function. In addition to describing the equipment used and indicating methods used in analyzing data, some of the potential problems in interfacing multichannel analyzers to gamma cameras are discussed.", "PMID": 682029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5198", "title": "Improved computer definition of regions of interest by using a double-cursor method.", "content": "In the computer analysis of radionuclide studies it is often necessary to define a region of interest (ROI) over an organ or part of an organ. The entire organ boundary is not always apparent on a single image. A method for combining the information from two images in entering the ROI has been developed. It is based on the use of a double cursor that moves simultaneously over both images. Programming was done using special FORTRAN-callable subroutines existing in our system for access to the display. The method is now in routine use for the definition of the left-ventricular ROI during processing of radionuclide cardiac studies.", "contents": "Improved computer definition of regions of interest by using a double-cursor method. In the computer analysis of radionuclide studies it is often necessary to define a region of interest (ROI) over an organ or part of an organ. The entire organ boundary is not always apparent on a single image. A method for combining the information from two images in entering the ROI has been developed. It is based on the use of a double cursor that moves simultaneously over both images. Programming was done using special FORTRAN-callable subroutines existing in our system for access to the display. The method is now in routine use for the definition of the left-ventricular ROI during processing of radionuclide cardiac studies.", "PMID": 682030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5199", "title": "The effects of meal-feeding at different times of the day on daily changes in serum insulin, gastrin and liver enzymes in the rat.", "content": "Restricted feeding at two distinct times of the day was associated with different adaptive responses in rats. Animals meal-fed from 1400 to 1800 hours for 6 days demonstrated feeding-cued circadian rhythms in liver weight and in liver transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase enzyme activities. Daily fluctuations in the levels of blood immunoreactive insulin and gastrin were also found to be cued by food intake. By comparison, rats fed from 0700 to 1100 hours for 6 days exhibited altered liver function and blood immunoreactive gastrin patterns. It is suggested that meal-feeding in rats is associated with certain adaptive responses which are dependent upon the timing of the meal. The observed metabolic alterations consequent to meal-feeding are much more apparent in morning-fed than in afternoon-fed animals.", "contents": "The effects of meal-feeding at different times of the day on daily changes in serum insulin, gastrin and liver enzymes in the rat. Restricted feeding at two distinct times of the day was associated with different adaptive responses in rats. Animals meal-fed from 1400 to 1800 hours for 6 days demonstrated feeding-cued circadian rhythms in liver weight and in liver transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase enzyme activities. Daily fluctuations in the levels of blood immunoreactive insulin and gastrin were also found to be cued by food intake. By comparison, rats fed from 0700 to 1100 hours for 6 days exhibited altered liver function and blood immunoreactive gastrin patterns. It is suggested that meal-feeding in rats is associated with certain adaptive responses which are dependent upon the timing of the meal. The observed metabolic alterations consequent to meal-feeding are much more apparent in morning-fed than in afternoon-fed animals.", "PMID": 682044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5200", "title": "Effects of essential amino acid deficiencies on syngeneic tumor immunity and carcinogenesis in mice.", "content": "The present study was designed to evaluate in a syngeneic system the longterm effect of dietary reduction of each of three essential amino acids on carcinogenesis with methylcholanthrene (MCA) and immunity to a transplanted MCA tumor. Inbred mice were provided a standard amino acid diet or a diet deficient in isoleucine, leucine, or phenylalanine-tyrosine. In the carcinogenesis experiment, MCA pellets were implanted in each mouse and weekly records were maintained of body weight, tumor incidence, tumor size, and death rate. Mice in the immunity study were inoculated with syngeneic tumor cells; tumors were excised when the largest tumor in the control group reached 12 mm and each animal then received a second challenge of tumor cells. The available data suggest that (1) restriction of the selected amino acids does not inhibit chemical carcinogenesis with MCA, (2) phenylalanine-tyrosine deficiency may actually enhance chemical carcinogenesis with MCA, and (3) selected essential amino acid deficiencies do not enhance immunity to a transplanted MCA tumor.", "contents": "Effects of essential amino acid deficiencies on syngeneic tumor immunity and carcinogenesis in mice. The present study was designed to evaluate in a syngeneic system the longterm effect of dietary reduction of each of three essential amino acids on carcinogenesis with methylcholanthrene (MCA) and immunity to a transplanted MCA tumor. Inbred mice were provided a standard amino acid diet or a diet deficient in isoleucine, leucine, or phenylalanine-tyrosine. In the carcinogenesis experiment, MCA pellets were implanted in each mouse and weekly records were maintained of body weight, tumor incidence, tumor size, and death rate. Mice in the immunity study were inoculated with syngeneic tumor cells; tumors were excised when the largest tumor in the control group reached 12 mm and each animal then received a second challenge of tumor cells. The available data suggest that (1) restriction of the selected amino acids does not inhibit chemical carcinogenesis with MCA, (2) phenylalanine-tyrosine deficiency may actually enhance chemical carcinogenesis with MCA, and (3) selected essential amino acid deficiencies do not enhance immunity to a transplanted MCA tumor.", "PMID": 682045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5201", "title": "Relationship of level and type of dietary fat to fetal and maternal rat lipogenesis and lipid deposition.", "content": "Pregnant rats were pair-fed isoenergetic diets with varying fat content and varying fatty acid compositions to determine if manipulation of the maternal diet would affect fetal lipid metabolism. A mixture of tallow and lard replaced cornstarch on an equal-energy basis so that fat supplied 5 to 65% of the metabolizable energy. Fat content of the maternal diet did not affect fetal weight or fetal body composition. No differences in fetal liver fatty acid synthetase (FAS), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities or rate of in vivo fatty acid synthesis were noted. In vivo fatty acid synthesis was greater in fetal liver than maternal liver. Dietary manipulation did not affect in vivo fatty acid synthesis in either fetal or maternal liver. Maternal liver FAS and G6PD activities were generally greater than fetal liver FAS and G6PD activities. These enzyme activities were decreased in maternal livers when the high-fat diet was fed. A sudden decrease in food consumption 24 hours before killing may explain the apparent inconsistencies in enzyme activities and fatty acid synthesis rates. The results of this study indicate that the level of fat in the maternal diet has no effect on the amount of lipid accumulated in fetal tissues or fetal lipogenesis.", "contents": "Relationship of level and type of dietary fat to fetal and maternal rat lipogenesis and lipid deposition. Pregnant rats were pair-fed isoenergetic diets with varying fat content and varying fatty acid compositions to determine if manipulation of the maternal diet would affect fetal lipid metabolism. A mixture of tallow and lard replaced cornstarch on an equal-energy basis so that fat supplied 5 to 65% of the metabolizable energy. Fat content of the maternal diet did not affect fetal weight or fetal body composition. No differences in fetal liver fatty acid synthetase (FAS), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities or rate of in vivo fatty acid synthesis were noted. In vivo fatty acid synthesis was greater in fetal liver than maternal liver. Dietary manipulation did not affect in vivo fatty acid synthesis in either fetal or maternal liver. Maternal liver FAS and G6PD activities were generally greater than fetal liver FAS and G6PD activities. These enzyme activities were decreased in maternal livers when the high-fat diet was fed. A sudden decrease in food consumption 24 hours before killing may explain the apparent inconsistencies in enzyme activities and fatty acid synthesis rates. The results of this study indicate that the level of fat in the maternal diet has no effect on the amount of lipid accumulated in fetal tissues or fetal lipogenesis.", "PMID": 682046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5202", "title": "An interaction between zinc and vitamin A in pregnant and fetal rats.", "content": "A possible interaction between zinc and vitamin A metabolism was studied in pregnant rats. Rats were depleted of vitamin A by feeding retinoic acid during growth. At mating, they were fed diets containing 100, 9, or 0.5 microgram/g zinc and were given orally 400, 8, or 0 microgram/kg body weight/day of retinyl palmitate. Low intake of zinc, but not of vitamin A, caused maternal body weight gain, placental weight, and fetal weight all to be low. The number of implantation sites affected and the proportion of fetuses malformed were dependent on intake of both zinc and vitamin A, and there was a significant interaction between these nutrients in regard to both of these parameters. In maternal as well as in fetal animals, plasma and liver zinc concentrations were low in groups fed low levels of zinc, but not in those given low vitamin A. Liver vitamin A values were affected by vitamin A intake but not by dietary zinc concentration. However, plasma vitamin A concentration in both maternal and fetal animals was significantly reduced by low intake of either zinc or vitamin A. There was a significant interaction between these two nutrients in regard to plasma vitamin A. These data indicate an interaction between zinc and vitamin A metabolism possibly at the level of vitamin A mobilization from the liver.", "contents": "An interaction between zinc and vitamin A in pregnant and fetal rats. A possible interaction between zinc and vitamin A metabolism was studied in pregnant rats. Rats were depleted of vitamin A by feeding retinoic acid during growth. At mating, they were fed diets containing 100, 9, or 0.5 microgram/g zinc and were given orally 400, 8, or 0 microgram/kg body weight/day of retinyl palmitate. Low intake of zinc, but not of vitamin A, caused maternal body weight gain, placental weight, and fetal weight all to be low. The number of implantation sites affected and the proportion of fetuses malformed were dependent on intake of both zinc and vitamin A, and there was a significant interaction between these nutrients in regard to both of these parameters. In maternal as well as in fetal animals, plasma and liver zinc concentrations were low in groups fed low levels of zinc, but not in those given low vitamin A. Liver vitamin A values were affected by vitamin A intake but not by dietary zinc concentration. However, plasma vitamin A concentration in both maternal and fetal animals was significantly reduced by low intake of either zinc or vitamin A. There was a significant interaction between these two nutrients in regard to plasma vitamin A. These data indicate an interaction between zinc and vitamin A metabolism possibly at the level of vitamin A mobilization from the liver.", "PMID": 682047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5203", "title": "Zinc, nitrogen, copper, iron, and manganese balance in adolescent females fed two levels of zinc.", "content": "The effect of feeding two different levels of zinc (Diet Z11.5 and Diet Z14.7) on zinc, nitrogen, copper, iron, and manganese balances was determined in 11 girls, 12.5 to 14.2 years, during a 30-day period. Diet Z11.5 provided 11.32 or 11.64 mg zinc daily, levels similar to that determined previously to be consumed by average adolescent females. Diet Z14.7 provided 14.52 or 14.84 mg zinc daily. These levels were just slightly less than the Recommended Dietary Allowance for zinc. When fed Diet Z14.7, subjects lost significantly more zinc in their feces than when fed Diet Z11.5. Regression analyses were applied to the zinc balance data from this study and a previous study with adolescent females. By extrapolation, a dietary intake of 11 mg zinc daily was estimated to compensate for fecal and urinary zinc losses of the average girl in these studies. The standard error of the estimate was 2.18 mg zinc daily. Nitrogen excretion and retention were unaffected by the variations in zinc intake. Copper excretion in the feces was significantly increased when subjects were fed Diet Z14.7 rather than Diet Z11.5. Manganese and iron fecal losses were also significantly correlated to zinc fecal losses.", "contents": "Zinc, nitrogen, copper, iron, and manganese balance in adolescent females fed two levels of zinc. The effect of feeding two different levels of zinc (Diet Z11.5 and Diet Z14.7) on zinc, nitrogen, copper, iron, and manganese balances was determined in 11 girls, 12.5 to 14.2 years, during a 30-day period. Diet Z11.5 provided 11.32 or 11.64 mg zinc daily, levels similar to that determined previously to be consumed by average adolescent females. Diet Z14.7 provided 14.52 or 14.84 mg zinc daily. These levels were just slightly less than the Recommended Dietary Allowance for zinc. When fed Diet Z14.7, subjects lost significantly more zinc in their feces than when fed Diet Z11.5. Regression analyses were applied to the zinc balance data from this study and a previous study with adolescent females. By extrapolation, a dietary intake of 11 mg zinc daily was estimated to compensate for fecal and urinary zinc losses of the average girl in these studies. The standard error of the estimate was 2.18 mg zinc daily. Nitrogen excretion and retention were unaffected by the variations in zinc intake. Copper excretion in the feces was significantly increased when subjects were fed Diet Z14.7 rather than Diet Z11.5. Manganese and iron fecal losses were also significantly correlated to zinc fecal losses.", "PMID": 682048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5204", "title": "Enzyme overshoot in starved-refed rats: role of the adrenal glucocorticoid.", "content": "Intact and adrenalectomized (ADX) rats were starved for 48 hours and refed a 65% glucose diet for 48 hours. Isotonic saline or 8 azaguanine (8AZ) and/or glucocorticoid was administered to the animals during the refeeding period. The typical enzyme overshoot response to refeeding was observed in the intact rats and in the ADX rats given hormone replacement. No overshoot was observed in ADX rats without hormone replacement or in the intact or in hormone treated ADX rats injected with 8AZ. These results suggest that glucocorticoid is involved in the genesis of the enzyme overshoot response to starvation-refeeding, perhaps through an effect on de novo RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Enzyme overshoot in starved-refed rats: role of the adrenal glucocorticoid. Intact and adrenalectomized (ADX) rats were starved for 48 hours and refed a 65% glucose diet for 48 hours. Isotonic saline or 8 azaguanine (8AZ) and/or glucocorticoid was administered to the animals during the refeeding period. The typical enzyme overshoot response to refeeding was observed in the intact rats and in the ADX rats given hormone replacement. No overshoot was observed in ADX rats without hormone replacement or in the intact or in hormone treated ADX rats injected with 8AZ. These results suggest that glucocorticoid is involved in the genesis of the enzyme overshoot response to starvation-refeeding, perhaps through an effect on de novo RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 682049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5205", "title": "Taurine deficiency in the kitten: exchange and turnover of [35S] taurine in brain, retina, and other tissues.", "content": "Kittens fed a purified diet containing partially-purified casein as the source of protein become taurine-deficient and develop retinal degeneration. The present studies report the exchange and turnover of taurine in different areas of brain, retina and other tissues and fluids of control and taurine-deficient kittens. The various tissues and fluids have different rates of exchange and different half-lives of taurine; taurine deficiency causes a range of changes in these parameters. Generally, tissues and fluids from taurine-deficient kittens accumulated more [35S] taurine and had a longer half-life of taurine than tissues and fluids from control kittens. Nine areas of brain were studied and, of these areas, olfactory bulb had the greatest concentration of taurine. Olfactory bulb resisted taurine depletion to a greater extent than other areas; and, in contrast to other areas of brain, in taurine-deficient kittens, it accumulated [35S] taurine for most of the experiment. Retina resisted taurine depletion and, in taurine-deficient kittens but not in control kittens, it accumulated [35S] taurine throughout the experiment. The amount of taurine conjugated to bile acids was unchanged by the taurine depletion, but the kinetic behavior was altered and was similar to that of retina. The results provide support for the suggestion that, in the kitten at least, taurine is most important for the functions of bile and retina and that taurine depletion affects retina before bile. Taurine may have special importance in olfactory bulb but not necessarily in other regions of brain.", "contents": "Taurine deficiency in the kitten: exchange and turnover of [35S] taurine in brain, retina, and other tissues. Kittens fed a purified diet containing partially-purified casein as the source of protein become taurine-deficient and develop retinal degeneration. The present studies report the exchange and turnover of taurine in different areas of brain, retina and other tissues and fluids of control and taurine-deficient kittens. The various tissues and fluids have different rates of exchange and different half-lives of taurine; taurine deficiency causes a range of changes in these parameters. Generally, tissues and fluids from taurine-deficient kittens accumulated more [35S] taurine and had a longer half-life of taurine than tissues and fluids from control kittens. Nine areas of brain were studied and, of these areas, olfactory bulb had the greatest concentration of taurine. Olfactory bulb resisted taurine depletion to a greater extent than other areas; and, in contrast to other areas of brain, in taurine-deficient kittens, it accumulated [35S] taurine for most of the experiment. Retina resisted taurine depletion and, in taurine-deficient kittens but not in control kittens, it accumulated [35S] taurine throughout the experiment. The amount of taurine conjugated to bile acids was unchanged by the taurine depletion, but the kinetic behavior was altered and was similar to that of retina. The results provide support for the suggestion that, in the kitten at least, taurine is most important for the functions of bile and retina and that taurine depletion affects retina before bile. Taurine may have special importance in olfactory bulb but not necessarily in other regions of brain.", "PMID": 682050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5206", "title": "Calcium-binding protein and kidney 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity in turkey poults.", "content": "A vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) has been found in the intestinal mucosa of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). This protein is similar, if not identical, to the corresponding one found in the intestine of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). The concentration of intestinal CaBP in the intestine of cholecalciferol-fed turkey poults was twice that found in the intestine of the domestic chicken of parallel age. Dietary calcium or phosphorus restriction resulted in a significant increase in intestinal CaBP. This increase was less pronounced than that obtained in chickens. The relationship between duodenal CaBP and dietary calcium appears to be linear. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D) deficiency or dietary calcium, but not phosphorus, restriction resulted in an increase of kidney 25 hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity in vitro. The values of activity obtained in turkeys were higher than those obtained under the same experimental conditions in chicks. Bone ash was reduced by dietary calcium, phosphorus or cholecalciferol restriction. Plasma inorganic phosphorus was lower in either cholecalciferol- or phosphorus-restricted turkeys. Plasma calcium was significantly higher in the phosphorus-restricted turkeys than in the calcium-restricted or control turkeys.", "contents": "Calcium-binding protein and kidney 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity in turkey poults. A vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) has been found in the intestinal mucosa of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). This protein is similar, if not identical, to the corresponding one found in the intestine of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). The concentration of intestinal CaBP in the intestine of cholecalciferol-fed turkey poults was twice that found in the intestine of the domestic chicken of parallel age. Dietary calcium or phosphorus restriction resulted in a significant increase in intestinal CaBP. This increase was less pronounced than that obtained in chickens. The relationship between duodenal CaBP and dietary calcium appears to be linear. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D) deficiency or dietary calcium, but not phosphorus, restriction resulted in an increase of kidney 25 hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity in vitro. The values of activity obtained in turkeys were higher than those obtained under the same experimental conditions in chicks. Bone ash was reduced by dietary calcium, phosphorus or cholecalciferol restriction. Plasma inorganic phosphorus was lower in either cholecalciferol- or phosphorus-restricted turkeys. Plasma calcium was significantly higher in the phosphorus-restricted turkeys than in the calcium-restricted or control turkeys.", "PMID": 682053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5207", "title": "Dietary niacin requirements for channel catfish.", "content": "Channel catfish fingerlings were fed purified diets containing five levels (0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) and six levels (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) of supplemental niacin in 20 and 12 weeks feeding studies, respectively. The dietary niacin level required to provide maximal growth in rapidly growing channel catfish fingerlings was found to be approximately 14 mg/kg of diet. Fish fed unsupplemented diets (niacin content of 1.6 mg/kg diet) demonstrated poor growth, anemia, skin and fin lesions and hemorrhages, exophthalmia and total mortality in 20 weeks. Mortality and gross deficiency signs were prevented by 11.6 mg niacin/kg diet and anemia was prevented by 6.6 mg/kg. No histological abnormalities were observed in the heart, hepatopancreas, kidney, lateral muscle, gastrointestinal tract and gill tissues of deficient fish.", "contents": "Dietary niacin requirements for channel catfish. Channel catfish fingerlings were fed purified diets containing five levels (0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) and six levels (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) of supplemental niacin in 20 and 12 weeks feeding studies, respectively. The dietary niacin level required to provide maximal growth in rapidly growing channel catfish fingerlings was found to be approximately 14 mg/kg of diet. Fish fed unsupplemented diets (niacin content of 1.6 mg/kg diet) demonstrated poor growth, anemia, skin and fin lesions and hemorrhages, exophthalmia and total mortality in 20 weeks. Mortality and gross deficiency signs were prevented by 11.6 mg niacin/kg diet and anemia was prevented by 6.6 mg/kg. No histological abnormalities were observed in the heart, hepatopancreas, kidney, lateral muscle, gastrointestinal tract and gill tissues of deficient fish.", "PMID": 682054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5208", "title": "Riboflavin requirement of channel catfish fingerlings.", "content": "Channel catfish fingerlings were fed purified diets containing five levels (0, 20, 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg) and six levels (0, 3, 8, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) of riboflavin in separate 20 and 12 week feeding studies. The dietary riboflavin level required to provide maximal growth in channel catfish fingerlings was found to be approximately 9 mg/kg of diet. All fish fed unsupplemented diets (riboflavin content less than 0.1 mg/kg diet) demonstrated a short body dwarfism which was the result of arrested longitudinal growth of the vertebrae. This abnormality did not occur in groups fed 3 mg/kg or higher levels of riboflavin. No histological abnormalities were recognized in the liver, kidney, lateral muscle, gastrointestinal tract, gills, or bones of deficient fish.", "contents": "Riboflavin requirement of channel catfish fingerlings. Channel catfish fingerlings were fed purified diets containing five levels (0, 20, 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg) and six levels (0, 3, 8, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) of riboflavin in separate 20 and 12 week feeding studies. The dietary riboflavin level required to provide maximal growth in channel catfish fingerlings was found to be approximately 9 mg/kg of diet. All fish fed unsupplemented diets (riboflavin content less than 0.1 mg/kg diet) demonstrated a short body dwarfism which was the result of arrested longitudinal growth of the vertebrae. This abnormality did not occur in groups fed 3 mg/kg or higher levels of riboflavin. No histological abnormalities were recognized in the liver, kidney, lateral muscle, gastrointestinal tract, gills, or bones of deficient fish.", "PMID": 682055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5209", "title": "Effects of proteins and their corresponding amino acid mixtures on nitrogen balance and body composition in the growing rat.", "content": "The efficiencies of nitrogen utilization from intact proteins (casein, gluten, soybean, egg albumin) were compared to that of the respective synthetic amino acid mixtures. Food intake, growth, NER (nitrogen efficiency ratio), (Nitrogen retained/Nitrogen intake) X 100, BV (biological value), TD (true digestibility), liver weight and body composition were estimated on growing rats. Rats fed amino acid mixtures simulating casein, egg albumin and soybean consumed more food and showed more rapid growth than rats fed the intact proteins. Differences in nitrogen utilization and body composition were occasionally observed between the respective intact protein and amino acid mixtures but were in most cases not significant. It is concluded that nutrition with intact proteins cannot be assumed to be equivalent to nutrition with the corresponding amino acid mixture. However, general differences between the two types of feeding regimens were not obvious since the results were influenced by factors such as the amino acid composition of the protein and the amino acid mixture as well as the methodology used for nutritional evaluation. (Nitrogen retained/Nitrogen intake) X 100 and BV but not NER of an amino acid mixture formulated according to a commercial elementary diet was found to be low compared to casein.", "contents": "Effects of proteins and their corresponding amino acid mixtures on nitrogen balance and body composition in the growing rat. The efficiencies of nitrogen utilization from intact proteins (casein, gluten, soybean, egg albumin) were compared to that of the respective synthetic amino acid mixtures. Food intake, growth, NER (nitrogen efficiency ratio), (Nitrogen retained/Nitrogen intake) X 100, BV (biological value), TD (true digestibility), liver weight and body composition were estimated on growing rats. Rats fed amino acid mixtures simulating casein, egg albumin and soybean consumed more food and showed more rapid growth than rats fed the intact proteins. Differences in nitrogen utilization and body composition were occasionally observed between the respective intact protein and amino acid mixtures but were in most cases not significant. It is concluded that nutrition with intact proteins cannot be assumed to be equivalent to nutrition with the corresponding amino acid mixture. However, general differences between the two types of feeding regimens were not obvious since the results were influenced by factors such as the amino acid composition of the protein and the amino acid mixture as well as the methodology used for nutritional evaluation. (Nitrogen retained/Nitrogen intake) X 100 and BV but not NER of an amino acid mixture formulated according to a commercial elementary diet was found to be low compared to casein.", "PMID": 682056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5210", "title": "Effects of a protein deprived diet on the hepatotoxicity, and the DNA synthetic, mitogenic, and immunological actions of microbial lipopolysaccharides in the rat.", "content": "Rats fed an 18% casein (Cs) or a protein deprived diet (PD) for 8 weeks received injections of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in both hind foot pads. While these injections were tolerated in Cs rats, about 50% of PD rats died after 1 or 2 days as a result of a massive necrosis of the liver. To a large extent these lesions were prevented by cortisone. Three days after injection of LPS, Cs rats exhibited a hypertrophy of the popliteal lymph nodes (PLN) and spleen, as well as a drastic increase in DNA synthesis in DNA synthesis in the PLN. Mitotic indices did not increase. The DNA synthetic responses to PLN in the surviving PD rats were much lower than in Cs animals, but a sharp rise in DNA synthesis and mitotic activity occurred in the spleen. The comparison with the effects of LPS in cortisone-treated rats showed that both cortisone-sensitive and -resistant cells participated in PLN activation in rats fed both diets, but that only cortisone-resistant lymphocytes entered mitosis in the spleens of PD rats. LPS also provoked a sharp drop in both DNA synthesis and mitosis in the thymus, probably due to a stress effect, since only cortisone-sensitive thymocytes were involved. In a second experimental series, immunological tests (Rosette-forming cells, Plaque-forming cells, serum hemagglutinin titers) were performed 7 days after intraperitoneal injection of LPS. The responses were not significantly different in Cs and PD rats. This is in contrast with the protein deficiency-induced depression of thymus-dependent humoral immunity.", "contents": "Effects of a protein deprived diet on the hepatotoxicity, and the DNA synthetic, mitogenic, and immunological actions of microbial lipopolysaccharides in the rat. Rats fed an 18% casein (Cs) or a protein deprived diet (PD) for 8 weeks received injections of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in both hind foot pads. While these injections were tolerated in Cs rats, about 50% of PD rats died after 1 or 2 days as a result of a massive necrosis of the liver. To a large extent these lesions were prevented by cortisone. Three days after injection of LPS, Cs rats exhibited a hypertrophy of the popliteal lymph nodes (PLN) and spleen, as well as a drastic increase in DNA synthesis in DNA synthesis in the PLN. Mitotic indices did not increase. The DNA synthetic responses to PLN in the surviving PD rats were much lower than in Cs animals, but a sharp rise in DNA synthesis and mitotic activity occurred in the spleen. The comparison with the effects of LPS in cortisone-treated rats showed that both cortisone-sensitive and -resistant cells participated in PLN activation in rats fed both diets, but that only cortisone-resistant lymphocytes entered mitosis in the spleens of PD rats. LPS also provoked a sharp drop in both DNA synthesis and mitosis in the thymus, probably due to a stress effect, since only cortisone-sensitive thymocytes were involved. In a second experimental series, immunological tests (Rosette-forming cells, Plaque-forming cells, serum hemagglutinin titers) were performed 7 days after intraperitoneal injection of LPS. The responses were not significantly different in Cs and PD rats. This is in contrast with the protein deficiency-induced depression of thymus-dependent humoral immunity.", "PMID": 682057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5211", "title": "Schistosoma mekongi sp. n. from man and animals, compared with four geographic strains of Schistosoma japonicum.", "content": "Schistosoma mekongi sp. n. is described from man and animals in Cambodia. It is compared to 4 geographic strains of Schistosoma japonicum. It differs from S. japonicum in the size of embryonated eggs, in the length of the prepatent peroid in the mammalian host, and in its utilization of a different snail host. The relative usefulness of conventional morphologic criteria in the differentiation of Asian schistosomes is discussed.", "contents": "Schistosoma mekongi sp. n. from man and animals, compared with four geographic strains of Schistosoma japonicum. Schistosoma mekongi sp. n. is described from man and animals in Cambodia. It is compared to 4 geographic strains of Schistosoma japonicum. It differs from S. japonicum in the size of embryonated eggs, in the length of the prepatent peroid in the mammalian host, and in its utilization of a different snail host. The relative usefulness of conventional morphologic criteria in the differentiation of Asian schistosomes is discussed.", "PMID": 682060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5212", "title": "Changes in tegumental surface during development of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The tegumental surface of immature Schistosoma mansoni was studied with the scanning electron microscope. The surfaces of immature males and females bear no resemblance to that of adult worms and are characterized by having many tegumental folds. The tegumental surfaces of immature males and females are similar, and the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the male are similar before formation of the gynecophoral canal. Transition of the tegumental surface from the juvenile to the adult form begins after worms are in copula and have grown to several millimeters in length.", "contents": "Changes in tegumental surface during development of Schistosoma mansoni. The tegumental surface of immature Schistosoma mansoni was studied with the scanning electron microscope. The surfaces of immature males and females bear no resemblance to that of adult worms and are characterized by having many tegumental folds. The tegumental surfaces of immature males and females are similar, and the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the male are similar before formation of the gynecophoral canal. Transition of the tegumental surface from the juvenile to the adult form begins after worms are in copula and have grown to several millimeters in length.", "PMID": 682061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5213", "title": "Parasitism as a factor (?) in single strandings of southern California cetaceans.", "content": "From 1970 to 1976 a total of 91 cetaceans was examined for parasites and associated pathology. Sixty of the animals were found stranded along a 100-mile section of southern California coastline while 31 were taken at sea. Parasites from 5 species of cetaceans are reported along with their possible role as a contributing factor in stranding behavior.", "contents": "Parasitism as a factor (?) in single strandings of southern California cetaceans. From 1970 to 1976 a total of 91 cetaceans was examined for parasites and associated pathology. Sixty of the animals were found stranded along a 100-mile section of southern California coastline while 31 were taken at sea. Parasites from 5 species of cetaceans are reported along with their possible role as a contributing factor in stranding behavior.", "PMID": 682062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5214", "title": "Studies on the reproductive system of Philophthalmus gralli using techniques of transplantation and autoradiography.", "content": "Adult Philophthalmus gralli exposed in vitro to 3H-thymidine for 6 hr showed label on autoradiograms over actively dividing cells in the testes, ovary, and vitellaria. In worms transplanted to chicks, oogonia became primary oocytes within 4 days and these were first found enclosed in newly formed eggs by 12 days. Tertiary spermatogonia at the periphery of the testes developed into sperm by 144 hr and were found in the serminal vesicle by 168 hr. Vitelline cells required 96 hr to travel from gland areas to become incorporated into eggs. In adults labeled in vitro for 1 hr with 3H-tyrosine and transplanted singly to chicks, only 2 of 28 self-inseminated. Labeled worms transplanted with unlabeled worms never self-inseminated but cross-inseminated with approximately 40% of the available worms. Transplanted worms localized in the chick's orbit in 3 microhabitats. In only 1 of 21 experiments did a labeled worm inseminate unlabeled worms outside of the microhabitat where it was found.", "contents": "Studies on the reproductive system of Philophthalmus gralli using techniques of transplantation and autoradiography. Adult Philophthalmus gralli exposed in vitro to 3H-thymidine for 6 hr showed label on autoradiograms over actively dividing cells in the testes, ovary, and vitellaria. In worms transplanted to chicks, oogonia became primary oocytes within 4 days and these were first found enclosed in newly formed eggs by 12 days. Tertiary spermatogonia at the periphery of the testes developed into sperm by 144 hr and were found in the serminal vesicle by 168 hr. Vitelline cells required 96 hr to travel from gland areas to become incorporated into eggs. In adults labeled in vitro for 1 hr with 3H-tyrosine and transplanted singly to chicks, only 2 of 28 self-inseminated. Labeled worms transplanted with unlabeled worms never self-inseminated but cross-inseminated with approximately 40% of the available worms. Transplanted worms localized in the chick's orbit in 3 microhabitats. In only 1 of 21 experiments did a labeled worm inseminate unlabeled worms outside of the microhabitat where it was found.", "PMID": 682063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5215", "title": "Immunoglobulins on the surfaces of tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti Hoeppli 1925 (Cestoda), from laboratory infections of ICR mice.", "content": "7Sgamma2b antibody was detected, by fluorescein labeled antibodies, on the body surfaces and wall of excretory bladder of tetrathyridia of M. corti removed from the peritoneums of 5--24-week laboratory infections of ICR/TIMCO mice. 7Sgamma1, 7Sgamma2a, 7Sgamma3, IgM, IgA, and C3 were not found by use of the same techniques. Tetrathyridia maintained in culture medium to which pooled normal mouse, infected mouse, and horse (control) serums containing all known classes and subclasses of immunoglobulins had been added showed only mouse 7Sgamma2b on their surfaces and wall of the excretory bladder, and then only when incubated in pooled serum from infected mice. No other mouse immunoglobulin classes or subclasses were found attached to the worms, nor was any reaction obtained from tetrathyridia incubated in culture medium alone, normal mouse serum, or horse serum. This suggests a highly selective nonspecific absorption of 7Sgamma2b, or more likely demonstrates the specificity of the antibody for the parasite surfaces and wall of the excretory bladder. The possibility that 7Sgamma2b may be acting in an enhanceing mode is discussed.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins on the surfaces of tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti Hoeppli 1925 (Cestoda), from laboratory infections of ICR mice. 7Sgamma2b antibody was detected, by fluorescein labeled antibodies, on the body surfaces and wall of excretory bladder of tetrathyridia of M. corti removed from the peritoneums of 5--24-week laboratory infections of ICR/TIMCO mice. 7Sgamma1, 7Sgamma2a, 7Sgamma3, IgM, IgA, and C3 were not found by use of the same techniques. Tetrathyridia maintained in culture medium to which pooled normal mouse, infected mouse, and horse (control) serums containing all known classes and subclasses of immunoglobulins had been added showed only mouse 7Sgamma2b on their surfaces and wall of the excretory bladder, and then only when incubated in pooled serum from infected mice. No other mouse immunoglobulin classes or subclasses were found attached to the worms, nor was any reaction obtained from tetrathyridia incubated in culture medium alone, normal mouse serum, or horse serum. This suggests a highly selective nonspecific absorption of 7Sgamma2b, or more likely demonstrates the specificity of the antibody for the parasite surfaces and wall of the excretory bladder. The possibility that 7Sgamma2b may be acting in an enhanceing mode is discussed.", "PMID": 682064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5216", "title": "Studies on sylvatic echinococcosis. V. Factors influencing prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart 1863, in red foxes from North Dakota, 1965--1972.", "content": "A total of 1,153 red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, was examined for strobilae of Echinococcus multilocularis from 2 geographic regions in North Dakota during 1965 through 1972. Echinococcus multilocularis was found in 184 (16%) of these foxes. The data including date and location of collection, age and sex of the host, and presence or absence of the cestode were used to assess the relative influence of collection interval (sampling period), climatic season, geographic location, and age and sex of the host on the prevalence of the adult cestode. The rate of infection varied significantly with collection interval, which was probably attributable to annual changes in the overall environment. Seasonally, the highest prevalences were observed during summer (32.4%) followed by spring (25.3%), autumn (13.7%) and winter (6.4%). Differences in prevalence between adult and juvenile foxes and that between male and female foxes were not significant. A 3-factor analysis of variance showed the order of importance of the significant variables to be collection interval, season, and the interaction of collection interval and season. A 4-factor ANOVA, which in addition to the above variables included geographic location, showed that the collection interval-location interaction had significant effects on prevalence. Also, evidence is presented that suggests that density of the definitive host may in part be responsible for annual fluctuation in prevalence.", "contents": "Studies on sylvatic echinococcosis. V. Factors influencing prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart 1863, in red foxes from North Dakota, 1965--1972. A total of 1,153 red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, was examined for strobilae of Echinococcus multilocularis from 2 geographic regions in North Dakota during 1965 through 1972. Echinococcus multilocularis was found in 184 (16%) of these foxes. The data including date and location of collection, age and sex of the host, and presence or absence of the cestode were used to assess the relative influence of collection interval (sampling period), climatic season, geographic location, and age and sex of the host on the prevalence of the adult cestode. The rate of infection varied significantly with collection interval, which was probably attributable to annual changes in the overall environment. Seasonally, the highest prevalences were observed during summer (32.4%) followed by spring (25.3%), autumn (13.7%) and winter (6.4%). Differences in prevalence between adult and juvenile foxes and that between male and female foxes were not significant. A 3-factor analysis of variance showed the order of importance of the significant variables to be collection interval, season, and the interaction of collection interval and season. A 4-factor ANOVA, which in addition to the above variables included geographic location, showed that the collection interval-location interaction had significant effects on prevalence. Also, evidence is presented that suggests that density of the definitive host may in part be responsible for annual fluctuation in prevalence.", "PMID": 682065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5217", "title": "Modification of immune competence by parasitic infections. I. Responses to mitogens and antigens in mice treated with Trichinella spiralis extract.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice pretreated with a Trichinella spiralis extract (TsE-mice) showed severe depression of the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to concanavalin A (Con A), slight depression to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and normal response to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) as compared to saline-pretreated controls. Mice pretreated with bovine serum albumin (BSA-mice) revealed greatly reduced responses to LPS, somewhat reduced response to Con A, and normal responses to PHA and to PPD. Only TsE-mice showed significant reduction in the number of rosette-forming cells and of direct and indirect plaque-forming cells (DPFC and IPFC). BSA-mice exhibited some reduction of the DPFC only. Direct hemagglutinating (HA) titers were equivalent in the 3 groups after immunization with sheep erythrocytes but facilitated HA titers were depressed in TsE-mice. The total number and the number of viable cells were similar in the spleens of all animals. TsE treatment causes a reduction in the number of T1 lymphocytes and an inhibition of the late differentiation of B cells in the spleen. Suppressor T-cells apparently play a major but not exclusive role in T. spiralis-induced nonspecific immunodepression.", "contents": "Modification of immune competence by parasitic infections. I. Responses to mitogens and antigens in mice treated with Trichinella spiralis extract. Spleen cells from mice pretreated with a Trichinella spiralis extract (TsE-mice) showed severe depression of the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to concanavalin A (Con A), slight depression to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and normal response to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) as compared to saline-pretreated controls. Mice pretreated with bovine serum albumin (BSA-mice) revealed greatly reduced responses to LPS, somewhat reduced response to Con A, and normal responses to PHA and to PPD. Only TsE-mice showed significant reduction in the number of rosette-forming cells and of direct and indirect plaque-forming cells (DPFC and IPFC). BSA-mice exhibited some reduction of the DPFC only. Direct hemagglutinating (HA) titers were equivalent in the 3 groups after immunization with sheep erythrocytes but facilitated HA titers were depressed in TsE-mice. The total number and the number of viable cells were similar in the spleens of all animals. TsE treatment causes a reduction in the number of T1 lymphocytes and an inhibition of the late differentiation of B cells in the spleen. Suppressor T-cells apparently play a major but not exclusive role in T. spiralis-induced nonspecific immunodepression.", "PMID": 682066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5218", "title": "Immunization of pigs against experimental Ascaris suum infection by feeding ultraviolet-attenuated eggs.", "content": "Pigs fed Ascaris suum eggs attenuated by short-wave ultraviolet radiation developed a resistance to challenge infections that varied according to the protocols used. Two doses of eggs irradiated at total exposures (ET) of 150 muW-min/cm2 resulted in a reduction of adult worm burden in 3 groups challenged with 50, 100, or 500 eggs by 45, 35, and 49%, respectively. However, these results were not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Three other groups were fed eggs as follows: Group 1, 3 doses irridated at ET's of 150, 150 and 150; Group 2, 3 doses irradiated at ET's of 150, 150, 100; and Group 3, 3 doses irradiated at ET's of 150, 100, and 75. All of these regimens provided significant protection: Group 1 (P less than 0.02), Group 2 (P less than 0.05), Group 3 (P less than 0.001). An analysis of the lengths of worms recovered showed that in controls fed varying doses of eggs, worm sizes were inversely related to the number of eggs in the challenge dose. Measurements of worms from vaccinated animals showed that 23 of 116 adult worms recovered were probably survivors of one or more of the vaccinating doses. A ratio of 18 female to 5 male worms indicated that males are more susceptible to ultraviolet radiation than females.", "contents": "Immunization of pigs against experimental Ascaris suum infection by feeding ultraviolet-attenuated eggs. Pigs fed Ascaris suum eggs attenuated by short-wave ultraviolet radiation developed a resistance to challenge infections that varied according to the protocols used. Two doses of eggs irradiated at total exposures (ET) of 150 muW-min/cm2 resulted in a reduction of adult worm burden in 3 groups challenged with 50, 100, or 500 eggs by 45, 35, and 49%, respectively. However, these results were not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Three other groups were fed eggs as follows: Group 1, 3 doses irridated at ET's of 150, 150 and 150; Group 2, 3 doses irradiated at ET's of 150, 150, 100; and Group 3, 3 doses irradiated at ET's of 150, 100, and 75. All of these regimens provided significant protection: Group 1 (P less than 0.02), Group 2 (P less than 0.05), Group 3 (P less than 0.001). An analysis of the lengths of worms recovered showed that in controls fed varying doses of eggs, worm sizes were inversely related to the number of eggs in the challenge dose. Measurements of worms from vaccinated animals showed that 23 of 116 adult worms recovered were probably survivors of one or more of the vaccinating doses. A ratio of 18 female to 5 male worms indicated that males are more susceptible to ultraviolet radiation than females.", "PMID": 682067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5219", "title": "Corollostrongylus hypsiprymnodontis gen. et sp. n. (Nematoda: Strongylidae) from the rat-kangaroo, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus (Marsupialia).", "content": "Corollostrongylus hypsiprymnodontis (Nematoda: Strongylidae) is described from the intestine of the Musk rat-kangaroo, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus Ramsay 1876, from Atherton, Queensland, Australia. The new genus is distinguished from other genera of the Strongylidae by the dorsal deviation of the head, the oval mouth opening, and the dorsal ray which given off 2 small lateral branches before dividing into 2 long parallel rays.", "contents": "Corollostrongylus hypsiprymnodontis gen. et sp. n. (Nematoda: Strongylidae) from the rat-kangaroo, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus (Marsupialia). Corollostrongylus hypsiprymnodontis (Nematoda: Strongylidae) is described from the intestine of the Musk rat-kangaroo, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus Ramsay 1876, from Atherton, Queensland, Australia. The new genus is distinguished from other genera of the Strongylidae by the dorsal deviation of the head, the oval mouth opening, and the dorsal ray which given off 2 small lateral branches before dividing into 2 long parallel rays.", "PMID": 682068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5220", "title": "Extraintestinal stages fo Isospora ohioensis from dogs in mice.", "content": "The development of Isospora ohioensis was studied in mice by feeding tissues of mice inoculated with oocysts to coccidia-free dogs and by the examination of mesenteric lymph nodes using light and electron microscopes. Extraintestinal organs of mice became infectious to dogs within 1 day after ingesting oocysts and remained infectious for at least 211 days after inoculation (DAI). Isospora ohioensis sporozoites were found in lymphoreticular cells of mesenteric lymph nodes of mice from 1-374 DAI. Intracellular sporozoites were located in parasitophorous vacuoles. Sporozoites grew from 5--6 to 11--16 micron in length on the 39th DAI but never lost the 2 crytalloid bodies typical for coccidian sporozoites. PAS-positive granules accumulated gradually in intracellular sporozoites with duration of infection in mice. The appearance of parasitophorous vacuoles varied with duration of infection. Beginning with 7 DAI, the vacuole contained a marginal zone of electron-dense material (up to 0.8 micron wide), giving the appearance of a cyst wall or sheath under the light microscope; a true cyst wall was was not found.", "contents": "Extraintestinal stages fo Isospora ohioensis from dogs in mice. The development of Isospora ohioensis was studied in mice by feeding tissues of mice inoculated with oocysts to coccidia-free dogs and by the examination of mesenteric lymph nodes using light and electron microscopes. Extraintestinal organs of mice became infectious to dogs within 1 day after ingesting oocysts and remained infectious for at least 211 days after inoculation (DAI). Isospora ohioensis sporozoites were found in lymphoreticular cells of mesenteric lymph nodes of mice from 1-374 DAI. Intracellular sporozoites were located in parasitophorous vacuoles. Sporozoites grew from 5--6 to 11--16 micron in length on the 39th DAI but never lost the 2 crytalloid bodies typical for coccidian sporozoites. PAS-positive granules accumulated gradually in intracellular sporozoites with duration of infection in mice. The appearance of parasitophorous vacuoles varied with duration of infection. Beginning with 7 DAI, the vacuole contained a marginal zone of electron-dense material (up to 0.8 micron wide), giving the appearance of a cyst wall or sheath under the light microscope; a true cyst wall was was not found.", "PMID": 682070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5221", "title": "Chemosterilization of Dermacentor variabilis Say (Acari: Ixodidae). I. Effects of metepa on the cytology and fertility of males treated as unfed adults.", "content": "The effects of metepa on the cytology and fertility of male Dermacentor variabilis treated as unfed adults are determined. Evidence of cellular damage is found in testicular areas where actively dividing cells and some enlarging spermatocytes are found. The amount of cellular damage correlates positively to the concentration of the chemosterilant and results in decreases numbers of spermatids. In crosses of treated males to untreated females, resulting egg masses hatch normally; however, the percentage of females producing egg masses that hatch is reduced.", "contents": "Chemosterilization of Dermacentor variabilis Say (Acari: Ixodidae). I. Effects of metepa on the cytology and fertility of males treated as unfed adults. The effects of metepa on the cytology and fertility of male Dermacentor variabilis treated as unfed adults are determined. Evidence of cellular damage is found in testicular areas where actively dividing cells and some enlarging spermatocytes are found. The amount of cellular damage correlates positively to the concentration of the chemosterilant and results in decreases numbers of spermatids. In crosses of treated males to untreated females, resulting egg masses hatch normally; however, the percentage of females producing egg masses that hatch is reduced.", "PMID": 682072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5222", "title": "The value of circular myotomy for esophageal atresia.", "content": "The joining of widely separated proximal and distal esophageal segments in esophageal atresia remains a challenging problem. Livaditis introduced the operation of circular myotomy as an effective means of bridging such a wide gap. Three babies with esophageal atresia were successfully treated in this manner at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, during the 1st 6 mo of 1976. No alterations in blood supply of the upper esophageal pouch were observed, and elongations of at least 1 cm per myotomy were obtained. No unusual postoperative radiographic observations were noted. Our small clinical experience suggests that circular myotomies aid in reducing long esophageal gaps in some infants with esophageal atresia, thus permitting primary esophageal anastomosis.", "contents": "The value of circular myotomy for esophageal atresia. The joining of widely separated proximal and distal esophageal segments in esophageal atresia remains a challenging problem. Livaditis introduced the operation of circular myotomy as an effective means of bridging such a wide gap. Three babies with esophageal atresia were successfully treated in this manner at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, during the 1st 6 mo of 1976. No alterations in blood supply of the upper esophageal pouch were observed, and elongations of at least 1 cm per myotomy were obtained. No unusual postoperative radiographic observations were noted. Our small clinical experience suggests that circular myotomies aid in reducing long esophageal gaps in some infants with esophageal atresia, thus permitting primary esophageal anastomosis.", "PMID": 682080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5223", "title": "Congenital esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula in identical twins.", "content": "This is a report of the seventh case of esophageal atresia in both members of a pair of identical twins.", "contents": "Congenital esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula in identical twins. This is a report of the seventh case of esophageal atresia in both members of a pair of identical twins.", "PMID": 682081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5224", "title": "The flaccid trachea and tracheoesophageal congenital anomalies.", "content": "The patient with an esophageal atresia associated with a distal tracheoesophageal fistula, is often found to have an abnormally soft trachea. The use of contrast material as an aid in the diagnosis of this congenital anomaly demonstrates radiologically the compressive effect that a dilated and hypertrophied proximal esophageal pouch has on the trachea of the newborn. It is postulated that this chronic compressive force plays a part in retarding the development of the trachea during fetal life. The important decompressive effect of a distal tracheoesophageal fistula allowing nonphysiologic escape of lung fluid, supplements this effect. Attention is drawn to the fact that tracheal compression plays an important part in the respiratory distress seen in these patients, both before and after surgical correction of the tracheoesophageal anomaly.", "contents": "The flaccid trachea and tracheoesophageal congenital anomalies. The patient with an esophageal atresia associated with a distal tracheoesophageal fistula, is often found to have an abnormally soft trachea. The use of contrast material as an aid in the diagnosis of this congenital anomaly demonstrates radiologically the compressive effect that a dilated and hypertrophied proximal esophageal pouch has on the trachea of the newborn. It is postulated that this chronic compressive force plays a part in retarding the development of the trachea during fetal life. The important decompressive effect of a distal tracheoesophageal fistula allowing nonphysiologic escape of lung fluid, supplements this effect. Attention is drawn to the fact that tracheal compression plays an important part in the respiratory distress seen in these patients, both before and after surgical correction of the tracheoesophageal anomaly.", "PMID": 682082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5225", "title": "A complication of continuous upper pouch suction in esophageal atresia.", "content": "The use of a plastic sump catheter for continuous suction of the blind upper pouch in esophageal atresia has been widely accepted since the method was first described. The following case illustrates a complication which resulted from the use of such a catheter, namely, perforation of the upper pouch.", "contents": "A complication of continuous upper pouch suction in esophageal atresia. The use of a plastic sump catheter for continuous suction of the blind upper pouch in esophageal atresia has been widely accepted since the method was first described. The following case illustrates a complication which resulted from the use of such a catheter, namely, perforation of the upper pouch.", "PMID": 682083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5226", "title": "An improved method for retaining retrieval line in children undergoing repeated esophageal dilatation.", "content": "Children undergoing repeated retrograde esophageal dilatation using gastrostomy introduced Tucker dilators must retain a retrieval line between dilations. Generally, the line is tied into a loop coursing through the esophageal lumen and exits at the gastrostomy and nose. This technique, while effective in maintaining the line in situ, is fraught with hazards of chronic erosion at both exits sites, with significant cosmetic deformity, necessitated by the taped external line and, in the pediatric age group, with frequent harassment by peers and siblings pulling the exposed line. We have modified this technique, leaving the line looped around the nasal septum with both ends extending down the esophagus into the stomach where they are tied to the tip of the gastrostomy catheter. This results in an almost completely internalized line that is protected, well tolerated, and easily retrieved for subsequent use with the dilators.", "contents": "An improved method for retaining retrieval line in children undergoing repeated esophageal dilatation. Children undergoing repeated retrograde esophageal dilatation using gastrostomy introduced Tucker dilators must retain a retrieval line between dilations. Generally, the line is tied into a loop coursing through the esophageal lumen and exits at the gastrostomy and nose. This technique, while effective in maintaining the line in situ, is fraught with hazards of chronic erosion at both exits sites, with significant cosmetic deformity, necessitated by the taped external line and, in the pediatric age group, with frequent harassment by peers and siblings pulling the exposed line. We have modified this technique, leaving the line looped around the nasal septum with both ends extending down the esophagus into the stomach where they are tied to the tip of the gastrostomy catheter. This results in an almost completely internalized line that is protected, well tolerated, and easily retrieved for subsequent use with the dilators.", "PMID": 682084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5227", "title": "Acquired tracheoesophageal fistula.", "content": "This is a case of an acquired tracheoesophageal fistula induced by a large foreign body in a 5-yr-old child. The foreign body, a large plastic ear from a doll, was lodged in the esophagus and its presence remained unknown for weeks, until tracheoesophageal fistula actually developed. The foreign body was removed endoscopically; after the child was given intravenous nutrition and the infection was brought under control, the communication was divided and repaired.", "contents": "Acquired tracheoesophageal fistula. This is a case of an acquired tracheoesophageal fistula induced by a large foreign body in a 5-yr-old child. The foreign body, a large plastic ear from a doll, was lodged in the esophagus and its presence remained unknown for weeks, until tracheoesophageal fistula actually developed. The foreign body was removed endoscopically; after the child was given intravenous nutrition and the infection was brought under control, the communication was divided and repaired.", "PMID": 682086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5228", "title": "Endesophageal resection of short benign strictures of the esophagus.", "content": "A relatively simple operation for the treatment of short esophageal strictures that do not respond to dilatations has been described. This operation was successfully carried out at all levels of the esophagus. The strictures treated were caused by lye burns, peptic esophagitis and previous anastomoses.", "contents": "Endesophageal resection of short benign strictures of the esophagus. A relatively simple operation for the treatment of short esophageal strictures that do not respond to dilatations has been described. This operation was successfully carried out at all levels of the esophagus. The strictures treated were caused by lye burns, peptic esophagitis and previous anastomoses.", "PMID": 682087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5229", "title": "Prognosis of uncorrected biliary atresia: an update.", "content": "In order to provide a baseline for comparison with the results of the Kasai hepatic portoenterostomy, follow-up information was obtained for 89 infants who underwent surgical exploration alone for biliary atresia from 1956 through 1975. Of these patients, one is apparently cured, one is alive with liver failure, three are lost to follow-up and 84 are dead. The rate of apparent cure among patients with follow-up was 1.1%. The average age at death was 12 mo, the mean 10 mo. During this same period, nine patients were operated upon for neonatal biliary obstructions other than biliary atresia, and five are apparently cured. Reported apparent cure rates after the Kasai procedure or one of its variations, while not good, still compare favorably with the cure rate of unoperated patients.", "contents": "Prognosis of uncorrected biliary atresia: an update. In order to provide a baseline for comparison with the results of the Kasai hepatic portoenterostomy, follow-up information was obtained for 89 infants who underwent surgical exploration alone for biliary atresia from 1956 through 1975. Of these patients, one is apparently cured, one is alive with liver failure, three are lost to follow-up and 84 are dead. The rate of apparent cure among patients with follow-up was 1.1%. The average age at death was 12 mo, the mean 10 mo. During this same period, nine patients were operated upon for neonatal biliary obstructions other than biliary atresia, and five are apparently cured. Reported apparent cure rates after the Kasai procedure or one of its variations, while not good, still compare favorably with the cure rate of unoperated patients.", "PMID": 682088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5230", "title": "Serum and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase activity was measured in the serum and erythrocytes from 22 children. The 12 patients in whom the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease was confirmed, had a significantly higher concentration of enzyme in both serum and erythrocytes than the 10 children in whom the diagnosis was excluded. This systemic manifestation, may prove of value in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease.", "contents": "Serum and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in Hirschsprung's disease. Acetylcholinesterase activity was measured in the serum and erythrocytes from 22 children. The 12 patients in whom the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease was confirmed, had a significantly higher concentration of enzyme in both serum and erythrocytes than the 10 children in whom the diagnosis was excluded. This systemic manifestation, may prove of value in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease.", "PMID": 682090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5231", "title": "Accuracy of the manometric diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "In a 3-yr period, 229 examinations were carried out in infants and children. These were sub-divided into five groups according to age. There were 10 false positive and 8 false negative results, an overall not unreasonable record of 7.8% errors. However, in the neonatal group, there were as many as 26% errors and thus the test in this group was considered to be highly inaccurate. The older the infant or child, the less errors in diagnosis occurred. Possible reasons for errors are pointed out and comparisons are made with other series.", "contents": "Accuracy of the manometric diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. In a 3-yr period, 229 examinations were carried out in infants and children. These were sub-divided into five groups according to age. There were 10 false positive and 8 false negative results, an overall not unreasonable record of 7.8% errors. However, in the neonatal group, there were as many as 26% errors and thus the test in this group was considered to be highly inaccurate. The older the infant or child, the less errors in diagnosis occurred. Possible reasons for errors are pointed out and comparisons are made with other series.", "PMID": 682091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5232", "title": "Hirschsprung's enterocolitis, prostaglandins, and response to cholestyramine.", "content": "An infant with Hirschsprung's enterocolitis developed a fulminant secretory diarrhea unresponsive to all conventional therapy until cholestyramine was administered. A 12-fold decrease in prostaglandin E (PGE) levels in the colostomy fluid was documented in response to cholestyramine therapy. It is postulated that increased PGE activity, enterotoxin, and bile acid malabsorption may be involved in the enterocolitis of Hirschsprung's disease.", "contents": "Hirschsprung's enterocolitis, prostaglandins, and response to cholestyramine. An infant with Hirschsprung's enterocolitis developed a fulminant secretory diarrhea unresponsive to all conventional therapy until cholestyramine was administered. A 12-fold decrease in prostaglandin E (PGE) levels in the colostomy fluid was documented in response to cholestyramine therapy. It is postulated that increased PGE activity, enterotoxin, and bile acid malabsorption may be involved in the enterocolitis of Hirschsprung's disease.", "PMID": 682092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5233", "title": "Ovarian teratomas in early childhood.", "content": "The ovary is second only to the sacroccygeal area as the commonest anatomic site for the occurrence of teratomas (including dermoid cysts) in infancy and childhood. While virtually all sacrococcygeal teratomas are present at birth or appear within the first 24 mo of life, ovarian teratomas are quite rare within the first 24 mo of life and seldom appear before 6 yr of age. Teratomas comprise half the surgically significant lesions of the ovary in infancy and childhood and carry a mean malignancy incidence of approximately 14% in this age group. Seven cases of ovarian teratoma in the first 2 yr of life have been reported. All of these have been seen in the second 12 mo of life. They differ from those occurring after 2 yr of age in the lesser incidence of abdominal pain, the higher incidence of an abdominal mass and the absence of reported malignancy.", "contents": "Ovarian teratomas in early childhood. The ovary is second only to the sacroccygeal area as the commonest anatomic site for the occurrence of teratomas (including dermoid cysts) in infancy and childhood. While virtually all sacrococcygeal teratomas are present at birth or appear within the first 24 mo of life, ovarian teratomas are quite rare within the first 24 mo of life and seldom appear before 6 yr of age. Teratomas comprise half the surgically significant lesions of the ovary in infancy and childhood and carry a mean malignancy incidence of approximately 14% in this age group. Seven cases of ovarian teratoma in the first 2 yr of life have been reported. All of these have been seen in the second 12 mo of life. They differ from those occurring after 2 yr of age in the lesser incidence of abdominal pain, the higher incidence of an abdominal mass and the absence of reported malignancy.", "PMID": 682093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5234", "title": "Transcervical thymic biopsy in children with immunodeficiency.", "content": "To more fully characterize immunodeficiency states, thymic biopsies add useful information. The transcervical technique is simple and does not require a sternal-splitting procedure. The thymus was much larger than anticipated in 12 of 12 cases so far biopsied, including six cases of severe combined immunodeficiency. A sample of 2-3 gm was readily removed. A slight wound infection was encountered in only one instance; no generalized septic episode resulted.", "contents": "Transcervical thymic biopsy in children with immunodeficiency. To more fully characterize immunodeficiency states, thymic biopsies add useful information. The transcervical technique is simple and does not require a sternal-splitting procedure. The thymus was much larger than anticipated in 12 of 12 cases so far biopsied, including six cases of severe combined immunodeficiency. A sample of 2-3 gm was readily removed. A slight wound infection was encountered in only one instance; no generalized septic episode resulted.", "PMID": 682094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5235", "title": "Cystic fibrosis in a black infant: presentation with meconium ileus and volvulus.", "content": "This is a case report of meconium ileus complicated by intestinal volvulus and infarction in a black infant.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis in a black infant: presentation with meconium ileus and volvulus. This is a case report of meconium ileus complicated by intestinal volvulus and infarction in a black infant.", "PMID": 682095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5236", "title": "Hyperchloremic acidosis in an infant with imperforate anus and rectourethral fistula.", "content": "A case of hyperchloremic acidosis in an infant with imperforate anus and rectourethral fistula, showing lethargy, tachypnea, vomiting, and dehydration, is reported. Surgical correction by abdominoperineal pull-through and division of the rectourethral fistula was performed after doing a cystocutaneostomy to eliminate the diversion of urine into the rectum.", "contents": "Hyperchloremic acidosis in an infant with imperforate anus and rectourethral fistula. A case of hyperchloremic acidosis in an infant with imperforate anus and rectourethral fistula, showing lethargy, tachypnea, vomiting, and dehydration, is reported. Surgical correction by abdominoperineal pull-through and division of the rectourethral fistula was performed after doing a cystocutaneostomy to eliminate the diversion of urine into the rectum.", "PMID": 682096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5237", "title": "Transomental strangulation.", "content": "A case of transomental strangulation in an 8-yr-old boy is presented with a review of the pertinent literature. The clinical presentation was that of an intestinal obstruction. A gastrografin study indicated the necessity of immediate surgery. Etiologic aspects and nomenclature controversies are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Transomental strangulation. A case of transomental strangulation in an 8-yr-old boy is presented with a review of the pertinent literature. The clinical presentation was that of an intestinal obstruction. A gastrografin study indicated the necessity of immediate surgery. Etiologic aspects and nomenclature controversies are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 682097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5238", "title": "Positive evaluation of stressful experiences.", "content": "Two studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that the more stressful an experience is, the more positively it will be evaluated. Stressfulness was manipulated in the two studies by means of threat of shock, and both self-report and physiological measures of stress indicated that these manipulations were highly successful. In both studies subjects who were exposed to the more stressful situation evaluated their experience as significantly more worthwhile and somewhat more interesting than did subjects exposed to the less stressful situation. Furthermore, as expected, subjects did not like the high stress experience more than the low stress experience. Implications and qualifications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Positive evaluation of stressful experiences. Two studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that the more stressful an experience is, the more positively it will be evaluated. Stressfulness was manipulated in the two studies by means of threat of shock, and both self-report and physiological measures of stress indicated that these manipulations were highly successful. In both studies subjects who were exposed to the more stressful situation evaluated their experience as significantly more worthwhile and somewhat more interesting than did subjects exposed to the less stressful situation. Furthermore, as expected, subjects did not like the high stress experience more than the low stress experience. Implications and qualifications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 682098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5239", "title": "The interactive effects of locus of control and situational stress upon performance accuracy and time.", "content": "The present paper sought to clarify the conceptual relationship between expectancy for personal control, stress, and behavioral reactions to stress. Expectancy for control was assessed as a personality characteristic of internal control; stress was experienced as strong environmental interruptions, disturbances and unpredictable obstacles encountered during the performance of assigned tasks. Subjects were junior high school aged students who attempted to complete three academic type tasks during one of two levels of stress or a base line, no stress, condition. Analyses of the data included: (a) internal subjects were capable of sustaining task performance under high stress, but external students experienced performance decrements as stress increased; (b) time to complete the mathematics task reflected a facilitating effect of stress for internals but a debilitating effect for externals; (c) performance differences between internal and external students, in the absence of differences in reported anxiety, could be attributed to the stronger reward expectancies possessed by the internal individual. Interpretation of the data suggested an interactive relationship between type of stress (threat to ego vs. threat to instrumental performance) and expectancy for control in the influencing of behavior reactions to stress.", "contents": "The interactive effects of locus of control and situational stress upon performance accuracy and time. The present paper sought to clarify the conceptual relationship between expectancy for personal control, stress, and behavioral reactions to stress. Expectancy for control was assessed as a personality characteristic of internal control; stress was experienced as strong environmental interruptions, disturbances and unpredictable obstacles encountered during the performance of assigned tasks. Subjects were junior high school aged students who attempted to complete three academic type tasks during one of two levels of stress or a base line, no stress, condition. Analyses of the data included: (a) internal subjects were capable of sustaining task performance under high stress, but external students experienced performance decrements as stress increased; (b) time to complete the mathematics task reflected a facilitating effect of stress for internals but a debilitating effect for externals; (c) performance differences between internal and external students, in the absence of differences in reported anxiety, could be attributed to the stronger reward expectancies possessed by the internal individual. Interpretation of the data suggested an interactive relationship between type of stress (threat to ego vs. threat to instrumental performance) and expectancy for control in the influencing of behavior reactions to stress.", "PMID": 682099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5240", "title": "The mechanisms underlying attributive projection.", "content": "The experiment investigated the validity of the cognitive dissonance reduction and stimulus generalization explanations of attributive projection. Subjects in a high dissonance condition were informed that they possessed considerable hostility (a negative trait), while those in a low dissonance condition were told that they possessed a great deal of assertiveness (a desirable trait). The dissonance mechanism received support in that (a) subjects' reports of their anxiety indicated that an ego threat was produced only in the high dissonance condition, as expected; and (b) hostility was projected onto others to a significantly greater degree than was assertiveness. The existence of only a weak relationship between degree of ego threat produced by the personality feedback and subsequent amount of projection, however, throws into question the validity of the hypothesized defensive function of projection. No support for the generalization mechanism was obtained since the subjects did not project a greater amount of either trait onto the similar targets (college students) than onto the relatively dissimilar targets  (middle-aged lawyers); possible reasons for this negative result were discussed, as well as suggestions for future research.", "contents": "The mechanisms underlying attributive projection. The experiment investigated the validity of the cognitive dissonance reduction and stimulus generalization explanations of attributive projection. Subjects in a high dissonance condition were informed that they possessed considerable hostility (a negative trait), while those in a low dissonance condition were told that they possessed a great deal of assertiveness (a desirable trait). The dissonance mechanism received support in that (a) subjects' reports of their anxiety indicated that an ego threat was produced only in the high dissonance condition, as expected; and (b) hostility was projected onto others to a significantly greater degree than was assertiveness. The existence of only a weak relationship between degree of ego threat produced by the personality feedback and subsequent amount of projection, however, throws into question the validity of the hypothesized defensive function of projection. No support for the generalization mechanism was obtained since the subjects did not project a greater amount of either trait onto the similar targets (college students) than onto the relatively dissimilar targets  (middle-aged lawyers); possible reasons for this negative result were discussed, as well as suggestions for future research.", "PMID": 682100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5241", "title": "Effect of autonomic neural blockade on verapamil-induced suppression of the accelerated ventricular escape beat in ouabain-treated dogs.", "content": "The effect of autonomic neural blockade on verapamil-induced suppression of the accelerated ventricular escape beat (AVE) was evaluated in anesthetized dogs pretreated with ouabain. Ouabain (53 +/- 2 microgram/kg, n = 45) was administered in divided doses until simultaneous electrical stimulation of the right atrium and ventricle triggered an AVE. The escape interval of the AVE was stable over a 150-min time period in a group of control animals. Verapamil was infused (20 microgram/kg/min) until the escape interval increased at least 50% or until the AVE was abolished. The total amount of verapamil in milligrams per kilogram that produced this effect was defined as the verapamil endpoint. The verapamil endpoint in vagotomized animals was not significantly different from a group of intact controls. In contrast, the verapamil endpoint in animals pretreated with propranolol, hexamethonium, guanethidine, bretylium or spinal section was significantly less than the control group. Propranolol, hexamethonium, guanethidine or spinal section alone increased the escape interval by a maximum of 12%. Infusion of norepinephrine in spinal animals treated with verapamil restored the AVE. These data indicate that sympathetic nerve activity contributes to the genesis of the AVE and antagonizes the antiarrhythmic effect of verapamil on the escape beat.", "contents": "Effect of autonomic neural blockade on verapamil-induced suppression of the accelerated ventricular escape beat in ouabain-treated dogs. The effect of autonomic neural blockade on verapamil-induced suppression of the accelerated ventricular escape beat (AVE) was evaluated in anesthetized dogs pretreated with ouabain. Ouabain (53 +/- 2 microgram/kg, n = 45) was administered in divided doses until simultaneous electrical stimulation of the right atrium and ventricle triggered an AVE. The escape interval of the AVE was stable over a 150-min time period in a group of control animals. Verapamil was infused (20 microgram/kg/min) until the escape interval increased at least 50% or until the AVE was abolished. The total amount of verapamil in milligrams per kilogram that produced this effect was defined as the verapamil endpoint. The verapamil endpoint in vagotomized animals was not significantly different from a group of intact controls. In contrast, the verapamil endpoint in animals pretreated with propranolol, hexamethonium, guanethidine, bretylium or spinal section was significantly less than the control group. Propranolol, hexamethonium, guanethidine or spinal section alone increased the escape interval by a maximum of 12%. Infusion of norepinephrine in spinal animals treated with verapamil restored the AVE. These data indicate that sympathetic nerve activity contributes to the genesis of the AVE and antagonizes the antiarrhythmic effect of verapamil on the escape beat.", "PMID": 682110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5242", "title": "Histamine-induced negative inotropism: mediation by H1-receptors.", "content": "Histamine is known to enhance left ventricular contractility in the guinea-pig heart by interacting with H2-receptors. We have observed that when the H2-receptor antagonists metiamide and cimetidine (3 X 10(-6) and 10(-5) M) block the positive inotropic effect of histamine, a negative inotropic effect is unmasked. This negative inotropic effect is independent of changes in rate or coronary flow, is mimicked by the selective histamine H1-receptor agonists, pyridylethylamine and thiazolylethylamine (0.3--30 microgram) and is abolished by the H1-receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine (10(-7) and 10(-6) M). Thus, the negative inotropic effect of histamine appears to be mediated by H1-receptors. Our results demonstrate that the inotropic response to histamine consists of two opposing components: an increase in contraction, mediated by H2-receptors, and a decrease in contraction, mediated by H1-receptors.", "contents": "Histamine-induced negative inotropism: mediation by H1-receptors. Histamine is known to enhance left ventricular contractility in the guinea-pig heart by interacting with H2-receptors. We have observed that when the H2-receptor antagonists metiamide and cimetidine (3 X 10(-6) and 10(-5) M) block the positive inotropic effect of histamine, a negative inotropic effect is unmasked. This negative inotropic effect is independent of changes in rate or coronary flow, is mimicked by the selective histamine H1-receptor agonists, pyridylethylamine and thiazolylethylamine (0.3--30 microgram) and is abolished by the H1-receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine (10(-7) and 10(-6) M). Thus, the negative inotropic effect of histamine appears to be mediated by H1-receptors. Our results demonstrate that the inotropic response to histamine consists of two opposing components: an increase in contraction, mediated by H2-receptors, and a decrease in contraction, mediated by H1-receptors.", "PMID": 682111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5243", "title": "The effect of propranolol and its analogs on Ca++ transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.", "content": "Vesicular fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum were used as a model system to investigate the mechanism of propranolol inhibition on various steps of the Ca++ transport cycle, It was found that Ca++-dependent transfer of ATP terminal phosphate to the sarcoplasmic reticulum protein and formation of the phosphorylated enzyme intermediate are not inhibited by propranolol concentrations effective on Ca++ transport. Rather, a specific step following enzyme phosphorylation and corresponding to Ca++ translocation across the membrane is primarily inhibited. The consequent hydrolysis of phosphorylated enzyme is then secondarily inhibited, while \"Ca++ independent\" ATP hydrolysis remains unchanged. Comparison of the relative potencies of several propranolol analogs yields similar patterns for Ca++ transport inhibition in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and negative inotropic effects on cardiac muscle. These patterns are at variant with those displayed by these agents with respect to beta adrenergic blockade.", "contents": "The effect of propranolol and its analogs on Ca++ transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Vesicular fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum were used as a model system to investigate the mechanism of propranolol inhibition on various steps of the Ca++ transport cycle, It was found that Ca++-dependent transfer of ATP terminal phosphate to the sarcoplasmic reticulum protein and formation of the phosphorylated enzyme intermediate are not inhibited by propranolol concentrations effective on Ca++ transport. Rather, a specific step following enzyme phosphorylation and corresponding to Ca++ translocation across the membrane is primarily inhibited. The consequent hydrolysis of phosphorylated enzyme is then secondarily inhibited, while \"Ca++ independent\" ATP hydrolysis remains unchanged. Comparison of the relative potencies of several propranolol analogs yields similar patterns for Ca++ transport inhibition in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and negative inotropic effects on cardiac muscle. These patterns are at variant with those displayed by these agents with respect to beta adrenergic blockade.", "PMID": 682112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5244", "title": "Electrically induced opiate-like inhibition of the guinea-pig ileum: cross-tolerance to morphine.", "content": "The guinea-pig myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle (MPLM) preparation electrically stimulated at 0.1 Hz is very sensitive to the inhibitory effects of opiates. We used this preparation to detect an inhibitory response (IR) which was produced by electrical stimulation at 5 to 20 Hz. The magnitude and duration of the IR are determined by the parameters of the stimulation, mainly by the frequency and duration of the period of stimulation. Maximal IR is obtained with symmetrical biphasic stimuli of 2 msec duration and supramaximal voltage at 20 Hz applied for a period of about 5 min. The IR is calcium-dependent, cannot be attenuated by washing and is mediated by several components. About 55 to 70% of the IR can be reversed by specific narcotic antagonists and therefore it is considered to be produced by the release of endorphins. There are at least two additional components, one small, adrenergic in nature, and a third one which has not been identified. The offset rate of the IR is measured in minutes, while enkephalin and human beta-endorphin have half-lives of 10 and 85 sec, respectively, after washing. This suggests that the endorphin that mediates the opiate component of the IR may be a different one with slower offset rates. Myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle strips obtained from guinea pigs which were made tolerant to morphine by subcutaneous implantation of three pellets were cross-tolerant to the opiate component of the IR elicited by electrical stimulation.", "contents": "Electrically induced opiate-like inhibition of the guinea-pig ileum: cross-tolerance to morphine. The guinea-pig myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle (MPLM) preparation electrically stimulated at 0.1 Hz is very sensitive to the inhibitory effects of opiates. We used this preparation to detect an inhibitory response (IR) which was produced by electrical stimulation at 5 to 20 Hz. The magnitude and duration of the IR are determined by the parameters of the stimulation, mainly by the frequency and duration of the period of stimulation. Maximal IR is obtained with symmetrical biphasic stimuli of 2 msec duration and supramaximal voltage at 20 Hz applied for a period of about 5 min. The IR is calcium-dependent, cannot be attenuated by washing and is mediated by several components. About 55 to 70% of the IR can be reversed by specific narcotic antagonists and therefore it is considered to be produced by the release of endorphins. There are at least two additional components, one small, adrenergic in nature, and a third one which has not been identified. The offset rate of the IR is measured in minutes, while enkephalin and human beta-endorphin have half-lives of 10 and 85 sec, respectively, after washing. This suggests that the endorphin that mediates the opiate component of the IR may be a different one with slower offset rates. Myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle strips obtained from guinea pigs which were made tolerant to morphine by subcutaneous implantation of three pellets were cross-tolerant to the opiate component of the IR elicited by electrical stimulation.", "PMID": 682113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5245", "title": "Tachyphylaxis to d-amphetamine: a reexamination of the phenomenon.", "content": "Single or multiple injections of d-amphetamine (10(-3)--10(0) mg/kg) were administered to rats, after which steady-state blood levels of drug were determined. After single injections of d-amphetamine, there was a linear relationship between amount of administered drug and steady-state blood level of drug. After multiple injections of d-amphetamine, steady-state blood levels of drug conformed to the equation D = Doe--kappaepsilont. An attempt was made to relate steady-state blood levels of drug to steady-state responses (e.g., increase in blood pressure or heart rate). At steady-state, amphetamine-induced pressor responses were too small to be analyzed, but tachycardic responses were easily analyzed. It was found that steady-state heart rate responses were dose related to steady-state blood levels of drug. This was true regardless of whether d-amphetamine was administered once or repeatedly. The data indicate that, when tested in rats at sub-toxic doses, d-amphetamine does not evoke tachyphylaxis in relation to heart rate responses which are measured under steady-state conditions.", "contents": "Tachyphylaxis to d-amphetamine: a reexamination of the phenomenon. Single or multiple injections of d-amphetamine (10(-3)--10(0) mg/kg) were administered to rats, after which steady-state blood levels of drug were determined. After single injections of d-amphetamine, there was a linear relationship between amount of administered drug and steady-state blood level of drug. After multiple injections of d-amphetamine, steady-state blood levels of drug conformed to the equation D = Doe--kappaepsilont. An attempt was made to relate steady-state blood levels of drug to steady-state responses (e.g., increase in blood pressure or heart rate). At steady-state, amphetamine-induced pressor responses were too small to be analyzed, but tachycardic responses were easily analyzed. It was found that steady-state heart rate responses were dose related to steady-state blood levels of drug. This was true regardless of whether d-amphetamine was administered once or repeatedly. The data indicate that, when tested in rats at sub-toxic doses, d-amphetamine does not evoke tachyphylaxis in relation to heart rate responses which are measured under steady-state conditions.", "PMID": 682116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5246", "title": "Specificity of a rat behavioral model for serotonin receptor activation.", "content": "Pharmacological stimulation of central serotonin (5-HT) receptors causes a behavioral syndrome characterized by simultaneous side-to-side head weaving or head tremor, forepaw padding and splayed hindlimbs. This syndrome has been proposed and used as a model for 5-HT receptor activity. Questions have been raised about the possible involvement of catecholamines. This study was designed to differentiate behavioral signs contributed by 5-HT from those that might be due to catecholamines. Depletion of catecholamines by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, or depletion of 5-HT by either p-chlorophenylalanine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, did not prevent the syndrome caused by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, a 5-HT receptor agonist. Pretreatment with methysergide, but not phenoxybenzamine or pimozide, prevented the syndrome caused by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Conversely, 5-HT depletion prevented the syndrome caused by monoamine oxidase inhibitor and levodopa; behavioral response was restored in p-chlorophenylalanine-pretreated rats by 5-hydroxytryptophan. Methysergide prevented the syndrome caused by monoamine oxidase inhibitor and levodopa, but phenoxybenzamine or pimozide did not. Intraventricular 5-HT or dopamine also caused the behavioral syndrome after monoamine oxidase inhibition. p-Chlorophenylalanine pretreatment prevented the syndrome caused by dopamine, but did not prevent the syndrome caused by 5-HT. Our results suggest that systemic levodopa or intraventricular dopamine produces the behavioral signs through 5-HT mechanisms; endogenous catecholamine mechanisms are not involved directly in either the cause or expression of the behavioral syndrome.", "contents": "Specificity of a rat behavioral model for serotonin receptor activation. Pharmacological stimulation of central serotonin (5-HT) receptors causes a behavioral syndrome characterized by simultaneous side-to-side head weaving or head tremor, forepaw padding and splayed hindlimbs. This syndrome has been proposed and used as a model for 5-HT receptor activity. Questions have been raised about the possible involvement of catecholamines. This study was designed to differentiate behavioral signs contributed by 5-HT from those that might be due to catecholamines. Depletion of catecholamines by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, or depletion of 5-HT by either p-chlorophenylalanine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, did not prevent the syndrome caused by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, a 5-HT receptor agonist. Pretreatment with methysergide, but not phenoxybenzamine or pimozide, prevented the syndrome caused by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Conversely, 5-HT depletion prevented the syndrome caused by monoamine oxidase inhibitor and levodopa; behavioral response was restored in p-chlorophenylalanine-pretreated rats by 5-hydroxytryptophan. Methysergide prevented the syndrome caused by monoamine oxidase inhibitor and levodopa, but phenoxybenzamine or pimozide did not. Intraventricular 5-HT or dopamine also caused the behavioral syndrome after monoamine oxidase inhibition. p-Chlorophenylalanine pretreatment prevented the syndrome caused by dopamine, but did not prevent the syndrome caused by 5-HT. Our results suggest that systemic levodopa or intraventricular dopamine produces the behavioral signs through 5-HT mechanisms; endogenous catecholamine mechanisms are not involved directly in either the cause or expression of the behavioral syndrome.", "PMID": 682117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5247", "title": "Lead blockade of norepinephrine-induced inhibition of cerebellar Purkinje neurons.", "content": "Biochemical studies showing that lead (Pb++) inhibits cerebellar adenylate cyclase (IC50 = 2 micrometer) prompted us to test the effects of this cation on the depression of spontaneous discharge of Purkinje (P) cells produced by iontophoresis of norepinephrine (NE). Previous studies have suggested that the effects of NE on P cell discharge may be mediated by activation of a NE-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Iontophoresis of Pb++ in situ, and in cerebellar transplants in oculo, reliably antagonized NE responses in over 80% of the P cells studied in both preparations. Blockade was readily seen at iontophoretic currents of 5 to 10 nA. Superfusion of PB++ (5--10 micrometer) into the anterior eye chamber also antagonized NE responses in P neurons of the transplant. Spontaneous discharge rate was either unaffected or slightly elevated at Pb++ levels that almost completely blocked NE. Barium, a heavy metal which does not inhibit adenylate cyclase in vitro, did not block NE effects. Stimulation of parallel fibers or iontophoresis of acetylcholine excited P cells. No antagonism was seen, however, between Pb++ and these acetylcholine or parallel fiber excitations. These results raise the possibility that blockade of brain catecholamine receptors may partially underlie the central nervous system toxicity seen with lead administration.", "contents": "Lead blockade of norepinephrine-induced inhibition of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Biochemical studies showing that lead (Pb++) inhibits cerebellar adenylate cyclase (IC50 = 2 micrometer) prompted us to test the effects of this cation on the depression of spontaneous discharge of Purkinje (P) cells produced by iontophoresis of norepinephrine (NE). Previous studies have suggested that the effects of NE on P cell discharge may be mediated by activation of a NE-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Iontophoresis of Pb++ in situ, and in cerebellar transplants in oculo, reliably antagonized NE responses in over 80% of the P cells studied in both preparations. Blockade was readily seen at iontophoretic currents of 5 to 10 nA. Superfusion of PB++ (5--10 micrometer) into the anterior eye chamber also antagonized NE responses in P neurons of the transplant. Spontaneous discharge rate was either unaffected or slightly elevated at Pb++ levels that almost completely blocked NE. Barium, a heavy metal which does not inhibit adenylate cyclase in vitro, did not block NE effects. Stimulation of parallel fibers or iontophoresis of acetylcholine excited P cells. No antagonism was seen, however, between Pb++ and these acetylcholine or parallel fiber excitations. These results raise the possibility that blockade of brain catecholamine receptors may partially underlie the central nervous system toxicity seen with lead administration.", "PMID": 682119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5248", "title": "The binding of [3H]diazepam to rat brain homogenates.", "content": "A technique is described for the measurement of specific [3H]diazepam binding to subcellular fractions of rat brain. Binding occurred in fresh or hypotonically shocked, frozen and thawed preparations; was independent of the buffer used; and was concentrated in the synaptosomal fraction. The total binding capacity of crude brain homogenate was entirely recovered in the particulate fractions (P1, P2 and P3). Binding was saturable and reached 34 pmol/g of tissue; half-maximal binding (KD) occurred at 3.2 nM. Hill and Scatchard analysis indicated that the binding was noncooperative and to a single class of sites. Binding was time dependent and reversible; the bimolecular association constant (K1) was 1.13 . 10(6) sec-1 M-1 and the first order dissociation constant (K-1) was 2.69 . 10(-3) sec-1. Binding was highest in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum; intermediate in midbrain, hypothalamus, corpus striatum and medulla oblongata/pons; and lowest in spinal cord. Benzodiazepines inhibited binding of [3H]diazepam in a manner correlated with pharmacological activity in vivo, and binding was not inhibited by non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics, muscle relaxants, anticonvulsants or by strychnine and glycine. Distribution of [3H]diazepam binding in several regions of the rat central nervous system correlated with Na+-independent binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the same regions. The results may be in accord with the possible involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the mechanism of action of the benzodiazepines but provide no support for a mechanism based on the interaction of benzodiazepines with central glycine receptors.", "contents": "The binding of [3H]diazepam to rat brain homogenates. A technique is described for the measurement of specific [3H]diazepam binding to subcellular fractions of rat brain. Binding occurred in fresh or hypotonically shocked, frozen and thawed preparations; was independent of the buffer used; and was concentrated in the synaptosomal fraction. The total binding capacity of crude brain homogenate was entirely recovered in the particulate fractions (P1, P2 and P3). Binding was saturable and reached 34 pmol/g of tissue; half-maximal binding (KD) occurred at 3.2 nM. Hill and Scatchard analysis indicated that the binding was noncooperative and to a single class of sites. Binding was time dependent and reversible; the bimolecular association constant (K1) was 1.13 . 10(6) sec-1 M-1 and the first order dissociation constant (K-1) was 2.69 . 10(-3) sec-1. Binding was highest in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum; intermediate in midbrain, hypothalamus, corpus striatum and medulla oblongata/pons; and lowest in spinal cord. Benzodiazepines inhibited binding of [3H]diazepam in a manner correlated with pharmacological activity in vivo, and binding was not inhibited by non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics, muscle relaxants, anticonvulsants or by strychnine and glycine. Distribution of [3H]diazepam binding in several regions of the rat central nervous system correlated with Na+-independent binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the same regions. The results may be in accord with the possible involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the mechanism of action of the benzodiazepines but provide no support for a mechanism based on the interaction of benzodiazepines with central glycine receptors.", "PMID": 682122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5249", "title": "The influence of indomethacin on the pharmacokinetics, diuretic response and hemodynamics of furosemide in the dog.", "content": "Indomethacin has the potential to interact with furosemide in a number of different fashions. We have investigated some of these possibilities in seven mongrel dogs that received furosemide (2 mg/kg i.v.). Plasma and urinary concentration of furosemide were measured by high performance liquid chromatography, diuretic response was assessed by urinary sodium excretion and renal blood flow and its distribution were estimated using the radioactive microsphere technique. Furosemide induced a prompt diuresis associated with a 50% increase in total renal blood flow. Intrarenal blood flow was preferentially increased in the inner cortical zones. Furosemide was rapidly eliminated with a renal clearance that was 35% of the total systemic clearance. Maximal sodium excretion was attained at plasma furosemide concentrations greater than 0.8 microgram/ml; below this concentration there was a linear relationship between plasma concentration and rate of sodium excretion. The ratio of sodium/furosemide concentration in urine rose to a plateau, then remained constant. Indomethacin pretreatment inhibited the hemodynamic response to furosemide. In addition, indomethacin reduced the renal and extrarenal clearance of furosemide by approximately 30%, but did not change the proportion of unchanged drug excreted in the urine. Although the diuretic response for any given plasma concentration of furosemide was reduced, the ratio of urinary sodium/furosemide concentration was not changed by indomethacin. Since the amount of furosemide reaching the urine was not altered, the total diuretic response was not significantly affected by indomethacin. From these observations we conclude that indomethacin alters the pharmacokinetics of the disposition of furosemide and furosemide-induced renal hemodynamic changes. However, our data indicate that the response of the renal tubule to furosemide secreted into tubular fluid is not changed by indomethacin.", "contents": "The influence of indomethacin on the pharmacokinetics, diuretic response and hemodynamics of furosemide in the dog. Indomethacin has the potential to interact with furosemide in a number of different fashions. We have investigated some of these possibilities in seven mongrel dogs that received furosemide (2 mg/kg i.v.). Plasma and urinary concentration of furosemide were measured by high performance liquid chromatography, diuretic response was assessed by urinary sodium excretion and renal blood flow and its distribution were estimated using the radioactive microsphere technique. Furosemide induced a prompt diuresis associated with a 50% increase in total renal blood flow. Intrarenal blood flow was preferentially increased in the inner cortical zones. Furosemide was rapidly eliminated with a renal clearance that was 35% of the total systemic clearance. Maximal sodium excretion was attained at plasma furosemide concentrations greater than 0.8 microgram/ml; below this concentration there was a linear relationship between plasma concentration and rate of sodium excretion. The ratio of sodium/furosemide concentration in urine rose to a plateau, then remained constant. Indomethacin pretreatment inhibited the hemodynamic response to furosemide. In addition, indomethacin reduced the renal and extrarenal clearance of furosemide by approximately 30%, but did not change the proportion of unchanged drug excreted in the urine. Although the diuretic response for any given plasma concentration of furosemide was reduced, the ratio of urinary sodium/furosemide concentration was not changed by indomethacin. Since the amount of furosemide reaching the urine was not altered, the total diuretic response was not significantly affected by indomethacin. From these observations we conclude that indomethacin alters the pharmacokinetics of the disposition of furosemide and furosemide-induced renal hemodynamic changes. However, our data indicate that the response of the renal tubule to furosemide secreted into tubular fluid is not changed by indomethacin.", "PMID": 682123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5250", "title": "The effect of pregnancy on the metabolism of [14C]phenytoin in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The metabolism of [14C]phenytoin (DPH) was measured in isolated perfused livers from non-pregnant female rats and rats at 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21 days of gestation. The half-life of [14C]phenytoin in the perfusate was not significantly altered by pregnancy in livers perfused with 20% blood at 2 ml/min/g of liver but was increased from 38 min in control livers to 158 min in livers from rats at 21 days of gestation when livers were perfused with 10% blood at 1 ml/min/g of liver. Secretion of the glucuronide conjugate of 5-[14C]phenyl-5-parahydroxy-phenylhydantoin into the bile was markedly inhibited during the latter stages of pregnancy such that a 4-fold decrease in the cumulative secretion into the bile was present at 21 days of gestation. The bile/perfusate concentration ratio of the glucuronide after 30 min was 148 in control livers but decreased to 6 in livers from rats at 21 days gestation.", "contents": "The effect of pregnancy on the metabolism of [14C]phenytoin in the isolated perfused rat liver. The metabolism of [14C]phenytoin (DPH) was measured in isolated perfused livers from non-pregnant female rats and rats at 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21 days of gestation. The half-life of [14C]phenytoin in the perfusate was not significantly altered by pregnancy in livers perfused with 20% blood at 2 ml/min/g of liver but was increased from 38 min in control livers to 158 min in livers from rats at 21 days of gestation when livers were perfused with 10% blood at 1 ml/min/g of liver. Secretion of the glucuronide conjugate of 5-[14C]phenyl-5-parahydroxy-phenylhydantoin into the bile was markedly inhibited during the latter stages of pregnancy such that a 4-fold decrease in the cumulative secretion into the bile was present at 21 days of gestation. The bile/perfusate concentration ratio of the glucuronide after 30 min was 148 in control livers but decreased to 6 in livers from rats at 21 days gestation.", "PMID": 682124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5251", "title": "Long-term reduction of brain serotonin by p-chloroamphetamine: effects of inducers and inhibitors of drug metabolism.", "content": "The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the long-term effects of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on serotonergic neurons in rats are mediated by a neurotoxic metabolite. The effects of well-known inducers and an inhibitor of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes on the PCA-induced decreases in brain levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase activity and the half-life of PCA in brain were examined. All of these modified the half-life of PCA in a predictable manner: 3-methylcholanthrene and, to a much lesser extent, phenobarbital decreased the half-life of PCA while piperonyl butoxide markedly increased it. Fluoxetine, an inhibitor of 5-HT uptake, also increased the half-life of PCA in brain. In addition, fluoxetine blocked the long-term effects of PCA on 5-HT levels and tryptophan hydroxylase activity. Of the classical metabolic tools, only 3-methylcholanthrene provided complete protection from the long-term, neurotoxic effects of PCA. Although the mechanism of this protection is unknown, it is not mediated by a blockade of 5-HT uptake since 3-methylcholanthrene did not decrease the synaptosomal uptake of 5-HT. Piperonyl butoxide pretreatment markedly increased the half-life of PCA in brain, but it failed to modify consistently the effects of PCA. The results indicate that the long-term, neurotoxic effects of PCA are not mediated by the major, hepatic metabolites of the drug, but leave open the possibility of a minor, neurotoxic metabolite.", "contents": "Long-term reduction of brain serotonin by p-chloroamphetamine: effects of inducers and inhibitors of drug metabolism. The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the long-term effects of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on serotonergic neurons in rats are mediated by a neurotoxic metabolite. The effects of well-known inducers and an inhibitor of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes on the PCA-induced decreases in brain levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase activity and the half-life of PCA in brain were examined. All of these modified the half-life of PCA in a predictable manner: 3-methylcholanthrene and, to a much lesser extent, phenobarbital decreased the half-life of PCA while piperonyl butoxide markedly increased it. Fluoxetine, an inhibitor of 5-HT uptake, also increased the half-life of PCA in brain. In addition, fluoxetine blocked the long-term effects of PCA on 5-HT levels and tryptophan hydroxylase activity. Of the classical metabolic tools, only 3-methylcholanthrene provided complete protection from the long-term, neurotoxic effects of PCA. Although the mechanism of this protection is unknown, it is not mediated by a blockade of 5-HT uptake since 3-methylcholanthrene did not decrease the synaptosomal uptake of 5-HT. Piperonyl butoxide pretreatment markedly increased the half-life of PCA in brain, but it failed to modify consistently the effects of PCA. The results indicate that the long-term, neurotoxic effects of PCA are not mediated by the major, hepatic metabolites of the drug, but leave open the possibility of a minor, neurotoxic metabolite.", "PMID": 682126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5252", "title": "Hydrolysis and metabolism of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid in normal and pancreatic duct-ligated animals.", "content": "Hydrolysis and metabolism of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (Bz-ty-PABA), a synthetic peptide used for the assessment of exocrine pancreatic function, were studied in normal and pancreatic duct-ligated rats and guinea pigs. Bz-ty-PABA was specifically cleaved by chymotrypsin to N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in mucosal homogenates of the intestine. Both of the resultant products were rapidly absorbed and excreted in the urine after oral administration of two kinds of radioactive Bz-ty-PABA (Bz[14C] and PABA[14C]) to animals. The absorption rate was correlated to the intestinal chymotrypsin activity obtained from in vitro studies. Benzoic acid and p-acetaminobenzoic acid were predominant in the urine after dosages of Bz-ty-PABA with Bz[14C] and PABA[14C], respectively, in both species. Additionally, a small amount of unchanged form of Bz-ty-PABA was excreted in the urine and bile without being cleaved by chymotrypsin. These results and the study using intravenous injections suggest that the absorption of this intact peptide may be almost 10% of the dose.", "contents": "Hydrolysis and metabolism of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid in normal and pancreatic duct-ligated animals. Hydrolysis and metabolism of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (Bz-ty-PABA), a synthetic peptide used for the assessment of exocrine pancreatic function, were studied in normal and pancreatic duct-ligated rats and guinea pigs. Bz-ty-PABA was specifically cleaved by chymotrypsin to N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in mucosal homogenates of the intestine. Both of the resultant products were rapidly absorbed and excreted in the urine after oral administration of two kinds of radioactive Bz-ty-PABA (Bz[14C] and PABA[14C]) to animals. The absorption rate was correlated to the intestinal chymotrypsin activity obtained from in vitro studies. Benzoic acid and p-acetaminobenzoic acid were predominant in the urine after dosages of Bz-ty-PABA with Bz[14C] and PABA[14C], respectively, in both species. Additionally, a small amount of unchanged form of Bz-ty-PABA was excreted in the urine and bile without being cleaved by chymotrypsin. These results and the study using intravenous injections suggest that the absorption of this intact peptide may be almost 10% of the dose.", "PMID": 682127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5253", "title": "Seminal excretion, vaginal absorption, distribution and whole blood kinetics of d-methadone in the rabbit.", "content": "The disposition of 40 mg of d-methadone HCl was studied in New Zealand White rabbits. After an intravenous infusion to male rabbits, the beta phase half-life was 106 +/- 21 min and the apparent volume of distribution was 12.6 liters/kg b.w. After an i.m. injection, the peak drug concentration in arterial blood (1.02 microgram/ml) occurred 10 min after the injection, whereas the peak concentration in semen (2.58 microgram/ml) occurred 140 min later. The semen/blood drug concentration ratio was 6.8 at 150 min after the injection. The concentration of d-methadone was measured in blood, spleen, liver, lung, prostate, seminal vesicle, testis and heart 130 minutes after an i.m. dose. All tissues had drug levels that exceeded the concentration in blood (0.42 microgram/ml). The concentrations in lung (33.5 microgram/g), kidney (15.2 microgram/g) and spleen (30.6 microgram/g) were particularly elevated. After intravaginal implantation, d-methadone was rapidly absorbed into the systemic circulation of female rabbits; the peak drug level in blood (0.94 microgram/ml) occurred 60 min after drug administration.", "contents": "Seminal excretion, vaginal absorption, distribution and whole blood kinetics of d-methadone in the rabbit. The disposition of 40 mg of d-methadone HCl was studied in New Zealand White rabbits. After an intravenous infusion to male rabbits, the beta phase half-life was 106 +/- 21 min and the apparent volume of distribution was 12.6 liters/kg b.w. After an i.m. injection, the peak drug concentration in arterial blood (1.02 microgram/ml) occurred 10 min after the injection, whereas the peak concentration in semen (2.58 microgram/ml) occurred 140 min later. The semen/blood drug concentration ratio was 6.8 at 150 min after the injection. The concentration of d-methadone was measured in blood, spleen, liver, lung, prostate, seminal vesicle, testis and heart 130 minutes after an i.m. dose. All tissues had drug levels that exceeded the concentration in blood (0.42 microgram/ml). The concentrations in lung (33.5 microgram/g), kidney (15.2 microgram/g) and spleen (30.6 microgram/g) were particularly elevated. After intravaginal implantation, d-methadone was rapidly absorbed into the systemic circulation of female rabbits; the peak drug level in blood (0.94 microgram/ml) occurred 60 min after drug administration.", "PMID": 682129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5254", "title": "A survey of ethnic and sociocultural issues in medical school education.", "content": "A survey of 113 medical schools was conducted to determine whether sociocultural issues in the treatment of minority group patients were dealt with in their curricula. The inclusion of factors such as different value systems, attitudes, early experiences, and economic and ethnic backgrounds and their influence upon the delivery of health care services to minority groups was found to be minimal. The variables which appeared to facilitate ethnic and sociocultural courses in medical education are contrasted with those which result in exclusion of this information from the curricula. These findings emphasize the need for a greater commitment to offering such courses.", "contents": "A survey of ethnic and sociocultural issues in medical school education. A survey of 113 medical schools was conducted to determine whether sociocultural issues in the treatment of minority group patients were dealt with in their curricula. The inclusion of factors such as different value systems, attitudes, early experiences, and economic and ethnic backgrounds and their influence upon the delivery of health care services to minority groups was found to be minimal. The variables which appeared to facilitate ethnic and sociocultural courses in medical education are contrasted with those which result in exclusion of this information from the curricula. These findings emphasize the need for a greater commitment to offering such courses.", "PMID": 682153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5255", "title": "Equal educational opportunity programs in American medical schools.", "content": "In the four-year period 1968 to 1972 most medical schools in the United States initiated programs to increase the enrollment of selected minority group students. Their number increased sixfold in Caucasian-dominated medical schools during these years, and the enrollment of such students rose from 1 to 5.3 percent of the total undergraduate population, with the impetus for this policy originating from within the schools. All schools recruited applicants from among the minority races, and two-thirds of the schools altered their admission procedures, often so as to permit minority group participation in the selection process. Schools which modified their procedures in this manner had the highest proportions of these students. Three-fourths of the schools changed their admission criteria, and most of them provided special tutoring and other academic support. Ninety percent of the schools evaluated their programs as at least somewhat successful.", "contents": "Equal educational opportunity programs in American medical schools. In the four-year period 1968 to 1972 most medical schools in the United States initiated programs to increase the enrollment of selected minority group students. Their number increased sixfold in Caucasian-dominated medical schools during these years, and the enrollment of such students rose from 1 to 5.3 percent of the total undergraduate population, with the impetus for this policy originating from within the schools. All schools recruited applicants from among the minority races, and two-thirds of the schools altered their admission procedures, often so as to permit minority group participation in the selection process. Schools which modified their procedures in this manner had the highest proportions of these students. Three-fourths of the schools changed their admission criteria, and most of them provided special tutoring and other academic support. Ninety percent of the schools evaluated their programs as at least somewhat successful.", "PMID": 682154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5256", "title": "Survey of graduates of a traditionally black college of medicine.", "content": "Over 700 Howard University medical alumni of seven representative classes graduating from 1955 to 1975 were surveyed by questionnaire in 1975-76. Replies of the 311 respondents confirm that this college of medicine has trained a substantial number of physicians who are providing care to blacks, the economically disadvantaged, and residents of inner city areas. Survey findings may also be useful in reaffirming the necessity for training more minority physicians, assessing the impact which the increasing number of minority physicians will have on health care delivery in this country, and suggesting the probable practice patterns of future minority graduates of U.S. medical schools.", "contents": "Survey of graduates of a traditionally black college of medicine. Over 700 Howard University medical alumni of seven representative classes graduating from 1955 to 1975 were surveyed by questionnaire in 1975-76. Replies of the 311 respondents confirm that this college of medicine has trained a substantial number of physicians who are providing care to blacks, the economically disadvantaged, and residents of inner city areas. Survey findings may also be useful in reaffirming the necessity for training more minority physicians, assessing the impact which the increasing number of minority physicians will have on health care delivery in this country, and suggesting the probable practice patterns of future minority graduates of U.S. medical schools.", "PMID": 682155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5257", "title": "Recruitment and retention program for minority and disadvantaged students.", "content": "Attracting ethnic minority and disadvantaged students to health careers and facilitating their successful completion of training program requirements have been major activities of the University of Colorado Medical Center since 1969. As a result of extensive college campus recruitment efforts, high school and college level preprofessional programs, and the participation of ethnic minority faculty members in the medical school admissions process, the number of applicants to the medical school increased from 45 in 1971 to 265 in 1977. Concurrently, medical school matriculants increased from 12 in 1971 to 24 in 1977, with a maximum of 30 in 1975. However, significantly fewer minority students have shown interest in nursing, dentistry, or allied health professions careers. Because of support programs for matriculants (including preadmission and postadmissions personal, academic, study skills, and test-taking counseling and a prefreshman year summer orientation course), 71 percent of the minority students entering medical school in 1971-73 have received the M.D. degree.", "contents": "Recruitment and retention program for minority and disadvantaged students. Attracting ethnic minority and disadvantaged students to health careers and facilitating their successful completion of training program requirements have been major activities of the University of Colorado Medical Center since 1969. As a result of extensive college campus recruitment efforts, high school and college level preprofessional programs, and the participation of ethnic minority faculty members in the medical school admissions process, the number of applicants to the medical school increased from 45 in 1971 to 265 in 1977. Concurrently, medical school matriculants increased from 12 in 1971 to 24 in 1977, with a maximum of 30 in 1975. However, significantly fewer minority students have shown interest in nursing, dentistry, or allied health professions careers. Because of support programs for matriculants (including preadmission and postadmissions personal, academic, study skills, and test-taking counseling and a prefreshman year summer orientation course), 71 percent of the minority students entering medical school in 1971-73 have received the M.D. degree.", "PMID": 682156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5258", "title": "A premedical summer program for disadvantaged students.", "content": "In this paper five years of summer program experience with minority and disadvantaged students are examined and an attempt is made to provide an overview of the impact of summer programming on medical school admission and academic performance in the first year of medical training. A well-organized correlated academic curriculum of anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology, coupled with an intensive counseling program, has proved to be the basis of a sound reinforcement program for minority and disadvantaged students who are preparing for medical school.", "contents": "A premedical summer program for disadvantaged students. In this paper five years of summer program experience with minority and disadvantaged students are examined and an attempt is made to provide an overview of the impact of summer programming on medical school admission and academic performance in the first year of medical training. A well-organized correlated academic curriculum of anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology, coupled with an intensive counseling program, has proved to be the basis of a sound reinforcement program for minority and disadvantaged students who are preparing for medical school.", "PMID": 682157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5259", "title": "A preliminary study of student learning in interdisciplinary health teams.", "content": "Self-reported learning in a 12-week interdisciplinary health team training experience at the University of Nevada, Reno, was measured. Fourteen students from seven disciplines participated on health teams in three settings. All students were in early stages of their professional training. A self-report inventory with four general areas was administered before and after the experience. Four analyses of covariance were used to compare participant scores with those of a control group in each area using initial scores as the covariate. There was significant learning in the areas of team skills and processes and in knowledge of and abilities in client communication but not in physical assessment.", "contents": "A preliminary study of student learning in interdisciplinary health teams. Self-reported learning in a 12-week interdisciplinary health team training experience at the University of Nevada, Reno, was measured. Fourteen students from seven disciplines participated on health teams in three settings. All students were in early stages of their professional training. A self-report inventory with four general areas was administered before and after the experience. Four analyses of covariance were used to compare participant scores with those of a control group in each area using initial scores as the covariate. There was significant learning in the areas of team skills and processes and in knowledge of and abilities in client communication but not in physical assessment.", "PMID": 682158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5260", "title": "Teaching medical students about treatment compliance.", "content": "Poor patient compliance is common in clinical practice but difficult to demonstrate to medical students in a convincing manner. To accomplish this, the authors asked medical students who preregistered for a conference on patient compliance to adopt the role of \"patient\" and to take \"medication\" (Vitamin C) for one week, to observe certain dietary restrictions, and to complete an attitude and health beliefs questionnaire. The educational impact was intensified by making prior predictions about outcome which were almost exactly confirmed. The predictions concerned failure to fill the prescription, extent and type of noncompliance, and significant differences in attitudes between compliant and noncompliant students. The attitudes of the students resembled those of noncompliant patients asked to take medication for nonsymptomatic disorders (such as hypertension). Those students who participated in the drug-taking experience rated the educational impact of the conference more highly than did those students who attended the conference but did not take part in the drug project.", "contents": "Teaching medical students about treatment compliance. Poor patient compliance is common in clinical practice but difficult to demonstrate to medical students in a convincing manner. To accomplish this, the authors asked medical students who preregistered for a conference on patient compliance to adopt the role of \"patient\" and to take \"medication\" (Vitamin C) for one week, to observe certain dietary restrictions, and to complete an attitude and health beliefs questionnaire. The educational impact was intensified by making prior predictions about outcome which were almost exactly confirmed. The predictions concerned failure to fill the prescription, extent and type of noncompliance, and significant differences in attitudes between compliant and noncompliant students. The attitudes of the students resembled those of noncompliant patients asked to take medication for nonsymptomatic disorders (such as hypertension). Those students who participated in the drug-taking experience rated the educational impact of the conference more highly than did those students who attended the conference but did not take part in the drug project.", "PMID": 682159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5261", "title": "Novobiocin resistance and virulence of strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from urine and skin.", "content": "A method was developed to study virulence of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Our results showed that coagulase-negative staphylococci injected into adult mice by the intracerebral route did not give rise to lethal infections, whereas mice aged 2 days were much more susceptible. Novobiocin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus were more virulent than strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Strains of S. saprophyticus biotype 3 of Baird-Parker's classification varied in virulence according to novobiocin sensitivity. In the classification of Kloos and Schleifer, S. saprophyticus biotype 3 can be subdivided into four distinct staphylococcal species, namely S. saprophyticus , S.cohnii, S.haemolyticus and S.warneri. S. chonii and S. saprophyticus were equally virulent for mice aged 2 days, but novobiocinsensitive S. haemolyticus was less virulent. On epidemiological grounds, however, it would seem that S. saprophyticus has some undefined advantage in invading the urinary tract.", "contents": "Novobiocin resistance and virulence of strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from urine and skin. A method was developed to study virulence of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Our results showed that coagulase-negative staphylococci injected into adult mice by the intracerebral route did not give rise to lethal infections, whereas mice aged 2 days were much more susceptible. Novobiocin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus were more virulent than strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Strains of S. saprophyticus biotype 3 of Baird-Parker's classification varied in virulence according to novobiocin sensitivity. In the classification of Kloos and Schleifer, S. saprophyticus biotype 3 can be subdivided into four distinct staphylococcal species, namely S. saprophyticus , S.cohnii, S.haemolyticus and S.warneri. S. chonii and S. saprophyticus were equally virulent for mice aged 2 days, but novobiocinsensitive S. haemolyticus was less virulent. On epidemiological grounds, however, it would seem that S. saprophyticus has some undefined advantage in invading the urinary tract.", "PMID": 682175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5262", "title": "Observations by light microscopy on the cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri in mouse embryo-cell cultures.", "content": "Naegleria fowleri, strain HB-1, caused a destructive cytopathic effect (CPE) in secondary mouse-embryo (ME) cells. No evidence was found to suggest that cell-free cytotoxic factors secreted by the amoebae play a part in ME-cell destruction. In culture systems designed for the study of cytopathic factors, mammalian-cell damage seemed to occur only as a result of direct contact with active amoebae. This was confirmed when the progressive destruction of individual ME cells was observed continuously by direct microscopy and time-lapse cinemicrography. The cytoplasmic shrinkage characteristic of naegleria-induced CPE appeared to be associated with phagocytic activity of trophozoites. Adjacent ME cells remained undamaged until they themselves were physically attacked. The apparently intracellular location of amoebae seen in fixed and stained preparations was considered to be an artefact created when trophozoites and ME cells were superimposed.", "contents": "Observations by light microscopy on the cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri in mouse embryo-cell cultures. Naegleria fowleri, strain HB-1, caused a destructive cytopathic effect (CPE) in secondary mouse-embryo (ME) cells. No evidence was found to suggest that cell-free cytotoxic factors secreted by the amoebae play a part in ME-cell destruction. In culture systems designed for the study of cytopathic factors, mammalian-cell damage seemed to occur only as a result of direct contact with active amoebae. This was confirmed when the progressive destruction of individual ME cells was observed continuously by direct microscopy and time-lapse cinemicrography. The cytoplasmic shrinkage characteristic of naegleria-induced CPE appeared to be associated with phagocytic activity of trophozoites. Adjacent ME cells remained undamaged until they themselves were physically attacked. The apparently intracellular location of amoebae seen in fixed and stained preparations was considered to be an artefact created when trophozoites and ME cells were superimposed.", "PMID": 682176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5263", "title": "Mycoplasma infection in pregnant rats: low viability of foetuses and newborn offspring.", "content": "The controversy regarding the possible role of genital mycoplasma infection in human reproductive failure gave rise to a study in which pregnant rats, previously shown to be of normal fertility, were inoculated 7-11 days after conception with either Mycoplasma arthritidis or an equal volume of sterile broth medium. Repeated observations during the course of pregnancy revealed several pathogenic effects. A statistically significant decrease was observed in the mean litter size of infected mothers. Furthermore, the offspring showed low viability at birth and, still more, at 10 days after birth. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that genital mycoplasma infection plays a role in reproductive failure.", "contents": "Mycoplasma infection in pregnant rats: low viability of foetuses and newborn offspring. The controversy regarding the possible role of genital mycoplasma infection in human reproductive failure gave rise to a study in which pregnant rats, previously shown to be of normal fertility, were inoculated 7-11 days after conception with either Mycoplasma arthritidis or an equal volume of sterile broth medium. Repeated observations during the course of pregnancy revealed several pathogenic effects. A statistically significant decrease was observed in the mean litter size of infected mothers. Furthermore, the offspring showed low viability at birth and, still more, at 10 days after birth. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that genital mycoplasma infection plays a role in reproductive failure.", "PMID": 682177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5264", "title": "Effect of bursectomy and thymectomy on Pasteurella multocida infection in chickens.", "content": "The effects of various treatments on the immune response of chickens to vaccine prepared from Pasteurella multocida strain P1059 were investigated. The treatments, given on or before the day of hatching, consisted of surgical bursectomy (SB), hormonal bursectomy (HB), surgical thymectomy (ST) and X-irradiation (X). In chickens subjected to SB, SBX or HB before vaccination, the production of agglutinin and immunoglobulin was impaired, but the production of resistance against challenge was not. In chickens subjected to ST or STX before vaccination, the production of agglutinin and immunoglobulin was unimpaired, but the production of resistance against challenge was diminished. Protection was therefore thymus-dependent.", "contents": "Effect of bursectomy and thymectomy on Pasteurella multocida infection in chickens. The effects of various treatments on the immune response of chickens to vaccine prepared from Pasteurella multocida strain P1059 were investigated. The treatments, given on or before the day of hatching, consisted of surgical bursectomy (SB), hormonal bursectomy (HB), surgical thymectomy (ST) and X-irradiation (X). In chickens subjected to SB, SBX or HB before vaccination, the production of agglutinin and immunoglobulin was impaired, but the production of resistance against challenge was not. In chickens subjected to ST or STX before vaccination, the production of agglutinin and immunoglobulin was unimpaired, but the production of resistance against challenge was diminished. Protection was therefore thymus-dependent.", "PMID": 682178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5265", "title": "The isolation and characters of L-forms and reversions of Bacillus licheniformis var. Endoparasiticus (Benedek) associated with the erythrocytes of clinically normal persons.", "content": "Thirty-eight strains of the Gram-positive bacterium identified as Bacillus licheniformis var. endoparasiticus (Benedek), referred to as BLE, were isolated in various stages of reversion form the L-forms, from 28 out of 100 samples of whole blood or erythrocytes from normal healthy subjects, after prolonged incubation. Similar results were obtained from 100 samples from hospital patients with conditions not usually associated with blood infection. BLE was isolated from only one of 125 samples of plasma, including those separated from infected erythrocytes. Isolates from cultures incubated for up to 4 months were usually in the form of spheroplasts or diphtheroid bacilli; the fully reverted phase, resembling B. licheniformis, with the capacity to form endospores, was isolated occasionally from cultures aged 1--6 months, and it constituted about half the isolates recovered from cultures aged 6--25 months. BLE was isolated in subculture, and with the usual frequency, in previously unopened, primary cultures. It did not occur in 1200 subcultures of 150 control cultures made with autoclaved or irradiated blood cells; it was not detected in the environment of the laboratory or blood-sampling areas, or on the skin or in the respiratory passages of the operators and other persons associated with the laboratory, where typical, saprophytic B. licheniformis was very rare. It is concluded that this Bacillus species exists as an L-form, associated with the erythrocytes of a large proportion of normal persons, as previously recorded by several observers. Some of the morphological variants associated with the L-cycles have in the past been described as different organisms, for example L-forms of various bacteria or mycoplasmas, and the diphtheroid stage has been thought to belong to the genera Corynebacterium and Listeria. The sporogenous stage, although frequently described, has normally been discounted as a contaminant. These observations do not admit of any conclusion in respect of the claims that such bacteria may have a role in arthritis, cancer or other diseases.", "contents": "The isolation and characters of L-forms and reversions of Bacillus licheniformis var. Endoparasiticus (Benedek) associated with the erythrocytes of clinically normal persons. Thirty-eight strains of the Gram-positive bacterium identified as Bacillus licheniformis var. endoparasiticus (Benedek), referred to as BLE, were isolated in various stages of reversion form the L-forms, from 28 out of 100 samples of whole blood or erythrocytes from normal healthy subjects, after prolonged incubation. Similar results were obtained from 100 samples from hospital patients with conditions not usually associated with blood infection. BLE was isolated from only one of 125 samples of plasma, including those separated from infected erythrocytes. Isolates from cultures incubated for up to 4 months were usually in the form of spheroplasts or diphtheroid bacilli; the fully reverted phase, resembling B. licheniformis, with the capacity to form endospores, was isolated occasionally from cultures aged 1--6 months, and it constituted about half the isolates recovered from cultures aged 6--25 months. BLE was isolated in subculture, and with the usual frequency, in previously unopened, primary cultures. It did not occur in 1200 subcultures of 150 control cultures made with autoclaved or irradiated blood cells; it was not detected in the environment of the laboratory or blood-sampling areas, or on the skin or in the respiratory passages of the operators and other persons associated with the laboratory, where typical, saprophytic B. licheniformis was very rare. It is concluded that this Bacillus species exists as an L-form, associated with the erythrocytes of a large proportion of normal persons, as previously recorded by several observers. Some of the morphological variants associated with the L-cycles have in the past been described as different organisms, for example L-forms of various bacteria or mycoplasmas, and the diphtheroid stage has been thought to belong to the genera Corynebacterium and Listeria. The sporogenous stage, although frequently described, has normally been discounted as a contaminant. These observations do not admit of any conclusion in respect of the claims that such bacteria may have a role in arthritis, cancer or other diseases.", "PMID": 682179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5266", "title": "The routine application of a microtechnique for the demonstration of leptospiral antibodies.", "content": "The microtechnique of Galton et al. (1965) for the routine screening of blood samples for leptospiral antibodies was used to examine more than 8000 serum samples from animals that had aborted and from herds in which leptospiral antibodies had previously been demonstrated. The method gave consistently accurate results. In respect of ease and speed of performance, it was superior to the microscopic agglutination test and it required only minute volumes of serum and antigen suspension. Its most important advantage was that the agglutination reaction could be read directly on the plate, and the removal of samples for microscopical examination was therefore unnecessary.", "contents": "The routine application of a microtechnique for the demonstration of leptospiral antibodies. The microtechnique of Galton et al. (1965) for the routine screening of blood samples for leptospiral antibodies was used to examine more than 8000 serum samples from animals that had aborted and from herds in which leptospiral antibodies had previously been demonstrated. The method gave consistently accurate results. In respect of ease and speed of performance, it was superior to the microscopic agglutination test and it required only minute volumes of serum and antigen suspension. Its most important advantage was that the agglutination reaction could be read directly on the plate, and the removal of samples for microscopical examination was therefore unnecessary.", "PMID": 682180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5267", "title": "An image reversal process for electron microscope film.", "content": "An improved technique has been developed to produce a positive image directly on some standard electron microscope films (Kodak 4489, SO 163, and Ilford Electron Microscope Film). This technique has been useful for processing micrographs of freeze-etched and shadowed specimens, and eliminates the need for producing positive image transparencies before printing.", "contents": "An image reversal process for electron microscope film. An improved technique has been developed to produce a positive image directly on some standard electron microscope films (Kodak 4489, SO 163, and Ilford Electron Microscope Film). This technique has been useful for processing micrographs of freeze-etched and shadowed specimens, and eliminates the need for producing positive image transparencies before printing.", "PMID": 682183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5268", "title": "Calculation of surface area and volume of human erythrocytes from scanning electron micrographs.", "content": "This article demonstrates that surface and volume measurements of individual human erythrocytes with varying shapes can be obtained from scanning electron micrographic stereopairs using an approach based on established principles of photogrammetry. Instead of calculating the coordinates of several hundred points plotted for each cell, a procedure that proves tedious and time-consuming, we show that a reasonable approximation of cell surface and volume can be achieved from simple geometrical models constructed with a small number of carefully measured points and angles, using a stereocomparator. The values obtained for two normal erythrocytes and for two distorted red cells from a patient with congenital pyruvate kinase deficiency haemolytic anaemia are consistent with available information on the geometry of these cells. Because scanning electron microscopy requires extensive manipulation of the cells, the values obtained cannot be applied to fresh living material, but appear fairly accurate for the purpose of comparison between cells prepared in the same manner.", "contents": "Calculation of surface area and volume of human erythrocytes from scanning electron micrographs. This article demonstrates that surface and volume measurements of individual human erythrocytes with varying shapes can be obtained from scanning electron micrographic stereopairs using an approach based on established principles of photogrammetry. Instead of calculating the coordinates of several hundred points plotted for each cell, a procedure that proves tedious and time-consuming, we show that a reasonable approximation of cell surface and volume can be achieved from simple geometrical models constructed with a small number of carefully measured points and angles, using a stereocomparator. The values obtained for two normal erythrocytes and for two distorted red cells from a patient with congenital pyruvate kinase deficiency haemolytic anaemia are consistent with available information on the geometry of these cells. Because scanning electron microscopy requires extensive manipulation of the cells, the values obtained cannot be applied to fresh living material, but appear fairly accurate for the purpose of comparison between cells prepared in the same manner.", "PMID": 682184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5269", "title": "Sephadex globules placed as landmarks in combined stereo microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "Regions of specific interest in tissue blocks were localized in a stereo microscope and landmarked with Sephadex spheres (10-40 micron in diameter). This procedure made it possible to recognize these regions easily and quickly in the scanning electron microscope. When the tissue was later embedded in Epon the spheres facilitated orientation when sectioning. Thus it was possible with great certainty to determine the level at which ultrathin sections should be cut for transmission electron microscopy to attain an exact correspondence between scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations. The procedure is described and an example of its application is shown in a study of experimental hypertensive endothelial changes.", "contents": "Sephadex globules placed as landmarks in combined stereo microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Regions of specific interest in tissue blocks were localized in a stereo microscope and landmarked with Sephadex spheres (10-40 micron in diameter). This procedure made it possible to recognize these regions easily and quickly in the scanning electron microscope. When the tissue was later embedded in Epon the spheres facilitated orientation when sectioning. Thus it was possible with great certainty to determine the level at which ultrathin sections should be cut for transmission electron microscopy to attain an exact correspondence between scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations. The procedure is described and an example of its application is shown in a study of experimental hypertensive endothelial changes.", "PMID": 682185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5270", "title": "Differential leucocyte counts: a comparison of results using light and electron microscopy.", "content": "A method is described for handling leucocytes from an inflammatory peritoneal exudate prior to electron microscopy, which allows differential counts from ultra-thin sections to be made. The results of counts from ultrathin sections, viewed on the electron microscope, are compared with samples from the same cell populations prepared on a cytocentrifuge and counted by light microscopy. The results from several cell populations of widely different compositions show clearly that with suitable care taken over preparation and orientation, ultrathin sections can yield comparable differential counts to those obtained by standard light microscope procedures. Possible sources of error are discussed and the advantages of ultrastructural counting assessed. The method has a wide application wherever accurate differential counts are required from cell suspensions processed for electron microscopy.", "contents": "Differential leucocyte counts: a comparison of results using light and electron microscopy. A method is described for handling leucocytes from an inflammatory peritoneal exudate prior to electron microscopy, which allows differential counts from ultra-thin sections to be made. The results of counts from ultrathin sections, viewed on the electron microscope, are compared with samples from the same cell populations prepared on a cytocentrifuge and counted by light microscopy. The results from several cell populations of widely different compositions show clearly that with suitable care taken over preparation and orientation, ultrathin sections can yield comparable differential counts to those obtained by standard light microscope procedures. Possible sources of error are discussed and the advantages of ultrastructural counting assessed. The method has a wide application wherever accurate differential counts are required from cell suspensions processed for electron microscopy.", "PMID": 682186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5271", "title": "Effect of exposure to lead on maturation of intestinal iron absorption of rats.", "content": "The influence of lead on iron absorption was investigated at various stages of development in rat pups exposed to lead first through mothers' milk and later in their solid diet. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, iron absorption, and tissue iron concentration were measured on d 14, 20, 23, 29, 35, 42, and 63 after birth. Both hematocrit and hemoglobin in the lead-exposed group were significantly below control levels at all periods earlier than d 42 and 63, respectively. Absorption of iron ([59Fe]-ferrous citrate in 10(-4)M FeSO4) from intestinal loops measured over 1/2 h remained at preweaning levels (10-12% of total activity added to the loop) for at least 1 wk after weaning in the lead-exposed rats, whereas in control animals iron absorption fell to adult levels (3-4%) at weaning. Spleen weight was significantly elevated in lead-exposed rats compared with control rats at all ages beyond d 14. However, spleen iron content (micrograms of Fe per gram of tissue) was not significantly elevated in the lead-exposed group before d 42. The results indicate that exposure to lead does not reduce iron absorption from the intestinal tract; thus alteration of intestinal iron absorption does not contribute to lead-induced anemia. Indeed, lead-exposed rats demonstrated increased iron uptake.", "contents": "Effect of exposure to lead on maturation of intestinal iron absorption of rats. The influence of lead on iron absorption was investigated at various stages of development in rat pups exposed to lead first through mothers' milk and later in their solid diet. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, iron absorption, and tissue iron concentration were measured on d 14, 20, 23, 29, 35, 42, and 63 after birth. Both hematocrit and hemoglobin in the lead-exposed group were significantly below control levels at all periods earlier than d 42 and 63, respectively. Absorption of iron ([59Fe]-ferrous citrate in 10(-4)M FeSO4) from intestinal loops measured over 1/2 h remained at preweaning levels (10-12% of total activity added to the loop) for at least 1 wk after weaning in the lead-exposed rats, whereas in control animals iron absorption fell to adult levels (3-4%) at weaning. Spleen weight was significantly elevated in lead-exposed rats compared with control rats at all ages beyond d 14. However, spleen iron content (micrograms of Fe per gram of tissue) was not significantly elevated in the lead-exposed group before d 42. The results indicate that exposure to lead does not reduce iron absorption from the intestinal tract; thus alteration of intestinal iron absorption does not contribute to lead-induced anemia. Indeed, lead-exposed rats demonstrated increased iron uptake.", "PMID": 682205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5272", "title": "Histopathologic effects of dietary cadmium on kidneys and testes of mallard ducks.", "content": "Mallard ducks fed 2, 20, or 200 ppm cadmium chloride were sacrificed at 30, 60, and 90 d. No mortality occured during the study and body weights remained unchanged. Kidney weights of the 200-ppm group were significantly greater after 60 and 90 d than those of controls; also, testis weights were significantly lower after 90 d. Kidneys of ducks fed 2 and 20 ppm cadmium were relatively unaffected; however, slight to severe kidney lesions were found in the 200-ppm group after 60 d of treatment. No significant lesions were found in mallard testes after feeding 2 ppm cadmium in the diet, and only a few birds in the 20-ppm group showed slight to moderate gonad alterations. After 90 d of treatment, however, testes of males fed 200 ppm had atrophied and the spermatogenic process had ceased. This study should provide important information for the interpretation of cadmium levels found in kidneys and testes of wild ducks.", "contents": "Histopathologic effects of dietary cadmium on kidneys and testes of mallard ducks. Mallard ducks fed 2, 20, or 200 ppm cadmium chloride were sacrificed at 30, 60, and 90 d. No mortality occured during the study and body weights remained unchanged. Kidney weights of the 200-ppm group were significantly greater after 60 and 90 d than those of controls; also, testis weights were significantly lower after 90 d. Kidneys of ducks fed 2 and 20 ppm cadmium were relatively unaffected; however, slight to severe kidney lesions were found in the 200-ppm group after 60 d of treatment. No significant lesions were found in mallard testes after feeding 2 ppm cadmium in the diet, and only a few birds in the 20-ppm group showed slight to moderate gonad alterations. After 90 d of treatment, however, testes of males fed 200 ppm had atrophied and the spermatogenic process had ceased. This study should provide important information for the interpretation of cadmium levels found in kidneys and testes of wild ducks.", "PMID": 682206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5273", "title": "Studies of the lymphatic drainage of dog lungs.", "content": "The lymphatic system of the lungs has proved difficult to study and characterize because it is technically complex to investigate, its properties are difficult to quantitate, and anatomically it is extraordinarily variable. This study was part of a more comprehensive effort to understand the nature of lymphatic permeation by extrinsic materials (e.g., dusts) arising from alveolar deposition, and had three main objectives; (1) to develop a reliable surgical approach for the collection of lymph from the right duct; (2) to investigate some of the inconsistencies in lymphatic structure and function, especially the relationship of the right lymph duct (RLD) and thoracic lymph duct (TLD) outflows to the pulmonic lymph; and (3) to begin a systematic investigation of lymphatic uptake of administered materials by varying their physicochemical parameters. Ultimately, we utilized a modification of the surgical approach of Meyer, which we believe is less prone to blood contamination than the venous-sac procedure of Leeds and Uhley and provides purer pulmonic lymph. By this means we obtained average RLD flow rates of 4.5 ml/h or 0.35 ml/h . kg body weight in 24 dogs, which are comparable to those in the recent literature. For demarcation of the pulmonic drainage in relation to the RLD and TLD, we found in 13 dogs that 75% or more of the lung lymph returned to the venous circulation through the RLD, wheras less than 3% of the thoracic lymph entered the RLD. Radioactive tracers were administered by intralymphatic, intrabronchial, inhalation, and intravenous routes to obtain these findings and the uptake data. Lymphatic uptake values for iron, cadmium, and lead were obtained principally after intrabronchial administration. The uptake data, while preliminary, indicate that both the chemical species and their physical states are important in affecting alveolar permeation into the pulmonic lymph. Evidence for varying lymphatic roles in the alveolar retention of these heavy metals is also presented.", "contents": "Studies of the lymphatic drainage of dog lungs. The lymphatic system of the lungs has proved difficult to study and characterize because it is technically complex to investigate, its properties are difficult to quantitate, and anatomically it is extraordinarily variable. This study was part of a more comprehensive effort to understand the nature of lymphatic permeation by extrinsic materials (e.g., dusts) arising from alveolar deposition, and had three main objectives; (1) to develop a reliable surgical approach for the collection of lymph from the right duct; (2) to investigate some of the inconsistencies in lymphatic structure and function, especially the relationship of the right lymph duct (RLD) and thoracic lymph duct (TLD) outflows to the pulmonic lymph; and (3) to begin a systematic investigation of lymphatic uptake of administered materials by varying their physicochemical parameters. Ultimately, we utilized a modification of the surgical approach of Meyer, which we believe is less prone to blood contamination than the venous-sac procedure of Leeds and Uhley and provides purer pulmonic lymph. By this means we obtained average RLD flow rates of 4.5 ml/h or 0.35 ml/h . kg body weight in 24 dogs, which are comparable to those in the recent literature. For demarcation of the pulmonic drainage in relation to the RLD and TLD, we found in 13 dogs that 75% or more of the lung lymph returned to the venous circulation through the RLD, wheras less than 3% of the thoracic lymph entered the RLD. Radioactive tracers were administered by intralymphatic, intrabronchial, inhalation, and intravenous routes to obtain these findings and the uptake data. Lymphatic uptake values for iron, cadmium, and lead were obtained principally after intrabronchial administration. The uptake data, while preliminary, indicate that both the chemical species and their physical states are important in affecting alveolar permeation into the pulmonic lymph. Evidence for varying lymphatic roles in the alveolar retention of these heavy metals is also presented.", "PMID": 682208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5274", "title": "Effects of atropine and methacholine on deposition and clearance of inhaled particles in the donkey.", "content": "The influence of sympathetic and parasympathetic controls on regional particle deposition and mucociliary clearance rates was studied in the donkey in vivo. The deposition and clearance characteristics for gamma-tagged monodisperse ferric oxide microspheres were determined for inhalation tests after atropine and methacholine injections and were compared with the characteristics determined for control tests with the same animals and aerosols. Additional tests were performed in which methacholine was injected immediately after the test aerosol inhalation and 2 1/2 h before the particle inhalation. Particle deposition is shifted distally by atropine. Methacholine produces a proximal shift initially and a distal shift 2 1/2 h later. Atropine slows mucociliary transport. Methacholine produces an acceleration in bronchial clearance initially but causes a reduced rate of clearance 2 1/2 h later. Atropine slows mucociliary transport. Methacholine produces an acceleration in bronchial clearance initially but causes a reduced rate of clearance 2 1/2 h later. It also produces an initial surge in tracheal transport, which frequently leads to tracheal mucus refluxing and thereby an increase in average tracheal residence time. The drugs were used to modify the normal deposition and clearance characteristics of a particular animal so that they resembled the normal characteristics of a different animal, suggesting that much of the large intersubject variability may be attributable to different levels of autonomic tone.", "contents": "Effects of atropine and methacholine on deposition and clearance of inhaled particles in the donkey. The influence of sympathetic and parasympathetic controls on regional particle deposition and mucociliary clearance rates was studied in the donkey in vivo. The deposition and clearance characteristics for gamma-tagged monodisperse ferric oxide microspheres were determined for inhalation tests after atropine and methacholine injections and were compared with the characteristics determined for control tests with the same animals and aerosols. Additional tests were performed in which methacholine was injected immediately after the test aerosol inhalation and 2 1/2 h before the particle inhalation. Particle deposition is shifted distally by atropine. Methacholine produces a proximal shift initially and a distal shift 2 1/2 h later. Atropine slows mucociliary transport. Methacholine produces an acceleration in bronchial clearance initially but causes a reduced rate of clearance 2 1/2 h later. Atropine slows mucociliary transport. Methacholine produces an acceleration in bronchial clearance initially but causes a reduced rate of clearance 2 1/2 h later. It also produces an initial surge in tracheal transport, which frequently leads to tracheal mucus refluxing and thereby an increase in average tracheal residence time. The drugs were used to modify the normal deposition and clearance characteristics of a particular animal so that they resembled the normal characteristics of a different animal, suggesting that much of the large intersubject variability may be attributable to different levels of autonomic tone.", "PMID": 682209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5275", "title": "Hematotoxicity of inhaled benzene to Sprague-Dawley rats and AKR mice at 300 ppm.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats and AKR/J mice were exposed to 300 ppm benzene vapor for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for life. Rats exhibited lymphocytopenia, mild anemia, and moderately decreased survival. Mice showed severe lymphocytopenia and anemia accompanied by granulocytosis and reticulocytosis. Treated mice also showed significantly decreased survival and weight gain. No indications of a leukemic or preleukemic response were observed in either species.", "contents": "Hematotoxicity of inhaled benzene to Sprague-Dawley rats and AKR mice at 300 ppm. Sprague-Dawley rats and AKR/J mice were exposed to 300 ppm benzene vapor for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for life. Rats exhibited lymphocytopenia, mild anemia, and moderately decreased survival. Mice showed severe lymphocytopenia and anemia accompanied by granulocytosis and reticulocytosis. Treated mice also showed significantly decreased survival and weight gain. No indications of a leukemic or preleukemic response were observed in either species.", "PMID": 682210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5276", "title": "Respiratory response to iodine vapor alone and with sodium chloride aerosol.", "content": "Respiratory function measurements in guinea pigs were used to evaluate the irritant response to 1-h exposures to iodine vapor and the effect of 10 mg/m(3) submicrometer sodium chloride aerosol on this response. Iodine alone at 0.5 ppm produced no detectable response. Concentrations of 3-4 ppm increased resistance and decreased frequency and minute volume. The response appeared to be upper respiratory. At 7 ppm there was also a decrease in compliance, suggesting pulmonary effects. The response was potentiated by the sodium chloride aerosol. Increased resistance and decreased compliance and frequency were observed at 0.4 ppm. The changes at concentrations of 1-2 ppm were greater when the aerosol was present and included a decrease in compliance. The comparative effects of the sodium chloride aerosol on iodine, sulfur dioxide, and formaldehyde are discussed.", "contents": "Respiratory response to iodine vapor alone and with sodium chloride aerosol. Respiratory function measurements in guinea pigs were used to evaluate the irritant response to 1-h exposures to iodine vapor and the effect of 10 mg/m(3) submicrometer sodium chloride aerosol on this response. Iodine alone at 0.5 ppm produced no detectable response. Concentrations of 3-4 ppm increased resistance and decreased frequency and minute volume. The response appeared to be upper respiratory. At 7 ppm there was also a decrease in compliance, suggesting pulmonary effects. The response was potentiated by the sodium chloride aerosol. Increased resistance and decreased compliance and frequency were observed at 0.4 ppm. The changes at concentrations of 1-2 ppm were greater when the aerosol was present and included a decrease in compliance. The comparative effects of the sodium chloride aerosol on iodine, sulfur dioxide, and formaldehyde are discussed.", "PMID": 682211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5277", "title": "Methodology of the study of carcinogens in human populations.", "content": "Epidemiology, including occupational tumors and other groups at risk; experimental studies; and physiochemical methods of evaluation of environmental carcinogens form the basis of cancer prevention. Hygienic measures of limitation (maximum allowable concentrations) are also discussed.", "contents": "Methodology of the study of carcinogens in human populations. Epidemiology, including occupational tumors and other groups at risk; experimental studies; and physiochemical methods of evaluation of environmental carcinogens form the basis of cancer prevention. Hygienic measures of limitation (maximum allowable concentrations) are also discussed.", "PMID": 682213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5278", "title": "Induction of pulmonary carcinoma in rats by chronic inhalation of dust from pulverized asbestos pipe covering.", "content": "Rats and hamsters were exposed to the dust of pulverized asbestos pipe covering at an average concentration of 85 mg/m(3) for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 7 mo, followed by a lifetime observation period. In rats, the pulmonary responses were alveolar adenomatous proliferation, nonprogressive fibrosis, squamous metaplasia, and a substantial incidence of pulmonary carcinoma formation. A smaller group of hamsters exposed under these conditions experienced an earlier onset of mortality than control hamsters, which were not subjected to the exposure regimen. Although this prevented conclusive evaluation of the pulmonary response in this species, no pulmonary neoplasms were noted in the surviving hamsters.", "contents": "Induction of pulmonary carcinoma in rats by chronic inhalation of dust from pulverized asbestos pipe covering. Rats and hamsters were exposed to the dust of pulverized asbestos pipe covering at an average concentration of 85 mg/m(3) for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 7 mo, followed by a lifetime observation period. In rats, the pulmonary responses were alveolar adenomatous proliferation, nonprogressive fibrosis, squamous metaplasia, and a substantial incidence of pulmonary carcinoma formation. A smaller group of hamsters exposed under these conditions experienced an earlier onset of mortality than control hamsters, which were not subjected to the exposure regimen. Although this prevented conclusive evaluation of the pulmonary response in this species, no pulmonary neoplasms were noted in the surviving hamsters.", "PMID": 682214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5279", "title": "The Laskin aerosol generator.", "content": "This paper describes construction details and operating characteristics of a nebulizer developed by Sidney Laskin and used over a period of 30 yr in various laboratories to generate respirable aerosols for whole-animal inhalation exposure studies. Under the proper operating conditions, the device is capable of producing nearly monodisperse aerosols in the respirable size range (1.5 micron volume median diameter with a geometric standard deviation of 1.1) for long periods of time", "contents": "The Laskin aerosol generator. This paper describes construction details and operating characteristics of a nebulizer developed by Sidney Laskin and used over a period of 30 yr in various laboratories to generate respirable aerosols for whole-animal inhalation exposure studies. Under the proper operating conditions, the device is capable of producing nearly monodisperse aerosols in the respirable size range (1.5 micron volume median diameter with a geometric standard deviation of 1.1) for long periods of time", "PMID": 682215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5280", "title": "Effects of DDT on stable laboratory mouse populations.", "content": "Four stable laboratory mouse populations were established; each contained approximately 400 mice of both sexes and all ages postweaning living in a single cage, as well as neonates caged in separate nesting boxes with their dams. Two were used to determine the effects of continuous exposure to a dietary level of 100 ppm DDT while the other two served as controls. The results indicated a significant decrease (p less than or equal to 0.05) in neonatal survival (lactation index) within 20 wk after the beginning of exposure to the toxicant in one of the exposed populations and by 30 wk in the other. This deleterious effect of the DDT continued through each succeeding generation. On the other hand, improved postweaning survival in DDT-fed mice was noted. Histological examination showed no tumors in test or control animals; other pathology was seen more frequently in control than in test animals.", "contents": "Effects of DDT on stable laboratory mouse populations. Four stable laboratory mouse populations were established; each contained approximately 400 mice of both sexes and all ages postweaning living in a single cage, as well as neonates caged in separate nesting boxes with their dams. Two were used to determine the effects of continuous exposure to a dietary level of 100 ppm DDT while the other two served as controls. The results indicated a significant decrease (p less than or equal to 0.05) in neonatal survival (lactation index) within 20 wk after the beginning of exposure to the toxicant in one of the exposed populations and by 30 wk in the other. This deleterious effect of the DDT continued through each succeeding generation. On the other hand, improved postweaning survival in DDT-fed mice was noted. Histological examination showed no tumors in test or control animals; other pathology was seen more frequently in control than in test animals.", "PMID": 682216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5281", "title": "Head injury watch sheet modified for a digital scale.", "content": "A zero to 100 digital scoring system for brain injury has been devised. Items scored are vital signs, ability to speak and follow commands, or when unable to do so, a nonverbal response to pain, pupillary reactivity and equality, eyelid opening, and extremity strength. Certain parameters are weighted more heavily than others. The system also allows the examiner to modify serial scores by up to four points in a positive or negative direction based on clinical judgment of improvement or worsening. Over 100 adult patients have been scored, and when evaluated simultaneously by two physicians, the two objective scores usually are within 1 to 3 points of each other and the subjective score varies less. It is possible to express the clinical course of brain-injured patients numerically. Those with an initial score of 25 or less have an extremely poor prognosis and those with 75 or more do very well.", "contents": "Head injury watch sheet modified for a digital scale. A zero to 100 digital scoring system for brain injury has been devised. Items scored are vital signs, ability to speak and follow commands, or when unable to do so, a nonverbal response to pain, pupillary reactivity and equality, eyelid opening, and extremity strength. Certain parameters are weighted more heavily than others. The system also allows the examiner to modify serial scores by up to four points in a positive or negative direction based on clinical judgment of improvement or worsening. Over 100 adult patients have been scored, and when evaluated simultaneously by two physicians, the two objective scores usually are within 1 to 3 points of each other and the subjective score varies less. It is possible to express the clinical course of brain-injured patients numerically. Those with an initial score of 25 or less have an extremely poor prognosis and those with 75 or more do very well.", "PMID": 682219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5282", "title": "Off-road vehicle accidents: a new spectrum of trauma.", "content": "A survey of off-road vehicle accident injuries indicates a significant incidence of trauma: means of 931 serious injuries and 15 fatalities/year were reported for a three-county region of Southern California. A representative 78-bed community hospital in the desert region saw 542 patients with injuries related to off-road vehicle accidents over 3 years. Characteristic injuries often could be related to the type of accident and vehicle involved. A survey of off-road vehicle enthusiasts showed that 21% had had an accident resulting in injury. Driver immaturity, poor judgment and alcohol were identified as causative factors. Future planning must include attention to the sports enthusiast and medical services planning as well as an appreciation of the characteristic injuries resulting from this sport.", "contents": "Off-road vehicle accidents: a new spectrum of trauma. A survey of off-road vehicle accident injuries indicates a significant incidence of trauma: means of 931 serious injuries and 15 fatalities/year were reported for a three-county region of Southern California. A representative 78-bed community hospital in the desert region saw 542 patients with injuries related to off-road vehicle accidents over 3 years. Characteristic injuries often could be related to the type of accident and vehicle involved. A survey of off-road vehicle enthusiasts showed that 21% had had an accident resulting in injury. Driver immaturity, poor judgment and alcohol were identified as causative factors. Future planning must include attention to the sports enthusiast and medical services planning as well as an appreciation of the characteristic injuries resulting from this sport.", "PMID": 682220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5283", "title": "Rollover injuries of the upper extremity.", "content": "Eleven patients were treated for rollover injuries of the upper extremities from 1971 to 1976 resulting from the rollover accidents of off-road vehicles in rough terrain. Injuries to the volar surfaces of the extremity were most common, but injury to the extensor surfaces seemed to be more severe. Soft-tissue injuries predominated as did injury to the nondominant hand. The majority of patients returned to their original jobs after sometimes prolonged recovery and rehabilitation. A redesign of the rollover cage with interior hand holds could reduce the frequency and severity of these novel injuries.", "contents": "Rollover injuries of the upper extremity. Eleven patients were treated for rollover injuries of the upper extremities from 1971 to 1976 resulting from the rollover accidents of off-road vehicles in rough terrain. Injuries to the volar surfaces of the extremity were most common, but injury to the extensor surfaces seemed to be more severe. Soft-tissue injuries predominated as did injury to the nondominant hand. The majority of patients returned to their original jobs after sometimes prolonged recovery and rehabilitation. A redesign of the rollover cage with interior hand holds could reduce the frequency and severity of these novel injuries.", "PMID": 682221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5284", "title": "Urinothorax following blunt trauma to the kidney.", "content": "A case of urinothorax is reported in a 19-year-old girl with multiple injuries sustained in an auto accident. Thus blung injury to the right kidney was followed 8 days later by reduced urinary output and serous chest tube drainage. Intravenous dye injection showed dye in urine and in chest tube fluid, and the macerated right kidney was removed. The right pleural effusion then cleared with further drainage. The mechanism by which urine is transferred across the intact diaphragm is thought to be lymphatic drainage.", "contents": "Urinothorax following blunt trauma to the kidney. A case of urinothorax is reported in a 19-year-old girl with multiple injuries sustained in an auto accident. Thus blung injury to the right kidney was followed 8 days later by reduced urinary output and serous chest tube drainage. Intravenous dye injection showed dye in urine and in chest tube fluid, and the macerated right kidney was removed. The right pleural effusion then cleared with further drainage. The mechanism by which urine is transferred across the intact diaphragm is thought to be lymphatic drainage.", "PMID": 682222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5285", "title": "The Andy Gump fracture of the mandible: a cause of respiratory obstruction or distress.", "content": "Bilateral body fractures of the elderly edentulous atrophic mandible can cause a characteristic facial deformity and prolapse of the tongue into the pharynx, obstructing the airway (3). Early clinical and radiographic diagnosis of this injury is important. Stabilization of the fracture fragments restores the bony support for the tongue and helps establish patency of the airway.", "contents": "The Andy Gump fracture of the mandible: a cause of respiratory obstruction or distress. Bilateral body fractures of the elderly edentulous atrophic mandible can cause a characteristic facial deformity and prolapse of the tongue into the pharynx, obstructing the airway (3). Early clinical and radiographic diagnosis of this injury is important. Stabilization of the fracture fragments restores the bony support for the tongue and helps establish patency of the airway.", "PMID": 682223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5286", "title": "Intrarenal arteriovenous fistulas: transcatheter steel coil occlusion.", "content": "Intrarenal arteriovenous fistulas are either congenital (cirsoid), acquired or idiopathic. Transcatheter occlusion of these fistulas was accomplished using the Gianturco stainless steel coil. The anatomical configuration of the feeding and draining vessels dictated the technical approach. There was considerable conservation of renal tissue as the result of this non-surgical therapeutic alternative.", "contents": "Intrarenal arteriovenous fistulas: transcatheter steel coil occlusion. Intrarenal arteriovenous fistulas are either congenital (cirsoid), acquired or idiopathic. Transcatheter occlusion of these fistulas was accomplished using the Gianturco stainless steel coil. The anatomical configuration of the feeding and draining vessels dictated the technical approach. There was considerable conservation of renal tissue as the result of this non-surgical therapeutic alternative.", "PMID": 682242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5287", "title": "Treatment of pyonephrosis: a comparative study.", "content": "Our study is a comparison of treatments used for 97 patients with pyonephrosis. The patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) cases in which a primary nephrectomy was done, 2) cases in which nephrectomy was secondary to drainage through a nephrostomy and 3) cases in which nephrectomy was secondary to drainage through a translumbar percutaneous puncture with an Ingram catheter indwelling. Patients in whom nephrostomy and puncture were used had the highest percentage of complications, while primary nephrectomy produced the best results. Therefore, we believe that primary nephrectomy is the procedure of choice, using drainage through a puncture only when the general status of the patient does not permit primary nephrectomy.", "contents": "Treatment of pyonephrosis: a comparative study. Our study is a comparison of treatments used for 97 patients with pyonephrosis. The patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) cases in which a primary nephrectomy was done, 2) cases in which nephrectomy was secondary to drainage through a nephrostomy and 3) cases in which nephrectomy was secondary to drainage through a translumbar percutaneous puncture with an Ingram catheter indwelling. Patients in whom nephrostomy and puncture were used had the highest percentage of complications, while primary nephrectomy produced the best results. Therefore, we believe that primary nephrectomy is the procedure of choice, using drainage through a puncture only when the general status of the patient does not permit primary nephrectomy.", "PMID": 682243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5288", "title": "Non-efflux as a factor in vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "A prospective study was begun to determine the role of non-efflux as a factor in the etiology of vesicoureteral reflux. Fifteen patients who had had 1 kidney removed for reasons other than reflux were available for study. Voiding cystourethrograms were done in all 15 cases to ascertain whether the remaining defunctionalized ureter was subject to reflux. In no instance was reflux demonstrated into the non-effluxing ureter.", "contents": "Non-efflux as a factor in vesicoureteral reflux. A prospective study was begun to determine the role of non-efflux as a factor in the etiology of vesicoureteral reflux. Fifteen patients who had had 1 kidney removed for reasons other than reflux were available for study. Voiding cystourethrograms were done in all 15 cases to ascertain whether the remaining defunctionalized ureter was subject to reflux. In no instance was reflux demonstrated into the non-effluxing ureter.", "PMID": 682244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5289", "title": "Rheumatoid factor in bladder tumors.", "content": "We used the standard latex fixation test to screen 71 patients with bladder tumors and appropriate controls for the rheumatoid factor. The rheumatoid factor was present in transitional and squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Positivity was correlated with staging and histological grading of the tumor. In control subjects it was present in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and anal canal. The possibility of the circulating immune complex with tumor antigen and its antibody has been discussed.", "contents": "Rheumatoid factor in bladder tumors. We used the standard latex fixation test to screen 71 patients with bladder tumors and appropriate controls for the rheumatoid factor. The rheumatoid factor was present in transitional and squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Positivity was correlated with staging and histological grading of the tumor. In control subjects it was present in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and anal canal. The possibility of the circulating immune complex with tumor antigen and its antibody has been discussed.", "PMID": 682245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5290", "title": "Management of the urethra in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma.", "content": "Computerized data on 174 male patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma were studied in relationship to the incidence of urethral involvement. Simultaneous or delayed urethrectomies were done on 32 patients, 7 of whom had overt urethral carcinoma (4 per cent of the total number of male patients) and 10 of whom had carcinoma in situ (5.7 per cent of the total number of male patients). The low incidence of these 2 phenomena leads us to the conclusion that routine urethrectomy need not be done on patients undergoing radical cystectomy unless overt urethral carcinoma or positive margins are found at cystectomy. We believe that the use of urethral cytologies is crucial to the routine followup of patients who have undergone radical cystectomy for bladder cancer and should be combined with clinical followup to establish the indication for urethrectomy.", "contents": "Management of the urethra in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma. Computerized data on 174 male patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma were studied in relationship to the incidence of urethral involvement. Simultaneous or delayed urethrectomies were done on 32 patients, 7 of whom had overt urethral carcinoma (4 per cent of the total number of male patients) and 10 of whom had carcinoma in situ (5.7 per cent of the total number of male patients). The low incidence of these 2 phenomena leads us to the conclusion that routine urethrectomy need not be done on patients undergoing radical cystectomy unless overt urethral carcinoma or positive margins are found at cystectomy. We believe that the use of urethral cytologies is crucial to the routine followup of patients who have undergone radical cystectomy for bladder cancer and should be combined with clinical followup to establish the indication for urethrectomy.", "PMID": 682246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5291", "title": "Biopsy and clinical course after cryosurgery for prostatic cancer.", "content": "Open perineal cryosurgical prostatectomy has been reported previously in 154 consecutive prostatic cancer patients at our center. In 37 of these patients post-cryosurgery biopsies of the prostate were obtained. In the present report we compare this tissue to the preoperative biopsies. The data suggest that well differentiated cancers are associated with advantageous survival in cryosurgery patients. Lymphoid and eosinophilic cell infiltrates may represent post-cryosurgical local immune responses, with improved survival. Estrogen therapy seems to suppress this local immune response. One month or more after cryosurgery cancer in the biopsy correlates with palpable local recurrence but prior to 1 month it does not correlate. Cryosurgery by the open perineal approach has been an effective method to eliminate the primary lesion in localized and extensive prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Biopsy and clinical course after cryosurgery for prostatic cancer. Open perineal cryosurgical prostatectomy has been reported previously in 154 consecutive prostatic cancer patients at our center. In 37 of these patients post-cryosurgery biopsies of the prostate were obtained. In the present report we compare this tissue to the preoperative biopsies. The data suggest that well differentiated cancers are associated with advantageous survival in cryosurgery patients. Lymphoid and eosinophilic cell infiltrates may represent post-cryosurgical local immune responses, with improved survival. Estrogen therapy seems to suppress this local immune response. One month or more after cryosurgery cancer in the biopsy correlates with palpable local recurrence but prior to 1 month it does not correlate. Cryosurgery by the open perineal approach has been an effective method to eliminate the primary lesion in localized and extensive prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 682248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5292", "title": "Ultrasonically guided antegrade pyelography.", "content": "Guided by ultrasound percutaneous antegrade pyelography can be accomplished with great ease in patients with obstructive hydronephrosis. The exact location and the depth of the dilated renal pelvis can be determined accurately with the use of ultrasound and the procedure is similar to that of a cyst puncture. Antegrade pyelography provides significant diagnostic information on the nature of the obstructive lesion and can be performed as an adjunct to a retrograde study or as an alternative to a retrograde pyelogram. Ultrasound is considered a most advantageous aid to the performance of antegrade pyelography.", "contents": "Ultrasonically guided antegrade pyelography. Guided by ultrasound percutaneous antegrade pyelography can be accomplished with great ease in patients with obstructive hydronephrosis. The exact location and the depth of the dilated renal pelvis can be determined accurately with the use of ultrasound and the procedure is similar to that of a cyst puncture. Antegrade pyelography provides significant diagnostic information on the nature of the obstructive lesion and can be performed as an adjunct to a retrograde study or as an alternative to a retrograde pyelogram. Ultrasound is considered a most advantageous aid to the performance of antegrade pyelography.", "PMID": 682249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5293", "title": "The anticholinergic effects of dicyclomine hydrochloride in uninhibited neurogenic bladder dysfunction.", "content": "A preliminary study to assess objectively the effects of dicyclomine upon uncontrolled detrusor contractions and bladder capacity was undertaken in 14 patients with a cystometric diagnosis of uninhibited neurogenic bladder. Response was measured by cystometry performed 1, 2 and 4 hours after a 20 mg. oral dose. Of the 14 patients 11 had significant blockade of uninhibited contractions and a concomitant increase in bladder capacity. Similar but less dramatic changes were noted in the remaining 3 patients. Dicyclomine seems to have effective anticholinergic properties. No remarkable side effects were observed.", "contents": "The anticholinergic effects of dicyclomine hydrochloride in uninhibited neurogenic bladder dysfunction. A preliminary study to assess objectively the effects of dicyclomine upon uncontrolled detrusor contractions and bladder capacity was undertaken in 14 patients with a cystometric diagnosis of uninhibited neurogenic bladder. Response was measured by cystometry performed 1, 2 and 4 hours after a 20 mg. oral dose. Of the 14 patients 11 had significant blockade of uninhibited contractions and a concomitant increase in bladder capacity. Similar but less dramatic changes were noted in the remaining 3 patients. Dicyclomine seems to have effective anticholinergic properties. No remarkable side effects were observed.", "PMID": 682250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5294", "title": "Results of ureteral reimplantation in patients with intrarenal reflux.", "content": "Intrarenal reflux was diagnosed in 6 male and 3 female children between 3 weeks and 11 years old, with 13 kidneys affected. One kidney was removed and 12 were managed successfully by antireflux ureteral reimplantation. Followup examination showed satisfactory growth of 10 of the 12 kidneys with intrarenal reflux.", "contents": "Results of ureteral reimplantation in patients with intrarenal reflux. Intrarenal reflux was diagnosed in 6 male and 3 female children between 3 weeks and 11 years old, with 13 kidneys affected. One kidney was removed and 12 were managed successfully by antireflux ureteral reimplantation. Followup examination showed satisfactory growth of 10 of the 12 kidneys with intrarenal reflux.", "PMID": 682251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5295", "title": "Non-operative treatment of vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "Varying degrees of vesicoureteral reflux in 193 ureters were followed conservatively. Prediction of in which ureters reflux would stop could not be made from an evaluation of the configuration and position of the orifice, the presence or absence of infection, the grade of the reflux or the age of the patient. The management of such patients is discussed.", "contents": "Non-operative treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. Varying degrees of vesicoureteral reflux in 193 ureters were followed conservatively. Prediction of in which ureters reflux would stop could not be made from an evaluation of the configuration and position of the orifice, the presence or absence of infection, the grade of the reflux or the age of the patient. The management of such patients is discussed.", "PMID": 682252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5296", "title": "In vivo trigonal measurements and their relationship to competence of the ureterovesical junction.", "content": "In vivo measurements of the trigone were obtained in 73 children undergoing cystourethroscopy for evaluation of urinary tract infection with and without associated vesicoureteral reflux. These data revealed greater mobility or distensibility of the trigone in children with reflux. In addition, those children with large trigones had shorter submucosal tunnels. Bladder capacity was not statistically different between the 2 groups.", "contents": "In vivo trigonal measurements and their relationship to competence of the ureterovesical junction. In vivo measurements of the trigone were obtained in 73 children undergoing cystourethroscopy for evaluation of urinary tract infection with and without associated vesicoureteral reflux. These data revealed greater mobility or distensibility of the trigone in children with reflux. In addition, those children with large trigones had shorter submucosal tunnels. Bladder capacity was not statistically different between the 2 groups.", "PMID": 682253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5297", "title": "Localization of pheochromocytoma by computerized axial tomography.", "content": "A hypovascular pheochromocytoma not visualized by nephrotomography or arteriography but demonstrated successfully by computerized axial tomography is described. We propose that this non-invasive test be used alone or in conjunction with other modalities to assist in the localization of this elusive and potentially fatal tumor.", "contents": "Localization of pheochromocytoma by computerized axial tomography. A hypovascular pheochromocytoma not visualized by nephrotomography or arteriography but demonstrated successfully by computerized axial tomography is described. We propose that this non-invasive test be used alone or in conjunction with other modalities to assist in the localization of this elusive and potentially fatal tumor.", "PMID": 682255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5298", "title": "Pheochromocytoma presenting as middeldorpf tumor: case report.", "content": "Pheochromocytoma is a tumor that characteristically arises in the adrenal medulla. Extra-adrenal tumors make up approximately 10 per cent of all pheochromocytomas, with those occurring in the organ of Zuckerkandl being the most common. Others may occur anywhere along the sympathetic chain, including a number of reported cases in the bladder. A case is reported in which the tumor occurred deep in the presacral pelvic area, retroperitoneal and retrorectal, a so-called Middeldorpf tumor. Its rare presentation and technical demand of its removal underscore the importance of preoperative and intraoperative medical and pharmacologic management.", "contents": "Pheochromocytoma presenting as middeldorpf tumor: case report. Pheochromocytoma is a tumor that characteristically arises in the adrenal medulla. Extra-adrenal tumors make up approximately 10 per cent of all pheochromocytomas, with those occurring in the organ of Zuckerkandl being the most common. Others may occur anywhere along the sympathetic chain, including a number of reported cases in the bladder. A case is reported in which the tumor occurred deep in the presacral pelvic area, retroperitoneal and retrorectal, a so-called Middeldorpf tumor. Its rare presentation and technical demand of its removal underscore the importance of preoperative and intraoperative medical and pharmacologic management.", "PMID": 682256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5299", "title": "Ureteropelvic junction obstruction: its occurrence in 3 members of a single family.", "content": "A mother and 2 children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction are described. This is the eighth instance of familial hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction. In this family 10 months elapsed between the diagnosis in the first sister and the realization that an obstruction also was present in the sibling. With the recognition that ureteropelvic junction obstruction can be familial it is hoped that earlier, possibly correctable cases will be found. An autosomal dominant form of inheritance with variable penetrance is suggested in this family.", "contents": "Ureteropelvic junction obstruction: its occurrence in 3 members of a single family. A mother and 2 children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction are described. This is the eighth instance of familial hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction. In this family 10 months elapsed between the diagnosis in the first sister and the realization that an obstruction also was present in the sibling. With the recognition that ureteropelvic junction obstruction can be familial it is hoped that earlier, possibly correctable cases will be found. An autosomal dominant form of inheritance with variable penetrance is suggested in this family.", "PMID": 682259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5300", "title": "Ureteral rupture and bone scintigraphy.", "content": "The scintigraphic findings are described of upper ureteral rupture seen incidentally on bone scan in a 30-year-old patient after retrograde pyelography. This case is presented to alert physicians to look for non-osseous abnormalities on the bone scan.", "contents": "Ureteral rupture and bone scintigraphy. The scintigraphic findings are described of upper ureteral rupture seen incidentally on bone scan in a 30-year-old patient after retrograde pyelography. This case is presented to alert physicians to look for non-osseous abnormalities on the bone scan.", "PMID": 682260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5301", "title": "Prolapsing single orthotopic ureterocele in a boy: case report.", "content": "Single orthotopic ureteroceles are uncommon in childhood. A recent case of such a ureterocele causing obstructive symptomatology is presented. A similar case has not been specifically reported previously.", "contents": "Prolapsing single orthotopic ureterocele in a boy: case report. Single orthotopic ureteroceles are uncommon in childhood. A recent case of such a ureterocele causing obstructive symptomatology is presented. A similar case has not been specifically reported previously.", "PMID": 682261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5302", "title": "High grade invasive ureteral transitional cell carcinoma with a congenital solitary kidney: long-term survival after ureterectomy and radiation therapy.", "content": "The circumstances surrounding the treatment of a primary high grade invasive transitional cell carcinoma occurring in the ureter of a solitary kidney indicate that the combination of surgery and radiation therapy occasionally may be markedly effective for controlling this generally lethal disease.", "contents": "High grade invasive ureteral transitional cell carcinoma with a congenital solitary kidney: long-term survival after ureterectomy and radiation therapy. The circumstances surrounding the treatment of a primary high grade invasive transitional cell carcinoma occurring in the ureter of a solitary kidney indicate that the combination of surgery and radiation therapy occasionally may be markedly effective for controlling this generally lethal disease.", "PMID": 682262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5303", "title": "Arteriovesical fistula after ureterolithotomy: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case is reported of massive recurrent hematuria after ureterolithotomy caused by a fistula between a branch of the hypogastric artery and the bladder.", "contents": "Arteriovesical fistula after ureterolithotomy: a case report and review of the literature. A case is reported of massive recurrent hematuria after ureterolithotomy caused by a fistula between a branch of the hypogastric artery and the bladder.", "PMID": 682263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5304", "title": "An unusual solution to complicated prostatic urethral stricture: modified pull-through urethroplasty-urethroneocystostomy.", "content": "A modified transpubic pull-through procedure was used in a failed Solovov-Badenoch pull-through repair of a traumatic prostatomembranous urethral stricture. The modification consisted of an incision of the intracrural septum through which the mobilized bulbous urethra was then passed and anastomosed to the most available dependent portion of the anterior bladder wall. The outcome was an unexpectedly good result that has persisted for more than 30 months. A review of the literature revealed no absolutely similar procedure.", "contents": "An unusual solution to complicated prostatic urethral stricture: modified pull-through urethroplasty-urethroneocystostomy. A modified transpubic pull-through procedure was used in a failed Solovov-Badenoch pull-through repair of a traumatic prostatomembranous urethral stricture. The modification consisted of an incision of the intracrural septum through which the mobilized bulbous urethra was then passed and anastomosed to the most available dependent portion of the anterior bladder wall. The outcome was an unexpectedly good result that has persisted for more than 30 months. A review of the literature revealed no absolutely similar procedure.", "PMID": 682265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5305", "title": "Idiopathic priapism in the newborn.", "content": "Priapism in children usually results directly or indirectly from an underlying cause. Secondary priapism is extremely rare in neonates and idiopathic priapism has not been described previously.", "contents": "Idiopathic priapism in the newborn. Priapism in children usually results directly or indirectly from an underlying cause. Secondary priapism is extremely rare in neonates and idiopathic priapism has not been described previously.", "PMID": 682266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5306", "title": "Chylous ascites complicating retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testis tumors: management with peritoneovenous shunting.", "content": "Two cases of chylous ascites secondary to lymph node dissection for testicular tumors are reported. Non-surgical management failed to control the ascites in either patient. The use of the LeVeen shunt promptly and permanently controlled the ascites in 1 patient.", "contents": "Chylous ascites complicating retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testis tumors: management with peritoneovenous shunting. Two cases of chylous ascites secondary to lymph node dissection for testicular tumors are reported. Non-surgical management failed to control the ascites in either patient. The use of the LeVeen shunt promptly and permanently controlled the ascites in 1 patient.", "PMID": 682267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5307", "title": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the prostate: report of a case.", "content": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the prostate is a rare but distinctive variant of prostatic adenocarcinoma. A case report is presented and the pathology, differential diagnosis and treatment modalities are discussed.", "contents": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the prostate: report of a case. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the prostate is a rare but distinctive variant of prostatic adenocarcinoma. A case report is presented and the pathology, differential diagnosis and treatment modalities are discussed.", "PMID": 682268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5308", "title": "Conservative surgery for refractory sickle cell hematuria.", "content": "Two cases of recurrent hematuria from sickle cell disease are described. The technique of \"calyoscopy\" is presented, whereby the bleeding is localized, enabling a partial renal resection to be done. During a 5-year followup neither patient has had significant hematuria.", "contents": "Conservative surgery for refractory sickle cell hematuria. Two cases of recurrent hematuria from sickle cell disease are described. The technique of \"calyoscopy\" is presented, whereby the bleeding is localized, enabling a partial renal resection to be done. During a 5-year followup neither patient has had significant hematuria.", "PMID": 682269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5309", "title": "Peliosis hepatis in hematologic disease. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with hematologic disease, one of whom had received androgenic steroids, had liver damage associated with peliosis hepatis. In one patient with spherocytic hemolytic anemia, peliosis hepatis was an incidental postmortem finding. In the other patient, who was treated with androgenic-anabolic steroids for aplastic anemia, hepatic failure associated with peliosis hepatis developed. Splenic involvement by peliosis was present in both patients. Peliosis hepatis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic disease in patients with hematologic disorders, especially if treatment has included androgenic-anabolic steroids.", "contents": "Peliosis hepatis in hematologic disease. Report of two cases. Two patients with hematologic disease, one of whom had received androgenic steroids, had liver damage associated with peliosis hepatis. In one patient with spherocytic hemolytic anemia, peliosis hepatis was an incidental postmortem finding. In the other patient, who was treated with androgenic-anabolic steroids for aplastic anemia, hepatic failure associated with peliosis hepatis developed. Splenic involvement by peliosis was present in both patients. Peliosis hepatis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic disease in patients with hematologic disorders, especially if treatment has included androgenic-anabolic steroids.", "PMID": 682289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5310", "title": "Aspiration of intrathoracic abscess. Resultant acute ventilatory failure.", "content": "Three cases illustrate that acute respiratory failure may be precipitated by spontaneous drainage of lung abscess or pleural empyema intrabronchially with diffuse aspiration of the contents bilaterally. This condition is especially hazardous if the cavity is large and the patient is debilitated or obtunded. The acute onset may mimic aspiration of gastric contents. Immediate studies of tracheal aspirate and roentgenograms of the chest should define the aspiration of intrathoracic abscess contents as the cause of acute respiratory failure.", "contents": "Aspiration of intrathoracic abscess. Resultant acute ventilatory failure. Three cases illustrate that acute respiratory failure may be precipitated by spontaneous drainage of lung abscess or pleural empyema intrabronchially with diffuse aspiration of the contents bilaterally. This condition is especially hazardous if the cavity is large and the patient is debilitated or obtunded. The acute onset may mimic aspiration of gastric contents. Immediate studies of tracheal aspirate and roentgenograms of the chest should define the aspiration of intrathoracic abscess contents as the cause of acute respiratory failure.", "PMID": 682290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5311", "title": "A national study of medical and surgical specialties. II. Description of the survey instrument.", "content": "The survey instrument used in the national study of physician activities conducted by the University of Southern California, Division of Research in Medical Education, is a log-diary in which physicians kept a record of their actual professional activities. The log-diary focused on use of physician time and patient encounters and employed numerical coding of activities and patient encounters in a highly structured format. Compared with instruments used in similar studies, this log-diary appears to gather a greater breadth and depth of information about physician practice patterns.", "contents": "A national study of medical and surgical specialties. II. Description of the survey instrument. The survey instrument used in the national study of physician activities conducted by the University of Southern California, Division of Research in Medical Education, is a log-diary in which physicians kept a record of their actual professional activities. The log-diary focused on use of physician time and patient encounters and employed numerical coding of activities and patient encounters in a highly structured format. Compared with instruments used in similar studies, this log-diary appears to gather a greater breadth and depth of information about physician practice patterns.", "PMID": 682291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5312", "title": "Legionnaires' disease. Clinical findings and one-year follow-up.", "content": "The cases of six patients with Philadelphia Legionnaires' disease were studied during the acute phase and throughout the following year. This multisystems disease process developed abruptly with symptoms of chills, fever, myalgias, and headache. The unusual clinical association of fever with relative bradycardia was noted frequently. Pneumonia developed after the first few days and rapidly progressed to life-threatening respiratory failure despite penicillin and cephalosporin therapy. Improvement occurred within 48 hours after tetracycline or chloramphenicol was administered. No permament sequelae were noted on the one-year follow-up examination, and no secondary cases of infection occurred.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease. Clinical findings and one-year follow-up. The cases of six patients with Philadelphia Legionnaires' disease were studied during the acute phase and throughout the following year. This multisystems disease process developed abruptly with symptoms of chills, fever, myalgias, and headache. The unusual clinical association of fever with relative bradycardia was noted frequently. Pneumonia developed after the first few days and rapidly progressed to life-threatening respiratory failure despite penicillin and cephalosporin therapy. Improvement occurred within 48 hours after tetracycline or chloramphenicol was administered. No permament sequelae were noted on the one-year follow-up examination, and no secondary cases of infection occurred.", "PMID": 682292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5313", "title": "Aerosol beclomethasone treatment of chronic severe asthma. A one-year experience.", "content": "After one year's use of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol, 43 of 61 asthmatic patients who were originally dependent on oral corticosteroids were able to reduce and 38 to completely eliminate use of oral corticosteroids. Most patients maintained or improved their pulmonary functions. Exacerbation of rhinitis during oral corticosteroid withdrawal and emergence of nasal polyps were problems for 25 patients. Exacerbation of asthma with upper respiratory infection was an important event: 21 patients required supplemental oral corticosteroids to control asthma. Oral candidiasis occurred in only three patients.", "contents": "Aerosol beclomethasone treatment of chronic severe asthma. A one-year experience. After one year's use of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol, 43 of 61 asthmatic patients who were originally dependent on oral corticosteroids were able to reduce and 38 to completely eliminate use of oral corticosteroids. Most patients maintained or improved their pulmonary functions. Exacerbation of rhinitis during oral corticosteroid withdrawal and emergence of nasal polyps were problems for 25 patients. Exacerbation of asthma with upper respiratory infection was an important event: 21 patients required supplemental oral corticosteroids to control asthma. Oral candidiasis occurred in only three patients.", "PMID": 682308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5314", "title": "The multiproblem patient. A goal-oriented approach.", "content": "With greater accessibility of patients from lower socioeconomic backgrounds to medical care, the physician in private or clinical practice is increasingly confronted with patients whose medical problems either become quickly overshadowed by or entwined with seemingly hopeless socioeconomic or legal problems. Traditionally, these patients have sought help in charity hospitals and emergency rooms that are staffed with social workers, rehabilitation counselors, and other trained personnel who could deal with problems that were not specifically medical. As accessibility to physicians in private or clinical practice increases, the need for specific techniques in working with persons from this population becomes critical.", "contents": "The multiproblem patient. A goal-oriented approach. With greater accessibility of patients from lower socioeconomic backgrounds to medical care, the physician in private or clinical practice is increasingly confronted with patients whose medical problems either become quickly overshadowed by or entwined with seemingly hopeless socioeconomic or legal problems. Traditionally, these patients have sought help in charity hospitals and emergency rooms that are staffed with social workers, rehabilitation counselors, and other trained personnel who could deal with problems that were not specifically medical. As accessibility to physicians in private or clinical practice increases, the need for specific techniques in working with persons from this population becomes critical.", "PMID": 682309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5315", "title": "Treatment of intractable uremic pericardial effusion. Avoidance of pericardiectomy with local steroid instillation.", "content": "Forty-five patients with uremic pericardial effusion were treated with local instillation of nonabsorbable steroid through an indwelling pericardial drainage catheter and followed up from one to 54 months. In these patients previous intensive dialysis and other attempts at control of the effusions were unsuccessful. The average hospitalization for percutaneous therapy was eight days. An asymptomatic internal mammary artery fistula developed in one patient. Another had resolution of her pericardial effusion but not of associated pericardial pain. She subsequently underwent pericardiectomy (stripping), without resolution of her pain. One patient had a recurrence of her effusion six months after therapy. Complications of this technique are rare. The relatively noninvasive drainage and local instillation of a nonabsorbable steroid is almost universally effective.", "contents": "Treatment of intractable uremic pericardial effusion. Avoidance of pericardiectomy with local steroid instillation. Forty-five patients with uremic pericardial effusion were treated with local instillation of nonabsorbable steroid through an indwelling pericardial drainage catheter and followed up from one to 54 months. In these patients previous intensive dialysis and other attempts at control of the effusions were unsuccessful. The average hospitalization for percutaneous therapy was eight days. An asymptomatic internal mammary artery fistula developed in one patient. Another had resolution of her pericardial effusion but not of associated pericardial pain. She subsequently underwent pericardiectomy (stripping), without resolution of her pain. One patient had a recurrence of her effusion six months after therapy. Complications of this technique are rare. The relatively noninvasive drainage and local instillation of a nonabsorbable steroid is almost universally effective.", "PMID": 682325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5316", "title": "Screening and prevention of nutritional anemia during infancy. A prospective study of food fortification.", "content": "No important differences in hemoglobin and hematocrit values occurred among subgroups of a cohort of 295 healthy, mature infants who were fed various dietry regimens of iron-fortified products, including cereal, whole milk, and corn syrup. Among all infants between the ages of 4 and 27 months, the incidence of hematocrit readings and hemoglobin levels below 30% and 10 g/dl, respectively, was 0.6%, and below 33% and 11 g/dl, respectively, was 3.2%. Because of the low incidence of nutritional anemia after age 4 months, initial screening should be done at 1 to 4 months of age, and selectively thereafter. A formula of evaporated milk and corn syrum plus iron-fortified cereal during early months, then whole milk and a more diversified diet including continued use of iron-fortified cereal during later months of infancy, provides a nutritionally sound and economical diet with sufficient iron.", "contents": "Screening and prevention of nutritional anemia during infancy. A prospective study of food fortification. No important differences in hemoglobin and hematocrit values occurred among subgroups of a cohort of 295 healthy, mature infants who were fed various dietry regimens of iron-fortified products, including cereal, whole milk, and corn syrup. Among all infants between the ages of 4 and 27 months, the incidence of hematocrit readings and hemoglobin levels below 30% and 10 g/dl, respectively, was 0.6%, and below 33% and 11 g/dl, respectively, was 3.2%. Because of the low incidence of nutritional anemia after age 4 months, initial screening should be done at 1 to 4 months of age, and selectively thereafter. A formula of evaporated milk and corn syrum plus iron-fortified cereal during early months, then whole milk and a more diversified diet including continued use of iron-fortified cereal during later months of infancy, provides a nutritionally sound and economical diet with sufficient iron.", "PMID": 682326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5317", "title": "Internal fixation by the Ender method.", "content": "A new method for the intramedullary fixation of trochanteric fractures with prebent, 4.5-mm, round, semielastic nails has theoretical advantages over use of nail-plate devices. Use of the method in 25 patients suggest that it is mechanically sound, relatively easy to learn, and easier for the patient to tolerate. Operating room time is reduced and blood replacement was not necessary. No infections were encountered, and all patients who were ambulatory preoperatively remained ambulatory postoperatively.", "contents": "Internal fixation by the Ender method. A new method for the intramedullary fixation of trochanteric fractures with prebent, 4.5-mm, round, semielastic nails has theoretical advantages over use of nail-plate devices. Use of the method in 25 patients suggest that it is mechanically sound, relatively easy to learn, and easier for the patient to tolerate. Operating room time is reduced and blood replacement was not necessary. No infections were encountered, and all patients who were ambulatory preoperatively remained ambulatory postoperatively.", "PMID": 682327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5318", "title": "Abuse of amitriptyline.", "content": "Amitriptyline hydrocholride (Elavil) is frequently used in treating mild to moderate depressive states. A survey of 346 persons enrolled in a methadone maintenance program showed that 86 (25%) had admitted taking amitriptyline with the purpose of achieving euphoria. Thin-layer chromatography of random urine specimens over five months showed that 34% of the patients had a positive result for amitriptyline at least once during this time. These results suggest that misuse of amitriptyline is not uncommon and should be carefully considered prior to prescribing this agent to narcotic dependent persons.", "contents": "Abuse of amitriptyline. Amitriptyline hydrocholride (Elavil) is frequently used in treating mild to moderate depressive states. A survey of 346 persons enrolled in a methadone maintenance program showed that 86 (25%) had admitted taking amitriptyline with the purpose of achieving euphoria. Thin-layer chromatography of random urine specimens over five months showed that 34% of the patients had a positive result for amitriptyline at least once during this time. These results suggest that misuse of amitriptyline is not uncommon and should be carefully considered prior to prescribing this agent to narcotic dependent persons.", "PMID": 682328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5319", "title": "Tetraethyl lead poisoning from gasoline sniffing.", "content": "In two cases of organic lead poisoning due to habitual gasoline sniffing, one patient had temporary hypomania and recovered with treatment, while the other patient (who died) had signs of severe CNS and peripheral nervous system, muscle, hepatic, and renal damage. In addition he had features of long-term inorganic lead poisoning. This and the response of both cases to chelating agents suggest that organic lead is degraded in vivo to inorganic lead.", "contents": "Tetraethyl lead poisoning from gasoline sniffing. In two cases of organic lead poisoning due to habitual gasoline sniffing, one patient had temporary hypomania and recovered with treatment, while the other patient (who died) had signs of severe CNS and peripheral nervous system, muscle, hepatic, and renal damage. In addition he had features of long-term inorganic lead poisoning. This and the response of both cases to chelating agents suggest that organic lead is degraded in vivo to inorganic lead.", "PMID": 682329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5320", "title": "Short-term adaptation to moderate altitude. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Eight patients with mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and average resting Pao2 of 66 mm Hg were studied clinically and physiologically at sea level and after ascent to 1,920 m. At sea level the patients were symptomatic but not disabled. After ascent the patients had only mild symptoms of fatigue and insomnia, and one had severe headache during exercise on the first day. Funduscopic changes were not observed, nor did cardiac or pulmonary findings change. Resting sea level Pao2 dropped to 51.5 mm Hg within three hours of ascent, and the Paco2 fell from 37.8 to 33.9 mm Hg. Over the next three days, the Pao2 increased to 54.5 mm Hg as hyperventilation continued. At exercise, sea level Pao2 dropped from a mean value of 63 to 46.8 mm Hg at altitude. Pulse rates at rest or exercise did not change. Normal values for 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) did not change after ascent at 16 and 42 hours. We believe aircraft flight or travel to moderate altitudes for this type of COPD patient is safe. Preexisting hypoxemia resulting from disease may facilitate the adaptation of patients to severe hypoxia and may prevent symptoms similar to acute mountain sickness.", "contents": "Short-term adaptation to moderate altitude. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eight patients with mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and average resting Pao2 of 66 mm Hg were studied clinically and physiologically at sea level and after ascent to 1,920 m. At sea level the patients were symptomatic but not disabled. After ascent the patients had only mild symptoms of fatigue and insomnia, and one had severe headache during exercise on the first day. Funduscopic changes were not observed, nor did cardiac or pulmonary findings change. Resting sea level Pao2 dropped to 51.5 mm Hg within three hours of ascent, and the Paco2 fell from 37.8 to 33.9 mm Hg. Over the next three days, the Pao2 increased to 54.5 mm Hg as hyperventilation continued. At exercise, sea level Pao2 dropped from a mean value of 63 to 46.8 mm Hg at altitude. Pulse rates at rest or exercise did not change. Normal values for 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) did not change after ascent at 16 and 42 hours. We believe aircraft flight or travel to moderate altitudes for this type of COPD patient is safe. Preexisting hypoxemia resulting from disease may facilitate the adaptation of patients to severe hypoxia and may prevent symptoms similar to acute mountain sickness.", "PMID": 682352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5321", "title": "Disseminated histoplasmosis in corticosteroid-treated patients. Report of five cases.", "content": "Although Histoplasma capsulatum is not generally considered an opportunistic organism, we have seen five corticosteroid-treated patients in whom disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) developed. Persistent, unexplained fever was the predominant symptom in each. Death was directly attributable to DH in four. The interval from onset of symptoms to diagnosis ranged from 11 to 75 days; delay in diagnosis adversely affected prognosis. Culture of the bone marrow appears to be the best diagnostic study. The pathologic features of DH in immunocompromised hosts are the presence of large numbers of Histoplasma yeast forms within macrophages, absence of discrete granulomas, and a reduced or absent inflammatory response. Histoplasma capsulatum should be considered as a possible cause in any immunosuppressed patient with unexplained fever, especially if the patient has been receiving corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Disseminated histoplasmosis in corticosteroid-treated patients. Report of five cases. Although Histoplasma capsulatum is not generally considered an opportunistic organism, we have seen five corticosteroid-treated patients in whom disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) developed. Persistent, unexplained fever was the predominant symptom in each. Death was directly attributable to DH in four. The interval from onset of symptoms to diagnosis ranged from 11 to 75 days; delay in diagnosis adversely affected prognosis. Culture of the bone marrow appears to be the best diagnostic study. The pathologic features of DH in immunocompromised hosts are the presence of large numbers of Histoplasma yeast forms within macrophages, absence of discrete granulomas, and a reduced or absent inflammatory response. Histoplasma capsulatum should be considered as a possible cause in any immunosuppressed patient with unexplained fever, especially if the patient has been receiving corticosteroid therapy.", "PMID": 682353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5322", "title": "Fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "Forty-four fatal cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) occurring in 1974 were compared with 50 nonfatal cases of similar age, sex, date of onset, and place of occurrence. Diagnosis and initiation of treatment in fatal cases were substantially delayed compared with nonfatal cases. Several reasons for this delay were identified: (1) the rash appeared later in the course of illness in the fatal cases, often not until the patient was terminal, (2) a history of tick bite was less often obtained during life or obtained late in the clinical course in fatal cases, and (3) initial nonspecific symptoms or unexpected symptoms led to an initial diagnosis of more common diseases. Only two fatal cases were treated with either tetracycline or chloramphenicol before the sixth day of illness. Presumptive diagnosis of RMSF and initiation of tetracycline therapy before onset of rash may be necessary to reduce mortality.", "contents": "Fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Forty-four fatal cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) occurring in 1974 were compared with 50 nonfatal cases of similar age, sex, date of onset, and place of occurrence. Diagnosis and initiation of treatment in fatal cases were substantially delayed compared with nonfatal cases. Several reasons for this delay were identified: (1) the rash appeared later in the course of illness in the fatal cases, often not until the patient was terminal, (2) a history of tick bite was less often obtained during life or obtained late in the clinical course in fatal cases, and (3) initial nonspecific symptoms or unexpected symptoms led to an initial diagnosis of more common diseases. Only two fatal cases were treated with either tetracycline or chloramphenicol before the sixth day of illness. Presumptive diagnosis of RMSF and initiation of tetracycline therapy before onset of rash may be necessary to reduce mortality.", "PMID": 682354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5323", "title": "Parathyroid cysts. Medical diagnosis and management.", "content": "Two patients had asymptomatic neck masses that proved to be cystic. In each case, the lesions resolved after needle aspiration of 25 ml of clear, colorless fluid. Serum thyroid indexes and calcium levels were normal. Cyst fluid parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were 0.56 and 1.50 ng/ml, respectively. The serum PTH level in case 1, determined at the same time, was less than 0.05 ng/ml (normal, 0 to 0.3 ng/ml). These observations indicate that (1) clear, colorless cyst fluid may indicate a parathyroid cyst, (2) serum and cyst fluid PTH levels can confirm the diagnosis, and (3) needle aspiration may be appropriate therapy for the benign, nonfunctioning parathyroid cyst.", "contents": "Parathyroid cysts. Medical diagnosis and management. Two patients had asymptomatic neck masses that proved to be cystic. In each case, the lesions resolved after needle aspiration of 25 ml of clear, colorless fluid. Serum thyroid indexes and calcium levels were normal. Cyst fluid parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were 0.56 and 1.50 ng/ml, respectively. The serum PTH level in case 1, determined at the same time, was less than 0.05 ng/ml (normal, 0 to 0.3 ng/ml). These observations indicate that (1) clear, colorless cyst fluid may indicate a parathyroid cyst, (2) serum and cyst fluid PTH levels can confirm the diagnosis, and (3) needle aspiration may be appropriate therapy for the benign, nonfunctioning parathyroid cyst.", "PMID": 682355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5324", "title": "Asplenia syndrome. A study of congenital anomalies in 16 cases.", "content": "Sixteen new cases of the asplenia syndrome with autopsy findings had a female preponderance of 2:1. Racial incidence of splenic agenesis was nine whites and seven blacks. The average life span of the infants born alive was approximately 38 days. All infants with the asplenia syndrome had recorded weights and lengths below normal standard values. Surgical palliation of the cardiovascular anomalies in the asplenia syndrome was attempted in two cases. The incidence of the asplenia syndrome from the large autopsy series at the Medical University of South Carolina is one case per 2,000 autopsies.", "contents": "Asplenia syndrome. A study of congenital anomalies in 16 cases. Sixteen new cases of the asplenia syndrome with autopsy findings had a female preponderance of 2:1. Racial incidence of splenic agenesis was nine whites and seven blacks. The average life span of the infants born alive was approximately 38 days. All infants with the asplenia syndrome had recorded weights and lengths below normal standard values. Surgical palliation of the cardiovascular anomalies in the asplenia syndrome was attempted in two cases. The incidence of the asplenia syndrome from the large autopsy series at the Medical University of South Carolina is one case per 2,000 autopsies.", "PMID": 682356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5325", "title": "A modern view of the surgical treatment of peripheral arterial disease.", "content": "As life expectancy increases, more patients will harbor atherosclerotic conditions that portend disability and death. Due basically to a communication gap, sizable numbers of these patients who stand to benefit from vascular reconstruction are not being referred or are being referred too late to vascular surgeons. Vascular surgery currently can save limbs, extend productivity and life expectancy, ameliorate hypertension, and prevent stroke more reliably and with less risk than ever before. As the subspeciality of vascular surgery has matured, has incorporated additional fellowship training, and now approaches potential recognition in some yet to be determined form by The American Board of Surgery, it is incumbent on general physicians and vascular surgeons alike to develop appropriate channels that can transmit clinical concepts, educational information, and clinical results, as well as refer patients.", "contents": "A modern view of the surgical treatment of peripheral arterial disease. As life expectancy increases, more patients will harbor atherosclerotic conditions that portend disability and death. Due basically to a communication gap, sizable numbers of these patients who stand to benefit from vascular reconstruction are not being referred or are being referred too late to vascular surgeons. Vascular surgery currently can save limbs, extend productivity and life expectancy, ameliorate hypertension, and prevent stroke more reliably and with less risk than ever before. As the subspeciality of vascular surgery has matured, has incorporated additional fellowship training, and now approaches potential recognition in some yet to be determined form by The American Board of Surgery, it is incumbent on general physicians and vascular surgeons alike to develop appropriate channels that can transmit clinical concepts, educational information, and clinical results, as well as refer patients.", "PMID": 682363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5326", "title": "[Experimental studies on the passage of antibiotics into cerebrospinal fluid in staphylococcal meningitis in rabbits. II. Cephaloridine, cephalothin and cefazolin (author's transl)].", "content": "Passage of cephaloridine, cephalothin and cefazolin into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was evaluated in Staphylococcus aureus meningitis in rabbits and the following results were obtained. 1. Concentration in CSF (microgram/ml) [CSF/serum ratio (%)] was determined 1/2, 1 and 2 hours after a single intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg of each antibiotic, respectively; cephaloridine-7.5 [8.9], 9.7 [13.8], 9.1 [22.6]; cephalothin-0.42 [3.6], 0.23 [6.4], not detectable [0]; cefazolin-7.5 [11.8], 5.2 [19.3], 2.0 [17.5]. 2. When results with cefazolin after an intravenous injection 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg were compared, a definite dose response was noted in blood concentration but not in CSF concentration. 3. A standard error of CSF concentrations of each antibiotic was larger than that of penicillins, and \"Unpredictability\" of their passage into CSF was considered to be one of the characteristics common to these three drugs in respect of their passage into CSF. 4. There was no significant difference noted in antibiotic passage into CSF between cephaloridine of low protein binding rate and cefazolin of very high binding rate. Cephalothin, of which binding rate was intermediate, showed a remarkably lower passage into CSF. These results indicate that a correlation does not always exist between protein binding rate of the antibiotics and their passage into CSF. 5. Based on the above results, a review of the literature was made on clinical applicability of these three antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial meningitis. Low transport rate of cephalothin into CSF and nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine make them to be unsuitable for bacterial meningitis. Cefazolin is considered to be suitable in the treatment of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli meningitis and Gram-positive coccal meningitis in which penicillins are not applicable.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the passage of antibiotics into cerebrospinal fluid in staphylococcal meningitis in rabbits. II. Cephaloridine, cephalothin and cefazolin (author's transl)]. Passage of cephaloridine, cephalothin and cefazolin into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was evaluated in Staphylococcus aureus meningitis in rabbits and the following results were obtained. 1. Concentration in CSF (microgram/ml) [CSF/serum ratio (%)] was determined 1/2, 1 and 2 hours after a single intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg of each antibiotic, respectively; cephaloridine-7.5 [8.9], 9.7 [13.8], 9.1 [22.6]; cephalothin-0.42 [3.6], 0.23 [6.4], not detectable [0]; cefazolin-7.5 [11.8], 5.2 [19.3], 2.0 [17.5]. 2. When results with cefazolin after an intravenous injection 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg were compared, a definite dose response was noted in blood concentration but not in CSF concentration. 3. A standard error of CSF concentrations of each antibiotic was larger than that of penicillins, and \"Unpredictability\" of their passage into CSF was considered to be one of the characteristics common to these three drugs in respect of their passage into CSF. 4. There was no significant difference noted in antibiotic passage into CSF between cephaloridine of low protein binding rate and cefazolin of very high binding rate. Cephalothin, of which binding rate was intermediate, showed a remarkably lower passage into CSF. These results indicate that a correlation does not always exist between protein binding rate of the antibiotics and their passage into CSF. 5. Based on the above results, a review of the literature was made on clinical applicability of these three antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial meningitis. Low transport rate of cephalothin into CSF and nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine make them to be unsuitable for bacterial meningitis. Cefazolin is considered to be suitable in the treatment of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli meningitis and Gram-positive coccal meningitis in which penicillins are not applicable.", "PMID": 682368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5327", "title": "Experimentally-induced agammaglobulinemia in Japanese quails.", "content": "Induction of agammaglobulinemia in Japanese quails was attempted by various procedures of bursectomy (BX) including hormonal BX (H-BX) with testosterone, surgical BX (S-BX), chemical BX (C-BX) with cyclophosphamide and irradiation with gamma-ray. Immunosuppressive effect of BX was evaluated by antibody production in response to immunization with bovine serum albumin and sheep red blood cells, by the level of natural antibody, and by the amount of immunoglobulins in sera. As a result, two procedures, i.e. combination of H-BX, S-BX, and C-BX and combination of H-BX, S-BX and irradiation were found to induce most frequently complete aggamaglobulinemia in which neither immunoglobulin nor antibody production was detected. Mechanisms of immunosuppression of these BX procedures were discussed from the morphological aspect of development of the bursa.", "contents": "Experimentally-induced agammaglobulinemia in Japanese quails. Induction of agammaglobulinemia in Japanese quails was attempted by various procedures of bursectomy (BX) including hormonal BX (H-BX) with testosterone, surgical BX (S-BX), chemical BX (C-BX) with cyclophosphamide and irradiation with gamma-ray. Immunosuppressive effect of BX was evaluated by antibody production in response to immunization with bovine serum albumin and sheep red blood cells, by the level of natural antibody, and by the amount of immunoglobulins in sera. As a result, two procedures, i.e. combination of H-BX, S-BX, and C-BX and combination of H-BX, S-BX and irradiation were found to induce most frequently complete aggamaglobulinemia in which neither immunoglobulin nor antibody production was detected. Mechanisms of immunosuppression of these BX procedures were discussed from the morphological aspect of development of the bursa.", "PMID": 682369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5328", "title": "On the serology of Plesiomonas shigelloides.", "content": "The serology of 87 strains of Plesiomonas shigelloides was studied. Thirty O antigenic groups and 11 H antigens were defined within the 87 strains, and an antigenic schema consisting of 40 serovars was established. Some O antigens of P. shigelloides were identical or closely related to those of some Shigella serovars.", "contents": "On the serology of Plesiomonas shigelloides. The serology of 87 strains of Plesiomonas shigelloides was studied. Thirty O antigenic groups and 11 H antigens were defined within the 87 strains, and an antigenic schema consisting of 40 serovars was established. Some O antigens of P. shigelloides were identical or closely related to those of some Shigella serovars.", "PMID": 682370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5329", "title": "Mouse-strain difference in immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic effects of BCG on carcinogen-induced autochthonous tumors.", "content": "The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of BCG on the tumors induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) were studied comparatively between two inbred mouse strains, SWM/Ms and C3H/He, the first tumor appeared 5 weeks after MCA and the cumulative tumor incidence reached almost 100% within 20 weeks. On the other hand, the first tumor appeared 8 weeks after MCA in SWM/Ms, the number of tumor-bearers increased more slowly than in C3H/He, and the final tumor incidence (at 30 weeks) was about 90-80%. Single subcutaneous injection with BCG 2 weeks prior to MCA significantly protected SWM/Ms from tumor development, but not in C3H/He. These tumors, once appeared grew progressively and killed the hosts equally in both the strains. Intratumor (i.t.) injection with BCG showed more or less therapeutic effects in SWM/Ms; most tumors regressed or retarded after BCG. The time period after tumor-appearance to tumor-death was prolonged in most of SWM/Ms mice given i.t. injection with BCG, except a few mice that died earlier than non-treated controls after BCG. Contrary, no therapeutic effect of i.t. injection with BCG was observed in C3H/He. different host responses to BCG between SWM/Ms and C3H/He were found by the peritoneal macrophage disappearance test and the footpad reaction test; SWM/Ms was a high-responder to BCG and C3H/He was a low-responder. The marked differences between SWM/Ms and C3H/He in prophylactic and therapeutic effects of BCG on the autochthonous tumors were discussed in terms of difference of the host immune response to BCG that is defined genetically.", "contents": "Mouse-strain difference in immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic effects of BCG on carcinogen-induced autochthonous tumors. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of BCG on the tumors induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) were studied comparatively between two inbred mouse strains, SWM/Ms and C3H/He, the first tumor appeared 5 weeks after MCA and the cumulative tumor incidence reached almost 100% within 20 weeks. On the other hand, the first tumor appeared 8 weeks after MCA in SWM/Ms, the number of tumor-bearers increased more slowly than in C3H/He, and the final tumor incidence (at 30 weeks) was about 90-80%. Single subcutaneous injection with BCG 2 weeks prior to MCA significantly protected SWM/Ms from tumor development, but not in C3H/He. These tumors, once appeared grew progressively and killed the hosts equally in both the strains. Intratumor (i.t.) injection with BCG showed more or less therapeutic effects in SWM/Ms; most tumors regressed or retarded after BCG. The time period after tumor-appearance to tumor-death was prolonged in most of SWM/Ms mice given i.t. injection with BCG, except a few mice that died earlier than non-treated controls after BCG. Contrary, no therapeutic effect of i.t. injection with BCG was observed in C3H/He. different host responses to BCG between SWM/Ms and C3H/He were found by the peritoneal macrophage disappearance test and the footpad reaction test; SWM/Ms was a high-responder to BCG and C3H/He was a low-responder. The marked differences between SWM/Ms and C3H/He in prophylactic and therapeutic effects of BCG on the autochthonous tumors were discussed in terms of difference of the host immune response to BCG that is defined genetically.", "PMID": 682371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5330", "title": "Attempts at analysis of toxicity of pertussis vaccine. III. Effects of endotoxin on leukocytosis in mice due to lymphocytosis-promoting factor and reference preparations for determination of lymphocytosis-promoting factor.", "content": "The effect of bacterial endotoxin on the change in peripheral leukocyte population in mice due to the lymphocytosis-promoting factor (LPF) was investigated. Endotoxin affected not only the total leukocyte count but also the leukocyte proportions at any observation time. Both the coefficient and the intercept of regression of the leukocytic response on dose of LPF were modified by endotoxin. Therefore, in a valid biological assay for LPF using the peripheral leukocyte count as a response, a common reference preparation available for any test materials, irrespective of presence or absence of endotoxin, will be impracticable. Two reference preparations were tentatively established, one being a vaccine and the other an LPF preparation containing little endotoxin. A unitage of LP activity was assigned to each reference preparation. The results also showed that an LPF material to be tested for its possible effects on the lymphatic tissues or the reticuloendothelial system should be free from endotoxin.", "contents": "Attempts at analysis of toxicity of pertussis vaccine. III. Effects of endotoxin on leukocytosis in mice due to lymphocytosis-promoting factor and reference preparations for determination of lymphocytosis-promoting factor. The effect of bacterial endotoxin on the change in peripheral leukocyte population in mice due to the lymphocytosis-promoting factor (LPF) was investigated. Endotoxin affected not only the total leukocyte count but also the leukocyte proportions at any observation time. Both the coefficient and the intercept of regression of the leukocytic response on dose of LPF were modified by endotoxin. Therefore, in a valid biological assay for LPF using the peripheral leukocyte count as a response, a common reference preparation available for any test materials, irrespective of presence or absence of endotoxin, will be impracticable. Two reference preparations were tentatively established, one being a vaccine and the other an LPF preparation containing little endotoxin. A unitage of LP activity was assigned to each reference preparation. The results also showed that an LPF material to be tested for its possible effects on the lymphatic tissues or the reticuloendothelial system should be free from endotoxin.", "PMID": 682388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5331", "title": "Segmental blood pressure of the leg and its clinical use.", "content": "Systolic blood pressure at various levels of the leg was measured in 80 normal subjects by photoelectric plethysmography with a blood pressure cuff. Due to the higher pressure value at the thigh, calf, ankle, and foot and lower pressure value at the toe, the pressure gradient between each proximal site and the toe was significantly higher in the older (50-82) than in the younger age group (17-49). Therefore, normal values were determined separately in these two groups. In 64 limbs of 42 patients with arterial occlusive disease, a comparison between segmental blood pressure and arteriographic findings was made. Segmental blood pressure may be a rough indicator of the severity of arterial occlusion present and may refrect the status of the major conduits of the leg. An abnormal ankle-toe pressure gradient was found in only 52 per cent of limbs, although all 64 limbs had undergone an occlusive process distal to the ankle. In limbs with significantly low ankle blood pressure due to proximal lesions, less frequency and severity of an abnormal ankle-toe pressure gradient were seen than in limbs with normal ankle blood pressure. When pressure gradients between two different levels are used in clinical work, the blood pressure at the more proximal level should be always considered.", "contents": "Segmental blood pressure of the leg and its clinical use. Systolic blood pressure at various levels of the leg was measured in 80 normal subjects by photoelectric plethysmography with a blood pressure cuff. Due to the higher pressure value at the thigh, calf, ankle, and foot and lower pressure value at the toe, the pressure gradient between each proximal site and the toe was significantly higher in the older (50-82) than in the younger age group (17-49). Therefore, normal values were determined separately in these two groups. In 64 limbs of 42 patients with arterial occlusive disease, a comparison between segmental blood pressure and arteriographic findings was made. Segmental blood pressure may be a rough indicator of the severity of arterial occlusion present and may refrect the status of the major conduits of the leg. An abnormal ankle-toe pressure gradient was found in only 52 per cent of limbs, although all 64 limbs had undergone an occlusive process distal to the ankle. In limbs with significantly low ankle blood pressure due to proximal lesions, less frequency and severity of an abnormal ankle-toe pressure gradient were seen than in limbs with normal ankle blood pressure. When pressure gradients between two different levels are used in clinical work, the blood pressure at the more proximal level should be always considered.", "PMID": 682389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5332", "title": "Histological evaluation of the effect of 5-FU emulsion on lymph node metastasis of stomach cancer.", "content": "In order to evaluate the effect of anticancer drugs on the metastatic lesions of the regional lymph nodes from stomach cancers removed after oral administration of 5-FU emulsion, histological examinations of the specimens obtained from 107 surgical cases were carried out. In additional 13 cases with gastric cancer, the active 5-FU concentrations in the regional lymph nodes were determined. The effect of 5-FU emulsion in metastatic lesions as determined was histologically classified into Grades 0 to III according to the severity and extent of damaged cells and cell nests Grades II and III were judged to demonstrate the beneficial effect of the 5-FU emulsion. Such changes were identified in 62.0 per cent of the 242 metastatic lymph nodes, and the effectiveness increased as the total dose of the 5-FU emulsion administered increased (50.9 per cent for 5,000 mg or less, 70.9 per cent for 5,000 to 6,000 mg, and 72.7 per cent for 6,000 mg or more). The rate of effectiveness also varied with the histological type of the primary carcinoma, i.e. the differentiated type being more sensitive. The mean active 5-FU level in the regional lymph nodes was higher after the administration of 5-FU emulsion than of 5-FU solution supporting the earlier animal experiments.", "contents": "Histological evaluation of the effect of 5-FU emulsion on lymph node metastasis of stomach cancer. In order to evaluate the effect of anticancer drugs on the metastatic lesions of the regional lymph nodes from stomach cancers removed after oral administration of 5-FU emulsion, histological examinations of the specimens obtained from 107 surgical cases were carried out. In additional 13 cases with gastric cancer, the active 5-FU concentrations in the regional lymph nodes were determined. The effect of 5-FU emulsion in metastatic lesions as determined was histologically classified into Grades 0 to III according to the severity and extent of damaged cells and cell nests Grades II and III were judged to demonstrate the beneficial effect of the 5-FU emulsion. Such changes were identified in 62.0 per cent of the 242 metastatic lymph nodes, and the effectiveness increased as the total dose of the 5-FU emulsion administered increased (50.9 per cent for 5,000 mg or less, 70.9 per cent for 5,000 to 6,000 mg, and 72.7 per cent for 6,000 mg or more). The rate of effectiveness also varied with the histological type of the primary carcinoma, i.e. the differentiated type being more sensitive. The mean active 5-FU level in the regional lymph nodes was higher after the administration of 5-FU emulsion than of 5-FU solution supporting the earlier animal experiments.", "PMID": 682390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5333", "title": "Entire colon aganglionosis, and extensive aganglionosis: analysis of 94 cases in Japan.", "content": "Incidence, sex distribution, length of the involved bowel, associated malformations, treatment and operative results were analysed in 94 cases of entire colon aganglionosis, 87 of which were collected from 42 institutions in Japan and seven treated in our department. In this series, 62 were entire colon aganglionosis and 32 were extensive aganglionosis. Incidence of entire colon aganglionosis was four per cent of all aganglionosis seen, and that of extensive aganglionosis was two per cent. Male: female ratio was 2:1 in cases with entire colon aganglionosis and 1.3:1 in extensive aganglionosis. Associated malformation was rare in both of entire colon, or extensive aganglionosis. Of the 94 cases, 41 cases survived neonatal period, and cure was obtained in 23 of entire colon aganglionosis and three of extensive aganglionosis.", "contents": "Entire colon aganglionosis, and extensive aganglionosis: analysis of 94 cases in Japan. Incidence, sex distribution, length of the involved bowel, associated malformations, treatment and operative results were analysed in 94 cases of entire colon aganglionosis, 87 of which were collected from 42 institutions in Japan and seven treated in our department. In this series, 62 were entire colon aganglionosis and 32 were extensive aganglionosis. Incidence of entire colon aganglionosis was four per cent of all aganglionosis seen, and that of extensive aganglionosis was two per cent. Male: female ratio was 2:1 in cases with entire colon aganglionosis and 1.3:1 in extensive aganglionosis. Associated malformation was rare in both of entire colon, or extensive aganglionosis. Of the 94 cases, 41 cases survived neonatal period, and cure was obtained in 23 of entire colon aganglionosis and three of extensive aganglionosis.", "PMID": 682391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5334", "title": "Successfully resected carcinoma of the bifurcation of the main hepatic ducts--report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of carcinoma of the bifurcation of the main hepatic ducts are presented. The tumors were successfully removed by resection of the bifurcation in one case, and by left hepatic lobectomy in the other. Some other 38 cases of the same condition collected from the world literature are briefly reviewed and discussed with particular reference to their surgical interventions.", "contents": "Successfully resected carcinoma of the bifurcation of the main hepatic ducts--report of two cases. Two cases of carcinoma of the bifurcation of the main hepatic ducts are presented. The tumors were successfully removed by resection of the bifurcation in one case, and by left hepatic lobectomy in the other. Some other 38 cases of the same condition collected from the world literature are briefly reviewed and discussed with particular reference to their surgical interventions.", "PMID": 682392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5335", "title": "Arrangement pattern of new-lining endothelial cells.", "content": "New-lining endothelial cells in the neointimae of two types of synthetic vascular prostheses were examined by light- and electron microscopy. Examination was carried out at one to 846 days post implantation of the prostheses in the thoracic aortae of 57 canines. The surfaces of both types of prostheses were covered by a continuous layer of endothelial cells. The long axes of the cells were found to be parallel to the blood stream. This observation indicates that the arrangement pattern of endothelial cells in the neointimae is largely dependent on the direction of the blood stream rather than on the direction of the tension exerted on the vascular prostheses.", "contents": "Arrangement pattern of new-lining endothelial cells. New-lining endothelial cells in the neointimae of two types of synthetic vascular prostheses were examined by light- and electron microscopy. Examination was carried out at one to 846 days post implantation of the prostheses in the thoracic aortae of 57 canines. The surfaces of both types of prostheses were covered by a continuous layer of endothelial cells. The long axes of the cells were found to be parallel to the blood stream. This observation indicates that the arrangement pattern of endothelial cells in the neointimae is largely dependent on the direction of the blood stream rather than on the direction of the tension exerted on the vascular prostheses.", "PMID": 682393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5336", "title": "A study on electrocardiographic changes during long-term cardiac pacing.", "content": "This report describes the clinical evaluation of chest wall stimulation (CWS) follow-up studies in patients implanted with pacemakers and the value of this method for the observation of intrinsic rhythm. The CWS method was used to periodically check the intrinsic rhythm in 25 long-term pacemaker cases with atrioventricular block. After an average of 26.6 months, an improvement of conduction disturbance was seen in four cases (16 per cent), aggravation was noted in 11 cases (44 per cent), and no change was found in 10 cases (40 per cent). In five patients exhibiting aggravation, no intrinsic rhythm could be detected. Improvement was noted only in atrioventricular and not in intraventricular conduction. Six generators with demand failures were also detected during the course of this study.", "contents": "A study on electrocardiographic changes during long-term cardiac pacing. This report describes the clinical evaluation of chest wall stimulation (CWS) follow-up studies in patients implanted with pacemakers and the value of this method for the observation of intrinsic rhythm. The CWS method was used to periodically check the intrinsic rhythm in 25 long-term pacemaker cases with atrioventricular block. After an average of 26.6 months, an improvement of conduction disturbance was seen in four cases (16 per cent), aggravation was noted in 11 cases (44 per cent), and no change was found in 10 cases (40 per cent). In five patients exhibiting aggravation, no intrinsic rhythm could be detected. Improvement was noted only in atrioventricular and not in intraventricular conduction. Six generators with demand failures were also detected during the course of this study.", "PMID": 682394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5337", "title": "Surgical treatment of the aortic aneurysm.", "content": "For 93 cases of thoracic and 118 cases of abdominal aneurysms, the over-all operative mortality rate was 24.7 per cent and 9.3 per cent, respectively. Although the over-all operative mortality rate for 37 patients with aneurysms of the ascending aorta or aortic arch had been 40.5 per cent, recent advances in surgical technique led to a higher survival rate so that since 1975 no death occurred among 14 consecutive surgery cases. Cardiopulmonary bypass with or without selective perfusion of the carotid arteries or temporary external bypass procedures were employed in these 14 cases. The over-all operative mortality rate for 56 patients with aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta was 14.3 per cent. Temporary external bypass procedures were employed in 49 cases. The operative mortality rate for 99 patients with unruptured abdominal aneurysms was five per cent, and that for 19 patients with ruptured aneurysms was 31.5 per cent.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of the aortic aneurysm. For 93 cases of thoracic and 118 cases of abdominal aneurysms, the over-all operative mortality rate was 24.7 per cent and 9.3 per cent, respectively. Although the over-all operative mortality rate for 37 patients with aneurysms of the ascending aorta or aortic arch had been 40.5 per cent, recent advances in surgical technique led to a higher survival rate so that since 1975 no death occurred among 14 consecutive surgery cases. Cardiopulmonary bypass with or without selective perfusion of the carotid arteries or temporary external bypass procedures were employed in these 14 cases. The over-all operative mortality rate for 56 patients with aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta was 14.3 per cent. Temporary external bypass procedures were employed in 49 cases. The operative mortality rate for 99 patients with unruptured abdominal aneurysms was five per cent, and that for 19 patients with ruptured aneurysms was 31.5 per cent.", "PMID": 682395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5338", "title": "The estimation of blood platelet survival. VI. Evaluation of the graphical method.", "content": "An experiment was performed in which 13 scientists experienced in analyzing data on platelet survival were sent blind duplicate sets of ten platelet survival curves and requested to fit the \"best\" straight line through the data by eye and determine its point of intersection with the time axis. The duplicate sets labeled \"control\" and \"aspirin\" respectively were artificial data generated from evaluation for various times of a gamma curve of order five and adding random independent normal (Gaussian) errors having a standard deviation of 0.03. The results were analyzed to examine inter- and intra-observer variance, reproducibility and bias. The range of means of estimated survival was 8.68 days to 11.59 days and in the control data showed about 63 times as much variance among observers as that due to random error of measurement alone. The \"aspirin\" data showed similar results. Correlation coefficients within observers for the pairs of estimates varied from -0.307 to +0.920. Three observers showed strong systematic differences between the duplicate readings. These results provide clear evidence of the need for formal, rather than graphical, analysis of the data.", "contents": "The estimation of blood platelet survival. VI. Evaluation of the graphical method. An experiment was performed in which 13 scientists experienced in analyzing data on platelet survival were sent blind duplicate sets of ten platelet survival curves and requested to fit the \"best\" straight line through the data by eye and determine its point of intersection with the time axis. The duplicate sets labeled \"control\" and \"aspirin\" respectively were artificial data generated from evaluation for various times of a gamma curve of order five and adding random independent normal (Gaussian) errors having a standard deviation of 0.03. The results were analyzed to examine inter- and intra-observer variance, reproducibility and bias. The range of means of estimated survival was 8.68 days to 11.59 days and in the control data showed about 63 times as much variance among observers as that due to random error of measurement alone. The \"aspirin\" data showed similar results. Correlation coefficients within observers for the pairs of estimates varied from -0.307 to +0.920. Three observers showed strong systematic differences between the duplicate readings. These results provide clear evidence of the need for formal, rather than graphical, analysis of the data.", "PMID": 682396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5339", "title": "[State of the central circulation in prolonged hypokinesia in patients with a locomotor apparatus lesion].", "content": "Long-term bed rest of patients with tuberculous affection of the locomotor system results in gradual change in the circulatory system. The initial stage of hypokinesia is characterized by diminution of the total and central blood volume, by reduction of the arterial and venous pressure bringing to a decrease in the cardiac out-put volume. Then stabilization of the hemodynamics at the new level takes place due to the intensive action of certain compensatory mechanisms.", "contents": "[State of the central circulation in prolonged hypokinesia in patients with a locomotor apparatus lesion]. Long-term bed rest of patients with tuberculous affection of the locomotor system results in gradual change in the circulatory system. The initial stage of hypokinesia is characterized by diminution of the total and central blood volume, by reduction of the arterial and venous pressure bringing to a decrease in the cardiac out-put volume. Then stabilization of the hemodynamics at the new level takes place due to the intensive action of certain compensatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 682399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5340", "title": "[Results of correcting isolated secondary defects of the interatrial septum under moderate hypothermia].", "content": "Operative treatment of isolated secondary interatrial septal defects in 236 patients is analysed. The results testify to the small degree of risk in suturing interatrial septal defects under conditions of moderate hypothermia. A study of central and intracardiac hemodynamics made it possible to reveal the development of acute pulmonary hypertension in some patients after the operation, which may be of a reflex character or a consequence of left ventricular insufficiency. A differential diagnosis and a therapeutic test are suggested for the differentiation and therapy of these conditions.", "contents": "[Results of correcting isolated secondary defects of the interatrial septum under moderate hypothermia]. Operative treatment of isolated secondary interatrial septal defects in 236 patients is analysed. The results testify to the small degree of risk in suturing interatrial septal defects under conditions of moderate hypothermia. A study of central and intracardiac hemodynamics made it possible to reveal the development of acute pulmonary hypertension in some patients after the operation, which may be of a reflex character or a consequence of left ventricular insufficiency. A differential diagnosis and a therapeutic test are suggested for the differentiation and therapy of these conditions.", "PMID": 682406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5341", "title": "[Heart operations on young children under deep hypothermia].", "content": "The authors discuss their clinical experience in the use of deep hypothermia in combination with auxiliary extracorporeal circulation. Operations were performed on 124 children (total mortality 23.4%). Lowest mortality was noted in correction of ventricular septal defect; 12 out of 82 patients died, which accounts for approximately 14.6%. A follow-up of the remote results shows that the method has no harmful effect on the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Heart operations on young children under deep hypothermia]. The authors discuss their clinical experience in the use of deep hypothermia in combination with auxiliary extracorporeal circulation. Operations were performed on 124 children (total mortality 23.4%). Lowest mortality was noted in correction of ventricular septal defect; 12 out of 82 patients died, which accounts for approximately 14.6%. A follow-up of the remote results shows that the method has no harmful effect on the central nervous system.", "PMID": 682408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5342", "title": "[Late results of the radical correction of Ebstein's anomaly].", "content": "The results of a follow-up of 35 patients (including 18 children and adolescents) for periods of 6 months to 11 years after radical correction of Ebstein's anomaly are analysed. The results were good in 25 patients, satisfactory--in 6 and poor--in one patient; 3 patients died. The result was poor in one of the patients because the thin walled arterialized part of the right ventricle was not plicated. Death in the remote period was caused by disorders of the cardiac rhythm (atrioventricular block--Morgagni-Adams-Stokes syndrome), \"prosthetic\" endocarditis, and influenzal pneumonia. Complications of the remote period are analysed and the measures for their prevention and treatment substantiated.", "contents": "[Late results of the radical correction of Ebstein's anomaly]. The results of a follow-up of 35 patients (including 18 children and adolescents) for periods of 6 months to 11 years after radical correction of Ebstein's anomaly are analysed. The results were good in 25 patients, satisfactory--in 6 and poor--in one patient; 3 patients died. The result was poor in one of the patients because the thin walled arterialized part of the right ventricle was not plicated. Death in the remote period was caused by disorders of the cardiac rhythm (atrioventricular block--Morgagni-Adams-Stokes syndrome), \"prosthetic\" endocarditis, and influenzal pneumonia. Complications of the remote period are analysed and the measures for their prevention and treatment substantiated.", "PMID": 682409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5343", "title": "[Late results of the surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot in children operated on in the 1st year of life].", "content": "Thirty-seven children who had been operated on for tetralogy of Fallot during the first year of life were examined in remote postoperative periods (in 5 years and 5 months, on the average). They all underwent palliative operations. The condition of 78.4% of them in remote postoperative periods was found to be good or satisfactory; in 8 patients (21.6% the result of the operation was poor. With prolongation of the follow-up period, the effect of the operation tends to be less favourable than in the initial period. The causes aggravating the patients, condition in the remote periods are: an anatomically unfavourable variant of the anomaly, the development of hypo- or hyperfunction of the anastomosis, faults in the surgical techniques of the operation.", "contents": "[Late results of the surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot in children operated on in the 1st year of life]. Thirty-seven children who had been operated on for tetralogy of Fallot during the first year of life were examined in remote postoperative periods (in 5 years and 5 months, on the average). They all underwent palliative operations. The condition of 78.4% of them in remote postoperative periods was found to be good or satisfactory; in 8 patients (21.6% the result of the operation was poor. With prolongation of the follow-up period, the effect of the operation tends to be less favourable than in the initial period. The causes aggravating the patients, condition in the remote periods are: an anatomically unfavourable variant of the anomaly, the development of hypo- or hyperfunction of the anastomosis, faults in the surgical techniques of the operation.", "PMID": 682410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5344", "title": "[Late results and rehabilitation of patients with secondary interatrial septal defects].", "content": "The remote results were studied in 194 patients operated on for secondary atrial septal defects at ages of 18 months to 41 years. The follow-up period ranged from 5 months to 11 years. The ECG was normal in 74.7% of patients, its improvement was noted in 8.7% of patients. Disorders of rhythm were encountered in 10.3% of patients, their incidence being 2 1/2 times higher among adults than among children. The systolic murmur disappeared in 29.8% and diminished in 50.8% of patients. The diastolic murmur was corrected in 92.2% of cases. Splitting of the second sound disappeared in 66% and diminished in 6% of patients. The size of the heart on a radiogram became normal in 32.2% and its enlargement became less in 41% of the patients examined. The heart grows smaller within 2--3 years and the pulmonary pattern becomes normal in 1--2 years. The process is more rapid in children. The postoperative result was good in 90% of patients.", "contents": "[Late results and rehabilitation of patients with secondary interatrial septal defects]. The remote results were studied in 194 patients operated on for secondary atrial septal defects at ages of 18 months to 41 years. The follow-up period ranged from 5 months to 11 years. The ECG was normal in 74.7% of patients, its improvement was noted in 8.7% of patients. Disorders of rhythm were encountered in 10.3% of patients, their incidence being 2 1/2 times higher among adults than among children. The systolic murmur disappeared in 29.8% and diminished in 50.8% of patients. The diastolic murmur was corrected in 92.2% of cases. Splitting of the second sound disappeared in 66% and diminished in 6% of patients. The size of the heart on a radiogram became normal in 32.2% and its enlargement became less in 41% of the patients examined. The heart grows smaller within 2--3 years and the pulmonary pattern becomes normal in 1--2 years. The process is more rapid in children. The postoperative result was good in 90% of patients.", "PMID": 682411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5345", "title": "[Counterpulsation by means of a new device with a pulsatile blood flow in open heart operations (author's transl)].", "content": "A new counterpulsation method in operations on an open heart is described. Clinical experience in the use of the new device in 124 patients, which also makes it possible to produce a pulsatile flow of blood in the system of extracorporeal circulation, testifies to its effectiveness. The authors claim that the positive changes in cardiac output, diastolic and systolic pressure, and coronary circulation are among the factors which cause an improvement in the final result of the operation in patients with severe valvular diseases and ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Counterpulsation by means of a new device with a pulsatile blood flow in open heart operations (author's transl)]. A new counterpulsation method in operations on an open heart is described. Clinical experience in the use of the new device in 124 patients, which also makes it possible to produce a pulsatile flow of blood in the system of extracorporeal circulation, testifies to its effectiveness. The authors claim that the positive changes in cardiac output, diastolic and systolic pressure, and coronary circulation are among the factors which cause an improvement in the final result of the operation in patients with severe valvular diseases and ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 682412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5346", "title": "[Thrombocyte aggregating capacity in ischemic heart disease caused by coronary arteriosclerosis].", "content": "A distinct increase in the aggregative property of blood platelets, displayed by an increased degree of aggregation and enlargement of the platelet aggregates, was revealed in patients with ischemic disease of the heart. The more severe the atherosclerotic process in the coronary arteries (according to the findings of selective coronarography), the more is the aggregative property of platelets intensified. The stimulating effect of smoking on platelet aggregation was also established.", "contents": "[Thrombocyte aggregating capacity in ischemic heart disease caused by coronary arteriosclerosis]. A distinct increase in the aggregative property of blood platelets, displayed by an increased degree of aggregation and enlargement of the platelet aggregates, was revealed in patients with ischemic disease of the heart. The more severe the atherosclerotic process in the coronary arteries (according to the findings of selective coronarography), the more is the aggregative property of platelets intensified. The stimulating effect of smoking on platelet aggregation was also established.", "PMID": 682413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5347", "title": "[Characteristics of blood coagulation and of the red blood in patients with an arteriosclerotic lesion of the abdominal aorta].", "content": "The values of blood coagulation and red blood were studied in 74 patients with various forms of atherosclerotic affection of the abdominal aorta and its branches. Tendency towards hypercoagulation both before operation and in various periods after it was revealed in these patients. The development of thrombotic complications is preceded by a marked increase in the fibrinogen level and in the blood platelet count. High hematocrit with a relatively small erythrocyte count and hemoglobin concentration was revealed, which was linked with the spheric shape of the erythrocytes. It is concluded that a complex of antithrombotic therapy is necessary; it should be begun before the operation and continued particularly actively in the first two postoperative weeks.", "contents": "[Characteristics of blood coagulation and of the red blood in patients with an arteriosclerotic lesion of the abdominal aorta]. The values of blood coagulation and red blood were studied in 74 patients with various forms of atherosclerotic affection of the abdominal aorta and its branches. Tendency towards hypercoagulation both before operation and in various periods after it was revealed in these patients. The development of thrombotic complications is preceded by a marked increase in the fibrinogen level and in the blood platelet count. High hematocrit with a relatively small erythrocyte count and hemoglobin concentration was revealed, which was linked with the spheric shape of the erythrocytes. It is concluded that a complex of antithrombotic therapy is necessary; it should be begun before the operation and continued particularly actively in the first two postoperative weeks.", "PMID": 682415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5348", "title": "[Importance of correlating catecholamines and acetylcholine in the acute period of complicated and uncomplicated myocardial infarct].", "content": "The data obtained by the author testifies to the fact that in various clinical forms of myocardial infarction, there are definite correlations between biologically active substances, reflecting the reactivity of the cholinergic and adrenergic systems. In non-complicated myocardial infarction the predominance of catecholamines is noted, as a rule. In complicated course of the disease with a favourable outcome, the absolute content of the biologically active substances is at maximum and the predominance of catecholamines remains; in some cases, however, the predominance of acetylcholine is observed. In myocardial infarction with a fatal outcome, there is practically no stable predominance of this or that substance with a distinct tendency to the growth of the acetylcholine content and an inadequate change in the content of catecholamines.", "contents": "[Importance of correlating catecholamines and acetylcholine in the acute period of complicated and uncomplicated myocardial infarct]. The data obtained by the author testifies to the fact that in various clinical forms of myocardial infarction, there are definite correlations between biologically active substances, reflecting the reactivity of the cholinergic and adrenergic systems. In non-complicated myocardial infarction the predominance of catecholamines is noted, as a rule. In complicated course of the disease with a favourable outcome, the absolute content of the biologically active substances is at maximum and the predominance of catecholamines remains; in some cases, however, the predominance of acetylcholine is observed. In myocardial infarction with a fatal outcome, there is practically no stable predominance of this or that substance with a distinct tendency to the growth of the acetylcholine content and an inadequate change in the content of catecholamines.", "PMID": 682416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5349", "title": "[Effect of infection foci and preexisting pathology on immunological shifts and the course of the disease in myocardial infarct patients].", "content": "The course of the disease and the dunamics of immunologic shifts were compared in 277 patients suffering from myocardial infarction, 87 of whom had foci of infection and chronic infectious-allergic diseases while 190 had no complications. In patients of the first group the disease was usually of a lingering character and anticardiac antibodies were found in circulation for lengthy periods of time. The incidence of chronic tonsillitis and odontogenous infectious foci was higher among patients with myocardial infarction complicated by the postinfarction syndrome than among those with a noncomplicated course of the disease (in 12 out of 20 and in 3 out of 20 patients, respectively).", "contents": "[Effect of infection foci and preexisting pathology on immunological shifts and the course of the disease in myocardial infarct patients]. The course of the disease and the dunamics of immunologic shifts were compared in 277 patients suffering from myocardial infarction, 87 of whom had foci of infection and chronic infectious-allergic diseases while 190 had no complications. In patients of the first group the disease was usually of a lingering character and anticardiac antibodies were found in circulation for lengthy periods of time. The incidence of chronic tonsillitis and odontogenous infectious foci was higher among patients with myocardial infarction complicated by the postinfarction syndrome than among those with a noncomplicated course of the disease (in 12 out of 20 and in 3 out of 20 patients, respectively).", "PMID": 682417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5350", "title": "[Problems of the pathogenesis of cor pulmonale in chronic nonspecific lung diseases].", "content": "The article discusses the values of 22 external respiration indices reflecting the condition of the lung volumes and their ratios, the irregular distribution of the ventilation-perfusion ratios, the alveolar ventilation, the diffusion property of the lungs, and the gas composition of the alveolar air in patients with chronic nonspecific diseases of the lungs before and after the development of chronic cor pulmonale and in its stages of compensation and decompensation. Correlative and regressive analysis of the main pathogenetic mechanisms was conducted, making it possible to reveal the contribution made by each of them to the pathogenesis of cor pulmonale.", "contents": "[Problems of the pathogenesis of cor pulmonale in chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. The article discusses the values of 22 external respiration indices reflecting the condition of the lung volumes and their ratios, the irregular distribution of the ventilation-perfusion ratios, the alveolar ventilation, the diffusion property of the lungs, and the gas composition of the alveolar air in patients with chronic nonspecific diseases of the lungs before and after the development of chronic cor pulmonale and in its stages of compensation and decompensation. Correlative and regressive analysis of the main pathogenetic mechanisms was conducted, making it possible to reveal the contribution made by each of them to the pathogenesis of cor pulmonale.", "PMID": 682418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5351", "title": "[Method for the quantitative assessment of myocardial overload in cardiac fibrillation].", "content": "The dependence of the pulse pressure and cardiac output on the duration of the preceding cardiac cycle (R--R) in cardiac fibrillation was studied. The stress experienced by the myocardium due to deterioration of the pumping activity of the heart in arrhythmia may be calculated quite precisely by the method suggested by the authors. The \"coefficient of myocardial overexertion\" introduced in the work shows the percentage by which the heart has to increase the number of contractions so as to provide for a stable minute volume in arrhythmia.", "contents": "[Method for the quantitative assessment of myocardial overload in cardiac fibrillation]. The dependence of the pulse pressure and cardiac output on the duration of the preceding cardiac cycle (R--R) in cardiac fibrillation was studied. The stress experienced by the myocardium due to deterioration of the pumping activity of the heart in arrhythmia may be calculated quite precisely by the method suggested by the authors. The \"coefficient of myocardial overexertion\" introduced in the work shows the percentage by which the heart has to increase the number of contractions so as to provide for a stable minute volume in arrhythmia.", "PMID": 682420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5352", "title": "[Ventricullar fibrillation in the acute stage of myocardial infarct. II. The characteristics of the heart functional changes in experimental myocardial infarct complicated by ventricullar fibrillation].", "content": "In acute experiments on dogs, occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery induced two-phase changes in the cardiac and stroke output (which increased at first and then decreased), drop in arterial pressure, and decrease in the rate of cardiac contractions. The experiments which terminated in ventricular fibrillation were characterized by a number of peculiarities: a more rapid replacement of the phase of primary increase in the cardiac and stroke output by the phase of their decrease; a sharper drop in arterial pressure as compared with that in experiments without fibrillation; marked decrease in cardiac activity which in experiments without fibrillation underwent two-phase changes, it increased a little at first and then decreased.", "contents": "[Ventricullar fibrillation in the acute stage of myocardial infarct. II. The characteristics of the heart functional changes in experimental myocardial infarct complicated by ventricullar fibrillation]. In acute experiments on dogs, occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery induced two-phase changes in the cardiac and stroke output (which increased at first and then decreased), drop in arterial pressure, and decrease in the rate of cardiac contractions. The experiments which terminated in ventricular fibrillation were characterized by a number of peculiarities: a more rapid replacement of the phase of primary increase in the cardiac and stroke output by the phase of their decrease; a sharper drop in arterial pressure as compared with that in experiments without fibrillation; marked decrease in cardiac activity which in experiments without fibrillation underwent two-phase changes, it increased a little at first and then decreased.", "PMID": 682421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5353", "title": "Isolation and characterization of rat glomerular epithelial cells in vitro.", "content": "Rat glomeruli were isolated by a graded sieving technique, and the nature and purity of the preparation were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A great majority of the glomeruli (86.0 +/- 6.0%) were not encapsulated, and there was very little contamination of the preparations with tubular fragments. By supplementing tissue culture medium with conditioned medium (CM) and insulin, we were able to grow single cells from dissociated rat glomeruli. From these single cells, we were able to clone and maintain in culture three distinct cell types. Also, with this specialized medium, we were able to clone these three cell types from outgrowths of whole golmeruli. One of these cell types was characterized as glomerular epithelial cells (GEC). GEC, as opposed to the other two cloned cell types obtained in this study, had cilia on their surfaces and also possessed receptors for complement (C3) in vitro. Low concentrations of the aminonucleoside of puromycin (AMNS), which have been shown to be specifically cytotoxic to GEC in vivo, were found to be cytotoxic to GEC but not to the other two glomerular cells in vitro. In addition, GEC did not contain antihemophilic factor (factor VIII), a marker for endothelium, nor were they able to phagocytose polystyrene spherules in vitro, as can mesangial cells in short-term culture.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of rat glomerular epithelial cells in vitro. Rat glomeruli were isolated by a graded sieving technique, and the nature and purity of the preparation were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A great majority of the glomeruli (86.0 +/- 6.0%) were not encapsulated, and there was very little contamination of the preparations with tubular fragments. By supplementing tissue culture medium with conditioned medium (CM) and insulin, we were able to grow single cells from dissociated rat glomeruli. From these single cells, we were able to clone and maintain in culture three distinct cell types. Also, with this specialized medium, we were able to clone these three cell types from outgrowths of whole golmeruli. One of these cell types was characterized as glomerular epithelial cells (GEC). GEC, as opposed to the other two cloned cell types obtained in this study, had cilia on their surfaces and also possessed receptors for complement (C3) in vitro. Low concentrations of the aminonucleoside of puromycin (AMNS), which have been shown to be specifically cytotoxic to GEC in vivo, were found to be cytotoxic to GEC but not to the other two glomerular cells in vitro. In addition, GEC did not contain antihemophilic factor (factor VIII), a marker for endothelium, nor were they able to phagocytose polystyrene spherules in vitro, as can mesangial cells in short-term culture.", "PMID": 682422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5354", "title": "Ischemic damage and repair in the rat proximal tubule: differences among the S1, S2, and S3 segments.", "content": "Rats were subjected to 25 min of unilateral renal artery occlusion and were studied at 5, 15, and 30 min and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 hr following ischemia. The patterns of epithelial injury and repair in proximal tubule (PT) segments S1, S2, and S3 were followed, and associated changes in renal function were determined. We found that S1 and S2 cells alike are only reversibly injured and recover completely to normalcy within 4 hr, whereas S3 cells selectively undergo progressive cell injury and death and are exfoliated into tubular lumina. The necrotic S3 cells are replaced by mitotic division of survivor cells 24 to 48 hr following the ischemic insult. In addition, there was selective damage within tubular cells. Wiithin 5 min of blood reflow following ischemia, the majority of brush border microvilli (MV) in all three PT segments underwent coalescence by membrane fusion and thus were interiorized into the cytoplasm of PT cells. A minority of MV fragmented and were shed into PT lumina, but nephron obstruction by shed membranes was only mild and transient, unlike in the 1-hr ischemia model. Loss of MV reached a maximum of 15 min. By 30 min, MV began to reappear; by 2 hr, large numbers of MV had been regenerated; and by 4 hr, S1 and S2 cells appeared normal. The regenerative process included the luminal repositioning of previously interiorized MV membrane. MV regeneration occurred in S3 segments also, but before the process was complete, the cells developed features of irreversible cellular injury. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 22% of control at 30 min of reflow, rose progressively to 55% of normal by 7 to 8 hr, and was normal at 24 hr. Single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) was not significantly different from normal throughout. Proximal tubular sodium reabsorption was depressed and urinary sodium excretion increased at 30 min and at 2 to 3 hr, i.e., at times when MV alterations were prominent, but both were normal by 7 to 8 hr when MV in S1 and S2 cells had been fully reconstituted. Our major conclusions are: 1) There is differential susceptibility by cell type to ischemic injury in rat PT. 2) A rapid brush border loss/regeneration cycle occurs after ischemic injury. 3) Intact brush border may be required for normal sodium reabsorption by PT. Reasons for the GFR/SNGFR discrepancy are unclear, but tubular malfunction may partly explain the phenomenon.", "contents": "Ischemic damage and repair in the rat proximal tubule: differences among the S1, S2, and S3 segments. Rats were subjected to 25 min of unilateral renal artery occlusion and were studied at 5, 15, and 30 min and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 hr following ischemia. The patterns of epithelial injury and repair in proximal tubule (PT) segments S1, S2, and S3 were followed, and associated changes in renal function were determined. We found that S1 and S2 cells alike are only reversibly injured and recover completely to normalcy within 4 hr, whereas S3 cells selectively undergo progressive cell injury and death and are exfoliated into tubular lumina. The necrotic S3 cells are replaced by mitotic division of survivor cells 24 to 48 hr following the ischemic insult. In addition, there was selective damage within tubular cells. Wiithin 5 min of blood reflow following ischemia, the majority of brush border microvilli (MV) in all three PT segments underwent coalescence by membrane fusion and thus were interiorized into the cytoplasm of PT cells. A minority of MV fragmented and were shed into PT lumina, but nephron obstruction by shed membranes was only mild and transient, unlike in the 1-hr ischemia model. Loss of MV reached a maximum of 15 min. By 30 min, MV began to reappear; by 2 hr, large numbers of MV had been regenerated; and by 4 hr, S1 and S2 cells appeared normal. The regenerative process included the luminal repositioning of previously interiorized MV membrane. MV regeneration occurred in S3 segments also, but before the process was complete, the cells developed features of irreversible cellular injury. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 22% of control at 30 min of reflow, rose progressively to 55% of normal by 7 to 8 hr, and was normal at 24 hr. Single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) was not significantly different from normal throughout. Proximal tubular sodium reabsorption was depressed and urinary sodium excretion increased at 30 min and at 2 to 3 hr, i.e., at times when MV alterations were prominent, but both were normal by 7 to 8 hr when MV in S1 and S2 cells had been fully reconstituted. Our major conclusions are: 1) There is differential susceptibility by cell type to ischemic injury in rat PT. 2) A rapid brush border loss/regeneration cycle occurs after ischemic injury. 3) Intact brush border may be required for normal sodium reabsorption by PT. Reasons for the GFR/SNGFR discrepancy are unclear, but tubular malfunction may partly explain the phenomenon.", "PMID": 682423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5355", "title": "Relation of ammonia excretion adaptation to glutaminase activity in acidotic, subtotalnephrectomized rats.", "content": "The response of renal ammonia excretion to acidosis was examined in adult rats with reduced renal mass (SNX). Three days after surgical ablation of 70% of renal mass, the activity of renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) in SNX rats was 7.7 +/- 1.5 mu moles of ammonia/100 mg of protein min or approximately 50% of the activity in normal rats (14.5 +/- 2.6 mu moles of ammonia/100 mg of protein min), but enhanced ammonia excretion per unit weight was observed in SNX rats (7.2 +/- 0.7 in control vs. 14.6 +/- 3.2 mumoles/g of kidney.hr in SNX rats). The cause (s) of the reduction in the specific activity of PDG (as well as the increase in ammonia excretion) is unknown. The PDG decrease was not due to apparent tissue damage and appeared to be a specific change as the activity of renal succinate dehydrogenase, another mitochondrial inner-membrane enzyme, did not decrease (from the control level) in SNX rats. Ammonia excretion showed no significant response to an acute acid load (ammonium chloride, 5 mmoles/kg of body wt) in SNX rats. Ammonia excretion, however, did adapt to repeated acid-loading (10 mmoles of ammonium chloride per kg of body wt per day for 3 days); ammonia excretion increased more than two-fold by third day of treatment. This adaptive response was associated with a two-fold rise in renal PDG. Administration of actinomycin D, at a dose which produced no gross toxic signs (100 microgram/kg/day i.p.) inhibited virtually all the increase in both ammonia excretion and PDG activity. The correlation of ammonia excretion and PDG adaptations in acidotic SNX rats was similar to that previously observed in infant rats.", "contents": "Relation of ammonia excretion adaptation to glutaminase activity in acidotic, subtotalnephrectomized rats. The response of renal ammonia excretion to acidosis was examined in adult rats with reduced renal mass (SNX). Three days after surgical ablation of 70% of renal mass, the activity of renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) in SNX rats was 7.7 +/- 1.5 mu moles of ammonia/100 mg of protein min or approximately 50% of the activity in normal rats (14.5 +/- 2.6 mu moles of ammonia/100 mg of protein min), but enhanced ammonia excretion per unit weight was observed in SNX rats (7.2 +/- 0.7 in control vs. 14.6 +/- 3.2 mumoles/g of kidney.hr in SNX rats). The cause (s) of the reduction in the specific activity of PDG (as well as the increase in ammonia excretion) is unknown. The PDG decrease was not due to apparent tissue damage and appeared to be a specific change as the activity of renal succinate dehydrogenase, another mitochondrial inner-membrane enzyme, did not decrease (from the control level) in SNX rats. Ammonia excretion showed no significant response to an acute acid load (ammonium chloride, 5 mmoles/kg of body wt) in SNX rats. Ammonia excretion, however, did adapt to repeated acid-loading (10 mmoles of ammonium chloride per kg of body wt per day for 3 days); ammonia excretion increased more than two-fold by third day of treatment. This adaptive response was associated with a two-fold rise in renal PDG. Administration of actinomycin D, at a dose which produced no gross toxic signs (100 microgram/kg/day i.p.) inhibited virtually all the increase in both ammonia excretion and PDG activity. The correlation of ammonia excretion and PDG adaptations in acidotic SNX rats was similar to that previously observed in infant rats.", "PMID": 682424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5356", "title": "Renal function and intrarenal hemodynamics in acutely hypoxic and hypercapnic rats.", "content": "On the basis of microsphere distribution, inert gas washout, and standard clearance data, the effects of acute hypoxia and hypercapnia on the kidney were studied in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated rats. Moderate hypoxia (mean PO2, 48 mm Hg) did not significantly change diuresis, GFR, and tubular sodium rejection. Due to a decrease in renal vascular resistance (R) from 40.1 to 31.8 mm Hg ml-1 min, mean renal blood flow stayed constant in spite of a significant drop in mean arterial blood pressure. Hypoxic changes in R were not accompanied by significant changes in intrarenal distribution of blood flow (IDBF). In severe hypoxia (PO2 less than 45 mm Hg) with oliguria and marked arterial hypotension, R was the lowest of all groups (28.8 mm Hg ml-1 min). Hypercapnia did not significantly change the renal excretory parameters, although an increase in R (without change in IDBF), together with a decrease in MAP caused a marked drop in mean renal blood flow. From these studies we conclude: 1) in the anestheized rat, acute hypoxia caused significant changes in intrarenal hemodynamics without changes in excretory function, 2) hypoxic renal vasodilation persists even in severe hypotension with oliguria and anuria, 3) in acute hypoxia and hypercapnia, changes in renal blood flow and renal vascular resistance are not accompanied by significant changes in IDBF.", "contents": "Renal function and intrarenal hemodynamics in acutely hypoxic and hypercapnic rats. On the basis of microsphere distribution, inert gas washout, and standard clearance data, the effects of acute hypoxia and hypercapnia on the kidney were studied in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated rats. Moderate hypoxia (mean PO2, 48 mm Hg) did not significantly change diuresis, GFR, and tubular sodium rejection. Due to a decrease in renal vascular resistance (R) from 40.1 to 31.8 mm Hg ml-1 min, mean renal blood flow stayed constant in spite of a significant drop in mean arterial blood pressure. Hypoxic changes in R were not accompanied by significant changes in intrarenal distribution of blood flow (IDBF). In severe hypoxia (PO2 less than 45 mm Hg) with oliguria and marked arterial hypotension, R was the lowest of all groups (28.8 mm Hg ml-1 min). Hypercapnia did not significantly change the renal excretory parameters, although an increase in R (without change in IDBF), together with a decrease in MAP caused a marked drop in mean renal blood flow. From these studies we conclude: 1) in the anestheized rat, acute hypoxia caused significant changes in intrarenal hemodynamics without changes in excretory function, 2) hypoxic renal vasodilation persists even in severe hypotension with oliguria and anuria, 3) in acute hypoxia and hypercapnia, changes in renal blood flow and renal vascular resistance are not accompanied by significant changes in IDBF.", "PMID": 682425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5357", "title": "Hemodialysis bone disease: correlation between clinical, histologic, and other findings.", "content": "This paper explores in patients with dialysis osteodystrophy the relationship between clinical features and histological, radiological, and biochemical findings. Eighty-five patients treated by hemodialysis for more than 6 months were studied. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) Bone pain in patients on regular hemodialysis is usually a symptom of developing osteomalacia but not of hyperparathyroidism or osteoporosis. 2) Many patients with histological osteomalacia and radiological features of osteomalacia, such as fractures or Looser zones, have no symptoms. 3)In dialysis patients, biochemical and radiological abnormalities are not a reliable means of predicting the presence of osteomalacia, but a raised serum alkaline phosphatase is a good indicator of the presence of osteitis fibrosa. For early detection of osteomalacia, bone biopsy in necessary. 4)A number of our dialysis patients develop an unusual form of osteomalacia characterized by absent or minimal histological osteitis fibrosa, a normal serum alkaline phosphatase, and a high incidence of myopathy and fractures.", "contents": "Hemodialysis bone disease: correlation between clinical, histologic, and other findings. This paper explores in patients with dialysis osteodystrophy the relationship between clinical features and histological, radiological, and biochemical findings. Eighty-five patients treated by hemodialysis for more than 6 months were studied. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) Bone pain in patients on regular hemodialysis is usually a symptom of developing osteomalacia but not of hyperparathyroidism or osteoporosis. 2) Many patients with histological osteomalacia and radiological features of osteomalacia, such as fractures or Looser zones, have no symptoms. 3)In dialysis patients, biochemical and radiological abnormalities are not a reliable means of predicting the presence of osteomalacia, but a raised serum alkaline phosphatase is a good indicator of the presence of osteitis fibrosa. For early detection of osteomalacia, bone biopsy in necessary. 4)A number of our dialysis patients develop an unusual form of osteomalacia characterized by absent or minimal histological osteitis fibrosa, a normal serum alkaline phosphatase, and a high incidence of myopathy and fractures.", "PMID": 682426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5358", "title": "Solute, amino acid, and hormone changes with coated charcoal hemoperfusion in uremia.", "content": "This investigation assesses the effect of two-hour activated charcoal hemoperfusion using a column containing 300 g of acrylic hydrogel-coated activated charcoal either alone or combined with hemodialysis on small and \"middle molecule\" removal in uremic patients. Comparison was made with standard five-hour hemodialysis. Two patients with dialysis encephalopathy were treated with four-hour combined hemoperfusion/hemodialysis without beneficial clinical effects. Hemoperfusion increased the clearance rates of creatinine and urate when combined with dialysis. Hemoperfusion alone removed 1.3 +/- 0.6 g (mean +/- SD) of creatinine and 0.6 +/- 0.2 g of urate, while combined hemoperfusion/hemodialysis removed 1.7 +/- 0.6 g of creatinine and 1.0 +/- 0.5 g of urate in a two-hour period. Both treatment schedules removed less solute than standard five-hour hemodialysis but were associated with comparable \"middle molecule\" removal. Hemoperfusion accounted for additional amino acid removal when combined with hemodialysis, while hemoperfusion alone produced significant reduction only in the amino acid cystine. Changes in the hormones thyroxine, triiodothyronine, human growth hormone, and insulin were noted during the procedures. Acceptable falls in platelet counts and fibrinogen occurred with hemoperfusion. Coated charcoal hemoperfusion may prove to have a role in the management of uremic patients, although the acrylic hydrogel-coated charcoal hemoperfusion device requires combination with techniques allowing fluid and electrolyte removal.", "contents": "Solute, amino acid, and hormone changes with coated charcoal hemoperfusion in uremia. This investigation assesses the effect of two-hour activated charcoal hemoperfusion using a column containing 300 g of acrylic hydrogel-coated activated charcoal either alone or combined with hemodialysis on small and \"middle molecule\" removal in uremic patients. Comparison was made with standard five-hour hemodialysis. Two patients with dialysis encephalopathy were treated with four-hour combined hemoperfusion/hemodialysis without beneficial clinical effects. Hemoperfusion increased the clearance rates of creatinine and urate when combined with dialysis. Hemoperfusion alone removed 1.3 +/- 0.6 g (mean +/- SD) of creatinine and 0.6 +/- 0.2 g of urate, while combined hemoperfusion/hemodialysis removed 1.7 +/- 0.6 g of creatinine and 1.0 +/- 0.5 g of urate in a two-hour period. Both treatment schedules removed less solute than standard five-hour hemodialysis but were associated with comparable \"middle molecule\" removal. Hemoperfusion accounted for additional amino acid removal when combined with hemodialysis, while hemoperfusion alone produced significant reduction only in the amino acid cystine. Changes in the hormones thyroxine, triiodothyronine, human growth hormone, and insulin were noted during the procedures. Acceptable falls in platelet counts and fibrinogen occurred with hemoperfusion. Coated charcoal hemoperfusion may prove to have a role in the management of uremic patients, although the acrylic hydrogel-coated charcoal hemoperfusion device requires combination with techniques allowing fluid and electrolyte removal.", "PMID": 682427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5359", "title": "[The influence of allopurinol on purine- and pyrimidinesynthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Allopurinol inhibits xanthinoxydase. This results in a decrease of the serum and urinary uric acid. Simultaneously the renal excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine increases. In most patients, however, the decrease of urinary uric acid is not completely replaced by the increase of oxypurines. This is attributed to an additional inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis. The different effect of allopurinol on the endogenous and exogenous urates offers an alternative approach to explain the \"purine deficit\". The effect of allopurinol on the pyrimidine metabolism is due to an inhibition of orotidylic decarboxylase by the ribonucleotides of allopurinol, xanthine and oxipurinol. This inhibition is followed by an increase in the urinary excretion of orotidine and orotic acid. The additional administration of ribonucleic acid leads to a striking decrease of the allopurinol induced orotaciduria. The continuous administration of allopurinol also produces an increase in the activity of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylic decarboxylase. At this time the mechanism of this increase in activity is not completely understood. Allopurinol is metabolized rapidly. Only 3-10% of an administered dose are excreted unchanged in the urine. Most of the allopurinol is oxidized to oxipurinol. A small portion is converted to the ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides1 of allopurinol and oxipurinol.", "contents": "[The influence of allopurinol on purine- and pyrimidinesynthesis (author's transl)]. Allopurinol inhibits xanthinoxydase. This results in a decrease of the serum and urinary uric acid. Simultaneously the renal excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine increases. In most patients, however, the decrease of urinary uric acid is not completely replaced by the increase of oxypurines. This is attributed to an additional inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis. The different effect of allopurinol on the endogenous and exogenous urates offers an alternative approach to explain the \"purine deficit\". The effect of allopurinol on the pyrimidine metabolism is due to an inhibition of orotidylic decarboxylase by the ribonucleotides of allopurinol, xanthine and oxipurinol. This inhibition is followed by an increase in the urinary excretion of orotidine and orotic acid. The additional administration of ribonucleic acid leads to a striking decrease of the allopurinol induced orotaciduria. The continuous administration of allopurinol also produces an increase in the activity of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylic decarboxylase. At this time the mechanism of this increase in activity is not completely understood. Allopurinol is metabolized rapidly. Only 3-10% of an administered dose are excreted unchanged in the urine. Most of the allopurinol is oxidized to oxipurinol. A small portion is converted to the ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides1 of allopurinol and oxipurinol.", "PMID": 682520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5360", "title": "[Uptake of 2-C14 urate by erythrocytes in hyperuricemia and in gout (author's transl)].", "content": "The uptake of 2-C14 urate by erythrocytes was measured in 19 patients with primary hyperuricemia, 6 patients with secondary hyperuricemia, 17 patients with primary gout and 30 controls. The uptake of urate in patients with primary gout was significantly lower than in the controls. In contrast no such difference could be observed in patients with primary and secondary hyperuricemia. The uptake of labeled urate by erythrocytes from gouty patients is especially diminished in the early phase of the uptake kinetics. The possible relevance of this finding for the pathogenesis of urate precipitation in gout is discussed. Further, we consider the application of the tracer urate uptake by erythrocytes as an aid in the early diagnosis of gout.", "contents": "[Uptake of 2-C14 urate by erythrocytes in hyperuricemia and in gout (author's transl)]. The uptake of 2-C14 urate by erythrocytes was measured in 19 patients with primary hyperuricemia, 6 patients with secondary hyperuricemia, 17 patients with primary gout and 30 controls. The uptake of urate in patients with primary gout was significantly lower than in the controls. In contrast no such difference could be observed in patients with primary and secondary hyperuricemia. The uptake of labeled urate by erythrocytes from gouty patients is especially diminished in the early phase of the uptake kinetics. The possible relevance of this finding for the pathogenesis of urate precipitation in gout is discussed. Further, we consider the application of the tracer urate uptake by erythrocytes as an aid in the early diagnosis of gout.", "PMID": 682521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5361", "title": "[The specific effect of plasma proteins in erythrocyte sedimentation. An analysis of the correlation coefficients between ESR and the concentration of twenty individual plasma proteins in healthy and sick persons, with special reference to myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the concentration of twenty individual plasma proteins was determined in 72 persons including 37 patients with recent myocardial infarction. The highest correlation coefficients with ESR could be demonstrated in the following proteins: fibrinogen, alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein, alpha-2-macroglobulin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, coeruloplasmin, Ig M. The closest correlation with ESR was found, when the molar concentrations of fibrinogen, alpha-2-macroglobulin and Ig M were summed up. 2. Subdivision of the examined group of patients according to their diagnosis showed that the degree of correlation with ESR in many plasma proteins essentially depends on the composition of the studied group of patients. The patients with myocardial infarction, with pneumonia and those with neoplasma all showed distinctly different patterns of correlation. These obviously reflect underlying changes in the concentrations of the studied proteins, that seem to be specific to the respective disease. 3. In 4 patients with myocardial infarction the changes in plasma protein concentrations together with ESR were followed over a period of 26 days after the infarction.", "contents": "[The specific effect of plasma proteins in erythrocyte sedimentation. An analysis of the correlation coefficients between ESR and the concentration of twenty individual plasma proteins in healthy and sick persons, with special reference to myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. 1. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the concentration of twenty individual plasma proteins was determined in 72 persons including 37 patients with recent myocardial infarction. The highest correlation coefficients with ESR could be demonstrated in the following proteins: fibrinogen, alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein, alpha-2-macroglobulin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, coeruloplasmin, Ig M. The closest correlation with ESR was found, when the molar concentrations of fibrinogen, alpha-2-macroglobulin and Ig M were summed up. 2. Subdivision of the examined group of patients according to their diagnosis showed that the degree of correlation with ESR in many plasma proteins essentially depends on the composition of the studied group of patients. The patients with myocardial infarction, with pneumonia and those with neoplasma all showed distinctly different patterns of correlation. These obviously reflect underlying changes in the concentrations of the studied proteins, that seem to be specific to the respective disease. 3. In 4 patients with myocardial infarction the changes in plasma protein concentrations together with ESR were followed over a period of 26 days after the infarction.", "PMID": 682522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5362", "title": "[The effect of oral butyl-biguanide on oral glucose tolerance and renal glucose reabsorption in normal human subjects in vivo (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Oral glucose tolerance in 11 normal subjects was significantly improved after peroral administration of 150 mg of butyl-biguanide. 2. On the other hand maxiumum capacity of renal glucose reabsorption (TmG) and lowest glomerular glucose filtration rate at which glucosuria was recorded (F min) remained uninfluenced after 150 mg of butyl-biguanide in 7 normal subjects. 3. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the oral administration of therapeutic doses of biguanides yields concentrations at the luminal face of the intestine which inhibit glucose resorption. Plasma concentrations following oral intake of the same dose of biguanide are too low to exert any inhibiting action on renal glucose reabsorption as demonstrated by the present in vivo studies. 4. Urinary flow rate and inulin clearance remained unaltered after butyl-biguanide in these normal subjects.", "contents": "[The effect of oral butyl-biguanide on oral glucose tolerance and renal glucose reabsorption in normal human subjects in vivo (author's transl)]. 1. Oral glucose tolerance in 11 normal subjects was significantly improved after peroral administration of 150 mg of butyl-biguanide. 2. On the other hand maxiumum capacity of renal glucose reabsorption (TmG) and lowest glomerular glucose filtration rate at which glucosuria was recorded (F min) remained uninfluenced after 150 mg of butyl-biguanide in 7 normal subjects. 3. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the oral administration of therapeutic doses of biguanides yields concentrations at the luminal face of the intestine which inhibit glucose resorption. Plasma concentrations following oral intake of the same dose of biguanide are too low to exert any inhibiting action on renal glucose reabsorption as demonstrated by the present in vivo studies. 4. Urinary flow rate and inulin clearance remained unaltered after butyl-biguanide in these normal subjects.", "PMID": 682523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5363", "title": "[Measurement of the conduction time within the fascicles of the His-Purkinje-system using endocardial detection (author's transl)].", "content": "The conduction time in the 3 fascicles of the His-Purkinje system can be measured by recording the local excitation in the peripheral His-Purkinje system of the right bundle and the anterior and posterior fascicle of the left bundle, in combination with His-bundle recordings. This technique allows a detailed study of the subjunctional conduction and gives information on the conduction pathways in ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "[Measurement of the conduction time within the fascicles of the His-Purkinje-system using endocardial detection (author's transl)]. The conduction time in the 3 fascicles of the His-Purkinje system can be measured by recording the local excitation in the peripheral His-Purkinje system of the right bundle and the anterior and posterior fascicle of the left bundle, in combination with His-bundle recordings. This technique allows a detailed study of the subjunctional conduction and gives information on the conduction pathways in ventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 682524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5364", "title": "[Thromboplastin activity of extracts of human thyroid glands (author's transl)].", "content": "Aqueous extracts of thyroid glands were prepared from 25 surgical specimens of 19 patients. The average prothrombin time of sixteen 3:4 diluted extracts of thyroids from 13 euthyroid patients was 16.8 +/- 2.3 sec as measured with 100% human plasma. Under similar conditions the average prothrombin time of extracts obtained from the grey matter of three human brains was 18.4 +/- 0.3 sec. The thyroid may thus be considered as an organ containing one of the highest concentrations of tissue thromboplastin.", "contents": "[Thromboplastin activity of extracts of human thyroid glands (author's transl)]. Aqueous extracts of thyroid glands were prepared from 25 surgical specimens of 19 patients. The average prothrombin time of sixteen 3:4 diluted extracts of thyroids from 13 euthyroid patients was 16.8 +/- 2.3 sec as measured with 100% human plasma. Under similar conditions the average prothrombin time of extracts obtained from the grey matter of three human brains was 18.4 +/- 0.3 sec. The thyroid may thus be considered as an organ containing one of the highest concentrations of tissue thromboplastin.", "PMID": 682525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5365", "title": "[Enteric hyperoxaluria. I. Intestinal oxalate absorption in gastrointestinal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Oxalate-urolithiasis and hyperoxalaria have been reported to be a frequent complication in patients with small bowel disease, especially in patients with ileal resection due to Crohn's disease. Hyperabsorption of oxalate seems to be the main patholgenetic factor for \"enteric\" hyperoxalaria. Intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of oxalate was measured in patients with various gastrointestinal diseases after oral or rectal administration of 14C-oxalate. Kinetic data suggest that 14C-oxalate is absorbed in the small, the large bowel and the rectum as well. Oxalate absorption was decreased in patients with a colectomy and in active ulcerative colitis, but increased in patients with ileal resection, chronic liver disease, and steatorrhea due to chronic pancratitis or sprue. There existed a positive correlation between 14C-oxalate absorption and the amount of fecal fat excretion. The data suggest that hyperoxaluria and hyperabsorption of oxalate are not a specific finding in patients with bile acid malabsorption, but may occur too, in steatorrhea without alteration of bile acid metabolism.", "contents": "[Enteric hyperoxaluria. I. Intestinal oxalate absorption in gastrointestinal diseases (author's transl)]. Oxalate-urolithiasis and hyperoxalaria have been reported to be a frequent complication in patients with small bowel disease, especially in patients with ileal resection due to Crohn's disease. Hyperabsorption of oxalate seems to be the main patholgenetic factor for \"enteric\" hyperoxalaria. Intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of oxalate was measured in patients with various gastrointestinal diseases after oral or rectal administration of 14C-oxalate. Kinetic data suggest that 14C-oxalate is absorbed in the small, the large bowel and the rectum as well. Oxalate absorption was decreased in patients with a colectomy and in active ulcerative colitis, but increased in patients with ileal resection, chronic liver disease, and steatorrhea due to chronic pancratitis or sprue. There existed a positive correlation between 14C-oxalate absorption and the amount of fecal fat excretion. The data suggest that hyperoxaluria and hyperabsorption of oxalate are not a specific finding in patients with bile acid malabsorption, but may occur too, in steatorrhea without alteration of bile acid metabolism.", "PMID": 682526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5366", "title": "[Porphyria erythropoietica congenita G\u00fcnther and chloroquine (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment of a six-year-old boy with porphyria congenita (G\u00fcnther) by small amounts of chloroquine was followed by a sharp but transient increase of the urinary excretion of porphyrins. Moreover, a nearly complete normalization of the previously observed rigidity of the erythrocytes occurred. With respect to the possibility that this elevated rigidity plays an important role for the typical hemolysis connected with this porphyria, the application of chloroquine could be of therapeutic value for this disease.", "contents": "[Porphyria erythropoietica congenita G\u00fcnther and chloroquine (author's transl)]. Treatment of a six-year-old boy with porphyria congenita (G\u00fcnther) by small amounts of chloroquine was followed by a sharp but transient increase of the urinary excretion of porphyrins. Moreover, a nearly complete normalization of the previously observed rigidity of the erythrocytes occurred. With respect to the possibility that this elevated rigidity plays an important role for the typical hemolysis connected with this porphyria, the application of chloroquine could be of therapeutic value for this disease.", "PMID": 682527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5367", "title": "[Effect of saralasin on plasma renin activity and arginine-vasopressin in patients with angiotensin-dependent hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "A central stimulatory effect of angiotensin II (AII) on the secretion of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) has been described. The competitive blocker of AII, saralasin (SAR) has been used for diagnostic purposes in angiotensin-dependent hypertension. In addition SAR has a partially agnoistic effect. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate whether AVP-levels can be influenced during SAR-induced renin stimulation. In 9 patients with essential hypertension blood pressure dropped significantly under SAR (10 microgram/kg/min over a 30 min period). Before and after SAR plasma renin activity (PRA) and AVP were measured by RIA, SAR evoked significantly increments of PRA in all patients and of AVP in 6 patients. The increased serum concentrations of AVP following SAR may be explained either by the depressor effect of SAR, its diminished concentration at the central receptor, or a partial AII-agonistic effect.", "contents": "[Effect of saralasin on plasma renin activity and arginine-vasopressin in patients with angiotensin-dependent hypertension (author's transl)]. A central stimulatory effect of angiotensin II (AII) on the secretion of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) has been described. The competitive blocker of AII, saralasin (SAR) has been used for diagnostic purposes in angiotensin-dependent hypertension. In addition SAR has a partially agnoistic effect. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate whether AVP-levels can be influenced during SAR-induced renin stimulation. In 9 patients with essential hypertension blood pressure dropped significantly under SAR (10 microgram/kg/min over a 30 min period). Before and after SAR plasma renin activity (PRA) and AVP were measured by RIA, SAR evoked significantly increments of PRA in all patients and of AVP in 6 patients. The increased serum concentrations of AVP following SAR may be explained either by the depressor effect of SAR, its diminished concentration at the central receptor, or a partial AII-agonistic effect.", "PMID": 682528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5368", "title": "Histochemical methods for the demonstration of Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen in cell suspensions and tissue sections.", "content": "1. Three different methods are described for the visualisation of the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen on cell suspensions, formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded or frozen tissue sections: a) Rosette formation with chicken and sheep erythrocytes. b) Fluorescence-microscopy with fluorescein labelled peanut agglutinin. c) Autoradiography with 3H-labelled peanut agglutinin. 2. The TF antigen was shown, as far as presently investigated, to be exposed on various blood cells, glomerula of the kidney and normal mammary gland after neuraminidase treatment. Mammary gland was also shown to possess TF receptors without prior treatment with neuraminidase. 3. The exposure of this cryptantigen can be brought about by bacterial or viral neuraminidase and is followed by an antigen/antibody reaction, which can lead to possible pathological consequences.", "contents": "Histochemical methods for the demonstration of Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen in cell suspensions and tissue sections. 1. Three different methods are described for the visualisation of the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen on cell suspensions, formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded or frozen tissue sections: a) Rosette formation with chicken and sheep erythrocytes. b) Fluorescence-microscopy with fluorescein labelled peanut agglutinin. c) Autoradiography with 3H-labelled peanut agglutinin. 2. The TF antigen was shown, as far as presently investigated, to be exposed on various blood cells, glomerula of the kidney and normal mammary gland after neuraminidase treatment. Mammary gland was also shown to possess TF receptors without prior treatment with neuraminidase. 3. The exposure of this cryptantigen can be brought about by bacterial or viral neuraminidase and is followed by an antigen/antibody reaction, which can lead to possible pathological consequences.", "PMID": 682531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5369", "title": "[Kaliuretic function of the kidneys in humans with different degrees of motor activity and at bed rest].", "content": "The kaliuretic function of the kidneys was studied in 12 healthy test subjects during the 49-day head-down tilting (--4 degrees). The results suggest that the selection of optimal exercises and dietary potassium intake may prevent changes in the potassium metabolism and the renal kaliuretic function both during bed rest and weightlessness as well as facilitate a rapid recovery of potassium homeostasis on return to Earth.", "contents": "[Kaliuretic function of the kidneys in humans with different degrees of motor activity and at bed rest]. The kaliuretic function of the kidneys was studied in 12 healthy test subjects during the 49-day head-down tilting (--4 degrees). The results suggest that the selection of optimal exercises and dietary potassium intake may prevent changes in the potassium metabolism and the renal kaliuretic function both during bed rest and weightlessness as well as facilitate a rapid recovery of potassium homeostasis on return to Earth.", "PMID": 682552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5370", "title": "[Assessment of regional blood filling by using the rheoplethysmographic method combined with functional tests].", "content": "Vascular responses of fingers and toes to the occlusion test as well as fingers, head, lungs and liver to the Valsalva maneuver were studied. The responses to the tests depended on the initial level of blood filling. The different level of blood filling was induced by orthostatic, head-down tilt and LBNP tests. It is recommended to use rheography (slow and pulse components) in combination with the occlusion test and Valsalva maneuver in order to assess regional blood filling and venous tone of crew-members in space flights.", "contents": "[Assessment of regional blood filling by using the rheoplethysmographic method combined with functional tests]. Vascular responses of fingers and toes to the occlusion test as well as fingers, head, lungs and liver to the Valsalva maneuver were studied. The responses to the tests depended on the initial level of blood filling. The different level of blood filling was induced by orthostatic, head-down tilt and LBNP tests. It is recommended to use rheography (slow and pulse components) in combination with the occlusion test and Valsalva maneuver in order to assess regional blood filling and venous tone of crew-members in space flights.", "PMID": 682553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5371", "title": "[Dynamics of plasma free amino acid levels in humans during antiorthostatic hypokinesia].", "content": "The amino acid composition of plasma was investigated in 8 healthy male test subjects during 49-day head-down bed rest. The concentration of most free amino acids in plasma increased significantly. The content of urea and taurine in plasma also grew. These changes were reversible and after the termination of the bed rest experiment the levels of all components in plasma returned to normal. The findings suggest that changes in the aminogram recorded during bed rest reflect rearrangement of protein metabolism and are adaptive.", "contents": "[Dynamics of plasma free amino acid levels in humans during antiorthostatic hypokinesia]. The amino acid composition of plasma was investigated in 8 healthy male test subjects during 49-day head-down bed rest. The concentration of most free amino acids in plasma increased significantly. The content of urea and taurine in plasma also grew. These changes were reversible and after the termination of the bed rest experiment the levels of all components in plasma returned to normal. The findings suggest that changes in the aminogram recorded during bed rest reflect rearrangement of protein metabolism and are adaptive.", "PMID": 682554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5372", "title": "[Psychophysiologic aspects of pilot performance during short term exposure to intense photic stimuli].", "content": "Psychophysiological characteristics of pilot performance were studied during short-term exposures to intensive light stimuli. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory and in the flight trainer. Parameters indicating piloting qualities and physiological functions of the pilot were recorded. The effect of intensive light stimuli on the pilot eyes caused a high nervous-psychic tension (stress) during trainer flying. The flight results were at large dictated by erroneous actions of the pilot during the first seconds of blinding. Pilot training for such conditions has a very favorable effect.", "contents": "[Psychophysiologic aspects of pilot performance during short term exposure to intense photic stimuli]. Psychophysiological characteristics of pilot performance were studied during short-term exposures to intensive light stimuli. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory and in the flight trainer. Parameters indicating piloting qualities and physiological functions of the pilot were recorded. The effect of intensive light stimuli on the pilot eyes caused a high nervous-psychic tension (stress) during trainer flying. The flight results were at large dictated by erroneous actions of the pilot during the first seconds of blinding. Pilot training for such conditions has a very favorable effect.", "PMID": 682555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5373", "title": "[Several current problems in the physiologic-hygienic standardization of noise in aerospace medicine].", "content": "On the basis of an examination of the physical characteristics of noises accompanying the performance of flying vehicles, experimental investigations of the effects of acoustic energy in a wide range of intensity and exposure time on the human body were carried out. The findings were used to develop the standards \"noise intensity--time of continuous exposure and \"noise intensity--class of antinoise\", taking into account corrections for the protective effect of antinoise. This allowed a more substantiated approach to the standardization of work in an environment of high intensity noise. Although general approaches to the standardization were developed as related to flying vehicles, they can be applied to other branches of industry and transport.", "contents": "[Several current problems in the physiologic-hygienic standardization of noise in aerospace medicine]. On the basis of an examination of the physical characteristics of noises accompanying the performance of flying vehicles, experimental investigations of the effects of acoustic energy in a wide range of intensity and exposure time on the human body were carried out. The findings were used to develop the standards \"noise intensity--time of continuous exposure and \"noise intensity--class of antinoise\", taking into account corrections for the protective effect of antinoise. This allowed a more substantiated approach to the standardization of work in an environment of high intensity noise. Although general approaches to the standardization were developed as related to flying vehicles, they can be applied to other branches of industry and transport.", "PMID": 682556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5374", "title": "[Work capacity of permanent high and low altitude dwellers].", "content": "Lowland and highland natives of similar age and physical fitness showed similar parameters of hemodynamics, pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange at rest. However, highlanders displayed lower lung vital capacity. Maximal work capacity of highlandders was higher. It was provided by lower tension of the cardiovascular system and higher tension of the respiratory system as compared with those of lowlanders.", "contents": "[Work capacity of permanent high and low altitude dwellers]. Lowland and highland natives of similar age and physical fitness showed similar parameters of hemodynamics, pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange at rest. However, highlanders displayed lower lung vital capacity. Maximal work capacity of highlandders was higher. It was provided by lower tension of the cardiovascular system and higher tension of the respiratory system as compared with those of lowlanders.", "PMID": 682557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5375", "title": "[Method of irradiating bioobjects and results of dosimetric measurements on the biosatellite \"Cosmos-690\"].", "content": "The paper describes the design and experimental conditions of rat irradiation aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690. An essential dose gradient due to different distances between the gamma-source and irradiated rats as well as due to the presence of construction components and equipment in the beam was made up by a special dose-equilibrating filter. The spectral distribution of scattered radiation reached maximum in the region of 0.1--0.3 Mev. The average dosage in the location of the main group of animals was 800 +/- 85 rad and that in the location of an additional group was 220 +/- 25 rad.", "contents": "[Method of irradiating bioobjects and results of dosimetric measurements on the biosatellite \"Cosmos-690\"]. The paper describes the design and experimental conditions of rat irradiation aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690. An essential dose gradient due to different distances between the gamma-source and irradiated rats as well as due to the presence of construction components and equipment in the beam was made up by a special dose-equilibrating filter. The spectral distribution of scattered radiation reached maximum in the region of 0.1--0.3 Mev. The average dosage in the location of the main group of animals was 800 +/- 85 rad and that in the location of an additional group was 220 +/- 25 rad.", "PMID": 682558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5376", "title": "[Histochemical study of the digestive organs of rats on board for the space flight of the satellite \"Cosmos-690\"].", "content": "The digestive organs of rats exposed to a combined effect of space flight factors and irradiation were examined. The surface and foveal epithelium of the stomach as well as mucocytes of the fundal glands showed a drastically reduced content of the neutral carbohydrate component. The foveal epithelium and mucocytes of fundal necks also exhibited a significant decrease of the sulfomucin content. The large and small intestines showed a lowered amount of goblet-cells and their secretion. Pancreatic acinar cells displayed different changes in the content of enzymic proteins having cation properties. The above histochemical changes did not return to normal 36 days after irradiation and 26--27 days after readaptation to the Earth environment.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of the digestive organs of rats on board for the space flight of the satellite \"Cosmos-690\"]. The digestive organs of rats exposed to a combined effect of space flight factors and irradiation were examined. The surface and foveal epithelium of the stomach as well as mucocytes of the fundal glands showed a drastically reduced content of the neutral carbohydrate component. The foveal epithelium and mucocytes of fundal necks also exhibited a significant decrease of the sulfomucin content. The large and small intestines showed a lowered amount of goblet-cells and their secretion. Pancreatic acinar cells displayed different changes in the content of enzymic proteins having cation properties. The above histochemical changes did not return to normal 36 days after irradiation and 26--27 days after readaptation to the Earth environment.", "PMID": 682559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5377", "title": "[Effect of prolonged rotation on radiation injury to the body].", "content": "CBA mice were kept for three weeks in a rotating installation (velocity--7.5 rpm, rotation radius--110 cm, acceleration--0.07 g). As a result, their radiosensitivity reduced. The lethal effect and severity of radiation injury declined. The animals rotated and irradiated at a sublethal dose showed an enhancement of the reparation process in bone marrow and the thymus. Significant changes in radiosensitivity can be expected during an exposure to rotation and acceleration of 0.3--1.0 g.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged rotation on radiation injury to the body]. CBA mice were kept for three weeks in a rotating installation (velocity--7.5 rpm, rotation radius--110 cm, acceleration--0.07 g). As a result, their radiosensitivity reduced. The lethal effect and severity of radiation injury declined. The animals rotated and irradiated at a sublethal dose showed an enhancement of the reparation process in bone marrow and the thymus. Significant changes in radiosensitivity can be expected during an exposure to rotation and acceleration of 0.3--1.0 g.", "PMID": 682560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5378", "title": "[Possible role of lysosomal proteinases in the biological effects of G-forces].", "content": "Experiments on rats demonstrated that acceleration of 6 g for 10 min elevated significantly the activity of acid proteinases and the rate of their release from lysosomes into the incubation mixture. Hydrocortisone (1 mg/100 g body weight) also increased proteinase activity; however, this effect was transient and less expressed. Upon a combined effect of hydrocortisone and acceleration the effect of the latter on the activity of lysosomal enzymes weakened appreciably.", "contents": "[Possible role of lysosomal proteinases in the biological effects of G-forces]. Experiments on rats demonstrated that acceleration of 6 g for 10 min elevated significantly the activity of acid proteinases and the rate of their release from lysosomes into the incubation mixture. Hydrocortisone (1 mg/100 g body weight) also increased proteinase activity; however, this effect was transient and less expressed. Upon a combined effect of hydrocortisone and acceleration the effect of the latter on the activity of lysosomal enzymes weakened appreciably.", "PMID": 682563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5379", "title": "[Feasibility of using a test involving exposure of the lower half of the body to negative pressure for selection of cosmonaut candidates].", "content": "By means of regional rheography and electrocardiography cardiovascular reactions to LBNP (25 mm Hg--2 min; 35 mm Hg--3 min; 40 mm Hg--5 min; 50 mm Hg--5 min) were studied in 60 young male test subjects (aged 25--42). Changes in the content and excretion of catecholamines were followed before and after LBNP in II test subjects. The investigations helped to elucidate mechanisms of compensatory and related reactions of the cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal systems. Diagnostic and prognostic criteria to evaluate LBNP tolerance were established. The criteria can be used to assess functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system and to predict orthostatic tolerance of cosmonaut candidates.", "contents": "[Feasibility of using a test involving exposure of the lower half of the body to negative pressure for selection of cosmonaut candidates]. By means of regional rheography and electrocardiography cardiovascular reactions to LBNP (25 mm Hg--2 min; 35 mm Hg--3 min; 40 mm Hg--5 min; 50 mm Hg--5 min) were studied in 60 young male test subjects (aged 25--42). Changes in the content and excretion of catecholamines were followed before and after LBNP in II test subjects. The investigations helped to elucidate mechanisms of compensatory and related reactions of the cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal systems. Diagnostic and prognostic criteria to evaluate LBNP tolerance were established. The criteria can be used to assess functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system and to predict orthostatic tolerance of cosmonaut candidates.", "PMID": 682562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5380", "title": "[Changes in the electrocerebellogram and autonomic responses of mice to acceleration].", "content": "Nembutal narcotized white rats were exposed to + GZ accelerations of 10 g for 5 min. Changes in the frequency spectrum of the bioelectric spontaneous activity of the cerebellar cortex, respiration rate and heart rate were examined. A correlation between bioelectric reactions of the cerebellum and adaptive-compensatory responses of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems was established. The rats that showed no electrographic reactions of awakening at the onset of acceleration displayed a reduced resistance to acceleration.", "contents": "[Changes in the electrocerebellogram and autonomic responses of mice to acceleration]. Nembutal narcotized white rats were exposed to + GZ accelerations of 10 g for 5 min. Changes in the frequency spectrum of the bioelectric spontaneous activity of the cerebellar cortex, respiration rate and heart rate were examined. A correlation between bioelectric reactions of the cerebellum and adaptive-compensatory responses of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems was established. The rats that showed no electrographic reactions of awakening at the onset of acceleration displayed a reduced resistance to acceleration.", "PMID": 682561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5381", "title": "[Morphologic study of the hematopoietic organs of rats during hypokinesia].", "content": "During 60-day hypokinesia the hemopoietic system of rats developed important changes typical of the stress-state (atrophy of thymico-lymphatic system, lymphopenia and neutrophilosis) and hypokinesia per se (activation at the early stage and inhibition at the late stage of bone marrow erythropiesis, reduction of the rate of lympho- and myelopoiesis by the end of the experiment, emergence of pathologically changed megakaryocytes).", "contents": "[Morphologic study of the hematopoietic organs of rats during hypokinesia]. During 60-day hypokinesia the hemopoietic system of rats developed important changes typical of the stress-state (atrophy of thymico-lymphatic system, lymphopenia and neutrophilosis) and hypokinesia per se (activation at the early stage and inhibition at the late stage of bone marrow erythropiesis, reduction of the rate of lympho- and myelopoiesis by the end of the experiment, emergence of pathologically changed megakaryocytes).", "PMID": 682564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5382", "title": "Temperature preference of adolescent mice.", "content": "The behavioral preference of mice for various ambient temperatures was investigated while the mice were housed in a wire mesh cage. The animals exhibited a significant avoidance of ambient temperatures of 22 degree C and lower, especially when they were in an inactive period. This result suggested that temperatures a little higher than those conventionally adopted might be appropriate for rearing mice in wire mesh cages.", "contents": "Temperature preference of adolescent mice. The behavioral preference of mice for various ambient temperatures was investigated while the mice were housed in a wire mesh cage. The animals exhibited a significant avoidance of ambient temperatures of 22 degree C and lower, especially when they were in an inactive period. This result suggested that temperatures a little higher than those conventionally adopted might be appropriate for rearing mice in wire mesh cages.", "PMID": 682575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5383", "title": "Oxygen consumption of germfree and conventional mice.", "content": "Oxygen consumption was determined in germfree and conventional mice using a respirometer which enabled us to make precise corrections for variations in temperature or barometric pressure. In 20, 3-minute observations on 21 germfree and 21 conventional mice, the germfree animals consumed an average of 2.11 ml of oxygen per gram body weight per hour in comparison to 2.37 ml for the conventional mice. This difference was not accompanied by a difference in rectal temperature.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption of germfree and conventional mice. Oxygen consumption was determined in germfree and conventional mice using a respirometer which enabled us to make precise corrections for variations in temperature or barometric pressure. In 20, 3-minute observations on 21 germfree and 21 conventional mice, the germfree animals consumed an average of 2.11 ml of oxygen per gram body weight per hour in comparison to 2.37 ml for the conventional mice. This difference was not accompanied by a difference in rectal temperature.", "PMID": 682576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5384", "title": "[Protective effect of 2-aminobenzimidazole during hyperbaric oxygenation and the state of cerebral nitrogen metabolism].", "content": "The protective effect of 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-ABI) was studied on white rats exposed to oxygen at 4 and 6 ata. During an exposure to oxygen at 6 ata injections of 2-ABI (in 1 ml saline at a dose of 5 mg per 100 g body weight) 10 min prior to the exposure delayed significantly (3 to 4 times) the time when convulsions began and assured 100% survival after the exposure (30 days). During an exposure to 4 ata (prolonged exposure) the injections did not delay convulsions but alleviated them and provided 100% survival after the exposure (30 days). Variations in the content of ammonia, glutamine, glutamic and aspartic acids and GAMA in the brain of treated and untreated animals were examined. By the beginning of convulsions the content of dicarboxylic amino acids and GABA remained unchanged in the treated animals. The level of ammonia and glutamine was not controlled by 2-ABI. After the exposure 2-ABI accelerated the return of metabolic parameters to the normal.", "contents": "[Protective effect of 2-aminobenzimidazole during hyperbaric oxygenation and the state of cerebral nitrogen metabolism]. The protective effect of 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-ABI) was studied on white rats exposed to oxygen at 4 and 6 ata. During an exposure to oxygen at 6 ata injections of 2-ABI (in 1 ml saline at a dose of 5 mg per 100 g body weight) 10 min prior to the exposure delayed significantly (3 to 4 times) the time when convulsions began and assured 100% survival after the exposure (30 days). During an exposure to 4 ata (prolonged exposure) the injections did not delay convulsions but alleviated them and provided 100% survival after the exposure (30 days). Variations in the content of ammonia, glutamine, glutamic and aspartic acids and GAMA in the brain of treated and untreated animals were examined. By the beginning of convulsions the content of dicarboxylic amino acids and GABA remained unchanged in the treated animals. The level of ammonia and glutamine was not controlled by 2-ABI. After the exposure 2-ABI accelerated the return of metabolic parameters to the normal.", "PMID": 682565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5385", "title": "Dentostomella translucida in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).", "content": "Dentostomella translucida, an oxyurid, was found in the small intestine of 39 out of 43 Mongolian gerbils from a research colony and in five pet gerbils in Columbia, Missouri. This discovery established a new host record and a new georgraphic locality for the parasite. Diagnosis of parasitism was best made by direct observation of the nematodes in the host's intestine af necropsy. The average length of males was 10.3 mm, and that of females was 20.3 mm. Parasite numbers in infected animals ranged from to 11, with an average of four. No clinical manifestations of disease were associated with the parasitisms. The prepatent period of infection was determined to be determined to be between 25 and 29 days.", "contents": "Dentostomella translucida in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Dentostomella translucida, an oxyurid, was found in the small intestine of 39 out of 43 Mongolian gerbils from a research colony and in five pet gerbils in Columbia, Missouri. This discovery established a new host record and a new georgraphic locality for the parasite. Diagnosis of parasitism was best made by direct observation of the nematodes in the host's intestine af necropsy. The average length of males was 10.3 mm, and that of females was 20.3 mm. Parasite numbers in infected animals ranged from to 11, with an average of four. No clinical manifestations of disease were associated with the parasitisms. The prepatent period of infection was determined to be determined to be between 25 and 29 days.", "PMID": 682577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5386", "title": "Gonadotropin induced reproductive cyclicity in the domestic cat.", "content": "Adult queens were treated with one of two sources of follicle stimulating gonodotropin (follicle stimulating hormone or pregnant mares' serum gonodotropin) to induce ovarian follicle development and estrus. Treatment involving single injections of follicle stimulating hormone stimulated mature follicle development but resulted in inconsistent display of sexual receptivity and variable ovulation rates. Single or multiple injections of pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin induced follicel growth, but follicle rupture often occurred prior to estrus and the mating stimulus. When compared to results obtained from queens mated while in natural estrus, cats receiving a series of injections of follicle stimulating hormone or pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin demonstrated ovarian hypersensitivity and produced follicular cysts which failed to rupture. The most effective hormone regimen for inducing follicle growth and estrus consisted of 2.0 mg follicle stimulating hormone injected daily intramuscularly until estrus. Queens receiving this treatment were capable of ovulating following mating or human chorionic gonodotropin administration and were capable of conceiving if mated.", "contents": "Gonadotropin induced reproductive cyclicity in the domestic cat. Adult queens were treated with one of two sources of follicle stimulating gonodotropin (follicle stimulating hormone or pregnant mares' serum gonodotropin) to induce ovarian follicle development and estrus. Treatment involving single injections of follicle stimulating hormone stimulated mature follicle development but resulted in inconsistent display of sexual receptivity and variable ovulation rates. Single or multiple injections of pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin induced follicel growth, but follicle rupture often occurred prior to estrus and the mating stimulus. When compared to results obtained from queens mated while in natural estrus, cats receiving a series of injections of follicle stimulating hormone or pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin demonstrated ovarian hypersensitivity and produced follicular cysts which failed to rupture. The most effective hormone regimen for inducing follicle growth and estrus consisted of 2.0 mg follicle stimulating hormone injected daily intramuscularly until estrus. Queens receiving this treatment were capable of ovulating following mating or human chorionic gonodotropin administration and were capable of conceiving if mated.", "PMID": 682578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5387", "title": "The Yucatan minature pig as a laboratory animal.", "content": "Parent stock for a minature pig herd was obtained from the progeny of pigs imported from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The Yucatan miniature pig is slate-gray, essentially hairless, and has a docile temperament. The tractable nature of this pig minimized risks for animal handlers as well as researchers. With regular human contact, these pigs became amenable to handling and tolerated restraint well. The mean birth weight was 0.74 kg, and the mean weaning weight at 60 days was 6.47 kg. The mean weight of mature nonobese boars was 83 kg while mature sows averaged 70 kg. The height and length for mature pigs of both sexes averaged 57 cm and 76 cm, respectively. The mean range of plasma glucose was 86-117 mg/dl during the first 8 weeks of life. The Yucatan miniature pig is native to tropical regions. The Colorado cold winter weather caused life-threatening stress to animals housed outside; therefore, intensive management procedures were required during the winter months.", "contents": "The Yucatan minature pig as a laboratory animal. Parent stock for a minature pig herd was obtained from the progeny of pigs imported from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The Yucatan miniature pig is slate-gray, essentially hairless, and has a docile temperament. The tractable nature of this pig minimized risks for animal handlers as well as researchers. With regular human contact, these pigs became amenable to handling and tolerated restraint well. The mean birth weight was 0.74 kg, and the mean weaning weight at 60 days was 6.47 kg. The mean weight of mature nonobese boars was 83 kg while mature sows averaged 70 kg. The height and length for mature pigs of both sexes averaged 57 cm and 76 cm, respectively. The mean range of plasma glucose was 86-117 mg/dl during the first 8 weeks of life. The Yucatan miniature pig is native to tropical regions. The Colorado cold winter weather caused life-threatening stress to animals housed outside; therefore, intensive management procedures were required during the winter months.", "PMID": 682579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5388", "title": "Anesthesia in the rabbit using a combination of ketamine and promazine.", "content": "An anesthetic combination of ketamine and promazine (75mg/kg by ketamine content) was tested in 15 male and 15 female adult New Zealand white rabbits. The mean induction time was 9 minutes for both the  male and female. Mean duration for anesthesia was 61 minutes for the male and 49 minutes for the female. The mean recovery time was 22 minutes for the male and 33 minutes for the female. The drug combination provided effective anesthesia for a period of 50--60 minutes after a single intramuscular injection.", "contents": "Anesthesia in the rabbit using a combination of ketamine and promazine. An anesthetic combination of ketamine and promazine (75mg/kg by ketamine content) was tested in 15 male and 15 female adult New Zealand white rabbits. The mean induction time was 9 minutes for both the  male and female. Mean duration for anesthesia was 61 minutes for the male and 49 minutes for the female. The mean recovery time was 22 minutes for the male and 33 minutes for the female. The drug combination provided effective anesthesia for a period of 50--60 minutes after a single intramuscular injection.", "PMID": 682581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5389", "title": "Chronic necrotizing mastitis in rats caused by Pasteurella pneumotropica.", "content": "Sixty-one of 2500 F344 rats were observed to have one to three enlarged and firm mammary glands. Pasteurella pneumotropica was isolated from all affected mammary glands. It was also routinely isolated from the feces of all cages and from the oral cavity of rats up to 6 weeks old, but not from the oral cavity of rats over 4 months of age. The organism was not isolated from clinically normal lactating mammary glands. Histopathological diagnosis of affected glands was chronic necrotizing mastitis.", "contents": "Chronic necrotizing mastitis in rats caused by Pasteurella pneumotropica. Sixty-one of 2500 F344 rats were observed to have one to three enlarged and firm mammary glands. Pasteurella pneumotropica was isolated from all affected mammary glands. It was also routinely isolated from the feces of all cages and from the oral cavity of rats up to 6 weeks old, but not from the oral cavity of rats over 4 months of age. The organism was not isolated from clinically normal lactating mammary glands. Histopathological diagnosis of affected glands was chronic necrotizing mastitis.", "PMID": 682580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5390", "title": "Derivation and maintenance of gnotobiotic dogs.", "content": "Revised techniques for derivation and maintenance of gnotobiotic dogs for research purposes were outlined. Gravid uteri were removed from pregnant beagle bitches and passed through a germicidal trap into a flexible plastic isolation unit. Pups were raised on a milk replacement diet and weaned to solid food by 4 weeks of age.", "contents": "Derivation and maintenance of gnotobiotic dogs. Revised techniques for derivation and maintenance of gnotobiotic dogs for research purposes were outlined. Gravid uteri were removed from pregnant beagle bitches and passed through a germicidal trap into a flexible plastic isolation unit. Pups were raised on a milk replacement diet and weaned to solid food by 4 weeks of age.", "PMID": 682582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5391", "title": "Femoral venipuncture for repeated blood sampling in miniature swine.", "content": "Repetitive blood sampling of miniature swine was accomplished by percutaneous puncture of the femoral vein. Swine were restrained manually in dorsal recumbency. The skin was penetrated in the inguinal area approximately 2.5 cm laterally to the most posterior mammary gland with a 21-gauge, 3 cm (1.5 inch) needle. Ten milliliters of blood were withdrawn of frequent intervals for 4 months without apparent harm to the animals.", "contents": "Femoral venipuncture for repeated blood sampling in miniature swine. Repetitive blood sampling of miniature swine was accomplished by percutaneous puncture of the femoral vein. Swine were restrained manually in dorsal recumbency. The skin was penetrated in the inguinal area approximately 2.5 cm laterally to the most posterior mammary gland with a 21-gauge, 3 cm (1.5 inch) needle. Ten milliliters of blood were withdrawn of frequent intervals for 4 months without apparent harm to the animals.", "PMID": 682583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5392", "title": "Peripheral couplings in human skeletal muscle.", "content": "The importance of peripheral couplings in muscle function has been uncertain because of the failure to demonstrate them in human skeletal muscle. This study has utilized ruthenium red staining to demonstrate peripheral couplings in human skeletal muscle biopsies. This finding supports the belief that the peripheral coupling is a basic component of striated muscle.", "contents": "Peripheral couplings in human skeletal muscle. The importance of peripheral couplings in muscle function has been uncertain because of the failure to demonstrate them in human skeletal muscle. This study has utilized ruthenium red staining to demonstrate peripheral couplings in human skeletal muscle biopsies. This finding supports the belief that the peripheral coupling is a basic component of striated muscle.", "PMID": 682589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5393", "title": "Ultrastructure of the fibrous ring in patient with discrete subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Histologic and ultrastructural studies disclosed the presence of five tissue layers in fibrous rings excised at operation from five patients with discrete subaortic stenosis. These layers were: (1) a surface monolayer of endothelial cells; (2) a subendothelial layer rich in acid mucopolysaccharides and basement membrane-like material; (3) a fibroelastic layer containing collagen and small (1 micrometer or less in diameter) elastic fibers; (4) a layer of smooth muscle cells with thickened basement membranes, and (5) a central fibrous layer with large amounts of collagen and small amounts of elastic fibers. The connective tissue layers in the rings frequently were discontinuous. The layered arrangement of these rings resembles that of normal endocardium in the left ventricular outflow tract.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the fibrous ring in patient with discrete subaortic stenosis. Histologic and ultrastructural studies disclosed the presence of five tissue layers in fibrous rings excised at operation from five patients with discrete subaortic stenosis. These layers were: (1) a surface monolayer of endothelial cells; (2) a subendothelial layer rich in acid mucopolysaccharides and basement membrane-like material; (3) a fibroelastic layer containing collagen and small (1 micrometer or less in diameter) elastic fibers; (4) a layer of smooth muscle cells with thickened basement membranes, and (5) a central fibrous layer with large amounts of collagen and small amounts of elastic fibers. The connective tissue layers in the rings frequently were discontinuous. The layered arrangement of these rings resembles that of normal endocardium in the left ventricular outflow tract.", "PMID": 682590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5394", "title": "Collagens synthesized in vitro by diploid fibroblasts obtained from chronically inflamed human connective tissue.", "content": "Collagen synthesis by fibroblasts obtained from healthy and diseased human gingiva was compared. The cells were labeled with radioactive amino acids and the collagenous proteins synthesized were characterized after NaCl fractionation by CM-cellulose chromatography and cyanogen bromide peptide analysis. Fourteen cell lines, six from healthy gingiva, six from gingiva with chronic inflammatory periodontitis, and two from acutely inflamed gingiva were studied. All of the cell lines synthesized predominantly type I collagen. Type III collagen was a minor product of all cell lines except one from diseased tissue. Five of six cell lines from diseased gingiva and two of two from acutely inflamed tissue synthesized a collagen that was soluble in 2.5 M NaCl. The alpha1/alpha2 ratio and cyanogen bromide peptide pattern indicated that this fraction contained a collagen of the type alpha1[I]3. The alpha1[I]3 collagen was not detectable in the fibroblast lines obtained from healthy gingiva. It appears that inflamed human gingivae contain fibroblasts which differ phenotypically from cells from normal tissue in that they are capable of synthesizing alpha1[I]3 collagen.", "contents": "Collagens synthesized in vitro by diploid fibroblasts obtained from chronically inflamed human connective tissue. Collagen synthesis by fibroblasts obtained from healthy and diseased human gingiva was compared. The cells were labeled with radioactive amino acids and the collagenous proteins synthesized were characterized after NaCl fractionation by CM-cellulose chromatography and cyanogen bromide peptide analysis. Fourteen cell lines, six from healthy gingiva, six from gingiva with chronic inflammatory periodontitis, and two from acutely inflamed gingiva were studied. All of the cell lines synthesized predominantly type I collagen. Type III collagen was a minor product of all cell lines except one from diseased tissue. Five of six cell lines from diseased gingiva and two of two from acutely inflamed tissue synthesized a collagen that was soluble in 2.5 M NaCl. The alpha1/alpha2 ratio and cyanogen bromide peptide pattern indicated that this fraction contained a collagen of the type alpha1[I]3. The alpha1[I]3 collagen was not detectable in the fibroblast lines obtained from healthy gingiva. It appears that inflamed human gingivae contain fibroblasts which differ phenotypically from cells from normal tissue in that they are capable of synthesizing alpha1[I]3 collagen.", "PMID": 682592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5395", "title": "Effect of cortisone upon vascular permeability to antibody.", "content": "In rabbits actively sensitized to bovine serum albumin, intracorneal injection of 1 mg. of fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin evokes a circular band of fluorescence secondary to precipitation of the diffusing antigen with antibody migrating from the limbal blood vessels. Cortisone treatment prevented or markedly decreased this phenomenon indicating that cortisone exerts a definite inhibitory effect upon vascular permeability to antibody molecules.", "contents": "Effect of cortisone upon vascular permeability to antibody. In rabbits actively sensitized to bovine serum albumin, intracorneal injection of 1 mg. of fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin evokes a circular band of fluorescence secondary to precipitation of the diffusing antigen with antibody migrating from the limbal blood vessels. Cortisone treatment prevented or markedly decreased this phenomenon indicating that cortisone exerts a definite inhibitory effect upon vascular permeability to antibody molecules.", "PMID": 682593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5396", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of mitochondrial and ribosomal antigens by peroxidase-labeled human antibodies.", "content": "Immunohistochemical techniques have facilitated the detection of a variety of antibodies to different cells and tissues  in patients with chronic active liver disease; however, the ultrastructural localization of the antigenic binding sites, particularly of mitochondrial antibody, has been controversial. Therefore, we have employed direct immunoelectron microscopy to compare the reactivity of mitochondrial antibody with that of ribosomal antibody using gastric and renal tissues as substrates. Mitochondrial antibodies from three patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and from one patient with chronic active hepatitis reacted with the inner membrane and cristae of all mitochondria in different cells, whereas a ribosomal antibody from a patient with ovarian carcinoma bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and possibly free ribosomes and polysomes, of all cells observed. Identification and characterization of these antibodies is needed for the differential diagnosis of chronic active liver disease.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of mitochondrial and ribosomal antigens by peroxidase-labeled human antibodies. Immunohistochemical techniques have facilitated the detection of a variety of antibodies to different cells and tissues  in patients with chronic active liver disease; however, the ultrastructural localization of the antigenic binding sites, particularly of mitochondrial antibody, has been controversial. Therefore, we have employed direct immunoelectron microscopy to compare the reactivity of mitochondrial antibody with that of ribosomal antibody using gastric and renal tissues as substrates. Mitochondrial antibodies from three patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and from one patient with chronic active hepatitis reacted with the inner membrane and cristae of all mitochondria in different cells, whereas a ribosomal antibody from a patient with ovarian carcinoma bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and possibly free ribosomes and polysomes, of all cells observed. Identification and characterization of these antibodies is needed for the differential diagnosis of chronic active liver disease.", "PMID": 682594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5397", "title": "Origin of cells in human amniotic fluid cultures: ultrastructural features.", "content": "Two classes of cells can be subcultured from human amniotic fluid (F and AF). Ultrastructural features of these cultrued cells were determined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy with particular attention to extracellular material. Results obtained from these two cell types are compared to one another and to cultured human dermal f\u00efbroblasts. The F-type cultures have an abundance of extracellular type i collagen f\u00efbers, identical with cultured human dermal f\u00efbroblasts. No type I collagen f\u00efbers are seen in cultures of AF cells. Instead, f\u00efne f\u00eflamentous material is admixed with amorphous material adjacent to cell membranes where epithelial basement membrane glycoprotein has been localized. By scanning electron microscopy parallel arrays of cells are present at confluency of F cultures, typical of cultured dermal f\u00efbroblasts. AF cultures show a much looser growth pattern at confluency. On the basis of accumulated evidence, we believe that F-type cells arise from f\u00efbrous connective tissue and are f\u00efbroblasts, whereas AF cells, the predominant type in early cultures used for prenatal genetic diagnosis, arise from fetal membranes and retain features of trophoblast.", "contents": "Origin of cells in human amniotic fluid cultures: ultrastructural features. Two classes of cells can be subcultured from human amniotic fluid (F and AF). Ultrastructural features of these cultrued cells were determined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy with particular attention to extracellular material. Results obtained from these two cell types are compared to one another and to cultured human dermal f\u00efbroblasts. The F-type cultures have an abundance of extracellular type i collagen f\u00efbers, identical with cultured human dermal f\u00efbroblasts. No type I collagen f\u00efbers are seen in cultures of AF cells. Instead, f\u00efne f\u00eflamentous material is admixed with amorphous material adjacent to cell membranes where epithelial basement membrane glycoprotein has been localized. By scanning electron microscopy parallel arrays of cells are present at confluency of F cultures, typical of cultured dermal f\u00efbroblasts. AF cultures show a much looser growth pattern at confluency. On the basis of accumulated evidence, we believe that F-type cells arise from f\u00efbrous connective tissue and are f\u00efbroblasts, whereas AF cells, the predominant type in early cultures used for prenatal genetic diagnosis, arise from fetal membranes and retain features of trophoblast.", "PMID": 682595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5398", "title": "The role of protein A in the attachment of staphylococci to influenza-infected cells.", "content": "The adherence of staphylococcal protein A-containing Cowan I bacteria to influenza-infected cells was enhanced up to 5 times following incubation of the monolayers with antiinfluenzal serum, but not following treatment with nomimmune serum. Significantly increased binding of Cowan I bacteria was detected at antiinfluenzal serum dilutions as high as 1:40,960. None of the several antibody concentrations tested enhanced the binding of staphylococcal protein A-negative staphylococci. In addition, extracellular staphylococcal protein A was found to inhibit complement-mediated cytolysis of antibody-coated, virus-infected cells. The possible significance of staphylococcal protein A in the synergistic interaction between staphylococcal and influenza virus infections is discussed.", "contents": "The role of protein A in the attachment of staphylococci to influenza-infected cells. The adherence of staphylococcal protein A-containing Cowan I bacteria to influenza-infected cells was enhanced up to 5 times following incubation of the monolayers with antiinfluenzal serum, but not following treatment with nomimmune serum. Significantly increased binding of Cowan I bacteria was detected at antiinfluenzal serum dilutions as high as 1:40,960. None of the several antibody concentrations tested enhanced the binding of staphylococcal protein A-negative staphylococci. In addition, extracellular staphylococcal protein A was found to inhibit complement-mediated cytolysis of antibody-coated, virus-infected cells. The possible significance of staphylococcal protein A in the synergistic interaction between staphylococcal and influenza virus infections is discussed.", "PMID": 682597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5399", "title": "Immunohistologic analysis of fetal and dermatosparactic calf and sheep skin with antisera to procollagen and collagen type I.", "content": "Immunofluorescent analysis of bovine and sheep skin using antibodies to the biosynthetic precursor pn-collagen type I, demonstrated that the localization of pn-collagen is restricted to the stratum papillare in adult skin. In contrast, antibodies against pn-collagen type I stained the whole dermis in skin obtained from dermatosparactic cattle and sheep. Electron microscopy of dermatosparactic sheep skin stained with ferritin-labeled anti-pn-collagen type I antibodies further demonstrated that pn-collagen molecules are the structural components of the unusual, twisted collagen f\u00efbers observed in dermatosparactic skin.", "contents": "Immunohistologic analysis of fetal and dermatosparactic calf and sheep skin with antisera to procollagen and collagen type I. Immunofluorescent analysis of bovine and sheep skin using antibodies to the biosynthetic precursor pn-collagen type I, demonstrated that the localization of pn-collagen is restricted to the stratum papillare in adult skin. In contrast, antibodies against pn-collagen type I stained the whole dermis in skin obtained from dermatosparactic cattle and sheep. Electron microscopy of dermatosparactic sheep skin stained with ferritin-labeled anti-pn-collagen type I antibodies further demonstrated that pn-collagen molecules are the structural components of the unusual, twisted collagen f\u00efbers observed in dermatosparactic skin.", "PMID": 682599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5400", "title": "Morphologic effects following massive exchange transfusions with a stroma-free hemoglobin solution. I. Liver.", "content": "Hepatic morphology was studied in rats that were exchange transfused with either a stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFHS) or with various asanguineous resuscitative fluids. The animals under-went 75 per cent blood volume replacement and tissues were collected and fixed at timed intervals after the exchange transfusion. In addition, blood volumes were determined, using chromium labeled red blood cells, in both albumin and SFHS-treated rats at varying time periods after exchange transfusion. One hour following exchange transfusion, livers of animals infused with asanguineous fluids demonstrated marked centrolobular hepatocellular vacuolization and mitochondrial shape alterations consistent with the effects of hypoxia. SFHS appeared to protect the liver from these early abnormalities. However, at later time intervals livers of albumin-treated animals appeared normal, whereas those of SFHS-transfused rats exhibited centrolobular necrosis. Blood volume was reduced approximately 10 per cent during the first 18 hours after exchange transfusion with albumin, while SFHS-treated rats experienced a 42 per cent blood volume decrement in only 6 hours. Blood volumes were near normal in all animals by 48 hours. These findings suggest that SFHS protects the liver from hypoxia immediately after exchange transfusion, presumably by its ability to transport and release oxygen. However, the eventual disappearance of hemoglobin from the intravascular space is associated with a marked reduction in blood volume which is accompanied by hepatic ischemia and centrolobular necrosis.", "contents": "Morphologic effects following massive exchange transfusions with a stroma-free hemoglobin solution. I. Liver. Hepatic morphology was studied in rats that were exchange transfused with either a stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFHS) or with various asanguineous resuscitative fluids. The animals under-went 75 per cent blood volume replacement and tissues were collected and fixed at timed intervals after the exchange transfusion. In addition, blood volumes were determined, using chromium labeled red blood cells, in both albumin and SFHS-treated rats at varying time periods after exchange transfusion. One hour following exchange transfusion, livers of animals infused with asanguineous fluids demonstrated marked centrolobular hepatocellular vacuolization and mitochondrial shape alterations consistent with the effects of hypoxia. SFHS appeared to protect the liver from these early abnormalities. However, at later time intervals livers of albumin-treated animals appeared normal, whereas those of SFHS-transfused rats exhibited centrolobular necrosis. Blood volume was reduced approximately 10 per cent during the first 18 hours after exchange transfusion with albumin, while SFHS-treated rats experienced a 42 per cent blood volume decrement in only 6 hours. Blood volumes were near normal in all animals by 48 hours. These findings suggest that SFHS protects the liver from hypoxia immediately after exchange transfusion, presumably by its ability to transport and release oxygen. However, the eventual disappearance of hemoglobin from the intravascular space is associated with a marked reduction in blood volume which is accompanied by hepatic ischemia and centrolobular necrosis.", "PMID": 682601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5401", "title": "Morphologic and cytochemical properties of a clonal line of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells which respond to nerve growth factor.", "content": "The PC12 pheochromocytoma line is a clonal line derived from a rat adrenal medullary tumor. PC12 cells grown in vitro have morphologic and cytochemical features in common with normal chromaffin cells in varying stages of development, and with human pheochromocytomas. These features include catecholamine stores demonstrable by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and argentaffinic secretory granules, measuring 30 to 350 nm. Dark \"norepinephrine\"- and light \"epinephrine\"-type granules are both present, despite the absence of epinephrine and of its synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Addition of nerve growth factor to the culture medium causes the cells to stop dividing and to develop neurite-like processes. Nerve growth factor-treated cells also develop clusters of 30- to 120-nm. granules and of 30- to 70-nm. granular and agranular vesicles, which resemble the granules and vesicles in adrenergic and cholinergic neurons and in neuroblastomas. In the early stages of process formation, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence can be demonstrated both in cell bodies and in processes. In later stages there is a marked diminution of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in cell bodies and processes and a decreased number of granules in cell bodies, except in occasional cells within large clumps. These residual, fluorescent, granule-containing cells also remain argentaffinic. Alterations of the cell surface and of cytoplasmic filament arrangements also occur in cells treated with nerve growth factor. Further studies of the PC12 line may help to clarify relationships between morphology and function in the developing and mature autonomic nervous system, and the influence of nerve growth factor on these relationships.", "contents": "Morphologic and cytochemical properties of a clonal line of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells which respond to nerve growth factor. The PC12 pheochromocytoma line is a clonal line derived from a rat adrenal medullary tumor. PC12 cells grown in vitro have morphologic and cytochemical features in common with normal chromaffin cells in varying stages of development, and with human pheochromocytomas. These features include catecholamine stores demonstrable by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and argentaffinic secretory granules, measuring 30 to 350 nm. Dark \"norepinephrine\"- and light \"epinephrine\"-type granules are both present, despite the absence of epinephrine and of its synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Addition of nerve growth factor to the culture medium causes the cells to stop dividing and to develop neurite-like processes. Nerve growth factor-treated cells also develop clusters of 30- to 120-nm. granules and of 30- to 70-nm. granular and agranular vesicles, which resemble the granules and vesicles in adrenergic and cholinergic neurons and in neuroblastomas. In the early stages of process formation, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence can be demonstrated both in cell bodies and in processes. In later stages there is a marked diminution of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in cell bodies and processes and a decreased number of granules in cell bodies, except in occasional cells within large clumps. These residual, fluorescent, granule-containing cells also remain argentaffinic. Alterations of the cell surface and of cytoplasmic filament arrangements also occur in cells treated with nerve growth factor. Further studies of the PC12 line may help to clarify relationships between morphology and function in the developing and mature autonomic nervous system, and the influence of nerve growth factor on these relationships.", "PMID": 682602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5402", "title": "Differentiation of epithelial foot processes and filtration slits: sequential appearance of occluding junctions, epithelial polyanion, and slit membranes in developing glomeruli.", "content": "The visceral glomerular epithelium of immature glomeruli from newborn rats was examined in order to determine the sequence of events that occurs during differentiation of foot processes and filtration slits. Four different stages of glomerular development were defined: vesicle, S-shaped body, developing capillary loop, and maturing stages. During the vesicle stage, the precursor cells of the glomerular and tubular epithelium are joined by occluding junctions at their apices. During the S-shaped body stage, the tubular and parietal visceral glomerular epithelium differentiate, and the occluding zonulae remain along the presumptive tubule lumen and Bowman's space, respectively. With the appearance of capillary loops the parietal and tubular junctions maintain this arrangement, but the junctions of the visceral epithelium are seen at various levels along the lateral cell margins, suggesting that they migrate along the lateral cell surfaces from apex to base. Initially, broad epithelial processes cover the entire outer aspect of the developing basement membrane. After junctional migration interdigitation of epithelial processes is seen, and the processes are joined by focal occluding junctions (maculae or fasciae). With more elaborate interdigitation, fewer and fewer intercellular spaces are closed by occluding junctions, the junctions become less and less extensive, and normal slit architecture with foot processes bridged by slit membranes predominate. Colloidal iron staining (i.e., epithelial polyanion) is first detected along the lateral epithelial cell surfaces early in the capillary loop stage and becomes concentrated along their basal cell surfaces facing the basement membrane at about the same time as interdigitation is occurring. Therefore, facing the basement membrane at about the same time as interdigitation is occurring. Therefore, sialoproteins appear on the epithelial cell surfaces prior to the development of foot processes and slits. This finding is in keeping with the assumption that epithelial polyanion may be required for development and maintenance of normal foot process and slit organization. Prior to the development of extensive interdigitation, the differentiating glomerular epithelium bears a number of striking similarities to the nephrotic epithelium: foot processes are broad, reduced in number, and often joined by focal occluding junctions; slit diaphragms are reduced in number and displaced away from the basement membrane; and ladder-like structures occur in the filtration slits. The epithelial changes seen in aminonucleoside nephrosis therefore appear to represent a \"dedifferentiation\" to a more primitive organization, and the events that occur early in this disease process represent a rerun inreverse of events that occur during normal glomerular development.", "contents": "Differentiation of epithelial foot processes and filtration slits: sequential appearance of occluding junctions, epithelial polyanion, and slit membranes in developing glomeruli. The visceral glomerular epithelium of immature glomeruli from newborn rats was examined in order to determine the sequence of events that occurs during differentiation of foot processes and filtration slits. Four different stages of glomerular development were defined: vesicle, S-shaped body, developing capillary loop, and maturing stages. During the vesicle stage, the precursor cells of the glomerular and tubular epithelium are joined by occluding junctions at their apices. During the S-shaped body stage, the tubular and parietal visceral glomerular epithelium differentiate, and the occluding zonulae remain along the presumptive tubule lumen and Bowman's space, respectively. With the appearance of capillary loops the parietal and tubular junctions maintain this arrangement, but the junctions of the visceral epithelium are seen at various levels along the lateral cell margins, suggesting that they migrate along the lateral cell surfaces from apex to base. Initially, broad epithelial processes cover the entire outer aspect of the developing basement membrane. After junctional migration interdigitation of epithelial processes is seen, and the processes are joined by focal occluding junctions (maculae or fasciae). With more elaborate interdigitation, fewer and fewer intercellular spaces are closed by occluding junctions, the junctions become less and less extensive, and normal slit architecture with foot processes bridged by slit membranes predominate. Colloidal iron staining (i.e., epithelial polyanion) is first detected along the lateral epithelial cell surfaces early in the capillary loop stage and becomes concentrated along their basal cell surfaces facing the basement membrane at about the same time as interdigitation is occurring. Therefore, facing the basement membrane at about the same time as interdigitation is occurring. Therefore, sialoproteins appear on the epithelial cell surfaces prior to the development of foot processes and slits. This finding is in keeping with the assumption that epithelial polyanion may be required for development and maintenance of normal foot process and slit organization. Prior to the development of extensive interdigitation, the differentiating glomerular epithelium bears a number of striking similarities to the nephrotic epithelium: foot processes are broad, reduced in number, and often joined by focal occluding junctions; slit diaphragms are reduced in number and displaced away from the basement membrane; and ladder-like structures occur in the filtration slits. The epithelial changes seen in aminonucleoside nephrosis therefore appear to represent a \"dedifferentiation\" to a more primitive organization, and the events that occur early in this disease process represent a rerun inreverse of events that occur during normal glomerular development.", "PMID": 682603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5403", "title": "Myocardial protection by intermittent perfusion with cardioplegic solution versus intermittent coronary perfusion with cold blood.", "content": "The myocardial protection provided by cardioplegic solution using buffered, isosmotic potassium (30 mEq. per liter) was compared with intermittent cold coronary perfusion for 2 hours of aortic cross-clamping in dogs. The cardioplegic solution (Group CS) or cold blood (Group CB) was infused every 15 minutes through a cooling coil to reduce the perfusate temperature to 5 degrees C. Myocardial function after 30 minutes of reperfusion and rewarming was reduced in Group CB with a significant reduction in peak systolic pressure at a left ventricular (LV) balloon volume of 20 ml. and a significant reduction of dp/dt. In contrast, in Group CS, LV function was unchanged from the base-line period. LV compliance also was significantly reduced in Group CB while being unchanged in Group CS. Myocardial extravascular water content, obtained by dessication, was significantly higher in Group CB than in Group CS, which may explain the reduction in compliance. Electron microscopy showed normal ultrastructure in Group CS but extracellular edema in Group CB. Total coronary blood flow showed a sustained increase during reperfusion in both groups. Oxygen consumption rose with rewarming to base-line levels in both groups, whereas lactate and pyruvate consumption was reduced in both groups, particularly Group CB. Cardioplegic solution thus appears to be superior to the intermittent perfusion of cold blood for myocardial protection. The addition of potassium arrest, by markedly reducing myocardial metabolism, improves the protection afforded by cold blood perfusion alone.", "contents": "Myocardial protection by intermittent perfusion with cardioplegic solution versus intermittent coronary perfusion with cold blood. The myocardial protection provided by cardioplegic solution using buffered, isosmotic potassium (30 mEq. per liter) was compared with intermittent cold coronary perfusion for 2 hours of aortic cross-clamping in dogs. The cardioplegic solution (Group CS) or cold blood (Group CB) was infused every 15 minutes through a cooling coil to reduce the perfusate temperature to 5 degrees C. Myocardial function after 30 minutes of reperfusion and rewarming was reduced in Group CB with a significant reduction in peak systolic pressure at a left ventricular (LV) balloon volume of 20 ml. and a significant reduction of dp/dt. In contrast, in Group CS, LV function was unchanged from the base-line period. LV compliance also was significantly reduced in Group CB while being unchanged in Group CS. Myocardial extravascular water content, obtained by dessication, was significantly higher in Group CB than in Group CS, which may explain the reduction in compliance. Electron microscopy showed normal ultrastructure in Group CS but extracellular edema in Group CB. Total coronary blood flow showed a sustained increase during reperfusion in both groups. Oxygen consumption rose with rewarming to base-line levels in both groups, whereas lactate and pyruvate consumption was reduced in both groups, particularly Group CB. Cardioplegic solution thus appears to be superior to the intermittent perfusion of cold blood for myocardial protection. The addition of potassium arrest, by markedly reducing myocardial metabolism, improves the protection afforded by cold blood perfusion alone.", "PMID": 682649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5404", "title": "Benign tumors of right atrium necessitating extensive resection and reconstruction.", "content": "Two patients with gigantic benign right atrial tumors were successfully treated at New York University Medical Center. Both patients required extensive resection and reconstruction for cure. Although these tumors are rare, thorough exploration employing cardiopulmonary bypass is required before an appraisal of resectability can be made. Reconstruction can be readily accomplished with autologous pericardium and thereby provides an opportunity for cure of these unusual and rare lesions.", "contents": "Benign tumors of right atrium necessitating extensive resection and reconstruction. Two patients with gigantic benign right atrial tumors were successfully treated at New York University Medical Center. Both patients required extensive resection and reconstruction for cure. Although these tumors are rare, thorough exploration employing cardiopulmonary bypass is required before an appraisal of resectability can be made. Reconstruction can be readily accomplished with autologous pericardium and thereby provides an opportunity for cure of these unusual and rare lesions.", "PMID": 682650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5405", "title": "Anomalous origin of circumflex coronary artery from right pulmonary artery: report of a rare anomaly.", "content": "A heretofore unreported anomaly of the coronary arteries in which a large circumflex artery arises from the pulmonary artery is described. The circumflex coronary artery in an 8-year-old girl was filled in a retrograde fashion via collaterals from a dominant left anterior descending coronary artery, and the right coronary artery was small and nondominant. Successful surgical correction of this defect was performed by use of total cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest. The orifice of the anomalous vessel and detached from the right pulmonary artery and implanted into the posterolateral aspect of the ascending aorta. Cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest is recommended for reconstruction of coronary arterial anomalies with abnormal sites of origin.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of circumflex coronary artery from right pulmonary artery: report of a rare anomaly. A heretofore unreported anomaly of the coronary arteries in which a large circumflex artery arises from the pulmonary artery is described. The circumflex coronary artery in an 8-year-old girl was filled in a retrograde fashion via collaterals from a dominant left anterior descending coronary artery, and the right coronary artery was small and nondominant. Successful surgical correction of this defect was performed by use of total cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest. The orifice of the anomalous vessel and detached from the right pulmonary artery and implanted into the posterolateral aspect of the ascending aorta. Cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest is recommended for reconstruction of coronary arterial anomalies with abnormal sites of origin.", "PMID": 682651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5406", "title": "Surgery for arteriovenous fistulas and dilated vessels in the right lung after the Glenn procedure.", "content": "A superior vena cava-right pulmonary artery (SVC-RPA) anastomosis was constructed in a 2-year-old boy with tetralogy of Fallot. Ten years later and 5 years after \"corrective\" surgery without removal of the shunt, cyanosis and heart failure developed. Stereocineangiography and lung scanning revealed arteriovenous fistulas and dilated vessels in the right lung. The SVC-RPA anastomosis was taken down, the SVC being reimplanted in the right atrium and the RPA end being closed with a few stitches. Neither lobectomy nor pneumonectomy was performed. Immediately after the operation and during a follow-up period of almost 2 years, the boy has remained asymptomatic. Whenever a correction is planned in a patient with SVC-RPA anastomosis, the vessels of the right lung should be examined by scanning and angiography. If important arteriovenous fistulas do exist, the affected lung should be excluded from the pulmonary artery circulation.", "contents": "Surgery for arteriovenous fistulas and dilated vessels in the right lung after the Glenn procedure. A superior vena cava-right pulmonary artery (SVC-RPA) anastomosis was constructed in a 2-year-old boy with tetralogy of Fallot. Ten years later and 5 years after \"corrective\" surgery without removal of the shunt, cyanosis and heart failure developed. Stereocineangiography and lung scanning revealed arteriovenous fistulas and dilated vessels in the right lung. The SVC-RPA anastomosis was taken down, the SVC being reimplanted in the right atrium and the RPA end being closed with a few stitches. Neither lobectomy nor pneumonectomy was performed. Immediately after the operation and during a follow-up period of almost 2 years, the boy has remained asymptomatic. Whenever a correction is planned in a patient with SVC-RPA anastomosis, the vessels of the right lung should be examined by scanning and angiography. If important arteriovenous fistulas do exist, the affected lung should be excluded from the pulmonary artery circulation.", "PMID": 682652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5407", "title": "Long-term follow-up of unusual ball-valve aortic substitute.", "content": "On March 19, 1962, prior to the availability of Starr-Edwards ball-valve prostheses for aortic substitution, a mitral valve turned upside down was implanted for marked calcific aortic stenosis. It worked well and the patient was in good health for 15 years. Late annular calcification and loosening of sutures with marked perivalvular regurgitation made valve replacement necessary 16 years after operation. The original valve was perfectly preserved.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of unusual ball-valve aortic substitute. On March 19, 1962, prior to the availability of Starr-Edwards ball-valve prostheses for aortic substitution, a mitral valve turned upside down was implanted for marked calcific aortic stenosis. It worked well and the patient was in good health for 15 years. Late annular calcification and loosening of sutures with marked perivalvular regurgitation made valve replacement necessary 16 years after operation. The original valve was perfectly preserved.", "PMID": 682654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5408", "title": "Optimizing myocardial supply/demand balance with alpha-adrenergic drugs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "content": "In 14 dogs the determinants of myocardial blood supply and metabolic demands were assessed during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and under steady-state conditions in fibrillating hearts on cardiopulmonary bypass. During open chest cardiac massage (nine dogs), coronary diastolic blood pressure and blood flow were low. Vasopressor infusion (methoxamine or epinephrine) raised diastolic pressure from 33 +/- 3 to 55 +/- 3 mm. Hg and increased coronary blood flow (CBF) 124 percent (from 38 +/- 3 to 85 +/- 11 c.c. per 100 Gm. per minute. Comparison of these drugs in fibrillating hearts on cardiopulmonary bypass showed that epinephrine increased the \"vigor of fibrillation\" (intraventricular balloon pressure rose 24 percent and oxygen uptake increased 42%) but impeded subendocardial flow 53% (endocardial/epicardial flow ratio fell from 0.79 to 0.48). In contrast, methoxamine did not significantly change intraventricular balloon pressure, oxygen uptake, coronary flow, or its distribution. We conclude that augmentation of diastolic pressure with alpha adrenergic drugs during CPR improves coronary perfusion and that inotropic drugs may worsen myocardial ischemia during CPR by raising oxygen demands while simultaneously impeding subendocardial blood supply.", "contents": "Optimizing myocardial supply/demand balance with alpha-adrenergic drugs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In 14 dogs the determinants of myocardial blood supply and metabolic demands were assessed during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and under steady-state conditions in fibrillating hearts on cardiopulmonary bypass. During open chest cardiac massage (nine dogs), coronary diastolic blood pressure and blood flow were low. Vasopressor infusion (methoxamine or epinephrine) raised diastolic pressure from 33 +/- 3 to 55 +/- 3 mm. Hg and increased coronary blood flow (CBF) 124 percent (from 38 +/- 3 to 85 +/- 11 c.c. per 100 Gm. per minute. Comparison of these drugs in fibrillating hearts on cardiopulmonary bypass showed that epinephrine increased the \"vigor of fibrillation\" (intraventricular balloon pressure rose 24 percent and oxygen uptake increased 42%) but impeded subendocardial flow 53% (endocardial/epicardial flow ratio fell from 0.79 to 0.48). In contrast, methoxamine did not significantly change intraventricular balloon pressure, oxygen uptake, coronary flow, or its distribution. We conclude that augmentation of diastolic pressure with alpha adrenergic drugs during CPR improves coronary perfusion and that inotropic drugs may worsen myocardial ischemia during CPR by raising oxygen demands while simultaneously impeding subendocardial blood supply.", "PMID": 682656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5409", "title": "Massive pulmonary embolism with circulatory failure: survival following sixty hours' support with a membrane lung.", "content": "A 62-year-old man had circulatory failure from massive pulmonary embolism following a road accident. Despite intensive therapy including urokinase infusion, inotropic drugs, and mechanical ventilation, the patient's circulatory status deteriorated. When it became impossible to maintain the mean systemic arterial pressure above 50 mm. Hg and the cardiac index above 1 L. per minute per square meter, circulatory support by partial cardiopulmonary bypass with a membrane lung was begun. Acute circulatory failure and acute pulmonary hypertension were promptly reduced by this procedure, and patient's status necessitated only intravenous heparin infusion and mechanical ventilation. After 60 hours of bypass the patient was weaned from the membrane lung, and 1 month later he was discharged from the hospital.", "contents": "Massive pulmonary embolism with circulatory failure: survival following sixty hours' support with a membrane lung. A 62-year-old man had circulatory failure from massive pulmonary embolism following a road accident. Despite intensive therapy including urokinase infusion, inotropic drugs, and mechanical ventilation, the patient's circulatory status deteriorated. When it became impossible to maintain the mean systemic arterial pressure above 50 mm. Hg and the cardiac index above 1 L. per minute per square meter, circulatory support by partial cardiopulmonary bypass with a membrane lung was begun. Acute circulatory failure and acute pulmonary hypertension were promptly reduced by this procedure, and patient's status necessitated only intravenous heparin infusion and mechanical ventilation. After 60 hours of bypass the patient was weaned from the membrane lung, and 1 month later he was discharged from the hospital.", "PMID": 682657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5410", "title": "Leiomyoma of the lung.", "content": "A case of asymptomatic pulmonary leiomyoma diagnosed by routine chest radiography and treated by lobectomy is reported. There is no particular clinical pattern that distinguishes this lesion, and diagnostic maneuvers to identify its nature are generally unrewarding except for biopsy. Resection is the recommended treatment.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of the lung. A case of asymptomatic pulmonary leiomyoma diagnosed by routine chest radiography and treated by lobectomy is reported. There is no particular clinical pattern that distinguishes this lesion, and diagnostic maneuvers to identify its nature are generally unrewarding except for biopsy. Resection is the recommended treatment.", "PMID": 682658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5411", "title": "The role of bronchoscopy and needle aspiration in the diagnosis of peripheral lung masses.", "content": "Sixty patients underwent flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy and percutaneous needle aspiration of peripheral lung lesions with fluoroscopic monitoring. A single general anesthetic was used. We found that percutaneous needle aspiration was the more accurate of the two procedures in establishing a diagnosis but that flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy proved complementary in some instances. The incidence of pneumothorax was 27% but aspiration was needed in only 8%. There were no other complications. In 84% of patients with primary carcinoma of the lung presenting as a peripheral lesion, the diagnosis was established by these procedures. The accuracy was less in metastatic lesions and considerably less in benign lesions.", "contents": "The role of bronchoscopy and needle aspiration in the diagnosis of peripheral lung masses. Sixty patients underwent flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy and percutaneous needle aspiration of peripheral lung lesions with fluoroscopic monitoring. A single general anesthetic was used. We found that percutaneous needle aspiration was the more accurate of the two procedures in establishing a diagnosis but that flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy proved complementary in some instances. The incidence of pneumothorax was 27% but aspiration was needed in only 8%. There were no other complications. In 84% of patients with primary carcinoma of the lung presenting as a peripheral lesion, the diagnosis was established by these procedures. The accuracy was less in metastatic lesions and considerably less in benign lesions.", "PMID": 682659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5412", "title": "Value of anterior mediastinotomy in bronchogenic carcinoma of the left upper lobe.", "content": "Neoplasms of the left upper lobe may spread directly to the anterior mediastinal group of nodes without involving the inferior tracheobronchial, superior tracheobronchial, or paratracheal nodal chain. Routine cervical mediastinoscopy does not sample the anterior mediastinal node group. Parasternal anterior mediastinotomy was performed in 28 patients with left upper lobe carcinoma and normal findings from cervical mediastinoscopy. Despite the normal findings at cervical mediastinoscopy, 10 of the 28 patients were deemed to have inoperable disease because of spread of the neoplasm to the anterior nodal group or because of direct neoplastic involvement of the aorta or main pulmonary artery. All patients in whom results of anterior mediastinotomy were normal had resectable lesions at thoracotomy. Fourteen of the 16 patients who came to thoracotomy had normal hilar nodes. Parasternal anterior mediastinotomy, introduced by Chamberlain, should be performed in addition to standard cervical mediastinoscopy if the nodal drainage of left upper lobe neoplasms is to be more completely evaluated. Combining these two procedures samples all major drainage pathways except the posterior mediastinal nodal chain.", "contents": "Value of anterior mediastinotomy in bronchogenic carcinoma of the left upper lobe. Neoplasms of the left upper lobe may spread directly to the anterior mediastinal group of nodes without involving the inferior tracheobronchial, superior tracheobronchial, or paratracheal nodal chain. Routine cervical mediastinoscopy does not sample the anterior mediastinal node group. Parasternal anterior mediastinotomy was performed in 28 patients with left upper lobe carcinoma and normal findings from cervical mediastinoscopy. Despite the normal findings at cervical mediastinoscopy, 10 of the 28 patients were deemed to have inoperable disease because of spread of the neoplasm to the anterior nodal group or because of direct neoplastic involvement of the aorta or main pulmonary artery. All patients in whom results of anterior mediastinotomy were normal had resectable lesions at thoracotomy. Fourteen of the 16 patients who came to thoracotomy had normal hilar nodes. Parasternal anterior mediastinotomy, introduced by Chamberlain, should be performed in addition to standard cervical mediastinoscopy if the nodal drainage of left upper lobe neoplasms is to be more completely evaluated. Combining these two procedures samples all major drainage pathways except the posterior mediastinal nodal chain.", "PMID": 682660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5413", "title": "Clinical implications of postoperative unilateral phrenic nerve paralysis.", "content": "Unilateral phrenic nerve paralysis (PNP) folowed 32 (1.7 percent) of 1,891 consecutive cardiac surgical procedures during an 8 year peroid. Diagnosis was based on radiographic criteria with comparison of preoperative and postoperative chest radiographs and was confirmed in all 21 evaluated by fluoroscopy. Six had persistent radiographic abnormality more than 12 months postoperatively. PNP occurred most frequently in association with Blalock-Taussig shunts. These operations represented 22 percent of this series, and PNP complicated 7 percent of all Blalock-Taussig shunts. PNP was less well tolerated in the 14 infants than in the 18 older children. Eleven infants had serious difficulties during weaning from mechanical ventilatory support. Five infants required tracheostomy, one underwent diaphragmatic plication, and three died. Infants had a mean duration of mechanical ventilation of 24 days and required prolonged intensive care and long-term hospitalization. In comparison, older children had a more benign postoperative course. Diaphragmatic plication should be considered in infants with paradoxical motion of the hemidiaphragm who remain dependent on mechanical ventilatory support for more than 2 weeks postoperatively.", "contents": "Clinical implications of postoperative unilateral phrenic nerve paralysis. Unilateral phrenic nerve paralysis (PNP) folowed 32 (1.7 percent) of 1,891 consecutive cardiac surgical procedures during an 8 year peroid. Diagnosis was based on radiographic criteria with comparison of preoperative and postoperative chest radiographs and was confirmed in all 21 evaluated by fluoroscopy. Six had persistent radiographic abnormality more than 12 months postoperatively. PNP occurred most frequently in association with Blalock-Taussig shunts. These operations represented 22 percent of this series, and PNP complicated 7 percent of all Blalock-Taussig shunts. PNP was less well tolerated in the 14 infants than in the 18 older children. Eleven infants had serious difficulties during weaning from mechanical ventilatory support. Five infants required tracheostomy, one underwent diaphragmatic plication, and three died. Infants had a mean duration of mechanical ventilation of 24 days and required prolonged intensive care and long-term hospitalization. In comparison, older children had a more benign postoperative course. Diaphragmatic plication should be considered in infants with paradoxical motion of the hemidiaphragm who remain dependent on mechanical ventilatory support for more than 2 weeks postoperatively.", "PMID": 682661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5414", "title": "The Senning operation for transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "The original Senning technique of interatrial transposition of venous return was selectively employed for physiological correction in 24 patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) ranging in age from 74 days to 26 months (median 7 months). Twenty-three had intact ventricular septum and one had a large ventricular septal defect and diaphragmatic subpulmonary stenosis. There were no hospital or late deaths, and at follow-up examination 1.5 to 12 months postoperatively, each patient was asymptomatic, in normal sinus rhythm, and had no clinical evidence of caval or pulmonary venous obstruction. Nine patients underwent cardiac catheterization and angiocardiographic studies between 1.3 and 9 months postoperatively which demonstrated widely patent venous pathways and effective \"left\"  and \"right\" atrial contraction. This experience lends support to the continued use of the Senning technique for interatrial transposition of venous return.", "contents": "The Senning operation for transposition of the great arteries. The original Senning technique of interatrial transposition of venous return was selectively employed for physiological correction in 24 patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) ranging in age from 74 days to 26 months (median 7 months). Twenty-three had intact ventricular septum and one had a large ventricular septal defect and diaphragmatic subpulmonary stenosis. There were no hospital or late deaths, and at follow-up examination 1.5 to 12 months postoperatively, each patient was asymptomatic, in normal sinus rhythm, and had no clinical evidence of caval or pulmonary venous obstruction. Nine patients underwent cardiac catheterization and angiocardiographic studies between 1.3 and 9 months postoperatively which demonstrated widely patent venous pathways and effective \"left\"  and \"right\" atrial contraction. This experience lends support to the continued use of the Senning technique for interatrial transposition of venous return.", "PMID": 682662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5415", "title": "Total correction of transposition of the great arteries. Conduction disturbances in infants younger than three months of age.", "content": "Although total physiological correction of d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) is technically feasible in infants, the optimal age for correction has remained controversial because of concern regarding major life-threatening arrhythmias and the long-term results of the intra-atrial baffle procedure. During a 3 year period, 54 children aged 4 days to 5 years, including 24 infants aged 3 months or younger, underwent the baffle procedure. Thirty-two children had simple transposition and underwent only placement of a pericardial baffle; no deaths occurred in this group. Twenty-two had complex transposition requiring in addition closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and/or resection of outflow tract obstruction; there were four hospital and two late deaths in this group. A single operative approach was used in all patients. Sinus rhythm was present at discharge in 85 percent of the infants and 76 percent of the older children. Three factors--age, mode of cardiopulmonary support, and complexity of the lesion--influenced these results.", "contents": "Total correction of transposition of the great arteries. Conduction disturbances in infants younger than three months of age. Although total physiological correction of d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) is technically feasible in infants, the optimal age for correction has remained controversial because of concern regarding major life-threatening arrhythmias and the long-term results of the intra-atrial baffle procedure. During a 3 year period, 54 children aged 4 days to 5 years, including 24 infants aged 3 months or younger, underwent the baffle procedure. Thirty-two children had simple transposition and underwent only placement of a pericardial baffle; no deaths occurred in this group. Twenty-two had complex transposition requiring in addition closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and/or resection of outflow tract obstruction; there were four hospital and two late deaths in this group. A single operative approach was used in all patients. Sinus rhythm was present at discharge in 85 percent of the infants and 76 percent of the older children. Three factors--age, mode of cardiopulmonary support, and complexity of the lesion--influenced these results.", "PMID": 682663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5416", "title": "Surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia.", "content": "Thirteen (16 percent) of 80 patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia undergoing corrective operations between Jan. 1, 1967, and Jan. 1, 1978, died in the hospital. The hospital mortality rate was 13 percent (10 deaths) among the 77 patients with confluent right and left pulmonary arteries. The risk of operation was not significantly affected by age at operation or by use of a valved external conduit versus a transannular outflow patch. It was affected (p = 0.008) by the ratio of peak right ventricular to left ventricular pressure (PRV/LV) immediately after repair. This (PRV/LV) was determined primarily by size of left and right pulmonary arteries. An equation was developed relating postrepair PRV/LV to diameter of right and left pulmonary artery (normalized by dividing by size of descending thoracic aorta), body surface area, and possible arborization abnormalities and stenoses of the right and left pulmonary arteries. Cardiac performance after repair was better in those in whom a transannular patch was used rather than a valved external conduit. Important pulmonary dysfunction postoperatively occurred more often in patients with large \"bronchial\" arteries than in those without them, but was less when these were not ligated. Four (8 percent) of 48 traced hospital survivors died late postoperatively. Reoperations late postoperatively were required only in patients receiving valved external conduits. Forty (91 percent) of 44 living traced patients are asymptomatic.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia. Thirteen (16 percent) of 80 patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia undergoing corrective operations between Jan. 1, 1967, and Jan. 1, 1978, died in the hospital. The hospital mortality rate was 13 percent (10 deaths) among the 77 patients with confluent right and left pulmonary arteries. The risk of operation was not significantly affected by age at operation or by use of a valved external conduit versus a transannular outflow patch. It was affected (p = 0.008) by the ratio of peak right ventricular to left ventricular pressure (PRV/LV) immediately after repair. This (PRV/LV) was determined primarily by size of left and right pulmonary arteries. An equation was developed relating postrepair PRV/LV to diameter of right and left pulmonary artery (normalized by dividing by size of descending thoracic aorta), body surface area, and possible arborization abnormalities and stenoses of the right and left pulmonary arteries. Cardiac performance after repair was better in those in whom a transannular patch was used rather than a valved external conduit. Important pulmonary dysfunction postoperatively occurred more often in patients with large \"bronchial\" arteries than in those without them, but was less when these were not ligated. Four (8 percent) of 48 traced hospital survivors died late postoperatively. Reoperations late postoperatively were required only in patients receiving valved external conduits. Forty (91 percent) of 44 living traced patients are asymptomatic.", "PMID": 682664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5417", "title": "Surgical management of double-outlet right ventricle associated with atrioventricular discordance.", "content": "Twenty corrective operations for this unusual syndrome have been performed since 1965. All but two patients also had pulmonary stenosis; one of the exceptions had had pulmonary arterial banding. Two patients had situs inversus of the atria and viscera. In only three of the 20 patients (15 percent) was the apex of the heart positioned normally. Six patients had an entirely intracardiac repair; two early and two late deaths occurred in this group. The other technique, performed in 14 patients, involved insertion of an extracadiac conduit between a ventriculotomy in the morphologically left ventricle and the distal end of the proximally oversewn pulmonary artery; one operative and two late deaths occurred in this group. Heart block occurred in six patients, including two among the eight who had technically satisfactory intraoperative mapping of the His bundle. The intraventricular course of the bundle was not consistently positioned, being anterior to the septal defect in four and posterior in four. No hospital deaths have occurred in the last 13 operations; all except one of the survivors are in New York Heart Association Class I or II. Thus correction currently provides a good early results but leaves the ventricles in an inverted relationship both functionally and anatomically.", "contents": "Surgical management of double-outlet right ventricle associated with atrioventricular discordance. Twenty corrective operations for this unusual syndrome have been performed since 1965. All but two patients also had pulmonary stenosis; one of the exceptions had had pulmonary arterial banding. Two patients had situs inversus of the atria and viscera. In only three of the 20 patients (15 percent) was the apex of the heart positioned normally. Six patients had an entirely intracardiac repair; two early and two late deaths occurred in this group. The other technique, performed in 14 patients, involved insertion of an extracadiac conduit between a ventriculotomy in the morphologically left ventricle and the distal end of the proximally oversewn pulmonary artery; one operative and two late deaths occurred in this group. Heart block occurred in six patients, including two among the eight who had technically satisfactory intraoperative mapping of the His bundle. The intraventricular course of the bundle was not consistently positioned, being anterior to the septal defect in four and posterior in four. No hospital deaths have occurred in the last 13 operations; all except one of the survivors are in New York Heart Association Class I or II. Thus correction currently provides a good early results but leaves the ventricles in an inverted relationship both functionally and anatomically.", "PMID": 682665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5418", "title": "Late hemodynamic and angiographic findings after ascending aorta--pulmonary artery anastomosis.", "content": "Ascending aorta-pulmonary artery (Waterston) anastomosis was performed in 75 children, 51 of whom were younger than 1 month of age and 36 younger than 1 week of age at the time of operation. There were 21 operative and eight late deaths. Operative deaths occurred more frequently in infants with complex cardiac conditions and severe hypoxemia and acidosis preoperatively. The postoperative status of the pulmonary arteries or arterioles could not be correlate with the degree of cardiomegaly, the pulmonary vascular markings, or characteristics of the shunt murmur. Sixty-four percent of the patients catheterized had one or more postoperative structural abnormalities of the pulmonary arteries following the operation, most frequently kinking or narrowing of a pulmonary artery. Occlusion of a pulmonary artery occurred in five of 33 patients studied by angiography. Pulmonary vascular disease may also develop. Therefore, patients should be catheterized 1 year postoperatively to evaluate the level of pulmonary vascular resistance and the pulmonary arteries.", "contents": "Late hemodynamic and angiographic findings after ascending aorta--pulmonary artery anastomosis. Ascending aorta-pulmonary artery (Waterston) anastomosis was performed in 75 children, 51 of whom were younger than 1 month of age and 36 younger than 1 week of age at the time of operation. There were 21 operative and eight late deaths. Operative deaths occurred more frequently in infants with complex cardiac conditions and severe hypoxemia and acidosis preoperatively. The postoperative status of the pulmonary arteries or arterioles could not be correlate with the degree of cardiomegaly, the pulmonary vascular markings, or characteristics of the shunt murmur. Sixty-four percent of the patients catheterized had one or more postoperative structural abnormalities of the pulmonary arteries following the operation, most frequently kinking or narrowing of a pulmonary artery. Occlusion of a pulmonary artery occurred in five of 33 patients studied by angiography. Pulmonary vascular disease may also develop. Therefore, patients should be catheterized 1 year postoperatively to evaluate the level of pulmonary vascular resistance and the pulmonary arteries.", "PMID": 682666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5419", "title": "Effect of temperature of cardioplegic solution.", "content": "This study tests the hypothesis that the efficacy of cardioplegic solution depends upon its chemical constituents rather than on its temperature alone. A standard preparation of right heart bypass in the dog was utilized. Left ventricular function curves were inscribed before and after 1 hour of aortic cross-clamping. No deterioration in function was observed in nonischemic control hearts or in hearts protected with cardioplegic solution consisting of potassium chloride (25 mEq. per liter) and mannitol (12.5 Gm. per liter in 5 percent dextrose and 0.2 percent saline at either 4 degrees C or 28 degrees C. Severe myocardial depression was observed in hearts rendered ischemic for 1 hour at 28 degrees C. without protection and also in hearts perfused with 5 percent dextrose and 0.2 percent saline at 28 degrees C. without the potassium chloride and mannitol. The evidence from this study indicates that cardioplegic solution exerts a protective effect beyond that which is afforded by hypothermia.", "contents": "Effect of temperature of cardioplegic solution. This study tests the hypothesis that the efficacy of cardioplegic solution depends upon its chemical constituents rather than on its temperature alone. A standard preparation of right heart bypass in the dog was utilized. Left ventricular function curves were inscribed before and after 1 hour of aortic cross-clamping. No deterioration in function was observed in nonischemic control hearts or in hearts protected with cardioplegic solution consisting of potassium chloride (25 mEq. per liter) and mannitol (12.5 Gm. per liter in 5 percent dextrose and 0.2 percent saline at either 4 degrees C or 28 degrees C. Severe myocardial depression was observed in hearts rendered ischemic for 1 hour at 28 degrees C. without protection and also in hearts perfused with 5 percent dextrose and 0.2 percent saline at 28 degrees C. without the potassium chloride and mannitol. The evidence from this study indicates that cardioplegic solution exerts a protective effect beyond that which is afforded by hypothermia.", "PMID": 682667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5420", "title": "Modified technique for radical transmediastinal forequarter amputation and chest wall resection.", "content": "Forequarter or interscapulothoracic amputation is a major surgical procedure indicated primarily in the treatment of malignant lesions involving the bony and soft tissue parieties of the upper part of the arm, shoulder, and scapula. It is also indicated in extensive trauma with irreparable damage to the shoulder area and as a palliative measure in intractable pain caused by incurable tumors of the shoulder girdle. Several operative techniques have been described: the classical Berger approach, an anterior pectoral approach, and posterior retroscapular approaches. A radical transthoracic approach has been described in cases in which the tumor had spread through the chest wall. The two main goals of these approaches have been early ligation of the subclavian vessels and immediate exploration for operability. This report details our experience with a modified technique for radical forequarter amputation and chest wall resection in which a transmediastinal approach is employed. This approach was used in two patients: One had a radiation-induced fibrosarcoma of the left axilla and adjacent chest wall following a radical mastectomy 19 years earlier, and the other patient had a recurrent rhabdomyosarcoma of the right axilla with invasion of the chest wall. This technique avoids time-consuming and individual excision of ribs and minimizes the amount of blood loss by early ligation of the internal mammary vessels. Safe and excellent exposure and division of the subclavian vessels and early exploration for mediastinal and intrathoracic involvement are made possible. Details of the procedure with illustrations are described.", "contents": "Modified technique for radical transmediastinal forequarter amputation and chest wall resection. Forequarter or interscapulothoracic amputation is a major surgical procedure indicated primarily in the treatment of malignant lesions involving the bony and soft tissue parieties of the upper part of the arm, shoulder, and scapula. It is also indicated in extensive trauma with irreparable damage to the shoulder area and as a palliative measure in intractable pain caused by incurable tumors of the shoulder girdle. Several operative techniques have been described: the classical Berger approach, an anterior pectoral approach, and posterior retroscapular approaches. A radical transthoracic approach has been described in cases in which the tumor had spread through the chest wall. The two main goals of these approaches have been early ligation of the subclavian vessels and immediate exploration for operability. This report details our experience with a modified technique for radical forequarter amputation and chest wall resection in which a transmediastinal approach is employed. This approach was used in two patients: One had a radiation-induced fibrosarcoma of the left axilla and adjacent chest wall following a radical mastectomy 19 years earlier, and the other patient had a recurrent rhabdomyosarcoma of the right axilla with invasion of the chest wall. This technique avoids time-consuming and individual excision of ribs and minimizes the amount of blood loss by early ligation of the internal mammary vessels. Safe and excellent exposure and division of the subclavian vessels and early exploration for mediastinal and intrathoracic involvement are made possible. Details of the procedure with illustrations are described.", "PMID": 682668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5421", "title": "Four decades of experience with resections for bronchogenic carcinoma at the Massachusetts General Hospital.", "content": "Experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) with resections for primary lung carcinoma is brought up to the clinical staging era (1971) with a 5 year cumulative survival statistic of 30 percent for the period 1964 through 1970. Comparison of four decades of experience reveals no change in cumulative survival for pulmomary resections for primary lung carcinoma in the years 1941 through 1970. Attention is directed to the hospital mortality rates for pneumonectomy and lobectomy and to the principal causes for these rates. Lymph node metastasis continues to be the single most ominous predictor of potential survival after pulmonary resection for carcinoma, particularly for all non-squamous cell types.", "contents": "Four decades of experience with resections for bronchogenic carcinoma at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) with resections for primary lung carcinoma is brought up to the clinical staging era (1971) with a 5 year cumulative survival statistic of 30 percent for the period 1964 through 1970. Comparison of four decades of experience reveals no change in cumulative survival for pulmomary resections for primary lung carcinoma in the years 1941 through 1970. Attention is directed to the hospital mortality rates for pneumonectomy and lobectomy and to the principal causes for these rates. Lymph node metastasis continues to be the single most ominous predictor of potential survival after pulmonary resection for carcinoma, particularly for all non-squamous cell types.", "PMID": 682669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5422", "title": "Development of left ventricular--coronary sinus fistula following replacement of mitral valve prosthesis.", "content": "The features and course of a patient in whom a fistula developed between the left ventricle and the coronary sinus following replacement of a faulty mitral valve prosthesis are described. The subsequent deterioration of her condition was associated with a pansystolic murmur and periprosthetic regurgitation. Replacement by a third prosthesis was complicated in addition by tricuspid regurgitation. The fistula was not suspected until the fourth operation, when the right atrium was opened for tricuspid annuloplasty. The fistula was repaired successfully, and the woman has made good progress postoperatively.", "contents": "Development of left ventricular--coronary sinus fistula following replacement of mitral valve prosthesis. The features and course of a patient in whom a fistula developed between the left ventricle and the coronary sinus following replacement of a faulty mitral valve prosthesis are described. The subsequent deterioration of her condition was associated with a pansystolic murmur and periprosthetic regurgitation. Replacement by a third prosthesis was complicated in addition by tricuspid regurgitation. The fistula was not suspected until the fourth operation, when the right atrium was opened for tricuspid annuloplasty. The fistula was repaired successfully, and the woman has made good progress postoperatively.", "PMID": 682671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5423", "title": "Use of a ringed intraluminal graft in the surgical treatment of dissecting aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. A new technique.", "content": "An intraluminal graft made of woven tubular Dacron with cloth-covered grooved rings at both ends is used to repair dissecting aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. Six consecutive white male patients ranging in age from 31 to 69 years with an average age of 55 years were operated upon with the use of this graft. Three patients had a dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta and three others had a dissecting aneurysm of the descending aorta. Total cardiopulmonary bypass was utilized in repairing dissecting aneurysms of the ascending aorta and left heart bypass was used in patients with dissecting aneurymsms of the descending aorta. The basic technique consists in inserting the whole ringed graft into the true lumen of the dissected aorta and circumferentially ligating the aorta against the groove in the rings. The proximal ring of the graft effectively stabilized the flail aortic valve in two patients with aortic regurgitation associated with dissection of the ascending aorta. There were no hospital deaths. All patients are doing well 1 year, 1 month to 2 years, 8 months after the operation.", "contents": "Use of a ringed intraluminal graft in the surgical treatment of dissecting aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. A new technique. An intraluminal graft made of woven tubular Dacron with cloth-covered grooved rings at both ends is used to repair dissecting aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. Six consecutive white male patients ranging in age from 31 to 69 years with an average age of 55 years were operated upon with the use of this graft. Three patients had a dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta and three others had a dissecting aneurysm of the descending aorta. Total cardiopulmonary bypass was utilized in repairing dissecting aneurysms of the ascending aorta and left heart bypass was used in patients with dissecting aneurymsms of the descending aorta. The basic technique consists in inserting the whole ringed graft into the true lumen of the dissected aorta and circumferentially ligating the aorta against the groove in the rings. The proximal ring of the graft effectively stabilized the flail aortic valve in two patients with aortic regurgitation associated with dissection of the ascending aorta. There were no hospital deaths. All patients are doing well 1 year, 1 month to 2 years, 8 months after the operation.", "PMID": 682673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5424", "title": "Experience with and comparision of methods of reduction mammaplasty.", "content": "Experinece with bilateral reduction mammaplasty in 213 patients has been reviewed. Complications, while not infrequent, are rarely of a serious or lasting nature. In the experience of the authors, the McKissock procedure has yielded the most consistently good results, although very good results were occasionally achieved with all of the other techniques employed.", "contents": "Experience with and comparision of methods of reduction mammaplasty. Experinece with bilateral reduction mammaplasty in 213 patients has been reviewed. Complications, while not infrequent, are rarely of a serious or lasting nature. In the experience of the authors, the McKissock procedure has yielded the most consistently good results, although very good results were occasionally achieved with all of the other techniques employed.", "PMID": 682674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5425", "title": "Points of technique in reduction mammaplasty by the vertical-pedicle method.", "content": "The technique of reduction mammaplasty by the vertical-pedicle method of McKissock has been enjoying increasing popularity, although there are some apparent drawbacks resulting in less than optimal results. The points of technique emphasized in this communication have proven helpful in eliminating most, if not all, of the less than satisfactory result frequently experienced with this approach. Consistently good experience can be expected if attention is paid to the details described.", "contents": "Points of technique in reduction mammaplasty by the vertical-pedicle method. The technique of reduction mammaplasty by the vertical-pedicle method of McKissock has been enjoying increasing popularity, although there are some apparent drawbacks resulting in less than optimal results. The points of technique emphasized in this communication have proven helpful in eliminating most, if not all, of the less than satisfactory result frequently experienced with this approach. Consistently good experience can be expected if attention is paid to the details described.", "PMID": 682675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5426", "title": "Hematologic (cytopenic) manifestations of Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration).", "content": "The records of 54 consecutive patients with Wilson's disease seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1952 through early 1977 were reviewed to determine the frequency fo hematologic abnormalaties in their evaluation. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia sometimes have been ascribed to treatment with D-penicillamine and its toxicity; however, we have found cytopenia to be a frequent finding in the presenting laboratory data of patients with Wilson's disease. Twenty-eight patients (52%) had thrombocytopenia and 16 of these patients (30% of the total) also had leukopenia. Severe, acute, intermittent hemolytic episodes were the initial and only presenting complaint of one patient. Six of the patients with significant cytopenias had splenectomy, and in all cases the peripheral blood counts returned to normal values. Long-term treatment with D-penicillamine improved the hepatic and neurologic dysfunction in most patients; however, the cytopenias remained unchanged except in three patients (treated 2, 5, and 10 years).", "contents": "Hematologic (cytopenic) manifestations of Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration). The records of 54 consecutive patients with Wilson's disease seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1952 through early 1977 were reviewed to determine the frequency fo hematologic abnormalaties in their evaluation. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia sometimes have been ascribed to treatment with D-penicillamine and its toxicity; however, we have found cytopenia to be a frequent finding in the presenting laboratory data of patients with Wilson's disease. Twenty-eight patients (52%) had thrombocytopenia and 16 of these patients (30% of the total) also had leukopenia. Severe, acute, intermittent hemolytic episodes were the initial and only presenting complaint of one patient. Six of the patients with significant cytopenias had splenectomy, and in all cases the peripheral blood counts returned to normal values. Long-term treatment with D-penicillamine improved the hepatic and neurologic dysfunction in most patients; however, the cytopenias remained unchanged except in three patients (treated 2, 5, and 10 years).", "PMID": 682676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5427", "title": "Prospective analysis of psoriatic arthritis in patients hospitalized for psoriasis.", "content": "Among 77 patients hospitalized with psoriasis, 30 (39%) had psoriatic arthritis. Arthiritis was more frequent (P less than 0.05) in those with extensive psoriasis (grades 3 and 4) than in those with less extensive psoriasis (grade 1 and 2). Temporally, flares in skin and joint disease were not closely related. The Moll-Wright classification of psoriatic arthritis into five clinical groups could be loosely applied to our patients. However, sacroiliitis (present in 33% of the patients) was seen in all five groups and was related to HLA-B27 antigen. Although there was no positive correlation between extent of psoriasis and serum urate level, four patients had gout. Mean serum urate level was higher (P less than 0.05) in females with psoriatic arthritis than in females with psoriasis alone. Antinuclear antibodies were found in 6 of 19 patients with psoriatic arthritis and in none of the 11 patients with psoriasis alone.", "contents": "Prospective analysis of psoriatic arthritis in patients hospitalized for psoriasis. Among 77 patients hospitalized with psoriasis, 30 (39%) had psoriatic arthritis. Arthiritis was more frequent (P less than 0.05) in those with extensive psoriasis (grades 3 and 4) than in those with less extensive psoriasis (grade 1 and 2). Temporally, flares in skin and joint disease were not closely related. The Moll-Wright classification of psoriatic arthritis into five clinical groups could be loosely applied to our patients. However, sacroiliitis (present in 33% of the patients) was seen in all five groups and was related to HLA-B27 antigen. Although there was no positive correlation between extent of psoriasis and serum urate level, four patients had gout. Mean serum urate level was higher (P less than 0.05) in females with psoriatic arthritis than in females with psoriasis alone. Antinuclear antibodies were found in 6 of 19 patients with psoriatic arthritis and in none of the 11 patients with psoriasis alone.", "PMID": 682678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5428", "title": "Myocardial ultrastructural changes after experimental ventricular fibrillation and anoxic arrest.", "content": "A transmural myocardial biopsy method was used to study changed in ultrastructure after induced ventricular fibrillation or anoxic arrest in the canine heart. Interstitial edema, mitochondrial derangement, contraction bands, and swelling of capillary endothelium were more extensive in subendocardial than in subepicardial layer after anoxic arrest. Significant numbers of contraction bands were also seen in the myocardium after induced ventricular fibrillation. These changes appeared to be reversible at least in part in the group with induced ventricular fibrillation but generally not in the anoxic arrest animals. After anoxic arrest, preservation of the endocardial layer was significantly poorer than that of the epicardium; after ventricular fibrillation, there appeared to be no such difference. Myocardial mitochondria and glycogen granules were intact and more numerous after ventricular fibrillation than after anoxic arrest. The lesser damage after ventricular fibrillation than after anoxic arrest suggest that the myocardium may be affected less by the no-reflow phenomenon after normal coronary circulation is restored in ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "Myocardial ultrastructural changes after experimental ventricular fibrillation and anoxic arrest. A transmural myocardial biopsy method was used to study changed in ultrastructure after induced ventricular fibrillation or anoxic arrest in the canine heart. Interstitial edema, mitochondrial derangement, contraction bands, and swelling of capillary endothelium were more extensive in subendocardial than in subepicardial layer after anoxic arrest. Significant numbers of contraction bands were also seen in the myocardium after induced ventricular fibrillation. These changes appeared to be reversible at least in part in the group with induced ventricular fibrillation but generally not in the anoxic arrest animals. After anoxic arrest, preservation of the endocardial layer was significantly poorer than that of the epicardium; after ventricular fibrillation, there appeared to be no such difference. Myocardial mitochondria and glycogen granules were intact and more numerous after ventricular fibrillation than after anoxic arrest. The lesser damage after ventricular fibrillation than after anoxic arrest suggest that the myocardium may be affected less by the no-reflow phenomenon after normal coronary circulation is restored in ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 682679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5429", "title": "Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation after peritoneovenous shunt for intractable ascites.", "content": "Peritoneovenous shunt for intractable ascites was complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation, which resulted in the death of the patient. Attention is called to this potentially serious complication. The cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation occurring after peritoneovenous shunt is uncertain. Patients at risk for this complication need to be identified if this shunt is being considered.", "contents": "Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation after peritoneovenous shunt for intractable ascites. Peritoneovenous shunt for intractable ascites was complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation, which resulted in the death of the patient. Attention is called to this potentially serious complication. The cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation occurring after peritoneovenous shunt is uncertain. Patients at risk for this complication need to be identified if this shunt is being considered.", "PMID": 682680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5430", "title": "Meningitis due to group C streptococci in an adult.", "content": "Group C streptococci are generally considered to be a rare cause of infection in man. Infections due to these microorganisms, however, are common in several animal species. To our knowledge, the literature contains only two previous cases of meningitis in man which were due to group C streptococci. In one of these cases meningitis developed as a complication of endocarditis due to group C streptococci. Our recent clinical experience with a patient with severe acute meningitis caused by group C streptococci is reported and the pertinent literature is reviewed. The illness manifested itself as a severe form of acute meningitis, with slow but statisfactory response to therapy with penicillin.", "contents": "Meningitis due to group C streptococci in an adult. Group C streptococci are generally considered to be a rare cause of infection in man. Infections due to these microorganisms, however, are common in several animal species. To our knowledge, the literature contains only two previous cases of meningitis in man which were due to group C streptococci. In one of these cases meningitis developed as a complication of endocarditis due to group C streptococci. Our recent clinical experience with a patient with severe acute meningitis caused by group C streptococci is reported and the pertinent literature is reviewed. The illness manifested itself as a severe form of acute meningitis, with slow but statisfactory response to therapy with penicillin.", "PMID": 682681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5431", "title": "Recurrent Goodpasture's syndrome.", "content": "A 49-year-old woman had three distinct episodes of pulmonary hemorrhage over a 11-year period separated by symptom-free intervals of 6 and 5 years. The first and third episodes were associated with mild glomerulonephritis and linear deposition of IgG along glomerular/tubular basement membranes. The first episode was associated with a rising influenza A2 titer. Investigation of the third episode revealed circulating antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies detected by radioimmunoassay but not by indirect immunofluorescence. Antilung basement membrane antibodies were detected by both direct and indirect immunofluorescence. Recovery from each hemorrhage followed blood transfusion and oxygen therapy. This case demonstrates that (1) Goodpasture's syndrome, predominantly manifest by pulmonary hemorrhage, may have circulating antibodies with greater affinity for lung membrane compared with glomerular basement membrane, and (2) the antiglomerular basement membrane antibody response is not necessarily an acute self-limited event but may be a chronic or recurrent phenomenon.", "contents": "Recurrent Goodpasture's syndrome. A 49-year-old woman had three distinct episodes of pulmonary hemorrhage over a 11-year period separated by symptom-free intervals of 6 and 5 years. The first and third episodes were associated with mild glomerulonephritis and linear deposition of IgG along glomerular/tubular basement membranes. The first episode was associated with a rising influenza A2 titer. Investigation of the third episode revealed circulating antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies detected by radioimmunoassay but not by indirect immunofluorescence. Antilung basement membrane antibodies were detected by both direct and indirect immunofluorescence. Recovery from each hemorrhage followed blood transfusion and oxygen therapy. This case demonstrates that (1) Goodpasture's syndrome, predominantly manifest by pulmonary hemorrhage, may have circulating antibodies with greater affinity for lung membrane compared with glomerular basement membrane, and (2) the antiglomerular basement membrane antibody response is not necessarily an acute self-limited event but may be a chronic or recurrent phenomenon.", "PMID": 682682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5432", "title": "Double-outlet right ventricle. Anatomic and angiocardiographic correlations.", "content": "A series of 72 patients with proved double-outlet right ventricle was studied with reference to the ability of angiocardiography to determine the location of a ventricular septal defect when it was associated with various great-artery relationships. Only 2 of the 72 patients had an intact ventricular septum. The other 70 patients had 16 possible anatomic variations based on four positions of the ventricular septal defect (subaortic, subpulmonary, subaortic and subpulmonary, and remote type) and four great-artery relationships (normal, side by side, dextromalposition, and levomalposition). Using the hemodynamic information regarding systemic and pulmonary arterial saturations, combined with biplane angiocardiographic data from the right ventricle (and if possible with left ventriculography), one can predict the location of ventricular septal defect. Because the different types of double-outlet right ventricle have different surgical approaches, this information can be important to the surgeon.", "contents": "Double-outlet right ventricle. Anatomic and angiocardiographic correlations. A series of 72 patients with proved double-outlet right ventricle was studied with reference to the ability of angiocardiography to determine the location of a ventricular septal defect when it was associated with various great-artery relationships. Only 2 of the 72 patients had an intact ventricular septum. The other 70 patients had 16 possible anatomic variations based on four positions of the ventricular septal defect (subaortic, subpulmonary, subaortic and subpulmonary, and remote type) and four great-artery relationships (normal, side by side, dextromalposition, and levomalposition). Using the hemodynamic information regarding systemic and pulmonary arterial saturations, combined with biplane angiocardiographic data from the right ventricle (and if possible with left ventriculography), one can predict the location of ventricular septal defect. Because the different types of double-outlet right ventricle have different surgical approaches, this information can be important to the surgeon.", "PMID": 682686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5433", "title": "Effect of aspirin on prevention of coronary and cerebrovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A long-term follow-up study.", "content": "Between 1950 and 1975, 473 Rochester patients had the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and received aspirin treatment. These patients were followed for an average of 10 years to determine whether they experienced myocardial infarction, classic angina pectoris, sudden unexpected death, or cerebral infarction less often than expected on the basis of age- and sex-specific incidence rates of each event known for the Rochester population. In none of these disease entities, separately, or combined, was the expected number significantly different from the observed. However, when we examined these events separately by sex, observed numbers in males were 30 to 50% less than expected in all four studied end-events. Because the male population was small, none of these differences reached statistical significance. The possible effect of aspirin in the primary prevention of vascular disease in males is discussed in light of the recent similar reported results in secondary prevention.", "contents": "Effect of aspirin on prevention of coronary and cerebrovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A long-term follow-up study. Between 1950 and 1975, 473 Rochester patients had the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and received aspirin treatment. These patients were followed for an average of 10 years to determine whether they experienced myocardial infarction, classic angina pectoris, sudden unexpected death, or cerebral infarction less often than expected on the basis of age- and sex-specific incidence rates of each event known for the Rochester population. In none of these disease entities, separately, or combined, was the expected number significantly different from the observed. However, when we examined these events separately by sex, observed numbers in males were 30 to 50% less than expected in all four studied end-events. Because the male population was small, none of these differences reached statistical significance. The possible effect of aspirin in the primary prevention of vascular disease in males is discussed in light of the recent similar reported results in secondary prevention.", "PMID": 682687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5434", "title": "Detection of hematoporphyrin fluorescence during fiberoptic bronchoscopy to localize early bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Photoelectric detection of fluorescence from hematoporphyrin-containing \"occult\" bronchogenic carcinoma is a potentially useful technique for localizing and delineating such cancers. A method is presented which would enable use of a fluorescence-detection system simultaneously with conventional illumination during flexible bronchofiberscopic examination. Preliminary data suggest that quantities of hematoporphyrin as small as 5 picograms can be detected on the surface of tumors by this method.", "contents": "Detection of hematoporphyrin fluorescence during fiberoptic bronchoscopy to localize early bronchogenic carcinoma. Photoelectric detection of fluorescence from hematoporphyrin-containing \"occult\" bronchogenic carcinoma is a potentially useful technique for localizing and delineating such cancers. A method is presented which would enable use of a fluorescence-detection system simultaneously with conventional illumination during flexible bronchofiberscopic examination. Preliminary data suggest that quantities of hematoporphyrin as small as 5 picograms can be detected on the surface of tumors by this method.", "PMID": 682688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5435", "title": "Surgical treatment of congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "Congenital arteriovenous fistulas often pose difficult diagnostic and management problems. Surgical therapy has been associated with a propensity for incomplete obliteration and recurrence. A case of a large congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation, initially misdiagnosed as an atrial septal defect, was defined by selective roentgenographic and contrast echographic techniques and successfully treated by total surgical excision.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation. Congenital arteriovenous fistulas often pose difficult diagnostic and management problems. Surgical therapy has been associated with a propensity for incomplete obliteration and recurrence. A case of a large congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation, initially misdiagnosed as an atrial septal defect, was defined by selective roentgenographic and contrast echographic techniques and successfully treated by total surgical excision.", "PMID": 682689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5436", "title": "Barrett's esophagus occurring as a complication of scleroderma.", "content": "Two patients had both scleroderma and a columnar epithelium-lined lower esophagus (Barrett esophagus). Features of Barrett's esophagus included high esophageal strictures in both patients and ulcer craters in the columnar area of one. Biopsy confirmed columnar epithelium in the lower esophagus of each patient. In these patients, the Barrett esophagus probably was a complication of scleroderma and resulted from long-standing gastroesophageal reflux.", "contents": "Barrett's esophagus occurring as a complication of scleroderma. Two patients had both scleroderma and a columnar epithelium-lined lower esophagus (Barrett esophagus). Features of Barrett's esophagus included high esophageal strictures in both patients and ulcer craters in the columnar area of one. Biopsy confirmed columnar epithelium in the lower esophagus of each patient. In these patients, the Barrett esophagus probably was a complication of scleroderma and resulted from long-standing gastroesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 682690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5437", "title": "Retention improvement by topical application of uridine monophosphate into different brain areas.", "content": "This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of uridine monophosphate (UMP) on the consolidation of a brightness-discrimination reaction after topical application of this RNA precursor into the hippocampus, the neocortex or the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF). Thirty minutes before the rats started their training in a Y-chamber, UMP was injected into each animal through cannula implanted into the particular brain area. When injected into hippocampus or MRF UMP exerted no influence on acquisition, but after epidural UMP injection an impairment of acquisition was observed. After intrahippocampal or epidural UMP application the retention test carried out 48 hour after training showed a significant improvement in retention performance, whereas UMP injection into MRF showed no influence on retention. Consequently, the retention-improving effect of UMP is probably not induced by activation of ascending neuronal systems.", "contents": "Retention improvement by topical application of uridine monophosphate into different brain areas. This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of uridine monophosphate (UMP) on the consolidation of a brightness-discrimination reaction after topical application of this RNA precursor into the hippocampus, the neocortex or the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF). Thirty minutes before the rats started their training in a Y-chamber, UMP was injected into each animal through cannula implanted into the particular brain area. When injected into hippocampus or MRF UMP exerted no influence on acquisition, but after epidural UMP injection an impairment of acquisition was observed. After intrahippocampal or epidural UMP application the retention test carried out 48 hour after training showed a significant improvement in retention performance, whereas UMP injection into MRF showed no influence on retention. Consequently, the retention-improving effect of UMP is probably not induced by activation of ascending neuronal systems.", "PMID": 682696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5438", "title": "Studies of hand blood flow of the Igloolik Eskimo.", "content": "The hand blood flow of Igloolik Eskimos was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. The purpose of the investigation was to study circulatory adjustments to cold exposure. Such adjustment can be anatomical or functional. Our attention was especially directed to maximal resting circulation with the aim of obtaining information about the capacity of the peripheral vascular bed in different age groups of cold-exposed people. Resting blood flow ml/100 ml handvolume/min in vasodilated Eskimo men did not appreciably differ from that of men of the same age in other ethnic groups. Women of 20-50 years of age had significantly higher circulation than men 20-50 years. This finding may be due to the smaller hand and the relative quantities of different tissues. Females above 50 years had a very low hand circulation compared with the younger females, in contrast to males above 50 years who did not differ significantly from their younger colleagues. Any explanation other than hormonal is not warranted at this time. The results show that cold stress to the skin does not induce hypertrophy of the peripheral vascular bed which can be detected during vasodilated conditions or reactive hyperemia after 5 minutes of arterial stasis.", "contents": "Studies of hand blood flow of the Igloolik Eskimo. The hand blood flow of Igloolik Eskimos was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. The purpose of the investigation was to study circulatory adjustments to cold exposure. Such adjustment can be anatomical or functional. Our attention was especially directed to maximal resting circulation with the aim of obtaining information about the capacity of the peripheral vascular bed in different age groups of cold-exposed people. Resting blood flow ml/100 ml handvolume/min in vasodilated Eskimo men did not appreciably differ from that of men of the same age in other ethnic groups. Women of 20-50 years of age had significantly higher circulation than men 20-50 years. This finding may be due to the smaller hand and the relative quantities of different tissues. Females above 50 years had a very low hand circulation compared with the younger females, in contrast to males above 50 years who did not differ significantly from their younger colleagues. Any explanation other than hormonal is not warranted at this time. The results show that cold stress to the skin does not induce hypertrophy of the peripheral vascular bed which can be detected during vasodilated conditions or reactive hyperemia after 5 minutes of arterial stasis.", "PMID": 682697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5439", "title": "Relative potency of some neuromuscular blocking drugs in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The relative potencies of alcuronium, d-tubocurarine, gallamine, pancuronium and succinylcholine as neuromuscular blocking agents were tested in vivo (acute toxicity in mice) and in vitro (rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation). In vivo, pancuronium was about 4 times more potent than alcuronium or d-tubocurarine, whose LD50-values were of the order of 2 X 10(-7) mol/kg. On a molar basis, succinylcholine was about 5 times less potent and gallamine about 20 times less potent than alcuronium or d-tubocurarine. In vitro, succinylcholine was as effective as d-tubocurarine and alcuronium. The IC50-values for these drugs were of the drugs were of the order of 2 X 10(-6)M. Pancuronium was about 2 times less potent and gallamine about 100 times less potent than the other three drugs in vitro. The in vivo-potencies correlate better than those obtained in vitro with observations from the clinical use of these muscle relaxants.", "contents": "Relative potency of some neuromuscular blocking drugs in vivo and in vitro. The relative potencies of alcuronium, d-tubocurarine, gallamine, pancuronium and succinylcholine as neuromuscular blocking agents were tested in vivo (acute toxicity in mice) and in vitro (rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation). In vivo, pancuronium was about 4 times more potent than alcuronium or d-tubocurarine, whose LD50-values were of the order of 2 X 10(-7) mol/kg. On a molar basis, succinylcholine was about 5 times less potent and gallamine about 20 times less potent than alcuronium or d-tubocurarine. In vitro, succinylcholine was as effective as d-tubocurarine and alcuronium. The IC50-values for these drugs were of the drugs were of the order of 2 X 10(-6)M. Pancuronium was about 2 times less potent and gallamine about 100 times less potent than the other three drugs in vitro. The in vivo-potencies correlate better than those obtained in vitro with observations from the clinical use of these muscle relaxants.", "PMID": 682698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5440", "title": "The effect of peripherally administered 6-hydroxydopamine on food and water intake in rats.", "content": "The effect of peripheral administration of a single dose of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 100 mg/kg i.p.) on ingestive behaviours in adult rats has been studied. Individual food and water intakes were measured daily for a period of 7 days following treatment. Most animals became hypophagic for up to 72 hours and hypodipsic for up to 24 hours. The possibility that peripherally administered 6-OHDA may enter the CSF by means of the circum-ventricular organs and thereby exert central behavioural effects is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of peripherally administered 6-hydroxydopamine on food and water intake in rats. The effect of peripheral administration of a single dose of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 100 mg/kg i.p.) on ingestive behaviours in adult rats has been studied. Individual food and water intakes were measured daily for a period of 7 days following treatment. Most animals became hypophagic for up to 72 hours and hypodipsic for up to 24 hours. The possibility that peripherally administered 6-OHDA may enter the CSF by means of the circum-ventricular organs and thereby exert central behavioural effects is discussed.", "PMID": 682699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5441", "title": "The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine, atropin and propranolol on avidin synthesis by the chick oviduct.", "content": "The systemic administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced avidin production in the oestrogen-primed immature chick oviduct, whereas atropin and propranolol had no effect on avidin levels. 6-OHDA also significantly potentiated avidin synthesis induced by local tissue damage.", "contents": "The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine, atropin and propranolol on avidin synthesis by the chick oviduct. The systemic administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced avidin production in the oestrogen-primed immature chick oviduct, whereas atropin and propranolol had no effect on avidin levels. 6-OHDA also significantly potentiated avidin synthesis induced by local tissue damage.", "PMID": 682700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5442", "title": "Imapct of a primary care group practice on emergency room utilization at a community hospital.", "content": "This paper reports the effects on a community hospital's emergency room utilization that were brought about by the development of a primary care group practice. The practice, which has replaced the hospital's traditionally structured outpatient clinics, employs full-time, salaried physicians and provides evening office hours and 24-hour coverage. The primary care group appears to have effected a substantial reduction in pediatric emergency room use. To a lesser extent, utilization by former clinic users among the adult atients was also reduced. These reductions, however, created only modest impact in the context of the hospital's total emergency room use, owed in part to the relatively small size of the patient population who formerly had depended upon the hospital for primary care.", "contents": "Imapct of a primary care group practice on emergency room utilization at a community hospital. This paper reports the effects on a community hospital's emergency room utilization that were brought about by the development of a primary care group practice. The practice, which has replaced the hospital's traditionally structured outpatient clinics, employs full-time, salaried physicians and provides evening office hours and 24-hour coverage. The primary care group appears to have effected a substantial reduction in pediatric emergency room use. To a lesser extent, utilization by former clinic users among the adult atients was also reduced. These reductions, however, created only modest impact in the context of the hospital's total emergency room use, owed in part to the relatively small size of the patient population who formerly had depended upon the hospital for primary care.", "PMID": 682706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5443", "title": "A multivariate analysis of the likelihood and volume of preventive visit demand in a prepaid group practice.", "content": "An economic framework for the investigation of the demand for preventive medical care services is suggested and empirical models for the likelihood and volume of preventive physician visits are specified. These are tested using data on 3,892 individuals enrolled in the Kaiser Foundation Prepaid Health Plan of Portland, Oregon. Preventive visits, delineated by the Kaiser Clinical Behavioral Classification System, included general medical examinations, eye examinations, well-child care and immunization services. Multiple regression is used to estimate the likelihood of preventive visits for all persons and the volume of preventive visits for users. Income and coinsurance were the most significant economic variables in the likelihood equation, possessing the expected positive and negative signs, respectively. The usual findings of a positive education effect and negative family size effect were supported by the results. The economic variables were less significant in the volume equations than in the likelihood equations, suggesting that system and physician effects may neutralize these factors. Females were more likely to make a preventive visit than were males and the relatively young and old were the heaviest age-group users of preventive care. Perceived helath status did not appear to significantly affect preventive care demand.", "contents": "A multivariate analysis of the likelihood and volume of preventive visit demand in a prepaid group practice. An economic framework for the investigation of the demand for preventive medical care services is suggested and empirical models for the likelihood and volume of preventive physician visits are specified. These are tested using data on 3,892 individuals enrolled in the Kaiser Foundation Prepaid Health Plan of Portland, Oregon. Preventive visits, delineated by the Kaiser Clinical Behavioral Classification System, included general medical examinations, eye examinations, well-child care and immunization services. Multiple regression is used to estimate the likelihood of preventive visits for all persons and the volume of preventive visits for users. Income and coinsurance were the most significant economic variables in the likelihood equation, possessing the expected positive and negative signs, respectively. The usual findings of a positive education effect and negative family size effect were supported by the results. The economic variables were less significant in the volume equations than in the likelihood equations, suggesting that system and physician effects may neutralize these factors. Females were more likely to make a preventive visit than were males and the relatively young and old were the heaviest age-group users of preventive care. Perceived helath status did not appear to significantly affect preventive care demand.", "PMID": 682707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5444", "title": "Discrepancies between admission and discharge diagnoses in a university hospital.", "content": "Admission screening and certification systems for utilization review are based on acceptance of attending physicians' admitting diagnosis. This study was conducted to: 1) determine the consistency of admission diagnosis as compared to discharge diagnosis: i) identify the characteristics of patients and diagnoses subject to higher rates of diagnostic discrepancy; and 3) analyze the apparent reasons for such discrepancies. The following methods were used: direct comparison of admission and discharge diagnosis on a sample (n = 955) of university hospital patients using a rating scale to measure the degree of change in specificity and category of diagnosis; analysis of diagnostic change by hospital service, demographic characteristics of patients, length of stay, and source of payment; review of charts with the greatest diagnostic discrepancy. Diagnostic changes were found in 26.8 per cent of all admissions (n = 230) and were most frequent in neurological, medical and pediatric patients. The rate of change varied with patient age and length of stay and was lowest in Medicaid patients. Changes were usually from general to more specific diagnosis in related categories, with 4.3 per cent being discharged undiagnosed and 2.9 per cent with unrelated diagnosis. Major causes for discrepancies were related to clinical and laboratory findings. No evidence was found for deliberate diagnostic manipulation to gain admission or to improve financial coverage.", "contents": "Discrepancies between admission and discharge diagnoses in a university hospital. Admission screening and certification systems for utilization review are based on acceptance of attending physicians' admitting diagnosis. This study was conducted to: 1) determine the consistency of admission diagnosis as compared to discharge diagnosis: i) identify the characteristics of patients and diagnoses subject to higher rates of diagnostic discrepancy; and 3) analyze the apparent reasons for such discrepancies. The following methods were used: direct comparison of admission and discharge diagnosis on a sample (n = 955) of university hospital patients using a rating scale to measure the degree of change in specificity and category of diagnosis; analysis of diagnostic change by hospital service, demographic characteristics of patients, length of stay, and source of payment; review of charts with the greatest diagnostic discrepancy. Diagnostic changes were found in 26.8 per cent of all admissions (n = 230) and were most frequent in neurological, medical and pediatric patients. The rate of change varied with patient age and length of stay and was lowest in Medicaid patients. Changes were usually from general to more specific diagnosis in related categories, with 4.3 per cent being discharged undiagnosed and 2.9 per cent with unrelated diagnosis. Major causes for discrepancies were related to clinical and laboratory findings. No evidence was found for deliberate diagnostic manipulation to gain admission or to improve financial coverage.", "PMID": 682708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5445", "title": "A study of 128 deaths in New York City correctional facilities (1971-1976): implications for prisoner health care.", "content": "During a 5 1/2 year period, January, 1971 through July, 1976, 128 deaths occurred in New York City. The epidemiology of prisoner deaths including suicide was examined in a large incarcerated population. Each death was categorized according to the International Classification of Diseases. The mean age of the prisoner death was 34 years. Only 3 deaths occurred among females. Ethnic distribution of these deaths was similar to the prison population. Deaths of prisoners fell into 2 categories: external causes (suicide, accidents, homicide, legal intervention) and nonviolent causes. External causes accounted for 71 deaths. The leading cause of death was suicide, accounting for 52 deaths. Suicides occurred in all time periods of incarceration. The highest rate was in the 35 to 44 year age group. History of drug or alcohol abuse was reported by 69 per cent of the suicides. One-third of the prisoners committing suicides had histories of previous attempts or previous mental hospitalizations. Except for 2 individuals, the method was hanging. For the most part, prisoners at risk for suicide exhibited a common pattern and were identifiable. During the last 2 1/2 years of the study period, deaths were reviewed by a prisoner death committee. Deficiencies of care in deaths of nonviolent causation were categorized as \"provider,\" \"corrections,\" or \"system.\" The most common deficiency in care was delay in hospitalization of prisoners requiring care.", "contents": "A study of 128 deaths in New York City correctional facilities (1971-1976): implications for prisoner health care. During a 5 1/2 year period, January, 1971 through July, 1976, 128 deaths occurred in New York City. The epidemiology of prisoner deaths including suicide was examined in a large incarcerated population. Each death was categorized according to the International Classification of Diseases. The mean age of the prisoner death was 34 years. Only 3 deaths occurred among females. Ethnic distribution of these deaths was similar to the prison population. Deaths of prisoners fell into 2 categories: external causes (suicide, accidents, homicide, legal intervention) and nonviolent causes. External causes accounted for 71 deaths. The leading cause of death was suicide, accounting for 52 deaths. Suicides occurred in all time periods of incarceration. The highest rate was in the 35 to 44 year age group. History of drug or alcohol abuse was reported by 69 per cent of the suicides. One-third of the prisoners committing suicides had histories of previous attempts or previous mental hospitalizations. Except for 2 individuals, the method was hanging. For the most part, prisoners at risk for suicide exhibited a common pattern and were identifiable. During the last 2 1/2 years of the study period, deaths were reviewed by a prisoner death committee. Deficiencies of care in deaths of nonviolent causation were categorized as \"provider,\" \"corrections,\" or \"system.\" The most common deficiency in care was delay in hospitalization of prisoners requiring care.", "PMID": 682709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5446", "title": "Encouraging behavior changes by use of client-held health records.", "content": "A process was developed to encourage individuals to take more responsibility for their health by using a client-held health record. The motivation for the record, called a Personal Life Health Plan (PLHP), stems from the fact that the majority of ills which afflict an individual can be abated by behavior changes. The PLHP contains most of what is in a medical record but also has sections which deal with health maintenance; a past health history, a family health history, tables of individualized risks of morbidity and mortality, a health maintenance plan, and tables of physiological measurements. The PLHP process helps to make explicit the steps of 1) naming existing and potential health problems; 2) reflecting on their causes; and 3) taking actions to overcome them. Additionally, the record helps maintain continuity of care. Pilot studies made in two settings indicate that a significant percentage of individuals will use a PLHP and that physicians and nurse practitioners can incorporate it into their routine of providing care with minimal expenditures of time. Longer term studies will be required to determine effects on behavior, compliance and health services utilizations.", "contents": "Encouraging behavior changes by use of client-held health records. A process was developed to encourage individuals to take more responsibility for their health by using a client-held health record. The motivation for the record, called a Personal Life Health Plan (PLHP), stems from the fact that the majority of ills which afflict an individual can be abated by behavior changes. The PLHP contains most of what is in a medical record but also has sections which deal with health maintenance; a past health history, a family health history, tables of individualized risks of morbidity and mortality, a health maintenance plan, and tables of physiological measurements. The PLHP process helps to make explicit the steps of 1) naming existing and potential health problems; 2) reflecting on their causes; and 3) taking actions to overcome them. Additionally, the record helps maintain continuity of care. Pilot studies made in two settings indicate that a significant percentage of individuals will use a PLHP and that physicians and nurse practitioners can incorporate it into their routine of providing care with minimal expenditures of time. Longer term studies will be required to determine effects on behavior, compliance and health services utilizations.", "PMID": 682710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5447", "title": "Increasing maternal participation in the hospitalization of young children.", "content": "In an attempt to reduce the harmful emotional effects of separation for young children, hospitals in recent years have liberalized visiting hours, but parents have not taken advantage of their new privileges. The study described here sought to increase mothers' participation in their children's hospitalization by overcoming some of the psychological barriers believed to exist. The mothers of 48 children aged 1 to 5, to be admitted for elective surgery to a large, metropolitan pediatric hospital, constituted the primary sample and were divided into experimental and control groups. Mothers in the experimental group had an extra half-hour session in a pre-admission interview focusing on visiting, and specific suggestions were made about frequency and timing of visits, as well as the role of the mother during her visits. During the experimental period weekly meetings were held with the nursing staff to enlist their support for this change in visiting patterns. Results indicate that duration of visits, timing of visits, and behavior during them were all significantly modified for the experimental group of mothers. In contrast, the nurses did not significantly change their relationship with the mothers or the children. Clinical possibilities and limitations of such a program are discussed.", "contents": "Increasing maternal participation in the hospitalization of young children. In an attempt to reduce the harmful emotional effects of separation for young children, hospitals in recent years have liberalized visiting hours, but parents have not taken advantage of their new privileges. The study described here sought to increase mothers' participation in their children's hospitalization by overcoming some of the psychological barriers believed to exist. The mothers of 48 children aged 1 to 5, to be admitted for elective surgery to a large, metropolitan pediatric hospital, constituted the primary sample and were divided into experimental and control groups. Mothers in the experimental group had an extra half-hour session in a pre-admission interview focusing on visiting, and specific suggestions were made about frequency and timing of visits, as well as the role of the mother during her visits. During the experimental period weekly meetings were held with the nursing staff to enlist their support for this change in visiting patterns. Results indicate that duration of visits, timing of visits, and behavior during them were all significantly modified for the experimental group of mothers. In contrast, the nurses did not significantly change their relationship with the mothers or the children. Clinical possibilities and limitations of such a program are discussed.", "PMID": 682711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5448", "title": "Mexican-American folk belief in a pediatric emergency room.", "content": "The pattern, extent and patient care implications of medical folk belief in the Mexican-American population utilizing a pediatric emergency room were assessed. The parents of caretakers of 85 randomly selected patients were interviewed in the emergency room waiting area. The extent of knowledge and family history of four traditional folk diseases (magical fright, evil eye, surfeit, and fallen fontanelle) were determined, as was the utitlization of folk healers. The proportion of individuals with traditional knowledge varied with the specific folk disease and with demographic characteristics. Those born in Mexico were more likely to have knowledge of folk disease symptoms and treatment. Of 43 patients who had received treatment prior to coming to the emergency room, 13 had received an herbal folk remedy prescribed by a family member. Twenty-eight reported previous use of folk healers for pediatric illness although none had sought such care for the present illness. Of 57 informants who offered a cause for the child's present illness, two named a folk disease. Mexican-American folk belief is common in the population of Hispanic origin who utilize this pediatric emergency room. The illness for which care is sought, however, is felt to be amenable to scientific care and therfore medical folk belief is not often a clinically relevant factor in the emergency room setting.", "contents": "Mexican-American folk belief in a pediatric emergency room. The pattern, extent and patient care implications of medical folk belief in the Mexican-American population utilizing a pediatric emergency room were assessed. The parents of caretakers of 85 randomly selected patients were interviewed in the emergency room waiting area. The extent of knowledge and family history of four traditional folk diseases (magical fright, evil eye, surfeit, and fallen fontanelle) were determined, as was the utitlization of folk healers. The proportion of individuals with traditional knowledge varied with the specific folk disease and with demographic characteristics. Those born in Mexico were more likely to have knowledge of folk disease symptoms and treatment. Of 43 patients who had received treatment prior to coming to the emergency room, 13 had received an herbal folk remedy prescribed by a family member. Twenty-eight reported previous use of folk healers for pediatric illness although none had sought such care for the present illness. Of 57 informants who offered a cause for the child's present illness, two named a folk disease. Mexican-American folk belief is common in the population of Hispanic origin who utilize this pediatric emergency room. The illness for which care is sought, however, is felt to be amenable to scientific care and therfore medical folk belief is not often a clinically relevant factor in the emergency room setting.", "PMID": 682712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5449", "title": "The economic cost of illness: fiscal 1975.", "content": "In 1963, Rice estimated the costs of illness and then allocated these costs by disease. She and Cooper in 1972 updated the original estimates and developed a more sophisticated methodological approach. This paper updates further the costs of illness to 1975 and presents further methodological changes. Analysis of the direct and indirect costs of illness for 1975 reveals that the upward trend into total costs continued, reaching $264 billion. The indirect costs are loss of earnings due to morbidity or premature mortality estimated at various discount rates allocated into 18 categories by disease. The direct costs include such payments as those made for hospital care, physician services, and drugs which are allocated by disease and unallocated costs such as construction and research. The proportion of total costs due to premature mortality were found to drop slightly from 1972 to 1975, while the morbidity share increased slightly. Direct costs account for approximately the same share of total illness in 1975 as in 1972. The proportion of total costs accounted for by direct costs varies directly with the discount rate selected, with the direct costs accounting for 50 per cent of the total at the 10 per cent discount rates and 37 per cent at 2.5 per cent rate. The proportion due to morbidity costs also varies directly with the discount rate, although the changes are small. There is an inverse relationship between the share for premature mortality costs and discount rate.", "contents": "The economic cost of illness: fiscal 1975. In 1963, Rice estimated the costs of illness and then allocated these costs by disease. She and Cooper in 1972 updated the original estimates and developed a more sophisticated methodological approach. This paper updates further the costs of illness to 1975 and presents further methodological changes. Analysis of the direct and indirect costs of illness for 1975 reveals that the upward trend into total costs continued, reaching $264 billion. The indirect costs are loss of earnings due to morbidity or premature mortality estimated at various discount rates allocated into 18 categories by disease. The direct costs include such payments as those made for hospital care, physician services, and drugs which are allocated by disease and unallocated costs such as construction and research. The proportion of total costs due to premature mortality were found to drop slightly from 1972 to 1975, while the morbidity share increased slightly. Direct costs account for approximately the same share of total illness in 1975 as in 1972. The proportion of total costs accounted for by direct costs varies directly with the discount rate selected, with the direct costs accounting for 50 per cent of the total at the 10 per cent discount rates and 37 per cent at 2.5 per cent rate. The proportion due to morbidity costs also varies directly with the discount rate, although the changes are small. There is an inverse relationship between the share for premature mortality costs and discount rate.", "PMID": 682713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5450", "title": "The diagnosis of diabetes: how to determine which patients to treat.", "content": "The diagnosis of diabetes depends on identifying a compatible clinical picture with confirmation by demonstrable abnormalities in blood glucose levels. In florid diabetes, classical symptoms of diabetes and high glucose in blood and urine make the diagnosis easy. For asymptomatic diabetes; if confirmed fasting blood glucose measures over 125 mg per 100 ml, the diagnosis is accepted. When the fasting blood glucose measures under 125 mg per 100 ml, I recommend an oral glucose tolerance test and apply suitable criteria for interpretation. The United States Public Health Service criteria represent a reasonable, moderate approach when one modifies the interpretation by cognizance of environmental factors in the patient and by identifying interfering influences as drugs, physical inactivity, fever or starvation. Indeed, one should postpone a glucose tolerance test until these interfering factors abate. Management of the patient with an abnormal glucose tolerance test includes sharing the prognostic dilemma with the patient regarding the likelihood of deterioration in glucose tolerance to florid diabetes. In this situation the term, abnormal glucose tolerance test, is preferred over chemical diabetes. The physician and the patient must develop some degree of comfort with a clinical state that often remains nebulous. Though the writings of authorities occasionally sound dogmatic, rigid, and conflicting, they reflect a viewpoint which opines that no clear answers are available; that the clinician and his patient must accept this posture; and that together they must develop the best therapeutic program for the individual in question.", "contents": "The diagnosis of diabetes: how to determine which patients to treat. The diagnosis of diabetes depends on identifying a compatible clinical picture with confirmation by demonstrable abnormalities in blood glucose levels. In florid diabetes, classical symptoms of diabetes and high glucose in blood and urine make the diagnosis easy. For asymptomatic diabetes; if confirmed fasting blood glucose measures over 125 mg per 100 ml, the diagnosis is accepted. When the fasting blood glucose measures under 125 mg per 100 ml, I recommend an oral glucose tolerance test and apply suitable criteria for interpretation. The United States Public Health Service criteria represent a reasonable, moderate approach when one modifies the interpretation by cognizance of environmental factors in the patient and by identifying interfering influences as drugs, physical inactivity, fever or starvation. Indeed, one should postpone a glucose tolerance test until these interfering factors abate. Management of the patient with an abnormal glucose tolerance test includes sharing the prognostic dilemma with the patient regarding the likelihood of deterioration in glucose tolerance to florid diabetes. In this situation the term, abnormal glucose tolerance test, is preferred over chemical diabetes. The physician and the patient must develop some degree of comfort with a clinical state that often remains nebulous. Though the writings of authorities occasionally sound dogmatic, rigid, and conflicting, they reflect a viewpoint which opines that no clear answers are available; that the clinician and his patient must accept this posture; and that together they must develop the best therapeutic program for the individual in question.", "PMID": 682720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5451", "title": "Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Techniques have been developed for examining the binding of insulin to its target cells and for evaluating the in vivo action of insulin, rekindling interest in the possible role of insulin resistance in adult-onset diabetes. A host of new data have accumulated regarding the contribution of glucagon to the syndrome.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Techniques have been developed for examining the binding of insulin to its target cells and for evaluating the in vivo action of insulin, rekindling interest in the possible role of insulin resistance in adult-onset diabetes. A host of new data have accumulated regarding the contribution of glucagon to the syndrome.", "PMID": 682722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5452", "title": "Diabetes and the family.", "content": "The reaction of the family to the presence of chronic illness depends on the composition of the family, the presence of significant others, the cultural background, the education of family members, the stage of family development, and finally the health-belief model adopted by the family.", "contents": "Diabetes and the family. The reaction of the family to the presence of chronic illness depends on the composition of the family, the presence of significant others, the cultural background, the education of family members, the stage of family development, and finally the health-belief model adopted by the family.", "PMID": 682723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5453", "title": "[Results of the therapy of the carcinoma of the breast by partial mastectomy evaluation after over 15 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1950 and 1960, 118 partial mastectomies in the treatment of early breast cancer have been carried out in four different techniques with block dissection and radiotherapy. The 5-10-15 year survivals were compared to a similar selection of 217 patients with radical operations. No significant differences could be found between the 5 and 10 years survival rates, but the number of patients living longer than 15 years is much higher following radical operation chiefly in the cases with stage II. It is probably caused by the double frequency of local recidives following partial mastectomy, and after their treatment no patients survived to the 15th year. Partial mastectomy is no routine procedure. It is carried out when the patient refuses radical operation. The partial mastectomy should be the subject of a controlled clinical study.", "contents": "[Results of the therapy of the carcinoma of the breast by partial mastectomy evaluation after over 15 years (author's transl)]. Between 1950 and 1960, 118 partial mastectomies in the treatment of early breast cancer have been carried out in four different techniques with block dissection and radiotherapy. The 5-10-15 year survivals were compared to a similar selection of 217 patients with radical operations. No significant differences could be found between the 5 and 10 years survival rates, but the number of patients living longer than 15 years is much higher following radical operation chiefly in the cases with stage II. It is probably caused by the double frequency of local recidives following partial mastectomy, and after their treatment no patients survived to the 15th year. Partial mastectomy is no routine procedure. It is carried out when the patient refuses radical operation. The partial mastectomy should be the subject of a controlled clinical study.", "PMID": 682771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5454", "title": "[Changes of serum-zinc in breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum-zinc-levels were evaluated in patients with breast cancer in relation to the various stages. Patients with metastatic breast cancer had significantly depressed zinc-levels, wereas patients with disease apparently localized to the breast and draining lymphnodes had nearly normal serumzinc levels. It appears that the determination of serumzinc in breast cancer patients may be of value in discriminating between localized and metastatic disease.", "contents": "[Changes of serum-zinc in breast cancer (author's transl)]. Serum-zinc-levels were evaluated in patients with breast cancer in relation to the various stages. Patients with metastatic breast cancer had significantly depressed zinc-levels, wereas patients with disease apparently localized to the breast and draining lymphnodes had nearly normal serumzinc levels. It appears that the determination of serumzinc in breast cancer patients may be of value in discriminating between localized and metastatic disease.", "PMID": 682772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5455", "title": "[Emergency colon diagnosis by water-soluble contrast enemas (author's transl)].", "content": "When surgery of the colon must be carried out for special indications and emergencies, it is not possible to make diagnosis with Ba SO4 contrast mediums. In these cases, reasonable success can be expected with substitution of three-iodized water-soluble contrast enemas. Through perforations and discharge from the colon they are absorbed into the free peritoneal cavity and enable diagnoses which are nearly comparable in quality to those done with Ba SO4 contrast mediums. In double contrast radiography according to the Malm\u00f6 technique recognition of surface detail can be considered sufficient. Advantages and disadvantages as well as indications are listed in table form. Examples are documented to complete the chapter on results.", "contents": "[Emergency colon diagnosis by water-soluble contrast enemas (author's transl)]. When surgery of the colon must be carried out for special indications and emergencies, it is not possible to make diagnosis with Ba SO4 contrast mediums. In these cases, reasonable success can be expected with substitution of three-iodized water-soluble contrast enemas. Through perforations and discharge from the colon they are absorbed into the free peritoneal cavity and enable diagnoses which are nearly comparable in quality to those done with Ba SO4 contrast mediums. In double contrast radiography according to the Malm\u00f6 technique recognition of surface detail can be considered sufficient. Advantages and disadvantages as well as indications are listed in table form. Examples are documented to complete the chapter on results.", "PMID": 682774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5456", "title": "[Aortic aneurysm and horseshoe kidney--case report and collective review (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the own experience and on an intesive study of the literature with a total of 52 patients with an aortic aneurysm and a horseshoe kidney the problems of operative treatment are discussed. The conclusion is made, that the treatment of this rare combination has its special difficulties in nearly 2/3 of all cases, but the same results as conventional surgery of aortic aneurysms, when the renal artery abnormalities are respected and treated with adequate vascular surgical skill.", "contents": "[Aortic aneurysm and horseshoe kidney--case report and collective review (author's transl)]. Based on the own experience and on an intesive study of the literature with a total of 52 patients with an aortic aneurysm and a horseshoe kidney the problems of operative treatment are discussed. The conclusion is made, that the treatment of this rare combination has its special difficulties in nearly 2/3 of all cases, but the same results as conventional surgery of aortic aneurysms, when the renal artery abnormalities are respected and treated with adequate vascular surgical skill.", "PMID": 682773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5457", "title": "[Reconstruction of the pharynx and cervical esophagus by deltopectoral flap (author's transl)].", "content": "The reconstruction of the pharynx can be done in one or two operations. The deltopectoral flap has proved successful in both cases, as well with the forming of the new pharynx as with the covering of the big throat defect. The methods of operating with own modification, the results in seven cases, and the advantages of the deltopectoral flap are described.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the pharynx and cervical esophagus by deltopectoral flap (author's transl)]. The reconstruction of the pharynx can be done in one or two operations. The deltopectoral flap has proved successful in both cases, as well with the forming of the new pharynx as with the covering of the big throat defect. The methods of operating with own modification, the results in seven cases, and the advantages of the deltopectoral flap are described.", "PMID": 682775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5458", "title": "[On the surgery of esophago- tracheal fistulae (author's transl)].", "content": "Esophago-tracheal fistulae develop to an increasing extent due to the long-term intubation in intensive-care patients. Their treatment is usually problematic, since the general condition of the patient, weakened by his basic disease, very often does not permit any major intervention; in addition, the topographical location of the fistula makes the access to it even more difficult. In one patient two attempts failed to close the fistula from an extended tracheostomy. The narrow access passage between the anaesthetic tube and the tracheal wall did not permit an exact suture; the heavy formation of scars in the fistular environment did not permit either a preparation in layers or the shift of mucosal flaps for coverage. However, a fistula was successfully closed from a collar mediastinotomy. With normal tracheal width, unrestricted esophagus function was restored without damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The advantages of this surgical method are discussed in greater detail.", "contents": "[On the surgery of esophago- tracheal fistulae (author's transl)]. Esophago-tracheal fistulae develop to an increasing extent due to the long-term intubation in intensive-care patients. Their treatment is usually problematic, since the general condition of the patient, weakened by his basic disease, very often does not permit any major intervention; in addition, the topographical location of the fistula makes the access to it even more difficult. In one patient two attempts failed to close the fistula from an extended tracheostomy. The narrow access passage between the anaesthetic tube and the tracheal wall did not permit an exact suture; the heavy formation of scars in the fistular environment did not permit either a preparation in layers or the shift of mucosal flaps for coverage. However, a fistula was successfully closed from a collar mediastinotomy. With normal tracheal width, unrestricted esophagus function was restored without damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The advantages of this surgical method are discussed in greater detail.", "PMID": 682776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5459", "title": "[Objective diagnosis of the auriculo-temporal syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "After 263 operations on the parotid fourteen developed the auriculo-temporal syndrome. It occurs more often after extensive procedures with dissection of the facial nerve than after simple extracapsular shelling out. A method of establishing the diagnosis of the syndrome objectively by measuring the electrical resistance is described. The aetiology ist attributed to parasympathetic nerve fibres regenerating in the wrong direction after surgery.", "contents": "[Objective diagnosis of the auriculo-temporal syndrome (author's transl)]. After 263 operations on the parotid fourteen developed the auriculo-temporal syndrome. It occurs more often after extensive procedures with dissection of the facial nerve than after simple extracapsular shelling out. A method of establishing the diagnosis of the syndrome objectively by measuring the electrical resistance is described. The aetiology ist attributed to parasympathetic nerve fibres regenerating in the wrong direction after surgery.", "PMID": 682777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5460", "title": "[Investigation of inflammatory paranasal sinus diseases with scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "In the course of inflammatory diseases affecting the paranasal sinuses, a number of complications may occur. One of those is the involvement of neighbouring skeletal portions. By this study evidence is given, that there is a high rate of inflammation, spreading to adjoining bone areas. This applis also to early stages and first manifestations. Especially in cases of surgery, complete recovery is rare. The pattern of chronic recurrent osteomyelitis may develop.", "contents": "[Investigation of inflammatory paranasal sinus diseases with scintigraphy (author's transl)]. In the course of inflammatory diseases affecting the paranasal sinuses, a number of complications may occur. One of those is the involvement of neighbouring skeletal portions. By this study evidence is given, that there is a high rate of inflammation, spreading to adjoining bone areas. This applis also to early stages and first manifestations. Especially in cases of surgery, complete recovery is rare. The pattern of chronic recurrent osteomyelitis may develop.", "PMID": 682778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5461", "title": "[Experimental results and use of the manosonic aerosoliser (U.D.V.) for the treatment of middle-ear and affections (author's transl)].", "content": "The Manosonic Aerosoliser (UDV in German) is an Ultrasonic generator delivering a dense aerosol in a closed inhalating circuit in combination with temporary overpressures and sonic vibrations. In order to evaluate the efficiency of this new mode of areosoltherapy the Authors devised a glass model: a small vessel representing a sinus was connected to the aerosol stream by a little tube, a small ball being applicated by its own weight on the aperture to simulate the pathological obstructions (dyspermeabilities). The aerosol was made from a solution of Lithium Choloride and the amount introduced estimated by atomic absorbiton spectrometry. An increase of about 15 fold was found between ordinary and vibrated(sonic) aerosols and 35 fold more between vibrated and U.D.V. A short summary of clinical results is given as a confirmation of the expected efficacity of the U.D.V. treatment.", "contents": "[Experimental results and use of the manosonic aerosoliser (U.D.V.) for the treatment of middle-ear and affections (author's transl)]. The Manosonic Aerosoliser (UDV in German) is an Ultrasonic generator delivering a dense aerosol in a closed inhalating circuit in combination with temporary overpressures and sonic vibrations. In order to evaluate the efficiency of this new mode of areosoltherapy the Authors devised a glass model: a small vessel representing a sinus was connected to the aerosol stream by a little tube, a small ball being applicated by its own weight on the aperture to simulate the pathological obstructions (dyspermeabilities). The aerosol was made from a solution of Lithium Choloride and the amount introduced estimated by atomic absorbiton spectrometry. An increase of about 15 fold was found between ordinary and vibrated(sonic) aerosols and 35 fold more between vibrated and U.D.V. A short summary of clinical results is given as a confirmation of the expected efficacity of the U.D.V. treatment.", "PMID": 682779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5462", "title": "[Papilloma of the larynx. Immunology (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron-microscopic and immunohistological studies show the cross-reactivity of an antigen in verruca plana, condyloma acuminatum and laryngeal papilloma. If this antigen is identical with papova virus or a tumor-performed antigen, cannot be distinguished definately. The fact that sera of patients bearing condylomata acuminata show strong antigen-antibody-reaction with tissue-sections of laryngeal papilloma by means of immunofluorescence microscopy, is discussed in a probably therapeutical point of view.", "contents": "[Papilloma of the larynx. Immunology (author's transl)]. Electron-microscopic and immunohistological studies show the cross-reactivity of an antigen in verruca plana, condyloma acuminatum and laryngeal papilloma. If this antigen is identical with papova virus or a tumor-performed antigen, cannot be distinguished definately. The fact that sera of patients bearing condylomata acuminata show strong antigen-antibody-reaction with tissue-sections of laryngeal papilloma by means of immunofluorescence microscopy, is discussed in a probably therapeutical point of view.", "PMID": 682780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5463", "title": "[Nasal fluid immunoglobulin level in acute sinusitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Nasal fluid immunoglobulin concentration in acute sinusitis nasal fluid IgG, IgA and albumin content were estimated in longitudinal profile in acute and chronic sinusitis patients. Transsudation of these proteins becomes stimulated by acute mucosal inflammation. IgA values correlate with clinical findings. The UgA-concentration in chronic and acute sinusitis is very different.", "contents": "[Nasal fluid immunoglobulin level in acute sinusitis (author's transl)]. Nasal fluid immunoglobulin concentration in acute sinusitis nasal fluid IgG, IgA and albumin content were estimated in longitudinal profile in acute and chronic sinusitis patients. Transsudation of these proteins becomes stimulated by acute mucosal inflammation. IgA values correlate with clinical findings. The UgA-concentration in chronic and acute sinusitis is very different.", "PMID": 682781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5464", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of the so-called malignant external otitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The malignant external otitis is characterized by the following symptoms: Severe neuralgic pain in the deep ear region is found in the elderly diabe-the cases with a facial palsy due to the infection of the outer ear. In more than 50 percent of the cases with a facial palsy due to the infection the further course was letal (Chandler 1968). A new surgical treatment of the malignant external otitis (Naumann 1977) is presented: After the adequate excision of all infected tissue and cartilage a perforated polyethylen-tube is placed into the infected area along the base of the skull. The combined therapy of a parenteral and local administration of antibiotics helps to improve the bad prognosis of the malignant external otitis.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of the so-called malignant external otitis (author's transl)]. The malignant external otitis is characterized by the following symptoms: Severe neuralgic pain in the deep ear region is found in the elderly diabe-the cases with a facial palsy due to the infection of the outer ear. In more than 50 percent of the cases with a facial palsy due to the infection the further course was letal (Chandler 1968). A new surgical treatment of the malignant external otitis (Naumann 1977) is presented: After the adequate excision of all infected tissue and cartilage a perforated polyethylen-tube is placed into the infected area along the base of the skull. The combined therapy of a parenteral and local administration of antibiotics helps to improve the bad prognosis of the malignant external otitis.", "PMID": 682782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5465", "title": "[Changes caused by earmoulds in shape of the formation of the external auditory meatus (author's transl)].", "content": "The lateral part of the external auditory meatus is widened by hearing aids. This was found when comparing angles, diameters and volumes of the  external auditory meatus in two groups of children. One group of 56 children had bilateral hearing aids, the other group of 48 children of the same age had healthy normal ears and did not use hearing aids. The widening process is increased with the length of time that a hearing aid is used.", "contents": "[Changes caused by earmoulds in shape of the formation of the external auditory meatus (author's transl)]. The lateral part of the external auditory meatus is widened by hearing aids. This was found when comparing angles, diameters and volumes of the  external auditory meatus in two groups of children. One group of 56 children had bilateral hearing aids, the other group of 48 children of the same age had healthy normal ears and did not use hearing aids. The widening process is increased with the length of time that a hearing aid is used.", "PMID": 682784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5466", "title": "[Directional hearing and understanding of speech in noise uith \"normal hearing\" people (author's transl)].", "content": "Directional hearing and the ability to understand speech against a noisy background depend among other factors on the binaural signal processing mechanisms in human hearing. In present the practical audiometry can not prove completely the operation of binaural signal processing. This fact will be shown here with three patients who complain of bad understanding speech, but in audiometric tests seem to hear normally. In free field tests of directional hearing and understanding speech against a noisy background they differ clearly from a reference group of normal hearing people.", "contents": "[Directional hearing and understanding of speech in noise uith \"normal hearing\" people (author's transl)]. Directional hearing and the ability to understand speech against a noisy background depend among other factors on the binaural signal processing mechanisms in human hearing. In present the practical audiometry can not prove completely the operation of binaural signal processing. This fact will be shown here with three patients who complain of bad understanding speech, but in audiometric tests seem to hear normally. In free field tests of directional hearing and understanding speech against a noisy background they differ clearly from a reference group of normal hearing people.", "PMID": 682785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5467", "title": "[Measurements of hearing sensations in ultrasound range by electrical response audiometry (ERA) (author's transl)].", "content": "Hearing sensations induced by ultrasound in the frequency range 20-80 kcps are determinable with the Electrical Response Audiometry (ERA). The latency periods of the evoked potentials occured is amounted between 100 and 300 msec. It isn't founded a difference between ultrasound-induced potentials and the potentials evoked by usual tonal stimulies.", "contents": "[Measurements of hearing sensations in ultrasound range by electrical response audiometry (ERA) (author's transl)]. Hearing sensations induced by ultrasound in the frequency range 20-80 kcps are determinable with the Electrical Response Audiometry (ERA). The latency periods of the evoked potentials occured is amounted between 100 and 300 msec. It isn't founded a difference between ultrasound-induced potentials and the potentials evoked by usual tonal stimulies.", "PMID": 682786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5468", "title": "[Indication and treatment of frontobasal rhinoliquorrhoea from the ent-surgical and neurosurgical point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with some special questions based on joint neuro-rhinosurgical diagnostic and treatment of frontobasal injuries with rhinoliquorrhoea. The indications of the rhinosurgical transfronto-orbital approach with debridement of paranasal sinuses in the same stage are defined. Detailed technical instructions are given for treatment of \"midline fractures\". The transfrontal intradural approach of the neurosurgeon should be prefered: 1. If there is rhinoliquorrhoea combined with an extensive fracture of anterior skull base. 2. In cases of frontobasal liquor fistual--no matter of localisation and extension--with increasing spaceoccupation should the intracranial decompression be combined with duraplasty. Cerebral lesions with no progressive intracranial pressure should be treated first of all conservatively. The operative treatment of paranasal sinuses is not necessary in every case after transfrontal intradural surgery. X-ray controls have shown the spontaneous healing.", "contents": "[Indication and treatment of frontobasal rhinoliquorrhoea from the ent-surgical and neurosurgical point of view (author's transl)]. This paper deals with some special questions based on joint neuro-rhinosurgical diagnostic and treatment of frontobasal injuries with rhinoliquorrhoea. The indications of the rhinosurgical transfronto-orbital approach with debridement of paranasal sinuses in the same stage are defined. Detailed technical instructions are given for treatment of \"midline fractures\". The transfrontal intradural approach of the neurosurgeon should be prefered: 1. If there is rhinoliquorrhoea combined with an extensive fracture of anterior skull base. 2. In cases of frontobasal liquor fistual--no matter of localisation and extension--with increasing spaceoccupation should the intracranial decompression be combined with duraplasty. Cerebral lesions with no progressive intracranial pressure should be treated first of all conservatively. The operative treatment of paranasal sinuses is not necessary in every case after transfrontal intradural surgery. X-ray controls have shown the spontaneous healing.", "PMID": 682787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5469", "title": "[Computed tomography of cranio-facial injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "For the detection of the finest changes in bone structure--like arrosions, porotic alterations, small fracture and fissure lines--computed tomography (CT) is yet surpassed by X-ray tomography: The current resolving power of CT is smaller, our Delta Scanner's layer thickness of 13mm is too large. Nevertheless, the advantages of CT in fronto-basal injuries augment essentially the diagnostic possibilities: with few layers and without great problems in setting projections, most of the possible injuries may be easily surveyed. The traumatized patient ist only minimally discomforted by the whole-body scanner. The lens dose is far less than the values of X-ray tomography reaches. Dislocated fracture fragments, brain traumatisation with and without hemorrhage, defects of the cribriform plate with concimitant brain prolaps, trauma of intraorbital structures, injuries to the nasal cavity and paranasal injuries may easily be detected. These findings influence importantly the surgical intervention and enable one to set up a planning of time and intercollegiate treatment. The postoperative care ist improved and inflammatory complications may be pointed out. In diagnosis of frontobasal injuries we therefore recommand: 1. X-ray survey and eventually X-ray radiograms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. 2. Computed-tomography (CT). 3. For fine detailed study of bone structures like fissures and smalles fractures X-ray tomography will still remain indispensable.", "contents": "[Computed tomography of cranio-facial injuries (author's transl)]. For the detection of the finest changes in bone structure--like arrosions, porotic alterations, small fracture and fissure lines--computed tomography (CT) is yet surpassed by X-ray tomography: The current resolving power of CT is smaller, our Delta Scanner's layer thickness of 13mm is too large. Nevertheless, the advantages of CT in fronto-basal injuries augment essentially the diagnostic possibilities: with few layers and without great problems in setting projections, most of the possible injuries may be easily surveyed. The traumatized patient ist only minimally discomforted by the whole-body scanner. The lens dose is far less than the values of X-ray tomography reaches. Dislocated fracture fragments, brain traumatisation with and without hemorrhage, defects of the cribriform plate with concimitant brain prolaps, trauma of intraorbital structures, injuries to the nasal cavity and paranasal injuries may easily be detected. These findings influence importantly the surgical intervention and enable one to set up a planning of time and intercollegiate treatment. The postoperative care ist improved and inflammatory complications may be pointed out. In diagnosis of frontobasal injuries we therefore recommand: 1. X-ray survey and eventually X-ray radiograms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. 2. Computed-tomography (CT). 3. For fine detailed study of bone structures like fissures and smalles fractures X-ray tomography will still remain indispensable.", "PMID": 682788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5470", "title": "[The acoustic trauma in animal experiment: I. Morphological reaction in the guinea pig cochlea after traumatisation by shots (a scanning microscopical study) (author's transl)].", "content": "Guinea pigs were exposed to shots of a pistol under standardized experimental conditions. The organs of Corti were examined by SEM after surviving times of 5 min, 1, 5 and 10 days. In correlation to the acoustic trauma we found mainly three different ways of morphological reaction of sensory cells. After 1--3 shots alterations and even losts of stereocilia were observed mainly in the 2nd (and 1st) coil from base. Only the rows III and II of outer hair cells (OHC) were concerned while changes in inner hair cells (IHC) were not observed. 5--10 shots regularly caused more severe alterations in the 1st, 2nd (and 3rd) coils of the organ of Corti. The three rows of outer hair cells degenerated within 2--5 days, while inner hair cells did not show any changes of the surface when the pillar cells remained intact. (20) 40 or even 100 shots most often caused a complete damage of all sensory--and supporting cells. The cell detritus was abolished within 5 days. At this time the damaged organ of Corti was replaced by a flat epithelium on the intact basilar membrane.", "contents": "[The acoustic trauma in animal experiment: I. Morphological reaction in the guinea pig cochlea after traumatisation by shots (a scanning microscopical study) (author's transl)]. Guinea pigs were exposed to shots of a pistol under standardized experimental conditions. The organs of Corti were examined by SEM after surviving times of 5 min, 1, 5 and 10 days. In correlation to the acoustic trauma we found mainly three different ways of morphological reaction of sensory cells. After 1--3 shots alterations and even losts of stereocilia were observed mainly in the 2nd (and 1st) coil from base. Only the rows III and II of outer hair cells (OHC) were concerned while changes in inner hair cells (IHC) were not observed. 5--10 shots regularly caused more severe alterations in the 1st, 2nd (and 3rd) coils of the organ of Corti. The three rows of outer hair cells degenerated within 2--5 days, while inner hair cells did not show any changes of the surface when the pillar cells remained intact. (20) 40 or even 100 shots most often caused a complete damage of all sensory--and supporting cells. The cell detritus was abolished within 5 days. At this time the damaged organ of Corti was replaced by a flat epithelium on the intact basilar membrane.", "PMID": 682789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5471", "title": "[Continuous stapedius reflex registration in low and high intensive levels (author's transl)].", "content": "To study the whole dynamic range of the stapedius reflex the intensity of the soundstimulus with fixed frequency is continuously changed from 70 to 115 dB. Thus we get results concerning the real reflex eleciting intensity level. the gradient caused by continuous intensity change and a possible limit of contraction. To investigate time resolution phenomenons the stimulating signal is pulsated in a second trial. We used this method of stapedius reflex registration with 48 normal ears and a group of patients with sensorineural hearing loss. The results and the diagnostic possibilities of this method are discussed.", "contents": "[Continuous stapedius reflex registration in low and high intensive levels (author's transl)]. To study the whole dynamic range of the stapedius reflex the intensity of the soundstimulus with fixed frequency is continuously changed from 70 to 115 dB. Thus we get results concerning the real reflex eleciting intensity level. the gradient caused by continuous intensity change and a possible limit of contraction. To investigate time resolution phenomenons the stimulating signal is pulsated in a second trial. We used this method of stapedius reflex registration with 48 normal ears and a group of patients with sensorineural hearing loss. The results and the diagnostic possibilities of this method are discussed.", "PMID": 682790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5472", "title": "[Experimentally produced cholesteatoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Application of various mildly irritant substances to the posterosuperior and anteroinferior aspects of the external auditory canal of the rabbit, with intact ear drum and middle ear, produced cholesteatomas in the skin of the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane particularly in the pars flaccida. At the anteroinferior insertion of the tympanic membrane, however, cholesteatoma growth could not be induced in these animal experiments. In severe diffuse otitis externa, secondary to the operative closure of the external auditory canal, cholesteatomas also preferably develop in the pars flaccida, the relatively thick, loose intermediate layer of connective tissue allows a rapid expansion of epithelial ridges thus favouring the formation of cholesteatoma in this region.", "contents": "[Experimentally produced cholesteatoma (author's transl)]. Application of various mildly irritant substances to the posterosuperior and anteroinferior aspects of the external auditory canal of the rabbit, with intact ear drum and middle ear, produced cholesteatomas in the skin of the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane particularly in the pars flaccida. At the anteroinferior insertion of the tympanic membrane, however, cholesteatoma growth could not be induced in these animal experiments. In severe diffuse otitis externa, secondary to the operative closure of the external auditory canal, cholesteatomas also preferably develop in the pars flaccida, the relatively thick, loose intermediate layer of connective tissue allows a rapid expansion of epithelial ridges thus favouring the formation of cholesteatoma in this region.", "PMID": 682791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5473", "title": "[New methods in the objective audiometry for the proof of simulation and for the determination of the differential thresholds for frequency and intensity (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"late acoustically evoked potentials\" (50 to 300 msec) can be recorded in different stages of vigilance and awareness; therefore their significance as a correlate of conscious central perception is doubtful. The \"very late DC-potentials\" (300 msec and more) reflect conscious central perception because of their cognitively determinated features and can be used for the proof of simulation. Their application in ERA comprises the determination of the hearing threshold, the \"objective speech audiometry\" and the determination of the differential thresholds. The \"objective frequency decrement test\" gives additional informations about the degree and the specifity of a hearing loss. The objective proof of the differential threshold for intensity demonstrates the insufficient significance of the SISI test.", "contents": "[New methods in the objective audiometry for the proof of simulation and for the determination of the differential thresholds for frequency and intensity (author's transl)]. The \"late acoustically evoked potentials\" (50 to 300 msec) can be recorded in different stages of vigilance and awareness; therefore their significance as a correlate of conscious central perception is doubtful. The \"very late DC-potentials\" (300 msec and more) reflect conscious central perception because of their cognitively determinated features and can be used for the proof of simulation. Their application in ERA comprises the determination of the hearing threshold, the \"objective speech audiometry\" and the determination of the differential thresholds. The \"objective frequency decrement test\" gives additional informations about the degree and the specifity of a hearing loss. The objective proof of the differential threshold for intensity demonstrates the insufficient significance of the SISI test.", "PMID": 682792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5474", "title": "[Impedance measurements and otosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Impedance measurements (model Madsen ZO 72) were performed on 158 patients with otosclerosis and compared with the operative findings. It was found that otosclerosis shows in 95% of the cases a symmetrical tympanogram, type A. Its amplitude does not differ from the standard values: that means that otosclerosis does not correlate with a flattened amplitude of the tympanogram. In addition there is no correlation between the intraoperative finding and the ampitude. The stapedius reflex could not be elicitated by acoustic stimuli.", "contents": "[Impedance measurements and otosclerosis (author's transl)]. Impedance measurements (model Madsen ZO 72) were performed on 158 patients with otosclerosis and compared with the operative findings. It was found that otosclerosis shows in 95% of the cases a symmetrical tympanogram, type A. Its amplitude does not differ from the standard values: that means that otosclerosis does not correlate with a flattened amplitude of the tympanogram. In addition there is no correlation between the intraoperative finding and the ampitude. The stapedius reflex could not be elicitated by acoustic stimuli.", "PMID": 682793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5475", "title": "[Hearing loss due to mumps (author's transl)].", "content": "Several years post epidemic parotitis 765 children were examined to check possible hearing impairment. High peak was the year 1970 with predominant cases of parotitis with meningo-encephalitis in November/December. Boys (70.98%) were preferable attacked by the disease (age 5--7 years). Audiometric investigations were carried out in 359 cases (epidemic 1970) and 101 children (during 1975-1977), who had continuous control of hearing ability during hospital stay. 23 (4.9%) of the children showed impaired hearing (full deafness or high-tone hearing loss). No definite correlation to severity of parotitis, signs of meningo-encephalitis, location of infected glandula or length of sickness could be detected.", "contents": "[Hearing loss due to mumps (author's transl)]. Several years post epidemic parotitis 765 children were examined to check possible hearing impairment. High peak was the year 1970 with predominant cases of parotitis with meningo-encephalitis in November/December. Boys (70.98%) were preferable attacked by the disease (age 5--7 years). Audiometric investigations were carried out in 359 cases (epidemic 1970) and 101 children (during 1975-1977), who had continuous control of hearing ability during hospital stay. 23 (4.9%) of the children showed impaired hearing (full deafness or high-tone hearing loss). No definite correlation to severity of parotitis, signs of meningo-encephalitis, location of infected glandula or length of sickness could be detected.", "PMID": 682794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5476", "title": "[Origin of malignant tumors of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts and the ear (from a clinicians-point of view). 2. Pathogenesis of metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "Growth and development of metastases depends on 1. Tumor cells themselves, 2. Manipulations on the primary tumor, 3. Lymphatic vessels in the surrounding area of the primary tumor, 4. Blood composition. 5. Extent of tissue resistence through which tumor cells pass. 6. Certain circulatory conditions of the blood. Tumor cells are distinguished from normal cells often by reduced (Verbrauchskoagulopathie, tendency to bleed). An increase in bloodclotting supports the development of haematogenic metastases and the tumor growth. Malignant tumors of the kidney and the intestines may develop micrometastases of the lungs which, for years, as dormant cells, remain undiscovered. Then after 12--14 years metastases (further satelites) are seen e.g. in the ENT-field. In the spreading of tumor cells the flow parameters of lymph and blood play a very important role.", "contents": "[Origin of malignant tumors of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts and the ear (from a clinicians-point of view). 2. Pathogenesis of metastases (author's transl)]. Growth and development of metastases depends on 1. Tumor cells themselves, 2. Manipulations on the primary tumor, 3. Lymphatic vessels in the surrounding area of the primary tumor, 4. Blood composition. 5. Extent of tissue resistence through which tumor cells pass. 6. Certain circulatory conditions of the blood. Tumor cells are distinguished from normal cells often by reduced (Verbrauchskoagulopathie, tendency to bleed). An increase in bloodclotting supports the development of haematogenic metastases and the tumor growth. Malignant tumors of the kidney and the intestines may develop micrometastases of the lungs which, for years, as dormant cells, remain undiscovered. Then after 12--14 years metastases (further satelites) are seen e.g. in the ENT-field. In the spreading of tumor cells the flow parameters of lymph and blood play a very important role.", "PMID": 682795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5477", "title": "[Pituitary hormone secretion induced by optokinetic stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "A slight optokinetic stimulation induces a significant increase of serum levels of antidiuretic hormone 1,1 +/- 0.8 pg/ml (mean +/- SD) to 3,3 +/- 1,9 pg/ml (mean +/- SD). Serum levels of gGH and cortisol remain unchanged, whereas serum prolactin levels decrease slightly. The ADH secretion seems to be the most sensitive hormonal parameter of the stimulation of the vestibular nuclei induced either by the optokinetic stimulation or by the Coriolis effect.", "contents": "[Pituitary hormone secretion induced by optokinetic stimulation (author's transl)]. A slight optokinetic stimulation induces a significant increase of serum levels of antidiuretic hormone 1,1 +/- 0.8 pg/ml (mean +/- SD) to 3,3 +/- 1,9 pg/ml (mean +/- SD). Serum levels of gGH and cortisol remain unchanged, whereas serum prolactin levels decrease slightly. The ADH secretion seems to be the most sensitive hormonal parameter of the stimulation of the vestibular nuclei induced either by the optokinetic stimulation or by the Coriolis effect.", "PMID": 682796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5478", "title": "Tragal perichondrium and cartilage in reconstructive ear surgery.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty-five ear operations using tragal perichondrium and cartilage for reconstruction are presented. Of these, 108 were myringoplasties, 137 were tympanoplasties with ossicular reconstruction performed by nine different methods, and 10 were tympanoplasties with reconstruction of posterior canal wall defects left by radical mastoid surgery. The method presented in this study of using the tragal perichondrial graft is well suited for myringoplasty and can be used where the drum remnant is very small or the anulus is missing. The natural angle of the tragal perichondrium can take the place of the missing anulus anteriorly, inferiorly or posteriorly. Myringoplasty graft survival at one year follow-up was 92%, and 76% had hearing within 10 db of bone conduction. In tympanoplasty, the tragal perichondrium was used en bloc with its cartilage for reconstruction of the ossicular chain where suited. The malleus was used to reconstruct the ossicular chain in different variations. Other methods used are fully described. At one year follow-up the rate of grafting success for tympanoplasties was 91%, and 78% had hearing within 10 db of bone conduction. A method for reconstruction of the posterior canal wall and tympanoplasty after radical mastoidectomy is presented. It uses tragal cartilage and perichondrium en bloc. At one year follow-up, eight of ten cases operated on by this method had an intact drum and posterior canal wall, one had an intact drum but the posterior canal collapsed into the mastoid, and one had an intact canal wall but the eardrum re-perforated. Nine had postoperative hearing within 10 db of bone conduction. A randomly selected group of 100 tympanoplasties was examined for postoperative gain in hearing according to the speech reception threshold, a more practical criterion of surgical success than 10 db air-bone gap. Although the total number showing improvement was similar to the number gaining hearing within 10 db of pure tone bone conduction (76% vs. 78%), when changes of 5 db were discounted, only 56% were improved (and 33% had a significant gain in hearing).", "contents": "Tragal perichondrium and cartilage in reconstructive ear surgery. Two hundred and fifty-five ear operations using tragal perichondrium and cartilage for reconstruction are presented. Of these, 108 were myringoplasties, 137 were tympanoplasties with ossicular reconstruction performed by nine different methods, and 10 were tympanoplasties with reconstruction of posterior canal wall defects left by radical mastoid surgery. The method presented in this study of using the tragal perichondrial graft is well suited for myringoplasty and can be used where the drum remnant is very small or the anulus is missing. The natural angle of the tragal perichondrium can take the place of the missing anulus anteriorly, inferiorly or posteriorly. Myringoplasty graft survival at one year follow-up was 92%, and 76% had hearing within 10 db of bone conduction. In tympanoplasty, the tragal perichondrium was used en bloc with its cartilage for reconstruction of the ossicular chain where suited. The malleus was used to reconstruct the ossicular chain in different variations. Other methods used are fully described. At one year follow-up the rate of grafting success for tympanoplasties was 91%, and 78% had hearing within 10 db of bone conduction. A method for reconstruction of the posterior canal wall and tympanoplasty after radical mastoidectomy is presented. It uses tragal cartilage and perichondrium en bloc. At one year follow-up, eight of ten cases operated on by this method had an intact drum and posterior canal wall, one had an intact drum but the posterior canal collapsed into the mastoid, and one had an intact canal wall but the eardrum re-perforated. Nine had postoperative hearing within 10 db of bone conduction. A randomly selected group of 100 tympanoplasties was examined for postoperative gain in hearing according to the speech reception threshold, a more practical criterion of surgical success than 10 db air-bone gap. Although the total number showing improvement was similar to the number gaining hearing within 10 db of pure tone bone conduction (76% vs. 78%), when changes of 5 db were discounted, only 56% were improved (and 33% had a significant gain in hearing).", "PMID": 682797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5479", "title": "Meibomian gland adenocarcinoma of the eyelid with neck metastasis.", "content": "Meibomian sebaceous gland adenocarcinoma of the eyelid is a rare lethal neoplasm. It accounts for less than 1% of all eyelid tumors. There are approximately 200 cases described in the literature. The incidence of regional metastases is 17-28%. Once metastases are present, only half of the patients survive five years. Presented are two cases with neck node metastases. In one of the patients the primary lesion was initially treated with radiation therapy with an unsuccessful result. Subsequently full thickness, wide excision of the lower lid was required to control the primary. Eyelid oculoplastic reconstruction was performed using a masolabial rotation skin flap lined with nasal septal composite graft (cartilage and mucosa). Orbital exenteration was necessary to control the primary tumor in the other patients. The regional metastases in both patients were treated with parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve, radical neck dissection and postoperative radiation therapy. One of the patients with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma died due to brain metastasis. I feel that combined treatment of radical surgery to the primary site, parotidectomy, radical neck dissection and planned postoperative radiation therapy may improve the five-year survival of patients with regional node metastases.", "contents": "Meibomian gland adenocarcinoma of the eyelid with neck metastasis. Meibomian sebaceous gland adenocarcinoma of the eyelid is a rare lethal neoplasm. It accounts for less than 1% of all eyelid tumors. There are approximately 200 cases described in the literature. The incidence of regional metastases is 17-28%. Once metastases are present, only half of the patients survive five years. Presented are two cases with neck node metastases. In one of the patients the primary lesion was initially treated with radiation therapy with an unsuccessful result. Subsequently full thickness, wide excision of the lower lid was required to control the primary. Eyelid oculoplastic reconstruction was performed using a masolabial rotation skin flap lined with nasal septal composite graft (cartilage and mucosa). Orbital exenteration was necessary to control the primary tumor in the other patients. The regional metastases in both patients were treated with parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve, radical neck dissection and postoperative radiation therapy. One of the patients with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma died due to brain metastasis. I feel that combined treatment of radical surgery to the primary site, parotidectomy, radical neck dissection and planned postoperative radiation therapy may improve the five-year survival of patients with regional node metastases.", "PMID": 682799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5480", "title": "Pneumatic otoscopy and impedance studies in middle ear diagnosis.", "content": "The direct inspection of the tympanic membrane and its movement with Siegle pneumatic otoscopy through the binocular microscope and the electroacoustic measurements of impedance at the tympanic membrane give valuable information in the diagnosis of tympanic membrane and middle ear disorders. Problems such as otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis with ossicular chain fixation, ossicular discontinuities, ossicular chain prosthesis defects and perilymph fistulas, and the problems of middle ear fluid can be identified and differentiated. Frequently a precise diagnosis can be determined prior to surgical exploration. The use of these instruments enables the otologist to anticipate surgical findings and plan a specific procedure, thereby avoiding operative surprises. The routine use of the pneumatic otoscope and an electroacoustic impedance bridge is recommended in every case of suspected tympanic membrane or middle ear disorder, particularly where an operation is being considered. The combined information obtained through use of the two diagnostic techniques is almost always greater than that obtained by either instrument alone. Pressure recordings were made in a series of examinations with the pneumatic otoscope using the ear microscope. These pressures, both positive and negative, are acceptable and well within the range utilized by clinical electroacoustic impedance bridges. Contraindications to the use of pneumatic otoscopy and the electroacoustic impedance bridge are discussed.", "contents": "Pneumatic otoscopy and impedance studies in middle ear diagnosis. The direct inspection of the tympanic membrane and its movement with Siegle pneumatic otoscopy through the binocular microscope and the electroacoustic measurements of impedance at the tympanic membrane give valuable information in the diagnosis of tympanic membrane and middle ear disorders. Problems such as otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis with ossicular chain fixation, ossicular discontinuities, ossicular chain prosthesis defects and perilymph fistulas, and the problems of middle ear fluid can be identified and differentiated. Frequently a precise diagnosis can be determined prior to surgical exploration. The use of these instruments enables the otologist to anticipate surgical findings and plan a specific procedure, thereby avoiding operative surprises. The routine use of the pneumatic otoscope and an electroacoustic impedance bridge is recommended in every case of suspected tympanic membrane or middle ear disorder, particularly where an operation is being considered. The combined information obtained through use of the two diagnostic techniques is almost always greater than that obtained by either instrument alone. Pressure recordings were made in a series of examinations with the pneumatic otoscope using the ear microscope. These pressures, both positive and negative, are acceptable and well within the range utilized by clinical electroacoustic impedance bridges. Contraindications to the use of pneumatic otoscopy and the electroacoustic impedance bridge are discussed.", "PMID": 682800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5481", "title": "The osteotomy in rhinoplasty.", "content": "The purpose is to assist the surgeon in the selection of modifications for nasal osteotomies. Details of the technique include: 1. Incision for osteotomy made perpendicular to the pyriform rim and modified incisions, intraoral or through the Weir incision. 2. Rasping of the lateral nasal vault prior to any osteotomies. 3. Removal of a modified beveled wedge of bone prior to the medial osteotomy, unroofing the bony dorsum to a higher level. 4. The medial osteotomy done prior to either the lateral or the intermediate osteotomy. The intermediate osteotomy is performed prior to the lateral. 5. \"Complete\" and \"fading\" medial osteotomies are utilized as indicated. 6. The lateral osteotomy may be relatively straight and low depending then on a transverse fracture or may be high and curved meeting the fading medial osteotomy. 7. A sub-periosteal tunnel with the osteotome guard external to the bone is preferred to a submucosal tunnel.", "contents": "The osteotomy in rhinoplasty. The purpose is to assist the surgeon in the selection of modifications for nasal osteotomies. Details of the technique include: 1. Incision for osteotomy made perpendicular to the pyriform rim and modified incisions, intraoral or through the Weir incision. 2. Rasping of the lateral nasal vault prior to any osteotomies. 3. Removal of a modified beveled wedge of bone prior to the medial osteotomy, unroofing the bony dorsum to a higher level. 4. The medial osteotomy done prior to either the lateral or the intermediate osteotomy. The intermediate osteotomy is performed prior to the lateral. 5. \"Complete\" and \"fading\" medial osteotomies are utilized as indicated. 6. The lateral osteotomy may be relatively straight and low depending then on a transverse fracture or may be high and curved meeting the fading medial osteotomy. 7. A sub-periosteal tunnel with the osteotome guard external to the bone is preferred to a submucosal tunnel.", "PMID": 682801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5482", "title": "Round window ultrasonic irradiation for Meniere's disease with ENG monitoring.", "content": "Utrasonic irradiation of the labyrinth via the round window is effective in controlling otological vertigo. This method of surgical management for incapacitating vertigo is presented with demonstrative intraoperative electronystagmograms and irradiated cat neuro-epithelium. Such data suggest that more intense irradiation doses than previously reported should be applied to effectively destroy the diseased labyrinthine end organs. Precise end points of destructive irradiation are defined by characteristic intraoperative electronystagmograms. The authors suggest this is an ideal procedure when the situation of an unaffected cochlea, coexisting with a diseased labyrinth, requires a minimally invasive, destructive procedure which preserves hearing while eradicating vertigo.", "contents": "Round window ultrasonic irradiation for Meniere's disease with ENG monitoring. Utrasonic irradiation of the labyrinth via the round window is effective in controlling otological vertigo. This method of surgical management for incapacitating vertigo is presented with demonstrative intraoperative electronystagmograms and irradiated cat neuro-epithelium. Such data suggest that more intense irradiation doses than previously reported should be applied to effectively destroy the diseased labyrinthine end organs. Precise end points of destructive irradiation are defined by characteristic intraoperative electronystagmograms. The authors suggest this is an ideal procedure when the situation of an unaffected cochlea, coexisting with a diseased labyrinth, requires a minimally invasive, destructive procedure which preserves hearing while eradicating vertigo.", "PMID": 682802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5483", "title": "Laryngotracheoplasty for acquired subglottic stenosis in infants and children: experience with six cases.", "content": "Six children aged 6-50 months with acquired subglottic stenosis persisting after medical and endoscopic treatment underwent 7 open resections of the stenotic tissue followed by internal stenting. Five were successfully decannulated after an average treatment time of 6.8 months; the sixth died after accidental extubation. All 5 have satisfactory vocal and respiratory function 11 to 36 months postoperatively (6-18 months postextubation). Transcartilaginous open resection of subglottic stenosis is a feasible treatment option which can be used, even in the infant, when expectant observation is not advisable.", "contents": "Laryngotracheoplasty for acquired subglottic stenosis in infants and children: experience with six cases. Six children aged 6-50 months with acquired subglottic stenosis persisting after medical and endoscopic treatment underwent 7 open resections of the stenotic tissue followed by internal stenting. Five were successfully decannulated after an average treatment time of 6.8 months; the sixth died after accidental extubation. All 5 have satisfactory vocal and respiratory function 11 to 36 months postoperatively (6-18 months postextubation). Transcartilaginous open resection of subglottic stenosis is a feasible treatment option which can be used, even in the infant, when expectant observation is not advisable.", "PMID": 682803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5484", "title": "Management of tinnitus aurium with lidocaine and carbamazepine.", "content": "At present there are two methods of management of tinnitus: one old, by masking with a noise generator, and one new, by biofeedback. Neither of these methods is convenient and neither gets at the heart of the problem. A third method, using intravenous lidocaine as a test and oral carbamazepine therapy, was developed in the Pain Clinic of the Auckland General Hospital in New Zealand. This paper will report our brief experience with these drugs in the management of tinnitus and other similar disorders. Twenty-seven patients with intractable tinnitus had a significant reduction from a test dose of intravenous lidocaine and were treated with oral carbamazepine. Of this group 1 patient (4%) had complete relief, 21 patients (78%) had partial relief, and 5 patients (18%) had no relief. Complications were few and not serious, and either disappeared spontaneously or when the carbamazepine was stopped. One patient with palatal myoclonus, refractory to all other forms of treatment, had complete relief on a small dose of carbamazepine. It may be that palatal myoclonus, hemifacial spasm, and other such clonic convulsive disorders will be amenable to the same treatment.", "contents": "Management of tinnitus aurium with lidocaine and carbamazepine. At present there are two methods of management of tinnitus: one old, by masking with a noise generator, and one new, by biofeedback. Neither of these methods is convenient and neither gets at the heart of the problem. A third method, using intravenous lidocaine as a test and oral carbamazepine therapy, was developed in the Pain Clinic of the Auckland General Hospital in New Zealand. This paper will report our brief experience with these drugs in the management of tinnitus and other similar disorders. Twenty-seven patients with intractable tinnitus had a significant reduction from a test dose of intravenous lidocaine and were treated with oral carbamazepine. Of this group 1 patient (4%) had complete relief, 21 patients (78%) had partial relief, and 5 patients (18%) had no relief. Complications were few and not serious, and either disappeared spontaneously or when the carbamazepine was stopped. One patient with palatal myoclonus, refractory to all other forms of treatment, had complete relief on a small dose of carbamazepine. It may be that palatal myoclonus, hemifacial spasm, and other such clonic convulsive disorders will be amenable to the same treatment.", "PMID": 682804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5485", "title": "Computerized tomography or paranasal sinus neoplasms.", "content": "Computerized tomography represents a new and valuable diagnostic tool to the otolaryngologist and head and neck surgeon in several ever-increasing aspects of his clinical practice. This report presents CT scans utilizing the E.M.I 5005 body scanner on patients with neoplasms of the paranasal sinuses presenting to the Head and Neck Service of The University of Texas System Center M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. Only patients undergoing surgical resection of such lesions are included so that actual operative and surgical pathological findings can be used for critical comparison of diagnostic information derived from polytomography and computerized tomography. Seven illustrative cases are presented. In general, computerized tomography has been found to be equal to polytomography in assessing bone destruction or involvement by tumor, and superior to polytomography in determining accurately the soft tissue extent of disease. CT scanning, however, has been found to have limitations in the delineation of soft tissue disease in areas of high contrast in tissue density, and in the evaluation of possible intracranial tumor extension in isodense, avascular lesions.", "contents": "Computerized tomography or paranasal sinus neoplasms. Computerized tomography represents a new and valuable diagnostic tool to the otolaryngologist and head and neck surgeon in several ever-increasing aspects of his clinical practice. This report presents CT scans utilizing the E.M.I 5005 body scanner on patients with neoplasms of the paranasal sinuses presenting to the Head and Neck Service of The University of Texas System Center M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. Only patients undergoing surgical resection of such lesions are included so that actual operative and surgical pathological findings can be used for critical comparison of diagnostic information derived from polytomography and computerized tomography. Seven illustrative cases are presented. In general, computerized tomography has been found to be equal to polytomography in assessing bone destruction or involvement by tumor, and superior to polytomography in determining accurately the soft tissue extent of disease. CT scanning, however, has been found to have limitations in the delineation of soft tissue disease in areas of high contrast in tissue density, and in the evaluation of possible intracranial tumor extension in isodense, avascular lesions.", "PMID": 682805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5486", "title": "M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease in children.", "content": "Approximately 3% of all patients with Meniere's disease are in the pediatric age group. These children require extensive evaluation. A history of physical or acoustic trauma should be sought and an allergic work-up should be obtained. A search for metabolic disturbances and identification of inflammatory disorders is also necessary. If a treatable etiology is identified, specific therapy should be directed toward its control. If, after careful evaluation, the etiology remains obscure, non-specific therapy should be instituted in an effort to alleviate the symptomatology of Meniere's disease. Surgical decompression of the endolymphatic sac and drainage into the mastoid cavity results in relieving the symptoms, particularly vertigo, and appears to be efficacious in patients who have failed diligent attempts at medical therapy.", "contents": "M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease in children. Approximately 3% of all patients with Meniere's disease are in the pediatric age group. These children require extensive evaluation. A history of physical or acoustic trauma should be sought and an allergic work-up should be obtained. A search for metabolic disturbances and identification of inflammatory disorders is also necessary. If a treatable etiology is identified, specific therapy should be directed toward its control. If, after careful evaluation, the etiology remains obscure, non-specific therapy should be instituted in an effort to alleviate the symptomatology of Meniere's disease. Surgical decompression of the endolymphatic sac and drainage into the mastoid cavity results in relieving the symptoms, particularly vertigo, and appears to be efficacious in patients who have failed diligent attempts at medical therapy.", "PMID": 682806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5487", "title": "Horizontal glottectomy.", "content": "Horizontal glottectomy is a procedure which allows removal of the whole glottis, together with its cartilaginous framework. It is performed by means of two horizontal incisions, the lower through the cricothyroid membrane, and the upper one across the wings of the thyroid. The gap is then closed by approximating the cricoid to the thyroid remnants (cricothyropexy). The indications for horizontal glottectomy are: 1) \"double\" cancers (i.e. two independent tumors, one on each vocal cord). 2) Hyperkeratosis of the glottis associated with carcinoma in situ. 3) Verrucous cancers of the glottis. 4) Cancers of one vocal cord invading the opposite one via the anterior commissure. In a period of 4 years, 16 patients have been operated on with good early results.", "contents": "Horizontal glottectomy. Horizontal glottectomy is a procedure which allows removal of the whole glottis, together with its cartilaginous framework. It is performed by means of two horizontal incisions, the lower through the cricothyroid membrane, and the upper one across the wings of the thyroid. The gap is then closed by approximating the cricoid to the thyroid remnants (cricothyropexy). The indications for horizontal glottectomy are: 1) \"double\" cancers (i.e. two independent tumors, one on each vocal cord). 2) Hyperkeratosis of the glottis associated with carcinoma in situ. 3) Verrucous cancers of the glottis. 4) Cancers of one vocal cord invading the opposite one via the anterior commissure. In a period of 4 years, 16 patients have been operated on with good early results.", "PMID": 682810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5488", "title": "[Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Functional disroders are the most important cause for complaints in the gastrointestinal tract. Dysfunction may concern one or more physiologic properties like tonus, motility, secretion, sometimes also resorption and digestion, or their interaction. Functional disorders of the esophagus (esophagospasm and achalasia) become manifest as dysphagia. Halitosis, bad taste, burning tongue, and flatulent abdomen are frequent symptoms of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Irritable bowel syndrome is probably the functional disorder most freqently found in the gastrointestinal tract. Characteristic symptoms are pain in the lower and upper middle abdominal region, obstipation and/or diarrhea, flatulent abdomen, mucous discharge with the stools and urgent defecation with cramps relieved after discharge. Prognosis quoad vitam is good, the course, however, is subject to many changes. Therapie is symptomatic. Diagnostic and psychotherapeutic measures are intended to help remove carcinophobia and to overcome conflicts and fears.", "contents": "[Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)]. Functional disroders are the most important cause for complaints in the gastrointestinal tract. Dysfunction may concern one or more physiologic properties like tonus, motility, secretion, sometimes also resorption and digestion, or their interaction. Functional disorders of the esophagus (esophagospasm and achalasia) become manifest as dysphagia. Halitosis, bad taste, burning tongue, and flatulent abdomen are frequent symptoms of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Irritable bowel syndrome is probably the functional disorder most freqently found in the gastrointestinal tract. Characteristic symptoms are pain in the lower and upper middle abdominal region, obstipation and/or diarrhea, flatulent abdomen, mucous discharge with the stools and urgent defecation with cramps relieved after discharge. Prognosis quoad vitam is good, the course, however, is subject to many changes. Therapie is symptomatic. Diagnostic and psychotherapeutic measures are intended to help remove carcinophobia and to overcome conflicts and fears.", "PMID": 682814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5489", "title": "[Gastric xanthelasma (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given about 42 cases with xanthelasma of the gastric mucosa diagnosed with 5 1/2 years. The condition was found (considering the total number of gastroscopies) in men 1.38 times as often as in women; the average age of all patients at the time of diagnosis was 62.5 years. Xanthelasma lesions are yellow or yellowish-white spots in the mucosa, consisting of foam-cells microscopically. The cytoplasma stains pale pink in a HE preparation; there is almost no staining with PAS, and sudan black staining is definitely positive in most cases. PAS and sudan black staining do allow differentiation of signet ring carcinoma cells. Gastric xanthelasma occurs quite often concurrently with chronic gastritis. It is due to local, not to general disturbances of lipid metabolism. Lipids probably are formed within the mucosa cells or may--in cases of intestinal metaplasia--originate from the gastric contents. Gastric xanthelasma does not constitute a nosologic entity, it is merely a consequence of other diseases of the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "[Gastric xanthelasma (author's transl)]. A report is given about 42 cases with xanthelasma of the gastric mucosa diagnosed with 5 1/2 years. The condition was found (considering the total number of gastroscopies) in men 1.38 times as often as in women; the average age of all patients at the time of diagnosis was 62.5 years. Xanthelasma lesions are yellow or yellowish-white spots in the mucosa, consisting of foam-cells microscopically. The cytoplasma stains pale pink in a HE preparation; there is almost no staining with PAS, and sudan black staining is definitely positive in most cases. PAS and sudan black staining do allow differentiation of signet ring carcinoma cells. Gastric xanthelasma occurs quite often concurrently with chronic gastritis. It is due to local, not to general disturbances of lipid metabolism. Lipids probably are formed within the mucosa cells or may--in cases of intestinal metaplasia--originate from the gastric contents. Gastric xanthelasma does not constitute a nosologic entity, it is merely a consequence of other diseases of the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 682815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5490", "title": "[Infarction of the small intestine in secondary amyloidosis with nephrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given of a 65 year old patient suffering from chronic tuberculosis of the lungs, nephrosis and secondary amyloidosis, who had infarction of a jejunal segment. Narrowing of the small arteries in the jejunal submucosa and in the adjacent mesenterial structures was demonstrated post mortem and was thought to be the cause of the lethal event along with hypovolemia due to nephrosis.", "contents": "[Infarction of the small intestine in secondary amyloidosis with nephrosis (author's transl)]. A case report is given of a 65 year old patient suffering from chronic tuberculosis of the lungs, nephrosis and secondary amyloidosis, who had infarction of a jejunal segment. Narrowing of the small arteries in the jejunal submucosa and in the adjacent mesenterial structures was demonstrated post mortem and was thought to be the cause of the lethal event along with hypovolemia due to nephrosis.", "PMID": 682816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5491", "title": "[Crohn's disease--Indication for surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "60 to 90% of patients with Crohn's disease have to undergo surgery due to complications; one half of these patients do suffer a relapse. Comments are given as to the rate of recurrence and the factors which may influence it (age, localisation and duration of the disease, timing and technique to surgery). The absolute and relative indications for surgery as well as preoperative preparation are discussed in detail. Optimal therapy of Crohn's disease is only possible in close cooperation between gastroenterologist and surgeon.", "contents": "[Crohn's disease--Indication for surgery (author's transl)]. 60 to 90% of patients with Crohn's disease have to undergo surgery due to complications; one half of these patients do suffer a relapse. Comments are given as to the rate of recurrence and the factors which may influence it (age, localisation and duration of the disease, timing and technique to surgery). The absolute and relative indications for surgery as well as preoperative preparation are discussed in detail. Optimal therapy of Crohn's disease is only possible in close cooperation between gastroenterologist and surgeon.", "PMID": 682817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5492", "title": "[Clinic and therapy of anal fissure (author's transl)].", "content": "A distinction has to be made between primary and secondary anal fissure. If a secondary fissure is present, the underlying disease has to be treated in the first place. Surgery is the therapy of choice of chronic primary fissure; digital dilatation and sphincterotomy are used in most of these cases. Both methods were applied in a controlled, randomized study; results indicate that subcutaneous lateral sphincterotomy is to be preferred, since rates of postoperative incontinenece and of relapses are lower.", "contents": "[Clinic and therapy of anal fissure (author's transl)]. A distinction has to be made between primary and secondary anal fissure. If a secondary fissure is present, the underlying disease has to be treated in the first place. Surgery is the therapy of choice of chronic primary fissure; digital dilatation and sphincterotomy are used in most of these cases. Both methods were applied in a controlled, randomized study; results indicate that subcutaneous lateral sphincterotomy is to be preferred, since rates of postoperative incontinenece and of relapses are lower.", "PMID": 682818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5493", "title": "[Lymphoplasmocytoid immunocytoma of the rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given of a patient with a lymphatic tumor of the rectum, which was diagnosed by rectoscopy and which was classified histologically as a lymphoplasmocytoid immunocytoma according to the new Kiel nomenclature of Non-Hodgkin-lymphomas. Clinical symptomatology does not differ from symptoms of other tumors of the colon; endoscopy, cytology and histology are important for diagnosis, since the therapy of choice may be radiotherapy or cytostatic therapy depending upon stage and extent of the tumor.", "contents": "[Lymphoplasmocytoid immunocytoma of the rectum (author's transl)]. A case report is given of a patient with a lymphatic tumor of the rectum, which was diagnosed by rectoscopy and which was classified histologically as a lymphoplasmocytoid immunocytoma according to the new Kiel nomenclature of Non-Hodgkin-lymphomas. Clinical symptomatology does not differ from symptoms of other tumors of the colon; endoscopy, cytology and histology are important for diagnosis, since the therapy of choice may be radiotherapy or cytostatic therapy depending upon stage and extent of the tumor.", "PMID": 682819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5494", "title": "[Perforation of a gall stone causing incomplete duodenal stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given of a 78 year old woman, who showed clinical symptoms of incomplete duodenal stenosis after perforation of a gall stone into the duodenum. The diagnosis was established by X-ray examination and endoscopy. The biliary stone measuring approx. 3 cm in diameter was stuck in the pyloric channel and was removed surgically. Incidence, sex and age distribution and complications of cholelithiasis are shortly discussed.", "contents": "[Perforation of a gall stone causing incomplete duodenal stenosis (author's transl)]. A case report is given of a 78 year old woman, who showed clinical symptoms of incomplete duodenal stenosis after perforation of a gall stone into the duodenum. The diagnosis was established by X-ray examination and endoscopy. The biliary stone measuring approx. 3 cm in diameter was stuck in the pyloric channel and was removed surgically. Incidence, sex and age distribution and complications of cholelithiasis are shortly discussed.", "PMID": 682820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5495", "title": "[Importance of mould allergens in chronic recurrent gastrointestinal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "This report deals with allergological, diagnostic and therapeutic methods in gastrointestinal allergic diseases with special consideration of mould allergens. Possibilities of using these methods in Crohn's disease and in ulcerative colitis are being discussed.", "contents": "[Importance of mould allergens in chronic recurrent gastrointestinal diseases (author's transl)]. This report deals with allergological, diagnostic and therapeutic methods in gastrointestinal allergic diseases with special consideration of mould allergens. Possibilities of using these methods in Crohn's disease and in ulcerative colitis are being discussed.", "PMID": 682821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5496", "title": "[Energy expenditure on basic work-posts in metallurgy].", "content": "The paper presents results of measurements of the whole energetic cost on the work-posts recognized by the management as basic. Altogether 121 determinations of energetic cost were performed on 18 different work-posts in two basic divisions of the steelworks. The results revealed that despite a considerable technical progress there is a significant number of work-posts, on which energetic cost exceeds 2600 kcal/8 hr. On these work-posts apart from the great energetic load, other loads, connected with material work environment on character of work, occur. This means that additional factors frequently increase their harmful effects on organism. The magnitude of energetic expenditure on a given work-post establishes the hierarchy of modernizational requirements for the plant's technical services.", "contents": "[Energy expenditure on basic work-posts in metallurgy]. The paper presents results of measurements of the whole energetic cost on the work-posts recognized by the management as basic. Altogether 121 determinations of energetic cost were performed on 18 different work-posts in two basic divisions of the steelworks. The results revealed that despite a considerable technical progress there is a significant number of work-posts, on which energetic cost exceeds 2600 kcal/8 hr. On these work-posts apart from the great energetic load, other loads, connected with material work environment on character of work, occur. This means that additional factors frequently increase their harmful effects on organism. The magnitude of energetic expenditure on a given work-post establishes the hierarchy of modernizational requirements for the plant's technical services.", "PMID": 682945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5497", "title": "[Retention of radioactive aerosols (products of radon-222 decay) by various types of anti-dust masks].", "content": "The paper presents results of measurements of the efficiency of retention of radon decay products, occurring as radioactive aerosols, by anti-dust masks. The efficiency of three types of masks: PM-1, PM-3, PP-2 \"Delta\" was studied under various conditions of equilibrium between radon and products of its decay in the air. It was concluded that the efficiency of retention of radon decay products, occurring as radioactive aerosols, by the mentioned types of masks, comes to 75--87%. Anti-dust PM-1 (F-14 filter) and PM-3 (F-13 filter) masks are recommended as most efficient.", "contents": "[Retention of radioactive aerosols (products of radon-222 decay) by various types of anti-dust masks]. The paper presents results of measurements of the efficiency of retention of radon decay products, occurring as radioactive aerosols, by anti-dust masks. The efficiency of three types of masks: PM-1, PM-3, PP-2 \"Delta\" was studied under various conditions of equilibrium between radon and products of its decay in the air. It was concluded that the efficiency of retention of radon decay products, occurring as radioactive aerosols, by the mentioned types of masks, comes to 75--87%. Anti-dust PM-1 (F-14 filter) and PM-3 (F-13 filter) masks are recommended as most efficient.", "PMID": 682948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5498", "title": "[Accidental contamination with cesium-137].", "content": "The paper describes an accidental 137Cs internal and external contamination of a woman 28 years old by handling of two unsealed 137Cs sources of 2.5 Ci total activity. The only abnormality found by laboratory tests was leukopenia. The chromosomes of blood lymphocytes were also investigated. 137Cs content in urine between the 8th and 40th day after accident ranged from 34, 53 to 12.01 nCi/day. The mean feces: urine ratio was 0.25 +/- 0.06. The increase of 137Cs excretion in urine, after administration of diurectic \"Lasix\" and potassium was not observed. Mean biological half-life calculated from regression curve was 64 days. Body content found by whole body counting, performed on the 8th and 15th day after accident, was 6.5 muCi and 5.1 muCi respectively. The initial 137Cs body burden of 6.9 muCi was calculated for the value 5.1 muCi. The corresponding total radiation dose was 0.26 rads and quarterly dose was 0.16 rads.", "contents": "[Accidental contamination with cesium-137]. The paper describes an accidental 137Cs internal and external contamination of a woman 28 years old by handling of two unsealed 137Cs sources of 2.5 Ci total activity. The only abnormality found by laboratory tests was leukopenia. The chromosomes of blood lymphocytes were also investigated. 137Cs content in urine between the 8th and 40th day after accident ranged from 34, 53 to 12.01 nCi/day. The mean feces: urine ratio was 0.25 +/- 0.06. The increase of 137Cs excretion in urine, after administration of diurectic \"Lasix\" and potassium was not observed. Mean biological half-life calculated from regression curve was 64 days. Body content found by whole body counting, performed on the 8th and 15th day after accident, was 6.5 muCi and 5.1 muCi respectively. The initial 137Cs body burden of 6.9 muCi was calculated for the value 5.1 muCi. The corresponding total radiation dose was 0.26 rads and quarterly dose was 0.16 rads.", "PMID": 682949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5499", "title": "[Activity of acid phosphatase in saliva of industrial workers exposed to fluorine compounds].", "content": "Assuming that fluorine is a strong inhibitor of phosphatases, the activity of acid phosphatase in the saliva of 42 phosphorus fertilizers plant workers was studied. The workers were chronically exposed to fluorine compounds. Saliva had been collected for studies before the workers entered the productive plant and after the 1st and 2nd working hour. Enzyme activity was determined by Bessey and Lowry's method and was related to both the volume of the saliva and total protein level. The studies revealed a significant decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase after the 1st and 2nd working hour in those working in the division with a higher exposure to fluorine compounds. The results of these studies were confirmed by in vitro studies carried out additionally. Taking into account biological activity of acid phosphatase it seems that the observed phenomenon of inhibiting enzymatic activity may be connected with the frequency of parodontopathy in the studied group of workers. The results of these studies may be used for working out a biological test of workers' exposure.", "contents": "[Activity of acid phosphatase in saliva of industrial workers exposed to fluorine compounds]. Assuming that fluorine is a strong inhibitor of phosphatases, the activity of acid phosphatase in the saliva of 42 phosphorus fertilizers plant workers was studied. The workers were chronically exposed to fluorine compounds. Saliva had been collected for studies before the workers entered the productive plant and after the 1st and 2nd working hour. Enzyme activity was determined by Bessey and Lowry's method and was related to both the volume of the saliva and total protein level. The studies revealed a significant decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase after the 1st and 2nd working hour in those working in the division with a higher exposure to fluorine compounds. The results of these studies were confirmed by in vitro studies carried out additionally. Taking into account biological activity of acid phosphatase it seems that the observed phenomenon of inhibiting enzymatic activity may be connected with the frequency of parodontopathy in the studied group of workers. The results of these studies may be used for working out a biological test of workers' exposure.", "PMID": 682950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5500", "title": "[Examination of the respiratory tract in workers occupationally exposed to beryllium].", "content": "Owing to the fact that in our home literature there are no data concerning evaluation of respiratory tract status in persons occupationally exposed to beryllium, a population of one plant, exposed to beryllium in concentrations less than the MAC was subject to x-ray of chest, extended functional tests of lungs and examinations of blood gases. In the group under study, one found in 13% deviation in lungs' x-ray with limited intraparenchymatous changes, and in 46% a decrease in lungs' ventilating reservers of a small degree. Association of radiological changes with imperfection of lungs' ventilating reserve of restrictive type was found in one man who was removed from the work in exposure to beryllium, as a person with an increased risk of falling ill.", "contents": "[Examination of the respiratory tract in workers occupationally exposed to beryllium]. Owing to the fact that in our home literature there are no data concerning evaluation of respiratory tract status in persons occupationally exposed to beryllium, a population of one plant, exposed to beryllium in concentrations less than the MAC was subject to x-ray of chest, extended functional tests of lungs and examinations of blood gases. In the group under study, one found in 13% deviation in lungs' x-ray with limited intraparenchymatous changes, and in 46% a decrease in lungs' ventilating reservers of a small degree. Association of radiological changes with imperfection of lungs' ventilating reserve of restrictive type was found in one man who was removed from the work in exposure to beryllium, as a person with an increased risk of falling ill.", "PMID": 682951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5501", "title": "[Health conditions of a group of factory arc welders].", "content": "73 welders were examined, who weld in an assembly room of a machine factory, mainly by an electric arc. In anamneses 60% of persons under examination notified of coughing, expectorating, dyspnoea during work, and frequent acute rhinitis. Clinical symptoms of respiratory tract disease, resulting from welding, were found in 10% of welders. Simple bronchitis, resistant bronchitis with pulmonary emphysema, pleural adhesions were diagnosed. In one case fibronodular tuberculosis was found (1%). In 8% of workers, aged 40--50, a dynamic arterial hypertension and radiological symptoms of aortosclerosis were found. 5% welders had granulocytopenia. Disturbances of the examined systems occurred in factory welders with duration of employment above 10 years.", "contents": "[Health conditions of a group of factory arc welders]. 73 welders were examined, who weld in an assembly room of a machine factory, mainly by an electric arc. In anamneses 60% of persons under examination notified of coughing, expectorating, dyspnoea during work, and frequent acute rhinitis. Clinical symptoms of respiratory tract disease, resulting from welding, were found in 10% of welders. Simple bronchitis, resistant bronchitis with pulmonary emphysema, pleural adhesions were diagnosed. In one case fibronodular tuberculosis was found (1%). In 8% of workers, aged 40--50, a dynamic arterial hypertension and radiological symptoms of aortosclerosis were found. 5% welders had granulocytopenia. Disturbances of the examined systems occurred in factory welders with duration of employment above 10 years.", "PMID": 682952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5502", "title": "[Activity of lysosomal acid phosphatase in leukocytes of rats chronically intoxicated with benzene vapors].", "content": "In rats chronically exposed to benzene vapours of 1200 mg/m3 concentration, 6 hr daily, 6 days a week, during 12 weeks, acid phosphatase activity (AcP) was evaluated in neutrophils and lymphocytes of peripheral blood. One found an increase in AcP activity in neutrophils, correlating with duration of exposure, lymphocytopenia, correlating with duration of exposure, and increase in AcP--positive lymphocytes percentage, mainly with cytoplasmic and lysosomocytoplasmic localization of enzyme. Besides distant effects of chronic benzene intoxication were evaluated, 5 months after the exposure had been intermitted. Normal AcP activity in neutrophils, lymphocytopenia, and increase in AcP--positive lymphocytes percentage were found with cytoplasmic and lysosomo-cytoplasmic localization of enzyme. The authors suggest a possibility of using the changes observed in lymphocytes, on a subcellular level, to evaluate distant effects of occupational exposure to benzene.", "contents": "[Activity of lysosomal acid phosphatase in leukocytes of rats chronically intoxicated with benzene vapors]. In rats chronically exposed to benzene vapours of 1200 mg/m3 concentration, 6 hr daily, 6 days a week, during 12 weeks, acid phosphatase activity (AcP) was evaluated in neutrophils and lymphocytes of peripheral blood. One found an increase in AcP activity in neutrophils, correlating with duration of exposure, lymphocytopenia, correlating with duration of exposure, and increase in AcP--positive lymphocytes percentage, mainly with cytoplasmic and lysosomocytoplasmic localization of enzyme. Besides distant effects of chronic benzene intoxication were evaluated, 5 months after the exposure had been intermitted. Normal AcP activity in neutrophils, lymphocytopenia, and increase in AcP--positive lymphocytes percentage were found with cytoplasmic and lysosomo-cytoplasmic localization of enzyme. The authors suggest a possibility of using the changes observed in lymphocytes, on a subcellular level, to evaluate distant effects of occupational exposure to benzene.", "PMID": 682953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5503", "title": "[Thymol test, concentration of total protein and bilirubin and activity of various serum enzymes in a population exposed to diphenylformamide].", "content": "445 workers occupationally exposed to subtoxic diphenylformamide concentration were examined. No significant differences were found in results of thymol test, concentration of total protein, bilirubin, and activity of basic phosphatase in blood serum, compared with the control group. A higher activity of asparagine--and--alanine aminotransferas and gamma--glutamylotranspeptidase was found; it was, however, statistically insignificant.", "contents": "[Thymol test, concentration of total protein and bilirubin and activity of various serum enzymes in a population exposed to diphenylformamide]. 445 workers occupationally exposed to subtoxic diphenylformamide concentration were examined. No significant differences were found in results of thymol test, concentration of total protein, bilirubin, and activity of basic phosphatase in blood serum, compared with the control group. A higher activity of asparagine--and--alanine aminotransferas and gamma--glutamylotranspeptidase was found; it was, however, statistically insignificant.", "PMID": 682954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5504", "title": "[Nervous system diseases in workers of a large metallurgical plant. II. Impact of occupational factors].", "content": "Correlation between some factors connected with work performance in a big metallurgical plant, employing approximately 16000 persons, and the occurrence of nervous system diseases was analysed. It was found that among the most frequent diseases of nervous system cured in neurological dispensary of a big metallurgical plant are: ischias, epilepsy, syndrome of subjective ailments following a past cranio-cerebral trauma and vasomotor headaches. The studies performed did not reveal any clear correlation between the character and arduousness of work and the type of nervous system diseases occurring most frequently in a big industrial (metallurgical) plant. The prevalence of ischias is not significantly dependent on occupational factors. The possibility of continuation of work or necessity to stop working in result of a nervous system disease depend on the type of the disease.", "contents": "[Nervous system diseases in workers of a large metallurgical plant. II. Impact of occupational factors]. Correlation between some factors connected with work performance in a big metallurgical plant, employing approximately 16000 persons, and the occurrence of nervous system diseases was analysed. It was found that among the most frequent diseases of nervous system cured in neurological dispensary of a big metallurgical plant are: ischias, epilepsy, syndrome of subjective ailments following a past cranio-cerebral trauma and vasomotor headaches. The studies performed did not reveal any clear correlation between the character and arduousness of work and the type of nervous system diseases occurring most frequently in a big industrial (metallurgical) plant. The prevalence of ischias is not significantly dependent on occupational factors. The possibility of continuation of work or necessity to stop working in result of a nervous system disease depend on the type of the disease.", "PMID": 682955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5505", "title": "Nocturnal diuresis in panhypopituitarism.", "content": "Although impaired water diuresis in adrenocortical insufficiency is well-known, little attention has been paid to the diuretic pattern at night. In two cases of panhypopituitarism, the nocturnal diuretic pattern was found to be quite different from that in the morning, and marked diuresis did occur after water loading at night, without any significant change of serum cortisol which remained at a low level throughout the day. At the antidiuretic stage in the morning, urine osmolality continued to rise gradually, in spite of the water loading, to the level of 666 mOsm/liter. At the water restriction test, the urine was concentrated only to the same level of 600-700mOsm/liter. At the ascending stage of urine osmolality, exogenously injected pitressin showed little antidiuretic effect, although the kidney was able concentrate urine to the higher level later. In the morning, 3 liters of 5% glucose infusion failed to produce a marked diuresis in spite of extreme plasma dilution and expansion. Furosemide immediately induced diuresis even in the morning and the kidney recovered its ability to respond to pitressin. Glucocorticoid also improved the diuretic pattern in the morning, but a latent period of about 2 hr was always observed before the appearance of the effect. What happened during this latent period was unclear, but it was interesting to note that a mechanism similar to that which induces diuretic response seemed to occur without glucocorticoid at night.", "contents": "Nocturnal diuresis in panhypopituitarism. Although impaired water diuresis in adrenocortical insufficiency is well-known, little attention has been paid to the diuretic pattern at night. In two cases of panhypopituitarism, the nocturnal diuretic pattern was found to be quite different from that in the morning, and marked diuresis did occur after water loading at night, without any significant change of serum cortisol which remained at a low level throughout the day. At the antidiuretic stage in the morning, urine osmolality continued to rise gradually, in spite of the water loading, to the level of 666 mOsm/liter. At the water restriction test, the urine was concentrated only to the same level of 600-700mOsm/liter. At the ascending stage of urine osmolality, exogenously injected pitressin showed little antidiuretic effect, although the kidney was able concentrate urine to the higher level later. In the morning, 3 liters of 5% glucose infusion failed to produce a marked diuresis in spite of extreme plasma dilution and expansion. Furosemide immediately induced diuresis even in the morning and the kidney recovered its ability to respond to pitressin. Glucocorticoid also improved the diuretic pattern in the morning, but a latent period of about 2 hr was always observed before the appearance of the effect. What happened during this latent period was unclear, but it was interesting to note that a mechanism similar to that which induces diuretic response seemed to occur without glucocorticoid at night.", "PMID": 682967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5506", "title": "Influence of elevated plasma free fatty acids on the glucagon response to hypoglycemia in normal and in pregnant women.", "content": "We investigated the influence of an insulin-induced hypoglycemia on plasma glucagon in nonpregnant healthy young women and in women during the last month of gestation. Both groups were tested either in the basal state or during a period where free fatty acid plasma levels were increased by infusion of a lipid emulsion supplemented with heparin. Regular insulin was injected intravenously at the dose of 0.1 U/kg body wt in controls and 0.3 U/kg in pregnant women in order to obtain a similar lowering of blood glucose in all groups. In controls, the increase in plasma glucagon was maximum 30 and 45 min after insulin injection and averaged 130 pg/ml; the infusion of triglycerides and heparin which raised plasma FFA to about 1300 muEq/liter decreased basal plasma glucagon levels and reduced, by about 70%, the glucagon response to hypoglycemia. During the last month of pregnancy, the glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was reduced by 60% (mean maximal increase 52 pg/ml); furthermore, raising plasma FFA to about 1500 muEq/liter completely abolished the glucagon rise induced by the insulin hypoglycemia. These results support the view that the glucagon release from A-cells can be modulated by the level of circulating plasma FFA.", "contents": "Influence of elevated plasma free fatty acids on the glucagon response to hypoglycemia in normal and in pregnant women. We investigated the influence of an insulin-induced hypoglycemia on plasma glucagon in nonpregnant healthy young women and in women during the last month of gestation. Both groups were tested either in the basal state or during a period where free fatty acid plasma levels were increased by infusion of a lipid emulsion supplemented with heparin. Regular insulin was injected intravenously at the dose of 0.1 U/kg body wt in controls and 0.3 U/kg in pregnant women in order to obtain a similar lowering of blood glucose in all groups. In controls, the increase in plasma glucagon was maximum 30 and 45 min after insulin injection and averaged 130 pg/ml; the infusion of triglycerides and heparin which raised plasma FFA to about 1300 muEq/liter decreased basal plasma glucagon levels and reduced, by about 70%, the glucagon response to hypoglycemia. During the last month of pregnancy, the glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was reduced by 60% (mean maximal increase 52 pg/ml); furthermore, raising plasma FFA to about 1500 muEq/liter completely abolished the glucagon rise induced by the insulin hypoglycemia. These results support the view that the glucagon release from A-cells can be modulated by the level of circulating plasma FFA.", "PMID": 682968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5507", "title": "Mechanism and significance of carbohydrate intolerance in chronic alcoholism.", "content": "Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were carried out in 61 chronic alcoholic patients, divided into two groups, and in a third group consisting of healthy, nonalcoholic volunteers. Members of one experimental group were drinking alcohol throughout the study. The patients of the other experimental group received no alcohol and were in withdrawal from alcohol. The glucose tolerance tests were carried out on each patient on admission to the hospital and 1 wk later. During the test, blood was drawn at 10 min intervals for glucose, immunoreactive insulin, and glucagon determinations. The results indicated that there was transient carbohydrate intolerance in the great majority of both patient groups, and it became evident that the carbohydrate intolerance was the result of continuous alcohol consumption and was not part of the withdrawal syndrome. Significant decrease in insulin secretion was found in the early part of the glucose tolerance tests in the majority of the patients in both alcohol and withdrawal groups. Based on results of this study and evidence from the literature, it is suggested that chronic alcoholism is dabetogenic in susceptible individuals and that the transient carbohydrate intolerance found in our study represents and early step in the development of adult-onset diabetes eventually developing in a significant number of chronic alcoholics.", "contents": "Mechanism and significance of carbohydrate intolerance in chronic alcoholism. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were carried out in 61 chronic alcoholic patients, divided into two groups, and in a third group consisting of healthy, nonalcoholic volunteers. Members of one experimental group were drinking alcohol throughout the study. The patients of the other experimental group received no alcohol and were in withdrawal from alcohol. The glucose tolerance tests were carried out on each patient on admission to the hospital and 1 wk later. During the test, blood was drawn at 10 min intervals for glucose, immunoreactive insulin, and glucagon determinations. The results indicated that there was transient carbohydrate intolerance in the great majority of both patient groups, and it became evident that the carbohydrate intolerance was the result of continuous alcohol consumption and was not part of the withdrawal syndrome. Significant decrease in insulin secretion was found in the early part of the glucose tolerance tests in the majority of the patients in both alcohol and withdrawal groups. Based on results of this study and evidence from the literature, it is suggested that chronic alcoholism is dabetogenic in susceptible individuals and that the transient carbohydrate intolerance found in our study represents and early step in the development of adult-onset diabetes eventually developing in a significant number of chronic alcoholics.", "PMID": 682969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5508", "title": "Postheparin plasma lipase activities in obesity: failure to increase with adipose organ enlargement.", "content": "Published studies have shown that overproduction of very low density lipoproteins is a major factor leading to hypertiglyceridemia in obesity. Few systematic studies of triglyceride removal or postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) in obesity have appeared. We have examined heparin-released lipoprotein triglyceride hydrolase activities in 12 lean and 12 obese age- and sex-matched volunteers after overnight fasting. Heparin doses were calculated to compensate for the disproportionality between body mass and plasma volume in obesity. Triglyceride hydrolase activities of hepatic (HTGLA) and extrahepatic (LPLA) origin were distinguished by in vitro inhibition of LPLA with protamine sulfate. Incremental heparin doses were given to each subject to determine lipase activities under conditions of maximal release and to define sensitivity to heparin-facilitated lipase release. Maximal postheparin LPLA and HTGLA (u/ml plasma or u/total plasma vol) were similar in lean and obese individuals despite a nearly three-fold increase in calculated adipose tissue mass in the obese. Since adipose tissue LPLA has been reported to increase in proportion to adipocyte size, the lack of difference in maximal postheparin LPLA was expected. There was an inverse correlation between plasma triglyceride concentration and LPLA/kg adipose tissue. These empirical observations may reflect relatively decreased heparin-releaseable (functional) LPLA in relation to adipose organ mass in obese subjects. The mechanism of this relationship has not been established.", "contents": "Postheparin plasma lipase activities in obesity: failure to increase with adipose organ enlargement. Published studies have shown that overproduction of very low density lipoproteins is a major factor leading to hypertiglyceridemia in obesity. Few systematic studies of triglyceride removal or postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) in obesity have appeared. We have examined heparin-released lipoprotein triglyceride hydrolase activities in 12 lean and 12 obese age- and sex-matched volunteers after overnight fasting. Heparin doses were calculated to compensate for the disproportionality between body mass and plasma volume in obesity. Triglyceride hydrolase activities of hepatic (HTGLA) and extrahepatic (LPLA) origin were distinguished by in vitro inhibition of LPLA with protamine sulfate. Incremental heparin doses were given to each subject to determine lipase activities under conditions of maximal release and to define sensitivity to heparin-facilitated lipase release. Maximal postheparin LPLA and HTGLA (u/ml plasma or u/total plasma vol) were similar in lean and obese individuals despite a nearly three-fold increase in calculated adipose tissue mass in the obese. Since adipose tissue LPLA has been reported to increase in proportion to adipocyte size, the lack of difference in maximal postheparin LPLA was expected. There was an inverse correlation between plasma triglyceride concentration and LPLA/kg adipose tissue. These empirical observations may reflect relatively decreased heparin-releaseable (functional) LPLA in relation to adipose organ mass in obese subjects. The mechanism of this relationship has not been established.", "PMID": 682971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5509", "title": "Effect of somatostatin and a glucagon-specific analog on glucose homeostasis during arginine infusion.", "content": "The glucose response to arginine infusion in normal rats was studied during insulin and glucagon deficiency (somatostatin infusion, 1 mg/kg/hr) or selective glucagon deficiency ([D-Cys14]-somatostain infusion, 1 mg/kg/hr). In control studies, plasma glucose levels rose 14 mg/dl in response to arginine and returned to basal levels at the termination of the infusion. Insulin levels increased 136 +/- 12 muU/ml and glucagon increased 76 +/- 12 pg/ml during the infusion. Infusion of somatostatin resulted in supression of both arginine-induced insulin and arginine-induced glucagon release, and marked hyperglycemia ensued. The administration of [D-Cys14]-somatostatin during arginine infusion produced no associated hyperglycemia. It resulted in suppression of glucagon secretion and a modest rise in insulin release. These results demonstrate that the hyperglycemic effects of somatostatin in arginine-treated animals do not arise in animals treated with glucagon-specific somatostatin analogs.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin and a glucagon-specific analog on glucose homeostasis during arginine infusion. The glucose response to arginine infusion in normal rats was studied during insulin and glucagon deficiency (somatostatin infusion, 1 mg/kg/hr) or selective glucagon deficiency ([D-Cys14]-somatostain infusion, 1 mg/kg/hr). In control studies, plasma glucose levels rose 14 mg/dl in response to arginine and returned to basal levels at the termination of the infusion. Insulin levels increased 136 +/- 12 muU/ml and glucagon increased 76 +/- 12 pg/ml during the infusion. Infusion of somatostatin resulted in supression of both arginine-induced insulin and arginine-induced glucagon release, and marked hyperglycemia ensued. The administration of [D-Cys14]-somatostatin during arginine infusion produced no associated hyperglycemia. It resulted in suppression of glucagon secretion and a modest rise in insulin release. These results demonstrate that the hyperglycemic effects of somatostatin in arginine-treated animals do not arise in animals treated with glucagon-specific somatostatin analogs.", "PMID": 682972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5510", "title": "Hexokinase isozymes of normal human subcutaneous adipose tissue.", "content": "The isozymes of hexokinase in surgical specimens of human subcutaneous adipose tissue were separated by elution from DEAE-cellulose with linear KCl gradients at ph 7.4. Two peaks of activity were found: Peak 1 eluted at 0.05M KCl, and Peak 2 at 0.19M KCl. Michaelis constants (Km) for glucose were: Peak 1, 6.5 x 10-5M; Peak 2, 1.5 x 10-4M. Peak 2 was more susceptible than Peak 1 to inactivation by trypsin, 0.1 mg/ml, and was protected by 0.1M glucose. Both peaks were protected from heat inactivation (45 degrees) by 0.1M glucose. Peak 2 comprised 66 +/- 5 percent of the total hexokinase activity. No activity with the characteristics of hexokinase III was detected in human fat. In all these characteristics, the isozymes of human adipose tissue closely resemble hexokinases I and II from rats.", "contents": "Hexokinase isozymes of normal human subcutaneous adipose tissue. The isozymes of hexokinase in surgical specimens of human subcutaneous adipose tissue were separated by elution from DEAE-cellulose with linear KCl gradients at ph 7.4. Two peaks of activity were found: Peak 1 eluted at 0.05M KCl, and Peak 2 at 0.19M KCl. Michaelis constants (Km) for glucose were: Peak 1, 6.5 x 10-5M; Peak 2, 1.5 x 10-4M. Peak 2 was more susceptible than Peak 1 to inactivation by trypsin, 0.1 mg/ml, and was protected by 0.1M glucose. Both peaks were protected from heat inactivation (45 degrees) by 0.1M glucose. Peak 2 comprised 66 +/- 5 percent of the total hexokinase activity. No activity with the characteristics of hexokinase III was detected in human fat. In all these characteristics, the isozymes of human adipose tissue closely resemble hexokinases I and II from rats.", "PMID": 682973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5511", "title": "Immune reconstitution in the immunodeficient chicken by transfer of embryonic lymphoid cells.", "content": "Embryonic chickens were rendered immunodeficient by in ovo injection of homologous IgM on the 10th embryonic day. The immunodeficient embryos were intravenously given lymphoid cells taken from normal embryonic bursa, spleen or thymus on the 15th embryonic day. Gain of splenic or bursal weight, natural antibodies to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), frequencies of rosette forming cells (RFC) binding to SRBC or dinitrophenyl-SRBC (DNP-SRBC) and of immunoglobulin bearing cells (IBC) in the bursa and the spleen were investigated to assess the effect of transferred cells during the embryonic stage. Transferred bursal and splenic cells showed an ability to restore the frequency of RFC or IBC in the recipients. However, reversion from the immunodeficient state was not observed in the thymic cell transfer. These findings suggested that the cells derived from embryonic bursa and spleen contained stem cells which developed into RFC and also into precursors of IBC.", "contents": "Immune reconstitution in the immunodeficient chicken by transfer of embryonic lymphoid cells. Embryonic chickens were rendered immunodeficient by in ovo injection of homologous IgM on the 10th embryonic day. The immunodeficient embryos were intravenously given lymphoid cells taken from normal embryonic bursa, spleen or thymus on the 15th embryonic day. Gain of splenic or bursal weight, natural antibodies to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), frequencies of rosette forming cells (RFC) binding to SRBC or dinitrophenyl-SRBC (DNP-SRBC) and of immunoglobulin bearing cells (IBC) in the bursa and the spleen were investigated to assess the effect of transferred cells during the embryonic stage. Transferred bursal and splenic cells showed an ability to restore the frequency of RFC or IBC in the recipients. However, reversion from the immunodeficient state was not observed in the thymic cell transfer. These findings suggested that the cells derived from embryonic bursa and spleen contained stem cells which developed into RFC and also into precursors of IBC.", "PMID": 683022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5512", "title": "In vitro destruction of urinary calculi by laser-induced stress waves.", "content": "A new, nonsurgical technique is proposed for the destruction of urinary calculi. This technique exploits recent advances in laser-fusion research in the generation of shock waves from high-intensity pulsed lasers and the principles evolved from extensive military research on fragmentation resulting from the interactions of shock waves on solids. In the in vitro experiments reported here, stress waves were generated by irradiating a thin film confined between glass and metal substrates with a high-intensity pulsed laser. It was shown that a nominal 2-J, Q-switched Ruby or Nd-glass laser is easily capable of producing stress waves of up to 10-kbar peak pressure and that the rise time of the stress pulse is on the order of the laser pulse duration. Urinary calculi (kidney or bladder stones) of different sizes, shapes, colors, hardnesses, and composition were fragmented by laser-induced shock waves into sizes quite capable of being passed spontaneously. Critical laser parameters have been determined, and the associated threshold pressure for the destruction of the hardest types of urinary stones has been measured. The possible application of this technique to in situ destruction of urinary calculi is described.", "contents": "In vitro destruction of urinary calculi by laser-induced stress waves. A new, nonsurgical technique is proposed for the destruction of urinary calculi. This technique exploits recent advances in laser-fusion research in the generation of shock waves from high-intensity pulsed lasers and the principles evolved from extensive military research on fragmentation resulting from the interactions of shock waves on solids. In the in vitro experiments reported here, stress waves were generated by irradiating a thin film confined between glass and metal substrates with a high-intensity pulsed laser. It was shown that a nominal 2-J, Q-switched Ruby or Nd-glass laser is easily capable of producing stress waves of up to 10-kbar peak pressure and that the rise time of the stress pulse is on the order of the laser pulse duration. Urinary calculi (kidney or bladder stones) of different sizes, shapes, colors, hardnesses, and composition were fragmented by laser-induced shock waves into sizes quite capable of being passed spontaneously. Critical laser parameters have been determined, and the associated threshold pressure for the destruction of the hardest types of urinary stones has been measured. The possible application of this technique to in situ destruction of urinary calculi is described.", "PMID": 683031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5513", "title": "A new bedside emergency resuscitation cart.", "content": "Existing bedside emergency resuscitation carts all have certain shortcomings, which interfere with the rapid, efficient care of the hospitalized patient in a catastrophic episode. A systems study was made of the performance criteria of such a cart under conditions which require its use. The primary result of the study was a new design for a bedside emergency resuscitation cart and a suggested list of emergency medications and equipment, every item of which is visible and available without opening drawers to search for it. It is suggested that such a cart, fully equipped, be kept on every nursing station and in every special care department of a hospital.", "contents": "A new bedside emergency resuscitation cart. Existing bedside emergency resuscitation carts all have certain shortcomings, which interfere with the rapid, efficient care of the hospitalized patient in a catastrophic episode. A systems study was made of the performance criteria of such a cart under conditions which require its use. The primary result of the study was a new design for a bedside emergency resuscitation cart and a suggested list of emergency medications and equipment, every item of which is visible and available without opening drawers to search for it. It is suggested that such a cart, fully equipped, be kept on every nursing station and in every special care department of a hospital.", "PMID": 683033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5514", "title": "A noncontacting electromagnetic device for the determination of in vivo properties of bone.", "content": "A noncontacting, electromagnetic device to monitor stress waves in bone has been developed. Since bone exhibits piezoelectric-like behavior, a propagating stress wave in bone generates both electric and magnetic fields. The present device detects the magnetic field and thus provides a measure of the stress-wave amplitude in the bone. Excised dry and wet human femora, as well as a model system consisting of a bar of strongly piezoelectric ceramic, were examined using the device. Magnetic signals associated with elastic waves were also recorded in the long bones of human volunteers. Since the observed signals are not perturbed by the mechanical quality of the soft tissue over the bone, the device may be used to quantitatively assess the mechanical properties of bone in vivo.", "contents": "A noncontacting electromagnetic device for the determination of in vivo properties of bone. A noncontacting, electromagnetic device to monitor stress waves in bone has been developed. Since bone exhibits piezoelectric-like behavior, a propagating stress wave in bone generates both electric and magnetic fields. The present device detects the magnetic field and thus provides a measure of the stress-wave amplitude in the bone. Excised dry and wet human femora, as well as a model system consisting of a bar of strongly piezoelectric ceramic, were examined using the device. Magnetic signals associated with elastic waves were also recorded in the long bones of human volunteers. Since the observed signals are not perturbed by the mechanical quality of the soft tissue over the bone, the device may be used to quantitatively assess the mechanical properties of bone in vivo.", "PMID": 683032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5515", "title": "Reliability of Doppler and impedance techniques for the diagnosis of thrombophlebitis.", "content": "The accuracy of Doppler ultrasound and impedance diagnostic techniques for identifying deep venous thrombosis was determined by comparison with patient venograms. Those patients suspected of having deep venous thrombosis were tested by ultrasound, impedance, and venography, with venography the standard for establishing the accuracy of the noninvasive methods. The deep inspiration, the Valsalva and abdominal pressure maneuvers, and the pneumatic cuff technique were employed with the impedance tests. The incidence of false negative and false positive results were determined for each noninvasive method separately and for both methods used concurrently. When both methods were considered, the number of false positives was high; however, all cases with major thrombosis were detected in the group of patients examined. A positive result with ultrasound or impedance tests should be considered an indication to perform venography, or if venography is contraindicated, to perform other noninvasive tests.", "contents": "Reliability of Doppler and impedance techniques for the diagnosis of thrombophlebitis. The accuracy of Doppler ultrasound and impedance diagnostic techniques for identifying deep venous thrombosis was determined by comparison with patient venograms. Those patients suspected of having deep venous thrombosis were tested by ultrasound, impedance, and venography, with venography the standard for establishing the accuracy of the noninvasive methods. The deep inspiration, the Valsalva and abdominal pressure maneuvers, and the pneumatic cuff technique were employed with the impedance tests. The incidence of false negative and false positive results were determined for each noninvasive method separately and for both methods used concurrently. When both methods were considered, the number of false positives was high; however, all cases with major thrombosis were detected in the group of patients examined. A positive result with ultrasound or impedance tests should be considered an indication to perform venography, or if venography is contraindicated, to perform other noninvasive tests.", "PMID": 683035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5516", "title": "Electrodynamometric evaluation of nasal escape in speech disorders.", "content": "A new method of detecting the degree of nasal air emission in patients with speech disorders during \"continuous\" speech. The method employs the use of an electronic sensor placed in front of the nasal opening, which then picks up nasal escape and transfer it to an electrical signal that is recorded on an LED digital readout. The degree of nasal air emission, as portrayed on the LED, is then charted, permitting differentiation of the various speech disorders. This newly described method of nasal speech evaluation is of the utmost importance in the rehabilitation of patients with speech disorders and has proven to be quick and reliable in clinical use. It is also useful in patient selection for the various reconstructive operative procedures used to correct speech abnormalities. The clinical device is helpful to the speech therapist in detecting nasal speech abnormalities and evaluating the clinical progress of a given patient during speech therapy.", "contents": "Electrodynamometric evaluation of nasal escape in speech disorders. A new method of detecting the degree of nasal air emission in patients with speech disorders during \"continuous\" speech. The method employs the use of an electronic sensor placed in front of the nasal opening, which then picks up nasal escape and transfer it to an electrical signal that is recorded on an LED digital readout. The degree of nasal air emission, as portrayed on the LED, is then charted, permitting differentiation of the various speech disorders. This newly described method of nasal speech evaluation is of the utmost importance in the rehabilitation of patients with speech disorders and has proven to be quick and reliable in clinical use. It is also useful in patient selection for the various reconstructive operative procedures used to correct speech abnormalities. The clinical device is helpful to the speech therapist in detecting nasal speech abnormalities and evaluating the clinical progress of a given patient during speech therapy.", "PMID": 683034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5517", "title": "Safety and efficacy of extracorporeal blood oxygenators: a review.", "content": "A review of the scientific literature relative to safety and efficacy of disposable blood oxygenators, augmented by 20 years of clinical and laboratory experience utilizing heart-lung bypass devices, has produced tables and lists describing clinical problems associated with the use of disposable blood oxygenators, basic requirements for an effective and safe oxygenator, and parameters of oxygenators requiring testing for safety and efficacy. The current status of voluntary guidelines and regulatory standards for oxygenator safety and efficacy is reviewed.", "contents": "Safety and efficacy of extracorporeal blood oxygenators: a review. A review of the scientific literature relative to safety and efficacy of disposable blood oxygenators, augmented by 20 years of clinical and laboratory experience utilizing heart-lung bypass devices, has produced tables and lists describing clinical problems associated with the use of disposable blood oxygenators, basic requirements for an effective and safe oxygenator, and parameters of oxygenators requiring testing for safety and efficacy. The current status of voluntary guidelines and regulatory standards for oxygenator safety and efficacy is reviewed.", "PMID": 683036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5518", "title": "Advances in ventricular synchronous demand cardiac pacemakers.", "content": "New ventricular synchronous demand (VVT) pacemaker functions have been developed that provide improved performance in electromagnetic interference (EMI) environments and improved sensing of ventricular premature contractions. All previous ventricular synchronous pacemakers had an inherent design conflict between choosing the optimal (relatively long) input refractory interval needed for limiting the maximum pulse delivery rate and choosing the optimal (relatively short) input refractory interval (sensing dead time) following either a sensed or paced cardiac contraction. The necessary compromise resulted in a device that in the presence of EMI, stimulated at a rate (approximately 150 ppm) which was dangerously fast for certain patients, yet was insensitive to early poststimulation (400 to 500 msec) premature ventricular contractions, resulting in a risk of T-wave stimulation. Partly because of these deficiencies, the VVT function has not been widely employed by the medical profession: instead, the ventricular inhibited (VVI) pacemaker has evolved as the treatment of choice for the cardiac patient with intermittent heart block, even though total inhibition by certain EMI radiators is a potentially serious problem. New VVT structures have been developed that allow control separation of the maximum EMI discharge rate and the sensing refractory interval by employing independent input and output refractory intervals. New low-power digital devices provide building blocks applicable to the developed architectures.", "contents": "Advances in ventricular synchronous demand cardiac pacemakers. New ventricular synchronous demand (VVT) pacemaker functions have been developed that provide improved performance in electromagnetic interference (EMI) environments and improved sensing of ventricular premature contractions. All previous ventricular synchronous pacemakers had an inherent design conflict between choosing the optimal (relatively long) input refractory interval needed for limiting the maximum pulse delivery rate and choosing the optimal (relatively short) input refractory interval (sensing dead time) following either a sensed or paced cardiac contraction. The necessary compromise resulted in a device that in the presence of EMI, stimulated at a rate (approximately 150 ppm) which was dangerously fast for certain patients, yet was insensitive to early poststimulation (400 to 500 msec) premature ventricular contractions, resulting in a risk of T-wave stimulation. Partly because of these deficiencies, the VVT function has not been widely employed by the medical profession: instead, the ventricular inhibited (VVI) pacemaker has evolved as the treatment of choice for the cardiac patient with intermittent heart block, even though total inhibition by certain EMI radiators is a potentially serious problem. New VVT structures have been developed that allow control separation of the maximum EMI discharge rate and the sensing refractory interval by employing independent input and output refractory intervals. New low-power digital devices provide building blocks applicable to the developed architectures.", "PMID": 683040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5519", "title": "Controlled voltages for electroconvulsive therapy.", "content": "A description is given for the design of an isolated output, servo-controlled voltage, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) machine for the safe, controlled application of 60-Hz alternating current (ac) signals between 0 and 230 V rms for controlled periods ranging from 0.1 to 2 sec. Added safety is provided by current limiting in the range of 360 to 770 mA rms for patient impedances ranging from 500 to 50 omega. The use of this equipment has permitted a detailed description of the impedances characteristic of unilateral ECT.", "contents": "Controlled voltages for electroconvulsive therapy. A description is given for the design of an isolated output, servo-controlled voltage, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) machine for the safe, controlled application of 60-Hz alternating current (ac) signals between 0 and 230 V rms for controlled periods ranging from 0.1 to 2 sec. Added safety is provided by current limiting in the range of 360 to 770 mA rms for patient impedances ranging from 500 to 50 omega. The use of this equipment has permitted a detailed description of the impedances characteristic of unilateral ECT.", "PMID": 683039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5520", "title": "Paediatric follow up of pregnancies complicated by subnormal oestriol excretion. Interim report.", "content": "In 92 pregnant women with low urinary oestriol excretion after 30 weeks' gestation, there was a higher incidence of fetal distress, premature delivery and induced labour, while resuscitation of the infant at birth was required more often than in controls. The birth weights, head circumference, and body lengths of the infants were significantly lower than those of the controls. In the 26 cases where maternal oestriol levels were persistently low, three were associated with placental sulphatase deficiency, and three infants died postnatally. Four infants had evidence of neurological defects on follow up, as did four infants in the control group. The low head circumferences, weight, and length were still present at two years of age. It is concluded that, although low oestriol excretion during pregnancy is associated with increased risk to the fetus, it is not associated per se with permanent neurological damage, provided the infant is born alive, and is congenitally normal. However, many infants remain smaller than average, at least for the first years of life.", "contents": "Paediatric follow up of pregnancies complicated by subnormal oestriol excretion. Interim report. In 92 pregnant women with low urinary oestriol excretion after 30 weeks' gestation, there was a higher incidence of fetal distress, premature delivery and induced labour, while resuscitation of the infant at birth was required more often than in controls. The birth weights, head circumference, and body lengths of the infants were significantly lower than those of the controls. In the 26 cases where maternal oestriol levels were persistently low, three were associated with placental sulphatase deficiency, and three infants died postnatally. Four infants had evidence of neurological defects on follow up, as did four infants in the control group. The low head circumferences, weight, and length were still present at two years of age. It is concluded that, although low oestriol excretion during pregnancy is associated with increased risk to the fetus, it is not associated per se with permanent neurological damage, provided the infant is born alive, and is congenitally normal. However, many infants remain smaller than average, at least for the first years of life.", "PMID": 683055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5521", "title": "Glycosylated haemoglobin levels in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Glycosylated haemoglobin A1 levels were measured in 186 patients with diabetes mellitus and 108 non-diabetic controls. Forty-nine diabetics were considered well controlled with at least three blood glucose levels below 10 mmol/L, while 50 diabetic patients were poorly controlled with at least three blood glucose levels above 15 mmol/L. Mean glycosylated haemoglobin A1 levels for the 108 normal controls was 7.45% +/- 0.73%, for the well controlled diabetics, 10.7% +/- 2%, and for poorly controlled diabetics, 15.0% +/- 2.5% of total haemoglobin. In patients with the onset of diabetes after the age of 40 years, there was a significant difference between the haemoglobin A1 levels in those with diabetic retinopathy and those without complications. There was a significant association between haemoglobin A1 levels and the duration of the disease in diabetics controlled with insulin.", "contents": "Glycosylated haemoglobin levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Glycosylated haemoglobin A1 levels were measured in 186 patients with diabetes mellitus and 108 non-diabetic controls. Forty-nine diabetics were considered well controlled with at least three blood glucose levels below 10 mmol/L, while 50 diabetic patients were poorly controlled with at least three blood glucose levels above 15 mmol/L. Mean glycosylated haemoglobin A1 levels for the 108 normal controls was 7.45% +/- 0.73%, for the well controlled diabetics, 10.7% +/- 2%, and for poorly controlled diabetics, 15.0% +/- 2.5% of total haemoglobin. In patients with the onset of diabetes after the age of 40 years, there was a significant difference between the haemoglobin A1 levels in those with diabetic retinopathy and those without complications. There was a significant association between haemoglobin A1 levels and the duration of the disease in diabetics controlled with insulin.", "PMID": 683056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5522", "title": "Psychiatric consultations in a children's hospital.", "content": "One hundred and ninety-one consecutive psychiatric referrals from the medical and surgical wards of a children's hospital were studied. The referral rate approximated 2% of admission rate, and patients who were referred stayed in hospital longer than three times the average stay for all inpatients. The hospital's medical units supplied 69% of referrals and the rest came from the surgical units. The male to female ratio of admissions to hospital was 3:2, but that of referrals was 1:1 (a significant difference (P less than 0.02). Main diagnostic categories for patients under one year of age were congenital and metabolic disorders (35%), and psychosocial problems which included maltreatment and children at risk (58%). The records for patients between one and 14 years of age imply that over 50% of them had family social problems or behaviour disorder. Of patients over 14 years of age, 93% had affective disorder.", "contents": "Psychiatric consultations in a children's hospital. One hundred and ninety-one consecutive psychiatric referrals from the medical and surgical wards of a children's hospital were studied. The referral rate approximated 2% of admission rate, and patients who were referred stayed in hospital longer than three times the average stay for all inpatients. The hospital's medical units supplied 69% of referrals and the rest came from the surgical units. The male to female ratio of admissions to hospital was 3:2, but that of referrals was 1:1 (a significant difference (P less than 0.02). Main diagnostic categories for patients under one year of age were congenital and metabolic disorders (35%), and psychosocial problems which included maltreatment and children at risk (58%). The records for patients between one and 14 years of age imply that over 50% of them had family social problems or behaviour disorder. Of patients over 14 years of age, 93% had affective disorder.", "PMID": 683057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5523", "title": "Choice reaction time in workers using trichloroethylene.", "content": "Eight-choice reaction time studies were carried out on women using trichloroethylene (TCE) as an industrial solvent, and simultaneous tests were performed on control subjects. The women exposed to TCE showed an increase in choice reaction time compared with the control subjects. This divergent trend was substantial at a factory where TCE levels exceeded the recommended threshold limit value (TLV). The divergence was less pronounced, but still clearly evident at another factory where TLV was not exceeded.", "contents": "Choice reaction time in workers using trichloroethylene. Eight-choice reaction time studies were carried out on women using trichloroethylene (TCE) as an industrial solvent, and simultaneous tests were performed on control subjects. The women exposed to TCE showed an increase in choice reaction time compared with the control subjects. This divergent trend was substantial at a factory where TCE levels exceeded the recommended threshold limit value (TLV). The divergence was less pronounced, but still clearly evident at another factory where TLV was not exceeded.", "PMID": 683058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5524", "title": "The environmental impact statement: an important addition to the certification of early deaths.", "content": "An environmental impact statement (EIS) has been made in conjunction with a prospective study of 56 consecutive deaths of persons under 60 years of age in a local population. EIS is the cheapest and the quickest means by which to continually highlight the weaknesses of a national health system.", "contents": "The environmental impact statement: an important addition to the certification of early deaths. An environmental impact statement (EIS) has been made in conjunction with a prospective study of 56 consecutive deaths of persons under 60 years of age in a local population. EIS is the cheapest and the quickest means by which to continually highlight the weaknesses of a national health system.", "PMID": 683064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5525", "title": "The comprehensive cancer centre.", "content": "Comprehensive cancer centres have arisen around the world, very often on the foundations of radiotherapy departments, as in the case of the Cancer Institute in Melbourne. Such centres offer the complete non-surgical approach to cancer through multidisciplinary interaction with full diagnostic back-up, and are centres of excellence in at least one branch of surgical oncology. They are physically or organizationally autonomous entities. They undertake basic as well as clinical research. They provide training of personnel in cancer diagnosis, treatment and research.", "contents": "The comprehensive cancer centre. Comprehensive cancer centres have arisen around the world, very often on the foundations of radiotherapy departments, as in the case of the Cancer Institute in Melbourne. Such centres offer the complete non-surgical approach to cancer through multidisciplinary interaction with full diagnostic back-up, and are centres of excellence in at least one branch of surgical oncology. They are physically or organizationally autonomous entities. They undertake basic as well as clinical research. They provide training of personnel in cancer diagnosis, treatment and research.", "PMID": 683070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5526", "title": "Accuracy in diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "During an eight-year period, 113 cases of acute pancreatitis were studied to determine the accuracy and modes of diagnosis in the first attack. In 65% of cases, a confident diagnosis was made on a combination of the clinical picture and a marked elevation of the serum amylase level. Diagnosis on laparotomy was made in 30% of cases, and autopsy diagnosis in the remaining 5%. Cullen's and Grey Turner's signs, radiology test results, and the presence of hyperglycaemia were of little or no diagnostic value. Recently developed laboratory tests may increase the diagnostic yield in the future. The precise indications for laparotomy diagnosis in the first attack are discussed. Laparotomy for diagnosis did not increase the mortality rate in this series.", "contents": "Accuracy in diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. During an eight-year period, 113 cases of acute pancreatitis were studied to determine the accuracy and modes of diagnosis in the first attack. In 65% of cases, a confident diagnosis was made on a combination of the clinical picture and a marked elevation of the serum amylase level. Diagnosis on laparotomy was made in 30% of cases, and autopsy diagnosis in the remaining 5%. Cullen's and Grey Turner's signs, radiology test results, and the presence of hyperglycaemia were of little or no diagnostic value. Recently developed laboratory tests may increase the diagnostic yield in the future. The precise indications for laparotomy diagnosis in the first attack are discussed. Laparotomy for diagnosis did not increase the mortality rate in this series.", "PMID": 683071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5527", "title": "Perforation of the interventricular septum complicating myocardial infarction.", "content": "The presentation and management of 21 patients with postinfarction ventricular septal defect (VSD) in whom surgical treatment was considered or performed since 1970 have been analysed and reviewed. An acute group of 11 patients, each of whom developed cardiogenic shock, 9 of whom came to surgery within one week from the onset of their VSD, had a poor outlook, only 27% becoming long-term survivors. Six patients were classified as subacute because their surgery was precipitated by worsening congestive cardiac failure in all, and by pulmonary oedema at the time of surgery in three patients. Four chronic patients were operated upon electively. The results in the subacute and chronic groups were excellent, and all are long-term survivors. Operative closure of the defect is best achieved by the use of a patch. Infarctectomy and aneurysmectomy are necessary in more than half of the cases. Left ventricular assistance by the intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation catheter has been disappointing and did not contribute to long-term survival. The major factor determining survival is the integrity of the closure, and the function of the remaining viable myocardium. Reoperation for reopening of the defect should always be considered.", "contents": "Perforation of the interventricular septum complicating myocardial infarction. The presentation and management of 21 patients with postinfarction ventricular septal defect (VSD) in whom surgical treatment was considered or performed since 1970 have been analysed and reviewed. An acute group of 11 patients, each of whom developed cardiogenic shock, 9 of whom came to surgery within one week from the onset of their VSD, had a poor outlook, only 27% becoming long-term survivors. Six patients were classified as subacute because their surgery was precipitated by worsening congestive cardiac failure in all, and by pulmonary oedema at the time of surgery in three patients. Four chronic patients were operated upon electively. The results in the subacute and chronic groups were excellent, and all are long-term survivors. Operative closure of the defect is best achieved by the use of a patch. Infarctectomy and aneurysmectomy are necessary in more than half of the cases. Left ventricular assistance by the intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation catheter has been disappointing and did not contribute to long-term survival. The major factor determining survival is the integrity of the closure, and the function of the remaining viable myocardium. Reoperation for reopening of the defect should always be considered.", "PMID": 683072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5528", "title": "Illegal drugs and nutrition in undergraduate students.", "content": "The nutritional status of 82 marihuana-smoking students from two establishments of tertiary education was studied and compared with 63 controls. There was little difference between these two groups of students. Thirty-four per cent of those taking drugs had a diet which was deficient in one or more nutrients, compared with 30% of the controls. Four of the students who took drugs and three controls had a marginally reduced serum level of vitamin B12, but all were taking oral contraceptive agents. Sixteen marihuana-smokers had either a low folate or low pyridoxal serum level, and another three had reduced serum levels of both vitamins compared with a total of eleven among the controls. Forty-three students (52%) had used, or were using, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in addition to marihuana, and 10 had used mushrooms (Psilocybe cubensis). Thirteen students appeared to be \"stoned\" at interview.", "contents": "Illegal drugs and nutrition in undergraduate students. The nutritional status of 82 marihuana-smoking students from two establishments of tertiary education was studied and compared with 63 controls. There was little difference between these two groups of students. Thirty-four per cent of those taking drugs had a diet which was deficient in one or more nutrients, compared with 30% of the controls. Four of the students who took drugs and three controls had a marginally reduced serum level of vitamin B12, but all were taking oral contraceptive agents. Sixteen marihuana-smokers had either a low folate or low pyridoxal serum level, and another three had reduced serum levels of both vitamins compared with a total of eleven among the controls. Forty-three students (52%) had used, or were using, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in addition to marihuana, and 10 had used mushrooms (Psilocybe cubensis). Thirteen students appeared to be \"stoned\" at interview.", "PMID": 683079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5529", "title": "Cerebral radionuclide scintigraphy in the stroke syndrome.", "content": "The cerebral scans of 365 patients with the stroke syndrome were reviewed retrospectively over a 30-month period. Positive static studies occurred in 140 patients )38%), of which 73 (52%) had an associated reduction of flow to the affected hemisphere on the dynamic study. Positive dynamic studies alone accurred in 69 patients (19%), increasing the positive yield by 50%. Dynamic studies also differentiate extracranial (carotid) occlusion from intracranial vascular occlusion, and may contribute to prognosis and management. Infarction in the middle cerebral artery territory is five times as common as infarction in any other arterial territory. An unexpected finding was the high incidence (5%) of watershed infarctions. These are more common than posterior cerebral artery strokes (4%), and anterior cerebral artery strokes (1%). When patients with vertebrobasilar and lacunar strokes, and those scanned within one week or after six weeks from the onset of symptoms are excluded, the positive yield was 54% for static studies, and 67% over all.", "contents": "Cerebral radionuclide scintigraphy in the stroke syndrome. The cerebral scans of 365 patients with the stroke syndrome were reviewed retrospectively over a 30-month period. Positive static studies occurred in 140 patients )38%), of which 73 (52%) had an associated reduction of flow to the affected hemisphere on the dynamic study. Positive dynamic studies alone accurred in 69 patients (19%), increasing the positive yield by 50%. Dynamic studies also differentiate extracranial (carotid) occlusion from intracranial vascular occlusion, and may contribute to prognosis and management. Infarction in the middle cerebral artery territory is five times as common as infarction in any other arterial territory. An unexpected finding was the high incidence (5%) of watershed infarctions. These are more common than posterior cerebral artery strokes (4%), and anterior cerebral artery strokes (1%). When patients with vertebrobasilar and lacunar strokes, and those scanned within one week or after six weeks from the onset of symptoms are excluded, the positive yield was 54% for static studies, and 67% over all.", "PMID": 683080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5530", "title": "Incidence of suspected extracranial cerebrovascular disease in a small community.", "content": "This study reports the investigation and treatment of 31 patients who suffered symptoms suggestive of extracranial cerebrovascular disease and presented to one community practice. It suggests that extracranial cerebrovascular disease may be more prevalent than is generally presumed, and emphasizes the need for better methods of investigation and a more positive approach toward its treatment.", "contents": "Incidence of suspected extracranial cerebrovascular disease in a small community. This study reports the investigation and treatment of 31 patients who suffered symptoms suggestive of extracranial cerebrovascular disease and presented to one community practice. It suggests that extracranial cerebrovascular disease may be more prevalent than is generally presumed, and emphasizes the need for better methods of investigation and a more positive approach toward its treatment.", "PMID": 683081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5531", "title": "Synergism between tetracycline and amphotericin B in experimental amoebic meningoencephalitis.", "content": "The efficacy of tetracycline and amphotericin B in the treatment of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis was studied by means of a mouse model. The results showed marked synergism between these two drugs. Mice who recieved 50 microgram amphotericin B daily succumbed to the infection with only 28.6% survival compared to 0% in untreated controls. In contrast, survival percentage was increased to 66.7% and 84.6% in mice receiving the combined dosage schedule of 50 microgram amphotericin B with 2 tetracycline, and 50 microgram amphotericin B with 3 mg tetracycline, respectively. The finding of synergism between tetracycline and amphotericin may provide a better means for the treatment of this disease.", "contents": "Synergism between tetracycline and amphotericin B in experimental amoebic meningoencephalitis. The efficacy of tetracycline and amphotericin B in the treatment of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis was studied by means of a mouse model. The results showed marked synergism between these two drugs. Mice who recieved 50 microgram amphotericin B daily succumbed to the infection with only 28.6% survival compared to 0% in untreated controls. In contrast, survival percentage was increased to 66.7% and 84.6% in mice receiving the combined dosage schedule of 50 microgram amphotericin B with 2 tetracycline, and 50 microgram amphotericin B with 3 mg tetracycline, respectively. The finding of synergism between tetracycline and amphotericin may provide a better means for the treatment of this disease.", "PMID": 683097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5532", "title": "Obstructive jaundice due to hydatid cyst of the liver.", "content": "Obstructive jaundice due to a hydatid cyst of the liver occurred in a young Italian woman; the disease was contracted in the patient's home country, before her arrival in Australia.", "contents": "Obstructive jaundice due to hydatid cyst of the liver. Obstructive jaundice due to a hydatid cyst of the liver occurred in a young Italian woman; the disease was contracted in the patient's home country, before her arrival in Australia.", "PMID": 683098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5533", "title": "Intravenous co-trimoxazole therapy in serious infections.", "content": "The intravenous therapy with co-trimoxazole was used to control serious sepsis in 15 patients in the intensive care unit of a large metropolitan hospital. Co-trimoxazole was found to be a safe, effective, and eminently satisfactory alternative to the present vogue treatments of serious, bacteriologically undiagnosed infections.", "contents": "Intravenous co-trimoxazole therapy in serious infections. The intravenous therapy with co-trimoxazole was used to control serious sepsis in 15 patients in the intensive care unit of a large metropolitan hospital. Co-trimoxazole was found to be a safe, effective, and eminently satisfactory alternative to the present vogue treatments of serious, bacteriologically undiagnosed infections.", "PMID": 683112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5534", "title": "Acute pancytopenia due to megaloblastic arrest in association with co-trimoxazole.", "content": "Three patients who were taking co-trimoxazole developed acute pancytopenia due to megaloblastic arrest, and two of the three died while pancytopenic. One patient had a pre-existing megaloblastic anaemia. In the other two patients, there was no macrocytosis or neutrophil hypersegmentation despite the severe megaloblastosis. Because specific treatment is needed urgently, it is important to distinguish megaloblastic arrest from drug-induced hypoplasia.", "contents": "Acute pancytopenia due to megaloblastic arrest in association with co-trimoxazole. Three patients who were taking co-trimoxazole developed acute pancytopenia due to megaloblastic arrest, and two of the three died while pancytopenic. One patient had a pre-existing megaloblastic anaemia. In the other two patients, there was no macrocytosis or neutrophil hypersegmentation despite the severe megaloblastosis. Because specific treatment is needed urgently, it is important to distinguish megaloblastic arrest from drug-induced hypoplasia.", "PMID": 683113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5535", "title": "Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and thrombocytopenia.", "content": "Thrombocytopenia is an uncommon but serious side effect of the antimicrobial combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole. Thirty-one cases in seven years, including two deaths, have been reported to the Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Registry. Females were affected twice as frequently as males. In 70% of the patients platelet counts were 20x10(9)/L or less. Thrombocytopenia which is associated with this agent may occur at any age.", "contents": "Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia is an uncommon but serious side effect of the antimicrobial combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole. Thirty-one cases in seven years, including two deaths, have been reported to the Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Registry. Females were affected twice as frequently as males. In 70% of the patients platelet counts were 20x10(9)/L or less. Thrombocytopenia which is associated with this agent may occur at any age.", "PMID": 683114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5536", "title": "[The attitude of medical students towards informing patients of their condition (author's transl)].", "content": "During the winter term 1976/77 and in the summer term 1977 233 medical students of the fourth term were asked about their \"attitudes and experiences\" as \"to which extent the patient wants to be and should be informed about his illness\". About half of the investigated students--the number varies with the indicator--displayed attitudes and experiences corresponding to the patients' reality and needs. This was rated as an indicator of patient-centered orientation. The rest displayed patterns of attitudes and presuppositions similar to those we noted in physicians in hospital. The patients' great need of information is usually underrated, the individual aspects are not clearly recognized and there is only a slight inclination to tell the patient the whole truth, especially with regards to the prognosis. Age, sex, experiences in hospitals and professional objective of each of the investigated students do not have a relationship with these orientations. Having given a critical discussion of methods the authors demonstrate the didactic conclusions which the Marburg Institute of Medical Sociology would draw from its investigations.", "contents": "[The attitude of medical students towards informing patients of their condition (author's transl)]. During the winter term 1976/77 and in the summer term 1977 233 medical students of the fourth term were asked about their \"attitudes and experiences\" as \"to which extent the patient wants to be and should be informed about his illness\". About half of the investigated students--the number varies with the indicator--displayed attitudes and experiences corresponding to the patients' reality and needs. This was rated as an indicator of patient-centered orientation. The rest displayed patterns of attitudes and presuppositions similar to those we noted in physicians in hospital. The patients' great need of information is usually underrated, the individual aspects are not clearly recognized and there is only a slight inclination to tell the patient the whole truth, especially with regards to the prognosis. Age, sex, experiences in hospitals and professional objective of each of the investigated students do not have a relationship with these orientations. Having given a critical discussion of methods the authors demonstrate the didactic conclusions which the Marburg Institute of Medical Sociology would draw from its investigations.", "PMID": 683117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5537", "title": "[Bioavailability of Ce-Ferro forte. Comparative iron load test (author's transl)].", "content": "The intraindividual relative bioavailability of three oral iron preparations was investigated in 9 male and 3 female healthy volunteers. After an overnight fast each of the volunteers took 110 mg Fe++ in a weak gelatine capsule soluble within the duodenum (Ce-Ferro forte) or 105 mg and 100 mg Fe++ respectively in commercial preparations. Care was taken that a 3 days interval took place between the investigations. Before taking and 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hrs. after taking the iron capsule, blood was withdrawn into heparinized test tubes and plasma iron concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. After taking Fe++ sulfate in a weak gelatine capsule (A), the mean plasma iron increased significantly higher in comparison to preparation B in the 2nd and in the 4th hour and in comparison to preparation C in the 1st hour. The area under curve of iron increase was 531 +/- 329 (SD) after A, 415 +/- 327 And 414 +/- 390 after B and C respectively without significant changes. From these data was concluded that Fe++ sulfate in a duodenal soluble weak gelatine capsule has a beter bioavailability than the 2 other preparations investigated.", "contents": "[Bioavailability of Ce-Ferro forte. Comparative iron load test (author's transl)]. The intraindividual relative bioavailability of three oral iron preparations was investigated in 9 male and 3 female healthy volunteers. After an overnight fast each of the volunteers took 110 mg Fe++ in a weak gelatine capsule soluble within the duodenum (Ce-Ferro forte) or 105 mg and 100 mg Fe++ respectively in commercial preparations. Care was taken that a 3 days interval took place between the investigations. Before taking and 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hrs. after taking the iron capsule, blood was withdrawn into heparinized test tubes and plasma iron concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. After taking Fe++ sulfate in a weak gelatine capsule (A), the mean plasma iron increased significantly higher in comparison to preparation B in the 2nd and in the 4th hour and in comparison to preparation C in the 1st hour. The area under curve of iron increase was 531 +/- 329 (SD) after A, 415 +/- 327 And 414 +/- 390 after B and C respectively without significant changes. From these data was concluded that Fe++ sulfate in a duodenal soluble weak gelatine capsule has a beter bioavailability than the 2 other preparations investigated.", "PMID": 683118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5538", "title": "[Endoscopy of duodenal ulcer: diagnosis and control of the disease course (author's transl)].", "content": "In 5040 consecutive endoscopies 672 duodenal ulcers were found. The experience with this series shows, that the direct endoscopic examination of the duodenal bulb represents a significant improvement for the diagnosis and control of the clinical course of the duodenal ulcer. Radiologic methods have not absolutely lost their diagnostic importance. However it may be frequently difficult to distinguish an acute from a healed lesion. The duodenoscopy is able to clarify this difficulty which is a reason for preferring the endoscopic examination for the diagnosis of duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "[Endoscopy of duodenal ulcer: diagnosis and control of the disease course (author's transl)]. In 5040 consecutive endoscopies 672 duodenal ulcers were found. The experience with this series shows, that the direct endoscopic examination of the duodenal bulb represents a significant improvement for the diagnosis and control of the clinical course of the duodenal ulcer. Radiologic methods have not absolutely lost their diagnostic importance. However it may be frequently difficult to distinguish an acute from a healed lesion. The duodenoscopy is able to clarify this difficulty which is a reason for preferring the endoscopic examination for the diagnosis of duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 683119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5539", "title": "Thin needle biopsy of solid tumors in children.", "content": "Thin needle biopsy of a suspected tumor will usually yield material amenable to cytologic examination and sufficient for diagnosis. Sixty children with suspected solid malignant tumors were subjected to this procedure. The masses biopsied were in bone, abdomen, mediastinum, tongue, pharynx, soft tissue, and peripheral lymph nodes. The diagnostic yield was 66% on first biopsy and rose to 93% on repeated biopsies. The diagnostic accuracy was 97% in malignant tumors with histologic confirmation. There were no proved false-negative diagnoses, and two (3%) false-positive (for malignancy) diagnoses. All patients were followed up. There were no complications of note.", "contents": "Thin needle biopsy of solid tumors in children. Thin needle biopsy of a suspected tumor will usually yield material amenable to cytologic examination and sufficient for diagnosis. Sixty children with suspected solid malignant tumors were subjected to this procedure. The masses biopsied were in bone, abdomen, mediastinum, tongue, pharynx, soft tissue, and peripheral lymph nodes. The diagnostic yield was 66% on first biopsy and rose to 93% on repeated biopsies. The diagnostic accuracy was 97% in malignant tumors with histologic confirmation. There were no proved false-negative diagnoses, and two (3%) false-positive (for malignancy) diagnoses. All patients were followed up. There were no complications of note.", "PMID": 683127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5540", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with MOPP in children with recurrent brain tumors.", "content": "Twenty-three children with CNS tumors were treated with combination chemotherapy including nitrogen mustard, vincristine sulfate, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP). All but one had progressive or recurrent tumors following surgery and irradiation. In addition, nine of these patients had prior chemotherapy. Seventeen out of 23 patients (73.4%) responded to MOPP chemotherapy including seven patients who had prior chemotherapy with single or multiple agents such as VCR, nitrosoureas, intrathecal methotrexate, and VM-26. Three comatose patients who were being kept on Decadron without benefit recovered from coma. At the time of this report 8 of the 17 responders are surviving without evidence of recurrence 7--30 months from the start of MOPP chemotherapy. In two of these children chemotherapy has been completely stopped.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with MOPP in children with recurrent brain tumors. Twenty-three children with CNS tumors were treated with combination chemotherapy including nitrogen mustard, vincristine sulfate, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP). All but one had progressive or recurrent tumors following surgery and irradiation. In addition, nine of these patients had prior chemotherapy. Seventeen out of 23 patients (73.4%) responded to MOPP chemotherapy including seven patients who had prior chemotherapy with single or multiple agents such as VCR, nitrosoureas, intrathecal methotrexate, and VM-26. Three comatose patients who were being kept on Decadron without benefit recovered from coma. At the time of this report 8 of the 17 responders are surviving without evidence of recurrence 7--30 months from the start of MOPP chemotherapy. In two of these children chemotherapy has been completely stopped.", "PMID": 683129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5541", "title": "Ionization collection efficiencies of some ionization chambers in pulsed and continuous radiation beams.", "content": "The most commonly used method of calibrating high-energy photon or electron beams consists in converting cavity ionization to dose by the application of the appropriate Clambda or CE multipled by the 60Co correction factor. The correct interpretation of calibration data for pulsed photon or electron beams requires a knowledge of the charge collection efficiencies of the ionization chambers used. The results are presented of efficiency measurements for both pulsed and continuous beams made with these chambers: 0.6-cm3 Farmer, 0.5-cm3 Spokas, 3-cm3 Shonka, 1-cm3 PTW, and 1-cm3 Memorial pancake. The dependence of collection efficiency on collection voltage, dose rate, and dose per pulse is demonstrated. These results are shown to agree with Boag's formulas for collection efficiency. Attention is drawn to the fact that several kinds of dosimeters provide only minimal collection voltages for efficient collection of charge at high dose rates, especially in Linac electron beams. It is recommended to check the collection efficiency of chambers which are to be used at high dose rates, and a simple method for this purpose is described.", "contents": "Ionization collection efficiencies of some ionization chambers in pulsed and continuous radiation beams. The most commonly used method of calibrating high-energy photon or electron beams consists in converting cavity ionization to dose by the application of the appropriate Clambda or CE multipled by the 60Co correction factor. The correct interpretation of calibration data for pulsed photon or electron beams requires a knowledge of the charge collection efficiencies of the ionization chambers used. The results are presented of efficiency measurements for both pulsed and continuous beams made with these chambers: 0.6-cm3 Farmer, 0.5-cm3 Spokas, 3-cm3 Shonka, 1-cm3 PTW, and 1-cm3 Memorial pancake. The dependence of collection efficiency on collection voltage, dose rate, and dose per pulse is demonstrated. These results are shown to agree with Boag's formulas for collection efficiency. Attention is drawn to the fact that several kinds of dosimeters provide only minimal collection voltages for efficient collection of charge at high dose rates, especially in Linac electron beams. It is recommended to check the collection efficiency of chambers which are to be used at high dose rates, and a simple method for this purpose is described.", "PMID": 683147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5542", "title": "An automated dosimetry data-acquisition and analysis system at the LAMPF pion therapy facility.", "content": "An automated data-acquisition and analysis system has been developed for dosimetry measurements on the pion therapy beam at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility Biomedical Channel in Los Alamos using a PDP-11/45 computer and CAMAC interface. Initialization, test, and monitor programs allow the user to set the physical limits of scanner travel, test the data lines, calibrate the analog signals for the scanner position, and monitor the analog versus digital values of the scanner position during operation. Data-acquisition programs scan beams in one, two, and three dimensions. Many options are available to the user in selecting the scan parameters and in changing some of these parameters during scanning. Data-analysis programs provide reproduction of stored data, comparison of linear scans, beam profiles along any line of a planar or volume scan, and isodose distributions from any planar scan or from any planar scan or from any plane of a volume scan. Other programs summarize stored data files and search for specific data according to the user's instruments.", "contents": "An automated dosimetry data-acquisition and analysis system at the LAMPF pion therapy facility. An automated data-acquisition and analysis system has been developed for dosimetry measurements on the pion therapy beam at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility Biomedical Channel in Los Alamos using a PDP-11/45 computer and CAMAC interface. Initialization, test, and monitor programs allow the user to set the physical limits of scanner travel, test the data lines, calibrate the analog signals for the scanner position, and monitor the analog versus digital values of the scanner position during operation. Data-acquisition programs scan beams in one, two, and three dimensions. Many options are available to the user in selecting the scan parameters and in changing some of these parameters during scanning. Data-analysis programs provide reproduction of stored data, comparison of linear scans, beam profiles along any line of a planar or volume scan, and isodose distributions from any planar scan or from any planar scan or from any plane of a volume scan. Other programs summarize stored data files and search for specific data according to the user's instruments.", "PMID": 683150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5543", "title": "Noise characteristics of a microchannel plate x-ray image intensifier.", "content": "The noise performance of an experimental microchannel plate x-ray image intensifier has been evaluated. The intensifier, constructed for use with photons of energies between 20 and 150 keV, uses an MCP as the photon-to-electron converter. The influence of noise was determined by analysis of the optical-density fluctuations of a photograph of the viewing screen of the intensifier when the conversion layer was exposed to between 1 and 60 mR. Additionally, the contrast-detail performance of the experimental device was determined. The influence of both stochastic noise, due to quantum mottle and pulse-height variations, and structural noise, due to fluctuations in inherent gain from point to point, have been considered by using a model that adds these components.", "contents": "Noise characteristics of a microchannel plate x-ray image intensifier. The noise performance of an experimental microchannel plate x-ray image intensifier has been evaluated. The intensifier, constructed for use with photons of energies between 20 and 150 keV, uses an MCP as the photon-to-electron converter. The influence of noise was determined by analysis of the optical-density fluctuations of a photograph of the viewing screen of the intensifier when the conversion layer was exposed to between 1 and 60 mR. Additionally, the contrast-detail performance of the experimental device was determined. The influence of both stochastic noise, due to quantum mottle and pulse-height variations, and structural noise, due to fluctuations in inherent gain from point to point, have been considered by using a model that adds these components.", "PMID": 683149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5544", "title": "Development of Bragg diffraction imaging for medical use.", "content": "Experience gained in developing a real-time acoustical imaging system using Bragg diffraction is presented. Particular emphasis has been placed on medical applications. We have studied the difficulties in assembling a system capable of producing high-quality images. Engineering data on the optical mounting and on the design of the transducer along with representative images are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Development of Bragg diffraction imaging for medical use. Experience gained in developing a real-time acoustical imaging system using Bragg diffraction is presented. Particular emphasis has been placed on medical applications. We have studied the difficulties in assembling a system capable of producing high-quality images. Engineering data on the optical mounting and on the design of the transducer along with representative images are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 683148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5545", "title": "New method for the experimental evaluation of x-ray grids.", "content": "This work describes a new method for the experimental evaluation of antiscatter x-ray grids in radiography. Five commercial grids are evaluated in terms of two parameters which are determined only by the construction of the grid and the x-ray energy. A comparison of the grid performances was made for the x-ray energies and scatter conditions that usually apply to chest radiography and mammography. The results show that for maximum scatter conditions the grid enhances the subject contrast by factors of approximately 6 and 2 in chest radiography and mammography, respectively, and that the contrast increases as the grid ratio increases. Also, in these examinations, the results show that, with improved grids, it is possible to reduce the patient exposures required for the no-grid case by approximately one-half without loss of the image-information content (signal-to-noise ratio).", "contents": "New method for the experimental evaluation of x-ray grids. This work describes a new method for the experimental evaluation of antiscatter x-ray grids in radiography. Five commercial grids are evaluated in terms of two parameters which are determined only by the construction of the grid and the x-ray energy. A comparison of the grid performances was made for the x-ray energies and scatter conditions that usually apply to chest radiography and mammography. The results show that for maximum scatter conditions the grid enhances the subject contrast by factors of approximately 6 and 2 in chest radiography and mammography, respectively, and that the contrast increases as the grid ratio increases. Also, in these examinations, the results show that, with improved grids, it is possible to reduce the patient exposures required for the no-grid case by approximately one-half without loss of the image-information content (signal-to-noise ratio).", "PMID": 683152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5546", "title": "An evaluation of the performance characteristics of different types of collimators used with the EMI brain scanner (MKI) and their significance in specific clinical applications.", "content": "The characteristics of various types of collimators have been studied systematically for the EMI Mark I brain scanner. The degree of collimation ranged from the 13-mm adjacent A and B slices to 3-mm separated slices. Multiple phantom studies (including variable density immiscible liquid interfaces) have been performed to evaluate the effect of collimation on (a) the line-spread function, (b) the change in effective absorption number, and (c) volume averaging. Effects associated with the technique settings involving the kVp, the mA, and the scan time were also investigated. The results of TLD dose measurements as a function of collimation are presented. The significance of collimation in specific clinical studies involving small, fairly well-circumscribed lesions is discussed.", "contents": "An evaluation of the performance characteristics of different types of collimators used with the EMI brain scanner (MKI) and their significance in specific clinical applications. The characteristics of various types of collimators have been studied systematically for the EMI Mark I brain scanner. The degree of collimation ranged from the 13-mm adjacent A and B slices to 3-mm separated slices. Multiple phantom studies (including variable density immiscible liquid interfaces) have been performed to evaluate the effect of collimation on (a) the line-spread function, (b) the change in effective absorption number, and (c) volume averaging. Effects associated with the technique settings involving the kVp, the mA, and the scan time were also investigated. The results of TLD dose measurements as a function of collimation are presented. The significance of collimation in specific clinical studies involving small, fairly well-circumscribed lesions is discussed.", "PMID": 683151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5547", "title": "An instrument for aligning patient-positioning lasers.", "content": "The accurate adjustment of patient-positioning lasers is difficult and tedious. An optical instrument has been developed which enables rapid and extremely accurate adjustment of these. The instrument may be applied to several other tests of the alignment and adjustment of teletherapy and simulator machines.", "contents": "An instrument for aligning patient-positioning lasers. The accurate adjustment of patient-positioning lasers is difficult and tedious. An optical instrument has been developed which enables rapid and extremely accurate adjustment of these. The instrument may be applied to several other tests of the alignment and adjustment of teletherapy and simulator machines.", "PMID": 683157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5548", "title": "Theoretical considerations of effects of x-ray film-screen characteristics on threshold detectability of small low-contrast objects.", "content": "An expression is derived for visual contrast of a radiographed small object that takes into account the proportion of scattered radiation as well as the shape of the sensitometric curve of the film-screen combination. Based on this expression for visual contrast applied to two different film-screen systems, predictions are made for threshold perceptability of low-contrast objects radiographed with the two imaging systems in the presence of scattered radiation and at different points on the sensitometric curves.", "contents": "Theoretical considerations of effects of x-ray film-screen characteristics on threshold detectability of small low-contrast objects. An expression is derived for visual contrast of a radiographed small object that takes into account the proportion of scattered radiation as well as the shape of the sensitometric curve of the film-screen combination. Based on this expression for visual contrast applied to two different film-screen systems, predictions are made for threshold perceptability of low-contrast objects radiographed with the two imaging systems in the presence of scattered radiation and at different points on the sensitometric curves.", "PMID": 683154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5549", "title": "An instrument with digital readout for indirect determination of kVp.", "content": "An electronic instrument with digital readout has been designed and constructed for indirect determination of the kVp applied to diagnostic x-ray tubes. The signals from two detectors exposed simultaneously to a differentially filtered x-ray beam are processed by analog computing circuitry to yield an output signal directly proportional to the applied peak kilovoltage. Theory and preliminary results are presented and discussed.", "contents": "An instrument with digital readout for indirect determination of kVp. An electronic instrument with digital readout has been designed and constructed for indirect determination of the kVp applied to diagnostic x-ray tubes. The signals from two detectors exposed simultaneously to a differentially filtered x-ray beam are processed by analog computing circuitry to yield an output signal directly proportional to the applied peak kilovoltage. Theory and preliminary results are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 683153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5550", "title": "Measurements of the effects of x-ray film--screen characteristics on threshold detectability of small low-contrast objects.", "content": "Experiments were performed to test threshold detectability of a small nylon bead radiographed with two different image receptors and under different scattering conditions. In another paper, the present authors predicted, on theoretical grounds, the visibility of small low-contrast objects radiographed in the presence of scattered radiation. The experiments discussed in this paper tested these predictions using an observer-testing method resulting in Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. In addition to the rigidly controlled experiments from which the ROC curves were obtained, another experiment was performed in which a human phantom was used and the radiographs rated as to the visibility of small artificial lesions. By and large, the experiments confirmed the predictions made from the theoretical analysis, using visual contrast as a measure of detectability.", "contents": "Measurements of the effects of x-ray film--screen characteristics on threshold detectability of small low-contrast objects. Experiments were performed to test threshold detectability of a small nylon bead radiographed with two different image receptors and under different scattering conditions. In another paper, the present authors predicted, on theoretical grounds, the visibility of small low-contrast objects radiographed in the presence of scattered radiation. The experiments discussed in this paper tested these predictions using an observer-testing method resulting in Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. In addition to the rigidly controlled experiments from which the ROC curves were obtained, another experiment was performed in which a human phantom was used and the radiographs rated as to the visibility of small artificial lesions. By and large, the experiments confirmed the predictions made from the theoretical analysis, using visual contrast as a measure of detectability.", "PMID": 683155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5551", "title": "Energy dependence of correction factors for two models of Keithley diagnostic ion chambers.", "content": "The energy dependence for each of two models of ionization chambers compatible with the Keithley model 35020 Digital Dosimeter, is determined by measurement of the exposure correction factors determined over the diagnostic x-ray range (0.4--4.9 mm AL HVL) for several for several samples of each model. The results of an analysis of variance performed by model on the correction factors are reported as mean correction factors for the x-ray beams evaluated, with a relative standard error of less than 1% for both cases. Energy-dependence curves for the two chamber models are given, and their use is described.", "contents": "Energy dependence of correction factors for two models of Keithley diagnostic ion chambers. The energy dependence for each of two models of ionization chambers compatible with the Keithley model 35020 Digital Dosimeter, is determined by measurement of the exposure correction factors determined over the diagnostic x-ray range (0.4--4.9 mm AL HVL) for several for several samples of each model. The results of an analysis of variance performed by model on the correction factors are reported as mean correction factors for the x-ray beams evaluated, with a relative standard error of less than 1% for both cases. Energy-dependence curves for the two chamber models are given, and their use is described.", "PMID": 683156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5552", "title": "Measurements and calculations of the influence of thin inhomogeneities on charged particle beams.", "content": "The predictions of an analytic technique for calculating fluence and dose distributions beneath thin inhomogeneities are presented for a number of structures, including a rectangular cavity or bar, a cylinder, a disk, and an angled or diffuse edge. Experiments with both electrons and protons for several geometries are presented and compared with predictions based on this technique. We offer some clinical guidelines for avoiding large perturbations due to scattering effects.", "contents": "Measurements and calculations of the influence of thin inhomogeneities on charged particle beams. The predictions of an analytic technique for calculating fluence and dose distributions beneath thin inhomogeneities are presented for a number of structures, including a rectangular cavity or bar, a cylinder, a disk, and an angled or diffuse edge. Experiments with both electrons and protons for several geometries are presented and compared with predictions based on this technique. We offer some clinical guidelines for avoiding large perturbations due to scattering effects.", "PMID": 683163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5553", "title": "Towards optimum blurring in spiral tomography.", "content": "Attempts to increase the degree of blurring of nonfocused layers in tomography are inevitably associated with a worsening in the amount of artefactual detail introduced. A mathematical optimization technique has been employed to indicate how these conflicting characteristics may best be reconciled. The technique uses plausible definitions, based on the transfer function, of the effectiveness and the fidelity of the blurring, and generates a sequence of spread functions in which these two aspects are optimally combined.", "contents": "Towards optimum blurring in spiral tomography. Attempts to increase the degree of blurring of nonfocused layers in tomography are inevitably associated with a worsening in the amount of artefactual detail introduced. A mathematical optimization technique has been employed to indicate how these conflicting characteristics may best be reconciled. The technique uses plausible definitions, based on the transfer function, of the effectiveness and the fidelity of the blurring, and generates a sequence of spread functions in which these two aspects are optimally combined.", "PMID": 683165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5554", "title": "Thermometry considerations in localized hyperthermia.", "content": "The introduction of local hyperthermia as a method of cancer therapy implies the necessity of quantitative measurements of the thermal dose. Our intention is to describe the nature of the problem, both physically and physiologically, with illustrations drawn from thermographic measurements in phantoms and in animals. The characteristics of a thermometry calibration facility are described. Some measurement problems associated with conventional thermometer probes are mentioned and several new thermometers which were developed for use in the electromagnetic fields are reviewed. We present some of the concepts that will guide the development of noninvasive thermometry. Systemic hyperthermia is not considered. We recommend that other reviews specifically directed toward localized hyperthermia be prepared on the methods of heating and on thermal physiological problems.", "contents": "Thermometry considerations in localized hyperthermia. The introduction of local hyperthermia as a method of cancer therapy implies the necessity of quantitative measurements of the thermal dose. Our intention is to describe the nature of the problem, both physically and physiologically, with illustrations drawn from thermographic measurements in phantoms and in animals. The characteristics of a thermometry calibration facility are described. Some measurement problems associated with conventional thermometer probes are mentioned and several new thermometers which were developed for use in the electromagnetic fields are reviewed. We present some of the concepts that will guide the development of noninvasive thermometry. Systemic hyperthermia is not considered. We recommend that other reviews specifically directed toward localized hyperthermia be prepared on the methods of heating and on thermal physiological problems.", "PMID": 683161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5555", "title": "A technique for calculating the influence of thin inhomogeneities on charged particle beams.", "content": "A method has been developed for calculating the fluence and dose perturbations which occur in the shadow of inhomogeneous structures exposed to beams of charged particles. It is shown that differences in scattering power in adjacent portions of irradiated material can give rise to fluence perturbations which, in turn, are responsible for dose perturbations. A quantitative analysis of this process is developed which permits calculation of both the perturbed primary fluence and dose distributions. Results of these calculations are given for a square-faced edge discontinuity. The analytic technique, however, can be applied to more complicated interfaces and the general formulae are developed in this paper. They include provisions for the important modifying effects of beam divergence, of overlying or underlying homogeneous material, and of nonuniform beam profiles. In a companion paper, more complex geometries are analyzed and comparisons between calculations and experiments are presented.", "contents": "A technique for calculating the influence of thin inhomogeneities on charged particle beams. A method has been developed for calculating the fluence and dose perturbations which occur in the shadow of inhomogeneous structures exposed to beams of charged particles. It is shown that differences in scattering power in adjacent portions of irradiated material can give rise to fluence perturbations which, in turn, are responsible for dose perturbations. A quantitative analysis of this process is developed which permits calculation of both the perturbed primary fluence and dose distributions. Results of these calculations are given for a square-faced edge discontinuity. The analytic technique, however, can be applied to more complicated interfaces and the general formulae are developed in this paper. They include provisions for the important modifying effects of beam divergence, of overlying or underlying homogeneous material, and of nonuniform beam profiles. In a companion paper, more complex geometries are analyzed and comparisons between calculations and experiments are presented.", "PMID": 683162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5556", "title": "Bacterial protoplast fusion: recombination in fused protoplasts of Streptomyces coelicolor.", "content": "Numerous recombinants arose when protoplasts of S. coelicolor were treated with polyethylene glycol and regenerated on non-selective solid medium. In six-factor crosses, recombination frequencies of more than 10% (up to 17%) were routinely observed. This recombination did not require either of the known sex factors, SCPI and SCP2. The proportion of multiple crossover classes was much higher than amongst recombinants produced by conjugated between mycelia. Analysis of the spatial distribution of crossovers in double and quadruple  crossover recombinants showed only a slight tendency for crossovers to occur closer together than randomly on the complete linkage group. This suggests that genomes brought together by protoplast fusion are complete, or nearly so (in conjugation, in contrast, one genome is represented by a comparatively short fragment). Individual colonies arising from fused protoplasts did not contain different parental genomes without recombinants, but recombinants often occurred without parentals. Several recombinant genotypes often occurred in the same colony, showing a segregation of some, only, of the parental alleles. Complementary genotypes, parental or recombinant, did not occur in the same colony. It is postulated that complete genomes of fused protoplasts usually become fragmented and that crossing-over, often repeated, occurs between the fragments, to generate haploid recombinants. Analysis of fusions between propoplasts of four different genotypes indicated that the average number of protoplasts fusing together was low, but nevertheless appreciable numbers of fusions involved three or four genomes. Crossing-over between them produced recombinants inheriting markers from three or four parents. The generation of nearly random populations of recombinants between two or more parent strains by propoplast fusion under the conditions described appears to have simple applications in industrial and academic strain construction.", "contents": "Bacterial protoplast fusion: recombination in fused protoplasts of Streptomyces coelicolor. Numerous recombinants arose when protoplasts of S. coelicolor were treated with polyethylene glycol and regenerated on non-selective solid medium. In six-factor crosses, recombination frequencies of more than 10% (up to 17%) were routinely observed. This recombination did not require either of the known sex factors, SCPI and SCP2. The proportion of multiple crossover classes was much higher than amongst recombinants produced by conjugated between mycelia. Analysis of the spatial distribution of crossovers in double and quadruple  crossover recombinants showed only a slight tendency for crossovers to occur closer together than randomly on the complete linkage group. This suggests that genomes brought together by protoplast fusion are complete, or nearly so (in conjugation, in contrast, one genome is represented by a comparatively short fragment). Individual colonies arising from fused protoplasts did not contain different parental genomes without recombinants, but recombinants often occurred without parentals. Several recombinant genotypes often occurred in the same colony, showing a segregation of some, only, of the parental alleles. Complementary genotypes, parental or recombinant, did not occur in the same colony. It is postulated that complete genomes of fused protoplasts usually become fragmented and that crossing-over, often repeated, occurs between the fragments, to generate haploid recombinants. Analysis of fusions between propoplasts of four different genotypes indicated that the average number of protoplasts fusing together was low, but nevertheless appreciable numbers of fusions involved three or four genomes. Crossing-over between them produced recombinants inheriting markers from three or four parents. The generation of nearly random populations of recombinants between two or more parent strains by propoplast fusion under the conditions described appears to have simple applications in industrial and academic strain construction.", "PMID": 683171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5557", "title": "Evidence for plasmid like DNA in a filamentous fungus, the ascomycete Podospora anserina.", "content": "The existence of plasmid like DNA was demonstrated in senescent mycelia of Podospora anserina (strain s) by biophysical and electronmicroscopic methods. According to their contour length of about 1.4 and 2.7 micron respectively the molecular weight for the monomer is in the range of 3.10(6).", "contents": "Evidence for plasmid like DNA in a filamentous fungus, the ascomycete Podospora anserina. The existence of plasmid like DNA was demonstrated in senescent mycelia of Podospora anserina (strain s) by biophysical and electronmicroscopic methods. According to their contour length of about 1.4 and 2.7 micron respectively the molecular weight for the monomer is in the range of 3.10(6).", "PMID": 683172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5558", "title": "Number and molecular weights of the basic proteins of rat liver ribosomes.", "content": "1) Efficient separation of the proteins from rat liver ribosomes can by achieved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Complete separation of all components, however, is not possible with one system only. Comparison of the results obtained with different systems suggests further heterogeneity of S15, L22, L28, L33 and L35 and enables identification of S15a, S15b, L22a, L22b, L28a, L28b, L33, L33a, L35a and L36b. 2) Ribosomal proteins were substituted with iodoacetamide prior to electrophoresis or handled in all steps of the procedure in the presence of reducing agents. These procedures prevent the formation of oxidation products described erroneously as ribosomal proteins S5, S6, L15, L17 and L32 in earlier papers. 3) Estimation of the molecular weights was performed by two-dimensional separation of the small and large subunit proteins using sodium dodecyl sulphate in the second dimension. The positions of the 70 basic proteins in the 2-D patterns were identified. 4) The small and large subunit proteins have molecular weights in the range of 8000 to 35,000 and 11,000 to 55,500 Dalton, respectively. The number average molecular weights for the small and large subunit proteins are 22,500 and 26,500 Dalton, respectively. The sum of the molecular weights is 0.67 x 10(6) Dalton for the proteins of the small subunit and 1.05 x 10(6) Dalton for the proteins of the large subunit.", "contents": "Number and molecular weights of the basic proteins of rat liver ribosomes. 1) Efficient separation of the proteins from rat liver ribosomes can by achieved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Complete separation of all components, however, is not possible with one system only. Comparison of the results obtained with different systems suggests further heterogeneity of S15, L22, L28, L33 and L35 and enables identification of S15a, S15b, L22a, L22b, L28a, L28b, L33, L33a, L35a and L36b. 2) Ribosomal proteins were substituted with iodoacetamide prior to electrophoresis or handled in all steps of the procedure in the presence of reducing agents. These procedures prevent the formation of oxidation products described erroneously as ribosomal proteins S5, S6, L15, L17 and L32 in earlier papers. 3) Estimation of the molecular weights was performed by two-dimensional separation of the small and large subunit proteins using sodium dodecyl sulphate in the second dimension. The positions of the 70 basic proteins in the 2-D patterns were identified. 4) The small and large subunit proteins have molecular weights in the range of 8000 to 35,000 and 11,000 to 55,500 Dalton, respectively. The number average molecular weights for the small and large subunit proteins are 22,500 and 26,500 Dalton, respectively. The sum of the molecular weights is 0.67 x 10(6) Dalton for the proteins of the small subunit and 1.05 x 10(6) Dalton for the proteins of the large subunit.", "PMID": 683173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5559", "title": "Analysis of the methylated 'cap' structures of vaccinia mRNA by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "Two different twodimensional cellulose thinlayer separations for blocked, methylated mRNA 5'-termini are described. They allow rapid analysis even of complex mixtures of mRNA \"cap\" structures on the basis of their methyl group content and base composition. These simple procedures are especially useful for the analysis of [3H-methyl]-labeled mRNA in combination with tritium fluorography. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the methylated \"cap\" structures of in vitro labeled Vaccinia \"core\" mRNA is presented. The presence of methylated \"cap\" structures in Vaccinia RNA increases the in vitro translation efficiency of methylated Vaccinia RNA over Vaccinia RNA transcribed in the absence of a methyl group donor.", "contents": "Analysis of the methylated 'cap' structures of vaccinia mRNA by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Two different twodimensional cellulose thinlayer separations for blocked, methylated mRNA 5'-termini are described. They allow rapid analysis even of complex mixtures of mRNA \"cap\" structures on the basis of their methyl group content and base composition. These simple procedures are especially useful for the analysis of [3H-methyl]-labeled mRNA in combination with tritium fluorography. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the methylated \"cap\" structures of in vitro labeled Vaccinia \"core\" mRNA is presented. The presence of methylated \"cap\" structures in Vaccinia RNA increases the in vitro translation efficiency of methylated Vaccinia RNA over Vaccinia RNA transcribed in the absence of a methyl group donor.", "PMID": 683182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5560", "title": "The in vitro reassembly of rough endoplasmic reticulum: ribosome binding capacity.", "content": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes were dissolved in 1% deoxycholate and the deoxycholate was then dialysed out for five days. Well-defined bilayer vesicles were formed only if the dialysis was performed at room temperature for the first six hours. The vesicles were separated into a pelleted fraction (Fraction 1) and a fluffy layer (Fraction II) by centrifugation. As measured by amino acid incorporation ability, Fraction II bound polysomes, while Fraction I did not. When smooth endoplasmic reticulum was assembled, it was found that Fraction II so derived had a polysome binding capacity which was more sensitive to increased KCl concentrations (25 mM - 100 mM KCl) and that it bound significantly more monosomes than the corresponding fraction derived from rough membranes. The SDS-polyacrylamide polypeptide patterns of the various fractions were compared.", "contents": "The in vitro reassembly of rough endoplasmic reticulum: ribosome binding capacity. Rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes were dissolved in 1% deoxycholate and the deoxycholate was then dialysed out for five days. Well-defined bilayer vesicles were formed only if the dialysis was performed at room temperature for the first six hours. The vesicles were separated into a pelleted fraction (Fraction 1) and a fluffy layer (Fraction II) by centrifugation. As measured by amino acid incorporation ability, Fraction II bound polysomes, while Fraction I did not. When smooth endoplasmic reticulum was assembled, it was found that Fraction II so derived had a polysome binding capacity which was more sensitive to increased KCl concentrations (25 mM - 100 mM KCl) and that it bound significantly more monosomes than the corresponding fraction derived from rough membranes. The SDS-polyacrylamide polypeptide patterns of the various fractions were compared.", "PMID": 683183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5561", "title": "Iron hydroxide: model for enzymes that oxidize proteins.", "content": "The particles of an iron hydroxide sol were found to be a suitable model for protein-oxidizing enzymes such as peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. In addition to small molecules such as pyrogallol, human serum proteins, albumin and gamma-globulin, are shown to be substrates of the oxidizing model. The activity is markedly increased by the addition of small amounts of copper to the iron in the particles of the sol. The size and molecular weight of the enzyme model, as well as the number of active centers were determined.", "contents": "Iron hydroxide: model for enzymes that oxidize proteins. The particles of an iron hydroxide sol were found to be a suitable model for protein-oxidizing enzymes such as peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. In addition to small molecules such as pyrogallol, human serum proteins, albumin and gamma-globulin, are shown to be substrates of the oxidizing model. The activity is markedly increased by the addition of small amounts of copper to the iron in the particles of the sol. The size and molecular weight of the enzyme model, as well as the number of active centers were determined.", "PMID": 683184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5562", "title": "Effect of biotin on phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation of rat liver histones.", "content": "Biotin deficient rat liver histones showed decreased phosphorylation and methylation, and increased acetylation rates as compared to normal rat liver histones: these alterations may be related to the observed lower stability of the interactions between histones and DNA. The modifications of the metabolic process might be the consequence of an alteration of the synthesis of the enzymes involved in histone phosphorylation, acetylation and methylation mechanisms and are presumably related to a biotin effect upon the synthesis of RNA and proteins.", "contents": "Effect of biotin on phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation of rat liver histones. Biotin deficient rat liver histones showed decreased phosphorylation and methylation, and increased acetylation rates as compared to normal rat liver histones: these alterations may be related to the observed lower stability of the interactions between histones and DNA. The modifications of the metabolic process might be the consequence of an alteration of the synthesis of the enzymes involved in histone phosphorylation, acetylation and methylation mechanisms and are presumably related to a biotin effect upon the synthesis of RNA and proteins.", "PMID": 683185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5563", "title": "Methylated cap formation by enzymes bound to nuclear informofer particles.", "content": "Rat liver nuclear 30 S ribonucleoprotein particles containing pre-mRNA and nuclear sap proteins have been shown to modify in vitro the synthetic dinucleotide ppGpC in the presence of GTP and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the formation of a blocked and methylated (capped) structure 7(meG(5')ppp(5'-GmepC. In the absence of SAM the predominant reaction was GpppGpC. Our results indicate that the 30S ribonucleoprotein particles (informofers) as well as the proteins of the nuclear sap possess both guanylyltransferase, N7-, and 2-o-methyltransferase activities.", "contents": "Methylated cap formation by enzymes bound to nuclear informofer particles. Rat liver nuclear 30 S ribonucleoprotein particles containing pre-mRNA and nuclear sap proteins have been shown to modify in vitro the synthetic dinucleotide ppGpC in the presence of GTP and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the formation of a blocked and methylated (capped) structure 7(meG(5')ppp(5'-GmepC. In the absence of SAM the predominant reaction was GpppGpC. Our results indicate that the 30S ribonucleoprotein particles (informofers) as well as the proteins of the nuclear sap possess both guanylyltransferase, N7-, and 2-o-methyltransferase activities.", "PMID": 683186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5564", "title": "Changes in nonhistone chromosomal proteins in phytohemagglutininstimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Stimulation of bovine lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin results in quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the nonhistone chromosomal proteins. Analysis of these proteins by hydroxyapatite chromatography and sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows not only a selective increase in the amount of some nonhistone proteins but also a decrease of other nonhistone protein bands. This observation is compatible with the view that nonhistone proteins have an inhibitory as well as an activating function at the genome level.", "contents": "Changes in nonhistone chromosomal proteins in phytohemagglutininstimulated lymphocytes. Stimulation of bovine lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin results in quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the nonhistone chromosomal proteins. Analysis of these proteins by hydroxyapatite chromatography and sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows not only a selective increase in the amount of some nonhistone proteins but also a decrease of other nonhistone protein bands. This observation is compatible with the view that nonhistone proteins have an inhibitory as well as an activating function at the genome level.", "PMID": 683187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5565", "title": "[Effect of divalent copper ions on heat denaturation of DNA].", "content": "Using the thermal denaturation method the effect of bivalent copper of (4-10(-6)-10(-3)) M concentrations on the helix-coil transition of DNA was studied in the solution of Na+ concentrations 10(-3)-10(-1) M. Unlike the previous studies, this paper makes allowance for the effect of impurity ions present in DNA and deionized water. It has been shown that in the region of low Cu2+ and Na+ concentrations, thermal stability increases, the melting range extends and the denaturation curves become asymmetric. At concentrations more than approximately 3-10(-5) M Cu2+, melting temperature starts to fall, and the range reduces to 1-1.5 degrees at [Cu2+] greater than or equal to 2-10(-4) M. As [Cu2+] reaches these values, the denaturation curve asymmetry and melting range increase again, which is due to the inversion of the relative stability of AT- and GC-pairs. Employing experimental and phase-transition-theory data for homopolymers, the constants of Cu2+ binding with phosphates and DNA bases were calculated. The concentration dependence of the DNA denaturation parameters was shown to be governed by the superposition of binding Cu2+ with phosphates and nucleic acid bases.", "contents": "[Effect of divalent copper ions on heat denaturation of DNA]. Using the thermal denaturation method the effect of bivalent copper of (4-10(-6)-10(-3)) M concentrations on the helix-coil transition of DNA was studied in the solution of Na+ concentrations 10(-3)-10(-1) M. Unlike the previous studies, this paper makes allowance for the effect of impurity ions present in DNA and deionized water. It has been shown that in the region of low Cu2+ and Na+ concentrations, thermal stability increases, the melting range extends and the denaturation curves become asymmetric. At concentrations more than approximately 3-10(-5) M Cu2+, melting temperature starts to fall, and the range reduces to 1-1.5 degrees at [Cu2+] greater than or equal to 2-10(-4) M. As [Cu2+] reaches these values, the denaturation curve asymmetry and melting range increase again, which is due to the inversion of the relative stability of AT- and GC-pairs. Employing experimental and phase-transition-theory data for homopolymers, the constants of Cu2+ binding with phosphates and DNA bases were calculated. The concentration dependence of the DNA denaturation parameters was shown to be governed by the superposition of binding Cu2+ with phosphates and nucleic acid bases.", "PMID": 683190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5566", "title": "[Molecular organization of the long-wave complexes of purple photosynthesizing bacteria. Effect of pronase on the B890 complex of Chromatium minutissium and Rhodopseudomonas palustris].", "content": "The pronase action on the long-wave complexes B890 from two different purple bacteria has been investigated. Differences in the kinetics of decrease of the reaction center photochemical activity of electron-donor activity of cytochromes and of destruction of Bx890 (875) forms have been discovered. Different rates of the proteolysis of RC proteins were revealed by SDS-gel-electrophoresis. The heavy protein of RC was the first to degrade. The photochemical transformations deltaA890(875) in B890 complexes was observed during formation of peptides with molecular weight about 17 000 from two other RC proteins. On the basis of obtained data the model of molecular organization of B890 complexes from purple bacteria is discussed.", "contents": "[Molecular organization of the long-wave complexes of purple photosynthesizing bacteria. Effect of pronase on the B890 complex of Chromatium minutissium and Rhodopseudomonas palustris]. The pronase action on the long-wave complexes B890 from two different purple bacteria has been investigated. Differences in the kinetics of decrease of the reaction center photochemical activity of electron-donor activity of cytochromes and of destruction of Bx890 (875) forms have been discovered. Different rates of the proteolysis of RC proteins were revealed by SDS-gel-electrophoresis. The heavy protein of RC was the first to degrade. The photochemical transformations deltaA890(875) in B890 complexes was observed during formation of peptides with molecular weight about 17 000 from two other RC proteins. On the basis of obtained data the model of molecular organization of B890 complexes from purple bacteria is discussed.", "PMID": 683188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5567", "title": "[Character of the methylation and reassociation of wheat DNA fractions differing in their nucleotide composition].", "content": "The GC and AT fractions (GC content is 55.2 and 36.2 mole %, respectively) were isolated from wheat germ DNA by the thermal fractionation method (sequential thermal DNA denaturation followed by separation of denatured and undenatured DNA molecules by hydroxyapatitie chromatography). The amount of each of the two fractions isolated corresponds to about 25% of the total DNA. The 5-methylcytosine (m5C) content in the GC fraction (9.2 mole %) is 4.6 times higher than in the AT fraction. The DNA fractions isolated are very different in the level of methylation of cytosine residues (m5C/C+m5C ratio differs 3 times), in the amount of respective pyrimidine isostichs and in the renaturation kinetics. In contrast to the AT fraction, in the GC fraction the amount of dipyrimidine isostichs is higher than monopyrimidine ones. The AT and GC fractions isolated contain unique, moderately and highly reiterated nucleotide sequences. About 90% of the GC fraction is represented by reiterated sequences. The isolated (from the GC fraction) highly reiterated sequences (GC fraction I, Cot = 2.8 X 10(-2)) are very similar to the original GC fraction in the GC and m5C contents as well as in the amount of m5C in the respective pyrimidine isostichs. GC fraction I differs from the total GC fraction in a lower pyrimidine clustering degree. In total DNA and in GC and AT fractions m5C is found in mono- (34-40% of total m5C), di-(26-30%) and in all longer pyrimidine isostichs. It is suggested that in plants there exist many types of DNA sequences to be methylated as well as many respective DNA methylases.", "contents": "[Character of the methylation and reassociation of wheat DNA fractions differing in their nucleotide composition]. The GC and AT fractions (GC content is 55.2 and 36.2 mole %, respectively) were isolated from wheat germ DNA by the thermal fractionation method (sequential thermal DNA denaturation followed by separation of denatured and undenatured DNA molecules by hydroxyapatitie chromatography). The amount of each of the two fractions isolated corresponds to about 25% of the total DNA. The 5-methylcytosine (m5C) content in the GC fraction (9.2 mole %) is 4.6 times higher than in the AT fraction. The DNA fractions isolated are very different in the level of methylation of cytosine residues (m5C/C+m5C ratio differs 3 times), in the amount of respective pyrimidine isostichs and in the renaturation kinetics. In contrast to the AT fraction, in the GC fraction the amount of dipyrimidine isostichs is higher than monopyrimidine ones. The AT and GC fractions isolated contain unique, moderately and highly reiterated nucleotide sequences. About 90% of the GC fraction is represented by reiterated sequences. The isolated (from the GC fraction) highly reiterated sequences (GC fraction I, Cot = 2.8 X 10(-2)) are very similar to the original GC fraction in the GC and m5C contents as well as in the amount of m5C in the respective pyrimidine isostichs. GC fraction I differs from the total GC fraction in a lower pyrimidine clustering degree. In total DNA and in GC and AT fractions m5C is found in mono- (34-40% of total m5C), di-(26-30%) and in all longer pyrimidine isostichs. It is suggested that in plants there exist many types of DNA sequences to be methylated as well as many respective DNA methylases.", "PMID": 683193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5568", "title": "[Genetics and genetic counselling in childhood epilepsy (author's transl)].", "content": "According to electroencephalographical studies on the pathogenesis of epilepsy a hereditary predisposition plays a greater role than believed before. It is far more frequent than the manifest disease. The phenomenon of cerebral excitability is influenced by different genetically determined, differently age- and sexdependent but amongst each other independent factors. When defining the risk of epilepsy for siblings and descendents in practice, one is forced to proceed from the statistical empirical value with all its uncertainty. During the past few years, the figures have become more exact for special types of epilepsy as absence-epilepsy, myoclonic astatic Petit mal, and Impulsiv-Petit mal. Details of these results and their consequences for genetic advice are discussed.", "contents": "[Genetics and genetic counselling in childhood epilepsy (author's transl)]. According to electroencephalographical studies on the pathogenesis of epilepsy a hereditary predisposition plays a greater role than believed before. It is far more frequent than the manifest disease. The phenomenon of cerebral excitability is influenced by different genetically determined, differently age- and sexdependent but amongst each other independent factors. When defining the risk of epilepsy for siblings and descendents in practice, one is forced to proceed from the statistical empirical value with all its uncertainty. During the past few years, the figures have become more exact for special types of epilepsy as absence-epilepsy, myoclonic astatic Petit mal, and Impulsiv-Petit mal. Details of these results and their consequences for genetic advice are discussed.", "PMID": 683199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5569", "title": "[Ratio of primidone to phenobarbital serum levels as a criterion in the assessment of anticonvulsive therapy with primidone (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum levels of primidone and phenobarbital were measured and showed a relatively constant ratio in patients under primidone monotherapy. In outpatients, however, this ratio was lower and the range of its values wider than in hospitalized children, and the difference was significant (1:2.05 or 1:2.95). The reason for this turned out to be irregular intake of the drug by the outpatients. The ratio of primidone to phenobarbital serum levels offers itself as a control of regularity of intake of primidone.", "contents": "[Ratio of primidone to phenobarbital serum levels as a criterion in the assessment of anticonvulsive therapy with primidone (author's transl)]. Serum levels of primidone and phenobarbital were measured and showed a relatively constant ratio in patients under primidone monotherapy. In outpatients, however, this ratio was lower and the range of its values wider than in hospitalized children, and the difference was significant (1:2.05 or 1:2.95). The reason for this turned out to be irregular intake of the drug by the outpatients. The ratio of primidone to phenobarbital serum levels offers itself as a control of regularity of intake of primidone.", "PMID": 683200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5570", "title": "[Study of the acceptor portion of photosystem I according to the temperature relationships of P700 photoconversions].", "content": "The functioning of the acceptor part of photosystem I was studied by temperature dependence of time course of light induced absorbtion changes at 700 nm of digitonin chloroplast fragments, enriched by photosystem I. Partial irreversibility of P700 photooxidation at low temperatures and appearance of two components (rapid and slow) in the time course of P700+ dark reduction reflect the contribution of different acceptors in electron transport. Thermoinactivation of fragments incubation at acid pH or treatment by glutaraldehyde cause complete inhibition of irreversible P700 photooxidation and slow dark reduction of P700+ at -170 degrees. The slow component of P700+ reduction and irreversible photooxidation of P700 are ascribed to contribution of secondary ferredoxin acceptors. The accurence of rapid component of P700+ dark reduction in light induced signal of treated fragments indicate that this component is due to recombination of reduced primary acceptor and P700+. Because only one electron transport takes at -170 degrees, the occurence of rapid and slow components in dark decay kinetics of P700+ suggests, that secondary acceptors of some reaction centers are incapable to reduction at -170 degrees. The shape of temperature dependence curve of the slow P700+ reduction component is interpreted as an indication of the tunneling electron transport.", "contents": "[Study of the acceptor portion of photosystem I according to the temperature relationships of P700 photoconversions]. The functioning of the acceptor part of photosystem I was studied by temperature dependence of time course of light induced absorbtion changes at 700 nm of digitonin chloroplast fragments, enriched by photosystem I. Partial irreversibility of P700 photooxidation at low temperatures and appearance of two components (rapid and slow) in the time course of P700+ dark reduction reflect the contribution of different acceptors in electron transport. Thermoinactivation of fragments incubation at acid pH or treatment by glutaraldehyde cause complete inhibition of irreversible P700 photooxidation and slow dark reduction of P700+ at -170 degrees. The slow component of P700+ reduction and irreversible photooxidation of P700 are ascribed to contribution of secondary ferredoxin acceptors. The accurence of rapid component of P700+ dark reduction in light induced signal of treated fragments indicate that this component is due to recombination of reduced primary acceptor and P700+. Because only one electron transport takes at -170 degrees, the occurence of rapid and slow components in dark decay kinetics of P700+ suggests, that secondary acceptors of some reaction centers are incapable to reduction at -170 degrees. The shape of temperature dependence curve of the slow P700+ reduction component is interpreted as an indication of the tunneling electron transport.", "PMID": 683195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5571", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic investigations on sisomicin in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside effective against gramnegative germs. The sensitiveness of coli, proteus, pseudomonas and klebsiella ranges from 0,1 to 0,4 mcg/ml. Germs with inhibition-values of up to 1 mcg/ml are certainly Sisomicin-sensitive. The side-effects of Sisomicin resemble those of other aminoglycosides, as for instance lesions of the VIIth cranial nerve and the kidney. Since aminoglycosides have a relatively small therapeutic range between toxicity and effective minimal-concentration, investigations are important especially in children. 66 children of different age groups received Sisomicin in doses of 3 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, and examined pharmacokineticly. Serum-levels were measured after 30 min 1, 2, and 4h, in some cases also after 6 and 8 h. In a separate group we determined the values after 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 min. The urinary output was controlled and the content of Sisomicin in meconium determined. Based on these results we recommend an individual, Sisomicin dosage for each age group. Clinically the Sisomicin proved to be well tolerated and effective antibioticum.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic investigations on sisomicin in children (author's transl)]. Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside effective against gramnegative germs. The sensitiveness of coli, proteus, pseudomonas and klebsiella ranges from 0,1 to 0,4 mcg/ml. Germs with inhibition-values of up to 1 mcg/ml are certainly Sisomicin-sensitive. The side-effects of Sisomicin resemble those of other aminoglycosides, as for instance lesions of the VIIth cranial nerve and the kidney. Since aminoglycosides have a relatively small therapeutic range between toxicity and effective minimal-concentration, investigations are important especially in children. 66 children of different age groups received Sisomicin in doses of 3 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, and examined pharmacokineticly. Serum-levels were measured after 30 min 1, 2, and 4h, in some cases also after 6 and 8 h. In a separate group we determined the values after 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 min. The urinary output was controlled and the content of Sisomicin in meconium determined. Based on these results we recommend an individual, Sisomicin dosage for each age group. Clinically the Sisomicin proved to be well tolerated and effective antibioticum.", "PMID": 683201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5572", "title": "[Role of the ribose residue of substrates in reactions catalyzed by ribonuclease].", "content": "The rate constants and Km for the hydrolysis of the optically active nonglycosidic analogues of the CpA and C greater than p catalysed by RNase A and RNase BS-I were measured. The rate of hydrolysis of the model substrates in 10(5) and 10(3) slower that for the appropriate dinucleoside phosphate and nucleoside cyclophosphate. However, substitution of the relatively rigid ribofuranose ring with flexible alifatic chains is accompanied by little variation in binding constants. The analyses based on the single substrate system indicate that the observed difference in rate constants must be accounted for by a difference between the binding of the substrates in the transition state to the RNase active site. Consequently, the \"rigidity\" of the ribose rings in RNA leads to large decreases in the free energy of activation for the reactions catalysed by RNases.", "contents": "[Role of the ribose residue of substrates in reactions catalyzed by ribonuclease]. The rate constants and Km for the hydrolysis of the optically active nonglycosidic analogues of the CpA and C greater than p catalysed by RNase A and RNase BS-I were measured. The rate of hydrolysis of the model substrates in 10(5) and 10(3) slower that for the appropriate dinucleoside phosphate and nucleoside cyclophosphate. However, substitution of the relatively rigid ribofuranose ring with flexible alifatic chains is accompanied by little variation in binding constants. The analyses based on the single substrate system indicate that the observed difference in rate constants must be accounted for by a difference between the binding of the substrates in the transition state to the RNase active site. Consequently, the \"rigidity\" of the ribose rings in RNA leads to large decreases in the free energy of activation for the reactions catalysed by RNases.", "PMID": 683197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5573", "title": "[Transcription and the composition of chromatin isolated from rat liver cells after cortisone administration].", "content": "The effect of removal of various protein fractions on the patterns of transcription of the chromatin isolated from rat liver nuclei after cortisone administration has been studied. The RNA synthesized in vitro on the protein-depleted chromatin templates was investigated by competitive hybridization technique with the nuclear RNA synthesized in vivo. Extraction of chromatin with 0.7 M NaCl (removal of histone H1 and a part of loosely bound nonhistone proteins) did not interfere with the synthesis of the hormone-specific RNA population on chromatin templates. However, treatment of chromatin with 1.0 M NaCl fully eliminated the hormone-related pattern of transcription. Electrophoretic analysis demonstrated that the fractional composition of chromatin proteins is changed under the action of cortisone. An additional protein fraction specific for the hormone-activated chromatin with a lower electrophoretic mobility than H1 histone was found by electrophoresis at pH 2.7. Using the method of SDS electrophoresis, the additional subfraction of H1 histone was observed and the amount of protein located between H1 and H3 histones increase as the result of cortisone injection.", "contents": "[Transcription and the composition of chromatin isolated from rat liver cells after cortisone administration]. The effect of removal of various protein fractions on the patterns of transcription of the chromatin isolated from rat liver nuclei after cortisone administration has been studied. The RNA synthesized in vitro on the protein-depleted chromatin templates was investigated by competitive hybridization technique with the nuclear RNA synthesized in vivo. Extraction of chromatin with 0.7 M NaCl (removal of histone H1 and a part of loosely bound nonhistone proteins) did not interfere with the synthesis of the hormone-specific RNA population on chromatin templates. However, treatment of chromatin with 1.0 M NaCl fully eliminated the hormone-related pattern of transcription. Electrophoretic analysis demonstrated that the fractional composition of chromatin proteins is changed under the action of cortisone. An additional protein fraction specific for the hormone-activated chromatin with a lower electrophoretic mobility than H1 histone was found by electrophoresis at pH 2.7. Using the method of SDS electrophoresis, the additional subfraction of H1 histone was observed and the amount of protein located between H1 and H3 histones increase as the result of cortisone injection.", "PMID": 683196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5574", "title": "[Protein evolution rate and immunoglobulin induction].", "content": "The capacity of proteins to induce the synthesis of specific immunoglobulins was shown to be correlated with their evolution rate. This correlation can be understood in terms of the clonal-selectional theory. The characteristic correlation parameter is the number of differences in the amino acid sequences between the immunogenic protein and the homological protein of the immunized animal. The above correlation was traced most clearly for the evolutionary conservative proteins.", "contents": "[Protein evolution rate and immunoglobulin induction]. The capacity of proteins to induce the synthesis of specific immunoglobulins was shown to be correlated with their evolution rate. This correlation can be understood in terms of the clonal-selectional theory. The characteristic correlation parameter is the number of differences in the amino acid sequences between the immunogenic protein and the homological protein of the immunized animal. The above correlation was traced most clearly for the evolutionary conservative proteins.", "PMID": 683192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5575", "title": "[Absorption spectrum and magnetic circular dichroism of heme-containing proteins in nonequilibrium states. I. Hemoglobin and its derivatives].", "content": "Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of nonequilibrium states of hemoglobin and its derivatives formed by reduction oxidased forms of hemoproteins by thermalysed electrons at 77 degrees K were studied. Mixtures of low spin and high spin ferroforms were observed for nonequilibrium hemoglobin and its complexes with inosithexaphosphate and fluorine. The content of the high spin form increasing as follows: hemoglobin, complex with inosithexaphosphate, complex with fluorine. Only low spin forms were found for cyanide and azide complexes of hemoglobin reduced at low temperature. The spectral differences of nonequilibrium low spin ferroforms were supposed to be due to the presence of different ligands in the coordination sphere of the heme iron. The alpha-band splitting was observed for the nonequilibrium imidazole complex of hemoglobin. This effect was explained by a lowe-ring of the active centre's symmetry. The temperature relaxation of all nonequilibrium systems was investigated.", "contents": "[Absorption spectrum and magnetic circular dichroism of heme-containing proteins in nonequilibrium states. I. Hemoglobin and its derivatives]. Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of nonequilibrium states of hemoglobin and its derivatives formed by reduction oxidased forms of hemoproteins by thermalysed electrons at 77 degrees K were studied. Mixtures of low spin and high spin ferroforms were observed for nonequilibrium hemoglobin and its complexes with inosithexaphosphate and fluorine. The content of the high spin form increasing as follows: hemoglobin, complex with inosithexaphosphate, complex with fluorine. Only low spin forms were found for cyanide and azide complexes of hemoglobin reduced at low temperature. The spectral differences of nonequilibrium low spin ferroforms were supposed to be due to the presence of different ligands in the coordination sphere of the heme iron. The alpha-band splitting was observed for the nonequilibrium imidazole complex of hemoglobin. This effect was explained by a lowe-ring of the active centre's symmetry. The temperature relaxation of all nonequilibrium systems was investigated.", "PMID": 683198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5576", "title": "Relation between plasma and red-cell electrolyte concentrations and digoxin levels in children.", "content": "We determined alterations in plasma and red-cell electrolyte concentrations associated with digoxin administration in 11 children in heart failure, 24 nontoxic patients receiving maintenance digoxin and 11 children in whom digoxin toxicity developed. Twenty normal children served as controls. Digoxin therapy was associated with a mean (+/- S.E.M.) increase in red-cell sodium from a pretreatment level of 6.2 +/- 0.7 meq per liter to 11.9 +/- 1.2 meq per liter and a decrease in red-cell potassium from 105.4 +/- 1.4 to 99.5 +/- 1.9 meq per liter (P less than 0.001). The red-cell sodium levels of toxic patients exceeded those of nontoxic patients whereas the potassium concentrations were lower (P less than 0.001). Toxic patients manifested significantly higher ratios of red-cell sodium to red-cell potassium (0.213 +/- 0.003) than nontoxic patients (0.085 +/- 0.008; P less than 0.001). Changes in red-cell electrolytes are sensitive indicators of digoxin affects.", "contents": "Relation between plasma and red-cell electrolyte concentrations and digoxin levels in children. We determined alterations in plasma and red-cell electrolyte concentrations associated with digoxin administration in 11 children in heart failure, 24 nontoxic patients receiving maintenance digoxin and 11 children in whom digoxin toxicity developed. Twenty normal children served as controls. Digoxin therapy was associated with a mean (+/- S.E.M.) increase in red-cell sodium from a pretreatment level of 6.2 +/- 0.7 meq per liter to 11.9 +/- 1.2 meq per liter and a decrease in red-cell potassium from 105.4 +/- 1.4 to 99.5 +/- 1.9 meq per liter (P less than 0.001). The red-cell sodium levels of toxic patients exceeded those of nontoxic patients whereas the potassium concentrations were lower (P less than 0.001). Toxic patients manifested significantly higher ratios of red-cell sodium to red-cell potassium (0.213 +/- 0.003) than nontoxic patients (0.085 +/- 0.008; P less than 0.001). Changes in red-cell electrolytes are sensitive indicators of digoxin affects.", "PMID": 683206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5577", "title": "Oral contraceptives and birth defects.", "content": "We reviewed the birth certificates and hospital records of 7723 infants those mothers had reported using oral contraceptives. The overall frequency of malformation was 4.3 per cent for infants whose mothers terminated use of oral contraceptives shortly before conception, as compared with 3.3 per cent for infants whose mothers did not take oral conceptives diring the three years before conception. The 90 per cent confidence limits for the prevalence ratio were 1.0 and 1.7. No difference was apparent for major malformations. For specific malformations the most notable difference was for undescented testis, but this excess, like the overall excess, could be explained by sampling variability. Despite the slightly greater rate of minor malformations in the short-interval group, a reasonable interpretation of these data would be that oral contraceptives present no major teratogenic hazard.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and birth defects. We reviewed the birth certificates and hospital records of 7723 infants those mothers had reported using oral contraceptives. The overall frequency of malformation was 4.3 per cent for infants whose mothers terminated use of oral contraceptives shortly before conception, as compared with 3.3 per cent for infants whose mothers did not take oral conceptives diring the three years before conception. The 90 per cent confidence limits for the prevalence ratio were 1.0 and 1.7. No difference was apparent for major malformations. For specific malformations the most notable difference was for undescented testis, but this excess, like the overall excess, could be explained by sampling variability. Despite the slightly greater rate of minor malformations in the short-interval group, a reasonable interpretation of these data would be that oral contraceptives present no major teratogenic hazard.", "PMID": 683207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5578", "title": "Special report on Laetrile: the NCI Laetrile Review. Results of the National Cancer Institute's retrospective Laetrile analysis.", "content": "The National Cancer Institute, in response to widespread public interest, undertook a retrospective analysis of Laetrile treatment. Only cases thought to have shown objective benefit from Laetrile were solicited by mail request to 385,000 physicians and 70,000 other health professionals and by direct contact with pro-Laetrile groups. Although it is estimated that at least 70,000 Americans have used Laetrile, only 93 cases were submitted for evaluation. Twenty-six of these Laetrile cases had to be eliminated because of insufficient documentation, and an equal number of conventionally treated cases selected from the institute's files were added to the records to be analyzed. A panel of 12 oncologists, who had no knowledge of the actual treatments given, was then asked to evaluate the results of 160 courses of treatment (68 Laetrile, 68 chemotherapy, 24 \"no treatment\") in the abstracted records from 93 patients. The panel judged six Laetrile courses to have produced a response (two complete and four partial). These results allow no definite conclusions supporting the anti-cancer activity of Laetrile. The National Cancer Institute will use the data in deciding if further study is needed.", "contents": "Special report on Laetrile: the NCI Laetrile Review. Results of the National Cancer Institute's retrospective Laetrile analysis. The National Cancer Institute, in response to widespread public interest, undertook a retrospective analysis of Laetrile treatment. Only cases thought to have shown objective benefit from Laetrile were solicited by mail request to 385,000 physicians and 70,000 other health professionals and by direct contact with pro-Laetrile groups. Although it is estimated that at least 70,000 Americans have used Laetrile, only 93 cases were submitted for evaluation. Twenty-six of these Laetrile cases had to be eliminated because of insufficient documentation, and an equal number of conventionally treated cases selected from the institute's files were added to the records to be analyzed. A panel of 12 oncologists, who had no knowledge of the actual treatments given, was then asked to evaluate the results of 160 courses of treatment (68 Laetrile, 68 chemotherapy, 24 \"no treatment\") in the abstracted records from 93 patients. The panel judged six Laetrile courses to have produced a response (two complete and four partial). These results allow no definite conclusions supporting the anti-cancer activity of Laetrile. The National Cancer Institute will use the data in deciding if further study is needed.", "PMID": 683212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5579", "title": "Low positioning of umbilical-artery catheters increases associated complications in newborn infants.", "content": "We performed a randomized prospective study of the effect of placement position of umbilical-artery catheters on complication rates in high-risk newborn infants. A higher complication rate (31 of 40 vs. 13 of 33) (P less than 0.005) occurred in the group with the catheter tip at the third to fourth lumbar segment, as compared to those with the tip at the seventh to eighth thoracic segment, owing to more episodes of blanching and cyanosis of the extremities. There was no difference between groups in the rate of complications requiring catheter removal. Aortography revealed thrombosis in 21 of 23 patients studied, but there was no clinical evidence of impaired circulation. In retrospect, we found that, independently of catheter position, administration of antibiotics through the catheter was associated with an increased rate of complications (63 vs. 20 per cent). Umbilical-artery catheterization entails potential risks regardless of the position of the catheter; placement of the catheter with its tip at the seventh to eighth thoracic segment may be associated with fewer complications than at lower positions.", "contents": "Low positioning of umbilical-artery catheters increases associated complications in newborn infants. We performed a randomized prospective study of the effect of placement position of umbilical-artery catheters on complication rates in high-risk newborn infants. A higher complication rate (31 of 40 vs. 13 of 33) (P less than 0.005) occurred in the group with the catheter tip at the third to fourth lumbar segment, as compared to those with the tip at the seventh to eighth thoracic segment, owing to more episodes of blanching and cyanosis of the extremities. There was no difference between groups in the rate of complications requiring catheter removal. Aortography revealed thrombosis in 21 of 23 patients studied, but there was no clinical evidence of impaired circulation. In retrospect, we found that, independently of catheter position, administration of antibiotics through the catheter was associated with an increased rate of complications (63 vs. 20 per cent). Umbilical-artery catheterization entails potential risks regardless of the position of the catheter; placement of the catheter with its tip at the seventh to eighth thoracic segment may be associated with fewer complications than at lower positions.", "PMID": 683224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5580", "title": "Lung cancer after employment in shipyards during World War II.", "content": "A case-control study, undertaken to identify reasons for the exceptionally high rate of lung cancer among male residents of coastal Georgia, revealed a significantly increased risk associated with employment in area shipyards during World War II. The summary relative-risk estimate, adjusted for smoking, other occupations, age, race and county of residence was 1.6 (95 per cent confidence limits = 1.1 to 2.3). A synergistic relation was found between shipyard employment and cigarette smoking. These findings suggest that asbestos and possible other shipyard exposures during wartime employment account for part of the excess mortality from lung cancer in certain coastal areas of the United States.", "contents": "Lung cancer after employment in shipyards during World War II. A case-control study, undertaken to identify reasons for the exceptionally high rate of lung cancer among male residents of coastal Georgia, revealed a significantly increased risk associated with employment in area shipyards during World War II. The summary relative-risk estimate, adjusted for smoking, other occupations, age, race and county of residence was 1.6 (95 per cent confidence limits = 1.1 to 2.3). A synergistic relation was found between shipyard employment and cigarette smoking. These findings suggest that asbestos and possible other shipyard exposures during wartime employment account for part of the excess mortality from lung cancer in certain coastal areas of the United States.", "PMID": 683235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5581", "title": "Hyperphenylalaninemia due to a deficiency of biopterin. A variant form of phenylketonuria.", "content": "We studied the components of the hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylating system in a child with phenylketonuria who showed substantial neurologic impairment despite early dietary control of elevated blood phenylalanine levels. Phenylalanine hydroxylase, dihydropteridine reductase and dihydrofolate reductase activities were normal. In contrast the level of hydroxylation cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, in liver was only 10 per cent of normal. In addition to this hepatic deficiency, serum and urinary levels of biopterin-like compounds were low, and the serum biopterin did not increase in response to a phenylalanine load as it does in normal and phenylketonuric subjects. The phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in this child, as determined by an in vivo tritium-release assay, was 2.3 per cent of the normal value. These results indicate that the child suffers from a variant form of phenylketonuria--a deficiency of a functional phenylalanine hydroxylating system secondary to a defect in biosynthesis of biopterin.", "contents": "Hyperphenylalaninemia due to a deficiency of biopterin. A variant form of phenylketonuria. We studied the components of the hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylating system in a child with phenylketonuria who showed substantial neurologic impairment despite early dietary control of elevated blood phenylalanine levels. Phenylalanine hydroxylase, dihydropteridine reductase and dihydrofolate reductase activities were normal. In contrast the level of hydroxylation cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, in liver was only 10 per cent of normal. In addition to this hepatic deficiency, serum and urinary levels of biopterin-like compounds were low, and the serum biopterin did not increase in response to a phenylalanine load as it does in normal and phenylketonuric subjects. The phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in this child, as determined by an in vivo tritium-release assay, was 2.3 per cent of the normal value. These results indicate that the child suffers from a variant form of phenylketonuria--a deficiency of a functional phenylalanine hydroxylating system secondary to a defect in biosynthesis of biopterin.", "PMID": 683251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5582", "title": "Growth and development in children with sickle-cell trait. A prospective study of matched pairs.", "content": "To ascertain if sickle-cell trait (Hb AS) impairs physical growth and cognitive development, we prospectively investigated 50 matched pairs of black children. For each child with Hb AS, an Hb AA child was matched at birth for sex, birth date, birth weight, gestational age, five-minute Apgar score and socioeconomic status. Between the ages of three and five years, the members of each matched pair were evaluated, with one month of one another, by persons \"blind\" to the hemoglobin genotype. Twelve outcome measurements were obtained at evaluation: height, weight, head circumference, skin-fold thickness, cross-sectional area of arm muscle, bone age, five scores of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. There were no statistically significant differences in these measurements favoring the AA group. The results show that children with sickle-cell trait in this age group have no deficits in standard measurements of growth and development and emphasize the importance of rigorous methods when clinical groups are assembled and compared.", "contents": "Growth and development in children with sickle-cell trait. A prospective study of matched pairs. To ascertain if sickle-cell trait (Hb AS) impairs physical growth and cognitive development, we prospectively investigated 50 matched pairs of black children. For each child with Hb AS, an Hb AA child was matched at birth for sex, birth date, birth weight, gestational age, five-minute Apgar score and socioeconomic status. Between the ages of three and five years, the members of each matched pair were evaluated, with one month of one another, by persons \"blind\" to the hemoglobin genotype. Twelve outcome measurements were obtained at evaluation: height, weight, head circumference, skin-fold thickness, cross-sectional area of arm muscle, bone age, five scores of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. There were no statistically significant differences in these measurements favoring the AA group. The results show that children with sickle-cell trait in this age group have no deficits in standard measurements of growth and development and emphasize the importance of rigorous methods when clinical groups are assembled and compared.", "PMID": 683252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5583", "title": "A syndrome of methylmalonic aciduria, homocystinuria, megaloblastic anemia and neurologic abnormalities in a vitamin B12-deficient breast-fed infant of a strict vegetarian.", "content": "We studied a six-month-old infant with severe megaloblastic anemia, coma and hyperpigmentation of the extremities. He was found to have methylmalonic aciduria (79 mumol per milligram of creatinine) and homocystinuria (0.85 mumol per milligram of creatinine). Additional biochemical abnormalities included cystathioninuria, glycinuria, methylcitric aciduria, 3-hydroxypropionic aciduria and formic aciduria. The concentration of vitamin B12 in the serum was 20 pg per milliliter. This severe nutritional deficiency was a consequence of inadequate intake, for the infant was exclusively breast-fed by a strictly vegetarian mother who manifested methylmalonic aciduria. Our observations emphasize the importance of educating strict vegetarians about the deficiency of vitamin B12 in their diets and the importance of vitamin B12 supplementation.", "contents": "A syndrome of methylmalonic aciduria, homocystinuria, megaloblastic anemia and neurologic abnormalities in a vitamin B12-deficient breast-fed infant of a strict vegetarian. We studied a six-month-old infant with severe megaloblastic anemia, coma and hyperpigmentation of the extremities. He was found to have methylmalonic aciduria (79 mumol per milligram of creatinine) and homocystinuria (0.85 mumol per milligram of creatinine). Additional biochemical abnormalities included cystathioninuria, glycinuria, methylcitric aciduria, 3-hydroxypropionic aciduria and formic aciduria. The concentration of vitamin B12 in the serum was 20 pg per milliliter. This severe nutritional deficiency was a consequence of inadequate intake, for the infant was exclusively breast-fed by a strictly vegetarian mother who manifested methylmalonic aciduria. Our observations emphasize the importance of educating strict vegetarians about the deficiency of vitamin B12 in their diets and the importance of vitamin B12 supplementation.", "PMID": 683264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5584", "title": "Effect of fetal monitoring on neonatal death rates.", "content": "We analyzed data from 15,846 live-born infants to assess the effect of electronic fetal monitoring on neonatal death rates. The crude neonatal death rate was 1.7 times higher in unmonitored infants than in those monitored. Adjusting for inherent risk and changes in mortality rates and monitoring rates during the years of the study lowered the relative risk to 1.4 (95 per cent confidence interval, 0.85 to 2.45). The estimated yield from monitoring decreased as the inherent risk of the baby declined. Thus, in the highest-risk group 109 lives might be saved for every thousand babies monitored. In the lowest risk group (babies at term with no risk factors) the neonatal death rate is around one per thousand. The absolute benefit for this large group could therefore not exceed one life saved for every thousand babies monitored.", "contents": "Effect of fetal monitoring on neonatal death rates. We analyzed data from 15,846 live-born infants to assess the effect of electronic fetal monitoring on neonatal death rates. The crude neonatal death rate was 1.7 times higher in unmonitored infants than in those monitored. Adjusting for inherent risk and changes in mortality rates and monitoring rates during the years of the study lowered the relative risk to 1.4 (95 per cent confidence interval, 0.85 to 2.45). The estimated yield from monitoring decreased as the inherent risk of the baby declined. Thus, in the highest-risk group 109 lives might be saved for every thousand babies monitored. In the lowest risk group (babies at term with no risk factors) the neonatal death rate is around one per thousand. The absolute benefit for this large group could therefore not exceed one life saved for every thousand babies monitored.", "PMID": 683265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5585", "title": "The autopsy: its decline and a suggestion for its revival.", "content": "The hospital autopsy rate in the United States dropped from 41 per cent in 1964 to 22 per cent in 1975. This reduction is attributable to a declining interest for many reasons by clinicians, surgeons, pathologists, families of the deceased and hospital administrators and hospital accreditors. Various advances in medicine and surgery in recent years have not replaced the value of the autopsy; indeed they have increased the potential information to be gained from it. For interest in autopsies to be revived among physicians and surgeons, pathologists must provide more expert information from the autopsy. To provide the type of information sought from autopsies by physicians and surgeons, the training of pathologists must be altered so that there can be more specialization in anatomic pathology and more subspecialization in the various organ systems, as in internal medicine. In addition, the means of communication between anatomic pathologists and clinicians needs altering so that important clinical questions are recognized by pathologists, and the answers sought and promptly, understandably and diplomatically communicated to physicians and surgeons. Moreover, the large body of information obtained in recent years from autopsies alone needs to be better recognized by clinicians so that they may better understand the value of these examinations.", "contents": "The autopsy: its decline and a suggestion for its revival. The hospital autopsy rate in the United States dropped from 41 per cent in 1964 to 22 per cent in 1975. This reduction is attributable to a declining interest for many reasons by clinicians, surgeons, pathologists, families of the deceased and hospital administrators and hospital accreditors. Various advances in medicine and surgery in recent years have not replaced the value of the autopsy; indeed they have increased the potential information to be gained from it. For interest in autopsies to be revived among physicians and surgeons, pathologists must provide more expert information from the autopsy. To provide the type of information sought from autopsies by physicians and surgeons, the training of pathologists must be altered so that there can be more specialization in anatomic pathology and more subspecialization in the various organ systems, as in internal medicine. In addition, the means of communication between anatomic pathologists and clinicians needs altering so that important clinical questions are recognized by pathologists, and the answers sought and promptly, understandably and diplomatically communicated to physicians and surgeons. Moreover, the large body of information obtained in recent years from autopsies alone needs to be better recognized by clinicians so that they may better understand the value of these examinations.", "PMID": 683266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5586", "title": "Hyperglucagonemia and its suppression. Importance in the metabolic control of diabetes.", "content": "The role of glucagon in diabetes was studied in four patients with juvenile-type diabetes during continuous insulin infusion and a diet containing 150 g per day of carbohydrate. During insulin alone, plasma glucagon, measured at two-hour intervals, averaged 182 +/- 34 pg per milliliter, glucose 269 +/- 11 mg per deciliter, glucose excretion 52 +/- 8 g per 24 hours, ketone excretion 1.3 +/- 0.3 mmol per 24 hours, and urea nitrogen 12 +/- 2 g per 24 hours (mean +/- S.E.M.). Somatostatin (2 mg per day) lowered glucagon to 60 +/- 13 pg per milliliter, glucose to 111 +/- 17 mg per deciliter, glucose excretion to 1 +/- 0.7 g per 24 hours, ketone excretion to 0.5 +/- 0.2 mmol per 24 hours and urea nitrogen excretion to 8 +/- 2 g per 24 hours. Replacement of glucagon raised glucagon to 272 +/- 30 pg per milliliter, glucose to 202 +/- 20 mg per deciliter, glucose excretion to 14 +/- 7 g per 24 hours, ketone excretion to 0.8 mmol per 24 hours and urea nitrogen excretion to 11 +/- 2 g per 24 hours. In a subsequent study, similar improvement occurred on a diet of 30 g of carbohydrate daily, when absorption of dietary glucose was negligible. Hyperglucagonemia has an important role in diabetes; its correction reduces diabetic abnormalities to or toward normal.", "contents": "Hyperglucagonemia and its suppression. Importance in the metabolic control of diabetes. The role of glucagon in diabetes was studied in four patients with juvenile-type diabetes during continuous insulin infusion and a diet containing 150 g per day of carbohydrate. During insulin alone, plasma glucagon, measured at two-hour intervals, averaged 182 +/- 34 pg per milliliter, glucose 269 +/- 11 mg per deciliter, glucose excretion 52 +/- 8 g per 24 hours, ketone excretion 1.3 +/- 0.3 mmol per 24 hours, and urea nitrogen 12 +/- 2 g per 24 hours (mean +/- S.E.M.). Somatostatin (2 mg per day) lowered glucagon to 60 +/- 13 pg per milliliter, glucose to 111 +/- 17 mg per deciliter, glucose excretion to 1 +/- 0.7 g per 24 hours, ketone excretion to 0.5 +/- 0.2 mmol per 24 hours and urea nitrogen excretion to 8 +/- 2 g per 24 hours. Replacement of glucagon raised glucagon to 272 +/- 30 pg per milliliter, glucose to 202 +/- 20 mg per deciliter, glucose excretion to 14 +/- 7 g per 24 hours, ketone excretion to 0.8 mmol per 24 hours and urea nitrogen excretion to 11 +/- 2 g per 24 hours. In a subsequent study, similar improvement occurred on a diet of 30 g of carbohydrate daily, when absorption of dietary glucose was negligible. Hyperglucagonemia has an important role in diabetes; its correction reduces diabetic abnormalities to or toward normal.", "PMID": 683275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5587", "title": "Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level as a prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer.", "content": "We examined the relation of carcinoembryonic antigen levels to time, site and extent of recurrence in 358 patients with colorectal cancer. The recurrence rate was higher in patients with Dukes' B and Dukes' C lesions who had preoperative levels higher than 5 ng per milliliter. There was a linear inverse correlation between preoperative levels and estimated mean time to recurrence in patients with Dukes' B and C lesions, ranging from 30 months for a level of 2 to 9.8 months for a level of 70 ng per milliliter. In patients with Dukes' C lesions the median time to recurrence was 13 months if preoperative levels were higher than 5 ng per milliliter, and 28 months if they were lower. Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with resectable Dukes' B and C cancer provided an additional criterion for allocating these patients to groups at high or low risk for recurrence.", "contents": "Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level as a prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer. We examined the relation of carcinoembryonic antigen levels to time, site and extent of recurrence in 358 patients with colorectal cancer. The recurrence rate was higher in patients with Dukes' B and Dukes' C lesions who had preoperative levels higher than 5 ng per milliliter. There was a linear inverse correlation between preoperative levels and estimated mean time to recurrence in patients with Dukes' B and C lesions, ranging from 30 months for a level of 2 to 9.8 months for a level of 70 ng per milliliter. In patients with Dukes' C lesions the median time to recurrence was 13 months if preoperative levels were higher than 5 ng per milliliter, and 28 months if they were lower. Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with resectable Dukes' B and C cancer provided an additional criterion for allocating these patients to groups at high or low risk for recurrence.", "PMID": 683276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5588", "title": "Neoplastic transformation induced by a direct perturbation of DNA.", "content": "Treatment of Syrian hamster embryo cells with 5-bromodeoxyuridine followed by near ultraviolet irradiation results in neoplastic transformation of these cells. This demonstrates that a direct perturbation of DNA is sufficient to initiate neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "Neoplastic transformation induced by a direct perturbation of DNA. Treatment of Syrian hamster embryo cells with 5-bromodeoxyuridine followed by near ultraviolet irradiation results in neoplastic transformation of these cells. This demonstrates that a direct perturbation of DNA is sufficient to initiate neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 683303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5589", "title": "Selfish genes, evolutionary games, and the adaptiveness of behaviour.", "content": "The science of sociobiology, which began in principle with the work of Fisher and Haldane and has more recently been developed by Hamilton, Maynard Smith, Trivers, Wilson and others, has been the centre of both scientific and political controversy. Dr Parker discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the approach, and illustrates that behaviour can be adapted in a complex way in conformity with sociobiological theory.", "contents": "Selfish genes, evolutionary games, and the adaptiveness of behaviour. The science of sociobiology, which began in principle with the work of Fisher and Haldane and has more recently been developed by Hamilton, Maynard Smith, Trivers, Wilson and others, has been the centre of both scientific and political controversy. Dr Parker discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the approach, and illustrates that behaviour can be adapted in a complex way in conformity with sociobiological theory.", "PMID": 683325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5590", "title": "Sensory neurones recognise defined pathways in Drosophila central nervous system.", "content": "An analysis of the central projection of various sensory neurones in the homoeotic mutant bithorax postbithorax, and in flies where an adult nerve had been experimentally misrouted, reveals that neurones are able to develop a normal projection even if they enter the central nervous system at an unusual place.", "contents": "Sensory neurones recognise defined pathways in Drosophila central nervous system. An analysis of the central projection of various sensory neurones in the homoeotic mutant bithorax postbithorax, and in flies where an adult nerve had been experimentally misrouted, reveals that neurones are able to develop a normal projection even if they enter the central nervous system at an unusual place.", "PMID": 683326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5591", "title": "Electrophoretic movement and localisation of acetylcholine receptors in the embryonic muscle cell membrane.", "content": "A steady electric field of 30 mV across a single embryonic muscle cell produces accumulation of acetylcholine receptors toward one pole of the cell within 1 h. The movement is electrophoretic in nature and the accumulation results in the formation of stable, metabolically independent receptor aggregates.", "contents": "Electrophoretic movement and localisation of acetylcholine receptors in the embryonic muscle cell membrane. A steady electric field of 30 mV across a single embryonic muscle cell produces accumulation of acetylcholine receptors toward one pole of the cell within 1 h. The movement is electrophoretic in nature and the accumulation results in the formation of stable, metabolically independent receptor aggregates.", "PMID": 683340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5592", "title": "The role of the electrogenic sodium pump in the potassium relaxation of the rabbit ear artery.", "content": "1. The mechanism of the potassium-induced relaxation of contracted vascular smooth muscle has been studied in helical strips of rabbit ear artery by recording isometric tension and membrane potential. The arteries were stimulated with a standard concentration of 2 x10(-8) M noradrenaline producing about 20% of the maximal contractile response to noradrenaline. 2. At K+ concentrations between 1.2 and 20.0 mM, a positive correlation was found between [K+]0 and the contractile response to noradrenaline, i.e. increasing [K+]0 enhanced the effect of noradrenaline. However, when noradrenaline was added after a 10 min exposure to reduced [K+]0 (1.2 mM) and [K+]0 was then increased to 5.9 mM after the tension had reached a plateau, a relaxation of about 50% occurred instead of the expected increase in tension. The relaxation was preceded by a membrane hyperpolarization of about 8 mV. 3. A biphasic change of both membrane potential and tension resulted when, after exposure of arterial strips to 1.2 mM K+ and stimulation with noradrenaline, [K+]0 was increased to 20.0 mM: hyperpolarization and relaxation developed faster than at 5.9 mM K+, but after 1 min the hyperpolarization changed to a depolarization followed by an increase in tension. 4. Ca2+-free solution and D 600 (an inhibitor of Ca2+ transmembrane flux) diminished, but did not abolish, the tension response to noradrenaline; in the presence of D 600, the hyperpolarization upon increasing [K+]0 after a previous exposure to 1.2 mM K+ was not affected, but a relaxation no longer occurred. 5. It is concluded that a) electrogenic ion transport causes the hyperpolarization that occurs when [K+]0 is increased after a period of exposure to low [K+]0; b) the hyperpolarization leads to relaxation by blocking the influx of extracellular Ca2+, but does not affect that component of the contractile response which is due to the release of intracellular Ca2+.", "contents": "The role of the electrogenic sodium pump in the potassium relaxation of the rabbit ear artery. 1. The mechanism of the potassium-induced relaxation of contracted vascular smooth muscle has been studied in helical strips of rabbit ear artery by recording isometric tension and membrane potential. The arteries were stimulated with a standard concentration of 2 x10(-8) M noradrenaline producing about 20% of the maximal contractile response to noradrenaline. 2. At K+ concentrations between 1.2 and 20.0 mM, a positive correlation was found between [K+]0 and the contractile response to noradrenaline, i.e. increasing [K+]0 enhanced the effect of noradrenaline. However, when noradrenaline was added after a 10 min exposure to reduced [K+]0 (1.2 mM) and [K+]0 was then increased to 5.9 mM after the tension had reached a plateau, a relaxation of about 50% occurred instead of the expected increase in tension. The relaxation was preceded by a membrane hyperpolarization of about 8 mV. 3. A biphasic change of both membrane potential and tension resulted when, after exposure of arterial strips to 1.2 mM K+ and stimulation with noradrenaline, [K+]0 was increased to 20.0 mM: hyperpolarization and relaxation developed faster than at 5.9 mM K+, but after 1 min the hyperpolarization changed to a depolarization followed by an increase in tension. 4. Ca2+-free solution and D 600 (an inhibitor of Ca2+ transmembrane flux) diminished, but did not abolish, the tension response to noradrenaline; in the presence of D 600, the hyperpolarization upon increasing [K+]0 after a previous exposure to 1.2 mM K+ was not affected, but a relaxation no longer occurred. 5. It is concluded that a) electrogenic ion transport causes the hyperpolarization that occurs when [K+]0 is increased after a period of exposure to low [K+]0; b) the hyperpolarization leads to relaxation by blocking the influx of extracellular Ca2+, but does not affect that component of the contractile response which is due to the release of intracellular Ca2+.", "PMID": 683348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5593", "title": "Comparison of the thermoregulatory responses to intracerebroventricularly injected dopamine and noradrenaline in the sheep.", "content": "The thermoregulatory effects of dopamine (DA), given by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection to sheep, have been examined and compared with those of i.c.v. noradrenaline (NA). At ambient temperatures (Ta) of 20 degrees and 30 degrees C both DA (200 nmol . kg-1) and NA (100 nmol . kg-1) induced constriction of the ear vessels, a decrease in respiratory frequency and an increase in rectal temperature (Tr). At Ta of 10 degrees and 0 degrees C both substances caused a decrease in heat production and a fall in Tr. The DA receptor blocker spiroperone (30 nmol . kg-1, i.c.v.), which itself had a vasodilatatory effect at 20 degrees C Ta, blocked the peripheral vasoconstriction and slightly attenuated the rise in Tr normally caused by i.c.v. DA or NA at this Ta, but did not eliminate the suppression of respiratory frequency. During i.c.v. infusion, at 20 degrees C Ta, with the DA-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA-63, the effect of i.c.v. DA on Tr was attenuated, while that of NA was enhanced. These results suggest that in sheep central thermoregulatory system there are DA receptors which stimulate the pathway that controls peripheral vasomotor tone. The inhibitory effect of NA and DA on heat production and evaporative heat loss is probably mediated by noradrenergic receptors, which can also be activated by DA both directly and after its conversion to NA.", "contents": "Comparison of the thermoregulatory responses to intracerebroventricularly injected dopamine and noradrenaline in the sheep. The thermoregulatory effects of dopamine (DA), given by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection to sheep, have been examined and compared with those of i.c.v. noradrenaline (NA). At ambient temperatures (Ta) of 20 degrees and 30 degrees C both DA (200 nmol . kg-1) and NA (100 nmol . kg-1) induced constriction of the ear vessels, a decrease in respiratory frequency and an increase in rectal temperature (Tr). At Ta of 10 degrees and 0 degrees C both substances caused a decrease in heat production and a fall in Tr. The DA receptor blocker spiroperone (30 nmol . kg-1, i.c.v.), which itself had a vasodilatatory effect at 20 degrees C Ta, blocked the peripheral vasoconstriction and slightly attenuated the rise in Tr normally caused by i.c.v. DA or NA at this Ta, but did not eliminate the suppression of respiratory frequency. During i.c.v. infusion, at 20 degrees C Ta, with the DA-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA-63, the effect of i.c.v. DA on Tr was attenuated, while that of NA was enhanced. These results suggest that in sheep central thermoregulatory system there are DA receptors which stimulate the pathway that controls peripheral vasomotor tone. The inhibitory effect of NA and DA on heat production and evaporative heat loss is probably mediated by noradrenergic receptors, which can also be activated by DA both directly and after its conversion to NA.", "PMID": 683351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5594", "title": "A compartmental model for hepatic transport of taurocholic acid in isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "In order to characterize the transport of bile acids through the liver and to study the influence of drugs on these processes, a kinetic model for hepatobiliary transport of taurocholic acid (TC) using the isolated perfused liver was developed. After the system was brought to a steady state by infusing TC at a constant rate, a tracer dose of 14C-TC was injected into the medium. The medium disappearance of 14C-TC followed a first-order kinetic with a single rate constant. The plot of the biliary secretion rate of radioactivity versus time revealed a curve composed of at least three exponential components. From the described results and the present knowledge of hepatobiliary transport of bile acids we proposed a three compartment model, composed of a perfusion medium compartment and two liver compartments. Parameters calculated from the model constants agreed well with model-independent estimations. The influence of bromosulfophthalein (BSP) on the kinetic parameters was studied to compare the result with the known effect of BSP on hepatic transport of taurocholic acid. BSP decreased the constant describing the fractional transfer of taurocholic acid from medium into the liver, which is in agreement with the inhibition of hepatic uptake of taurocholic acid by BSP. Thus a three compartment model may adequately define the hepatobiliary transport of taurocholic acid in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "contents": "A compartmental model for hepatic transport of taurocholic acid in isolated perfused rat liver. In order to characterize the transport of bile acids through the liver and to study the influence of drugs on these processes, a kinetic model for hepatobiliary transport of taurocholic acid (TC) using the isolated perfused liver was developed. After the system was brought to a steady state by infusing TC at a constant rate, a tracer dose of 14C-TC was injected into the medium. The medium disappearance of 14C-TC followed a first-order kinetic with a single rate constant. The plot of the biliary secretion rate of radioactivity versus time revealed a curve composed of at least three exponential components. From the described results and the present knowledge of hepatobiliary transport of bile acids we proposed a three compartment model, composed of a perfusion medium compartment and two liver compartments. Parameters calculated from the model constants agreed well with model-independent estimations. The influence of bromosulfophthalein (BSP) on the kinetic parameters was studied to compare the result with the known effect of BSP on hepatic transport of taurocholic acid. BSP decreased the constant describing the fractional transfer of taurocholic acid from medium into the liver, which is in agreement with the inhibition of hepatic uptake of taurocholic acid by BSP. Thus a three compartment model may adequately define the hepatobiliary transport of taurocholic acid in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "PMID": 683353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5595", "title": "Binding of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites to cellular DNA in perfused rat lungs.", "content": "The influence of pretreatment with monooxygenase inducers on total irreversible binding of metabolically activated [3H]-benzo(a)pyrene to cellular DNA and the formation of benzo(a)pyrene metabolite-deoxyribonucleoside adducts after cytochrome P-448 induction was studied in perfused rat lungs. Pretreatment with the cytochrome P-448 inducer beta-naphthoflavone increasing binding by a factor of 23. In lungs of induced animals, 0.45 pmoles of benzo(a)pyrene equivalents were bound per mg DNA. Binding to RNA and to protein was also considerably induced by beta-naphthoflavone. Phenobarbital treatment did not significantly increase binding to cellular macromolecules of rat lung. Analysis of hydrolyzed DNA of lungs from beta-naphthoflavone-treated rats by Sephadex LH 20 chromatography revealed the formation of at least two nucleoside adducts with metabolically activated benzo(a)pyrene one of which is probably due to modification of the DNA with a benzo(a)pyrene-7, 8-dihydrodiol-9, 10-epoxide and the other to modification of DNA with secondary metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene phenols.", "contents": "Binding of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites to cellular DNA in perfused rat lungs. The influence of pretreatment with monooxygenase inducers on total irreversible binding of metabolically activated [3H]-benzo(a)pyrene to cellular DNA and the formation of benzo(a)pyrene metabolite-deoxyribonucleoside adducts after cytochrome P-448 induction was studied in perfused rat lungs. Pretreatment with the cytochrome P-448 inducer beta-naphthoflavone increasing binding by a factor of 23. In lungs of induced animals, 0.45 pmoles of benzo(a)pyrene equivalents were bound per mg DNA. Binding to RNA and to protein was also considerably induced by beta-naphthoflavone. Phenobarbital treatment did not significantly increase binding to cellular macromolecules of rat lung. Analysis of hydrolyzed DNA of lungs from beta-naphthoflavone-treated rats by Sephadex LH 20 chromatography revealed the formation of at least two nucleoside adducts with metabolically activated benzo(a)pyrene one of which is probably due to modification of the DNA with a benzo(a)pyrene-7, 8-dihydrodiol-9, 10-epoxide and the other to modification of DNA with secondary metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene phenols.", "PMID": 683354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5596", "title": "[Dynamics of neuronal reactions during elaboration of a conditioned defensive reflex to sound].", "content": "When elaborating and realizing defensive conditioned reflexes in cat cortex areas 3 and 4 series of phases was distinguished in the neuronal reactions: initial response, short-lasting depression of activity, early and late after-discharges, activation after sound cessation. The initial response arose or was augmented during the beginning of the reflex elaboration (initial 5-15 stimuli combinations). After-discharges were relatively stabilized to the 20th-40th combinations. Conditioned motor reactions occurred 100-400 ms after the onset of the sound. Movements usually coincided with early after-discharges of cortical neurons during both real conditioned reflexes and initial period of trace reflexes. Differential neuronal reactions were elaborated with the same efficacy as positive ones. The conditoional stimulus reinforcement plays an important role not only in increasing neuronal excitability (which is significant for acquiring polysensory properties), but also in modifying after-discharges.", "contents": "[Dynamics of neuronal reactions during elaboration of a conditioned defensive reflex to sound]. When elaborating and realizing defensive conditioned reflexes in cat cortex areas 3 and 4 series of phases was distinguished in the neuronal reactions: initial response, short-lasting depression of activity, early and late after-discharges, activation after sound cessation. The initial response arose or was augmented during the beginning of the reflex elaboration (initial 5-15 stimuli combinations). After-discharges were relatively stabilized to the 20th-40th combinations. Conditioned motor reactions occurred 100-400 ms after the onset of the sound. Movements usually coincided with early after-discharges of cortical neurons during both real conditioned reflexes and initial period of trace reflexes. Differential neuronal reactions were elaborated with the same efficacy as positive ones. The conditoional stimulus reinforcement plays an important role not only in increasing neuronal excitability (which is significant for acquiring polysensory properties), but also in modifying after-discharges.", "PMID": 683360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5597", "title": "[Responses of pulvinar neurons in cats to presentation of moving visual stimuli].", "content": "Responses of 114 pulvinar neurons to stimulation by moving light spots were studied. Most neurons (79) displayed background activity, the mean frequency of discharges being about 10-25 imp/s. 35 neurons showed no background activity, 41 neurons responded only to the movement of black stimuli, the rest being excited either by black or by light stimulus. The neurons were divided into two groups: those sensitive to the movement direction and those responding to two opposite directions of the movement by the equal numbers of discharges. A small number of neurons was observed responding to two opposite directions by regular bursts of spikes differently distributed in time (multimodal responses). Some neurons changed their nondirectional responses to the direction-sensitive ones after modifying the dimensions of the light spot.", "contents": "[Responses of pulvinar neurons in cats to presentation of moving visual stimuli]. Responses of 114 pulvinar neurons to stimulation by moving light spots were studied. Most neurons (79) displayed background activity, the mean frequency of discharges being about 10-25 imp/s. 35 neurons showed no background activity, 41 neurons responded only to the movement of black stimuli, the rest being excited either by black or by light stimulus. The neurons were divided into two groups: those sensitive to the movement direction and those responding to two opposite directions of the movement by the equal numbers of discharges. A small number of neurons was observed responding to two opposite directions by regular bursts of spikes differently distributed in time (multimodal responses). Some neurons changed their nondirectional responses to the direction-sensitive ones after modifying the dimensions of the light spot.", "PMID": 683361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5598", "title": "[Functional organization of the tecto-thalamic link of the transcollicular afferent channel of the visual analyzer].", "content": "The distribution of the evoked potentials in pulvinar, lateralis posterior, posterior, suprageniculate and dorsolateral nuclei of the thalamus was studied on anesthetized cats after electric stimulation of the optic tract and the surface layers of the superior colliculus. It is found that the functional projections of the superior colliculus and the optic tract to the posterior thalamus differ from each other. A suggestion is made that the transcollicular afferent channel of the visual system is not reduced during evolution.", "contents": "[Functional organization of the tecto-thalamic link of the transcollicular afferent channel of the visual analyzer]. The distribution of the evoked potentials in pulvinar, lateralis posterior, posterior, suprageniculate and dorsolateral nuclei of the thalamus was studied on anesthetized cats after electric stimulation of the optic tract and the surface layers of the superior colliculus. It is found that the functional projections of the superior colliculus and the optic tract to the posterior thalamus differ from each other. A suggestion is made that the transcollicular afferent channel of the visual system is not reduced during evolution.", "PMID": 683362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5599", "title": "[Statistical study of the impulse activity of posterior hypothalamic neurons in the presence of local changes in its temperature].", "content": "Distribution of the intervals between spikes of 50 neurons in the posterior hypothalamus were studied in 17 unanesthetized rabbits. Three main types of the interspike-interval distribution were found in the thermoneutral zone: 1) unimodal, mode 2-4 ms; 2) unimodal, mode 16-512 ms; 3) bimodal, modes 2-10 ms and 64-512 ms (the posterior hypothalamus temperature was 39.1 +/- 0.02 degrees C). When the posterior hypothalamus temperature was increased or decreased (by 0.5-1.5 degrees C), changes in the initial interspike-interval distributions were observed in 11 neurons. The changes disappeared when the thermal stimuli were removed; 6 neurons (of 11) altered the mean firing rates too when the posterior hypothalamus temperature was changed.", "contents": "[Statistical study of the impulse activity of posterior hypothalamic neurons in the presence of local changes in its temperature]. Distribution of the intervals between spikes of 50 neurons in the posterior hypothalamus were studied in 17 unanesthetized rabbits. Three main types of the interspike-interval distribution were found in the thermoneutral zone: 1) unimodal, mode 2-4 ms; 2) unimodal, mode 16-512 ms; 3) bimodal, modes 2-10 ms and 64-512 ms (the posterior hypothalamus temperature was 39.1 +/- 0.02 degrees C). When the posterior hypothalamus temperature was increased or decreased (by 0.5-1.5 degrees C), changes in the initial interspike-interval distributions were observed in 11 neurons. The changes disappeared when the thermal stimuli were removed; 6 neurons (of 11) altered the mean firing rates too when the posterior hypothalamus temperature was changed.", "PMID": 683363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5600", "title": "[Lamellar structure of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in rats].", "content": "The lamellar ultrastructure of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) was studied in frontal ultrathin wide sections of the nucleus which were placed on lead aprons and included all the nucleus layers. The electron-microscopic description of the different cell types and distribution of the axonal terminals are presented. Large branchy axonal terminals (6-8micron) with small spherical synaptic vesicles 40-50 nm in diameter, small terminals (1-3 micron) with spherical synaptic vesicles (45-60 nm) and thin unmyelinated axons prevail in the surface and middle layers of the neuropile as compared to the deep layer. The number of the myelinated axons and large oval terminals 4-6 micron in diameter with central distribution of mitochondria and neurofilaments as well as with spherical synaptic vesicles 50-60 nm in diameter increased from the middle layer to the deep one. The number of granular cells was larger in the surface and middle layers than in the deep one. The functional significance of each terminal type is discussed.", "contents": "[Lamellar structure of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in rats]. The lamellar ultrastructure of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) was studied in frontal ultrathin wide sections of the nucleus which were placed on lead aprons and included all the nucleus layers. The electron-microscopic description of the different cell types and distribution of the axonal terminals are presented. Large branchy axonal terminals (6-8micron) with small spherical synaptic vesicles 40-50 nm in diameter, small terminals (1-3 micron) with spherical synaptic vesicles (45-60 nm) and thin unmyelinated axons prevail in the surface and middle layers of the neuropile as compared to the deep layer. The number of the myelinated axons and large oval terminals 4-6 micron in diameter with central distribution of mitochondria and neurofilaments as well as with spherical synaptic vesicles 50-60 nm in diameter increased from the middle layer to the deep one. The number of granular cells was larger in the surface and middle layers than in the deep one. The functional significance of each terminal type is discussed.", "PMID": 683364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5601", "title": "[Responses of cat cerebellar cortex neurons to stimulation of the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and substantia nigra].", "content": "Impulsive responses (IR) of the Purkinje cells (PC) and other units of the cerebellar cortex in the paramedian lobules, lobulus simplex and tuber vermis were evoked by stimulation of nucleus caudatus (NC) in cats under chloraloze-nembutal narcosis. The phasic IR as simple discharges (due to mossy fibre activation) were exhibited mainly with a latency of 5-12 and 14-20 ms; a latency of the compound responses ) due to climbing fibre PC activation) was equal to 5-6, 9-22 ms and more. There were differences in rhythmic reproduction of the responses depending on their latency. The recruitment responses were found during a 4-6/s NC stimulation. There was an inhibitory pause as an obligatory component of the tonic neuronal responses. Reactions of the same types (phasic and tonic) as in the case of the NC stimulation, but differing in unit's quantitative distribution according to the latency appeared in the globus pallidus (GP) stimulation. The minimal latency was 4 ms. Recruitment was observed as well. The substantia nigra (SN) stimulation evoked PC responses, activated by the climbing fibres with a stable latency (8.5 +/- 0.3 ms). SN, GP, n. inferior olive as well as thalamic nuclei are considered to play a definite role in realizing caudate-cerebellar connections, both oligosynaptic and polysynaptic.", "contents": "[Responses of cat cerebellar cortex neurons to stimulation of the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and substantia nigra]. Impulsive responses (IR) of the Purkinje cells (PC) and other units of the cerebellar cortex in the paramedian lobules, lobulus simplex and tuber vermis were evoked by stimulation of nucleus caudatus (NC) in cats under chloraloze-nembutal narcosis. The phasic IR as simple discharges (due to mossy fibre activation) were exhibited mainly with a latency of 5-12 and 14-20 ms; a latency of the compound responses ) due to climbing fibre PC activation) was equal to 5-6, 9-22 ms and more. There were differences in rhythmic reproduction of the responses depending on their latency. The recruitment responses were found during a 4-6/s NC stimulation. There was an inhibitory pause as an obligatory component of the tonic neuronal responses. Reactions of the same types (phasic and tonic) as in the case of the NC stimulation, but differing in unit's quantitative distribution according to the latency appeared in the globus pallidus (GP) stimulation. The minimal latency was 4 ms. Recruitment was observed as well. The substantia nigra (SN) stimulation evoked PC responses, activated by the climbing fibres with a stable latency (8.5 +/- 0.3 ms). SN, GP, n. inferior olive as well as thalamic nuclei are considered to play a definite role in realizing caudate-cerebellar connections, both oligosynaptic and polysynaptic.", "PMID": 683365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5602", "title": "[Action potentials of cat masseter muscle motor neurons evoked by stimulation of low-frequency infraorbital nerve afferents].", "content": "The responses of masseter motoneurons evoked by stimulation of the low-threshold infraorbital afferents by different number of stimuli were investigated in cats under chloralose-nembutal anesthesia. It is shown that 3-4 succesive stimuli (1.2 of threshold) evoked action potentials in masseter motoneurons if their frequency was above 300/s. Stimulation of the infraorbital nerve by paired stimuli produced action potentials in these motoneurons when the interval between the stimuli was 1.3-4.0 ms. With longer intervals only facilitation of the second EPSP was observed, the degree of facilitation varying from 0.2 to 1.0. A conclusion is made that the masseter motoneurons discharges can be produced by activation of the infraorbital nerve. A -fibres probably connected to rapidly adapting receptors of the vibrissae.", "contents": "[Action potentials of cat masseter muscle motor neurons evoked by stimulation of low-frequency infraorbital nerve afferents]. The responses of masseter motoneurons evoked by stimulation of the low-threshold infraorbital afferents by different number of stimuli were investigated in cats under chloralose-nembutal anesthesia. It is shown that 3-4 succesive stimuli (1.2 of threshold) evoked action potentials in masseter motoneurons if their frequency was above 300/s. Stimulation of the infraorbital nerve by paired stimuli produced action potentials in these motoneurons when the interval between the stimuli was 1.3-4.0 ms. With longer intervals only facilitation of the second EPSP was observed, the degree of facilitation varying from 0.2 to 1.0. A conclusion is made that the masseter motoneurons discharges can be produced by activation of the infraorbital nerve. A -fibres probably connected to rapidly adapting receptors of the vibrissae.", "PMID": 683366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5603", "title": "[Comparative analysis of the morphologic and physiologic characteristics of nodes of Ranvier].", "content": "The intravital light microscopic study of the Ranvier node and paranodal structure was carried out in the isolated nerve fibres of Rana ridibunda. For the same fibres the electro-physiological characteristics obtained by the voltage-clamp method were compared with morphological ones. Definite correlations were found between the reduction of Na+ and K+ permeability constants and the degree of the paranodal myeline damage. The leakage conductance variations of the fibres under study did not exceed the normal range. High vulnerability of sodium and potassium systems seems to reflect a more complicated molecular organization of the electrically excitable Na+ and K+ channels as compared to nonexcitable leakage pathways. Essential changes of the Na+ channels properties caused by batrachotoxin were not accompanied by a visible alteration of the paranodal structure. The data obtained are discussed from the view point of modern ideas of the nature of axoglial relationships in myelinated nerve fibres.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of the morphologic and physiologic characteristics of nodes of Ranvier]. The intravital light microscopic study of the Ranvier node and paranodal structure was carried out in the isolated nerve fibres of Rana ridibunda. For the same fibres the electro-physiological characteristics obtained by the voltage-clamp method were compared with morphological ones. Definite correlations were found between the reduction of Na+ and K+ permeability constants and the degree of the paranodal myeline damage. The leakage conductance variations of the fibres under study did not exceed the normal range. High vulnerability of sodium and potassium systems seems to reflect a more complicated molecular organization of the electrically excitable Na+ and K+ channels as compared to nonexcitable leakage pathways. Essential changes of the Na+ channels properties caused by batrachotoxin were not accompanied by a visible alteration of the paranodal structure. The data obtained are discussed from the view point of modern ideas of the nature of axoglial relationships in myelinated nerve fibres.", "PMID": 683367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5604", "title": "[Quantitative description of a slowly inactivating barium current through the somatic membrane of mollusk neurons].", "content": "The slow-inactivating barium current was recorded under voltage clamp conditions from identified neurons of the snail Helix pomatia. Experimental data were analyzed using the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. The dependence of the steady-state value of the inactivation variable on membrane potential was obtained. Slow-inactivating barium current was found to be proportional to the third power of the activation variable. The time constant of activation is strongly dependent upon the membrane potential.", "contents": "[Quantitative description of a slowly inactivating barium current through the somatic membrane of mollusk neurons]. The slow-inactivating barium current was recorded under voltage clamp conditions from identified neurons of the snail Helix pomatia. Experimental data were analyzed using the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. The dependence of the steady-state value of the inactivation variable on membrane potential was obtained. Slow-inactivating barium current was found to be proportional to the third power of the activation variable. The time constant of activation is strongly dependent upon the membrane potential.", "PMID": 683368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5605", "title": "[Cortico- and rubrofugal influences on interneurons of the superior cervical segments of the cat spinal cord].", "content": "Stimulation of the medullary pyramids and contra- and ipsilateral red nuclei produced short latent EPSPs in interneurons of the lateral part of Rexed's laminae V--VII of the C1--C3 segments of the cat spinal cord. Stimulation of the first and second cervical dorsal roots was not effective in exciting of these neurons. It is supposed that these interneurons represent a relatively specialized group which form, apparently, disynaptic cortico- and/or rubro-motoneuronal pathways.", "contents": "[Cortico- and rubrofugal influences on interneurons of the superior cervical segments of the cat spinal cord]. Stimulation of the medullary pyramids and contra- and ipsilateral red nuclei produced short latent EPSPs in interneurons of the lateral part of Rexed's laminae V--VII of the C1--C3 segments of the cat spinal cord. Stimulation of the first and second cervical dorsal roots was not effective in exciting of these neurons. It is supposed that these interneurons represent a relatively specialized group which form, apparently, disynaptic cortico- and/or rubro-motoneuronal pathways.", "PMID": 683369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5606", "title": "[Horseradish peroxidase labeled sources of the spinobulbar and spinothalamic fiber systems of the cat brain].", "content": "A dense accumulation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) positive neurons was found after bulbar HRP injections in the ipsilateral dorsal grey matter and in the intermediate zone on both sides. After thalamic injections the labelled neurons were located bilaterally in the ventral part of the intermediate zone. A conclusion is made that cells of the origin of the spinobulbar and spinothalamic tracts are located in the dorsal horn and in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord.", "contents": "[Horseradish peroxidase labeled sources of the spinobulbar and spinothalamic fiber systems of the cat brain]. A dense accumulation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) positive neurons was found after bulbar HRP injections in the ipsilateral dorsal grey matter and in the intermediate zone on both sides. After thalamic injections the labelled neurons were located bilaterally in the ventral part of the intermediate zone. A conclusion is made that cells of the origin of the spinobulbar and spinothalamic tracts are located in the dorsal horn and in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 683371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5607", "title": "[Periodic changes in primary afferent depolarization during fictitious locomotion in thalamic cats].", "content": "Dorsal root and cord dorsum potentials were recorded in lumbar segments L6, L7 during fictitious locomotion of thalamic immobilized cats. Negative waves in the dorsal root potential and respectively positive waves in the cord dorsum potential appeared during periodic discharges in the ankle flexor nerve. The conclusion is made that central locomotor generator activity modulates the level of primary afferent depolarization.", "contents": "[Periodic changes in primary afferent depolarization during fictitious locomotion in thalamic cats]. Dorsal root and cord dorsum potentials were recorded in lumbar segments L6, L7 during fictitious locomotion of thalamic immobilized cats. Negative waves in the dorsal root potential and respectively positive waves in the cord dorsum potential appeared during periodic discharges in the ankle flexor nerve. The conclusion is made that central locomotor generator activity modulates the level of primary afferent depolarization.", "PMID": 683372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5608", "title": "Effects of tumor cell culture supernatants on macrophages.", "content": "It is proved that supernatants of various tumor cell cultures, as well as cell-free ascitic fluid and sera from tumor bearing animals induce the detachment of macrophages from glass, the loss of their ability to form pseudopodia, the inhibition of their migration and the permeability alteration of their membranes. The cytotoxic effect is not produced by normal tissues, excepting placenta. The effect of tumor cell culture supernatants depends on the characteristic evolution time of each tumor; irradiation diminishes this effect. The involvement of macrophages in immune surveillance and response makes the results interesting for the tumor-host immune relation.", "contents": "Effects of tumor cell culture supernatants on macrophages. It is proved that supernatants of various tumor cell cultures, as well as cell-free ascitic fluid and sera from tumor bearing animals induce the detachment of macrophages from glass, the loss of their ability to form pseudopodia, the inhibition of their migration and the permeability alteration of their membranes. The cytotoxic effect is not produced by normal tissues, excepting placenta. The effect of tumor cell culture supernatants depends on the characteristic evolution time of each tumor; irradiation diminishes this effect. The involvement of macrophages in immune surveillance and response makes the results interesting for the tumor-host immune relation.", "PMID": 683373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5609", "title": "The suitability of different quantitative methods for determination of the cytotoxic activity of agents in cell cultures.", "content": "Studies related to the measurement of growth inhibition of HeLa cells by 6-Thioguanine (TG) and Vermiculine (V) have been described. Control and treated cell populations were enumerated as uniform suspensions of whole cells, prepared by standard treatment with trypsin. Determination of cell number, measurements of protein, DNA and RNA as well as of glucose consumption from the culture medium were made throughout the treatment with the studied drugs. It was apparent that the total cell number in control cultures was directly proportional to the total cell protein or nucleic acids. However, in both treated cultures the relationship between these parameters was disturbed as consequences to unbalanced growth which was an integral part of the cytotoxic reaction of the studied agents. From the results presented it followed that only the direct cell enumeration was suitable for the detection of agents' cytotoxicity.", "contents": "The suitability of different quantitative methods for determination of the cytotoxic activity of agents in cell cultures. Studies related to the measurement of growth inhibition of HeLa cells by 6-Thioguanine (TG) and Vermiculine (V) have been described. Control and treated cell populations were enumerated as uniform suspensions of whole cells, prepared by standard treatment with trypsin. Determination of cell number, measurements of protein, DNA and RNA as well as of glucose consumption from the culture medium were made throughout the treatment with the studied drugs. It was apparent that the total cell number in control cultures was directly proportional to the total cell protein or nucleic acids. However, in both treated cultures the relationship between these parameters was disturbed as consequences to unbalanced growth which was an integral part of the cytotoxic reaction of the studied agents. From the results presented it followed that only the direct cell enumeration was suitable for the detection of agents' cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 683375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5610", "title": "5-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-indolylcarboxylic and 6-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acids in the urine of hamsters with melanotic melanoma.", "content": "The isomeric metabolites, 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-indolylcarboxylic and 6-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acids have been identified in the urine of hamsters bearing transplantable melanotic melanoma. Their identification was carried out by spectral and chromatographic comparison of the two isomers isolated from urine with the same compounds achieved synthetically.", "contents": "5-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-indolylcarboxylic and 6-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acids in the urine of hamsters with melanotic melanoma. The isomeric metabolites, 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-indolylcarboxylic and 6-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acids have been identified in the urine of hamsters bearing transplantable melanotic melanoma. Their identification was carried out by spectral and chromatographic comparison of the two isomers isolated from urine with the same compounds achieved synthetically.", "PMID": 683376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5611", "title": "Quantitative parameters of melanomas differentiation.", "content": "Melanin concentration which represents one of biochemical parameters expressing the degree of pigment cell differentiation was studied by new gravimetric procedure in human, Bomirski hamster, Harding-Passey mouse and horse melanomas and also in several non-tumor pigment tissues. In amelanotic varieties of human and hamster melanomas relatively high melanin level was discovered. This finding (together with known electron microscopic evidence of pre-melanosomes presence in some amelanotic melanomas) suggests that the term \"amelanotic\" is not correct. Comparison of melanin content between melanomas and normal pigment tissues clearly demonstrates in quantitative way that as for melanomas their proliferation does not decrease the degree of their biochemical differentiation.", "contents": "Quantitative parameters of melanomas differentiation. Melanin concentration which represents one of biochemical parameters expressing the degree of pigment cell differentiation was studied by new gravimetric procedure in human, Bomirski hamster, Harding-Passey mouse and horse melanomas and also in several non-tumor pigment tissues. In amelanotic varieties of human and hamster melanomas relatively high melanin level was discovered. This finding (together with known electron microscopic evidence of pre-melanosomes presence in some amelanotic melanomas) suggests that the term \"amelanotic\" is not correct. Comparison of melanin content between melanomas and normal pigment tissues clearly demonstrates in quantitative way that as for melanomas their proliferation does not decrease the degree of their biochemical differentiation.", "PMID": 683377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5612", "title": "The cell-mediated immunity in patients with malignant melanoma.", "content": "Cellular immunity in 22 patients with malignant melanoma and the blocking effect of their sera was followed by means of the leukocyte migration inhibition test. The migration of peripheral leukocytes from malignant melanoma patients was significantly inhibited in the presence of malignant melanoma antigen in 50% of examined patients and only in 2 cases in controls. The blocking activity of serum on migration inhibition was observed in 3 melanoma patients. From the results of the tests performed related to the two-years-course of the disease the conclusion may be drawn that the prognosis in patients with proved cellular hypersensitivity to malignant melanoma antigen is more favorable than in anergic individuals.", "contents": "The cell-mediated immunity in patients with malignant melanoma. Cellular immunity in 22 patients with malignant melanoma and the blocking effect of their sera was followed by means of the leukocyte migration inhibition test. The migration of peripheral leukocytes from malignant melanoma patients was significantly inhibited in the presence of malignant melanoma antigen in 50% of examined patients and only in 2 cases in controls. The blocking activity of serum on migration inhibition was observed in 3 melanoma patients. From the results of the tests performed related to the two-years-course of the disease the conclusion may be drawn that the prognosis in patients with proved cellular hypersensitivity to malignant melanoma antigen is more favorable than in anergic individuals.", "PMID": 683378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5613", "title": "Prognostic factors in gastric carcinoma.", "content": "One hundred and thirty eight gastric carcinomas were studied histologically with special reference to the morphology of the tumor, its surrounding tissues and the regional lymph nodes. A special search was focused on the morphologic manifestations of possible host factors in association with gastric carcinoma. The most prominent findings were as follows: 1. The nuclear grade of the tumor was positively correlated with the 5-year survival rate of the patients. 2. The content of tumor-derived mucus was not a prognostic determinant. 3. The intensity of the stromal lymphocyte and plasma cell reactions did not affect the prognosis but was inversely related to the frequency of nodal metastases. 4. Sinus histiocytosis and nodal mast cell reactions were an important determinant of whether nodal metastases appear or not. 5. An active paracortical area of the lymph node was almost incompatible with the appearance of nodal metastases.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in gastric carcinoma. One hundred and thirty eight gastric carcinomas were studied histologically with special reference to the morphology of the tumor, its surrounding tissues and the regional lymph nodes. A special search was focused on the morphologic manifestations of possible host factors in association with gastric carcinoma. The most prominent findings were as follows: 1. The nuclear grade of the tumor was positively correlated with the 5-year survival rate of the patients. 2. The content of tumor-derived mucus was not a prognostic determinant. 3. The intensity of the stromal lymphocyte and plasma cell reactions did not affect the prognosis but was inversely related to the frequency of nodal metastases. 4. Sinus histiocytosis and nodal mast cell reactions were an important determinant of whether nodal metastases appear or not. 5. An active paracortical area of the lymph node was almost incompatible with the appearance of nodal metastases.", "PMID": 683379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5614", "title": "Myoinositol--a uremic neurotoxin?", "content": "In 28 patients predialysis plasma myoinositol was significantly elevated to 10.8 +/- 2.5 versus 0.75 +/- 0.15 mg/100 ml in normals (mean +/- 1 SD), and was weakly correlated with plasma creatinine concentrations (r = 0.42, p less than 0.05). Dialysis decreased plasma myoinositol concentrations to 3.5 +/- 1.1 mg/100 ml. In 16 patients studied more extensively plasma myoinositol was similarly elevated to 10.6 +/- 3.4 mg/100 ml, and spinal fluid myoinositol was increased to 9.4 +/- 2.3 mg/100 ml (versus 2.7 +/- 0.7 in normals, p less than 0.001). Nerve conduction velocities were reduced in 15 and EEG tracings were abnormal in 12 of the 16 patients. However, neither spinal fluid nor plasma myoinositol showed any correlation with nerve conduction velocities or EEG changes (r = 0.05-0.20, NS) Myoinositol is one of the substances retained in renal insufficiency but no indication was found that it is a toxin causing uremic neurological disturbances.", "contents": "Myoinositol--a uremic neurotoxin? In 28 patients predialysis plasma myoinositol was significantly elevated to 10.8 +/- 2.5 versus 0.75 +/- 0.15 mg/100 ml in normals (mean +/- 1 SD), and was weakly correlated with plasma creatinine concentrations (r = 0.42, p less than 0.05). Dialysis decreased plasma myoinositol concentrations to 3.5 +/- 1.1 mg/100 ml. In 16 patients studied more extensively plasma myoinositol was similarly elevated to 10.6 +/- 3.4 mg/100 ml, and spinal fluid myoinositol was increased to 9.4 +/- 2.3 mg/100 ml (versus 2.7 +/- 0.7 in normals, p less than 0.001). Nerve conduction velocities were reduced in 15 and EEG tracings were abnormal in 12 of the 16 patients. However, neither spinal fluid nor plasma myoinositol showed any correlation with nerve conduction velocities or EEG changes (r = 0.05-0.20, NS) Myoinositol is one of the substances retained in renal insufficiency but no indication was found that it is a toxin causing uremic neurological disturbances.", "PMID": 683404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5615", "title": "Studies of cell-mediated immunity in human glomerulonephritis by macrophage migration inhibition test.", "content": "Using the macrophage migration inhibition test (MIT), a total of 113 patients with various renal diseases, namely glomerulonephritis (GN), were studied for evidence of cell-mediated immunity to various soluble antigens prepared. The positive rate of MIT in the presence of streptococcal antigen, glomerular basement membrane antigen, renal tubular epithelial antigen and heat-aggregated IgG antigen was 15, 23, 16 and 15%, respectively. Out of 15 positive patients who were able to be evaluated with those four antigens, 9 cases exhibited cellular hypersensitivity to two or more antigens at the same time. These findings suggest that there is an abnormal cellular response to certain antigen or widespread cell-mediated hypersensitivity to a variety of antigens in certain forms of human GN.", "contents": "Studies of cell-mediated immunity in human glomerulonephritis by macrophage migration inhibition test. Using the macrophage migration inhibition test (MIT), a total of 113 patients with various renal diseases, namely glomerulonephritis (GN), were studied for evidence of cell-mediated immunity to various soluble antigens prepared. The positive rate of MIT in the presence of streptococcal antigen, glomerular basement membrane antigen, renal tubular epithelial antigen and heat-aggregated IgG antigen was 15, 23, 16 and 15%, respectively. Out of 15 positive patients who were able to be evaluated with those four antigens, 9 cases exhibited cellular hypersensitivity to two or more antigens at the same time. These findings suggest that there is an abnormal cellular response to certain antigen or widespread cell-mediated hypersensitivity to a variety of antigens in certain forms of human GN.", "PMID": 683405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5616", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of tendons. A complication of hemodialyzed patients treated for renal failure.", "content": "Rupture of ten major tendons occurred in 7 out of a total of 50 renal patients treated by chronic hemodialysis, in two renal units. The rupture occurred spontaneously without any special strain. Rupture was complete in five tendons and imcomplete in the other five. In 2 cases, rupture occurred simultaneously in both quadriceps tendons. In 1 case a single quadriceps and a triceps brachii tendon were affected together. In 3 cases one quadriceps tendon was affected and in the last case, one triceps  brachii tendon alone was ruptured. All the patients suffered from long-standing renal disease with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. We are anable to explain the high incidence (15%) of this complication in our area. No local factors were found in our study.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of tendons. A complication of hemodialyzed patients treated for renal failure. Rupture of ten major tendons occurred in 7 out of a total of 50 renal patients treated by chronic hemodialysis, in two renal units. The rupture occurred spontaneously without any special strain. Rupture was complete in five tendons and imcomplete in the other five. In 2 cases, rupture occurred simultaneously in both quadriceps tendons. In 1 case a single quadriceps and a triceps brachii tendon were affected together. In 3 cases one quadriceps tendon was affected and in the last case, one triceps  brachii tendon alone was ruptured. All the patients suffered from long-standing renal disease with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. We are anable to explain the high incidence (15%) of this complication in our area. No local factors were found in our study.", "PMID": 683406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5617", "title": "Changes in structure and function of rat kidney slices produced by low sodium.", "content": "The effects of a low Na medium on PAH transport, renal morphology, and acetate stimulation of PAH transport have been studied. Low Na inhibits PAH uptake and induces vacuolar formation in tubular cells. Both processes are reversible by reincubating in a high Na medium. Vacuolization appears temperature dependent being much greater at 37 than at 25 degrees C. Acetate uptake consists of a passive and an active component, neither of which is sodium dependent. Acetate stimulation of PAH uptake does, however, require Na. This latter observation suggests that Na may act by altering cell metabolism.", "contents": "Changes in structure and function of rat kidney slices produced by low sodium. The effects of a low Na medium on PAH transport, renal morphology, and acetate stimulation of PAH transport have been studied. Low Na inhibits PAH uptake and induces vacuolar formation in tubular cells. Both processes are reversible by reincubating in a high Na medium. Vacuolization appears temperature dependent being much greater at 37 than at 25 degrees C. Acetate uptake consists of a passive and an active component, neither of which is sodium dependent. Acetate stimulation of PAH uptake does, however, require Na. This latter observation suggests that Na may act by altering cell metabolism.", "PMID": 683407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5618", "title": "Kinetic characteristics of the glutamate uptake into normal astrocytes in cultures.", "content": "Kinetics for uptake and release of glutamate were measured in normal, i.e., nontransformed, astrocytes in cultures obtained from the dissociated, cortex-enriched superficial parts of the brain hemispheres of newborn DBA mice. The uptake kinetics indicated a minor, unsaturable component together with an intense uptake following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Km (50 micrometer) was reasonably comparable to the corresponding values in brain slices and in other glial preparations. The Vmax (58.8 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein) was, however, much higher than that observed in glial cell lines or peripheral satellite cells, and also considerably higher than that generally reported for brain slices. The release of glutamate was much smaller than the uptake, and only little affected by an increase of the external glutamate concentration, suggesting a net accumulation of glutamate rather than a homoexchange. Such an intense accumulation of glutamate into normal astrocytes may play a major role in brain metabolism and may help keep the extracellular glutamate concentration below excitatory levels.", "contents": "Kinetic characteristics of the glutamate uptake into normal astrocytes in cultures. Kinetics for uptake and release of glutamate were measured in normal, i.e., nontransformed, astrocytes in cultures obtained from the dissociated, cortex-enriched superficial parts of the brain hemispheres of newborn DBA mice. The uptake kinetics indicated a minor, unsaturable component together with an intense uptake following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Km (50 micrometer) was reasonably comparable to the corresponding values in brain slices and in other glial preparations. The Vmax (58.8 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein) was, however, much higher than that observed in glial cell lines or peripheral satellite cells, and also considerably higher than that generally reported for brain slices. The release of glutamate was much smaller than the uptake, and only little affected by an increase of the external glutamate concentration, suggesting a net accumulation of glutamate rather than a homoexchange. Such an intense accumulation of glutamate into normal astrocytes may play a major role in brain metabolism and may help keep the extracellular glutamate concentration below excitatory levels.", "PMID": 683409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5619", "title": "Effect of neurotoxic divalent cations on the activity of the intrinsic nerve ending membrane-associated sialidase of bovine brain.", "content": "Exposure to Hg2+ below 10 micrometer destroys synaptosomal membrane-associated sialidase of bovine brain in situ. Inhibition by Cu2+ occurs only at relatively higher concentrations, and is demonstrable after the synaptosomal membrane preparation has been presaturated with Cu2+ . Pb2+ does not inhibit enzymatic activity. Hg2+ does not exert a significant effect on the free energy of association of monomeric brain gangliosides into aggregates, or on the stability of the aggregate forms, as estimated by ultracentrifugal analysis of the ion-independent moment of ganglioside micelles as a function of concentration. Hg2+ inhibits synaptic membrane sialidase acting both in situ on the native sialocompounds in the membrane, or on exogenous ganglioside. Kinetic analyses of the exogenous activity in membranes exposed to Hg2+ reveal lowered Vmax values but no substantial change in Km for synaptosomal membrane gangliosides. These findings suggest that the powerful inhibitory effect exerted by Hg2+ on nerve ending membrane sialidase is enzyme directed, not substrate directed. It may be postulated that part of the neurotoxic effect of low levels of Hg2+ stems from an interference with synaptic metabolism by the destruction of membrane-associated sialidase. This enzyme can serve the purpose of modulation of synaptic negative charge density by releasing bound, strongly anionic, sialic acid from highly concentrated sialocompounds in the membrane.", "contents": "Effect of neurotoxic divalent cations on the activity of the intrinsic nerve ending membrane-associated sialidase of bovine brain. Exposure to Hg2+ below 10 micrometer destroys synaptosomal membrane-associated sialidase of bovine brain in situ. Inhibition by Cu2+ occurs only at relatively higher concentrations, and is demonstrable after the synaptosomal membrane preparation has been presaturated with Cu2+ . Pb2+ does not inhibit enzymatic activity. Hg2+ does not exert a significant effect on the free energy of association of monomeric brain gangliosides into aggregates, or on the stability of the aggregate forms, as estimated by ultracentrifugal analysis of the ion-independent moment of ganglioside micelles as a function of concentration. Hg2+ inhibits synaptic membrane sialidase acting both in situ on the native sialocompounds in the membrane, or on exogenous ganglioside. Kinetic analyses of the exogenous activity in membranes exposed to Hg2+ reveal lowered Vmax values but no substantial change in Km for synaptosomal membrane gangliosides. These findings suggest that the powerful inhibitory effect exerted by Hg2+ on nerve ending membrane sialidase is enzyme directed, not substrate directed. It may be postulated that part of the neurotoxic effect of low levels of Hg2+ stems from an interference with synaptic metabolism by the destruction of membrane-associated sialidase. This enzyme can serve the purpose of modulation of synaptic negative charge density by releasing bound, strongly anionic, sialic acid from highly concentrated sialocompounds in the membrane.", "PMID": 683410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5620", "title": "Influence of taurine dosage on cobalt epilepsy in mice.", "content": "The present work addresses itself to answering several questions in relations to the antiepileptic action of taurine (see \"Introduction\"). For this purpose, cobalt epileptic mice, treated with isoosmolar saline or not treated, was compared with groups of mice that had received doses of taurine varying between 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg. Whereas all the taurine doses employed effectively reduced seizure incidence, with 10.0 mg/kg giving the best results, none of these doses had ameliorated the amino acid abnormalities in the cortex after two days of treatment in comparison with the group that had received isoosmolar saline. On the contrary, the largest amino acid abnormalities occurred in the group of mice (10.0 mg/kg) that had improved the most clinically. We conclude that the acute antiseizure action of taurine, and its effect on restoring normal amino acid patterns in the cortex, represent two separate properties of taurine.", "contents": "Influence of taurine dosage on cobalt epilepsy in mice. The present work addresses itself to answering several questions in relations to the antiepileptic action of taurine (see \"Introduction\"). For this purpose, cobalt epileptic mice, treated with isoosmolar saline or not treated, was compared with groups of mice that had received doses of taurine varying between 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg. Whereas all the taurine doses employed effectively reduced seizure incidence, with 10.0 mg/kg giving the best results, none of these doses had ameliorated the amino acid abnormalities in the cortex after two days of treatment in comparison with the group that had received isoosmolar saline. On the contrary, the largest amino acid abnormalities occurred in the group of mice (10.0 mg/kg) that had improved the most clinically. We conclude that the acute antiseizure action of taurine, and its effect on restoring normal amino acid patterns in the cortex, represent two separate properties of taurine.", "PMID": 683411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5621", "title": "Effect of insulin-induced epileptic seizures on neutral glycolipids of rabbit cerebral cortex.", "content": "The neutral glycolipids of rabbit central cortex were analyzed during epileptic seizures produced by insulin or pentetrazol injection. The two agents gave similar results. A decrease of glycolipid content occurred in the cortex and in the neuronal fraction during seizures. The normal glycolipid level was restored during the recovery phase.", "contents": "Effect of insulin-induced epileptic seizures on neutral glycolipids of rabbit cerebral cortex. The neutral glycolipids of rabbit central cortex were analyzed during epileptic seizures produced by insulin or pentetrazol injection. The two agents gave similar results. A decrease of glycolipid content occurred in the cortex and in the neuronal fraction during seizures. The normal glycolipid level was restored during the recovery phase.", "PMID": 683412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5622", "title": "Some properties of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase of rat brain.", "content": "Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT, EC 2.1.1.28) was partially purified from rat brain. Brain homogenates were subjected to ultracentrifugation, salt fractionation, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. To compare the rat brain PNMT with that of adrenals, the same procedure was carried out with rat adrenal homogenates. The brain enzyme was eluted from Sephadex as a single fraction with a molecular weight of 26,900, while the enzyme from adrenals under the same conditions appeared in two fractions with molecular weights of 38,700 and 108,500. The brain fraction separated on Sephadex G-100 was active on phenylethanolamine substrates and inactive on indoleamine and phenylethylamine substrates. Products of the enzyme reaction were identified by bidimensional thin-layer chromatography as N-methyl derivatives of the corresponding amines. Kinetic studies showed that the type of inhibition of PNMT from rat brain and rat adrenals by SK&F 7698 was the same as described for PNMT from rabbit adrenals. Also, when normetanephrine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine were used as substrates, the apparent Km values found with PNMT from rat adrenals and rat brain were similar.", "contents": "Some properties of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase of rat brain. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT, EC 2.1.1.28) was partially purified from rat brain. Brain homogenates were subjected to ultracentrifugation, salt fractionation, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. To compare the rat brain PNMT with that of adrenals, the same procedure was carried out with rat adrenal homogenates. The brain enzyme was eluted from Sephadex as a single fraction with a molecular weight of 26,900, while the enzyme from adrenals under the same conditions appeared in two fractions with molecular weights of 38,700 and 108,500. The brain fraction separated on Sephadex G-100 was active on phenylethanolamine substrates and inactive on indoleamine and phenylethylamine substrates. Products of the enzyme reaction were identified by bidimensional thin-layer chromatography as N-methyl derivatives of the corresponding amines. Kinetic studies showed that the type of inhibition of PNMT from rat brain and rat adrenals by SK&F 7698 was the same as described for PNMT from rabbit adrenals. Also, when normetanephrine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine were used as substrates, the apparent Km values found with PNMT from rat adrenals and rat brain were similar.", "PMID": 683413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5623", "title": "Biopterin. III. Purification and characterization of enzymes involved in the cerebral synthesis of 7,8-dihydrobiopterin.", "content": "Three specific enzymes are involved in the cerebral synthesis of 7,8-dihydrobiopterin from GTP. These were isolated, purified, and characterized. The first enzyme, also catalyzing the rate-limiting step, is GTP-cyclohydrolase A-I or Mg2+-dependent A-II, which hydrolyze the GTP to the specific product 2-amino-6-(5-triphosphoribosyl)-amino-5-or-6-formamido-6-hydroxypyrimidine (FPyd-P3). FPyd-P3 is cyclized by a synthetase to D-erythro-7,8-dihydroneopterintriphosphate (NPTH2-P3). The new enzyme, D-erythro-7,8-dihydroneopterintriphosphate synthetase (enzyme B) is a basic protein of 9177 daltons containing three free SH groups, isoleucyl-seryl- as N- and valyl-glutamyl- as C-terminals. This enzyme of 69 amino acid residues from rat and 68 residues (one less aspartic acid) from guinea pig brain contains no hydroxyproline, methionine, or tryptophan. The enzyme from rat brain will gradually convert its product NPTH2-P3 to BH2, wherease the enzyme from guinea pig brain lacks this property. 2,4-amino-6-hydroxypyrimidine and dFPyd-P3 are effective inhibitors of this enzyme. The synthesis of BH2 from NPTH2-P3, but not from 7,8-dihydroneopterin, is catalyzed by L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin synthetase (enzyme C), which was purified to electrophoretic purity. This enzyme does not require pyridine nucleotides of Mc2+ for its catalysis.", "contents": "Biopterin. III. Purification and characterization of enzymes involved in the cerebral synthesis of 7,8-dihydrobiopterin. Three specific enzymes are involved in the cerebral synthesis of 7,8-dihydrobiopterin from GTP. These were isolated, purified, and characterized. The first enzyme, also catalyzing the rate-limiting step, is GTP-cyclohydrolase A-I or Mg2+-dependent A-II, which hydrolyze the GTP to the specific product 2-amino-6-(5-triphosphoribosyl)-amino-5-or-6-formamido-6-hydroxypyrimidine (FPyd-P3). FPyd-P3 is cyclized by a synthetase to D-erythro-7,8-dihydroneopterintriphosphate (NPTH2-P3). The new enzyme, D-erythro-7,8-dihydroneopterintriphosphate synthetase (enzyme B) is a basic protein of 9177 daltons containing three free SH groups, isoleucyl-seryl- as N- and valyl-glutamyl- as C-terminals. This enzyme of 69 amino acid residues from rat and 68 residues (one less aspartic acid) from guinea pig brain contains no hydroxyproline, methionine, or tryptophan. The enzyme from rat brain will gradually convert its product NPTH2-P3 to BH2, wherease the enzyme from guinea pig brain lacks this property. 2,4-amino-6-hydroxypyrimidine and dFPyd-P3 are effective inhibitors of this enzyme. The synthesis of BH2 from NPTH2-P3, but not from 7,8-dihydroneopterin, is catalyzed by L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin synthetase (enzyme C), which was purified to electrophoretic purity. This enzyme does not require pyridine nucleotides of Mc2+ for its catalysis.", "PMID": 683414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5624", "title": "[Neurologic disorders in acute intermittent porphyria].", "content": "In a material of 28 patients with acute intermittent porphyria and 2 with mixed porphyria neurological disturbances occurring in acute attach and the degree of their persistence during remission were analysed. The obtained results indicate that the symptoms of acute attach are neurogenic. In the acute phase of the disease a reversible disturbance of function develops in the first place in the nerve fibres with acetylcholine-type of impulse transmission. Clinically detectable permanent signs of polyneuropathy were observed only in some cases with most severe and prolonged acute attack.", "contents": "[Neurologic disorders in acute intermittent porphyria]. In a material of 28 patients with acute intermittent porphyria and 2 with mixed porphyria neurological disturbances occurring in acute attach and the degree of their persistence during remission were analysed. The obtained results indicate that the symptoms of acute attach are neurogenic. In the acute phase of the disease a reversible disturbance of function develops in the first place in the nerve fibres with acetylcholine-type of impulse transmission. Clinically detectable permanent signs of polyneuropathy were observed only in some cases with most severe and prolonged acute attack.", "PMID": 683426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5625", "title": "[Symptoms preceding rupture of subarachnoid aneurysms: an analysis].", "content": "In a group of 281 cases of subarachnoid haemorrhages including 105 cases of intracranial aneurysms confirmed on autopsy or by angiography the authors analyse the symptoms preceding subarachnoid haemorrhage and suggesting presence of aneurysm. The most frequent symptom suggesting presence of intracranial aneurysm were headaches, especially associated with other symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, paraesthesiae of extremities, visual disturbances. A careful analysis of these symptoms and early radiological examination may help in establishing the diagnosis of aneurysm before its rupture.", "contents": "[Symptoms preceding rupture of subarachnoid aneurysms: an analysis]. In a group of 281 cases of subarachnoid haemorrhages including 105 cases of intracranial aneurysms confirmed on autopsy or by angiography the authors analyse the symptoms preceding subarachnoid haemorrhage and suggesting presence of aneurysm. The most frequent symptom suggesting presence of intracranial aneurysm were headaches, especially associated with other symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, paraesthesiae of extremities, visual disturbances. A careful analysis of these symptoms and early radiological examination may help in establishing the diagnosis of aneurysm before its rupture.", "PMID": 683425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5626", "title": "[Modified acupuncture in the treatment of pain].", "content": "The authors report the results of treatment with a modification of acupuncture associated with chemical stimulation in 144 patients with painful radicular syndromes and headaches. In 57 cases sciatic pains were present, in 21 cases shoulder pains, in 20 migraine and in 46 vasomotor headaches. Permanent disappearance of pain, that is disappearance of pain during the procedure and lack of recurrence within several successive days, was obtained in about 40% of cases of radicular syndromes and in 62% of cases of headaches, early disappearance of pain for 3 to 48 hours after the procedure was obtained in 14% of radicular syndromes and nearly 26% headaches, while improvement, that is reduction of pain intensity, was achieved in 29.5% of radicular pains and 3% of headaches, while in 15.3% of cases of radicular syndromes and 9% of cases of headaches no improvement was observed. Both vasomotor headaches and neuralgias belong to the group of nervous system diseases in which pain is the basic and sole symptom, while treatment includes its removal. In these cases acupuncture is a valuable analgesic method. The presently reported results agree with those in the literature on the use of classical acupuncture and its modifications. It is worth stressing that insertion of needles into the traditional points used in classical acupuncture is without any greater importance was shown by the presently reported experiences (various points were used in the same case) as well as by the reports of other authors. The modification of acupuncture with addition of chemical stimulation has been tried by the authors for 4 years. A weak stimulus resulting from insertion of the needle and irritation of the nerve endings with concentrated sodium chloride acts similarly as mechanical or electrical irritation. The method is simple and completely safe.", "contents": "[Modified acupuncture in the treatment of pain]. The authors report the results of treatment with a modification of acupuncture associated with chemical stimulation in 144 patients with painful radicular syndromes and headaches. In 57 cases sciatic pains were present, in 21 cases shoulder pains, in 20 migraine and in 46 vasomotor headaches. Permanent disappearance of pain, that is disappearance of pain during the procedure and lack of recurrence within several successive days, was obtained in about 40% of cases of radicular syndromes and in 62% of cases of headaches, early disappearance of pain for 3 to 48 hours after the procedure was obtained in 14% of radicular syndromes and nearly 26% headaches, while improvement, that is reduction of pain intensity, was achieved in 29.5% of radicular pains and 3% of headaches, while in 15.3% of cases of radicular syndromes and 9% of cases of headaches no improvement was observed. Both vasomotor headaches and neuralgias belong to the group of nervous system diseases in which pain is the basic and sole symptom, while treatment includes its removal. In these cases acupuncture is a valuable analgesic method. The presently reported results agree with those in the literature on the use of classical acupuncture and its modifications. It is worth stressing that insertion of needles into the traditional points used in classical acupuncture is without any greater importance was shown by the presently reported experiences (various points were used in the same case) as well as by the reports of other authors. The modification of acupuncture with addition of chemical stimulation has been tried by the authors for 4 years. A weak stimulus resulting from insertion of the needle and irritation of the nerve endings with concentrated sodium chloride acts similarly as mechanical or electrical irritation. The method is simple and completely safe.", "PMID": 683427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5627", "title": "[Type of pain, personality traits and effectiveness of modified acupuncture].", "content": "In 50 patients with headaches and 50 with radicular pains pain sensitivity and pain tolerance as well as personality traits (Eysenck and Cattell questionnaire) were determined and a modification of acupuncture (with additional chemical stimulation) was used for treatment. The results of treatment were compared with personality traits. Differences were found in the personality traits between patients with paroxysmal headaches and patients with radicular pains. No statistically significant correlation was found, on the other hand, between the results of treatment and personality traits. The obtained results were best in the group of patients with paroxysmal headaches (permanent analgesic effect obtained in 70% of cases). The results of treatment obtained in the group of patients with continuous headaches and with radicular pains were similar. In patients with a lower threshold of pain sensitivity a higher proportion of permanent disappearance of pain was observed after treatment, and this observation may be useful for establishing indications to this therapy. Lack of any influence of personality traits on the result of this modified acupuncture may suggest that the basic analgesic action of these procedure is at lower levels of the nervous system and that it causes blockade of inflow of pain stimuli.", "contents": "[Type of pain, personality traits and effectiveness of modified acupuncture]. In 50 patients with headaches and 50 with radicular pains pain sensitivity and pain tolerance as well as personality traits (Eysenck and Cattell questionnaire) were determined and a modification of acupuncture (with additional chemical stimulation) was used for treatment. The results of treatment were compared with personality traits. Differences were found in the personality traits between patients with paroxysmal headaches and patients with radicular pains. No statistically significant correlation was found, on the other hand, between the results of treatment and personality traits. The obtained results were best in the group of patients with paroxysmal headaches (permanent analgesic effect obtained in 70% of cases). The results of treatment obtained in the group of patients with continuous headaches and with radicular pains were similar. In patients with a lower threshold of pain sensitivity a higher proportion of permanent disappearance of pain was observed after treatment, and this observation may be useful for establishing indications to this therapy. Lack of any influence of personality traits on the result of this modified acupuncture may suggest that the basic analgesic action of these procedure is at lower levels of the nervous system and that it causes blockade of inflow of pain stimuli.", "PMID": 683428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5628", "title": "[Evoked cortical somatosensory potentials in painful cervicobrachial radicular syndromes].", "content": "The authors determined the subjective, objective and maximal pain threshold by means of electrical stimulation in two groups of subjects. Group I comprised healthy subjects, group II patients with right-sided radicular cervicobrachial pains. The method applied by the authors for objective determination of pain threshold with evoked cortical somatosensory potential differentiated both groups which suggests its practical usefulness in clinical practice and expertise.", "contents": "[Evoked cortical somatosensory potentials in painful cervicobrachial radicular syndromes]. The authors determined the subjective, objective and maximal pain threshold by means of electrical stimulation in two groups of subjects. Group I comprised healthy subjects, group II patients with right-sided radicular cervicobrachial pains. The method applied by the authors for objective determination of pain threshold with evoked cortical somatosensory potential differentiated both groups which suggests its practical usefulness in clinical practice and expertise.", "PMID": 683429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5629", "title": "[Evaluation of the bioavailability of Polfa phenytoin tablets].", "content": "Bioavailability of Phenytoin \"Polfa\" tablets was studied in comparison with Epanutin \"Parke-Davis\" capsules. It was found that the relative degree of bioavailability of Phenytoin in relation to Epanutin as a standard is 70,7 +/- 6,3% (SD). The cause of worse bioavailability of Phenytoin \"Polfa\" are differences in pharmaceutical forms of both preparations. The necessity to increase an average dose of Phenytoin \"Polfa\" tablets is suggested to gain optimal concentration of diphenyl-hydantoin in serum, in therapeutic range.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the bioavailability of Polfa phenytoin tablets]. Bioavailability of Phenytoin \"Polfa\" tablets was studied in comparison with Epanutin \"Parke-Davis\" capsules. It was found that the relative degree of bioavailability of Phenytoin in relation to Epanutin as a standard is 70,7 +/- 6,3% (SD). The cause of worse bioavailability of Phenytoin \"Polfa\" are differences in pharmaceutical forms of both preparations. The necessity to increase an average dose of Phenytoin \"Polfa\" tablets is suggested to gain optimal concentration of diphenyl-hydantoin in serum, in therapeutic range.", "PMID": 683430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5630", "title": "[Pizotifen (Sandomigran) used in the treatment of parkinsonian tremor (preliminary communication)].", "content": "On the basis of the concepts connecting parkinsonian tremor with reduced amount of serotonin in the striatum and in the light of the hypothesis of an agonistic action of pizotifen in relation to serotonin a trial was undertaken to reduce parkinsonian tremor in 12 patients administering Sandomigran in daily doses of 1.5 mg. A significant reduction of tremor was achieved in two-thirds of these patients. No side effects or increased intensity of other parkinsonian signs were observed.", "contents": "[Pizotifen (Sandomigran) used in the treatment of parkinsonian tremor (preliminary communication)]. On the basis of the concepts connecting parkinsonian tremor with reduced amount of serotonin in the striatum and in the light of the hypothesis of an agonistic action of pizotifen in relation to serotonin a trial was undertaken to reduce parkinsonian tremor in 12 patients administering Sandomigran in daily doses of 1.5 mg. A significant reduction of tremor was achieved in two-thirds of these patients. No side effects or increased intensity of other parkinsonian signs were observed.", "PMID": 683431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5631", "title": "[Diagnostic value of radioisotope cisternography in low-pressure hydrocephalus syndrome].", "content": "In the light of pneumoencephalographic investigations and radioisotope scinticysternography carried out in 22 patients with clinical manifestations suggesting the syndrome of Hakim the authors analyse the diagnostic usefulness of both methods. In all cases PEG demonstrated dilatation of the ventricular system, in 10 cases radioisotope cisternography showed abnormal passage of the cerebrospinal fluid, and in 8 of these cases ventricular reflux was found lasting at least 24 hours, while in 2 other cases absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid was impaired. On the basis of this material the authors believe that in cases of presence of ventricular reflux this investigation is very important for undertaking the decision of surgical treatment, besides that, the authors think that despite normal scintigraphic pattern in early stage of the disease the investigation should be repeated after from 10 to 20 months, since clinical symptoms may precede disturbances of cerebrospinal fluid passage detectable in cisternographic investigation.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of radioisotope cisternography in low-pressure hydrocephalus syndrome]. In the light of pneumoencephalographic investigations and radioisotope scinticysternography carried out in 22 patients with clinical manifestations suggesting the syndrome of Hakim the authors analyse the diagnostic usefulness of both methods. In all cases PEG demonstrated dilatation of the ventricular system, in 10 cases radioisotope cisternography showed abnormal passage of the cerebrospinal fluid, and in 8 of these cases ventricular reflux was found lasting at least 24 hours, while in 2 other cases absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid was impaired. On the basis of this material the authors believe that in cases of presence of ventricular reflux this investigation is very important for undertaking the decision of surgical treatment, besides that, the authors think that despite normal scintigraphic pattern in early stage of the disease the investigation should be repeated after from 10 to 20 months, since clinical symptoms may precede disturbances of cerebrospinal fluid passage detectable in cisternographic investigation.", "PMID": 683432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5632", "title": "[Rheoencephalographic and electroencephalographic changes in congenital heart defects].", "content": "The authors carried out rheoencephalographic, electrocardiographic, electroencephalographic, laboratory and radiological investigations in 30 patients with valvular heart diseases in different stages of circulatory failure. In the analysis of EEG and REG tracings the degree of changes, their character and location were taken into account. The analysis of REG tracings included evaluation of their symmetry, amplitude, area of waves and synchronism of changes in the record. On the basis of these results and correlations found between them the authors have reached the following conclusions: 1. The morphological features of REG tracings depend on the character of arrhythmia, value of arterial blood pressure and efficiency of venous circulation. 2. In 26 patients REG investigations demonstrated presence of generalized changes varying in intensity. 3. In 8 patients focal changes were present. 4. With increasing intensity of circulatory failure EEG and REG changes also increase in intensity. 5. EEG changes with abolition of reactions, scant morphological features and considerable decrease of amplitude may be the passive type of reaction to hypoxia.", "contents": "[Rheoencephalographic and electroencephalographic changes in congenital heart defects]. The authors carried out rheoencephalographic, electrocardiographic, electroencephalographic, laboratory and radiological investigations in 30 patients with valvular heart diseases in different stages of circulatory failure. In the analysis of EEG and REG tracings the degree of changes, their character and location were taken into account. The analysis of REG tracings included evaluation of their symmetry, amplitude, area of waves and synchronism of changes in the record. On the basis of these results and correlations found between them the authors have reached the following conclusions: 1. The morphological features of REG tracings depend on the character of arrhythmia, value of arterial blood pressure and efficiency of venous circulation. 2. In 26 patients REG investigations demonstrated presence of generalized changes varying in intensity. 3. In 8 patients focal changes were present. 4. With increasing intensity of circulatory failure EEG and REG changes also increase in intensity. 5. EEG changes with abolition of reactions, scant morphological features and considerable decrease of amplitude may be the passive type of reaction to hypoxia.", "PMID": 683433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5633", "title": "[Blood clotting disorders in cases of encephalomalacia].", "content": "In a group of 22 patients with foci of brain softening certain blood clotting factor were determined at different stages of the disease. The control group consisted of 16 healthy subjects. Shortening of the prothrombin time was observed after 4 weeks in the group of patients as compared with the control group. The fibrinolytic activity was higher in the plasma on the 4th day of the disease and a fall of plasma fibrinolytic activity after 4 weeks to normal values was observed.", "contents": "[Blood clotting disorders in cases of encephalomalacia]. In a group of 22 patients with foci of brain softening certain blood clotting factor were determined at different stages of the disease. The control group consisted of 16 healthy subjects. Shortening of the prothrombin time was observed after 4 weeks in the group of patients as compared with the control group. The fibrinolytic activity was higher in the plasma on the 4th day of the disease and a fall of plasma fibrinolytic activity after 4 weeks to normal values was observed.", "PMID": 683435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5634", "title": "[Clinical value of lumbar tap in the diagnosis of obliteration of vertebral canal by intraspinal tumors].", "content": "The author analyses the clinical data and pathological manifestations in 29 cases of intraspinal tumours in which the results of preoperative lumbar tap were equivocal or excluded presence of vertebral canal obliteration. On the other hand, myelography showed presence of complete or incomplete contrast stop at the level of the tumour, despite misleading information of the diagnostic lumbar tap.", "contents": "[Clinical value of lumbar tap in the diagnosis of obliteration of vertebral canal by intraspinal tumors]. The author analyses the clinical data and pathological manifestations in 29 cases of intraspinal tumours in which the results of preoperative lumbar tap were equivocal or excluded presence of vertebral canal obliteration. On the other hand, myelography showed presence of complete or incomplete contrast stop at the level of the tumour, despite misleading information of the diagnostic lumbar tap.", "PMID": 683436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5635", "title": "[Scintigraphic studies in stroke].", "content": "The authors report the results of scintigraphic investigations in 70 patients treated for brain strokes. The diagnostic and prognostic values of these investigations were estimated. It was observed that ischaemic foci were present most frequently in the area of vascularization of the middle cerebral artery. The intensity of neurological signs was correlated with the size of the pathological focus in the cerebral scintiscan. A close relationship was observed between improvement in the neurological status of the patients and regression of pathological changes in control scintigrams.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic studies in stroke]. The authors report the results of scintigraphic investigations in 70 patients treated for brain strokes. The diagnostic and prognostic values of these investigations were estimated. It was observed that ischaemic foci were present most frequently in the area of vascularization of the middle cerebral artery. The intensity of neurological signs was correlated with the size of the pathological focus in the cerebral scintiscan. A close relationship was observed between improvement in the neurological status of the patients and regression of pathological changes in control scintigrams.", "PMID": 683434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5636", "title": "[Familial form of myasthenia].", "content": "In 2 daughters of healthy parents severe myasthenia with involvement of the eye muscles, bulbar muscles and extremities developed at the age of 20 and 28 years. In both patients persistent thymus was demonstrated. The authors suggest that familial occurrence of myasthenia does not seem to be coincidental; there may be a relationship with genetically determined HL-A system.", "contents": "[Familial form of myasthenia]. In 2 daughters of healthy parents severe myasthenia with involvement of the eye muscles, bulbar muscles and extremities developed at the age of 20 and 28 years. In both patients persistent thymus was demonstrated. The authors suggest that familial occurrence of myasthenia does not seem to be coincidental; there may be a relationship with genetically determined HL-A system.", "PMID": 683439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5637", "title": "[Large aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery].", "content": "Seven surgical cases of large aneurysms (over 10 mm in diameter) are described. In 5 cases the neck of the aneurysm was closed, in 2 the aneurysmal sac was excised. Large aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery cause great difficulties in surgical closure of their necks with routinely used clips. Late results of treatment were very good in 5 cases.", "contents": "[Large aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery]. Seven surgical cases of large aneurysms (over 10 mm in diameter) are described. In 5 cases the neck of the aneurysm was closed, in 2 the aneurysmal sac was excised. Large aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery cause great difficulties in surgical closure of their necks with routinely used clips. Late results of treatment were very good in 5 cases.", "PMID": 683437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5638", "title": "[Case of giant aneurysm of the basilar artery].", "content": "The authors report a case of a giant aneurysm of the basilar artery of the brain diagnosed accidentally on autopsy. Slowly progressive syndrome of bulbar involvement began after craniocerebral trauma. Of considerable interest was the misleading result of pneumoencephalography which showed a normal pattern of basal cisterns. In the light of results of positive-contrast ventriculography an inoperable expanding lesion of the anterior part of the brain stem with associated hydrocephalus was diagnosed and symptomatic treatment was started inserting a Pudenz-Heyer valve. Despite normalization of intracranial pressure the patient died. Vertebral angiography would not have permitted the aneurysm to be diagnosed intravitally since its lumen was filled with clots.", "contents": "[Case of giant aneurysm of the basilar artery]. The authors report a case of a giant aneurysm of the basilar artery of the brain diagnosed accidentally on autopsy. Slowly progressive syndrome of bulbar involvement began after craniocerebral trauma. Of considerable interest was the misleading result of pneumoencephalography which showed a normal pattern of basal cisterns. In the light of results of positive-contrast ventriculography an inoperable expanding lesion of the anterior part of the brain stem with associated hydrocephalus was diagnosed and symptomatic treatment was started inserting a Pudenz-Heyer valve. Despite normalization of intracranial pressure the patient died. Vertebral angiography would not have permitted the aneurysm to be diagnosed intravitally since its lumen was filled with clots.", "PMID": 683440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5639", "title": "[A microsurgery operation for lumbar disc herniation (author's transl)].", "content": "An application of operating microscope for lumbar disc herniation surgery may reduce surgical trauma as compared to non-microsurgical procedure. This can be done very easily by monosegmental approach and employing of the improved optical conditions. This procedure implies better differentiation of anatomical structures and therefore also gentler manipulation of nerve root and dural sac. This procedure can be led to (1) much less bleeding, (2) much less (little) damage of muscle and nerve, (3) less local complication due to postoperative muscular insufficiency, (4) short period of the hospitalization and (5) easiler having postoperative rehabilitation.", "contents": "[A microsurgery operation for lumbar disc herniation (author's transl)]. An application of operating microscope for lumbar disc herniation surgery may reduce surgical trauma as compared to non-microsurgical procedure. This can be done very easily by monosegmental approach and employing of the improved optical conditions. This procedure implies better differentiation of anatomical structures and therefore also gentler manipulation of nerve root and dural sac. This procedure can be led to (1) much less bleeding, (2) much less (little) damage of muscle and nerve, (3) less local complication due to postoperative muscular insufficiency, (4) short period of the hospitalization and (5) easiler having postoperative rehabilitation.", "PMID": 683447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5640", "title": "[Cystic craniopharyngioma extending down into the upper cervical spinal canal (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of craniopharyngioma with a large cyst extending through the posterior fossa down into the upper cervical spinal canal was reported. The patient is a 14-year-old female who was operated on for the first time in 1970, because of a suprasellar calcified mass. Histological examination verified craniopharyngioma of adamantinomatous type. Since then, she had been operated three times because of deterioration of visual acuity. She was admitted for the fifth time in January, 1977, complaining of severe neck pain radiating bilaterally to the shoulders. Radiological examination demonstrated, besides the suprasellar tumor, a huge mass extending along the clivus down to the level of C3 of spinal canal. Anteroposterior diameter of bony spinal canal evidently enlarged in upper cervical region. Interpedicular distance also widened markedly in the same region. Laminae of C1-C3 vertebrae were abnormally stretched and the spinal cord was compressed posteriorly by the tumor. Suboccipital craniectomy verified a cystic tumor in the region of foramen magnum and cervical spinal canal. The medulla oblongata was pushed backward by the tumor. The cystic tumor was evacuated and the capsule of the tumor was partly resected, which was histologically verified as craniopharyngioma of squamous type. The patient was relieved from the neck pain after operation and discharged in April 1977.", "contents": "[Cystic craniopharyngioma extending down into the upper cervical spinal canal (author's transl)]. A case of craniopharyngioma with a large cyst extending through the posterior fossa down into the upper cervical spinal canal was reported. The patient is a 14-year-old female who was operated on for the first time in 1970, because of a suprasellar calcified mass. Histological examination verified craniopharyngioma of adamantinomatous type. Since then, she had been operated three times because of deterioration of visual acuity. She was admitted for the fifth time in January, 1977, complaining of severe neck pain radiating bilaterally to the shoulders. Radiological examination demonstrated, besides the suprasellar tumor, a huge mass extending along the clivus down to the level of C3 of spinal canal. Anteroposterior diameter of bony spinal canal evidently enlarged in upper cervical region. Interpedicular distance also widened markedly in the same region. Laminae of C1-C3 vertebrae were abnormally stretched and the spinal cord was compressed posteriorly by the tumor. Suboccipital craniectomy verified a cystic tumor in the region of foramen magnum and cervical spinal canal. The medulla oblongata was pushed backward by the tumor. The cystic tumor was evacuated and the capsule of the tumor was partly resected, which was histologically verified as craniopharyngioma of squamous type. The patient was relieved from the neck pain after operation and discharged in April 1977.", "PMID": 683451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5641", "title": "[A case of cervical extradural neurinoma with vertebral artery occlusion (author's transl)]?1.H.", "content": "A case of cervical extradural neurinoma with total occlusion of the right vertebral artery is reported. The patient was a 22-year-old man who had suffered slowly progressive tetraparesis for 8 years. Neurological examination demonstrated spastic tetraparesis, muscle atrophy of the trunk and four extremities, and hypalgesia corresponding to C2, 3 and 4 dermatomes. Plain radiogram of the cervical spine revealed a large bony defect on the right side of C2 and C3 vertebrae and enlargement of the intervertebral foramen of the right C2-3. Vertebral angiogram showed a reticular tumor stain in the area of the bony defect mentioned above and an occlusion of the right vertebral artery at the level of the inferior border of the C2 vertebra. It's feeding arteries were radicular arteries. The tumor was located extradurally and excised successfully. Histology showed a typical neurinoma. Referring to the reported cases, vertebral angiography has been rarely performed and there were only three cases including our cases in which total occlusion of the vertebral artery was demonstrated.", "contents": "[A case of cervical extradural neurinoma with vertebral artery occlusion (author's transl)]?1.H. A case of cervical extradural neurinoma with total occlusion of the right vertebral artery is reported. The patient was a 22-year-old man who had suffered slowly progressive tetraparesis for 8 years. Neurological examination demonstrated spastic tetraparesis, muscle atrophy of the trunk and four extremities, and hypalgesia corresponding to C2, 3 and 4 dermatomes. Plain radiogram of the cervical spine revealed a large bony defect on the right side of C2 and C3 vertebrae and enlargement of the intervertebral foramen of the right C2-3. Vertebral angiogram showed a reticular tumor stain in the area of the bony defect mentioned above and an occlusion of the right vertebral artery at the level of the inferior border of the C2 vertebra. It's feeding arteries were radicular arteries. The tumor was located extradurally and excised successfully. Histology showed a typical neurinoma. Referring to the reported cases, vertebral angiography has been rarely performed and there were only three cases including our cases in which total occlusion of the vertebral artery was demonstrated.", "PMID": 683452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5642", "title": "[On the surgical treatment of cerebellar infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Recently we have experienced two cases of acute uncomplicated cerebellar infarction which had been surgically treated. Onset of the disease in both cases was an attack of vertigo with nausea and vomiting, followed by the signs of an expanding lesion in the posterior fossa. There were thirty-one surgically treated cases and only six were fatal so far as we have reviewed cases reported in the literature. The clinical pictures of cerebellar vascular accident are typical in most cases and those of cerebellar infarction are similar to those of cerebellar hemorrhage. These two are frequently indistinguishable on the clinical as well as angiographic grounds, however, CT-scan may be of great value in the differential diagnosis. It is important to realize the cerebellar infarction is also a surgical lesion and not to spend valuable time in differentiating cerebellar infarction from cerebellar hemorrhage. Low mortality rate and low morbidity in cerebellar infarction adequately treated surgically confirm importance for early exploration.", "contents": "[On the surgical treatment of cerebellar infarction (author's transl)]. Recently we have experienced two cases of acute uncomplicated cerebellar infarction which had been surgically treated. Onset of the disease in both cases was an attack of vertigo with nausea and vomiting, followed by the signs of an expanding lesion in the posterior fossa. There were thirty-one surgically treated cases and only six were fatal so far as we have reviewed cases reported in the literature. The clinical pictures of cerebellar vascular accident are typical in most cases and those of cerebellar infarction are similar to those of cerebellar hemorrhage. These two are frequently indistinguishable on the clinical as well as angiographic grounds, however, CT-scan may be of great value in the differential diagnosis. It is important to realize the cerebellar infarction is also a surgical lesion and not to spend valuable time in differentiating cerebellar infarction from cerebellar hemorrhage. Low mortality rate and low morbidity in cerebellar infarction adequately treated surgically confirm importance for early exploration.", "PMID": 683453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5643", "title": "[Three cases of the dermoid and epidermoid tumors in the 4th ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases with epidermoid and one case with dermoid in the 4th ventricle were treated in our clinic during the last one year. The clinical findings in these three cases were described, and dermoid and epidermoid tumors in the 4th ventricle were discussed dealing with the incidence and the characteristic features of the findings in CT scanning. The correct diagnosis of both epidermoid and dermoid in the 4th ventricle was done by CT-scanning which showed an irregular low density area of EMI No. -4 approximately 12 in the posterior fossa without any contrast media enhancement. The low density lesion could be differentiated by both angiogram and ventriculogram from arachnoid cyst, ependymoma, cystic astrocytoma and cystic hemangioblastoma in the 4th ventricle. Total removal of the tumor was performed on 2 cases, and a part of the tumor capsule attached to the medulla oblongata was left in the other case. All patients returned to their own job after operation.", "contents": "[Three cases of the dermoid and epidermoid tumors in the 4th ventricle (author's transl)]. Two cases with epidermoid and one case with dermoid in the 4th ventricle were treated in our clinic during the last one year. The clinical findings in these three cases were described, and dermoid and epidermoid tumors in the 4th ventricle were discussed dealing with the incidence and the characteristic features of the findings in CT scanning. The correct diagnosis of both epidermoid and dermoid in the 4th ventricle was done by CT-scanning which showed an irregular low density area of EMI No. -4 approximately 12 in the posterior fossa without any contrast media enhancement. The low density lesion could be differentiated by both angiogram and ventriculogram from arachnoid cyst, ependymoma, cystic astrocytoma and cystic hemangioblastoma in the 4th ventricle. Total removal of the tumor was performed on 2 cases, and a part of the tumor capsule attached to the medulla oblongata was left in the other case. All patients returned to their own job after operation.", "PMID": 683454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5644", "title": "Study of axonal dystrophy. I. Pathology of the neuropil of the gracile and the cuneate nuclei in ageing and old rats: a stereological study.", "content": "The changes with age in the neuropil of the gracile and the cuneate nuclei of rats were studied using stereological techniques, in relation to the occurrence of axonal dystrophy. The following were found: (1) significant difference in the volume fraction of presynaptic boutons between the gracile and the cuneate nuclei throughout the whole life span (17% and 13% respectively at 100 days of age); (2) progressive decrease in the volume fraction (34% decrease in the gracile nucleus between 100 and 800 days of age) and in the numerical density of presynaptic boutons, the decline being evident as soon as the animals reached maturity and before axonal dystrophy became manifest; (3) significant differences in the volume fractions of dendrites and of nerve cell bodies between the two nuclei throughout the whole life span of the animals, both being greater in the cuneate than in the gracile nucleus; an age-related decrease in the volume fraction of dendrites was also suspected in the gracile nucleus; (4) progressive increase in the volume fraction of fibrous astrocytic processes (from 3% at 100 days to 10.5% at 800 days in the gracile nucleus); (5) the above described age-related changes of presynaptic boutons and fibrous astrocytic processes were significant only in the gracile nucleus, not in the cuneate. The loss of boutons in ageing gracile nuclei was partially reflected in the appearance of degenerating nerve fibres in ageing gracile tract in the rostral cervical cord. Involutional loss of boutons and dystrophic formation of spheroids both appear and progress closely related in time and space. It was suggested that this set of changes can be understood as one integrated whole in which axonal dystrophy may represent only one side of the coin. The question of the causal mechanisms of axonal dystrophy still remains unanswered.", "contents": "Study of axonal dystrophy. I. Pathology of the neuropil of the gracile and the cuneate nuclei in ageing and old rats: a stereological study. The changes with age in the neuropil of the gracile and the cuneate nuclei of rats were studied using stereological techniques, in relation to the occurrence of axonal dystrophy. The following were found: (1) significant difference in the volume fraction of presynaptic boutons between the gracile and the cuneate nuclei throughout the whole life span (17% and 13% respectively at 100 days of age); (2) progressive decrease in the volume fraction (34% decrease in the gracile nucleus between 100 and 800 days of age) and in the numerical density of presynaptic boutons, the decline being evident as soon as the animals reached maturity and before axonal dystrophy became manifest; (3) significant differences in the volume fractions of dendrites and of nerve cell bodies between the two nuclei throughout the whole life span of the animals, both being greater in the cuneate than in the gracile nucleus; an age-related decrease in the volume fraction of dendrites was also suspected in the gracile nucleus; (4) progressive increase in the volume fraction of fibrous astrocytic processes (from 3% at 100 days to 10.5% at 800 days in the gracile nucleus); (5) the above described age-related changes of presynaptic boutons and fibrous astrocytic processes were significant only in the gracile nucleus, not in the cuneate. The loss of boutons in ageing gracile nuclei was partially reflected in the appearance of degenerating nerve fibres in ageing gracile tract in the rostral cervical cord. Involutional loss of boutons and dystrophic formation of spheroids both appear and progress closely related in time and space. It was suggested that this set of changes can be understood as one integrated whole in which axonal dystrophy may represent only one side of the coin. The question of the causal mechanisms of axonal dystrophy still remains unanswered.", "PMID": 683455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5645", "title": "Glial outgrowth and central-type myelination of regenerating axons in spinal nerve roots following transection and suture: light and electron microscopic study in the pig.", "content": "Glial bundles growing out of the spinal cord were observed in spinal nerve roots in the pig after their section and surgical repair. The heterotopic occurrence of glial cells, most of which were identified as astrocytes, was more frequent and more pronounced in dorsal than in ventral roots. Several of the glial bundles contained regenerated myelinated axons. These were probably myelinated by cells which showed the typical cytological criteria for oligodendrocytes and the mode of myelination was clearly of central type. It was concluded that the glial outgrowth is induced by degeneration and regeneration of axons passing the central-peripheral transition zone.", "contents": "Glial outgrowth and central-type myelination of regenerating axons in spinal nerve roots following transection and suture: light and electron microscopic study in the pig. Glial bundles growing out of the spinal cord were observed in spinal nerve roots in the pig after their section and surgical repair. The heterotopic occurrence of glial cells, most of which were identified as astrocytes, was more frequent and more pronounced in dorsal than in ventral roots. Several of the glial bundles contained regenerated myelinated axons. These were probably myelinated by cells which showed the typical cytological criteria for oligodendrocytes and the mode of myelination was clearly of central type. It was concluded that the glial outgrowth is induced by degeneration and regeneration of axons passing the central-peripheral transition zone.", "PMID": 683456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5646", "title": "Histoenzymology of the developing rat spinal cord.", "content": "Using histochemical methods the activity of acetycholinesterase, acid phosphatase and various dehydrogenases was investigated in the developing rat spinal cord. At the ninth embryonic day (E9) only the activity of the lactate dehydrogenase slow-moving isoenzymes was prominent in spinal neurons. Between E13 and E15 an increase was observed in the activity of most of the dehydrogenases and of acid phosphatase in motoneurons and posterior root ganglion cells. Between E15 and E17 acetylcholinesterase activity increased markedly. On E17 and E20, this enzyme was also detectable in anterior and posterior roots and in neurons of the intermediate grey matter. On E20, although all grey matter neurons were cytologically fully differentiated, their enzymatic content was found to be still incomplete. The prominent acid phosphatase reaction within laminae I and II, which is characteristic of the adult rat, was absent in the fetal spinal cord. These findings indicate that the spinal cord metabolism is predominantly anaerobic during the first two-thirds of gestation. The histoenzymological maturation of grey-matter neurons is delayed in comparison to their cytological differentiation. Furthermore, the ontogenesis of motoneuronal acetylcholinesterase activity correlates well with the development of motor activities in the rat fetus.", "contents": "Histoenzymology of the developing rat spinal cord. Using histochemical methods the activity of acetycholinesterase, acid phosphatase and various dehydrogenases was investigated in the developing rat spinal cord. At the ninth embryonic day (E9) only the activity of the lactate dehydrogenase slow-moving isoenzymes was prominent in spinal neurons. Between E13 and E15 an increase was observed in the activity of most of the dehydrogenases and of acid phosphatase in motoneurons and posterior root ganglion cells. Between E15 and E17 acetylcholinesterase activity increased markedly. On E17 and E20, this enzyme was also detectable in anterior and posterior roots and in neurons of the intermediate grey matter. On E20, although all grey matter neurons were cytologically fully differentiated, their enzymatic content was found to be still incomplete. The prominent acid phosphatase reaction within laminae I and II, which is characteristic of the adult rat, was absent in the fetal spinal cord. These findings indicate that the spinal cord metabolism is predominantly anaerobic during the first two-thirds of gestation. The histoenzymological maturation of grey-matter neurons is delayed in comparison to their cytological differentiation. Furthermore, the ontogenesis of motoneuronal acetylcholinesterase activity correlates well with the development of motor activities in the rat fetus.", "PMID": 683457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5647", "title": "Prognostic factors in ruptured aneurysms of the circle of Willis: the significance of systemic hypertension.", "content": "The incidence of essential hypertension has been retrospectively studied in a group of sixty-four fatal cases of ruptured berry aneurysm, and compared with a non-fatal group. Hypertension is more frequent in the fatal group, and is associated with a higher incidence of multiple aneurysms, a smaller size of aneurysm at rupture and a poorer survival after two haemorrhages when comparison is made with normotensive patients. The possible role of hypertension in the development and rupture of aneurysms is discussed, and it is concluded that it may contribute to both. Following rupture it carries a poor prognosis with a resulting over emphasis of its significance in autopsy series. Possible mechanisms for this effect include diffuse vascular disease, and an increased liability to oedema or spasm following rupture of an aneurysm.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in ruptured aneurysms of the circle of Willis: the significance of systemic hypertension. The incidence of essential hypertension has been retrospectively studied in a group of sixty-four fatal cases of ruptured berry aneurysm, and compared with a non-fatal group. Hypertension is more frequent in the fatal group, and is associated with a higher incidence of multiple aneurysms, a smaller size of aneurysm at rupture and a poorer survival after two haemorrhages when comparison is made with normotensive patients. The possible role of hypertension in the development and rupture of aneurysms is discussed, and it is concluded that it may contribute to both. Following rupture it carries a poor prognosis with a resulting over emphasis of its significance in autopsy series. Possible mechanisms for this effect include diffuse vascular disease, and an increased liability to oedema or spasm following rupture of an aneurysm.", "PMID": 683459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5648", "title": "Observations on remyelination in the rabbit spinal cord following demyelination induced by lysolecithin.", "content": "The extent and type of remyelination that occurred following demyelination induced by intraspinal injection of small volumes of lysolecithin was examined in 24 rabbits. Unlike the rat and cat following this procedure remyelination is not complete even after 6 months' survival and little Schwann cell invasion occurs. The cellular environment around remyelinated and persistently demyelinated axons differed. Remyelination was associated with a good astrocytic presence and removal of myelin debris, while persistently demyelinated axons were surrounded by myelin debris and a poor astrocytic presence. It was conluded that the environment around the demyelinated axon influences oligodendrocyte remyelination.", "contents": "Observations on remyelination in the rabbit spinal cord following demyelination induced by lysolecithin. The extent and type of remyelination that occurred following demyelination induced by intraspinal injection of small volumes of lysolecithin was examined in 24 rabbits. Unlike the rat and cat following this procedure remyelination is not complete even after 6 months' survival and little Schwann cell invasion occurs. The cellular environment around remyelinated and persistently demyelinated axons differed. Remyelination was associated with a good astrocytic presence and removal of myelin debris, while persistently demyelinated axons were surrounded by myelin debris and a poor astrocytic presence. It was conluded that the environment around the demyelinated axon influences oligodendrocyte remyelination.", "PMID": 683458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5649", "title": "Arrest of myelination and demyelination in rabbit retina induced by herpes simplex virus infection.", "content": "Herpes simplex virus was injected into the vitreous of suckling and adult rabbits. In the suckling rabbits the infection caused an arrested myelination of the strip. Further, the infected strips showed degenerative changes with splitting and distension of myelin sheaths which then disintegrated. Ultrastructurally, herpes simplex virus particles were found in both oligodendroglial cells and in astrocytes in the bundles. No increase in intraocular pressure was recorded during the inflammation. The infection spread along optic pathways to the opposite side. Inflammatory cells appeared at the surface and infiltrated the degenerating strip. Especially in the contralateral eye, an extensive inflammatory cell infiltration was seen among bundles of nerve fibres which showed partly well-preserved myelin and partly with signs of demyelination reminiscent of the picture of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the epiretinal strip.", "contents": "Arrest of myelination and demyelination in rabbit retina induced by herpes simplex virus infection. Herpes simplex virus was injected into the vitreous of suckling and adult rabbits. In the suckling rabbits the infection caused an arrested myelination of the strip. Further, the infected strips showed degenerative changes with splitting and distension of myelin sheaths which then disintegrated. Ultrastructurally, herpes simplex virus particles were found in both oligodendroglial cells and in astrocytes in the bundles. No increase in intraocular pressure was recorded during the inflammation. The infection spread along optic pathways to the opposite side. Inflammatory cells appeared at the surface and infiltrated the degenerating strip. Especially in the contralateral eye, an extensive inflammatory cell infiltration was seen among bundles of nerve fibres which showed partly well-preserved myelin and partly with signs of demyelination reminiscent of the picture of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the epiretinal strip.", "PMID": 683460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5650", "title": "Growth hormone response to hypoglycemia under gamma-hydroxybutyrate narco-analgesia in the rat.", "content": "Plasma immuno-reactive growth-hormone (RIA-GH) concentrations were investigated under in vivo continuous blood glucose (BG) monitoring after administration of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) as well as during spontaneous or insulin-induced hypoglycemia. During the narco-analgesia by GHB a marked secretory episode is consistently observed. This secretion peak is not accurately time related with GHB administration and seems to fade off in aging animals. Strictly controlled hypoglycemia elicits a consistent and specific GH release. In contrast deep hypoglycemic levels resulting in a state of metabolic stress inhibit GH secretion. Our results suggest that previous data on the GH regulation pattern during hypoglycemia may depend upon the anesthetic used and/or nonspecific stress responses following deep hypoglycemia. The above mentioned experimental conditions indicate that GH metabolic regulation is not fundamentally different in rodents and primates.", "contents": "Growth hormone response to hypoglycemia under gamma-hydroxybutyrate narco-analgesia in the rat. Plasma immuno-reactive growth-hormone (RIA-GH) concentrations were investigated under in vivo continuous blood glucose (BG) monitoring after administration of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) as well as during spontaneous or insulin-induced hypoglycemia. During the narco-analgesia by GHB a marked secretory episode is consistently observed. This secretion peak is not accurately time related with GHB administration and seems to fade off in aging animals. Strictly controlled hypoglycemia elicits a consistent and specific GH release. In contrast deep hypoglycemic levels resulting in a state of metabolic stress inhibit GH secretion. Our results suggest that previous data on the GH regulation pattern during hypoglycemia may depend upon the anesthetic used and/or nonspecific stress responses following deep hypoglycemia. The above mentioned experimental conditions indicate that GH metabolic regulation is not fundamentally different in rodents and primates.", "PMID": 683466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5651", "title": "In vitro nuclear 3H-hydrocortisone binding in the hypothalamus of the pig.", "content": "Hypothalamic cell nuclear uptake and binding of 3H-hydrocortisone (3H-HC)-receptor complexes were studied in a cell-free system. Greater net concentrations of radioactivity were found in the 0.4 M KCl non-extractable fraction (sediment) in the first 20 min of incubation and in the 0.4 M KCl extractable fraction (supernatant) from 30 to 60 min. Incubation in low ionic strength medium favored localization of radioactivity in the supernatant, whereas high ionic strength promoted greated localization in the sediment. Specific binding in the supernatant was non-saturable, but reached a plateau in the sediment at about 5 X 10(-8)M 3H-HC. The observed value of Kd for binding in the nuclear sediment was 4.88 X 10(9)M-1 and the maximum number of binding sites was 8.8 femtomoles/mg DNA. RNA polymerase activity increased by 59% in the presence of hormone-receptors over that in the presence of free hormone in buffer.", "contents": "In vitro nuclear 3H-hydrocortisone binding in the hypothalamus of the pig. Hypothalamic cell nuclear uptake and binding of 3H-hydrocortisone (3H-HC)-receptor complexes were studied in a cell-free system. Greater net concentrations of radioactivity were found in the 0.4 M KCl non-extractable fraction (sediment) in the first 20 min of incubation and in the 0.4 M KCl extractable fraction (supernatant) from 30 to 60 min. Incubation in low ionic strength medium favored localization of radioactivity in the supernatant, whereas high ionic strength promoted greated localization in the sediment. Specific binding in the supernatant was non-saturable, but reached a plateau in the sediment at about 5 X 10(-8)M 3H-HC. The observed value of Kd for binding in the nuclear sediment was 4.88 X 10(9)M-1 and the maximum number of binding sites was 8.8 femtomoles/mg DNA. RNA polymerase activity increased by 59% in the presence of hormone-receptors over that in the presence of free hormone in buffer.", "PMID": 683465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5652", "title": "The effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on remyelination in the peripheral nervous system of the mouse.", "content": "The thymidine analogue, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), has been used in an attempt to manipulate experimentally the proliferative response of the Schwann cell population that follows induction of segmental demyelination in the peripheral nervous system. It was found that in the presence of BrdU, a significant number of Schwann cells displayed a susceptibility to the agent, in that they could be 'held' in the pro-myelinated state. It is suggested that there is some regulatory transition requiring the priming of the Schwann cell genome for myelination that occurs before the remyelinating phase of repair can be started, but after the establishment of the Schwann cell/axon relationship.", "contents": "The effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on remyelination in the peripheral nervous system of the mouse. The thymidine analogue, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), has been used in an attempt to manipulate experimentally the proliferative response of the Schwann cell population that follows induction of segmental demyelination in the peripheral nervous system. It was found that in the presence of BrdU, a significant number of Schwann cells displayed a susceptibility to the agent, in that they could be 'held' in the pro-myelinated state. It is suggested that there is some regulatory transition requiring the priming of the Schwann cell genome for myelination that occurs before the remyelinating phase of repair can be started, but after the establishment of the Schwann cell/axon relationship.", "PMID": 683461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5653", "title": "The cervical cord in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The spinal cords were examined in eighteen cases of multiple sclerosis, with special attention to the cervical enlargement. It was found that (1) lesions in the cervical cord are about twice as common as at lower levels, (2) in this region there is a striking preponderance of fan-shaped lesions in the lateral columns. It is argued that both these findings are explicable on the theory that mechanical stresses play a part in determining the site of lesions; that such stresses are commonly transmitted to the cord via the denticulate ligaments during flexion of the spine; and that many of the lesions are attributable to vascular leakages due to tension in the denticulate ligaments. It is concluded that in patients with multiple sclerosis neck flexion is dangerous--especially in cases where Lhermitte's sign has occurred.", "contents": "The cervical cord in multiple sclerosis. The spinal cords were examined in eighteen cases of multiple sclerosis, with special attention to the cervical enlargement. It was found that (1) lesions in the cervical cord are about twice as common as at lower levels, (2) in this region there is a striking preponderance of fan-shaped lesions in the lateral columns. It is argued that both these findings are explicable on the theory that mechanical stresses play a part in determining the site of lesions; that such stresses are commonly transmitted to the cord via the denticulate ligaments during flexion of the spine; and that many of the lesions are attributable to vascular leakages due to tension in the denticulate ligaments. It is concluded that in patients with multiple sclerosis neck flexion is dangerous--especially in cases where Lhermitte's sign has occurred.", "PMID": 683462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5654", "title": "Catecholaminergic regulation of TSH and growth hormone release in ovariectomized and ovariectomized, steroid-primed rats.", "content": "Third ventricular injection of dopamine (DA), Piribedil (ET-495), a DA receptor stimulator, norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and systemic administration of larger doses of DA and the receptor stimulant, apomorphine (APM), were used to evaluate their role in the regulation of TSH and GH secretion in ovariectomized (OVX) as well as ovariectomized, estrogen-progesterone treated (OEP) rats. Intraventricular or i.p. injection of DA or its agonists, ET-495, and APM, caused a lowering of plasma TSH and an elevation of plasma GH concentration in OVX as well as in OEP rats. In contrast, intraventricular injection of NE or E increased plasma TSH and GH concentration. On the basis of these results it is concluded that the central dopaminergic system is inhibitory to TSH secretion, as reflected in our exeriments by the significant reduction of TSH levels. On the other hand, the noradrenergic and adrenergic system has a stimulatory role on the release of TRH as evidenced by the increase in plasma TSH levels. Activation of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and adrenergic systems appears to promote release by hypothalamic GH releasing hormone as reflected in the enhanced concentration of plasma GH, but the precise physiological role of these biogenic amines in modulating the release of TSH and GH hormone remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Catecholaminergic regulation of TSH and growth hormone release in ovariectomized and ovariectomized, steroid-primed rats. Third ventricular injection of dopamine (DA), Piribedil (ET-495), a DA receptor stimulator, norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and systemic administration of larger doses of DA and the receptor stimulant, apomorphine (APM), were used to evaluate their role in the regulation of TSH and GH secretion in ovariectomized (OVX) as well as ovariectomized, estrogen-progesterone treated (OEP) rats. Intraventricular or i.p. injection of DA or its agonists, ET-495, and APM, caused a lowering of plasma TSH and an elevation of plasma GH concentration in OVX as well as in OEP rats. In contrast, intraventricular injection of NE or E increased plasma TSH and GH concentration. On the basis of these results it is concluded that the central dopaminergic system is inhibitory to TSH secretion, as reflected in our exeriments by the significant reduction of TSH levels. On the other hand, the noradrenergic and adrenergic system has a stimulatory role on the release of TRH as evidenced by the increase in plasma TSH levels. Activation of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and adrenergic systems appears to promote release by hypothalamic GH releasing hormone as reflected in the enhanced concentration of plasma GH, but the precise physiological role of these biogenic amines in modulating the release of TSH and GH hormone remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 683468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5655", "title": "Buckthorn neuropathy: effects of intraneural injection of Karwinskia humboldtiana toxins.", "content": "Ingestion of the endocarp of the coyotillo fruit, Karwinskia humboldtiana, a shrub of the buckthorn family, causes \"Buckthorn neuropathy\" in man and animals. Two neurotoxic compounds T496 and T544 were isolated from the endocarp and each toxin was dissolved in sesame oil and injected into the sciatic nerve of rats. The nerves were subsequently examined by teasing and as sections by light and electron microscopy. During the first 3--4 days after injection, oil droplets, probably containing toxin, were observed in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells with intact myelin sheaths. Clinical signs of weakness in the limb first appeared at 5--6 days and were accompanied by segmental demyelination mainly of the larger fibres. These observations suggest that the toxins have a primary action on Schwann cell metabolism. The results of local injection of purified toxins are discussed in relation to reports of nerve damage in animals following oral administration of the endocarp where intramyelin vacuole formation and segmental demyelination are prominent features.", "contents": "Buckthorn neuropathy: effects of intraneural injection of Karwinskia humboldtiana toxins. Ingestion of the endocarp of the coyotillo fruit, Karwinskia humboldtiana, a shrub of the buckthorn family, causes \"Buckthorn neuropathy\" in man and animals. Two neurotoxic compounds T496 and T544 were isolated from the endocarp and each toxin was dissolved in sesame oil and injected into the sciatic nerve of rats. The nerves were subsequently examined by teasing and as sections by light and electron microscopy. During the first 3--4 days after injection, oil droplets, probably containing toxin, were observed in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells with intact myelin sheaths. Clinical signs of weakness in the limb first appeared at 5--6 days and were accompanied by segmental demyelination mainly of the larger fibres. These observations suggest that the toxins have a primary action on Schwann cell metabolism. The results of local injection of purified toxins are discussed in relation to reports of nerve damage in animals following oral administration of the endocarp where intramyelin vacuole formation and segmental demyelination are prominent features.", "PMID": 683463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5656", "title": "Evidence for the involvement of dopaminergic neurons in the pregnancy block effect.", "content": "Impairment of eggs implantation by exposure to alien male during early stages of pregnancy can be completely prevented by blockade of the dopaminergic neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) or by increase of the prolactin (Prl) level in pregnant female mice. Stimulation of serotoninergic neurons delayed the phenomenal effect. Blockade of serotoninergic neurons or treatment by ergocriptine on the 2nd and 3rd day of pregnancy inhibited eggs implantation. These results indicate that Prl release in female mice during the time of implantation is under dopaminergic and serotoninergic control, but phenomenal effect is transmitted by dopaminergic system.", "contents": "Evidence for the involvement of dopaminergic neurons in the pregnancy block effect. Impairment of eggs implantation by exposure to alien male during early stages of pregnancy can be completely prevented by blockade of the dopaminergic neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) or by increase of the prolactin (Prl) level in pregnant female mice. Stimulation of serotoninergic neurons delayed the phenomenal effect. Blockade of serotoninergic neurons or treatment by ergocriptine on the 2nd and 3rd day of pregnancy inhibited eggs implantation. These results indicate that Prl release in female mice during the time of implantation is under dopaminergic and serotoninergic control, but phenomenal effect is transmitted by dopaminergic system.", "PMID": 683469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5657", "title": "The effect of exposure to ether on prolactin secretion and the half-life of endogenous prolactin in normal and castrated male rats.", "content": "Normal and castrated male rats implanted with permanent right atrial cannulae were used, and sequential blood samples were taken every 2 min through the cannula. When the rats, both normal and castrated, were exposed to ether for 2 min, the prolactin (Prl) concentration in plasma was immediately and dramatically elevated. During 40 min of continuous ether anesthesia, plasma Prl concentration was not sustained. After the initial 'surge' of Prl secretion, which lasted about 15 min, the concentration returned to normal levels. Following the peak of the Prl 'surge', Prl disappeared from the circulation with a calculated half-life of 7 min (mean value: 6.9 min; confidence interval: 6.3-7.7).", "contents": "The effect of exposure to ether on prolactin secretion and the half-life of endogenous prolactin in normal and castrated male rats. Normal and castrated male rats implanted with permanent right atrial cannulae were used, and sequential blood samples were taken every 2 min through the cannula. When the rats, both normal and castrated, were exposed to ether for 2 min, the prolactin (Prl) concentration in plasma was immediately and dramatically elevated. During 40 min of continuous ether anesthesia, plasma Prl concentration was not sustained. After the initial 'surge' of Prl secretion, which lasted about 15 min, the concentration returned to normal levels. Following the peak of the Prl 'surge', Prl disappeared from the circulation with a calculated half-life of 7 min (mean value: 6.9 min; confidence interval: 6.3-7.7).", "PMID": 683470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5658", "title": "Pathogenesis of longitudinal splitting of muscle fibres in neurogenic disorders and in polymyositis.", "content": "Longitudinal splitting of muscle fibres has been studied in the biopsies of eighteen patients with neurogenic disorders, and of twenty with polymyositis. In neurogenic disorders splitting predominantly affects hypertrophied fibres, and is probably due to mechanical overload induced by normal loads imposed on a weakened muscle. A similar phenomenon occurs in hypertrophied fibres in chronic polymyositis. However, in acute, or active polymyositis an appearance resembling fibre splitting can result from sequestration of necrotic segments within a fibre and also from regeneration occurring within intact sarcolemmal tubes after segmental sub-endomysial necrosis. These different processes, which can be distinguished by light and ultrastructural criteria, are important compensatory factors in neuromuscular disorders.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of longitudinal splitting of muscle fibres in neurogenic disorders and in polymyositis. Longitudinal splitting of muscle fibres has been studied in the biopsies of eighteen patients with neurogenic disorders, and of twenty with polymyositis. In neurogenic disorders splitting predominantly affects hypertrophied fibres, and is probably due to mechanical overload induced by normal loads imposed on a weakened muscle. A similar phenomenon occurs in hypertrophied fibres in chronic polymyositis. However, in acute, or active polymyositis an appearance resembling fibre splitting can result from sequestration of necrotic segments within a fibre and also from regeneration occurring within intact sarcolemmal tubes after segmental sub-endomysial necrosis. These different processes, which can be distinguished by light and ultrastructural criteria, are important compensatory factors in neuromuscular disorders.", "PMID": 683464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5659", "title": "Pattern of adenohypophyseal hormone changes in male rats following chronic stress.", "content": "To delineate the pattern of adenohypophyseal hormone secretion following chronic stress, adult male rats were exposed daily to 6 h of cold, forced exercise or immobilization for 3, 6, 10, 15, 28 or 42 consecutive days. Groups of these animals were sacrificed at the end of the last stress sessions, and plasma growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (Prl) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Irresspective of the different stimuli used, long-term stress induced a morphologic and hormonal response characterized by decreased ponderal growth, adrenal enlargement, thymus involution and significant diminutions in GH, Prl and LH levels with no modifications in FSH titers. The magnitude and duration of these changes varied with the severity of the stressors.", "contents": "Pattern of adenohypophyseal hormone changes in male rats following chronic stress. To delineate the pattern of adenohypophyseal hormone secretion following chronic stress, adult male rats were exposed daily to 6 h of cold, forced exercise or immobilization for 3, 6, 10, 15, 28 or 42 consecutive days. Groups of these animals were sacrificed at the end of the last stress sessions, and plasma growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (Prl) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Irresspective of the different stimuli used, long-term stress induced a morphologic and hormonal response characterized by decreased ponderal growth, adrenal enlargement, thymus involution and significant diminutions in GH, Prl and LH levels with no modifications in FSH titers. The magnitude and duration of these changes varied with the severity of the stressors.", "PMID": 683471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5660", "title": "Late endocrine effects of administering monosodium glutamate to neonatal rats.", "content": "Rats were injected with monosodium 1-glutamate (MSG) daily for the 1st 5 days of life and allowed to mature. This is known to cause selective destruction of neurons in the retina and in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. The adult animals had a significant increase in body fat without an increase in weight, a marked reduction in pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, gonadal and prostate weights. Pituitary, hypothalamic and serum thyrotropin (TSH) were significantly reduced in the males. Serum growth hormone (GH) was markedly reduced in both sexes and the serum prolactin (Prl) was increased significantly in females. FSH did not appear to be abnormal and the LH may have been increased in the males. Serum T4 was significantly reduced in females. The fertility of the females was normal, but treated males mated with normal females showed a marked reduction in fertility and, although the litter sizes of the offspring were normal, the birth weights of the pups of both sexes were significantly reduced. These persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function indicate that lesions produced by neonatal MSG treatment provide a convenient model for studying hypothalamic function.", "contents": "Late endocrine effects of administering monosodium glutamate to neonatal rats. Rats were injected with monosodium 1-glutamate (MSG) daily for the 1st 5 days of life and allowed to mature. This is known to cause selective destruction of neurons in the retina and in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. The adult animals had a significant increase in body fat without an increase in weight, a marked reduction in pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, gonadal and prostate weights. Pituitary, hypothalamic and serum thyrotropin (TSH) were significantly reduced in the males. Serum growth hormone (GH) was markedly reduced in both sexes and the serum prolactin (Prl) was increased significantly in females. FSH did not appear to be abnormal and the LH may have been increased in the males. Serum T4 was significantly reduced in females. The fertility of the females was normal, but treated males mated with normal females showed a marked reduction in fertility and, although the litter sizes of the offspring were normal, the birth weights of the pups of both sexes were significantly reduced. These persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function indicate that lesions produced by neonatal MSG treatment provide a convenient model for studying hypothalamic function.", "PMID": 683472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5661", "title": "Studies on the color-change mechanism in a fresh-water teleost, Nandus nandus (Ham.). II. Hormonal control.", "content": "The chromatic spinal sectioning (mostly at 3rd, 3/4th and 4th vertebral levels) produced the maximal darkening in the fish. This darkening persisted in the fish on a black background, but a slow and gradual paling occurred in the operated animals when placed over a white background. These animals reached the maximum paling in 168 h as compared to the unoperated ones where similar state of paling was attained in a comparatively shorter period (3 to 5 h). The distinct difference in the results in respect of the rates of paling in the operated (melanophores under hormonal control only) and unoperated animals clearly suggests the involvement of a pituitary-borne melanophore-aggregating hormone (MAH) in the chromatic control mechanism of the fish Nandus nandus.", "contents": "Studies on the color-change mechanism in a fresh-water teleost, Nandus nandus (Ham.). II. Hormonal control. The chromatic spinal sectioning (mostly at 3rd, 3/4th and 4th vertebral levels) produced the maximal darkening in the fish. This darkening persisted in the fish on a black background, but a slow and gradual paling occurred in the operated animals when placed over a white background. These animals reached the maximum paling in 168 h as compared to the unoperated ones where similar state of paling was attained in a comparatively shorter period (3 to 5 h). The distinct difference in the results in respect of the rates of paling in the operated (melanophores under hormonal control only) and unoperated animals clearly suggests the involvement of a pituitary-borne melanophore-aggregating hormone (MAH) in the chromatic control mechanism of the fish Nandus nandus.", "PMID": 683473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5662", "title": "The effect of ovarian steroids on hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine neuronal activity.", "content": "The effect of ovarian steroids on the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the anterior hypothalamus, as well as on the total decline of 5-HIAA levels after the administration of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor pargyline, was studied in ovariectomized (OVX) rats at different times of the day. The concentration of 5-HT and 5-HIAA and the total decline of 5-HIAA levels were higher in the morning than in the afternoon in OVX rats. Three days after the injection of 20 microgram estradiol benzoate (EB), the concentration of 5-HT and its metabolite were reduced in the morning but not in the afternoon, resulting in a disappearance of the daily changes. The total decline of 5-HIAA levels after pargyline was significantly reduced by EB administration only in the morning. The injection of 2 mg progesterone (P) into OVX EB-primed rats restored all parameters to the levels present in OVX rats. These findings suggest that ovarian steroids have a modulatory action on the activity of hypothalamic serotonin-containing neurons.", "contents": "The effect of ovarian steroids on hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine neuronal activity. The effect of ovarian steroids on the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the anterior hypothalamus, as well as on the total decline of 5-HIAA levels after the administration of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor pargyline, was studied in ovariectomized (OVX) rats at different times of the day. The concentration of 5-HT and 5-HIAA and the total decline of 5-HIAA levels were higher in the morning than in the afternoon in OVX rats. Three days after the injection of 20 microgram estradiol benzoate (EB), the concentration of 5-HT and its metabolite were reduced in the morning but not in the afternoon, resulting in a disappearance of the daily changes. The total decline of 5-HIAA levels after pargyline was significantly reduced by EB administration only in the morning. The injection of 2 mg progesterone (P) into OVX EB-primed rats restored all parameters to the levels present in OVX rats. These findings suggest that ovarian steroids have a modulatory action on the activity of hypothalamic serotonin-containing neurons.", "PMID": 683474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5663", "title": "Pars intermedia electrical potentials: changes in spike frequency induced by regulatory factors of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) secretion.", "content": "Spontaneous action potentials recorded from pars intermedia (PI) cells of frog pituitaries are correlated with spontaneous melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH) secretion from that gland. Those agents known to induce hormone release (e.g., serotonin, isoproterenol) increase the rate of electrical activity, whereas those which inhibit secretion (e.g., norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA) reduce the frequency of spikes. MSH secretion appears to involve cellular depolarization while inhibition of release is associated with cell membrane polarization.", "contents": "Pars intermedia electrical potentials: changes in spike frequency induced by regulatory factors of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) secretion. Spontaneous action potentials recorded from pars intermedia (PI) cells of frog pituitaries are correlated with spontaneous melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH) secretion from that gland. Those agents known to induce hormone release (e.g., serotonin, isoproterenol) increase the rate of electrical activity, whereas those which inhibit secretion (e.g., norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA) reduce the frequency of spikes. MSH secretion appears to involve cellular depolarization while inhibition of release is associated with cell membrane polarization.", "PMID": 683475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5664", "title": "Autoradiographic localization of androgen-concentrating cells in the brain of the male domestic fowl.", "content": "Cells in the male fowl brain which accumulate radioactivity following 3H testosterone (T) administration were identified by autoradiography. Labelled cells were found principally in hypothalamic, limbic and midbrain structures. Marked uptake was observed in the preoptic area (POA) and in the anterior and posterior hypothalamus. There was also a significant amount of labelling in the archistriatum (ARCH), particularly in the nucleus taeniae (Tn), and in the lateral septum. In the midbrain, substantial uptake of labelled hormone was found in the nucleus intercollicularis (ICo). The pattern of accumulation of T in the male fowl was comparable to that for sex hormone uptake in vertebrates in general. Furthermore, accumulation was generally found in areas known to be concerned with sex hormone-dependent functions.", "contents": "Autoradiographic localization of androgen-concentrating cells in the brain of the male domestic fowl. Cells in the male fowl brain which accumulate radioactivity following 3H testosterone (T) administration were identified by autoradiography. Labelled cells were found principally in hypothalamic, limbic and midbrain structures. Marked uptake was observed in the preoptic area (POA) and in the anterior and posterior hypothalamus. There was also a significant amount of labelling in the archistriatum (ARCH), particularly in the nucleus taeniae (Tn), and in the lateral septum. In the midbrain, substantial uptake of labelled hormone was found in the nucleus intercollicularis (ICo). The pattern of accumulation of T in the male fowl was comparable to that for sex hormone uptake in vertebrates in general. Furthermore, accumulation was generally found in areas known to be concerned with sex hormone-dependent functions.", "PMID": 683476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5665", "title": "Saccular aneurysm of infancy and early childhood.", "content": "A case of intracranial saccular aneurysm occurring in early childhood and presenting with sudden dysphasia and hemiplegia is reported. A review of the literature emphasizes the rarity of this lesion. Despite a significant preoperative neurological deficit, the patient tolerated aneurysm clipping and recovered well. The majority of reported cases involve males under 2 years old. Aneurysms in infants have a distribution different from that seen in adults. Microscopic examination of these lesions fails to show any evidence of inflammation or atherosclerosis. The data suggest that the pathogenesis of these rare childhool lesions differs from that of adult saccular aneurysms.", "contents": "Saccular aneurysm of infancy and early childhood. A case of intracranial saccular aneurysm occurring in early childhood and presenting with sudden dysphasia and hemiplegia is reported. A review of the literature emphasizes the rarity of this lesion. Despite a significant preoperative neurological deficit, the patient tolerated aneurysm clipping and recovered well. The majority of reported cases involve males under 2 years old. Aneurysms in infants have a distribution different from that seen in adults. Microscopic examination of these lesions fails to show any evidence of inflammation or atherosclerosis. The data suggest that the pathogenesis of these rare childhool lesions differs from that of adult saccular aneurysms.", "PMID": 683477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5666", "title": "Lumbar disc disease in children.", "content": "The clinical experience with lumbar disc disease in 38 patients at a large children's hospital is reviewed. Thirty children underwent surgical treatment; eight patients were not operated upon. The surgical results were excellent, with 93% of the children cured or markedly improved on follow-up. The main differential aspects of lumbar disc disease between children and adults are emphasized.", "contents": "Lumbar disc disease in children. The clinical experience with lumbar disc disease in 38 patients at a large children's hospital is reviewed. Thirty children underwent surgical treatment; eight patients were not operated upon. The surgical results were excellent, with 93% of the children cured or markedly improved on follow-up. The main differential aspects of lumbar disc disease between children and adults are emphasized.", "PMID": 683478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5667", "title": "Air embolism during trans-sphenoidal pituitary operations.", "content": "Doppler ultrasonic cardiac monitoring of patients undergoing trans-sphenoidal pituitary operations in the semisitting position has revealed the occurrence of venous air embolism in 3 of 31 consecutive cases. One such case is presented. Air may be drawn into the venous system whenever a gradient exists between the site of operation and the right heart. During trans-sphenoidal operations the most likely portals of venous air entry include the intercavernous connections within the sella, venous channels through nonpneumatized bone, inadequately sealed subnasal vessels, and vascularized metastatic tissue in the pituitary. Because the potential for morbidity and mortality from air embolism is so great, rapid diagnosis with the Doppler unit and prompt treatment, including aspiration of air from the right atrial catheter, administration of 100% oxygen, performance of the Valsalva maneuver, saline irrigation of the wound, and hemostasis of open vessels, are essential. Technetium-macroaggregated albumin (TEMAA) lung scans are helpful in postoperative verification of venous air embolism.", "contents": "Air embolism during trans-sphenoidal pituitary operations. Doppler ultrasonic cardiac monitoring of patients undergoing trans-sphenoidal pituitary operations in the semisitting position has revealed the occurrence of venous air embolism in 3 of 31 consecutive cases. One such case is presented. Air may be drawn into the venous system whenever a gradient exists between the site of operation and the right heart. During trans-sphenoidal operations the most likely portals of venous air entry include the intercavernous connections within the sella, venous channels through nonpneumatized bone, inadequately sealed subnasal vessels, and vascularized metastatic tissue in the pituitary. Because the potential for morbidity and mortality from air embolism is so great, rapid diagnosis with the Doppler unit and prompt treatment, including aspiration of air from the right atrial catheter, administration of 100% oxygen, performance of the Valsalva maneuver, saline irrigation of the wound, and hemostasis of open vessels, are essential. Technetium-macroaggregated albumin (TEMAA) lung scans are helpful in postoperative verification of venous air embolism.", "PMID": 683480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5668", "title": "Measurement of spinal cord blood flow by the microsphere technique.", "content": "Differential spinal cord blood flow was measured in dogs by the radioactive microsphere injection method. The mean spinal cord blood flow was 10.8 +/- 0.53 (SE) ml/100 g/minute. The flow values for the white and gray matter were 7.1 +/- 0.65 (SE) and 26.3 +/- 2.2 (SE) ml/100 g/minute, respectively.", "contents": "Measurement of spinal cord blood flow by the microsphere technique. Differential spinal cord blood flow was measured in dogs by the radioactive microsphere injection method. The mean spinal cord blood flow was 10.8 +/- 0.53 (SE) ml/100 g/minute. The flow values for the white and gray matter were 7.1 +/- 0.65 (SE) and 26.3 +/- 2.2 (SE) ml/100 g/minute, respectively.", "PMID": 683479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5669", "title": "Melanotic schwannoma.", "content": "Reports of melanotic nerve sheath tumors of Schwann cell origin are rare, only three having been found in the literature. Two new cases of spinal intradural melanotic nerve sheath tumors are reported and the literature is reviewed. Controversy has arisen in regard to the origin of melanin within these tumors. Electron microscopic study of one of our cases indicates that the Schwann cell is capable of producing melanin. The available evidence suggests that ultrastructural identification of the cell type in these pigmented tumors is essential in plotting the therapy and prognosis of patients with melanotic nerve sheath tumors.", "contents": "Melanotic schwannoma. Reports of melanotic nerve sheath tumors of Schwann cell origin are rare, only three having been found in the literature. Two new cases of spinal intradural melanotic nerve sheath tumors are reported and the literature is reviewed. Controversy has arisen in regard to the origin of melanin within these tumors. Electron microscopic study of one of our cases indicates that the Schwann cell is capable of producing melanin. The available evidence suggests that ultrastructural identification of the cell type in these pigmented tumors is essential in plotting the therapy and prognosis of patients with melanotic nerve sheath tumors.", "PMID": 683481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5670", "title": "Subdural hygroma of the spinal meninges: a case report.", "content": "A case of a subdural hygroma or chronic subdural hematoma of the thoracolumbar spinal meninges is described. This became symptomatic 9 years after trauma. Terminological ambiguity is discussed, along with the detailed clinical, radiological, and operative presentations of this rare condition.", "contents": "Subdural hygroma of the spinal meninges: a case report. A case of a subdural hygroma or chronic subdural hematoma of the thoracolumbar spinal meninges is described. This became symptomatic 9 years after trauma. Terminological ambiguity is discussed, along with the detailed clinical, radiological, and operative presentations of this rare condition.", "PMID": 683482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5671", "title": "Intracerebral Ewing's sarcoma: case report.", "content": "A case of intracerebral Ewing's sarcoma is reported. Neurosurgical intervention was required for treatment. The increasing incidence of central nervous system involvement by Ewing's sarcoma is discussed.", "contents": "Intracerebral Ewing's sarcoma: case report. A case of intracerebral Ewing's sarcoma is reported. Neurosurgical intervention was required for treatment. The increasing incidence of central nervous system involvement by Ewing's sarcoma is discussed.", "PMID": 683483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5672", "title": "Combined cranio-orbital surgery for extensive malignant neoplasms of the orbit.", "content": "Extensive, invasive neoplasms of the cranio-orbital region are generally considered to be inoperable and are treated with local radiation therapy and occasionally with chemotherapy. Upon local recurrence of these neoplasms, further treatment efforts are usually deemed futile. Over the past 4 years, 10 patients with extensive neoplasms of the cranio-orbital region that were previously thought to be inoperable were referred to us for further evaluation. Five of these patients had failed an intensive course of radiation therapy. Radical regional cranio-orbital resection was performed. The resection included the skin, globe, sphenoid wings, and orbitofrontal bone. The maxillary sinus and nasal septum were left exposed. The exposed dura mater and the frontal and temporal bones were resurfaced with split-thickness skin grafts. All patients in this series have survived free of local disease to date. Combined cranio-orbital resection offers both palliation and a possible cure for patients with extensive, invasive neoplasms of the cranio-orbital region. Reconstructive surgery can be performed using full-thickness flaps after 2 years of observation for local recurrence.", "contents": "Combined cranio-orbital surgery for extensive malignant neoplasms of the orbit. Extensive, invasive neoplasms of the cranio-orbital region are generally considered to be inoperable and are treated with local radiation therapy and occasionally with chemotherapy. Upon local recurrence of these neoplasms, further treatment efforts are usually deemed futile. Over the past 4 years, 10 patients with extensive neoplasms of the cranio-orbital region that were previously thought to be inoperable were referred to us for further evaluation. Five of these patients had failed an intensive course of radiation therapy. Radical regional cranio-orbital resection was performed. The resection included the skin, globe, sphenoid wings, and orbitofrontal bone. The maxillary sinus and nasal septum were left exposed. The exposed dura mater and the frontal and temporal bones were resurfaced with split-thickness skin grafts. All patients in this series have survived free of local disease to date. Combined cranio-orbital resection offers both palliation and a possible cure for patients with extensive, invasive neoplasms of the cranio-orbital region. Reconstructive surgery can be performed using full-thickness flaps after 2 years of observation for local recurrence.", "PMID": 683485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5673", "title": "Comparison of the infratentorial and transtentorial approaches to the pineal region.", "content": "During the past 10 years, two different operative approaches to the pineal region have been recommended by different authors. Numerous reports have appeared in the literature, indicating the safe use of one or the other of these two techniques for the excision of masses in the pineal region. This paper reports experience with both techniques in the treatment of 15 patients with mass lesions in this area. Four patients underwent a supracerebellar infratentorial approach and 11 patients underwent an occipital transtentorial approach to the pineal region. These two approaches are compared in terms of anatomical exposure, technical difficulties, and real or potential complications. The authors prefer the occipital transtentorial approach in dealing with lesions in the pineal region.", "contents": "Comparison of the infratentorial and transtentorial approaches to the pineal region. During the past 10 years, two different operative approaches to the pineal region have been recommended by different authors. Numerous reports have appeared in the literature, indicating the safe use of one or the other of these two techniques for the excision of masses in the pineal region. This paper reports experience with both techniques in the treatment of 15 patients with mass lesions in this area. Four patients underwent a supracerebellar infratentorial approach and 11 patients underwent an occipital transtentorial approach to the pineal region. These two approaches are compared in terms of anatomical exposure, technical difficulties, and real or potential complications. The authors prefer the occipital transtentorial approach in dealing with lesions in the pineal region.", "PMID": 683486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5674", "title": "The lumbar shield: a preliminary report.", "content": "Postoperative perineural adhesions between the lumbar nerve root and the partially removed intervertebral disc are thought to be a cause of failure of the standard operative procedure for the removal of a ruptured lumbar intervertebral disc. Attempts have been made to reduce postoperative perineural adhesions by the use of epidural muscle, fat, gelatin sponge, silicone, and steroids. The present communication introduces a new implantable silicone device, a lumbar shield, designed to: (a) provide a radiopaque marker on the dorsal perimeter of the excavated lumbar disc so that the presence or absence of a recurrent disc herniation can easily be determined on plain postoperative x-ray films, (b) provide ready access to the operative site in the event of a recurrent disc herniation, (c) prevent postoperative perineural adhesions between the lumbar dura and the nerve root and the partially removed intervertebral disc, and (d) prevent postoperative adhesions between the lumbar dura and the nerve root and the paraspinal muscles. Satisfactory results of lumbar disc surgery over the past 44 years have occurred in about 90% of routine patients. The value of the lumbar shield in 82 patients (59 routine and 23 workmen's compensation/medicolegal patients) followed for 6 months is described. A satisfactory result, i.e., relief of pain or the presence of occasional postoperative pain, occurred in 85% of routine patients at 1 month, 97% at 3 months, and 95% at 6 months.", "contents": "The lumbar shield: a preliminary report. Postoperative perineural adhesions between the lumbar nerve root and the partially removed intervertebral disc are thought to be a cause of failure of the standard operative procedure for the removal of a ruptured lumbar intervertebral disc. Attempts have been made to reduce postoperative perineural adhesions by the use of epidural muscle, fat, gelatin sponge, silicone, and steroids. The present communication introduces a new implantable silicone device, a lumbar shield, designed to: (a) provide a radiopaque marker on the dorsal perimeter of the excavated lumbar disc so that the presence or absence of a recurrent disc herniation can easily be determined on plain postoperative x-ray films, (b) provide ready access to the operative site in the event of a recurrent disc herniation, (c) prevent postoperative perineural adhesions between the lumbar dura and the nerve root and the partially removed intervertebral disc, and (d) prevent postoperative adhesions between the lumbar dura and the nerve root and the paraspinal muscles. Satisfactory results of lumbar disc surgery over the past 44 years have occurred in about 90% of routine patients. The value of the lumbar shield in 82 patients (59 routine and 23 workmen's compensation/medicolegal patients) followed for 6 months is described. A satisfactory result, i.e., relief of pain or the presence of occasional postoperative pain, occurred in 85% of routine patients at 1 month, 97% at 3 months, and 95% at 6 months.", "PMID": 683493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5675", "title": "Cerebral angiography in meningocerbral inflammatory diseases in infancy and childhood: a study of thiryt-five cases.", "content": "The value of cerebral angiography in the diagnosis of intracranial infections is presented, and the differential diagnosis of the various angiographic appearances in meningocerebral infections is discussed. Specific angiographic characteristics permitting the diagnosis of vasculitis, cerebritis, meningitis, brain abscess, and subdural and epidural fluid collections are correlated with known concepts of the pathological anatomy of these entities. Angiography is recommended in those infants known to have a meningocerebral infection who show signs of an increase in intracranial pressure or focal neurological dysfunction.", "contents": "Cerebral angiography in meningocerbral inflammatory diseases in infancy and childhood: a study of thiryt-five cases. The value of cerebral angiography in the diagnosis of intracranial infections is presented, and the differential diagnosis of the various angiographic appearances in meningocerebral infections is discussed. Specific angiographic characteristics permitting the diagnosis of vasculitis, cerebritis, meningitis, brain abscess, and subdural and epidural fluid collections are correlated with known concepts of the pathological anatomy of these entities. Angiography is recommended in those infants known to have a meningocerebral infection who show signs of an increase in intracranial pressure or focal neurological dysfunction.", "PMID": 683494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5676", "title": "Neural and vascular tissue reaction to aneurysm-coating adhesive (ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate).", "content": "The effect of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Aaron-2-Alpha) obtained from two different manufactures was evaluated in 37 cats divided into two groups. The first group (n = 28) received a 9-year-old preparation. The second group (n = 9) received recently acquired adhesive. Aaron-2-Alpha was applied to the left cruciate cortex and left femoral neurovascular bundle under barbiturate anesthesia. Normal saline was applied on the right side for control. Survival was allowed for 2, 4, 7, and 14 days after application of the adhesive. The 2-day survival was excluded in the second group. Neuropathological examination revealed meningeal necrosis, neuronal and axonal degeneration, vascular wall degeneration, thrombosis, and inflammatory reaction in both groups of cats. The compounds tested are far from satisfying the ideal requirements for their safe use. Chemical degradation may take place in the adhesives stored for prolonged periods of time. Adhesives obtained from two different sources may contain adjuvants of different toxicity. Severe local tissue reaction could produce marked neurological deficits when adhesives are applied in critical areas.", "contents": "Neural and vascular tissue reaction to aneurysm-coating adhesive (ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate). The effect of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Aaron-2-Alpha) obtained from two different manufactures was evaluated in 37 cats divided into two groups. The first group (n = 28) received a 9-year-old preparation. The second group (n = 9) received recently acquired adhesive. Aaron-2-Alpha was applied to the left cruciate cortex and left femoral neurovascular bundle under barbiturate anesthesia. Normal saline was applied on the right side for control. Survival was allowed for 2, 4, 7, and 14 days after application of the adhesive. The 2-day survival was excluded in the second group. Neuropathological examination revealed meningeal necrosis, neuronal and axonal degeneration, vascular wall degeneration, thrombosis, and inflammatory reaction in both groups of cats. The compounds tested are far from satisfying the ideal requirements for their safe use. Chemical degradation may take place in the adhesives stored for prolonged periods of time. Adhesives obtained from two different sources may contain adjuvants of different toxicity. Severe local tissue reaction could produce marked neurological deficits when adhesives are applied in critical areas.", "PMID": 683495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5677", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic anatomy of the supratentorial basal cisterns.", "content": "Arachnoid slips from the canine supratentorial basal cisterns were excised and studied by scanning electron microscopy. The inner face of the arachnoid membrane was examined, and two fundamental surface patterns, fenestrated and embossed, were observed. The remaining fibers and microfibers were anchored to these two surface sheets.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic anatomy of the supratentorial basal cisterns. Arachnoid slips from the canine supratentorial basal cisterns were excised and studied by scanning electron microscopy. The inner face of the arachnoid membrane was examined, and two fundamental surface patterns, fenestrated and embossed, were observed. The remaining fibers and microfibers were anchored to these two surface sheets.", "PMID": 683496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5678", "title": "Significance of bilateral abnormalities on the CT scan in patients with severe head injury.", "content": "One hundred forty head injured patients, managed by a standardized protocol of early diagnosis, surgical decompression, and intensive therapy, had computerized tomographic (CT) scans within 1 hour or arrival in the emergency room. Ninety of these patients had serial scans during the subsequent week. On admission, 26 patients had normal scans, 75 had unilateral lesions, and 39 had bilateral lesions. Thirteen who had unilateral lesions on admission developed contralateral lesions during the first week for a total of 52 patients with bilateral lesions. These 52 patients could be separated into two distinct groups: (a) those with small ventricles and no change or a slight, homogeneous decrease in density of the brain parenchyma, who had better neurological status on admission, lower intracranial pressure (ICP), and better outcome; and (b) those with bilateral increased density lesions, who had poorer motor response on admission, higher ICP, and worse outcome. The value of CT scanning in management, prognosis, and outcome is emphasized.", "contents": "Significance of bilateral abnormalities on the CT scan in patients with severe head injury. One hundred forty head injured patients, managed by a standardized protocol of early diagnosis, surgical decompression, and intensive therapy, had computerized tomographic (CT) scans within 1 hour or arrival in the emergency room. Ninety of these patients had serial scans during the subsequent week. On admission, 26 patients had normal scans, 75 had unilateral lesions, and 39 had bilateral lesions. Thirteen who had unilateral lesions on admission developed contralateral lesions during the first week for a total of 52 patients with bilateral lesions. These 52 patients could be separated into two distinct groups: (a) those with small ventricles and no change or a slight, homogeneous decrease in density of the brain parenchyma, who had better neurological status on admission, lower intracranial pressure (ICP), and better outcome; and (b) those with bilateral increased density lesions, who had poorer motor response on admission, higher ICP, and worse outcome. The value of CT scanning in management, prognosis, and outcome is emphasized.", "PMID": 683492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5679", "title": "Cerebral revascularization: proximal external carotid to distal middle cerebral artery bypass with a synthetic tube graft.", "content": "A right proximal external carotid to distal middle cerebral artery bypass with a prosthetic tube graft was performed in a patient with intermittent cerebral ischemia due to middle cerebral artery stenosis. The patient was relieved of his symptoms, and he was neurologically normal 3 months after operation. Angiography 3 months postoperatively revealed flow through the graft and excellent filing of the middle cerebral circulation, both retrograde and antegrade. Early results suggest that an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft may be useful as a vascular conduit if suitable autogenous vessels are unavailable or have failed.", "contents": "Cerebral revascularization: proximal external carotid to distal middle cerebral artery bypass with a synthetic tube graft. A right proximal external carotid to distal middle cerebral artery bypass with a prosthetic tube graft was performed in a patient with intermittent cerebral ischemia due to middle cerebral artery stenosis. The patient was relieved of his symptoms, and he was neurologically normal 3 months after operation. Angiography 3 months postoperatively revealed flow through the graft and excellent filing of the middle cerebral circulation, both retrograde and antegrade. Early results suggest that an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft may be useful as a vascular conduit if suitable autogenous vessels are unavailable or have failed.", "PMID": 683497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5680", "title": "Bilateral optic canal meningiomas: a case report.", "content": "In the case presented, bilateral optic canal meningiomas produced binocular visual loss. Correct diagnosis was delayed because of inadequate and misinterpreted radiological studies. Careful radiological and surgical examination of the planum sphenoidale later suggested this as the source of both canalicular masses. The pertinent aspects of this case are reviewed in relation to information from similar cases reported previously. In the future, increased clinical suspicion and more accurate neuroradiological studies should improve the detection and afford earlier surgical treatment of meningiomas of the optic canal.", "contents": "Bilateral optic canal meningiomas: a case report. In the case presented, bilateral optic canal meningiomas produced binocular visual loss. Correct diagnosis was delayed because of inadequate and misinterpreted radiological studies. Careful radiological and surgical examination of the planum sphenoidale later suggested this as the source of both canalicular masses. The pertinent aspects of this case are reviewed in relation to information from similar cases reported previously. In the future, increased clinical suspicion and more accurate neuroradiological studies should improve the detection and afford earlier surgical treatment of meningiomas of the optic canal.", "PMID": 683499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5681", "title": "Extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) arterial bypass: past performance and current concepts.", "content": "The authors present a review of published experience with intracranial-extracranial arterial bypass grafting. The procedure is technically feasible and has a relatively low morbidity and mortality when performed by experienced microvascular surgeons. However, its therapeutic value is still unproven.", "contents": "Extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) arterial bypass: past performance and current concepts. The authors present a review of published experience with intracranial-extracranial arterial bypass grafting. The procedure is technically feasible and has a relatively low morbidity and mortality when performed by experienced microvascular surgeons. However, its therapeutic value is still unproven.", "PMID": 683500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5682", "title": "Metabolic disturbances after head injury: abnormalities of sodium and water balance with special reference to the effects of alcohol intoxication.", "content": "Eighty-eight patients with craniocerebral trauma were studied prospectively to assess the effects of the injury on sodium and water balance. Abnormalities of serum sodium and osmolality occurred in 11 of the 76 patients who were on the study more than 24 hours, and the incidence of these abnormalities was directly related to the severity of the craniocerebral injury. Hyponatremic hypo-osmolar states were as frequent as were hypernatremia and serum hyperosmolality. The major cause of the hyponatremia was inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion; hypernatremia was due to dehydration and occurred predominantly in comatose patients with increased insensible fluid losses associated with pyrexia. We recommend that the initial fluid intake after craniocerebral trauma be kept between 1500 and 1800 ml/24 hours and that further fluid management be dictated by repeated serum electrolyte determinations. The electrolyte balance should be monitored continuously after a significant head injury for up to 2 weeks, because hyponatremic states sometimes develop more than 1 week after injury. The serum alcohol was measured on admission, and the level of serum alcohol correlated well with the serum osmolality on admission; thus, the degree of elevation of serum osmolality was a very good guide to the serum alcohol level. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between alcohol intoxication or chronic alcoholism and the late development of serum sodium and osmolality disturbances.", "contents": "Metabolic disturbances after head injury: abnormalities of sodium and water balance with special reference to the effects of alcohol intoxication. Eighty-eight patients with craniocerebral trauma were studied prospectively to assess the effects of the injury on sodium and water balance. Abnormalities of serum sodium and osmolality occurred in 11 of the 76 patients who were on the study more than 24 hours, and the incidence of these abnormalities was directly related to the severity of the craniocerebral injury. Hyponatremic hypo-osmolar states were as frequent as were hypernatremia and serum hyperosmolality. The major cause of the hyponatremia was inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion; hypernatremia was due to dehydration and occurred predominantly in comatose patients with increased insensible fluid losses associated with pyrexia. We recommend that the initial fluid intake after craniocerebral trauma be kept between 1500 and 1800 ml/24 hours and that further fluid management be dictated by repeated serum electrolyte determinations. The electrolyte balance should be monitored continuously after a significant head injury for up to 2 weeks, because hyponatremic states sometimes develop more than 1 week after injury. The serum alcohol was measured on admission, and the level of serum alcohol correlated well with the serum osmolality on admission; thus, the degree of elevation of serum osmolality was a very good guide to the serum alcohol level. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between alcohol intoxication or chronic alcoholism and the late development of serum sodium and osmolality disturbances.", "PMID": 683501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5683", "title": "[Multiple carcinomas of the large intestine].", "content": "Authors stress that multiple carcinomas of the large bowel are not exceptional at all and report 5 cases of metachronous cancers and 1 case of synchronous cancers. They are 4,4% of all the colo-rectal neoplasms operated by the \"Istituto di Semeiotica Chirurgica dell'Universit\u00e0 di Trieste\". The Authors discuss the most important pathogenetic, pathological and diagnostic problems and emphasize the usefulness of a very careful intra-operative evaluation of the entire colon and of a post-operative follow-up for the early discovery and treatment of a second cancer in another tract of the large bowel.", "contents": "[Multiple carcinomas of the large intestine]. Authors stress that multiple carcinomas of the large bowel are not exceptional at all and report 5 cases of metachronous cancers and 1 case of synchronous cancers. They are 4,4% of all the colo-rectal neoplasms operated by the \"Istituto di Semeiotica Chirurgica dell'Universit\u00e0 di Trieste\". The Authors discuss the most important pathogenetic, pathological and diagnostic problems and emphasize the usefulness of a very careful intra-operative evaluation of the entire colon and of a post-operative follow-up for the early discovery and treatment of a second cancer in another tract of the large bowel.", "PMID": 683531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5684", "title": "[Megarectum in childhood].", "content": "The criteria employed in the classification of megarectum in infancy are briefly reviewed and its diagnosis is discussed. Stress is laid on the importance of clyster radiology and rectal manometry. Biopsy extended to the point of true sphincteromyectomy may also prove resolutive. Lastly, infantile neuropsychiatry is unmistakably indicated in diagnosing the psychological origin of many of these forms. Aganglionic forms are quickly described and attention is directed to those due to fibrosis of the inner sphincter. Most of such cases are shown to be of secondary, reactive, rather than primary congenital, origin on histological inspection after surgery. Lastly, consideration is given to essentially psychogenic forms. The picture observed in a case treated by sphincteromyectomy with histological evidence of interstitial fibrosis with muscle and nerve regression suggested that affective disturbances lead first to persistent constipation, followed by abnormal distension of the last segments of the intestine. Subsequent regression results in an organic evolution independent of the original disturbance, so that surgery must be resorted to, as well as neuropsychiatric treatment.", "contents": "[Megarectum in childhood]. The criteria employed in the classification of megarectum in infancy are briefly reviewed and its diagnosis is discussed. Stress is laid on the importance of clyster radiology and rectal manometry. Biopsy extended to the point of true sphincteromyectomy may also prove resolutive. Lastly, infantile neuropsychiatry is unmistakably indicated in diagnosing the psychological origin of many of these forms. Aganglionic forms are quickly described and attention is directed to those due to fibrosis of the inner sphincter. Most of such cases are shown to be of secondary, reactive, rather than primary congenital, origin on histological inspection after surgery. Lastly, consideration is given to essentially psychogenic forms. The picture observed in a case treated by sphincteromyectomy with histological evidence of interstitial fibrosis with muscle and nerve regression suggested that affective disturbances lead first to persistent constipation, followed by abnormal distension of the last segments of the intestine. Subsequent regression results in an organic evolution independent of the original disturbance, so that surgery must be resorted to, as well as neuropsychiatric treatment.", "PMID": 683533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5685", "title": "[Personal approach in the surgical treatment of cancer of the gallbladder].", "content": "The part played by surgery in the treatment of gallbladder cancer is conditioned by the delay in diagnosis and the rapid spread of the disease to non operable structures rather than to any particularly intrinsic malignity. In the face of a clinically ascertained cancer or one recognized at surgical exploration, exeresis is essential if possible. Cholecytectomy completed by cuneiform hepatic resection and extensive locoregional lymphadenectomy offers adequate radicality with acceptable risk. Vaster operations have high operative mortality which is out of proportion to the results possible, 43 personal cases are reported.", "contents": "[Personal approach in the surgical treatment of cancer of the gallbladder]. The part played by surgery in the treatment of gallbladder cancer is conditioned by the delay in diagnosis and the rapid spread of the disease to non operable structures rather than to any particularly intrinsic malignity. In the face of a clinically ascertained cancer or one recognized at surgical exploration, exeresis is essential if possible. Cholecytectomy completed by cuneiform hepatic resection and extensive locoregional lymphadenectomy offers adequate radicality with acceptable risk. Vaster operations have high operative mortality which is out of proportion to the results possible, 43 personal cases are reported.", "PMID": 683535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5686", "title": "[Endoscopic control of patients subjected to vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer. Personal experience].", "content": "The usefulness of endoscopic examination of patients subjected to vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer is stressed, since it permits recurrences and ineffective treatment to be detected, along with the control of other parameters, such as the appearance of the mucosa, the performance of gastric drainage, the features of peristalsis and gastric tone, and the performance of the cardial sphincter. Data from a series of 43 endoscopies performed after 192 vagotomy and drainage operations carried out between 4-1973 and 5-1976 are presented.", "contents": "[Endoscopic control of patients subjected to vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer. Personal experience]. The usefulness of endoscopic examination of patients subjected to vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer is stressed, since it permits recurrences and ineffective treatment to be detected, along with the control of other parameters, such as the appearance of the mucosa, the performance of gastric drainage, the features of peristalsis and gastric tone, and the performance of the cardial sphincter. Data from a series of 43 endoscopies performed after 192 vagotomy and drainage operations carried out between 4-1973 and 5-1976 are presented.", "PMID": 683537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5687", "title": "[Villose polyps of the duodenum].", "content": "A case of villous polyps of the duodenum is reported, world-wide series also being considered. The various symptomatologies and percentages of malignant transformation and localization are described and stress laid on the superiority of endoscopy to radiography owing to the fact that it gave: 1) exact site and nature diagnosis of the lesion during the haemorrhagic phase; 2) exact histological and topographical diagnosis, following the haemorrhage, paving the way to the subsequent surgery.", "contents": "[Villose polyps of the duodenum]. A case of villous polyps of the duodenum is reported, world-wide series also being considered. The various symptomatologies and percentages of malignant transformation and localization are described and stress laid on the superiority of endoscopy to radiography owing to the fact that it gave: 1) exact site and nature diagnosis of the lesion during the haemorrhagic phase; 2) exact histological and topographical diagnosis, following the haemorrhage, paving the way to the subsequent surgery.", "PMID": 683536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5688", "title": "[Treatment with monocomponent semi-lente insulin in diabetes of difficult compensation].", "content": "According to personal experience, good clinical effects may be obtained by monocomponent insulin treatment, independently from strict immunological indications (i.e. high plasma-anti-insulin antibody titers). The present paper reports on a two daily injection treatment with monocomponent Semilente insulin (SeLe MC) in comparison with an earlier management with conventional retard insulins, in a group of 16 insulin dependent diabetics, selected among the most poorly controlled patients with unstable diabetes and/or high insulin requirement. In 6 subjects, after transfer to SeLe MC, it was observed a reduction in M bs, delta, and M delta indices of the glycemic regulation, indicating lower mean glycemic profiles with fewer irregularities. In 11 cases a marked improvement in the subjective symptomatology was noticed. Some minor hypoglycemic reactions induced to a reduction in the high insulin requirement in 8 cases. All but two patients had significant values of insulin IgG antibodies. The period of observation was too short to take in consideration an immunological modification, as an explanation of the present clinical results. However, these could be hypothetically referred to an amelioration in the releasing of endogenous insulin and/or in the hormone-receptor interaction as a consequence of treatment with monocomponent insulin preparations, in comparison to non purified conventional preparations. Treatment with SeLe MC seems to be suitable in particularly difficult control of the diabetes and in emergency situations.", "contents": "[Treatment with monocomponent semi-lente insulin in diabetes of difficult compensation]. According to personal experience, good clinical effects may be obtained by monocomponent insulin treatment, independently from strict immunological indications (i.e. high plasma-anti-insulin antibody titers). The present paper reports on a two daily injection treatment with monocomponent Semilente insulin (SeLe MC) in comparison with an earlier management with conventional retard insulins, in a group of 16 insulin dependent diabetics, selected among the most poorly controlled patients with unstable diabetes and/or high insulin requirement. In 6 subjects, after transfer to SeLe MC, it was observed a reduction in M bs, delta, and M delta indices of the glycemic regulation, indicating lower mean glycemic profiles with fewer irregularities. In 11 cases a marked improvement in the subjective symptomatology was noticed. Some minor hypoglycemic reactions induced to a reduction in the high insulin requirement in 8 cases. All but two patients had significant values of insulin IgG antibodies. The period of observation was too short to take in consideration an immunological modification, as an explanation of the present clinical results. However, these could be hypothetically referred to an amelioration in the releasing of endogenous insulin and/or in the hormone-receptor interaction as a consequence of treatment with monocomponent insulin preparations, in comparison to non purified conventional preparations. Treatment with SeLe MC seems to be suitable in particularly difficult control of the diabetes and in emergency situations.", "PMID": 683547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5689", "title": "[Preliminary results of polychemiotherapy and immunostimulant treatment with Corynebacterium parvum in tumors of the breast in the postoperative phase and advanced phase].", "content": "Difficulties still encountered in the coordinated interdisciplinary management of solid tumours in hospitals are discussed. Preliminary results obtained with a polychemical and immunostimulating protocol based on Corynebacterium parvum (introduced in 1973) in breast tumours immediately after surgery and in the advanced stage are presented. Two out of eight subjects with advanced forms died. Partial regression or a steady state were noted in the remainder. No locoregional recurrences or metastases were observed from 1 to 2 yr after the commencement of treatment in 22 patients treated in the immediate post-operative phase. These results are considered satisfactory, though a final evaluation would be premature. Stress is laid on the importance of immunostimulating management in the avoiding the immunodepression caused by the administration of drugs.", "contents": "[Preliminary results of polychemiotherapy and immunostimulant treatment with Corynebacterium parvum in tumors of the breast in the postoperative phase and advanced phase]. Difficulties still encountered in the coordinated interdisciplinary management of solid tumours in hospitals are discussed. Preliminary results obtained with a polychemical and immunostimulating protocol based on Corynebacterium parvum (introduced in 1973) in breast tumours immediately after surgery and in the advanced stage are presented. Two out of eight subjects with advanced forms died. Partial regression or a steady state were noted in the remainder. No locoregional recurrences or metastases were observed from 1 to 2 yr after the commencement of treatment in 22 patients treated in the immediate post-operative phase. These results are considered satisfactory, though a final evaluation would be premature. Stress is laid on the importance of immunostimulating management in the avoiding the immunodepression caused by the administration of drugs.", "PMID": 683548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5690", "title": "[Clinical and statistical study of the use of alpha-MPG in the treatment of viral hepatitis].", "content": "Several workers have already employed alpha-MPG in the management of acute vital hepatitis as a sulphydrylating agent to combat viral poisoning of the liver cells. Its distinct features include the stability of its molecule, its biochemical attributes in the course of time, and its virtually similar oral and injectable LD(50) (2100 MG/KG). High doses, well above those possible with earlier sulphydrylating agents, were used in a trial of alpha-MPG against UDPG. The new drug proved more active and led to a particularly significant fall in SGPT. Subjective and biohumoral parameters returned to normal more quickly, though the differences were not significant. Tolerance was good. Subjective over-reaction with a slight rise in temperature and allergic exanthema was noted in 3 cases. This promptly regressed when the treatment was suspended.", "contents": "[Clinical and statistical study of the use of alpha-MPG in the treatment of viral hepatitis]. Several workers have already employed alpha-MPG in the management of acute vital hepatitis as a sulphydrylating agent to combat viral poisoning of the liver cells. Its distinct features include the stability of its molecule, its biochemical attributes in the course of time, and its virtually similar oral and injectable LD(50) (2100 MG/KG). High doses, well above those possible with earlier sulphydrylating agents, were used in a trial of alpha-MPG against UDPG. The new drug proved more active and led to a particularly significant fall in SGPT. Subjective and biohumoral parameters returned to normal more quickly, though the differences were not significant. Tolerance was good. Subjective over-reaction with a slight rise in temperature and allergic exanthema was noted in 3 cases. This promptly regressed when the treatment was suspended.", "PMID": 683551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5691", "title": "[Amyotrophy caused by herpes zoster. Description of 5 cases].", "content": "Radicular paralysis is the most frequent, though usually less serious, complication of Herpes Zoster, being observed in rather less than 5% of patients. The site affected--leaving aside exceptional cases--it that of the gangliar and radicular district where the eruption occurs. A clinical and neurophysiological study was made of 5 patients with loss of strength and trophism on the part of muscles in the eruption site within 2 to 5 weeks after the onset of Herpes. Routine blood chemistry tests were run, together with spinal puncture in three cases. The EMG data pointed to variously severe neurogenic distress referable to myeloradicular involvement. Subsequent clinical and EMG controls demonstrated gradual, though slow improvement. This finding is in line with the literature data.", "contents": "[Amyotrophy caused by herpes zoster. Description of 5 cases]. Radicular paralysis is the most frequent, though usually less serious, complication of Herpes Zoster, being observed in rather less than 5% of patients. The site affected--leaving aside exceptional cases--it that of the gangliar and radicular district where the eruption occurs. A clinical and neurophysiological study was made of 5 patients with loss of strength and trophism on the part of muscles in the eruption site within 2 to 5 weeks after the onset of Herpes. Routine blood chemistry tests were run, together with spinal puncture in three cases. The EMG data pointed to variously severe neurogenic distress referable to myeloradicular involvement. Subsequent clinical and EMG controls demonstrated gradual, though slow improvement. This finding is in line with the literature data.", "PMID": 683555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5692", "title": "[Psychiatric (psychodynamic and psychotherapeutic) aspects of obesity].", "content": "An account is given for non-psychiatric physicians of the psychodynamic, psychiatric, and psychoterapeutic aspects of obesity. A primarily psychoanalytic explanation is presented of the unconscious meanings that the words involved assume in children and \"fixed\" obese subjects with regression to the \"oral stage\" of their libido development. The meanings associated with food and feeding are examined in an interpersonal, familial, social and environmental context. A summary psychopathological classification is made of obesity, together with an evaluation of what appears to be the direct opposite of obesity, i. e. mental anorexia. Lastly, the relevant prognostic and therapeutic criteria are considered. The latter are mainly centred on the various forms of psychotherapeutic intervention (individual, group, analytical and inspiration therapy, etc.).", "contents": "[Psychiatric (psychodynamic and psychotherapeutic) aspects of obesity]. An account is given for non-psychiatric physicians of the psychodynamic, psychiatric, and psychoterapeutic aspects of obesity. A primarily psychoanalytic explanation is presented of the unconscious meanings that the words involved assume in children and \"fixed\" obese subjects with regression to the \"oral stage\" of their libido development. The meanings associated with food and feeding are examined in an interpersonal, familial, social and environmental context. A summary psychopathological classification is made of obesity, together with an evaluation of what appears to be the direct opposite of obesity, i. e. mental anorexia. Lastly, the relevant prognostic and therapeutic criteria are considered. The latter are mainly centred on the various forms of psychotherapeutic intervention (individual, group, analytical and inspiration therapy, etc.).", "PMID": 683556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5693", "title": "[Warty dyskeratoma. Analysis and case reports].", "content": "Warty dyskeratoma (WD) may be observed in both whites and negros. It is usually small single isolated brown nodule with a prevalent localization of the head of aged males. During the last 4 1/2 years 20 cases were recognized at the Perugia Dermatological Clinic, representing 3.8% of 522 biopsied clinically similar skin tumors. The ratio of WD with keratoacanthoma was 1.3 and with squamous-cell carcinoma 1:5. In 4 cases a lesion clinically similar to squamous-cell carcinoma but with histological picture of WD was localized of the lower prolabium. The excision was the treatment of choice. On the basis of our findings and from a survey of the literature a clinico-pathological picture of the disease is described. Three points are emphasized: 1. WD is frequently localized on the head; when localized on the lower prolabium squamous-cell carcinoma mast be considered in differential diagnosis; 2. no clinical feature is peculiar of the disease; 3. surgical excision is essential for a correct diagnosis when histological examinations are performed on orthogonal and medial sections.", "contents": "[Warty dyskeratoma. Analysis and case reports]. Warty dyskeratoma (WD) may be observed in both whites and negros. It is usually small single isolated brown nodule with a prevalent localization of the head of aged males. During the last 4 1/2 years 20 cases were recognized at the Perugia Dermatological Clinic, representing 3.8% of 522 biopsied clinically similar skin tumors. The ratio of WD with keratoacanthoma was 1.3 and with squamous-cell carcinoma 1:5. In 4 cases a lesion clinically similar to squamous-cell carcinoma but with histological picture of WD was localized of the lower prolabium. The excision was the treatment of choice. On the basis of our findings and from a survey of the literature a clinico-pathological picture of the disease is described. Three points are emphasized: 1. WD is frequently localized on the head; when localized on the lower prolabium squamous-cell carcinoma mast be considered in differential diagnosis; 2. no clinical feature is peculiar of the disease; 3. surgical excision is essential for a correct diagnosis when histological examinations are performed on orthogonal and medial sections.", "PMID": 683557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5694", "title": "[The arterio-alveolar CO2 gradient. Physiopathological and clinical significance].", "content": "The arterio-alveolar CO(2) gradient was examined in 20 patients with various ventilation diseases. It increased or became negative in obstruction. The tendency to increase was attributable to distribution disturbances, particularly the marked increase in the \"dead space\" effect. The same picture, though to a lesser degree, owing to a smaller dead space increase, was even more frequent in restriction cases. The appearance of a gradient in healthy subjects is referable to uneven air and blood distribution in the alveoli under physiological conditions. The physiopathological significance of negative gradients is discussed in the light of the results and the findings of other workers.", "contents": "[The arterio-alveolar CO2 gradient. Physiopathological and clinical significance]. The arterio-alveolar CO(2) gradient was examined in 20 patients with various ventilation diseases. It increased or became negative in obstruction. The tendency to increase was attributable to distribution disturbances, particularly the marked increase in the \"dead space\" effect. The same picture, though to a lesser degree, owing to a smaller dead space increase, was even more frequent in restriction cases. The appearance of a gradient in healthy subjects is referable to uneven air and blood distribution in the alveoli under physiological conditions. The physiopathological significance of negative gradients is discussed in the light of the results and the findings of other workers.", "PMID": 683558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5695", "title": "[Clinical and statistical evaluation of the hypotensive effectiveness of 3 therapeutic plans in essential hypertension].", "content": "The analysis of variance and Student's \"t\" test were applied in an assessment of the hypotensive effectiveness of three hypotensive protocols: a) diazepam + amitryptiline; b) reserpine + chlorthalidone; c) all drugs in 57 and 32 patients with stabilised essential hypertension. Diazepam + amitryptiline proved effective, both alone and in protocol b).", "contents": "[Clinical and statistical evaluation of the hypotensive effectiveness of 3 therapeutic plans in essential hypertension]. The analysis of variance and Student's \"t\" test were applied in an assessment of the hypotensive effectiveness of three hypotensive protocols: a) diazepam + amitryptiline; b) reserpine + chlorthalidone; c) all drugs in 57 and 32 patients with stabilised essential hypertension. Diazepam + amitryptiline proved effective, both alone and in protocol b).", "PMID": 683561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5696", "title": "[Physiopathological correlations between carbohydrate and lipid metabolicm and obesity].", "content": "Sugar and fat metabolism were studied in a group of obese women without diabetes. Blood triglicerides and cholesterol were, on average, within normal limits, though endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia was noted in a few cases. Triglycerides were significantly related to blood sugar (baseline and after glucose loading), whereas there was no significant connection with blood insulin. The meaning of these results is discussed.", "contents": "[Physiopathological correlations between carbohydrate and lipid metabolicm and obesity]. Sugar and fat metabolism were studied in a group of obese women without diabetes. Blood triglicerides and cholesterol were, on average, within normal limits, though endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia was noted in a few cases. Triglycerides were significantly related to blood sugar (baseline and after glucose loading), whereas there was no significant connection with blood insulin. The meaning of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 683562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5697", "title": "[Dosimetric experience with mammography].", "content": "Dose measurements were carried out during mammography with both conventional films without a reinforcement screen and with Low-dose films, using hot press chip lithium fluoride meters on the breast, sternum, mons Veneris, and the glabella between the supraciliary arches. The results made it clear that there were no dosimetric objections to the large-scale employment of mammography in diagnosis. Value absorbed were lower than those given in the literature for both the conventional and the Low-dose system.", "contents": "[Dosimetric experience with mammography]. Dose measurements were carried out during mammography with both conventional films without a reinforcement screen and with Low-dose films, using hot press chip lithium fluoride meters on the breast, sternum, mons Veneris, and the glabella between the supraciliary arches. The results made it clear that there were no dosimetric objections to the large-scale employment of mammography in diagnosis. Value absorbed were lower than those given in the literature for both the conventional and the Low-dose system.", "PMID": 683575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5698", "title": "[Medullary plasmocytosis in urologically silent Grawitz' tumor].", "content": "Three cases of urologically silent Grawitz' tumour detected by a pathological blood picture marked by marrow plasmacytosis are presented. The importance of paraneoplastic syndromes in this tumour form is discussed. The association observed is common and its classification as a paraneoplastic syndrome is examined.", "contents": "[Medullary plasmocytosis in urologically silent Grawitz' tumor]. Three cases of urologically silent Grawitz' tumour detected by a pathological blood picture marked by marrow plasmacytosis are presented. The importance of paraneoplastic syndromes in this tumour form is discussed. The association observed is common and its classification as a paraneoplastic syndrome is examined.", "PMID": 683576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5699", "title": "[Absenteeism and influenza. Analysis of relationship between the excess morbidity and the influenza phenomenon].", "content": "The results are reported of a survey on the influenza phenomenon made on a sampling of about 100,000 subjects from the FIAT working community. The study is based on the absenteeism information for both over and under three days absence, for the time period between October 1976 and April 1977. In addition, a tentative evaluation of the influenza phenomenon has been made not only for the overall working population but also for various age groups.", "contents": "[Absenteeism and influenza. Analysis of relationship between the excess morbidity and the influenza phenomenon]. The results are reported of a survey on the influenza phenomenon made on a sampling of about 100,000 subjects from the FIAT working community. The study is based on the absenteeism information for both over and under three days absence, for the time period between October 1976 and April 1977. In addition, a tentative evaluation of the influenza phenomenon has been made not only for the overall working population but also for various age groups.", "PMID": 683577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5700", "title": "[Anti-platelet-aggregation drugs and atherosclerosis].", "content": "The relationship between hyperlipidaemia and thrombophilic state in atherosclerosis was appraised by evaluation of platelet aggregation according to Breddin in 20 patients with clinically established atherosclerosis, 10 normal controls, and 22 subjects taken from the average population of a medical department aged 12-58 yr with no history of atherosclerosis. Normal screening for the disease was carried out in all patients. Drugs inhibiting platelet-aggregation were given to all subjects in Breddin's 3rd or 4th stage. A relationship was noted between Breddin stage and the seriousness of atherosclerosis, while the former was a pointer to thrombophilic states. The drugs administered were able to reverse the aggregation stage.", "contents": "[Anti-platelet-aggregation drugs and atherosclerosis]. The relationship between hyperlipidaemia and thrombophilic state in atherosclerosis was appraised by evaluation of platelet aggregation according to Breddin in 20 patients with clinically established atherosclerosis, 10 normal controls, and 22 subjects taken from the average population of a medical department aged 12-58 yr with no history of atherosclerosis. Normal screening for the disease was carried out in all patients. Drugs inhibiting platelet-aggregation were given to all subjects in Breddin's 3rd or 4th stage. A relationship was noted between Breddin stage and the seriousness of atherosclerosis, while the former was a pointer to thrombophilic states. The drugs administered were able to reverse the aggregation stage.", "PMID": 683581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5701", "title": "[Viral neuraxitis. Epidemiological and clinical aspects].", "content": "Seven cases of acute neuraxitis due to Coxsackie B3, 2 to mumps, 1 to measles, and 1 to influenza B observed in the province of Alessandria between Jan. 1975 and July 1977 are described. In the coxsackie cases, blood chemistry and clinical examinations were coupled with determination of serum levels of complement fixing, haemagglutin-inhibiting and neutralising antibodies on two successive specimens, isolation of virus from cerebrospinal fluid and faeces, and, in one case, from a cerebral biopsy specimen, and determination of cerebrospinal fluid IgA, IgG, and IgM. Some particularly interesting epidemiological, immunological and clinical features of teh series are discussed more fully.", "contents": "[Viral neuraxitis. Epidemiological and clinical aspects]. Seven cases of acute neuraxitis due to Coxsackie B3, 2 to mumps, 1 to measles, and 1 to influenza B observed in the province of Alessandria between Jan. 1975 and July 1977 are described. In the coxsackie cases, blood chemistry and clinical examinations were coupled with determination of serum levels of complement fixing, haemagglutin-inhibiting and neutralising antibodies on two successive specimens, isolation of virus from cerebrospinal fluid and faeces, and, in one case, from a cerebral biopsy specimen, and determination of cerebrospinal fluid IgA, IgG, and IgM. Some particularly interesting epidemiological, immunological and clinical features of teh series are discussed more fully.", "PMID": 683582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5702", "title": "[Enviromental factors in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer].", "content": "Local factors with a possible influence on the frequency and histological type of thyroid cancer are examined in the light of cases observed at the Mauriziano Hospital in the last 10 years. The overall number of cases has been increasing and papilliferous forms have been more common than follicular forms. Iodine deficiency and thyrotropin hyper-stimulation encourage onset and account for the higher frequency of thyroid cancer in endemic areas, where, however, follicular forms are more common. Ironising radiation is a direct cause, particularly of papilliferous forms arising after exposure during youth.", "contents": "[Enviromental factors in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer]. Local factors with a possible influence on the frequency and histological type of thyroid cancer are examined in the light of cases observed at the Mauriziano Hospital in the last 10 years. The overall number of cases has been increasing and papilliferous forms have been more common than follicular forms. Iodine deficiency and thyrotropin hyper-stimulation encourage onset and account for the higher frequency of thyroid cancer in endemic areas, where, however, follicular forms are more common. Ironising radiation is a direct cause, particularly of papilliferous forms arising after exposure during youth.", "PMID": 683583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5703", "title": "[Changes of plasmatic amino acids in various cases of acute hepatic necrosis and insufficiency in man].", "content": "Changes in total and individual plasma amino acid were examined in subjects with necrosis of the liver and acute insufficiency. Quantitative variations in single amino acids and their percentages were noted in all cases. The extent of such change and the number of amino acids involved were roughly proportional to the degree of insufficiency. A continuous and persistent increase in total blood amino acids can be regarded as a poor prognostic sign, especially if accompanied by a sharp fall in necrosis enzymes. Such an increase, in fact, was only observed in extremely serious cases.", "contents": "[Changes of plasmatic amino acids in various cases of acute hepatic necrosis and insufficiency in man]. Changes in total and individual plasma amino acid were examined in subjects with necrosis of the liver and acute insufficiency. Quantitative variations in single amino acids and their percentages were noted in all cases. The extent of such change and the number of amino acids involved were roughly proportional to the degree of insufficiency. A continuous and persistent increase in total blood amino acids can be regarded as a poor prognostic sign, especially if accompanied by a sharp fall in necrosis enzymes. Such an increase, in fact, was only observed in extremely serious cases.", "PMID": 683586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5704", "title": "[The quarantined dialysis room for Australia-antigen-positive patients. Theoretical, normative, structural, operational, organizational and management aspects].", "content": "The technical features of dialysis facilitate the transmission of hepatitis B virus and the outbreak of possibly serious epidemics among patients and hospital staffs. Statistical, epidemiological and clinical data have been collected on many occasions. They serve to emphasise the problem and the need for quarantined centres. The establishment of such a centre for HBsAg-positive patients is discussed in the light of personal experience in the design and setting up of quarantined rooms. The underlying technical and structural requirements are also examined. Reference is also made to two years' experience in the running of a room of this kind. Stress is laid on the importance of having a room for these patients, not only from the clinical standpoint (lessening of contagion), but also from teh social and exonomic standpoint (reduced costs and length of hospital stay, greater rehabilitation).", "contents": "[The quarantined dialysis room for Australia-antigen-positive patients. Theoretical, normative, structural, operational, organizational and management aspects]. The technical features of dialysis facilitate the transmission of hepatitis B virus and the outbreak of possibly serious epidemics among patients and hospital staffs. Statistical, epidemiological and clinical data have been collected on many occasions. They serve to emphasise the problem and the need for quarantined centres. The establishment of such a centre for HBsAg-positive patients is discussed in the light of personal experience in the design and setting up of quarantined rooms. The underlying technical and structural requirements are also examined. Reference is also made to two years' experience in the running of a room of this kind. Stress is laid on the importance of having a room for these patients, not only from the clinical standpoint (lessening of contagion), but also from teh social and exonomic standpoint (reduced costs and length of hospital stay, greater rehabilitation).", "PMID": 683587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5705", "title": "[A case of pure erythroblastic aplasia effectively treated with immunosuppressive drugs].", "content": "A case of PRCA, refractory to corticosteroids and androgenes is reported. The patient presented persistent remission when treated with Cyclophosphamide. The review of the cases treated with immunosuppressive drugs proves that this treatment is effective and emphasizes the probable autoimmune pathogenesis of PRCA.", "contents": "[A case of pure erythroblastic aplasia effectively treated with immunosuppressive drugs]. A case of PRCA, refractory to corticosteroids and androgenes is reported. The patient presented persistent remission when treated with Cyclophosphamide. The review of the cases treated with immunosuppressive drugs proves that this treatment is effective and emphasizes the probable autoimmune pathogenesis of PRCA.", "PMID": 683588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5706", "title": "[A case of the Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster of the geniculate ganglion) with concomitant C2 and C3 nerve involvement].", "content": "A case of Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster of the genicular ganglion with paresis of the facial nerve) presenting concomitant involvement of the sensitive nerve roots C2 and C3 is reported. The main aetiopathogenetic hypotheses as reported in the literature are presented and an attempt made to formulate a standard aetiopathogenetic theory comprising lesions to the motor nerve fibres and those of the sensitive nerve fibres.", "contents": "[A case of the Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster of the geniculate ganglion) with concomitant C2 and C3 nerve involvement]. A case of Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster of the genicular ganglion with paresis of the facial nerve) presenting concomitant involvement of the sensitive nerve roots C2 and C3 is reported. The main aetiopathogenetic hypotheses as reported in the literature are presented and an attempt made to formulate a standard aetiopathogenetic theory comprising lesions to the motor nerve fibres and those of the sensitive nerve fibres.", "PMID": 683589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5707", "title": "Incidence of subclinical metastasis in stage I and II ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "The incidence of unsuspected metastasis to the diaphgram, retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and omentum as well as malignant cytologic peritoneal washings in women with presumed localized ovarian cancer is presented. Of the women with presumed Stage I ovarian cancer, from our clinical experience and those reported in the literature, 11.3% were found to have diaphragmatic metastases, 13.3% had aortic lymph node metastases, 8.1% had pelvic lymph node metastases, 3.2% had omental metastases, and 32.9% had malignant peritoneal washings. In Stage II ovarian cancer, 23% were found to have diaphgragmatic metastases, 10.0% had aortic lymph node metastases, 0% had omental metastases, and 12.5% had malignant peritoneal washings.", "contents": "Incidence of subclinical metastasis in stage I and II ovarian carcinoma. The incidence of unsuspected metastasis to the diaphgram, retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and omentum as well as malignant cytologic peritoneal washings in women with presumed localized ovarian cancer is presented. Of the women with presumed Stage I ovarian cancer, from our clinical experience and those reported in the literature, 11.3% were found to have diaphragmatic metastases, 13.3% had aortic lymph node metastases, 8.1% had pelvic lymph node metastases, 3.2% had omental metastases, and 32.9% had malignant peritoneal washings. In Stage II ovarian cancer, 23% were found to have diaphgragmatic metastases, 10.0% had aortic lymph node metastases, 0% had omental metastases, and 12.5% had malignant peritoneal washings.", "PMID": 683618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5708", "title": "Anaerobic bacterial recovery from two transport systems in a study of gynecologic flora.", "content": "Several systems for transporting specimens to the laboratory to test for the presence of anaerobic bacteria are available to clinicians. To date, these have not been systematically compared, especially regarding cost-effectiveness. This study compares recovery of anaerobic organisms from genital cultures of gynecological patients under bacteriologic study for research purposes. Two transport systems for delivery of specimens to the laboratory were studied: 1) the commercially available Anaswab system, and 2) a modified Stuart medium (transport charcoal medium) with 0.2% added agar in addition to 0.2% added charcoal. Our data shows no significant difference in kinds of anaerobic organisms recovered using either system when specimens are transported to the laboratory within 24 hours. Although the sites of culturing compared in this study are not directly applicable to the problem of pelvic infection, nevertheless the potential for lowering cost by selecting alternative systems for anaerobic recovery should prompt further comparisons in clinical settings. Some practical suggestions are made for applying agar-modified transport charcoal medium, the less expensive alternative, to clinical situations.", "contents": "Anaerobic bacterial recovery from two transport systems in a study of gynecologic flora. Several systems for transporting specimens to the laboratory to test for the presence of anaerobic bacteria are available to clinicians. To date, these have not been systematically compared, especially regarding cost-effectiveness. This study compares recovery of anaerobic organisms from genital cultures of gynecological patients under bacteriologic study for research purposes. Two transport systems for delivery of specimens to the laboratory were studied: 1) the commercially available Anaswab system, and 2) a modified Stuart medium (transport charcoal medium) with 0.2% added agar in addition to 0.2% added charcoal. Our data shows no significant difference in kinds of anaerobic organisms recovered using either system when specimens are transported to the laboratory within 24 hours. Although the sites of culturing compared in this study are not directly applicable to the problem of pelvic infection, nevertheless the potential for lowering cost by selecting alternative systems for anaerobic recovery should prompt further comparisons in clinical settings. Some practical suggestions are made for applying agar-modified transport charcoal medium, the less expensive alternative, to clinical situations.", "PMID": 683619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5709", "title": "Heating of metallic intrauterine contraceptive devices during ultrasound examination.", "content": "Heating of metallic IUDs during ultrasound examination has been suggested as a possible hazard to surrounding tissues. Serial temperature measurements of such devices during insonation with commercially available ultrasound equipment show no temperature changes during prolonged exposure. The results indicate that the possibility of significant heating of metallic objects within the body may be disregarded in clinical practice.", "contents": "Heating of metallic intrauterine contraceptive devices during ultrasound examination. Heating of metallic IUDs during ultrasound examination has been suggested as a possible hazard to surrounding tissues. Serial temperature measurements of such devices during insonation with commercially available ultrasound equipment show no temperature changes during prolonged exposure. The results indicate that the possibility of significant heating of metallic objects within the body may be disregarded in clinical practice.", "PMID": 683620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5710", "title": "Amniotic fluid copper and zinc concentrations in human pregnancy.", "content": "Amniotic fluid concentrations of zinc and copper were measured in human pregnancy of 12 to 44 weeks' gestation. Although mean values for both metals are relatively flat throughout pregnancy, there appears to be a relative increase in copper levels between 26 and 33 weeks' gestation, and increasing levels of zinc after 34 weeks. Correlations with fetal age or fetal-maternal disease are not apparent in specimens from this heterogenous population.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid copper and zinc concentrations in human pregnancy. Amniotic fluid concentrations of zinc and copper were measured in human pregnancy of 12 to 44 weeks' gestation. Although mean values for both metals are relatively flat throughout pregnancy, there appears to be a relative increase in copper levels between 26 and 33 weeks' gestation, and increasing levels of zinc after 34 weeks. Correlations with fetal age or fetal-maternal disease are not apparent in specimens from this heterogenous population.", "PMID": 683622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5711", "title": "Use of hPL in the diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "Measurements were taken of human placental lactogen (hPL) in 111 pregnant patients with subnormal uterine growth or complications often associated with IUGR and assessed as a measurement of growth retardation. The results of this study are presented here.", "contents": "Use of hPL in the diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation. Measurements were taken of human placental lactogen (hPL) in 111 pregnant patients with subnormal uterine growth or complications often associated with IUGR and assessed as a measurement of growth retardation. The results of this study are presented here.", "PMID": 683623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5712", "title": "Management of premature rupture of the membranes.", "content": "A 14-month prospective study of patients with premature rupture of the membranes was performed. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of different therapeutic regimens for management of premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) on perinatal morbidity and mortality, as well as on maternal morbidity. Maternal and fetal risk factors and predictive factors in pregnancy outcome were prospectively defined. In patients with PROM whose gestational age was 34 weeks or more, induction within the first 12 hours of membrane rupture resulted in minimal maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Patients with gestational age of less than 34 weeks had an improved maternal and fetal outcome if left alone until spontaneous labor or 34 weeks' gestation was reached unless signs of sepsis developed. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the infants of patients who delivered prematurely due to premature rupture of the membranes. Incidence of fetal infection was significantly less than that of RDS as a cause for fetal morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Management of premature rupture of the membranes. A 14-month prospective study of patients with premature rupture of the membranes was performed. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of different therapeutic regimens for management of premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) on perinatal morbidity and mortality, as well as on maternal morbidity. Maternal and fetal risk factors and predictive factors in pregnancy outcome were prospectively defined. In patients with PROM whose gestational age was 34 weeks or more, induction within the first 12 hours of membrane rupture resulted in minimal maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Patients with gestational age of less than 34 weeks had an improved maternal and fetal outcome if left alone until spontaneous labor or 34 weeks' gestation was reached unless signs of sepsis developed. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the infants of patients who delivered prematurely due to premature rupture of the membranes. Incidence of fetal infection was significantly less than that of RDS as a cause for fetal morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 683624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5713", "title": "Hansen's disease in pregnancy.", "content": "Hansen's disease with pregnancy is an uncommon concurrence in the United States. The clinical courses of 62 pregnancies in 26 treated patients with various types of Hansen's disease are reported. In general, patients with Hansen's disease do well in pregnancy. However, the subgroups of active lepromatous and dimorphous types have an increased incidence of obstetric and disease complications. Additional important observations include a high incidence of false-positive biologic tests for syphilis, with the possibility that the FTA-ABS test may also be falsely positive in pregnant patients with Hansen's disease. Sulfone drugs may be used safely during pregnancy. There is a low incidence of congenital malformations, but an unusually high incidence of twinning in this small group of patients.", "contents": "Hansen's disease in pregnancy. Hansen's disease with pregnancy is an uncommon concurrence in the United States. The clinical courses of 62 pregnancies in 26 treated patients with various types of Hansen's disease are reported. In general, patients with Hansen's disease do well in pregnancy. However, the subgroups of active lepromatous and dimorphous types have an increased incidence of obstetric and disease complications. Additional important observations include a high incidence of false-positive biologic tests for syphilis, with the possibility that the FTA-ABS test may also be falsely positive in pregnant patients with Hansen's disease. Sulfone drugs may be used safely during pregnancy. There is a low incidence of congenital malformations, but an unusually high incidence of twinning in this small group of patients.", "PMID": 683625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5714", "title": "The large fetus. Management and outcome.", "content": "In a 4-year retrospective review of 801 pregnancies that resulted in the delivery of an infant weighing 4100 g (9 lb) or more, increased incidence of both maternal and perinatal complications was noted. There were no maternal deaths, and ther perinatal mortality rate was 0.49%. The second stage of labor was prolonged in 9.7% of primigravidas and in 2.2% of multiparas. Shoulder dystocia and perineal lacerations were related to increasing birthweight. Difficult deliveries resulting in clavicle fracture or brachial plexus injuries, and facial trauma contributed to the 11.4% perinatal morbidity rate. Asphyxia was observed in 7.7% and hypoglycemia in 5.2% of the neonates. Congenital anomalies (1.5%) were not increased in the large fetus group. Close surveillance for diabetes mellitus and anticipation of the potential complications associated with delivery of a large infant may reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity rates and maintain low mortality rates.", "contents": "The large fetus. Management and outcome. In a 4-year retrospective review of 801 pregnancies that resulted in the delivery of an infant weighing 4100 g (9 lb) or more, increased incidence of both maternal and perinatal complications was noted. There were no maternal deaths, and ther perinatal mortality rate was 0.49%. The second stage of labor was prolonged in 9.7% of primigravidas and in 2.2% of multiparas. Shoulder dystocia and perineal lacerations were related to increasing birthweight. Difficult deliveries resulting in clavicle fracture or brachial plexus injuries, and facial trauma contributed to the 11.4% perinatal morbidity rate. Asphyxia was observed in 7.7% and hypoglycemia in 5.2% of the neonates. Congenital anomalies (1.5%) were not increased in the large fetus group. Close surveillance for diabetes mellitus and anticipation of the potential complications associated with delivery of a large infant may reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity rates and maintain low mortality rates.", "PMID": 683626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5715", "title": "Antibiotic therapy of endometritis following cesarean section. Treatment successes and failures.", "content": "A prospective clinical and microbiologic study was carried out on 413 indigent patients undergoing cesarean section. Operative site infection developed in 160 (38.5%). Initial treatment with penicillin and kanamycin was successful in 125 of these 160 infections (78%). Thirty-five patients (22%) failed to respond to penicillin and kanamycin and were treated with clindamycin or chloramphenicol. Twenty-eight of the 35 responded promptly to the additional antibiotic therapy. The remaining 7 patients (4%) had either abscesses, hematomas, or presumed septic pelvic thrombophlebitis. Among patients with anaerobic cultures, B fragilis was isolated with 12% with a good response to penicillin-kanamycin, but from 53% with a poor response to penicillin-kanamycin and with a good response to clindamycin or chloramphenicol. Similar critical evaluations of other antibiotic regimens are needed.", "contents": "Antibiotic therapy of endometritis following cesarean section. Treatment successes and failures. A prospective clinical and microbiologic study was carried out on 413 indigent patients undergoing cesarean section. Operative site infection developed in 160 (38.5%). Initial treatment with penicillin and kanamycin was successful in 125 of these 160 infections (78%). Thirty-five patients (22%) failed to respond to penicillin and kanamycin and were treated with clindamycin or chloramphenicol. Twenty-eight of the 35 responded promptly to the additional antibiotic therapy. The remaining 7 patients (4%) had either abscesses, hematomas, or presumed septic pelvic thrombophlebitis. Among patients with anaerobic cultures, B fragilis was isolated with 12% with a good response to penicillin-kanamycin, but from 53% with a poor response to penicillin-kanamycin and with a good response to clindamycin or chloramphenicol. Similar critical evaluations of other antibiotic regimens are needed.", "PMID": 683627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5716", "title": "Pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein in fetal and maternal compartments.", "content": "Pregnancy specific beta glycoprotein is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast and secreted into the maternal peripheral circulation reaching levels of approximately 200 m/liter in normal pregnancy at term. In the present study the distribution of this newly defined placental protein was examined in maternal and fetal compartments in 12 patients at delivery.", "contents": "Pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein in fetal and maternal compartments. Pregnancy specific beta glycoprotein is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast and secreted into the maternal peripheral circulation reaching levels of approximately 200 m/liter in normal pregnancy at term. In the present study the distribution of this newly defined placental protein was examined in maternal and fetal compartments in 12 patients at delivery.", "PMID": 683628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5717", "title": "The estriol/creatinine ratio in a random urine sample as a screening test.", "content": "The estriol/creatinine ratio was determined in a first morning urine sample in 1808 pregnancies in the 32nd week of gestation. The ratio obtained correlated closely with birthweight and showed a linear increase with percentile birthweight group. There was a 25-fold increase in perinatal mortality in those pregnancies with a ratio below the tenth percentile; all pregnancies ending in stillbirths with birthweight below the tenth percentile gave such a ratio. The single estrogen/creatinine ratio allowed the early detection of a group of pregnancies at high risk of intrauterine growth retardation or major total abnormality without inconvenience for the patient.", "contents": "The estriol/creatinine ratio in a random urine sample as a screening test. The estriol/creatinine ratio was determined in a first morning urine sample in 1808 pregnancies in the 32nd week of gestation. The ratio obtained correlated closely with birthweight and showed a linear increase with percentile birthweight group. There was a 25-fold increase in perinatal mortality in those pregnancies with a ratio below the tenth percentile; all pregnancies ending in stillbirths with birthweight below the tenth percentile gave such a ratio. The single estrogen/creatinine ratio allowed the early detection of a group of pregnancies at high risk of intrauterine growth retardation or major total abnormality without inconvenience for the patient.", "PMID": 683629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5718", "title": "Planned vaginal delivery following cesarean section.", "content": "A program of trial labor by patients who had previously undergone one low cervical transverse cesarean section is described. Experience with 526 such patients shows that 49% delivered vaginally, doing so with slightly less morbidity and a shorter hospital stay than 108 similar patients not given a trial labor. Perinatal mortality and morbidity were unaffected by trial or route of delivery. Uterine rupture was encountered three times in the trial group and once in the nontrial patients but at no time resulted in a serious threat to the mother or child. Fertility was retained in 2 of the 4 patients. A significant increase in maternal morbidity was noted among patients whose trial labor resulted in a repeat cesarean section.", "contents": "Planned vaginal delivery following cesarean section. A program of trial labor by patients who had previously undergone one low cervical transverse cesarean section is described. Experience with 526 such patients shows that 49% delivered vaginally, doing so with slightly less morbidity and a shorter hospital stay than 108 similar patients not given a trial labor. Perinatal mortality and morbidity were unaffected by trial or route of delivery. Uterine rupture was encountered three times in the trial group and once in the nontrial patients but at no time resulted in a serious threat to the mother or child. Fertility was retained in 2 of the 4 patients. A significant increase in maternal morbidity was noted among patients whose trial labor resulted in a repeat cesarean section.", "PMID": 683630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5719", "title": "Continued pregnancy after failed first trimester abortion.", "content": "Forty-six patients with unintentional continued pregnancy were detected among a series of 65,045 first trimester abortions. Patients at greatest risk are those with very early pregnancy and those with marked uterine anteversion or retroversion or with uterine anomaly. Attention to gestational duration and uterine size as related to the amount and character of the evacuated tissue, particularly stressing identification of villi and fetal tissues, may help avoid this problem.", "contents": "Continued pregnancy after failed first trimester abortion. Forty-six patients with unintentional continued pregnancy were detected among a series of 65,045 first trimester abortions. Patients at greatest risk are those with very early pregnancy and those with marked uterine anteversion or retroversion or with uterine anomaly. Attention to gestational duration and uterine size as related to the amount and character of the evacuated tissue, particularly stressing identification of villi and fetal tissues, may help avoid this problem.", "PMID": 683631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5720", "title": "Amniotic fluid transfer of meperidine from maternal plasma in early pregnancy.", "content": "Concurrent samples of maternal plasma and amniotic fluid were collected from 40 subjects during the second trimester of pregnancy following a single intramuscular dose of meperidine (100 mg). Maternal meperidine plasma levels were highest in samples collected from 15 to 50 minutes after drug administration. Thereafter the level declined during the next 2 hours. Meperidine was not detected in amniotic fluid until 30 minutes after the intramuscular dose. We estimated that an apparent equilibrium was reached between plasma and amniotic fluid at 120 to 155 minutes after the drug was given to the mother. Normeperidine was not detected in either maternal plasma or amniotic fluid during the time course of this study.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid transfer of meperidine from maternal plasma in early pregnancy. Concurrent samples of maternal plasma and amniotic fluid were collected from 40 subjects during the second trimester of pregnancy following a single intramuscular dose of meperidine (100 mg). Maternal meperidine plasma levels were highest in samples collected from 15 to 50 minutes after drug administration. Thereafter the level declined during the next 2 hours. Meperidine was not detected in amniotic fluid until 30 minutes after the intramuscular dose. We estimated that an apparent equilibrium was reached between plasma and amniotic fluid at 120 to 155 minutes after the drug was given to the mother. Normeperidine was not detected in either maternal plasma or amniotic fluid during the time course of this study.", "PMID": 683632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5721", "title": "Obstetric outcome before and after metroplasty in women with uterine anomalies.", "content": "A review of 49 patients with uterine anomalies was made to determine the relationship of anomalies to infertility, to obstetric outcome, and to indications for surgical reconstruction (metroplasty). For 41 of the 49 patients with obstetric histories, the overall pregnancy wastage was 72%, with bicornuate and septate patients having 85 to 90% wastage. The 28% of pregnancies that were successful were largely accounted for by patients with didelphic anomalies. It was found that infertility was an uncommon problem in these patients and it should rarely be an indication for metroplasty. In 21 patients properly selected for metroplasty because of repeat pregnancy loss, the obstetric outcome improved from 7% successful pregnancies before surgery to 75% postoperatively. Patients with septate or bicornuate anomalies were found to be poor obstetric performers and likely candidates for repair, while patients with didelphic anomalies achieved obstetric satisfaction without surgical intervention.", "contents": "Obstetric outcome before and after metroplasty in women with uterine anomalies. A review of 49 patients with uterine anomalies was made to determine the relationship of anomalies to infertility, to obstetric outcome, and to indications for surgical reconstruction (metroplasty). For 41 of the 49 patients with obstetric histories, the overall pregnancy wastage was 72%, with bicornuate and septate patients having 85 to 90% wastage. The 28% of pregnancies that were successful were largely accounted for by patients with didelphic anomalies. It was found that infertility was an uncommon problem in these patients and it should rarely be an indication for metroplasty. In 21 patients properly selected for metroplasty because of repeat pregnancy loss, the obstetric outcome improved from 7% successful pregnancies before surgery to 75% postoperatively. Patients with septate or bicornuate anomalies were found to be poor obstetric performers and likely candidates for repair, while patients with didelphic anomalies achieved obstetric satisfaction without surgical intervention.", "PMID": 683633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5722", "title": "Podophyllin poisoning. Systemic toxicity following cutaneous application.", "content": "The toxicity of topically applied podophyllin in a 16-year-old girl is presented. Coma requiring respiratory support and major neurologic complications as well as hematologic and hepatic toxicity was observed. Therapy with a new modality, charcoal hemoperfusion, resulted in resolution of the acute toxicity, leaving a peripheral neuropathy which had not completely resolved after 4 months. The pharmacology and suggested treatment measures for the toxicity of this rarely reported agent are reviewed.", "contents": "Podophyllin poisoning. Systemic toxicity following cutaneous application. The toxicity of topically applied podophyllin in a 16-year-old girl is presented. Coma requiring respiratory support and major neurologic complications as well as hematologic and hepatic toxicity was observed. Therapy with a new modality, charcoal hemoperfusion, resulted in resolution of the acute toxicity, leaving a peripheral neuropathy which had not completely resolved after 4 months. The pharmacology and suggested treatment measures for the toxicity of this rarely reported agent are reviewed.", "PMID": 683634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5723", "title": "Syphilitic cervicitis. A report of a case.", "content": "A case report of a young female who had a biopsy of a cervical lesion suspicious for malignancy is presented. After further evaluation, an initial diagnosis of Stage III sarcoma of the cervix was considered. The patient was eventually appropriately treated for a syphilitic chancre of the cervix. The pitfalls of diagnosis in this patient and other patients in the literature who have leutic cervicitis are stressed in order to alert the practicing gynecologist to this unusual location of a common veneral disease.", "contents": "Syphilitic cervicitis. A report of a case. A case report of a young female who had a biopsy of a cervical lesion suspicious for malignancy is presented. After further evaluation, an initial diagnosis of Stage III sarcoma of the cervix was considered. The patient was eventually appropriately treated for a syphilitic chancre of the cervix. The pitfalls of diagnosis in this patient and other patients in the literature who have leutic cervicitis are stressed in order to alert the practicing gynecologist to this unusual location of a common veneral disease.", "PMID": 683635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5724", "title": "Douche-induced pelvic peritoneal starch granuloma.", "content": "A case of granulomatous peritonitis occurring in a patient without previous surgical history is described. The patient was initially seen because of vaginal bleeding. Gynecologic examination disclosed an ovarian mass which, at laparotomy, grossly mimicked a carcinoma with peritoneal seeding. Histological studies revealed focal chronic granulomatous peritonitis with starch granules as determined by polarization microscopy. It is hypothesized that prolonged use by the patient of a suspension of powder in water as a douche introduced the offending agent into the pelvic peritoneum.", "contents": "Douche-induced pelvic peritoneal starch granuloma. A case of granulomatous peritonitis occurring in a patient without previous surgical history is described. The patient was initially seen because of vaginal bleeding. Gynecologic examination disclosed an ovarian mass which, at laparotomy, grossly mimicked a carcinoma with peritoneal seeding. Histological studies revealed focal chronic granulomatous peritonitis with starch granules as determined by polarization microscopy. It is hypothesized that prolonged use by the patient of a suspension of powder in water as a douche introduced the offending agent into the pelvic peritoneum.", "PMID": 683636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5725", "title": "Acute visual loss during pregnancy after bromocriptine-induced ovulation. The elusive tumor.", "content": "The evaluation of patients complaining of amenorrhea with or without galactorrhea has been greatly enhanced by the availability of serum prolactin determinations and advances in diagnostic radiology. Likewise, the treatment of these patients with ergot derivative has resulted in the return of normal menses, and many pregnancies have been reported. The present report is of a patient with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea-galactorrhea successfully treated with bromocriptine. A pregnancy followed resumption of menses, and a suprasellar cromophobeadenoma became manifest by producing blindness of the patient. The case is presented with recommendations for diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Acute visual loss during pregnancy after bromocriptine-induced ovulation. The elusive tumor. The evaluation of patients complaining of amenorrhea with or without galactorrhea has been greatly enhanced by the availability of serum prolactin determinations and advances in diagnostic radiology. Likewise, the treatment of these patients with ergot derivative has resulted in the return of normal menses, and many pregnancies have been reported. The present report is of a patient with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea-galactorrhea successfully treated with bromocriptine. A pregnancy followed resumption of menses, and a suprasellar cromophobeadenoma became manifest by producing blindness of the patient. The case is presented with recommendations for diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 683637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5726", "title": "Acute necrotizing fasciitis of the endopelvic fascia.", "content": "A patient with an extensive necrotizing infection of the endopelvic fascia is presented. Cultures and tissue sections revealed the organisms responsible to be a mixed infection of Bacteroides, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. Hypertension and diabetic vascular disease were felt to contribute to the initiation of the disease process in this unusual site.", "contents": "Acute necrotizing fasciitis of the endopelvic fascia. A patient with an extensive necrotizing infection of the endopelvic fascia is presented. Cultures and tissue sections revealed the organisms responsible to be a mixed infection of Bacteroides, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. Hypertension and diabetic vascular disease were felt to contribute to the initiation of the disease process in this unusual site.", "PMID": 683638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5727", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the vagina and cervix after intrauterine DES exposure.", "content": "Two patients exposed in utero to maternal DES ingestion presented with adenosis. Each developed intraepithelial neoplasia in an area of active metaplastic change. The question is raised whether a continuum exists beginning with DES exposure and proceeding through the occurrence of adenosis and active squamous metaplasia to dysplastic alteration and finally squamous neoplasia. Since the cytologic smear is negative in 50% of cases during the dysplastic phase, it is recommened that all cases of adenosis be followed by colposcopy.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the vagina and cervix after intrauterine DES exposure. Two patients exposed in utero to maternal DES ingestion presented with adenosis. Each developed intraepithelial neoplasia in an area of active metaplastic change. The question is raised whether a continuum exists beginning with DES exposure and proceeding through the occurrence of adenosis and active squamous metaplasia to dysplastic alteration and finally squamous neoplasia. Since the cytologic smear is negative in 50% of cases during the dysplastic phase, it is recommened that all cases of adenosis be followed by colposcopy.", "PMID": 683639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5728", "title": "Endometrioid carcinoma of the fallopian tube.", "content": "A case of endometrioid carcinoma arising in endometriosis of the fallopian tube is described. One case of tubal endometrioid carcinoma has been reported previously, but the entity has not hitherto been recognized among primary fallopian tube tumors. The clinical presentations, histopathology, and pathogenesis of this rare tumor are discussed.", "contents": "Endometrioid carcinoma of the fallopian tube. A case of endometrioid carcinoma arising in endometriosis of the fallopian tube is described. One case of tubal endometrioid carcinoma has been reported previously, but the entity has not hitherto been recognized among primary fallopian tube tumors. The clinical presentations, histopathology, and pathogenesis of this rare tumor are discussed.", "PMID": 683640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5729", "title": "Delayed interval delivery of a twin pregnancy.", "content": "A twin pregnancy is reported in which a prolonged interval between delivery of twins was accomplished by the use of labor-inhibiting drugs and the placement of a cerevical cerclage. Infants weighting 690 and 1192 g were delivered from a mother with a normal uterus at 27 and 31 weeks' gestation, with survival of the second twin. Pathologic and sonographic findings in the case, philosophies of its management, and a review of the medical literature are presented. The case is apparently unique to obstetric literature.", "contents": "Delayed interval delivery of a twin pregnancy. A twin pregnancy is reported in which a prolonged interval between delivery of twins was accomplished by the use of labor-inhibiting drugs and the placement of a cerevical cerclage. Infants weighting 690 and 1192 g were delivered from a mother with a normal uterus at 27 and 31 weeks' gestation, with survival of the second twin. Pathologic and sonographic findings in the case, philosophies of its management, and a review of the medical literature are presented. The case is apparently unique to obstetric literature.", "PMID": 683641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5730", "title": "A spinal cord neurolemmoma in pregnancy.", "content": "A case of spinal cord neurolemmoma (Schwanoma) in pregnancy is described. A review of the literature fails to reveal any similar tumors in association with pregnancy. Diagnosis, treatment, and pathogenesis of spinal cord tumors in pregnancy are reviewed.", "contents": "A spinal cord neurolemmoma in pregnancy. A case of spinal cord neurolemmoma (Schwanoma) in pregnancy is described. A review of the literature fails to reveal any similar tumors in association with pregnancy. Diagnosis, treatment, and pathogenesis of spinal cord tumors in pregnancy are reviewed.", "PMID": 683642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5731", "title": "Barogenic rupture of the esophagus associated with hyperemesis gravidarum.", "content": "Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus is associated with continuous nausea and vomiting in the chronic alcoholic. The following is a case report of a similar occurrence in a young, healthy, primigravida with hyperemesis gravidarum. To our knowledge, this has not previously been reported in the obstetric literature.", "contents": "Barogenic rupture of the esophagus associated with hyperemesis gravidarum. Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus is associated with continuous nausea and vomiting in the chronic alcoholic. The following is a case report of a similar occurrence in a young, healthy, primigravida with hyperemesis gravidarum. To our knowledge, this has not previously been reported in the obstetric literature.", "PMID": 683643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5732", "title": "Pregnancy after jejunoileal bypass. A review and report of one case.", "content": "A case of pregnancy after jejunoileal bypass is presented. Fifty-six full-term pregnancies among 44 patients reported in the literature are reviewed. Pregnancy is not contraindicated after jejunoileal bypass, as it is accompanied by few more problems than those normally encountered in the obese woman. Somewhat smaller babies are born from these pregnancies and some minor disturbances of glucose, protein, and minerals may have to be adjusted during the pregnancy. A two-year interval is suggested after jejunoileal bypass before pregnancy is undertaken, to allow a weight-loss plateau to be established. The 7% incidence of severe congenital anomalies among these 57 pregnancies is higher than normal and suggests an added risk.", "contents": "Pregnancy after jejunoileal bypass. A review and report of one case. A case of pregnancy after jejunoileal bypass is presented. Fifty-six full-term pregnancies among 44 patients reported in the literature are reviewed. Pregnancy is not contraindicated after jejunoileal bypass, as it is accompanied by few more problems than those normally encountered in the obese woman. Somewhat smaller babies are born from these pregnancies and some minor disturbances of glucose, protein, and minerals may have to be adjusted during the pregnancy. A two-year interval is suggested after jejunoileal bypass before pregnancy is undertaken, to allow a weight-loss plateau to be established. The 7% incidence of severe congenital anomalies among these 57 pregnancies is higher than normal and suggests an added risk.", "PMID": 683644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5733", "title": "Nonobstructive cecal dilatation and perforation after cesarean section.", "content": "A case of nonobstructive cecal dilatation and perforation after cesarean section is reported with a review of the surgical literature on the management of this entity.", "contents": "Nonobstructive cecal dilatation and perforation after cesarean section. A case of nonobstructive cecal dilatation and perforation after cesarean section is reported with a review of the surgical literature on the management of this entity.", "PMID": 683645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5734", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis of Potter syndrome.", "content": "A case is presented of bilateral renal agenesis (Potter syndrome) which was diagnosed before birth. The diagnosis was based on severe oligohydramnios, unrecognizable fetal kidneys and bladder on ultrasound, and failure to demonstrate a fetal bladder after administration of furosemide. Ultrasonic evidence of a hypoplastic thoracic cage provided further support for the intrauterine diagnosis.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis of Potter syndrome. A case is presented of bilateral renal agenesis (Potter syndrome) which was diagnosed before birth. The diagnosis was based on severe oligohydramnios, unrecognizable fetal kidneys and bladder on ultrasound, and failure to demonstrate a fetal bladder after administration of furosemide. Ultrasonic evidence of a hypoplastic thoracic cage provided further support for the intrauterine diagnosis.", "PMID": 683646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5735", "title": "Incompetent cervix in offspring exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero.", "content": "Five patients with malformation and hypoplasia of the cervix due to diethylstilbestrol (DES)-exposure in utero developed cervical incompetency during the second trimester. Four of the patients were managed successfully during pregnancy with a modified Shirodkar cerclage procedure which was performed at the first sign of cervical effacement and dilitation. The fifth patient, who had lost 2 pregnancies because of cervical incompentency, underwent a modified Lash procedure and permanent cerclage in the nonpregnant state and was delivered at term by primary cesarean section. In view of the large number of women exposed to DES who have grossly abnormal-appearing and hypoplastic cervices, it is important for obstetricians to be aware of this potential complication in order to avoid second trimester losses which could be prevented by prompt surgical intervention.", "contents": "Incompetent cervix in offspring exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Five patients with malformation and hypoplasia of the cervix due to diethylstilbestrol (DES)-exposure in utero developed cervical incompetency during the second trimester. Four of the patients were managed successfully during pregnancy with a modified Shirodkar cerclage procedure which was performed at the first sign of cervical effacement and dilitation. The fifth patient, who had lost 2 pregnancies because of cervical incompentency, underwent a modified Lash procedure and permanent cerclage in the nonpregnant state and was delivered at term by primary cesarean section. In view of the large number of women exposed to DES who have grossly abnormal-appearing and hypoplastic cervices, it is important for obstetricians to be aware of this potential complication in order to avoid second trimester losses which could be prevented by prompt surgical intervention.", "PMID": 683647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5736", "title": "Amniotic fluid embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation after evacuation of missed abortion.", "content": "The combination of amniotic fluid embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation in obstetrics usually occurs at term associated with tumultuous labor. Maternal death almost inevitably follows. That these two crises may occur associated with abortion in herewith reported for the first time. Prompt recognition and aggressive appropriate therapy were responsible for patient survival with virtually no residual sequelae. Diagnosis was established on the basis of serial chest x-rays, pulmonary function tests, sputum, and serial blood studies.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation after evacuation of missed abortion. The combination of amniotic fluid embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation in obstetrics usually occurs at term associated with tumultuous labor. Maternal death almost inevitably follows. That these two crises may occur associated with abortion in herewith reported for the first time. Prompt recognition and aggressive appropriate therapy were responsible for patient survival with virtually no residual sequelae. Diagnosis was established on the basis of serial chest x-rays, pulmonary function tests, sputum, and serial blood studies.", "PMID": 683648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5737", "title": "Ureterouterine fistula as a complication of elective abortion.", "content": "A rare case of ureterouterine fistula following a uterine curettage for elective abortion is presented. Review of the literature and management of the present case outlines two different methods of managment of this complication of surgery. Attention is called to the possibility of this complication occurring following uterine curettage for elective abortion.", "contents": "Ureterouterine fistula as a complication of elective abortion. A rare case of ureterouterine fistula following a uterine curettage for elective abortion is presented. Review of the literature and management of the present case outlines two different methods of managment of this complication of surgery. Attention is called to the possibility of this complication occurring following uterine curettage for elective abortion.", "PMID": 683649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5738", "title": "Thrombocytopenia in two patients treated with low-dose heparin.", "content": "Two cases of thrombocytopenia, one resulting in bleeding, are reported in patients treated with prophylactic low-dose heparin. The evidence indicates that low-dose heparin was responsible. A review of the literature indicates that heparin-induced thrombocytopenia may be a common event. Since low-dose heparin has been shown to decrease the incidence of venous thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing major surgery, recommendations are made for monitoring platelet counts in such patients.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia in two patients treated with low-dose heparin. Two cases of thrombocytopenia, one resulting in bleeding, are reported in patients treated with prophylactic low-dose heparin. The evidence indicates that low-dose heparin was responsible. A review of the literature indicates that heparin-induced thrombocytopenia may be a common event. Since low-dose heparin has been shown to decrease the incidence of venous thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing major surgery, recommendations are made for monitoring platelet counts in such patients.", "PMID": 683650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5739", "title": "Local spread and lymph node involvement in cervical cancer.", "content": "In 150 cases of carcinoma of the cervix the specimens obtained by radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy were examined by means of giant frontal section preparations which included adjacent parametria. Serial step sections of lymph nodes were performed. There were 44 cases of Stage IB, 13 of Stage IIA, and 93 of Stage IIB. Lymph node involvement was 16%, 33%, and 37%, respectively. The size of each cervical tumor was expressed in square millimeters as an \"area-equivalent,\" the product of its vertical and horizontal diameters in the frontal plane. Cross relationships of tumor size, incidence of lymph node metastasis, border zone spread, and parametrial involvement were studied and are discussed. It is concluded that tumor size gives a better indication of tumor behavior than does clinical staging and constitutes an objective method of classifying tumors that the latter cannot attain.", "contents": "Local spread and lymph node involvement in cervical cancer. In 150 cases of carcinoma of the cervix the specimens obtained by radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy were examined by means of giant frontal section preparations which included adjacent parametria. Serial step sections of lymph nodes were performed. There were 44 cases of Stage IB, 13 of Stage IIA, and 93 of Stage IIB. Lymph node involvement was 16%, 33%, and 37%, respectively. The size of each cervical tumor was expressed in square millimeters as an \"area-equivalent,\" the product of its vertical and horizontal diameters in the frontal plane. Cross relationships of tumor size, incidence of lymph node metastasis, border zone spread, and parametrial involvement were studied and are discussed. It is concluded that tumor size gives a better indication of tumor behavior than does clinical staging and constitutes an objective method of classifying tumors that the latter cannot attain.", "PMID": 683652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5740", "title": "The use of pelvic arteriography in assessing carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients underwent pelvic arteriography as a part of their pre-radical-hysterectomy evaluation for cervical carcinoma. False-positive studies were as common as false-negative studies, not only in the assessment of tumor extension locally, but also in determining the presence of pelvic lymph node involvement. Twenty-one patients underwent preoperative irradiation, but the lack of correlation was similar in 8 patients who were treated by primary radical surgery a few days after arteriography. The clinical estimate of tumor extension corresponded more closely to the pathologic findings than pelvic arteriography.", "contents": "The use of pelvic arteriography in assessing carcinoma of the cervix. Twenty-nine patients underwent pelvic arteriography as a part of their pre-radical-hysterectomy evaluation for cervical carcinoma. False-positive studies were as common as false-negative studies, not only in the assessment of tumor extension locally, but also in determining the presence of pelvic lymph node involvement. Twenty-one patients underwent preoperative irradiation, but the lack of correlation was similar in 8 patients who were treated by primary radical surgery a few days after arteriography. The clinical estimate of tumor extension corresponded more closely to the pathologic findings than pelvic arteriography.", "PMID": 683653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5741", "title": "Radioactive phosphorus and external radiation as an adjuvant to surgery for ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "At the Johns Hopkins Hospital between the years 1967 and 1973, 40 patients with primary ovarian carcinoma were treated with radioactive phosphorus. Of these, 19 were treated with external radiation in addition. The morbidity from the radioactive phosphorus alone was negligible. Dosages of less than 5000 rads to the pelvis were usually well tolerated even when given in combination with the isotope. Pathologic changes in the bowel are discussed.", "contents": "Radioactive phosphorus and external radiation as an adjuvant to surgery for ovarian carcinoma. At the Johns Hopkins Hospital between the years 1967 and 1973, 40 patients with primary ovarian carcinoma were treated with radioactive phosphorus. Of these, 19 were treated with external radiation in addition. The morbidity from the radioactive phosphorus alone was negligible. Dosages of less than 5000 rads to the pelvis were usually well tolerated even when given in combination with the isotope. Pathologic changes in the bowel are discussed.", "PMID": 683654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5742", "title": "Unilateral ovarian abscess associated with the intrauterine device.", "content": "Four cases of primary ovarian abscess associated with intrauterine contraceptive devices are presented. It is proposed that both their unilaterality and the fact that they were primary in the ovary rather than tuboovarian are due to the fact that bacteria from the intrauterine device are shed continuously through the fallopian tubes, resulting in the inoculation of the corpus luteum, a unilateral structure. Removal of the ovarian abscess without additional surgical therapy is sufficient for a patient with this type of pelvic infection.", "contents": "Unilateral ovarian abscess associated with the intrauterine device. Four cases of primary ovarian abscess associated with intrauterine contraceptive devices are presented. It is proposed that both their unilaterality and the fact that they were primary in the ovary rather than tuboovarian are due to the fact that bacteria from the intrauterine device are shed continuously through the fallopian tubes, resulting in the inoculation of the corpus luteum, a unilateral structure. Removal of the ovarian abscess without additional surgical therapy is sufficient for a patient with this type of pelvic infection.", "PMID": 683655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5743", "title": "Fetal activity determinations and oxytoxin challenge tests for assessment of fetal well-being.", "content": "Fetal activity determinations followed by oxytocin challenge tests were performed in 101 patients. When fetal heart accelerations occurred following fetal movement, the oxytocin stress test was negative in 99.5% of the cases. An abnormal fetal activity determination was followed by a positive oxytocin challenge test in 12% of the cases. It is suggested that a normal fetal activity determination is indicative of good fetal reserve and therefore reduces the need for oxytocin challenge test. An abnormal fetal activity determination, however, is unreliable and requires that an oxytocin challenge test be performed.", "contents": "Fetal activity determinations and oxytoxin challenge tests for assessment of fetal well-being. Fetal activity determinations followed by oxytocin challenge tests were performed in 101 patients. When fetal heart accelerations occurred following fetal movement, the oxytocin stress test was negative in 99.5% of the cases. An abnormal fetal activity determination was followed by a positive oxytocin challenge test in 12% of the cases. It is suggested that a normal fetal activity determination is indicative of good fetal reserve and therefore reduces the need for oxytocin challenge test. An abnormal fetal activity determination, however, is unreliable and requires that an oxytocin challenge test be performed.", "PMID": 683656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5744", "title": "Intensive care in adolescent pregnancy.", "content": "Adolescent pregnancy has long been considered high risk perinatally. It is also a symptom of social disorder. Older studies provided ominous portents of increased risk of toxemia, prematurity, anemia, cephalopelvic disproportion, and perinatal wastage. Studies during the past decade have shown more encouraging data, especially when representing a concerted effort toward this age group. The first 2 years of an intensive and individual approach to gravidas under age 17 are discussed. A total of 135 young women were studied and compared with 100 controls of similar age, treated routinely, and with 100 women of more nearly ideal childbearing age. Perinatal and social data are shown. The implications of the data are discussed in light of other studies. Few, if any, medical differences between the two groups of adolescents and the older women are noted. More important are the social and emotional factors in determining future difficulties.", "contents": "Intensive care in adolescent pregnancy. Adolescent pregnancy has long been considered high risk perinatally. It is also a symptom of social disorder. Older studies provided ominous portents of increased risk of toxemia, prematurity, anemia, cephalopelvic disproportion, and perinatal wastage. Studies during the past decade have shown more encouraging data, especially when representing a concerted effort toward this age group. The first 2 years of an intensive and individual approach to gravidas under age 17 are discussed. A total of 135 young women were studied and compared with 100 controls of similar age, treated routinely, and with 100 women of more nearly ideal childbearing age. Perinatal and social data are shown. The implications of the data are discussed in light of other studies. Few, if any, medical differences between the two groups of adolescents and the older women are noted. More important are the social and emotional factors in determining future difficulties.", "PMID": 683657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5745", "title": "Extraabdominal uterine exteriorization at cesarean section.", "content": "A series of 386 consecutive cesarean sections is presented in which postpartum uteri were randomly exteriorized or left in situ for suturing the hysterotomy incision in an attempt to evaluate differences in morbidity. Both groups were shown to be similar with respect to overall morbidity, although a high-morbidity subgroup exhibiting increased blood loss was defined and included significantly more patients in the noneventrated group. Emesis occurred in 4 (3.4%) patients in the eventrated group and was directly related to fundal traction under regional anesthesia. Although a larger prospective series is needed to evaluate more serious morbidity, the data presented suggest that uterine eventration at cesarean section is not to be condemned.", "contents": "Extraabdominal uterine exteriorization at cesarean section. A series of 386 consecutive cesarean sections is presented in which postpartum uteri were randomly exteriorized or left in situ for suturing the hysterotomy incision in an attempt to evaluate differences in morbidity. Both groups were shown to be similar with respect to overall morbidity, although a high-morbidity subgroup exhibiting increased blood loss was defined and included significantly more patients in the noneventrated group. Emesis occurred in 4 (3.4%) patients in the eventrated group and was directly related to fundal traction under regional anesthesia. Although a larger prospective series is needed to evaluate more serious morbidity, the data presented suggest that uterine eventration at cesarean section is not to be condemned.", "PMID": 683658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5746", "title": "Internal fetal monitoring and maternal infection following cesarean section. A prospective study.", "content": "A prospective clinical and microbiologic study was performed on 419 patients undergoing cesarean section. A multivariant analysis revealed that labor, rupture of the membranes, and vaginal examinations each had a much greater relative importance than did internal monitoring in determining infection. In an alternative analysis, patients with internal monitoring had no increase in frequency or severity of infection, beyond that imposed by labor and rupture of membranes. Further, endometrial cultures from patients developing infection after internal monitoring were found to have the same bacteria as the cultures of patients developing infection without monitoring.", "contents": "Internal fetal monitoring and maternal infection following cesarean section. A prospective study. A prospective clinical and microbiologic study was performed on 419 patients undergoing cesarean section. A multivariant analysis revealed that labor, rupture of the membranes, and vaginal examinations each had a much greater relative importance than did internal monitoring in determining infection. In an alternative analysis, patients with internal monitoring had no increase in frequency or severity of infection, beyond that imposed by labor and rupture of membranes. Further, endometrial cultures from patients developing infection after internal monitoring were found to have the same bacteria as the cultures of patients developing infection without monitoring.", "PMID": 683659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5747", "title": "Fetal contribution to oxytocin in human labor.", "content": "Fetal oxytocin contribution to the mother during spontaneous labor was investigated using a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay to measure oxytocin in blood, amniotic fluid, and urine. In 26 subjects with spontaneous labor and vaginal delivery (Group I) and 18 subjects with cesarean section after labor (Group II), umbilical arterial plasma (UA) oxytocin concentrations were significantly higher than umbilical venous plasma (UV) ocytocin concentrations. With elective cesarean section (Group III), UA oxytocin concentration was 29.8 +/- 7.5 pg/ml and UV oxytocin concentration was 16.1 +/- 5.9 pg/ml (n = 14). In contrast, the mean UV oxytocin concentration was higher than the mean UA oxytocin concentration, when oxytocin was given to the mothen concentration in Groups I and II was significantly higher than in Group III. Amniotic fluid oxytocin concentrations in Group I and II patients were higher than in Group III. Oxytocin was also present in fetal urine. The findings indicate that during spontaneous labor, oxytocin is produced by the fetus and flows toward the maternal circulation.", "contents": "Fetal contribution to oxytocin in human labor. Fetal oxytocin contribution to the mother during spontaneous labor was investigated using a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay to measure oxytocin in blood, amniotic fluid, and urine. In 26 subjects with spontaneous labor and vaginal delivery (Group I) and 18 subjects with cesarean section after labor (Group II), umbilical arterial plasma (UA) oxytocin concentrations were significantly higher than umbilical venous plasma (UV) ocytocin concentrations. With elective cesarean section (Group III), UA oxytocin concentration was 29.8 +/- 7.5 pg/ml and UV oxytocin concentration was 16.1 +/- 5.9 pg/ml (n = 14). In contrast, the mean UV oxytocin concentration was higher than the mean UA oxytocin concentration, when oxytocin was given to the mothen concentration in Groups I and II was significantly higher than in Group III. Amniotic fluid oxytocin concentrations in Group I and II patients were higher than in Group III. Oxytocin was also present in fetal urine. The findings indicate that during spontaneous labor, oxytocin is produced by the fetus and flows toward the maternal circulation.", "PMID": 683660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5748", "title": "Human placental lactogen levels in multiple pregnancies.", "content": "Serum human placental lactogen (hPL) levels were measured in duplicate with a radioimmunoassay in 206 serum samples at 30 and 36 weeks' gestation from women with normal singleton pregnancies (75) or pregnancies with twins (37). One triplet pregnancy was also studied. The results show a significant elevation of hPL in the women with twin pregnancies at both the 30th (7.0 vs 6.0 microgram/ml) and the 36th (9.2 vs 7.4 microgram/ml) weeks. One-third of the twin pregnancies had values of hPL in excess of 8.0 microgram/ml at 30 weeks and more than half had values in excess of 9.0 microgram/ml at 36 weeks. The triplet pregnancy had an hPL value of 11.0 microgram/ml at 36 weeks' gestation. These data support the potential usefulness of serum hPL measurements in the screening profile for the detection of high-risk pregnancies.", "contents": "Human placental lactogen levels in multiple pregnancies. Serum human placental lactogen (hPL) levels were measured in duplicate with a radioimmunoassay in 206 serum samples at 30 and 36 weeks' gestation from women with normal singleton pregnancies (75) or pregnancies with twins (37). One triplet pregnancy was also studied. The results show a significant elevation of hPL in the women with twin pregnancies at both the 30th (7.0 vs 6.0 microgram/ml) and the 36th (9.2 vs 7.4 microgram/ml) weeks. One-third of the twin pregnancies had values of hPL in excess of 8.0 microgram/ml at 30 weeks and more than half had values in excess of 9.0 microgram/ml at 36 weeks. The triplet pregnancy had an hPL value of 11.0 microgram/ml at 36 weeks' gestation. These data support the potential usefulness of serum hPL measurements in the screening profile for the detection of high-risk pregnancies.", "PMID": 683661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5749", "title": "Pregnancy after jejunoileal bypass and the SGA infant.", "content": "Twenty-one pregnancies (19 patients) were studied, noting the effects of previous jejunoileal bypass on perinatal sequelae. A larger percentage of SGA infants (20%) were delivered to mothers after bypass surgery. Low birthweight appears to be related to maternal hypoalbuminemia. Twelve of thirteen (92%) infants born to multiparous patients after surgery had term birthweights less than any previous term infant's birthweight prior to the procedure. Postponement of pregnancy after ileal shunt until all metabolic parameters have returned to normal (up to 36 months) is advised.", "contents": "Pregnancy after jejunoileal bypass and the SGA infant. Twenty-one pregnancies (19 patients) were studied, noting the effects of previous jejunoileal bypass on perinatal sequelae. A larger percentage of SGA infants (20%) were delivered to mothers after bypass surgery. Low birthweight appears to be related to maternal hypoalbuminemia. Twelve of thirteen (92%) infants born to multiparous patients after surgery had term birthweights less than any previous term infant's birthweight prior to the procedure. Postponement of pregnancy after ileal shunt until all metabolic parameters have returned to normal (up to 36 months) is advised.", "PMID": 683662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5750", "title": "Maternal and fetal plasma renin and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in toxemic pregnancy.", "content": "Toxemic and normotensive pregnant women were compared for plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (PA), and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). At term, hypertensive patients exhibited higher levels of PRA and PA, but similar levels of DBH, progesterone, and estradiol. Their elevated blood pressure was significantly correlated to their levels of PRA. During the delivery levels of PRA increased significantly in toxemic patients in spontaneous labor. Venous and arterial cord PRA levels were higher in babies born to hypertensive mothers than in babies born to normotensive mothers. Three days postpartum, maternal PRA level was lower than at term. Seven days postpartum, PRA levels remained higher in toxemic than in normal women. Maternal DBH levels did not change during and after delivery. Levels of DBH were undetectable in cord blood. We conclude that the renin-angiotensin system is involved in the pathogenesis of toxemia.", "contents": "Maternal and fetal plasma renin and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in toxemic pregnancy. Toxemic and normotensive pregnant women were compared for plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (PA), and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). At term, hypertensive patients exhibited higher levels of PRA and PA, but similar levels of DBH, progesterone, and estradiol. Their elevated blood pressure was significantly correlated to their levels of PRA. During the delivery levels of PRA increased significantly in toxemic patients in spontaneous labor. Venous and arterial cord PRA levels were higher in babies born to hypertensive mothers than in babies born to normotensive mothers. Three days postpartum, maternal PRA level was lower than at term. Seven days postpartum, PRA levels remained higher in toxemic than in normal women. Maternal DBH levels did not change during and after delivery. Levels of DBH were undetectable in cord blood. We conclude that the renin-angiotensin system is involved in the pathogenesis of toxemia.", "PMID": 683663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5751", "title": "Aberrant breast tissue of the vulva. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Aberrant breast tissue may occur anywhere along the embryonic milk line. Only 17 instances of breast tissue of the vulva have been recorded in the English literature between 1900 and 1976. Review of these cases, as well as features of the patient herein reported, serve as a basis for presenting a clinical profile of this interesting entity, its potential complications, and a rationale for appropriate management.", "contents": "Aberrant breast tissue of the vulva. A case report and review of the literature. Aberrant breast tissue may occur anywhere along the embryonic milk line. Only 17 instances of breast tissue of the vulva have been recorded in the English literature between 1900 and 1976. Review of these cases, as well as features of the patient herein reported, serve as a basis for presenting a clinical profile of this interesting entity, its potential complications, and a rationale for appropriate management.", "PMID": 683664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5752", "title": "Skin changes and diseases associated with pregnancy.", "content": "During the gestational period, the skin is among the many organs undergoing changes. Various endocrine changes occurring in pregnancy are thought to give rise to certain skin changes such as pigmentary alterations, abnormalities in hair growth, vascular anomalies, and striae. Also, there are several skin diseases unique to the pregnant woman. Whereas the physiologic skin changes are mainly of cosmetic importance, the various pregnancy-unique skin diseases have associated symptoms, and an increase in both fetal and/or maternal morbidity and mortality is associated with several of these skin diseases.", "contents": "Skin changes and diseases associated with pregnancy. During the gestational period, the skin is among the many organs undergoing changes. Various endocrine changes occurring in pregnancy are thought to give rise to certain skin changes such as pigmentary alterations, abnormalities in hair growth, vascular anomalies, and striae. Also, there are several skin diseases unique to the pregnant woman. Whereas the physiologic skin changes are mainly of cosmetic importance, the various pregnancy-unique skin diseases have associated symptoms, and an increase in both fetal and/or maternal morbidity and mortality is associated with several of these skin diseases.", "PMID": 683665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5753", "title": "Rubella antibody titer. The significance of low-titered rubella antibodies.", "content": "The hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test is not mathematically precise and reproducible. Thus, it is critical to know whether or not the threshold titer (1 : 10) of detectable rubella antibody is indicative of true immunity. Three patients with a 1 : 10 HAI titer presented with subsequent rubella during gestation. Ninety postpartum patients with a HAI titer of 1 : 10 were vaccinated and the rubella antibody titers were reassessed. Seventeen percent of these patients responded to the vaccine challenge with an eightfold or greater rise in titer. Thus, we recommend that the patient with a low HAI titer (1 : 10) should be considered to have marginal immunity to rubella and should be vaccinated.", "contents": "Rubella antibody titer. The significance of low-titered rubella antibodies. The hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test is not mathematically precise and reproducible. Thus, it is critical to know whether or not the threshold titer (1 : 10) of detectable rubella antibody is indicative of true immunity. Three patients with a 1 : 10 HAI titer presented with subsequent rubella during gestation. Ninety postpartum patients with a HAI titer of 1 : 10 were vaccinated and the rubella antibody titers were reassessed. Seventeen percent of these patients responded to the vaccine challenge with an eightfold or greater rise in titer. Thus, we recommend that the patient with a low HAI titer (1 : 10) should be considered to have marginal immunity to rubella and should be vaccinated.", "PMID": 683666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5754", "title": "Fertility after cryosurgery of the cervix.", "content": "Fertility in patients following cryosurgery of the cervix was evaluated in 412 women. Cryosurgery does not appear to have any effect on subsequent fertility when compared with the general population.", "contents": "Fertility after cryosurgery of the cervix. Fertility in patients following cryosurgery of the cervix was evaluated in 412 women. Cryosurgery does not appear to have any effect on subsequent fertility when compared with the general population.", "PMID": 683667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5755", "title": "Continent vesicostomy. Application in a patient.", "content": "Continent vesicostomy, as performed in the laboratory animal, allows the severely dysfunctional bladder to be emptied at predetermined intervals by transabdominal catheterization. The formation of a continent vesicostomy in a patient with markedly impaired bladder function secondary to an extended pelvic operation for the treatment of cancer is described. This technique provides a possible alternative to the construction of a urinary conduit in patients disabled from the treatment of a pelvic malignancy.", "contents": "Continent vesicostomy. Application in a patient. Continent vesicostomy, as performed in the laboratory animal, allows the severely dysfunctional bladder to be emptied at predetermined intervals by transabdominal catheterization. The formation of a continent vesicostomy in a patient with markedly impaired bladder function secondary to an extended pelvic operation for the treatment of cancer is described. This technique provides a possible alternative to the construction of a urinary conduit in patients disabled from the treatment of a pelvic malignancy.", "PMID": 683668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5756", "title": "Intrauterine growth retardation. Antenatal diagnosis by ultrasound.", "content": "Serial cephalometry is useful not only in defining the risk for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in relation to each fetus' growth potential but also in identifying symmetric versus asymmetric undergrown fetuses. It is suggested that all fetuses with biparietal diameters falling below the 25th percentile or dropping to a lower percentile division undergo biophysical and biochemical monitoring for detection of the affected fetus. The value of the head-to-abdomen circumference ratio close to term in delineating asymmetric undergrown fetuses is discussed.", "contents": "Intrauterine growth retardation. Antenatal diagnosis by ultrasound. Serial cephalometry is useful not only in defining the risk for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in relation to each fetus' growth potential but also in identifying symmetric versus asymmetric undergrown fetuses. It is suggested that all fetuses with biparietal diameters falling below the 25th percentile or dropping to a lower percentile division undergo biophysical and biochemical monitoring for detection of the affected fetus. The value of the head-to-abdomen circumference ratio close to term in delineating asymmetric undergrown fetuses is discussed.", "PMID": 683669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5757", "title": "Respirator fitting: the key to protecting workers.", "content": "How can you be sure that workers are being properly fitted with respirators? For now8 quantitative fit tests are the best way, unless hazards are minimal.", "contents": "Respirator fitting: the key to protecting workers. How can you be sure that workers are being properly fitted with respirators? For now8 quantitative fit tests are the best way, unless hazards are minimal.", "PMID": 683674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5758", "title": "What steps must be taken to establish a respiratory protection program?", "content": "The author discusses eleven 'commandments' for such a program, among them the need for written operating procedures, proper selection and storage, and training.", "contents": "What steps must be taken to establish a respiratory protection program? The author discusses eleven 'commandments' for such a program, among them the need for written operating procedures, proper selection and storage, and training.", "PMID": 683675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5759", "title": "Employee education, management support can halt respirator abuse.", "content": "Workers need to know why they wear respirators. And their use of protective equipment must always be supervised and governed by written procedures.", "contents": "Employee education, management support can halt respirator abuse. Workers need to know why they wear respirators. And their use of protective equipment must always be supervised and governed by written procedures.", "PMID": 683676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5760", "title": "How do job-related problems contribute to child abuse?", "content": "Many child abusing parents are unemployed, but others who work may bring their job-related frustrations home, where they explode into violent child abuse.", "contents": "How do job-related problems contribute to child abuse? Many child abusing parents are unemployed, but others who work may bring their job-related frustrations home, where they explode into violent child abuse.", "PMID": 683678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5761", "title": "Nurses can 'take the heat' off of workers.", "content": "The most serious danger is heat stroke, but cramps and exhaustion also afflict workers whose surroundings or physical makeup make them vulnerable to heat stress.", "contents": "Nurses can 'take the heat' off of workers. The most serious danger is heat stroke, but cramps and exhaustion also afflict workers whose surroundings or physical makeup make them vulnerable to heat stress.", "PMID": 683677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5762", "title": "Nurse practitioner has a central role in hospital health service.", "content": "As director of the hospital health service at George Washington Medical Center, this nurse practitioner has clinical, administrative, and educational duties.", "contents": "Nurse practitioner has a central role in hospital health service. As director of the hospital health service at George Washington Medical Center, this nurse practitioner has clinical, administrative, and educational duties.", "PMID": 683679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5763", "title": "A comparative study of physiologic intracranial calcifications.", "content": "It has been the impression of clinicians that pineal calcification is infrequent in Shiraz, Iran. In order to evaluate this clinical impression 2000 consecutive skul X-rays taken at Saadi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, were reviewed for the presence of physiologic intracranial calcifications. The incidence of these clasifications in male and female in consecutive age groups of 10 years from 0 to over 70 years of age were assessed and compared with previous reports from other countries. The average incidence of pineal calcification for those over 20 years of age was 18.29% in this study compared with 55% in the U.S.A. The incidence of calcification in the choroid plexus and the falx cerebri was also considerably less than previously reported. The literature is reviewed and the possible causes for the geographical differences in the reported frequency of physiologic intracranial calcifications is discussed. It is possible that racial and dietary factors may be significant in the variation in the incidence of pineal and other cranial calcifications noted in different countries. Within a population group, age and sex are additional factors.", "contents": "A comparative study of physiologic intracranial calcifications. It has been the impression of clinicians that pineal calcification is infrequent in Shiraz, Iran. In order to evaluate this clinical impression 2000 consecutive skul X-rays taken at Saadi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, were reviewed for the presence of physiologic intracranial calcifications. The incidence of these clasifications in male and female in consecutive age groups of 10 years from 0 to over 70 years of age were assessed and compared with previous reports from other countries. The average incidence of pineal calcification for those over 20 years of age was 18.29% in this study compared with 55% in the U.S.A. The incidence of calcification in the choroid plexus and the falx cerebri was also considerably less than previously reported. The literature is reviewed and the possible causes for the geographical differences in the reported frequency of physiologic intracranial calcifications is discussed. It is possible that racial and dietary factors may be significant in the variation in the incidence of pineal and other cranial calcifications noted in different countries. Within a population group, age and sex are additional factors.", "PMID": 683692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5764", "title": "Hypotensive agent from Cynomorium coccineum.", "content": "The Iranian plant Cynomorium coccineum was investigated and found to possess significant blood pressure lowering activity in the dog. Extensive chemical isolation and fractionation has revealed that the depressor components were mainly present in the fresh juice of the plant. The fractions, by various organic solvents, of the dried powdered plant lacked significant depressor activity. However, the fresh juice of the plant as well as the water soluble fractions of the fresh juice exhibited strong depressor activity. Spectroscopic metal analysis and infrared and Mass spectra of the active fractions seem to suggest the inorganic nature of these fractions with very low carbon and hydrogen contents which are present, perhaphs, in some special molecular arrangement that becomes disrupted due to sensitivity to the analytical procedures employed.", "contents": "Hypotensive agent from Cynomorium coccineum. The Iranian plant Cynomorium coccineum was investigated and found to possess significant blood pressure lowering activity in the dog. Extensive chemical isolation and fractionation has revealed that the depressor components were mainly present in the fresh juice of the plant. The fractions, by various organic solvents, of the dried powdered plant lacked significant depressor activity. However, the fresh juice of the plant as well as the water soluble fractions of the fresh juice exhibited strong depressor activity. Spectroscopic metal analysis and infrared and Mass spectra of the active fractions seem to suggest the inorganic nature of these fractions with very low carbon and hydrogen contents which are present, perhaphs, in some special molecular arrangement that becomes disrupted due to sensitivity to the analytical procedures employed.", "PMID": 683693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5765", "title": "Studies on concurrent  salmonellosis in dogs and man.", "content": "Eight positive Salmonella cultures were obtained from 8 of 314 family dogs in Tehran. Attempts to isolate Salmonella organisms from the owners of the Salmonella infected dogs were successful only in one of eight instances. The Salmonella serotype isolated from the owner was the same as that from his pet dog.", "contents": "Studies on concurrent  salmonellosis in dogs and man. Eight positive Salmonella cultures were obtained from 8 of 314 family dogs in Tehran. Attempts to isolate Salmonella organisms from the owners of the Salmonella infected dogs were successful only in one of eight instances. The Salmonella serotype isolated from the owner was the same as that from his pet dog.", "PMID": 683694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5766", "title": "The prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis among the Qashqai tribe in Southern Iran.", "content": "The prevalence and the intensity of intestinal helminthiasis in the Qashqai tribe of Southern Iran were studied. Infection with Ascaris Lumbricoides and Trichuris Trichura was low (6.1 and 0.8 per cent respectively) while the prevalence of Trichostrongylus was 27.6 per cent of the total stool samples examined or 63.2 per cent of the total intestinal parasites found. This might be due to the mode of life of the tribe and the proximity of its people to domestic animals.", "contents": "The prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis among the Qashqai tribe in Southern Iran. The prevalence and the intensity of intestinal helminthiasis in the Qashqai tribe of Southern Iran were studied. Infection with Ascaris Lumbricoides and Trichuris Trichura was low (6.1 and 0.8 per cent respectively) while the prevalence of Trichostrongylus was 27.6 per cent of the total stool samples examined or 63.2 per cent of the total intestinal parasites found. This might be due to the mode of life of the tribe and the proximity of its people to domestic animals.", "PMID": 683695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5767", "title": "Hepatic versus pulmonary involvement by Echinococcus granulosus.", "content": "In a five period, year 41 consecutive patients with echinococcosis were studied. Single organ involvement occurred in 34 (82.93%) and multiple organ disease in seven patients (17.07%). Single hepatic involvement, recorded in 15 patients (36.59%) was equal to single pulmonary involvement. This distribution appears to assume an intermediate position between the northern preponderance of hepatic and the southern prevalence of pulmonary echinococcosis in Iran.", "contents": "Hepatic versus pulmonary involvement by Echinococcus granulosus. In a five period, year 41 consecutive patients with echinococcosis were studied. Single organ involvement occurred in 34 (82.93%) and multiple organ disease in seven patients (17.07%). Single hepatic involvement, recorded in 15 patients (36.59%) was equal to single pulmonary involvement. This distribution appears to assume an intermediate position between the northern preponderance of hepatic and the southern prevalence of pulmonary echinococcosis in Iran.", "PMID": 683696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5768", "title": "The effect of ischaemia on the function and fine structure of the microvasculature of myocardium.", "content": "Seventeen mongrel dogs were subjected to ligation of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. At intervals from 10 to 300 minutes after ligation, 10 ml of a sodium fluorescein and colloidal thorium hydroxide solution were injected via an intra-arterial catheter placed distal to the ligature. Up to 20 minutes after ligation this tracer solution evenly perfused the left ventricular wall including the posterior papillary muscle (PPM). During 25 to 50 minutes there was a progressive patchy loss of perfusion into the PPM although the sub-epicardial region was evenly perfused. After 60 or more minutes of ischaemia it was not possible to inject this tracer solution into the subendocardial region. Electron microscopic examination indicated that this loss of vascular competence was possibly due to vasospasm of some vessels in the marginal zone between the perfused and non-perfused areas and was unlikely to be due to intravascular thrombosis, endothelial cell swelling, or to compression of vessels due to cell or tissue oedema.", "contents": "The effect of ischaemia on the function and fine structure of the microvasculature of myocardium. Seventeen mongrel dogs were subjected to ligation of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. At intervals from 10 to 300 minutes after ligation, 10 ml of a sodium fluorescein and colloidal thorium hydroxide solution were injected via an intra-arterial catheter placed distal to the ligature. Up to 20 minutes after ligation this tracer solution evenly perfused the left ventricular wall including the posterior papillary muscle (PPM). During 25 to 50 minutes there was a progressive patchy loss of perfusion into the PPM although the sub-epicardial region was evenly perfused. After 60 or more minutes of ischaemia it was not possible to inject this tracer solution into the subendocardial region. Electron microscopic examination indicated that this loss of vascular competence was possibly due to vasospasm of some vessels in the marginal zone between the perfused and non-perfused areas and was unlikely to be due to intravascular thrombosis, endothelial cell swelling, or to compression of vessels due to cell or tissue oedema.", "PMID": 683697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5769", "title": "Mycobacterium avium associated with chronic pulmonary disease in a Queensland resident.", "content": "Bacteriological investigation over an 11-year period has implicated Mycobacterium avium ser I as the most probable cause of chronic pulmonary disease in a resident of south-eastern Queensland. Although the patient had contact with domestic fowls and a pet budgerigar, the source of the organism is uncertain.", "contents": "Mycobacterium avium associated with chronic pulmonary disease in a Queensland resident. Bacteriological investigation over an 11-year period has implicated Mycobacterium avium ser I as the most probable cause of chronic pulmonary disease in a resident of south-eastern Queensland. Although the patient had contact with domestic fowls and a pet budgerigar, the source of the organism is uncertain.", "PMID": 683698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5770", "title": "Pseudomyxoma peritonei et ovarii with an occult neoplasm of appendix: case report.", "content": "Although pseudomyxoma peritonei is comparatively rare, the simultaneous occurrence in this condition of mucinous tumours of ovary and appendix is common and has been termed pseudomyxoma peritonei ovarii et appendicis. Four closely followed patients in a small series showed only 25% 6-year survival. This paper presents a further case with a 14-month follow-up.", "contents": "Pseudomyxoma peritonei et ovarii with an occult neoplasm of appendix: case report. Although pseudomyxoma peritonei is comparatively rare, the simultaneous occurrence in this condition of mucinous tumours of ovary and appendix is common and has been termed pseudomyxoma peritonei ovarii et appendicis. Four closely followed patients in a small series showed only 25% 6-year survival. This paper presents a further case with a 14-month follow-up.", "PMID": 683699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5771", "title": "Xanthogranulomatous endometritis: case report.", "content": "A case of chronic endometritis with unusual histological features due to the presence of abundant foam cells and lipid material is described. The presence of foam cells, abundant intra- and extracellular lipid together with other inflammatory cells in the absence of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma warrants the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous endometritis.", "contents": "Xanthogranulomatous endometritis: case report. A case of chronic endometritis with unusual histological features due to the presence of abundant foam cells and lipid material is described. The presence of foam cells, abundant intra- and extracellular lipid together with other inflammatory cells in the absence of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma warrants the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous endometritis.", "PMID": 683700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5772", "title": "Systemic form of Weber-Christian disease.", "content": "A case of systemic Weber-Christian disease, involving retroperitoneal adipose tissue with secondary damage to the associated organs and blood vessels is reported. The involved organs showed varying degrees of necrosis, lipogranulomata and fibrosis.", "contents": "Systemic form of Weber-Christian disease. A case of systemic Weber-Christian disease, involving retroperitoneal adipose tissue with secondary damage to the associated organs and blood vessels is reported. The involved organs showed varying degrees of necrosis, lipogranulomata and fibrosis.", "PMID": 683701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5773", "title": "Malignant meningioma: ultrastructure and observations on histogenesis.", "content": "A malignant meningioma was studied by light and electron microscopy. Histologically, the tumour was composed predominantly of spindle shaped cells arranged in interlacing bundles with numerous mitoses and much nuclear atypia. There were many necrotic foci as well as invasion of the cerebral cortex, dura mater and blood vessels. Ultrastructurally, the main findings included moderate plasma membrane interdigitation, many intracytoplasmic filaments, and junctional attachments of three kinds: desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and zonulae adhaerentes. These subcellular features are suggestive of arachnoidal cell origin.", "contents": "Malignant meningioma: ultrastructure and observations on histogenesis. A malignant meningioma was studied by light and electron microscopy. Histologically, the tumour was composed predominantly of spindle shaped cells arranged in interlacing bundles with numerous mitoses and much nuclear atypia. There were many necrotic foci as well as invasion of the cerebral cortex, dura mater and blood vessels. Ultrastructurally, the main findings included moderate plasma membrane interdigitation, many intracytoplasmic filaments, and junctional attachments of three kinds: desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and zonulae adhaerentes. These subcellular features are suggestive of arachnoidal cell origin.", "PMID": 683702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5774", "title": "Invasion of the hepatic capsule by tumour metastases to the liver.", "content": "Liver metastases of Waler 256 tumour in rats and of C3HBA tumour in mice were produced by mesenteric vein inoculation of tumour suspensions. Gross liver nodules were examined by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Subcapsular tumour nodules were seen to penetrate the hepatic capsule in all animals and to lodge on the peritoneal surface. Penetration occurred by stretching and attrition of the thin hepatic capsule in these animals. Studies done on human hepatic metastases revealed a different picture. In only a small number of such cases did peritoneal involvement occur from subcapsular nodules, and in these the penetration was limited, apparently by way of capsular veins and lymphatics. The thick fibrous capsule of human liver appears thus to form a barrier to peritoneal tumour dissemination.", "contents": "Invasion of the hepatic capsule by tumour metastases to the liver. Liver metastases of Waler 256 tumour in rats and of C3HBA tumour in mice were produced by mesenteric vein inoculation of tumour suspensions. Gross liver nodules were examined by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Subcapsular tumour nodules were seen to penetrate the hepatic capsule in all animals and to lodge on the peritoneal surface. Penetration occurred by stretching and attrition of the thin hepatic capsule in these animals. Studies done on human hepatic metastases revealed a different picture. In only a small number of such cases did peritoneal involvement occur from subcapsular nodules, and in these the penetration was limited, apparently by way of capsular veins and lymphatics. The thick fibrous capsule of human liver appears thus to form a barrier to peritoneal tumour dissemination.", "PMID": 683704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5775", "title": "Ethanol's influence on the stimulus level required to evoke an orienting response in goldfish.", "content": "In goldfish the heart rate orienting response to periodic photic stimuli was measured by a specially designed computer that also regulated the intensity of the stimuli to maintain the response. When ethanol was administered, the fish then exhibited orienting responses to less intense stimuli; this increased excitability was maintained for the duration of all tests (i.e., a maximum of 26 hours). There also seemed to be a residual increase of excitability lasting as long as 7 days after the ethanol was administered.", "contents": "Ethanol's influence on the stimulus level required to evoke an orienting response in goldfish. In goldfish the heart rate orienting response to periodic photic stimuli was measured by a specially designed computer that also regulated the intensity of the stimuli to maintain the response. When ethanol was administered, the fish then exhibited orienting responses to less intense stimuli; this increased excitability was maintained for the duration of all tests (i.e., a maximum of 26 hours). There also seemed to be a residual increase of excitability lasting as long as 7 days after the ethanol was administered.", "PMID": 683722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5776", "title": "An examination of the relationship between race, skin color and a series of autonomic nervous system measures.", "content": "In the total population of 75 subjects, the skin albedo correlated significantly with skin resistance, a relationship which was not maintained when the total population was separated into its component subgroups of whites, blacks and Indians. The Indians, \"anthropologically Caucasians\" but skin color more akin to the blacks, exhibited mean skin reflectance and skin resistance intermediate to that obtained in the black and white groups respectively. Other differences and significant correlations between the autonomic functions in the three groups indicated a higher level of sympathetic tone in the Indians, although this could be attributed to the older age of this group. It was suggested from the results that skin color rather than race has a greater influence on skin resistance.", "contents": "An examination of the relationship between race, skin color and a series of autonomic nervous system measures. In the total population of 75 subjects, the skin albedo correlated significantly with skin resistance, a relationship which was not maintained when the total population was separated into its component subgroups of whites, blacks and Indians. The Indians, \"anthropologically Caucasians\" but skin color more akin to the blacks, exhibited mean skin reflectance and skin resistance intermediate to that obtained in the black and white groups respectively. Other differences and significant correlations between the autonomic functions in the three groups indicated a higher level of sympathetic tone in the Indians, although this could be attributed to the older age of this group. It was suggested from the results that skin color rather than race has a greater influence on skin resistance.", "PMID": 683723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5777", "title": "External inhibition in a goldfish (Carassius auratus) classical conditioning situation.", "content": "Goldfish were classically conditioned with a light as the CS and shock as the US. The UR was a decrease in respiration. After 15 or 60 conditioning trials the fish were tested with novel stimuli (clicks) during the CS-US interval. High and moderate intensity novel stimuli produced a significant decrease in CRs (external inhibition) for fish with 60 conditioning trials (5.5 or 10.5 sec CS-US interval), but not fish with 15 conditioning trials. Low intensity novel stimuli produced no evidence for disinhibition (an increase in CRs). Control groups (e.g., groups with random presentations of the CS and US) showed that the external inhibition for fish with 60 conditioning trials was inhibition of a true CR.", "contents": "External inhibition in a goldfish (Carassius auratus) classical conditioning situation. Goldfish were classically conditioned with a light as the CS and shock as the US. The UR was a decrease in respiration. After 15 or 60 conditioning trials the fish were tested with novel stimuli (clicks) during the CS-US interval. High and moderate intensity novel stimuli produced a significant decrease in CRs (external inhibition) for fish with 60 conditioning trials (5.5 or 10.5 sec CS-US interval), but not fish with 15 conditioning trials. Low intensity novel stimuli produced no evidence for disinhibition (an increase in CRs). Control groups (e.g., groups with random presentations of the CS and US) showed that the external inhibition for fish with 60 conditioning trials was inhibition of a true CR.", "PMID": 683725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5778", "title": "Multivariate data analysis in empirical research. A look on the bright side.", "content": "The interpretive benefits of employing multivariate analysis methods on experimental data with more than one dependent variable are described heuristically and illustrated on a set of data from a simply designed experiment in physiological psychology. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is performed on the 9 dependent variables contained in the sample data and on the four composites derived from a principal components analysis (PCA) of the variability of the nine. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is conducted following both MANOVA results, and 5 methods of determining the \"important\" dependent variables in the experimental-control group difference are presented and discussed in terms of the data at hand.", "contents": "Multivariate data analysis in empirical research. A look on the bright side. The interpretive benefits of employing multivariate analysis methods on experimental data with more than one dependent variable are described heuristically and illustrated on a set of data from a simply designed experiment in physiological psychology. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is performed on the 9 dependent variables contained in the sample data and on the four composites derived from a principal components analysis (PCA) of the variability of the nine. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is conducted following both MANOVA results, and 5 methods of determining the \"important\" dependent variables in the experimental-control group difference are presented and discussed in terms of the data at hand.", "PMID": 683726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5779", "title": "Bone density in thalassemic children during the course of the disease.", "content": "The study was carried out on 50 thalassemic children and 20 control subjects aged 5--15 years. The cortical thickness in thalassemic children was less than in control subjects. The bone loss was more obvious in girls (P less than 0.0005) than in boys (P less than 0.05). The greater bone loss in girls could not be explained by the level of blood hemoglobin because in both sexes the mean value was the same (7.3 +/- 0.5 g/dl). Of the 12 thalassemic children observed for 9--24 months, 9 showed no signficant bone change, 2 showed an improvement of cortical thickness and only 1 showed bone loss. Of the 11 thalassemic children observed for 25--48 months, 4 showed significant bone loss and 7 no change of the bone density. In both groups the mean value of pretransfusion blood Hb was 7.3 g/dl and the sex distribution was equal. A relationship was found in both control and thalassemic children between bone density and urine phosphorus to urine creatinine ratio.", "contents": "Bone density in thalassemic children during the course of the disease. The study was carried out on 50 thalassemic children and 20 control subjects aged 5--15 years. The cortical thickness in thalassemic children was less than in control subjects. The bone loss was more obvious in girls (P less than 0.0005) than in boys (P less than 0.05). The greater bone loss in girls could not be explained by the level of blood hemoglobin because in both sexes the mean value was the same (7.3 +/- 0.5 g/dl). Of the 12 thalassemic children observed for 9--24 months, 9 showed no signficant bone change, 2 showed an improvement of cortical thickness and only 1 showed bone loss. Of the 11 thalassemic children observed for 25--48 months, 4 showed significant bone loss and 7 no change of the bone density. In both groups the mean value of pretransfusion blood Hb was 7.3 g/dl and the sex distribution was equal. A relationship was found in both control and thalassemic children between bone density and urine phosphorus to urine creatinine ratio.", "PMID": 683738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5780", "title": "Spermine and spermidine, modulators of the cell surface enzyme adenylate cyclase.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase activity was measured in membrane preparations of cultured fibroblasts from controls and patients with cystic fibrosis. Enzyme activity increased as the transition from exponential growth to confluence occurred; sodium fluoride-stimulated activity more markedly displayed this relationship than basal cyclase activity. The in vitro addition of spermine (1 X 10(-6) to 2 X 10(-3) M) to membrane preparations caused inhibition of basal and sodium fluoride-stimulated enzyme activity, with 50% inhibition of basal activity occurring at 10(-6) M spermine. Spermidine (10(-4) M) caused 15--25% inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. The increase in fibroblast adenylate cyclase activity during the transition from exponential growth was comparable in cells obtained from cystic fibrosis patients and control subjects. Basal and sodium-fluoride stimulated adenylate cyclase activity as well as inhibition of this enzyme activity by spermidine and spermine were undistinguishable between the different cell genotypes. A potential modulation of cellular proliferative activity through polyamine interaction with the adenylate cyclase system is postulated.", "contents": "Spermine and spermidine, modulators of the cell surface enzyme adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase activity was measured in membrane preparations of cultured fibroblasts from controls and patients with cystic fibrosis. Enzyme activity increased as the transition from exponential growth to confluence occurred; sodium fluoride-stimulated activity more markedly displayed this relationship than basal cyclase activity. The in vitro addition of spermine (1 X 10(-6) to 2 X 10(-3) M) to membrane preparations caused inhibition of basal and sodium fluoride-stimulated enzyme activity, with 50% inhibition of basal activity occurring at 10(-6) M spermine. Spermidine (10(-4) M) caused 15--25% inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. The increase in fibroblast adenylate cyclase activity during the transition from exponential growth was comparable in cells obtained from cystic fibrosis patients and control subjects. Basal and sodium-fluoride stimulated adenylate cyclase activity as well as inhibition of this enzyme activity by spermidine and spermine were undistinguishable between the different cell genotypes. A potential modulation of cellular proliferative activity through polyamine interaction with the adenylate cyclase system is postulated.", "PMID": 683740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5781", "title": "Stimulation of p-aminohippurate extraction in the maturing rabbit kidney.", "content": "In vivo studies were performed to evaluate maturational changes in PAH extraction (EPAH) in the rabbit and to determine whether accelerated maturation of this process could be achieved. Fifty-four animals were injected with penicillin before study at 10, 14, 21, or 28 days of life. Forty-eight rabbits served as saline-injected controls. PAH extraction in controls increased from 29.3 +/- 2.4% at 10 days of age to 35.9 +/- 3.3% at 14 days, 59.7 +/- 3.5% at 21 days, 71.6 +/- 1.9% at 28 days, and 72.7 +/- 2.3% at 35 days of life. Penicillin injection on the 3 days before study resulted in enhancement of EPAH on days 10 and 14 to 42.7 +/- 2.4% and 65.0 +/- 3.2% (P less than 0.005). On days 21 and 28 less stimulation was noted (68.7 +/- 2.3%; 76.0 +/- 4.1%). Preinjection on days 6--9 with study delayed to day 14 also led to augmentation (46.7 +/- 3.7% P less than 0.05) but less than that achieved after injection on days 10--13. These data suggest that EPAH stimulation may be transient, descreases as maturation is approached and is likely related to substrate availability.", "contents": "Stimulation of p-aminohippurate extraction in the maturing rabbit kidney. In vivo studies were performed to evaluate maturational changes in PAH extraction (EPAH) in the rabbit and to determine whether accelerated maturation of this process could be achieved. Fifty-four animals were injected with penicillin before study at 10, 14, 21, or 28 days of life. Forty-eight rabbits served as saline-injected controls. PAH extraction in controls increased from 29.3 +/- 2.4% at 10 days of age to 35.9 +/- 3.3% at 14 days, 59.7 +/- 3.5% at 21 days, 71.6 +/- 1.9% at 28 days, and 72.7 +/- 2.3% at 35 days of life. Penicillin injection on the 3 days before study resulted in enhancement of EPAH on days 10 and 14 to 42.7 +/- 2.4% and 65.0 +/- 3.2% (P less than 0.005). On days 21 and 28 less stimulation was noted (68.7 +/- 2.3%; 76.0 +/- 4.1%). Preinjection on days 6--9 with study delayed to day 14 also led to augmentation (46.7 +/- 3.7% P less than 0.05) but less than that achieved after injection on days 10--13. These data suggest that EPAH stimulation may be transient, descreases as maturation is approached and is likely related to substrate availability.", "PMID": 683741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5782", "title": "Perinatal nitrogen accretion in muscles and fingernails.", "content": "Paired triceps muscle and fingernail samples were obtained at autopsy from 25 normally grown (NG) and 16 intrauterine growth-retarded (IGR) neonates who died within 28 days of birth. Gestational ages ranged from 21--46 weeks and birthweights ranged from 425--3750 g. Muscle samples were desiccated, defatted and ground to powder. Nitrogen content of muscle and fingernail were determined by a modified micro-Kjeldahl technique. Muscle nitrogen (MN) content averaged 12.1 +/- 1.89 g/100 g fat-free dry solids (FFDS) (mean +/- SD) and was similar for NG and IGR neonates and, within these two groups, for premature and mature babies. Fingernail nitrogen (FN) content averaged 13.8 +/- 0.95 g/100 g and no variations with duration and quality of intrauterine growth were identified. Fingernail nitrogen content correlated linearly with muscle nitrogen content in both NG (n = 0.48, P less than 0.002) and IGR (n = 0.67, P less than 0.005) neonates. The regression equation for the entire study population was: FN = 0.31MN + 9.96, Syx = +/- 0.778, r = 0.59, P less than 0.001. These data suggest the possibility of using simple, noninvasive fingernail \"biopsies\" to monitor protein economy and quality of perinatal growth.", "contents": "Perinatal nitrogen accretion in muscles and fingernails. Paired triceps muscle and fingernail samples were obtained at autopsy from 25 normally grown (NG) and 16 intrauterine growth-retarded (IGR) neonates who died within 28 days of birth. Gestational ages ranged from 21--46 weeks and birthweights ranged from 425--3750 g. Muscle samples were desiccated, defatted and ground to powder. Nitrogen content of muscle and fingernail were determined by a modified micro-Kjeldahl technique. Muscle nitrogen (MN) content averaged 12.1 +/- 1.89 g/100 g fat-free dry solids (FFDS) (mean +/- SD) and was similar for NG and IGR neonates and, within these two groups, for premature and mature babies. Fingernail nitrogen (FN) content averaged 13.8 +/- 0.95 g/100 g and no variations with duration and quality of intrauterine growth were identified. Fingernail nitrogen content correlated linearly with muscle nitrogen content in both NG (n = 0.48, P less than 0.002) and IGR (n = 0.67, P less than 0.005) neonates. The regression equation for the entire study population was: FN = 0.31MN + 9.96, Syx = +/- 0.778, r = 0.59, P less than 0.001. These data suggest the possibility of using simple, noninvasive fingernail \"biopsies\" to monitor protein economy and quality of perinatal growth.", "PMID": 683742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5783", "title": "Effect of uterine artery insulin infusions on umbilical glucose uptake in sheep.", "content": "Although glucose is an important fuel for fetal oxidative metabolism, regulation of its availability to the mammalian fetus is poorly understood. This study was performed to determine the effect of infusions of insulin into the uterine arterial circulation on umbilical uptake of glucose in chronically instrumented, unstressed sheep. Twenty-eight determinations of umbilical glucose uptake and diffusion clearance of glucose by the placenta were made in four ewes. Immediately following a control study during which saline was infused into the uterine artery, porcine regular insulin diluted in saline was infused at 0.05 to 8.1 mU/min . kg uterine weight for 20--30 min and the determinations were repeated. Subsequent studies were performed at the conclusion of additional infusions of insulin to a maximum of 21.6 mU/min . kg. There was a significant increase in umbilical glucose uptake during initial insulin infusions (4.47 +/- 0.6 mg/min . kg fetus) compared to the control studies (3.08 +/- 0.6 mg/min . kg) associated with an increase in diffusion clearance (13.8 +/- 1.9 ml/min . kg fetus vs. 8.99 +/- 1.8 ml/min . kg). When the total cumulative dose of exogenous insulin, It, was 162 mU/kg uterine weight or less, the umbilical uptake of glucose, Q, may be expressed as a function of maternal arterial blood glucose concentration in milligrams per dl, [A], and of It.", "contents": "Effect of uterine artery insulin infusions on umbilical glucose uptake in sheep. Although glucose is an important fuel for fetal oxidative metabolism, regulation of its availability to the mammalian fetus is poorly understood. This study was performed to determine the effect of infusions of insulin into the uterine arterial circulation on umbilical uptake of glucose in chronically instrumented, unstressed sheep. Twenty-eight determinations of umbilical glucose uptake and diffusion clearance of glucose by the placenta were made in four ewes. Immediately following a control study during which saline was infused into the uterine artery, porcine regular insulin diluted in saline was infused at 0.05 to 8.1 mU/min . kg uterine weight for 20--30 min and the determinations were repeated. Subsequent studies were performed at the conclusion of additional infusions of insulin to a maximum of 21.6 mU/min . kg. There was a significant increase in umbilical glucose uptake during initial insulin infusions (4.47 +/- 0.6 mg/min . kg fetus) compared to the control studies (3.08 +/- 0.6 mg/min . kg) associated with an increase in diffusion clearance (13.8 +/- 1.9 ml/min . kg fetus vs. 8.99 +/- 1.8 ml/min . kg). When the total cumulative dose of exogenous insulin, It, was 162 mU/kg uterine weight or less, the umbilical uptake of glucose, Q, may be expressed as a function of maternal arterial blood glucose concentration in milligrams per dl, [A], and of It.", "PMID": 683744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5784", "title": "Reaction of 4-methylumbelliferylguanidinobenzoate with cultivated human skin fibroblasts derived from patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Protease activity in cultivated human skin fibroblasts has been quantitated using 4-methylumbelliferylguanidinobenzoate (MUGB), an active site titrant of trypsin-like proteases (7). The reaction of the proteases with MUGB was complete in 1 hr, inhibited both by benzamidine and (p-nitrophenyl)-p'-guanidinobenzoate, but not by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The extent of reaction was proportional to protein concentration and independent of MUGB concentration. This activity was present in the particulate fraction of the cell. The mean \"titre\" values (nanomoles of 4-methylumbelliferone released per mg protein) of the proteases in fibroblasts from eight controls (N), 8 obligate heterozygotes (H), and 14 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were: N, 1.27 +/- 0.11; H, 0.82 +/- 0.12; CF, 0.66 +/- 0.10. The differences in the \"titre\" values for N:CF and N:H were significant (p less than 0.001) as were those for H:CF (p less than 0.01). The mean \"titre\" value obtained for cultivated control amniotic fluid cells was 1.29 +/- 0.17. These data indicate a reduction in the MUGB-reactive proteases in skin fibroblasts derived from patients with CF when compared either to control or to obligate heterozygotes. These data are consistent with our earlier suggestion (11, 15) that decreased proteolytic levels in the tissues and fluids of patients with CF may be a generalized phenomenon.", "contents": "Reaction of 4-methylumbelliferylguanidinobenzoate with cultivated human skin fibroblasts derived from patients with cystic fibrosis. Protease activity in cultivated human skin fibroblasts has been quantitated using 4-methylumbelliferylguanidinobenzoate (MUGB), an active site titrant of trypsin-like proteases (7). The reaction of the proteases with MUGB was complete in 1 hr, inhibited both by benzamidine and (p-nitrophenyl)-p'-guanidinobenzoate, but not by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The extent of reaction was proportional to protein concentration and independent of MUGB concentration. This activity was present in the particulate fraction of the cell. The mean \"titre\" values (nanomoles of 4-methylumbelliferone released per mg protein) of the proteases in fibroblasts from eight controls (N), 8 obligate heterozygotes (H), and 14 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were: N, 1.27 +/- 0.11; H, 0.82 +/- 0.12; CF, 0.66 +/- 0.10. The differences in the \"titre\" values for N:CF and N:H were significant (p less than 0.001) as were those for H:CF (p less than 0.01). The mean \"titre\" value obtained for cultivated control amniotic fluid cells was 1.29 +/- 0.17. These data indicate a reduction in the MUGB-reactive proteases in skin fibroblasts derived from patients with CF when compared either to control or to obligate heterozygotes. These data are consistent with our earlier suggestion (11, 15) that decreased proteolytic levels in the tissues and fluids of patients with CF may be a generalized phenomenon.", "PMID": 683746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5785", "title": "On the advantages of specific airway resistance.", "content": "The specific airway resistance (SRaw) is a relatively precise parameter of bronchial quality and in normal children its relation with body length, although very significant (P less than 0.001), is so poor that it can safely be disregarded (Fig. 4). Also the dispersion around the mean value remains stable at any body size (Fig. 4). Contrasting with the inverse relation between airway resistance (Raw) and lung volume, SRaw does not show any systematic variation with lung filling (Fig. 5). These data are consistent with the new formulas: SRaw = tg beta (PB - PH2O) and Raw = SRaw/TGV in which tg beta stands for relation between the plethysmographic box volume and breathing flow fluctuations (Fig. 2); PB - PH2O represents the ambient pressure corrected for water vapor pressure at body temperature; TGV is the thoracic gas volume at mean expiratory level. In disease SRaw varies more rapidly and markedly with any alteration of the airways than does Raw (Fig. 6). Consequently, a normal value for SRaw would indicate that both Raw and TGV must be in a normal range.", "contents": "On the advantages of specific airway resistance. The specific airway resistance (SRaw) is a relatively precise parameter of bronchial quality and in normal children its relation with body length, although very significant (P less than 0.001), is so poor that it can safely be disregarded (Fig. 4). Also the dispersion around the mean value remains stable at any body size (Fig. 4). Contrasting with the inverse relation between airway resistance (Raw) and lung volume, SRaw does not show any systematic variation with lung filling (Fig. 5). These data are consistent with the new formulas: SRaw = tg beta (PB - PH2O) and Raw = SRaw/TGV in which tg beta stands for relation between the plethysmographic box volume and breathing flow fluctuations (Fig. 2); PB - PH2O represents the ambient pressure corrected for water vapor pressure at body temperature; TGV is the thoracic gas volume at mean expiratory level. In disease SRaw varies more rapidly and markedly with any alteration of the airways than does Raw (Fig. 6). Consequently, a normal value for SRaw would indicate that both Raw and TGV must be in a normal range.", "PMID": 683747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5786", "title": "Tap water scald burns in children.", "content": "Tap water scald burns account for 7% to 17% of all childhood scald burns that require hospitalization. Often the burns are severe and disabling. Toddlers and preschool children are the most frequent victims. In 45% of the injuries, the unsupervised victim or peer turned on the tap water; in 28% the cause was abuse. Eighty percent of the homes tested had unsafe bathtub water temperatures of 54 C (130 F) or greater, exposing the occupants to the risk of full-thickness scald with 30-second exposure to hot water. Such burns may be prevented passively by limiting household water temperatures to less than 52 C (125 F). New water heaters could be preset at this temperature and families could be taught to turn down the temperature on existing units.", "contents": "Tap water scald burns in children. Tap water scald burns account for 7% to 17% of all childhood scald burns that require hospitalization. Often the burns are severe and disabling. Toddlers and preschool children are the most frequent victims. In 45% of the injuries, the unsupervised victim or peer turned on the tap water; in 28% the cause was abuse. Eighty percent of the homes tested had unsafe bathtub water temperatures of 54 C (130 F) or greater, exposing the occupants to the risk of full-thickness scald with 30-second exposure to hot water. Such burns may be prevented passively by limiting household water temperatures to less than 52 C (125 F). New water heaters could be preset at this temperature and families could be taught to turn down the temperature on existing units.", "PMID": 683765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5787", "title": "Mitigation of cretinism by breast-feeding.", "content": "An athyrotic infant had hypothyroidism at 1 year of age. He had grown at an above-average velocity until age 10 months when breast-feeding was discontinued, yet his bone age remained that of a newborn. These observations suggested that breast-feeding had attenuated hypothyroidism by providing significant quantities of thyroid hormones in the milk. To test this hypothesis, thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), and 3,3,5'-triodothyronine (reverse T3) were measured in breast milk samples collected serially from three months before to four months after delivery. Mean breast milk T4 content fell from 1.4 to 0.7 microgram/dl within 48 hours after delivery, while T3 content rose from 136 to 286 ng/dl. Reverse T3 content remained unchanged. The shift in the T4/T3 ratio after delivery was observed in samples of all five donors; the highest postpartum T4 level was 1.1 microgram/dl and the highest postpartum T3 level was 405 ng/dl. It is concluded that breast-feeding may deliver sufficient thyroid hormones to the athyrotic infant to mitigate severe hypothyroidism and to prevent impaired neurological development.", "contents": "Mitigation of cretinism by breast-feeding. An athyrotic infant had hypothyroidism at 1 year of age. He had grown at an above-average velocity until age 10 months when breast-feeding was discontinued, yet his bone age remained that of a newborn. These observations suggested that breast-feeding had attenuated hypothyroidism by providing significant quantities of thyroid hormones in the milk. To test this hypothesis, thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), and 3,3,5'-triodothyronine (reverse T3) were measured in breast milk samples collected serially from three months before to four months after delivery. Mean breast milk T4 content fell from 1.4 to 0.7 microgram/dl within 48 hours after delivery, while T3 content rose from 136 to 286 ng/dl. Reverse T3 content remained unchanged. The shift in the T4/T3 ratio after delivery was observed in samples of all five donors; the highest postpartum T4 level was 1.1 microgram/dl and the highest postpartum T3 level was 405 ng/dl. It is concluded that breast-feeding may deliver sufficient thyroid hormones to the athyrotic infant to mitigate severe hypothyroidism and to prevent impaired neurological development.", "PMID": 683777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5788", "title": "Interaction of maternal and neonatal obesity.", "content": "Maternal weight and height before pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy were recorded for each of 109 mothers who were delivered of normal infants after gestations of 37 to 43 weeks. Infant parameters obtained included gestational age, birth weight, bilateral mid-arm circumference, and eight skin fold thickness measurements. The eight skin fold thicknesses were summed (SSFT) for each infant. Infants with SSFTs greater than 40 mm (N = 8) for the group were classified as \"fatter\" infants. All of the fatter infants were large for gestational age (LGA), but accounted for only one third of the LGA infants in the study. Birth weight, length, and cross-sectional mid-arm fat area were significantly increased in the fatter LGA group when compared to other LGA infants. Cross-sectional mid-arm muscle area was not significantly different for the fatter LGA infants compared to the other LGA group. Mothers were defined as obese or nonobese according to pregnant weight for height. Obese mothers had infants with significantly increased SSFTs when compared with infants of nonobese mothers. Mulitple regression analysis showed that both prepregnant weight for height and weight gain during pregnancy were associated with increased subcutaneous fat in the neonate. Weight gain during pregnancy was associated with increased neonatal fatness and length, while  prepregnant weight for height was associated with neonatal fatness independent of neonatal length.", "contents": "Interaction of maternal and neonatal obesity. Maternal weight and height before pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy were recorded for each of 109 mothers who were delivered of normal infants after gestations of 37 to 43 weeks. Infant parameters obtained included gestational age, birth weight, bilateral mid-arm circumference, and eight skin fold thickness measurements. The eight skin fold thicknesses were summed (SSFT) for each infant. Infants with SSFTs greater than 40 mm (N = 8) for the group were classified as \"fatter\" infants. All of the fatter infants were large for gestational age (LGA), but accounted for only one third of the LGA infants in the study. Birth weight, length, and cross-sectional mid-arm fat area were significantly increased in the fatter LGA group when compared to other LGA infants. Cross-sectional mid-arm muscle area was not significantly different for the fatter LGA infants compared to the other LGA group. Mothers were defined as obese or nonobese according to pregnant weight for height. Obese mothers had infants with significantly increased SSFTs when compared with infants of nonobese mothers. Mulitple regression analysis showed that both prepregnant weight for height and weight gain during pregnancy were associated with increased subcutaneous fat in the neonate. Weight gain during pregnancy was associated with increased neonatal fatness and length, while  prepregnant weight for height was associated with neonatal fatness independent of neonatal length.", "PMID": 683778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5789", "title": "Studies of the cause and treatment of hyperammonemia in females with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.", "content": "Assay of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity in multiple small bits of liver (approximately 5 mg) that were obtained from a single surgical biopsy in a patient with OTC deficiency revealed a 10- to 40-fold variation in enzyme activity. Similar studies with control autopsy liver specimens varied 2.5-fold at most. The greater variation in the patient with OTC deficiency probably is due to sampling of clusters of normal or abnormal hepatocytes that resulted from inactivation of either the abnormal or normal X chromosone. Enzyme activity assayed on small liver biopsy specimens may not be representative of the entire liver in female patients with OTC deficiency. The hyperammonemia in individuals heterozygous for OTC deficiency may be due in part to shunting of blood through multiple \"metabolic portosystemic shunts.\" Treatment of a girl who has OTC deficiency with a low-protein diet, a low-protein diet supplemented with oral essential amino acids, and a low-protein diet plus oral ketoacids of essential amino acids, on a separate occasion, a low-protein diet was compared to a low-protein diet plus lactulose. The low-protein diet plus oral ketoacid supplementation resulted in the best metabolic control of the patient's disease. On the other hand, paradoxical transient hyperammonemia was observed after the intarvenous administration of ketoacids to two acutely ill female patients with OTC deficiency.", "contents": "Studies of the cause and treatment of hyperammonemia in females with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Assay of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity in multiple small bits of liver (approximately 5 mg) that were obtained from a single surgical biopsy in a patient with OTC deficiency revealed a 10- to 40-fold variation in enzyme activity. Similar studies with control autopsy liver specimens varied 2.5-fold at most. The greater variation in the patient with OTC deficiency probably is due to sampling of clusters of normal or abnormal hepatocytes that resulted from inactivation of either the abnormal or normal X chromosone. Enzyme activity assayed on small liver biopsy specimens may not be representative of the entire liver in female patients with OTC deficiency. The hyperammonemia in individuals heterozygous for OTC deficiency may be due in part to shunting of blood through multiple \"metabolic portosystemic shunts.\" Treatment of a girl who has OTC deficiency with a low-protein diet, a low-protein diet supplemented with oral essential amino acids, and a low-protein diet plus oral ketoacids of essential amino acids, on a separate occasion, a low-protein diet was compared to a low-protein diet plus lactulose. The low-protein diet plus oral ketoacid supplementation resulted in the best metabolic control of the patient's disease. On the other hand, paradoxical transient hyperammonemia was observed after the intarvenous administration of ketoacids to two acutely ill female patients with OTC deficiency.", "PMID": 683780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5790", "title": "Amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio: comparison between an African and North American community.", "content": "One hundred nineteen samples of amniotic fluid obtained from healthy pregnant Nigerian women were analyzed for their lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio. There was a gradual increase in the L/S ratio with increasing maturity from week 23 to week 42 when values of 0.69 and 5.73, respectively, were obtained. Compared with the ratios reported from San Diego, our ratios were significantly higher where numbers were adequate for statistical tests. The higher L/S ratio probably shows that pulmonary maturity occurs earlier in the African babies and might partly explain the low incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in our premature babies.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio: comparison between an African and North American community. One hundred nineteen samples of amniotic fluid obtained from healthy pregnant Nigerian women were analyzed for their lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio. There was a gradual increase in the L/S ratio with increasing maturity from week 23 to week 42 when values of 0.69 and 5.73, respectively, were obtained. Compared with the ratios reported from San Diego, our ratios were significantly higher where numbers were adequate for statistical tests. The higher L/S ratio probably shows that pulmonary maturity occurs earlier in the African babies and might partly explain the low incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in our premature babies.", "PMID": 683781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5791", "title": "Pulmonary lesions in atypical measles.", "content": "Atypical measles is a well-described entity which has a high frequency of pulmonary involvement. Resolution and shrinkage of the pneumonic infiltrates into nodular mass-like lesions have been cited only once before. Three cases of atypical measles pneumonia are described which demonstrate these pulmonary nodular sequelae. In one of the cases examined a nodular residuum has now persisted for five months. Atypical measles pneumonia should be considered as a diagnostic possibility before invasive investigations are performed in a patient who has a pulmonary nodule.", "contents": "Pulmonary lesions in atypical measles. Atypical measles is a well-described entity which has a high frequency of pulmonary involvement. Resolution and shrinkage of the pneumonic infiltrates into nodular mass-like lesions have been cited only once before. Three cases of atypical measles pneumonia are described which demonstrate these pulmonary nodular sequelae. In one of the cases examined a nodular residuum has now persisted for five months. Atypical measles pneumonia should be considered as a diagnostic possibility before invasive investigations are performed in a patient who has a pulmonary nodule.", "PMID": 683782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5792", "title": "Diagnostic dilemmas of Wilson's disease: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Wilson's disease, an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism, may defy diagnosis in children. The classical triad of Kayser-Fleischer rings, neurologic dysfunction, and hypoceruloplasminemia may be absent. Patients may be seen initially with acute or chronic hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, or neurologic dysfunction. Guidelines are presented for diagnosis of Wilson's disease based on a review of 25 pediatric and adolescent patients. A high index of suspicion in necessary so that therapy with penicillamine may be begun before irreversible liver or neurologic damage occurs. The prognosis is excellent when diagnosis and treatment are established early.", "contents": "Diagnostic dilemmas of Wilson's disease: diagnosis and treatment. Wilson's disease, an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism, may defy diagnosis in children. The classical triad of Kayser-Fleischer rings, neurologic dysfunction, and hypoceruloplasminemia may be absent. Patients may be seen initially with acute or chronic hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, or neurologic dysfunction. Guidelines are presented for diagnosis of Wilson's disease based on a review of 25 pediatric and adolescent patients. A high index of suspicion in necessary so that therapy with penicillamine may be begun before irreversible liver or neurologic damage occurs. The prognosis is excellent when diagnosis and treatment are established early.", "PMID": 683783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5793", "title": "Segmental colonic gangrene: a surgical emergency in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome.", "content": "A 2 1/2-year-old girl had rectal bleeding, an abdominal mass, and diffuse peritonitis. A segment of gangrenous colon was removed. Following surgery she developed the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which is characterized by renal failure, hemolytic anemia, and the thrombocytopenia. The intestinal manifestations associated with the HUS are stressed. This case demonstrates that gangrenous bowel can occur in these patients, and that their survival may depend on resectional surgery.", "contents": "Segmental colonic gangrene: a surgical emergency in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. A 2 1/2-year-old girl had rectal bleeding, an abdominal mass, and diffuse peritonitis. A segment of gangrenous colon was removed. Following surgery she developed the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which is characterized by renal failure, hemolytic anemia, and the thrombocytopenia. The intestinal manifestations associated with the HUS are stressed. This case demonstrates that gangrenous bowel can occur in these patients, and that their survival may depend on resectional surgery.", "PMID": 683784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5794", "title": "Clinical usefulness of polymorphonuclear leukocyte vacuolization in predicting septicemia in febrile children.", "content": "Vacuolization of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) has generally been regarded as an indication of bacterial infection and has been particularly useful in diagnosing septicemia. In an effort to predict septicemia, peripheral blood smears from 69 febrile children were examined and systematically scored for severity of vacuolization. Thirteen children had remarkable vacuolization compared to the others. These 13 included only five children with bacterial illnesses and only one of the seven children with septicemia. Our finding that PMN vacuolization was neither diagnostic of septicemia nor predictive of bacterial infection suggests that the specificity of the link between vacuoles and bacteremia needs to be reassessed.", "contents": "Clinical usefulness of polymorphonuclear leukocyte vacuolization in predicting septicemia in febrile children. Vacuolization of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) has generally been regarded as an indication of bacterial infection and has been particularly useful in diagnosing septicemia. In an effort to predict septicemia, peripheral blood smears from 69 febrile children were examined and systematically scored for severity of vacuolization. Thirteen children had remarkable vacuolization compared to the others. These 13 included only five children with bacterial illnesses and only one of the seven children with septicemia. Our finding that PMN vacuolization was neither diagnostic of septicemia nor predictive of bacterial infection suggests that the specificity of the link between vacuoles and bacteremia needs to be reassessed.", "PMID": 683785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5795", "title": "Nonsurgical management of renovascular hypertension in the neonate.", "content": "Over an 18-month period nine infants in a neonatal intensive care unit developed hypertension (blood pressure, 115/88 to 280/140 mm Hg) at 2 to 45 days of age. Eight of the nine infants had indwelling umbilical artery catheters prior to onset of hypertension; six of the nine infants had evidence of a patent ductus arteriosus. Peripheral plasma renin activity was greater than 300 ng/ml/3 hr in six of eight infants. Angiograms were abnormal in six of seven infants and computerized renal scans were abnormal in all nine infants. One infant had congenital renal artery stenosis. Eight of nine infants had evidence of unilateral or bilateral renal artery thrombi which were felt to have emanated from an umbilical artery catheter or a ductus arteriosus. Hypertension in all infants was successfully controlled medically (follow-up of 3 to 27 months; mean, 14.4 months). Blood pressures remained normal when medication was discontinued. In our experience, neonatal renovascular hypertension is no longer uncommon, responds to aggressive medical management, and rarely requires early nephrectomy. Neonatal renovascular hypertension was usually associated with umbilical artery catheters positioned above the level of the renal arteries.", "contents": "Nonsurgical management of renovascular hypertension in the neonate. Over an 18-month period nine infants in a neonatal intensive care unit developed hypertension (blood pressure, 115/88 to 280/140 mm Hg) at 2 to 45 days of age. Eight of the nine infants had indwelling umbilical artery catheters prior to onset of hypertension; six of the nine infants had evidence of a patent ductus arteriosus. Peripheral plasma renin activity was greater than 300 ng/ml/3 hr in six of eight infants. Angiograms were abnormal in six of seven infants and computerized renal scans were abnormal in all nine infants. One infant had congenital renal artery stenosis. Eight of nine infants had evidence of unilateral or bilateral renal artery thrombi which were felt to have emanated from an umbilical artery catheter or a ductus arteriosus. Hypertension in all infants was successfully controlled medically (follow-up of 3 to 27 months; mean, 14.4 months). Blood pressures remained normal when medication was discontinued. In our experience, neonatal renovascular hypertension is no longer uncommon, responds to aggressive medical management, and rarely requires early nephrectomy. Neonatal renovascular hypertension was usually associated with umbilical artery catheters positioned above the level of the renal arteries.", "PMID": 683786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5796", "title": "Initial urinary catecholamine metabolite concentrations and prognosis in neuroblastoma.", "content": "Initial urinary catecholamine metabolite and amino acid excretion patterns were examined in 54 children with neuroblastoma. The relationships between prognosis and age at diagnosis, stage of disease, primary site, and histologic grade of tumor were similar in this population to those found in previous studies, but only age and stage were found to be independent prognostic variables. Prognosis in disseminated disease was found to correlate directly with the urinary vanilmandelic acid (VMA)/homovanillic acid (HVA) ratio but not with the absolute levels of HVA. The presence of the dopa metabolite, vanillactic acid, as well as increased amounts of cystathionine and/or low levels of VMA indicated poor prognosis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that biochemically primitive neuroblastomas deficient in dopamine beta-hydroxylase are move virulent than their mature analogues which produce epinephrine, norepinephrine, and their metabolites.", "contents": "Initial urinary catecholamine metabolite concentrations and prognosis in neuroblastoma. Initial urinary catecholamine metabolite and amino acid excretion patterns were examined in 54 children with neuroblastoma. The relationships between prognosis and age at diagnosis, stage of disease, primary site, and histologic grade of tumor were similar in this population to those found in previous studies, but only age and stage were found to be independent prognostic variables. Prognosis in disseminated disease was found to correlate directly with the urinary vanilmandelic acid (VMA)/homovanillic acid (HVA) ratio but not with the absolute levels of HVA. The presence of the dopa metabolite, vanillactic acid, as well as increased amounts of cystathionine and/or low levels of VMA indicated poor prognosis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that biochemically primitive neuroblastomas deficient in dopamine beta-hydroxylase are move virulent than their mature analogues which produce epinephrine, norepinephrine, and their metabolites.", "PMID": 683787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5797", "title": "Reye's syndrome in infancy.", "content": "Reye's syndrome in infancy is not a well-defined entity and is infrequently diagnosed. Eight infants 6 months of age or younger had a prodromal viral illness followed by the rapid onset of lethargy, seizures, and coma, resulting in the diagnosis of Reye's syndrome. All had abnormal results of liver function tests including elevations of blood ammonia level. Three patients had pathological studies that confirmed fatty visceral infiltration. The data on these patients, as well as a review of the literature, indicate that the most prominent clinical findings in Reye's syndrome in infancy include marked respiratory abnormalities with tachypnea and apneic episodes; frequent occurrence of seizures in the early stages of the illness; and hypoglycemia in most cases. A strong socioeconomic bias was noted in these patients, with the infants coming primarily from lower socioeconomic, urban environments, while older children with Reye's syndrome have been observed to be predominantly middle-class and from suburban or rural areas.", "contents": "Reye's syndrome in infancy. Reye's syndrome in infancy is not a well-defined entity and is infrequently diagnosed. Eight infants 6 months of age or younger had a prodromal viral illness followed by the rapid onset of lethargy, seizures, and coma, resulting in the diagnosis of Reye's syndrome. All had abnormal results of liver function tests including elevations of blood ammonia level. Three patients had pathological studies that confirmed fatty visceral infiltration. The data on these patients, as well as a review of the literature, indicate that the most prominent clinical findings in Reye's syndrome in infancy include marked respiratory abnormalities with tachypnea and apneic episodes; frequent occurrence of seizures in the early stages of the illness; and hypoglycemia in most cases. A strong socioeconomic bias was noted in these patients, with the infants coming primarily from lower socioeconomic, urban environments, while older children with Reye's syndrome have been observed to be predominantly middle-class and from suburban or rural areas.", "PMID": 683788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5798", "title": "Heart rate and respiratory rate differences between preterm and full-term infants during quiet sleep: possible implications for sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "The heart rate and respiratory rate of eight preterm (average gestational age, 33.3 +/- 2.2 weeks) and 13 full-term infants were determined during quiet sleep at home during the first year of life. Both heart rate and respiratory rate were greater in preterm infants throughout the first six months. The difference was maximum at age 10 weeks (21.2 beats per minute and 13.7 breaths per minute), with the difference being statistically significant, at least at the P less than .01 level at ages 10, 12 and 14 weeks, while P greater than or equal to .01 at all other ages. The 10- to 14-week period is precisely the same period during which the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been reported to be maximum. These results support the concept that SIDS is linked to a vulnerable phase of cardiorespiratory maturation.", "contents": "Heart rate and respiratory rate differences between preterm and full-term infants during quiet sleep: possible implications for sudden infant death syndrome. The heart rate and respiratory rate of eight preterm (average gestational age, 33.3 +/- 2.2 weeks) and 13 full-term infants were determined during quiet sleep at home during the first year of life. Both heart rate and respiratory rate were greater in preterm infants throughout the first six months. The difference was maximum at age 10 weeks (21.2 beats per minute and 13.7 breaths per minute), with the difference being statistically significant, at least at the P less than .01 level at ages 10, 12 and 14 weeks, while P greater than or equal to .01 at all other ages. The 10- to 14-week period is precisely the same period during which the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been reported to be maximum. These results support the concept that SIDS is linked to a vulnerable phase of cardiorespiratory maturation.", "PMID": 683789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5799", "title": "Cacography in the mothers of hyperactive children with learning disorders.", "content": "Mothers of 20 children with learning disorders completed questionnaires concerning the histories and current problems of their children. All the children had average or above average IQs, but below average academic achievement. Compared with a control group of 20 mothers matched for years of education, the mothers of children with learning disorders made significantly more spelling errors per 100 words. The differences in number of spelling errors between learing disorders and control groups were greater for mothers with 12 or fewer years of education than for mothers with more than 12 yr. of education.", "contents": "Cacography in the mothers of hyperactive children with learning disorders. Mothers of 20 children with learning disorders completed questionnaires concerning the histories and current problems of their children. All the children had average or above average IQs, but below average academic achievement. Compared with a control group of 20 mothers matched for years of education, the mothers of children with learning disorders made significantly more spelling errors per 100 words. The differences in number of spelling errors between learing disorders and control groups were greater for mothers with 12 or fewer years of education than for mothers with more than 12 yr. of education.", "PMID": 683798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5800", "title": "Development of information processing in normal and disabled readers.", "content": "8- and 11-yr-old reading-disabled children were compared in two experiments with controls matched on intelligence and age. Exp. 1 measured duration of visual information store by means of a separation threshold technique. Exp. II determined the rate of transfer from visual information store to short-term memory using a backward masking technique. Results from Exp. I showed that at each age specific reading-disabled children had significantly longer durations of visual information store than controls. The difference between the reading ability groups decreased with increasing age. Exp. II demonstrated that rate of transfer of information was significantly slower for specific reading-disabled children than for controls at both age levels. In contrast to Exp. I, this difference increased with increasing age. The results are considered in terms of their possible relevance to developmental lag theories. The evidence indicates that the development of visual information processing in reading-disabled children is similar to that in controls but occurs at a slower rate.", "contents": "Development of information processing in normal and disabled readers. 8- and 11-yr-old reading-disabled children were compared in two experiments with controls matched on intelligence and age. Exp. 1 measured duration of visual information store by means of a separation threshold technique. Exp. II determined the rate of transfer from visual information store to short-term memory using a backward masking technique. Results from Exp. I showed that at each age specific reading-disabled children had significantly longer durations of visual information store than controls. The difference between the reading ability groups decreased with increasing age. Exp. II demonstrated that rate of transfer of information was significantly slower for specific reading-disabled children than for controls at both age levels. In contrast to Exp. I, this difference increased with increasing age. The results are considered in terms of their possible relevance to developmental lag theories. The evidence indicates that the development of visual information processing in reading-disabled children is similar to that in controls but occurs at a slower rate.", "PMID": 683799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5801", "title": "A musical profile for sample of learning-disabled children and adolescents: a pilot study.", "content": "31 learning-disabled children and adolescents completed the Pitch, Loudness, Rhythm, Time, and Tonal Memory subtests of the Seashore Measures of Musical Talents. Results indicated that the Seashore test did not discriminate between subgroups of these learning-disabled children. However, differences were found in percentile equivalents between these learning-disabled and normal individuals. These data should be interpreted with caution due to the small size of this sample and the spread of percentiles presented by Seashore.", "contents": "A musical profile for sample of learning-disabled children and adolescents: a pilot study. 31 learning-disabled children and adolescents completed the Pitch, Loudness, Rhythm, Time, and Tonal Memory subtests of the Seashore Measures of Musical Talents. Results indicated that the Seashore test did not discriminate between subgroups of these learning-disabled children. However, differences were found in percentile equivalents between these learning-disabled and normal individuals. These data should be interpreted with caution due to the small size of this sample and the spread of percentiles presented by Seashore.", "PMID": 683800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5802", "title": "Influence of reflection-impulsivity and cognitive style on time estimation under different ambient conditions.", "content": "120 college students estimated seven different durations of a light by the method of reproduction. Each duration reproduction was performed while either counting fast auditory clicks, slow clicks, or with no clicks. The subjects had previously been assessed for cognitive style with the Group Embedded Figures test and for reflection-impulsively with the impulsivity scale from the Personality Research Form. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that the rapid-tempo ambient conditions had a greater effect on estimation of duration than did either the slow tempo or control condition. There were significant differences in time estimation between reflectives and impulsives for estimations of 10, 30, and 50 sec. No interactions were observed for reflection-impulsivity by ambient conditions. Although cognitive style did not interact with ambient conditions as was predicted, it did interact with sex for three durations, 10, 20, and 30 sec. It was concluded that impulsive students tend to underestimate the brief times more than do reflective students but are not affected differently by the ambient circumstances in which the estimation is made. Cognitive style, apparently, does not have a profound influence on estimation of brief durations. However, sex and cognitive style in interaction do affect these estimations, this requires further research.", "contents": "Influence of reflection-impulsivity and cognitive style on time estimation under different ambient conditions. 120 college students estimated seven different durations of a light by the method of reproduction. Each duration reproduction was performed while either counting fast auditory clicks, slow clicks, or with no clicks. The subjects had previously been assessed for cognitive style with the Group Embedded Figures test and for reflection-impulsively with the impulsivity scale from the Personality Research Form. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that the rapid-tempo ambient conditions had a greater effect on estimation of duration than did either the slow tempo or control condition. There were significant differences in time estimation between reflectives and impulsives for estimations of 10, 30, and 50 sec. No interactions were observed for reflection-impulsivity by ambient conditions. Although cognitive style did not interact with ambient conditions as was predicted, it did interact with sex for three durations, 10, 20, and 30 sec. It was concluded that impulsive students tend to underestimate the brief times more than do reflective students but are not affected differently by the ambient circumstances in which the estimation is made. Cognitive style, apparently, does not have a profound influence on estimation of brief durations. However, sex and cognitive style in interaction do affect these estimations, this requires further research.", "PMID": 683801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5803", "title": "Effects of arousal level on olfactory sensitivity.", "content": "36 college students participated in a study designed to determine the effect of induced changes in arousal on olfactory sensitivity. Each subject's sensitivity was measured under conditions of low, moderate, and high arousal. The results showed that sensitivity was significantly decreased under both low and high arousal but not under moderate arousal. No difference between the conditions of low and high arousal was found. The results are discussed in terms of the inverted-U shaped function between arousal and performance.", "contents": "Effects of arousal level on olfactory sensitivity. 36 college students participated in a study designed to determine the effect of induced changes in arousal on olfactory sensitivity. Each subject's sensitivity was measured under conditions of low, moderate, and high arousal. The results showed that sensitivity was significantly decreased under both low and high arousal but not under moderate arousal. No difference between the conditions of low and high arousal was found. The results are discussed in terms of the inverted-U shaped function between arousal and performance.", "PMID": 683802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5804", "title": "Intercorrelations among tests of general mental ability and achievement for black and white deaf children.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness of two measures commonly used to predict school achievement of black and white deaf children. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude correlated significantly with Stanford Achievement Test scores for 23 black children but not for 36 white. Even though the groups differed significantly in WISC-R Performance IQ, Hiskey learning quotient, and in CA, they did not differ in achievement level. While the WISC-R and Hiskey appear to have some predictive validity for the black sample, the findings of no differences in achievement suggest little practical validity of these measures for grouping or placement or for making administrative or instructional decisions.", "contents": "Intercorrelations among tests of general mental ability and achievement for black and white deaf children. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness of two measures commonly used to predict school achievement of black and white deaf children. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude correlated significantly with Stanford Achievement Test scores for 23 black children but not for 36 white. Even though the groups differed significantly in WISC-R Performance IQ, Hiskey learning quotient, and in CA, they did not differ in achievement level. While the WISC-R and Hiskey appear to have some predictive validity for the black sample, the findings of no differences in achievement suggest little practical validity of these measures for grouping or placement or for making administrative or instructional decisions.", "PMID": 683803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5805", "title": "Relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and physiological responses to films.", "content": "Subject's physiological responses and rated reactions to a medical film and an erotic film were assessed. Later cardiovascular fitness levels were determined by subject's physiological responses to an exercise task. The greater the increase in  the subject's systolic blood pressure after exercise and the slower the recovery, the lower the fitness level. A median split on the fitness scores of males and females separately was used to determine levels of relatively low and high fitness. Subjects in low fitness had significantly greater sympathetic-arousal responses to the two films as measured in systolic blood-pressure increases and skin-temperature decreases. Subjects in the two fitness levels did not differ in ratings of their own physiological or emotional responses to the films. Reported interoception of the magnitude of physiological responses was inaccurate, especially for subjects in low fitness.", "contents": "Relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and physiological responses to films. Subject's physiological responses and rated reactions to a medical film and an erotic film were assessed. Later cardiovascular fitness levels were determined by subject's physiological responses to an exercise task. The greater the increase in  the subject's systolic blood pressure after exercise and the slower the recovery, the lower the fitness level. A median split on the fitness scores of males and females separately was used to determine levels of relatively low and high fitness. Subjects in low fitness had significantly greater sympathetic-arousal responses to the two films as measured in systolic blood-pressure increases and skin-temperature decreases. Subjects in the two fitness levels did not differ in ratings of their own physiological or emotional responses to the films. Reported interoception of the magnitude of physiological responses was inaccurate, especially for subjects in low fitness.", "PMID": 683804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5806", "title": "Simultaneous versus successive discrimination of weights: a neuroanatomical interpretation.", "content": "Using the Method of Constant Stimuli, difference limens were obtained for lifted weights of 50 to 200 gm. 184 college students were assigned to one of four experimental conditions resulting from the combination of two modes of stimulus presentation with whether the preferred or non-preferred hand was used to judge the standard weight. Simultaneous interhand judgments produced significantly larger Weber Ratios and more variable Constant Errors than were produced by Successive intrahand presentation. This was contrary to earlier work in the visual modality indicating that simultaneous stimulus presentation produced more sensitive discrimination than did successive. The results are interpreted in terms of the neural organization of tactile input.", "contents": "Simultaneous versus successive discrimination of weights: a neuroanatomical interpretation. Using the Method of Constant Stimuli, difference limens were obtained for lifted weights of 50 to 200 gm. 184 college students were assigned to one of four experimental conditions resulting from the combination of two modes of stimulus presentation with whether the preferred or non-preferred hand was used to judge the standard weight. Simultaneous interhand judgments produced significantly larger Weber Ratios and more variable Constant Errors than were produced by Successive intrahand presentation. This was contrary to earlier work in the visual modality indicating that simultaneous stimulus presentation produced more sensitive discrimination than did successive. The results are interpreted in terms of the neural organization of tactile input.", "PMID": 683805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5807", "title": "Psychotherapists' perceptions of clients' satisfaction following termination.", "content": "The present investigation sought to examine psychotherapists' perception of client's satisfaction following termination. During a 6-mo. period, 86 clients who terminated treatment at a large mental health center were asked to evaluate the service that they had received from their therapists. Therapists were also asked to predict how their clients would evaluate them. Results indicated that clients were favorably impressed with the services provided by their therapists and therapists tended to underestimate the worth of their services. Further conclusions, which at this point can only be speculative due to the limited sample, were that there were no differences in reported satisfaction of clients among psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric social workers and para-professional groups, but psychiatrists predicted significantly greater satisfication by satisfaction by clients than the other groups. They were the only group which predicted more satisfaction by clients then was actually reported.", "contents": "Psychotherapists' perceptions of clients' satisfaction following termination. The present investigation sought to examine psychotherapists' perception of client's satisfaction following termination. During a 6-mo. period, 86 clients who terminated treatment at a large mental health center were asked to evaluate the service that they had received from their therapists. Therapists were also asked to predict how their clients would evaluate them. Results indicated that clients were favorably impressed with the services provided by their therapists and therapists tended to underestimate the worth of their services. Further conclusions, which at this point can only be speculative due to the limited sample, were that there were no differences in reported satisfaction of clients among psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric social workers and para-professional groups, but psychiatrists predicted significantly greater satisfication by satisfaction by clients than the other groups. They were the only group which predicted more satisfaction by clients then was actually reported.", "PMID": 683807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5808", "title": "An automated apparatus for the study of central variables in tactile form perception.", "content": "An apparatus which employs standard behavioral programming equipment is described. It enables the experimenter to program in advance with variables as auditory and visual instructional cues, delay intervals, and response mode, and to monitor response latency automatically. The apparatus is easily constructed, easily operated, and markedly increases the control of variables in tactile form perception experiments.", "contents": "An automated apparatus for the study of central variables in tactile form perception. An apparatus which employs standard behavioral programming equipment is described. It enables the experimenter to program in advance with variables as auditory and visual instructional cues, delay intervals, and response mode, and to monitor response latency automatically. The apparatus is easily constructed, easily operated, and markedly increases the control of variables in tactile form perception experiments.", "PMID": 683809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5809", "title": "Right-left orientation and writing hand in children referred for neurodevelopmental assessment.", "content": "22 boys and 10 girls with school problems were referred to a pediatrician for medical and neurodevelopmental evaluation--children ranged in ages from 5-4 to 14-7. As part of the pediatric developmental assessment a simple test was used to evaluate each child's ability to identify his own right or left eye, ear, hand and foot. Hand preference for writing was also noted. 32 control children from the same population matched for age and sex with patients were also tested. Patients over 5 yr. old were more likely to have difficulty identifying right and left body parts than control children. All controls over age 7 correctly identified their body parts. 5 patients and 5 controls showed left-hand preference for writing. It is concluded that a more sensitive test for hand preference should be utilized as part of the pediatric neuro-developmental assessment.", "contents": "Right-left orientation and writing hand in children referred for neurodevelopmental assessment. 22 boys and 10 girls with school problems were referred to a pediatrician for medical and neurodevelopmental evaluation--children ranged in ages from 5-4 to 14-7. As part of the pediatric developmental assessment a simple test was used to evaluate each child's ability to identify his own right or left eye, ear, hand and foot. Hand preference for writing was also noted. 32 control children from the same population matched for age and sex with patients were also tested. Patients over 5 yr. old were more likely to have difficulty identifying right and left body parts than control children. All controls over age 7 correctly identified their body parts. 5 patients and 5 controls showed left-hand preference for writing. It is concluded that a more sensitive test for hand preference should be utilized as part of the pediatric neuro-developmental assessment.", "PMID": 683808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5810", "title": "Locus of control and cardiac response to reaction time, mental arithmetic, and time-estimation tasks.", "content": "In Exp. 1 subjects, classified on the basis of locus of control scores, performed both reaction time and mental arithmetic tasks. In Exp. 2, similarly classified subjects were required to estimate the duration of a signal with feedback following each trial. Between-groups comparisons in Exp. 1 showed no differences on heart rate or performance measures. This does not support an explanation of differential heart rates during cardiac conditioning based upon cognitive styles of \"rejecting\" or \"accepting\" stimuli. Similar comparisons in Exp. 2 indicated significant differences for heart rate and proficiency in time estimation. These differences suggest greater task involvement for internally controlled subjects on feedback tasks, with cardiac acceleration a function of that involvement.", "contents": "Locus of control and cardiac response to reaction time, mental arithmetic, and time-estimation tasks. In Exp. 1 subjects, classified on the basis of locus of control scores, performed both reaction time and mental arithmetic tasks. In Exp. 2, similarly classified subjects were required to estimate the duration of a signal with feedback following each trial. Between-groups comparisons in Exp. 1 showed no differences on heart rate or performance measures. This does not support an explanation of differential heart rates during cardiac conditioning based upon cognitive styles of \"rejecting\" or \"accepting\" stimuli. Similar comparisons in Exp. 2 indicated significant differences for heart rate and proficiency in time estimation. These differences suggest greater task involvement for internally controlled subjects on feedback tasks, with cardiac acceleration a function of that involvement.", "PMID": 683810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5811", "title": "Checklist of perceptual-motor and language skills for developmentally handicapped preschoolers.", "content": "This report describes the development of a checklist of perceptual-motor and language skills which has been designed to identify specific skills and to estimate acquisition of skill in 21 developmentally delayed preschoolers. The preschoolers were administered the checklist at the beginning and end of the school year. Significant mean differences between early and late total checklist scores were obtained. The correlation between early and late total checklist scores was .97. The chief advantages of this checklist are the specificity of assessment and the ease with which it may be used by professionals and paraprofessionals.", "contents": "Checklist of perceptual-motor and language skills for developmentally handicapped preschoolers. This report describes the development of a checklist of perceptual-motor and language skills which has been designed to identify specific skills and to estimate acquisition of skill in 21 developmentally delayed preschoolers. The preschoolers were administered the checklist at the beginning and end of the school year. Significant mean differences between early and late total checklist scores were obtained. The correlation between early and late total checklist scores was .97. The chief advantages of this checklist are the specificity of assessment and the ease with which it may be used by professionals and paraprofessionals.", "PMID": 683811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5812", "title": "Co-frequency ratings of anxiety reactions.", "content": "The method of direct co-frequency rating was explored for the study of relationships among individuals' self-reported anxiety reactions. The subjects were 40 adolescents who gave co-frequency ratings (how often the reactions co-occurred) for all pairs of 10 preselected reactions to anxiety. The mean co-frequency matrix was subjected to multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. The same subjects also rated the intensity of the  same reactions in an anxiety inventory of the \"S-R\" type. The correlations among reactions were computed and compared with corresponding co-frequency estimates. The relationship between these two types of data was relatively high. Factor analysis of the correlations gave a \"Psychic\" and a \"Somatic\" reaction factor, whereas the main dimension obtained from co-frequency ratings reflected a general reaction factor. This outcome was supported by the cluster analyses, which yielded two and one clusters, respectively, interpretable in accordance with the dimension analyses.", "contents": "Co-frequency ratings of anxiety reactions. The method of direct co-frequency rating was explored for the study of relationships among individuals' self-reported anxiety reactions. The subjects were 40 adolescents who gave co-frequency ratings (how often the reactions co-occurred) for all pairs of 10 preselected reactions to anxiety. The mean co-frequency matrix was subjected to multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. The same subjects also rated the intensity of the  same reactions in an anxiety inventory of the \"S-R\" type. The correlations among reactions were computed and compared with corresponding co-frequency estimates. The relationship between these two types of data was relatively high. Factor analysis of the correlations gave a \"Psychic\" and a \"Somatic\" reaction factor, whereas the main dimension obtained from co-frequency ratings reflected a general reaction factor. This outcome was supported by the cluster analyses, which yielded two and one clusters, respectively, interpretable in accordance with the dimension analyses.", "PMID": 683812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5813", "title": "Stimulus self-selection and the assessment of visual preferences in four-month-old infants.", "content": "A self-stimulation choice technique was used to assess visual preferences in 4-mo--ld infants for slides of stimuli-depicting smiling vs neutral facial expressions. Preferential self-selection of stimuli did not occur even in the presence of preferential looking responses by infants.", "contents": "Stimulus self-selection and the assessment of visual preferences in four-month-old infants. A self-stimulation choice technique was used to assess visual preferences in 4-mo--ld infants for slides of stimuli-depicting smiling vs neutral facial expressions. Preferential self-selection of stimuli did not occur even in the presence of preferential looking responses by infants.", "PMID": 683813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5814", "title": "Effect of external standards on children's evaluations of their reproduction of visual forms.", "content": "96 second grade children and 144 4-yr-old nursery school children were asked to copy geometric designs. One group was given high standards for evaluating their work, one group was given low standards, and a control group was given no external standards. Differences between treatment groups were significant (p = .01); there were no sex or socioeconomic differences. Children in the low standards group rated their drawings higher, and children in the high standards group rated their drawings lower, thah children in the control group. Results suggest perceptual judgments might be used to shape visual-motor reproduction, rather than vice vera.", "contents": "Effect of external standards on children's evaluations of their reproduction of visual forms. 96 second grade children and 144 4-yr-old nursery school children were asked to copy geometric designs. One group was given high standards for evaluating their work, one group was given low standards, and a control group was given no external standards. Differences between treatment groups were significant (p = .01); there were no sex or socioeconomic differences. Children in the low standards group rated their drawings higher, and children in the high standards group rated their drawings lower, thah children in the control group. Results suggest perceptual judgments might be used to shape visual-motor reproduction, rather than vice vera.", "PMID": 683815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5815", "title": "Secobarbital and information processing.", "content": "The Sternberg fixed-set memory-search paradigm was used to assess the relative vulnerability of hypothetical stages of information processing to an oral dose of secobarbital (2.9 mg/kg). D-amphetamine (15 mg, oral dose) was intended to serve as an active placebo. However, since the amphetamine produced a slight, non-significant reduction in choice reaction time (RT), the principal analysis of secobarbital effects was conducted between drug and baseline conditions. Secobarbital showed choice RT by 60 msec. and did not increase errors significantly. The results, as interpreted within Sternberg's model, suggest that input processes, e.g., stimulus preprocessing-encoding, are particularly sensitive to the effects of the barbiturate. There was no evidence of a drug effect on cognitive processes associated with serial comparison, binary decision, or translation-response organization (response selection). In contrast, earlier studies have indicated that another CNS depressant, alcohol, interferes with both speed and accuracy of output processes, viz, the response selection stage.", "contents": "Secobarbital and information processing. The Sternberg fixed-set memory-search paradigm was used to assess the relative vulnerability of hypothetical stages of information processing to an oral dose of secobarbital (2.9 mg/kg). D-amphetamine (15 mg, oral dose) was intended to serve as an active placebo. However, since the amphetamine produced a slight, non-significant reduction in choice reaction time (RT), the principal analysis of secobarbital effects was conducted between drug and baseline conditions. Secobarbital showed choice RT by 60 msec. and did not increase errors significantly. The results, as interpreted within Sternberg's model, suggest that input processes, e.g., stimulus preprocessing-encoding, are particularly sensitive to the effects of the barbiturate. There was no evidence of a drug effect on cognitive processes associated with serial comparison, binary decision, or translation-response organization (response selection). In contrast, earlier studies have indicated that another CNS depressant, alcohol, interferes with both speed and accuracy of output processes, viz, the response selection stage.", "PMID": 683816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5816", "title": "Analysis of the Development Test of Visual Perception and the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test.", "content": "To identify children with learning problems and to compare test results, 28 kindergarten children were tested with the Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the Motor-free Visual Perception Test. The tests identified some children already noted by the teacher to exhibit characteristics of learning difficulty, failed to confirm the teacher's judment in others, and identified some children with previously undetected difficulties. Basic differences in the two tests are reported.", "contents": "Analysis of the Development Test of Visual Perception and the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test. To identify children with learning problems and to compare test results, 28 kindergarten children were tested with the Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the Motor-free Visual Perception Test. The tests identified some children already noted by the teacher to exhibit characteristics of learning difficulty, failed to confirm the teacher's judment in others, and identified some children with previously undetected difficulties. Basic differences in the two tests are reported.", "PMID": 683817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5817", "title": "Lateral response to suggestion in relation to handedness.", "content": "Lateralization of response to the suggestion of a sensation was recorded in 100 psychiatric patients and related to their handedness. Responses showed no over-all preponderance to right or left side. There was, however, a significant association between side of response and handedness.", "contents": "Lateral response to suggestion in relation to handedness. Lateralization of response to the suggestion of a sensation was recorded in 100 psychiatric patients and related to their handedness. Responses showed no over-all preponderance to right or left side. There was, however, a significant association between side of response and handedness.", "PMID": 683820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5818", "title": "[Battery-cages as the cause of environmental and behavioural dependent diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Bone fragility and increased fat content in the liver of egg-laying hens are more often encountered in birds from traditional battery-cage systems than in those confined in other systems. By reviewing the relevant literature possible explanations of these phenomena are proposed. Clinical and pathological manifestations of the syndromes are described and a number of possible aetiological factors are evaluated. Bone fragility can be seen either as a general weakness of bone tissue or as a clinically manifest disease, Cage layer fatigue. It is concluded, that general restriction of the animal's possibilities to locomote and perform comfort movements are the most important aetiological factors. Fatty liver disease may be seen either as a pathological elevation of the liverfat content or it may be seen as a disease called Fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome. Several factors may cause elevation of the liver fat content. The influence of restricted movement on the animals energy balance, however, like other behavioural disturbances seems to be the most important aetiological factors. It is concluded, that bone fragility and fatty liver in egg-laying hens are diseases caused by an inadequate environment and the restriction of essential behavioural patterns.", "contents": "[Battery-cages as the cause of environmental and behavioural dependent diseases (author's transl)]. Bone fragility and increased fat content in the liver of egg-laying hens are more often encountered in birds from traditional battery-cage systems than in those confined in other systems. By reviewing the relevant literature possible explanations of these phenomena are proposed. Clinical and pathological manifestations of the syndromes are described and a number of possible aetiological factors are evaluated. Bone fragility can be seen either as a general weakness of bone tissue or as a clinically manifest disease, Cage layer fatigue. It is concluded, that general restriction of the animal's possibilities to locomote and perform comfort movements are the most important aetiological factors. Fatty liver disease may be seen either as a pathological elevation of the liverfat content or it may be seen as a disease called Fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome. Several factors may cause elevation of the liver fat content. The influence of restricted movement on the animals energy balance, however, like other behavioural disturbances seems to be the most important aetiological factors. It is concluded, that bone fragility and fatty liver in egg-laying hens are diseases caused by an inadequate environment and the restriction of essential behavioural patterns.", "PMID": 683853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5819", "title": "Copper load in Mute Swans (Cygnus olor) found in Denmark.", "content": "Organs from 91 Mule Swans were analyzed for copper and lead. Swans from an area known to be polluted with copper had an average copper content in their livers of nearly 1100 mg/kg or more than twice as much as swams from other parts of Denmark.", "contents": "Copper load in Mute Swans (Cygnus olor) found in Denmark. Organs from 91 Mule Swans were analyzed for copper and lead. Swans from an area known to be polluted with copper had an average copper content in their livers of nearly 1100 mg/kg or more than twice as much as swams from other parts of Denmark.", "PMID": 683855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5820", "title": "Characterization of Micrococcaceae isolated from post mortem examined pigs.", "content": "The investigation comprised 170 cases of infections due to Micrococcaceae among post mortem examined pigs that died during the preweaning period. The incidence was 3.1 promille of the live-born pigs. The infection was most frequent among pigs less than 4 weeks of age (Table I). ACute and subacute generalized infections occurred in 43.5% of the cases (Table II), and exudative epidermitis was the cause of death in 23.5%. In the remaining 32.9% of the cases, the post mortem findings included a variety of debilitating conditions, such as undersize, malformation, starvation or traumata. In all 248 strains of Micrococcaceae were isolated. A preliminary differentiation revealed 41.5% of the strains as Staphylococcus aureus and 34.5% as S. epidermidis and 22.6% as Micrococcus (Table III). A further characterization on 43 of the strains was performed (Table IV and V). Totally 19 different fermentation pattern were observed. In Table IV the strains are grouped into six groups. Fourteen strains were identified as S. aureus and 15 strains as S. epidermidis biotype 2, s. S. hyicus (Table VI). The distribution of the non-haemolytic strains according to biotypes is shown (Table VII). By this grouping, the 15 S. hyicus strains were designated type III B. It is concluded that various staphylococci may be isolated in pure culture from different pathological lesions in preweaned pigs. Biochemical characterization of the strains showed that part of the strains could not be classified by the previously described grouping systems.", "contents": "Characterization of Micrococcaceae isolated from post mortem examined pigs. The investigation comprised 170 cases of infections due to Micrococcaceae among post mortem examined pigs that died during the preweaning period. The incidence was 3.1 promille of the live-born pigs. The infection was most frequent among pigs less than 4 weeks of age (Table I). ACute and subacute generalized infections occurred in 43.5% of the cases (Table II), and exudative epidermitis was the cause of death in 23.5%. In the remaining 32.9% of the cases, the post mortem findings included a variety of debilitating conditions, such as undersize, malformation, starvation or traumata. In all 248 strains of Micrococcaceae were isolated. A preliminary differentiation revealed 41.5% of the strains as Staphylococcus aureus and 34.5% as S. epidermidis and 22.6% as Micrococcus (Table III). A further characterization on 43 of the strains was performed (Table IV and V). Totally 19 different fermentation pattern were observed. In Table IV the strains are grouped into six groups. Fourteen strains were identified as S. aureus and 15 strains as S. epidermidis biotype 2, s. S. hyicus (Table VI). The distribution of the non-haemolytic strains according to biotypes is shown (Table VII). By this grouping, the 15 S. hyicus strains were designated type III B. It is concluded that various staphylococci may be isolated in pure culture from different pathological lesions in preweaned pigs. Biochemical characterization of the strains showed that part of the strains could not be classified by the previously described grouping systems.", "PMID": 683856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5821", "title": "[Classical special investigations in hospital neurology. Evaluation of their diagnostic contribution (author's transl)].", "content": "A quantitative analysis of the diagnostic contribution of the classical special investigation normally used in hospital neurology. Six examinations were studied: laboratory blood investigations, electroencephalogramm, lumbar puncture, optic fundus, standard skull X-ray, standard spine X-ray. The analysis involved 548 patients in whom 2219 examinations were performed with a yield of 26 \"corrected\" diagnosis (a diagnosis in which there was a clinical error corrected in the light of the results of these examinations).", "contents": "[Classical special investigations in hospital neurology. Evaluation of their diagnostic contribution (author's transl)]. A quantitative analysis of the diagnostic contribution of the classical special investigation normally used in hospital neurology. Six examinations were studied: laboratory blood investigations, electroencephalogramm, lumbar puncture, optic fundus, standard skull X-ray, standard spine X-ray. The analysis involved 548 patients in whom 2219 examinations were performed with a yield of 26 \"corrected\" diagnosis (a diagnosis in which there was a clinical error corrected in the light of the results of these examinations).", "PMID": 683858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5822", "title": "[Echotomographic aspects of cervical incompetence during pregnancy].", "content": "During pregnancy, the opening of the cervix can be measured by perineal echotomography. Among 200 per-gravidic clinical echotomographies, 23 cervical incompetences were recognized. A \"funnel-shaped\" cervix is a cervix with an internal os larger than the external os; thus no clinical sign may be apparent and only a supra-vaginal Shirodkar's operation should be done.", "contents": "[Echotomographic aspects of cervical incompetence during pregnancy]. During pregnancy, the opening of the cervix can be measured by perineal echotomography. Among 200 per-gravidic clinical echotomographies, 23 cervical incompetences were recognized. A \"funnel-shaped\" cervix is a cervix with an internal os larger than the external os; thus no clinical sign may be apparent and only a supra-vaginal Shirodkar's operation should be done.", "PMID": 683859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5823", "title": "[The regional exploration of pulmonary function using xenon 133. Value of the gamma camera connected to a computer (author's transl)].", "content": "Regional isotopic exploration of ventilation and pulmonary perfusion is not yet widely applied in clinical practice, by virtue of the complexity of the equipment required, but also because of the complicated and lengthy analysis of the results. In this respect, connection of the scintillation camera to a computer represents a major advance which other authors have already emphasized. Our own experience in this area and our method of exploration are described. The results of regional exploration in a group of 43 cases of chronic obstructive lung disease (33 patients of the chronic bronchitis type, 10 patients with emphysema) are analysed and discussed. The results indicate the following : in chronic bronchitis, a very marked fall in ventilation of the bases with inversion of the normal vertical ventilation gradient, and a fall in the ventilation/perfusion ratio of the bases; in emphysema, a fall in ventilation, but also and above all in regional perfusion of all territories with preservation of normal or even increased regional ventilation/perfusion ratios. Regional exploration may also be of value in the detection of early stages of obstructive lung disease, and in pre-operative assessment in thoracic surgery.", "contents": "[The regional exploration of pulmonary function using xenon 133. Value of the gamma camera connected to a computer (author's transl)]. Regional isotopic exploration of ventilation and pulmonary perfusion is not yet widely applied in clinical practice, by virtue of the complexity of the equipment required, but also because of the complicated and lengthy analysis of the results. In this respect, connection of the scintillation camera to a computer represents a major advance which other authors have already emphasized. Our own experience in this area and our method of exploration are described. The results of regional exploration in a group of 43 cases of chronic obstructive lung disease (33 patients of the chronic bronchitis type, 10 patients with emphysema) are analysed and discussed. The results indicate the following : in chronic bronchitis, a very marked fall in ventilation of the bases with inversion of the normal vertical ventilation gradient, and a fall in the ventilation/perfusion ratio of the bases; in emphysema, a fall in ventilation, but also and above all in regional perfusion of all territories with preservation of normal or even increased regional ventilation/perfusion ratios. Regional exploration may also be of value in the detection of early stages of obstructive lung disease, and in pre-operative assessment in thoracic surgery.", "PMID": 683860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5824", "title": "[Renal dlabetes and chemical diabetes. Course in young subjects with normal weight (author's transl)].", "content": "Ninety-two young patients of normal weight with glycosuria were classified according to the results of glucose tolerance tests into renal diabetes (32 cases) and chemical diabetes (53 cases). After 5 years or more 17 of the patients with renal diabetes were located. In only one case had the development of chemical diabetes led to correction of the initial diagnosis to that of potential diabetes with a reduced renal glucose threshold. Family histories of diabetes were identical in both groups (renal and chemical diabetes) (35 %) and did not provide any means for distinguishing renal diabetes from diabetes mellitus with a reduced renal glucose threshold. Amongst the 34 subjects with chemical diabetes who were located, 3 had become frank diabetics (9 %). Chemical diabetes persisted in 14 patients (42 %) and 17 (50 %) could be considered to be normal. In addition to the three subjects with frank diabetes, only 9 patients (5 with chemical diabetes and 4 normal) continued to take oral therapy at the time of the final examination. However, 13 of these patients who were not taking any treatment had abandoned it relatively recently. Even if the effectiveness of oral therapy is not fully clear, it should be remembered that continued treatment renders the patient less neglectful as far as diet is concerned. Tests for microangiopathy in the three diabetic patients were negative.", "contents": "[Renal dlabetes and chemical diabetes. Course in young subjects with normal weight (author's transl)]. Ninety-two young patients of normal weight with glycosuria were classified according to the results of glucose tolerance tests into renal diabetes (32 cases) and chemical diabetes (53 cases). After 5 years or more 17 of the patients with renal diabetes were located. In only one case had the development of chemical diabetes led to correction of the initial diagnosis to that of potential diabetes with a reduced renal glucose threshold. Family histories of diabetes were identical in both groups (renal and chemical diabetes) (35 %) and did not provide any means for distinguishing renal diabetes from diabetes mellitus with a reduced renal glucose threshold. Amongst the 34 subjects with chemical diabetes who were located, 3 had become frank diabetics (9 %). Chemical diabetes persisted in 14 patients (42 %) and 17 (50 %) could be considered to be normal. In addition to the three subjects with frank diabetes, only 9 patients (5 with chemical diabetes and 4 normal) continued to take oral therapy at the time of the final examination. However, 13 of these patients who were not taking any treatment had abandoned it relatively recently. Even if the effectiveness of oral therapy is not fully clear, it should be remembered that continued treatment renders the patient less neglectful as far as diet is concerned. Tests for microangiopathy in the three diabetic patients were negative.", "PMID": 683861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5825", "title": "[Isolated and involvement in Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Anorectal lesions in Crohn's disease are usually associated with colonic involvement. Under other circumstances, they reflect an additional localisation of the disease, being indicative of its progression. However, they may remain strictly isolated and pose a diagnostic problem. The authors report here a case of anoperineal lesions which remained isolated after a  5 year course of the disease and which led to the need for anoperineal excision.", "contents": "[Isolated and involvement in Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. Anorectal lesions in Crohn's disease are usually associated with colonic involvement. Under other circumstances, they reflect an additional localisation of the disease, being indicative of its progression. However, they may remain strictly isolated and pose a diagnostic problem. The authors report here a case of anoperineal lesions which remained isolated after a  5 year course of the disease and which led to the need for anoperineal excision.", "PMID": 683863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5826", "title": "[Malignant non-secreting cortico-adrenalomas. Four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In three of these four cases of malignant tumour of the adrenal cortex, a prolonged fever and a major inflammatory syndrome were the presenting features. The precise diagnosis was made before surgery only once. In two cases, it was a surgical discovery (one patient operated upon with a false diagnosis and another with no precise diagnosis). In the last case, the malignant tumour of the cortex was discovered at autopsy. The chief characteristics of these tumours are reviewed: rare ; presenting with chest pain, a mass in the hypochondrium, metastases, or general symptoms, possibly high and prolonged fever. The prognosis is gloomy, the majority  of patients dying the six months which follow the operation.", "contents": "[Malignant non-secreting cortico-adrenalomas. Four cases (author's transl)]. In three of these four cases of malignant tumour of the adrenal cortex, a prolonged fever and a major inflammatory syndrome were the presenting features. The precise diagnosis was made before surgery only once. In two cases, it was a surgical discovery (one patient operated upon with a false diagnosis and another with no precise diagnosis). In the last case, the malignant tumour of the cortex was discovered at autopsy. The chief characteristics of these tumours are reviewed: rare ; presenting with chest pain, a mass in the hypochondrium, metastases, or general symptoms, possibly high and prolonged fever. The prognosis is gloomy, the majority  of patients dying the six months which follow the operation.", "PMID": 683864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5827", "title": "[Paronychia, the general practitioner, the surgeon and antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Antibiotic therapy for paronychia has seen its day. It is indicated only rarely and justified only when on the day following infection or during the next few days there are signs of regional or systemic spread. The surgical treatment of infections of the hand is not difficult but should be known, if not learned. A paronychia which has been opened but not cured should be reoperated upon rapidly. An \"old\" paronychia is a major catastrophe: small fistula, great damage. No surgical quarter for evil organisms!", "contents": "[Paronychia, the general practitioner, the surgeon and antibiotics (author's transl)]. Antibiotic therapy for paronychia has seen its day. It is indicated only rarely and justified only when on the day following infection or during the next few days there are signs of regional or systemic spread. The surgical treatment of infections of the hand is not difficult but should be known, if not learned. A paronychia which has been opened but not cured should be reoperated upon rapidly. An \"old\" paronychia is a major catastrophe: small fistula, great damage. No surgical quarter for evil organisms!", "PMID": 683865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5828", "title": "[The repair of large abdominal dehiscences by anchored mersilene plates (author's transl)].", "content": "We propose a new technique for repair of abdominal ventral eventration, using a large mersilene mesh prothesis which is sutured to the anterior pelvic ridge below (Cooper's ligament and the dorsal aspect of the conjoint tendon) and to the intra-abdominal aspect of the ventral abdominal wall above, by means of three sub-costal attachments which have been compared to boat shrouds. This prostetic sheet therefore runs through two distinct anatomical spaces and is fixed to the abdominal wall all along its periphery.", "contents": "[The repair of large abdominal dehiscences by anchored mersilene plates (author's transl)]. We propose a new technique for repair of abdominal ventral eventration, using a large mersilene mesh prothesis which is sutured to the anterior pelvic ridge below (Cooper's ligament and the dorsal aspect of the conjoint tendon) and to the intra-abdominal aspect of the ventral abdominal wall above, by means of three sub-costal attachments which have been compared to boat shrouds. This prostetic sheet therefore runs through two distinct anatomical spaces and is fixed to the abdominal wall all along its periphery.", "PMID": 683866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5829", "title": "The weight of human lungs as a diagnostic criterium (distinction of normal lungs from shock lungs by histologic, morphometric and biochemical investigations).", "content": "Lung weight, extravascular water content, hemoglobin content as an index of blood congestion, and DNA content as an index of cellular content, were determined for 57 patients dying from multiple, extrathoracic trauma. This report, which confirms previous publications, concerns itself in particular with the problems of determination of the \"normal\" lung weight. Studies of the influence of survival time on the lung showed that lung weight may significantly increase to twice its value after very short times up to one hour after trauma as a result of blood congestion, and following longer survival may be elevated several times as a result of developing interstitial edema. Early appearing interstitial edema is morphometrically detectable already 10 minutes after the beginning of shock. Normal weights were obtained from 10 cases after immediate death following severe cranial trauma or decapitation by being run over. Our results show that normal lungs have an average weight of 234 g (s +/- 39). Literature values for \"normal\" lung weight are approximately twice as high.", "contents": "The weight of human lungs as a diagnostic criterium (distinction of normal lungs from shock lungs by histologic, morphometric and biochemical investigations). Lung weight, extravascular water content, hemoglobin content as an index of blood congestion, and DNA content as an index of cellular content, were determined for 57 patients dying from multiple, extrathoracic trauma. This report, which confirms previous publications, concerns itself in particular with the problems of determination of the \"normal\" lung weight. Studies of the influence of survival time on the lung showed that lung weight may significantly increase to twice its value after very short times up to one hour after trauma as a result of blood congestion, and following longer survival may be elevated several times as a result of developing interstitial edema. Early appearing interstitial edema is morphometrically detectable already 10 minutes after the beginning of shock. Normal weights were obtained from 10 cases after immediate death following severe cranial trauma or decapitation by being run over. Our results show that normal lungs have an average weight of 234 g (s +/- 39). Literature values for \"normal\" lung weight are approximately twice as high.", "PMID": 683895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5830", "title": "The pulmonary air-blood barrier of human shock lungs (a clinical, ultrastructural and morphometric study).", "content": "Interstitial edema in the alveolar septa is the first morphologically recognisable change to be observed in cases of shock. It is brought about by the altered function of the membranes of the damaged epithelium and endothelium in the alveolar wall. At the same time there is an impairment of gaseous exchange, which is rendered more difficult by the exudative process in the interstitium. Pari passu with these events there is injury to the cells of both the alveolar epithelium and the alveolar capillary endothelium. Both these processes are still reversible. The point of irreversibility appears to be reached--so far as time is concerned--at the end of the first week, after which the injurious effects on the cell are established, since the thin alveolar wall necessary for the exchange of gases becomes overgrown with bulky alveocytes (Tpye II), and the fibroblasts in thealveolar interstitium push the capillaries away from the surface of the alveolus. In most of the advanced cases of shock this process of thickening of the alveolar wall exceeds the critical value, and respiratory exchange is so impaired that satisfactory functioning of the lungs is no longer possible.", "contents": "The pulmonary air-blood barrier of human shock lungs (a clinical, ultrastructural and morphometric study). Interstitial edema in the alveolar septa is the first morphologically recognisable change to be observed in cases of shock. It is brought about by the altered function of the membranes of the damaged epithelium and endothelium in the alveolar wall. At the same time there is an impairment of gaseous exchange, which is rendered more difficult by the exudative process in the interstitium. Pari passu with these events there is injury to the cells of both the alveolar epithelium and the alveolar capillary endothelium. Both these processes are still reversible. The point of irreversibility appears to be reached--so far as time is concerned--at the end of the first week, after which the injurious effects on the cell are established, since the thin alveolar wall necessary for the exchange of gases becomes overgrown with bulky alveocytes (Tpye II), and the fibroblasts in thealveolar interstitium push the capillaries away from the surface of the alveolus. In most of the advanced cases of shock this process of thickening of the alveolar wall exceeds the critical value, and respiratory exchange is so impaired that satisfactory functioning of the lungs is no longer possible.", "PMID": 683896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5831", "title": "Is shock-induced lung fibrosis reversible? A report on recovery from \"shock-lung\".", "content": "As the consequence of a road accident a 19-year-old man developed respiratory insufficiency. Radiology and gas analysis revealed signs of \"shock-lung\". Morphometric analysis of a punch biopsy from the lung confirmed the diagnosis. Gas exchange grew worse in spite of conventional treatment. At the end of the third week after the trauma the maintenance of a highly negative fluid balance and the administration of high doses of corticoids were given a trial. The patient recovered. Although no functional pulmonary deficiencies remained, years later the patient still shows radiological evidence of extensive scarring. The lung parenchyma is intact, as judged by morphometric examination. This case shows that patients with \"shock lung\" can recover, but scars in the extrapulmonary space can remain, even though the lung parenchyma returns to normal.", "contents": "Is shock-induced lung fibrosis reversible? A report on recovery from \"shock-lung\". As the consequence of a road accident a 19-year-old man developed respiratory insufficiency. Radiology and gas analysis revealed signs of \"shock-lung\". Morphometric analysis of a punch biopsy from the lung confirmed the diagnosis. Gas exchange grew worse in spite of conventional treatment. At the end of the third week after the trauma the maintenance of a highly negative fluid balance and the administration of high doses of corticoids were given a trial. The patient recovered. Although no functional pulmonary deficiencies remained, years later the patient still shows radiological evidence of extensive scarring. The lung parenchyma is intact, as judged by morphometric examination. This case shows that patients with \"shock lung\" can recover, but scars in the extrapulmonary space can remain, even though the lung parenchyma returns to normal.", "PMID": 683898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5832", "title": "Cytophotometric DNA-measurements in abortion.", "content": "Triploid abortuses ascertained by cytogenetic analysis histologically show molar degeneration of the placental villi. Changes of this type which are occasionally encountered in routine material may suggest chromosome abnormality although chromosome analysis is precluded due to fixation. However, suspected triploidy can be proven in Feulgen-stained sections by DNA-measurements. In nine cases of molar degeneration selected according to histological criteria, evaluation of nuclear DNA-content revealed only two triploid placentae. It seems acceptable to assume that such molar changes in diploid abortuses may be due to prolonged retention of the placenta. Thus, histological criteria may suggest but cannot establish the diagnosis of triploidy. In case of susepcted triploidy of the feto-placental tissue, DNA-measurements can confirm or exclude the diagnosis even if a cytogenetical analysis is not applicable.", "contents": "Cytophotometric DNA-measurements in abortion. Triploid abortuses ascertained by cytogenetic analysis histologically show molar degeneration of the placental villi. Changes of this type which are occasionally encountered in routine material may suggest chromosome abnormality although chromosome analysis is precluded due to fixation. However, suspected triploidy can be proven in Feulgen-stained sections by DNA-measurements. In nine cases of molar degeneration selected according to histological criteria, evaluation of nuclear DNA-content revealed only two triploid placentae. It seems acceptable to assume that such molar changes in diploid abortuses may be due to prolonged retention of the placenta. Thus, histological criteria may suggest but cannot establish the diagnosis of triploidy. In case of susepcted triploidy of the feto-placental tissue, DNA-measurements can confirm or exclude the diagnosis even if a cytogenetical analysis is not applicable.", "PMID": 683900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5833", "title": "The diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma by means of jet wash and DNA flow-through cytophotometry.", "content": "Flow-through cytophotometric determination of nuclear DNA content on jet wash material from the endometrium was employed in the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. One hundred and thirty cases were studied. In comparison to results from cytodiagnosis, flow-through photometry yielded a false negative rate of 31.6% and a false positive rate of 42.2%. The false negative findings resulted in part from the small relative frequency of atypical cells in a mixed population of normal and atypical cells in certain cases. Besides this, we often found carcinomas with a diploid DNA stem line, which could not be distinguished cytophotometrically from normal corpus endometrium (Sandritter, 1952; Atkin et al., 1959; Hustin, 1976). The flow-through photometrically false positive findings may have resulted either from cell aggregates or from a nuclear DNA content elevated over the diploid value in proliferating cells (D. Wagner et al., 1968; D. Wagner and Richard, 1968). The observed false negative and false positive rates demonstrate that flow-through photometric determination of nuclear DNA content is unsuitable for the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma.", "contents": "The diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma by means of jet wash and DNA flow-through cytophotometry. Flow-through cytophotometric determination of nuclear DNA content on jet wash material from the endometrium was employed in the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. One hundred and thirty cases were studied. In comparison to results from cytodiagnosis, flow-through photometry yielded a false negative rate of 31.6% and a false positive rate of 42.2%. The false negative findings resulted in part from the small relative frequency of atypical cells in a mixed population of normal and atypical cells in certain cases. Besides this, we often found carcinomas with a diploid DNA stem line, which could not be distinguished cytophotometrically from normal corpus endometrium (Sandritter, 1952; Atkin et al., 1959; Hustin, 1976). The flow-through photometrically false positive findings may have resulted either from cell aggregates or from a nuclear DNA content elevated over the diploid value in proliferating cells (D. Wagner et al., 1968; D. Wagner and Richard, 1968). The observed false negative and false positive rates demonstrate that flow-through photometric determination of nuclear DNA content is unsuitable for the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma.", "PMID": 683901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5834", "title": "A stereological study of adrenocortical cells in spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr).", "content": "The ultrastructure of SHR (Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats) fasciculata cells was compared descriptively and quantitatively with that of nonstimulated fasciculata cells of Wistar rats using sterological methods. The volume and surface densities are expressed per cm3 of cytoplasm. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the SHR was significantly increased compared to the control animals (surface density : 28%, volume density: 35%). Mitochondria volume remained unchanged although the inner mitochondrial membranes were significantly reduced (37%). An attempt was made to draw up a relation between sterological and biochemical data of steroid synthesis within the fasciculata cell. A genetically determined enzymatic defect in the early steps of the transformation of cholesterol to pregnenolone may exist at the level of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Whether this altered steroid metabolism is important to the etiology of hypertension in the SHR requires further investigation.", "contents": "A stereological study of adrenocortical cells in spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr). The ultrastructure of SHR (Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats) fasciculata cells was compared descriptively and quantitatively with that of nonstimulated fasciculata cells of Wistar rats using sterological methods. The volume and surface densities are expressed per cm3 of cytoplasm. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the SHR was significantly increased compared to the control animals (surface density : 28%, volume density: 35%). Mitochondria volume remained unchanged although the inner mitochondrial membranes were significantly reduced (37%). An attempt was made to draw up a relation between sterological and biochemical data of steroid synthesis within the fasciculata cell. A genetically determined enzymatic defect in the early steps of the transformation of cholesterol to pregnenolone may exist at the level of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Whether this altered steroid metabolism is important to the etiology of hypertension in the SHR requires further investigation.", "PMID": 683902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5835", "title": "[Dressings made of multilayer unwoven fabric].", "content": "The multilayer unwoven fabric dressings have been examined both in laboratory and clinic. The properties of metalized and ordinary dressings have been compared. In clinical examinations the usefulness of metalized materials was proved to burns and granulating wounds. Also the advantages of unwoven fabric materials over the classic dressings have been ascertained.", "contents": "[Dressings made of multilayer unwoven fabric]. The multilayer unwoven fabric dressings have been examined both in laboratory and clinic. The properties of metalized and ordinary dressings have been compared. In clinical examinations the usefulness of metalized materials was proved to burns and granulating wounds. Also the advantages of unwoven fabric materials over the classic dressings have been ascertained.", "PMID": 683903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5836", "title": "[Testing of plastics for orthopedic equipment].", "content": "The testing of plastics in medicine is regulated by law only for the purpose of implantation. These rules are not including the plastics for skin contact use. In consequence of the increasing offer of the chemical industry, it is necessary to develop specific procedures of testing for these materials, e.g. for the orthopedic engineering.", "contents": "[Testing of plastics for orthopedic equipment]. The testing of plastics in medicine is regulated by law only for the purpose of implantation. These rules are not including the plastics for skin contact use. In consequence of the increasing offer of the chemical industry, it is necessary to develop specific procedures of testing for these materials, e.g. for the orthopedic engineering.", "PMID": 683904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5837", "title": "[Use and examination of unwoven fabrics in the production of dressings, surgical and bed linens].", "content": "The results of physicochemical examination of 32 kinds of unwoven fabrics as well as the examination of 7 kinds of the three-level dressings, operation, and bed clothes are reported. The fabrics consisted of polypropylene and viscose fibres, dilana, argona, polyamides and bonding agents (fixatives). In their water extracts the content of the chloride, sulphate and alkaline ions, reductors, the presence of heavy metals, the surface active substances and the pH were determined. The practical applicability of the dressings was tested in 300 cases. The dressings were well tolerated by the patients. The operation and bed clothes as well as the surgical clothes made from unwoven fabric and sterilized by radiosterilization may facilitate, the great deal of work in the operation units and in surgical wards.", "contents": "[Use and examination of unwoven fabrics in the production of dressings, surgical and bed linens]. The results of physicochemical examination of 32 kinds of unwoven fabrics as well as the examination of 7 kinds of the three-level dressings, operation, and bed clothes are reported. The fabrics consisted of polypropylene and viscose fibres, dilana, argona, polyamides and bonding agents (fixatives). In their water extracts the content of the chloride, sulphate and alkaline ions, reductors, the presence of heavy metals, the surface active substances and the pH were determined. The practical applicability of the dressings was tested in 300 cases. The dressings were well tolerated by the patients. The operation and bed clothes as well as the surgical clothes made from unwoven fabric and sterilized by radiosterilization may facilitate, the great deal of work in the operation units and in surgical wards.", "PMID": 683905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5838", "title": "Study by vaginal cytology of ovarian function in pre-menopausal women.", "content": "In the pre-menopausal years, the ovarian secretion waxes and wanes until its cessation. In this study of women in the pre-menopausal period neither did the menstrual pattern prove to be a reliable criterion by which to judge the extent of oestrogen effect or deficiency nor was there correlation between serial colpocytology and endometrial histology, Hyperplasia of the endometrium was seen with different degrees of oestrogen status and in the menopause. Maximum cases of hyperplasia were seen in the irregularly menstruating group of women. It is therefore emphasized that before beginning oestrogen therapy, both colpocytology and endometrial histology should concur to establish oestrogen deficiency. A close watch should be kept on cases showing an endometrial hyperplasia.", "contents": "Study by vaginal cytology of ovarian function in pre-menopausal women. In the pre-menopausal years, the ovarian secretion waxes and wanes until its cessation. In this study of women in the pre-menopausal period neither did the menstrual pattern prove to be a reliable criterion by which to judge the extent of oestrogen effect or deficiency nor was there correlation between serial colpocytology and endometrial histology, Hyperplasia of the endometrium was seen with different degrees of oestrogen status and in the menopause. Maximum cases of hyperplasia were seen in the irregularly menstruating group of women. It is therefore emphasized that before beginning oestrogen therapy, both colpocytology and endometrial histology should concur to establish oestrogen deficiency. A close watch should be kept on cases showing an endometrial hyperplasia.", "PMID": 683906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5839", "title": "An investigation of the immune response of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Patients suffering from anorexia nervosa rarely appear to develop the common cold or influenza. This study examines the immunological response of fifteen female anorexia nervosa patients of both the vomiting and carbohydrate-abstaining type and compares them with a control population matched for age and occupation. Both anorectics and control populations received the admune influenza vaccine. Initially both groups had similar haemagglutination inhibition titres against the three different viral antigens: A/HK; A/PC; A/Eng. However, the anorectics showed over a 2-month period a higher titre of antibody especially to the Hong Kong virus: this was sigignificant. Cellular immune responses were measured using a tuberculin and a macrophage inhibition test, no significant difference between the two groups was obderved. These results which support the clinical findings are discussed.", "contents": "An investigation of the immune response of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. Patients suffering from anorexia nervosa rarely appear to develop the common cold or influenza. This study examines the immunological response of fifteen female anorexia nervosa patients of both the vomiting and carbohydrate-abstaining type and compares them with a control population matched for age and occupation. Both anorectics and control populations received the admune influenza vaccine. Initially both groups had similar haemagglutination inhibition titres against the three different viral antigens: A/HK; A/PC; A/Eng. However, the anorectics showed over a 2-month period a higher titre of antibody especially to the Hong Kong virus: this was sigignificant. Cellular immune responses were measured using a tuberculin and a macrophage inhibition test, no significant difference between the two groups was obderved. These results which support the clinical findings are discussed.", "PMID": 683907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5840", "title": "The spectrum of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose: clinical and epidemiological studies.", "content": "In a regional survey of paracetamol overdose, 201 patients were admitted to hospital over 12 months. Chronic alcoholism was present in 10% of cases. Over 25% of patients were females aged 20 years or less. Initial blood paracetamol levels were in the toxic range in 16% and histologically severe liver damage eventually found in 20% of those biopsied. This finding corresponded to a serum aspartate aminotransferase of 600 i.u./l or more. Renal failure severe enough to require peritoneal dialysis developed in 1%. Elevated serum amylase was recorded in 22% of a 108-patient subset. Evidence of myocardial damage was found  in 11.6% of an eighty-six patient subset. An unfavourable prognosis was indicated by a prothrombin ratio of 20% or less and hepatic coma, the overall mortality being 3.5%. The apparent safety of this useful analgesic is compromized by its widespread employment in parasuicide. This, the insidious and delayed onset of toxicity in overdose and ineffectiveness of late treatment argues for controlling availability to the general public.", "contents": "The spectrum of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose: clinical and epidemiological studies. In a regional survey of paracetamol overdose, 201 patients were admitted to hospital over 12 months. Chronic alcoholism was present in 10% of cases. Over 25% of patients were females aged 20 years or less. Initial blood paracetamol levels were in the toxic range in 16% and histologically severe liver damage eventually found in 20% of those biopsied. This finding corresponded to a serum aspartate aminotransferase of 600 i.u./l or more. Renal failure severe enough to require peritoneal dialysis developed in 1%. Elevated serum amylase was recorded in 22% of a 108-patient subset. Evidence of myocardial damage was found  in 11.6% of an eighty-six patient subset. An unfavourable prognosis was indicated by a prothrombin ratio of 20% or less and hepatic coma, the overall mortality being 3.5%. The apparent safety of this useful analgesic is compromized by its widespread employment in parasuicide. This, the insidious and delayed onset of toxicity in overdose and ineffectiveness of late treatment argues for controlling availability to the general public.", "PMID": 683908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5841", "title": "The effects of potassium supplements, spironolactone of amiloride on the potassium status of patients with heart failure.", "content": "Extra potassium supplements, spironolactone or amiloride were given for 5 months to forty-nine patients with heart failure who were taking furosemide and were in a steady state. Plasma potassium increased with all three treatments but there was no significant increase in total body potassium or red cell potassium. These findings together with other studies suggest that patients with heart failure taking diuretics do not have a significant depletion of body potassium.", "contents": "The effects of potassium supplements, spironolactone of amiloride on the potassium status of patients with heart failure. Extra potassium supplements, spironolactone or amiloride were given for 5 months to forty-nine patients with heart failure who were taking furosemide and were in a steady state. Plasma potassium increased with all three treatments but there was no significant increase in total body potassium or red cell potassium. These findings together with other studies suggest that patients with heart failure taking diuretics do not have a significant depletion of body potassium.", "PMID": 683909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5842", "title": "Ileo-caecal tuberculosis in immigrants.", "content": "Four cases of ileo-caecal tuberculosis in Asian immigrants were seen in a 6-month period at The London Hospital. Although rare in Caucasians, this condition is an important cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in this ethnic group. Definitive diagnosis can frequently be made only by histological examination and culture of biopsy material obtained at laparotomy. However, in suitable cases, where there is a high index of clinical suspicion, a trial of chemotherapy may be preferable to operation. If laparotomy is performed, resection with subsequent chemotherapy is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Ileo-caecal tuberculosis in immigrants. Four cases of ileo-caecal tuberculosis in Asian immigrants were seen in a 6-month period at The London Hospital. Although rare in Caucasians, this condition is an important cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in this ethnic group. Definitive diagnosis can frequently be made only by histological examination and culture of biopsy material obtained at laparotomy. However, in suitable cases, where there is a high index of clinical suspicion, a trial of chemotherapy may be preferable to operation. If laparotomy is performed, resection with subsequent chemotherapy is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 683910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5843", "title": "Staphylococcal aortic valve endocarditis with aortic root to right atrial fistula.", "content": "Infective endocarditis can be complicated by the development of intra-cardiac shunts. A case of endocarditis secondary to staphylococcal septicaemia is reported where various conduction defects preceded the development of a fistula from the aortic root to the right atrium. Before emergency surgery there was marked worsening of heart failure with the appearance of a new loud murmur throughout diastole.", "contents": "Staphylococcal aortic valve endocarditis with aortic root to right atrial fistula. Infective endocarditis can be complicated by the development of intra-cardiac shunts. A case of endocarditis secondary to staphylococcal septicaemia is reported where various conduction defects preceded the development of a fistula from the aortic root to the right atrium. Before emergency surgery there was marked worsening of heart failure with the appearance of a new loud murmur throughout diastole.", "PMID": 683911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5844", "title": "Intravascular haemolysis and acute renal failure following potassium dichromate poisoning.", "content": "An 18-year-old girl developed acute renal failure 24 hr after ingestion of potassium dichromate. Laboratory data revealed associated intravascular haemolysis. Renal histology showed features suggestive of acute tubular necrosis. She went into diuretic phase after 11 days of oliguria and subsequently regained normal renal function. Both direct toxic damage by dichromate and intravascular haemolysis may have contributed to the development of acute tubular necrosis and acute renal failure.", "contents": "Intravascular haemolysis and acute renal failure following potassium dichromate poisoning. An 18-year-old girl developed acute renal failure 24 hr after ingestion of potassium dichromate. Laboratory data revealed associated intravascular haemolysis. Renal histology showed features suggestive of acute tubular necrosis. She went into diuretic phase after 11 days of oliguria and subsequently regained normal renal function. Both direct toxic damage by dichromate and intravascular haemolysis may have contributed to the development of acute tubular necrosis and acute renal failure.", "PMID": 683912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5845", "title": "Granulomatous sarcoid nephropathy.", "content": "When sarcoidosis of the renal parenchyma occurs it is rarely of major clinical significance. The clinical features and post-mortem findings of a case of subacute uraemic syndrome due to severe granulomatous involvement of the kidney by sarcoidosis are described. The case is unusual in that granulomatous sarcoid nephropathy resulted in death from renal failure within 4 months of onset of symptoms in the absence of clinically apparent sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Granulomatous sarcoid nephropathy. When sarcoidosis of the renal parenchyma occurs it is rarely of major clinical significance. The clinical features and post-mortem findings of a case of subacute uraemic syndrome due to severe granulomatous involvement of the kidney by sarcoidosis are described. The case is unusual in that granulomatous sarcoid nephropathy resulted in death from renal failure within 4 months of onset of symptoms in the absence of clinically apparent sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 683913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5846", "title": "Pancreatitis and duodenal obstruction due to periampullary carcinoma associated with familial polyposis coli.", "content": "Duodenal lesions are being reported in cases with familial polyposis of the colon. A case is described presenting with duodenal obstruction and pancreatitis complicating a peri-ampullary carcinoma in a patient with familial polyposis (adenomatosis of the colon and rectum). Upper gastrointestinal lesions notably in the duodenum include duodenal polyps and carcinoma and peri-ampullary malignancy. It is suggested that endoscopy and hypotonic duodenography be considered in patients with adenomatosis of the colon and rectum presenting with non-colonic alimentary symptoms.", "contents": "Pancreatitis and duodenal obstruction due to periampullary carcinoma associated with familial polyposis coli. Duodenal lesions are being reported in cases with familial polyposis of the colon. A case is described presenting with duodenal obstruction and pancreatitis complicating a peri-ampullary carcinoma in a patient with familial polyposis (adenomatosis of the colon and rectum). Upper gastrointestinal lesions notably in the duodenum include duodenal polyps and carcinoma and peri-ampullary malignancy. It is suggested that endoscopy and hypotonic duodenography be considered in patients with adenomatosis of the colon and rectum presenting with non-colonic alimentary symptoms.", "PMID": 683914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5847", "title": "Unexplained absence of an ovary and uterine tube.", "content": "A case is reported of an incidental laparotomy finding of absence of left ovary and ipsilateral distal Fallopian tube. This is the fourth case to be reported in the English language literature. The three previous cases are reviewed and the probable aetiology discussed.", "contents": "Unexplained absence of an ovary and uterine tube. A case is reported of an incidental laparotomy finding of absence of left ovary and ipsilateral distal Fallopian tube. This is the fourth case to be reported in the English language literature. The three previous cases are reviewed and the probable aetiology discussed.", "PMID": 683915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5848", "title": "An unusual presentation and complication of acute appendicitis.", "content": "A case history is presented to illustrate an uncommon complication of acute appendicitis which itself was overshadowed by an acute arterial embolus.", "contents": "An unusual presentation and complication of acute appendicitis. A case history is presented to illustrate an uncommon complication of acute appendicitis which itself was overshadowed by an acute arterial embolus.", "PMID": 683916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5849", "title": "Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with cerebellar and cerebral atrophy.", "content": "The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is described in a 67-year-old man with cerebellar and cerebral atrophy. This is the first reported case of this association.", "contents": "Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with cerebellar and cerebral atrophy. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is described in a 67-year-old man with cerebellar and cerebral atrophy. This is the first reported case of this association.", "PMID": 683917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5850", "title": "[Pulmonary silicosis (not including asbestosis and berylliosis].", "content": "The pleuro-pulmonary pathology of asbestos, top most of silicates, is today well known. Other silicates, talcum powder, clays, micas essentially, are exploited and commercialized. Their pathology is less well known and often contradictory because of the heterogeneity of the inhaled minerals. All can contain large quantities of quartz and some varieties of talcum and a considerable proportion of asbestos fibres. These minerals can provoke severe pneumoconioses, silicoses and asbestoses respectively. Some relatively pure products do not contain these contaminants. In case of intense and prolonged dust inhaling, they can produced an impressive pneumoconiosis with relatively mild clinical signs as shown by the series of 27 cases of pneumoconiosis from the french talcum powder as reported by the authors. The chemical nature and electronic structure of different silicates are very similar. It raises the question of the noxious effect of asbestos and the relative innocuousness of other minerals of the same family, and wether the fibrous structure alone is implicated.", "contents": "[Pulmonary silicosis (not including asbestosis and berylliosis]. The pleuro-pulmonary pathology of asbestos, top most of silicates, is today well known. Other silicates, talcum powder, clays, micas essentially, are exploited and commercialized. Their pathology is less well known and often contradictory because of the heterogeneity of the inhaled minerals. All can contain large quantities of quartz and some varieties of talcum and a considerable proportion of asbestos fibres. These minerals can provoke severe pneumoconioses, silicoses and asbestoses respectively. Some relatively pure products do not contain these contaminants. In case of intense and prolonged dust inhaling, they can produced an impressive pneumoconiosis with relatively mild clinical signs as shown by the series of 27 cases of pneumoconiosis from the french talcum powder as reported by the authors. The chemical nature and electronic structure of different silicates are very similar. It raises the question of the noxious effect of asbestos and the relative innocuousness of other minerals of the same family, and wether the fibrous structure alone is implicated.", "PMID": 683919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5851", "title": "[Two surveys on farmer's lung disease and bird breeder's disease in the Pyrenees region].", "content": "Two different surveys, one strictly epidemiological in rural areas, the other retrospective and within hospitals, led to a better knowledge of the setting of the FLD and BBD in South Pyrenees region. In the country, more than 12% of patients had specific precipitins, 6% had either one or both diseases; women had anti-aviary precipitins more frequently than men. The retrospective hospital survey yielded 456 cases of patients admitted or consulting revealing numerous correlations between the different clinical, radiological and functional syndromes on the one hand and the serological positivity on the other. Serological diagnosis was most useful, as a wide variety of antigenic extracts was used (actinomycetes thermophiles, mouldy hay, bird droppings), mixed sensitizing was extremely frequent. The widely found positivity towards avian antigens seems specific to the South Pyrenees region.", "contents": "[Two surveys on farmer's lung disease and bird breeder's disease in the Pyrenees region]. Two different surveys, one strictly epidemiological in rural areas, the other retrospective and within hospitals, led to a better knowledge of the setting of the FLD and BBD in South Pyrenees region. In the country, more than 12% of patients had specific precipitins, 6% had either one or both diseases; women had anti-aviary precipitins more frequently than men. The retrospective hospital survey yielded 456 cases of patients admitted or consulting revealing numerous correlations between the different clinical, radiological and functional syndromes on the one hand and the serological positivity on the other. Serological diagnosis was most useful, as a wide variety of antigenic extracts was used (actinomycetes thermophiles, mouldy hay, bird droppings), mixed sensitizing was extremely frequent. The widely found positivity towards avian antigens seems specific to the South Pyrenees region.", "PMID": 683921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5852", "title": "[Farmer's lung disease in the Aveyron department (a retrospective study of 82 cases)].", "content": "The authors present a retrospective study of 82 cases of farmer's lung disease in the Aveyron department. Observations were selected on precise diagnostic criteria classified on acute (8 cases), progressive (69 cases) and chronic alveolitis (5 cases). They observe an almost exclusive repartition in the bovine breeding areas, which are regions of large hay culture and of high humidity. They show the annual repartition of cases is strongly linked to the pluviometry of the previous hay-making. They underline the fact that the modernising of agricultural work reduces some factors favourable to the disease but can promote new ones.", "contents": "[Farmer's lung disease in the Aveyron department (a retrospective study of 82 cases)]. The authors present a retrospective study of 82 cases of farmer's lung disease in the Aveyron department. Observations were selected on precise diagnostic criteria classified on acute (8 cases), progressive (69 cases) and chronic alveolitis (5 cases). They observe an almost exclusive repartition in the bovine breeding areas, which are regions of large hay culture and of high humidity. They show the annual repartition of cases is strongly linked to the pluviometry of the previous hay-making. They underline the fact that the modernising of agricultural work reduces some factors favourable to the disease but can promote new ones.", "PMID": 683922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5853", "title": "[Respiratory and hemodynamic functional tests in funnel chest].", "content": "Fifty three patients with Pectus excavatum, 12.5 years of age on average, were studied. They frequently had respiratory history (in 36% of cases): asthma, repetitive bronchites or rhinopharyngites, and associated squeletal deformities (17%) : kyphoscoliosis, lordo-kyphosis and scoliosis. As far as ventilation is concerned, the restrictive syndrome was found in 49% of cases, severely in 23% (20% decrease in C. V.) An obstructive syndrome was found only in cases of associated asthma. Bodypletysmography done parallely in 5 cases puts in evidence or increases the ventilatory abnormalities. In the cardio-vascular check up, the chest X ray, E.C.G., the pulmonary scintigraphy or straight microcatheterization, usually reveal some abnormality (15% of cases). The synthesis of results points out two facts : 1) when the heart is in its position and the cardiomediastinal shadow enlarges, the E.C.G. abnormalities are unimportant; when the heart is displaced towards the left, the electrical disorders are bigger ; 2) microcatheterization done on 22 subjects revealed a gradient of systolic pressure, right ventricle-pulmonary artery, definite or severe in 4 cases, lesser in 9. Surgery rarely improves the spirometry and E.C.G. abnormalities, but does seem to cure the hemodynamic disorders.", "contents": "[Respiratory and hemodynamic functional tests in funnel chest]. Fifty three patients with Pectus excavatum, 12.5 years of age on average, were studied. They frequently had respiratory history (in 36% of cases): asthma, repetitive bronchites or rhinopharyngites, and associated squeletal deformities (17%) : kyphoscoliosis, lordo-kyphosis and scoliosis. As far as ventilation is concerned, the restrictive syndrome was found in 49% of cases, severely in 23% (20% decrease in C. V.) An obstructive syndrome was found only in cases of associated asthma. Bodypletysmography done parallely in 5 cases puts in evidence or increases the ventilatory abnormalities. In the cardio-vascular check up, the chest X ray, E.C.G., the pulmonary scintigraphy or straight microcatheterization, usually reveal some abnormality (15% of cases). The synthesis of results points out two facts : 1) when the heart is in its position and the cardiomediastinal shadow enlarges, the E.C.G. abnormalities are unimportant; when the heart is displaced towards the left, the electrical disorders are bigger ; 2) microcatheterization done on 22 subjects revealed a gradient of systolic pressure, right ventricle-pulmonary artery, definite or severe in 4 cases, lesser in 9. Surgery rarely improves the spirometry and E.C.G. abnormalities, but does seem to cure the hemodynamic disorders.", "PMID": 683923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5854", "title": "[Funnel chest. Generalities, Surgical treament].", "content": "The Pectus excavatum (P.E.) or funnel shaped thorax is a relatively frequent malformation of the chest wall. After a survey of references, the authors recall the main elements of an affection with functional results sometimes important. The results of surgical treatment are analized in relation with the kind of intervention and the age of the patients. Modelling sternochondroplasty with temporary retrosternal support for the deep funnels, the subcutaneous filling of the deformity in slight P.E. should at present be recommended. Definitive results can only be appreciated after 3 to 5 years.", "contents": "[Funnel chest. Generalities, Surgical treament]. The Pectus excavatum (P.E.) or funnel shaped thorax is a relatively frequent malformation of the chest wall. After a survey of references, the authors recall the main elements of an affection with functional results sometimes important. The results of surgical treatment are analized in relation with the kind of intervention and the age of the patients. Modelling sternochondroplasty with temporary retrosternal support for the deep funnels, the subcutaneous filling of the deformity in slight P.E. should at present be recommended. Definitive results can only be appreciated after 3 to 5 years.", "PMID": 683924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5855", "title": "[Surgical treatment of funnel chest].", "content": "The main problems of indication, operating techniques and results are recalled after 39 cases of pectus excavatum (P.E.) operated on 74 followed up children. Analysis revealed frequent family trend, respiratory past records of Marfan's morphological type and intrathoracic spur. Sternochondroplasty had varied stabilizing ways : first Garnier's technique, then Judet's costal clips, today the mediastinal rod of Morel. The relative deterioration of morphological results depended on the reliability of the manner of fixing. For good results, neither age, sex, nor the importance of the retraction interfered. The unfavourable elements are the gently sloping thorax and associated vertebral manifestation.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of funnel chest]. The main problems of indication, operating techniques and results are recalled after 39 cases of pectus excavatum (P.E.) operated on 74 followed up children. Analysis revealed frequent family trend, respiratory past records of Marfan's morphological type and intrathoracic spur. Sternochondroplasty had varied stabilizing ways : first Garnier's technique, then Judet's costal clips, today the mediastinal rod of Morel. The relative deterioration of morphological results depended on the reliability of the manner of fixing. For good results, neither age, sex, nor the importance of the retraction interfered. The unfavourable elements are the gently sloping thorax and associated vertebral manifestation.", "PMID": 683925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5856", "title": "Acute renal failure.", "content": "Acute renal failure even today carries a high mortality, which is related directly to the aetiology of the condition and the age of the patient. Modern radiological techniques have added considerably to the early diagnosis of obstructive factors and acute tubular necrosis. Early treatment and correction of prerenal factors can frequently forestall the development of established acute renal failure but if this is inevitable total patient care and full supportive measures including dialysis should be available.", "contents": "Acute renal failure. Acute renal failure even today carries a high mortality, which is related directly to the aetiology of the condition and the age of the patient. Modern radiological techniques have added considerably to the early diagnosis of obstructive factors and acute tubular necrosis. Early treatment and correction of prerenal factors can frequently forestall the development of established acute renal failure but if this is inevitable total patient care and full supportive measures including dialysis should be available.", "PMID": 683929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5857", "title": "Methyclothiazide in hypertension. A report from the General Practitioner Research Group.", "content": "In view of the statistically significant falls in blood pressure achieved at the end of two weeks only, it would seem that methyclothiazide is an effective antihypertensive agent, at least in the new cases of mild hypertension treated in this trial. The results are, perhaps, particularly impressive in view of the fact that the majority of patients were treated with the smaller dose of 5mg daily. In this trial, postural hypotension was of no importance whatsoever, and the incidence of side effects was minimal. Methyclothiazide would seem to be a suitable choice for the treatment of mild hypertension in general practice.", "contents": "Methyclothiazide in hypertension. A report from the General Practitioner Research Group. In view of the statistically significant falls in blood pressure achieved at the end of two weeks only, it would seem that methyclothiazide is an effective antihypertensive agent, at least in the new cases of mild hypertension treated in this trial. The results are, perhaps, particularly impressive in view of the fact that the majority of patients were treated with the smaller dose of 5mg daily. In this trial, postural hypotension was of no importance whatsoever, and the incidence of side effects was minimal. Methyclothiazide would seem to be a suitable choice for the treatment of mild hypertension in general practice.", "PMID": 683938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5858", "title": "[Diabetes mellitus and the state of ocular accommodation in schoolchildren].", "content": "The author presents characteristics of refraction in 67 children and adolescents suffering from diabetes mellitus. The state of accomodative function of the eyes was studied in 39 schoolchildren with spherical refraction. Accomodation was found to be reduced in diabetic schoolchildren, this being connected with a prolonged course of the main disease.", "contents": "[Diabetes mellitus and the state of ocular accommodation in schoolchildren]. The author presents characteristics of refraction in 67 children and adolescents suffering from diabetes mellitus. The state of accomodative function of the eyes was studied in 39 schoolchildren with spherical refraction. Accomodation was found to be reduced in diabetic schoolchildren, this being connected with a prolonged course of the main disease.", "PMID": 683963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5859", "title": "[Hemodynamics of the eyes in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The authors present evidence on the state of hemodynamics of the eye in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus on the basis of rheoophthalmographic and ophthalmoscopic studies with the use of the method of fluorescent angiography of the retina. The volume circulation of the eye proved to be connected with the intraophthalmic pressure and depended on the degree of affection of the eye vessels. Its changes were two-stage in character and depended on the state of the venous outflow. Diabetic retinopathy of the II stage served as the stage during which there was a sharp reduction of compensatory possibilities of hemodynamics, and further progress of vascular disturbances were observed. Rheoophthalmography permits to assess indirectly the degree of compensation of hemodynamic disturbances and can be used to asses clinical evolution of diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics of the eyes in diabetes mellitus]. The authors present evidence on the state of hemodynamics of the eye in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus on the basis of rheoophthalmographic and ophthalmoscopic studies with the use of the method of fluorescent angiography of the retina. The volume circulation of the eye proved to be connected with the intraophthalmic pressure and depended on the degree of affection of the eye vessels. Its changes were two-stage in character and depended on the state of the venous outflow. Diabetic retinopathy of the II stage served as the stage during which there was a sharp reduction of compensatory possibilities of hemodynamics, and further progress of vascular disturbances were observed. Rheoophthalmography permits to assess indirectly the degree of compensation of hemodynamic disturbances and can be used to asses clinical evolution of diabetic retinopathy.", "PMID": 683965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5860", "title": "[Indicators of lipid metabolism in early stages of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The authors studied the lipid metabolism indices (total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, serum gonadotropin) in 60 patients with a latent form of diabetes mellitus, 40 persons with doubtful results of TTH, and 120 persons with a normal TTH type. In 50 patients with latent diabetes the lipid metabolism indices were determined depending on the character of treatment--diet treatment, treatment with diet and adebit, and unlimited diet. Disturbance of lipid metabolism indices was noted already at the early stages of diabetes mellitus: there was an elevation of total lipids, triglycerides, serum gonadotropin, and cholesterol. An improvement of lipid metabolism indices occurred under the action of adebit; it produced a particularly significant effect on triglycerides.", "contents": "[Indicators of lipid metabolism in early stages of diabetes mellitus]. The authors studied the lipid metabolism indices (total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, serum gonadotropin) in 60 patients with a latent form of diabetes mellitus, 40 persons with doubtful results of TTH, and 120 persons with a normal TTH type. In 50 patients with latent diabetes the lipid metabolism indices were determined depending on the character of treatment--diet treatment, treatment with diet and adebit, and unlimited diet. Disturbance of lipid metabolism indices was noted already at the early stages of diabetes mellitus: there was an elevation of total lipids, triglycerides, serum gonadotropin, and cholesterol. An improvement of lipid metabolism indices occurred under the action of adebit; it produced a particularly significant effect on triglycerides.", "PMID": 683964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5861", "title": "[Early diagnosis of circulatory insufficiency in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "On the basis of the results of examination of 256 patients with various forms of thyrotoxicosis the author distinguished criteria for early diagnosis of circulatory insufficiency of thyrotoxic origin. The following were referred to their number: a) prolongation of the ejection time with normal or decreased expulsion values; b) increase of the minute heart volume chiefly or exclusively on account of increased frequency of cardiac contractions; c) disproportion between the indices of heart work and the rate of cardiac contraction; d) the presence of hypodynamic reaction to the altering volume load in cardiac fibrillation. Comparison of the mentioned indices with those of clinical symptoms permitted to begin cardiac glycoside therapy in time and to differentiate the therapeutic tactics.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of circulatory insufficiency in thyrotoxicosis]. On the basis of the results of examination of 256 patients with various forms of thyrotoxicosis the author distinguished criteria for early diagnosis of circulatory insufficiency of thyrotoxic origin. The following were referred to their number: a) prolongation of the ejection time with normal or decreased expulsion values; b) increase of the minute heart volume chiefly or exclusively on account of increased frequency of cardiac contractions; c) disproportion between the indices of heart work and the rate of cardiac contraction; d) the presence of hypodynamic reaction to the altering volume load in cardiac fibrillation. Comparison of the mentioned indices with those of clinical symptoms permitted to begin cardiac glycoside therapy in time and to differentiate the therapeutic tactics.", "PMID": 683966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5862", "title": "[Use of the clomiphene test for evaluation of the functional state of the hypothalamus-pituitary gland-ovarian system in ovarian hyperandrogenia].", "content": "The authors studied the content of gonadotropins and testosterone in the blood; functional condition of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-ovarian system was characterized in patients with ovarian hyperandrogenia by using the klomiphen test. Testosterone level in all the patients and prolactin level in 70% of the patients proved to exceed the normal values, wheras the LH level could be low, normal or high. With klomiphen test it was shown that both the gonadotropin and estrogen levels rose against the background of action of the preparation; as to testosterone level--it remained unchanged. In induced menstrual cycles estradiol peak preceded the gonadotropin peak. In patients with ovulation testosterone level diminished by the end of the observation period.", "contents": "[Use of the clomiphene test for evaluation of the functional state of the hypothalamus-pituitary gland-ovarian system in ovarian hyperandrogenia]. The authors studied the content of gonadotropins and testosterone in the blood; functional condition of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-ovarian system was characterized in patients with ovarian hyperandrogenia by using the klomiphen test. Testosterone level in all the patients and prolactin level in 70% of the patients proved to exceed the normal values, wheras the LH level could be low, normal or high. With klomiphen test it was shown that both the gonadotropin and estrogen levels rose against the background of action of the preparation; as to testosterone level--it remained unchanged. In induced menstrual cycles estradiol peak preceded the gonadotropin peak. In patients with ovulation testosterone level diminished by the end of the observation period.", "PMID": 683967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5863", "title": "[Functional state of the pituitary gland-ovarian system in gonadal agenesis and dysgenesis].", "content": "Functional condition of the hypophysis-gonad system with the determination of the LH and FSH level in the course of one month, of estrogens and testosterones in the blood, of estrogens in the urine, sex chromatine, kariotype, roentgenomorphology and histology of the gonads, as well as the changes in gonadotropines against the background of estrogen treatment were studied in 30 patients (in 18 with Shereshevsky-Turner's syndrome, and in 12 with pure gonad agenesis). There were differences in the state of gonadotropic activity in patients of these groups, rather similar by condition and time of the gonad affection. In Shereshevsky-Turner's syndrome gonadotropic activity was characterized by a sharp elevation of the LH and FSH level with frequent chaotic desynchronized fluctuations; in pure gonad agenesis the FSH level was elevated and subject to chaotic fluctuations; as to LH level--it was stable and within the normal limits. Shereshevsky-Turner's syndrome with pure agenesis displayed a retention of the feedback in the hypophysis-gonad system, this being indicated by reduction of the LH level against the background of estrogen therapy. The FSH content was a more informative index for the diagnosis of the gonad agenesis than the LH content. There was revealed no correlation between the kariotypes and the gonadotropin level in the patients. Estrogen therapy in the gonad agenesis and dysgenesis is required not only for feminization of the patients, but also for suppression of increased hypothalamic activity characteristic of these cases.", "contents": "[Functional state of the pituitary gland-ovarian system in gonadal agenesis and dysgenesis]. Functional condition of the hypophysis-gonad system with the determination of the LH and FSH level in the course of one month, of estrogens and testosterones in the blood, of estrogens in the urine, sex chromatine, kariotype, roentgenomorphology and histology of the gonads, as well as the changes in gonadotropines against the background of estrogen treatment were studied in 30 patients (in 18 with Shereshevsky-Turner's syndrome, and in 12 with pure gonad agenesis). There were differences in the state of gonadotropic activity in patients of these groups, rather similar by condition and time of the gonad affection. In Shereshevsky-Turner's syndrome gonadotropic activity was characterized by a sharp elevation of the LH and FSH level with frequent chaotic desynchronized fluctuations; in pure gonad agenesis the FSH level was elevated and subject to chaotic fluctuations; as to LH level--it was stable and within the normal limits. Shereshevsky-Turner's syndrome with pure agenesis displayed a retention of the feedback in the hypophysis-gonad system, this being indicated by reduction of the LH level against the background of estrogen therapy. The FSH content was a more informative index for the diagnosis of the gonad agenesis than the LH content. There was revealed no correlation between the kariotypes and the gonadotropin level in the patients. Estrogen therapy in the gonad agenesis and dysgenesis is required not only for feminization of the patients, but also for suppression of increased hypothalamic activity characteristic of these cases.", "PMID": 683968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5864", "title": "[Problem of autonomy of adrenal cortex adenomas of different histological structures in Cushing's syndrome].", "content": "The authors analyzed the results of examination of 69 patients operated on for Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome (ICS); in 32 cases tumours of the adrenal cortex were revealed during the operation. Two histological forms of adenoma of the adrenal cortex were distinguished, i.e. adenomas of mono- and polymorphous structure. Increased background urinary excretion of 17-oxycorticosteroids (17-OCS) in patients with ICS suffering from tumours of polymorphous structure persisted at the former level or increased in the tests with 8 mg of dexamethazone (DMZ). The character of tests with 8 mg of DMZ in patients with ICS having adenomas of monomorphous structure was analogous to such in patients with ICS, but without any adrenal gland tumours--urinary 17-OCS excretion was either decreased or suppressed by 50 or more per cent of the initial level. A suggestion is put forward on functional dependence of the adrenal cortex of monomorphous structure on the hypothalamo-hypophysial control.", "contents": "[Problem of autonomy of adrenal cortex adenomas of different histological structures in Cushing's syndrome]. The authors analyzed the results of examination of 69 patients operated on for Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome (ICS); in 32 cases tumours of the adrenal cortex were revealed during the operation. Two histological forms of adenoma of the adrenal cortex were distinguished, i.e. adenomas of mono- and polymorphous structure. Increased background urinary excretion of 17-oxycorticosteroids (17-OCS) in patients with ICS suffering from tumours of polymorphous structure persisted at the former level or increased in the tests with 8 mg of dexamethazone (DMZ). The character of tests with 8 mg of DMZ in patients with ICS having adenomas of monomorphous structure was analogous to such in patients with ICS, but without any adrenal gland tumours--urinary 17-OCS excretion was either decreased or suppressed by 50 or more per cent of the initial level. A suggestion is put forward on functional dependence of the adrenal cortex of monomorphous structure on the hypothalamo-hypophysial control.", "PMID": 683969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5865", "title": "[Analysis of the function of the spinal cord monosynaptic apparatus in rats with manifest alloxan diabetes].", "content": "The intensity of the monosynaptic spinal cord reflex was studied in rats with prolonged severe diabetes mellitus and with that of moderate severity, of short duration. Methods of H-reflex and M-response of the motor nerves and muscles were used. The number of motor neurons taking part in the reflex proved to be less in diabetic animals; rhythmic H-reflex was depressed. These disturbances were primarily connected with the functional changes of the primary afferent terminals of the segmental spinal cord level. In animals with moderately severe diabetes the operative mediator fraction was readily exhausted and the mediator emission decreased. Besides, animals with a severe form of alloxan diabetes displayed postsynaptic disturbances. A positive correlation between the extent of the H-reflex depression and the severity (duration) of alloxan diabetes was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Analysis of the function of the spinal cord monosynaptic apparatus in rats with manifest alloxan diabetes]. The intensity of the monosynaptic spinal cord reflex was studied in rats with prolonged severe diabetes mellitus and with that of moderate severity, of short duration. Methods of H-reflex and M-response of the motor nerves and muscles were used. The number of motor neurons taking part in the reflex proved to be less in diabetic animals; rhythmic H-reflex was depressed. These disturbances were primarily connected with the functional changes of the primary afferent terminals of the segmental spinal cord level. In animals with moderately severe diabetes the operative mediator fraction was readily exhausted and the mediator emission decreased. Besides, animals with a severe form of alloxan diabetes displayed postsynaptic disturbances. A positive correlation between the extent of the H-reflex depression and the severity (duration) of alloxan diabetes was demonstrated.", "PMID": 683974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5866", "title": "[Study of the insulin-receptor interaction on the plasma membranes of rat liver].", "content": "The radioreceptor method was applied to the study of specific insulin binding on the plasma membranes of the rat liver. Highly purified plasma membranes were obtained and conditions of their incubation with insulin were worked out for this purpose. Two types of insulin receptors were revealed: the first one with Cass=3.8( +/- 0.4)x10(11)M-1 and binding capacity=0.7( +/- 0.1) pM/mg; the second one--with less relationship of Cass=8( +/- 1)x10(10)M-1 and binding capacity=5( +/- 0.7) pM/mg.", "contents": "[Study of the insulin-receptor interaction on the plasma membranes of rat liver]. The radioreceptor method was applied to the study of specific insulin binding on the plasma membranes of the rat liver. Highly purified plasma membranes were obtained and conditions of their incubation with insulin were worked out for this purpose. Two types of insulin receptors were revealed: the first one with Cass=3.8( +/- 0.4)x10(11)M-1 and binding capacity=0.7( +/- 0.1) pM/mg; the second one--with less relationship of Cass=8( +/- 1)x10(10)M-1 and binding capacity=5( +/- 0.7) pM/mg.", "PMID": 683973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5867", "title": "[Effect of thyroid hormones and iodine ions on the amino acid incorporation into proteins of liver mitochondria].", "content": "The thyroxin-like effect of I2 and ICl on the 3H-glycine and and 14C-leucine incorporation into proteins of mitochondria isolated from the liver of thyroidectomized animals was demonstrated. Triiodthyronine and iodine-containing substances increased in vitro incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins of isolated mitochondria. The stimulating effect of T3 and ICl was eliminated by olivomycine and chloramphenicol. The action of ICl in these reactions had a much shorter latent period in comparison with the T3 action. The effect of IC1 was expressed as soon as the 30th minute after the injection. The results obtained confirmed the supposition that under definite conditions iodine ions could imitate the effect of the thyroid hormones on the protein synthesis in the cell of animals; the problem of a possibility of thyroid hormones to realize its biological effect at the moelcular level with the aid of iodine ions is thus put forward.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroid hormones and iodine ions on the amino acid incorporation into proteins of liver mitochondria]. The thyroxin-like effect of I2 and ICl on the 3H-glycine and and 14C-leucine incorporation into proteins of mitochondria isolated from the liver of thyroidectomized animals was demonstrated. Triiodthyronine and iodine-containing substances increased in vitro incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins of isolated mitochondria. The stimulating effect of T3 and ICl was eliminated by olivomycine and chloramphenicol. The action of ICl in these reactions had a much shorter latent period in comparison with the T3 action. The effect of IC1 was expressed as soon as the 30th minute after the injection. The results obtained confirmed the supposition that under definite conditions iodine ions could imitate the effect of the thyroid hormones on the protein synthesis in the cell of animals; the problem of a possibility of thyroid hormones to realize its biological effect at the moelcular level with the aid of iodine ions is thus put forward.", "PMID": 683976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5868", "title": "[Effect of thyroxine and thyroidectomy on the activity of adenylate deaminase in the tissues of guinea pigs].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of thyroxin and thyroidectomy on adenylate deaminase activity in the liver, the myocardium, the brain and the skeletal muscles of guinea pigs. Thyroxin used in normal animals (200 microgram/100 g of body weight for 7 days) failed to alter the enzymatic activity in the tissues under study, whereas in thyroidectomized guinea pigs (50 microgram/100 g of body weight at the same interval)--it enhanced this activity. Thyroidectomy diminished the adenylate deaminase activity in the skeletal muscles and considerably increased it in the myocardium and in the brain.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroxine and thyroidectomy on the activity of adenylate deaminase in the tissues of guinea pigs]. The authors studied the influence of thyroxin and thyroidectomy on adenylate deaminase activity in the liver, the myocardium, the brain and the skeletal muscles of guinea pigs. Thyroxin used in normal animals (200 microgram/100 g of body weight for 7 days) failed to alter the enzymatic activity in the tissues under study, whereas in thyroidectomized guinea pigs (50 microgram/100 g of body weight at the same interval)--it enhanced this activity. Thyroidectomy diminished the adenylate deaminase activity in the skeletal muscles and considerably increased it in the myocardium and in the brain.", "PMID": 683975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5869", "title": "[Mechanism of oliguria in experimental hypoparathyroidism].", "content": "Diuresis was found to diminish considerably in dogs with removed (by enucleation or burning out) parathyroid glands chiefly on account of intensified tubular reabsorption. In the mechanism of oliguria in hypoparathyroidism a definite role is played by hypocalciemia. An acute reduction of blood calcium in intact dogs also suppressed diuresis. Dogs with hypoparathyroidism displayed a marked elevation of blood plasma antidiuretic activity and a high level of reabsorption of osmotically free water. Intravenous injection of adrenoblocker dihydroergotamine eliminated the suppression of diuresis in the parathyroprived dogs. Apparently, a definite role in the origin of oliguria belonged to substances of adrenergic nature.", "contents": "[Mechanism of oliguria in experimental hypoparathyroidism]. Diuresis was found to diminish considerably in dogs with removed (by enucleation or burning out) parathyroid glands chiefly on account of intensified tubular reabsorption. In the mechanism of oliguria in hypoparathyroidism a definite role is played by hypocalciemia. An acute reduction of blood calcium in intact dogs also suppressed diuresis. Dogs with hypoparathyroidism displayed a marked elevation of blood plasma antidiuretic activity and a high level of reabsorption of osmotically free water. Intravenous injection of adrenoblocker dihydroergotamine eliminated the suppression of diuresis in the parathyroprived dogs. Apparently, a definite role in the origin of oliguria belonged to substances of adrenergic nature.", "PMID": 683977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5870", "title": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the thyroid gland after correction of iodine and bromine deficiency].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rats; morphofunctional changes of the thyroid gland in correction of iodine and bromine deficiency, depending on the regimen of the microelements administration in the course of a one-week cycle were studied. Daily administration of a one-week dose of iodine and bromine proved to be most effective in respect to the normalization of the morphofunctional condition of the thyroid gland in animals given iodine-deficient diet. The lowest thyroid gland weight, intensification of the synthetic processes in the thyrocytes, complete utilization of the thyroid gland iodine, and enrichment of the organism with trace elements were noted. Recommendations are given concerning the expediency of the change of regimen of iodine and bromine administration in group antigoiter prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the thyroid gland after correction of iodine and bromine deficiency]. Experiments were conducted on rats; morphofunctional changes of the thyroid gland in correction of iodine and bromine deficiency, depending on the regimen of the microelements administration in the course of a one-week cycle were studied. Daily administration of a one-week dose of iodine and bromine proved to be most effective in respect to the normalization of the morphofunctional condition of the thyroid gland in animals given iodine-deficient diet. The lowest thyroid gland weight, intensification of the synthetic processes in the thyrocytes, complete utilization of the thyroid gland iodine, and enrichment of the organism with trace elements were noted. Recommendations are given concerning the expediency of the change of regimen of iodine and bromine administration in group antigoiter prophylaxis.", "PMID": 683978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5871", "title": "[Function of the neuromotor apparatus in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Peculiarities of the reflex and motor responses (H-and M-responses) of the soleus muscle in stimulation of the tibial nerve were studied in 69 patients with diabetes mellitus and in 44 healthy persons. The ratio of the maximal amplitudes of the H/M potentials studied usually decreased in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy in comparison with analogous indices in healthy persons. However, in the presence of labile or ketoacidotic forms of diabetes H/M increased considerably. Accelerated restoration of the H-reflex amplitude in coupled stimulations of the nerve in such patients indicated intensification of the facilitating cerebrospinal influences. A marked increase of the tendon and H-reflexes amplitude in patients with diabetes against the background of Jendrassik's method pointed to a possible deafferentation of the spinal centres. The results obtained indicated that, irrespective of the manifestations of the neuropathy symptoms, there were functional disturbances of both the segmental and suprasegmental formations controlling the motor function.", "contents": "[Function of the neuromotor apparatus in diabetes mellitus]. Peculiarities of the reflex and motor responses (H-and M-responses) of the soleus muscle in stimulation of the tibial nerve were studied in 69 patients with diabetes mellitus and in 44 healthy persons. The ratio of the maximal amplitudes of the H/M potentials studied usually decreased in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy in comparison with analogous indices in healthy persons. However, in the presence of labile or ketoacidotic forms of diabetes H/M increased considerably. Accelerated restoration of the H-reflex amplitude in coupled stimulations of the nerve in such patients indicated intensification of the facilitating cerebrospinal influences. A marked increase of the tendon and H-reflexes amplitude in patients with diabetes against the background of Jendrassik's method pointed to a possible deafferentation of the spinal centres. The results obtained indicated that, irrespective of the manifestations of the neuropathy symptoms, there were functional disturbances of both the segmental and suprasegmental formations controlling the motor function.", "PMID": 683980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5872", "title": "[Effect of steroids with anti-androgenic properties on the androgenic and myotrophic activity of testosterone and its various derivatives].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on castrated male rats. The effect of antiandrogen 17,17-dimethyl-18-norandrostadien-4,13-one-3 on the androgenic and myotrophic activity of testosterone and of some of its modified analogues, preparations with anabolic action, was studied. The intensity of the antihormonal effects depended not only on the antiandrogen dose used, but also on the dose of the agonist preparation. The author suggests a modification of the method used to assess the biological action of antiandrogens, consisting in a single administration of the \"anabolic\" preparation with a prolonged action and a 7-day administration of antiandrogen to castrated animals.", "contents": "[Effect of steroids with anti-androgenic properties on the androgenic and myotrophic activity of testosterone and its various derivatives]. Experiments were conducted on castrated male rats. The effect of antiandrogen 17,17-dimethyl-18-norandrostadien-4,13-one-3 on the androgenic and myotrophic activity of testosterone and of some of its modified analogues, preparations with anabolic action, was studied. The intensity of the antihormonal effects depended not only on the antiandrogen dose used, but also on the dose of the agonist preparation. The author suggests a modification of the method used to assess the biological action of antiandrogens, consisting in a single administration of the \"anabolic\" preparation with a prolonged action and a 7-day administration of antiandrogen to castrated animals.", "PMID": 683979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5873", "title": "[Effectiveness of nerobol and enteral oxygen therapy in experimental liver dystrophy].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 115 female albino rats; a study was made of the efficacy of nerobol and enteral oxygen therapy in acute dystrophy of the liver on the 7th and 14th days after the beginning of carbon tetrachloride administration. The use of nerobol, particularly in its combination with oxygen therapy, favoured gain in weight of the animals, improved their general condition, accelerated normalization of hepatic functions. Treatment promoted more rapid and complete restoration of the intensity of bile secretion, enhanced the synthesis of free bile acids, and also their conjugation with glycine and taurine. When combined with enteral oxygen therapy the efficacy of nerobol increased considerably.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of nerobol and enteral oxygen therapy in experimental liver dystrophy]. Experiments were conducted on 115 female albino rats; a study was made of the efficacy of nerobol and enteral oxygen therapy in acute dystrophy of the liver on the 7th and 14th days after the beginning of carbon tetrachloride administration. The use of nerobol, particularly in its combination with oxygen therapy, favoured gain in weight of the animals, improved their general condition, accelerated normalization of hepatic functions. Treatment promoted more rapid and complete restoration of the intensity of bile secretion, enhanced the synthesis of free bile acids, and also their conjugation with glycine and taurine. When combined with enteral oxygen therapy the efficacy of nerobol increased considerably.", "PMID": 683981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5874", "title": "Studies on the crystalline form of phenytoin.", "content": "Two crystalline forms of phenytoin were isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis. The dissolution behavior of the two forms was determined in water. The crystals of needle shape (form II) were found to exhibit slower dissolution rate than the other crystal form (form I).", "contents": "Studies on the crystalline form of phenytoin. Two crystalline forms of phenytoin were isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis. The dissolution behavior of the two forms was determined in water. The crystals of needle shape (form II) were found to exhibit slower dissolution rate than the other crystal form (form I).", "PMID": 684047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5875", "title": "A voltammetric study of trimethoprim.", "content": "With a dropping-mercury electrode well-developed dc. polarographic reduction waves of trimethoprim (1) were obtained with 0.1 M H2SO4, citrate buffers (pH = 3--4) and acetate buffers. The solutions contain 25% ethanol as co-solvent. The reduction process is irreversible and the limiting currents are directly proportional to the concentration of I within the range from 5.10(-5) to 10(-3)M. Coulometric measurements indicate that 4 electrons are consumed per molecule. The reduction process is initiated by the reduction of the 3, 4 double bond in the pyrimidine moiety but results in the final splithing-off of two amino groups. In acetonitrile with 0.1 M LiClO4 as supporting electrolyte, two concentration-proportional anodic oxidation waves are obtained with a rotated gold disk electrode.", "contents": "A voltammetric study of trimethoprim. With a dropping-mercury electrode well-developed dc. polarographic reduction waves of trimethoprim (1) were obtained with 0.1 M H2SO4, citrate buffers (pH = 3--4) and acetate buffers. The solutions contain 25% ethanol as co-solvent. The reduction process is irreversible and the limiting currents are directly proportional to the concentration of I within the range from 5.10(-5) to 10(-3)M. Coulometric measurements indicate that 4 electrons are consumed per molecule. The reduction process is initiated by the reduction of the 3, 4 double bond in the pyrimidine moiety but results in the final splithing-off of two amino groups. In acetonitrile with 0.1 M LiClO4 as supporting electrolyte, two concentration-proportional anodic oxidation waves are obtained with a rotated gold disk electrode.", "PMID": 684049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5876", "title": "Application of orthogonal functions to the determination of prednisolone and hydrocortisone in some pharmaceutical preparations.", "content": "Glenn's method of orthogonal functions has been successfully applied to the direct spectrophotometric determination of the title compounds in presence of phenylephrine and/or neomycin sulphate without preliminary separation. The proposed methods when applied to the analysis of market preparations are in good agreement with those of the triphenyltetrazolium colour reaction recommended as the official method.", "contents": "Application of orthogonal functions to the determination of prednisolone and hydrocortisone in some pharmaceutical preparations. Glenn's method of orthogonal functions has been successfully applied to the direct spectrophotometric determination of the title compounds in presence of phenylephrine and/or neomycin sulphate without preliminary separation. The proposed methods when applied to the analysis of market preparations are in good agreement with those of the triphenyltetrazolium colour reaction recommended as the official method.", "PMID": 684050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5877", "title": "MAO activity in rat brain stem and cerebral cortex: effect of acute and chronic treatment with ethanol and tetrahydropapaveroline.", "content": "Brain mitochondria were prepared from rat brain stem and cerebral cortex. Four substrates were used for enzyme characterization: dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline and tryptamine. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities were tested on two different groups of rats treated with ethanol and tetrahydropapaveroline (THP); another group was used as control group. Data obtained show that there is almost always activation of MAO activities after acute treatment with either ethanol or THP, while after chronic treatment, the two drugs show opposite effects. In particular, the same type of MAO activity continues to be activated by ethanol, whereas it is inhibited by THP.", "contents": "MAO activity in rat brain stem and cerebral cortex: effect of acute and chronic treatment with ethanol and tetrahydropapaveroline. Brain mitochondria were prepared from rat brain stem and cerebral cortex. Four substrates were used for enzyme characterization: dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline and tryptamine. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities were tested on two different groups of rats treated with ethanol and tetrahydropapaveroline (THP); another group was used as control group. Data obtained show that there is almost always activation of MAO activities after acute treatment with either ethanol or THP, while after chronic treatment, the two drugs show opposite effects. In particular, the same type of MAO activity continues to be activated by ethanol, whereas it is inhibited by THP.", "PMID": 684069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5878", "title": "Action of cytidine diphosphocholine on functional and hemodynamic effects of cerebral ischemia in cats.", "content": "The depression of evoked cortical potentials caused by brief periods of cerebral ischemia is attenuated by prior intracarotid injection of cytidoline (2, 4 or 8 mg/kg). Studies performed in hypercapnic cats suggest that the protection afforded by cytidoline is of metabolic rather than hemodynamic origin. The participation of the central dopaminergic structures by the drug is suggested according to the previous data.", "contents": "Action of cytidine diphosphocholine on functional and hemodynamic effects of cerebral ischemia in cats. The depression of evoked cortical potentials caused by brief periods of cerebral ischemia is attenuated by prior intracarotid injection of cytidoline (2, 4 or 8 mg/kg). Studies performed in hypercapnic cats suggest that the protection afforded by cytidoline is of metabolic rather than hemodynamic origin. The participation of the central dopaminergic structures by the drug is suggested according to the previous data.", "PMID": 684070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5879", "title": "Reversal by theophylline of some changes characteristically accompanying hypothyroidism in rats.", "content": "Chronic dietary administration of theophylline (0.625, 1.25 or 2.50 g/kg food) for 7--9 weeks prevented the decrease in resting oxygen consumption, heart rate and systolic blood pressure characteristically observed in rats treated simultaneously with either of the antithyroid drugs, aminotriazole (ATZ; 0.25 g/kg food) or propylthiouracil (1.0 g/kg food). However, theophylline failed to restore both the food intake and growth rate of hypothyroid rats to that of euthyroid controls. Measurements of 131I uptake by the thyroid gland, thyroid acinar cell height and protein-bound iodine failed to reveal an effect of theophylline in either control or hypothyroid animals although theophylline increased thyroid to body weight ratio in both groups. Thus, the restoration of rate of oxygen consumption, heart rate and systolic blood pressure of hypothyroid rats to that of euthyroid controls was apparently not exerted through an increase in thyroid activity. The reduction in rate of oxygen consumption, heart rate and systolic blood pressure, generally associated with lack of thyroid hormone, appear more likely to be associated with reduced responsiveness to catecholamines in the hypothyroid rats. The results suggest that an increase in the half-life of cAMP by administration of theophylline to hypothyroid rats returned these functions to the level of euthyroid controls.", "contents": "Reversal by theophylline of some changes characteristically accompanying hypothyroidism in rats. Chronic dietary administration of theophylline (0.625, 1.25 or 2.50 g/kg food) for 7--9 weeks prevented the decrease in resting oxygen consumption, heart rate and systolic blood pressure characteristically observed in rats treated simultaneously with either of the antithyroid drugs, aminotriazole (ATZ; 0.25 g/kg food) or propylthiouracil (1.0 g/kg food). However, theophylline failed to restore both the food intake and growth rate of hypothyroid rats to that of euthyroid controls. Measurements of 131I uptake by the thyroid gland, thyroid acinar cell height and protein-bound iodine failed to reveal an effect of theophylline in either control or hypothyroid animals although theophylline increased thyroid to body weight ratio in both groups. Thus, the restoration of rate of oxygen consumption, heart rate and systolic blood pressure of hypothyroid rats to that of euthyroid controls was apparently not exerted through an increase in thyroid activity. The reduction in rate of oxygen consumption, heart rate and systolic blood pressure, generally associated with lack of thyroid hormone, appear more likely to be associated with reduced responsiveness to catecholamines in the hypothyroid rats. The results suggest that an increase in the half-life of cAMP by administration of theophylline to hypothyroid rats returned these functions to the level of euthyroid controls.", "PMID": 684071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5880", "title": "Biochemical effects of gum arabic, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose-Na in rat heart and liver.", "content": "Repeated oral administration of commonly used suspending media, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose-Na to rats caused uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in liver and heart mitochondria and partial inhibition of mixed function oxidases of liver endoplasmic reticulum, as measured by 2-biphenylhydroxylation and 4-biphenylhydroxylation. There were considerable differences between the compounds with regard to potency and reversibility of these effects. Only methylcellulose at a concentration of 0.5% did not alter mitochondrial function and mixed function oxidases. It is recommended as suspending medium for the use in pharmacological and toxicological experiments.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of gum arabic, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose-Na in rat heart and liver. Repeated oral administration of commonly used suspending media, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose-Na to rats caused uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in liver and heart mitochondria and partial inhibition of mixed function oxidases of liver endoplasmic reticulum, as measured by 2-biphenylhydroxylation and 4-biphenylhydroxylation. There were considerable differences between the compounds with regard to potency and reversibility of these effects. Only methylcellulose at a concentration of 0.5% did not alter mitochondrial function and mixed function oxidases. It is recommended as suspending medium for the use in pharmacological and toxicological experiments.", "PMID": 684072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5881", "title": "Effect of salicylic acid on articular cartilage in organ culture.", "content": "An organ culture system was used to study the metabolic effects of exposure of articular cartilage to increasing concentrations of salicylic acid. It was shown that concentration of salicylate above 1 mM inhibited the incorporation of 35S-sulphate into proteoglycans and at concentrations above 2.5 mM inhibited the incorporation of 3H-proline into collagen. Long-term exposure of the cartilage to salicylic acid at concentrations above 1 mM had a toxic effect on both proteoglycan and collagen synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of salicylic acid on articular cartilage in organ culture. An organ culture system was used to study the metabolic effects of exposure of articular cartilage to increasing concentrations of salicylic acid. It was shown that concentration of salicylate above 1 mM inhibited the incorporation of 35S-sulphate into proteoglycans and at concentrations above 2.5 mM inhibited the incorporation of 3H-proline into collagen. Long-term exposure of the cartilage to salicylic acid at concentrations above 1 mM had a toxic effect on both proteoglycan and collagen synthesis.", "PMID": 684073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5882", "title": "Anti-inflammatory and antiproteolytic properties of 2-[acyl-N-(substituted benzylidene)hydrazino]5-phenyltetrazoles.", "content": "Ten 2-[acyl-N-(substituted benzylidene)hydrazino]5-phenyltetrazoles were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory and antiproteolytic activity. The protection afforded by these tetrazoles at a dose of 100 mg/kg i.p., against carrageenin-induced edema in rats, ranged from 11 to 46%. Oxyphenbutazone (40 mg/kg i.p.), and hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg i.p.), used as reference drugs, exhibited protection of 54 and 47%, respectively. The antiproteolytic activity of these tetrazoles, as reflected by their ability to inhibit trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin, ranged from 17 to 57%. The antiproteolytic activity was found to be unrelated to the anti-inflammatory activity possessed by these tetrazoles.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory and antiproteolytic properties of 2-[acyl-N-(substituted benzylidene)hydrazino]5-phenyltetrazoles. Ten 2-[acyl-N-(substituted benzylidene)hydrazino]5-phenyltetrazoles were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory and antiproteolytic activity. The protection afforded by these tetrazoles at a dose of 100 mg/kg i.p., against carrageenin-induced edema in rats, ranged from 11 to 46%. Oxyphenbutazone (40 mg/kg i.p.), and hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg i.p.), used as reference drugs, exhibited protection of 54 and 47%, respectively. The antiproteolytic activity of these tetrazoles, as reflected by their ability to inhibit trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin, ranged from 17 to 57%. The antiproteolytic activity was found to be unrelated to the anti-inflammatory activity possessed by these tetrazoles.", "PMID": 684074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5883", "title": "Model of central chemical 'serotoninectomy' in mice.", "content": "The influence of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) on the level of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in discrete brain areas of mice was studied. Moreover, the level of free and total acetylcholine (Ach) in the whole brain was measured. The behaviour of animals was also observed. 5,7-DHT caused a relatively specific short-term decrease of 5-HT and 5-HIAA level in discrete areas of mice brain with the decrease of DA level in the striatum. This substance seems to produce a relatively specific disruption of central 5-HT neurons in mice. 5,7-DHT is an unspecific neurotoxic drug for mouse brain. Both substances did not affect the gross behaviour of mice.", "contents": "Model of central chemical 'serotoninectomy' in mice. The influence of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) on the level of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in discrete brain areas of mice was studied. Moreover, the level of free and total acetylcholine (Ach) in the whole brain was measured. The behaviour of animals was also observed. 5,7-DHT caused a relatively specific short-term decrease of 5-HT and 5-HIAA level in discrete areas of mice brain with the decrease of DA level in the striatum. This substance seems to produce a relatively specific disruption of central 5-HT neurons in mice. 5,7-DHT is an unspecific neurotoxic drug for mouse brain. Both substances did not affect the gross behaviour of mice.", "PMID": 684075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5884", "title": "Interaction of pargyline with rat hepatic microsomes.", "content": "When administered by intraperitoneal injection daily for 3, 7 or 14 days, pargyline (75 mg/kg) significantly reduced rat hepatic microsomal ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content. Injection of a lower dose of pargyline (15 mg/kg) failed to alter significantly either ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity or cytochrome P-450 content. Studies performed in vitro reveal that pargyline is metabolized to at least three compounds by rat hepatic microsomes. Thin-layer chromatography and other analyses suggest that one metabolite is an N-demethylated form, norpargyline.", "contents": "Interaction of pargyline with rat hepatic microsomes. When administered by intraperitoneal injection daily for 3, 7 or 14 days, pargyline (75 mg/kg) significantly reduced rat hepatic microsomal ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content. Injection of a lower dose of pargyline (15 mg/kg) failed to alter significantly either ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity or cytochrome P-450 content. Studies performed in vitro reveal that pargyline is metabolized to at least three compounds by rat hepatic microsomes. Thin-layer chromatography and other analyses suggest that one metabolite is an N-demethylated form, norpargyline.", "PMID": 684076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5885", "title": "Initial studies on the disposition of quinolinium dibromide (NSC-176319) in mice and rats.", "content": "The disposition of quinolinium dibromide (QdB), a highly active agent against murine L1210 leukemia was studied using 14C-labeled drug. Excretion of radioactivity was slow, with only 10 and 16% of the dose eliminated in the urine and 19 and 24% in the feces, 96h after intraperitoneal administration of QdB to mice and rats, respectively. Plasma levels of 14C were low and decreased with time, whereas tissue concentrations were high and remained elevated. Differences in tissue concentrations observed in the rat 96 h following intravenous and intraperitoneal dosing could be explained by QdB binding. A strong association between QdB and DNA was indicated by the effect of DNA on the absorption spectrum and Sephadex G-200 elution profile of QdB.", "contents": "Initial studies on the disposition of quinolinium dibromide (NSC-176319) in mice and rats. The disposition of quinolinium dibromide (QdB), a highly active agent against murine L1210 leukemia was studied using 14C-labeled drug. Excretion of radioactivity was slow, with only 10 and 16% of the dose eliminated in the urine and 19 and 24% in the feces, 96h after intraperitoneal administration of QdB to mice and rats, respectively. Plasma levels of 14C were low and decreased with time, whereas tissue concentrations were high and remained elevated. Differences in tissue concentrations observed in the rat 96 h following intravenous and intraperitoneal dosing could be explained by QdB binding. A strong association between QdB and DNA was indicated by the effect of DNA on the absorption spectrum and Sephadex G-200 elution profile of QdB.", "PMID": 684077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5886", "title": "Cholestatic effects of cis-chlorprothixene on the perfused rat liver.", "content": "The cis-isomer of chlorprothixene (CPX) inhibited the excretory function of the isolated perfused rat liver. It decreased the biliary clearance and transport maximum of sulfobromophthalein (BSP). Calculation of the BSP 'clearance constants' suggested that the primary effect of the drug was on excretion and not uptake. The ability of the drug to inhibit the excretion of indocyanine green suggested that the effects of CPX were not the result of inhibition of hepatic conjugative enzymes. Measurement of 14C-erythritol clearance indicated that the deleterious effects of CPX on bile formation were at the canalicular level and that they were mainly on the bile acid-independent fraction of bile. The data indicated that the adverse effects of CPX were at the excretory level of the hepatocyte.", "contents": "Cholestatic effects of cis-chlorprothixene on the perfused rat liver. The cis-isomer of chlorprothixene (CPX) inhibited the excretory function of the isolated perfused rat liver. It decreased the biliary clearance and transport maximum of sulfobromophthalein (BSP). Calculation of the BSP 'clearance constants' suggested that the primary effect of the drug was on excretion and not uptake. The ability of the drug to inhibit the excretion of indocyanine green suggested that the effects of CPX were not the result of inhibition of hepatic conjugative enzymes. Measurement of 14C-erythritol clearance indicated that the deleterious effects of CPX on bile formation were at the canalicular level and that they were mainly on the bile acid-independent fraction of bile. The data indicated that the adverse effects of CPX were at the excretory level of the hepatocyte.", "PMID": 684078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5887", "title": "Effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the gastrointestinal tract of the rat.", "content": "THC was neither ulcerogenic in 'semi-fasted' of 18-hour fasted rats following an oral dose of 100.0 mg/kg nor did it promote fecal blood loss (51Cr-labelled erythrocyte test) in the fasted rat after a dose of 200.0 mg/kg. On the contrary, 200.0 mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid was ulcerogenic and caused fecal blood loss in the fasted rat. Neither substance caused mortalities at the doses tested.", "contents": "Effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. THC was neither ulcerogenic in 'semi-fasted' of 18-hour fasted rats following an oral dose of 100.0 mg/kg nor did it promote fecal blood loss (51Cr-labelled erythrocyte test) in the fasted rat after a dose of 200.0 mg/kg. On the contrary, 200.0 mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid was ulcerogenic and caused fecal blood loss in the fasted rat. Neither substance caused mortalities at the doses tested.", "PMID": 684079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5888", "title": "Effects of delta9-THC on the synaptosomal uptake of 3H-tryptophan and 3H-choline.", "content": "The in vitro addition of (-)-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) resulted in a dose-responsive inhibition of the high-affinity specific synaptosomal uptake of both 3H-tryptophan and 3H-choline in mouse forebrain crude synaptosomal preparations. The approximate concentrations of delta9-THC required to cause a 50% inhibition of the uptake of 3H-tryptophan and 3H-choline were 33 and 16 muM, respectively. Kinetic analysis showed that inhibition of both compounds were consistent with a noncompetitive mechanism. The pretreatment of mice with doses of 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg delta9-THC had no effect on the subsequent in vitro synaptosomal uptake of either 3H-tryptophan or 3H-choline into forebrain synaptosomes.", "contents": "Effects of delta9-THC on the synaptosomal uptake of 3H-tryptophan and 3H-choline. The in vitro addition of (-)-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) resulted in a dose-responsive inhibition of the high-affinity specific synaptosomal uptake of both 3H-tryptophan and 3H-choline in mouse forebrain crude synaptosomal preparations. The approximate concentrations of delta9-THC required to cause a 50% inhibition of the uptake of 3H-tryptophan and 3H-choline were 33 and 16 muM, respectively. Kinetic analysis showed that inhibition of both compounds were consistent with a noncompetitive mechanism. The pretreatment of mice with doses of 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg delta9-THC had no effect on the subsequent in vitro synaptosomal uptake of either 3H-tryptophan or 3H-choline into forebrain synaptosomes.", "PMID": 684080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5889", "title": "Survey of physical therapy provided to infants uder three months of age.", "content": "A survey of the extent and type of physical therapy provided to infants less than three months of age was carried out by means of a questionnaire sent to 208 administrators of physical therapy departments in medical school-affiliated hospitals across the United States. Of the 142 administrators who responded, 58.5 percent did not treat or evaluate infants under three months of age. Those treating infants under three months of age used a wide variety of treatments and evaluative forms. The types of treatments and evaluations used are presented.", "contents": "Survey of physical therapy provided to infants uder three months of age. A survey of the extent and type of physical therapy provided to infants less than three months of age was carried out by means of a questionnaire sent to 208 administrators of physical therapy departments in medical school-affiliated hospitals across the United States. Of the 142 administrators who responded, 58.5 percent did not treat or evaluate infants under three months of age. Those treating infants under three months of age used a wide variety of treatments and evaluative forms. The types of treatments and evaluations used are presented.", "PMID": 684081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5890", "title": "Primitive reflex profile. A pilot study.", "content": "Seven primitive reflexes used by physical and occupational therapists in evaluating children with cerebral palsy were each graded on a 0 to 4+ scale to constitute a Primitive Reflex Profile. The reflexes studied were the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, the symmetrical tonic neck reflex, the tonic labyrinthine reflex, the positive support reflex, the derotational righting reflex, the Moro reflex, and the Galant reflex. The Primitive Reflex Profile was studied in 53 cerebral palsied patients to assess both the feasibility of its administration and its usefulness in discriminating functional levels of ambulation. The Primitive Reflex Profile was administered by at least two members of a team consisting of four pediatric developmentalists and two physical therapists. In using this instrument, the extreme functional groups were clearly defined and showed the expected overlap with the intermediate classification.", "contents": "Primitive reflex profile. A pilot study. Seven primitive reflexes used by physical and occupational therapists in evaluating children with cerebral palsy were each graded on a 0 to 4+ scale to constitute a Primitive Reflex Profile. The reflexes studied were the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, the symmetrical tonic neck reflex, the tonic labyrinthine reflex, the positive support reflex, the derotational righting reflex, the Moro reflex, and the Galant reflex. The Primitive Reflex Profile was studied in 53 cerebral palsied patients to assess both the feasibility of its administration and its usefulness in discriminating functional levels of ambulation. The Primitive Reflex Profile was administered by at least two members of a team consisting of four pediatric developmentalists and two physical therapists. In using this instrument, the extreme functional groups were clearly defined and showed the expected overlap with the intermediate classification.", "PMID": 684082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5891", "title": "Semicircular canal stimulation in cerebral palsied children.", "content": "Twelve cerebral palsied children were exposed to 16 sessions of horizontal and vertical semicircular canal stimulation over a four-week period in order to determine the effectiveness of this form of stimulation as a therapeutic procedure. A control group of 11 cerebral palsied children was included. A quantitative evaluation of a series of reflexes and of gross motor skills showed a highly significant degree of improvement following the four weeks of treatment. A qualitative evaluation of each subject corroborated these findings and suggested improvements in fine motor control and in social/emotional behavior. A possible central nervous system mechanism underlying the improvement in motor skills is discussed.", "contents": "Semicircular canal stimulation in cerebral palsied children. Twelve cerebral palsied children were exposed to 16 sessions of horizontal and vertical semicircular canal stimulation over a four-week period in order to determine the effectiveness of this form of stimulation as a therapeutic procedure. A control group of 11 cerebral palsied children was included. A quantitative evaluation of a series of reflexes and of gross motor skills showed a highly significant degree of improvement following the four weeks of treatment. A qualitative evaluation of each subject corroborated these findings and suggested improvements in fine motor control and in social/emotional behavior. A possible central nervous system mechanism underlying the improvement in motor skills is discussed.", "PMID": 684083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5892", "title": "Who should make moral policy decisions in health care?", "content": "Physical therapists are not always involved in the formulation of moral policy that significantly affects their professional practice as clinicians, researchers, and educators. This paper analyzes five major positions being taken regarding what the physical therapist's role ought to be, and suggests possibilities for increased involvement in the policy-making process.", "contents": "Who should make moral policy decisions in health care? Physical therapists are not always involved in the formulation of moral policy that significantly affects their professional practice as clinicians, researchers, and educators. This paper analyzes five major positions being taken regarding what the physical therapist's role ought to be, and suggests possibilities for increased involvement in the policy-making process.", "PMID": 684084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5893", "title": "Countertransference examples of the syntactic expression of warded-off contents.", "content": "This is a preliminary statement of the hypothesis that syntax in speech may act as an \"incidental stimulus\" in the communication of mental contents which the speaker is motivated both to conceal and to express. Ten clinical examples, taken from verbatim transcripts of one psychoanalyst's interventions in a recorded case, illustrate the expression of countertransference attitudes by syntactic and other linguistic properties such as: the agentless passive, pronominal ambiguity, yes/no questions, extraposition, the pseudocleft construction, delaying tactics, the passive construction and conceptual focus, lists and logical complexity, foregrounding, syntactic and lexical ambiguity, subordinate clauses and syntactic opacity.", "contents": "Countertransference examples of the syntactic expression of warded-off contents. This is a preliminary statement of the hypothesis that syntax in speech may act as an \"incidental stimulus\" in the communication of mental contents which the speaker is motivated both to conceal and to express. Ten clinical examples, taken from verbatim transcripts of one psychoanalyst's interventions in a recorded case, illustrate the expression of countertransference attitudes by syntactic and other linguistic properties such as: the agentless passive, pronominal ambiguity, yes/no questions, extraposition, the pseudocleft construction, delaying tactics, the passive construction and conceptual focus, lists and logical complexity, foregrounding, syntactic and lexical ambiguity, subordinate clauses and syntactic opacity.", "PMID": 684128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5894", "title": "A critical consideration of Bowlby's ethological theory of anxiety.", "content": "Freud acknowledged how difficult it is to understand why some people are able to utilize anxiety effectively for the purposes of their lives, whereas others suffer psychopathology on account of it. Bowlby has recently advanced the hypothesis that the cause of the difference is to be found in the relation of children to their mothers and their substitutes. It is upon this relationship that individuals depend for the homeostatic regulation of their reactions of anxiety. This paper is a critical evaluation of Bowlby's theory of anxiety.", "contents": "A critical consideration of Bowlby's ethological theory of anxiety. Freud acknowledged how difficult it is to understand why some people are able to utilize anxiety effectively for the purposes of their lives, whereas others suffer psychopathology on account of it. Bowlby has recently advanced the hypothesis that the cause of the difference is to be found in the relation of children to their mothers and their substitutes. It is upon this relationship that individuals depend for the homeostatic regulation of their reactions of anxiety. This paper is a critical evaluation of Bowlby's theory of anxiety.", "PMID": 684129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5895", "title": "Sex differences in psychoneuroendocrine reactions to examination stress.", "content": "Sex differences in adaptation and coping were studied by comparing neuroendocrine and psychological functions in male and female high-school students during 2--3 hr of routine school work (control condition) and a 6-hr matriculation examination (stress condition). In the control condition sex differences were slight and nonsignificant. During examination stress, the urinary excretion of cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethylene glycol (MOPEG or MHPG) increased in both sexes, but to a consistently greater extent in the male group, significantly so for adrenaline and MOPEG. Both sexes performed equally well in the examination, but self-reports showed that feelings of success and confidence were common among males, whereas feelings of discomfort and failure dominated in the female group. High discomfort correlated with poor performance in the males but with good performance in the females.", "contents": "Sex differences in psychoneuroendocrine reactions to examination stress. Sex differences in adaptation and coping were studied by comparing neuroendocrine and psychological functions in male and female high-school students during 2--3 hr of routine school work (control condition) and a 6-hr matriculation examination (stress condition). In the control condition sex differences were slight and nonsignificant. During examination stress, the urinary excretion of cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethylene glycol (MOPEG or MHPG) increased in both sexes, but to a consistently greater extent in the male group, significantly so for adrenaline and MOPEG. Both sexes performed equally well in the examination, but self-reports showed that feelings of success and confidence were common among males, whereas feelings of discomfort and failure dominated in the female group. High discomfort correlated with poor performance in the males but with good performance in the females.", "PMID": 684135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5896", "title": "Evidence for physiological response stereotypy in migraine headache.", "content": "Several biological theories of psychosomatic disorders predict that susceptible individuals will have stereotypic physiological responses to stress. This hypothesis was tested in a sample of 13 migraine headache subjects by observing their head and hand temperature, frontal electromyography (EMG), heart rate, skin conductance level, and finger pulse amplitude under the conditions of rest, orienting to a tone, time estimation, reaction time, and mental arithmetic. Thirteen nonheadache cohorts served as a control group. For the migraine group, analyses of variance revealed significantly warmer head and hand temperatures and lower frontal EMG. Range-corrected data, which allow comparisons among the physiological measures, showed the migraine group to have a more stereotypic response pattern across tasks. Discriminant analyses, using both untransformed and range-corrected data made excellent post-dictions of group membership.", "contents": "Evidence for physiological response stereotypy in migraine headache. Several biological theories of psychosomatic disorders predict that susceptible individuals will have stereotypic physiological responses to stress. This hypothesis was tested in a sample of 13 migraine headache subjects by observing their head and hand temperature, frontal electromyography (EMG), heart rate, skin conductance level, and finger pulse amplitude under the conditions of rest, orienting to a tone, time estimation, reaction time, and mental arithmetic. Thirteen nonheadache cohorts served as a control group. For the migraine group, analyses of variance revealed significantly warmer head and hand temperatures and lower frontal EMG. Range-corrected data, which allow comparisons among the physiological measures, showed the migraine group to have a more stereotypic response pattern across tasks. Discriminant analyses, using both untransformed and range-corrected data made excellent post-dictions of group membership.", "PMID": 684136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5897", "title": "Facial electromyography in the assessment of improvement in depression.", "content": "Depressed patients who showed decreases in resting corrugator muscle tension levels, as measured electromyographically, also showed improvement in clinical symptoms, as assessed by the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale over a 2-week period. Patients showing good clinical improvement after 2 weeks had resting pretreatment corrugator levels higher than those showing little clinical improvement, suggesting that corrugator activity might also serve as a forecaster of subsequent change. These findings support Darwin's 1872 hypothesis concerning the role of the \"grief\" muscle in depression. Furthermore, psychophysiological recording of patterns of facial muscle activity may have value in the clinical assessment of depression and treatment effects.", "contents": "Facial electromyography in the assessment of improvement in depression. Depressed patients who showed decreases in resting corrugator muscle tension levels, as measured electromyographically, also showed improvement in clinical symptoms, as assessed by the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale over a 2-week period. Patients showing good clinical improvement after 2 weeks had resting pretreatment corrugator levels higher than those showing little clinical improvement, suggesting that corrugator activity might also serve as a forecaster of subsequent change. These findings support Darwin's 1872 hypothesis concerning the role of the \"grief\" muscle in depression. Furthermore, psychophysiological recording of patterns of facial muscle activity may have value in the clinical assessment of depression and treatment effects.", "PMID": 684137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5898", "title": "Effects of news events on response to a breast cancer screening program.", "content": "An opportunity to examine the effects of significant, widely reported events on participation in a breast cancer screening program was presented when countrywide public attention was called to breast cancer by reports of the breast surgery of the wives of President and Vice President of United States. These events occurred in September and October 1974 while a breast cancer screening program was underway in the health Insurance Plan of Greater New York. The research design of this program permitted measurements to be made of the participation of the plan's members in the screening before, during, and after these famous mastectomies and of the participants' characteristics during different periods of the research program. In late 1974, when there was great mass media emphasis on breast cancer, participation rates in the breast cancer screening program increased significantly. In the study periods immediately following, however, participation rates declined to previous levels. The increase in Participation rates in late 1974 was fairly uniform among all demographic groups, whether classified by age, education, income, race, or religion. In addition to increases in the participation rate associated with the events of late 1974, there was also an increased tendency among women who were screened to respond readily to mailed invitations to appear for screenings. This increase insensitivity to efforts to win their participation was more pronounced among those groups that this study and other studies have shown are more likely to participate in preventive health programs and to respond more readily to request to participate.", "contents": "Effects of news events on response to a breast cancer screening program. An opportunity to examine the effects of significant, widely reported events on participation in a breast cancer screening program was presented when countrywide public attention was called to breast cancer by reports of the breast surgery of the wives of President and Vice President of United States. These events occurred in September and October 1974 while a breast cancer screening program was underway in the health Insurance Plan of Greater New York. The research design of this program permitted measurements to be made of the participation of the plan's members in the screening before, during, and after these famous mastectomies and of the participants' characteristics during different periods of the research program. In late 1974, when there was great mass media emphasis on breast cancer, participation rates in the breast cancer screening program increased significantly. In the study periods immediately following, however, participation rates declined to previous levels. The increase in Participation rates in late 1974 was fairly uniform among all demographic groups, whether classified by age, education, income, race, or religion. In addition to increases in the participation rate associated with the events of late 1974, there was also an increased tendency among women who were screened to respond readily to mailed invitations to appear for screenings. This increase insensitivity to efforts to win their participation was more pronounced among those groups that this study and other studies have shown are more likely to participate in preventive health programs and to respond more readily to request to participate.", "PMID": 684143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5899", "title": "Monitoring digoxin therapy. The use of plasma digoxin concentration measurements in the diagnosis of digoxin toxicity.", "content": "The usefulness of measuring plasma digoxin concentrations in the diagnosis of digoxin toxicity has been assessed in 83 in-patients. The mean plasma digoxin concentration in clinically toxic patients was significantly higher than the mean concentration in non-toxic patients. The overlap between the groups, however, was extensive and could partly be accounted for by hypokalaemia in those toxic patients whose plasma digoxin concentration was less than 3 ng/ml. There was, in addition, a higher incidence of hyperkalaemia, without obvious cause, in toxic patients than in non-toxic patients. Consideration of the incidence of various non-cardiac factors, specifically plasma potassium concentration greater than 5.0 mmol/l, plasma creatinine concentration greater than 150 mumol/l, daily maintenance dose greater than 6 microgram/kg, and age greater than 60 years, led to the development of guidelines to aid in the diagnosis of digoxin toxicity. Patients with plasma digoxin concentration greater than 3 ng/ml or with hypokalaemia should be considered probably toxic and those with plasma digoxin concentration greater than or equal to 3 ng/ml in the absence of hypokalaemia should only be considered toxic if they have at least two of the non-cardiac factors outlined above. Plasma digoxin concentrations could not be predicted with more than 31 per cent certainty by considering the magnitude of those non-cardiac factors.", "contents": "Monitoring digoxin therapy. The use of plasma digoxin concentration measurements in the diagnosis of digoxin toxicity. The usefulness of measuring plasma digoxin concentrations in the diagnosis of digoxin toxicity has been assessed in 83 in-patients. The mean plasma digoxin concentration in clinically toxic patients was significantly higher than the mean concentration in non-toxic patients. The overlap between the groups, however, was extensive and could partly be accounted for by hypokalaemia in those toxic patients whose plasma digoxin concentration was less than 3 ng/ml. There was, in addition, a higher incidence of hyperkalaemia, without obvious cause, in toxic patients than in non-toxic patients. Consideration of the incidence of various non-cardiac factors, specifically plasma potassium concentration greater than 5.0 mmol/l, plasma creatinine concentration greater than 150 mumol/l, daily maintenance dose greater than 6 microgram/kg, and age greater than 60 years, led to the development of guidelines to aid in the diagnosis of digoxin toxicity. Patients with plasma digoxin concentration greater than 3 ng/ml or with hypokalaemia should be considered probably toxic and those with plasma digoxin concentration greater than or equal to 3 ng/ml in the absence of hypokalaemia should only be considered toxic if they have at least two of the non-cardiac factors outlined above. Plasma digoxin concentrations could not be predicted with more than 31 per cent certainty by considering the magnitude of those non-cardiac factors.", "PMID": 684152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5900", "title": "Detection, significance and treatment of paraprotein in patients presenting with 'idiopathic' proteinuria without myeloma.", "content": "This paper describes the detection of a paraprotein in blood or urine in 12 of 260 patients with 'idiopathic' proteinuria, most of whom presented with the nephrotic syndrome. None had myeloma at presentation and only two have developed it. Initial clinical and biochemical findings did not suggest paraprotein-associated disease, total serum globulins and individual immunoglobulin levels usually being in the normal range. In seven of the 12 cases the paraprotein was detected only after repeated analysis of serum and urine specimens over months or years. Renal histopathology varied from case to case and is described in detail; amyloid deposition did not occur in patients who excreted kappa chain Bence Jones protein and was extensive in only three. One of these eventually developed myeloma. Patients were aged 27--69 years at onset and were observed without specific therapy for up to 56 months. Glomerular filtration rate tended to decline and proteinuria persisted. All patients have now been treated by a chemotherapeutic regimen consisting of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and prednisolone, in repeated short courses. In some patients, particularly those who had kappa Bence Jones protein, there was striking improvement. Overall survival is good, eight patients being alive 17--90 months after the onset of symptoms. The importance of repeated search for paraprotein in apparently idiopathic renal disease in adults is emphasized.", "contents": "Detection, significance and treatment of paraprotein in patients presenting with 'idiopathic' proteinuria without myeloma. This paper describes the detection of a paraprotein in blood or urine in 12 of 260 patients with 'idiopathic' proteinuria, most of whom presented with the nephrotic syndrome. None had myeloma at presentation and only two have developed it. Initial clinical and biochemical findings did not suggest paraprotein-associated disease, total serum globulins and individual immunoglobulin levels usually being in the normal range. In seven of the 12 cases the paraprotein was detected only after repeated analysis of serum and urine specimens over months or years. Renal histopathology varied from case to case and is described in detail; amyloid deposition did not occur in patients who excreted kappa chain Bence Jones protein and was extensive in only three. One of these eventually developed myeloma. Patients were aged 27--69 years at onset and were observed without specific therapy for up to 56 months. Glomerular filtration rate tended to decline and proteinuria persisted. All patients have now been treated by a chemotherapeutic regimen consisting of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and prednisolone, in repeated short courses. In some patients, particularly those who had kappa Bence Jones protein, there was striking improvement. Overall survival is good, eight patients being alive 17--90 months after the onset of symptoms. The importance of repeated search for paraprotein in apparently idiopathic renal disease in adults is emphasized.", "PMID": 684153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5901", "title": "The definition and classification of stroke. A new approach.", "content": "Accuracy of diagnosis, both anatomical and pathological, and disability scoring would add to the quality of certification data, and would help in comparing reports on strokes as well as with data regarding referral history and therapeutic trials. Considerable information could be made available by the use of new types of certification. The problems of existing definition and classification are discussed and a new classification for stroke is described.", "contents": "The definition and classification of stroke. A new approach. Accuracy of diagnosis, both anatomical and pathological, and disability scoring would add to the quality of certification data, and would help in comparing reports on strokes as well as with data regarding referral history and therapeutic trials. Considerable information could be made available by the use of new types of certification. The problems of existing definition and classification are discussed and a new classification for stroke is described.", "PMID": 684154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5902", "title": "Death after legally induced abortion. A comprehensive approach for determination of abortion-related deaths based on record linkage.", "content": "The sources for determination of abortion-related deaths in Georgia are the cause of death listed on the death certificate and reports from informal reporting channels. Although Georgia residents 10-44 years of age obtained 19,877 induced abortions in 1975, no deaths related to abortion were found through these two usual sources. To determine the sensitivity of this system, all abortion certificates for 1975 were compared with all death certificates of Georgia females aged 10-44 who died in 1975 and the first 2 months of 1976. Based on the age and racial distribution of the women who received abortions, approximately 13 deaths (from all causes) would be expected to have subsequently occurred during the period of time studied. The authors found only 10. From national death-to-case rates for legal abortion, the expected number actually atrributable to abortion was 0.78 death. Of the 10 deaths, 2 were potentially related to the previous abortion, but a causal relationship to the preceding abortion was not clearly evident for any of the 10 deaths. The data, therefore, tend to support the assertion that no large numbers of deaths related to abortion are undiscovered and that current measurements of abortion mortality are accurate.", "contents": "Death after legally induced abortion. A comprehensive approach for determination of abortion-related deaths based on record linkage. The sources for determination of abortion-related deaths in Georgia are the cause of death listed on the death certificate and reports from informal reporting channels. Although Georgia residents 10-44 years of age obtained 19,877 induced abortions in 1975, no deaths related to abortion were found through these two usual sources. To determine the sensitivity of this system, all abortion certificates for 1975 were compared with all death certificates of Georgia females aged 10-44 who died in 1975 and the first 2 months of 1976. Based on the age and racial distribution of the women who received abortions, approximately 13 deaths (from all causes) would be expected to have subsequently occurred during the period of time studied. The authors found only 10. From national death-to-case rates for legal abortion, the expected number actually atrributable to abortion was 0.78 death. Of the 10 deaths, 2 were potentially related to the previous abortion, but a causal relationship to the preceding abortion was not clearly evident for any of the 10 deaths. The data, therefore, tend to support the assertion that no large numbers of deaths related to abortion are undiscovered and that current measurements of abortion mortality are accurate.", "PMID": 684149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5903", "title": "Opinions of rural physicians about their practices, community medical needs, and rural medical care.", "content": "In a study in the State of Washington during 1971-73, 41 general practitioners in rural areas were asked their opinions about (a) their present practices, (b) the medical care needs of their communities, and (c) rural medical care in general. The most frequently mentioned enjoyable aspects of their practices were the variety and challange of medical problems confronted, the favorable working conditions of the practices, and the types of communities in which the practices were located. The most frequently mentioned sources of frustration to the physicians were the \"excess work, responsibility, demands and expectations by patients and community.\" The physicians were more reluctant to criticize the care received by the residents of their communities than they were to criticize the care that patients received in other rural areas. Suggestions made by the physicians for improving medical care in rural Washington focused on ways to increase the number of resources used to produce medical care, rather than on structural changes in the way medical care is organized, delivered, and financed.", "contents": "Opinions of rural physicians about their practices, community medical needs, and rural medical care. In a study in the State of Washington during 1971-73, 41 general practitioners in rural areas were asked their opinions about (a) their present practices, (b) the medical care needs of their communities, and (c) rural medical care in general. The most frequently mentioned enjoyable aspects of their practices were the variety and challange of medical problems confronted, the favorable working conditions of the practices, and the types of communities in which the practices were located. The most frequently mentioned sources of frustration to the physicians were the \"excess work, responsibility, demands and expectations by patients and community.\" The physicians were more reluctant to criticize the care received by the residents of their communities than they were to criticize the care that patients received in other rural areas. Suggestions made by the physicians for improving medical care in rural Washington focused on ways to increase the number of resources used to produce medical care, rather than on structural changes in the way medical care is organized, delivered, and financed.", "PMID": 684148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5904", "title": "The ageing gut: a study of intestinal absorption in relation to nutrition in the elderly.", "content": "This study was designed to assess the functional efficiency of the ageing small intestine and the possible role of malabsorption in old people with nutritional deficiencies. Fifty subjects aged 65 to 92 years were studied, of whom 33 presented with anaemia, chronic diarrhoea or bone pains, and 17 were apparently healthy 'controls' with no relevant symptoms. Tests of intestinal function included blood xylose and iron absorption curves, a double isotope Schilling test, faecal fat, urinary indican and small bowel radiology, with duodenal aspiration and jejunal biopsy in some cases. On the basis either of steatorrhoea or at least two other abnormal parameters of absorption, there were 15 cases of malabsorption. Thirteen of these had symptoms but two were 'controls'. Four of these had duodenal diverticulosis, two had the post-gastrectomy syndrome, and one had calcific pancreatitis. Malabsorption in the remaining eight cases was not fully explained. The age range of this last group was 72--86 years; one of them had a contaminated small bowel and two showed some evidence of pancreatic insufficiency. Malabsorption emerged as a significant cause of low levels of serum iron, haemoglobin and calcium. The blood xylose test is a useful screening procedure for intestinal malabsorption in old age, but full evaluation calls for investigation of pancreatic function.", "contents": "The ageing gut: a study of intestinal absorption in relation to nutrition in the elderly. This study was designed to assess the functional efficiency of the ageing small intestine and the possible role of malabsorption in old people with nutritional deficiencies. Fifty subjects aged 65 to 92 years were studied, of whom 33 presented with anaemia, chronic diarrhoea or bone pains, and 17 were apparently healthy 'controls' with no relevant symptoms. Tests of intestinal function included blood xylose and iron absorption curves, a double isotope Schilling test, faecal fat, urinary indican and small bowel radiology, with duodenal aspiration and jejunal biopsy in some cases. On the basis either of steatorrhoea or at least two other abnormal parameters of absorption, there were 15 cases of malabsorption. Thirteen of these had symptoms but two were 'controls'. Four of these had duodenal diverticulosis, two had the post-gastrectomy syndrome, and one had calcific pancreatitis. Malabsorption in the remaining eight cases was not fully explained. The age range of this last group was 72--86 years; one of them had a contaminated small bowel and two showed some evidence of pancreatic insufficiency. Malabsorption emerged as a significant cause of low levels of serum iron, haemoglobin and calcium. The blood xylose test is a useful screening procedure for intestinal malabsorption in old age, but full evaluation calls for investigation of pancreatic function.", "PMID": 684155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5905", "title": "Health problems in a city-county workhouse.", "content": "This study was part of a continuing effort to define the health profile of a city-county workhouse inmate population. To supplement data previously obtained on the health status of inmates on admission, all subsequent encounters for medical problems were recorded and analyzed. Of 491 inmates examined on admission, 312 subsequently made 1,257 visit for medical care. The rate of clinic use was two to three times higher than rates reported in national surveys. Of 1,549 problem encounters, trauma, musculoskeletal complaints, skin disorders, and diseases of the eyes, ears, nose, and throat accounted for 52.3 percent. Dental  disease, trauma, and other musculoskeletal disorders comprised 66.3 percent of problems that required referral of patients to the city-county hospital. A significant relationship was seen between depression as determined by a self-rating questionnaire and numbers of visits and problem encounters, as well as several frequently encountered problems. The results of this study have implications for health services in correctional institutions with similar inmate populations. The provision of limited but onsite dental services is advisable. Athletic activities and work details should be closely supervised. Physicians and nurses should be skilled in the evaluation and management of minor trauma and other musculoskeletal disorders. Algorithms are appropriate aids in the management of common but minor medical problems. These measures and proposals are designed also to deal with the problem of overuse of clinic services. However, the measures do not diminish and, in some instances, they increase access to care for medical and dental health needs.", "contents": "Health problems in a city-county workhouse. This study was part of a continuing effort to define the health profile of a city-county workhouse inmate population. To supplement data previously obtained on the health status of inmates on admission, all subsequent encounters for medical problems were recorded and analyzed. Of 491 inmates examined on admission, 312 subsequently made 1,257 visit for medical care. The rate of clinic use was two to three times higher than rates reported in national surveys. Of 1,549 problem encounters, trauma, musculoskeletal complaints, skin disorders, and diseases of the eyes, ears, nose, and throat accounted for 52.3 percent. Dental  disease, trauma, and other musculoskeletal disorders comprised 66.3 percent of problems that required referral of patients to the city-county hospital. A significant relationship was seen between depression as determined by a self-rating questionnaire and numbers of visits and problem encounters, as well as several frequently encountered problems. The results of this study have implications for health services in correctional institutions with similar inmate populations. The provision of limited but onsite dental services is advisable. Athletic activities and work details should be closely supervised. Physicians and nurses should be skilled in the evaluation and management of minor trauma and other musculoskeletal disorders. Algorithms are appropriate aids in the management of common but minor medical problems. These measures and proposals are designed also to deal with the problem of overuse of clinic services. However, the measures do not diminish and, in some instances, they increase access to care for medical and dental health needs.", "PMID": 684150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5906", "title": "Analytical subcellular fractionation of neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Demonstration of the enzyme defect in four cases.", "content": "Analytical subcellular fractionation studies were performed on neutrophils from five patients, including two females, with chronic granulomatous disease. The density distribution and marker enzyme activities of the principal subcellular organelles in unstimulated cells were similar to those in unstimulated neutrophils from control subjects. NADH dependent reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium was measured in four of the patients including one female. In homogenates of whole cells the specific activity of this enzyme expressed as milliUnits/mg protein was lower in the patients than in the controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was however a highly significant difference between the specific activities of this enzyme in the plasma membrane fractions isolated from neutrophils of the four patients and the three controls. These findings suggest that the primary microbicidal oxidase of neutrophils, defective function of which manifests as the syndrome of chronic granulomatous disease, is a plasma membrane NADH oxidoreductase.", "contents": "Analytical subcellular fractionation of neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Demonstration of the enzyme defect in four cases. Analytical subcellular fractionation studies were performed on neutrophils from five patients, including two females, with chronic granulomatous disease. The density distribution and marker enzyme activities of the principal subcellular organelles in unstimulated cells were similar to those in unstimulated neutrophils from control subjects. NADH dependent reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium was measured in four of the patients including one female. In homogenates of whole cells the specific activity of this enzyme expressed as milliUnits/mg protein was lower in the patients than in the controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was however a highly significant difference between the specific activities of this enzyme in the plasma membrane fractions isolated from neutrophils of the four patients and the three controls. These findings suggest that the primary microbicidal oxidase of neutrophils, defective function of which manifests as the syndrome of chronic granulomatous disease, is a plasma membrane NADH oxidoreductase.", "PMID": 684156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5907", "title": "Dermatitis herpetiformis--a skin manifestation of a generalized disturbance in immunity.", "content": "Detailed investigations on 42 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) are presented, emphasis being placed on the presence of other disorders having a prominent immunopathogenic basis. These patients and 42 age and sex matched controls were submitted to an extensive clinical and investigative search for the presence of disorders with an immunological basis including the atopic disorders. The findings provided further evidence supporting the association of dermatitis herpetiformis with thyroid disease and pernicious anaemia. A statistically increased incidence of Raynaud's phenomenon and atopy was found in the patients with dermatitis herpetiformis compared to the control group. In addition, of the patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, two had rheumatoid arthritis, two had ulcerative colitis, one had systemic lupus erythematosus and four had splenomegaly. The possible basis for these associations is discussed and it is suggested that dermatitis herpetiformis may be part of a wider spectrum of disease. Genetic linkage and the formation of immune complexes following exposure to a dietary antigen may both be responsible for the disorders associated with DH.", "contents": "Dermatitis herpetiformis--a skin manifestation of a generalized disturbance in immunity. Detailed investigations on 42 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) are presented, emphasis being placed on the presence of other disorders having a prominent immunopathogenic basis. These patients and 42 age and sex matched controls were submitted to an extensive clinical and investigative search for the presence of disorders with an immunological basis including the atopic disorders. The findings provided further evidence supporting the association of dermatitis herpetiformis with thyroid disease and pernicious anaemia. A statistically increased incidence of Raynaud's phenomenon and atopy was found in the patients with dermatitis herpetiformis compared to the control group. In addition, of the patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, two had rheumatoid arthritis, two had ulcerative colitis, one had systemic lupus erythematosus and four had splenomegaly. The possible basis for these associations is discussed and it is suggested that dermatitis herpetiformis may be part of a wider spectrum of disease. Genetic linkage and the formation of immune complexes following exposure to a dietary antigen may both be responsible for the disorders associated with DH.", "PMID": 684157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5908", "title": "Apert's syndrome.", "content": "This paper describes two cases of acrocephalosyndactylia (Apert's syndrome). Both very clearly showed the characteristic malformations. In addition, both patients showed synostosis between the calcaneus and the cuboid bone; this synostosis is not a typical feature of Apert's syndrome, but has been described in the literature once before.", "contents": "Apert's syndrome. This paper describes two cases of acrocephalosyndactylia (Apert's syndrome). Both very clearly showed the characteristic malformations. In addition, both patients showed synostosis between the calcaneus and the cuboid bone; this synostosis is not a typical feature of Apert's syndrome, but has been described in the literature once before.", "PMID": 684190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5909", "title": "Selective arterial embolization in renal tumors.", "content": "Selective arterial embolization with Gelfoam was performed in 45 cases of hypernephroma. In 33 cases this technique has been utilized as preoperative procedure and almost always (97%) nephrectomy was facilitated: 97% of the cases had slight or moderate operative bleeding; in 82% of the cases separation of the tumor-containing kidney from adjacent tissues was easy. Embolization has been employed in 12 inoperable patients and was effective mainly in management of bleeding. Angiographic controls after embolization (from 13 to 162 days) were performed 8 times and it was assessed that the efficacy of the procedure on primary tumor growth is limited in time by renal artery revascularization. The embolized patients never presented severe complications, except several episodes of transitory renal failure.", "contents": "Selective arterial embolization in renal tumors. Selective arterial embolization with Gelfoam was performed in 45 cases of hypernephroma. In 33 cases this technique has been utilized as preoperative procedure and almost always (97%) nephrectomy was facilitated: 97% of the cases had slight or moderate operative bleeding; in 82% of the cases separation of the tumor-containing kidney from adjacent tissues was easy. Embolization has been employed in 12 inoperable patients and was effective mainly in management of bleeding. Angiographic controls after embolization (from 13 to 162 days) were performed 8 times and it was assessed that the efficacy of the procedure on primary tumor growth is limited in time by renal artery revascularization. The embolized patients never presented severe complications, except several episodes of transitory renal failure.", "PMID": 684191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5910", "title": "Intubation macrodacryocystography.", "content": "Macrodacryocystography, when combined with bilateral canaliculus intubation gives simultaneous distension of the duct system and better contrast filling. As a result there is improved radiographic visualization of the exact site of pathology, particularly an obstruction. This important information makes it easier to chose the correct surgical technique to relieve epiphora. In addition, other pathology such as diverticula and fistula may be visualized. Subtraction may be a useful adjunct to the method. After a description of the normal anatomy of the lacrimal system, the technique is explained and the results of 52 examinations given.", "contents": "Intubation macrodacryocystography. Macrodacryocystography, when combined with bilateral canaliculus intubation gives simultaneous distension of the duct system and better contrast filling. As a result there is improved radiographic visualization of the exact site of pathology, particularly an obstruction. This important information makes it easier to chose the correct surgical technique to relieve epiphora. In addition, other pathology such as diverticula and fistula may be visualized. Subtraction may be a useful adjunct to the method. After a description of the normal anatomy of the lacrimal system, the technique is explained and the results of 52 examinations given.", "PMID": 684192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5911", "title": "Bronchial vascularization in patients with bronchiectasis.", "content": "An analysis of the angiographic patterns of bronchial vascularization in 22 patients with bronchiectasis is presented. The studies disclosed three types of angiographic patterns: (1) bronchial hypervascularization alone; (2) bronchial hypervascularization associated with bronchopulmonary anastomoses, and (3) bronchial hypervascularization with plexiform enlargement of bronchial arteries, vascular collections or angiomatous structures. These types of angiographic pattern show a good correlation with the clinical features and supplment the global assessment of the extent and character of bronchiectasis. Selective bronchial arteriography is useful in patients with bronchiectasis where surgical treatment has been planned, especially if the disease is associated with hemoptysis.", "contents": "Bronchial vascularization in patients with bronchiectasis. An analysis of the angiographic patterns of bronchial vascularization in 22 patients with bronchiectasis is presented. The studies disclosed three types of angiographic patterns: (1) bronchial hypervascularization alone; (2) bronchial hypervascularization associated with bronchopulmonary anastomoses, and (3) bronchial hypervascularization with plexiform enlargement of bronchial arteries, vascular collections or angiomatous structures. These types of angiographic pattern show a good correlation with the clinical features and supplment the global assessment of the extent and character of bronchiectasis. Selective bronchial arteriography is useful in patients with bronchiectasis where surgical treatment has been planned, especially if the disease is associated with hemoptysis.", "PMID": 684193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5912", "title": "Plain film diagnosis of perirenal hemorrhage.", "content": "The authors describes the plain film radiographic changes due to traumatic, perirenal hemorrhage in 43 patients. The direct effect of the hematoma: (1) partially or completely obscures the kidney; (2) usually obscures adjacent lumbar muscles, and (3) often produces a tilt of the lumbar spine to the affected side. The mass effect of the hematoma displaces adjacent organs and varies with its supra- or inframesocolic position.", "contents": "Plain film diagnosis of perirenal hemorrhage. The authors describes the plain film radiographic changes due to traumatic, perirenal hemorrhage in 43 patients. The direct effect of the hematoma: (1) partially or completely obscures the kidney; (2) usually obscures adjacent lumbar muscles, and (3) often produces a tilt of the lumbar spine to the affected side. The mass effect of the hematoma displaces adjacent organs and varies with its supra- or inframesocolic position.", "PMID": 684194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5913", "title": "Medulloblastoma: example of late adult onset with statistical correlation relative to etiology.", "content": "A case of histologically verified medulloblastoma occurring in an 88-year-old woman is described. A search of the literature indicates that with respect to age this case is unique. Further, 33 histologically verified cases of medulloblastoma reported in the literature are analyzed with respect to incidence and prognosis as a function of histological type, tumor location, age and sex. The statistical study has confirmed the relative relationships found by Chatty and Earle in their analysis of 105 cases in 1971 and has further indicated a tendency for male desmoplastic differentiation. A survey of an additional 216 cases in the literature reveals an improvement in average survival from 25 to 27 months since 1971, possibly reflecting refined therapeutic techniques. The changing survival expectany with surviving interval has been computed at 10 months per survival year.", "contents": "Medulloblastoma: example of late adult onset with statistical correlation relative to etiology. A case of histologically verified medulloblastoma occurring in an 88-year-old woman is described. A search of the literature indicates that with respect to age this case is unique. Further, 33 histologically verified cases of medulloblastoma reported in the literature are analyzed with respect to incidence and prognosis as a function of histological type, tumor location, age and sex. The statistical study has confirmed the relative relationships found by Chatty and Earle in their analysis of 105 cases in 1971 and has further indicated a tendency for male desmoplastic differentiation. A survey of an additional 216 cases in the literature reveals an improvement in average survival from 25 to 27 months since 1971, possibly reflecting refined therapeutic techniques. The changing survival expectany with surviving interval has been computed at 10 months per survival year.", "PMID": 684195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5914", "title": "Shortness of breath in emergency room patients.", "content": "There are many causes for acute shortness of breath; the most common entity by far is congestive heart failure. Many of the others have a relatively specific radiographic pattern that afford the radiologist the opportunity to make a significant contribution to the care of these patients.", "contents": "Shortness of breath in emergency room patients. There are many causes for acute shortness of breath; the most common entity by far is congestive heart failure. Many of the others have a relatively specific radiographic pattern that afford the radiologist the opportunity to make a significant contribution to the care of these patients.", "PMID": 684203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5915", "title": "Emergency uroradiology for the nontraumatized patient.", "content": "Emergency uroradiology is warranted in a number of clinical conditions in the nontraumatized patient in order to determine proper therapeutic management. Among such urgent conditions are: severe gross hematuria, severe internal blood loss with possible origin in the urinary tract, acute renal artery obstruction, major extravasation of urine, severe sepsis possibly from the urinary tract, anuria, and obstructive uropathy with superimposed infection.", "contents": "Emergency uroradiology for the nontraumatized patient. Emergency uroradiology is warranted in a number of clinical conditions in the nontraumatized patient in order to determine proper therapeutic management. Among such urgent conditions are: severe gross hematuria, severe internal blood loss with possible origin in the urinary tract, acute renal artery obstruction, major extravasation of urine, severe sepsis possibly from the urinary tract, anuria, and obstructive uropathy with superimposed infection.", "PMID": 684204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5916", "title": "Ultrasonography in the evaluation of nontraumatic abdominopelvic emergencies.", "content": "Ultrasonography can provide prompt diagnostic information in many non-traumatic abdominal and pelvic emergencies. The safety of of diagnostic ultrasonography enables its use in many emergency situations that relate to pregnancy. The ability to demonstrate normal fluid-filled organs with clarity makes ultrasonography valuable in the emergency assessment of the gallbladder and aorta. Similary, ultrasound is sensitive to the detection of pathologic collections of fluid that can be applied in the search for abscesses or hematomas. Finally, ultrasonography is independent of organ function. In this regard, it is a useful ancillary test when radiographic examinations of the biliary or urinary tracts fail because of poor contract excretion.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in the evaluation of nontraumatic abdominopelvic emergencies. Ultrasonography can provide prompt diagnostic information in many non-traumatic abdominal and pelvic emergencies. The safety of of diagnostic ultrasonography enables its use in many emergency situations that relate to pregnancy. The ability to demonstrate normal fluid-filled organs with clarity makes ultrasonography valuable in the emergency assessment of the gallbladder and aorta. Similary, ultrasound is sensitive to the detection of pathologic collections of fluid that can be applied in the search for abscesses or hematomas. Finally, ultrasonography is independent of organ function. In this regard, it is a useful ancillary test when radiographic examinations of the biliary or urinary tracts fail because of poor contract excretion.", "PMID": 684206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5917", "title": "Radiologic evaluation of acute abdominal pain arising from the alimentary tract.", "content": "A review of the pertinent radiologic findings of common alimentary tract disorders presenting with acute abdominal pain is presented. When the conventional plain abdominal films are not diagnostic, the use of special views and appropriate contract and ultrasound examinations on a urgent basis is encouraged. A more expenditious and accurate diagnosis of the cause of abdominal pain will inevitably reduce the morbidity and mortality of such entities as bowel perforation, infarction, and pancreatitis.", "contents": "Radiologic evaluation of acute abdominal pain arising from the alimentary tract. A review of the pertinent radiologic findings of common alimentary tract disorders presenting with acute abdominal pain is presented. When the conventional plain abdominal films are not diagnostic, the use of special views and appropriate contract and ultrasound examinations on a urgent basis is encouraged. A more expenditious and accurate diagnosis of the cause of abdominal pain will inevitably reduce the morbidity and mortality of such entities as bowel perforation, infarction, and pancreatitis.", "PMID": 684207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5918", "title": "Skeletal aches and pains.", "content": "This report by no means includes all nontraumatic conditions that may produce symptoms and signs that require emergency treatment. Rather, it indicates some of the more common problems that may present in this fashion. This report also serves to remind us that we, as radiologists, do have an important role in the diagnosis and proper treatment of emergency room patients, and that such a role requires our close cooperation with the referring physicians. As we survey radiographs taken on these patients, we must remember to ask ourselves important questions: Are the films adequate? Is the abnormality the cause of the patient's symptoms?", "contents": "Skeletal aches and pains. This report by no means includes all nontraumatic conditions that may produce symptoms and signs that require emergency treatment. Rather, it indicates some of the more common problems that may present in this fashion. This report also serves to remind us that we, as radiologists, do have an important role in the diagnosis and proper treatment of emergency room patients, and that such a role requires our close cooperation with the referring physicians. As we survey radiographs taken on these patients, we must remember to ask ourselves important questions: Are the films adequate? Is the abnormality the cause of the patient's symptoms?", "PMID": 684208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5919", "title": "Roentgen signs of emergent spines.", "content": "A variety of disease processes may involve the axial skeleton, producing acute symptoms and signs. This discussion summarizes some of the important diseases that become apparent in this fashion. Roentgen manifestations of these disorders include abnormalities of vertebral body shap or density, loss of intervertebral disc space, formation of a paraspinal mass, abnormal curvature and subluxation, disc calcification, and pedicle destruction. Attention to these radiographic manifestations provides important clues to the underlying disease process.", "contents": "Roentgen signs of emergent spines. A variety of disease processes may involve the axial skeleton, producing acute symptoms and signs. This discussion summarizes some of the important diseases that become apparent in this fashion. Roentgen manifestations of these disorders include abnormalities of vertebral body shap or density, loss of intervertebral disc space, formation of a paraspinal mass, abnormal curvature and subluxation, disc calcification, and pedicle destruction. Attention to these radiographic manifestations provides important clues to the underlying disease process.", "PMID": 684210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5920", "title": "Radiologic evaluation of the nontraumatized child with respiratory distress.", "content": "The radiologic examination of the chest is an essential part of the evaluation of the pediatric patient presenting to the emergency room with respiratory distress. In many cases the chest radiograph will be diagnostic of a specific cause for  the distressful symptom. Opaque foreign bodies are readily visualized in the tracheobronchial tree. The presence of massive atelectasis or severe obstructive emphasema may be visualized. Large pleural fluid collections or tension pneumothoraces can be localized and immediately treated by proper drainage. The presence of pneumonia, acute pulmonary edema, and pulmonary hemorrhage may be identified. Complications associated with bronchial asthma (pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and atelectasis) may be manifested radiographically before clinical signs are obvious. Lung compression by large mediastinal tumors and delayed congenital hernias may be readily demonstrated by chest radiography.", "contents": "Radiologic evaluation of the nontraumatized child with respiratory distress. The radiologic examination of the chest is an essential part of the evaluation of the pediatric patient presenting to the emergency room with respiratory distress. In many cases the chest radiograph will be diagnostic of a specific cause for  the distressful symptom. Opaque foreign bodies are readily visualized in the tracheobronchial tree. The presence of massive atelectasis or severe obstructive emphasema may be visualized. Large pleural fluid collections or tension pneumothoraces can be localized and immediately treated by proper drainage. The presence of pneumonia, acute pulmonary edema, and pulmonary hemorrhage may be identified. Complications associated with bronchial asthma (pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and atelectasis) may be manifested radiographically before clinical signs are obvious. Lung compression by large mediastinal tumors and delayed congenital hernias may be readily demonstrated by chest radiography.", "PMID": 684212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5921", "title": "[Crohn's disease in children. Results of x-ray examinations in 45 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The study concerns x-ray findings in the GI-tract of 45 children with Crohn's disease. or X-ray diagnosis strict minimum criteria are required besides exact localisation and extension of alterations. The typical x-ray signs, the frequency of occurance in the various portions of the GI-tract are pointed out.", "contents": "[Crohn's disease in children. Results of x-ray examinations in 45 cases (author's transl)]. The study concerns x-ray findings in the GI-tract of 45 children with Crohn's disease. or X-ray diagnosis strict minimum criteria are required besides exact localisation and extension of alterations. The typical x-ray signs, the frequency of occurance in the various portions of the GI-tract are pointed out.", "PMID": 684213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5922", "title": "[Roentgen diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "The necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn is a life threatening disease which is probably induced by stress to the mother or child. Mostly it occurs in the second week of life. After initial non specific symptoms rapid detoriation occurs with distended abdomen, blood diarrhea, bileous vomiting, rapid impairment, septicemia and shock. Careful clinical observation and interpretation of the roentgen signs as intramural gas collection in distended bowel loops (pneumatosis intestinalis) with air fluid levels, gas collection in the portal vein, ascites, free air in the abdomen after viscus perforation can improve the unfavorable prognosis when the correct diagnosis is made and adequate therapy is started in time.", "contents": "[Roentgen diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn (author's transl)]. The necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn is a life threatening disease which is probably induced by stress to the mother or child. Mostly it occurs in the second week of life. After initial non specific symptoms rapid detoriation occurs with distended abdomen, blood diarrhea, bileous vomiting, rapid impairment, septicemia and shock. Careful clinical observation and interpretation of the roentgen signs as intramural gas collection in distended bowel loops (pneumatosis intestinalis) with air fluid levels, gas collection in the portal vein, ascites, free air in the abdomen after viscus perforation can improve the unfavorable prognosis when the correct diagnosis is made and adequate therapy is started in time.", "PMID": 684214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5923", "title": "[X-ray diagnosis and differential diagnosis of mediastinal tumors in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Symptoms, microscopy and frequency of mediastinal tumors in children are different from those in adults. The radiologic diagnosis of mediastinal tumors depends on evaluation of tumor site, density, and shape. Demonstration of calcifications or bony elements in combination with skeletal anomalies or destructions, pleural effusions, and differentiation of cystic and solid tumors are helpful. The radiologic criteria are also very important regarding prognosis and therapy. Many diagnostic methods are available. The venocavography and computer tomography are especially helpful.--We studied 184 mediastinal tumors in children and will discuss them according to topographic aspects; emphasis will be placed on differential diagnosis and the possibilities of diagnostic failure.", "contents": "[X-ray diagnosis and differential diagnosis of mediastinal tumors in childhood (author's transl)]. Symptoms, microscopy and frequency of mediastinal tumors in children are different from those in adults. The radiologic diagnosis of mediastinal tumors depends on evaluation of tumor site, density, and shape. Demonstration of calcifications or bony elements in combination with skeletal anomalies or destructions, pleural effusions, and differentiation of cystic and solid tumors are helpful. The radiologic criteria are also very important regarding prognosis and therapy. Many diagnostic methods are available. The venocavography and computer tomography are especially helpful.--We studied 184 mediastinal tumors in children and will discuss them according to topographic aspects; emphasis will be placed on differential diagnosis and the possibilities of diagnostic failure.", "PMID": 684215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5924", "title": "[The battered child (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of the battered child syndrome is the first and most important step for adequate therapy and prevention. The recognition of this entity by the radiologist is possible because of the high frequency of skeletal lesions. Osteoepiphyseolysis with fragmentation of the edges and periosteal calicifications are characteristic for the roentgenographic pattern of the battered child syndrome. In addition to the Roentgen diagnosis total body bone scans should be performed because the diagnostic accuracy will improve, the lesions will be detected earlier, and the radiation dose can be decreases in numerous children.", "contents": "[The battered child (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of the battered child syndrome is the first and most important step for adequate therapy and prevention. The recognition of this entity by the radiologist is possible because of the high frequency of skeletal lesions. Osteoepiphyseolysis with fragmentation of the edges and periosteal calicifications are characteristic for the roentgenographic pattern of the battered child syndrome. In addition to the Roentgen diagnosis total body bone scans should be performed because the diagnostic accuracy will improve, the lesions will be detected earlier, and the radiation dose can be decreases in numerous children.", "PMID": 684216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5925", "title": "[Indications and diagnostic value of computer tomography diagnosis of the abdomen].", "content": "The remarkable advantages of computerized tomography are graphic and numerical recording of very small differences in radiation absorption as well as presentation of the transverse body section. In the liver cysts, hematomas, abscesses and tumors larger than 2 cm in diameter can be diagnosed. To some extent differentiation between these lesions can be achieved by density measurements. Obstructive jaundice is another indication for computer tomography of the liver, the bile ducts and of the gall bladder. However, gall stones cannot be detected. The pancreas can be visualized in about 90% of all patients. Pseudocysts can be differentiated from inflammatory edema or tumors. The carcinoma of the pancreas does not differ in density from normal or inflammatory parenchyma. Therefore the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas is still limited, although improvement has been achieved as well. The kidneys can be very well outlined on CT-images. Diagnostic assessment can be improved by application of contrast media. Recognition of cysts, urinary obstructions and tumors are possible with a high diagnostic reliability. Computerized tomography cannot replace the conventional diagnostic procedures; in the future the combination of several examinations will still be necessary.", "contents": "[Indications and diagnostic value of computer tomography diagnosis of the abdomen]. The remarkable advantages of computerized tomography are graphic and numerical recording of very small differences in radiation absorption as well as presentation of the transverse body section. In the liver cysts, hematomas, abscesses and tumors larger than 2 cm in diameter can be diagnosed. To some extent differentiation between these lesions can be achieved by density measurements. Obstructive jaundice is another indication for computer tomography of the liver, the bile ducts and of the gall bladder. However, gall stones cannot be detected. The pancreas can be visualized in about 90% of all patients. Pseudocysts can be differentiated from inflammatory edema or tumors. The carcinoma of the pancreas does not differ in density from normal or inflammatory parenchyma. Therefore the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas is still limited, although improvement has been achieved as well. The kidneys can be very well outlined on CT-images. Diagnostic assessment can be improved by application of contrast media. Recognition of cysts, urinary obstructions and tumors are possible with a high diagnostic reliability. Computerized tomography cannot replace the conventional diagnostic procedures; in the future the combination of several examinations will still be necessary.", "PMID": 684217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5926", "title": "[Sonographic topography of the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "Vascular abdominal structures can be demonstrated by the gray-scale-B-scan-technique. These vascular anatomical structures are important to differentiate pathological lesions from normal structures and to evaluate the localisation of space occupying lesions within the pancreas, liver and retroperitoneal space.", "contents": "[Sonographic topography of the pancreas (author's transl)]. Vascular abdominal structures can be demonstrated by the gray-scale-B-scan-technique. These vascular anatomical structures are important to differentiate pathological lesions from normal structures and to evaluate the localisation of space occupying lesions within the pancreas, liver and retroperitoneal space.", "PMID": 684218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5927", "title": "[The vessels of the retropancreatic space in grey-scale-ultrasound. A contribution to the topography of the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "Normal pancreatic parenchyma and retropancreatic vessels can be well visualized and differentiated by grey-scale-tomography. The posterior border of the head and body of the pancreas can be defined better with the grey-scale-technique than  with other ultra-sound-techniques by visualization of the retropancreatic vessels. For this purpose the venous system (portal vein, splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein) is more important than the arteries because of their closer topographic relationship to head and body of the pancreas. Identification and separation of those veins from other vascular structures is easily possible because of their constantly reliable topography and typical configuration on transverse section. The spleno-porto-vascular bundle--resembling a tadpole--should be demonstrated well enough to avoid the occasional confusion with the pancreas itself.", "contents": "[The vessels of the retropancreatic space in grey-scale-ultrasound. A contribution to the topography of the pancreas (author's transl)]. Normal pancreatic parenchyma and retropancreatic vessels can be well visualized and differentiated by grey-scale-tomography. The posterior border of the head and body of the pancreas can be defined better with the grey-scale-technique than  with other ultra-sound-techniques by visualization of the retropancreatic vessels. For this purpose the venous system (portal vein, splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein) is more important than the arteries because of their closer topographic relationship to head and body of the pancreas. Identification and separation of those veins from other vascular structures is easily possible because of their constantly reliable topography and typical configuration on transverse section. The spleno-porto-vascular bundle--resembling a tadpole--should be demonstrated well enough to avoid the occasional confusion with the pancreas itself.", "PMID": 684219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5928", "title": "[Gray-scale-sonography of gallbladder and bileducts, especially in case of a negative cholecystoradiogram (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of ultrasonography (gray-scale-B-scan sonography) in cases with gallbladder and bileduct disease is reviewed, especially in patients with non visualization of the gallbladder. Major emphasis is put on the differential diagnosis of gallbladder stones and exophytic intraluminal tumors of the gallbladder. The efficacy of the lost shadow sign is pointed out. The sonoanatomy as well as the sonographical examination method is shortly described. In model experiments some aspects of cholecystosonography are explored.", "contents": "[Gray-scale-sonography of gallbladder and bileducts, especially in case of a negative cholecystoradiogram (author's transl)]. The importance of ultrasonography (gray-scale-B-scan sonography) in cases with gallbladder and bileduct disease is reviewed, especially in patients with non visualization of the gallbladder. Major emphasis is put on the differential diagnosis of gallbladder stones and exophytic intraluminal tumors of the gallbladder. The efficacy of the lost shadow sign is pointed out. The sonoanatomy as well as the sonographical examination method is shortly described. In model experiments some aspects of cholecystosonography are explored.", "PMID": 684220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5929", "title": "[Extreme calcifications of the pancreatic duct (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases with calcifications of the pancreatic duct are demonstrated. The degree exceeds similar published calcifications. In both cases the diagnostic investigation had to be limited to non-invasive methods.", "contents": "[Extreme calcifications of the pancreatic duct (author's transl)]. Two cases with calcifications of the pancreatic duct are demonstrated. The degree exceeds similar published calcifications. In both cases the diagnostic investigation had to be limited to non-invasive methods.", "PMID": 684221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5930", "title": "Pedunculated cirrhotic hamartoma of the liver.", "content": "A case of pedunculated cirrhotic hamartoma suspended from the lower surface of the liver is reported. The diagnosis was suggested by angiography. The tumor was surgically excised.", "contents": "Pedunculated cirrhotic hamartoma of the liver. A case of pedunculated cirrhotic hamartoma suspended from the lower surface of the liver is reported. The diagnosis was suggested by angiography. The tumor was surgically excised.", "PMID": 684222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5931", "title": "[Aggressive aneurysmal bone cyst in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Case presentation of a four year old child with aggressive aneurysmal bone cyst of the fourth lumbar vertebra. Microscopic examination demonstrates a benign lesion. The roentgenographic pattern reflects a tumorlike bone destruction with signs of malignancy. Clinically, progression and invasion, similar to a semimalignant tumor, is noticed. The possible nature of this aggressive behaviour is discussed.", "contents": "[Aggressive aneurysmal bone cyst in childhood (author's transl)]. Case presentation of a four year old child with aggressive aneurysmal bone cyst of the fourth lumbar vertebra. Microscopic examination demonstrates a benign lesion. The roentgenographic pattern reflects a tumorlike bone destruction with signs of malignancy. Clinically, progression and invasion, similar to a semimalignant tumor, is noticed. The possible nature of this aggressive behaviour is discussed.", "PMID": 684223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5932", "title": "[Roentgen morphology of secondary, metastatic bone tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "General and specific roentgen morphologic criteria of secondary metastases are described and characteristic appearances of metastatic disease demonstrated by examples. Early detection of tumor metastases and limitations of different radiologic methods are discussed. Various dynamic ways of development in bone metastasis during the course of malignant disease are described and different biologic growth properties of various tumors documented by different reaction of bone tissue. The high diagnostic value of radiologic follow up examinations for control of therapeutic results is emphasized. This applies for judgement of secondary metastatic as well as for the underlying malignant disease. Analysis of the bone structure of the Tela ossea of macro- and microradiologic films is presented for illustration.", "contents": "[Roentgen morphology of secondary, metastatic bone tumors (author's transl)]. General and specific roentgen morphologic criteria of secondary metastases are described and characteristic appearances of metastatic disease demonstrated by examples. Early detection of tumor metastases and limitations of different radiologic methods are discussed. Various dynamic ways of development in bone metastasis during the course of malignant disease are described and different biologic growth properties of various tumors documented by different reaction of bone tissue. The high diagnostic value of radiologic follow up examinations for control of therapeutic results is emphasized. This applies for judgement of secondary metastatic as well as for the underlying malignant disease. Analysis of the bone structure of the Tela ossea of macro- and microradiologic films is presented for illustration.", "PMID": 684224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5933", "title": "[Diagnostic value of radionuclide bone imaging in monitoring skeletal metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "In typical cases with pelvic metastases a close relationship is demonstrated between nuclear medicine and radiologic findings depending on the kind of therapy. For this reason total body radionuclide studies should not only be recommended for screening but also for therapeutic monitoring. Positive radionuclide findings should be supplemented by roentgenologic studies of the areas selected in that way.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of radionuclide bone imaging in monitoring skeletal metastases (author's transl)]. In typical cases with pelvic metastases a close relationship is demonstrated between nuclear medicine and radiologic findings depending on the kind of therapy. For this reason total body radionuclide studies should not only be recommended for screening but also for therapeutic monitoring. Positive radionuclide findings should be supplemented by roentgenologic studies of the areas selected in that way.", "PMID": 684225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5934", "title": "[Radiologic methods to study coronary arteries in the postmortal heart (author's transl)].", "content": "Two radiological methods were compared. More than 100 postmortem-coronary angiograms were taken with standard x-ray procedure and xeroradiography. Xeroradiography--with its \"three dimensional view\", edge enhancement and variability in exposure time--has certain advantages and appears to be useful in detection of pathological lesions and for documentation in postmortem coronary angiography.", "contents": "[Radiologic methods to study coronary arteries in the postmortal heart (author's transl)]. Two radiological methods were compared. More than 100 postmortem-coronary angiograms were taken with standard x-ray procedure and xeroradiography. Xeroradiography--with its \"three dimensional view\", edge enhancement and variability in exposure time--has certain advantages and appears to be useful in detection of pathological lesions and for documentation in postmortem coronary angiography.", "PMID": 684226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5935", "title": "Development of new releasing agents for preparation of thin self-supporting target films.", "content": "Several kinds of materials were examined for the usefulness as releasing agents in the preparation of various thin self-supporting target films for use in nuclear reaction experiments. NaCl, BaCl2, KCl, CsI, Teepol, glucose, KIO3, mica, nitrocellulose or Formvar was deposited onto glass plates as the release agent by vacuum evaporation or dipping method. The obtained target film was tested on impurities from the release agent by using nuclear reactions. The relative effectiveness of each release agent was also considered from ease in the stripping of target films.", "contents": "Development of new releasing agents for preparation of thin self-supporting target films. Several kinds of materials were examined for the usefulness as releasing agents in the preparation of various thin self-supporting target films for use in nuclear reaction experiments. NaCl, BaCl2, KCl, CsI, Teepol, glucose, KIO3, mica, nitrocellulose or Formvar was deposited onto glass plates as the release agent by vacuum evaporation or dipping method. The obtained target film was tested on impurities from the release agent by using nuclear reactions. The relative effectiveness of each release agent was also considered from ease in the stripping of target films.", "PMID": 684228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5936", "title": "Neutron activation analysis of the rare earth elements in Nasu hot springs.", "content": "Eleven rare earth elements (lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, holmium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium) in hot spring waters and sinter deposits in the Nasu area were determined by the neutron activation method. The rare earth elements in hot spring water were pre-concentrated in ferric hydroxide precipitate and neutron-irradiated. The rare earth elements were chemically separated into lighter and heavier groups and the activity of each group was measured with a Ge(Li) detector. Distribution of the rare earth elements between the hot spring water and the sinter deposit was also discussed.", "contents": "Neutron activation analysis of the rare earth elements in Nasu hot springs. Eleven rare earth elements (lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, holmium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium) in hot spring waters and sinter deposits in the Nasu area were determined by the neutron activation method. The rare earth elements in hot spring water were pre-concentrated in ferric hydroxide precipitate and neutron-irradiated. The rare earth elements were chemically separated into lighter and heavier groups and the activity of each group was measured with a Ge(Li) detector. Distribution of the rare earth elements between the hot spring water and the sinter deposit was also discussed.", "PMID": 684229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5937", "title": "A method of tomographic imaging using a multiple pinhole-coded aperture.", "content": "High energy collimators in use today are limited with respect to resolution and efficiency. The multiple pinhole coded aperture (hereafter abbreviated as MPCA) is a method being considered to improve the above. In our study we conducted basic experiments with an MPCA using an Anger-type gamma-camera. Using this method, we were able to perform radioisotope imaging and radioisotope tomographic effect. We have studied the resolution, detection efficiency, and tomographic effects of the MPCA. We found that, in the MPCA, detection efficiency is proportional to the number of pinholes and resolution is dependent upon the pinhole diameter. This tomographic effect is of the same principle as the stretching-type tomography, images on both side of the desired image appearing as noise images, affecting the depth resolution. Using an MPCA with a pinhole diameter of 3 mm and 3 pinholes positioned in an equilateral triangular pattern measuring 7.8 cm on each side, we attained a depth resolution of 3 cm. Because the MPCA method involves complicated image processing, the resulting image contains a factor of 2n-2 (where n is the number of pinhole) of noise, affecting the depth resolution.", "contents": "A method of tomographic imaging using a multiple pinhole-coded aperture. High energy collimators in use today are limited with respect to resolution and efficiency. The multiple pinhole coded aperture (hereafter abbreviated as MPCA) is a method being considered to improve the above. In our study we conducted basic experiments with an MPCA using an Anger-type gamma-camera. Using this method, we were able to perform radioisotope imaging and radioisotope tomographic effect. We have studied the resolution, detection efficiency, and tomographic effects of the MPCA. We found that, in the MPCA, detection efficiency is proportional to the number of pinholes and resolution is dependent upon the pinhole diameter. This tomographic effect is of the same principle as the stretching-type tomography, images on both side of the desired image appearing as noise images, affecting the depth resolution. Using an MPCA with a pinhole diameter of 3 mm and 3 pinholes positioned in an equilateral triangular pattern measuring 7.8 cm on each side, we attained a depth resolution of 3 cm. Because the MPCA method involves complicated image processing, the resulting image contains a factor of 2n-2 (where n is the number of pinhole) of noise, affecting the depth resolution.", "PMID": 684230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5938", "title": "[A new method for elimination of artifacts produced by collimator septum effect in gamma-camera images (author's transl)].", "content": "Collimator artifacts may be present within the images produced by collimators whose septal width approaches the inherent resolution of the gamma-camera system. As the inherent resolution of the gamma-camera is improved, collimator artifacts become more prominent. The purpose of this study is to eliminate collimator artifacts from gamma-camera images. To eliminate the septum effect produced by high-energy parallel-hole collimators with thick septa, the following method was used: X and Y signals from the detector are made to ride on the triangular waves changing periodically, and resultant position signals obtained by this processing are applied to the corresponding deflection circuits in the CRT display. The oscillation amplitude of processed position signals can be regulated by the frequency and amplitude of the triangular waves. Regulation of the oscillation amplitude of position signals, which would produce maximum reduction of collimator artifacts, was to approach the spatial frequency responses of the overall processed line spread functions obtained experimentally to those of the Gaussian functions with FWHM equal to the geometric resolution calculated from the equation given by Gerber and Miller. In images of a pancreas phantom containing 131I, collimator artifacts were clearly seen in the unprocessed case, but were eliminated in the processed case.", "contents": "[A new method for elimination of artifacts produced by collimator septum effect in gamma-camera images (author's transl)]. Collimator artifacts may be present within the images produced by collimators whose septal width approaches the inherent resolution of the gamma-camera system. As the inherent resolution of the gamma-camera is improved, collimator artifacts become more prominent. The purpose of this study is to eliminate collimator artifacts from gamma-camera images. To eliminate the septum effect produced by high-energy parallel-hole collimators with thick septa, the following method was used: X and Y signals from the detector are made to ride on the triangular waves changing periodically, and resultant position signals obtained by this processing are applied to the corresponding deflection circuits in the CRT display. The oscillation amplitude of processed position signals can be regulated by the frequency and amplitude of the triangular waves. Regulation of the oscillation amplitude of position signals, which would produce maximum reduction of collimator artifacts, was to approach the spatial frequency responses of the overall processed line spread functions obtained experimentally to those of the Gaussian functions with FWHM equal to the geometric resolution calculated from the equation given by Gerber and Miller. In images of a pancreas phantom containing 131I, collimator artifacts were clearly seen in the unprocessed case, but were eliminated in the processed case.", "PMID": 684231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5939", "title": "[Imprint of the iliac vessels on the ureters in asymptomatic urinary infections in childhood].", "content": "Bacteriological screening has been carried out on 1110 children (aged between 3 and 10 yr) for asymptomatic urinary infections; 33 were thus selected for urography. With reference to the findings observed in these cases, it is stressed that an impression of the iliac vessels on the ureters was evident in 20 of them. Some cases are reported and findings are discussed.", "contents": "[Imprint of the iliac vessels on the ureters in asymptomatic urinary infections in childhood]. Bacteriological screening has been carried out on 1110 children (aged between 3 and 10 yr) for asymptomatic urinary infections; 33 were thus selected for urography. With reference to the findings observed in these cases, it is stressed that an impression of the iliac vessels on the ureters was evident in 20 of them. Some cases are reported and findings are discussed.", "PMID": 684242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5940", "title": "[Radiological evaluation of neurogenic bladder].", "content": "A method that can be profitably employed in the clinical and functional evaluation of nevrogenic bladder is illustrated and discussed. It is primarily based on retrograde and micturition urethrocystography and urography with high doses of contrast medium.", "contents": "[Radiological evaluation of neurogenic bladder]. A method that can be profitably employed in the clinical and functional evaluation of nevrogenic bladder is illustrated and discussed. It is primarily based on retrograde and micturition urethrocystography and urography with high doses of contrast medium.", "PMID": 684243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5941", "title": "[Synergism of findings from scintiscanning and selective arteriography in hepatic pathology].", "content": "198Au scintiscanning and selective arteriography of the liver were combined in the examination of 50 patients. The results are discussed and the contribution made by each technique and by the combined examination to the establishment of a diagnosis is explained. Five cases are described in detail.", "contents": "[Synergism of findings from scintiscanning and selective arteriography in hepatic pathology]. 198Au scintiscanning and selective arteriography of the liver were combined in the examination of 50 patients. The results are discussed and the contribution made by each technique and by the combined examination to the establishment of a diagnosis is explained. Five cases are described in detail.", "PMID": 684245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5942", "title": "[Experimental evaluations of ther preferential use of Tc99m and In113m in hepatic scintiscanning].", "content": "A hollow perspex dummy was filled with radioactive fluid to simulate the liver, cold nodes being represented by paraffin balls of diameter varying from 2.5 to 4.0 cm, variously located. Scans were carried out with a linear scanner using 99mTc and 113mIn as tracers. Advantages and drawbacks of the two tracers in demonstrating cold areas in the liver are compared and discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental evaluations of ther preferential use of Tc99m and In113m in hepatic scintiscanning]. A hollow perspex dummy was filled with radioactive fluid to simulate the liver, cold nodes being represented by paraffin balls of diameter varying from 2.5 to 4.0 cm, variously located. Scans were carried out with a linear scanner using 99mTc and 113mIn as tracers. Advantages and drawbacks of the two tracers in demonstrating cold areas in the liver are compared and discussed.", "PMID": 684246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5943", "title": "[Scintiscanning with Ga67 in detection of primary carcinoma of the liver associated with cirrhosis].", "content": "Scanning of 31 cirrhosis and 25 cancer-cirrhosis patients has been carried out using 198Au and then 67Ga. In 23/25 cancer-cirrhotic patients 67Ga was picked up in areas cold to 198Au (8% false negatives); such behaviour was not observed in any of the 31 cirrhotics (no false positive).", "contents": "[Scintiscanning with Ga67 in detection of primary carcinoma of the liver associated with cirrhosis]. Scanning of 31 cirrhosis and 25 cancer-cirrhosis patients has been carried out using 198Au and then 67Ga. In 23/25 cancer-cirrhotic patients 67Ga was picked up in areas cold to 198Au (8% false negatives); such behaviour was not observed in any of the 31 cirrhotics (no false positive).", "PMID": 684247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5944", "title": "[Radiotherapy of oral cancer. Late results (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiotherapy of the primary site was employed between 1959 and 1965 in the treatment of 335 unselected cases of mouth cancer. The series is examined with regard to the long-term results and gross survival is evaluated in accordance with  an actuarial method. Differences dependent on sex and age, and on the type of cancer involved and the treatment modalities are illustrated and discussed.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of oral cancer. Late results (author's transl)]. Radiotherapy of the primary site was employed between 1959 and 1965 in the treatment of 335 unselected cases of mouth cancer. The series is examined with regard to the long-term results and gross survival is evaluated in accordance with  an actuarial method. Differences dependent on sex and age, and on the type of cancer involved and the treatment modalities are illustrated and discussed.", "PMID": 684252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5945", "title": "[Criteria for choosing the screen-film system in x-ray diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The physical dimensions to be kept in mind in choosing the screen-film system in radiography are defined and discussed. As an example of applying the method, the results of measuring these dimensions on 5 types of film and 6 types of screen are reported and their optimal combinations indicated as a function of examination conditions.", "contents": "[Criteria for choosing the screen-film system in x-ray diagnosis (author's transl)]. The physical dimensions to be kept in mind in choosing the screen-film system in radiography are defined and discussed. As an example of applying the method, the results of measuring these dimensions on 5 types of film and 6 types of screen are reported and their optimal combinations indicated as a function of examination conditions.", "PMID": 684255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5946", "title": "[Determination of the genetically significant dose from x-ray diagnosis in the Province of Varese (author's transl)].", "content": "The genetically significant dose in the population of Varese Province (about 700,000 inhabitants) from X-ray diagnosis in 1972 has been estimated. The methods adopted and data utilized for the estimate are indicated. Results are discussed in view of the possibility of reducing doses.", "contents": "[Determination of the genetically significant dose from x-ray diagnosis in the Province of Varese (author's transl)]. The genetically significant dose in the population of Varese Province (about 700,000 inhabitants) from X-ray diagnosis in 1972 has been estimated. The methods adopted and data utilized for the estimate are indicated. Results are discussed in view of the possibility of reducing doses.", "PMID": 684257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5947", "title": "[Lactose intolerance in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "A study on the lactose intolerance of adults was carried out through dietary survey, clinical data and tolerance tests. It was performed in 24 healthy persons, aged 19 to 39 years. Only one of the participants referred milk intolerance since childhood. Eleven of the 24 adults had signs of lactose intolerance through clinical symptoms and/or low increase of blood sugar after the load test. It was noteworthy that the majority of the intolerants were white people. It is discussed the practical importance of these lactose tolerance tests as an index of milk tolerance, considering the high recommended amount of lactose used in the tests.", "contents": "[Lactose intolerance in adults (author's transl)]. A study on the lactose intolerance of adults was carried out through dietary survey, clinical data and tolerance tests. It was performed in 24 healthy persons, aged 19 to 39 years. Only one of the participants referred milk intolerance since childhood. Eleven of the 24 adults had signs of lactose intolerance through clinical symptoms and/or low increase of blood sugar after the load test. It was noteworthy that the majority of the intolerants were white people. It is discussed the practical importance of these lactose tolerance tests as an index of milk tolerance, considering the high recommended amount of lactose used in the tests.", "PMID": 684260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5948", "title": "Starch gel electrophoresis of erythrocyte hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase: a population survey.", "content": "Vertical starch gel electrophoresis of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) was performed in several population groups including Caucasians, Negroes and Orientals. The red cells of a total of 244 individuals were examined for HGPRT and those of 265 for APRT and no variants were detected.", "contents": "Starch gel electrophoresis of erythrocyte hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase: a population survey. Vertical starch gel electrophoresis of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) was performed in several population groups including Caucasians, Negroes and Orientals. The red cells of a total of 244 individuals were examined for HGPRT and those of 265 for APRT and no variants were detected.", "PMID": 684261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5949", "title": "Plasma renin activity in the intervillous space of the human placenta, in umbilical vessels and in maternal peripheral venous blood.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured by bioassay in the maternal and fetal compartments: intervellous space of the placenta (IVS), maternal peripheral venous blood (MPVB), umbilical artery (A) and vein (V), in a group of normal parturients and their respective fetuses, also normal. The material was collected simultaneously from mother and fetus in the third phase of delivery. PRA valuses in the IVS of the placenta were higher than those observed in the umbilical vein, and similar to those found in the MPVB. PRA values in the umbilical cord vessels behaved as if being part of only one compartment. The mechanisms of regulation of plasma renin activity on the maternal side seem to be independent from those on the fetal side, at least under physiological condition.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in the intervillous space of the human placenta, in umbilical vessels and in maternal peripheral venous blood. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured by bioassay in the maternal and fetal compartments: intervellous space of the placenta (IVS), maternal peripheral venous blood (MPVB), umbilical artery (A) and vein (V), in a group of normal parturients and their respective fetuses, also normal. The material was collected simultaneously from mother and fetus in the third phase of delivery. PRA valuses in the IVS of the placenta were higher than those observed in the umbilical vein, and similar to those found in the MPVB. PRA values in the umbilical cord vessels behaved as if being part of only one compartment. The mechanisms of regulation of plasma renin activity on the maternal side seem to be independent from those on the fetal side, at least under physiological condition.", "PMID": 684262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5950", "title": "Self-instruction in anatomy for medical students.", "content": "The authors describe the results of the use of a self-instructional material (study guide-book) during two Anatomy courses (cardio-respiratory and locomotor) given to first year medical students of S\u00e3o Paulo University. The rate of approval was considered very good in both courses.", "contents": "Self-instruction in anatomy for medical students. The authors describe the results of the use of a self-instructional material (study guide-book) during two Anatomy courses (cardio-respiratory and locomotor) given to first year medical students of S\u00e3o Paulo University. The rate of approval was considered very good in both courses.", "PMID": 684263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5951", "title": "[Influenza in Rosario: seroepidemiology].", "content": "A seroepidemiologic investigation was carried out in order to remake the experience of the population of Rosario, Argentina, with different strains of virus influenza type A (prototype strains and minor variations). PR/8/34 (HO N1); FM/1/47 (H1 N1); R/1/62 (H2 N2); HK/1/68 (H3 N2); E/42/72 (H3 N2); PCh/1/73 (H3 N2). It could be established that the tested strains circulated in this City, probably while they prevale in other parts of the world. A 34,6% of recent infections for the prevalent strains could be estimated from the present investigations.", "contents": "[Influenza in Rosario: seroepidemiology]. A seroepidemiologic investigation was carried out in order to remake the experience of the population of Rosario, Argentina, with different strains of virus influenza type A (prototype strains and minor variations). PR/8/34 (HO N1); FM/1/47 (H1 N1); R/1/62 (H2 N2); HK/1/68 (H3 N2); E/42/72 (H3 N2); PCh/1/73 (H3 N2). It could be established that the tested strains circulated in this City, probably while they prevale in other parts of the world. A 34,6% of recent infections for the prevalent strains could be estimated from the present investigations.", "PMID": 684258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5952", "title": "Non-specific inhibitory fraction for hemagglutination of some togaviruses obtained from Swiss albino mouse brain.", "content": "A fraction from Swiss albino mouse brain homogenate obtained by DEAE cellulose chromatography showed a non-specific hemagglutination-inhibitory property for some Togaviruses. Evidence are presented indicating that the inhibitory property is related to a protein-rich fraction with sialic acid as an active group.", "contents": "Non-specific inhibitory fraction for hemagglutination of some togaviruses obtained from Swiss albino mouse brain. A fraction from Swiss albino mouse brain homogenate obtained by DEAE cellulose chromatography showed a non-specific hemagglutination-inhibitory property for some Togaviruses. Evidence are presented indicating that the inhibitory property is related to a protein-rich fraction with sialic acid as an active group.", "PMID": 684259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5953", "title": "[Influence of the cryopreservation at nitrogen temperature on the vaccinic ability of the \"PF\" strain of Trypanosoma cruzi (author's transl)].", "content": "The cryopeservation of the \"PF\" strain of T. cruzi at -196 degree C has not changed its effectiveness in protecting mice against a posterior infection with a virulent Trypanosoma cruzi strain. The cryopeservation technique utilized seems to be efficient and of practical and rapid examination.", "contents": "[Influence of the cryopreservation at nitrogen temperature on the vaccinic ability of the \"PF\" strain of Trypanosoma cruzi (author's transl)]. The cryopeservation of the \"PF\" strain of T. cruzi at -196 degree C has not changed its effectiveness in protecting mice against a posterior infection with a virulent Trypanosoma cruzi strain. The cryopeservation technique utilized seems to be efficient and of practical and rapid examination.", "PMID": 684265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5954", "title": "Biochemical, morphologic and physiologic changes in the adrenal glands of rats chronically treated with phenobarbital.", "content": "Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in the adrenal glands of rats were observed after long-term phenobarbital treatment. At the fine structural level, the parenchymal cells of the phenobarbital-treated rats resembled cortical cells that had been stimulated by adrenocorticotropin. A significant finding was the presence of very large hollow mitochondria characterized by loss of vesicles and cristae with retention of the double outer membrane. Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2) activity, the marker used for rough endoplasmic reticulum, was significantly diminished. Since rough endoplasmic reticulum is present primarily in the adrenal medulla and not the cortex, the relative decrease in arylesterase activity is consistent with the morphologic adrenal cortical hyperplasia. Trypsin-like (EC 3.4.4.4) enzyme activity was increased. The plasma corticosterone response to adrenocorticotropin injection was not significantly different in treated and control rats. The similarity of the observed mitochondrial changes to the reported mitochondrial cavitation in the adrenal glands of rats treated with aminoglutethimide is discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical, morphologic and physiologic changes in the adrenal glands of rats chronically treated with phenobarbital. Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in the adrenal glands of rats were observed after long-term phenobarbital treatment. At the fine structural level, the parenchymal cells of the phenobarbital-treated rats resembled cortical cells that had been stimulated by adrenocorticotropin. A significant finding was the presence of very large hollow mitochondria characterized by loss of vesicles and cristae with retention of the double outer membrane. Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2) activity, the marker used for rough endoplasmic reticulum, was significantly diminished. Since rough endoplasmic reticulum is present primarily in the adrenal medulla and not the cortex, the relative decrease in arylesterase activity is consistent with the morphologic adrenal cortical hyperplasia. Trypsin-like (EC 3.4.4.4) enzyme activity was increased. The plasma corticosterone response to adrenocorticotropin injection was not significantly different in treated and control rats. The similarity of the observed mitochondrial changes to the reported mitochondrial cavitation in the adrenal glands of rats treated with aminoglutethimide is discussed.", "PMID": 684269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5955", "title": "Selective inhibition of xanthine oxidase by substituted pyridopyrimidines.", "content": "Six 2-methyl-3-substituted-pyrido-(2,3-d)-pyrimidine 4 (3H)-ones were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase and other purine catabolizing enzymes of rat liver. All compounds inhibited xanthine oxidase selectively when tested at a final concentration of 0.5 mM in vitro. Adenosine deaminase, guanosine deaminase and guanine deaminase were unaffected. The inhibition of xanthine oxidase was found to be competitive in nature.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of xanthine oxidase by substituted pyridopyrimidines. Six 2-methyl-3-substituted-pyrido-(2,3-d)-pyrimidine 4 (3H)-ones were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase and other purine catabolizing enzymes of rat liver. All compounds inhibited xanthine oxidase selectively when tested at a final concentration of 0.5 mM in vitro. Adenosine deaminase, guanosine deaminase and guanine deaminase were unaffected. The inhibition of xanthine oxidase was found to be competitive in nature.", "PMID": 684270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5956", "title": "The effects of different levels of selenium administered to rats in drinking water on distribution and glutathione peroxidase.", "content": "Studies were conducted in an attempt to define a biochemical index of selenium toxicity rather than weight loss, liver disease and death. Rats, maintained on selenium deficient diets, received in drinking water various levels of selenium as Na2SeO3(0.1, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 ppm). Changes in selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and specific activities (nCi75Se/ug Se) were determined in liver, kidney and plasma at baseline and two and ten weeks after repletion. In intial selenium deficient rats, GSH-Px activities were markedly depressed and specific activities elevated as compared to 0.1 ppm controls. After two weeks, liver and plasma GSH-Px activiities increased, and plasma, liver and kidney specific activities decreased in a concentration dependent manner. In kidney, there were no differences in enzyme activity at either two or ten weeks. At ten weeks, liver GSH-Px activities continued to increase in the 1.0 ppm group, but were depressed at both the 1.5 and 2.0 ppm levels. Specific activities were also depressed in liver and excretion was not increased at these levels. This suggests a biochemical toxicity in liver at levels above 1.0 ppm after ten weeks, prior to the onset of gross pathological changes.", "contents": "The effects of different levels of selenium administered to rats in drinking water on distribution and glutathione peroxidase. Studies were conducted in an attempt to define a biochemical index of selenium toxicity rather than weight loss, liver disease and death. Rats, maintained on selenium deficient diets, received in drinking water various levels of selenium as Na2SeO3(0.1, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 ppm). Changes in selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and specific activities (nCi75Se/ug Se) were determined in liver, kidney and plasma at baseline and two and ten weeks after repletion. In intial selenium deficient rats, GSH-Px activities were markedly depressed and specific activities elevated as compared to 0.1 ppm controls. After two weeks, liver and plasma GSH-Px activiities increased, and plasma, liver and kidney specific activities decreased in a concentration dependent manner. In kidney, there were no differences in enzyme activity at either two or ten weeks. At ten weeks, liver GSH-Px activities continued to increase in the 1.0 ppm group, but were depressed at both the 1.5 and 2.0 ppm levels. Specific activities were also depressed in liver and excretion was not increased at these levels. This suggests a biochemical toxicity in liver at levels above 1.0 ppm after ten weeks, prior to the onset of gross pathological changes.", "PMID": 684271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5957", "title": "Species differences in blood serum reserves for cholesterol solubilization.", "content": "The capacity of male human, rat, and guinea pig sera to solubilize cholesterol was measured by in vitro equilibration. Evaporation, adsorption by filter paper and/or cholesterol, and protein denaturation were controlled by measuring serum protein and albumin along with cholesterol contents. The uptake of cholesterol for the above groups was 23.1 +/- 1.2, 18.9 +/- 1.8, and 10.7 +/- 0.8 mg/100 ml, respectively. The percentage increases over initial serum cholesterol were 11.9 +/- 0.9, 18.7 +/- 2.0, and 35.1 +/- 2.7%, respectively. The uptake of cholesterol by serum per se without involvement of either releasing or target tissues appears to be an irreversible and protective solubility phenomenon; no cholesterol plates were deposited upon the undissolved solute or precipitated on addition of triglyceride to cholesterol-saturated serum. The omnivorous human and rat had a greater absolute reserve for solubilizing cholesterol, but the herbivorous guinea pig a greatly enhanced relative (% increase) reserve.", "contents": "Species differences in blood serum reserves for cholesterol solubilization. The capacity of male human, rat, and guinea pig sera to solubilize cholesterol was measured by in vitro equilibration. Evaporation, adsorption by filter paper and/or cholesterol, and protein denaturation were controlled by measuring serum protein and albumin along with cholesterol contents. The uptake of cholesterol for the above groups was 23.1 +/- 1.2, 18.9 +/- 1.8, and 10.7 +/- 0.8 mg/100 ml, respectively. The percentage increases over initial serum cholesterol were 11.9 +/- 0.9, 18.7 +/- 2.0, and 35.1 +/- 2.7%, respectively. The uptake of cholesterol by serum per se without involvement of either releasing or target tissues appears to be an irreversible and protective solubility phenomenon; no cholesterol plates were deposited upon the undissolved solute or precipitated on addition of triglyceride to cholesterol-saturated serum. The omnivorous human and rat had a greater absolute reserve for solubilizing cholesterol, but the herbivorous guinea pig a greatly enhanced relative (% increase) reserve.", "PMID": 684272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5958", "title": "A comparative study with angiotensin II and (des-aspartic acid) -angiotensin II in the anesthetized cats.", "content": "The effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin III were studied in chloralose anesthetized and bilaterally adrenalectomized cats. Both peptides caused a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure and reduced the intraluminal pressure of the terminal ileum which was chosen as a parameter for the adrenergic actions of the peptides. Compared to angiotensin II, angiotensin III had 40 times lower agonistic potency in blood pressure but 200 times lower potency in intraluminal pressure. The competitive angiotensin antagonist Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II, equally inhibited the agonistic effects of both peptides in blood pressure and intestinal motility. From these results it was concluded that specific angiotensin receptors are responsible for pressure as well as adrenergic effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin III.", "contents": "A comparative study with angiotensin II and (des-aspartic acid) -angiotensin II in the anesthetized cats. The effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin III were studied in chloralose anesthetized and bilaterally adrenalectomized cats. Both peptides caused a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure and reduced the intraluminal pressure of the terminal ileum which was chosen as a parameter for the adrenergic actions of the peptides. Compared to angiotensin II, angiotensin III had 40 times lower agonistic potency in blood pressure but 200 times lower potency in intraluminal pressure. The competitive angiotensin antagonist Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II, equally inhibited the agonistic effects of both peptides in blood pressure and intestinal motility. From these results it was concluded that specific angiotensin receptors are responsible for pressure as well as adrenergic effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin III.", "PMID": 684273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5959", "title": "The efficacy of practolol-induced beta1 adrenergic blockade in the canine heart.", "content": "The efficacy of adrenergic blockade with practolol was assessed by subjecting 6 adult mongrel dogs in a closed-chest procedure to bolus injections of isoproterenol (0.5 mcg/kg, i.v.) before and after practolol (2.0 mg/kg, i.v.). Following practolol both heart rate and pulse pressure responses were significantly reduced. It is suggested that significant beta1 receptor adrenergic blockade is achieved by practolol.", "contents": "The efficacy of practolol-induced beta1 adrenergic blockade in the canine heart. The efficacy of adrenergic blockade with practolol was assessed by subjecting 6 adult mongrel dogs in a closed-chest procedure to bolus injections of isoproterenol (0.5 mcg/kg, i.v.) before and after practolol (2.0 mg/kg, i.v.). Following practolol both heart rate and pulse pressure responses were significantly reduced. It is suggested that significant beta1 receptor adrenergic blockade is achieved by practolol.", "PMID": 684274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5960", "title": "Efffect of exo- and endo-2-aminobenzonorbornene on the acceleration of efflux of norepinephrine from isolated perfused rabbit atria.", "content": "The effect of exo- and endo-2-aminobenzonorbornene on the efflux of norepinephrine (NE) from isolated perfused rabbit atria was studied. These compounds can be considered conformationally rigid analogs of amphetamine and as such can be used to study the stereochemical requirements for amphetamine like activity. The exo isomer was found to produce an acceleration of efflux of previously accumulated 3H-NE from pargyline treated atria from rabbits which had been pretreated with either reserpine or dl-alpha-methyltryrosine (alpha-MT). The endo isomer however was found to accelerate efflux of 3H-NE from pargyline treated atria from reserpine pretreated rabbits but not from rabbits that had been pretreated with alpha-MT.", "contents": "Efffect of exo- and endo-2-aminobenzonorbornene on the acceleration of efflux of norepinephrine from isolated perfused rabbit atria. The effect of exo- and endo-2-aminobenzonorbornene on the efflux of norepinephrine (NE) from isolated perfused rabbit atria was studied. These compounds can be considered conformationally rigid analogs of amphetamine and as such can be used to study the stereochemical requirements for amphetamine like activity. The exo isomer was found to produce an acceleration of efflux of previously accumulated 3H-NE from pargyline treated atria from rabbits which had been pretreated with either reserpine or dl-alpha-methyltryrosine (alpha-MT). The endo isomer however was found to accelerate efflux of 3H-NE from pargyline treated atria from reserpine pretreated rabbits but not from rabbits that had been pretreated with alpha-MT.", "PMID": 684275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5961", "title": "Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rat brain.", "content": "Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were determined in isolated neurons and glial cells as derived from adult male rat brain. Glial enzyme activities were higher than in neurones, and the glial enzymes may be an important source of the enzyme activities in the homogenate, postmicrosomal fractions and in the whole brain microsomes. For comparison, glial cells showed also higher diaphorase activity than neurons which may stress the importance of glial cells in the oxidative metabolism of exogenous chemicals in brain.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rat brain. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were determined in isolated neurons and glial cells as derived from adult male rat brain. Glial enzyme activities were higher than in neurones, and the glial enzymes may be an important source of the enzyme activities in the homogenate, postmicrosomal fractions and in the whole brain microsomes. For comparison, glial cells showed also higher diaphorase activity than neurons which may stress the importance of glial cells in the oxidative metabolism of exogenous chemicals in brain.", "PMID": 684276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5962", "title": "Substituted oxothiazolyl acetic acids as antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "Eight 2-arylimino-3-[/3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) ethy1]-4-oxothiazol-5-yl-acetic acids were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties. The toxocity of the compounds was reflected by their approximate LD50 values.", "contents": "Substituted oxothiazolyl acetic acids as antiinflammatory agents. Eight 2-arylimino-3-[/3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) ethy1]-4-oxothiazol-5-yl-acetic acids were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties. The toxocity of the compounds was reflected by their approximate LD50 values.", "PMID": 684277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5963", "title": "Phenobarbital--thioridazine interaction in man.", "content": "Plasma thioridazine levels were estimated in seven retarded patients during the course of gradual phenobarbital withdrawal. In each patient, plasma levels of thioridazine plus metabolites increased with decreasing phenobarbital dose. Possible mechanisms of the interaction are discussed.", "contents": "Phenobarbital--thioridazine interaction in man. Plasma thioridazine levels were estimated in seven retarded patients during the course of gradual phenobarbital withdrawal. In each patient, plasma levels of thioridazine plus metabolites increased with decreasing phenobarbital dose. Possible mechanisms of the interaction are discussed.", "PMID": 684278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5964", "title": "Amobarbital metabolism in man: N-glucoside formation.", "content": "N-Hydroxyamobarbital, the compound previously proposed as the second major metabolite of amobarbital was synthesized. The metabolite was shown not to be N-hydroxyamobarbital. NMR and MS analyses on the metabolite suggested it could be a derivative of N-beta-D-glucopyranoside. This proposed structure was confirmed by comparison with the spectral data of synthetic amobarbital-N-methyl-N-2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.", "contents": "Amobarbital metabolism in man: N-glucoside formation. N-Hydroxyamobarbital, the compound previously proposed as the second major metabolite of amobarbital was synthesized. The metabolite was shown not to be N-hydroxyamobarbital. NMR and MS analyses on the metabolite suggested it could be a derivative of N-beta-D-glucopyranoside. This proposed structure was confirmed by comparison with the spectral data of synthetic amobarbital-N-methyl-N-2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.", "PMID": 684279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5965", "title": "Comparison of inhibition of monoamine uptake by cocaine, methylphenidate and amphetamine.", "content": "Amphetamine and methylphenidate both inhibited the uptake of 3H-norepinephrine (NE) and 3H-dopamine (DA) although the activity (as measured by I50 and Ki values) of d-amphetamine was lower with respect to uptake of the two catecholamines in synaptosomes from thalamus-hypothalamus and and striatum. Cocaine was a much stonger inhibitor of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake in septum-caudate synaptosomes than amphetamine or methylphenidate. The I50 values were 70, 118 and 570 micron for cocaine, methylphenidate and d-amphetamine, respectively. The results of the present study suggested that a serotonergic system may be involved in the stimulant properties of cocaine. It may also explain certain differences in pharmacological activities between cocaine and the other two stimulants as described in the literature.", "contents": "Comparison of inhibition of monoamine uptake by cocaine, methylphenidate and amphetamine. Amphetamine and methylphenidate both inhibited the uptake of 3H-norepinephrine (NE) and 3H-dopamine (DA) although the activity (as measured by I50 and Ki values) of d-amphetamine was lower with respect to uptake of the two catecholamines in synaptosomes from thalamus-hypothalamus and and striatum. Cocaine was a much stonger inhibitor of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake in septum-caudate synaptosomes than amphetamine or methylphenidate. The I50 values were 70, 118 and 570 micron for cocaine, methylphenidate and d-amphetamine, respectively. The results of the present study suggested that a serotonergic system may be involved in the stimulant properties of cocaine. It may also explain certain differences in pharmacological activities between cocaine and the other two stimulants as described in the literature.", "PMID": 684280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5966", "title": "Age dependant factors influencing digoxin pharmacokinetics in the postnatal puppy.", "content": "H3-digoxin pharmacokinetics following intravenous pulse injections was studied in dogs ranging in age from 0.5--2 days (n=2), 3--10 days (n=6), 11--30 days (n=5), 31--90 days (n=3) and adult dogs (n=5). All animals in each age group exhibited a biexponential elimination of H3-digoxin from the vascular compartment and data are analyzed by use of a two compartment pharmacokinetic model. Pharmacokinetic parameters showed significant age related differences. The mean T1/2(alpha) was greater in puppies aged 0.5--2 (8.92 +/- 2.61 min), 3--10 (11.8 +/- 1.99 min) and 11--30 days (10.32 +/- 1.89 min) when compared to adult dogs (5.36 +/- 0.91 min). The mean T1/2(beta) was four times longer in 3--10 day old dogs (1342.05 min) than in adult dogs (327.0 min) and decreased with increasing age of the puppies. The beta-phase rate constants were statistically different (p less than 0.05) between 3--10 day old and adult dogs. Elimination of H3-digoxin was slower in puppies than adult dogs (Kel in 3--10 day old puppies = 0.0046 min(-1); adult dogs = 0.0197 min(-1)) and was accompanied by a lower clearance of H3-digoxin in 3--10 day old puppies (2.05 ml/min/kg) than in adult dogs (7.41 ml/min/kg) [p less than 0.0001]. Functional immaturity of the canine kidney during early development probably constitutes the physiologic basis for the differences noted in H3-digoxin kinetics. While these distinctions in elimination kinetics are age related they do not clarify why younger organisms tolerate higher digoxin levels than adults with less apparent toxicity.", "contents": "Age dependant factors influencing digoxin pharmacokinetics in the postnatal puppy. H3-digoxin pharmacokinetics following intravenous pulse injections was studied in dogs ranging in age from 0.5--2 days (n=2), 3--10 days (n=6), 11--30 days (n=5), 31--90 days (n=3) and adult dogs (n=5). All animals in each age group exhibited a biexponential elimination of H3-digoxin from the vascular compartment and data are analyzed by use of a two compartment pharmacokinetic model. Pharmacokinetic parameters showed significant age related differences. The mean T1/2(alpha) was greater in puppies aged 0.5--2 (8.92 +/- 2.61 min), 3--10 (11.8 +/- 1.99 min) and 11--30 days (10.32 +/- 1.89 min) when compared to adult dogs (5.36 +/- 0.91 min). The mean T1/2(beta) was four times longer in 3--10 day old dogs (1342.05 min) than in adult dogs (327.0 min) and decreased with increasing age of the puppies. The beta-phase rate constants were statistically different (p less than 0.05) between 3--10 day old and adult dogs. Elimination of H3-digoxin was slower in puppies than adult dogs (Kel in 3--10 day old puppies = 0.0046 min(-1); adult dogs = 0.0197 min(-1)) and was accompanied by a lower clearance of H3-digoxin in 3--10 day old puppies (2.05 ml/min/kg) than in adult dogs (7.41 ml/min/kg) [p less than 0.0001]. Functional immaturity of the canine kidney during early development probably constitutes the physiologic basis for the differences noted in H3-digoxin kinetics. While these distinctions in elimination kinetics are age related they do not clarify why younger organisms tolerate higher digoxin levels than adults with less apparent toxicity.", "PMID": 684281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5967", "title": "The influence of the sympathetic nervous system on capillary permeability.", "content": "1. The influence of the sympathetic nervous system on capillary permeability was studied in cats. The dye penetration from the blood through the synovial membrane was tested by perfusing the two knee joints, one of which was deprived of its sympathetic nerve supply by unilateral lumbosacral sympathectomy. 2. In confirmation of previous experiments, it was found in a great majority of experiments that, in spite of marked vasodilatation, the dye excretion was considerably reduced on the sympathectomised side. 3. A large amount of experimental evidence, supporting directly or indirectly, my views, has been reviewed. 4. A permeability factor under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system has been postulated; its character and mechanism is still unknown. 5. Further unpublished experiments seem to support the view that increased blood supply is associated with decreased vascular permeability.", "contents": "The influence of the sympathetic nervous system on capillary permeability. 1. The influence of the sympathetic nervous system on capillary permeability was studied in cats. The dye penetration from the blood through the synovial membrane was tested by perfusing the two knee joints, one of which was deprived of its sympathetic nerve supply by unilateral lumbosacral sympathectomy. 2. In confirmation of previous experiments, it was found in a great majority of experiments that, in spite of marked vasodilatation, the dye excretion was considerably reduced on the sympathectomised side. 3. A large amount of experimental evidence, supporting directly or indirectly, my views, has been reviewed. 4. A permeability factor under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system has been postulated; its character and mechanism is still unknown. 5. Further unpublished experiments seem to support the view that increased blood supply is associated with decreased vascular permeability.", "PMID": 684282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5968", "title": "[Possibilities to avoid adsorption of physiological substances during charcoal hemoperfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "For the clinical use of charcoal in intoxications the loss of normal substances out of the organism must be avoided. In order to study the possibility of pretreating the charcoal with certain substances without influencing the adsorptive capacity of toxic metabolic products we perfused over 70 g uncoated charcoal for 6 h: 500 mg creatinine, 1 g and 20 g barbital, 500 mg bromthalein, 1 g raffinose resp. 1 g inulin per litre physiological saline in different combinations and found the following results: 1. In low and middle molecular weight levels there is no competition between two substances. 2. By preadsorption of the charcoal with a low or middle molecular weight substance, the adsorptive capacity of other substances is not influenced.", "contents": "[Possibilities to avoid adsorption of physiological substances during charcoal hemoperfusion (author's transl)]. For the clinical use of charcoal in intoxications the loss of normal substances out of the organism must be avoided. In order to study the possibility of pretreating the charcoal with certain substances without influencing the adsorptive capacity of toxic metabolic products we perfused over 70 g uncoated charcoal for 6 h: 500 mg creatinine, 1 g and 20 g barbital, 500 mg bromthalein, 1 g raffinose resp. 1 g inulin per litre physiological saline in different combinations and found the following results: 1. In low and middle molecular weight levels there is no competition between two substances. 2. By preadsorption of the charcoal with a low or middle molecular weight substance, the adsorptive capacity of other substances is not influenced.", "PMID": 684283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5969", "title": "Studies on intestinal enzyme secretion; the action of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, pentagastrin and bile.", "content": "Intravenous administration of 1 U cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) to rats caused the release of enteropeptidase, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and sucrase to the intestinal lumen in the absence of a concomitant increase in luminal DNA. Thus, the hormone elicited hydrolase secretion was not due to cell desquamation. Pentagastrin also stimulated hydrolase release. Following CCK-PZ administration enteropeptidase was released preferentially over sucrase and AP and showed a linear correlation with total protein output. The specific enteropeptidase activity was higher in the perfusate following secretion than in the mocosa. Enteropeptidase was found mainly in soluble form in both mucosa and perfusate; addition of bile following enteropeptidase release further increased its activity. In contrast, sucrase and AP were found mainly in insoluble form in both mucosa and perfusate and their specific activities were higher in the mucosa. The presence of bile rendered both sucrase and AP more soluble in the perfusate. The data indicate that enteropeptidase is released by a specific secretory process and that its subcellular site of origin is different from that of sucrase and AP. By eliciting the coordinated release of trypsinogen, enteropeptidase and bile, CCK-PZ plays a central role in the initiation of protein digestion.", "contents": "Studies on intestinal enzyme secretion; the action of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, pentagastrin and bile. Intravenous administration of 1 U cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) to rats caused the release of enteropeptidase, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and sucrase to the intestinal lumen in the absence of a concomitant increase in luminal DNA. Thus, the hormone elicited hydrolase secretion was not due to cell desquamation. Pentagastrin also stimulated hydrolase release. Following CCK-PZ administration enteropeptidase was released preferentially over sucrase and AP and showed a linear correlation with total protein output. The specific enteropeptidase activity was higher in the perfusate following secretion than in the mocosa. Enteropeptidase was found mainly in soluble form in both mucosa and perfusate; addition of bile following enteropeptidase release further increased its activity. In contrast, sucrase and AP were found mainly in insoluble form in both mucosa and perfusate and their specific activities were higher in the mucosa. The presence of bile rendered both sucrase and AP more soluble in the perfusate. The data indicate that enteropeptidase is released by a specific secretory process and that its subcellular site of origin is different from that of sucrase and AP. By eliciting the coordinated release of trypsinogen, enteropeptidase and bile, CCK-PZ plays a central role in the initiation of protein digestion.", "PMID": 684284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5970", "title": "Serum fatty acids and peroxidase abnormalities in Batten's disease.", "content": "The linoleic acid content of serum lipids was measured in 10 paitents with Batten's disease and 11 healthy control subjects by gas liquid chromatography. The fatty acid patterns of serum lipids in this disease may reflect a primary or secondary deficiency in essential fatty acid (linoleic acid) probably related to a glutathione peroxidase abnormality.", "contents": "Serum fatty acids and peroxidase abnormalities in Batten's disease. The linoleic acid content of serum lipids was measured in 10 paitents with Batten's disease and 11 healthy control subjects by gas liquid chromatography. The fatty acid patterns of serum lipids in this disease may reflect a primary or secondary deficiency in essential fatty acid (linoleic acid) probably related to a glutathione peroxidase abnormality.", "PMID": 684285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5971", "title": "The relationship between the functional and structural alterations in the rat small intestine following proximal resection of varying extents.", "content": "The functional and structural characteristics of the ileal remnant of rat intestine were examined four weeks after 45%, 70% or 95% proximal resection. The increase in villus height in the ileal remnant had alfread reached its maximum after a resection of 45%, whereas a further increment in the length of the crypts occurred after 70% resection. There was an increase in the number of enterocytes per unit length of villus and a rise in the DNA content per unit weight of mucosal scrapings, which testifies to the development of mucosal hyperplasia in this situation. The specific activities of sucrase, measured biochemically, and of nonspecific esterase, determined histochemically, were reduced in proportion to the extent of the resection. Similarly, the uptakes of L-phenylalanine and of beta-methyl-D-glucoside by intestinal rings in vitro were progressively diminished in the ileal remnant. There was an increase in the rate of disappearance of glucose from a perfused loop in vivo, when expressed in terms of unit intestinal length. Galactose absorption remained unchanged, but when expressed in terms of unit dry tissue, was significantly reduced, in agreement with the diminished transport of both amino-acids and monosaccharides in vitro.", "contents": "The relationship between the functional and structural alterations in the rat small intestine following proximal resection of varying extents. The functional and structural characteristics of the ileal remnant of rat intestine were examined four weeks after 45%, 70% or 95% proximal resection. The increase in villus height in the ileal remnant had alfread reached its maximum after a resection of 45%, whereas a further increment in the length of the crypts occurred after 70% resection. There was an increase in the number of enterocytes per unit length of villus and a rise in the DNA content per unit weight of mucosal scrapings, which testifies to the development of mucosal hyperplasia in this situation. The specific activities of sucrase, measured biochemically, and of nonspecific esterase, determined histochemically, were reduced in proportion to the extent of the resection. Similarly, the uptakes of L-phenylalanine and of beta-methyl-D-glucoside by intestinal rings in vitro were progressively diminished in the ileal remnant. There was an increase in the rate of disappearance of glucose from a perfused loop in vivo, when expressed in terms of unit intestinal length. Galactose absorption remained unchanged, but when expressed in terms of unit dry tissue, was significantly reduced, in agreement with the diminished transport of both amino-acids and monosaccharides in vitro.", "PMID": 684286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5972", "title": "[Hypothermic circulatory arrest after total blood exchange in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Total body washout (hct less than 1%) in hypothermia was performed in 31 dogs using either a crystalloidal or a colloidal perfusate. Blood exchange and cooling was achieved by means of partial bypass and heat exchanger. Short lasting blood exchange for crystalloids without cardiac arrest resulted in 66% survival of the animals. When in addition circulatory arrest was established for 30 min at 14 degrees C oesophageal temperature blood exchange for crystalloids was not tolerated. All four animals of this group died within 19 hours presenting massive interstitial edema. Replacement of the crystalloidal perfusate by a colloidal solution (2.5 g% Dextran 60 at Ringer's Lactate) and establishing circulatory for 30 or 60 min resulted in survival rates of 71% and 50% respectively. The use of the colloidal perfusate effectively prevented edema formation. Death could not be correlated with the parameters controlled.", "contents": "[Hypothermic circulatory arrest after total blood exchange in dogs (author's transl)]. Total body washout (hct less than 1%) in hypothermia was performed in 31 dogs using either a crystalloidal or a colloidal perfusate. Blood exchange and cooling was achieved by means of partial bypass and heat exchanger. Short lasting blood exchange for crystalloids without cardiac arrest resulted in 66% survival of the animals. When in addition circulatory arrest was established for 30 min at 14 degrees C oesophageal temperature blood exchange for crystalloids was not tolerated. All four animals of this group died within 19 hours presenting massive interstitial edema. Replacement of the crystalloidal perfusate by a colloidal solution (2.5 g% Dextran 60 at Ringer's Lactate) and establishing circulatory for 30 or 60 min resulted in survival rates of 71% and 50% respectively. The use of the colloidal perfusate effectively prevented edema formation. Death could not be correlated with the parameters controlled.", "PMID": 684288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5973", "title": "[Action of furosemide in experimental acute renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of furosemide was studied in glycerol-induced acute renal failure of rats. Acute renal failure was induced by an intramuscular injection of 50% glycerol (10 ml/kg). A marked increase in plasma urea concentration was found after the glycerol injection. Urea concentration increased to a maximal value of 339 +/- 67 mg/100 ml at the third day after glycerol application. 36% of the animals died within the first 4 days after glycerol. Furosemide (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally daily and for the first time 24 h after injection of glycerol Mortality and azotemia of acute renal failure was not improved by this drug.", "contents": "[Action of furosemide in experimental acute renal failure (author's transl)]. The action of furosemide was studied in glycerol-induced acute renal failure of rats. Acute renal failure was induced by an intramuscular injection of 50% glycerol (10 ml/kg). A marked increase in plasma urea concentration was found after the glycerol injection. Urea concentration increased to a maximal value of 339 +/- 67 mg/100 ml at the third day after glycerol application. 36% of the animals died within the first 4 days after glycerol. Furosemide (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally daily and for the first time 24 h after injection of glycerol Mortality and azotemia of acute renal failure was not improved by this drug.", "PMID": 684289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5974", "title": "The effect of lysolecithin on contractile force of isolated gastric smooth muscle.", "content": "Mechanical activity of smooth muscle preparations was recorded in circular strips of antrum, corpus, and fundus from guinea-pig stomach. Whereas acetylcholine stimulated both rhythmic and tonic (shift of the base line) activity of the tested muscles, lysolecithin induced tonic contractions, but had no influence on the rhythmic activity. Lysolecithin was ineffective in the absence of external calcium. The tonic activations of corpus and fundus preparations induced by lysolecithin were suppressed by sodium nitroprusside. D 600 (methoxy-verapamil) did not counteract the lysolecithin effect.", "contents": "The effect of lysolecithin on contractile force of isolated gastric smooth muscle. Mechanical activity of smooth muscle preparations was recorded in circular strips of antrum, corpus, and fundus from guinea-pig stomach. Whereas acetylcholine stimulated both rhythmic and tonic (shift of the base line) activity of the tested muscles, lysolecithin induced tonic contractions, but had no influence on the rhythmic activity. Lysolecithin was ineffective in the absence of external calcium. The tonic activations of corpus and fundus preparations induced by lysolecithin were suppressed by sodium nitroprusside. D 600 (methoxy-verapamil) did not counteract the lysolecithin effect.", "PMID": 684290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5975", "title": "[Replacement of the common bile duct by an autologous vein (author's transl)].", "content": "3 cm of the common bile duct was removed in 19 dogs and the defect was bridged by an autologous vein. The interposition of a vein graft was performed with a double end-to-end anastomosis. In four cases a T-drain was additionally placed into the transplant. GOT, GPT, LDH, AP and bilirubin were tested in regular intervals. The patency of the transplant was proved by radiography with dogs which survived longer than 6 weeks. 5 dogs died within the first 4 weeks, 4 were killed after 2 months, because of incrustation of the T-drain for a regular percutaneous rinsing of the drainage was not possible. 10 dogs survived for 6 to 12 months. These animals showed increasing laboratory results up to two months, then the tests normalized. The function of the transplanted vein was without complication and the liver histology did not show any pathological alteration. After two months the transplanted vein was bridged by bile duct epithelium.", "contents": "[Replacement of the common bile duct by an autologous vein (author's transl)]. 3 cm of the common bile duct was removed in 19 dogs and the defect was bridged by an autologous vein. The interposition of a vein graft was performed with a double end-to-end anastomosis. In four cases a T-drain was additionally placed into the transplant. GOT, GPT, LDH, AP and bilirubin were tested in regular intervals. The patency of the transplant was proved by radiography with dogs which survived longer than 6 weeks. 5 dogs died within the first 4 weeks, 4 were killed after 2 months, because of incrustation of the T-drain for a regular percutaneous rinsing of the drainage was not possible. 10 dogs survived for 6 to 12 months. These animals showed increasing laboratory results up to two months, then the tests normalized. The function of the transplanted vein was without complication and the liver histology did not show any pathological alteration. After two months the transplanted vein was bridged by bile duct epithelium.", "PMID": 684291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5976", "title": "Adenylate cyclase of human gastric mucosa. Stimulation by prostaglandins.", "content": "It has been shown that human gastric mucosa contains a prostaglandin-sensitive adenylate cyclase system. Of the prostaglandins tested the E-type induced an about 3--3.5-fold increase of enzyme activity. The prostaglandin A2 by causing an about 2.5-fold enhancement of cAMP formation and the F-prostaglandins (1.4--2.0-fold stimulation) were less effective in activating the enzyme system. Maximally effective concentrations of histamine and prostaglandin E2 were additive with respect to enzyme activity indicating that both hormones act via individual adenylate cyclases.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase of human gastric mucosa. Stimulation by prostaglandins. It has been shown that human gastric mucosa contains a prostaglandin-sensitive adenylate cyclase system. Of the prostaglandins tested the E-type induced an about 3--3.5-fold increase of enzyme activity. The prostaglandin A2 by causing an about 2.5-fold enhancement of cAMP formation and the F-prostaglandins (1.4--2.0-fold stimulation) were less effective in activating the enzyme system. Maximally effective concentrations of histamine and prostaglandin E2 were additive with respect to enzyme activity indicating that both hormones act via individual adenylate cyclases.", "PMID": 684292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5977", "title": "The role of mucosal iron binding proteins in adaptation of iron absorption during protein deficiency and rehabilitation.", "content": "1. A state of protein deficiency has been produced in rats by feeding a low protein diet, thereafter a period of rehabilitation with a normal protein but a low iron supply followed. 2. For characterization of the iron metabolism during both periods haemoglobin, total iron binding capacity, liver non-haemin iron, intestinal iron absorption and the uptake of 59Fe in the liver was determined. 3. Under these conditions the amount of 59Fe incorporated into the mucosal transferrin and the ferritin fractions has been measured. Both fractions were obtained from the supernatant of a mucosal homogenate after chromatography on sepharose 6B. 4. In anemia due to protein deficiency the typical increase of 59Fe incorporation into the fraction of mucosal transferrin--usually occuring in iron deficiency--could not be observed. This coincides with the absence of an increased iron absorption. Moreover a decrease of iron absorption is observed, which is associated with a decreased 59Fe ratio of transferrin/ferritin-fraction. 5. After normalization of the protein supply the ratio of 59Fe incorporated into the mucosal transferrin and ferritin fractions was changed remarkably in favor to transferrin together with a several fold increase of the intestinal iron absorption. 6. The conclusion is drawn that mucosal transferrin and ferritin enable the body not only to adapt the absorption to a higher but also to a lower requirement as it is the case in protein deficiency.", "contents": "The role of mucosal iron binding proteins in adaptation of iron absorption during protein deficiency and rehabilitation. 1. A state of protein deficiency has been produced in rats by feeding a low protein diet, thereafter a period of rehabilitation with a normal protein but a low iron supply followed. 2. For characterization of the iron metabolism during both periods haemoglobin, total iron binding capacity, liver non-haemin iron, intestinal iron absorption and the uptake of 59Fe in the liver was determined. 3. Under these conditions the amount of 59Fe incorporated into the mucosal transferrin and the ferritin fractions has been measured. Both fractions were obtained from the supernatant of a mucosal homogenate after chromatography on sepharose 6B. 4. In anemia due to protein deficiency the typical increase of 59Fe incorporation into the fraction of mucosal transferrin--usually occuring in iron deficiency--could not be observed. This coincides with the absence of an increased iron absorption. Moreover a decrease of iron absorption is observed, which is associated with a decreased 59Fe ratio of transferrin/ferritin-fraction. 5. After normalization of the protein supply the ratio of 59Fe incorporated into the mucosal transferrin and ferritin fractions was changed remarkably in favor to transferrin together with a several fold increase of the intestinal iron absorption. 6. The conclusion is drawn that mucosal transferrin and ferritin enable the body not only to adapt the absorption to a higher but also to a lower requirement as it is the case in protein deficiency.", "PMID": 684293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5978", "title": "Hemodynamic parameters and blood gas analyses in the normal and the cirrhotic rat.", "content": "Thioacetamide-fed rats developed cirrhosis with portal hypertension (P portal=23.0 +/- 5.2 cm H2O, controls: 14.4 +/- 1.0 cm H2O). The PO2 of liver tissue was markedly reduced in cirrhosis (PO2=7.6 +/- 3.4 torr, controls 22.3 +/- 5.8 torr), and the aortal pH was significantly lower as well. No correlation was found between portal hypertension, development of large--nodular cirrhosis, and ascites.", "contents": "Hemodynamic parameters and blood gas analyses in the normal and the cirrhotic rat. Thioacetamide-fed rats developed cirrhosis with portal hypertension (P portal=23.0 +/- 5.2 cm H2O, controls: 14.4 +/- 1.0 cm H2O). The PO2 of liver tissue was markedly reduced in cirrhosis (PO2=7.6 +/- 3.4 torr, controls 22.3 +/- 5.8 torr), and the aortal pH was significantly lower as well. No correlation was found between portal hypertension, development of large--nodular cirrhosis, and ascites.", "PMID": 684297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5979", "title": "Role of spreading-factor (hyaluronidase) on bronchial response to acetylcholine challenge in dog.", "content": "Patients with non-specific chronic lung diseases are very sensitive against external challenge. Experiments in human volunteers and in animals it has been shown that many substances can make bronchial system hyperreactive without causing any direct effect. The mechanisms involve in the process of hyperreactive bronchial system are, so far, not clear. It is conceived in this study that membrane permeability might play an important role in this process. This possibility has been studied in anesthetized dogs by subjecting them to hyaluronidase aerosol. This enzyme is supposed to change the membrane permeability by acting on the ground substance. The animals were first challenged with acetylcholine to obtain the basic responsiveness. Then the animals were subjected to hyaluronidase aerosol and challenged with acetylcholine again. Results confirm the hypotheses that membrane permeability plays an important role in hyperreactive bronchial system.", "contents": "Role of spreading-factor (hyaluronidase) on bronchial response to acetylcholine challenge in dog. Patients with non-specific chronic lung diseases are very sensitive against external challenge. Experiments in human volunteers and in animals it has been shown that many substances can make bronchial system hyperreactive without causing any direct effect. The mechanisms involve in the process of hyperreactive bronchial system are, so far, not clear. It is conceived in this study that membrane permeability might play an important role in this process. This possibility has been studied in anesthetized dogs by subjecting them to hyaluronidase aerosol. This enzyme is supposed to change the membrane permeability by acting on the ground substance. The animals were first challenged with acetylcholine to obtain the basic responsiveness. Then the animals were subjected to hyaluronidase aerosol and challenged with acetylcholine again. Results confirm the hypotheses that membrane permeability plays an important role in hyperreactive bronchial system.", "PMID": 684298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5980", "title": "Effects of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin on bile flow and biliary bile salt secretion in the cholecystectomized animal.", "content": "The effects of an intravenous infusion of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin on bile secretion were studied in 13 unanesthetized and cholecystectomized piglets. The results demonstrate that CCK-PZ induces a significant increase of bile flow and bile salt excretion. The excretion patterns for bilirubin and Ioglycamide, however, showed a slight but not significant decrease. Peripheral hemodynamic parameters remained unchanged. A detailed analysis of these results suggests that CCK-PZ induces an increase of biliary bile salt secretion by stimulation of intestinal motility and enhancement of bile salt circulation within the enterohepatic circulation (EHC). In combination with previous studies on the effects of spasmolytics on biliary bile salt excretion these results therefore emphasize, that the intestinal motility and transit time might play a role in the physiology and pathophysiology of biliary bile salt secretion.", "contents": "Effects of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin on bile flow and biliary bile salt secretion in the cholecystectomized animal. The effects of an intravenous infusion of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin on bile secretion were studied in 13 unanesthetized and cholecystectomized piglets. The results demonstrate that CCK-PZ induces a significant increase of bile flow and bile salt excretion. The excretion patterns for bilirubin and Ioglycamide, however, showed a slight but not significant decrease. Peripheral hemodynamic parameters remained unchanged. A detailed analysis of these results suggests that CCK-PZ induces an increase of biliary bile salt secretion by stimulation of intestinal motility and enhancement of bile salt circulation within the enterohepatic circulation (EHC). In combination with previous studies on the effects of spasmolytics on biliary bile salt excretion these results therefore emphasize, that the intestinal motility and transit time might play a role in the physiology and pathophysiology of biliary bile salt secretion.", "PMID": 684299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5981", "title": "[Quantities of plasma polyps in the blood of male and female guinea pigs after application of monoiodinoacetate, acetylosalicyclic acid, nitrogen-containing excretory substances, and histamine (author's transl)].", "content": "Released cell protrusions designated as plasma polyps (PP) were quantificated from human blood of normal, male and non pregnant female, individuals by means of \"inverted centrifugation\" [4], and from blood of male and female, non pregnant and late pregnant, guinea pigs also. As control blood was taken from guinea pigs during nembutal narcosis or after narcotizing them by blows on the neck. In further series we examined the formation of PP after intravenous application of monoiodinoacetate (MIA) and acetylosalicyclic acid (ASS) with and without additional Na-pyruvate as an intermediary product of glucose metabolism. The influence of histamine and nitrogen-containing excretory substances was examined after intraperitoneal injections. The blood of normal individuals sporadically contained PP. The control animals (male and non pregnant female guinea pigs) showed about 1 X 10(6)PP per ml blood, late pregnant about 2 X 10(6). Doses of 12.5 mg MIA increased the number of PP from 2 X 10(6) up to 4 X 10(6), whereas additional Na-pyruvat doses kept the PP level at 1 X 10(6) the one of control animals. 21.4mg ASS administered to late pregnant guinea pigs increased the PP number up to 4 X 10(6)/ml blood. This effect was prevented by Na-pyruvat substitution. Intraperitoneal injection of excretory substances caused a moderate increase of PP to 1.8 X 10(6)/ml blood in average.", "contents": "[Quantities of plasma polyps in the blood of male and female guinea pigs after application of monoiodinoacetate, acetylosalicyclic acid, nitrogen-containing excretory substances, and histamine (author's transl)]. Released cell protrusions designated as plasma polyps (PP) were quantificated from human blood of normal, male and non pregnant female, individuals by means of \"inverted centrifugation\" [4], and from blood of male and female, non pregnant and late pregnant, guinea pigs also. As control blood was taken from guinea pigs during nembutal narcosis or after narcotizing them by blows on the neck. In further series we examined the formation of PP after intravenous application of monoiodinoacetate (MIA) and acetylosalicyclic acid (ASS) with and without additional Na-pyruvate as an intermediary product of glucose metabolism. The influence of histamine and nitrogen-containing excretory substances was examined after intraperitoneal injections. The blood of normal individuals sporadically contained PP. The control animals (male and non pregnant female guinea pigs) showed about 1 X 10(6)PP per ml blood, late pregnant about 2 X 10(6). Doses of 12.5 mg MIA increased the number of PP from 2 X 10(6) up to 4 X 10(6), whereas additional Na-pyruvat doses kept the PP level at 1 X 10(6) the one of control animals. 21.4mg ASS administered to late pregnant guinea pigs increased the PP number up to 4 X 10(6)/ml blood. This effect was prevented by Na-pyruvat substitution. Intraperitoneal injection of excretory substances caused a moderate increase of PP to 1.8 X 10(6)/ml blood in average.", "PMID": 684300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5982", "title": "Aerosol distribution in the nose.", "content": "Using a cast of the human nose the intranasal distribution of drugs, delivered from pressurized aerosols and nebulizers was studied. The results indicate that a pressurized aerosol should be used twice in each nostril to give an acceptable drug distribution, and also that an automized pump is preferable for a plastic-bottle nebulizer with regard to drug distribution.", "contents": "Aerosol distribution in the nose. Using a cast of the human nose the intranasal distribution of drugs, delivered from pressurized aerosols and nebulizers was studied. The results indicate that a pressurized aerosol should be used twice in each nostril to give an acceptable drug distribution, and also that an automized pump is preferable for a plastic-bottle nebulizer with regard to drug distribution.", "PMID": 684327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5983", "title": "Solitary plasmacytoma of the nasal passage--a case report.", "content": "Extramedullary plasmacytomas are rare tumors usually appearing in the upper respiratory system or the alimentary tract in the fifth and sixth decades of life. A little over two hundred cases have been reported in the literature. The association between solitary plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma has been emphasized by Helmus, 1964; Mattila, 1965. Approximately 90% of the extramedullary plasma cell tumors occur in the head and neck region and are therefore within the province of the otolaryngologist. A case of solitary nasal plasmacytoma treated with combined surgical and radiation therapy is presented. The six years follow up supports the success of therapy.", "contents": "Solitary plasmacytoma of the nasal passage--a case report. Extramedullary plasmacytomas are rare tumors usually appearing in the upper respiratory system or the alimentary tract in the fifth and sixth decades of life. A little over two hundred cases have been reported in the literature. The association between solitary plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma has been emphasized by Helmus, 1964; Mattila, 1965. Approximately 90% of the extramedullary plasma cell tumors occur in the head and neck region and are therefore within the province of the otolaryngologist. A case of solitary nasal plasmacytoma treated with combined surgical and radiation therapy is presented. The six years follow up supports the success of therapy.", "PMID": 684329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5984", "title": "[Anatomo-clinical study of the Steele-Richardson-Olszewski presenile syndrome (Description of a case)].", "content": "A case of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (The Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome) is presented. The chief clinical features are described. The neuropathological investigation confirmed the clinical diagnosis showing neuronal depopulation, gliosis and neurofibrillary degeneration with the characteristic topography in the brain stem, cerebellum and the subthalamic nuclei. They conclude with the hypothesis that sometimes a pregress cranial trauma can have an important role in the onset of this disease.", "contents": "[Anatomo-clinical study of the Steele-Richardson-Olszewski presenile syndrome (Description of a case)]. A case of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (The Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome) is presented. The chief clinical features are described. The neuropathological investigation confirmed the clinical diagnosis showing neuronal depopulation, gliosis and neurofibrillary degeneration with the characteristic topography in the brain stem, cerebellum and the subthalamic nuclei. They conclude with the hypothesis that sometimes a pregress cranial trauma can have an important role in the onset of this disease.", "PMID": 684330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5985", "title": "[Clinical study on the control of epilepsy using taurine].", "content": "The A., after a detailed examination of the researches carried out with taurine in the clinical pictures of epilepsy, has examined the encephalographic and subjective aspects in 19 epileptics, all patients at the Mental Hospital in Agrigento. In all of them he has noticed a clear aggravation of the electroencephalographic reports, associated, however, with an improvement of the cenestesis. Te thinks that taurine may only be a good collateral medicine in the therapy of E.", "contents": "[Clinical study on the control of epilepsy using taurine]. The A., after a detailed examination of the researches carried out with taurine in the clinical pictures of epilepsy, has examined the encephalographic and subjective aspects in 19 epileptics, all patients at the Mental Hospital in Agrigento. In all of them he has noticed a clear aggravation of the electroencephalographic reports, associated, however, with an improvement of the cenestesis. Te thinks that taurine may only be a good collateral medicine in the therapy of E.", "PMID": 684333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5986", "title": "[Contribution to the study of scapulo-humeral periarthritis: anatomical lesions of simple chronic painful shoulder].", "content": "The authors restate that simple pain of the shoulder, which is a form of scapulo-humeral periarthritis characterized by the existence of pain without limitation of movement, is almost always associated with lesions of the tendons of the short muscle teres of the shoulder. They term chronic simple pain of the shoulder the rare cases where, despite therapy that is reputed to be efficient, there is a gradual development lasting more than one year, either continuously or with relaps periods of less than three weeks. They show that these chronic shoulders are practically always associated with a rupture of the coat of the muscle teres or a calcification of the tendons of the teres coat. Ruptures are as much frequent in men as in women and calcifications definitely more frequent in women (60%). Before 30 years of age, the most frequent lesion is almost always a calcification, and after 65 rupture is more common. Between 30 to 65, the probability of a calcification in a chronic simple painful shoulder, goes from 100% to 0, while the probability of a rupture increases from 0 to 100%.", "contents": "[Contribution to the study of scapulo-humeral periarthritis: anatomical lesions of simple chronic painful shoulder]. The authors restate that simple pain of the shoulder, which is a form of scapulo-humeral periarthritis characterized by the existence of pain without limitation of movement, is almost always associated with lesions of the tendons of the short muscle teres of the shoulder. They term chronic simple pain of the shoulder the rare cases where, despite therapy that is reputed to be efficient, there is a gradual development lasting more than one year, either continuously or with relaps periods of less than three weeks. They show that these chronic shoulders are practically always associated with a rupture of the coat of the muscle teres or a calcification of the tendons of the teres coat. Ruptures are as much frequent in men as in women and calcifications definitely more frequent in women (60%). Before 30 years of age, the most frequent lesion is almost always a calcification, and after 65 rupture is more common. Between 30 to 65, the probability of a calcification in a chronic simple painful shoulder, goes from 100% to 0, while the probability of a rupture increases from 0 to 100%.", "PMID": 684352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5987", "title": "[A new model of experimental arthrosis: contusion of the cartilage. Experimental and clinical study].", "content": "The effects of a single contusion without surface disruption and without fracture of the patella were studied in 40 rabbits. Macroscopic observation as well as light and electromicroscopy revealed lesions comparable to those observed in patients with chondromalacia of the patella and arthrosis. Three successive stages can be distinguished: a degeneration of the chondrocytes, a temporary proliferative reaction and an extension of the degenerative lesions resulting in an arthrosis. This is therefore a new model of chondromalacia and experimental arthrosis which is comparable in every respect to what is observed in human traumatology.", "contents": "[A new model of experimental arthrosis: contusion of the cartilage. Experimental and clinical study]. The effects of a single contusion without surface disruption and without fracture of the patella were studied in 40 rabbits. Macroscopic observation as well as light and electromicroscopy revealed lesions comparable to those observed in patients with chondromalacia of the patella and arthrosis. Three successive stages can be distinguished: a degeneration of the chondrocytes, a temporary proliferative reaction and an extension of the degenerative lesions resulting in an arthrosis. This is therefore a new model of chondromalacia and experimental arthrosis which is comparable in every respect to what is observed in human traumatology.", "PMID": 684353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5988", "title": "[Dosage of ionized calcium in osteo-articular pathology].", "content": "The dosage of calcium ionized serum using a selective electrode, was performed in a series of controls and patients with osteo-articular diseases. Normal values were 43 mg/l between 20 and 50 years of age, and 41 mg/l after 60 years. The level of ionized calcium, when given as a percentage of total blood calcium, did not decrease with age (normal value : 44%). It was increased in hyper-parathyroidism, rhumatoid polyarthritis and lytic bone metastasis. It did not vary in Paget's disease, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, condensing metastasis, Kahler's disease and spasmophilia. The ionized calcium in definitely diminished in hypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "[Dosage of ionized calcium in osteo-articular pathology]. The dosage of calcium ionized serum using a selective electrode, was performed in a series of controls and patients with osteo-articular diseases. Normal values were 43 mg/l between 20 and 50 years of age, and 41 mg/l after 60 years. The level of ionized calcium, when given as a percentage of total blood calcium, did not decrease with age (normal value : 44%). It was increased in hyper-parathyroidism, rhumatoid polyarthritis and lytic bone metastasis. It did not vary in Paget's disease, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, condensing metastasis, Kahler's disease and spasmophilia. The ionized calcium in definitely diminished in hypoparathyroidism.", "PMID": 684354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5989", "title": "Biochemical abnormalities in Batten's syndrome.", "content": "The present data indicate that a group of ten patients with Batten's syndrome showed reduced activity of erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (Px) (glutathione: H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.9.) using H2O2 as peroxide donor. Assay of erythrocyte GSHPx using H2O2, cumene hydroperoxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide as donors also makes it possible biochemically to divide Batten's syndrome into two types: (1) one type with decreased values when H2O2 and cumene hydroperoxide are used, and (2) one type with increased values when t-butyl hydroperoxide is used. Furthermore an increased content of palmitic, oleic and of eicosatrienoic acid but decreased linoleic acid content was found in serum from patients with Batten syndrome. An inverse relationship between erythrocyte GSHPx and serum eicosatrienoic acid was found in the patients. Finally normal selenium levels were found in erythrocytes, but decreased values were traced in whole blood. In normal human beings a connection was found between the erythrocyte selenium content and GSHPx activity assayed by cumene hydroperoxide as a peroxide donor.", "contents": "Biochemical abnormalities in Batten's syndrome. The present data indicate that a group of ten patients with Batten's syndrome showed reduced activity of erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (Px) (glutathione: H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.9.) using H2O2 as peroxide donor. Assay of erythrocyte GSHPx using H2O2, cumene hydroperoxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide as donors also makes it possible biochemically to divide Batten's syndrome into two types: (1) one type with decreased values when H2O2 and cumene hydroperoxide are used, and (2) one type with increased values when t-butyl hydroperoxide is used. Furthermore an increased content of palmitic, oleic and of eicosatrienoic acid but decreased linoleic acid content was found in serum from patients with Batten syndrome. An inverse relationship between erythrocyte GSHPx and serum eicosatrienoic acid was found in the patients. Finally normal selenium levels were found in erythrocytes, but decreased values were traced in whole blood. In normal human beings a connection was found between the erythrocyte selenium content and GSHPx activity assayed by cumene hydroperoxide as a peroxide donor.", "PMID": 684364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5990", "title": "Age, blood pressure, renin and urinary electrolytes in primary hypertension and in the normotensive state.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-three patients, sixty-four men and fifty-nine women, with primary hypertension were studied with regard to supine and sitting blood pressure (BP), plasma renin activity (PRA) during basal and stimulated conditions, and urinary sodium and potassium excretions. The patients ranged in age from 20 to 76 (mean 48) years. A control material of 120 normotensive subjects, forty-nine men and seventy-one women, with an age range 22--78 (mean 47) years were studied during the same strictly standardized conditions. The two populations were compared statistically. The mean basal PRA level, measured after 1 h supine rest, was significantly higher in the hypertensive subjects, while the upright PRA, determined after ambulation for 3--4 h, was the same in the two groups. On the contrary, the stimulated mean PRA, measured 3--4 h after intake of 80 mg frusemide orally was significantly lower in the hypertensive subjects. No relationships could be demonstrated between PRA and the 24 h urinary electrolyte excretions. An age dependent decrease of upright and stimulated PRA was demonstrated only in the hypertensive population. Applying our previously published reference ranges for stimulated PRA, 16% of the hypertensive patients were considered to have low renin hypertension.", "contents": "Age, blood pressure, renin and urinary electrolytes in primary hypertension and in the normotensive state. One hundred and twenty-three patients, sixty-four men and fifty-nine women, with primary hypertension were studied with regard to supine and sitting blood pressure (BP), plasma renin activity (PRA) during basal and stimulated conditions, and urinary sodium and potassium excretions. The patients ranged in age from 20 to 76 (mean 48) years. A control material of 120 normotensive subjects, forty-nine men and seventy-one women, with an age range 22--78 (mean 47) years were studied during the same strictly standardized conditions. The two populations were compared statistically. The mean basal PRA level, measured after 1 h supine rest, was significantly higher in the hypertensive subjects, while the upright PRA, determined after ambulation for 3--4 h, was the same in the two groups. On the contrary, the stimulated mean PRA, measured 3--4 h after intake of 80 mg frusemide orally was significantly lower in the hypertensive subjects. No relationships could be demonstrated between PRA and the 24 h urinary electrolyte excretions. An age dependent decrease of upright and stimulated PRA was demonstrated only in the hypertensive population. Applying our previously published reference ranges for stimulated PRA, 16% of the hypertensive patients were considered to have low renin hypertension.", "PMID": 684365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5991", "title": "Release of prostaglandin-like substances and lung reactions to induced intravascular platelet aggregation in cats.", "content": "Induced intravascular aggregation of blood platelets gives pulmonary vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor responses, which might be mediated by bioactive substances from the platelets. The aim of the present work was to see if these lung reactions could be related to the release of prostaglandin-like substances (PGLS). Repeated episodes of platelet aggregation were induced by i.v. infusions of collagen in anaesthetized cats ventilated at a constant tidal volume. Arterial blood was pumped from a carotid artery (10 ml/min) to superfuse a series of smooth muscle organs sensitive to prostaglandins (PGs): rabbit aorta, rat stomach strip, rat colon and chick rectum. In two experiments cat jejunum replaced the rabbit aorta in order to detect kinins. All tissues were pretreated with antagonists against catecholamines, histamine, serotonin and acetylcholine. The bioassay tissues were calibrated with standard doses of PGE2 and PGF2alpha. Collagen infusions caused lung responses (as judged from the rise in peak tracheal pressure) and in most cases also a transient systemic hypotension. Simultaneously, contractions of the bioassay tissues occurred, indicating release of PGLS. Such release was only detected as long as lung responses could be elicited by i.v. collagen infusions. These findings imply that PGs and/or the various intermediates in PG synthesis might mediate the pulmonary smooth muscle constriction occurring after intravascular platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Release of prostaglandin-like substances and lung reactions to induced intravascular platelet aggregation in cats. Induced intravascular aggregation of blood platelets gives pulmonary vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor responses, which might be mediated by bioactive substances from the platelets. The aim of the present work was to see if these lung reactions could be related to the release of prostaglandin-like substances (PGLS). Repeated episodes of platelet aggregation were induced by i.v. infusions of collagen in anaesthetized cats ventilated at a constant tidal volume. Arterial blood was pumped from a carotid artery (10 ml/min) to superfuse a series of smooth muscle organs sensitive to prostaglandins (PGs): rabbit aorta, rat stomach strip, rat colon and chick rectum. In two experiments cat jejunum replaced the rabbit aorta in order to detect kinins. All tissues were pretreated with antagonists against catecholamines, histamine, serotonin and acetylcholine. The bioassay tissues were calibrated with standard doses of PGE2 and PGF2alpha. Collagen infusions caused lung responses (as judged from the rise in peak tracheal pressure) and in most cases also a transient systemic hypotension. Simultaneously, contractions of the bioassay tissues occurred, indicating release of PGLS. Such release was only detected as long as lung responses could be elicited by i.v. collagen infusions. These findings imply that PGs and/or the various intermediates in PG synthesis might mediate the pulmonary smooth muscle constriction occurring after intravascular platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 684366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5992", "title": "Cross-sectional area of the thigh muscle in man measured by computed tomography.", "content": "Nine subjects with different training background were studied by means of muscle biopsy from musculus vastus lateralis. The cross-cut area of the different muscle fibre types was measured. By the use of a soft tissue X-ray technique, computed tomography, a cross-sectional picture of the thigh was produced at the same level as the biopsy was taken. The total cross-cut area of the vastus lateralis muscle was measured from this picture. This technique to measure a cross-cut muscle area from an X-ray picture was evaluated and found to be accurate and reproducible. The mean fibre area was highly correlated (r = 0.91; P less than 0.001) to the cross-cut area of the vastus lateralis muscle. The total number of fibres in the vastus lateralis muscle was estimated. It was concluded that the cross-sectional area of the thigh muscle can be accurately determined by means of computed tomography. The larger cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis muscle in well trained subjects was primarily explained by a larger cross-sectional area of the fibre, while the total number of fibres in the vastus lateralis muscle seemed to be fairly equal among the subjects.", "contents": "Cross-sectional area of the thigh muscle in man measured by computed tomography. Nine subjects with different training background were studied by means of muscle biopsy from musculus vastus lateralis. The cross-cut area of the different muscle fibre types was measured. By the use of a soft tissue X-ray technique, computed tomography, a cross-sectional picture of the thigh was produced at the same level as the biopsy was taken. The total cross-cut area of the vastus lateralis muscle was measured from this picture. This technique to measure a cross-cut muscle area from an X-ray picture was evaluated and found to be accurate and reproducible. The mean fibre area was highly correlated (r = 0.91; P less than 0.001) to the cross-cut area of the vastus lateralis muscle. The total number of fibres in the vastus lateralis muscle was estimated. It was concluded that the cross-sectional area of the thigh muscle can be accurately determined by means of computed tomography. The larger cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis muscle in well trained subjects was primarily explained by a larger cross-sectional area of the fibre, while the total number of fibres in the vastus lateralis muscle seemed to be fairly equal among the subjects.", "PMID": 684368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5993", "title": "Arterial collateral vessels in legs with obliterative arteriosclerosis.", "content": "A method for assessment of arterial collateral vessels and corresponding stenoses on arteriograms of arteriosclerotic legs is presented. The method is based on the concept that compensatory collateral vessels, by-passing stenoses of the conductive arterial segments, have to cross a plane traversing the distal part of each segment (common iliac artery, external iliac/common femoral artery and superficial femoral artery). The number of collateral vessels was counted and the minimum diameter within the corresponding conductive arterial segment was measured (three locations in each leg). There was a close correlation between the sum of remaining lumen diameters and the sum of corresponding collaterals in thirty-four legs (r = -0.77, P less than 0.001). Maximum lower leg blood flow during exercise (thermodilution) was better correlated to arteriosclerotic changes in the pelvic arterial tree than to changes in the femoral arteries, and the must abundant collateral vessels were found in individuals having central stenoses or occlusions.", "contents": "Arterial collateral vessels in legs with obliterative arteriosclerosis. A method for assessment of arterial collateral vessels and corresponding stenoses on arteriograms of arteriosclerotic legs is presented. The method is based on the concept that compensatory collateral vessels, by-passing stenoses of the conductive arterial segments, have to cross a plane traversing the distal part of each segment (common iliac artery, external iliac/common femoral artery and superficial femoral artery). The number of collateral vessels was counted and the minimum diameter within the corresponding conductive arterial segment was measured (three locations in each leg). There was a close correlation between the sum of remaining lumen diameters and the sum of corresponding collaterals in thirty-four legs (r = -0.77, P less than 0.001). Maximum lower leg blood flow during exercise (thermodilution) was better correlated to arteriosclerotic changes in the pelvic arterial tree than to changes in the femoral arteries, and the must abundant collateral vessels were found in individuals having central stenoses or occlusions.", "PMID": 684369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5994", "title": "Comparative pressure measurements in the oesophagus by means of in situ tip-transducers and external transducer systems.", "content": "Basal gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressures and peak peristaltic pressure amplitudes in the oesophageal body 5 and 15 cm proximal to the gastro-oesophageal sphincter were measured with three different set ups in six healthy volunteers. The in situ tip-transducer measurements were compared to two different external pressure transducers in a perfused catheter system and to an external pressure transducer in a non-perfused catheter system. The in situ tip-transducer recorded higher sphincter pressures and peristaltic amplitudes than those recorded by the perfused and non-perfused systems (P less than 0.01). There was no difference between the pressures recorded by perfused systems in conjunction with the different external transducers. The perfused systems recorded sphincter pressures higher than those recorded by the non-perfused systems (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.01), whereas the non-perfused system recorded higher peristaltic pressure amplitudes than those recorded by the perfused systems (P less 0.01 and P less than 0.01). The importance of the bend of the in situ tip-transducer was shown experimentally. It is concluded that the ideal system for recording oesophageal pressures is a perfused catheter set-up with minimal compliance. The probe with three side holes at the same level ensures registrations of the lowest occlusion pressure at the measuring point.", "contents": "Comparative pressure measurements in the oesophagus by means of in situ tip-transducers and external transducer systems. Basal gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressures and peak peristaltic pressure amplitudes in the oesophageal body 5 and 15 cm proximal to the gastro-oesophageal sphincter were measured with three different set ups in six healthy volunteers. The in situ tip-transducer measurements were compared to two different external pressure transducers in a perfused catheter system and to an external pressure transducer in a non-perfused catheter system. The in situ tip-transducer recorded higher sphincter pressures and peristaltic amplitudes than those recorded by the perfused and non-perfused systems (P less than 0.01). There was no difference between the pressures recorded by perfused systems in conjunction with the different external transducers. The perfused systems recorded sphincter pressures higher than those recorded by the non-perfused systems (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.01), whereas the non-perfused system recorded higher peristaltic pressure amplitudes than those recorded by the perfused systems (P less 0.01 and P less than 0.01). The importance of the bend of the in situ tip-transducer was shown experimentally. It is concluded that the ideal system for recording oesophageal pressures is a perfused catheter set-up with minimal compliance. The probe with three side holes at the same level ensures registrations of the lowest occlusion pressure at the measuring point.", "PMID": 684370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5995", "title": "Some aspects of the clinical use of thermodilution in measuring cardiac output. With particular reference to the Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheters.", "content": "Accuracy of the thermodilution method in measuring cardiac output was tested in a model and against Fick in ten patients. Reproducibility was determined from 573 thermodilution curves. The influence of catheter position, catheter irrigation, post-injection aspiration, and the substitution of rectal temperature for central blood temperature was also studied. The thermodilution method showed very good correlation to direct measurements in the model (corr. coeff. 1.00) and the Fick method in patients (corr. coeff. 0.97). Mean standard deviation for cardiac outputs calculated from individual thermodilution curves was 5%. Post-injection aspiration and variation in catheter tip location did not influence the results. Catheter irrigation during recordings and the use of rectal temperature for TB resulted in underestimation of cardiac output.", "contents": "Some aspects of the clinical use of thermodilution in measuring cardiac output. With particular reference to the Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheters. Accuracy of the thermodilution method in measuring cardiac output was tested in a model and against Fick in ten patients. Reproducibility was determined from 573 thermodilution curves. The influence of catheter position, catheter irrigation, post-injection aspiration, and the substitution of rectal temperature for central blood temperature was also studied. The thermodilution method showed very good correlation to direct measurements in the model (corr. coeff. 1.00) and the Fick method in patients (corr. coeff. 0.97). Mean standard deviation for cardiac outputs calculated from individual thermodilution curves was 5%. Post-injection aspiration and variation in catheter tip location did not influence the results. Catheter irrigation during recordings and the use of rectal temperature for TB resulted in underestimation of cardiac output.", "PMID": 684371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5996", "title": "Calculation of oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood in infants.", "content": "A retrospective survey of the heart catheterizations of twenty-two children below the age of three years was carried out in order to evaluate different formulae for calculation of the oxygen saturation in mixed venous blood (MVB) from the oxygen saturation in blood from the superior caval vein (SVC) and inferior caval vein (IVC). The formula MVB = (3SVC + IVC)/4 was found satisfactory, also during halothane anesthesia.", "contents": "Calculation of oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood in infants. A retrospective survey of the heart catheterizations of twenty-two children below the age of three years was carried out in order to evaluate different formulae for calculation of the oxygen saturation in mixed venous blood (MVB) from the oxygen saturation in blood from the superior caval vein (SVC) and inferior caval vein (IVC). The formula MVB = (3SVC + IVC)/4 was found satisfactory, also during halothane anesthesia.", "PMID": 684372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5997", "title": "A semi-automated radioimmunoassay technique employing a nine-channel pipetting and sample handling.", "content": "A semi-automated RIA-technique has been developed which employs simultaneous pipetting of nine aliquots of reagents with nine-channel pipettes and the processing of RIA samples in nine-tube units. This processing includes evaporation, centrifugation, and decantation of tubes at the end of separation step of the RIA. The nine-channel pipetting reduced the time necessary for pipetting to about one third as compared to the corresponding one channel pipetting, and made the pipetting less tiresome. The precision of pipetting was also improved. This nine-channel RIA-technique was applied to radioimmunoassays of plasma 17-beta-oestradiol and progesterone, in which [125I]iodohistamine-conjugated steroid-tracers were used.", "contents": "A semi-automated radioimmunoassay technique employing a nine-channel pipetting and sample handling. A semi-automated RIA-technique has been developed which employs simultaneous pipetting of nine aliquots of reagents with nine-channel pipettes and the processing of RIA samples in nine-tube units. This processing includes evaporation, centrifugation, and decantation of tubes at the end of separation step of the RIA. The nine-channel pipetting reduced the time necessary for pipetting to about one third as compared to the corresponding one channel pipetting, and made the pipetting less tiresome. The precision of pipetting was also improved. This nine-channel RIA-technique was applied to radioimmunoassays of plasma 17-beta-oestradiol and progesterone, in which [125I]iodohistamine-conjugated steroid-tracers were used.", "PMID": 684373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5998", "title": "Laboratory statistics made simple. Interfacing a clinical chemistry computer system with a general statistical program package.", "content": "A general-purpose statistical program package (BMDP) has been linked by a simple program interface to the data file of a clinical chemistry laboratory's computer system. This system may be used for various types of statistical data analysis based on the laboratory's routine work.", "contents": "Laboratory statistics made simple. Interfacing a clinical chemistry computer system with a general statistical program package. A general-purpose statistical program package (BMDP) has been linked by a simple program interface to the data file of a clinical chemistry laboratory's computer system. This system may be used for various types of statistical data analysis based on the laboratory's routine work.", "PMID": 684374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_5999", "title": "Identification of H-2 and Ia-antigen analogues in several species by immunological crossreactions of xenoantisera.", "content": "Rabbit antisera against H-2K and D antigens react with molecules composed of 12,000 and 45,000 dalton subunits derived from human, monkey, rat, guinea-pig, cow and pig lymphocytes. The antisera failed, however, to react with similar type molecules from chicken. A rabbit antihuman beta 2-microglobulin serum reacted with chicken molecules comprising 12,000 and 45,000 dalton polypeptide chains. An antiserum against HLA-DR antigens reacted with Ia-antigen-like molecules from monkey, rat, mouse, guinea-pig, cow, pig and chicken lymphocytes. All Ia-antigen-like molecules displayed two dissimilar subunits. The present data suggest that xenoantisera directed against highly purified MHC antigens from one species may be useful tools in elucidating the structure of similar antigens in other species where alloantisera are not available.", "contents": "Identification of H-2 and Ia-antigen analogues in several species by immunological crossreactions of xenoantisera. Rabbit antisera against H-2K and D antigens react with molecules composed of 12,000 and 45,000 dalton subunits derived from human, monkey, rat, guinea-pig, cow and pig lymphocytes. The antisera failed, however, to react with similar type molecules from chicken. A rabbit antihuman beta 2-microglobulin serum reacted with chicken molecules comprising 12,000 and 45,000 dalton polypeptide chains. An antiserum against HLA-DR antigens reacted with Ia-antigen-like molecules from monkey, rat, mouse, guinea-pig, cow, pig and chicken lymphocytes. All Ia-antigen-like molecules displayed two dissimilar subunits. The present data suggest that xenoantisera directed against highly purified MHC antigens from one species may be useful tools in elucidating the structure of similar antigens in other species where alloantisera are not available.", "PMID": 684375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6000", "title": "Binding affinity of human autoantibodies: studies of cryoglobulin IgM rheumatoid factors and IgG autoantibodies to albumin.", "content": "The binding affinity of cryoglobulin IgM rheumatoid factors (RF) for human IgG and of human IgG anti-albumin autoantibodies for HSA was measured by the molecular sieving technique. The binding affinities of the two autoantibodies were consistently low (10(4)-10(5) 1/M) as compared to the affinities of corresponding hyperimmune animal antibodies (10(6)-10(8) 1/M). The findings were discussed in relation to theories on human autoimmunity. The existence of strict autotolerance at the T cell level and of autoreactivity at the low affinity B cell level was considered to be best compatible with the findings of this study and with the major known facts of autoimmunity.", "contents": "Binding affinity of human autoantibodies: studies of cryoglobulin IgM rheumatoid factors and IgG autoantibodies to albumin. The binding affinity of cryoglobulin IgM rheumatoid factors (RF) for human IgG and of human IgG anti-albumin autoantibodies for HSA was measured by the molecular sieving technique. The binding affinities of the two autoantibodies were consistently low (10(4)-10(5) 1/M) as compared to the affinities of corresponding hyperimmune animal antibodies (10(6)-10(8) 1/M). The findings were discussed in relation to theories on human autoimmunity. The existence of strict autotolerance at the T cell level and of autoreactivity at the low affinity B cell level was considered to be best compatible with the findings of this study and with the major known facts of autoimmunity.", "PMID": 684377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6001", "title": "Liver damage in mice and rats causes tenfold increase of blood immunoglobulin A.", "content": "Average serum concentrations of IgA and IgM of the SDK rats were 0.27 and 0.43 mg/ml, respectively. Subtotal hepatectomy had no detectable effect on the concentration of IgM but IgA increased in 4 days to a level of 4.9 mg/ml. Thereafter the concentration fell back to normal in 21 days. Serum concentrations of IgA, IgM and IgG2a in (C57BL X CBA)F1 mice were 0.41, 0.35 and 1.67 mg/ml, respectively. Neither hepatectomy nor carbon tetrachloride poisoning had an effect on the concentrations of IgM or IgG2a but IgA increased to 3.0 mg/ml (hepatectomy) or 3.6 mg/ml (carbon tetrachloride poisoning). Again the increase was reversible. IgA of normal rat serum was mostly monomeric (7S) and of normal mouse serum a mixture 7S and 9S (dimeric) IgA. After liver damage of either type the majority of the serum IgA had a sedimentation constant higher than 7S. It thus resembled the IgA that is brought to the circulation by the thoracic duct of rats and mice.", "contents": "Liver damage in mice and rats causes tenfold increase of blood immunoglobulin A. Average serum concentrations of IgA and IgM of the SDK rats were 0.27 and 0.43 mg/ml, respectively. Subtotal hepatectomy had no detectable effect on the concentration of IgM but IgA increased in 4 days to a level of 4.9 mg/ml. Thereafter the concentration fell back to normal in 21 days. Serum concentrations of IgA, IgM and IgG2a in (C57BL X CBA)F1 mice were 0.41, 0.35 and 1.67 mg/ml, respectively. Neither hepatectomy nor carbon tetrachloride poisoning had an effect on the concentrations of IgM or IgG2a but IgA increased to 3.0 mg/ml (hepatectomy) or 3.6 mg/ml (carbon tetrachloride poisoning). Again the increase was reversible. IgA of normal rat serum was mostly monomeric (7S) and of normal mouse serum a mixture 7S and 9S (dimeric) IgA. After liver damage of either type the majority of the serum IgA had a sedimentation constant higher than 7S. It thus resembled the IgA that is brought to the circulation by the thoracic duct of rats and mice.", "PMID": 684378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6002", "title": "On the pathogenesis of obstructive lung disease. A study on the immotile-cilia syndrome.", "content": "The role of mucociliary transport in man can be evaluated by studying persons with the recently recognised \"immotile-cilia syndrome\". Such persons have chronic or recurrent infections of the upper and lower airways and have ultrastructural defects of cilia and sperm tails. Men suffering from the syndrome usually are sterile and have immotile spermatozoa. About half of the subjects have complete situs inversus. Fourteen persons with the immotile-cilia syndrome have been studied here in an attempt to evaluate the role of an impaired mucociliary transport for the development of obstructive lung disease. Age range was 25-40 years; there were ten men and four women. Mucociliary transport in the lungs was extremely slow in all subjects. Spirometry demonstrated airway obstruction in nine subjects. Two of these subjects had radiological evidence of pulmonary emphysema. The results indicate that an absent mucociliary transport predisposes to the development of obstructive lung disease. Patients with classic chronic bronchitis have earlier been shown to have a severely impaired mucociliary transport. The present findings in subjects with primary ciliary immotility make it probable that this impaired mucociliary transport is of pathogenetic importance for development of the obstructive lung disease often found in patients with chronic bronchitis.", "contents": "On the pathogenesis of obstructive lung disease. A study on the immotile-cilia syndrome. The role of mucociliary transport in man can be evaluated by studying persons with the recently recognised \"immotile-cilia syndrome\". Such persons have chronic or recurrent infections of the upper and lower airways and have ultrastructural defects of cilia and sperm tails. Men suffering from the syndrome usually are sterile and have immotile spermatozoa. About half of the subjects have complete situs inversus. Fourteen persons with the immotile-cilia syndrome have been studied here in an attempt to evaluate the role of an impaired mucociliary transport for the development of obstructive lung disease. Age range was 25-40 years; there were ten men and four women. Mucociliary transport in the lungs was extremely slow in all subjects. Spirometry demonstrated airway obstruction in nine subjects. Two of these subjects had radiological evidence of pulmonary emphysema. The results indicate that an absent mucociliary transport predisposes to the development of obstructive lung disease. Patients with classic chronic bronchitis have earlier been shown to have a severely impaired mucociliary transport. The present findings in subjects with primary ciliary immotility make it probable that this impaired mucociliary transport is of pathogenetic importance for development of the obstructive lung disease often found in patients with chronic bronchitis.", "PMID": 684380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6003", "title": "Physiological and pharmacological studies on isolated human bronchial preparations.", "content": "The contractile response of human bronchial smooth muscle preparations obtained after death (necrobronchi) from 15 patients was studied in vitro. Reproduceable responses sufficient for calculating dose-response curves, could be obtained up to 30 h after death. A number of smooth muscle stimulants were investigated: 1) carbacholine, 2) acetylcholine, 3) histamine and 4) electrical field stimulation. In addition to these bronchial smooth muscle relaxants such as adrenaline, salbutamol and terbutaline were also studied. These agents showed a dose-dependent relaxation in preparations previously treated with carbacholine. It can be concluded that in vitro testing of smooth muscle preparations obtained from human cadavers is possible.", "contents": "Physiological and pharmacological studies on isolated human bronchial preparations. The contractile response of human bronchial smooth muscle preparations obtained after death (necrobronchi) from 15 patients was studied in vitro. Reproduceable responses sufficient for calculating dose-response curves, could be obtained up to 30 h after death. A number of smooth muscle stimulants were investigated: 1) carbacholine, 2) acetylcholine, 3) histamine and 4) electrical field stimulation. In addition to these bronchial smooth muscle relaxants such as adrenaline, salbutamol and terbutaline were also studied. These agents showed a dose-dependent relaxation in preparations previously treated with carbacholine. It can be concluded that in vitro testing of smooth muscle preparations obtained from human cadavers is possible.", "PMID": 684381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6004", "title": "Effect of the slope of the alveolar plateau on determination of closing volume.", "content": "Repeated closing volume (CV) determinations were obtained simultaneously with the nitrogen method (CV-N2) and with a helium bolus method (CV-He) in 19 selected subjects with normal routine spirometry. Ten subjects had normal slopes of phase III and nine had abnormally steep slopes of phase III obtained with the nitrogen method. No systematic difference was found between CV-N2 and CV-He irrespective of the steepness of phase III, which seems to indicate that at least in spirometrically normal subjects airway closure is adequately assessed by the nitrogen method - even in the presence of a steep slope of phase III.", "contents": "Effect of the slope of the alveolar plateau on determination of closing volume. Repeated closing volume (CV) determinations were obtained simultaneously with the nitrogen method (CV-N2) and with a helium bolus method (CV-He) in 19 selected subjects with normal routine spirometry. Ten subjects had normal slopes of phase III and nine had abnormally steep slopes of phase III obtained with the nitrogen method. No systematic difference was found between CV-N2 and CV-He irrespective of the steepness of phase III, which seems to indicate that at least in spirometrically normal subjects airway closure is adequately assessed by the nitrogen method - even in the presence of a steep slope of phase III.", "PMID": 684382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6005", "title": "The anamnestic effect in tuberculin skin testing: measurement and time relations. Experiments in BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs.", "content": "The repeat-test effect, an example of anamnestic effect in cellular immunity, was investigated in BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs, using 25 TU Mantoux tests to influence as well as assess skin reactivity to tuberculin. Two different methods of quantitating the effect were tried and found valuable. The effect could be regularly observed 12 weeks or more after BCG-vaccination, and with less regularly 6 to 9 weeks after BCG-vaccination. The effect was found whether the interval between the first (interim) test and the second (repeat) test was as short as 3 days or as long as 44 weeks.", "contents": "The anamnestic effect in tuberculin skin testing: measurement and time relations. Experiments in BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs. The repeat-test effect, an example of anamnestic effect in cellular immunity, was investigated in BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs, using 25 TU Mantoux tests to influence as well as assess skin reactivity to tuberculin. Two different methods of quantitating the effect were tried and found valuable. The effect could be regularly observed 12 weeks or more after BCG-vaccination, and with less regularly 6 to 9 weeks after BCG-vaccination. The effect was found whether the interval between the first (interim) test and the second (repeat) test was as short as 3 days or as long as 44 weeks.", "PMID": 684383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6006", "title": "Role of talc and benzo(a)pyrene in respiratory tumor formation. An experimental study.", "content": "Biologic and morphologic alterations caused by repeated intratracheal instillations of talc, alone or in combination with benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), were studied in Syrian golden hamsters to determine the possible carcinogenic and cocarcinogenic effects of talc. Talc alone failed to induce respiratory tumors, granulomas or mesothelial proliferation, but when a mixture of equal quantities of talc with B(a)P was administered, papillomas, squamous cells carcinomas and undifferentiated tumors of the larynx, trachea and lungs resulted. It therefore appears that in the hamster, talc is devoid of carcinogenic activity in itself, but does affect the activity of polycyclic hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Role of talc and benzo(a)pyrene in respiratory tumor formation. An experimental study. Biologic and morphologic alterations caused by repeated intratracheal instillations of talc, alone or in combination with benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), were studied in Syrian golden hamsters to determine the possible carcinogenic and cocarcinogenic effects of talc. Talc alone failed to induce respiratory tumors, granulomas or mesothelial proliferation, but when a mixture of equal quantities of talc with B(a)P was administered, papillomas, squamous cells carcinomas and undifferentiated tumors of the larynx, trachea and lungs resulted. It therefore appears that in the hamster, talc is devoid of carcinogenic activity in itself, but does affect the activity of polycyclic hydrocarbons.", "PMID": 684384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6007", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with serious pulmonary diseases.", "content": "During a 5-year period, 1969-1973, 451 patients with acute severe pulmonary diseases were admitted to the three medical intensive care units (MICU) at Ullevaal Hospital. In 39% of the patients a major cardiac arrhythmia was recorded in the units during a mean observation time of 24 h. The subsequent mortality in the hospital was 31% in patients with arrhythmias in the MICU, and 8% in patients without arrhythmias. The association between arrhythmias and mortality was significant (P less than 0.004) in patients with a diagnosis of pneumonia. There was also an association (P less than 0.04) between arrhythmias and the severity of lung disease. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring of patients with severe pneumonia or acute exacerbations of obstructive lung disease is recommended.", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with serious pulmonary diseases. During a 5-year period, 1969-1973, 451 patients with acute severe pulmonary diseases were admitted to the three medical intensive care units (MICU) at Ullevaal Hospital. In 39% of the patients a major cardiac arrhythmia was recorded in the units during a mean observation time of 24 h. The subsequent mortality in the hospital was 31% in patients with arrhythmias in the MICU, and 8% in patients without arrhythmias. The association between arrhythmias and mortality was significant (P less than 0.004) in patients with a diagnosis of pneumonia. There was also an association (P less than 0.04) between arrhythmias and the severity of lung disease. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring of patients with severe pneumonia or acute exacerbations of obstructive lung disease is recommended.", "PMID": 684385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6008", "title": "Evaluation of occupational exposure to xylene by blood, exhaled air and urine analysis.", "content": "Occupational xylene exposure in the breathing zone of 15 painters was measured during three consecutive workdays. The applicability of the use of different biological samples was tested by the monitoring of xylene concentrations in blood and exhaled air, and urinary methylhippuric acid excretion as well. The best relation to the time-weighted average of xylene exposure was obtained for urinary methylhippuric acid concentration at the end of the workday; an amount of 665 mg/g of creatinine corresponded to 50 ppm of xylene. The amount of methylhippuric acid in a morning sample at the end of the work week, on the other hand, correlated to the mean exposure of the three preceding days. Xylene concentrations in exhaled air and blood sampled after the workday correlated poorly to the exposure of the preceding day. The urinary elimination of methylhippuric acid after the finished work week showed two distinct phases of excretion, with different biological half-times (1.9-5.3 h for the first 10 h after exposure and 16.5-48.4 h for the next two days).", "contents": "Evaluation of occupational exposure to xylene by blood, exhaled air and urine analysis. Occupational xylene exposure in the breathing zone of 15 painters was measured during three consecutive workdays. The applicability of the use of different biological samples was tested by the monitoring of xylene concentrations in blood and exhaled air, and urinary methylhippuric acid excretion as well. The best relation to the time-weighted average of xylene exposure was obtained for urinary methylhippuric acid concentration at the end of the workday; an amount of 665 mg/g of creatinine corresponded to 50 ppm of xylene. The amount of methylhippuric acid in a morning sample at the end of the work week, on the other hand, correlated to the mean exposure of the three preceding days. Xylene concentrations in exhaled air and blood sampled after the workday correlated poorly to the exposure of the preceding day. The urinary elimination of methylhippuric acid after the finished work week showed two distinct phases of excretion, with different biological half-times (1.9-5.3 h for the first 10 h after exposure and 16.5-48.4 h for the next two days).", "PMID": 684386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6009", "title": "Amount and distribution of welding fume lung contaminants among arc welders.", "content": "The amount and distribution of the welding fume lung contaminants was measured in 44 arc welders from two shipyards. The measurement was made from the determination of the permanent field after the subject was magnetized in a low external magnetic field, the values being used for the calculation of the amount of contaminants in the lungs. Less than 4 mg of dust was found in the lungs of nonexposed controls. In the shipyard welder's lungs, after two years of exposure, on the average 7 mg (range 4-15) of welding dust was observed. After a continuous exposure of about 18 years the amounts were 200 mg (range 30-1,500) in shipyard A and 700 mg (150-2,000) in shipyard B, respectively. On the basis of data obtained from retired welders, the clearance rate of 45% in welders from shipyard A and 18% in shipyard B were calculated, the latter figure being probably more accurate. The distribution of contaminants was 52% in the right and 48% in the left lung. The radiological findings correlated well with the amounts of welding fume contaminants measured with the magnetic method.", "contents": "Amount and distribution of welding fume lung contaminants among arc welders. The amount and distribution of the welding fume lung contaminants was measured in 44 arc welders from two shipyards. The measurement was made from the determination of the permanent field after the subject was magnetized in a low external magnetic field, the values being used for the calculation of the amount of contaminants in the lungs. Less than 4 mg of dust was found in the lungs of nonexposed controls. In the shipyard welder's lungs, after two years of exposure, on the average 7 mg (range 4-15) of welding dust was observed. After a continuous exposure of about 18 years the amounts were 200 mg (range 30-1,500) in shipyard A and 700 mg (150-2,000) in shipyard B, respectively. On the basis of data obtained from retired welders, the clearance rate of 45% in welders from shipyard A and 18% in shipyard B were calculated, the latter figure being probably more accurate. The distribution of contaminants was 52% in the right and 48% in the left lung. The radiological findings correlated well with the amounts of welding fume contaminants measured with the magnetic method.", "PMID": 684387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6010", "title": "Studies on angiopathy due to carbon disulfide. Retinopathy and index of exposure dosages.", "content": "The occurrences of retinopathy (microaneurysms/small dot hemorrhages) and the coded resting and postexercise ECG findings suggestive of coronary heart disease (CHD) were studied among 420 Japanese male workers exposed to carbon disulfide and 390 men not exposed to such a solvent. Retinopathy was detected in 24.4% of the exposed group and in 3.8% of the nonexposed group by color fundus photography. Among workers of the former group there was a significant correlation between retinopathy prevalences and the index of exposure dosages (r = 0.925, P less than 0.01). However, correlation between the prevalence of retinopathy and duration of exposure was not so high (r = 0.647, 0.10 less than P less than 0.25). The occurrences of coded resting and postexercise \"coronary\" ECG findings were not related to the index of exposure dosages. Some risk factors for CHD such as total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, beta-lipoproteins, blood pressure, obesity, and skinfold thickness were simultaneously studied. But these variables did not prove to be important in the development of angiopathy due to carbon disulfide, especially the so-called retinopathia sulfocarbonica.", "contents": "Studies on angiopathy due to carbon disulfide. Retinopathy and index of exposure dosages. The occurrences of retinopathy (microaneurysms/small dot hemorrhages) and the coded resting and postexercise ECG findings suggestive of coronary heart disease (CHD) were studied among 420 Japanese male workers exposed to carbon disulfide and 390 men not exposed to such a solvent. Retinopathy was detected in 24.4% of the exposed group and in 3.8% of the nonexposed group by color fundus photography. Among workers of the former group there was a significant correlation between retinopathy prevalences and the index of exposure dosages (r = 0.925, P less than 0.01). However, correlation between the prevalence of retinopathy and duration of exposure was not so high (r = 0.647, 0.10 less than P less than 0.25). The occurrences of coded resting and postexercise \"coronary\" ECG findings were not related to the index of exposure dosages. Some risk factors for CHD such as total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, beta-lipoproteins, blood pressure, obesity, and skinfold thickness were simultaneously studied. But these variables did not prove to be important in the development of angiopathy due to carbon disulfide, especially the so-called retinopathia sulfocarbonica.", "PMID": 684388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6011", "title": "Grip force in vibration disease.", "content": "In this experiment the hand grip force of 58 persons was measured. The study was carried out during a compulsory health examination. The subjects compressed with their left hand for 5 min fluctuating maximal force and with their right hand for 1 min with maximal constant force. The results were repeated with five different levels of vibration and without vibration. Individual forces varied in the 5-min experiment from 25 to 122 N. The strongest subjects were in a group affected by white fingers, but with no claim of diminished grip force. The weakest forces were seen in the group subjectively most-affected by vibration disease. On the basis of this examination, it seems that in some workers long-term exposure to vibration causes a diminution in grip force, which is a constant phenomenon, and it does not only manifest itself during their work. During exposure to vibration the force reduced from the resting level among the subjectively most-affected lumberjacks, but not in less-affected groups or in the reference group. No vibration frequency was found to be especially disadvantageous to grip force, and it was not possible to determine the normal limits of grip force.", "contents": "Grip force in vibration disease. In this experiment the hand grip force of 58 persons was measured. The study was carried out during a compulsory health examination. The subjects compressed with their left hand for 5 min fluctuating maximal force and with their right hand for 1 min with maximal constant force. The results were repeated with five different levels of vibration and without vibration. Individual forces varied in the 5-min experiment from 25 to 122 N. The strongest subjects were in a group affected by white fingers, but with no claim of diminished grip force. The weakest forces were seen in the group subjectively most-affected by vibration disease. On the basis of this examination, it seems that in some workers long-term exposure to vibration causes a diminution in grip force, which is a constant phenomenon, and it does not only manifest itself during their work. During exposure to vibration the force reduced from the resting level among the subjectively most-affected lumberjacks, but not in less-affected groups or in the reference group. No vibration frequency was found to be especially disadvantageous to grip force, and it was not possible to determine the normal limits of grip force.", "PMID": 684389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6012", "title": "Biologically active metals in human tissues. I. The effect of age and sex on the concentration of copper in aorta, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and skeletal muscle.", "content": "Autopsy specimens of aorta, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and skeletal muscle were collected from 86 accident victims. The copper concentration in each tissue was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The descending order of the tissues in respect to copper concentration was: liver, heart, kidney, pancreas, lung, muscle, and aorta. No significant difference was found in the copper levels of samples from male and female autopsies. When the effect of age on the average copper concentration was studied, liver and kidney showed a decreasing concentration up to maturity, the copper concentration in pancreas and skeletal muscle showed a continuous decline with increasing age, and there was no clear-cut effect of age on the copper concentration of heart, lung and aorta. According to the results the Finnish population does not differ, on the average, from other populations with respect to tissue copper concentrations.", "contents": "Biologically active metals in human tissues. I. The effect of age and sex on the concentration of copper in aorta, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and skeletal muscle. Autopsy specimens of aorta, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and skeletal muscle were collected from 86 accident victims. The copper concentration in each tissue was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The descending order of the tissues in respect to copper concentration was: liver, heart, kidney, pancreas, lung, muscle, and aorta. No significant difference was found in the copper levels of samples from male and female autopsies. When the effect of age on the average copper concentration was studied, liver and kidney showed a decreasing concentration up to maturity, the copper concentration in pancreas and skeletal muscle showed a continuous decline with increasing age, and there was no clear-cut effect of age on the copper concentration of heart, lung and aorta. According to the results the Finnish population does not differ, on the average, from other populations with respect to tissue copper concentrations.", "PMID": 684390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6013", "title": "Relation between radiological pleuropulmonary changes, clinical history and weight index of construction workers.", "content": "Photofluorography was performed on 1,542 male construction workers in the Stockholm area. Postero-anterior, lateral and two anterior oblique views were obtained. The pleural and pulmonary changes found were classified into six groups. The results were correlated to the subjects' calculated weight index and to the occupational history of asbestos exposure and previous lung or pleural disease. There was a strong positive association between a high weight index and changes interpreted as increased amount of extrapleural fat. There was also a positive association between irregular thickenings and adhesions located mainly around the base of the lung and a clinical history of pleural or pulmonary disease. The importance of taking other etiological factors than exposure to asbestos dust into consideration is emphasized when pleural changes are detected in apparently healthy people.", "contents": "Relation between radiological pleuropulmonary changes, clinical history and weight index of construction workers. Photofluorography was performed on 1,542 male construction workers in the Stockholm area. Postero-anterior, lateral and two anterior oblique views were obtained. The pleural and pulmonary changes found were classified into six groups. The results were correlated to the subjects' calculated weight index and to the occupational history of asbestos exposure and previous lung or pleural disease. There was a strong positive association between a high weight index and changes interpreted as increased amount of extrapleural fat. There was also a positive association between irregular thickenings and adhesions located mainly around the base of the lung and a clinical history of pleural or pulmonary disease. The importance of taking other etiological factors than exposure to asbestos dust into consideration is emphasized when pleural changes are detected in apparently healthy people.", "PMID": 684392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6014", "title": "[Evaluation program for cancer patients].", "content": "The medical evaluation and requisite radiologic examinations for the cancer patient are presented. Adequate clinical staging is essential for determining prognosis, optimal therapeutic plan, and evaluation of therapy results. Newer radiologic methods allow more detailed evaluation and determination of disease stage.", "contents": "[Evaluation program for cancer patients]. The medical evaluation and requisite radiologic examinations for the cancer patient are presented. Adequate clinical staging is essential for determining prognosis, optimal therapeutic plan, and evaluation of therapy results. Newer radiologic methods allow more detailed evaluation and determination of disease stage.", "PMID": 684393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6015", "title": "[Interdisciplinary treatment planning in cancer].", "content": "The prerequisites for and purpose of optimal interdisciplinary cooperation in cancer treatment planning are presented from the viewpoint of the medical oncologist, the surgeon and the therapeutic radiologists. Only with full appreciation of the therapeutic possibilities offered by each individual treatment modality and speciality can an optimal interdisciplinary treatment plan be devised. This maximum of cooperation and interdisciplinary teamwork is also the basis for further progress and improvement of therapeutic results.", "contents": "[Interdisciplinary treatment planning in cancer]. The prerequisites for and purpose of optimal interdisciplinary cooperation in cancer treatment planning are presented from the viewpoint of the medical oncologist, the surgeon and the therapeutic radiologists. Only with full appreciation of the therapeutic possibilities offered by each individual treatment modality and speciality can an optimal interdisciplinary treatment plan be devised. This maximum of cooperation and interdisciplinary teamwork is also the basis for further progress and improvement of therapeutic results.", "PMID": 684394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6016", "title": "[Cooperation between private physician, regional hospital and oncologic center].", "content": "Due to numerical, socio-psychological, economic and geographic factors, not all tumor patients can be followed exclusively by specialized oncologic institutions. Institutionalized, well organized cooperation between private physician, community hospital and regional cancer center is mandatory in affording every patient speedy and adequate investigation and treatment. One model of regional oncologic cooperation which has been realized successfully for some years now in Eastern Switzerland is presented. Decentralized oncologic consulting clinics open for in- and out-patients are the cornerstone of this system, which guarantees the same quality of management for the tumor patient in hospital or at home and requires the active participation of family doctors.", "contents": "[Cooperation between private physician, regional hospital and oncologic center]. Due to numerical, socio-psychological, economic and geographic factors, not all tumor patients can be followed exclusively by specialized oncologic institutions. Institutionalized, well organized cooperation between private physician, community hospital and regional cancer center is mandatory in affording every patient speedy and adequate investigation and treatment. One model of regional oncologic cooperation which has been realized successfully for some years now in Eastern Switzerland is presented. Decentralized oncologic consulting clinics open for in- and out-patients are the cornerstone of this system, which guarantees the same quality of management for the tumor patient in hospital or at home and requires the active participation of family doctors.", "PMID": 684395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6017", "title": "[Therapy of complications due to neoplasm metastases].", "content": "Many tumors, especially when metastasizing, produce a variety of symptoms. Two frequent sets of complications due to metastasizing cancer (mainly to the bones), i.e. vertebral metastases and chronic pain, are reviewed. In the case of vertebral metastases, the fitting of an orthopedic corset should--and as a rule can--be avoided. Treatment of this complication is by systemic therapy and/or radiotherapy. Symptoms or signs of medullary compression are indications for emergency treatment by the radiotherapist or the neurosurgeon. In the case of chronic pain, regular oral intake of the Brompton mixture is an alternative to injections of analgesics in that it prevents rather than alleviates pain and is only slightly addiction-forming.", "contents": "[Therapy of complications due to neoplasm metastases]. Many tumors, especially when metastasizing, produce a variety of symptoms. Two frequent sets of complications due to metastasizing cancer (mainly to the bones), i.e. vertebral metastases and chronic pain, are reviewed. In the case of vertebral metastases, the fitting of an orthopedic corset should--and as a rule can--be avoided. Treatment of this complication is by systemic therapy and/or radiotherapy. Symptoms or signs of medullary compression are indications for emergency treatment by the radiotherapist or the neurosurgeon. In the case of chronic pain, regular oral intake of the Brompton mixture is an alternative to injections of analgesics in that it prevents rather than alleviates pain and is only slightly addiction-forming.", "PMID": 684396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6018", "title": "[The malignant melanoma: criteria for the prognosis and therapy].", "content": "Several factors influence the spontaneous course of malignant melanoma: localization, stage, depth of invasion and histological type of the tumour, as well as sex and immune competence of the patient. Risk and prognostic factors have been inadequately considered in past therapeutic trials and are a major issue in current applied melanoma research.", "contents": "[The malignant melanoma: criteria for the prognosis and therapy]. Several factors influence the spontaneous course of malignant melanoma: localization, stage, depth of invasion and histological type of the tumour, as well as sex and immune competence of the patient. Risk and prognostic factors have been inadequately considered in past therapeutic trials and are a major issue in current applied melanoma research.", "PMID": 684397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6019", "title": "[Psychosocial aspects in oncology].", "content": "Affects of hopelessness and helplessness may play an important role in the life history of cancer patients. Open communication with the patient is necessary in order to overcome these affects. The function of denial is discussed and depression is described as a necessary phase in coping with the disease. Depressions in cancer patients cannot be avoided through denial but should be adequately treated.", "contents": "[Psychosocial aspects in oncology]. Affects of hopelessness and helplessness may play an important role in the life history of cancer patients. Open communication with the patient is necessary in order to overcome these affects. The function of denial is discussed and depression is described as a necessary phase in coping with the disease. Depressions in cancer patients cannot be avoided through denial but should be adequately treated.", "PMID": 684398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6020", "title": "[Problems of early detection of neoplasms from an epidemiological point of view].", "content": "Based on the epidemiologic literature, the problem of mass cancer screening projects is discussed. In the case of breast cancer the evidence for a reduction of mortality in the age group over 50 seems conclusive, whereas the specific role of mammography is still controversial. At present, no routine mammographic screening should be undertaken in women under 50 years of age. There is presumptive evidence that routine proctosigmoidoscopy for early diagnosis of cancer of the large bowel reduces mortality. However, this method seems of doubtful practical value for financial and psychological reasons. There is reason to believe that improvement in colorectal survival rates may be expected with widespread use of the \"Hemoccult\" test. Routine screening for cervical cancer should be continued, although the epidemiological evidence of its value is only circumstantial. In the case of lung cancer, there is not much hope that secondary prevention will improve mortality rates. Earlier detection of prostatic cancer by means of digital examination may eventually improve mortality rates, but at present the evidence is lacking.", "contents": "[Problems of early detection of neoplasms from an epidemiological point of view]. Based on the epidemiologic literature, the problem of mass cancer screening projects is discussed. In the case of breast cancer the evidence for a reduction of mortality in the age group over 50 seems conclusive, whereas the specific role of mammography is still controversial. At present, no routine mammographic screening should be undertaken in women under 50 years of age. There is presumptive evidence that routine proctosigmoidoscopy for early diagnosis of cancer of the large bowel reduces mortality. However, this method seems of doubtful practical value for financial and psychological reasons. There is reason to believe that improvement in colorectal survival rates may be expected with widespread use of the \"Hemoccult\" test. Routine screening for cervical cancer should be continued, although the epidemiological evidence of its value is only circumstantial. In the case of lung cancer, there is not much hope that secondary prevention will improve mortality rates. Earlier detection of prostatic cancer by means of digital examination may eventually improve mortality rates, but at present the evidence is lacking.", "PMID": 684399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6021", "title": "[Current state of therapy for gastrointestinal tumors].", "content": "For many years, the treatment of malignant gastrointestinal tumors has been disappointing. However, recent results have shown an improvement in the rate of remissions and survival, especially in the treatment of gastric, pancreatic and localized rectal carcinoma. The therapy of cancer of the colon still remains unsatisfactory: the rate of remissions could be increased, but survival remains unaltered. Adjuvant chemotherapy is under investigation in many quarters but cannot yet be recommended as an established method of treatment.", "contents": "[Current state of therapy for gastrointestinal tumors]. For many years, the treatment of malignant gastrointestinal tumors has been disappointing. However, recent results have shown an improvement in the rate of remissions and survival, especially in the treatment of gastric, pancreatic and localized rectal carcinoma. The therapy of cancer of the colon still remains unsatisfactory: the rate of remissions could be increased, but survival remains unaltered. Adjuvant chemotherapy is under investigation in many quarters but cannot yet be recommended as an established method of treatment.", "PMID": 684400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6022", "title": "Retention of the metabolized trace elements in biological tissues following different drying procedures. I. Antimony, cobalt, iodine, mercury, selenium and zinc in rat tissues.", "content": "Loss of Sb, Co, I, Hg, Se and Zn during freeze-drying and oven-drying at 80, 105 and 120 degrees C were studied in rat tissues that contained metabolized radioactive isotopes. No loss was observed for any of the 6 elements on freeze-drying. However, tissue-specific differences were observed in many cases for Hg, Se, I and Sb on oven-drying. A significant loss of Hg was observed in liver even at 80 degrees C, and for brain at 105 degrees C. Se was lost from whole blood, brain, lung, and muscle at 120 degrees C. Sb was lost from whole blood at 105 degrees C, but from brain, kidney, lung and spleen at 120 degrees C. Iodine was also lost from whole blood, kidney, blood serum, erythrocytes, brain, lung and muscle at 120 degrees C. Although the losses were statistically significant, they remained in most cases between 2 and 10%, with the exception of Hg at 120 degrees C, where the losses in some of the tissues were unpredictable. For urine, freeze-drying and oven-drying at 80 degrees C was found to be relatively safe for Hg and I. At 105 degrees C and above, serious loss of Hg was observed. In this experiment, the elements Zn, Co, Sb and Se were no studied for urine.", "contents": "Retention of the metabolized trace elements in biological tissues following different drying procedures. I. Antimony, cobalt, iodine, mercury, selenium and zinc in rat tissues. Loss of Sb, Co, I, Hg, Se and Zn during freeze-drying and oven-drying at 80, 105 and 120 degrees C were studied in rat tissues that contained metabolized radioactive isotopes. No loss was observed for any of the 6 elements on freeze-drying. However, tissue-specific differences were observed in many cases for Hg, Se, I and Sb on oven-drying. A significant loss of Hg was observed in liver even at 80 degrees C, and for brain at 105 degrees C. Se was lost from whole blood, brain, lung, and muscle at 120 degrees C. Sb was lost from whole blood at 105 degrees C, but from brain, kidney, lung and spleen at 120 degrees C. Iodine was also lost from whole blood, kidney, blood serum, erythrocytes, brain, lung and muscle at 120 degrees C. Although the losses were statistically significant, they remained in most cases between 2 and 10%, with the exception of Hg at 120 degrees C, where the losses in some of the tissues were unpredictable. For urine, freeze-drying and oven-drying at 80 degrees C was found to be relatively safe for Hg and I. At 105 degrees C and above, serious loss of Hg was observed. In this experiment, the elements Zn, Co, Sb and Se were no studied for urine.", "PMID": 684403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6023", "title": "Vanadium in foods and in human body fluids and tissues.", "content": "Using neutron activation analysis, vanadium was analysed in a range of foods, human body fluids and tissues. On the basis of these results and those of other workers, it was concluded that daily dietary intake amounts to some tens of micrograms. Analysis of body fluids (including milk, blood and excreta) and organs and tissues provided an estimate for the total body pool of vanadium in man of about 100  microgram. Vanadium was not detectable in blood and urine at the level of 0.3 ng/g, while low levels were found in muscle, fat, bone, teeth and other tissues. The relationship between dietary intake to pulmonary absorption is discussed in relation to the occurrence of vanadium in man-made air particulates. The very low levels found in milks and eggs suggest minimal vanadium requirements in growth. The findings are discussed in the light of previous results and also in relation to the possible essentiality of vanadium.", "contents": "Vanadium in foods and in human body fluids and tissues. Using neutron activation analysis, vanadium was analysed in a range of foods, human body fluids and tissues. On the basis of these results and those of other workers, it was concluded that daily dietary intake amounts to some tens of micrograms. Analysis of body fluids (including milk, blood and excreta) and organs and tissues provided an estimate for the total body pool of vanadium in man of about 100  microgram. Vanadium was not detectable in blood and urine at the level of 0.3 ng/g, while low levels were found in muscle, fat, bone, teeth and other tissues. The relationship between dietary intake to pulmonary absorption is discussed in relation to the occurrence of vanadium in man-made air particulates. The very low levels found in milks and eggs suggest minimal vanadium requirements in growth. The findings are discussed in the light of previous results and also in relation to the possible essentiality of vanadium.", "PMID": 684404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6024", "title": "Microprobe analysis of lead in human femur by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE).", "content": "A method is described for the measurement of the distribution of lead in bone tissue. Two cases of human femur have been analyzed; one worker was exposed to lead in heavy metal industry, the other case presents a reference worker from the same environment not excessively exposed to lead. Lead was determined through proton induced X-ray emission using microprobe technique. The mean lead concentration in the poisoned and the reference case was 70 and 30 ppm, respectively. The reference case showed an even lead distribution in the femur, while the poisoned case exhibited peaks in the distribution indicating that exposure to lead was not evenly distributed. The described technique has potential for microanalysis within the Haversian system for recording the history of exposure.", "contents": "Microprobe analysis of lead in human femur by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). A method is described for the measurement of the distribution of lead in bone tissue. Two cases of human femur have been analyzed; one worker was exposed to lead in heavy metal industry, the other case presents a reference worker from the same environment not excessively exposed to lead. Lead was determined through proton induced X-ray emission using microprobe technique. The mean lead concentration in the poisoned and the reference case was 70 and 30 ppm, respectively. The reference case showed an even lead distribution in the femur, while the poisoned case exhibited peaks in the distribution indicating that exposure to lead was not evenly distributed. The described technique has potential for microanalysis within the Haversian system for recording the history of exposure.", "PMID": 684405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6025", "title": "Estrogen-binding sites in endothelial cell cultures.", "content": "The cytosol extracted from a vascular endothelial cell line binds [3H]estradiol with high affinity and a high degree of specificity. In contrast, in experiments performed with cytosol labeled in the intact cell, progesterone and, to a smaller extent, testosterone gave an apparent inhibition of estradiol binding. These data support the concept that ovarian hormones may influence the role of the endothelium in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions.", "contents": "Estrogen-binding sites in endothelial cell cultures. The cytosol extracted from a vascular endothelial cell line binds [3H]estradiol with high affinity and a high degree of specificity. In contrast, in experiments performed with cytosol labeled in the intact cell, progesterone and, to a smaller extent, testosterone gave an apparent inhibition of estradiol binding. These data support the concept that ovarian hormones may influence the role of the endothelium in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions.", "PMID": 684408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6026", "title": "Time-resolved resonance raman spectroscopy of hemoglobin derivatives: heme structure changes in 7 nanoseconds.", "content": "Resonance Raman spectra of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and the corresponding myoglobin derivatives have been obtained with 7-nanosecond laser pulses at 531.8 nanometers. The results suggest that no transient constraint of the heme group by the globin structure occurs on this time scale, and thus establish a temporal sequence for the early events that may participate in the stereochemical trigger mechanism of hemoglobin cooperativity.", "contents": "Time-resolved resonance raman spectroscopy of hemoglobin derivatives: heme structure changes in 7 nanoseconds. Resonance Raman spectra of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and the corresponding myoglobin derivatives have been obtained with 7-nanosecond laser pulses at 531.8 nanometers. The results suggest that no transient constraint of the heme group by the globin structure occurs on this time scale, and thus establish a temporal sequence for the early events that may participate in the stereochemical trigger mechanism of hemoglobin cooperativity.", "PMID": 684409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6027", "title": "Allergic orchitis lesions are adoptively transferred from vasoligated guinea pigs to syngeneic recipients.", "content": "Histopathology typical of allergic orchitis developed in testes of inbred guinea pigs 16 months after vasoligation. A similar histopathology was found in unoperated testes after unilateral vasoligation. Peritoneal exudate cells from vasoligated guinea pigs transferred identical lesions to syngeneic recipients. The testicular lesions in long-term vasoligated guinea pigs have an immunological basis.", "contents": "Allergic orchitis lesions are adoptively transferred from vasoligated guinea pigs to syngeneic recipients. Histopathology typical of allergic orchitis developed in testes of inbred guinea pigs 16 months after vasoligation. A similar histopathology was found in unoperated testes after unilateral vasoligation. Peritoneal exudate cells from vasoligated guinea pigs transferred identical lesions to syngeneic recipients. The testicular lesions in long-term vasoligated guinea pigs have an immunological basis.", "PMID": 684410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6028", "title": "Vitamin D: two dihydroxylated metabolites are required for normal chicken egg hatchability.", "content": "When hens are raised to sexual maturity from hatching with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] as their sole source of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), fertile eggs appear to develop normally but fail to hatch. When hens receive a combination of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3], hatchability equivalent to that with hens given vitamin D3 is obtained. These results suggest a biological role for 24,25(OH)2D3 not previously recognized.", "contents": "Vitamin D: two dihydroxylated metabolites are required for normal chicken egg hatchability. When hens are raised to sexual maturity from hatching with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] as their sole source of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), fertile eggs appear to develop normally but fail to hatch. When hens receive a combination of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3], hatchability equivalent to that with hens given vitamin D3 is obtained. These results suggest a biological role for 24,25(OH)2D3 not previously recognized.", "PMID": 684411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6029", "title": "Mecrowear of mammalian teeth as an indicator of diet.", "content": "Microwear details on teeth of two sympatric species of hyrax are correlated with major dietary differences observed in the wild. Grazing (Procavia john-stoni) and browsing (Heterohyrax brucei) species can be distinguished. The results show that diets of extinct species may be deduced from tooth microwear.", "contents": "Mecrowear of mammalian teeth as an indicator of diet. Microwear details on teeth of two sympatric species of hyrax are correlated with major dietary differences observed in the wild. Grazing (Procavia john-stoni) and browsing (Heterohyrax brucei) species can be distinguished. The results show that diets of extinct species may be deduced from tooth microwear.", "PMID": 684415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6030", "title": "Absence of glycerol teichoic acids in certain oral streptococci.", "content": "Glycerol teichoic acids were not detected immunochemically or chemically in phenol-water, hot saline (Rantz and Randall), or supernatant fluids of disrupted cells of Streptococcus mitis. Thus teichoic acids do not appear to be found in most Gram-positive bacteria, as has been suggested.", "contents": "Absence of glycerol teichoic acids in certain oral streptococci. Glycerol teichoic acids were not detected immunochemically or chemically in phenol-water, hot saline (Rantz and Randall), or supernatant fluids of disrupted cells of Streptococcus mitis. Thus teichoic acids do not appear to be found in most Gram-positive bacteria, as has been suggested.", "PMID": 684416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6031", "title": "Ultraviolet radiation--induced chromosomal abnormalities in fetal fibroblasts from New Zealand black mice.", "content": "Fibroblasts from New Zealand Black mouse fetuses manifest increased frequency of chromosomal breaks and interchanges after exposure to ultraviolet radiation when compared with cells from BABL/c fetuses. This chromosomal instability is similar to what has been reported in cells from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and may be related to the chromosomally abnormal clones and malignancy previously reported in adult New Zealand Black mice.", "contents": "Ultraviolet radiation--induced chromosomal abnormalities in fetal fibroblasts from New Zealand black mice. Fibroblasts from New Zealand Black mouse fetuses manifest increased frequency of chromosomal breaks and interchanges after exposure to ultraviolet radiation when compared with cells from BABL/c fetuses. This chromosomal instability is similar to what has been reported in cells from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and may be related to the chromosomally abnormal clones and malignancy previously reported in adult New Zealand Black mice.", "PMID": 684417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6032", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni: identification of chemicals that attract or trap its snail vector, Biomphalaria glabrata.", "content": "A new bioassay for chemical attractants of aquatic snails demonstrated that Biomphalaria glabrata could be attracted to or trapped in the vicinity of homogenates of lettuce. Fractionation of homogenates revealed the amino acids glutamate and proline and the primary attractants. Attraction was specific for the L form of glutamate. Proline appeared to stimulate reproductive activity. Glutathione, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and a number of other compounds had no effect. Extracts of lyophilized snail tissue also attracted other snails and may thus contain pheromones. These results permit formulation and testing of controlled-release attractants designed to overcome the repellant effects of slow-release molluscicides, as well as the design of stimulants to be used with no-release poisons.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni: identification of chemicals that attract or trap its snail vector, Biomphalaria glabrata. A new bioassay for chemical attractants of aquatic snails demonstrated that Biomphalaria glabrata could be attracted to or trapped in the vicinity of homogenates of lettuce. Fractionation of homogenates revealed the amino acids glutamate and proline and the primary attractants. Attraction was specific for the L form of glutamate. Proline appeared to stimulate reproductive activity. Glutathione, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and a number of other compounds had no effect. Extracts of lyophilized snail tissue also attracted other snails and may thus contain pheromones. These results permit formulation and testing of controlled-release attractants designed to overcome the repellant effects of slow-release molluscicides, as well as the design of stimulants to be used with no-release poisons.", "PMID": 684418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6033", "title": "Visual system anomalies in human ocular albinos.", "content": "Visually evoked potentials recorded from two types of human ocular albinos demonstrated significant hemispheric asymmetry following monocular stimulation. The asymmetry is indicative of disorganization of retinogeniculostriate projections similar to that reported for mammals with total albinism. Abnormal optic projections are associated with lack of ocular pigment and are not associated with any specific generalized pigment defect.", "contents": "Visual system anomalies in human ocular albinos. Visually evoked potentials recorded from two types of human ocular albinos demonstrated significant hemispheric asymmetry following monocular stimulation. The asymmetry is indicative of disorganization of retinogeniculostriate projections similar to that reported for mammals with total albinism. Abnormal optic projections are associated with lack of ocular pigment and are not associated with any specific generalized pigment defect.", "PMID": 684419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6034", "title": "Plutonium in drinking water: effects of chlorination on its maximum permissible concentration.", "content": "Soluble plutonium is oxidized to the Pi(VI) oxidation state by chlorine during water treatment. Under certain conditions Pi(VI) is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It appears that due consideration has not been given to the effect that the presence of plutonium in this oxidation state may have on the maximum permissible concentration of plutonium in drinking water.", "contents": "Plutonium in drinking water: effects of chlorination on its maximum permissible concentration. Soluble plutonium is oxidized to the Pi(VI) oxidation state by chlorine during water treatment. Under certain conditions Pi(VI) is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It appears that due consideration has not been given to the effect that the presence of plutonium in this oxidation state may have on the maximum permissible concentration of plutonium in drinking water.", "PMID": 684421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6035", "title": "Children absorb tris-BP flame retardant from sleepwear: urine contains the mutagenic metabolite, 2,3-dibromopropanol.", "content": "The flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), which is a mutagen and causes cancer and sterility in animals is absorbed from fabric by people. 2,3-Dibromopropanol, a metboloite of tris-BP and a mutagen itself, has been found in the urine samples of ten children who were wearing or who had worn tris-BP-treated sleepwear. Eight of these children were wearing well-washed sleepwear and the possibility of absorption of tris-BP from well-washed sleepwear discussed. 2,3-Dibromopropanol was not found in the urines of one child and one adult who had never worn tris-BP-treated garments.", "contents": "Children absorb tris-BP flame retardant from sleepwear: urine contains the mutagenic metabolite, 2,3-dibromopropanol. The flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), which is a mutagen and causes cancer and sterility in animals is absorbed from fabric by people. 2,3-Dibromopropanol, a metboloite of tris-BP and a mutagen itself, has been found in the urine samples of ten children who were wearing or who had worn tris-BP-treated sleepwear. Eight of these children were wearing well-washed sleepwear and the possibility of absorption of tris-BP from well-washed sleepwear discussed. 2,3-Dibromopropanol was not found in the urines of one child and one adult who had never worn tris-BP-treated garments.", "PMID": 684422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6036", "title": "Virulent Naegleria fowleri in an indoor swimming pool.", "content": "A reservoir of pathogenic Naegleria fowleri has been located in the cracked wall of a swimming pool where repeated outbreaks of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis were observed between 1962 and 1965.", "contents": "Virulent Naegleria fowleri in an indoor swimming pool. A reservoir of pathogenic Naegleria fowleri has been located in the cracked wall of a swimming pool where repeated outbreaks of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis were observed between 1962 and 1965.", "PMID": 684423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6037", "title": "Selective depression of serum growth hormone during maternal deprivation in rat pups.", "content": "Maternal deprivation was associated with a decline in immunoreactive growth hormone in the serum of rat pups. Pups that were returned to the mother showed a rapid reversal in this deprivation-induced decrease. The change in growth hormone concentration was not accompanied by changes in the concentrations of prolactin, thyrotropin, or corticosterone in the serum, but were correlated with alteration in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in the brain. Treatment of neonatal rat pups with cyprohepatadine, a serotonin antagonist that suppresses growth hormone secretion, resulted in a significant decline in both serum growth hormone concentration and brain ornithine decarboxylase activity. These findings suggest that maternal deprivation elicits a specific suppression of growth hormone release which mediates the decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity. The study is consistent with clinical findings of impaired growth hormone \"responsitivity\" in human maternal deprivation syndrome.", "contents": "Selective depression of serum growth hormone during maternal deprivation in rat pups. Maternal deprivation was associated with a decline in immunoreactive growth hormone in the serum of rat pups. Pups that were returned to the mother showed a rapid reversal in this deprivation-induced decrease. The change in growth hormone concentration was not accompanied by changes in the concentrations of prolactin, thyrotropin, or corticosterone in the serum, but were correlated with alteration in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in the brain. Treatment of neonatal rat pups with cyprohepatadine, a serotonin antagonist that suppresses growth hormone secretion, resulted in a significant decline in both serum growth hormone concentration and brain ornithine decarboxylase activity. These findings suggest that maternal deprivation elicits a specific suppression of growth hormone release which mediates the decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity. The study is consistent with clinical findings of impaired growth hormone \"responsitivity\" in human maternal deprivation syndrome.", "PMID": 684424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6038", "title": "Experimental transformation of muscle fiber properties in lobster.", "content": "Like the chelipeds, the claw closer muscles of the adult lobster are asymmetric (dipmorphic). In the crusher claw the closer muscle is composed entirely of slow fibers, and in the cutter claw it has 65 to 75 percent fast fibers and 25 to 35 percent slow fibers.  While claw placement in the adult is essentially random, it can be demonstrated in two ways that the muscle fiber properties are not genetically fixed: (i) if one claw is removed in the fourth and early fifth stages, the remaining closer muscle develops all slow muscle fibers, and (ii) if the animals are raised in smooth-bottomed containers, both claws can become cutter types, having closer muscles with more than 50 percent fast fibers. Thus, as in vertebrate skeletal muscle, the properties of lobster closer muscle fibers can be transformed by various experimental manipulations.", "contents": "Experimental transformation of muscle fiber properties in lobster. Like the chelipeds, the claw closer muscles of the adult lobster are asymmetric (dipmorphic). In the crusher claw the closer muscle is composed entirely of slow fibers, and in the cutter claw it has 65 to 75 percent fast fibers and 25 to 35 percent slow fibers.  While claw placement in the adult is essentially random, it can be demonstrated in two ways that the muscle fiber properties are not genetically fixed: (i) if one claw is removed in the fourth and early fifth stages, the remaining closer muscle develops all slow muscle fibers, and (ii) if the animals are raised in smooth-bottomed containers, both claws can become cutter types, having closer muscles with more than 50 percent fast fibers. Thus, as in vertebrate skeletal muscle, the properties of lobster closer muscle fibers can be transformed by various experimental manipulations.", "PMID": 684425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6039", "title": "Rebound insomnia: a new clinical syndrome.", "content": "Rebound insomnia followed the withdrawal of three benzodiazepine hypnotic drugs, each of which had been administered in a single nightly dose for only short-term periods. The intense worsening of sleep is attributed to the short duration of the action of these drugs. A hypothesis involving benzodiazepine receptors in the brain is proposed in which there is a delay or lag in replacement of endogenous benzodiazepine-like molecules after the abrupt withdrawal of exogenous drugs.", "contents": "Rebound insomnia: a new clinical syndrome. Rebound insomnia followed the withdrawal of three benzodiazepine hypnotic drugs, each of which had been administered in a single nightly dose for only short-term periods. The intense worsening of sleep is attributed to the short duration of the action of these drugs. A hypothesis involving benzodiazepine receptors in the brain is proposed in which there is a delay or lag in replacement of endogenous benzodiazepine-like molecules after the abrupt withdrawal of exogenous drugs.", "PMID": 684426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6040", "title": "Prolactin binding sites in the rat brain.", "content": "The principles of the competitive-binding assay were used in conjunction with light microscopic radioautography to demonstrate specific prolactin binding sites localized on ependyma of the rat choroid plexus, a previously unknown prolactin target tissue.", "contents": "Prolactin binding sites in the rat brain. The principles of the competitive-binding assay were used in conjunction with light microscopic radioautography to demonstrate specific prolactin binding sites localized on ependyma of the rat choroid plexus, a previously unknown prolactin target tissue.", "PMID": 684427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6041", "title": "The fanconi syndrome in Basenji dogs: a new model for renal transport defects.", "content": "The renal defects resulting in a Fanconi syndrome were seen in eight Basenji dogs by measuring renal clearance and in vitro amino acid and sugar uptake and performing histopathologic evaluations. Renal tubular handling of glucose, phosphate, sodium, potassium, uric acid, and amino acids was abnormal, and in vitro uptake of labeled lysine, glycine, and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by renal cortical slices was impaired. Histopathology was normal except for enlarged nuclei in some renal tubule cells. These Basenji dogs, which may be genetically affected, represent a likely model for idiopathic Fanconi syndrome in humans.", "contents": "The fanconi syndrome in Basenji dogs: a new model for renal transport defects. The renal defects resulting in a Fanconi syndrome were seen in eight Basenji dogs by measuring renal clearance and in vitro amino acid and sugar uptake and performing histopathologic evaluations. Renal tubular handling of glucose, phosphate, sodium, potassium, uric acid, and amino acids was abnormal, and in vitro uptake of labeled lysine, glycine, and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by renal cortical slices was impaired. Histopathology was normal except for enlarged nuclei in some renal tubule cells. These Basenji dogs, which may be genetically affected, represent a likely model for idiopathic Fanconi syndrome in humans.", "PMID": 684432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6042", "title": "Molecular conformation of a halogen-free thyroxine analog: 4-Methoxy-3,5,3-trimethyl-L-thyronine N-acetyl ethyl ester.", "content": "The molecular conformation of the halogen-free thyroxine analog 4-methoxy-3,5,3'-trimethyl-L-thyronine -n-acetyl ethyl ester has been determined by x-ray diffraction techniques. The unsubstituted parent compound, trimethylthyronine, has significant biological activity in rat thymocyte tests when compared with the thyroid hormone 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). Although no activity data are available for the analog studied, it is presumed to be inactive because of the 4-methoxy blocking group. The observed conformation of this structure is similar to that found for the natural hormone T(3). The 3'-methyl group is distal, the overall conformation is cisoid, and the diphenyl ether conformation is twist-skewed. The results of this diffraction study show that methyl substituents are capable of maintaining the thyronine conformation required for hormonal activity; they suggest that iodine enhances hormone-protein binding because of the electronic effects it produces either by alteration of molecular charge distributions or by direct charge-transfer interactions with the serum or nuclear binding proteins.", "contents": "Molecular conformation of a halogen-free thyroxine analog: 4-Methoxy-3,5,3-trimethyl-L-thyronine N-acetyl ethyl ester. The molecular conformation of the halogen-free thyroxine analog 4-methoxy-3,5,3'-trimethyl-L-thyronine -n-acetyl ethyl ester has been determined by x-ray diffraction techniques. The unsubstituted parent compound, trimethylthyronine, has significant biological activity in rat thymocyte tests when compared with the thyroid hormone 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). Although no activity data are available for the analog studied, it is presumed to be inactive because of the 4-methoxy blocking group. The observed conformation of this structure is similar to that found for the natural hormone T(3). The 3'-methyl group is distal, the overall conformation is cisoid, and the diphenyl ether conformation is twist-skewed. The results of this diffraction study show that methyl substituents are capable of maintaining the thyronine conformation required for hormonal activity; they suggest that iodine enhances hormone-protein binding because of the electronic effects it produces either by alteration of molecular charge distributions or by direct charge-transfer interactions with the serum or nuclear binding proteins.", "PMID": 684433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6043", "title": "Enhancement of oncogenesis in C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cell cultures by saccharin.", "content": "Impure and pure samples of saccharin (2 milligrams per milliliter) did not produce oncogenic transformation of C3H/10T1/2, clone 8, mouse embryo fibroblasts. However, after treatment of the cells with a nontransforming initiating dose (0.1 microgram per milliliter) of 3-methylcholanthrene, continuous treatment with either sample of saccharin (100 micrograms per milliliter) led to significant transformation. It is concluded that in this system saccharin is a cocarginogen, probably functioning as a promoting agent that is 1000-fold less active than the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate.", "contents": "Enhancement of oncogenesis in C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cell cultures by saccharin. Impure and pure samples of saccharin (2 milligrams per milliliter) did not produce oncogenic transformation of C3H/10T1/2, clone 8, mouse embryo fibroblasts. However, after treatment of the cells with a nontransforming initiating dose (0.1 microgram per milliliter) of 3-methylcholanthrene, continuous treatment with either sample of saccharin (100 micrograms per milliliter) led to significant transformation. It is concluded that in this system saccharin is a cocarginogen, probably functioning as a promoting agent that is 1000-fold less active than the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate.", "PMID": 684434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6044", "title": "Secretion in mast cells induced by calcium entrapped within phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "Purified mast cells secreted histamine when fused to phospholipid vesicles containing calcium but not magnesium or potassium. Microscopic observation revealed highly localized exocytotic responses involving punctate extrusion of individual granules. Calcium delivered from the vesicles to the cytoplasm is apparently a sufficient stimulus to initiate exocytosis. The results support the calcium hypothesis of stimulus-secretion coupling.", "contents": "Secretion in mast cells induced by calcium entrapped within phospholipid vesicles. Purified mast cells secreted histamine when fused to phospholipid vesicles containing calcium but not magnesium or potassium. Microscopic observation revealed highly localized exocytotic responses involving punctate extrusion of individual granules. Calcium delivered from the vesicles to the cytoplasm is apparently a sufficient stimulus to initiate exocytosis. The results support the calcium hypothesis of stimulus-secretion coupling.", "PMID": 684435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6045", "title": "Infantile stimulation induces brain lateralization in rats.", "content": "The hypothesis tested was that the effects of early experiences are asymmetrically distributed in the two brain hemispheres. Litters were either handled or not handled between birth and weaning, and the weanlings were reared in either laboratory cages or enriched environments between 21 and 50 days. When approximately 135 days old, animals within each of the four treatment groups had a right neocortical ablation, a left neocortical ablation, a sham operation, or no surgery. About 1 month later, all animals were given the open-field test for emotionality and exploratory behavior. Ablating either the right or left neocortex increased the activity scores of nonhandled controls, but there was no evidence of lateralization. However, the groups handled in infancy did show lateralization. Ablating the left brain did not significantly increase activity, but ablating the right brain caused extreme scores: handled rats without enrichment experience were the most active, and handled rats also placed into the enriched environment had near-zero scores in the open field.", "contents": "Infantile stimulation induces brain lateralization in rats. The hypothesis tested was that the effects of early experiences are asymmetrically distributed in the two brain hemispheres. Litters were either handled or not handled between birth and weaning, and the weanlings were reared in either laboratory cages or enriched environments between 21 and 50 days. When approximately 135 days old, animals within each of the four treatment groups had a right neocortical ablation, a left neocortical ablation, a sham operation, or no surgery. About 1 month later, all animals were given the open-field test for emotionality and exploratory behavior. Ablating either the right or left neocortex increased the activity scores of nonhandled controls, but there was no evidence of lateralization. However, the groups handled in infancy did show lateralization. Ablating the left brain did not significantly increase activity, but ablating the right brain caused extreme scores: handled rats without enrichment experience were the most active, and handled rats also placed into the enriched environment had near-zero scores in the open field.", "PMID": 684436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6046", "title": "Computers in nuclear medicine: introductory concepts.", "content": "Computers play an important role in image and data processing in nuclear medicine. Applications extend from relatively simple mathematical processing of in vitro specimen assays to more sophisticated image reconstruction procedures for emission tomography. The basic concepts and terminology associated with computer applications in image and data processing in nuclear medicine are presented here.", "contents": "Computers in nuclear medicine: introductory concepts. Computers play an important role in image and data processing in nuclear medicine. Applications extend from relatively simple mathematical processing of in vitro specimen assays to more sophisticated image reconstruction procedures for emission tomography. The basic concepts and terminology associated with computer applications in image and data processing in nuclear medicine are presented here.", "PMID": 684438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6047", "title": "Computers and quality control in nuclear medicine.", "content": "The general topic of computers and nuclear medicine quality control may be approached from two main areas; controlling the quality of computerized studies, and computer applications in general nuclear medicine quality control. Overlap occurs when quality control of computer studies is performed by the computer itself. The uses of computers in record-keeping and in quality control of imaging instrumentation and in vitro studies, including radioimmunoassay, are discussed in this review. Aspects of quality control for computerized clinical cardiovascular, cerebral, and renal studies and emission computed tomography are reviewed, including consideration of difficulties and inaccuracies involved in the studies. Any automatic computer analysis program should incorporate adequate checks and error detection protocols and should illustrate results for verification. Current routine quality control procedures using the computer unfortunately are few. Quality control criteria are needed for camera/computer systems in high count rate clinical applications, and increasing emphasis should be aimed at quality control of those computerized dynamic and function studies in current clinical use. The computer has a valuable potential for nuclear medicine quality control. In vitro and computerized in vivo studies can be analyzed by readily available statistical programs, and variances can be monitored continuously. Computers can calibrate and monitor instrument performance regularly, and can handle managerial and clerical duties such as bookkeeping.", "contents": "Computers and quality control in nuclear medicine. The general topic of computers and nuclear medicine quality control may be approached from two main areas; controlling the quality of computerized studies, and computer applications in general nuclear medicine quality control. Overlap occurs when quality control of computer studies is performed by the computer itself. The uses of computers in record-keeping and in quality control of imaging instrumentation and in vitro studies, including radioimmunoassay, are discussed in this review. Aspects of quality control for computerized clinical cardiovascular, cerebral, and renal studies and emission computed tomography are reviewed, including consideration of difficulties and inaccuracies involved in the studies. Any automatic computer analysis program should incorporate adequate checks and error detection protocols and should illustrate results for verification. Current routine quality control procedures using the computer unfortunately are few. Quality control criteria are needed for camera/computer systems in high count rate clinical applications, and increasing emphasis should be aimed at quality control of those computerized dynamic and function studies in current clinical use. The computer has a valuable potential for nuclear medicine quality control. In vitro and computerized in vivo studies can be analyzed by readily available statistical programs, and variances can be monitored continuously. Computers can calibrate and monitor instrument performance regularly, and can handle managerial and clerical duties such as bookkeeping.", "PMID": 684439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6048", "title": "Improvement of scintigrams by computer processing.", "content": "Computer processing can improve the quality of scintigrams in several ways. It can increase the accuracy with which the image approximates the activity distribution by reversing degradation. It can selectively enhance normal or abnormal structures of interest. It can optimize the use of the display system presenting the image. The usefulness of computer processing must be determined by observer testing and clinical experience. The need to correct distortion in both intensity (nonuniformity) and space can be avoided by attention to calibration and to the setup of the imaging device employed and by use of the sliding energy window technique. Nonuniformity correction, especially for quantitative studies, should not be done using a flood field as this may actually decrease accuracy. Instead, any necessary correction should employ the sensitivity matrix, which measures the variation of sensitivity to a point source with the position of the source. Statistical fluctuations (noise) and degradation of resolution are commonly corrected using linear, stationary techniques [concepts which are defined and developed in the text], but nonstationary techniques appear to be frequently more successful at the expense of increased processing time. Techniques of choice for pure smoothing are nine-point binomial smoothing and variable shape averaging, and those for both sharpening and smoothing (preferred for most modern, high-count scintigrams) are unsharp masking, Metz or Wiener filtering, and bi-regional sharpening. Structures of interest can be enhanced by methods which detect and emphasize changes in local distributions of slope and curvature of intensity. High quality display devices are essential to reap any benefits from degradation correction. Those devices, which must have appropriately high sensitivity and must avoid display artifacts, have become available only recently. Use of the display should be matched to the processing done. Contrast enhancement, e.g. by histogram qualization, for optimal use for each image of the display intensity range, is often helpful. Most scintigram processing is done using computers with about 32K 16-bit words. Floating point hardware is often useful. Most processing methods require 1-30 seconds on such computers and usually under 15 seconds. Processing time tends to be negligible compared to time for user specification of the processing to be done, so the quality of command languages should be of concern. Careful observer studies using phantoms have shown processing to improve detectability of lesions when a single display is used for both processed and unprocessed images, but not when unprocessed images on standard analog displays are compared to processed images on common computer displays...", "contents": "Improvement of scintigrams by computer processing. Computer processing can improve the quality of scintigrams in several ways. It can increase the accuracy with which the image approximates the activity distribution by reversing degradation. It can selectively enhance normal or abnormal structures of interest. It can optimize the use of the display system presenting the image. The usefulness of computer processing must be determined by observer testing and clinical experience. The need to correct distortion in both intensity (nonuniformity) and space can be avoided by attention to calibration and to the setup of the imaging device employed and by use of the sliding energy window technique. Nonuniformity correction, especially for quantitative studies, should not be done using a flood field as this may actually decrease accuracy. Instead, any necessary correction should employ the sensitivity matrix, which measures the variation of sensitivity to a point source with the position of the source. Statistical fluctuations (noise) and degradation of resolution are commonly corrected using linear, stationary techniques [concepts which are defined and developed in the text], but nonstationary techniques appear to be frequently more successful at the expense of increased processing time. Techniques of choice for pure smoothing are nine-point binomial smoothing and variable shape averaging, and those for both sharpening and smoothing (preferred for most modern, high-count scintigrams) are unsharp masking, Metz or Wiener filtering, and bi-regional sharpening. Structures of interest can be enhanced by methods which detect and emphasize changes in local distributions of slope and curvature of intensity. High quality display devices are essential to reap any benefits from degradation correction. Those devices, which must have appropriately high sensitivity and must avoid display artifacts, have become available only recently. Use of the display should be matched to the processing done. Contrast enhancement, e.g. by histogram qualization, for optimal use for each image of the display intensity range, is often helpful. Most scintigram processing is done using computers with about 32K 16-bit words. Floating point hardware is often useful. Most processing methods require 1-30 seconds on such computers and usually under 15 seconds. Processing time tends to be negligible compared to time for user specification of the processing to be done, so the quality of command languages should be of concern. Careful observer studies using phantoms have shown processing to improve detectability of lesions when a single display is used for both processed and unprocessed images, but not when unprocessed images on standard analog displays are compared to processed images on common computer displays...", "PMID": 684440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6049", "title": "Application of the computer to rapid dynamic studies.", "content": "Current trends in nuclear medicine to some degree, at least, reflect the level of sophistication available in the instrumentation. A technologically oriented speciality such as this might be expected to shift emphasis from time to time as stepwise advances are made in instrumentation. In its infancy, nuclear medicine concentrated on studies that could be accomplished with a single-probe system. The introduction of rectilinear scanners made imaging practical and of primary concern. Anger's gamma camera made combined static and dynamic studies possible using a single instrument--a decided advantage over previous methodology. The development of digital acquisition, processing, and display systems has had a profound effect on the recently increased emphasis on rapid dynamic studies. Computers are currently being applied to a broad range of clinical problems. Data preparation routines such as uniformity correction and data bounding often are used preliminary to more rigorous mathematical treatment. The development of reasonably low-cost, TV-type displays has greatly increased the quality of the computer display of the radionuclide imaging process.", "contents": "Application of the computer to rapid dynamic studies. Current trends in nuclear medicine to some degree, at least, reflect the level of sophistication available in the instrumentation. A technologically oriented speciality such as this might be expected to shift emphasis from time to time as stepwise advances are made in instrumentation. In its infancy, nuclear medicine concentrated on studies that could be accomplished with a single-probe system. The introduction of rectilinear scanners made imaging practical and of primary concern. Anger's gamma camera made combined static and dynamic studies possible using a single instrument--a decided advantage over previous methodology. The development of digital acquisition, processing, and display systems has had a profound effect on the recently increased emphasis on rapid dynamic studies. Computers are currently being applied to a broad range of clinical problems. Data preparation routines such as uniformity correction and data bounding often are used preliminary to more rigorous mathematical treatment. The development of reasonably low-cost, TV-type displays has greatly increased the quality of the computer display of the radionuclide imaging process.", "PMID": 684441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6050", "title": "Automated data processing and radioassays.", "content": "Radioassays include (1) radioimmunoassays, (2) competitive protein-binding assays based on competition for limited antibody or specific binding protein, (3) immunoradiometric assay, based on competition for excess labeled antibody, and (4) radioreceptor assays. Most mathematical models describing the relationship between labeled ligand binding and unlabeled ligand concentration have been based on the law of mass action or the isotope dilution principle. These models provide useful data reduction programs, but are theoretically unfactory because competitive radioassay usually is not based on classical dilution principles, labeled and unlabeled ligand do not have to be identical, antibodies (or receptors) are frequently heterogenous, equilibrium usually is not reached, and there is probably steric and cooperative influence on binding. An alternative, more flexible mathematical model based on the probability or binding collisions being restricted by the surface area of reactive divalent sites on antibody and on univalent antigen has been derived. Application of these models to automated data reduction allows standard curves to be fitted by a mathematical expression, and unknown values are calculated from binding data. The vitrues and pitfalls are presented of point-to-point data reduction, linear transformations, and curvilinear fitting approaches. A third-order polynomial using the square root of concentration closely approximates the mathematical model based on probability, and in our experience this method provides the most acceptable results with all varieties of radioassays. With this curvilinear system, linear point connection should be used between the zero standard and the beginning of significant dose response, and also towards saturation. The importance is stressed of limiting the range of reported automated assay results to that portion of the standard curve that delivers optimal sensitivity. Published methods for automated data reduction of Scatchard plots for radioreceptor assay are limited by calculation of a single mean K value. The quality of the input data is generally the limiting factor in achieving good precision with automated as it is with manual data reduction. The major advantages of computerized curve fitting include: (1) handling large amounts of data rapidly and without computational error; (2) providing useful quality-control data; (3) indicating within-batch variance of the test results; (4) providing ongoing quality-control charts and between assay variance.", "contents": "Automated data processing and radioassays. Radioassays include (1) radioimmunoassays, (2) competitive protein-binding assays based on competition for limited antibody or specific binding protein, (3) immunoradiometric assay, based on competition for excess labeled antibody, and (4) radioreceptor assays. Most mathematical models describing the relationship between labeled ligand binding and unlabeled ligand concentration have been based on the law of mass action or the isotope dilution principle. These models provide useful data reduction programs, but are theoretically unfactory because competitive radioassay usually is not based on classical dilution principles, labeled and unlabeled ligand do not have to be identical, antibodies (or receptors) are frequently heterogenous, equilibrium usually is not reached, and there is probably steric and cooperative influence on binding. An alternative, more flexible mathematical model based on the probability or binding collisions being restricted by the surface area of reactive divalent sites on antibody and on univalent antigen has been derived. Application of these models to automated data reduction allows standard curves to be fitted by a mathematical expression, and unknown values are calculated from binding data. The vitrues and pitfalls are presented of point-to-point data reduction, linear transformations, and curvilinear fitting approaches. A third-order polynomial using the square root of concentration closely approximates the mathematical model based on probability, and in our experience this method provides the most acceptable results with all varieties of radioassays. With this curvilinear system, linear point connection should be used between the zero standard and the beginning of significant dose response, and also towards saturation. The importance is stressed of limiting the range of reported automated assay results to that portion of the standard curve that delivers optimal sensitivity. Published methods for automated data reduction of Scatchard plots for radioreceptor assay are limited by calculation of a single mean K value. The quality of the input data is generally the limiting factor in achieving good precision with automated as it is with manual data reduction. The major advantages of computerized curve fitting include: (1) handling large amounts of data rapidly and without computational error; (2) providing useful quality-control data; (3) indicating within-batch variance of the test results; (4) providing ongoing quality-control charts and between assay variance.", "PMID": 684443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6051", "title": "Multicystic dysplastic kidney: diagnostic considerations and management.", "content": "A protocolled diagnostic approach for assessing various cystic and solid masses occurring in the neonate and infant, with particular emphasis on renal masses, is described. This protocol uses diagnostic examinations in such a sequence as to establish the diagnosis with acceptable confidence by the least invasive procedure and, therefore, at minimal cost in time, money, and risk to the patient. Early definitive diagnosis permits triage of patients into a group benefiting from immediate surgical intervention versus those with entities that can safely be followed up expectantly. Moreover, certain diagnostic procedures such as antegrade pyelography can be expanded to serve therapeutic purposes as a temporizing percutaneous nephrostomy, thus preserving renal parenchyma and hopefully improving the general condition of the neonate until a definitive surgical procedure can be safely undertaken to correct the underlying deficit.", "contents": "Multicystic dysplastic kidney: diagnostic considerations and management. A protocolled diagnostic approach for assessing various cystic and solid masses occurring in the neonate and infant, with particular emphasis on renal masses, is described. This protocol uses diagnostic examinations in such a sequence as to establish the diagnosis with acceptable confidence by the least invasive procedure and, therefore, at minimal cost in time, money, and risk to the patient. Early definitive diagnosis permits triage of patients into a group benefiting from immediate surgical intervention versus those with entities that can safely be followed up expectantly. Moreover, certain diagnostic procedures such as antegrade pyelography can be expanded to serve therapeutic purposes as a temporizing percutaneous nephrostomy, thus preserving renal parenchyma and hopefully improving the general condition of the neonate until a definitive surgical procedure can be safely undertaken to correct the underlying deficit.", "PMID": 684465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6052", "title": "Pancreatic injury.", "content": "During the ten-year period from 1967 to 1977, 50 cases of pancreatic trauma were reviewed. There were 40 gunshot wounds, six stab wounds, and four cases of blunt abdominal trauma. Ten of the patients died, a mortality of 20%. The overall complication rate was 57%, but only 27% had complications attributable to the pancreatic injury. As has been reported by most authors, there is a high incidence of associated injuries. In our series only one patient had isolated pancreatic injury, while 30% had a major vascular injury, and the mortality for this group was 50%. Several methods of treatment were used, but the majority (36 patients) had drainage alone. The others had either resection (five) or Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy (five). Of particular interest were results of treatment of severe injuries to the head of the pancreas. Early in the series two patients were treated by pancreaticoduodenectomy and both died within 24 hours. During the last year we have treated five similar injuries using a Puestow type of Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy, with one death and no pancreatic complications. At present we advocate sump tube drainage for most injuries but rely on a Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy for severe injury to the head of the pancreas rather than resection.", "contents": "Pancreatic injury. During the ten-year period from 1967 to 1977, 50 cases of pancreatic trauma were reviewed. There were 40 gunshot wounds, six stab wounds, and four cases of blunt abdominal trauma. Ten of the patients died, a mortality of 20%. The overall complication rate was 57%, but only 27% had complications attributable to the pancreatic injury. As has been reported by most authors, there is a high incidence of associated injuries. In our series only one patient had isolated pancreatic injury, while 30% had a major vascular injury, and the mortality for this group was 50%. Several methods of treatment were used, but the majority (36 patients) had drainage alone. The others had either resection (five) or Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy (five). Of particular interest were results of treatment of severe injuries to the head of the pancreas. Early in the series two patients were treated by pancreaticoduodenectomy and both died within 24 hours. During the last year we have treated five similar injuries using a Puestow type of Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy, with one death and no pancreatic complications. At present we advocate sump tube drainage for most injuries but rely on a Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy for severe injury to the head of the pancreas rather than resection.", "PMID": 684466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6053", "title": "Blunt trauma to the pancreas in children.", "content": "Sixteen children below the age of 12 were operated on for blunt injury to the pancreas during a ten-year period. Unless there was an associated injury, signs and symptoms did not immediately develop. Common to the delayed manifestation of an injury to the pancreas was history of an impaling force to the upper abdomen, abdominal tenderness, and an elevated serum amylase level. The postoperative morbidity for contusion of the pancreas was unpredictable, and a prolonged period without oral alimentation should be anticipated.", "contents": "Blunt trauma to the pancreas in children. Sixteen children below the age of 12 were operated on for blunt injury to the pancreas during a ten-year period. Unless there was an associated injury, signs and symptoms did not immediately develop. Common to the delayed manifestation of an injury to the pancreas was history of an impaling force to the upper abdomen, abdominal tenderness, and an elevated serum amylase level. The postoperative morbidity for contusion of the pancreas was unpredictable, and a prolonged period without oral alimentation should be anticipated.", "PMID": 684467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6054", "title": "Mental effects of mercury poisoning.", "content": "Three dentists suffered symptoms of mercury poisoning from the use of this substance in the production of amalgam for dental fillings. The problem of mercury absorption in dental offices has been well documented in the dental literature. The three cases are presented.", "contents": "Mental effects of mercury poisoning. Three dentists suffered symptoms of mercury poisoning from the use of this substance in the production of amalgam for dental fillings. The problem of mercury absorption in dental offices has been well documented in the dental literature. The three cases are presented.", "PMID": 684468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6055", "title": "Acute acetaminophen intoxication.", "content": "Acetaminophen is a readily available, widely used drug which has been thought safer than aspirin. Overdosage which may result in fatal hepatic necrosis is commonly seen in the United Kingdom but is rarely reported in the United States. In a two-month period, three patients were admitted to a general hospital because of acetaminophen overdose, suggesting that this problem may occur more commonly than expected. They were successfully treated with N-acetylcysteine. Our experience in management of these three patients is presented and the pertinent literature concerning diagnosis and treatment of acute acetaminophen intoxication in briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Acute acetaminophen intoxication. Acetaminophen is a readily available, widely used drug which has been thought safer than aspirin. Overdosage which may result in fatal hepatic necrosis is commonly seen in the United Kingdom but is rarely reported in the United States. In a two-month period, three patients were admitted to a general hospital because of acetaminophen overdose, suggesting that this problem may occur more commonly than expected. They were successfully treated with N-acetylcysteine. Our experience in management of these three patients is presented and the pertinent literature concerning diagnosis and treatment of acute acetaminophen intoxication in briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 684469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6056", "title": "Cytosine arabinoside for varicella zoster: a second look.", "content": "Herpes zoster and disseminated herpes zoster, or varicella (V-Z), continue to be dreaded complications of patients with immunosuppression. Currently, there is no available therapy for V-Z, except for general supportive measures. Seven cases of V-Z are presented, showing the results of cytosine arabinoside administration when given as an intermittent intravenous infusion. The results compare favorably with previously unsuccessful continuous intravenous infusion. It is suggested that further evaluation of the intermittent administration of cytosine arabinoside for V-Z would be worthwhile.", "contents": "Cytosine arabinoside for varicella zoster: a second look. Herpes zoster and disseminated herpes zoster, or varicella (V-Z), continue to be dreaded complications of patients with immunosuppression. Currently, there is no available therapy for V-Z, except for general supportive measures. Seven cases of V-Z are presented, showing the results of cytosine arabinoside administration when given as an intermittent intravenous infusion. The results compare favorably with previously unsuccessful continuous intravenous infusion. It is suggested that further evaluation of the intermittent administration of cytosine arabinoside for V-Z would be worthwhile.", "PMID": 684470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6057", "title": "Nasal polyposis in children.", "content": "In this study, the cases of patients under age 18 who had been admitted to the hospital over a five-year period for nasal polypectomy were reviewed for evidence of allergy or other possible predisposing conditions. Two of the children had cystic fibrosis and one had Kartagener's syndrome. Of the remaining 21 patients, 12 (57%) had four or more positive criteria for allergic disease, out of eight criteria considered. It is concluded that in the majority of children with nasal polyposis, allergy can be implicated as a causative factor.", "contents": "Nasal polyposis in children. In this study, the cases of patients under age 18 who had been admitted to the hospital over a five-year period for nasal polypectomy were reviewed for evidence of allergy or other possible predisposing conditions. Two of the children had cystic fibrosis and one had Kartagener's syndrome. Of the remaining 21 patients, 12 (57%) had four or more positive criteria for allergic disease, out of eight criteria considered. It is concluded that in the majority of children with nasal polyposis, allergy can be implicated as a causative factor.", "PMID": 684471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6058", "title": "PPD-tuberculin and PPD-Battey dual skin testing of hospital employees and medical students.", "content": "Tuberculin PPD and PPD-Battey skin tests were simultaneously applied to 3,882 employees of Charity Hospital and 408 medical students at Louisiana State University. The PPD was doubtful (5 to 9 mm induration) in 253 of the total 4,290 persons tested (5.9%). In 86 of these 253 persons, the reaction to PDD-Battey was greater than the reaction to PPD, presumably identifying a subpopulation with a falsely positive PPD and therefore at considerably lower risk of developing future tuberculous disease. Of the 408 medical students (average age 24 years), 80 (19.6%) were classified by the skin tests as having atypical mycobacterial sensitization as compared to six (1.45%) who were classified positive or probably positive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (P less than .001). In the Southeastern United States, where the incidence of atypical mycobacterial infection is relatively high and occurs at a young age, dual skin testing may have its greatest applicability in identifying tuberculous infection when the PPD falls in the \"doubtful\" 5 to 9 mm range.", "contents": "PPD-tuberculin and PPD-Battey dual skin testing of hospital employees and medical students. Tuberculin PPD and PPD-Battey skin tests were simultaneously applied to 3,882 employees of Charity Hospital and 408 medical students at Louisiana State University. The PPD was doubtful (5 to 9 mm induration) in 253 of the total 4,290 persons tested (5.9%). In 86 of these 253 persons, the reaction to PDD-Battey was greater than the reaction to PPD, presumably identifying a subpopulation with a falsely positive PPD and therefore at considerably lower risk of developing future tuberculous disease. Of the 408 medical students (average age 24 years), 80 (19.6%) were classified by the skin tests as having atypical mycobacterial sensitization as compared to six (1.45%) who were classified positive or probably positive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (P less than .001). In the Southeastern United States, where the incidence of atypical mycobacterial infection is relatively high and occurs at a young age, dual skin testing may have its greatest applicability in identifying tuberculous infection when the PPD falls in the \"doubtful\" 5 to 9 mm range.", "PMID": 684472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6059", "title": "Repair of rectal prolapse: experience with the Ripstein sling.", "content": "Forty-eight patients with rectal prolapse were seen at Ochsner Clinic from 1955 to 1977. The charts of these patients were reviewed to assess the results of treatment and to evaluate a suggested association between rectal prolapse and solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Since 1970 the Ripstein sling procedure has been used exclusively to treat those patients with rectal prolapse who are able to undergo a transabdominal procedure. We compared the results of this procedure with the ones formerly used: perineal (Altemeer), sigmoidectomy, and Thiersch procedures. Although the earlier operations for rectal prolapse were associated with either a high recurrence or a high complication rate, the Ripstein has both a low recurrence and a low morbidity rate: two patients had recurrence and two had the sling applied too tightly. The Ripstein procedure was shown to be an effective, safe procedure for repair of rectal prolapse, and the result was considered satisfactory by 20 of the 21 patients questioned. Regarding the association of rectal ulcer and rectal prolapse, we found that, although the symptoms of the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and rectal prolapse are similar, they appear to represent a different response to the same stimulus, and the syndrome is relatively unabated by repair.", "contents": "Repair of rectal prolapse: experience with the Ripstein sling. Forty-eight patients with rectal prolapse were seen at Ochsner Clinic from 1955 to 1977. The charts of these patients were reviewed to assess the results of treatment and to evaluate a suggested association between rectal prolapse and solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Since 1970 the Ripstein sling procedure has been used exclusively to treat those patients with rectal prolapse who are able to undergo a transabdominal procedure. We compared the results of this procedure with the ones formerly used: perineal (Altemeer), sigmoidectomy, and Thiersch procedures. Although the earlier operations for rectal prolapse were associated with either a high recurrence or a high complication rate, the Ripstein has both a low recurrence and a low morbidity rate: two patients had recurrence and two had the sling applied too tightly. The Ripstein procedure was shown to be an effective, safe procedure for repair of rectal prolapse, and the result was considered satisfactory by 20 of the 21 patients questioned. Regarding the association of rectal ulcer and rectal prolapse, we found that, although the symptoms of the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and rectal prolapse are similar, they appear to represent a different response to the same stimulus, and the syndrome is relatively unabated by repair.", "PMID": 684473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6060", "title": "Freezing an extremity in preparation for amputation.", "content": "Patients requiring a major amputation for ischemia are frequently gravely ill. Physiologic amputation obtained by freezing the leg, usually with a tourniquet, will permit delay and intensive preoperative therapy. In an efficient, safe, and convenient method which we have developed and used in 46 patients, a pump circulates antifreeze solution through a specially constructed boot. The last 32 patients so treated have been analyzed as to indications and results. Advantages obtained control of sepsis, correction of diabetic coma, dialysis for chronic renal failure, improvement in congestive heart failure, and improvement in pulmonary function. Four patients had successful below-knee amputations after control of infection that had previously seemed to dictate above-knee amputation. The control of pain and odor, the resultant appreciation of the family, and the lessened demand on nursing staff offer worthwhile benefits in many of the patients, even in some in whom advanced systemic disease prevented survival.", "contents": "Freezing an extremity in preparation for amputation. Patients requiring a major amputation for ischemia are frequently gravely ill. Physiologic amputation obtained by freezing the leg, usually with a tourniquet, will permit delay and intensive preoperative therapy. In an efficient, safe, and convenient method which we have developed and used in 46 patients, a pump circulates antifreeze solution through a specially constructed boot. The last 32 patients so treated have been analyzed as to indications and results. Advantages obtained control of sepsis, correction of diabetic coma, dialysis for chronic renal failure, improvement in congestive heart failure, and improvement in pulmonary function. Four patients had successful below-knee amputations after control of infection that had previously seemed to dictate above-knee amputation. The control of pain and odor, the resultant appreciation of the family, and the lessened demand on nursing staff offer worthwhile benefits in many of the patients, even in some in whom advanced systemic disease prevented survival.", "PMID": 684474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6061", "title": "Three-year follow-up study of stroke patients at the Medical College of Virginia.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with recent stroke were followed up for a three-year period. Correlation of rehabilitation therapy, survival, and life-style integration is discussed. Problems related to physician-patient relationship are emphasized including impact of available facilities upon long-term prognosis.", "contents": "Three-year follow-up study of stroke patients at the Medical College of Virginia. Thirty-two patients with recent stroke were followed up for a three-year period. Correlation of rehabilitation therapy, survival, and life-style integration is discussed. Problems related to physician-patient relationship are emphasized including impact of available facilities upon long-term prognosis.", "PMID": 684475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6062", "title": "Epidemic rubella in military recruits.", "content": "Between Dec 1 and Feb 18, 1976, 320 cases of rubella occurred among recruits and dependent children at two Air Force bases in Illinois and Texas. Only 28 cases (9%) were identified in patients aged 17 and under. Routine serosurveilance before the outbreak revealed protective immunity in 89.1% of trainees. This outbreak emphasizes the changing epidemiology of what was formerly considered a childhood illness, and underscores the failure of herd immunity.", "contents": "Epidemic rubella in military recruits. Between Dec 1 and Feb 18, 1976, 320 cases of rubella occurred among recruits and dependent children at two Air Force bases in Illinois and Texas. Only 28 cases (9%) were identified in patients aged 17 and under. Routine serosurveilance before the outbreak revealed protective immunity in 89.1% of trainees. This outbreak emphasizes the changing epidemiology of what was formerly considered a childhood illness, and underscores the failure of herd immunity.", "PMID": 684476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6063", "title": "Single coronary artery: recent considerations.", "content": "Although traditionally regarded as a minor congenital variation, a reconsideration of the single coronary artery anomaly indicates the potentially profound clinical significance of this entity--notably the consequences of coronary artery disease, the risk of sudden death at an early age, and the technical difficulties presented in cardiac surgery. To this point, it has recently been observed that 15% of individuals with isolated single coronary artery present with severe cardiac difficulties before age 40 years.", "contents": "Single coronary artery: recent considerations. Although traditionally regarded as a minor congenital variation, a reconsideration of the single coronary artery anomaly indicates the potentially profound clinical significance of this entity--notably the consequences of coronary artery disease, the risk of sudden death at an early age, and the technical difficulties presented in cardiac surgery. To this point, it has recently been observed that 15% of individuals with isolated single coronary artery present with severe cardiac difficulties before age 40 years.", "PMID": 684477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6064", "title": "Radiation-recall enteritis after actinomycin-D and adriamycin therapy.", "content": "A 22-year-old man developed four episodes of bowel obstruction after radiation therapy for a testicular tumor metastatic to retroperitoneal nodes. Each episode followed a course of chemotherapy with actinomycin-D or adriamycin. On one occasion bowel resection was required and revealed vascular changes compatible with radiation injury. The case appears to be an example of radiation recall injury involving the small bowel. The decision to use actinomycin-D or adriamycin must be weighed against the risk of tissue injury when a predisposition to radiation damage is present.", "contents": "Radiation-recall enteritis after actinomycin-D and adriamycin therapy. A 22-year-old man developed four episodes of bowel obstruction after radiation therapy for a testicular tumor metastatic to retroperitoneal nodes. Each episode followed a course of chemotherapy with actinomycin-D or adriamycin. On one occasion bowel resection was required and revealed vascular changes compatible with radiation injury. The case appears to be an example of radiation recall injury involving the small bowel. The decision to use actinomycin-D or adriamycin must be weighed against the risk of tissue injury when a predisposition to radiation damage is present.", "PMID": 684478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6065", "title": "Tetracycline toxicity presenting as generalized vasculitis.", "content": "We believe, then, that our patient represents an infrequently reported form of tetracycline toxicity. She developed a picture consistent with multisystem involvement, with a positive ANA test. All of the toxic manifestations were reversed upon withdrawal of the drug.", "contents": "Tetracycline toxicity presenting as generalized vasculitis. We believe, then, that our patient represents an infrequently reported form of tetracycline toxicity. She developed a picture consistent with multisystem involvement, with a positive ANA test. All of the toxic manifestations were reversed upon withdrawal of the drug.", "PMID": 684479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6066", "title": "Massive oral theophylline poisoning.", "content": "A patient ingested a massive amount of an oral theophylline preparation and recovered. The paucity of central nervous system manifestations may have been related to the presence of fulminant diarrhea with expulsion of the tablets per rectum.", "contents": "Massive oral theophylline poisoning. A patient ingested a massive amount of an oral theophylline preparation and recovered. The paucity of central nervous system manifestations may have been related to the presence of fulminant diarrhea with expulsion of the tablets per rectum.", "PMID": 684480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6067", "title": "Adrenogenital syndrome: unusual presentation in an adult.", "content": "A case of bilateral testicular tumors thought secondary to hyperplastic adrenal rest tissue in an adult with the adrenogenital syndrome is presented. The appropriate endocrinologic diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency was made by extensive hormonal assay of serum and urine. Pathologic investigation suggested Leydig cell hyperplasia or tumor, but clinical and laboratory response to steroid therapy indicated elaboration of androgens from adrenal or adrenal rest sources. We believe initial medical therapy is justified in these particular cases.", "contents": "Adrenogenital syndrome: unusual presentation in an adult. A case of bilateral testicular tumors thought secondary to hyperplastic adrenal rest tissue in an adult with the adrenogenital syndrome is presented. The appropriate endocrinologic diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency was made by extensive hormonal assay of serum and urine. Pathologic investigation suggested Leydig cell hyperplasia or tumor, but clinical and laboratory response to steroid therapy indicated elaboration of androgens from adrenal or adrenal rest sources. We believe initial medical therapy is justified in these particular cases.", "PMID": 684481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6068", "title": "Tuberous sclerosis in old age.", "content": "A case of tuberous sclerosis without seizures in a 64-year-old man has been presented. Typical cutaneous, retinal, and bone lesions were found, along with calcifications in the lateral and third ventricle. Tuberous sclerosis is generally seen in young patients, though its occurrence in elderly patients has been described in the literature. Diagnosis in the present case was delayed. It is hoped that reemphasis of this aspect of tuberous sclerosis will lead to a prompt diagnosis in similar cases.", "contents": "Tuberous sclerosis in old age. A case of tuberous sclerosis without seizures in a 64-year-old man has been presented. Typical cutaneous, retinal, and bone lesions were found, along with calcifications in the lateral and third ventricle. Tuberous sclerosis is generally seen in young patients, though its occurrence in elderly patients has been described in the literature. Diagnosis in the present case was delayed. It is hoped that reemphasis of this aspect of tuberous sclerosis will lead to a prompt diagnosis in similar cases.", "PMID": 684484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6069", "title": "Otitic hydrocephalus.", "content": "This case of otitic hydrocephalus emphasizes a complication of ear disease which is rarely seen in modern otologic practice. The diagnosis and treatment of this entity have been reviewed in detail. Although the mechanism of this hydrocephalus is unknown, several theories have been presented.", "contents": "Otitic hydrocephalus. This case of otitic hydrocephalus emphasizes a complication of ear disease which is rarely seen in modern otologic practice. The diagnosis and treatment of this entity have been reviewed in detail. Although the mechanism of this hydrocephalus is unknown, several theories have been presented.", "PMID": 684486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6070", "title": "Saline lavage: a rapid, safe, effective method of whole-gut irrigation for bowel preparation.", "content": "The standard preparation for cleansing the colon usually involves dietary restrictions, purgatives, and enemas. This is time-consuming, often uncomfortable, and at times unsuccessful. This study of 37 patients examines the efficacy of saline lavage as an alternative method for cleansing the bowel. Isotonic sodium chloride solution is passed into the gut via a small nasogastric tube. The flush is continued for about four hours, until clear effluent is passed per anus. There were no significant complications or variations in weight or serum electrolyte values. Patient acceptance was generally excellent. In our opinion, this rapid bowel preparation consistently provided a clean bowel so that both bowel preparation and colonscopy were accomplished the same day.", "contents": "Saline lavage: a rapid, safe, effective method of whole-gut irrigation for bowel preparation. The standard preparation for cleansing the colon usually involves dietary restrictions, purgatives, and enemas. This is time-consuming, often uncomfortable, and at times unsuccessful. This study of 37 patients examines the efficacy of saline lavage as an alternative method for cleansing the bowel. Isotonic sodium chloride solution is passed into the gut via a small nasogastric tube. The flush is continued for about four hours, until clear effluent is passed per anus. There were no significant complications or variations in weight or serum electrolyte values. Patient acceptance was generally excellent. In our opinion, this rapid bowel preparation consistently provided a clean bowel so that both bowel preparation and colonscopy were accomplished the same day.", "PMID": 684491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6071", "title": "Arthroscopic teaching technics.", "content": "Arthroscopy has benefited greatly by the development of the miniaturized television camera. Not only is televised arthroscopy a valuable teaching aid, but it also promises to shorten and make more efficient many of the necessary operative procedures on the knee. A method for accomplishing this is presented.", "contents": "Arthroscopic teaching technics. Arthroscopy has benefited greatly by the development of the miniaturized television camera. Not only is televised arthroscopy a valuable teaching aid, but it also promises to shorten and make more efficient many of the necessary operative procedures on the knee. A method for accomplishing this is presented.", "PMID": 684492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6072", "title": "Thoracic outlet syndrome: a comprehensive evaluation.", "content": "Using various modalities, we analyzed 110 patients with thoracic outlet compression syndrome who had extensive evaluation. Nerve conduction velocities and Directional Doppler studies are the most useful adjuncts in diagnosis. Diagnosis and selection of the proper treatment of these patients will be outlined.", "contents": "Thoracic outlet syndrome: a comprehensive evaluation. Using various modalities, we analyzed 110 patients with thoracic outlet compression syndrome who had extensive evaluation. Nerve conduction velocities and Directional Doppler studies are the most useful adjuncts in diagnosis. Diagnosis and selection of the proper treatment of these patients will be outlined.", "PMID": 684493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6073", "title": "Malignant melanoma in children and young adults: effect of diagnostic criteria on staging and end results.", "content": "Since the entity of \"juvenile melanoma\" was first described, many pathologists have been reluctant to diagnose malignant melanoma in childhood by pathologic criteria alone. In this series of 125 cases, pathologic criteria are used to distinguish malignant melanoma of childhood from spindle and epithelioid nevus. Among the patients reviewed, 110 cases (86%) occurred between ages 13 and 20 years, and 15 cases (14%) in children under 12. There were 60 males (54%) and 50 females (46%) in the older age group, and six males (41%) and nine females (59%) in the childhood group. In the 13 to 20 age group, there were 24% head and neck primary melanomas, 38% truncal primaries, 30% limb primaries, and 7% indeterminate, as opposed to 35% head and neck, 23% truncal, and 41% limb in the group under 12. In the 13 to 20 year group, 66% were stage I, 11% stage II, 12% stage III, 2% stage IV and 7% indeterminate while in the 12 and under group, 76% were stage I, 12% stage III, and 12% stage IV. Mortality rates were 49% for the 13 to 20 year group and 60% for the 12 and under group.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma in children and young adults: effect of diagnostic criteria on staging and end results. Since the entity of \"juvenile melanoma\" was first described, many pathologists have been reluctant to diagnose malignant melanoma in childhood by pathologic criteria alone. In this series of 125 cases, pathologic criteria are used to distinguish malignant melanoma of childhood from spindle and epithelioid nevus. Among the patients reviewed, 110 cases (86%) occurred between ages 13 and 20 years, and 15 cases (14%) in children under 12. There were 60 males (54%) and 50 females (46%) in the older age group, and six males (41%) and nine females (59%) in the childhood group. In the 13 to 20 age group, there were 24% head and neck primary melanomas, 38% truncal primaries, 30% limb primaries, and 7% indeterminate, as opposed to 35% head and neck, 23% truncal, and 41% limb in the group under 12. In the 13 to 20 year group, 66% were stage I, 11% stage II, 12% stage III, 2% stage IV and 7% indeterminate while in the 12 and under group, 76% were stage I, 12% stage III, and 12% stage IV. Mortality rates were 49% for the 13 to 20 year group and 60% for the 12 and under group.", "PMID": 684494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6074", "title": "Small airway disease: comparison of tests in young smokers versus nonsmokers.", "content": "A number of new tests for detection of small airway disease have been developed in the past several years. It is hoped that these will prove valuable as screening tests to detect those at risk of developing obstructive airway disease. We obtained data on the degree of discrimination of single breath nitrogen studies (CV/VC, CC/TLC, deltaN2/L), air-He studies (Vmax50), and the maximal midexpiratory flow (FEF25-75%) in detecting abnormalities in young smokers. Only the CV/VC and CC/TLC significantly separated smokers from nonsmokers, each revealing 20% abnormal values in smokers.", "contents": "Small airway disease: comparison of tests in young smokers versus nonsmokers. A number of new tests for detection of small airway disease have been developed in the past several years. It is hoped that these will prove valuable as screening tests to detect those at risk of developing obstructive airway disease. We obtained data on the degree of discrimination of single breath nitrogen studies (CV/VC, CC/TLC, deltaN2/L), air-He studies (Vmax50), and the maximal midexpiratory flow (FEF25-75%) in detecting abnormalities in young smokers. Only the CV/VC and CC/TLC significantly separated smokers from nonsmokers, each revealing 20% abnormal values in smokers.", "PMID": 684495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6075", "title": "Value of routine flow studies in nuclide brain scanning.", "content": "Nuclide brain scanning offers a noninvasive means of obtaining dynamic information about intracranial disease. Lesions which could be missed without the flow study are described, and other instances in which the differential diagnosis is greatly improved by the use of the vascular sequence are demonstrated. We recommend the routine use of the flow study when performing brain scans.", "contents": "Value of routine flow studies in nuclide brain scanning. Nuclide brain scanning offers a noninvasive means of obtaining dynamic information about intracranial disease. Lesions which could be missed without the flow study are described, and other instances in which the differential diagnosis is greatly improved by the use of the vascular sequence are demonstrated. We recommend the routine use of the flow study when performing brain scans.", "PMID": 684496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6076", "title": "Management of low-velocity gunshot wounds of the hand.", "content": "Of 41 consecutive patients with low-velocity gunshot wounds to the hand, 28 were treated by superficial debridement of wound edges and 13 were treated by meticulous debridement and exploration under operating room conditions. All patients received antibiotics. All wounds were closed primarily. Some had small drains for 24 to 48 hours. There were no complications of exploration. Of the 28 patients whose wounds were not explored, 16 had complications or residual deficits that required exploration. Hospital stay of the two groups was similar. Surgical exploration of low-velocity gunshot wounds to the hand is recommended.", "contents": "Management of low-velocity gunshot wounds of the hand. Of 41 consecutive patients with low-velocity gunshot wounds to the hand, 28 were treated by superficial debridement of wound edges and 13 were treated by meticulous debridement and exploration under operating room conditions. All patients received antibiotics. All wounds were closed primarily. Some had small drains for 24 to 48 hours. There were no complications of exploration. Of the 28 patients whose wounds were not explored, 16 had complications or residual deficits that required exploration. Hospital stay of the two groups was similar. Surgical exploration of low-velocity gunshot wounds to the hand is recommended.", "PMID": 684497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6077", "title": "Annotated contract technic: special adolescent groups.", "content": "Fifty-six consecutive adolescent inpatients at the Adolescent Center of Houston International Hospital were subjects of a prospective study reviewing the efficacy of the Annotated Contract technic. Three primary diagnostic groups evolved: adjustment reaction of adolescence (ARA); borderline schizophrenia (BL-S); and antisocial personality (A-P). Follow-up of 6 to 20 months showed the technic overall to be extremely useful for ARA group, useful for BL-S group, and of questionable value for A-P group. The contract technic was initially accepted by all groups; it was facilitative in family conferences for 89%, 80%, and 56% of the ARA, BL-S, and A-P groups respectively. Most patients were able to use the contract as a barometer of their own progress; the A-P group used the contract largely to ventilate hostilities and/or limit parental demands. Only 18% of the ARA, compared to 50% of BL-S and 94% of A-P groups, ultimately ignored the contracts altogether. The technic is adaptable for clinical research as well as office practice.", "contents": "Annotated contract technic: special adolescent groups. Fifty-six consecutive adolescent inpatients at the Adolescent Center of Houston International Hospital were subjects of a prospective study reviewing the efficacy of the Annotated Contract technic. Three primary diagnostic groups evolved: adjustment reaction of adolescence (ARA); borderline schizophrenia (BL-S); and antisocial personality (A-P). Follow-up of 6 to 20 months showed the technic overall to be extremely useful for ARA group, useful for BL-S group, and of questionable value for A-P group. The contract technic was initially accepted by all groups; it was facilitative in family conferences for 89%, 80%, and 56% of the ARA, BL-S, and A-P groups respectively. Most patients were able to use the contract as a barometer of their own progress; the A-P group used the contract largely to ventilate hostilities and/or limit parental demands. Only 18% of the ARA, compared to 50% of BL-S and 94% of A-P groups, ultimately ignored the contracts altogether. The technic is adaptable for clinical research as well as office practice.", "PMID": 684498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6078", "title": "Recent experience with tetanus in Alabama.", "content": "In recent years, all cases of tetanus reported in the United States have occurred either in unimmunized persons, partially immunized persons, or persons whose immunization history was uncertain. We present our experience with three unimmunized individuals who acquired this disease. One patient became ill after a \"clean, minor wound.\" Present guidelines do not encourage immediate protection with human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) for unimmunized patients with this type of injury. We believe serious consideration should be given to modification of current recommendations to include the more liberal use of TIG, especially in nonimmune persons.", "contents": "Recent experience with tetanus in Alabama. In recent years, all cases of tetanus reported in the United States have occurred either in unimmunized persons, partially immunized persons, or persons whose immunization history was uncertain. We present our experience with three unimmunized individuals who acquired this disease. One patient became ill after a \"clean, minor wound.\" Present guidelines do not encourage immediate protection with human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) for unimmunized patients with this type of injury. We believe serious consideration should be given to modification of current recommendations to include the more liberal use of TIG, especially in nonimmune persons.", "PMID": 684499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6079", "title": "Rational management of alcohol withdrawal seizures.", "content": "Phenytoin has traditionally been used for both prophylaxis and acute treatment of alcohol withdrawal seizures. With the exception of a well defined subgroup of withdrawing patients, this may not be appropriate. Chronic anticonvulsant therapy is not indicated without evidence of another underlying seizure diathesis.", "contents": "Rational management of alcohol withdrawal seizures. Phenytoin has traditionally been used for both prophylaxis and acute treatment of alcohol withdrawal seizures. With the exception of a well defined subgroup of withdrawing patients, this may not be appropriate. Chronic anticonvulsant therapy is not indicated without evidence of another underlying seizure diathesis.", "PMID": 684500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6080", "title": "Combined use of lithium and diuretics.", "content": "Three cases demonstrating the effects of the combined use of lithium carbonate and a diuretic are reported. In each case, the serum lithium level rose, or the daily dose was decreased, or both. No clinical problems were noted because of careful monitoring and patient education. The renal excretion of lithium is reviewed. It is concluded that lithium and diuretics is a safe drug combination, if it is necessary to give both drugs.", "contents": "Combined use of lithium and diuretics. Three cases demonstrating the effects of the combined use of lithium carbonate and a diuretic are reported. In each case, the serum lithium level rose, or the daily dose was decreased, or both. No clinical problems were noted because of careful monitoring and patient education. The renal excretion of lithium is reviewed. It is concluded that lithium and diuretics is a safe drug combination, if it is necessary to give both drugs.", "PMID": 684501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6081", "title": "Blood transfusion practices in surgery: an approach to intrahospital analysis.", "content": "This study presents a two-year experience with the use of methods for the intrahospital analysis of surgical blood transfusion practices. Statistical and graphic methods were used to classify 21 types of operations (comprising 2,261 surgical procedures) by patterns of blood requests and usage. Surgical procedures were separated into three groups based on the frequency of transfusion. The results show that for many procedures careful attention to preoperative diagnoses can be very useful in predicting the amount of blood needed for a given surgical procedure. Methods described in this paper could be very helpful in reducing excess labor and preventing the unnecessary blood wastage which can result from improper ordering of blood for surgical procedures.", "contents": "Blood transfusion practices in surgery: an approach to intrahospital analysis. This study presents a two-year experience with the use of methods for the intrahospital analysis of surgical blood transfusion practices. Statistical and graphic methods were used to classify 21 types of operations (comprising 2,261 surgical procedures) by patterns of blood requests and usage. Surgical procedures were separated into three groups based on the frequency of transfusion. The results show that for many procedures careful attention to preoperative diagnoses can be very useful in predicting the amount of blood needed for a given surgical procedure. Methods described in this paper could be very helpful in reducing excess labor and preventing the unnecessary blood wastage which can result from improper ordering of blood for surgical procedures.", "PMID": 684502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6082", "title": "Vigorous intrathoracic needle aspiration biopsy: a micropathologic technic.", "content": "Modification of intrathoracic needle aspiration using a vigorous technic consisting of multiple short, plunging, and rotating movements of the needle tip allows retrieval of a micropathologic rather than a cytologic specimen. This often facilitates more specific diagnosis and allows pathologists not expert in cytology to interpret the results. Increased incidence of transient hemoptysis is the only penalty incurred by this technic. The high diagnostic accuracy and clinical value of this simple short procedure in 31 patients is emphasized.", "contents": "Vigorous intrathoracic needle aspiration biopsy: a micropathologic technic. Modification of intrathoracic needle aspiration using a vigorous technic consisting of multiple short, plunging, and rotating movements of the needle tip allows retrieval of a micropathologic rather than a cytologic specimen. This often facilitates more specific diagnosis and allows pathologists not expert in cytology to interpret the results. Increased incidence of transient hemoptysis is the only penalty incurred by this technic. The high diagnostic accuracy and clinical value of this simple short procedure in 31 patients is emphasized.", "PMID": 684503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6083", "title": "Serum lysozyme activity in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Serum lysozyme activity was determined in the sera of 70 patients with inflammatory bowel disease by the lysoplate method. Serum lysozyme levels were significantly elevated only in patients with Crohn's disease of the small bowel. Patients with either granulomatous or ulcerative colitis had serum lysozyme values not different from normals, irrespective of activity of their disease.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Serum lysozyme activity was determined in the sera of 70 patients with inflammatory bowel disease by the lysoplate method. Serum lysozyme levels were significantly elevated only in patients with Crohn's disease of the small bowel. Patients with either granulomatous or ulcerative colitis had serum lysozyme values not different from normals, irrespective of activity of their disease.", "PMID": 684504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6084", "title": "Total hip replacement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In this prospective study, 50 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis had total hip replacement. Preoperatively and at regular intervals postoperatively, all patients had evaluation of pain, ambulation, and range of motion according to the scale of d'Aubigne and Postel. Follow-up ranged from three to seven years, with the average being longer than four years. All patients demonstrated significant improvement in these parameters. Specific problems of the rheumatoid patient are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Total hip replacement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In this prospective study, 50 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis had total hip replacement. Preoperatively and at regular intervals postoperatively, all patients had evaluation of pain, ambulation, and range of motion according to the scale of d'Aubigne and Postel. Follow-up ranged from three to seven years, with the average being longer than four years. All patients demonstrated significant improvement in these parameters. Specific problems of the rheumatoid patient are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 684505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6085", "title": "Spindle cell lipoma: a benign lipoma variant with potential hazards of diagnostic misinterpretation.", "content": "Spindle cell lipoma is a relatively common, recently described benign lipoma variant. It demonstrates highly characteristic clinical and pathologic features. Knowledge of its existence and features should prevent any misinterpretation of its true benign biologic behavior, a pitfall which has unfortunately occurred in the past, resulting in poor prognosis and exaggerated modes of therapy.", "contents": "Spindle cell lipoma: a benign lipoma variant with potential hazards of diagnostic misinterpretation. Spindle cell lipoma is a relatively common, recently described benign lipoma variant. It demonstrates highly characteristic clinical and pathologic features. Knowledge of its existence and features should prevent any misinterpretation of its true benign biologic behavior, a pitfall which has unfortunately occurred in the past, resulting in poor prognosis and exaggerated modes of therapy.", "PMID": 684507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6086", "title": "Cushing's syndrome and functioning adrenal black adenoma.", "content": "A case of functioning adrenal black adenoma with Cushing's syndrome is briefly presented. This is the fourth reported case of this particular functioning tumor. The other three cases were also associated with Cushing's syndrome. The angiographic feature of adrenal venography in our case is identical to ordinary adrenal neoplasm and is the first documented roentgenologic study.", "contents": "Cushing's syndrome and functioning adrenal black adenoma. A case of functioning adrenal black adenoma with Cushing's syndrome is briefly presented. This is the fourth reported case of this particular functioning tumor. The other three cases were also associated with Cushing's syndrome. The angiographic feature of adrenal venography in our case is identical to ordinary adrenal neoplasm and is the first documented roentgenologic study.", "PMID": 684508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6087", "title": "Unusual cause of jugular foramen syndrome.", "content": "The jugular foramen syndrome and its more common variants have been described. Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck was discussed and its relation to cranial nerve dysfunction was reviewed, with presentation of an unusual case of plasmacytoma resulting in a variant of the jugular foramen syndrome.", "contents": "Unusual cause of jugular foramen syndrome. The jugular foramen syndrome and its more common variants have been described. Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck was discussed and its relation to cranial nerve dysfunction was reviewed, with presentation of an unusual case of plasmacytoma resulting in a variant of the jugular foramen syndrome.", "PMID": 684509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6088", "title": "Coronary aneurysms after a febrile illness: probable mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.", "content": "An autopsy of a probable case of MCLS is described. After 10,000 cases have been recorded in Japan, the disease is being recognized in the United States. There may be an overlap with infantile periarteritis nodosa. Pathologic studies of fatal cases of MCLS diagnosed during life have not been reported in this country. Further studies will be necessary to confirm the high incidence of coronary arteritis and aneurysms in this country.", "contents": "Coronary aneurysms after a febrile illness: probable mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. An autopsy of a probable case of MCLS is described. After 10,000 cases have been recorded in Japan, the disease is being recognized in the United States. There may be an overlap with infantile periarteritis nodosa. Pathologic studies of fatal cases of MCLS diagnosed during life have not been reported in this country. Further studies will be necessary to confirm the high incidence of coronary arteritis and aneurysms in this country.", "PMID": 684510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6089", "title": "Lingual thyroid.", "content": "After 15 years of being asymptomatic, this patient with documented lingual thyroid developed a lump in the throat, with dysphagia. Routine thyroid function tests were within normal limits, but serum TSH concentration was increased to twice normal. On thyroxine therapy TSH levels returned to normal and the symptoms were relieved. TSH determinations and suppressive thyroid hormone administration play an important role in the management of a patient with lingual thyroid.", "contents": "Lingual thyroid. After 15 years of being asymptomatic, this patient with documented lingual thyroid developed a lump in the throat, with dysphagia. Routine thyroid function tests were within normal limits, but serum TSH concentration was increased to twice normal. On thyroxine therapy TSH levels returned to normal and the symptoms were relieved. TSH determinations and suppressive thyroid hormone administration play an important role in the management of a patient with lingual thyroid.", "PMID": 684511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6090", "title": "Chronic illness in non-institutionalized persons. Part I. Prevalence and epidemiology.", "content": "A survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of chronic illness in non-institutionalized persons residing in the Municipality of Cape Town. The Black, Coloured and White communities were independently surveyed and the standardized prevalence proportions of chronic illness were 24,7/1 000, 37,4/1 000 and 11,6/1 000 respectively. The epidemiological parameters investigated included age, sex, marital status, income, education occupation and the associated diseases, and the influence of these factors on the prevalence proportions are considered. Methodological problems of chronic illness surveys are discussed.", "contents": "Chronic illness in non-institutionalized persons. Part I. Prevalence and epidemiology. A survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of chronic illness in non-institutionalized persons residing in the Municipality of Cape Town. The Black, Coloured and White communities were independently surveyed and the standardized prevalence proportions of chronic illness were 24,7/1 000, 37,4/1 000 and 11,6/1 000 respectively. The epidemiological parameters investigated included age, sex, marital status, income, education occupation and the associated diseases, and the influence of these factors on the prevalence proportions are considered. Methodological problems of chronic illness surveys are discussed.", "PMID": 684549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6091", "title": "The mismanagement of benign breast disease. A report of 3 cases.", "content": "Three cases are presented of complications after bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy with immediate prosthetic replacement, performed for benign breast disease in women who ranged in age from 24 to 32 years, by surgeons outside the field of plastic surgery. This article is submitted as a plea to curb a rapidly increasing tendency by general surgeons to perform a basically mutilating operation on young women with benign breast disease.", "contents": "The mismanagement of benign breast disease. A report of 3 cases. Three cases are presented of complications after bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy with immediate prosthetic replacement, performed for benign breast disease in women who ranged in age from 24 to 32 years, by surgeons outside the field of plastic surgery. This article is submitted as a plea to curb a rapidly increasing tendency by general surgeons to perform a basically mutilating operation on young women with benign breast disease.", "PMID": 684550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6092", "title": "Primary sarcoma of the gallbladder. A case report.", "content": "Primary sarcoma of the gallbladder was encountered in only 1 patient in a 5-year period during which primary carcinoma of the gallbladder was diagnosed in 1,8% of 954 surgically resected gallbladders and in 0,5% of 2 230 autopsies. The autopsy findings of the patient are described.", "contents": "Primary sarcoma of the gallbladder. A case report. Primary sarcoma of the gallbladder was encountered in only 1 patient in a 5-year period during which primary carcinoma of the gallbladder was diagnosed in 1,8% of 954 surgically resected gallbladders and in 0,5% of 2 230 autopsies. The autopsy findings of the patient are described.", "PMID": 684551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6093", "title": "Changes in food expenditures, 1969--73: findings from the retirement history study.", "content": "From 1969 to 1973, average expenditures for food at home reported by Retirement History Study respondents increased by almost the same proportion--30 percent--as did the food component of the consumer price index. Changes in these expenditures were not very responsive to changes in income, but income had greater power in explaining total food expenditures. The analysis was based largely on a regression technique that identifies the factors most important in explaining the variation in food expenditures. Size of household was the most important predictor of both the total level of household food expenditures and the per person level. Residence (urban, rural nonfarm, and farm), a proxy variable for home-produced food, was also generally significant. With size of household and income taken into account, a number of socioeconomic variables--including race, sex, age, morale, health, education, and homeownership--were found not significant.", "contents": "Changes in food expenditures, 1969--73: findings from the retirement history study. From 1969 to 1973, average expenditures for food at home reported by Retirement History Study respondents increased by almost the same proportion--30 percent--as did the food component of the consumer price index. Changes in these expenditures were not very responsive to changes in income, but income had greater power in explaining total food expenditures. The analysis was based largely on a regression technique that identifies the factors most important in explaining the variation in food expenditures. Size of household was the most important predictor of both the total level of household food expenditures and the per person level. Residence (urban, rural nonfarm, and farm), a proxy variable for home-produced food, was also generally significant. With size of household and income taken into account, a number of socioeconomic variables--including race, sex, age, morale, health, education, and homeownership--were found not significant.", "PMID": 684554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6094", "title": "Selection and preliminary characterization of cycloleucine-resistant CHO cells affected in methionine metabolism.", "content": "Cycloleucine is in vivo a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) biosynthesis and subsequent methylation reactions in somatic mammalian cells. Cycloleucine-resistant (CLr) clones were isolated from CHO cells by single-step selection. Their phenotype was stable when they were grown in the absence of drug. These clones appeared randomly in cultures at the frequency of 5 x 10(-6)/cell/generation, as determined by a fluctuation test. EMS mutagenesis did not significantly increase this frequency. The cycloleucine-resistant phenotype was codominant in intraspecific hybrids. Cycloleucine-resistant clones showed increased SAM pools; on the contrary, methionine pools were not significantly affected in these clones when compared to the wild-type cells. This increased SAM production was correlated with an increase of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) SPECIFIC ACTIVITY IN RESISTANT CLONES UNDER VARIOUS GROWm. The mechanism of posttranscriptional control of MAT biosynthesis was not affected in the cycloleucine-resistant clones nor were the kinetic properties of the enzyme modified. The genetic or epigenetic origin of this resistance mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "Selection and preliminary characterization of cycloleucine-resistant CHO cells affected in methionine metabolism. Cycloleucine is in vivo a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) biosynthesis and subsequent methylation reactions in somatic mammalian cells. Cycloleucine-resistant (CLr) clones were isolated from CHO cells by single-step selection. Their phenotype was stable when they were grown in the absence of drug. These clones appeared randomly in cultures at the frequency of 5 x 10(-6)/cell/generation, as determined by a fluctuation test. EMS mutagenesis did not significantly increase this frequency. The cycloleucine-resistant phenotype was codominant in intraspecific hybrids. Cycloleucine-resistant clones showed increased SAM pools; on the contrary, methionine pools were not significantly affected in these clones when compared to the wild-type cells. This increased SAM production was correlated with an increase of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) SPECIFIC ACTIVITY IN RESISTANT CLONES UNDER VARIOUS GROWm. The mechanism of posttranscriptional control of MAT biosynthesis was not affected in the cycloleucine-resistant clones nor were the kinetic properties of the enzyme modified. The genetic or epigenetic origin of this resistance mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 684556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6095", "title": "Evidence for structural gene alterations affecting aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in CHO cell mutants and revertants.", "content": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) activities in extracts of mutant strains of the Chinese hamster ovary line (CHO) were examined for alterations in thermal stability. Mutants having low activity for MetRS, AsnRS, or GlnRS contained aaRSs that were inactivated much more rapidly upon heating than those from wild-type cells. Revertant lines, isolated from cultures of these mutants (Asn-5, Met-2, and Gln-2) after treatment with nitrosoguanidine or ethyl methanesulfonate, had thermolabilities intermediate between mutant and wild-type, and consistently had higher activities than the mutants. With a modified in vivo aminoacylation procedure, two previously exceptional mutants. Arg-1 and His-1, showed pronounced reductions in the amount of arginyl-tRNA or histidyl-tRNA, respectively, under restrictive conditions, compared to wild type. Revertants of Arg-1 (like the mutant itself) had no measurable ArgRS in vitro activity (less than 0.4% of wild type) although in vivo aminoacylation in the one revertant tested was partially restored. These data provide evidence that the forward mutations have occurred in the structural genes of the aaRSs and that most of the reversions are probably the result of second-site point mutations in the aaRS genes.", "contents": "Evidence for structural gene alterations affecting aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in CHO cell mutants and revertants. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) activities in extracts of mutant strains of the Chinese hamster ovary line (CHO) were examined for alterations in thermal stability. Mutants having low activity for MetRS, AsnRS, or GlnRS contained aaRSs that were inactivated much more rapidly upon heating than those from wild-type cells. Revertant lines, isolated from cultures of these mutants (Asn-5, Met-2, and Gln-2) after treatment with nitrosoguanidine or ethyl methanesulfonate, had thermolabilities intermediate between mutant and wild-type, and consistently had higher activities than the mutants. With a modified in vivo aminoacylation procedure, two previously exceptional mutants. Arg-1 and His-1, showed pronounced reductions in the amount of arginyl-tRNA or histidyl-tRNA, respectively, under restrictive conditions, compared to wild type. Revertants of Arg-1 (like the mutant itself) had no measurable ArgRS in vitro activity (less than 0.4% of wild type) although in vivo aminoacylation in the one revertant tested was partially restored. These data provide evidence that the forward mutations have occurred in the structural genes of the aaRSs and that most of the reversions are probably the result of second-site point mutations in the aaRS genes.", "PMID": 684557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6096", "title": "Induced segregation of human syntenic genes by 5-bromodeozyuridine + near-visible light.", "content": "Chromosome-breaking agents have been used in two different procedures for promoting segregation of syntenic genes on human chromosome 12. In method A, a human-Chinese hamster cell hybrid containing the single human chromosome 12 was treated either with 5-bromodeoxyuridine BrdU + near-visible light or with X-rays. In method B, normal human fibroblasts were treated with BrdU + near-visible light followed by their fusion with a Chinese hamster glycine-requiring cell mutant CHO-K1/gly-A. Since the human complementing gene for serine hydroxymethyltransferase, an enzyme deficient in gly-A, lies on human chromosome 12, only those hybrids retaining that chromosome can survive the glycine-free medium. Clones isolated from both procedures were analyzed for the loss or retention of four other syntenic genes on chromosome 12, TPI, GAPD, LDH B, and PepB. The results demonstrate that method B is much more effective in generating clones with extensive marker losses. In addition, the segregation pattern and frequency obtained in this study provided information on the linear order of TPI and GAPD on chromosome 12.", "contents": "Induced segregation of human syntenic genes by 5-bromodeozyuridine + near-visible light. Chromosome-breaking agents have been used in two different procedures for promoting segregation of syntenic genes on human chromosome 12. In method A, a human-Chinese hamster cell hybrid containing the single human chromosome 12 was treated either with 5-bromodeoxyuridine BrdU + near-visible light or with X-rays. In method B, normal human fibroblasts were treated with BrdU + near-visible light followed by their fusion with a Chinese hamster glycine-requiring cell mutant CHO-K1/gly-A. Since the human complementing gene for serine hydroxymethyltransferase, an enzyme deficient in gly-A, lies on human chromosome 12, only those hybrids retaining that chromosome can survive the glycine-free medium. Clones isolated from both procedures were analyzed for the loss or retention of four other syntenic genes on chromosome 12, TPI, GAPD, LDH B, and PepB. The results demonstrate that method B is much more effective in generating clones with extensive marker losses. In addition, the segregation pattern and frequency obtained in this study provided information on the linear order of TPI and GAPD on chromosome 12.", "PMID": 684558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6097", "title": "Hypophysectomy for stage IV breast cancer.", "content": "Transnasal, transsphenoidal microsurgical hypophysectomy is a useful therapeutic procedure for patients with Stage IV breast cancer which can be peformed in selected patients with minimal morbidity and mortality. Functionally complete hypophysectomy can be accomplished with regularity, and anything less than this is considered to be a technical failure despite the fact that remissions may occur after incomplete hypophysectomy. In view of the recent outstanding results with antiestrogen therapy in patients with breast cancer, we recommend this as the initial treatment in those patients who are good candidates for endocrine therapy. Hypophysectomy has been shown to induce improvement after antiestrogen treatment, particularly in those patients who have had an initial response to antiestrogens as well as in a few patients who failed to benefit. Estrogen receptor measurements in the tumor tissue have been shown to be useful in selecting patients for hypophysectomy as well as for antiestrogen therapy. Prolactin receptors have been found in about 50 per cent of human breast cancers, and their potential usefulness in selecting patients for hypophysectomy is being explored. Hypophysectomy is a definitive therapeutic procedure that should not be used as a last resort in the terminally ill patient.", "contents": "Hypophysectomy for stage IV breast cancer. Transnasal, transsphenoidal microsurgical hypophysectomy is a useful therapeutic procedure for patients with Stage IV breast cancer which can be peformed in selected patients with minimal morbidity and mortality. Functionally complete hypophysectomy can be accomplished with regularity, and anything less than this is considered to be a technical failure despite the fact that remissions may occur after incomplete hypophysectomy. In view of the recent outstanding results with antiestrogen therapy in patients with breast cancer, we recommend this as the initial treatment in those patients who are good candidates for endocrine therapy. Hypophysectomy has been shown to induce improvement after antiestrogen treatment, particularly in those patients who have had an initial response to antiestrogens as well as in a few patients who failed to benefit. Estrogen receptor measurements in the tumor tissue have been shown to be useful in selecting patients for hypophysectomy as well as for antiestrogen therapy. Prolactin receptors have been found in about 50 per cent of human breast cancers, and their potential usefulness in selecting patients for hypophysectomy is being explored. Hypophysectomy is a definitive therapeutic procedure that should not be used as a last resort in the terminally ill patient.", "PMID": 684562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6098", "title": "The rhomboid flap and partial mastectomy.", "content": "The use of a rhomboid flap in segmented breast resection is described. This reconstructive technique allows large areas of the breast to be resected with minimal deformity and nipple-areola displacement.", "contents": "The rhomboid flap and partial mastectomy. The use of a rhomboid flap in segmented breast resection is described. This reconstructive technique allows large areas of the breast to be resected with minimal deformity and nipple-areola displacement.", "PMID": 684564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6099", "title": "Radionuclide scans in staging of carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "Radionuclide scans are relatively accurate, non-invasive, diagnostic tools when used in patients with carcinoma of the lung with clinically suspected metastases. Their role as a screening or staging procedure in patients without signs or symptoms of metastases is less clear. Brain scans in asymptomatic patients have a low yield. Liver scans done in the absence of hepatomegaly or elevated liver function tests show a high per cent of false-negative and negative results. Bone scans appear to be of considerable value in patients with or without clinical evidence of metastases, in spite of limitations imposed by frequent false-positive results.", "contents": "Radionuclide scans in staging of carcinoma of the lung. Radionuclide scans are relatively accurate, non-invasive, diagnostic tools when used in patients with carcinoma of the lung with clinically suspected metastases. Their role as a screening or staging procedure in patients without signs or symptoms of metastases is less clear. Brain scans in asymptomatic patients have a low yield. Liver scans done in the absence of hepatomegaly or elevated liver function tests show a high per cent of false-negative and negative results. Bone scans appear to be of considerable value in patients with or without clinical evidence of metastases, in spite of limitations imposed by frequent false-positive results.", "PMID": 684566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6100", "title": "Mesenteric cysts in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Of 11 infants and children with mesenteric cysts, seven patients were boys and four, girls. Clinical findings included abdominal distention, pain and vomiting in seven patients, while a movable abdominal mass was noted in four. Two patients presented with peritonitis and one patient, in a state of shock. All patients underwent laparotomy-seven as an emergency procedure. Volvulus with perforation and infarction was noted in the two patients uith peritonitis. Excision of the cyst required resection of the small intestine and end-to-end anastomosis in seven patients, while simple enucleation was possible in four. All 11 patients survived, and there have been neither subsequent complications nor recurrences. Early recognition and appropriate resection of these benign, but occasionally life-threatening, malformations is associated with an excellent long term prognosis.", "contents": "Mesenteric cysts in infancy and childhood. Of 11 infants and children with mesenteric cysts, seven patients were boys and four, girls. Clinical findings included abdominal distention, pain and vomiting in seven patients, while a movable abdominal mass was noted in four. Two patients presented with peritonitis and one patient, in a state of shock. All patients underwent laparotomy-seven as an emergency procedure. Volvulus with perforation and infarction was noted in the two patients uith peritonitis. Excision of the cyst required resection of the small intestine and end-to-end anastomosis in seven patients, while simple enucleation was possible in four. All 11 patients survived, and there have been neither subsequent complications nor recurrences. Early recognition and appropriate resection of these benign, but occasionally life-threatening, malformations is associated with an excellent long term prognosis.", "PMID": 684568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6101", "title": "The problem of adherence in dressed wounds.", "content": "Adherence of the wound dressing is an avoidable problem. Use of the three layered dressing, proper construction of the dressing, knowledgeable and judicious selection of dressing components and reasonably frequent changing of dressings will prevent adherence from developing.", "contents": "The problem of adherence in dressed wounds. Adherence of the wound dressing is an avoidable problem. Use of the three layered dressing, proper construction of the dressing, knowledgeable and judicious selection of dressing components and reasonably frequent changing of dressings will prevent adherence from developing.", "PMID": 684569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6102", "title": "Effect of diminished distal blood flow on the morphologic changes in autogenous vein grafts.", "content": "Histologic changes in canine autogenous femoral veins were studied after interposition into the femoral artery. After a 50 per cent reduction of distal blood flow, marked fibrosis of the intima, causing narrowing of the intima and focal destruction of the internal elastic membrane and media, were found in the vein graft and the adjacent arterial segment. These changes are probably due to abnormal intraluminal pressure of femoral artery and interposed vein graft following constriction.", "contents": "Effect of diminished distal blood flow on the morphologic changes in autogenous vein grafts. Histologic changes in canine autogenous femoral veins were studied after interposition into the femoral artery. After a 50 per cent reduction of distal blood flow, marked fibrosis of the intima, causing narrowing of the intima and focal destruction of the internal elastic membrane and media, were found in the vein graft and the adjacent arterial segment. These changes are probably due to abnormal intraluminal pressure of femoral artery and interposed vein graft following constriction.", "PMID": 684570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6103", "title": "The use of serial carcinoembryonic antigen determinations to predict recurrence of carcinoma of the colon and the time for a second-look operation.", "content": "Our patients have demonstrated that serial carcinoembryonic antigen determinations contributed to the detection of recurrent tumor and that shortening the delay between carcinoembryonic antigen elevation  and reoperation has resulted in an increase from 27 to 78 per cent in instances of resectable recurrent tumor encountered. If these results continue to be substantiated, the carcinoembryonic antigen assay has made a significant contribution in the control of this disease. Serial carcinoembryonic antigen assays should be performed every two months. All benign inflammatory conditions that cause carcinoembryonic antigen elevations must be searched for, and ruled out, before reoperation is decided upon. The physician must be cognizant not only of the significance of the assay but also of the limitations, and he must rely heavily on his clinical judgment.", "contents": "The use of serial carcinoembryonic antigen determinations to predict recurrence of carcinoma of the colon and the time for a second-look operation. Our patients have demonstrated that serial carcinoembryonic antigen determinations contributed to the detection of recurrent tumor and that shortening the delay between carcinoembryonic antigen elevation  and reoperation has resulted in an increase from 27 to 78 per cent in instances of resectable recurrent tumor encountered. If these results continue to be substantiated, the carcinoembryonic antigen assay has made a significant contribution in the control of this disease. Serial carcinoembryonic antigen assays should be performed every two months. All benign inflammatory conditions that cause carcinoembryonic antigen elevations must be searched for, and ruled out, before reoperation is decided upon. The physician must be cognizant not only of the significance of the assay but also of the limitations, and he must rely heavily on his clinical judgment.", "PMID": 684571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6104", "title": "The effect of age on the distensibility of the abdominal aorta of man.", "content": "The variation with age in distensibility and the dimensions of the abdominal aorta at the bifurcation have been measured in 43 fresh human cadavers. The age range was from birth to 69 years, both sexes being represented. Patients with vascular disease were excluded. Barium sulfate infused into the aorta through an iliac artery enabled the change in diameter to be measured from a roentgenogram with change in pressure. Incremental strain value could thus be calculated. Strain value increased from 0.02 at birth to a maximum at the end of the first decade of life and then decreased to less than 0.01 by the age of 70 years. Aortas in the age group of four to 11 years showed less stiffness with increasing pressure than at other ages. Variations of strain with age correlate with alterations in the ratio of aortic wall collagen to elastin in the young. An increase in the thickness of the wall and an atheroma, in response to prolonged hemodynamic stress, account for increased stiffness in the older age groups. Other age and disease factors may play a part, but further work is required in man to examine the role of relative wall thickness, elastic modulus and alteration in wall structure in determining the variation of aortic distensibility with age reported herein.", "contents": "The effect of age on the distensibility of the abdominal aorta of man. The variation with age in distensibility and the dimensions of the abdominal aorta at the bifurcation have been measured in 43 fresh human cadavers. The age range was from birth to 69 years, both sexes being represented. Patients with vascular disease were excluded. Barium sulfate infused into the aorta through an iliac artery enabled the change in diameter to be measured from a roentgenogram with change in pressure. Incremental strain value could thus be calculated. Strain value increased from 0.02 at birth to a maximum at the end of the first decade of life and then decreased to less than 0.01 by the age of 70 years. Aortas in the age group of four to 11 years showed less stiffness with increasing pressure than at other ages. Variations of strain with age correlate with alterations in the ratio of aortic wall collagen to elastin in the young. An increase in the thickness of the wall and an atheroma, in response to prolonged hemodynamic stress, account for increased stiffness in the older age groups. Other age and disease factors may play a part, but further work is required in man to examine the role of relative wall thickness, elastic modulus and alteration in wall structure in determining the variation of aortic distensibility with age reported herein.", "PMID": 684572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6105", "title": "Reassessment of the surgical scrub.", "content": "This study was designed to reassess the efficacy and necessity of the preoperative ten minute, two brush scrub method currently required for all personnel at this hospital. Three scrub methods-the tem minute, two brush technique with an iodophor, Betadine surgical scrub; a five minute, no brush iodophor scrub with a new iodophor iodine scrub, and a three minute, no brush scrub with plain soap and Septisol Foam-were compared. Fingertip culture results obtained prescrub, immediately postscrub and one hour after wearing gloves revealed no significant differences in the three methods. The findings suggest that, one hour after scrubbing, a shorter, no brush scrub procedure with any of the antiseptics used in this study is as effective in reducing bacterial growth of the hands as the standard longer two brush method. By deletion of the use of scrub brushes and the improved efficiency from the reduced scrub time alone with the additional less likelihood of skin trauma and dermatitis, substantial financial savings may be realized.", "contents": "Reassessment of the surgical scrub. This study was designed to reassess the efficacy and necessity of the preoperative ten minute, two brush scrub method currently required for all personnel at this hospital. Three scrub methods-the tem minute, two brush technique with an iodophor, Betadine surgical scrub; a five minute, no brush iodophor scrub with a new iodophor iodine scrub, and a three minute, no brush scrub with plain soap and Septisol Foam-were compared. Fingertip culture results obtained prescrub, immediately postscrub and one hour after wearing gloves revealed no significant differences in the three methods. The findings suggest that, one hour after scrubbing, a shorter, no brush scrub procedure with any of the antiseptics used in this study is as effective in reducing bacterial growth of the hands as the standard longer two brush method. By deletion of the use of scrub brushes and the improved efficiency from the reduced scrub time alone with the additional less likelihood of skin trauma and dermatitis, substantial financial savings may be realized.", "PMID": 684573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6106", "title": "Urolithiasis in patients with a jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "Five hundred and seventeen patients who had a jejunoileal bypass performed at the University of Minnesota Hospitals were studied with regard to the formation of urinary calculi postoperatively. A 9 per cent incidence of stones was found in the 365 patients for whom complete data were available. Men were affected more commonly than women. Of particular note was the correlation between long term oral supplementation of calcium postoperatively and a delay in the onset of symptomatic urolithiasis. A group of 91 recent patients who have been maintained on orally administered calcium are stone-free as long as 12 months after operation, again suggesting that supplementation of calcium may help prevent urolithiasis in patients who have had a bypass procedure.", "contents": "Urolithiasis in patients with a jejunoileal bypass. Five hundred and seventeen patients who had a jejunoileal bypass performed at the University of Minnesota Hospitals were studied with regard to the formation of urinary calculi postoperatively. A 9 per cent incidence of stones was found in the 365 patients for whom complete data were available. Men were affected more commonly than women. Of particular note was the correlation between long term oral supplementation of calcium postoperatively and a delay in the onset of symptomatic urolithiasis. A group of 91 recent patients who have been maintained on orally administered calcium are stone-free as long as 12 months after operation, again suggesting that supplementation of calcium may help prevent urolithiasis in patients who have had a bypass procedure.", "PMID": 684575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6107", "title": "Generalized infective peritonitis.", "content": "A mortality of almost 50 per cent from generalized infective peritonitis was obtained. Diagnosis was made chiefly on clinical grounds. Delay was common. Investigations were primarily useful in determining the degree of metabolic derangement. A worsened prognosis could be predicted by several factors assessed preoperatively. The usual cause of death was continuing intraperitoneal sepsis. This was manifest as multisystem failure in an intensive care environment. Abdominal signs of this infection were infrequent.", "contents": "Generalized infective peritonitis. A mortality of almost 50 per cent from generalized infective peritonitis was obtained. Diagnosis was made chiefly on clinical grounds. Delay was common. Investigations were primarily useful in determining the degree of metabolic derangement. A worsened prognosis could be predicted by several factors assessed preoperatively. The usual cause of death was continuing intraperitoneal sepsis. This was manifest as multisystem failure in an intensive care environment. Abdominal signs of this infection were infrequent.", "PMID": 684576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6108", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonography and rose bengal scintigraphy in the evaluation of the patient with jaundice.", "content": "In our experience, the ultrasonic examination should be the procedure of choice in the initial investigation of the patient with jaundice. It is independent from liver function and a noninvasive test which can be performed rapidly; in addition, the cause of extrahepatic obstruction can often be determined preoperatively. In our study, in many patients, the rose bengal scintigram has been indeterminate and has not been helpful in predicting whether obstructive or nonobstructive jaundice exists. Rose bengal scintigraphy appears to be of most help only in those patients in whom an adequate sonographic examination cannot be performed. Newer imaging agents currently being developed may prove to be more satisfactory in the future.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonography and rose bengal scintigraphy in the evaluation of the patient with jaundice. In our experience, the ultrasonic examination should be the procedure of choice in the initial investigation of the patient with jaundice. It is independent from liver function and a noninvasive test which can be performed rapidly; in addition, the cause of extrahepatic obstruction can often be determined preoperatively. In our study, in many patients, the rose bengal scintigram has been indeterminate and has not been helpful in predicting whether obstructive or nonobstructive jaundice exists. Rose bengal scintigraphy appears to be of most help only in those patients in whom an adequate sonographic examination cannot be performed. Newer imaging agents currently being developed may prove to be more satisfactory in the future.", "PMID": 684581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6109", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic pancreatitis.", "content": "Twenty-eight consecutive patients with idiopathic pancreatitis were studied. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was diagnostic in 21 of 28, while an operation was diagnostic in four of the remaining seven patients. Fifteen of 25 patients had operable disease of the gallbladder, common bile duct, ampulla of Vater or pancreatic duct. Of ten patients who had an operation on the pancreas or biliary tract, or both, for painful attacks of pancreatitis, none had a recurrence in a seven month to three year follow-up study. Two patients had reconstruction of the pancreatic duct for chronic painless steatorrhea, one of whom had marked clinical improvement. Ten of 25 patients had normal biliary tracts with normal or minimally abnormal pancreatic ducts and were treated medically. Visualization of biliary and pancreatic ducts should be attempted by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with pancreatitis of unknown cause. Operable lesions were found in 15 of 25 patients, and the postoperative results were excellent.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic pancreatitis. Twenty-eight consecutive patients with idiopathic pancreatitis were studied. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was diagnostic in 21 of 28, while an operation was diagnostic in four of the remaining seven patients. Fifteen of 25 patients had operable disease of the gallbladder, common bile duct, ampulla of Vater or pancreatic duct. Of ten patients who had an operation on the pancreas or biliary tract, or both, for painful attacks of pancreatitis, none had a recurrence in a seven month to three year follow-up study. Two patients had reconstruction of the pancreatic duct for chronic painless steatorrhea, one of whom had marked clinical improvement. Ten of 25 patients had normal biliary tracts with normal or minimally abnormal pancreatic ducts and were treated medically. Visualization of biliary and pancreatic ducts should be attempted by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with pancreatitis of unknown cause. Operable lesions were found in 15 of 25 patients, and the postoperative results were excellent.", "PMID": 684583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6110", "title": "An experimental study of end-to-side microvascular anastomosis.", "content": "Forty-nine end-to-side arterial anastomoses were carried out in dogs. The saphenous artery was anastomosed to the femoral artery. Variations in technique were made regarding the shape of the aperture in the large artery and in the incident angle of the small artery. Blood flow was measured in the immediate postoperative period with electromagnetic flowmeters on the saphenous and femoral arteries. There was no significant difference in flow between each of the four types of anastomoses studied. In each of the flow was slightly, but not significantly, higher than the preoperative level.", "contents": "An experimental study of end-to-side microvascular anastomosis. Forty-nine end-to-side arterial anastomoses were carried out in dogs. The saphenous artery was anastomosed to the femoral artery. Variations in technique were made regarding the shape of the aperture in the large artery and in the incident angle of the small artery. Blood flow was measured in the immediate postoperative period with electromagnetic flowmeters on the saphenous and femoral arteries. There was no significant difference in flow between each of the four types of anastomoses studied. In each of the flow was slightly, but not significantly, higher than the preoperative level.", "PMID": 684584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6111", "title": "Effect of biliary diversion on exocrine pancreas.", "content": "An experimental study was conducted on the effect of bile diversion on exocrine pancreatic function. Twelve dogs were divided into three groups, one group consisting of a choledochojejunostomy; one, a choledochoduodenostomy, and one, a choledochocholedochostomy. In each group, exocrine pancreatic function was observed before and two months after the operation. With combined secretin and pancreozymin infusion, a significant decrease in the rate of flow, bicarbonate concentration and amylase output was seen only after choledochojejunostomy. The function of the exocrine pancreas was markedly decreased late in the period of stimulation. Contrariwise, no pancreatic dysfunction was noted after choledochoduodenostomy or choledochocholedochostomy. The high incidence of peptic ulcer formation after choledochojejunostomy might be closely connected with the postoperative impairment of exocrine pancreatic function.", "contents": "Effect of biliary diversion on exocrine pancreas. An experimental study was conducted on the effect of bile diversion on exocrine pancreatic function. Twelve dogs were divided into three groups, one group consisting of a choledochojejunostomy; one, a choledochoduodenostomy, and one, a choledochocholedochostomy. In each group, exocrine pancreatic function was observed before and two months after the operation. With combined secretin and pancreozymin infusion, a significant decrease in the rate of flow, bicarbonate concentration and amylase output was seen only after choledochojejunostomy. The function of the exocrine pancreas was markedly decreased late in the period of stimulation. Contrariwise, no pancreatic dysfunction was noted after choledochoduodenostomy or choledochocholedochostomy. The high incidence of peptic ulcer formation after choledochojejunostomy might be closely connected with the postoperative impairment of exocrine pancreatic function.", "PMID": 684585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6112", "title": "Conversion of jejunoileal bypass to gastric bypass to maintain weight loss.", "content": "We have performed jejunoileal bypass procedures in 114 patients during the last nine years. Seven of these patients have had complications develop that required restoration of normal gastrointestinal continuity. In the last four patients in our series, we have performed a gastric exclusion operation at the same time that normal anatomy of the small intestine was restored. These operations lasted only three and one-half hours and were performed without difficulty and without postoperative coomplication. The metabolic derangements have been corrected and weight loss has been maintained. We believe that the gastric bypass provides the surgeon with an effective additional option in managing patients with serious complications of their jejunoileal bypass that necessitates restoration of intestinal continuity.", "contents": "Conversion of jejunoileal bypass to gastric bypass to maintain weight loss. We have performed jejunoileal bypass procedures in 114 patients during the last nine years. Seven of these patients have had complications develop that required restoration of normal gastrointestinal continuity. In the last four patients in our series, we have performed a gastric exclusion operation at the same time that normal anatomy of the small intestine was restored. These operations lasted only three and one-half hours and were performed without difficulty and without postoperative coomplication. The metabolic derangements have been corrected and weight loss has been maintained. We believe that the gastric bypass provides the surgeon with an effective additional option in managing patients with serious complications of their jejunoileal bypass that necessitates restoration of intestinal continuity.", "PMID": 684586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6113", "title": "Optimal hematocrit value in critically ill postoperative patients.", "content": "Failling hematocrit values are traditionally used to observe the course of active bleeding, since hematocrit values usually reflect acute blood losses. However, evidence from the literature suggests that, after volume replacement, some degree of normovolemic hemodilution may be desirable and that return to normal hematocrit values is not necessarily the appropriate goal of transfusion therapy. The optimal hematocrit value was defined empirically by three methods in a series of 94 critically ill postoperative patients. First, the mortality rates of postoperative patients were lowest with hematocrit values between 27 and 33 per cent. Second, mortality rates were examined when both hematocrit values and the important cardiorespiratory variables were reduced; significantly increased mortalties occurred when hematocrit values were less than an average of 32 per cent. Finally, oxygen availability and oxygen consumption increased significantly after whole blood and packed red cell transfusions were given when hematocrit values were less than 32 per cent but not above 33 per cent. When accurate blood volume measurements are not available, hematocrit values of 32 per cent are optimal; when volume therapy is indicated, blood may be given with hematocrit values less than 32 per cent, crystalloids or colloids are preferred with hematocrit values greater than 32 per cent.", "contents": "Optimal hematocrit value in critically ill postoperative patients. Failling hematocrit values are traditionally used to observe the course of active bleeding, since hematocrit values usually reflect acute blood losses. However, evidence from the literature suggests that, after volume replacement, some degree of normovolemic hemodilution may be desirable and that return to normal hematocrit values is not necessarily the appropriate goal of transfusion therapy. The optimal hematocrit value was defined empirically by three methods in a series of 94 critically ill postoperative patients. First, the mortality rates of postoperative patients were lowest with hematocrit values between 27 and 33 per cent. Second, mortality rates were examined when both hematocrit values and the important cardiorespiratory variables were reduced; significantly increased mortalties occurred when hematocrit values were less than an average of 32 per cent. Finally, oxygen availability and oxygen consumption increased significantly after whole blood and packed red cell transfusions were given when hematocrit values were less than 32 per cent but not above 33 per cent. When accurate blood volume measurements are not available, hematocrit values of 32 per cent are optimal; when volume therapy is indicated, blood may be given with hematocrit values less than 32 per cent, crystalloids or colloids are preferred with hematocrit values greater than 32 per cent.", "PMID": 684587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6114", "title": "Blood volume and hemodynamic changes in relation to extensive vascular operations.", "content": "In 37 patients without cardiopulmonary insufficiency, postoperative changes in blood volume have been correlated to changes in the systemic and the central circulation. Postoperatively, the blood volume had decreased an average of 8 per cent, and diastolic blood pressure, 7 per cent, while cardiac index had increased 14 per cent and heart rate, 16 per cent. No significant changes could be demonstrated in pulmonary artery pressures, central venous pressure or invascular resistance. A highly significant correlation between the blood volume and pulmonary artery pressures and a significant correlation between the blood volume and central venous pressure were noted. Hematocrit was negatively correlated to vascular resistance. It is concluded that an unchanged blood volume during the first postoperative hours results in increased pulmonary artery pressures and central venous pressure. Therefore, in patients suspected of having increased pulmonary artery pressures, complete restoration of blood volume should take place over some hours postoperatively. An increase in hematocrit over normal values should be avoided.", "contents": "Blood volume and hemodynamic changes in relation to extensive vascular operations. In 37 patients without cardiopulmonary insufficiency, postoperative changes in blood volume have been correlated to changes in the systemic and the central circulation. Postoperatively, the blood volume had decreased an average of 8 per cent, and diastolic blood pressure, 7 per cent, while cardiac index had increased 14 per cent and heart rate, 16 per cent. No significant changes could be demonstrated in pulmonary artery pressures, central venous pressure or invascular resistance. A highly significant correlation between the blood volume and pulmonary artery pressures and a significant correlation between the blood volume and central venous pressure were noted. Hematocrit was negatively correlated to vascular resistance. It is concluded that an unchanged blood volume during the first postoperative hours results in increased pulmonary artery pressures and central venous pressure. Therefore, in patients suspected of having increased pulmonary artery pressures, complete restoration of blood volume should take place over some hours postoperatively. An increase in hematocrit over normal values should be avoided.", "PMID": 684588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6115", "title": "To improve the yield of biopsy of the lymph nodes.", "content": "The diagnostic yield of 290 biopsies of thee lymph nodes performed between 1970 and 1974 was reviewed. A specific diagnosis was made in 63 per cent. In 10 per cent, the working diagnosis preoperatively was changed because of the biopsy. There was no significant variance in the postive yield obtained at the various biopsy sites. The surprisingly high yield from biopsy of inguinal lymph nodes was ascribed to a greater hesitancy on the part of th surgeon to do a biopsy of the nodes in the groin, unless they were strongly suggestive of disease. The highest yield rates were obtained when Boeck's sarcoidosis was suspected. Excellent yield rates were also obtained when the preoperative diagnosis was lymphoma or metastatic carcinoma. A protocol for handling the specimen was devised to maximize the potential yield of biopsy of the lymph nodes.", "contents": "To improve the yield of biopsy of the lymph nodes. The diagnostic yield of 290 biopsies of thee lymph nodes performed between 1970 and 1974 was reviewed. A specific diagnosis was made in 63 per cent. In 10 per cent, the working diagnosis preoperatively was changed because of the biopsy. There was no significant variance in the postive yield obtained at the various biopsy sites. The surprisingly high yield from biopsy of inguinal lymph nodes was ascribed to a greater hesitancy on the part of th surgeon to do a biopsy of the nodes in the groin, unless they were strongly suggestive of disease. The highest yield rates were obtained when Boeck's sarcoidosis was suspected. Excellent yield rates were also obtained when the preoperative diagnosis was lymphoma or metastatic carcinoma. A protocol for handling the specimen was devised to maximize the potential yield of biopsy of the lymph nodes.", "PMID": 684589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6116", "title": "Preserved saphenous vein allografts for vascular access.", "content": "Preserved venous allografts were used as an alternate access procedure in 70 patients receiving dialysis during a three year period. The clinical experience with allograft fistulas revealed an extremely high initial patency rate; absence of infection postoperatively and during three years of dialysis; suitability for dialysis a week after implantation, thus greatly obviating the need for Silastic shunts; a low long term thrombosis rate and the weakly antigenic allograft veins produced no accelerated rejection of subsequently transplanted kidneys. Surviving patients average 172 dialysis treatments per allograft. Allograft fistulas constituted 45 per cent of the last 100 vascular procedures, an indication of the extent of usage. Microscopic examination of grafts retrieved from patients who died during the late follow-up period demonstrated that structural components of the wall of the vein were still identifiable. Allograft venous fistulas offer dependable, safe vascular access, especially in the infection prone patient with diabetes who is receiving dialysis treatment. The clinical results of allograft fistulas suggests a major role for this technique in vascular access operations.", "contents": "Preserved saphenous vein allografts for vascular access. Preserved venous allografts were used as an alternate access procedure in 70 patients receiving dialysis during a three year period. The clinical experience with allograft fistulas revealed an extremely high initial patency rate; absence of infection postoperatively and during three years of dialysis; suitability for dialysis a week after implantation, thus greatly obviating the need for Silastic shunts; a low long term thrombosis rate and the weakly antigenic allograft veins produced no accelerated rejection of subsequently transplanted kidneys. Surviving patients average 172 dialysis treatments per allograft. Allograft fistulas constituted 45 per cent of the last 100 vascular procedures, an indication of the extent of usage. Microscopic examination of grafts retrieved from patients who died during the late follow-up period demonstrated that structural components of the wall of the vein were still identifiable. Allograft venous fistulas offer dependable, safe vascular access, especially in the infection prone patient with diabetes who is receiving dialysis treatment. The clinical results of allograft fistulas suggests a major role for this technique in vascular access operations.", "PMID": 684591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6117", "title": "Simultaneous treatment of portal hypertension and hepatic cirrhosis by splenohepatoplasty.", "content": "A study was done on the action of splenohepatoplasty upon intrahepatic and prehepatic portal hypertension. Portal hypertension was induced Wistar rats following the establishment of cirrhotic conditions. Hepatic cirrhosis was obtained in these rats by an oral, daily dose of tioacetamide during a four and five month period. Prehepatic hypertension was produced in dogs by the installation of a rubber cylinder, completely covered by cellophane paper, around the trunk of the vena porta. This procedure brought about a progressive compression of the vena porta. The application of splenoheptoplasty is a highly valuable treatment for portal hypertension as a derivative system and for intrahepatic portal hypertension as a derivative regenerative system.", "contents": "Simultaneous treatment of portal hypertension and hepatic cirrhosis by splenohepatoplasty. A study was done on the action of splenohepatoplasty upon intrahepatic and prehepatic portal hypertension. Portal hypertension was induced Wistar rats following the establishment of cirrhotic conditions. Hepatic cirrhosis was obtained in these rats by an oral, daily dose of tioacetamide during a four and five month period. Prehepatic hypertension was produced in dogs by the installation of a rubber cylinder, completely covered by cellophane paper, around the trunk of the vena porta. This procedure brought about a progressive compression of the vena porta. The application of splenoheptoplasty is a highly valuable treatment for portal hypertension as a derivative system and for intrahepatic portal hypertension as a derivative regenerative system.", "PMID": 684592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6118", "title": "Surgical leukemia.", "content": "The experience of the University of Colorado Medical Center affiliated hospitals with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, hairy cell leukemia, during the past two years has been reviewed. Eight instances were found. The majority of patients in this study presented with fatigue, pancytopenia and splenomegaly. Diagnosis was based upon finding characteristic hairy cells in the blood, bone marrow or spleen. Treatment, unlike other hematopoietic malignant conditions, was primarily surgical, with splenectomy being the treatment of choice, which may lead to prolonged remission in the majority of instances.", "contents": "Surgical leukemia. The experience of the University of Colorado Medical Center affiliated hospitals with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, hairy cell leukemia, during the past two years has been reviewed. Eight instances were found. The majority of patients in this study presented with fatigue, pancytopenia and splenomegaly. Diagnosis was based upon finding characteristic hairy cells in the blood, bone marrow or spleen. Treatment, unlike other hematopoietic malignant conditions, was primarily surgical, with splenectomy being the treatment of choice, which may lead to prolonged remission in the majority of instances.", "PMID": 684593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6119", "title": "Choledochal cyst.", "content": "From the review of the literature it would seem that excision as the most appropriate method of treatment is generally preferred to the internal drainage procedures. Despite the strong arguments in favor of primary excision, approximately two-thirds of patients undergoing Rouxen-Y choledochocystojejunostomy experience excellent results in both the short and long term follow-up periods. There is much to be said for recommending the Roux-en-Y choledochocystojejunostomy as the primary method of treatment of choledochal cysts, especially when the procedure is undertaken by inexperienced surgeons, and to reserve excision for those patients who have complications.", "contents": "Choledochal cyst. From the review of the literature it would seem that excision as the most appropriate method of treatment is generally preferred to the internal drainage procedures. Despite the strong arguments in favor of primary excision, approximately two-thirds of patients undergoing Rouxen-Y choledochocystojejunostomy experience excellent results in both the short and long term follow-up periods. There is much to be said for recommending the Roux-en-Y choledochocystojejunostomy as the primary method of treatment of choledochal cysts, especially when the procedure is undertaken by inexperienced surgeons, and to reserve excision for those patients who have complications.", "PMID": 684600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6120", "title": "Oligodendrogliomas in children.", "content": "Oligodendrogliomas are quite uncommon in children. In a 41-year period (1935 to 1975) in Connecticut, 12 histologically verified cases of oligodendrogliomas were noted in persons less than 20 years of age, constituting between 1% and 2% of all primary intracranial neoplasms in Connecticut children. Eleven of the neoplasms occurred in the cerebral hemispheres; these cases of cerebral oligodendrogliomas were reviewed and analyzed.", "contents": "Oligodendrogliomas in children. Oligodendrogliomas are quite uncommon in children. In a 41-year period (1935 to 1975) in Connecticut, 12 histologically verified cases of oligodendrogliomas were noted in persons less than 20 years of age, constituting between 1% and 2% of all primary intracranial neoplasms in Connecticut children. Eleven of the neoplasms occurred in the cerebral hemispheres; these cases of cerebral oligodendrogliomas were reviewed and analyzed.", "PMID": 684601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6121", "title": "Arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa: surgical considerations.", "content": "Three cases of arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa are presented. CT imaging before and after peritoneal shunting of these cysts demonstrates the therapeutic value of this cerebrospinal fluid diversionary procedure. Many important facets of this disease such as cyst genesis, histology, natural history and other forms of therapy as reported by various authors in the recent literature are discussed.", "contents": "Arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa: surgical considerations. Three cases of arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa are presented. CT imaging before and after peritoneal shunting of these cysts demonstrates the therapeutic value of this cerebrospinal fluid diversionary procedure. Many important facets of this disease such as cyst genesis, histology, natural history and other forms of therapy as reported by various authors in the recent literature are discussed.", "PMID": 684602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6122", "title": "Experimentally induced cerebral aneurysms in rats.", "content": "Saccular cerebral aneurysms were successfully induced in rats treated with beta-aminopropionitrile, deoxycorticosterone and salt hypertension and ligation of unilateral common carotid artery. This experiment was performed on the hypothesis that if hemodynamic stresses were increased on the fragile, cerebral arterial wall of beta-aminopropionitrile-fed animals, cerebral aneurysms might be produced. Although the incidence of cerebral aneurysms was low and the contributory mechanisms of these procedures must be more clearly elucidated, the present results show that saccular cerebral aneurysms are really inducible in experimental animals.", "contents": "Experimentally induced cerebral aneurysms in rats. Saccular cerebral aneurysms were successfully induced in rats treated with beta-aminopropionitrile, deoxycorticosterone and salt hypertension and ligation of unilateral common carotid artery. This experiment was performed on the hypothesis that if hemodynamic stresses were increased on the fragile, cerebral arterial wall of beta-aminopropionitrile-fed animals, cerebral aneurysms might be produced. Although the incidence of cerebral aneurysms was low and the contributory mechanisms of these procedures must be more clearly elucidated, the present results show that saccular cerebral aneurysms are really inducible in experimental animals.", "PMID": 684603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6123", "title": "Effect of duration of acute spinal cord compression in a new acute cord injury model in the rat.", "content": "The effect of duration of acute compression of the spinal cord was assessed in a new model in the rat. The spinal cord was acutely compressed for varying times by a modified aneurysm clip which produced a compression force of 180 grams. The effect of duration of compression was measured by the inclined plane method of assessing the animals' clinical performance. The results showed a linear relationship between log compression time and clinical performance. Thus, the clinical effect of acute compression of the spinal cord injury is inversely related to duration of compression time and the relationship has been precisely quantified. These results suggest that persisting compression should be relieved as soon as possible in order to improve recovery.", "contents": "Effect of duration of acute spinal cord compression in a new acute cord injury model in the rat. The effect of duration of acute compression of the spinal cord was assessed in a new model in the rat. The spinal cord was acutely compressed for varying times by a modified aneurysm clip which produced a compression force of 180 grams. The effect of duration of compression was measured by the inclined plane method of assessing the animals' clinical performance. The results showed a linear relationship between log compression time and clinical performance. Thus, the clinical effect of acute compression of the spinal cord injury is inversely related to duration of compression time and the relationship has been precisely quantified. These results suggest that persisting compression should be relieved as soon as possible in order to improve recovery.", "PMID": 684604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6124", "title": "Movement of cerebrospinal fluid within the craniospinal space when sitting up and lying down.", "content": "Postural changes in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure were recorded in patients with and without a cervical obstruction of the subarachnoid space. In patients with a free communication there was a rapid caudad movement of CSF on sitting up and a craniad movement on lying down. The relation of these changes to cerebral blood volume and to symptoms are discussed.", "contents": "Movement of cerebrospinal fluid within the craniospinal space when sitting up and lying down. Postural changes in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure were recorded in patients with and without a cervical obstruction of the subarachnoid space. In patients with a free communication there was a rapid caudad movement of CSF on sitting up and a craniad movement on lying down. The relation of these changes to cerebral blood volume and to symptoms are discussed.", "PMID": 684606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6125", "title": "Pathological studies of spinal nerve ganglia in relation to intractable intercostal pain.", "content": "Pathological examination, by light and electron microscopy, of spinal nerve ganglia surgically removed in treatment of intractable intercostal pain, has shown changes in sensory cells, whether the etiology of the pain has been trauma related to intercostal nerve, or infection by herpes zoster virus. The possible role of the sensory cell changes in accounting for causalgic type pain is discussed.", "contents": "Pathological studies of spinal nerve ganglia in relation to intractable intercostal pain. Pathological examination, by light and electron microscopy, of spinal nerve ganglia surgically removed in treatment of intractable intercostal pain, has shown changes in sensory cells, whether the etiology of the pain has been trauma related to intercostal nerve, or infection by herpes zoster virus. The possible role of the sensory cell changes in accounting for causalgic type pain is discussed.", "PMID": 684607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6126", "title": "Experimental spinal cord trauma, I: Correlation of blood flow, tissue oxygen and neurologic status in the dog.", "content": "Spinal cord blood flow and tissue oxygen were measured concurrently in a series of paraplegic dogs subjected to experimental spinal cord trauma. Injury to the spinal cord sufficient to cause clinical paraplegia is associated with a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in blood flow in the central spinal cord from 15.2 to 6.1 ml/min/100gms at two to three hours following injury. Also, at two and three hours post-injury, paraplegic dogs demonstrate a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in tissue oxygen levels from 35-39 mm Hg to 17-24 mm Hg. No significant changes occurred in systemic blood pressure or carotid blood flow. A delay often precedes the significant onset of blood flow and tissue oxygen alterations, which suggests that therapeutic efforts could be directed during this critical interval.", "contents": "Experimental spinal cord trauma, I: Correlation of blood flow, tissue oxygen and neurologic status in the dog. Spinal cord blood flow and tissue oxygen were measured concurrently in a series of paraplegic dogs subjected to experimental spinal cord trauma. Injury to the spinal cord sufficient to cause clinical paraplegia is associated with a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in blood flow in the central spinal cord from 15.2 to 6.1 ml/min/100gms at two to three hours following injury. Also, at two and three hours post-injury, paraplegic dogs demonstrate a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in tissue oxygen levels from 35-39 mm Hg to 17-24 mm Hg. No significant changes occurred in systemic blood pressure or carotid blood flow. A delay often precedes the significant onset of blood flow and tissue oxygen alterations, which suggests that therapeutic efforts could be directed during this critical interval.", "PMID": 684608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6127", "title": "Cimetidine and gastric blood flow.", "content": "The influence of cimetidine on blood flow to the gastric corpus and antrum of the dog was studied using the double isotope microsphere distribution technique. This H2 receptor antagonist caused no changes in blood flow to any portion of the stomach nor did it alter systemic circulatory parameters. The therapeutic effects of cimetidine in diffuse gastric mucosal bleeding depend on some factor other than microcirculatory changes.", "contents": "Cimetidine and gastric blood flow. The influence of cimetidine on blood flow to the gastric corpus and antrum of the dog was studied using the double isotope microsphere distribution technique. This H2 receptor antagonist caused no changes in blood flow to any portion of the stomach nor did it alter systemic circulatory parameters. The therapeutic effects of cimetidine in diffuse gastric mucosal bleeding depend on some factor other than microcirculatory changes.", "PMID": 684610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6128", "title": "Whole blood vs. packed red cells for resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock: an examination of host defense parameters in dogs.", "content": "Whole blood vs. packed red cells for resuscitation of acute blood loss in dogs was compared with respect to a number of variables of host defense. Dogs subjected to a controlled blood loss equal to 8% of their body weight exhibited significant depressions in serum protein, C3, IgG, and total opsonic activity when resuscitated with packed red cells in saline. No such depression in serum components or activity was observed in identically bled dogs resuscitated with whole blood. There were no differences in the rate of clearance of intravenously injected bacteria indicating an intact reticuloendothelial system (RES) function in both groups. These experiments suggest that whole blood may be preferable to packed cells for resuscitation of acute hemorrhagic shock when the effect on resistance of infection is considered.", "contents": "Whole blood vs. packed red cells for resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock: an examination of host defense parameters in dogs. Whole blood vs. packed red cells for resuscitation of acute blood loss in dogs was compared with respect to a number of variables of host defense. Dogs subjected to a controlled blood loss equal to 8% of their body weight exhibited significant depressions in serum protein, C3, IgG, and total opsonic activity when resuscitated with packed red cells in saline. No such depression in serum components or activity was observed in identically bled dogs resuscitated with whole blood. There were no differences in the rate of clearance of intravenously injected bacteria indicating an intact reticuloendothelial system (RES) function in both groups. These experiments suggest that whole blood may be preferable to packed cells for resuscitation of acute hemorrhagic shock when the effect on resistance of infection is considered.", "PMID": 684611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6129", "title": "The prevention of peptic ulceration by highly selective vagotomy in a new peptic ulcer experimental model: the bile duct-ligated pig.", "content": "Bile duct ligation produced gross peptic ulceration of the pars esophagea of the stomach, with a 70% mortality rate from hemorrhage or perforation. The situation and histological appearance of the ulcers was identical to the peptic ulcers that occur spontaneously in pigs. Previous work has shown that these ulcers are associated with gastric hypersecretion. The technique of highly selective vagotomy was established in the pig and was shown to have no short-term adverse effects. In a group of 10 pigs, highly selective vagotomy virtually eliminated pars esophageal peptic ulceration and significantly prolonged survival after bile duct ligation. The bile duct-ligated pig experimental peptic ulcer model should be of value in studying peptic ulceration and methods of treatment. Further investigation is required to determine the cause of death in those animals in which peptic ulceration is prevented by treatment, such as highly selective vagotomy.", "contents": "The prevention of peptic ulceration by highly selective vagotomy in a new peptic ulcer experimental model: the bile duct-ligated pig. Bile duct ligation produced gross peptic ulceration of the pars esophagea of the stomach, with a 70% mortality rate from hemorrhage or perforation. The situation and histological appearance of the ulcers was identical to the peptic ulcers that occur spontaneously in pigs. Previous work has shown that these ulcers are associated with gastric hypersecretion. The technique of highly selective vagotomy was established in the pig and was shown to have no short-term adverse effects. In a group of 10 pigs, highly selective vagotomy virtually eliminated pars esophageal peptic ulceration and significantly prolonged survival after bile duct ligation. The bile duct-ligated pig experimental peptic ulcer model should be of value in studying peptic ulceration and methods of treatment. Further investigation is required to determine the cause of death in those animals in which peptic ulceration is prevented by treatment, such as highly selective vagotomy.", "PMID": 684612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6130", "title": "Hormones and the pathophysiology of fibrocystic mastopathy: elevated luteinizing hormone levels.", "content": "Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, testosterone, estrone, and estradiol were measured weekly for 1 month in 12 menstruating women with fibrocystic mastopathy. LH levels were abnormally elevated. The remainder of hormone levels were essentially normal. Elevated serum LH may be secondary to hypothalamic-pituitary, ovulatory, or corpus luteum dysfunction. The roles of hormonal abnormalities in the pathogenesis of fibroycstic mastopathy are not known.", "contents": "Hormones and the pathophysiology of fibrocystic mastopathy: elevated luteinizing hormone levels. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, testosterone, estrone, and estradiol were measured weekly for 1 month in 12 menstruating women with fibrocystic mastopathy. LH levels were abnormally elevated. The remainder of hormone levels were essentially normal. Elevated serum LH may be secondary to hypothalamic-pituitary, ovulatory, or corpus luteum dysfunction. The roles of hormonal abnormalities in the pathogenesis of fibroycstic mastopathy are not known.", "PMID": 684613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6131", "title": "Arginine: an essential amino acid for injured rats.", "content": "The influence of arginine supplements on growth and healing of skin incisional wounds was studied in rats fed either a chemically defined diet lacking arginine or a laboratory chow containing 1.8% arginine. Rats fed the arginine-free diet grew more poorly than did arginine-supplemented rats (1.8 vs. 7.0 gm/day) in the preoperative period. After operation arginine-deficient animals grew very poorly (1 gm/day), while arginine-supplemented rats gained 4.3 gm/day. Arginine-deficient animals showed impaired wound healing, as judged by the breaking strengths of their incisions 10 days after wounding (228 vs. 293 gm for the arginine-supplemented rats). Arginine-deficient rats also showed decreased collagen deposition in a specific wound site, as indicated by the decreased content in hydroxyproline in sponge granulomas (2.5 vs. 4.2 mg/100 mg. of sponge for the arginine-supplemented rats). In rats fed commercial chow, 1% arginine decreased the postoperative weight loss associated with injury (0.7 vs. 5.2 gm) in one experiment and improved wound strength in two experiments (312 vs. 188 gm in one experiment and 309 vs. 246 gm in another). Arginine also increased hydroxyproline deposition in a specific wound area (5.5 vs. 4.1 mg in one experiment and 3.1 vs. 1.9 mg. in another). It is concluded that arginine has two roles in wounded animals. It is essential for the synthesis of the increased amounts of reparative collagen required for wound healing, and it decreases some of the negative aspects of the metabolic responses to injury. These are thought to be associated with an arginine-induced growth hormone release.", "contents": "Arginine: an essential amino acid for injured rats. The influence of arginine supplements on growth and healing of skin incisional wounds was studied in rats fed either a chemically defined diet lacking arginine or a laboratory chow containing 1.8% arginine. Rats fed the arginine-free diet grew more poorly than did arginine-supplemented rats (1.8 vs. 7.0 gm/day) in the preoperative period. After operation arginine-deficient animals grew very poorly (1 gm/day), while arginine-supplemented rats gained 4.3 gm/day. Arginine-deficient animals showed impaired wound healing, as judged by the breaking strengths of their incisions 10 days after wounding (228 vs. 293 gm for the arginine-supplemented rats). Arginine-deficient rats also showed decreased collagen deposition in a specific wound site, as indicated by the decreased content in hydroxyproline in sponge granulomas (2.5 vs. 4.2 mg/100 mg. of sponge for the arginine-supplemented rats). In rats fed commercial chow, 1% arginine decreased the postoperative weight loss associated with injury (0.7 vs. 5.2 gm) in one experiment and improved wound strength in two experiments (312 vs. 188 gm in one experiment and 309 vs. 246 gm in another). Arginine also increased hydroxyproline deposition in a specific wound area (5.5 vs. 4.1 mg in one experiment and 3.1 vs. 1.9 mg. in another). It is concluded that arginine has two roles in wounded animals. It is essential for the synthesis of the increased amounts of reparative collagen required for wound healing, and it decreases some of the negative aspects of the metabolic responses to injury. These are thought to be associated with an arginine-induced growth hormone release.", "PMID": 684614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6132", "title": "Reanastomosis after jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "One hundred and one patients underwent jejunoileal bypass after careful preoperative evaluation. These patients were re-evaluated after operation on a frequent basis, and 23% have required restoration of intestinal continuity (reanastomosis) by a mean postoperative time of 44 months. The most frequent reasons for reanastomosis were liver dysfunction (5% of the entire series), severe malnutrition or weakness (5%), and late electrolyte imbalance (4%). Two patients did not survive reanastomosis, both having liver failure. Of the patients who did survive, weight gain (approaching prebypass weight) and improvement in liver function tests, electrolyte balance, serum vitamin levels, and diarrhea have been the rule. Of the entire series of 101 patients who underwent bypass, 58% either had life-threatening complications, had to be reanastomosed, or died. These morbidity and mortality rates raise the important question of whether jejunoileal bypass is an appropriate procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity.", "contents": "Reanastomosis after jejunoileal bypass. One hundred and one patients underwent jejunoileal bypass after careful preoperative evaluation. These patients were re-evaluated after operation on a frequent basis, and 23% have required restoration of intestinal continuity (reanastomosis) by a mean postoperative time of 44 months. The most frequent reasons for reanastomosis were liver dysfunction (5% of the entire series), severe malnutrition or weakness (5%), and late electrolyte imbalance (4%). Two patients did not survive reanastomosis, both having liver failure. Of the patients who did survive, weight gain (approaching prebypass weight) and improvement in liver function tests, electrolyte balance, serum vitamin levels, and diarrhea have been the rule. Of the entire series of 101 patients who underwent bypass, 58% either had life-threatening complications, had to be reanastomosed, or died. These morbidity and mortality rates raise the important question of whether jejunoileal bypass is an appropriate procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity.", "PMID": 684615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6133", "title": "Aortocaval fistula associated with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: current management using autotransfusion techniques.", "content": "Two patients with aortocaval fistula associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm were managed successfully using a patient care plan which includes proper monitoring of the hemodynamic state, careful dissection of the aneurysm, and return of blood loss by autotransfusion while the patient is fully anticoagulated with heparin. This unusual and serious problem in vascular surgery can be managed in an orderly and controlled fashion using these techniques.", "contents": "Aortocaval fistula associated with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: current management using autotransfusion techniques. Two patients with aortocaval fistula associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm were managed successfully using a patient care plan which includes proper monitoring of the hemodynamic state, careful dissection of the aneurysm, and return of blood loss by autotransfusion while the patient is fully anticoagulated with heparin. This unusual and serious problem in vascular surgery can be managed in an orderly and controlled fashion using these techniques.", "PMID": 684616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6134", "title": "The noninvasive assessment of aortoiliac disease: a comparison of dynamic isotope angiology with thigh brachial pressure index.", "content": "In 41 patients with severe claudication, the time taken for an intravenously injected isotope bolus of TC99m pertechnetate to pass from the aortic bifurcation to the common femoral arteries was measured using a gamma camera and computer. This isotope transit time (ITT) then was correlated with the severity of aortoiliac disease determined arteriographically. Highly significant differences in ITT were found between normal vessels and those with minor stenosis of less than 50%, major stenosis of 50% or more, or complete occlusion. With major disease there was a longer ITT than with minor disease (P less than 0.01). ITT gave a greater degree of differentiation between disease groups than did thigh/brachial pressure index, as measured by Doppler ultrasound in the same patients, and was not influenced by superficial femoral artery occlusion.", "contents": "The noninvasive assessment of aortoiliac disease: a comparison of dynamic isotope angiology with thigh brachial pressure index. In 41 patients with severe claudication, the time taken for an intravenously injected isotope bolus of TC99m pertechnetate to pass from the aortic bifurcation to the common femoral arteries was measured using a gamma camera and computer. This isotope transit time (ITT) then was correlated with the severity of aortoiliac disease determined arteriographically. Highly significant differences in ITT were found between normal vessels and those with minor stenosis of less than 50%, major stenosis of 50% or more, or complete occlusion. With major disease there was a longer ITT than with minor disease (P less than 0.01). ITT gave a greater degree of differentiation between disease groups than did thigh/brachial pressure index, as measured by Doppler ultrasound in the same patients, and was not influenced by superficial femoral artery occlusion.", "PMID": 684618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6135", "title": "Acute supravalvular stenosis following replacement of the aortic valve and ascending aorta in a patient with Marfan's syndrome: report of a case.", "content": "A case report of a patient with Marfan's syndrome who developed acute supravalvular aortic stenosis following aortic valve replacement and reconstruction of the ascending aorta is presented. Early recognition of this complication permitted reoperation and successful repair. One similar case has been reported previously.", "contents": "Acute supravalvular stenosis following replacement of the aortic valve and ascending aorta in a patient with Marfan's syndrome: report of a case. A case report of a patient with Marfan's syndrome who developed acute supravalvular aortic stenosis following aortic valve replacement and reconstruction of the ascending aorta is presented. Early recognition of this complication permitted reoperation and successful repair. One similar case has been reported previously.", "PMID": 684620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6136", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "In a personal series of 188 patients with pancreatic disease referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP), one or more ducts were cannulated in 168 patients; of the 168 patients; of the 168 patients, 19 had carcinoma and 149 had chronic pancreatitis. Abnormalities were found in 71 of the 149 patients with pancreatitis, either in the pancreatic duct, the bile duct, or both ducts. The demonstration of these abnormalities was of critical importance in planning the management of these patients. Ducts were normal in 78 patients. No benefit could be expected from operating upon these patients. It is concluded that approximately one half of the patients with chronic pancreatitis will have demonstrable lesions amenable to operation, and one half will not. ERCP is essential in the investigation and management of patients suspected of having chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. In a personal series of 188 patients with pancreatic disease referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP), one or more ducts were cannulated in 168 patients; of the 168 patients; of the 168 patients, 19 had carcinoma and 149 had chronic pancreatitis. Abnormalities were found in 71 of the 149 patients with pancreatitis, either in the pancreatic duct, the bile duct, or both ducts. The demonstration of these abnormalities was of critical importance in planning the management of these patients. Ducts were normal in 78 patients. No benefit could be expected from operating upon these patients. It is concluded that approximately one half of the patients with chronic pancreatitis will have demonstrable lesions amenable to operation, and one half will not. ERCP is essential in the investigation and management of patients suspected of having chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 684622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6137", "title": "Experimental pancreatitis: Effect of plasma and dextran on pancreatic blood flow.", "content": "In spite of extensive investigations, many aspects of the hemodynamic changes occurring in acute pancreatitis are understood poorly. A dog model was established in which continuous measurements of pancreatic arterial blood flow, cardiac output, and mean arterial blood pressure were made using electromagnetic flow probes and a pressure transducer, respectively. Pancreatitis was induced and the animals were monitored for 3 hours. In addition, control animals (group I) without pancreatitis also were done. All animals 50 ml of saline in the first hours. Three methods of therapy then were instituted in the dogs with pancreatitis and their effects were recorded. group I 6 dogs control animals no pancreatitis saline 50 ml/hr group II 10 dogs saline 50 ml/hr group III 6 dogs plasma 15 ml/kg over 45 min then saline 50 ml/hr group IV 10 dogs saline 50 ml and 1.5 ml/kg of dextran 40/hr These results confirm the observations made previously using a transillumination technique--that the pancreatic circulation rapidly reduces in acute pancreatitis. Administration of plasma produced a significant (P less than 0.05) but transient increase in the cardiac output and pancreatic blood flow; however, the blood pressure remained low. Dextran 40 minimally increased cardiac output, but it significantly improved the blood pressure and maintained the pancreatic blood flow. Low-dose, low-molecular weight dextran 40 appears to help to maintain pancreatic blood flow in acute pancreatitis. The possible mechanisms concerning the made of action of dextran 40 will be discussed.", "contents": "Experimental pancreatitis: Effect of plasma and dextran on pancreatic blood flow. In spite of extensive investigations, many aspects of the hemodynamic changes occurring in acute pancreatitis are understood poorly. A dog model was established in which continuous measurements of pancreatic arterial blood flow, cardiac output, and mean arterial blood pressure were made using electromagnetic flow probes and a pressure transducer, respectively. Pancreatitis was induced and the animals were monitored for 3 hours. In addition, control animals (group I) without pancreatitis also were done. All animals 50 ml of saline in the first hours. Three methods of therapy then were instituted in the dogs with pancreatitis and their effects were recorded. group I 6 dogs control animals no pancreatitis saline 50 ml/hr group II 10 dogs saline 50 ml/hr group III 6 dogs plasma 15 ml/kg over 45 min then saline 50 ml/hr group IV 10 dogs saline 50 ml and 1.5 ml/kg of dextran 40/hr These results confirm the observations made previously using a transillumination technique--that the pancreatic circulation rapidly reduces in acute pancreatitis. Administration of plasma produced a significant (P less than 0.05) but transient increase in the cardiac output and pancreatic blood flow; however, the blood pressure remained low. Dextran 40 minimally increased cardiac output, but it significantly improved the blood pressure and maintained the pancreatic blood flow. Low-dose, low-molecular weight dextran 40 appears to help to maintain pancreatic blood flow in acute pancreatitis. The possible mechanisms concerning the made of action of dextran 40 will be discussed.", "PMID": 684623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6138", "title": "Surgical management of tracheosophageal fistula complicating caustic ingestion.", "content": "This report outlines principles of management for extensive corrosive esophageal burns in children complicated by formation of a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). Direct operative attack on the fistula usually is unsuccessful, since the tracheal tissues are so damaged that they will not hold sutures. On the basis of experiences with six children, we suggest the following plan of management: (1) early investigation of suspected TEF with thin barium or Dionosil; (2) early tracheostomy using a short, plastic tube; (3) end cervical esophagostomy with closure of the distal stump of the cervical esophagus; (4) gastrotomy; (5) complete disconnection of the intra-abdominal esophagus from the stomach. This can be completed in a single operation and leaves the thoracic esophagus containing the fistula completely isolated so that the trachea is protected from contamination by saliva and gastric juice. The esophageal mucosa in all cases has been destroyed so extensively by the corrosive material that the esophagus heals as a band of muscle and scar. If protected from continuous contamination by saliva, the trachea heals itself with little long-term defect. The esophagus is replaced with colon or a gastric tube 6 to 12 months later when the child is in good health. All four children treated by this regimen have survived and are able to eat normally.", "contents": "Surgical management of tracheosophageal fistula complicating caustic ingestion. This report outlines principles of management for extensive corrosive esophageal burns in children complicated by formation of a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). Direct operative attack on the fistula usually is unsuccessful, since the tracheal tissues are so damaged that they will not hold sutures. On the basis of experiences with six children, we suggest the following plan of management: (1) early investigation of suspected TEF with thin barium or Dionosil; (2) early tracheostomy using a short, plastic tube; (3) end cervical esophagostomy with closure of the distal stump of the cervical esophagus; (4) gastrotomy; (5) complete disconnection of the intra-abdominal esophagus from the stomach. This can be completed in a single operation and leaves the thoracic esophagus containing the fistula completely isolated so that the trachea is protected from contamination by saliva and gastric juice. The esophageal mucosa in all cases has been destroyed so extensively by the corrosive material that the esophagus heals as a band of muscle and scar. If protected from continuous contamination by saliva, the trachea heals itself with little long-term defect. The esophagus is replaced with colon or a gastric tube 6 to 12 months later when the child is in good health. All four children treated by this regimen have survived and are able to eat normally.", "PMID": 684624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6139", "title": "Aortoiliac reconstruction in patients with combined iliac and superficial femoral arterial occlusion.", "content": "Despite revascularization of the common femoral--profunda femoris system, many patients fail to obtain satisfactory relief from claudication or rest pain. Clinical observations were compared with objective physiological data in 54 technically successful aortoiliofemoral reconstructions for multilevel disease. Nine of 28 operations (32%) for claudication and five of 26 operations (19%) for ischemia at rest had poor results. While the average ankle pressure index (API = ankle blood pressure/arm blood pressure) rose from 0.52 +/- 0.03 (SEM) to 0.81 +/- 0.03 in limbs treated successfully for claudication, it changed insignificantly in those with an unsuccessful result (0.58 +/- 0.04 to 0.61 +/- 0.04). When ischemic symptoms were relieved, API rose from 0.23 +/- 0.04 to 0.55 +/- 0.03 but increased only from 0.22 +/- 0.09 to 0.40 +/- 0.02 in limbs with insufficient improvement. Preoperative thigh pressure index (TPI) in claudicating limbs with poor results (0.96 +/- 0.05) differed little from that in limbs with good results (0.92 +/- 0.05); nor was the TPI of ischemic limbs with poor results (0.83 +/- 0.13) significantly greater than that in limbs with good results (0.60 +/- 0.05). Neither the TPI nor the thigh to ankle pressure gradient was of value in predicting which extremities would respond poorly to aortoiliofemoral reconstruction.", "contents": "Aortoiliac reconstruction in patients with combined iliac and superficial femoral arterial occlusion. Despite revascularization of the common femoral--profunda femoris system, many patients fail to obtain satisfactory relief from claudication or rest pain. Clinical observations were compared with objective physiological data in 54 technically successful aortoiliofemoral reconstructions for multilevel disease. Nine of 28 operations (32%) for claudication and five of 26 operations (19%) for ischemia at rest had poor results. While the average ankle pressure index (API = ankle blood pressure/arm blood pressure) rose from 0.52 +/- 0.03 (SEM) to 0.81 +/- 0.03 in limbs treated successfully for claudication, it changed insignificantly in those with an unsuccessful result (0.58 +/- 0.04 to 0.61 +/- 0.04). When ischemic symptoms were relieved, API rose from 0.23 +/- 0.04 to 0.55 +/- 0.03 but increased only from 0.22 +/- 0.09 to 0.40 +/- 0.02 in limbs with insufficient improvement. Preoperative thigh pressure index (TPI) in claudicating limbs with poor results (0.96 +/- 0.05) differed little from that in limbs with good results (0.92 +/- 0.05); nor was the TPI of ischemic limbs with poor results (0.83 +/- 0.13) significantly greater than that in limbs with good results (0.60 +/- 0.05). Neither the TPI nor the thigh to ankle pressure gradient was of value in predicting which extremities would respond poorly to aortoiliofemoral reconstruction.", "PMID": 684626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6140", "title": "The mortality associated with pelvic fractures.", "content": "The mortality among 604 patients with pelvic fractures was 12%. Pedestrian accidents were the etiologic agent in 27% of the patients, but accounted for 49% of the deaths and for 73% of the deaths primarily due to pelvic fractures. Although 71 of the 72 patients who died sustained concomitant major injuries (mean, 3.1), 60% of the deaths (43 patients) were attributed entirely or in part to pelvic fractures. Of particular interest were the 26 patients in whom the pelvic fracture was the primary cause of death. Ninety-three percent were in shock or had clinical evidence of hypovolemia at the time of admission. Eighteen patients (69%) exsanguinated from their pelvic fractures shortly after hospital admission (mean, 9 hours). They were more elderly than the eight patients who survived their initial resuscitation, but subsequently died of sepsis or of renal failure (mean, 62 vs. 38 years). Sepsis arising in the pelvic hematoma and acute renal failure induced by pelvic hemorrhage and/or pelvic sepsis each accounted for 15% of the deaths. Ninety-one percent of the patients who died primarily of their pelvic fracture had a single or double break in the pelvic ring. Thirty-one precent had open pelvic fractures, and injury associated with a 50% mortality. Twenty-three percent had pelvic fracture related iliac or femoral vessel disruptions, an injury associated with a 75% mortality. Mortality in these patients clearly resulted from ineffective control of pelvic hemorrhage and from the inability to prevent sepsis in the pelvic hematoma.", "contents": "The mortality associated with pelvic fractures. The mortality among 604 patients with pelvic fractures was 12%. Pedestrian accidents were the etiologic agent in 27% of the patients, but accounted for 49% of the deaths and for 73% of the deaths primarily due to pelvic fractures. Although 71 of the 72 patients who died sustained concomitant major injuries (mean, 3.1), 60% of the deaths (43 patients) were attributed entirely or in part to pelvic fractures. Of particular interest were the 26 patients in whom the pelvic fracture was the primary cause of death. Ninety-three percent were in shock or had clinical evidence of hypovolemia at the time of admission. Eighteen patients (69%) exsanguinated from their pelvic fractures shortly after hospital admission (mean, 9 hours). They were more elderly than the eight patients who survived their initial resuscitation, but subsequently died of sepsis or of renal failure (mean, 62 vs. 38 years). Sepsis arising in the pelvic hematoma and acute renal failure induced by pelvic hemorrhage and/or pelvic sepsis each accounted for 15% of the deaths. Ninety-one percent of the patients who died primarily of their pelvic fracture had a single or double break in the pelvic ring. Thirty-one precent had open pelvic fractures, and injury associated with a 50% mortality. Twenty-three percent had pelvic fracture related iliac or femoral vessel disruptions, an injury associated with a 75% mortality. Mortality in these patients clearly resulted from ineffective control of pelvic hemorrhage and from the inability to prevent sepsis in the pelvic hematoma.", "PMID": 684627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6141", "title": "Accuracy of techniques to detect intraperitoneal abscess.", "content": "Three new diagnostic techniques, gray-scale ultrasonography, gallium-67 scanning (67Ga), and computed tomography (CT) were used in combination to detect intraperitoneal abscess in 30 patients. All 30 had sonography, 24 were scanned for 67Ga, and 15 underwent CT. Nine had three tests and 21 had two. Accuracy of results was evaluated by subsequent laparotomy in 16 and by clinical impression in the remainder. Ultrasound was accurate (true positive and true negative) in 12 of 16 (75%) operated patients, with 12% false-positive and 12% false-negative results. Gallium correctly diagnosed nine of 14 (64%) operated patients having 22% false-positive and 14% false-negative diagnoses. CT was accurate in five of seven (71%) patients evaluated by operation, with 14% false positives and 14% false negatives. Overall accuracies for both operated and clinical groups was ultrasound 57%, gallium 54%, and CT 67%, not significantly different results. Three tests agreed in only two of nine patients (22%), with no single test more accurate than another. Two tests agreed in 57%, with no test superior to another. It is concluded that ultrasonography, 67Ga scanning, and CT each have significant limits in diagnosing intra-abdominal pus. No single test is better than another. Disagreement among test results in the same patient obviates use of more than one technique in most instances.", "contents": "Accuracy of techniques to detect intraperitoneal abscess. Three new diagnostic techniques, gray-scale ultrasonography, gallium-67 scanning (67Ga), and computed tomography (CT) were used in combination to detect intraperitoneal abscess in 30 patients. All 30 had sonography, 24 were scanned for 67Ga, and 15 underwent CT. Nine had three tests and 21 had two. Accuracy of results was evaluated by subsequent laparotomy in 16 and by clinical impression in the remainder. Ultrasound was accurate (true positive and true negative) in 12 of 16 (75%) operated patients, with 12% false-positive and 12% false-negative results. Gallium correctly diagnosed nine of 14 (64%) operated patients having 22% false-positive and 14% false-negative diagnoses. CT was accurate in five of seven (71%) patients evaluated by operation, with 14% false positives and 14% false negatives. Overall accuracies for both operated and clinical groups was ultrasound 57%, gallium 54%, and CT 67%, not significantly different results. Three tests agreed in only two of nine patients (22%), with no single test more accurate than another. Two tests agreed in 57%, with no test superior to another. It is concluded that ultrasonography, 67Ga scanning, and CT each have significant limits in diagnosing intra-abdominal pus. No single test is better than another. Disagreement among test results in the same patient obviates use of more than one technique in most instances.", "PMID": 684628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6142", "title": "Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: Effect of delayed thoracotomy on survival.", "content": "Eighty-four infants with esophageal atresia and/or tracheosophageal (TE) fistula were treated from 1972 to 1977. Twenty-eight percent were premature and 24% weighed less than 2.0 kg. Major symptoms included excess salivation (56 patients), respiratory distress (28 patients), cyanosis (26 patients), and choking (nine patients). Pneumonia and or atelectasis occurred in 58% and associated anomalies in 68%. Seventy-three of 84 patients (87%) had proximal esophageal atresia and distal TE fistula (type C defect). Operation was carried out in 79 patients. Gastrostomy was performed in 75 patients, often under local anesthesia with subsequent delayed extrapleural thoractomy (mean, 3.9 days), when the infant's pulmonary condition was improved. Primary anastomosis was performed in 55 patients, division TE fistula and esophagostomy in ten, staged anastomosis in seven, cervical esophagostomy alone in three, division H fistual in two, ligation TE fistula alone in one, and gastrostomy alone in one. Complications were frequent, including need for ventilator support in 28 patients, atelectasis in 28, pneumonia in 18, jaundice in 13, heart failure in 11, anastomotic leak in 10, and stricture in four. Operative mortality was 5% (four of 79). Two deaths followed immediate thoracotomy and two were premature with anomalies. There were eight late deaths 4 to 39 months after operation. Seven had multiple anomalies. The overall mortality was 15%. Management of high-risk cases by preliminary gastrostomy and delayed extrapleural thoracotomy is associated with improved survival (67 to 79) (85%). Neonatal intensive care, detection of associated anomalies, and long-term follow-up are essential factors in reducing mortality.", "contents": "Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: Effect of delayed thoracotomy on survival. Eighty-four infants with esophageal atresia and/or tracheosophageal (TE) fistula were treated from 1972 to 1977. Twenty-eight percent were premature and 24% weighed less than 2.0 kg. Major symptoms included excess salivation (56 patients), respiratory distress (28 patients), cyanosis (26 patients), and choking (nine patients). Pneumonia and or atelectasis occurred in 58% and associated anomalies in 68%. Seventy-three of 84 patients (87%) had proximal esophageal atresia and distal TE fistula (type C defect). Operation was carried out in 79 patients. Gastrostomy was performed in 75 patients, often under local anesthesia with subsequent delayed extrapleural thoractomy (mean, 3.9 days), when the infant's pulmonary condition was improved. Primary anastomosis was performed in 55 patients, division TE fistula and esophagostomy in ten, staged anastomosis in seven, cervical esophagostomy alone in three, division H fistual in two, ligation TE fistula alone in one, and gastrostomy alone in one. Complications were frequent, including need for ventilator support in 28 patients, atelectasis in 28, pneumonia in 18, jaundice in 13, heart failure in 11, anastomotic leak in 10, and stricture in four. Operative mortality was 5% (four of 79). Two deaths followed immediate thoracotomy and two were premature with anomalies. There were eight late deaths 4 to 39 months after operation. Seven had multiple anomalies. The overall mortality was 15%. Management of high-risk cases by preliminary gastrostomy and delayed extrapleural thoracotomy is associated with improved survival (67 to 79) (85%). Neonatal intensive care, detection of associated anomalies, and long-term follow-up are essential factors in reducing mortality.", "PMID": 684629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6143", "title": "Induced thrombosis of inoperable abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "On occasions it may be vital to produce controlled thrombosis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm when resection is not possible. A successful technique was evolved to achieve this in a 57-year-old man with malignant lymphoma. The tumor was found to infiltrate massively the retroperitoneum and the wall of a large abdominal aortic aneurysm. The large aneurysm was deemed to be technically unresectable at operation. An approach was devised to thrombose the aneurysm and to proceed safely with chemotherapy of the malignant lymphoma. An axillobifemoral bypass was made with the limbs anastomosed end to end to the common femoral arteries. The external iliac vessels were exteriorized through the abdominal wall. The aneurysmal sac outflow was occluded by balloon catheters introduced through the exteriorized iliac vessels. A right transaxillary catheter was inserted and placed at the level of the renal arteries to induce and to control the progress of thrombus formation in such a way as to ensure patency of the renal vessels. Thrombin was delivered into the sac via this transaxillary catheter. A high urinary output was maintained. Serial angiograms of the clotting process were obtained. Once the sac was thrombosed, the balloon catheters were removed and a final angiogram was obtained which demonstrated the obliteration of the aneurysmal sac and the patency of the renal vessels. The patient has been fully employed for 20 months.", "contents": "Induced thrombosis of inoperable abdominal aortic aneurysm. On occasions it may be vital to produce controlled thrombosis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm when resection is not possible. A successful technique was evolved to achieve this in a 57-year-old man with malignant lymphoma. The tumor was found to infiltrate massively the retroperitoneum and the wall of a large abdominal aortic aneurysm. The large aneurysm was deemed to be technically unresectable at operation. An approach was devised to thrombose the aneurysm and to proceed safely with chemotherapy of the malignant lymphoma. An axillobifemoral bypass was made with the limbs anastomosed end to end to the common femoral arteries. The external iliac vessels were exteriorized through the abdominal wall. The aneurysmal sac outflow was occluded by balloon catheters introduced through the exteriorized iliac vessels. A right transaxillary catheter was inserted and placed at the level of the renal arteries to induce and to control the progress of thrombus formation in such a way as to ensure patency of the renal vessels. Thrombin was delivered into the sac via this transaxillary catheter. A high urinary output was maintained. Serial angiograms of the clotting process were obtained. Once the sac was thrombosed, the balloon catheters were removed and a final angiogram was obtained which demonstrated the obliteration of the aneurysmal sac and the patency of the renal vessels. The patient has been fully employed for 20 months.", "PMID": 684631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6144", "title": "Bleeding vascular malformations of the intestine.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with bleeding vascular malformations were evaluated. The age range was from 3 to 78 years, with a bimodal age distribution. The younger patients had no associated diseases, while those in the older category invariably had an associated cardiac lesion (aortic stenosis in 12 patients and severe atherosclerotic disease in 11 patients). With experience, colonoscopy has become a valuable adjunct to arteriography with the lesion visualized in 12 patients. Arteriography is the most useful study being diagnostic in 35 of 38 cases. Exploration alone was diagnostic in only one of 39 patients. The most common site of bleeding was the cecum (21 patients) followed by the proximal small intestine (eight patients), terminal ileum (seven patients), and ascending colon (five patients). The lesions in the proximal small bowel were much more common in the younger patients and were believed to be congenital. Resection controlled the bleeding in the majority of patients, although four recurrences have been noted. All have been documented angiographically to have been from a new lesion and two were controlled with reoperation. The key elements to control of these patient's bleeding include: (1) systematic work-up with a team approach emphasizing careful visceral angiography, and (2) the avoidance of a premature laparotomy prior to complete evaluation.", "contents": "Bleeding vascular malformations of the intestine. Thirty-nine patients with bleeding vascular malformations were evaluated. The age range was from 3 to 78 years, with a bimodal age distribution. The younger patients had no associated diseases, while those in the older category invariably had an associated cardiac lesion (aortic stenosis in 12 patients and severe atherosclerotic disease in 11 patients). With experience, colonoscopy has become a valuable adjunct to arteriography with the lesion visualized in 12 patients. Arteriography is the most useful study being diagnostic in 35 of 38 cases. Exploration alone was diagnostic in only one of 39 patients. The most common site of bleeding was the cecum (21 patients) followed by the proximal small intestine (eight patients), terminal ileum (seven patients), and ascending colon (five patients). The lesions in the proximal small bowel were much more common in the younger patients and were believed to be congenital. Resection controlled the bleeding in the majority of patients, although four recurrences have been noted. All have been documented angiographically to have been from a new lesion and two were controlled with reoperation. The key elements to control of these patient's bleeding include: (1) systematic work-up with a team approach emphasizing careful visceral angiography, and (2) the avoidance of a premature laparotomy prior to complete evaluation.", "PMID": 684632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6145", "title": "Central venous pressure or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure as the determinant of fluid replacement in aortic surgery.", "content": "Both central venous pressure (CVP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) have been used as guides to fluid replacement in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. To test the hypothesis that changes in PCWP (deltaPCWP) may be reliably estimated from changes in CVP (deltaCVP), 55 patients had simultaneous measurements (302 paired observations) of CVP and PCWP, as well as of cardiac output, before and during operation. The correlation between deltaCVP and deltaPCWP was high (r = 0.716, P less than 0.001). The estimated slope for the linear regression was 0.88. The standard error of the estimate was +/- 3.75 torr, making the prediction of deltaPCWP from deltaCVP accurate only to within 7.5 torr. There were five patients who each had a low and failing CVP accompanied by a stable cardiac output and a rising PCWP; for them, a decision to administer fluid based on the CVP might have resulted in pulmonary edema. Although deltaCVP accurately predicted direction and magnitude of deltaPCWP in the majority of patients (90%), there was a small group in whom there was no substitute for direct measurement of PCWP.", "contents": "Central venous pressure or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure as the determinant of fluid replacement in aortic surgery. Both central venous pressure (CVP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) have been used as guides to fluid replacement in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. To test the hypothesis that changes in PCWP (deltaPCWP) may be reliably estimated from changes in CVP (deltaCVP), 55 patients had simultaneous measurements (302 paired observations) of CVP and PCWP, as well as of cardiac output, before and during operation. The correlation between deltaCVP and deltaPCWP was high (r = 0.716, P less than 0.001). The estimated slope for the linear regression was 0.88. The standard error of the estimate was +/- 3.75 torr, making the prediction of deltaPCWP from deltaCVP accurate only to within 7.5 torr. There were five patients who each had a low and failing CVP accompanied by a stable cardiac output and a rising PCWP; for them, a decision to administer fluid based on the CVP might have resulted in pulmonary edema. Although deltaCVP accurately predicted direction and magnitude of deltaPCWP in the majority of patients (90%), there was a small group in whom there was no substitute for direct measurement of PCWP.", "PMID": 684633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6146", "title": "Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (surgical technique, early and late results).", "content": "Between March 1970 and October 1977, 36 patients underwent correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The ages ranged from 5 days to 16 years; 27 (75%) were under 1 year and 19 were under 3 months of age at the time of surgery. The overall mortality was 33%. Supracardiac connection was the commonest type and was associated with the lowest hospital mortality (30%). The highest mortality occurred in the mixed and infracardiac types and was related in part to the presence of associated intracardiac anomalies. The use of hypothermia and circulatory arrest in infancy has resulted in a considerably lower hospital mortality compared with cases operated on under conventional cardiopulmonary bypass. The mortality in 23 infants (under 1 year of age) was 26% using circulatory arrest and was lowest when correction was performed within the first three months of life (18%). All four infants operated on with standard cardiopulmonary bypass died, whereas this technique was found to be safe in older children. The surgical technique using a left anterolateral thoractomy with a trans-sternal extension is described. This technique gives an excellent exposure for fashioning a long anastomosis and has been associated with a low incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications. There have been no late deaths and all survivors, who are in excellent condition up to seven years after correction, have a normal exercise tolerance.", "contents": "Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (surgical technique, early and late results). Between March 1970 and October 1977, 36 patients underwent correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The ages ranged from 5 days to 16 years; 27 (75%) were under 1 year and 19 were under 3 months of age at the time of surgery. The overall mortality was 33%. Supracardiac connection was the commonest type and was associated with the lowest hospital mortality (30%). The highest mortality occurred in the mixed and infracardiac types and was related in part to the presence of associated intracardiac anomalies. The use of hypothermia and circulatory arrest in infancy has resulted in a considerably lower hospital mortality compared with cases operated on under conventional cardiopulmonary bypass. The mortality in 23 infants (under 1 year of age) was 26% using circulatory arrest and was lowest when correction was performed within the first three months of life (18%). All four infants operated on with standard cardiopulmonary bypass died, whereas this technique was found to be safe in older children. The surgical technique using a left anterolateral thoractomy with a trans-sternal extension is described. This technique gives an excellent exposure for fashioning a long anastomosis and has been associated with a low incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications. There have been no late deaths and all survivors, who are in excellent condition up to seven years after correction, have a normal exercise tolerance.", "PMID": 684663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6147", "title": "Double outlet right ventricle: clinical and anatomical spectrum.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with double outlet right ventricle (DORV) were studied between 1960 and 1976. Associated congenital defects frequently compounded the difficulty of clinical diagnosis. Cardiac catheterisation was performed in 27 patients, and the ventriculograms were studied with particular regard to the relative positions of the great vessels to each other and to the ventricular septal defect. These relationships determine which corrective operation is possible. Correction has been performed in 12 patients with a perioperative mortality of 25%. Although mitral-aortic discontinuity was demonstrated in all cases, consideration of the anatomical spectrum included in the term DORV suggests that discontinuity is not an essential feature. In common with other clinical data and in contrast with necropsy studies, none of our patients was found to show the normal relationship of the great vessels to each other, in which the aorta lies posterior and to the right of the pulmonary artery. The reason for this difference between the clinical and necropsy findings is not apparent. A similar disparity was shown with regard to pulmonary stenosis, which was demonstrated at catheterisation in 68% of the 27 patients (mean gradient 68 +/- 3 mmHg), in contrast with incidences of 18% and 25% in recent necropsy series. Patients in the necropsy studies were frequently neonates or infants, in whom death may have been the result of intractable cardiac failure secondary to excessive pulmonary blood flow. In older patients without pulmonary stenosis and with pulmonary hypertension, frequent observation is imperative so that surgical treatment can be instituted before the development of irreversible pulmonary vascular disease.", "contents": "Double outlet right ventricle: clinical and anatomical spectrum. Thirty-two patients with double outlet right ventricle (DORV) were studied between 1960 and 1976. Associated congenital defects frequently compounded the difficulty of clinical diagnosis. Cardiac catheterisation was performed in 27 patients, and the ventriculograms were studied with particular regard to the relative positions of the great vessels to each other and to the ventricular septal defect. These relationships determine which corrective operation is possible. Correction has been performed in 12 patients with a perioperative mortality of 25%. Although mitral-aortic discontinuity was demonstrated in all cases, consideration of the anatomical spectrum included in the term DORV suggests that discontinuity is not an essential feature. In common with other clinical data and in contrast with necropsy studies, none of our patients was found to show the normal relationship of the great vessels to each other, in which the aorta lies posterior and to the right of the pulmonary artery. The reason for this difference between the clinical and necropsy findings is not apparent. A similar disparity was shown with regard to pulmonary stenosis, which was demonstrated at catheterisation in 68% of the 27 patients (mean gradient 68 +/- 3 mmHg), in contrast with incidences of 18% and 25% in recent necropsy series. Patients in the necropsy studies were frequently neonates or infants, in whom death may have been the result of intractable cardiac failure secondary to excessive pulmonary blood flow. In older patients without pulmonary stenosis and with pulmonary hypertension, frequent observation is imperative so that surgical treatment can be instituted before the development of irreversible pulmonary vascular disease.", "PMID": 684664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6148", "title": "Protrusion of the lung apex through Sibson's fascia in infancy.", "content": "Apical 'herniation' of the lung is an unusual protrusion of the lung and its pleural coverings through the superior aperture of the thorax. It is supposedly caused by weakness of Sibson's fascia. The phenomenon is an anatomical variation and not a disease entity; however, it must be recognised in order to avoid inappropriate surgery. The condition apparently disappears spontaneously with growth.", "contents": "Protrusion of the lung apex through Sibson's fascia in infancy. Apical 'herniation' of the lung is an unusual protrusion of the lung and its pleural coverings through the superior aperture of the thorax. It is supposedly caused by weakness of Sibson's fascia. The phenomenon is an anatomical variation and not a disease entity; however, it must be recognised in order to avoid inappropriate surgery. The condition apparently disappears spontaneously with growth.", "PMID": 684665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6149", "title": "Aetiology of unresolved pneumonia.", "content": "Preoperative histological or cytological confirmation of a diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma is not always possible, so occasionally non-neoplastic lesions are resected. Of these lesions a significant number are described by pathologists as 'unresolved pneumonia'. We studied the case notes and histopathology of 30 patients from whom lung had been resected and which had been classified as pneumonia. Other non-neoplastic lesions, such as pulmonary infarction, bronchiectasis, and tuberculosis, were excluded. All had a preoperative diagnosis of probable bronchial carcinoma. On review very few appeared to be the consequence of an infective, pneumonic episode. In 11, foreign material was identified, including one typical example of a paraffinoma. Aspiration of foreign material may lead to a localised lesion which simulates carcinoma of the bronchus both clinically and radiographically.", "contents": "Aetiology of unresolved pneumonia. Preoperative histological or cytological confirmation of a diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma is not always possible, so occasionally non-neoplastic lesions are resected. Of these lesions a significant number are described by pathologists as 'unresolved pneumonia'. We studied the case notes and histopathology of 30 patients from whom lung had been resected and which had been classified as pneumonia. Other non-neoplastic lesions, such as pulmonary infarction, bronchiectasis, and tuberculosis, were excluded. All had a preoperative diagnosis of probable bronchial carcinoma. On review very few appeared to be the consequence of an infective, pneumonic episode. In 11, foreign material was identified, including one typical example of a paraffinoma. Aspiration of foreign material may lead to a localised lesion which simulates carcinoma of the bronchus both clinically and radiographically.", "PMID": 684666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6150", "title": "Mechanical properties of the lung in extrinsic allergic alveolitis.", "content": "The lung function of 14 patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by exposure to mouldy hay (farmer's lung) or to birds (bird fancier's lung) was studied one week and four to six weeks after the last exposure to antigen. These data, together with lung mechanics measured four weeks after antigen exposure, were compared with measurements in 34 healthy non-smoking control subjects. Shortly after exposure to antigen there were reduction in lung volumes, increased elastic recoil (reduced compliance), and varied effects on expiratory flow and reduced gas transfer. With time, lung volumes and gas transfer improved, but expiratory flow often remained decreased. The data on lung mechanics showed that reduced compliance was often found, but this increased recoil did not always produce high airflow indicating increased upstream airways resistance. Patients with a longer duration of the illness tended to have increased compliance (reduced recoil) and low airflow. These results show that the described pathological changes of airway involvement, fibrosis, and emphysema in allergic alveolitis are manifest in the lung function of patients with the disease.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of the lung in extrinsic allergic alveolitis. The lung function of 14 patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by exposure to mouldy hay (farmer's lung) or to birds (bird fancier's lung) was studied one week and four to six weeks after the last exposure to antigen. These data, together with lung mechanics measured four weeks after antigen exposure, were compared with measurements in 34 healthy non-smoking control subjects. Shortly after exposure to antigen there were reduction in lung volumes, increased elastic recoil (reduced compliance), and varied effects on expiratory flow and reduced gas transfer. With time, lung volumes and gas transfer improved, but expiratory flow often remained decreased. The data on lung mechanics showed that reduced compliance was often found, but this increased recoil did not always produce high airflow indicating increased upstream airways resistance. Patients with a longer duration of the illness tended to have increased compliance (reduced recoil) and low airflow. These results show that the described pathological changes of airway involvement, fibrosis, and emphysema in allergic alveolitis are manifest in the lung function of patients with the disease.", "PMID": 684667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6151", "title": "Spirometry in healthy men: a correlation with smoking and with mild symptoms.", "content": "Symptoms, smoking history, and variates taken from the forced expiratory manoeuvre were studied in a group of 271 healthy men attending a mass radiography unit. It was found that correlation of the forced expiratory ratio (FEV1/FVC) with the presence of mild or moderate respiratory symptoms was at least as satisfactory as that of technically more complicated measurements such as MEF50 and MEF75. In asymptomatic individuals those differences associated with smoking were the same for FEV1/FVC as for MEF75. Asymptomatic abnormalities of lung function were not observed. Simple measurements such as FEV1/FVC can therefore provide as much information from a forced expiratory manoeuvre to screen for early airways obstruction as MEF50 and MEF75.", "contents": "Spirometry in healthy men: a correlation with smoking and with mild symptoms. Symptoms, smoking history, and variates taken from the forced expiratory manoeuvre were studied in a group of 271 healthy men attending a mass radiography unit. It was found that correlation of the forced expiratory ratio (FEV1/FVC) with the presence of mild or moderate respiratory symptoms was at least as satisfactory as that of technically more complicated measurements such as MEF50 and MEF75. In asymptomatic individuals those differences associated with smoking were the same for FEV1/FVC as for MEF75. Asymptomatic abnormalities of lung function were not observed. Simple measurements such as FEV1/FVC can therefore provide as much information from a forced expiratory manoeuvre to screen for early airways obstruction as MEF50 and MEF75.", "PMID": 684668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6152", "title": "Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in Rhodesian Africans.", "content": "The prevalence of chronic bronchitis in the African population of a small township in Rhodesia was estimated using two questionnaires, both based on those of the British Medical Research Council. The first, a screening questionnaire, was put to 9768 subjects aged 5 years and above and the second, a more detailed questionnaire, to random selections of these grouped according to their replies. Repeat interviews were used to assess the accuracy of the questionnaires. The overall prevalence of chronic bronchitis was 1.12%. This is much lower than most other surveys elsewhere. There was little evidence of an increase in prevalence with age, and rates were not significantly different in the two sexes. The prevalence of complications and of other chest symptoms was correspondingly low. The proportion of bronchitics who smoked was not significantly higher than in the controls. Amounts smoked, however, were generally much lower than in other populations, and this, together with low levels of pollution, probably account for the prevalence findings.", "contents": "Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in Rhodesian Africans. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis in the African population of a small township in Rhodesia was estimated using two questionnaires, both based on those of the British Medical Research Council. The first, a screening questionnaire, was put to 9768 subjects aged 5 years and above and the second, a more detailed questionnaire, to random selections of these grouped according to their replies. Repeat interviews were used to assess the accuracy of the questionnaires. The overall prevalence of chronic bronchitis was 1.12%. This is much lower than most other surveys elsewhere. There was little evidence of an increase in prevalence with age, and rates were not significantly different in the two sexes. The prevalence of complications and of other chest symptoms was correspondingly low. The proportion of bronchitics who smoked was not significantly higher than in the controls. Amounts smoked, however, were generally much lower than in other populations, and this, together with low levels of pollution, probably account for the prevalence findings.", "PMID": 684669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6153", "title": "Structural basis for the changing physical properties of human pulmonary vessels with age.", "content": "Circumferential strips of pulmonary vessel wall were obtained at necropsy from the major arterial and venous branches at the lung hilum in patients aged 7-87 years. The extensibility of these strips was measured using the tension balance method of Harris et al. (British Heart Journal, 1965, 27, 651-659). The vessels were then bisected, and half of each strip was submitted for structural analysis using morphometric methods on paraffin sections stained to show the collagen, elastin, and muscle content. The other halves of the formalin-fixed vessel strips were examined chemically to determine their collagen content by estimation of the total hydroxyproline content. The thickness of the vessel media was measured microscopically on all of the sections examined. Quantitative measurements were made on 42 arteries and 37 veins. Contrary to expectation, there was a steady fall in medial collagen content with increasing age in arteries and veins. The decrease in collagen content was similar in the morphometric and chemical studies and was statistically significant. The thickness of the vessel media did not change significantly with age. The pulmonary artery and vein strips were less extensible in the older age groups, the main change occurring in the elastic phase of the vascular stress/strain curves. It is suggested that changes in the elastic tissue at a molecular and lamellar level are responsible for the increasing stiffness of pulmonary vessels rather than changes in the medial collagen content.", "contents": "Structural basis for the changing physical properties of human pulmonary vessels with age. Circumferential strips of pulmonary vessel wall were obtained at necropsy from the major arterial and venous branches at the lung hilum in patients aged 7-87 years. The extensibility of these strips was measured using the tension balance method of Harris et al. (British Heart Journal, 1965, 27, 651-659). The vessels were then bisected, and half of each strip was submitted for structural analysis using morphometric methods on paraffin sections stained to show the collagen, elastin, and muscle content. The other halves of the formalin-fixed vessel strips were examined chemically to determine their collagen content by estimation of the total hydroxyproline content. The thickness of the vessel media was measured microscopically on all of the sections examined. Quantitative measurements were made on 42 arteries and 37 veins. Contrary to expectation, there was a steady fall in medial collagen content with increasing age in arteries and veins. The decrease in collagen content was similar in the morphometric and chemical studies and was statistically significant. The thickness of the vessel media did not change significantly with age. The pulmonary artery and vein strips were less extensible in the older age groups, the main change occurring in the elastic phase of the vascular stress/strain curves. It is suggested that changes in the elastic tissue at a molecular and lamellar level are responsible for the increasing stiffness of pulmonary vessels rather than changes in the medial collagen content.", "PMID": 684670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6154", "title": "Breath sounds in the clinical assessment of airflow obstruction.", "content": "In a group of 34 inpatients showing varying degrees of airflow obstruction we studied the relationship between breath sound intensity (BSI) and abnormalities of lung function. The BSI was evaluated by chest auscultation to provide a score, in a manner similar to that described by Pardee et al. (1976), and was found to correlate closely with indices of airflow obstruction of their logarithms such as specific conductance (r = 0.759), maximal expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity (r = 0.790), forced expiratory volume in one second (r = 0.768), and forced expiratory volume to vital capacity ratio (r = 0.860). Correlations with lung volumes, although statistically significant, were weaker. Multiple correlation studies showed that BSI score correlated independently with indices of both airflow obstruction and lung distension. In our experience, BSI score can be useful not only in the detection but also the quantification of airflow obstruction, although its predictive power is impaired in subjects with associated restrictive disorders. It can also fail to detect mild, pure airflow obstruction.", "contents": "Breath sounds in the clinical assessment of airflow obstruction. In a group of 34 inpatients showing varying degrees of airflow obstruction we studied the relationship between breath sound intensity (BSI) and abnormalities of lung function. The BSI was evaluated by chest auscultation to provide a score, in a manner similar to that described by Pardee et al. (1976), and was found to correlate closely with indices of airflow obstruction of their logarithms such as specific conductance (r = 0.759), maximal expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity (r = 0.790), forced expiratory volume in one second (r = 0.768), and forced expiratory volume to vital capacity ratio (r = 0.860). Correlations with lung volumes, although statistically significant, were weaker. Multiple correlation studies showed that BSI score correlated independently with indices of both airflow obstruction and lung distension. In our experience, BSI score can be useful not only in the detection but also the quantification of airflow obstruction, although its predictive power is impaired in subjects with associated restrictive disorders. It can also fail to detect mild, pure airflow obstruction.", "PMID": 684671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6155", "title": "An ultrasonic analysis of the comparative efficiency of various cardiotomy reservoirs and micropore blood filters.", "content": "The ability of 12 commercially available cardiotomy reservoirs to remove bubbles from aspirated blood was investigated by means of a simulated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit and an ultrasonic microbubble detector. Performance varied considerably. The number of gaseous microemboli remaining after passage of blood through the reservoir was reduced by (a) holding the blood in the reservoir, (b) reducing the volume of air mixed with the aspirated blood, and (c) using a reservoir that did not induce turbulence and that contained integral micropore filtration material. Further micropore filtration of the blood after passage through the cardiotomy reservoir was beneficial, and significantly more bubbles were extracted when the microfilter was sited below the reservoir than when it was placed in the arterial line.", "contents": "An ultrasonic analysis of the comparative efficiency of various cardiotomy reservoirs and micropore blood filters. The ability of 12 commercially available cardiotomy reservoirs to remove bubbles from aspirated blood was investigated by means of a simulated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit and an ultrasonic microbubble detector. Performance varied considerably. The number of gaseous microemboli remaining after passage of blood through the reservoir was reduced by (a) holding the blood in the reservoir, (b) reducing the volume of air mixed with the aspirated blood, and (c) using a reservoir that did not induce turbulence and that contained integral micropore filtration material. Further micropore filtration of the blood after passage through the cardiotomy reservoir was beneficial, and significantly more bubbles were extracted when the microfilter was sited below the reservoir than when it was placed in the arterial line.", "PMID": 684672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6156", "title": "Collagen diseases as a cause of constrictive pericarditis.", "content": "Seven patients with constrictive pericarditis associated with collagen disease underwent pericardiectomy with good results in all but one. The collagen disease was confirmed as rheumatoid arthritis in five patients, but in two its nature remained obscure. In one case the illness was marked by a persistent eosinophilia and eosinophilic infiltration of the pericardium. The association of constrictive pericarditis with rheumatoid arthritis and other collagenoses is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Collagen diseases as a cause of constrictive pericarditis. Seven patients with constrictive pericarditis associated with collagen disease underwent pericardiectomy with good results in all but one. The collagen disease was confirmed as rheumatoid arthritis in five patients, but in two its nature remained obscure. In one case the illness was marked by a persistent eosinophilia and eosinophilic infiltration of the pericardium. The association of constrictive pericarditis with rheumatoid arthritis and other collagenoses is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 684673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6157", "title": "Lung cancer in Japanese chromate workers.", "content": "We have treated ten patients with lung cancer among workers in a chromate factory between 1972 and 1976. Four further cases were also found through death certificates and medical records. Most were smokers and all were men. The average duration of exposure to chromate was 24 years (range 10 to 36). The cell type in our ten patients was squamous in seven and small anaplastic type in three. The primary sites were all in large bronchi. The incidence (person per year) calculated from the number of employees, duration of factory activity, number of cancer patients, and shortest duration of labour period among the patients was 657.9 per 100,000 compared to 13.3 per 100,000 in Japan as a whole.", "contents": "Lung cancer in Japanese chromate workers. We have treated ten patients with lung cancer among workers in a chromate factory between 1972 and 1976. Four further cases were also found through death certificates and medical records. Most were smokers and all were men. The average duration of exposure to chromate was 24 years (range 10 to 36). The cell type in our ten patients was squamous in seven and small anaplastic type in three. The primary sites were all in large bronchi. The incidence (person per year) calculated from the number of employees, duration of factory activity, number of cancer patients, and shortest duration of labour period among the patients was 657.9 per 100,000 compared to 13.3 per 100,000 in Japan as a whole.", "PMID": 684674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6158", "title": "Cardiac involvement and superior vena caval obstruction in Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "A patient with Beh\u00e7et's disease developed the rare complications of pericarditis and, two months later, superior vena caval obstruction. The latter complication was investigated by angiography to exclude other causes. As a result of this investigation the caval obstruction was managed conservatively, the symptoms and signs improving spontaneously.", "contents": "Cardiac involvement and superior vena caval obstruction in Beh\u00e7et's disease. A patient with Beh\u00e7et's disease developed the rare complications of pericarditis and, two months later, superior vena caval obstruction. The latter complication was investigated by angiography to exclude other causes. As a result of this investigation the caval obstruction was managed conservatively, the symptoms and signs improving spontaneously.", "PMID": 684675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6159", "title": "Resection of thyroid carcinoma infiltrating the trachea.", "content": "We have treated surgically 11 patients with thyroid carcinoma that had infiltrated into the trachea. Three patients had primary tumours, and eight had recurrent tumours after previous operations. Sleeve resection of trachea was performed where thyroid carcinoma had proliferated; the trachea was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis. In two patients 10 rings of the trachea were resected. In three patients the anterior half of the cricoid cartilage was resected along with the cervical trachea. In one patient tracheoplasty was performed using partial extracorporeal circulation because severe tracheal stenosis prevented endotracheal intubation. Two of the 11 patients died from the surgery and one from disseminated metastases. One patient who had undergone tracheal resection for thyroid carcinoma three years and five months previously had a recurrence of the tumour in the trachea adjacent to the anastomosis, and a second tracheal resection was performed. In three patients postoperative laryngeal stenosis occurred. Five patients are alive and well two years and one month to four years and seven months after their operations. The histological pattern of the tumour was papillary adenocarcinoma in all 11 patients.", "contents": "Resection of thyroid carcinoma infiltrating the trachea. We have treated surgically 11 patients with thyroid carcinoma that had infiltrated into the trachea. Three patients had primary tumours, and eight had recurrent tumours after previous operations. Sleeve resection of trachea was performed where thyroid carcinoma had proliferated; the trachea was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis. In two patients 10 rings of the trachea were resected. In three patients the anterior half of the cricoid cartilage was resected along with the cervical trachea. In one patient tracheoplasty was performed using partial extracorporeal circulation because severe tracheal stenosis prevented endotracheal intubation. Two of the 11 patients died from the surgery and one from disseminated metastases. One patient who had undergone tracheal resection for thyroid carcinoma three years and five months previously had a recurrence of the tumour in the trachea adjacent to the anastomosis, and a second tracheal resection was performed. In three patients postoperative laryngeal stenosis occurred. Five patients are alive and well two years and one month to four years and seven months after their operations. The histological pattern of the tumour was papillary adenocarcinoma in all 11 patients.", "PMID": 684676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6160", "title": "Results of treating primary tumours of the trachea by irradiation.", "content": "Forty-four patients presented with primary tumours of the trachea over a 25-year period. Thirty-nine of them were treated by irradiation. Of these, 24 (61.5%) died as a result of their disease while 30% are either alive and well (4.4-11 years) or have died of intercurrent disease (average four years). Recurrences or metastases when they occurred were in the first two years after diagnosis in all but one patient, who developed local recurrence 3.25 years later. Three patients died of unknown cause (average 5.6 years) after irradiation. Two factors seem to determine the prognosis: the histology and the extent of disease on presentation. Dysphagia without oesophageal involvement carried a grave prognosis.", "contents": "Results of treating primary tumours of the trachea by irradiation. Forty-four patients presented with primary tumours of the trachea over a 25-year period. Thirty-nine of them were treated by irradiation. Of these, 24 (61.5%) died as a result of their disease while 30% are either alive and well (4.4-11 years) or have died of intercurrent disease (average four years). Recurrences or metastases when they occurred were in the first two years after diagnosis in all but one patient, who developed local recurrence 3.25 years later. Three patients died of unknown cause (average 5.6 years) after irradiation. Two factors seem to determine the prognosis: the histology and the extent of disease on presentation. Dysphagia without oesophageal involvement carried a grave prognosis.", "PMID": 684677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6161", "title": "Acute changes of lung volumes and lung mechanics in asthma and in normal subjects.", "content": "Lung volumes, pulmonary mechanics, and specific airway conductance (sGaw) were studied before and 15 minutes after 200 microgram of aerosol salbutamol in nine asthmatics undergoing mild spontaneous exacerbations of their disease and in five normal subjects. In addition, three of the normal subjects were studied after voluntarily breathing at high lung volumes for one minute. The normal subjects and four of the asthmatics showed no overall changes in lung volumes or pressure-volume (PV) curves after salbutamol, even though airway dilatation was produced in the asthmatic subjects. In another five asthmatics, salbutamol induced a significant fall in the total lung capacity (TLC) in three, and in the residual volume and functional residual capacity in all five. There was a significant displacement of the PV curve downwards and to the right in all five, with increased lung compliance (Cl stat) in two. The fall in TLC could be accounted for by the increase in lung elasticity. There is reason to believe that this change in lung mechanics could be due to the reversal of asthma-induced stress relaxation. Sustained breathing at high lung volume is known to cause stress relaxation of the lung. However, this breathing pattern did not alter the PV curve or TLC in two of three normal subjects, which is consistent with stress relaxation being rapidly reversible. The other normal subject had an acute shift of the PV curve upwards and to the left after breathing at high lung volume. It has been concluded that stress relaxation is usually rapidly reversed but that in some individuals it may only be slowly reversed. This more persistent form of stress relaxation may contribute to the acute changes of TLC found in some asthmatics.", "contents": "Acute changes of lung volumes and lung mechanics in asthma and in normal subjects. Lung volumes, pulmonary mechanics, and specific airway conductance (sGaw) were studied before and 15 minutes after 200 microgram of aerosol salbutamol in nine asthmatics undergoing mild spontaneous exacerbations of their disease and in five normal subjects. In addition, three of the normal subjects were studied after voluntarily breathing at high lung volumes for one minute. The normal subjects and four of the asthmatics showed no overall changes in lung volumes or pressure-volume (PV) curves after salbutamol, even though airway dilatation was produced in the asthmatic subjects. In another five asthmatics, salbutamol induced a significant fall in the total lung capacity (TLC) in three, and in the residual volume and functional residual capacity in all five. There was a significant displacement of the PV curve downwards and to the right in all five, with increased lung compliance (Cl stat) in two. The fall in TLC could be accounted for by the increase in lung elasticity. There is reason to believe that this change in lung mechanics could be due to the reversal of asthma-induced stress relaxation. Sustained breathing at high lung volume is known to cause stress relaxation of the lung. However, this breathing pattern did not alter the PV curve or TLC in two of three normal subjects, which is consistent with stress relaxation being rapidly reversible. The other normal subject had an acute shift of the PV curve upwards and to the left after breathing at high lung volume. It has been concluded that stress relaxation is usually rapidly reversed but that in some individuals it may only be slowly reversed. This more persistent form of stress relaxation may contribute to the acute changes of TLC found in some asthmatics.", "PMID": 684678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6162", "title": "Variation in airways resistance when defined over different ranges of airflows.", "content": "In eight normal subjects airways resistance (Raw) was assessed over six ranges of airflow (about zero flow at both minimum and maximum lung volumes) using an automated whole body plethysmograph. The intervals of flow used were 21s-1 and 11s-1 spanning zero flow, and 11s-1 and 0.51s-1 measured up to and from zero flow. The wider intervals gave less variable results, the coefficients of variation being of the order 11%, 15%, and 22% for the 2, 1, and 0.51s-1 intervals respectively. In all subjects, at minimum volume Raw was some 1.5 times greater when measured over the ranges at end-expiration than at start-expiration; at maximum volume Raw was some 1.3 times greater when measured over the ranges at end-inspiration than at start-expiration. A slight increase in the slopes of the oscilloscope traces used to determine Raw was observed at minimum volume compared with those at maximum volume. In view of the substantial differences reported it is essential that the exact range of flow, and the respiratory phase used, is described when reporting measurements of Raw. Least variability is obtained by estimating slopes over a wide interval of flow, such as 1 or 21s-1.", "contents": "Variation in airways resistance when defined over different ranges of airflows. In eight normal subjects airways resistance (Raw) was assessed over six ranges of airflow (about zero flow at both minimum and maximum lung volumes) using an automated whole body plethysmograph. The intervals of flow used were 21s-1 and 11s-1 spanning zero flow, and 11s-1 and 0.51s-1 measured up to and from zero flow. The wider intervals gave less variable results, the coefficients of variation being of the order 11%, 15%, and 22% for the 2, 1, and 0.51s-1 intervals respectively. In all subjects, at minimum volume Raw was some 1.5 times greater when measured over the ranges at end-expiration than at start-expiration; at maximum volume Raw was some 1.3 times greater when measured over the ranges at end-inspiration than at start-expiration. A slight increase in the slopes of the oscilloscope traces used to determine Raw was observed at minimum volume compared with those at maximum volume. In view of the substantial differences reported it is essential that the exact range of flow, and the respiratory phase used, is described when reporting measurements of Raw. Least variability is obtained by estimating slopes over a wide interval of flow, such as 1 or 21s-1.", "PMID": 684679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6163", "title": "Large intercostal arteriovenous aneurysm: successful surgical correction.", "content": "A large aberrant systemic artery to superior vena cava communication associated with normal lungs and normal pulmonary arteries has never been reported. This lesion, its diagnosis, and successful surgical management are discussed.", "contents": "Large intercostal arteriovenous aneurysm: successful surgical correction. A large aberrant systemic artery to superior vena cava communication associated with normal lungs and normal pulmonary arteries has never been reported. This lesion, its diagnosis, and successful surgical management are discussed.", "PMID": 684680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6164", "title": "[Penicillin residues in yearlings following preventive treatment of summer mastitis with a preparation containing high doses of penicillin for use of dry cows (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of questions arising in the field, regarding the periode for which treatment with a preparation containing high doses of penicillin for use of dry cows to prevent summer mastitis may result in a positive kidney test, the urinary concentrations of penicillin in these animals were determined. The study of these levels, in conjunction with previous experience in cattle, showed that kidney tests are only likely to be positive during the first two days.", "contents": "[Penicillin residues in yearlings following preventive treatment of summer mastitis with a preparation containing high doses of penicillin for use of dry cows (author's transl)]. In view of questions arising in the field, regarding the periode for which treatment with a preparation containing high doses of penicillin for use of dry cows to prevent summer mastitis may result in a positive kidney test, the urinary concentrations of penicillin in these animals were determined. The study of these levels, in conjunction with previous experience in cattle, showed that kidney tests are only likely to be positive during the first two days.", "PMID": 684729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6165", "title": "[Spectacles for dogs and cats (author's transl)].", "content": "Indications for using spectacles in dogs and cats are reviewed. These indications are classified into the following categories: (1) correction of visual acuity, (2) protection against external irritants such as ultraviolet rays and wind, (3) prevention of self-mutilation and (4) psychological reasons. The only justifiable indications for the use of spectacles or sun-glasses in dogs or cats consist in the treatment or prevention of some ophthalmic disorders.", "contents": "[Spectacles for dogs and cats (author's transl)]. Indications for using spectacles in dogs and cats are reviewed. These indications are classified into the following categories: (1) correction of visual acuity, (2) protection against external irritants such as ultraviolet rays and wind, (3) prevention of self-mutilation and (4) psychological reasons. The only justifiable indications for the use of spectacles or sun-glasses in dogs or cats consist in the treatment or prevention of some ophthalmic disorders.", "PMID": 684730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6166", "title": "[Using spectacles in a poodle (author's transl)].", "content": "A three-year-old poodle showed changes in its behaviour, which were so marked as to induce the owner to inquire after the possible use of spectacles for her dog. After examination of the eyes and consultation of an optician, it was decided to measure the animal for a pair of spectacles. The results were satisfactory. It should be pointed out that using spectacles for impairment of visual acuity will not often occur.", "contents": "[Using spectacles in a poodle (author's transl)]. A three-year-old poodle showed changes in its behaviour, which were so marked as to induce the owner to inquire after the possible use of spectacles for her dog. After examination of the eyes and consultation of an optician, it was decided to measure the animal for a pair of spectacles. The results were satisfactory. It should be pointed out that using spectacles for impairment of visual acuity will not often occur.", "PMID": 684731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6167", "title": "[Contamination and age as factors in the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The relationship between contamination with Bordetella bronchiseptica or Pasteurella multocida and the age of the piglets on the one hand and the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis on the other, is discussed. Minimal disease-free piglets born and reared on farms on which pigs affected with clinical atrophic rhinitis were present, developed clinical atrophic rhinitis at the age of six weeks. Piglets born in the Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of sows from herds including pigs affected with atrophic rhinitis and reared under normal CVI conditions, did not develop clinical atrophic rhinitis. These sows are believed to be factors of minor importance in the pathogenesis of clinical atrophic rhinitis in piglets. When minimal disease-free piglets were contaminated during the third or fourth week of life, a slight degree of foreshortening of the upper jaw was observed in three out of nine pigs, the carcase weights of these animals not differing markedly from those of normal swine. When they were contaminated at the age of eight weeks, clinical atrophic rhinitis did not appear. It is essential that young piglets should be protected against atrophic rhinitis during the first few weeks of life.", "contents": "[Contamination and age as factors in the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis (author's transl)]. The relationship between contamination with Bordetella bronchiseptica or Pasteurella multocida and the age of the piglets on the one hand and the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis on the other, is discussed. Minimal disease-free piglets born and reared on farms on which pigs affected with clinical atrophic rhinitis were present, developed clinical atrophic rhinitis at the age of six weeks. Piglets born in the Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of sows from herds including pigs affected with atrophic rhinitis and reared under normal CVI conditions, did not develop clinical atrophic rhinitis. These sows are believed to be factors of minor importance in the pathogenesis of clinical atrophic rhinitis in piglets. When minimal disease-free piglets were contaminated during the third or fourth week of life, a slight degree of foreshortening of the upper jaw was observed in three out of nine pigs, the carcase weights of these animals not differing markedly from those of normal swine. When they were contaminated at the age of eight weeks, clinical atrophic rhinitis did not appear. It is essential that young piglets should be protected against atrophic rhinitis during the first few weeks of life.", "PMID": 684734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6168", "title": "[The presence of meconium in newborn lambs (author's transl)].", "content": "Meconium was present on the fleece of 114 newborn lambs in sixty-two per cent of the cases. It was observed in forty per cent of the firstlings of primiparae, whereas the highest proportion (eighty-two per cent) was seen in the group of the lambs of pluriparous ewes, which were born later. A short normal gestation period (less than 144 days), a low birth-weight (less than 4.0 kg.) and a short period of parturition appear to result in a reduced incidence of the presence of meconium.", "contents": "[The presence of meconium in newborn lambs (author's transl)]. Meconium was present on the fleece of 114 newborn lambs in sixty-two per cent of the cases. It was observed in forty per cent of the firstlings of primiparae, whereas the highest proportion (eighty-two per cent) was seen in the group of the lambs of pluriparous ewes, which were born later. A short normal gestation period (less than 144 days), a low birth-weight (less than 4.0 kg.) and a short period of parturition appear to result in a reduced incidence of the presence of meconium.", "PMID": 684735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6169", "title": "Distribution of nickel and cytogenetic changes in poisoned rats.", "content": "The effect of dose and duration of exposure on the relative distribution of nickel in the vital organs and bone of albino rats was investigated. The rate of accumulation of the metal, in general, was highest in myocardium and spleen followed by kidney, bone and other tissues. The sub-cellular fractionation of myocardium revealed higher metal localization in nuclear and mitochondrial fractions than in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions. However, the uptake of metal by various tissues and its sub-cellular distribution was regulated by the dose and duration of exposure. No significant chromosomal damage was observed in either the bone marrow or the spermatogonial cells in the animals during early nickel intoxication.", "contents": "Distribution of nickel and cytogenetic changes in poisoned rats. The effect of dose and duration of exposure on the relative distribution of nickel in the vital organs and bone of albino rats was investigated. The rate of accumulation of the metal, in general, was highest in myocardium and spleen followed by kidney, bone and other tissues. The sub-cellular fractionation of myocardium revealed higher metal localization in nuclear and mitochondrial fractions than in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions. However, the uptake of metal by various tissues and its sub-cellular distribution was regulated by the dose and duration of exposure. No significant chromosomal damage was observed in either the bone marrow or the spermatogonial cells in the animals during early nickel intoxication.", "PMID": 684755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6170", "title": "Catalytic effects by thioltransferase on the transfer of methylmercury and p-mercuribenzoate from macromolecules to low molecular weight thiol compounds.", "content": "Thiol agarose and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were blocked with methylmercury or p-mercuribenzoate. The exchange of mercurials between the thiol-containing polymers and glutathione or dithioerythritol was investigated. The activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was inhibited by blocking thiol-groups with the mercury compounds. Inhibition was reversible when a short period of inactivation was used. Inactivation for longer periods resulted in reduced regain of enzyme activity. The activity was in part regained when either of the 2 thiol compounds was added. Thioltransferase, known to catalyze thiol-disulfide exchange reactions, increased the regain of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity to nearly the original value. Here, thioltransferase is proposed to catalyze the transfer of organomercurial from one thiol complex to another. Some consequences of the observations in vivo are discussed.", "contents": "Catalytic effects by thioltransferase on the transfer of methylmercury and p-mercuribenzoate from macromolecules to low molecular weight thiol compounds. Thiol agarose and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were blocked with methylmercury or p-mercuribenzoate. The exchange of mercurials between the thiol-containing polymers and glutathione or dithioerythritol was investigated. The activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was inhibited by blocking thiol-groups with the mercury compounds. Inhibition was reversible when a short period of inactivation was used. Inactivation for longer periods resulted in reduced regain of enzyme activity. The activity was in part regained when either of the 2 thiol compounds was added. Thioltransferase, known to catalyze thiol-disulfide exchange reactions, increased the regain of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity to nearly the original value. Here, thioltransferase is proposed to catalyze the transfer of organomercurial from one thiol complex to another. Some consequences of the observations in vivo are discussed.", "PMID": 684756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6171", "title": "Vaginal absorption of hexachlorophene in the rat.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of hexachlorophene (HCP) was studied in sexually mature virgin Wistar rats. [14C] HCP was injected either via the femoral vein, (ivn, 0.87 or 3.87 mg/kg in saline) or into the vaginal orifice (ivg, 0.87 mg/kg in corn oil). The disappearance of 14C from the blood after ivn administration followed the kinetics of a 2 compartment open model. The blood 14C profiles were superimposable, suggesting that the distribution and elimination rate constants for both doses were similar. After ivg application of [14C] HCP, 14C was detected in tail blood at 0.5 h, peaked between 2 and 4 h and disappeared slowly to 12 h but more rapidly thereafter. Less than 10% of the ivg dose of [14C] HCP remained in the vagina after 4 h. The cumulative recoveries of 14C in the faeces and urine 5 days after ivn administration were 85% and 4.6% of the dose, respectively. Comparable recoveries following ivg administration were 72% and 3.7%. The results suggest that HCP readily penetrates through the vaginal mucosa of the rat.", "contents": "Vaginal absorption of hexachlorophene in the rat. The pharmacokinetics of hexachlorophene (HCP) was studied in sexually mature virgin Wistar rats. [14C] HCP was injected either via the femoral vein, (ivn, 0.87 or 3.87 mg/kg in saline) or into the vaginal orifice (ivg, 0.87 mg/kg in corn oil). The disappearance of 14C from the blood after ivn administration followed the kinetics of a 2 compartment open model. The blood 14C profiles were superimposable, suggesting that the distribution and elimination rate constants for both doses were similar. After ivg application of [14C] HCP, 14C was detected in tail blood at 0.5 h, peaked between 2 and 4 h and disappeared slowly to 12 h but more rapidly thereafter. Less than 10% of the ivg dose of [14C] HCP remained in the vagina after 4 h. The cumulative recoveries of 14C in the faeces and urine 5 days after ivn administration were 85% and 4.6% of the dose, respectively. Comparable recoveries following ivg administration were 72% and 3.7%. The results suggest that HCP readily penetrates through the vaginal mucosa of the rat.", "PMID": 684757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6172", "title": "Inhibition of mixed function oxidases in rat liver by trans- and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene.", "content": "A single 8-h exposure to trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-DCE) or cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (c-DCE) at 200 ppm (hygienic standard in workplaces) resulted in a significant increase in the hexobarbital sleeping time, the zoxazolamine paralysis time, and the metabolic formation of 4-aminoantipyrine from aminopyrine in adult female Wistar rats. Higher DCE concentrations caused a dose-dependent and substantial enhancement of these effects, the effects of c-DCE being stronger than that of t-DCE. In the course of enzyme-kinetic measurements in isolated rat liver microsomes, t-DCE proved to be a competitive inhibitor of the oxidative N-demethylation of aminopyrine and of the O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole. It is concluded from the results that the inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism is caused by a competitive and reversible interaction of the 2 DCE isomers with the mixed-function oxidase system, the interaction possibly operating at the type I binding site.", "contents": "Inhibition of mixed function oxidases in rat liver by trans- and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene. A single 8-h exposure to trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-DCE) or cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (c-DCE) at 200 ppm (hygienic standard in workplaces) resulted in a significant increase in the hexobarbital sleeping time, the zoxazolamine paralysis time, and the metabolic formation of 4-aminoantipyrine from aminopyrine in adult female Wistar rats. Higher DCE concentrations caused a dose-dependent and substantial enhancement of these effects, the effects of c-DCE being stronger than that of t-DCE. In the course of enzyme-kinetic measurements in isolated rat liver microsomes, t-DCE proved to be a competitive inhibitor of the oxidative N-demethylation of aminopyrine and of the O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole. It is concluded from the results that the inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism is caused by a competitive and reversible interaction of the 2 DCE isomers with the mixed-function oxidase system, the interaction possibly operating at the type I binding site.", "PMID": 684758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6173", "title": "Mutagenic evaluation of single cell protein with various mammalian test systems.", "content": "Single cell protein (SCP)--a product containing 80% raw protein obtained from bacteria grown on a methanol substrate--was tested for mutagenicity in 5 in vivo tests in different mammalian species. The animals were fed either a standard laboratory diet, a semi-synthetic diet, diets containing 12.5 and 25% SCP or pure SCP. The following investigations were carried out: dominant-lethal-test; host-mediated assay; micronucleus test; chromosome studies in bone marrow cells; in vivo sister chromatid exchange test. The statistical evaluation of all test results did not reveal any evidence for mutagenic activity of the SCP.", "contents": "Mutagenic evaluation of single cell protein with various mammalian test systems. Single cell protein (SCP)--a product containing 80% raw protein obtained from bacteria grown on a methanol substrate--was tested for mutagenicity in 5 in vivo tests in different mammalian species. The animals were fed either a standard laboratory diet, a semi-synthetic diet, diets containing 12.5 and 25% SCP or pure SCP. The following investigations were carried out: dominant-lethal-test; host-mediated assay; micronucleus test; chromosome studies in bone marrow cells; in vivo sister chromatid exchange test. The statistical evaluation of all test results did not reveal any evidence for mutagenic activity of the SCP.", "PMID": 684759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6174", "title": "Acute cardiovascular toxicity of trazodone, etoperidone and imipramine in rats.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of trazodone, a broad-spectrum antidepressant and its analogue etoperidone, were compared with imipramine, following intravenous infusion in rats. Their effects on electrocardiogram and blood pressure were simultaneously recorded until cardiac arrest. Hypotension was the primary effect of trazodone and etoperidone. ECG changes, i.e. lengthening of the PR interval, were observed only when the blood pressure reached very low values. On the other hand, imipramine produced first the well known ECG changes and then a drop in blood pressure. As far as mortality was concerned, trazodone was the least toxic drug, followed by etoperidone, whereas imipramine was most toxic; these differences being in agreement with the LD50 values reported in rats by the i.v. route. It is concluded that trazodone and etoperidone produce in rats cardiovascular effects, which are different from those of imipramine. Moreover these differences are consistent with their pharmacological properties, particularly their interaction with catecholamines, which are inhibited by trazodone or etoperidone and potentiated by imipramine.", "contents": "Acute cardiovascular toxicity of trazodone, etoperidone and imipramine in rats. The cardiovascular effects of trazodone, a broad-spectrum antidepressant and its analogue etoperidone, were compared with imipramine, following intravenous infusion in rats. Their effects on electrocardiogram and blood pressure were simultaneously recorded until cardiac arrest. Hypotension was the primary effect of trazodone and etoperidone. ECG changes, i.e. lengthening of the PR interval, were observed only when the blood pressure reached very low values. On the other hand, imipramine produced first the well known ECG changes and then a drop in blood pressure. As far as mortality was concerned, trazodone was the least toxic drug, followed by etoperidone, whereas imipramine was most toxic; these differences being in agreement with the LD50 values reported in rats by the i.v. route. It is concluded that trazodone and etoperidone produce in rats cardiovascular effects, which are different from those of imipramine. Moreover these differences are consistent with their pharmacological properties, particularly their interaction with catecholamines, which are inhibited by trazodone or etoperidone and potentiated by imipramine.", "PMID": 684760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6175", "title": "Studies on the gastrointestinal absorption of N-nitrosamines: effect of dietary constituents.", "content": "Studies on the intestinal absorption of N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) in the rat have shown that the presence of dietary constituents such as fat markedly reduced the rate of disappearance of this nitrosamine whereas the presence of protein and carbohydrate had little effect on the absorption rate. Fat was also found to reduce the absorption rate of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPY) and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP). Further it was confirmed that the small-intestinal tract of the rat has the ability to degrade DMN. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the biological fate of orally ingested nitrosamines.", "contents": "Studies on the gastrointestinal absorption of N-nitrosamines: effect of dietary constituents. Studies on the intestinal absorption of N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) in the rat have shown that the presence of dietary constituents such as fat markedly reduced the rate of disappearance of this nitrosamine whereas the presence of protein and carbohydrate had little effect on the absorption rate. Fat was also found to reduce the absorption rate of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPY) and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP). Further it was confirmed that the small-intestinal tract of the rat has the ability to degrade DMN. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the biological fate of orally ingested nitrosamines.", "PMID": 684761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6176", "title": "Multigeneration reproduction studies with carmoisine in rats.", "content": "Carmoisine (C.I. (1956) No. 14720) was fed at levels of 0, 0.35, 0.8 and 2.0% in the diet of rats throughout a multigeneration reproduction study. The dye had not untoward effects on reproduction capacity of any of the generations studied. Fertility, lactation and viability indices of all groups fed carmoisine did not differ significantly from controls at any stage of the study. These results indicate a maximum no-effect level of 2% in the diet. Data from an additional nine-week feeding study (dietary levels were 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) suggest that the no-effect level may in fact be even higher since 4% carmoisine in the diet was tolerated without evidence of overt toxicity.", "contents": "Multigeneration reproduction studies with carmoisine in rats. Carmoisine (C.I. (1956) No. 14720) was fed at levels of 0, 0.35, 0.8 and 2.0% in the diet of rats throughout a multigeneration reproduction study. The dye had not untoward effects on reproduction capacity of any of the generations studied. Fertility, lactation and viability indices of all groups fed carmoisine did not differ significantly from controls at any stage of the study. These results indicate a maximum no-effect level of 2% in the diet. Data from an additional nine-week feeding study (dietary levels were 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) suggest that the no-effect level may in fact be even higher since 4% carmoisine in the diet was tolerated without evidence of overt toxicity.", "PMID": 684762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6177", "title": "A one year feeding study with carmoisine in rats.", "content": "Rat fed carmoisine (C.I. (1956) No. 14720) at 0.35, 0.8 or 2.0% in the diet for 52 weeks showed no adverse effects of the dye when compared to control animals. Mortality, weight gain, hematological values and relative organ weights were the same in control and treated animals. There was no increase in tumor incidence due to carmoisine treatment. Male rats fed 2.0% carmoisine showed an increased incidence of several mild subclinical conditions (minimal bronchitis and tracheal inflammation). Because of this occurrence, the maximum no-effect level after 1 year exposure appears to be 0.8%, equivalent to a daily intake of approx. 400 mg/kg.", "contents": "A one year feeding study with carmoisine in rats. Rat fed carmoisine (C.I. (1956) No. 14720) at 0.35, 0.8 or 2.0% in the diet for 52 weeks showed no adverse effects of the dye when compared to control animals. Mortality, weight gain, hematological values and relative organ weights were the same in control and treated animals. There was no increase in tumor incidence due to carmoisine treatment. Male rats fed 2.0% carmoisine showed an increased incidence of several mild subclinical conditions (minimal bronchitis and tracheal inflammation). Because of this occurrence, the maximum no-effect level after 1 year exposure appears to be 0.8%, equivalent to a daily intake of approx. 400 mg/kg.", "PMID": 684763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6178", "title": "A study of the teratogenicity of butylated hydroxyanisole on rabbits.", "content": "A teratogenicity study on butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was carried out in SPF New Zealand White rabbits. BHA was given by gavage from day 7--18 of the gestation period in doses of 0, 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg body wt./day. The fetuses were removed on day 28. No effect related to the treatment with BHA was observed on the number of corpora luteae, implantations, fetuses dead or alive, or on gross malformations, skeletal and internal malformations, and on the weight of the fetuses.", "contents": "A study of the teratogenicity of butylated hydroxyanisole on rabbits. A teratogenicity study on butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was carried out in SPF New Zealand White rabbits. BHA was given by gavage from day 7--18 of the gestation period in doses of 0, 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg body wt./day. The fetuses were removed on day 28. No effect related to the treatment with BHA was observed on the number of corpora luteae, implantations, fetuses dead or alive, or on gross malformations, skeletal and internal malformations, and on the weight of the fetuses.", "PMID": 684764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6179", "title": "[Liposarcoma of the soft tissues of extremities: a contribution to clinical diagnosis and treatment author's transl].", "content": "Liposarcoma is a rare soft-tissue tumor. According to Enzinger, there are five subgoups. Histological criteria, the beginning, diagnostic and therapy of this tumor are represented. Results have been ascertained as follows, founded on eight cases of our own: 1. Adequate radical surgery and radiation therapy are needed in each case. 2. Recurrences are frequently, metastasition is rarely observed. 3. The prognosis is poor, if a recurrence appears within two years.", "contents": "[Liposarcoma of the soft tissues of extremities: a contribution to clinical diagnosis and treatment author's transl]. Liposarcoma is a rare soft-tissue tumor. According to Enzinger, there are five subgoups. Histological criteria, the beginning, diagnostic and therapy of this tumor are represented. Results have been ascertained as follows, founded on eight cases of our own: 1. Adequate radical surgery and radiation therapy are needed in each case. 2. Recurrences are frequently, metastasition is rarely observed. 3. The prognosis is poor, if a recurrence appears within two years.", "PMID": 684772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6180", "title": "[Medical applications of cyclotrons (author's transl)].", "content": "Isochronous cyclotrons used to accelerate different charge particles (protons, deuterons, alphas...) at variable energies, have important medical applications, for neutron teletherapy, in vivo or in vitro activation analysis or production of short-lived radioisotopes for nuclear medicine. The characteristics of the cyclotron presently available are described for these three applications (low energy \"compact\" cyclotrons, cyclotrons of intermediate and high energies), and their advantages are discussed from the points of view of the medical requirements, the financial investments and the results obtained.", "contents": "[Medical applications of cyclotrons (author's transl)]. Isochronous cyclotrons used to accelerate different charge particles (protons, deuterons, alphas...) at variable energies, have important medical applications, for neutron teletherapy, in vivo or in vitro activation analysis or production of short-lived radioisotopes for nuclear medicine. The characteristics of the cyclotron presently available are described for these three applications (low energy \"compact\" cyclotrons, cyclotrons of intermediate and high energies), and their advantages are discussed from the points of view of the medical requirements, the financial investments and the results obtained.", "PMID": 684773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6181", "title": "Prostatic cancer treated at the Rotterdam radiotherapy institute.", "content": "The results of radiation therapy of patients with carcinoma of the prostate category T3-4NxMo are compared with those of the hormonal therapy and with those of hormonal therapy combined with external irradiation. The type of first indicators of existing or threatening metastases has been evaluated, their appearance after first treatment and the period between their appearance and the development of clinical metastases have been assessed. These data and perhaps the bone-marrow serum acid phosphatase levels prior to treatment might be helpful in the choice of treatment. As damage due to irradiation has become minimal, radiation therapy should be preferred in all patients prone to cardio-vascular accidents and in healthy men up to about 75 years.", "contents": "Prostatic cancer treated at the Rotterdam radiotherapy institute. The results of radiation therapy of patients with carcinoma of the prostate category T3-4NxMo are compared with those of the hormonal therapy and with those of hormonal therapy combined with external irradiation. The type of first indicators of existing or threatening metastases has been evaluated, their appearance after first treatment and the period between their appearance and the development of clinical metastases have been assessed. These data and perhaps the bone-marrow serum acid phosphatase levels prior to treatment might be helpful in the choice of treatment. As damage due to irradiation has become minimal, radiation therapy should be preferred in all patients prone to cardio-vascular accidents and in healthy men up to about 75 years.", "PMID": 684774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6182", "title": "Radiotherapy of carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "In the years 1963 to 1971, 58 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate were irradiated to control the disease locally. Complete regression of the tumour occured in 38 patients (66%). A definite response to radiotherapy does not seem to be related to the degree of histological differentiation. The 5-year survival rate for the entire material was 33% and for the T3NxMo group 44%.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of carcinoma of the prostate. In the years 1963 to 1971, 58 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate were irradiated to control the disease locally. Complete regression of the tumour occured in 38 patients (66%). A definite response to radiotherapy does not seem to be related to the degree of histological differentiation. The 5-year survival rate for the entire material was 33% and for the T3NxMo group 44%.", "PMID": 684775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6183", "title": "Changes of blood components on in vitro and in vivo irradiation in cancer therapy.", "content": "In vivo irradiation of the blood followed by a local or parenteral injection with irradiated blood is a useful tool in radiotherapy. To reveal changes in the components of irradiated blood, the serum enzymes LDH, GOT and GPT were examined in the blood of healthy donors, and cancer patients. The same enzymes were determined in the blood of in vivo radiation-treated patients. It seems that with some restrictions LDH offers a possibility to be regarded as biological indicator of radiation effects. Beside enzyme determinations blood picture was taken and immunological methods were used too, to check their usefulness in the evaluation of radiotherapy.", "contents": "Changes of blood components on in vitro and in vivo irradiation in cancer therapy. In vivo irradiation of the blood followed by a local or parenteral injection with irradiated blood is a useful tool in radiotherapy. To reveal changes in the components of irradiated blood, the serum enzymes LDH, GOT and GPT were examined in the blood of healthy donors, and cancer patients. The same enzymes were determined in the blood of in vivo radiation-treated patients. It seems that with some restrictions LDH offers a possibility to be regarded as biological indicator of radiation effects. Beside enzyme determinations blood picture was taken and immunological methods were used too, to check their usefulness in the evaluation of radiotherapy.", "PMID": 684776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6184", "title": "[Cell loss after combined thermo-radiotherapy. Determination in vivo of the cell-loss rate of euoxic and hypoxic cells of experimental tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Solid Ehrlich cancers with a volume of one millilitre, situated on the necks of mice, were treated with X-rays (150 kV), a low dose of hyperthermia (high frequency), a high dose of hyperthermia and a combined therapy of mild hyperthermia and X-ray irradiation. As labeling method, the technique of 125-I-deoxyuridine was employed. At the time of the therapy, there uas either a majority of hypoxic tumor cells or a majority of euoxic tumor cells, both in labeled form. The loss of cells was measured externally as a decrease of activity between the 96th and the 192th hour after the injection of 125-I. Xray irradiation tends above all to destroy euoxic cells while hypoxic cells are preponderantly destroyed by high doses of hyperthermia. Mild hyperthermia does not influence the cell loss in a significant manner. Mild hyperthermia in combination with X-ray irradiation, however, increases the loss of hypoxic cells up to the rate of euoxic cells.", "contents": "[Cell loss after combined thermo-radiotherapy. Determination in vivo of the cell-loss rate of euoxic and hypoxic cells of experimental tumors (author's transl)]. Solid Ehrlich cancers with a volume of one millilitre, situated on the necks of mice, were treated with X-rays (150 kV), a low dose of hyperthermia (high frequency), a high dose of hyperthermia and a combined therapy of mild hyperthermia and X-ray irradiation. As labeling method, the technique of 125-I-deoxyuridine was employed. At the time of the therapy, there uas either a majority of hypoxic tumor cells or a majority of euoxic tumor cells, both in labeled form. The loss of cells was measured externally as a decrease of activity between the 96th and the 192th hour after the injection of 125-I. Xray irradiation tends above all to destroy euoxic cells while hypoxic cells are preponderantly destroyed by high doses of hyperthermia. Mild hyperthermia does not influence the cell loss in a significant manner. Mild hyperthermia in combination with X-ray irradiation, however, increases the loss of hypoxic cells up to the rate of euoxic cells.", "PMID": 684777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6185", "title": "[Radiation sensitivity of the amelanotic hamstermelanoma in vitro and in vivo (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiation sensitivity of the hamster melanoma AMel 3 was studied in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, a dose-effect curve with the dose Do=155 rd and the extrapolation number 10 was obtained. In consideration of an oxygen enhancement factor of 2.5, the results of in-vivo examination with the quantitative transplantation method did not differ from in-vitro results. In living animals, about 40% of the tumor cells generally are hypoxic. These data do not verify the hypothesis of a particular radiation resistance of melanoma cells.", "contents": "[Radiation sensitivity of the amelanotic hamstermelanoma in vitro and in vivo (author's transl)]. Radiation sensitivity of the hamster melanoma AMel 3 was studied in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, a dose-effect curve with the dose Do=155 rd and the extrapolation number 10 was obtained. In consideration of an oxygen enhancement factor of 2.5, the results of in-vivo examination with the quantitative transplantation method did not differ from in-vitro results. In living animals, about 40% of the tumor cells generally are hypoxic. These data do not verify the hypothesis of a particular radiation resistance of melanoma cells.", "PMID": 684778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6186", "title": "[Curability of the Harding-Passey melanoma by means of acute irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "The curability of the transplantable Harding-Passey melanoma of the mouse was studied following acute irradiation under ambient and under anoxic conditions. The mean cure doses (44.1 and 56.1 Gy), the calculated fraction of hypoxic tumor cells (3%) and the slope of teh dose-effect curves do not revela any sign of enhanced radiation resistance in comparison with other animal tumors. As and additional finding, a high rate of radiation-induced mesenchymal skin tumors was ascertained in the NMRI-breed employ\u00e9e.", "contents": "[Curability of the Harding-Passey melanoma by means of acute irradiation (author's transl)]. The curability of the transplantable Harding-Passey melanoma of the mouse was studied following acute irradiation under ambient and under anoxic conditions. The mean cure doses (44.1 and 56.1 Gy), the calculated fraction of hypoxic tumor cells (3%) and the slope of teh dose-effect curves do not revela any sign of enhanced radiation resistance in comparison with other animal tumors. As and additional finding, a high rate of radiation-induced mesenchymal skin tumors was ascertained in the NMRI-breed employ\u00e9e.", "PMID": 684779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6187", "title": "[Radiation effects in brain and spinal cord (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiation sensitivity of both the brain and spinal cord in prenatal and postnatal stages, in infancy and adult age is represented also in consideration of a combined treatment with methotrexate. In adults, application of important doses of high-energy radiation increases the risk of injurious effects to the central nervous system. If the spinal cord is involved, more than 60% of the radiolesions have a progredient course ending with death. The pathogenesis and disposing factors are referred to, and the incidence of radiation necrosis with regard to age and sex, the degrees of injury and their frequence within different ranges of dosage are analyzed on the basis of data from universal literature. An examination of \"tolerance doses\" for the spinal cord is made by means of Strandquist-diagrams and of the Ellis-formula. The slopes of regression lines are reported for various \"degrees of response\" in skin, brain and spinal cord following radiation therapy. In the Strandquist-diagram, slopes of regression lines are dependent on the \"degree of response\", flattening if skin and spinal cord are affected by radiation in the same degree, necroses having the same slope for both the organs.", "contents": "[Radiation effects in brain and spinal cord (author's transl)]. Radiation sensitivity of both the brain and spinal cord in prenatal and postnatal stages, in infancy and adult age is represented also in consideration of a combined treatment with methotrexate. In adults, application of important doses of high-energy radiation increases the risk of injurious effects to the central nervous system. If the spinal cord is involved, more than 60% of the radiolesions have a progredient course ending with death. The pathogenesis and disposing factors are referred to, and the incidence of radiation necrosis with regard to age and sex, the degrees of injury and their frequence within different ranges of dosage are analyzed on the basis of data from universal literature. An examination of \"tolerance doses\" for the spinal cord is made by means of Strandquist-diagrams and of the Ellis-formula. The slopes of regression lines are reported for various \"degrees of response\" in skin, brain and spinal cord following radiation therapy. In the Strandquist-diagram, slopes of regression lines are dependent on the \"degree of response\", flattening if skin and spinal cord are affected by radiation in the same degree, necroses having the same slope for both the organs.", "PMID": 684780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6188", "title": "[Results of high-dosage attack treatment with cytostatics in mammary and ovarian cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 80 patients was treated using a short-time high-dosage schedule of cytostatic therapy with cyclophosphamide, 5-FU, vincristin and methotrexate. In metastasizing mammary carcinoma and in ovarian cancer, the remission and growth-stagnation rates obtained were in accordance with those resulting from well-known long-term schedules. The effect was less distinct in carcinoma of the cervix, and no effect was seen in adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus. The possibilities of treatment with cytostatics resulting therefrom offer not only a better quality of the survival time as compared to long-term therapy, but also permit a more thorough control by an oncologic center.", "contents": "[Results of high-dosage attack treatment with cytostatics in mammary and ovarian cancer (author's transl)]. A total of 80 patients was treated using a short-time high-dosage schedule of cytostatic therapy with cyclophosphamide, 5-FU, vincristin and methotrexate. In metastasizing mammary carcinoma and in ovarian cancer, the remission and growth-stagnation rates obtained were in accordance with those resulting from well-known long-term schedules. The effect was less distinct in carcinoma of the cervix, and no effect was seen in adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus. The possibilities of treatment with cytostatics resulting therefrom offer not only a better quality of the survival time as compared to long-term therapy, but also permit a more thorough control by an oncologic center.", "PMID": 684782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6189", "title": "[Influence of percutaneous radiation therapy upon the large salivary glands of the head: results from functional diagnostics using radionuclide techniques in 95 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "We investigated the function of the parotid and submandibular glands in normals and in patients with radiotherapy in the head neck region by scintigraphic methods. The above given doses relate to an application scheme with 200 rd 5 times per week. There is a relatively severe loss of function with small doses from 1000 to 2000 rd. After doses till 3000 rd, there is complete recovery of the gland function in about three months. After 4500 rd, there is in about 80% of the patients a complete recovery after about one year. After irradiation with 5000 or more rd, there is nearly in no person a recovery of the gland function. We did not find a compensatory increase in the function of a spared gland with compensation of irreversibly atrophic glands.", "contents": "[Influence of percutaneous radiation therapy upon the large salivary glands of the head: results from functional diagnostics using radionuclide techniques in 95 patients (author's transl)]. We investigated the function of the parotid and submandibular glands in normals and in patients with radiotherapy in the head neck region by scintigraphic methods. The above given doses relate to an application scheme with 200 rd 5 times per week. There is a relatively severe loss of function with small doses from 1000 to 2000 rd. After doses till 3000 rd, there is complete recovery of the gland function in about three months. After 4500 rd, there is in about 80% of the patients a complete recovery after about one year. After irradiation with 5000 or more rd, there is nearly in no person a recovery of the gland function. We did not find a compensatory increase in the function of a spared gland with compensation of irreversibly atrophic glands.", "PMID": 684783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6190", "title": "Effects of patient positioning and of thickness variations on radiotherapy.", "content": "Correct patient positioning is essential for good aiming in radiotherapy. This can be achieved using back and side pointers, but sometimes these devices are not being used in order to simplify and make the positioning faster. The effects of such a simplification have been studied and measured. The results of this experimental study show that in thicker patients (over 24 cm) the use of back and side pointers is of great importance, because the variation of the patient thickness and angulation can significantly influence the aiming angles and dose percentages.", "contents": "Effects of patient positioning and of thickness variations on radiotherapy. Correct patient positioning is essential for good aiming in radiotherapy. This can be achieved using back and side pointers, but sometimes these devices are not being used in order to simplify and make the positioning faster. The effects of such a simplification have been studied and measured. The results of this experimental study show that in thicker patients (over 24 cm) the use of back and side pointers is of great importance, because the variation of the patient thickness and angulation can significantly influence the aiming angles and dose percentages.", "PMID": 684784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6191", "title": "[Protection from X-ray radiation in the surgical room (author's transl)].", "content": "Constructional radiation protection of X-ray examination rooms is perfectly settled by DIN 6812. The present study was intended to ascertain safe handling of X-rays in the surgical room. The measuring technique with LiF-dosimeters is described, and its results concerning the load to surgical personnel are communicated. Though, with frequent operations, the monthly turn-on time does not exceed thirty hours according to DIN 6811, the maximum permissible individual dose, nevertheless, will be exceeded. A practical representation of radiation load as a function of the turn-on time will facilitate to surgical personnel the estimation of dose. Then, spatial isodoses are shown by means of which the necessary protection equivalent of the building can be calculated. Even the minimum demand for a limitation of the controlled area to the surgical room does require lead-equivalent protection if the surgical room is small.", "contents": "[Protection from X-ray radiation in the surgical room (author's transl)]. Constructional radiation protection of X-ray examination rooms is perfectly settled by DIN 6812. The present study was intended to ascertain safe handling of X-rays in the surgical room. The measuring technique with LiF-dosimeters is described, and its results concerning the load to surgical personnel are communicated. Though, with frequent operations, the monthly turn-on time does not exceed thirty hours according to DIN 6811, the maximum permissible individual dose, nevertheless, will be exceeded. A practical representation of radiation load as a function of the turn-on time will facilitate to surgical personnel the estimation of dose. Then, spatial isodoses are shown by means of which the necessary protection equivalent of the building can be calculated. Even the minimum demand for a limitation of the controlled area to the surgical room does require lead-equivalent protection if the surgical room is small.", "PMID": 684785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6192", "title": "Absorbed dose distributions for electron beams from the sagittaire. Systematic measurements and their representation for introduction into a computer.", "content": "The principle of representation used consists of a description of the differences between actual dose distributions and ideal dose distributions. This description is based on relations linked to known discrete geometrical and physical quantities. The use of this principle is demonstrated for electron beams delivered by the CGR MeV Sagittaire linear accelerator: a systematic analysis of the results of the measurements leads to two methods based on elementary mathematics: the first uses successively two relations describing the isodose curves, and the second computes the dose for each point defined by its coordinates.", "contents": "Absorbed dose distributions for electron beams from the sagittaire. Systematic measurements and their representation for introduction into a computer. The principle of representation used consists of a description of the differences between actual dose distributions and ideal dose distributions. This description is based on relations linked to known discrete geometrical and physical quantities. The use of this principle is demonstrated for electron beams delivered by the CGR MeV Sagittaire linear accelerator: a systematic analysis of the results of the measurements leads to two methods based on elementary mathematics: the first uses successively two relations describing the isodose curves, and the second computes the dose for each point defined by its coordinates.", "PMID": 684786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6193", "title": "[Relationship between dose rate and oxygen effect (author's transl)].", "content": "Chinese hamster cells were exposed to 60Co gamma-rays using dose rates between 3.64 and 0,01 Gy/min under euoxic or chronically hypoxic conditions of growth in order to clarify the relationship of the oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) to the dose rate. It turned out that the D0 of dose-effect curves from cells irradiated under euoxic conditions was increasing from 1.35 to 4.5 Gy with decreasing dose rates, whereas the curves from cells irradiated under chronically hypoxic conditions were not much influenced by the dose rate. The oxygen enhancement ratio decreased from 3.9 with 1.35 Gy/min to 1.8 with 0.07 Gy/min.", "contents": "[Relationship between dose rate and oxygen effect (author's transl)]. Chinese hamster cells were exposed to 60Co gamma-rays using dose rates between 3.64 and 0,01 Gy/min under euoxic or chronically hypoxic conditions of growth in order to clarify the relationship of the oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) to the dose rate. It turned out that the D0 of dose-effect curves from cells irradiated under euoxic conditions was increasing from 1.35 to 4.5 Gy with decreasing dose rates, whereas the curves from cells irradiated under chronically hypoxic conditions were not much influenced by the dose rate. The oxygen enhancement ratio decreased from 3.9 with 1.35 Gy/min to 1.8 with 0.07 Gy/min.", "PMID": 684787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6194", "title": "[Fractionated radiation treatment combined with hyperthermia in transplantable adenocarcinoma of the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "Transplantable adenocarcinomas of the C3H mouse were treated with fractionated radiotherapy combined with local hyperthermia of 43.5 degrees C for 20 min before each dose fraction and local cure rate was determined. The sensitizing effect of hyperthermia was seen with fractionated treatment as well as with single treatment. The TER (thermal enhancement ratio), however, decreased with decreasing interval between the fractions.", "contents": "[Fractionated radiation treatment combined with hyperthermia in transplantable adenocarcinoma of the mouse (author's transl)]. Transplantable adenocarcinomas of the C3H mouse were treated with fractionated radiotherapy combined with local hyperthermia of 43.5 degrees C for 20 min before each dose fraction and local cure rate was determined. The sensitizing effect of hyperthermia was seen with fractionated treatment as well as with single treatment. The TER (thermal enhancement ratio), however, decreased with decreasing interval between the fractions.", "PMID": 684788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6195", "title": "[Influence of the dose rate on the therapeutic effect of 60Co-gamma-irradiation in murine adenocarcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Transplantable adenocarcinomas of C3H-mice were irradiated with doses between 7 and 75 Gy, using a dose rate of 3.6 Gy/min, or with doses from 10 to 80 Gy using dose rates between 0.06 and 0.17 Gy/min from a 60Co-gamma source. A radiation-induced delay of growth or the local cure were recorded. The relative effectiveness of irradiation of the tumor using a low dose rate decreases at first down to a value of 0.66 at 25 to 30 Gy, if the doses are increased; then, if the doses delivered are further increased, it mounts again to 0.88 when the median curative radiation dose is reached.", "contents": "[Influence of the dose rate on the therapeutic effect of 60Co-gamma-irradiation in murine adenocarcinoma (author's transl)]. Transplantable adenocarcinomas of C3H-mice were irradiated with doses between 7 and 75 Gy, using a dose rate of 3.6 Gy/min, or with doses from 10 to 80 Gy using dose rates between 0.06 and 0.17 Gy/min from a 60Co-gamma source. A radiation-induced delay of growth or the local cure were recorded. The relative effectiveness of irradiation of the tumor using a low dose rate decreases at first down to a value of 0.66 at 25 to 30 Gy, if the doses are increased; then, if the doses delivered are further increased, it mounts again to 0.88 when the median curative radiation dose is reached.", "PMID": 684789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6196", "title": "Modified microtiter tray method for blood typing.", "content": "A simple technique for red blood cell typing is described utilizing V-bottom microtiter trays with cell suspensions of 0.2%. This technique is many times more sensitive than tube or slide methods and can be used for direct agglutination, antiglobulin tests and mixed field agglutination.", "contents": "Modified microtiter tray method for blood typing. A simple technique for red blood cell typing is described utilizing V-bottom microtiter trays with cell suspensions of 0.2%. This technique is many times more sensitive than tube or slide methods and can be used for direct agglutination, antiglobulin tests and mixed field agglutination.", "PMID": 684791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6197", "title": "Temporary suppression of circulating antiplatelet alloantibodies by the massive infusion of fresh, stored, or lyophilized platelets.", "content": "Survival of 51Cr-labeled allogenic platelets was repeatedly measured in rabbits previously sensitized by weekly intradermal injections of platelets from donor animals. When values of recovery and survival time were reduced to very low levels, a massive infusion of platelets from randomly selected donor rabbits was given and survival study was repeated. A large increase in platelet survival and recovery was seen in every experiment. Similar results, although of lesser magnitude, were obtained with the infusion of platelets made nonviable by prolonged storage and, also, of lyophilized platelets. A significant increase in life span and recovery of allogenic platelets was also observed in two patients with thrombocytopenia due to aplastic anemia, severely allosensitized to platelets. After one massive infusion of viable or of nonviable platelets, survival and hemostatic effectiveness of subsequently infused allogenic platelets was greatly improved in both patients. Experimental blockade of the RES and titration of the serum alloantibody by the 14C-serotonin release method demonstrated that the favorable effect of the massive platelet infusions was due to the temporary adsorption of the alloantibody in the circulation of the sensitized animals. This two-step procedure of one massive infusion of viable, nonviable or lyophilized allogenic platelets followed by a small infusion of freshly collected platelets may be of practical value in arresting hemorrhage in selected thrombocytopenic patients refractory to all types of available donor platelets because of severe and complex alloimmunization.", "contents": "Temporary suppression of circulating antiplatelet alloantibodies by the massive infusion of fresh, stored, or lyophilized platelets. Survival of 51Cr-labeled allogenic platelets was repeatedly measured in rabbits previously sensitized by weekly intradermal injections of platelets from donor animals. When values of recovery and survival time were reduced to very low levels, a massive infusion of platelets from randomly selected donor rabbits was given and survival study was repeated. A large increase in platelet survival and recovery was seen in every experiment. Similar results, although of lesser magnitude, were obtained with the infusion of platelets made nonviable by prolonged storage and, also, of lyophilized platelets. A significant increase in life span and recovery of allogenic platelets was also observed in two patients with thrombocytopenia due to aplastic anemia, severely allosensitized to platelets. After one massive infusion of viable or of nonviable platelets, survival and hemostatic effectiveness of subsequently infused allogenic platelets was greatly improved in both patients. Experimental blockade of the RES and titration of the serum alloantibody by the 14C-serotonin release method demonstrated that the favorable effect of the massive platelet infusions was due to the temporary adsorption of the alloantibody in the circulation of the sensitized animals. This two-step procedure of one massive infusion of viable, nonviable or lyophilized allogenic platelets followed by a small infusion of freshly collected platelets may be of practical value in arresting hemorrhage in selected thrombocytopenic patients refractory to all types of available donor platelets because of severe and complex alloimmunization.", "PMID": 684793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6198", "title": "Radioactive antiglobulin testing with 125I anti-C4 and anti-C3.", "content": "The report describes methods for quantitating C4 and C3 coating of red blood cells using 125I anti-C4 and anti-C3. Two methods of preparing antisera were used; one involving absorption and elution from complement coated cells, and the other employing IgG fractions of antisera prepared on DEAE cellulose. White-cell-free red blood cells were used in the test procedure. Both the labeled antisera and the test cells were diluted in cold carrier proteins, initially bovine serum albumin, but more recently normal rabbit serum. We have found that normal rabbit serum is particularly effective in reducing the high uptake of nonspecific counts on normal cells, which had previously been a major technical problem for the radioactive antiglobulin technique. These methods are highly reproducible and relatively easy to perform once the labeled antisera are prepared. Furthermore, the use of labeled antisera permits analysis of specificity by the highly sensitive technique of radioimmunoelectrophoresis. One problem with the technique is that results indicate uptake of labeled antisera, rather than amounts of coating substances. Nonetheless, the ease of performance and the reproducibility of the method, make the procedure very useful in comparative studies of uptake of C4 and C3 by red blood cells.", "contents": "Radioactive antiglobulin testing with 125I anti-C4 and anti-C3. The report describes methods for quantitating C4 and C3 coating of red blood cells using 125I anti-C4 and anti-C3. Two methods of preparing antisera were used; one involving absorption and elution from complement coated cells, and the other employing IgG fractions of antisera prepared on DEAE cellulose. White-cell-free red blood cells were used in the test procedure. Both the labeled antisera and the test cells were diluted in cold carrier proteins, initially bovine serum albumin, but more recently normal rabbit serum. We have found that normal rabbit serum is particularly effective in reducing the high uptake of nonspecific counts on normal cells, which had previously been a major technical problem for the radioactive antiglobulin technique. These methods are highly reproducible and relatively easy to perform once the labeled antisera are prepared. Furthermore, the use of labeled antisera permits analysis of specificity by the highly sensitive technique of radioimmunoelectrophoresis. One problem with the technique is that results indicate uptake of labeled antisera, rather than amounts of coating substances. Nonetheless, the ease of performance and the reproducibility of the method, make the procedure very useful in comparative studies of uptake of C4 and C3 by red blood cells.", "PMID": 684790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6199", "title": "Anti-lea as an autoantibody in the serum of le(a - b+) individual.", "content": "The first example of anti-Lea, as an autoantibody, in the serum of a phenotypically Le(a-b+) individual is described. The patient is a 55 year old male with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. His saliva contains Lea, Leb and H substances, and inhibits the hemagglutinating activity of his serum anti-Lea. The Leb antigen content of his red blood cells is approximately half that of control Le(a-b+) red blood cells. The patient's disease process may be responsible for the development of this unexpected autoantibody.", "contents": "Anti-lea as an autoantibody in the serum of le(a - b+) individual. The first example of anti-Lea, as an autoantibody, in the serum of a phenotypically Le(a-b+) individual is described. The patient is a 55 year old male with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. His saliva contains Lea, Leb and H substances, and inhibits the hemagglutinating activity of his serum anti-Lea. The Leb antigen content of his red blood cells is approximately half that of control Le(a-b+) red blood cells. The patient's disease process may be responsible for the development of this unexpected autoantibody.", "PMID": 684794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6200", "title": "Reorganization of blood ordering practices.", "content": "Physicians order blood crossmatched on the basis of habit. The resulting unnecessary crossmatching for elective surgical procedures is costly and wasteful. By realigning crossmatching orders with actual expected needs, substantial savings can be realized in terms of personnel time, reagents, and outdating of units of blood.", "contents": "Reorganization of blood ordering practices. Physicians order blood crossmatched on the basis of habit. The resulting unnecessary crossmatching for elective surgical procedures is costly and wasteful. By realigning crossmatching orders with actual expected needs, substantial savings can be realized in terms of personnel time, reagents, and outdating of units of blood.", "PMID": 684796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6201", "title": "The effect of aspirin on the hypotonic shock response.", "content": "The effect of aspirin on the hypotonic shock response was studied at 2, 6, 24, and 48 hours after ingestion of 1.6 g of acetylsalicylic acid. There was a marked acceleration of the recovery phase of the response at two hours. This steadily decreased and by 48 hours had returned to near normal values. In most cases there was also a change in the initial phase of the shock response. We have interpreted these results to indicate a change in membrane permeability (first phase effect) as well as an activation of the energy-dependent recovery (second phase). The latter process possibly is the result of an increase in the levels of available ATP. As previously reported, the response to aggregating agents was impaired in the presence of ASA. Normal and aspirinated platelets were mixed in an attempt to overcome the ASA effect. Using two hour postingestion samples we noted considerable impairment of both the hypotonic shock response and aggregation even in the presence of very high concentrations of normal platelets.", "contents": "The effect of aspirin on the hypotonic shock response. The effect of aspirin on the hypotonic shock response was studied at 2, 6, 24, and 48 hours after ingestion of 1.6 g of acetylsalicylic acid. There was a marked acceleration of the recovery phase of the response at two hours. This steadily decreased and by 48 hours had returned to near normal values. In most cases there was also a change in the initial phase of the shock response. We have interpreted these results to indicate a change in membrane permeability (first phase effect) as well as an activation of the energy-dependent recovery (second phase). The latter process possibly is the result of an increase in the levels of available ATP. As previously reported, the response to aggregating agents was impaired in the presence of ASA. Normal and aspirinated platelets were mixed in an attempt to overcome the ASA effect. Using two hour postingestion samples we noted considerable impairment of both the hypotonic shock response and aggregation even in the presence of very high concentrations of normal platelets.", "PMID": 684792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6202", "title": "The immunocompetence of residual lymphocytes at various stages of red cell cryopreservation with 40% w/v glycerol in an ionic medium at -80 C.", "content": "Potentially immunocompetent cells have been found in washed liquid-stored red blood cells, in washed liquid-stored red blood cells to which a 40% W/V glycerol concentration was added, and in washed red blood cells freeze-preserved with 40% W/V glycerol at -80 C. A glycerol concentration of 40% W/V in an ionic medium, in addition to its cryoprotective effect on red blood cells, has a damaging effect on leukocytes. The freeze-thaw-wash process appears to produce the most damage to leukocytes and the remaining lymphocytes can be categorized into two groups: one that is capable of responding to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and one that is not. Our study confirmed the presence of PHA-responsive lymphocytes in red blood cells freeze-preserved with 40% W/V glycerol in an ionic medium at -80 C. Although the relative proportions of these cells were variable and the results of the study somewhat erratic, we continue to recommend that liquid-preserved and freeze-preserved red blood cells be irradiated before transfusion to patients in whom graft-versus-host disease is a possible complication.", "contents": "The immunocompetence of residual lymphocytes at various stages of red cell cryopreservation with 40% w/v glycerol in an ionic medium at -80 C. Potentially immunocompetent cells have been found in washed liquid-stored red blood cells, in washed liquid-stored red blood cells to which a 40% W/V glycerol concentration was added, and in washed red blood cells freeze-preserved with 40% W/V glycerol at -80 C. A glycerol concentration of 40% W/V in an ionic medium, in addition to its cryoprotective effect on red blood cells, has a damaging effect on leukocytes. The freeze-thaw-wash process appears to produce the most damage to leukocytes and the remaining lymphocytes can be categorized into two groups: one that is capable of responding to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and one that is not. Our study confirmed the presence of PHA-responsive lymphocytes in red blood cells freeze-preserved with 40% W/V glycerol in an ionic medium at -80 C. Although the relative proportions of these cells were variable and the results of the study somewhat erratic, we continue to recommend that liquid-preserved and freeze-preserved red blood cells be irradiated before transfusion to patients in whom graft-versus-host disease is a possible complication.", "PMID": 684795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6203", "title": "Detection of mouse alloantibodies by rosetting with protein A-coated sheep red blood cells.", "content": "Staphylococcal protein A has an affinity for the Fc portion of the IgG molecule of different species and can therefore be used to detect cell-bound immunoglobulin. Using this property, protein A coupled to sheep red blood cells via chromic chloride can detect alloantibodies to mouse H-2, Thy-1, Ly-1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7, and Ia antigenic specificities bound to the surface of lymphocytes by the formation of rosettes. In comparison with other rosetting and cytotoxicity assays, the protein A assay shows a greater sensitivity than does cytotoxicity using spleen cells as the target, as does the sheep anti-mouse Ig rosetting assay, whereas cytotoxicity shows greater sensitivity with some antisera on thymocytes. The major advantages of the protein A assay are that constant low reproducible backgrounds are obtained, there is no need to remove surface Ig by capping prior to antiserum treatment, and that viable cells can be recovered.", "contents": "Detection of mouse alloantibodies by rosetting with protein A-coated sheep red blood cells. Staphylococcal protein A has an affinity for the Fc portion of the IgG molecule of different species and can therefore be used to detect cell-bound immunoglobulin. Using this property, protein A coupled to sheep red blood cells via chromic chloride can detect alloantibodies to mouse H-2, Thy-1, Ly-1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7, and Ia antigenic specificities bound to the surface of lymphocytes by the formation of rosettes. In comparison with other rosetting and cytotoxicity assays, the protein A assay shows a greater sensitivity than does cytotoxicity using spleen cells as the target, as does the sheep anti-mouse Ig rosetting assay, whereas cytotoxicity shows greater sensitivity with some antisera on thymocytes. The major advantages of the protein A assay are that constant low reproducible backgrounds are obtained, there is no need to remove surface Ig by capping prior to antiserum treatment, and that viable cells can be recovered.", "PMID": 684805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6204", "title": "The anatomy of a volunteer blood donation system.", "content": "This paper describes a questionnaire and interview study to determine motivational factors important in blood donor, nondonor and exdonor behaviors. From the results, a model of blood donor behavior was developed from which certain predictions of donor behavior could be made.", "contents": "The anatomy of a volunteer blood donation system. This paper describes a questionnaire and interview study to determine motivational factors important in blood donor, nondonor and exdonor behaviors. From the results, a model of blood donor behavior was developed from which certain predictions of donor behavior could be made.", "PMID": 684798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6205", "title": "Utilization of nursing teams in the collection of blood.", "content": "The practice of nursing is group oriented. This was recognized in the past, but has only recently gained full acknowledgment by nursing managment. The concept of team assignment for the nursing staff was implemented in the blood program several years ago. The problems of the professional nurse in blood banking are not the same as in an acute or an extended care facility. Team assignments can improve both the delivery of care and the efficiency of the operation in the blood program. This paper describes many of the problems incurred under the system of conventional staffing and will show how these problems can be either eliminated or modified through the use of team assignment. Two centers experienced with permanent team assignments report these conclusions.", "contents": "Utilization of nursing teams in the collection of blood. The practice of nursing is group oriented. This was recognized in the past, but has only recently gained full acknowledgment by nursing managment. The concept of team assignment for the nursing staff was implemented in the blood program several years ago. The problems of the professional nurse in blood banking are not the same as in an acute or an extended care facility. Team assignments can improve both the delivery of care and the efficiency of the operation in the blood program. This paper describes many of the problems incurred under the system of conventional staffing and will show how these problems can be either eliminated or modified through the use of team assignment. Two centers experienced with permanent team assignments report these conclusions.", "PMID": 684797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6206", "title": "\"Naturally-occurring\" anti-K1: possible association with mycobacterium infection.", "content": "We report a case of \"naturally-occurring\" (nonred blood cell stimulated) anti-K1. The patient had never received a blood transfusion. Red blood cell antibody screening panels showed agglutination with K:1 red blood cells at room temperature and not in the anti-globulin test. Testing with 2-mercaptoethanol showed the antibody to be IgM. The antibody is \"naturally-occurring\" and may be associated with pulmonary tuberculosis.", "contents": "\"Naturally-occurring\" anti-K1: possible association with mycobacterium infection. We report a case of \"naturally-occurring\" (nonred blood cell stimulated) anti-K1. The patient had never received a blood transfusion. Red blood cell antibody screening panels showed agglutination with K:1 red blood cells at room temperature and not in the anti-globulin test. Testing with 2-mercaptoethanol showed the antibody to be IgM. The antibody is \"naturally-occurring\" and may be associated with pulmonary tuberculosis.", "PMID": 684800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6207", "title": "Optimal leukocyte removal from refrigerated blood with the IBM 2991 blood cell processor.", "content": "One hundred forty-six units of two to five-day-old refrigerated blood were washed with the IBM Blood Cell Processor. The ABO and Rh types of the units varied according to available inventory. This study was designed to select the best protocol from the 42 possible combinations utilizing the machine's variable red blood cell override (RCO). A one liter wash program was used. The two parameters selected for study were the per cent red blood cell recovery and the per cent white blood cell removal. The protocol of choice uses a RCO of four seconds in the first and second steps of the program. This protocol yields a washed unit with a mean red blood cell recovery of 82 per cent and a mean white cell removal of 93 per cent. Our studies indicate that the IBM Blood Cell Processor can be used to wash two to five day old refrigerated blood for the preparation of leukocyte-poor blood that would meet the Standards of the AABB.", "contents": "Optimal leukocyte removal from refrigerated blood with the IBM 2991 blood cell processor. One hundred forty-six units of two to five-day-old refrigerated blood were washed with the IBM Blood Cell Processor. The ABO and Rh types of the units varied according to available inventory. This study was designed to select the best protocol from the 42 possible combinations utilizing the machine's variable red blood cell override (RCO). A one liter wash program was used. The two parameters selected for study were the per cent red blood cell recovery and the per cent white blood cell removal. The protocol of choice uses a RCO of four seconds in the first and second steps of the program. This protocol yields a washed unit with a mean red blood cell recovery of 82 per cent and a mean white cell removal of 93 per cent. Our studies indicate that the IBM Blood Cell Processor can be used to wash two to five day old refrigerated blood for the preparation of leukocyte-poor blood that would meet the Standards of the AABB.", "PMID": 684799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6208", "title": "Transfusion reactions reported after transfusions of red blood cells and of whole blood.", "content": "Reactions reported after transfusion of 19,126 units of whole blood and of 42,678 units of red blood cells were analysed. The reaction rate with whole blood was about two and one-half times as great as with red blood cells.", "contents": "Transfusion reactions reported after transfusions of red blood cells and of whole blood. Reactions reported after transfusion of 19,126 units of whole blood and of 42,678 units of red blood cells were analysed. The reaction rate with whole blood was about two and one-half times as great as with red blood cells.", "PMID": 684803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6209", "title": "The natural history of alloimmunization to platelets.", "content": "Sixty-three patients have provided evidence that platelets are highly immunogenic even in recipients of potentially immunosuppressive therapy for malignant diseases. Approximately 70 per cent of patients who receive repeated transfusions of platelets from random donors over a prolonged period can be expected to develop lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Antibodies became detectable in one patient ten days after his first exposure to HLA antigens in the form of platelet concentrates, and as early as four days in two patients with prior exposure to HLA antigens. In the most heavily immunized patients, the presence of antibody correlated with poor increments of platelets after transfusion. Patients with prior exposure to HLA antigens are more likely to have antibodies resulting in poor platelet survival. On the other hand, 30 per cent of recipients of repeated platelet transfusions show no tendency to form cytotoxic antibodies.", "contents": "The natural history of alloimmunization to platelets. Sixty-three patients have provided evidence that platelets are highly immunogenic even in recipients of potentially immunosuppressive therapy for malignant diseases. Approximately 70 per cent of patients who receive repeated transfusions of platelets from random donors over a prolonged period can be expected to develop lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Antibodies became detectable in one patient ten days after his first exposure to HLA antigens in the form of platelet concentrates, and as early as four days in two patients with prior exposure to HLA antigens. In the most heavily immunized patients, the presence of antibody correlated with poor increments of platelets after transfusion. Patients with prior exposure to HLA antigens are more likely to have antibodies resulting in poor platelet survival. On the other hand, 30 per cent of recipients of repeated platelet transfusions show no tendency to form cytotoxic antibodies.", "PMID": 684804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6210", "title": "Blood group testing of ancient material with particular reference to the mummy Nakht.", "content": "An international multidisciplinary team performed an autopsy on the mummy of Nakht, a 16-year-old Egyptian boy who died 3200 years ago. Excavation records and translation of hieroglyphics provide a positive identification. The histological techniques, both at the light and electron microscope levels, demonstrate remarkable preservation of normal and diseased structures. Splenic material and dark brown substance obtained from the inside of the sigmoid sinus of Nakht, during the examination of the contents of the cranial cavity, were tested using the SMM and IAT procedures. Repeated testing of the splenic material using SMM produced no agglutination and was complicated by hemolysis of the absorbed group O cells due to contaminating bacteria and fungi. However, when used in the IAT, splenic material gave a positive result for blood group B. The sigmoid sinus material produced a positive reaction for blood group B when used with the SMM and with the IAT. The blood cells recovered from Nakht are believed to be the oldest known preserved human red and white blood cells. The authors also believe that the testing techniques employed in this study are reliable and hence feel confident that the Egyptian boy Nakht, who is 3200 years old, was blood group B.", "contents": "Blood group testing of ancient material with particular reference to the mummy Nakht. An international multidisciplinary team performed an autopsy on the mummy of Nakht, a 16-year-old Egyptian boy who died 3200 years ago. Excavation records and translation of hieroglyphics provide a positive identification. The histological techniques, both at the light and electron microscope levels, demonstrate remarkable preservation of normal and diseased structures. Splenic material and dark brown substance obtained from the inside of the sigmoid sinus of Nakht, during the examination of the contents of the cranial cavity, were tested using the SMM and IAT procedures. Repeated testing of the splenic material using SMM produced no agglutination and was complicated by hemolysis of the absorbed group O cells due to contaminating bacteria and fungi. However, when used in the IAT, splenic material gave a positive result for blood group B. The sigmoid sinus material produced a positive reaction for blood group B when used with the SMM and with the IAT. The blood cells recovered from Nakht are believed to be the oldest known preserved human red and white blood cells. The authors also believe that the testing techniques employed in this study are reliable and hence feel confident that the Egyptian boy Nakht, who is 3200 years old, was blood group B.", "PMID": 684801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6211", "title": "HLA antigens in plasma protein fraction and albumin.", "content": "Renal allograft survival is signficantly worse than average in recipients who have never had blood transfusions. It has been speculated that this might be explained by the fact that patients on chronic dialysis often received plasma protein fraction (PPF) instead of blood and that HLA antigens from serum were likely to present in PPF. We have examined four different lots of both PPF and albumin for the presence of HLA antigens. Using the microlymphocytotoxicity technique, each lot was tested for the ability to neutralize ten different antisera containing antibodies against well-defined HLA antigens. In every case, no inhibition was observed--even when the ratio of blood derivative to antiserum was as high as 256:1. These results suggest that if PPF and albumin do contain HLA antigens, they are present at levels too low to be detected by the cytotoxicity test routinely used in HLA typing.", "contents": "HLA antigens in plasma protein fraction and albumin. Renal allograft survival is signficantly worse than average in recipients who have never had blood transfusions. It has been speculated that this might be explained by the fact that patients on chronic dialysis often received plasma protein fraction (PPF) instead of blood and that HLA antigens from serum were likely to present in PPF. We have examined four different lots of both PPF and albumin for the presence of HLA antigens. Using the microlymphocytotoxicity technique, each lot was tested for the ability to neutralize ten different antisera containing antibodies against well-defined HLA antigens. In every case, no inhibition was observed--even when the ratio of blood derivative to antiserum was as high as 256:1. These results suggest that if PPF and albumin do contain HLA antigens, they are present at levels too low to be detected by the cytotoxicity test routinely used in HLA typing.", "PMID": 684802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6212", "title": "[Cytogenetic study of the effect of vaccinia virus on cells from embryo and adult mice].", "content": "After immunization with vaccinia virus an increase in frequency of aneuploids and secondary chromosomal constrictions is observed in adult mice. Moreover, an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations was demonstrated. The increase in the number of secondary chromosomal constrictions indicates an activation of nucleolar-organizing regions.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic study of the effect of vaccinia virus on cells from embryo and adult mice]. After immunization with vaccinia virus an increase in frequency of aneuploids and secondary chromosomal constrictions is observed in adult mice. Moreover, an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations was demonstrated. The increase in the number of secondary chromosomal constrictions indicates an activation of nucleolar-organizing regions.", "PMID": 684811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6213", "title": "[Modifying effect of the female genotype on the frequency of t-haplotype transmission to the progeny of T/t6 compound male mice].", "content": "Female genotype effects on the transmission of t-haplotypes from heterozygous males to offspring has been established. The CBA females transmitted T-gene to 29 per cent, C57BL/6 females to 47 per cent, and F1 hybrid females to 39 per cent of their offspring. The differences in the transmission rate are supposed to depend on female genotype and to be determined by selective ageing of T-carrying sperms in female genital tract when compared to t6-carrying sperms, because the interval between copulation and syngamy in C57BL/6 females is shorter than in CBA females. These data indicate the phenotypical differences between T- and t6-carrying sperms.", "contents": "[Modifying effect of the female genotype on the frequency of t-haplotype transmission to the progeny of T/t6 compound male mice]. Female genotype effects on the transmission of t-haplotypes from heterozygous males to offspring has been established. The CBA females transmitted T-gene to 29 per cent, C57BL/6 females to 47 per cent, and F1 hybrid females to 39 per cent of their offspring. The differences in the transmission rate are supposed to depend on female genotype and to be determined by selective ageing of T-carrying sperms in female genital tract when compared to t6-carrying sperms, because the interval between copulation and syngamy in C57BL/6 females is shorter than in CBA females. These data indicate the phenotypical differences between T- and t6-carrying sperms.", "PMID": 684810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6214", "title": "[Antimutagenic and antiteratogenic properties of dimexide (DMSO)].", "content": "The influence of dimexide (dimethylsulphoxide, DMSO) on the manifestation of teratogenic and embryolethal properties and mutagenic effect of pyrimethamine (antimalarial drug) and 6-mercaptopurine (antitumoral compound) has been examined. Under the conditions of preliminary action of dimexide the embryolethal and teratogenic activity of the drugs studied reduced on the 13th day of rat embryos; the level of cytogenic effect of these compounds on rat males bone marrow cells also reduced.", "contents": "[Antimutagenic and antiteratogenic properties of dimexide (DMSO)]. The influence of dimexide (dimethylsulphoxide, DMSO) on the manifestation of teratogenic and embryolethal properties and mutagenic effect of pyrimethamine (antimalarial drug) and 6-mercaptopurine (antitumoral compound) has been examined. Under the conditions of preliminary action of dimexide the embryolethal and teratogenic activity of the drugs studied reduced on the 13th day of rat embryos; the level of cytogenic effect of these compounds on rat males bone marrow cells also reduced.", "PMID": 684812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6215", "title": "[Use of wolfram trioxide for setting off preparations of nucleic acids].", "content": "The use of tungsten trioxide for shadowing nucleic acids is shown to be possible. Approximately 20 mg of tungsten trioxide could be prepared by heating (25 s, 2 V) a coil (4 turns, 1.5 mm i.d.) made of tungsten wire 0.5 mm diameter in a vacuum evaporator at atmospheric pressure. As revealed by electron microscopy, this amount of tungsten trioxide is sufficient for qualitative rotary shadowing phage lambda DNA.", "contents": "[Use of wolfram trioxide for setting off preparations of nucleic acids]. The use of tungsten trioxide for shadowing nucleic acids is shown to be possible. Approximately 20 mg of tungsten trioxide could be prepared by heating (25 s, 2 V) a coil (4 turns, 1.5 mm i.d.) made of tungsten wire 0.5 mm diameter in a vacuum evaporator at atmospheric pressure. As revealed by electron microscopy, this amount of tungsten trioxide is sufficient for qualitative rotary shadowing phage lambda DNA.", "PMID": 684815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6216", "title": "[Hybrids of triticale and agrotriticum. II].", "content": "Meiosis in F1 plants of Triticale X Agrotriticum hybrids with 56- and 63-chromosomes and different genome composition is shown to be strongly violated. The following main anomalies of meiosis were revealed: the univalent state of chromosomes; an irregular movement of 8 to 33 chromosomes to the poles; the lag of 6 to 25 chromosomes and their premature splitting into chromatids; formation of micronuclei in diads and tetrads, formation of polyads. The average number of bivalents per one cell was 14.1-14.6.", "contents": "[Hybrids of triticale and agrotriticum. II]. Meiosis in F1 plants of Triticale X Agrotriticum hybrids with 56- and 63-chromosomes and different genome composition is shown to be strongly violated. The following main anomalies of meiosis were revealed: the univalent state of chromosomes; an irregular movement of 8 to 33 chromosomes to the poles; the lag of 6 to 25 chromosomes and their premature splitting into chromatids; formation of micronuclei in diads and tetrads, formation of polyads. The average number of bivalents per one cell was 14.1-14.6.", "PMID": 684817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6217", "title": "[HLA antigens among Ukrainians in Odessa and its suburbs].", "content": "389 Ukrainians of Odessa and its suburbs were typed in accordance with HLA system. HLA antigens distribution corresponded to Hardy-Weinberg's law. The antigens in the Ukrainians which occurred more frequently were A2, 3, Iw25, B12, 7 and Bw35. The most frequent haplotypes turned out to be A2, B12, A3, B7; Aw25, Bw16 and A1, B8. The highest gamete association wat noted for these haplotypes. The smallest genetic distance was found between the Odessa Ukrainian and Moscow Russian population, while the greatest distance was revealed between the Ukrainian and Japanese population.", "contents": "[HLA antigens among Ukrainians in Odessa and its suburbs]. 389 Ukrainians of Odessa and its suburbs were typed in accordance with HLA system. HLA antigens distribution corresponded to Hardy-Weinberg's law. The antigens in the Ukrainians which occurred more frequently were A2, 3, Iw25, B12, 7 and Bw35. The most frequent haplotypes turned out to be A2, B12, A3, B7; Aw25, Bw16 and A1, B8. The highest gamete association wat noted for these haplotypes. The smallest genetic distance was found between the Odessa Ukrainian and Moscow Russian population, while the greatest distance was revealed between the Ukrainian and Japanese population.", "PMID": 684813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6218", "title": "[Metabolism of nuclear proteins during hormone-dependent cell differentiation in the mammae of goats].", "content": "The metabolism of nuclear proteins was studied at differentiation of mammary cells in the tissue culture with lactogenic hormones. The synthesis of nuclear acidic proteins under the influence of insulin is shown to be an initial step in cell differentiation of the gland; later the DNA synthesis is stimulated, and the synthesis and phosphorylation of histones are intestified. The inducing action of prolactin on the synthesis of RNA and casein is displayed only after the action of insulin and hydrocortisone on the tissue.", "contents": "[Metabolism of nuclear proteins during hormone-dependent cell differentiation in the mammae of goats]. The metabolism of nuclear proteins was studied at differentiation of mammary cells in the tissue culture with lactogenic hormones. The synthesis of nuclear acidic proteins under the influence of insulin is shown to be an initial step in cell differentiation of the gland; later the DNA synthesis is stimulated, and the synthesis and phosphorylation of histones are intestified. The inducing action of prolactin on the synthesis of RNA and casein is displayed only after the action of insulin and hydrocortisone on the tissue.", "PMID": 684820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6219", "title": "Features of the reproduction of epiphyseal cartilage perivascular cells according to the results of an autoradiographic study.", "content": "In the system of a vascular-cellular complex of cartilage epiphyses the perivascular cells exhibited the highest proliferative activity, as revealed by autoradiography with labelled DNA precursor (3H-thymidine). The constant loss of cells after division in this population is probably associated with their differentiation and transition into another state. This phenomenon is strongly pronounced at the centre of enhondral ossification, and perivascular cells could be considered as one of possible sources of histogenesis developed in cartilage epiphyses.", "contents": "Features of the reproduction of epiphyseal cartilage perivascular cells according to the results of an autoradiographic study. In the system of a vascular-cellular complex of cartilage epiphyses the perivascular cells exhibited the highest proliferative activity, as revealed by autoradiography with labelled DNA precursor (3H-thymidine). The constant loss of cells after division in this population is probably associated with their differentiation and transition into another state. This phenomenon is strongly pronounced at the centre of enhondral ossification, and perivascular cells could be considered as one of possible sources of histogenesis developed in cartilage epiphyses.", "PMID": 684824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6220", "title": "[Possibility of synchronizing cell populations in embryonic barley meristem].", "content": "Cell populations of the apical root parts, stem embryo and the leaf of barley seedlings are found to have different sensitivity to the synchronizing effect of 5-aminouracil, low temperature (+2 degrees C) and colchicine. The effect of 5-aminouracil and low temperature in the presence of colchicine proved to be the most effective in respect to synchronization of the root meristem cell populations. It also increases significantly the mitotic activity in the stem embryo and leaf meristems. The leaf meristem is more sensitive to low temperature as compared to the stem embryo meristem.", "contents": "[Possibility of synchronizing cell populations in embryonic barley meristem]. Cell populations of the apical root parts, stem embryo and the leaf of barley seedlings are found to have different sensitivity to the synchronizing effect of 5-aminouracil, low temperature (+2 degrees C) and colchicine. The effect of 5-aminouracil and low temperature in the presence of colchicine proved to be the most effective in respect to synchronization of the root meristem cell populations. It also increases significantly the mitotic activity in the stem embryo and leaf meristems. The leaf meristem is more sensitive to low temperature as compared to the stem embryo meristem.", "PMID": 684825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6221", "title": "[Fine structure of the chromosomes of hexaploid wheat antipodal cells].", "content": "At the postendoreduplicative stage of chromosomes of antipodes are shown to be depolytenized and represented by solitary 0.1-0.3 micrometer chromonemas. Micropuffs and chromomer-like regions were found in the chromonemas. The chromonem puffing takes place independently of the nuclear membrane. A degradation of antipodal chromosomes begins in the zone of the nucleolus and spreads gradually over the whole nucleus. Later the cell is destructed but the nucleoli remain intact. Some of them are giant and vacuolized, others are similar to nucleoli of the usual low-ploidal nuclei.", "contents": "[Fine structure of the chromosomes of hexaploid wheat antipodal cells]. At the postendoreduplicative stage of chromosomes of antipodes are shown to be depolytenized and represented by solitary 0.1-0.3 micrometer chromonemas. Micropuffs and chromomer-like regions were found in the chromonemas. The chromonem puffing takes place independently of the nuclear membrane. A degradation of antipodal chromosomes begins in the zone of the nucleolus and spreads gradually over the whole nucleus. Later the cell is destructed but the nucleoli remain intact. Some of them are giant and vacuolized, others are similar to nucleoli of the usual low-ploidal nuclei.", "PMID": 684826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6222", "title": "[Mutagenic effect of several pesticides on durum spring wheat].", "content": "Spraying of spring wheat plants during vegetation with herbicides of 2,4-D group and ethrel increased chromosome aberrations in meiosis 2.8-5, 3.6-4.1 times. The insecticides, chlorophos and phtalophos, in a little higher dosage than it is usually practised increased the spontaneous level of chromosome aberrations 3.1-5.5 times. Phtalophos also induced chlorophyll mutations. These results testify to the necessity of keeping strictly to the established normative doses, because of overdosage is of potential genetic danger to spring wheat crops.", "contents": "[Mutagenic effect of several pesticides on durum spring wheat]. Spraying of spring wheat plants during vegetation with herbicides of 2,4-D group and ethrel increased chromosome aberrations in meiosis 2.8-5, 3.6-4.1 times. The insecticides, chlorophos and phtalophos, in a little higher dosage than it is usually practised increased the spontaneous level of chromosome aberrations 3.1-5.5 times. Phtalophos also induced chlorophyll mutations. These results testify to the necessity of keeping strictly to the established normative doses, because of overdosage is of potential genetic danger to spring wheat crops.", "PMID": 684827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6223", "title": "[Biological oxidation in cells exposed to microwaves in the millimeter range].", "content": "In the cells of RH, SPEV and HEp-2 lines irradiated with 6.5 mm radiowaves of 1 mW/cm2 flux density the following phenomena were established: activation of succinate dehydrogenase and ATPase; reduction of cytochrome oxidase, NAD- and NADP-diaphorase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities; repression of 3H-thymidine incorporation in DNA and of 3H-uridine incorporation in RNA; violation of ultrastructure; suppression of cellular proliferation; decrease of mitotic activity; occurrence of pathological forms of mitosis.", "contents": "[Biological oxidation in cells exposed to microwaves in the millimeter range]. In the cells of RH, SPEV and HEp-2 lines irradiated with 6.5 mm radiowaves of 1 mW/cm2 flux density the following phenomena were established: activation of succinate dehydrogenase and ATPase; reduction of cytochrome oxidase, NAD- and NADP-diaphorase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities; repression of 3H-thymidine incorporation in DNA and of 3H-uridine incorporation in RNA; violation of ultrastructure; suppression of cellular proliferation; decrease of mitotic activity; occurrence of pathological forms of mitosis.", "PMID": 684831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6224", "title": "[Comparative morphometric study of the ultrastructure of mouse liver sinusoid endothelial and Kupffer cells in physiologically normal animals].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer cells of mouse liver has been studied under the normal physiological conditions according to the morphometric method. The similarity of quantitative characteristics of some subcellular structure of these cells has been determined. Essential differences between endothelial and Kupffer cells were revealed that well compare with the results of the investigation of their endocytous ability.", "contents": "[Comparative morphometric study of the ultrastructure of mouse liver sinusoid endothelial and Kupffer cells in physiologically normal animals]. The ultrastructure of the sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer cells of mouse liver has been studied under the normal physiological conditions according to the morphometric method. The similarity of quantitative characteristics of some subcellular structure of these cells has been determined. Essential differences between endothelial and Kupffer cells were revealed that well compare with the results of the investigation of their endocytous ability.", "PMID": 684837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6225", "title": "[Ultrastructure of a mechanoreceptor neuron with acceleration of its adptation to an adequate stimulus].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes were followed in the isolated mechanoreceptor neurons of the crayfish during post-excitational short-term trace processes (i.e. acceleration of the adaptional state), after repeated adaquate excitations. Fibrillar rearrangements of the mitochondrial cristae in the axonal mitochondria took place at the moderate excitation, no visible changes being seen in the somatic mitochondria and other organelles. However, the swelling of periaxonal areas and the rupture between strands of microtubules and electrogenic membrane occurred at the end of the fatique stimulation. In addition, the swelling of somatic mitochondria in the perinuclear zone and of the reticulum was noticed. Besides, the survival time of the excited isolated neurons strongly depended on the functional state of the surrounding glial cells. It is suggested that energetic processes are strongly involved in the postexcitational short-term traces.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of a mechanoreceptor neuron with acceleration of its adptation to an adequate stimulus]. Ultrastructural changes were followed in the isolated mechanoreceptor neurons of the crayfish during post-excitational short-term trace processes (i.e. acceleration of the adaptional state), after repeated adaquate excitations. Fibrillar rearrangements of the mitochondrial cristae in the axonal mitochondria took place at the moderate excitation, no visible changes being seen in the somatic mitochondria and other organelles. However, the swelling of periaxonal areas and the rupture between strands of microtubules and electrogenic membrane occurred at the end of the fatique stimulation. In addition, the swelling of somatic mitochondria in the perinuclear zone and of the reticulum was noticed. Besides, the survival time of the excited isolated neurons strongly depended on the functional state of the surrounding glial cells. It is suggested that energetic processes are strongly involved in the postexcitational short-term traces.", "PMID": 684838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6226", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of perisomatic process development in cerebellar cortex pyriform neurons during prenatal human ontogenesis].", "content": "Perisomatic processes are shown to be temporary morphological formations that appear within 16-28 weeks of embryogenesis, their development being characterized by a certain succession. Perisomatic processes form multiple synaptic complexes with axon endings of unknown origin adherent to perikaryons of pear-shaped neurons. These axon endings are supposed to belong to afferent climbing fibers of cerebellum stimulating differentiation of pear-shaped neurons, localization of these fibers causing a certain succession in the development of perisomatic processes.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of perisomatic process development in cerebellar cortex pyriform neurons during prenatal human ontogenesis]. Perisomatic processes are shown to be temporary morphological formations that appear within 16-28 weeks of embryogenesis, their development being characterized by a certain succession. Perisomatic processes form multiple synaptic complexes with axon endings of unknown origin adherent to perikaryons of pear-shaped neurons. These axon endings are supposed to belong to afferent climbing fibers of cerebellum stimulating differentiation of pear-shaped neurons, localization of these fibers causing a certain succession in the development of perisomatic processes.", "PMID": 684839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6227", "title": "[Effect of combined administration of estradiol and progesterone on the mitotic cycle of the epithelial tissues of the reproductive tract of ovariectomized white rats].", "content": "The duration of stages of the cell cycle in the uterine and vaginal tissues of ovariectomized rats, treated with estradiol and estradiol-progesterone, was estimated using the labeled mitosis method. The joint treatment shortened G2 period in epithelial tissues. In the uterine epithelial tissues of estradiol-progesterone treated rats, the duration of S period was prolonged. In all tissues, progesterone stimulated the entry of cells into a second round of DNA synthesis. The estrogen-gestagen treatment inhibited the movement of vaginal epithelial cells from basal to superficial layers.", "contents": "[Effect of combined administration of estradiol and progesterone on the mitotic cycle of the epithelial tissues of the reproductive tract of ovariectomized white rats]. The duration of stages of the cell cycle in the uterine and vaginal tissues of ovariectomized rats, treated with estradiol and estradiol-progesterone, was estimated using the labeled mitosis method. The joint treatment shortened G2 period in epithelial tissues. In the uterine epithelial tissues of estradiol-progesterone treated rats, the duration of S period was prolonged. In all tissues, progesterone stimulated the entry of cells into a second round of DNA synthesis. The estrogen-gestagen treatment inhibited the movement of vaginal epithelial cells from basal to superficial layers.", "PMID": 684840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6228", "title": "[Inhibition of the process of sugar transport stimulation in the frog sartorius muscles by amines and amides].", "content": "In the experiments on isolated frog sartorius muscles, amines and amides were found to inhibit the process of stimulation of D-xylose transport induced by insulin, 2,4-dinitrophenol or potassium contracture. The inhibitory action was produced by urea, acetamide, guanidine, NH4Cl, mono-, di- and trimethyl- or ethylamines, some diamines (all the substances being, applied in the concentration range equal to 100 mM). The similar effect was obtained when cystamine (20 mM), tryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine (2 mM) and adenine, adenosine, guanosine (1-10 mM) were used. There was no inhibitory effect of acetone, glycerol, tetraethylammonium, propilamine, butylamine, aminoacids, spermine, spermidine, ATP, AMP or cAMP. It has been suggested that the inhibitory substances may interact by producing hydrogen bonds from NH-groups with the neutrally or negatively charged groups at the external surface of the muscle membrane in the region with a slow hydrophobicity. As a result, no structural changes required for activation of the sugar transport system occur in the membrane.", "contents": "[Inhibition of the process of sugar transport stimulation in the frog sartorius muscles by amines and amides]. In the experiments on isolated frog sartorius muscles, amines and amides were found to inhibit the process of stimulation of D-xylose transport induced by insulin, 2,4-dinitrophenol or potassium contracture. The inhibitory action was produced by urea, acetamide, guanidine, NH4Cl, mono-, di- and trimethyl- or ethylamines, some diamines (all the substances being, applied in the concentration range equal to 100 mM). The similar effect was obtained when cystamine (20 mM), tryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine (2 mM) and adenine, adenosine, guanosine (1-10 mM) were used. There was no inhibitory effect of acetone, glycerol, tetraethylammonium, propilamine, butylamine, aminoacids, spermine, spermidine, ATP, AMP or cAMP. It has been suggested that the inhibitory substances may interact by producing hydrogen bonds from NH-groups with the neutrally or negatively charged groups at the external surface of the muscle membrane in the region with a slow hydrophobicity. As a result, no structural changes required for activation of the sugar transport system occur in the membrane.", "PMID": 684841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6229", "title": "[Comparative study of the karyotype and histostructure of neoplasms of the uterine body, stomach and malignant melanoma].", "content": "Direct analysis of karyotype revealed a heterogeneity of chromosome composition, variations in modal lines and chromosome aberrations, diversity of marker chromosome morphology. The variability of cytogenetic alterations was found in tumors both of the same and of different origin. These results established the nature of genome and chromosome alterations in the investigated tumors. The problem is discussed of a possible use of cytogenetic analysis for a more concrete characterization of human tumors in terms of their biological features.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the karyotype and histostructure of neoplasms of the uterine body, stomach and malignant melanoma]. Direct analysis of karyotype revealed a heterogeneity of chromosome composition, variations in modal lines and chromosome aberrations, diversity of marker chromosome morphology. The variability of cytogenetic alterations was found in tumors both of the same and of different origin. These results established the nature of genome and chromosome alterations in the investigated tumors. The problem is discussed of a possible use of cytogenetic analysis for a more concrete characterization of human tumors in terms of their biological features.", "PMID": 684836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6230", "title": "Changes in the \"shape reaction\" and \"orientation reaction\" of cell nuclei as a consequence of neoplastic transformation.", "content": "Reactions of cell nuclei on curvature of cylindrical surfaces (curvature radii 333, 75 or 61 mcm) in 9 lines of cultured transformed human, Syrian hamster, rat and murine fibroblasts were studied quantitatively. The nuclear elongation was assessed as a ratio of long to short axes. Contact orientation was characterized by values derived from the angles, formed by long nuclear axes with the direction of cylinder axis. Due to transformation, cells lost the ability to elongate their nuclei in response to cultivation on cylindrical surfaces. The ability of cells cultured on cylindrical surfaces to increase the contact orientation values was also lost or weakened considerably.", "contents": "Changes in the \"shape reaction\" and \"orientation reaction\" of cell nuclei as a consequence of neoplastic transformation. Reactions of cell nuclei on curvature of cylindrical surfaces (curvature radii 333, 75 or 61 mcm) in 9 lines of cultured transformed human, Syrian hamster, rat and murine fibroblasts were studied quantitatively. The nuclear elongation was assessed as a ratio of long to short axes. Contact orientation was characterized by values derived from the angles, formed by long nuclear axes with the direction of cylinder axis. Due to transformation, cells lost the ability to elongate their nuclei in response to cultivation on cylindrical surfaces. The ability of cells cultured on cylindrical surfaces to increase the contact orientation values was also lost or weakened considerably.", "PMID": 684842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6231", "title": "[Effect of macrophage and tumor cell fixation on their immunogenicity and antigenicity in an H-2 system].", "content": "A short-term fixation of macrophage monolayers by 0.002-0.25% glutaraldehyde solutions gives rise to inhibition of the specific adherence of allogeneic immune cytotoxic lymphocytes to treated monolayers, but does not prevent the absorption of anti-H-2 antibodies. Sarcoma cells fixed by a 0.25% glutaraldehyde or a 3% formaldehyde lost their capacity to induce cytotoxic lymphocytes, rosette forming cells or antibodies in allogeneic mice. The induction of the secondary response by fixed tumor cells was significantly reduced. The results fit well a conception on non-identity of determinants recognized by T cell receptors and serologically defined H-2 specificities.", "contents": "[Effect of macrophage and tumor cell fixation on their immunogenicity and antigenicity in an H-2 system]. A short-term fixation of macrophage monolayers by 0.002-0.25% glutaraldehyde solutions gives rise to inhibition of the specific adherence of allogeneic immune cytotoxic lymphocytes to treated monolayers, but does not prevent the absorption of anti-H-2 antibodies. Sarcoma cells fixed by a 0.25% glutaraldehyde or a 3% formaldehyde lost their capacity to induce cytotoxic lymphocytes, rosette forming cells or antibodies in allogeneic mice. The induction of the secondary response by fixed tumor cells was significantly reduced. The results fit well a conception on non-identity of determinants recognized by T cell receptors and serologically defined H-2 specificities.", "PMID": 684843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6232", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase and Krebs cycle enzyme activity in rat liver during the growth of transplanted and spontaneous tumors].", "content": "Certain distinctions in the mouse and rat liver responses to transplanted and spontaneous tumours have been discovered at the initial periods of their growth. The most pronounced changes (the mosaic distribution of enzymatic activity in the lobe) are observed in the case of spontaneous tumours. Activities the Krebs cycle enzymes, especially of NAD-dependent enzymes are seen inhibited in the tumour-bearing liver at the terminal periods of growth of both spontaneous and transplanted tumours; lactate dehydrogenase activity increases (with the exception of mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase in the rat liver with transplanted sarcomas).", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase and Krebs cycle enzyme activity in rat liver during the growth of transplanted and spontaneous tumors]. Certain distinctions in the mouse and rat liver responses to transplanted and spontaneous tumours have been discovered at the initial periods of their growth. The most pronounced changes (the mosaic distribution of enzymatic activity in the lobe) are observed in the case of spontaneous tumours. Activities the Krebs cycle enzymes, especially of NAD-dependent enzymes are seen inhibited in the tumour-bearing liver at the terminal periods of growth of both spontaneous and transplanted tumours; lactate dehydrogenase activity increases (with the exception of mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase in the rat liver with transplanted sarcomas).", "PMID": 684845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6233", "title": "[Changes in hepatocytes and the functional activity of the adrenal cortex in rats following administration of the pigment anthraquinone violet].", "content": "The response of hepatocytes and cells of adrenal cortex of males of white rats to a single introduction per os of sunflower oil or anthraquinone violet pigment (AVP), routinely used for the painting of plastics, was evaluated. 5 ml of sunflower oil or of AVP, prepared as oil suspension, were fed. After 1 or 24 hour introductions of oil, an increase in dividing ability of hepatocytes was observed, whereas after 6 or 72 hour introductions no difference from the control was registered. The introduction of oil caused a decrease of the functional activity of cells in fasciculata zone of adrenal cortex after 1, 6, 24 and 72 hours, as judged from changes in the nuclear volume. AVP in doses of 5.0 and 1.2 g/kg intensified hepatic polyploidy after 1 and 24 hours as compared with rats administered only the oil. After 6 and 72 hours, no difference from the control was registered. In the fasciculata zone of adrenal cortex, AVP in both the doses employed increased the functional activity of cells after 1, 6 and 24 hours. The nature of the response of hepatic cells on the introduction of the above substances presumably depends on the degree of adrenal cortex functional activity.", "contents": "[Changes in hepatocytes and the functional activity of the adrenal cortex in rats following administration of the pigment anthraquinone violet]. The response of hepatocytes and cells of adrenal cortex of males of white rats to a single introduction per os of sunflower oil or anthraquinone violet pigment (AVP), routinely used for the painting of plastics, was evaluated. 5 ml of sunflower oil or of AVP, prepared as oil suspension, were fed. After 1 or 24 hour introductions of oil, an increase in dividing ability of hepatocytes was observed, whereas after 6 or 72 hour introductions no difference from the control was registered. The introduction of oil caused a decrease of the functional activity of cells in fasciculata zone of adrenal cortex after 1, 6, 24 and 72 hours, as judged from changes in the nuclear volume. AVP in doses of 5.0 and 1.2 g/kg intensified hepatic polyploidy after 1 and 24 hours as compared with rats administered only the oil. After 6 and 72 hours, no difference from the control was registered. In the fasciculata zone of adrenal cortex, AVP in both the doses employed increased the functional activity of cells after 1, 6 and 24 hours. The nature of the response of hepatic cells on the introduction of the above substances presumably depends on the degree of adrenal cortex functional activity.", "PMID": 684847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6234", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the cells of surviving hippocampal slices during the incubation process].", "content": "The dynamics of ultrastructural changes in the pyramidal neurons from the CA3 area of hippocampal slices was studied. It was shown that after 5 hours' incubation changes in the reticulum, nuclear envelope and mitochondria took place. No visible changes were seen in different synapses after incubation longer than 5 hours. It might be seen that the glial cells had their structural integrity after 30 hours. The data obtained were in a good agreement with our electrophysiological observations of neurons of the same area. The present data suggests that the brain slices in vitro are convenient objects for a parallel ultrastructural and electrophysiological study of the properties of neurons within a 1-5 hours incubation.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the cells of surviving hippocampal slices during the incubation process]. The dynamics of ultrastructural changes in the pyramidal neurons from the CA3 area of hippocampal slices was studied. It was shown that after 5 hours' incubation changes in the reticulum, nuclear envelope and mitochondria took place. No visible changes were seen in different synapses after incubation longer than 5 hours. It might be seen that the glial cells had their structural integrity after 30 hours. The data obtained were in a good agreement with our electrophysiological observations of neurons of the same area. The present data suggests that the brain slices in vitro are convenient objects for a parallel ultrastructural and electrophysiological study of the properties of neurons within a 1-5 hours incubation.", "PMID": 684848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6235", "title": "[Correlation between the number of centrioles and ploidy of mouse liver hepatocytes].", "content": "Using the electron microscope it was shown that in interphase hepatocytes with ploidies equal to 2n, 2n.2, 4n, 4n.2 and 8n, the number of centrioles per cell exactly corresponded to the ploidy of the cell. Both in mononuclear and binuclear cells all the centrioles are accumulated in one complex in which each pair of centrioles forms a diplosome. In binuclear cells, the complex of diplosomes is situated at equal distances from each nucleus, thus making the cell centre. The involvement of the supernumerous centrioles in polyploid metaphase cells was detected for the regenerating liver of old mice. It was found that each mitotic pole had at least four centrioles. In the pole, a pair of centrioles forms diplosomes tightly connected to each other. It is suggested that the initially tetraploid cell might divide in this manner. In addition, a question is discussed on how the existence of centrioles can be associated with the mechanism of polyploidization.", "contents": "[Correlation between the number of centrioles and ploidy of mouse liver hepatocytes]. Using the electron microscope it was shown that in interphase hepatocytes with ploidies equal to 2n, 2n.2, 4n, 4n.2 and 8n, the number of centrioles per cell exactly corresponded to the ploidy of the cell. Both in mononuclear and binuclear cells all the centrioles are accumulated in one complex in which each pair of centrioles forms a diplosome. In binuclear cells, the complex of diplosomes is situated at equal distances from each nucleus, thus making the cell centre. The involvement of the supernumerous centrioles in polyploid metaphase cells was detected for the regenerating liver of old mice. It was found that each mitotic pole had at least four centrioles. In the pole, a pair of centrioles forms diplosomes tightly connected to each other. It is suggested that the initially tetraploid cell might divide in this manner. In addition, a question is discussed on how the existence of centrioles can be associated with the mechanism of polyploidization.", "PMID": 684849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6236", "title": "[Mitochondria as possible \"targets\" in neuroallergy].", "content": "During experimental allergic encephalomyelitic (EAE) in dogs, it was established with electron microscope that mitochondria of neurons and glia of the central nervous system (CNS) were most sensitive organelles to the development of neuroallergy. Swelling of mitochondria, disruption of their membranes, desorganization of mitochondrian cristae were observed in the incubation period; these alterations were seen increasing by the moment of clinical manifestation of EAE. Immunization of guinea pigs by mitochondrial fractions of dog's brain cortex with Freund's adjuvant resulted in the manifestation of clinical and morphological signs of EAE in the CNS in addition to a significant destruction of mitochondria. The idea of the initial alteration of different membranous structures of the CNS during demyelinating processes in brain is put forward.", "contents": "[Mitochondria as possible \"targets\" in neuroallergy]. During experimental allergic encephalomyelitic (EAE) in dogs, it was established with electron microscope that mitochondria of neurons and glia of the central nervous system (CNS) were most sensitive organelles to the development of neuroallergy. Swelling of mitochondria, disruption of their membranes, desorganization of mitochondrian cristae were observed in the incubation period; these alterations were seen increasing by the moment of clinical manifestation of EAE. Immunization of guinea pigs by mitochondrial fractions of dog's brain cortex with Freund's adjuvant resulted in the manifestation of clinical and morphological signs of EAE in the CNS in addition to a significant destruction of mitochondria. The idea of the initial alteration of different membranous structures of the CNS during demyelinating processes in brain is put forward.", "PMID": 684850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6237", "title": "[Morphologic, electrophysiologic and metabolic indices of cerebellar neuron functioning in tissue culture].", "content": "A comparative investigation of morphological, electrophisiological and metabolic indices of the functioning of cerebellar neurons developing in vivo and in conditions of the organotypical culture permitted us to distinguish a period (20--25 days) when properties of the culture of nervous tissue most resemble the characteristics of the brain of adult animals. Cultivated nervous tissue may be used as a model for studies of fine mechanisms of the nervous system functioning in the ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Morphologic, electrophysiologic and metabolic indices of cerebellar neuron functioning in tissue culture]. A comparative investigation of morphological, electrophisiological and metabolic indices of the functioning of cerebellar neurons developing in vivo and in conditions of the organotypical culture permitted us to distinguish a period (20--25 days) when properties of the culture of nervous tissue most resemble the characteristics of the brain of adult animals. Cultivated nervous tissue may be used as a model for studies of fine mechanisms of the nervous system functioning in the ontogenesis.", "PMID": 684851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6238", "title": "[Effect of ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde on the chromosomal apparatus of rat and human cells].", "content": "A higher level of cells with a changed number of chromosomes in leucocyte blood culture of chronic alcohol users (drunkards) and spermatogency cells of alcoholized rats has been noticed. Ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde exerts the same influence in the leucocyte blood culture of healthy donors. A prolonged influence of ethanol on rats, and also the effect of large doses of ethanol on the leucocyte blood culture of healthy donors cause an increase in the quantity of cells with chromosome translocations and gaps.", "contents": "[Effect of ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde on the chromosomal apparatus of rat and human cells]. A higher level of cells with a changed number of chromosomes in leucocyte blood culture of chronic alcohol users (drunkards) and spermatogency cells of alcoholized rats has been noticed. Ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde exerts the same influence in the leucocyte blood culture of healthy donors. A prolonged influence of ethanol on rats, and also the effect of large doses of ethanol on the leucocyte blood culture of healthy donors cause an increase in the quantity of cells with chromosome translocations and gaps.", "PMID": 684852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6239", "title": "[Use of a histological fixative for extraction of the RNA precursor pool from mollusk nerve tissue].", "content": "The incorporation of 3H-uridine into the nucleotide pool of the molluscan nerve tissue was calculated in a routine fixative solution (formalin--alcohol--acetic acid, 9:3:1). The optimal conditions for the precursor output from the tissue being studied, the results obtained well compare with those obtained by common biochemical techniques. Our method gives a possibility to use the same sample of tissue for historadiographical investigation of labeled RNA and for cytochemical determination of nuclear acid amounts.", "contents": "[Use of a histological fixative for extraction of the RNA precursor pool from mollusk nerve tissue]. The incorporation of 3H-uridine into the nucleotide pool of the molluscan nerve tissue was calculated in a routine fixative solution (formalin--alcohol--acetic acid, 9:3:1). The optimal conditions for the precursor output from the tissue being studied, the results obtained well compare with those obtained by common biochemical techniques. Our method gives a possibility to use the same sample of tissue for historadiographical investigation of labeled RNA and for cytochemical determination of nuclear acid amounts.", "PMID": 684853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6240", "title": "Miliary tuberculosis diagnosed by fibreoptic bronchoscopy and transbronchial biopsy.", "content": "Fibreoptic bronchoscopy with bronchial washing and trasnbronchial biopsy was performed in 8 patients with miliary tuberculosis and helped establish the diagnosis in 6 (75%). This procedure may provide a valuable adjunct to the diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis.", "contents": "Miliary tuberculosis diagnosed by fibreoptic bronchoscopy and transbronchial biopsy. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy with bronchial washing and trasnbronchial biopsy was performed in 8 patients with miliary tuberculosis and helped establish the diagnosis in 6 (75%). This procedure may provide a valuable adjunct to the diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis.", "PMID": 684855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6241", "title": "Hypochromia as a clinical sign of tuberculosis in the tropics.", "content": "The skin colour of 106 Nigerian tuberculosis patients was measured by colorimetry; and a relative hypochromia, particularly of the face, was found to be associated with tuberculous infection. The hypochromia reached a significant degree compared to a group of 126 control patients with other medical conditions from whom tuberculosis had been excluded. Successful treatment of the tuberculosis resulted in re-pigmentation. It is suggested that relative hypochromia should be included in the list of non-specific signs which may be looked for when considering tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of chronic cough, and debilitating disease, in the African. The hypochromia of protein-calorie malnutrition was not included in the study, but its importance in relation to coincident tuberculosis is noted. A simple method of measuring skin colour in the consulting room needs to be developed.", "contents": "Hypochromia as a clinical sign of tuberculosis in the tropics. The skin colour of 106 Nigerian tuberculosis patients was measured by colorimetry; and a relative hypochromia, particularly of the face, was found to be associated with tuberculous infection. The hypochromia reached a significant degree compared to a group of 126 control patients with other medical conditions from whom tuberculosis had been excluded. Successful treatment of the tuberculosis resulted in re-pigmentation. It is suggested that relative hypochromia should be included in the list of non-specific signs which may be looked for when considering tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of chronic cough, and debilitating disease, in the African. The hypochromia of protein-calorie malnutrition was not included in the study, but its importance in relation to coincident tuberculosis is noted. A simple method of measuring skin colour in the consulting room needs to be developed.", "PMID": 684856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6242", "title": "Stability of dilute solutions of tuberculin purified protein derivative.", "content": "The biological potency of 15 commercially available tuberculin solutions prepared from a master batch of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) (PPD-CT68) and using a newly formulated diluent (Connaught diluent) containing 0.0005% Tween 80 as an anti-adsorption agent and 0.3% phenol as a preservative, was determined after storage for various intervals at 4, 24 and 37 degrees C. The 5 tuberculin units (TU) per 0.1 ml dose solutions were bioequivalent to a non-stabilized solution of PPD-S whereas the 1 TU and 250 TU per dose solutions were equivalent by calculation to a non-stabilized solution of PPD-S. It was found that the PPD solutions of all 3 strengths, 1, 5 and 250 TU per dose, were stable for at least 3 years at 4 degrees C and for 2 years at room temperature (24 degrees C). Even at 37 degrees C the solutions of all 3 strengths were stable for at least 1 year. The stability of Connaught tuberculin PPD solutions has not been affected by the changes in formulation. The stability data suggest that the expiry date of the newly formulated tuberculin products could be at least two years from the data of the last satisfactory potency test. Although these products are stable for at least 1 year even at 37 degrees C, we nonetheless agree with the Canadian and U.S. regulations that they be stored at 2 to 8 degrees C in their original containers.", "contents": "Stability of dilute solutions of tuberculin purified protein derivative. The biological potency of 15 commercially available tuberculin solutions prepared from a master batch of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) (PPD-CT68) and using a newly formulated diluent (Connaught diluent) containing 0.0005% Tween 80 as an anti-adsorption agent and 0.3% phenol as a preservative, was determined after storage for various intervals at 4, 24 and 37 degrees C. The 5 tuberculin units (TU) per 0.1 ml dose solutions were bioequivalent to a non-stabilized solution of PPD-S whereas the 1 TU and 250 TU per dose solutions were equivalent by calculation to a non-stabilized solution of PPD-S. It was found that the PPD solutions of all 3 strengths, 1, 5 and 250 TU per dose, were stable for at least 3 years at 4 degrees C and for 2 years at room temperature (24 degrees C). Even at 37 degrees C the solutions of all 3 strengths were stable for at least 1 year. The stability of Connaught tuberculin PPD solutions has not been affected by the changes in formulation. The stability data suggest that the expiry date of the newly formulated tuberculin products could be at least two years from the data of the last satisfactory potency test. Although these products are stable for at least 1 year even at 37 degrees C, we nonetheless agree with the Canadian and U.S. regulations that they be stored at 2 to 8 degrees C in their original containers.", "PMID": 684857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6243", "title": "Phenotypes of BCG-vaccines seed lot strains: results of an international cooperative study. International Union against Tuberculosis.", "content": "Ninety-one tests were performed on 8 BCG-seed lot strains by 7 cooperating laboratories. From the tests performed in 2 or more laboratories regarding which there were agreement, a catalogue of 35 test characters was prepared.", "contents": "Phenotypes of BCG-vaccines seed lot strains: results of an international cooperative study. International Union against Tuberculosis. Ninety-one tests were performed on 8 BCG-seed lot strains by 7 cooperating laboratories. From the tests performed in 2 or more laboratories regarding which there were agreement, a catalogue of 35 test characters was prepared.", "PMID": 684858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6244", "title": "Morphological and cytogenetical changes in HR-18 rat ascites cells after in vitro 3-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-4-methylbenzoic acid (NSC-146171; IOB-82) administration.", "content": "A bifunctional alkylating agent, 3-[Bis(2-chloroethyl) amino]-4-methylbenzoic acid (NSC-146171; IOB-82) was administered in HR-18 rat ascites cell cultures (which presented 2 morphologic cellular types: A and B type cells, genetically, 2 cellular populations having 41-45 and 85-86 chromosomes and cells with high ploidy), and the morphological and cytogenetical effects were related to the compound concentration. Thus, 24 h after IOB-82 administration in small doses (3.62 X 10(-4) micron/ml), important morphological changes were observed: nuclear changes (denuded nuclei, pyknosis) and cytoplasmic alterations (breaks at the exoplasm level, followed by cytoplasmic extrusions in extracellular spaces, cytoplasmic vacuolization). In addition to these changes, other abnormalities were observed when IOB-82 was administered in large doses (3.62 X 10(-3) micron/ml), i.e., nuclear changes (nuclear residues, granulation of the nuclear material and spreading of the nuclear content into cytoplasm) and cytoplasmic alterations (cytoplasmic shades and accentuated cytoplasmic vacuolization). Generally, the large A-type cells were more affected. Twenty-four h after IOB-82 treatment (with small or large doses), the chromatid and chromosome aberrations (gaps, breaks, deletions, fragments) were also observed. These aberrations were more numerous when IOB-82 was administered in large doses. Both morphological and cytogenetical changes indicate that the effect of IOB-82 could be radiomimetic. Changes produced and their incidence appear to depend on the concentration of IOB-82 employed and the morphological type of ascites cells. These are expressed in terms of multiple abnormality production in these cells. IOB-82 treatment produced changes in chromosome numbers and especially the disappearance of polyploid cells and cell populations with 85-86 chromosomes. These results indicate a possible correlation between the increased sensitivity of HR-18 rat ascites cells and changes in ploidy.", "contents": "Morphological and cytogenetical changes in HR-18 rat ascites cells after in vitro 3-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-4-methylbenzoic acid (NSC-146171; IOB-82) administration. A bifunctional alkylating agent, 3-[Bis(2-chloroethyl) amino]-4-methylbenzoic acid (NSC-146171; IOB-82) was administered in HR-18 rat ascites cell cultures (which presented 2 morphologic cellular types: A and B type cells, genetically, 2 cellular populations having 41-45 and 85-86 chromosomes and cells with high ploidy), and the morphological and cytogenetical effects were related to the compound concentration. Thus, 24 h after IOB-82 administration in small doses (3.62 X 10(-4) micron/ml), important morphological changes were observed: nuclear changes (denuded nuclei, pyknosis) and cytoplasmic alterations (breaks at the exoplasm level, followed by cytoplasmic extrusions in extracellular spaces, cytoplasmic vacuolization). In addition to these changes, other abnormalities were observed when IOB-82 was administered in large doses (3.62 X 10(-3) micron/ml), i.e., nuclear changes (nuclear residues, granulation of the nuclear material and spreading of the nuclear content into cytoplasm) and cytoplasmic alterations (cytoplasmic shades and accentuated cytoplasmic vacuolization). Generally, the large A-type cells were more affected. Twenty-four h after IOB-82 treatment (with small or large doses), the chromatid and chromosome aberrations (gaps, breaks, deletions, fragments) were also observed. These aberrations were more numerous when IOB-82 was administered in large doses. Both morphological and cytogenetical changes indicate that the effect of IOB-82 could be radiomimetic. Changes produced and their incidence appear to depend on the concentration of IOB-82 employed and the morphological type of ascites cells. These are expressed in terms of multiple abnormality production in these cells. IOB-82 treatment produced changes in chromosome numbers and especially the disappearance of polyploid cells and cell populations with 85-86 chromosomes. These results indicate a possible correlation between the increased sensitivity of HR-18 rat ascites cells and changes in ploidy.", "PMID": 684860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6245", "title": "Homology between cellular repeated nucleotide sequences and a murine leukemia viral genome.", "content": "Moloney murine leukemia virus c-DNA hybridizes mainly with cellular middle repeated sequences of NIH-Swiss mouse spleen DNA, fragmented to different lengths, denatured and renatured to an intermediate value of Cot, and fractionated in an Ag+-Cs2SO4 preparative gradient suitable to separate unique, middle repeated and highly repeated DNA.", "contents": "Homology between cellular repeated nucleotide sequences and a murine leukemia viral genome. Moloney murine leukemia virus c-DNA hybridizes mainly with cellular middle repeated sequences of NIH-Swiss mouse spleen DNA, fragmented to different lengths, denatured and renatured to an intermediate value of Cot, and fractionated in an Ag+-Cs2SO4 preparative gradient suitable to separate unique, middle repeated and highly repeated DNA.", "PMID": 684861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6246", "title": "Contribution of cytology, colposcopy, target biopsy and conization to the early diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix uteri.", "content": "The study is based on 334 cytologic suspect or positive women observed in the area of Florence. Cytologic diagnoses of dysplasia, carcinoma in situ (CIS), and invasive carcinoma are related to the histologic reports. To the same histologic reports are related the colposcopic aspects. Lastly, diagnoses made by target biopsy are compared with the final diagnoses made by cone biopsy. The 3 diagnostic methods and their diagnostic accuracy are then compared. As regards dysplasia, the diagnostic precision of cytology is 40.2% and for target biopsy in 76.9%. In the diagnosis of CIS, cytology shows a diagnostic accuracy (77.7%) that is a little lower than that of target biopsy (81.7%). In invasive carcinoma, cytology has a good diagnostic precision (88.2%), which becomes 100% if the diagnosis is made by target biopsy. The correlation between colposcopic aspects and histologic reports is not very reliable. We conclude that cytology is a valid test in an extensive mass screening, that colposcopy is essential to execute target biopsy, and that the latter is useful in defining dysplasia and invasive carcinoma diagnoses. On the contrary, in the case of CIS, target biopsy does not greatly increase cytology diagnostic precision.", "contents": "Contribution of cytology, colposcopy, target biopsy and conization to the early diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix uteri. The study is based on 334 cytologic suspect or positive women observed in the area of Florence. Cytologic diagnoses of dysplasia, carcinoma in situ (CIS), and invasive carcinoma are related to the histologic reports. To the same histologic reports are related the colposcopic aspects. Lastly, diagnoses made by target biopsy are compared with the final diagnoses made by cone biopsy. The 3 diagnostic methods and their diagnostic accuracy are then compared. As regards dysplasia, the diagnostic precision of cytology is 40.2% and for target biopsy in 76.9%. In the diagnosis of CIS, cytology shows a diagnostic accuracy (77.7%) that is a little lower than that of target biopsy (81.7%). In invasive carcinoma, cytology has a good diagnostic precision (88.2%), which becomes 100% if the diagnosis is made by target biopsy. The correlation between colposcopic aspects and histologic reports is not very reliable. We conclude that cytology is a valid test in an extensive mass screening, that colposcopy is essential to execute target biopsy, and that the latter is useful in defining dysplasia and invasive carcinoma diagnoses. On the contrary, in the case of CIS, target biopsy does not greatly increase cytology diagnostic precision.", "PMID": 684862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6247", "title": "Gastroscopy and directed biopsy in the diagnosis of primary gastric lymphomas. Report of 16 personal cases.", "content": "The results of an endoscopic bioptic study of 16 cases of primary gastric malignant lymphoma are reported. Endoscopic observation suggested a diagnosis of malignant lymphoma in 50% of the cases, while directed biopsy gave a similar diagnosis in 75% of the cases. A correlation of the endoscopic and the histologic results gave a diagnostic reliability or 87.5% (14 of 16 cases). In order to obtain also in this group of neoplasms the diagnostic positivity already obtained in the epithelial forms, both improvement in the bioptic sampling technique and a better knowledge of the endoscopic morphology of the lesions must be achieved.", "contents": "Gastroscopy and directed biopsy in the diagnosis of primary gastric lymphomas. Report of 16 personal cases. The results of an endoscopic bioptic study of 16 cases of primary gastric malignant lymphoma are reported. Endoscopic observation suggested a diagnosis of malignant lymphoma in 50% of the cases, while directed biopsy gave a similar diagnosis in 75% of the cases. A correlation of the endoscopic and the histologic results gave a diagnostic reliability or 87.5% (14 of 16 cases). In order to obtain also in this group of neoplasms the diagnostic positivity already obtained in the epithelial forms, both improvement in the bioptic sampling technique and a better knowledge of the endoscopic morphology of the lesions must be achieved.", "PMID": 684864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6248", "title": "Gross body composition changes in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix treated with irradiation.", "content": "Gross body composition studies done on a group of 11 women with cervical cancer before and after completion of radiotherapy revealed moderate compositional changes. There was after irradiation a tendency towards weight loss, connected with some increase of relative total body water content and also its extracellular fraction. The weight loss was due to a decrease of body fat and cell mass, whereas extracellular spaces tended to increase. There was a tendency towards a drop in plasma sodium concentration and an increase of its total content in extracellular water. A significant drop of the potassium serum concentration was observed.", "contents": "Gross body composition changes in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix treated with irradiation. Gross body composition studies done on a group of 11 women with cervical cancer before and after completion of radiotherapy revealed moderate compositional changes. There was after irradiation a tendency towards weight loss, connected with some increase of relative total body water content and also its extracellular fraction. The weight loss was due to a decrease of body fat and cell mass, whereas extracellular spaces tended to increase. There was a tendency towards a drop in plasma sodium concentration and an increase of its total content in extracellular water. A significant drop of the potassium serum concentration was observed.", "PMID": 684863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6249", "title": "Intravenous administration of BCG in advanced melanoma patients.", "content": "From June 1975 to August 1977, 19 patients with distant metastases of malignant melanoma of the skin that were no longer responsive to chemotherapy were treated with BCG given intravenously. A single dose of lyophilized Pasteur BCG ranging from 2 X 10(7) to 3 X 10(8) viable units was given in 500 ml of saline infused in 5 to 6 h. Seven of the 16 evaluable patients benefited from treatment; 3 showed an objective regression of more than 50% of the original tumor volume, and 4 an arrest of tumor growth. The objective regressions lasted from 2 to 5 months, and 1 case had an arrest of tumor growth for 29 months. The regression rate was related to the BCG dosage: 2 X 10(8) viable units appears to be the dosage that gives severe but reversible toxicity and is able to induce objective regression. The most responsive lesions were skin and subcutaneous deposits (5 of 7) and lung metastases (1 of 4). Toxic effects seem to be related to the number of bacilli injected. In the group of 10 cases treated with less than 10(8) units, toxicity was modest: 4 patients had fever (up to 38.5 degrees C) that lasted a few days, and in 3 cases it was associated with shivering during the infusion period and weakness. One case only had vomiting and jaundice. Toxicity was severe in the 9 patients that were treated with a dosage higher than 10(8): patients had fever and weakness for at least 4 days and shivering during the infusion. Two had adrenal insufficiency and 7 had liver enlargement and jaundice with return to normality by day 21. In the whole series 8 patients had leucopenia and 5 thrombocytopenia for 2 to 3 days: only 1 patient required blood and platelet transfusion. No significant variations in immunoglobulin levels were observed. No variations of PPD or BCG skin tests were observed after treatment. Three patients expired; the first treated with 6 X 10(7) unit, had an intercurrent disease (autopsy showed a heart infarction); the second, treated with 1.8 X 10(8), showed a rapid growth of lung metastases and died 15 days after treatment; the death of the third patient was probably due to anaphylactic shock. All 3 patients had been previously treated with BCG, given by scarification or intranodular injection.", "contents": "Intravenous administration of BCG in advanced melanoma patients. From June 1975 to August 1977, 19 patients with distant metastases of malignant melanoma of the skin that were no longer responsive to chemotherapy were treated with BCG given intravenously. A single dose of lyophilized Pasteur BCG ranging from 2 X 10(7) to 3 X 10(8) viable units was given in 500 ml of saline infused in 5 to 6 h. Seven of the 16 evaluable patients benefited from treatment; 3 showed an objective regression of more than 50% of the original tumor volume, and 4 an arrest of tumor growth. The objective regressions lasted from 2 to 5 months, and 1 case had an arrest of tumor growth for 29 months. The regression rate was related to the BCG dosage: 2 X 10(8) viable units appears to be the dosage that gives severe but reversible toxicity and is able to induce objective regression. The most responsive lesions were skin and subcutaneous deposits (5 of 7) and lung metastases (1 of 4). Toxic effects seem to be related to the number of bacilli injected. In the group of 10 cases treated with less than 10(8) units, toxicity was modest: 4 patients had fever (up to 38.5 degrees C) that lasted a few days, and in 3 cases it was associated with shivering during the infusion period and weakness. One case only had vomiting and jaundice. Toxicity was severe in the 9 patients that were treated with a dosage higher than 10(8): patients had fever and weakness for at least 4 days and shivering during the infusion. Two had adrenal insufficiency and 7 had liver enlargement and jaundice with return to normality by day 21. In the whole series 8 patients had leucopenia and 5 thrombocytopenia for 2 to 3 days: only 1 patient required blood and platelet transfusion. No significant variations in immunoglobulin levels were observed. No variations of PPD or BCG skin tests were observed after treatment. Three patients expired; the first treated with 6 X 10(7) unit, had an intercurrent disease (autopsy showed a heart infarction); the second, treated with 1.8 X 10(8), showed a rapid growth of lung metastases and died 15 days after treatment; the death of the third patient was probably due to anaphylactic shock. All 3 patients had been previously treated with BCG, given by scarification or intranodular injection.", "PMID": 684866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6250", "title": "[Effect of hyperoxia on water-insoluble proteins of the brain].", "content": "Water-insoluble proteins of rat brain were studied as affected by hyperbaric oxygenation (oxygen pressure 6 at.ga. convulsion state). Solubilization of proteins under effect of hyperoxia and triton X-100 increases by 32-81%. Changes in the amino acidic composition of proteins extracted by 0.5% triton X-100 are characterized by an increase in the amount of aspartic acid, cystin, leucine and isoleucine and by a decrease in the amount of histidine, arginine and methionine. Electrophoresis in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel of proteins in the 0.5% triton X-100 extract showed changes in the number and mobility of protein bands.", "contents": "[Effect of hyperoxia on water-insoluble proteins of the brain]. Water-insoluble proteins of rat brain were studied as affected by hyperbaric oxygenation (oxygen pressure 6 at.ga. convulsion state). Solubilization of proteins under effect of hyperoxia and triton X-100 increases by 32-81%. Changes in the amino acidic composition of proteins extracted by 0.5% triton X-100 are characterized by an increase in the amount of aspartic acid, cystin, leucine and isoleucine and by a decrease in the amount of histidine, arginine and methionine. Electrophoresis in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel of proteins in the 0.5% triton X-100 extract showed changes in the number and mobility of protein bands.", "PMID": 684868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6251", "title": "Clinical results of lymphography in cancer of the uterine cervix. A retrospective study of 542 consecutive, unselected patients.", "content": "From 1961 to 1976, 542 patients were evaluated with foot lymphography for cancer of the cervix at the Istituto Nationale Tumori of Milan. A group of 341 patients had lymphangiography as part of the initial diagnostic work-up. The overall incidence of positive examinations was 25% (9% stage I, 29% stage II, 46% stage III, 50% stage IV). In the 115 patients who had pelvic surgery the overall diagnostic accuracy of lymphography was 88%, with 2 false positive and 12 false negative reports. A second group of 90 patients was evaluated in the follow-up without clinical evidence of disease, and the incidence of metastases was 17%. Finally, group of 111 patients was studied for recurrence, and in this group the incidence of metastases was 51%. As regards site of involvement, the external iliac chains were involved in 93 to 96% of the cases, the common iliac in 34 to 79%, and the para-aortic in 17 to 36% in the different clinical conditions. The highest incidence of para-aortic metastases was found in the clinically initial stages (I and II) and in the recurrences. The lymphographic involvement of the retroperitoneal nodes was usually limited to a single region (41%) or two regions (37%). Only in 22% of the positive  cases was a diffuse involvement of the retroperitoneal node chains evident.", "contents": "Clinical results of lymphography in cancer of the uterine cervix. A retrospective study of 542 consecutive, unselected patients. From 1961 to 1976, 542 patients were evaluated with foot lymphography for cancer of the cervix at the Istituto Nationale Tumori of Milan. A group of 341 patients had lymphangiography as part of the initial diagnostic work-up. The overall incidence of positive examinations was 25% (9% stage I, 29% stage II, 46% stage III, 50% stage IV). In the 115 patients who had pelvic surgery the overall diagnostic accuracy of lymphography was 88%, with 2 false positive and 12 false negative reports. A second group of 90 patients was evaluated in the follow-up without clinical evidence of disease, and the incidence of metastases was 17%. Finally, group of 111 patients was studied for recurrence, and in this group the incidence of metastases was 51%. As regards site of involvement, the external iliac chains were involved in 93 to 96% of the cases, the common iliac in 34 to 79%, and the para-aortic in 17 to 36% in the different clinical conditions. The highest incidence of para-aortic metastases was found in the clinically initial stages (I and II) and in the recurrences. The lymphographic involvement of the retroperitoneal nodes was usually limited to a single region (41%) or two regions (37%). Only in 22% of the positive  cases was a diffuse involvement of the retroperitoneal node chains evident.", "PMID": 684865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6252", "title": "[Cathepsin B1 activity in cat brain tissue].", "content": "The dependence of the cathepsin B1 (EC 3.4.22.1) activity on pH of a medium with substrates N alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine amide (BAA) and N alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine-paranitroanilide (BAPNA) was studied. Several maxima of the studied enzyme activity are established depending on pH in the grey and white matter of the cat cerebral hemispheres. The activity of cathepsin BI is different in functionally and morphologically different areas of brain (grey matter of cerebral hemispheres less than than cerebellum less than white matter of cerebral hemispheres less than medulla oblongata). A six-fold freezing and defrosting of homogenates of the brain structures under study causes an increase in the cathepsin B1 activity. It is shown that the cathepsin B1 activity in the brain grey matter grows in the presence of L-cysteine and is inhibited under the effect of pChMB, monoiodoacetic acid, Mn2+ and Cu2+.", "contents": "[Cathepsin B1 activity in cat brain tissue]. The dependence of the cathepsin B1 (EC 3.4.22.1) activity on pH of a medium with substrates N alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine amide (BAA) and N alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine-paranitroanilide (BAPNA) was studied. Several maxima of the studied enzyme activity are established depending on pH in the grey and white matter of the cat cerebral hemispheres. The activity of cathepsin BI is different in functionally and morphologically different areas of brain (grey matter of cerebral hemispheres less than than cerebellum less than white matter of cerebral hemispheres less than medulla oblongata). A six-fold freezing and defrosting of homogenates of the brain structures under study causes an increase in the cathepsin B1 activity. It is shown that the cathepsin B1 activity in the brain grey matter grows in the presence of L-cysteine and is inhibited under the effect of pChMB, monoiodoacetic acid, Mn2+ and Cu2+.", "PMID": 684867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6253", "title": "[Iron, copper, zinc and cobalt content and activity of respiratory metalloenzymes in animal tissues under toxic hypoxia].", "content": "The rabbits being repeatedly poisoned with small doses of sodium cyanide, the activity of succinic dehydrogenase in the tissues does not essentially change. The activity of NAD.H2-cytochrome-c-reductase and NAD.H2-diaphorase in the brain, myocardium and kidneys increases. Under histotoxic hypoxia the level of iron in the tissues increases by 52-93%, that of copper--by 28-36%, of zinc--by 21-74% and of cobalt by 28-40%. There existed a positive correlation between the content of iron and the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes. In nonlethal form of histotoxic hypoxia the content of nonhemin iron and the activity of NAD.H2-cytochrome-c-reductase in the mitochondria of the brain increases by 25% and 17%, respectively, and a direct correlation is revealed between them.", "contents": "[Iron, copper, zinc and cobalt content and activity of respiratory metalloenzymes in animal tissues under toxic hypoxia]. The rabbits being repeatedly poisoned with small doses of sodium cyanide, the activity of succinic dehydrogenase in the tissues does not essentially change. The activity of NAD.H2-cytochrome-c-reductase and NAD.H2-diaphorase in the brain, myocardium and kidneys increases. Under histotoxic hypoxia the level of iron in the tissues increases by 52-93%, that of copper--by 28-36%, of zinc--by 21-74% and of cobalt by 28-40%. There existed a positive correlation between the content of iron and the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes. In nonlethal form of histotoxic hypoxia the content of nonhemin iron and the activity of NAD.H2-cytochrome-c-reductase in the mitochondria of the brain increases by 25% and 17%, respectively, and a direct correlation is revealed between them.", "PMID": 684869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6254", "title": "[Total content and cholesterol fractions in tissues of cockerels under experimental hypercholesterolemia].", "content": "Experimental hypercholesterolemia was induced in cockerels at the age of 2-3 months by feeding rations with added cholesterol (1%) and sunflower oil (5%) for 4 weeks. It was found that in the liver the concentration of free cholesterol was 3 times as high while that of cholesterol esters was more than 10 times as high. The content of both free and esterified cholesterol in intestinal mucosa and intestinal smooth muscle increased considerably. Cholesterol of skeletal muscles which is present mainly by its free form increased insignificantly. A conclusion is drawn that the intestine parallel with the liver may play a homesotatic role in the body cholesterol control. In erythrocytes and in their nuclei cholesterol is in an unesterified form. Under hypercholesterolemia the content of cholesterol in erythrocytes remains normal, that evidences for its stability in the plasmic and nuclear membranes.", "contents": "[Total content and cholesterol fractions in tissues of cockerels under experimental hypercholesterolemia]. Experimental hypercholesterolemia was induced in cockerels at the age of 2-3 months by feeding rations with added cholesterol (1%) and sunflower oil (5%) for 4 weeks. It was found that in the liver the concentration of free cholesterol was 3 times as high while that of cholesterol esters was more than 10 times as high. The content of both free and esterified cholesterol in intestinal mucosa and intestinal smooth muscle increased considerably. Cholesterol of skeletal muscles which is present mainly by its free form increased insignificantly. A conclusion is drawn that the intestine parallel with the liver may play a homesotatic role in the body cholesterol control. In erythrocytes and in their nuclei cholesterol is in an unesterified form. Under hypercholesterolemia the content of cholesterol in erythrocytes remains normal, that evidences for its stability in the plasmic and nuclear membranes.", "PMID": 684872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6255", "title": "[Temperature effect on the conformation state of fibrinogen and its derivatives].", "content": "The temperature dependence of spectral parameter B for fibrinogen, monomer fibrin, D and E fragments is examined by the method of ultraviolet fluorescence. Besides denaturation transition I (49 degrees C), conformational transition II (11-16 degrees C, depending on the sample) is observed in fibrinogen and its D fragment when temperature changes from 2 to 56 degrees C. Temperature transition II is reversible, sensitive to the ionic strength (its rise causes the transition temperature drop). Transition temperature of D fragment always correlates with that of fibrinogen, from which the fragment is obtained. Similarity in complex dependence of the B value on temperature for D fragment and fibrinogen is an additional proof of their structural likeness. No structural transitions are observed with a temperature rise up to 56 degrees C in E fragment. The ability of fibrinogen to inhibit self-assemblage of fibrin changes in the studied temperature intervals. A sharp transition from the acceleratory to inhibitory effect of fibrinogen on fibrin self-assemblage is registered at a temperature of about 11 degrees C. This change might be connected with structural transition II.", "contents": "[Temperature effect on the conformation state of fibrinogen and its derivatives]. The temperature dependence of spectral parameter B for fibrinogen, monomer fibrin, D and E fragments is examined by the method of ultraviolet fluorescence. Besides denaturation transition I (49 degrees C), conformational transition II (11-16 degrees C, depending on the sample) is observed in fibrinogen and its D fragment when temperature changes from 2 to 56 degrees C. Temperature transition II is reversible, sensitive to the ionic strength (its rise causes the transition temperature drop). Transition temperature of D fragment always correlates with that of fibrinogen, from which the fragment is obtained. Similarity in complex dependence of the B value on temperature for D fragment and fibrinogen is an additional proof of their structural likeness. No structural transitions are observed with a temperature rise up to 56 degrees C in E fragment. The ability of fibrinogen to inhibit self-assemblage of fibrin changes in the studied temperature intervals. A sharp transition from the acceleratory to inhibitory effect of fibrinogen on fibrin self-assemblage is registered at a temperature of about 11 degrees C. This change might be connected with structural transition II.", "PMID": 684873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6256", "title": "[Influence of muscular activity on muscle proteins and sarcoplasmic reticulum content and binding of Ca2+].", "content": "Training with an increase in intensity of loads causes muscle hypertrophy. The increase of myofibrillar proteins content and proteins of sarcoplasmic reticulum is greater after this training than after training with prolongation of duration of loads. The content of sarcoplasmic proteins is the same in the both kinds of training. The increase in the content of mitochondrial proteins is smaller. The myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins content is the greatest with simultaneous increase in the intensity and duration of loads. Increase in the content of sarcoplasmic vesicles proteins in this case is the same as after training with an increase in the intensity of loads. An increase in the content of mitochondrial proteins is the same as in training with prolongation of duration of loads. The capacity of binding Ca2+ (per unit protein weight), Vmax and Km are not changed. When calculating per unit of muscle mass possibilities of Ca2+ binding under the effect of loads of the uncreasing intensity rise.", "contents": "[Influence of muscular activity on muscle proteins and sarcoplasmic reticulum content and binding of Ca2+]. Training with an increase in intensity of loads causes muscle hypertrophy. The increase of myofibrillar proteins content and proteins of sarcoplasmic reticulum is greater after this training than after training with prolongation of duration of loads. The content of sarcoplasmic proteins is the same in the both kinds of training. The increase in the content of mitochondrial proteins is smaller. The myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins content is the greatest with simultaneous increase in the intensity and duration of loads. Increase in the content of sarcoplasmic vesicles proteins in this case is the same as after training with an increase in the intensity of loads. An increase in the content of mitochondrial proteins is the same as in training with prolongation of duration of loads. The capacity of binding Ca2+ (per unit protein weight), Vmax and Km are not changed. When calculating per unit of muscle mass possibilities of Ca2+ binding under the effect of loads of the uncreasing intensity rise.", "PMID": 684870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6257", "title": "[Peculiarities of urea distribution in tissues of rats of different age].", "content": "The content of urea was studied in protein-free filtrates of the liver kidneys, skeletal muscles, myocardium, spleen, brain tissues and blood serum as well as in urine of 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24-month rats. It is shown that at the age of 6 months the content of urine in most tissues under study is significantly decreased (by 42-73%), at the age of 12 months in the spleen and at the age of 24 months in the brain tissues as compared to the one-month animals. The level of urine decrease in the liver and brain tissues of 24-month animals is less pronounced than in other tissues, that corresponds to age peculiarities of their protein metabolism. A decrease of blood consumption per weight unit and a relative increase in the amount of nitrogen excreted with urine are observed with ageing. The arginase activity in the liver decreases essentially only in 3-month animals. A conclusion is drawn that peculiarities of food consumption and the character of changes in the urea content in tissues and urine are adaptation manifestation of an age decrease in the intensity of nitrogen metabolism and protein demand of the organism.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of urea distribution in tissues of rats of different age]. The content of urea was studied in protein-free filtrates of the liver kidneys, skeletal muscles, myocardium, spleen, brain tissues and blood serum as well as in urine of 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24-month rats. It is shown that at the age of 6 months the content of urine in most tissues under study is significantly decreased (by 42-73%), at the age of 12 months in the spleen and at the age of 24 months in the brain tissues as compared to the one-month animals. The level of urine decrease in the liver and brain tissues of 24-month animals is less pronounced than in other tissues, that corresponds to age peculiarities of their protein metabolism. A decrease of blood consumption per weight unit and a relative increase in the amount of nitrogen excreted with urine are observed with ageing. The arginase activity in the liver decreases essentially only in 3-month animals. A conclusion is drawn that peculiarities of food consumption and the character of changes in the urea content in tissues and urine are adaptation manifestation of an age decrease in the intensity of nitrogen metabolism and protein demand of the organism.", "PMID": 684871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6258", "title": "[Isolation of transferrin and albumin from Cohn fraction IV of human  blood plasma proteins].", "content": "To isolate transferrin and additional amounts of albumin the parameters are developed for subfractionating with the alcohol-rivanol method fraction IV (according to Cohn) of plasma proteins (waste of albumin production from plasma of donor blood). The suggested method for fraction IV subfractionating makes it possible to obtain true albumin and transferrin. In all series the yield of wet and dry sediments of transferrin is constant. To remove alcohol from albumin and transferrin half-finished products the regimes of sublimation drying are worked out at which protein is not denaturated. Albumin obtained from fraction IV satisfies all the requirements of MPTY-42 N 3500-67 for the albumin preparation from donor blood. The developed method for subfractioning fraction IV of plasma proteins is easily reproduced on an industrial scale, permits a 8% increase in albumin yield from 1 1 of plasma and a simultaneous obtaining of transferrin which may be a basis for medicinal preparation.", "contents": "[Isolation of transferrin and albumin from Cohn fraction IV of human  blood plasma proteins]. To isolate transferrin and additional amounts of albumin the parameters are developed for subfractionating with the alcohol-rivanol method fraction IV (according to Cohn) of plasma proteins (waste of albumin production from plasma of donor blood). The suggested method for fraction IV subfractionating makes it possible to obtain true albumin and transferrin. In all series the yield of wet and dry sediments of transferrin is constant. To remove alcohol from albumin and transferrin half-finished products the regimes of sublimation drying are worked out at which protein is not denaturated. Albumin obtained from fraction IV satisfies all the requirements of MPTY-42 N 3500-67 for the albumin preparation from donor blood. The developed method for subfractioning fraction IV of plasma proteins is easily reproduced on an industrial scale, permits a 8% increase in albumin yield from 1 1 of plasma and a simultaneous obtaining of transferrin which may be a basis for medicinal preparation.", "PMID": 684878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6259", "title": "[Properties of lactate dehydrogenase of brain mitochondria].", "content": "The activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the brain mitochondria isolated within the phycol density gradient accounts for 5% of the enzyme activity determined in cytoplasm. More than 80% of this activity is found in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. Purification, washing and incubation of the mitochondria with supernatant fluid do not change the activity. The treatment with lubrol, desoxycholate or ultrasound evoked almost a two-fold increase in the enzymic activity in the mitochondria and does not change it in the supernatant fluid. Rotenone and Ca2+ have no effect on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the both preparations, KCN inhibits it. Mg2+ increases the activity in the supernatant fluid and decreases it in the mitochondria. The relative amount of M- and N- forms of lactate dehydrogenase is approximately the same in the both studied objects.", "contents": "[Properties of lactate dehydrogenase of brain mitochondria]. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the brain mitochondria isolated within the phycol density gradient accounts for 5% of the enzyme activity determined in cytoplasm. More than 80% of this activity is found in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. Purification, washing and incubation of the mitochondria with supernatant fluid do not change the activity. The treatment with lubrol, desoxycholate or ultrasound evoked almost a two-fold increase in the enzymic activity in the mitochondria and does not change it in the supernatant fluid. Rotenone and Ca2+ have no effect on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the both preparations, KCN inhibits it. Mg2+ increases the activity in the supernatant fluid and decreases it in the mitochondria. The relative amount of M- and N- forms of lactate dehydrogenase is approximately the same in the both studied objects.", "PMID": 684877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6260", "title": "[Enzyme activity during regeneration under acute and chronic liver lesion with CCL4].", "content": "Activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine, desaminase and AMP-aminohydrolase was determined in rats in the process of the liver regeneration under acute and chronic lesion with CCl4. It is shown that under chronic lesion of the liver with CCl4, in contrast to the acute one, changes in the aminotransferase activity in blood serum are not expressed in the liver, the activity is essentially decreased. A steady increase was observed in the activity of adenosine desaminase, AMP-aminohydrolase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver and blood serum. It is concluded that the normal regenerative process is accompanied by short-term shifts of the enzymes activity in the liver and blood serum. The development of a chronic process results in a characteristic increase in the activity of adenosine desaminase, AMP-aminohydrolase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver and blood serum.", "contents": "[Enzyme activity during regeneration under acute and chronic liver lesion with CCL4]. Activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine, desaminase and AMP-aminohydrolase was determined in rats in the process of the liver regeneration under acute and chronic lesion with CCl4. It is shown that under chronic lesion of the liver with CCl4, in contrast to the acute one, changes in the aminotransferase activity in blood serum are not expressed in the liver, the activity is essentially decreased. A steady increase was observed in the activity of adenosine desaminase, AMP-aminohydrolase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver and blood serum. It is concluded that the normal regenerative process is accompanied by short-term shifts of the enzymes activity in the liver and blood serum. The development of a chronic process results in a characteristic increase in the activity of adenosine desaminase, AMP-aminohydrolase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver and blood serum.", "PMID": 684874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6261", "title": "[Quantitative determination of lactate, puruvate and methylglyoxa in their mixture].", "content": "A method is suggested for nonenzymic spectrophotometric determination of the content of lactic, pyruvic acids and methylglyoxal in their mixture without mutual interference. The determination may be conducted in the biological material after removing protein. 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride solution is added to the solution containing the above-mentioned components, then it is centrifuged. The content of lactate and pyruvate is determined in the supernatant fluid, that of methylglyoxal--in the sediment.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of lactate, puruvate and methylglyoxa in their mixture]. A method is suggested for nonenzymic spectrophotometric determination of the content of lactic, pyruvic acids and methylglyoxal in their mixture without mutual interference. The determination may be conducted in the biological material after removing protein. 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride solution is added to the solution containing the above-mentioned components, then it is centrifuged. The content of lactate and pyruvate is determined in the supernatant fluid, that of methylglyoxal--in the sediment.", "PMID": 684879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6262", "title": "[Nitrogen metabolism in salmonellosis in man and animals].", "content": "The data obtained make it possible to understand more clearly some aspects of pathogenesis of salmonollosis bacterium carriage and testify to the fact that disturbances in nitrogen metabolism in tissues are essential in development of its different morphological and clinical manifestations.", "contents": "[Nitrogen metabolism in salmonellosis in man and animals]. The data obtained make it possible to understand more clearly some aspects of pathogenesis of salmonollosis bacterium carriage and testify to the fact that disturbances in nitrogen metabolism in tissues are essential in development of its different morphological and clinical manifestations.", "PMID": 684880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6263", "title": "[Effect of Na+ on delivery of (3-14C) tryptophan to different tissues and incorporation into proteins of liver tissue].", "content": "Distribution of [3-14C] tryptophane in rat tissues was studied as affected by sodium deficiency in diet. The tissues are found to accumulate tryptophane differently. Elimination of sodium from the diet decreases the intensity of [3-14C] tryptophane delivery to animal tissues. The in vitro experiments established the dependence of the [3-14C] tryptophane incorporation into proteins on the sodium concentration in the medium. Its deficiency and redundancy lower the intensity of tryptophane incorporation into proteins.", "contents": "[Effect of Na+ on delivery of (3-14C) tryptophan to different tissues and incorporation into proteins of liver tissue]. Distribution of [3-14C] tryptophane in rat tissues was studied as affected by sodium deficiency in diet. The tissues are found to accumulate tryptophane differently. Elimination of sodium from the diet decreases the intensity of [3-14C] tryptophane delivery to animal tissues. The in vitro experiments established the dependence of the [3-14C] tryptophane incorporation into proteins on the sodium concentration in the medium. Its deficiency and redundancy lower the intensity of tryptophane incorporation into proteins.", "PMID": 684875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6264", "title": "[Effect of copper sulphate on nucleic acid level in tissues of normal rats and those with leucosis].", "content": "Dynamics of the DNA and RNA level was studied in tissues of rats normal and with leucosis. The effect of copper in biotic doses on the level under and analogous conditions of the experiment was investigated as well. In the process of leucosis formation the content of DNA and RNA increases in the liver, tumour and spleen. In the muscle tissues the DNA level is significantly higher on the 4th, 7th and 11th day of the experiment, the RNA level is higher only in the period of formed leucosis (on the 11th day). Additional administration of copper in biotic doses to leucoses affected and healthy rat causes essential shifts in the level of DNA and RNA. In the leucosis affected rats the effect of copper sulphate is pronounced in an increase in the DNA and RNA content in the liver and tumour and DNA content--in the spleen as well as in a decrease in the level of RNA in muscles and of DNA in the muscles and spleen tissue in certain periods of the disease. In healthy rats the shifts in the DNA and RNA content with additional administration of copper are not the same but in most tissues they manifest a pronounced tendency to an increase.", "contents": "[Effect of copper sulphate on nucleic acid level in tissues of normal rats and those with leucosis]. Dynamics of the DNA and RNA level was studied in tissues of rats normal and with leucosis. The effect of copper in biotic doses on the level under and analogous conditions of the experiment was investigated as well. In the process of leucosis formation the content of DNA and RNA increases in the liver, tumour and spleen. In the muscle tissues the DNA level is significantly higher on the 4th, 7th and 11th day of the experiment, the RNA level is higher only in the period of formed leucosis (on the 11th day). Additional administration of copper in biotic doses to leucoses affected and healthy rat causes essential shifts in the level of DNA and RNA. In the leucosis affected rats the effect of copper sulphate is pronounced in an increase in the DNA and RNA content in the liver and tumour and DNA content--in the spleen as well as in a decrease in the level of RNA in muscles and of DNA in the muscles and spleen tissue in certain periods of the disease. In healthy rats the shifts in the DNA and RNA content with additional administration of copper are not the same but in most tissues they manifest a pronounced tendency to an increase.", "PMID": 684876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6265", "title": "Innervation of the male urinary bladder.", "content": "The innervation of the male detrusor muscle and urethra is a complex network of synaptic interactions between nuclear collections in the cerebral cortex, the brain stem, and the gray matter of the sacral spinal cord. The multiplicity of influences in this reflex emphasizes its vulnerability to disease processes.", "contents": "Innervation of the male urinary bladder. The innervation of the male detrusor muscle and urethra is a complex network of synaptic interactions between nuclear collections in the cerebral cortex, the brain stem, and the gray matter of the sacral spinal cord. The multiplicity of influences in this reflex emphasizes its vulnerability to disease processes.", "PMID": 684963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6266", "title": "The Rosen inflatable incontinence prosthesis.", "content": "A simple occluding device of the urethra has been described and the rationale for its configuration given. Twenty-three patients have been operated on and 18 have been cured. The main complications are device failure and sepsis. The results so far justify a limited optimism that the device has a significant role to play in the management of male urinary incontinence.", "contents": "The Rosen inflatable incontinence prosthesis. A simple occluding device of the urethra has been described and the rationale for its configuration given. Twenty-three patients have been operated on and 18 have been cured. The main complications are device failure and sepsis. The results so far justify a limited optimism that the device has a significant role to play in the management of male urinary incontinence.", "PMID": 684971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6267", "title": "Periurethral teflon injection for urinary incontinence.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-five patients with urinary incontinence, from a variety of causes, received 225 periurethral injections of Polytef paste. A good to excellent result was obtained in better than 70 per cent of the cases. Complications were minimal. The procedure appears to be safe and rapid and hospitalization is short.", "contents": "Periurethral teflon injection for urinary incontinence. One hundred and twenty-five patients with urinary incontinence, from a variety of causes, received 225 periurethral injections of Polytef paste. A good to excellent result was obtained in better than 70 per cent of the cases. Complications were minimal. The procedure appears to be safe and rapid and hospitalization is short.", "PMID": 684972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6268", "title": "[Analytic experiments on the significance of the fluorine content of urinary calculi (author's transl)].", "content": "The fluorine content of 150 precisely differentiated urinary calculi from areas with and without fluoridated drinking water (FDW) was quantitatively determined using different analytic methods. The fluorine content differed according to the type of calculus. With an average of 2 mg/g of calculus substance, the whewellite or weddellite concretions in FDW areas have the greatest portion of fluoride. The degree of crystallization of carbonate calculi increases with increased percentage of fluorine, and the parameter of the reticulum is characteristically contracted.", "contents": "[Analytic experiments on the significance of the fluorine content of urinary calculi (author's transl)]. The fluorine content of 150 precisely differentiated urinary calculi from areas with and without fluoridated drinking water (FDW) was quantitatively determined using different analytic methods. The fluorine content differed according to the type of calculus. With an average of 2 mg/g of calculus substance, the whewellite or weddellite concretions in FDW areas have the greatest portion of fluoride. The degree of crystallization of carbonate calculi increases with increased percentage of fluorine, and the parameter of the reticulum is characteristically contracted.", "PMID": 684987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6269", "title": "[Kidney operations in ischemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-two operations were done on patients suffering from extensive nephrolithiasis. The procedure was performed in the complete absence of blood, using a special clamp. No hypothermia was applied. The special clamp was placed at the renal hilum. The meantime of ischemia amounted to 17.8 min. The technique of this operative procedure is described. Complications, postoperative urograms, late follow-ups, and the results of differential isotope clearances are discussed.", "contents": "[Kidney operations in ischemia (author's transl)]. Forty-two operations were done on patients suffering from extensive nephrolithiasis. The procedure was performed in the complete absence of blood, using a special clamp. No hypothermia was applied. The special clamp was placed at the renal hilum. The meantime of ischemia amounted to 17.8 min. The technique of this operative procedure is described. Complications, postoperative urograms, late follow-ups, and the results of differential isotope clearances are discussed.", "PMID": 684988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6270", "title": "[Hallson and Rose enzymatic determination of urinary oxalate (author's transl)].", "content": "Urine oxalate was determined by the enzymatic method, quality criteria were established, and 24h oxalate excretion measured in healthy control subjects and in patients suffering from calcium urolithiasis. The technique is highly reliable and can be practiced in every conventional clinical laboratory. There is no increase in 24h urine oxalate in calcium urolithiasis when related to body weight or lean body mass.", "contents": "[Hallson and Rose enzymatic determination of urinary oxalate (author's transl)]. Urine oxalate was determined by the enzymatic method, quality criteria were established, and 24h oxalate excretion measured in healthy control subjects and in patients suffering from calcium urolithiasis. The technique is highly reliable and can be practiced in every conventional clinical laboratory. There is no increase in 24h urine oxalate in calcium urolithiasis when related to body weight or lean body mass.", "PMID": 684989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6271", "title": "[Percutaneous radiation therapy of peyronie's disease with 137cesium (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1966 to 1977, 49 patients suffering from Peyronie's disease received percutaneous radiation treatment with 137 Cesium (137Cs). Therapy results were followed up for a period of from 2 months to 11 years. The method of 137Cs radiation is described and the results compared with other forms of therapy. Percutaneous radiation therapy with 137Cs seems to be the preferred treatment of Peyronie's disease because of its few side effects, rapid effectiveness, and low cost.", "contents": "[Percutaneous radiation therapy of peyronie's disease with 137cesium (author's transl)]. From 1966 to 1977, 49 patients suffering from Peyronie's disease received percutaneous radiation treatment with 137 Cesium (137Cs). Therapy results were followed up for a period of from 2 months to 11 years. The method of 137Cs radiation is described and the results compared with other forms of therapy. Percutaneous radiation therapy with 137Cs seems to be the preferred treatment of Peyronie's disease because of its few side effects, rapid effectiveness, and low cost.", "PMID": 684990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6272", "title": "[The male urethra: capacity determination and its significance for urology (author's transl)].", "content": "The capacity of the male urethra in patients and on anatomical preparations has been measured. Because measurement of capacity in the living proved to be strongly influenceable, the capacities determined from anatomic outlet preparations represent the real values in practice. The average value from a group of 33 corpses was 10.58 ml. In urologic practice, the capacity of the urethra assumes particular importance with catheterization. Optimal filling of the urethra appears to be important in order achieve maximum performance for the sliding catheter. Additionally, the filling material should have the corresponding viscosity and an anesthetizing effect.", "contents": "[The male urethra: capacity determination and its significance for urology (author's transl)]. The capacity of the male urethra in patients and on anatomical preparations has been measured. Because measurement of capacity in the living proved to be strongly influenceable, the capacities determined from anatomic outlet preparations represent the real values in practice. The average value from a group of 33 corpses was 10.58 ml. In urologic practice, the capacity of the urethra assumes particular importance with catheterization. Optimal filling of the urethra appears to be important in order achieve maximum performance for the sliding catheter. Additionally, the filling material should have the corresponding viscosity and an anesthetizing effect.", "PMID": 684993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6273", "title": "[Recurrence of variococeles (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of five patients who in the last 3 years had to be reoperated because of recurrence or lack of regression of varicocele, we came upon various causes of the disease and possibilities of therapy. Two possibilities for failure of therapy are shown: 1. Not all branches of vena testicularis have been ligatured. Examinations of 60 corpses showed that in 30% of the cases the vena testicularis-even at its influx into vena renalis-consisted of two branches. 2. In a number of those men with varicocele, the disease is caused not by a retrograde blood-flow into vena spermatica externa. The various causes of failure of therapy require different operative procedures. Therefore, in advance of each reoperation, the conditions drainage should be examined by phlebography.", "contents": "[Recurrence of variococeles (author's transl)]. By means of five patients who in the last 3 years had to be reoperated because of recurrence or lack of regression of varicocele, we came upon various causes of the disease and possibilities of therapy. Two possibilities for failure of therapy are shown: 1. Not all branches of vena testicularis have been ligatured. Examinations of 60 corpses showed that in 30% of the cases the vena testicularis-even at its influx into vena renalis-consisted of two branches. 2. In a number of those men with varicocele, the disease is caused not by a retrograde blood-flow into vena spermatica externa. The various causes of failure of therapy require different operative procedures. Therefore, in advance of each reoperation, the conditions drainage should be examined by phlebography.", "PMID": 684994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6274", "title": "[A simple apparatus to facilitate epididymectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple apparatus is introduced which facilitates the preparation of testicular vessels in epididymectomy using diaphania. The applicability of this apparatus is being tested in other fields of surgery.", "contents": "[A simple apparatus to facilitate epididymectomy (author's transl)]. A simple apparatus is introduced which facilitates the preparation of testicular vessels in epididymectomy using diaphania. The applicability of this apparatus is being tested in other fields of surgery.", "PMID": 684995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6275", "title": "[Sonographic examination in diseases of the scrotal area (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty-two patients with diseases of the scrotal area were examined sonographically. In 11 out of 12 testicular tumors, a preoperative diagnosis could be confirmed by examination with ultrasonication, including one case with large accompanying hydrocele, which made an exact palpation of the testicles impossible. Despite the still small number of cases, we feel that ultrasonic examination of the testicles makes it possible to speed up the diagnosis of testicular tumors, which is often drawn out over weeks or months, and to provide the patients with early operative therapy.", "contents": "[Sonographic examination in diseases of the scrotal area (author's transl)]. Sixty-two patients with diseases of the scrotal area were examined sonographically. In 11 out of 12 testicular tumors, a preoperative diagnosis could be confirmed by examination with ultrasonication, including one case with large accompanying hydrocele, which made an exact palpation of the testicles impossible. Despite the still small number of cases, we feel that ultrasonic examination of the testicles makes it possible to speed up the diagnosis of testicular tumors, which is often drawn out over weeks or months, and to provide the patients with early operative therapy.", "PMID": 684996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6276", "title": "[Tuberculosis of seminal vesicle. A contribution to differential diagnosis of fructose deficiency in spermatic fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "The functional condition of seminal vesicles can be judged on the basis of spermatic fructose. In dealing with the causes of fructose deficiency, one must distinguish between androgen-dependent and androgen-refractory deficiencies. The main causes of androgenic-refractory fructose deficiency are specific and unspecific inflammations of the masculine adnexa. The example of spermatocystic tuberculosis demonstrates the importance which must be given to specific inflammation of the masculine adnexa, during fertility-consultation hours.", "contents": "[Tuberculosis of seminal vesicle. A contribution to differential diagnosis of fructose deficiency in spermatic fluid (author's transl)]. The functional condition of seminal vesicles can be judged on the basis of spermatic fructose. In dealing with the causes of fructose deficiency, one must distinguish between androgen-dependent and androgen-refractory deficiencies. The main causes of androgenic-refractory fructose deficiency are specific and unspecific inflammations of the masculine adnexa. The example of spermatocystic tuberculosis demonstrates the importance which must be given to specific inflammation of the masculine adnexa, during fertility-consultation hours.", "PMID": 684997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6277", "title": "[Influence of oxianthraquinones on the crystallization of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate: dissolution of calciumcontaining urinary calculi (author's transl)].", "content": "Ruberythric acid and alizarin glucuronide, the biologic secretion product obtained from the alizarin derivative, stop the crystallization of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate in the physiologic milieu of the urine. This effect is thought to be due to a soluble alizarin glucuronide: calcium chelate (2:1 mol). From this finding, we deduce that the solubility of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate in the urine of humans can be increased through the oral administration of oxianthraquinone.", "contents": "[Influence of oxianthraquinones on the crystallization of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate: dissolution of calciumcontaining urinary calculi (author's transl)]. Ruberythric acid and alizarin glucuronide, the biologic secretion product obtained from the alizarin derivative, stop the crystallization of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate in the physiologic milieu of the urine. This effect is thought to be due to a soluble alizarin glucuronide: calcium chelate (2:1 mol). From this finding, we deduce that the solubility of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate in the urine of humans can be increased through the oral administration of oxianthraquinone.", "PMID": 684998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6278", "title": "[The role of urinary excretion of magnesium in patients with urolithiasis with special respect to recurrence rate of stone formation (author's transl)].", "content": "154 patients with urolithiasis and 24 normal controls were investigated for serum levels and urinary excretion of magnesium. No significant difference in urinary magnesium excretion could be found neither between stone forming patients and normal controls nor between patients with different types of stones. There was also no difference in serum concentrations of magnesium. A disturbance in excretion of magnesium in urine could not be related to increased recurrence rate of stone formation. According to these findings it is doubtful whether a disturbance in urinary excretion of magnesium plays an important role in stone formation. Therefore the determination of magnesium excretion can be neglected in the course of routine investigation of patients with urinary calculi.", "contents": "[The role of urinary excretion of magnesium in patients with urolithiasis with special respect to recurrence rate of stone formation (author's transl)]. 154 patients with urolithiasis and 24 normal controls were investigated for serum levels and urinary excretion of magnesium. No significant difference in urinary magnesium excretion could be found neither between stone forming patients and normal controls nor between patients with different types of stones. There was also no difference in serum concentrations of magnesium. A disturbance in excretion of magnesium in urine could not be related to increased recurrence rate of stone formation. According to these findings it is doubtful whether a disturbance in urinary excretion of magnesium plays an important role in stone formation. Therefore the determination of magnesium excretion can be neglected in the course of routine investigation of patients with urinary calculi.", "PMID": 684999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6279", "title": "[Indirect lymphography of the urinary bladder in animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "Of three contrast media injected interdigitally and submucosally as well as instilled into the bladder, Lipiodol UF (particle size of over 15 micron) and the experimental compound AG 52-315 were not resorbed. Another experimental compound (AG 60-99) with an iodine content of 20% and a particle size of ca. 3,5 micron produced, when injected interdigitally, good contrast of the popliteal lymph nodes in all cases (n = 5). Instillation of the same contrast medium into the bladders of five dogs yielded subdued contrast of the paravesicular lymph nodes in one case. Of still another five animals, two showed contrast of the inner iliac lymph nodes after submucosal infiltration of the bladder mucosa with AG 60-99. In all cases (n = 15) inflammatory reaction with necrotic formations were observed. Resorption of the contrast medium was accomplished by heating at 39 degrees C, and was not improved by addition of Hyaluronidase. Because of the low local tolerance of the contrast medium preparation, this successful experiment in indirect lymphography of the urinary bladder of animals cannot be applied clinically.", "contents": "[Indirect lymphography of the urinary bladder in animal experiments (author's transl)]. Of three contrast media injected interdigitally and submucosally as well as instilled into the bladder, Lipiodol UF (particle size of over 15 micron) and the experimental compound AG 52-315 were not resorbed. Another experimental compound (AG 60-99) with an iodine content of 20% and a particle size of ca. 3,5 micron produced, when injected interdigitally, good contrast of the popliteal lymph nodes in all cases (n = 5). Instillation of the same contrast medium into the bladders of five dogs yielded subdued contrast of the paravesicular lymph nodes in one case. Of still another five animals, two showed contrast of the inner iliac lymph nodes after submucosal infiltration of the bladder mucosa with AG 60-99. In all cases (n = 15) inflammatory reaction with necrotic formations were observed. Resorption of the contrast medium was accomplished by heating at 39 degrees C, and was not improved by addition of Hyaluronidase. Because of the low local tolerance of the contrast medium preparation, this successful experiment in indirect lymphography of the urinary bladder of animals cannot be applied clinically.", "PMID": 685000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6280", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of tumor thrombosis of right renal vein.", "content": "Ultrasonography was employeed to diagnose tumor thrombosis of the renal vein and inferior vena cava in a patient with an infiltrating renal cell carcinoma of the right kidney.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of tumor thrombosis of right renal vein. Ultrasonography was employeed to diagnose tumor thrombosis of the renal vein and inferior vena cava in a patient with an infiltrating renal cell carcinoma of the right kidney.", "PMID": 685001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6281", "title": "Significance and evaluation of calcifications associated with renal masses.", "content": "Although there are numerous references in the medical literature suggesting that calification associated with renal masses is indicative of malignant disease, our recent experience with four cases emphasizes that it is not possible to predict the nature of these lesions. The significance and etiology of renal calcification are discussed as well as the indications for clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Significance and evaluation of calcifications associated with renal masses. Although there are numerous references in the medical literature suggesting that calification associated with renal masses is indicative of malignant disease, our recent experience with four cases emphasizes that it is not possible to predict the nature of these lesions. The significance and etiology of renal calcification are discussed as well as the indications for clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 685002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6282", "title": "Idiopathic segmental ureteritis.", "content": "A new case of nonspecific segmental ureteritis is added to the 18 cases previously reported. This case presented similar diagnostic problems to the previously reported cases. Its unique features are the multiplicity of the lesions and their insidious nonsimultaneous development over a number of years.", "contents": "Idiopathic segmental ureteritis. A new case of nonspecific segmental ureteritis is added to the 18 cases previously reported. This case presented similar diagnostic problems to the previously reported cases. Its unique features are the multiplicity of the lesions and their insidious nonsimultaneous development over a number of years.", "PMID": 685005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6283", "title": "Crossed fused renal ectopia presenting with blunt trauma.", "content": "A case is presented of crossed fused renal ectopia in a fifteen-year-old black male which was diagnosed because of blunt trauma. Workup and management are discussed and pertinent x-ray films shown. The literature is reviewed with respect to renal trauma associated with congenital anomalies of the kidney.", "contents": "Crossed fused renal ectopia presenting with blunt trauma. A case is presented of crossed fused renal ectopia in a fifteen-year-old black male which was diagnosed because of blunt trauma. Workup and management are discussed and pertinent x-ray films shown. The literature is reviewed with respect to renal trauma associated with congenital anomalies of the kidney.", "PMID": 685006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6284", "title": "Complication with mechanical stapling device in creation of ileoconduit.", "content": "Of 296 patients with pelvic malignancy and ileal urinary conduits, urinary tract calculi developed in 14. Calculi which ordinarily require surgical intervention because of their size may pass spontaneously in patients with ileoconduits because of the presence of a chronically dilated colllecting system and the surgical elimination of three of the four sites of stone impaction (pelvic brim, ureterovesical junction, and ureteral orifice). In 1 patient multiple calculi developed around the surgical staples used to create the proximal end of the ileal conduit. We recommend that autosuture with stapling devices not be used to create the proximal end of an ileal urinary conduit.", "contents": "Complication with mechanical stapling device in creation of ileoconduit. Of 296 patients with pelvic malignancy and ileal urinary conduits, urinary tract calculi developed in 14. Calculi which ordinarily require surgical intervention because of their size may pass spontaneously in patients with ileoconduits because of the presence of a chronically dilated colllecting system and the surgical elimination of three of the four sites of stone impaction (pelvic brim, ureterovesical junction, and ureteral orifice). In 1 patient multiple calculi developed around the surgical staples used to create the proximal end of the ileal conduit. We recommend that autosuture with stapling devices not be used to create the proximal end of an ileal urinary conduit.", "PMID": 685007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6285", "title": "Schistosomiasis presenting with testicular enlargement in elderly male.", "content": "An eighty-eight-year-old Puerto Rican presented with painless enlargment of one testicle which proved histologically to be due to Schistosoma mansoni. Intratesticular ovum deposits were not associated with inflammation, granulomas, or infarction, but marked sclerosing periorchitis was present. The case illustrates a very rare form of presentation of schistosomiasis which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilateral testicular enlargement in patients from an endemic area, despite the fact that orchiectomy will usually be necessary to establish a definitive histopathologic diagnosis.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis presenting with testicular enlargement in elderly male. An eighty-eight-year-old Puerto Rican presented with painless enlargment of one testicle which proved histologically to be due to Schistosoma mansoni. Intratesticular ovum deposits were not associated with inflammation, granulomas, or infarction, but marked sclerosing periorchitis was present. The case illustrates a very rare form of presentation of schistosomiasis which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilateral testicular enlargement in patients from an endemic area, despite the fact that orchiectomy will usually be necessary to establish a definitive histopathologic diagnosis.", "PMID": 685010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6286", "title": "Computerized tomographic diagnosis of massive hydronephrosis of duplicated system in an adult.", "content": "A case of massive hydronephrosis of the upper portion of a duplicated collecting system in a middle-aged male is presented. Computerized tomographic examination of the abdomen provided the most precise information and led to a correct preoperative diagnosis, whereas both urography and ultrasound did not.", "contents": "Computerized tomographic diagnosis of massive hydronephrosis of duplicated system in an adult. A case of massive hydronephrosis of the upper portion of a duplicated collecting system in a middle-aged male is presented. Computerized tomographic examination of the abdomen provided the most precise information and led to a correct preoperative diagnosis, whereas both urography and ultrasound did not.", "PMID": 685012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6287", "title": "Computed tomography in genitourinary pathology.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) provides accurate localization of pathologic processes within the abdomen and also frequently contributes information regarding the nature of the process. A review of 50 patients with suspected genitourinary pathology studied with CT suggests that this new noninvasive diagnostic modality can provide increased diagnostic accuracy but that it will not replace conventional abdominal radiography and intravenous urography as the primary screening examination for such patients. Situations in which CT has proved valuable include: (1) evaluation of areas which are relatively \"blind\" on conventional radiography: anterior and posterior margins of kidneys, paravertebral and midline portions of retroperitoneum, and base of bladder; (2) evaluation of patients with severely compromised function of one or both kidneys, including assessment of amount of functioning renal parenchyma and possible demonstration of cause of obstructive hydronephrosis; (3) evaluation of patients in whom intravenous urography is contraindicated; (4) differentiation of solid from cystic masses of kidney; (5) evaluation of spread of tumor outside boundaries of kidney; and (6) staging of bladder tumors.", "contents": "Computed tomography in genitourinary pathology. Computed tomography (CT) provides accurate localization of pathologic processes within the abdomen and also frequently contributes information regarding the nature of the process. A review of 50 patients with suspected genitourinary pathology studied with CT suggests that this new noninvasive diagnostic modality can provide increased diagnostic accuracy but that it will not replace conventional abdominal radiography and intravenous urography as the primary screening examination for such patients. Situations in which CT has proved valuable include: (1) evaluation of areas which are relatively \"blind\" on conventional radiography: anterior and posterior margins of kidneys, paravertebral and midline portions of retroperitoneum, and base of bladder; (2) evaluation of patients with severely compromised function of one or both kidneys, including assessment of amount of functioning renal parenchyma and possible demonstration of cause of obstructive hydronephrosis; (3) evaluation of patients in whom intravenous urography is contraindicated; (4) differentiation of solid from cystic masses of kidney; (5) evaluation of spread of tumor outside boundaries of kidney; and (6) staging of bladder tumors.", "PMID": 685013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6288", "title": "Prophylactic use of antibiotics in surgery.", "content": "\"Sound and careful surgery is the sine qua non of wound management; antimicrobials are adjunctive.\" The key to successful use of prophylactic antibiotics in surgery is careful selection of cases and medication. There are no final rule or formulas that will always give optimal results. Listed below are some guidelines that may assis the clinician in determining the need and form of antimicrobial use. 1. The operation must carry a significant risk of bacterial contamination. Refined-clean and clean procedures should not be given prophylactic antibiotics. 2. Bacterial cultures should be taken when possible, and the medication used for prophylaxis should be effective against the organisms expected to be encountered. 3. Narrow spectrum antibiotics should be used to conserve the body's normal flora. Broad spectrum antibiotics needed to combat resistant infections should not be used for prophylaxis. 4. The antibiotic should be present in the wound in effective concentrations at the time of the incision and be maintained only as long as the risk of new bacterial contamination exists.", "contents": "Prophylactic use of antibiotics in surgery. \"Sound and careful surgery is the sine qua non of wound management; antimicrobials are adjunctive.\" The key to successful use of prophylactic antibiotics in surgery is careful selection of cases and medication. There are no final rule or formulas that will always give optimal results. Listed below are some guidelines that may assis the clinician in determining the need and form of antimicrobial use. 1. The operation must carry a significant risk of bacterial contamination. Refined-clean and clean procedures should not be given prophylactic antibiotics. 2. Bacterial cultures should be taken when possible, and the medication used for prophylaxis should be effective against the organisms expected to be encountered. 3. Narrow spectrum antibiotics should be used to conserve the body's normal flora. Broad spectrum antibiotics needed to combat resistant infections should not be used for prophylaxis. 4. The antibiotic should be present in the wound in effective concentrations at the time of the incision and be maintained only as long as the risk of new bacterial contamination exists.", "PMID": 685066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6289", "title": "Perspectives of clinical osmometry.", "content": "Several clinical applications of osmometry have been reviewed. Questions remain concerning the clinical acceptance that osmometry will achieve in veterinary medicine. Many practices may not be able to justify the purchase of an osmometer; however, osmometers are available at most medical centers and clinical laboratories. In an era when serum chemistry profiles are being used more frequently, it may prove that serum osmolatity will be requested more frequently. Determination of osmolality is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive test that has potential in screening for disorders of body fluids. Several research laboratories utilize osmometry routinely in screening for potential fluid or electrolyte inbalances. When coupled with glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and electrolyte values, a comparison of calculated and measured osmolality allows further clinical interpretations. Differences may exist between calculated and measured osmolality. In some instances, determination of calculated osmolality alone may lead to erroneous conclusions concerning the true status of body fluids. Specialized intensive care practices should certainly consider the value of osmometry in monitoring patients undergoing extensive fluid therapy. Last, but not least, osmometry does provide the best measure of renal concentrating ability and is of particular value in evaluation of polyuric and proteinuric patients.", "contents": "Perspectives of clinical osmometry. Several clinical applications of osmometry have been reviewed. Questions remain concerning the clinical acceptance that osmometry will achieve in veterinary medicine. Many practices may not be able to justify the purchase of an osmometer; however, osmometers are available at most medical centers and clinical laboratories. In an era when serum chemistry profiles are being used more frequently, it may prove that serum osmolatity will be requested more frequently. Determination of osmolality is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive test that has potential in screening for disorders of body fluids. Several research laboratories utilize osmometry routinely in screening for potential fluid or electrolyte inbalances. When coupled with glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and electrolyte values, a comparison of calculated and measured osmolality allows further clinical interpretations. Differences may exist between calculated and measured osmolality. In some instances, determination of calculated osmolality alone may lead to erroneous conclusions concerning the true status of body fluids. Specialized intensive care practices should certainly consider the value of osmometry in monitoring patients undergoing extensive fluid therapy. Last, but not least, osmometry does provide the best measure of renal concentrating ability and is of particular value in evaluation of polyuric and proteinuric patients.", "PMID": 685070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6290", "title": "A light microscopic study of bovine peripheral nerve sheath tumours.", "content": "Peripheral nerve sheath tumours from 66 cattle were classified as schwannomas and neurofibromas. Bovine neurofibromatous tissue probably represents a dysplasia whilst bovine schwannomas are true neoplastic growths. Bovine schwannomas probably develop from neurofibromatous nerve and the two entities may represent parts of a single pathological condition.", "contents": "A light microscopic study of bovine peripheral nerve sheath tumours. Peripheral nerve sheath tumours from 66 cattle were classified as schwannomas and neurofibromas. Bovine neurofibromatous tissue probably represents a dysplasia whilst bovine schwannomas are true neoplastic growths. Bovine schwannomas probably develop from neurofibromatous nerve and the two entities may represent parts of a single pathological condition.", "PMID": 685076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6291", "title": "The ultrastructure of bovine peripheral nerve sheath tumours.", "content": "Bovine peripheral nerve sheath tumours from 30 cattle were similar ultrastructurally to human schwannomas and neurofibromas. Bovine neurofibromatous tissue had large amounts of extracellular material, primarily collagen and electron lucent granular material. The principal cells had basal laminae and a disorganized proliferation of the plasmalemma. Axons were consistently seen and were surrounded by the plasmalemma of principal cells. The principal cells seemed to be Schwann cells or variants of them. Bovine schwannomas had areas similar to Antoni type A tissue with sparse extracellular material, few, if any, axons, and an apparent organized layering of cytoplasmic processes clad in a basal lamina. Cell nuclei often formed palisades. The principal cells in bovine schwannomas might be derived either from Schwann cells or perinuerial cells. Bovine schwannomas appeared together with bovine neurofibromatous tissue in affected nerves.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of bovine peripheral nerve sheath tumours. Bovine peripheral nerve sheath tumours from 30 cattle were similar ultrastructurally to human schwannomas and neurofibromas. Bovine neurofibromatous tissue had large amounts of extracellular material, primarily collagen and electron lucent granular material. The principal cells had basal laminae and a disorganized proliferation of the plasmalemma. Axons were consistently seen and were surrounded by the plasmalemma of principal cells. The principal cells seemed to be Schwann cells or variants of them. Bovine schwannomas had areas similar to Antoni type A tissue with sparse extracellular material, few, if any, axons, and an apparent organized layering of cytoplasmic processes clad in a basal lamina. Cell nuclei often formed palisades. The principal cells in bovine schwannomas might be derived either from Schwann cells or perinuerial cells. Bovine schwannomas appeared together with bovine neurofibromatous tissue in affected nerves.", "PMID": 685077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6292", "title": "The pathology of spontaneously occurring malignant lymphoma in sheep.", "content": "The most common locations of tumours in 22 sheep with malignant lymphoma were the lymph nodes (19 sheep), spleen (14), liver (13), kidney (10), small intestine (9) and heart (9). The distribution of the lesions could be classified as multicentric (14 sheep, alimentary (6), skin (1) and thymic (1). Histological examination of malignant lymphomas from 40 sheep showed there were three reticulum cell sarcomas, and 37 lymphosarcomas. The lymphosarcomas were further classified on the basis of cytological features as lymphoblastoid, lymphocytic/prolymphocytic, prolymphocytic and lymphocytic in 14, 6, 11 and six cases, respectively. Viruses were not detected by electron microscopy in tumourous tissue from 10 sheep with malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "The pathology of spontaneously occurring malignant lymphoma in sheep. The most common locations of tumours in 22 sheep with malignant lymphoma were the lymph nodes (19 sheep), spleen (14), liver (13), kidney (10), small intestine (9) and heart (9). The distribution of the lesions could be classified as multicentric (14 sheep, alimentary (6), skin (1) and thymic (1). Histological examination of malignant lymphomas from 40 sheep showed there were three reticulum cell sarcomas, and 37 lymphosarcomas. The lymphosarcomas were further classified on the basis of cytological features as lymphoblastoid, lymphocytic/prolymphocytic, prolymphocytic and lymphocytic in 14, 6, 11 and six cases, respectively. Viruses were not detected by electron microscopy in tumourous tissue from 10 sheep with malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 685078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6293", "title": "Correlation of microbiological and histological findings in bovine fibrinous pneumonia.", "content": "In a retrospective morphological and microbiological study, 39 of 55 cases of bovine fibrinous pneumonia were diagnosed as fibrinous pleuropneumonia. Twenty-nine of these 39 (74%) were associated with Pasteurella hemolytica, but only two cases (5%) with P. multocida. In contrast, of the 16 cases classified as fibrinous bronchopneumonia, one (6%) was associated with P. hemolytica, and nine (56%) with P. multocida. In eight cases Mycoplasma and Hemophilus somnus were found in association with either P. hemolytica or P. multocida but were never isolated alone. We concluded that the use of the term pasteurellosis, implying Pasteurella as the cause, is imprecise because lesions associated with P. hemolytica fulfill the criteria of a fibrinous pleuropneumonia, whereas P. multocida is more likely to cause a bronchopneumonia with moderate amounts of fibrin.", "contents": "Correlation of microbiological and histological findings in bovine fibrinous pneumonia. In a retrospective morphological and microbiological study, 39 of 55 cases of bovine fibrinous pneumonia were diagnosed as fibrinous pleuropneumonia. Twenty-nine of these 39 (74%) were associated with Pasteurella hemolytica, but only two cases (5%) with P. multocida. In contrast, of the 16 cases classified as fibrinous bronchopneumonia, one (6%) was associated with P. hemolytica, and nine (56%) with P. multocida. In eight cases Mycoplasma and Hemophilus somnus were found in association with either P. hemolytica or P. multocida but were never isolated alone. We concluded that the use of the term pasteurellosis, implying Pasteurella as the cause, is imprecise because lesions associated with P. hemolytica fulfill the criteria of a fibrinous pleuropneumonia, whereas P. multocida is more likely to cause a bronchopneumonia with moderate amounts of fibrin.", "PMID": 685079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6294", "title": "Visceral lesions in wild carnivores naturally infected with Spirocerca lupi.", "content": "Aortic lesions pathognomonic for Spirocerca lupi were found in 123 of 150 (82%) coyotes, Canis latrans, 23 of 66 (35%) bobcats, Felis rufus, one of five gray foxes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus and one of two red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, examined in West Texas. Adult nematodes in the esophagus were recovered from 11 of 150 (7%) coyotes. In the aorta there was initially an acute inflammatory response followed by an eosinophilic granuloma surrounding larval nematodes. The principal lesions was scarring of the aorta with replacement of elastic tissue with collagen. There was blockage of the intervertebral arteries, pitting and formation of granulomatous nodules on the intimal surface and scarring with diverticula and anuerysms in affected animals. The response to adult nematodes in the esophagus was usually a small eosinophilic granuloma surrounding the worms. There was no evidence of esophageal sarcoma or spondylosis deformans of thoracic vertebrae as reported in the dog.", "contents": "Visceral lesions in wild carnivores naturally infected with Spirocerca lupi. Aortic lesions pathognomonic for Spirocerca lupi were found in 123 of 150 (82%) coyotes, Canis latrans, 23 of 66 (35%) bobcats, Felis rufus, one of five gray foxes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus and one of two red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, examined in West Texas. Adult nematodes in the esophagus were recovered from 11 of 150 (7%) coyotes. In the aorta there was initially an acute inflammatory response followed by an eosinophilic granuloma surrounding larval nematodes. The principal lesions was scarring of the aorta with replacement of elastic tissue with collagen. There was blockage of the intervertebral arteries, pitting and formation of granulomatous nodules on the intimal surface and scarring with diverticula and anuerysms in affected animals. The response to adult nematodes in the esophagus was usually a small eosinophilic granuloma surrounding the worms. There was no evidence of esophageal sarcoma or spondylosis deformans of thoracic vertebrae as reported in the dog.", "PMID": 685080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6295", "title": "Systemic cartilage defect in a calf.", "content": "A 6-month-old Ayrshire calf had a systemic growth defect of cartilage. The most severe changes occurred in articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates of long bones where disturbance of ossification, necrosis, erosion, vascular invasion, proliferation of cartilaginous and fibrous tissue were seen. The lesions probably were the result of a failure in the initial phases of ossification and mechanical pressure was responsible for their severity in the cartilage of the limbs.", "contents": "Systemic cartilage defect in a calf. A 6-month-old Ayrshire calf had a systemic growth defect of cartilage. The most severe changes occurred in articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates of long bones where disturbance of ossification, necrosis, erosion, vascular invasion, proliferation of cartilaginous and fibrous tissue were seen. The lesions probably were the result of a failure in the initial phases of ossification and mechanical pressure was responsible for their severity in the cartilage of the limbs.", "PMID": 685081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6296", "title": "Amyloid in the corpora amylacea of the rat mammary gland.", "content": "Histochemical and electron microscope studies indicated there was amyloid in corpora amylacea in tumors, duct ectasias and lobular hyperplasias of rat mammary glands. Electron microscopy showed fibrils that closely resembled amyloid fibrils in human and bovine amyloid and in bovine corpora amylacea. Amyloid deposition may be more common in rats than is generally thought.", "contents": "Amyloid in the corpora amylacea of the rat mammary gland. Histochemical and electron microscope studies indicated there was amyloid in corpora amylacea in tumors, duct ectasias and lobular hyperplasias of rat mammary glands. Electron microscopy showed fibrils that closely resembled amyloid fibrils in human and bovine amyloid and in bovine corpora amylacea. Amyloid deposition may be more common in rats than is generally thought.", "PMID": 685082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6297", "title": "Esophagogastric ulcers associated with Ascaris suum infestation in swine.", "content": "When a group of 3-month-old pigs was moved to another location, several died from internal bleeding. Two pigs that were necropsied had large esophagogastric ulcers, hepatic fibrosis with \"milk spots\" and swollen edematous lungs. The ulcers involved the full thickness of the gastric mucosa with pronounced eosinophilic infiltration and perivascular cuffing of the submucosal vessels. There was an acute interstitial and granulomatous pneumonia with an inflammatory exudate composed mainly of eosinophils. Ascarid larvae were recovered from the lungs. Gastric ulceration could have resulted from a second exposure to Ascaris suum infestation because pigs not removed from their original location did not develop ulcers.", "contents": "Esophagogastric ulcers associated with Ascaris suum infestation in swine. When a group of 3-month-old pigs was moved to another location, several died from internal bleeding. Two pigs that were necropsied had large esophagogastric ulcers, hepatic fibrosis with \"milk spots\" and swollen edematous lungs. The ulcers involved the full thickness of the gastric mucosa with pronounced eosinophilic infiltration and perivascular cuffing of the submucosal vessels. There was an acute interstitial and granulomatous pneumonia with an inflammatory exudate composed mainly of eosinophils. Ascarid larvae were recovered from the lungs. Gastric ulceration could have resulted from a second exposure to Ascaris suum infestation because pigs not removed from their original location did not develop ulcers.", "PMID": 685083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6298", "title": "Effects of 4-ipomeanol, a product from mold-damaged sweet potatoes, on the bovine lung.", "content": "Cattle given intraruminal administration of 4-ipomeanol, a furanoterpenoid originally obtained from sweet potatoes infected with Fusarium solani (F. javanicum), developed a respiratory syndrome clinically and histologically indistinguishable from atypical interstitial pneumonia. There were edema and emphysema in the lungs and mediastinum. The maximum nonlethal oral dose of 4-ipomeanol was estimated to be between 7.5 and 9 mg/kg of body weight.", "contents": "Effects of 4-ipomeanol, a product from mold-damaged sweet potatoes, on the bovine lung. Cattle given intraruminal administration of 4-ipomeanol, a furanoterpenoid originally obtained from sweet potatoes infected with Fusarium solani (F. javanicum), developed a respiratory syndrome clinically and histologically indistinguishable from atypical interstitial pneumonia. There were edema and emphysema in the lungs and mediastinum. The maximum nonlethal oral dose of 4-ipomeanol was estimated to be between 7.5 and 9 mg/kg of body weight.", "PMID": 685084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6299", "title": "Feline panleukopenia. III. Development of lesions in the lymphoid tissues.", "content": "Germfree and specific pathogen-free cats were inoculated with feline panleukopenia virus. Cats were necropsied 2 to 6 days after inoculation and tissues from the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen taken for histological and immunofluorescence studies. Necrosis of lymphoid cells in the thymic cortex began 3 days after inoculation and continued for 5 to 6 days after inoculation when the thymus was nearly depleted of lymphocytes. Immunofluorescence studies showed the lesions to be caused by virus. There was gross and histological involution of the thymus in both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats. The lymph nodes and spleen of uninoculated germfree cats looked \"inactive\" and lacked well developed lymphoid follicles and paracortical areas. In both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats there was necrosis in both follicular and paracortical areas of the lymph nodes and follicular and periarteriolar areas of the spleen 3 to 4 days after inoculation. Immunofluorescence showed these areas had virus infection. By 5 to 6 days after inoculation, these areas were populated by many lymphoblastoic cells. Even though significant destruction of lymphoid cells occurred, subsequently, in cats that develop mild clinical illness, these lymphoid tissues seemed stimulated rather than depleted of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Feline panleukopenia. III. Development of lesions in the lymphoid tissues. Germfree and specific pathogen-free cats were inoculated with feline panleukopenia virus. Cats were necropsied 2 to 6 days after inoculation and tissues from the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen taken for histological and immunofluorescence studies. Necrosis of lymphoid cells in the thymic cortex began 3 days after inoculation and continued for 5 to 6 days after inoculation when the thymus was nearly depleted of lymphocytes. Immunofluorescence studies showed the lesions to be caused by virus. There was gross and histological involution of the thymus in both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats. The lymph nodes and spleen of uninoculated germfree cats looked \"inactive\" and lacked well developed lymphoid follicles and paracortical areas. In both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats there was necrosis in both follicular and paracortical areas of the lymph nodes and follicular and periarteriolar areas of the spleen 3 to 4 days after inoculation. Immunofluorescence showed these areas had virus infection. By 5 to 6 days after inoculation, these areas were populated by many lymphoblastoic cells. Even though significant destruction of lymphoid cells occurred, subsequently, in cats that develop mild clinical illness, these lymphoid tissues seemed stimulated rather than depleted of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 685085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6300", "title": "Lethal encephalitis in 14-day-old mice given avirulent Semliki forest virus.", "content": "Avirulent Semliki Forest Virus when inoculated intracerebrally and intraperitoneally into 14-day-old Swiss A2G mice induced a lethal encephalitis. There was destruction of neurones, especially pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, despite a rising serum antibody titer.", "contents": "Lethal encephalitis in 14-day-old mice given avirulent Semliki forest virus. Avirulent Semliki Forest Virus when inoculated intracerebrally and intraperitoneally into 14-day-old Swiss A2G mice induced a lethal encephalitis. There was destruction of neurones, especially pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, despite a rising serum antibody titer.", "PMID": 685086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6301", "title": "An ultrastructural study of avian synovium infected with an arthrotropic Mycoplasma, Mycoplasma synoviae.", "content": "Live Mycoplasma synoviae cells in agar base medium were inoculated intravenously into 10 2-week-old chickens. Joint tissues were collected over a 3-week period for light and transmission electron microscopy. In infected chickens, membrane-bound vacuoles of intact M. synoviae cells were seen in the cytoplasms of adipose cells. Cytoplasmic lipid-containing inclusions had accumulated in enlarged fibroblasts in tendon sheaths and loose connective tissue. Synovial cells had proliferated and contained increased amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum and lipid inclusions. No abnormalities were seen in control chickens. Infected chickens were positive and control chickens were negative for rheumatoid factor activity by two serological tests: tanned cell hemagglutination and latex agglutination tests.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of avian synovium infected with an arthrotropic Mycoplasma, Mycoplasma synoviae. Live Mycoplasma synoviae cells in agar base medium were inoculated intravenously into 10 2-week-old chickens. Joint tissues were collected over a 3-week period for light and transmission electron microscopy. In infected chickens, membrane-bound vacuoles of intact M. synoviae cells were seen in the cytoplasms of adipose cells. Cytoplasmic lipid-containing inclusions had accumulated in enlarged fibroblasts in tendon sheaths and loose connective tissue. Synovial cells had proliferated and contained increased amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum and lipid inclusions. No abnormalities were seen in control chickens. Infected chickens were positive and control chickens were negative for rheumatoid factor activity by two serological tests: tanned cell hemagglutination and latex agglutination tests.", "PMID": 685087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6302", "title": "Changes in milk production, fertility and calf mortality associated with retained placentae or the birth of twins.", "content": "The milk yield and fertility records of cows which at any time either gave birth to twin calves or retained their placenta have been examined. Milk yield was higher in the lactation preceding the birth of twins than in any other lactation and the lactation following the birth of twins tended to be longer. Milk yields of cows which retained their placenta were not significantly different from those of cows which cleansed normally. Many cows which gave birth to twins or which retained their placenta were subsequently barren. There was significantly greater mortality among twin calves and after the birth of twins placentae were more often retained.", "contents": "Changes in milk production, fertility and calf mortality associated with retained placentae or the birth of twins. The milk yield and fertility records of cows which at any time either gave birth to twin calves or retained their placenta have been examined. Milk yield was higher in the lactation preceding the birth of twins than in any other lactation and the lactation following the birth of twins tended to be longer. Milk yields of cows which retained their placenta were not significantly different from those of cows which cleansed normally. Many cows which gave birth to twins or which retained their placenta were subsequently barren. There was significantly greater mortality among twin calves and after the birth of twins placentae were more often retained.", "PMID": 685091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6303", "title": "Vaccination against canine bordetellosis: protection from contact challenge.", "content": "Eight collie-cross pups, eight weeks old, were inoculated intramuscularly with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted preparation of killed Bordetella bronchiseptica; the inoculation was repeated after two weeks. Two weeks after the second inoculation, the vaccinated dogs and a control group of four unvaccinated animals were placed in contact with a group of five pups of similar age which had been experimentally infected with a pathogenic strain of B bronchiseptica by an aerosol method. All four unvaccinated control dogs as well as all five experimentally infected dogs developed a respiratory disease characterised by persistent coughing. Six of the vaccinated dogs remained free from clinical respiratory disease while disease was less severe and of shorter duration in the remaining two than in controls. Only slight changes were found in the lungs of vaccinated animals at necropsy while in the controls there was a severe tracheobronchitis. There was a marked reduction in the numbers of B bronchiseptica isolated from the respiratory tract of vaccinated animals when compared with controls. An aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted vaccine may be of value in controlling naturally occurring canine respiratory disease in which B bronchiseptica is involved.", "contents": "Vaccination against canine bordetellosis: protection from contact challenge. Eight collie-cross pups, eight weeks old, were inoculated intramuscularly with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted preparation of killed Bordetella bronchiseptica; the inoculation was repeated after two weeks. Two weeks after the second inoculation, the vaccinated dogs and a control group of four unvaccinated animals were placed in contact with a group of five pups of similar age which had been experimentally infected with a pathogenic strain of B bronchiseptica by an aerosol method. All four unvaccinated control dogs as well as all five experimentally infected dogs developed a respiratory disease characterised by persistent coughing. Six of the vaccinated dogs remained free from clinical respiratory disease while disease was less severe and of shorter duration in the remaining two than in controls. Only slight changes were found in the lungs of vaccinated animals at necropsy while in the controls there was a severe tracheobronchitis. There was a marked reduction in the numbers of B bronchiseptica isolated from the respiratory tract of vaccinated animals when compared with controls. An aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted vaccine may be of value in controlling naturally occurring canine respiratory disease in which B bronchiseptica is involved.", "PMID": 685092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6304", "title": "Nutritional myodegeneration in dairy cows.", "content": "A syndrome is described in which parturient dairy cows showed clinical signs consistent with milk fever but failed to respond to conventional therapy. The affected cows were reluctant to walk, moved stiffy and in severe cases became recumbent. The condition was apparently precipitated by low vitaimin E and selenium intake, stress of pregnancy and in one outbreak erratic feeding. Skeletal and cardiac myodegeneration were observed grossly and histologically but an almost full term fetus from an affected cow showed no muscle lesions. A high incidence of retained placentae was also recorded.", "contents": "Nutritional myodegeneration in dairy cows. A syndrome is described in which parturient dairy cows showed clinical signs consistent with milk fever but failed to respond to conventional therapy. The affected cows were reluctant to walk, moved stiffy and in severe cases became recumbent. The condition was apparently precipitated by low vitaimin E and selenium intake, stress of pregnancy and in one outbreak erratic feeding. Skeletal and cardiac myodegeneration were observed grossly and histologically but an almost full term fetus from an affected cow showed no muscle lesions. A high incidence of retained placentae was also recorded.", "PMID": 685097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6305", "title": "Performance, blood and carcase characteristics of finishing steers treated with trenbolone acetate and hexoestrol.", "content": "Twenty British Friesian steers were divided into four uniform groups and either not treated or implanted with hexoestrol, trenbolone acetate, or hexoestrol plus trenbolone acetate. Hexoestrol was given 90 days and trenbolone acetate 70 days, before slaughter. Animals in the treatment groups grew significantly faster, converted food to live-weight gain more effciently faster, converted food to live-weight gain more efficiently and had lower levels of plasma urea and to a lesser extent serum albumin than untreated controls for the final 70 days before slaughter. The combined treatment of hexoestrol plus trenbolone acetate produced more pronounced effects than either compound given alone. Steers treated with hexoestrol had significantly greater levels of serum growth hormone than steers implanted with trenbolone acetate alone or untreated controls, but the treatments had no significant effect on levels of plasma glucose, free fatty acids or serum insulin. Carcase conformation and fat cover assessed subjectively did not differ between treated and control animals but killing out percentage was generally higher in all treatment groups.", "contents": "Performance, blood and carcase characteristics of finishing steers treated with trenbolone acetate and hexoestrol. Twenty British Friesian steers were divided into four uniform groups and either not treated or implanted with hexoestrol, trenbolone acetate, or hexoestrol plus trenbolone acetate. Hexoestrol was given 90 days and trenbolone acetate 70 days, before slaughter. Animals in the treatment groups grew significantly faster, converted food to live-weight gain more effciently faster, converted food to live-weight gain more efficiently and had lower levels of plasma urea and to a lesser extent serum albumin than untreated controls for the final 70 days before slaughter. The combined treatment of hexoestrol plus trenbolone acetate produced more pronounced effects than either compound given alone. Steers treated with hexoestrol had significantly greater levels of serum growth hormone than steers implanted with trenbolone acetate alone or untreated controls, but the treatments had no significant effect on levels of plasma glucose, free fatty acids or serum insulin. Carcase conformation and fat cover assessed subjectively did not differ between treated and control animals but killing out percentage was generally higher in all treatment groups.", "PMID": 685099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6306", "title": "Immobilisation of free-ranging wild animals using a new drug.", "content": "Field trials were conducted with the potent morphine-like analgesic, R33799 (Janssen Pharmaceutica; Beerse, Belgium) in South African national parks on 217 free-ranging wild animals, representing 20 different species. The drug was found to be effective and safe for a wide range of ungulates and pachyderms and Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli) did not react to expected dosage levels. A suggested dosage regime for 19 species is given.  Recommended optimal dosage rates varies from about 1 microgram per kg for pachyderms to about 10 microgram per kg for most of the larger ungulates. Xylazine and azaperone were found valuable adjuncts to R33799 in dosage ratios of 10:1 and 30:1 respectively.", "contents": "Immobilisation of free-ranging wild animals using a new drug. Field trials were conducted with the potent morphine-like analgesic, R33799 (Janssen Pharmaceutica; Beerse, Belgium) in South African national parks on 217 free-ranging wild animals, representing 20 different species. The drug was found to be effective and safe for a wide range of ungulates and pachyderms and Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli) did not react to expected dosage levels. A suggested dosage regime for 19 species is given.  Recommended optimal dosage rates varies from about 1 microgram per kg for pachyderms to about 10 microgram per kg for most of the larger ungulates. Xylazine and azaperone were found valuable adjuncts to R33799 in dosage ratios of 10:1 and 30:1 respectively.", "PMID": 685103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6307", "title": "Factors affecting the survival of Treponema hyodysenteriae in dysenteric pig faeces.", "content": "Treponema hyodysenteriae was found to survive for periods of up to 48 days in dysenteric pig faeces stored at temperatures between 0 degree C and 10 degree C inclusive. Survival was reduced to seven days at 25 degree C and did not exceed 24 hours at 37 degree C. Dilution 1:10 with tapwater appeared to enhance survival to a maximum of 61 days at 5 degree C but further dilution reduced it. Drying and exposure to disinfectants rapidly eliminated T hyodysenteriae from dysenteric faeces. Phenolic and sodium hypochlorite disinfectants were most effective. The use of these findings in the formulation of control programmes for swine dysentery is discussed.", "contents": "Factors affecting the survival of Treponema hyodysenteriae in dysenteric pig faeces. Treponema hyodysenteriae was found to survive for periods of up to 48 days in dysenteric pig faeces stored at temperatures between 0 degree C and 10 degree C inclusive. Survival was reduced to seven days at 25 degree C and did not exceed 24 hours at 37 degree C. Dilution 1:10 with tapwater appeared to enhance survival to a maximum of 61 days at 5 degree C but further dilution reduced it. Drying and exposure to disinfectants rapidly eliminated T hyodysenteriae from dysenteric faeces. Phenolic and sodium hypochlorite disinfectants were most effective. The use of these findings in the formulation of control programmes for swine dysentery is discussed.", "PMID": 685104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6308", "title": "Haemolytic disease of the newborn foal.", "content": "Clinical features of haemolytic disease of the newborn foal (HDNF) are reviewed. The state of knowledge concerning the serological factors associated with isoimmunisation of mares and as assessment of the methods available for screening potential \"haemolytic mares\" are presented. The treatment of severely affected foals has principally involved exchange transfusion but more recently a simple transfusion of mare's packed erythrocytes has proved more successful.", "contents": "Haemolytic disease of the newborn foal. Clinical features of haemolytic disease of the newborn foal (HDNF) are reviewed. The state of knowledge concerning the serological factors associated with isoimmunisation of mares and as assessment of the methods available for screening potential \"haemolytic mares\" are presented. The treatment of severely affected foals has principally involved exchange transfusion but more recently a simple transfusion of mare's packed erythrocytes has proved more successful.", "PMID": 685106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6309", "title": "[Determination of the effect of clinoptilolit on the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the waste waters from pig farms].", "content": "The passage of sedimented refuse water from pig-breeding farms through a clinoptilolit filtre of a grain size of 1.0 up to 0.5 mm leads to a decrease in BNO5 (the biochemical need of water) of such water by about 21 per cent. This is of interest to the purification of wastage waters associated with the everyday life as well as of refuse waters linked with animal-breeding activity, with special reference to keeping waters clean.", "contents": "[Determination of the effect of clinoptilolit on the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the waste waters from pig farms]. The passage of sedimented refuse water from pig-breeding farms through a clinoptilolit filtre of a grain size of 1.0 up to 0.5 mm leads to a decrease in BNO5 (the biochemical need of water) of such water by about 21 per cent. This is of interest to the purification of wastage waters associated with the everyday life as well as of refuse waters linked with animal-breeding activity, with special reference to keeping waters clean.", "PMID": 685165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6310", "title": "[Production and titration of a vaccine against the infectious encephalomyelitis of poultry].", "content": "A vaccine was produced against infectious encephalomyelitis of day-old chicks infected cerebrally with strain Calnek 1143. It is a brain suspension from killed birds that have shown disease symptoms, treated with penicillin and streptomycin and stored at -20 degrees C. Experiments were carried out to titrate the vaccine through determining the minimum infective dose for day-old chicks treated with 0.1 cm3 each of it, orally, as obtained from tenfold dilutions. It was found that birds do not manifest clinically the disease, however, with birds killed 20--25 days following infection there have been characteristic histologic changes speaking of infectious encephalomyelitis. The minimum infective dose of the various batches of vaccine have been found to range from 10(-3) to 10(-5)/cm3. Applied under the conditions of the practice the vaccine has proved harmless, contributing to eradication of the disease on the infected farms.", "contents": "[Production and titration of a vaccine against the infectious encephalomyelitis of poultry]. A vaccine was produced against infectious encephalomyelitis of day-old chicks infected cerebrally with strain Calnek 1143. It is a brain suspension from killed birds that have shown disease symptoms, treated with penicillin and streptomycin and stored at -20 degrees C. Experiments were carried out to titrate the vaccine through determining the minimum infective dose for day-old chicks treated with 0.1 cm3 each of it, orally, as obtained from tenfold dilutions. It was found that birds do not manifest clinically the disease, however, with birds killed 20--25 days following infection there have been characteristic histologic changes speaking of infectious encephalomyelitis. The minimum infective dose of the various batches of vaccine have been found to range from 10(-3) to 10(-5)/cm3. Applied under the conditions of the practice the vaccine has proved harmless, contributing to eradication of the disease on the infected farms.", "PMID": 685166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6311", "title": "[Losses from sterility in cows].", "content": "Stated are the drop in milk productivity and the total losses in a value expression as determined by a definite formula. The observations were carried out on four large dairy farms. The cows on each farm were divided into groups according to the number of lactation and the length of the intercalving period. It was found that in 84 per cent of the cases of cows with a prolonged intercalving period the average daily milk yield for the same period was lower than in the case of cows with a normal duration of this period. Calculated were also the K coefficients, showing the milk loss, per lost service-period day. With a small group of cows there was an increase in the milk yield per each lost service-period day. The K coefficients were shown to vary with the individual groups of animals. At the same time most of the calculated values, indicating the loss of milk in sterility, were statistically insignificant. This was due to the expressed individual character of the response of sterile cows with regard to the drop in milk productivity. It was rather difficult to refer to a certain definite and general normativ as attempted by some authors. The guiding principle in the culling of sterile cows should be based on the individual approach. The data are given in two tablets.", "contents": "[Losses from sterility in cows]. Stated are the drop in milk productivity and the total losses in a value expression as determined by a definite formula. The observations were carried out on four large dairy farms. The cows on each farm were divided into groups according to the number of lactation and the length of the intercalving period. It was found that in 84 per cent of the cases of cows with a prolonged intercalving period the average daily milk yield for the same period was lower than in the case of cows with a normal duration of this period. Calculated were also the K coefficients, showing the milk loss, per lost service-period day. With a small group of cows there was an increase in the milk yield per each lost service-period day. The K coefficients were shown to vary with the individual groups of animals. At the same time most of the calculated values, indicating the loss of milk in sterility, were statistically insignificant. This was due to the expressed individual character of the response of sterile cows with regard to the drop in milk productivity. It was rather difficult to refer to a certain definite and general normativ as attempted by some authors. The guiding principle in the culling of sterile cows should be based on the individual approach. The data are given in two tablets.", "PMID": 685167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6312", "title": "[Development of subclinical mastitis in cows].", "content": "Montly investigations have been carried out on a farm for the presence of subclinical mastitis in a total of 59 cows. As many as six examinations have been made up to the drying of the cows and two after their calving. It has been found that subclinical mastitis assumes a protracted course, and in 23.7 per cent of the cows it is present during the whole period of investigation of 6-8 months. In 42.9 per cent of the animals the recovery of the affected udder sets in without therapeutic intervention. It has also been noted that in 33.8 per cent of the diseased cows subclinical mastitis develops into a clinical form of mastitis.", "contents": "[Development of subclinical mastitis in cows]. Montly investigations have been carried out on a farm for the presence of subclinical mastitis in a total of 59 cows. As many as six examinations have been made up to the drying of the cows and two after their calving. It has been found that subclinical mastitis assumes a protracted course, and in 23.7 per cent of the cows it is present during the whole period of investigation of 6-8 months. In 42.9 per cent of the animals the recovery of the affected udder sets in without therapeutic intervention. It has also been noted that in 33.8 per cent of the diseased cows subclinical mastitis develops into a clinical form of mastitis.", "PMID": 685168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6313", "title": "[Epizootic of S. heidelberg in poultry breeding flocks raised commercially].", "content": "It was noted that under the conditions of industrial raising of adult birds the epizootic of Salmonella heidelberg could assumme an acute course with a clinical manifestation. After its short-term acute manifestation the infection acquired a protracted course. Mortality correlated directly with the age of the birds. Isolated and identified were a total of 117 Salmonella heidelberg strains from carcasses, cloacal samples, eggs, and litter. Regardless of the short-term Salmonella harbouring the deep litter was shown to predispose to reinfections. The isolation of eight strains of S. heidelberg from the egg shell and the yolk of freshly laid eggs as well as the negative microbial findings in one- and two-fold fumigated eggs corroborate the idea of the additional entering of Salmonella organisms through the shell. These also point to the fact that fumigation carried out up to the third hour following laying may contribute to the raising of disease-free broilers. Treatment with furazolidon and chloramphenicol in combination or the application of salmocid at the rate of 250 milligram microgram of feed in the course of ten days suppresses the acute manifestation of the disease and restores the productivity of birds, having no effect on the harbouring of the infection in the flock.", "contents": "[Epizootic of S. heidelberg in poultry breeding flocks raised commercially]. It was noted that under the conditions of industrial raising of adult birds the epizootic of Salmonella heidelberg could assumme an acute course with a clinical manifestation. After its short-term acute manifestation the infection acquired a protracted course. Mortality correlated directly with the age of the birds. Isolated and identified were a total of 117 Salmonella heidelberg strains from carcasses, cloacal samples, eggs, and litter. Regardless of the short-term Salmonella harbouring the deep litter was shown to predispose to reinfections. The isolation of eight strains of S. heidelberg from the egg shell and the yolk of freshly laid eggs as well as the negative microbial findings in one- and two-fold fumigated eggs corroborate the idea of the additional entering of Salmonella organisms through the shell. These also point to the fact that fumigation carried out up to the third hour following laying may contribute to the raising of disease-free broilers. Treatment with furazolidon and chloramphenicol in combination or the application of salmocid at the rate of 250 milligram microgram of feed in the course of ten days suppresses the acute manifestation of the disease and restores the productivity of birds, having no effect on the harbouring of the infection in the flock.", "PMID": 685169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6314", "title": "[Epizootiological characteristics of trichophytosis in calves raised commercially].", "content": "Epizootiologic studies were carried out after a special programme in four calf-fattening combines harbouring trichophytosis-affected animals. Tested was the effectiveness of a Soviet vaccina, Tphi 130 under this country's conditions. It was found that 20 per cent of the examined contact calves and 23.3 per cent of the survivals were carriers of T. faviforme. It was demonstrated that the vaccine conferred solid immunity against the Bulgarian strains of T. faviforme.", "contents": "[Epizootiological characteristics of trichophytosis in calves raised commercially]. Epizootiologic studies were carried out after a special programme in four calf-fattening combines harbouring trichophytosis-affected animals. Tested was the effectiveness of a Soviet vaccina, Tphi 130 under this country's conditions. It was found that 20 per cent of the examined contact calves and 23.3 per cent of the survivals were carriers of T. faviforme. It was demonstrated that the vaccine conferred solid immunity against the Bulgarian strains of T. faviforme.", "PMID": 685170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6315", "title": "[Microclimate and the mortality among turkey poult broilers].", "content": "Zoohygiene studies have been carried out in the course of two years, following up periodically at 20--25-day intervals the concentration of ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide, the relative humidity, and the temperature within the houses of an industrial animal-breeding complex for the production of broiler turkey-poults. Parallel investigations have aimed at following up the morbidity and mortality rates among the birds. Part of them divided into age groups, have likewise been studied in terms of total protein and protein fractions of the blood serum along with the establishing of the blood bactericidal titer. Dependable values have been found of the interrelationship between the age of the turkey-poults and their mortality rate. The same have proved to be the values expressing the correlation between the air concentration of ammonia gas in the farm houses and the mortality rate shown. It is concluded that the mortality rates established in the turkey combine might probably be due to the action of comlex factors, mainly to inappropriate microclimate and incomplete raising technology that contribute to the appearance and development of pathogenic and occasionally pathogenic agents as well as of some noninfectious diseases.", "contents": "[Microclimate and the mortality among turkey poult broilers]. Zoohygiene studies have been carried out in the course of two years, following up periodically at 20--25-day intervals the concentration of ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide, the relative humidity, and the temperature within the houses of an industrial animal-breeding complex for the production of broiler turkey-poults. Parallel investigations have aimed at following up the morbidity and mortality rates among the birds. Part of them divided into age groups, have likewise been studied in terms of total protein and protein fractions of the blood serum along with the establishing of the blood bactericidal titer. Dependable values have been found of the interrelationship between the age of the turkey-poults and their mortality rate. The same have proved to be the values expressing the correlation between the air concentration of ammonia gas in the farm houses and the mortality rate shown. It is concluded that the mortality rates established in the turkey combine might probably be due to the action of comlex factors, mainly to inappropriate microclimate and incomplete raising technology that contribute to the appearance and development of pathogenic and occasionally pathogenic agents as well as of some noninfectious diseases.", "PMID": 685171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6316", "title": "[Effect of drugs on the pyrogenic reactivity of sheep].", "content": "Investigated was the effect of coffeine, bromine, atropine, and pilocarpine on the course of experimentally induced (by means of an Alcaligenes falcalis lipopolysaccharide) pyrogenic response in sheep. It was noted that coffeine aggravated, and bromine and partly atropine made more feasible the manifestation of the pyrogenic response in these animals. Pilocarpine enhanced some of the functions of the body while this reaction tookplace. Some arguments are given to elucidate the mechanism of the pyrogenic response.", "contents": "[Effect of drugs on the pyrogenic reactivity of sheep]. Investigated was the effect of coffeine, bromine, atropine, and pilocarpine on the course of experimentally induced (by means of an Alcaligenes falcalis lipopolysaccharide) pyrogenic response in sheep. It was noted that coffeine aggravated, and bromine and partly atropine made more feasible the manifestation of the pyrogenic response in these animals. Pilocarpine enhanced some of the functions of the body while this reaction tookplace. Some arguments are given to elucidate the mechanism of the pyrogenic response.", "PMID": 685173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6317", "title": "[Effect of eserine on DNA synthesis in rat liver].", "content": "Incorporation of labelled precursors into total and nuclear DNA of liver tissue was inhibited after administration into animals of eserine at a dose 0.1--0.2 mg/100 g of body weight. Simultaneously, DNAase activity was increased and cholinesterase activity was inhibited in liver tissue. The DNA synthesis was inhibited in liver slices, if they were incubated with 2.10(-6) M eserine. The DNAase activity was unaltered in vitro. A cholinolytic compound metacin, pre-administered into the animals, was ineffective at dose of 1 mg/kg; it slightly decreased the effect of eserine at dose of 0.25 mg/kg.", "contents": "[Effect of eserine on DNA synthesis in rat liver]. Incorporation of labelled precursors into total and nuclear DNA of liver tissue was inhibited after administration into animals of eserine at a dose 0.1--0.2 mg/100 g of body weight. Simultaneously, DNAase activity was increased and cholinesterase activity was inhibited in liver tissue. The DNA synthesis was inhibited in liver slices, if they were incubated with 2.10(-6) M eserine. The DNAase activity was unaltered in vitro. A cholinolytic compound metacin, pre-administered into the animals, was ineffective at dose of 1 mg/kg; it slightly decreased the effect of eserine at dose of 0.25 mg/kg.", "PMID": 685189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6318", "title": "[Nuclease activity in leukemia altered lymphoid tissue].", "content": "Activities of DNAase I, DNAase II, RNAase I and RNAase II were altered in lymphoid tissue during development of lymphoid leukosis in mice of AKR strain, during survival of the leukemic cells as well as in leukemic spleen tissue of mice C57BI with transplantable leukosis La. The enzymatic activity correlated with the step of the process, the rate of leukemic cells proliferation, with dimensions of organs. Variations in the enzymatic activity, as compared with normal state were dissimilar in development of leukosis; activity of the enzymes was either increased or decreased apparently due to their multiple functions in metabolism of nucleic acids.", "contents": "[Nuclease activity in leukemia altered lymphoid tissue]. Activities of DNAase I, DNAase II, RNAase I and RNAase II were altered in lymphoid tissue during development of lymphoid leukosis in mice of AKR strain, during survival of the leukemic cells as well as in leukemic spleen tissue of mice C57BI with transplantable leukosis La. The enzymatic activity correlated with the step of the process, the rate of leukemic cells proliferation, with dimensions of organs. Variations in the enzymatic activity, as compared with normal state were dissimilar in development of leukosis; activity of the enzymes was either increased or decreased apparently due to their multiple functions in metabolism of nucleic acids.", "PMID": 685191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6319", "title": "[Effect of turkesterone and nerobol on the activity of the protein synthesizing system of mouse liver].", "content": "Protein biosynthesis was stimulated in liver tissue in vivo and in vitro after administration into mice of either phytoecdizone of turkesterone (0.5 mg/100 g) or of anabolic steroid compound nerobole (1 mg/100 g). Stimulation of protein biosynthesis was due to an increase in functional activity of polyribosomes and to elevation in the synthesis of protein molecules. Actinomycin D, which inhibited the stimulation of protein biosynthesis in liver tissue of mice treated with nerobole, did not affect the phenomenon in mice treated with turkesterone.", "contents": "[Effect of turkesterone and nerobol on the activity of the protein synthesizing system of mouse liver]. Protein biosynthesis was stimulated in liver tissue in vivo and in vitro after administration into mice of either phytoecdizone of turkesterone (0.5 mg/100 g) or of anabolic steroid compound nerobole (1 mg/100 g). Stimulation of protein biosynthesis was due to an increase in functional activity of polyribosomes and to elevation in the synthesis of protein molecules. Actinomycin D, which inhibited the stimulation of protein biosynthesis in liver tissue of mice treated with nerobole, did not affect the phenomenon in mice treated with turkesterone.", "PMID": 685188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6320", "title": "[Interrelationship between the activity of cholinergic processes and catecholamine metabolism in botulin poisoning].", "content": "Reversible inhibition of cholinergic processes in cats after pancreatectomy was accompanied by decreased urinary excretion of adrenaline, increased excretion of vanilyl mandelic acid, exhaustion of catecholamine stores in adrenal glands and increased content of noradrenaline in some tissues. Similar alterations occurred in the paralytic step of botulinic intoxication. Metabolism of catecholamines was much more distinctly impaired in previously pancreatectomized animals after development of botulinic and tetanic neurointoxications, which were accompanied by irreversible inhibition of acetylcholine liberation in myoneural synapses. Impairments of catecholamine metabolism were manifested in a decrease in total content of the substances studied in various tissues.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between the activity of cholinergic processes and catecholamine metabolism in botulin poisoning]. Reversible inhibition of cholinergic processes in cats after pancreatectomy was accompanied by decreased urinary excretion of adrenaline, increased excretion of vanilyl mandelic acid, exhaustion of catecholamine stores in adrenal glands and increased content of noradrenaline in some tissues. Similar alterations occurred in the paralytic step of botulinic intoxication. Metabolism of catecholamines was much more distinctly impaired in previously pancreatectomized animals after development of botulinic and tetanic neurointoxications, which were accompanied by irreversible inhibition of acetylcholine liberation in myoneural synapses. Impairments of catecholamine metabolism were manifested in a decrease in total content of the substances studied in various tissues.", "PMID": 685193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6321", "title": "[Isoenzyme spectrum and activity of several enzymes of bone marrow erythroid and myeloid cells in rabbits and changes in them under the influence of hydrocortisone].", "content": "Rabbit myeloid myelocaryocytes possessed higher activities of hexokinase (HK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as compared with those of erythroid cells. The lypolytic activity was twice as high in myeloid myelocaryocytes as in erythroid ones. Both strains of medullar cells did not differ in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). But the isoenzyme spectra of G6PD varied distinctly in these cells; HK and LDH isoenzyme spectra were the same both in myeloid and erythroid cells. The enzymatic activity was altered dissimilarly in myeloid and erythroid cells after administration of hydrocortisone. In myeloid cells the HK activity was decreased, in the erythroid cells--the HK activity tended to increase and the lipolytic activity was decreased. Alterations in the isoenzyme spectra of G6PD and LDH, caused by hydrocortisone administration, exhibited similar patterns in myeloid and erythroid cells.", "contents": "[Isoenzyme spectrum and activity of several enzymes of bone marrow erythroid and myeloid cells in rabbits and changes in them under the influence of hydrocortisone]. Rabbit myeloid myelocaryocytes possessed higher activities of hexokinase (HK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as compared with those of erythroid cells. The lypolytic activity was twice as high in myeloid myelocaryocytes as in erythroid ones. Both strains of medullar cells did not differ in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). But the isoenzyme spectra of G6PD varied distinctly in these cells; HK and LDH isoenzyme spectra were the same both in myeloid and erythroid cells. The enzymatic activity was altered dissimilarly in myeloid and erythroid cells after administration of hydrocortisone. In myeloid cells the HK activity was decreased, in the erythroid cells--the HK activity tended to increase and the lipolytic activity was decreased. Alterations in the isoenzyme spectra of G6PD and LDH, caused by hydrocortisone administration, exhibited similar patterns in myeloid and erythroid cells.", "PMID": 685190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6322", "title": "[Age composition of the erythrocyte population, ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate composition in erythrocytes in different forms of hemolytic anemia].", "content": "The total erythrocyte population was subdivided into three age groups using as criteria the stability of red blood cells to osmotic shock and the values of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity. The \"old\" erythrocytes constituted about 8%, \"mature\"--87% and \"young\"--5% under normal conditions. In hereditary microspherocytosis 70% of erythrocytes possessed a decreased osmotic resistance and higher G6PD activity as compared with normal state. Two categories of erythrocytes was found among \"young\" cells in Marchiafava-Micheli disease; one of them possessed normal osmotic resistance, the other--decreased osmotic resistance. The age composition of the erythrocyte population was normal in functional hyperbilirubinemia. Content of ATP was decreased in erythrocytes of patients with hereditary microspherocytosis, it was increased in Marchiafava-Micheli disease and approached the normal level in patients with functional hyperbilirubinemia. Concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was similar to the normal level in erythrocytes of patients with functional hyperbilirubinemia; an inverse correlation was observed between contents of hemoglobin and of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in blood of patients with hereditary microspherocytosis and with Marchiafava-Michel disease.", "contents": "[Age composition of the erythrocyte population, ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate composition in erythrocytes in different forms of hemolytic anemia]. The total erythrocyte population was subdivided into three age groups using as criteria the stability of red blood cells to osmotic shock and the values of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity. The \"old\" erythrocytes constituted about 8%, \"mature\"--87% and \"young\"--5% under normal conditions. In hereditary microspherocytosis 70% of erythrocytes possessed a decreased osmotic resistance and higher G6PD activity as compared with normal state. Two categories of erythrocytes was found among \"young\" cells in Marchiafava-Micheli disease; one of them possessed normal osmotic resistance, the other--decreased osmotic resistance. The age composition of the erythrocyte population was normal in functional hyperbilirubinemia. Content of ATP was decreased in erythrocytes of patients with hereditary microspherocytosis, it was increased in Marchiafava-Micheli disease and approached the normal level in patients with functional hyperbilirubinemia. Concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was similar to the normal level in erythrocytes of patients with functional hyperbilirubinemia; an inverse correlation was observed between contents of hemoglobin and of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in blood of patients with hereditary microspherocytosis and with Marchiafava-Michel disease.", "PMID": 685194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6323", "title": "[Extraction, separation and quantitative determination of prostaglandins in blood, thrombocytes and several tissues].", "content": "Modified methods, using selective organic extraction and absorption-distributional column chromatography, are described for isolation of prostglandines with high yield; the substances were differentiated by means of the methods used into series A, E, F. Use of radioimmunologic method enabled to obtain data on content of prostglandines in blood plasma and in thrombocytes of healthy people and of patients with ischemic heart impairments as well as on content of these substances in rabbit blood plasma, fatty and livery tissues.", "contents": "[Extraction, separation and quantitative determination of prostaglandins in blood, thrombocytes and several tissues]. Modified methods, using selective organic extraction and absorption-distributional column chromatography, are described for isolation of prostglandines with high yield; the substances were differentiated by means of the methods used into series A, E, F. Use of radioimmunologic method enabled to obtain data on content of prostglandines in blood plasma and in thrombocytes of healthy people and of patients with ischemic heart impairments as well as on content of these substances in rabbit blood plasma, fatty and livery tissues.", "PMID": 685196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6324", "title": "[Monoamine oxidation in the mitochondrial fraction of bovine kidney catalyzed by monoamine oxidase type B].", "content": "Oxidative deamination of tyramine, serotonin and benzyl amine in bovine kidney mitochondria was inhibited by low concentrations of deprenil (but not clorgylline). These data and the patterns of the plots of residual enzymatic activity against concentration of the inhibitors as well as the \"mixed substrates\" experiments suggest occurrence in bovine kidney mitochondria of monoamine oxidase of the B type only, which has to be considered in studies on the nature of monoamine oxidases using bovine kidney mitochondria as a rich source of monoamine oxidase activity.", "contents": "[Monoamine oxidation in the mitochondrial fraction of bovine kidney catalyzed by monoamine oxidase type B]. Oxidative deamination of tyramine, serotonin and benzyl amine in bovine kidney mitochondria was inhibited by low concentrations of deprenil (but not clorgylline). These data and the patterns of the plots of residual enzymatic activity against concentration of the inhibitors as well as the \"mixed substrates\" experiments suggest occurrence in bovine kidney mitochondria of monoamine oxidase of the B type only, which has to be considered in studies on the nature of monoamine oxidases using bovine kidney mitochondria as a rich source of monoamine oxidase activity.", "PMID": 685198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6325", "title": "[Proteolytic enzymes of leukocytes in human blood].", "content": "Hydrolysis of various substrates by proteolytic enzymes from human blood leukocytes was studied. Among the protein substrates used protamine was hydrolyzed at the highest rate. Among the synthetic substrates--N-benzoyl-D,L-arginine ethyl ester was the one hydrolyzed most rapidly. Effect of native inhibitors of proteinases and of bivalent metal ions on the proteolytic activity in leukocytes was also studied. The highest proteolytic activity, estimated by hydrolysis of protamine, was found in lysosomal and microsomal fractions.", "contents": "[Proteolytic enzymes of leukocytes in human blood]. Hydrolysis of various substrates by proteolytic enzymes from human blood leukocytes was studied. Among the protein substrates used protamine was hydrolyzed at the highest rate. Among the synthetic substrates--N-benzoyl-D,L-arginine ethyl ester was the one hydrolyzed most rapidly. Effect of native inhibitors of proteinases and of bivalent metal ions on the proteolytic activity in leukocytes was also studied. The highest proteolytic activity, estimated by hydrolysis of protamine, was found in lysosomal and microsomal fractions.", "PMID": 685199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6326", "title": "[Effect of the activity of adrenergic processes on tissue catecholamine concentrations].", "content": "Demedullation of adrenal glands caused a decrease in excretion of adrenaline and vanilyl mandelic acid with simultaneous increase of adrenaline content in various rat tissues. Predemedullation of adrenal glands prevented distinctly the alterations in catecholamine metabolism, which developed in botulinic and tetanic neurointoxications. The data obtained suggest that activation of adrenergic processes is of importance in genesis of the alterations observed in catecholamine metabolism under conditions of botulinic and tetanic intoxications.", "contents": "[Effect of the activity of adrenergic processes on tissue catecholamine concentrations]. Demedullation of adrenal glands caused a decrease in excretion of adrenaline and vanilyl mandelic acid with simultaneous increase of adrenaline content in various rat tissues. Predemedullation of adrenal glands prevented distinctly the alterations in catecholamine metabolism, which developed in botulinic and tetanic neurointoxications. The data obtained suggest that activation of adrenergic processes is of importance in genesis of the alterations observed in catecholamine metabolism under conditions of botulinic and tetanic intoxications.", "PMID": 685195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6327", "title": "[Effect of fatty acid triglycerides on lipogenesis and the makeup of plasma, fatty tissue and erythocyte membrane fatty acids in rats].", "content": "The fatty acids middle-chain triglycerides (FAMCT) may be considered as a possible component of alimentary mixtures intended to lower the energy-giving efficiency of the nutritional ration. They do not join the tissue lipids, whereas their reconstruction into long-chain fatty acids requires an additional expenditure of energy. These facts were confirmed by the results obtained in tests on rats. Feeding of growing rats for 5 weeks on a ration containing 12 per cent of the FAMCT on condition of a sufficient administration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) through addition of sunflower seed oil led to a significant fall of the body mass gain by comparison with that in rats receiving a ration whose main source of fat was lard. An increased tryglycerides synthesis in the liver was not accompanied by their accumulation in the organ. The triglycerides level in the serum was up. An analysis of the fatty acids composition in the epididymitic fatty tissue, plasma and erythrocytes confirmed that the FAMCT C2-fragments developing during metabolization are used up chiefly in lipogenesis, one of the basic products of which is palmitic acid. The metabolization of FAMC with sufficient PUFA proportion in the ration does not derange the plastic function of fat in the organism, i.e, securing biosynthesis of lipid components of the membranes.", "contents": "[Effect of fatty acid triglycerides on lipogenesis and the makeup of plasma, fatty tissue and erythocyte membrane fatty acids in rats]. The fatty acids middle-chain triglycerides (FAMCT) may be considered as a possible component of alimentary mixtures intended to lower the energy-giving efficiency of the nutritional ration. They do not join the tissue lipids, whereas their reconstruction into long-chain fatty acids requires an additional expenditure of energy. These facts were confirmed by the results obtained in tests on rats. Feeding of growing rats for 5 weeks on a ration containing 12 per cent of the FAMCT on condition of a sufficient administration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) through addition of sunflower seed oil led to a significant fall of the body mass gain by comparison with that in rats receiving a ration whose main source of fat was lard. An increased tryglycerides synthesis in the liver was not accompanied by their accumulation in the organ. The triglycerides level in the serum was up. An analysis of the fatty acids composition in the epididymitic fatty tissue, plasma and erythrocytes confirmed that the FAMCT C2-fragments developing during metabolization are used up chiefly in lipogenesis, one of the basic products of which is palmitic acid. The metabolization of FAMC with sufficient PUFA proportion in the ration does not derange the plastic function of fat in the organism, i.e, securing biosynthesis of lipid components of the membranes.", "PMID": 685218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6328", "title": "[Effect of tetracycline on rat liver mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro under a varying body allowance of protein].", "content": "An investigation of the tetracycline action in vivo and in vitro showed it to reduce the rate of oxidative phosphorylation in the rat liver mitochondria which, with an increased concentration or a longer introduction of the drug, gives place to inhibition of respiration. These changes occur following introduction of 100 mg/kg by the 10th day of the experiment and of 20 mg/kg--by the 20th day. The protein-low background is a factor contributing to a speedier effect of tetracycline. Heat-treated tetracycline produces greater changes than does the native drug.", "contents": "[Effect of tetracycline on rat liver mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro under a varying body allowance of protein]. An investigation of the tetracycline action in vivo and in vitro showed it to reduce the rate of oxidative phosphorylation in the rat liver mitochondria which, with an increased concentration or a longer introduction of the drug, gives place to inhibition of respiration. These changes occur following introduction of 100 mg/kg by the 10th day of the experiment and of 20 mg/kg--by the 20th day. The protein-low background is a factor contributing to a speedier effect of tetracycline. Heat-treated tetracycline produces greater changes than does the native drug.", "PMID": 685220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6329", "title": "[Characteristics of the enzymatic adaptation of rat liver lysosomes to protein deficiency].", "content": "The effects of age-specific peculiarities and the duration of maintaining rats on a ration with 4 per cent of protein (the initial mass of rats in the 1st group 100 g each; duration of the experiment--30 days. Initial mass rats in the 2d group--200 g each; duration of experiment--90 days on the activity of the lysosomal hydrolase was studied. The latter included beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucoronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, arylsulfatase A and B, acid phosphatase, phospholipase A1 and A2, cholinesterase, the total proteolytic activity and that of catepsines A, B, C and D. An ambiguity of changes in the enzymes activity in the animals of the 1st and 2d groups was revealed. Placing the growing animals on a ration containing 4 per cent of protein produces an activation of the most of the lysosomal enzymes, whereas in animals of the 2d test group the nature of changes in the activity of individual enzymes proved to differ quite appreciably. Thus, the summary activity of catepsines, beta-glucoronidase and cholinesterase was below the control level, while the activity of beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetyl-glucoseaminidase and phospholipase A1 and A2 went up. A prolonged maintenance of rats on a protein-poor ration led to upsetting the stability of the lysosomal membranes, which manifested itself in a higher solubilization of lysosomal enzymes in vitro.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the enzymatic adaptation of rat liver lysosomes to protein deficiency]. The effects of age-specific peculiarities and the duration of maintaining rats on a ration with 4 per cent of protein (the initial mass of rats in the 1st group 100 g each; duration of the experiment--30 days. Initial mass rats in the 2d group--200 g each; duration of experiment--90 days on the activity of the lysosomal hydrolase was studied. The latter included beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucoronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, arylsulfatase A and B, acid phosphatase, phospholipase A1 and A2, cholinesterase, the total proteolytic activity and that of catepsines A, B, C and D. An ambiguity of changes in the enzymes activity in the animals of the 1st and 2d groups was revealed. Placing the growing animals on a ration containing 4 per cent of protein produces an activation of the most of the lysosomal enzymes, whereas in animals of the 2d test group the nature of changes in the activity of individual enzymes proved to differ quite appreciably. Thus, the summary activity of catepsines, beta-glucoronidase and cholinesterase was below the control level, while the activity of beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetyl-glucoseaminidase and phospholipase A1 and A2 went up. A prolonged maintenance of rats on a protein-poor ration led to upsetting the stability of the lysosomal membranes, which manifested itself in a higher solubilization of lysosomal enzymes in vitro.", "PMID": 685219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6330", "title": "[Effect of a sugar diet on the exhalation of 14CO2 by rats after the administration of citric acid-3-14C].", "content": "In rats of three age groups (one month-old rattlings, young 3-month old and adult rats not younger than 5 months) receiving the usual vivarium food the exhalation of C14O2 substantially decreased with the age and the maximum radioactivity of the air following intraperitoneal introduction of citric acid-3-C14 was greatly delayed. Upon putting for 2 months on a cariogenic diet with 54 per cent of saccharose of one month old and 3-month old animals there was noted a significantly accelerated appearance in the expired air of C14O2 and a quicker reaching the maximum radioactivity of the expired air than in controls. It seems that in an accelerated exhalation of C14O2 a definite role is played by the transormation of citric acid in the muscles and blood with the animals kept on a saccharose diet.", "contents": "[Effect of a sugar diet on the exhalation of 14CO2 by rats after the administration of citric acid-3-14C]. In rats of three age groups (one month-old rattlings, young 3-month old and adult rats not younger than 5 months) receiving the usual vivarium food the exhalation of C14O2 substantially decreased with the age and the maximum radioactivity of the air following intraperitoneal introduction of citric acid-3-C14 was greatly delayed. Upon putting for 2 months on a cariogenic diet with 54 per cent of saccharose of one month old and 3-month old animals there was noted a significantly accelerated appearance in the expired air of C14O2 and a quicker reaching the maximum radioactivity of the expired air than in controls. It seems that in an accelerated exhalation of C14O2 a definite role is played by the transormation of citric acid in the muscles and blood with the animals kept on a saccharose diet.", "PMID": 685221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6331", "title": "[14C-riboflavin metabolism in mice with Ehrlich's ascitic tumor].", "content": "The distribution of 14C-riboflavin in the tissues and elimination of radioactive metabolites with the urine during dynamic development (in 3--5--10 days) of the ascitic Ehrlich's tumour in mice after administration of 10 gamma g per mouse of tagged vitamin in 1--3--24 hr subcutaneously and intragastrically were studied. The development of the neoplastic process was accompanied by a reduced deposition of 14C-riboflavin in the tissues of the macroorganism, an increased elimination of tagged metabolites with the urine, a rising content of the tag in the ascitic fluid. The concentration of the tagged vitamin in the tumour cells remained continuously high in all periods of the test under investigation, its results bearing evidence to an impoverishment of the macroorganism in riboflavial under conditions of the malignant tumour growth.", "contents": "[14C-riboflavin metabolism in mice with Ehrlich's ascitic tumor]. The distribution of 14C-riboflavin in the tissues and elimination of radioactive metabolites with the urine during dynamic development (in 3--5--10 days) of the ascitic Ehrlich's tumour in mice after administration of 10 gamma g per mouse of tagged vitamin in 1--3--24 hr subcutaneously and intragastrically were studied. The development of the neoplastic process was accompanied by a reduced deposition of 14C-riboflavin in the tissues of the macroorganism, an increased elimination of tagged metabolites with the urine, a rising content of the tag in the ascitic fluid. The concentration of the tagged vitamin in the tumour cells remained continuously high in all periods of the test under investigation, its results bearing evidence to an impoverishment of the macroorganism in riboflavial under conditions of the malignant tumour growth.", "PMID": 685222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6332", "title": "[Energy metabolism and the requirement for food and energy in Baikal-Amur mainline workers engaged in clearing strips through the forest].", "content": "Indirect calorimetry and time studies showed the diurnal energy expenditure in wood fellers to be 5186.2, in their helpers--4476.9 and in branch choppers--5246.9 kcalories. In accordance with these energy expenditures requirements of the mentioned category of workers in energy, nutrients and other essential nutritional factors have been elaborated. Recommendations for organization of nutrition in the field are given.", "contents": "[Energy metabolism and the requirement for food and energy in Baikal-Amur mainline workers engaged in clearing strips through the forest]. Indirect calorimetry and time studies showed the diurnal energy expenditure in wood fellers to be 5186.2, in their helpers--4476.9 and in branch choppers--5246.9 kcalories. In accordance with these energy expenditures requirements of the mentioned category of workers in energy, nutrients and other essential nutritional factors have been elaborated. Recommendations for organization of nutrition in the field are given.", "PMID": 685224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6333", "title": "[Content of antibiotic residues in food products].", "content": "By using the microbiological method of diffusion into agar it was noted that meat and dairy products contain residual amounts of tetracycline and penicillin from 0.01 up to 1.0 Un/g/ml, and of streptomycin--up to 2.4 Un/g. Tetracycline was more often found in the hog liver, cottage cheese and in sour cream.", "contents": "[Content of antibiotic residues in food products]. By using the microbiological method of diffusion into agar it was noted that meat and dairy products contain residual amounts of tetracycline and penicillin from 0.01 up to 1.0 Un/g/ml, and of streptomycin--up to 2.4 Un/g. Tetracycline was more often found in the hog liver, cottage cheese and in sour cream.", "PMID": 685227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6334", "title": "[Study of the mutagenic and embryotoxic action of etidin].", "content": "Investigations of mutagenic and embryotoxic action of ethidine were conducted on animals. The possibility of the mutagenic action of ethidine (in doses of 2500 and 1000 mg/kg of the body mass) was verified on mongrel albino mice through investigation of chromosomal aberration in the bone marrow cells. The embryotoxicity was studied on mongrel albino rats with introduction of the compound (in doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg to pregnant female rats at the time of implantation or organogenesis. On the 20th day of development the mass, length, external and internal developmental anomalies were noted along with observations carried on over the progency in the post-natal period. Opening of the eyes and the appearance of the hair tegmentum were recorded and dynamic changes in the body mass observed for a period of 2 months. In tests 14 mice were used from which 1300 cells were obtained and examined at the stage of metaphase and 50 female rats from which 307 embryos and 183 rattlings were studied in the post-natal period. Investigations failed to reveal any mutagenic of embryotoxic action of ethidine, nor its influence on the progeny in the post-natal period.", "contents": "[Study of the mutagenic and embryotoxic action of etidin]. Investigations of mutagenic and embryotoxic action of ethidine were conducted on animals. The possibility of the mutagenic action of ethidine (in doses of 2500 and 1000 mg/kg of the body mass) was verified on mongrel albino mice through investigation of chromosomal aberration in the bone marrow cells. The embryotoxicity was studied on mongrel albino rats with introduction of the compound (in doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg to pregnant female rats at the time of implantation or organogenesis. On the 20th day of development the mass, length, external and internal developmental anomalies were noted along with observations carried on over the progency in the post-natal period. Opening of the eyes and the appearance of the hair tegmentum were recorded and dynamic changes in the body mass observed for a period of 2 months. In tests 14 mice were used from which 1300 cells were obtained and examined at the stage of metaphase and 50 female rats from which 307 embryos and 183 rattlings were studied in the post-natal period. Investigations failed to reveal any mutagenic of embryotoxic action of ethidine, nor its influence on the progeny in the post-natal period.", "PMID": 685228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6335", "title": "[Interrelationship of calcium and magnesium in the case of a varying magnesium content in the diet of jaw fracture patients].", "content": "In 12 patients with jaw-bones fractures an investigation of calcium and magnesium metabolism was carried out with a view of elucidating its possible relation to the course of repair of the bone tissue. A reciprocal dependence in the calcium and magnesium ions exchange in lesions of the jaws and an intensified accumulation of these ions by the time of the initial formation of the secondary callus were revealed. Investigations have confirmed the important role of magnesium in the metabolism of the bone tissue and a study of two diets with different magnesium content justified recommending its daiy allowance of about 550 mg for the given patients' population.", "contents": "[Interrelationship of calcium and magnesium in the case of a varying magnesium content in the diet of jaw fracture patients]. In 12 patients with jaw-bones fractures an investigation of calcium and magnesium metabolism was carried out with a view of elucidating its possible relation to the course of repair of the bone tissue. A reciprocal dependence in the calcium and magnesium ions exchange in lesions of the jaws and an intensified accumulation of these ions by the time of the initial formation of the secondary callus were revealed. Investigations have confirmed the important role of magnesium in the metabolism of the bone tissue and a study of two diets with different magnesium content justified recommending its daiy allowance of about 550 mg for the given patients' population.", "PMID": 685223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6336", "title": "[Experimental study of pathogenic staphylococcal multiplication and of enterotoxin formation times during the manufacture and maturing of \"Rossi\u012dski\u012d\"-type cheese].", "content": "In an experimentit the dynamics of propagation and dying out of the staphylococci throughout the technological process along with the time needed for development and continued presence of enterotoxin in cheeses of the \"Rossiisky\" are shown. These data are of importance for prophylaxis of food poisonings of staphycoloccal etiology.", "contents": "[Experimental study of pathogenic staphylococcal multiplication and of enterotoxin formation times during the manufacture and maturing of \"Rossi\u012dski\u012d\"-type cheese]. In an experimentit the dynamics of propagation and dying out of the staphylococci throughout the technological process along with the time needed for development and continued presence of enterotoxin in cheeses of the \"Rossiisky\" are shown. These data are of importance for prophylaxis of food poisonings of staphycoloccal etiology.", "PMID": 685230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6337", "title": "[Harmlessness of plumbagine in a biological experiment].", "content": "Plumbagine (2-methyl-5-oxy-1,4-naphtoquinone) did not have any essential effect on the general condition and dynamic changes in the body mass of albino rats, their blood coagulation system and fibrinolysis, the liver and renal functions and morphological structure of the internal organs. An analysis of the available data justify recommending plumbagine as a preservative of soft, when used in doses not exceeding 0.8--1.0 mg/l, i.e. 0.00008--0.0001 per cent of the finished product mass.", "contents": "[Harmlessness of plumbagine in a biological experiment]. Plumbagine (2-methyl-5-oxy-1,4-naphtoquinone) did not have any essential effect on the general condition and dynamic changes in the body mass of albino rats, their blood coagulation system and fibrinolysis, the liver and renal functions and morphological structure of the internal organs. An analysis of the available data justify recommending plumbagine as a preservative of soft, when used in doses not exceeding 0.8--1.0 mg/l, i.e. 0.00008--0.0001 per cent of the finished product mass.", "PMID": 685229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6338", "title": "[Effect of the nutritional regimen on work capacity level of students].", "content": "The influence was studied on 2-and 3-fold nutritional pattern on the performance capacity of 43 students, who continuing their ordinary work under routine conditions were receiving isocaloric rations identical in their qualatitative composition. The regularity of nutrition was found to have a favourable effect; it heightened the accuracy of work according to correction tables; increased the speed of the visual-motor reaction during working hours; reduced the number of erroneous reactions to a differentiated stimulator the positive influence of a 3-fold nutritional regimen being more pronounced.", "contents": "[Effect of the nutritional regimen on work capacity level of students]. The influence was studied on 2-and 3-fold nutritional pattern on the performance capacity of 43 students, who continuing their ordinary work under routine conditions were receiving isocaloric rations identical in their qualatitative composition. The regularity of nutrition was found to have a favourable effect; it heightened the accuracy of work according to correction tables; increased the speed of the visual-motor reaction during working hours; reduced the number of erroneous reactions to a differentiated stimulator the positive influence of a 3-fold nutritional regimen being more pronounced.", "PMID": 685225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6339", "title": "Alcoholism. Earlier diagnosis and definition of the problem.", "content": "There are important measurements of alcoholism that are poorly understood by physicians. Professional attitudes toward alcoholic patients are often counterproductive. Americans spend about $30 billion on alcohol a year and most adults drink alcohol. Even though traditional criteria allow for recognition of the disease, diagnosis is often made late in the natural course, when intervention fails. Alcoholism is a major health problem and accounts for 10 percent of total health care costs. Still, this country's 10 million adult alcoholics come from a pool of heavy drinkers with well defined demographic characteristics. These social, cultural and familial traits, along with subtle signs of addiction, allow for earlier diagnosis. Although these factors alone do not establish a diagnosis of alcoholism, they should alert a physician that significant disease may be imminent. Focus must be directed to these aspects of alcoholism if containment of the problem is expected.", "contents": "Alcoholism. Earlier diagnosis and definition of the problem. There are important measurements of alcoholism that are poorly understood by physicians. Professional attitudes toward alcoholic patients are often counterproductive. Americans spend about $30 billion on alcohol a year and most adults drink alcohol. Even though traditional criteria allow for recognition of the disease, diagnosis is often made late in the natural course, when intervention fails. Alcoholism is a major health problem and accounts for 10 percent of total health care costs. Still, this country's 10 million adult alcoholics come from a pool of heavy drinkers with well defined demographic characteristics. These social, cultural and familial traits, along with subtle signs of addiction, allow for earlier diagnosis. Although these factors alone do not establish a diagnosis of alcoholism, they should alert a physician that significant disease may be imminent. Focus must be directed to these aspects of alcoholism if containment of the problem is expected.", "PMID": 685264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6340", "title": "A predictive study of congenital heart disease and need for care.", "content": "For long-term planning in the delivery of health care, prevalence data are essential for budget estimates in terms both of distribution and training of manpower and fiscal responsibility. From incidence figures, from the knowledge of the natural history of congenital heart disease and from predicted population estimates it is possible to construct a model that reflects the prevalence of congenital heart disease. This has been done for the state of California; the methods used and the data gathered should prove useful nationally. It is estimated that there were in 1975 in California 17,531 children under 21 years of age with congenital heart disease; 24 percent of these had ventricular septal defects and 23 percent had pulmonary stenosis, 11 percent had atrial septal defects and 9 percent had aortic stenosis; the other forms of congenital heart disease constituted the remaining 33 percent. Based on these estimates it is then possible to plan the medical resources necessary for optimal care.", "contents": "A predictive study of congenital heart disease and need for care. For long-term planning in the delivery of health care, prevalence data are essential for budget estimates in terms both of distribution and training of manpower and fiscal responsibility. From incidence figures, from the knowledge of the natural history of congenital heart disease and from predicted population estimates it is possible to construct a model that reflects the prevalence of congenital heart disease. This has been done for the state of California; the methods used and the data gathered should prove useful nationally. It is estimated that there were in 1975 in California 17,531 children under 21 years of age with congenital heart disease; 24 percent of these had ventricular septal defects and 23 percent had pulmonary stenosis, 11 percent had atrial septal defects and 9 percent had aortic stenosis; the other forms of congenital heart disease constituted the remaining 33 percent. Based on these estimates it is then possible to plan the medical resources necessary for optimal care.", "PMID": 685265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6341", "title": "Aneurysm of the cardiac ventricle. Its management by medical and surgical intervention.", "content": "Ventricular aneurysm is usually a complication of acute transmural myocardial infarction. The development of cardiac aneurysm represents a process of continued thinning and fibrosis of the necrotic tissue of the ventricular wall. Survival allows the development of a solid fibrous scar which of itself does not affect global ventricular function substantially. Hence, ventricular aneurysms can be present for up to 18 years without production of serious symptoms. The cases were reviewed of 45 patients in whom aneurysmectomy and myocardial revascularization were carried out. Surgical mortality was low (6.6 percent, 30 days); survival one year after operation was 76 percent, but at three years had fallen to 47 percent. Cause of late death was dominantly cardiac. In 19 patients post-operative study was done; although graft patency was observed in 98 percent, substantive improvement in ventricular performance was seen in a minority of patients. The outcome in patients with ventricular aneurysm is primarily related to the status of the residual myocardium and to the status of the vessels which supply it. The mechanism of clinical improvement after aneurysmectomy has not been clarified. However, the long-term results appear to be similar to those in patients with extensive myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the cardiac ventricle. Its management by medical and surgical intervention. Ventricular aneurysm is usually a complication of acute transmural myocardial infarction. The development of cardiac aneurysm represents a process of continued thinning and fibrosis of the necrotic tissue of the ventricular wall. Survival allows the development of a solid fibrous scar which of itself does not affect global ventricular function substantially. Hence, ventricular aneurysms can be present for up to 18 years without production of serious symptoms. The cases were reviewed of 45 patients in whom aneurysmectomy and myocardial revascularization were carried out. Surgical mortality was low (6.6 percent, 30 days); survival one year after operation was 76 percent, but at three years had fallen to 47 percent. Cause of late death was dominantly cardiac. In 19 patients post-operative study was done; although graft patency was observed in 98 percent, substantive improvement in ventricular performance was seen in a minority of patients. The outcome in patients with ventricular aneurysm is primarily related to the status of the residual myocardium and to the status of the vessels which supply it. The mechanism of clinical improvement after aneurysmectomy has not been clarified. However, the long-term results appear to be similar to those in patients with extensive myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 685266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6342", "title": "Cellular basis of anoxic-ischemic brain injury.", "content": "Anoxic-ischemic cerebral disease is an important primary cause of morbidity and mortality, and also complicates a number of systemic diseases. Its clinical manifestations, such as hemiparesis and coma, represent cellular injury sustained by the complex, inhomogeneous brain. An understanding of the nature and pattern of anoxic-ischemic cerebral injury, and of the logical basis for avenues of therapy, is necessary to the management of patients with the various anoxic-ischemic disorders.", "contents": "Cellular basis of anoxic-ischemic brain injury. Anoxic-ischemic cerebral disease is an important primary cause of morbidity and mortality, and also complicates a number of systemic diseases. Its clinical manifestations, such as hemiparesis and coma, represent cellular injury sustained by the complex, inhomogeneous brain. An understanding of the nature and pattern of anoxic-ischemic cerebral injury, and of the logical basis for avenues of therapy, is necessary to the management of patients with the various anoxic-ischemic disorders.", "PMID": 685270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6343", "title": "Responses of the D-glucuronic acid pathway in rat tissues to treatment with tetrachlorodibenzodioxin.", "content": "1. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was administered to rats to study its effects on the enzyme activities of the D-glucuronic acid pathway in the liver, small intestine and kidney. 2. The UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity of male albino rats given TCDD (80 mug/kg, one dose, i.p.) 6 days before killing was significantly increased in all tissues examined, and UDP-glucuronic acid pyrophosphatase activity was markedly decreased in the liver. D-Glucuronolactone and L-gulonate dehydrogenase activities in the liver and small intestine were slightly decreased after TCDD treatment. 3. The activities of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and beta-glucuronidase were unchanged. 4. The 24 h urinary excretion of L-ascorbic acid was enhanced 8-fold, although no difference was detected in the excretion of D-glucaric acid between the control and experimental animals. 5. These results suggest an increased capacity for glucuronide conjugation after treatment with TCDD. 6. The lack of increase in the urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid further challenges its use as a reliable indicator of enhanced drug metabolism.", "contents": "Responses of the D-glucuronic acid pathway in rat tissues to treatment with tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. 1. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was administered to rats to study its effects on the enzyme activities of the D-glucuronic acid pathway in the liver, small intestine and kidney. 2. The UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity of male albino rats given TCDD (80 mug/kg, one dose, i.p.) 6 days before killing was significantly increased in all tissues examined, and UDP-glucuronic acid pyrophosphatase activity was markedly decreased in the liver. D-Glucuronolactone and L-gulonate dehydrogenase activities in the liver and small intestine were slightly decreased after TCDD treatment. 3. The activities of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and beta-glucuronidase were unchanged. 4. The 24 h urinary excretion of L-ascorbic acid was enhanced 8-fold, although no difference was detected in the excretion of D-glucaric acid between the control and experimental animals. 5. These results suggest an increased capacity for glucuronide conjugation after treatment with TCDD. 6. The lack of increase in the urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid further challenges its use as a reliable indicator of enhanced drug metabolism.", "PMID": 685288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6344", "title": "Liver and kidney damage induced by N-hydroxyparacetamol.", "content": "1. Liver and kidney glutathione are depleted in rats and mice following administration of N-hydroxyparacetamol. 2. Centrilobular hepatic necrosis and necrosis of renal proximal convoluted tubules were also  found, the liver lesion predominantly in mice and the renal lesion predominantly in rats. Glutathione depletion was not responsible for this species difference. 3. These results indicate that N-hydroxyparacetamol is the metabolic precursor of the reactive toxic intermediate of paracetamol. They are also relevant to the pathogenesis of the renal damage associated with long term abuse of phenacetin containing compound analgesics.", "contents": "Liver and kidney damage induced by N-hydroxyparacetamol. 1. Liver and kidney glutathione are depleted in rats and mice following administration of N-hydroxyparacetamol. 2. Centrilobular hepatic necrosis and necrosis of renal proximal convoluted tubules were also  found, the liver lesion predominantly in mice and the renal lesion predominantly in rats. Glutathione depletion was not responsible for this species difference. 3. These results indicate that N-hydroxyparacetamol is the metabolic precursor of the reactive toxic intermediate of paracetamol. They are also relevant to the pathogenesis of the renal damage associated with long term abuse of phenacetin containing compound analgesics.", "PMID": 685289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6345", "title": "Identification of three sulphur-containing urinary metabolites of styrene in the rat.", "content": "1. After administration of styrene (1) to rat, three sulphur-containing urinary metabolites were isolated in the molar ratio of III : IV : V equal to 65 : 34 : 1. 2. These metabolites were identified as N-acetyl-S-(1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine (III), N-acetyl-S-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine (IV) and N-acetyl-S-(phenacyl)cysteine (V). 3. After a single dose (250 mg/kg, 2.4 mmol/kg) styrene, the totally excreted mercapturic acids in the urine amounted to 10.7 +/- 1.0% (n = 5) of the dose.", "contents": "Identification of three sulphur-containing urinary metabolites of styrene in the rat. 1. After administration of styrene (1) to rat, three sulphur-containing urinary metabolites were isolated in the molar ratio of III : IV : V equal to 65 : 34 : 1. 2. These metabolites were identified as N-acetyl-S-(1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine (III), N-acetyl-S-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine (IV) and N-acetyl-S-(phenacyl)cysteine (V). 3. After a single dose (250 mg/kg, 2.4 mmol/kg) styrene, the totally excreted mercapturic acids in the urine amounted to 10.7 +/- 1.0% (n = 5) of the dose.", "PMID": 685290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6346", "title": "The metabolism of talampicillin in rat, dog and man.", "content": "1. After administration of [phthalidyl-14C] talampicillin (Talpen) to rat, dog and man, radioactivity was excreted mainly in the urine (90%, 86% and 98% in rat, dog and man respectively). 2. After administration of [ampicillin-14C] talampicillin, radioactivity was excreted in the urine of rats and dogs to a lesser extent (35% in both species) and only a small proportion of the dose was excreted in the bile (6% in rats, less than 0.1% in dogs). 3. The pattern of radiometabolites was very similar in extracts of the urines of radiometabolites was very similar in extracts of the urines of rat, dog and man dosed orally with [phthalidyl-14C]talampicillin. The major metabolite was 2-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid. 4. Unchanged talampicillin was present in the hepatic portal vein blood of dog and thus reached the liver, whereas in rat, no parent compound could be detected in portal vein blood. This result may help to explain differences in toxicity of the compound in rat and dog. 5. Studies in vitro showed that the intestinal wall is an important site of hydrolysis of talampicillin in rat and dog.", "contents": "The metabolism of talampicillin in rat, dog and man. 1. After administration of [phthalidyl-14C] talampicillin (Talpen) to rat, dog and man, radioactivity was excreted mainly in the urine (90%, 86% and 98% in rat, dog and man respectively). 2. After administration of [ampicillin-14C] talampicillin, radioactivity was excreted in the urine of rats and dogs to a lesser extent (35% in both species) and only a small proportion of the dose was excreted in the bile (6% in rats, less than 0.1% in dogs). 3. The pattern of radiometabolites was very similar in extracts of the urines of radiometabolites was very similar in extracts of the urines of rat, dog and man dosed orally with [phthalidyl-14C]talampicillin. The major metabolite was 2-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid. 4. Unchanged talampicillin was present in the hepatic portal vein blood of dog and thus reached the liver, whereas in rat, no parent compound could be detected in portal vein blood. This result may help to explain differences in toxicity of the compound in rat and dog. 5. Studies in vitro showed that the intestinal wall is an important site of hydrolysis of talampicillin in rat and dog.", "PMID": 685291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6347", "title": "Differential metabolism of geometrical isomers of N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in the hamster.", "content": "1. The cis and trans isomers of the pancreatic carcinogen N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine have been prepared separately, and their metabolism studied in the Syrian hamster. 2. Both isomers were metabolized by beta-oxidation and ring scission to N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine, the suggested proximate pancreatic carcinogen, and to N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine. 3. The initial rate of beta-oxidation and urinary excretion of the cis isomer was much greater than for the trans isomer, and this is explained in terms of relative ease of enzymic axial attack. The amounts of metabolites in the 24-h urine were, however, similar. 4. The results suggest that the two isomers would have no different carcinogenic potency with respect to the hamster pancreas.", "contents": "Differential metabolism of geometrical isomers of N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in the hamster. 1. The cis and trans isomers of the pancreatic carcinogen N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine have been prepared separately, and their metabolism studied in the Syrian hamster. 2. Both isomers were metabolized by beta-oxidation and ring scission to N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine, the suggested proximate pancreatic carcinogen, and to N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine. 3. The initial rate of beta-oxidation and urinary excretion of the cis isomer was much greater than for the trans isomer, and this is explained in terms of relative ease of enzymic axial attack. The amounts of metabolites in the 24-h urine were, however, similar. 4. The results suggest that the two isomers would have no different carcinogenic potency with respect to the hamster pancreas.", "PMID": 685292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6348", "title": "Estimation of Michaelis--Menten constants in microsomal enzyme systems by the direct linear plot and least squares regression.", "content": "1. Data from in vitro liver microsomal metabolism of ethylmorphine aniline and benzpyrene in male rats and male and female quokkas (Setonix Brachyurus) were fitted to the Michaelis--Menten equation by Wilkinson's non-linear regression procedure and Eisenthal and Cornish-Bowden's direct linear plot. 2. Ethylmorphine and aniline metabolism in the male quokka were non-ideal, but in all other instances there were no differences in the performance of the two methods.", "contents": "Estimation of Michaelis--Menten constants in microsomal enzyme systems by the direct linear plot and least squares regression. 1. Data from in vitro liver microsomal metabolism of ethylmorphine aniline and benzpyrene in male rats and male and female quokkas (Setonix Brachyurus) were fitted to the Michaelis--Menten equation by Wilkinson's non-linear regression procedure and Eisenthal and Cornish-Bowden's direct linear plot. 2. Ethylmorphine and aniline metabolism in the male quokka were non-ideal, but in all other instances there were no differences in the performance of the two methods.", "PMID": 685293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6349", "title": "Intellectual development in children whose mothers received propylthiouracil during pregnancy.", "content": "Standard intelligence tests were administered to twenty-eight children who had been exposed to PTU in utero and thirty-two non-exposed siblings. There was no significant difference in results between the two groups. The present study suggests that with careful attention, pregnant women with thyrotoxicosis can be treated with propylthiouracil without interfering with subsequent intellectual development in the offspring.", "contents": "Intellectual development in children whose mothers received propylthiouracil during pregnancy. Standard intelligence tests were administered to twenty-eight children who had been exposed to PTU in utero and thirty-two non-exposed siblings. There was no significant difference in results between the two groups. The present study suggests that with careful attention, pregnant women with thyrotoxicosis can be treated with propylthiouracil without interfering with subsequent intellectual development in the offspring.", "PMID": 685296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6350", "title": "Ordering social objectives: National Health Service and National Health Insurance as policy options in organizing the medical care system.", "content": "For many years, a sharp distinction was made between NHS and NHI on the basis of payment and program focus. First, NHS was defined as a program essentially based on Congressional appropriations (general revenues); while NHI would be based on premiums largely derived from the insured. Second, NHS guaranteed service while NHI guaranteed only payment for services rendered.The distinctions were later extended from these definitions to include differences in response to resource needs, changing task descriptions and personnel assignments, more equitable redistribution of manpower, centralized administration and consumer participation.In general, if the goal were equity, NHS seemed more responsive than NHI.However, in recent years, the approach to NHI has been modified in response to criticism as well as increasing recognition of changed needs, and proposals for NHI like the Kennedy-Corman bill have become more like proposals for a NHS. In short, the difference today is largely one of immediate as against eventual transformation of the medical care system into a social instrument aiming to achieve equity. The major disagreement is whether the present medical care system lends itself to modification so as to achieve that end.", "contents": "Ordering social objectives: National Health Service and National Health Insurance as policy options in organizing the medical care system. For many years, a sharp distinction was made between NHS and NHI on the basis of payment and program focus. First, NHS was defined as a program essentially based on Congressional appropriations (general revenues); while NHI would be based on premiums largely derived from the insured. Second, NHS guaranteed service while NHI guaranteed only payment for services rendered.The distinctions were later extended from these definitions to include differences in response to resource needs, changing task descriptions and personnel assignments, more equitable redistribution of manpower, centralized administration and consumer participation.In general, if the goal were equity, NHS seemed more responsive than NHI.However, in recent years, the approach to NHI has been modified in response to criticism as well as increasing recognition of changed needs, and proposals for NHI like the Kennedy-Corman bill have become more like proposals for a NHS. In short, the difference today is largely one of immediate as against eventual transformation of the medical care system into a social instrument aiming to achieve equity. The major disagreement is whether the present medical care system lends itself to modification so as to achieve that end.", "PMID": 685298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6351", "title": "Systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus: analysis of pulmonary function.", "content": "To determine the prevalence of pulmonary dysfunction in lupus erythematosus, 24 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 5 patients with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) were studied. Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was abnormal in 17 (71 percent) SLE patients. A restrictive ventilatory defect was present in 6 (25 percent) and arterial hypoxemia in 4 of 23 (17 percent). The mean ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (FVC) was 83 percent. To test for the presence of small airways disease, maximum expiratory flow rate at 50 percent of FVC was measured on air and on an 80 percent helium-20 percent oxygen mixture. Ten patients (5 smokers and 5 nonsmokers) with SLE were nonresponders to helium suggesting small airways disease. Pulmonary dysfunction was present in 90 percent (9/10) of SLE patients with a previous history of pleuritis and/or pneumonitis, and in 71 percent (10/14) without respiratory symptoms or history of lung disease and with a normal chest radiograph. Pulmonary function tests were normal in DLE patients except for an abnormal response to helium and/or mild arterial hypoxemia in two patients, all of whom were smokers. These data indicate that there is a high prevalence of pulmonary function abnormalities in SLE including patients without clinically evident pleuropulmonary disease.", "contents": "Systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus: analysis of pulmonary function. To determine the prevalence of pulmonary dysfunction in lupus erythematosus, 24 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 5 patients with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) were studied. Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was abnormal in 17 (71 percent) SLE patients. A restrictive ventilatory defect was present in 6 (25 percent) and arterial hypoxemia in 4 of 23 (17 percent). The mean ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (FVC) was 83 percent. To test for the presence of small airways disease, maximum expiratory flow rate at 50 percent of FVC was measured on air and on an 80 percent helium-20 percent oxygen mixture. Ten patients (5 smokers and 5 nonsmokers) with SLE were nonresponders to helium suggesting small airways disease. Pulmonary dysfunction was present in 90 percent (9/10) of SLE patients with a previous history of pleuritis and/or pneumonitis, and in 71 percent (10/14) without respiratory symptoms or history of lung disease and with a normal chest radiograph. Pulmonary function tests were normal in DLE patients except for an abnormal response to helium and/or mild arterial hypoxemia in two patients, all of whom were smokers. These data indicate that there is a high prevalence of pulmonary function abnormalities in SLE including patients without clinically evident pleuropulmonary disease.", "PMID": 685297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6352", "title": "A model for ulnar dysmelia.", "content": "The treatment of pregnant rats with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, produced gross limb malformations primarily affecting the forepaw, but also producing variable ulnar dysmelia. Analysis of the cytoarchitecture of the ulnar dysmelic limbs showed the presence of cartilaginous and fibrocartilaginous connections between the ulnar and radial chondroepiphyses, with variable deformation of the radial chondroepiphysis by the tethering effect (although the growth plate, per se, did not appear affected at the stage of development studied). The extremely variable experimental appearances duplicated most of the variations seen in the human disease analogue, and suggest this drug-induced embryopathy may be useful as a model for the study of postaxial forelimb deformities in the postnatal phase in order to adequately assess the structural changes of disparate growth between radius and ulna due to the presence of the cellular continuity between the two distal chondroepiphyses.", "contents": "A model for ulnar dysmelia. The treatment of pregnant rats with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, produced gross limb malformations primarily affecting the forepaw, but also producing variable ulnar dysmelia. Analysis of the cytoarchitecture of the ulnar dysmelic limbs showed the presence of cartilaginous and fibrocartilaginous connections between the ulnar and radial chondroepiphyses, with variable deformation of the radial chondroepiphysis by the tethering effect (although the growth plate, per se, did not appear affected at the stage of development studied). The extremely variable experimental appearances duplicated most of the variations seen in the human disease analogue, and suggest this drug-induced embryopathy may be useful as a model for the study of postaxial forelimb deformities in the postnatal phase in order to adequately assess the structural changes of disparate growth between radius and ulna due to the presence of the cellular continuity between the two distal chondroepiphyses.", "PMID": 685300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6353", "title": "[First experiences with a new electroaerosolgenarator produced by VEB TuR Dresden (author's transl)].", "content": "First clinical experiences with a new developed electroaerosolgenator connecting with an ultrasonicaerosolgenerator are described. Propositions of corrections concern the material of the inonizating tube, which be produced of non fragile plastics and the position of exhalationway. By ionometer measuring we found a directly relation between chargetransport and inhaled volume and the particleconcentration. The transportcapacity was measured by 110.10(-9) Coulomb (C) per ml. One aerosolparticle of 1 micrometer carried more than 100 elementary charges.", "contents": "[First experiences with a new electroaerosolgenarator produced by VEB TuR Dresden (author's transl)]. First clinical experiences with a new developed electroaerosolgenator connecting with an ultrasonicaerosolgenerator are described. Propositions of corrections concern the material of the inonizating tube, which be produced of non fragile plastics and the position of exhalationway. By ionometer measuring we found a directly relation between chargetransport and inhaled volume and the particleconcentration. The transportcapacity was measured by 110.10(-9) Coulomb (C) per ml. One aerosolparticle of 1 micrometer carried more than 100 elementary charges.", "PMID": 685308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6354", "title": "[Deposition of aerosols into the airways (author's transl)].", "content": "The rate of powder absorbed in the lung greatly depends on the particle diameter, and amounts to 40--50% for 1 micrometer particles and 15--20% for 5 micrometer particles. Of importance for therapy was the information that single breath will deposit in the lung 15% of a powder aerosol of 2 micrometer diameter. The liquid aerosols as prevalently used in the therapy, were retained in the lung at a rate of 15% of the original amount when using ultrasonic apparatus. If calculated per minute of inhalation time, the amount absorbed by the lung amounted to 0.2 ml and that by the upper respiratory tract to 0.06 ml. Best deposition in the lung was obtained when inhaling in a closed system with valve-controlled aerosol stream, when using a mouthpiece, and when the test person inhaled with low respiratory rate, deep inspirations, short respiratory pause and complete exspiration. Mark inhalation with closed mouth gave only one tenth of the lung deposition reached with the breathing method described. The use of a mask showed good results, however, when the test person was breathing with open mouth. Only 0.07 ml/min were retained with jet nebulizer and mouth respiration. Combination with intermittent pressure respiration showed no convincing results.", "contents": "[Deposition of aerosols into the airways (author's transl)]. The rate of powder absorbed in the lung greatly depends on the particle diameter, and amounts to 40--50% for 1 micrometer particles and 15--20% for 5 micrometer particles. Of importance for therapy was the information that single breath will deposit in the lung 15% of a powder aerosol of 2 micrometer diameter. The liquid aerosols as prevalently used in the therapy, were retained in the lung at a rate of 15% of the original amount when using ultrasonic apparatus. If calculated per minute of inhalation time, the amount absorbed by the lung amounted to 0.2 ml and that by the upper respiratory tract to 0.06 ml. Best deposition in the lung was obtained when inhaling in a closed system with valve-controlled aerosol stream, when using a mouthpiece, and when the test person inhaled with low respiratory rate, deep inspirations, short respiratory pause and complete exspiration. Mark inhalation with closed mouth gave only one tenth of the lung deposition reached with the breathing method described. The use of a mask showed good results, however, when the test person was breathing with open mouth. Only 0.07 ml/min were retained with jet nebulizer and mouth respiration. Combination with intermittent pressure respiration showed no convincing results.", "PMID": 685309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6355", "title": "[Possibilities of influencing experimental pneumoconiosis and experimental etching of respiratory organs by means of aerosol-inhalations (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presented the results of 7 experiments in which he followed with his co-workers the effect of preventively applied aerosol inhalations with rats and rabbits, dusted with quartz or coal dust. Aerosol inhalations of alkaline mineral water \"Vincentka\" and of salt mixtures, especially of calcium salts affected in some experiments favourably the development of lung dust changes, in other cases on the contrary they did not. The best effect was proved by polyvinylpyridin-N-oxide (PNO). The author described further his experience with aerosoltherapy in persons affected by inhalation of etching substances. Here the inhalation of 10% CaCl2 or Ca gluconicum and of 1% natrium bicarbonicum proved to be the best.", "contents": "[Possibilities of influencing experimental pneumoconiosis and experimental etching of respiratory organs by means of aerosol-inhalations (author's transl)]. The author presented the results of 7 experiments in which he followed with his co-workers the effect of preventively applied aerosol inhalations with rats and rabbits, dusted with quartz or coal dust. Aerosol inhalations of alkaline mineral water \"Vincentka\" and of salt mixtures, especially of calcium salts affected in some experiments favourably the development of lung dust changes, in other cases on the contrary they did not. The best effect was proved by polyvinylpyridin-N-oxide (PNO). The author described further his experience with aerosoltherapy in persons affected by inhalation of etching substances. Here the inhalation of 10% CaCl2 or Ca gluconicum and of 1% natrium bicarbonicum proved to be the best.", "PMID": 685310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6356", "title": "[Influence of atmospheric aerosol materials on microorganisms (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of microorganisms showed variations over a wide range. As factors influencing their viability meteorological parameters as relative humidity and temperature were recognized. Furthermore there are other antimicrobial compounds in the air. For their demonstration the aerosol was collected on air filters and then extracted in aqueous solutions. Their examinations showed that there are geographic and seasonal dependences of the antimicrobial activity of the aerosol.", "contents": "[Influence of atmospheric aerosol materials on microorganisms (author's transl)]. The concentration of microorganisms showed variations over a wide range. As factors influencing their viability meteorological parameters as relative humidity and temperature were recognized. Furthermore there are other antimicrobial compounds in the air. For their demonstration the aerosol was collected on air filters and then extracted in aqueous solutions. Their examinations showed that there are geographic and seasonal dependences of the antimicrobial activity of the aerosol.", "PMID": 685311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6357", "title": "[First experiences by use of peracetic acid aerosols in creches (author's transl)].", "content": "Peracetic acid is more and more used for the purpose of air desinfections in rooms. The examinations of DWORSCHAK and LINDE encouraged us to use peracetic acid  in the rooms of creches in presence of children systematically. The applied concentration of peracetic acid is 4.6 mg/m3. With these examinations it was intended to prove if it is possible to influence the morbidity of acute respiratory diseases. Under the choosed conditions no side effects are observed over a time of twenty weeks. Publications concerning cocarcinogetic activity of peroxy compounds induced us to make a preliminary stop in the application of peracetic acid in presence of children. The number of diseases specially of respiratory diseases in the time of the examinations was very small. That concerns the examination groups and those compared with these. But nevertheless it is to be seen that the morbidity in the groups with application of peracetic acid is 3.5% and in the others 11.20%. The differences are significant. If the results concerning cocarcinogetic activity of peroxy compounds will be shure it is to decide whether the room desinfections will be continued in presence of children or not.", "contents": "[First experiences by use of peracetic acid aerosols in creches (author's transl)]. Peracetic acid is more and more used for the purpose of air desinfections in rooms. The examinations of DWORSCHAK and LINDE encouraged us to use peracetic acid  in the rooms of creches in presence of children systematically. The applied concentration of peracetic acid is 4.6 mg/m3. With these examinations it was intended to prove if it is possible to influence the morbidity of acute respiratory diseases. Under the choosed conditions no side effects are observed over a time of twenty weeks. Publications concerning cocarcinogetic activity of peroxy compounds induced us to make a preliminary stop in the application of peracetic acid in presence of children. The number of diseases specially of respiratory diseases in the time of the examinations was very small. That concerns the examination groups and those compared with these. But nevertheless it is to be seen that the morbidity in the groups with application of peracetic acid is 3.5% and in the others 11.20%. The differences are significant. If the results concerning cocarcinogetic activity of peroxy compounds will be shure it is to decide whether the room desinfections will be continued in presence of children or not.", "PMID": 685312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6358", "title": "[Behaviour of drugs under conditions of ultrasonic thermo aerosols (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour os histamine, acetylcholine, mucosolvine, panthenol, prednisolute and dexamethasone is investigated under conditions of thermoaerosol in the USI 50. The concentration of the drug is estimated in the original solution, in the aerosol and in the solution remaining in the nebulizer by means of specific chemical methods. The concentration in the aerosol is nearly unchanged in the case of acetylcholine, panthenol and dexamethasone. In the case of histamine there is only an insignificant decrease. Using prednisolute and dexamethasone the concentration amounts to 86%. Generally the concentration of the solution in the nebulizer increases. Decompositions or alterations of the drugs are not to be seen spectrophotometrically and by means of thin layer chromatography, nor is the pH-value changed. Signs for reactions or interferences with the nebulizer are to be observed in some cases. Therefore regular controls are necessary. In all cases of changing parts of the apparatus the needed material is to be tested concerning its indifference against the drugs used under conditions of thermoaerosol.", "contents": "[Behaviour of drugs under conditions of ultrasonic thermo aerosols (author's transl)]. The behaviour os histamine, acetylcholine, mucosolvine, panthenol, prednisolute and dexamethasone is investigated under conditions of thermoaerosol in the USI 50. The concentration of the drug is estimated in the original solution, in the aerosol and in the solution remaining in the nebulizer by means of specific chemical methods. The concentration in the aerosol is nearly unchanged in the case of acetylcholine, panthenol and dexamethasone. In the case of histamine there is only an insignificant decrease. Using prednisolute and dexamethasone the concentration amounts to 86%. Generally the concentration of the solution in the nebulizer increases. Decompositions or alterations of the drugs are not to be seen spectrophotometrically and by means of thin layer chromatography, nor is the pH-value changed. Signs for reactions or interferences with the nebulizer are to be observed in some cases. Therefore regular controls are necessary. In all cases of changing parts of the apparatus the needed material is to be tested concerning its indifference against the drugs used under conditions of thermoaerosol.", "PMID": 685313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6359", "title": "[Clinical and cytological examinations on industrial workers exposed to mineraloilaerosols (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical, roentgenological and spirometric examinations were performed on 217 industrial workers exposed to mineraloilaerosols and 197 control persons. No pathological results were to be found which could be connected with the professional employment. In both groups only in a few sputa lipid in respiratory epithelium cells was seen. We also did not find any evidence according to connection with the employment. The oilaerosolconcentrations were normaly, but during the unloading soot for a short time concentrations of anthrazeneoilaerosols up to 30 milligram per cubic meter were measured. Sputa provoced on persons with an empty stomach using aerosols of hypertonic salt solution were more effective than unprovoced sputa and sputa after meal.", "contents": "[Clinical and cytological examinations on industrial workers exposed to mineraloilaerosols (author's transl)]. Clinical, roentgenological and spirometric examinations were performed on 217 industrial workers exposed to mineraloilaerosols and 197 control persons. No pathological results were to be found which could be connected with the professional employment. In both groups only in a few sputa lipid in respiratory epithelium cells was seen. We also did not find any evidence according to connection with the employment. The oilaerosolconcentrations were normaly, but during the unloading soot for a short time concentrations of anthrazeneoilaerosols up to 30 milligram per cubic meter were measured. Sputa provoced on persons with an empty stomach using aerosols of hypertonic salt solution were more effective than unprovoced sputa and sputa after meal.", "PMID": 685314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6360", "title": "[Relationship between weather and incidence of pulmonary embolism. Longitudinal study of case histories occuring during a 50 year period (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Various weather factors were examined which were operative during the occurence of lung embolism in 915 patients of the Surgical Clinic of the University of Jena for a period of 50 years (1917 to 1966). 2. No relationship could be found between the incidence of pulmonary embolism and temperature (maximal and minimal values, or temperature differences) or with atmospheric pressure. 3. The incidence of pulmonary embolism is significantly higher at days with high rainfall (above 10 mm/m2) and high average humidity (8-10 Torr) values. 4. Thromboembolic complications are less frequent at average values for air humidity (6-7 Torr), at days with a relative air humidity of 70% and with lower rainfall.", "contents": "[Relationship between weather and incidence of pulmonary embolism. Longitudinal study of case histories occuring during a 50 year period (author's transl)]. 1. Various weather factors were examined which were operative during the occurence of lung embolism in 915 patients of the Surgical Clinic of the University of Jena for a period of 50 years (1917 to 1966). 2. No relationship could be found between the incidence of pulmonary embolism and temperature (maximal and minimal values, or temperature differences) or with atmospheric pressure. 3. The incidence of pulmonary embolism is significantly higher at days with high rainfall (above 10 mm/m2) and high average humidity (8-10 Torr) values. 4. Thromboembolic complications are less frequent at average values for air humidity (6-7 Torr), at days with a relative air humidity of 70% and with lower rainfall.", "PMID": 685315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6361", "title": "[The change of pulmonary function and working capacity of patients with healed pulmonary tuberculosis in the course of 15 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary function (VC, FEV1, RV) and physical ability with the same methods and even apparature were assessed in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis dismissed in 1958/59 as cured or markedly improved. The values of pulmonary function gained at dismission and 15 years later were compared with the trend of the data on physical ability and disablement in the course of the years. In patients invalidated from this disease a 3 times greater reduction of VC, a 9 times higher decrease of FEV1 and nearly a 2 times greater increase of RV was found than in patients with previous tuberculosis but still on the job.", "contents": "[The change of pulmonary function and working capacity of patients with healed pulmonary tuberculosis in the course of 15 years (author's transl)]. Pulmonary function (VC, FEV1, RV) and physical ability with the same methods and even apparature were assessed in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis dismissed in 1958/59 as cured or markedly improved. The values of pulmonary function gained at dismission and 15 years later were compared with the trend of the data on physical ability and disablement in the course of the years. In patients invalidated from this disease a 3 times greater reduction of VC, a 9 times higher decrease of FEV1 and nearly a 2 times greater increase of RV was found than in patients with previous tuberculosis but still on the job.", "PMID": 685316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6362", "title": "[Harmlessness to human health of the mold cultures used in cheesemaking].", "content": "Mould cultures are used for the manufacture of soft and blue cheese. The report deals with the present stage of knowledge of the question of mycotoxin-producers in mould cultures used for cheesemaking. The PR-toxin was isolated repeatedly from Penicillium roqueforti strains which were incubated on special media, but also from P. roqueforti cultures used for cheese manufacture. However, cheese ripening conditions do not favor the production of this toxin. Other catabolites from P. roqueforti such als roquefortine and isofumigaclavine have been found in cheese, but there is not much known about their toxic effect. No cancerogenic mycotoxins have been discovered in these types of cheese, except alfatoxin M1, which might however originate from contaminated milk. It must be concluded that the occurrence of tumors after feeding of a pure P. camemberti var. candidum culture is due to the effect of mycotoxins. On the other hand, further animal experiments with various mould culture stains used for cheesemaking have not confirmed these findings. On the basis of the literature consulted it may be said that the use of mould cultures for cheesemaking does not involve any risk for human health, that means it is toxicologically harmless.", "contents": "[Harmlessness to human health of the mold cultures used in cheesemaking]. Mould cultures are used for the manufacture of soft and blue cheese. The report deals with the present stage of knowledge of the question of mycotoxin-producers in mould cultures used for cheesemaking. The PR-toxin was isolated repeatedly from Penicillium roqueforti strains which were incubated on special media, but also from P. roqueforti cultures used for cheese manufacture. However, cheese ripening conditions do not favor the production of this toxin. Other catabolites from P. roqueforti such als roquefortine and isofumigaclavine have been found in cheese, but there is not much known about their toxic effect. No cancerogenic mycotoxins have been discovered in these types of cheese, except alfatoxin M1, which might however originate from contaminated milk. It must be concluded that the occurrence of tumors after feeding of a pure P. camemberti var. candidum culture is due to the effect of mycotoxins. On the other hand, further animal experiments with various mould culture stains used for cheesemaking have not confirmed these findings. On the basis of the literature consulted it may be said that the use of mould cultures for cheesemaking does not involve any risk for human health, that means it is toxicologically harmless.", "PMID": 685320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6363", "title": "Blood-reduced glutathione, pyruvic acid, citric acid, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity and certain mineral changes in diabetes mellitus before and after treatment.", "content": "In maturity onset diabetes the blood levels of total blood keto acids in terms of pyruvic, serum citric, calcium are significantly higher than in normal adults, while there is a decrease in reduced-blood glutathione, serum zinc, potassium and sodium levels. There were no significant differences between diabetes and normal adults in the serum levels of copper, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, iron and magnesium.", "contents": "Blood-reduced glutathione, pyruvic acid, citric acid, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity and certain mineral changes in diabetes mellitus before and after treatment. In maturity onset diabetes the blood levels of total blood keto acids in terms of pyruvic, serum citric, calcium are significantly higher than in normal adults, while there is a decrease in reduced-blood glutathione, serum zinc, potassium and sodium levels. There were no significant differences between diabetes and normal adults in the serum levels of copper, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, iron and magnesium.", "PMID": 685321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6364", "title": "Blood-reduced glutathione, serum ceruloplasmin and mineral changes in juvenile diabetes.", "content": "In cases of juvenile diabetes, there were lower than normal levels of reduced glutathione, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, zinc, copper and sodium, while the other elements show no significant changes. The lower level of serum zinc, copper and sodium may be due to the osmotic diuresis and consequent polyurea of diabetes.", "contents": "Blood-reduced glutathione, serum ceruloplasmin and mineral changes in juvenile diabetes. In cases of juvenile diabetes, there were lower than normal levels of reduced glutathione, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, zinc, copper and sodium, while the other elements show no significant changes. The lower level of serum zinc, copper and sodium may be due to the osmotic diuresis and consequent polyurea of diabetes.", "PMID": 685322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6365", "title": "[The current clinical importance of corrected orthogonal derivations].", "content": "According to the theorectical basic conception corrected orthogonal derivations restrict themselves to the selective establishment of the dipol proportion of the cardio-electric field of the body surface. In contrast to this the 12 conventional derivations give a more comprehensive information which in the precordial region also includes non-dipolar field proportions. There is not infrequently the requirement of supplementing this conventional routine programme with the help of further derivations, since also by partly redundant informations the certainty of diagnostic decisions may be increased and circumscribed alterations of the field may become comprehensible. According to recent knowledge the offer of informations which smaller for the routine form of the ECG-evaluation may be extensively redeemed by the calculation of vectorial sizes, which presumes the machine evaluation of the ECG. Also the most trained imaginative faculty is not able to estimate more exactly the course of the vector loops from the 3 corrected derivations. As long as the economical and technical problems including the evaluation programmes for a machine processing of the ECG are not solved, the corrected derivations are of no clinical importance. Their use is restricted to only few centres interested in science.", "contents": "[The current clinical importance of corrected orthogonal derivations]. According to the theorectical basic conception corrected orthogonal derivations restrict themselves to the selective establishment of the dipol proportion of the cardio-electric field of the body surface. In contrast to this the 12 conventional derivations give a more comprehensive information which in the precordial region also includes non-dipolar field proportions. There is not infrequently the requirement of supplementing this conventional routine programme with the help of further derivations, since also by partly redundant informations the certainty of diagnostic decisions may be increased and circumscribed alterations of the field may become comprehensible. According to recent knowledge the offer of informations which smaller for the routine form of the ECG-evaluation may be extensively redeemed by the calculation of vectorial sizes, which presumes the machine evaluation of the ECG. Also the most trained imaginative faculty is not able to estimate more exactly the course of the vector loops from the 3 corrected derivations. As long as the economical and technical problems including the evaluation programmes for a machine processing of the ECG are not solved, the corrected derivations are of no clinical importance. Their use is restricted to only few centres interested in science.", "PMID": 685323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6366", "title": "[Comparison of the values of automatic ECG analysis according to the Smith and the Pipberger diagnostic programs by means of a serial study in a large industry].", "content": "It could be shown that an ECG-screening could be integrated into the routine work of a factory outpatient department. As a result of the automatical analysis of the ECG we got an exact knowledge of the efficiency of Smith's and Pipberger's diagnostic programmes. The suitability of the two programmes for screening examinations resulted from the 91% and 97% certain separation of normal and pathological findings and the small proportion of falsely negative results (Smith, Pipberger). Concerning the exact differentiation of pathological ECG the frequency of recognition of Pipberger's programme still surpassed that one of Smith's programme. However, the two programmes show a diagnostic security which lies above the visual diagnosing. The establishment of findings performed off line per week ascertained a rapid disposal of results. In comparison to former examinations newly detected cases could be established only in a small percentage. The importance for health polities of such examinations results from the necessity of the prophylaxis of cardio-vascular diseases, the numbers of morbidity and mortality of which are permanently increasing.", "contents": "[Comparison of the values of automatic ECG analysis according to the Smith and the Pipberger diagnostic programs by means of a serial study in a large industry]. It could be shown that an ECG-screening could be integrated into the routine work of a factory outpatient department. As a result of the automatical analysis of the ECG we got an exact knowledge of the efficiency of Smith's and Pipberger's diagnostic programmes. The suitability of the two programmes for screening examinations resulted from the 91% and 97% certain separation of normal and pathological findings and the small proportion of falsely negative results (Smith, Pipberger). Concerning the exact differentiation of pathological ECG the frequency of recognition of Pipberger's programme still surpassed that one of Smith's programme. However, the two programmes show a diagnostic security which lies above the visual diagnosing. The establishment of findings performed off line per week ascertained a rapid disposal of results. In comparison to former examinations newly detected cases could be established only in a small percentage. The importance for health polities of such examinations results from the necessity of the prophylaxis of cardio-vascular diseases, the numbers of morbidity and mortality of which are permanently increasing.", "PMID": 685324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6367", "title": "[Evaluation of the clinical severity in occlusion of the superficial femoral artery].", "content": "The judgment of the efficiency of the collateral circulation is of decisive importance for the estimation of the clinical degree of severity and thus also for the indication to angiosurgical measures. Since also angiographically only an indirect evidence concerning the collateral circulation can be given, the angiological findings of 18 patients with unilateral or bilateral occlusion of the superficial femoral artery (n = 25 lower extremities) were evaluated. On the basis of the measuring values received with the help of the phebembraxis plethysmography 3 degrees of severity may be differed which essentially correspond to clinical stage: 1. good collateral circulation (data in ml/100 ml tissue min: ff above 5 ml, pf above 15 ml, pf-time below 30 s 2. moderate collateral circulation: ff below 5 ml, pf below 15 ml, pf-time 30-60 s 3. bad collateral circulation: ff below 5 ml, pf below 10 ml, pf-time above 60 s. Of the measuring sizes (ff, pf, pf-time) the pf-time proved to be the most reliable parameter. On the basis of these results the phlebembraxis plethysmography is a valuble supplementation in the preoperative vascular diagnostics.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the clinical severity in occlusion of the superficial femoral artery]. The judgment of the efficiency of the collateral circulation is of decisive importance for the estimation of the clinical degree of severity and thus also for the indication to angiosurgical measures. Since also angiographically only an indirect evidence concerning the collateral circulation can be given, the angiological findings of 18 patients with unilateral or bilateral occlusion of the superficial femoral artery (n = 25 lower extremities) were evaluated. On the basis of the measuring values received with the help of the phebembraxis plethysmography 3 degrees of severity may be differed which essentially correspond to clinical stage: 1. good collateral circulation (data in ml/100 ml tissue min: ff above 5 ml, pf above 15 ml, pf-time below 30 s 2. moderate collateral circulation: ff below 5 ml, pf below 15 ml, pf-time 30-60 s 3. bad collateral circulation: ff below 5 ml, pf below 10 ml, pf-time above 60 s. Of the measuring sizes (ff, pf, pf-time) the pf-time proved to be the most reliable parameter. On the basis of these results the phlebembraxis plethysmography is a valuble supplementation in the preoperative vascular diagnostics.", "PMID": 685325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6368", "title": "[Bioptic and autoptic findings in lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "A reclassification of bioptical and autoptical findings in the lymphogranulomatosis according to the criteria of Lukes and co-workers resulted in an unambiguous prevailing of the mixed cellularity in bioptical preparations and of the form poor in lymphocytes in autoptical preparations. The comparison of bioptical and autoptical findings revealed the expected changing from the type rich in lymphocytes to the type poor in lymphocytes. The causes for this changing of the histological form might to be found in the deteriorating immunological defensive condition of the patient as well as in the influence on the histological picture by our modern therapy.", "contents": "[Bioptic and autoptic findings in lymphogranulomatosis]. A reclassification of bioptical and autoptical findings in the lymphogranulomatosis according to the criteria of Lukes and co-workers resulted in an unambiguous prevailing of the mixed cellularity in bioptical preparations and of the form poor in lymphocytes in autoptical preparations. The comparison of bioptical and autoptical findings revealed the expected changing from the type rich in lymphocytes to the type poor in lymphocytes. The causes for this changing of the histological form might to be found in the deteriorating immunological defensive condition of the patient as well as in the influence on the histological picture by our modern therapy.", "PMID": 685326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6369", "title": "[Pathophysiology of acute non-inflammatory kidney failure].", "content": "Acute renal failure is a pathogenetically heterogenous syndrome. Only in a small number of patients with acute renal failure anuria or oliguria is caused by morphological alterations of the glomeruli, renal blood vessels or tubuli. In the majority of patients with acute renal failure the cause of oliguria or anuria are haemodynamic changes which are the expression of a physiological tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism. The participation anuria/oliguria is probable, but not proved with certainty. A scheme of the pathogenesis of anuria/oliguria of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of in the acute renal failure is presented based on recent renovasographic, haemodynamic and micropuncture technique.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology of acute non-inflammatory kidney failure]. Acute renal failure is a pathogenetically heterogenous syndrome. Only in a small number of patients with acute renal failure anuria or oliguria is caused by morphological alterations of the glomeruli, renal blood vessels or tubuli. In the majority of patients with acute renal failure the cause of oliguria or anuria are haemodynamic changes which are the expression of a physiological tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism. The participation anuria/oliguria is probable, but not proved with certainty. A scheme of the pathogenesis of anuria/oliguria of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of in the acute renal failure is presented based on recent renovasographic, haemodynamic and micropuncture technique.", "PMID": 685327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6370", "title": "[Metabolic changes in renal insufficiency].", "content": "In the chronic renal insufficiency is shown a decrease as well as an accumulation of some metabolites in the organism. There appear dietarily conditioned insufficiency states and also decreased rates of synthesis of 1,25-OH cholecalciferol , of the renal erythropoietic factor and of histidin. Apart from nitrogenous metabolic end products also the molecules with a middle molecular weight (300-1.500 Dalton) are accumulated. From this, among others, the trade-off hypothesis may be derived, which characterizes the biochemical distrubances in renal insufficiency as a sequel of the accumulation of metabolic regulators. In the analysis of the middle molecule fraction by means of combined chromatographic techniques we succeeded in isolating an inhibitor of glucose utilisation and in defining of some of its biochemical qualities. With the help of this survey the authors demonstrate a new way of thinking and a promising direction for the solution of still unclear probelms of renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Metabolic changes in renal insufficiency]. In the chronic renal insufficiency is shown a decrease as well as an accumulation of some metabolites in the organism. There appear dietarily conditioned insufficiency states and also decreased rates of synthesis of 1,25-OH cholecalciferol , of the renal erythropoietic factor and of histidin. Apart from nitrogenous metabolic end products also the molecules with a middle molecular weight (300-1.500 Dalton) are accumulated. From this, among others, the trade-off hypothesis may be derived, which characterizes the biochemical distrubances in renal insufficiency as a sequel of the accumulation of metabolic regulators. In the analysis of the middle molecule fraction by means of combined chromatographic techniques we succeeded in isolating an inhibitor of glucose utilisation and in defining of some of its biochemical qualities. With the help of this survey the authors demonstrate a new way of thinking and a promising direction for the solution of still unclear probelms of renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 685328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6371", "title": "[Conservative therapy of chronic kidney failure].", "content": "The optimum performance of the conservative therapy of the chronic renal insufficiency demands a good cooperation between the patients, the dietician and the physician. The foundation of centres of the nephrological care for patients with renal insufficiency guarantees the possibility of a continuous control. In the conservative therapy the measures in question are symptomatic ones, excluding the medicamentous therapy of the basic disease in acute episodes. The dietetic measures are the basis of the conservative therapy. The diet moderately poor in protein should be given at creatinine values in the serum 4 mg/100ml and the diet strongly poor in protein from 8 mg/100 ml (prophylactically perhaps from 6 mg/100 ml). In the dietetic measures apart from the protein restriction the calorie intake (35 to 40 calories/kg body weight a day), the intake and output of fluids and the electrolyte metabolism as well as the vitamin intake should particularly be taken into consideration. Additional symptomatic medicamentous measures are necessary in order to improve the clinical symptomatology of the chronic renal insufficiency. By means of the conservative therapy the period to the necessary dialytic treatment can be delayed. Apart from this a lengthening of life and an improvement of the rehabilitation is possible in those patients, in whom an active therapy is not taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Conservative therapy of chronic kidney failure]. The optimum performance of the conservative therapy of the chronic renal insufficiency demands a good cooperation between the patients, the dietician and the physician. The foundation of centres of the nephrological care for patients with renal insufficiency guarantees the possibility of a continuous control. In the conservative therapy the measures in question are symptomatic ones, excluding the medicamentous therapy of the basic disease in acute episodes. The dietetic measures are the basis of the conservative therapy. The diet moderately poor in protein should be given at creatinine values in the serum 4 mg/100ml and the diet strongly poor in protein from 8 mg/100 ml (prophylactically perhaps from 6 mg/100 ml). In the dietetic measures apart from the protein restriction the calorie intake (35 to 40 calories/kg body weight a day), the intake and output of fluids and the electrolyte metabolism as well as the vitamin intake should particularly be taken into consideration. Additional symptomatic medicamentous measures are necessary in order to improve the clinical symptomatology of the chronic renal insufficiency. By means of the conservative therapy the period to the necessary dialytic treatment can be delayed. Apart from this a lengthening of life and an improvement of the rehabilitation is possible in those patients, in whom an active therapy is not taken into consideration.", "PMID": 685329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6372", "title": "[Developing trends in the active therapy of kidney failure. Hemodialysis--hemofiltration--hemoperfusion].", "content": "A survey is given on the modern level and the developmental trend in the apparative therapy of renal insufficiency. Apart from the description of the actual medical, technical and organisational problems in the haemodialysis the methods of the haemofiltration and the haemoperfusion are investigated with regard to the modern experimental and clinical state of knowledge as well as to the theoretical possibilities of their clinical use alone or in combination together.", "contents": "[Developing trends in the active therapy of kidney failure. Hemodialysis--hemofiltration--hemoperfusion]. A survey is given on the modern level and the developmental trend in the apparative therapy of renal insufficiency. Apart from the description of the actual medical, technical and organisational problems in the haemodialysis the methods of the haemofiltration and the haemoperfusion are investigated with regard to the modern experimental and clinical state of knowledge as well as to the theoretical possibilities of their clinical use alone or in combination together.", "PMID": 685330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6373", "title": "[Hemodialysis and metabolic disorders].", "content": "On the basis of investigations of the water and electrolyte balance, of the protein balance, the lipid metabolism and the hormone metabolism at the instance of aldosterone a concept of specific dialysis-conditioned pathophysiological disturbances is developed in patients undergoing a chronic programma of dialysis. The changes of metabolism induced by apparative therapy have a decisive influence on the pathophysiological mechanisms in the uraemic organism and condition a specific pathophysiology of the patient undergoing dialysis.", "contents": "[Hemodialysis and metabolic disorders]. On the basis of investigations of the water and electrolyte balance, of the protein balance, the lipid metabolism and the hormone metabolism at the instance of aldosterone a concept of specific dialysis-conditioned pathophysiological disturbances is developed in patients undergoing a chronic programma of dialysis. The changes of metabolism induced by apparative therapy have a decisive influence on the pathophysiological mechanisms in the uraemic organism and condition a specific pathophysiology of the patient undergoing dialysis.", "PMID": 685331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6374", "title": "[The role of various methods of electrophoresis in the diagnosis of paraproteinemia].", "content": "For the estimation of different electrophoresis methods for indication and identification of paraproteins as routine methods are proposed the cellulose acetate electrophoresis and the fixation immunoelectrophoresis in cellulose acetate foils. Under adequate conditions the agar gel electrophoresis working with larger separability can be used together with immunochemical investigations. In examinations of uroproteins and also for the identification of rare and atypical cases of paraproteinaemia (narrower and several M-gradients, immunoglobulin fragments and complexes) in connection with the methods mentioned also the electrophoresis in the polyacrylamide gel (PAG and in the system PAG-SDS) can represent a valuable information.", "contents": "[The role of various methods of electrophoresis in the diagnosis of paraproteinemia]. For the estimation of different electrophoresis methods for indication and identification of paraproteins as routine methods are proposed the cellulose acetate electrophoresis and the fixation immunoelectrophoresis in cellulose acetate foils. Under adequate conditions the agar gel electrophoresis working with larger separability can be used together with immunochemical investigations. In examinations of uroproteins and also for the identification of rare and atypical cases of paraproteinaemia (narrower and several M-gradients, immunoglobulin fragments and complexes) in connection with the methods mentioned also the electrophoresis in the polyacrylamide gel (PAG and in the system PAG-SDS) can represent a valuable information.", "PMID": 685332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6375", "title": "[The behavior of albumin in acute and chronic liver diseases. I. The behavior of albumin during the development of rat thioacetamide cirrhosis].", "content": "The behaviour of albumin during the development of chronic progressing liver damages was investigated on the model of the thioacetamide cirrhosis in Wistar-rats. Simultaneous estimations of the albumin concentrations in extractable liver protein and in the serum as well as accompanying measurements of the total protein and of the transaminases SGOT and SGPT in the serum allow a complex judgment. The albumin concentration in the liver significantly decreased after 4 and 8 weeks and reached highly normal values in fully developed cirrhosis. In each case the serum level changed in the same sense, but less expressed. The total protein in liver and serum showed an analogous course of the curve, whereas the albumin-total protein-quotient in the liver remained unchangedly low. The relative proportion of albumin in the serum did not show a diminution in every phase. The simultaneous decrease of albumin and total protein are explained as an expression of an inhibition of the synthesis due to destruction of protein-synthesizing subcellular structures. The normalisation of the serum levels and of the highly normal albumin contents despite the developed cirrhosis become understandable by the loss of efficiency of the foreign substance thioacetamide in consequence of structural and biochemical adaptation. The thioacetamide cirrhosis of the rat in the investigated phase despite the microscopically provable so-called degenerative parenchymal damages is accompained by parameters of the increased protein metabolism. The relative serum albumin content apparantly in the first place undergoes the oncotic pressure regulation and is not suited as the measure of a hepatocellular lesion. From the diagnostic point of view the reduction of the albumin concentrations seems to be of importance in the developmental phase to cirrhosis.", "contents": "[The behavior of albumin in acute and chronic liver diseases. I. The behavior of albumin during the development of rat thioacetamide cirrhosis]. The behaviour of albumin during the development of chronic progressing liver damages was investigated on the model of the thioacetamide cirrhosis in Wistar-rats. Simultaneous estimations of the albumin concentrations in extractable liver protein and in the serum as well as accompanying measurements of the total protein and of the transaminases SGOT and SGPT in the serum allow a complex judgment. The albumin concentration in the liver significantly decreased after 4 and 8 weeks and reached highly normal values in fully developed cirrhosis. In each case the serum level changed in the same sense, but less expressed. The total protein in liver and serum showed an analogous course of the curve, whereas the albumin-total protein-quotient in the liver remained unchangedly low. The relative proportion of albumin in the serum did not show a diminution in every phase. The simultaneous decrease of albumin and total protein are explained as an expression of an inhibition of the synthesis due to destruction of protein-synthesizing subcellular structures. The normalisation of the serum levels and of the highly normal albumin contents despite the developed cirrhosis become understandable by the loss of efficiency of the foreign substance thioacetamide in consequence of structural and biochemical adaptation. The thioacetamide cirrhosis of the rat in the investigated phase despite the microscopically provable so-called degenerative parenchymal damages is accompained by parameters of the increased protein metabolism. The relative serum albumin content apparantly in the first place undergoes the oncotic pressure regulation and is not suited as the measure of a hepatocellular lesion. From the diagnostic point of view the reduction of the albumin concentrations seems to be of importance in the developmental phase to cirrhosis.", "PMID": 685333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6376", "title": "[Automated information processing of systolic time intervals].", "content": "The revalorization of the systolic time intervals in clincial and experimental cardiology is described on the basis of informations from literature and own experiences. Concerning the method of work the systolic time intervals have reached a limit which can be overcome only be automatized information processing. It is reported on principles and problems of the automatized information processing of systolic time intervals and an own development is described (HTME 101).", "contents": "[Automated information processing of systolic time intervals]. The revalorization of the systolic time intervals in clincial and experimental cardiology is described on the basis of informations from literature and own experiences. Concerning the method of work the systolic time intervals have reached a limit which can be overcome only be automatized information processing. It is reported on principles and problems of the automatized information processing of systolic time intervals and an own development is described (HTME 101).", "PMID": 685334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6377", "title": "[First results with an electrochemical rapid method for the detection of significant bacteriurias].", "content": "The measuring oft he pO2-decrease in the urine within 30 min by means of the micro-measuring-chamber MWK-W in connection with the oxygen measuring intensifier M 65 allows a quick orientation about a significant bacteruria. The concordance with the results of the simultaneously performed bacteriological investigation is 90% in 1,036 midstream urine specimens. This electro-chemical method allows: 1. the sufficiently certain orientation about a significant bacteruria, 2. from principle the establishment of all aerobic kinds of germs which play a role in the clinical practice in inflammations of the urinary tract, to investigate, 3. a large number of urine specimens in a short time with a relatively small expenditure: a bacteriological laboratory is not the condition, 4. the performance of larger screening investigations.", "contents": "[First results with an electrochemical rapid method for the detection of significant bacteriurias]. The measuring oft he pO2-decrease in the urine within 30 min by means of the micro-measuring-chamber MWK-W in connection with the oxygen measuring intensifier M 65 allows a quick orientation about a significant bacteruria. The concordance with the results of the simultaneously performed bacteriological investigation is 90% in 1,036 midstream urine specimens. This electro-chemical method allows: 1. the sufficiently certain orientation about a significant bacteruria, 2. from principle the establishment of all aerobic kinds of germs which play a role in the clinical practice in inflammations of the urinary tract, to investigate, 3. a large number of urine specimens in a short time with a relatively small expenditure: a bacteriological laboratory is not the condition, 4. the performance of larger screening investigations.", "PMID": 685335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6378", "title": "[The effectivity of long-term treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda from a hepatological viewpoint].", "content": "34 Patients with an ascertained porphyria cutanea tarda who underwent a long-term therapy a comprehensive internal and hepatological diagnosis was made. In these cases for the first time the estimation of the intrahepatic distribution of enzymes and its comparison with the serum enzymes were also performed. The liver histology allowed a division of our patients into three groups, in which cases the reactive hepatitides prevailed and a conspicuously large proportion of normal histological findings were present. The comparison of all data got with the literature made the conclusion possible that the phlebotomy therapy as well as the care in a special dispensary for years lead to very favourable results on liver and skin.", "contents": "[The effectivity of long-term treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda from a hepatological viewpoint]. 34 Patients with an ascertained porphyria cutanea tarda who underwent a long-term therapy a comprehensive internal and hepatological diagnosis was made. In these cases for the first time the estimation of the intrahepatic distribution of enzymes and its comparison with the serum enzymes were also performed. The liver histology allowed a division of our patients into three groups, in which cases the reactive hepatitides prevailed and a conspicuously large proportion of normal histological findings were present. The comparison of all data got with the literature made the conclusion possible that the phlebotomy therapy as well as the care in a special dispensary for years lead to very favourable results on liver and skin.", "PMID": 685336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6379", "title": "[Veneral diseases today].", "content": "The venereal diseases gonorrhoe and syphilis showed again in GDR an increasing tendency concerning their frequency by the year 1974, after having reached a low point about 1967. Now they occur relatively constantly. This increase observed throughout the world is caused by acceleration, changes in sexual behavior, homosexuality, increased promiscuity, tourism and other factors. Numerous false diagnoses of syphilitic symptoms such as herpes simplex, balanitis, carcinoma of the penis, angina, haemorrhoides, anal fissure, drug eruption and others cause the delay in the diagnostics and false treatments. Penicillin represents the drug of choice nowadays. Strict registration orders, intensification of the interdisciplinary cooperation, strict investigation of the infectious sources and endangered contact persons as well as enlarged health and sexual education are suitable weapons in the fight against the spreading of the venereal diseases.", "contents": "[Veneral diseases today]. The venereal diseases gonorrhoe and syphilis showed again in GDR an increasing tendency concerning their frequency by the year 1974, after having reached a low point about 1967. Now they occur relatively constantly. This increase observed throughout the world is caused by acceleration, changes in sexual behavior, homosexuality, increased promiscuity, tourism and other factors. Numerous false diagnoses of syphilitic symptoms such as herpes simplex, balanitis, carcinoma of the penis, angina, haemorrhoides, anal fissure, drug eruption and others cause the delay in the diagnostics and false treatments. Penicillin represents the drug of choice nowadays. Strict registration orders, intensification of the interdisciplinary cooperation, strict investigation of the infectious sources and endangered contact persons as well as enlarged health and sexual education are suitable weapons in the fight against the spreading of the venereal diseases.", "PMID": 685337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6380", "title": "[Are loss of glistening of normal colour and increased friability normal aspects of the oesophagus in old age? (author's transl)].", "content": "Friability of the esophageal mucosq increases with old age. Old patients without esophageal disease also show loss of glistening and of the normal pink color of the mucosa. These findings on their own are therefore no signs of esophagitis,", "contents": "[Are loss of glistening of normal colour and increased friability normal aspects of the oesophagus in old age? (author's transl)]. Friability of the esophageal mucosq increases with old age. Old patients without esophageal disease also show loss of glistening and of the normal pink color of the mucosa. These findings on their own are therefore no signs of esophagitis,", "PMID": 685338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6381", "title": "[The intestinal and diffuse type of the gastric carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the Laur\u00e9n classification 357 carcinomas of the stomach were reclassified into intestinal and diffuse types. 58.2% were assigned to the intestinal type, 37.5% to the diffuse and 4% to a \"mixed\" group. There is obvious correlation between the intestinal type, the patients' advancing age and the incidence of chronic, atrophising gastritis with intestinal metaplasia. The diffuse type on the other hand occurs irrespective of gastric changes - mostly in younger persons. The intestinal type of gastric carcinoma frequently is found in risk areas where incidence is \"epidemic\" in nature; morphology and genetic origin seem to be gastric mucosa changes and intestinal metaplasia or dysplasia. Classifying gastric carcinoma according to Laur\u00e9n (two groups) is also an appropriate method in our regions as was confirmed by the results we obtained; it is superior to the much more differentiated macro- and microscopic classifications used so far. Because of its simplicity, it is better suited for epidemiological and pathogenetic studies of the gastric carcinoma.", "contents": "[The intestinal and diffuse type of the gastric carcinoma (author's transl)]. According to the Laur\u00e9n classification 357 carcinomas of the stomach were reclassified into intestinal and diffuse types. 58.2% were assigned to the intestinal type, 37.5% to the diffuse and 4% to a \"mixed\" group. There is obvious correlation between the intestinal type, the patients' advancing age and the incidence of chronic, atrophising gastritis with intestinal metaplasia. The diffuse type on the other hand occurs irrespective of gastric changes - mostly in younger persons. The intestinal type of gastric carcinoma frequently is found in risk areas where incidence is \"epidemic\" in nature; morphology and genetic origin seem to be gastric mucosa changes and intestinal metaplasia or dysplasia. Classifying gastric carcinoma according to Laur\u00e9n (two groups) is also an appropriate method in our regions as was confirmed by the results we obtained; it is superior to the much more differentiated macro- and microscopic classifications used so far. Because of its simplicity, it is better suited for epidemiological and pathogenetic studies of the gastric carcinoma.", "PMID": 685339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6382", "title": "[The use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "In 19 patients with gastrointestinal tumors the diagnosis was made by ultrasound. 7 patients were examined for further investigation of an abdominal mass; 12 patients, presented with symptoms suggesting malignants, e. g. weight loss, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and/or anaemia from bloodloss were first investigated by ultrasound. In 5 patients with colon tumors, diagnosed by ultrasound, a resection and anastomosis was possible. 13 cases were found to be inoperable during laparotomy, one patient had an ileocolitis Crohn with stenosis. Ultrasonic examination with real-time scanning technique proved to be a valuable method as a screening procedure for patients with suspected gastrointestinal tumors. During the same procedure local (mesenteric) or liver metastases can be detected. A normal abdominal ultrasonography does not exclude malignant intestinal lesions in any location during the early stage and in the region of cardia and rectum even in the more advanced stage.", "contents": "[The use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors (author's transl)]. In 19 patients with gastrointestinal tumors the diagnosis was made by ultrasound. 7 patients were examined for further investigation of an abdominal mass; 12 patients, presented with symptoms suggesting malignants, e. g. weight loss, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and/or anaemia from bloodloss were first investigated by ultrasound. In 5 patients with colon tumors, diagnosed by ultrasound, a resection and anastomosis was possible. 13 cases were found to be inoperable during laparotomy, one patient had an ileocolitis Crohn with stenosis. Ultrasonic examination with real-time scanning technique proved to be a valuable method as a screening procedure for patients with suspected gastrointestinal tumors. During the same procedure local (mesenteric) or liver metastases can be detected. A normal abdominal ultrasonography does not exclude malignant intestinal lesions in any location during the early stage and in the region of cardia and rectum even in the more advanced stage.", "PMID": 685340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6383", "title": "[Arterial and venous blood-pressure in the mesenteric circulation of rabbits with combined infusion of secretin and norepinephrine (author's transl)].", "content": "Norepinephrine and secretin were infused into V. cava inf. and Art. mesent. sup. with a short intervall and after that immediately successive on rabbits, anesthetized by urethane-chloralose; simultaneously blood-pressure was measured in Aorta abdom., Art. mesent. sup. and V. mesent. sup. Secretin alone does not change blood-pressure; infusion of norepinephrine into V. cava inf. leads to a rise of blood-pressure of about 16% in Aorta abdom., of about 12% in Art. mesent. sup.; in V. mesent. sup. blood-pressure remained unchanged. Although secretin and norepinephrine have a contrary effect on the vascular tonus with cats, in rabbits combined infusion of secretin and norepinephrine caused an increase of blood-pressure not fewer than infusion of norepinephrine alone. Possible haemodynamic mechanisms were discussed.", "contents": "[Arterial and venous blood-pressure in the mesenteric circulation of rabbits with combined infusion of secretin and norepinephrine (author's transl)]. Norepinephrine and secretin were infused into V. cava inf. and Art. mesent. sup. with a short intervall and after that immediately successive on rabbits, anesthetized by urethane-chloralose; simultaneously blood-pressure was measured in Aorta abdom., Art. mesent. sup. and V. mesent. sup. Secretin alone does not change blood-pressure; infusion of norepinephrine into V. cava inf. leads to a rise of blood-pressure of about 16% in Aorta abdom., of about 12% in Art. mesent. sup.; in V. mesent. sup. blood-pressure remained unchanged. Although secretin and norepinephrine have a contrary effect on the vascular tonus with cats, in rabbits combined infusion of secretin and norepinephrine caused an increase of blood-pressure not fewer than infusion of norepinephrine alone. Possible haemodynamic mechanisms were discussed.", "PMID": 685341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6384", "title": "[Examination of cardiovascular parameters and plasma free fatty acids during esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "53 patients were examined for changes of blood pressure, heart rate, ECG and plasma free fatty acids during esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy. In 23 cases there were premature contractions, occuring in small numbers only in most of the cases. Only in 5 cases there was an accumulation of premature contractions and in one case ventricular bigeminism occurred. The maximum of premature beats was observed when the primarily sitting patient was put into supine position. In 7 patients there was a lowering of the ST-segment in the ECG by at least 0.1 mV, mostly in patients who already had an abnormal ST-segment before endoscopy. The pulse rate went up by an average of 50.1 per cent, the systolic blood pressure by 14 and the diastolic blood pressure by 17 per cent. The increase of plasma free fatty acids in the total patient material was not statistically significant, but patients with a deterioration of ECG-findings endoscopy had a significantly higher increase of plasma free fatty acids. There was a tendency towards a positive correlation between the number of premature beats and the increase of plasma free fatty acids. It cannot be decided from our study whether the mobilization of free fatty acids is causing the above observed increase of premature beats or whether both phenomena are merely a result of sympathetic nervous stimulation. Gastric fiberoscopy may be applied to elderly patients with decreased cardiac function. The endoscopic procedure should not be started on the sitting patient but primarily in left supine position.", "contents": "[Examination of cardiovascular parameters and plasma free fatty acids during esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (author's transl)]. 53 patients were examined for changes of blood pressure, heart rate, ECG and plasma free fatty acids during esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy. In 23 cases there were premature contractions, occuring in small numbers only in most of the cases. Only in 5 cases there was an accumulation of premature contractions and in one case ventricular bigeminism occurred. The maximum of premature beats was observed when the primarily sitting patient was put into supine position. In 7 patients there was a lowering of the ST-segment in the ECG by at least 0.1 mV, mostly in patients who already had an abnormal ST-segment before endoscopy. The pulse rate went up by an average of 50.1 per cent, the systolic blood pressure by 14 and the diastolic blood pressure by 17 per cent. The increase of plasma free fatty acids in the total patient material was not statistically significant, but patients with a deterioration of ECG-findings endoscopy had a significantly higher increase of plasma free fatty acids. There was a tendency towards a positive correlation between the number of premature beats and the increase of plasma free fatty acids. It cannot be decided from our study whether the mobilization of free fatty acids is causing the above observed increase of premature beats or whether both phenomena are merely a result of sympathetic nervous stimulation. Gastric fiberoscopy may be applied to elderly patients with decreased cardiac function. The endoscopic procedure should not be started on the sitting patient but primarily in left supine position.", "PMID": 685345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6385", "title": "[Frequency, diagnosis and dependance of duodenitis upon the morphological status of the gastric mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "In a attempt to prove the dependence of duodenitis upon the morphological status of the gastric mucosa, a biopsy of the corpus, antrum, and duodenal canal had been made of 354 patients. In 56 cases, a superficial duodenitis was histologically verified; however, this infection had not contaminated the Brunner' glands. A duodenitis was found to be more often associated with surface gastritis of the corpus and antrum than it was with atropic gastritis. A duodenitis was discovered by a biopsy in 16 patients possessing a normal antrum mucosa and in 25 patients having a normal corpus mucosa, thus proving the possibility of isolated duodenitis.", "contents": "[Frequency, diagnosis and dependance of duodenitis upon the morphological status of the gastric mucosa (author's transl)]. In a attempt to prove the dependence of duodenitis upon the morphological status of the gastric mucosa, a biopsy of the corpus, antrum, and duodenal canal had been made of 354 patients. In 56 cases, a superficial duodenitis was histologically verified; however, this infection had not contaminated the Brunner' glands. A duodenitis was found to be more often associated with surface gastritis of the corpus and antrum than it was with atropic gastritis. A duodenitis was discovered by a biopsy in 16 patients possessing a normal antrum mucosa and in 25 patients having a normal corpus mucosa, thus proving the possibility of isolated duodenitis.", "PMID": 685346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6386", "title": "[Liver diseases with microsomal antibodies. Frequency, clinical and immunological findings and course observations (author's transl)].", "content": "Microsomal antibodies (LKM-antibodies) differ in the indirect immunfluorescence by use of rat organ sections (kidney, stomach, and liver) from mitochondrial antibodies by there reaction with proximal renal tubules and hepatocytes while parietal cells usually fail to stain. In contrast to other humoral autoantibodies LKM-antibodies are rare. In a prospective study on 930 adults and 33 children with two third chronic hepatitis resp. cirrhosis frequency in the first group amounts to 0.38% and in the latter to 6.9% of all liver diseases. Among six patients with LKW-antibodies and chronic active hepatitis there were three children aged 4-13 and three adults between 45-55 years. On common results two children showed beside LKM-antibodies by absence of other immunphenomenons a rise of gamma-globulins in the electrophoresis and immunglobulin G as well as a chronic active hepatitis with necrosis leading in spite of initial rapid progression and persistent antibodies into inactive postnecrotiv cirrhosis. The other four patients showed no common course in respect to clinical, histological and immunological findings.", "contents": "[Liver diseases with microsomal antibodies. Frequency, clinical and immunological findings and course observations (author's transl)]. Microsomal antibodies (LKM-antibodies) differ in the indirect immunfluorescence by use of rat organ sections (kidney, stomach, and liver) from mitochondrial antibodies by there reaction with proximal renal tubules and hepatocytes while parietal cells usually fail to stain. In contrast to other humoral autoantibodies LKM-antibodies are rare. In a prospective study on 930 adults and 33 children with two third chronic hepatitis resp. cirrhosis frequency in the first group amounts to 0.38% and in the latter to 6.9% of all liver diseases. Among six patients with LKW-antibodies and chronic active hepatitis there were three children aged 4-13 and three adults between 45-55 years. On common results two children showed beside LKM-antibodies by absence of other immunphenomenons a rise of gamma-globulins in the electrophoresis and immunglobulin G as well as a chronic active hepatitis with necrosis leading in spite of initial rapid progression and persistent antibodies into inactive postnecrotiv cirrhosis. The other four patients showed no common course in respect to clinical, histological and immunological findings.", "PMID": 685348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6387", "title": "Inclined or conventional supine position in ultrasonic examinations in late pregnancy.", "content": "Ultrasonic examinations were made on 22 patients in late pregnancy both in the conventional supine position and in an inclined position. The findings give rise to the following conclusions: 1) The inclined position prevents the development of the vena cava inferior syndrome. 2) The examinations can be made as easily and accurately in the inclined as in the conventional supine position. 3) In cases where the head is in the occipito-posterior position the inclined position may increase the reliability of the measurement of the biparietal diamter. The authors consider it recommendable to use the inclined position instead of the conventional supine position in ultrasonic examinations to maintain both maternal and fetal well-being during the procedure.", "contents": "Inclined or conventional supine position in ultrasonic examinations in late pregnancy. Ultrasonic examinations were made on 22 patients in late pregnancy both in the conventional supine position and in an inclined position. The findings give rise to the following conclusions: 1) The inclined position prevents the development of the vena cava inferior syndrome. 2) The examinations can be made as easily and accurately in the inclined as in the conventional supine position. 3) In cases where the head is in the occipito-posterior position the inclined position may increase the reliability of the measurement of the biparietal diamter. The authors consider it recommendable to use the inclined position instead of the conventional supine position in ultrasonic examinations to maintain both maternal and fetal well-being during the procedure.", "PMID": 685350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6388", "title": "[Delivery and post partum period associated with surgical closure of the cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "The course of delivery and the post partum period of 211 gravidae with closure of the cervix during pregnancy were compared with a compatible collective of another 221 gravidae without surgical closure. There were significant differences in some respects: The duration of labor (primiparae: 9,2 hours, multiparae: 6,7 hours) was longer than in the control-group (primiparae: 8,1 hours, multiparae: 5,0 hours); the necessity of administration of drugs and the frequency of dystocia (primiparae: 13%, multiparae: 9,2%) was higher than in the control-group (primiparae: 1,0%, multiparae: 0%). These and the higher incidence of lacerations of the cervix (13,4% respectively 1,7%) will be due to the scar, caused by the suture in the cervix. The rate of caesarean section was significantly higher (9,5% respectively 4,1%). There were more complications in disconnecting of the placenta. These and the higher rate of dystrophic newborn could be correlated with anamnestic dispositions of the gravidae. The higher rate of perinatal mortality (9,9%) than in the controlgroup (3,6%) is associated with the higher rate of prematurity (22,1%) than in the control-group (8,5%). A higher incidence of malformation was not observed, but a higher rate of neurological complications in the newborn. The post partum period of the mother was not significantly different than those of the control-group", "contents": "[Delivery and post partum period associated with surgical closure of the cervix (author's transl)]. The course of delivery and the post partum period of 211 gravidae with closure of the cervix during pregnancy were compared with a compatible collective of another 221 gravidae without surgical closure. There were significant differences in some respects: The duration of labor (primiparae: 9,2 hours, multiparae: 6,7 hours) was longer than in the control-group (primiparae: 8,1 hours, multiparae: 5,0 hours); the necessity of administration of drugs and the frequency of dystocia (primiparae: 13%, multiparae: 9,2%) was higher than in the control-group (primiparae: 1,0%, multiparae: 0%). These and the higher incidence of lacerations of the cervix (13,4% respectively 1,7%) will be due to the scar, caused by the suture in the cervix. The rate of caesarean section was significantly higher (9,5% respectively 4,1%). There were more complications in disconnecting of the placenta. These and the higher rate of dystrophic newborn could be correlated with anamnestic dispositions of the gravidae. The higher rate of perinatal mortality (9,9%) than in the controlgroup (3,6%) is associated with the higher rate of prematurity (22,1%) than in the control-group (8,5%). A higher incidence of malformation was not observed, but a higher rate of neurological complications in the newborn. The post partum period of the mother was not significantly different than those of the control-group", "PMID": 685351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6389", "title": "[Maternal hemoglobin AIc (HbAIc) and diabetic pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Third trimester HbAIc was determined in 57 pregnant women according to the TBA-reaction, first discribed by Fl\u00fcckiger and Winterhalter (1976). Simultaneously oral glucose tolerance tests (GTT) were performed in 52 patients; in 5 insulin dependent diabetic women dayly blood sugar profiles 2 to 5 times per week were done throughout the third trimester. HbAIc, when expressed as per cent of total hemoglobin, was 6.14 +/- 0.56% (m +/- SD) in women with normal GTT (n = 40) and found to be significantly (p less than 0,001) elevated in 7 women with abnormal GTT (7.54 +/- 0.61%; m +/- SD) and in the 5 women with insulin dependent diabetes (7.59 +/- 0.92%; m +/- SD). In patients with abnormal and boarderline GTT a linear relation between HbAIc and mean blood sugar, as determined from individually summarized 60 and 120 minutes GTT values, was observed. Insulin dependent diabetic women with higher mean blood sugar (as calculated from the total profile values throughout 4 weeks prior to HbAIc determination) showed a tendency towards higher HbAIc values.", "contents": "[Maternal hemoglobin AIc (HbAIc) and diabetic pregnancy (author's transl)]. Third trimester HbAIc was determined in 57 pregnant women according to the TBA-reaction, first discribed by Fl\u00fcckiger and Winterhalter (1976). Simultaneously oral glucose tolerance tests (GTT) were performed in 52 patients; in 5 insulin dependent diabetic women dayly blood sugar profiles 2 to 5 times per week were done throughout the third trimester. HbAIc, when expressed as per cent of total hemoglobin, was 6.14 +/- 0.56% (m +/- SD) in women with normal GTT (n = 40) and found to be significantly (p less than 0,001) elevated in 7 women with abnormal GTT (7.54 +/- 0.61%; m +/- SD) and in the 5 women with insulin dependent diabetes (7.59 +/- 0.92%; m +/- SD). In patients with abnormal and boarderline GTT a linear relation between HbAIc and mean blood sugar, as determined from individually summarized 60 and 120 minutes GTT values, was observed. Insulin dependent diabetic women with higher mean blood sugar (as calculated from the total profile values throughout 4 weeks prior to HbAIc determination) showed a tendency towards higher HbAIc values.", "PMID": 685352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6390", "title": "[Amniotic fluid tests for fetal lung maturity (author's transl)].", "content": "Amniotic fluid specimens of 30 pregnant women were examined for the evaluation of the fetal lung maturity. Three assays were used in parallel: the determination of the lecithin concentration, the estimation of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the shake test. The results were compared together and with the fetal outcome. The shake test has proved to be sufficient for the exclusion of an immature lung. To avoid failure from false-negative results of the shake test an additional determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio is recommended, whenever clinical dates give rise to expect a mature lung. The determination of the lecithin concentration has no advantage compared to the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Pathology as candida infection or anecephaly falsifies.", "contents": "[Amniotic fluid tests for fetal lung maturity (author's transl)]. Amniotic fluid specimens of 30 pregnant women were examined for the evaluation of the fetal lung maturity. Three assays were used in parallel: the determination of the lecithin concentration, the estimation of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the shake test. The results were compared together and with the fetal outcome. The shake test has proved to be sufficient for the exclusion of an immature lung. To avoid failure from false-negative results of the shake test an additional determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio is recommended, whenever clinical dates give rise to expect a mature lung. The determination of the lecithin concentration has no advantage compared to the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Pathology as candida infection or anecephaly falsifies.", "PMID": 685353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6391", "title": "[The evaluation of cortisol in amniotic fluid and in maternal blood as parameter for foetal lung maturity (author's transl)].", "content": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin-ratio (L/S-ratio) in amniotic fluid has become established in recent years as a valuable laboratory parameter for determining foetal lung maturity and has thus helped to avoid the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Since glucocorticosteroids are a decisive factor in stimulating foetal lung development, we were prompted to investigate whether the determination of cortisol in amniotic fluid or maternal blood could also serve as an indicator of foetal lung maturity. The cortisol concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay in amniotic fluid (n = 91) and in maternal venous plasma (n = 70) from normal and complicated pregnancies and was compared with the L/S-ratio. A significant correlation between gestational age and cortisol in amniotic fluid (r = 0.711) and in maternal venous plasma (r = 0.625) was observed. There was also a significant correlation between the L/S-ratio and amniotic fluid cortisol (r = 0.701). However, compared to the L/S-ratio, measurements of cortisol yielded 10% false positive and 11% false negative results. A significant correlation between the L/S-ratio and the maternal plasma cortisol could also be demonstrated (r = 0.631). Here the comparison with the L/S-ratio gave even poorer results: 16% false positive and 6% false negative. The high percentage of false results, especially false positive results yielded by cortisol estimations in both fluids leads to the conclusion that the L/S-ratio remains the superior diagnostic parameter in determining foetal lung maturity.", "contents": "[The evaluation of cortisol in amniotic fluid and in maternal blood as parameter for foetal lung maturity (author's transl)]. The lecithin/sphingomyelin-ratio (L/S-ratio) in amniotic fluid has become established in recent years as a valuable laboratory parameter for determining foetal lung maturity and has thus helped to avoid the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Since glucocorticosteroids are a decisive factor in stimulating foetal lung development, we were prompted to investigate whether the determination of cortisol in amniotic fluid or maternal blood could also serve as an indicator of foetal lung maturity. The cortisol concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay in amniotic fluid (n = 91) and in maternal venous plasma (n = 70) from normal and complicated pregnancies and was compared with the L/S-ratio. A significant correlation between gestational age and cortisol in amniotic fluid (r = 0.711) and in maternal venous plasma (r = 0.625) was observed. There was also a significant correlation between the L/S-ratio and amniotic fluid cortisol (r = 0.701). However, compared to the L/S-ratio, measurements of cortisol yielded 10% false positive and 11% false negative results. A significant correlation between the L/S-ratio and the maternal plasma cortisol could also be demonstrated (r = 0.631). Here the comparison with the L/S-ratio gave even poorer results: 16% false positive and 6% false negative. The high percentage of false results, especially false positive results yielded by cortisol estimations in both fluids leads to the conclusion that the L/S-ratio remains the superior diagnostic parameter in determining foetal lung maturity.", "PMID": 685354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6392", "title": "[Treatment of house dust allergies with tyrosine-adsorbed house-dust-mite vaccine].", "content": "Desensitization treatment of house dust allergies with L-Tyrosine adsorbed house dust mite vaccine is described. It is stressed that the success of the treatment depends on an exact diagnosis and sufficiently long treatment period.", "contents": "[Treatment of house dust allergies with tyrosine-adsorbed house-dust-mite vaccine]. Desensitization treatment of house dust allergies with L-Tyrosine adsorbed house dust mite vaccine is described. It is stressed that the success of the treatment depends on an exact diagnosis and sufficiently long treatment period.", "PMID": 685359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6393", "title": "[Clinical variations of keratoacanthomas].", "content": "Clinical variants of Keratoacanthomas are, besides the very frequent crateriform types, and the plate-shaped ones, Keratoacanthoma marginatum centrifugum, aggregated Keratoacanthomas, successive multiple Keratoacanthomas, and rare special forms like multiple eruptive Keratoakanthomas and Keratoacanthomas combined with Hyperplasia of sebaceous glands and epitheliomas. A detailed description of the different types is derived from their growth and their origin from supraseboglandular epithelium of hair follicles.", "contents": "[Clinical variations of keratoacanthomas]. Clinical variants of Keratoacanthomas are, besides the very frequent crateriform types, and the plate-shaped ones, Keratoacanthoma marginatum centrifugum, aggregated Keratoacanthomas, successive multiple Keratoacanthomas, and rare special forms like multiple eruptive Keratoakanthomas and Keratoacanthomas combined with Hyperplasia of sebaceous glands and epitheliomas. A detailed description of the different types is derived from their growth and their origin from supraseboglandular epithelium of hair follicles.", "PMID": 685362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6394", "title": "[Illness concept responsible for illness].", "content": "With a certain heuristic exaggeration, the author dares to demand from psychologists a biographic phenomenological diagnosis without prejudicial influence by the medical diagnosis. Needless to say, the psychologist has to deal with \" sick\" people quite often. His task as a diagnostician however is not to find a category which would discriminate the patient but to describe him in his biographic and social perspective. The psychological diagnostician should not forget that psychic illnesses imply isolation and that medical diagnosis in this case makes isolation even more apparent. In any case, the psychologist and especially the psychoanalyst must be self-critical and avoid prejudice in diagnostics.", "contents": "[Illness concept responsible for illness]. With a certain heuristic exaggeration, the author dares to demand from psychologists a biographic phenomenological diagnosis without prejudicial influence by the medical diagnosis. Needless to say, the psychologist has to deal with \" sick\" people quite often. His task as a diagnostician however is not to find a category which would discriminate the patient but to describe him in his biographic and social perspective. The psychological diagnostician should not forget that psychic illnesses imply isolation and that medical diagnosis in this case makes isolation even more apparent. In any case, the psychologist and especially the psychoanalyst must be self-critical and avoid prejudice in diagnostics.", "PMID": 685366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6395", "title": "[Boundaries of medicine: throughts on the role of the orienting behavior in the therapist-patient relationship].", "content": "The author shows that from the organismic of point of view the question for the limitations of the medical discipline has to be transformed into a question for the limitations of the doctor himself. The concept of organismic self-reference is put into relation to the contents of narcissitic logic. In this context the symptomatology of depression is elaborated upon in a paradigmatic way. Using a model of a systemtheoretical communication theory (orienting-behavior) the basic hypothesis of this article is discussed.", "contents": "[Boundaries of medicine: throughts on the role of the orienting behavior in the therapist-patient relationship]. The author shows that from the organismic of point of view the question for the limitations of the medical discipline has to be transformed into a question for the limitations of the doctor himself. The concept of organismic self-reference is put into relation to the contents of narcissitic logic. In this context the symptomatology of depression is elaborated upon in a paradigmatic way. Using a model of a systemtheoretical communication theory (orienting-behavior) the basic hypothesis of this article is discussed.", "PMID": 685367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6396", "title": "[Introduction to a structural psychopathology].", "content": "Structural psychopathology maintains that the psychiatrist finds himself in a situation similar to that of the literary critic. The objects of their critical analysis are marked by a high degree of linguistic complexity, reflecting social as well as personal interrelationships. The structural method which developed in the course of this century is thus applicable to psychopathological relationships, if careful attention is paid to their unigueness. The structural method is illustrated by a schizopasic text. Those typical stylistic and rhetorical structures which lead to the impression of schizophasia are isolated. The structural method can also be used to examine the pathogenesis of an illness or to extrapolate information from medical histories. Finally, through the analysis of the book \"Mary Barnes, two accounts of a journey through madness\" it can be shown how the structural method can illuminate critical problems of a literary science which are disguised as psychiatric ones.", "contents": "[Introduction to a structural psychopathology]. Structural psychopathology maintains that the psychiatrist finds himself in a situation similar to that of the literary critic. The objects of their critical analysis are marked by a high degree of linguistic complexity, reflecting social as well as personal interrelationships. The structural method which developed in the course of this century is thus applicable to psychopathological relationships, if careful attention is paid to their unigueness. The structural method is illustrated by a schizopasic text. Those typical stylistic and rhetorical structures which lead to the impression of schizophasia are isolated. The structural method can also be used to examine the pathogenesis of an illness or to extrapolate information from medical histories. Finally, through the analysis of the book \"Mary Barnes, two accounts of a journey through madness\" it can be shown how the structural method can illuminate critical problems of a literary science which are disguised as psychiatric ones.", "PMID": 685368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6397", "title": "[Feeblemindedness and its treatment].", "content": "The problem of feeblemindedness has been approached from a social point of view. Newer researches in socialisation have increasingly pointed out mental retardation not to be only a matter of hereditary factors, but largely determined by social environment. If it is true that one is born a retardate, it is true in a social sense. Not so much determined by genetic deficiency, but due to social environment efficient so early as in utero the retardate is born with the stigma of a \"Paria\". Possibilities of improvement are discussed, more attention should be given to largely unemployed areas of personal development and interpersonal communication.", "contents": "[Feeblemindedness and its treatment]. The problem of feeblemindedness has been approached from a social point of view. Newer researches in socialisation have increasingly pointed out mental retardation not to be only a matter of hereditary factors, but largely determined by social environment. If it is true that one is born a retardate, it is true in a social sense. Not so much determined by genetic deficiency, but due to social environment efficient so early as in utero the retardate is born with the stigma of a \"Paria\". Possibilities of improvement are discussed, more attention should be given to largely unemployed areas of personal development and interpersonal communication.", "PMID": 685369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6398", "title": "[Spatial orientation with regard to short-term memory, age and cerebral dominace].", "content": "Though orientation in acoustic space frequently has been the subject of investigations, sound was offered as a rule only in one or two dimensions of the subjective polar system of coordinates. In an earlier paper a test-situation was presented in which the offering of sound is varied in all three dimensions (horizontal and vertical angle as well as distance); the mistake also is calculated in these three dimensions separately. In this paper the investigations are continued by examinating the influence of age, the cerebral dominance and the short-term memory (offering of two different noises with following indication). Our results show that 1) age has no significant influence; 2) the relation of mistakes of the right and the left side is significantly more inhomogen in all three dimensions in left-handed persons; 3) the influence of the memory does not enlarge the mistake significantly.", "contents": "[Spatial orientation with regard to short-term memory, age and cerebral dominace]. Though orientation in acoustic space frequently has been the subject of investigations, sound was offered as a rule only in one or two dimensions of the subjective polar system of coordinates. In an earlier paper a test-situation was presented in which the offering of sound is varied in all three dimensions (horizontal and vertical angle as well as distance); the mistake also is calculated in these three dimensions separately. In this paper the investigations are continued by examinating the influence of age, the cerebral dominance and the short-term memory (offering of two different noises with following indication). Our results show that 1) age has no significant influence; 2) the relation of mistakes of the right and the left side is significantly more inhomogen in all three dimensions in left-handed persons; 3) the influence of the memory does not enlarge the mistake significantly.", "PMID": 685370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6399", "title": "[Hemodynamic effects of aldosterone antagonists in patients with mitral stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 patients with mitral stenosis of a severity that surgery was required, some hemodynamic parameters after intravenous injection of 400 mg Kaliumcanrenoat were studied. The hemodynamic changes were noted after 15 min and reached maximal values after 60 min. The increased values of pulmonary wedge, pulmonary artery and right atrial pressures were significantly reduced and the cardiac index and stroke volume index augmented, with unchanged systemic arterial pressure. Thus, a remarkable relief from pulmonary congestion followed, accompanied by an increase of the left-ventricular working index.--These results encourage the use of aldosterone antagonists in certain cases suffering from severe mitral stenosis.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic effects of aldosterone antagonists in patients with mitral stenosis (author's transl)]. In 12 patients with mitral stenosis of a severity that surgery was required, some hemodynamic parameters after intravenous injection of 400 mg Kaliumcanrenoat were studied. The hemodynamic changes were noted after 15 min and reached maximal values after 60 min. The increased values of pulmonary wedge, pulmonary artery and right atrial pressures were significantly reduced and the cardiac index and stroke volume index augmented, with unchanged systemic arterial pressure. Thus, a remarkable relief from pulmonary congestion followed, accompanied by an increase of the left-ventricular working index.--These results encourage the use of aldosterone antagonists in certain cases suffering from severe mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 685376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6400", "title": "[Hemodynamic effects of intracardiac diatritoic acid and their dependance on left ventricular function and severity of coronary sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 16 patients with coronary heart disease (n = 13) and cardiomyopathy (n = 3) heart rate, left ventricular pressure and contractility (max dp/dt, min dp/dt and Vpm) were measured prior during and after three consecutive left ventricular angiograms. Heart rate decreased during angiography and increased slightly but significantly after angiography. Systolic and diastolic left ventricular pressure, max dp/dt and min dp/dt increased after angiography, whereas Vpm remained unchanged. Any hemodynamic changes occuring were moderate and only of short duration. No significant differences were found a) between patients with angiographically proven normal and reduced left ventricular function, b) between patients with normal or increased left ventricular filling pressure or c) between those with slight or severe coronary heart disease. The investigations point to a good tolerance for the sodium methyl glucamine salt of diatrizoic acid (Urografin 76) even in patients with progressed coronary heart disease. Severe side-effects described in animal experiments indicate a poor comparibility between animal models and human studies. Moreover animal experiments are mostly done with high doses not used clinically.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic effects of intracardiac diatritoic acid and their dependance on left ventricular function and severity of coronary sclerosis (author's transl)]. In 16 patients with coronary heart disease (n = 13) and cardiomyopathy (n = 3) heart rate, left ventricular pressure and contractility (max dp/dt, min dp/dt and Vpm) were measured prior during and after three consecutive left ventricular angiograms. Heart rate decreased during angiography and increased slightly but significantly after angiography. Systolic and diastolic left ventricular pressure, max dp/dt and min dp/dt increased after angiography, whereas Vpm remained unchanged. Any hemodynamic changes occuring were moderate and only of short duration. No significant differences were found a) between patients with angiographically proven normal and reduced left ventricular function, b) between patients with normal or increased left ventricular filling pressure or c) between those with slight or severe coronary heart disease. The investigations point to a good tolerance for the sodium methyl glucamine salt of diatrizoic acid (Urografin 76) even in patients with progressed coronary heart disease. Severe side-effects described in animal experiments indicate a poor comparibility between animal models and human studies. Moreover animal experiments are mostly done with high doses not used clinically.", "PMID": 685377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6401", "title": "[Coronary artery reserve in patients with hyperlipoproteinemias (author's transl)].", "content": "The coronary reserve was measured in 119 patients with different types of primary hyperlipoproteinemia. Cardiovascular diseased with clinical manifestation were excluded. 90 patients of same age with normal serum lipids served as controls. The groups did not differ in other risk factors as blood pressure or overweight (the latter excluded in hyperlipoproteinemia type IV). The controls showed decreased coronary reserve in 8%, type IIa patients in 36%, IIb patients in 18% and type IV patients in 23%. The frequency of restriction in coronary flow increased with age: in hyperlipoproteinemic patients of 50 years and more it was found in nearly 40%. Further interesting results were the significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures reached during exercise in our hyperlipoproteinemic patients.", "contents": "[Coronary artery reserve in patients with hyperlipoproteinemias (author's transl)]. The coronary reserve was measured in 119 patients with different types of primary hyperlipoproteinemia. Cardiovascular diseased with clinical manifestation were excluded. 90 patients of same age with normal serum lipids served as controls. The groups did not differ in other risk factors as blood pressure or overweight (the latter excluded in hyperlipoproteinemia type IV). The controls showed decreased coronary reserve in 8%, type IIa patients in 36%, IIb patients in 18% and type IV patients in 23%. The frequency of restriction in coronary flow increased with age: in hyperlipoproteinemic patients of 50 years and more it was found in nearly 40%. Further interesting results were the significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures reached during exercise in our hyperlipoproteinemic patients.", "PMID": 685378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6402", "title": "[Significance of pulmonary artery diastolic pressure after myocardial infarction for physical training (author's transl)].", "content": "Functional disorders of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction at rest and with exercise can be evaluated with right heart floating catheter by measuring pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. 45% of 200 patients with myocardial infarctions did not tolerate bicycle exercise test with a work load of 50 Watt during 6 minutes. A routine digitalisation of these patients without strict indication did not improve the results. The upper borderline to admit a physical training program is a pulmonary artery diastolic pressure of 20 mm Hg; this should be realised otherwise additional complications have to be expected in long term follow up. The effects of digitalis should be controlled with floating catheter observations in these patients too. There are some indications, that it is possible with the same technique to evaluate hemodynamic responses on psychological strain. Measurements of pulmonary artery diastolic pressure after myocardial infarction open a wide field for individual therapy from drugs to physical training and even to behaviour therapy for stressfull situations.", "contents": "[Significance of pulmonary artery diastolic pressure after myocardial infarction for physical training (author's transl)]. Functional disorders of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction at rest and with exercise can be evaluated with right heart floating catheter by measuring pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. 45% of 200 patients with myocardial infarctions did not tolerate bicycle exercise test with a work load of 50 Watt during 6 minutes. A routine digitalisation of these patients without strict indication did not improve the results. The upper borderline to admit a physical training program is a pulmonary artery diastolic pressure of 20 mm Hg; this should be realised otherwise additional complications have to be expected in long term follow up. The effects of digitalis should be controlled with floating catheter observations in these patients too. There are some indications, that it is possible with the same technique to evaluate hemodynamic responses on psychological strain. Measurements of pulmonary artery diastolic pressure after myocardial infarction open a wide field for individual therapy from drugs to physical training and even to behaviour therapy for stressfull situations.", "PMID": 685379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6403", "title": "[Echocardiographic detection of a left ventricular tumor after myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "A mobile left-ventricular tumor was detected by echocardiography in a 28-years-old patient, who has sustained an anteroseptal infarction four years before. The patient was admitted to hospital because of arterial embolism. The echocardiographic finding was validated by left-ventricular angiography. In open-heart surgery a pedunculated tumor was excided, in microscopic study the tumor revealed the findings of an organized thrombus. The echocardiographic and angiographic findings are shown, the echocardiographic differential diagnosis is pointed out.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic detection of a left ventricular tumor after myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. A mobile left-ventricular tumor was detected by echocardiography in a 28-years-old patient, who has sustained an anteroseptal infarction four years before. The patient was admitted to hospital because of arterial embolism. The echocardiographic finding was validated by left-ventricular angiography. In open-heart surgery a pedunculated tumor was excided, in microscopic study the tumor revealed the findings of an organized thrombus. The echocardiographic and angiographic findings are shown, the echocardiographic differential diagnosis is pointed out.", "PMID": 685381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6404", "title": "[Congenital partial defect of the pericardium with herniation of the left atrial appendage (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital partial pericardial defect with herniation of the left atrial appendage presents a rare anomaly. Clinical appearance of a 25-year-old man with this anomaly combined with adherance to the left lung hilus and the pericardial sac is described. He suffered from cardiac arrhythmias and dyspnea during exertion. The chest X-ray film at unremarkable physical examination and routine laboratory data within normal limits showed a prominent shadow of the left cardiac border, the cineangiocardiographic findings revealed that the prominence was due to a large left atrial appendage. Since strangulation of the left atrial appendage is a well-known and described potential hazard, thoracic surgery was performed without any complication.", "contents": "[Congenital partial defect of the pericardium with herniation of the left atrial appendage (author's transl)]. Congenital partial pericardial defect with herniation of the left atrial appendage presents a rare anomaly. Clinical appearance of a 25-year-old man with this anomaly combined with adherance to the left lung hilus and the pericardial sac is described. He suffered from cardiac arrhythmias and dyspnea during exertion. The chest X-ray film at unremarkable physical examination and routine laboratory data within normal limits showed a prominent shadow of the left cardiac border, the cineangiocardiographic findings revealed that the prominence was due to a large left atrial appendage. Since strangulation of the left atrial appendage is a well-known and described potential hazard, thoracic surgery was performed without any complication.", "PMID": 685382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6405", "title": "[Investigations on tribology and strength of aluminium-oxide-ceramic--hip endoprostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "The nature of friction and wear of ceramic material and ceramic hip endoprostheses by different manufacturers has been investigated by means of model test equipment and gait-simulators. Thus the aptitude of ceramics to be frictional partners for artificial joints can be attested, the results give the hope of a long usability. Anyway there is the demand to the manufacturers to give a garantee for the breaking strength of the cone--plug-in-connexion and a highest productional quality of the sliding faces. The long-term testings are carried on.", "contents": "[Investigations on tribology and strength of aluminium-oxide-ceramic--hip endoprostheses (author's transl)]. The nature of friction and wear of ceramic material and ceramic hip endoprostheses by different manufacturers has been investigated by means of model test equipment and gait-simulators. Thus the aptitude of ceramics to be frictional partners for artificial joints can be attested, the results give the hope of a long usability. Anyway there is the demand to the manufacturers to give a garantee for the breaking strength of the cone--plug-in-connexion and a highest productional quality of the sliding faces. The long-term testings are carried on.", "PMID": 685383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6406", "title": "[The new rotatory hip-joint endoprosthesis according to the unit construction system after Weber. Experience and results of follow-up checks after five years (author's transl)].", "content": "The new rotatory hip-joint total prosthesis after Weber with rotating metal head and polyethylene socket has yielded a very high percentage of good results to date, according to experience collected in the course of five years and a comprehensive followup study. It was possible to prove that the metallic rotatory joint does not entail any disadvantages, and that it is extremely resistant to wear. The almost complete absence of shaft fractures is remarkable (two cases after 2,500 operations) as well as the low incidence of loosening after primary operation. Complications occur much more frequently following exchange operations. The unit construction principle on which this type of prosthesis is based, offers great advantages in respect of surgical technique. It appears that the rotatory prosthesis is superior to other concepts with regard to wear and to stability of fixation.", "contents": "[The new rotatory hip-joint endoprosthesis according to the unit construction system after Weber. Experience and results of follow-up checks after five years (author's transl)]. The new rotatory hip-joint total prosthesis after Weber with rotating metal head and polyethylene socket has yielded a very high percentage of good results to date, according to experience collected in the course of five years and a comprehensive followup study. It was possible to prove that the metallic rotatory joint does not entail any disadvantages, and that it is extremely resistant to wear. The almost complete absence of shaft fractures is remarkable (two cases after 2,500 operations) as well as the low incidence of loosening after primary operation. Complications occur much more frequently following exchange operations. The unit construction principle on which this type of prosthesis is based, offers great advantages in respect of surgical technique. It appears that the rotatory prosthesis is superior to other concepts with regard to wear and to stability of fixation.", "PMID": 685384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6407", "title": "[Standardization of implant materials shown by \"bone cement\". Comparative investigations in consideration of antibiotic admixtures (author's transl)].", "content": "Test methods for acrylic based bone-cements proposed by a draft international standard are approved by investigation of different bone cements. The cements showed different qualities and different mechanical properties. Added antibiotics slow down the polymerisation, possible influences to mechanical properties are covered by handlingcaused deviations. Pressure test and impact test are leading to different strength statements.", "contents": "[Standardization of implant materials shown by \"bone cement\". Comparative investigations in consideration of antibiotic admixtures (author's transl)]. Test methods for acrylic based bone-cements proposed by a draft international standard are approved by investigation of different bone cements. The cements showed different qualities and different mechanical properties. Added antibiotics slow down the polymerisation, possible influences to mechanical properties are covered by handlingcaused deviations. Pressure test and impact test are leading to different strength statements.", "PMID": 685385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6408", "title": "[Surgical treatment of the congenital femural defect by means of rotation plasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences made in 5 cases with Borggreve's rotation plasty have shown that in cases of congenital femural defects and exceptionally also in malignant bone tumors of the distal femur this method should be suggested to the patient as a possible therapy. By rotating and shortening of the leg, the ankle joint is converted to a new knee joint. With this method an active movement of the knee joint can be obtained, so that the fitting with a below knee prosthesis becomes possible.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of the congenital femural defect by means of rotation plasty (author's transl)]. Experiences made in 5 cases with Borggreve's rotation plasty have shown that in cases of congenital femural defects and exceptionally also in malignant bone tumors of the distal femur this method should be suggested to the patient as a possible therapy. By rotating and shortening of the leg, the ankle joint is converted to a new knee joint. With this method an active movement of the knee joint can be obtained, so that the fitting with a below knee prosthesis becomes possible.", "PMID": 685386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6409", "title": "[Investigations concerning the extension of the cartilage surface of the femoral head (author's transl)].", "content": "The extension of the cartilage surface of 30 human femoral heads was measured from the center of the fovea capitis. In ventrolateral direction of the fovea the largest extension of cartilage was observed, in the medical direction the lowest extension. The different arrangement of the cartilage distribution pattern on the medial head area resulted in three types: whereas type A had a continuous cartilage margin, type B showed an inlet in the direction of the fovea capitis, which, in type C, extended right up to the fovea as an area free of cartilage. The findings are considered under functional aspects and are related to the stress of the hip joint. A calculation of the cartilage area proved that the morphological geometric conditions for an enarthrosis are not fulfilled in all cases. These calculations were performed assuming both a spherical and a small ellipsoidal curvature of the head surface.", "contents": "[Investigations concerning the extension of the cartilage surface of the femoral head (author's transl)]. The extension of the cartilage surface of 30 human femoral heads was measured from the center of the fovea capitis. In ventrolateral direction of the fovea the largest extension of cartilage was observed, in the medical direction the lowest extension. The different arrangement of the cartilage distribution pattern on the medial head area resulted in three types: whereas type A had a continuous cartilage margin, type B showed an inlet in the direction of the fovea capitis, which, in type C, extended right up to the fovea as an area free of cartilage. The findings are considered under functional aspects and are related to the stress of the hip joint. A calculation of the cartilage area proved that the morphological geometric conditions for an enarthrosis are not fulfilled in all cases. These calculations were performed assuming both a spherical and a small ellipsoidal curvature of the head surface.", "PMID": 685387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6410", "title": "[Progressive slipping in severe spondylolisthesis-long-term observation (author's transl)].", "content": "In total consolidated dorsal fusion it is possible that the decreased intervertebral distance as well as the displacement can increase. 50 patients treated in the period from 1925 till 1977 with a spondylolisthesis of more than 50% have been reviewed. 36 of them were treated by a dorsal fusion, the 14 other patients without operation. Increased displacement was found in 43 cases. This phenomen will be brought about the deflective deformation of the dorsal fusion. Depending on the elasticity bone rebuilding under substinent biomechanical conditions is possible. In the course of time, total intercorporal consolidation leads to a difinitive stability and relief of pain.", "contents": "[Progressive slipping in severe spondylolisthesis-long-term observation (author's transl)]. In total consolidated dorsal fusion it is possible that the decreased intervertebral distance as well as the displacement can increase. 50 patients treated in the period from 1925 till 1977 with a spondylolisthesis of more than 50% have been reviewed. 36 of them were treated by a dorsal fusion, the 14 other patients without operation. Increased displacement was found in 43 cases. This phenomen will be brought about the deflective deformation of the dorsal fusion. Depending on the elasticity bone rebuilding under substinent biomechanical conditions is possible. In the course of time, total intercorporal consolidation leads to a difinitive stability and relief of pain.", "PMID": 685388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6411", "title": "[Problems of the little people (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems of the dwarfs are often not very well known. After reexamining 30 patients, we distributed an extensive questionaire to many other patients. The answers of 136 patients--examinated by punchcards--have given the information about the reason of their limited growth, their troubles and to questions of their familiar and professional integration. As expected most of the patients were those with achondroplasia. In babyhood the most important problem is the diagnosis. On the other hand the adult dwarfs come to the doctor for their complaints. The mostly seen complaints are backpains. It will be reported over postoperative reversible cases of paraplegia in case of narrow lumbar spinal canal and kyphosis. The most frequently carried on opperations are corrective osteotomies of the lower leg. The long-term results were mostly satisfactory. Apart from the medical problems were the social ones which were often as prominent. The patients are frequently lonely and in their profession overtaxed.", "contents": "[Problems of the little people (author's transl)]. The problems of the dwarfs are often not very well known. After reexamining 30 patients, we distributed an extensive questionaire to many other patients. The answers of 136 patients--examinated by punchcards--have given the information about the reason of their limited growth, their troubles and to questions of their familiar and professional integration. As expected most of the patients were those with achondroplasia. In babyhood the most important problem is the diagnosis. On the other hand the adult dwarfs come to the doctor for their complaints. The mostly seen complaints are backpains. It will be reported over postoperative reversible cases of paraplegia in case of narrow lumbar spinal canal and kyphosis. The most frequently carried on opperations are corrective osteotomies of the lower leg. The long-term results were mostly satisfactory. Apart from the medical problems were the social ones which were often as prominent. The patients are frequently lonely and in their profession overtaxed.", "PMID": 685390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6412", "title": "[Experiences with temporary epiphyseal stapling by Blount (author's transl)].", "content": "After an epiphyseal stapling (Blount 1949) on 93 patients a control was carried out in 87 cases. In this control age, growth prognosis and the growth after removing the staples were taken into consideration. The result shows various complications so that the patient will have to undergo a second anf finally a third operation. Through these repeated operations the difference of the leg length could be shortened, but the results were not up to expectations. On the whole, a clear prognosis was difficult to determine and on nearly a third of the patients the difference of the length could not be corrected under 2.0 centimeters. The epiphyseal stapling is connected with too many risks and complications. It may be carried out in seldom special cases. For the treatment of the difference of the leg length there are today safer and less complicated operating-methods.", "contents": "[Experiences with temporary epiphyseal stapling by Blount (author's transl)]. After an epiphyseal stapling (Blount 1949) on 93 patients a control was carried out in 87 cases. In this control age, growth prognosis and the growth after removing the staples were taken into consideration. The result shows various complications so that the patient will have to undergo a second anf finally a third operation. Through these repeated operations the difference of the leg length could be shortened, but the results were not up to expectations. On the whole, a clear prognosis was difficult to determine and on nearly a third of the patients the difference of the length could not be corrected under 2.0 centimeters. The epiphyseal stapling is connected with too many risks and complications. It may be carried out in seldom special cases. For the treatment of the difference of the leg length there are today safer and less complicated operating-methods.", "PMID": 685391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6413", "title": "[Epidermoid cyst of the tibia (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report on a large epidermoid cyst in the proximal tibia in a 42-year old woman. Scrutiny of the available literature shows that this is the first recorded case of an epidermoid cyst in a long bone.", "contents": "[Epidermoid cyst of the tibia (author's transl)]. Case report on a large epidermoid cyst in the proximal tibia in a 42-year old woman. Scrutiny of the available literature shows that this is the first recorded case of an epidermoid cyst in a long bone.", "PMID": 685392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6414", "title": "[On translocation surgery of the tendon of the musculus peroneus brevis (M. fibularis brevis) in clubfoot (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reports on the basis of long-term observations on an old surgical method which used to be practised in infants before arthrolysis around the anklebone (pantalar arthrolysis) was employed in the treatment of insufficient lifting of the outer edge of the foot in clubfoot recidivation. This old surgical method consisted of translocating the tendon of the m. peroneus brevis (m. fibularis brevis) before the outer ankle bone. The method is described, and its mode of action is discussed. Results obtained with 14 operations of this kind, are presented.", "contents": "[On translocation surgery of the tendon of the musculus peroneus brevis (M. fibularis brevis) in clubfoot (author's transl)]. The paper reports on the basis of long-term observations on an old surgical method which used to be practised in infants before arthrolysis around the anklebone (pantalar arthrolysis) was employed in the treatment of insufficient lifting of the outer edge of the foot in clubfoot recidivation. This old surgical method consisted of translocating the tendon of the m. peroneus brevis (m. fibularis brevis) before the outer ankle bone. The method is described, and its mode of action is discussed. Results obtained with 14 operations of this kind, are presented.", "PMID": 685393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6415", "title": "[A rare type of block formation of lumbar vertebrae in a top-performance sportswoman (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on a block formation in the lumbar vertebrae of a woman athletic. In the authors' opinion, such an anomaly has not yet been described. The article demonstrates on the basis of a detailed descussion of developmental anatomy that the block formation extended from L 3 to L 5, L 4 being merely a \"quarter vertebra\". The findings and the complaints resulting thereform prompt the authors to demand that in persons aspiring to become top-performance sporstmen. The locomotor system must be subjected to a thorough examination.", "contents": "[A rare type of block formation of lumbar vertebrae in a top-performance sportswoman (author's transl)]. The article reports on a block formation in the lumbar vertebrae of a woman athletic. In the authors' opinion, such an anomaly has not yet been described. The article demonstrates on the basis of a detailed descussion of developmental anatomy that the block formation extended from L 3 to L 5, L 4 being merely a \"quarter vertebra\". The findings and the complaints resulting thereform prompt the authors to demand that in persons aspiring to become top-performance sporstmen. The locomotor system must be subjected to a thorough examination.", "PMID": 685394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6416", "title": "[Development and functional anatomy of the human elbow joint (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the general function of the upper limb the importance of the human elbow joint is discussed including phylogenetic aspects. The ontogenesis of this joint is analysed by serially sectioned human embryos of different stages. The important period is at the end of the second month, as the articular elements are formed at this time. The density distribution of the subchondral bone of the elbow joint corresponds to the results from photoelastic models. They are compared with the stress diagrams calculated by Pauwels. The density distribution of the articulating elements corresponds to the local stress. The analysis of the elbow joint of children of different ages shows, that there is no basis connection between the shape of the different formed articular surfaces of the ulna and the orientation of the epiphyseal plate. For the structural changes of the articular surfaces in the incisura trochlearis ulnae functional explanations are given with regard to Pauwels' deductions on the mechanical stress and the hypothesis on the causal histogenesis.", "contents": "[Development and functional anatomy of the human elbow joint (author's transl)]. According to the general function of the upper limb the importance of the human elbow joint is discussed including phylogenetic aspects. The ontogenesis of this joint is analysed by serially sectioned human embryos of different stages. The important period is at the end of the second month, as the articular elements are formed at this time. The density distribution of the subchondral bone of the elbow joint corresponds to the results from photoelastic models. They are compared with the stress diagrams calculated by Pauwels. The density distribution of the articulating elements corresponds to the local stress. The analysis of the elbow joint of children of different ages shows, that there is no basis connection between the shape of the different formed articular surfaces of the ulna and the orientation of the epiphyseal plate. For the structural changes of the articular surfaces in the incisura trochlearis ulnae functional explanations are given with regard to Pauwels' deductions on the mechanical stress and the hypothesis on the causal histogenesis.", "PMID": 685395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6417", "title": "[The fixing shoe with rolling sole (arthrodesis shoe) with interchangeable built-in-element (author's transl)].", "content": "The fixing shoe with rolling sole (arthrodesis shoe) serves to ensure pain-free or at least tolerably painless walking in case of changes due to arthrosis or lesion sequelae in the ankle joints or the tarsus. This is achieved by means of a high shaft of adequate strength, an accurate bedding of the foot, and a rolling sole with sufficient lift at the tip. This shoe is indicated in cases where the load alone is well tolerated whereas load in conjunction with movement produces pain. Several types of these orthopedic shoes have been developed. Of these, the model with interchangeable built-in element has proved most successful in the authors' experience. This built-in element consists of a drummed (milled) cap reinforced with cast resin, and a cork bedding. This removable or interchangeable unit is advantageous compared with a firmly integrated system insofar as any changes or repairs can be effected easily and at a lower cost.", "contents": "[The fixing shoe with rolling sole (arthrodesis shoe) with interchangeable built-in-element (author's transl)]. The fixing shoe with rolling sole (arthrodesis shoe) serves to ensure pain-free or at least tolerably painless walking in case of changes due to arthrosis or lesion sequelae in the ankle joints or the tarsus. This is achieved by means of a high shaft of adequate strength, an accurate bedding of the foot, and a rolling sole with sufficient lift at the tip. This shoe is indicated in cases where the load alone is well tolerated whereas load in conjunction with movement produces pain. Several types of these orthopedic shoes have been developed. Of these, the model with interchangeable built-in element has proved most successful in the authors' experience. This built-in element consists of a drummed (milled) cap reinforced with cast resin, and a cork bedding. This removable or interchangeable unit is advantageous compared with a firmly integrated system insofar as any changes or repairs can be effected easily and at a lower cost.", "PMID": 685396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6418", "title": "[Functional treatment of beginning hallux valgus with a special sandal (Schlaufensandale) (author's transl)].", "content": "A special sandal for the early treatment of hallux valgus is described. The deviation of the hallux is corrected by traction and brought to a middle position. Active correction is effective with every step.", "contents": "[Functional treatment of beginning hallux valgus with a special sandal (Schlaufensandale) (author's transl)]. A special sandal for the early treatment of hallux valgus is described. The deviation of the hallux is corrected by traction and brought to a middle position. Active correction is effective with every step.", "PMID": 685397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6419", "title": "Medical self-care: an old remedy recurs.", "content": "Beginning in the 1960s, Virginia was the site of pioneering efforts in medical self-care education. The author traces the history of this concept, the reasons for its current popularity, and the benefits it can yield to both physicians and patients.", "contents": "Medical self-care: an old remedy recurs. Beginning in the 1960s, Virginia was the site of pioneering efforts in medical self-care education. The author traces the history of this concept, the reasons for its current popularity, and the benefits it can yield to both physicians and patients.", "PMID": 685416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6420", "title": "Hypertensive crisis and phencyclidine abuse.", "content": "This report of a case in Virginia suggests linkage between the abuse of a \"street drug\" by a young woman and an acute episode of hypertension resulting in coma and blindness. The authors warn of the potential dangers of phencyclidine and describe its mechanisms.", "contents": "Hypertensive crisis and phencyclidine abuse. This report of a case in Virginia suggests linkage between the abuse of a \"street drug\" by a young woman and an acute episode of hypertension resulting in coma and blindness. The authors warn of the potential dangers of phencyclidine and describe its mechanisms.", "PMID": 685417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6421", "title": "Ectopic pregnancy and the intrauterine contraceptive device.", "content": "The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is greater among patients with IUD in situ than among women in general. Four cases are reported, and the clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Ectopic pregnancy and the intrauterine contraceptive device. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is greater among patients with IUD in situ than among women in general. Four cases are reported, and the clinical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 685418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6422", "title": "The uses of myelography in the diagnosis of disc disease.", "content": "\"There are three main advantages in the preoperative myelogram for disc lesions: It confirms the diagnosis of disc lesion, excludes tumor, and defines the exact level of the pathologic lesion.\"", "contents": "The uses of myelography in the diagnosis of disc disease. \"There are three main advantages in the preoperative myelogram for disc lesions: It confirms the diagnosis of disc lesion, excludes tumor, and defines the exact level of the pathologic lesion.\"", "PMID": 685419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6423", "title": "Degradation of aflatoxin by lactoperoxidase.", "content": "Three concentrations of lactoperoxidase, 5, 50, and 500 units/ml of reaction mixture, degraded aflatoxin in the presence of 225 micrometer NaCl and 50 micrometer H2O2 at 28 degrees C. Increasing the amount of lactoperoxidase from 50 to 500 units/ml of reaction mixture resulted in increasing the rate of degradation of aflatoxin B1 from 3.6 to 5.1%/24 h. When comparable amounts of lactoperoxidase were present, aflatoxin G1 was degraded approximately 1.5 times faster than was aflatoxin B1. At a given concentration of lactoperoxidase, aflatoxin degradation was independent of initial aflatoxin concentration. Derivatives that cochromatographed with aflatoxin B2a and derivatives that were water soluble were the major degradation products of aflatoxin B1. Similar derivatives, but in greater proportions, were noted as degradation products that resulted from activity of a blendure of mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus.", "contents": "Degradation of aflatoxin by lactoperoxidase. Three concentrations of lactoperoxidase, 5, 50, and 500 units/ml of reaction mixture, degraded aflatoxin in the presence of 225 micrometer NaCl and 50 micrometer H2O2 at 28 degrees C. Increasing the amount of lactoperoxidase from 50 to 500 units/ml of reaction mixture resulted in increasing the rate of degradation of aflatoxin B1 from 3.6 to 5.1%/24 h. When comparable amounts of lactoperoxidase were present, aflatoxin G1 was degraded approximately 1.5 times faster than was aflatoxin B1. At a given concentration of lactoperoxidase, aflatoxin degradation was independent of initial aflatoxin concentration. Derivatives that cochromatographed with aflatoxin B2a and derivatives that were water soluble were the major degradation products of aflatoxin B1. Similar derivatives, but in greater proportions, were noted as degradation products that resulted from activity of a blendure of mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus.", "PMID": 685475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6424", "title": "Evaluating the inhibitory action of honey on fungal growth, sporulation, and aflatoxin production.", "content": "Unprocessed honey was inoculated with toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus NRRL 5862 and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999. The fungi grew and sporulated in varying amounts of honey diluted with water, but none of the cultures produced detectable levels of aflatoxin. Growth and subsequent sporulation were seen only in media containing up to and including 60% of honey. Media having 40% of honey showed growth and sporulation by day two. Neither species of Aspergillus produced toxins even in 10% honey. These results confirm our earlier observations that pure honey inhibited fungal growth and now even diluted honey seems capable of inhibiting toxin production or possibly neutralizing it. The general procedures recommended by the AOAC for extraction and thin layer chromatography were applied successfully in analyzing the honey substrate for aflatoxin.", "contents": "Evaluating the inhibitory action of honey on fungal growth, sporulation, and aflatoxin production. Unprocessed honey was inoculated with toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus NRRL 5862 and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999. The fungi grew and sporulated in varying amounts of honey diluted with water, but none of the cultures produced detectable levels of aflatoxin. Growth and subsequent sporulation were seen only in media containing up to and including 60% of honey. Media having 40% of honey showed growth and sporulation by day two. Neither species of Aspergillus produced toxins even in 10% honey. These results confirm our earlier observations that pure honey inhibited fungal growth and now even diluted honey seems capable of inhibiting toxin production or possibly neutralizing it. The general procedures recommended by the AOAC for extraction and thin layer chromatography were applied successfully in analyzing the honey substrate for aflatoxin.", "PMID": 685476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6425", "title": "[Detection of estrogen residues in meat by thin layer chromatography and fluorimetry (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of six anabolic substances is described. The analytical procedure consists of the following steps: comminution of the meat sample; homogenisation with tetrahydrofurane; liquid-liquid partition between sodium hydroxide solution and petroleum ether/benzene; chromatography of the estrogen containing fraction on Sephadex LH-20; derivatization with Dansyl chloride; and finally thin layer chromatography. The qualitative estimation on the TLC-plate is performed with 366 nm ultra violet light. The quantitative determination is carried out either by fluorimetry after elution of the substances from the plate, or by means of a remission spectral fluorimeter directly on the plate. The detection limit of the qualitative estimation in meat extracts was 5--10 ppb. A minimum concentration of 20--50 ppb is necessary for quantitative determination.", "contents": "[Detection of estrogen residues in meat by thin layer chromatography and fluorimetry (author's transl)]. A new method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of six anabolic substances is described. The analytical procedure consists of the following steps: comminution of the meat sample; homogenisation with tetrahydrofurane; liquid-liquid partition between sodium hydroxide solution and petroleum ether/benzene; chromatography of the estrogen containing fraction on Sephadex LH-20; derivatization with Dansyl chloride; and finally thin layer chromatography. The qualitative estimation on the TLC-plate is performed with 366 nm ultra violet light. The quantitative determination is carried out either by fluorimetry after elution of the substances from the plate, or by means of a remission spectral fluorimeter directly on the plate. The detection limit of the qualitative estimation in meat extracts was 5--10 ppb. A minimum concentration of 20--50 ppb is necessary for quantitative determination.", "PMID": 685477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6426", "title": "[The particular solution state of processed casein (author's transl)].", "content": "Processed casein manufactured with melting salts has properties which are not consisted with a solution of casein in water. The specific partial volume of the water VW = 1.061 cm3/g is clearly increased compared with pure water (VW = 1.00177 cm3/g). The activity of the water aW is greater than 1 instead of less than 1. The irregularities are explained by a solution state which is comparable to an inverted solution. That means that by melting salts in the melt water is absorbed from casein. Water now becomes the solute, whose cohesive forces are decreased. The result is an increase of the partial volume and a higher water activity.", "contents": "[The particular solution state of processed casein (author's transl)]. Processed casein manufactured with melting salts has properties which are not consisted with a solution of casein in water. The specific partial volume of the water VW = 1.061 cm3/g is clearly increased compared with pure water (VW = 1.00177 cm3/g). The activity of the water aW is greater than 1 instead of less than 1. The irregularities are explained by a solution state which is comparable to an inverted solution. That means that by melting salts in the melt water is absorbed from casein. Water now becomes the solute, whose cohesive forces are decreased. The result is an increase of the partial volume and a higher water activity.", "PMID": 685478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6427", "title": "[The application of numerical toxonomy for the classification of wines (author's transl)].", "content": "Monovariate and multivariate methods for clustering of wines according to origin, grape variety and vintage year (representing) climate are compared. The multivariate method which is described makes it possible to find similarities especially related to origin and is superior to a monovariate analysis.", "contents": "[The application of numerical toxonomy for the classification of wines (author's transl)]. Monovariate and multivariate methods for clustering of wines according to origin, grape variety and vintage year (representing) climate are compared. The multivariate method which is described makes it possible to find similarities especially related to origin and is superior to a monovariate analysis.", "PMID": 685479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6428", "title": "[The microscopical identification of fruits from Gevuina avellana Molina (author's transl)].", "content": "The fruits of Gevuina avellana Molina, which in Chile are eaten like hazel-nuts, were subjected to microscopic examination. There are several anatomical characteristics, useful for differentiation. The anatomy of these nuts was then compared with that of hazel-nuts (Corylus avellana L.) is added.", "contents": "[The microscopical identification of fruits from Gevuina avellana Molina (author's transl)]. The fruits of Gevuina avellana Molina, which in Chile are eaten like hazel-nuts, were subjected to microscopic examination. There are several anatomical characteristics, useful for differentiation. The anatomy of these nuts was then compared with that of hazel-nuts (Corylus avellana L.) is added.", "PMID": 685480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6429", "title": "[Principles and problems of evaluation of results in health education].", "content": "The goals of health education are the following: 1. Increase of knowledge about physical and psychological health; diseases and their causes; and possibilities of prevention. 2. Favorable influence on attitudes concerning health problems. 3. Influence on health behavior (nutrition, smoking, way of life, exercise). In school health education and in particular in adult health education, emphasis is usually put on communication by means of lectures, brochures, newspaper articles, radio and television. However, the effectiveness of such measures is not well known. Especially, it is not clear whether the transmission of knowledge in the particular fields brings along a lasting effect on attitudes and behavior of individuals or society. Outcome evaluation in health education requires short-term, but mainly long-term studies designed according to epidemiologic principles. The groups of persons suitable for testing in accordance with the health education programs have to be compared with groups not exposed to these health education measures. Not only immediate but also long-term outcome should be evaluated. Among the difficulties inherent in such a design are the precise execution of the health education programs, the surveillance of the test and comparison groups, long-term follow-up, and especially the identification and investigation of person groups suitable for study or comparison purposes. The problems inherent in health education evaluation are illustrated by practical examples.", "contents": "[Principles and problems of evaluation of results in health education]. The goals of health education are the following: 1. Increase of knowledge about physical and psychological health; diseases and their causes; and possibilities of prevention. 2. Favorable influence on attitudes concerning health problems. 3. Influence on health behavior (nutrition, smoking, way of life, exercise). In school health education and in particular in adult health education, emphasis is usually put on communication by means of lectures, brochures, newspaper articles, radio and television. However, the effectiveness of such measures is not well known. Especially, it is not clear whether the transmission of knowledge in the particular fields brings along a lasting effect on attitudes and behavior of individuals or society. Outcome evaluation in health education requires short-term, but mainly long-term studies designed according to epidemiologic principles. The groups of persons suitable for testing in accordance with the health education programs have to be compared with groups not exposed to these health education measures. Not only immediate but also long-term outcome should be evaluated. Among the difficulties inherent in such a design are the precise execution of the health education programs, the surveillance of the test and comparison groups, long-term follow-up, and especially the identification and investigation of person groups suitable for study or comparison purposes. The problems inherent in health education evaluation are illustrated by practical examples.", "PMID": 685481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6430", "title": "[Health services as a study object: preconditions, principles, applications].", "content": "The call for more research in health care delivery has increased with the rising cost of medical care. Since the end of the fifties, a new research direction is identifying itself primarily in the Anglo-Saxon literature: Health Services Research. Examples discussed include results of Health Services Research regarding the diffusion of medical technology and the mechanisms to control costs of health services. These and similar results from special studies on average length of stay and utilization of hospital beds show that Health Services Research should develop from primarily descriptive studies into an analytical and experimental discipline in order to provide clues to the pressing problems of the delivery of medical care.", "contents": "[Health services as a study object: preconditions, principles, applications]. The call for more research in health care delivery has increased with the rising cost of medical care. Since the end of the fifties, a new research direction is identifying itself primarily in the Anglo-Saxon literature: Health Services Research. Examples discussed include results of Health Services Research regarding the diffusion of medical technology and the mechanisms to control costs of health services. These and similar results from special studies on average length of stay and utilization of hospital beds show that Health Services Research should develop from primarily descriptive studies into an analytical and experimental discipline in order to provide clues to the pressing problems of the delivery of medical care.", "PMID": 685493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6431", "title": "[Studies on health services--European outline].", "content": "Health Services Research is the systematic investigation and evaluation of the health services with respect to their availability, accessibility, coverage, effectiveness, efficiency, utilization and costs. Although some important developments like the introduction of national health insurance or the creation of a national health service led in given European countries to limited efforts in Health Services Research it has only been recently that the need for such research has become recognized. The cost explosion in health care and growing doubts about the effectiveness of given health care interventions provide leverage for a greater effort in Health Services Research. The World Health Organization created in 1977 the European Advisory Committee for Medical Research and Health Services Research. This Committee has identified five priority areas for research: 1. standardization of methods, measurements and terminology in biomedical and health services research 2. prevention, prophylaxis and early detection 3. evaluation of drugs and other therapeutic and diagnostic substances 4. problems in health care delivery 5. economic aspects of health care Adressing these problems will call at the national level for the development of a critical mass of capable health services researchers. It will also require substantial financial resources.", "contents": "[Studies on health services--European outline]. Health Services Research is the systematic investigation and evaluation of the health services with respect to their availability, accessibility, coverage, effectiveness, efficiency, utilization and costs. Although some important developments like the introduction of national health insurance or the creation of a national health service led in given European countries to limited efforts in Health Services Research it has only been recently that the need for such research has become recognized. The cost explosion in health care and growing doubts about the effectiveness of given health care interventions provide leverage for a greater effort in Health Services Research. The World Health Organization created in 1977 the European Advisory Committee for Medical Research and Health Services Research. This Committee has identified five priority areas for research: 1. standardization of methods, measurements and terminology in biomedical and health services research 2. prevention, prophylaxis and early detection 3. evaluation of drugs and other therapeutic and diagnostic substances 4. problems in health care delivery 5. economic aspects of health care Adressing these problems will call at the national level for the development of a critical mass of capable health services researchers. It will also require substantial financial resources.", "PMID": 685494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6432", "title": "[The notion of effectiveness in the health field].", "content": "The author emphasizes the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach in the field of exploring efficiency of the health system. He attempts to show how the notion of efficiency depends on the degree of aggregation of the considered components of the health system.", "contents": "[The notion of effectiveness in the health field]. The author emphasizes the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach in the field of exploring efficiency of the health system. He attempts to show how the notion of efficiency depends on the degree of aggregation of the considered components of the health system.", "PMID": 685495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6433", "title": "[Scientific theory and planning in the health fields].", "content": "One of the most important function of philosophy of science is to elucidate terms and to discuss the possibilities to decide about values--both problems have practical relevance for the interaction between science, policy and politics in planning. Within planning theory it is striking, that in most cases the critical point of rationality is not treated adequately. Organization, functions and norms in the field of science and administration decide upon the forms of cooperation of social medicine in planning.", "contents": "[Scientific theory and planning in the health fields]. One of the most important function of philosophy of science is to elucidate terms and to discuss the possibilities to decide about values--both problems have practical relevance for the interaction between science, policy and politics in planning. Within planning theory it is striking, that in most cases the critical point of rationality is not treated adequately. Organization, functions and norms in the field of science and administration decide upon the forms of cooperation of social medicine in planning.", "PMID": 685496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6434", "title": "Polymorphism of the red cell acid-phosphatase in Tuscany by starch-gel thin layer electrophoresis and fluorogenic substrate.", "content": "The red cell acid-phosphatase types were determined in 495 individuals from Tuscany, Italy. The observed frequencies of the three alleles are: ACPA1 = 0.271; ACPB1 = 0.665 and ACPC1 = 0.064. The results obtained by starch-gel thin layer electrophoresis and 4 methyl-umbelliferyl-phosphate as fluorogenic substrate are very satisfactory for forensic purposes also.", "contents": "Polymorphism of the red cell acid-phosphatase in Tuscany by starch-gel thin layer electrophoresis and fluorogenic substrate. The red cell acid-phosphatase types were determined in 495 individuals from Tuscany, Italy. The observed frequencies of the three alleles are: ACPA1 = 0.271; ACPB1 = 0.665 and ACPC1 = 0.064. The results obtained by starch-gel thin layer electrophoresis and 4 methyl-umbelliferyl-phosphate as fluorogenic substrate are very satisfactory for forensic purposes also.", "PMID": 685497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6435", "title": "[Hemobilia--a contribution to vital reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "In 60 autopsies, with and without ante- or postmortem liver injuries bile was analyzed for its blood content, by UV-spectrophotometry. A microhemobilia was found in 20 cases and a visible macro-hemobilia in one case. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the hemobilia are discussed. If artefacts are taken into account, the two forms of hemobilia can be regarded as a vital reaction.", "contents": "[Hemobilia--a contribution to vital reaction (author's transl)]. In 60 autopsies, with and without ante- or postmortem liver injuries bile was analyzed for its blood content, by UV-spectrophotometry. A microhemobilia was found in 20 cases and a visible macro-hemobilia in one case. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the hemobilia are discussed. If artefacts are taken into account, the two forms of hemobilia can be regarded as a vital reaction.", "PMID": 685498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6436", "title": "[About the polymorphisms of esterase D and glyoxalase I and their forensic application (author's transl)].", "content": "Phenotypes of esterase D and glyoxalase I were determined electrophoretically in samples from Northern Germany. Gene frequencies: EsD1 = 0,889 (n = 1430), GLO1 = 0,415 (n = 865). The data of 295 (EsD) and 153 (GLO) mother/child combinations were in full accordance with the genetic model of two codominant alleles at an autosomal locus. Esterase D typing has proved successful in bloodstains up to three weeks old. The forensic scope of serological systems is discussed intensively. According to our own data and the results presented in the literature esterase D and glyoxalase I have proved to be useful additional markers for use in cases of disputed paternity.", "contents": "[About the polymorphisms of esterase D and glyoxalase I and their forensic application (author's transl)]. Phenotypes of esterase D and glyoxalase I were determined electrophoretically in samples from Northern Germany. Gene frequencies: EsD1 = 0,889 (n = 1430), GLO1 = 0,415 (n = 865). The data of 295 (EsD) and 153 (GLO) mother/child combinations were in full accordance with the genetic model of two codominant alleles at an autosomal locus. Esterase D typing has proved successful in bloodstains up to three weeks old. The forensic scope of serological systems is discussed intensively. According to our own data and the results presented in the literature esterase D and glyoxalase I have proved to be useful additional markers for use in cases of disputed paternity.", "PMID": 685499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6437", "title": "[Highly different values for the plausibility of fatherhood and for the exclusion chance (author's transl)].", "content": "More than 1800 HLA-typed mother-child-putative father triplets were biostatistically analyzed on the basis of the Essen-M\u00f6ller principle. 14 of them had W-values (= probability of paternity) of less than 50%, the lowest value being 4,4%. Using a specially designed computer program, exclusion probabilities between 68 and 96% were calculated. This demonstrates (a) that nonexclusion is not necessarily in every case a positive indication of the paternity of the man involved; and (b) that the probability of exclusion as a biological method of establishing paternity is not a suitable piece of evidence. The W-value (= \"probability of paternity\"), obtained on the basis of the Essen-M\u00f6ller principle, provides complete information, and is alone conclusive.--The high proportion of non-fullhouse children among the 14 cases allows the conclusion that the more comprehensive the specificity spectrum of the antiserums used in the typing is, the fewer the number of such cases.", "contents": "[Highly different values for the plausibility of fatherhood and for the exclusion chance (author's transl)]. More than 1800 HLA-typed mother-child-putative father triplets were biostatistically analyzed on the basis of the Essen-M\u00f6ller principle. 14 of them had W-values (= probability of paternity) of less than 50%, the lowest value being 4,4%. Using a specially designed computer program, exclusion probabilities between 68 and 96% were calculated. This demonstrates (a) that nonexclusion is not necessarily in every case a positive indication of the paternity of the man involved; and (b) that the probability of exclusion as a biological method of establishing paternity is not a suitable piece of evidence. The W-value (= \"probability of paternity\"), obtained on the basis of the Essen-M\u00f6ller principle, provides complete information, and is alone conclusive.--The high proportion of non-fullhouse children among the 14 cases allows the conclusion that the more comprehensive the specificity spectrum of the antiserums used in the typing is, the fewer the number of such cases.", "PMID": 685501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6438", "title": "[Spontaneous pneumothorax and tension pneumothorax as causes of sudden death (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on the pathological--anatomical findings on 4 persons, having died suddenly with a spontaneous pneumothorax. The relative frequency of cases and the clinical picture of the illness, stress the importance of this not unusual, but only by post-mortem examination verifyable, cause of death.", "contents": "[Spontaneous pneumothorax and tension pneumothorax as causes of sudden death (author's transl)]. Report on the pathological--anatomical findings on 4 persons, having died suddenly with a spontaneous pneumothorax. The relative frequency of cases and the clinical picture of the illness, stress the importance of this not unusual, but only by post-mortem examination verifyable, cause of death.", "PMID": 685502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6439", "title": "[On two cases of lethal trichloroethylene intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "Two lethal cases of inhalation of vapors containing trichloroethylene are reported. The results of autopsy and of histological and toxicological examinations indicated a long lasting exposure and survival time.", "contents": "[On two cases of lethal trichloroethylene intoxication (author's transl)]. Two lethal cases of inhalation of vapors containing trichloroethylene are reported. The results of autopsy and of histological and toxicological examinations indicated a long lasting exposure and survival time.", "PMID": 685503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6440", "title": "[Traumatic thrombosis of the carotis artery (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of an 51-year-old man, who died about 24 hrs after having tried to commit suicide by hanging is reported. Death was caused by rupture of an arteriosclerotic layer in the left carotis communis artery with consecutive intramural bleeding and thrombosis of the left carotis communis, carotis interna and carotis externa arteries. In this respect another case of an injury of the neck and thrombosis of the carotis interna artery is reported. On the basis of these two cases the clinical and legal importance of diagnosis and causal connexion are discussed.", "contents": "[Traumatic thrombosis of the carotis artery (author's transl)]. The case of an 51-year-old man, who died about 24 hrs after having tried to commit suicide by hanging is reported. Death was caused by rupture of an arteriosclerotic layer in the left carotis communis artery with consecutive intramural bleeding and thrombosis of the left carotis communis, carotis interna and carotis externa arteries. In this respect another case of an injury of the neck and thrombosis of the carotis interna artery is reported. On the basis of these two cases the clinical and legal importance of diagnosis and causal connexion are discussed.", "PMID": 685504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6441", "title": "[The influence of alcohol on central nervous compensating mechanisms following labyrinthic lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of alcohol on mechanisms compensating for labyrinthine lesions was studied in 180 guinea-pigs. The animals were subjected to either unilateral or to successive bilateral labyrinthectomy which was induced by an injection of chloroform into the middle ear. No significant influences of alcohol on vestibular compensation were found up to alcohol levels of 1g/kg. Dosages higher than 2 g/kg exerted inhibitory effects on compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy. Compensation after successive bilateral labyrinthine lesions could not clearly be influenced. In animals which had achieved natural compensation after labyrinthectomy alcohol dosages of 0,5--1 g/kg re-elicited some of the formerly present symptoms. The data presented are interpreted with regard to their significance for the action of alcohol patients with cerebral dysfunction.", "contents": "[The influence of alcohol on central nervous compensating mechanisms following labyrinthic lesions (author's transl)]. The influence of alcohol on mechanisms compensating for labyrinthine lesions was studied in 180 guinea-pigs. The animals were subjected to either unilateral or to successive bilateral labyrinthectomy which was induced by an injection of chloroform into the middle ear. No significant influences of alcohol on vestibular compensation were found up to alcohol levels of 1g/kg. Dosages higher than 2 g/kg exerted inhibitory effects on compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy. Compensation after successive bilateral labyrinthine lesions could not clearly be influenced. In animals which had achieved natural compensation after labyrinthectomy alcohol dosages of 0,5--1 g/kg re-elicited some of the formerly present symptoms. The data presented are interpreted with regard to their significance for the action of alcohol patients with cerebral dysfunction.", "PMID": 685505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6442", "title": "[The polymorphism of human erythrocytic esterase D. Phenotype distribution and gene frequency in Northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein); description of an Es D 4 family (author's transl)].", "content": "A good correlation between the actual phenotype distribution of esterase D and the expected distribution was found in the analysis of a random sample of 2028 unrelated persons, 54 umbilical cord blood samples, 406 mother/child comparisons, 24 family investigations, one fraternal and 32 identical twin investigations. The assume gene frequencies in Northern Germany were calculated for Es D1 =0.8935 and Es D2 =0.1065 for an aggregate sampling. Gene defects were not observed, and one family exhibited the variant Es D4 in the father (Es D 4--1) and son (Es D 4--2). Likewise, these phenotypes distinctly distinguish themselves by electrofocusing from the phenotypes Es D 1, Es D 2--1, and Es D 2.", "contents": "[The polymorphism of human erythrocytic esterase D. Phenotype distribution and gene frequency in Northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein); description of an Es D 4 family (author's transl)]. A good correlation between the actual phenotype distribution of esterase D and the expected distribution was found in the analysis of a random sample of 2028 unrelated persons, 54 umbilical cord blood samples, 406 mother/child comparisons, 24 family investigations, one fraternal and 32 identical twin investigations. The assume gene frequencies in Northern Germany were calculated for Es D1 =0.8935 and Es D2 =0.1065 for an aggregate sampling. Gene defects were not observed, and one family exhibited the variant Es D4 in the father (Es D 4--1) and son (Es D 4--2). Likewise, these phenotypes distinctly distinguish themselves by electrofocusing from the phenotypes Es D 1, Es D 2--1, and Es D 2.", "PMID": 685506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6443", "title": "[Pituitary changes after craniocerebral injuries and their correlation to localisation and time of surviving (author's transl)].", "content": "62 pituitary glands were examined after craniocerebral injuries of different seriousness. Primary and secondary changes of the pituitary gland depend on localisation and direction of violence, dimension of intracranial haemorrhage and other cerebral changes, therapeutical measures and time of surviving. Primary pituitary lesions occur likewise with isolated fractures of the calvarium and facial skull, but also without fractures of the skull. On the other hand fractures of the base of the skull including the sella do not necessarily result in traumatic pituitary lesions.", "contents": "[Pituitary changes after craniocerebral injuries and their correlation to localisation and time of surviving (author's transl)]. 62 pituitary glands were examined after craniocerebral injuries of different seriousness. Primary and secondary changes of the pituitary gland depend on localisation and direction of violence, dimension of intracranial haemorrhage and other cerebral changes, therapeutical measures and time of surviving. Primary pituitary lesions occur likewise with isolated fractures of the calvarium and facial skull, but also without fractures of the skull. On the other hand fractures of the base of the skull including the sella do not necessarily result in traumatic pituitary lesions.", "PMID": 685507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6444", "title": "[Lesions of the cervical spine caused by suicidal hanging (author's transl)].", "content": "In 107 cases of suicidal hanging the CVC was investigated systematically. A frequency of lesions at a rate of 65% was found. There were only soft-tissue-lesions with the maximum in C 5/6. The 2nd maximum was the occipito-atlanto-axis-region (C 0/2). This distribution depends on traction. Particularly in the dorsal part the loss of lordosis results from traction. The lesion of C 0/2 is caused by tension due to the weight of the head or by hyperextension due to submental position of the node. 20% of cases showed additional lesions in various locations, which are thought to be results of terminal convulsions.", "contents": "[Lesions of the cervical spine caused by suicidal hanging (author's transl)]. In 107 cases of suicidal hanging the CVC was investigated systematically. A frequency of lesions at a rate of 65% was found. There were only soft-tissue-lesions with the maximum in C 5/6. The 2nd maximum was the occipito-atlanto-axis-region (C 0/2). This distribution depends on traction. Particularly in the dorsal part the loss of lordosis results from traction. The lesion of C 0/2 is caused by tension due to the weight of the head or by hyperextension due to submental position of the node. 20% of cases showed additional lesions in various locations, which are thought to be results of terminal convulsions.", "PMID": 685508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6445", "title": "[Deadly scald or Lyell syndrome? (author's transl)].", "content": "The changes of skin of the Lyell Syndrome have an extreme likeness with those of a 2nd degree scald. As this illness is more frequently observed as of late, it may get forensic importance. Based on the case of a man, 48 years of age, who suddenly died without previous diagnosis and therapy the aetiologic and morphological problems are discussed.", "contents": "[Deadly scald or Lyell syndrome? (author's transl)]. The changes of skin of the Lyell Syndrome have an extreme likeness with those of a 2nd degree scald. As this illness is more frequently observed as of late, it may get forensic importance. Based on the case of a man, 48 years of age, who suddenly died without previous diagnosis and therapy the aetiologic and morphological problems are discussed.", "PMID": 685510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6446", "title": "[Monitoring of the clinical and morphological course of glomerulonephritis].", "content": "It is reported on the clinical and morphological course of 50 patients with glomerulonephritis. The period of observation extended from 6 months to 10 years. The judgment of the clinical and morphological course was done on the basis of the laboratory findings or by means of the control biopsy. In the period of observation 36 patients were treated with different medicaments, whereas 14 patients were observed without treatment. A positive success of the therapy could not be recognized in the group of patients described the clinical and morphological course in the patients is described and the author adopts a definite attitude to the necessity of control biopsies.", "contents": "[Monitoring of the clinical and morphological course of glomerulonephritis]. It is reported on the clinical and morphological course of 50 patients with glomerulonephritis. The period of observation extended from 6 months to 10 years. The judgment of the clinical and morphological course was done on the basis of the laboratory findings or by means of the control biopsy. In the period of observation 36 patients were treated with different medicaments, whereas 14 patients were observed without treatment. A positive success of the therapy could not be recognized in the group of patients described the clinical and morphological course in the patients is described and the author adopts a definite attitude to the necessity of control biopsies.", "PMID": 685514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6447", "title": "[Treatment of intracapillary-proliferative glomerulonephritis].", "content": "It is reported on 137 patients with chronic intracapillary-proliferative glomerulonephritides. Of them 101 patients were treated with prednisolone, 36 patients remained untreated. The control biopsies and the observations of the course after on an average 1.8 years showed that the treated patients clinically and histologically had no better results than the untreated patients. A relatively high number of urinary tract infections and pyelonephritides was evident in patients treated with prednisolone. These diseases did not occur in patients who were not treated.", "contents": "[Treatment of intracapillary-proliferative glomerulonephritis]. It is reported on 137 patients with chronic intracapillary-proliferative glomerulonephritides. Of them 101 patients were treated with prednisolone, 36 patients remained untreated. The control biopsies and the observations of the course after on an average 1.8 years showed that the treated patients clinically and histologically had no better results than the untreated patients. A relatively high number of urinary tract infections and pyelonephritides was evident in patients treated with prednisolone. These diseases did not occur in patients who were not treated.", "PMID": 685515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6448", "title": "[Importance of the purine components in preserved-blood stabilizers in uremic patients and their study on the basis of serum-UV-spectroscopy].", "content": "The presence of adenine and guanosine, respectively, disturbs the detection of metabolites carried out with the simple total UV-spectrum as well as with the separation chromatographic technique. Since these investigations are used more widely, attention should be paid to this point of view. The stored blood taken with the ACD-AG-stabilisator has its full value for four days, also on the basis of the investigations mentioned, but it is advisable to avoid its application in the period of the diagnostic methods using the UV-absorption technique.", "contents": "[Importance of the purine components in preserved-blood stabilizers in uremic patients and their study on the basis of serum-UV-spectroscopy]. The presence of adenine and guanosine, respectively, disturbs the detection of metabolites carried out with the simple total UV-spectrum as well as with the separation chromatographic technique. Since these investigations are used more widely, attention should be paid to this point of view. The stored blood taken with the ACD-AG-stabilisator has its full value for four days, also on the basis of the investigations mentioned, but it is advisable to avoid its application in the period of the diagnostic methods using the UV-absorption technique.", "PMID": 685516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6449", "title": "[The current state of spinal anesthesia in urologic interventions].", "content": "It is reported on the experiences of several years in 9,400 spinal anaesthesias in the urology in patients at an advanced age. Still at present the spinal anaesthesia has a dominating position in the urological intervention. Despite modern and differenciated anaesthetic methods the importance of the spinal anaesthesia is by no means reduced for most urological interventions, particularly for the transurethral operation technique, but it rather increased during the last years by the new local anaesthetics, by the development of thinnest spinal needles, but also the increased knowledge of the dangers of general anaesthesia. In urological diagnostics and therapy the spinal anaesthesia has still its full right and is less toxic for the patient and has less severe complications than the general anaesthesia. However, prerequisites for its use are: a) mastery of technique b) full assent of the patient c) psychic guidance of the patient during the whole duration of the intervention and d) balanced pre-, intra- and postoperative substitution of the volume e) overcoming of the established opinion that the spinal anaesthesia has a particular depressing effect on circulation and frequently causes post-spinal headache.", "contents": "[The current state of spinal anesthesia in urologic interventions]. It is reported on the experiences of several years in 9,400 spinal anaesthesias in the urology in patients at an advanced age. Still at present the spinal anaesthesia has a dominating position in the urological intervention. Despite modern and differenciated anaesthetic methods the importance of the spinal anaesthesia is by no means reduced for most urological interventions, particularly for the transurethral operation technique, but it rather increased during the last years by the new local anaesthetics, by the development of thinnest spinal needles, but also the increased knowledge of the dangers of general anaesthesia. In urological diagnostics and therapy the spinal anaesthesia has still its full right and is less toxic for the patient and has less severe complications than the general anaesthesia. However, prerequisites for its use are: a) mastery of technique b) full assent of the patient c) psychic guidance of the patient during the whole duration of the intervention and d) balanced pre-, intra- and postoperative substitution of the volume e) overcoming of the established opinion that the spinal anaesthesia has a particular depressing effect on circulation and frequently causes post-spinal headache.", "PMID": 685517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6450", "title": "[Effect of D-penicillamine on zinc levels in blood and urine of patients with chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "In 6 female patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis D-penicillamine was administered in a daily dose of 250--500 mg for 3 weeks. The only additional antiphlogistic treatment was Indomethacin (100--150 mg daily). At the beginning and during the trial blood levels and the urinary excretion of zinc were determined using both neutron-activation analysis and atomabsorption. The results showed an increase of the urinary zinc excretion during the whole trial, a decrease of blood concentration of zinc until the 2nd week of treatment followed by an increase during the 3rd week above the level of the controls obtained before D-penicillamine therapy was started.", "contents": "[Effect of D-penicillamine on zinc levels in blood and urine of patients with chronic polyarthritis]. In 6 female patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis D-penicillamine was administered in a daily dose of 250--500 mg for 3 weeks. The only additional antiphlogistic treatment was Indomethacin (100--150 mg daily). At the beginning and during the trial blood levels and the urinary excretion of zinc were determined using both neutron-activation analysis and atomabsorption. The results showed an increase of the urinary zinc excretion during the whole trial, a decrease of blood concentration of zinc until the 2nd week of treatment followed by an increase during the 3rd week above the level of the controls obtained before D-penicillamine therapy was started.", "PMID": 685511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6451", "title": "[Clinical and socio-medical aspects of long term uricostatic treatment of primary gout (a 5-10 year study)].", "content": "In 60 patients (48 cases were evaluated) with primary gout a longterm therapy (5--10 years) with Allopurinol was performed. Without treatment 4.4 sudden onsets of gout per patient and year were registrated; under Allopurinol only 0.062 (p less than 0.001) onsets were observed. This resulted in a large decrease in hospitalisation time from 44 days to 0.62 days per patient and year. In the majority of cases involution or diminuation of the tophi was found. In 7 cases of nephrolithiasis no further renal colic took place. In 8.3% a skin rasch and in 12.5% a slight gastrointestinal side effect was observed. Together with the clinical results the socio-medical aspects are discussed and the importance of gout in respect to the socioeconomic point of view is pointed out.", "contents": "[Clinical and socio-medical aspects of long term uricostatic treatment of primary gout (a 5-10 year study)]. In 60 patients (48 cases were evaluated) with primary gout a longterm therapy (5--10 years) with Allopurinol was performed. Without treatment 4.4 sudden onsets of gout per patient and year were registrated; under Allopurinol only 0.062 (p less than 0.001) onsets were observed. This resulted in a large decrease in hospitalisation time from 44 days to 0.62 days per patient and year. In the majority of cases involution or diminuation of the tophi was found. In 7 cases of nephrolithiasis no further renal colic took place. In 8.3% a skin rasch and in 12.5% a slight gastrointestinal side effect was observed. Together with the clinical results the socio-medical aspects are discussed and the importance of gout in respect to the socioeconomic point of view is pointed out.", "PMID": 685512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6452", "title": "[Clinical aspects and treatment of pericardial tamponade in uremic pericarditis].", "content": "On the basis of four cases with chronic glomerulonephritis in the terminal stage of renal insufficiency with uraemic pericarditis and tamponade of the pericardium, which in one patient developed before and in three patients under therapy of haemodialysis the author adopts a definite attitude to the problems of development, treatment and prognosis of uraemic pericarditis. For the treatment of the tamponade of the pericardium a suction drainage of the pericardium is recommended. Apart from this a particularly intensive haemodialytic treatment is necessary. After overcome uraemic pericarditis must be reckoned with a constriction of the pericardium as late complication which should early be treated operatively.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and treatment of pericardial tamponade in uremic pericarditis]. On the basis of four cases with chronic glomerulonephritis in the terminal stage of renal insufficiency with uraemic pericarditis and tamponade of the pericardium, which in one patient developed before and in three patients under therapy of haemodialysis the author adopts a definite attitude to the problems of development, treatment and prognosis of uraemic pericarditis. For the treatment of the tamponade of the pericardium a suction drainage of the pericardium is recommended. Apart from this a particularly intensive haemodialytic treatment is necessary. After overcome uraemic pericarditis must be reckoned with a constriction of the pericardium as late complication which should early be treated operatively.", "PMID": 685518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6453", "title": "[Effect of cyclophosphamide (Endoxan) on experimental arthritis in rabbits].", "content": "The experimental investigation is divided into 3 parts: Firstly, it was assessed that cyclophosphamide (Cp) in different dosages was well tolerated locally when injected into the knee joint of normal rabbits as compared to saline controls on the basis of histology and cell count determination of the injected joints. In a second series of experiments a hyperimmune arthritis (HIA) was produced in rabbits by systemic administration of albumin, complete Freund's adjuvant and intraarticular stimulus by ovalbumin. Histological examination of synovial membranes reveal alterations similar to those of human rheumatoid arthritis on the 7th day after stimulus. Further experiments were aimed at assessing if Cp exerted an inhibitory effect on the 7 day old HIA. Cp in a dosage of 10 mg has been applied intraarticularly in various intervals prior, simultaneously and after the elicitation of HIA. It could be demonstrated that Cp led to a reduction of the number of lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibroblasts in the synovial membrane, the inhibitory effect on fibroblasts was bound to its administration around the point of HIA elicitation, an even stronger inhibition of lymphocytes and plasma-cells was only to be expected when Cp was applied 48 hours after ovalbumin challenge. Unwanted reactions in the course of Cp administration such as superficial and deep necrosis as well as damage of blood vessels in the synovial membrane combined with minor inhibition of lymphocytes and plasma cells were encountered when Cp was injected 120 hours after HIA elicitation. These new experimental results lead to the conclusion that efficacy and unwanted reactions during Cp administration are related to a local activation of the substance in the inflammatory milieu of HIA. Furthermore we were able to demonstrate that even the sole application of Cp if injected shortly before immigration of lymphocytes into the synovial tissue led to a marked suppression of almost all histological parameters of HIA. Our experimental findings strongly support the importance of lymphocytes and plasma cells being inactivated for the successful treatment of adult rheumatoid arthritis. They grow to consider the formation of necrosis and damage of blood vessels as sequelae of too fast a local activation of Cp in the inflammatory tissue.", "contents": "[Effect of cyclophosphamide (Endoxan) on experimental arthritis in rabbits]. The experimental investigation is divided into 3 parts: Firstly, it was assessed that cyclophosphamide (Cp) in different dosages was well tolerated locally when injected into the knee joint of normal rabbits as compared to saline controls on the basis of histology and cell count determination of the injected joints. In a second series of experiments a hyperimmune arthritis (HIA) was produced in rabbits by systemic administration of albumin, complete Freund's adjuvant and intraarticular stimulus by ovalbumin. Histological examination of synovial membranes reveal alterations similar to those of human rheumatoid arthritis on the 7th day after stimulus. Further experiments were aimed at assessing if Cp exerted an inhibitory effect on the 7 day old HIA. Cp in a dosage of 10 mg has been applied intraarticularly in various intervals prior, simultaneously and after the elicitation of HIA. It could be demonstrated that Cp led to a reduction of the number of lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibroblasts in the synovial membrane, the inhibitory effect on fibroblasts was bound to its administration around the point of HIA elicitation, an even stronger inhibition of lymphocytes and plasma-cells was only to be expected when Cp was applied 48 hours after ovalbumin challenge. Unwanted reactions in the course of Cp administration such as superficial and deep necrosis as well as damage of blood vessels in the synovial membrane combined with minor inhibition of lymphocytes and plasma cells were encountered when Cp was injected 120 hours after HIA elicitation. These new experimental results lead to the conclusion that efficacy and unwanted reactions during Cp administration are related to a local activation of the substance in the inflammatory milieu of HIA. Furthermore we were able to demonstrate that even the sole application of Cp if injected shortly before immigration of lymphocytes into the synovial tissue led to a marked suppression of almost all histological parameters of HIA. Our experimental findings strongly support the importance of lymphocytes and plasma cells being inactivated for the successful treatment of adult rheumatoid arthritis. They grow to consider the formation of necrosis and damage of blood vessels as sequelae of too fast a local activation of Cp in the inflammatory tissue.", "PMID": 685513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6454", "title": "Microbiological production of acetone-butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum.", "content": "Trials succeeded in raising the efficiencies of the fermentation medium, used in the fermentative production of acetone-butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Egyptian black strap molasses (50.0% sugars) was suitable as carbon source in the fermentation medium, and (NH4)2SO4 was utilized with great success as inorganic nitrogen source. 140.0 g/l black strap molasses (about 7.0% sugars) and 3.0 g/l (NH4)2SO4 were the optimum concentrations for obtaining good yields of acetone and butanol. Molasses and (NH4)2SO4 were preferred because they are cheaper than the other carbon and organic nitrogen sources, used in the fermentative production of acetone-butanol. The percentage increase of the total solvents produced in the fermentation (production medium) was increased by 64.0. The slop (by-product of the acetone-butanol fermentation after distillation) was re-used in the fermentation medium as organic nitrogen source and supported the microorganisms for a good production of acetone and butanol, while when stillage was used in the production medium, the total solvents output was less than that produced in the medium containing slop.", "contents": "Microbiological production of acetone-butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Trials succeeded in raising the efficiencies of the fermentation medium, used in the fermentative production of acetone-butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Egyptian black strap molasses (50.0% sugars) was suitable as carbon source in the fermentation medium, and (NH4)2SO4 was utilized with great success as inorganic nitrogen source. 140.0 g/l black strap molasses (about 7.0% sugars) and 3.0 g/l (NH4)2SO4 were the optimum concentrations for obtaining good yields of acetone and butanol. Molasses and (NH4)2SO4 were preferred because they are cheaper than the other carbon and organic nitrogen sources, used in the fermentative production of acetone-butanol. The percentage increase of the total solvents produced in the fermentation (production medium) was increased by 64.0. The slop (by-product of the acetone-butanol fermentation after distillation) was re-used in the fermentation medium as organic nitrogen source and supported the microorganisms for a good production of acetone and butanol, while when stillage was used in the production medium, the total solvents output was less than that produced in the medium containing slop.", "PMID": 685531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6455", "title": "Investigation if inorganic and organic nitrogenous compounds on microbial nitrogen fixation with respect to the fixation cycle.", "content": "The effect of inorganic and organic nitrogenous compounds on microbial nitrogen fixation with respect to the fixation cycle was investigated. Various nitrogenous compounds were added to the nutrient solution in concentrations of 2.5 mM and 5 mM. After incubation with the bacteria for fifteen days, the nitrogen and carbon contents were estimated.", "contents": "Investigation if inorganic and organic nitrogenous compounds on microbial nitrogen fixation with respect to the fixation cycle. The effect of inorganic and organic nitrogenous compounds on microbial nitrogen fixation with respect to the fixation cycle was investigated. Various nitrogenous compounds were added to the nutrient solution in concentrations of 2.5 mM and 5 mM. After incubation with the bacteria for fifteen days, the nitrogen and carbon contents were estimated.", "PMID": 685533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6456", "title": "Effect of uranyl and molybdate ions on microbial fixation of nitrogen.", "content": "The addition of molybdate in presence of uranyl acetate causes a considerable increase in nitrogen fixation in all the species of nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter, studied in this paper, as compared to the case in which these ions are taken separately (4, 3).", "contents": "Effect of uranyl and molybdate ions on microbial fixation of nitrogen. The addition of molybdate in presence of uranyl acetate causes a considerable increase in nitrogen fixation in all the species of nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter, studied in this paper, as compared to the case in which these ions are taken separately (4, 3).", "PMID": 685534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6457", "title": "Effect of Fusarium isolates and their filtrates on respiratory rate and chemical analysis of squash plants.", "content": "The highly pathogenic isolate stimulated the emergence of the squash seedlings first, caused, however, the highest death rate of the seedlings finally. Fusarium isolates and their culture filtrates inhibited the respiratory rate of squash plants significantly. However, F. oxysporum isolates inhibited respiration more than F. solani isolates. Seasonal changes of respiration decline show that the respiratory rate decreased with plant growth in the case of infested soil and of plants injected with culture filtrates. However, spraying Fusarium culture filtrates on the foliage gave opposite results when the plants grew older. Fusarium solani isolates decreased nitrogen content of squash stems and leaves, while F. oxysporum isolates gave reverse results. Injecting Fusarium culture filtrate into the plant decreased nitrogen content of both stems and leaves, while spraying the foliage with the filtrates increased nitrogen content more than that of the control. Phosphorus content of the stems of squash plants, sown in infested soil, was less than in the control when the plants were treated with F. solani and higher when they were treated with F. oxysporum isolates. On the other hand, the phosphorus content of squash leaves was higher than in the control. In the case of injected plants, however, the phosphorus content in stems and leaves was equal to that of the control or less, and with sprayed plants it was higher than in the control. Infesting the soil with Fusarium isolates and spraying the foliage with their culture filtrates increased potassium content of squash stems and leaves, while injecting the filtrates into the plants decreased potassium content of both stems and leaves.", "contents": "Effect of Fusarium isolates and their filtrates on respiratory rate and chemical analysis of squash plants. The highly pathogenic isolate stimulated the emergence of the squash seedlings first, caused, however, the highest death rate of the seedlings finally. Fusarium isolates and their culture filtrates inhibited the respiratory rate of squash plants significantly. However, F. oxysporum isolates inhibited respiration more than F. solani isolates. Seasonal changes of respiration decline show that the respiratory rate decreased with plant growth in the case of infested soil and of plants injected with culture filtrates. However, spraying Fusarium culture filtrates on the foliage gave opposite results when the plants grew older. Fusarium solani isolates decreased nitrogen content of squash stems and leaves, while F. oxysporum isolates gave reverse results. Injecting Fusarium culture filtrate into the plant decreased nitrogen content of both stems and leaves, while spraying the foliage with the filtrates increased nitrogen content more than that of the control. Phosphorus content of the stems of squash plants, sown in infested soil, was less than in the control when the plants were treated with F. solani and higher when they were treated with F. oxysporum isolates. On the other hand, the phosphorus content of squash leaves was higher than in the control. In the case of injected plants, however, the phosphorus content in stems and leaves was equal to that of the control or less, and with sprayed plants it was higher than in the control. Infesting the soil with Fusarium isolates and spraying the foliage with their culture filtrates increased potassium content of squash stems and leaves, while injecting the filtrates into the plants decreased potassium content of both stems and leaves.", "PMID": 685535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6458", "title": "[On the effect of some morpholinium compounds on the multiplication of RNA viruses (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present paper the authors report about the effect of N,N-dimethylmorpholinium chloride (DMMC), N,N-dimethyl-2-oxomorpholinium chloride (DMOMC), and N,N-diethyl-2-oxomorpholinium chloride (DEOMC) on the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus X (PVX), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) as well as the plaque formation by the RNA phages M 12, f 2, and Qbeta. The used morpholinium compounds do not influence strikingly the multiplication of phytoviruses. The results found by serological procedure and by bio-assay are indicated concordantly by the two methods. The plaque formation by bacteriophages is not influenced by DMMC, but enhanced significantly by DMOMC and DEOMC. These effects might be caused by the different hydrolytical behaviour of the morpholinium compounds tested.", "contents": "[On the effect of some morpholinium compounds on the multiplication of RNA viruses (author's transl)]. In the present paper the authors report about the effect of N,N-dimethylmorpholinium chloride (DMMC), N,N-dimethyl-2-oxomorpholinium chloride (DMOMC), and N,N-diethyl-2-oxomorpholinium chloride (DEOMC) on the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus X (PVX), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) as well as the plaque formation by the RNA phages M 12, f 2, and Qbeta. The used morpholinium compounds do not influence strikingly the multiplication of phytoviruses. The results found by serological procedure and by bio-assay are indicated concordantly by the two methods. The plaque formation by bacteriophages is not influenced by DMMC, but enhanced significantly by DMOMC and DEOMC. These effects might be caused by the different hydrolytical behaviour of the morpholinium compounds tested.", "PMID": 685536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6459", "title": "[Continence of anus praeter -- a problem solved? Erlangen magnetic stoma seal (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary or secondary implantation of the Erlangen magnetic stoma seal in case of colostomy or ileostomy is technically simple, although it requires a critical selection of patients and careful surgical technique. The best follow-up of the operated cases should be in the special protological clinics in the hands of stoma therapists. About 15% of the cases meet local complications and therefore the magnet-ring is explanted. An ideal continence is not always achieved. We hope that these patients can be better helped with magnetic stoma seal through further development.", "contents": "[Continence of anus praeter -- a problem solved? Erlangen magnetic stoma seal (author's transl)]. Primary or secondary implantation of the Erlangen magnetic stoma seal in case of colostomy or ileostomy is technically simple, although it requires a critical selection of patients and careful surgical technique. The best follow-up of the operated cases should be in the special protological clinics in the hands of stoma therapists. About 15% of the cases meet local complications and therefore the magnet-ring is explanted. An ideal continence is not always achieved. We hope that these patients can be better helped with magnetic stoma seal through further development.", "PMID": 685538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6460", "title": "[Ambiguous and obscure problems of liver resection (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of the authors personal experience of 155 liver resections, including 79 anatomical and 76 atypical ones, the paper presents various aspects of indications, choice of procedure and of various technical measures. The author demonstrates the indisputable advantages of anatomic liver resections over the atypic ones, since they permitted to increase the range of surgical aid to the liver patients.", "contents": "[Ambiguous and obscure problems of liver resection (author's transl)]. On the basis of the authors personal experience of 155 liver resections, including 79 anatomical and 76 atypical ones, the paper presents various aspects of indications, choice of procedure and of various technical measures. The author demonstrates the indisputable advantages of anatomic liver resections over the atypic ones, since they permitted to increase the range of surgical aid to the liver patients.", "PMID": 685539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6461", "title": "[Primary tumours of the small bowel (author's transl)].", "content": "In a period of 21 years we observed 28 tumours of the small bowel (14 benign, 14 malignant), what comes up to 0.85% of all tumours of the GI-tract seen at our hospital. The low rate of incidence of malignomas of the small bowel is supposed to be in relation with the carcinogenic indifference of its contents. 60% of the cases underwent operations for acute complications, such as ileus or peritonitis. Early diagnosis of these tumours is difficult due to their uncharacteristic symptoms and the lack of radiographic signs. Only 4 out of the 14 cases with malignomas underwent radical surgery. The prognosis of malignant tumours of the small bowel is not a good one due to delay of diagnosis, early metastising and local involvement of the mesentery. The 5 year survival rate was 22%. Solitary benign tumours of the small bowel after their removal have an excellent prognosis.", "contents": "[Primary tumours of the small bowel (author's transl)]. In a period of 21 years we observed 28 tumours of the small bowel (14 benign, 14 malignant), what comes up to 0.85% of all tumours of the GI-tract seen at our hospital. The low rate of incidence of malignomas of the small bowel is supposed to be in relation with the carcinogenic indifference of its contents. 60% of the cases underwent operations for acute complications, such as ileus or peritonitis. Early diagnosis of these tumours is difficult due to their uncharacteristic symptoms and the lack of radiographic signs. Only 4 out of the 14 cases with malignomas underwent radical surgery. The prognosis of malignant tumours of the small bowel is not a good one due to delay of diagnosis, early metastising and local involvement of the mesentery. The 5 year survival rate was 22%. Solitary benign tumours of the small bowel after their removal have an excellent prognosis.", "PMID": 685540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6462", "title": "[Prognosis and treatment of obstructing carcinoma of the colon and rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1955 up to 1976 we observed 1140 patients with cancer of the colon and rectum. Out of these 134 patients had obstruction. Only in 40.3% radical resections could be done; mortality rate (22.0%). 54.7% underwent palliative procedures, 8% were inoperable. The primary mortality rate of this group came up to 62%. Causes were: peritonitis (44.5%), pneumonia (17.3%), pulmonary embolism (12.44%). The 5-year survival-rate for patients under 60 years was 31%.", "contents": "[Prognosis and treatment of obstructing carcinoma of the colon and rectum (author's transl)]. From 1955 up to 1976 we observed 1140 patients with cancer of the colon and rectum. Out of these 134 patients had obstruction. Only in 40.3% radical resections could be done; mortality rate (22.0%). 54.7% underwent palliative procedures, 8% were inoperable. The primary mortality rate of this group came up to 62%. Causes were: peritonitis (44.5%), pneumonia (17.3%), pulmonary embolism (12.44%). The 5-year survival-rate for patients under 60 years was 31%.", "PMID": 685541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6463", "title": "[Vocational rehabilitation after lung resection due to bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Problems of vocational rehabilitation after radical operation of 307 patients with bronchial carcinoma, who are still living 3 years after the operation are analysed. Preoperative relation of professional groups: Employees 46%, industrial workers 28%, independent professions 15%, agricultural professions 11%. The success of rehabilitation is dependent on profession extent of resection, and other concomitant diseases.", "contents": "[Vocational rehabilitation after lung resection due to bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)]. Problems of vocational rehabilitation after radical operation of 307 patients with bronchial carcinoma, who are still living 3 years after the operation are analysed. Preoperative relation of professional groups: Employees 46%, industrial workers 28%, independent professions 15%, agricultural professions 11%. The success of rehabilitation is dependent on profession extent of resection, and other concomitant diseases.", "PMID": 685542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6464", "title": "[Failure of pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "The number of pacemaker patients is permanently increasing. In case of dysfunction of the pacemaker they are demanding emergency care. All doctors should be informed about first aid in those cases.", "contents": "[Failure of pacemakers (author's transl)]. The number of pacemaker patients is permanently increasing. In case of dysfunction of the pacemaker they are demanding emergency care. All doctors should be informed about first aid in those cases.", "PMID": 685543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6465", "title": "[Controlled drainage of the thoracic duct (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of the thoracic duct drainage is described. The importance of preserving the natural lymph outflow is emphasized. A method of controlled thoracic duct drainage is introduced that permits dosaged exteriorization of the lymph and additional internal drainage of the lymph into the veins via an external bypass for a long period of time. The results of the employment of controlled thoracic duct drainage in 33 patients are presented. A clear clinical effect was received in 65% of the cases. The authors conclude that controlled drainage of the thoracic duct is an effective method of treatment.", "contents": "[Controlled drainage of the thoracic duct (author's transl)]. The technique of the thoracic duct drainage is described. The importance of preserving the natural lymph outflow is emphasized. A method of controlled thoracic duct drainage is introduced that permits dosaged exteriorization of the lymph and additional internal drainage of the lymph into the veins via an external bypass for a long period of time. The results of the employment of controlled thoracic duct drainage in 33 patients are presented. A clear clinical effect was received in 65% of the cases. The authors conclude that controlled drainage of the thoracic duct is an effective method of treatment.", "PMID": 685544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6466", "title": "[Subcutaneous mastectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Problems of indication (premalignant disease, difficult check-up, carcinophobia), of resection (incomplete, unilateral, compromises) and of breast reconstruction (one- or two stage procedure, capsular fibrosis, difficult follow-up) are discussed.", "contents": "[Subcutaneous mastectomy (author's transl)]. Problems of indication (premalignant disease, difficult check-up, carcinophobia), of resection (incomplete, unilateral, compromises) and of breast reconstruction (one- or two stage procedure, capsular fibrosis, difficult follow-up) are discussed.", "PMID": 685545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6467", "title": "[\"Carcinoma in situ\" of the mammary gland (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper summarizes the available knowledge on the so-called \"cancer in situ\" of the mammary gland. In 1960 to 1975 61 patients were operated on at the Institute. The diagnosis \"carcinoma in situ\"--was not established before a microscopic study of the removed specimen was conducted. Following sectoral resections of the mammary gland f\u00fcr \"carcinoma in situ\" two patients developed cancer in other quadrants of the gland: one--after 45 years, the other after 15 years. The authors believe the term \"carcinoma in situ\" to be improper for clinical practice due to its inherent contradiction, which not infrequently results in diagnostic, therapeutic and organisational errors.", "contents": "[\"Carcinoma in situ\" of the mammary gland (author's transl)]. The paper summarizes the available knowledge on the so-called \"cancer in situ\" of the mammary gland. In 1960 to 1975 61 patients were operated on at the Institute. The diagnosis \"carcinoma in situ\"--was not established before a microscopic study of the removed specimen was conducted. Following sectoral resections of the mammary gland f\u00fcr \"carcinoma in situ\" two patients developed cancer in other quadrants of the gland: one--after 45 years, the other after 15 years. The authors believe the term \"carcinoma in situ\" to be improper for clinical practice due to its inherent contradiction, which not infrequently results in diagnostic, therapeutic and organisational errors.", "PMID": 685546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6468", "title": "[Revascularisation in peripheral vascular occlusions (author's transl)].", "content": "The 240 reconstructions of the femoral artery, performed within the last 4 1/2 years, involved 26 patients (27 bypasses) with combined femoral and peripheral vascular occlusions. The bypasses were connected with a segment of either the popliteal or the tibial artery. There was no operative mortality. The mean period of follow-up was 13 months: 18 of the bypasses were patent (2 patients died with open bypass), while 7 bypasses occluded (3 patients died). The authors feel, that isolated artery segment should always be explored. Only an autogenous vein graft should be implanted.", "contents": "[Revascularisation in peripheral vascular occlusions (author's transl)]. The 240 reconstructions of the femoral artery, performed within the last 4 1/2 years, involved 26 patients (27 bypasses) with combined femoral and peripheral vascular occlusions. The bypasses were connected with a segment of either the popliteal or the tibial artery. There was no operative mortality. The mean period of follow-up was 13 months: 18 of the bypasses were patent (2 patients died with open bypass), while 7 bypasses occluded (3 patients died). The authors feel, that isolated artery segment should always be explored. Only an autogenous vein graft should be implanted.", "PMID": 685547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6469", "title": "[Diabetic angiopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical findings of diabetic antgiopathy are usually caused by micro- and macroangiopathy and neuropathy. Predominant in this disease is the acral lesion. Differentialtherapy of diabetic angiopathy needs experience and patience of the attending physician and the patient.", "contents": "[Diabetic angiopathy (author's transl)]. Clinical findings of diabetic antgiopathy are usually caused by micro- and macroangiopathy and neuropathy. Predominant in this disease is the acral lesion. Differentialtherapy of diabetic angiopathy needs experience and patience of the attending physician and the patient.", "PMID": 685548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6470", "title": "[The problem of infection in alloplastichip-replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "The total hip protheses implanted (THP) in two different operation periods (156 THP till September 174, 577 THP from October 1974 till December 1976) is evaluated under the aspect of infection and the influence on the rate of infection by different factors is emphasized. The rate of infection could be decreased from 7.1 per cent to 2.4 per cent adaquate measures.", "contents": "[The problem of infection in alloplastichip-replacement (author's transl)]. The total hip protheses implanted (THP) in two different operation periods (156 THP till September 174, 577 THP from October 1974 till December 1976) is evaluated under the aspect of infection and the influence on the rate of infection by different factors is emphasized. The rate of infection could be decreased from 7.1 per cent to 2.4 per cent adaquate measures.", "PMID": 685551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6471", "title": "[Blunt abdominal trauma.--analysis of 201 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "201 blunt abdominal traumata treated clinically at the surgical department of the Medical Academy in Erfurt from 1967 to 1976 are reported: No increase of blunt abdominal traumata within the period of the report in spite of considerable growth of trafficdensity and industrialization could be observed.--The percentage of severe secundary injuries remained approximately constant, too.--Intestinal lesions, combined hepatolienal ruptures caused the highest mortality  especially in combination with severe craniocerebral lesions.", "contents": "[Blunt abdominal trauma.--analysis of 201 cases (author's transl)]. 201 blunt abdominal traumata treated clinically at the surgical department of the Medical Academy in Erfurt from 1967 to 1976 are reported: No increase of blunt abdominal traumata within the period of the report in spite of considerable growth of trafficdensity and industrialization could be observed.--The percentage of severe secundary injuries remained approximately constant, too.--Intestinal lesions, combined hepatolienal ruptures caused the highest mortality  especially in combination with severe craniocerebral lesions.", "PMID": 685552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6472", "title": "[Intrauterine diagnosis of fetal sex from maternal peripheral blood].", "content": "Authors worked out on basis of previous investigations the possibility of prediction of fetal sex from maternal blood smear. The security rate of their method is 88.3 percent. The further progress of the exactness of their technique seems to be solvable.", "contents": "[Intrauterine diagnosis of fetal sex from maternal peripheral blood]. Authors worked out on basis of previous investigations the possibility of prediction of fetal sex from maternal blood smear. The security rate of their method is 88.3 percent. The further progress of the exactness of their technique seems to be solvable.", "PMID": 685554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6473", "title": "[Effect on the cardiovascular system of a 3.5% gelatin infusion solution Gelafusal in hypertensive women in late pregnancy].", "content": "Using the method of quantitative sphygmometry with bloodless graphic recording of the arterial blood pressure and direct electronic timing of the pulse wave velocity the behaviour of the cardiovascular system in 10 hypertensive late pregnant women was examined before, during and after the intravenous infusion of 500 ml of a 3,5% gelatinous infusion solution (Gelafusal) given within 30 minutes. There is a mild and transient expansion of the plasma volume. Arterial blood pressure, stroke volume, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance remain constant nearly. Consequently the employment of Gelafusal in hypertensive late pregnant women is possible without making worse the arterial hypertension.", "contents": "[Effect on the cardiovascular system of a 3.5% gelatin infusion solution Gelafusal in hypertensive women in late pregnancy]. Using the method of quantitative sphygmometry with bloodless graphic recording of the arterial blood pressure and direct electronic timing of the pulse wave velocity the behaviour of the cardiovascular system in 10 hypertensive late pregnant women was examined before, during and after the intravenous infusion of 500 ml of a 3,5% gelatinous infusion solution (Gelafusal) given within 30 minutes. There is a mild and transient expansion of the plasma volume. Arterial blood pressure, stroke volume, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance remain constant nearly. Consequently the employment of Gelafusal in hypertensive late pregnant women is possible without making worse the arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 685555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6474", "title": "[A rare form of oscillation].", "content": "Two clinical pictures of a serous fetal distress are represented. The oscillations, registrated by means of phonocardiography, showed a so far no described automatism. The corresponding CTG's are discussed.", "contents": "[A rare form of oscillation]. Two clinical pictures of a serous fetal distress are represented. The oscillations, registrated by means of phonocardiography, showed a so far no described automatism. The corresponding CTG's are discussed.", "PMID": 685556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6475", "title": "[Fetal retardation and its diagnosis].", "content": "Cerebral malnutrition as well as a markedly increased rate of lethal malformations constitute the major problems of retardation. During the daily routine the question \"retardation of growth or premature birth\" poses itself time and again. Different methods of determining the period of gestation are being discussed: Two of the best methods used in combination during the last trimester of gestation are: 1. L/S-ratio-creatinine-ultrasonics, 2. creatinine-ultrasonics. But none of these methods is as efficient as the ultrasonic diagnosis in the first trimester of pregnancy (amniotic cavity, length of the foetus). The earliest possible examination of all pregnancies by ultrasonography is highly recommended. This method generally allows for a differentiation in symmetrical assymmetrical retardation of fetal growth. The author introduces different ultrasonic parameters and their limit of error for the middle and last trimester. The exclusive measurement of the biparietal diameter should belong to the past, one should strive to obtain the combination of two measurements. He recommends the combination of head and abdominal measurements as well as the combination index including the hight of the truncus; the determination of the measurements of the placenta is to be rejected. The author is hopeful that by improved technology the thickness of the subcutaneous fatty tissue can be measured in the future.", "contents": "[Fetal retardation and its diagnosis]. Cerebral malnutrition as well as a markedly increased rate of lethal malformations constitute the major problems of retardation. During the daily routine the question \"retardation of growth or premature birth\" poses itself time and again. Different methods of determining the period of gestation are being discussed: Two of the best methods used in combination during the last trimester of gestation are: 1. L/S-ratio-creatinine-ultrasonics, 2. creatinine-ultrasonics. But none of these methods is as efficient as the ultrasonic diagnosis in the first trimester of pregnancy (amniotic cavity, length of the foetus). The earliest possible examination of all pregnancies by ultrasonography is highly recommended. This method generally allows for a differentiation in symmetrical assymmetrical retardation of fetal growth. The author introduces different ultrasonic parameters and their limit of error for the middle and last trimester. The exclusive measurement of the biparietal diameter should belong to the past, one should strive to obtain the combination of two measurements. He recommends the combination of head and abdominal measurements as well as the combination index including the hight of the truncus; the determination of the measurements of the placenta is to be rejected. The author is hopeful that by improved technology the thickness of the subcutaneous fatty tissue can be measured in the future.", "PMID": 685557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6476", "title": "[Intrapartal retrograde jejunogastric invagination after gastrectomy].", "content": "This is a case report on a rare intrapartum complication consisting of a jejunogastric invagination 17 years after gastrectomy. The clinical systoms such as pain and tender mass in the epigastric region as well as vomiting are similar to an ileus. Immediate interdepartmental consultation is essential because of the very high mortality rate in case of diagnostic failure. Several possible reasons for the invagination are being discussed. The increased intraabdominal pressure during labor is most probably responsible for this life threatening event.", "contents": "[Intrapartal retrograde jejunogastric invagination after gastrectomy]. This is a case report on a rare intrapartum complication consisting of a jejunogastric invagination 17 years after gastrectomy. The clinical systoms such as pain and tender mass in the epigastric region as well as vomiting are similar to an ileus. Immediate interdepartmental consultation is essential because of the very high mortality rate in case of diagnostic failure. Several possible reasons for the invagination are being discussed. The increased intraabdominal pressure during labor is most probably responsible for this life threatening event.", "PMID": 685558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6477", "title": "[Use of the inhalation anesthetics nitrous oxide and halothane in obstetrics].", "content": "By means of the literature of the latest years the advantages are discuss of nitrous oxide as analgesic and base anesthetic and of Halothan in the obstetrics.--Nitrous oxide can be regarded as especially favourable under consideration of a high PO2 proportion of the mother and under to the avoidance. Halothan is known as an optimal inhalation anesthetic for the inhibition of the intensive pain activity with the danger that can tear the uterus and is used successfully when intrauterine operations with desirable relaxing of uterus.--It has to be perferred the beta-adrenergicum Partusisten under the birth in danger because of its good manageableness.", "contents": "[Use of the inhalation anesthetics nitrous oxide and halothane in obstetrics]. By means of the literature of the latest years the advantages are discuss of nitrous oxide as analgesic and base anesthetic and of Halothan in the obstetrics.--Nitrous oxide can be regarded as especially favourable under consideration of a high PO2 proportion of the mother and under to the avoidance. Halothan is known as an optimal inhalation anesthetic for the inhibition of the intensive pain activity with the danger that can tear the uterus and is used successfully when intrauterine operations with desirable relaxing of uterus.--It has to be perferred the beta-adrenergicum Partusisten under the birth in danger because of its good manageableness.", "PMID": 685559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6478", "title": "[Value of ultrasonic fetometry for fetal monitoring in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Evaluation of ultrasonic fetometry in diabetic pregnancy. In 51 cases we have carried out 134 ultrasonic investigations. The diabetes we classified to the score of White A--F. To evaluate the increase in fetal weight and the maturity in a qualified sense, we measured the biparietal diameter, the transversal and the sagital diameter of the thorax and the trunk length. The findings were registered into diagrams of our percentiles of development.--The fetopathia diabetica will be diagnosed right, if it is joint with fetal hypertrophy. The beginning of the macrosomia of the fetus is possible to recognize from the 32th week of gestation.", "contents": "[Value of ultrasonic fetometry for fetal monitoring in diabetes mellitus]. Evaluation of ultrasonic fetometry in diabetic pregnancy. In 51 cases we have carried out 134 ultrasonic investigations. The diabetes we classified to the score of White A--F. To evaluate the increase in fetal weight and the maturity in a qualified sense, we measured the biparietal diameter, the transversal and the sagital diameter of the thorax and the trunk length. The findings were registered into diagrams of our percentiles of development.--The fetopathia diabetica will be diagnosed right, if it is joint with fetal hypertrophy. The beginning of the macrosomia of the fetus is possible to recognize from the 32th week of gestation.", "PMID": 685561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6479", "title": "[The question of the innervation of the umbilical cord].", "content": "By supravital Methylenbluestaining a dense network of vegetative nerve fibres is demonstrated in the adventitia arround the arteries of the umbilical cord. Some of these nerve fibres are of cholinergic nature.", "contents": "[The question of the innervation of the umbilical cord]. By supravital Methylenbluestaining a dense network of vegetative nerve fibres is demonstrated in the adventitia arround the arteries of the umbilical cord. Some of these nerve fibres are of cholinergic nature.", "PMID": 685562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6480", "title": "[Measurement of intrauterine pressure during extra-amnial induced abortion with prostaglandin F2 alpha].", "content": "There was given Pg F2 alpha extraamnially and intracavitary to thirty firstgravid nulliparae of the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth or fourteenth week of pregnancy and there were taken through measurements of the intrauterine pressure in labour. The uterine activity was measured in Montevideo-Units. We registered labour duration, number of labours, amplitude and basal tonus. During the time of observation we attained a basal tonus of 30 +/- 10 mm Hg, a number of labours from 8 to 13 within 10 minutes, Montevideo-Units of 600 +/- 100 and a labour duration of about 45 seconds in 65% of the cases. The types of labour number 1 and 2 were predominant. In these cases we were able to demonstrate optimal clinical results in cases of Pg F2 alpha induction.--The meaning of Pg F2 alpha (extraamnially) for the induction of abortion will be discussed.", "contents": "[Measurement of intrauterine pressure during extra-amnial induced abortion with prostaglandin F2 alpha]. There was given Pg F2 alpha extraamnially and intracavitary to thirty firstgravid nulliparae of the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth or fourteenth week of pregnancy and there were taken through measurements of the intrauterine pressure in labour. The uterine activity was measured in Montevideo-Units. We registered labour duration, number of labours, amplitude and basal tonus. During the time of observation we attained a basal tonus of 30 +/- 10 mm Hg, a number of labours from 8 to 13 within 10 minutes, Montevideo-Units of 600 +/- 100 and a labour duration of about 45 seconds in 65% of the cases. The types of labour number 1 and 2 were predominant. In these cases we were able to demonstrate optimal clinical results in cases of Pg F2 alpha induction.--The meaning of Pg F2 alpha (extraamnially) for the induction of abortion will be discussed.", "PMID": 685563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6481", "title": "[Large paraumbilical hernia and pregnancy. Case report].", "content": "A case of big parumbilical hernia in pregnancy is reported. The hernial sac was filled out by the corpus of the uterus. In the second half of pregnancy the abruption as well as the hernial operation is indicated only in case of need. At term the primary caesarian section with the supracervical amputation of the uterus and the operative correction of the hernia were performed.", "contents": "[Large paraumbilical hernia and pregnancy. Case report]. A case of big parumbilical hernia in pregnancy is reported. The hernial sac was filled out by the corpus of the uterus. In the second half of pregnancy the abruption as well as the hernial operation is indicated only in case of need. At term the primary caesarian section with the supracervical amputation of the uterus and the operative correction of the hernia were performed.", "PMID": 685564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6482", "title": "[Relationship of time interval between steroid therapy and labor to the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome].", "content": "The authors used Dexamethasone before delivery in 577 cases of pregnancy. There were 460 prematurities. Occurrence of RDS was significantly lower in cases, where delivery took place more than 48 hours after the steroid treatment. Where the steroid effect was not optimum (48 hours), the RDS was similar to that of the control group, although mild in form. In their studies they found no connection between the tocolysis (Partusisten) and the occurence of RDS. They emphasize that in the cases where respiratory insufficiencies are predisponated (elective caesarean section, diabetes mellitus etc.) the steroids significantly reduce the frequency of the disease. Neither the number of apoplexy nor that of death due to infections increase in dexamethasone treatment.", "contents": "[Relationship of time interval between steroid therapy and labor to the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome]. The authors used Dexamethasone before delivery in 577 cases of pregnancy. There were 460 prematurities. Occurrence of RDS was significantly lower in cases, where delivery took place more than 48 hours after the steroid treatment. Where the steroid effect was not optimum (48 hours), the RDS was similar to that of the control group, although mild in form. In their studies they found no connection between the tocolysis (Partusisten) and the occurence of RDS. They emphasize that in the cases where respiratory insufficiencies are predisponated (elective caesarean section, diabetes mellitus etc.) the steroids significantly reduce the frequency of the disease. Neither the number of apoplexy nor that of death due to infections increase in dexamethasone treatment.", "PMID": 685565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6483", "title": "[Amniocentesis with free needle guidance following pinpointing using ultrasonic compound scan].", "content": "There is reported about 106 amniocenteses between 28th and 40th week of pregnancy after previous investigation and marking of the point of puncture on the abdomen of the pregnant woman by means of investigation the point with ultrasonic compoundscan. The angle of puncture method is found out and the maximum and minimum infiltration intensity. Complications have not been observed. That technique makes possible a high security for puncture and excellent puncture results.", "contents": "[Amniocentesis with free needle guidance following pinpointing using ultrasonic compound scan]. There is reported about 106 amniocenteses between 28th and 40th week of pregnancy after previous investigation and marking of the point of puncture on the abdomen of the pregnant woman by means of investigation the point with ultrasonic compoundscan. The angle of puncture method is found out and the maximum and minimum infiltration intensity. Complications have not been observed. That technique makes possible a high security for puncture and excellent puncture results.", "PMID": 685566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6484", "title": "[Dexamethasone-induced fetal lung maturation and the simultaneous control of MPL secretion of the placenta].", "content": "24 mothers were given 4.0 mg. of dexamethasone one times daily for 3 days during the last trimester of pregnancy. Serial serum human placental lactogen (HPL) determinations were made by radioimmunoassay before, during and post the treatment. Dexamethasone did not change the HPL level.", "contents": "[Dexamethasone-induced fetal lung maturation and the simultaneous control of MPL secretion of the placenta]. 24 mothers were given 4.0 mg. of dexamethasone one times daily for 3 days during the last trimester of pregnancy. Serial serum human placental lactogen (HPL) determinations were made by radioimmunoassay before, during and post the treatment. Dexamethasone did not change the HPL level.", "PMID": 685567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6485", "title": "[Experimental contribution on the biochemical study of normal and pathologic (diabetes) lung maturation in the Wister rat].", "content": "This is a research on the pulmonary normal and pathological (Diabetes) maturity of the WISTAR's Rat. To do that we have chosen 6 lots of rats. The animals were sacrificed by killing them up to 15., 18. and 21. days of pregnancy, then we removed the amniotic liquid from each rat to know or find out the lecithin/sphingomyelin and creatinin relations or reports.", "contents": "[Experimental contribution on the biochemical study of normal and pathologic (diabetes) lung maturation in the Wister rat]. This is a research on the pulmonary normal and pathological (Diabetes) maturity of the WISTAR's Rat. To do that we have chosen 6 lots of rats. The animals were sacrificed by killing them up to 15., 18. and 21. days of pregnancy, then we removed the amniotic liquid from each rat to know or find out the lecithin/sphingomyelin and creatinin relations or reports.", "PMID": 685568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6486", "title": "[Determination of the prospective time of labor using ultrasonic fetometry].", "content": "The prediction of the date of delivery by ultrasonic fetometry.--On the basis of the biparietal diameter the accuracy of the prediction of the term amounts to 87.3% within +/- 15 days in patients with unknown last menstrual period. The result can be improved by examination in the second trimester, controls of progress and by truncometry.", "contents": "[Determination of the prospective time of labor using ultrasonic fetometry]. The prediction of the date of delivery by ultrasonic fetometry.--On the basis of the biparietal diameter the accuracy of the prediction of the term amounts to 87.3% within +/- 15 days in patients with unknown last menstrual period. The result can be improved by examination in the second trimester, controls of progress and by truncometry.", "PMID": 685569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6487", "title": "[Delta pH F changes sub partu and their clinical relevance].", "content": "Investigations of delta pHF-changes in labor led to the opinion, that there exist no agreement between this changes and the fetal or neonatal condition. Nevertheless they represent an important criterion--together with electronic parameters--for estimation of placental function. By achievment of limiting values (delta pHF greater than or equal to 0,10) and persistent pathological fetal heart rate patterns the termination of labor is necessary. A pHF less than 7,25 should no be reached. That ist of great importance for a low acidotic morbidity.--In this connection the determination of pHF to begin of the fetal monitoring is requisite. This is meaningful for the dynamics of pHF-values in labor in accordance with the fetal monitoring.", "contents": "[Delta pH F changes sub partu and their clinical relevance]. Investigations of delta pHF-changes in labor led to the opinion, that there exist no agreement between this changes and the fetal or neonatal condition. Nevertheless they represent an important criterion--together with electronic parameters--for estimation of placental function. By achievment of limiting values (delta pHF greater than or equal to 0,10) and persistent pathological fetal heart rate patterns the termination of labor is necessary. A pHF less than 7,25 should no be reached. That ist of great importance for a low acidotic morbidity.--In this connection the determination of pHF to begin of the fetal monitoring is requisite. This is meaningful for the dynamics of pHF-values in labor in accordance with the fetal monitoring.", "PMID": 685571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6488", "title": "[Relationship between social characteristics and behavior in pregnancy].", "content": "From 1973 to 1975 five hundred Berlin women have been questioned in puerperum. The authors seeked for possible differences in pregnancy behaviour during planned and unplanned gravidity. 40% of the women had an unplanned pregnancy. A higher fraction of unplanned pregnancies was found in young, unmarried women being under education, women without profession, plurigravids, and those who had never taken the anti baby pill.--In 5 of 8 parameters there were no differences in behaviour between planned and unplanned pregnancies (nourishment, use of drugs without doctor's order, coffee, alcohol, cohabitation near term).--In the group of planned pregnancy more mothers drank sufficient quantities of milk, read books about pregnancy and delivery, and smoked less. But the differences are small. Therefore the authors don't believe that fact of unplanned pregnancy is a considerable factor of risk for fetus and newborn.", "contents": "[Relationship between social characteristics and behavior in pregnancy]. From 1973 to 1975 five hundred Berlin women have been questioned in puerperum. The authors seeked for possible differences in pregnancy behaviour during planned and unplanned gravidity. 40% of the women had an unplanned pregnancy. A higher fraction of unplanned pregnancies was found in young, unmarried women being under education, women without profession, plurigravids, and those who had never taken the anti baby pill.--In 5 of 8 parameters there were no differences in behaviour between planned and unplanned pregnancies (nourishment, use of drugs without doctor's order, coffee, alcohol, cohabitation near term).--In the group of planned pregnancy more mothers drank sufficient quantities of milk, read books about pregnancy and delivery, and smoked less. But the differences are small. Therefore the authors don't believe that fact of unplanned pregnancy is a considerable factor of risk for fetus and newborn.", "PMID": 685572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6489", "title": "[Curettage during puerperium and its late consequences].", "content": "The authors examined data of 160 cases of puerperal curettage. The histological examination proved placental residue in 15,61 per cent, decidual residue in 65,61 per cent of the patients. It was a very important finding that the histological examination proved the presence of acute (66 patients), subacute and chronic (23 patients) inflammation, but the patients had no symptoms that would indicate endometritis. 71,86 per cent of the curettage were performed in the 2nd to 4th week of puerperium. Follow-up examinations were made in 69 patients in a period up to 1--5 years after the post-partal curettage. Out of the 69 patients only 14 were free of complications, 32 of them had amenorrhoe or hypomenorrhoe, 20 suffered from Asherman's syndrome (intrauterine synechiae).--49 of the patients intended delivery, but 22 were infertile. The authors' own principles on the treatment and prevention of puerperal hemorrhage are also summed up.", "contents": "[Curettage during puerperium and its late consequences]. The authors examined data of 160 cases of puerperal curettage. The histological examination proved placental residue in 15,61 per cent, decidual residue in 65,61 per cent of the patients. It was a very important finding that the histological examination proved the presence of acute (66 patients), subacute and chronic (23 patients) inflammation, but the patients had no symptoms that would indicate endometritis. 71,86 per cent of the curettage were performed in the 2nd to 4th week of puerperium. Follow-up examinations were made in 69 patients in a period up to 1--5 years after the post-partal curettage. Out of the 69 patients only 14 were free of complications, 32 of them had amenorrhoe or hypomenorrhoe, 20 suffered from Asherman's syndrome (intrauterine synechiae).--49 of the patients intended delivery, but 22 were infertile. The authors' own principles on the treatment and prevention of puerperal hemorrhage are also summed up.", "PMID": 685574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6490", "title": "[Abortion induced by prostaglandin F 2 alpha in risk patients].", "content": "For 245 cases of risk the intermittend extraamnial Prostaglandin F 2 alpha application was used for medicamentous dilatation of the cervix when carrying out the legal abortion in the I. trimenon. The low morbidity rate of 3% in cases of legal abortion as well as the preventive method of dilatation are able to prevent disturbances of fertility. Especially for all the young primigravidae we hope for a diminution of the cervix insufficiencies in the following desired gravidity.--In contrast to this, the danger of bacterial contamination as well as the burden onto the cervix' holding and supporting function up to the complete abortion are much higher with Prostaglandininductions.--The low doses of 3 mg Prostaglandin F 2 alpha for medicamentous dilatation of the cervix and economical advantages let this method be recommended as a method of selection for cases of legal abortion with risk.", "contents": "[Abortion induced by prostaglandin F 2 alpha in risk patients]. For 245 cases of risk the intermittend extraamnial Prostaglandin F 2 alpha application was used for medicamentous dilatation of the cervix when carrying out the legal abortion in the I. trimenon. The low morbidity rate of 3% in cases of legal abortion as well as the preventive method of dilatation are able to prevent disturbances of fertility. Especially for all the young primigravidae we hope for a diminution of the cervix insufficiencies in the following desired gravidity.--In contrast to this, the danger of bacterial contamination as well as the burden onto the cervix' holding and supporting function up to the complete abortion are much higher with Prostaglandininductions.--The low doses of 3 mg Prostaglandin F 2 alpha for medicamentous dilatation of the cervix and economical advantages let this method be recommended as a method of selection for cases of legal abortion with risk.", "PMID": 685575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6491", "title": "[Dermatitis as an expression of progesterone hypersensitivity (autoimmune disease)].", "content": "By means of a report on a 39-years-old woman with cyclic eruption of dermatosis in praemenstruum, was caused by progesterone-sensitivity. The problem is discussed of this autoimmune-disease. It is supposed that this autoimmune-progesterone-mechanism may be of importance in gynecology.", "contents": "[Dermatitis as an expression of progesterone hypersensitivity (autoimmune disease)]. By means of a report on a 39-years-old woman with cyclic eruption of dermatosis in praemenstruum, was caused by progesterone-sensitivity. The problem is discussed of this autoimmune-disease. It is supposed that this autoimmune-progesterone-mechanism may be of importance in gynecology.", "PMID": 685576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6492", "title": "[Experiences with clomiphene therapy of endocrine sterility].", "content": "Two hundred seventy-three infertile women with disturbances of the menstrual cycle were treated with clomiphene citrate a level of 50 or 100 mg daily for 5 days, or even--in cases of therapeutic failure--of 150 or 200 mg daily. According to the experiences of other authors the results indicate that conception can be obtained in a rate between 35 and 40%. The frequent occurence of additional factors diminishing fertility, however, reduces this relatively favorable pregnancy rate to a level of 30% under the conditions of practice. Patients with ovulatory failures, secondary amenorrhoe associated with sufficient endogenic estrogen secretion, and luteal insufficiencies respond most favorably to clomiphene citrate. If the preovulatory cervical mucus reaction is missed, the additional application of an estrogen preparation, in cases of repeated luteal phase defects the combination of clomiphene with HCG is recommended.", "contents": "[Experiences with clomiphene therapy of endocrine sterility]. Two hundred seventy-three infertile women with disturbances of the menstrual cycle were treated with clomiphene citrate a level of 50 or 100 mg daily for 5 days, or even--in cases of therapeutic failure--of 150 or 200 mg daily. According to the experiences of other authors the results indicate that conception can be obtained in a rate between 35 and 40%. The frequent occurence of additional factors diminishing fertility, however, reduces this relatively favorable pregnancy rate to a level of 30% under the conditions of practice. Patients with ovulatory failures, secondary amenorrhoe associated with sufficient endogenic estrogen secretion, and luteal insufficiencies respond most favorably to clomiphene citrate. If the preovulatory cervical mucus reaction is missed, the additional application of an estrogen preparation, in cases of repeated luteal phase defects the combination of clomiphene with HCG is recommended.", "PMID": 685577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6493", "title": "[Prevention of thromboembolism in surgical gynecology].", "content": "It is reported on the prophylaxis of thromboembolic diseases with acetylsalicylic acid (Micristin) in gynaecological surgery. The number of thromboembolic complications clinically ascertained was diminished from 3,25% (without Micristin) to 0,82% (with Micristin). Side effects were rarely observed, laboratory control was not necessary, Low-dose-heparin-prophylaxis were executed on contraindications and incompatibilities of Micristin. The perioperative use of low doses of heparin combined with postoperative use of oral anticoagulants on patients with increased risk of thromboembolism are discussed.", "contents": "[Prevention of thromboembolism in surgical gynecology]. It is reported on the prophylaxis of thromboembolic diseases with acetylsalicylic acid (Micristin) in gynaecological surgery. The number of thromboembolic complications clinically ascertained was diminished from 3,25% (without Micristin) to 0,82% (with Micristin). Side effects were rarely observed, laboratory control was not necessary, Low-dose-heparin-prophylaxis were executed on contraindications and incompatibilities of Micristin. The perioperative use of low doses of heparin combined with postoperative use of oral anticoagulants on patients with increased risk of thromboembolism are discussed.", "PMID": 685578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6494", "title": "[Combined infarct of the brain in the basin of the middle and anterior cerebral arteries].", "content": "The report contains a description of the morphology, pathogenesis and clinical picture of combined brain infarctions in 16 cases developing in the basin of the middle and anterior arteries. The mechanisms of their development are discussed: thrombosis, thrombembolia of the middle and anterior brain arteries and their branches, pressure of the cortical branches in the anterior brain artery by the lower edge of the large crescentic process of the dura mater.", "contents": "[Combined infarct of the brain in the basin of the middle and anterior cerebral arteries]. The report contains a description of the morphology, pathogenesis and clinical picture of combined brain infarctions in 16 cases developing in the basin of the middle and anterior arteries. The mechanisms of their development are discussed: thrombosis, thrombembolia of the middle and anterior brain arteries and their branches, pressure of the cortical branches in the anterior brain artery by the lower edge of the large crescentic process of the dura mater.", "PMID": 685607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6495", "title": "[Atherosclerosis of the major extra- and intracranial cerebral arteries in persons engaged in physical and intellectual work].", "content": "The authors conducted a visual-planimetric study of the magistral arteries, supplying the brain in 152 deceased individuals, where the intensity of atherosclerosis was studied in comparison to people of physical and intellectual work. The compared groups were identical for sex, age and the main disease. In people of physical work the intracranial arteries demonstrate either no changes or only lipoid spots in them. In people of intellectual work there were fibrous plaques. In extracranial arteries there were no differences in the frequency of atherosclerotic changes in the compared groups. The general area of atherosclerotic changes (as well as the area of eminental lesions and fibrous plaques) in the arteries of the Willisi circle was significantly larger in people of intellectual work than in people of physical work. There were no significant differences between the two compared groups according to the area of atherosclerotic lesions in the extracranial brain arteries.", "contents": "[Atherosclerosis of the major extra- and intracranial cerebral arteries in persons engaged in physical and intellectual work]. The authors conducted a visual-planimetric study of the magistral arteries, supplying the brain in 152 deceased individuals, where the intensity of atherosclerosis was studied in comparison to people of physical and intellectual work. The compared groups were identical for sex, age and the main disease. In people of physical work the intracranial arteries demonstrate either no changes or only lipoid spots in them. In people of intellectual work there were fibrous plaques. In extracranial arteries there were no differences in the frequency of atherosclerotic changes in the compared groups. The general area of atherosclerotic changes (as well as the area of eminental lesions and fibrous plaques) in the arteries of the Willisi circle was significantly larger in people of intellectual work than in people of physical work. There were no significant differences between the two compared groups according to the area of atherosclerotic lesions in the extracranial brain arteries.", "PMID": 685609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6496", "title": "[Clinical picture and several histochemical changes in the brain in cerebral rheumovasculitis].", "content": "A clinical study of 70 patients with cerebral rheumovasculitis permitted the author to distinguish 3 forms of the disease: with a diffuse, mild focal and crude focal neorological symptomatology. Their dependence upon the somatical signs is demonstrated, a successional development of nervous system lesions, treatment and its effectiveness. The histochemical studies in different brain areas in patients with crude focal neorological symptomatology demonstrated allergic, metabolic and inflammatory changes in the vascular walls, accompanied by hemodynamical changes and deep dystrophy of the neurons and nervous fibres, as well as productive reaction of the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial elements.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and several histochemical changes in the brain in cerebral rheumovasculitis]. A clinical study of 70 patients with cerebral rheumovasculitis permitted the author to distinguish 3 forms of the disease: with a diffuse, mild focal and crude focal neorological symptomatology. Their dependence upon the somatical signs is demonstrated, a successional development of nervous system lesions, treatment and its effectiveness. The histochemical studies in different brain areas in patients with crude focal neorological symptomatology demonstrated allergic, metabolic and inflammatory changes in the vascular walls, accompanied by hemodynamical changes and deep dystrophy of the neurons and nervous fibres, as well as productive reaction of the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial elements.", "PMID": 685610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6497", "title": "[Lesions of the central and peripheral nervous systems in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Using morhological, neurohistological and histochemical methods the author studied different areas and anatomical structures of the central and peripheral somatic and vegetative nervous system in 4 patients who had died during different periods of rheumatoid arthritis at the age of 27, 48, 51, and 60. The studies demonstrated symptoms of disorganization of the connective tissue in the sheaths and walls of vessels (mainly in the microcirculatory bed), lymphoid histocyte infiltrates, rheumatoid nodules and nonspecific changes of neurocytes and conductors. The paper contains a description of the main form of lesions in rheumatoid, arthritis of the nervous system.", "contents": "[Lesions of the central and peripheral nervous systems in rheumatoid arthritis]. Using morhological, neurohistological and histochemical methods the author studied different areas and anatomical structures of the central and peripheral somatic and vegetative nervous system in 4 patients who had died during different periods of rheumatoid arthritis at the age of 27, 48, 51, and 60. The studies demonstrated symptoms of disorganization of the connective tissue in the sheaths and walls of vessels (mainly in the microcirculatory bed), lymphoid histocyte infiltrates, rheumatoid nodules and nonspecific changes of neurocytes and conductors. The paper contains a description of the main form of lesions in rheumatoid, arthritis of the nervous system.", "PMID": 685611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6498", "title": "[Clinico-morphologic features of subacute anterior poliomyelitis].", "content": "The paper deals with clinical and morphological studies of 2 cases with subacute anterior poliomyelitis. The authors attract special attention to the development of flaccid pareses with a simultaneous inhibition of tendinous and periosteal reflexes, the absence of any pyramidal signs during the entire disease and a clear prevalence of degeneration in spinal cord motoneurons in the cervical and thoracel parts and their preservation in the brain cortex. These symptoms are distinctive signs from the poliomyelitic variant of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "contents": "[Clinico-morphologic features of subacute anterior poliomyelitis]. The paper deals with clinical and morphological studies of 2 cases with subacute anterior poliomyelitis. The authors attract special attention to the development of flaccid pareses with a simultaneous inhibition of tendinous and periosteal reflexes, the absence of any pyramidal signs during the entire disease and a clear prevalence of degeneration in spinal cord motoneurons in the cervical and thoracel parts and their preservation in the brain cortex. These symptoms are distinctive signs from the poliomyelitic variant of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "PMID": 685612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6499", "title": "[Changes in the central nervous system in acute viral respiratory infections].", "content": "On the basis of a clinico-morphological analysis of 50 cases with acute respiratory viral infections, developing clinically with brain symptoms, the authors distinguish 2 main factors, influencing their development. The main factors consist in a evicious circles of respiratory disorders which causes the appearance of toxico-hypoxic encephalopathy. Encephalitis of an immuno-allergic nature are seen less frequently and may appear soon after acute respiratory viral infections. Histologically there are 2 forms of allergic encephalitis: 1) with perivascular lymphocyte infiltration and 2) hemorrhagical. The second form differs clinically from the first by apoplectic-like development with a coma and rapid short course. Both forms of poctinfluenza allergic encephalitis differ from encephalopathy in the fact that they develop not during the crucial phase of acute respiratory infection, but follow 1-2 weeks. The morphological differences of hemmorrhagical forms of poctinfluenza allergic encephalitis from from encephalopathy are characterized by intensive perivascular hemorrhages with a tendency towards their fusion; by changes in the vascular walls; by an appearance of small foci of colliquative necrosis and demyelinization.", "contents": "[Changes in the central nervous system in acute viral respiratory infections]. On the basis of a clinico-morphological analysis of 50 cases with acute respiratory viral infections, developing clinically with brain symptoms, the authors distinguish 2 main factors, influencing their development. The main factors consist in a evicious circles of respiratory disorders which causes the appearance of toxico-hypoxic encephalopathy. Encephalitis of an immuno-allergic nature are seen less frequently and may appear soon after acute respiratory viral infections. Histologically there are 2 forms of allergic encephalitis: 1) with perivascular lymphocyte infiltration and 2) hemorrhagical. The second form differs clinically from the first by apoplectic-like development with a coma and rapid short course. Both forms of poctinfluenza allergic encephalitis differ from encephalopathy in the fact that they develop not during the crucial phase of acute respiratory infection, but follow 1-2 weeks. The morphological differences of hemmorrhagical forms of poctinfluenza allergic encephalitis from from encephalopathy are characterized by intensive perivascular hemorrhages with a tendency towards their fusion; by changes in the vascular walls; by an appearance of small foci of colliquative necrosis and demyelinization.", "PMID": 685613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6500", "title": "[Endocrine myopathies. Muscular lesions in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "The authors studied 42 patients with endocrine myopathy. In thyrotoxic myopathy prevalent muscle lesions of the pelvic girdle and femur were found. EMG studies (with the aid of point electrodes), histological and histochemical studies of the muscles in patients with thyrotoxicosis indicate a primary muscular character of the atrophies. The report contains descriptions of pathomorphological and histochemical changes in the muscles in experimental thyrotoxic myopathy.", "contents": "[Endocrine myopathies. Muscular lesions in thyrotoxicosis]. The authors studied 42 patients with endocrine myopathy. In thyrotoxic myopathy prevalent muscle lesions of the pelvic girdle and femur were found. EMG studies (with the aid of point electrodes), histological and histochemical studies of the muscles in patients with thyrotoxicosis indicate a primary muscular character of the atrophies. The report contains descriptions of pathomorphological and histochemical changes in the muscles in experimental thyrotoxic myopathy.", "PMID": 685614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6501", "title": "[Ultrastructural features of cerebral synapses in schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The paper is concerned with ultrastructural traits of synapses in the frontal lobe, supraoptical nucleus of the hypothalamus and caudal nucleus of the brain in 12 schizophrenic patients and 8 normals (the period of autopsy was 4 hours following death). The results demonstrated 2 types of changes: 1) slightly expressed changes (a decrease of the extent of active zone contacts, changed forms in the synaptical vesicles); 2) extremely expressed or degenerative changes in the synapses (an appearance of fibrillar structures, glycogene granules, degeneration of synaptical endings of a dark type).", "contents": "[Ultrastructural features of cerebral synapses in schizophrenic patients]. The paper is concerned with ultrastructural traits of synapses in the frontal lobe, supraoptical nucleus of the hypothalamus and caudal nucleus of the brain in 12 schizophrenic patients and 8 normals (the period of autopsy was 4 hours following death). The results demonstrated 2 types of changes: 1) slightly expressed changes (a decrease of the extent of active zone contacts, changed forms in the synaptical vesicles); 2) extremely expressed or degenerative changes in the synapses (an appearance of fibrillar structures, glycogene granules, degeneration of synaptical endings of a dark type).", "PMID": 685616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6502", "title": "[Pathologic anatomy and pathogenesis of focal pneumonias in mental patients of late middle and advanced age].", "content": "The author studied 128 postmortem cases with focal pneumonia in mental patients (74 cases) and normals (54 control cases) at old age. In the main group there was a significant lesion of the bronchial tree, a polysegmental nature of pneumonia with a frequent localization of the process in the 10, 9, 6 and 2 segments of the lungs, expressed changes in the fibrillar structures, a drop in the immunological reactivity, atypical clinical development. Pneumonia in old age and especially in mental patients has an important thanatogenetical significance. In its pathogenesis special attention should be paid to the state of defensive mechanisms in respiratory organs, to the etiology of pneumonia and the level of immunological reactivity in such patients.", "contents": "[Pathologic anatomy and pathogenesis of focal pneumonias in mental patients of late middle and advanced age]. The author studied 128 postmortem cases with focal pneumonia in mental patients (74 cases) and normals (54 control cases) at old age. In the main group there was a significant lesion of the bronchial tree, a polysegmental nature of pneumonia with a frequent localization of the process in the 10, 9, 6 and 2 segments of the lungs, expressed changes in the fibrillar structures, a drop in the immunological reactivity, atypical clinical development. Pneumonia in old age and especially in mental patients has an important thanatogenetical significance. In its pathogenesis special attention should be paid to the state of defensive mechanisms in respiratory organs, to the etiology of pneumonia and the level of immunological reactivity in such patients.", "PMID": 685617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6503", "title": "[Several characteristic senile dementia morphologic changes in the brain and their corresponding neuropsychological syndromes].", "content": "A pathohistological study of the brain in 23 cases of senile dementia detected that the loss of a significant amount of neurons of the II and III layers in the cortex of the frontal and occipital lobes was accompanied by foci of destruction in the knee and intumescentia of the corpus callosum as well as by a destruction of the long associative connections in the fascicles, connecting the frontal and occipital lobes of the same hemisphere. Such phenomena were not found in normal individuals of old age nor in mental patients with other diseases. A neuropsychological study of 21 patients with senile dementia demonstrated that a lesion of these brain structures may correspond to dynamical apraxia, visual agnosis and a disturbance of bimanuel reciprocal coordination.", "contents": "[Several characteristic senile dementia morphologic changes in the brain and their corresponding neuropsychological syndromes]. A pathohistological study of the brain in 23 cases of senile dementia detected that the loss of a significant amount of neurons of the II and III layers in the cortex of the frontal and occipital lobes was accompanied by foci of destruction in the knee and intumescentia of the corpus callosum as well as by a destruction of the long associative connections in the fascicles, connecting the frontal and occipital lobes of the same hemisphere. Such phenomena were not found in normal individuals of old age nor in mental patients with other diseases. A neuropsychological study of 21 patients with senile dementia demonstrated that a lesion of these brain structures may correspond to dynamical apraxia, visual agnosis and a disturbance of bimanuel reciprocal coordination.", "PMID": 685618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6504", "title": "[Pathologic anatomy of the neurolipidoses].", "content": "The authors give a description of 2 cases (sibs) with neurolipidosis of the group of amaurotic idiocy. There was an atypicity of the clinical and pathomophological picture: prolonged development of the disease (24 and 29 years, with an onset at 3-4 years), the absence of ocular changes, a massive lesion of the cortex in relative preservation of the subcortical areas, brain stem and cerebellum. The perspectiveness of a comprehensive clinico-morphological study is discussed in the interpretation of the genesis of different forms of neurolipidosis.", "contents": "[Pathologic anatomy of the neurolipidoses]. The authors give a description of 2 cases (sibs) with neurolipidosis of the group of amaurotic idiocy. There was an atypicity of the clinical and pathomophological picture: prolonged development of the disease (24 and 29 years, with an onset at 3-4 years), the absence of ocular changes, a massive lesion of the cortex in relative preservation of the subcortical areas, brain stem and cerebellum. The perspectiveness of a comprehensive clinico-morphological study is discussed in the interpretation of the genesis of different forms of neurolipidosis.", "PMID": 685619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6505", "title": "[Distribution of acetylcholinesterase in different regions of the human brain according to light and electron cytochemical findings].", "content": "On the basis of cytochemical studies the author presents some data, concerning the distribution of acetycholinesterase in the structures of human brain nervous tissues on the photo-optical and ultrastructural levels. There were some differences in the distribution of enzymes in the different brain areas. There were also some special traits in the cytochemical reactions to acethylcholinestherase in connection with the processes of postmortal autolysis and the state of the brain taken for studies. It is assumed that there are 2 forms of acethylcholinestherase in the cells--connected and not connected with the membranes. The author discusses some problems of the synaptical and barrier functions of acetylcholinestherase in the brain as well as the functional significance of the cholinergic system of mediation in relation to its distribution in different brain areas.", "contents": "[Distribution of acetylcholinesterase in different regions of the human brain according to light and electron cytochemical findings]. On the basis of cytochemical studies the author presents some data, concerning the distribution of acetycholinesterase in the structures of human brain nervous tissues on the photo-optical and ultrastructural levels. There were some differences in the distribution of enzymes in the different brain areas. There were also some special traits in the cytochemical reactions to acethylcholinestherase in connection with the processes of postmortal autolysis and the state of the brain taken for studies. It is assumed that there are 2 forms of acethylcholinestherase in the cells--connected and not connected with the membranes. The author discusses some problems of the synaptical and barrier functions of acetylcholinestherase in the brain as well as the functional significance of the cholinergic system of mediation in relation to its distribution in different brain areas.", "PMID": 685621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6506", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in the ultrastructure of hypothalamic nerve cells in acute morphine poisoning].", "content": "In order to study the dynamics of submicroscopical changes in the paraventricular and supraoptical nuclei of the hypothalamus the authors studied with the aid of electron microscopic methods 12 white rats of the Wistar line. Such studies were performed in different periods after acute intoxication by middle toxic doses of morphine. Following 30 min after the injection the nervous cells demonstrated moderately expressed ultrastructural changes of a chromatolytical type. Chromatolysis after 60 min was increased and it was accompanied by focal destruction of the cytoplasma. After 48 hours following acute intoxication the changes of the nervous cells were characterized by a prevalent increase of the granular components, that formed the picture of a functional hyperchromatosis. These changes indicate to a tendency to rehabilitation of damaged structures.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in the ultrastructure of hypothalamic nerve cells in acute morphine poisoning]. In order to study the dynamics of submicroscopical changes in the paraventricular and supraoptical nuclei of the hypothalamus the authors studied with the aid of electron microscopic methods 12 white rats of the Wistar line. Such studies were performed in different periods after acute intoxication by middle toxic doses of morphine. Following 30 min after the injection the nervous cells demonstrated moderately expressed ultrastructural changes of a chromatolytical type. Chromatolysis after 60 min was increased and it was accompanied by focal destruction of the cytoplasma. After 48 hours following acute intoxication the changes of the nervous cells were characterized by a prevalent increase of the granular components, that formed the picture of a functional hyperchromatosis. These changes indicate to a tendency to rehabilitation of damaged structures.", "PMID": 685622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6507", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in capillaries of the cerebral cortex during ischemia].", "content": "Electron microscopic studies of dynamic capillary changes demonstrated a tendency towards a progressive decrease of the diameter or a complete occlusion by thrombs. Acute disorders of microcirculation due to a bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries lead not only to different reactions of the capillaries, but to destructive changes in the capillary endothelium. As a result of the developing ischemia, hypoxia has an important pathogenetical significance in disorders of circulation, inasmuch as it exerts influence not only on the nervous tissue, but on the capillaries leading to their dysfunction, an increase of the wall permeability and oedema. The easily developing oedema in conditions of hypoxia, evokes further lesions of the brain tissue which concerns the ultrastructure of cell elements in the whole system: capillaries, glia, neuron.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in capillaries of the cerebral cortex during ischemia]. Electron microscopic studies of dynamic capillary changes demonstrated a tendency towards a progressive decrease of the diameter or a complete occlusion by thrombs. Acute disorders of microcirculation due to a bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries lead not only to different reactions of the capillaries, but to destructive changes in the capillary endothelium. As a result of the developing ischemia, hypoxia has an important pathogenetical significance in disorders of circulation, inasmuch as it exerts influence not only on the nervous tissue, but on the capillaries leading to their dysfunction, an increase of the wall permeability and oedema. The easily developing oedema in conditions of hypoxia, evokes further lesions of the brain tissue which concerns the ultrastructure of cell elements in the whole system: capillaries, glia, neuron.", "PMID": 685623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6508", "title": "Stimulation of L-ornithine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylases by beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-gamma-aminobutyric acid in mouse tissues.", "content": "Injections of beta-(p--chlorophenyl)-gamma-aminobutyric acid caused a monophasic stimulation of the activity of neural L-ornithine decarboxylase, to reach a maximum of 9-fold compared with the control values 3 h after treatment. Stimulation of hepatic L-ornithine decarboxylase was biphasic, the activity reaching its first peak, 48-fold compared with the control values, similarly at about 3 h after administration, and returning to its initial level by 4 h, and rising to a second peak, about one-third of the magnitude of the first, about 25 h after the injection. The effect in the adrenal gland of the mouse was multiphasic, reaching its maximum, 94-fold enzyme activity compared with the control values, 7--8 h after treatment. There were also marked fluctuations in the activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase in the tissues examined.", "contents": "Stimulation of L-ornithine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylases by beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-gamma-aminobutyric acid in mouse tissues. Injections of beta-(p--chlorophenyl)-gamma-aminobutyric acid caused a monophasic stimulation of the activity of neural L-ornithine decarboxylase, to reach a maximum of 9-fold compared with the control values 3 h after treatment. Stimulation of hepatic L-ornithine decarboxylase was biphasic, the activity reaching its first peak, 48-fold compared with the control values, similarly at about 3 h after administration, and returning to its initial level by 4 h, and rising to a second peak, about one-third of the magnitude of the first, about 25 h after the injection. The effect in the adrenal gland of the mouse was multiphasic, reaching its maximum, 94-fold enzyme activity compared with the control values, 7--8 h after treatment. There were also marked fluctuations in the activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase in the tissues examined.", "PMID": 685624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6509", "title": "Immunological and binding studies on chloroform--methanol extracts from electroplax of Torpedo marmorata and from rat brain cortex. Comparison of the material solubilized by organic solvents with the receptor proteins solubilized by detergents.", "content": "We have investigated a chloroform--methanol extracted material from electric organ of Torpedo marmorata with respect to binding of [3H]-acetyl-alpha-neurotoxin and [3H]-acetylcholine. No binding was observed which is in contrast to observations with detergent extracted receptor. Further, no crossreactivity could be demonstrated between the chloroform--methanol extracted proteolipid and antibodies against the detergent extracted receptor. Labelling in the membrane with [3H]-acetyl-alpha-neurotoxin before extraction with chloroform--methanol gave a very low yield of extracted labelled compound. The protein yield is about 0.3% of the total in the homogenate and only 0.04% of the specifically bound neurotoxin. Using the alkylating affinity label [3H]-N-propylbenzilylcholine mustard (1) and also [3H]-atropine, which both bind, at low concentrations, specifically to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, binding was studied to the chloroform--methanol extracted proteolipid from rat brain cortex. No specific binding could, however, be demonstrated. Prelabelling in the membrane with 1 and subsequent extraction with chloroform--methanol gave a protein yield of about 1% and an extraction of 26% of the specifically bound label.", "contents": "Immunological and binding studies on chloroform--methanol extracts from electroplax of Torpedo marmorata and from rat brain cortex. Comparison of the material solubilized by organic solvents with the receptor proteins solubilized by detergents. We have investigated a chloroform--methanol extracted material from electric organ of Torpedo marmorata with respect to binding of [3H]-acetyl-alpha-neurotoxin and [3H]-acetylcholine. No binding was observed which is in contrast to observations with detergent extracted receptor. Further, no crossreactivity could be demonstrated between the chloroform--methanol extracted proteolipid and antibodies against the detergent extracted receptor. Labelling in the membrane with [3H]-acetyl-alpha-neurotoxin before extraction with chloroform--methanol gave a very low yield of extracted labelled compound. The protein yield is about 0.3% of the total in the homogenate and only 0.04% of the specifically bound neurotoxin. Using the alkylating affinity label [3H]-N-propylbenzilylcholine mustard (1) and also [3H]-atropine, which both bind, at low concentrations, specifically to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, binding was studied to the chloroform--methanol extracted proteolipid from rat brain cortex. No specific binding could, however, be demonstrated. Prelabelling in the membrane with 1 and subsequent extraction with chloroform--methanol gave a protein yield of about 1% and an extraction of 26% of the specifically bound label.", "PMID": 685625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6510", "title": "Effect of lead poisoning on the thiamine status and function in liver and blood of rats.", "content": "Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a thiamine deficient diet, which was supplemented by daily subcutaneous injections of a minimum requirement of thiamine, and treated with lead(II) acetate in different molar ratios to thiamine (1:1, 2:1, 10:1) for 5 and 9 months, respectively. The prolonged administration of lead(II) acetate decreases the thiamine level in lead-treated rats and diminishes the enzymatic activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase as well as that of transketolase. The thiamine level in the liver decreased by 30 to 40% compared with a reference group and the activity of the erythrocyte transketolase diminished by 5 to 40%. The level of the blood pyruvate increased by about 20% and the rate of the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by liver mitochondria decreased.", "contents": "Effect of lead poisoning on the thiamine status and function in liver and blood of rats. Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a thiamine deficient diet, which was supplemented by daily subcutaneous injections of a minimum requirement of thiamine, and treated with lead(II) acetate in different molar ratios to thiamine (1:1, 2:1, 10:1) for 5 and 9 months, respectively. The prolonged administration of lead(II) acetate decreases the thiamine level in lead-treated rats and diminishes the enzymatic activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase as well as that of transketolase. The thiamine level in the liver decreased by 30 to 40% compared with a reference group and the activity of the erythrocyte transketolase diminished by 5 to 40%. The level of the blood pyruvate increased by about 20% and the rate of the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by liver mitochondria decreased.", "PMID": 685626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6511", "title": "[Sudden cardiac death in patients with pacemakers].", "content": "The risk of sudden death in our material, is 13.6% of all deaths. 2. In 5 patients (1.6%) death was caused by failure of the pacemaker (PM), or the electrode. 3. Patients with an asynchronous PM have no higher risk for sudden death, than patients with demand PM. 4. In 9 of 44 patients, a dysfunction of the PM or electrode, can not be excluded. Thus, it must be strictly advised in all patients with an implanted PM, that an autopsy and control of the explanted PM and electrode should be performed. 5. Patients who have a higher risk for sudden death (total AV-Block, Adams-Stokes-Attacks) should be kept hospitalized at least 4 weeks after implantation, controlled more frequently than others, and should be labelled as high risk patients in their PM passport. 6. Control of the resistance in the patients circuit can detect impending failure of the electrode and prevent life threatening complications.", "contents": "[Sudden cardiac death in patients with pacemakers]. The risk of sudden death in our material, is 13.6% of all deaths. 2. In 5 patients (1.6%) death was caused by failure of the pacemaker (PM), or the electrode. 3. Patients with an asynchronous PM have no higher risk for sudden death, than patients with demand PM. 4. In 9 of 44 patients, a dysfunction of the PM or electrode, can not be excluded. Thus, it must be strictly advised in all patients with an implanted PM, that an autopsy and control of the explanted PM and electrode should be performed. 5. Patients who have a higher risk for sudden death (total AV-Block, Adams-Stokes-Attacks) should be kept hospitalized at least 4 weeks after implantation, controlled more frequently than others, and should be labelled as high risk patients in their PM passport. 6. Control of the resistance in the patients circuit can detect impending failure of the electrode and prevent life threatening complications.", "PMID": 685634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6512", "title": "[Control studies on retired lead workers].", "content": "Nine lead-workers, with an exposure time of 26 years, are investigated 10 years, after they had retired. There are no differences in the blood-count, hemoglobin, blood-lead level, urin-delta-aminolevulinic-acid, urincoproporphyrin and delta-aminolevulinic-acid-dehydratase-activity in their blood, upon comparison with a control group without lead-exposure. The mean urinary excretion of lead (0.119 mumol/g Kreatinin = 24 microgram/g Kr.) was 8 times higher than of reached by the controls (0.014 mumol/g Kr. = 2.7 microgram/g Kr.). The injection of CaNa2-EDTA increased the lead excretion to 0.197 mumol/g Kr. = 40.8 microgram/g Kr., in the control group 0.123 mumol/g Kr. - 25.7 microgram/g Kr. (62%). Therefore these two investigations are recommended for detection of previous lead exposure.", "contents": "[Control studies on retired lead workers]. Nine lead-workers, with an exposure time of 26 years, are investigated 10 years, after they had retired. There are no differences in the blood-count, hemoglobin, blood-lead level, urin-delta-aminolevulinic-acid, urincoproporphyrin and delta-aminolevulinic-acid-dehydratase-activity in their blood, upon comparison with a control group without lead-exposure. The mean urinary excretion of lead (0.119 mumol/g Kreatinin = 24 microgram/g Kr.) was 8 times higher than of reached by the controls (0.014 mumol/g Kr. = 2.7 microgram/g Kr.). The injection of CaNa2-EDTA increased the lead excretion to 0.197 mumol/g Kr. = 40.8 microgram/g Kr., in the control group 0.123 mumol/g Kr. - 25.7 microgram/g Kr. (62%). Therefore these two investigations are recommended for detection of previous lead exposure.", "PMID": 685635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6513", "title": "[Pacemaker failure due to postcardiotomy syndrome--case report].", "content": "A failure of the sensing function of a pacemaker with a sutureless myocardial lead caused by postcardiotomy syndrome, is reported. The pacemaker failure appeared on the sixth postoperative day and disappeared after healing of the syndrome. Attention is called to the possibility of a postcardiotomy syndrome causing a pacemaker failure.", "contents": "[Pacemaker failure due to postcardiotomy syndrome--case report]. A failure of the sensing function of a pacemaker with a sutureless myocardial lead caused by postcardiotomy syndrome, is reported. The pacemaker failure appeared on the sixth postoperative day and disappeared after healing of the syndrome. Attention is called to the possibility of a postcardiotomy syndrome causing a pacemaker failure.", "PMID": 685636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6514", "title": "[Diurnal variations of human serum amino acid concentration].", "content": "In 5 healthy persons, as well as in 9 hospitalized patients with Parkinsonism and without metabolic disorders, diurnal variations of the concentrations of amino acids are determined in blood serum. It has been found that in addition to the peaks due to the digestion after meals, another peak in concentrations appeared. This peak was found between 2 and 4 a.m. and did not appear simultaneously for all amino acids. During this time, the urinary excretion of amino acids was also high.", "contents": "[Diurnal variations of human serum amino acid concentration]. In 5 healthy persons, as well as in 9 hospitalized patients with Parkinsonism and without metabolic disorders, diurnal variations of the concentrations of amino acids are determined in blood serum. It has been found that in addition to the peaks due to the digestion after meals, another peak in concentrations appeared. This peak was found between 2 and 4 a.m. and did not appear simultaneously for all amino acids. During this time, the urinary excretion of amino acids was also high.", "PMID": 685637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6515", "title": "Vascularization of the conducting system in the human heart.", "content": "On 200 randomized specimens of the human heart, of either sex, from 20 to 80 years of age, we investigated the vascularization of the conducting system of the heart in relation to the type of coronary ramification, by the dissection, injection-corrosive, radiographic and coronarographic method. The symmetrical type of arterial vascularization was established in 24%, the right type in 63% and the left type in 13% of the cases investigated. The sinoatrial node is vascularized in 60% by the right and in 40% of the cases by the left coronary artery. The atrioventricular node and the stem of the atrioventricular bundle are vascularized by the right coronary artery in 85% of the cases investigated, in 13% by the left and in 2% by both arteries. The right fasciculus of the atrioventricular bundle is vascularized by the left artery, the left fasciculus by both arteries. The vascularization of the posterior strand in both ventricles is conformable to the type of arterial vascularization of the heart.", "contents": "Vascularization of the conducting system in the human heart. On 200 randomized specimens of the human heart, of either sex, from 20 to 80 years of age, we investigated the vascularization of the conducting system of the heart in relation to the type of coronary ramification, by the dissection, injection-corrosive, radiographic and coronarographic method. The symmetrical type of arterial vascularization was established in 24%, the right type in 63% and the left type in 13% of the cases investigated. The sinoatrial node is vascularized in 60% by the right and in 40% of the cases by the left coronary artery. The atrioventricular node and the stem of the atrioventricular bundle are vascularized by the right coronary artery in 85% of the cases investigated, in 13% by the left and in 2% by both arteries. The right fasciculus of the atrioventricular bundle is vascularized by the left artery, the left fasciculus by both arteries. The vascularization of the posterior strand in both ventricles is conformable to the type of arterial vascularization of the heart.", "PMID": 685642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6516", "title": "Functional implications of felid forelimb anatomy.", "content": "The elbow and wrist anatomy of 17 felid species were studied and compared with that of other representative mammaliam carnivores. Based on the shape and position of the olecranon fossa, it was determined that for felids the  forelimb cannot travel in a \"pendulum-like\" motion during locomotion, but must travel through an arch away from the parasagittal plane of the body. For the anterior limb, the degree of deviation from the parasagittal plane was correlated with habitat preference. In this regard, those felids that are exclusive forest dwellers (found exclusively in high, densely structured habitats) had the greatest angle of inclination of the olecranon fossa. In addition, these, species had a large lateral olecranon tuberosity for the attachment of the lateral head of the triceps muscle. For those felids that inhabit more open terrain (low-structured habitat), the olecranon fossa was less inclined, the medical olecranon tuberosity relatively large, and the medial head of the triceps was significantly heavier than those of the forest felids. Both the wrist and elbow joints exhibited a large degree of mobility which was reflective of the claw-equipped forelimb being used as a hunting weapon.", "contents": "Functional implications of felid forelimb anatomy. The elbow and wrist anatomy of 17 felid species were studied and compared with that of other representative mammaliam carnivores. Based on the shape and position of the olecranon fossa, it was determined that for felids the  forelimb cannot travel in a \"pendulum-like\" motion during locomotion, but must travel through an arch away from the parasagittal plane of the body. For the anterior limb, the degree of deviation from the parasagittal plane was correlated with habitat preference. In this regard, those felids that are exclusive forest dwellers (found exclusively in high, densely structured habitats) had the greatest angle of inclination of the olecranon fossa. In addition, these, species had a large lateral olecranon tuberosity for the attachment of the lateral head of the triceps muscle. For those felids that inhabit more open terrain (low-structured habitat), the olecranon fossa was less inclined, the medical olecranon tuberosity relatively large, and the medial head of the triceps was significantly heavier than those of the forest felids. Both the wrist and elbow joints exhibited a large degree of mobility which was reflective of the claw-equipped forelimb being used as a hunting weapon.", "PMID": 685643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6517", "title": "Electron-microscopic study of the maturing rat red nucleus. I. The large-neuron population.", "content": "The maturing large neurons of the rat red nucleus in animals ranging in age from 1 to 21 days of postnatal life were studied ultrastructurally. Days 1--6 were characterized by rapid morphologic maturation occurring concomitantly with the onset of synaptogenesis. Morphogenesis was confined to the soma, while the first synaptic contacts were also formed in relationship to the soma. Days 6--9 demonstrated continued somal morphogenesis exemplified by cytoplasmic expansion and by the conspicuous presence of perisomatic and growth cone processes. Proximal dendritic morphogenesis was initiated, and synaptogenesis became complex with synaptic sites occurring in relation to the neuronal soma, the perisomatic processes and proximal dendrites. Days 9--15 were characterized by the completion of somal and proximal dendritic morphogenesis and by a massive degree of synaptogenic activity. During this interval, the soma lost perisomatic and growth cone processes, while somatic spines appeared. By the end of this period the neuronal soma and the proximal dendrites appeared mature in terms of both morphology and synaptic input. Complete neuronal maturation was ultimately attained by day 21 of postnatal life.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic study of the maturing rat red nucleus. I. The large-neuron population. The maturing large neurons of the rat red nucleus in animals ranging in age from 1 to 21 days of postnatal life were studied ultrastructurally. Days 1--6 were characterized by rapid morphologic maturation occurring concomitantly with the onset of synaptogenesis. Morphogenesis was confined to the soma, while the first synaptic contacts were also formed in relationship to the soma. Days 6--9 demonstrated continued somal morphogenesis exemplified by cytoplasmic expansion and by the conspicuous presence of perisomatic and growth cone processes. Proximal dendritic morphogenesis was initiated, and synaptogenesis became complex with synaptic sites occurring in relation to the neuronal soma, the perisomatic processes and proximal dendrites. Days 9--15 were characterized by the completion of somal and proximal dendritic morphogenesis and by a massive degree of synaptogenic activity. During this interval, the soma lost perisomatic and growth cone processes, while somatic spines appeared. By the end of this period the neuronal soma and the proximal dendrites appeared mature in terms of both morphology and synaptic input. Complete neuronal maturation was ultimately attained by day 21 of postnatal life.", "PMID": 685644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6518", "title": "The effect of dynamic loading on the growth of epiphyseal cartilage in the rat.", "content": "The Hueter-Volkmann law of epiphyseal pressures describes an inverse relationship between static compressive forces parallel to the axis of epiphyseal growth and the rate of growth of that cartilage. Studies of histological sections of the epiphyseal plate of the fourth metatarsals of (a) control, (b) bipedal and (c) bipedal rats with amputation of the fifth metatarsal show that dynamic compressive forces can stimulate epiphyseal cartilage growth. Within certain parameters, both the relief and increase of dynamic compression accelerate epiphyseal growth. It is the amount and kind of loading that are important factors to accelerate epiphyseal growth.", "contents": "The effect of dynamic loading on the growth of epiphyseal cartilage in the rat. The Hueter-Volkmann law of epiphyseal pressures describes an inverse relationship between static compressive forces parallel to the axis of epiphyseal growth and the rate of growth of that cartilage. Studies of histological sections of the epiphyseal plate of the fourth metatarsals of (a) control, (b) bipedal and (c) bipedal rats with amputation of the fifth metatarsal show that dynamic compressive forces can stimulate epiphyseal cartilage growth. Within certain parameters, both the relief and increase of dynamic compression accelerate epiphyseal growth. It is the amount and kind of loading that are important factors to accelerate epiphyseal growth.", "PMID": 685647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6519", "title": "[Form and attachment of the human sinus tarsi and canalis tarsi ligaments].", "content": "In addition to loose connective tissue, fat and blood vessels, the sinus and canalis tarsi also contain the capsules for the intertarsal joints as well as several varyingly stable tracts of fibers which present themselves in varying planes and directions but are nevertheless in a discernible arrangement to one another. This arrangement of fibers was studied on the feet of 40 adults whereby five distinct and clearly definable bundles could be regularly dissected. Starting from the lateral side and going medialis of the retinaculum mm. extensorum inferius, also a lig. talocalcaneum obliquum and a lig. canalis tarsi. Microscopically, fibrocartilage is evidenced in the ligaments and retinacula near their points of attachment to the bone. The ligaments lying lateral to the axis of movements for the talocalcaneal joint restrain the inversion while the medially lying lig. canalis tarsi prevents the eversion.", "contents": "[Form and attachment of the human sinus tarsi and canalis tarsi ligaments]. In addition to loose connective tissue, fat and blood vessels, the sinus and canalis tarsi also contain the capsules for the intertarsal joints as well as several varyingly stable tracts of fibers which present themselves in varying planes and directions but are nevertheless in a discernible arrangement to one another. This arrangement of fibers was studied on the feet of 40 adults whereby five distinct and clearly definable bundles could be regularly dissected. Starting from the lateral side and going medialis of the retinaculum mm. extensorum inferius, also a lig. talocalcaneum obliquum and a lig. canalis tarsi. Microscopically, fibrocartilage is evidenced in the ligaments and retinacula near their points of attachment to the bone. The ligaments lying lateral to the axis of movements for the talocalcaneal joint restrain the inversion while the medially lying lig. canalis tarsi prevents the eversion.", "PMID": 685648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6520", "title": "Innervation of the rabbit cornea. A histochemical and electron-microscopic study.", "content": "The innervation of the rabbit cornea was investigated histochemically and electron-microscopically with special reference to the autonomic nerves. Both formaldehyde- and glyoxylic-acid-induced fluorescence methods revealed adrenergic nerves in the stroma; a few fibres were also observed between the basal epithelial cells near the limbus. Acetylcholinesterase- (AChE-) positive nerves were found both in the stroma and in the epithelium, whereas nonspecific cholinesterase (NsChE) activity appeared only in the stromal nerves. Under the electron microscope, both AChE and NsChE activities were observed to be located in the axon membranes. A weak NsChE reaction also appeared in the Schwann cells. When the specimens fixed with KMnO4 were examined under the electron microscope, most nerve fibres did not contain any special axoplasmic structures, although several axons contained mitochondria. Moreover, two vesicle-containing axon types were found in the stromal nerves; axons with small granular vesicles and axons containing small agranular vesicles. In the epithelium, two types of fibres were observed; one type containing only mitochondria while the other showed both agranular vesicles and mitochondria.", "contents": "Innervation of the rabbit cornea. A histochemical and electron-microscopic study. The innervation of the rabbit cornea was investigated histochemically and electron-microscopically with special reference to the autonomic nerves. Both formaldehyde- and glyoxylic-acid-induced fluorescence methods revealed adrenergic nerves in the stroma; a few fibres were also observed between the basal epithelial cells near the limbus. Acetylcholinesterase- (AChE-) positive nerves were found both in the stroma and in the epithelium, whereas nonspecific cholinesterase (NsChE) activity appeared only in the stromal nerves. Under the electron microscope, both AChE and NsChE activities were observed to be located in the axon membranes. A weak NsChE reaction also appeared in the Schwann cells. When the specimens fixed with KMnO4 were examined under the electron microscope, most nerve fibres did not contain any special axoplasmic structures, although several axons contained mitochondria. Moreover, two vesicle-containing axon types were found in the stromal nerves; axons with small granular vesicles and axons containing small agranular vesicles. In the epithelium, two types of fibres were observed; one type containing only mitochondria while the other showed both agranular vesicles and mitochondria.", "PMID": 685646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6521", "title": "Muscle weights and succinic dehydrogenase distribution in the hind limb musculature of two rodents (Thryonomys gregorianus and Pedetes capensis) with different locomotory habits.", "content": "The hind limb muscles of the spring hare (Pedetes capensis) were found to be relatively heavier than the hind limb muscles of the cane rat (Thryonomys gregorianus). The distribution of succine dehydrogenase activity was investigated in four of these muscles (m. gluteus superficialis, m.semimembranosus, m. biceps femoris and m.rectus femoris) from both animals. It was found that the spring hare had a higher proportion of low-activity fibres in all four muscles than the cane rat. All muscle fibre types were also smaller in diameter in the spring hare than the cane rat. These results are discussed in relation to the different locomotry habits of the two animals.", "contents": "Muscle weights and succinic dehydrogenase distribution in the hind limb musculature of two rodents (Thryonomys gregorianus and Pedetes capensis) with different locomotory habits. The hind limb muscles of the spring hare (Pedetes capensis) were found to be relatively heavier than the hind limb muscles of the cane rat (Thryonomys gregorianus). The distribution of succine dehydrogenase activity was investigated in four of these muscles (m. gluteus superficialis, m.semimembranosus, m. biceps femoris and m.rectus femoris) from both animals. It was found that the spring hare had a higher proportion of low-activity fibres in all four muscles than the cane rat. All muscle fibre types were also smaller in diameter in the spring hare than the cane rat. These results are discussed in relation to the different locomotry habits of the two animals.", "PMID": 685649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6522", "title": "Quantitative histomorphological studies on the spinal ganglia of the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "Spinal ganglia of C3, C7, T5, T12, L2 and L5 spinal dorsal roots were studied. These ganglia vary in their size. Their greatest cross-sectional area was at C7 (2.12 cm2) in the cervical region and at L5 (1.39 cm2) in the lumbar region. The neurons were either spherical or oval in contour. The smallest neurons (mean size 68.50 X 55.64 micrometer) were located in the T5 ganglion, while some of the largest neurons (mean size 79.17 X 63.34 micrometer) were noticed in the C3 ganglion. As for their cross-sectional area, the ganglionic neurons at the L5 level were the largest (3,713.16 micrometer2), while the least value (2,994.60 micrometer2) was noted in T5 ganglionic cells. The amphicytes (satellite cells) were clearly defined. The neuronal cytoplasm revealed finely granular Nissl material. The neurons exhibit a pale-staining, centrally located vesicular nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Few multipolar cells with eccentric nuclei were noted in the L5 ganglion.", "contents": "Quantitative histomorphological studies on the spinal ganglia of the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Spinal ganglia of C3, C7, T5, T12, L2 and L5 spinal dorsal roots were studied. These ganglia vary in their size. Their greatest cross-sectional area was at C7 (2.12 cm2) in the cervical region and at L5 (1.39 cm2) in the lumbar region. The neurons were either spherical or oval in contour. The smallest neurons (mean size 68.50 X 55.64 micrometer) were located in the T5 ganglion, while some of the largest neurons (mean size 79.17 X 63.34 micrometer) were noticed in the C3 ganglion. As for their cross-sectional area, the ganglionic neurons at the L5 level were the largest (3,713.16 micrometer2), while the least value (2,994.60 micrometer2) was noted in T5 ganglionic cells. The amphicytes (satellite cells) were clearly defined. The neuronal cytoplasm revealed finely granular Nissl material. The neurons exhibit a pale-staining, centrally located vesicular nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Few multipolar cells with eccentric nuclei were noted in the L5 ganglion.", "PMID": 685650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6523", "title": "[Reaction of peripheral vestibular ganglion cells on experimental stimulation in guinea pigs].", "content": "The effects of adequate stimuli upon the ganglion cells of the ganglion vestibulare and ganglion geniculi n. facialis were studied in the guinea pig labyrinth. During experimental examination, swelling up to 112% as well as shrinkage up to 35% were noticed. These volume changes do not coincide with the changes occurring in the corresponding sensory nuclei during the same stimulus. As the ganglion cells receive their impulses from various sensularies, they are responsible for several types of movement. A periodical increase and decrease of the nuclear volume are assumed to be an expression of the general total activity. The cells of the ganglion geniculi respond very strongly to these movement stimuli, which are not regarded to be adequate. Consequently it was proved that strong inadequate excitations can also influence the neighboring ganglion cells. In the cytoplasm, strong excitations lead to variations in the Nissl content. An intensive material exchange between the cytoplasm and the karyoplasm is assumed to be a cause for the changes of the nuclei volumes. But only the relation between the cell nuclei and the cell somata is altered. The volume of the whole cell remains approximately constant.", "contents": "[Reaction of peripheral vestibular ganglion cells on experimental stimulation in guinea pigs]. The effects of adequate stimuli upon the ganglion cells of the ganglion vestibulare and ganglion geniculi n. facialis were studied in the guinea pig labyrinth. During experimental examination, swelling up to 112% as well as shrinkage up to 35% were noticed. These volume changes do not coincide with the changes occurring in the corresponding sensory nuclei during the same stimulus. As the ganglion cells receive their impulses from various sensularies, they are responsible for several types of movement. A periodical increase and decrease of the nuclear volume are assumed to be an expression of the general total activity. The cells of the ganglion geniculi respond very strongly to these movement stimuli, which are not regarded to be adequate. Consequently it was proved that strong inadequate excitations can also influence the neighboring ganglion cells. In the cytoplasm, strong excitations lead to variations in the Nissl content. An intensive material exchange between the cytoplasm and the karyoplasm is assumed to be a cause for the changes of the nuclei volumes. But only the relation between the cell nuclei and the cell somata is altered. The volume of the whole cell remains approximately constant.", "PMID": 685651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6524", "title": "Neuronal-vascular relationship in experimental ischaemic anoxia.", "content": "The concept of temporal and spatial relationship between neuronal and vascular changes in the central nervous system following different kinds of anoxia still remains debatable, in that it is uncertain if anoxia-ischaemia primarily produces vascular changes in the brain or it initially damages the cerebral neurons. The present investigation has been undertaken to denote the sequential relationship between neuronal and vascular changes following experimental cerebral ischaemic anoxia. Adult healthy albino rats were subjected to ischaemic anoxia by bilateral clamping of their common carotid arteries for varying intervals of 5, 10 and 15 min. The animals of each group were subsequently sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 after the clamping procedure, for light-microscopic study of their brains. Our findings are characterized by initial vascular changes, which appear to have resulted in 'no-reflow' leading subsequently to neuronal damage. The latter, in turn, secondarily caused damage to the microvasculature.", "contents": "Neuronal-vascular relationship in experimental ischaemic anoxia. The concept of temporal and spatial relationship between neuronal and vascular changes in the central nervous system following different kinds of anoxia still remains debatable, in that it is uncertain if anoxia-ischaemia primarily produces vascular changes in the brain or it initially damages the cerebral neurons. The present investigation has been undertaken to denote the sequential relationship between neuronal and vascular changes following experimental cerebral ischaemic anoxia. Adult healthy albino rats were subjected to ischaemic anoxia by bilateral clamping of their common carotid arteries for varying intervals of 5, 10 and 15 min. The animals of each group were subsequently sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 after the clamping procedure, for light-microscopic study of their brains. Our findings are characterized by initial vascular changes, which appear to have resulted in 'no-reflow' leading subsequently to neuronal damage. The latter, in turn, secondarily caused damage to the microvasculature.", "PMID": 685652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6525", "title": "Sharpey fiber bone development in surgically implanted dog mandible. A scanning electron-microscopic study.", "content": "Ticonium metal implant placed surgically in the previously edentulatized adult dog mandible induced the formation of an extensive Sharpey fiber system. Sharpey's fibers extended from the peri-implant area, deep into alveolar bone. The frequency of Sharpey's fibers and the degree of their mineralization varied from scattered location and unmineralized state to heavy clustering and full mineralization. This study suggests that the formation of Sharpey's fibers and the degree of their mineralization are determined by biophysical forces of pressure received at a given site.", "contents": "Sharpey fiber bone development in surgically implanted dog mandible. A scanning electron-microscopic study. Ticonium metal implant placed surgically in the previously edentulatized adult dog mandible induced the formation of an extensive Sharpey fiber system. Sharpey's fibers extended from the peri-implant area, deep into alveolar bone. The frequency of Sharpey's fibers and the degree of their mineralization varied from scattered location and unmineralized state to heavy clustering and full mineralization. This study suggests that the formation of Sharpey's fibers and the degree of their mineralization are determined by biophysical forces of pressure received at a given site.", "PMID": 685653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6526", "title": "Number, diameter and distribution of the rat optic nerve fibers.", "content": "Light- and electron-microscopic methods for nerve fiber counting and diameter measuring are described. These methods were applied to the rat optic nerve. Differences between light- and electron-microscopic results are shown. Coincidences and divergences with the current literature data are discussed.", "contents": "Number, diameter and distribution of the rat optic nerve fibers. Light- and electron-microscopic methods for nerve fiber counting and diameter measuring are described. These methods were applied to the rat optic nerve. Differences between light- and electron-microscopic results are shown. Coincidences and divergences with the current literature data are discussed.", "PMID": 685654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6527", "title": "A quantitative assessment of post-natal development in CF rats.", "content": "The post-natal development in CF rats from 5 litters was followed anthropometrically from the day of delivery to day 75. Weight, CR length, tail length and patello-calcaneal length of individual rats were measured every day and the rate of gain per day was calculated for each parameter. During this period, the rate of gain in weight showed two peaks (from days 26 to 30 and 56 to 60). The CR length and tail length had only one such peak (from days 16 to 20 and 21 to 25, respectively). The patello-calcaneal length rather exhibited an initial fall in the rate of growth up to day 45 followed by a slight increase till day 50 after which it became steady. Robustness as judged by: formula: see text was found to be maximum in the first few days after birth. Body weight or: formula: see text showed better correlations with other parameters than the gross age. The growth curves appeared as straight lines having breaks, indicating that though the growth was exponential it had sudden changes in its rate.", "contents": "A quantitative assessment of post-natal development in CF rats. The post-natal development in CF rats from 5 litters was followed anthropometrically from the day of delivery to day 75. Weight, CR length, tail length and patello-calcaneal length of individual rats were measured every day and the rate of gain per day was calculated for each parameter. During this period, the rate of gain in weight showed two peaks (from days 26 to 30 and 56 to 60). The CR length and tail length had only one such peak (from days 16 to 20 and 21 to 25, respectively). The patello-calcaneal length rather exhibited an initial fall in the rate of growth up to day 45 followed by a slight increase till day 50 after which it became steady. Robustness as judged by: formula: see text was found to be maximum in the first few days after birth. Body weight or: formula: see text showed better correlations with other parameters than the gross age. The growth curves appeared as straight lines having breaks, indicating that though the growth was exponential it had sudden changes in its rate.", "PMID": 685655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6528", "title": "Effects of ovariectomy and estradiol injection on nuclear structures of endometrial epithelial cells.", "content": "The changes of the rate of RNA synthesis produced by castration and estradiol injection on the surface endometrial cells of the rat are profited to study the variations in the number and size of nuclear ribonucleoprotein structures and in the disposition of chromatin. Two-dimensional measurements on sections contrasted with preferential procedures were employed to estimate the fraction of nuclear volume occupied by each element. Young adult rats in estrus are used as controls. 3 weeks after ovariectomy, the area fraction occupied by the nucleolus is reduced almost to a third of the control value, while the number of perichromatin granules per unit area of nucleus has significantly increased. A single injection of 20 microgram of estradiol produces a rapid decrease of the number of perichromatin granules to a fourth of the value of castrate animals, in 15-30 min, followed by a slow increase. Nucleolar area fraction begins to increase 2 h after estrogen administration and at 24 h it is higher than in controls. It is concluded that the changes of the nucleolar volume are due to the effects of estradiol on the synthesis of nucleolar RNA, while the variations of perichromatin granules are produced by the combination of the effect on extranucleolar RNA synthesis and on its processing and/or transporting to the cytoplasm. Both effects are independent and undergo different temporal courses.", "contents": "Effects of ovariectomy and estradiol injection on nuclear structures of endometrial epithelial cells. The changes of the rate of RNA synthesis produced by castration and estradiol injection on the surface endometrial cells of the rat are profited to study the variations in the number and size of nuclear ribonucleoprotein structures and in the disposition of chromatin. Two-dimensional measurements on sections contrasted with preferential procedures were employed to estimate the fraction of nuclear volume occupied by each element. Young adult rats in estrus are used as controls. 3 weeks after ovariectomy, the area fraction occupied by the nucleolus is reduced almost to a third of the control value, while the number of perichromatin granules per unit area of nucleus has significantly increased. A single injection of 20 microgram of estradiol produces a rapid decrease of the number of perichromatin granules to a fourth of the value of castrate animals, in 15-30 min, followed by a slow increase. Nucleolar area fraction begins to increase 2 h after estrogen administration and at 24 h it is higher than in controls. It is concluded that the changes of the nucleolar volume are due to the effects of estradiol on the synthesis of nucleolar RNA, while the variations of perichromatin granules are produced by the combination of the effect on extranucleolar RNA synthesis and on its processing and/or transporting to the cytoplasm. Both effects are independent and undergo different temporal courses.", "PMID": 685656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6529", "title": "The presence of alkaline phosphatase in the coronal suture of rat.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine the presence of alkaline phosphatase within the coronal suture, the dura mater and the pericranium. The histologic sections reveal that no alkaline phosphatase activity could be observed within the coronal suture as well as the dura mater, while the pericranium did contain this enzyme. These findings are brought in relation with the occurrence of synostoses, which can be induced under experimental conditions.", "contents": "The presence of alkaline phosphatase in the coronal suture of rat. The purpose of the present study was to determine the presence of alkaline phosphatase within the coronal suture, the dura mater and the pericranium. The histologic sections reveal that no alkaline phosphatase activity could be observed within the coronal suture as well as the dura mater, while the pericranium did contain this enzyme. These findings are brought in relation with the occurrence of synostoses, which can be induced under experimental conditions.", "PMID": 685657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6530", "title": "Microbodies of the pig liver. A morphologic and morphometric study.", "content": "The ultrastructure of hepatic microbodies of pigs was studied in liver samples fixed in phosphate-buffered 2% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.4) and postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide. The microbodies were rounded or ovoid in shape and contained a granular matrix enclosed with a single limiting membrane. The matrix, in many of the organelles, contained an amorphous or an organized (crystalloid) area. The crystalloids were organized as fine, alternating electron-opaque and electron-lucent lines, or as groups of tubules arranged in more than one plane. Profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum were usually found near the microbodies. 34 microbodies were approximately 0.67 +/- 0.02 micrometer (mean +/- standard error) in length and were approximately 0.56 micrometer (+/- 0.02 micrometer) wide. The marginal plates consisted of strata which exhibited a periodicity. The average length and width of 17 plates was approximately 0.34 +/- 0.03 micrometer and 0.002 micrometer, respectively. This study clearly establishes the occurrence of marginal plates in microbodies of porcine liver.", "contents": "Microbodies of the pig liver. A morphologic and morphometric study. The ultrastructure of hepatic microbodies of pigs was studied in liver samples fixed in phosphate-buffered 2% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.4) and postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide. The microbodies were rounded or ovoid in shape and contained a granular matrix enclosed with a single limiting membrane. The matrix, in many of the organelles, contained an amorphous or an organized (crystalloid) area. The crystalloids were organized as fine, alternating electron-opaque and electron-lucent lines, or as groups of tubules arranged in more than one plane. Profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum were usually found near the microbodies. 34 microbodies were approximately 0.67 +/- 0.02 micrometer (mean +/- standard error) in length and were approximately 0.56 micrometer (+/- 0.02 micrometer) wide. The marginal plates consisted of strata which exhibited a periodicity. The average length and width of 17 plates was approximately 0.34 +/- 0.03 micrometer and 0.002 micrometer, respectively. This study clearly establishes the occurrence of marginal plates in microbodies of porcine liver.", "PMID": 685658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6531", "title": "[Experimental investigation of thoracic aorta myocytes in mice. Contribution to the problem of the cause of arteriosclerosis].", "content": "The reactivity of myocytes has been ultrastructurally investigated. Pieces of aorta thoracic from mice were organ-cultured on the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken eggs incubated for 14 days. The outstanding finding were individual myocytes of the media--probably in a particular cytoenergetic stage--undergoing necrosis. They were enclosed from almost unaffected myocytes. Transferred to in vivo conditions, these findings may serve as a model for a participation of myocytes in the devleopment of disseminated multifocal arteriosclerotic plaques. The reactivity of the myocytes as to their ability of proteoglycan and lipid synthesis was opposed to Benditt's hypothesis of the genesis of an arteriosclerotic plaque caused by a monoclonal cell line originating from a mutated myocyte of the artery wall near the site of the plaque. The hypothesis of Kaunitz has been discussed, according to which the high serum cholesterin level with severe arteriosclerosis may be rather a consequence of cholesterin synthesis by the 'reparative' tissue of the arteriosclerotic lesion than its reason.", "contents": "[Experimental investigation of thoracic aorta myocytes in mice. Contribution to the problem of the cause of arteriosclerosis]. The reactivity of myocytes has been ultrastructurally investigated. Pieces of aorta thoracic from mice were organ-cultured on the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken eggs incubated for 14 days. The outstanding finding were individual myocytes of the media--probably in a particular cytoenergetic stage--undergoing necrosis. They were enclosed from almost unaffected myocytes. Transferred to in vivo conditions, these findings may serve as a model for a participation of myocytes in the devleopment of disseminated multifocal arteriosclerotic plaques. The reactivity of the myocytes as to their ability of proteoglycan and lipid synthesis was opposed to Benditt's hypothesis of the genesis of an arteriosclerotic plaque caused by a monoclonal cell line originating from a mutated myocyte of the artery wall near the site of the plaque. The hypothesis of Kaunitz has been discussed, according to which the high serum cholesterin level with severe arteriosclerosis may be rather a consequence of cholesterin synthesis by the 'reparative' tissue of the arteriosclerotic lesion than its reason.", "PMID": 685659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6532", "title": "[Absence of signs of deconnection in four cases of partial anterior and median callosal lesions of vascular and neurosurgical origin (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of partial anterior and median callosal vascular lesions and one surgical case are presented. Some months later a neuropsychological examination did not show any signs of deconnection. Two interpretations are equally plausible: either the limited extension of the lesions as well as their location explain the absence of signs of deconnection, or these signs had existed but were regressive.", "contents": "[Absence of signs of deconnection in four cases of partial anterior and median callosal lesions of vascular and neurosurgical origin (author's transl)]. Three cases of partial anterior and median callosal vascular lesions and one surgical case are presented. Some months later a neuropsychological examination did not show any signs of deconnection. Two interpretations are equally plausible: either the limited extension of the lesions as well as their location explain the absence of signs of deconnection, or these signs had existed but were regressive.", "PMID": 685661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6533", "title": "Supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. A long-term follow-up study of 107 cases.", "content": "A total of 107 cases of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children were examined after a follow-up period of 8 to 18 years. No serious complications were found. Conservative treatment gave good results, and open reduction was seldom indicated. Rotational displacement and displacement in the frontal or sagittal plane remodelled by the end of the growth period, whereas tilting of the distal fragment into varus or valgus remained. The position of reduction should be checked roentgenologically until bony consolidation occurs, by measuring Baumann's angle or the carrying angle, and rereductions should be performed within 2 weeks.", "contents": "Supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. A long-term follow-up study of 107 cases. A total of 107 cases of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children were examined after a follow-up period of 8 to 18 years. No serious complications were found. Conservative treatment gave good results, and open reduction was seldom indicated. Rotational displacement and displacement in the frontal or sagittal plane remodelled by the end of the growth period, whereas tilting of the distal fragment into varus or valgus remained. The position of reduction should be checked roentgenologically until bony consolidation occurs, by measuring Baumann's angle or the carrying angle, and rereductions should be performed within 2 weeks.", "PMID": 685666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6534", "title": "[Tick-bite meningoradiculitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Meningoradiculitis due to tick-bite is rare and poorly documented. Its etiology remains hypothetical, but is thought to be caused by a viral infection carried by the tick. It is characterized by a striking clinical picture, especially symptoms of a subjective nature. The involved area extends asymmetrically from the site of the bite with variable latency. The CSF is characteristic, showing definite lymphocytosis and a moderate protein reaction. The prognosis is excellent although recovery may take several months. In the event of facial paralysis, there is a risk of postparalytic spasms. Treatment is symptomatic; no drug has proved effective.", "contents": "[Tick-bite meningoradiculitis (author's transl)]. Meningoradiculitis due to tick-bite is rare and poorly documented. Its etiology remains hypothetical, but is thought to be caused by a viral infection carried by the tick. It is characterized by a striking clinical picture, especially symptoms of a subjective nature. The involved area extends asymmetrically from the site of the bite with variable latency. The CSF is characteristic, showing definite lymphocytosis and a moderate protein reaction. The prognosis is excellent although recovery may take several months. In the event of facial paralysis, there is a risk of postparalytic spasms. Treatment is symptomatic; no drug has proved effective.", "PMID": 685662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6535", "title": "Humeral shaft fractures. Treatment with a simple hand sling.", "content": "Complications of operative treatment of closed fractures of the shaft of the humerus occur in about 12 per cent of cases. Fixation of the arm in some form of cast gives better results but the complication rate is still 5.5 per cent and there is a risk of shoulder-hand-finger syndrome. In order to minimize these complications the author treated patients with humeral shaft fractures by supporting the hand only, in a simple sling. The method is described and its advantages discussed. All the fractures, including transverse ones, united in 3 to 6 weeks without any serious complications.", "contents": "Humeral shaft fractures. Treatment with a simple hand sling. Complications of operative treatment of closed fractures of the shaft of the humerus occur in about 12 per cent of cases. Fixation of the arm in some form of cast gives better results but the complication rate is still 5.5 per cent and there is a risk of shoulder-hand-finger syndrome. In order to minimize these complications the author treated patients with humeral shaft fractures by supporting the hand only, in a simple sling. The method is described and its advantages discussed. All the fractures, including transverse ones, united in 3 to 6 weeks without any serious complications.", "PMID": 685667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6536", "title": "Proliferation of bone marrow and thymus cells and increased osteoclasia after antigenic challenge in rats.", "content": "Injection of a single dose of an antigenic substance (sheep red blood corpuscles) in young rats results in a significant rise in the number of mitoses in bone marrow (and in thymus) and in addition a significant rise in the number of osteoclasts in the metaphyses of the ribs. This increased osteoclasia appears 1 day after the peak values of the bone marrow and thymus mitoses. This and earlier investigations make it probable that there is a causal relationship between bone marrow stimulation and increased osteoclasia.", "contents": "Proliferation of bone marrow and thymus cells and increased osteoclasia after antigenic challenge in rats. Injection of a single dose of an antigenic substance (sheep red blood corpuscles) in young rats results in a significant rise in the number of mitoses in bone marrow (and in thymus) and in addition a significant rise in the number of osteoclasts in the metaphyses of the ribs. This increased osteoclasia appears 1 day after the peak values of the bone marrow and thymus mitoses. This and earlier investigations make it probable that there is a causal relationship between bone marrow stimulation and increased osteoclasia.", "PMID": 685668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6537", "title": "[Computerized axial tomography and epileptic entities (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of a personal classification, the authors attempt to establish a correlation between the CAT scan and various forms of epilepsy. Although some results are entirely consistent, the authors find that in a fair number of apparently lesional forms of epilepsy the CAT detects approximately the same percentage of abnormalities in cases with a history of clear pathological antecedents as in those without such antecedents. In the light of this finding, the relation between the CAT record and the true cause of epilepsy is reconsidered.", "contents": "[Computerized axial tomography and epileptic entities (author's transl)]. On the basis of a personal classification, the authors attempt to establish a correlation between the CAT scan and various forms of epilepsy. Although some results are entirely consistent, the authors find that in a fair number of apparently lesional forms of epilepsy the CAT detects approximately the same percentage of abnormalities in cases with a history of clear pathological antecedents as in those without such antecedents. In the light of this finding, the relation between the CAT record and the true cause of epilepsy is reconsidered.", "PMID": 685664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6538", "title": "[Pure bilateral agraphia, right astereognosia and arithmetic defects associated with a left parietal tumor (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of bilateral agraphia produced by a left parietal glioma is described in a 49 year-old right-handed woman. Hypothesis of a pure agraphia, etiology and non-frontal localisation of tumor are discussed. This agraphia is associated to a right astereognosia; neither functional nor behavioral relationships are found between these two defects, and it appears that their are probably associated according to the parietal locus of lesions.", "contents": "[Pure bilateral agraphia, right astereognosia and arithmetic defects associated with a left parietal tumor (author's transl)]. A case of bilateral agraphia produced by a left parietal glioma is described in a 49 year-old right-handed woman. Hypothesis of a pure agraphia, etiology and non-frontal localisation of tumor are discussed. This agraphia is associated to a right astereognosia; neither functional nor behavioral relationships are found between these two defects, and it appears that their are probably associated according to the parietal locus of lesions.", "PMID": 685660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6539", "title": "Bone growth alterations resulting from application of CO2 laser beam to the epiphyseal growth plates. An experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "The CO2 laser beam was used to create defects 3 mm in depth in the distal growth plate of one femur in a group of 59 rabbits. In most of the 32 rabbits in which the defect was created on the lateral aspect of the epiphyseal plate the procedure resulted in the subsequent development of valgus deformity and shortening of the femur. In most of the 27 rabbits in which defects were produced both medially and laterally to the epiphyseal plate there was a subsequent marked shortening of the bones. Histological studies revealed that the laser-induced defects of the growth cartilage led to epiphysiodesis and premature disappearance of the epiphyseal growth plates.", "contents": "Bone growth alterations resulting from application of CO2 laser beam to the epiphyseal growth plates. An experimental study in rabbits. The CO2 laser beam was used to create defects 3 mm in depth in the distal growth plate of one femur in a group of 59 rabbits. In most of the 32 rabbits in which the defect was created on the lateral aspect of the epiphyseal plate the procedure resulted in the subsequent development of valgus deformity and shortening of the femur. In most of the 27 rabbits in which defects were produced both medially and laterally to the epiphyseal plate there was a subsequent marked shortening of the bones. Histological studies revealed that the laser-induced defects of the growth cartilage led to epiphysiodesis and premature disappearance of the epiphyseal growth plates.", "PMID": 685669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6540", "title": "Early complications of primary shoulder dislocations.", "content": "A prospective study of the complications of primary shoulder dislocation was carried out for the 3-year period 1973-1976. The clinical examination was made initially in the Casualty Department and the patient was re-examined in the Department of Physical Medicine. In the evaluation special attention was given to the condition of the rotator cuff, the blood vessels and the motor and sensory function of the affected extremity. Sixty-three out of 238 patients (26 per cent) presented with the following complications: 29 lesions of the brachial plexus, 21 of the axillary nerve and 28 ruptures of the rotator cuff tendon. Complications occurred more frequently in the age group over 50 years (P less than 0.001) and in manual labourers compared with office workers (P less than 0.05). If the humerus remained unreduced for more than 12 hours, the frequency of complications increased (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Early complications of primary shoulder dislocations. A prospective study of the complications of primary shoulder dislocation was carried out for the 3-year period 1973-1976. The clinical examination was made initially in the Casualty Department and the patient was re-examined in the Department of Physical Medicine. In the evaluation special attention was given to the condition of the rotator cuff, the blood vessels and the motor and sensory function of the affected extremity. Sixty-three out of 238 patients (26 per cent) presented with the following complications: 29 lesions of the brachial plexus, 21 of the axillary nerve and 28 ruptures of the rotator cuff tendon. Complications occurred more frequently in the age group over 50 years (P less than 0.001) and in manual labourers compared with office workers (P less than 0.05). If the humerus remained unreduced for more than 12 hours, the frequency of complications increased (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 685670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6541", "title": "[Electroencephalogram and CAT scan in 393 cases of epilepsy. Consistency between focal EEG changes and focal CAT changes (author's transl)].", "content": "A simultaneous study of EEG recordings and CAT scans in 393 epileptics led to the following findings:--in our population, the EEG pattern is normal in 6.8% of the cases and the CAT normal in 64.6%;--focal EEG changes give focal CAT changes in 38.6% and diffuse changes in 4.1% of the cases;--diffuse EEG changes give focal CAT changes in 18% and diffuse changes in 8.8% of the cases;--focal CAT changes give focal EEG changes in 68% and diffuse changes in 28% of the cases;--diffuse CAT changes give focal EEG changes in 27.5% and diffuse changes in 51.8% of the cases;--out of the 393 epileptics, 72 presented distinctly focal changes on simultaneous EEG and CAT records. The changes were on the same side in 80.5% of the cases. The reasons for the lack of consistency in 19.5% of the cases are discussed.", "contents": "[Electroencephalogram and CAT scan in 393 cases of epilepsy. Consistency between focal EEG changes and focal CAT changes (author's transl)]. A simultaneous study of EEG recordings and CAT scans in 393 epileptics led to the following findings:--in our population, the EEG pattern is normal in 6.8% of the cases and the CAT normal in 64.6%;--focal EEG changes give focal CAT changes in 38.6% and diffuse changes in 4.1% of the cases;--diffuse EEG changes give focal CAT changes in 18% and diffuse changes in 8.8% of the cases;--focal CAT changes give focal EEG changes in 68% and diffuse changes in 28% of the cases;--diffuse CAT changes give focal EEG changes in 27.5% and diffuse changes in 51.8% of the cases;--out of the 393 epileptics, 72 presented distinctly focal changes on simultaneous EEG and CAT records. The changes were on the same side in 80.5% of the cases. The reasons for the lack of consistency in 19.5% of the cases are discussed.", "PMID": 685665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6542", "title": "Fixation of pelvic fractures and dislocations. An experimental study on the loading of pelvic fractures and sacro-iliac dislocations after external compression fixation.", "content": "A trapezoid external compression fixation frame, assembled with the Hoffman instruments, was used for stabilizing experimental injuries to the pelvic skeleton of ten cadaver specimens. The resistance to loading in a position corresponding to upright standing was tested in 17 experiments and related to the calculated load in vivo. The results indicated that ipsilateral injuries, either presenting as dislocations of the sacro-iliac joint and symphysis or as unilateral fractures of the sacrum or ilium in combination with fractures of the pubic rami could be stabilized by the external compression frame well enough to permit weight-bearing in the upright standing position. Bilateral injuries to the pelvic skeleton, vertical or oblique, could not, however, be stabilized enough to resist more than a fraction of the normal load in the upright standing position.", "contents": "Fixation of pelvic fractures and dislocations. An experimental study on the loading of pelvic fractures and sacro-iliac dislocations after external compression fixation. A trapezoid external compression fixation frame, assembled with the Hoffman instruments, was used for stabilizing experimental injuries to the pelvic skeleton of ten cadaver specimens. The resistance to loading in a position corresponding to upright standing was tested in 17 experiments and related to the calculated load in vivo. The results indicated that ipsilateral injuries, either presenting as dislocations of the sacro-iliac joint and symphysis or as unilateral fractures of the sacrum or ilium in combination with fractures of the pubic rami could be stabilized by the external compression frame well enough to permit weight-bearing in the upright standing position. Bilateral injuries to the pelvic skeleton, vertical or oblique, could not, however, be stabilized enough to resist more than a fraction of the normal load in the upright standing position.", "PMID": 685672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6543", "title": "Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in infected and non-infected total-hip arthroplasties.", "content": "The postoperative course of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) following total hip replacement was studied in 18 patients with delayed infections and compared with the course in 75 uncomplicated cases. Normally, the ESR returned to the preoperative level in 3--6 months, but in delayed infections it was significantly increased already during the first postoperative months, and never returned to normal levels. There was also a small but significant difference between the preoperative values in the two groups, which in women may be explained by a pre-existing infection in the hip.", "contents": "Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in infected and non-infected total-hip arthroplasties. The postoperative course of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) following total hip replacement was studied in 18 patients with delayed infections and compared with the course in 75 uncomplicated cases. Normally, the ESR returned to the preoperative level in 3--6 months, but in delayed infections it was significantly increased already during the first postoperative months, and never returned to normal levels. There was also a small but significant difference between the preoperative values in the two groups, which in women may be explained by a pre-existing infection in the hip.", "PMID": 685673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6544", "title": "Lateral dislocation of the patella following Marmor and Guepar arthroplasty of the knee.", "content": "The follow-up of 50 knees treated with the modular Marmor prosthesis and 50 with the Guepar hinge joint included tangential radiography of the femoro-patellar joint. After Marmor arthroplasty lateral patellar dislocation was found in seven knees, in six causing pain. After Guepar arthroplasty lateral patellar dislocation was found in 32 knees, but pain was present in only three. There was only a questionable correlation between pre-existing valgus deformity and postoperative lateral patellar dislocation, and an external rotation deformity of the lower leg was found in only five cases after Guepar arthroplasty. Thus, neither phenomenon could explain the high incidence of lateral patellar dislocation in the Guepar series. These dislocations must be assumed to be due to the unphysiological strain on the extensor apparatus inherent in this type of prosthesis.", "contents": "Lateral dislocation of the patella following Marmor and Guepar arthroplasty of the knee. The follow-up of 50 knees treated with the modular Marmor prosthesis and 50 with the Guepar hinge joint included tangential radiography of the femoro-patellar joint. After Marmor arthroplasty lateral patellar dislocation was found in seven knees, in six causing pain. After Guepar arthroplasty lateral patellar dislocation was found in 32 knees, but pain was present in only three. There was only a questionable correlation between pre-existing valgus deformity and postoperative lateral patellar dislocation, and an external rotation deformity of the lower leg was found in only five cases after Guepar arthroplasty. Thus, neither phenomenon could explain the high incidence of lateral patellar dislocation in the Guepar series. These dislocations must be assumed to be due to the unphysiological strain on the extensor apparatus inherent in this type of prosthesis.", "PMID": 685674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6545", "title": "Radiological diagnosis of lateral ligament lesion of the ankle. A comparison between talar tilt and anterior drawer sign.", "content": "In a prospective study of 244 patients with ankle lesions a comparison between the talar tilt and the anterior drawer sign was made, leading to the following conclusions: Ligament lesions which are not disclosed by the talar tilt examination may be diagnosed by the anterior drawer sign. The anterior drawer sign cannot replace the talar tilt examination, or vice versa. The two methods are complementary. It is not possible to differentiate between an isolated lesion of the anterior talofibular ligament and a combined lesion of the anterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular ligaments by the two methods.", "contents": "Radiological diagnosis of lateral ligament lesion of the ankle. A comparison between talar tilt and anterior drawer sign. In a prospective study of 244 patients with ankle lesions a comparison between the talar tilt and the anterior drawer sign was made, leading to the following conclusions: Ligament lesions which are not disclosed by the talar tilt examination may be diagnosed by the anterior drawer sign. The anterior drawer sign cannot replace the talar tilt examination, or vice versa. The two methods are complementary. It is not possible to differentiate between an isolated lesion of the anterior talofibular ligament and a combined lesion of the anterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular ligaments by the two methods.", "PMID": 685675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6546", "title": "Lateral instability of the ankle treated by a modified Evans procedure.", "content": "A technically simple tenodesis of the peroneus brevis tendon has been applied in the treatment of 42 patients with lateral instability of the ankle; 33 patients have been examined 2-10 years after the operation and 91 per cent showed excellent or good results. It is concluded that this procedure gives good stability in the varus as well as the antero-posterior direction and is therefore comparable to the technically more difficult Watson-Jones procedure.", "contents": "Lateral instability of the ankle treated by a modified Evans procedure. A technically simple tenodesis of the peroneus brevis tendon has been applied in the treatment of 42 patients with lateral instability of the ankle; 33 patients have been examined 2-10 years after the operation and 91 per cent showed excellent or good results. It is concluded that this procedure gives good stability in the varus as well as the antero-posterior direction and is therefore comparable to the technically more difficult Watson-Jones procedure.", "PMID": 685676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6547", "title": "Centripetal compression triple arthrodesis.", "content": "Forty-nine compression triple arthrodeses were performed in 45 patients whose average age was 16 years. An external compression device was applied to secure rigid fixation of the tarsal bones. The device consisted of two large rings, six compression screws and six small transfixion rings. Union of the tarsal joints was obtained within 6 weeks in 93.7 per cent of cases, and within 8 weeks in the remaining 6.3 per cent. Non-union was completely avoided and the period until fusion reduced to almost half that expected after conventional operations. The compression also ensured maintenance of the correction of deformity initially obtained.", "contents": "Centripetal compression triple arthrodesis. Forty-nine compression triple arthrodeses were performed in 45 patients whose average age was 16 years. An external compression device was applied to secure rigid fixation of the tarsal bones. The device consisted of two large rings, six compression screws and six small transfixion rings. Union of the tarsal joints was obtained within 6 weeks in 93.7 per cent of cases, and within 8 weeks in the remaining 6.3 per cent. Non-union was completely avoided and the period until fusion reduced to almost half that expected after conventional operations. The compression also ensured maintenance of the correction of deformity initially obtained.", "PMID": 685677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6548", "title": "Calcaneal cysts. A radiological and anatomico-pathological study.", "content": "A radiological and anatomico-pathological study of 17 cases of calcaneal cysts in young patients without other known affections is documented. There are two essential histological characteristics of the fibrous wall lining the cysts: (1) hemosiderin deposits together with cholesterol and an associated giant cell reaction, which can be attributed to previous hemorrhages; (2) newly formed bone--similar to that observed in solitary cysts of the humerus and femur--applied to preexisting trabeculae which forms a bony wall explaining the typical radiological picture. These uncommon cysts may be the evolution of purely local hemorrhages in the trigonum calcis.", "contents": "Calcaneal cysts. A radiological and anatomico-pathological study. A radiological and anatomico-pathological study of 17 cases of calcaneal cysts in young patients without other known affections is documented. There are two essential histological characteristics of the fibrous wall lining the cysts: (1) hemosiderin deposits together with cholesterol and an associated giant cell reaction, which can be attributed to previous hemorrhages; (2) newly formed bone--similar to that observed in solitary cysts of the humerus and femur--applied to preexisting trabeculae which forms a bony wall explaining the typical radiological picture. These uncommon cysts may be the evolution of purely local hemorrhages in the trigonum calcis.", "PMID": 685678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6549", "title": "Degenerative changes in the first metatarso-phalangeal joint of ballet dancers.", "content": "In 20 female performers of classical ballet the range of dorsiflexion of the big toe was found to be significantly decreased. However, in only one case was the decrease sufficiently great to interfere with the dancer's ability to perform. In spite of the severe stress put on the first metatarso-phalangeal joint in dancers the resulting degenerative changes were found to be minor and in most instances without clinical consequences. The results indicate that professional ballet, contrary to what is believed, rarely has harmful effects on the first metatarso-phalangeal joint.", "contents": "Degenerative changes in the first metatarso-phalangeal joint of ballet dancers. In 20 female performers of classical ballet the range of dorsiflexion of the big toe was found to be significantly decreased. However, in only one case was the decrease sufficiently great to interfere with the dancer's ability to perform. In spite of the severe stress put on the first metatarso-phalangeal joint in dancers the resulting degenerative changes were found to be minor and in most instances without clinical consequences. The results indicate that professional ballet, contrary to what is believed, rarely has harmful effects on the first metatarso-phalangeal joint.", "PMID": 685679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6550", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the ischaemic kidney--changes in the surface microstructure of glomerular epithelial cells.", "content": "Domestic rabbits were used to study the changes that occur during ischaemic conditions in the kidney. With a scanning electron microscope, the microcellular changes at the surface of gomerular epithelial cells were observed regularly from the onset of ischaemia until five hours later. After one hour of ischaemia, the surface of the glomerular epithelial cells showed mild swelling and some change in its smooth appearance. One part had taken on a sponge-like appearance. After 2.5 hours of ischaemia, the epithelial cells had atrophied and the entire cell surface was clearly sponge-like. It was no longer possible to distinguish the small pore-like structures that had been seen on the cell surface in the normal. Moreover, 2.5 hours of ischaemia was the time when, biochemically, cell metabolism had completely ceased and the permeability of the cell membrane had altered. The cell was considered to have undergone irreversible change by this stage. After 5 hours of ischaemia, cells were markedly atrophied and the appearance of the surface had become even more sponge-like.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the ischaemic kidney--changes in the surface microstructure of glomerular epithelial cells. Domestic rabbits were used to study the changes that occur during ischaemic conditions in the kidney. With a scanning electron microscope, the microcellular changes at the surface of gomerular epithelial cells were observed regularly from the onset of ischaemia until five hours later. After one hour of ischaemia, the surface of the glomerular epithelial cells showed mild swelling and some change in its smooth appearance. One part had taken on a sponge-like appearance. After 2.5 hours of ischaemia, the epithelial cells had atrophied and the entire cell surface was clearly sponge-like. It was no longer possible to distinguish the small pore-like structures that had been seen on the cell surface in the normal. Moreover, 2.5 hours of ischaemia was the time when, biochemically, cell metabolism had completely ceased and the permeability of the cell membrane had altered. The cell was considered to have undergone irreversible change by this stage. After 5 hours of ischaemia, cells were markedly atrophied and the appearance of the surface had become even more sponge-like.", "PMID": 685688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6551", "title": "Light and electronmicroscopic observations on hepatic hematopoiesis of human fetuses. I. Granulocytopoiesis in the hepatic mesenchymal tissue.", "content": "Focusing on hematopoiesis, especially granulocytopoiesis, livers from ten human fetuses between 7 to 13 weeks of gestation were observed with light and electron microscope. In the hepatic mesenchymal tissue variable number of granulocytes in varying stage of maturation were found from 10 to 13 weeks of gestation. The granules of neutrophils in human fetal livers were classified into three distinct types. The first granules appeared in myeloblasts. The second granules, possibly formed in Golgi complex, were more larger and observed after the promyelocytic stage. The third granules, predominant in mature neutrophils, were pleomorphic. Other than granulocytic, erythrocytic and stromal cells, unclassifiable cells were occasionally encountered. The role of mesenchymal tissues in the granulocytopoiesis, the development of fetal neutrophils and the problem of hematopoietic stem cells were discussed.", "contents": "Light and electronmicroscopic observations on hepatic hematopoiesis of human fetuses. I. Granulocytopoiesis in the hepatic mesenchymal tissue. Focusing on hematopoiesis, especially granulocytopoiesis, livers from ten human fetuses between 7 to 13 weeks of gestation were observed with light and electron microscope. In the hepatic mesenchymal tissue variable number of granulocytes in varying stage of maturation were found from 10 to 13 weeks of gestation. The granules of neutrophils in human fetal livers were classified into three distinct types. The first granules appeared in myeloblasts. The second granules, possibly formed in Golgi complex, were more larger and observed after the promyelocytic stage. The third granules, predominant in mature neutrophils, were pleomorphic. Other than granulocytic, erythrocytic and stromal cells, unclassifiable cells were occasionally encountered. The role of mesenchymal tissues in the granulocytopoiesis, the development of fetal neutrophils and the problem of hematopoietic stem cells were discussed.", "PMID": 685689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6552", "title": "Histopathological study of congenital cystic kidneys with special reference to the multicystic, dysplastic type.", "content": "Ten autopsy cases of congenital cystic kidneys were studied by histopathological examination. Eight cases with dysplastic type revealed immature mesoderm, cartilage, localized tight fibrous tissue, hemangiomatous lesion consisting of arterio-capillary-venous elements, extramedullary hematopoiesis, primitive lymph nodes, adipose tissue, and abundant neural tissue in the kidney as well as cystic lesions. These findings strongly suggest that congenital cystic kidneys of dysplastic type are derived from hamartoma or hamartomatous changes chiefly consisting of mesodermal tissue, most of which corresponds to tissue anomaly and is very close to the aberrant form of Wilms' tumor. The presence of focal fibrosis and lymphoid cell infiltration forming focal renal tissue destruction suggest local disturbance of tissue differentiation due to some casual elements. As common feature of this type, it is revealed that the babies show lower weight for their fetal ages and die shortly after birth or are delivered as still birth due to hypoplasia and atelectasis of the pulmonary tissue.", "contents": "Histopathological study of congenital cystic kidneys with special reference to the multicystic, dysplastic type. Ten autopsy cases of congenital cystic kidneys were studied by histopathological examination. Eight cases with dysplastic type revealed immature mesoderm, cartilage, localized tight fibrous tissue, hemangiomatous lesion consisting of arterio-capillary-venous elements, extramedullary hematopoiesis, primitive lymph nodes, adipose tissue, and abundant neural tissue in the kidney as well as cystic lesions. These findings strongly suggest that congenital cystic kidneys of dysplastic type are derived from hamartoma or hamartomatous changes chiefly consisting of mesodermal tissue, most of which corresponds to tissue anomaly and is very close to the aberrant form of Wilms' tumor. The presence of focal fibrosis and lymphoid cell infiltration forming focal renal tissue destruction suggest local disturbance of tissue differentiation due to some casual elements. As common feature of this type, it is revealed that the babies show lower weight for their fetal ages and die shortly after birth or are delivered as still birth due to hypoplasia and atelectasis of the pulmonary tissue.", "PMID": 685690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6553", "title": "Growth and cytogenetic characteristics of nickel sulphide-induced rhabdomyosarcomas in rats.", "content": "Rhabdomyosarcomas induced by single intramuscular injections of nickel sulphide (Ni3S2) in Fischer and Hooded rats were cultured in vivo and in vitro to study their growth characteristics and chromosomal constitution. The tumor cell suspensions cultured in vitro exhibited more myogenic differentiation on the coverslips than those cells grown in vivo in diffusion chambers. A characteristic feature of in vivo cultures was the appearance of microclusters which resembled the primary tumors. Chromosome analyses of primary tumors revealed that a majority of these had a modal number in the diploid or near diploid range. Fischer rat primary tumor cells exhibited abnormal configurations including rings, dicentrics and triradials. A comparison of the chromosome make-up of the primary tumors and their metastases was performed on four sets of tumors. Three out of four metastases examined showed the diploid chromosome make-up characteristic of the primary tumors suggesting that the tumors with the diploid or near diploid chromosome constitution are more likely to produce metastases.", "contents": "Growth and cytogenetic characteristics of nickel sulphide-induced rhabdomyosarcomas in rats. Rhabdomyosarcomas induced by single intramuscular injections of nickel sulphide (Ni3S2) in Fischer and Hooded rats were cultured in vivo and in vitro to study their growth characteristics and chromosomal constitution. The tumor cell suspensions cultured in vitro exhibited more myogenic differentiation on the coverslips than those cells grown in vivo in diffusion chambers. A characteristic feature of in vivo cultures was the appearance of microclusters which resembled the primary tumors. Chromosome analyses of primary tumors revealed that a majority of these had a modal number in the diploid or near diploid range. Fischer rat primary tumor cells exhibited abnormal configurations including rings, dicentrics and triradials. A comparison of the chromosome make-up of the primary tumors and their metastases was performed on four sets of tumors. Three out of four metastases examined showed the diploid chromosome make-up characteristic of the primary tumors suggesting that the tumors with the diploid or near diploid chromosome constitution are more likely to produce metastases.", "PMID": 685691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6554", "title": "Fetal case of xeroderma pigmentosum--first report of an autopsy case.", "content": "Fetal autopsy case of xeroderma pigmentosum was reported. This male fetus of 24 gestational weeks was prenatally diagnosed as xeroderma pigmentosum by detecting the DNA-repair defect of the amniotic fluid cells. Autopsy revealed not only maldevelopment of the fetus (stillbirth) in general for the standard, but also showed slight developmental retardation of various organs including kidneys and lungs, which could be examined by microscopic analysis. It was suggested that abnormality of the somatic organs began to appear at the fetal stage in this case of xeroderma pigmentosum.", "contents": "Fetal case of xeroderma pigmentosum--first report of an autopsy case. Fetal autopsy case of xeroderma pigmentosum was reported. This male fetus of 24 gestational weeks was prenatally diagnosed as xeroderma pigmentosum by detecting the DNA-repair defect of the amniotic fluid cells. Autopsy revealed not only maldevelopment of the fetus (stillbirth) in general for the standard, but also showed slight developmental retardation of various organs including kidneys and lungs, which could be examined by microscopic analysis. It was suggested that abnormality of the somatic organs began to appear at the fetal stage in this case of xeroderma pigmentosum.", "PMID": 685692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6555", "title": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Autopsy study of two fatal cases in adults.", "content": "Two cases of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI), apparently of different etiologies, were found at autopsy in cancer patients. One case was associated with chronic obstructive lung disease and with emphysema of soft tissues of the mediastinum, retroperitoneum, and mesentery, whereas the other showed pseudomembranous enteritis with bacterial and fungal overgrowths. The latter case supports the role of gas-forming bacteria, while the former provides an anatomical evidence of pulmonary disease as a cause of PCL. Obstruction of the upper gastrointestinal tract may contribute to the occurrence of PCI by a complication of aspiration pneumonitis or disturbance of the normal bacterial flora of the intestine as well as an increase of the intraluminal pressure. In addition to the etiologic considerations, the importance of clinical diagnosis of PCI has been emphasized since both cases in the present report were more or less related to the cause of death.", "contents": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Autopsy study of two fatal cases in adults. Two cases of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI), apparently of different etiologies, were found at autopsy in cancer patients. One case was associated with chronic obstructive lung disease and with emphysema of soft tissues of the mediastinum, retroperitoneum, and mesentery, whereas the other showed pseudomembranous enteritis with bacterial and fungal overgrowths. The latter case supports the role of gas-forming bacteria, while the former provides an anatomical evidence of pulmonary disease as a cause of PCL. Obstruction of the upper gastrointestinal tract may contribute to the occurrence of PCI by a complication of aspiration pneumonitis or disturbance of the normal bacterial flora of the intestine as well as an increase of the intraluminal pressure. In addition to the etiologic considerations, the importance of clinical diagnosis of PCI has been emphasized since both cases in the present report were more or less related to the cause of death.", "PMID": 685693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6556", "title": "Unusual primary malignant reticulosis of the bone marrow.", "content": "An unusual case of primary reticulosis of the bone marrow in a 67-year-old female has been described. Pathological-anatomical characteristics of the present case are as follows; 1) Primary non-destructive proliferation of neoplastic reticulum cells or their variants, confined to the systemic bone marrow. Metastatic foci were noted in several areas where extramedullary hematopoiesis occurred. 2) Cytologically, neoplastic cells resemble atypical plasmacytic cells. No active phagocytosis was noted in neoplastic cells. 3) Histologically a significant increase in reticulin fibers was observed closely associated with proliferating cells. 4) Electron-microscopically these cells showed developed endoplasmic reticula but were distinguishable from myeloma cells by their irregular cytoplasmic border, which became frequently obscure, and by the presence of a desmosome-like structure. 5) These cells showed a negative immunofluorescent reaction to all types of human immunoglobulin classes. The morphological characteristics of these cells distinguished the disorder from poorly differentiated myelomatosis.", "contents": "Unusual primary malignant reticulosis of the bone marrow. An unusual case of primary reticulosis of the bone marrow in a 67-year-old female has been described. Pathological-anatomical characteristics of the present case are as follows; 1) Primary non-destructive proliferation of neoplastic reticulum cells or their variants, confined to the systemic bone marrow. Metastatic foci were noted in several areas where extramedullary hematopoiesis occurred. 2) Cytologically, neoplastic cells resemble atypical plasmacytic cells. No active phagocytosis was noted in neoplastic cells. 3) Histologically a significant increase in reticulin fibers was observed closely associated with proliferating cells. 4) Electron-microscopically these cells showed developed endoplasmic reticula but were distinguishable from myeloma cells by their irregular cytoplasmic border, which became frequently obscure, and by the presence of a desmosome-like structure. 5) These cells showed a negative immunofluorescent reaction to all types of human immunoglobulin classes. The morphological characteristics of these cells distinguished the disorder from poorly differentiated myelomatosis.", "PMID": 685694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6557", "title": "[Clandestine places: illegal sale of alcohol for urban worker populations].", "content": "The authors have studied the illegal commerce of alcohol in popular urban communities. This sale is done in so called clandestine places. The study was approached from a cultural-anthropological point of view and its objective is a descriptive-exploratory study based on observation and interview techniques. A definition and a tipology of these places was attempted, emphasizing group dynamics and interpersonal relations between the owner of the place and the customer; among the customers; among the place itself and the rest of the community organizations, formal and informal ones. A primary analysis was done, according to which these clandestine places appear legitimized by nets of interpersonal relations, critical economic situations and places that satisfy recreational needs of the inhabitants. In order to eliminate the former, adecuate substitutes for recreation and social interaction ought to be considered.", "contents": "[Clandestine places: illegal sale of alcohol for urban worker populations]. The authors have studied the illegal commerce of alcohol in popular urban communities. This sale is done in so called clandestine places. The study was approached from a cultural-anthropological point of view and its objective is a descriptive-exploratory study based on observation and interview techniques. A definition and a tipology of these places was attempted, emphasizing group dynamics and interpersonal relations between the owner of the place and the customer; among the customers; among the place itself and the rest of the community organizations, formal and informal ones. A primary analysis was done, according to which these clandestine places appear legitimized by nets of interpersonal relations, critical economic situations and places that satisfy recreational needs of the inhabitants. In order to eliminate the former, adecuate substitutes for recreation and social interaction ought to be considered.", "PMID": 685704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6558", "title": "[Effects of late overstimulation in children with early maternal deprivation].", "content": "The reactions of ten minorities of a Social Protection Institution for forsaken children were studied, through the stimulation's impact of a travel to Disneyworld during 3 days. The methodology was based on semistructured interviews before the travel, by returning and 2 months after it. The results show that the stimulation, that the travel represented for 8 minorities, was an event beyond the ego's capacity of assimilation. The 2 children with better adapting capacity were those, in which foregoing histories, the affective lack had been less intensive than in the another minorities.", "contents": "[Effects of late overstimulation in children with early maternal deprivation]. The reactions of ten minorities of a Social Protection Institution for forsaken children were studied, through the stimulation's impact of a travel to Disneyworld during 3 days. The methodology was based on semistructured interviews before the travel, by returning and 2 months after it. The results show that the stimulation, that the travel represented for 8 minorities, was an event beyond the ego's capacity of assimilation. The 2 children with better adapting capacity were those, in which foregoing histories, the affective lack had been less intensive than in the another minorities.", "PMID": 685705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6559", "title": "[On the Erlebnis of death].", "content": "The living experience of death is examined in this paper in his philogenetic and linguistic contexts showing how in every cases it has a central meaning of separation and vanishing of the scene of life. In respect to the living experience itself, there are three distinguishable modalities relationed with the time and a similar distinction can be pointed out in respect to its links with the Other's binding. With regard to this last subject, other problems appear as the problem on bereavement, mourning and anaclisis or the transfiguration of the lost object by means of the apprehension of its sense.", "contents": "[On the Erlebnis of death]. The living experience of death is examined in this paper in his philogenetic and linguistic contexts showing how in every cases it has a central meaning of separation and vanishing of the scene of life. In respect to the living experience itself, there are three distinguishable modalities relationed with the time and a similar distinction can be pointed out in respect to its links with the Other's binding. With regard to this last subject, other problems appear as the problem on bereavement, mourning and anaclisis or the transfiguration of the lost object by means of the apprehension of its sense.", "PMID": 685706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6560", "title": "Quantitation of the gain in mortality in life-time after pacemaker treatment.", "content": "A total of 140 patients given permanent pacemaker 1963--73 were followed during three years with regard to survival. Indication of pacemaker implantation was AV block in 82% and disturbed consciousness in 84%. The first half of the series had a survival equal to that of the second half. The survival was 86, 73 and 64% and the excess mortality, which is above normal, was 9, 16 and 20% after one, two and three years, respectively. Concepts of fractional life-time and death-time were developed. These express the proportion of the total observation time that is life and death, respectively. The fractional life-time was 0.80 and the fractional death-time 0.20. The excess death-time was 0.12 (12%) of the total observation time. Mortality, survival, life-time and death-time were compared in three studies, the present one and two from Denmark. The great similarities were obvious. An estimation of the unpaced survival during three years, based on studies of AV block before the pacemaker era, indicated the great benefit of pacemaker treatment.", "contents": "Quantitation of the gain in mortality in life-time after pacemaker treatment. A total of 140 patients given permanent pacemaker 1963--73 were followed during three years with regard to survival. Indication of pacemaker implantation was AV block in 82% and disturbed consciousness in 84%. The first half of the series had a survival equal to that of the second half. The survival was 86, 73 and 64% and the excess mortality, which is above normal, was 9, 16 and 20% after one, two and three years, respectively. Concepts of fractional life-time and death-time were developed. These express the proportion of the total observation time that is life and death, respectively. The fractional life-time was 0.80 and the fractional death-time 0.20. The excess death-time was 0.12 (12%) of the total observation time. Mortality, survival, life-time and death-time were compared in three studies, the present one and two from Denmark. The great similarities were obvious. An estimation of the unpaced survival during three years, based on studies of AV block before the pacemaker era, indicated the great benefit of pacemaker treatment.", "PMID": 685718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6561", "title": "Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in oligophrenia.", "content": "Eight patients representing five different, probably hereditary neurological syndromes with oligophrenia and hypogonadism as the common features have been examined clinically and endocrinologically. Two sisters suffered from polyneuropathy, one male from ataxia, one male from spastic tetraplegia, two sisters and a brother from myopathy and one male patient from epilepsy and polyneuropathy. The latter patient was diagnosed as having an acute intermittent porphyria. All the patients had degenerative neurological disorders. The karyotypes were normal. The patients all had signs of hypogonadism. Four male patients had marked testicular atrophy but otherwise normal external genitalia. The testosterone levels in the blood were normal or slightly decreased. Three of the females had their menarche at a normal age but a very early menopause. The fourth female has never menstruated. The four females had normal breasts and body hair. All patients had high basal luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone levels and the response to i.v. LH-releasing hormone was exaggerated. The prolactin values were normal. None of the examined patients had any signs of thyroid or adrenal insufficiency and the sella turcica was normal. A possible etiology to their hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is discussed.", "contents": "Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in oligophrenia. Eight patients representing five different, probably hereditary neurological syndromes with oligophrenia and hypogonadism as the common features have been examined clinically and endocrinologically. Two sisters suffered from polyneuropathy, one male from ataxia, one male from spastic tetraplegia, two sisters and a brother from myopathy and one male patient from epilepsy and polyneuropathy. The latter patient was diagnosed as having an acute intermittent porphyria. All the patients had degenerative neurological disorders. The karyotypes were normal. The patients all had signs of hypogonadism. Four male patients had marked testicular atrophy but otherwise normal external genitalia. The testosterone levels in the blood were normal or slightly decreased. Three of the females had their menarche at a normal age but a very early menopause. The fourth female has never menstruated. The four females had normal breasts and body hair. All patients had high basal luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone levels and the response to i.v. LH-releasing hormone was exaggerated. The prolactin values were normal. None of the examined patients had any signs of thyroid or adrenal insufficiency and the sella turcica was normal. A possible etiology to their hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is discussed.", "PMID": 685719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6562", "title": "Idiopathic acquired panmyelopathy in pregnancy. A case report.", "content": "A case of idopathic acquired panmyelopathy (aplastic anaemia) in pregnancy in a 32-year-old woman is presented. The outcome for mother and child was favourable. Special attention is paid to the management of the delivery. Another aspect of interest is the haematologic status of the child. In panmyelopathy an immunologic mechanism may operate as indicated by the finding of platelet membrane associated immunoglobulins, which were also present in our patient. If the bone marrow lesions in this disease are indeed due to immunological injury, they are mediated by immune complexes or by a cellular mechanism, for it is well know that IgG antibodies may pass through the placenta and induce lysis of circulating blood cells in the newborn. There was no evidence of bone marrow damage in the infant. This is in accordance with the cases mentioned in the literature.", "contents": "Idiopathic acquired panmyelopathy in pregnancy. A case report. A case of idopathic acquired panmyelopathy (aplastic anaemia) in pregnancy in a 32-year-old woman is presented. The outcome for mother and child was favourable. Special attention is paid to the management of the delivery. Another aspect of interest is the haematologic status of the child. In panmyelopathy an immunologic mechanism may operate as indicated by the finding of platelet membrane associated immunoglobulins, which were also present in our patient. If the bone marrow lesions in this disease are indeed due to immunological injury, they are mediated by immune complexes or by a cellular mechanism, for it is well know that IgG antibodies may pass through the placenta and induce lysis of circulating blood cells in the newborn. There was no evidence of bone marrow damage in the infant. This is in accordance with the cases mentioned in the literature.", "PMID": 685721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6563", "title": "Intracutaneous herniation of fat in connection with microangiopathia diabetica.", "content": "Three women with diabetes mellitus presented an unusual change in the skin on the distal and acral parts of the extremities, most distinctly on the upper surface of the hands. The surface was raised in small cushions but had the colour of intact skin. The skin felt doughy and swolen on palpation but there was no oedematous pitting. It had been suspected earlier that these skin changes indicated myxoedema or heart disease and the patients had been treated with diuretics. In all three cases, however, histological examinations revealed a more or less reduced, atrophic dermis with here and there an appreciable dislocation of the subcutaneous layer of fat, which with the sweat glands formed an intracutaneous herniation up against the epidermis. These histological changes explained the clinical picture of cushions in the skin. As these patients had diabetes mellitus and the histological picture also included vascular changes of the type associated with a diabetic microangiopathy, it is considered that this form of intradermal herniation of fat is yet another skin change which may be elicited by diabetes mellitis.", "contents": "Intracutaneous herniation of fat in connection with microangiopathia diabetica. Three women with diabetes mellitus presented an unusual change in the skin on the distal and acral parts of the extremities, most distinctly on the upper surface of the hands. The surface was raised in small cushions but had the colour of intact skin. The skin felt doughy and swolen on palpation but there was no oedematous pitting. It had been suspected earlier that these skin changes indicated myxoedema or heart disease and the patients had been treated with diuretics. In all three cases, however, histological examinations revealed a more or less reduced, atrophic dermis with here and there an appreciable dislocation of the subcutaneous layer of fat, which with the sweat glands formed an intracutaneous herniation up against the epidermis. These histological changes explained the clinical picture of cushions in the skin. As these patients had diabetes mellitus and the histological picture also included vascular changes of the type associated with a diabetic microangiopathy, it is considered that this form of intradermal herniation of fat is yet another skin change which may be elicited by diabetes mellitis.", "PMID": 685722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6564", "title": "Thyrotoxicosis in a patient treated with lithium carbonate for mental disease.", "content": "In recent years a few cases of hyperthyroidism and several of hypothyroidism which developed during lithium therapy have been described. We give an account of a case of hyperthyroidism, due to painless thyroiditis in a patient on long-term lithium therapy.", "contents": "Thyrotoxicosis in a patient treated with lithium carbonate for mental disease. In recent years a few cases of hyperthyroidism and several of hypothyroidism which developed during lithium therapy have been described. We give an account of a case of hyperthyroidism, due to painless thyroiditis in a patient on long-term lithium therapy.", "PMID": 685723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6565", "title": "The relationship between QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Out of a total of 947 patients admitted to the CCU at Serafimerlasarettet during 2 years, all those with AMI and vintricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia (VT) during the CCU stay were selected. The QT interval could be measured in 15 patients with VF and 12 with VT before the event. The QT interval was also measured in two control groups; one consisted of 27 consecutively admitted patients with AMI without ventricular arrhythmias (VA), the other of 27 non-AMI patients treated in the CCU. Most patients in the group with VA showed pathologically prolonged QT intervals and there were statistically significant differences between this group and the control groups regarding corrected mean QT intervals. If these findings are confirmed, QT measurements might be of value in the prediction of malignant VA in AMI.", "contents": "The relationship between QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. Out of a total of 947 patients admitted to the CCU at Serafimerlasarettet during 2 years, all those with AMI and vintricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia (VT) during the CCU stay were selected. The QT interval could be measured in 15 patients with VF and 12 with VT before the event. The QT interval was also measured in two control groups; one consisted of 27 consecutively admitted patients with AMI without ventricular arrhythmias (VA), the other of 27 non-AMI patients treated in the CCU. Most patients in the group with VA showed pathologically prolonged QT intervals and there were statistically significant differences between this group and the control groups regarding corrected mean QT intervals. If these findings are confirmed, QT measurements might be of value in the prediction of malignant VA in AMI.", "PMID": 685724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6566", "title": "Alpha-methyldopa and drug fever. A study of the metabolism of alpha-methyldopa in patients and normal subjects.", "content": "The metabolism of alpha-methyldopa was studied in 5 patients with febrile reactions to the drug, and compared with the metabolism in 5 patients without such reactions and in 4 normal subjects. A depression of the drug metabolism was found in drug fever patients, which may affect either the intestinal mucosal conjugation of the drug or the hepatic transformation. The decreased metabolism is assumed to be a possible causative mechanism of the adverse reaction.", "contents": "Alpha-methyldopa and drug fever. A study of the metabolism of alpha-methyldopa in patients and normal subjects. The metabolism of alpha-methyldopa was studied in 5 patients with febrile reactions to the drug, and compared with the metabolism in 5 patients without such reactions and in 4 normal subjects. A depression of the drug metabolism was found in drug fever patients, which may affect either the intestinal mucosal conjugation of the drug or the hepatic transformation. The decreased metabolism is assumed to be a possible causative mechanism of the adverse reaction.", "PMID": 685725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6567", "title": "Massive doses of procainamide for ventricular tachyarrhythmias due to myocardial infarction.", "content": "Three patients are described in whom malignant ventricular arrhythmias appeared in connection with a reinfarction some days after hospitalization for an acute myocardial infarction and in whom massive doses of procainamide, up to 7.5 g/day i.v., were necessary to prevent these arrhythmias. The serum concentration of procainamide was 2--4 times higher than the recommended upper level, but no side-effects were observed. With the dose given, one would have expected still higher serum concentrations. Several reasons for this finding are discussed, including the effects of renal function, intestinal leakage, storage of the drug in tissues and hitherto unknown metabolic pathways of procainamide in patients, who are slow acetylators.", "contents": "Massive doses of procainamide for ventricular tachyarrhythmias due to myocardial infarction. Three patients are described in whom malignant ventricular arrhythmias appeared in connection with a reinfarction some days after hospitalization for an acute myocardial infarction and in whom massive doses of procainamide, up to 7.5 g/day i.v., were necessary to prevent these arrhythmias. The serum concentration of procainamide was 2--4 times higher than the recommended upper level, but no side-effects were observed. With the dose given, one would have expected still higher serum concentrations. Several reasons for this finding are discussed, including the effects of renal function, intestinal leakage, storage of the drug in tissues and hitherto unknown metabolic pathways of procainamide in patients, who are slow acetylators.", "PMID": 685726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6568", "title": "The effect of propranolol on serum levels of T4, T3 and reverse-T3 in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "The effect of propranolol (40 mg t.d.s.) on the peripheral levels of T4, T3 and reverse-T3 was studied in 26 patients with hyperthyroidism. The compounds were measured by specific radioimmunoassay techniques. The levels were followed for five weeks and compared with the levels before treatment. The results show that propranolol had no significant effect on the peripheral levels of T4 despite a rapid amelioration of clinical symptoms. A significant reduction of T3 levels was obtained during the first to fourth week of treatment. No significant decrease was obtained after the fourth week. A significant elevation in reverse-T3 levels was obtained during the second to fourth week of treatment. No significant change was obtained either during the first week or after the fourth week. Inconsistent fluctuations in hormone levels, both before and during treatment, could be seen in individual cases. The results suggest that the reduction of clinical symptoms must be caused by an extrathyroidal action of propranolol which does not seem to involve the pituitary gland.", "contents": "The effect of propranolol on serum levels of T4, T3 and reverse-T3 in hyperthyroidism. The effect of propranolol (40 mg t.d.s.) on the peripheral levels of T4, T3 and reverse-T3 was studied in 26 patients with hyperthyroidism. The compounds were measured by specific radioimmunoassay techniques. The levels were followed for five weeks and compared with the levels before treatment. The results show that propranolol had no significant effect on the peripheral levels of T4 despite a rapid amelioration of clinical symptoms. A significant reduction of T3 levels was obtained during the first to fourth week of treatment. No significant decrease was obtained after the fourth week. A significant elevation in reverse-T3 levels was obtained during the second to fourth week of treatment. No significant change was obtained either during the first week or after the fourth week. Inconsistent fluctuations in hormone levels, both before and during treatment, could be seen in individual cases. The results suggest that the reduction of clinical symptoms must be caused by an extrathyroidal action of propranolol which does not seem to involve the pituitary gland.", "PMID": 685727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6569", "title": "Non-invasive assessment of cardiac function in poisoning with drugs.", "content": "Systolic time intervals (STI) have been used in evaluating cardiac function in 21 patients who had taken an overdose of drugs. Registrations were made in all patients on arrival at the hospital and on the third day. On arrival STI was abnormal in 16 patients (76%). At the second registration it was still abnormal in ten (48%). Prolongations of total electromechanical systole (QS2) and preejection period (PEP) were the most frequent findings. The patients with abnormal STI at the first registration showed a significant improvement in QS2 (p less than 0.01) and PEP (p less than 0.05) from the first to the third day. Two of the four patients who had taken amitriptyline in a slow release form showed a prolongation of PEP and an increase in PEP/LVET from the first to the third day, and on patient has a further prolongation of the fifth day. The findings may be explained by a reduction of cardiac contractility caused by the membrane-stabilizing effect of the drugs.", "contents": "Non-invasive assessment of cardiac function in poisoning with drugs. Systolic time intervals (STI) have been used in evaluating cardiac function in 21 patients who had taken an overdose of drugs. Registrations were made in all patients on arrival at the hospital and on the third day. On arrival STI was abnormal in 16 patients (76%). At the second registration it was still abnormal in ten (48%). Prolongations of total electromechanical systole (QS2) and preejection period (PEP) were the most frequent findings. The patients with abnormal STI at the first registration showed a significant improvement in QS2 (p less than 0.01) and PEP (p less than 0.05) from the first to the third day. Two of the four patients who had taken amitriptyline in a slow release form showed a prolongation of PEP and an increase in PEP/LVET from the first to the third day, and on patient has a further prolongation of the fifth day. The findings may be explained by a reduction of cardiac contractility caused by the membrane-stabilizing effect of the drugs.", "PMID": 685728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6570", "title": "Effect of alcohol on chemotaxis, adherence and phagocytosis of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "In view of the presumed increased susceptibility of chronic alcoholics to infectious diseases, the influence of alcohol in vitro on leucocyte adherence, neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis and intracellular killing was investigated with highly standardized methods. A significant inhibitory influence on these leucocyte functions was found only at alcohol concentrations in excess of those obtained clinically. An interesting observation not reported before was increased adherence, phagocytosis and chemotaxis at low to moderate concentrations of alcohol.", "contents": "Effect of alcohol on chemotaxis, adherence and phagocytosis of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. In view of the presumed increased susceptibility of chronic alcoholics to infectious diseases, the influence of alcohol in vitro on leucocyte adherence, neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis and intracellular killing was investigated with highly standardized methods. A significant inhibitory influence on these leucocyte functions was found only at alcohol concentrations in excess of those obtained clinically. An interesting observation not reported before was increased adherence, phagocytosis and chemotaxis at low to moderate concentrations of alcohol.", "PMID": 685729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6571", "title": "Abnormal microheterogeneity of transferrin in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in alcoholism.", "content": "The serum and CSF proteins were analyzed by isoelectric focusing in 16 male alcoholics after alcohol intoxication and after 10--14 days of alcohol abstinence. An abnormally marked protein band with pI 5.7 was found in serum in 15 patients and in CSF in 12 at the first examination. On crossed immunoelectrofocusing it appeared as an increased, cathodal, microheterogeneous molecular form of transferrin. The abnormality was reversible and decreased or normalized in serum in all cases after abstinence. In 6 patients with clinical signs of cerebellar degeneration, an abnormal microheterogeneous pattern of CSF transferrin of partly different appearance to that in serum remained after abstinence. Disturbed liver synthesis of transferrin is a probable origin of the serum finding, which may be specifically related to alcohol abuse. Substitution or loss of acidic amino acids and/or decreased iron binding ability are possible structural explanations.", "contents": "Abnormal microheterogeneity of transferrin in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in alcoholism. The serum and CSF proteins were analyzed by isoelectric focusing in 16 male alcoholics after alcohol intoxication and after 10--14 days of alcohol abstinence. An abnormally marked protein band with pI 5.7 was found in serum in 15 patients and in CSF in 12 at the first examination. On crossed immunoelectrofocusing it appeared as an increased, cathodal, microheterogeneous molecular form of transferrin. The abnormality was reversible and decreased or normalized in serum in all cases after abstinence. In 6 patients with clinical signs of cerebellar degeneration, an abnormal microheterogeneous pattern of CSF transferrin of partly different appearance to that in serum remained after abstinence. Disturbed liver synthesis of transferrin is a probable origin of the serum finding, which may be specifically related to alcohol abuse. Substitution or loss of acidic amino acids and/or decreased iron binding ability are possible structural explanations.", "PMID": 685730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6572", "title": "Obstructic characteristics of Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley, Hancock, and Lillehei-Kaster prosthetic mitral valves in the immediate postoperative period.", "content": "The flow obstruction in mitral valve implants was studied in the immediate postoperative period in 19 patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley, Hancock, or Lillehi-Kaster prosthetic mitral valves. The effective valve area (Ae) was used as a measure of the flow obstruction. The blood velocity in the implants was estimated with a non-invasive ultrasound Doppler system. The cardiac output was determined with an indwelling thermodilution catheter. The collected data allowed the determination of Ae. Multiple determinations of Ae, at various cardiac outputs and pulse rate were generally performed in each patient during the first 2--3 postoperative days. The investigation demonstrated that the method employed was useful for the study of mitral implant performance. The obtained values of Ae demonstrated that the flow obstruction in presthetic mitral valve implants is frequently considerable.", "contents": "Obstructic characteristics of Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley, Hancock, and Lillehei-Kaster prosthetic mitral valves in the immediate postoperative period. The flow obstruction in mitral valve implants was studied in the immediate postoperative period in 19 patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley, Hancock, or Lillehi-Kaster prosthetic mitral valves. The effective valve area (Ae) was used as a measure of the flow obstruction. The blood velocity in the implants was estimated with a non-invasive ultrasound Doppler system. The cardiac output was determined with an indwelling thermodilution catheter. The collected data allowed the determination of Ae. Multiple determinations of Ae, at various cardiac outputs and pulse rate were generally performed in each patient during the first 2--3 postoperative days. The investigation demonstrated that the method employed was useful for the study of mitral implant performance. The obtained values of Ae demonstrated that the flow obstruction in presthetic mitral valve implants is frequently considerable.", "PMID": 685731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6573", "title": "Does a disturbed insulin release promote hypoglycemia in alcoholics?", "content": "Peroral glucose tolerance tests, i.v. tolbutamide tests and postfasting alcohol tests were performed in three alcoholics, who had been admitted to hospital with hypoglycemic symptoms. In one one case the findings indicated extreme insulin sensitivity and in two cases there was evidence of a distrubed insulin release. These two factors might have a bearing on the occurrence of hypoglycemic symptoms in alcoholics.", "contents": "Does a disturbed insulin release promote hypoglycemia in alcoholics? Peroral glucose tolerance tests, i.v. tolbutamide tests and postfasting alcohol tests were performed in three alcoholics, who had been admitted to hospital with hypoglycemic symptoms. In one one case the findings indicated extreme insulin sensitivity and in two cases there was evidence of a distrubed insulin release. These two factors might have a bearing on the occurrence of hypoglycemic symptoms in alcoholics.", "PMID": 685732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6574", "title": "Exercise performance and body dimensions in anorexia nervosa before and after rehabilitation.", "content": "The boys and five girls (mean age 15.0 y.) with anorexia nervosa (AN) were studied before and after a treatment which restored their body weight to normal. Before treatment the patients' average weight loss was 25% of their premorbid weight. The function and dimensions of the oxygen transport system were determined with heart (HV) and blood (BV) volumes, lean body mass (LBM) and exercise tests on a bicycle ergometer with determination of maximal aerobic power (VO2 max). Before treatment, the patients had bradycardia and hypotension. HV and BV decreased in proportion to the loss of body weight. During maximal exercise, attainable oxygen uptake and heart rate were low. VO2 max decreased out of proportion to the circulatory and body dimensions. After treatment, HV and BV increased in proportion to the rise in body weight. LBM increased significantly in all patients. Heart rates at rest and during exercise were within the range of normal and VO2 max increased. It is concluded that the circulatory system is highly adaptive to the low caloric intake in AN and is totally normalized after weight gain.", "contents": "Exercise performance and body dimensions in anorexia nervosa before and after rehabilitation. The boys and five girls (mean age 15.0 y.) with anorexia nervosa (AN) were studied before and after a treatment which restored their body weight to normal. Before treatment the patients' average weight loss was 25% of their premorbid weight. The function and dimensions of the oxygen transport system were determined with heart (HV) and blood (BV) volumes, lean body mass (LBM) and exercise tests on a bicycle ergometer with determination of maximal aerobic power (VO2 max). Before treatment, the patients had bradycardia and hypotension. HV and BV decreased in proportion to the loss of body weight. During maximal exercise, attainable oxygen uptake and heart rate were low. VO2 max decreased out of proportion to the circulatory and body dimensions. After treatment, HV and BV increased in proportion to the rise in body weight. LBM increased significantly in all patients. Heart rates at rest and during exercise were within the range of normal and VO2 max increased. It is concluded that the circulatory system is highly adaptive to the low caloric intake in AN and is totally normalized after weight gain.", "PMID": 685733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6575", "title": "Taste dysfunction and changes in zinc and copper metabolism during penicillamine therapy for generalized scleroderma.", "content": "The taste function and the zinc and copper levels in serum and urine were followed for up tp 16 weeks in ten patients who were started on penicillamine therapy for generalized scleroderma (9 patients) and rheumatoid arthritis (one patient). During therapy the serum zinc concentration remained unchanged, whereas the serum copper concentration increased significantly during the first 4--5 weeks and then tended to decrease. Urinary copper rose significantly and remained considerably above the upper normal limit throughout the study. Six of the patients complained after about 4--5 weeks of a decreased taste function, which was gradually restored whether the medication was stopped or continued. The alterations in the taste acuity for sweet, salt, sour, and bitter significantly paralleled the variations in urinary copper before as well as during therapy. Thus, the patients who showed the most pronounced loss of taste, had a lower urinary copper output than those whose taste acuity was less disturbed.", "contents": "Taste dysfunction and changes in zinc and copper metabolism during penicillamine therapy for generalized scleroderma. The taste function and the zinc and copper levels in serum and urine were followed for up tp 16 weeks in ten patients who were started on penicillamine therapy for generalized scleroderma (9 patients) and rheumatoid arthritis (one patient). During therapy the serum zinc concentration remained unchanged, whereas the serum copper concentration increased significantly during the first 4--5 weeks and then tended to decrease. Urinary copper rose significantly and remained considerably above the upper normal limit throughout the study. Six of the patients complained after about 4--5 weeks of a decreased taste function, which was gradually restored whether the medication was stopped or continued. The alterations in the taste acuity for sweet, salt, sour, and bitter significantly paralleled the variations in urinary copper before as well as during therapy. Thus, the patients who showed the most pronounced loss of taste, had a lower urinary copper output than those whose taste acuity was less disturbed.", "PMID": 685734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6576", "title": "Vitamin B12 body stores during oral and parenteral treatment of pernicious anaemia.", "content": "Oral treatment of pernicious anaemia patients with 1 mg cyanocobalamin daily has been shown before to be as effective as conventional injection therapy. The result of this study indicates that oral treatment also keeps the vitamin B12 body stores adequately filled, a confirmation of earlier results obtained in another way.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 body stores during oral and parenteral treatment of pernicious anaemia. Oral treatment of pernicious anaemia patients with 1 mg cyanocobalamin daily has been shown before to be as effective as conventional injection therapy. The result of this study indicates that oral treatment also keeps the vitamin B12 body stores adequately filled, a confirmation of earlier results obtained in another way.", "PMID": 685735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6577", "title": "Short-term effects of 1-alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 in patients on corticosteroid treatment and in patients with senile osteoporosis.", "content": "Six patients with bronchial asthma undergoing long-term corticosteroid treatment and six patients with senile osteoporosis were given the same oral dose of 1-alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (1alpha-OH-D3) and calcium. The immediate effect on blood and urine chemistry and on the intestinal calcium absorption rate were studied. Hypercalcaemia occurred frequently among the patients treated with corticosteroids but not among those with senile osteoporosis. We conclude that corticosteroids do not counteract the effects of 1alpha-OH-D3. No correlation was found between the calcium absorption rate and the degree of osteoporosis, nor did the serum PTH levels show any differences that could be attributed to the treatment.", "contents": "Short-term effects of 1-alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 in patients on corticosteroid treatment and in patients with senile osteoporosis. Six patients with bronchial asthma undergoing long-term corticosteroid treatment and six patients with senile osteoporosis were given the same oral dose of 1-alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (1alpha-OH-D3) and calcium. The immediate effect on blood and urine chemistry and on the intestinal calcium absorption rate were studied. Hypercalcaemia occurred frequently among the patients treated with corticosteroids but not among those with senile osteoporosis. We conclude that corticosteroids do not counteract the effects of 1alpha-OH-D3. No correlation was found between the calcium absorption rate and the degree of osteoporosis, nor did the serum PTH levels show any differences that could be attributed to the treatment.", "PMID": 685736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6578", "title": "A tetracycline-based histomorphometric evaluation of bone resorption and bone turnover in hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Increased bone, resorption previously found in hyperthyroidism might be caused by a direct stimulating effect of thyroid hormone(s) on bone cells or by an increased sensitivity to circulating parathyroid hormone. In order to disclose qualitative differences in the response of bone resorbing cells to excess parathyroid hormone and excess thyroid hormone(s), histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest biopsies was performed in 25 hyperparathyroid and 40 hyperthyroid patients after tetracycline double-labelling. The main target cells for parathyroid and thyroid hormones were different. Parathyroid hormone stimulated osteocytic osteolysis and increased osteoclastic resorption surfaces equally in trabecular and cortical bone. The osteoclastic resorption was inactive. Thyroid hormone(s) had no effect on osteocytes but increased the osteoclastic resorption surfaces in trabecular and cortical bone, with a pronounced preponderance in cortical bone. The osteoclastic resorption was active and followed by a significant loss of both cortical and trabecular bone. The findings support the assumption that increased bone resorption in hyperthyroidism is caused by a direct stimulating effect of thyroid hormone(s).", "contents": "A tetracycline-based histomorphometric evaluation of bone resorption and bone turnover in hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism. Increased bone, resorption previously found in hyperthyroidism might be caused by a direct stimulating effect of thyroid hormone(s) on bone cells or by an increased sensitivity to circulating parathyroid hormone. In order to disclose qualitative differences in the response of bone resorbing cells to excess parathyroid hormone and excess thyroid hormone(s), histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest biopsies was performed in 25 hyperparathyroid and 40 hyperthyroid patients after tetracycline double-labelling. The main target cells for parathyroid and thyroid hormones were different. Parathyroid hormone stimulated osteocytic osteolysis and increased osteoclastic resorption surfaces equally in trabecular and cortical bone. The osteoclastic resorption was inactive. Thyroid hormone(s) had no effect on osteocytes but increased the osteoclastic resorption surfaces in trabecular and cortical bone, with a pronounced preponderance in cortical bone. The osteoclastic resorption was active and followed by a significant loss of both cortical and trabecular bone. The findings support the assumption that increased bone resorption in hyperthyroidism is caused by a direct stimulating effect of thyroid hormone(s).", "PMID": 685737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6579", "title": "Brain energy metabolism in global brain oedema.", "content": "Different degrees of severity in global brain oedema were induced by varying amounts of water intoxication (50, 100, 150, and 200 ml Aqua dest./kg b.wt. intravenously) in groups of six cats, which were functionally nephrectomized. Animals loaded with physiological saline and sham-operated served as controls. Two hours following the water load, the tissue concentrations of CrP, ATP, ADP, AMP, pyruvate, glucose, and lactate were determined by optical enzymatic analysis. The results show disturbances in brain energy metabolism dependent on the severity of the brain oedema. The high energy compounds and in consequence the ATP/ADP-ratio, and respectively the energy charge potential, fall in direct relationship to the severity of the brain oedema. Lactate and lactate-pyruvate ratio increase. The energy source of the cell, glucose as well as pyruvate, significantly falls in the group with severe brain oedema. The results of the brain energy metabolism were compared with our previous study concerning the brain water content, rCBF and CPP in global brain oedema (Meinig et al. 1973). The results show that the disturbances of energy metabolism are directly related to the rCBF and are not dependent on CPP over a wide range.", "contents": "Brain energy metabolism in global brain oedema. Different degrees of severity in global brain oedema were induced by varying amounts of water intoxication (50, 100, 150, and 200 ml Aqua dest./kg b.wt. intravenously) in groups of six cats, which were functionally nephrectomized. Animals loaded with physiological saline and sham-operated served as controls. Two hours following the water load, the tissue concentrations of CrP, ATP, ADP, AMP, pyruvate, glucose, and lactate were determined by optical enzymatic analysis. The results show disturbances in brain energy metabolism dependent on the severity of the brain oedema. The high energy compounds and in consequence the ATP/ADP-ratio, and respectively the energy charge potential, fall in direct relationship to the severity of the brain oedema. Lactate and lactate-pyruvate ratio increase. The energy source of the cell, glucose as well as pyruvate, significantly falls in the group with severe brain oedema. The results of the brain energy metabolism were compared with our previous study concerning the brain water content, rCBF and CPP in global brain oedema (Meinig et al. 1973). The results show that the disturbances of energy metabolism are directly related to the rCBF and are not dependent on CPP over a wide range.", "PMID": 685738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6580", "title": "Diagnosis of intracranial space-occupying lesions with DTPA-Sn-99mTc.", "content": "DTPA-Sn-99 mTc is an excellent radionuclide for brain scintigraphy procedures with a rapid blood clearance through glomerular filatration. No previous preparation of the patient is necessary. We have studied forty nine patients with primary or metastatic brain tumours as well as calvarium metastases. There have been five false negatives. We have found three types of scintigraphic patterns depending on whether the lesion is better visualized in early or late images, or does not change throughout the study. The sequential brain study, obtaining views at five minutes, and at one and two hours post-injection allows for an adequate morphological characterization of the lesion and occasionally, a histological diagnosis.", "contents": "Diagnosis of intracranial space-occupying lesions with DTPA-Sn-99mTc. DTPA-Sn-99 mTc is an excellent radionuclide for brain scintigraphy procedures with a rapid blood clearance through glomerular filatration. No previous preparation of the patient is necessary. We have studied forty nine patients with primary or metastatic brain tumours as well as calvarium metastases. There have been five false negatives. We have found three types of scintigraphic patterns depending on whether the lesion is better visualized in early or late images, or does not change throughout the study. The sequential brain study, obtaining views at five minutes, and at one and two hours post-injection allows for an adequate morphological characterization of the lesion and occasionally, a histological diagnosis.", "PMID": 685739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6581", "title": "The reliability of computerized axial tomography in the diagnosis of infratentorial mass lesions. A neurosurgical appraisal.", "content": "The accuracy of CAT in the diagnosis of infratentorial expanding lesions is analysed on the basis of 224 personal cases. The posterior fossa lesions are classified in four groups according to the reliability of CAT as the only pre-operative examination. The present indications for conventional neuroadiological procedures are also outlined. Particular emphasis is laid on the information supplied by CAT in postoperative follow up to detect both immediate and delayed complications.", "contents": "The reliability of computerized axial tomography in the diagnosis of infratentorial mass lesions. A neurosurgical appraisal. The accuracy of CAT in the diagnosis of infratentorial expanding lesions is analysed on the basis of 224 personal cases. The posterior fossa lesions are classified in four groups according to the reliability of CAT as the only pre-operative examination. The present indications for conventional neuroadiological procedures are also outlined. Particular emphasis is laid on the information supplied by CAT in postoperative follow up to detect both immediate and delayed complications.", "PMID": 685740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6582", "title": "The pericranium flap operation. A new operation for the treatment of progressive infantile hydrocephalus. A preliminary report of 20 cases.", "content": "A new operation is described for the treatment of progressive infantile hydrocephalus. A pericranial flap with intact blood supply is introduced into the right lateral ventricle and fixed in place by suture to the dura or the skull. Twenty cases were subjected to the new operation with four deaths. The operation was successful in causing the arrest of the hydrocephalus and changing the mental state of early and mild cases.", "contents": "The pericranium flap operation. A new operation for the treatment of progressive infantile hydrocephalus. A preliminary report of 20 cases. A new operation is described for the treatment of progressive infantile hydrocephalus. A pericranial flap with intact blood supply is introduced into the right lateral ventricle and fixed in place by suture to the dura or the skull. Twenty cases were subjected to the new operation with four deaths. The operation was successful in causing the arrest of the hydrocephalus and changing the mental state of early and mild cases.", "PMID": 685741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6583", "title": "Contribution to the surgical treatment of acute supratentorial subdural haematomas.", "content": "Acute traumatic subdural haematoma suspected of extending over an entire hemisphere must be treated with all speed. To obviate unnecessary skin incisions and subsequent craniectomies and craniotomies during the operation, we think it advantageous to plan a series of burrholes at set points in order to; a) begin to clear the haematoma; b) assess its extent and possible origin; c) decide whether a hemicranial or smaller craniotomy is called for.", "contents": "Contribution to the surgical treatment of acute supratentorial subdural haematomas. Acute traumatic subdural haematoma suspected of extending over an entire hemisphere must be treated with all speed. To obviate unnecessary skin incisions and subsequent craniectomies and craniotomies during the operation, we think it advantageous to plan a series of burrholes at set points in order to; a) begin to clear the haematoma; b) assess its extent and possible origin; c) decide whether a hemicranial or smaller craniotomy is called for.", "PMID": 685742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6584", "title": "Azotaemia in severe head injury--central dysregulation or renal failure?", "content": "We have investigated serum urea, uric acid, and creatinin crealinine levels in 39 patients with craniocerebral trauma. The most impressive observation was a change in serum urea, which was found significantly increased up to 237 mg% on the seventh day (mean value) after severe injury, and turned out to be of great prognostic value. Patients with a serum urea above 100 mg% did not survive the acute stage. Uric acid and creatinine were only significantly increased in patients with lethal outcomes, the first being elevated by about 300% in the first week, the second remaining normal for four days increasing thereafter. It is concluded from these first data that a hypercatabolic state due to shock, central dysregulation, or both, is responsible for the dissociated behaviour of urea, uric acid and creatinine during the first four days, after which renal failure as a secondary change is shown by the rise in serum creatinine.", "contents": "Azotaemia in severe head injury--central dysregulation or renal failure? We have investigated serum urea, uric acid, and creatinin crealinine levels in 39 patients with craniocerebral trauma. The most impressive observation was a change in serum urea, which was found significantly increased up to 237 mg% on the seventh day (mean value) after severe injury, and turned out to be of great prognostic value. Patients with a serum urea above 100 mg% did not survive the acute stage. Uric acid and creatinine were only significantly increased in patients with lethal outcomes, the first being elevated by about 300% in the first week, the second remaining normal for four days increasing thereafter. It is concluded from these first data that a hypercatabolic state due to shock, central dysregulation, or both, is responsible for the dissociated behaviour of urea, uric acid and creatinine during the first four days, after which renal failure as a secondary change is shown by the rise in serum creatinine.", "PMID": 685743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6585", "title": "Delayed consequences of endothelial removal from rabbit aortae.", "content": "One year after de-endothelialization of rabbit aorta by a balloon catheter, the damaged areas show arteriosclerotic thickening. In the study described here, aortae from six rabbits were examined 2 years after the single injury. Three had advanced atherosclerotic lesions. All the animals had been fed standard rabbit chow, and the five tested did not have hypercholesterolemia when they were sacrificed. Apparently vascular injury alone is sufficient basis for development of atherosclerotic disease in the rabbit.", "contents": "Delayed consequences of endothelial removal from rabbit aortae. One year after de-endothelialization of rabbit aorta by a balloon catheter, the damaged areas show arteriosclerotic thickening. In the study described here, aortae from six rabbits were examined 2 years after the single injury. Three had advanced atherosclerotic lesions. All the animals had been fed standard rabbit chow, and the five tested did not have hypercholesterolemia when they were sacrificed. Apparently vascular injury alone is sufficient basis for development of atherosclerotic disease in the rabbit.", "PMID": 685752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6586", "title": "The role of platelets in transient ischemic attacks and cerebral vascular accidents.", "content": "In a 5 1/2-year study in 585 patients, aspirin, 1200 mg/day, reduced 50% the risk of stroke or death in men who had experienced at least one episode of neurological disability in carotid or vertebral-basilar territory. Adding sulfinpyrazone to aspirin did not improve the results, and sulfinpyrazone alone was no better than placebo. Women did not experience the same benefit; aspirin did not reduce their risk of stroke or death.", "contents": "The role of platelets in transient ischemic attacks and cerebral vascular accidents. In a 5 1/2-year study in 585 patients, aspirin, 1200 mg/day, reduced 50% the risk of stroke or death in men who had experienced at least one episode of neurological disability in carotid or vertebral-basilar territory. Adding sulfinpyrazone to aspirin did not improve the results, and sulfinpyrazone alone was no better than placebo. Women did not experience the same benefit; aspirin did not reduce their risk of stroke or death.", "PMID": 685753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6587", "title": "Influence of antiplatelet drugs on platelet-surface interactions.", "content": "Platelet aggregates are important in the thromboembolic complications of prosthetic devices, and drugs that alter platelet function have shown promise in clinical trials. Results with these drugs have increased insight into the interaction of platelets with artificial materials, particularly when the clinical experience has been correlated with the results of in vitro models. In a bead column/surface contact model, the characteristic interactions of platelets with artificial surfaces resemble effects of adding thrombin ADP to platelet-rich plasma. Anti-inflammatory agents and other antiplatelet drugs inhibit these reactions. Results in an in vivo model, survival of 51 Cr-labeled platelets in sheep bearing arteriovenous shunts of test materials, correlate systems indicate that the initial events upon contact of a surface with plasma proteins persistently influence the long-term behavior of that surface toward blood. A review of clinical studies discusses the effect of antiplatelet drugs on platelet survival and also on thrombotic complications of heart valve replacement and other conditions employing prosthetic devices.", "contents": "Influence of antiplatelet drugs on platelet-surface interactions. Platelet aggregates are important in the thromboembolic complications of prosthetic devices, and drugs that alter platelet function have shown promise in clinical trials. Results with these drugs have increased insight into the interaction of platelets with artificial materials, particularly when the clinical experience has been correlated with the results of in vitro models. In a bead column/surface contact model, the characteristic interactions of platelets with artificial surfaces resemble effects of adding thrombin ADP to platelet-rich plasma. Anti-inflammatory agents and other antiplatelet drugs inhibit these reactions. Results in an in vivo model, survival of 51 Cr-labeled platelets in sheep bearing arteriovenous shunts of test materials, correlate systems indicate that the initial events upon contact of a surface with plasma proteins persistently influence the long-term behavior of that surface toward blood. A review of clinical studies discusses the effect of antiplatelet drugs on platelet survival and also on thrombotic complications of heart valve replacement and other conditions employing prosthetic devices.", "PMID": 685754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6588", "title": "Effects of various S-adenosylmethionine preparations on histamine methylation in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "To test possible enhancement of in vivo methylation of histamine, mice were injected with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) of approximately 96% purity. Instead of the expected enhancement, very strong inhibition of methylation was observed. Tests indicated that S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) probably was not the inhibitor. Pure SAM, from another source, showed no inhibition of methylation in rats and guinea pigs, and only slight inhibition in mice. Pure SAM was much more effective than the 96% SAM for histamine methylation in vitro. It seems either that injected SAM cannot enter cells containing the histamine methylating enzyme (HME), or that the endogenous supply of SAM is optimal. The inhibitor may be structurally related to SAM, possibly a by-product of SAM synthesis. As it is very effective even in the presence of large amounts of SAM, in pure form it would probably be the most potent inhibitor of histamine methylation available.", "contents": "Effects of various S-adenosylmethionine preparations on histamine methylation in vitro and in vivo. To test possible enhancement of in vivo methylation of histamine, mice were injected with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) of approximately 96% purity. Instead of the expected enhancement, very strong inhibition of methylation was observed. Tests indicated that S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) probably was not the inhibitor. Pure SAM, from another source, showed no inhibition of methylation in rats and guinea pigs, and only slight inhibition in mice. Pure SAM was much more effective than the 96% SAM for histamine methylation in vitro. It seems either that injected SAM cannot enter cells containing the histamine methylating enzyme (HME), or that the endogenous supply of SAM is optimal. The inhibitor may be structurally related to SAM, possibly a by-product of SAM synthesis. As it is very effective even in the presence of large amounts of SAM, in pure form it would probably be the most potent inhibitor of histamine methylation available.", "PMID": 685755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6589", "title": "Histamine content and mast cells in human gastric and duodenal mucosa.", "content": "A high histamine content was found in all areas of human gastric and duodenal mucosa. In single subjects there was no general preference of histamine being located predominantly in fundus and corpus. In biopsy specimens of human corpus mucosa many histamine-containing O-PD reactive cells could be identified. In the sections treated previously with O-PD also many toluidine blue staining cells (mast cells) could be visualized. As shown by a transcription technique their place and number was the same as those of O-PD reacting cells. It is concluded that histamine in human corpus mucosa is localized exclusively in mast cells which seem to participate in acid secretion and in duodenal ulcer disease in man.", "contents": "Histamine content and mast cells in human gastric and duodenal mucosa. A high histamine content was found in all areas of human gastric and duodenal mucosa. In single subjects there was no general preference of histamine being located predominantly in fundus and corpus. In biopsy specimens of human corpus mucosa many histamine-containing O-PD reactive cells could be identified. In the sections treated previously with O-PD also many toluidine blue staining cells (mast cells) could be visualized. As shown by a transcription technique their place and number was the same as those of O-PD reacting cells. It is concluded that histamine in human corpus mucosa is localized exclusively in mast cells which seem to participate in acid secretion and in duodenal ulcer disease in man.", "PMID": 685756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6590", "title": "When a child dies.", "content": "The family physician can be of great help to the parents after a child dies. Practical points to keep in mind are: in acute mourning, denial of death is a common response; parental emotional \"detachment\" from the dead child takes six to 12 months; parents may be motivated to \"replace\" the child too quickly; parental relationships with the surviving children can be impaired by overprotectiveness, and the physician should be aware of his limitations in this situation.", "contents": "When a child dies. The family physician can be of great help to the parents after a child dies. Practical points to keep in mind are: in acute mourning, denial of death is a common response; parental emotional \"detachment\" from the dead child takes six to 12 months; parents may be motivated to \"replace\" the child too quickly; parental relationships with the surviving children can be impaired by overprotectiveness, and the physician should be aware of his limitations in this situation.", "PMID": 685793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6591", "title": "Echocardiography in the cardiac work-up.", "content": "Increasingly popular, echocardiography is now widely available. It poses no risk, causes no discomfort and reveals a great deal of information. Interpretation requires expertise. A simple algorithm provides decision points leading to use of this technique for diagnosis and follow-up and for avoiding overutilization. Clinical correlation and (when indicated) correlation with other cardiac tests are essential.", "contents": "Echocardiography in the cardiac work-up. Increasingly popular, echocardiography is now widely available. It poses no risk, causes no discomfort and reveals a great deal of information. Interpretation requires expertise. A simple algorithm provides decision points leading to use of this technique for diagnosis and follow-up and for avoiding overutilization. Clinical correlation and (when indicated) correlation with other cardiac tests are essential.", "PMID": 685794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6592", "title": "Complement consumption and IgE binding by house dust allergen in the serum of atopic patients.", "content": "The reactivity of complement (C) with housedust allergen has been investigated in separate groups of sera from atopic patients with seasonal hay fever, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, animal dander allergy or asthmatic bronchitis as compared to controls. Complement consumption was more pronounced on average in the allergy groups, with the exception of atopic dermatitis. Total IgE levels were elevated in all groups, especially in atopic dermatitis. There was no correlation between C-sensitivity and IgE data (RAST and RIST). The mean levels of C1-inhibitor, 1-antitrypsin and 2-marcroglobulin in the atopic group were found normal. A significant correlation was found between the extent of C-consumption by house dust allergen and the level of C4 in sera. It is concluded that both C and IgE differ from normal in atopic patients, but that neither one is suited for the routine diagnosis of atopy in individual serum samples.", "contents": "Complement consumption and IgE binding by house dust allergen in the serum of atopic patients. The reactivity of complement (C) with housedust allergen has been investigated in separate groups of sera from atopic patients with seasonal hay fever, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, animal dander allergy or asthmatic bronchitis as compared to controls. Complement consumption was more pronounced on average in the allergy groups, with the exception of atopic dermatitis. Total IgE levels were elevated in all groups, especially in atopic dermatitis. There was no correlation between C-sensitivity and IgE data (RAST and RIST). The mean levels of C1-inhibitor, 1-antitrypsin and 2-marcroglobulin in the atopic group were found normal. A significant correlation was found between the extent of C-consumption by house dust allergen and the level of C4 in sera. It is concluded that both C and IgE differ from normal in atopic patients, but that neither one is suited for the routine diagnosis of atopy in individual serum samples.", "PMID": 685790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6593", "title": "Hand infections.", "content": "Superficial infections include paronychia, cellulitis and lymphangitis. Grave infections include felon, purulent tenosynovitis, thenar infections, septic arthritis and human bites. Treatment by incision and drainage, moist heat, elevation, splinting and specific antibiotics or other agents applies to most hand infections. When pus is found, adequate drainage usually gives good results. Without drainage, pressure necrosis and gangrene often follow. Rest for the infected part and for the patient is as important as any other facet of treatment.", "contents": "Hand infections. Superficial infections include paronychia, cellulitis and lymphangitis. Grave infections include felon, purulent tenosynovitis, thenar infections, septic arthritis and human bites. Treatment by incision and drainage, moist heat, elevation, splinting and specific antibiotics or other agents applies to most hand infections. When pus is found, adequate drainage usually gives good results. Without drainage, pressure necrosis and gangrene often follow. Rest for the infected part and for the patient is as important as any other facet of treatment.", "PMID": 685801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6594", "title": "The detection of asymptomatic colorectal cancer.", "content": "The classic symptoms and signs of colorectal cancer (change in bowel habits, weight loss, melena or a palpable abdominal mass) signify advanced disease. Improvements in survival rates have not occurred in the last 15 years because the majority of patients have metastases at the time of surgery. Asymptomatic patients are detected by routinely screening stools for occult blood. If practiced routinely, this technique will improve survival statistics by identifying patients and instituting treatment at an earlier stage of disease.", "contents": "The detection of asymptomatic colorectal cancer. The classic symptoms and signs of colorectal cancer (change in bowel habits, weight loss, melena or a palpable abdominal mass) signify advanced disease. Improvements in survival rates have not occurred in the last 15 years because the majority of patients have metastases at the time of surgery. Asymptomatic patients are detected by routinely screening stools for occult blood. If practiced routinely, this technique will improve survival statistics by identifying patients and instituting treatment at an earlier stage of disease.", "PMID": 685802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6595", "title": "Management of the rape victim.", "content": "If a rape crisis center and specialized personnel are not available, the family physician can adequately examine and treat the rape victim as well as collect and properly handle all the required medical evidence. The detailed history has several facets. Laboratory confirmation can be obtained for prior consensual intercourse, sodomy and other special aspects. Treatment is indicated for the prevention of venereal disease and pregnancy. Psychologic support is essential. The physician's examination and testimony can play an important legal role.", "contents": "Management of the rape victim. If a rape crisis center and specialized personnel are not available, the family physician can adequately examine and treat the rape victim as well as collect and properly handle all the required medical evidence. The detailed history has several facets. Laboratory confirmation can be obtained for prior consensual intercourse, sodomy and other special aspects. Treatment is indicated for the prevention of venereal disease and pregnancy. Psychologic support is essential. The physician's examination and testimony can play an important legal role.", "PMID": 685803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6596", "title": "Atrial flutter. Electrocardiographic, vectorcardiographic and echocardiographic correlation.", "content": "The duration, contour, and amplitude of atrial flutter wave (f) was studied by electrocardiogram (ECG) and vectorcardiogram (VCG) in 32 patients and was related to the size of the left atrium (LA) measured by the echocardiogram (E). The following ECG parameters were analyzed: (1) the duration of left atrial depolarization, i.e., LA wave; (2) the amplitude of LA wave; (3) the surface area of LA wave; (4) maximum amplitude (A) of f in Leads 2 and V1. There was good correlation between LA size and the duration of depolarization and surface area (p less than 0.01), but the maximum amplitude of the f wave in Leads 2 and V1 failed to predict LA size. The post-conversion sinus P wave showed abnormal LA depolarization time (P greater than 0.12 sec.) in 62 per cent of patients with enlarged left atrium (ELA) and in 43 per cent of patients with normal size LA (NLA). The VCG of the flutter wave revealed two patterns, (1) an eliptical smooth fsE loop in 63 per cent of patients with NLA, and (2) distorted fsE loop in 67 per cent of patients with ELA. Both VCG patterns were subdivided in two subgroups according to the number and location of conduction delays. The VCG of post-conversion P wave confirmed conduction delays in both groups. We conclude that both the size of the left atrium and conduction delays play a basic role in the duration and contour of left atrial wave.", "contents": "Atrial flutter. Electrocardiographic, vectorcardiographic and echocardiographic correlation. The duration, contour, and amplitude of atrial flutter wave (f) was studied by electrocardiogram (ECG) and vectorcardiogram (VCG) in 32 patients and was related to the size of the left atrium (LA) measured by the echocardiogram (E). The following ECG parameters were analyzed: (1) the duration of left atrial depolarization, i.e., LA wave; (2) the amplitude of LA wave; (3) the surface area of LA wave; (4) maximum amplitude (A) of f in Leads 2 and V1. There was good correlation between LA size and the duration of depolarization and surface area (p less than 0.01), but the maximum amplitude of the f wave in Leads 2 and V1 failed to predict LA size. The post-conversion sinus P wave showed abnormal LA depolarization time (P greater than 0.12 sec.) in 62 per cent of patients with enlarged left atrium (ELA) and in 43 per cent of patients with normal size LA (NLA). The VCG of the flutter wave revealed two patterns, (1) an eliptical smooth fsE loop in 63 per cent of patients with NLA, and (2) distorted fsE loop in 67 per cent of patients with ELA. Both VCG patterns were subdivided in two subgroups according to the number and location of conduction delays. The VCG of post-conversion P wave confirmed conduction delays in both groups. We conclude that both the size of the left atrium and conduction delays play a basic role in the duration and contour of left atrial wave.", "PMID": 685804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6597", "title": "Study of the temporal effects on conduction and refractoriness of the His-Purkinje system in man.", "content": "Temporal effects on refractoriness within the His-Purkinje system (HPS) were studied in 14 patients in whom effective refractory period (ERP) of HPS could be determined, using His bundle electrograms, incremental atrial pacing, and atrial extrastimulus method. His-Purkinje conduction times (H-V interval) and relative (R), effective (E), and functional (F) refractory periods (RP) of HPS were measured during the control period and repeat measurements were made after a 30 minute interval. H-V intervals were unchanged from control in all patients. Although changes of the magnitude of 5 to 25 msec. in either direction from control values commonly occurred, on the average, no statistically significant changes were seen in RRP, ERP, or FRP of HPS. The results of the present study confirm the stability of refractoriness of HPS over a 30 minute period and provide baseline data for future investigations of cardiovascular drugs which act primarily on the distal part of the A-V conduction system.", "contents": "Study of the temporal effects on conduction and refractoriness of the His-Purkinje system in man. Temporal effects on refractoriness within the His-Purkinje system (HPS) were studied in 14 patients in whom effective refractory period (ERP) of HPS could be determined, using His bundle electrograms, incremental atrial pacing, and atrial extrastimulus method. His-Purkinje conduction times (H-V interval) and relative (R), effective (E), and functional (F) refractory periods (RP) of HPS were measured during the control period and repeat measurements were made after a 30 minute interval. H-V intervals were unchanged from control in all patients. Although changes of the magnitude of 5 to 25 msec. in either direction from control values commonly occurred, on the average, no statistically significant changes were seen in RRP, ERP, or FRP of HPS. The results of the present study confirm the stability of refractoriness of HPS over a 30 minute period and provide baseline data for future investigations of cardiovascular drugs which act primarily on the distal part of the A-V conduction system.", "PMID": 685805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6598", "title": "Effects of rapid digitalization on total and regional myocardial performance in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "In order to evaluate the effects of rapid digitalization on LV volumes, ejection fraction, and asynergy, 21 patients without heart failure were studied with a combination of hemodynamic and angiographic techniques before and after administration of intravenous ouabain (0.007 mg./Kg.). Seven patients had no CAD and served as normal (control) subjects (Group I), while 14 patients had extensive coronary disease (Group II). All pre-ouabain parameters were within the normal limits in Group I. After ouabain infusion, all indices of LV contractility: dP/dt, VCF, and ejection fraction rose significantly in the normal group, while LV filling pressure and end-diastolic volume remained unchanged. The baseline hemodynamic and volumetric values for Group II patients corresponded closely to their normal (Group I) counterparts, and exhibited similar changes after ouabain administration. Eight patients in Group II also had regional disorders of LV contractility, delineated by 23 abnormal hemiaxes of shortening. After ouabain, 15 out of 23 asynergic segments (65 per cent) improved, seven remained unchanged, and one worsened. It is therefore concluded that rapid digitalization not only enhances LV performance in normal subjects and in patients with CAD, but can also markedly reduce the extent of LV asynergy.", "contents": "Effects of rapid digitalization on total and regional myocardial performance in patients with coronary artery disease. In order to evaluate the effects of rapid digitalization on LV volumes, ejection fraction, and asynergy, 21 patients without heart failure were studied with a combination of hemodynamic and angiographic techniques before and after administration of intravenous ouabain (0.007 mg./Kg.). Seven patients had no CAD and served as normal (control) subjects (Group I), while 14 patients had extensive coronary disease (Group II). All pre-ouabain parameters were within the normal limits in Group I. After ouabain infusion, all indices of LV contractility: dP/dt, VCF, and ejection fraction rose significantly in the normal group, while LV filling pressure and end-diastolic volume remained unchanged. The baseline hemodynamic and volumetric values for Group II patients corresponded closely to their normal (Group I) counterparts, and exhibited similar changes after ouabain administration. Eight patients in Group II also had regional disorders of LV contractility, delineated by 23 abnormal hemiaxes of shortening. After ouabain, 15 out of 23 asynergic segments (65 per cent) improved, seven remained unchanged, and one worsened. It is therefore concluded that rapid digitalization not only enhances LV performance in normal subjects and in patients with CAD, but can also markedly reduce the extent of LV asynergy.", "PMID": 685806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6599", "title": "Comparative influence of ouabain, norepinephrine and heart rate on myocardial oxygen consumption and inotropic state in dogs.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare the myocardial oxygen cost of augmented inotropic state produced by ouabain, norepinephrine, or increased heart rate. This problem was examined in dogs using an isovolumically contracting left ventricular preparation. Inotropic state was measured as the maximum observed contractile element velocity at the lowest common level of wall stress (MAX V). Peak left ventricular wall stress was maintained constant in each dog so that it would not influence changes in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2). Ouabain (4 X 10(-2) mumoles/Kg.) and norepinephrine (2 X 10(-3) mumoles/Kg./minute) always augmented inotropic state (MAX V) and increased MVO2. The positive slopes of the regression of MVO2 on MAX V for ouabain (45.4 +/- 12.5 microliter/beat/100 Gm./muscle length/sec; mean +/- SEM) and norepinephrine (34.5 +/- 5.6 microliter/beat/100 Gm./muscle length/sec; mean +/- SEM) were not significantly different, indicating that for an equal augmentation of inotropic state, ouabain increases myocardial oxygen demands to the same extent as does norepinephrine. When the results with ouabain or norepinephrine were compared to results obtained by altering heart rate, it was found that increasing inotropic state by these pharmacologic agents is more costly in terms of myocardial energy demands than when inotropic state is enhanced by increasing heart rate.", "contents": "Comparative influence of ouabain, norepinephrine and heart rate on myocardial oxygen consumption and inotropic state in dogs. The purpose of this study was to compare the myocardial oxygen cost of augmented inotropic state produced by ouabain, norepinephrine, or increased heart rate. This problem was examined in dogs using an isovolumically contracting left ventricular preparation. Inotropic state was measured as the maximum observed contractile element velocity at the lowest common level of wall stress (MAX V). Peak left ventricular wall stress was maintained constant in each dog so that it would not influence changes in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2). Ouabain (4 X 10(-2) mumoles/Kg.) and norepinephrine (2 X 10(-3) mumoles/Kg./minute) always augmented inotropic state (MAX V) and increased MVO2. The positive slopes of the regression of MVO2 on MAX V for ouabain (45.4 +/- 12.5 microliter/beat/100 Gm./muscle length/sec; mean +/- SEM) and norepinephrine (34.5 +/- 5.6 microliter/beat/100 Gm./muscle length/sec; mean +/- SEM) were not significantly different, indicating that for an equal augmentation of inotropic state, ouabain increases myocardial oxygen demands to the same extent as does norepinephrine. When the results with ouabain or norepinephrine were compared to results obtained by altering heart rate, it was found that increasing inotropic state by these pharmacologic agents is more costly in terms of myocardial energy demands than when inotropic state is enhanced by increasing heart rate.", "PMID": 685807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6600", "title": "Complications due to cloth wear in cloth-covered Starr-Edwards aortic and mitral valve prostheses--and their management.", "content": "Five cases of complications due to cloth wear in cloth-covered composite-seat Starr-Edwards aortic and mitral valvular prostheses are described. The complications of cloth wear were recurrent systemic emboli in three patients, two with aortic and one with mitral prosthesis, and severe hemolytic anemia in two patients with aortic prosthesis. The over-all incidence of clinically significant complications due to cloth wear in aortic and mitral valve prosthesis was 2.5 per cent. The diagnosis of cloth wear is impossible before reoperation and it was made by exclusion of other causes of recurrent transient cerebral ischemic attacks or systemic emboli and by exclusion of other causes of hemolytic anemia. Clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of cloth wear are described. Aggressive management of complications of cloth wear by reoperation is likely to prevent disabling or lethal consequences. Porcine xenograft aortic and mitral bioprostheses were used in these patients to replace the cloth-covered valvular prostheses. The symptoms due to cloth wear were abolished in all patients by reoperation, and all patients are off anticoagulants postoperatively. The operative mortality rate for reoperation in this small group of patients was zero.", "contents": "Complications due to cloth wear in cloth-covered Starr-Edwards aortic and mitral valve prostheses--and their management. Five cases of complications due to cloth wear in cloth-covered composite-seat Starr-Edwards aortic and mitral valvular prostheses are described. The complications of cloth wear were recurrent systemic emboli in three patients, two with aortic and one with mitral prosthesis, and severe hemolytic anemia in two patients with aortic prosthesis. The over-all incidence of clinically significant complications due to cloth wear in aortic and mitral valve prosthesis was 2.5 per cent. The diagnosis of cloth wear is impossible before reoperation and it was made by exclusion of other causes of recurrent transient cerebral ischemic attacks or systemic emboli and by exclusion of other causes of hemolytic anemia. Clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of cloth wear are described. Aggressive management of complications of cloth wear by reoperation is likely to prevent disabling or lethal consequences. Porcine xenograft aortic and mitral bioprostheses were used in these patients to replace the cloth-covered valvular prostheses. The symptoms due to cloth wear were abolished in all patients by reoperation, and all patients are off anticoagulants postoperatively. The operative mortality rate for reoperation in this small group of patients was zero.", "PMID": 685811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6601", "title": "Sampling and analytical methods for phosphine--a review.", "content": "An overview of sampling and analysis of phospine with an emphasis on industrial hygiene is presented. Recent advances in solid sorbents behavior allow these devices to be used followed by gas chromatographic analysis. Sampling with filter paper--AgNO3 and colorimetric analysis remains a reliable technique. A comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of analytical (gas chromatography, chromogenic, colorimetric and electrochemical) and sampling (impregnated papers, solid sorbents, bubblers and evacuated cylinder) techniques is made.", "contents": "Sampling and analytical methods for phosphine--a review. An overview of sampling and analysis of phospine with an emphasis on industrial hygiene is presented. Recent advances in solid sorbents behavior allow these devices to be used followed by gas chromatographic analysis. Sampling with filter paper--AgNO3 and colorimetric analysis remains a reliable technique. A comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of analytical (gas chromatography, chromogenic, colorimetric and electrochemical) and sampling (impregnated papers, solid sorbents, bubblers and evacuated cylinder) techniques is made.", "PMID": 685823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6602", "title": "A new polycarbonate fast neutron personnel dosimeter.", "content": "Registration of fast-neutron-induced recoil and (n,alpha) tracks directly in sensitive polymers especially polycarbonate foils when etched by the electrochemical etching (ECE) method provides a simple, sensitive, and inexpensive means of fast neutron dosimetry. The wide dose range and a dose equivalent response, negligible fading rate, and insensitivity to X, beta, and gamma radiations make such a method feasible for many neutron dosimetry applications, especially personnel dosimetry. Due to very large size of the tracks, even the unaided eye can be used as a reading device.", "contents": "A new polycarbonate fast neutron personnel dosimeter. Registration of fast-neutron-induced recoil and (n,alpha) tracks directly in sensitive polymers especially polycarbonate foils when etched by the electrochemical etching (ECE) method provides a simple, sensitive, and inexpensive means of fast neutron dosimetry. The wide dose range and a dose equivalent response, negligible fading rate, and insensitivity to X, beta, and gamma radiations make such a method feasible for many neutron dosimetry applications, especially personnel dosimetry. Due to very large size of the tracks, even the unaided eye can be used as a reading device.", "PMID": 685824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6603", "title": "Radioactive pollutant determinations using gamma-ray spectroscopy.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative determination of radionuclide contamination in environmental samples is often complicated by the presence of uranium- and thorium-series radioelements as well as 40K. High resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy with lithium-drifted germanium detectors provides a method for the determination of man-made radio-nuclide contaminants in many matrices with a minimum of chemical separation. Methods have been studied for increasing the efficiency of such determinations by using large samples in reentrant beakers (\"Merinelli beakers\") and small samples inside the well of a recently developed Ge(Li) well detector. Specific examples for the determination of 129I(16 m.y. half-life) in the well detector and recent fall-out in grass samples are presented.", "contents": "Radioactive pollutant determinations using gamma-ray spectroscopy. Qualitative and quantitative determination of radionuclide contamination in environmental samples is often complicated by the presence of uranium- and thorium-series radioelements as well as 40K. High resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy with lithium-drifted germanium detectors provides a method for the determination of man-made radio-nuclide contaminants in many matrices with a minimum of chemical separation. Methods have been studied for increasing the efficiency of such determinations by using large samples in reentrant beakers (\"Merinelli beakers\") and small samples inside the well of a recently developed Ge(Li) well detector. Specific examples for the determination of 129I(16 m.y. half-life) in the well detector and recent fall-out in grass samples are presented.", "PMID": 685825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6604", "title": "Characterization of potential indoor sources of ozone.", "content": "Ozone emission factors were developed for domestic electrostatic air cleaners and photocopying machines. The air cleaners had emission rates from 0-546 microgram/min. These rates will ordinarily not produce air concentrations which are greater than 60 microgram/m3 (0.030 ppm) above background. The emission rate for photocopying machines varied from 48-158 microgram/copy. In small, poorly ventilated rooms these emission rates were sufficient to produce incremental steady state ozone concentrations up to 396 microgram/m3 (0.202 ppm). Recent copying machine maintenance was found to reduce ozone production to less than the detectable level, 4 microgram/m3 (0.002 ppm).", "contents": "Characterization of potential indoor sources of ozone. Ozone emission factors were developed for domestic electrostatic air cleaners and photocopying machines. The air cleaners had emission rates from 0-546 microgram/min. These rates will ordinarily not produce air concentrations which are greater than 60 microgram/m3 (0.030 ppm) above background. The emission rate for photocopying machines varied from 48-158 microgram/copy. In small, poorly ventilated rooms these emission rates were sufficient to produce incremental steady state ozone concentrations up to 396 microgram/m3 (0.202 ppm). Recent copying machine maintenance was found to reduce ozone production to less than the detectable level, 4 microgram/m3 (0.002 ppm).", "PMID": 685826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6605", "title": "Enhancement of air filtration using electric fields.", "content": "Although polarized electrostatic air filters are efficient air filtrating devices, their main disadvantages are difficulty in collecting conductive particles or in operating at relative humidities above 70%. We describe here a new filter design that eliminates these problems. A nonconductive media, normally a glass fiber mat, is placed between two insulated conductive screens. As the voltage across the screens is increased, the penetration of particles decreases exponentially. Increasing the electric field from 0 to 10 kV/cm will decrease the mass penetration from 60% to less than 10% of a polydispersed 0.8 micrometer ammd(sigma g = 2.0) sodium chloride aerosol. The experimental effects of face velocity, particle charge and size, packing density, fiber size, and screen insulation mirror the theoretical effects of these variables on particle penetration.", "contents": "Enhancement of air filtration using electric fields. Although polarized electrostatic air filters are efficient air filtrating devices, their main disadvantages are difficulty in collecting conductive particles or in operating at relative humidities above 70%. We describe here a new filter design that eliminates these problems. A nonconductive media, normally a glass fiber mat, is placed between two insulated conductive screens. As the voltage across the screens is increased, the penetration of particles decreases exponentially. Increasing the electric field from 0 to 10 kV/cm will decrease the mass penetration from 60% to less than 10% of a polydispersed 0.8 micrometer ammd(sigma g = 2.0) sodium chloride aerosol. The experimental effects of face velocity, particle charge and size, packing density, fiber size, and screen insulation mirror the theoretical effects of these variables on particle penetration.", "PMID": 685827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6606", "title": "Analysis of total arsenic in urine and blood by high speed anodic stripping voltammetry.", "content": "A method for the measurement of parts per billion levels of total arsenic in urine and blood is described. Samples are wet ashed with a mixture of HNO3, HCIO4, and H2SO4 acids. Ashed materials are subjected to a reductillationTM procedure to reduce As (V) to As (III) and to separate arsenic from the sample matrix. Collected arsenic is then quantitated by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a gold film electrode. ASV analysis time is only 2 minutes. By simultaneous reductillation of 4 samples, ppb arsenic determinations can be accomplished at a rate of about 12 per hour. The method is as accurate, precise and reliable at the nanogram level as the more universally accepted colorimetric techniques are at the microgram and milligram levels. For replicate analysis of real samples, method precision ranged from +/- 1.4 ppb at the 5 ppb level to +/- 0.96 ppb at the 25 ppb level. Accuracy is estimated at +/- 6% over the range 5 to 500 ppb arsenic.", "contents": "Analysis of total arsenic in urine and blood by high speed anodic stripping voltammetry. A method for the measurement of parts per billion levels of total arsenic in urine and blood is described. Samples are wet ashed with a mixture of HNO3, HCIO4, and H2SO4 acids. Ashed materials are subjected to a reductillationTM procedure to reduce As (V) to As (III) and to separate arsenic from the sample matrix. Collected arsenic is then quantitated by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a gold film electrode. ASV analysis time is only 2 minutes. By simultaneous reductillation of 4 samples, ppb arsenic determinations can be accomplished at a rate of about 12 per hour. The method is as accurate, precise and reliable at the nanogram level as the more universally accepted colorimetric techniques are at the microgram and milligram levels. For replicate analysis of real samples, method precision ranged from +/- 1.4 ppb at the 5 ppb level to +/- 0.96 ppb at the 25 ppb level. Accuracy is estimated at +/- 6% over the range 5 to 500 ppb arsenic.", "PMID": 685828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6607", "title": "Abbreviated guidelines for heat stress exposure.", "content": "A wide array of recommendations, rules and research results have been arregated into a simplified set of decision criteria for estimating threshold levels of heat stress. The WBGT is used as a basis, with appropriate modification for metabolic heat generated during work, velocity of air movement, state of acclimatization, amount of clothing (e.g., shorts, jackets, coats, enclosed suits), age, obesity, and sex. When WBGT levels for the person-task-environment combination are exceeded, initiation of appropriate engineering and work practices are indicated.", "contents": "Abbreviated guidelines for heat stress exposure. A wide array of recommendations, rules and research results have been arregated into a simplified set of decision criteria for estimating threshold levels of heat stress. The WBGT is used as a basis, with appropriate modification for metabolic heat generated during work, velocity of air movement, state of acclimatization, amount of clothing (e.g., shorts, jackets, coats, enclosed suits), age, obesity, and sex. When WBGT levels for the person-task-environment combination are exceeded, initiation of appropriate engineering and work practices are indicated.", "PMID": 685829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6608", "title": "Regional redistribution of myocardial blood flow after coronary occlusion and reperfusion in the conscious dog.", "content": "Early and late changes in regional myocardial blood flow distribution within the left circumflex coronary arterial bed after occlusion and after occlusion and reperfusion were compared with the extent of myocardial tissue necrosis. Radiolabeled microspheres, 15 micrometer, were used to study regional myocardial blood flow in conscious dogs at 5 minutes, 2 and 6 hours and 1 month after coronary occlusion. Blood flow was measured in conscious dogs whose hearts were reperfused for 72 hours after 2,6 and 24 hours of occlusion. Blood flow was measured in four distinct transmural myocardial zones delineated by dye injections and gross infarct features of the occluded left  circumflex coronary bed. After occlusion, myocardial flow was redistributed from deep layers to outer layers, and within 6 hours after occlusion collateral flow was increased to the outer zones in excess of redistributed flow. After reperfusion, blood flow greately increased to regions containing predominantly normal tissue, and flow was redistributed away from the necrotic zones. The indigenous collateral circulation was a major determinant of infarct size in the occluded and reperfused myocardium. The concept of a migrating and narrowing marginal zone is discussed.", "contents": "Regional redistribution of myocardial blood flow after coronary occlusion and reperfusion in the conscious dog. Early and late changes in regional myocardial blood flow distribution within the left circumflex coronary arterial bed after occlusion and after occlusion and reperfusion were compared with the extent of myocardial tissue necrosis. Radiolabeled microspheres, 15 micrometer, were used to study regional myocardial blood flow in conscious dogs at 5 minutes, 2 and 6 hours and 1 month after coronary occlusion. Blood flow was measured in conscious dogs whose hearts were reperfused for 72 hours after 2,6 and 24 hours of occlusion. Blood flow was measured in four distinct transmural myocardial zones delineated by dye injections and gross infarct features of the occluded left  circumflex coronary bed. After occlusion, myocardial flow was redistributed from deep layers to outer layers, and within 6 hours after occlusion collateral flow was increased to the outer zones in excess of redistributed flow. After reperfusion, blood flow greately increased to regions containing predominantly normal tissue, and flow was redistributed away from the necrotic zones. The indigenous collateral circulation was a major determinant of infarct size in the occluded and reperfused myocardium. The concept of a migrating and narrowing marginal zone is discussed.", "PMID": 685837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6609", "title": "Combined nitroprusside-dopamine therapy in severe chronic congestive heart failure. Dose-related hemodynamic advantages over single drug infusions.", "content": "To assess the circulatory effects of afterload reduction and inotropism individually and in combination as rational therapy for refractory heart failure, nitroprusside and dopamine were administered to 13 patients with severe cardiac decompensation. Dopamine at average doses of 3 and 7 microgram/kg per min produced increases in cardiac output and reductions in peripheral resistance. At doses of 15 microgram/kg per min, dopamine increased heart rate, peripheral arterial pressure and side effects. Nitroprusside alone decreased left-sided filling pressures and increased cardiac output. When the agents were administered together, the increases in cardiac output were significantly greater than with either agent alone and there was physiologic improvement in overall circulatory function. The relations among changes in afterload (systemic impedence), preload (filling pressures) and cardiac index help to explain the salutary effects of combined therapy in patients with refractory heart failure.", "contents": "Combined nitroprusside-dopamine therapy in severe chronic congestive heart failure. Dose-related hemodynamic advantages over single drug infusions. To assess the circulatory effects of afterload reduction and inotropism individually and in combination as rational therapy for refractory heart failure, nitroprusside and dopamine were administered to 13 patients with severe cardiac decompensation. Dopamine at average doses of 3 and 7 microgram/kg per min produced increases in cardiac output and reductions in peripheral resistance. At doses of 15 microgram/kg per min, dopamine increased heart rate, peripheral arterial pressure and side effects. Nitroprusside alone decreased left-sided filling pressures and increased cardiac output. When the agents were administered together, the increases in cardiac output were significantly greater than with either agent alone and there was physiologic improvement in overall circulatory function. The relations among changes in afterload (systemic impedence), preload (filling pressures) and cardiac index help to explain the salutary effects of combined therapy in patients with refractory heart failure.", "PMID": 685839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6610", "title": "Human Electropharmacology of Tocainide, a lidocaine congener.", "content": "The electropharmacology of tocainide, an orally active congener of lidocaine, was evaluated in 10 patients with coronary artery disease. Electrophysiologic measurements including sinus nodal recovery time, sinoatrial conduction time, intraatrial conduction time, atrial, atrioventricular (A-V) nodal and ventricular refractory periods and intraventricular conduction time were obtained before and after intravenous infusion of tocainide. At blood levels shown to be effective against ventricular arrhythmias, tocainide produced no statistically significant changes in the electrophysiologic measurements, although occasional marked individual effects were observed. No side effects were observed during these studies. No adverse effects on A-V conduction were observed in patients with an intraventricular conduction disturbance or a prolonged control H-V interval. Thus, plasma tocainide concentrations effective in the therapy of ventricular arrhythmias exert no adverse effects on cardiac electrophysiologic properties in patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Human Electropharmacology of Tocainide, a lidocaine congener. The electropharmacology of tocainide, an orally active congener of lidocaine, was evaluated in 10 patients with coronary artery disease. Electrophysiologic measurements including sinus nodal recovery time, sinoatrial conduction time, intraatrial conduction time, atrial, atrioventricular (A-V) nodal and ventricular refractory periods and intraventricular conduction time were obtained before and after intravenous infusion of tocainide. At blood levels shown to be effective against ventricular arrhythmias, tocainide produced no statistically significant changes in the electrophysiologic measurements, although occasional marked individual effects were observed. No side effects were observed during these studies. No adverse effects on A-V conduction were observed in patients with an intraventricular conduction disturbance or a prolonged control H-V interval. Thus, plasma tocainide concentrations effective in the therapy of ventricular arrhythmias exert no adverse effects on cardiac electrophysiologic properties in patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 685840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6611", "title": "Recurrent cardiac tamponade and large pericardial effusions: management with an indwelling pericardial catheter.", "content": "A new technique, using an atraumatic indwelling catheter, has been developed for short-term management of large or rapidly reaccumulating pericardial effusions. This technique (1) permits continuous pericardial fluid drainage, obviating repeated aspirations; (2) provides a convenient route for intrapericardial instillation of chemotherapeutic agents; and (3) enables one to await the results of diagnostic studies without subjecting a patient to thoracotomy. Experience in three patients suggests that in some cases the use of this catheter may eliminate the need for surgery; in others, it may serve as a valuable temporary measure to achieve stabilization of the patient's condition.", "contents": "Recurrent cardiac tamponade and large pericardial effusions: management with an indwelling pericardial catheter. A new technique, using an atraumatic indwelling catheter, has been developed for short-term management of large or rapidly reaccumulating pericardial effusions. This technique (1) permits continuous pericardial fluid drainage, obviating repeated aspirations; (2) provides a convenient route for intrapericardial instillation of chemotherapeutic agents; and (3) enables one to await the results of diagnostic studies without subjecting a patient to thoracotomy. Experience in three patients suggests that in some cases the use of this catheter may eliminate the need for surgery; in others, it may serve as a valuable temporary measure to achieve stabilization of the patient's condition.", "PMID": 685841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6612", "title": "Diagnosis of dissecting aortic aneurysm with suprasternal echocardiography.", "content": "A 33 year old woman with Marfan's syndrome and aortic root dissection was studied with precordial and suprasternal echocardiography. The precordial approach revealed some typical features of aortic root dissection. With suprasternal echocardiography it was possible to visualize the characteristic diagnostic feature of this disease: within the aortic lumen an m-shaped pattern--the aortic intimal flap--moving downward to the posterior aortic wall during systole. The diagnosis was confirmed with aortic cineangiography and intraoperative findings. Thus, suprasternal echocardiography can be a useful method of detecting aortic root dissection, especially in patients with aortic arch dissection alone.", "contents": "Diagnosis of dissecting aortic aneurysm with suprasternal echocardiography. A 33 year old woman with Marfan's syndrome and aortic root dissection was studied with precordial and suprasternal echocardiography. The precordial approach revealed some typical features of aortic root dissection. With suprasternal echocardiography it was possible to visualize the characteristic diagnostic feature of this disease: within the aortic lumen an m-shaped pattern--the aortic intimal flap--moving downward to the posterior aortic wall during systole. The diagnosis was confirmed with aortic cineangiography and intraoperative findings. Thus, suprasternal echocardiography can be a useful method of detecting aortic root dissection, especially in patients with aortic arch dissection alone.", "PMID": 685842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6613", "title": "Systemic hypertension complicating tetralogy of Fallot: effects of antihypertensive therapy.", "content": "A 20 year old woman with tetralogy of Fallot and an associated atrial septal defect presented with severe hypertension and congestive heart failure. She had been acyanotic for several years. An acute trial of antihypertensive therapy during cardiac catheterization resulted in severe systemic oxygen desaturation and loss of consciousness. Since surgical correction, antihypertensive therapy has been well tolerated. This case demonstrates the hemodynamic importance of systemic vascular resistance in tetralogy of Fallot and the need for extreme caution if aggressive antihypertensive therapy is attempted before surgical correction.", "contents": "Systemic hypertension complicating tetralogy of Fallot: effects of antihypertensive therapy. A 20 year old woman with tetralogy of Fallot and an associated atrial septal defect presented with severe hypertension and congestive heart failure. She had been acyanotic for several years. An acute trial of antihypertensive therapy during cardiac catheterization resulted in severe systemic oxygen desaturation and loss of consciousness. Since surgical correction, antihypertensive therapy has been well tolerated. This case demonstrates the hemodynamic importance of systemic vascular resistance in tetralogy of Fallot and the need for extreme caution if aggressive antihypertensive therapy is attempted before surgical correction.", "PMID": 685843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6614", "title": "Effect of propranolol on fetal tachycardia in diabetic pregnancy.", "content": "Propranolol was administered during the last 20 days of pregnancy to a diabetic woman because of fetal tachycardia (heart rate approximately 200 beats/min). With a daily dose of 160 mg of propranolol, a fetal heart rat of 120 to 160 beats/min could be achieved. Blood concentration of propranolol was measured in the mother and infant after birth. The level in the neonatal blood was 20 percent of the maternal sample, which is definitely higher than expected from animal experiments. No undersirable effect of propranolol treatment was detected. Postpartum, the infant demonstrated paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and propranolol was again essential in maintaining a normal rate.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on fetal tachycardia in diabetic pregnancy. Propranolol was administered during the last 20 days of pregnancy to a diabetic woman because of fetal tachycardia (heart rate approximately 200 beats/min). With a daily dose of 160 mg of propranolol, a fetal heart rat of 120 to 160 beats/min could be achieved. Blood concentration of propranolol was measured in the mother and infant after birth. The level in the neonatal blood was 20 percent of the maternal sample, which is definitely higher than expected from animal experiments. No undersirable effect of propranolol treatment was detected. Postpartum, the infant demonstrated paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and propranolol was again essential in maintaining a normal rate.", "PMID": 685844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6615", "title": "Myocardial imaging with thallium-201: a multicenter study in patients with angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A multicenter study of rest and exercise thallium-201 myocardial imaging in 190 patients from five centers was performed. Exercise images were obtained after graded treadmill or bicycle stress with use of five different gamma camera models and were interpreted by the originating investigator without knowledge of other clinical data. Of 42 patients with less than 50 percent coronary stenosis, 4 (10 percent) had a resting image defect, 1 (2 percent) a new exercise defect and 5 (12 percent) either a resting or an exercise image defect, or both. Of 148 patients with coronary stenosis of 50 percent or greater, 64, (45 percent) had an image defect in the study at rest, 90 (61 percent) had new or increased defects after exercise, and 115 (78 percent) had resting or exercise defects, or both. New exercise image defects were more common than exercise S-T depression (90 of 148 [61 percent] versus 62 of 148[42 percent]; P less than 0.01). In a second group of 111 patients with acute myocardial infarction studied at three centers, 90 patients (81 percent) had image defects compared with 71 (64 percent) two had new electrocardiographic Q waves (P less than 0.01). Smaller infractions, as assessed with serum enzyme values, and diaphragmatic infarctions were less commonly detected than larger or anterior infarctions. These findings suggest that myocardial imaging complements the electrocardiographic identification of acute myocardial infarction of exericse-induced myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Myocardial imaging with thallium-201: a multicenter study in patients with angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction. A multicenter study of rest and exercise thallium-201 myocardial imaging in 190 patients from five centers was performed. Exercise images were obtained after graded treadmill or bicycle stress with use of five different gamma camera models and were interpreted by the originating investigator without knowledge of other clinical data. Of 42 patients with less than 50 percent coronary stenosis, 4 (10 percent) had a resting image defect, 1 (2 percent) a new exercise defect and 5 (12 percent) either a resting or an exercise image defect, or both. Of 148 patients with coronary stenosis of 50 percent or greater, 64, (45 percent) had an image defect in the study at rest, 90 (61 percent) had new or increased defects after exercise, and 115 (78 percent) had resting or exercise defects, or both. New exercise image defects were more common than exercise S-T depression (90 of 148 [61 percent] versus 62 of 148[42 percent]; P less than 0.01). In a second group of 111 patients with acute myocardial infarction studied at three centers, 90 patients (81 percent) had image defects compared with 71 (64 percent) two had new electrocardiographic Q waves (P less than 0.01). Smaller infractions, as assessed with serum enzyme values, and diaphragmatic infarctions were less commonly detected than larger or anterior infarctions. These findings suggest that myocardial imaging complements the electrocardiographic identification of acute myocardial infarction of exericse-induced myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 685846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6616", "title": "Exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with aortic regurgitation: assessment with radionuclide cineangiography.", "content": "In patients with aortic regurgitation,, left ventricular dysfunction at rest, which is associated with a poor long-term prognosis, often develops before severe symptoms. To determine whether evidence of left ventricular dysfunction could be detected before it appeared at rest, 43 patients with severe aortic regurgitation were studied using radionuclide cineangiography during exercise. In 30 normal subjects, left ventricular ejection fraction increased during exercise (57 +/- 1 percent [mean +/- standard error] at rest, 71 +/- 2 percent during exercise, P less than 0.001). In contrast, among 21 symptomatic patients, ejection fraction was normal at rest in 14 patients (average 47 +/- 2 percent) but normal during exercise in only one patient (average 38 +/- 2 percent, P less than 0.001). Ejection fraction was normal at rest in 21 of 22 asymptomatic patients (average 62 +/- 2 percent) but was normal during exercise in only 13 (average 57 +/- 3 percent, P less than 0.001). Thus, exericse-induced left ventricular dysfunction can precede symptoms and dysfunction at rest. Radionuclide assessment of left ventricular function during exercise may prove valuable in sequentially following the state of left ventricular function in patients before the onset of symptoms or of irreversible left ventricular failure.", "contents": "Exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with aortic regurgitation: assessment with radionuclide cineangiography. In patients with aortic regurgitation,, left ventricular dysfunction at rest, which is associated with a poor long-term prognosis, often develops before severe symptoms. To determine whether evidence of left ventricular dysfunction could be detected before it appeared at rest, 43 patients with severe aortic regurgitation were studied using radionuclide cineangiography during exercise. In 30 normal subjects, left ventricular ejection fraction increased during exercise (57 +/- 1 percent [mean +/- standard error] at rest, 71 +/- 2 percent during exercise, P less than 0.001). In contrast, among 21 symptomatic patients, ejection fraction was normal at rest in 14 patients (average 47 +/- 2 percent) but normal during exercise in only one patient (average 38 +/- 2 percent, P less than 0.001). Ejection fraction was normal at rest in 21 of 22 asymptomatic patients (average 62 +/- 2 percent) but was normal during exercise in only 13 (average 57 +/- 3 percent, P less than 0.001). Thus, exericse-induced left ventricular dysfunction can precede symptoms and dysfunction at rest. Radionuclide assessment of left ventricular function during exercise may prove valuable in sequentially following the state of left ventricular function in patients before the onset of symptoms or of irreversible left ventricular failure.", "PMID": 685847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6617", "title": "Exercise training and plasma catecholamines in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "content": "A 3 month program of exercise training was carried out in 10 patients with ischemic heart disease to assess the contribution of catecholamines to the training effect of improved exercise capacity and enhanced myocardial oxygen delivery. Training resulted in a significant increase in maximal treadmill exercise time (mean +/- standard error the mean 374 +/- 28 versus 567 +/- 33 seconds, P less than 0.0001). The heart rate-arterial pressure product, an index of myocardial oxygen consumption,  was decreased at rest and at all levels of exercise after training. After training, the mean plasma norepinephrine level during supine rest was reduced (320 +/- 23 to 191 +/- 20 pg/ml, P less than 0.01) and plasma epinephrine values were unchanged. When these previously sedentary patients exercised on a treadmill to the maximal level attained before exercise training, the mean plasma norepinephrne and plasma epinephrine concentrations were  significantly reduced. These data suggest that the beneficial adaptations of the cardiovascular system to exercise training are at least partially mediated by changes in the catecholamine response to exercise.", "contents": "Exercise training and plasma catecholamines in patients with ischemic heart disease. A 3 month program of exercise training was carried out in 10 patients with ischemic heart disease to assess the contribution of catecholamines to the training effect of improved exercise capacity and enhanced myocardial oxygen delivery. Training resulted in a significant increase in maximal treadmill exercise time (mean +/- standard error the mean 374 +/- 28 versus 567 +/- 33 seconds, P less than 0.0001). The heart rate-arterial pressure product, an index of myocardial oxygen consumption,  was decreased at rest and at all levels of exercise after training. After training, the mean plasma norepinephrine level during supine rest was reduced (320 +/- 23 to 191 +/- 20 pg/ml, P less than 0.01) and plasma epinephrine values were unchanged. When these previously sedentary patients exercised on a treadmill to the maximal level attained before exercise training, the mean plasma norepinephrne and plasma epinephrine concentrations were  significantly reduced. These data suggest that the beneficial adaptations of the cardiovascular system to exercise training are at least partially mediated by changes in the catecholamine response to exercise.", "PMID": 685849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6618", "title": "Slow filling period/rapid filling period ratio in the apexcardiogram: relation to the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.", "content": "Apexcardiograms were performed in 68 consecutive patients who had either normal findings or coronary artery disease on cardiac catheterization. The height of the a wave in relation to the total apexcardiographic deflection (a/H) and the duration of both the rapid (RFW) and the slow (SFW) filling periods were determined in each case. The patients were classified into three gorups: I, no evidence of heart disease on catheterization; II, significant coronary artery disease with elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; and III, coronary artery disease with normal filling pressure. There was a significant difference (P less than 0.001) between the SFW/RFW values (mean +/- 1 standard deviation) in control subject (group I, 2.3 +/- 0.5) and in subjects with coronary artery disease (group II, 4.7 +/- 1.6 and group III, 4 +/- 1.7). Setting the upper limit of normal for SFW/RFW at 2.8 (mean + 1 standard deviation) identified 94 percent of patients, in group II, 71 percent of patients in group III and 86 percent of all patients with coronary disease (group II plus group III). This sensitivity appeared greater than that of the a/H ratio. Only 2 of 17 patients (12 percent) without coronary atherosclerosis had an SFW/RFW ratio greater than 2.8. It is concluded that (1) the slow/rapid filling period ratio is a useful noninvasive measurement for identifying subjects with ischemic heart disease; (2) the increased values for slow/rapid filling period ratio associated with obstructive coronary lesions may be caused by impairment of early left ventricular distensibility; and (3) this ratio should be determined in patients with other forms of heart disease to determine its specificity.", "contents": "Slow filling period/rapid filling period ratio in the apexcardiogram: relation to the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Apexcardiograms were performed in 68 consecutive patients who had either normal findings or coronary artery disease on cardiac catheterization. The height of the a wave in relation to the total apexcardiographic deflection (a/H) and the duration of both the rapid (RFW) and the slow (SFW) filling periods were determined in each case. The patients were classified into three gorups: I, no evidence of heart disease on catheterization; II, significant coronary artery disease with elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; and III, coronary artery disease with normal filling pressure. There was a significant difference (P less than 0.001) between the SFW/RFW values (mean +/- 1 standard deviation) in control subject (group I, 2.3 +/- 0.5) and in subjects with coronary artery disease (group II, 4.7 +/- 1.6 and group III, 4 +/- 1.7). Setting the upper limit of normal for SFW/RFW at 2.8 (mean + 1 standard deviation) identified 94 percent of patients, in group II, 71 percent of patients in group III and 86 percent of all patients with coronary disease (group II plus group III). This sensitivity appeared greater than that of the a/H ratio. Only 2 of 17 patients (12 percent) without coronary atherosclerosis had an SFW/RFW ratio greater than 2.8. It is concluded that (1) the slow/rapid filling period ratio is a useful noninvasive measurement for identifying subjects with ischemic heart disease; (2) the increased values for slow/rapid filling period ratio associated with obstructive coronary lesions may be caused by impairment of early left ventricular distensibility; and (3) this ratio should be determined in patients with other forms of heart disease to determine its specificity.", "PMID": 685850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6619", "title": "Echocardiography: pericardial thickening and constrictive pericarditis.", "content": "A total of 167 patients with pericardial thickening noted on M node echocardiography were studied retrospectively. After the echocardiogram, 72 patients underwent cardiac surgery, cardiac catheterization or autopsy for various heart diseases; 96 patients had none of these procedures. In 49 patients the pericardium was directly visualized at surgery or autopsy; 76 percent of these had pericardial thickening or adhesions. In another 8 percent, pericardial adhesions were absent, but no comment had been made about the appearance of the pericardium itself. In the remaining 16 percent, no comment had been made about the pericardium or percardial space. Cardiac catheterization in 64 patients revealed 24 with hemodynamic findings of constrictive pericarditis or effusive constrictive disease. Seven echocardiographic patterns consistent with pericardial adhesions or pericardial thickening are described and related when possible to the subsequent findings at heart surgery or autopsy. The clinical diagnoses of 167 patients with pericardial thickening are presented. The hemodynamic diagnosis of constrictive pericardial disease was associated with the echocardiographic finding of pericardial thickening, but there were no consistent echocardiographic patterns of pericardial thickening diagnostic of constriction. However, certain other echocardiographic abnormalities of left ventricular posterior wall motion and interventricular septal motion and a high E-Fo slope were suggestive of constriction.", "contents": "Echocardiography: pericardial thickening and constrictive pericarditis. A total of 167 patients with pericardial thickening noted on M node echocardiography were studied retrospectively. After the echocardiogram, 72 patients underwent cardiac surgery, cardiac catheterization or autopsy for various heart diseases; 96 patients had none of these procedures. In 49 patients the pericardium was directly visualized at surgery or autopsy; 76 percent of these had pericardial thickening or adhesions. In another 8 percent, pericardial adhesions were absent, but no comment had been made about the appearance of the pericardium itself. In the remaining 16 percent, no comment had been made about the pericardium or percardial space. Cardiac catheterization in 64 patients revealed 24 with hemodynamic findings of constrictive pericarditis or effusive constrictive disease. Seven echocardiographic patterns consistent with pericardial adhesions or pericardial thickening are described and related when possible to the subsequent findings at heart surgery or autopsy. The clinical diagnoses of 167 patients with pericardial thickening are presented. The hemodynamic diagnosis of constrictive pericardial disease was associated with the echocardiographic finding of pericardial thickening, but there were no consistent echocardiographic patterns of pericardial thickening diagnostic of constriction. However, certain other echocardiographic abnormalities of left ventricular posterior wall motion and interventricular septal motion and a high E-Fo slope were suggestive of constriction.", "PMID": 685851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6620", "title": "Progressive transmural electrographic, myocardial potassium ion/sodium ion ratio and ultrastructural changes as a function of time after acute coronary occlusion.", "content": "The progressive transmural electrographic, biochemical and ultrastructural changes as a function of time after acute coronary occlusion were systematically assessed in eight dogs. Transmural plunge electrodes with poles 1 mm apart were placed in the ischemic and nonischemic zones, and coronary occlusion was maintained for 4 hours. Transmural full thickness biopsy specimens were obtained from each zone for electron microscopy before, and 1 and 4 hours after occlusion. Endocardial and epicardial layers were also obtained for assessment of myocardial potassium ion (K+) and sodium ion (Na+) concentrations. Before coronary occlusion, local Q waves were recorded an average depth of 1.0 +/- 0.34 mm from the endocardial surface. After 1 hour of occlusion, Q waves appeared at an average depth of 3.8 +/- 0.67 mm and progressed to a depth of 5.2 +/- 0.7 mm at 2 hours, 6.2 +/- 0.5 mm at 3 hours and 7.0 +/- 0.5 mm at 4 hours. After 1 hour, ultrastructural changes of early ischemia, including a decrease in glycogen and mild mitochondrial swelling, were seen in the endocardial layer; the epicardial layer showed normal morphologic features. After 4 hours, the endocardial layer showed  well developed ischemic changes marked by the loss of mitochondrial cristae, vacuolization, the appearance of amorhopous mitochondrial cristae, vacuolization, the appearance of amorphous mitochondrial densities, an increase in interfibrillary space and the appearance of I bands. In contrast, the epicardial layer at this time showed only early ischemic changes. At the end of 4 hours, the endocardial layer showed a marked decrease in myocardial K+  concentration and an increase in Na+ concentration leading to complete reversal of K+/Na+ ratio (0.7 +/- 1.0; P less than 0.001). In the epicardial layer, a smaller decrease in K+ concentration and an increase in Na+ concentration occurred, resulting in a diminution but not a reversal of K+/Na+ ratio (1.4 +/- 0.2; P less than 0.005). Thus, the dynamic evolution of an acute myocardal infarction involves a sequential progression from endocardium to epicardium as a function of time, resulting in an epicardial \"border zone\" in the early stages after acute coronary occlusion.", "contents": "Progressive transmural electrographic, myocardial potassium ion/sodium ion ratio and ultrastructural changes as a function of time after acute coronary occlusion. The progressive transmural electrographic, biochemical and ultrastructural changes as a function of time after acute coronary occlusion were systematically assessed in eight dogs. Transmural plunge electrodes with poles 1 mm apart were placed in the ischemic and nonischemic zones, and coronary occlusion was maintained for 4 hours. Transmural full thickness biopsy specimens were obtained from each zone for electron microscopy before, and 1 and 4 hours after occlusion. Endocardial and epicardial layers were also obtained for assessment of myocardial potassium ion (K+) and sodium ion (Na+) concentrations. Before coronary occlusion, local Q waves were recorded an average depth of 1.0 +/- 0.34 mm from the endocardial surface. After 1 hour of occlusion, Q waves appeared at an average depth of 3.8 +/- 0.67 mm and progressed to a depth of 5.2 +/- 0.7 mm at 2 hours, 6.2 +/- 0.5 mm at 3 hours and 7.0 +/- 0.5 mm at 4 hours. After 1 hour, ultrastructural changes of early ischemia, including a decrease in glycogen and mild mitochondrial swelling, were seen in the endocardial layer; the epicardial layer showed normal morphologic features. After 4 hours, the endocardial layer showed  well developed ischemic changes marked by the loss of mitochondrial cristae, vacuolization, the appearance of amorhopous mitochondrial cristae, vacuolization, the appearance of amorphous mitochondrial densities, an increase in interfibrillary space and the appearance of I bands. In contrast, the epicardial layer at this time showed only early ischemic changes. At the end of 4 hours, the endocardial layer showed a marked decrease in myocardial K+  concentration and an increase in Na+ concentration leading to complete reversal of K+/Na+ ratio (0.7 +/- 1.0; P less than 0.001). In the epicardial layer, a smaller decrease in K+ concentration and an increase in Na+ concentration occurred, resulting in a diminution but not a reversal of K+/Na+ ratio (1.4 +/- 0.2; P less than 0.005). Thus, the dynamic evolution of an acute myocardal infarction involves a sequential progression from endocardium to epicardium as a function of time, resulting in an epicardial \"border zone\" in the early stages after acute coronary occlusion.", "PMID": 685853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6621", "title": "Computer-assisted reporting system for the follow-up of patients with prosthetic heart valves.", "content": "The implantation of large numbers of prosthetic heart valves carries with it the responsibility for continual reassessment of all aspects of patient management. Experience with more than 2,000 prosthetic valve operations since 1963 led to the development of a comprehensive computer-assisted data collection, management and reporting system. Over a 5 year period, data forms were developed for the detailed documentation of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative information. These were designed in the form of checklists suitable for direct computer entry with use of mark-sense document readers. Special emphasis was placed on preoperative assessment of ventricular function, valve selection, intraoperative myocardial preservation, postoperative rehabilitation and prosthetic valve-related complications. This system makes possible rapid computer generation of a variety of reports to the referring physician regarding the individual patient and to the clinical investigator in relation to patient group statistics. Also, questionnaires to patients of physicians, or both, to update patient data can be produced by the computer at appropriate intervals after valve surgery. Experience indicated that a computer-assisted methodology is the only practical way to provide adequate follow-up of large groups of patients. Additionally direct access to relevant information helps to create an environment in which essential research can be carried out in the face of a demanding clinical practice.", "contents": "Computer-assisted reporting system for the follow-up of patients with prosthetic heart valves. The implantation of large numbers of prosthetic heart valves carries with it the responsibility for continual reassessment of all aspects of patient management. Experience with more than 2,000 prosthetic valve operations since 1963 led to the development of a comprehensive computer-assisted data collection, management and reporting system. Over a 5 year period, data forms were developed for the detailed documentation of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative information. These were designed in the form of checklists suitable for direct computer entry with use of mark-sense document readers. Special emphasis was placed on preoperative assessment of ventricular function, valve selection, intraoperative myocardial preservation, postoperative rehabilitation and prosthetic valve-related complications. This system makes possible rapid computer generation of a variety of reports to the referring physician regarding the individual patient and to the clinical investigator in relation to patient group statistics. Also, questionnaires to patients of physicians, or both, to update patient data can be produced by the computer at appropriate intervals after valve surgery. Experience indicated that a computer-assisted methodology is the only practical way to provide adequate follow-up of large groups of patients. Additionally direct access to relevant information helps to create an environment in which essential research can be carried out in the face of a demanding clinical practice.", "PMID": 685854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6622", "title": "Transvascular endomyocardial biopsy in infants and small children: description of a new technique.", "content": "A miniaturized technique for transcatheter endomyocardial biopsy has been developed in the belief that myocardial biopsy performed in infancy, when the disease process in cardiomyopathy may be most active, should yield important etiologic and nosologic information. To obtain six biopsy specimens, three from each ventricle, adds about 1 hour to a diagnostic right and left heart catheterization. A no. 4 or 5 French forceps with a modified soft shaft is guided to the site in theapical septum of the right and left ventricles through a previously molded to measure guide tube of ultrathin radiopaque Teflon. With biplane fluoroscopy the guide tube of ultrathin radiopaque Telflon. With biplane fluorsocopy the guide tube is introduced as a sheath over a matching catheter and the catheter is removed. Contrast medium in injected to verify position, the forceps is introduced and the biopsy specimen is taken. If the forceps is sharp and pressure on the endocardium in light, evidence of biopsy is not discrenible on examination of the heart 1 week later. The method was developed in small dogs and proved safe and effective in rabbits weighing 3 kg. Biopsy has been performed safely in children aged 4 1/2 months to 5 1/2 years and weighing 4.5 to to 19.6 kg.", "contents": "Transvascular endomyocardial biopsy in infants and small children: description of a new technique. A miniaturized technique for transcatheter endomyocardial biopsy has been developed in the belief that myocardial biopsy performed in infancy, when the disease process in cardiomyopathy may be most active, should yield important etiologic and nosologic information. To obtain six biopsy specimens, three from each ventricle, adds about 1 hour to a diagnostic right and left heart catheterization. A no. 4 or 5 French forceps with a modified soft shaft is guided to the site in theapical septum of the right and left ventricles through a previously molded to measure guide tube of ultrathin radiopaque Teflon. With biplane fluoroscopy the guide tube of ultrathin radiopaque Telflon. With biplane fluorsocopy the guide tube is introduced as a sheath over a matching catheter and the catheter is removed. Contrast medium in injected to verify position, the forceps is introduced and the biopsy specimen is taken. If the forceps is sharp and pressure on the endocardium in light, evidence of biopsy is not discrenible on examination of the heart 1 week later. The method was developed in small dogs and proved safe and effective in rabbits weighing 3 kg. Biopsy has been performed safely in children aged 4 1/2 months to 5 1/2 years and weighing 4.5 to to 19.6 kg.", "PMID": 685855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6623", "title": "Life expectancy without surgery in tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "All published autopsy cases of patients with tetralogy of Fallot who died without surgical treatment were studied to determine the life expectancy of such persons. In addition, the data from a study of persons with tetralogy alive in Denmark in 1949 were reanalyzed. The survival data from these two sources were remarkably similar, indicating that 66 percent of persons with tetralogy of Fallot not treated surgically live to age 1 year, 49 percent to age 3 years and 24 percent to age 10 years; thereafter, the hazard function (or instantaneous risk of death) remains constant. The chance of survival is significantly less when pulmonary atresia, rather than stenosis, is present.", "contents": "Life expectancy without surgery in tetralogy of Fallot. All published autopsy cases of patients with tetralogy of Fallot who died without surgical treatment were studied to determine the life expectancy of such persons. In addition, the data from a study of persons with tetralogy alive in Denmark in 1949 were reanalyzed. The survival data from these two sources were remarkably similar, indicating that 66 percent of persons with tetralogy of Fallot not treated surgically live to age 1 year, 49 percent to age 3 years and 24 percent to age 10 years; thereafter, the hazard function (or instantaneous risk of death) remains constant. The chance of survival is significantly less when pulmonary atresia, rather than stenosis, is present.", "PMID": 685856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6624", "title": "Association of interrupted aortic arch with malformations producing reduced blood flow to the fourth aortic arches.", "content": "Interrupted aortic arch is a rare congenital malformation of the great arteries with loss of continuity between the proximal portion of the aortic arch and the descending aorta, which is usually supplied by a patent ductus arteriosus. The hearts of 12 patients with interrupted aortic arch listed in the autopsy files of The Johns Hopkins Hospital were evaluated. Four categories were identified. Seven hearts with normal outflow tract relations had significant pulmonary arterial override of a ventricular septal defect and thus recevived part of left ventricular and all of right ventricular ejection flow; flow into the aorta was correspondingly reduced. Two hearts had mitral valve obstruction with decreased left heart flow. Two hearts had double inlet left ventricle and transposed great arteries with the aorta originating from a small anterior conal chamber. One heart had a truncus malformation with a disproportionately large flow entering the pulmonary arterial division. In each of these hearts, the pattern of the outflow tracts and associated malformations suggested that there was a preferential flow of blood into the sixth arches and correspondingly a reduced flow into the fourth arches at the time of normal disappearance of components of the embryonic aortic arch system. Thus, interrupted aortic arch may simply be disappearance of the normally persisting connection between the left fourth and sixth arches as a result of flow imbalance in early cardiogenesis.", "contents": "Association of interrupted aortic arch with malformations producing reduced blood flow to the fourth aortic arches. Interrupted aortic arch is a rare congenital malformation of the great arteries with loss of continuity between the proximal portion of the aortic arch and the descending aorta, which is usually supplied by a patent ductus arteriosus. The hearts of 12 patients with interrupted aortic arch listed in the autopsy files of The Johns Hopkins Hospital were evaluated. Four categories were identified. Seven hearts with normal outflow tract relations had significant pulmonary arterial override of a ventricular septal defect and thus recevived part of left ventricular and all of right ventricular ejection flow; flow into the aorta was correspondingly reduced. Two hearts had mitral valve obstruction with decreased left heart flow. Two hearts had double inlet left ventricle and transposed great arteries with the aorta originating from a small anterior conal chamber. One heart had a truncus malformation with a disproportionately large flow entering the pulmonary arterial division. In each of these hearts, the pattern of the outflow tracts and associated malformations suggested that there was a preferential flow of blood into the sixth arches and correspondingly a reduced flow into the fourth arches at the time of normal disappearance of components of the embryonic aortic arch system. Thus, interrupted aortic arch may simply be disappearance of the normally persisting connection between the left fourth and sixth arches as a result of flow imbalance in early cardiogenesis.", "PMID": 685857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6625", "title": "Antiarrhythmic drug effect assessed from ventricular arrhythmia reduction in the ambulatory electrocardiogram and treadmill test: comparison of propranolol, procainamide and quinidine.", "content": "A 5 week study was performed in 17 patients with frequent ventricular ectopic complexes. The study design comprised an initial control period, 1 week each of treatment with propranolol (240 mg daily), procainamide (3.0 g daily) and quinidine (1.8 g daily) and a final control period. Twenty-four hour ambulatory electrocardiograms and maximal exercise tests were performed each week. For the group, the total number and qualitative types of ventricular ectopic complexes were similar during the two control periods; however, there were large variations among individual patients. Each drug reduced the total number of ventricular ectopic impulses and the percent of patients with each qualitative type. There was agreement between the ambulatory electrocardiogram and treadmill test in three quarters of the drug evaluations. Although it is possible to determine antiarrhythmic drug effects for a group, spontaneous variability in the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias makes it difficult to evaluate the effects in individual patients.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic drug effect assessed from ventricular arrhythmia reduction in the ambulatory electrocardiogram and treadmill test: comparison of propranolol, procainamide and quinidine. A 5 week study was performed in 17 patients with frequent ventricular ectopic complexes. The study design comprised an initial control period, 1 week each of treatment with propranolol (240 mg daily), procainamide (3.0 g daily) and quinidine (1.8 g daily) and a final control period. Twenty-four hour ambulatory electrocardiograms and maximal exercise tests were performed each week. For the group, the total number and qualitative types of ventricular ectopic complexes were similar during the two control periods; however, there were large variations among individual patients. Each drug reduced the total number of ventricular ectopic impulses and the percent of patients with each qualitative type. There was agreement between the ambulatory electrocardiogram and treadmill test in three quarters of the drug evaluations. Although it is possible to determine antiarrhythmic drug effects for a group, spontaneous variability in the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias makes it difficult to evaluate the effects in individual patients.", "PMID": 685858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6626", "title": "Retrograde block during dual pathway  atrioventricular nodal reentrant paroxysmal tachycardia.", "content": "There are limited reported data regarding the occurrence of retrograde block during dual pathway atrioventricular (A-V) nodal reentrant paroxysmal tachycardia. This study describes two patients with this phenomenon. The first patient had 2:1 and type 1 retrograde ventriculoatrial block during the common variety of A-V nodal reentrance (slow pathway for anterograde and fast pathway for retrograde conduction). Fractionated atrial electrograms suggested that the site of block was within the atria. The second patient had type 1 retrograde block (between the A-V node and the low septal right atrium) during the unusual variety of A-V nodal reentrance (slow pathway for retrograde and fast pathway for anterograde conduction). The abolition of retrograde block by atropine suggested that the site of block was within A-V nodal tissue. Both cases demonstrate that intact retrograde conduction is not necessary for the continuation of A-V nodal reentrant paroxysymal tachycardia. Case 2 supports the hypothesis that the atria are not a requisite part of the A-V nodal reentrant pathway.", "contents": "Retrograde block during dual pathway  atrioventricular nodal reentrant paroxysmal tachycardia. There are limited reported data regarding the occurrence of retrograde block during dual pathway atrioventricular (A-V) nodal reentrant paroxysmal tachycardia. This study describes two patients with this phenomenon. The first patient had 2:1 and type 1 retrograde ventriculoatrial block during the common variety of A-V nodal reentrance (slow pathway for anterograde and fast pathway for retrograde conduction). Fractionated atrial electrograms suggested that the site of block was within the atria. The second patient had type 1 retrograde block (between the A-V node and the low septal right atrium) during the unusual variety of A-V nodal reentrance (slow pathway for retrograde and fast pathway for anterograde conduction). The abolition of retrograde block by atropine suggested that the site of block was within A-V nodal tissue. Both cases demonstrate that intact retrograde conduction is not necessary for the continuation of A-V nodal reentrant paroxysymal tachycardia. Case 2 supports the hypothesis that the atria are not a requisite part of the A-V nodal reentrant pathway.", "PMID": 685859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6627", "title": "Electrophysiologic observations in a patient with bradycardia-dependent atrioventricular block.", "content": "In a patient with atrioventricular (A-V) block distal to the His bundle (H), 1:1 A-V conduction with right bundle branch block and H-V interval of 70 msec was established with atrial pacing at rates of 120 to 150/min, suggesting that the A-V block was bradycardia-dependent. Advanced second degree A-V block distal to the H deflection occurred with atrial pacing at 160/min after completion of A-V nodal Wenckebach periodicity proximal to the H deflection because of the long H-H encompassing the blocked P wave. Atrial extrastimulus testing coupled with sinus rhythm (with A-V block) demonstrated that critical H1-H2 intervals of less than 545 msec allowed conduction to the ventricles. The H2-V2 interval shortened progressively from 290 to 70 msec with shortening of these critical H1-H2 intervals. Atrial extrastimulus testing coupled with an atrial driven cycle lenght of 500 mesc (with intact A-V conduction) revealed block of the H2 deflection with an H1-H2 interval longer than 540 msec. In conclusion, at critical diastolic intervals, impulses were blocked, creating a state of decreased responsiveness. If a cycle length of subsequent impulses was shorter than the critical diastolic blocking interval, membrane responsiveness gradually improved and conduction resumed. If a cycle length of subsequent impulses was longer than the critical blocking diastolic interval, A-V block was sustained. Blocked impulses continually penetrated to the site of block and reset the state of membrane responsiveness.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic observations in a patient with bradycardia-dependent atrioventricular block. In a patient with atrioventricular (A-V) block distal to the His bundle (H), 1:1 A-V conduction with right bundle branch block and H-V interval of 70 msec was established with atrial pacing at rates of 120 to 150/min, suggesting that the A-V block was bradycardia-dependent. Advanced second degree A-V block distal to the H deflection occurred with atrial pacing at 160/min after completion of A-V nodal Wenckebach periodicity proximal to the H deflection because of the long H-H encompassing the blocked P wave. Atrial extrastimulus testing coupled with sinus rhythm (with A-V block) demonstrated that critical H1-H2 intervals of less than 545 msec allowed conduction to the ventricles. The H2-V2 interval shortened progressively from 290 to 70 msec with shortening of these critical H1-H2 intervals. Atrial extrastimulus testing coupled with an atrial driven cycle lenght of 500 mesc (with intact A-V conduction) revealed block of the H2 deflection with an H1-H2 interval longer than 540 msec. In conclusion, at critical diastolic intervals, impulses were blocked, creating a state of decreased responsiveness. If a cycle length of subsequent impulses was shorter than the critical diastolic blocking interval, membrane responsiveness gradually improved and conduction resumed. If a cycle length of subsequent impulses was longer than the critical blocking diastolic interval, A-V block was sustained. Blocked impulses continually penetrated to the site of block and reset the state of membrane responsiveness.", "PMID": 685860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6628", "title": "Changes in the crude fiber content of the American diet.", "content": "The intake of crude fiber in the American diet was assessed for 7 time periods between 1909 and 1975 using food consumption and composition tables. Crude fiber intake dropped 28% from 6.8 g/day in 1909 to 4.9 g/day in 1957 to 1959 and has remained at that level until the present. The intake of fiber from vegetables has remained relatively constant from 1909 to 1975 while potatoes, fruit, cereals, dry peas, and dry bean consumption have declined. The trends shown for crude fiber consumption in the United States support the hypothesis that fiber intake has decreased coincidentally with increases in degenerative diseases.", "contents": "Changes in the crude fiber content of the American diet. The intake of crude fiber in the American diet was assessed for 7 time periods between 1909 and 1975 using food consumption and composition tables. Crude fiber intake dropped 28% from 6.8 g/day in 1909 to 4.9 g/day in 1957 to 1959 and has remained at that level until the present. The intake of fiber from vegetables has remained relatively constant from 1909 to 1975 while potatoes, fruit, cereals, dry peas, and dry bean consumption have declined. The trends shown for crude fiber consumption in the United States support the hypothesis that fiber intake has decreased coincidentally with increases in degenerative diseases.", "PMID": 685867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6629", "title": "Urolithiasis in Manipur (north eastern region of India). Incidence and chemical composition of stones.", "content": "The incidence of urolithiasis in Manipur is very high. From hospital records for a period of 7 years and 3 months, it was observed to be 11.6% of all general surgery cases in the General Hospital, Imphal. This is alarmingly high. The social, eating, drinking, and living habits are different among the three major populations in this state. The prevalence was minimal among Tribals. Compared to them the prevalence was about one and one half times higher among Muslims (also called Pangals) and seven times higher among Hindus. Surprisingly, the incidence of renal calcalus was higher in females. One hundred ninety-six stones were studied by wet chemical analysis. Calcium and oxalate were present in all stones. Phosphate was present in 194 stones and uric acid (including urate) was present in 146 stones.", "contents": "Urolithiasis in Manipur (north eastern region of India). Incidence and chemical composition of stones. The incidence of urolithiasis in Manipur is very high. From hospital records for a period of 7 years and 3 months, it was observed to be 11.6% of all general surgery cases in the General Hospital, Imphal. This is alarmingly high. The social, eating, drinking, and living habits are different among the three major populations in this state. The prevalence was minimal among Tribals. Compared to them the prevalence was about one and one half times higher among Muslims (also called Pangals) and seven times higher among Hindus. Surprisingly, the incidence of renal calcalus was higher in females. One hundred ninety-six stones were studied by wet chemical analysis. Calcium and oxalate were present in all stones. Phosphate was present in 194 stones and uric acid (including urate) was present in 146 stones.", "PMID": 685868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6630", "title": "Amino acid and protein metabolism in renal failure.", "content": "There are many cAUSES OF ALTERED AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM IN UREMIA WHICH MAY Lead to impaired growth, wasting, malnutrition, and other aspects of the uremic syndrome. These causes have complex interrelationships that are not well understood. The factors include altered nutrition due to poor intake, losses of nutrients during dialysis, and abnormal metabolism of many nutrients. Uremic toxins, superimposed catabolic illnesses, elevated or reduced serum hormone levels, reduced capacity of the kidney to synthesize certain amino acids and to degrade other amino acids, peptides, and small proteins, and decreased excretion of certain amino acids and peptides may also contribute to altered amino acid and protein metabolism. The response of certain plasma amino acids to protein restriction appears to differ in uremic patients as compared to normal subjects. Increased plasma levels of many products of amino acids and proteins in renal failure are due primarily to decreased urinary clearance by the kidney. However, for some metabolites, increased synthesis or decreased degradation may also contribute to elevated levels. These latter compounds include guanidinosuccinic acid, methylguanidine, certain middle molecules, and in some patients, phenylpyruvic acid.", "contents": "Amino acid and protein metabolism in renal failure. There are many cAUSES OF ALTERED AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM IN UREMIA WHICH MAY Lead to impaired growth, wasting, malnutrition, and other aspects of the uremic syndrome. These causes have complex interrelationships that are not well understood. The factors include altered nutrition due to poor intake, losses of nutrients during dialysis, and abnormal metabolism of many nutrients. Uremic toxins, superimposed catabolic illnesses, elevated or reduced serum hormone levels, reduced capacity of the kidney to synthesize certain amino acids and to degrade other amino acids, peptides, and small proteins, and decreased excretion of certain amino acids and peptides may also contribute to altered amino acid and protein metabolism. The response of certain plasma amino acids to protein restriction appears to differ in uremic patients as compared to normal subjects. Increased plasma levels of many products of amino acids and proteins in renal failure are due primarily to decreased urinary clearance by the kidney. However, for some metabolites, increased synthesis or decreased degradation may also contribute to elevated levels. These latter compounds include guanidinosuccinic acid, methylguanidine, certain middle molecules, and in some patients, phenylpyruvic acid.", "PMID": 685869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6631", "title": "Effects of catabolic stress in acute and chronic renal failure.", "content": "The degree of catabolism was studied in a group of seven patients with postsurgical acute renal failure, and net protein catabolism of 43.1 to 927 g/day. In 70% of a group of 30 patients with stable chronic renal failure receiving and 18 g high biological value protein diet, urea synthesis was equivalent to what could be accounted for by the protein content of the food. This equivalence was not found in studies in both adults and children who were treated for catabolic chronic renal failure. Data obtained show the superiority of feeding essential amino acids with an adequated caloric supply. The need for studies aimed at adapting the uremic patient to protein depletive mechanisms is strongly stressed.", "contents": "Effects of catabolic stress in acute and chronic renal failure. The degree of catabolism was studied in a group of seven patients with postsurgical acute renal failure, and net protein catabolism of 43.1 to 927 g/day. In 70% of a group of 30 patients with stable chronic renal failure receiving and 18 g high biological value protein diet, urea synthesis was equivalent to what could be accounted for by the protein content of the food. This equivalence was not found in studies in both adults and children who were treated for catabolic chronic renal failure. Data obtained show the superiority of feeding essential amino acids with an adequated caloric supply. The need for studies aimed at adapting the uremic patient to protein depletive mechanisms is strongly stressed.", "PMID": 685871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6632", "title": "Nitrogen metabolism in the gut.", "content": "All three of the major human nitrogenous waste products--urea,, creatinine, and uric acid--are significantly degraded by intestinal bacteria. The breakdown products of creatinine and uric acid are not fully known, but metabolites of these complex heterocyclic nitrogen compounds may well turn out to play a role in uremic toxicity. Urea degradation is almost certainly by way of ammonia, but the exact site of urea hydrolysis in the alimentary tract is not known, and it is uncertain whether urea is the major source of intestinal ammonia. Ammonia is absorbed from the colon predominantly in unionized form, and the bicarbonate ion secreted by the colonic mucosa plays an important role in facilitating this absorption.", "contents": "Nitrogen metabolism in the gut. All three of the major human nitrogenous waste products--urea,, creatinine, and uric acid--are significantly degraded by intestinal bacteria. The breakdown products of creatinine and uric acid are not fully known, but metabolites of these complex heterocyclic nitrogen compounds may well turn out to play a role in uremic toxicity. Urea degradation is almost certainly by way of ammonia, but the exact site of urea hydrolysis in the alimentary tract is not known, and it is uncertain whether urea is the major source of intestinal ammonia. Ammonia is absorbed from the colon predominantly in unionized form, and the bicarbonate ion secreted by the colonic mucosa plays an important role in facilitating this absorption.", "PMID": 685874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6633", "title": "Effects of intestinal flora on nitrogen metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Gastrointestinal bacteria have been thought to be beneficial to uremic patients since they could provide an internal source of nitrogen by degrading urea and could function as an alternative means of clearing waste products. Data are presented to indicate that the bacteria of uremic patients do not clear significantly more urea than do the intestinal flora of normal subjects. Analysis of urea metabolism before and during oral administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics demonstrated that nitrogen derived from urea is not used by uremic patients for amino acid synthesis. In addition, it was found that nitrogen balance, on the average -0.98 +/- 0.41, significantly improved to -0.18 +/- 0.29 g N per day during the antibiotic period. The possible explanation for this are discussed. It is concluded that intestinal bacteria adversely affect uremic patients by promoting catabolism and by producing toxins which accumulate in body fluids.", "contents": "Effects of intestinal flora on nitrogen metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure. Gastrointestinal bacteria have been thought to be beneficial to uremic patients since they could provide an internal source of nitrogen by degrading urea and could function as an alternative means of clearing waste products. Data are presented to indicate that the bacteria of uremic patients do not clear significantly more urea than do the intestinal flora of normal subjects. Analysis of urea metabolism before and during oral administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics demonstrated that nitrogen derived from urea is not used by uremic patients for amino acid synthesis. In addition, it was found that nitrogen balance, on the average -0.98 +/- 0.41, significantly improved to -0.18 +/- 0.29 g N per day during the antibiotic period. The possible explanation for this are discussed. It is concluded that intestinal bacteria adversely affect uremic patients by promoting catabolism and by producing toxins which accumulate in body fluids.", "PMID": 685875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6634", "title": "Anabolic role of urea in renal failure.", "content": "The amount of urea nitrogen released and the amount reincorporated into albumin has been measured in healthy and uremic individuals on both normal and low-protein diets. The albumin synthesis rate was measured simultaneously. Gut urea breakdown was only 50% higher in renal failure than in health, but the efficiency of utilization of the nitrogen thus released was increased more than 6-fold in renal failure and was higher on a low protein than on a normal protein diet. The lower the albumin synthetic rate, the greater was the efficiency of incorporation of urea nitrogen into albumin. The rate of urea nitrogen incorporation into albumin increased on average 14-fold in chronic renal failure. The absolute rate of utilization (84 mumole/hr) was, however, small and comprised on average only 2.4% of the nitrogen used in albumin synthesis. These findings suggest that although some urea derived nitrogen is incorporated into albumin, the amount is not nutritionally significant even under conditions of protein deprivation and high urea availability.", "contents": "Anabolic role of urea in renal failure. The amount of urea nitrogen released and the amount reincorporated into albumin has been measured in healthy and uremic individuals on both normal and low-protein diets. The albumin synthesis rate was measured simultaneously. Gut urea breakdown was only 50% higher in renal failure than in health, but the efficiency of utilization of the nitrogen thus released was increased more than 6-fold in renal failure and was higher on a low protein than on a normal protein diet. The lower the albumin synthetic rate, the greater was the efficiency of incorporation of urea nitrogen into albumin. The rate of urea nitrogen incorporation into albumin increased on average 14-fold in chronic renal failure. The absolute rate of utilization (84 mumole/hr) was, however, small and comprised on average only 2.4% of the nitrogen used in albumin synthesis. These findings suggest that although some urea derived nitrogen is incorporated into albumin, the amount is not nutritionally significant even under conditions of protein deprivation and high urea availability.", "PMID": 685876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6635", "title": "The metabolism of human serum albumin in renal failure on conservative and dialysis therapy.", "content": "The pathophysiology of albumin metabolism in uremia was investigated by turnover measurements in a large series of uremic patients, either on conservative management or on dialysis therapy. A total of 62 turnover studies were performed in patients on dietary treatment, divided into two groups according to the duration of the low protein diet: 35 subjects from 6 to 30 days, 27 subjects from 6 months to 5 years. Albumin catabolism and distribution were measured by the two-tracer technique (131I-albumin and 125I-iodide, simultaneously injected iv), while albumin synthesis was directly determined in 10 patients by the use of 14C-carbonate and 131I-albumin. Sixteen turnover studies were also performed in a group of end-stage uremics on dialysis therapy by a two-tracer procedure especially designed to determine albumin catabolism in the course of a single peritoneal or hemodialytic treatment. The main features of albumin metabolism observed in the patients on dietary management were: normal intravascular albumin mass, marked reduction of the extravascular and total albumin pools, with proportionally reduced catabolism. No significant turnover difference was found between the short-term diet group and the patients on low-protein diet from 6 months to 5 years. As to the uremics on dialysis therapy, catabolic rate of albumin was 3-fold increased in three patients showing clinical features of \"hypercatabolism\" in the early phase of uremia, or during relapse from it. Albumin turnover rate returned to normal when measured during clinical steady-state conditions. All these findings suggest that a marked body protein depletion exists in chronic uremia, and that dietary treatment per se is not responsible for such a depleted state. Instead, the depletion of protein stores observed in the steady phase of chronic uremia may have been originated by the exaggerated increased catabolism in the early phase of renal failure, not compensated by a proportional increase of the synthetic rate, due to both the state of uremic intoxication and to the reduced dietary protein intake during the early phase.", "contents": "The metabolism of human serum albumin in renal failure on conservative and dialysis therapy. The pathophysiology of albumin metabolism in uremia was investigated by turnover measurements in a large series of uremic patients, either on conservative management or on dialysis therapy. A total of 62 turnover studies were performed in patients on dietary treatment, divided into two groups according to the duration of the low protein diet: 35 subjects from 6 to 30 days, 27 subjects from 6 months to 5 years. Albumin catabolism and distribution were measured by the two-tracer technique (131I-albumin and 125I-iodide, simultaneously injected iv), while albumin synthesis was directly determined in 10 patients by the use of 14C-carbonate and 131I-albumin. Sixteen turnover studies were also performed in a group of end-stage uremics on dialysis therapy by a two-tracer procedure especially designed to determine albumin catabolism in the course of a single peritoneal or hemodialytic treatment. The main features of albumin metabolism observed in the patients on dietary management were: normal intravascular albumin mass, marked reduction of the extravascular and total albumin pools, with proportionally reduced catabolism. No significant turnover difference was found between the short-term diet group and the patients on low-protein diet from 6 months to 5 years. As to the uremics on dialysis therapy, catabolic rate of albumin was 3-fold increased in three patients showing clinical features of \"hypercatabolism\" in the early phase of uremia, or during relapse from it. Albumin turnover rate returned to normal when measured during clinical steady-state conditions. All these findings suggest that a marked body protein depletion exists in chronic uremia, and that dietary treatment per se is not responsible for such a depleted state. Instead, the depletion of protein stores observed in the steady phase of chronic uremia may have been originated by the exaggerated increased catabolism in the early phase of renal failure, not compensated by a proportional increase of the synthetic rate, due to both the state of uremic intoxication and to the reduced dietary protein intake during the early phase.", "PMID": 685877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6636", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of essential amino acids in chronic dialysis-patients.", "content": "Possible disorders of essential amino acid (EAA) metabolism in maintenance dialysis patients (D) were studied by measuring plasma amino acids before and sequentially after administering a mixture of 8 EAA po and iv. The EAA were in a ratio similar to that required for optimal utilization, and the total dose given was within physiological range. Ten D and six normals (N) received 150 mg/kg po as a 10.5 g/dl solution and 117 mg/kg iv as a 5.1 g/dl solution infused at a constant rate of mg/kg per min. Blood glucose and immunoreactive insulin were also measured. Both D and N were postabsorptive and at least 18 hr postdialysis. The fraction of the oral dose appearing in the systemic circulation was variable for each EAA in both N and D. Total body clearance was significantly lower in D (P less than 0.05) for theronine, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine, and this difference could not be explained by changes in renal excretion. The apparent volume of distribution did not differ between N and D for all EAA except for valine and phenylalanine. Blood glucose insulin varied only slightly in both N and D for all EAA except for valine and phenylalanine. Blood glucose and insulin varied only slightly in both N and D. These studies indicate that there are a variety of significant abnormalities in the metabolism of specific EAA in D. Decreased total body clearance of the branched-chain amino acids, since they are primarily metabolized total body clearance of the brnached-chain amino acids, since they are primarily metabolized by muscle, may result from a defect in muscle metabolism in D.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of essential amino acids in chronic dialysis-patients. Possible disorders of essential amino acid (EAA) metabolism in maintenance dialysis patients (D) were studied by measuring plasma amino acids before and sequentially after administering a mixture of 8 EAA po and iv. The EAA were in a ratio similar to that required for optimal utilization, and the total dose given was within physiological range. Ten D and six normals (N) received 150 mg/kg po as a 10.5 g/dl solution and 117 mg/kg iv as a 5.1 g/dl solution infused at a constant rate of mg/kg per min. Blood glucose and immunoreactive insulin were also measured. Both D and N were postabsorptive and at least 18 hr postdialysis. The fraction of the oral dose appearing in the systemic circulation was variable for each EAA in both N and D. Total body clearance was significantly lower in D (P less than 0.05) for theronine, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine, and this difference could not be explained by changes in renal excretion. The apparent volume of distribution did not differ between N and D for all EAA except for valine and phenylalanine. Blood glucose insulin varied only slightly in both N and D for all EAA except for valine and phenylalanine. Blood glucose and insulin varied only slightly in both N and D. These studies indicate that there are a variety of significant abnormalities in the metabolism of specific EAA in D. Decreased total body clearance of the branched-chain amino acids, since they are primarily metabolized total body clearance of the brnached-chain amino acids, since they are primarily metabolized by muscle, may result from a defect in muscle metabolism in D.", "PMID": 685879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6637", "title": "Valine metabolism in normal and chronically uremic man.", "content": "Valine metabolism was investigated in five normal and three nondialyzed chronically uremic subjects eating 40 +/- SEM 1 and 53 (range 40 to 80) protein diets respectively, in a metabolic research unit. Subjects were injected iv with a tracer dose of L-valine-1-14C while they fasted, and specific activity of plasma valine-14C and expiration of 14CO2 were monitored for two hours. Plasma valine was significantly lower in the uremic patients than in the normal subjects (P less than 0.05). In the uremic patients, specific activity of plasma valine fell less rapidly and remained higher, and expiration of 14CO2 was not different from normal subjects. A two-pool model for valine metabolism was derived which indicated that in uremic patients there was a significant decrease in both valine pools and in the rate of irreversible loss, i.e., valine incorporated into larger molecules, degraded, or excreted. Valine degradation was estimated to be decreased in the uremic patients.", "contents": "Valine metabolism in normal and chronically uremic man. Valine metabolism was investigated in five normal and three nondialyzed chronically uremic subjects eating 40 +/- SEM 1 and 53 (range 40 to 80) protein diets respectively, in a metabolic research unit. Subjects were injected iv with a tracer dose of L-valine-1-14C while they fasted, and specific activity of plasma valine-14C and expiration of 14CO2 were monitored for two hours. Plasma valine was significantly lower in the uremic patients than in the normal subjects (P less than 0.05). In the uremic patients, specific activity of plasma valine fell less rapidly and remained higher, and expiration of 14CO2 was not different from normal subjects. A two-pool model for valine metabolism was derived which indicated that in uremic patients there was a significant decrease in both valine pools and in the rate of irreversible loss, i.e., valine incorporated into larger molecules, degraded, or excreted. Valine degradation was estimated to be decreased in the uremic patients.", "PMID": 685880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6638", "title": "Protein restriction in the conservative management of uremia.", "content": "Protein-restricted diets are widely used in the dietary management of uremia. These diets are undoubtedly effective in ameliorating many aspects of the uremic syndrome. However, there is no consensus as to whether diets providing less than 0.6 g/kg per day of protein are nutritionally adequate and capable of preventing the wasting syndrome. Wasting is common in the adult patient with renal insufficiency as is growth failure in the uremic child. There is some evidence that wasted patients do less well on hemodialysis and are more prone to infection. Experimental studies in uremic animals point ot diminihsed efficiency of utilization of protein, increased gluconeogenesis from animo acids, and increased catabolism of protein in the fasting state; in addition, the metabolism of a number of individual amino acids is altered in uremia. In view of these multiple abnormalities, it would seem unwise to routinely provide less than the Recommended Daily Allowances of protein. More recent developments, i.e., supplementation of essential amino acids and perhaps alpha keto acids, may provide useful alternatives. One important aspect of dietary management, i.e. prevention of hyperlipidemia, has attracted surprisingly little attention so far. Therapy with protein restricted diets in nondialyzed uremic patients has to compete with other modalities of treatment currently available, i.e., hemodialysis and transplantation, in providing optimal medical rehabilitaiton of the patient.", "contents": "Protein restriction in the conservative management of uremia. Protein-restricted diets are widely used in the dietary management of uremia. These diets are undoubtedly effective in ameliorating many aspects of the uremic syndrome. However, there is no consensus as to whether diets providing less than 0.6 g/kg per day of protein are nutritionally adequate and capable of preventing the wasting syndrome. Wasting is common in the adult patient with renal insufficiency as is growth failure in the uremic child. There is some evidence that wasted patients do less well on hemodialysis and are more prone to infection. Experimental studies in uremic animals point ot diminihsed efficiency of utilization of protein, increased gluconeogenesis from animo acids, and increased catabolism of protein in the fasting state; in addition, the metabolism of a number of individual amino acids is altered in uremia. In view of these multiple abnormalities, it would seem unwise to routinely provide less than the Recommended Daily Allowances of protein. More recent developments, i.e., supplementation of essential amino acids and perhaps alpha keto acids, may provide useful alternatives. One important aspect of dietary management, i.e. prevention of hyperlipidemia, has attracted surprisingly little attention so far. Therapy with protein restricted diets in nondialyzed uremic patients has to compete with other modalities of treatment currently available, i.e., hemodialysis and transplantation, in providing optimal medical rehabilitaiton of the patient.", "PMID": 685883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6639", "title": "Control of measles and rubella through use of attenuated vaccines.", "content": "A summary report of the current status of morbidity and mortality associated with measles and rubella vis \u00e1 vis immunization practices in the United States since these vaccines were licensed in 1963 (measles) and 1969 (rubella) is presented.", "contents": "Control of measles and rubella through use of attenuated vaccines. A summary report of the current status of morbidity and mortality associated with measles and rubella vis \u00e1 vis immunization practices in the United States since these vaccines were licensed in 1963 (measles) and 1969 (rubella) is presented.", "PMID": 685885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6640", "title": "Review of existing vaccines for influenza.", "content": "The problems of producing and distributing influenza vaccines are described as well as effectiveness and adverse reactions. It appears that Guillain-Barr\u00e9 (GBS) is likely to be encountered with the use of any of the inactivated influenza vaccines.", "contents": "Review of existing vaccines for influenza. The problems of producing and distributing influenza vaccines are described as well as effectiveness and adverse reactions. It appears that Guillain-Barr\u00e9 (GBS) is likely to be encountered with the use of any of the inactivated influenza vaccines.", "PMID": 685887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6641", "title": "Studies with live attenuated influenza vaccines.", "content": "Inhibitor-resistant and temperature-sensitive live attenuated influenza virus vaccines were administered to normal volunteers and elderly and chronically ill persons to assess safety, antigenicity, and transmissibility. Recombinants of both types of vaccine were made using currently prevalent influenza virus strains (A/Hong Kong/68, A/England/42/72, A/Scotland/74, A/Victoria/75) over a five-year period to keep the vaccine relevant with regard to antigenic drift. The results indicate that both vaccine types are safe, antigenic and non-transmissible and that for both types of vaccines, recombinants can be made to new antigenic drifts. The inhibitor-resistant vaccine replicates to lower titers in the nasopharynx than the temperature-sensitive virus, and this is considered an advantage, whereas the genetic defect of the temperature-sensitive virus is better defined than that of the inhibitor-resistant vaccine.", "contents": "Studies with live attenuated influenza vaccines. Inhibitor-resistant and temperature-sensitive live attenuated influenza virus vaccines were administered to normal volunteers and elderly and chronically ill persons to assess safety, antigenicity, and transmissibility. Recombinants of both types of vaccine were made using currently prevalent influenza virus strains (A/Hong Kong/68, A/England/42/72, A/Scotland/74, A/Victoria/75) over a five-year period to keep the vaccine relevant with regard to antigenic drift. The results indicate that both vaccine types are safe, antigenic and non-transmissible and that for both types of vaccines, recombinants can be made to new antigenic drifts. The inhibitor-resistant vaccine replicates to lower titers in the nasopharynx than the temperature-sensitive virus, and this is considered an advantage, whereas the genetic defect of the temperature-sensitive virus is better defined than that of the inhibitor-resistant vaccine.", "PMID": 685888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6642", "title": "Skeletal trauma in skateboard injuries.", "content": "Thirty fractures resulting from skateboarding have been treated in the past six months at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit. Although there have been no serious or unusual injuries, this represents a substantial increase over the previous year. Awareness of the hazards of this sport is the first step in reducing the frequency and seriousness of these injuries. As a result of our experience, safety guidelines for skateboarding are recommended for the parents of enthusiasts. We hope adherence to these guidelines will greatly reduce the number of injuries.", "contents": "Skeletal trauma in skateboard injuries. Thirty fractures resulting from skateboarding have been treated in the past six months at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit. Although there have been no serious or unusual injuries, this represents a substantial increase over the previous year. Awareness of the hazards of this sport is the first step in reducing the frequency and seriousness of these injuries. As a result of our experience, safety guidelines for skateboarding are recommended for the parents of enthusiasts. We hope adherence to these guidelines will greatly reduce the number of injuries.", "PMID": 685889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6643", "title": "Erythroid aplasia in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A 9-year old girl had clinical manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that were further complicated by severe anemia. Subsequent studies showed the anemia to be due to erythroid aplasia. Hematologic remission was induced with prednisone, 60 mg/day.", "contents": "Erythroid aplasia in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A 9-year old girl had clinical manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that were further complicated by severe anemia. Subsequent studies showed the anemia to be due to erythroid aplasia. Hematologic remission was induced with prednisone, 60 mg/day.", "PMID": 685890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6644", "title": "Effect of prednisone on growth and bone mineral content in childhood glomerular disease.", "content": "Children with acquired glomerular disease were divided into two groups: Group 1 patients received short-term daily or long-term alternate-day prednisone (up to 2.7 mg/kg/48 hr); group 2 patients received no corticosteroids. Height, bone mineral content (BMC), and bone density were evaluated in the two groups and compared to those of 800 sex- and age-matched controls; BMC and bone density were assessed by the photon absorption technique. Significant demineralization was present in 18 of 25 prednisone-treated and none of the 17 nonprednisone-treated patients (P less than .001). Group 1 patients were 5.3 +/- 0.7% shorter than controls, while group 2 patients were only 1.9 +/- .8% shorter (P less than .02). Height velocity was 2.6 +/- 0.8 cm/yr in group 1 and 5.1 +/- 0.8 cm/yr in group 2 patients (P less than .05). When prednisone therapy was discontinued, six patients had an increase in height and BMC toward normal values. This study suggests that BMC and height velocity are correlated. Both appear to be influenced by alternate-day prednisone therapy rather than by glomerular disease per se.", "contents": "Effect of prednisone on growth and bone mineral content in childhood glomerular disease. Children with acquired glomerular disease were divided into two groups: Group 1 patients received short-term daily or long-term alternate-day prednisone (up to 2.7 mg/kg/48 hr); group 2 patients received no corticosteroids. Height, bone mineral content (BMC), and bone density were evaluated in the two groups and compared to those of 800 sex- and age-matched controls; BMC and bone density were assessed by the photon absorption technique. Significant demineralization was present in 18 of 25 prednisone-treated and none of the 17 nonprednisone-treated patients (P less than .001). Group 1 patients were 5.3 +/- 0.7% shorter than controls, while group 2 patients were only 1.9 +/- .8% shorter (P less than .02). Height velocity was 2.6 +/- 0.8 cm/yr in group 1 and 5.1 +/- 0.8 cm/yr in group 2 patients (P less than .05). When prednisone therapy was discontinued, six patients had an increase in height and BMC toward normal values. This study suggests that BMC and height velocity are correlated. Both appear to be influenced by alternate-day prednisone therapy rather than by glomerular disease per se.", "PMID": 685891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6645", "title": "Diagnostic value of the muscle biopsy in the neonatal period.", "content": "Muscle biopsy specimens of 20 full-term neonates (13 surgical and seven necropsy specimens) with clinical evidence of neuromuscular disease were studied to determine the diagnostic usefulness of this procedure in the newborn. Characteristic pathologic alterations were identified in specific diseases. Some findings were similar to those seen later in life, but others differed from those expected in the same diseases at older ages. Persistence of fetal muscle cells was a characteristic common to several congenital myopathies and neuropathies. Lymphocytic infiltrates, muscle fiber necrosis, and architectural alterations of the muscle fibers were not seen at birth. Extramedullary hematopoiesis may involve newborn muscle. Muscle biopsy is a safe and simple procedure in the neonatal period and has a diagnostic reliability as good as at older ages, but histochemistry and sometimes electron microscopy are essential supplements to classical histology for interpretation. Recommended indications for muscle biopsy in the neonatal period are multiple joint contractures at birth or hypotonia and weakness, of unknown origin.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of the muscle biopsy in the neonatal period. Muscle biopsy specimens of 20 full-term neonates (13 surgical and seven necropsy specimens) with clinical evidence of neuromuscular disease were studied to determine the diagnostic usefulness of this procedure in the newborn. Characteristic pathologic alterations were identified in specific diseases. Some findings were similar to those seen later in life, but others differed from those expected in the same diseases at older ages. Persistence of fetal muscle cells was a characteristic common to several congenital myopathies and neuropathies. Lymphocytic infiltrates, muscle fiber necrosis, and architectural alterations of the muscle fibers were not seen at birth. Extramedullary hematopoiesis may involve newborn muscle. Muscle biopsy is a safe and simple procedure in the neonatal period and has a diagnostic reliability as good as at older ages, but histochemistry and sometimes electron microscopy are essential supplements to classical histology for interpretation. Recommended indications for muscle biopsy in the neonatal period are multiple joint contractures at birth or hypotonia and weakness, of unknown origin.", "PMID": 685892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6646", "title": "Child abuse. Its relationship to birthweight, apgar score, and developmental testing.", "content": "Fifty-two abused and 23 nonabused children from a low socioeconomic group were studied with respect to birthweight, five-minute Apgar score, and developmental quotients. An association was found between low Apgar scores, low birthweight, poor performance on developmental testing, and child abuse. Furthermore, it was found that among children with normal birthweights, abused children tended to have lower Apgar scores and significantly lower developmental quotients. This study suggests that among this group of children, abuse and subsequent poor performance may be related not only to the socioeconomic status of the children but also to the characteristics the child brings to the parent-child relationship and to the abusive environment.", "contents": "Child abuse. Its relationship to birthweight, apgar score, and developmental testing. Fifty-two abused and 23 nonabused children from a low socioeconomic group were studied with respect to birthweight, five-minute Apgar score, and developmental quotients. An association was found between low Apgar scores, low birthweight, poor performance on developmental testing, and child abuse. Furthermore, it was found that among children with normal birthweights, abused children tended to have lower Apgar scores and significantly lower developmental quotients. This study suggests that among this group of children, abuse and subsequent poor performance may be related not only to the socioeconomic status of the children but also to the characteristics the child brings to the parent-child relationship and to the abusive environment.", "PMID": 685893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6647", "title": "Obesity in urban black adolescents of high and low relative weight at 1 year of age.", "content": "The prevalence of obesity was determined in 789 9 to 15-year-old Philadelphia subjects who had either a high (+1 SD) or a low (-1, SD) relative weight at 1 year of age. During the adolescent years, obesity was assessed by the triceps skin-fold thickness and by the relative weight, using national reference standards from the US Health Examination Survey. The prevalence of obesity for the high relative weight group at 1 year of age was three to four times higher than in the low relative weight group at 1 year of age. Compared with all urban youth of this age range, regardless of their status at 1 year of age, it is estimated that the risk ratio associated with a high relative weight at 1 year of age is approximately 1.6.", "contents": "Obesity in urban black adolescents of high and low relative weight at 1 year of age. The prevalence of obesity was determined in 789 9 to 15-year-old Philadelphia subjects who had either a high (+1 SD) or a low (-1, SD) relative weight at 1 year of age. During the adolescent years, obesity was assessed by the triceps skin-fold thickness and by the relative weight, using national reference standards from the US Health Examination Survey. The prevalence of obesity for the high relative weight group at 1 year of age was three to four times higher than in the low relative weight group at 1 year of age. Compared with all urban youth of this age range, regardless of their status at 1 year of age, it is estimated that the risk ratio associated with a high relative weight at 1 year of age is approximately 1.6.", "PMID": 685902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6648", "title": "Consumptive coagulopathy. A complication of therapy of solid tumors in childhood.", "content": "The association of consumptive coagulopathy and malignancy is thought to be rare in pediatrics. In one patient with Ewing's sarcoma and in two with rhabdomyosarcoma consumptive coagulopathy developed in the presence of either diffuse metastatic disease or an extensive primary tumor. The coagulopathy was a  major clinical problem, developing within five days of the onset of chemotherapy. Resolution coincided with the clinical response of the tumor.", "contents": "Consumptive coagulopathy. A complication of therapy of solid tumors in childhood. The association of consumptive coagulopathy and malignancy is thought to be rare in pediatrics. In one patient with Ewing's sarcoma and in two with rhabdomyosarcoma consumptive coagulopathy developed in the presence of either diffuse metastatic disease or an extensive primary tumor. The coagulopathy was a  major clinical problem, developing within five days of the onset of chemotherapy. Resolution coincided with the clinical response of the tumor.", "PMID": 685903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6649", "title": "Limitations of emergency room evaluations of sexually abused children.", "content": "A retrospective review was performed on charts of all children who were treated in 1975 in the Strong Memorial Hospital (Rochester, NY) emergency room for alleged sexual abuse, suspicious conditions, or complaints related to the genitourinary system, and on a randomly selected comparison sample of children treated for acute otitis media during the same period. In 44 cases of otitis media, pediatric house officers' charting uniformly evidenced adequate care. However, in ten cases of alleged sexual abuse and 29 cases considered suspicious, the evaluations and care were significantly (.01 greater than P less than .001) less adequate. The young pediatric house officer deals with these problems, which are complicated by emotional overtones and psychosocial implications, less effectively than those with more clear-cut, routine diagnoses.", "contents": "Limitations of emergency room evaluations of sexually abused children. A retrospective review was performed on charts of all children who were treated in 1975 in the Strong Memorial Hospital (Rochester, NY) emergency room for alleged sexual abuse, suspicious conditions, or complaints related to the genitourinary system, and on a randomly selected comparison sample of children treated for acute otitis media during the same period. In 44 cases of otitis media, pediatric house officers' charting uniformly evidenced adequate care. However, in ten cases of alleged sexual abuse and 29 cases considered suspicious, the evaluations and care were significantly (.01 greater than P less than .001) less adequate. The young pediatric house officer deals with these problems, which are complicated by emotional overtones and psychosocial implications, less effectively than those with more clear-cut, routine diagnoses.", "PMID": 685904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6650", "title": "Guide to oral theophylline therapy for the treatment of chronic asthma.", "content": "Theophylline, when used appropriately, seems to be the most effective noncorticosteroid prophylactic medication for chronic asthma. Dosage, however, requires consideration of the relationship between serum concentration, efficacy, and toxicity, in addition to the variability in rates of elimination. Therapy is initiated with 16 mg/kg/day or 400 mg/day (whichever is less) in divided doses at appropriate intervals depending on the rate of absorption of the product used. If side effects are absent, the dosage is increased at three-day intervals until the age-related mean dosage necessary to produce a therapeutic level, is reached. Final dosage adjustment is generally based on a single determination of serum concentration; dosage requirements generally then remain constant for six to 12 months depending upon the child's growth rate. Dosage adjustment in this manner optimizes benefit, minimizes risk of toxic effect, and avoids excessive numbers of serum theophylline measurements.", "contents": "Guide to oral theophylline therapy for the treatment of chronic asthma. Theophylline, when used appropriately, seems to be the most effective noncorticosteroid prophylactic medication for chronic asthma. Dosage, however, requires consideration of the relationship between serum concentration, efficacy, and toxicity, in addition to the variability in rates of elimination. Therapy is initiated with 16 mg/kg/day or 400 mg/day (whichever is less) in divided doses at appropriate intervals depending on the rate of absorption of the product used. If side effects are absent, the dosage is increased at three-day intervals until the age-related mean dosage necessary to produce a therapeutic level, is reached. Final dosage adjustment is generally based on a single determination of serum concentration; dosage requirements generally then remain constant for six to 12 months depending upon the child's growth rate. Dosage adjustment in this manner optimizes benefit, minimizes risk of toxic effect, and avoids excessive numbers of serum theophylline measurements.", "PMID": 685905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6651", "title": "Critical malnutrition in breast-fed infants. Three case reports.", "content": "Three breast-fed infants of primiparous women had hypothermia, azotemia, and severe dehydration and malnutrition. No disease entities were identified. Although the cause of inadequate breast nutrition was unclear, these cases underscore the necessity for close follow-up and support of first-born breast-feeding babies.", "contents": "Critical malnutrition in breast-fed infants. Three case reports. Three breast-fed infants of primiparous women had hypothermia, azotemia, and severe dehydration and malnutrition. No disease entities were identified. Although the cause of inadequate breast nutrition was unclear, these cases underscore the necessity for close follow-up and support of first-born breast-feeding babies.", "PMID": 685906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6652", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection in newborn nursery patients.", "content": "The correlation between Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection among newborns was studied during a four-year period. Of the 9,423 newborns cultured, 24% were colonized at the time of discharge and in 2% of these an infection developed, whereas only 0.2% of the noncolonized newborns experienced a staphylococcal infection. The weekly colonization rates ranged from 0% to 62%, and outbreaks of infections (two or more concurrent) occurred periodically when the colonization rates ranged from 11% to 57%. Colonization rates per se did not serve as an indicator of an actual or potential outbreak of infection. Instead, the occurrence of two or more concurrent cases of staphylococcal infection or presumptive evidence of an outbreak seems to be a more reliable indicator than colonization monitoring.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection in newborn nursery patients. The correlation between Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection among newborns was studied during a four-year period. Of the 9,423 newborns cultured, 24% were colonized at the time of discharge and in 2% of these an infection developed, whereas only 0.2% of the noncolonized newborns experienced a staphylococcal infection. The weekly colonization rates ranged from 0% to 62%, and outbreaks of infections (two or more concurrent) occurred periodically when the colonization rates ranged from 11% to 57%. Colonization rates per se did not serve as an indicator of an actual or potential outbreak of infection. Instead, the occurrence of two or more concurrent cases of staphylococcal infection or presumptive evidence of an outbreak seems to be a more reliable indicator than colonization monitoring.", "PMID": 685907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6653", "title": "Gluteal necrosis with foot-drop. Complications associated with umbilical artery catheterization.", "content": "A newborn infatn developed gluteal necrosis and foot-drop associated with umbilical artery catheterization. Clinical course of the infant's illness illustrates that the etiology was multifactorial, being related to the site of catheter tip placement, hypotension, and infusion of hypertonic glucose and other drugs via umbilical catheter.", "contents": "Gluteal necrosis with foot-drop. Complications associated with umbilical artery catheterization. A newborn infatn developed gluteal necrosis and foot-drop associated with umbilical artery catheterization. Clinical course of the infant's illness illustrates that the etiology was multifactorial, being related to the site of catheter tip placement, hypotension, and infusion of hypertonic glucose and other drugs via umbilical catheter.", "PMID": 685908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6654", "title": "Hyperuricemia in congenital heart disease.", "content": "Gout is rarely noted as a clinical problem in secondary polycythemia-- even if profound polycythemia exists, as in cyanotic congenital heart disease. A retrospective study of 81 patients with congenital heart disease was done to assess the incidence of hyperuricemia. Twenty of 46 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease had serum levels of uric acid greater than 8 mg/dl. Thirteen of 16 (81%) cyanotic male patients more than 15 years old had serum levels greater than 8 mg/dl. For cyanotic patients, serum levels of uric acid were related directly to the degree of polycythemia (r = .44; P less than .02). Impaired renal function or drug therapy did not seem to account for the hyperuricemia. Because levels of uric acid greater than 10 mg/dl probably are nephropathic, many of these patients may be incurring subclinical uric acid nephropathy.", "contents": "Hyperuricemia in congenital heart disease. Gout is rarely noted as a clinical problem in secondary polycythemia-- even if profound polycythemia exists, as in cyanotic congenital heart disease. A retrospective study of 81 patients with congenital heart disease was done to assess the incidence of hyperuricemia. Twenty of 46 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease had serum levels of uric acid greater than 8 mg/dl. Thirteen of 16 (81%) cyanotic male patients more than 15 years old had serum levels greater than 8 mg/dl. For cyanotic patients, serum levels of uric acid were related directly to the degree of polycythemia (r = .44; P less than .02). Impaired renal function or drug therapy did not seem to account for the hyperuricemia. Because levels of uric acid greater than 10 mg/dl probably are nephropathic, many of these patients may be incurring subclinical uric acid nephropathy.", "PMID": 685909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6655", "title": "Pyloric atresia.", "content": "A case of pyloric atresia was treated successfully with side-to-side gastroduodenostomy. The mortality in treated cases is high, due to delay in diagnosis and inadequate relief of the obstruction. Side-to-side gastroduodenostomy or excision of the atresia with pyloroplasty offer the greatest opportunity for a successful outcome, as indicated by a review of the world literature.", "contents": "Pyloric atresia. A case of pyloric atresia was treated successfully with side-to-side gastroduodenostomy. The mortality in treated cases is high, due to delay in diagnosis and inadequate relief of the obstruction. Side-to-side gastroduodenostomy or excision of the atresia with pyloroplasty offer the greatest opportunity for a successful outcome, as indicated by a review of the world literature.", "PMID": 685910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6656", "title": "Intraspinal enterogenous cysts. A case report and review of pediatric cases in the literature.", "content": "A patient with an intraspinal enterogenous cyst is described. A review of the English literature disclosed 26 previous pediatric cases reported. These cases were studied in regard to clinical presentation, laboratory findings, histology of the lesion, and neurological follow-up. Although rare, enterogenous cysts should be considered where there is evidence of spinal cord compression.", "contents": "Intraspinal enterogenous cysts. A case report and review of pediatric cases in the literature. A patient with an intraspinal enterogenous cyst is described. A review of the English literature disclosed 26 previous pediatric cases reported. These cases were studied in regard to clinical presentation, laboratory findings, histology of the lesion, and neurological follow-up. Although rare, enterogenous cysts should be considered where there is evidence of spinal cord compression.", "PMID": 685911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6657", "title": "Cholangiographic abnormalities in ulcerative colitis associated pericholangitis which resemble sclerosing cholangitis.", "content": "Cholangiographic abnormalities in asymptomatic patients with pericholangitis and long-standing ulcerative colitis, which resemble sclerosing cholangitis, have not been previously reported. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) performed in one such patient suggesting intrahepatic sclerosing cholangitis stimulated the study of seven additional patients with largely asymptomatic pericholangitis. In seven of these eight patients, ERC demonstrated abnormalities which resembled sclerosing cholangitis. These consisted of beading and strictures mainly of the intrahepatic biliary tree (IHB). In two of the eight, the common bile duct was involved. In one, this was associated with histologic progression to cirrhosis and frank cholangitic episodes even though the initial clinical presentation and hepatic histology 2 1/2 years earlier suggested only pericholangitis. We therefore conclude that bile duct abnormalities resembling sclerosing cholangitis may be demonstrated cholangiographically in patients with ulcerative colitis who present with the typical picture of pericholangitis.", "contents": "Cholangiographic abnormalities in ulcerative colitis associated pericholangitis which resemble sclerosing cholangitis. Cholangiographic abnormalities in asymptomatic patients with pericholangitis and long-standing ulcerative colitis, which resemble sclerosing cholangitis, have not been previously reported. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) performed in one such patient suggesting intrahepatic sclerosing cholangitis stimulated the study of seven additional patients with largely asymptomatic pericholangitis. In seven of these eight patients, ERC demonstrated abnormalities which resembled sclerosing cholangitis. These consisted of beading and strictures mainly of the intrahepatic biliary tree (IHB). In two of the eight, the common bile duct was involved. In one, this was associated with histologic progression to cirrhosis and frank cholangitic episodes even though the initial clinical presentation and hepatic histology 2 1/2 years earlier suggested only pericholangitis. We therefore conclude that bile duct abnormalities resembling sclerosing cholangitis may be demonstrated cholangiographically in patients with ulcerative colitis who present with the typical picture of pericholangitis.", "PMID": 685922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6658", "title": "The normal cholangiogram.", "content": "This paper describes the measurements of the normal cholangiogram as demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Two groups of patients were studied. There were 49 patients who had normal livers and no evidence of biliary tract disease. In addition, there were 25 patients with known liver disease and an apparent normal extra-hepatic biliary tract. The extrahepatic bile duct was measured in three regions: (1) the common hepatic duct (above the cystic duct and below the bifurcation); (2) the prepancreatic portion (below the cystic duct and above the pancreas); and (3) the interpancreatic portion (bile duct within the pancreas). These measurements ranged from 2.1 to 9.2 mm. Although the common bile ducts were generally quite uniform in caliber, there were instances where each portion was the largest diameter in an individual case. There was slight increase in bile-duct caliber with age. This study showed somewhat smaller measurements than previously reported and may relate to case selection in this or previous studies.", "contents": "The normal cholangiogram. This paper describes the measurements of the normal cholangiogram as demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Two groups of patients were studied. There were 49 patients who had normal livers and no evidence of biliary tract disease. In addition, there were 25 patients with known liver disease and an apparent normal extra-hepatic biliary tract. The extrahepatic bile duct was measured in three regions: (1) the common hepatic duct (above the cystic duct and below the bifurcation); (2) the prepancreatic portion (below the cystic duct and above the pancreas); and (3) the interpancreatic portion (bile duct within the pancreas). These measurements ranged from 2.1 to 9.2 mm. Although the common bile ducts were generally quite uniform in caliber, there were instances where each portion was the largest diameter in an individual case. There was slight increase in bile-duct caliber with age. This study showed somewhat smaller measurements than previously reported and may relate to case selection in this or previous studies.", "PMID": 685923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6659", "title": "Plasma amino acids imbalance in patients with liver disease.", "content": "The venous plasma amino acid patterns have been determined in 12 normal individuals and in 71 shunted and nonshunted cirrhotics in various grades of hepatic encephalopathy. The free amino acids have been determined by an amino autoanalyzer; the total and free tryptophan have been measured by a spectrophotofluorimetric method. In 14 instances, arterial plasma amino acid patterns have been measured simultaneously. High levels of aromatic and sulfurated amino acids and low levels of branched-chain amino acids have been constantly found in all cirrhotics. Methionine, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, and free tryptophan showed a statistical difference between controls and all other groups. These altered patterns did not correlate either with the grade or the evolution of the coma or with the presence of the surgical anastomosis. No statistical differences were found between arterial and venous values. The only amino acid which statistically correlated with the grade and evolution of the hepatic encephalopathy was free tryptophan. The molar ratios between the amino acids sharing the same transport system across the blood-brain-barrier have been considered. A very good correlation with the grade of the mental disorder was found with the ratios free tryptophan/phenylalanine-tyrosine-methionine-valine-leucine-isoleucine and free tryptophan/branched-chain amino acids.", "contents": "Plasma amino acids imbalance in patients with liver disease. The venous plasma amino acid patterns have been determined in 12 normal individuals and in 71 shunted and nonshunted cirrhotics in various grades of hepatic encephalopathy. The free amino acids have been determined by an amino autoanalyzer; the total and free tryptophan have been measured by a spectrophotofluorimetric method. In 14 instances, arterial plasma amino acid patterns have been measured simultaneously. High levels of aromatic and sulfurated amino acids and low levels of branched-chain amino acids have been constantly found in all cirrhotics. Methionine, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, and free tryptophan showed a statistical difference between controls and all other groups. These altered patterns did not correlate either with the grade or the evolution of the coma or with the presence of the surgical anastomosis. No statistical differences were found between arterial and venous values. The only amino acid which statistically correlated with the grade and evolution of the hepatic encephalopathy was free tryptophan. The molar ratios between the amino acids sharing the same transport system across the blood-brain-barrier have been considered. A very good correlation with the grade of the mental disorder was found with the ratios free tryptophan/phenylalanine-tyrosine-methionine-valine-leucine-isoleucine and free tryptophan/branched-chain amino acids.", "PMID": 685924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6660", "title": "Associated liver disease in alcoholic pancreatitis.", "content": "Two studies investigating the association of liver disease with acute and chronic pancreatitis in alcoholics are presented. In a retrospective study of 50 patients, no clinical liver disease was found in 9 patients with acute pancreatitis, while 23 (56%) of 41 patients with chronic pancreatitis had liver disease by clinical criteria. Of this latter group, 8 were confirmed histologically; thus 19% of patients with chronic pancreatitis had biopsy-proven cirrhosis. Fifty alcoholic patients with pancreatitis were prospectively evaluated. All who had clinical evidence of liver disease were biopsied. No cases of liver disease were encountered in the 4 patients with acute pancreatitis. Although 28 (60%) cases of clinically diagnosed liver disease were present in 46 patients with chronic pancreatitis, only 20 of these seemed significant (cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, severe fatty liver), for an incidence of 43%. Thus, clinically significant alcoholic liver disease occurs quite frequently in association with alcoholic pancreatitis. This association is meaningful in more effective management of these patients in general and in preoperative assessment of the risk of surgery in particular.", "contents": "Associated liver disease in alcoholic pancreatitis. Two studies investigating the association of liver disease with acute and chronic pancreatitis in alcoholics are presented. In a retrospective study of 50 patients, no clinical liver disease was found in 9 patients with acute pancreatitis, while 23 (56%) of 41 patients with chronic pancreatitis had liver disease by clinical criteria. Of this latter group, 8 were confirmed histologically; thus 19% of patients with chronic pancreatitis had biopsy-proven cirrhosis. Fifty alcoholic patients with pancreatitis were prospectively evaluated. All who had clinical evidence of liver disease were biopsied. No cases of liver disease were encountered in the 4 patients with acute pancreatitis. Although 28 (60%) cases of clinically diagnosed liver disease were present in 46 patients with chronic pancreatitis, only 20 of these seemed significant (cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, severe fatty liver), for an incidence of 43%. Thus, clinically significant alcoholic liver disease occurs quite frequently in association with alcoholic pancreatitis. This association is meaningful in more effective management of these patients in general and in preoperative assessment of the risk of surgery in particular.", "PMID": 685926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6661", "title": "Pancreatic retention cyst secondary to chronic pancreatitis. A cause of hemobilia.", "content": "We describe a 47-year-old male with chronic calcific pancreatitis who had a four-year history of occult gastrointestinal bleeding with three prior hospitalizations. At endoscopy on the fourth admission, hemobilia was identified. Arteriography showed a 3-cm-diameter dye blush in the head of the pancreas. A retention cyst had eroded into an adjacent artery, causing bleeding. A stone at the ampulla of Vater apparently served as a ball valve to prevent massive hemorrhage. We discuss the pathogenesis of hemobilia in chronic pancreatitis and suggested therapy.", "contents": "Pancreatic retention cyst secondary to chronic pancreatitis. A cause of hemobilia. We describe a 47-year-old male with chronic calcific pancreatitis who had a four-year history of occult gastrointestinal bleeding with three prior hospitalizations. At endoscopy on the fourth admission, hemobilia was identified. Arteriography showed a 3-cm-diameter dye blush in the head of the pancreas. A retention cyst had eroded into an adjacent artery, causing bleeding. A stone at the ampulla of Vater apparently served as a ball valve to prevent massive hemorrhage. We discuss the pathogenesis of hemobilia in chronic pancreatitis and suggested therapy.", "PMID": 685931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6662", "title": "Colonic motility in domestic turkeys.", "content": "This study was performed to determine (1) if electrical slow waves could be recorded from the colon of turkeys, and (2) how ingesta moves into and through the colon despite colonic antiperistalsis. Electrical activity and contractile forces were monitored via implanted bipolar electrodes and strain gage transducers (SGT), respectively. Two types of slow waves, small (sSW) and large (lSW) were recorded simultaneously. The former were correlated with antiperistaltic contractions observed radiographically and with small contractions recorded with SGT, the latter were correlated with large contractions recorded via SGT. The sSW had higher frequencies distally than proximally while the frequency gradient for the lSW was just the opposite. The sSWs were believed to be involved in regulation of antiperistalsis while the lSW were believed to be involved in regulation of the large contractions which, on the basis of the lSW frequency gradient, appeared to be peristaltic and to be primarily responsible for aborad movement of colonic digesta. The small contractions were believed to be responsible for reflux of urine from the cloaca into the colon and ceca and for cecal filling.", "contents": "Colonic motility in domestic turkeys. This study was performed to determine (1) if electrical slow waves could be recorded from the colon of turkeys, and (2) how ingesta moves into and through the colon despite colonic antiperistalsis. Electrical activity and contractile forces were monitored via implanted bipolar electrodes and strain gage transducers (SGT), respectively. Two types of slow waves, small (sSW) and large (lSW) were recorded simultaneously. The former were correlated with antiperistaltic contractions observed radiographically and with small contractions recorded with SGT, the latter were correlated with large contractions recorded via SGT. The sSW had higher frequencies distally than proximally while the frequency gradient for the lSW was just the opposite. The sSWs were believed to be involved in regulation of antiperistalsis while the lSW were believed to be involved in regulation of the large contractions which, on the basis of the lSW frequency gradient, appeared to be peristaltic and to be primarily responsible for aborad movement of colonic digesta. The small contractions were believed to be responsible for reflux of urine from the cloaca into the colon and ceca and for cecal filling.", "PMID": 685934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6663", "title": "Postoperative intestinal motility in dogs and sheep.", "content": "Electrical activity of the small intestine was recorded from chronically implanted electrodes in dogs and sheep. The effects of laparotomy and surgical procedures were identified under general anesthesia. Laparotomy induced in both species a complete inhibition of electrical spiking activity during the stage of muscular and peritoneal incision. The inhibitory period due to laparotomy was shorter in dogs than in sheep and in both species less marked at the duodenal level. A secondary period of inhibition (ileus) lasting from 6 hr for a resection of the colon to 24 hr for a transection of the small bowel was observed in dogs after a transient phase of normal activity during 3-6 hr. The period of inhibition due to abdominal surgery lasted from 48 to 72 hr and occurred at the time of surgery in sheep. In both species, inhibition due to laparotomy and surgical procedures was prevented by splanchnicectomy. The results showed that myoelectric activity of the different parts of the small intestine is specifically inhibited and/or disorganized through peripheral reflex pathways. They are activated at different degrees by laparotomy and abdominal surgery.", "contents": "Postoperative intestinal motility in dogs and sheep. Electrical activity of the small intestine was recorded from chronically implanted electrodes in dogs and sheep. The effects of laparotomy and surgical procedures were identified under general anesthesia. Laparotomy induced in both species a complete inhibition of electrical spiking activity during the stage of muscular and peritoneal incision. The inhibitory period due to laparotomy was shorter in dogs than in sheep and in both species less marked at the duodenal level. A secondary period of inhibition (ileus) lasting from 6 hr for a resection of the colon to 24 hr for a transection of the small bowel was observed in dogs after a transient phase of normal activity during 3-6 hr. The period of inhibition due to abdominal surgery lasted from 48 to 72 hr and occurred at the time of surgery in sheep. In both species, inhibition due to laparotomy and surgical procedures was prevented by splanchnicectomy. The results showed that myoelectric activity of the different parts of the small intestine is specifically inhibited and/or disorganized through peripheral reflex pathways. They are activated at different degrees by laparotomy and abdominal surgery.", "PMID": 685935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6664", "title": "Effects of anesthesia and surgical procedures on intestinal myoelectric activity in rats.", "content": "Electrical spiking activity of the duodenum and jejunum was recorded from chronically implanted electrodes in rats during volatile or barbiturate anesthesia and following laparotomy. The normal pattern of electrical spiking activity in the fasted rat, with myoelectric complexes at 15-min intervals, was transiently replaced by quiescence during ethyl ether anesthesia. A slight increase in irregular spiking activity occurred after induction with pentobarbital, and the only effect of thiopental anesthesia was a reduction in the velocity of propagation of the complexes by 20%. Under barbiturate anesthesia, incision of the skin did not inhibit myoelectric activity, but incision of each abdominal muscle layer had an immediate and transient inhibitory effect; the deeper the layer, the longer was the inhibition. Peritoneal incision consistently produced inhibition of spiking activity which was prolonged by exposure of the bowel to air and intestine handling. The inhibitory effects produced by surgery persisted after vagotomy or transection of the spinal cord at the thoracic level but disappeared after splanchnicectomy. The above results suggest that a somatovegetative reflex with efferent pathways in the splanchnic nerves is involved in the first stage of operative inhibition of intestinal myoelectric complexes.", "contents": "Effects of anesthesia and surgical procedures on intestinal myoelectric activity in rats. Electrical spiking activity of the duodenum and jejunum was recorded from chronically implanted electrodes in rats during volatile or barbiturate anesthesia and following laparotomy. The normal pattern of electrical spiking activity in the fasted rat, with myoelectric complexes at 15-min intervals, was transiently replaced by quiescence during ethyl ether anesthesia. A slight increase in irregular spiking activity occurred after induction with pentobarbital, and the only effect of thiopental anesthesia was a reduction in the velocity of propagation of the complexes by 20%. Under barbiturate anesthesia, incision of the skin did not inhibit myoelectric activity, but incision of each abdominal muscle layer had an immediate and transient inhibitory effect; the deeper the layer, the longer was the inhibition. Peritoneal incision consistently produced inhibition of spiking activity which was prolonged by exposure of the bowel to air and intestine handling. The inhibitory effects produced by surgery persisted after vagotomy or transection of the spinal cord at the thoracic level but disappeared after splanchnicectomy. The above results suggest that a somatovegetative reflex with efferent pathways in the splanchnic nerves is involved in the first stage of operative inhibition of intestinal myoelectric complexes.", "PMID": 685936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6665", "title": "Potent reduction of basal acid output produced by meperidine.", "content": "Meperidine is a potent narcotic related chemically and pharmacologically to morphine and atropine. To examine its gastric antisecretory activity a study designed to test the effect of meperidine on basal acid secretion was carried out: 100 mg of meperidine given intramuscularly reduced basal acid output (BAO) by 66.3% at 1 hr (P less than 0.001), 64.9% at 2 hr (P less than 0.001), and 44.9% at 3 hr (P = 0.005). This degree of reduction of BAO by this dose of meperidine did not differ from that produced by 30 mg of propantheline intramuscularly. These results demonstrate that meperidine in standard classical doses is a potent inhibitor of BAO in man.", "contents": "Potent reduction of basal acid output produced by meperidine. Meperidine is a potent narcotic related chemically and pharmacologically to morphine and atropine. To examine its gastric antisecretory activity a study designed to test the effect of meperidine on basal acid secretion was carried out: 100 mg of meperidine given intramuscularly reduced basal acid output (BAO) by 66.3% at 1 hr (P less than 0.001), 64.9% at 2 hr (P less than 0.001), and 44.9% at 3 hr (P = 0.005). This degree of reduction of BAO by this dose of meperidine did not differ from that produced by 30 mg of propantheline intramuscularly. These results demonstrate that meperidine in standard classical doses is a potent inhibitor of BAO in man.", "PMID": 685937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6666", "title": "Bile lipid composition and bile acid pool size in diabetes.", "content": "Since the prevalence of gallstones is higher in diabetics than in controls and since cholelithiasis is often associated with supersaturated bile, we measured bile lipid composition and bile acid pool size in 8 patients with juvenile diabetes, 16 with maturity-onset diabetes, and 10 control subjects. Bile lipid composition was expressed as \"saturation index.\" In the maturity-onset diabetics the saturation index (1.60 +/- 0.45 SDM) was significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than that in the controls (0.82 +/- 0.20) and in patients with juvenile diabetes (0.75 +/- 0.24). The absolute values for biliary bile acid concentration were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the maturity-onset diabetics than in the other two groups. There were no differences in either the proportion of the individual biliary bile acids or the size of the bile acid pool between the three groups. The results suggest that the incidence of cholelithiasis in diabetes is associated with the secretion of a supersaturated bile only in the maturity-onset subgroup.", "contents": "Bile lipid composition and bile acid pool size in diabetes. Since the prevalence of gallstones is higher in diabetics than in controls and since cholelithiasis is often associated with supersaturated bile, we measured bile lipid composition and bile acid pool size in 8 patients with juvenile diabetes, 16 with maturity-onset diabetes, and 10 control subjects. Bile lipid composition was expressed as \"saturation index.\" In the maturity-onset diabetics the saturation index (1.60 +/- 0.45 SDM) was significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than that in the controls (0.82 +/- 0.20) and in patients with juvenile diabetes (0.75 +/- 0.24). The absolute values for biliary bile acid concentration were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the maturity-onset diabetics than in the other two groups. There were no differences in either the proportion of the individual biliary bile acids or the size of the bile acid pool between the three groups. The results suggest that the incidence of cholelithiasis in diabetes is associated with the secretion of a supersaturated bile only in the maturity-onset subgroup.", "PMID": 685938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6667", "title": "Gastric bezoars. A technique of endoscopic removal.", "content": "Gastric bezoar formation is an uncommon sequela of gastroduodenal surgery or unusual eating habits. Because they generally produce severe symptoms, their removal is always necessary. Previously, this required surgical extirpation or slow enzymatic dissolution. We present here an endoscopic procedure for bezoar removal utilized successfully in five patients with vegetable-mucus bezoars. This technique employs a jet spray of water under direct vision to mechanically disrupt the bezoar, which may then be removed using a large gastric lavage tube. This procedure is simple, safe, and rapid and is therefore recommended as an alternative to surgical removal or enzymatic dissolution of gastric bezoars.", "contents": "Gastric bezoars. A technique of endoscopic removal. Gastric bezoar formation is an uncommon sequela of gastroduodenal surgery or unusual eating habits. Because they generally produce severe symptoms, their removal is always necessary. Previously, this required surgical extirpation or slow enzymatic dissolution. We present here an endoscopic procedure for bezoar removal utilized successfully in five patients with vegetable-mucus bezoars. This technique employs a jet spray of water under direct vision to mechanically disrupt the bezoar, which may then be removed using a large gastric lavage tube. This procedure is simple, safe, and rapid and is therefore recommended as an alternative to surgical removal or enzymatic dissolution of gastric bezoars.", "PMID": 685939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6668", "title": "Validation of the use of a tube with a proximal occlusive balloon for measurement of intestinal absorption in man.", "content": "Because of its simplicity, a tube with a proximal occlusive balloon is widely used to measure segmental intestinal absorption in man. Yet, the possibility that the presence of an inflated balloon might alter the absorptive capacity of the underlying segment of intestine has never been tested. In the present work the jejunal absorption of water and ions has been measured in 13 healthy subjects with the proximally occlusive tube and with the triple lumen nonocclusive method; precautions were taken to achieve similar flow rate and ionic composition of the fluid entering the test segment with both techniques in each subject. Under these conditions net water and ion movements measured by the two methods were identical. This finding validates the use of the proximal occlusive tube to measure intestinal absorption in man.", "contents": "Validation of the use of a tube with a proximal occlusive balloon for measurement of intestinal absorption in man. Because of its simplicity, a tube with a proximal occlusive balloon is widely used to measure segmental intestinal absorption in man. Yet, the possibility that the presence of an inflated balloon might alter the absorptive capacity of the underlying segment of intestine has never been tested. In the present work the jejunal absorption of water and ions has been measured in 13 healthy subjects with the proximally occlusive tube and with the triple lumen nonocclusive method; precautions were taken to achieve similar flow rate and ionic composition of the fluid entering the test segment with both techniques in each subject. Under these conditions net water and ion movements measured by the two methods were identical. This finding validates the use of the proximal occlusive tube to measure intestinal absorption in man.", "PMID": 685940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6669", "title": "A comparison between intragastric titration and aspiration technique under basal conditions and after food or pentagastrin stimulation.", "content": "A total of 16 healthy subjects had gastric secretory studies where acid was either measured by the conventional aspiration technique (AT) or by intragastric titration at a pH of 5.0 (IT). In a first study food- and pentagastrin-stimulated PAO levels, both measured by IT, were within similar ranges. However, as compared to the respective AT data of the same subjects, the mean IT results were 35% higher, although both values were well correlated. In a second study a similar difference was observed between IT and AT data throughout the whole range of the pentagastrin dose-response curve. Both curves followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and had similar Km values, while Vmax values were significantly higher at IT. This constellation excludes an increase of the gastrin sensitivity of the parietal cells as a cause for the higher IT data. It is, however, in keeping with the hypothesis that the distension stimulus present at IT potentiates the pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion. It is likely that methodological problems such as overtitration of acid at IT and transpyloric loss of acid at AT additively contribute to the relatively large difference between AT and IT values. It is therefore not possible to fully interchange AT and IT data, despite their good correlation.", "contents": "A comparison between intragastric titration and aspiration technique under basal conditions and after food or pentagastrin stimulation. A total of 16 healthy subjects had gastric secretory studies where acid was either measured by the conventional aspiration technique (AT) or by intragastric titration at a pH of 5.0 (IT). In a first study food- and pentagastrin-stimulated PAO levels, both measured by IT, were within similar ranges. However, as compared to the respective AT data of the same subjects, the mean IT results were 35% higher, although both values were well correlated. In a second study a similar difference was observed between IT and AT data throughout the whole range of the pentagastrin dose-response curve. Both curves followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and had similar Km values, while Vmax values were significantly higher at IT. This constellation excludes an increase of the gastrin sensitivity of the parietal cells as a cause for the higher IT data. It is, however, in keeping with the hypothesis that the distension stimulus present at IT potentiates the pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion. It is likely that methodological problems such as overtitration of acid at IT and transpyloric loss of acid at AT additively contribute to the relatively large difference between AT and IT values. It is therefore not possible to fully interchange AT and IT data, despite their good correlation.", "PMID": 685941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6670", "title": "Colonic varices. A complication of pancreatitis with splenic vein thrombosis.", "content": "A patient with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding was found to have varices at the splenic flexure at colonoscopy. Angiography revealed complete occlusion of the splenic vein. Although the patient did not have cirrhosis, he did have a history of pancreatitis which presumably was responsible for the splenic vein thrombosis. This case represents a compartmentalized form of portal hypertension which requires careful endoscopic and radiographic studies for proper evaluation. Successful treatment was accomplished by splenectomy.", "contents": "Colonic varices. A complication of pancreatitis with splenic vein thrombosis. A patient with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding was found to have varices at the splenic flexure at colonoscopy. Angiography revealed complete occlusion of the splenic vein. Although the patient did not have cirrhosis, he did have a history of pancreatitis which presumably was responsible for the splenic vein thrombosis. This case represents a compartmentalized form of portal hypertension which requires careful endoscopic and radiographic studies for proper evaluation. Successful treatment was accomplished by splenectomy.", "PMID": 685944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6671", "title": "Methyldopa-induced pancreatitis.", "content": "An acute febrile illness associated with gastrointestinal upset developed in a patient within one week after starting treatment with methyldopa. The illness was characterized by prompt subsidence of symptoms when the patient withdrew therapy secondary to gastrointestinal upset, and recrudescence of symptoms when methyldopa therapy was reinitiated. This was associated with hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, hyperpyrexia, and epigastric pain, both on admission to the hospital and upon rechallenge with methyldopa. Although gastrointestinal upset has been reported as an untoward side effect of methyldopa, this is the first report to our knowledge of documented methyldopa-induced hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia secondary to pancreatitis.", "contents": "Methyldopa-induced pancreatitis. An acute febrile illness associated with gastrointestinal upset developed in a patient within one week after starting treatment with methyldopa. The illness was characterized by prompt subsidence of symptoms when the patient withdrew therapy secondary to gastrointestinal upset, and recrudescence of symptoms when methyldopa therapy was reinitiated. This was associated with hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, hyperpyrexia, and epigastric pain, both on admission to the hospital and upon rechallenge with methyldopa. Although gastrointestinal upset has been reported as an untoward side effect of methyldopa, this is the first report to our knowledge of documented methyldopa-induced hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia secondary to pancreatitis.", "PMID": 685945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6672", "title": "Pancreatic insufficiency and M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease. Report of a case with clinical response to pancreatic enzyme replacement.", "content": "A patient with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and hypoalbuminemic edema was shown also to have a protein-losing gastropathy secondary to giant hypertrophic gastritis (M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease). Despite continuation of excessive gastric protein loss, the manifestations of hypoproteinemia were reversed by oral pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. We speculate that impaired intraluminal proteolysis exaggerated the consequences of gastric protein loss.", "contents": "Pancreatic insufficiency and M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease. Report of a case with clinical response to pancreatic enzyme replacement. A patient with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and hypoalbuminemic edema was shown also to have a protein-losing gastropathy secondary to giant hypertrophic gastritis (M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease). Despite continuation of excessive gastric protein loss, the manifestations of hypoproteinemia were reversed by oral pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. We speculate that impaired intraluminal proteolysis exaggerated the consequences of gastric protein loss.", "PMID": 685946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6673", "title": "On the appearance, levels and regulation of pancreatic enzyme serum concentrations.", "content": "The evaluation of serum pancreatic enzyme activity on whole and diluted serum permits the estimation of serum enzyme inhibitor activity via a ADS/AWS ratio. This has diagnostic value in chronic pancreatic disease. The serum pancreatic ferment activity appears to be regulated in part by serum steroid levels. It is responsive to high protein diet. A physiologic rationale is presented for the use of steroids and high protein diet in the treatment of acute and chronic pancreatic inflammation.", "contents": "On the appearance, levels and regulation of pancreatic enzyme serum concentrations. The evaluation of serum pancreatic enzyme activity on whole and diluted serum permits the estimation of serum enzyme inhibitor activity via a ADS/AWS ratio. This has diagnostic value in chronic pancreatic disease. The serum pancreatic ferment activity appears to be regulated in part by serum steroid levels. It is responsive to high protein diet. A physiologic rationale is presented for the use of steroids and high protein diet in the treatment of acute and chronic pancreatic inflammation.", "PMID": 685950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6674", "title": "Metabolism of bile acids by strains of Acinetobacter anitratum and Acinetobacter lwoffii.", "content": "The activity of two species of bacteria: Acinetobacter anitratum and Acinetobacter lwoffii, isolated from jejunum of patients with achlorhydria and Reichel-Polya resection towards bile salts was investigated. These species were not previously tested from this view point. All strains tested hydrolyzed bile salts; conjugates of deoxycholic acid were hydrolyzed more readily than those of cholic acid. This feature may be used as a bacteriological taxonomic criterion.", "contents": "Metabolism of bile acids by strains of Acinetobacter anitratum and Acinetobacter lwoffii. The activity of two species of bacteria: Acinetobacter anitratum and Acinetobacter lwoffii, isolated from jejunum of patients with achlorhydria and Reichel-Polya resection towards bile salts was investigated. These species were not previously tested from this view point. All strains tested hydrolyzed bile salts; conjugates of deoxycholic acid were hydrolyzed more readily than those of cholic acid. This feature may be used as a bacteriological taxonomic criterion.", "PMID": 685951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6675", "title": "Vibriocidal antibody titer rise after rectal or anal administration of Vibrio cholerae in dogs.", "content": "In many developing countries and ablution with surface water is a daily habit. This water is heavily contaminated with microbes, raising the possibility that and contamination may lead to immune responses. This hypothesis was experimentally tested in 21 dogs by anal or rectal application of Vibrio cholerae suspension V. cholerae was recovered from rectal swab cultures for a mean of one day after rectal contamination and 2.5 days after anal application (P less than .02). Significant increases occurred in the geometric mean titer of serum vibriocidal antibody; this suggests the need for study of the possible role of anal ablution in maintaining serum vibriocidal antibody levels in endemic cholera areas.", "contents": "Vibriocidal antibody titer rise after rectal or anal administration of Vibrio cholerae in dogs. In many developing countries and ablution with surface water is a daily habit. This water is heavily contaminated with microbes, raising the possibility that and contamination may lead to immune responses. This hypothesis was experimentally tested in 21 dogs by anal or rectal application of Vibrio cholerae suspension V. cholerae was recovered from rectal swab cultures for a mean of one day after rectal contamination and 2.5 days after anal application (P less than .02). Significant increases occurred in the geometric mean titer of serum vibriocidal antibody; this suggests the need for study of the possible role of anal ablution in maintaining serum vibriocidal antibody levels in endemic cholera areas.", "PMID": 685952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6676", "title": "Barrett's esophagus. Clinical review of 26 cases.", "content": "Barrett's esophagus was diagnosed in 26 men in a five-year period by demonstrating esophageal specialized columnar epithelium in target biopsies obtained at endoscopy or in peroral suction biopsies of the esophageal mucosa. The clinical, radiologic and manometric features of these patients were reviewed retrospectively. Esophageal lesions associated with this epithelium included distal and midesophageal strictures and ulcers, alone or in combination, or simply esophagitis. One patient had an associated adenocarcinoma. Twenty of 26 (77%) had heartburn or regurgitation, 16 (62%) had easily elicited reflux of barium while supine and 16 of 17 tested had lower esophageal sphincter pressure in the incompetent range. Ninety-six percent had one or more of these parameters positive. This series demonstrates a wide spectrum of esophageal lesions in Barrett's esophagus, and supports the concept that this lesion occurs as a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux and erosive esophagitis. The case of adenocarcinoma in this series adds to the concern that the columnar lined lower esophagus may be a premalignant lesion.", "contents": "Barrett's esophagus. Clinical review of 26 cases. Barrett's esophagus was diagnosed in 26 men in a five-year period by demonstrating esophageal specialized columnar epithelium in target biopsies obtained at endoscopy or in peroral suction biopsies of the esophageal mucosa. The clinical, radiologic and manometric features of these patients were reviewed retrospectively. Esophageal lesions associated with this epithelium included distal and midesophageal strictures and ulcers, alone or in combination, or simply esophagitis. One patient had an associated adenocarcinoma. Twenty of 26 (77%) had heartburn or regurgitation, 16 (62%) had easily elicited reflux of barium while supine and 16 of 17 tested had lower esophageal sphincter pressure in the incompetent range. Ninety-six percent had one or more of these parameters positive. This series demonstrates a wide spectrum of esophageal lesions in Barrett's esophagus, and supports the concept that this lesion occurs as a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux and erosive esophagitis. The case of adenocarcinoma in this series adds to the concern that the columnar lined lower esophagus may be a premalignant lesion.", "PMID": 685953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6677", "title": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus. Report of an unoperated autopsy case and review of literature.", "content": "The esophageal tumor which occurred in a 53-year old female and was histologically similar to the salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma, showed local invasion at autopsy. No distant metastasis was noted. Our literature review showed invasive and metastatic nature of the tumor. Submucosal location of the tumor in our case supported the proposed origin of the neoplasm from the esophageal gland.", "contents": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus. Report of an unoperated autopsy case and review of literature. The esophageal tumor which occurred in a 53-year old female and was histologically similar to the salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma, showed local invasion at autopsy. No distant metastasis was noted. Our literature review showed invasive and metastatic nature of the tumor. Submucosal location of the tumor in our case supported the proposed origin of the neoplasm from the esophageal gland.", "PMID": 685954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6678", "title": "Improvement in esophageal abnormalities in a patient with scleroderma and features of polymyositis.", "content": "A patient with clinical features of both scleroderma and polymyositis, including esophageal dysfunction typical of scleroderma is described. Regression of her illness occurred along with manometric improvement in the esophageal dysfunction. Improvement in esophageal abnormalities in scleroderma has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Improvement in esophageal abnormalities in a patient with scleroderma and features of polymyositis. A patient with clinical features of both scleroderma and polymyositis, including esophageal dysfunction typical of scleroderma is described. Regression of her illness occurred along with manometric improvement in the esophageal dysfunction. Improvement in esophageal abnormalities in scleroderma has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 685955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6679", "title": "Systemic mercury intoxication following rupture of a Miller-Abbott tube.", "content": "Following rupture of a Miller-Abbott tube mercury bag a 39-year old woman, postoperative for resection of the right colon for diverticulosis and diverticulitis, developed signs and symptoms of systemic mercury intoxication. A small bowel fistula allowed the metallic mercury to aggregate in retroperitoneal tissues setting up an environment which was conductive to conversion of metallic mercury to divalent mercury, an absorbable product. Analysis of brain, kidney and urine following her demise showed markedly elevated mercury levels. To our knowledge this is the only reported case of such a complication. Clinicians should be wary of elemental mercury in the gastrointestinal tract in patients with suspected or proven enteric fistulas.", "contents": "Systemic mercury intoxication following rupture of a Miller-Abbott tube. Following rupture of a Miller-Abbott tube mercury bag a 39-year old woman, postoperative for resection of the right colon for diverticulosis and diverticulitis, developed signs and symptoms of systemic mercury intoxication. A small bowel fistula allowed the metallic mercury to aggregate in retroperitoneal tissues setting up an environment which was conductive to conversion of metallic mercury to divalent mercury, an absorbable product. Analysis of brain, kidney and urine following her demise showed markedly elevated mercury levels. To our knowledge this is the only reported case of such a complication. Clinicians should be wary of elemental mercury in the gastrointestinal tract in patients with suspected or proven enteric fistulas.", "PMID": 685956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6680", "title": "Retroperitoneal lymphangioma. A case report with review of the literature.", "content": "A case of retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma is reported. Added to the 42 cases of retroperitoneal lymphangioma found from the English literature, this brings up the total of cases reported to date to 43. A critical review of the clinical picture and management of this condition is presented on the basis of these reported cases.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal lymphangioma. A case report with review of the literature. A case of retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma is reported. Added to the 42 cases of retroperitoneal lymphangioma found from the English literature, this brings up the total of cases reported to date to 43. A critical review of the clinical picture and management of this condition is presented on the basis of these reported cases.", "PMID": 685957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6681", "title": "The effect of Imuran on pancreatic secretion. A preliminary report.", "content": "The acute administration of Imuran and hydrocortisone significantly decrease pancreatic flow and protein output in canines. This observed phenomenon may explain the gastrointestinal side reactions encountered in clinical usage of these potent immunosuppresants.", "contents": "The effect of Imuran on pancreatic secretion. A preliminary report. The acute administration of Imuran and hydrocortisone significantly decrease pancreatic flow and protein output in canines. This observed phenomenon may explain the gastrointestinal side reactions encountered in clinical usage of these potent immunosuppresants.", "PMID": 685958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6682", "title": "Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum with Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI), a disorder in which gas filled cysts develop within the bowel wall, has been associated with collagen vascular disease, usually progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). We have extended the spectrum of collagen vascular disease associated with PCI by this report of a patient with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) who developed PCI and recurrent spontaneous pneumoperitoneum (SP). Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are reviewed and the management of the asymptomatic patient with pneumoperitoneum, PCI and collagen vascular disease is discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum with Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI), a disorder in which gas filled cysts develop within the bowel wall, has been associated with collagen vascular disease, usually progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). We have extended the spectrum of collagen vascular disease associated with PCI by this report of a patient with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) who developed PCI and recurrent spontaneous pneumoperitoneum (SP). Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are reviewed and the management of the asymptomatic patient with pneumoperitoneum, PCI and collagen vascular disease is discussed.", "PMID": 685959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6683", "title": "The lower esophageal ring and esophageal reflux.", "content": "Although the lower esophageal ring is an important cause of dysphagia in adults, its pathogenesis is unknown. To better define the relationship between the lower esophageal ring and esophageal reflux, we analyzed, retrospectively, the records of 18 hospitalized patients with radiologically demonstrated rings (16 confirmed by endoscopy and/or surgery). In 16 of these patients, evidence of esophageal reflux including at least one of the following was present: overt esophagitis noted at endoscopy or surgery (14 cases), histologic evidence of esophagitis (3 cases), and/or symptoms of pyrosis or free reflux (13 cases). These findings suggest that 1. reflux is frequently associated with lower esophageal rings and may play a role in their pathogenesis; 2. the radiologic finding of a ring should serve as a clue to the possibility of esophageal reflux and 3. long-term control of dysphagia in these patients may depend upon control of the associated reflux as well as mechanical disruption of the ring.", "contents": "The lower esophageal ring and esophageal reflux. Although the lower esophageal ring is an important cause of dysphagia in adults, its pathogenesis is unknown. To better define the relationship between the lower esophageal ring and esophageal reflux, we analyzed, retrospectively, the records of 18 hospitalized patients with radiologically demonstrated rings (16 confirmed by endoscopy and/or surgery). In 16 of these patients, evidence of esophageal reflux including at least one of the following was present: overt esophagitis noted at endoscopy or surgery (14 cases), histologic evidence of esophagitis (3 cases), and/or symptoms of pyrosis or free reflux (13 cases). These findings suggest that 1. reflux is frequently associated with lower esophageal rings and may play a role in their pathogenesis; 2. the radiologic finding of a ring should serve as a clue to the possibility of esophageal reflux and 3. long-term control of dysphagia in these patients may depend upon control of the associated reflux as well as mechanical disruption of the ring.", "PMID": 685961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6684", "title": "Jejunal bile salts and microflora in patients with partial gastrectomy.", "content": "Bile acids and microflora were studied in the proximal jejunum in 31 patients with Billroth I or II gastrectomy. At least 10(5) bacteria/ml., most frequently aerobic or facultative aerobic organisms, were isolated in 25 patients. Deconjugation diminished considerably in only three of seven patients with bile salt deconjugation treated with clindamycin. The relationship between bacterial overgrowth, deconjugation, steatorrhea, cholesterolemia and the relationship between bile salt concentration after testmeal and steatorrhea, are discussed. Bacterial overgrowth and bile salt deconjugation are only minor causes of steatorrhea in this series.", "contents": "Jejunal bile salts and microflora in patients with partial gastrectomy. Bile acids and microflora were studied in the proximal jejunum in 31 patients with Billroth I or II gastrectomy. At least 10(5) bacteria/ml., most frequently aerobic or facultative aerobic organisms, were isolated in 25 patients. Deconjugation diminished considerably in only three of seven patients with bile salt deconjugation treated with clindamycin. The relationship between bacterial overgrowth, deconjugation, steatorrhea, cholesterolemia and the relationship between bile salt concentration after testmeal and steatorrhea, are discussed. Bacterial overgrowth and bile salt deconjugation are only minor causes of steatorrhea in this series.", "PMID": 685962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6685", "title": "An unusual case of portasystemic encephalopathy caused by splenic vein occlusion following gastrectomy.", "content": "A patient with recurrent episodes of consciousness disturbance following partial gastrectomy is presented. Angiographic examination revealed a great portasystemic shunt, which probably developed following the postoperative splenic vein thrombosis. This is suspected a rare cause of the condition. In chronic liver disease, recurrent encephalopathy which is caused by portasystemic shunt is well known as one of the most frequent complications. It is very uncommon in adults, however, when the liver is not concerned in the shunt formation. In the present paper the authors report an unusual case of recurrent consciousness confusion which is due to the great portasystemic shunt probably caused by postgastrectomy splenic vein thrombosis.", "contents": "An unusual case of portasystemic encephalopathy caused by splenic vein occlusion following gastrectomy. A patient with recurrent episodes of consciousness disturbance following partial gastrectomy is presented. Angiographic examination revealed a great portasystemic shunt, which probably developed following the postoperative splenic vein thrombosis. This is suspected a rare cause of the condition. In chronic liver disease, recurrent encephalopathy which is caused by portasystemic shunt is well known as one of the most frequent complications. It is very uncommon in adults, however, when the liver is not concerned in the shunt formation. In the present paper the authors report an unusual case of recurrent consciousness confusion which is due to the great portasystemic shunt probably caused by postgastrectomy splenic vein thrombosis.", "PMID": 685965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6686", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach is a rare, unusual lesion which tends to occur at a somewhat earlier age than adenocarcinoma. Grossly and radiologically the tumor is indistinguishable from adenocarcinoma and may involve any portion of the stomach. Although the pathogenesis of this lesion remains unclear, most authors favor the \"metaplastic theory\" for the development of the tumor. In this case it is felt that the tumor probably arose from gastric squamous mucosa present congenitally in the lesser curvature.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach. Squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach is a rare, unusual lesion which tends to occur at a somewhat earlier age than adenocarcinoma. Grossly and radiologically the tumor is indistinguishable from adenocarcinoma and may involve any portion of the stomach. Although the pathogenesis of this lesion remains unclear, most authors favor the \"metaplastic theory\" for the development of the tumor. In this case it is felt that the tumor probably arose from gastric squamous mucosa present congenitally in the lesser curvature.", "PMID": 685966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6687", "title": "Bronchial asthma associated with intestinal parasites.", "content": "Fifty patients with bronchial asthma and 50 normal controls were studied in Hacettepe University Medical Center. Forty per cent of the patients with bronchial asthma and 14% of the controls had ascarides in the stool examinations. The significant difference in these two groups indicates that intestinal parasites, should be looked for in the patients with bronchial asthma.", "contents": "Bronchial asthma associated with intestinal parasites. Fifty patients with bronchial asthma and 50 normal controls were studied in Hacettepe University Medical Center. Forty per cent of the patients with bronchial asthma and 14% of the controls had ascarides in the stool examinations. The significant difference in these two groups indicates that intestinal parasites, should be looked for in the patients with bronchial asthma.", "PMID": 685969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6688", "title": "Localized giant pseudopolyposis of the colon.", "content": "Localized giant pseudopolyposis is a rare complication in patients with inflammatory diseases of the colon which produces a huge intraluminal polypoid mass. Examples are described in a child with chronic ulcerative colitis in whom the lesion filled the rectum and in an adult with recurrent granulomatous ileocolitis in whom the mass was present in the transverse colon adjacent to a stenotic anastomosis. The clinical presentation, radiologic features and pathologic findings of this unusual sequela to inflammation are reviewed.", "contents": "Localized giant pseudopolyposis of the colon. Localized giant pseudopolyposis is a rare complication in patients with inflammatory diseases of the colon which produces a huge intraluminal polypoid mass. Examples are described in a child with chronic ulcerative colitis in whom the lesion filled the rectum and in an adult with recurrent granulomatous ileocolitis in whom the mass was present in the transverse colon adjacent to a stenotic anastomosis. The clinical presentation, radiologic features and pathologic findings of this unusual sequela to inflammation are reviewed.", "PMID": 685970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6689", "title": "Energy expenditure, cigarette smoking, and blood pressure level as related to death from specific diseases.", "content": "In a 22-year followup of 3686 San Francisco longshoremen, the roles of physical activity, cigarette smoking habit, and systolic blood pressure level were evaluated independently in relation to risk of death from a broad range of diseases. Smoking pattern and blood pressure status were established in 1951 and job activity was assessed annually during the followup period. Lower levels of energy expenditure predicted increased risk of fatal heart attack and perhaps of stroke. Heavy cigarette smoking predicted increased risk of death from heart attack, cancer, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, and pneumonia. Higher levels of systolic blood pressure were associated with death from all cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and cirrhosis. Tacit to these findings: sedentary living takes its toll largely through heart disease and stroke; the toxicity of cigarette smoking is associated with a broader range of diseases, including heart attack, cancer, and respiratory disease; and higher level of blood pressure related to an even broader range of cardiovascular disease than either of the other characteristics studied.", "contents": "Energy expenditure, cigarette smoking, and blood pressure level as related to death from specific diseases. In a 22-year followup of 3686 San Francisco longshoremen, the roles of physical activity, cigarette smoking habit, and systolic blood pressure level were evaluated independently in relation to risk of death from a broad range of diseases. Smoking pattern and blood pressure status were established in 1951 and job activity was assessed annually during the followup period. Lower levels of energy expenditure predicted increased risk of fatal heart attack and perhaps of stroke. Heavy cigarette smoking predicted increased risk of death from heart attack, cancer, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, and pneumonia. Higher levels of systolic blood pressure were associated with death from all cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and cirrhosis. Tacit to these findings: sedentary living takes its toll largely through heart disease and stroke; the toxicity of cigarette smoking is associated with a broader range of diseases, including heart attack, cancer, and respiratory disease; and higher level of blood pressure related to an even broader range of cardiovascular disease than either of the other characteristics studied.", "PMID": 685971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6690", "title": "A cluster of Hodgkin's disease in a small community: evidence for environmental factors.", "content": "A cluster of Hodgkin's disease (HD) cases occurred in a small rural town of 1250 people. Ten cases of HD and three cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were identified within or linked to this town since 1954. This town therefore had an average annual incidence and mortality for HD of 29.3 and 16.7 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. Most cases of HD demonstrated case-contact associations, and a distinct geographic distribution. The data suggested that there was an environmental agent responsible for the elevated rates of HD. One unique aspect of this cluster is that this town has only one industry, a large grain elevator. The cases closely surrounded this elevator. We postulate that residents of the town are subject to chronic immune stimulation from mitogenic substances in this environment. These agents may alter immunity in the residents of this community and predispose them to acquiring HD.", "contents": "A cluster of Hodgkin's disease in a small community: evidence for environmental factors. A cluster of Hodgkin's disease (HD) cases occurred in a small rural town of 1250 people. Ten cases of HD and three cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were identified within or linked to this town since 1954. This town therefore had an average annual incidence and mortality for HD of 29.3 and 16.7 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. Most cases of HD demonstrated case-contact associations, and a distinct geographic distribution. The data suggested that there was an environmental agent responsible for the elevated rates of HD. One unique aspect of this cluster is that this town has only one industry, a large grain elevator. The cases closely surrounded this elevator. We postulate that residents of the town are subject to chronic immune stimulation from mitogenic substances in this environment. These agents may alter immunity in the residents of this community and predispose them to acquiring HD.", "PMID": 685972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6691", "title": "The relation of social factors to physical and psychiatric illness.", "content": "A study in social factors associated with illness status was conducted in an Australian suburban community. Forty six per cent of adults reported a chronic physical condition and twenty four per cent were psychiatrically impaired. Life event stress, adverse childhood experience and poor social support were related to both physical psychiatric illness. Low occupation status was associated with poor physical health and a poor coping style was associated with psychiatric illness. Twenty per cent of the physical illness and thirty seven per cent of the psychiatric impairment could be attributed to the presence of social factors.", "contents": "The relation of social factors to physical and psychiatric illness. A study in social factors associated with illness status was conducted in an Australian suburban community. Forty six per cent of adults reported a chronic physical condition and twenty four per cent were psychiatrically impaired. Life event stress, adverse childhood experience and poor social support were related to both physical psychiatric illness. Low occupation status was associated with poor physical health and a poor coping style was associated with psychiatric illness. Twenty per cent of the physical illness and thirty seven per cent of the psychiatric impairment could be attributed to the presence of social factors.", "PMID": 685973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6692", "title": "An outbreak of histoplasmosis at an Arkansas courthouse with five cases of probable reinfection.", "content": "An outbreak of histoplasmosis occurred at a county courthouse in Arkansas in July, 1975. Fifty cases were identified by symptoms and positive complement fixation (CF) tests and 18 others by the clinical findings alone. Only three positive CF tests (greater than or equal to 1:8) were found in a control group of 55 unexposed persons of the same age. The attack rate for 84 courthouse employees was 52%. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated from the sputum of two cases, and from bird droppings which had been dumped from the roof of the courthouse two weeks before the epidemic's peak. Window air conditioners apparently helped to distribute infectious particles throughout the building. Nine exposed people had pulmonary calcifications and a negative tuberculin test that were taken as presumptive evidence of previous histoplasmosis. Five (55%) of these became ill. Exposed persons without pulmonary calcifications had an attack rate of 85%. The reinfected cases during convalescence had higher serum CF titers but not larger histoplasmin skin test diameters than the rest of the cases. A microdroplet aerosol of cooking oil was used to simulate air flow patterns during the exposure, and the results agreed with the hypothesized means of infection.", "contents": "An outbreak of histoplasmosis at an Arkansas courthouse with five cases of probable reinfection. An outbreak of histoplasmosis occurred at a county courthouse in Arkansas in July, 1975. Fifty cases were identified by symptoms and positive complement fixation (CF) tests and 18 others by the clinical findings alone. Only three positive CF tests (greater than or equal to 1:8) were found in a control group of 55 unexposed persons of the same age. The attack rate for 84 courthouse employees was 52%. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated from the sputum of two cases, and from bird droppings which had been dumped from the roof of the courthouse two weeks before the epidemic's peak. Window air conditioners apparently helped to distribute infectious particles throughout the building. Nine exposed people had pulmonary calcifications and a negative tuberculin test that were taken as presumptive evidence of previous histoplasmosis. Five (55%) of these became ill. Exposed persons without pulmonary calcifications had an attack rate of 85%. The reinfected cases during convalescence had higher serum CF titers but not larger histoplasmin skin test diameters than the rest of the cases. A microdroplet aerosol of cooking oil was used to simulate air flow patterns during the exposure, and the results agreed with the hypothesized means of infection.", "PMID": 685975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6693", "title": "Alternatives to Rothman's approach for assessing synergism (or antagonism) in cohort studies.", "content": "K.J. Rothman has explored in some detail the issue of assessing the potential presence of synergism (or antagonism) in data generated from either a cohort or a case-control study. Arguing that the \"natural\" scale for quantifying the joint effects of two or more factors acting in combination is the probability scale, he has proposed a procedure based on a ratio-type index for evaluating two-factor interaction in the presence of non-zero background effects. In this paper, the authors review the rationale underlying Rothman's approach for a cohort study. They then present what they maintain is a simpler and more appropriate test procedure (utilizing a linear contrast of the observed risks) for the additive approximation to his basic probabilistic model of \"no interaction.\" A likelihood ratio test based on his original model is also proposed, as well as a closed form approximation to it. Finally, the assessment of interaction in cohort studies involving exposure factors measured at more than two levels is addressed.", "contents": "Alternatives to Rothman's approach for assessing synergism (or antagonism) in cohort studies. K.J. Rothman has explored in some detail the issue of assessing the potential presence of synergism (or antagonism) in data generated from either a cohort or a case-control study. Arguing that the \"natural\" scale for quantifying the joint effects of two or more factors acting in combination is the probability scale, he has proposed a procedure based on a ratio-type index for evaluating two-factor interaction in the presence of non-zero background effects. In this paper, the authors review the rationale underlying Rothman's approach for a cohort study. They then present what they maintain is a simpler and more appropriate test procedure (utilizing a linear contrast of the observed risks) for the additive approximation to his basic probabilistic model of \"no interaction.\" A likelihood ratio test based on his original model is also proposed, as well as a closed form approximation to it. Finally, the assessment of interaction in cohort studies involving exposure factors measured at more than two levels is addressed.", "PMID": 685976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6694", "title": "Health care institution labor law: case law developments, 1974-78.", "content": "This Article examines the key National Labor Relations Board and federal court interpretations of the much-heralded 1974 Health Care Institution Amendments to the National Labor Relations Act. It analyzes NLRB decisions that have resulted in a proliferation of separate employee bargaining units at health care facilities, and that have applied the strike notice provisions of the NLRA to labor disputes involving building trade employees engaged in construction at operating health care facilities. In addition, the Article examines the Board's decision to decline jurisdiction over employee unions representing interns and residents, and summarizes both the special NLRB rules designed to apply to union solicitation of employees at health care facilities and the conflicting circuit court decisions that have modified the Board's specialized solicitation rules.", "contents": "Health care institution labor law: case law developments, 1974-78. This Article examines the key National Labor Relations Board and federal court interpretations of the much-heralded 1974 Health Care Institution Amendments to the National Labor Relations Act. It analyzes NLRB decisions that have resulted in a proliferation of separate employee bargaining units at health care facilities, and that have applied the strike notice provisions of the NLRA to labor disputes involving building trade employees engaged in construction at operating health care facilities. In addition, the Article examines the Board's decision to decline jurisdiction over employee unions representing interns and residents, and summarizes both the special NLRB rules designed to apply to union solicitation of employees at health care facilities and the conflicting circuit court decisions that have modified the Board's specialized solicitation rules.", "PMID": 685982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6695", "title": "Governmental regulation of health care: a response to some criticisms voiced by proponents of a \"free market\".", "content": "In this Comment, the Massachusetts Rate Setting Commissioner takes issue with the criticism of health care cost-containment regulation that was expressed by Professor Clark C. Havighurst in a recent edition of the Journal, and argues that instead of abandoning regulation in favor of various \"free market\" alternatives recommended by Professor Havighurst, the nation should find ways to make regulation work more effectively in the public interest. The author challenges Professor Havighurst on the ground that he fails to recognize (1) that the free market model is inadequate for evaluating regulatory activity and (2) that regulation is essentially a political process, and therefore regulatory objectives cannot and should not be defined in economic terms alone. What is needed, suggests Mr. Weiner, is acceptance of the need for, and validity of, regulation, and an examination of how regulation can best achieve its economic and political objectives. The key challenge for policy makers in the health care regulatory field, he asserts, is the clarification and implementation of appropriate relationships (1) between health care regulation and health care rationing; (2) between health care regulation and health care planning; and (3) between health care regulation and health care competition.", "contents": "Governmental regulation of health care: a response to some criticisms voiced by proponents of a \"free market\". In this Comment, the Massachusetts Rate Setting Commissioner takes issue with the criticism of health care cost-containment regulation that was expressed by Professor Clark C. Havighurst in a recent edition of the Journal, and argues that instead of abandoning regulation in favor of various \"free market\" alternatives recommended by Professor Havighurst, the nation should find ways to make regulation work more effectively in the public interest. The author challenges Professor Havighurst on the ground that he fails to recognize (1) that the free market model is inadequate for evaluating regulatory activity and (2) that regulation is essentially a political process, and therefore regulatory objectives cannot and should not be defined in economic terms alone. What is needed, suggests Mr. Weiner, is acceptance of the need for, and validity of, regulation, and an examination of how regulation can best achieve its economic and political objectives. The key challenge for policy makers in the health care regulatory field, he asserts, is the clarification and implementation of appropriate relationships (1) between health care regulation and health care rationing; (2) between health care regulation and health care planning; and (3) between health care regulation and health care competition.", "PMID": 685983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6696", "title": "Managing public health risks: the swine flu immunization program revisited.", "content": "In this Comment, the Massachusetts Commissioner of Public Health views the federal government's 1976-77 Swine Flu Immunization Program, which was sharply criticized by Dr. Cyril Wecht in a recent Article in this journal, as a classic example of a public policy decision made under conditions of stress and uncertainty. Once the responsible government officials had made a public commitment to immunize the entire populace of the United States, he contends, they found it very difficult to reformulate the program in response to changing information concerning its relative costs and benefits. Dr Fielding offers suggestions for avoiding in the future some of the problems that surrounded the Swine Flu Program and for preventing further erosion of public confidence in essential preventive medicine programs.", "contents": "Managing public health risks: the swine flu immunization program revisited. In this Comment, the Massachusetts Commissioner of Public Health views the federal government's 1976-77 Swine Flu Immunization Program, which was sharply criticized by Dr. Cyril Wecht in a recent Article in this journal, as a classic example of a public policy decision made under conditions of stress and uncertainty. Once the responsible government officials had made a public commitment to immunize the entire populace of the United States, he contends, they found it very difficult to reformulate the program in response to changing information concerning its relative costs and benefits. Dr Fielding offers suggestions for avoiding in the future some of the problems that surrounded the Swine Flu Program and for preventing further erosion of public confidence in essential preventive medicine programs.", "PMID": 685984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6697", "title": "Federal preclusion of state certificate-of-need exemptions for research and education expenditures.", "content": "The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 requires each state to enact a certificate-of-need program in compliance with federal standards in order to remain eligible for continued receipt of federal funds for health resource development after 1980. This Note contends that the Act and related HEW regulations preclude states from exempting health care facilities' research expenditures and education expenditures from the scope of the states' certificate-of-need programs. The Note recommends that, as an alternative to such state exemptions, each state develop a streamlined certificate-of-need procedure that fulfills federal requirements while efficiently meeting the special needs of research and education projects.", "contents": "Federal preclusion of state certificate-of-need exemptions for research and education expenditures. The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 requires each state to enact a certificate-of-need program in compliance with federal standards in order to remain eligible for continued receipt of federal funds for health resource development after 1980. This Note contends that the Act and related HEW regulations preclude states from exempting health care facilities' research expenditures and education expenditures from the scope of the states' certificate-of-need programs. The Note recommends that, as an alternative to such state exemptions, each state develop a streamlined certificate-of-need procedure that fulfills federal requirements while efficiently meeting the special needs of research and education projects.", "PMID": 685985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6698", "title": "Hemodynamic responsiveness to short- and long-acting vasodilators in left ventricular failure.", "content": "Vasodilators acutely reduce afterload and improve hemodynamics in congestive heart failure. Intravenous nitroprusside reduces left ventricular filling pressure and increases cardiac output while modestly reducing blood pressure and not changing heart rate in patients with heart failure in whom this response is characteristic. Comparably reduced blood pressure during nitroprusside infusion in normal subjects or hypertensive patients without failure results in a decrease in cardiac output and tachycardia. Long-acting vasodilators are also effective in patients with congestive heart failure. Nitrates, predominant venodilators, decrease left ventricular filling pressure as much as nitroprusside does, but increase cardiac output less. Hydralazine, an arterial dilator, increases cardiac output similarly to nitroprusside but decreases filling pressure less. Combining hydralazine with nitrates results in hemodynamic effects almost identical to those of nitroprusside. The quinazoline derivatives, trimazosin and prazosin, are also effective vasodilators, which act on both arteries and veins in patients with congestive heart failure. The hemodynamic response to vasodilators is influenced by the underlying hemodynamic status, as the change in cardiac output is directly related to base line ventricular filling pressure as well as systemic vascular resistance, and inversely related to the base line cardiac output. Response to vasodilators does not appear to be altered by age, diabetes, acute myocardial infarction or the cause of congestive myocardiopathy.", "contents": "Hemodynamic responsiveness to short- and long-acting vasodilators in left ventricular failure. Vasodilators acutely reduce afterload and improve hemodynamics in congestive heart failure. Intravenous nitroprusside reduces left ventricular filling pressure and increases cardiac output while modestly reducing blood pressure and not changing heart rate in patients with heart failure in whom this response is characteristic. Comparably reduced blood pressure during nitroprusside infusion in normal subjects or hypertensive patients without failure results in a decrease in cardiac output and tachycardia. Long-acting vasodilators are also effective in patients with congestive heart failure. Nitrates, predominant venodilators, decrease left ventricular filling pressure as much as nitroprusside does, but increase cardiac output less. Hydralazine, an arterial dilator, increases cardiac output similarly to nitroprusside but decreases filling pressure less. Combining hydralazine with nitrates results in hemodynamic effects almost identical to those of nitroprusside. The quinazoline derivatives, trimazosin and prazosin, are also effective vasodilators, which act on both arteries and veins in patients with congestive heart failure. The hemodynamic response to vasodilators is influenced by the underlying hemodynamic status, as the change in cardiac output is directly related to base line ventricular filling pressure as well as systemic vascular resistance, and inversely related to the base line cardiac output. Response to vasodilators does not appear to be altered by age, diabetes, acute myocardial infarction or the cause of congestive myocardiopathy.", "PMID": 685986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6699", "title": "Hospital treatment of congestive heart failure. Management according to hemodynamic profile.", "content": "Selection of therapy for subjects with acute congestive dardiac failure usually involves a choice among a diuretic, a vasodilator and an inotropic agent. Three principal questions are involved in the decision: (1) Is cardiac out normal or depressed? (2) Is blood pressure normal or depressed? (3) is regional myocardial ischemia present? Diuretics are safe and easy to administer, but they do not increase cardiac output or relieve hypoperfusion. Inotropic agents increase cardiac output but differ widely in their effects on blood pressure: selection of specific agents is influenced by their blood pressure effect. All inotropic agents, however, potentially aggravate regional myocardial ischemia. In ischemic heart failure, therefore, vasodilators which also increase cardiac output, may be chosen. Vasodilator administration is in turn limited by the decrease in arterial pressure which accompanies increasing infusion rate. When these three questions are considered in combination, an effective therapeutic regimen can be identified. Thus, congestion without hypoperfusion requires a diuretic if blood pressure is normal; and a vasodilator when blood pressure is increased. In the presence of congestion with hypoperfusion, a vasodilator is employed if blood pressure is normal; and a positive inotropic drug when blood pressure is depressed.", "contents": "Hospital treatment of congestive heart failure. Management according to hemodynamic profile. Selection of therapy for subjects with acute congestive dardiac failure usually involves a choice among a diuretic, a vasodilator and an inotropic agent. Three principal questions are involved in the decision: (1) Is cardiac out normal or depressed? (2) Is blood pressure normal or depressed? (3) is regional myocardial ischemia present? Diuretics are safe and easy to administer, but they do not increase cardiac output or relieve hypoperfusion. Inotropic agents increase cardiac output but differ widely in their effects on blood pressure: selection of specific agents is influenced by their blood pressure effect. All inotropic agents, however, potentially aggravate regional myocardial ischemia. In ischemic heart failure, therefore, vasodilators which also increase cardiac output, may be chosen. Vasodilator administration is in turn limited by the decrease in arterial pressure which accompanies increasing infusion rate. When these three questions are considered in combination, an effective therapeutic regimen can be identified. Thus, congestion without hypoperfusion requires a diuretic if blood pressure is normal; and a vasodilator when blood pressure is increased. In the presence of congestion with hypoperfusion, a vasodilator is employed if blood pressure is normal; and a positive inotropic drug when blood pressure is depressed.", "PMID": 685990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6700", "title": "Selection of vasodilator, inotropic or combined therapy for the management of heart failure.", "content": "Vasodilator and inotropic drugs work through independent mechanisms in augmenting left ventricular pump function in patients with heart failure. The selection between these two classes of pharmacologic agents for an individual patient may be based on the control blood pressure as well as the underlying disease. Although vasodilator drugs are easiest and safest to employ in patients with normal or high arterial presure levels, even in relatively hypotensive subjects (systolic arterial pressure less than 105 mm Hg), a salutary hemodynamic effect can be achieved without an undue decrease in pressure. Inotropic drugs may be safest to administer to patients without coronary artery disease, but the oxygen-consuming effect of these drugs need not necessarily have an adverse effect on patients with ischemic heart disease. Combined vasodilator and inotropic drug therapy is the most potent pharmacologic means of restoring pump function in patients with severe heart failure. The long-term use of vasodilator and inotropic drugs in the treatment of heart failure is dependent on the availability of agents that will produce a sustained hemodynamic effect. Hydralazine, nitrates and prazosin have been employed alone or in combination and provide a promising approach to vasodilator treatment of heart failure. Better and more selective oral inotropic agents are needed to allow this therapeutic modality to be employed optimally.", "contents": "Selection of vasodilator, inotropic or combined therapy for the management of heart failure. Vasodilator and inotropic drugs work through independent mechanisms in augmenting left ventricular pump function in patients with heart failure. The selection between these two classes of pharmacologic agents for an individual patient may be based on the control blood pressure as well as the underlying disease. Although vasodilator drugs are easiest and safest to employ in patients with normal or high arterial presure levels, even in relatively hypotensive subjects (systolic arterial pressure less than 105 mm Hg), a salutary hemodynamic effect can be achieved without an undue decrease in pressure. Inotropic drugs may be safest to administer to patients without coronary artery disease, but the oxygen-consuming effect of these drugs need not necessarily have an adverse effect on patients with ischemic heart disease. Combined vasodilator and inotropic drug therapy is the most potent pharmacologic means of restoring pump function in patients with severe heart failure. The long-term use of vasodilator and inotropic drugs in the treatment of heart failure is dependent on the availability of agents that will produce a sustained hemodynamic effect. Hydralazine, nitrates and prazosin have been employed alone or in combination and provide a promising approach to vasodilator treatment of heart failure. Better and more selective oral inotropic agents are needed to allow this therapeutic modality to be employed optimally.", "PMID": 685992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6701", "title": "Mechanisms of beneficial effects of vasodilators and inotropic stimulation in the experimental failing ischemic heart.", "content": "Both vasodilator and inotropic agents improve cardiac function in ischemic heart failure. However, since vasodilators may reduce coronary perfusion pressure and inotropic interventions may increase myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), both may increase myocardial ischemia. Accordingly, we determined myocardial blood flow and MVO2 in a canine model of failure induced by propranolol and volume load combined with acute coronary ligation. Both nitroprusside and digitalis reduced ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP) and increased myocardial blood flow in the ischemic subendocardium. Decreased systolic wall tension also caused a significant reduction MVO2. The benefit of nitroprusside in failing hearts was obtained even with the addition of critical obstruction of the main left coronary artery (LCA). The role of preload reduction is emphasized by the contrasting results with nitroprusside in hearts with low LVDP: (1) decreased myocardial blood flow in ischemic subendocardium, and (2) left ventricular decompensation in animals with critical LCA obstruction. Thus, reduction of LVDP, which decreases subendocardial ischemia, is essential for the beneficial effects of vasodilators and inotropic interventions in ischemic heart failure. Decreased MVO2 caused by reduced heart size may also have a salutary role.", "contents": "Mechanisms of beneficial effects of vasodilators and inotropic stimulation in the experimental failing ischemic heart. Both vasodilator and inotropic agents improve cardiac function in ischemic heart failure. However, since vasodilators may reduce coronary perfusion pressure and inotropic interventions may increase myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), both may increase myocardial ischemia. Accordingly, we determined myocardial blood flow and MVO2 in a canine model of failure induced by propranolol and volume load combined with acute coronary ligation. Both nitroprusside and digitalis reduced ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP) and increased myocardial blood flow in the ischemic subendocardium. Decreased systolic wall tension also caused a significant reduction MVO2. The benefit of nitroprusside in failing hearts was obtained even with the addition of critical obstruction of the main left coronary artery (LCA). The role of preload reduction is emphasized by the contrasting results with nitroprusside in hearts with low LVDP: (1) decreased myocardial blood flow in ischemic subendocardium, and (2) left ventricular decompensation in animals with critical LCA obstruction. Thus, reduction of LVDP, which decreases subendocardial ischemia, is essential for the beneficial effects of vasodilators and inotropic interventions in ischemic heart failure. Decreased MVO2 caused by reduced heart size may also have a salutary role.", "PMID": 685993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6702", "title": "Recurrent hepatitis following halothane exposures.", "content": "The existence of hepatotoxicity due to halothane remains subject to debate. Three cases are presented in which multiple exposures to halothane were followed in several instances by evidence of postoperative fever and/or hepatitis. In one case, hepatitis with bridging necrosis developed; the patient responded to long-term steroid therapy. In another, fulminant hepatic necrosis proved fatal. A brief review of halothane hepatitis is given. Otherwise unexplained fever and hepatitis following the use of halothane, especially if recurrent or accompanied by evidence of hypersensitivity, should contraindicate subsequent use of that drug.", "contents": "Recurrent hepatitis following halothane exposures. The existence of hepatotoxicity due to halothane remains subject to debate. Three cases are presented in which multiple exposures to halothane were followed in several instances by evidence of postoperative fever and/or hepatitis. In one case, hepatitis with bridging necrosis developed; the patient responded to long-term steroid therapy. In another, fulminant hepatic necrosis proved fatal. A brief review of halothane hepatitis is given. Otherwise unexplained fever and hepatitis following the use of halothane, especially if recurrent or accompanied by evidence of hypersensitivity, should contraindicate subsequent use of that drug.", "PMID": 685997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6703", "title": "Renal failure following major angiography.", "content": "Acute renal failure following angiography with contrast agents is known to occur, but the circumstances and frequency of its occurrence are not well described. A retrospective review of consecutive angiographic procedures performed over a six month interval revealed a 12 per cent incidence of renal failure following angiography. The degree of failure was severe in approximately 30 per cent of these cases and was associated with a significant mortality even though renal function usually recovered. The occurrence of renal failure was associated with the presence of renal insufficiency, impaired liver function, diabetes mellitus, hypoalbuminemia and proteinuria at the time of angiography to a statistically significant level. Furthermore, combinations of these factors, particularly preexisting combined renal insufficiency and impaired liver function, were associated with an increased incidence of acute renal failure. It is concluded that angiography poses a significant hazard to patients with underlying medical problems, particularly those involving the excretory routes of the contrast agent.", "contents": "Renal failure following major angiography. Acute renal failure following angiography with contrast agents is known to occur, but the circumstances and frequency of its occurrence are not well described. A retrospective review of consecutive angiographic procedures performed over a six month interval revealed a 12 per cent incidence of renal failure following angiography. The degree of failure was severe in approximately 30 per cent of these cases and was associated with a significant mortality even though renal function usually recovered. The occurrence of renal failure was associated with the presence of renal insufficiency, impaired liver function, diabetes mellitus, hypoalbuminemia and proteinuria at the time of angiography to a statistically significant level. Furthermore, combinations of these factors, particularly preexisting combined renal insufficiency and impaired liver function, were associated with an increased incidence of acute renal failure. It is concluded that angiography poses a significant hazard to patients with underlying medical problems, particularly those involving the excretory routes of the contrast agent.", "PMID": 685998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6704", "title": "Abstinence following detoxification and methadone maintenance treatment.", "content": "During an 11 year overview of methadone treatment, 161 (72 per cent) of 225 patients who completed detoxification were followed up to eight years. Fifty-one (22.6 per cent) of those were classified as stable and narcotic free 2.9 years after detoxification. Of 89 self-selected patients who had undergone a planned, supported, \"therapeutic\" detoxification, 37 (42 per cent) were classified narcotic-free; whereas many fewer were so judged after other methods of detoxification. Relapse to nonprescribed opioid use, detected in 34 (38.7 per cent) of those traced, was inversely related to time since detoxification. Relapse potential was very low after three years of apparent continuous narcotic-free existence; three years should be a minimal time for successful detoxification. Some subjects had several cycles of methadone treatment and detoxification. Most patients with combined alcohol-methadone dependencies did poorly, whether or not detoxification from opioids was undertaken. Since the frequency of enduring narcotic-free state was only 9.7 per cent of 522 patients in the treatment sample, detoxification should not be a realistic goal for all patients who enter treatment.", "contents": "Abstinence following detoxification and methadone maintenance treatment. During an 11 year overview of methadone treatment, 161 (72 per cent) of 225 patients who completed detoxification were followed up to eight years. Fifty-one (22.6 per cent) of those were classified as stable and narcotic free 2.9 years after detoxification. Of 89 self-selected patients who had undergone a planned, supported, \"therapeutic\" detoxification, 37 (42 per cent) were classified narcotic-free; whereas many fewer were so judged after other methods of detoxification. Relapse to nonprescribed opioid use, detected in 34 (38.7 per cent) of those traced, was inversely related to time since detoxification. Relapse potential was very low after three years of apparent continuous narcotic-free existence; three years should be a minimal time for successful detoxification. Some subjects had several cycles of methadone treatment and detoxification. Most patients with combined alcohol-methadone dependencies did poorly, whether or not detoxification from opioids was undertaken. Since the frequency of enduring narcotic-free state was only 9.7 per cent of 522 patients in the treatment sample, detoxification should not be a realistic goal for all patients who enter treatment.", "PMID": 686001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6705", "title": "Hemodynamic compromise associated with ventriculoatrial conduction following transvenous pacemaker placement.", "content": "Ventriculoatrial conduction complicating ventricular pacing in a patient with ischemic heart disease led to severe clinical disability and hemodynamic compromise. Data obtained at cardiac catheterization documented that ventriculoatrial conduction of the patients' paced beats led to inadequate left ventricular filling pressures, pulmonary congestion and depressed cardiac output. This complication of ventricular pacing can be suspected at bedside examination and emphasizes the importance of considering the possible hemodynamic effects of ventricular pacing when long-term pacemaker therapy is contemplated.", "contents": "Hemodynamic compromise associated with ventriculoatrial conduction following transvenous pacemaker placement. Ventriculoatrial conduction complicating ventricular pacing in a patient with ischemic heart disease led to severe clinical disability and hemodynamic compromise. Data obtained at cardiac catheterization documented that ventriculoatrial conduction of the patients' paced beats led to inadequate left ventricular filling pressures, pulmonary congestion and depressed cardiac output. This complication of ventricular pacing can be suspected at bedside examination and emphasizes the importance of considering the possible hemodynamic effects of ventricular pacing when long-term pacemaker therapy is contemplated.", "PMID": 686003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6706", "title": "Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis with hypercapnic respiratory failure. A physiologic assessment.", "content": "Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis was suspected in a patient presenting with hypercapnic respiratory failure who exhibited paradoxic (i.e., inward) abdominal movement on inspiration during tidal breathing in the supine posture; no paradoxic abdominal motion was observed at the bedside with the patient upright. Transdiaphragmatic pressure measurements established the diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis, although 20 cm H2O pressure developed across the diaphragm during the latter part of a forced expiration, presumably due to the development of passive tension in the diaphragm as it was stretched near residual volume. Analysis of the relative motion of the rib cage and abdomen during breathing by the use of magnetometers confirmed the presence of abdominal paradox throughout the breathing cycle when the patient was supine, and established that paradoxic motion of the abdomen also occurred when the patient was in the erect posture but only in the latter half of inspiration. Our findings confirm that the use of transdiaphragmatic pressure measurements and magnetometry will help to quantify diaphragmatic function, that passive tension develops in the paralyzed diaphragm near residual volume and should not be confused with active contraction, and that paradoxic motion of the abdomen may be masked from the clinician when the patient is erect.", "contents": "Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis with hypercapnic respiratory failure. A physiologic assessment. Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis was suspected in a patient presenting with hypercapnic respiratory failure who exhibited paradoxic (i.e., inward) abdominal movement on inspiration during tidal breathing in the supine posture; no paradoxic abdominal motion was observed at the bedside with the patient upright. Transdiaphragmatic pressure measurements established the diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis, although 20 cm H2O pressure developed across the diaphragm during the latter part of a forced expiration, presumably due to the development of passive tension in the diaphragm as it was stretched near residual volume. Analysis of the relative motion of the rib cage and abdomen during breathing by the use of magnetometers confirmed the presence of abdominal paradox throughout the breathing cycle when the patient was supine, and established that paradoxic motion of the abdomen also occurred when the patient was in the erect posture but only in the latter half of inspiration. Our findings confirm that the use of transdiaphragmatic pressure measurements and magnetometry will help to quantify diaphragmatic function, that passive tension develops in the paralyzed diaphragm near residual volume and should not be confused with active contraction, and that paradoxic motion of the abdomen may be masked from the clinician when the patient is erect.", "PMID": 686005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6707", "title": "Morphologic and functional substrate of thyrotoxicosis caused by nodular goiters.", "content": "The pathogenesis of nonimmunogenic thyrotoxicosis caused by nodular goiters--with the exception of true toxic adenoma--was investigated in 11 patients by means of scintigraphic, morphologic and autoradiographic technics. The basic event is the appearance, for unknown reasons, of autonomously functioning follicles which are morphologically indistinguishable from normal follicles. Four basic patterns of intrathyroidal distribution of autonomously functioning follicles are individualized: Type I = multiple individual autonomously functioning follicles scattered throughout the goiter. Type II = clustered autonomous follicles without demarcation from less active parenchyma. Type III = multiple microadenomas. Type IV = autonomous function of the majority of all follicles. In all four types, the autonomous follicles occur without recognizable relation to nodule boundaries. Scintiscans cannot predict the microstructure of these types of goiters. More than one pattern of distribution of autonomously functioning follicles may occur within a single goiter. The growth of thyroid nodules is independent of, and certainly not a prerequisite to, thyrotoxicosis. Rather, the appearance of thyrotoxicosis in this type of multinodular goiter depends on (1) the number of autonomous follicles throughout the gland and (2) their mean hormone-producing capacity per unit of time.", "contents": "Morphologic and functional substrate of thyrotoxicosis caused by nodular goiters. The pathogenesis of nonimmunogenic thyrotoxicosis caused by nodular goiters--with the exception of true toxic adenoma--was investigated in 11 patients by means of scintigraphic, morphologic and autoradiographic technics. The basic event is the appearance, for unknown reasons, of autonomously functioning follicles which are morphologically indistinguishable from normal follicles. Four basic patterns of intrathyroidal distribution of autonomously functioning follicles are individualized: Type I = multiple individual autonomously functioning follicles scattered throughout the goiter. Type II = clustered autonomous follicles without demarcation from less active parenchyma. Type III = multiple microadenomas. Type IV = autonomous function of the majority of all follicles. In all four types, the autonomous follicles occur without recognizable relation to nodule boundaries. Scintiscans cannot predict the microstructure of these types of goiters. More than one pattern of distribution of autonomously functioning follicles may occur within a single goiter. The growth of thyroid nodules is independent of, and certainly not a prerequisite to, thyrotoxicosis. Rather, the appearance of thyrotoxicosis in this type of multinodular goiter depends on (1) the number of autonomous follicles throughout the gland and (2) their mean hormone-producing capacity per unit of time.", "PMID": 686008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6708", "title": "Clinical implications of a \"nonspecific\" transbronchial biopsy.", "content": "The diagnostic accuracy of transbronchial biopsy via fiberoptic bronchoscope was reviewed in 127 noncritically ill patients. Biopsy results were analyzed according to whether a \"specific\" pathologic diagnosis of neoplasm, granuloma or pneumonia, or a \"nonspecific\" diagnosis of inflammation, fibrosis or normal lung was made. The clinical significance of a \"nonspecific\" biospy specimen was evaluated by clinical follow-up of at least 12 months (mean 15 months) and by grouping patients according to the type of abnormality found on chest roentgenography. Clinical follow-up was available in 119 of these patients. The over-all \"specific\" diagnostic yield for biopsy with secretions was 49 per cent, with transbronchial biopsy being the sole means of specific diagnosis in 14 per cent of the patients with a peripheral mass lesion, in 18 per cent of the patients with localized infiltrative processes and in 52 per cent of the patients with diffuse infiltrative processes. In 64 (52 per cent) patients both biopsy specimens and secretions were diagnostically nonspecific. In 16 (77 per cent) patients with peripheral mass lesions but nonspecific biopsy findings and secretions, neoplasm was diagnosed by more invasive procedures. However, 22 (91 per cent) patients with localized and 12 (75 per cent) patients with diffuse infiltrative processes had benign clinical follow-up suggesting that open lung biopsy in such patients should be reserved for patients with obvious clinical or roentgenographic evidence of deterioration.", "contents": "Clinical implications of a \"nonspecific\" transbronchial biopsy. The diagnostic accuracy of transbronchial biopsy via fiberoptic bronchoscope was reviewed in 127 noncritically ill patients. Biopsy results were analyzed according to whether a \"specific\" pathologic diagnosis of neoplasm, granuloma or pneumonia, or a \"nonspecific\" diagnosis of inflammation, fibrosis or normal lung was made. The clinical significance of a \"nonspecific\" biospy specimen was evaluated by clinical follow-up of at least 12 months (mean 15 months) and by grouping patients according to the type of abnormality found on chest roentgenography. Clinical follow-up was available in 119 of these patients. The over-all \"specific\" diagnostic yield for biopsy with secretions was 49 per cent, with transbronchial biopsy being the sole means of specific diagnosis in 14 per cent of the patients with a peripheral mass lesion, in 18 per cent of the patients with localized infiltrative processes and in 52 per cent of the patients with diffuse infiltrative processes. In 64 (52 per cent) patients both biopsy specimens and secretions were diagnostically nonspecific. In 16 (77 per cent) patients with peripheral mass lesions but nonspecific biopsy findings and secretions, neoplasm was diagnosed by more invasive procedures. However, 22 (91 per cent) patients with localized and 12 (75 per cent) patients with diffuse infiltrative processes had benign clinical follow-up suggesting that open lung biopsy in such patients should be reserved for patients with obvious clinical or roentgenographic evidence of deterioration.", "PMID": 686010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6709", "title": "Rest angina with transient S-T segment elevation. Correlation of clinical features with coronary anatomy.", "content": "In 44 consecutive patients with angina at rest associated with transient S-T segment elevation, clinical features were correlated with angiographic coronary anatomy. Patients were divided into three groups depending on the number of major vessels having greater than or equal to 70 per cent luminal narrowing: Group I = no or minimal disease (six patients); group II = single vessel disease (13 patients); and group III = multiple vessel disease (25 patients). The following features did not differ significantly among groups I, II or III: age, sex, risk factors, time from onset of episodes of pain at rest to study or arrhythmias during ischemic episodes. Patients in group III were more likely to have angina on effort (p less than 0.001) and an abnormal base line electrocardiogram (p less than 0.001) than patients in groups I or II. However, the absence of these features did not separate patients in group I from those in group II. In patients with angina at rest associated with transient S-T segment elevation, clinical features identify patients with multiple vessel disease but do not allow differentiation of patients with no or minimal coronary disease from patients with single vessel disease.", "contents": "Rest angina with transient S-T segment elevation. Correlation of clinical features with coronary anatomy. In 44 consecutive patients with angina at rest associated with transient S-T segment elevation, clinical features were correlated with angiographic coronary anatomy. Patients were divided into three groups depending on the number of major vessels having greater than or equal to 70 per cent luminal narrowing: Group I = no or minimal disease (six patients); group II = single vessel disease (13 patients); and group III = multiple vessel disease (25 patients). The following features did not differ significantly among groups I, II or III: age, sex, risk factors, time from onset of episodes of pain at rest to study or arrhythmias during ischemic episodes. Patients in group III were more likely to have angina on effort (p less than 0.001) and an abnormal base line electrocardiogram (p less than 0.001) than patients in groups I or II. However, the absence of these features did not separate patients in group I from those in group II. In patients with angina at rest associated with transient S-T segment elevation, clinical features identify patients with multiple vessel disease but do not allow differentiation of patients with no or minimal coronary disease from patients with single vessel disease.", "PMID": 686011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6710", "title": "Infections caused by Rhodochrous.", "content": "Organisms conforming to \"rhodochrous taxon\" were isolated from three immunocompromised patients, suggesting a pathogenic role for the organisms. The organisms are partially acid-fast, gram-positive catalase positive rods which form orange or red colonies aerobically in three or four days on Sabouraud, Mueller-Hinton and Middlebrook 7H-10 agars. They are differenitated from Nocardia by morphology and ability to degrade ethylene glycol in 7H-10 media. Two of these clinical isolates and a reference strain were injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs, half of which received methylprednisolone intramuscularly beginning three days prior to inoculation. Steroid-treated animals exhibited clinical illness, diffuse peritonitis and recovery of inoculated organisms whereas one of three nonsteroid-treated animals exhibited a localized abscess without recovery of organisms. This study suggests that rhodochrous may be pathogenic under conditions of immune compromise.", "contents": "Infections caused by Rhodochrous. Organisms conforming to \"rhodochrous taxon\" were isolated from three immunocompromised patients, suggesting a pathogenic role for the organisms. The organisms are partially acid-fast, gram-positive catalase positive rods which form orange or red colonies aerobically in three or four days on Sabouraud, Mueller-Hinton and Middlebrook 7H-10 agars. They are differenitated from Nocardia by morphology and ability to degrade ethylene glycol in 7H-10 media. Two of these clinical isolates and a reference strain were injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs, half of which received methylprednisolone intramuscularly beginning three days prior to inoculation. Steroid-treated animals exhibited clinical illness, diffuse peritonitis and recovery of inoculated organisms whereas one of three nonsteroid-treated animals exhibited a localized abscess without recovery of organisms. This study suggests that rhodochrous may be pathogenic under conditions of immune compromise.", "PMID": 686014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6711", "title": "The association between Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and bacteriuria.", "content": "The relationship between Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and bacteriuria was studied over a five year period in three hospitals. In a Veterans Administration Hospital, 59 patients with Staph, aureus bacteremia had a urine culture within 48 hours of a positive blood culture. In 16 of 59 (27 per cent), greater than 10(5) Staph. aureus was recovered from the urine in pure culture. Six of these patients had apparent primary staphylococcal urinary tract infection. Clinical and laboratory parameters in the patients with staphylococcal bacteremia and bacteriuria were compared with those in 31 patients with staphylococcal bacteremia and sterile urine cultures. The two groups differed only in the more frequent occurrence of pyuria and proteinuria in the bacteriuric patients. In two other hospitals, staphylococcal bacteriuria occurred in 7 per cent of patients with Staph. aureus bacteremia and in 13 per cent of cases of staphylococcal endocarditis. Review of autopsy records for 33 patients who died within one month of their bacteremia failed to show a correlation between bacteriuria and the presence of renal abscess. Staphylococcal bacteriuria is a frequent and unexplained concomitant of Staph. aureus bactremia.", "contents": "The association between Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and bacteriuria. The relationship between Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and bacteriuria was studied over a five year period in three hospitals. In a Veterans Administration Hospital, 59 patients with Staph, aureus bacteremia had a urine culture within 48 hours of a positive blood culture. In 16 of 59 (27 per cent), greater than 10(5) Staph. aureus was recovered from the urine in pure culture. Six of these patients had apparent primary staphylococcal urinary tract infection. Clinical and laboratory parameters in the patients with staphylococcal bacteremia and bacteriuria were compared with those in 31 patients with staphylococcal bacteremia and sterile urine cultures. The two groups differed only in the more frequent occurrence of pyuria and proteinuria in the bacteriuric patients. In two other hospitals, staphylococcal bacteriuria occurred in 7 per cent of patients with Staph. aureus bacteremia and in 13 per cent of cases of staphylococcal endocarditis. Review of autopsy records for 33 patients who died within one month of their bacteremia failed to show a correlation between bacteriuria and the presence of renal abscess. Staphylococcal bacteriuria is a frequent and unexplained concomitant of Staph. aureus bactremia.", "PMID": 686015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6712", "title": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and periodic pure red cell aplasia in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune hemolytic anemia complicated by periodic episodes of red cell hypoplasia is described. Using a plasma clot culture system a serum inhibitor of erythropoiesis was detected. In addition, heat eluates of the red cells of this patient were capable of impairing erythroid colony formation. The possibility that the autoantibodies of acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia might influence the proliferation and/or maturation of erythroid progenitor cells is raised by these findings.", "contents": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and periodic pure red cell aplasia in systemic lupus erythematosus. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune hemolytic anemia complicated by periodic episodes of red cell hypoplasia is described. Using a plasma clot culture system a serum inhibitor of erythropoiesis was detected. In addition, heat eluates of the red cells of this patient were capable of impairing erythroid colony formation. The possibility that the autoantibodies of acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia might influence the proliferation and/or maturation of erythroid progenitor cells is raised by these findings.", "PMID": 686017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6713", "title": "Progressive systemic sclerosis with eosinophilia and a fulminating course.", "content": "A case of progressive systemic sclerosis, with blood and pleural fluid eosinophilia and a fulminating course, is presented. Wide-mouth colonic diverticula developed within 10 weeks. Death from renal failure occured five and a half months after the onset of symptoms. The possibility of eosinophilia as a marker of severe disease in progressive systemic sclerosis is raised.", "contents": "Progressive systemic sclerosis with eosinophilia and a fulminating course. A case of progressive systemic sclerosis, with blood and pleural fluid eosinophilia and a fulminating course, is presented. Wide-mouth colonic diverticula developed within 10 weeks. Death from renal failure occured five and a half months after the onset of symptoms. The possibility of eosinophilia as a marker of severe disease in progressive systemic sclerosis is raised.", "PMID": 686018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6714", "title": "Tuberculoid tenosynovitis and carpal tunnel syndrome caused by Mycobacterium szulgai.", "content": "Mycobacterium szulgai, a scotochromogenic mycobacterium, is a newly recognized pathogen of man and has been reported to cause pulmonary infections, olecranon bursitis and cervical adenitis. We isolated M. szulfai from granulomatous tissue removed at surgery from a young florist with the carpal tunnel syndrome. The organism was susceptible to ethambutol and rifampin but resistant to isoniazid. Cure was achieved by debridement and chemotherapy with ethambutol and rifampin. Neither the source in our patient nor the natural habitat of M. szulgai is known. Because it resembles M. gordonae and M. flavescens, common scotochromogenic mycobacteria in tapwater, care must be taken to avoid dismissing M. szulgai as a contaminant when it is isolated from tissue.", "contents": "Tuberculoid tenosynovitis and carpal tunnel syndrome caused by Mycobacterium szulgai. Mycobacterium szulgai, a scotochromogenic mycobacterium, is a newly recognized pathogen of man and has been reported to cause pulmonary infections, olecranon bursitis and cervical adenitis. We isolated M. szulfai from granulomatous tissue removed at surgery from a young florist with the carpal tunnel syndrome. The organism was susceptible to ethambutol and rifampin but resistant to isoniazid. Cure was achieved by debridement and chemotherapy with ethambutol and rifampin. Neither the source in our patient nor the natural habitat of M. szulgai is known. Because it resembles M. gordonae and M. flavescens, common scotochromogenic mycobacteria in tapwater, care must be taken to avoid dismissing M. szulgai as a contaminant when it is isolated from tissue.", "PMID": 686019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6715", "title": "Unusual cardiac, renal and pulmonary involvement in Gaucher's disease. Intersitial glucocerebroside accumulation, pulmonary hypertension and fatal bone marrow embolization.", "content": "A 25 year old black woman who had manifestations of Gaucher's disease since one year of age is described. This patient had clinically significant cardiac, renal and pulmonary involvement with Gaucher's disease. Interstitial infiltration of the myocardium by Gaucher cells caused decreased left ventricular compliance and decreased cardiac output. In the kidney, Gaucher cells were present in the mesangium of the glomeruli and the interstitium of the cortex. Also, electron dense, intramembranous granular deposits were seen in glomeruli on electron microscopy. The pulmonary findings included pulmonary arterial hypertension, accentuated basilar deposition of glucocerebroside in the interstitium of alveolar septums and fatal bone marrow embolization.", "contents": "Unusual cardiac, renal and pulmonary involvement in Gaucher's disease. Intersitial glucocerebroside accumulation, pulmonary hypertension and fatal bone marrow embolization. A 25 year old black woman who had manifestations of Gaucher's disease since one year of age is described. This patient had clinically significant cardiac, renal and pulmonary involvement with Gaucher's disease. Interstitial infiltration of the myocardium by Gaucher cells caused decreased left ventricular compliance and decreased cardiac output. In the kidney, Gaucher cells were present in the mesangium of the glomeruli and the interstitium of the cortex. Also, electron dense, intramembranous granular deposits were seen in glomeruli on electron microscopy. The pulmonary findings included pulmonary arterial hypertension, accentuated basilar deposition of glucocerebroside in the interstitium of alveolar septums and fatal bone marrow embolization.", "PMID": 686020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6716", "title": "Bilateral atrial myxomas. Echocardiographic considerations.", "content": "In this report we describe a patient with bilateral atrial myxomas, which were diagnosed preoperatively by echocardiography and angiography, and successfully removed. The excised tumor mass consisted of mobile right and left atrial myxomas connected by a common stalk which passed through the atrial septum, collectively resembling the shape of a dumbbell. Preoperative echocardiographic and angiographic observations were instrumental in planning the surgical approach, and correlated well with intraoperative findings and with the anatomic configuration of the intact pathologic specimen. Diagnostic aspects of echocardiography are emphasized as they relate to both isolated and bilaterally-occurring atrial myxomas.", "contents": "Bilateral atrial myxomas. Echocardiographic considerations. In this report we describe a patient with bilateral atrial myxomas, which were diagnosed preoperatively by echocardiography and angiography, and successfully removed. The excised tumor mass consisted of mobile right and left atrial myxomas connected by a common stalk which passed through the atrial septum, collectively resembling the shape of a dumbbell. Preoperative echocardiographic and angiographic observations were instrumental in planning the surgical approach, and correlated well with intraoperative findings and with the anatomic configuration of the intact pathologic specimen. Diagnostic aspects of echocardiography are emphasized as they relate to both isolated and bilaterally-occurring atrial myxomas.", "PMID": 686021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6717", "title": "Massive osteolysis. An unusual cause of bone destruction.", "content": "A patient who presented with multiple lytic lesions of bone was found to have massive osteolysis. The clinical course of this patient is described and the literature on massive osteolysis reviewed. This disease of uncertain etiology is pathologically marked by resorption of bone, and replacement by angiomas and fibrosis. X-ray findings are usually more severe than expected from the patients' clinical presentation. Laboratory studies, including attempts at biopsy, are generally unrevealing. Drug therapy is of no value, and success of surgical attempts at bone union are unpredictable. Massive osteolysis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of osteolytic lesions, particularly since this disorder can result in serious morbidity.", "contents": "Massive osteolysis. An unusual cause of bone destruction. A patient who presented with multiple lytic lesions of bone was found to have massive osteolysis. The clinical course of this patient is described and the literature on massive osteolysis reviewed. This disease of uncertain etiology is pathologically marked by resorption of bone, and replacement by angiomas and fibrosis. X-ray findings are usually more severe than expected from the patients' clinical presentation. Laboratory studies, including attempts at biopsy, are generally unrevealing. Drug therapy is of no value, and success of surgical attempts at bone union are unpredictable. Massive osteolysis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of osteolytic lesions, particularly since this disorder can result in serious morbidity.", "PMID": 686022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6718", "title": "Reduced drug elimination in congestive heart failure. Studies using aminopyrine as a model drug.", "content": "Aminopyrine disposition was studied in 11 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and 15 control patients. The aminopyrine metabolic clearance rate was 29.7 +/- 7.1 ml/min (mean +/- SEM) in the patients with CHF and 125.1 +/- 5.7 ml/min (mean +/- SEM) in the control patients (p less than 0.01). The aminopyrine breath test was 2.6 +/- 0.4 per cent (mean +/- SEM) in the patients with CHF and 5.6 +/- 0.3 per cent (mean +/- SEM) in the control subjects (p less than 0.01). Probably due to fluid retention in CHF, the apparent volume of distribution of aminopyrine increased to 63.3 +/- 4.9 liters (mean +/- SEM) in patients with CHF from 43.1 +/- 1.9 liters (mean +/- SEM) in control patients, thereby further impairing aminopyrine elimination in patients with CHF (p less than 0.01). The aminopyrine breath test was measured in a group of eight patients before treatment for an acute episode of CHF and seven to 10 days after initiation of therapy: in each patient clinical improvement was associated with an increased aminopyrine breath test, mean values of aminopyrine breath test increasing from 2.8 per cent before treatment to 5.2 per cent after initiation of treatment (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that in patients with CHF hepatic drug-metabolizing activity is imparied, and the volume of distribution of drugs is increased, with consequent retardation in rates of drug elimination.", "contents": "Reduced drug elimination in congestive heart failure. Studies using aminopyrine as a model drug. Aminopyrine disposition was studied in 11 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and 15 control patients. The aminopyrine metabolic clearance rate was 29.7 +/- 7.1 ml/min (mean +/- SEM) in the patients with CHF and 125.1 +/- 5.7 ml/min (mean +/- SEM) in the control patients (p less than 0.01). The aminopyrine breath test was 2.6 +/- 0.4 per cent (mean +/- SEM) in the patients with CHF and 5.6 +/- 0.3 per cent (mean +/- SEM) in the control subjects (p less than 0.01). Probably due to fluid retention in CHF, the apparent volume of distribution of aminopyrine increased to 63.3 +/- 4.9 liters (mean +/- SEM) in patients with CHF from 43.1 +/- 1.9 liters (mean +/- SEM) in control patients, thereby further impairing aminopyrine elimination in patients with CHF (p less than 0.01). The aminopyrine breath test was measured in a group of eight patients before treatment for an acute episode of CHF and seven to 10 days after initiation of therapy: in each patient clinical improvement was associated with an increased aminopyrine breath test, mean values of aminopyrine breath test increasing from 2.8 per cent before treatment to 5.2 per cent after initiation of treatment (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that in patients with CHF hepatic drug-metabolizing activity is imparied, and the volume of distribution of drugs is increased, with consequent retardation in rates of drug elimination.", "PMID": 686023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6719", "title": "Noonan syndrome in an adult family presenting with chronic lymphedema.", "content": "A 27 year old man with multiple findings of the Noonan syndrome (\"male Turner\" phenotype) presented with chronic lymphedema which was also present in his mother. Noonan syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic or familial lymphedema.", "contents": "Noonan syndrome in an adult family presenting with chronic lymphedema. A 27 year old man with multiple findings of the Noonan syndrome (\"male Turner\" phenotype) presented with chronic lymphedema which was also present in his mother. Noonan syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic or familial lymphedema.", "PMID": 686024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6720", "title": "Congestive heart failure as cause of fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "In this patient with long-standing cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure the syndrome of fulminant hepatic failure developed on two occasions; he recovered both times. There was no evidence of viral or toxic hepatitis as a cause of his liver failure. We conclude that in this case, aggravation of long-standing congestive heart failure may have led to severe hepatocellular necrosis with signs of encephalopathy not commonly observed.", "contents": "Congestive heart failure as cause of fulminant hepatic failure. In this patient with long-standing cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure the syndrome of fulminant hepatic failure developed on two occasions; he recovered both times. There was no evidence of viral or toxic hepatitis as a cause of his liver failure. We conclude that in this case, aggravation of long-standing congestive heart failure may have led to severe hepatocellular necrosis with signs of encephalopathy not commonly observed.", "PMID": 686025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6721", "title": "Primary amenorrhea associated with hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans, dermoid cysts of the ovaries and a new type of insulin resistance.", "content": "We describe a 15 1/2 year old presenting with primary amenorrhea, hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance. Ovarian vein catheterization studies revealed bilateral excess plasma testosterone and androstenedione secretion, and at surgery multiple dermoid cysts of both ovaries were found in association with polycystic ovaries. The suggestion that the dermoid cysts may be causative in the evolution of the polycystic ovarian disease has been made. The mechanism of the insulin resistance appears to be at the post receptor level. The acanthosis nigricans diminished following surgery with normalization of the plasma androgens.", "contents": "Primary amenorrhea associated with hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans, dermoid cysts of the ovaries and a new type of insulin resistance. We describe a 15 1/2 year old presenting with primary amenorrhea, hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance. Ovarian vein catheterization studies revealed bilateral excess plasma testosterone and androstenedione secretion, and at surgery multiple dermoid cysts of both ovaries were found in association with polycystic ovaries. The suggestion that the dermoid cysts may be causative in the evolution of the polycystic ovarian disease has been made. The mechanism of the insulin resistance appears to be at the post receptor level. The acanthosis nigricans diminished following surgery with normalization of the plasma androgens.", "PMID": 686026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6722", "title": "Influence factors affecting career choice of preclinical medical technology students.", "content": "Over a seven-year period, data were gathered on 249 declared medical technology majors enrolled in an Introduction to Medical Technology course at the University of Iowa. The Kendall Tau C test for significance (p = less than .05) was utilized in determining the influence of several variables or factors in the students' choice of medical technology as a career. Such factors as the type of work, demand for medical technologists, and desire to help people were found to be highly motivating factors in choice. It appeared the motivation was primarily internalized with assistance sought from various sources. The decision of medical technology as a career was predominantly made in the junior/senior year in high school or freshman/sophomore year in college.", "contents": "Influence factors affecting career choice of preclinical medical technology students. Over a seven-year period, data were gathered on 249 declared medical technology majors enrolled in an Introduction to Medical Technology course at the University of Iowa. The Kendall Tau C test for significance (p = less than .05) was utilized in determining the influence of several variables or factors in the students' choice of medical technology as a career. Such factors as the type of work, demand for medical technologists, and desire to help people were found to be highly motivating factors in choice. It appeared the motivation was primarily internalized with assistance sought from various sources. The decision of medical technology as a career was predominantly made in the junior/senior year in high school or freshman/sophomore year in college.", "PMID": 686027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6723", "title": "A dynamic computer system for the clinical laboratory.", "content": "The Clinical Laboratory Computer System currently in use at the Medical University of South Carolina is described. Not only is the existing hardware listed and shown in some detail, but also the workload, laboratory data center personnel, typical procedures, and examples of selected input and output documents are included. Particular emphasis is placed on the dynamic nature of the system, which allows the user to proceed easily in developing new programs as the requirements of the laboratory continue to change and grow. To illustrate this point, programs written by the user are described in general terms.", "contents": "A dynamic computer system for the clinical laboratory. The Clinical Laboratory Computer System currently in use at the Medical University of South Carolina is described. Not only is the existing hardware listed and shown in some detail, but also the workload, laboratory data center personnel, typical procedures, and examples of selected input and output documents are included. Particular emphasis is placed on the dynamic nature of the system, which allows the user to proceed easily in developing new programs as the requirements of the laboratory continue to change and grow. To illustrate this point, programs written by the user are described in general terms.", "PMID": 686030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6724", "title": "A study of antimicrobial misuse in a university hospital.", "content": "We undertook a prospective study to determine patterns and sequelae of antimicrobial misuse and factors associated with inappropriate antimicrobial therapy in a teaching hospital. Over an eight-week period, 144 (26.2%) of 549 hospitalized medical and surgical patients received one or more courses of antimicrobial therapy. An average course comprised 1.4 drugs. Presumptive infection was the reason for 70% of courses and prophylaxis, 30%. Therapy was judged appropriate in 59% of courses overall. Unnecessary therapy, poor drug choice (bacteriologically, pharmacologically, or both), or misguided prophylaxis most frequently underlay inappropriate therapy. Adverse reactions (17% overall) were twice as frequent and the cost of therapy was 55% greater in inappropriate courses. Performance of pretherapy cultures (p less than 0.05), obtaining gram-stained smears of sputum in presumed respiratory tract infections (p 0.001), and notation in the record that antimicrobial therapy had been instituted (p less than 0.001) were strongly associated with appropriate therapy. This study underscores the need for more effective programs of postgraduate education which stress basic principals of infectious disease and antimicrobial pharmacology and guidelines for prophylaxis. Antimicrobial utilization review should figure heavily in hospital programs of medical self-evaluation. Additional measures to upgrade the use of antibiotics are discussed.", "contents": "A study of antimicrobial misuse in a university hospital. We undertook a prospective study to determine patterns and sequelae of antimicrobial misuse and factors associated with inappropriate antimicrobial therapy in a teaching hospital. Over an eight-week period, 144 (26.2%) of 549 hospitalized medical and surgical patients received one or more courses of antimicrobial therapy. An average course comprised 1.4 drugs. Presumptive infection was the reason for 70% of courses and prophylaxis, 30%. Therapy was judged appropriate in 59% of courses overall. Unnecessary therapy, poor drug choice (bacteriologically, pharmacologically, or both), or misguided prophylaxis most frequently underlay inappropriate therapy. Adverse reactions (17% overall) were twice as frequent and the cost of therapy was 55% greater in inappropriate courses. Performance of pretherapy cultures (p less than 0.05), obtaining gram-stained smears of sputum in presumed respiratory tract infections (p 0.001), and notation in the record that antimicrobial therapy had been instituted (p less than 0.001) were strongly associated with appropriate therapy. This study underscores the need for more effective programs of postgraduate education which stress basic principals of infectious disease and antimicrobial pharmacology and guidelines for prophylaxis. Antimicrobial utilization review should figure heavily in hospital programs of medical self-evaluation. Additional measures to upgrade the use of antibiotics are discussed.", "PMID": 686037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6725", "title": "Coccidioidomycosis in potentially compromised hosts: the effect of immunosuppressive therapy in dissemination.", "content": "Charts of 126 patients with coccidioidomycosis were reviewed. Sixteen of these were patients who had malignancies, uremia, or a collagen-vascular disease and/or had received recent immunosuppressive drug therapy. The rate of disseminated infection was 50% in this group. (The dissemination rate was 14% in 110 control patients.) No case of dissemination occurred in patients who only had the above underlying diseases; all cases of dissemination were among those who had received immunosuppressive therapy. The dissemination rate in control patients was higher for patients age 40 or over than for younger patients. The dissemination rate showed no age-related difference, however, in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs. The dissemination rate was similar in control patients of both sexes and uniformly higher for both immunosuppressively treated males and females. The dissemination rate did not appear to be influenced by the number of circulating lymphocytes if the patient had received immunosuppressive drugs. Patients with disseminated disease who had received immunosuppressive drugs were capable of producing a serological response to the coccidoiidal organism in high titer but none had positive skin test reactivity. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis is not uniformly fatal in the immunosuppressed host: half of our patients are alive an average of 33 months after diagnosis.", "contents": "Coccidioidomycosis in potentially compromised hosts: the effect of immunosuppressive therapy in dissemination. Charts of 126 patients with coccidioidomycosis were reviewed. Sixteen of these were patients who had malignancies, uremia, or a collagen-vascular disease and/or had received recent immunosuppressive drug therapy. The rate of disseminated infection was 50% in this group. (The dissemination rate was 14% in 110 control patients.) No case of dissemination occurred in patients who only had the above underlying diseases; all cases of dissemination were among those who had received immunosuppressive therapy. The dissemination rate in control patients was higher for patients age 40 or over than for younger patients. The dissemination rate showed no age-related difference, however, in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs. The dissemination rate was similar in control patients of both sexes and uniformly higher for both immunosuppressively treated males and females. The dissemination rate did not appear to be influenced by the number of circulating lymphocytes if the patient had received immunosuppressive drugs. Patients with disseminated disease who had received immunosuppressive drugs were capable of producing a serological response to the coccidoiidal organism in high titer but none had positive skin test reactivity. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis is not uniformly fatal in the immunosuppressed host: half of our patients are alive an average of 33 months after diagnosis.", "PMID": 686038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6726", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia: diagnosis and management.", "content": "Long-term follow-up of 18 patients with hairy cell leukemia seen at a single institution is reported: diagnostic and therapeutic modalities are described. Although the clinical features of this disease are homogeneous, it is frequently misdiagnosed initially. Bone marrow biopsy was diagnostic in all 17 patients studied prior to splenectomy. The presence of circulating \"hairy\" cells is greatly variable. The cause of pancytopenia is unclear: splenic sequestration was not demonstrated by 51Cr red cell studies in three of four patients. In most patients, splenectomy resulted in amelioration of pancytopenia. No clinical features prior to splenectomy could predict response to surgery. The results of chemotherapy and splenic irradiation were variable and unpredictable. Although bone marrow infiltration persists following splenectomy, this remains the only established therapy in hairy cell leukemia and is usually followed by long, uncomplicated survival.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia: diagnosis and management. Long-term follow-up of 18 patients with hairy cell leukemia seen at a single institution is reported: diagnostic and therapeutic modalities are described. Although the clinical features of this disease are homogeneous, it is frequently misdiagnosed initially. Bone marrow biopsy was diagnostic in all 17 patients studied prior to splenectomy. The presence of circulating \"hairy\" cells is greatly variable. The cause of pancytopenia is unclear: splenic sequestration was not demonstrated by 51Cr red cell studies in three of four patients. In most patients, splenectomy resulted in amelioration of pancytopenia. No clinical features prior to splenectomy could predict response to surgery. The results of chemotherapy and splenic irradiation were variable and unpredictable. Although bone marrow infiltration persists following splenectomy, this remains the only established therapy in hairy cell leukemia and is usually followed by long, uncomplicated survival.", "PMID": 686039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6727", "title": "Problems encountered in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension. A point of view.", "content": "This point of view encountered in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension enumerates the most common problems encountered when treating the disease. These problems include: terminology, etiology and pathogenesis, known facts, failure to identify the patient, loss of life for mother and baby, complications, recognition of early disease, and treatment not uniform or individualized. The severe forms of the disease are preventable and should never occur, but once present they should yield a zero maternal mortality rate and a fetal salvage of greater than 90%. Proper therapy of severe disease is primarily the use of pharmacologic doses of magnesium sulfate given intravenously and the prevention of a cerebral vascular accident in the mother. Induction of labor and removal of the products of conception will cure the disease.", "contents": "Problems encountered in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension. A point of view. This point of view encountered in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension enumerates the most common problems encountered when treating the disease. These problems include: terminology, etiology and pathogenesis, known facts, failure to identify the patient, loss of life for mother and baby, complications, recognition of early disease, and treatment not uniform or individualized. The severe forms of the disease are preventable and should never occur, but once present they should yield a zero maternal mortality rate and a fetal salvage of greater than 90%. Proper therapy of severe disease is primarily the use of pharmacologic doses of magnesium sulfate given intravenously and the prevention of a cerebral vascular accident in the mother. Induction of labor and removal of the products of conception will cure the disease.", "PMID": 686045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6728", "title": "The emotional and psychosexual aspects of hysterectomy.", "content": "The emotional sequelae of hysterectomy have long been suggested as a concern of the gynecologist. A review of the literature reveals that there are surely concrete changes in the functioning, attitudes, and behavior of patients who undergo this procedure. Since the gynecologist acts as the \"uterus remover,\" it is our specialty that should be dealing with these women patients to carry them through the possible effects of such surgery. In addition, it would be wise for all of us to examine our own indications for this procedure in order to be confident when faced with criticisms that our specialty considers the uterus less valuable than other organs, rendering it more vulnerable to the unthinking surgeon.", "contents": "The emotional and psychosexual aspects of hysterectomy. The emotional sequelae of hysterectomy have long been suggested as a concern of the gynecologist. A review of the literature reveals that there are surely concrete changes in the functioning, attitudes, and behavior of patients who undergo this procedure. Since the gynecologist acts as the \"uterus remover,\" it is our specialty that should be dealing with these women patients to carry them through the possible effects of such surgery. In addition, it would be wise for all of us to examine our own indications for this procedure in order to be confident when faced with criticisms that our specialty considers the uterus less valuable than other organs, rendering it more vulnerable to the unthinking surgeon.", "PMID": 686046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6729", "title": "Remission of pure red cell aplasia following oxymetholone therapy.", "content": "A 53-year-old male with a long-standing idiopathic pure red cell aplasia, refractory to testosterone cypionate, fluoxymesterone, and corticosteroid, was successfully treated with oxymetholone. Blood count, bone marrow, reticuloendothelial bone marrow scan, and ferrokinetic studies showed a marked increase of erythropoiesis in response to oxymetholone. The patient became hematologically normal within 12 weeks and has required no further transfusions. This observation suggests possible difference of mechanisms in the action of various androgenic drugs. It also suggests that failure of response to one androgenic agent does not necessarily mean the other androgenic agents will not be effective in cases of refractory idiopathic pure red cell aplasia.", "contents": "Remission of pure red cell aplasia following oxymetholone therapy. A 53-year-old male with a long-standing idiopathic pure red cell aplasia, refractory to testosterone cypionate, fluoxymesterone, and corticosteroid, was successfully treated with oxymetholone. Blood count, bone marrow, reticuloendothelial bone marrow scan, and ferrokinetic studies showed a marked increase of erythropoiesis in response to oxymetholone. The patient became hematologically normal within 12 weeks and has required no further transfusions. This observation suggests possible difference of mechanisms in the action of various androgenic drugs. It also suggests that failure of response to one androgenic agent does not necessarily mean the other androgenic agents will not be effective in cases of refractory idiopathic pure red cell aplasia.", "PMID": 686041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6730", "title": "Essential hypernatremia.", "content": "Described is a patient who presented with hypernatremia in the absence of dehydration. Further investigation revealed a tumor in the hypothalamic area, and evidence of anterior pituitary hypofunction. Water loading did not correct hypernatremia, and the results of the water-loading test suggested that hypernatremia had resulted from an elevated \"osmotic set point\" for the release of antidiuretic hormone, ie, \"essential hypernatremia.\"", "contents": "Essential hypernatremia. Described is a patient who presented with hypernatremia in the absence of dehydration. Further investigation revealed a tumor in the hypothalamic area, and evidence of anterior pituitary hypofunction. Water loading did not correct hypernatremia, and the results of the water-loading test suggested that hypernatremia had resulted from an elevated \"osmotic set point\" for the release of antidiuretic hormone, ie, \"essential hypernatremia.\"", "PMID": 686042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6731", "title": "Steroids in human myometrium and peripheral blood during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Blood samples were collected prior to vaginal hysterectomy from nine women in the proliferative phase of the cycle and from 15 women in the secretory phase, and from each uterus five grams of the fundus were obtained. The concentrations of progesterone (P), 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20alpha-DHP), estradiol-17beta (E2), and estriol (E3) were determined in serum and in the tissue with the use of specific radioimmunoassays. The concentrations of P and 20alpha-DHP in serum and myometrium were significantly higher in the secretory than in the proliferative phase. Furthermore, the concentration of P in myometrium was significantly higher than in serum in the secretory phase, indicating a specific uptake of P by the myometrium. The concentration of E2 was about 10 times higher in the myometrium than in the serum during both phases of the cycle and appeared to be independent of the serum levels. This indicates a specific but limited uptake of E2 by the myometrium. The E3 levels in the tissue showed no significant differences during the menstrual cycle, whereas in the serum the E3 concentrations were higher in the secretory than in the proliferative phase of the cycle.", "contents": "Steroids in human myometrium and peripheral blood during the menstrual cycle. Blood samples were collected prior to vaginal hysterectomy from nine women in the proliferative phase of the cycle and from 15 women in the secretory phase, and from each uterus five grams of the fundus were obtained. The concentrations of progesterone (P), 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20alpha-DHP), estradiol-17beta (E2), and estriol (E3) were determined in serum and in the tissue with the use of specific radioimmunoassays. The concentrations of P and 20alpha-DHP in serum and myometrium were significantly higher in the secretory than in the proliferative phase. Furthermore, the concentration of P in myometrium was significantly higher than in serum in the secretory phase, indicating a specific uptake of P by the myometrium. The concentration of E2 was about 10 times higher in the myometrium than in the serum during both phases of the cycle and appeared to be independent of the serum levels. This indicates a specific but limited uptake of E2 by the myometrium. The E3 levels in the tissue showed no significant differences during the menstrual cycle, whereas in the serum the E3 concentrations were higher in the secretory than in the proliferative phase of the cycle.", "PMID": 686048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6732", "title": "Vaginismus.", "content": "Eighty patients with vaginismus were seen in the Human Sexuality Clinic, McMaster University Medical Center, between 1972 and 1976. The diagnosis was made based on history and physical demonstration of perineal muscular spasm. The patients were classified according to the presenting complaint as well as to the degree of muscle spasm experienced at the time of physical examination. In the management of these patients, relaxation, self and mutual pleasuring exercises, Kegel exercises, and physical examination played an important role in successful treatment. Certain male problems were identified during treatment, including situational impotence and premature ejaculation. In our series the women who chose to be treated without an involved partner had comparable success rates to those choosing conjoint therapy. With the use of the combination of available techniques with special emphasis on the pelvic assessment as an educational experience for the patient, good success can be obtained in treating vaginismus with the conjoint approach or office management of the woman alone.", "contents": "Vaginismus. Eighty patients with vaginismus were seen in the Human Sexuality Clinic, McMaster University Medical Center, between 1972 and 1976. The diagnosis was made based on history and physical demonstration of perineal muscular spasm. The patients were classified according to the presenting complaint as well as to the degree of muscle spasm experienced at the time of physical examination. In the management of these patients, relaxation, self and mutual pleasuring exercises, Kegel exercises, and physical examination played an important role in successful treatment. Certain male problems were identified during treatment, including situational impotence and premature ejaculation. In our series the women who chose to be treated without an involved partner had comparable success rates to those choosing conjoint therapy. With the use of the combination of available techniques with special emphasis on the pelvic assessment as an educational experience for the patient, good success can be obtained in treating vaginismus with the conjoint approach or office management of the woman alone.", "PMID": 686049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6733", "title": "Extreme hyperbilirubinemia in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis, Gilbert's syndrome, and obstructive jaundice.", "content": "Hyperbilirubinemia may be of several etiologies in the individual patient. An 18-year-old man presented with extreme hyperbilirubinemia (direct bilirubin 23.0 mg/dl, total bilirubin 60.0 mg/dl), hepatosplenomegaly, and anemia. Hematologic studies prelaparotomy documented the presence of hereditary spherocytosis. Intraoperative liver biopsy revealed moderately reduced levels of glucuronyl transferase activity (Gilbert's syndrome). Common bile duct obstruction secondary to choledocholithiasis was found, and a cholecystectomy and splenectomy were performed. This case stresses the potential confusion among several diseases which may present with hyperbilirubinemia.", "contents": "Extreme hyperbilirubinemia in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis, Gilbert's syndrome, and obstructive jaundice. Hyperbilirubinemia may be of several etiologies in the individual patient. An 18-year-old man presented with extreme hyperbilirubinemia (direct bilirubin 23.0 mg/dl, total bilirubin 60.0 mg/dl), hepatosplenomegaly, and anemia. Hematologic studies prelaparotomy documented the presence of hereditary spherocytosis. Intraoperative liver biopsy revealed moderately reduced levels of glucuronyl transferase activity (Gilbert's syndrome). Common bile duct obstruction secondary to choledocholithiasis was found, and a cholecystectomy and splenectomy were performed. This case stresses the potential confusion among several diseases which may present with hyperbilirubinemia.", "PMID": 686044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6734", "title": "The influence of lung volume on expiratory flow rates in diffuse interstitial lung disease.", "content": "This study evaluated maximum expiratory flow rates with respect to lung volume and maximum recoil pressure in selected patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease who had normal large airway function by standard technique. Coefficient of retraction was normal or greater than normal in all. Peak flow varied directly with lung volume as in normals. At 50% vital capacity (VC) and 25% VC, the absolute flow rates varied from higher to lower than normal. However, when flow was adjusted to volume, the flow/volume ratio was normal or high in all. Flow/volume ratio at mid-lung volume appeared to increase with increase in coefficient of retraction. Patients with frequency dependence of compliance had lower flow/volume ratios at 25% VC than those without, although still within normal range. Thus, despite recognized wide variations in normals, the flow/volume ratio is pertinent to the evaluation of reduced air flow rates in in interstitial lung disease to distinguish abnormal upstream airway resistance from volume-dependent reduction of flow rate. An effort-independent flow rate that yields a supernormal flow/volume ratio suggests increased recoil properties of the respiratory system.", "contents": "The influence of lung volume on expiratory flow rates in diffuse interstitial lung disease. This study evaluated maximum expiratory flow rates with respect to lung volume and maximum recoil pressure in selected patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease who had normal large airway function by standard technique. Coefficient of retraction was normal or greater than normal in all. Peak flow varied directly with lung volume as in normals. At 50% vital capacity (VC) and 25% VC, the absolute flow rates varied from higher to lower than normal. However, when flow was adjusted to volume, the flow/volume ratio was normal or high in all. Flow/volume ratio at mid-lung volume appeared to increase with increase in coefficient of retraction. Patients with frequency dependence of compliance had lower flow/volume ratios at 25% VC than those without, although still within normal range. Thus, despite recognized wide variations in normals, the flow/volume ratio is pertinent to the evaluation of reduced air flow rates in in interstitial lung disease to distinguish abnormal upstream airway resistance from volume-dependent reduction of flow rate. An effort-independent flow rate that yields a supernormal flow/volume ratio suggests increased recoil properties of the respiratory system.", "PMID": 686040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6735", "title": "Diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation by a simple clinical method: measurement of uterine height.", "content": "Generally there is a tendency to underrate the value of uterine height in the diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). This fact is probably due to the lack of standard normal values for this measurement. In a group of 298 healthy pregnant women, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile were calculated by week of amenorrhea. Uterine height was measured with a nonelastic measuring tape, from the symphysis pubis to the fundus uteri. With the use of these standard values the predictive value of the method was established. Of 44 neonates with low birth weight for gestational age, 38 had a uterine height below the 10th percentile (sensitivity 86%). Six cases of IUGR were not diagnosed by this method. Of 95 neonates with adequate birth weight, 85 had uterine values above the 10th percentile (specificity 90%). Ten (10%) of these were predicted as low birth weight but were born with adequate weight. The uterine height measurement is shown to be a very good method for detecting IUGR. It can be used as a screening test to detect impairment in fetal growth and to make early referral of those pregnancies.", "contents": "Diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation by a simple clinical method: measurement of uterine height. Generally there is a tendency to underrate the value of uterine height in the diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). This fact is probably due to the lack of standard normal values for this measurement. In a group of 298 healthy pregnant women, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile were calculated by week of amenorrhea. Uterine height was measured with a nonelastic measuring tape, from the symphysis pubis to the fundus uteri. With the use of these standard values the predictive value of the method was established. Of 44 neonates with low birth weight for gestational age, 38 had a uterine height below the 10th percentile (sensitivity 86%). Six cases of IUGR were not diagnosed by this method. Of 95 neonates with adequate birth weight, 85 had uterine values above the 10th percentile (specificity 90%). Ten (10%) of these were predicted as low birth weight but were born with adequate weight. The uterine height measurement is shown to be a very good method for detecting IUGR. It can be used as a screening test to detect impairment in fetal growth and to make early referral of those pregnancies.", "PMID": 686050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6736", "title": "Pasteurella multocida infectious arthritis.", "content": "Pasteurella multocida, a small gram-negative rod, is a domestic animal saprophyte that occasionally causes disease in humans. Infectious arthritis may develop from a superficial animal bite or scratch. Nine previous cases of infectious arthritis due to this organism have been documented in the literature, and a tenth case is reported here. Most patients had recent animal exposure, and half the patients had underlying chronic rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical signs of inflammation were consistently present; however, systemic infection was infrequent. The lack of positive synovial fluid gram-stain smears may make differentiation from other forms of infectious arthritis difficult. Penicillin in moderate doses is effective therapy, with osteomyelitis developing in only two patients. The tendency for this syndrome to affect patients with rheumatoid arthritis may reflect deficient local defense mechanisms, chronic steroid therapy, or increased ownership of pets. The mechanism of spread of infection to the joint space appears to be through contiguous spread from a skin site rather than by the hematogenous route in most cases.", "contents": "Pasteurella multocida infectious arthritis. Pasteurella multocida, a small gram-negative rod, is a domestic animal saprophyte that occasionally causes disease in humans. Infectious arthritis may develop from a superficial animal bite or scratch. Nine previous cases of infectious arthritis due to this organism have been documented in the literature, and a tenth case is reported here. Most patients had recent animal exposure, and half the patients had underlying chronic rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical signs of inflammation were consistently present; however, systemic infection was infrequent. The lack of positive synovial fluid gram-stain smears may make differentiation from other forms of infectious arthritis difficult. Penicillin in moderate doses is effective therapy, with osteomyelitis developing in only two patients. The tendency for this syndrome to affect patients with rheumatoid arthritis may reflect deficient local defense mechanisms, chronic steroid therapy, or increased ownership of pets. The mechanism of spread of infection to the joint space appears to be through contiguous spread from a skin site rather than by the hematogenous route in most cases.", "PMID": 686043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6737", "title": "Use of supine pressor test to prevent gestational hypertension in primigravid women.", "content": "The supine pressor (roll-over) test was performed on 62 nulliparous patients under 20 years of age at conception. The 28 patients (45%) with positive tests were treated to prevent the development of gestational hypertension. Four of those with a positive test and two of those with a negative test developed gestational hypertension. Compared with a composite of other reported studies of this test in which the patients were not treated, our results indicated a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of gestational hypertension. The supine pressor test appears to be useful clinically in young nulliparous women.", "contents": "Use of supine pressor test to prevent gestational hypertension in primigravid women. The supine pressor (roll-over) test was performed on 62 nulliparous patients under 20 years of age at conception. The 28 patients (45%) with positive tests were treated to prevent the development of gestational hypertension. Four of those with a positive test and two of those with a negative test developed gestational hypertension. Compared with a composite of other reported studies of this test in which the patients were not treated, our results indicated a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of gestational hypertension. The supine pressor test appears to be useful clinically in young nulliparous women.", "PMID": 686052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6738", "title": "The syndromes of hydatidiform mole. I. Cytogenetic and morphologic correlations.", "content": "Cytogenetic and morphologic analysis of 23 hydatidiform moles allowed the division into at least two syndromes: (1) the syndrome of complete (classical) mole is without an ascertainable embryo/fetus, gives a diploid karyotype, and manifests a progressive fluid engorgement of the villi as well as a gross, haphazardly distributed trophoblastic hyperplasia; (2) the syndrome of partial (incomplete) mole has an ascertainable fetus (alive or dead), gives a triploid karyotype, and exhibits a slowly progressing hydatidiform swelling in the presence of functioning villous capillaries that spares many villi; trophoblastic immaturity is constant and focal hyperplasia is inconspicuous but present. A single case of diploid mole with unusual morphologic features, complete with a fetus, may herald yet another syndrome. Human chorionic gonadotropin levels were initially high in practically all cases. There was no malignant trophoblastic disease in this small series, but a plea is made that partial moles be followed carefully in order to establish their relation to choriocarcinoma.", "contents": "The syndromes of hydatidiform mole. I. Cytogenetic and morphologic correlations. Cytogenetic and morphologic analysis of 23 hydatidiform moles allowed the division into at least two syndromes: (1) the syndrome of complete (classical) mole is without an ascertainable embryo/fetus, gives a diploid karyotype, and manifests a progressive fluid engorgement of the villi as well as a gross, haphazardly distributed trophoblastic hyperplasia; (2) the syndrome of partial (incomplete) mole has an ascertainable fetus (alive or dead), gives a triploid karyotype, and exhibits a slowly progressing hydatidiform swelling in the presence of functioning villous capillaries that spares many villi; trophoblastic immaturity is constant and focal hyperplasia is inconspicuous but present. A single case of diploid mole with unusual morphologic features, complete with a fetus, may herald yet another syndrome. Human chorionic gonadotropin levels were initially high in practically all cases. There was no malignant trophoblastic disease in this small series, but a plea is made that partial moles be followed carefully in order to establish their relation to choriocarcinoma.", "PMID": 686053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6739", "title": "Effects of dexamethasone on leukocyte counts in pregnant sheep and fetal lambs.", "content": "In adult nonpregnant animals and human beings, glucocorticosteroids increase circulating leukocytes (predominantly neutrophils) and decrease lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. We were interested in studying effects of glucocorticoids on leukocyte counts during pregnancy to determine any differences between responses in the nonpregnant and pregnant states. After general anesthesia was administered, we placed catheters in a carotid artery and a jugular vein in pregnant sheep and in fetal lambs. Six  days after surgery, we administered dexamethasone intravenously to the mother (0.2 mg. per kilogram) or to the fetus (0.06 mg. per kilogram) and obtained maternal and fetal jugular venous blood samples immediately before (control) and 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after steroid injection. Administration of dexamethasone to the mother significantly increased total leukocyte and neutrophil counts (leukocytes per cubic millimeter blood) and decreased lymphocyte and eosinophil counts, but it did not change monocyte counts. Leukocyte counts returned to control values within 48 hours. Administration of dexamsthasone to the fetus rapidly increased total leukocyte and neutrophil counts, decreased monocyte and eosinophil counts, and had not effect on lymphocyte counts. Fetal leukocyte counts returned to control values by 24 hours after dexamethasone injection. Our results suggest that maternal and fetal leukocytes can respond to glucocorticoids as they do in the adult nonpregnant state.", "contents": "Effects of dexamethasone on leukocyte counts in pregnant sheep and fetal lambs. In adult nonpregnant animals and human beings, glucocorticosteroids increase circulating leukocytes (predominantly neutrophils) and decrease lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. We were interested in studying effects of glucocorticoids on leukocyte counts during pregnancy to determine any differences between responses in the nonpregnant and pregnant states. After general anesthesia was administered, we placed catheters in a carotid artery and a jugular vein in pregnant sheep and in fetal lambs. Six  days after surgery, we administered dexamethasone intravenously to the mother (0.2 mg. per kilogram) or to the fetus (0.06 mg. per kilogram) and obtained maternal and fetal jugular venous blood samples immediately before (control) and 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after steroid injection. Administration of dexamethasone to the mother significantly increased total leukocyte and neutrophil counts (leukocytes per cubic millimeter blood) and decreased lymphocyte and eosinophil counts, but it did not change monocyte counts. Leukocyte counts returned to control values within 48 hours. Administration of dexamsthasone to the fetus rapidly increased total leukocyte and neutrophil counts, decreased monocyte and eosinophil counts, and had not effect on lymphocyte counts. Fetal leukocyte counts returned to control values by 24 hours after dexamethasone injection. Our results suggest that maternal and fetal leukocytes can respond to glucocorticoids as they do in the adult nonpregnant state.", "PMID": 686054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6740", "title": "SQ 20,881: effect on eclamptic--pre-eclamptic women with postpartum hypertension.", "content": "The renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in the genesis of pre-eclampsia. To avoid fetal toxicity, five women were studied who developed hypertension, proteinuria, and edema in the last trimester of pregnancy and whose BP elevation persisted immediately postpartum. At about 6 hours after delivery the CE enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20,881) was given in incremental doses ranging from 0.25 to 3.0 mg. per kilogram intravenously, before and after diuresis with furosemide, 40 mg. intravenously. BP was measure every 2 minutes and PRA and angiotensin II concentration before treatment, 30 minutes after 0.25 to 0.30 mg. per kilogram, and 30 minutes after 2.0 to 3.0 mg. per kilogram. Echocardiographic assessment of CI and PVR was performed before treatment and after a maximum dose in three patients. Before diuresis, CE blockade had no effect on heart rate, BP, CI, PVR, or PRA, regardless of whether the patient was in positive or negative fluid balance or was sodium loaded or restricted over the preceding 24 hours. Angiotensin II fell by 77 and 10 per cent, respectively, after 0.25 mg. per kilogram was given to two patients, but rose slightly in the other three patients, then fell an average of 46 per cent after 1.0 to 3.0 mg. per kilogram were given. After diuresis, 1.0 mg. per kilogram resulted in a 24 per cent fall in BP which persisted for 3 hours in two patients and a 14 per cent fall which lasted for 30 minutes after 1.0 or 3.0 mg. per kilogram in a third patient. It is concluded that the BP elevation which persists after delivery in certain patients with pre-eclampsia is not angiotensin II dependent.", "contents": "SQ 20,881: effect on eclamptic--pre-eclamptic women with postpartum hypertension. The renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in the genesis of pre-eclampsia. To avoid fetal toxicity, five women were studied who developed hypertension, proteinuria, and edema in the last trimester of pregnancy and whose BP elevation persisted immediately postpartum. At about 6 hours after delivery the CE enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20,881) was given in incremental doses ranging from 0.25 to 3.0 mg. per kilogram intravenously, before and after diuresis with furosemide, 40 mg. intravenously. BP was measure every 2 minutes and PRA and angiotensin II concentration before treatment, 30 minutes after 0.25 to 0.30 mg. per kilogram, and 30 minutes after 2.0 to 3.0 mg. per kilogram. Echocardiographic assessment of CI and PVR was performed before treatment and after a maximum dose in three patients. Before diuresis, CE blockade had no effect on heart rate, BP, CI, PVR, or PRA, regardless of whether the patient was in positive or negative fluid balance or was sodium loaded or restricted over the preceding 24 hours. Angiotensin II fell by 77 and 10 per cent, respectively, after 0.25 mg. per kilogram was given to two patients, but rose slightly in the other three patients, then fell an average of 46 per cent after 1.0 to 3.0 mg. per kilogram were given. After diuresis, 1.0 mg. per kilogram resulted in a 24 per cent fall in BP which persisted for 3 hours in two patients and a 14 per cent fall which lasted for 30 minutes after 1.0 or 3.0 mg. per kilogram in a third patient. It is concluded that the BP elevation which persists after delivery in certain patients with pre-eclampsia is not angiotensin II dependent.", "PMID": 686062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6741", "title": "Uterine and cardiovascular effects of aminophylline.", "content": "Aminophylline (250 mg., over five minutes) was infused intravenously to 10 patients with oxytocin-induced contractions. The uterine activity decreased to 87 per cent because of the effect on contraction intensity; contraction frequency was unaffected. The maximum maternal pulse rate increased to 33 beats per minute. Blood pressure was unaffected. The fetal heart rate and beat-to-beat variability increased. An increased dosage of aminophylline produced unacceptably high maternal tachycardia. Comparing the results to those produced by the beta-sympathomimetic drugs in the same experimental model, it is concluded that aminophylline exhibits poor uterine selectivity with an unfavorable cardiovascular/tocolytic ratio.", "contents": "Uterine and cardiovascular effects of aminophylline. Aminophylline (250 mg., over five minutes) was infused intravenously to 10 patients with oxytocin-induced contractions. The uterine activity decreased to 87 per cent because of the effect on contraction intensity; contraction frequency was unaffected. The maximum maternal pulse rate increased to 33 beats per minute. Blood pressure was unaffected. The fetal heart rate and beat-to-beat variability increased. An increased dosage of aminophylline produced unacceptably high maternal tachycardia. Comparing the results to those produced by the beta-sympathomimetic drugs in the same experimental model, it is concluded that aminophylline exhibits poor uterine selectivity with an unfavorable cardiovascular/tocolytic ratio.", "PMID": 686063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6742", "title": "Amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol in diabetic pregnancies.", "content": "Despite L/S ratios indicating fetal lung maturity, respiratory distress continues to occur more frequently in infants of diabetic mothers. Amniotic fluid pulmonary phospholipids were studied in an attempt to understand the occurrence of false-positive L/S ratios in preterm diabetic pregnancies. Qualitative chromatography assays of surfactant phosphatides revealed reduced or absent phosphatidylglycerol in diabetic amniotic fluid specimens between 34 and 37 weeks' gestation. Mean phosphatidylglycerol in 15 nondiabetic and 29 diabetic specimens was 16 and 4 per cent of total extracted pulmonary phospholipids (P less than 0.001). Non-insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies had lowest mean per cent phosphatidylglycerol. Respiratory distress occurred in six infants of diabetic mothers delivered preterm with L/S ratios of 2:1 or greater; phosphatidylglycerol was absent in five. The inclusion of phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid phospholipid assessment may be an adjunctive index for fetal lung maturation in diabetic pregnancies.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol in diabetic pregnancies. Despite L/S ratios indicating fetal lung maturity, respiratory distress continues to occur more frequently in infants of diabetic mothers. Amniotic fluid pulmonary phospholipids were studied in an attempt to understand the occurrence of false-positive L/S ratios in preterm diabetic pregnancies. Qualitative chromatography assays of surfactant phosphatides revealed reduced or absent phosphatidylglycerol in diabetic amniotic fluid specimens between 34 and 37 weeks' gestation. Mean phosphatidylglycerol in 15 nondiabetic and 29 diabetic specimens was 16 and 4 per cent of total extracted pulmonary phospholipids (P less than 0.001). Non-insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies had lowest mean per cent phosphatidylglycerol. Respiratory distress occurred in six infants of diabetic mothers delivered preterm with L/S ratios of 2:1 or greater; phosphatidylglycerol was absent in five. The inclusion of phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid phospholipid assessment may be an adjunctive index for fetal lung maturation in diabetic pregnancies.", "PMID": 686064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6743", "title": "Prolongation of rat gestation time by unsaturated fatty acids.", "content": "Arachidonic, linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acids, administered to Sprague-Dawley rats on Days 20 and 21 of gestation prolonged the gestation time; neither the duration parturition, parturitional bleeding, nor the perinatal mortality rate was affected. Since arachidonic acid is the obligatory precursor of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha, currently believed to be associated with the initiation of labor, and polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the cell-mediated immune response in vivo, the precise role of prostaglandins and their precursors in the initiation of parturition must be critically examined.", "contents": "Prolongation of rat gestation time by unsaturated fatty acids. Arachidonic, linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acids, administered to Sprague-Dawley rats on Days 20 and 21 of gestation prolonged the gestation time; neither the duration parturition, parturitional bleeding, nor the perinatal mortality rate was affected. Since arachidonic acid is the obligatory precursor of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha, currently believed to be associated with the initiation of labor, and polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the cell-mediated immune response in vivo, the precise role of prostaglandins and their precursors in the initiation of parturition must be critically examined.", "PMID": 686065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6744", "title": "Bacteriuria in the puerperium: an evaluation of methods for collecting urine specimens.", "content": "Five hundred and eighteen puerperal patients were screened for bacteriuria by examination of clean-catch, midstream urine specimens using the dip-slide cultivation technique. Bladder urine from 105 patients showing 10(4) or more bacteria per milliliter of midstrean urine was obtained by suprapubic bladder aspiration and cultivated, along with two consecutive midstream specimens. The bacteriologic results in these specimen categories are compared. Of 23 patients showing growth in the midstream samples compatible with a true bacteriuria, 18 had sterile puncture urine specimens. Consecutive contaminated midstream specimens from the same patient usually yielded growth of the same bacterial species. It is concluded that a diagnosis of bacteriuria in the puerperium cannot be based upon cultural results of midstream specimens alone. In several of the bladder urine specimens, microogranisms being nonpathogenic in the urinary tract and residing normally in the vaginal flora were found, probably due to the traumatic effect of partus. In Oslo the frequency of bacteriuria among women post partum is estimated at a maximum of 1 per cent.", "contents": "Bacteriuria in the puerperium: an evaluation of methods for collecting urine specimens. Five hundred and eighteen puerperal patients were screened for bacteriuria by examination of clean-catch, midstream urine specimens using the dip-slide cultivation technique. Bladder urine from 105 patients showing 10(4) or more bacteria per milliliter of midstrean urine was obtained by suprapubic bladder aspiration and cultivated, along with two consecutive midstream specimens. The bacteriologic results in these specimen categories are compared. Of 23 patients showing growth in the midstream samples compatible with a true bacteriuria, 18 had sterile puncture urine specimens. Consecutive contaminated midstream specimens from the same patient usually yielded growth of the same bacterial species. It is concluded that a diagnosis of bacteriuria in the puerperium cannot be based upon cultural results of midstream specimens alone. In several of the bladder urine specimens, microogranisms being nonpathogenic in the urinary tract and residing normally in the vaginal flora were found, probably due to the traumatic effect of partus. In Oslo the frequency of bacteriuria among women post partum is estimated at a maximum of 1 per cent.", "PMID": 686066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6745", "title": "One-year follow-up of infants exposed to ultrasound in utero.", "content": "Neonatal and infant follow-up data from the Amniocentesis Registry of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development were analyzed for possible effects of diagnostic ultrasound exposure in the second trimester of pregnancy. A total of 297 infants of mothers receiving both amniocentesis and diagnostic ultrasound were compared with a similar group of 661 infants of mothers who had amniocentesis but not ultrasound and with 949 infants exposed to neither amniocentesis nor ultrasound. Results of newborn and 1 year examinations were similar for the amniocentesis with ultrasound group when compared to the other two groups. However, in view of the small sample size and other limitations of these data, larger and more detailed studies are needed to adequately assess possible effects of ultrasound in pregnancy.", "contents": "One-year follow-up of infants exposed to ultrasound in utero. Neonatal and infant follow-up data from the Amniocentesis Registry of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development were analyzed for possible effects of diagnostic ultrasound exposure in the second trimester of pregnancy. A total of 297 infants of mothers receiving both amniocentesis and diagnostic ultrasound were compared with a similar group of 661 infants of mothers who had amniocentesis but not ultrasound and with 949 infants exposed to neither amniocentesis nor ultrasound. Results of newborn and 1 year examinations were similar for the amniocentesis with ultrasound group when compared to the other two groups. However, in view of the small sample size and other limitations of these data, larger and more detailed studies are needed to adequately assess possible effects of ultrasound in pregnancy.", "PMID": 686067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6746", "title": "Modification of ovine fetal respiratory-like activity by chronic diazepam administration.", "content": "Chronic maternal administration of diazepam resulted in a modification of fetal respiratory-like activity (FRLA) in the sheep. An over-all increase in this activity occurred. This increase was probably due to a rebound effect following periods of acute suppression with each administration of diazepam. Loss of central control in the regulation of FRLA was implied. A complete reversal of a circadian rhythm of FRLA was observed in animals receiving diazepam. These changes have implications with respect to the antenatal monitoring of the fetus and sequelae in the newborn infant.", "contents": "Modification of ovine fetal respiratory-like activity by chronic diazepam administration. Chronic maternal administration of diazepam resulted in a modification of fetal respiratory-like activity (FRLA) in the sheep. An over-all increase in this activity occurred. This increase was probably due to a rebound effect following periods of acute suppression with each administration of diazepam. Loss of central control in the regulation of FRLA was implied. A complete reversal of a circadian rhythm of FRLA was observed in animals receiving diazepam. These changes have implications with respect to the antenatal monitoring of the fetus and sequelae in the newborn infant.", "PMID": 686068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6747", "title": "Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-Jsb.", "content": "A case of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-Jsb is described. The immunohematologic status of the mother and her offspring is presented.", "contents": "Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-Jsb. A case of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-Jsb is described. The immunohematologic status of the mother and her offspring is presented.", "PMID": 686069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6748", "title": "Reactivities of the nongravid uterine vasculatures: effects of norepinephrine.", "content": "Responses of the component tissues of the nonpregnant ovine uterus to intravenous administration of norepinephrine were determined with radioactively labeled microspheres under flowmeter guidance. During a mean decrease in uterine conductance to 42 per cent of control, no significant differences in the distribution of uterine blood flow to caruncles, endometrium, myometrium, or cervix occurred. These observations differ from those during the last half of gestation, when placental vascular reactivity to norepinephrine is muted. They support the concept that fundamental changes in placental vascular responses occur during placentation.", "contents": "Reactivities of the nongravid uterine vasculatures: effects of norepinephrine. Responses of the component tissues of the nonpregnant ovine uterus to intravenous administration of norepinephrine were determined with radioactively labeled microspheres under flowmeter guidance. During a mean decrease in uterine conductance to 42 per cent of control, no significant differences in the distribution of uterine blood flow to caruncles, endometrium, myometrium, or cervix occurred. These observations differ from those during the last half of gestation, when placental vascular reactivity to norepinephrine is muted. They support the concept that fundamental changes in placental vascular responses occur during placentation.", "PMID": 686070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6749", "title": "The development of a double-antibody radioimmunoassay for detecting ovarian tumor-associated antigen fraction OCA in plasma.", "content": "Ovarian tumor-associated antigen isolated from human tumor tissue was shown to have a different mobility from that of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in both acrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis in agarose. The ovarian tumor antigen is composed of six species with different electrophoretic mobility in acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three of these species were detected in Sephadex G-100 ovarian fraction OCA (from the void volume peak) and the other three species of lower apparent molecular weight were detected in fraction OCD (from the second peak). Fractions OCA and OCD did not share common antigenic determinations as determined by immunodiffusion. CEA was shown to share antigenic determinants with both OCA and OCD. A double-antibody radioimmunoassay capable of detecting nanogram quantities of plasma OCA was developed. In a preliminary study of ovarian cancer patients, OCA appeared to be a more sensitive marker for ovarian cancer than CEA. There was vitually no correlation (r2 - 0.1) between OCA and CEA levels in these patients, as determined by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "The development of a double-antibody radioimmunoassay for detecting ovarian tumor-associated antigen fraction OCA in plasma. Ovarian tumor-associated antigen isolated from human tumor tissue was shown to have a different mobility from that of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in both acrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis in agarose. The ovarian tumor antigen is composed of six species with different electrophoretic mobility in acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three of these species were detected in Sephadex G-100 ovarian fraction OCA (from the void volume peak) and the other three species of lower apparent molecular weight were detected in fraction OCD (from the second peak). Fractions OCA and OCD did not share common antigenic determinations as determined by immunodiffusion. CEA was shown to share antigenic determinants with both OCA and OCD. A double-antibody radioimmunoassay capable of detecting nanogram quantities of plasma OCA was developed. In a preliminary study of ovarian cancer patients, OCA appeared to be a more sensitive marker for ovarian cancer than CEA. There was vitually no correlation (r2 - 0.1) between OCA and CEA levels in these patients, as determined by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 686071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6750", "title": "Preoperative localization of virilizing tumors by selective venous sampling.", "content": "Two postmenopausal patients with virilization had preoperative localization of ovarian tumors by selective blood sampling from both ovarian and adrenal veins and assay of hormone levels. In the first patient, the peripheral concentrations of testosterone (T), androstenedione, and estrone were 936, 1,508 and 73 pg. per milliliter, respectively, levels which are above the ranges found in normal postmenopausal women. The catheterization study showed an increase in the left ovarian vein of all hormones except cortisol. It was predicted that a tumor was present in the left ovary. At operation a 7 by 4 mm. lipid cell tumour was found. In the peripheral blood of the second patient, the T level (4,518 pg. per milliliter) was markedly elevated and the estradiol concentration (73 pg. per milliliter) was increased. At retrograde catheterization the concentration of T in the right ovarian vein was markedly elevated at 120,400 pg. per milliliter. At operation a hilus cell tumor of the right ovary was found. These two cases represent the third and fourth consecutive androgen-secreting tumors from this institution that have been localized by selective ovarian and adrenal vein catheterization and sampling.", "contents": "Preoperative localization of virilizing tumors by selective venous sampling. Two postmenopausal patients with virilization had preoperative localization of ovarian tumors by selective blood sampling from both ovarian and adrenal veins and assay of hormone levels. In the first patient, the peripheral concentrations of testosterone (T), androstenedione, and estrone were 936, 1,508 and 73 pg. per milliliter, respectively, levels which are above the ranges found in normal postmenopausal women. The catheterization study showed an increase in the left ovarian vein of all hormones except cortisol. It was predicted that a tumor was present in the left ovary. At operation a 7 by 4 mm. lipid cell tumour was found. In the peripheral blood of the second patient, the T level (4,518 pg. per milliliter) was markedly elevated and the estradiol concentration (73 pg. per milliliter) was increased. At retrograde catheterization the concentration of T in the right ovarian vein was markedly elevated at 120,400 pg. per milliliter. At operation a hilus cell tumor of the right ovary was found. These two cases represent the third and fourth consecutive androgen-secreting tumors from this institution that have been localized by selective ovarian and adrenal vein catheterization and sampling.", "PMID": 686072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6751", "title": "Treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with the carbon dioxide laser beam. A preliminary report.", "content": "Forty-five patients with histologically proved cervical dysplasia or carcinoma in situ were treated by the carbon dioxide-laser method. The carbon dioxide laser induces cell vaporization by causing intracellular steam combustion stimulated by the emission of a mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium. This method of treatment is easily performed in the outpatient clinic without anesthesia, is inexpensive, and is effective in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The treatment allows preservation of the transformation zone, thus permitting future colposcopic visualization.", "contents": "Treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with the carbon dioxide laser beam. A preliminary report. Forty-five patients with histologically proved cervical dysplasia or carcinoma in situ were treated by the carbon dioxide-laser method. The carbon dioxide laser induces cell vaporization by causing intracellular steam combustion stimulated by the emission of a mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium. This method of treatment is easily performed in the outpatient clinic without anesthesia, is inexpensive, and is effective in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The treatment allows preservation of the transformation zone, thus permitting future colposcopic visualization.", "PMID": 686080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6752", "title": "Ovarian hemorrhage due to anticoagulants.", "content": "Six cases of ovarian hemorrhage secondary to anticoagulant therapy are described. Cardiac valvular prostheses required the use of oral anticoagulants in four patients in this series; the other two suffered a pulmonary infarction secondary to thromboembolism and required sustained anticoagulant therapy. Pertinent data from 28 other case reports are reviewed. Awareness of this syndrome during child-bearing years, early recognition, and aggressive management should prevent a fatal outcome.", "contents": "Ovarian hemorrhage due to anticoagulants. Six cases of ovarian hemorrhage secondary to anticoagulant therapy are described. Cardiac valvular prostheses required the use of oral anticoagulants in four patients in this series; the other two suffered a pulmonary infarction secondary to thromboembolism and required sustained anticoagulant therapy. Pertinent data from 28 other case reports are reviewed. Awareness of this syndrome during child-bearing years, early recognition, and aggressive management should prevent a fatal outcome.", "PMID": 686081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6753", "title": "Malignant teratoma of the ovary: prognostic factors and treatment.", "content": "A series of 25 patients with malignant teratoma of the ovary is presented. In 56%, diagnosis was made before the age of 20; none had bilateral tumors, and 52% were in Stage I at the time of the original diagnosis. Treatment with operation followed by irradiation or single-agent chemotherapy was ineffective; there were no survivors in eight patients treated with either of these regimens. However, combination chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide used postoperatively appears to be more effective since 10 to 12 patients who were treated with this method are surviving. Histologic grade appears to have questionable prognostic significance.", "contents": "Malignant teratoma of the ovary: prognostic factors and treatment. A series of 25 patients with malignant teratoma of the ovary is presented. In 56%, diagnosis was made before the age of 20; none had bilateral tumors, and 52% were in Stage I at the time of the original diagnosis. Treatment with operation followed by irradiation or single-agent chemotherapy was ineffective; there were no survivors in eight patients treated with either of these regimens. However, combination chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide used postoperatively appears to be more effective since 10 to 12 patients who were treated with this method are surviving. Histologic grade appears to have questionable prognostic significance.", "PMID": 686082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6754", "title": "Anaerobic microflora of the vagina in children.", "content": "Vaginal cultures from 25 healthy girls from two months to 15 years of age were examined for aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, and obligately anaerobic bacteria. An average of 8.7 species (3.7 aerobic and facultatively anaerobic species; 5.3 obligately anaerobic species) were isolated from these cultures. Staphylococcus epidermidis (21), diphtheroids (20), bacteroides (19), peptococci (19), peptostreptococci (14), and Bacteroides melaninogenicus (14) were most prevalent organisms.", "contents": "Anaerobic microflora of the vagina in children. Vaginal cultures from 25 healthy girls from two months to 15 years of age were examined for aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, and obligately anaerobic bacteria. An average of 8.7 species (3.7 aerobic and facultatively anaerobic species; 5.3 obligately anaerobic species) were isolated from these cultures. Staphylococcus epidermidis (21), diphtheroids (20), bacteroides (19), peptococci (19), peptostreptococci (14), and Bacteroides melaninogenicus (14) were most prevalent organisms.", "PMID": 686083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6755", "title": "Ultrasonic assessment of fetal head and body sizes in relation to normal and retarded fetal growth.", "content": "Data on consecutive ultrasonic measurements of fetal biparietal diameter (B.P.D.) and fetal chest area in 303 normal and 84 small-for-dates fetuses are presented. Duration of pregnancy varied from 24 to 41 weeks. A normal curve of the fetal B.P.D., chest area, and head-to-chest ratio was constructed. At 24 weeks mean fetal B.P.D. was 6.29 cm., mean fetal chest area was 24.9 sq. cm., and mean head-to-chest ratio was 1.59. At 41 weeks the mean values were 9.81 cm., 92.4 sq. cm., and 1.05, respectively. In the group of small-for-dates fetuses, a normal head-to-chest ratio was almost always associated with early onset of fetal growth retardation whereas in the majority of fetuses with increased head-to-chest ratios, growth retardation appeared to have started only in the third trimester of pregnancy.", "contents": "Ultrasonic assessment of fetal head and body sizes in relation to normal and retarded fetal growth. Data on consecutive ultrasonic measurements of fetal biparietal diameter (B.P.D.) and fetal chest area in 303 normal and 84 small-for-dates fetuses are presented. Duration of pregnancy varied from 24 to 41 weeks. A normal curve of the fetal B.P.D., chest area, and head-to-chest ratio was constructed. At 24 weeks mean fetal B.P.D. was 6.29 cm., mean fetal chest area was 24.9 sq. cm., and mean head-to-chest ratio was 1.59. At 41 weeks the mean values were 9.81 cm., 92.4 sq. cm., and 1.05, respectively. In the group of small-for-dates fetuses, a normal head-to-chest ratio was almost always associated with early onset of fetal growth retardation whereas in the majority of fetuses with increased head-to-chest ratios, growth retardation appeared to have started only in the third trimester of pregnancy.", "PMID": 686084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6756", "title": "The use of continuous insulin infusion for the peripartum management of pregnant diabetic women.", "content": "Sixteen pregnant diabetic patients near term were maintained on a regimen of continuous insulin infusion during the peripartum period. Blood glucose remained in the range of 75 to 150 mg. per deciliter, with insulin infusion rates between 0.25 and 2.00 U. per hour. Following delivery the infusion was continued through the first postpartum day or until oral intake was tolerated and subcutaneous long-acting insulin could be given. Sliding scale regimens were unnecessary; insulin dosage for discharge was easily determined; and the metabolic care of these patients was greatly simplified. Neonatal hypoglycemia in the 17 infants delivered of these diabetic patients was not entirely eliminated despite euglycemia in the mothers.", "contents": "The use of continuous insulin infusion for the peripartum management of pregnant diabetic women. Sixteen pregnant diabetic patients near term were maintained on a regimen of continuous insulin infusion during the peripartum period. Blood glucose remained in the range of 75 to 150 mg. per deciliter, with insulin infusion rates between 0.25 and 2.00 U. per hour. Following delivery the infusion was continued through the first postpartum day or until oral intake was tolerated and subcutaneous long-acting insulin could be given. Sliding scale regimens were unnecessary; insulin dosage for discharge was easily determined; and the metabolic care of these patients was greatly simplified. Neonatal hypoglycemia in the 17 infants delivered of these diabetic patients was not entirely eliminated despite euglycemia in the mothers.", "PMID": 686085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6757", "title": "Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on cardiovascular responses to norepinephrine and phenylephrine during pregnancy.", "content": "The effects of imipramine and amitriptyline on the responses of the uteroplacental vasculature to norepinephrine and phenylephrine were investigated in the pregnant ewe. Experiments were performed on conscious animals in which electromagnetic flow transducers were chronically implanted on the uterine arteries. Administered alone, the tricyclic antidepressants had no effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP) or estimated uteroplacental vascular conductance (UPVCe). Following intravenous infusion of either imipramine (1 mg. per kilogram) or amitriptyline (2.5 mg. per kilogram), the pressor response to norepinephrine (1 microgram per kilogram) and the duration of that response were significantly increased (p less than 0.05). In addition, both the duration of the norepinephrine-produced decrease in uteroplacental blood flow (UPBF) and the amplitude of the decrease in UPVCe were enhanced. In contrast, responses to phenylephrine (2.5 microgram per kilogram) were unaffected by prior administration of either imipramine or amitriptyline. Of additional interest were findings suggesting differential sensitivities to alpha-agonists of the uteroplacental compared with other vascular beds. These observations bring attention to the possibility of interactions between endogenous or exogenous norepinephrine and the tricyclic antidepressants and suggest that the possibly unique sensitivities of the uteroplacental bed should be considered when prescribing drugs during pregnancy.", "contents": "Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on cardiovascular responses to norepinephrine and phenylephrine during pregnancy. The effects of imipramine and amitriptyline on the responses of the uteroplacental vasculature to norepinephrine and phenylephrine were investigated in the pregnant ewe. Experiments were performed on conscious animals in which electromagnetic flow transducers were chronically implanted on the uterine arteries. Administered alone, the tricyclic antidepressants had no effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP) or estimated uteroplacental vascular conductance (UPVCe). Following intravenous infusion of either imipramine (1 mg. per kilogram) or amitriptyline (2.5 mg. per kilogram), the pressor response to norepinephrine (1 microgram per kilogram) and the duration of that response were significantly increased (p less than 0.05). In addition, both the duration of the norepinephrine-produced decrease in uteroplacental blood flow (UPBF) and the amplitude of the decrease in UPVCe were enhanced. In contrast, responses to phenylephrine (2.5 microgram per kilogram) were unaffected by prior administration of either imipramine or amitriptyline. Of additional interest were findings suggesting differential sensitivities to alpha-agonists of the uteroplacental compared with other vascular beds. These observations bring attention to the possibility of interactions between endogenous or exogenous norepinephrine and the tricyclic antidepressants and suggest that the possibly unique sensitivities of the uteroplacental bed should be considered when prescribing drugs during pregnancy.", "PMID": 686086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6758", "title": "Microanatomy of the human amniotic membranes. A light microscopic, transmission, and scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The human amnion was examined by means of light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The surface shows apart from microvilli a particular structure, called \"blebs\"; the intercellular junction is formed by desmosomes and a labyrinthine channel system, and at the base pedicels extend into the basement membrane. Cell shedding uncovers the basement membrane which seems to play a primordial role in preserving the intact amniotic cavity. These data underline the complex structure and the multiple role the amnion performs during gestation.", "contents": "Microanatomy of the human amniotic membranes. A light microscopic, transmission, and scanning electron microscopic study. The human amnion was examined by means of light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The surface shows apart from microvilli a particular structure, called \"blebs\"; the intercellular junction is formed by desmosomes and a labyrinthine channel system, and at the base pedicels extend into the basement membrane. Cell shedding uncovers the basement membrane which seems to play a primordial role in preserving the intact amniotic cavity. These data underline the complex structure and the multiple role the amnion performs during gestation.", "PMID": 686087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6759", "title": "Tissue concentrations of free amino acids in term human placentas.", "content": "Five human term placentas were analyzed for total free amino acid concentrations. Calculation of tissue fluid distribution via 14C-inulin space enabled an estimation of placental intracellular amino acid concentrations based upon cord and maternal plasma concentrations. Maximum and minimum estimates for amino acid concentration in intracellular water are given. Data are compared to concentrations in organs of various species. Taurine was present in the highest concentration (3.529 +/- 1.120 mumoles per gram wet weight). Glutamic and aspartic acids, alanine, glycine, and glutamine were all present in concentrations greater than 0.5 mumoles per gram wet weight.", "contents": "Tissue concentrations of free amino acids in term human placentas. Five human term placentas were analyzed for total free amino acid concentrations. Calculation of tissue fluid distribution via 14C-inulin space enabled an estimation of placental intracellular amino acid concentrations based upon cord and maternal plasma concentrations. Maximum and minimum estimates for amino acid concentration in intracellular water are given. Data are compared to concentrations in organs of various species. Taurine was present in the highest concentration (3.529 +/- 1.120 mumoles per gram wet weight). Glutamic and aspartic acids, alanine, glycine, and glutamine were all present in concentrations greater than 0.5 mumoles per gram wet weight.", "PMID": 686088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6760", "title": "How does maternal smoking affect birth weight and maternal weight gain? Evidence from the Ontario Perinatal Mortality Study.", "content": "A large data set was used to examine the possibility that maternal smoking during pregnancy causes low birth weights by reducing maternal appetite, eating, and weight gain. As always, birth weight distributions shifted downward as maternal smoking level increased. Maternal weight gain distributions, on the other hand, were the same for smokers and nonsmokers. Within each level of maternal weight gain, from less than five pounds to over 40 pounds, the more the mothers smoked the greater was the percentage of neonates weighing less than 2,500 grams. This evidence supports a direct effect of maternal smoking on birth weight, possibly due to the hypoxic effects of carbon monoxide, rather than one mediated through eating. Efforts to prevent or reduce smoking should have greater benefits for mother and child than would efforts to increase food intake among pregnant women who smoke.", "contents": "How does maternal smoking affect birth weight and maternal weight gain? Evidence from the Ontario Perinatal Mortality Study. A large data set was used to examine the possibility that maternal smoking during pregnancy causes low birth weights by reducing maternal appetite, eating, and weight gain. As always, birth weight distributions shifted downward as maternal smoking level increased. Maternal weight gain distributions, on the other hand, were the same for smokers and nonsmokers. Within each level of maternal weight gain, from less than five pounds to over 40 pounds, the more the mothers smoked the greater was the percentage of neonates weighing less than 2,500 grams. This evidence supports a direct effect of maternal smoking on birth weight, possibly due to the hypoxic effects of carbon monoxide, rather than one mediated through eating. Efforts to prevent or reduce smoking should have greater benefits for mother and child than would efforts to increase food intake among pregnant women who smoke.", "PMID": 686089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6761", "title": "Intermittent breathing before death in fetal lambs.", "content": "The presence of fetal breathing, even if episodic in character, may not indicate fetal well being. In a study of fetal lambs with long-term implantation of catheters and electrodes, five of six lambs which died before the onset of labor had terminal episodes of continuous breathing, preceded by 4 1/4 to 45 1/2 hours of abnormal intermittent breathing. Intermittent bursts of slow gasping or rapid breathing at exceptionally regular rates and depths were observed. The rapid pattern was associated with epileptiform seizures in two of three lambs. In all lambs, the abnormal intermittent breathing was preceded by prolonged apnea.", "contents": "Intermittent breathing before death in fetal lambs. The presence of fetal breathing, even if episodic in character, may not indicate fetal well being. In a study of fetal lambs with long-term implantation of catheters and electrodes, five of six lambs which died before the onset of labor had terminal episodes of continuous breathing, preceded by 4 1/4 to 45 1/2 hours of abnormal intermittent breathing. Intermittent bursts of slow gasping or rapid breathing at exceptionally regular rates and depths were observed. The rapid pattern was associated with epileptiform seizures in two of three lambs. In all lambs, the abnormal intermittent breathing was preceded by prolonged apnea.", "PMID": 686090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6762", "title": "Ovarian pregnancy associated with intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Four cases of ovarian pregnancy, occurring over a two-year period in the same hospital, are presented. Each case fulfills Spiegelberg's criteria. Each patient conceived with Cu-7 intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) in situ. Review of the literature reveals an apparent increase in the frequency of ovarian pregnancy associated with IUD's. This aspect of the problem, as well as the management of this unusual type of ectopic pregnancy, is discussed. The data available do not justify a conclusion that ovarian pregnancies are caused by IUD's. Unless future studies demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship, this may be merely an interesting coincidence. However, it seems that more than just coincidence is involved, even though the mechanism is unclear.", "contents": "Ovarian pregnancy associated with intrauterine contraceptive devices. Four cases of ovarian pregnancy, occurring over a two-year period in the same hospital, are presented. Each case fulfills Spiegelberg's criteria. Each patient conceived with Cu-7 intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) in situ. Review of the literature reveals an apparent increase in the frequency of ovarian pregnancy associated with IUD's. This aspect of the problem, as well as the management of this unusual type of ectopic pregnancy, is discussed. The data available do not justify a conclusion that ovarian pregnancies are caused by IUD's. Unless future studies demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship, this may be merely an interesting coincidence. However, it seems that more than just coincidence is involved, even though the mechanism is unclear.", "PMID": 686101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6763", "title": "Maternal deaths from ectopic pregnancy in the South Atlantic region, 1960 through 1976.", "content": "The authors have calculated the maternal mortality rates from ectopic pregnancy in the Southeastern United States. Between 1960 and 1975 81 per cent of 207 ectopic deaths occurred in nonwhite women. A more detailed study of 24 deaths from ectopic pregnancy in North Carolina shows that from 1961 to 1976 4.2 per cent of all direct obstetric deaths and 15.9 per cent of deaths from hemorrhage were due to reptured ectopic gestation. The most striking observation was the dramatic reduction in deaths from ectopic pregnancy among nonwhite women. Maternal mortality rates for ectopic pregnancy should properly be based on the conception rate, consisting of live births plus abortions rather than live births alone. Missed diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy as a factor in maternal mortality rate requires more intensive educational efforts directed toward primary-care physicians.", "contents": "Maternal deaths from ectopic pregnancy in the South Atlantic region, 1960 through 1976. The authors have calculated the maternal mortality rates from ectopic pregnancy in the Southeastern United States. Between 1960 and 1975 81 per cent of 207 ectopic deaths occurred in nonwhite women. A more detailed study of 24 deaths from ectopic pregnancy in North Carolina shows that from 1961 to 1976 4.2 per cent of all direct obstetric deaths and 15.9 per cent of deaths from hemorrhage were due to reptured ectopic gestation. The most striking observation was the dramatic reduction in deaths from ectopic pregnancy among nonwhite women. Maternal mortality rates for ectopic pregnancy should properly be based on the conception rate, consisting of live births plus abortions rather than live births alone. Missed diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy as a factor in maternal mortality rate requires more intensive educational efforts directed toward primary-care physicians.", "PMID": 686102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6764", "title": "Adnexal malignancy detected by cervical cytology.", "content": "These case presentations are submitted to focus attention on positive (Class V) cervicovaginal cytologic results compatible with adenocarcinoma in the face of benign endocervical and endometrial tissue and in the absence of clinically detectable adnexal disease. Two patients were found to have primary ovarian malignancy, and one patient had adenocarcinoma of the distal end of the right Fallopian tube. Provided that there is confidence in the cytologic diagnosis and that primary disease has been ruled out elsewhere, the clinician is encouraged to utilize additional diagnostic methods, such as laparoscopic visualization of the pelvis and peritoneal fluid studies, in an attempt to facilitate early diagnosis of nonpalpable adnexal disease.", "contents": "Adnexal malignancy detected by cervical cytology. These case presentations are submitted to focus attention on positive (Class V) cervicovaginal cytologic results compatible with adenocarcinoma in the face of benign endocervical and endometrial tissue and in the absence of clinically detectable adnexal disease. Two patients were found to have primary ovarian malignancy, and one patient had adenocarcinoma of the distal end of the right Fallopian tube. Provided that there is confidence in the cytologic diagnosis and that primary disease has been ruled out elsewhere, the clinician is encouraged to utilize additional diagnostic methods, such as laparoscopic visualization of the pelvis and peritoneal fluid studies, in an attempt to facilitate early diagnosis of nonpalpable adnexal disease.", "PMID": 686103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6765", "title": "Effects of steroids on serum lipids and serum cholesterol binding reserve.", "content": "Serum cholesterol binding reserve (SCBR) denotes the capacity of serum to solubilize additional cholesterol. It as been shown previously that a decrease of the SCBR in the presence of elevated cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels is associated with the development of coronary artery disease in man. This is a preliminary report of the effect on serum lipids and SCBR by alteration of the sex steroid environment in women. The hormonal changes associated with pregnancy appear to elevate cholesterol, triglycerides, and SCBR, SCBR being elevated to the greatest extent. No differences were observed in SCBR and serum lipids in a short-term study of premenopausal women when values prior to castration are compared with values after castration during administration of conjugated equine estrogens. In women observed over a period of over 20 weeks, who were using a combination oral contraceptive pill with 1 mg. of norethindrone and 50 or 80 mcg. of mestranol, there was a significant elevation of triglycerides, some decrease of cholesterol, and no change in the SCBR. The possible significance of these findings in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease deserves further investigation.", "contents": "Effects of steroids on serum lipids and serum cholesterol binding reserve. Serum cholesterol binding reserve (SCBR) denotes the capacity of serum to solubilize additional cholesterol. It as been shown previously that a decrease of the SCBR in the presence of elevated cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels is associated with the development of coronary artery disease in man. This is a preliminary report of the effect on serum lipids and SCBR by alteration of the sex steroid environment in women. The hormonal changes associated with pregnancy appear to elevate cholesterol, triglycerides, and SCBR, SCBR being elevated to the greatest extent. No differences were observed in SCBR and serum lipids in a short-term study of premenopausal women when values prior to castration are compared with values after castration during administration of conjugated equine estrogens. In women observed over a period of over 20 weeks, who were using a combination oral contraceptive pill with 1 mg. of norethindrone and 50 or 80 mcg. of mestranol, there was a significant elevation of triglycerides, some decrease of cholesterol, and no change in the SCBR. The possible significance of these findings in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease deserves further investigation.", "PMID": 686104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6766", "title": "Deaths caused by pulmonary thromboembolism after legally induced abortion.", "content": "Pulmonary thromboembolism is an infrequent but serious complication of induced abortion. Of the 104 abortion-related deaths reported to the Center for Disease Control in 1972 through 1975, 10 (9.6 per cent) involved fatal pulmonary embolism; eight of these cases were proved at autopsy. All but one of the women had pre-existing risk factors for thromboembolic disease, including obesity, previous thrombophlebitis, use of oral contraceptives, or type A blood. All but one case occurred in women who had received general anesthesia. In addition, four of the eight women had undergone a concurrent sterilization procedure at the time of the abortion. Preventive efforts should focus on identifying women at high risk for thromboembolic events prior to the abortion procedure and then selecting the abortion procedure least likely to produce postoperative embolism.", "contents": "Deaths caused by pulmonary thromboembolism after legally induced abortion. Pulmonary thromboembolism is an infrequent but serious complication of induced abortion. Of the 104 abortion-related deaths reported to the Center for Disease Control in 1972 through 1975, 10 (9.6 per cent) involved fatal pulmonary embolism; eight of these cases were proved at autopsy. All but one of the women had pre-existing risk factors for thromboembolic disease, including obesity, previous thrombophlebitis, use of oral contraceptives, or type A blood. All but one case occurred in women who had received general anesthesia. In addition, four of the eight women had undergone a concurrent sterilization procedure at the time of the abortion. Preventive efforts should focus on identifying women at high risk for thromboembolic events prior to the abortion procedure and then selecting the abortion procedure least likely to produce postoperative embolism.", "PMID": 686105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6767", "title": "Characteristics of patients with placenta previa and results of \"expectant management\".", "content": "To determine the differences between pregnancies complicated by placenta previa and those without placenta previa, the characteristics of 31,070 consecutive deliveries at one institution were analyzed. The philosophy of \"expectant management\" of the premature fetus and frequent use of cesarean section was utilized in the 185 patients with placenta previa. A higher proportion of these patients were multiparous, were older, had had previous abortions, and were carrying a male fetus or twins. The fetal and placental weights in these patients were similar to those in other patients throughout pregnancy. Rates of prematurity, antepartum and intrapartum fetal death, neonatal death, congenital abnormality, and low Apgar scores were higher among patients with placenta previa. Data were compiled in a manner that allows the obstetrician to: (1) evaluate the fetal weight and expected fetal growth; (2) estimate the probability that his patient will deliver prematurely and will deliver within the next one-, two-, or four-week interval; (3) determine the relative risks to the fetus prior to labor, during labor, and in the neonatal period at each stage of gestation.", "contents": "Characteristics of patients with placenta previa and results of \"expectant management\". To determine the differences between pregnancies complicated by placenta previa and those without placenta previa, the characteristics of 31,070 consecutive deliveries at one institution were analyzed. The philosophy of \"expectant management\" of the premature fetus and frequent use of cesarean section was utilized in the 185 patients with placenta previa. A higher proportion of these patients were multiparous, were older, had had previous abortions, and were carrying a male fetus or twins. The fetal and placental weights in these patients were similar to those in other patients throughout pregnancy. Rates of prematurity, antepartum and intrapartum fetal death, neonatal death, congenital abnormality, and low Apgar scores were higher among patients with placenta previa. Data were compiled in a manner that allows the obstetrician to: (1) evaluate the fetal weight and expected fetal growth; (2) estimate the probability that his patient will deliver prematurely and will deliver within the next one-, two-, or four-week interval; (3) determine the relative risks to the fetus prior to labor, during labor, and in the neonatal period at each stage of gestation.", "PMID": 686107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6768", "title": "Asessment of fetal gestational age in high-risk pregnancies by amniotic fluid analyses and ultrasound mensuration.", "content": "Maturity studies are reported on 204 women with high-risk pregnancies. Estimates of fetal maturity were made prenatally by the use of ultrasonic measurements, the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio, and a gestational index based on amniotic fluid creatinine, urea nitrogen, and cytology. These estimates were compared with the neonatal pediatric estimate of maturity. The gestational score agreed with pediatric maturity to within 14 days in 95 per cent of the cases. Estimates of L/S ratio distinguished between mature and immature infants in 86 per cent of the cases. Ultrasound could estimate gestational age only to within 14 days in 75 per cent of the cases, and the disagreements were greatest where either growth retardation or macrosomia was present. However, ultrasound is more useful in estimating fetal size and abnormalities of growth pattern. An estimate of gestational age by gestational score aids management, particularly where growth retardation is present, enabling a decision about delivery to be made even though the infant is very small and has an immature L/S ratio.", "contents": "Asessment of fetal gestational age in high-risk pregnancies by amniotic fluid analyses and ultrasound mensuration. Maturity studies are reported on 204 women with high-risk pregnancies. Estimates of fetal maturity were made prenatally by the use of ultrasonic measurements, the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio, and a gestational index based on amniotic fluid creatinine, urea nitrogen, and cytology. These estimates were compared with the neonatal pediatric estimate of maturity. The gestational score agreed with pediatric maturity to within 14 days in 95 per cent of the cases. Estimates of L/S ratio distinguished between mature and immature infants in 86 per cent of the cases. Ultrasound could estimate gestational age only to within 14 days in 75 per cent of the cases, and the disagreements were greatest where either growth retardation or macrosomia was present. However, ultrasound is more useful in estimating fetal size and abnormalities of growth pattern. An estimate of gestational age by gestational score aids management, particularly where growth retardation is present, enabling a decision about delivery to be made even though the infant is very small and has an immature L/S ratio.", "PMID": 686108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6769", "title": "Preoperative radiation therapy in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: preliminary report.", "content": "Fourteen cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva treated preoperatively by use of cobalt-60 irradiation directed to the vulva and inguinal areas are reviewed. Toral dose varied from 3,600 to 5,500 rads according to reaction and tolerance. No treatments had to be interrupted due to excessive radiation effects. Surgical procedures were performed six weeks after irradiation. Histologic investigation of the surgical specimen showed no sign of tumor in five cases, almost complete regression in three, and a substantial reduction of the lesion in the remainder of the cases. In situ lesions surrounding the invasive tumors were cleared in three cases. Lymph node involvement was found in only two patients, one of whom did not receive preoperative radiation to in inguinal areas. Only one local recurrence was encountered and this was in the abdominal skin outside of the irradiated area. The healing process does not seem to be impaired after radiation treatment in spite of the fact that in many patients a very extensive type of surgical procedure was carried out.", "contents": "Preoperative radiation therapy in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: preliminary report. Fourteen cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva treated preoperatively by use of cobalt-60 irradiation directed to the vulva and inguinal areas are reviewed. Toral dose varied from 3,600 to 5,500 rads according to reaction and tolerance. No treatments had to be interrupted due to excessive radiation effects. Surgical procedures were performed six weeks after irradiation. Histologic investigation of the surgical specimen showed no sign of tumor in five cases, almost complete regression in three, and a substantial reduction of the lesion in the remainder of the cases. In situ lesions surrounding the invasive tumors were cleared in three cases. Lymph node involvement was found in only two patients, one of whom did not receive preoperative radiation to in inguinal areas. Only one local recurrence was encountered and this was in the abdominal skin outside of the irradiated area. The healing process does not seem to be impaired after radiation treatment in spite of the fact that in many patients a very extensive type of surgical procedure was carried out.", "PMID": 686109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6770", "title": "Legalized abortion: effect on national trends of maternal and abortion-related mortality (1940 through 1976).", "content": "Both non-abortion-related maternal and abortion-related mortality declined prior to the Supreme Court decisions of 1973. In order to determine the effect of legalized abortion on maternal mortality, we have analyzed the secular trends in national abortion mortality ratios for 1940 through 1976, compared the trends to those maternal mortality ratios, and hypothesized reasons for differences between these trends. Between 1940 and 1950 and after 1965, deaths from abortion declined more rapidly than deaths from other causes associated with childbirth. However, between 1951 and 1965, maternal mortality related to pregnancy of childbirth declined more rapidly than abortion-related mortality. Five possible explanations exist for the more rapid decline in abortion deaths since 1965--selected underreporting, changes in coding practices, improved safety of illegal abortion, introduction of more effective contraception, and increased availability of legal abortion. We consider the last two explanations as the most likely reasons for the accelerated decline in abortion-related deaths.", "contents": "Legalized abortion: effect on national trends of maternal and abortion-related mortality (1940 through 1976). Both non-abortion-related maternal and abortion-related mortality declined prior to the Supreme Court decisions of 1973. In order to determine the effect of legalized abortion on maternal mortality, we have analyzed the secular trends in national abortion mortality ratios for 1940 through 1976, compared the trends to those maternal mortality ratios, and hypothesized reasons for differences between these trends. Between 1940 and 1950 and after 1965, deaths from abortion declined more rapidly than deaths from other causes associated with childbirth. However, between 1951 and 1965, maternal mortality related to pregnancy of childbirth declined more rapidly than abortion-related mortality. Five possible explanations exist for the more rapid decline in abortion deaths since 1965--selected underreporting, changes in coding practices, improved safety of illegal abortion, introduction of more effective contraception, and increased availability of legal abortion. We consider the last two explanations as the most likely reasons for the accelerated decline in abortion-related deaths.", "PMID": 686111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6771", "title": "The relationship between fixation disparity and heterophoria.", "content": "Twenty-five asymptomatic subjects with normal binocular vision underwent determination of the magnitude and direction of their heterophoria and their fixation disparity. Fixation disparity was measured at a 2-m fixation distance with the phase-difference haploscope under conditions simulating those of casual seeing. When combined with careful attention to symmetrical control of accommodation, this method eliminates several known technical artifacts. Examples of the normal fluctuation of the magnitude and direction of fixation disparity for individual subjects were demonstrated. Whereas only a slight preponderance of subjects were esophoric, many subjects had convergent fixation disparity (esodisparity). Linear regression analysis of the data revealed a coefficient of correlation between fixation disparity and heterophoria at 6 m of 0.61, and at 33 cm of 0.50. The results suggest that normal, small magnitude heterophoria does not necessarily produce fixation disparity and that fixation disparity does not necessarily sustain heterophoria.", "contents": "The relationship between fixation disparity and heterophoria. Twenty-five asymptomatic subjects with normal binocular vision underwent determination of the magnitude and direction of their heterophoria and their fixation disparity. Fixation disparity was measured at a 2-m fixation distance with the phase-difference haploscope under conditions simulating those of casual seeing. When combined with careful attention to symmetrical control of accommodation, this method eliminates several known technical artifacts. Examples of the normal fluctuation of the magnitude and direction of fixation disparity for individual subjects were demonstrated. Whereas only a slight preponderance of subjects were esophoric, many subjects had convergent fixation disparity (esodisparity). Linear regression analysis of the data revealed a coefficient of correlation between fixation disparity and heterophoria at 6 m of 0.61, and at 33 cm of 0.50. The results suggest that normal, small magnitude heterophoria does not necessarily produce fixation disparity and that fixation disparity does not necessarily sustain heterophoria.", "PMID": 686118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6772", "title": "Retinal vascular changes in retrograde optic atrophy.", "content": "Five patients with unilateral optic atrophy of extraocular origin had a normal retinal vasculature. Clinical examination of the patients included color fundus photographs and fluorescein angiography. After comparing the blood vessels in the blind eye with those in the normal fellow eye, we concluded that vascular attenuation is neither invariably associated with optic atrophy, nor solely caused by decreased local oxygen demand in the retina.", "contents": "Retinal vascular changes in retrograde optic atrophy. Five patients with unilateral optic atrophy of extraocular origin had a normal retinal vasculature. Clinical examination of the patients included color fundus photographs and fluorescein angiography. After comparing the blood vessels in the blind eye with those in the normal fellow eye, we concluded that vascular attenuation is neither invariably associated with optic atrophy, nor solely caused by decreased local oxygen demand in the retina.", "PMID": 686119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6773", "title": "Unilateral congenital iris pigment epithelial hyperplasia associated with late-onset glaucoma.", "content": "We observed a 41-year-old man with congenital unilateral iris pigment epithelial hyperplasia associated with unilateral glaucoma, and considered the possible pathogenesis of this unique lesion and its relationship to the patient's glaucoma.", "contents": "Unilateral congenital iris pigment epithelial hyperplasia associated with late-onset glaucoma. We observed a 41-year-old man with congenital unilateral iris pigment epithelial hyperplasia associated with unilateral glaucoma, and considered the possible pathogenesis of this unique lesion and its relationship to the patient's glaucoma.", "PMID": 686120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6774", "title": "Acquired color vision defects in retrobulbar neuritis.", "content": "We used the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test to study the incidence of acquired color vision defects in 16 patients with unilateral and and seven patients with bilateral retrobulbar optic neuritis whose visual acuity had recovered to 6/12 (20/40) or better. We recorded the visual-evoked response to a pattern stimulus on the same day. All 30 affected eyes showed an excessive number of errors on Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue testing. The number of errors increased with greater residual optic nerve damage. One false-positive and two false-negative visual-evoked responses were found.", "contents": "Acquired color vision defects in retrobulbar neuritis. We used the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test to study the incidence of acquired color vision defects in 16 patients with unilateral and and seven patients with bilateral retrobulbar optic neuritis whose visual acuity had recovered to 6/12 (20/40) or better. We recorded the visual-evoked response to a pattern stimulus on the same day. All 30 affected eyes showed an excessive number of errors on Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue testing. The number of errors increased with greater residual optic nerve damage. One false-positive and two false-negative visual-evoked responses were found.", "PMID": 686121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6775", "title": "Embolic ischemic optic neuropathy.", "content": "On examining the postmortem enucleated eyes of a 68-year-old man, we found the left eye had focal infarction 3 mm behind the lamina cribrosa caused by thromboembolic compromise of three discrete pial and pial-derived arterioles. The optic nerve had been destroyed focally, whereas the retinal and choroidal tissue supplied by a similarly occluded vessel had been preserved. We diagnosed nonarteritis ischemic optic neuropathy.", "contents": "Embolic ischemic optic neuropathy. On examining the postmortem enucleated eyes of a 68-year-old man, we found the left eye had focal infarction 3 mm behind the lamina cribrosa caused by thromboembolic compromise of three discrete pial and pial-derived arterioles. The optic nerve had been destroyed focally, whereas the retinal and choroidal tissue supplied by a similarly occluded vessel had been preserved. We diagnosed nonarteritis ischemic optic neuropathy.", "PMID": 686122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6776", "title": "Chronic unilateral blepharoconjunctivitis caused by sebaceous carcinoma.", "content": "A patient with chronic unilateral conjunctivitis of six years' duration was discovered to have sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. This case is in many respects typical of the delay between onset and diagnosis frequently seen in this disease. Our case is unique, however, because it demonstrates that if not specifically alerted to the possibility of malignancy, even the experienced ophthalmic pathologist may misdiagnose. The factors necessary for early diagnosis of this disease are: (1) suspicion on the part of the clinician, (2) adequate surgical biopsies, and (3) examination of the biopsy specimen by an experienced pathologist who has been alerted to look for malignant changes.", "contents": "Chronic unilateral blepharoconjunctivitis caused by sebaceous carcinoma. A patient with chronic unilateral conjunctivitis of six years' duration was discovered to have sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. This case is in many respects typical of the delay between onset and diagnosis frequently seen in this disease. Our case is unique, however, because it demonstrates that if not specifically alerted to the possibility of malignancy, even the experienced ophthalmic pathologist may misdiagnose. The factors necessary for early diagnosis of this disease are: (1) suspicion on the part of the clinician, (2) adequate surgical biopsies, and (3) examination of the biopsy specimen by an experienced pathologist who has been alerted to look for malignant changes.", "PMID": 686123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6777", "title": "Anterior uveitis in geographic or serpiginous choroiditis.", "content": "A 51-year-old man and a 45-year-old man had geographic or serpiginous choroiditis and anterior uveitis as shown by ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography. Anterior uveitis, a previously undescribed feature of this disease, was found in both patients. Despite clear-cut evidence of inflammatory disease, corticosteroid therapy generally proved to be ineffective.", "contents": "Anterior uveitis in geographic or serpiginous choroiditis. A 51-year-old man and a 45-year-old man had geographic or serpiginous choroiditis and anterior uveitis as shown by ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography. Anterior uveitis, a previously undescribed feature of this disease, was found in both patients. Despite clear-cut evidence of inflammatory disease, corticosteroid therapy generally proved to be ineffective.", "PMID": 686124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6778", "title": "Comparative ultrasonographic study of the effect of pilocarpine 2% and Ocusert P 20 on the eye components.", "content": "The ultrasonographic examination of pilocarpine 2%- and Ocusert P 20-treated eyes clearly demonstrated that the side effects, such as accommodative myopia and changes of the anterior chamber depth and of the lens thickness, were less pronounced in the Ocusert-treated group.", "contents": "Comparative ultrasonographic study of the effect of pilocarpine 2% and Ocusert P 20 on the eye components. The ultrasonographic examination of pilocarpine 2%- and Ocusert P 20-treated eyes clearly demonstrated that the side effects, such as accommodative myopia and changes of the anterior chamber depth and of the lens thickness, were less pronounced in the Ocusert-treated group.", "PMID": 686125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6779", "title": "Subretinal pigment cells in malignant melanoma of the choroid.", "content": "On examining 54 globes that harbored choroidal malignant melanomas, we found 28 tumors to be composed of spindle cells; 24, of mixed cells; and two, of epitheloid cells. In 80% of the tumors studied, pigment-laden cells had accumulated away from the tumor region and at the periphery of the subretinal space. The number of cells increased in proportion to the extent of retinal detachment, a finding that related directly to the size of the tumor.", "contents": "Subretinal pigment cells in malignant melanoma of the choroid. On examining 54 globes that harbored choroidal malignant melanomas, we found 28 tumors to be composed of spindle cells; 24, of mixed cells; and two, of epitheloid cells. In 80% of the tumors studied, pigment-laden cells had accumulated away from the tumor region and at the periphery of the subretinal space. The number of cells increased in proportion to the extent of retinal detachment, a finding that related directly to the size of the tumor.", "PMID": 686126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6780", "title": "Number of inflammatory cells in the normal conjunctiva.", "content": "We counted inflammatory cells per cubic millimeter in both the epithelium and the substantia propria of samples from upper tarsal conjunctiva of 15 normal subjects and from lower forniceal conjunctiva of ten normal subjects. The upper limit of normal for number of cells was nearly 500,000/mm3. Lymphocytes accounted for about 70% of the inflammatory cells. Neutrophils and lymphocytes were almost always present in both the epithelium and the substantia propria. Plasma cells and mast cells were present in the substantia propria of all subjects, but never in the epithelium. Neither eosinophils nor basophils were found in any specimen. We concluded that conjunctiva of the white and quiet eye usually contains heavy infiltrates of inflammatory cells.", "contents": "Number of inflammatory cells in the normal conjunctiva. We counted inflammatory cells per cubic millimeter in both the epithelium and the substantia propria of samples from upper tarsal conjunctiva of 15 normal subjects and from lower forniceal conjunctiva of ten normal subjects. The upper limit of normal for number of cells was nearly 500,000/mm3. Lymphocytes accounted for about 70% of the inflammatory cells. Neutrophils and lymphocytes were almost always present in both the epithelium and the substantia propria. Plasma cells and mast cells were present in the substantia propria of all subjects, but never in the epithelium. Neither eosinophils nor basophils were found in any specimen. We concluded that conjunctiva of the white and quiet eye usually contains heavy infiltrates of inflammatory cells.", "PMID": 686127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6781", "title": "Therapy of scleritis with cytotoxic agents.", "content": "Four patients with severe anterior scleritis that had not responded to conventional therapy were treated with cytotoxic immunosuppressive alkylating agents alone (one case) or in combination with prednisone (three cases). Two of the patients had Wegener's granulomatosis, one pyoderma gangrenosum, and one rheumatoid vasculitis. All patients responded well to this therapy with a decrease in inflammation and a healing of the sclera. Other systemic manifestations of the underlying diseases often responded well also.", "contents": "Therapy of scleritis with cytotoxic agents. Four patients with severe anterior scleritis that had not responded to conventional therapy were treated with cytotoxic immunosuppressive alkylating agents alone (one case) or in combination with prednisone (three cases). Two of the patients had Wegener's granulomatosis, one pyoderma gangrenosum, and one rheumatoid vasculitis. All patients responded well to this therapy with a decrease in inflammation and a healing of the sclera. Other systemic manifestations of the underlying diseases often responded well also.", "PMID": 686129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6782", "title": "High magnification direct ophthalmoscopy.", "content": "The combination of a high minus setting of the ophthalmoscope and an extra positive lens in front of the patient's eye forms a Galilean telescope that increases magnification in direct ophthalmoscopy. The telescope magnification equals the ratio between objective and ocular focal lengths.", "contents": "High magnification direct ophthalmoscopy. The combination of a high minus setting of the ophthalmoscope and an extra positive lens in front of the patient's eye forms a Galilean telescope that increases magnification in direct ophthalmoscopy. The telescope magnification equals the ratio between objective and ocular focal lengths.", "PMID": 686130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6783", "title": "A technique for improving corneal clarity during retinal surgery.", "content": "To maintain corneal clarity during scleral buckling operations, the surgeon firmly rolls a dry cotton applicator across the edematous corneal surface, and the epithelial edema fluid is pressed out and absorbed by the applicator. This technique, which may be repeated a number of times, reduces the number of cases that require removal of the epithelium.", "contents": "A technique for improving corneal clarity during retinal surgery. To maintain corneal clarity during scleral buckling operations, the surgeon firmly rolls a dry cotton applicator across the edematous corneal surface, and the epithelial edema fluid is pressed out and absorbed by the applicator. This technique, which may be repeated a number of times, reduces the number of cases that require removal of the epithelium.", "PMID": 686131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6784", "title": "Line copy presentation slides with Kodalith.", "content": "Line copy presentation slides with white letters on a blue background can be produced with a two-step process. The slides are more permanent than diazo slides, and the process is faster and less expensive.", "contents": "Line copy presentation slides with Kodalith. Line copy presentation slides with white letters on a blue background can be produced with a two-step process. The slides are more permanent than diazo slides, and the process is faster and less expensive.", "PMID": 686132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6785", "title": "Cycloplegics for refraction.", "content": "The actions and indications of cypcloplegics are presented along with recommended dosages and uses for clinical measures of refractive error.", "contents": "Cycloplegics for refraction. The actions and indications of cypcloplegics are presented along with recommended dosages and uses for clinical measures of refractive error.", "PMID": 686135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6786", "title": "Administration of and adverse reactions to cycloplegic agents.", "content": "A minimum clinical history and examination preceding drug instillation is described. Clinically effective doses of topically applied cycloplegic agents are summarized. A presentation of the causes and incidence of adverse drug reactions, both systemic and ocular, is followed by a discussion of general guidelines for their prevention or management.", "contents": "Administration of and adverse reactions to cycloplegic agents. A minimum clinical history and examination preceding drug instillation is described. Clinically effective doses of topically applied cycloplegic agents are summarized. A presentation of the causes and incidence of adverse drug reactions, both systemic and ocular, is followed by a discussion of general guidelines for their prevention or management.", "PMID": 686136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6787", "title": "Corneal effects of high plus hydrogel lenses.", "content": "Five aphakic patients and five phakic patients were fitted with high plus Bausch & Lomb Soflenses. We evaluated corneal edema, staining, vertical striae, and corneal thickness before and after a 5-hr wearing period. The high plus lenses produced average corneal-thickness changes of 9.6% and 7.1% for the phakic and aphakic groups, respectively. Biomicroscope examination showed moderate amounts of vertical striae, epithelial staining, and corneal edema for both groups. The amounts of edema, staining, and striae were higher than when regular and thin minus lenses were worn. It is likely that the thickness of the high plus lenses reduces the oxygen supply to the corneal epithelium, causing relatively marked edema.", "contents": "Corneal effects of high plus hydrogel lenses. Five aphakic patients and five phakic patients were fitted with high plus Bausch & Lomb Soflenses. We evaluated corneal edema, staining, vertical striae, and corneal thickness before and after a 5-hr wearing period. The high plus lenses produced average corneal-thickness changes of 9.6% and 7.1% for the phakic and aphakic groups, respectively. Biomicroscope examination showed moderate amounts of vertical striae, epithelial staining, and corneal edema for both groups. The amounts of edema, staining, and striae were higher than when regular and thin minus lenses were worn. It is likely that the thickness of the high plus lenses reduces the oxygen supply to the corneal epithelium, causing relatively marked edema.", "PMID": 686137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6788", "title": "Choosing the base curve for an ophthalmic lens.", "content": "Although optometrists can be expected to be responsible for the base curve, which determines the form of the lens they prescribe, they seldom specify the base curve to the optical laboratory. They may ask for a corrected-curve lens without specifying the kind of corrected-curve lens. If optometrists were to specify what they want in terms of a convex spherical base curve and allow the laboratory a leeway of p1.00 D, the laboratory could probably fill the order with an uncut lens from stock. With a series of semifinished lenses with convex spherical base curves spaced 2.00 D apart, the laboratory can supply a finished lens that will meet almost any need. For glasses to be used for distant objects, first consideration is usually given to minimizing the unwanted sphere and cylinder in the periphery of the lenses. For those who want to aim at this objective, I have worked out a series of convex spherical base curves that can be used for various combinations of spheres and cylinders.", "contents": "Choosing the base curve for an ophthalmic lens. Although optometrists can be expected to be responsible for the base curve, which determines the form of the lens they prescribe, they seldom specify the base curve to the optical laboratory. They may ask for a corrected-curve lens without specifying the kind of corrected-curve lens. If optometrists were to specify what they want in terms of a convex spherical base curve and allow the laboratory a leeway of p1.00 D, the laboratory could probably fill the order with an uncut lens from stock. With a series of semifinished lenses with convex spherical base curves spaced 2.00 D apart, the laboratory can supply a finished lens that will meet almost any need. For glasses to be used for distant objects, first consideration is usually given to minimizing the unwanted sphere and cylinder in the periphery of the lenses. For those who want to aim at this objective, I have worked out a series of convex spherical base curves that can be used for various combinations of spheres and cylinders.", "PMID": 686138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6789", "title": "A subjective method of monitoring corneal scattering.", "content": "Border-enhancement spread is a new criterion for assessing the quality of the retinal image. In one study, it was found that the width of the enhanced region increases with the steepness of a contact lens fit, and this increase was attributed to scattering accompanying corneal edema arising from tight-fitting lenses. The present study tested this hypothesis. Corneal thickness and border-enhancement spread were measured concurrently at regular intervals during and after contact lens wear. It was found that border-enhancement spread generally follows changes in corneal thickness. Since scattering increases with corneal swelling, the findings generally support the hypothesis. However, it was also found that variables not originating in the cornea sometimes modify the retinal-image quality and thus mask the scattering effects. Future applications of the methods are discussed.", "contents": "A subjective method of monitoring corneal scattering. Border-enhancement spread is a new criterion for assessing the quality of the retinal image. In one study, it was found that the width of the enhanced region increases with the steepness of a contact lens fit, and this increase was attributed to scattering accompanying corneal edema arising from tight-fitting lenses. The present study tested this hypothesis. Corneal thickness and border-enhancement spread were measured concurrently at regular intervals during and after contact lens wear. It was found that border-enhancement spread generally follows changes in corneal thickness. Since scattering increases with corneal swelling, the findings generally support the hypothesis. However, it was also found that variables not originating in the cornea sometimes modify the retinal-image quality and thus mask the scattering effects. Future applications of the methods are discussed.", "PMID": 686139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6790", "title": "Optometric education in Nigeria.", "content": "A 3-year optometry program was established at the University of Benin, Nigeria in 1973. The program is considered from the standpoint of curriculum, faculty, clinical instruction, and grading. Some background is given about Nigeria itself. Present eye care facilities are reviewed as well as the increasing requirements of a developing nation. The need of strong support from established optometry schools is indicated.", "contents": "Optometric education in Nigeria. A 3-year optometry program was established at the University of Benin, Nigeria in 1973. The program is considered from the standpoint of curriculum, faculty, clinical instruction, and grading. Some background is given about Nigeria itself. Present eye care facilities are reviewed as well as the increasing requirements of a developing nation. The need of strong support from established optometry schools is indicated.", "PMID": 686140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6791", "title": "Influence of methylprednisolone on ultrastructural and cytochemical changes during myocardial ischemia. Selective effects on various cell inclusions and organelles including lysosomes.", "content": "Occlusion of the circumflex branch of the coronary artery of rabbit hearts for 45 minutes elicits structural and cytochemical changes in myocytes similar to those observed in ischemic dog myocardium, which are indicative of irreversible cell injury. When methylprednisolone is administered prior to occluding the artery, myocytes are transiently protected and many of the electron microscopic signs of irreversible damage are delayed for 15 minutes or more. During this period, the steroid preferentially protects mitochondria, lysosomes, and sarcolemma from the ischemic changes that normally develop. However, some other events, including depletion of glycogen and margination of nuclear chromatin, are only minimally influenced by the therapy, if at all. In all hearts, treated and untreated, the development of severe cell damage, whenever it occurs, is closely associated with cell swelling, mitochondrial dilation with concomitant appearance of amorphous osmiophilic densities, and abnormalities in and, ultimately disappearance of lysosomes, suggesting that damage to cell membranes is a central event in the progression of reversible injury to irreversible infarction and that protection of membrane integrity should be a reasonable aim in efforts to ameliorate or delay ischemic injury.", "contents": "Influence of methylprednisolone on ultrastructural and cytochemical changes during myocardial ischemia. Selective effects on various cell inclusions and organelles including lysosomes. Occlusion of the circumflex branch of the coronary artery of rabbit hearts for 45 minutes elicits structural and cytochemical changes in myocytes similar to those observed in ischemic dog myocardium, which are indicative of irreversible cell injury. When methylprednisolone is administered prior to occluding the artery, myocytes are transiently protected and many of the electron microscopic signs of irreversible damage are delayed for 15 minutes or more. During this period, the steroid preferentially protects mitochondria, lysosomes, and sarcolemma from the ischemic changes that normally develop. However, some other events, including depletion of glycogen and margination of nuclear chromatin, are only minimally influenced by the therapy, if at all. In all hearts, treated and untreated, the development of severe cell damage, whenever it occurs, is closely associated with cell swelling, mitochondrial dilation with concomitant appearance of amorphous osmiophilic densities, and abnormalities in and, ultimately disappearance of lysosomes, suggesting that damage to cell membranes is a central event in the progression of reversible injury to irreversible infarction and that protection of membrane integrity should be a reasonable aim in efforts to ameliorate or delay ischemic injury.", "PMID": 686142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6792", "title": "The histologic border zone of acute myocardial infarction--islands or peninsulas?", "content": "Observation of isolated islands of apparently surviving myocardium within areas of necrotic tissue at the edge of myocardial infarctions has been interpreted by some as histologic evidence of a unique \"border zone\" region. Serial section reconstruction of transmural canine myocardial infarctions was performed in this study to establish whether these islands were truly isolated or were continuous peninsulas of tissue separated by the plane of section. Three-dimensional analysis of the infarcts revealed no true islands but instead demonstrated a region composed of highly complex interdigitating peninsulas. We conclude that there is an extremely irregular but sharp boundary demarcating normal and infarcted myocardium with no intermediate zone. This observation is discussed in relation to recent data, based on coronary blood flow and creatine phosphokinase analysis, which also demonstrates a sharp boundary between the normal and infarct zones.", "contents": "The histologic border zone of acute myocardial infarction--islands or peninsulas? Observation of isolated islands of apparently surviving myocardium within areas of necrotic tissue at the edge of myocardial infarctions has been interpreted by some as histologic evidence of a unique \"border zone\" region. Serial section reconstruction of transmural canine myocardial infarctions was performed in this study to establish whether these islands were truly isolated or were continuous peninsulas of tissue separated by the plane of section. Three-dimensional analysis of the infarcts revealed no true islands but instead demonstrated a region composed of highly complex interdigitating peninsulas. We conclude that there is an extremely irregular but sharp boundary demarcating normal and infarcted myocardium with no intermediate zone. This observation is discussed in relation to recent data, based on coronary blood flow and creatine phosphokinase analysis, which also demonstrates a sharp boundary between the normal and infarct zones.", "PMID": 686143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6793", "title": "Human glomerular cells in culture. Three subcultured cell types bearing glomerular antigens.", "content": "In this paper, we describe three cell types from the explanted human glomerulus: the circular glomerular cell (CGC), the rhomboid glomerular cell (RGC), and the small ovoid glomerular cell (SOGC). These cells were compared with subcultured human umbilical vein endothelial and smooth muscle cells, uterine smooth muscle cells, and skin fibroblasts. Immunochemical comparisons utilized antiserums to antigens in the human glomerulus: antiglomerular basement membrane, antifibroblast surface antigen (FSA) (reactive extensively with the mesangium), antiactomyosin (AMY) localizing more restrictively in the mesangium, and antihemophilic factor (AHF) localizing to the endothelium. No cultured glomerular cells bore the AHF marker of endothelial cells. The epithelioid CGC excrete most GBM antigen as an orderly  palisade of granules from the cell surface. FSA is rapidly lost from the cell surface. RGC have a typical multilayered smooth muscle morphology and have a most prominent complex AMY pattern of periodic aggregates and fibrils. FSA adheres to the cell surface. SOGC form an initial nonoverlapped monolayer resembling endothelial cells but elongate and form multilayers after confluency. The AMY fibril pattern of SOGC is distinctively multidirectional. The translation of in vitro characteristics into in vivo identification must be interpreted cautiously: CGC may derive from glomerular epithelial cells; RGC may derive from mesangial cells; and SOGC may represent a more rapidly proliferating, less differentiated form of the epithelial cell or another, unidentified, glomerular cell type.", "contents": "Human glomerular cells in culture. Three subcultured cell types bearing glomerular antigens. In this paper, we describe three cell types from the explanted human glomerulus: the circular glomerular cell (CGC), the rhomboid glomerular cell (RGC), and the small ovoid glomerular cell (SOGC). These cells were compared with subcultured human umbilical vein endothelial and smooth muscle cells, uterine smooth muscle cells, and skin fibroblasts. Immunochemical comparisons utilized antiserums to antigens in the human glomerulus: antiglomerular basement membrane, antifibroblast surface antigen (FSA) (reactive extensively with the mesangium), antiactomyosin (AMY) localizing more restrictively in the mesangium, and antihemophilic factor (AHF) localizing to the endothelium. No cultured glomerular cells bore the AHF marker of endothelial cells. The epithelioid CGC excrete most GBM antigen as an orderly  palisade of granules from the cell surface. FSA is rapidly lost from the cell surface. RGC have a typical multilayered smooth muscle morphology and have a most prominent complex AMY pattern of periodic aggregates and fibrils. FSA adheres to the cell surface. SOGC form an initial nonoverlapped monolayer resembling endothelial cells but elongate and form multilayers after confluency. The AMY fibril pattern of SOGC is distinctively multidirectional. The translation of in vitro characteristics into in vivo identification must be interpreted cautiously: CGC may derive from glomerular epithelial cells; RGC may derive from mesangial cells; and SOGC may represent a more rapidly proliferating, less differentiated form of the epithelial cell or another, unidentified, glomerular cell type.", "PMID": 686144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6794", "title": "C3b receptors on human glomeruli in vitro. Loss in culture.", "content": "C3b receptors, easily demonstrated on isolated human infant glomeruli, are lost as cells grow in culture. This suggests that epithelial cells are dedifferentiated or that the C3b receptor is not intrinsic to the epithelial cell.", "contents": "C3b receptors on human glomeruli in vitro. Loss in culture. C3b receptors, easily demonstrated on isolated human infant glomeruli, are lost as cells grow in culture. This suggests that epithelial cells are dedifferentiated or that the C3b receptor is not intrinsic to the epithelial cell.", "PMID": 686145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6795", "title": "Relation between high energy phosphate and lethal injury in myocardial ischemia in the dog.", "content": "The relationship between progressive depletion of high energy phosphate and the onset of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium following coronary occlusion has been evaluated. Myocardial ischemia was induced by proximal occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery for 15, 30, 40, or 60 minutes. Cell injury in the severely ischemic posterior papillary muscle (PP) was evaluated by electron microscopy and by measuring the capacity of slices of the injured PP to maintain electrolytes, resynthesize high energy phosphate, and exclude inulin during in vitro incubation. ATP content in the ischemic myocardium decreased to 35%, 9%, 7%, and 5% of control values after 15, 30, 40, and 60 minutes of ischemia, respectively, and was associated with a corresponding depletion of total adenine nucleotides. The loss of 65% of the ATP after 15 minutes of ischemia (reversible injury) was associated with only minimal ultrastructural changes and no significant defects of electrolytes in incubated slices. However, the depletion of over 90% of the ATP after 40 minutes of ischemia (irreversible injury) was associated with significant fine structural changes and markedly altered cell volume regulation. The results suggest a close relationship between the marked depletion of high energy phsophates and the development of lethal injury in acutely ischemic myocardium.", "contents": "Relation between high energy phosphate and lethal injury in myocardial ischemia in the dog. The relationship between progressive depletion of high energy phosphate and the onset of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium following coronary occlusion has been evaluated. Myocardial ischemia was induced by proximal occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery for 15, 30, 40, or 60 minutes. Cell injury in the severely ischemic posterior papillary muscle (PP) was evaluated by electron microscopy and by measuring the capacity of slices of the injured PP to maintain electrolytes, resynthesize high energy phosphate, and exclude inulin during in vitro incubation. ATP content in the ischemic myocardium decreased to 35%, 9%, 7%, and 5% of control values after 15, 30, 40, and 60 minutes of ischemia, respectively, and was associated with a corresponding depletion of total adenine nucleotides. The loss of 65% of the ATP after 15 minutes of ischemia (reversible injury) was associated with only minimal ultrastructural changes and no significant defects of electrolytes in incubated slices. However, the depletion of over 90% of the ATP after 40 minutes of ischemia (irreversible injury) was associated with significant fine structural changes and markedly altered cell volume regulation. The results suggest a close relationship between the marked depletion of high energy phsophates and the development of lethal injury in acutely ischemic myocardium.", "PMID": 686146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6796", "title": "The cyclic hematopoietic dog: a model for spontaneous secondary amyloidosis. A morphologic study.", "content": "Spontaneous amyloidosis was found in dogs affected with hereditary cyclic hematopoiesis (CH dogs). Early perifollicular deposits of amyloid were observed in the spleens of 15-week-old CH dogs. By the 24th week, amyloid deposits were also found in the liver, kidneys, pancreas, adrenals, and small intestine; the incidence of the condition rose to more than 90%. The visceral involvement and the histologic characteristics of amyloid deposition closely resemble those of the secondary form in humans. A transient lymphoid hypoplasia was noted in the spleens of neonates and pups. This abnormality did not appear to be related to exogenous conditions. In young adult dogs, the initial hypoplastic characteristics were replaced by enlarged marginal zones in the follicles of the spleen, composed  of pyroninophilic cells and, in a later stage, of PAS-positive cells. These cellular changes preceded the amyloid deposition. Due to the characteristic cyclic neutropenia of the hereditarily transmitted hematologic syndrome, most CH dogs experience episodes of infectious diseases, although the episodes of infection may be separated by long periods of relatively good health. This may provide the underlying antigenic stimulation which triggers the process of amyloid deposition. However, the lag period for the onset of amyloidosis is extremely short and the type of infections is not considered a predisposing factor for amyloid deposition. It is possible that a peculiar sensitivity of the lymphoid system in the CH dog would facilitate the development of widespread amyloidosis. Since the sequence of splenic lymphoid hypoplasia, follicular activation, and amyloid deposition associated with age are consistently repeated, the CH dog may be a suitable animal model for the study of the pathogenesis of secondary form of amyloidosis in humans.", "contents": "The cyclic hematopoietic dog: a model for spontaneous secondary amyloidosis. A morphologic study. Spontaneous amyloidosis was found in dogs affected with hereditary cyclic hematopoiesis (CH dogs). Early perifollicular deposits of amyloid were observed in the spleens of 15-week-old CH dogs. By the 24th week, amyloid deposits were also found in the liver, kidneys, pancreas, adrenals, and small intestine; the incidence of the condition rose to more than 90%. The visceral involvement and the histologic characteristics of amyloid deposition closely resemble those of the secondary form in humans. A transient lymphoid hypoplasia was noted in the spleens of neonates and pups. This abnormality did not appear to be related to exogenous conditions. In young adult dogs, the initial hypoplastic characteristics were replaced by enlarged marginal zones in the follicles of the spleen, composed  of pyroninophilic cells and, in a later stage, of PAS-positive cells. These cellular changes preceded the amyloid deposition. Due to the characteristic cyclic neutropenia of the hereditarily transmitted hematologic syndrome, most CH dogs experience episodes of infectious diseases, although the episodes of infection may be separated by long periods of relatively good health. This may provide the underlying antigenic stimulation which triggers the process of amyloid deposition. However, the lag period for the onset of amyloidosis is extremely short and the type of infections is not considered a predisposing factor for amyloid deposition. It is possible that a peculiar sensitivity of the lymphoid system in the CH dog would facilitate the development of widespread amyloidosis. Since the sequence of splenic lymphoid hypoplasia, follicular activation, and amyloid deposition associated with age are consistently repeated, the CH dog may be a suitable animal model for the study of the pathogenesis of secondary form of amyloidosis in humans.", "PMID": 686147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6797", "title": "The origin of subdural neomembranes. I. Fine structure of the dura-arachnoid interface in man.", "content": "A method for the in situ fixation of human meninges for electron microscopic examination is described. It was found that the cranial meninges of humans do not include a subdural space. Instead there is a complex, tight layer of cells, the interface layer, composed in the innermost portion of the dura mater (the dural border cells) and the outermost portion of the arachnoid (the arachnoid barrier layer). The fusion of these components within the interface layer is much more intimate than is either the attachment of the dural border cells to the dura proper or that of the arachnoid barrier layer to the rest of the arachnoid. The fine structural characteristics of these layers are defined. The erroneous macroscopic impression of a subdural space results from an extraordinary lack of cohesion within the dura-arachnoid interface layer conditioned by a) a complete absence of a collagenous reinforcement within this zone, b) the presence of large extracellular cisterns between the dural border cells, and c) a paucity of intercellular contacts within that latter layer. An understanding of the fine structural organization of the interface layer is essential to any consideration of the pathogenesis of subdural lesions: these form within a sheet of torn dural border cells and not within a preexistent tissue compartment.", "contents": "The origin of subdural neomembranes. I. Fine structure of the dura-arachnoid interface in man. A method for the in situ fixation of human meninges for electron microscopic examination is described. It was found that the cranial meninges of humans do not include a subdural space. Instead there is a complex, tight layer of cells, the interface layer, composed in the innermost portion of the dura mater (the dural border cells) and the outermost portion of the arachnoid (the arachnoid barrier layer). The fusion of these components within the interface layer is much more intimate than is either the attachment of the dural border cells to the dura proper or that of the arachnoid barrier layer to the rest of the arachnoid. The fine structural characteristics of these layers are defined. The erroneous macroscopic impression of a subdural space results from an extraordinary lack of cohesion within the dura-arachnoid interface layer conditioned by a) a complete absence of a collagenous reinforcement within this zone, b) the presence of large extracellular cisterns between the dural border cells, and c) a paucity of intercellular contacts within that latter layer. An understanding of the fine structural organization of the interface layer is essential to any consideration of the pathogenesis of subdural lesions: these form within a sheet of torn dural border cells and not within a preexistent tissue compartment.", "PMID": 686148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6798", "title": "The origin ofsubdural neomembranes. II. Fine structural of neomembranes.", "content": "A comparison of the fine structure of subdural neomembranes with the fine structural organization of the normal human dura-arachnoid interface discloses that neomembranes are not de novo proliferations of tissue from a smooth inner dural surface. Rather, a neomembrane is the result of proliferation and excessive thickening of the normal layer of dural border cells. On proliferation, the dural border cells form multilayered tiers and clusters of cells, transfixed by capillaries, with collagen fibrils and elastic fibers between them. Capillaries and collagen fibrils are absent from the normal interface layer. Pathogenetic concepts of chronic subdural hematoma need to be revised. Any pathologic condition inducing cleavage of tissue within the dural border layer at dura-arachnoid interface will be followed by proliferation of fural border cells with production of a neomembrane. There is no compelling reason to postulate that proliferation of the border cell layer is always secondary to traumatic hemorrhage.", "contents": "The origin ofsubdural neomembranes. II. Fine structural of neomembranes. A comparison of the fine structure of subdural neomembranes with the fine structural organization of the normal human dura-arachnoid interface discloses that neomembranes are not de novo proliferations of tissue from a smooth inner dural surface. Rather, a neomembrane is the result of proliferation and excessive thickening of the normal layer of dural border cells. On proliferation, the dural border cells form multilayered tiers and clusters of cells, transfixed by capillaries, with collagen fibrils and elastic fibers between them. Capillaries and collagen fibrils are absent from the normal interface layer. Pathogenetic concepts of chronic subdural hematoma need to be revised. Any pathologic condition inducing cleavage of tissue within the dural border layer at dura-arachnoid interface will be followed by proliferation of fural border cells with production of a neomembrane. There is no compelling reason to postulate that proliferation of the border cell layer is always secondary to traumatic hemorrhage.", "PMID": 686149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6799", "title": "Relationship between glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and amyloid deposition as seen by ultrastructural and morphometric analysis in experimental kala-azar of the hamster.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies combined with a morphometric analysis of the hamster glomerulus in experimental kala-azar showed progressive hyperplasia of mesangial cells beginning on the 10th day and reaching a peak on the 20th day after infection. Afterward, the number of mesangial cells declined and a progressive rise of amyloid deposits over the mesangial matrix was observed. This system for amyloid production is unique if we consider that probably one cell, the mesangial cell, is involved in glomerular amyloid deposition. Our data support a slight modification in the sequence of events of the biphasic theory of amyloid formation. We observed that the number of mesangial cells declines when amyloid deposition increases and that mesangial cell morphology in this stage is not that of an actively secreting cell. It is therefore hypothesized that amyloid precursor material is secreted into the matrix during the proliferative phase. In the second phase, amyloid deposits occur in the extracellular media close to functionally impaired mesangial cells.", "contents": "Relationship between glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and amyloid deposition as seen by ultrastructural and morphometric analysis in experimental kala-azar of the hamster. Light and electron microscopic studies combined with a morphometric analysis of the hamster glomerulus in experimental kala-azar showed progressive hyperplasia of mesangial cells beginning on the 10th day and reaching a peak on the 20th day after infection. Afterward, the number of mesangial cells declined and a progressive rise of amyloid deposits over the mesangial matrix was observed. This system for amyloid production is unique if we consider that probably one cell, the mesangial cell, is involved in glomerular amyloid deposition. Our data support a slight modification in the sequence of events of the biphasic theory of amyloid formation. We observed that the number of mesangial cells declines when amyloid deposition increases and that mesangial cell morphology in this stage is not that of an actively secreting cell. It is therefore hypothesized that amyloid precursor material is secreted into the matrix during the proliferative phase. In the second phase, amyloid deposits occur in the extracellular media close to functionally impaired mesangial cells.", "PMID": 686150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6800", "title": "The effect of steroids on peripheral blood lymphocytes containing parallel tubular arrays.", "content": "The response of lymphocytes containing cytoplasmic inclusions called parallel tubular arrays (PTA) was determined after the administration of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone to 10 healthy volunteers. The percentage of these lymphocytes was found to increase during the lymphopenia induced by steroid administration. The size and number of parallel tubular arrays per cell showed no differences before and after steroid administration, indicating that the increase was a result of a change in the proportion of whole cells. This indicates, for the first time, that a morphologically defined population of lymphocytes from the normal peripheral circulation has been linked to a specific response, ie, steroid resistance. The possible mechanism of steroid resistance is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of steroids on peripheral blood lymphocytes containing parallel tubular arrays. The response of lymphocytes containing cytoplasmic inclusions called parallel tubular arrays (PTA) was determined after the administration of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone to 10 healthy volunteers. The percentage of these lymphocytes was found to increase during the lymphopenia induced by steroid administration. The size and number of parallel tubular arrays per cell showed no differences before and after steroid administration, indicating that the increase was a result of a change in the proportion of whole cells. This indicates, for the first time, that a morphologically defined population of lymphocytes from the normal peripheral circulation has been linked to a specific response, ie, steroid resistance. The possible mechanism of steroid resistance is discussed.", "PMID": 686151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6801", "title": "Focal glomerular sclerosis in the fawn-hooded rat.", "content": "We have examined the nature of focal glomerular sclerosis (FGS) in fawn-hooded (FH) rats. The fawn-hooded rat develops pathologic features similar to those observed in steroid-resistant focal glomerular sclerosis, ie, by light microscopy some of the glomeruli appear normal but others show areas of solidification confined to one or two lobules of the tuft. The pathogenesis of this disease is not well known and there is a great need for an animal model. In the FH animal, a marked difference in the development of the lesion was noted between male and female rats. Fifty percent of 4-month-old males had proteinuria in excess of 10 mg/day (none of the females had significant proteinuria), while all 12-month-old males had proteinuria in excess of 45 mg/day (female 12-month-old FH rats had mean proteinuria of 7 mg/day). At 6 months of age continuing through 12 months of age, male FH rats had mesangial deposits of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, C3, demonstrable by immunofluorescence, whether or not FGS was present. Subepithelial electron-dense deposits were never seen by electron microscopy either at 6 of 12 months. Six-month-old animals frequently did not exhibit FGS. Instead, the glomerular epithelial cells, exhibited fusion of foot processes, vacuolization, and, in some areas, focal loss of the epithelial covering on the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Six-month-old males with proteinuria exhibited focal loss of negative charge from all layers of the filtration barrier. The GBM from sclerotic glomeruli of 12-month-old rats was commonly denuded of epithelium. None of the animals in this study was uremic. FH rats demonstrated FGS associated with progressive glomerular epithelial cell injury.", "contents": "Focal glomerular sclerosis in the fawn-hooded rat. We have examined the nature of focal glomerular sclerosis (FGS) in fawn-hooded (FH) rats. The fawn-hooded rat develops pathologic features similar to those observed in steroid-resistant focal glomerular sclerosis, ie, by light microscopy some of the glomeruli appear normal but others show areas of solidification confined to one or two lobules of the tuft. The pathogenesis of this disease is not well known and there is a great need for an animal model. In the FH animal, a marked difference in the development of the lesion was noted between male and female rats. Fifty percent of 4-month-old males had proteinuria in excess of 10 mg/day (none of the females had significant proteinuria), while all 12-month-old males had proteinuria in excess of 45 mg/day (female 12-month-old FH rats had mean proteinuria of 7 mg/day). At 6 months of age continuing through 12 months of age, male FH rats had mesangial deposits of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, C3, demonstrable by immunofluorescence, whether or not FGS was present. Subepithelial electron-dense deposits were never seen by electron microscopy either at 6 of 12 months. Six-month-old animals frequently did not exhibit FGS. Instead, the glomerular epithelial cells, exhibited fusion of foot processes, vacuolization, and, in some areas, focal loss of the epithelial covering on the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Six-month-old males with proteinuria exhibited focal loss of negative charge from all layers of the filtration barrier. The GBM from sclerotic glomeruli of 12-month-old rats was commonly denuded of epithelium. None of the animals in this study was uremic. FH rats demonstrated FGS associated with progressive glomerular epithelial cell injury.", "PMID": 686152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6802", "title": "Functioning oxyphil adenoma of parathyroid gland. An ultrastructural and biochemical study.", "content": "Oxyphil cells and oxyphil cell adenomas of parathyroid glands are, in most instances, regarded to be nonfunctioning. Although 21 cases of hyperparathyroidism associated with parathyroid oxyphil cell adenoma have been reported, secretion of hormone by these tumors has not been conclusively demonstrated. A parathyroid adenoma, diagnosed by light microscopy as oxyphil type, together with the results from ultrastructural and biochemical studies of the patient's adenomatous tissue, are reported here. The patient, a 64-year-old male, was found to have elevated serum calcium, low serum phosphorus, and elevated serum immunoreactive parathormone: findings consistent with hyperparathyroidism. After excision of two small normal-appearing glands and one greatly enlarged (1.9 g) parathyroid gland, those laboratory values returned to normal. Light microscopy of the enlarged parathyroid indicated that it consisted almost entirely of an oxyphil adenoma. Electron microscopy revealed that the adenoma was composed mainly of mitochondria-rich oxyphil cells but also of interspersed transitional oxyphil cells and rare scattered chief cells. Golgi zones, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and prosecretory and secretory-like granules were observed in some oxyphil cells, in most transitional oxyphil cells, and in the infrequent chief cells. Thus, many of these cells appear to contribute to the production and secretion of parathormone. Biochemical studies performed directly on the adenomatous tissue demonstrated that it was able to synthesize proparathormone and parathormone, although the proportion of hormonal peptide synthesis relative to that of the total protein synthesis in this tissue was much smaller (0.9%) than that found in normal parathyroid tissue (5.7%). There was a small increase in immunoreactive parathormone when the adenoma tissue was incubated in a low-calcium medium. These findings indicate that this oxyphil adenoma of the parathyroid gland synthesized and secreted parathormone, apparently to some extent autonomously, but suggest that its capacity to do so was largely dependent on its component of cells other than fully developed oxyphil cells, such as transitional oxyphil cells.", "contents": "Functioning oxyphil adenoma of parathyroid gland. An ultrastructural and biochemical study. Oxyphil cells and oxyphil cell adenomas of parathyroid glands are, in most instances, regarded to be nonfunctioning. Although 21 cases of hyperparathyroidism associated with parathyroid oxyphil cell adenoma have been reported, secretion of hormone by these tumors has not been conclusively demonstrated. A parathyroid adenoma, diagnosed by light microscopy as oxyphil type, together with the results from ultrastructural and biochemical studies of the patient's adenomatous tissue, are reported here. The patient, a 64-year-old male, was found to have elevated serum calcium, low serum phosphorus, and elevated serum immunoreactive parathormone: findings consistent with hyperparathyroidism. After excision of two small normal-appearing glands and one greatly enlarged (1.9 g) parathyroid gland, those laboratory values returned to normal. Light microscopy of the enlarged parathyroid indicated that it consisted almost entirely of an oxyphil adenoma. Electron microscopy revealed that the adenoma was composed mainly of mitochondria-rich oxyphil cells but also of interspersed transitional oxyphil cells and rare scattered chief cells. Golgi zones, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and prosecretory and secretory-like granules were observed in some oxyphil cells, in most transitional oxyphil cells, and in the infrequent chief cells. Thus, many of these cells appear to contribute to the production and secretion of parathormone. Biochemical studies performed directly on the adenomatous tissue demonstrated that it was able to synthesize proparathormone and parathormone, although the proportion of hormonal peptide synthesis relative to that of the total protein synthesis in this tissue was much smaller (0.9%) than that found in normal parathyroid tissue (5.7%). There was a small increase in immunoreactive parathormone when the adenoma tissue was incubated in a low-calcium medium. These findings indicate that this oxyphil adenoma of the parathyroid gland synthesized and secreted parathormone, apparently to some extent autonomously, but suggest that its capacity to do so was largely dependent on its component of cells other than fully developed oxyphil cells, such as transitional oxyphil cells.", "PMID": 686153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6803", "title": "Irreversible ischemic cell injury. Prevention by chlorpromazine of the aggregation of the intramembranous particles of rat liver plasma membranes.", "content": "Ischemic rat liver tissue has been shown previously to exhibit a markedly accelerated rate of phospholipid degradation, producing a loss of almost one half the total cellular phospholipid with 3 hours of ischemia. Pretreatment of the rats with chlorpromazine completely prevented the disturbed phospholipid metabolism at the same time that it prevented the cell death associated with as much as 3 hours of ischemia. Lipid-depleted microsomal membranes were shown previously to manifest alterations in their structure and function. The present report documents that similar structural alterations are evident in ischemic liver cell plasma membranes. The technique of freeze-fracture electron microscopy was used to examine the morphology of ischemic liver cell plasma membranes. Freeze-fracture replicas of whole tissue fragments exhibited a diffuse aggregation of the intramembranous particles in the P face of the plasma membranes. The incidence of this change correlated with the duration of ischemia. Pretreatment of the rats with chlorpromazine (20 mg/kg) for 30 minutes before inducing ischemia prevented the aggregation of the membrane-associated particles. These findings establish the existence of plasma membrane alterations in ischemic liver cells. The time course of these changes, their prevention by chlorpromazine, and their similarity to the previously described structural alterations in the microsomal membranes suggest that they are related to the loss of liver cell phospholipid. The data in the present report support the hypothesis that an accelerated phospholipid degradation and its resultant membrane dysfunction are the critical alterations that produce irreversible liver cell injury and, ultimately, cell death in ischemia.", "contents": "Irreversible ischemic cell injury. Prevention by chlorpromazine of the aggregation of the intramembranous particles of rat liver plasma membranes. Ischemic rat liver tissue has been shown previously to exhibit a markedly accelerated rate of phospholipid degradation, producing a loss of almost one half the total cellular phospholipid with 3 hours of ischemia. Pretreatment of the rats with chlorpromazine completely prevented the disturbed phospholipid metabolism at the same time that it prevented the cell death associated with as much as 3 hours of ischemia. Lipid-depleted microsomal membranes were shown previously to manifest alterations in their structure and function. The present report documents that similar structural alterations are evident in ischemic liver cell plasma membranes. The technique of freeze-fracture electron microscopy was used to examine the morphology of ischemic liver cell plasma membranes. Freeze-fracture replicas of whole tissue fragments exhibited a diffuse aggregation of the intramembranous particles in the P face of the plasma membranes. The incidence of this change correlated with the duration of ischemia. Pretreatment of the rats with chlorpromazine (20 mg/kg) for 30 minutes before inducing ischemia prevented the aggregation of the membrane-associated particles. These findings establish the existence of plasma membrane alterations in ischemic liver cells. The time course of these changes, their prevention by chlorpromazine, and their similarity to the previously described structural alterations in the microsomal membranes suggest that they are related to the loss of liver cell phospholipid. The data in the present report support the hypothesis that an accelerated phospholipid degradation and its resultant membrane dysfunction are the critical alterations that produce irreversible liver cell injury and, ultimately, cell death in ischemia.", "PMID": 686154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6804", "title": "Experimental Acanthamoeba infections in mice pretreated with methylprednisolone or tetracycline.", "content": "Human infections due to free-living amebas of the genus Acathamoeba have been reported sporadically, occasionally in individuals with underlying diseases. To determine if such infections may be considered opportunistic, groups of laboratory mice were pretreated with either methylprednisolone or tetracycline and inoculated intranasally with 1.075 times 10(4) Acanthamoeba castellanii isolated from a natural fresh water well. Results were compared with controls receiving either drug or amebas alone and with controls receiving saline injections with and without amebas. The mortality rate for those animals receiving methylprednisolone and amebas (50%) was found to be greater than the mortality in ameba controls (10%) (P equal 0.074). Similarly, the mortality rate for animals receiving tetracycline and amebas (60%) was higher than the mortality in the ameba controls (10%) (P equal 0.0286). Precise mechanisms for the increased mortality were unknown but were suspected to be due to the capacity of either corticosteroids or tetracycline to suppress host defenses, particularly those depending on neutrophils. The findings suggest a potentially pathogenic role for naturally occurring Acanthamoeba sp in humans with depressed host immunity.", "contents": "Experimental Acanthamoeba infections in mice pretreated with methylprednisolone or tetracycline. Human infections due to free-living amebas of the genus Acathamoeba have been reported sporadically, occasionally in individuals with underlying diseases. To determine if such infections may be considered opportunistic, groups of laboratory mice were pretreated with either methylprednisolone or tetracycline and inoculated intranasally with 1.075 times 10(4) Acanthamoeba castellanii isolated from a natural fresh water well. Results were compared with controls receiving either drug or amebas alone and with controls receiving saline injections with and without amebas. The mortality rate for those animals receiving methylprednisolone and amebas (50%) was found to be greater than the mortality in ameba controls (10%) (P equal 0.074). Similarly, the mortality rate for animals receiving tetracycline and amebas (60%) was higher than the mortality in the ameba controls (10%) (P equal 0.0286). Precise mechanisms for the increased mortality were unknown but were suspected to be due to the capacity of either corticosteroids or tetracycline to suppress host defenses, particularly those depending on neutrophils. The findings suggest a potentially pathogenic role for naturally occurring Acanthamoeba sp in humans with depressed host immunity.", "PMID": 686155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6805", "title": "The Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome. Evidence that defective leukotaxis is primarily due to an impediment by giant granules.", "content": "The primary defect of the Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) which links the several known neutrophil abnormalities in this disorder remains enigmatic. In an attempt to clarify the mechanism of one of the abnormalities of CHS neutrophils, ie, chemotactic migration, the effect of filter pore size was examined in the standard Boyden chamber assay. The response of normal neutrophils to a gradient of zymosan-activated serum was not influenced by increasing the filter pore size from 5 to 8 microgram. However, while CHS neutrophils showed a significant reduction in migratory response from the controls with 5-mu filters, the difference was eliminated when 8-mu filters were employed. Again, when an arachidonic acid gradient was used as the stimulus, migration of CHS neutrophils through 8-mu filters equalled that of controls. These findings indicate the intact nature of the surface receptor and motility systems of the CHS neutrophils and further suggest that the previously defined chemotactic defect in these cells can be explained in terms of the mechanical impediment provided by the CHS giant cytoplasmic granules.", "contents": "The Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome. Evidence that defective leukotaxis is primarily due to an impediment by giant granules. The primary defect of the Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) which links the several known neutrophil abnormalities in this disorder remains enigmatic. In an attempt to clarify the mechanism of one of the abnormalities of CHS neutrophils, ie, chemotactic migration, the effect of filter pore size was examined in the standard Boyden chamber assay. The response of normal neutrophils to a gradient of zymosan-activated serum was not influenced by increasing the filter pore size from 5 to 8 microgram. However, while CHS neutrophils showed a significant reduction in migratory response from the controls with 5-mu filters, the difference was eliminated when 8-mu filters were employed. Again, when an arachidonic acid gradient was used as the stimulus, migration of CHS neutrophils through 8-mu filters equalled that of controls. These findings indicate the intact nature of the surface receptor and motility systems of the CHS neutrophils and further suggest that the previously defined chemotactic defect in these cells can be explained in terms of the mechanical impediment provided by the CHS giant cytoplasmic granules.", "PMID": 686156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6806", "title": "Turnover of kidney beta-glucuronidase in normal and Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi (beige) mice.", "content": "Kidney beta-glucuronidase turnover has been examined by specific antibody methods in normal C57BL/6J mice and in coisogenic C57BL/6J beige mice, an animal model for the human Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome. No effect of the beige gene on the rate of glucuronidase synthesis was detected in either untreated or testosterone-treated mice. Moreover, glucuronidase of beige mice decayed relatively slowly in pulse labeling and in hormone withdrawal experiments. Direct measurements of secretion confirmed that both in the presence of testosterone and following its withdrawal, there was a threefold lower rate of secretion of kidney glucuronidase in beige mice. Following hormone withdrawal, the loss of glucuronidase activity in beige mice was biphasic, with the second more slowly turning over component apparently lost by a nonsecretory mechanism. This persistent nonsecreted glucuronidase activity was specifically associated with giant lysosomes in kidney proximal tubule cells near the corticomedullary border. Thus, there are two major populations of lysosomes in proximal tubule cells of beige mice. Cells of the outer cortex contain mainly morphologically normal lysosomes, and their lysosomal enzymes are secreted at near normal rates. However, lysosomal enzymes derived from the giant lysosomes of cells near the corticomedullary border are secreted either very slowly or not at all. The altered secretion of lysosomal enzymes from specific kidney cells of beige mice may serve as a model system for study of defective fusion of lysosomes with phagocytosed bacteria in cells of Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi patients.", "contents": "Turnover of kidney beta-glucuronidase in normal and Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi (beige) mice. Kidney beta-glucuronidase turnover has been examined by specific antibody methods in normal C57BL/6J mice and in coisogenic C57BL/6J beige mice, an animal model for the human Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome. No effect of the beige gene on the rate of glucuronidase synthesis was detected in either untreated or testosterone-treated mice. Moreover, glucuronidase of beige mice decayed relatively slowly in pulse labeling and in hormone withdrawal experiments. Direct measurements of secretion confirmed that both in the presence of testosterone and following its withdrawal, there was a threefold lower rate of secretion of kidney glucuronidase in beige mice. Following hormone withdrawal, the loss of glucuronidase activity in beige mice was biphasic, with the second more slowly turning over component apparently lost by a nonsecretory mechanism. This persistent nonsecreted glucuronidase activity was specifically associated with giant lysosomes in kidney proximal tubule cells near the corticomedullary border. Thus, there are two major populations of lysosomes in proximal tubule cells of beige mice. Cells of the outer cortex contain mainly morphologically normal lysosomes, and their lysosomal enzymes are secreted at near normal rates. However, lysosomal enzymes derived from the giant lysosomes of cells near the corticomedullary border are secreted either very slowly or not at all. The altered secretion of lysosomal enzymes from specific kidney cells of beige mice may serve as a model system for study of defective fusion of lysosomes with phagocytosed bacteria in cells of Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi patients.", "PMID": 686157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6807", "title": "Effect of starvation on initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and heart.", "content": "Psoas muscle of rats starved for 2 or 4 days contained increased levels of ribosomal subunits and exhibited reduced rates of protein synthesis in vitro, demonstrating a starvation-induced inhibition of peptide-chain initiation. The activity of an eIF-2-like initiation factor, assayed in postribosomal supernatants, decreased in psoas during starvation, parallel to a 25% reduction in the RNA level. Reduced eIF-2 activity did not result from nucleotide depletion or increased deacylation of initiator tRNA, nor was it abolished by extensive dialysis. Perfusion of psoas muscle in the presence of insulin reversed the starvation-induced block in peptide-chain initiation, but did not alter the activity of eIF-2 or level of RNA. Furthermore, heart muscle did not manifest a starvation-induced block in peptide-chain initiation even though the activity of eIF-2 and the level of RNA decreased as a result of food deprivation. Thus loss of eIF 2 activity in psoas and heart did not parallel changes in peptide-chain initiation but was associated with a reduction in tissue RNA. These results indicate that the level of eIF-2 is not rate-limiting for peptide-chain initiation under the conditions tested in this study.", "contents": "Effect of starvation on initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and heart. Psoas muscle of rats starved for 2 or 4 days contained increased levels of ribosomal subunits and exhibited reduced rates of protein synthesis in vitro, demonstrating a starvation-induced inhibition of peptide-chain initiation. The activity of an eIF-2-like initiation factor, assayed in postribosomal supernatants, decreased in psoas during starvation, parallel to a 25% reduction in the RNA level. Reduced eIF-2 activity did not result from nucleotide depletion or increased deacylation of initiator tRNA, nor was it abolished by extensive dialysis. Perfusion of psoas muscle in the presence of insulin reversed the starvation-induced block in peptide-chain initiation, but did not alter the activity of eIF-2 or level of RNA. Furthermore, heart muscle did not manifest a starvation-induced block in peptide-chain initiation even though the activity of eIF-2 and the level of RNA decreased as a result of food deprivation. Thus loss of eIF 2 activity in psoas and heart did not parallel changes in peptide-chain initiation but was associated with a reduction in tissue RNA. These results indicate that the level of eIF-2 is not rate-limiting for peptide-chain initiation under the conditions tested in this study.", "PMID": 686162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6808", "title": "Protein turnover in man measured with 15N: comparison of end products and dose regimes.", "content": "Whole-body protein synthesis was measured with [15N]glycine in malnourished and recovered infants and in obese patients. Comparisons were made: 1) between results obtained with single (S) and repeated (R) oral dosage of tracer; and 2) between urea and ammonia as end products. In the infants S and R gave similar values for the synthesis rate. With both methods of dosage, the values obtained with NH3 as end product were about two-thirds of those with urea. It is suggested that the cause of this result is that glycine contributes preferentially to the formation of urinary NH3. With NH3 as end product, a collection period of 12 h has been found to be suitable. With urea it is not possible to define an appropriate collection period. The combination of single dose of [15N]glycine with urinary NH3 as end product provides a simple method for measuring whole-body protein synthesis under clinical and field conditions. It can be repeated at short intervals and can give useful comparative information provided that conditions are carefully standardized. The reproducibility so far is +/- 13%.", "contents": "Protein turnover in man measured with 15N: comparison of end products and dose regimes. Whole-body protein synthesis was measured with [15N]glycine in malnourished and recovered infants and in obese patients. Comparisons were made: 1) between results obtained with single (S) and repeated (R) oral dosage of tracer; and 2) between urea and ammonia as end products. In the infants S and R gave similar values for the synthesis rate. With both methods of dosage, the values obtained with NH3 as end product were about two-thirds of those with urea. It is suggested that the cause of this result is that glycine contributes preferentially to the formation of urinary NH3. With NH3 as end product, a collection period of 12 h has been found to be suitable. With urea it is not possible to define an appropriate collection period. The combination of single dose of [15N]glycine with urinary NH3 as end product provides a simple method for measuring whole-body protein synthesis under clinical and field conditions. It can be repeated at short intervals and can give useful comparative information provided that conditions are carefully standardized. The reproducibility so far is +/- 13%.", "PMID": 686164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6809", "title": "Chylomicron composition during duodenal triglyceride and lecithin infusion.", "content": "In lymph fistula rats infused intraduodenally with trioleoylglycerol emulsions, the secretion of triglyceride was enhanced and that of total and esterified cholesterol in chylomicrons was strikingly reduced when lecithin was added at 4-5 times the biliary lecithin secretion rate. During continued triglyceride secretion in the presence of lecithin, the phospholipid: unesterified cholesterol ratio of the chylomicrons increased significantly in contrast to lecithin-free emulsions. Bile-diverted lymph fistula rats secreted significantly less esterified and total cholesterol in lymph chylomicrons than controls, and the difference was magnified by lecithin administration. Cholesterol appears to become relatively unavailable for incorportion into chylomicrons when lecithin is administered at high rates.", "contents": "Chylomicron composition during duodenal triglyceride and lecithin infusion. In lymph fistula rats infused intraduodenally with trioleoylglycerol emulsions, the secretion of triglyceride was enhanced and that of total and esterified cholesterol in chylomicrons was strikingly reduced when lecithin was added at 4-5 times the biliary lecithin secretion rate. During continued triglyceride secretion in the presence of lecithin, the phospholipid: unesterified cholesterol ratio of the chylomicrons increased significantly in contrast to lecithin-free emulsions. Bile-diverted lymph fistula rats secreted significantly less esterified and total cholesterol in lymph chylomicrons than controls, and the difference was magnified by lecithin administration. Cholesterol appears to become relatively unavailable for incorportion into chylomicrons when lecithin is administered at high rates.", "PMID": 686165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6810", "title": "Plasma ammonia and liver ornithine transcarbamoylase activity in zinc-deficient rats.", "content": "The effects of zinc deficiency on the activity of hepatic ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) and plasma ammonia were studied in rats. One group received (ad libitum) zinc-deficient diet containing 2 ppm zinc and the other group received a diet containing 110 ppm zinc (group pair-fed control) equal to the amount consumed by zinc-deficient rats during the previous 24 h. Rats were killed at weekly intervals. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma ammonia, and hepatic OCT activity were determined. By end of the 1st wk on zinc-deficient diet, the plasma ammonia levels became significantly higher than those of the controls and remained elevated thoughout the study period. BUN increased initially for 2 wk in the deficient rats, but by the end of 4 wk the levels were lower than in the controls. The hepatic OCT activity in deficient animals was significantly lowered as compared to the controls by the 3rd wk. It is concluded that an increase in plasma ammonia may occur as a result of deficiency of zinc.", "contents": "Plasma ammonia and liver ornithine transcarbamoylase activity in zinc-deficient rats. The effects of zinc deficiency on the activity of hepatic ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) and plasma ammonia were studied in rats. One group received (ad libitum) zinc-deficient diet containing 2 ppm zinc and the other group received a diet containing 110 ppm zinc (group pair-fed control) equal to the amount consumed by zinc-deficient rats during the previous 24 h. Rats were killed at weekly intervals. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma ammonia, and hepatic OCT activity were determined. By end of the 1st wk on zinc-deficient diet, the plasma ammonia levels became significantly higher than those of the controls and remained elevated thoughout the study period. BUN increased initially for 2 wk in the deficient rats, but by the end of 4 wk the levels were lower than in the controls. The hepatic OCT activity in deficient animals was significantly lowered as compared to the controls by the 3rd wk. It is concluded that an increase in plasma ammonia may occur as a result of deficiency of zinc.", "PMID": 686166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6811", "title": "Galactosyltransferase in fetal, neonatal, and adult colon: relationship to differentiation.", "content": "Microsomal galactosyltransferase activity of fetal rat colon increased fourfold between 18 and 22 days of gestation and then more slowly during neonatal life reaching adult levels after 14 days. The Km for uridinediphosphate- (UDP) galactose, pH optimum, cation, and detergent requirements were identical in fetal and adult galactosyltransferase. Cytidine 5'-diphosphate-choline stimulated the adult but not fetal colonic galactosyltrasferase activity by inhibition of UDP-galactose pyrophosphatase. The increase in colonic galactosyltransferase in late fetal development is correlated with our previous observation that incorporation of [3H]galactose is markedly increased during differentiation of the fetal colon.", "contents": "Galactosyltransferase in fetal, neonatal, and adult colon: relationship to differentiation. Microsomal galactosyltransferase activity of fetal rat colon increased fourfold between 18 and 22 days of gestation and then more slowly during neonatal life reaching adult levels after 14 days. The Km for uridinediphosphate- (UDP) galactose, pH optimum, cation, and detergent requirements were identical in fetal and adult galactosyltransferase. Cytidine 5'-diphosphate-choline stimulated the adult but not fetal colonic galactosyltrasferase activity by inhibition of UDP-galactose pyrophosphatase. The increase in colonic galactosyltransferase in late fetal development is correlated with our previous observation that incorporation of [3H]galactose is markedly increased during differentiation of the fetal colon.", "PMID": 686168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6812", "title": "Effects of thyroxine on protein turnover in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effects of thyroxine (T4) on protein turnover in skeletal muscle were studied using normal, thyroidectomized (thyrex), and hypophysectomized (hypox) rats. Thyrex rats had a depressed growth rate that was accompanied by 50% reductions in the level of RNA and the rate of protein synthesis in gastrocnemius muscle, as determined in the perfused hemicorpus. Protein synthetic efficiency (protein synthesis per unit RNA) was decreased by 18%. Daily treatment of thyrex rats with T4 at different dose levels for up to 16 days led to improved growth rates, elevated RNA concentrations, and increased protein synthesis rates. The primary effect of T4 was to increase the protein synthetic capacity of muscle. Protein degradation, determined in the perfused hemicorpus, and activity of a lysosomal protease, determined in unperfused muscle, were reduced in the thyrex condition. Treatment of thyrex rats with T4 increased protein degradative rates, but not protease activity. Hypox rats, which also exhibited depressed skeletal muscle protein synthesis, responded to T4 and combined T4 and growth hormone with marked improvements in protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of thyroxine on protein turnover in rat skeletal muscle. The effects of thyroxine (T4) on protein turnover in skeletal muscle were studied using normal, thyroidectomized (thyrex), and hypophysectomized (hypox) rats. Thyrex rats had a depressed growth rate that was accompanied by 50% reductions in the level of RNA and the rate of protein synthesis in gastrocnemius muscle, as determined in the perfused hemicorpus. Protein synthetic efficiency (protein synthesis per unit RNA) was decreased by 18%. Daily treatment of thyrex rats with T4 at different dose levels for up to 16 days led to improved growth rates, elevated RNA concentrations, and increased protein synthesis rates. The primary effect of T4 was to increase the protein synthetic capacity of muscle. Protein degradation, determined in the perfused hemicorpus, and activity of a lysosomal protease, determined in unperfused muscle, were reduced in the thyrex condition. Treatment of thyrex rats with T4 increased protein degradative rates, but not protease activity. Hypox rats, which also exhibited depressed skeletal muscle protein synthesis, responded to T4 and combined T4 and growth hormone with marked improvements in protein synthesis.", "PMID": 686169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6813", "title": "Simultaneous analysis of families of sigmoidal curves: application to bioassay, radioligand assay, and physiological dose-response curves.", "content": "Physiological and pharmacological studies of hormones, drugs, and neurotransmitters often generate families of sigmoidal dose-response curves. Optimally efficient data analysis should involve simultaneous description of all curves, rather than fitting each one individually. We have developed a general computerized method to describe the dose-response curves in terms of basal and maximal responses, ED50, and curve shape or steepness. This facile method permits rigorous statistical analysis, provides a basis for pooling of information from separate experiments, and allows one to test which characteristics are shared by various curves.", "contents": "Simultaneous analysis of families of sigmoidal curves: application to bioassay, radioligand assay, and physiological dose-response curves. Physiological and pharmacological studies of hormones, drugs, and neurotransmitters often generate families of sigmoidal dose-response curves. Optimally efficient data analysis should involve simultaneous description of all curves, rather than fitting each one individually. We have developed a general computerized method to describe the dose-response curves in terms of basal and maximal responses, ED50, and curve shape or steepness. This facile method permits rigorous statistical analysis, provides a basis for pooling of information from separate experiments, and allows one to test which characteristics are shared by various curves.", "PMID": 686171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6814", "title": "Effects of renal fuels on uptake of PAH and uric acid by separated renal tubules of the rabbit.", "content": "A rapid-filtration procedure was used to examine the effects of a wide variety of renal fuels on the uptake of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and uric acid (UA) by separated rabbit renal tubules. PAH and UA uptakes in 15 min over a range of substrate concentrations of 0.01-10.2 mM were determined. All tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and pyruvate showed biphasic stimulation of PAH and UA uptake. alpha-Ketoglutarate produced a 320 +/- 54% increase in PAH uptake and a 192 +/- 60% increase in UA uptake at 0.16 mM, the concentration at which uptake was maximal, while causing 20 +/- 3 (PAH) and 35 +/- 7% (UA) inhibition at 10.2 mM. Citrate produced a 373 +/- 19% increase in PAH uptake and a 246 +/- 41% increase in UA uptake at 0.64 mM. PAH and UA uptake were also stimulated by acetate, glucose frutose, phosphoenolypyruvate and L-glutamic acid. The data indicate a direct relationship between stimulation of PAH and uric acid transport and stimulation of renal cortical oxidative metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of renal fuels on uptake of PAH and uric acid by separated renal tubules of the rabbit. A rapid-filtration procedure was used to examine the effects of a wide variety of renal fuels on the uptake of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and uric acid (UA) by separated rabbit renal tubules. PAH and UA uptakes in 15 min over a range of substrate concentrations of 0.01-10.2 mM were determined. All tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and pyruvate showed biphasic stimulation of PAH and UA uptake. alpha-Ketoglutarate produced a 320 +/- 54% increase in PAH uptake and a 192 +/- 60% increase in UA uptake at 0.16 mM, the concentration at which uptake was maximal, while causing 20 +/- 3 (PAH) and 35 +/- 7% (UA) inhibition at 10.2 mM. Citrate produced a 373 +/- 19% increase in PAH uptake and a 246 +/- 41% increase in UA uptake at 0.64 mM. PAH and UA uptake were also stimulated by acetate, glucose frutose, phosphoenolypyruvate and L-glutamic acid. The data indicate a direct relationship between stimulation of PAH and uric acid transport and stimulation of renal cortical oxidative metabolism.", "PMID": 686176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6815", "title": "Determinants of proximal tubular reabsorption as mechanisms of glomerulotubular balance.", "content": "The determinants of absolute proximal reabsorption (APR) were studied in four groups of rats during hydropenia, partial renal vein occlusion (RVO), saline expansion, and RVO after saline expansion. Nephron filtration rate (SNGFR), nephron plasma flow (RPF), APR, and proximal tubule (Pt) peritubular capillary (HPc), and interstitial (HPi) hydrostatic pressures were measured by micropuncture techniques. Subcapsular space (pii) and star peritubular capillary (piE) oncotic pressures were also determined. The peritubular capillary permeability coefficiency (LpAR) and the corresponding effective reabsorptive pressure (ERP) were computed, where APR = LpAR . ERP, and ERP = net reabsorptive pressure across the peritubular capillary. The results indicate that APR correlates best with SNGFR (P less than 0.05), but not with (pii - HPi), RPF, or LpAR. There was a significant relationship between piE and LpAR, where LpAR fell with increases in piE (P less than 0.01). In conclusion, 1) changes in absolute proximal reabsorption correlate best with changes in nephron filtration rate but not with (pii - HPi) across this range of values, 2) changes in efferent oncotic pressure (piiE) correlated inversely with LpAR, and 3) glomerulotubular balance in the proximal tubule can be partially attributed to intraluminal factors.", "contents": "Determinants of proximal tubular reabsorption as mechanisms of glomerulotubular balance. The determinants of absolute proximal reabsorption (APR) were studied in four groups of rats during hydropenia, partial renal vein occlusion (RVO), saline expansion, and RVO after saline expansion. Nephron filtration rate (SNGFR), nephron plasma flow (RPF), APR, and proximal tubule (Pt) peritubular capillary (HPc), and interstitial (HPi) hydrostatic pressures were measured by micropuncture techniques. Subcapsular space (pii) and star peritubular capillary (piE) oncotic pressures were also determined. The peritubular capillary permeability coefficiency (LpAR) and the corresponding effective reabsorptive pressure (ERP) were computed, where APR = LpAR . ERP, and ERP = net reabsorptive pressure across the peritubular capillary. The results indicate that APR correlates best with SNGFR (P less than 0.05), but not with (pii - HPi), RPF, or LpAR. There was a significant relationship between piE and LpAR, where LpAR fell with increases in piE (P less than 0.01). In conclusion, 1) changes in absolute proximal reabsorption correlate best with changes in nephron filtration rate but not with (pii - HPi) across this range of values, 2) changes in efferent oncotic pressure (piiE) correlated inversely with LpAR, and 3) glomerulotubular balance in the proximal tubule can be partially attributed to intraluminal factors.", "PMID": 686177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6816", "title": "Further studies on ion permeation in proximal tubule of necturus kidney.", "content": "In the perfused Necturus kidney, the ratio of transepithelial sodium-to-chloride permeabilities (PNa/PCl) was estimated from dilution potentials at 1:7. The ratio of transepithelial permeabilities PHCO3/cl was estimated from bi-ionic potentials at 1:4 and that of Plact/PCl at 1:12. The permeability sequence, therefore, is PCl greater than PHCO3 greater than than PNa or PnaCl greater than PNaHCO3. The latter is similar to the situation in the rat. However, because of the low Na permeability, passive NaCl absorption by solvent drag is probably less important in Necturus than in the rat. The measurement of transepithelial input conductance during replacement of extracellular chloride by either bicarbonate or lactate shows that the former reduces the transmural conductance to 31% of control values as compared with 40% for the latter. Such discrepancies between permeability and conductance sequences are consistent either with an interference of the test anion with chloride permeation or with the presence of positive fixed changes within the shunt pathway.", "contents": "Further studies on ion permeation in proximal tubule of necturus kidney. In the perfused Necturus kidney, the ratio of transepithelial sodium-to-chloride permeabilities (PNa/PCl) was estimated from dilution potentials at 1:7. The ratio of transepithelial permeabilities PHCO3/cl was estimated from bi-ionic potentials at 1:4 and that of Plact/PCl at 1:12. The permeability sequence, therefore, is PCl greater than PHCO3 greater than than PNa or PnaCl greater than PNaHCO3. The latter is similar to the situation in the rat. However, because of the low Na permeability, passive NaCl absorption by solvent drag is probably less important in Necturus than in the rat. The measurement of transepithelial input conductance during replacement of extracellular chloride by either bicarbonate or lactate shows that the former reduces the transmural conductance to 31% of control values as compared with 40% for the latter. Such discrepancies between permeability and conductance sequences are consistent either with an interference of the test anion with chloride permeation or with the presence of positive fixed changes within the shunt pathway.", "PMID": 686179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6817", "title": "Increased in blood flow to ischemic myocardium caused by a new dopamine analog.", "content": "In the anesthetized, open-chest dog, intravenous infusion 8-13 microgram . kg-1. min-1) of a new dopamine analog 5,6-dihydroxy-2-methylaminotetralin hydrobromide (M-8) demonstrated potent coronary vasodilator properties. Blood flow to normal myocardium was increased an average of 53% above control flow values and this was associated with a decrease in coronary vascular resistance of 50%. The increase in blood flow was distributed uniformly to all portions of the myocardium (left ventricular free wall, right ventricular free wall, and septum). Subendocardial/subepicardial (endo/epi) flow ratios of the left ventricle, right ventricle, and septum were not significantly changed from control. In dog hearts subjected to acute, sudden occlusion of portions of the left anterior branch of the left coronary artery, M-8 produced a 93% increase in flow to the whole heart over postocclusion flow values. Flow to tissues of the heart made ischemic by the occlusive procedure in creased by an average of 94% during M-8 administration despite the fact that the occlusive ligatures remained in place. The vasodilation produced by M-8 was accompanied by a 22-24% increase in myocardial capillary surface area available for exchange of lipid-insoluble substances, fructose and sucrose. Hemodynamic changes associated with M-8 include a transient decrease in aortic pressure, but no change in heart rate, left ventricular (dP/dt)/P, or central venous pressure. Propranolol blocked the vasodilator activity of M-8. It was concluded that M-8 is a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist having potent coronary vasodilator properties which also has the ability to open preexisting collateral blood flow channels and provide nutritive flow to ischemic, marginally ischemic, and normal myocardium. The cardiovascular actions of M-8 increase blood flow and oxygen delivery to the myocardium while decreasing the work and oxygen utilization by the heart, suggesting that it may have important antianginal characteristics.", "contents": "Increased in blood flow to ischemic myocardium caused by a new dopamine analog. In the anesthetized, open-chest dog, intravenous infusion 8-13 microgram . kg-1. min-1) of a new dopamine analog 5,6-dihydroxy-2-methylaminotetralin hydrobromide (M-8) demonstrated potent coronary vasodilator properties. Blood flow to normal myocardium was increased an average of 53% above control flow values and this was associated with a decrease in coronary vascular resistance of 50%. The increase in blood flow was distributed uniformly to all portions of the myocardium (left ventricular free wall, right ventricular free wall, and septum). Subendocardial/subepicardial (endo/epi) flow ratios of the left ventricle, right ventricle, and septum were not significantly changed from control. In dog hearts subjected to acute, sudden occlusion of portions of the left anterior branch of the left coronary artery, M-8 produced a 93% increase in flow to the whole heart over postocclusion flow values. Flow to tissues of the heart made ischemic by the occlusive procedure in creased by an average of 94% during M-8 administration despite the fact that the occlusive ligatures remained in place. The vasodilation produced by M-8 was accompanied by a 22-24% increase in myocardial capillary surface area available for exchange of lipid-insoluble substances, fructose and sucrose. Hemodynamic changes associated with M-8 include a transient decrease in aortic pressure, but no change in heart rate, left ventricular (dP/dt)/P, or central venous pressure. Propranolol blocked the vasodilator activity of M-8. It was concluded that M-8 is a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist having potent coronary vasodilator properties which also has the ability to open preexisting collateral blood flow channels and provide nutritive flow to ischemic, marginally ischemic, and normal myocardium. The cardiovascular actions of M-8 increase blood flow and oxygen delivery to the myocardium while decreasing the work and oxygen utilization by the heart, suggesting that it may have important antianginal characteristics.", "PMID": 686181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6818", "title": "Effect of arterial pulse pressure and hypoxia on myogenic responses in the gut.", "content": "In intestine, raising venous pressure (PV) elicits a precapillary vasconstriction that has been ascribed to a myogenic mechanism through which passive stretch elicits active contraction of vascular smooth muscle. A previous report from this laboratory indicated that myogenic responses in the gut were largely dependent on control conditions. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether control blood flow rates or the arterial pulse pressure affects the magnitude of myogenic responses. In isolated perfused canine small bowel arterial hypoxia was used to increase blood flow. Myogenic responses to elevated PV were not significantly different in the normoxic and hypoxic periods, indicating that blood flow per se does not greatly alter myogenic responses. When gut loops were perfused with pulsatile arterial pressure, myogenic responses occurred more than twice as frequently as during nonpulsatile pefusion and they had a greater magnitude. The results are consistent with the observation that vascular smooth muscle is stimulated not only by steady stretch but also by the rate of stretch. The results also suggest that the arterial pressure pulse should be considered in the design and interpretation of future studies of local circulatory control.", "contents": "Effect of arterial pulse pressure and hypoxia on myogenic responses in the gut. In intestine, raising venous pressure (PV) elicits a precapillary vasconstriction that has been ascribed to a myogenic mechanism through which passive stretch elicits active contraction of vascular smooth muscle. A previous report from this laboratory indicated that myogenic responses in the gut were largely dependent on control conditions. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether control blood flow rates or the arterial pulse pressure affects the magnitude of myogenic responses. In isolated perfused canine small bowel arterial hypoxia was used to increase blood flow. Myogenic responses to elevated PV were not significantly different in the normoxic and hypoxic periods, indicating that blood flow per se does not greatly alter myogenic responses. When gut loops were perfused with pulsatile arterial pressure, myogenic responses occurred more than twice as frequently as during nonpulsatile pefusion and they had a greater magnitude. The results are consistent with the observation that vascular smooth muscle is stimulated not only by steady stretch but also by the rate of stretch. The results also suggest that the arterial pressure pulse should be considered in the design and interpretation of future studies of local circulatory control.", "PMID": 686182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6819", "title": "Regulation of cerebral blood flow in the ovine fetus.", "content": "The effects on fetal cerebral blood flow (Qc) of changes in the carotid arterial and sagittal sinus venous PO2, PCO2, and oxygen content were studied in the chronically catheterized ovine fetus in utero at 130-140 days of gestation. Forty-seven measurements of Qc were made in 20 fetuses with radioactive microspheres. In 11 of these animals, 84 measurements of cerebral arteriovenous differences of oxygen content were performed, permitting an indirect measurement of cerebral blood flow (Qc*), assuming a constant cerebral metabolic rate. Arterial and, in 11 animals, sagittal sinus blood was withdrawn for analysis of PO2, PCO2, oxygen content, and pH at the time of the flow measurements. Preliminary analysis showed the best predictor of Qc and Qc* to be the reciprocal of the arterial oxygen content (1/CaO2). Multiple linear regression analysis combining the effects of 1/CaO2 with arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) gave the following equations: Qc = 458.8 (1/CaO2) + 2.68 PaCO2 - 107.93 (R2 = 0.68); Qc* = 435.54 (1CaO2) + 2.20 PaCO2 - 75.03 (R2 = 0.86). As a result of the hyperbolic relationship between Qc (and Qc*) and CaO2, changes in CaO2 at the low levels found during intrauterine life exert an important influence on the fetal cerebral circulation.", "contents": "Regulation of cerebral blood flow in the ovine fetus. The effects on fetal cerebral blood flow (Qc) of changes in the carotid arterial and sagittal sinus venous PO2, PCO2, and oxygen content were studied in the chronically catheterized ovine fetus in utero at 130-140 days of gestation. Forty-seven measurements of Qc were made in 20 fetuses with radioactive microspheres. In 11 of these animals, 84 measurements of cerebral arteriovenous differences of oxygen content were performed, permitting an indirect measurement of cerebral blood flow (Qc*), assuming a constant cerebral metabolic rate. Arterial and, in 11 animals, sagittal sinus blood was withdrawn for analysis of PO2, PCO2, oxygen content, and pH at the time of the flow measurements. Preliminary analysis showed the best predictor of Qc and Qc* to be the reciprocal of the arterial oxygen content (1/CaO2). Multiple linear regression analysis combining the effects of 1/CaO2 with arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) gave the following equations: Qc = 458.8 (1/CaO2) + 2.68 PaCO2 - 107.93 (R2 = 0.68); Qc* = 435.54 (1CaO2) + 2.20 PaCO2 - 75.03 (R2 = 0.86). As a result of the hyperbolic relationship between Qc (and Qc*) and CaO2, changes in CaO2 at the low levels found during intrauterine life exert an important influence on the fetal cerebral circulation.", "PMID": 686183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6820", "title": "Effect of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane on ischemic myocardium.", "content": "Intracellular acidosis may depress myocardial function and metabolism during ischemia. In the present study, the function and metabolism of a globally ischemic, isovolumic cat left ventricle preparation, perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Ringer biocarbonate solution, was examined. Addition of tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (Tris) (15 mM) to the perfusate at physiologic pH and PCO2 increased performance during ischemia to a greater extent and for a longer period than low PCO2 )15 mmHg), alkalotic (pH, 7.8) perfusate and a control sucrose perfusate. Under nonischemic conditions the inotropic effect of Tris was only briefly greater than sucrose perfusate. The inotropic effect of Tris during ischemia did not appear to depend on changes in coronary flow, oxygen consumption, sodium concentration, perfusate osmolality, or catecholamine release. During ischemia, lactate production was unchanged with Tris, but increased with low PCO2-alkalosis. Tissue levels of ATP and creatine phosphate for control ischemic hearts did not differ from Tris-perfused or low PCO2-alkalosis hearts. Thus, Tris appears to exert an inotropic effect that is more prominent in ischemic than nonischemic myocardium. The results are consistent with the possibility that Tris acts as an intracellular buffer to increase the efficiency of energy production and/or utilization during ischemia.", "contents": "Effect of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane on ischemic myocardium. Intracellular acidosis may depress myocardial function and metabolism during ischemia. In the present study, the function and metabolism of a globally ischemic, isovolumic cat left ventricle preparation, perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Ringer biocarbonate solution, was examined. Addition of tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (Tris) (15 mM) to the perfusate at physiologic pH and PCO2 increased performance during ischemia to a greater extent and for a longer period than low PCO2 )15 mmHg), alkalotic (pH, 7.8) perfusate and a control sucrose perfusate. Under nonischemic conditions the inotropic effect of Tris was only briefly greater than sucrose perfusate. The inotropic effect of Tris during ischemia did not appear to depend on changes in coronary flow, oxygen consumption, sodium concentration, perfusate osmolality, or catecholamine release. During ischemia, lactate production was unchanged with Tris, but increased with low PCO2-alkalosis. Tissue levels of ATP and creatine phosphate for control ischemic hearts did not differ from Tris-perfused or low PCO2-alkalosis hearts. Thus, Tris appears to exert an inotropic effect that is more prominent in ischemic than nonischemic myocardium. The results are consistent with the possibility that Tris acts as an intracellular buffer to increase the efficiency of energy production and/or utilization during ischemia.", "PMID": 686184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6821", "title": "Preferential distribution of inhbititory cardiac receptors in left ventricle of the dog.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the relative magnitudes of the reflex effects mediated by sensory endings in the left ventricle activated by intracoronary injection of nicotine or veratridine into left anterior descending (LAD) or circumflex (Cx) coronary arteries in the dog. Injection of nicotine or veratridine into the Cx consistently resulted in larger decreases in heart rate, arterial pressure, and in gracilis perfusion pressure than were observed following injection of the same dose into the LAD. Vagotomy abolished the cardioinhibitory and vasodepressor responses to intracoronary nicotine or veratridine. The weight of left ventricle perfused by LAD or Cx was not different (43.5 +/- 1.65 and 44.5 +/- 2.2 g, respectively. These data indicate that chemical activation of sensory endings with vagal afferents in the inferoposterior left ventricle of the dog results in larger cardionhibitor and vasodepressor responses than result from activation of respects in the anterior left ventricle. Further, these data provide strong evidence that these sensory endings which are chemically activated are preferentially distributed to the inferoposterior left ventricle.", "contents": "Preferential distribution of inhbititory cardiac receptors in left ventricle of the dog. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative magnitudes of the reflex effects mediated by sensory endings in the left ventricle activated by intracoronary injection of nicotine or veratridine into left anterior descending (LAD) or circumflex (Cx) coronary arteries in the dog. Injection of nicotine or veratridine into the Cx consistently resulted in larger decreases in heart rate, arterial pressure, and in gracilis perfusion pressure than were observed following injection of the same dose into the LAD. Vagotomy abolished the cardioinhibitory and vasodepressor responses to intracoronary nicotine or veratridine. The weight of left ventricle perfused by LAD or Cx was not different (43.5 +/- 1.65 and 44.5 +/- 2.2 g, respectively. These data indicate that chemical activation of sensory endings with vagal afferents in the inferoposterior left ventricle of the dog results in larger cardionhibitor and vasodepressor responses than result from activation of respects in the anterior left ventricle. Further, these data provide strong evidence that these sensory endings which are chemically activated are preferentially distributed to the inferoposterior left ventricle.", "PMID": 686186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6822", "title": "Transplacental gradients in the guinea pig.", "content": "We measured plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, Ca2+, HCO3-, phosphate, lactate, glucose, total amino acids, and total protein, and also the total (freezing point depression) osmolality and the colloid osmotic pressures. Conversion of chemically measured concentrations to osmolalities showed that unrecognized solute (s) were present in maternal (7 mM) and fetal (12 mM) plasma. Statistically reliable transplacental gradients existed only for calcium ion, phosphate, and amino acids, Ionic Na, K Mg, Cl, Ca, HCO3 and lactate were in electrochemical equilibrium at potential differences of -4.2 to +1.3 mV. Total plasma osmolalities were not significantly different in maternal and fetal plasmas in preparations in good condition, but fetal plasma osmolalities rose due to lactate secretion in asphyxiated fetuses. Colloid osmotic pressures were about 5 cmH2O higher in maternal plasmas before 45 days gestation and about 6 cmH2O higher in fetal plasmas after 60 days gestation. In the guinea pig, colloid osmotic pressures are at least as important as intravascular pressures in the regulation of transplacental water flow.", "contents": "Transplacental gradients in the guinea pig. We measured plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, Ca2+, HCO3-, phosphate, lactate, glucose, total amino acids, and total protein, and also the total (freezing point depression) osmolality and the colloid osmotic pressures. Conversion of chemically measured concentrations to osmolalities showed that unrecognized solute (s) were present in maternal (7 mM) and fetal (12 mM) plasma. Statistically reliable transplacental gradients existed only for calcium ion, phosphate, and amino acids, Ionic Na, K Mg, Cl, Ca, HCO3 and lactate were in electrochemical equilibrium at potential differences of -4.2 to +1.3 mV. Total plasma osmolalities were not significantly different in maternal and fetal plasmas in preparations in good condition, but fetal plasma osmolalities rose due to lactate secretion in asphyxiated fetuses. Colloid osmotic pressures were about 5 cmH2O higher in maternal plasmas before 45 days gestation and about 6 cmH2O higher in fetal plasmas after 60 days gestation. In the guinea pig, colloid osmotic pressures are at least as important as intravascular pressures in the regulation of transplacental water flow.", "PMID": 686187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6823", "title": "Influence of tris on contracile responses of isolated rat aorta and portal vein.", "content": "The influence of tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (Tris) on the spontaneous mechanical activity (SMA) and agonist-induced contractile responses of rat portal vein and aorta was investigated. Tris, in a concentration-dependent manner (5, 10, and 30 mM), significantly increased frequency and attenuated amplitude of SMA in portal vein. Tris, in all concentrations, abolished spontaneous activity of aorta. Tris (5 mM) attenuated epinephrine-, angiotensin-, and potassium-induced contractile responses in portal vein and in aorta: the vein responses exhibited the greater sensitivity to Tris inhibition. In the presence of Tris, agonist dose-response curves were shifted to the right, concomitant with a reduction in maximum tension in portal vein. In contrast, in aorta, only a rightward shift of the dose-response curves was observed, withour any change in maximum tensions in the presence of Tri. Tris (5 mM) depressed contractions induced by calcium in potassium-depolarized aortic and venous smooth muscle. These results suggest that Tris may interfere with the binding, translocation, and utilization of calcium ions at or beyond the membrane in venous smooth muscle and at the membrane in aortic smooth muscle.", "contents": "Influence of tris on contracile responses of isolated rat aorta and portal vein. The influence of tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (Tris) on the spontaneous mechanical activity (SMA) and agonist-induced contractile responses of rat portal vein and aorta was investigated. Tris, in a concentration-dependent manner (5, 10, and 30 mM), significantly increased frequency and attenuated amplitude of SMA in portal vein. Tris, in all concentrations, abolished spontaneous activity of aorta. Tris (5 mM) attenuated epinephrine-, angiotensin-, and potassium-induced contractile responses in portal vein and in aorta: the vein responses exhibited the greater sensitivity to Tris inhibition. In the presence of Tris, agonist dose-response curves were shifted to the right, concomitant with a reduction in maximum tension in portal vein. In contrast, in aorta, only a rightward shift of the dose-response curves was observed, withour any change in maximum tensions in the presence of Tri. Tris (5 mM) depressed contractions induced by calcium in potassium-depolarized aortic and venous smooth muscle. These results suggest that Tris may interfere with the binding, translocation, and utilization of calcium ions at or beyond the membrane in venous smooth muscle and at the membrane in aortic smooth muscle.", "PMID": 686188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6824", "title": "Response of cultured myocardial cells to countershock-type electric field stimulation.", "content": "Myocardial cells isolated from 8-day chick embryos were grown in monolayer culture under conditions that produce \"standard embryonic\" and \"adult-type\" cells. These cells were subjected to electric field stimulation that had a waveshape and intensities similar to those used in clinical electric countershock procedures. Photocell mechanograms obtained before, during, and after stimulation were correlated with simultaneously measured transmembrane potentials to determine the relationship between membrane polarization and arrhythmia production that occured after the stimulus. The results of these experiments demonstrate that a predictable sequence of mechanical responses occurs after stimuli ranging in intensity from 6 to 200 V/cm. This sequence, which closely resembles that observed in vivo after similar stimulation intensities, consists of a single response (activation), tachyarrhythmia, relaxed arrest followed by transient tachyarrhythmia, arrest with contracture, and cellular fibrillation. This diverse pattern of arrhythmias is associated with a prolonged depolarization of the cell membrane which increases with the intensity of the applied stimulus. It is probable that this depolarization is caused by a transient electromechanical deformation of the cell membrane during the shock. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the causes of the arrhythmias that appear after clinical and experimental electric countershock procedures.", "contents": "Response of cultured myocardial cells to countershock-type electric field stimulation. Myocardial cells isolated from 8-day chick embryos were grown in monolayer culture under conditions that produce \"standard embryonic\" and \"adult-type\" cells. These cells were subjected to electric field stimulation that had a waveshape and intensities similar to those used in clinical electric countershock procedures. Photocell mechanograms obtained before, during, and after stimulation were correlated with simultaneously measured transmembrane potentials to determine the relationship between membrane polarization and arrhythmia production that occured after the stimulus. The results of these experiments demonstrate that a predictable sequence of mechanical responses occurs after stimuli ranging in intensity from 6 to 200 V/cm. This sequence, which closely resembles that observed in vivo after similar stimulation intensities, consists of a single response (activation), tachyarrhythmia, relaxed arrest followed by transient tachyarrhythmia, arrest with contracture, and cellular fibrillation. This diverse pattern of arrhythmias is associated with a prolonged depolarization of the cell membrane which increases with the intensity of the applied stimulus. It is probable that this depolarization is caused by a transient electromechanical deformation of the cell membrane during the shock. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the causes of the arrhythmias that appear after clinical and experimental electric countershock procedures.", "PMID": 686189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6825", "title": "Left and right ventricular dimensions during ventricular fibrillation in the dog.", "content": "Ventricular dimensions by surface echocardiography and intraventricular pressures were monitored in 27 dogs before and during ventricular fibrillation (VF) induced by coronary embolization (nine dogs), potassium infusion (nine dogs) and calcium infusion (nine dogs). Left ventricular diameter (LVD) fell by an average of 10.3 mm during the first 30 s after the onset of VF induced by ischemia or potassium and remained smaller than the prefibrillation end-diastolic LVD during the ensuing 10 min. LVD fell during calcium infusion, and after the onset of VF it remained only slightly larger than the preinfusion end-systolic LVD. Right ventricular (RV) diameter increased progressively for the first 2 min during VF an average of 15.9 mm. The failure of LV size to increase during VF was explained by a pressure gradient inhibiting LV filling during the early phase of VF. Despite progressive RV filling, pressure in the more compliant RV remained lower than in the LV, which exhibited reduced compliance during VF. Therefore, cardiac dilation during VF appears to be confined to the RV, and inhibition to LV filling is an important feature of the syndrome.", "contents": "Left and right ventricular dimensions during ventricular fibrillation in the dog. Ventricular dimensions by surface echocardiography and intraventricular pressures were monitored in 27 dogs before and during ventricular fibrillation (VF) induced by coronary embolization (nine dogs), potassium infusion (nine dogs) and calcium infusion (nine dogs). Left ventricular diameter (LVD) fell by an average of 10.3 mm during the first 30 s after the onset of VF induced by ischemia or potassium and remained smaller than the prefibrillation end-diastolic LVD during the ensuing 10 min. LVD fell during calcium infusion, and after the onset of VF it remained only slightly larger than the preinfusion end-systolic LVD. Right ventricular (RV) diameter increased progressively for the first 2 min during VF an average of 15.9 mm. The failure of LV size to increase during VF was explained by a pressure gradient inhibiting LV filling during the early phase of VF. Despite progressive RV filling, pressure in the more compliant RV remained lower than in the LV, which exhibited reduced compliance during VF. Therefore, cardiac dilation during VF appears to be confined to the RV, and inhibition to LV filling is an important feature of the syndrome.", "PMID": 686190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6826", "title": "Androgen-mediated sex differences of cardiovascular responses in rats.", "content": "Sex differences in the systemic depressor response to arachidonic acid (50 or 150 microgram/kg iv) were observed in intact and castrated anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. The rank order of responsiveness was: castrate males, castrate females, females, males; all four groups were significantly different (P less than 0.05) at the higher dose. Castrated males pretreated with testosterone (1 mg/kg sc) 5 or 7 days previously gave a response at the higher arachidonate dose levels that was of the same order as that obtained with intact males. Similar treatment of castrate males with androgen potentiated (P less than 0.05) the vasopressor action of norepinephrine (0.25 microgram/kg) on day 7 after the testosterone pretreatment. In contrast, treatment with depot estradiol (100 microgram/kg sc) in castrate males produced no significant change in the response to either of the vasoactive compounds on both days 5 and 7 after pretreatment. These data suggest that testosterone may be a significant factor in the development of sex differences in the cardiovascular systems of rats.", "contents": "Androgen-mediated sex differences of cardiovascular responses in rats. Sex differences in the systemic depressor response to arachidonic acid (50 or 150 microgram/kg iv) were observed in intact and castrated anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. The rank order of responsiveness was: castrate males, castrate females, females, males; all four groups were significantly different (P less than 0.05) at the higher dose. Castrated males pretreated with testosterone (1 mg/kg sc) 5 or 7 days previously gave a response at the higher arachidonate dose levels that was of the same order as that obtained with intact males. Similar treatment of castrate males with androgen potentiated (P less than 0.05) the vasopressor action of norepinephrine (0.25 microgram/kg) on day 7 after the testosterone pretreatment. In contrast, treatment with depot estradiol (100 microgram/kg sc) in castrate males produced no significant change in the response to either of the vasoactive compounds on both days 5 and 7 after pretreatment. These data suggest that testosterone may be a significant factor in the development of sex differences in the cardiovascular systems of rats.", "PMID": 686192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6827", "title": "Regional variations in calculated diastolic wall stress in rat left ventricle.", "content": "Principal radii of curvature and wall thickness were measured at the apex and three other loci on the free wall of the left ventricle in 16 rat hearts that had been fixed at end-diastolic pressure. The law of Laplace was applied to calculate the mean tensile stress at each locus. No significant variation was found among the nonapical loci, but apical stress was approximately twice the stress calculated for any nonapical locus. The higher stresses that must be borne by the apex may be a predisposing factor for apical aneurysm in certain cardiomyopathies such as Chagas' disease. These higher stresses may also help to promote apical aneurysms in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Regional variations in calculated diastolic wall stress in rat left ventricle. Principal radii of curvature and wall thickness were measured at the apex and three other loci on the free wall of the left ventricle in 16 rat hearts that had been fixed at end-diastolic pressure. The law of Laplace was applied to calculate the mean tensile stress at each locus. No significant variation was found among the nonapical loci, but apical stress was approximately twice the stress calculated for any nonapical locus. The higher stresses that must be borne by the apex may be a predisposing factor for apical aneurysm in certain cardiomyopathies such as Chagas' disease. These higher stresses may also help to promote apical aneurysms in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 686193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6828", "title": "Effect of velocity of distribution on red cell distribution in capillary blood vessels.", "content": "Through the use of simulated model experiments, data on blood cell distribution into a bifurcating capillary blood vessel are obtained. The results show that the movement of red blood cells at a bifurcation point is influenced by the difference in velocities of flow in the daughter branches. If the velocity of flow in one branch is slower than that in the other, the hematocrit decreases in the slower branch and increases in the faster branch. For velocity ratios sufficiently smaller than a certain critical value, the hematocrit ratio can be expressed by a linear relationship, (H1/H2) - 1 = a[v1/v2) - 1], in which v1,  v2 and H1 H2 denote the particle velocities and tube hematocritis in the branches 1 and 2, respectively, and a is a dimensionless contant dependent upon a number of factors, the most important of which are the ratio of cell diameter to tube diameter, the shape and rigidity of the pellets, and the hematocrit in the feeding tube. For velocity ratios beyond a critical value, nearly all the cells flow into the faster branch. The smaller the feeding-tube hematocrit is, the smaller is the critical velocity ratio at which this phenomenon occurs.", "contents": "Effect of velocity of distribution on red cell distribution in capillary blood vessels. Through the use of simulated model experiments, data on blood cell distribution into a bifurcating capillary blood vessel are obtained. The results show that the movement of red blood cells at a bifurcation point is influenced by the difference in velocities of flow in the daughter branches. If the velocity of flow in one branch is slower than that in the other, the hematocrit decreases in the slower branch and increases in the faster branch. For velocity ratios sufficiently smaller than a certain critical value, the hematocrit ratio can be expressed by a linear relationship, (H1/H2) - 1 = a[v1/v2) - 1], in which v1,  v2 and H1 H2 denote the particle velocities and tube hematocritis in the branches 1 and 2, respectively, and a is a dimensionless contant dependent upon a number of factors, the most important of which are the ratio of cell diameter to tube diameter, the shape and rigidity of the pellets, and the hematocrit in the feeding tube. For velocity ratios beyond a critical value, nearly all the cells flow into the faster branch. The smaller the feeding-tube hematocrit is, the smaller is the critical velocity ratio at which this phenomenon occurs.", "PMID": 686194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6829", "title": "Physician importation--a solution to developing countries' rural health care problems?", "content": "Developing countries almost universally suffer from severe health service shortages, particularly in rural areas. Manpower problems are the most critical aspect of the shortages. Iran has recently begun a massive program to increase physician supply in its rural areas by importation of physicians from India, Pakistan, and the Philippines. The present study investigated two questions: What  are physicians' reasons for accepting a post in a rural area of another country, and what are the attitudes of residents in such rural areas toward foreign physicians? Results of a questionnaire survey of foreign physicians indicate that the most common reasons for physician acceptance of the posts were higher salaries and the desire to go eventually to a Western country. Results of an interview survey of Iranian consumers indicate that residents of rural areas were far more likely to prefer Iranian auxiliaries than non-Iranian physicians.", "contents": "Physician importation--a solution to developing countries' rural health care problems? Developing countries almost universally suffer from severe health service shortages, particularly in rural areas. Manpower problems are the most critical aspect of the shortages. Iran has recently begun a massive program to increase physician supply in its rural areas by importation of physicians from India, Pakistan, and the Philippines. The present study investigated two questions: What  are physicians' reasons for accepting a post in a rural area of another country, and what are the attitudes of residents in such rural areas toward foreign physicians? Results of a questionnaire survey of foreign physicians indicate that the most common reasons for physician acceptance of the posts were higher salaries and the desire to go eventually to a Western country. Results of an interview survey of Iranian consumers indicate that residents of rural areas were far more likely to prefer Iranian auxiliaries than non-Iranian physicians.", "PMID": 686197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6830", "title": "A longitudinal study of military performance subsequent to civilian drug use.", "content": "This study evaluates the military performance of soldiers who were identified by the Army's urine screening program as having used drugs at the time they reported for active duty. The study used prospectively defined cohorts of large size (over 1,600 urinalysis positive and over 2,400 urinalysis negative entering males) and used longitudinal outcome measures drawn from existing medical and personnel files. The major findings are that the urinalysis positive individuals were significantly more likely not to complete their tour of duty, were more likely to be hospitalized, and had more bed-days per hospitalization than their urinalysis negative fellow soldiers. In terms of cohorts entering the Army, however, minimal improvement in outcome was found by considering an entirely drug-free cohort (obtained by omitting the urinalysis positive individuals) compared to a random cohort which contained positives at the then current prevalence of 2 per cent.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of military performance subsequent to civilian drug use. This study evaluates the military performance of soldiers who were identified by the Army's urine screening program as having used drugs at the time they reported for active duty. The study used prospectively defined cohorts of large size (over 1,600 urinalysis positive and over 2,400 urinalysis negative entering males) and used longitudinal outcome measures drawn from existing medical and personnel files. The major findings are that the urinalysis positive individuals were significantly more likely not to complete their tour of duty, were more likely to be hospitalized, and had more bed-days per hospitalization than their urinalysis negative fellow soldiers. In terms of cohorts entering the Army, however, minimal improvement in outcome was found by considering an entirely drug-free cohort (obtained by omitting the urinalysis positive individuals) compared to a random cohort which contained positives at the then current prevalence of 2 per cent.", "PMID": 686198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6831", "title": "Planning a food and nutrition surveillance system: the example of Honduras.", "content": "A description of the preliminary steps in establishing a food and nutrition surveillance system in a country of Central America is presented in outline. The system will provide the basis for policy formulation, program planning, and evaluation. It is organized on the basis of the participation and resources of seven national agencies and will operate at the local, regional, and central level.", "contents": "Planning a food and nutrition surveillance system: the example of Honduras. A description of the preliminary steps in establishing a food and nutrition surveillance system in a country of Central America is presented in outline. The system will provide the basis for policy formulation, program planning, and evaluation. It is organized on the basis of the participation and resources of seven national agencies and will operate at the local, regional, and central level.", "PMID": 686199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6832", "title": "School achievement: risk factor in teenage pregnancies?", "content": "A review of live births, spontaneous fetal deaths, and induced abortions in residents of Upstate New York ages 12--17 shows that pregnancy rates increased during the period 1971 through 1974. This increase was attributable to pregnancies ending in induced abortion while live births remained relatively stable. White teenagers had a higher frequency of induced abortions than non-white teenagers, but induced abortions increased more rapidly among non-whites over the four-year period. School achievement as reflected by highest grade completed at the end of pregnancy was related to risk of pregnancy as well as to election of induced abortions. The distribution of pregnancies by age and school grade suggests that an increased risk of pregnancy is associated with below average but also, and unexpectedly, with above average grade attainment. Incongruity of age and school achievement may identify groups of teenage schoolgirls with special needs for preventive programs.", "contents": "School achievement: risk factor in teenage pregnancies? A review of live births, spontaneous fetal deaths, and induced abortions in residents of Upstate New York ages 12--17 shows that pregnancy rates increased during the period 1971 through 1974. This increase was attributable to pregnancies ending in induced abortion while live births remained relatively stable. White teenagers had a higher frequency of induced abortions than non-white teenagers, but induced abortions increased more rapidly among non-whites over the four-year period. School achievement as reflected by highest grade completed at the end of pregnancy was related to risk of pregnancy as well as to election of induced abortions. The distribution of pregnancies by age and school grade suggests that an increased risk of pregnancy is associated with below average but also, and unexpectedly, with above average grade attainment. Incongruity of age and school achievement may identify groups of teenage schoolgirls with special needs for preventive programs.", "PMID": 686200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6833", "title": "The energy cost of overweight in the United States.", "content": "We have calculated the total fossil energy equivalent of the food calories saved by reducing the present degree of overweight (2.3 billion pounds for the adult United States population) to optimum body weight and the annual fossil energy reduction once all Americans reached their optimum weight. The energy saved by dieting to reach optimal weight is equivalent to 1.3 billion gallons of gasoline and the annual energy savings would more than supply the annual residential electrical demands of Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, and Washington, DC.", "contents": "The energy cost of overweight in the United States. We have calculated the total fossil energy equivalent of the food calories saved by reducing the present degree of overweight (2.3 billion pounds for the adult United States population) to optimum body weight and the annual fossil energy reduction once all Americans reached their optimum weight. The energy saved by dieting to reach optimal weight is equivalent to 1.3 billion gallons of gasoline and the annual energy savings would more than supply the annual residential electrical demands of Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, and Washington, DC.", "PMID": 686202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6834", "title": "An evaluation of the utility of high blood pressure detection fairs.", "content": "Our data indicate that voluntary casual screenings in essentially middle class locations may be of limited value in attracting the young, the black, and the male relative to the target population. Our screens attracted a large proportion of individuals who where already aware of their high blood pressure. Nevertheless, these screens can be useful in getting and keeping individuals under medical care: newly detected hypertensives, those who knew they have it and even some of those under treatment for it.", "contents": "An evaluation of the utility of high blood pressure detection fairs. Our data indicate that voluntary casual screenings in essentially middle class locations may be of limited value in attracting the young, the black, and the male relative to the target population. Our screens attracted a large proportion of individuals who where already aware of their high blood pressure. Nevertheless, these screens can be useful in getting and keeping individuals under medical care: newly detected hypertensives, those who knew they have it and even some of those under treatment for it.", "PMID": 686203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6835", "title": "Parent-inclusive pediatric units: a survey of policies and practices.", "content": "A nation-wide survey of Parent-Inclusive Pediatric Units identified innovations and restrictions in policies and practices. Questionnaires mailed to Directors of Nursing Service at 84 general hospitals which encourage parental \"living-in\" indicated that parents are provided with a place to sleep but infrequently are offered additional facilities, services, and guidance necessary to optimize their presence on the Parent-Inclusive Pediatric Unit. Restrictions on parents remaining with their children are common during highly stressful procedures. Results indicate a gap between research on the importance of parental presence and current hospital practice.", "contents": "Parent-inclusive pediatric units: a survey of policies and practices. A nation-wide survey of Parent-Inclusive Pediatric Units identified innovations and restrictions in policies and practices. Questionnaires mailed to Directors of Nursing Service at 84 general hospitals which encourage parental \"living-in\" indicated that parents are provided with a place to sleep but infrequently are offered additional facilities, services, and guidance necessary to optimize their presence on the Parent-Inclusive Pediatric Unit. Restrictions on parents remaining with their children are common during highly stressful procedures. Results indicate a gap between research on the importance of parental presence and current hospital practice.", "PMID": 686210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6836", "title": "Welfare status, illness and subjective health definition.", "content": "The self-defined health status of welfare recipients hospitalized for illness during the preceding year was compared to that of persons not on welfare but hospitalized for illness during the same period. Data were derived from a systematic probability sample of household residents of the Harlem Hospital inpatient district population surveyed July 1967-June 1970. Welfare recipient respondents were more likely to perceive their health as fair/poor than were persons not on welfare. This difference persisted when the data were analyzed by sex, age, reported levels and type of illness, hospital days and number of stays, and current usual activity; usual activity was a major explanatory variable but only partially accounted for the relationship. It has been hypothesized that in achievement-oriented societies, illness may be used as justification for a culturally-induced sense of personal failure to fulfill socially prescribed role obligations. The data are consistent with this hypothesis.", "contents": "Welfare status, illness and subjective health definition. The self-defined health status of welfare recipients hospitalized for illness during the preceding year was compared to that of persons not on welfare but hospitalized for illness during the same period. Data were derived from a systematic probability sample of household residents of the Harlem Hospital inpatient district population surveyed July 1967-June 1970. Welfare recipient respondents were more likely to perceive their health as fair/poor than were persons not on welfare. This difference persisted when the data were analyzed by sex, age, reported levels and type of illness, hospital days and number of stays, and current usual activity; usual activity was a major explanatory variable but only partially accounted for the relationship. It has been hypothesized that in achievement-oriented societies, illness may be used as justification for a culturally-induced sense of personal failure to fulfill socially prescribed role obligations. The data are consistent with this hypothesis.", "PMID": 686211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6837", "title": "Elective induction and stimulation of labor and the health of the infant.", "content": "This study examines a large heterogeneous sample to determine whether elective induction and stimulation of labor have a beneficial or deleterious effect on the health of the infant. Previous studies have reached contradictory results, partly because of the small sample sizes employed. This study uses a multiple regression analysis of New York City birth certificate data from 1968. We find a small, but significant, negative effect on the newborn of both elective induction of labor and elective stimulation of labor. When hospital care context is allowed to vary, much larger negative effects were found within municipal hospitals and to a lesser extent on service wards of voluntary hospitals. Although 1968 findings cannot be applied to 1978, the implications are clear.", "contents": "Elective induction and stimulation of labor and the health of the infant. This study examines a large heterogeneous sample to determine whether elective induction and stimulation of labor have a beneficial or deleterious effect on the health of the infant. Previous studies have reached contradictory results, partly because of the small sample sizes employed. This study uses a multiple regression analysis of New York City birth certificate data from 1968. We find a small, but significant, negative effect on the newborn of both elective induction of labor and elective stimulation of labor. When hospital care context is allowed to vary, much larger negative effects were found within municipal hospitals and to a lesser extent on service wards of voluntary hospitals. Although 1968 findings cannot be applied to 1978, the implications are clear.", "PMID": 686212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6838", "title": "The prevalence of clinically treated diabetes among Zuni reservation residents.", "content": "At least one-fourth of the over 45 aged population of the Zuni Indian reservation have diabetes. The true prevalence may be higher since an unknown number of Zunis had no blood sugar measurements during 1975-76 and therefore no opportunity for diagnosis. The high prevalence of diabetes among the Zunis has not been previously documented. It is similar to that found in the well-studied Pima Indians and much higher than that in a carefully examined large white population.", "contents": "The prevalence of clinically treated diabetes among Zuni reservation residents. At least one-fourth of the over 45 aged population of the Zuni Indian reservation have diabetes. The true prevalence may be higher since an unknown number of Zunis had no blood sugar measurements during 1975-76 and therefore no opportunity for diagnosis. The high prevalence of diabetes among the Zunis has not been previously documented. It is similar to that found in the well-studied Pima Indians and much higher than that in a carefully examined large white population.", "PMID": 686218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6839", "title": "Monitoring consumer satisfaction with the clinical services provided to 'exceptional' children.", "content": "Given recent federal and state legislation mandating all necessary services for children with handicapping conditions, it is incumbent upon the providers of health care services to demonstrate accountability for their services to children with special needs. A procedure to assess the satisfaction of parents and community-based case coordinators with clinical services provided to such children has been demonstrated. By focusing on specific service elements, it is possible to align optimum versus actual consumer satisfaction. Through an analysis of observed variance, the modification of documented weaknesses can decrease the difference between optimum and actual consumer satisfaction levels. This procedure will be continued on a bi-annual, longitudinal follow-up basis to monitor progress. The concept of consumer input into the provision of clinical services is relevant to other developments in the field of health care which place importance on administration accountability. Those health care providers who recognize the value of consumer input and allow for its incorporation into their service programs will be better able to adapt their systems to the emerging trend towards medical accountability. Self-ordered accountability is more meaningful, is easier to understand than government imposed regulations, and can be smoothly blended into an organization's goals and objectives.", "contents": "Monitoring consumer satisfaction with the clinical services provided to 'exceptional' children. Given recent federal and state legislation mandating all necessary services for children with handicapping conditions, it is incumbent upon the providers of health care services to demonstrate accountability for their services to children with special needs. A procedure to assess the satisfaction of parents and community-based case coordinators with clinical services provided to such children has been demonstrated. By focusing on specific service elements, it is possible to align optimum versus actual consumer satisfaction. Through an analysis of observed variance, the modification of documented weaknesses can decrease the difference between optimum and actual consumer satisfaction levels. This procedure will be continued on a bi-annual, longitudinal follow-up basis to monitor progress. The concept of consumer input into the provision of clinical services is relevant to other developments in the field of health care which place importance on administration accountability. Those health care providers who recognize the value of consumer input and allow for its incorporation into their service programs will be better able to adapt their systems to the emerging trend towards medical accountability. Self-ordered accountability is more meaningful, is easier to understand than government imposed regulations, and can be smoothly blended into an organization's goals and objectives.", "PMID": 686219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6840", "title": "Ewing's sarcoma. A light- and electron-microscopic study of 21 cases.", "content": "Twenty-one cases of Ewing's sarcoma were analyzed by light- and electron-microscopy and the fine structure compared to that described in previous publications. In the predominant \"primary\" tumor cells, glycogen was abundant in 53% of cases, infrequent in 33%, and rare in 14%. In three cases, microtubules, in association with glycogen, were demonstrated. The so-called differentiated \"secondary\" reticular tumor cells were sparsely populated in eight cases. Evidence is presented to suggest that these so-called \"secondary\" reticular cells are merely \"primary\" tumor cells in a state of regression. Secondary cells and cells with nuclear identations or convolutions were of no discernible prognostic significance. The histogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma remains an enigma but present findings support a primitive mesenchymal origin.", "contents": "Ewing's sarcoma. A light- and electron-microscopic study of 21 cases. Twenty-one cases of Ewing's sarcoma were analyzed by light- and electron-microscopy and the fine structure compared to that described in previous publications. In the predominant \"primary\" tumor cells, glycogen was abundant in 53% of cases, infrequent in 33%, and rare in 14%. In three cases, microtubules, in association with glycogen, were demonstrated. The so-called differentiated \"secondary\" reticular tumor cells were sparsely populated in eight cases. Evidence is presented to suggest that these so-called \"secondary\" reticular cells are merely \"primary\" tumor cells in a state of regression. Secondary cells and cells with nuclear identations or convolutions were of no discernible prognostic significance. The histogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma remains an enigma but present findings support a primitive mesenchymal origin.", "PMID": 686232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6841", "title": "Effect of preseason conditioning on the incidence and severity of high school football knee injuries.", "content": "An 8-year study comparing two groups of high school varsity football players has shown that the number of knee injuries, and the severity of knee injuries that do occur may be significantly reduced by total body preseason conditioning.", "contents": "Effect of preseason conditioning on the incidence and severity of high school football knee injuries. An 8-year study comparing two groups of high school varsity football players has shown that the number of knee injuries, and the severity of knee injuries that do occur may be significantly reduced by total body preseason conditioning.", "PMID": 686227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6842", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of male breast originating in the nipple.", "content": "A case of leiomyosarcoma of the breast in a 53-year-old man originating in the erectile musculature of the nipple is presented. The tumor assumed roughly the conical configuration of the nipple musculature and was limited to the mammary gland. Ultrastructural study of the tumor revealed neoplastic smooth muscle cells with typical myofilaments.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of male breast originating in the nipple. A case of leiomyosarcoma of the breast in a 53-year-old man originating in the erectile musculature of the nipple is presented. The tumor assumed roughly the conical configuration of the nipple musculature and was limited to the mammary gland. Ultrastructural study of the tumor revealed neoplastic smooth muscle cells with typical myofilaments.", "PMID": 686233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6843", "title": "Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid following radiation therapy.", "content": "This paper reports a case of a 12-year-old boy with fatal sebaceous carcinoma originating from the eyelid. The carcinoma developed 11 years after curative radiation therapy for bilateral retinoblastoma. Sebaceous carcinomas associated with previous irradiation are uncommon, and only five such cases have been published. Three of the patients were treated for benign disorders and the two other cases followed radiation therapy for bilateral retinoblastoma. Second malignant neoplasms in patients with bilateral retinoblastoma are thought to be related to a genetically inherited predisposition to the development of second malignant tumors. Radiation therapy is claimed to be an inducing factor in many cases but malignant neoplasms are also found in areas distant from the portals of irradiation as well as in patients not irradiated. Most of the secondary tumors were sarcomas, and usually osteogenic sarcomas.", "contents": "Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid following radiation therapy. This paper reports a case of a 12-year-old boy with fatal sebaceous carcinoma originating from the eyelid. The carcinoma developed 11 years after curative radiation therapy for bilateral retinoblastoma. Sebaceous carcinomas associated with previous irradiation are uncommon, and only five such cases have been published. Three of the patients were treated for benign disorders and the two other cases followed radiation therapy for bilateral retinoblastoma. Second malignant neoplasms in patients with bilateral retinoblastoma are thought to be related to a genetically inherited predisposition to the development of second malignant tumors. Radiation therapy is claimed to be an inducing factor in many cases but malignant neoplasms are also found in areas distant from the portals of irradiation as well as in patients not irradiated. Most of the secondary tumors were sarcomas, and usually osteogenic sarcomas.", "PMID": 686234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6844", "title": "Tibiofibular synostosis and recurrent ankle sprains in high performance athletes.", "content": "Recent evidence points toward a weight bearing and dynamic stabilizing function of the distal fibula in ankle joint mechanics. When fibular rotation and translation are restricted, ankle pain during weight bearing and push off often (but not always) results. The case histories of six professional athletes with distal tibial synostosis resulting from internal rotation-inversion injury confirm recent reports of ankle disability resulting from restriction of fibular motion, but suggest that there may be many patients with this lesion who are not disabled. Two patients with incomplete synostosis were asymptomatic, and one with complete synostosis had only occasional pain after vigorous exercise.", "contents": "Tibiofibular synostosis and recurrent ankle sprains in high performance athletes. Recent evidence points toward a weight bearing and dynamic stabilizing function of the distal fibula in ankle joint mechanics. When fibular rotation and translation are restricted, ankle pain during weight bearing and push off often (but not always) results. The case histories of six professional athletes with distal tibial synostosis resulting from internal rotation-inversion injury confirm recent reports of ankle disability resulting from restriction of fibular motion, but suggest that there may be many patients with this lesion who are not disabled. Two patients with incomplete synostosis were asymptomatic, and one with complete synostosis had only occasional pain after vigorous exercise.", "PMID": 686231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6845", "title": "Osteoid osteoma as a cause of knee pain in the young athlete: a case study.", "content": "Knee problems are frequently seen in young athletes. It is important for the examining physician to be mindful of the complex differential diagnosis of knee pain in the adolescent, and not presume a traumatic origin of this pain. A case of osteoid osteoma of the distal medial condylar epiphysis of the femur in a 15-year-old athletic male, who presented with limitation of extension of the knee and medial joint pain and swelling, which could easily be misinterpreted as internal derangement, is discussed as an example of this problem.", "contents": "Osteoid osteoma as a cause of knee pain in the young athlete: a case study. Knee problems are frequently seen in young athletes. It is important for the examining physician to be mindful of the complex differential diagnosis of knee pain in the adolescent, and not presume a traumatic origin of this pain. A case of osteoid osteoma of the distal medial condylar epiphysis of the femur in a 15-year-old athletic male, who presented with limitation of extension of the knee and medial joint pain and swelling, which could easily be misinterpreted as internal derangement, is discussed as an example of this problem.", "PMID": 686230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6846", "title": "What can and cannot be achieved with conventional anti-malaria measures.", "content": "Malaria eradication has been based on interception of the vectors through the spraying of houses with DDT. With proper strategy and adequate execution this goal should be achieved in the extensive areas where the vector is responsive to the insecticide, but in large regions where it is refractory other conventional measures against the vectors are more costly and cannot produce eradication. In such cases new ways should be sought to tackle the other primary epidemiological factors--the parasite and the susceptible human being. There is so far no drug which can eliminate the parasites from man with one or two doses and that has a long-lasting protective effect against new infections, the two conditions required for effectiveness in the field. The development of a vaccine to protect susceptible human beings is the other possibility being explored at the present time. Let us hope that such a vaccine may become available.", "contents": "What can and cannot be achieved with conventional anti-malaria measures. Malaria eradication has been based on interception of the vectors through the spraying of houses with DDT. With proper strategy and adequate execution this goal should be achieved in the extensive areas where the vector is responsive to the insecticide, but in large regions where it is refractory other conventional measures against the vectors are more costly and cannot produce eradication. In such cases new ways should be sought to tackle the other primary epidemiological factors--the parasite and the susceptible human being. There is so far no drug which can eliminate the parasites from man with one or two doses and that has a long-lasting protective effect against new infections, the two conditions required for effectiveness in the field. The development of a vaccine to protect susceptible human beings is the other possibility being explored at the present time. Let us hope that such a vaccine may become available.", "PMID": 686237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6847", "title": "Hemoglobin A2 levels in malaria patients.", "content": "The influence of malaria on the hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2) level in humans was studied in a series of 94 imported cases in Belgium. Sixty-nine of the patients were natives of Western European countries, their results are reported separately since their origin and the results of their hematological examination made it unlikely that they carried the beta-thalassemia trait. The Hb A2 level of the 94 malaria patients (mean 2.76%; S.D. 0.51%) was not statistically different from that found in 60 healthy controls (mean 2.70%; S.D. 0.38%; P greater than 40). Likewise the level of the 65 Western European patients was not statistically different from that of the same controls (mean 2.81%; S.D. 0.42%; P greater than 0.10). There was also no significant difference between the level in patients infected with a particular species of Plasmodium and that of the controls. No correlation was found between the Hb A2 level and the intensity of the parasitemia or the concentration of total hemoglobin in the blood. These results are discussed in comparison with the divergent ones obtained by others and it is suggested that malaria has no significant influence on the results of surveys for the prevalence of beta-thalassemia in regions of malaria endemicity.", "contents": "Hemoglobin A2 levels in malaria patients. The influence of malaria on the hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2) level in humans was studied in a series of 94 imported cases in Belgium. Sixty-nine of the patients were natives of Western European countries, their results are reported separately since their origin and the results of their hematological examination made it unlikely that they carried the beta-thalassemia trait. The Hb A2 level of the 94 malaria patients (mean 2.76%; S.D. 0.51%) was not statistically different from that found in 60 healthy controls (mean 2.70%; S.D. 0.38%; P greater than 40). Likewise the level of the 65 Western European patients was not statistically different from that of the same controls (mean 2.81%; S.D. 0.42%; P greater than 0.10). There was also no significant difference between the level in patients infected with a particular species of Plasmodium and that of the controls. No correlation was found between the Hb A2 level and the intensity of the parasitemia or the concentration of total hemoglobin in the blood. These results are discussed in comparison with the divergent ones obtained by others and it is suggested that malaria has no significant influence on the results of surveys for the prevalence of beta-thalassemia in regions of malaria endemicity.", "PMID": 686238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6848", "title": "The antileishmanial activity of lepidines.", "content": "A series of lepidines (6-methoxy-4-methyl-8-aminoquinoline derivatives) was studied in a hamster-Leishmania donovani model. Members of this class were found to have activity many-fold that of the standard, meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime). One of them, 8-(6-diethylamino-hexylamino)-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline, designated WR 6026, when given orally was over 700 times as effective as the standard antimonial drug.", "contents": "The antileishmanial activity of lepidines. A series of lepidines (6-methoxy-4-methyl-8-aminoquinoline derivatives) was studied in a hamster-Leishmania donovani model. Members of this class were found to have activity many-fold that of the standard, meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime). One of them, 8-(6-diethylamino-hexylamino)-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline, designated WR 6026, when given orally was over 700 times as effective as the standard antimonial drug.", "PMID": 686239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6849", "title": "Comparative evaluation of two dosages of tinidazole in the treatment of giardiasis.", "content": "Forty-five patients with parasitologically confirmed symtomatic giardiasis were treated with tinidazole. A course of 150 mg twice daily for 7 days cured 14 of 19 patients (74%), and a single dose of 2,000 mg cured 24 of 26 (92%). After the single dose, mild side effects were common including maltase, lassitude, and dizziness. Three probable cases of the so-called \"postgiardiac syndrome\" were seen. Either dosage of tinidazole initially cleared all stool samples of Giardia lamblia, and most clinical and parasitological failures were first detected a few weeks after the treatment. This emphazises the significance of long follow-up periods.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of two dosages of tinidazole in the treatment of giardiasis. Forty-five patients with parasitologically confirmed symtomatic giardiasis were treated with tinidazole. A course of 150 mg twice daily for 7 days cured 14 of 19 patients (74%), and a single dose of 2,000 mg cured 24 of 26 (92%). After the single dose, mild side effects were common including maltase, lassitude, and dizziness. Three probable cases of the so-called \"postgiardiac syndrome\" were seen. Either dosage of tinidazole initially cleared all stool samples of Giardia lamblia, and most clinical and parasitological failures were first detected a few weeks after the treatment. This emphazises the significance of long follow-up periods.", "PMID": 686240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6850", "title": "Serum sickness with furazolidone.", "content": "Two cases of serum sickness from furazolidone (Furoxona), prescribed for giardiasis in Latin America, are described. No previous case of serum sickness related to this drug has been reported in the United States. Tartrazine (yellow dye number 5), a component of furazolidone tablets (Furoxona) manufactured in Latin America countries but no longer included in the drug (Furoxone) in the United States is suggested as a possible cause of serum sickness.", "contents": "Serum sickness with furazolidone. Two cases of serum sickness from furazolidone (Furoxona), prescribed for giardiasis in Latin America, are described. No previous case of serum sickness related to this drug has been reported in the United States. Tartrazine (yellow dye number 5), a component of furazolidone tablets (Furoxona) manufactured in Latin America countries but no longer included in the drug (Furoxone) in the United States is suggested as a possible cause of serum sickness.", "PMID": 686241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6851", "title": "Extensive cutaneous burn complicated by severe necrotizing amebic enterocolitis. Pathogenic factors resulting in severe amebic disease.", "content": "A 59-yr-old Mexican-American man developed fatal necrotizing amebic enterocolitis following an extensive cutaneous thermal injury. Those factors in the severely burned patient which predispose to amebic disease are discussed.", "contents": "Extensive cutaneous burn complicated by severe necrotizing amebic enterocolitis. Pathogenic factors resulting in severe amebic disease. A 59-yr-old Mexican-American man developed fatal necrotizing amebic enterocolitis following an extensive cutaneous thermal injury. Those factors in the severely burned patient which predispose to amebic disease are discussed.", "PMID": 686242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6852", "title": "Cystoscopic picture of Schistosoma haematobium in Egyptian children correlated to intensity of infection and morbidity.", "content": "Cystoscopy was done on 45 children, 5--12 yr old, infected with Schistosoma haematobium. On the basis of urinary egg output, the children were classifed as having mild, moderate, or heavy infection and the cystoscopic picture was correlated with their egg output and with their signs and symptoms. Lesions reported, in descending order of frequency, were: hyperemia, sandy patches, tubercles, ulcers, nodules, and polyps. Multiple schistosomal lesions were present in some patients and the frequency and severity of lesions correlated with the heaviness of infection. Individual variation in the severety of response to S. haematobium was observed.", "contents": "Cystoscopic picture of Schistosoma haematobium in Egyptian children correlated to intensity of infection and morbidity. Cystoscopy was done on 45 children, 5--12 yr old, infected with Schistosoma haematobium. On the basis of urinary egg output, the children were classifed as having mild, moderate, or heavy infection and the cystoscopic picture was correlated with their egg output and with their signs and symptoms. Lesions reported, in descending order of frequency, were: hyperemia, sandy patches, tubercles, ulcers, nodules, and polyps. Multiple schistosomal lesions were present in some patients and the frequency and severity of lesions correlated with the heaviness of infection. Individual variation in the severety of response to S. haematobium was observed.", "PMID": 686243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6853", "title": "Susceptibility of Bahian population of Biomphalaria glabrata to an allopatric strain of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Seventeen populations of snails (Biomphalaria glabrata) from the state of Bahia, Brazil were studied with respect to their susceptibility to infection with an allopatric strain of Schistosoma mansoni. Two of the populations were from the city of Salvador, 3 from other sites in Bahia, and 12 from habitats in the municipio Castro Alves. Our data show that the Bahian snail populations are extremely variable in their susceptibility to an allopatric strain of S. mansoni and that the phenomenon is not associated solely with distantly separated strains, but is present, as well, in adjacent populations situated in a restricted geographic region. Of the 6 populations found to be completely refractory to infection when exposed at a size of 5--7 mm, only 2 were refractory when exposed at 5--12 days of age. It is suggested that the variability to infection displayed by populations in a restricted geographic area may be explained by assuming that the Founder Principle was operative.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Bahian population of Biomphalaria glabrata to an allopatric strain of Schistosoma mansoni. Seventeen populations of snails (Biomphalaria glabrata) from the state of Bahia, Brazil were studied with respect to their susceptibility to infection with an allopatric strain of Schistosoma mansoni. Two of the populations were from the city of Salvador, 3 from other sites in Bahia, and 12 from habitats in the municipio Castro Alves. Our data show that the Bahian snail populations are extremely variable in their susceptibility to an allopatric strain of S. mansoni and that the phenomenon is not associated solely with distantly separated strains, but is present, as well, in adjacent populations situated in a restricted geographic region. Of the 6 populations found to be completely refractory to infection when exposed at a size of 5--7 mm, only 2 were refractory when exposed at 5--12 days of age. It is suggested that the variability to infection displayed by populations in a restricted geographic area may be explained by assuming that the Founder Principle was operative.", "PMID": 686244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6854", "title": "Liver changes in hamsters infected with a liver fluke of man, Opisthorchis viverrini.", "content": "Thirty male Syrian golden hamsters were each infected with 100 metacercariae of Opisthorchis viverrini. The hamsters were killed at 3, 7, 15, 30, 154 days of infection. The early pathological changes consisted of an acute inflammatory reaction involving the bile ducts of the second order and the portal connective tissue, especially the large veins, as well as focal coagulation necrosis of the liver lobules. As the flukes developed into adults they induced hyperplasia and adenomatous formations of the bile duct epithelium. There was also a granulomatous response to the adult flukes and eggs. Resolution of the granulomas led to periductal and portal scarring. These findings suggest that immunopathologic mechanisms may be important in the pathogenesis of liver fluke disease.", "contents": "Liver changes in hamsters infected with a liver fluke of man, Opisthorchis viverrini. Thirty male Syrian golden hamsters were each infected with 100 metacercariae of Opisthorchis viverrini. The hamsters were killed at 3, 7, 15, 30, 154 days of infection. The early pathological changes consisted of an acute inflammatory reaction involving the bile ducts of the second order and the portal connective tissue, especially the large veins, as well as focal coagulation necrosis of the liver lobules. As the flukes developed into adults they induced hyperplasia and adenomatous formations of the bile duct epithelium. There was also a granulomatous response to the adult flukes and eggs. Resolution of the granulomas led to periductal and portal scarring. These findings suggest that immunopathologic mechanisms may be important in the pathogenesis of liver fluke disease.", "PMID": 686245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6855", "title": "Diagnostic value of the Widal test in areas endemic for typhoid fever.", "content": "The usefulness of a single Widal test to diagnose typhoid fever in endemic areas was investigated. Reciprocal Salmonella typhi O and H titers greater than or equal to 40 and greater than or equal to 80, respectively, occurred in approximately 90% of 42 Mexican patients with bacteriologically-confirmed typhoid fever at the time of presentation to hospital and, by day 4 to 5 of clinical illness, in 70% of U.S. adult volunteers who developed typhoid fever in the course of vaccine efficacy trials but in only 0.7% (O) to 3% (H) of 275 healthy individuals from a non-endemic area. Healthy Peruvians from areas endemic for typhoid fever commonly had antibody which was age-related. Peak prevalence was found in 15- to 19-yr-olds in whom 29% had O titers greater than or equal to 40 and 76% had H titers greater than or equal to 80. A single Widal test in an unvaccinated individual showing elevated O and H titers is strongly suggestive of typhoid fever if the person comes from a non-endemic area or is a child less than 10 yr of age in an endemic area. Because of the high prevalence of antibody amongst healthy invididuals over 10 yr of age in endemic, areas, a single Widal test offers virtually no diagnostic assistance in adolescents and adults.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of the Widal test in areas endemic for typhoid fever. The usefulness of a single Widal test to diagnose typhoid fever in endemic areas was investigated. Reciprocal Salmonella typhi O and H titers greater than or equal to 40 and greater than or equal to 80, respectively, occurred in approximately 90% of 42 Mexican patients with bacteriologically-confirmed typhoid fever at the time of presentation to hospital and, by day 4 to 5 of clinical illness, in 70% of U.S. adult volunteers who developed typhoid fever in the course of vaccine efficacy trials but in only 0.7% (O) to 3% (H) of 275 healthy individuals from a non-endemic area. Healthy Peruvians from areas endemic for typhoid fever commonly had antibody which was age-related. Peak prevalence was found in 15- to 19-yr-olds in whom 29% had O titers greater than or equal to 40 and 76% had H titers greater than or equal to 80. A single Widal test in an unvaccinated individual showing elevated O and H titers is strongly suggestive of typhoid fever if the person comes from a non-endemic area or is a child less than 10 yr of age in an endemic area. Because of the high prevalence of antibody amongst healthy invididuals over 10 yr of age in endemic, areas, a single Widal test offers virtually no diagnostic assistance in adolescents and adults.", "PMID": 686246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6856", "title": "Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis): treatment with miconazole.", "content": "Six patients with multisystem paracoccidioidomycosis proven by serology and culture or smear were treated with relatively brief courses of intravenous miconazole. Two had relapsed following prior therapy; 6 had active pulmonary, 4 laryngeal, 2 oropharyngeal, 2 lymphoid, and 1 abdominal disease. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was highly susceptible to miconazole in vitro; minimal inhibitory concentration was less than or equal to 0.001 microgram/ml. Clinical examination showed a prompt and objective response in all patients, confirmed by smear or culture and X-rays; in 4/6 serological response was shown. Side effects were minor. Two patients relapsed 3--5 mo after therapy; another had a rise in antibody 6 mo after therapy and was given maintenance oral sulfa. One remains in remission 7 mo after treatment; two given oral sulfa after response to miconazole remain in remission 4--6 mo after treatment. Paracoccidioidomycosis responds well to miconazole, but longer courses may be needed to prevent relapse.", "contents": "Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis): treatment with miconazole. Six patients with multisystem paracoccidioidomycosis proven by serology and culture or smear were treated with relatively brief courses of intravenous miconazole. Two had relapsed following prior therapy; 6 had active pulmonary, 4 laryngeal, 2 oropharyngeal, 2 lymphoid, and 1 abdominal disease. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was highly susceptible to miconazole in vitro; minimal inhibitory concentration was less than or equal to 0.001 microgram/ml. Clinical examination showed a prompt and objective response in all patients, confirmed by smear or culture and X-rays; in 4/6 serological response was shown. Side effects were minor. Two patients relapsed 3--5 mo after therapy; another had a rise in antibody 6 mo after therapy and was given maintenance oral sulfa. One remains in remission 7 mo after treatment; two given oral sulfa after response to miconazole remain in remission 4--6 mo after treatment. Paracoccidioidomycosis responds well to miconazole, but longer courses may be needed to prevent relapse.", "PMID": 686247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6857", "title": "Paracoccidioidin and histoplasmin sensitivity in Coari (state of Amazonas), Brazil.", "content": "A skin test survey with paracoccidioidin and histoplasmin was conducted on 495 residents of Coari in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. Positive dermal reactions to paracoccidioidin and histoplasmin were seen, respectively, in 13.9% and 50.1% of the study subjects. Specific reaction to paracoccidioidin was observed in 1.6% of the individuals, and to histoplasmin in 37.8%. Cross-reactivity between the two antigens in persons who reacted positively to both skin tests was not totally reciprocal. There were no significant differences in dermal reactivity to either of the two antigens in either sex, or among different occupational groups. No precipitating antibody to paracoccidioidin or histoplasmin was detected in the sera of the skin test-positive individuals by the immunodiffusion test. Skin test positivity in the general population of Coari reaffirmed the concept of benign, self-limited infection in paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis. It also identified the equatorial forests of the Upper Amazon Basin as endemic zones of these two mycoses.", "contents": "Paracoccidioidin and histoplasmin sensitivity in Coari (state of Amazonas), Brazil. A skin test survey with paracoccidioidin and histoplasmin was conducted on 495 residents of Coari in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. Positive dermal reactions to paracoccidioidin and histoplasmin were seen, respectively, in 13.9% and 50.1% of the study subjects. Specific reaction to paracoccidioidin was observed in 1.6% of the individuals, and to histoplasmin in 37.8%. Cross-reactivity between the two antigens in persons who reacted positively to both skin tests was not totally reciprocal. There were no significant differences in dermal reactivity to either of the two antigens in either sex, or among different occupational groups. No precipitating antibody to paracoccidioidin or histoplasmin was detected in the sera of the skin test-positive individuals by the immunodiffusion test. Skin test positivity in the general population of Coari reaffirmed the concept of benign, self-limited infection in paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis. It also identified the equatorial forests of the Upper Amazon Basin as endemic zones of these two mycoses.", "PMID": 686248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6858", "title": "Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to Histoplasma capsulatum during experimental infection in neotropical bats (Artibeus lituratus).", "content": "The humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of the large, frugivorus bat, Artibeus lituratus, were studied following intraperitoneal injection of 10 or 10(4) viable mycelial particles of Histoplasma capsulatum. Most bats had both cultural and histologic evidence of disease at autopsy. Utilizing a technique designed to measure the volume of footpad swelling in hypersensitive bats a significant degree of delayed hypersensitivity to histoplasmin was evident in both groups 4 to 6 wk after infection. Precipitating antibodies first appeared in the serum 3 wk after infection, but only in the animals infected with 10(4) viable organisms. Both the double diffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis techniques for antibody gave identical results. These findings suggest that A. lituratus is very susceptible to infection with H. capsulatum, and that a mild infection will stimulate delayed hypersensitivity to the organism but only low levels of antibody. The footpad test utilized in this study may be a sensitive and practical method for detecting natural infection in bats.", "contents": "Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to Histoplasma capsulatum during experimental infection in neotropical bats (Artibeus lituratus). The humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of the large, frugivorus bat, Artibeus lituratus, were studied following intraperitoneal injection of 10 or 10(4) viable mycelial particles of Histoplasma capsulatum. Most bats had both cultural and histologic evidence of disease at autopsy. Utilizing a technique designed to measure the volume of footpad swelling in hypersensitive bats a significant degree of delayed hypersensitivity to histoplasmin was evident in both groups 4 to 6 wk after infection. Precipitating antibodies first appeared in the serum 3 wk after infection, but only in the animals infected with 10(4) viable organisms. Both the double diffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis techniques for antibody gave identical results. These findings suggest that A. lituratus is very susceptible to infection with H. capsulatum, and that a mild infection will stimulate delayed hypersensitivity to the organism but only low levels of antibody. The footpad test utilized in this study may be a sensitive and practical method for detecting natural infection in bats.", "PMID": 686249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6859", "title": "Blood meal size as a factor affecting continued host-seeking by Aedes aegypti (L.).", "content": "The effect of ingested blood on the host-seeking response of two strains of Aedes aegypti was examined. Using an olfactometer, females fed partial blood meals were scored for host-seeking behavior within 1 h, and their blood meal sizes were measured chemically immediately afterwards. The suppression of host-seeking within 1 h after a blood meal appears to be caused by abdominal distention from ingested blood. Mosquitoes of either strain were attracted to a host when the blood meal size was less than 2.5 microliter; above this threshold there was a sharp decline in the tendency to respond. Small mosquitoes resulting from a low larval diet had a lower threshold, and were more likely to cease host-seeking after a small blood meal. Multiple feeding within a single gonotrophic cycle may result if mosquitoes take small blood meals which are insufficient to terminate host-seeking. Partial meals and reduced feeding success of mosquitoes can result from defensive host behavior, which in the laboratory rat was shown to increase at high mosquito densities.", "contents": "Blood meal size as a factor affecting continued host-seeking by Aedes aegypti (L.). The effect of ingested blood on the host-seeking response of two strains of Aedes aegypti was examined. Using an olfactometer, females fed partial blood meals were scored for host-seeking behavior within 1 h, and their blood meal sizes were measured chemically immediately afterwards. The suppression of host-seeking within 1 h after a blood meal appears to be caused by abdominal distention from ingested blood. Mosquitoes of either strain were attracted to a host when the blood meal size was less than 2.5 microliter; above this threshold there was a sharp decline in the tendency to respond. Small mosquitoes resulting from a low larval diet had a lower threshold, and were more likely to cease host-seeking after a small blood meal. Multiple feeding within a single gonotrophic cycle may result if mosquitoes take small blood meals which are insufficient to terminate host-seeking. Partial meals and reduced feeding success of mosquitoes can result from defensive host behavior, which in the laboratory rat was shown to increase at high mosquito densities.", "PMID": 686250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6860", "title": "\"Ghost\" forms of Giardia lamblia cysts initially misdiagnosed as Isospora.", "content": "Because of their distinctive morphology the cysts of Giardia lamblia usually are not mistaken for cysts or eggs of other intestinal parasites. At a hospital laboratory in Kentucky a case of giardiasis was encountered in which the initial fecal examination revealed only degenerated cysts of Giardia which were mistaken for the oocysts of Isospora at the one-sporoblast stage.", "contents": "\"Ghost\" forms of Giardia lamblia cysts initially misdiagnosed as Isospora. Because of their distinctive morphology the cysts of Giardia lamblia usually are not mistaken for cysts or eggs of other intestinal parasites. At a hospital laboratory in Kentucky a case of giardiasis was encountered in which the initial fecal examination revealed only degenerated cysts of Giardia which were mistaken for the oocysts of Isospora at the one-sporoblast stage.", "PMID": 686251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6861", "title": "Oxolinic acid for the treatment of chronic gastrointestinal Shigella carriers.", "content": "Two patients were long-term gastrointestinal carriers of Shigella flexneri for 23 mo and 6 mo, respectively. Neither patient responded to oral antibiotics, despite in vitro sensitivity of the bacteria to the antibiotics administered. Oral oxolinic acid produced immediate cessation of the carrier state in both patients, with resolution of minor but persistent physical complaints.", "contents": "Oxolinic acid for the treatment of chronic gastrointestinal Shigella carriers. Two patients were long-term gastrointestinal carriers of Shigella flexneri for 23 mo and 6 mo, respectively. Neither patient responded to oral antibiotics, despite in vitro sensitivity of the bacteria to the antibiotics administered. Oral oxolinic acid produced immediate cessation of the carrier state in both patients, with resolution of minor but persistent physical complaints.", "PMID": 686252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6862", "title": "Antibodies to snowshoe hare virus of the California group in the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) population of Nova Scotia.", "content": "Serological study showed the presence of antibodies to snowshoe hare virus in 6--14% of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) samples in Nova Scotia. This report extends the known range of this virus in North America.", "contents": "Antibodies to snowshoe hare virus of the California group in the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) population of Nova Scotia. Serological study showed the presence of antibodies to snowshoe hare virus in 6--14% of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) samples in Nova Scotia. This report extends the known range of this virus in North America.", "PMID": 686253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6863", "title": "David M. Hume memorial lecture. In situ vein bypass in the treatment of femoropopliteal atherosclerotic disease: a ten year study.", "content": "The in situ vein bypass technic for femoropopliteal atherosclerotic disease is described. Several factors influence the long-term results, the most important being a history of myocardial disease, the size of the vein graft, and sufficient runoff.", "contents": "David M. Hume memorial lecture. In situ vein bypass in the treatment of femoropopliteal atherosclerotic disease: a ten year study. The in situ vein bypass technic for femoropopliteal atherosclerotic disease is described. Several factors influence the long-term results, the most important being a history of myocardial disease, the size of the vein graft, and sufficient runoff.", "PMID": 686254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6864", "title": "Management of ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysms.", "content": "Nine cases of emergency resection of the thoracic aorta without temporary shunt or cardiopulmonary bypass are presented. Five were acute traumatic transections of the descending thoracic aorta secondary to blunt trauma. All five patients survived without sequelae. Four of the patients had ruptured arteriosclerotic aneurysms, including one aortobronchial fistula and one aortobronchial esophageal fistula. Two of these four patients survived without sequelae and two died in the postoperative period. One of the two latter patients had paraplegia. A review of the different methods of prevention of ischemic damage to the spinal cord and abdominal viscera is presented. Use of simple aortic cross clamping in the emergency situation for both acute traumatic transections of the aorta and ruptured arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta is justified.", "contents": "Management of ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysms. Nine cases of emergency resection of the thoracic aorta without temporary shunt or cardiopulmonary bypass are presented. Five were acute traumatic transections of the descending thoracic aorta secondary to blunt trauma. All five patients survived without sequelae. Four of the patients had ruptured arteriosclerotic aneurysms, including one aortobronchial fistula and one aortobronchial esophageal fistula. Two of these four patients survived without sequelae and two died in the postoperative period. One of the two latter patients had paraplegia. A review of the different methods of prevention of ischemic damage to the spinal cord and abdominal viscera is presented. Use of simple aortic cross clamping in the emergency situation for both acute traumatic transections of the aorta and ruptured arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta is justified.", "PMID": 686255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6865", "title": "Arteriovenous fistula secondary to rupture of atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm. Report of five cases.", "content": "Five patients with an acute spontaneous arteriovenous fistula as a result of rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms into the inferior vena cava of iliac vein are presented. A high mortality usually accompanies this rather infrequent complication of abdominal aortic aneurysms. The pathologic and physiologic aspects of this catastrophic event are discussed with emphasis on the variation of operative management necessary for a successful outcome.", "contents": "Arteriovenous fistula secondary to rupture of atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm. Report of five cases. Five patients with an acute spontaneous arteriovenous fistula as a result of rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms into the inferior vena cava of iliac vein are presented. A high mortality usually accompanies this rather infrequent complication of abdominal aortic aneurysms. The pathologic and physiologic aspects of this catastrophic event are discussed with emphasis on the variation of operative management necessary for a successful outcome.", "PMID": 686257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6866", "title": "Position artifacts in occlusive impedance phlebography (plethysmography).", "content": "The accuracy of occlusive impedance phlebography (IPG) depends on recognition of the artifacts that produce false-positive results. Fifty per cent of a series of studies of patients with normal legs showed abnormal results when the recording was made with the leg held straight. We therefore recommend that the patient's leg position be carefully monitored when an IPG test is being administered.", "contents": "Position artifacts in occlusive impedance phlebography (plethysmography). The accuracy of occlusive impedance phlebography (IPG) depends on recognition of the artifacts that produce false-positive results. Fifty per cent of a series of studies of patients with normal legs showed abnormal results when the recording was made with the leg held straight. We therefore recommend that the patient's leg position be carefully monitored when an IPG test is being administered.", "PMID": 686259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6867", "title": "Femorofemoral grafting: indications and late results.", "content": "Experience with fifty-three femorofemoral grafts performed as the initial operation for iliac occlusive disease over a ten year period is reviewed. There was one operative death (2 per cent). There were two early and three late graft failures, for a five year cumulative graft patency rate of 80 per cent. Of the twenty-eight patients in whom the femorofemoral graft was performed for limb salvage, the five year cumulative limb salvage rate was 91 per cent. During the follow-up period, two grafts were converted to axillobilateral femoral grafts because of recurrent symptoms of claudication caused by progression of disease in the iliac system from which the femorofemoral graft originated. All other patients with patent grafts have had satisfactory relief of symptoms throughout the follow-up period.", "contents": "Femorofemoral grafting: indications and late results. Experience with fifty-three femorofemoral grafts performed as the initial operation for iliac occlusive disease over a ten year period is reviewed. There was one operative death (2 per cent). There were two early and three late graft failures, for a five year cumulative graft patency rate of 80 per cent. Of the twenty-eight patients in whom the femorofemoral graft was performed for limb salvage, the five year cumulative limb salvage rate was 91 per cent. During the follow-up period, two grafts were converted to axillobilateral femoral grafts because of recurrent symptoms of claudication caused by progression of disease in the iliac system from which the femorofemoral graft originated. All other patients with patent grafts have had satisfactory relief of symptoms throughout the follow-up period.", "PMID": 686260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6868", "title": "Initial experience with the polytetrafluoroethylene graft for limb salvage. A report on twenty patients.", "content": "The early results of the bypass procedures for limb salvage using the new polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft are analyzed. Of twenty patients presenting with either severe rest pain or gangrene, patency has been maintained in fourteen for a mean period of thirteen months to date. Particularly satisfying results have been achieved when bypassing into single dominant arteries below the knee where limb salvage and graft patency was obtained in all cases.", "contents": "Initial experience with the polytetrafluoroethylene graft for limb salvage. A report on twenty patients. The early results of the bypass procedures for limb salvage using the new polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft are analyzed. Of twenty patients presenting with either severe rest pain or gangrene, patency has been maintained in fourteen for a mean period of thirteen months to date. Particularly satisfying results have been achieved when bypassing into single dominant arteries below the knee where limb salvage and graft patency was obtained in all cases.", "PMID": 686261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6869", "title": "New Doppler pressure indexes plotted as curves. Curve configuration used to determine sites of arterial obstruction.", "content": "Brachial, femoral (in the groin), popliteal, and tibial systolic blood pressures were determined with the Doppler technic. New indexes were developed: femoral/brachial (B/B), popliteal/femoral (P/F), ankle/femoral (A/F), and ankle/popliteal (A/P). Curves were plotted using these indexes and compared with established configurations. As a result the site or sites of obstruction were rapidly determined.", "contents": "New Doppler pressure indexes plotted as curves. Curve configuration used to determine sites of arterial obstruction. Brachial, femoral (in the groin), popliteal, and tibial systolic blood pressures were determined with the Doppler technic. New indexes were developed: femoral/brachial (B/B), popliteal/femoral (P/F), ankle/femoral (A/F), and ankle/popliteal (A/P). Curves were plotted using these indexes and compared with established configurations. As a result the site or sites of obstruction were rapidly determined.", "PMID": 686262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6870", "title": "The posterior stocking seam approach to radical subfascial clipping of perforating veins.", "content": "The posterior stocking seam approach to radical subfascial ligation of perforating veins has been advocated for the patient with postphlebitic syndrome presenting with severe stasis dermatitis, leg edema, and recurrent ulceration. Our indications for this procedure have been extended to include signs and symptoms of advanced venous insufficiency which persist after multiple operative procedures for recurrent varicose veins in the absence of deep venous thrombosis. In this series of twenty-five operations there was one instance of recurrent stasis ulceration after the procedure, and reversal of the pigmentation of stasis dermatitis was dramatic in the majority of cases. All limbs have completely healed, and there has been no significant swelling. The long-term results of this surgical procedure have been excellent, and short-term complications have been minimal.", "contents": "The posterior stocking seam approach to radical subfascial clipping of perforating veins. The posterior stocking seam approach to radical subfascial ligation of perforating veins has been advocated for the patient with postphlebitic syndrome presenting with severe stasis dermatitis, leg edema, and recurrent ulceration. Our indications for this procedure have been extended to include signs and symptoms of advanced venous insufficiency which persist after multiple operative procedures for recurrent varicose veins in the absence of deep venous thrombosis. In this series of twenty-five operations there was one instance of recurrent stasis ulceration after the procedure, and reversal of the pigmentation of stasis dermatitis was dramatic in the majority of cases. All limbs have completely healed, and there has been no significant swelling. The long-term results of this surgical procedure have been excellent, and short-term complications have been minimal.", "PMID": 686263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6871", "title": "Evaluation of extracranial cerebrovascular disease with ocular pneumoplethysmography.", "content": "The results of OPG studies performed on 121 patients between 1974 and 1977 are compared with the results of biplane angiograms. By adding criteria based on the ratio of AOP:BAP, the overall accuracy was increased from 76.9 to 91.7 per cent. This improvement was obtained by establishing criteria that identified bilateral significant lesions. The results have confirmed the value of OPG in noninvasive assessment of carotid artery disease.", "contents": "Evaluation of extracranial cerebrovascular disease with ocular pneumoplethysmography. The results of OPG studies performed on 121 patients between 1974 and 1977 are compared with the results of biplane angiograms. By adding criteria based on the ratio of AOP:BAP, the overall accuracy was increased from 76.9 to 91.7 per cent. This improvement was obtained by establishing criteria that identified bilateral significant lesions. The results have confirmed the value of OPG in noninvasive assessment of carotid artery disease.", "PMID": 686264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6872", "title": "Upper extremity complications of axillofemoral grafts.", "content": "Four patients sustained five upper extremity complications after axillobifemoral grafting including brachial plexus injuries, axillary artery thrombosis, and arterial steal. To avoid these problems, the following precautions are recommended: (1) proper positioning of the patient to prevent hyperabduction of the shoulder; (2) adequate exposure of the axillary artery during dissection and gentle handling of the nerve trunks; (3) meticulous technic during construction of the proximal anastomosis and avoidance of undue tension on the graft; and (4) careful preoperative assessment of the axillary-subclavian artery as a potential donor vessel.", "contents": "Upper extremity complications of axillofemoral grafts. Four patients sustained five upper extremity complications after axillobifemoral grafting including brachial plexus injuries, axillary artery thrombosis, and arterial steal. To avoid these problems, the following precautions are recommended: (1) proper positioning of the patient to prevent hyperabduction of the shoulder; (2) adequate exposure of the axillary artery during dissection and gentle handling of the nerve trunks; (3) meticulous technic during construction of the proximal anastomosis and avoidance of undue tension on the graft; and (4) careful preoperative assessment of the axillary-subclavian artery as a potential donor vessel.", "PMID": 686265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6873", "title": "Extraperitoneal aortoiliac disobliteration with plaque cracker.", "content": "Disobliteration of the aorta and iliac arteries through an extraperitoneal approach is described. An intimal guillotine (plaque cracker) is used to transect the intima of the unopened vessel. The intima is then milked down to a transverse arteriotomy in the left common iliac artery, through which all of the discarded intima is removed. Since the intima is dissected free before opening the vessels, blood loss is minimal. The procedure is rapid and requires only an average of 19 minutes of aortic cross clamping. Our operative mortality was 4.2 per cent and the long-term patency rate 75 per cent.", "contents": "Extraperitoneal aortoiliac disobliteration with plaque cracker. Disobliteration of the aorta and iliac arteries through an extraperitoneal approach is described. An intimal guillotine (plaque cracker) is used to transect the intima of the unopened vessel. The intima is then milked down to a transverse arteriotomy in the left common iliac artery, through which all of the discarded intima is removed. Since the intima is dissected free before opening the vessels, blood loss is minimal. The procedure is rapid and requires only an average of 19 minutes of aortic cross clamping. Our operative mortality was 4.2 per cent and the long-term patency rate 75 per cent.", "PMID": 686267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6874", "title": "Retroperitoneal aortofemoral bypass using a reversed L-shaped prosthesis.", "content": "An extraperitoneal approach for aortofemoral bypass has proven superior to the transperitoneal approach. The incision starts at the tip of the eleventh rib and extends obliquely downward to 2 inches above the femoral point, where it turns further downward over the femoral artery. This approach is especially suitable for a reversed L-shaped prosthesis which extends from the aorta directly to the left femoral artery and crosses the abdomen subcutaneously to the right groin, where an anastomosis is made with the right femoral artery. The operation is simple and rapid. Morbidity is reduced and recovery is accelerated. The same incision is used to perform aortoiliac endarterectomy. Fifteen patients with occlusive disease and twenty-one with aneurysms received reversed L-shaped prosthesis through an extraperitoneal approach. The procedure was superior to that involving a transperitoneal approach to the aorta and the reversed L-shaped graft was superior to the Y graft for replacement fo the iliac arteries.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal aortofemoral bypass using a reversed L-shaped prosthesis. An extraperitoneal approach for aortofemoral bypass has proven superior to the transperitoneal approach. The incision starts at the tip of the eleventh rib and extends obliquely downward to 2 inches above the femoral point, where it turns further downward over the femoral artery. This approach is especially suitable for a reversed L-shaped prosthesis which extends from the aorta directly to the left femoral artery and crosses the abdomen subcutaneously to the right groin, where an anastomosis is made with the right femoral artery. The operation is simple and rapid. Morbidity is reduced and recovery is accelerated. The same incision is used to perform aortoiliac endarterectomy. Fifteen patients with occlusive disease and twenty-one with aneurysms received reversed L-shaped prosthesis through an extraperitoneal approach. The procedure was superior to that involving a transperitoneal approach to the aorta and the reversed L-shaped graft was superior to the Y graft for replacement fo the iliac arteries.", "PMID": 686268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6875", "title": "The effects of ischemia on the electrical and contractile activities of the canine small intestine.", "content": "The effects of ischemia on the electrical and contractile activites of the small bowel were studied in dogs. Ischemia due to arterial occlusion abolished the contractile activity and made the regular rhythm of the pacesetter potential (PP) irregular. Revascularization within 3 hours restored the contractile activity and the PP rhythm. With longer periods of ischemia, revascularization did not restore contractile activity, and the PP pattern remained irregular or slow.", "contents": "The effects of ischemia on the electrical and contractile activities of the canine small intestine. The effects of ischemia on the electrical and contractile activites of the small bowel were studied in dogs. Ischemia due to arterial occlusion abolished the contractile activity and made the regular rhythm of the pacesetter potential (PP) irregular. Revascularization within 3 hours restored the contractile activity and the PP rhythm. With longer periods of ischemia, revascularization did not restore contractile activity, and the PP pattern remained irregular or slow.", "PMID": 686270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6876", "title": "A thirty year study of breast cancer in a consecutive series of private patients. Is axillary nodal study a valuable index in prognosis?", "content": "A consecutive series of 435 patients with breast cancer followed from six to thirty years is presented. Radical mastectomy was the surgical procedure of choice and our experience indicated that the degree of axillary nodal involvement is a most important guide in establishing prognosis in this disease. The majority of recurrences became evident within the first five postoperative years, the next most hazardous period for the patient being the half decade between the fifth and tenth years after initial therapy. A second independent malignancy developed in 37 of the 275 pateints who died, and it was the cause of death in 7.6 per cent of this group. Among the 160 patients still living to date a second independent malignancy has already developed in 10. Bilateral breast cancer was observed thirty-eight times in this entire series of 435 patients, an incidence of 8.7 per cent.", "contents": "A thirty year study of breast cancer in a consecutive series of private patients. Is axillary nodal study a valuable index in prognosis? A consecutive series of 435 patients with breast cancer followed from six to thirty years is presented. Radical mastectomy was the surgical procedure of choice and our experience indicated that the degree of axillary nodal involvement is a most important guide in establishing prognosis in this disease. The majority of recurrences became evident within the first five postoperative years, the next most hazardous period for the patient being the half decade between the fifth and tenth years after initial therapy. A second independent malignancy developed in 37 of the 275 pateints who died, and it was the cause of death in 7.6 per cent of this group. Among the 160 patients still living to date a second independent malignancy has already developed in 10. Bilateral breast cancer was observed thirty-eight times in this entire series of 435 patients, an incidence of 8.7 per cent.", "PMID": 686271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6877", "title": "The role of Doppler ultrasound in acute deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "Doppler ultrasound in the range of 5 mHz is a simple, portable, inexpensive, and accurate technic for the diagnosis of acute deep vein thrombosis. One hundred sixty patients underwent bilateral Doppler examinations and ascending contrast venography. The overall accuracy was 94 per cent.", "contents": "The role of Doppler ultrasound in acute deep vein thrombosis. Doppler ultrasound in the range of 5 mHz is a simple, portable, inexpensive, and accurate technic for the diagnosis of acute deep vein thrombosis. One hundred sixty patients underwent bilateral Doppler examinations and ascending contrast venography. The overall accuracy was 94 per cent.", "PMID": 686273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6878", "title": "The posterior approach for villous tumors of the rectum. Report of eleven cases.", "content": "Use of the posterior surgical approach for the management of villous adenoma of the rectum below the peritoneal reflection has been evaluated in eleven patients. There has been no mortality and no recurrence. The Kraske approach was also suitable in four patients with noninvasive adenocarcinoma arising within villous adenomas, although there is no place for this procedure in the treatment of invasive carcinoma.", "contents": "The posterior approach for villous tumors of the rectum. Report of eleven cases. Use of the posterior surgical approach for the management of villous adenoma of the rectum below the peritoneal reflection has been evaluated in eleven patients. There has been no mortality and no recurrence. The Kraske approach was also suitable in four patients with noninvasive adenocarcinoma arising within villous adenomas, although there is no place for this procedure in the treatment of invasive carcinoma.", "PMID": 686274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6879", "title": "Acute anal fissure: treatment by lateral subcutaneous internal anal sphincterotomy.", "content": "Lateral subcutaneous internal anal sphincterotomy in the management of chronic anal fissures is well established. Its role in the management of the acute severely painful fissure is reported and the technic described.", "contents": "Acute anal fissure: treatment by lateral subcutaneous internal anal sphincterotomy. Lateral subcutaneous internal anal sphincterotomy in the management of chronic anal fissures is well established. Its role in the management of the acute severely painful fissure is reported and the technic described.", "PMID": 686276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6880", "title": "Custom-fitted appliances for intestinal fistulas.", "content": "A method for containing troublesome intestinal stomas or fistulas in open wounds is described. Custom-fitted faceplates are made using alginate materials and vulcanizing silicone rubber at room temperature. Three patients have been presented illustrating the rehabilitation and palliation that can be achieved by collaborative interaction between surgeons, enterostomal therapists, and prosthetic technicians.", "contents": "Custom-fitted appliances for intestinal fistulas. A method for containing troublesome intestinal stomas or fistulas in open wounds is described. Custom-fitted faceplates are made using alginate materials and vulcanizing silicone rubber at room temperature. Three patients have been presented illustrating the rehabilitation and palliation that can be achieved by collaborative interaction between surgeons, enterostomal therapists, and prosthetic technicians.", "PMID": 686277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6881", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 in patients with thyroid diseases.", "content": "The cellular immunity to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 and crude human thyroid extract in 64 patients with thyroid diseases and 25 controls was studied by the leucocyte migration test. In the patient group as a whole and in patients with Graves' disease and nontoxic diffuse goitre a significantly reduced leucocyte migration towards Yersinia was found when compared with the controls. In controls the migration index was not related to the presence or titre of circulating yersinia antibodies, whereas the migration index of patients with yersinia antibodies was lower than the migration index of patients without yersinia antibodies as well as that of the controls. The leucocyte migration inhibition in two patients with recent yersinosis was normal during the recovery phase. In the presence of thyroid extract leucocyte migration inhibition differed only significantly in Graves' disease. However, a significantly positive correlation between inhibition of migration by thyroid extract and by Yersinia was found, while no correlation could be demonstrated in the controls. The cell-mediated immunity towards Yersinia in thyroid diseases thus demonstrated adds further evidence to the association between Yersinia and thyroid disease.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 in patients with thyroid diseases. The cellular immunity to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 and crude human thyroid extract in 64 patients with thyroid diseases and 25 controls was studied by the leucocyte migration test. In the patient group as a whole and in patients with Graves' disease and nontoxic diffuse goitre a significantly reduced leucocyte migration towards Yersinia was found when compared with the controls. In controls the migration index was not related to the presence or titre of circulating yersinia antibodies, whereas the migration index of patients with yersinia antibodies was lower than the migration index of patients without yersinia antibodies as well as that of the controls. The leucocyte migration inhibition in two patients with recent yersinosis was normal during the recovery phase. In the presence of thyroid extract leucocyte migration inhibition differed only significantly in Graves' disease. However, a significantly positive correlation between inhibition of migration by thyroid extract and by Yersinia was found, while no correlation could be demonstrated in the controls. The cell-mediated immunity towards Yersinia in thyroid diseases thus demonstrated adds further evidence to the association between Yersinia and thyroid disease.", "PMID": 686300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6882", "title": "Attempts to attenuate the cardiostimulatory effects of ketamine.", "content": "In an attempt to attenuate the cardiostimulatory effects of ketamine, a number of drugs were given individually, or in combination, to fit adults undergoing body surface operations, either before or aftera ketamine induction of 1 mg kg-1 followed by an infusion of 1 mg ml-1. Of these, practolol, phentolamine, practolol-phentolamine, phentolamine-practolol, promethazine, hexamethonium, procainamide and verapamil were unacceptable. Labetalol, in doses of 0.5 mg kg-1 and 1.0 mg kg-1, proved to be the most promising drug and is worthy of further study.", "contents": "Attempts to attenuate the cardiostimulatory effects of ketamine. In an attempt to attenuate the cardiostimulatory effects of ketamine, a number of drugs were given individually, or in combination, to fit adults undergoing body surface operations, either before or aftera ketamine induction of 1 mg kg-1 followed by an infusion of 1 mg ml-1. Of these, practolol, phentolamine, practolol-phentolamine, phentolamine-practolol, promethazine, hexamethonium, procainamide and verapamil were unacceptable. Labetalol, in doses of 0.5 mg kg-1 and 1.0 mg kg-1, proved to be the most promising drug and is worthy of further study.", "PMID": 686308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6883", "title": "Attempted reduction of the cardiostimulatory effects of ketamine by labetalol.", "content": "Labetalol, a new antihypertensive agent with alpha and beta-adrenoceptor blocking properties was given to five series of patients anaesthetised with a ketamine infusion. in an attempt to reduce the cardiostimulatory effects of ketamine. It proved very effective in controlling the chronotrophic action of ketamine but was unreliable in controlling the rise in blood pressure. In doses of 1.0 mg kg-1 given with tubocurarine, it was not without side effects.", "contents": "Attempted reduction of the cardiostimulatory effects of ketamine by labetalol. Labetalol, a new antihypertensive agent with alpha and beta-adrenoceptor blocking properties was given to five series of patients anaesthetised with a ketamine infusion. in an attempt to reduce the cardiostimulatory effects of ketamine. It proved very effective in controlling the chronotrophic action of ketamine but was unreliable in controlling the rise in blood pressure. In doses of 1.0 mg kg-1 given with tubocurarine, it was not without side effects.", "PMID": 686309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6884", "title": "Pulmonary shunts in the prone position.", "content": "Pulmonary shunting (Qs/Qt with the FIO2 = 1) was determined in ten young healthy non-obese patients prior to anaesthesia, 30 min after induction in the supine position and 1 h later during surgery in the prone position. Respiration was spontaneous in awake patients and was controlled following the induction of anaesthesia. Halothane was the primary anaesthetic and tubocurarine provided muscle relaxation. Mean PaCO2 was 40.7, 29.5 and 27.9 mmHg respectively in the three study periods. The shunt remained unchanged at 5.7 +/- 0.8% in the awake patients, and 6.0 +/- 1.1% during anaesthesia in the supine position, and 5.2 +/- 1.2% during anesthesia and surgery in the prone position. It is concluded that in this population the prone position does not alter the magnitude of the pulmonary shunt even in those patients who develop shunts of over 10% after the induction of anaesthesia.", "contents": "Pulmonary shunts in the prone position. Pulmonary shunting (Qs/Qt with the FIO2 = 1) was determined in ten young healthy non-obese patients prior to anaesthesia, 30 min after induction in the supine position and 1 h later during surgery in the prone position. Respiration was spontaneous in awake patients and was controlled following the induction of anaesthesia. Halothane was the primary anaesthetic and tubocurarine provided muscle relaxation. Mean PaCO2 was 40.7, 29.5 and 27.9 mmHg respectively in the three study periods. The shunt remained unchanged at 5.7 +/- 0.8% in the awake patients, and 6.0 +/- 1.1% during anaesthesia in the supine position, and 5.2 +/- 1.2% during anesthesia and surgery in the prone position. It is concluded that in this population the prone position does not alter the magnitude of the pulmonary shunt even in those patients who develop shunts of over 10% after the induction of anaesthesia.", "PMID": 686310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6885", "title": "Intraocular pressure after suxamethonium and endotracheal intubation. The effect of pre-treatment with tubocurarine or gallamine.", "content": "Intraocular pressures were recorded in two series of fifteen patients after the administration of suxamethonium and endotracheal intubation. One series received tubocurarine 0.05 mg/kg and the other gallamine 0.3 mg/kg 4 min before the suxamethonium. The pressures were compared with those in a control group of fifteen patients who received normal saline before the suxamethonium. An increase in intraocular pressure occurred in 80% of patients and was similar in all three groups.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure after suxamethonium and endotracheal intubation. The effect of pre-treatment with tubocurarine or gallamine. Intraocular pressures were recorded in two series of fifteen patients after the administration of suxamethonium and endotracheal intubation. One series received tubocurarine 0.05 mg/kg and the other gallamine 0.3 mg/kg 4 min before the suxamethonium. The pressures were compared with those in a control group of fifteen patients who received normal saline before the suxamethonium. An increase in intraocular pressure occurred in 80% of patients and was similar in all three groups.", "PMID": 686311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6886", "title": "Heart disease in pregnancy. The anaesthetic management of a patient with prosthetic heart valves.", "content": "The management of pregnant woman with a double heart valve replacement is described. The aspects of particular relevance to the anaesthetist are discussed.", "contents": "Heart disease in pregnancy. The anaesthetic management of a patient with prosthetic heart valves. The management of pregnant woman with a double heart valve replacement is described. The aspects of particular relevance to the anaesthetist are discussed.", "PMID": 686312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6887", "title": "Temperature alarm for heated humidifiers.", "content": "In order to ensure a water content of between 30 and 40 mg/l in the inspiratory gases using a heated humidifier, the temperature in the delivery tube, near to the patient, must be between 30 and 37 degrees C. A low cost thermistor temperature alarm is described which indicates by means of different coloured lights if the temperature falls below 30 degrees C, lies between 30 and 37 degrees C, or if the temperature exceeds 37 degrees C. An alarm also sounds if temperatures above 37 degrees C occur. This device has been in use since 1974 and has proved reliable and time saving.", "contents": "Temperature alarm for heated humidifiers. In order to ensure a water content of between 30 and 40 mg/l in the inspiratory gases using a heated humidifier, the temperature in the delivery tube, near to the patient, must be between 30 and 37 degrees C. A low cost thermistor temperature alarm is described which indicates by means of different coloured lights if the temperature falls below 30 degrees C, lies between 30 and 37 degrees C, or if the temperature exceeds 37 degrees C. An alarm also sounds if temperatures above 37 degrees C occur. This device has been in use since 1974 and has proved reliable and time saving.", "PMID": 686313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6888", "title": "Psychotropic drugs in the treatment of chronic pain.", "content": "The psychotropic drugs in the treatment of chronic pain have value in several areas. They not only influence the mood of the patient but also provide hypnosis, augment the activity of the analgesics and exhibit analgesic potency in their own right. They may be used alone, or in combination with analgesic agents or with each other. The three most valuable groups are the antidepressants, tranquillizers and anticonvulsants, all of which exert their effect by influencing the intracerebral levels of various neurotransmitter amines.", "contents": "Psychotropic drugs in the treatment of chronic pain. The psychotropic drugs in the treatment of chronic pain have value in several areas. They not only influence the mood of the patient but also provide hypnosis, augment the activity of the analgesics and exhibit analgesic potency in their own right. They may be used alone, or in combination with analgesic agents or with each other. The three most valuable groups are the antidepressants, tranquillizers and anticonvulsants, all of which exert their effect by influencing the intracerebral levels of various neurotransmitter amines.", "PMID": 686314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6889", "title": "Propranolol in thyrotoxicosis. Cardiovascular changes during thyroidectomy in patients pre-treated with propranolol.", "content": "The cardiovascular changes during anaesthesia and thyroidectomy have been studied in seven thyrotoxic patients prepared with propranolol. The heart rate and cardiac rhythm remained very stable throughout surgery. A 20% increase in mean arterial pressure occurred during surgical stimulation. A decrease in cardiac output, due to decreased stroke volume, occurred during surgical stimulation. A decrease in cardiac output, due to decreased stroke volume, occurred during surgery, reaching a maximum of 21% during ligation of the thyroid vessels and returning to pre-operative values by the end of surgery. The fall in cardiac output was accompanied by raised central venous pressure and raised total peripheral resistance.", "contents": "Propranolol in thyrotoxicosis. Cardiovascular changes during thyroidectomy in patients pre-treated with propranolol. The cardiovascular changes during anaesthesia and thyroidectomy have been studied in seven thyrotoxic patients prepared with propranolol. The heart rate and cardiac rhythm remained very stable throughout surgery. A 20% increase in mean arterial pressure occurred during surgical stimulation. A decrease in cardiac output, due to decreased stroke volume, occurred during surgical stimulation. A decrease in cardiac output, due to decreased stroke volume, occurred during surgery, reaching a maximum of 21% during ligation of the thyroid vessels and returning to pre-operative values by the end of surgery. The fall in cardiac output was accompanied by raised central venous pressure and raised total peripheral resistance.", "PMID": 686315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6890", "title": "Recovery from neuromuscular blockade. a comparison between old and young patients.", "content": "Thirteen young and thirteen elderly patients undergoing elective surgery were given an anaesthetic using tubocurarine as the sole muscle relaxant. Following reversal with neostigmine, the time taken to recover from neuromuscular blockade was measured. No significant difference was found between the two groups of patients.", "contents": "Recovery from neuromuscular blockade. a comparison between old and young patients. Thirteen young and thirteen elderly patients undergoing elective surgery were given an anaesthetic using tubocurarine as the sole muscle relaxant. Following reversal with neostigmine, the time taken to recover from neuromuscular blockade was measured. No significant difference was found between the two groups of patients.", "PMID": 686316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6891", "title": "Entonox analgesia in labour. A pilot study to reduce the delay between demand and supply.", "content": "In a pilot study in six mothers using 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen (Entonox) as an intermittent self-administered analgesic during labour, a significant reduction in the mean times to attain specified end-tidal nitrous oxide concentrations was obtained by a continuous nasal supplement of Entonox. The method proved acceptable in this small number of patients and there were no demonstrable effects upon fetal heart rate.", "contents": "Entonox analgesia in labour. A pilot study to reduce the delay between demand and supply. In a pilot study in six mothers using 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen (Entonox) as an intermittent self-administered analgesic during labour, a significant reduction in the mean times to attain specified end-tidal nitrous oxide concentrations was obtained by a continuous nasal supplement of Entonox. The method proved acceptable in this small number of patients and there were no demonstrable effects upon fetal heart rate.", "PMID": 686318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6892", "title": "Physostigmine in open-heart surgery. Reversal of hyoscine supplementation of morphine-oxygen-air-relaxant anaesthesia.", "content": "The use of physostigmine salicylate to reverse hyoscine supplementation of morphine-oxygen-air relaxant anaesthesia has been studied in twenty open-heart surgery patients and found to be both reliable and innocuous.", "contents": "Physostigmine in open-heart surgery. Reversal of hyoscine supplementation of morphine-oxygen-air-relaxant anaesthesia. The use of physostigmine salicylate to reverse hyoscine supplementation of morphine-oxygen-air relaxant anaesthesia has been studied in twenty open-heart surgery patients and found to be both reliable and innocuous.", "PMID": 686319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6893", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of tubocurarine in man.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of tubocurarine in patients anaesthetised with thiopentone or ketamine have been compared, using volume-pulse finger plethysmography, electrocardiography, sphygmomanometry and impedance cardiography for the clinical assessments. Tubocurarine potentiates the arterial hypotensive effect of thiopentone and reverses the hypertensive action of ketamine. It also prevents the dysrhythmic (adrenergic) reaction of the heart to orotracheal intubation and has less effect on the positive chronotropic and inotropic reactions thereto. Hypotensive doses of tubocurarine in patients anaesthetised with thiopentone do not prevent reflex constriction of the finger blood vessels in response to surgical stimuli (orotracheal intubation) which means that the drug is not a sympathetic ganglion blocker in man. It is concluded that tubocurarine is a myocardial depressant which acts, like verapamil, as a calcium ion antagonist.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of tubocurarine in man. The cardiovascular effects of tubocurarine in patients anaesthetised with thiopentone or ketamine have been compared, using volume-pulse finger plethysmography, electrocardiography, sphygmomanometry and impedance cardiography for the clinical assessments. Tubocurarine potentiates the arterial hypotensive effect of thiopentone and reverses the hypertensive action of ketamine. It also prevents the dysrhythmic (adrenergic) reaction of the heart to orotracheal intubation and has less effect on the positive chronotropic and inotropic reactions thereto. Hypotensive doses of tubocurarine in patients anaesthetised with thiopentone do not prevent reflex constriction of the finger blood vessels in response to surgical stimuli (orotracheal intubation) which means that the drug is not a sympathetic ganglion blocker in man. It is concluded that tubocurarine is a myocardial depressant which acts, like verapamil, as a calcium ion antagonist.", "PMID": 686328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6894", "title": "Carbon dioxide output in anaesthetised children.", "content": "Carbon dioxide output was measured in 278 children aged between 1 day and 16 years, who were anaesthetised with thiopentone and nitrous oxide and ventilated mechanically following the injection of a non-depolarising neuro-muscular blocking agent. It is suggested that the results obtained form a clinically useful guide to the carbon dioxide output of anaesthetised children.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide output in anaesthetised children. Carbon dioxide output was measured in 278 children aged between 1 day and 16 years, who were anaesthetised with thiopentone and nitrous oxide and ventilated mechanically following the injection of a non-depolarising neuro-muscular blocking agent. It is suggested that the results obtained form a clinically useful guide to the carbon dioxide output of anaesthetised children.", "PMID": 686329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6895", "title": "Hypophosphataemia and its consequences in patients following open heart surgery.", "content": "Plasma phosphate concentration (Pi), red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations were measured pre-operatively and at intervals after operation for 30 h in twelve patients (nine males and three females, 44--61 years of age), who underwent open heart surgery. All patients received intravenous injections of glucose, insulin and potassium at regular intervals. In all patients studied Pi decreased within hours following operation, remained low for about 6 h and pre-operative values were reached by 18 h. Pi decreased from 1.04 +/- 0.6 mmol/litre (mean +/- s.e. mean) to 0.32 +/- 0.06 mmol/litre. This fall in Pi was accompanied by a small but significant fall in 2,3-DPG (from 14.8 +/- 0.60 mumol/g Hb to 11.2 +/- 0.60 mumol/g Hb). ATP concentration did not change significantly. The calculated P50 (partial pressure of oxygen at which there was 50% saturation of haemoglobin) decreased by 1.2 mmHg. The regular fall in Pi which is probably due to the glucose-insulin-potassium injections was of short duration and had very little effect on red cell 2,3-DPG and ATP.", "contents": "Hypophosphataemia and its consequences in patients following open heart surgery. Plasma phosphate concentration (Pi), red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations were measured pre-operatively and at intervals after operation for 30 h in twelve patients (nine males and three females, 44--61 years of age), who underwent open heart surgery. All patients received intravenous injections of glucose, insulin and potassium at regular intervals. In all patients studied Pi decreased within hours following operation, remained low for about 6 h and pre-operative values were reached by 18 h. Pi decreased from 1.04 +/- 0.6 mmol/litre (mean +/- s.e. mean) to 0.32 +/- 0.06 mmol/litre. This fall in Pi was accompanied by a small but significant fall in 2,3-DPG (from 14.8 +/- 0.60 mumol/g Hb to 11.2 +/- 0.60 mumol/g Hb). ATP concentration did not change significantly. The calculated P50 (partial pressure of oxygen at which there was 50% saturation of haemoglobin) decreased by 1.2 mmHg. The regular fall in Pi which is probably due to the glucose-insulin-potassium injections was of short duration and had very little effect on red cell 2,3-DPG and ATP.", "PMID": 686330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6896", "title": "Malignant hyperpyrexia. A case report of successful treatment and subsequent uneventful general anaesthesia.", "content": "A case of successfully treated fulminant malignant hyperpyrexia induced by halothane is reported. The patient underwent uneventful general anaesthesia with Althesin, nitrous oxide, fentanyl and pancuronium 1 week later. The treatment of the established MH-syndrome and its prevention in MH-susceptible patients are discussed.", "contents": "Malignant hyperpyrexia. A case report of successful treatment and subsequent uneventful general anaesthesia. A case of successfully treated fulminant malignant hyperpyrexia induced by halothane is reported. The patient underwent uneventful general anaesthesia with Althesin, nitrous oxide, fentanyl and pancuronium 1 week later. The treatment of the established MH-syndrome and its prevention in MH-susceptible patients are discussed.", "PMID": 686331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6897", "title": "The problem of aerophagy. Postoperative gastric dilatation as a remote complication of total laryngectomy.", "content": "A case of acute gastric dilatation due to massive aerophagy in a patient who had previously had a laryngectomy is reported. Excitement during regional analgesia was responsible. The pathophysiology of this mechanism is discussed and suggestions are made about its prevention.", "contents": "The problem of aerophagy. Postoperative gastric dilatation as a remote complication of total laryngectomy. A case of acute gastric dilatation due to massive aerophagy in a patient who had previously had a laryngectomy is reported. Excitement during regional analgesia was responsible. The pathophysiology of this mechanism is discussed and suggestions are made about its prevention.", "PMID": 686332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6898", "title": "Unilateral pulmonary oedema after bilateral pneumothorax.", "content": "A case history of unilateral pulmonary oedema which occurred in a patient who had recently re-expanded bilateral pneumothoraces is presented.", "contents": "Unilateral pulmonary oedema after bilateral pneumothorax. A case history of unilateral pulmonary oedema which occurred in a patient who had recently re-expanded bilateral pneumothoraces is presented.", "PMID": 686333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6899", "title": "Suxamethonium apnoea masked by tetrahydroaminacrine.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient who was given THA with suxamethonium and who demonstrated a prolonged apnoea. This patient was later shown to have a variant cholinesterase enzyme. The different techniques of THA and suxamethonium administration are discussed and it is suggested that an initial dose of suxamethonium should precede a THA-suxamethonium combination in order to try and avoid a prolonged apnoea.", "contents": "Suxamethonium apnoea masked by tetrahydroaminacrine. A case is reported of a patient who was given THA with suxamethonium and who demonstrated a prolonged apnoea. This patient was later shown to have a variant cholinesterase enzyme. The different techniques of THA and suxamethonium administration are discussed and it is suggested that an initial dose of suxamethonium should precede a THA-suxamethonium combination in order to try and avoid a prolonged apnoea.", "PMID": 686334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6900", "title": "A workable literature index.", "content": "A literature index is presented based on edge notched cards. A key word vocabulary is included with suitable binary coding. A simple system for coding and searching is explained.", "contents": "A workable literature index. A literature index is presented based on edge notched cards. A key word vocabulary is included with suitable binary coding. A simple system for coding and searching is explained.", "PMID": 686335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6901", "title": "[Changes in intraocular pressure with various concentrations of enflurane during constant conditions of ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "A variety of factors influence intraocular pressure. An increase for example, can be found under conditions of hypoventilation, prohibited ventilation and too light anaesthesia. Some pressure decreasing factors are barbiturates, various inhalation anaesthetics, neuroleptics, and also hyperventilation. In 10 gynaecological patients with normal ophthalmological status, IOP was measured under enflurane anaesthesia by means of a Draeger hand-held applanation tonometer. The neuroleptanaesthesia served as a basis. After anaesthetic conditions were stabilized, concentrations of enflurane ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 vol.% were administered. Under constant ventilation (PECO2) the following parameters were measured: pH, PCO2cap,PO2cap,base excess, minute ventilation, respiratory rate, blood pressure and pulse rate. The concentration of enflurane was measured by gas-chromatography. The IOP was decreased by using enflurane in various concentrations. This decrease is caused by enflurane/itself and is independent of blood pressure changes.", "contents": "[Changes in intraocular pressure with various concentrations of enflurane during constant conditions of ventilation (author's transl)]. A variety of factors influence intraocular pressure. An increase for example, can be found under conditions of hypoventilation, prohibited ventilation and too light anaesthesia. Some pressure decreasing factors are barbiturates, various inhalation anaesthetics, neuroleptics, and also hyperventilation. In 10 gynaecological patients with normal ophthalmological status, IOP was measured under enflurane anaesthesia by means of a Draeger hand-held applanation tonometer. The neuroleptanaesthesia served as a basis. After anaesthetic conditions were stabilized, concentrations of enflurane ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 vol.% were administered. Under constant ventilation (PECO2) the following parameters were measured: pH, PCO2cap,PO2cap,base excess, minute ventilation, respiratory rate, blood pressure and pulse rate. The concentration of enflurane was measured by gas-chromatography. The IOP was decreased by using enflurane in various concentrations. This decrease is caused by enflurane/itself and is independent of blood pressure changes.", "PMID": 686346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6902", "title": "[Peripheral arteriographies under intraarterial analgesia (author's transl)].", "content": "45% contrast medium, to which lignocaine had been added in a concentration of 0.1%, was injected for 44 translumbar aortograms, 26 femoral arteriograms and 4 brachial arteriograms under premedication with pethidine-promethazine. Few patients described their sensations spontaneously; most patients graded their pain as minimal and described only the sensation of heat. When the contrast medium was injected, first without and then with lignocaine, the pain was markedly reduced by lignocaine. No patient showed signs of CNS-toxicity. After the injection of the mixture of contrast medium and lignocaine, the heart rate rose slightly, the arterial blood pressure fell slightly, both not more than after injection of the contrast medium only. The ECG showed no anomalies. The addition of lignocaine to a contrast medium in low concentration represents a simple and, for the patient, acceptable method of analgesia as well as a safe alternative to general, spinal or epidural anesthesia.", "contents": "[Peripheral arteriographies under intraarterial analgesia (author's transl)]. 45% contrast medium, to which lignocaine had been added in a concentration of 0.1%, was injected for 44 translumbar aortograms, 26 femoral arteriograms and 4 brachial arteriograms under premedication with pethidine-promethazine. Few patients described their sensations spontaneously; most patients graded their pain as minimal and described only the sensation of heat. When the contrast medium was injected, first without and then with lignocaine, the pain was markedly reduced by lignocaine. No patient showed signs of CNS-toxicity. After the injection of the mixture of contrast medium and lignocaine, the heart rate rose slightly, the arterial blood pressure fell slightly, both not more than after injection of the contrast medium only. The ECG showed no anomalies. The addition of lignocaine to a contrast medium in low concentration represents a simple and, for the patient, acceptable method of analgesia as well as a safe alternative to general, spinal or epidural anesthesia.", "PMID": 686347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6903", "title": "[Streptokinase in pulmonary embolisation with cardiac arrest (author's transl)].", "content": "A 51 year old hypertensive female was successfully resuscitated from two episodes of cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary embolisation, by injection of 750,000 units of streptokinase into a central venous catheter on the first postoperative day. Two severe complications showed the limits of this agressive form of intensive therapy.", "contents": "[Streptokinase in pulmonary embolisation with cardiac arrest (author's transl)]. A 51 year old hypertensive female was successfully resuscitated from two episodes of cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary embolisation, by injection of 750,000 units of streptokinase into a central venous catheter on the first postoperative day. Two severe complications showed the limits of this agressive form of intensive therapy.", "PMID": 686348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6904", "title": "[Changes in the internal cuff pressure in intubated patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In 50 intubated patients the changes of pressure in the interior of the cuff were recorded during various methods of narcosis for 30 min. The results were evaluated statistically and interpreted with respect to the difference in the gas mixture and time. A linear increase of inner pressure in the cuff was established. Further modified experimental series are proposed.", "contents": "[Changes in the internal cuff pressure in intubated patients (author's transl)]. In 50 intubated patients the changes of pressure in the interior of the cuff were recorded during various methods of narcosis for 30 min. The results were evaluated statistically and interpreted with respect to the difference in the gas mixture and time. A linear increase of inner pressure in the cuff was established. Further modified experimental series are proposed.", "PMID": 686349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6905", "title": "[The use of spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section (author's transl)].", "content": "In analysing our own material of 139 cases of cesarean section a clinical report is given concerning the method of anaesthesia, the maternal haemodynamics during anaesthesia and the Apgar score of the newborn. Primarily hyperbaric spinal anaesthesia was always chosen, only 28.3% of the cases were performed under general anaesthesia because of missing maternal consent or general objection of the obstetrician. The rationale for choosing spinal anaesthesia was the safe prevention of acid aspiration of the mother and in the minimal fetal depression. The only disadvantage of spinal anaesthesia, namely a marked blood pressure fall leading to placental hypoperfusion, can be safely prevented by counteracting the sympathetic blockade by volume therapy in time. The two groups of newborns should no show significant differences in Apgar scores. 10 lively babies in a group of 12 cases of severe haemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh) however, all delivered under spinal anaesthesia, confirm our ideas about spinal anaesthesia being less depressant to the fetus than general anaesthesia. Regional anaesthesia therefore is stated as the method of choice especially for the fetus at risk. Differences in favour of spinal anaesthesia in our series were not statistically relevant in the normal case; studies of neurobehavioral function, however, are not included.", "contents": "[The use of spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section (author's transl)]. In analysing our own material of 139 cases of cesarean section a clinical report is given concerning the method of anaesthesia, the maternal haemodynamics during anaesthesia and the Apgar score of the newborn. Primarily hyperbaric spinal anaesthesia was always chosen, only 28.3% of the cases were performed under general anaesthesia because of missing maternal consent or general objection of the obstetrician. The rationale for choosing spinal anaesthesia was the safe prevention of acid aspiration of the mother and in the minimal fetal depression. The only disadvantage of spinal anaesthesia, namely a marked blood pressure fall leading to placental hypoperfusion, can be safely prevented by counteracting the sympathetic blockade by volume therapy in time. The two groups of newborns should no show significant differences in Apgar scores. 10 lively babies in a group of 12 cases of severe haemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh) however, all delivered under spinal anaesthesia, confirm our ideas about spinal anaesthesia being less depressant to the fetus than general anaesthesia. Regional anaesthesia therefore is stated as the method of choice especially for the fetus at risk. Differences in favour of spinal anaesthesia in our series were not statistically relevant in the normal case; studies of neurobehavioral function, however, are not included.", "PMID": 686352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6906", "title": "[Metabolism and distribution of bupivacaine-experiments in rats I. Methods and metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described enabling blood concentrations and urinary and biliary excretion of bupivacaine to be estimated in unanaesthetized rats. After enteral application of bupivacaine, the urine volumes of 40 rats are collected, cleared off and analysed by gas chromatography. 5 fractions are obtained, of which the structures are identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The following five metabolites could be identified: (1) Desbutyl-bupivacaine, (2) 3'-Hydroxy-bupivacaine, (3) N-Butylpipecolyl-2-amide, (4, 5) mono-hydroxylated isomeres on the piperidine ring.", "contents": "[Metabolism and distribution of bupivacaine-experiments in rats I. Methods and metabolism (author's transl)]. A method is described enabling blood concentrations and urinary and biliary excretion of bupivacaine to be estimated in unanaesthetized rats. After enteral application of bupivacaine, the urine volumes of 40 rats are collected, cleared off and analysed by gas chromatography. 5 fractions are obtained, of which the structures are identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The following five metabolites could be identified: (1) Desbutyl-bupivacaine, (2) 3'-Hydroxy-bupivacaine, (3) N-Butylpipecolyl-2-amide, (4, 5) mono-hydroxylated isomeres on the piperidine ring.", "PMID": 686353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6907", "title": "[Comparative studies of the local anaesthetic action of carticaine 1% and mepivacaine 1% (author's transl)].", "content": "The actions of carticaine 1% and mepivacaine 1% in peripheral nerve block were investigated in double-blind study. Bilateral ulnar nerve blocks were performed in 14 healthy subjects (age range 20-30 years), and latency, duration, and intensity of anaesthesia were quantitatively determined. There were no differences in latency of nerve block, but a significant difference in the duration of effect: Mepivacaine acted for nearly twice as long as Carticaine. In addition, several incomplete blocks were noted with Carticaine. On the basis of these results mepivacaine is preferred in peripheral nerve block because of its longer and more reliable action.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of the local anaesthetic action of carticaine 1% and mepivacaine 1% (author's transl)]. The actions of carticaine 1% and mepivacaine 1% in peripheral nerve block were investigated in double-blind study. Bilateral ulnar nerve blocks were performed in 14 healthy subjects (age range 20-30 years), and latency, duration, and intensity of anaesthesia were quantitatively determined. There were no differences in latency of nerve block, but a significant difference in the duration of effect: Mepivacaine acted for nearly twice as long as Carticaine. In addition, several incomplete blocks were noted with Carticaine. On the basis of these results mepivacaine is preferred in peripheral nerve block because of its longer and more reliable action.", "PMID": 686354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6908", "title": "[The anatomical and histological investigation of the pancreas in the 19th century and till the discovery of insulin (1921). 2. The pancreas research from the discovery of islets (1869) till the discovery of pancreas-diabetes (1889) (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study is the period of the morphological exploration of the pancreas from the discovery of islets of LANGERHANS (1869) to the discovery of pancreas-diabetes through von MERING and MINKOWSKI (1889) investigated. In his thesis has PAUL LANGERHANS the islets of pancreas and the centro-acinar cells described. In the period from 1869 to 1889 has the majority of investigators the opinion that the islets are parts of the lymphatic system. In the other hand investigators have the opinion that islets are parts of pancreatic ducts or residues of the embryonic period. RENAUT (1879) makes it possible that islets are derivatives of epithelial tissues. KUHNE (1875) gives the description of vessels in the islets of Langerhans. KUHNE and LEA (1882) have found that islets are independent of acini. This hypothesis has RUDOLPH HEIDENHAIN (1875) supposed.", "contents": "[The anatomical and histological investigation of the pancreas in the 19th century and till the discovery of insulin (1921). 2. The pancreas research from the discovery of islets (1869) till the discovery of pancreas-diabetes (1889) (author's transl)]. In this study is the period of the morphological exploration of the pancreas from the discovery of islets of LANGERHANS (1869) to the discovery of pancreas-diabetes through von MERING and MINKOWSKI (1889) investigated. In his thesis has PAUL LANGERHANS the islets of pancreas and the centro-acinar cells described. In the period from 1869 to 1889 has the majority of investigators the opinion that the islets are parts of the lymphatic system. In the other hand investigators have the opinion that islets are parts of pancreatic ducts or residues of the embryonic period. RENAUT (1879) makes it possible that islets are derivatives of epithelial tissues. KUHNE (1875) gives the description of vessels in the islets of Langerhans. KUHNE and LEA (1882) have found that islets are independent of acini. This hypothesis has RUDOLPH HEIDENHAIN (1875) supposed.", "PMID": 686388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6909", "title": "[Endometrial granular cells in fetal membranes (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors' aim was to obtain a survey of endometrial granular cells in fetal membranes. In all 30 cases the existance of granular cells was confirmed. The functional significance of these cells for the delivery and for separating of the fetal membranes from the uterus wall was discussed.", "contents": "[Endometrial granular cells in fetal membranes (author's transl)]. The authors' aim was to obtain a survey of endometrial granular cells in fetal membranes. In all 30 cases the existance of granular cells was confirmed. The functional significance of these cells for the delivery and for separating of the fetal membranes from the uterus wall was discussed.", "PMID": 686389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6910", "title": "A note on the effect of different methods of emasculation on gain in body weight in Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves.", "content": "The effect of Burdizzo, Russian and vasectomy methods of castration on the gain in body weight was studied over a period of 2 1/2 months in the buffalo calves of two age groups (1--1 1/2 years and 2 1/2--3 years). The gain in body weight (1--1 1/2 years age group) has been significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the control animals (30.3 +/- 3.38 kg) as well as those emasculated by the vasectomy (31.3 +/- 1.4 kg) method in comparison to the other two methods.", "contents": "A note on the effect of different methods of emasculation on gain in body weight in Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. The effect of Burdizzo, Russian and vasectomy methods of castration on the gain in body weight was studied over a period of 2 1/2 months in the buffalo calves of two age groups (1--1 1/2 years and 2 1/2--3 years). The gain in body weight (1--1 1/2 years age group) has been significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the control animals (30.3 +/- 3.38 kg) as well as those emasculated by the vasectomy (31.3 +/- 1.4 kg) method in comparison to the other two methods.", "PMID": 686390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6911", "title": "Structural changes in the thyroid gland of buffalo following administration of thiouracil.", "content": "The effects of a goitrogen (thiouracil) on the structural variations of the thyroid gland were studied in male buffalo calves. Following the treatment, the thyroid became enlarged and both the weight and the size of the gland were significantly increased (P less than 0.01). Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the gland were correlated with a significant increase of thyroidal uptake of 131I. The height and number of the follicular cells were significantly increased (P less than 0.01). The follicles were small and had vacuolations in the colloid. The colloid content of the follicles became reduced. The vascularity of the gland was appreciably increased.", "contents": "Structural changes in the thyroid gland of buffalo following administration of thiouracil. The effects of a goitrogen (thiouracil) on the structural variations of the thyroid gland were studied in male buffalo calves. Following the treatment, the thyroid became enlarged and both the weight and the size of the gland were significantly increased (P less than 0.01). Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the gland were correlated with a significant increase of thyroidal uptake of 131I. The height and number of the follicular cells were significantly increased (P less than 0.01). The follicles were small and had vacuolations in the colloid. The colloid content of the follicles became reduced. The vascularity of the gland was appreciably increased.", "PMID": 686391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6912", "title": "[Ultrastructural and histochemical aspects of the rodlet cells from the bulbus arteriosus of Cyprinus carpio L. (Pisces: Cyprinidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphological details of the \"St\u00e4bchendr\u00fcsenzellen\" (PLEHN), rodlet cells syn. pear-shaped cells of the endothel from the Bulbus arterious of carps were studied in the electron microscope. From morphological characteristics, especially from the development of desmosomes with adjacent endothelial cells, it becomes evident, that the cells in question, which are very common in Teleostei, are not of parasitic nature. Specific protrusions of the apical cell poles towards the arterial lumen are indicative of a holocrine type of secretion.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural and histochemical aspects of the rodlet cells from the bulbus arteriosus of Cyprinus carpio L. (Pisces: Cyprinidae) (author's transl)]. Morphological details of the \"St\u00e4bchendr\u00fcsenzellen\" (PLEHN), rodlet cells syn. pear-shaped cells of the endothel from the Bulbus arterious of carps were studied in the electron microscope. From morphological characteristics, especially from the development of desmosomes with adjacent endothelial cells, it becomes evident, that the cells in question, which are very common in Teleostei, are not of parasitic nature. Specific protrusions of the apical cell poles towards the arterial lumen are indicative of a holocrine type of secretion.", "PMID": 686392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6913", "title": "An experimental study on the role of the reciprocal tendinous apparatus of the horse at walk.", "content": "The locomotor pattern of the hind limb of seven horses has been studied in intact animals and after transection of the following structures: the peroneus tertius tendon, the cranial tibial muscle, both cranial tibial muscle and peroneus tertius tendon, and the superficial digital flexor tendon. The investigation was carried out by high speed cinematography and electromyography. It is concluded that (1) the muscles and tendons over the cranial aspect of the tibia play an important role during the support phase; (2) the movements of the hind limb may be performed without the action of the cranial tibial and gastrocnemius muslces; (3) the tendons in the shank store elastic energy during the support phase; (4) the gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles may centre the force of the load through the long axis of the tibia.", "contents": "An experimental study on the role of the reciprocal tendinous apparatus of the horse at walk. The locomotor pattern of the hind limb of seven horses has been studied in intact animals and after transection of the following structures: the peroneus tertius tendon, the cranial tibial muscle, both cranial tibial muscle and peroneus tertius tendon, and the superficial digital flexor tendon. The investigation was carried out by high speed cinematography and electromyography. It is concluded that (1) the muscles and tendons over the cranial aspect of the tibia play an important role during the support phase; (2) the movements of the hind limb may be performed without the action of the cranial tibial and gastrocnemius muslces; (3) the tendons in the shank store elastic energy during the support phase; (4) the gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles may centre the force of the load through the long axis of the tibia.", "PMID": 686394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6914", "title": "Remodeling of the avian fracture callus by estrone treatment and exposure to a 2 g environment.", "content": "Rhode Island Red female chicks were subjected to complete closed fracture of the right radius at two weeks post hatching. The animals were allowed to heal for 2 weeks at either earth gravity (1 g) or a 2 g environment with saline injected controls and estrone injected experimentals. Total fractured bone weight was decreased by exposure to the 2 g environment regardless of whether the animal received saline or estrone treatment. The mean weight of fracture callus was significantly decreased when the hypergravity exposed animals received low hormonal levels of 0.2 mg estrone. The average mid-cross sectional diameter of fracture callus was significantly decreased when the centrifuged chicks received saline or 0.2 mg estrone and it was increased with the administration of high hormonal levels of 0.4 mg to the 2 g animal. The mean thickness of the subperiosteal trabeculae of the bridging callus was decreased by exposure to hypergravity either with or without estrone treatment.", "contents": "Remodeling of the avian fracture callus by estrone treatment and exposure to a 2 g environment. Rhode Island Red female chicks were subjected to complete closed fracture of the right radius at two weeks post hatching. The animals were allowed to heal for 2 weeks at either earth gravity (1 g) or a 2 g environment with saline injected controls and estrone injected experimentals. Total fractured bone weight was decreased by exposure to the 2 g environment regardless of whether the animal received saline or estrone treatment. The mean weight of fracture callus was significantly decreased when the hypergravity exposed animals received low hormonal levels of 0.2 mg estrone. The average mid-cross sectional diameter of fracture callus was significantly decreased when the centrifuged chicks received saline or 0.2 mg estrone and it was increased with the administration of high hormonal levels of 0.4 mg to the 2 g animal. The mean thickness of the subperiosteal trabeculae of the bridging callus was decreased by exposure to hypergravity either with or without estrone treatment.", "PMID": 686396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6915", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the adenohypophysis of the male Chinese quail.", "content": "The ultrastructural analysis of the adenohypophysis in the male Chinese quail reveals seven different types of granular cells, and agranular folliculo-stellate cells. The cell types are assumed to be endocrine cells and are classified as: Type I cells (presumptive LH-gonadotrophs), with dilated endoplasmic reticulum, perinuclear spaces, and granules of 150--260 nm; Type II cells (presumptive FSH-gonadotrophs), with regularly-shaped cytoplasmic cisterns and small granules (80--150 nm); Type III cells (presumptive thyrotrophs), very close in appearance to the type II cells of normal birds; Type IV cells (presumptive prolactin cells), with very large secretory granules (up to 400 nm), Type V cells (presumptive corticotrophs), with abundant and electron-dense granules (160--300 nm); Type VI cells, with irregularly-shaped granules;  Type VII cells (presumptive somatotrophs), with abundant granules (130--220 nm) and less cytoplasmic structures. Cytological characteristics of the nucleus, and more particularly the presence of a Feulgen-postive nucleolus with a very particular ultrastructure are here reported. It is proposed that heterospecific associations of Chinese quail cells with chick cells can be used in embryological work for the study of cellular interactions.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the adenohypophysis of the male Chinese quail. The ultrastructural analysis of the adenohypophysis in the male Chinese quail reveals seven different types of granular cells, and agranular folliculo-stellate cells. The cell types are assumed to be endocrine cells and are classified as: Type I cells (presumptive LH-gonadotrophs), with dilated endoplasmic reticulum, perinuclear spaces, and granules of 150--260 nm; Type II cells (presumptive FSH-gonadotrophs), with regularly-shaped cytoplasmic cisterns and small granules (80--150 nm); Type III cells (presumptive thyrotrophs), very close in appearance to the type II cells of normal birds; Type IV cells (presumptive prolactin cells), with very large secretory granules (up to 400 nm), Type V cells (presumptive corticotrophs), with abundant and electron-dense granules (160--300 nm); Type VI cells, with irregularly-shaped granules;  Type VII cells (presumptive somatotrophs), with abundant granules (130--220 nm) and less cytoplasmic structures. Cytological characteristics of the nucleus, and more particularly the presence of a Feulgen-postive nucleolus with a very particular ultrastructure are here reported. It is proposed that heterospecific associations of Chinese quail cells with chick cells can be used in embryological work for the study of cellular interactions.", "PMID": 686397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6916", "title": "Evaluation of proteohormon concentrations in serum and seminal fluid and its relationship with sperm count.", "content": "The measurement of FSH, LH, and PRL in serum and seminal fluid of 105 men attending a male infertility clinic and 21 men of proven fertility (controls) did not reveal an interrelationship between the spermatozoal count and the level of the proteo-hormones in both biological fluid except for FSH, which was significantly higher in the serum of men with low as compared to normal sperm count (p less than 0.01). FSH in seminal fluid was significantly lower (p less than 0.01), and LH-like activity significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in serum, while there was no difference between the respective levels of PRL. These results could be confirmed in 4 patients with azoospermia due to occlusive disease, and in 1 out of 2 vasectomized men. It was demonstrated for the first time that the higher concentration of \"LH\" in seminal fluid as compared to serum was due to the presence of HCG-beta or a HCG-like material cross-reacting with the antiserum against LH.", "contents": "Evaluation of proteohormon concentrations in serum and seminal fluid and its relationship with sperm count. The measurement of FSH, LH, and PRL in serum and seminal fluid of 105 men attending a male infertility clinic and 21 men of proven fertility (controls) did not reveal an interrelationship between the spermatozoal count and the level of the proteo-hormones in both biological fluid except for FSH, which was significantly higher in the serum of men with low as compared to normal sperm count (p less than 0.01). FSH in seminal fluid was significantly lower (p less than 0.01), and LH-like activity significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in serum, while there was no difference between the respective levels of PRL. These results could be confirmed in 4 patients with azoospermia due to occlusive disease, and in 1 out of 2 vasectomized men. It was demonstrated for the first time that the higher concentration of \"LH\" in seminal fluid as compared to serum was due to the presence of HCG-beta or a HCG-like material cross-reacting with the antiserum against LH.", "PMID": 686399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6917", "title": "[L-fucose content in human semen].", "content": "Human semen contains beside the major carbohydrate fructose: galactose, glucose, sorbitol and inositol. By means of gas-liquid chromatography it is possible to identify also L-fucose. Our method requires the removal of hexosamines, amines and amino acids after hydrolysis. The gas-chromatographic separation of the carbohydrates is achieved in form of their trimethylsilyl derivatives. By this method the fucose content of several freeze dried human semen samples of different diagnosis could be determined.", "contents": "[L-fucose content in human semen]. Human semen contains beside the major carbohydrate fructose: galactose, glucose, sorbitol and inositol. By means of gas-liquid chromatography it is possible to identify also L-fucose. Our method requires the removal of hexosamines, amines and amino acids after hydrolysis. The gas-chromatographic separation of the carbohydrates is achieved in form of their trimethylsilyl derivatives. By this method the fucose content of several freeze dried human semen samples of different diagnosis could be determined.", "PMID": 686401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6918", "title": "The total Leydig cell volume of the testis in some common mammals.", "content": "Total Leydig cell volume has been quantitatively determined by a histometric point-counting method in six common mammals, including man. Although the size of the testis has increased from 1.3 +/- 0.1 ml in the rat to 19.8 +/- 6.9 ml in the buffalo, the composition has remained fairly constant with the Leydig cells making up 9--16% of the testicular volume. In absolute terms, the Total Leydig Volume has increased progressively with body size, from 0.11 +/- 0.02 ml/testis in rat to 2.44 +/- 0.64 ml/testis in buffalo, the value for man being 2.21 +/- 0.40 ml/testis. The significance of these findings, from the point of view of the comparative physiology of male reproduction, has been discussed.", "contents": "The total Leydig cell volume of the testis in some common mammals. Total Leydig cell volume has been quantitatively determined by a histometric point-counting method in six common mammals, including man. Although the size of the testis has increased from 1.3 +/- 0.1 ml in the rat to 19.8 +/- 6.9 ml in the buffalo, the composition has remained fairly constant with the Leydig cells making up 9--16% of the testicular volume. In absolute terms, the Total Leydig Volume has increased progressively with body size, from 0.11 +/- 0.02 ml/testis in rat to 2.44 +/- 0.64 ml/testis in buffalo, the value for man being 2.21 +/- 0.40 ml/testis. The significance of these findings, from the point of view of the comparative physiology of male reproduction, has been discussed.", "PMID": 686402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6919", "title": "Carnitine in seminal fluid as parameter for the epididymal function.", "content": "Carnitine represents the secretion which is added to human seminal fluid by the epididymis. More than 94% of the free carnitine originates from the epididymis. The frequency distribution of carnitine concentration is investigated with patients showing a normal spermiogram and with those suffering from azoospermia. Correlations with conventional spermiogram parameters are discussed. The clinical significance of the carnitine determination is shown in various andrological clinical pictures, with special consideration given to postvasectomy semen and Klinefelter's Syndrome. Two case reports of high blockages in the male reproductive tract demonstrates the diagnosis of such a blockage with the simultaneous determination of fructose, citrate and carnitine. The evaluation of split ejaculates confirms that free carnitine does not originate from seminal vesicles, but rather flows into the seminal fluid via the ductus deferens.", "contents": "Carnitine in seminal fluid as parameter for the epididymal function. Carnitine represents the secretion which is added to human seminal fluid by the epididymis. More than 94% of the free carnitine originates from the epididymis. The frequency distribution of carnitine concentration is investigated with patients showing a normal spermiogram and with those suffering from azoospermia. Correlations with conventional spermiogram parameters are discussed. The clinical significance of the carnitine determination is shown in various andrological clinical pictures, with special consideration given to postvasectomy semen and Klinefelter's Syndrome. Two case reports of high blockages in the male reproductive tract demonstrates the diagnosis of such a blockage with the simultaneous determination of fructose, citrate and carnitine. The evaluation of split ejaculates confirms that free carnitine does not originate from seminal vesicles, but rather flows into the seminal fluid via the ductus deferens.", "PMID": 686400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6920", "title": "The influence of human menopausal gonadotropin, natrium fluoride and cyproterone acetate on the spermatogenesis in immature rats.", "content": "Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG), natrium fluoride (NaF) and cyproterone acetate (CYA) were applied to immature male rats between the 26th and 32nd day of life and histological examination was performed in testes of 33rd-day-old rats. HMG treatment alone slightly influenced the spermatid completion process, while NaF evidently increased frequency of occurrence of various seminiferous tubules containing spermatids. CYA alone damaged the spermatid completion process (especially the cap-phase of spermiogenesis), produced a degeneration of meiotic spermatocytes, and decreased the tubular diameter. Those changes were prevented by addition of HMG to the CYA treated animals. The results suggest a possible regulatory role of FSH at the end of the first meiosis, and, also, in the progression of spermiogenesis. The mechanism of action of NaF may be hypothetical, but it probably consists of direct action on the seminiferous epithelium level.", "contents": "The influence of human menopausal gonadotropin, natrium fluoride and cyproterone acetate on the spermatogenesis in immature rats. Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG), natrium fluoride (NaF) and cyproterone acetate (CYA) were applied to immature male rats between the 26th and 32nd day of life and histological examination was performed in testes of 33rd-day-old rats. HMG treatment alone slightly influenced the spermatid completion process, while NaF evidently increased frequency of occurrence of various seminiferous tubules containing spermatids. CYA alone damaged the spermatid completion process (especially the cap-phase of spermiogenesis), produced a degeneration of meiotic spermatocytes, and decreased the tubular diameter. Those changes were prevented by addition of HMG to the CYA treated animals. The results suggest a possible regulatory role of FSH at the end of the first meiosis, and, also, in the progression of spermiogenesis. The mechanism of action of NaF may be hypothetical, but it probably consists of direct action on the seminiferous epithelium level.", "PMID": 686403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6921", "title": "[Absolute teratozoospermia in a family. Irregular microcephalic spermatozoa without acrosome].", "content": "Two brothers have spermiograms with a similar pattern: absolute teratozoospermia with round-headed spermatozoa. The familial trait only has been previously one time in the literature. The spermatozoa show several abnormalities in the head. They lack acrosome and postacrosomal sheath. The nuclei are small and the chromatin is distributed in small groups. The nuclear envelope has abundant pores and is loosely attached to the chromatin. All the nuclei have brown inclusions, refringent when they are observed under the light microscope, vesicular and laminar under the electron microscope. Other abnormalities less frequently observed are: irregularities in the mitochondrial sheath, loss of parallelism of the dense fibres and duplication and angulation of the sperm tail. The hormonal assays and the biochemical tests are normal in both patients.", "contents": "[Absolute teratozoospermia in a family. Irregular microcephalic spermatozoa without acrosome]. Two brothers have spermiograms with a similar pattern: absolute teratozoospermia with round-headed spermatozoa. The familial trait only has been previously one time in the literature. The spermatozoa show several abnormalities in the head. They lack acrosome and postacrosomal sheath. The nuclei are small and the chromatin is distributed in small groups. The nuclear envelope has abundant pores and is loosely attached to the chromatin. All the nuclei have brown inclusions, refringent when they are observed under the light microscope, vesicular and laminar under the electron microscope. Other abnormalities less frequently observed are: irregularities in the mitochondrial sheath, loss of parallelism of the dense fibres and duplication and angulation of the sperm tail. The hormonal assays and the biochemical tests are normal in both patients.", "PMID": 686404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6922", "title": "Tracheal constriction by morphine and by fentanyl in man.", "content": "The effects of morphine and fentanyl on tracheal smooth muscle tone were studied in 38 patients during induction of anesthesia. Endotracheal tube cuff pressure was used to measure tracheal tone. Anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide, 70 per cent in oxygen, and pancuronium and ventilation was controlled with a respirator. Morphine, 0.5 mg/kg, produced a biphasic response, initially causing tracheal dilatation and then tracheal constriction. Ten minutes after morphine injection, cuff pressure increased to significantly (21 +/- 8 per cent) above control. Morphine-induced tracheal constriction could be completely blocked by the prior administration of atropine, 0.5 mg. Fentanyl, 0.006 mg/kg, also produced significant tracheal constriction, cuff pressures increasing to 44 +/- 11 per cent above control at 10 min. Fentanyl-induced tracheal constriction could be blocked by pretreatment with droperidol, 0.25 mg/kg. At equianalgesic doses, morphine and fentanyl produced similar tracheal constriction.", "contents": "Tracheal constriction by morphine and by fentanyl in man. The effects of morphine and fentanyl on tracheal smooth muscle tone were studied in 38 patients during induction of anesthesia. Endotracheal tube cuff pressure was used to measure tracheal tone. Anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide, 70 per cent in oxygen, and pancuronium and ventilation was controlled with a respirator. Morphine, 0.5 mg/kg, produced a biphasic response, initially causing tracheal dilatation and then tracheal constriction. Ten minutes after morphine injection, cuff pressure increased to significantly (21 +/- 8 per cent) above control. Morphine-induced tracheal constriction could be completely blocked by the prior administration of atropine, 0.5 mg. Fentanyl, 0.006 mg/kg, also produced significant tracheal constriction, cuff pressures increasing to 44 +/- 11 per cent above control at 10 min. Fentanyl-induced tracheal constriction could be blocked by pretreatment with droperidol, 0.25 mg/kg. At equianalgesic doses, morphine and fentanyl produced similar tracheal constriction.", "PMID": 686415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6923", "title": "Objective evaluation of sperm motility and values of velocity.", "content": "Differences between the sperm velocity values of normozoospermic men and of those with proved fertility, above all in younger age groups, are quoted. There is a reference to the possibility of the diagnostic and prognostic importance of following the sperm velocity in various time intervals, at a minimum rate within 1 and 5 hours after ejaculation.", "contents": "Objective evaluation of sperm motility and values of velocity. Differences between the sperm velocity values of normozoospermic men and of those with proved fertility, above all in younger age groups, are quoted. There is a reference to the possibility of the diagnostic and prognostic importance of following the sperm velocity in various time intervals, at a minimum rate within 1 and 5 hours after ejaculation.", "PMID": 686405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6924", "title": "Autoimmunity to sperm.", "content": "1. Sperm-specific antigens behave immunologically more like foreign than self antigens. 2. Consequences of autoimmune response to testicular and/or sperm antigens can result in allergic orchitis, postvasoligation orchitis, and infertility. In these conditions, multiple pathogenetic mechanisms, including immune complexes and T-cell-mediated immune reaction, have been shown to be important. 3. Normally, factors that circumvent sperm autoimmune disease are likely to be multiple. Besides the mechanism of sperm-antigen sequestration, other controlling mechanisms also should be considered.", "contents": "Autoimmunity to sperm. 1. Sperm-specific antigens behave immunologically more like foreign than self antigens. 2. Consequences of autoimmune response to testicular and/or sperm antigens can result in allergic orchitis, postvasoligation orchitis, and infertility. In these conditions, multiple pathogenetic mechanisms, including immune complexes and T-cell-mediated immune reaction, have been shown to be important. 3. Normally, factors that circumvent sperm autoimmune disease are likely to be multiple. Besides the mechanism of sperm-antigen sequestration, other controlling mechanisms also should be considered.", "PMID": 686409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6925", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of ventricular performance following induction with two anesthetics.", "content": "Echocardiographic studies were made of 20 healthy patients scheduled for minor surgical procedures to determine whether this technique could be used routinely in the operating room and to evaluate the effects of halothane and enflurane on left ventricular performance. Thirteen minutes following induction of anesthesia with halothane in ten patients (mean end-tidal halothane concentration 0.93 per cent), mean arterial blood pressure, left ventricular (LV) diastolic dimension, LV fractional shortening, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and systolic thickening of the posterior LV wall were significantly decreased. LV systolic dimension was increased significantly. These data indicate that halothane caused decreased contractility in the presence of a decreased afterload. Twelve minutes following induction of anesthesia with enflurane in ten patients (mean delivered enflurane concentration 2.4 per cent), mean arterial blood pressure and LV systolic and diastolic dimensions were decreased, while heart rate was increased significantly, indicating that enflurane caused vasodilatation and may have had some depressant effect on contractility. Echocardiography is a non-invasive, safe and relatively rapid method that can be used in the perioperative period to assess cardiac function and to evaluate the effects of pharmacologic agents on the heart.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of ventricular performance following induction with two anesthetics. Echocardiographic studies were made of 20 healthy patients scheduled for minor surgical procedures to determine whether this technique could be used routinely in the operating room and to evaluate the effects of halothane and enflurane on left ventricular performance. Thirteen minutes following induction of anesthesia with halothane in ten patients (mean end-tidal halothane concentration 0.93 per cent), mean arterial blood pressure, left ventricular (LV) diastolic dimension, LV fractional shortening, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and systolic thickening of the posterior LV wall were significantly decreased. LV systolic dimension was increased significantly. These data indicate that halothane caused decreased contractility in the presence of a decreased afterload. Twelve minutes following induction of anesthesia with enflurane in ten patients (mean delivered enflurane concentration 2.4 per cent), mean arterial blood pressure and LV systolic and diastolic dimensions were decreased, while heart rate was increased significantly, indicating that enflurane caused vasodilatation and may have had some depressant effect on contractility. Echocardiography is a non-invasive, safe and relatively rapid method that can be used in the perioperative period to assess cardiac function and to evaluate the effects of pharmacologic agents on the heart.", "PMID": 686431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6926", "title": "Physiologic saline solution, Normosol R pH 7.4, and Plasmanate as reconstituents of packed human erythrocytes.", "content": "The authors compared the effects of three reconstituent solutions (Normosol R pH 7.4, physiologic saline solution, and Plasmanate) on hemolysis and cellular morphology of young (8-10 days' storage) and old (22-26 days' storage) packed human erythrocytes (PE). These variables were tested at 22 and 37 C and at two dilutions )1 part PE:1 part reconstituent and 2 parts PE:1 part reconstituent). Plasmanate produced unacceptably high levels of hemolysis, particularly of older PE, and should not be used as a reconstituent. Normosol R pH 7.4 and physiologic saline solution were compatible with both young and old PE, producing similar changes in hemolysis and erythrocytic morphology, Therefore, Normosol R pH 7.4 may be used as a diluent for PE when rapid and massive infusions are needed.", "contents": "Physiologic saline solution, Normosol R pH 7.4, and Plasmanate as reconstituents of packed human erythrocytes. The authors compared the effects of three reconstituent solutions (Normosol R pH 7.4, physiologic saline solution, and Plasmanate) on hemolysis and cellular morphology of young (8-10 days' storage) and old (22-26 days' storage) packed human erythrocytes (PE). These variables were tested at 22 and 37 C and at two dilutions )1 part PE:1 part reconstituent and 2 parts PE:1 part reconstituent). Plasmanate produced unacceptably high levels of hemolysis, particularly of older PE, and should not be used as a reconstituent. Normosol R pH 7.4 and physiologic saline solution were compatible with both young and old PE, producing similar changes in hemolysis and erythrocytic morphology, Therefore, Normosol R pH 7.4 may be used as a diluent for PE when rapid and massive infusions are needed.", "PMID": 686434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6927", "title": "Cerebral hypometabolism obtained with deep pentobarbital anesthesia and hypothermia (30 C).", "content": "Cerebral metabolic and vascular effects of hypothermia (30 C) and deep pentobarbital anesthesia, separately and combined, were evaluated in 15 mongrel dogs. External cardiovascular support was not used, and mean arterial blood pressures remained greater than 60 torr. Normothermic deep pentobarbital anesthesia, characterized by an electroencephalographic (EEG) frequency of less than 1 Hz, was associated with 30% decreases in cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen (CMRO2) and glucose (CMRG) from lightly anesthetized control values. Hypothermia (30 C) alone caused similar decreases in CMRO2 and CMRG in the presence of an active EEG. The use of pentobarbital anesthesia and hypothermia combined achieved significantly greater (P less than 0.05) decreases in CMRO2 (70%) and CMRG (72%) from the control state. Cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) increased by 70% (P less than 0.05) during hypothermia and about 20% when pentobarbital was administered to normothermic dogs. In hypothermic animals the addition of pentobarbital had a minimal effect on CVR. No alteration in the oxygen-glucose or lactate-glucose index indicative of cerebral hypoxia occurred in any experimental group. This study indicates that barbiturates combined with hypothermia decrease cerebral metabolism to a greater extent than hypothermia or barbiturate alone. When cerebral hypometabolism is therapeutically necessary, barbiturates may be indicated as an adjunct to moderate hypothermia.", "contents": "Cerebral hypometabolism obtained with deep pentobarbital anesthesia and hypothermia (30 C). Cerebral metabolic and vascular effects of hypothermia (30 C) and deep pentobarbital anesthesia, separately and combined, were evaluated in 15 mongrel dogs. External cardiovascular support was not used, and mean arterial blood pressures remained greater than 60 torr. Normothermic deep pentobarbital anesthesia, characterized by an electroencephalographic (EEG) frequency of less than 1 Hz, was associated with 30% decreases in cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen (CMRO2) and glucose (CMRG) from lightly anesthetized control values. Hypothermia (30 C) alone caused similar decreases in CMRO2 and CMRG in the presence of an active EEG. The use of pentobarbital anesthesia and hypothermia combined achieved significantly greater (P less than 0.05) decreases in CMRO2 (70%) and CMRG (72%) from the control state. Cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) increased by 70% (P less than 0.05) during hypothermia and about 20% when pentobarbital was administered to normothermic dogs. In hypothermic animals the addition of pentobarbital had a minimal effect on CVR. No alteration in the oxygen-glucose or lactate-glucose index indicative of cerebral hypoxia occurred in any experimental group. This study indicates that barbiturates combined with hypothermia decrease cerebral metabolism to a greater extent than hypothermia or barbiturate alone. When cerebral hypometabolism is therapeutically necessary, barbiturates may be indicated as an adjunct to moderate hypothermia.", "PMID": 686436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6928", "title": "Glucose transport across the rat blood-brain barrier during anesthesia.", "content": "The authors studied blood-brain barrier (BBB) glucose transport kinetics in awake rats and in pentobarbital- and halothane-anesthetized rats, using a 3H2O/14C-D-glucose double-indicator method corrected for cerebral blood flow at glucose concentrations from 1 to 80 mM. At normal glucose concentrations (5 mM), total brain glucose influx was unaltered by pentobarbital. In contrast, halothane attenuated glucose transport capacity from 1.9 to 0.4 mumol/g-min-1 and increased diffusional transport, Km (Michaelis constant) was decreased sixfold, from 12 to 2 mM. Halothane appears to inhibit BBB glucose transport by competing for the glucose carrier and by altering the affinity of the carrier for glucose, perhaps by altering the environment of the carrier or the carrier itself. The finding of halothane-induced increased diffusional transport of glucose across the BBB corroborates earlier reports and more recent evidence that halothane increases the permeability of the BBB to diffusional processes.", "contents": "Glucose transport across the rat blood-brain barrier during anesthesia. The authors studied blood-brain barrier (BBB) glucose transport kinetics in awake rats and in pentobarbital- and halothane-anesthetized rats, using a 3H2O/14C-D-glucose double-indicator method corrected for cerebral blood flow at glucose concentrations from 1 to 80 mM. At normal glucose concentrations (5 mM), total brain glucose influx was unaltered by pentobarbital. In contrast, halothane attenuated glucose transport capacity from 1.9 to 0.4 mumol/g-min-1 and increased diffusional transport, Km (Michaelis constant) was decreased sixfold, from 12 to 2 mM. Halothane appears to inhibit BBB glucose transport by competing for the glucose carrier and by altering the affinity of the carrier for glucose, perhaps by altering the environment of the carrier or the carrier itself. The finding of halothane-induced increased diffusional transport of glucose across the BBB corroborates earlier reports and more recent evidence that halothane increases the permeability of the BBB to diffusional processes.", "PMID": 686438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6929", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of plasma levels of thiopental necessary for anesthesia.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of plasma levels of thiopental necessary for anesthesia were studied using systolic time intervals (STI). In ten healthy patients anesthesia was induced with thiopental, 2-2.5 mg/kg, intravenously, and maintained with an infusion of 1-1.5 mg/kg/min. STI and thiopental plasma levels were measured before induction and when corneal reflex and trapezius muscle response, indicators of anesthetic depth equivalent to response to surgical stimulation, were lost. Significant changes included: an increase in heart rate with induction of anesthesia; a decrease in 1/pre-ejection period2--indexed for heart rate (1/PEP2-I) at loss of corneal reflex; a decrease in systolic blood pressure and 1/PEP2-I at loss of trapezius muscle response. No other variable was significantly different from control. Control values for STI were in the high-normal range, indicating some sympathetic stimulation. With induction of anesthesia these values decreased to a normal range. Free and total plasma levels were 5.4 and 37.6 microgram/ml at loss of corneal reflex; 6.1 and 41.6 microgram/ml at loss of trapezius muscle response. In comparison with other studies, thiopental causes less cardiac depression than inhalational agents at approximately the same anesthetic depth. It is concluded from this study in healthy patients that plasma levels of thiopental producing surgical anesthesia result in minimal cardiac depression as determined by systolic time intervals.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of plasma levels of thiopental necessary for anesthesia. The cardiovascular effects of plasma levels of thiopental necessary for anesthesia were studied using systolic time intervals (STI). In ten healthy patients anesthesia was induced with thiopental, 2-2.5 mg/kg, intravenously, and maintained with an infusion of 1-1.5 mg/kg/min. STI and thiopental plasma levels were measured before induction and when corneal reflex and trapezius muscle response, indicators of anesthetic depth equivalent to response to surgical stimulation, were lost. Significant changes included: an increase in heart rate with induction of anesthesia; a decrease in 1/pre-ejection period2--indexed for heart rate (1/PEP2-I) at loss of corneal reflex; a decrease in systolic blood pressure and 1/PEP2-I at loss of trapezius muscle response. No other variable was significantly different from control. Control values for STI were in the high-normal range, indicating some sympathetic stimulation. With induction of anesthesia these values decreased to a normal range. Free and total plasma levels were 5.4 and 37.6 microgram/ml at loss of corneal reflex; 6.1 and 41.6 microgram/ml at loss of trapezius muscle response. In comparison with other studies, thiopental causes less cardiac depression than inhalational agents at approximately the same anesthetic depth. It is concluded from this study in healthy patients that plasma levels of thiopental producing surgical anesthesia result in minimal cardiac depression as determined by systolic time intervals.", "PMID": 686443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6930", "title": "A high-humidity circle system for infants and children.", "content": "A scaled-down version of a modified adult circle system capable of increasing normal humidity output 300% was constructed for pediatric use. The moisture content of the gases leaving the system was tested and found to be superior to that of any pediatric circle system commercially available that does not incorporate an electrically heated water vaporizer.", "contents": "A high-humidity circle system for infants and children. A scaled-down version of a modified adult circle system capable of increasing normal humidity output 300% was constructed for pediatric use. The moisture content of the gases leaving the system was tested and found to be superior to that of any pediatric circle system commercially available that does not incorporate an electrically heated water vaporizer.", "PMID": 686444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6931", "title": "Long injection time and biplane oblique patient positioning in femoral arteriography.", "content": "We have made several important changes in femoral arteriography, including a slower rate, longer injection time, and the use of biplane oblique views. The long injection time has resulted in fewer repeat examinations. Biplane oblique filming of the pelvis has increased our ability to demonstrate stenoses and abnormalities, although it has not significantly increased the information content of the studies.", "contents": "Long injection time and biplane oblique patient positioning in femoral arteriography. We have made several important changes in femoral arteriography, including a slower rate, longer injection time, and the use of biplane oblique views. The long injection time has resulted in fewer repeat examinations. Biplane oblique filming of the pelvis has increased our ability to demonstrate stenoses and abnormalities, although it has not significantly increased the information content of the studies.", "PMID": 686478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6932", "title": "Acute effects of furosemide on blood electrolytes and hemodynamics in dogs.", "content": "The effects of furosemide on the hemodynamics, blood electrolytes, and urinary output in 5 anesthetized dogs were studied. There were no significant changes in blood Na+ or Ca++ levels, but K+ decreased significantly after 15 minutes of furosemide treatment. There were no significant changes in the blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, index of left ventricular contractility [(dp/dt)/IIP], or systemic vascular resistance. Left ventricular dp/dt decreased for 30 to 60 minutes. Later the dp/dt and (dp/dt)/IIP of left ventricular pressure exceeded control values, although increases were not significant. Left ventricular work index and stroke volume decreased significantly between 30 and 90 minutes. The cardiac output and cardiac index also decreased. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased significantly only at 30 minutes. Cardiac function remained unchanged and consistent with the electrolytes changes. Although there was a marked diuresis, which normally must have significantly decreased the effective blood volume and hence the myocardial contractility, the cardiac function remained unchanged. These results suggests that furosemide might have a direct effect on the myocardium. Clinical improvement in patients might be the result of a direct effect on the myocardium aside from its effect due to diuresis.", "contents": "Acute effects of furosemide on blood electrolytes and hemodynamics in dogs. The effects of furosemide on the hemodynamics, blood electrolytes, and urinary output in 5 anesthetized dogs were studied. There were no significant changes in blood Na+ or Ca++ levels, but K+ decreased significantly after 15 minutes of furosemide treatment. There were no significant changes in the blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, index of left ventricular contractility [(dp/dt)/IIP], or systemic vascular resistance. Left ventricular dp/dt decreased for 30 to 60 minutes. Later the dp/dt and (dp/dt)/IIP of left ventricular pressure exceeded control values, although increases were not significant. Left ventricular work index and stroke volume decreased significantly between 30 and 90 minutes. The cardiac output and cardiac index also decreased. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased significantly only at 30 minutes. Cardiac function remained unchanged and consistent with the electrolytes changes. Although there was a marked diuresis, which normally must have significantly decreased the effective blood volume and hence the myocardial contractility, the cardiac function remained unchanged. These results suggests that furosemide might have a direct effect on the myocardium. Clinical improvement in patients might be the result of a direct effect on the myocardium aside from its effect due to diuresis.", "PMID": 686480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6933", "title": "Tetralogy of Fallot associated with uncommon lesions.", "content": "A patient presented with a a unique combination of cardiovascular abnormalities: tetralogy of Fallot, absent pulmonary valve, stenosis of peripheral pulmonary arteries, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the azygos vein. The salient aspects and associated lesion of each of these abnormalities are described.", "contents": "Tetralogy of Fallot associated with uncommon lesions. A patient presented with a a unique combination of cardiovascular abnormalities: tetralogy of Fallot, absent pulmonary valve, stenosis of peripheral pulmonary arteries, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the azygos vein. The salient aspects and associated lesion of each of these abnormalities are described.", "PMID": 686482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6934", "title": "Angiographic and pathologic correlations in Prinzmetal variants angina.", "content": "The coronary-arteriographic and pathologic findings in a case of Prinzmetal's angina are reported. Right coronary arteriograms performed in the absence of pain showed only minor stenotic changes, whereas those performed during an anginal attack revealed a spastic occlusion involving almost the entire vessel. Anatomic examination revealed obstructive lesions of the right coronary artery, more pronounced at the site where spasm had started, due to concentric atherosclerotic thickening of the inner wall, whereas the elastic fibers and the muscular ring of the tunica media were preserved. These findings suggest (1) the need for great caution before assuming on purely angiographic bases that spasm may affect a normal coronary artery and (2) the possibility that spasm occurs in a markedly diseased and stenotic segment of a coronary artery as long as the contractile tissue of the tunica media is preserved.", "contents": "Angiographic and pathologic correlations in Prinzmetal variants angina. The coronary-arteriographic and pathologic findings in a case of Prinzmetal's angina are reported. Right coronary arteriograms performed in the absence of pain showed only minor stenotic changes, whereas those performed during an anginal attack revealed a spastic occlusion involving almost the entire vessel. Anatomic examination revealed obstructive lesions of the right coronary artery, more pronounced at the site where spasm had started, due to concentric atherosclerotic thickening of the inner wall, whereas the elastic fibers and the muscular ring of the tunica media were preserved. These findings suggest (1) the need for great caution before assuming on purely angiographic bases that spasm may affect a normal coronary artery and (2) the possibility that spasm occurs in a markedly diseased and stenotic segment of a coronary artery as long as the contractile tissue of the tunica media is preserved.", "PMID": 686483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6935", "title": "An unusual coronary abnormality.", "content": "An unusual case of an aberrant coronary artery is described. The aberrant artery arose from the L.A.D. branch and ended in the aorta. It had two aneurysmal dilatations.", "contents": "An unusual coronary abnormality. An unusual case of an aberrant coronary artery is described. The aberrant artery arose from the L.A.D. branch and ended in the aorta. It had two aneurysmal dilatations.", "PMID": 686484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6936", "title": "Peripheral vascular dynamics studied by calcium ion inhibition.", "content": "The study of peripheral vasomotility through inhibition of parietal smooth muscle cells is of great clinical interest for both diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. It permits the differentiation of the functional clinical forms from the organic. And in organic forms, once any spastic component is eliminated, it determines the site and severity. On the basis of these premises we have developed a test for the study of vascular dynamics based on the use of nifedipine as antagonist of calcium ions.", "contents": "Peripheral vascular dynamics studied by calcium ion inhibition. The study of peripheral vasomotility through inhibition of parietal smooth muscle cells is of great clinical interest for both diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. It permits the differentiation of the functional clinical forms from the organic. And in organic forms, once any spastic component is eliminated, it determines the site and severity. On the basis of these premises we have developed a test for the study of vascular dynamics based on the use of nifedipine as antagonist of calcium ions.", "PMID": 686486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6937", "title": "Gaisb\u00f6ck's syndrome: its hematologic, biochemical and hormonal parameters.", "content": "The syndrome of plethora without splenomegaly, leukocytosis, or thrombocytosis was described by Gaisb\u00f6ck in 1905. It was reevaluated in 25 patients through the study of numerous hematologic and biochemical parameters. Statistically significant findings included mild obesity; elevation of blood pressure (especially diastolic); decrease in plasma volume with relative increase in red cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, viscosity of blood, elevation of plasma proteins, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and plasma renin; and increased excretion of urinary sodium. The reduction in plasma volume seemed related to the elevation of the diastolic blood pressure, and favorable through temporary therapeutic results were produced by some antihypertensive agents. The elevation of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid, the increased blood viscosity, and the elevated plasma renin were reminescent of the biochemical changes observed in some instances of hypertension and atherosclerotic disease. They may explain why patients with the Gaisb\u00f6ck's syndrome belong to the high risk group of hypertensive individuals who often develop cardiovascular complications. While its long-term effects remain to be evaluated, treatment with nondiuretic antihypertensive drugs may help reduce the incidence of these complications.", "contents": "Gaisb\u00f6ck's syndrome: its hematologic, biochemical and hormonal parameters. The syndrome of plethora without splenomegaly, leukocytosis, or thrombocytosis was described by Gaisb\u00f6ck in 1905. It was reevaluated in 25 patients through the study of numerous hematologic and biochemical parameters. Statistically significant findings included mild obesity; elevation of blood pressure (especially diastolic); decrease in plasma volume with relative increase in red cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, viscosity of blood, elevation of plasma proteins, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and plasma renin; and increased excretion of urinary sodium. The reduction in plasma volume seemed related to the elevation of the diastolic blood pressure, and favorable through temporary therapeutic results were produced by some antihypertensive agents. The elevation of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid, the increased blood viscosity, and the elevated plasma renin were reminescent of the biochemical changes observed in some instances of hypertension and atherosclerotic disease. They may explain why patients with the Gaisb\u00f6ck's syndrome belong to the high risk group of hypertensive individuals who often develop cardiovascular complications. While its long-term effects remain to be evaluated, treatment with nondiuretic antihypertensive drugs may help reduce the incidence of these complications.", "PMID": 686487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6938", "title": "Combined study of hyperemia after arterial occlusion and exercise by an isotopical test and a Doppler-ultrasonic method.", "content": "Postischemic hyperemia was studied in normal and pathologic limbs by an isotopical method, which measures the delay and the rate of appearance of tagged serum-albumin in the foot after release of an arterial femoral occlusion (T in seconds). The postexercise hyperemia was assessed by the follow-up of the ankle arterial pressure drop (deltaP). deltaP was positively correlated to the logarithm of T in the absence of proximal arterial lesions. The correlation vanished in the presence of an aortoiliac occlusive disease. Therefore we conclude that the isotopical test can be used to assess selectively the capacity of hyperemia of the arterial network below the inguinal ligament.", "contents": "Combined study of hyperemia after arterial occlusion and exercise by an isotopical test and a Doppler-ultrasonic method. Postischemic hyperemia was studied in normal and pathologic limbs by an isotopical method, which measures the delay and the rate of appearance of tagged serum-albumin in the foot after release of an arterial femoral occlusion (T in seconds). The postexercise hyperemia was assessed by the follow-up of the ankle arterial pressure drop (deltaP). deltaP was positively correlated to the logarithm of T in the absence of proximal arterial lesions. The correlation vanished in the presence of an aortoiliac occlusive disease. Therefore we conclude that the isotopical test can be used to assess selectively the capacity of hyperemia of the arterial network below the inguinal ligament.", "PMID": 686488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6939", "title": "Circulatory effect of respiratory maneuvers.", "content": "The circulatory effects of three kinds of respiratory maneuvers--maximum breathing, voluntary hyperventilation, and the Valsalva maneuver--on cerebral blood flow, brachial blood flow, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure were investigated by means of the on-line Doppler ultrasonic technique in 20 men. Arterial gas contents (PO2, PCO2, pH) were also examined. Cerebral blood flow was increased or showed the biphasic response (increase in the former and decrease in the latter part of the maneuver) with maximum breathing. Cerebral blood flow was decreased with voluntary hyperventilation. The cerebral blood flow was maintained at a same level during the maneuver or tended to return to the control level. Cerebral blood flow was decreased in the Valsalva maneuver. There was a transient but conspicious increase of the cerebral blood flow immediately after the maneuver.", "contents": "Circulatory effect of respiratory maneuvers. The circulatory effects of three kinds of respiratory maneuvers--maximum breathing, voluntary hyperventilation, and the Valsalva maneuver--on cerebral blood flow, brachial blood flow, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure were investigated by means of the on-line Doppler ultrasonic technique in 20 men. Arterial gas contents (PO2, PCO2, pH) were also examined. Cerebral blood flow was increased or showed the biphasic response (increase in the former and decrease in the latter part of the maneuver) with maximum breathing. Cerebral blood flow was decreased with voluntary hyperventilation. The cerebral blood flow was maintained at a same level during the maneuver or tended to return to the control level. Cerebral blood flow was decreased in the Valsalva maneuver. There was a transient but conspicious increase of the cerebral blood flow immediately after the maneuver.", "PMID": 686489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6940", "title": "Prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus after endarterectomy of the femoral artery.", "content": "The perioperative prognosis of 81 diabetic patients after endarterectomy of the femoral artery was analyzed by a computer program and compared to the prognosis of a control group of 83 nondiabetic patients. The percentage of female patients in the group with diabetes mellitus was 22% in comparison with 8% of the control group. Most of the diabetic patients in clinical degree II/III were approximately 10 years younger at the time of operation than the patients of the control group. Cardiac complications occurred in 16% of the diabetic patients and in 1% of the nondiabetic patients. The hospital mortality in the group with diabetes mellitus was 14%, significantly higher than the 6% mortality among patients of the control group (x2 = 4.26). Clinical evaluation of the patients in both groups showed that the patency rate of the reconstructed vessels was 80%.", "contents": "Prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus after endarterectomy of the femoral artery. The perioperative prognosis of 81 diabetic patients after endarterectomy of the femoral artery was analyzed by a computer program and compared to the prognosis of a control group of 83 nondiabetic patients. The percentage of female patients in the group with diabetes mellitus was 22% in comparison with 8% of the control group. Most of the diabetic patients in clinical degree II/III were approximately 10 years younger at the time of operation than the patients of the control group. Cardiac complications occurred in 16% of the diabetic patients and in 1% of the nondiabetic patients. The hospital mortality in the group with diabetes mellitus was 14%, significantly higher than the 6% mortality among patients of the control group (x2 = 4.26). Clinical evaluation of the patients in both groups showed that the patency rate of the reconstructed vessels was 80%.", "PMID": 686490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6941", "title": "Echocardiographic demonstration of tricuspid valvulitis and right atrial thrombus complicating an infected artificial pacemaker:a case report.", "content": "A right ventricular artificial demand pacemaker was implanted into a 59-year-old man with supra-Hisian complete heart block. His postoperative course was complicated by Staphylococcal aureus septicemia, which was controlled with antibiotics. A year later, S. aureus was again isolated from the blood. Echocardiography showed thickening of the tricuspid valve leaflet and multiple echoes in the right atrium. Autopsy findings included tricuspid leaflet thickening and an overlying right atrial thrombus. The echocardiogram is thus useful in localizing an infected valve in bacterial endocarditis and in demonstrating the presence of the thrombus.", "contents": "Echocardiographic demonstration of tricuspid valvulitis and right atrial thrombus complicating an infected artificial pacemaker:a case report. A right ventricular artificial demand pacemaker was implanted into a 59-year-old man with supra-Hisian complete heart block. His postoperative course was complicated by Staphylococcal aureus septicemia, which was controlled with antibiotics. A year later, S. aureus was again isolated from the blood. Echocardiography showed thickening of the tricuspid valve leaflet and multiple echoes in the right atrium. Autopsy findings included tricuspid leaflet thickening and an overlying right atrial thrombus. The echocardiogram is thus useful in localizing an infected valve in bacterial endocarditis and in demonstrating the presence of the thrombus.", "PMID": 686492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6942", "title": "Cardiovascular function in dogs with acute hypokalemia.", "content": "The effects of acute hypokalemia on plasma electrolytes, cardiovascular function, osmolality, and hematocrit were investigated in anesthetized dogs for 2 hours. There was progressive increase in the total systemic vascular resistance, but no change in the osmolality and blood hematocrit. All of the hemodynamic parameters decreased except the preferred index of myocardial contractility, [dp/dt]/IIP, which increased during hypokalemia. The changes in this index of myocardial contractility were associated with changes in the plasma potassium but not the plasma sodium. The results suggest that hypokalemia-induced increases in myocardial contractility might be associated with an increased influx of Ca++ as a result of hypokalemia-induced inhibition of sarcolemmal Mg++ -dependent, Na+-K+-ATPase.", "contents": "Cardiovascular function in dogs with acute hypokalemia. The effects of acute hypokalemia on plasma electrolytes, cardiovascular function, osmolality, and hematocrit were investigated in anesthetized dogs for 2 hours. There was progressive increase in the total systemic vascular resistance, but no change in the osmolality and blood hematocrit. All of the hemodynamic parameters decreased except the preferred index of myocardial contractility, [dp/dt]/IIP, which increased during hypokalemia. The changes in this index of myocardial contractility were associated with changes in the plasma potassium but not the plasma sodium. The results suggest that hypokalemia-induced increases in myocardial contractility might be associated with an increased influx of Ca++ as a result of hypokalemia-induced inhibition of sarcolemmal Mg++ -dependent, Na+-K+-ATPase.", "PMID": 686495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6943", "title": "Effect of age, cardiovascular disease, and vasomotor changes on transmission of arterial pressure waves through the lower extremities.", "content": "Pressure waves were recorded by indwelling needles in the femoral and foot arteries. At the foot the systolic and pulse pressures were greater and the dicrotic wave more prominent. These changes during transmission increased during vasoconstriction and decreased during vasodilatation. The ratio of the distal to femoral pulse pressure (amplification) increasing from 1.13 +/- 0.05 during body heating to 1.47 +/- 0.06 during body cooling (P less than 0.01), and from 1.14 +/- 0.10 during infusion of trimethaphan to 1.42 +/- 0.02 during cooling (P less than 0.05). Amplification was also significantly greater following inhalation of amyl nitrite and during and after Valsalva maneuver. Greater pulse pressure at the foot paralleled greater amplitude of individual harmonics. Phase velocities decreased with increasing frequency and tended to level off at a value similar to the foot-to-foot pulse wave velocity. The findings are consistent with peripheral reflections of the waves which increase during vasoconstriction. In the absence of procedures that elicit vasoconstriction or vasodilatation, amplification averaged 1.35 +/- 0.03 in control subjects less than 35 years of age and 1.24 +/- 0.06 in older subjects (P less than 0.05). Amplification also did not differ significantly between control subjects and patients with hypertension or ischemic heart disease. In the absence of pronounced vasodilatation or encroachment on the lumen by atherosclerotic plaques, systolic and pulse pressures at the foot should be higher than in proximal pulses. These findings provide a firm basis for interpreting measurements of distal systolic pressures by using blood pressure cuffs when examining patients with occlusive arterial disease in the extremities.", "contents": "Effect of age, cardiovascular disease, and vasomotor changes on transmission of arterial pressure waves through the lower extremities. Pressure waves were recorded by indwelling needles in the femoral and foot arteries. At the foot the systolic and pulse pressures were greater and the dicrotic wave more prominent. These changes during transmission increased during vasoconstriction and decreased during vasodilatation. The ratio of the distal to femoral pulse pressure (amplification) increasing from 1.13 +/- 0.05 during body heating to 1.47 +/- 0.06 during body cooling (P less than 0.01), and from 1.14 +/- 0.10 during infusion of trimethaphan to 1.42 +/- 0.02 during cooling (P less than 0.05). Amplification was also significantly greater following inhalation of amyl nitrite and during and after Valsalva maneuver. Greater pulse pressure at the foot paralleled greater amplitude of individual harmonics. Phase velocities decreased with increasing frequency and tended to level off at a value similar to the foot-to-foot pulse wave velocity. The findings are consistent with peripheral reflections of the waves which increase during vasoconstriction. In the absence of procedures that elicit vasoconstriction or vasodilatation, amplification averaged 1.35 +/- 0.03 in control subjects less than 35 years of age and 1.24 +/- 0.06 in older subjects (P less than 0.05). Amplification also did not differ significantly between control subjects and patients with hypertension or ischemic heart disease. In the absence of pronounced vasodilatation or encroachment on the lumen by atherosclerotic plaques, systolic and pulse pressures at the foot should be higher than in proximal pulses. These findings provide a firm basis for interpreting measurements of distal systolic pressures by using blood pressure cuffs when examining patients with occlusive arterial disease in the extremities.", "PMID": 686496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6944", "title": "Influences of the adrenergic nervous system on the repolarization phase of the electrocardiogram.", "content": "The following conclusions can be drawn : (1) The nervous outflow to the heart may be varied from the baseline to opposite directions by different stressful stimuli. (2) ST-T alterations may be induced and abolished by adrenergic activation and inhibition respectively. (3) These effects are dissociated from or not necessarily associated with an exaggerated responsiveness of the cardiac beta receptors. (4) The adrenergic influences on the ST-T abnormalities of myocardial ischemia and hypertension are limited.", "contents": "Influences of the adrenergic nervous system on the repolarization phase of the electrocardiogram. The following conclusions can be drawn : (1) The nervous outflow to the heart may be varied from the baseline to opposite directions by different stressful stimuli. (2) ST-T alterations may be induced and abolished by adrenergic activation and inhibition respectively. (3) These effects are dissociated from or not necessarily associated with an exaggerated responsiveness of the cardiac beta receptors. (4) The adrenergic influences on the ST-T abnormalities of myocardial ischemia and hypertension are limited.", "PMID": 686497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6945", "title": "Noninvasive evaluation of peripheral arterial disease.", "content": "Doppler ultrasound is the most simple, inexpensive, accurate and versatile of the available noninvasive screening techniques to assess peripheral vascular diseases. The four fundamental components of peripheral arterial evaluation with this technique are assessment of blood velocity signal, measurement of resting ankle pressure, determination of segmental leg blood pressures, and measurement of ankle pressure response to exercise or reactive hyperemia. Plethysmography permits graphic recording of pulse-wave morphology, determination of digit blood pressure, and pulsatile responses to compression maneuvers. These techniques are useful in objectively quantifying peripheral arterial occlusive disease, predicting the results of operative therapy, monitoring the success of arterial reconstruction during surgery, and following the physiologic status of the patient after surgery.", "contents": "Noninvasive evaluation of peripheral arterial disease. Doppler ultrasound is the most simple, inexpensive, accurate and versatile of the available noninvasive screening techniques to assess peripheral vascular diseases. The four fundamental components of peripheral arterial evaluation with this technique are assessment of blood velocity signal, measurement of resting ankle pressure, determination of segmental leg blood pressures, and measurement of ankle pressure response to exercise or reactive hyperemia. Plethysmography permits graphic recording of pulse-wave morphology, determination of digit blood pressure, and pulsatile responses to compression maneuvers. These techniques are useful in objectively quantifying peripheral arterial occlusive disease, predicting the results of operative therapy, monitoring the success of arterial reconstruction during surgery, and following the physiologic status of the patient after surgery.", "PMID": 686498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6946", "title": "Risk factors for the development of allergic disease: analysis of 2,190 patient records.", "content": "Records of 2,190 patients with demonstrable allergic disease, including 1,148 patients with asthma and 557 patients with allergic rhinitis, were analyzed for the impact of certain risk factors on age of onset of allergic disease and on sensitization to certain specific antigens. The risk factors examined included race, sex, maternal age, family structure, life style, feeding history, environmental factors and heredity of allergic disease. Age of onset was significantly earlier (P less than 0.001) in males, blacks, children of younger mothers, bottle-fed babies, children of rural origin, children of smoking parents and children with a bilateral family history of allergy.", "contents": "Risk factors for the development of allergic disease: analysis of 2,190 patient records. Records of 2,190 patients with demonstrable allergic disease, including 1,148 patients with asthma and 557 patients with allergic rhinitis, were analyzed for the impact of certain risk factors on age of onset of allergic disease and on sensitization to certain specific antigens. The risk factors examined included race, sex, maternal age, family structure, life style, feeding history, environmental factors and heredity of allergic disease. Age of onset was significantly earlier (P less than 0.001) in males, blacks, children of younger mothers, bottle-fed babies, children of rural origin, children of smoking parents and children with a bilateral family history of allergy.", "PMID": 686503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6947", "title": "Study of social, educational, environmental and cultural aspects of childhood asthma in clinic and private patients in the city of New York.", "content": "A group of asthmatics treated in a clinic setting were compared to a group treated by private allergists. Statistical differences were found regarding family income, racial distribution, family structure, educational level, reading habits, management of acute asthma attacks, housing, living space, school absences and hospital admissions.", "contents": "Study of social, educational, environmental and cultural aspects of childhood asthma in clinic and private patients in the city of New York. A group of asthmatics treated in a clinic setting were compared to a group treated by private allergists. Statistical differences were found regarding family income, racial distribution, family structure, educational level, reading habits, management of acute asthma attacks, housing, living space, school absences and hospital admissions.", "PMID": 686504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6948", "title": "Routine laboratory determinations in pediatric allergic disease.", "content": "Clinical and laboratory data were extracted from the medical records of 285 consecutive children after completion of their evaluations for suspected atopic disease. Blood eosinophilia, determined from a routine complete blood count, was present in more than 60% of patients tested. Nasal smear for eosinophils or a direct eosinophil count provided little additional evidence of atopic reactivity in simultaneously tested patients. Total serum IgE concentration was elevated in 75% to 81% of the children with asthma, nasal allergy and atopic dermatitis and an elevated serum IgE concentration or blood eosinophilia, or both, was noted in 85% of the patients studied. Selective IgA deficiency was documented in three children and hyperimmunoglobulinemia was found in 20 others. Serum complement activity was normal in 10 children with persistent urticaria, allergy, IgE, eosinophilia, immunoglobulins, complement.", "contents": "Routine laboratory determinations in pediatric allergic disease. Clinical and laboratory data were extracted from the medical records of 285 consecutive children after completion of their evaluations for suspected atopic disease. Blood eosinophilia, determined from a routine complete blood count, was present in more than 60% of patients tested. Nasal smear for eosinophils or a direct eosinophil count provided little additional evidence of atopic reactivity in simultaneously tested patients. Total serum IgE concentration was elevated in 75% to 81% of the children with asthma, nasal allergy and atopic dermatitis and an elevated serum IgE concentration or blood eosinophilia, or both, was noted in 85% of the patients studied. Selective IgA deficiency was documented in three children and hyperimmunoglobulinemia was found in 20 others. Serum complement activity was normal in 10 children with persistent urticaria, allergy, IgE, eosinophilia, immunoglobulins, complement.", "PMID": 686507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6949", "title": "Elevation of serum IgE in Japanese-American children.", "content": "Serum IgE levels were determined in Japanese-American and White-American children--ages 6 to 14. The mean serum IgE level was significantly higher in the Japanese-American children (444 vs. 67; p less than .01). There was also a suggested incidence of personal allergic disease or familial allergy in a small sample of the Japanese-American children.", "contents": "Elevation of serum IgE in Japanese-American children. Serum IgE levels were determined in Japanese-American and White-American children--ages 6 to 14. The mean serum IgE level was significantly higher in the Japanese-American children (444 vs. 67; p less than .01). There was also a suggested incidence of personal allergic disease or familial allergy in a small sample of the Japanese-American children.", "PMID": 686508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6950", "title": "Enzyme determination and RAST inhibition assays for orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata): a comparison of commericial pollen extracts.", "content": "Pollens release enzymes when they are dropped into water. Orchard Grass extracts were tested by two methods. The Api-Zym System determined 19 enzymes and colorimetric amounts of Leucine Aminopeptidases, Acid phosphatase and trypsin. These were compared with RAST inhibition assays. A good correlation was shown between the techniques. Thus the enzyme dosage may be useful for the standardization of pollen extracts.", "contents": "Enzyme determination and RAST inhibition assays for orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata): a comparison of commericial pollen extracts. Pollens release enzymes when they are dropped into water. Orchard Grass extracts were tested by two methods. The Api-Zym System determined 19 enzymes and colorimetric amounts of Leucine Aminopeptidases, Acid phosphatase and trypsin. These were compared with RAST inhibition assays. A good correlation was shown between the techniques. Thus the enzyme dosage may be useful for the standardization of pollen extracts.", "PMID": 686510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6951", "title": "In vitro immunological studies in atopic and contact dermatitis.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulins, five lymphocyte markers and three mitogen assays were used in an investigation of 20 patients with atopic dermatitis. A slight impairment of the cell-mediated immunity was detected. Ten patients suffering from contact dermatitis had sub-normal lymphocyte reactivity.", "contents": "In vitro immunological studies in atopic and contact dermatitis. Serum immunoglobulins, five lymphocyte markers and three mitogen assays were used in an investigation of 20 patients with atopic dermatitis. A slight impairment of the cell-mediated immunity was detected. Ten patients suffering from contact dermatitis had sub-normal lymphocyte reactivity.", "PMID": 686511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6952", "title": "Changes of serum complement and eosinophil count in antigen induced bronchospasm.", "content": "By using house dust antigens, in addition to the relation between specific IgE antibody, precipitin antibody and bronchial provocation test (BPT), the changes of serum complement activities and eosinophil counts after BPT were studied. Decreased serum concentrations of C4 and Factor B were found in three of 15 skin-test positive asthmatic children, thus confirming the involvement of complement in the pathogenesis of immediate type BPT reaction. Eosinophil counts tended to increase after BPT but the increase did not correlate with the occurence of the immediate type BPT reaction.", "contents": "Changes of serum complement and eosinophil count in antigen induced bronchospasm. By using house dust antigens, in addition to the relation between specific IgE antibody, precipitin antibody and bronchial provocation test (BPT), the changes of serum complement activities and eosinophil counts after BPT were studied. Decreased serum concentrations of C4 and Factor B were found in three of 15 skin-test positive asthmatic children, thus confirming the involvement of complement in the pathogenesis of immediate type BPT reaction. Eosinophil counts tended to increase after BPT but the increase did not correlate with the occurence of the immediate type BPT reaction.", "PMID": 686513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6953", "title": "[Rabies virus study by the plaque forming system. A simplified technique].", "content": "The author describes here a simplified and economical plaque forming system for rabies virus study. It is achieved in three steps (cells preparation and infection, apply of overlay, staining). It presents more advantages than previous techniques: time as well as culture media and handling spearing, easy and durable reading. Cells prepared with di-ethyl-amino-ethyl-dextran are added to equal quantities of diluted virus (for titration) or to virus-serum mixing (for seroneutralization) and overlaid after 4 hours with a carboxymethylcellulose medium. Reading is carried out after 6 days incubation and staining with amido black. Plaques obtained are to 2-3 mm in diameter, regularly reproductible, clear and easy to read. This technique enables titration and seroneutralization and even a rabies virus cloning.", "contents": "[Rabies virus study by the plaque forming system. A simplified technique]. The author describes here a simplified and economical plaque forming system for rabies virus study. It is achieved in three steps (cells preparation and infection, apply of overlay, staining). It presents more advantages than previous techniques: time as well as culture media and handling spearing, easy and durable reading. Cells prepared with di-ethyl-amino-ethyl-dextran are added to equal quantities of diluted virus (for titration) or to virus-serum mixing (for seroneutralization) and overlaid after 4 hours with a carboxymethylcellulose medium. Reading is carried out after 6 days incubation and staining with amido black. Plaques obtained are to 2-3 mm in diameter, regularly reproductible, clear and easy to read. This technique enables titration and seroneutralization and even a rabies virus cloning.", "PMID": 686516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6954", "title": "[Application of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-SDS to the study of proteinuria (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a variant of the technique of sodium dodecylsulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAA) reported by Weber and Osborn, for the analysis of urinary proteins. SDS-PAA separates the proteins chiefly according to their molecular radius. SDS-PAA, as compared to acetate cellulose electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis, gives better resolution and may be recommended for the investigation of proteinuria.", "contents": "[Application of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-SDS to the study of proteinuria (author's transl)]. The authors present a variant of the technique of sodium dodecylsulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAA) reported by Weber and Osborn, for the analysis of urinary proteins. SDS-PAA separates the proteins chiefly according to their molecular radius. SDS-PAA, as compared to acetate cellulose electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis, gives better resolution and may be recommended for the investigation of proteinuria.", "PMID": 686517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6955", "title": "[Estimation of aluminium in biological fluids by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a graphite oven (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibilities of use of a graphite oven type HGA 74 (Perkin Elmer) for the estimation of aluminium in biological fluids by atomic absorption spectrophotometry are described, with a special study of the stages of drying, mineralisation, atomisation, flow of inert gas, requirement for correction of non-specific absorption, etc. Under fixed experimental conditions, the limit of sensitivity (absorption 1%) was 2.28.10.(-11) grams and the linearity was good up to 100 microgram/l. This method of analysis by direct treatment of the samples required only small volumes of the latter and reduces the risk of contamination.", "contents": "[Estimation of aluminium in biological fluids by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a graphite oven (author's transl)]. The possibilities of use of a graphite oven type HGA 74 (Perkin Elmer) for the estimation of aluminium in biological fluids by atomic absorption spectrophotometry are described, with a special study of the stages of drying, mineralisation, atomisation, flow of inert gas, requirement for correction of non-specific absorption, etc. Under fixed experimental conditions, the limit of sensitivity (absorption 1%) was 2.28.10.(-11) grams and the linearity was good up to 100 microgram/l. This method of analysis by direct treatment of the samples required only small volumes of the latter and reduces the risk of contamination.", "PMID": 686518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6956", "title": "[Estimation of aluminium and gallium in biological fluids (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the conditions of treatment of samples and the conditions of measurement which permit estimation of aluminium and gallium in biological fluids by atomic absorption spectrometry.", "contents": "[Estimation of aluminium and gallium in biological fluids (author's transl)]. The authors describe the conditions of treatment of samples and the conditions of measurement which permit estimation of aluminium and gallium in biological fluids by atomic absorption spectrometry.", "PMID": 686519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6957", "title": "[Estimation of clometacine in biological fluids by gas chromatography and electron capture (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a method of estimation of clometacine in biological fluids based on extraction in the pure state of a pair of ions, purification by chromatography (in liquid phase, adsorption, then exchange, methylation by diazo-methane and gas chromatography associated with detection by electron capture.", "contents": "[Estimation of clometacine in biological fluids by gas chromatography and electron capture (author's transl)]. The authors describe a method of estimation of clometacine in biological fluids based on extraction in the pure state of a pair of ions, purification by chromatography (in liquid phase, adsorption, then exchange, methylation by diazo-methane and gas chromatography associated with detection by electron capture.", "PMID": 686520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6958", "title": "Get the venous blood too.", "content": "Although simultaneous gas analyses on arterial and central or mixed venous blood cost twice as much as on arterial blood alone, the benefits obtained, we believe, are increased by much more than twofold. The greatest benefits are those obtained from having more accurate and detailed information of pulmonary and hemodynamic function, particularly physiologic shunting in the lung and cardiac output.", "contents": "Get the venous blood too. Although simultaneous gas analyses on arterial and central or mixed venous blood cost twice as much as on arterial blood alone, the benefits obtained, we believe, are increased by much more than twofold. The greatest benefits are those obtained from having more accurate and detailed information of pulmonary and hemodynamic function, particularly physiologic shunting in the lung and cardiac output.", "PMID": 686524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6959", "title": "Factors influencing morbidity and mortality after liver injury.", "content": "The factors influencing morbidiy and mortality after liver injury were monitored prospectively in 637 patients. Death correlated with the number of associated injuries, severity of injury, presence of great vessel injury, active bleeding from liver at laparotomy, and severe shock on admission. Morbidity correlated most with presence of a colon injury, and the use of choledochostomy drainage. The first priority in treating liver injury is to stop bleeding. The simplest technique for this is multiple liver suture. Drainage is most safely achieved with soft rubber drains placed to the site of injury. Although several patients having no drainage may do well postoperatively, at least two patients in this series died because no drains were used. The use of choledochostomy drainage for decompression of the liver is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and is, therefore, contraindicated.", "contents": "Factors influencing morbidity and mortality after liver injury. The factors influencing morbidiy and mortality after liver injury were monitored prospectively in 637 patients. Death correlated with the number of associated injuries, severity of injury, presence of great vessel injury, active bleeding from liver at laparotomy, and severe shock on admission. Morbidity correlated most with presence of a colon injury, and the use of choledochostomy drainage. The first priority in treating liver injury is to stop bleeding. The simplest technique for this is multiple liver suture. Drainage is most safely achieved with soft rubber drains placed to the site of injury. Although several patients having no drainage may do well postoperatively, at least two patients in this series died because no drains were used. The use of choledochostomy drainage for decompression of the liver is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and is, therefore, contraindicated.", "PMID": 686525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6960", "title": "Hemodynamic analysis of septic shock in thermal injury: treatment with dopamine.", "content": "Eleven burn patients were studied while in septic shock and during dopamine infusion. There was only one survivor. The shock state in septic burn patients is hyperdynamic with a marked increase in cardiac index but a significant loss of systemic vascular resistance. Dopamine infusion in low doses stimulated the heart by increasing the cardiac index but caused further vasodilation and exerted little beneficial effect on blood pressure. High doses of dopamine increased the systemic vascular resistance and the blood pressure to levels which more adequately perfused the kidney. Dopamine infusion in high doses will improve the septic patient's hemodynamic status. This may permit surgical treatment of the septic process to remove the cause of the shock state.", "contents": "Hemodynamic analysis of septic shock in thermal injury: treatment with dopamine. Eleven burn patients were studied while in septic shock and during dopamine infusion. There was only one survivor. The shock state in septic burn patients is hyperdynamic with a marked increase in cardiac index but a significant loss of systemic vascular resistance. Dopamine infusion in low doses stimulated the heart by increasing the cardiac index but caused further vasodilation and exerted little beneficial effect on blood pressure. High doses of dopamine increased the systemic vascular resistance and the blood pressure to levels which more adequately perfused the kidney. Dopamine infusion in high doses will improve the septic patient's hemodynamic status. This may permit surgical treatment of the septic process to remove the cause of the shock state.", "PMID": 686526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6961", "title": "Survival of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma modified by BCG immunotherapy.", "content": "Fifty-five patients with stage II and III bronchogenic carcinoma were randomized into one group of 21 treated conventionally, and another group of 34 additionally vaccinated with BCG. Vaccinated patients survived, on average, 11 weeks longer than controls. A lag of about six months existed before consistent differences became apparent.", "contents": "Survival of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma modified by BCG immunotherapy. Fifty-five patients with stage II and III bronchogenic carcinoma were randomized into one group of 21 treated conventionally, and another group of 34 additionally vaccinated with BCG. Vaccinated patients survived, on average, 11 weeks longer than controls. A lag of about six months existed before consistent differences became apparent.", "PMID": 686527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6962", "title": "Cholecystectomy during pregnancy.", "content": "While cholecystitis has definitely been associated with pregnancy, performance of cholecystectomy during pregnancy seem to be a rare occurrence. To document this observation we reviewed the records of all cholecystectomies performed during a 10-year period on women between the ages of 16 and 45 in a university hospital and a busy community hospital. Six of the 749 cholecystectomies performed at the university hospital occurred during pregnancies of from four to 26 weeks' gestation. Four of the patients were operated on emergently after an average of one week of conservation management. In no instance did the operation induce premature labor or abortion. Operative cholangiography was performed in four of the patients without detriment to the fetus. This review indicates that the need to perform cholecystectomy during pregnancy is rare, but that it can be performed with minimal risk to the fetus regardless of gestation.", "contents": "Cholecystectomy during pregnancy. While cholecystitis has definitely been associated with pregnancy, performance of cholecystectomy during pregnancy seem to be a rare occurrence. To document this observation we reviewed the records of all cholecystectomies performed during a 10-year period on women between the ages of 16 and 45 in a university hospital and a busy community hospital. Six of the 749 cholecystectomies performed at the university hospital occurred during pregnancies of from four to 26 weeks' gestation. Four of the patients were operated on emergently after an average of one week of conservation management. In no instance did the operation induce premature labor or abortion. Operative cholangiography was performed in four of the patients without detriment to the fetus. This review indicates that the need to perform cholecystectomy during pregnancy is rare, but that it can be performed with minimal risk to the fetus regardless of gestation.", "PMID": 686528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6963", "title": "Accuracy of oral cholecystography in cholelithiasis.", "content": "The accuracy of oral cholecystograms in the detection of cholelithiasis was assessed by comparing 100 patients who were examined both roentgenographically and by ultrasonography of the gallbladder. All normal oral cholecystograms had normal ultrasonography of the gallbladder. This study supports previous reviews indicating that the reliability of cholecystography in cholelithiasis is in the 98% range.", "contents": "Accuracy of oral cholecystography in cholelithiasis. The accuracy of oral cholecystograms in the detection of cholelithiasis was assessed by comparing 100 patients who were examined both roentgenographically and by ultrasonography of the gallbladder. All normal oral cholecystograms had normal ultrasonography of the gallbladder. This study supports previous reviews indicating that the reliability of cholecystography in cholelithiasis is in the 98% range.", "PMID": 686529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6964", "title": "Noninvasive localization pheochromocytomas.", "content": "Because of the propensity for extra-adrenal sites, preopertative localization of pheochromocytomas remains an important operative determinant. Although arteriography has been widely considered to be the procedure of choice for preoperative localization, in this series of 13 patients, falsely negative arteriograms were seen on two occasions while four patients experienced significant morbidity from attempts at angiographic localization. Emphasis is placed upon noninvasive techniques as the initial approach toward localization. The value of bolus infusion nephrotomography is re-emphasized and localization of a pheochromocytoma by ultrasound and computerized axial tomography is described.", "contents": "Noninvasive localization pheochromocytomas. Because of the propensity for extra-adrenal sites, preopertative localization of pheochromocytomas remains an important operative determinant. Although arteriography has been widely considered to be the procedure of choice for preoperative localization, in this series of 13 patients, falsely negative arteriograms were seen on two occasions while four patients experienced significant morbidity from attempts at angiographic localization. Emphasis is placed upon noninvasive techniques as the initial approach toward localization. The value of bolus infusion nephrotomography is re-emphasized and localization of a pheochromocytoma by ultrasound and computerized axial tomography is described.", "PMID": 686530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6965", "title": "Acute appendicitis in patients over sixty.", "content": "In an investigation of 68 consecutive patients over the 60 operated on for acute appendicitis in 1969--1972 the symptoms and signs did not differ notably from those in younger patients. However, the disease was more advanced in the elderly patients with perforation of the appendix in 49%. Postoperative complications occurred in about one third of the series, but were never fatal. Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (ampicillin) is recommended. The investigation showed that it is possible to reduce the mortality from acute appendicitis in elderly patients to a level comparable to that in younger ones.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis in patients over sixty. In an investigation of 68 consecutive patients over the 60 operated on for acute appendicitis in 1969--1972 the symptoms and signs did not differ notably from those in younger patients. However, the disease was more advanced in the elderly patients with perforation of the appendix in 49%. Postoperative complications occurred in about one third of the series, but were never fatal. Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (ampicillin) is recommended. The investigation showed that it is possible to reduce the mortality from acute appendicitis in elderly patients to a level comparable to that in younger ones.", "PMID": 686531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6966", "title": "Routine subclavian vein catheterization in thoracic surgical practice.", "content": "A total of 101 routine subclavian vein catheterizations in patients with elective thoracic surgical procedures were performed at the Medical University of South Carolina Hospitals over a two-year period. This was done primarily to have ready access to large veins, particularly in the axial plane of the body and to free the patient's extremities from uncomfortable immobilization and the risk of superficial thrombophlebitis in the postoperative period. The procedure is very safe, and complications are rarely encountered if experienced personnel place and then care for the catheter.", "contents": "Routine subclavian vein catheterization in thoracic surgical practice. A total of 101 routine subclavian vein catheterizations in patients with elective thoracic surgical procedures were performed at the Medical University of South Carolina Hospitals over a two-year period. This was done primarily to have ready access to large veins, particularly in the axial plane of the body and to free the patient's extremities from uncomfortable immobilization and the risk of superficial thrombophlebitis in the postoperative period. The procedure is very safe, and complications are rarely encountered if experienced personnel place and then care for the catheter.", "PMID": 686532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6967", "title": "Uncommon presentations of venous disease.", "content": "Venous disease can manifest itself in unusual ways; three uncommon venous disease states are described, together with discussions of their treatment. The cases include an iliac compression syndrome, incipient venous gangrene of an upper limb associated with polycythemia and congestive cardiac failure, and venous edema of a lower limb as a sequel to previous radical pelvic surgery.", "contents": "Uncommon presentations of venous disease. Venous disease can manifest itself in unusual ways; three uncommon venous disease states are described, together with discussions of their treatment. The cases include an iliac compression syndrome, incipient venous gangrene of an upper limb associated with polycythemia and congestive cardiac failure, and venous edema of a lower limb as a sequel to previous radical pelvic surgery.", "PMID": 686533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6968", "title": "How I do it: Pedicle planning with surrogate skin.", "content": "Preplanning a pedicle using foam polyethylene helps eliminate errors of size and location and allows less scarring, less wasted tissue, less anesthesia time, and better assurance of fit and survival of the pedicle. The foam sheet is inexpensive, easily cut, can be sterilized, and resembles skin in compressibility, tension, and torque resistance. This technique for pedicle planing with surrogate skin is demonstrated in a variety of large and small pedicles.", "contents": "How I do it: Pedicle planning with surrogate skin. Preplanning a pedicle using foam polyethylene helps eliminate errors of size and location and allows less scarring, less wasted tissue, less anesthesia time, and better assurance of fit and survival of the pedicle. The foam sheet is inexpensive, easily cut, can be sterilized, and resembles skin in compressibility, tension, and torque resistance. This technique for pedicle planing with surrogate skin is demonstrated in a variety of large and small pedicles.", "PMID": 686534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6969", "title": "Legionnaires' disease: clinical features of 24 cases.", "content": "Twenty-four cases of Legionnaires' disease were diagnosed at the Wadsworth Veterans Administration Hospital during a 5-month period. All cases occurred in persons exposed to the hospital environment during the usual incubation period of Legionnaires' disease. The clinical illness was quite characteristic. All patients complained of weakness, malaise, anorexia, and cough. Rigors, diarrhea, and pleuritic pain were frequent symptoms. All patients had a maximum temperature of greater than or equal to 39.4 degrees C. Thirteen of 22 patients had relative bradycardia. Chest roentgenograms documented pneumonia in all patients. Leukocytosis, hyponatremia, hypophosphatemia, and abnormal liver-function test results were typical. Diagnosis was made by serologic criteria in 20 patients, postmortem examination of tissue in two, and both serology and tissue examination in two. Four patients in whom the disease was not suspected died of Legionnaires' disease. One patient died of unrelated causes. Fifteen of 19 survivors received erythromycin therapy. The presentation of Legionnaires' disease was characteristic enough to allow early, specific therapy.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease: clinical features of 24 cases. Twenty-four cases of Legionnaires' disease were diagnosed at the Wadsworth Veterans Administration Hospital during a 5-month period. All cases occurred in persons exposed to the hospital environment during the usual incubation period of Legionnaires' disease. The clinical illness was quite characteristic. All patients complained of weakness, malaise, anorexia, and cough. Rigors, diarrhea, and pleuritic pain were frequent symptoms. All patients had a maximum temperature of greater than or equal to 39.4 degrees C. Thirteen of 22 patients had relative bradycardia. Chest roentgenograms documented pneumonia in all patients. Leukocytosis, hyponatremia, hypophosphatemia, and abnormal liver-function test results were typical. Diagnosis was made by serologic criteria in 20 patients, postmortem examination of tissue in two, and both serology and tissue examination in two. Four patients in whom the disease was not suspected died of Legionnaires' disease. One patient died of unrelated causes. Fifteen of 19 survivors received erythromycin therapy. The presentation of Legionnaires' disease was characteristic enough to allow early, specific therapy.", "PMID": 686539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6970", "title": "e Antigen in hepatitis B virus infected dialysis patients: assessment of its prognostic value.", "content": "Many investigations consider the presence of e antigen (HBeAg) valuable in predicting which patients with acute hepatitis B are at risk of remaining infected and developing chronic liver disease. We tested this hypothesis in a retrospective study of serial samples from patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. We found HBeAg in the early phase of all hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. There was no significant difference between transiently and persistently hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive persons with regard to the frequency of HBeAg during the first 3 months of HBs antigenemia. Thus during the early period of viral activity, the presence of HBeAg is of no prognostic values in determining chronicity of HBV infection. We believe the disagreement on the prognostic value of HBeAg is a reflection of variations in time and frequency of sampling. The HBeAg remains, however, a useful indicator of potential infectivity of HBsAg(+)persons.", "contents": "e Antigen in hepatitis B virus infected dialysis patients: assessment of its prognostic value. Many investigations consider the presence of e antigen (HBeAg) valuable in predicting which patients with acute hepatitis B are at risk of remaining infected and developing chronic liver disease. We tested this hypothesis in a retrospective study of serial samples from patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. We found HBeAg in the early phase of all hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. There was no significant difference between transiently and persistently hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive persons with regard to the frequency of HBeAg during the first 3 months of HBs antigenemia. Thus during the early period of viral activity, the presence of HBeAg is of no prognostic values in determining chronicity of HBV infection. We believe the disagreement on the prognostic value of HBeAg is a reflection of variations in time and frequency of sampling. The HBeAg remains, however, a useful indicator of potential infectivity of HBsAg(+)persons.", "PMID": 686540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6971", "title": "Achalasia secondary to carcinoma: manometric and clinical features.", "content": "The clinical and diagnostic features of a secondary type of achalasia of the esophagus are described in seven patients with various types of malignancies. Patients with secondary achalasia presented with dysphagia of short duration and marked weight loss; mean age was 64 years. Esophageal manometry showed features identical to those of idiopathic primary achalasia: aperistalsis, poor lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, and elevated sphincter pressure. Endoscopy and barium swallow showed evidence of a tumor in only two cases. Various types of malignancies may produce a secondary form of achalasia that has diagnostic features identical to those of primary achalasia and is best identified by its clinical presentation.", "contents": "Achalasia secondary to carcinoma: manometric and clinical features. The clinical and diagnostic features of a secondary type of achalasia of the esophagus are described in seven patients with various types of malignancies. Patients with secondary achalasia presented with dysphagia of short duration and marked weight loss; mean age was 64 years. Esophageal manometry showed features identical to those of idiopathic primary achalasia: aperistalsis, poor lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, and elevated sphincter pressure. Endoscopy and barium swallow showed evidence of a tumor in only two cases. Various types of malignancies may produce a secondary form of achalasia that has diagnostic features identical to those of primary achalasia and is best identified by its clinical presentation.", "PMID": 686541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6972", "title": "Convoluted lymphocytic lymphoma in adults: a clinicopathologic entity.", "content": "Twelve adults had a distinct clinicopathologic type of malignant lymphoma that closely resembles the mediastinal lymphomas of childhood. Nine patients presented with mediastinal masses, and seven had symptoms related to intrathoracic compression. Seven patients presented with or developed leukemia, and in four of these patients the central nervous system (CNS) became involved. Structurally, the tumor cells had a distinctive stippled chromatin pattern, in addition to the characteristic nuclear convolutions. Tumor cells from five patients were studied immunologically, and, in each case, the tumor cells formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. The response to combination chemotherapy was rapid and dramatic, but usually transient, with relapse in the CNS or previously involved sites. The above data strongly suggest that these cases represent a distinct clinicopathologic entity that should be treated similarly to childhood leukemia and lymphoma, with intensive multiple agent induction, CNS prophylaxis, possibly radiation therapy to initially involved sites, and prolonged maintenance.", "contents": "Convoluted lymphocytic lymphoma in adults: a clinicopathologic entity. Twelve adults had a distinct clinicopathologic type of malignant lymphoma that closely resembles the mediastinal lymphomas of childhood. Nine patients presented with mediastinal masses, and seven had symptoms related to intrathoracic compression. Seven patients presented with or developed leukemia, and in four of these patients the central nervous system (CNS) became involved. Structurally, the tumor cells had a distinctive stippled chromatin pattern, in addition to the characteristic nuclear convolutions. Tumor cells from five patients were studied immunologically, and, in each case, the tumor cells formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. The response to combination chemotherapy was rapid and dramatic, but usually transient, with relapse in the CNS or previously involved sites. The above data strongly suggest that these cases represent a distinct clinicopathologic entity that should be treated similarly to childhood leukemia and lymphoma, with intensive multiple agent induction, CNS prophylaxis, possibly radiation therapy to initially involved sites, and prolonged maintenance.", "PMID": 686542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6973", "title": "Echocardiographic estimation of aortic-valve gradient in aortic stenosis.", "content": "Fifty-five consecutive patients with aortic stenosis underwent echocardiography at the time of cardiac catheterization. Left ventricular systolic pressure was estimated from the echocardiogram assuming that peak systolic circumferential was stress was constant. Systolic blood pressure was substracted from the estimated left ventricular pressure to obtain the aortic-valve gradient. Of 44 patients with adequate echocardiograms and catheterization studies, 30 had their aortic gradient accurately estimated by the echocardiogram (r = 0.75). All 30 patients had normal left ventricular systolic function estimated echocardiographically. The echocardiogram underestimated the aortic gradient in all seven patients with poor left ventricular systolic function. An accurate echocardiographic estimate of aortic-valve gradient can be obtained in patients with normal left ventricular function. The technique can identify those patients with insignificant left ventricular outflow obstruction, thereby obviating the need for invasive studies.", "contents": "Echocardiographic estimation of aortic-valve gradient in aortic stenosis. Fifty-five consecutive patients with aortic stenosis underwent echocardiography at the time of cardiac catheterization. Left ventricular systolic pressure was estimated from the echocardiogram assuming that peak systolic circumferential was stress was constant. Systolic blood pressure was substracted from the estimated left ventricular pressure to obtain the aortic-valve gradient. Of 44 patients with adequate echocardiograms and catheterization studies, 30 had their aortic gradient accurately estimated by the echocardiogram (r = 0.75). All 30 patients had normal left ventricular systolic function estimated echocardiographically. The echocardiogram underestimated the aortic gradient in all seven patients with poor left ventricular systolic function. An accurate echocardiographic estimate of aortic-valve gradient can be obtained in patients with normal left ventricular function. The technique can identify those patients with insignificant left ventricular outflow obstruction, thereby obviating the need for invasive studies.", "PMID": 686543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6974", "title": "Elevated urinary prostaglandins and the effects of aspirin on renal function in lupus erythematosus.", "content": "We studied the urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E-like material (iPGE) and renal function in seven women with systemic lupus erythematosus to evaluate the relation between urinary iPGE and the increase in serum creatinine in patients taking aspirin. The mean pretreatment excretion of urinary iPGE in patients with lupus erythematosus, 42.7 +/- 6.4 ng/h, was significantly higher than the value of 29.0 +/- 1.9 ng/h for normal subjects (P less than 0.02). With aspirin, the urinary iPGE decreased an average of 45% (P less than 0.001). Increases in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen confirmed our previous clinical observations. The concomitant mean fall in creatinine clearance of 18% (P less than 0.001) was accompanied by a 14% decrease in inulin clearance (P less than 0.005); p-aminohippurate clearance fell 29% (P less than 0.005). The decline in urinary iPGE preceded the fall in creatinine clearance but was significantly correlated with it (r = 0.78; P less than 0.001). The observed changes reversed rapidly when aspirin was stopped. These data show that, in these patients with high urinary iPGE excretion, aspirin causes significant changes in renal function that may be mediated by the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Elevated urinary prostaglandins and the effects of aspirin on renal function in lupus erythematosus. We studied the urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E-like material (iPGE) and renal function in seven women with systemic lupus erythematosus to evaluate the relation between urinary iPGE and the increase in serum creatinine in patients taking aspirin. The mean pretreatment excretion of urinary iPGE in patients with lupus erythematosus, 42.7 +/- 6.4 ng/h, was significantly higher than the value of 29.0 +/- 1.9 ng/h for normal subjects (P less than 0.02). With aspirin, the urinary iPGE decreased an average of 45% (P less than 0.001). Increases in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen confirmed our previous clinical observations. The concomitant mean fall in creatinine clearance of 18% (P less than 0.001) was accompanied by a 14% decrease in inulin clearance (P less than 0.005); p-aminohippurate clearance fell 29% (P less than 0.005). The decline in urinary iPGE preceded the fall in creatinine clearance but was significantly correlated with it (r = 0.78; P less than 0.001). The observed changes reversed rapidly when aspirin was stopped. These data show that, in these patients with high urinary iPGE excretion, aspirin causes significant changes in renal function that may be mediated by the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 686544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6975", "title": "A behavioral treatment of alcoholic methadone patients.", "content": "Alcoholism is a frequent complication of methadone treatment and is one of the few behaviors found to correlate with methadone treatment failure. To eliminate drinking among severely alcoholic patients, we tested the efficacy of incorporating methadone into a behavioral contingency to reinforce disulfiram ingestion. Methadone was dispensed to alcoholic narcotic addicts contingent upon their ingesting disulfiram, and as a control patients were urged to take disulfiram but received methadone regardless of whether they took disulfiram. The results indicated that the reinforced disulfiram treatment was highly successful in controlling alcoholism. In addition, nonstatistically significant trends suggested that the reinforced disulfiram treatment resulted in a superior adjustment, as reflected in arrest rate, unemployment, and illicit drug use. There appeared to be no significant physiologic or behavioral adverse effects.", "contents": "A behavioral treatment of alcoholic methadone patients. Alcoholism is a frequent complication of methadone treatment and is one of the few behaviors found to correlate with methadone treatment failure. To eliminate drinking among severely alcoholic patients, we tested the efficacy of incorporating methadone into a behavioral contingency to reinforce disulfiram ingestion. Methadone was dispensed to alcoholic narcotic addicts contingent upon their ingesting disulfiram, and as a control patients were urged to take disulfiram but received methadone regardless of whether they took disulfiram. The results indicated that the reinforced disulfiram treatment was highly successful in controlling alcoholism. In addition, nonstatistically significant trends suggested that the reinforced disulfiram treatment resulted in a superior adjustment, as reflected in arrest rate, unemployment, and illicit drug use. There appeared to be no significant physiologic or behavioral adverse effects.", "PMID": 686545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6976", "title": "Acromegaly and galactorrhea-amenorrhea with two pituitary adenomas secreting growth hormone or prolactin. A case report.", "content": "A prolactinoma was removed from a nulliparous woman who had acromegaly, galactorrhea-amenorrhea, elevated serum growth hormone and prolactin, and hypogonadotropinism. Postoperatively galactorrhea decreased and cyclic vaginal bleeding ensued; serum prolactin concentration was normal but growth hormone remained elevated and the acromegalic complex was unchanged, even after subsequently administered bromocriptine. At a second transsphenoidal operation, an adenoma of somatotropes was removed; improvement in symptoms and signs and normalisation of pituitary function, including growth hormone, followed. The possible presence of distinctly separate pituitary adenomas should be considered in patients with galactorrhea associated with acromegaly.", "contents": "Acromegaly and galactorrhea-amenorrhea with two pituitary adenomas secreting growth hormone or prolactin. A case report. A prolactinoma was removed from a nulliparous woman who had acromegaly, galactorrhea-amenorrhea, elevated serum growth hormone and prolactin, and hypogonadotropinism. Postoperatively galactorrhea decreased and cyclic vaginal bleeding ensued; serum prolactin concentration was normal but growth hormone remained elevated and the acromegalic complex was unchanged, even after subsequently administered bromocriptine. At a second transsphenoidal operation, an adenoma of somatotropes was removed; improvement in symptoms and signs and normalisation of pituitary function, including growth hormone, followed. The possible presence of distinctly separate pituitary adenomas should be considered in patients with galactorrhea associated with acromegaly.", "PMID": 686546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6977", "title": "Glucose-induced hyperkalemia with normal aldosterone levels. Studies in a patient with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A diabetic patient exhibited glucose-induced hyperkalemia despite normal plasma and urinary aldosterone levels. The patient received no diuretics, was not acidotic, and had a creatinine clearance of 39 ml/min. Insulin or pharmacologic doses of desoxycorticosterone acetate eliminated the glucose-induced hyperkalemia. Normal aldosterone levels may be insufficient to protect certain diabetic patients from glucose-induced hyperkalemia.", "contents": "Glucose-induced hyperkalemia with normal aldosterone levels. Studies in a patient with diabetes mellitus. A diabetic patient exhibited glucose-induced hyperkalemia despite normal plasma and urinary aldosterone levels. The patient received no diuretics, was not acidotic, and had a creatinine clearance of 39 ml/min. Insulin or pharmacologic doses of desoxycorticosterone acetate eliminated the glucose-induced hyperkalemia. Normal aldosterone levels may be insufficient to protect certain diabetic patients from glucose-induced hyperkalemia.", "PMID": 686547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6978", "title": "Interstitial pneumonia from mitomycin.", "content": "Pulmonary disease has been associated with several chemotherapeutic agents but has not been reported in patients receiving the alkylating agent mitomycin (Mutamycin). We describe here the cases of three patients who developed interstitial pneumonia while receiving mitomycin therapy. Their clinical features including dyspnea, cough, and occasionally fever; reticular infiltrates were seen on chest roentgenogram. Histologically, diffuse alveolar septal edema, mononuclear-cell interstitial infiltrates, hypertrophy of alveolar lining cells, and alveolar septal collagen deposition were characteristic. Treatment with corticosteroids was associated with a rapid therapeutic response in all three patients.", "contents": "Interstitial pneumonia from mitomycin. Pulmonary disease has been associated with several chemotherapeutic agents but has not been reported in patients receiving the alkylating agent mitomycin (Mutamycin). We describe here the cases of three patients who developed interstitial pneumonia while receiving mitomycin therapy. Their clinical features including dyspnea, cough, and occasionally fever; reticular infiltrates were seen on chest roentgenogram. Histologically, diffuse alveolar septal edema, mononuclear-cell interstitial infiltrates, hypertrophy of alveolar lining cells, and alveolar septal collagen deposition were characteristic. Treatment with corticosteroids was associated with a rapid therapeutic response in all three patients.", "PMID": 686548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6979", "title": "Prevention of involutional bone loss by exercise.", "content": "To ascertain whether exercise could prevent involutional bone loss, we studied 18 postmenopausal women, half of whom exercised for 1 h three times a week. Total and regional bone mass were measured before and after 1 year of exercise by the techniques of total-body neutron activation analysis (total body calcium) and photon absorptiometry (bone mineral content) of the distal radius. Total body potassium was measured by whole body counting. Bone mineral content and total body potassium did not change significantly in either group. Total body calcium increased in the exercise group from 781 +/- 95 g of 801 +/- 118 g (SD). In contrast, total body calcium decreased in each subject in the sedentary group. The daily calcium balance derived from the difference in total body calcium measurements was significantly different in the two groups of women (P less than 0.001). These data support the hypothesis that exercise can modify involutional bone loss.", "contents": "Prevention of involutional bone loss by exercise. To ascertain whether exercise could prevent involutional bone loss, we studied 18 postmenopausal women, half of whom exercised for 1 h three times a week. Total and regional bone mass were measured before and after 1 year of exercise by the techniques of total-body neutron activation analysis (total body calcium) and photon absorptiometry (bone mineral content) of the distal radius. Total body potassium was measured by whole body counting. Bone mineral content and total body potassium did not change significantly in either group. Total body calcium increased in the exercise group from 781 +/- 95 g of 801 +/- 118 g (SD). In contrast, total body calcium decreased in each subject in the sedentary group. The daily calcium balance derived from the difference in total body calcium measurements was significantly different in the two groups of women (P less than 0.001). These data support the hypothesis that exercise can modify involutional bone loss.", "PMID": 686549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6980", "title": "Aprindine hepatitis.", "content": "We have seen two patients whose hepatitis was due to the administration of aprindine, a new antiarrhythmic agent. In both patients evidence of hepatitis appeared within 3 weeks of initiating aprindine therapy and resolved rapidly when the drug was withdrawn. The reintroduction of aprindine in one patient was associated with the reappearance of hepatitis, which resolved despite continued administration of the drug.", "contents": "Aprindine hepatitis. We have seen two patients whose hepatitis was due to the administration of aprindine, a new antiarrhythmic agent. In both patients evidence of hepatitis appeared within 3 weeks of initiating aprindine therapy and resolved rapidly when the drug was withdrawn. The reintroduction of aprindine in one patient was associated with the reappearance of hepatitis, which resolved despite continued administration of the drug.", "PMID": 686550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6981", "title": "Influenza vaccine: preliminary statement. Recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.", "content": "The primary influenza vaccine for 1978-79 will be an inactivated trivalent preparation of antigens representative of the three currently prevalent influenza viruses. A monovalent vaccine will also be produced if needed for optimum immunization of any population group. Annual vaccination is recommended for persons of all ages who have various chronic conditions. Physicians should evaluate pregnant women for influenza immunization according to the criteria applied to other persons.", "contents": "Influenza vaccine: preliminary statement. Recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. The primary influenza vaccine for 1978-79 will be an inactivated trivalent preparation of antigens representative of the three currently prevalent influenza viruses. A monovalent vaccine will also be produced if needed for optimum immunization of any population group. Annual vaccination is recommended for persons of all ages who have various chronic conditions. Physicians should evaluate pregnant women for influenza immunization according to the criteria applied to other persons.", "PMID": 686554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6982", "title": "[Circulating immuns complexes and infections endocarditis. 64 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "An immunological study, with examination for circulating immune complexes (CIC) by precipitation by polyethylene-glycol (PEG) and by fixation of labelled C1q, was carried out in 64 patients with infectious endocarditis (IE). One or more complementary studies during the course of the illness were possible in 23. CIC were found in 84 p. 100 of cases (66 p. 100 of acute IE and 89 p. 100 of subacute IE), during the active phase of the disease. High levels of PEG precipitate were correlated with typical cutaneous signs (including Osler's nodes), with the presence of cryoglobulins. With effective antibiotic treatment, the level of PEG precipitate (17 patients) returned to normal within one month, in parallel with a fall in rheumatoid factor and in cryoglobulins. By contrast, ineffective treatment was invariably reflected (6 patients) by a rise in levels of PEG precipitate. The estimation of CIC using the PEG technique during IE would already appear to be a value aid in cases of difficult diagnosis, and a research area worthy of further exploration within the context of IE.", "contents": "[Circulating immuns complexes and infections endocarditis. 64 cases (author's transl)]. An immunological study, with examination for circulating immune complexes (CIC) by precipitation by polyethylene-glycol (PEG) and by fixation of labelled C1q, was carried out in 64 patients with infectious endocarditis (IE). One or more complementary studies during the course of the illness were possible in 23. CIC were found in 84 p. 100 of cases (66 p. 100 of acute IE and 89 p. 100 of subacute IE), during the active phase of the disease. High levels of PEG precipitate were correlated with typical cutaneous signs (including Osler's nodes), with the presence of cryoglobulins. With effective antibiotic treatment, the level of PEG precipitate (17 patients) returned to normal within one month, in parallel with a fall in rheumatoid factor and in cryoglobulins. By contrast, ineffective treatment was invariably reflected (6 patients) by a rise in levels of PEG precipitate. The estimation of CIC using the PEG technique during IE would already appear to be a value aid in cases of difficult diagnosis, and a research area worthy of further exploration within the context of IE.", "PMID": 686574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6983", "title": "Chevalier Jackson Lecture. Analysis of new optical systems in bronchoesophagology.", "content": "A new image transmitting system (Hopkins rod lens) made it possible to redesign the entire armamentarium of rigid broncho- and esophago- laryngology. The introduction of an optical biopsy forceps made tissue sampling more accurate. The increased light transmission produces a brighter image and easier perception. The larger viewing angle facilitates orientation. The new miniature pediatric bronchoscope, with a telescope, changed the pinpoint vision to a panoramic view. The optical foreign body forceps is of great help in fast and precise manipulations. The indirect laryngoscope proved to be a great investigative tool with the capability to obtain, with ease, a movie filmstrip for detailed analysis in the outpatient clinic. The introduction of the flexible fiber bronchoscope brought new dimensions in tissue sampling of peripheral lesions, treatment of pulmonary complications in the intensive care units, and became an important aid in intubating patients with difficult anatomy. The possibility to obtain moive films and to study our visual findings, at leisure, is an important diagnostic and teaching aid.", "contents": "Chevalier Jackson Lecture. Analysis of new optical systems in bronchoesophagology. A new image transmitting system (Hopkins rod lens) made it possible to redesign the entire armamentarium of rigid broncho- and esophago- laryngology. The introduction of an optical biopsy forceps made tissue sampling more accurate. The increased light transmission produces a brighter image and easier perception. The larger viewing angle facilitates orientation. The new miniature pediatric bronchoscope, with a telescope, changed the pinpoint vision to a panoramic view. The optical foreign body forceps is of great help in fast and precise manipulations. The indirect laryngoscope proved to be a great investigative tool with the capability to obtain, with ease, a movie filmstrip for detailed analysis in the outpatient clinic. The introduction of the flexible fiber bronchoscope brought new dimensions in tissue sampling of peripheral lesions, treatment of pulmonary complications in the intensive care units, and became an important aid in intubating patients with difficult anatomy. The possibility to obtain moive films and to study our visual findings, at leisure, is an important diagnostic and teaching aid.", "PMID": 686587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6984", "title": "Sputum cytologic diagnosis of upper respiratory tract cancer.", "content": "Sputum cytologic testing has been applied in the screening of high-risk individuals for presymptomatic lung cancer. This same screening procedure sometimes identifies patients with upper respiratory tract cancers and thereby may permit earlier treatment. Patients enrolled in the Mayo Lung Project undergo sputum cytologic and chest roentgenographic screening at four-month intervals and are compared with matched controls who are not intensively screened. Experience to date indicates an incidence rate of approximately 1 per 1,000 per year of cancer in the upper respiratory and alimentary passages among males more than 45 years old who are heavy cigarette smokers. This compares with a rate of approximately 4 per 1,000 per year of lung cancer. Recognition of early cancer of the upper respiratory tract is an additional benefit of screening for lung cancer. Since cigarette smoking represents an etiologic agent common to both upper and lower respiratory tract cancers, tumors should be searched for in both sites in this high-risk population.", "contents": "Sputum cytologic diagnosis of upper respiratory tract cancer. Sputum cytologic testing has been applied in the screening of high-risk individuals for presymptomatic lung cancer. This same screening procedure sometimes identifies patients with upper respiratory tract cancers and thereby may permit earlier treatment. Patients enrolled in the Mayo Lung Project undergo sputum cytologic and chest roentgenographic screening at four-month intervals and are compared with matched controls who are not intensively screened. Experience to date indicates an incidence rate of approximately 1 per 1,000 per year of cancer in the upper respiratory and alimentary passages among males more than 45 years old who are heavy cigarette smokers. This compares with a rate of approximately 4 per 1,000 per year of lung cancer. Recognition of early cancer of the upper respiratory tract is an additional benefit of screening for lung cancer. Since cigarette smoking represents an etiologic agent common to both upper and lower respiratory tract cancers, tumors should be searched for in both sites in this high-risk population.", "PMID": 686589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6985", "title": "Mucociliary transport.", "content": "Our laboratory has developed bronchofiberscopic and roentgenographic techniques to measure tracheal, bronchial and nasal mucus velocities in humans and animals. We found that inhalation of specific antigen is associated with depression of tracheal mucus velocity in dogs who may or may not display bronchospasm and the mediator for this phenomenon might be SRS-A. Corroboration of the depression of tracheal mucus transport after ragweed inhalation has been obtained in susceptible asthmatic patients; prior inhalation of cromolyn blocks this reaction. Depression of tracheal mucus transport may be the earliest adverse manifestation of cigarette smoking in young subjects. Slowing of mucus transport in the bronchi occurs after suctioning with suction catheters; a newly designed suction catheter tip, the Aero-Flo, displays less adverse effects on mucus velocity than standard end hold and side hole catheters. Nasal mucus velocity is enhanced by nasal decongestants, ingestion of hot fluids and exercise.", "contents": "Mucociliary transport. Our laboratory has developed bronchofiberscopic and roentgenographic techniques to measure tracheal, bronchial and nasal mucus velocities in humans and animals. We found that inhalation of specific antigen is associated with depression of tracheal mucus velocity in dogs who may or may not display bronchospasm and the mediator for this phenomenon might be SRS-A. Corroboration of the depression of tracheal mucus transport after ragweed inhalation has been obtained in susceptible asthmatic patients; prior inhalation of cromolyn blocks this reaction. Depression of tracheal mucus transport may be the earliest adverse manifestation of cigarette smoking in young subjects. Slowing of mucus transport in the bronchi occurs after suctioning with suction catheters; a newly designed suction catheter tip, the Aero-Flo, displays less adverse effects on mucus velocity than standard end hold and side hole catheters. Nasal mucus velocity is enhanced by nasal decongestants, ingestion of hot fluids and exercise.", "PMID": 686590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6986", "title": "Epiglottitis. Twenty-year study with tracheotomy.", "content": "One hundred and seventy patients with acute epiglottitis were admitted to the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles between the years 1957 to 1977. No deaths occurred in any of these patients, all of whom were treated with tracheotomy to support and ensure the airway. The records of 147 of these patients were available for review. No serious complications occurred from tracheotomy in any of the patients in this study. Tracheotomy is a safe method for caring for the airway problem in epiglottitis in a setting such as is available at the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles. The median range of total days with tracheotomy was five to six days, and the median range for total days of hospitalization was six to seven days. Complications were never severe and in the extreme, merely prolonged hospitalization by a few days. This highly lethal disease is curable with antibiotics and an artificial airway, and it is questionable whether conservative medical measures with observation should be acceptable. The establishment of an airway, whether by tracheotomy or endotracheal intubation, is mandatory in the treatment of this disease.", "contents": "Epiglottitis. Twenty-year study with tracheotomy. One hundred and seventy patients with acute epiglottitis were admitted to the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles between the years 1957 to 1977. No deaths occurred in any of these patients, all of whom were treated with tracheotomy to support and ensure the airway. The records of 147 of these patients were available for review. No serious complications occurred from tracheotomy in any of the patients in this study. Tracheotomy is a safe method for caring for the airway problem in epiglottitis in a setting such as is available at the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles. The median range of total days with tracheotomy was five to six days, and the median range for total days of hospitalization was six to seven days. Complications were never severe and in the extreme, merely prolonged hospitalization by a few days. This highly lethal disease is curable with antibiotics and an artificial airway, and it is questionable whether conservative medical measures with observation should be acceptable. The establishment of an airway, whether by tracheotomy or endotracheal intubation, is mandatory in the treatment of this disease.", "PMID": 686588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6987", "title": "Effects of various drugs on canine tracheal mucociliary transport.", "content": "A study of the effects of dehydration, atropine, terbutaline and N-acetylcysteine on canine tracheobronchial mucus is presented. Mucociliary clearance rates, mucus secretion volumes and mucus rheologic properties were studied. Clearance rates were studied by a radioisotope technique, mucus collected by a canine \"tracheal pouch\" method and rheologic studies performed on a microrheometer. Clearance rate was unaffected by dehydration and terbutaline, increased by N-acetylcysteine and decreased by atropine. Secretion volume was increased by terbutaline while dehydration and atropine were without effect. Rheologic factors were increased by dehydration and atropine while terbutaline was without an effect. The effects of N-acetylcysteine on secretion volume and rheologic properties could not be studied because of the  nature of the techniques employed.", "contents": "Effects of various drugs on canine tracheal mucociliary transport. A study of the effects of dehydration, atropine, terbutaline and N-acetylcysteine on canine tracheobronchial mucus is presented. Mucociliary clearance rates, mucus secretion volumes and mucus rheologic properties were studied. Clearance rates were studied by a radioisotope technique, mucus collected by a canine \"tracheal pouch\" method and rheologic studies performed on a microrheometer. Clearance rate was unaffected by dehydration and terbutaline, increased by N-acetylcysteine and decreased by atropine. Secretion volume was increased by terbutaline while dehydration and atropine were without effect. Rheologic factors were increased by dehydration and atropine while terbutaline was without an effect. The effects of N-acetylcysteine on secretion volume and rheologic properties could not be studied because of the  nature of the techniques employed.", "PMID": 686591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6988", "title": "Vascularized hyoid interposition for subglottic and upper tracheal stenosis.", "content": "Chronic subglottic and upper tracheal stenosis can be treated successfully with lumenal augmentation using a vascularized hyoid-sternohyoid muscle interposition into the stenotic area. Successful decannulation was achieved in eight of nine patients. Follow-up periods varied from 6 months to 36 months. Concomitant laryngeal stenosis and vocal cord paralysis were treated successfully at the same time. The major complication was occasionally delayed but successful decannulation due to granulation tissue. Minimal wound and peritracheal stoma infections probably accounted for the granulation tissue.", "contents": "Vascularized hyoid interposition for subglottic and upper tracheal stenosis. Chronic subglottic and upper tracheal stenosis can be treated successfully with lumenal augmentation using a vascularized hyoid-sternohyoid muscle interposition into the stenotic area. Successful decannulation was achieved in eight of nine patients. Follow-up periods varied from 6 months to 36 months. Concomitant laryngeal stenosis and vocal cord paralysis were treated successfully at the same time. The major complication was occasionally delayed but successful decannulation due to granulation tissue. Minimal wound and peritracheal stoma infections probably accounted for the granulation tissue.", "PMID": 686592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6989", "title": "Aortic arch anomalies in adult disorders of deglutition.", "content": "Congenital vascular anomalies of the aortic arch are unusual etiologies of dysphagia in the adult. Swallowing abnormalities associated with compression of the esophagus primarily occur at birth or in the immediate neonatal period. However, as the result of arteriosclerotic vascular disease or aneurysm formation, anomalies which were asymptomatic postnatally may produce dysphagia in the adult. A retrospective analysis of 59 cases with aortic arch anomalies presenting initially in adulthood revealed characteristic clinical signs and symptoms. An aberrant right subclavian artery with left aortic arch was the most frequently encountered abnormality. The embryologic development of each vascular anomaly is described and the value of selective arteriography with contrast esophagography is stressed. Patients with minimal swallowing impairment are treated with dietary management alone. Surgical division of the anomalous artery is indicated only when severe dysphagia is associated with progressive life-threatening anorexia and weight loss.", "contents": "Aortic arch anomalies in adult disorders of deglutition. Congenital vascular anomalies of the aortic arch are unusual etiologies of dysphagia in the adult. Swallowing abnormalities associated with compression of the esophagus primarily occur at birth or in the immediate neonatal period. However, as the result of arteriosclerotic vascular disease or aneurysm formation, anomalies which were asymptomatic postnatally may produce dysphagia in the adult. A retrospective analysis of 59 cases with aortic arch anomalies presenting initially in adulthood revealed characteristic clinical signs and symptoms. An aberrant right subclavian artery with left aortic arch was the most frequently encountered abnormality. The embryologic development of each vascular anomaly is described and the value of selective arteriography with contrast esophagography is stressed. Patients with minimal swallowing impairment are treated with dietary management alone. Surgical division of the anomalous artery is indicated only when severe dysphagia is associated with progressive life-threatening anorexia and weight loss.", "PMID": 686593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6990", "title": "Traumatically acquired conditioned dysphagia in children.", "content": "A new diagnosis identifying a nonorganic basis of dysphagia is proposed in relation to behavioral conditioning processes and thereby labeled \"conditioned dysphagia\" (CD). Literature review of both animal and human studies documents that rapidly acquired and persistent avoidance responses are learned when autonomic functions are contiguous with traumatic physical events. Three case studies with primary diagnoses of TE fistula, congenital heart disease and pseudobulbar palsy demonstrated an association between CD and early childhood incidence of trauma involving the esophagus. Successful treatment was achieved by operant deconditioning therapy. Results of a pilot epidemiological study of 28 postpharyngeal flap surgery children and 47 controls showed significantly higher incidence of mild to moderate CD in the surgery group.", "contents": "Traumatically acquired conditioned dysphagia in children. A new diagnosis identifying a nonorganic basis of dysphagia is proposed in relation to behavioral conditioning processes and thereby labeled \"conditioned dysphagia\" (CD). Literature review of both animal and human studies documents that rapidly acquired and persistent avoidance responses are learned when autonomic functions are contiguous with traumatic physical events. Three case studies with primary diagnoses of TE fistula, congenital heart disease and pseudobulbar palsy demonstrated an association between CD and early childhood incidence of trauma involving the esophagus. Successful treatment was achieved by operant deconditioning therapy. Results of a pilot epidemiological study of 28 postpharyngeal flap surgery children and 47 controls showed significantly higher incidence of mild to moderate CD in the surgery group.", "PMID": 686594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6991", "title": "Unsuspected foreign bodies of the aerodigestive tract.", "content": "The well-known tendency for children to place loose objects in their months not infrequently leads to the entrapment of foreign bodies in the aerodigestive tract. With prompt and adequate removal few complications occur. However, when the foreign body goes undetected or is neglected the patient may develop dysphagia, pneumonia, failure to thrive, lung or mediastinal abscesses, bronchopulmonary or bronchoesophageal fistulas, or erosion of major vessels. Fifteen cases of retained foreign bodies were identified in a chart review between 1971 and 1977 at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, calling attention to the problems of aerodigestive foreign bodies of prolonged duration. Early and late complications are discussed and early diagnosis and endoscopic removal emphasized.", "contents": "Unsuspected foreign bodies of the aerodigestive tract. The well-known tendency for children to place loose objects in their months not infrequently leads to the entrapment of foreign bodies in the aerodigestive tract. With prompt and adequate removal few complications occur. However, when the foreign body goes undetected or is neglected the patient may develop dysphagia, pneumonia, failure to thrive, lung or mediastinal abscesses, bronchopulmonary or bronchoesophageal fistulas, or erosion of major vessels. Fifteen cases of retained foreign bodies were identified in a chart review between 1971 and 1977 at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, calling attention to the problems of aerodigestive foreign bodies of prolonged duration. Early and late complications are discussed and early diagnosis and endoscopic removal emphasized.", "PMID": 686595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6992", "title": "Case for pneumatic dilatation in achalasia.", "content": "A standardized method of performing pneumatic dilatation for the treatment of achalasia is described. Twenty-five patients were treated in this manner and 80% had excellent results. There was minimal morbidity and no mortality. Pneumatic dilatation is recommended as the primary procedure for achalasia as it is a simple and safe procedure which avoids unnecessary surgery. Local topical anesthesia, rather than general, is utilized and hospitalization time is two days, rather than the 14 days required following surgery. The Heller operation can be performed when pneumatic dilatation is unsuccessful.", "contents": "Case for pneumatic dilatation in achalasia. A standardized method of performing pneumatic dilatation for the treatment of achalasia is described. Twenty-five patients were treated in this manner and 80% had excellent results. There was minimal morbidity and no mortality. Pneumatic dilatation is recommended as the primary procedure for achalasia as it is a simple and safe procedure which avoids unnecessary surgery. Local topical anesthesia, rather than general, is utilized and hospitalization time is two days, rather than the 14 days required following surgery. The Heller operation can be performed when pneumatic dilatation is unsuccessful.", "PMID": 686596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6993", "title": "Functional diseases of the esophagus: role of endoscopy.", "content": "The use of endoscopic procedures in the evaluation of primary motor disorders, or functional diseases, of the esophagus is filled with both risks and benefits. Since both flexible and open-tube esophagoscopy carry a significant risk factor, it is necessary to have a clear concept of the indications and value of endoscopy in the management of functional diseases of the esophagus. A review of the literature reveals very little documentation on the value of endoscopy in diagnosing esophageal functional diseases other than Zenker's diverticulum and achalasia. Based on the current literature and the experience of the authors, observations and recommendations concerning the role of endoscopy in functional diseases of the esophagus are presented. These are: 1) In Phase I or upper esophageal sphincter dysfunctions, endoscopy contributes little to their understanding, is difficult to perform, and may be hazardous. In this group, esophagoscopy should be reserved for indications beyond the dysfunction itself. If endoscopy has to be performed, open-tube esophagoscopy should be performed by an experienced endoscopist. 2) In functional diseases of the esophageal body or Phase II dysfunction, endoscopy is frequently valuable. In spastic disorders, it helps to differentiate between primary spasm of neuromuscular origin and spasm secondary to esophagitis or an obstructive process. In scleroderma and pulsion diverticulum, endoscopy helps to identify such unsuspected complications as esophagitis, hiatal hernia, and carcinoma. 3) In Phase III or however esophageal sphincter dysfunctions, endoscopic examination is essential both to rule out organic lesions that stimulate functional disorders, and to determine the presence and extent of esophagitis.", "contents": "Functional diseases of the esophagus: role of endoscopy. The use of endoscopic procedures in the evaluation of primary motor disorders, or functional diseases, of the esophagus is filled with both risks and benefits. Since both flexible and open-tube esophagoscopy carry a significant risk factor, it is necessary to have a clear concept of the indications and value of endoscopy in the management of functional diseases of the esophagus. A review of the literature reveals very little documentation on the value of endoscopy in diagnosing esophageal functional diseases other than Zenker's diverticulum and achalasia. Based on the current literature and the experience of the authors, observations and recommendations concerning the role of endoscopy in functional diseases of the esophagus are presented. These are: 1) In Phase I or upper esophageal sphincter dysfunctions, endoscopy contributes little to their understanding, is difficult to perform, and may be hazardous. In this group, esophagoscopy should be reserved for indications beyond the dysfunction itself. If endoscopy has to be performed, open-tube esophagoscopy should be performed by an experienced endoscopist. 2) In functional diseases of the esophageal body or Phase II dysfunction, endoscopy is frequently valuable. In spastic disorders, it helps to differentiate between primary spasm of neuromuscular origin and spasm secondary to esophagitis or an obstructive process. In scleroderma and pulsion diverticulum, endoscopy helps to identify such unsuspected complications as esophagitis, hiatal hernia, and carcinoma. 3) In Phase III or however esophageal sphincter dysfunctions, endoscopic examination is essential both to rule out organic lesions that stimulate functional disorders, and to determine the presence and extent of esophagitis.", "PMID": 686597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6994", "title": "Ultraviolet-fluorescence bronchoscopy in early detection of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "The still unsatisfactory prognosis of bronchogenic carcinoma prompted the search for possibilities of better early and detailed diagnosis. This led us to the idea of UV-fluorescence bronchoscopy. The patient inhales 5 ml of an aqueous 5% solution of fluorescein, together with a beta2 stimulator, 10-15 minutes before the bronchoscopy, by means of a pressure inhaler. While the normal mucous membrane cleanses itself by virtue of ciliary action (secretions containing fluorescein are expectorated or drawn off during the bronchoscopy), carcinoma, carcinomatous lymphangiosis, superficial tumor infiltrations and nonciliated metaplasias are stained. These places fluoresce in UV light, even when they cannot be observed with the naked eye or with an optical system. In this way, they are made visible for directed biospy. Malignant changes not discernible by means of the methods hitherto employed can thus be diagnosed and sites determined with greater accuracy for proposed resection.", "contents": "Ultraviolet-fluorescence bronchoscopy in early detection of bronchogenic carcinoma. The still unsatisfactory prognosis of bronchogenic carcinoma prompted the search for possibilities of better early and detailed diagnosis. This led us to the idea of UV-fluorescence bronchoscopy. The patient inhales 5 ml of an aqueous 5% solution of fluorescein, together with a beta2 stimulator, 10-15 minutes before the bronchoscopy, by means of a pressure inhaler. While the normal mucous membrane cleanses itself by virtue of ciliary action (secretions containing fluorescein are expectorated or drawn off during the bronchoscopy), carcinoma, carcinomatous lymphangiosis, superficial tumor infiltrations and nonciliated metaplasias are stained. These places fluoresce in UV light, even when they cannot be observed with the naked eye or with an optical system. In this way, they are made visible for directed biospy. Malignant changes not discernible by means of the methods hitherto employed can thus be diagnosed and sites determined with greater accuracy for proposed resection.", "PMID": 686598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6995", "title": "Effect of topical anesthetics on ciliary activity of chicken embryo tracheal origin cultures. Study using total immersion and intratracheal injection.", "content": "Because of conflicting reports concerning the effect of topical anesthetics on cilia, testing of four different agents was undertaken. The agents were hexylcaine 5% (Cyclaine), tetracaine 2% (Pontocaine), cocaine 5% and 10%, and lidocaine 4% (Xylocaine). Tracheas were removed from 19 to 20 day old chicken embryos. Ciliary activity was graded as to extent and vigor. Two methods of testing were used. In the first, dilutions of each agent were made, and tracheal rings were placed in the wells of microtiter plates and completely covered with the test drug. In the second method of testing, 0.8 ml of the test drug was injected in vivo into the exposed trachea of the embryo. In immersion testing, cilia stopping effect (CSE) in tracheal rings was noted in all drug dilutions tested within 1 to 20 minutes. When the drug was injected directly into the trachea, a complete CSE was noted the next day in the rings from the tetracine and hexylcaine injected tracheas. Three days following in vivo transtracheal injection of lidocaine and cocaine, ciliary activity in these and the control rings was similar. Although cilia did not tolerate total immersion in any of the agents tested, ciliary activity in tracheas injected with lidocaine and cocaine did not differ significantly from the control tracheal rings. Physicians who use topical anesthetics should be aware of this.", "contents": "Effect of topical anesthetics on ciliary activity of chicken embryo tracheal origin cultures. Study using total immersion and intratracheal injection. Because of conflicting reports concerning the effect of topical anesthetics on cilia, testing of four different agents was undertaken. The agents were hexylcaine 5% (Cyclaine), tetracaine 2% (Pontocaine), cocaine 5% and 10%, and lidocaine 4% (Xylocaine). Tracheas were removed from 19 to 20 day old chicken embryos. Ciliary activity was graded as to extent and vigor. Two methods of testing were used. In the first, dilutions of each agent were made, and tracheal rings were placed in the wells of microtiter plates and completely covered with the test drug. In the second method of testing, 0.8 ml of the test drug was injected in vivo into the exposed trachea of the embryo. In immersion testing, cilia stopping effect (CSE) in tracheal rings was noted in all drug dilutions tested within 1 to 20 minutes. When the drug was injected directly into the trachea, a complete CSE was noted the next day in the rings from the tetracine and hexylcaine injected tracheas. Three days following in vivo transtracheal injection of lidocaine and cocaine, ciliary activity in these and the control rings was similar. Although cilia did not tolerate total immersion in any of the agents tested, ciliary activity in tracheas injected with lidocaine and cocaine did not differ significantly from the control tracheal rings. Physicians who use topical anesthetics should be aware of this.", "PMID": 686599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6996", "title": "Biomechanical characteristics of the canine trachea.", "content": "The trachea is a dynamic organ that responds to the demands of deglutition, respiration, and gravity. Following tracheal resection, reconstruction should allow the trachea to assume its dynamic functions. Experiments in dogs revealed that mercury-in-silastic strain gage apparatus can successfully be used to measure the biomechanical dynamics of the trachea and subglottis. The upper tracheal segments assume a larger stress load than the lower tracheal segments following tracheal resection.", "contents": "Biomechanical characteristics of the canine trachea. The trachea is a dynamic organ that responds to the demands of deglutition, respiration, and gravity. Following tracheal resection, reconstruction should allow the trachea to assume its dynamic functions. Experiments in dogs revealed that mercury-in-silastic strain gage apparatus can successfully be used to measure the biomechanical dynamics of the trachea and subglottis. The upper tracheal segments assume a larger stress load than the lower tracheal segments following tracheal resection.", "PMID": 686600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6997", "title": "Insufflation esophagoscopy.", "content": "A new electroscope has been designed from the conventional Haslinger tubes. The new rigid scope combines the advantage of air insufflation in the flexible system with the therapeutic possibilities of the rigid tubes and is trustworthy in the following esophageal procedures; a) finding entrance of severe strictures; b) introducing nasogastric feeding tubes; c) extraction of foreign bodies; d) tumor coagulation/spur in hypopharyngeal diverticuli; e) washing and suction in cases with severe food retention; f)making tumor smears in patients with clotting disorders; g) taking substantial biopsies with an optical forceps, and h) objective photodocumentation of esophageal pathology.", "contents": "Insufflation esophagoscopy. A new electroscope has been designed from the conventional Haslinger tubes. The new rigid scope combines the advantage of air insufflation in the flexible system with the therapeutic possibilities of the rigid tubes and is trustworthy in the following esophageal procedures; a) finding entrance of severe strictures; b) introducing nasogastric feeding tubes; c) extraction of foreign bodies; d) tumor coagulation/spur in hypopharyngeal diverticuli; e) washing and suction in cases with severe food retention; f)making tumor smears in patients with clotting disorders; g) taking substantial biopsies with an optical forceps, and h) objective photodocumentation of esophageal pathology.", "PMID": 686602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6998", "title": "Mediastinoscopy: the predictive survival value in staging carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-seven cases of Stage III lung cancer established by mediastinoscopy have been followed to determine their survival. The tissue was classified according to World Health Organization schema and the degree of dedifferentiation graded from well to poorly differentiated. Two percent of the presented cases are well-differentiated tumors; the remaining 98% are moderately well-differentiated (11%), or poorly differentiated or small cell tumors (87%). The degree of anaplasia suggests an increasingly aggressive metastatic behavior pattern. The average life span is approximately 5 1/2 months in all groups and subgroups which were studied. Recommendations are presented for the utilization of mediastinoscopy in Stage I and II cases. Further considerations are suggested for priority of diagnostic procedures in establishing the diagnosis of lung cancer.", "contents": "Mediastinoscopy: the predictive survival value in staging carcinoma of the lung. One hundred and thirty-seven cases of Stage III lung cancer established by mediastinoscopy have been followed to determine their survival. The tissue was classified according to World Health Organization schema and the degree of dedifferentiation graded from well to poorly differentiated. Two percent of the presented cases are well-differentiated tumors; the remaining 98% are moderately well-differentiated (11%), or poorly differentiated or small cell tumors (87%). The degree of anaplasia suggests an increasingly aggressive metastatic behavior pattern. The average life span is approximately 5 1/2 months in all groups and subgroups which were studied. Recommendations are presented for the utilization of mediastinoscopy in Stage I and II cases. Further considerations are suggested for priority of diagnostic procedures in establishing the diagnosis of lung cancer.", "PMID": 686601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_6999", "title": "[Comparative study of hematoporphyrin and psoralen effects on fibroblasts after black light irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "The inhibitory effect of photosensitized substances such as psoralen and haematoporphyrin on fibroblast cultures of mice irradiated with black light has been studied by autoradiography and scintillation. Psoralen and haematoporphyrin used in constant concentrations produce significant changes in the captation of thymidin after 8 minutes' time of irradiation. The inhibitory effect of psoralen can be superposed to the one produced by haematoporphyrin and is increased when both substances intervene at the same time.", "contents": "[Comparative study of hematoporphyrin and psoralen effects on fibroblasts after black light irradiation (author's transl)]. The inhibitory effect of photosensitized substances such as psoralen and haematoporphyrin on fibroblast cultures of mice irradiated with black light has been studied by autoradiography and scintillation. Psoralen and haematoporphyrin used in constant concentrations produce significant changes in the captation of thymidin after 8 minutes' time of irradiation. The inhibitory effect of psoralen can be superposed to the one produced by haematoporphyrin and is increased when both substances intervene at the same time.", "PMID": 686611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7000", "title": "[Vertical striated sand-papered twenty-nail dystrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "Vertical striated sand-papered twenty-nail dystrophy, an entity observed in both children and adults, is suggestive of an expression of alopecia areata. When the vertical striated sand-papered effect is not uniformly distributed over the full surface of the nail plates the disorder may be caused by lichen planus.", "contents": "[Vertical striated sand-papered twenty-nail dystrophy (author's transl)]. Vertical striated sand-papered twenty-nail dystrophy, an entity observed in both children and adults, is suggestive of an expression of alopecia areata. When the vertical striated sand-papered effect is not uniformly distributed over the full surface of the nail plates the disorder may be caused by lichen planus.", "PMID": 686612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7001", "title": "Electrocochleographic study of sudden deafness.", "content": "By performing electrochleography (AP, SP and CM) on 34 patients with sudden deafness, it was thought that the pathophysiology of this disease could be deduced. The various waveform patterns of AP and SP responses obtained in cases of sudden deafness were classified into the following types: 1) AP high response; 2) decreased AP high response; 3) AP low response; 4) dominant -SP; 5) -SP or +SP; and 6) AP, SP no response. The cases showing the type of dominant -SP and AP high response had satisfactory prognoses. In these cases the sensory epithelium and the cochlear nerve seemed to indicate a reversible condition being affected by the temporary functional block. Furthermore, it seemed to indicate that the neural regions related to the source of AP(N1) response were impaired in cases in which CM were recorded at normal response threshold in spite of the absence of AP(N1) response. In the unsatisfactory prognosis cases with decreased AP high response, AP low response and AP, SP no response in which only the extremely low or depressed CM responses could be recorded, it seemed that the sensory epithelium and the cochlear nerve were affected permanently, although the degree of impairment varied.", "contents": "Electrocochleographic study of sudden deafness. By performing electrochleography (AP, SP and CM) on 34 patients with sudden deafness, it was thought that the pathophysiology of this disease could be deduced. The various waveform patterns of AP and SP responses obtained in cases of sudden deafness were classified into the following types: 1) AP high response; 2) decreased AP high response; 3) AP low response; 4) dominant -SP; 5) -SP or +SP; and 6) AP, SP no response. The cases showing the type of dominant -SP and AP high response had satisfactory prognoses. In these cases the sensory epithelium and the cochlear nerve seemed to indicate a reversible condition being affected by the temporary functional block. Furthermore, it seemed to indicate that the neural regions related to the source of AP(N1) response were impaired in cases in which CM were recorded at normal response threshold in spite of the absence of AP(N1) response. In the unsatisfactory prognosis cases with decreased AP high response, AP low response and AP, SP no response in which only the extremely low or depressed CM responses could be recorded, it seemed that the sensory epithelium and the cochlear nerve were affected permanently, although the degree of impairment varied.", "PMID": 686608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7002", "title": "[Quantitative ultrastructural study of the epidermis basal layer in the vitiligo patches and in the marginal hyperchromic and normal skin (author's transl)].", "content": "To avoid any bias, the ultramicroscopic examination was performed by the morphologist without knowing whether the material examined was from the vitiligo patch or from the marginal hyperpigmented and normal skin. Only at the end of the investigation, he was informed about the code of the material. He had also been informed about the possibility of receiving skin biopsies from a patient without vitiligo, what in fact was done with the inclusion of one case of albinism. Six cases of vitiligo have been studied. The melanocytes usually have not been observed in the vitiligo patches, where a variable number of Langerhans cells were seen. In the melanocytes reached about 17 p. 100 of the cellular population; Langerhans cells were absents. In the marginal normal skin the average proportion of melanocytes was near 10 p. 100 of the cellular population and the Langerhans have been observed only in one case (1.8 p. 100 of the population). Regarding the keratinocytes of the marginal hyperpigmented and normal skin, respectively 75 p. 100 and 59 p. 100 contained melanin; in the vitiligo patches only in one case keratinocytes contained melanin (2.8 p. 100 of the keratinocytes population as an average).", "contents": "[Quantitative ultrastructural study of the epidermis basal layer in the vitiligo patches and in the marginal hyperchromic and normal skin (author's transl)]. To avoid any bias, the ultramicroscopic examination was performed by the morphologist without knowing whether the material examined was from the vitiligo patch or from the marginal hyperpigmented and normal skin. Only at the end of the investigation, he was informed about the code of the material. He had also been informed about the possibility of receiving skin biopsies from a patient without vitiligo, what in fact was done with the inclusion of one case of albinism. Six cases of vitiligo have been studied. The melanocytes usually have not been observed in the vitiligo patches, where a variable number of Langerhans cells were seen. In the melanocytes reached about 17 p. 100 of the cellular population; Langerhans cells were absents. In the marginal normal skin the average proportion of melanocytes was near 10 p. 100 of the cellular population and the Langerhans have been observed only in one case (1.8 p. 100 of the population). Regarding the keratinocytes of the marginal hyperpigmented and normal skin, respectively 75 p. 100 and 59 p. 100 contained melanin; in the vitiligo patches only in one case keratinocytes contained melanin (2.8 p. 100 of the keratinocytes population as an average).", "PMID": 686613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7003", "title": "[Urinary evaluation of 5-S-cysteinyldopa and seric evaluation of IgG4 subclass during follow-up of 27 primitive malignant melanomas (author's transl)].", "content": "27 patients with SSM or NM level IV and V have been submitted to a monthly evaluation of their level of 5-S-cysteinyldopa in the urine and IgG4 subclass in their sera. For 5 patients who entered the stage II of their disease during the follow-up, 3 had elevation of the 5S and 5 had large variations of IgG4. On 21 patients in clinical remission, 10 had conjunctly an increase of 5S and variations of IgG4. The predictional value of these tests is discussed.", "contents": "[Urinary evaluation of 5-S-cysteinyldopa and seric evaluation of IgG4 subclass during follow-up of 27 primitive malignant melanomas (author's transl)]. 27 patients with SSM or NM level IV and V have been submitted to a monthly evaluation of their level of 5-S-cysteinyldopa in the urine and IgG4 subclass in their sera. For 5 patients who entered the stage II of their disease during the follow-up, 3 had elevation of the 5S and 5 had large variations of IgG4. On 21 patients in clinical remission, 10 had conjunctly an increase of 5S and variations of IgG4. The predictional value of these tests is discussed.", "PMID": 686614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7004", "title": "[Apocrine cystadenoma. About 3 observations with one balanic localization (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of three apocrine cystadenomas: two of the face and scalp and one of the glans (urethral meatus and left anterior surface of the navicular fossa) with no bibliographical precedent. From a clinico-histological standpoint the importance of objective data which make possible the clinical diagnosis is stressed allowing light microscope differentiation from eccrine hydrocystoma. The histogenesis is exposed and it appears convenient to name (eccrine or apocrine) cystadenoma the authentic cystic adenoma (among the organoid hamartoma of the cutaneous appendages, while reserving the term (eccrine or apocrine) hydrocystoma for glandular cysts. Due to the esthetic and occasionally functional repercussion, surgical excision is indicated.", "contents": "[Apocrine cystadenoma. About 3 observations with one balanic localization (author's transl)]. Description of three apocrine cystadenomas: two of the face and scalp and one of the glans (urethral meatus and left anterior surface of the navicular fossa) with no bibliographical precedent. From a clinico-histological standpoint the importance of objective data which make possible the clinical diagnosis is stressed allowing light microscope differentiation from eccrine hydrocystoma. The histogenesis is exposed and it appears convenient to name (eccrine or apocrine) cystadenoma the authentic cystic adenoma (among the organoid hamartoma of the cutaneous appendages, while reserving the term (eccrine or apocrine) hydrocystoma for glandular cysts. Due to the esthetic and occasionally functional repercussion, surgical excision is indicated.", "PMID": 686615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7005", "title": "[Stefansky's serodiagnosis and ulcerative and mutilating acropathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Systematic Stefansky's serodiagnostic test in the course of ulcero-mutilating acropathia reveals a frequent positivity (25/30 patients). Superinfection by atypical Mycobacterium of telluric extraction is considered. A delayed hypersensibility to several Mycobacterium antigens is proved to Mycobacterium kansasii, johnei, balnei. Perhaps, the same type of infection might exist in the course of chronic leg ulcers.", "contents": "[Stefansky's serodiagnosis and ulcerative and mutilating acropathy (author's transl)]. Systematic Stefansky's serodiagnostic test in the course of ulcero-mutilating acropathia reveals a frequent positivity (25/30 patients). Superinfection by atypical Mycobacterium of telluric extraction is considered. A delayed hypersensibility to several Mycobacterium antigens is proved to Mycobacterium kansasii, johnei, balnei. Perhaps, the same type of infection might exist in the course of chronic leg ulcers.", "PMID": 686616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7006", "title": "[Lamprene (Clofazimine) treatment of chronic lupus erythematoides (author's transl)].", "content": "Lamprene (Clofazimine) was administered over a period of three months, at a dose of 100 mg to 200 mg per day, to six patients with chronic lupus erythematosus. Remission was observed in these six cases, without any side-effect.", "contents": "[Lamprene (Clofazimine) treatment of chronic lupus erythematoides (author's transl)]. Lamprene (Clofazimine) was administered over a period of three months, at a dose of 100 mg to 200 mg per day, to six patients with chronic lupus erythematosus. Remission was observed in these six cases, without any side-effect.", "PMID": 686617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7007", "title": "[Hypertrichosis in the malformative syndrome of Cornelia de Lange (author's transl)].", "content": "Some hypertrichoses are included in polymalformative syndroms. The authors, make a brief summary, about an observation of Typus Amstelodamensis.", "contents": "[Hypertrichosis in the malformative syndrome of Cornelia de Lange (author's transl)]. Some hypertrichoses are included in polymalformative syndroms. The authors, make a brief summary, about an observation of Typus Amstelodamensis.", "PMID": 686618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7008", "title": "[Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans and amino-aciduria (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (Siemens, 1925) in a 12 1/2 year old boy is related. This X-dominant inherited disturbance of follicular keratinization is associated with an amino-aciduria in the propositus and his mother, especially an increase of aspartic acid in urin and blood. The scarring infundibular plugs are constituted by nucleated keratin, which brightened up in polarized light and seems to be of internal trichilemmal origin.", "contents": "[Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans and amino-aciduria (author's transl)]. A new case of keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (Siemens, 1925) in a 12 1/2 year old boy is related. This X-dominant inherited disturbance of follicular keratinization is associated with an amino-aciduria in the propositus and his mother, especially an increase of aspartic acid in urin and blood. The scarring infundibular plugs are constituted by nucleated keratin, which brightened up in polarized light and seems to be of internal trichilemmal origin.", "PMID": 686619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7009", "title": "Oestrogenic activity associated with ovarian cystadenomas after the menopause.", "content": "In a group of 59 patients over the age of 55 years with ovarian serous and mucinous cystadenomas, a total of 29 (49%) showed moderate or strong oestrogenic activity as determined by maturation index in vaginal cytologic smears, in contrast to nine (13%) of 70 control patients with other gynecological disorders than ovarian tumours. The bacterial flora was dominated by D\u00f6derlein type bacilli in 24 of the 27 test patients with an elevated maturation index, also reflecting the abnormal oestogenic activity in these patients. When the serous and mucinous cystadenoma groups were compared, a striking difference was found: of the 30 patients with mucinous cystadenomas, 23 (77%) displayed moderate of strong oestrogenic activity, while this was the case with only six (21%) of the 29 patients with serous cystadenomas. These findings stress the importance of an abnormal oestrogenic activity, revealed by an elevated cytologic maturation index, as memento for the possibility of post-menopausal ovarian cystadenoma.", "contents": "Oestrogenic activity associated with ovarian cystadenomas after the menopause. In a group of 59 patients over the age of 55 years with ovarian serous and mucinous cystadenomas, a total of 29 (49%) showed moderate or strong oestrogenic activity as determined by maturation index in vaginal cytologic smears, in contrast to nine (13%) of 70 control patients with other gynecological disorders than ovarian tumours. The bacterial flora was dominated by D\u00f6derlein type bacilli in 24 of the 27 test patients with an elevated maturation index, also reflecting the abnormal oestogenic activity in these patients. When the serous and mucinous cystadenoma groups were compared, a striking difference was found: of the 30 patients with mucinous cystadenomas, 23 (77%) displayed moderate of strong oestrogenic activity, while this was the case with only six (21%) of the 29 patients with serous cystadenomas. These findings stress the importance of an abnormal oestrogenic activity, revealed by an elevated cytologic maturation index, as memento for the possibility of post-menopausal ovarian cystadenoma.", "PMID": 686640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7010", "title": "Treatment of premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix by means of moderate heat thermosurgery using the SEMM coagulator.", "content": "71 patients suffering from premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix and who were treated by the SEMM coagulator, is presented. The results are good, and at least equal to cryosurgery. The time of follow-up has been more than 2 years for 57 of the patients and more than 3 years for 39. Only in two cases has there been persistence or recurrence of suspicious cytology requiring new treatment, in one of them by conization and in the other by cryosurgery. One patient was hysterectomized for other reasons 2 years post-treatment, but no sign of persisting malignant or premalignant changes were found in the specimen. The method is judged to be a valuable alternative to conization and cryosurgery.", "contents": "Treatment of premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix by means of moderate heat thermosurgery using the SEMM coagulator. 71 patients suffering from premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix and who were treated by the SEMM coagulator, is presented. The results are good, and at least equal to cryosurgery. The time of follow-up has been more than 2 years for 57 of the patients and more than 3 years for 39. Only in two cases has there been persistence or recurrence of suspicious cytology requiring new treatment, in one of them by conization and in the other by cryosurgery. One patient was hysterectomized for other reasons 2 years post-treatment, but no sign of persisting malignant or premalignant changes were found in the specimen. The method is judged to be a valuable alternative to conization and cryosurgery.", "PMID": 686641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7011", "title": "The development of \"stagnant loop\" syndrome following surgery for peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "Although gastric resection may cause a variety of functional gastrointestinal disorders, malabsorption is rare. When such a disturbance occurs other complicating factors are mostly involved. Two patients who developed a severe malabsorption after partial gastric resection are presented. They both had the prerequisites for intestinal stasis--one had small bowel diverticula and the other a \"blind loop\" after previous surgery. Their malabsorption was cured by surgical correction of stasis.", "contents": "The development of \"stagnant loop\" syndrome following surgery for peptic ulcer disease. Although gastric resection may cause a variety of functional gastrointestinal disorders, malabsorption is rare. When such a disturbance occurs other complicating factors are mostly involved. Two patients who developed a severe malabsorption after partial gastric resection are presented. They both had the prerequisites for intestinal stasis--one had small bowel diverticula and the other a \"blind loop\" after previous surgery. Their malabsorption was cured by surgical correction of stasis.", "PMID": 686642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7012", "title": "The excretion of trace metals in human sweat.", "content": "The concentrations of zinc, copper, iron, nickel, cadmium, lead, manganese, sodium and chloride in the sweat of six males and three females were determined after collections utilizing a total body washdown technique. From our results, sweat appears to be an important excretory pathway for zinc and copper. The mean concentrations of nickel and cadmium in sweat were higher than those reported for urine, that of lead was similar to urine. The loss of manganese in sweat is significant. Levels of zinc and iron were lower in sweat from females, possibly reflecting compensation for menstrual and other losses. Collections were made in six subjects simultaneously utilizing a total body washdown method and collections from one arm in an occlusive arm-bag. The arm-bag collection method gave higher and more variable results and is not recommended as an indicator of loss from the entire skin surface.", "contents": "The excretion of trace metals in human sweat. The concentrations of zinc, copper, iron, nickel, cadmium, lead, manganese, sodium and chloride in the sweat of six males and three females were determined after collections utilizing a total body washdown technique. From our results, sweat appears to be an important excretory pathway for zinc and copper. The mean concentrations of nickel and cadmium in sweat were higher than those reported for urine, that of lead was similar to urine. The loss of manganese in sweat is significant. Levels of zinc and iron were lower in sweat from females, possibly reflecting compensation for menstrual and other losses. Collections were made in six subjects simultaneously utilizing a total body washdown method and collections from one arm in an occlusive arm-bag. The arm-bag collection method gave higher and more variable results and is not recommended as an indicator of loss from the entire skin surface.", "PMID": 686643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7013", "title": "Plasma steroid dynamics in Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "The dynamics of five plasma steroids were studied by CPB and RIA in twenty patients with Cushing's syndrome of differing etiologies: pituitary induced adrenal hyperplasia (10), recurrence after adrenal surgery or pituitary irradiation (4), adrenal carcinoma (4) and adrenal adenoma (2). Basal mean values of plasma steroids, showed increase of cortisol in hyperplasia and cancer groups, increase of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH-P) in recurrence and cancer groups and decrease of testosterone in male patients. In hyperplasia, the changes in 11-desoxycortisol and 17-OH-P (respectively by CPB assay and RIA after LH-20-Sephadex separation) were the reverse of those for cortisol 2 h and 24 h after metyrapone administration. Adrenalectomy determined in all but one patients, significant decrease of cortisol and in male patients, parallel gradual increase of testosterone.", "contents": "Plasma steroid dynamics in Cushing's syndrome. The dynamics of five plasma steroids were studied by CPB and RIA in twenty patients with Cushing's syndrome of differing etiologies: pituitary induced adrenal hyperplasia (10), recurrence after adrenal surgery or pituitary irradiation (4), adrenal carcinoma (4) and adrenal adenoma (2). Basal mean values of plasma steroids, showed increase of cortisol in hyperplasia and cancer groups, increase of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH-P) in recurrence and cancer groups and decrease of testosterone in male patients. In hyperplasia, the changes in 11-desoxycortisol and 17-OH-P (respectively by CPB assay and RIA after LH-20-Sephadex separation) were the reverse of those for cortisol 2 h and 24 h after metyrapone administration. Adrenalectomy determined in all but one patients, significant decrease of cortisol and in male patients, parallel gradual increase of testosterone.", "PMID": 686649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7014", "title": "Thyroglobulin complementary DNA as a means to investigate congenital goiters with impaired thyroglobulin synthesis.", "content": "A congenital goiter with impaired thyroglobulin synthesis has been investigated for the presence of messenger RNA coding for thyroglobulin. Using complementary DNA to beef 33 S thyroglobulin mRNA as a probe, we have found that thyroglobulin related sequences are present in the goiter but at a concentration lower than in normal human thyroids. We conclude that the disease is not due to a complete deletion of thyroglobulin gene.", "contents": "Thyroglobulin complementary DNA as a means to investigate congenital goiters with impaired thyroglobulin synthesis. A congenital goiter with impaired thyroglobulin synthesis has been investigated for the presence of messenger RNA coding for thyroglobulin. Using complementary DNA to beef 33 S thyroglobulin mRNA as a probe, we have found that thyroglobulin related sequences are present in the goiter but at a concentration lower than in normal human thyroids. We conclude that the disease is not due to a complete deletion of thyroglobulin gene.", "PMID": 686650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7015", "title": "Hereditary disorders of albumin synthesis.", "content": "Albumin, the major serum protein, is considered to be responsible for maintenance of normal serum colloid osmotic pressure, transport of certain hormones and maintaining an endogenous source of amino acids. The acute loss of albumin in the nephrotic syndrome leads to severe generalized peripheral edema and difficulties in maintenance of normal blood pressure as well as hypocalcemia. Yet, there are now 14 reported cases of congenital analbuminemia in which serum albumin is absent or greatly reduced without clinical evidence of edema, decreased hormone levels or abnormal amino acid requirements. These \"experiments of nature\" are reviewed in detail comparing clinical and laboratory findings in these patients with the postulated effects of a low serum albumin level.", "contents": "Hereditary disorders of albumin synthesis. Albumin, the major serum protein, is considered to be responsible for maintenance of normal serum colloid osmotic pressure, transport of certain hormones and maintaining an endogenous source of amino acids. The acute loss of albumin in the nephrotic syndrome leads to severe generalized peripheral edema and difficulties in maintenance of normal blood pressure as well as hypocalcemia. Yet, there are now 14 reported cases of congenital analbuminemia in which serum albumin is absent or greatly reduced without clinical evidence of edema, decreased hormone levels or abnormal amino acid requirements. These \"experiments of nature\" are reviewed in detail comparing clinical and laboratory findings in these patients with the postulated effects of a low serum albumin level.", "PMID": 686645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7016", "title": "The hypogammaglobulinemias.", "content": "The immunoglobulin system initially evolved as a defense system to maintain genetic stability during evolution. Studies in the past two decades have resulted in the elucidation of immunoglobulin structure and the definition of their chemical composition. Disorders of immunoglobulin production have led to an enhanced understanding of the functional aspects of immunoglobulin chemistry. The recognition of these disorders has enhanced our knowledge of antibody specificity and led to the development of immunochemical techniques such as radioimmunoassay as well as the development of techniques of transplantation and immune reconstitution in man.", "contents": "The hypogammaglobulinemias. The immunoglobulin system initially evolved as a defense system to maintain genetic stability during evolution. Studies in the past two decades have resulted in the elucidation of immunoglobulin structure and the definition of their chemical composition. Disorders of immunoglobulin production have led to an enhanced understanding of the functional aspects of immunoglobulin chemistry. The recognition of these disorders has enhanced our knowledge of antibody specificity and led to the development of immunochemical techniques such as radioimmunoassay as well as the development of techniques of transplantation and immune reconstitution in man.", "PMID": 686644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7017", "title": "[Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of hyperactive thyroid cells: hormonal secretion is independent of apical phagocytosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyperactive thyroid are obtained by daily injections of TSH 15 I.U. I.M. in dogs for 8 days. The high secretion rate of butanol-extractible iodide (BE125I) in vitro by prelabelled slices is not related to apical phagocytosis (lack of apical pseudopods and intracellular colloid droplets, insensitivity to cytochalasin, vinblastine, vincristine and colchicine). The secretory process is insensitive to metabolic inhibitors, decreases exponentially with the temperature without step transition and could be related to micropinocytosis.", "contents": "[Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of hyperactive thyroid cells: hormonal secretion is independent of apical phagocytosis (author's transl)]. Hyperactive thyroid are obtained by daily injections of TSH 15 I.U. I.M. in dogs for 8 days. The high secretion rate of butanol-extractible iodide (BE125I) in vitro by prelabelled slices is not related to apical phagocytosis (lack of apical pseudopods and intracellular colloid droplets, insensitivity to cytochalasin, vinblastine, vincristine and colchicine). The secretory process is insensitive to metabolic inhibitors, decreases exponentially with the temperature without step transition and could be related to micropinocytosis.", "PMID": 686651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7018", "title": "Renal handling of proteins and peptides.", "content": "The kidney plays an important role in the metabolism of proteins and peptides. Current evidence indicates that only the proximal tubule possesses the mechanisms for absorption, transport and/or degradation of these substances. Large proteins and polypeptide molecules filtered by the glomerulus, are absorbed from proximal tubular fluid by luminal endocytosis into apical vacuoles which fuse with primary lysosomes where hydrolysis occurs followed by diffusion of metabolites out of the cells and into the blood. Recent evidence indicates that small peptides are handled by a different mechanism. It appears that small peptides are degraded at the luminal surface of the brush-border of proximal tubules, which contains many hydrolytic enzymes, by the process of membrane or contact digestion with reabsorption of the breakdown products. Proximal tubular mechanisms for handling of proteins and peptides are probably important biologically to conserve amino acids, inactive toxic substances and help regulate the circulating level of protein and peptide hormones.", "contents": "Renal handling of proteins and peptides. The kidney plays an important role in the metabolism of proteins and peptides. Current evidence indicates that only the proximal tubule possesses the mechanisms for absorption, transport and/or degradation of these substances. Large proteins and polypeptide molecules filtered by the glomerulus, are absorbed from proximal tubular fluid by luminal endocytosis into apical vacuoles which fuse with primary lysosomes where hydrolysis occurs followed by diffusion of metabolites out of the cells and into the blood. Recent evidence indicates that small peptides are handled by a different mechanism. It appears that small peptides are degraded at the luminal surface of the brush-border of proximal tubules, which contains many hydrolytic enzymes, by the process of membrane or contact digestion with reabsorption of the breakdown products. Proximal tubular mechanisms for handling of proteins and peptides are probably important biologically to conserve amino acids, inactive toxic substances and help regulate the circulating level of protein and peptide hormones.", "PMID": 686646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7019", "title": "[Sialic acid content of human thyroglobulins iodinated at different levels (author's transl)].", "content": "Sialic acid and iodine content were measured on 53 thyroglobulins from normal and pathological tissues. Sialic acid is significantly decreased in isolated cold nodules, and highly reduced in hot nodules and toxic adenomas. In these pathological situations, sialic acid defect could interfere with the iodination of the molecule.", "contents": "[Sialic acid content of human thyroglobulins iodinated at different levels (author's transl)]. Sialic acid and iodine content were measured on 53 thyroglobulins from normal and pathological tissues. Sialic acid is significantly decreased in isolated cold nodules, and highly reduced in hot nodules and toxic adenomas. In these pathological situations, sialic acid defect could interfere with the iodination of the molecule.", "PMID": 686652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7020", "title": "Role of metallothioneins in copper transport in patients with Menkes syndrome.", "content": "Fibroblasts from infants with Menkes kinky hair syndrome, which accumulate excessive quantities of copper, are thought to represent a disorder of copper storage or transport. Because of this abnormality, it was thought that they might provide a useful system for investigation of the presumed storage or transport protein metallothionein. Data are presented which are consistent with defective copper efflux from the mutant cells. Because of the more specific role of metallothionein in cadmium detoxification, studies of cadmium metabolism were undertaken which demonstrated abnormal cadmium retention and metallothionein induction in the mutant cells. The association, therefore, of a defect of cadmium metabolism and storage with an abnormality of copper efflux provides evidence implicating metallothionein in copper transport for fibroblasts.", "contents": "Role of metallothioneins in copper transport in patients with Menkes syndrome. Fibroblasts from infants with Menkes kinky hair syndrome, which accumulate excessive quantities of copper, are thought to represent a disorder of copper storage or transport. Because of this abnormality, it was thought that they might provide a useful system for investigation of the presumed storage or transport protein metallothionein. Data are presented which are consistent with defective copper efflux from the mutant cells. Because of the more specific role of metallothionein in cadmium detoxification, studies of cadmium metabolism were undertaken which demonstrated abnormal cadmium retention and metallothionein induction in the mutant cells. The association, therefore, of a defect of cadmium metabolism and storage with an abnormality of copper efflux provides evidence implicating metallothionein in copper transport for fibroblasts.", "PMID": 686647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7021", "title": "[Amiodarone-induce \"low T3-syndrome\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Amiodarone induces in patients \"low T3-syndrome\" characterized by normal T4. T3 resin uptake and free T3, contrasting with low T3 and free T4 values, and enhanced concentration of r-T3.", "contents": "[Amiodarone-induce \"low T3-syndrome\" (author's transl)]. Amiodarone induces in patients \"low T3-syndrome\" characterized by normal T4. T3 resin uptake and free T3, contrasting with low T3 and free T4 values, and enhanced concentration of r-T3.", "PMID": 686653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7022", "title": "An automated bichromatic measurement of serum immunoglobulins.", "content": "A new, rapid, discrete sampling and automated bichromatic procedure for the measurement of various soluble antigen-antibody complexes of immunoglobulins is described. The incorporation of polymeric substances and salts into the reaction mixture has greatly increased the sensitivity, shortened the reaction time and decreased the cost of the tests. Statistical analyses of data from this method have shown them to correlate well with values obtained by a radial immunodiffusion procedure. The automated procedure is simple and specific, it can be run at a rate of 90 specimens an hour.", "contents": "An automated bichromatic measurement of serum immunoglobulins. A new, rapid, discrete sampling and automated bichromatic procedure for the measurement of various soluble antigen-antibody complexes of immunoglobulins is described. The incorporation of polymeric substances and salts into the reaction mixture has greatly increased the sensitivity, shortened the reaction time and decreased the cost of the tests. Statistical analyses of data from this method have shown them to correlate well with values obtained by a radial immunodiffusion procedure. The automated procedure is simple and specific, it can be run at a rate of 90 specimens an hour.", "PMID": 686648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7023", "title": "Unusual features of thyroid function in anterior pituitary failure.", "content": "Endocrinological studies have been performed in 40 cases of adult hypopituitarism. In 5 cases, unusual features of thyroid function were observed, characterized by the coexistence of low levels of circulating thyroid hormones with a normal thyroid uptake and in 4 cases, a significant secretion of TSH.", "contents": "Unusual features of thyroid function in anterior pituitary failure. Endocrinological studies have been performed in 40 cases of adult hypopituitarism. In 5 cases, unusual features of thyroid function were observed, characterized by the coexistence of low levels of circulating thyroid hormones with a normal thyroid uptake and in 4 cases, a significant secretion of TSH.", "PMID": 686654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7024", "title": "[Pathogenesis of endemic goiter: evidence of a dietary factor different from iodine deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of cassava was investigated in particularly severe endemic goiter area (Ubangi). Dietary intake of cassava induces an increase of plasma thiocyanate concentration and an increase of urinary excretion of stable iodine. Generalized iodine deficiency induces very high thyroid uptakes; the other parameters of thyroid function are more or less affected according to the dietary intake of thiocyanate. When thiocyanate intake is high an adaptation is obtained only at the expense of a drop of plasma T4 level and very high increase of plasma TSH.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of endemic goiter: evidence of a dietary factor different from iodine deficiency (author's transl)]. The role of cassava was investigated in particularly severe endemic goiter area (Ubangi). Dietary intake of cassava induces an increase of plasma thiocyanate concentration and an increase of urinary excretion of stable iodine. Generalized iodine deficiency induces very high thyroid uptakes; the other parameters of thyroid function are more or less affected according to the dietary intake of thiocyanate. When thiocyanate intake is high an adaptation is obtained only at the expense of a drop of plasma T4 level and very high increase of plasma TSH.", "PMID": 686655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7025", "title": "[Plasma oxytocin levels during lactation (author's transl)].", "content": "During suckling, endogenous plasma oxytocin levels were repeatedly determined by RIA. They showed rapid fluctuations varying from 10 to 129 muU/ml. This suggests spurt releases of ocytocin of an order of magnitude of 10 to 100 mU.", "contents": "[Plasma oxytocin levels during lactation (author's transl)]. During suckling, endogenous plasma oxytocin levels were repeatedly determined by RIA. They showed rapid fluctuations varying from 10 to 129 muU/ml. This suggests spurt releases of ocytocin of an order of magnitude of 10 to 100 mU.", "PMID": 686656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7026", "title": "[Lipidogen effect of sorbitol with saturated fat in the diet of the male rat (author's transl)].", "content": "In the male rat, sorbitol, beef fat nor M.C.T. in the diet provoke hypertriglyceridemia but the association sorbitol-beef fat and sorbitol-M.C.T. significantly rise the triglyceridemia and the cholesterolemia. In the castrated male rat estrogens provoke a considerable rise of the triglyceridemia and the cholesterolemia with the diet enriched in M.C.T. but not modify the hypertriglyceridemia and the hypercholesterolemia provoked with the diet enriched with the association sorbitol-T.C.M.", "contents": "[Lipidogen effect of sorbitol with saturated fat in the diet of the male rat (author's transl)]. In the male rat, sorbitol, beef fat nor M.C.T. in the diet provoke hypertriglyceridemia but the association sorbitol-beef fat and sorbitol-M.C.T. significantly rise the triglyceridemia and the cholesterolemia. In the castrated male rat estrogens provoke a considerable rise of the triglyceridemia and the cholesterolemia with the diet enriched in M.C.T. but not modify the hypertriglyceridemia and the hypercholesterolemia provoked with the diet enriched with the association sorbitol-T.C.M.", "PMID": 686657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7027", "title": "Metabolism of testosterone by isolated semiferous tubules and interstitial tissue of rat testes.", "content": "In prepubertal rat testes the main metabolisation of testosterone, which consists in 5alpha-reduction, is located predominantly in the Leydig-cells and is low in the seminiferous tubules. In adult rats, this metabolisation pattern has shifted to increased 7alpha-hydroxylation which is located mainly in the Leydig-cells, while 5alpha-reduction is performed in the seminiferous tubules. After prolonged treatment with HCG the 7alpha-hydroxylase activity in the Leydig-cells is strongly depressed while the metabolism of the seminiferous tubules is not influenced.", "contents": "Metabolism of testosterone by isolated semiferous tubules and interstitial tissue of rat testes. In prepubertal rat testes the main metabolisation of testosterone, which consists in 5alpha-reduction, is located predominantly in the Leydig-cells and is low in the seminiferous tubules. In adult rats, this metabolisation pattern has shifted to increased 7alpha-hydroxylation which is located mainly in the Leydig-cells, while 5alpha-reduction is performed in the seminiferous tubules. After prolonged treatment with HCG the 7alpha-hydroxylase activity in the Leydig-cells is strongly depressed while the metabolism of the seminiferous tubules is not influenced.", "PMID": 686658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7028", "title": "Influence of prolonged HCG administration on testicular steroids of hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "Prolonged administration of HCG provokes both in normal and in hypophysectomized rats a shift of testosterone metabolism in incubated testes from predominating hydroxylation to reduction processes, indicating that this HCG effect can occur in the absence of the hypophysis.", "contents": "Influence of prolonged HCG administration on testicular steroids of hypophysectomized rats. Prolonged administration of HCG provokes both in normal and in hypophysectomized rats a shift of testosterone metabolism in incubated testes from predominating hydroxylation to reduction processes, indicating that this HCG effect can occur in the absence of the hypophysis.", "PMID": 686659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7029", "title": "Gastrin secretion in Addison's disease.", "content": "Out of a score of patients known as suffering from Addison's disease, tuberculosis was the cause in 7, and their serum fasting gastrin levels were normal, averaging 52 pg/ml. For the 14 remaining cases, with the auto-immune variety of the disease, there were high gastrin levels in 3; in 2 out the 11 others, with values within the normal range, there was total achlorhydria. Could it be that gastrin-secreting cells might occasionally be involved in auto-immune endocrine disorders?", "contents": "Gastrin secretion in Addison's disease. Out of a score of patients known as suffering from Addison's disease, tuberculosis was the cause in 7, and their serum fasting gastrin levels were normal, averaging 52 pg/ml. For the 14 remaining cases, with the auto-immune variety of the disease, there were high gastrin levels in 3; in 2 out the 11 others, with values within the normal range, there was total achlorhydria. Could it be that gastrin-secreting cells might occasionally be involved in auto-immune endocrine disorders?", "PMID": 686660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7030", "title": "[Serum thyroid hormones in hyperthyroid patients treated with carbimazole (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotropin (T.S.H.) were measured in 32 hyperthyroid patients treated with carbimazole. A discrepancy between serum T4 AND T3 was present in 73 of 131 measurements: --normal T3 with increased T4 in 6 measurements; --increased T3 with normal T4 in 16 measurements: five times only there was a clinical hyperthyroidism; --normal T3 with decreased T4 in 49 measurements: three times only there was a clinical hypothyroidism. Serum T.S.H. level was increased in 13 of 19 measurements made in this group, state named \"compensated hypothyroidism\" according to Patel and Burger.", "contents": "[Serum thyroid hormones in hyperthyroid patients treated with carbimazole (author's transl)]. Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotropin (T.S.H.) were measured in 32 hyperthyroid patients treated with carbimazole. A discrepancy between serum T4 AND T3 was present in 73 of 131 measurements: --normal T3 with increased T4 in 6 measurements; --increased T3 with normal T4 in 16 measurements: five times only there was a clinical hyperthyroidism; --normal T3 with decreased T4 in 49 measurements: three times only there was a clinical hypothyroidism. Serum T.S.H. level was increased in 13 of 19 measurements made in this group, state named \"compensated hypothyroidism\" according to Patel and Burger.", "PMID": 686661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7031", "title": "Variations in the lung size of children in Papua New Guinea: genetic and environmental factors.", "content": "In Papua New Guinea, rural village children of both sexes living in the highlands (1500--2000 m) were found to have mean values of forced vital capacity 27 per cent greater than children at sea level. Urban children with an apparently lower level of habitual activity had a lung size similar to that of rural children living at the same altitude. In a number of healthy children of coastal parents reared in the highlands and of highland parents reared on the coast, the size of the lung was, in general, appropriate for the altitude rather than for the parentage. These findings suggest that the highland--coastal difference is probably environmental rather than genetic in origin.", "contents": "Variations in the lung size of children in Papua New Guinea: genetic and environmental factors. In Papua New Guinea, rural village children of both sexes living in the highlands (1500--2000 m) were found to have mean values of forced vital capacity 27 per cent greater than children at sea level. Urban children with an apparently lower level of habitual activity had a lung size similar to that of rural children living at the same altitude. In a number of healthy children of coastal parents reared in the highlands and of highland parents reared on the coast, the size of the lung was, in general, appropriate for the altitude rather than for the parentage. These findings suggest that the highland--coastal difference is probably environmental rather than genetic in origin.", "PMID": 686662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7032", "title": "Body size and form of children of predominantly black ancestry living in West and Central Africa, North and South America, and the West Indies.", "content": "Stature, sitting height, hip width, arm and calf circumferences and body weight have been measured in black children of Richland County, South Carolina. Lower limb height and three indices of body shape were obtained from the measurements. Sample size exceeded 200 for each of five age-sex groups representing girls and boys aged 6 years, girls and boys aged 9 years, and boys aged 11 years. Comparisons are made with findings from previous research on children of predominantly black ancestry living in west and central Africa, the West Indies, and North, Central and South America. Black children of Richland County measured during 1974--77 are taller than black children studied since 1960 in Angola, Chad, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Uganda, Anguilla, Barbados, Cuba, Guyana, Jamaica, Nevis, St. Kitts, St. Vincent, and Surinam. Children of well-to-do black families in Accra and Ibadan are no taller or heavier than black children of Richland County taken without regard to socio-economic status. In hip width, averages for Richland County black children are larger than those for children of the Hutu and Yoruba tribes; in arm girth they are larger than children of the Hutu and Tutsi tribes. Age changes and group differences are reported for hip width relative to lower limb height, and lower limb height relative to sitting height. During childhood, the hip/lower limb index decreases, and the lower limb/sitting height index increases. Almost identical hip/lower limb indices characterize black populations in Africa, Cuba, and the United States.", "contents": "Body size and form of children of predominantly black ancestry living in West and Central Africa, North and South America, and the West Indies. Stature, sitting height, hip width, arm and calf circumferences and body weight have been measured in black children of Richland County, South Carolina. Lower limb height and three indices of body shape were obtained from the measurements. Sample size exceeded 200 for each of five age-sex groups representing girls and boys aged 6 years, girls and boys aged 9 years, and boys aged 11 years. Comparisons are made with findings from previous research on children of predominantly black ancestry living in west and central Africa, the West Indies, and North, Central and South America. Black children of Richland County measured during 1974--77 are taller than black children studied since 1960 in Angola, Chad, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Uganda, Anguilla, Barbados, Cuba, Guyana, Jamaica, Nevis, St. Kitts, St. Vincent, and Surinam. Children of well-to-do black families in Accra and Ibadan are no taller or heavier than black children of Richland County taken without regard to socio-economic status. In hip width, averages for Richland County black children are larger than those for children of the Hutu and Yoruba tribes; in arm girth they are larger than children of the Hutu and Tutsi tribes. Age changes and group differences are reported for hip width relative to lower limb height, and lower limb height relative to sitting height. During childhood, the hip/lower limb index decreases, and the lower limb/sitting height index increases. Almost identical hip/lower limb indices characterize black populations in Africa, Cuba, and the United States.", "PMID": 686664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7033", "title": "Handedness, hand-clasping and arm-folding in Israeli males.", "content": "Comparative analysis of handedness, hand-clasping and arm-folding frequencies in four groups of adult Israel Jewish males of East European origin (N=562), Central European origin (N=165), Middle Eastern origin (N=191), and North African origin (N=163), indicates a significant similarity between the groups. A high percentage of left-handed individuals was observed in all groups except the Middle Eastern one. Right-hand clasping and left arm-folding predominated in all but the Central European group in which left hand-clasping predominated. When a comparison is made between individuals born in Eastern Europe and those born in Israel to parents of East European origin, the frequency of left handedness was considerably higher among the latter. This may be attributed to an inhibitory effect of the educational system on the expression of sinistrality in the first sub-group. Relationships between handedness and hand-clasping and between hand-clasping and arm-folding was also observed.", "contents": "Handedness, hand-clasping and arm-folding in Israeli males. Comparative analysis of handedness, hand-clasping and arm-folding frequencies in four groups of adult Israel Jewish males of East European origin (N=562), Central European origin (N=165), Middle Eastern origin (N=191), and North African origin (N=163), indicates a significant similarity between the groups. A high percentage of left-handed individuals was observed in all groups except the Middle Eastern one. Right-hand clasping and left arm-folding predominated in all but the Central European group in which left hand-clasping predominated. When a comparison is made between individuals born in Eastern Europe and those born in Israel to parents of East European origin, the frequency of left handedness was considerably higher among the latter. This may be attributed to an inhibitory effect of the educational system on the expression of sinistrality in the first sub-group. Relationships between handedness and hand-clasping and between hand-clasping and arm-folding was also observed.", "PMID": 686665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7034", "title": "Growth of schoolchildren with early, average and late ages of peak height velocity.", "content": "A sample of Swedish urban schoolchildren (357 girls, 373 boys) born in 1954/55 followed from 10 to 18 years were grouped according to peak height velocity age (PHV age) into early, average and late maturers. Mean heights differed between the maturity groups at ages from 10.0 to 14.0 years for girls and 10.5 to 17.0 years for boys. Mean weights differed between the maturity groups at all ages up to 16.0 years for girls and up to 18.0 years for boys. The earlier the maturity process, the heavier for given height. The time differences between peak weight velocity (PWV) and PHV significantly differed between early, average and late maturers amounting to 0.9, 0.5 and 0.2 years respectively for girls and 0.6, 0.3 and -0.1 years respectively for boys. The time difference between menarche and PWV did not differ between the maturity groups and amounted to about 0.6 +/- 0.05 years (SD = 0.9). For boys a similar lack of difference between maturity groups was obtained concerning the time difference between secondary sex characteristics; stage 4 (SSC IV) and PWV. Mean height and weight for girls and boys differed between the maturity groups at PHV but not at PWV, menarche or SCC IV.", "contents": "Growth of schoolchildren with early, average and late ages of peak height velocity. A sample of Swedish urban schoolchildren (357 girls, 373 boys) born in 1954/55 followed from 10 to 18 years were grouped according to peak height velocity age (PHV age) into early, average and late maturers. Mean heights differed between the maturity groups at ages from 10.0 to 14.0 years for girls and 10.5 to 17.0 years for boys. Mean weights differed between the maturity groups at all ages up to 16.0 years for girls and up to 18.0 years for boys. The earlier the maturity process, the heavier for given height. The time differences between peak weight velocity (PWV) and PHV significantly differed between early, average and late maturers amounting to 0.9, 0.5 and 0.2 years respectively for girls and 0.6, 0.3 and -0.1 years respectively for boys. The time difference between menarche and PWV did not differ between the maturity groups and amounted to about 0.6 +/- 0.05 years (SD = 0.9). For boys a similar lack of difference between maturity groups was obtained concerning the time difference between secondary sex characteristics; stage 4 (SSC IV) and PWV. Mean height and weight for girls and boys differed between the maturity groups at PHV but not at PWV, menarche or SCC IV.", "PMID": 686666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7035", "title": "The hypothenar radial arch and parathenar loop in palmar dermal topology: sex, bimanual and regional variation in samples from the British Isles.", "content": "Consideration is given to the regular recording of parathenar distal loops (Pa) and hypothenar radial arches (Ar) in palmar dermal topology. Frequencies are given for four British populations (the North Pennine Dales, the Mid Welsh Borderland, Pembrokeshire and Ireland) and regional variation noted together with sex and bimanual differences. Both Pa and Ar occur infrequently in normal populations, generally in less than 5% of individuals, Pa significantly less than Ar. Both attributes are similar in that they are significantly more common on right than left hands and in females than males. Three out of twelve comparisons between the North Pennine Dales, Welsh Borderland and Pembrokeshire data attained formal significance, in each case in the males. The former two regions were distinguished for both Pa and Ar; the latter two for Ar. This is more than expected by chance at the 5% level.", "contents": "The hypothenar radial arch and parathenar loop in palmar dermal topology: sex, bimanual and regional variation in samples from the British Isles. Consideration is given to the regular recording of parathenar distal loops (Pa) and hypothenar radial arches (Ar) in palmar dermal topology. Frequencies are given for four British populations (the North Pennine Dales, the Mid Welsh Borderland, Pembrokeshire and Ireland) and regional variation noted together with sex and bimanual differences. Both Pa and Ar occur infrequently in normal populations, generally in less than 5% of individuals, Pa significantly less than Ar. Both attributes are similar in that they are significantly more common on right than left hands and in females than males. Three out of twelve comparisons between the North Pennine Dales, Welsh Borderland and Pembrokeshire data attained formal significance, in each case in the males. The former two regions were distinguished for both Pa and Ar; the latter two for Ar. This is more than expected by chance at the 5% level.", "PMID": 686667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7036", "title": "The esterase D polymorphism in patients with diabetes or carcinoma of the bladder and a matched sample of non-donor controls.", "content": "Results are reported for the Esterase D polymorphism in a sample of the general population from the Durham area. Gene frequencies agree well with those previously reported from the north of England. No differences are revealed when the sample is subdivided on the basis of age. No significant differences are observed between this sample and two disease series from the same region, one with diabetes, the other with carcinoma of the bladder. This holds true when the disease groups are considered with regard to current age, age at diagnosis, and in the case of the diabetic, current treatment.", "contents": "The esterase D polymorphism in patients with diabetes or carcinoma of the bladder and a matched sample of non-donor controls. Results are reported for the Esterase D polymorphism in a sample of the general population from the Durham area. Gene frequencies agree well with those previously reported from the north of England. No differences are revealed when the sample is subdivided on the basis of age. No significant differences are observed between this sample and two disease series from the same region, one with diabetes, the other with carcinoma of the bladder. This holds true when the disease groups are considered with regard to current age, age at diagnosis, and in the case of the diabetic, current treatment.", "PMID": 686669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7037", "title": "Variation in blood pressure in a New Guinea population.", "content": "The contributions of age and anthropometric, biochemical and socio-economic variables to blood pressure variation in the population of Karkar Island, Papua New Guinea are examined. Blood pressure does not change with age in males; in females there is a decline from ages 21 to 40 and an increase (in systolic pressure) thereafter. Body weight and skinfold thicknesses decline with age in females; arm circumferences decline in both sexes. There were no age effects on serum cholesterol or serum sodium. Variation in ponderal index and subcutaneous fat contribute to variation in blood pressure. The correlations of blood pressure with physique are more important in males and the particular variables concerned suggest a nutritional basis. The socio-economic variables examined showed little variation and this was not associated with variation in blood pressure.", "contents": "Variation in blood pressure in a New Guinea population. The contributions of age and anthropometric, biochemical and socio-economic variables to blood pressure variation in the population of Karkar Island, Papua New Guinea are examined. Blood pressure does not change with age in males; in females there is a decline from ages 21 to 40 and an increase (in systolic pressure) thereafter. Body weight and skinfold thicknesses decline with age in females; arm circumferences decline in both sexes. There were no age effects on serum cholesterol or serum sodium. Variation in ponderal index and subcutaneous fat contribute to variation in blood pressure. The correlations of blood pressure with physique are more important in males and the particular variables concerned suggest a nutritional basis. The socio-economic variables examined showed little variation and this was not associated with variation in blood pressure.", "PMID": 686671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7038", "title": "A multinational Andean genetic and health program: growth and development in an hypoxic environment.", "content": "In 1972 a multidisciplinary study sought to assess the health status of the indigenous peoples of the Department of Arica in northern Chile, the Aymara, and to relate disease, morphological, physiological and biochemical variation, to the wide changes in altitude of the region. Presented here are the morphological changes which accompany age, altitude and ethnicity amoung 1047 children and adults, permanent residents of the coast, sierra and altiplano. At comparable ages, high-altitude residents were shorter, lighter and leaner but with more expansive and rounder chests than sea-level controls. None of these effects was systematically related to ethnicity (Spanish-Aymara surname), although when stature was held constant, children with greater Aymara ancestry had largest chest circumferences and longer bones. These results suggest that (1) altitude confers allometric growth changes (expensive growth of the chest and diminished growth of the structures less related to oxygen transport); and (2) size changes associated with altitude are acquired during development while shape changes may be under genetic control. Altitude appears to account for less of the variation in growth in this relatively homogeneous Chilean sample than has been reported for other Andean samples, suggesting other concomitants confounding the effects of hypoxia in Andean South America.", "contents": "A multinational Andean genetic and health program: growth and development in an hypoxic environment. In 1972 a multidisciplinary study sought to assess the health status of the indigenous peoples of the Department of Arica in northern Chile, the Aymara, and to relate disease, morphological, physiological and biochemical variation, to the wide changes in altitude of the region. Presented here are the morphological changes which accompany age, altitude and ethnicity amoung 1047 children and adults, permanent residents of the coast, sierra and altiplano. At comparable ages, high-altitude residents were shorter, lighter and leaner but with more expansive and rounder chests than sea-level controls. None of these effects was systematically related to ethnicity (Spanish-Aymara surname), although when stature was held constant, children with greater Aymara ancestry had largest chest circumferences and longer bones. These results suggest that (1) altitude confers allometric growth changes (expensive growth of the chest and diminished growth of the structures less related to oxygen transport); and (2) size changes associated with altitude are acquired during development while shape changes may be under genetic control. Altitude appears to account for less of the variation in growth in this relatively homogeneous Chilean sample than has been reported for other Andean samples, suggesting other concomitants confounding the effects of hypoxia in Andean South America.", "PMID": 686672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7039", "title": "The effects of sex, birthweight, birth order and maternal age on infant mortality in a Nigerian community.", "content": "Corrected registration returns in a rural area of Nigeria show that the average infant mortality rate during one five year period was 88.2 per 1000 per annum. The rate was 89.4 per 1000 for females, which did not differ significantly from that of 87.0 per 1000 for males. There were significant variations in the rates by maternal age and by birth order. Forty-two per cent of the infant deaths were of low birth-weight, the mortality rate among this group being approximately six times as high as for those with greater weights.", "contents": "The effects of sex, birthweight, birth order and maternal age on infant mortality in a Nigerian community. Corrected registration returns in a rural area of Nigeria show that the average infant mortality rate during one five year period was 88.2 per 1000 per annum. The rate was 89.4 per 1000 for females, which did not differ significantly from that of 87.0 per 1000 for males. There were significant variations in the rates by maternal age and by birth order. Forty-two per cent of the infant deaths were of low birth-weight, the mortality rate among this group being approximately six times as high as for those with greater weights.", "PMID": 686673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7040", "title": "A study of phenotypic arrays derived from seven genetic systems in an Australian population sample.", "content": "The phenotypic arrays for seven erythrocyte antigenic systems of a sample of the Melbourne population were found to be distributed according to Zipf's Law. A simple model of heterozygote selective advantage was unable to account for the excess of observed frequencies of arrays over those expected under the random-mating hypothesis. Persons with (ccDEe, MMss) were over-represented and those with (A1, MNSs P1--) were under-represented in the sample.", "contents": "A study of phenotypic arrays derived from seven genetic systems in an Australian population sample. The phenotypic arrays for seven erythrocyte antigenic systems of a sample of the Melbourne population were found to be distributed according to Zipf's Law. A simple model of heterozygote selective advantage was unable to account for the excess of observed frequencies of arrays over those expected under the random-mating hypothesis. Persons with (ccDEe, MMss) were over-represented and those with (A1, MNSs P1--) were under-represented in the sample.", "PMID": 686674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7041", "title": "A critical analysis of the double and triple logistic growth curves.", "content": "Recently a model of human growth from the age of one year to maturity, based on two logistic terms, has been proposed. The originators of the model claim that it provides biologically meaningful parameters, and allows total growth to be partitioned into a pre-pubertal and an adolescent component. More recently, they have suggested an improved model, with three logistic terms, which gives a better fit. While the double logistic model gives an adequate fit to the observed height curve, differentiating it leads to a height velocity curve which differs considerably from the observed velocity curve. The triple logistic model gives an excellent fit to both the attained height and height velocity curves. Both models, however, imply a considerable time interval during which both the pre-pubertal and adolescent components are simultaneously contributing to growth, a situation that is difficult to justify biologically. The double model should therefore be discarded, and the triple logistic model considered to be of descriptive, rather than of interpretative, value.", "contents": "A critical analysis of the double and triple logistic growth curves. Recently a model of human growth from the age of one year to maturity, based on two logistic terms, has been proposed. The originators of the model claim that it provides biologically meaningful parameters, and allows total growth to be partitioned into a pre-pubertal and an adolescent component. More recently, they have suggested an improved model, with three logistic terms, which gives a better fit. While the double logistic model gives an adequate fit to the observed height curve, differentiating it leads to a height velocity curve which differs considerably from the observed velocity curve. The triple logistic model gives an excellent fit to both the attained height and height velocity curves. Both models, however, imply a considerable time interval during which both the pre-pubertal and adolescent components are simultaneously contributing to growth, a situation that is difficult to justify biologically. The double model should therefore be discarded, and the triple logistic model considered to be of descriptive, rather than of interpretative, value.", "PMID": 686675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7042", "title": "Transient environmental changes and age-limited genes as causes of variation in sib-sib and parent-offspring correlations.", "content": "Correlations between 116 adult siblings in soft tissue measurements (weight, muscle, fat) diminished with increasing age difference between members of a sibling pair. This did not occur for bone measurements. The estimated heritabilities of the latter are less likely to vary among samples drawn from different environments than are estimated heritabilities of soft tissue.", "contents": "Transient environmental changes and age-limited genes as causes of variation in sib-sib and parent-offspring correlations. Correlations between 116 adult siblings in soft tissue measurements (weight, muscle, fat) diminished with increasing age difference between members of a sibling pair. This did not occur for bone measurements. The estimated heritabilities of the latter are less likely to vary among samples drawn from different environments than are estimated heritabilities of soft tissue.", "PMID": 686676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7043", "title": "Differential inhibition of the products of the human alkaline phosphatase loci.", "content": "1. Inhibition studies have been carried out on a series of ALPs derived from liver, bone, kidney, placenta and intestine, using L-phenylalanine, L-homoarginine, L-leucine, L-leucyl-glycyl-glycine and L-phenylalanyl-glycyl-glycine as inhibitors. 2. No differences between liver, bone and kidney ALPs with any of the inhibitors were observed. 3. L-phenylalanine and L-homoarginine give a major degree of discrimination between liver/bone/kidney ALP on the one hand, and placental and intestinal ALPs on the other. L-leucyl-glycyl-glycine and L-phenylalanyl-glycyl-glycine give a major degree of discrimination between placental ALP on the one hand, and intestinal ALP and liver/bone/kidney ALP on the other. L-leucine discriminates between the three classes, but to a lesser degree. Minor degrees of discrimination between placental and intestinal ALPs occur with L-phenylalanine and L-homoarginine and between intestinal and liver/bone/kidney ALPs with L-leucyl-glycyl-glycine and L-phenylalanyl-glycyl-glycine. By using an appropriate combination of inhibitors the ALPs can be separated into three clearly distinct categories: placental, intestinal and liver/bone/kidney. 4. The six common placental ALP phenotypes as defined by electrophoresis show identical inhibition profiles with the series of inhibitors. The same profile was found for several rare electrophoretic variants. However, two rare electrophoretic variants (P-187 and P-92) each encountered once in a sample of 225 plancentae, showed significantly deviant inhibitions with the various inhibitors and also differed from each other. From the electrophoretic patterns, both of these rare phenotypes appear to be heterozygotes. P-187 probably corresponds to the so-called D-variant previously described. P-92 represents a new type of placental ALP variant with an aberrant inhibition profile. In both cases the particular rare allele concerned evidently alters the primary structure of the enzyme so that it has an altered electrophoretic mobility and also an altered sensitivity to inhibition for each of the different inhibitors. 5. Treatment of the various ALPs with neuraminidase to remove sialic acid residues does not affect their inhibition characteristics or activities.", "contents": "Differential inhibition of the products of the human alkaline phosphatase loci. 1. Inhibition studies have been carried out on a series of ALPs derived from liver, bone, kidney, placenta and intestine, using L-phenylalanine, L-homoarginine, L-leucine, L-leucyl-glycyl-glycine and L-phenylalanyl-glycyl-glycine as inhibitors. 2. No differences between liver, bone and kidney ALPs with any of the inhibitors were observed. 3. L-phenylalanine and L-homoarginine give a major degree of discrimination between liver/bone/kidney ALP on the one hand, and placental and intestinal ALPs on the other. L-leucyl-glycyl-glycine and L-phenylalanyl-glycyl-glycine give a major degree of discrimination between placental ALP on the one hand, and intestinal ALP and liver/bone/kidney ALP on the other. L-leucine discriminates between the three classes, but to a lesser degree. Minor degrees of discrimination between placental and intestinal ALPs occur with L-phenylalanine and L-homoarginine and between intestinal and liver/bone/kidney ALPs with L-leucyl-glycyl-glycine and L-phenylalanyl-glycyl-glycine. By using an appropriate combination of inhibitors the ALPs can be separated into three clearly distinct categories: placental, intestinal and liver/bone/kidney. 4. The six common placental ALP phenotypes as defined by electrophoresis show identical inhibition profiles with the series of inhibitors. The same profile was found for several rare electrophoretic variants. However, two rare electrophoretic variants (P-187 and P-92) each encountered once in a sample of 225 plancentae, showed significantly deviant inhibitions with the various inhibitors and also differed from each other. From the electrophoretic patterns, both of these rare phenotypes appear to be heterozygotes. P-187 probably corresponds to the so-called D-variant previously described. P-92 represents a new type of placental ALP variant with an aberrant inhibition profile. In both cases the particular rare allele concerned evidently alters the primary structure of the enzyme so that it has an altered electrophoretic mobility and also an altered sensitivity to inhibition for each of the different inhibitors. 5. Treatment of the various ALPs with neuraminidase to remove sialic acid residues does not affect their inhibition characteristics or activities.", "PMID": 686677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7044", "title": "Characteristics of simple sibship variance tests for the detection of major loci and application to height, weight and spatial performance.", "content": "Simple methods have been proposed as screening tests for major loci. These methods rely primarily upon the detection of differences in within sibship variances expected for segregating and non-segregating sibships when a major locus is present. In the present study, computer simulation was used to investigate power and robustness of the test statistics. Power of the analyses depends upon the specific major locus model, but, in general, their application is quite practical for small samples. The test statistics were shown to be sensitive to deviations from normality, but robust under the conditions of either a polygenic or environmental model. Application of the test procedures to sibship data from the Boulder Family Study led to significant results for a three-dimensional spatial rotation test, but results for height and weight were non-significant. The simplest interpretation of the results for the spatial performance test was in terms of a sex-linked major locus.", "contents": "Characteristics of simple sibship variance tests for the detection of major loci and application to height, weight and spatial performance. Simple methods have been proposed as screening tests for major loci. These methods rely primarily upon the detection of differences in within sibship variances expected for segregating and non-segregating sibships when a major locus is present. In the present study, computer simulation was used to investigate power and robustness of the test statistics. Power of the analyses depends upon the specific major locus model, but, in general, their application is quite practical for small samples. The test statistics were shown to be sensitive to deviations from normality, but robust under the conditions of either a polygenic or environmental model. Application of the test procedures to sibship data from the Boulder Family Study led to significant results for a three-dimensional spatial rotation test, but results for height and weight were non-significant. The simplest interpretation of the results for the spatial performance test was in terms of a sex-linked major locus.", "PMID": 686678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7045", "title": "Search for heterozygosis in quantitative characters.", "content": "A method is described of searching for heterozygotes in a quantitative character, based on the idea that heterozygotes have more variable children than homozygotes. The variability in a set of sibs is therefore partitioned into components from the mother and father, using a least squares technique; a large component indicates a probably heterozygous parent. The method is tried out on dermatoglyphic data.", "contents": "Search for heterozygosis in quantitative characters. A method is described of searching for heterozygotes in a quantitative character, based on the idea that heterozygotes have more variable children than homozygotes. The variability in a set of sibs is therefore partitioned into components from the mother and father, using a least squares technique; a large component indicates a probably heterozygous parent. The method is tried out on dermatoglyphic data.", "PMID": 686679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7046", "title": "A note on assortative mating, linkage and genotypic frequencies.", "content": "It is shown that in the equilibrium position with respect to the assortative mating process given by Fisher's (1918) model, the population is in linkage disequilibrium, contrary to a result given by Vetta (1975).", "contents": "A note on assortative mating, linkage and genotypic frequencies. It is shown that in the equilibrium position with respect to the assortative mating process given by Fisher's (1918) model, the population is in linkage disequilibrium, contrary to a result given by Vetta (1975).", "PMID": 686680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7047", "title": "The correlation between relatives with assortative mating.", "content": "The equilibrium correlation between various close relatives is calculated for phenotypic assortative mating for a character determined by additive loci without dominance and an uncorrelated environment. It is supposed that the phenotypes of spouses have a bivariate normal distribution and environment and heredity are normally distributed. Heredity is Gaussian if either there are many alleles with approximately normally distributed effects at each of an arbitrary number of loci or the trait is controlled by many loci, each of which makes only a small contribution. It is also assumed that the regression of the phenotype or genotype of an individual on the phenotype or genotype of any one of his relatives is linear. The results show that with the above assumptions Fisher's formulae for the correlation between relatives hold with no restrictions on the linkage map.", "contents": "The correlation between relatives with assortative mating. The equilibrium correlation between various close relatives is calculated for phenotypic assortative mating for a character determined by additive loci without dominance and an uncorrelated environment. It is supposed that the phenotypes of spouses have a bivariate normal distribution and environment and heredity are normally distributed. Heredity is Gaussian if either there are many alleles with approximately normally distributed effects at each of an arbitrary number of loci or the trait is controlled by many loci, each of which makes only a small contribution. It is also assumed that the regression of the phenotype or genotype of an individual on the phenotype or genotype of any one of his relatives is linear. The results show that with the above assumptions Fisher's formulae for the correlation between relatives hold with no restrictions on the linkage map.", "PMID": 686681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7048", "title": "Heritability of stature in a West African population.", "content": "Heritability of stature in a West African population is calculated from longitudinal data collected over 26 years. Statistical and analytical difficulties encountered in the study include those due to variation in stature with age, sex, recording and measuring, variation in number of offspring, variation in number of spouses, and heterogeneity of within-sibship variances. The structure of the population allows a half-sib analysis which is particularly useful in interpretation of the intrafamilial correlations and regressions. The heritability estimate of 0.6 appears lower than that from studies in European populations. The environmental contribution to the stature variance is pronounced, but is not unexpected in the light of the rigours of the traditional way of life in West African surroundings.", "contents": "Heritability of stature in a West African population. Heritability of stature in a West African population is calculated from longitudinal data collected over 26 years. Statistical and analytical difficulties encountered in the study include those due to variation in stature with age, sex, recording and measuring, variation in number of offspring, variation in number of spouses, and heterogeneity of within-sibship variances. The structure of the population allows a half-sib analysis which is particularly useful in interpretation of the intrafamilial correlations and regressions. The heritability estimate of 0.6 appears lower than that from studies in European populations. The environmental contribution to the stature variance is pronounced, but is not unexpected in the light of the rigours of the traditional way of life in West African surroundings.", "PMID": 686682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7049", "title": "Diabetes mellitus among first- and second-degree relatives of early onset diabetics.", "content": "This study is based on a material consisting of all first-degree relatives and a group of second-degree relatives (all nieces and nephews) of 187 propositi affected by early onset (i.e. at or prior to 20 years of age) diabetes mellitus, diagnosed before 1946. The incidence of diabetes among the different groups of relatives is expressed as the risk of developing the disease at specified ages. It is concluded that the risk of siblings or children of early-onset diabetics developing the same disease is about ten times that of a normal population chosen for comparison, whereas the risk of siblings developing diabetes later in life does not differ from this normal population. On the basis of the data presented here, combined with reanalyses of previously published data from other authors, it is concluded that early onset and late onset diabetes cannot have an identical genetic background.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus among first- and second-degree relatives of early onset diabetics. This study is based on a material consisting of all first-degree relatives and a group of second-degree relatives (all nieces and nephews) of 187 propositi affected by early onset (i.e. at or prior to 20 years of age) diabetes mellitus, diagnosed before 1946. The incidence of diabetes among the different groups of relatives is expressed as the risk of developing the disease at specified ages. It is concluded that the risk of siblings or children of early-onset diabetics developing the same disease is about ten times that of a normal population chosen for comparison, whereas the risk of siblings developing diabetes later in life does not differ from this normal population. On the basis of the data presented here, combined with reanalyses of previously published data from other authors, it is concluded that early onset and late onset diabetes cannot have an identical genetic background.", "PMID": 686683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7050", "title": "The origin of human triploids.", "content": "A series of 26 triploid foetuses was ascertained in a survey of spontaneous abortuses and the origin of the additional haploid complement determined in 21 of them by the study of foetal and parental heteromorphisms. In 17 the additional haploid set was paternal in origin, in 3 it was maternal in origin and in one the parental origin could not be determined. The best fit for the data using a maximum-likelihood method was that 66.4% of the triploids were the result of dispermy, 23.6% the result of fertilization of a haploid ovum by a diploid sperm formed by failure of the first meiotic division in the male and 10% the result of a diploid egg formed by failure of the first maternal meiotic division. The possible sources of error inherent in the technique are reviewed and our results compared with previously published data.", "contents": "The origin of human triploids. A series of 26 triploid foetuses was ascertained in a survey of spontaneous abortuses and the origin of the additional haploid complement determined in 21 of them by the study of foetal and parental heteromorphisms. In 17 the additional haploid set was paternal in origin, in 3 it was maternal in origin and in one the parental origin could not be determined. The best fit for the data using a maximum-likelihood method was that 66.4% of the triploids were the result of dispermy, 23.6% the result of fertilization of a haploid ovum by a diploid sperm formed by failure of the first meiotic division in the male and 10% the result of a diploid egg formed by failure of the first maternal meiotic division. The possible sources of error inherent in the technique are reviewed and our results compared with previously published data.", "PMID": 686684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7051", "title": "On the probability of demonstrating differential fertility in genetic studies.", "content": "Computer simulation has been used to investigate the probability of detecting genetic differences in fertility in small cohorts. It was found that in cohorts of size 200 which have the demographic characteristics of females born in the United States in 1921--5, the probability is approximately 0.50 of detecting, by analysis of variance, either a 20% reduction in the monthly probability of conception or a 15--20% increase in the rate of foetal loss in the first month after conception. Consideration is given to the relative sensitivities of various observable measures of fertility to variation in underlying fertility components.", "contents": "On the probability of demonstrating differential fertility in genetic studies. Computer simulation has been used to investigate the probability of detecting genetic differences in fertility in small cohorts. It was found that in cohorts of size 200 which have the demographic characteristics of females born in the United States in 1921--5, the probability is approximately 0.50 of detecting, by analysis of variance, either a 20% reduction in the monthly probability of conception or a 15--20% increase in the rate of foetal loss in the first month after conception. Consideration is given to the relative sensitivities of various observable measures of fertility to variation in underlying fertility components.", "PMID": 686685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7052", "title": "An incorrect definition of fitness revisited.", "content": "I have attempted to show that a certain mistaken definition of fitness, which surfaces occasionally, may turn out to have some merit. No claim is made that it is an improvement on, or should replace, the conventional definition of fitness; but it is different and has its own validity. Its generality is intriguing, its application is not limited either to selection or one locus models, and it may be easier to measure experimentally.", "contents": "An incorrect definition of fitness revisited. I have attempted to show that a certain mistaken definition of fitness, which surfaces occasionally, may turn out to have some merit. No claim is made that it is an improvement on, or should replace, the conventional definition of fitness; but it is different and has its own validity. Its generality is intriguing, its application is not limited either to selection or one locus models, and it may be easier to measure experimentally.", "PMID": 686686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7053", "title": "The generalized sib pair IBD distribution: its use in the detection of linkage.", "content": "General expression for the distribution of identity by descent (IBD) scores at a marker locus have been derived given neither, one or both sibs affected with a disorder determined by a linked trait locus with arbitrary gene frequency and penetrance vector. It is shown that the distirbution of IBD scores depends only on the additive and dominance variances and the population prevalence of the disorder. A one-sided test is suggested as an appropriate means of statistically testing the hypothesis that the recombination fraction is significantly less than 1/2. This sib pair approach is designed primarily to detect the presence of a critical disease susceptibility locus but when the assumptions of the incompletely penetrant single locus model are correct the methodology proposed here results in consistent estimates of the recombination fraction. The affected sib pair methodology seems especially suited to traits determined by single loci with non-Mendelian transmission.", "contents": "The generalized sib pair IBD distribution: its use in the detection of linkage. General expression for the distribution of identity by descent (IBD) scores at a marker locus have been derived given neither, one or both sibs affected with a disorder determined by a linked trait locus with arbitrary gene frequency and penetrance vector. It is shown that the distirbution of IBD scores depends only on the additive and dominance variances and the population prevalence of the disorder. A one-sided test is suggested as an appropriate means of statistically testing the hypothesis that the recombination fraction is significantly less than 1/2. This sib pair approach is designed primarily to detect the presence of a critical disease susceptibility locus but when the assumptions of the incompletely penetrant single locus model are correct the methodology proposed here results in consistent estimates of the recombination fraction. The affected sib pair methodology seems especially suited to traits determined by single loci with non-Mendelian transmission.", "PMID": 686687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7054", "title": "Ancestral inference. I. The problem and the method.", "content": "A method for inferring the ancestral genotypes for the founders of a population is developed. This method uses the algorithms for the computation of probabilities on pedigrees of arbitrary complexity, developed by Cannings et al. (1978) and implemented by Thompson (1977b). When characteristics are simply determined by underlying genotypes the inference problem is simplified, and larger and more complex pedigrees may therefore be analysed. The problem of estimating the allele frequencies to be used in computing prior genotype probabilities for those founders on whom a likelihood function is not required is discussed. The same method allows us to compute extinction probabilities for any combination of original founder genes; these probabilities are interesting parameters of pedigree structure, which, since they relate to the actual genes present in a population, help to provide a clearer understanding of observed distributions of autosomal traits.", "contents": "Ancestral inference. I. The problem and the method. A method for inferring the ancestral genotypes for the founders of a population is developed. This method uses the algorithms for the computation of probabilities on pedigrees of arbitrary complexity, developed by Cannings et al. (1978) and implemented by Thompson (1977b). When characteristics are simply determined by underlying genotypes the inference problem is simplified, and larger and more complex pedigrees may therefore be analysed. The problem of estimating the allele frequencies to be used in computing prior genotype probabilities for those founders on whom a likelihood function is not required is discussed. The same method allows us to compute extinction probabilities for any combination of original founder genes; these probabilities are interesting parameters of pedigree structure, which, since they relate to the actual genes present in a population, help to provide a clearer understanding of observed distributions of autosomal traits.", "PMID": 686688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7055", "title": "[Biological method of identifying antibiotic substances at an early screening stage].", "content": "A biological method was used in addition to the chemical methods of identification in the screening programme of new antibiotics. The method consists of evaluation of the effect of the crude antibiotic preparations on microbial forms resistant to various antibiotics. The efficiency of the biological method is shown. It provides more complete and rapid characterization of the properties of the new antibiotics and their rough identification at early screening stages.", "contents": "[Biological method of identifying antibiotic substances at an early screening stage]. A biological method was used in addition to the chemical methods of identification in the screening programme of new antibiotics. The method consists of evaluation of the effect of the crude antibiotic preparations on microbial forms resistant to various antibiotics. The efficiency of the biological method is shown. It provides more complete and rapid characterization of the properties of the new antibiotics and their rough identification at early screening stages.", "PMID": 686689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7056", "title": "[Separation of novobiocin, isnovobiocin and descarbamyl novobiocin by a thin-layer chromatographic method].", "content": "A thin-layer chromatographic method for separation of novobiocin, isonovobiocin and descarbamylnovobiocin using Silufol plates was developed. The method is simple and rapid. It provided clear separation of the components and using of diethyl ether, a simple individual separating solvent. The method allowed determination of novobiocin and the products of its isomerization in the fermentation broth, extracts and dry substances, as well as performance of operative control and regulation of the technological processes of fermentation and chemical purification of novobiocin.", "contents": "[Separation of novobiocin, isnovobiocin and descarbamyl novobiocin by a thin-layer chromatographic method]. A thin-layer chromatographic method for separation of novobiocin, isonovobiocin and descarbamylnovobiocin using Silufol plates was developed. The method is simple and rapid. It provided clear separation of the components and using of diethyl ether, a simple individual separating solvent. The method allowed determination of novobiocin and the products of its isomerization in the fermentation broth, extracts and dry substances, as well as performance of operative control and regulation of the technological processes of fermentation and chemical purification of novobiocin.", "PMID": 686690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7057", "title": "[Directed isolation of Micromonospora generic cultures on a selective medium with gentamycin].", "content": "The results of using selective media with gentamicin for directed isolation of Micromonospora are presented. It was shown that the use of the selective media with gentamicin for isolation of actinomycetes from soils of usual humidity levels markedly increased the frequency of Micronomonospora detection. The use of the selective media with gentamicin for plating out silt substrates containing mainly Micromonospora had practically no effect on the increase in the number of the Micromonospora cultures grown. The number of antibiotic-producing Micromonospora isolated on the media with gentamicin was 3 times higher than that on the control media. The use of the selective media with gentamicin provided directed isolation of Micromonospora.", "contents": "[Directed isolation of Micromonospora generic cultures on a selective medium with gentamycin]. The results of using selective media with gentamicin for directed isolation of Micromonospora are presented. It was shown that the use of the selective media with gentamicin for isolation of actinomycetes from soils of usual humidity levels markedly increased the frequency of Micronomonospora detection. The use of the selective media with gentamicin for plating out silt substrates containing mainly Micromonospora had practically no effect on the increase in the number of the Micromonospora cultures grown. The number of antibiotic-producing Micromonospora isolated on the media with gentamicin was 3 times higher than that on the control media. The use of the selective media with gentamicin provided directed isolation of Micromonospora.", "PMID": 686691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7058", "title": "[Directed isolation of Micromonospora generic cultures from moist soils and silts].", "content": "The data on the study of various soils and substrates for isolation of Micromonospora from them are presented. It was shown that Micromonospora predominated in moist soils and especially in such substrates as silts where their content with respect to the all actinomycetous isolates amounted to 88.9 per cent. In the silts the content of Micromonospora amounted to 66.6--83 per cent, in the sopromely its content was 66 per cent, while in the ordinary non-moist soil its content was from 6 to 11 per cent. Predominance of Micromonospora in silts and moist soils makes its directed search possible.", "contents": "[Directed isolation of Micromonospora generic cultures from moist soils and silts]. The data on the study of various soils and substrates for isolation of Micromonospora from them are presented. It was shown that Micromonospora predominated in moist soils and especially in such substrates as silts where their content with respect to the all actinomycetous isolates amounted to 88.9 per cent. In the silts the content of Micromonospora amounted to 66.6--83 per cent, in the sopromely its content was 66 per cent, while in the ordinary non-moist soil its content was from 6 to 11 per cent. Predominance of Micromonospora in silts and moist soils makes its directed search possible.", "PMID": 686692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7059", "title": "[Data on the conditions for the prolonged storage of Micromonospora generic cultures].", "content": "Data on studying various conditions for prolonged storage of Micromonospora are presented. It was shown that Micromonospora were satisfactorily stored under conditions of all maintenance methods used. The optimal methods were the following: storage of Micromonospora on agarized media under a layer of vaseline oil, storage of Micromonospora in the form of a mature submerged culture on liquid media optimal for its growth and development. Stimulating effect of low temperature on the spore germination was shown.", "contents": "[Data on the conditions for the prolonged storage of Micromonospora generic cultures]. Data on studying various conditions for prolonged storage of Micromonospora are presented. It was shown that Micromonospora were satisfactorily stored under conditions of all maintenance methods used. The optimal methods were the following: storage of Micromonospora on agarized media under a layer of vaseline oil, storage of Micromonospora in the form of a mature submerged culture on liquid media optimal for its growth and development. Stimulating effect of low temperature on the spore germination was shown.", "PMID": 686693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7060", "title": "[Standardization of the methods of determining microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics. The importance of the method of interpreting the results in determining microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics].", "content": "The significance of the methods of the data interpretation for determination of the microbial sensitivity to antibiotics is discussed. A necessity for using semi-quantitative or quantitative systems of calculation instead of qualitative interpretation of the inhibition growth zone diameters is presented. It is shown that the use of the standard nutrient medium for determination of the antibiotic sensitivity in the laboratory practice may be a base for applying the methods of interpretation of the diffusion test data.", "contents": "[Standardization of the methods of determining microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics. The importance of the method of interpreting the results in determining microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics]. The significance of the methods of the data interpretation for determination of the microbial sensitivity to antibiotics is discussed. A necessity for using semi-quantitative or quantitative systems of calculation instead of qualitative interpretation of the inhibition growth zone diameters is presented. It is shown that the use of the standard nutrient medium for determination of the antibiotic sensitivity in the laboratory practice may be a base for applying the methods of interpretation of the diffusion test data.", "PMID": 686694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7061", "title": "[Sensitivity of the causative agent of tularemia to antibiotics].", "content": "Sensitivity of the tularemia causative agent of different geographical races to antibiotics such as streptomycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, rifampicin (20 strains), ampicillin, polymyxin M, erythromycin, oleandomycin (361 strains) and lincomycin (294 strains) was studied. High sensitivity of the tularemi a microbe to streptomycin, tetracycline, rifampicin (MIC of 10 gamma/ml), gentamicin (MIC of 1 gamma/ml) and resistance to 50 gamma of ampicillin and 1000 gamma/ml of polymyxin M were found. Combined use of 50 gamma of ampicillin and 100 gamma/ml of polymyxin M added to the nutrient medium for growth inhibition of the foreign flora on isolation of the tularemia causative agent from the infected material including stable laboratory animal carcases was recommended. Marked differences in sensitivity of the strains of different geographical races to the macrolides and lincomycin were observed. The strains of the non-Arctic and Central Asiatic races were of low resistance to the above drugs (the MIC of erythromycin, oleandomycin and lincomycin were 10--50, 50--400 and 25--100 gamma/ml respectively. Within the holarctic race 40 per cent were low resistant and 60 per cent were highly resistant to these drugs. The above drugs should not be used for treatment of tularemia cases.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of the causative agent of tularemia to antibiotics]. Sensitivity of the tularemia causative agent of different geographical races to antibiotics such as streptomycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, rifampicin (20 strains), ampicillin, polymyxin M, erythromycin, oleandomycin (361 strains) and lincomycin (294 strains) was studied. High sensitivity of the tularemi a microbe to streptomycin, tetracycline, rifampicin (MIC of 10 gamma/ml), gentamicin (MIC of 1 gamma/ml) and resistance to 50 gamma of ampicillin and 1000 gamma/ml of polymyxin M were found. Combined use of 50 gamma of ampicillin and 100 gamma/ml of polymyxin M added to the nutrient medium for growth inhibition of the foreign flora on isolation of the tularemia causative agent from the infected material including stable laboratory animal carcases was recommended. Marked differences in sensitivity of the strains of different geographical races to the macrolides and lincomycin were observed. The strains of the non-Arctic and Central Asiatic races were of low resistance to the above drugs (the MIC of erythromycin, oleandomycin and lincomycin were 10--50, 50--400 and 25--100 gamma/ml respectively. Within the holarctic race 40 per cent were low resistant and 60 per cent were highly resistant to these drugs. The above drugs should not be used for treatment of tularemia cases.", "PMID": 686695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7062", "title": "[Drug resistance stability in staphylococci under different conditions. The mechanism of the recovery of streptomycin sensitivity of a staphylococcal population in patients 7 months after hospital discharge].", "content": "A method for analysis of antibiotic sensitivity restoration in staphylococcal populations in humans is described. The mechanism of streptomycin sensitivity restoration in staphylococcal populations on the nasal mucosa of 59 patients 7 months after discharging from surgical stationary was studied. Quantitative estimates for loss of superinfecting streptomycin-resistant staphylococci, initial streptomycin-resistant staphylococci and resistance determinants by the initial streptomycin-resistant staphylococci are presented.", "contents": "[Drug resistance stability in staphylococci under different conditions. The mechanism of the recovery of streptomycin sensitivity of a staphylococcal population in patients 7 months after hospital discharge]. A method for analysis of antibiotic sensitivity restoration in staphylococcal populations in humans is described. The mechanism of streptomycin sensitivity restoration in staphylococcal populations on the nasal mucosa of 59 patients 7 months after discharging from surgical stationary was studied. Quantitative estimates for loss of superinfecting streptomycin-resistant staphylococci, initial streptomycin-resistant staphylococci and resistance determinants by the initial streptomycin-resistant staphylococci are presented.", "PMID": 686696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7063", "title": "[Argasid tick lysozyme action on HEp-2 cells].", "content": "The cytotoxic effect on Argasidae lysozyme was shown on a model of cell line HEp-2 in comparison to egg lysozyme. The lysozyme was obtained from homogenates of Ornithodoros papillipes of subfamily Ikodoidea. The lysozyme in concentrations of 300 and 500 gamma/ml had a cytotoxic effect, while in doses of 50 and 100 gamma/ml it has no such activity. The cells of line FL were not sensitive to the above concentrations of the lysozyme. In concentrations of 500 gamma/ml and higher the egg lysozyme had an analogous cytotoxic effect on the cells of line Hep-2. The comparative study of the cariogrammes of the cell monolayer treated with the Argasidae and egg lysozymes, as well as the study of the level of 3H-thimidine incorporation into the cell DNA showed the absence of the preparations effect of the mitotic activity of the cells and DNA synthesis by them.", "contents": "[Argasid tick lysozyme action on HEp-2 cells]. The cytotoxic effect on Argasidae lysozyme was shown on a model of cell line HEp-2 in comparison to egg lysozyme. The lysozyme was obtained from homogenates of Ornithodoros papillipes of subfamily Ikodoidea. The lysozyme in concentrations of 300 and 500 gamma/ml had a cytotoxic effect, while in doses of 50 and 100 gamma/ml it has no such activity. The cells of line FL were not sensitive to the above concentrations of the lysozyme. In concentrations of 500 gamma/ml and higher the egg lysozyme had an analogous cytotoxic effect on the cells of line Hep-2. The comparative study of the cariogrammes of the cell monolayer treated with the Argasidae and egg lysozymes, as well as the study of the level of 3H-thimidine incorporation into the cell DNA showed the absence of the preparations effect of the mitotic activity of the cells and DNA synthesis by them.", "PMID": 686697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7064", "title": "[Biochemical shifts in the nuclear membranes of the kidneys of dogs after the prolonged intravenous administration of amphotericin B].", "content": "The protein composition of the nuclear membranes of the dog kidneys after intravenous infusion of amphotericin B in a dose of 3 mg/kg and sodium desoxycholate in a dose of 1.2 mg/kg for 8 days was studied. It was found that administration of amphotericin B and sodium desoxycholate was accompanied by pronounced changes in the membrane proteins. The changes were evident from a decreased content of histones in the nuclear membranes, elimination of the high molecular components, a decreased quantitative content of some fractions and appearance of low molecular bands. The effect of sodium desoxycholate on the nuclear membrane proteins was shown to be less pronounced than that of amphotericin B. The significance of the data is discussed in connection with high toxicity of polyenic antibiotics. The data provide elucidation of the causes of the nephrotoxic effect of the polyenic antibiotics.", "contents": "[Biochemical shifts in the nuclear membranes of the kidneys of dogs after the prolonged intravenous administration of amphotericin B]. The protein composition of the nuclear membranes of the dog kidneys after intravenous infusion of amphotericin B in a dose of 3 mg/kg and sodium desoxycholate in a dose of 1.2 mg/kg for 8 days was studied. It was found that administration of amphotericin B and sodium desoxycholate was accompanied by pronounced changes in the membrane proteins. The changes were evident from a decreased content of histones in the nuclear membranes, elimination of the high molecular components, a decreased quantitative content of some fractions and appearance of low molecular bands. The effect of sodium desoxycholate on the nuclear membrane proteins was shown to be less pronounced than that of amphotericin B. The significance of the data is discussed in connection with high toxicity of polyenic antibiotics. The data provide elucidation of the causes of the nephrotoxic effect of the polyenic antibiotics.", "PMID": 686698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7065", "title": "[Experimental study of the action of olivomycin on a melanoblastoma of the vascular tract of the eye].", "content": "A total of 66 experiments were performed with a purpose of studying the effect of olivomycin on the melanoblastoma cells of the human eye vascular tract. Heterotransplants of the human eye vascular tract melanoblastoma in the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye served the objects of the studies. Olivomycin was used in 34 out of 66 experiments and 32 experiments were control. Separate tumor cells together with pronounced signs of necrosis were detected on histological examination only in 1 out of 34 transplants treated with olivomycin. The transplants in the other 33 experiments resolved. The transplant in the control experiments consisted of viable cells at the same period. On the basis of the experiments it was concluded that olivomycin had a pronounced destroying effect on melanoblastoma cells under conditions of heterotransplantation and may be recommended for clinical use for prophylaxis of metastasis in post-operative periods.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the action of olivomycin on a melanoblastoma of the vascular tract of the eye]. A total of 66 experiments were performed with a purpose of studying the effect of olivomycin on the melanoblastoma cells of the human eye vascular tract. Heterotransplants of the human eye vascular tract melanoblastoma in the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye served the objects of the studies. Olivomycin was used in 34 out of 66 experiments and 32 experiments were control. Separate tumor cells together with pronounced signs of necrosis were detected on histological examination only in 1 out of 34 transplants treated with olivomycin. The transplants in the other 33 experiments resolved. The transplant in the control experiments consisted of viable cells at the same period. On the basis of the experiments it was concluded that olivomycin had a pronounced destroying effect on melanoblastoma cells under conditions of heterotransplantation and may be recommended for clinical use for prophylaxis of metastasis in post-operative periods.", "PMID": 686699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7066", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in peritonitis in children].", "content": "Ampicillin levels in the blood serum and abdominal cavity biosubstrates of children with appendicular peritonitis were studied. The antibiotic was administered as intravenous jet infusion in single doses of 12--15 and 25--30 mg/kg and drop infusion continuously for 24 hour in doses of 150 and 250--300 mg/kg. Administration of the drug as intravenous jet infusion provided therapeutical ampicillin levels in the appendix tissue and abdominal cavity exudate. Administration of increased doses of the drug resulted in its higher biosubstrate levels. It was found that the level of the appendix destruction had a significant effect on the antibiotic level in this organ. In cases with gangrenous appendititis the ampicillin levels were 1.5--2.2 times lower than those in cases with catarrhal appendititis. The studies on the effect of the infusion therapy on ampicillin pharmacokinetics showed that the volume of the liquids administered intravenously had no significant influence on the antibiotic circulation in the blood. A continuous drop infusion provided high and stable ampicillin levels in the blood serum which significantly exceeded the antibiotic MIC. During the post-operative period the antibiotic levels in the blood serum after intraperitoneal administration were determined. The data showed that ampicillin administered intravenously 2--3 days after the operation was absorbed into the blood in insignificant amounts.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in peritonitis in children]. Ampicillin levels in the blood serum and abdominal cavity biosubstrates of children with appendicular peritonitis were studied. The antibiotic was administered as intravenous jet infusion in single doses of 12--15 and 25--30 mg/kg and drop infusion continuously for 24 hour in doses of 150 and 250--300 mg/kg. Administration of the drug as intravenous jet infusion provided therapeutical ampicillin levels in the appendix tissue and abdominal cavity exudate. Administration of increased doses of the drug resulted in its higher biosubstrate levels. It was found that the level of the appendix destruction had a significant effect on the antibiotic level in this organ. In cases with gangrenous appendititis the ampicillin levels were 1.5--2.2 times lower than those in cases with catarrhal appendititis. The studies on the effect of the infusion therapy on ampicillin pharmacokinetics showed that the volume of the liquids administered intravenously had no significant influence on the antibiotic circulation in the blood. A continuous drop infusion provided high and stable ampicillin levels in the blood serum which significantly exceeded the antibiotic MIC. During the post-operative period the antibiotic levels in the blood serum after intraperitoneal administration were determined. The data showed that ampicillin administered intravenously 2--3 days after the operation was absorbed into the blood in insignificant amounts.", "PMID": 686700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7067", "title": "In vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of BL-S786 compared with those of other cephalosporins.", "content": "In vitro activity of BL-S786, a new parenterally semisynthetic cephalosporin, was investigated against 570 bacterial isolates. BL-S786 inhibited most Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella. It inhibited some Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus, but it was less active against these later species than was cefamandole, cefuroxime, or cefoxitin. It was not active against Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Bacteroides fragilis. BL-S786 was the least active new cephalosporin tested against staphylococci and was less active than cephalothin against streptococcal species. The activity of BL-S786 was not altered by the type of assay medium nor by 50% serum. The size of the test inoculum altered the minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations for inhibition of some organisms, particularly those with Richmond type I beta-lactamases. BL-S786 was not hydrolyzed by the R-factor-mediated, Richmond type III beta-lactamase, but it was hydrolyzed by type I beta-lactamases.", "contents": "In vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of BL-S786 compared with those of other cephalosporins. In vitro activity of BL-S786, a new parenterally semisynthetic cephalosporin, was investigated against 570 bacterial isolates. BL-S786 inhibited most Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella. It inhibited some Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus, but it was less active against these later species than was cefamandole, cefuroxime, or cefoxitin. It was not active against Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Bacteroides fragilis. BL-S786 was the least active new cephalosporin tested against staphylococci and was less active than cephalothin against streptococcal species. The activity of BL-S786 was not altered by the type of assay medium nor by 50% serum. The size of the test inoculum altered the minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations for inhibition of some organisms, particularly those with Richmond type I beta-lactamases. BL-S786 was not hydrolyzed by the R-factor-mediated, Richmond type III beta-lactamase, but it was hydrolyzed by type I beta-lactamases.", "PMID": 686701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7068", "title": "Dihydrofolate reductases in some folate-requiring bacteria with low trimethoprim susceptibility.", "content": "Dihydrofolate reductases from the folate-requiring strains Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 8043, Lactobacillus casei ATCC 7496, and Pediococcus cerevisiae ATCC 8081, as well as from Lactobacillus arabinosus, which is not dependent on exogenous folate, were isolated, and their properties were compared to reductases of Escherichia coli B, Staphylococcus aureus, and rat liver reductase. An inhibition profile with six different inhibitors revealed significant differences among all enzymes. All lactobacilli reductases are less sensitive to trimethoprim than the enzymes of E. coli and S. aureus, the reductase of P. cerevisiae requiring a concentration at least 1,000 times higher for 50% inhibition. Inhibition of growth of S. faecalis by pyrimethamine and 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropyl-pteridine was seen to be much stronger than was predicted from the enzymatic data.", "contents": "Dihydrofolate reductases in some folate-requiring bacteria with low trimethoprim susceptibility. Dihydrofolate reductases from the folate-requiring strains Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 8043, Lactobacillus casei ATCC 7496, and Pediococcus cerevisiae ATCC 8081, as well as from Lactobacillus arabinosus, which is not dependent on exogenous folate, were isolated, and their properties were compared to reductases of Escherichia coli B, Staphylococcus aureus, and rat liver reductase. An inhibition profile with six different inhibitors revealed significant differences among all enzymes. All lactobacilli reductases are less sensitive to trimethoprim than the enzymes of E. coli and S. aureus, the reductase of P. cerevisiae requiring a concentration at least 1,000 times higher for 50% inhibition. Inhibition of growth of S. faecalis by pyrimethamine and 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropyl-pteridine was seen to be much stronger than was predicted from the enzymatic data.", "PMID": 686702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7069", "title": "Effect of leaf extracts of Aloe arborescens Mill subsp. natalensis Berger on growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.", "content": "The antifungal activity of a lyophilized powder containing aloe leaf homogenate (whole-leaf powder) against Trichophyton mentagrophytes was investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentration was 25 mg/ml by the agar dilution method, using Sabouraud glucose agar medium. At subinhibitory concentrations, the powder exerted its main effect on colony growth by prolongation of the lag phase and inhibition of growth rate. Homogenates of fresh whole leaf were filtered through Whatman GF/A paper, and the filtrate was dialyzed and concentrated by molecular filtration using an Amicon hollow-fiber dialyzer concentrator DC-2, and a powder containing components with molecular weights higher than 10,000 (high-molecular-weight component powder) was prepared by lyophilization. The minimal inhibitory concentrations against three strains of T. mentagrophytes were all 10 mg/ml. The inhibitory activity was fungicidal and was lost by heating at 100 degrees C for 30 min. Both the whole-leaf powder and the high-molecular-weight component powder induced various morphological abnormalities in spores and hyphae by the inhibition of spore germination and development of hyphae.", "contents": "Effect of leaf extracts of Aloe arborescens Mill subsp. natalensis Berger on growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The antifungal activity of a lyophilized powder containing aloe leaf homogenate (whole-leaf powder) against Trichophyton mentagrophytes was investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentration was 25 mg/ml by the agar dilution method, using Sabouraud glucose agar medium. At subinhibitory concentrations, the powder exerted its main effect on colony growth by prolongation of the lag phase and inhibition of growth rate. Homogenates of fresh whole leaf were filtered through Whatman GF/A paper, and the filtrate was dialyzed and concentrated by molecular filtration using an Amicon hollow-fiber dialyzer concentrator DC-2, and a powder containing components with molecular weights higher than 10,000 (high-molecular-weight component powder) was prepared by lyophilization. The minimal inhibitory concentrations against three strains of T. mentagrophytes were all 10 mg/ml. The inhibitory activity was fungicidal and was lost by heating at 100 degrees C for 30 min. Both the whole-leaf powder and the high-molecular-weight component powder induced various morphological abnormalities in spores and hyphae by the inhibition of spore germination and development of hyphae.", "PMID": 686703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7070", "title": "Metabolic fate of SCE-129, a new antipseudomonal cephalosporin, after parenteral administration in rats and dogs.", "content": "Disposition of [(14)C]SCE-129 was studied in rats and dogs after intramuscular (i.m.) or intravenous (i.v.) injection. In rats, the plasma level of i.m. [(14)C]SCE-129 attained a peak at 15 min after dosing and then declined with a half-life of 35 min, whereas the half-life after an i.v. dose was 26 min. The area under the plasma level curve within 2 h after the i.m. dose was 85% of that after the i.v. dose. Intramuscular injection of [(14)C]SCE-129 into dogs gave a peak plasma level at 30 min and a half-life of 60 min. In both rats and dogs, the plasma levels of (14)C were closely similar to those of the unchanged antibiotic, which was weakly bound to plasma protein. The rat tissue level of i.m. [(14)C]SCE-129 was maximum at 15 min, with the highest concentration in the kidney, followed by plasma, adrenal, lung, heart, thymus, gastrointestinal wall, and liver, and the lowest in the brain. The antibiotic barely entered erythrocytes of rats and dogs. Whole-body autora-diographic studies showed that i.m. [(14)C]SCE-129 scarcely crossed the rat placenta. (14)C was detected in the milk of rats given i.m. [(14)C]SCE-129. In both rats and dogs, almost all of the dosed (14)C was excreted in urine within 24 h as the unaltered antibiotic, with only small amounts appearing in feces via bile. Thus, these findings evidenced a rapid absorption and wide distribution of i.m. SCE-129, followed by extensive renal elimination as the unaltered antibiotic.", "contents": "Metabolic fate of SCE-129, a new antipseudomonal cephalosporin, after parenteral administration in rats and dogs. Disposition of [(14)C]SCE-129 was studied in rats and dogs after intramuscular (i.m.) or intravenous (i.v.) injection. In rats, the plasma level of i.m. [(14)C]SCE-129 attained a peak at 15 min after dosing and then declined with a half-life of 35 min, whereas the half-life after an i.v. dose was 26 min. The area under the plasma level curve within 2 h after the i.m. dose was 85% of that after the i.v. dose. Intramuscular injection of [(14)C]SCE-129 into dogs gave a peak plasma level at 30 min and a half-life of 60 min. In both rats and dogs, the plasma levels of (14)C were closely similar to those of the unchanged antibiotic, which was weakly bound to plasma protein. The rat tissue level of i.m. [(14)C]SCE-129 was maximum at 15 min, with the highest concentration in the kidney, followed by plasma, adrenal, lung, heart, thymus, gastrointestinal wall, and liver, and the lowest in the brain. The antibiotic barely entered erythrocytes of rats and dogs. Whole-body autora-diographic studies showed that i.m. [(14)C]SCE-129 scarcely crossed the rat placenta. (14)C was detected in the milk of rats given i.m. [(14)C]SCE-129. In both rats and dogs, almost all of the dosed (14)C was excreted in urine within 24 h as the unaltered antibiotic, with only small amounts appearing in feces via bile. Thus, these findings evidenced a rapid absorption and wide distribution of i.m. SCE-129, followed by extensive renal elimination as the unaltered antibiotic.", "PMID": 686704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7071", "title": "Mode of action of a structurally novel beta-lactam.", "content": "CP-35,587 {6-[d-2-amino-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-2,2-dimethyl-3- (5-tetrazolyl)-penam} is a member of a new family of beta-lactam antibacterial agents. Because the biospectrum of CP-35,587 has features similar to both penicillins and cephalosporins, experiments were carried out to explore its mode of action. CP-35,587 did not inhibit peptidoglycan transpeptidase from Escherichia coli, but it did inhibit dd-carboxypeptidase. Similar results were obtained with cephalexin. When these antibiotics were compared for effects on growth and morphology of E. coli, it was observed that filaments formed after exposure to either antibacterial agent for 30 to 60 min. The filaments enlarged, and fragmentation occurred until very few viable cells remained after exposure to CP-35,587. After 180 min in the presence of cephalexin, the cells began to divide, and the filaments formed cross-walls reaching control values in 24 h. CP-35,587 and cephalexin had similar effects on the morphology of the Klebsiella cell: the cells became enlarged within 30 min; with increasing exposure, the filaments became longer, with evidence of cytoplasmic emptying and ghost cell formation. These ghostlike tubules eventually broke apart, leaving fragments. These data indicate differences in the mode of action of CP-35,587 from those of most other beta-lactam antibiotics.", "contents": "Mode of action of a structurally novel beta-lactam. CP-35,587 {6-[d-2-amino-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-2,2-dimethyl-3- (5-tetrazolyl)-penam} is a member of a new family of beta-lactam antibacterial agents. Because the biospectrum of CP-35,587 has features similar to both penicillins and cephalosporins, experiments were carried out to explore its mode of action. CP-35,587 did not inhibit peptidoglycan transpeptidase from Escherichia coli, but it did inhibit dd-carboxypeptidase. Similar results were obtained with cephalexin. When these antibiotics were compared for effects on growth and morphology of E. coli, it was observed that filaments formed after exposure to either antibacterial agent for 30 to 60 min. The filaments enlarged, and fragmentation occurred until very few viable cells remained after exposure to CP-35,587. After 180 min in the presence of cephalexin, the cells began to divide, and the filaments formed cross-walls reaching control values in 24 h. CP-35,587 and cephalexin had similar effects on the morphology of the Klebsiella cell: the cells became enlarged within 30 min; with increasing exposure, the filaments became longer, with evidence of cytoplasmic emptying and ghost cell formation. These ghostlike tubules eventually broke apart, leaving fragments. These data indicate differences in the mode of action of CP-35,587 from those of most other beta-lactam antibiotics.", "PMID": 686705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7072", "title": "Method for qualitative determination of 2-deoxystreptamine.", "content": "We have developed a qualitative method to assay for the presence of 2-deoxystreptamine in hydrolysates of crude aminoglycoside preparations using a 2-deoxystreptamine-requiring idiotrophic mutant. The assay involves (i) incubation of a 2-deoxystreptamine-requiring mutant with 1 mg of a hydrolyzed preparation from a crude unknown antibiotic mixture per ml, and (ii) examination of the resultant incubation mixture for production of antibiotic(s) by disk assay.", "contents": "Method for qualitative determination of 2-deoxystreptamine. We have developed a qualitative method to assay for the presence of 2-deoxystreptamine in hydrolysates of crude aminoglycoside preparations using a 2-deoxystreptamine-requiring idiotrophic mutant. The assay involves (i) incubation of a 2-deoxystreptamine-requiring mutant with 1 mg of a hydrolyzed preparation from a crude unknown antibiotic mixture per ml, and (ii) examination of the resultant incubation mixture for production of antibiotic(s) by disk assay.", "PMID": 686706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7073", "title": "Antiviral activity of extracts from marine algae.", "content": "Extracts of two species of marine algae, Constantinea simplex and Farlowia mollis, were tested for antiviral activity in tissue culture and in experimental infections of mice. Treatment of confluent mouse embryo fibroblast cell monolayers with either compound before viral inoculation was effective in inhibiting the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, vaccinia virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus, but not encephalomyocarditis virus, Semliki Forest virus, or murine cytomegalovirus. Prophylactic administration of these extracts was effective in reducing final mortality or prolonging the mean day of death of animals inoculated by the intraperitoneal, intracerebral, or intranasal routes with herpes simplex virus type 2. When therapy was initiated after viral inoculation or at a site other than that of viral inoculation, no significant effect on mortality or on mean day of death was observed. Neither preparation was effective in mice inoculated intraperitoneally with encephalomyocarditis virus, Semliki Forest virus, or murine cytomegalovirus or in animals infected intravaginally with herpes simplex virus type 2. The prophylactic but not therapeutic antiviral activity of these preparations seriously limits their potential use in human herpes simplex virus infections.", "contents": "Antiviral activity of extracts from marine algae. Extracts of two species of marine algae, Constantinea simplex and Farlowia mollis, were tested for antiviral activity in tissue culture and in experimental infections of mice. Treatment of confluent mouse embryo fibroblast cell monolayers with either compound before viral inoculation was effective in inhibiting the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, vaccinia virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus, but not encephalomyocarditis virus, Semliki Forest virus, or murine cytomegalovirus. Prophylactic administration of these extracts was effective in reducing final mortality or prolonging the mean day of death of animals inoculated by the intraperitoneal, intracerebral, or intranasal routes with herpes simplex virus type 2. When therapy was initiated after viral inoculation or at a site other than that of viral inoculation, no significant effect on mortality or on mean day of death was observed. Neither preparation was effective in mice inoculated intraperitoneally with encephalomyocarditis virus, Semliki Forest virus, or murine cytomegalovirus or in animals infected intravaginally with herpes simplex virus type 2. The prophylactic but not therapeutic antiviral activity of these preparations seriously limits their potential use in human herpes simplex virus infections.", "PMID": 686707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7074", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in the presence of normal or impaired renal function.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic study of netilmicin was conducted in 12 healthy subjects and 24 subjects with chronic renal failure. After intramuscular administrations of 2 and 3 mg of netilmicin per kg in normal subjects, the mean peak serum concentrations were 5.46 and 8.83 mug/ml, respectively. After intravenous infusions of identical doses, the mean maximum serum levels, occurring at the end of the infusion, were 11.79 and 15.75 mug/ml, respectively. The pharmacokinetic data were very similar via the two routes of administration and for the two doses. The elimination half-life was 2.20 h, and 80 to 90% of the injected dose was recovered in urine during the first 24 h. After intramuscular administration of 2 mg/kg in subjects with chronic renal impairment, the elimination half-life increased to 29.48 h, and urinary elimination was inversely related to the degree of impairment. A study was conducted throughout hemodialysis sessions: serum concentrations decreased by 63.3%. The linear relationships between the elimination rate constant and creatinine clearance and the elimination half-life and serum creatinine allowed us to establish dosage schedules according to the degree of renal failure.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in the presence of normal or impaired renal function. A pharmacokinetic study of netilmicin was conducted in 12 healthy subjects and 24 subjects with chronic renal failure. After intramuscular administrations of 2 and 3 mg of netilmicin per kg in normal subjects, the mean peak serum concentrations were 5.46 and 8.83 mug/ml, respectively. After intravenous infusions of identical doses, the mean maximum serum levels, occurring at the end of the infusion, were 11.79 and 15.75 mug/ml, respectively. The pharmacokinetic data were very similar via the two routes of administration and for the two doses. The elimination half-life was 2.20 h, and 80 to 90% of the injected dose was recovered in urine during the first 24 h. After intramuscular administration of 2 mg/kg in subjects with chronic renal impairment, the elimination half-life increased to 29.48 h, and urinary elimination was inversely related to the degree of impairment. A study was conducted throughout hemodialysis sessions: serum concentrations decreased by 63.3%. The linear relationships between the elimination rate constant and creatinine clearance and the elimination half-life and serum creatinine allowed us to establish dosage schedules according to the degree of renal failure.", "PMID": 686708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7075", "title": "Detection of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces inhabiting forest soils.", "content": "A modified agar overlay technique was developed for detecting antibiotic production by Streptomyces isolates and compared with two routinely used overlay procedures and the shake flask-disk assay method. Two types of inhibitory patterns could be discerned in the modified overlay method, and one of these was always exhibited by Streptomyces isolates which produced extractable antimicrobial substances. In a preliminary screening of 600 isolates, higher numbers of antibiotic-producing streptomyces were detected with the modified overlay procedure than with the streak or pour overlay method and the shake flask assay. The modified overlay distinguished between antibiotic production and other antagonistic effects. The inhibitory agents extracted after 6 days of culture growth on the modified overlay agar were of a higher concentration and more stable over longer periods of time than those recovered from shake flasks. It was observed that acidoduric streptomyces produced a greater proportion of antibiotics against gram-negative bacteria than did neutrophilic cultures, and this effect was greatest with the isolates from the most acidic soils. The neutrophiles were more active against gram-positive bacteria and, upon antibiotic classification, it appeared that the neutrophilic and acidoduric cultures from various soils produced different antimicrobial compounds.", "contents": "Detection of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces inhabiting forest soils. A modified agar overlay technique was developed for detecting antibiotic production by Streptomyces isolates and compared with two routinely used overlay procedures and the shake flask-disk assay method. Two types of inhibitory patterns could be discerned in the modified overlay method, and one of these was always exhibited by Streptomyces isolates which produced extractable antimicrobial substances. In a preliminary screening of 600 isolates, higher numbers of antibiotic-producing streptomyces were detected with the modified overlay procedure than with the streak or pour overlay method and the shake flask assay. The modified overlay distinguished between antibiotic production and other antagonistic effects. The inhibitory agents extracted after 6 days of culture growth on the modified overlay agar were of a higher concentration and more stable over longer periods of time than those recovered from shake flasks. It was observed that acidoduric streptomyces produced a greater proportion of antibiotics against gram-negative bacteria than did neutrophilic cultures, and this effect was greatest with the isolates from the most acidic soils. The neutrophiles were more active against gram-positive bacteria and, upon antibiotic classification, it appeared that the neutrophilic and acidoduric cultures from various soils produced different antimicrobial compounds.", "PMID": 686709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7076", "title": "Antibiotic biosynthesis by cofermentation of blocked mutants of two Micromonospora species.", "content": "Two aminocyclitol-negative Micromonospora mutants representing two different species, M. purpurea and M. inyoensis, and blocked at different steps in the biosynthetic pathway were paired and cofermented for the synthesis of antibiotics. The two blocked mutants were incapable of producing antibiotics alone except when 2-deoxystreptamine was added. When combined they produced gentamicins A, X(2), C(1a), and C(2b), which all have an amino group at the 2' position, and gentamicin B, which has a hydroxyl group at this position instead.", "contents": "Antibiotic biosynthesis by cofermentation of blocked mutants of two Micromonospora species. Two aminocyclitol-negative Micromonospora mutants representing two different species, M. purpurea and M. inyoensis, and blocked at different steps in the biosynthetic pathway were paired and cofermented for the synthesis of antibiotics. The two blocked mutants were incapable of producing antibiotics alone except when 2-deoxystreptamine was added. When combined they produced gentamicins A, X(2), C(1a), and C(2b), which all have an amino group at the 2' position, and gentamicin B, which has a hydroxyl group at this position instead.", "PMID": 686710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7077", "title": "In vivo studies with ambruticin in murine histoplasmosis.", "content": "Ambruticin (W7783) was evaluated in vivo in mice subacutely or nonlethally infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. Results were compared with those obtained with amphotericin B, the drug of choice in human histoplasmosis. In one experiment, ambruticin was shown to be capable of curing infected animals as evidenced by totally negative liver and spleen cultures obtained when mice were sacrificed after 4 weeks of oral treatment with 150 mg of drug per kg per day. The 50% cure dose for ambruticin was between 75 and 150 mg/kg per day; the 50% cure dose for oral amphotericin B in this experiment was between 1.56 and 6.25 mg/kg per day. In a second experiment, both oral ambruticin (150 mg/kg per day) and oral amphotericin B (25 mg/kg per day) were again curative, but to a lesser degree than in the first experiment. Biological cures were obtained with both drugs after 3 and 4 weeks of treatment but not after 2 weeks.", "contents": "In vivo studies with ambruticin in murine histoplasmosis. Ambruticin (W7783) was evaluated in vivo in mice subacutely or nonlethally infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. Results were compared with those obtained with amphotericin B, the drug of choice in human histoplasmosis. In one experiment, ambruticin was shown to be capable of curing infected animals as evidenced by totally negative liver and spleen cultures obtained when mice were sacrificed after 4 weeks of oral treatment with 150 mg of drug per kg per day. The 50% cure dose for ambruticin was between 75 and 150 mg/kg per day; the 50% cure dose for oral amphotericin B in this experiment was between 1.56 and 6.25 mg/kg per day. In a second experiment, both oral ambruticin (150 mg/kg per day) and oral amphotericin B (25 mg/kg per day) were again curative, but to a lesser degree than in the first experiment. Biological cures were obtained with both drugs after 3 and 4 weeks of treatment but not after 2 weeks.", "PMID": 686711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7078", "title": "In vitro studies with ambruticin, a new antifungal antibiotic.", "content": "The in vitro antifungal inhibitory activities of ambruticin and of various antifungal drugs of choice against 190 fungal pathogens representative of the major human mycoses were compared using a modification of the ICS agar dilution technique. Ambruticin compared favorably with amphotericin B and miconazole when tested against the dimorphic pathogens Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Blastomyces dermatitidis and against Aspergillus fumigatus. Miconazole was the most active compound against Sporothrix schenckii, Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii, and selected dematiaceous fungi, with ambruticin giving minimal inhibitory, concentrations from 3- to 74-fold higher. Ambruticin compared unfavorably with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine when tested against Candida and Torulopsis species. Ambruticin was not as active in vitro as tolnaftate when tested against the three genera of dermatophytic fungi, but compared favorably with miconazole.", "contents": "In vitro studies with ambruticin, a new antifungal antibiotic. The in vitro antifungal inhibitory activities of ambruticin and of various antifungal drugs of choice against 190 fungal pathogens representative of the major human mycoses were compared using a modification of the ICS agar dilution technique. Ambruticin compared favorably with amphotericin B and miconazole when tested against the dimorphic pathogens Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Blastomyces dermatitidis and against Aspergillus fumigatus. Miconazole was the most active compound against Sporothrix schenckii, Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii, and selected dematiaceous fungi, with ambruticin giving minimal inhibitory, concentrations from 3- to 74-fold higher. Ambruticin compared unfavorably with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine when tested against Candida and Torulopsis species. Ambruticin was not as active in vitro as tolnaftate when tested against the three genera of dermatophytic fungi, but compared favorably with miconazole.", "PMID": 686712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7079", "title": "Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "With the aid of 22 cases of mandibular ankylosis, the classification, aetiology, radiography, clinical symptoms and the operative procedures are discussed. By means of condylectomy (four patients), or a condylotomy (14 patients) or a horizontal ostectomy in the ascending ramus (performed in two patients with a relapse of condylotomy) in which a triangular bone fragment is removed in the dorsocaudal region, bone contact is prevented during mouth-opening. Considering the number of relapses (three of the 18 operated patients) the results as compared with those in the literature may be described as satisfactory.", "contents": "Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint. With the aid of 22 cases of mandibular ankylosis, the classification, aetiology, radiography, clinical symptoms and the operative procedures are discussed. By means of condylectomy (four patients), or a condylotomy (14 patients) or a horizontal ostectomy in the ascending ramus (performed in two patients with a relapse of condylotomy) in which a triangular bone fragment is removed in the dorsocaudal region, bone contact is prevented during mouth-opening. Considering the number of relapses (three of the 18 operated patients) the results as compared with those in the literature may be described as satisfactory.", "PMID": 686714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7080", "title": "Stomal dysfunction following partial gastrectomy.", "content": "The case is reported of a man aged 57 years in whom after partial gastrectomy, gastric emptying remained impaired for a long period of time. The disorder was caused by stomal dyfunction. After 74 days' conservative therapy, mostly on an outpatient basis, passage through the stomach recurred spontaneously. Successful conservative therapy of such a long duration has not previously been reported in the literature. Protracted obstruction of the stoma after partial gastrectomy is rare. On the basis of data in the literature and of personal experience the author advocates prolonged conservation therapy, unless there exists definite proof of a mechanical obstruction.", "contents": "Stomal dysfunction following partial gastrectomy. The case is reported of a man aged 57 years in whom after partial gastrectomy, gastric emptying remained impaired for a long period of time. The disorder was caused by stomal dyfunction. After 74 days' conservative therapy, mostly on an outpatient basis, passage through the stomach recurred spontaneously. Successful conservative therapy of such a long duration has not previously been reported in the literature. Protracted obstruction of the stoma after partial gastrectomy is rare. On the basis of data in the literature and of personal experience the author advocates prolonged conservation therapy, unless there exists definite proof of a mechanical obstruction.", "PMID": 686715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7081", "title": "Resection of the rectum with preservation of continence by means of a transanal anastomosis.", "content": "Resection of the rectum with restoration of continuity via a transanal side-to-side anastomosis is a relatively simple and safe surgical technique for the treatment of tumours localized 9 cm or more from the anus. Even a temporary artificial anus is superfluous. In none of the six patients thus treated was any complication observed, all are normally continent. The technique used is described in detail.", "contents": "Resection of the rectum with preservation of continence by means of a transanal anastomosis. Resection of the rectum with restoration of continuity via a transanal side-to-side anastomosis is a relatively simple and safe surgical technique for the treatment of tumours localized 9 cm or more from the anus. Even a temporary artificial anus is superfluous. In none of the six patients thus treated was any complication observed, all are normally continent. The technique used is described in detail.", "PMID": 686717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7082", "title": "Tendency of fluorouracil to conceal deep foci of invasive basal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Topical fluorouracil treatment of invasive basal cell carcinomas (BCC) is not recommended because it often produces the appearance of control with superficial inhibition of the tumor as the deeper extensions continue to grow, which results in a needless delay in obtaining effective treatment. These conclusions are based on data obtained during the microscopically controlled excision of 103 invasive BCCs of the face that had recurred after topical fluorouracil treatment.", "contents": "Tendency of fluorouracil to conceal deep foci of invasive basal cell carcinoma. Topical fluorouracil treatment of invasive basal cell carcinomas (BCC) is not recommended because it often produces the appearance of control with superficial inhibition of the tumor as the deeper extensions continue to grow, which results in a needless delay in obtaining effective treatment. These conclusions are based on data obtained during the microscopically controlled excision of 103 invasive BCCs of the face that had recurred after topical fluorouracil treatment.", "PMID": 686718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7083", "title": "Lucio's phenomenon and diffuse nonnodular lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "The records of ten patients with Lucio's phenomenon showed clinical and histopathological changes similar to those described by others. Lucio's phenomenon is a syndrome distinct from erythema nodosum leprosum as indicated by an absence of fever, leukocytosis and tenderness, a failure to respond to thalidomide, and a restriction to patients with diffuse nonnodular lepromatous leprosy. Lymphopenia associated with splenomegaly in three patients and glomerulonephritis in one patient were unexpected findings of unknown relevance.", "contents": "Lucio's phenomenon and diffuse nonnodular lepromatous leprosy. The records of ten patients with Lucio's phenomenon showed clinical and histopathological changes similar to those described by others. Lucio's phenomenon is a syndrome distinct from erythema nodosum leprosum as indicated by an absence of fever, leukocytosis and tenderness, a failure to respond to thalidomide, and a restriction to patients with diffuse nonnodular lepromatous leprosy. Lymphopenia associated with splenomegaly in three patients and glomerulonephritis in one patient were unexpected findings of unknown relevance.", "PMID": 686719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7084", "title": "Percutaneous absorption in experimental epidermal proliferation.", "content": "Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) results in epidermal hyperproliferation with acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. The EFAD hairless mouse has been used to study the percutaneous absorption of a 0.1% solution of 4-(14)C-hydrocortisone. In vitro absorption was increased significantly through EFAD compared with normal hairless mouse skin. This is further evidence for a defective skin barrier function in epidermal hyperproliferation.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption in experimental epidermal proliferation. Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) results in epidermal hyperproliferation with acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. The EFAD hairless mouse has been used to study the percutaneous absorption of a 0.1% solution of 4-(14)C-hydrocortisone. In vitro absorption was increased significantly through EFAD compared with normal hairless mouse skin. This is further evidence for a defective skin barrier function in epidermal hyperproliferation.", "PMID": 686720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7085", "title": "Histopathology of oral lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus. A review of 25 cases.", "content": "In a study of 25 oral biopsy specimens of lesions of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, a characteristic and diagnostic histopathological pattern was confirmed, which consisted of parakeratosis, hydropic degeneration of stratum germinativum, collagen degeneration and a lymphocytic infiltration in a perivascular orientation. It is suggested that more oral biopsies be used in the diagnosis of discoid lupus erythematosus because of the ease of oral mucosal biopsy technique and the absence of scarring and discomfort from oral biopsy lesions.", "contents": "Histopathology of oral lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus. A review of 25 cases. In a study of 25 oral biopsy specimens of lesions of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, a characteristic and diagnostic histopathological pattern was confirmed, which consisted of parakeratosis, hydropic degeneration of stratum germinativum, collagen degeneration and a lymphocytic infiltration in a perivascular orientation. It is suggested that more oral biopsies be used in the diagnosis of discoid lupus erythematosus because of the ease of oral mucosal biopsy technique and the absence of scarring and discomfort from oral biopsy lesions.", "PMID": 686721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7086", "title": "Lichen planus and discoid lupud erythematosus. Overlap syndrome associated with cryoglobulinemia and hypocomplementemia.", "content": "A patient with the discoid lupus erythematosus and lichen planus overlap syndrome has profound depression of serum C4 concentration associated with substantial mixed cryoblobulinemia. A family study failed to disclose evidence of a familial hypocomplementemia, cryoglobulinemia, or a dermatologic condition. Immunologlobulin, but no complement, was detected at the site of the skin abnormality. This case illustrates an immune-complex disorder with a mixed cryoglobulinemia that is related to immunoglobulin deposition in the skin.", "contents": "Lichen planus and discoid lupud erythematosus. Overlap syndrome associated with cryoglobulinemia and hypocomplementemia. A patient with the discoid lupus erythematosus and lichen planus overlap syndrome has profound depression of serum C4 concentration associated with substantial mixed cryoblobulinemia. A family study failed to disclose evidence of a familial hypocomplementemia, cryoglobulinemia, or a dermatologic condition. Immunologlobulin, but no complement, was detected at the site of the skin abnormality. This case illustrates an immune-complex disorder with a mixed cryoglobulinemia that is related to immunoglobulin deposition in the skin.", "PMID": 686722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7087", "title": "Eosinophilic fasciitis.", "content": "Localized areas of indurated skin, which were adherent to the underlying tissues of the upper extremities, suddenly developed in 55-year-old woman. Histologic examination of these bound-down areas disclosed a thickening and inflammation of the deep fascia. There was an associated eosinophilia and a marked clinical improvement after 18 months of oral steroid therapy. These gross and microscopic findings, as well as the peripheral eosinophilia and clinical response while oral steroids were administered, are all characteristics of the recently described entity called eosinophilic fasciitis. Its recognition is important since it may be steroid responsive.", "contents": "Eosinophilic fasciitis. Localized areas of indurated skin, which were adherent to the underlying tissues of the upper extremities, suddenly developed in 55-year-old woman. Histologic examination of these bound-down areas disclosed a thickening and inflammation of the deep fascia. There was an associated eosinophilia and a marked clinical improvement after 18 months of oral steroid therapy. These gross and microscopic findings, as well as the peripheral eosinophilia and clinical response while oral steroids were administered, are all characteristics of the recently described entity called eosinophilic fasciitis. Its recognition is important since it may be steroid responsive.", "PMID": 686723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7088", "title": "Hearing aid dermatitis.", "content": "Allergic eczematous contact dermatitis developed in the external auditory canals and external ears of a woman who wore bilateral \"in-the-ear\" hearing aids. Patch tests demonstrated that methyl methacrylate monomer was the offending chemical. Heat curling the resin increased polymerization and reduced the amount of residual acrylic monomer, thus alleviating the problem.", "contents": "Hearing aid dermatitis. Allergic eczematous contact dermatitis developed in the external auditory canals and external ears of a woman who wore bilateral \"in-the-ear\" hearing aids. Patch tests demonstrated that methyl methacrylate monomer was the offending chemical. Heat curling the resin increased polymerization and reduced the amount of residual acrylic monomer, thus alleviating the problem.", "PMID": 686724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7089", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis after immunosuppression for pemphigus.", "content": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis developed in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris who had been undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for three years. At autopsy, typical angiodestructive and angiocentric lesions with large lymphoid cells (immunoblasts) were found in the lungs and mediastinal nodes. Although a direct causal relationship between immunosuppression and lymphomatoid granulomatosis is lacking, the association of the two has been described. Immunoblastic sarcoma is also seen in immunosuppressed patients, and the role of the immunoblast in both of these disorders indicates that they may be related. This report suggests that, like immunoblastic sarcoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis may develop under conditions of diminished immunologic surveillance, whether iatrogenic or naturally occurring.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis after immunosuppression for pemphigus. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis developed in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris who had been undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for three years. At autopsy, typical angiodestructive and angiocentric lesions with large lymphoid cells (immunoblasts) were found in the lungs and mediastinal nodes. Although a direct causal relationship between immunosuppression and lymphomatoid granulomatosis is lacking, the association of the two has been described. Immunoblastic sarcoma is also seen in immunosuppressed patients, and the role of the immunoblast in both of these disorders indicates that they may be related. This report suggests that, like immunoblastic sarcoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis may develop under conditions of diminished immunologic surveillance, whether iatrogenic or naturally occurring.", "PMID": 686725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7090", "title": "Superior vena caval syndrome.", "content": "The two cases of the superior vena caval syndrome described illustrate the problem of making a diagnosis and of determining the etiology of this syndrome. The cutaneous manifestations were typical of the syndrome and included the sudden onset of facial and upper extremity edema, erythema, and telangiectasia. The causes of the syndrome cannot be recognized from the clinical presentation. In one of our cases, the cause was only determined at autopsy and proved to be an unusual benign cause, idiopathic thrombosis, masquerading as a malignant tumor; the other case was caused by an actual malignancy. The manifestations of the syndrome should alert the physician to determine its cause in order that appropriate therapy may be instituted as rapidly as possible.", "contents": "Superior vena caval syndrome. The two cases of the superior vena caval syndrome described illustrate the problem of making a diagnosis and of determining the etiology of this syndrome. The cutaneous manifestations were typical of the syndrome and included the sudden onset of facial and upper extremity edema, erythema, and telangiectasia. The causes of the syndrome cannot be recognized from the clinical presentation. In one of our cases, the cause was only determined at autopsy and proved to be an unusual benign cause, idiopathic thrombosis, masquerading as a malignant tumor; the other case was caused by an actual malignancy. The manifestations of the syndrome should alert the physician to determine its cause in order that appropriate therapy may be instituted as rapidly as possible.", "PMID": 686726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7091", "title": "Ichthyosis hystrix.", "content": "According to a popular system of classification, the term ichthyosis hystrix denotes an organoid epidermal nevus composed of hyperkeratotic papules with a bilateral distribution. Our patient had dramatic disfiguring epidermal changes of this type covering nearly all of her body. Although this abnormality began at the age of 2, she does not exhibit any of the various neurological or skeletal derangements that have been reported to be associated with the condition.", "contents": "Ichthyosis hystrix. According to a popular system of classification, the term ichthyosis hystrix denotes an organoid epidermal nevus composed of hyperkeratotic papules with a bilateral distribution. Our patient had dramatic disfiguring epidermal changes of this type covering nearly all of her body. Although this abnormality began at the age of 2, she does not exhibit any of the various neurological or skeletal derangements that have been reported to be associated with the condition.", "PMID": 686727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7092", "title": "A diffuse pustular eruption associated with ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Two patients each with a two-year history of chronic ulcerative colitis developed, over a 24- to 48-hour period, painful pustules involving the skin and oral mucosa. The pustular eruption was associated with a severe exacerbation of the colitis. Culture of the lesions and of the blood failed to reveal an infectious cause for the eruption. Histologic study of a pustule in case 2 revealed suppurative folliculitis. The lesions subsided rapidly in case 1 when intravenous hydrocortisone and intravenous and intramuscular antibiotics were administered, and further resolution occurred after colectomy. A similar rapid resoultion of the pustules occurred in case 2 after initiation of treatment with intramuscular cortisone acetate and antibiotics and with colectomy. This pustular eruption may represent a variant of pyoderma gangrenosum.", "contents": "A diffuse pustular eruption associated with ulcerative colitis. Two patients each with a two-year history of chronic ulcerative colitis developed, over a 24- to 48-hour period, painful pustules involving the skin and oral mucosa. The pustular eruption was associated with a severe exacerbation of the colitis. Culture of the lesions and of the blood failed to reveal an infectious cause for the eruption. Histologic study of a pustule in case 2 revealed suppurative folliculitis. The lesions subsided rapidly in case 1 when intravenous hydrocortisone and intravenous and intramuscular antibiotics were administered, and further resolution occurred after colectomy. A similar rapid resoultion of the pustules occurred in case 2 after initiation of treatment with intramuscular cortisone acetate and antibiotics and with colectomy. This pustular eruption may represent a variant of pyoderma gangrenosum.", "PMID": 686728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7093", "title": "Spindle cell lipoma. An unusual dermatologic presentation.", "content": "A 30-year-old woman had nontender subcutaneous mass over the left temple that histologically demonstrated a mixed pattern of mature lipocytes and spindle cells, many in a palisading and fascicular pattern, separated by fibrous trabeculations. No cellular atypia or increased mitotic activity was seen, and a predominance of mast cells was noted. This case illustrates the spindle cell lipoma, a benign variant of lipoma that has been confused in the past with both malignant spindle cell and lipocytic tumors. Our case, although atypical in sex, age, and location, serves to identify this entity in the dermatologic literature.", "contents": "Spindle cell lipoma. An unusual dermatologic presentation. A 30-year-old woman had nontender subcutaneous mass over the left temple that histologically demonstrated a mixed pattern of mature lipocytes and spindle cells, many in a palisading and fascicular pattern, separated by fibrous trabeculations. No cellular atypia or increased mitotic activity was seen, and a predominance of mast cells was noted. This case illustrates the spindle cell lipoma, a benign variant of lipoma that has been confused in the past with both malignant spindle cell and lipocytic tumors. Our case, although atypical in sex, age, and location, serves to identify this entity in the dermatologic literature.", "PMID": 686729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7094", "title": "Langerhans cells in contact dermatitis of the guinea pig.", "content": "In the guinea pig, the epidermal Langerhans cells studied by adenosine triphosphatase and electron microscopic techniques in dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact dermatitis showed early cellular vacuolar and granular changes and intraepidermal contact with mononuclear cells. At later periods of up to 48 hours, the Langerhans cells migrated to the surface of a thickened epidermis and were lost in the parakeratotic horny layer that was shed. Thus, the Langerhans cell probably has a macrophage-type role in the epidermal reaction of contact dermatitis, and as the sponglosis and the inflammatory reaction develop, these cells are shed with the degenerating keratinocytes.", "contents": "Langerhans cells in contact dermatitis of the guinea pig. In the guinea pig, the epidermal Langerhans cells studied by adenosine triphosphatase and electron microscopic techniques in dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact dermatitis showed early cellular vacuolar and granular changes and intraepidermal contact with mononuclear cells. At later periods of up to 48 hours, the Langerhans cells migrated to the surface of a thickened epidermis and were lost in the parakeratotic horny layer that was shed. Thus, the Langerhans cell probably has a macrophage-type role in the epidermal reaction of contact dermatitis, and as the sponglosis and the inflammatory reaction develop, these cells are shed with the degenerating keratinocytes.", "PMID": 686744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7095", "title": "Scleroderma, eosinophilia, and diffuse fasciitis.", "content": "Skin induration without internal organ involvement, blood and tissue eosinophilla, and fascilitis are features of diffuse fascilitis. However, cellular infiltrates (lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils) may also be present in the dermis, fat, and muscle. Blood eosinophilia (mild and transient) and skin eosinophilia were observed in about 20% of patients with systemic and localized scleroderma.", "contents": "Scleroderma, eosinophilia, and diffuse fasciitis. Skin induration without internal organ involvement, blood and tissue eosinophilla, and fascilitis are features of diffuse fascilitis. However, cellular infiltrates (lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils) may also be present in the dermis, fat, and muscle. Blood eosinophilia (mild and transient) and skin eosinophilia were observed in about 20% of patients with systemic and localized scleroderma.", "PMID": 686745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7096", "title": "Subcutaneous mycosis fungoides.", "content": "In five cases of mycosis fungoides, previously treated with electron-beam therapy, subcutaneous nodules developed. Clinically, these lesions were thought to be epidermoid cysts or lipomas, but on biopsy were discovered to be subcutaneous infiltrates, three of which were diagnosed as mycosis fungoides. The other two specimens showed only a nonspecific subcutaneous infiltrate. There is no ready explanation for the appearance of these lesions, but it is speculated that they may be the result of inadequate penetration of the electron beam to the depth at which some atypical cells may originally have been located. Patients with mycosis fungoides who develop unusual subcutaneous nodules should be fully investigated so that appropriate and adequate therapy may be initiated.", "contents": "Subcutaneous mycosis fungoides. In five cases of mycosis fungoides, previously treated with electron-beam therapy, subcutaneous nodules developed. Clinically, these lesions were thought to be epidermoid cysts or lipomas, but on biopsy were discovered to be subcutaneous infiltrates, three of which were diagnosed as mycosis fungoides. The other two specimens showed only a nonspecific subcutaneous infiltrate. There is no ready explanation for the appearance of these lesions, but it is speculated that they may be the result of inadequate penetration of the electron beam to the depth at which some atypical cells may originally have been located. Patients with mycosis fungoides who develop unusual subcutaneous nodules should be fully investigated so that appropriate and adequate therapy may be initiated.", "PMID": 686746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7097", "title": "Dermatitis from purified sea algae toxin (debromoaplysiatoxin).", "content": "Cutaneous inflammation was induced by debromoaplysiatoxin, a purified toxin extracted from Lyngbya majuscula Gomont. This alga causes a seaweed dermatitis that occurs in persons who have swum off the coast of Oahu in Hawaii. By topical application, the toxin was found to produce an irritant pustular folliculitis in humans and to cause a severe cutaneous inflammatory reaction in the rabbit and in hairless mice.", "contents": "Dermatitis from purified sea algae toxin (debromoaplysiatoxin). Cutaneous inflammation was induced by debromoaplysiatoxin, a purified toxin extracted from Lyngbya majuscula Gomont. This alga causes a seaweed dermatitis that occurs in persons who have swum off the coast of Oahu in Hawaii. By topical application, the toxin was found to produce an irritant pustular folliculitis in humans and to cause a severe cutaneous inflammatory reaction in the rabbit and in hairless mice.", "PMID": 686747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7098", "title": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis: surgical management of a case with unusual clinical and histological features.", "content": "Our case of cutaneous leishmaniasis clinically resembles the atypical form \"infiltrees en nappes\" that was described by Photinos in 1930. A subsequent biopsy of the lesion was performed more than one year after its onset and after a full course of stibogluconate sodium and the specimen showed multiple organisms in multinucleated giant cells as well as in histiocytes. Electrodesiccation and curettage of the lesion resulted in complete healing with minimal scarring.", "contents": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis: surgical management of a case with unusual clinical and histological features. Our case of cutaneous leishmaniasis clinically resembles the atypical form \"infiltrees en nappes\" that was described by Photinos in 1930. A subsequent biopsy of the lesion was performed more than one year after its onset and after a full course of stibogluconate sodium and the specimen showed multiple organisms in multinucleated giant cells as well as in histiocytes. Electrodesiccation and curettage of the lesion resulted in complete healing with minimal scarring.", "PMID": 686748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7099", "title": "Basal cell nevus syndrome in a black patient: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "An 80-year-old black man had multiple basal cell epitheliomas (BCEs), palmar pits, and mandibular cysts. This patient is unusual, not only because of multiple BCEs, but also becuase they developed when the patient was at age 77. Only three other black patients with multiple BCEs in association with basal cell nevus syndrome have been reported previously.", "contents": "Basal cell nevus syndrome in a black patient: report of a case and review of the literature. An 80-year-old black man had multiple basal cell epitheliomas (BCEs), palmar pits, and mandibular cysts. This patient is unusual, not only because of multiple BCEs, but also becuase they developed when the patient was at age 77. Only three other black patients with multiple BCEs in association with basal cell nevus syndrome have been reported previously.", "PMID": 686749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7100", "title": "Retroperitoneal liposarcoma metastatic to scalp.", "content": "Metastasis of liposarcoma to the scalp occurred in a 50-year-old-man. Review of the literature disclosed no documented reports. Although cutaneous metastases from internal malignancies are of relative infrequent occurrence, such metastases may be limited to the scalp and a diagnosis can be established by a biopsy.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal liposarcoma metastatic to scalp. Metastasis of liposarcoma to the scalp occurred in a 50-year-old-man. Review of the literature disclosed no documented reports. Although cutaneous metastases from internal malignancies are of relative infrequent occurrence, such metastases may be limited to the scalp and a diagnosis can be established by a biopsy.", "PMID": 686750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7101", "title": "Pilomatricomas associated with myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "A report of the ninth and tenth cases of myotonic dystrophy associated with pilomatricomas and a review of the previously reported eight cases showed that seven of the ten patients had multiple pilomatricomas. Six of ten patients had another relative with both myotonic dystrophy and pilomatricomas. Patients with both myotonic dystrophy and pilomatricomas are more likely to have multiple tumors and to have a familial occurrence. The prevalence of pilomatricomas in patients with myotonic dystrophy is higher than in the general population. Pilomatricomas may be a cutaneous manifestation of the myotonic syndrome.", "contents": "Pilomatricomas associated with myotonic dystrophy. A report of the ninth and tenth cases of myotonic dystrophy associated with pilomatricomas and a review of the previously reported eight cases showed that seven of the ten patients had multiple pilomatricomas. Six of ten patients had another relative with both myotonic dystrophy and pilomatricomas. Patients with both myotonic dystrophy and pilomatricomas are more likely to have multiple tumors and to have a familial occurrence. The prevalence of pilomatricomas in patients with myotonic dystrophy is higher than in the general population. Pilomatricomas may be a cutaneous manifestation of the myotonic syndrome.", "PMID": 686751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7102", "title": "Vitiligo, chronic thrombocytopenia, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.", "content": "A 12-year-old boy with vitiligo, chronic thrombocytopenia, and a Coombs's positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia was treated with oral psoralens and exposure to ultraviolet light. An acute hemolytic crisis developed and he died. The association of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and vitilligo should be looked for in other cases. Until more information is available, patients with vitiligo and thrombocytopenia should not be treated with psoralens and exposure to ultraviolet light.", "contents": "Vitiligo, chronic thrombocytopenia, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. A 12-year-old boy with vitiligo, chronic thrombocytopenia, and a Coombs's positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia was treated with oral psoralens and exposure to ultraviolet light. An acute hemolytic crisis developed and he died. The association of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and vitilligo should be looked for in other cases. Until more information is available, patients with vitiligo and thrombocytopenia should not be treated with psoralens and exposure to ultraviolet light.", "PMID": 686752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7103", "title": "An unusual case of North American blastomycosis.", "content": "A patient with a laryngeal tumor first diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma was subsequently found to have North American blastomycosis. Diagnosis of this condition eventuated in eradication of the lesion as well as removal of a tracheostomy, which was thought to be permanent.", "contents": "An unusual case of North American blastomycosis. A patient with a laryngeal tumor first diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma was subsequently found to have North American blastomycosis. Diagnosis of this condition eventuated in eradication of the lesion as well as removal of a tracheostomy, which was thought to be permanent.", "PMID": 686753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7104", "title": "Defective leukocytotaxia and recurrent staphylococcal infecion: deficiency of leukocytotaxia and abnormal granulocytes associated with increase serum IgE levels in an adult with recurrent staphylococcal infection.", "content": "A man who was suffering from recurrent staphylococcal infection had antecedent symptoms of severe pruritus. Laboratory investigations showed leukocytosis with eosinophilia, hyperimmunoglobulinemia of all fractions, but particularly of IgE, and a deficiency of cell-mediated immunity on in vivo testing. Phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were normal, but a cellular and serum-associated defect in leukocytotaxia was present. Ultrastructural changes were observed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Association of impaired leukocytotaxia and elevated levels of IgE is not uncommon. Recurrent bacterial infections in the patient described are probably related to defective chemotaxis.", "contents": "Defective leukocytotaxia and recurrent staphylococcal infecion: deficiency of leukocytotaxia and abnormal granulocytes associated with increase serum IgE levels in an adult with recurrent staphylococcal infection. A man who was suffering from recurrent staphylococcal infection had antecedent symptoms of severe pruritus. Laboratory investigations showed leukocytosis with eosinophilia, hyperimmunoglobulinemia of all fractions, but particularly of IgE, and a deficiency of cell-mediated immunity on in vivo testing. Phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were normal, but a cellular and serum-associated defect in leukocytotaxia was present. Ultrastructural changes were observed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Association of impaired leukocytotaxia and elevated levels of IgE is not uncommon. Recurrent bacterial infections in the patient described are probably related to defective chemotaxis.", "PMID": 686754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7105", "title": "Gluten challenge in treated coeliac disease.", "content": "Thirty-two children with a past diagnosis of coeliac disease were reinvestigated by means of gluten challenge. They had received a gluten-free diet for a mean period of 6-5 years (range 0-25-11-0) before gluten challenge, and had a mean age of 9-9 years (range 3-0-15-3) at the onset of challenge. Small intestinal biopsies were performed before and after the gluten challenge (at least 10 g natural gluten per day for 3 months in the majority) and, as judged by light microscopy and morphometric techniques, coeliac disease was confirmed in 25 (78%) of the 32 patients; challenge was continued in the remaining 7 for a total period of 2 years when biopsies were repeated in 6 children and all were normal. Serum and RBC folate, serum iron, Hb level, and clinical symptoms were unpredictable variables in identifying children who developed gluten-induced enteropathies. The social and emotional effects of gluten challenge are discussed. The results highlight the importance of gluten challenge and intestinal biopsy in the diagnosis of coeliac disease and strongly suggest that a normal biopsy after a 3-month gluten challenge (as described above) excludes coeliac disease.", "contents": "Gluten challenge in treated coeliac disease. Thirty-two children with a past diagnosis of coeliac disease were reinvestigated by means of gluten challenge. They had received a gluten-free diet for a mean period of 6-5 years (range 0-25-11-0) before gluten challenge, and had a mean age of 9-9 years (range 3-0-15-3) at the onset of challenge. Small intestinal biopsies were performed before and after the gluten challenge (at least 10 g natural gluten per day for 3 months in the majority) and, as judged by light microscopy and morphometric techniques, coeliac disease was confirmed in 25 (78%) of the 32 patients; challenge was continued in the remaining 7 for a total period of 2 years when biopsies were repeated in 6 children and all were normal. Serum and RBC folate, serum iron, Hb level, and clinical symptoms were unpredictable variables in identifying children who developed gluten-induced enteropathies. The social and emotional effects of gluten challenge are discussed. The results highlight the importance of gluten challenge and intestinal biopsy in the diagnosis of coeliac disease and strongly suggest that a normal biopsy after a 3-month gluten challenge (as described above) excludes coeliac disease.", "PMID": 686770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7106", "title": "Renin and aldosterone response in human newborns to acute change in blood volume.", "content": "Increased activity of the renin/aldosterone system in the neonatal period is now well established in both animals and man but the control mechanisms are poorly understood. We have monitored the plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAldo) in 14 infants undergoing 21 exchange transfusions. PRA and PAldo were measured before and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the injection, and 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes after the withdrawal of 7 ml blood/kg birthweight immediately before exchange transfusions. PRA increased to a maximum of 53% and decreased to a maximum of 39% of the resting values after withdrawal or injection of blood respectively. PAldo values did not change significantly during the same period. Thus the renin-angiotensin system in the newborn infant is responsive to changes in blood volume.", "contents": "Renin and aldosterone response in human newborns to acute change in blood volume. Increased activity of the renin/aldosterone system in the neonatal period is now well established in both animals and man but the control mechanisms are poorly understood. We have monitored the plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAldo) in 14 infants undergoing 21 exchange transfusions. PRA and PAldo were measured before and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the injection, and 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes after the withdrawal of 7 ml blood/kg birthweight immediately before exchange transfusions. PRA increased to a maximum of 53% and decreased to a maximum of 39% of the resting values after withdrawal or injection of blood respectively. PAldo values did not change significantly during the same period. Thus the renin-angiotensin system in the newborn infant is responsive to changes in blood volume.", "PMID": 686771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7107", "title": "Recurrent wheezing in the preschool child.", "content": "The bronchoconstrictor response to exercise was measured in 29 healthy children and in 23 children with recurrent wheezing attacks, using the Wright low-range peak flow meter and a modification of the forced oscillation technique. None of the healthy children showed significant change in airflow obstruction after a 6-minute run, whereas 20 of the 23 wheezy children showed a mean rise in total respiratory resistance of 65-5%. All 23 children showed a fall in airflow obstruction after inhaling salbutamol solution.", "contents": "Recurrent wheezing in the preschool child. The bronchoconstrictor response to exercise was measured in 29 healthy children and in 23 children with recurrent wheezing attacks, using the Wright low-range peak flow meter and a modification of the forced oscillation technique. None of the healthy children showed significant change in airflow obstruction after a 6-minute run, whereas 20 of the 23 wheezy children showed a mean rise in total respiratory resistance of 65-5%. All 23 children showed a fall in airflow obstruction after inhaling salbutamol solution.", "PMID": 686772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7108", "title": "Reduction of bile acid loss in cystic fibrosis by dietary means.", "content": "On a 'normal' diet increased faecal bile acid excretion was found in 14 of 16 children with cystic fibrosis who had steatorrhoea, but excretion was normal in 2 such children without steatorrhoea. The 16 children with steatorrhoea took 3 regimens of diet and therapy: a 'normal' diet with pancreatic enzyme supplements, a diet of reduced long-chain triglycerides with added medium-chain triglycerides, and the same diet with added pancreatic enzyme supplements. On each of these three regimens steatorrhoea and faecal bile acid loss were significantly less than on no treatment, with the lowest excretions occurring on the diet of reduced long-chain triglycerides with added medium-chain triglycerides and pancreatic enzyme supplements. Although a reduction in steatorrhoea was nearly always accompanied by a decrease in bile acid excretion, the initial bile acid loss was very variable and could not be predicted for any given degree of steatorrhoea. This suggests that at least one other factor, possibly liver disease or bile acid pool size, influences bile acid loss in the faeces.", "contents": "Reduction of bile acid loss in cystic fibrosis by dietary means. On a 'normal' diet increased faecal bile acid excretion was found in 14 of 16 children with cystic fibrosis who had steatorrhoea, but excretion was normal in 2 such children without steatorrhoea. The 16 children with steatorrhoea took 3 regimens of diet and therapy: a 'normal' diet with pancreatic enzyme supplements, a diet of reduced long-chain triglycerides with added medium-chain triglycerides, and the same diet with added pancreatic enzyme supplements. On each of these three regimens steatorrhoea and faecal bile acid loss were significantly less than on no treatment, with the lowest excretions occurring on the diet of reduced long-chain triglycerides with added medium-chain triglycerides and pancreatic enzyme supplements. Although a reduction in steatorrhoea was nearly always accompanied by a decrease in bile acid excretion, the initial bile acid loss was very variable and could not be predicted for any given degree of steatorrhoea. This suggests that at least one other factor, possibly liver disease or bile acid pool size, influences bile acid loss in the faeces.", "PMID": 686773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7109", "title": "Sweat testing for cystic fibrosis. Diagnostic screening with a combination chloride ion-selective electrode.", "content": "Screening of sweat chloride in newborn infants with the Orion Skin Chloride Measuring System and incorporating some procedural innovations is described. The results indicate that while diagnostic screening for cystic fibrosis can be readily undertaken, the test with the chloride ion-selective electrode is best left at least to the second day of life or later because of insufficient sweating in very young babies. Measurements on 2 babies with cystic fibrosis are also discussed.", "contents": "Sweat testing for cystic fibrosis. Diagnostic screening with a combination chloride ion-selective electrode. Screening of sweat chloride in newborn infants with the Orion Skin Chloride Measuring System and incorporating some procedural innovations is described. The results indicate that while diagnostic screening for cystic fibrosis can be readily undertaken, the test with the chloride ion-selective electrode is best left at least to the second day of life or later because of insufficient sweating in very young babies. Measurements on 2 babies with cystic fibrosis are also discussed.", "PMID": 686774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7110", "title": "Growth hormone release during sleep in growth-retarded children with normal response to pharmacological tests.", "content": "Twenty-one prepubertal children of small stature, 10 boys and 11 girls, aged from 4-3 to 12-8 years, were studied. Their height was less than 3rd centile, and during the preceding year all had a growth rate less than 4-5 cm/year. Arginine and L-dopa tests were given, and the release of growth hormone (GH) during monitored sleep was investigated. On the basis of the electroencephalogram and horizontal electro-oculogram, sleep was divided into stages 1-2-3-4 and rapid-eye-movement. All the children had a GH response greater than 8 ng/ml in at least one of the two pharmacological tests, and were therefore accepted as not suffering from GH deficiency. In all 21 children during sleep there was at least one secretory peak with GH greater than 8 ng/ml. Of a total of 46 secretory peaks recorded, 22 (48%) took place during deep, slow sleep (stages 3-4), 10 (22%) during light sleep (stage 2), 10 (22%) during REM sleep, and 4 (8%) during wakening. In 4 patients (19%) no secretory peak was observed during stages 3-4, even though there were peaks at other times. The data (a) show that it is essential to monitor GH throughout the night to ascertain with certainty the presence or absence of physiological secretory peaks of GH; (b) emphasise the rare disagreement between pharmacological and physiological tests; (c) suggest the use of this physiological test for GH secretion in those cases where the insulin test may be hazardous.", "contents": "Growth hormone release during sleep in growth-retarded children with normal response to pharmacological tests. Twenty-one prepubertal children of small stature, 10 boys and 11 girls, aged from 4-3 to 12-8 years, were studied. Their height was less than 3rd centile, and during the preceding year all had a growth rate less than 4-5 cm/year. Arginine and L-dopa tests were given, and the release of growth hormone (GH) during monitored sleep was investigated. On the basis of the electroencephalogram and horizontal electro-oculogram, sleep was divided into stages 1-2-3-4 and rapid-eye-movement. All the children had a GH response greater than 8 ng/ml in at least one of the two pharmacological tests, and were therefore accepted as not suffering from GH deficiency. In all 21 children during sleep there was at least one secretory peak with GH greater than 8 ng/ml. Of a total of 46 secretory peaks recorded, 22 (48%) took place during deep, slow sleep (stages 3-4), 10 (22%) during light sleep (stage 2), 10 (22%) during REM sleep, and 4 (8%) during wakening. In 4 patients (19%) no secretory peak was observed during stages 3-4, even though there were peaks at other times. The data (a) show that it is essential to monitor GH throughout the night to ascertain with certainty the presence or absence of physiological secretory peaks of GH; (b) emphasise the rare disagreement between pharmacological and physiological tests; (c) suggest the use of this physiological test for GH secretion in those cases where the insulin test may be hazardous.", "PMID": 686775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7111", "title": "Growth impairment in children treated for brain tumours.", "content": "Growth and growth hormone (GH) secretion were studied in 14 children with brain tumours before radiation and chemotherapy and at various time intervals afterwards. The peak GH response to hypoglycaemia was normal in all patients before radiation. In 6 patients the peak GH response was impaired 1 year after radiation, and in a seventh it was normal at 1 year but impaired 2 years after radiation. In 12 of 13 patients the growth velocity during the first year of chemotherapy was below the 3rd centile, although none of these had an initial standing height below the 3rd centile. Thus it appears that poor growth in such children occurs irrespective of whether radiation-induced GH deficiency develops. The cause of this impaired growth is unknown.", "contents": "Growth impairment in children treated for brain tumours. Growth and growth hormone (GH) secretion were studied in 14 children with brain tumours before radiation and chemotherapy and at various time intervals afterwards. The peak GH response to hypoglycaemia was normal in all patients before radiation. In 6 patients the peak GH response was impaired 1 year after radiation, and in a seventh it was normal at 1 year but impaired 2 years after radiation. In 12 of 13 patients the growth velocity during the first year of chemotherapy was below the 3rd centile, although none of these had an initial standing height below the 3rd centile. Thus it appears that poor growth in such children occurs irrespective of whether radiation-induced GH deficiency develops. The cause of this impaired growth is unknown.", "PMID": 686776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7112", "title": "Goitre and hypothyroidism in the newborn after cutaneous absorption of iodine.", "content": "Iodine goitre and hypothyroidism in 5 newborn infants in an intensive care unit were induced by cutaneous absorption of iodine, after numerous skin applications of iodine alcohol. The infant's skin permeability allows severe iodine overloading of the thyroid, resulting in goitre and hypothyroidism. Ioduria should always be sought in a newborn infant showing hypothyroidism. Iodine should not be used as a skin disinfectant in young infants.", "contents": "Goitre and hypothyroidism in the newborn after cutaneous absorption of iodine. Iodine goitre and hypothyroidism in 5 newborn infants in an intensive care unit were induced by cutaneous absorption of iodine, after numerous skin applications of iodine alcohol. The infant's skin permeability allows severe iodine overloading of the thyroid, resulting in goitre and hypothyroidism. Ioduria should always be sought in a newborn infant showing hypothyroidism. Iodine should not be used as a skin disinfectant in young infants.", "PMID": 686777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7113", "title": "Clinical study of prolonged jaundice in breast- and bottle-fed babies.", "content": "A study of 893 births was undertaken to determine the incidence of prolonged neonatal jaundice. 55% of these babies were breast feeding on discharge from the maternity hospital. Jaundice lasting for 3 weeks or more was found in 12 breast-fed term babies (2-4% of all breast-fed babies), and in no bottle-fed infant. 3 of the jaundiced babies gained weight poorly in the first 3 weeks of life, but after that age failure to thrive was not associated with the prolonged jaundice. The hyperbilirubinaemia, which persisted in 11 infants from between 21 to 80 days (mean 39 days), was due to elevations in both conjugated and unconjugated fractions.", "contents": "Clinical study of prolonged jaundice in breast- and bottle-fed babies. A study of 893 births was undertaken to determine the incidence of prolonged neonatal jaundice. 55% of these babies were breast feeding on discharge from the maternity hospital. Jaundice lasting for 3 weeks or more was found in 12 breast-fed term babies (2-4% of all breast-fed babies), and in no bottle-fed infant. 3 of the jaundiced babies gained weight poorly in the first 3 weeks of life, but after that age failure to thrive was not associated with the prolonged jaundice. The hyperbilirubinaemia, which persisted in 11 infants from between 21 to 80 days (mean 39 days), was due to elevations in both conjugated and unconjugated fractions.", "PMID": 686778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7114", "title": "Respiratory depression due to unsuspected narcotic ingestion treated with naloxone.", "content": "Two patients are presented with respiratory depression for which no cause was apparent. Both had ingested narcotics without the parents' knowledge. Narcotic ingestion should be suspected if signs of respiratory failure with constricted pupils are present, and a diagnostic test with naloxone should be performed.", "contents": "Respiratory depression due to unsuspected narcotic ingestion treated with naloxone. Two patients are presented with respiratory depression for which no cause was apparent. Both had ingested narcotics without the parents' knowledge. Narcotic ingestion should be suspected if signs of respiratory failure with constricted pupils are present, and a diagnostic test with naloxone should be performed.", "PMID": 686779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7115", "title": "Estimation of gestational age at birth. Comparison of two methods.", "content": "Seventy-three low birthweight babies were independently assessed for gestational age using the scoring system of Dubowitz et al. (1970) and 5 neurological reflexes described by Robinson (1966). The results obtained by the 5 reflexes were compared with those obtained by the scoring system and were found to be accurate estimations of gestational age. The 5 reflexes may be used for babies of gestational ages 29 to 37 weeks, but above 37 weeks the scoring system must be used.", "contents": "Estimation of gestational age at birth. Comparison of two methods. Seventy-three low birthweight babies were independently assessed for gestational age using the scoring system of Dubowitz et al. (1970) and 5 neurological reflexes described by Robinson (1966). The results obtained by the 5 reflexes were compared with those obtained by the scoring system and were found to be accurate estimations of gestational age. The 5 reflexes may be used for babies of gestational ages 29 to 37 weeks, but above 37 weeks the scoring system must be used.", "PMID": 686780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7116", "title": "Increased urinary catecholamines in an infant with the diencephalic syndrome.", "content": "In an infant of 15 months with the diencephalic syndrome, urinary excretion of norepinephrine was moderately raised and epinephrine greatly so. It is suggested that catecholamine secretion may be due to sympathetic stimulation at the level of the diencephalon, by a space-occupying lesion pressing on the thalamohypothalamic pathway. Some of the symptoms of the diencephalic syndrome such as euphoria, irritability, skin pallor, and hypertension may be the result of catecholamine secretion.", "contents": "Increased urinary catecholamines in an infant with the diencephalic syndrome. In an infant of 15 months with the diencephalic syndrome, urinary excretion of norepinephrine was moderately raised and epinephrine greatly so. It is suggested that catecholamine secretion may be due to sympathetic stimulation at the level of the diencephalon, by a space-occupying lesion pressing on the thalamohypothalamic pathway. Some of the symptoms of the diencephalic syndrome such as euphoria, irritability, skin pallor, and hypertension may be the result of catecholamine secretion.", "PMID": 686781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7117", "title": "Use of the diving reflex to treat supraventricular tachycardia in an infant.", "content": "A simple method for treating supraventricular tachycardias is described--ice cubes are applied to the nose and upper lip. It should be particularly useful in younger children and depends on a sound physiological principle.", "contents": "Use of the diving reflex to treat supraventricular tachycardia in an infant. A simple method for treating supraventricular tachycardias is described--ice cubes are applied to the nose and upper lip. It should be particularly useful in younger children and depends on a sound physiological principle.", "PMID": 686782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7118", "title": "At what age do bronchodilator drugs work?", "content": "Using a modification of the forced oscillation technique we have measured respiratory resistance before and after nebulised salbutamol therapy in 32 wheezing children aged 7 months to 3 years 7 monts. 12 of the children were also studied in a total body plethysmograph. No child under 18 months of aged showed a greater than 5% fall in resistance or any fall in thoracic gas volume. In contrast, 18 of 20 children over 20 months of age showed a fall in resistance greater than 20%.", "contents": "At what age do bronchodilator drugs work? Using a modification of the forced oscillation technique we have measured respiratory resistance before and after nebulised salbutamol therapy in 32 wheezing children aged 7 months to 3 years 7 monts. 12 of the children were also studied in a total body plethysmograph. No child under 18 months of aged showed a greater than 5% fall in resistance or any fall in thoracic gas volume. In contrast, 18 of 20 children over 20 months of age showed a fall in resistance greater than 20%.", "PMID": 686789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7119", "title": "Effects of delivery by caesarean section on lung mechanics and lung volume in the human neonate.", "content": "Lung function tests were carried out in the first 6 hours of life on 26 babies born by vaginal delivery and 10 born by caesarean section. The babies born by caesarean section had a mean thoracic gas volume of only 19.7 ml/kg body weight compared with 32.7 ml/kg for the babies born vaginally. We conclude that this is owing to an excess of lung fluid in the babies born by caesarean section.", "contents": "Effects of delivery by caesarean section on lung mechanics and lung volume in the human neonate. Lung function tests were carried out in the first 6 hours of life on 26 babies born by vaginal delivery and 10 born by caesarean section. The babies born by caesarean section had a mean thoracic gas volume of only 19.7 ml/kg body weight compared with 32.7 ml/kg for the babies born vaginally. We conclude that this is owing to an excess of lung fluid in the babies born by caesarean section.", "PMID": 686790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7120", "title": "Percutaneous catheterisation of the radial artery in newborn babies using transillumination.", "content": "A technique for inserting radial artery catheters percutaneously in newborn babies using transillumination is described. Catheterisation was successful in 69% of the 107 babies in whom it was attempted. In the last 30 attempts there was an 85% success rate with an average useful life of 100 hours. The average weight of these babies was 1405 g, with a range of 620--4250 g. The method has several advantages over previous methods.", "contents": "Percutaneous catheterisation of the radial artery in newborn babies using transillumination. A technique for inserting radial artery catheters percutaneously in newborn babies using transillumination is described. Catheterisation was successful in 69% of the 107 babies in whom it was attempted. In the last 30 attempts there was an 85% success rate with an average useful life of 100 hours. The average weight of these babies was 1405 g, with a range of 620--4250 g. The method has several advantages over previous methods.", "PMID": 686791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7121", "title": "Neurological sequelae in newborn babies after perinatal asphyxia.", "content": "A total of 53 babies, 37 to 44 weeks' gestational age with a history of fetal distress in labour, and severe neurological abnormalities in the early newborn period, were followed up for between 2 and 5 years. Their progress was compared with an equal number of normal babies matched for gestational age, birthweight, sex, and social class, but without a history of fetal distress or delay in establishing spontaneous respiration at birth. In the set of babies with a history of fetal distress no perinatal condition was identified that could predict with certainty the type of neurological status in the newborn period, or the occurrence of neurological abnormality in later childhood. Follow-up disclosed a considerable improvement in function in most of the apparently brain-injured babies. It is suggested that such babies exhibiting apathy initially but subsequently hyperexcitability and extensor hypertonia carry the worst prognosis.", "contents": "Neurological sequelae in newborn babies after perinatal asphyxia. A total of 53 babies, 37 to 44 weeks' gestational age with a history of fetal distress in labour, and severe neurological abnormalities in the early newborn period, were followed up for between 2 and 5 years. Their progress was compared with an equal number of normal babies matched for gestational age, birthweight, sex, and social class, but without a history of fetal distress or delay in establishing spontaneous respiration at birth. In the set of babies with a history of fetal distress no perinatal condition was identified that could predict with certainty the type of neurological status in the newborn period, or the occurrence of neurological abnormality in later childhood. Follow-up disclosed a considerable improvement in function in most of the apparently brain-injured babies. It is suggested that such babies exhibiting apathy initially but subsequently hyperexcitability and extensor hypertonia carry the worst prognosis.", "PMID": 686792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7122", "title": "Value of screening for deafness in the first year of life.", "content": "Despite efforts to screen all babies for deafness within their first year, the handicap is still being detected later than is desirable. This study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of current audiometric screening programmes. Hearing tests were carried out on 535 infants between the ages of 6 months and one year using conventional tests, which depend on the infants' response to familiar sounds, and pure-tone audiometry. The results reveal inadequacies in both sets of tests which, coupled with a high default rate, may well account for the very small contribution that routine audiometric screening is making to the early diagnosis of deafness.", "contents": "Value of screening for deafness in the first year of life. Despite efforts to screen all babies for deafness within their first year, the handicap is still being detected later than is desirable. This study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of current audiometric screening programmes. Hearing tests were carried out on 535 infants between the ages of 6 months and one year using conventional tests, which depend on the infants' response to familiar sounds, and pure-tone audiometry. The results reveal inadequacies in both sets of tests which, coupled with a high default rate, may well account for the very small contribution that routine audiometric screening is making to the early diagnosis of deafness.", "PMID": 686793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7123", "title": "Behavioural treatment of hyperactive children.", "content": "This study reports the value of behavioural treatment of hyperactive children. Twelve children with multiple behavioural problems, including concentration difficulties, were identified and treated during a 3-month period. Six of the children began treatment immediately; the other 6 children received similar treatment but after a delay of between 4 and 6 weeks. Children were seen at the clinic or in the home, depending upon the individual difficulties and geographical distances. Initially the families were seen weekly, but the frequency later was determined by the severity of the problems and the response to treatment. There was a significant improvement in the children's behaviour as reported by the parents, the home visitor, and videotaped recordings. During the initial period of beteen 4 and 6 weeks the treated children improved significantly, whereas the others, as yet untreated, showed no change. As soon as the treatment was introduced to the second group these children's behaviour also improved and to about same extent in 6 weeks as the treated children had in up to 12 weeks' treatment. This interesting observation suggests that a short period of treatment, only 6 weeks, may be sufficient for most children with hyperactivity. This is more feasible with the present-day resources of many departments.", "contents": "Behavioural treatment of hyperactive children. This study reports the value of behavioural treatment of hyperactive children. Twelve children with multiple behavioural problems, including concentration difficulties, were identified and treated during a 3-month period. Six of the children began treatment immediately; the other 6 children received similar treatment but after a delay of between 4 and 6 weeks. Children were seen at the clinic or in the home, depending upon the individual difficulties and geographical distances. Initially the families were seen weekly, but the frequency later was determined by the severity of the problems and the response to treatment. There was a significant improvement in the children's behaviour as reported by the parents, the home visitor, and videotaped recordings. During the initial period of beteen 4 and 6 weeks the treated children improved significantly, whereas the others, as yet untreated, showed no change. As soon as the treatment was introduced to the second group these children's behaviour also improved and to about same extent in 6 weeks as the treated children had in up to 12 weeks' treatment. This interesting observation suggests that a short period of treatment, only 6 weeks, may be sufficient for most children with hyperactivity. This is more feasible with the present-day resources of many departments.", "PMID": 686794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7124", "title": "Successful restoration of immunity in the DiGeorge syndrome with fetal thymic epithelial transplant.", "content": "A 13-month-old girl presented with right upper lobe pneumonia and hypocalcaemic seizures: investigations showed hypoparathyroidism and impaired cell-mediated immune responses. Other features of the DiGeorge syndrome included hypertelorism, short philtrum of the lip, right-sided aortic arch, and aberrant origin of the left subclavian artery. Successful restoration of the immunodeficiency was achieved by transplantation of fetal thymic epithelium.", "contents": "Successful restoration of immunity in the DiGeorge syndrome with fetal thymic epithelial transplant. A 13-month-old girl presented with right upper lobe pneumonia and hypocalcaemic seizures: investigations showed hypoparathyroidism and impaired cell-mediated immune responses. Other features of the DiGeorge syndrome included hypertelorism, short philtrum of the lip, right-sided aortic arch, and aberrant origin of the left subclavian artery. Successful restoration of the immunodeficiency was achieved by transplantation of fetal thymic epithelium.", "PMID": 686795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7125", "title": "Position of the apex beat in childhood.", "content": "The position of the apex beat in relation to the midclavicular and nipples lines and the intercostal spaces was studied in 353 healthy Jamaican children from birth to 10 years. The traditional use of the midclavicular line as a reference point in relation to the apex beat is not an accurate index of normal heart size at all ages. For this purpose actual measurement of the apex beat, which ranges between 2.8 and and 5.4 cm from the midline, should be made. However, for a rough estimate of normal cardiac size the midclavicular line may be used. In contrast, the nipple line lies outside the apex beat at all ages; it should not be used in the clinical evaluation of normal cardiac size. From birth to age 3 years the apex beat is located in the 4th intercostal space and with increasing age gradually moves into the 5th space in most children.", "contents": "Position of the apex beat in childhood. The position of the apex beat in relation to the midclavicular and nipples lines and the intercostal spaces was studied in 353 healthy Jamaican children from birth to 10 years. The traditional use of the midclavicular line as a reference point in relation to the apex beat is not an accurate index of normal heart size at all ages. For this purpose actual measurement of the apex beat, which ranges between 2.8 and and 5.4 cm from the midline, should be made. However, for a rough estimate of normal cardiac size the midclavicular line may be used. In contrast, the nipple line lies outside the apex beat at all ages; it should not be used in the clinical evaluation of normal cardiac size. From birth to age 3 years the apex beat is located in the 4th intercostal space and with increasing age gradually moves into the 5th space in most children.", "PMID": 686796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7126", "title": "Repeat lumbar puncture in the diagnosis of meningitis.", "content": "Meningitis may be difficult to diagnose. If it is suspected clinically and a first lumbar puncture is normal, a second cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample may be required within a few hours to confirm the diagnosis. A child is presented in whom CSF was normal 14 hours after the onset of illness, but who 14 hours later showed the characteristic changes of purulent meningitis. This case differs from those previously cited in the literature, in that the blood cultures taken at the time of the first lumbar puncture were also negative.", "contents": "Repeat lumbar puncture in the diagnosis of meningitis. Meningitis may be difficult to diagnose. If it is suspected clinically and a first lumbar puncture is normal, a second cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample may be required within a few hours to confirm the diagnosis. A child is presented in whom CSF was normal 14 hours after the onset of illness, but who 14 hours later showed the characteristic changes of purulent meningitis. This case differs from those previously cited in the literature, in that the blood cultures taken at the time of the first lumbar puncture were also negative.", "PMID": 686797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7127", "title": "Significance of intracranial bruits in neonates, infants, and young children.", "content": "In a control group an intracranial bruit (ICB) was heard in 4 of 13 children aged between 4 months and 3 years, but in none of 43 younger infants between the ages of one day and 4 months. In a group of 70 infants with cardiac murmurs of intensity grade III/VI or more, 19 of 30 aged between 4 months and 3 years had an ICB, compared with 4 of 40 younger infants aged between one day and 4 months (P less than 0.0005). It is concluded that in infants under the age of 4 months, even in the presence of a loud cardiac murmur, an ICB is rarely heard. The presence of an ICB, with or without signs of cardiac failure, strongly suggests an intracranial arteriovenous fistula.", "contents": "Significance of intracranial bruits in neonates, infants, and young children. In a control group an intracranial bruit (ICB) was heard in 4 of 13 children aged between 4 months and 3 years, but in none of 43 younger infants between the ages of one day and 4 months. In a group of 70 infants with cardiac murmurs of intensity grade III/VI or more, 19 of 30 aged between 4 months and 3 years had an ICB, compared with 4 of 40 younger infants aged between one day and 4 months (P less than 0.0005). It is concluded that in infants under the age of 4 months, even in the presence of a loud cardiac murmur, an ICB is rarely heard. The presence of an ICB, with or without signs of cardiac failure, strongly suggests an intracranial arteriovenous fistula.", "PMID": 686798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7128", "title": "Propranolol as an antihypertensive agent in children.", "content": "The antihypertensive effect of oral propranolol was studied in 9 children with hypertension. After treatment with propranolol, systolic blood pressure fell by an average of 26 mmHg (P less than 0.01). Diastolic pressure decreased by 20 mmHg on average (P less than 0.01). The mean propranolol dose was 2.5 mg/kg per day. Side effects included bradycardia and anorexia. There was no correlation between pretreatment plasma renin activity and fall in blood pressure. Propranolol is an effective and well tolerated antihypertensive agent in children.", "contents": "Propranolol as an antihypertensive agent in children. The antihypertensive effect of oral propranolol was studied in 9 children with hypertension. After treatment with propranolol, systolic blood pressure fell by an average of 26 mmHg (P less than 0.01). Diastolic pressure decreased by 20 mmHg on average (P less than 0.01). The mean propranolol dose was 2.5 mg/kg per day. Side effects included bradycardia and anorexia. There was no correlation between pretreatment plasma renin activity and fall in blood pressure. Propranolol is an effective and well tolerated antihypertensive agent in children.", "PMID": 686799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7129", "title": "Heights and weights of West Indian children with the sickle cell trait.", "content": "No consistent differences were found in mean heights and weights of 170 schoolchildren aged 6--12 years with the sickle cell trait and 1247 schoolchildren with normal haemoglobin living in Dominica and Jamaica.", "contents": "Heights and weights of West Indian children with the sickle cell trait. No consistent differences were found in mean heights and weights of 170 schoolchildren aged 6--12 years with the sickle cell trait and 1247 schoolchildren with normal haemoglobin living in Dominica and Jamaica.", "PMID": 686800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7130", "title": "Weaning very low birthweight infants from mechanical ventilation using intermittent mandatory ventilation and theophylline.", "content": "Two very low birthweight infants with severe clinical hyaline membrane disease requiring mechanical ventilation were dependent on slow-rate intermittent mandatory ventilation, without which they developed apnoea or hypopnoea and hypercarbia. Their ventilator dependence was apparently owing to inadequate ventilatory effort, and treatment with oral theophylline allowed easy weaning to continuous-positive airway pressure and extubation. PaCO2 was significantly lower during theophylline treatment, suggesting that the drug may have improved alveolar ventilation.", "contents": "Weaning very low birthweight infants from mechanical ventilation using intermittent mandatory ventilation and theophylline. Two very low birthweight infants with severe clinical hyaline membrane disease requiring mechanical ventilation were dependent on slow-rate intermittent mandatory ventilation, without which they developed apnoea or hypopnoea and hypercarbia. Their ventilator dependence was apparently owing to inadequate ventilatory effort, and treatment with oral theophylline allowed easy weaning to continuous-positive airway pressure and extubation. PaCO2 was significantly lower during theophylline treatment, suggesting that the drug may have improved alveolar ventilation.", "PMID": 686801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7131", "title": "Right-sided congenital diaphragmatic herniae presenting as pleural effusions in the newborn: dangers and pitfalls.", "content": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia presented with right-sided pleural effusion in two newborn infants.", "contents": "Right-sided congenital diaphragmatic herniae presenting as pleural effusions in the newborn: dangers and pitfalls. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia presented with right-sided pleural effusion in two newborn infants.", "PMID": 686802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7132", "title": "The relation of nervous elements to intradermal nevi. As electron microscopic study.", "content": "Intratumoral nerves of dermal nevi were investigated by electron microscopy in order to elucidate the role of neural elements in the development of these tumors. The following results were obtained: 1. Intratumoral nerves exhibit an increased cellularity, but the number of myelinated fibers is reduced. 2. Nevus cells type B and C are frequently present within nerve fascicles. 3. Unmyelinated axons were found in close relationship to nevus cells. 4. Schwann cells may show proliferations similar to early stages of neurofibroma and can be differentiated from unpigmented tumor cells by their relation to axons only. These findings indicate that identical cell populations are present within the intratumoral nerves and the tumor itself. Therefore, the theory of a neural component in the histogenesis of intradermal nevi is supported.", "contents": "The relation of nervous elements to intradermal nevi. As electron microscopic study. Intratumoral nerves of dermal nevi were investigated by electron microscopy in order to elucidate the role of neural elements in the development of these tumors. The following results were obtained: 1. Intratumoral nerves exhibit an increased cellularity, but the number of myelinated fibers is reduced. 2. Nevus cells type B and C are frequently present within nerve fascicles. 3. Unmyelinated axons were found in close relationship to nevus cells. 4. Schwann cells may show proliferations similar to early stages of neurofibroma and can be differentiated from unpigmented tumor cells by their relation to axons only. These findings indicate that identical cell populations are present within the intratumoral nerves and the tumor itself. Therefore, the theory of a neural component in the histogenesis of intradermal nevi is supported.", "PMID": 686807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7133", "title": "Plasminogen activators of psoriatic scale extracts. Separation of two plasminogen activators by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "Psoriatic scale extracts were fractioned by using polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAGIF) and preparative electrofocusing in granulated gel (PEGG). The largest protein fraction was found with Ip at pH 4.8--5.0, and the main protein bands within pH values 4.0--7.5. PEGG separated three main fractions with plasminogen activator or trypsin-like esterase activity with isoelectric points at pH 6.5--6.6, 5.4--6.2 and 4.9. The enzyme with Ip at pH 6.5--6.6 hydrolyzed trypsin substrates but lacked plasminogen activator capacity. The enzyme with Ip at pH 5.4--6.2 showed both activities but the third enzyme with plasminogen activator capacity with Ip at pH 4.9 was without detectable esterolytic activity towards substituted basic amino acid esters. The third enzyme was prominent in KCl-extract and the second in KSCN-extract. The first was equal in both extracts. The enzyme with Ip at pH 4.9 is possibly of bacterial origin while the plasminogen activator with Ip at pH 5.4--6.2 extracted in KSCN probably represents tissue activator of psoriatic scales.", "contents": "Plasminogen activators of psoriatic scale extracts. Separation of two plasminogen activators by isoelectric focusing. Psoriatic scale extracts were fractioned by using polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAGIF) and preparative electrofocusing in granulated gel (PEGG). The largest protein fraction was found with Ip at pH 4.8--5.0, and the main protein bands within pH values 4.0--7.5. PEGG separated three main fractions with plasminogen activator or trypsin-like esterase activity with isoelectric points at pH 6.5--6.6, 5.4--6.2 and 4.9. The enzyme with Ip at pH 6.5--6.6 hydrolyzed trypsin substrates but lacked plasminogen activator capacity. The enzyme with Ip at pH 5.4--6.2 showed both activities but the third enzyme with plasminogen activator capacity with Ip at pH 4.9 was without detectable esterolytic activity towards substituted basic amino acid esters. The third enzyme was prominent in KCl-extract and the second in KSCN-extract. The first was equal in both extracts. The enzyme with Ip at pH 4.9 is possibly of bacterial origin while the plasminogen activator with Ip at pH 5.4--6.2 extracted in KSCN probably represents tissue activator of psoriatic scales.", "PMID": 686809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7134", "title": "Dark effect of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) on lymphocytes.", "content": "In order to find, whether 8-MOP has an inhibiting effect on the proliferation of lymphocytes in the dark, we studied in vitro the lymphocyte proliferation by a mitogen (HgCl2) and by an antigen (tuberculin) from 16 psoriatic patients during the first oral PUVA treatment immediately before 8-MOP intake (03.--0.5 mg/kg body weight), 2 h later (time of maximal serum concentration) and after 24 h. The percentages of B- and T-lymphocytes were measured from 15 other psoriatic patients at equal times. There was a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) of the lymphocyte proliferation after stimulation with HgCl2 in culture, 2 h after 8-MOP, returning completely to the starting range after 24 h. On the contrary, neither the proliferation capacity of lymphocytes after stimulation with tuberculin nor the percentages of B- and T-lymphocytes were significantly changed. Obviously, 8-MOP, even without UVA irradiation, has a direct inhibiting effect on lymphocyte proliferation in concentrations therapeutically used. However, this effect is seen only with stimulation by a mitogen, not by an antigen. It cannot be explained by a change in the ratio between B- and T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Dark effect of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) on lymphocytes. In order to find, whether 8-MOP has an inhibiting effect on the proliferation of lymphocytes in the dark, we studied in vitro the lymphocyte proliferation by a mitogen (HgCl2) and by an antigen (tuberculin) from 16 psoriatic patients during the first oral PUVA treatment immediately before 8-MOP intake (03.--0.5 mg/kg body weight), 2 h later (time of maximal serum concentration) and after 24 h. The percentages of B- and T-lymphocytes were measured from 15 other psoriatic patients at equal times. There was a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) of the lymphocyte proliferation after stimulation with HgCl2 in culture, 2 h after 8-MOP, returning completely to the starting range after 24 h. On the contrary, neither the proliferation capacity of lymphocytes after stimulation with tuberculin nor the percentages of B- and T-lymphocytes were significantly changed. Obviously, 8-MOP, even without UVA irradiation, has a direct inhibiting effect on lymphocyte proliferation in concentrations therapeutically used. However, this effect is seen only with stimulation by a mitogen, not by an antigen. It cannot be explained by a change in the ratio between B- and T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 686810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7135", "title": "Synergistical effects of ficoll and phytohemagglutinin on human lymphocytes.", "content": "The influence of increasing concentration of the highly polymerized dectran Ficoll on cultured peripheral human blood lymphocytes stimulated or not stimulated by PHA was studied. The incorporation of 14C-thymidine into acid-insoluble material of unstimulated lymphocytes has not been influenced in the presence of increasing concentrations of Ficoll either pretreated with chelating resin or not pretreated. Ficoll not pretreated with chelating resin potentiates the PHA-induced stimulation by the factor 4.3 at 0.1 mg Ficoll/ml culture medium, and by the factor 3.2 at 1.0 mg/ml when PHA stimulated HPBL were used. Ficoll after pretreatment with chelating resin does not influence the DNA-synthesis at 0.1 mg Ficoll/ml medium, but causes a drop of the incorporation of 14C-thymidine by the factor 2.0 at 1.0 mg/ml. Using 10.0 mg per ml, both Ficoll preparation cause a decrease of the DNA-synthesis by the factor 2.5--3.0--probably a cytotoxic effect. The results obtained with emission spectrographic analysis and conductivity measurements show, that Ficoll after treatment with chelating resin contains about 10 times more ions (Mg, Ca, Na, Si) and has a 3.2-fold higher conductivity then Ficoll without pretreatment. It is possible that phenomena like electrochemical changes on the surface of the lymphocytes and osmotic alterations in the culture medium are responsible for these effects.", "contents": "Synergistical effects of ficoll and phytohemagglutinin on human lymphocytes. The influence of increasing concentration of the highly polymerized dectran Ficoll on cultured peripheral human blood lymphocytes stimulated or not stimulated by PHA was studied. The incorporation of 14C-thymidine into acid-insoluble material of unstimulated lymphocytes has not been influenced in the presence of increasing concentrations of Ficoll either pretreated with chelating resin or not pretreated. Ficoll not pretreated with chelating resin potentiates the PHA-induced stimulation by the factor 4.3 at 0.1 mg Ficoll/ml culture medium, and by the factor 3.2 at 1.0 mg/ml when PHA stimulated HPBL were used. Ficoll after pretreatment with chelating resin does not influence the DNA-synthesis at 0.1 mg Ficoll/ml medium, but causes a drop of the incorporation of 14C-thymidine by the factor 2.0 at 1.0 mg/ml. Using 10.0 mg per ml, both Ficoll preparation cause a decrease of the DNA-synthesis by the factor 2.5--3.0--probably a cytotoxic effect. The results obtained with emission spectrographic analysis and conductivity measurements show, that Ficoll after treatment with chelating resin contains about 10 times more ions (Mg, Ca, Na, Si) and has a 3.2-fold higher conductivity then Ficoll without pretreatment. It is possible that phenomena like electrochemical changes on the surface of the lymphocytes and osmotic alterations in the culture medium are responsible for these effects.", "PMID": 686811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7136", "title": "Psoralen/UVA treatment and chromosomes. II. Analyses of psoriasis patients.", "content": "Five psoriasis patients treated with 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA (PUVA) were studied by lymphocyte cultures at the 1st, 5th, 10th and 20th treatment and at a maintenance treatment 6 months later. Abnormal amounts of chromosome aberrations were not found, and the frequency of sister chromatid exchange (examined at the last treatment) was not increased. In vitro experiments with nanogram doses of psoralen (similar to plasma levels in patients) showed no increase in chromosome aberration or SCE freqency. The results indicate that therapeutic doses of PUVA have no clastogenic effect.", "contents": "Psoralen/UVA treatment and chromosomes. II. Analyses of psoriasis patients. Five psoriasis patients treated with 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA (PUVA) were studied by lymphocyte cultures at the 1st, 5th, 10th and 20th treatment and at a maintenance treatment 6 months later. Abnormal amounts of chromosome aberrations were not found, and the frequency of sister chromatid exchange (examined at the last treatment) was not increased. In vitro experiments with nanogram doses of psoralen (similar to plasma levels in patients) showed no increase in chromosome aberration or SCE freqency. The results indicate that therapeutic doses of PUVA have no clastogenic effect.", "PMID": 686812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7137", "title": "Staphylococci of the normal human skin flora. Variety of biotypes and antibiograms without direct correlations.", "content": "352 strains of Staphylococci of the normal human skin flora were sampled from one volunteer by single scrabbing in a ca. 3 cm2 measuring area. They were biotyped by the scheme of Pelzer et al.(1973)--a modified Baird-Parker-Scheme (1963)--and the resistance to antibiotics was investigated by the method of Bauer et al. (1966). All the nine biotypes of Staphylococci were found in variable quantities. It seems problematic to call one biotype as the main type. Morphologically identical colonies of Staphylococci from the indigenous flora of the human skin were not identical in their biotypes as previously described by Pelzer (1976). Only the investigation of all Staphylococci colonies from the culture plate can evaluate all biotypes of Staphylococci of the normal human skin flora, and can give the right quantitative correlation. Staphylococci were found to be sensitive and resistant up to four antibiotics, and one biotype did not show one type of antibiogram.", "contents": "Staphylococci of the normal human skin flora. Variety of biotypes and antibiograms without direct correlations. 352 strains of Staphylococci of the normal human skin flora were sampled from one volunteer by single scrabbing in a ca. 3 cm2 measuring area. They were biotyped by the scheme of Pelzer et al.(1973)--a modified Baird-Parker-Scheme (1963)--and the resistance to antibiotics was investigated by the method of Bauer et al. (1966). All the nine biotypes of Staphylococci were found in variable quantities. It seems problematic to call one biotype as the main type. Morphologically identical colonies of Staphylococci from the indigenous flora of the human skin were not identical in their biotypes as previously described by Pelzer (1976). Only the investigation of all Staphylococci colonies from the culture plate can evaluate all biotypes of Staphylococci of the normal human skin flora, and can give the right quantitative correlation. Staphylococci were found to be sensitive and resistant up to four antibiotics, and one biotype did not show one type of antibiogram.", "PMID": 686813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7138", "title": "On the occurrence of the contact allergen primin and other quinoid compounds in species of the family of primulaceae.", "content": "82 different species of the Primulacea family have been investigated by a screening test. In 16 Primula species and 4 species of other genera the strong contact allergen primin could be detected by the Craven-test. Extracts of only 12 plants gave no color reaction. In the remaining species other quinoid components were detectable. From 4 species new quinoid substances were isolated. Primin itself was obtained from Primula elatior and from the petals (corollas) of Primula obconica. The results indicate that the presence of primin and other quinones is determined by their origin and seasonal variations. It is supposed that some of the detected quinones may function as allergens and therefore may be responsible for the contact dermatitis described in the literature due to several Primula species and some other species of the same family. Some indications point to the suspicion that primin occurs in the plant as a glycoside which is separated by extraction treatment to give its quinole and an unknown substance. The quinole oxidizes then to the quinhydrone and finally to primin itself.", "contents": "On the occurrence of the contact allergen primin and other quinoid compounds in species of the family of primulaceae. 82 different species of the Primulacea family have been investigated by a screening test. In 16 Primula species and 4 species of other genera the strong contact allergen primin could be detected by the Craven-test. Extracts of only 12 plants gave no color reaction. In the remaining species other quinoid components were detectable. From 4 species new quinoid substances were isolated. Primin itself was obtained from Primula elatior and from the petals (corollas) of Primula obconica. The results indicate that the presence of primin and other quinones is determined by their origin and seasonal variations. It is supposed that some of the detected quinones may function as allergens and therefore may be responsible for the contact dermatitis described in the literature due to several Primula species and some other species of the same family. Some indications point to the suspicion that primin occurs in the plant as a glycoside which is separated by extraction treatment to give its quinole and an unknown substance. The quinole oxidizes then to the quinhydrone and finally to primin itself.", "PMID": 686814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7139", "title": "Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in lichen planus.", "content": "Cotton et al [1] comparing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity in biopsies from patients with lichen planus (LP) with that in normal skin suggested that LP might be associated with a congenital abnormality of the enzyme in the skin. Ryan et al. [7] were unable to confirm these results. It is known that individuals with erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency show a similar decrease of the enzyme in the skin [2] and that skin biopsies can be used to diagnose favizm [3]. The increased incidence of LP in the tropics [6, 8] coincides with the prevalence of erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency in the same geographical region. The semi-quantitative method of Motulsky did not reveal any difference of erythrocyte G-6-PD activity between patients with LP and control subjects [5]. The present study reports the results obtained with a more sensitive method of erythrocyte G-6-PD determination in a group of Africans with LP. Thirty Nigerian patients with typical clinical picture of LP (23 men and 7 women), aged 15--45 were studied. Control 30 subjects were matched for age, sex and tribe and included persons suffering from scabies and mild pyogenic and superficial mycotic infections. The activity of the erythrocyte G-6-PD was determined at 37 degrees C using the WHO method [9]. Normal values for Northern Nigerians are 1200 +/- 234 mu/1010 red cells. The results (Fig. 1) show a decrease of the erythrocyte G-6-PD activity in patients with lichen planus (P less than 0.01). No relationship between erythrocyte G-6-PD activity and extensiveness, activity or age of onset of the skin lesions was found. The finding of decreased erythrocyte G-6-PD activities in patients with LP in an area where an increased incidence of this skin disease coincides with higher frequency of favizm might suggest a biochemical overlap between these two conditions. Holzmann et al [4] have suggested that the reverse situation of mutual exclusiveness exists between G-6-PD deficiency and psoriasis. In regions with high frequency of G-6-PD defiency psoriasis is uncommon.", "contents": "Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in lichen planus. Cotton et al [1] comparing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity in biopsies from patients with lichen planus (LP) with that in normal skin suggested that LP might be associated with a congenital abnormality of the enzyme in the skin. Ryan et al. [7] were unable to confirm these results. It is known that individuals with erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency show a similar decrease of the enzyme in the skin [2] and that skin biopsies can be used to diagnose favizm [3]. The increased incidence of LP in the tropics [6, 8] coincides with the prevalence of erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency in the same geographical region. The semi-quantitative method of Motulsky did not reveal any difference of erythrocyte G-6-PD activity between patients with LP and control subjects [5]. The present study reports the results obtained with a more sensitive method of erythrocyte G-6-PD determination in a group of Africans with LP. Thirty Nigerian patients with typical clinical picture of LP (23 men and 7 women), aged 15--45 were studied. Control 30 subjects were matched for age, sex and tribe and included persons suffering from scabies and mild pyogenic and superficial mycotic infections. The activity of the erythrocyte G-6-PD was determined at 37 degrees C using the WHO method [9]. Normal values for Northern Nigerians are 1200 +/- 234 mu/1010 red cells. The results (Fig. 1) show a decrease of the erythrocyte G-6-PD activity in patients with lichen planus (P less than 0.01). No relationship between erythrocyte G-6-PD activity and extensiveness, activity or age of onset of the skin lesions was found. The finding of decreased erythrocyte G-6-PD activities in patients with LP in an area where an increased incidence of this skin disease coincides with higher frequency of favizm might suggest a biochemical overlap between these two conditions. Holzmann et al [4] have suggested that the reverse situation of mutual exclusiveness exists between G-6-PD deficiency and psoriasis. In regions with high frequency of G-6-PD defiency psoriasis is uncommon.", "PMID": 686815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7140", "title": "Serum levels of 8-methoxypsoralen in psoriasis patients using a new fluorodensitometric method.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of 8-methoxypsoralen in human serum using a fluorodensitometric method. The fluorescence densitometry was carried out directly on the thin layer plate. The developing fluid consisted of chloroform/methanol. In patients with psoriasis after oral application of 8-methoxypsoralen the peak serum levels are mostly found between 2 and 3 h. One milliliter serum is sufficient to determine 8-methoxypsoralen levels. The results are in accordance with those obtained with gas chromatographic methods.", "contents": "Serum levels of 8-methoxypsoralen in psoriasis patients using a new fluorodensitometric method. A method is described for the determination of 8-methoxypsoralen in human serum using a fluorodensitometric method. The fluorescence densitometry was carried out directly on the thin layer plate. The developing fluid consisted of chloroform/methanol. In patients with psoriasis after oral application of 8-methoxypsoralen the peak serum levels are mostly found between 2 and 3 h. One milliliter serum is sufficient to determine 8-methoxypsoralen levels. The results are in accordance with those obtained with gas chromatographic methods.", "PMID": 686816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7141", "title": "Decrease in neutrophils observed in vivo in psoriatics after PUVA therapy.", "content": "In 56 patients leucocyte and differential counts were done before and at weekly intervals during PUVA treatment of chronic recalcitrant psoriasis. A statistical significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in the percentage of neutrophils was observed during the first week of the PUVA therapy. This observation could be closely related to the clinical clearing of psoriasis (P = 0.02). The effect of PUVA therapy in psoriasis may be due to a decrease in the number of immunocompetent neutrophils demonstrated in psoriatic lesions.", "contents": "Decrease in neutrophils observed in vivo in psoriatics after PUVA therapy. In 56 patients leucocyte and differential counts were done before and at weekly intervals during PUVA treatment of chronic recalcitrant psoriasis. A statistical significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in the percentage of neutrophils was observed during the first week of the PUVA therapy. This observation could be closely related to the clinical clearing of psoriasis (P = 0.02). The effect of PUVA therapy in psoriasis may be due to a decrease in the number of immunocompetent neutrophils demonstrated in psoriatic lesions.", "PMID": 686817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7142", "title": "Effect of repeated ultraviolet irradiation on skin of hairless mice.", "content": "The effect of repeated UV-irradiation on mechanical and biochemical parameters was studied in skin of hairless mice. UV-A irradiation for a period of 1 h daily over 8 weeks caused only a slight increase in skin thickness and a decrease in ultimate strain. The changes induced by UV-B and C, however, were quite remarkable. Skin thickness was increased depending on the daily dose exposure time (15--90 s at an irradiation rate of 20 mW/cm2 UV-B and A and of 14 mW/cm2 UV-C) and the duration of treatment (1--6 weeks). Ultimate load, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity showed an increase following medium dosages after 1 and 2 weeks, however, a decrease after high dosages and longterm treatment. Ultimate strain was found to be the most sensitive parameter being decreased depending on exposure time and duration of treatment. Insoluble collagen and total collagen were decreased after long-term treatment thus being correlated with the mechanical parameters. The elastin content was only barely influenced and not correlated with the mechanical data, e.g. the modulus of elasticity. Thus, a favourable effect of short-term treatment with low doses of UV-irradiation of mechanical parameters of skin could be demonstrated. Long-term treatment with relatively high doses of UV-B, however, resulted in unfavourable effects, whereby first ultimate strain, then ultimate load, modulus of elasticity and tensile strength were decreased.", "contents": "Effect of repeated ultraviolet irradiation on skin of hairless mice. The effect of repeated UV-irradiation on mechanical and biochemical parameters was studied in skin of hairless mice. UV-A irradiation for a period of 1 h daily over 8 weeks caused only a slight increase in skin thickness and a decrease in ultimate strain. The changes induced by UV-B and C, however, were quite remarkable. Skin thickness was increased depending on the daily dose exposure time (15--90 s at an irradiation rate of 20 mW/cm2 UV-B and A and of 14 mW/cm2 UV-C) and the duration of treatment (1--6 weeks). Ultimate load, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity showed an increase following medium dosages after 1 and 2 weeks, however, a decrease after high dosages and longterm treatment. Ultimate strain was found to be the most sensitive parameter being decreased depending on exposure time and duration of treatment. Insoluble collagen and total collagen were decreased after long-term treatment thus being correlated with the mechanical parameters. The elastin content was only barely influenced and not correlated with the mechanical data, e.g. the modulus of elasticity. Thus, a favourable effect of short-term treatment with low doses of UV-irradiation of mechanical parameters of skin could be demonstrated. Long-term treatment with relatively high doses of UV-B, however, resulted in unfavourable effects, whereby first ultimate strain, then ultimate load, modulus of elasticity and tensile strength were decreased.", "PMID": 686818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7143", "title": "DNA-repair after UV-irradiation in skin fibroblasts from patients with actinic keratosis.", "content": "Autoradiographic counting technique was utilized to measure the ultraviolet-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis of skin fibroblasts from 12 patients with chronic actinic keratosis and from 12 healthy donors of about the same age. In order to reveal a possible regional difference of DNA repair between the parts of the body ordinarily exposed and those parts unexposed to sunlight, two cell strains were used for each examined subject; one developed from the forehead skin and the other from the abdominal or axillary skin. Unscheduled DNA synthesis appeared depressed in actinic keratosis patients, as compared with controls. In all examined subjects however cell strains from exposed skin showed a DNA repair more active than cell strains from unexposed skin. These findings show that skin cancer may be promoted in actinic keratosis patients by a defect of DNA repair. The exalted DNA repair of chronically sun exposed skin is probably the consequence of a defensive process caused by enzymatic induction.", "contents": "DNA-repair after UV-irradiation in skin fibroblasts from patients with actinic keratosis. Autoradiographic counting technique was utilized to measure the ultraviolet-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis of skin fibroblasts from 12 patients with chronic actinic keratosis and from 12 healthy donors of about the same age. In order to reveal a possible regional difference of DNA repair between the parts of the body ordinarily exposed and those parts unexposed to sunlight, two cell strains were used for each examined subject; one developed from the forehead skin and the other from the abdominal or axillary skin. Unscheduled DNA synthesis appeared depressed in actinic keratosis patients, as compared with controls. In all examined subjects however cell strains from exposed skin showed a DNA repair more active than cell strains from unexposed skin. These findings show that skin cancer may be promoted in actinic keratosis patients by a defect of DNA repair. The exalted DNA repair of chronically sun exposed skin is probably the consequence of a defensive process caused by enzymatic induction.", "PMID": 686819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7144", "title": "[Skincycle of a new spontaneous mutant (Nackig) with abnormal hair keratinization in the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathomorphological and pathophysiological reactions of the first skincycle of the mutant (Ng) were histologically investigated. 1. During the hair growth disturbances as the result of imperfect keratinisation changes of the morphology and function of different skin areas could be observed. 2. The developments of abnormal thinner hair growth were correlated to hyperorthokeratotic, inter-respectively intrafollicular hyperplasia of the epidermis and to infraseboglandular hypoplasia of the follicles. 3. The hyper- and hypoplasia of the epidermis corresponded with a functional pseudohypo- and pseudohypertrophy of the cutis. 4. During the skincycle the perifollicular epithelium ranged from the inter- to intrafollicular skin areas. The inter- and intrafollicular epidermal sections varied simultaneously. 5. These results are important for the understanding of some pathomorphological and pathophysiological reactions of skin compartments of man.", "contents": "[Skincycle of a new spontaneous mutant (Nackig) with abnormal hair keratinization in the mouse (author's transl)]. The pathomorphological and pathophysiological reactions of the first skincycle of the mutant (Ng) were histologically investigated. 1. During the hair growth disturbances as the result of imperfect keratinisation changes of the morphology and function of different skin areas could be observed. 2. The developments of abnormal thinner hair growth were correlated to hyperorthokeratotic, inter-respectively intrafollicular hyperplasia of the epidermis and to infraseboglandular hypoplasia of the follicles. 3. The hyper- and hypoplasia of the epidermis corresponded with a functional pseudohypo- and pseudohypertrophy of the cutis. 4. During the skincycle the perifollicular epithelium ranged from the inter- to intrafollicular skin areas. The inter- and intrafollicular epidermal sections varied simultaneously. 5. These results are important for the understanding of some pathomorphological and pathophysiological reactions of skin compartments of man.", "PMID": 686820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7145", "title": "Actinic elastosis in black skin. A light- and electronmicroscopic study.", "content": "In 9 otherwise dermatologically normal South African Balck volunteers (1--72 years old), sunlight-exposed and non-exposed skin has been examined by light- and electronmicroscopy with special references to age-dependent and actinic alteration of dermal structures. Two 72 year old Blacks exhibited typical dermal elastosis: in 1 case to a marked extent and already detectable by lightmicroscopy, in the other case only to a mild degree. In contrast, only age-related elastic fibers were revealed in the lower dermis of sunlight-exposed skin and in all dermal layers of unexposed skin. These observations are contradictory to the general view that actinic elastosis does not occur in Blacks. The elastotic material is obviously a de-novo synthesized and secreted pathological product of chronically UV-altered fibroblasts.", "contents": "Actinic elastosis in black skin. A light- and electronmicroscopic study. In 9 otherwise dermatologically normal South African Balck volunteers (1--72 years old), sunlight-exposed and non-exposed skin has been examined by light- and electronmicroscopy with special references to age-dependent and actinic alteration of dermal structures. Two 72 year old Blacks exhibited typical dermal elastosis: in 1 case to a marked extent and already detectable by lightmicroscopy, in the other case only to a mild degree. In contrast, only age-related elastic fibers were revealed in the lower dermis of sunlight-exposed skin and in all dermal layers of unexposed skin. These observations are contradictory to the general view that actinic elastosis does not occur in Blacks. The elastotic material is obviously a de-novo synthesized and secreted pathological product of chronically UV-altered fibroblasts.", "PMID": 686821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7146", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of epidermis in acute radiation dermatitis. Basal lamina thickening and coated vesicles.", "content": "Fine structural changes of keratinocytes by X-ray were examined in normal skin area around a lesion of Bowen's disease. The area was exposed to about 6000 r over 28 days. The findings were: a decreased number of desmosomes and microvilli, formation of cytoplasmic vaculoes with or without membrane, perinuclear aggregation of tonofibrils, intracytoplasmic desmosomes and gap junction, cytoplasmic occurrence of dense bodies, lipid droplet and glycogen particles, changes in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, and deep invagination of the nuclear membrane. Besides these, conspicuous in the present study were, changes in the basal lamina which consisted of multiplication, thickening and occasional detachment from basal cells, and frequent occurrence of coated vesicles along with the basal lamina alteration. Possible exocytotic nature of coated vesicles in X-ray irradiated keratinocytes is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of epidermis in acute radiation dermatitis. Basal lamina thickening and coated vesicles. Fine structural changes of keratinocytes by X-ray were examined in normal skin area around a lesion of Bowen's disease. The area was exposed to about 6000 r over 28 days. The findings were: a decreased number of desmosomes and microvilli, formation of cytoplasmic vaculoes with or without membrane, perinuclear aggregation of tonofibrils, intracytoplasmic desmosomes and gap junction, cytoplasmic occurrence of dense bodies, lipid droplet and glycogen particles, changes in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, and deep invagination of the nuclear membrane. Besides these, conspicuous in the present study were, changes in the basal lamina which consisted of multiplication, thickening and occasional detachment from basal cells, and frequent occurrence of coated vesicles along with the basal lamina alteration. Possible exocytotic nature of coated vesicles in X-ray irradiated keratinocytes is discussed.", "PMID": 686822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7147", "title": "[Maturation and aging of elastic fibers (authors transl)].", "content": "The non-sunexposed skin of 12 healthy individuals was investigated under the electron microscope and the fine structure of normal elastic fibers was compared by different methods in 3 groups of age: 1--10 years, 30--50 years, and 60 years. 1. The elastic fibers of human skin may be semiselectively stained with silver tetraphenylporphyrine sulfate (Ag-TPPS), uranyl acetate, lead citrate and tannic uranyl acetate. They are composed of an amorphous matrix which is interwoven and surrounded by microfilaments. Elastic fibers are fully developed in early periods of age, first showing numerous microfilaments as structural glycoproteins, and then the deposition of the amorphous proelastin to be transformed into elastin. 2. The period of maturation is followed continuously by processes of physiological aging: a) decreasing number of microfilaments, b) appearing of electron-dense inclusions into the elastin matrix and c) fragmentation and disintegration of the fiber. 3. These changes indicate that aging of the fiber includes diminished synthesis of structural glycoproteins (microfilaments) and increasing content of osmiophilic groups, such as polar aminoacids, fatty acids and calcium salts. The fiber becomes thus more susceptible to the activity of elastase, and may totally disintegrate in older age.", "contents": "[Maturation and aging of elastic fibers (authors transl)]. The non-sunexposed skin of 12 healthy individuals was investigated under the electron microscope and the fine structure of normal elastic fibers was compared by different methods in 3 groups of age: 1--10 years, 30--50 years, and 60 years. 1. The elastic fibers of human skin may be semiselectively stained with silver tetraphenylporphyrine sulfate (Ag-TPPS), uranyl acetate, lead citrate and tannic uranyl acetate. They are composed of an amorphous matrix which is interwoven and surrounded by microfilaments. Elastic fibers are fully developed in early periods of age, first showing numerous microfilaments as structural glycoproteins, and then the deposition of the amorphous proelastin to be transformed into elastin. 2. The period of maturation is followed continuously by processes of physiological aging: a) decreasing number of microfilaments, b) appearing of electron-dense inclusions into the elastin matrix and c) fragmentation and disintegration of the fiber. 3. These changes indicate that aging of the fiber includes diminished synthesis of structural glycoproteins (microfilaments) and increasing content of osmiophilic groups, such as polar aminoacids, fatty acids and calcium salts. The fiber becomes thus more susceptible to the activity of elastase, and may totally disintegrate in older age.", "PMID": 686823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7148", "title": "Pseudolymphoma of skin induced by oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) venom ultrastructural study.", "content": "A single subcutaneous injection of Oriental hornet venom into black mice led to the development of a subcutaneous nodule which showed no change during the period of 1 year. Study of the ultrastructure revealed an accumulation of lymphocytes and lymphoblasts and a few plasma cells with formation of Russel bodies. In addition, a few melanin-containing macrophages and macrophages filled with cellular debris were found. This reaction is compared to other pseudolymphomatous reactions in the dermis.", "contents": "Pseudolymphoma of skin induced by oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) venom ultrastructural study. A single subcutaneous injection of Oriental hornet venom into black mice led to the development of a subcutaneous nodule which showed no change during the period of 1 year. Study of the ultrastructure revealed an accumulation of lymphocytes and lymphoblasts and a few plasma cells with formation of Russel bodies. In addition, a few melanin-containing macrophages and macrophages filled with cellular debris were found. This reaction is compared to other pseudolymphomatous reactions in the dermis.", "PMID": 686824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7149", "title": "Impairement of thymus derived rosette forming cells during photochemotherapy (psoralen--U.V.A.).", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 45 PUVA treated patients and in 45 controls matched for sex and age. The results demonstrate that, in vivo PUVA induces a decrease in the capacity of the E-Rosette formation by lymphocytes separated from the peripheral blood. However, the circulating lymphocytes count remains unchanged. Mitogen induced blastogenesis is not affected. No correlation is found between the decrease in the level of E-rosettes, the disease which motivated PUVA therapy, the energy in UVA and the number of irradiation. Electrical and/or chemical modifications on the cell surface of the lymphocytes during PUVA therapy are postulated to explain this phenomenon.", "contents": "Impairement of thymus derived rosette forming cells during photochemotherapy (psoralen--U.V.A.). Lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 45 PUVA treated patients and in 45 controls matched for sex and age. The results demonstrate that, in vivo PUVA induces a decrease in the capacity of the E-Rosette formation by lymphocytes separated from the peripheral blood. However, the circulating lymphocytes count remains unchanged. Mitogen induced blastogenesis is not affected. No correlation is found between the decrease in the level of E-rosettes, the disease which motivated PUVA therapy, the energy in UVA and the number of irradiation. Electrical and/or chemical modifications on the cell surface of the lymphocytes during PUVA therapy are postulated to explain this phenomenon.", "PMID": 686825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7150", "title": "Plasma kinin activation in tranexamic acid treated patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema.", "content": "Plasma kinin formation after in vitro activation of factor XII in the coagulation system was examined in 4 patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. Compared to controls activationcurves showed a steeper increase and higher maximum levels. Administration of tranexamic acid to the patients resulted in partial normalisation of plasma kinin activation.", "contents": "Plasma kinin activation in tranexamic acid treated patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. Plasma kinin formation after in vitro activation of factor XII in the coagulation system was examined in 4 patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. Compared to controls activationcurves showed a steeper increase and higher maximum levels. Administration of tranexamic acid to the patients resulted in partial normalisation of plasma kinin activation.", "PMID": 686826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7151", "title": "[Oxygen consumption of the spontaneous and artificially induced skincycle at different times of day (author's transl)].", "content": "In the \"clean\" rat skin purified from the panniculus carnosus the oxygen consumption of the spontaneous and artificially induced skincycle was measured at different times of day. The level of oxygen consumption correlated to diurnal and nocturnal periods. During the skincycle the oxygen consumption showed fluctuations. There were indications that the value of oxygen consumption of the early anagen is influenced by that phase of the cycle at which the new cycle is artificially induced. Furthermore, it was found that a certain decrease of oxygen consumption stimulates the quiescent hair follicles to spontaneous proliferation. During the katagen the peak value of the oxygen consumption seemed to be correlated with specially morphofunctional perifollicular changes. The application of these findings to the pathophysiology of human hair growth disturbances is discussed.", "contents": "[Oxygen consumption of the spontaneous and artificially induced skincycle at different times of day (author's transl)]. In the \"clean\" rat skin purified from the panniculus carnosus the oxygen consumption of the spontaneous and artificially induced skincycle was measured at different times of day. The level of oxygen consumption correlated to diurnal and nocturnal periods. During the skincycle the oxygen consumption showed fluctuations. There were indications that the value of oxygen consumption of the early anagen is influenced by that phase of the cycle at which the new cycle is artificially induced. Furthermore, it was found that a certain decrease of oxygen consumption stimulates the quiescent hair follicles to spontaneous proliferation. During the katagen the peak value of the oxygen consumption seemed to be correlated with specially morphofunctional perifollicular changes. The application of these findings to the pathophysiology of human hair growth disturbances is discussed.", "PMID": 686827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7152", "title": "[Qualitative and quantitative investigations of the skin nerves of patients with psoriasis light- and electronmicroscopical study (author's transl)].", "content": "This study was aimed at investigating the role of the nerves in the pathomechanism of psoriasis. The structure of skin nerves of 10 patients with active psoriasis and of 6 healthy control persons has been studied by means of the microscope and the electron-microscope. Eight of the patients were subjected to punch biopsies of psoritatic plaques as well as clinically normal skin. No qualitative difference could be detected between the skin nerves from psoriatic patients and from healthy persons. Quantitative investigations showed that the density of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in psoriatic skin nerves did not differ from that in normal skin nerves in a statistically significant degree. This means that the ratio of myelinated to unmyelinated axons was alike in both normal and psoriatic skin nerves. Also the diameter distribution of myelinated and unmyelinated axons was similar. The difference in the degree of myelinisation and in the myelinperiodicity between psoriatic and control skin was not statistically significant. Neither qualitative nor quantitative morphologic alterations in the skin nerves of psoriatic persons could be detected.", "contents": "[Qualitative and quantitative investigations of the skin nerves of patients with psoriasis light- and electronmicroscopical study (author's transl)]. This study was aimed at investigating the role of the nerves in the pathomechanism of psoriasis. The structure of skin nerves of 10 patients with active psoriasis and of 6 healthy control persons has been studied by means of the microscope and the electron-microscope. Eight of the patients were subjected to punch biopsies of psoritatic plaques as well as clinically normal skin. No qualitative difference could be detected between the skin nerves from psoriatic patients and from healthy persons. Quantitative investigations showed that the density of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in psoriatic skin nerves did not differ from that in normal skin nerves in a statistically significant degree. This means that the ratio of myelinated to unmyelinated axons was alike in both normal and psoriatic skin nerves. Also the diameter distribution of myelinated and unmyelinated axons was similar. The difference in the degree of myelinisation and in the myelinperiodicity between psoriatic and control skin was not statistically significant. Neither qualitative nor quantitative morphologic alterations in the skin nerves of psoriatic persons could be detected.", "PMID": 686828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7153", "title": "[Bone findings in psoriasis].", "content": "Three female patients out of 40 psoriatics examined with scintigraphical methods (Tc-diphosphonate) were found to have a diffuse and circumscribed pathological increase of nuclide at the skull. These abarticular signes of proliferation at the bone-area indicate an early affection of skeleton of patients with psoriasis which is similar to the joint-scan that is mostly obtained in positive bone-scan.", "contents": "[Bone findings in psoriasis]. Three female patients out of 40 psoriatics examined with scintigraphical methods (Tc-diphosphonate) were found to have a diffuse and circumscribed pathological increase of nuclide at the skull. These abarticular signes of proliferation at the bone-area indicate an early affection of skeleton of patients with psoriasis which is similar to the joint-scan that is mostly obtained in positive bone-scan.", "PMID": 686829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7154", "title": "Cockade-like vitiligo and linear vitiligo a variant of fitzpatrick's trichrome vitiligo.", "content": "The authors report 2 cases of atypical vitiligo in which they observed 1) \"cockade-like\" lesions resembling those of \"trichrome\" vitiligo (from the centre to the periphery, achromic area, hypochromic ring, normal or hyperchromic border), 2) numerous linear achromic lesions corresponding to former excoriations (Koebner's phenomenon, isomorphic phenomenon). Related affections are discussed with reference to these cases; the trichrome vitiligo described by Lerner and Fitzpatrick, and the primary leukomelanodermas described in black patients by Basset and by Sarrat and Nouhouayi.", "contents": "Cockade-like vitiligo and linear vitiligo a variant of fitzpatrick's trichrome vitiligo. The authors report 2 cases of atypical vitiligo in which they observed 1) \"cockade-like\" lesions resembling those of \"trichrome\" vitiligo (from the centre to the periphery, achromic area, hypochromic ring, normal or hyperchromic border), 2) numerous linear achromic lesions corresponding to former excoriations (Koebner's phenomenon, isomorphic phenomenon). Related affections are discussed with reference to these cases; the trichrome vitiligo described by Lerner and Fitzpatrick, and the primary leukomelanodermas described in black patients by Basset and by Sarrat and Nouhouayi.", "PMID": 686830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7155", "title": "The ultrastructure of mycobacterium marinum granuloma in man.", "content": "3 biopsies of 3-5 week-old nodular lesions in 2 patients with so-called swimming-pool (aquarium-) granuloma have been examined by electron microscopy. The cytohistological spectrum simultaneously comprises acute exudative as well as chronic proliferative phenomena. Epithelioid cells and collagen producing fibroblasts are already conspicious in 3 week-old granuloma. According to the cytological composition the Mycobacterium marinum granuloma represents a high-turnover granuloma with immunogenic origin. It is comparable to mycobacterial diseases in the presence of well developed cell mediated immunity (Lupus vulgaris, tuberculoid leprosy). Degrading mycobacteria have been rarely detected in phagocytes and are compared with viable bacilli in macrophages of experimentally infected mice. Curved and annular parallel membranes (\"worm-like structures\") in the cytoplasm of transformed macrophages and in fibroblasts presumably originate from the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum. Cord-like structures with transverse bands (periodicity 170-180 A) in the lumen of RER of some fibroblasts are interpreted as intracellularly aggregated collagen precursors.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of mycobacterium marinum granuloma in man. 3 biopsies of 3-5 week-old nodular lesions in 2 patients with so-called swimming-pool (aquarium-) granuloma have been examined by electron microscopy. The cytohistological spectrum simultaneously comprises acute exudative as well as chronic proliferative phenomena. Epithelioid cells and collagen producing fibroblasts are already conspicious in 3 week-old granuloma. According to the cytological composition the Mycobacterium marinum granuloma represents a high-turnover granuloma with immunogenic origin. It is comparable to mycobacterial diseases in the presence of well developed cell mediated immunity (Lupus vulgaris, tuberculoid leprosy). Degrading mycobacteria have been rarely detected in phagocytes and are compared with viable bacilli in macrophages of experimentally infected mice. Curved and annular parallel membranes (\"worm-like structures\") in the cytoplasm of transformed macrophages and in fibroblasts presumably originate from the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum. Cord-like structures with transverse bands (periodicity 170-180 A) in the lumen of RER of some fibroblasts are interpreted as intracellularly aggregated collagen precursors.", "PMID": 686831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7156", "title": "Specific Y chromosome fluorescence in interphase nuclei of epithelial cells in human buccal smears.", "content": "A simplified method is described to demonstrate Y chromosome fluorescence in interphase nuclei of epithelial cells in human buccal smears using Quinacrine Mustard. This technique turned out to be efficient in our hands and would be of value in determining the sex chromosomes in the epithelial cells of the skin in cases of allogeneic transplantations from females to males and vice versa to determine the peroid during which the grafts survived.", "contents": "Specific Y chromosome fluorescence in interphase nuclei of epithelial cells in human buccal smears. A simplified method is described to demonstrate Y chromosome fluorescence in interphase nuclei of epithelial cells in human buccal smears using Quinacrine Mustard. This technique turned out to be efficient in our hands and would be of value in determining the sex chromosomes in the epithelial cells of the skin in cases of allogeneic transplantations from females to males and vice versa to determine the peroid during which the grafts survived.", "PMID": 686832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7157", "title": "Radioactive mercury distribution in biological fluids and excretion in human subjects after inhalation of mercury vapor.", "content": "The distribution of mercury in red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma, and its excretion in urine and feces are described in five human subjects during the first 7 days following inhalation of radioactive mercury vapor. A major portion (98%) of radioactive mercury in whole blood is initially accumulated in the RBCs and is transferred partly to the plasma compartment until the ratio of mercury in RBCs to plasma is about 2 within 20 hr. The cumulative urinary and fecal excretion of mercury for 7 days is about 11.6% of the retained dose, and is closely related to the percent decline in body burden of mercury. There is little correlation between either the urinary excretion and plasma radioactivity of mercury, or the specific activities of urine and plasma mercury, suggesting a mechanism other than a direct glomercular filtration involved in the urinary excretion of recently exposed mercury. These studies suggest that blood mercury levels can be used as an index of recent exposure, while urinary levels may be an index of renal concentration of mercury. Howver, there is no reliable index for mercury concentration in the brain.", "contents": "Radioactive mercury distribution in biological fluids and excretion in human subjects after inhalation of mercury vapor. The distribution of mercury in red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma, and its excretion in urine and feces are described in five human subjects during the first 7 days following inhalation of radioactive mercury vapor. A major portion (98%) of radioactive mercury in whole blood is initially accumulated in the RBCs and is transferred partly to the plasma compartment until the ratio of mercury in RBCs to plasma is about 2 within 20 hr. The cumulative urinary and fecal excretion of mercury for 7 days is about 11.6% of the retained dose, and is closely related to the percent decline in body burden of mercury. There is little correlation between either the urinary excretion and plasma radioactivity of mercury, or the specific activities of urine and plasma mercury, suggesting a mechanism other than a direct glomercular filtration involved in the urinary excretion of recently exposed mercury. These studies suggest that blood mercury levels can be used as an index of recent exposure, while urinary levels may be an index of renal concentration of mercury. Howver, there is no reliable index for mercury concentration in the brain.", "PMID": 686833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7158", "title": "Arc Welders' pneumoconiosis: application of advanced scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Study of lung tissue from necropsy of a 58-year-old arc welder with arc welders' pneumoconiosis, confirmed by history, chest radiography, and pathology, demonstrates the versatility and usefulness of new techniques in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Secondary electron imaging, the most familiar SEM mode, showed heavy cellular infiltrates in alveoli, the interstitium, and within the interstices of loose whorled fibrotic nodules. Backscattered electron imaging, in which contrast is proportional to elemental atomic number, revealed intracellular metal particles not otherwise visible. Microprobe analysis, energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry, mapped elemeental iron over the particle image and identified traces of silicon in the whorled nodules. Arc welders' pneumoconiosis appears to be more than a benign siderosis resulting from particulate iron deposition. Simultaneous exposure to other components of welding fumes may alter the pathologic picture, inducing a more complicated fibrotic reaction. The more recently developed advanced techniques of SEM are well suited to the study of pneumoconioses and other problems of heterogenous tissue and mixed chemical systems.", "contents": "Arc Welders' pneumoconiosis: application of advanced scanning electron microscopy. Study of lung tissue from necropsy of a 58-year-old arc welder with arc welders' pneumoconiosis, confirmed by history, chest radiography, and pathology, demonstrates the versatility and usefulness of new techniques in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Secondary electron imaging, the most familiar SEM mode, showed heavy cellular infiltrates in alveoli, the interstitium, and within the interstices of loose whorled fibrotic nodules. Backscattered electron imaging, in which contrast is proportional to elemental atomic number, revealed intracellular metal particles not otherwise visible. Microprobe analysis, energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry, mapped elemeental iron over the particle image and identified traces of silicon in the whorled nodules. Arc welders' pneumoconiosis appears to be more than a benign siderosis resulting from particulate iron deposition. Simultaneous exposure to other components of welding fumes may alter the pathologic picture, inducing a more complicated fibrotic reaction. The more recently developed advanced techniques of SEM are well suited to the study of pneumoconioses and other problems of heterogenous tissue and mixed chemical systems.", "PMID": 686834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7159", "title": "Relationship between respiratory cancer and wetlands residency in Louisiana.", "content": "Cancer mortality is high among white men residing in southern Louisiana parishes (counties). In an effort to elucidate this phenomenon, we studied three environmental correlates of cancer-namely, smoking, residence in urban communities, and residence in the wetlands. Multiple regression analysis was applied to cancer mortalities adjusted for age and urban residency, and specific for race, sex, amount of standing water area in the parish, and cancer site. Cancer sites were grouped according to their correlation with smoking: strong, moderate, and no correlation. For men, the smoking-related cancer mortality not only showed an association with residence in wetlands but also was higher in the Louisiana wetlands than in the remainder of the United States.", "contents": "Relationship between respiratory cancer and wetlands residency in Louisiana. Cancer mortality is high among white men residing in southern Louisiana parishes (counties). In an effort to elucidate this phenomenon, we studied three environmental correlates of cancer-namely, smoking, residence in urban communities, and residence in the wetlands. Multiple regression analysis was applied to cancer mortalities adjusted for age and urban residency, and specific for race, sex, amount of standing water area in the parish, and cancer site. Cancer sites were grouped according to their correlation with smoking: strong, moderate, and no correlation. For men, the smoking-related cancer mortality not only showed an association with residence in wetlands but also was higher in the Louisiana wetlands than in the remainder of the United States.", "PMID": 686835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7160", "title": "Effect of vitamin E and ozone on pentane and ethane expired by rats.", "content": "Pentane and ethane, which arise during lipid peroxidation in vivo, were measured by gas chromatography in breath samples of rats fed for 8 weeks a vitamin E-deficient diet to which had been added 0, 11, or 40 IU vitamin E acetate per kg. Further lipid peroxidation was induced by exposure of individual rats to 1 ppm ozone for 60 min. Nonparametric statistical analysis of the data for pentane expired before exposure of rats to ozone gave alpha values (alpha = 2P) of 0.006 when the O vitamin E group was compared with either of the vitamin E-supplemented groups. For ethane, comparison of the O vitamin E group with the groups supplemented with 11 and 40 IU vitamin E/kg of diet were 0.0294 and 0.0080, respectively. Alpha values less than .05 were considered significant. After a 60-min exposure of rats to 1 ppm ozone, the paired t-test showed pentane to be significantly (P less than .005) increased in only the rats fed the vitamin E-deficient diet.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin E and ozone on pentane and ethane expired by rats. Pentane and ethane, which arise during lipid peroxidation in vivo, were measured by gas chromatography in breath samples of rats fed for 8 weeks a vitamin E-deficient diet to which had been added 0, 11, or 40 IU vitamin E acetate per kg. Further lipid peroxidation was induced by exposure of individual rats to 1 ppm ozone for 60 min. Nonparametric statistical analysis of the data for pentane expired before exposure of rats to ozone gave alpha values (alpha = 2P) of 0.006 when the O vitamin E group was compared with either of the vitamin E-supplemented groups. For ethane, comparison of the O vitamin E group with the groups supplemented with 11 and 40 IU vitamin E/kg of diet were 0.0294 and 0.0080, respectively. Alpha values less than .05 were considered significant. After a 60-min exposure of rats to 1 ppm ozone, the paired t-test showed pentane to be significantly (P less than .005) increased in only the rats fed the vitamin E-deficient diet.", "PMID": 686836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7161", "title": "In vitro toxicity of tobacco smoke solutions to rabbit alveolar macrophages.", "content": "The biological activity of various cigarette smokes has been assessed by treating cell cultures of rabbit alveolar macrophages with salt solutions of \"whole smoke,\" smoke \"vapor phase,\" and smoke \"particulate phase.\" The results of these tests revealed degrees of toxicity that varied in accordance with the smoke treatment used. Further, these differences in toxicity were statistically significant at the 95% confidence limit. Observations of changes in cell morphology on exposure to the smoke solutions indicated smoke toxicity to be caused, in part, interference with cell membrane activity.", "contents": "In vitro toxicity of tobacco smoke solutions to rabbit alveolar macrophages. The biological activity of various cigarette smokes has been assessed by treating cell cultures of rabbit alveolar macrophages with salt solutions of \"whole smoke,\" smoke \"vapor phase,\" and smoke \"particulate phase.\" The results of these tests revealed degrees of toxicity that varied in accordance with the smoke treatment used. Further, these differences in toxicity were statistically significant at the 95% confidence limit. Observations of changes in cell morphology on exposure to the smoke solutions indicated smoke toxicity to be caused, in part, interference with cell membrane activity.", "PMID": 686837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7162", "title": "Abdominal pain in lead workers.", "content": "Thirty-four lead smelter workers with excessive lead absorption were evaluated and followed. Abdominal pain was present in 27 patients. Fifteen patients who had left the site of lead exposure experienced persisting abdominal pain for as long as 29 months; some of these demonstrated acceptable levels of lead in blood. There is no correlation between lead levels and persisting pain. Twenty-three patients developed abdominal pain with blood lead lower than 80 microgram/100 ml while working. Four out of 15 patients with persisting abdominal pain had blood lead between 40 and 60 microgram/100 ml while working. Typical lead-induced abdominal pain is a sensitive symptom of intoxication and may be a criterion for removal from exposure regardless of blood lead levels.", "contents": "Abdominal pain in lead workers. Thirty-four lead smelter workers with excessive lead absorption were evaluated and followed. Abdominal pain was present in 27 patients. Fifteen patients who had left the site of lead exposure experienced persisting abdominal pain for as long as 29 months; some of these demonstrated acceptable levels of lead in blood. There is no correlation between lead levels and persisting pain. Twenty-three patients developed abdominal pain with blood lead lower than 80 microgram/100 ml while working. Four out of 15 patients with persisting abdominal pain had blood lead between 40 and 60 microgram/100 ml while working. Typical lead-induced abdominal pain is a sensitive symptom of intoxication and may be a criterion for removal from exposure regardless of blood lead levels.", "PMID": 686840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7163", "title": "Lead in deciduous teeth of Norwegian children.", "content": "Two thousand two-hundred and thirty-three deciduous teeth were collected from cities, industrialized areas, and rural and fishing communities in several Norwegian counties. Teeth from Medieval Bergen were also included. Lead analysis of whole teeth revelant that in Norway there are many communities where lead absorption is minimal and comparable to background absorption in ancient societies. Such conditions are reflected in a lead level of 2.92 microgram/g in deciduous teeth. However, the analysis also revealed that urbaization and industrialization increased lead absorption, although the mean level recorded in Norway of 3.73 microgram/g was far lower than normal levels found in other countries. Automobile exhaust was rejected as an important source of undue lead absorption. This study indicated that 0.18% of Norwegian children from the ages of 7 to 12 yr may have been victims of undue absorption, reflected in a tooth lead level of about 70 microgram/g.", "contents": "Lead in deciduous teeth of Norwegian children. Two thousand two-hundred and thirty-three deciduous teeth were collected from cities, industrialized areas, and rural and fishing communities in several Norwegian counties. Teeth from Medieval Bergen were also included. Lead analysis of whole teeth revelant that in Norway there are many communities where lead absorption is minimal and comparable to background absorption in ancient societies. Such conditions are reflected in a lead level of 2.92 microgram/g in deciduous teeth. However, the analysis also revealed that urbaization and industrialization increased lead absorption, although the mean level recorded in Norway of 3.73 microgram/g was far lower than normal levels found in other countries. Automobile exhaust was rejected as an important source of undue lead absorption. This study indicated that 0.18% of Norwegian children from the ages of 7 to 12 yr may have been victims of undue absorption, reflected in a tooth lead level of about 70 microgram/g.", "PMID": 686842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7164", "title": "Subjective annoyance from noise compared with some directly measurable effects.", "content": "In epidemiological investigations of annoyance it is important to search for directly measurable effects that are associated with reports of annoyance. The relationship between reported experiences of annoyance, performance on an arithmetic test, and hormonal stress reactions was studied on 100 male students during acute exposure to 85 dB (A) of traffic noise in a laboratory setting. An association was demonstrated between reported feelings of annoyance, performance efficiency, and the subjects' experience of the influence of noise on their performance. The exposure to noise was found to affect performance more negatively in the more annoyed individuals. The results indicate that the annoyance-inclined individuals in a community may constitute a special risk group that will suffer more from the adverse effects of community noise.", "contents": "Subjective annoyance from noise compared with some directly measurable effects. In epidemiological investigations of annoyance it is important to search for directly measurable effects that are associated with reports of annoyance. The relationship between reported experiences of annoyance, performance on an arithmetic test, and hormonal stress reactions was studied on 100 male students during acute exposure to 85 dB (A) of traffic noise in a laboratory setting. An association was demonstrated between reported feelings of annoyance, performance efficiency, and the subjects' experience of the influence of noise on their performance. The exposure to noise was found to affect performance more negatively in the more annoyed individuals. The results indicate that the annoyance-inclined individuals in a community may constitute a special risk group that will suffer more from the adverse effects of community noise.", "PMID": 686841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7165", "title": "Brake reaction time--effects of age, sex, and carbon monoxide.", "content": "Simulated braking responses have been tested in relation to blood carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) levels. The main determinants of percentage of HbCO in 352 subjects attending a fall fair were daily cigarette consumption and minutes since the last cigarette. In women the brake response time deteriorated from age 16 yr, but in the men there was an improvement from age 16 to the early 20s. Times at all ages were better for men than for women. Average response times and the rate of aging of the braking response were very similar in smokers and in nonsmokers. In the nonsmokers, however, response time with step function CO increments of as much as 7% HbCO. There was a suggestion of a small increase of reaction time, with an opposing decrease of leg movement time, during the first few minutes after CO exposure; nevertheless, these trends were statistically insignificant.", "contents": "Brake reaction time--effects of age, sex, and carbon monoxide. Simulated braking responses have been tested in relation to blood carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) levels. The main determinants of percentage of HbCO in 352 subjects attending a fall fair were daily cigarette consumption and minutes since the last cigarette. In women the brake response time deteriorated from age 16 yr, but in the men there was an improvement from age 16 to the early 20s. Times at all ages were better for men than for women. Average response times and the rate of aging of the braking response were very similar in smokers and in nonsmokers. In the nonsmokers, however, response time with step function CO increments of as much as 7% HbCO. There was a suggestion of a small increase of reaction time, with an opposing decrease of leg movement time, during the first few minutes after CO exposure; nevertheless, these trends were statistically insignificant.", "PMID": 686838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7166", "title": "Experimental studies on human health effects of air pollutants. IV. Short-term physiological and clinical effects of nitrogen dioxide exposure.", "content": "Adult male volunteers were exposed to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at 1.0 ppm in purified air under conditions simulating ambient photochemical smog exposures (2-hr exposure with intermittent light exercise at 31 degrees C and 35% relative humidity). Sham exposures to purified air alone served as controls. Exposure effects were assessed by pulmonary physiological tests and by a standardized clinical evaluation. No statistically physiological changes attributable to NO2 exposure were found except for a marginal loss in forced vital capacity after exposure on two successive days (1.5% mean decrease, P less than .05). Reported respiratory and other symptoms were slightly increased with exposure as compared to control, but the change was not significant. Short-term toxicity of NO2 at peak ambient concentrations appears to be substantially less than that of ozone in healthy people, but adverse NO2 effects in diseased people or in long-term exposures cannot be ruled out at present.", "contents": "Experimental studies on human health effects of air pollutants. IV. Short-term physiological and clinical effects of nitrogen dioxide exposure. Adult male volunteers were exposed to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at 1.0 ppm in purified air under conditions simulating ambient photochemical smog exposures (2-hr exposure with intermittent light exercise at 31 degrees C and 35% relative humidity). Sham exposures to purified air alone served as controls. Exposure effects were assessed by pulmonary physiological tests and by a standardized clinical evaluation. No statistically physiological changes attributable to NO2 exposure were found except for a marginal loss in forced vital capacity after exposure on two successive days (1.5% mean decrease, P less than .05). Reported respiratory and other symptoms were slightly increased with exposure as compared to control, but the change was not significant. Short-term toxicity of NO2 at peak ambient concentrations appears to be substantially less than that of ozone in healthy people, but adverse NO2 effects in diseased people or in long-term exposures cannot be ruled out at present.", "PMID": 686843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7167", "title": "A nonoccupational outbreak of inorganic mercury vapor poisoning.", "content": "An outbreak of inorganic mercury vapor poisoning involving 12 people occurred in a trailer park in Mississippi in 1973-74. For information concerning levels of mercury in hair and blood of humans with short-term exposures, these individuals were observed for as long as 10 months after the end of their exposures, and the amount of mercury in their blood and scalp hair was serially measured. Specimens were also obtained from nonexposed individuals in the trailer park. Inorganic mercury was measured in 1-cm segments of hair samples obtained both 6 and 9 months after termination of exposure. Over a 3-month period, the peak amount of inorganic mercury per gram of hair shifted in position from 7 cm to 13 cm from the scalp. The average mercury concentration in newly formed hair (the 4 cm of hair closest to the scalp) decreased fourfold over the same time period. Surface contamination of exposed hair by exogenous mercury also occurred. Levels of inorganic mercury in blood from exposed individuals ranged from 183 to 620 ng/ml and fell to levels similar to those of controls 4 to 6 months after ending exposure. The source of the outbreak was metallic mercury spilled on rugs. Attempts to remove the mercury failed and actually dispersed the metal over a larger surface area. Air mercury levels as high as 1.0 mg/m3 of air were found in one of the contaminated house trailers. Rugs or carpets contaminated with metallic mercury are a significant health risk.", "contents": "A nonoccupational outbreak of inorganic mercury vapor poisoning. An outbreak of inorganic mercury vapor poisoning involving 12 people occurred in a trailer park in Mississippi in 1973-74. For information concerning levels of mercury in hair and blood of humans with short-term exposures, these individuals were observed for as long as 10 months after the end of their exposures, and the amount of mercury in their blood and scalp hair was serially measured. Specimens were also obtained from nonexposed individuals in the trailer park. Inorganic mercury was measured in 1-cm segments of hair samples obtained both 6 and 9 months after termination of exposure. Over a 3-month period, the peak amount of inorganic mercury per gram of hair shifted in position from 7 cm to 13 cm from the scalp. The average mercury concentration in newly formed hair (the 4 cm of hair closest to the scalp) decreased fourfold over the same time period. Surface contamination of exposed hair by exogenous mercury also occurred. Levels of inorganic mercury in blood from exposed individuals ranged from 183 to 620 ng/ml and fell to levels similar to those of controls 4 to 6 months after ending exposure. The source of the outbreak was metallic mercury spilled on rugs. Attempts to remove the mercury failed and actually dispersed the metal over a larger surface area. Air mercury levels as high as 1.0 mg/m3 of air were found in one of the contaminated house trailers. Rugs or carpets contaminated with metallic mercury are a significant health risk.", "PMID": 686845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7168", "title": "Human alveolar deposition of 4 micron teflon particles.", "content": "On two occasions ten healthy men inhaled with maximally deep inhalations at 0.5 1/sec a test aerosol of 4 micron teflon particles tagged with 111In. Radioactivity in the lungs was measured a few min, 24 hr, and 2, 3, and 4 days after inhalation. Retention decreased greatly between the measurements performed a few min and 24 hr after inhalation, but was similar in measurements 1 to 4 days after inhalation. Among individuals, retention varied considerably 1 to 4 days after inhalation (by a factor of 2), but the retention in each individual subject was uniform. Measuring the retention of a radioactively tagged test aerosol 1 day after inhalation, and regarding this retention as alveolar deposition, might be of value in preventive measures against certain toxic dusts.", "contents": "Human alveolar deposition of 4 micron teflon particles. On two occasions ten healthy men inhaled with maximally deep inhalations at 0.5 1/sec a test aerosol of 4 micron teflon particles tagged with 111In. Radioactivity in the lungs was measured a few min, 24 hr, and 2, 3, and 4 days after inhalation. Retention decreased greatly between the measurements performed a few min and 24 hr after inhalation, but was similar in measurements 1 to 4 days after inhalation. Among individuals, retention varied considerably 1 to 4 days after inhalation (by a factor of 2), but the retention in each individual subject was uniform. Measuring the retention of a radioactively tagged test aerosol 1 day after inhalation, and regarding this retention as alveolar deposition, might be of value in preventive measures against certain toxic dusts.", "PMID": 686844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7169", "title": "Physiological effects of acute passive exposure to cigarette smoke.", "content": "Effects of passive inhalation of cigarette smoke at levels typically encountered in public buildings have been investigated. Twenty normal male and female nonsmokers (18 to 30 years) were each exposed for two hours on alternate days (in random order) to either room air or room air plus machine-produced cigarette smoke. Exposures were conducted in an unventilated chamber (14.6 m3). Subdivisions of lung volume, maximum expiratory flow-volume curves, single-breath nitrogen washout curves, blood carboxyhemoglobin levels, and heart rates were obtained before, during, and after exposure. A submaximal bicycle ergometer test and a symptom questionnaire were also administered after exposure. Statistical analysis revealed several significant differences between test and control days; the magnitude of the changes was small and of questionable biological significance, however, particularly when account was taken of the number of statistical comparisons made. Despite the relatively small physiological changes, subjective complaints were common-cough, and eye irritation, for example. It is concluded that in normal subjects the magnitude of physiological responses to acute exposures is minimal; thus arguments concerning effects rest on symptomatology and such other factors as the unknown risks of chronic exposure.", "contents": "Physiological effects of acute passive exposure to cigarette smoke. Effects of passive inhalation of cigarette smoke at levels typically encountered in public buildings have been investigated. Twenty normal male and female nonsmokers (18 to 30 years) were each exposed for two hours on alternate days (in random order) to either room air or room air plus machine-produced cigarette smoke. Exposures were conducted in an unventilated chamber (14.6 m3). Subdivisions of lung volume, maximum expiratory flow-volume curves, single-breath nitrogen washout curves, blood carboxyhemoglobin levels, and heart rates were obtained before, during, and after exposure. A submaximal bicycle ergometer test and a symptom questionnaire were also administered after exposure. Statistical analysis revealed several significant differences between test and control days; the magnitude of the changes was small and of questionable biological significance, however, particularly when account was taken of the number of statistical comparisons made. Despite the relatively small physiological changes, subjective complaints were common-cough, and eye irritation, for example. It is concluded that in normal subjects the magnitude of physiological responses to acute exposures is minimal; thus arguments concerning effects rest on symptomatology and such other factors as the unknown risks of chronic exposure.", "PMID": 686848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7170", "title": "Effects of exercise on mice exposed to ozone.", "content": "The effects of exercise on response to ambient levels of ozone exposure were studied by using a sensitive indicator of the pulmonary effect of ozone, viz., the elevation of reduced glutathione levels in the lungs. Mice were exposed to 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone for 3 hr daily for 4 days. For exercise study, animals were placed in a rotating cage in which they were alternately exercised and rested every 15 min during exposure periods. The susceptibility of mice to the pulmonary effects of ozone was found to be approximately tripled by concurrent exercise. The results indicate the importance of exercise in the evaluation of health hazards from photochemical smog.", "contents": "Effects of exercise on mice exposed to ozone. The effects of exercise on response to ambient levels of ozone exposure were studied by using a sensitive indicator of the pulmonary effect of ozone, viz., the elevation of reduced glutathione levels in the lungs. Mice were exposed to 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone for 3 hr daily for 4 days. For exercise study, animals were placed in a rotating cage in which they were alternately exercised and rested every 15 min during exposure periods. The susceptibility of mice to the pulmonary effects of ozone was found to be approximately tripled by concurrent exercise. The results indicate the importance of exercise in the evaluation of health hazards from photochemical smog.", "PMID": 686847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7171", "title": "Joint hypermobility leading to osteoarthrosis and chondrocalcinosis.", "content": "We have reviewed 21 adults referred to rheumatology clinic and considered to have generalised joint hypermobility by the criteria of Carter and Wilkinson (1964), modified by Beighton et al. (1973). They fell into two categories. 5 patients had a raised plasma viscosity (PV) and in each case a definite pathology was found to account for this, superimposed on hypermobile joints. The remaining 16 had a normal PV and this group was thought to represent the late natural history of hypermobility. 5 of these (aged 32 to 54 years) had no evidence of osteoarthrosis but the remaining 11 (aged 34 to 80 years) had widespread radiological osteoarthrosis. Synovial histology was obtained at arthroscopy in 6 of these patients and 4 (aged 60 to 75) had chondrocalcinosis. This previously undescribed finding may be the end result of hypermobile joints. Hypermobile patients with joint deformity (lax connective tissue), widespread synovial thickening (traumatic), and hot joint effusions (chondrocalcinosis) may mimic rheumatoid arthritis. They must be distinguished from patients who develop rheumatoid arthritis in hypermobile joints.", "contents": "Joint hypermobility leading to osteoarthrosis and chondrocalcinosis. We have reviewed 21 adults referred to rheumatology clinic and considered to have generalised joint hypermobility by the criteria of Carter and Wilkinson (1964), modified by Beighton et al. (1973). They fell into two categories. 5 patients had a raised plasma viscosity (PV) and in each case a definite pathology was found to account for this, superimposed on hypermobile joints. The remaining 16 had a normal PV and this group was thought to represent the late natural history of hypermobility. 5 of these (aged 32 to 54 years) had no evidence of osteoarthrosis but the remaining 11 (aged 34 to 80 years) had widespread radiological osteoarthrosis. Synovial histology was obtained at arthroscopy in 6 of these patients and 4 (aged 60 to 75) had chondrocalcinosis. This previously undescribed finding may be the end result of hypermobile joints. Hypermobile patients with joint deformity (lax connective tissue), widespread synovial thickening (traumatic), and hot joint effusions (chondrocalcinosis) may mimic rheumatoid arthritis. They must be distinguished from patients who develop rheumatoid arthritis in hypermobile joints.", "PMID": 686857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7172", "title": "Polyneuritis incidence in shoe factory workers: cases report and etiological considerations.", "content": "This study describes an outbreak of polyneuropathies in an artificial leather shoe factory. Thirty-seven females employed in the factory were examined; clinical findings and hematochemical data suggest a possible role of tricresylphosphate (TCP) in the genesis of these polyneuropathies. A high percentage of subjects evidenced definite signs of upper-motor neuron involvement, which appeared at an early or late stage of the disease. A statistically significant (P less than .001) reduction of red-blood-cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was found in the subjects. The ascertained upper-motor neuron involvement suggests a connection with previously described intoxications by TCP- by ingestion or occupational poisoning. The reduction of AChE seems attributable to TCP, and not to n-hexane, whose anti-AChE activity has never been demonstrated.", "contents": "Polyneuritis incidence in shoe factory workers: cases report and etiological considerations. This study describes an outbreak of polyneuropathies in an artificial leather shoe factory. Thirty-seven females employed in the factory were examined; clinical findings and hematochemical data suggest a possible role of tricresylphosphate (TCP) in the genesis of these polyneuropathies. A high percentage of subjects evidenced definite signs of upper-motor neuron involvement, which appeared at an early or late stage of the disease. A statistically significant (P less than .001) reduction of red-blood-cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was found in the subjects. The ascertained upper-motor neuron involvement suggests a connection with previously described intoxications by TCP- by ingestion or occupational poisoning. The reduction of AChE seems attributable to TCP, and not to n-hexane, whose anti-AChE activity has never been demonstrated.", "PMID": 686846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7173", "title": "Precipitating antibodies to cellular antigens in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and other organ and nonorgan-specific autoimmune diseases.", "content": "The prevalence of three precipitating antibodies, anti-SS-A anti-SS-B, and rheumatoid arthritis precipitin (RAP), reacting with an extract of the human lymphoid cell line Wil2, was studied in the sicca syndrome, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome with rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, various seronegative spondyloarthritides, and organ and nonorgan-specific autoimmune disease. Anti-SS-A and snti-SS-B occurred most frequently in the sera of patients with the sicca syndrome whereas RAP occurred most frequently in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis sera. However, the data did not support previous studies where patients with sicca syndrome had a high incidence of anti-SS-A and/or -SS-B antibodies but had a low frequency of RAP, and patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in association with rheumatoid arthritis had a high incidence of RAP but a low incidence of anti-SS-A and/or -SS-B. Instead the three antibodies were present in both forms of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. This suggested a difference in the diseases in the UK compared to the USA, or that these antibodies do not have the more subtle diagnostic specificity that was originally suggested.", "contents": "Precipitating antibodies to cellular antigens in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and other organ and nonorgan-specific autoimmune diseases. The prevalence of three precipitating antibodies, anti-SS-A anti-SS-B, and rheumatoid arthritis precipitin (RAP), reacting with an extract of the human lymphoid cell line Wil2, was studied in the sicca syndrome, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome with rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, various seronegative spondyloarthritides, and organ and nonorgan-specific autoimmune disease. Anti-SS-A and snti-SS-B occurred most frequently in the sera of patients with the sicca syndrome whereas RAP occurred most frequently in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis sera. However, the data did not support previous studies where patients with sicca syndrome had a high incidence of anti-SS-A and/or -SS-B antibodies but had a low frequency of RAP, and patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in association with rheumatoid arthritis had a high incidence of RAP but a low incidence of anti-SS-A and/or -SS-B. Instead the three antibodies were present in both forms of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. This suggested a difference in the diseases in the UK compared to the USA, or that these antibodies do not have the more subtle diagnostic specificity that was originally suggested.", "PMID": 686858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7174", "title": "Experience with Silastic prostheses in the rheumatoid hand. A 5-year follow-up.", "content": "Nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis, who had Silastic prostheses (Swanson's) introduced into 34 metacarpophalangeal joints, were reviewed 5 years after surgery. The most important long-term advantage conferred by the introduction of prostheses was pain relief; functional benefit was marginal. The majority of prostheses eventually fractured but this did not necessarily lead to a functional deterioration. Impairment of function was usually the result of loss of flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints, but it was sometimes due to excessive instability after fracture of the prostheses. It is suggested that Silastic joint replacement may be a worthwhile procedure in rheumatoid patients with moderate destruction or deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joints when pain is a predominant feature. Significant functional improvement can be anticipated only when secondary to pain relief.", "contents": "Experience with Silastic prostheses in the rheumatoid hand. A 5-year follow-up. Nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis, who had Silastic prostheses (Swanson's) introduced into 34 metacarpophalangeal joints, were reviewed 5 years after surgery. The most important long-term advantage conferred by the introduction of prostheses was pain relief; functional benefit was marginal. The majority of prostheses eventually fractured but this did not necessarily lead to a functional deterioration. Impairment of function was usually the result of loss of flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints, but it was sometimes due to excessive instability after fracture of the prostheses. It is suggested that Silastic joint replacement may be a worthwhile procedure in rheumatoid patients with moderate destruction or deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joints when pain is a predominant feature. Significant functional improvement can be anticipated only when secondary to pain relief.", "PMID": 686859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7175", "title": "Rheumatoid polyarthritis after rubella.", "content": "A 21-year-old woman developed persistent polyarthritis indistinguishable from rheumatoid arthritis after rubella. The arthritis persisted for approximately 30 months and was associated with high levels of antibody to rubella virus and with rheumatoid factor. The antibody titres declined pari passu with clinical improvement which progressed to complete resolution. Fractionation of serial serum specimens showed a substantial and persistent IgM antibody response to rubella virus. Rubella antigen was not demonstrated in the synovial exudate.", "contents": "Rheumatoid polyarthritis after rubella. A 21-year-old woman developed persistent polyarthritis indistinguishable from rheumatoid arthritis after rubella. The arthritis persisted for approximately 30 months and was associated with high levels of antibody to rubella virus and with rheumatoid factor. The antibody titres declined pari passu with clinical improvement which progressed to complete resolution. Fractionation of serial serum specimens showed a substantial and persistent IgM antibody response to rubella virus. Rubella antigen was not demonstrated in the synovial exudate.", "PMID": 686860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7176", "title": "Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with cardiac tamponade.", "content": "A 4-year-old girl with seronegative systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis developed acute cardiac tamponade. Pericardiocentesis and systemic corticosteroids resulted in complete recovery of the pericardial involvement. This was followed by complete remission of rheumatoid disease.", "contents": "Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with cardiac tamponade. A 4-year-old girl with seronegative systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis developed acute cardiac tamponade. Pericardiocentesis and systemic corticosteroids resulted in complete recovery of the pericardial involvement. This was followed by complete remission of rheumatoid disease.", "PMID": 686861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7177", "title": "Somatomedin activity in synovial fluid from patients with joint diseases.", "content": "The somatomedin activity in synovial fluids from 50 patients with a variety of joint diseases has been studied and compared with the activity in each of the patient's own serum and a standard reference serum (SRS). The porcine costal cartilage bioassay of Van den Brande and Du Caju (1974a) has been used with the isotopes 3H-thymidine and 35S-sulphate. Synovial fluids from most patients with post-traumatic and post-operative effusions, osteoarthritis and arthritis associated with psoriasis, Reiter's disease, and ankylosing spondylitis stimulated the synthesis of DNA and proteoglycans in cartilage. Synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis either had impaired capacity to stimulate DNA synthesis, or they inhibited it; a similar, but less evident pattern was observed for proteoglycan synthesis. Some synovial fluids from patients with miscellaneous synovitides stimulated, while others inhibited cartilage metabolism. It is concluded that the synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and from some patients with miscellaneous synovitides contained an inhibitor(s) to DNA and possibly proteoglycan synthesis. The sera from nearly all the patients stimulated both DNA and proteoglycan synthesis, but the somatomedin potency ratios for serum in terms of SRS were generally less than 1.0. There was a significant inverse correlation between the serum somatomedin potency ratio and the age of the patient.", "contents": "Somatomedin activity in synovial fluid from patients with joint diseases. The somatomedin activity in synovial fluids from 50 patients with a variety of joint diseases has been studied and compared with the activity in each of the patient's own serum and a standard reference serum (SRS). The porcine costal cartilage bioassay of Van den Brande and Du Caju (1974a) has been used with the isotopes 3H-thymidine and 35S-sulphate. Synovial fluids from most patients with post-traumatic and post-operative effusions, osteoarthritis and arthritis associated with psoriasis, Reiter's disease, and ankylosing spondylitis stimulated the synthesis of DNA and proteoglycans in cartilage. Synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis either had impaired capacity to stimulate DNA synthesis, or they inhibited it; a similar, but less evident pattern was observed for proteoglycan synthesis. Some synovial fluids from patients with miscellaneous synovitides stimulated, while others inhibited cartilage metabolism. It is concluded that the synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and from some patients with miscellaneous synovitides contained an inhibitor(s) to DNA and possibly proteoglycan synthesis. The sera from nearly all the patients stimulated both DNA and proteoglycan synthesis, but the somatomedin potency ratios for serum in terms of SRS were generally less than 1.0. There was a significant inverse correlation between the serum somatomedin potency ratio and the age of the patient.", "PMID": 686863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7178", "title": "Prostaglandin production in arthritis.", "content": "Inflammatory cell populations from synovial effusions or synovial villi in rheumatoid arthritis have been cultured in vitro. Prostaglandin productive capacity, measured by radioimmunoassay, showed the polymorphonuclear leucocyte rich populations from synovial effusions to be poor sources of PGE production whereas the synovial fragments produced substantial amounts of PGE activity. It is suggested that the macrophage is the major source of local prostaglandin formation both in gout and rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Prostaglandin production in arthritis. Inflammatory cell populations from synovial effusions or synovial villi in rheumatoid arthritis have been cultured in vitro. Prostaglandin productive capacity, measured by radioimmunoassay, showed the polymorphonuclear leucocyte rich populations from synovial effusions to be poor sources of PGE production whereas the synovial fragments produced substantial amounts of PGE activity. It is suggested that the macrophage is the major source of local prostaglandin formation both in gout and rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 686864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7179", "title": "The relationship between uric acid and potassium in normal subjects.", "content": "The serum uric acid concentration in normal healthy subjects has been studied in relation to sex, height, weight, lean body mass measured from total body potassium and predicted from the Hume-Weyers formula (1971), total body potassium, plasma potassium and urea, and packed cell volume. The strongest correlation was found with sex, but height, weight, total body potassium, lean body mass (measured and predicted) also correlated significantly with serum uric acid concentration. However, when the sex variable was removed, the other factors lost their significant correlation. Finally, total red blood cell and plasma volumes were predicted (Hume and Goldberg, 1964) and from these an estimate of total plasma uric acid, total plasma potassium, and total red blood cell potassium obtained. Measured total body potassium was found to correlate well with total plasma potassium and total red blood cell potassium independent of sex. Total plasma uric acid correlated well with measured total body potassium when both sexes were considered and when separated into male and female groups the males retained a significant correlation as did the female group.", "contents": "The relationship between uric acid and potassium in normal subjects. The serum uric acid concentration in normal healthy subjects has been studied in relation to sex, height, weight, lean body mass measured from total body potassium and predicted from the Hume-Weyers formula (1971), total body potassium, plasma potassium and urea, and packed cell volume. The strongest correlation was found with sex, but height, weight, total body potassium, lean body mass (measured and predicted) also correlated significantly with serum uric acid concentration. However, when the sex variable was removed, the other factors lost their significant correlation. Finally, total red blood cell and plasma volumes were predicted (Hume and Goldberg, 1964) and from these an estimate of total plasma uric acid, total plasma potassium, and total red blood cell potassium obtained. Measured total body potassium was found to correlate well with total plasma potassium and total red blood cell potassium independent of sex. Total plasma uric acid correlated well with measured total body potassium when both sexes were considered and when separated into male and female groups the males retained a significant correlation as did the female group.", "PMID": 686865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7180", "title": "Studies of lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Uptake of 125I-heat aggregated human IgG by Fc-receptor bearing lymphocytes.", "content": "The uptake of 125I-heat aggregated human IgG (125I-HAGG) by monocyte-free peripheral blood lymphocytes was investigated in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inactive RA patients with other inflammatory joint diseases (ankylosing spondylitis and Still's disease), and in normal controls. The lymphocytes of patients with RA, whether active or inactive, showed significantly raised levels of 125I-HAGG uptake when compared with normals. Patients with other inflammatory joint diseases showed normal levels of HAGG uptake. High uptake was not due to the presence of cytophilic antibodies and was not related to drug treatment, rheumatoid factor status, patient age, duration of disease, and did not correlate with disease activity. These results indicate that Fc-receptor bearing lymphocytes in patients with RA differ from those of normal subjects and patients with other inflammatory joint diseases. This difference was not due to differences in numbers of Fc-receptor bearing lymphocytes but may be due either to increased numbers of Fc-receptors on each cell or to increased avidity of such receptors for HAGG.", "contents": "Studies of lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Uptake of 125I-heat aggregated human IgG by Fc-receptor bearing lymphocytes. The uptake of 125I-heat aggregated human IgG (125I-HAGG) by monocyte-free peripheral blood lymphocytes was investigated in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inactive RA patients with other inflammatory joint diseases (ankylosing spondylitis and Still's disease), and in normal controls. The lymphocytes of patients with RA, whether active or inactive, showed significantly raised levels of 125I-HAGG uptake when compared with normals. Patients with other inflammatory joint diseases showed normal levels of HAGG uptake. High uptake was not due to the presence of cytophilic antibodies and was not related to drug treatment, rheumatoid factor status, patient age, duration of disease, and did not correlate with disease activity. These results indicate that Fc-receptor bearing lymphocytes in patients with RA differ from those of normal subjects and patients with other inflammatory joint diseases. This difference was not due to differences in numbers of Fc-receptor bearing lymphocytes but may be due either to increased numbers of Fc-receptors on each cell or to increased avidity of such receptors for HAGG.", "PMID": 686866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7181", "title": "Studies on cold insoluble globulin. I Concentrations in citrated plasma in rheumatic disorders.", "content": "Cold insoluble globulin (CIG) is a normal glycoprotein of human serum and plasma. The physiological significance of this protein is unknown, but is shows a temperature-dependent relation to fibrinogen and fibrin. It is possible that it represents a substrate for activated fibrin-stabilising factor in the polymerisation of fibrin. CIG is found on the surface of fibroblasts. In the present study CIG was estimated in citrated plasma in 115 patients with rheumatic diseases. Increased amounts were found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, secondary amyloidosis in classical and definite rheumatoid arthritis, and in male patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Studies on cold insoluble globulin. I Concentrations in citrated plasma in rheumatic disorders. Cold insoluble globulin (CIG) is a normal glycoprotein of human serum and plasma. The physiological significance of this protein is unknown, but is shows a temperature-dependent relation to fibrinogen and fibrin. It is possible that it represents a substrate for activated fibrin-stabilising factor in the polymerisation of fibrin. CIG is found on the surface of fibroblasts. In the present study CIG was estimated in citrated plasma in 115 patients with rheumatic diseases. Increased amounts were found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, secondary amyloidosis in classical and definite rheumatoid arthritis, and in male patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 686867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7182", "title": "Brain scan diagnosis of central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with 29 episodes of active systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system involvement were studied according to a uniform protocol. Brain scans were found to be abnormal in all patients studied, and electroencephalograms were abnormal in 20/25 patients. Serial brain scanning was found to be useful in the diagnosis of exacerbations and the monitoring of corticosteroid dosage.", "contents": "Brain scan diagnosis of central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Twenty-five patients with 29 episodes of active systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system involvement were studied according to a uniform protocol. Brain scans were found to be abnormal in all patients studied, and electroencephalograms were abnormal in 20/25 patients. Serial brain scanning was found to be useful in the diagnosis of exacerbations and the monitoring of corticosteroid dosage.", "PMID": 686868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7183", "title": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test in psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthrosis.", "content": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test scores were obtained in 43 patients with psoriatic arthritis, 32 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 16 patients with osteoarthrosis. The mean score in all groups was similar and was higher than previously reported in patients awaiting heart surgery or with noninfective dermatoses. The test is not thought to be helpful in differentiating psoriatic arthritis from rheumatoid arthritis, and its usefulness in the diagnosis of septic arthritis superimposed on other forms of arthropathy is limited.", "contents": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test in psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthrosis. Nitroblue tetrazolium test scores were obtained in 43 patients with psoriatic arthritis, 32 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 16 patients with osteoarthrosis. The mean score in all groups was similar and was higher than previously reported in patients awaiting heart surgery or with noninfective dermatoses. The test is not thought to be helpful in differentiating psoriatic arthritis from rheumatoid arthritis, and its usefulness in the diagnosis of septic arthritis superimposed on other forms of arthropathy is limited.", "PMID": 686869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7184", "title": "Neutropenia during treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole.", "content": "Of 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with levamisole 35% showed a persistent decrease in neutrophil counts from pre-treatment levels and 6 (10%) develped severe neutropenia of less than 1.0 X 10(9)/1. One of these neutropenic patients recoverd without stopping therapy and the other 5 patients recovered rapidly when the drug was withdrawn. In some patients neutropenia recurred on reinstitution of levamisole.", "contents": "Neutropenia during treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole. Of 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with levamisole 35% showed a persistent decrease in neutrophil counts from pre-treatment levels and 6 (10%) develped severe neutropenia of less than 1.0 X 10(9)/1. One of these neutropenic patients recoverd without stopping therapy and the other 5 patients recovered rapidly when the drug was withdrawn. In some patients neutropenia recurred on reinstitution of levamisole.", "PMID": 686870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7185", "title": "Metal sensitivity in patients with a hinge arthroplasty of the knee.", "content": "Fifty patients who had received a hinge arthroplasty of the knee were investigated for possible metal sensitivity. Patients were patch tested against all the metal constituents of the prosthesis. Positive patch tests were found in 32% of patients. Seventeen patients had either lossening or a persistent sterile discharge from the knee. No correlation was found between these complications and metal sensitivity. It was concluded that metal sensitivity is probably not a primary factor in the pathogenesis of complications, particularly loosening.", "contents": "Metal sensitivity in patients with a hinge arthroplasty of the knee. Fifty patients who had received a hinge arthroplasty of the knee were investigated for possible metal sensitivity. Patients were patch tested against all the metal constituents of the prosthesis. Positive patch tests were found in 32% of patients. Seventeen patients had either lossening or a persistent sterile discharge from the knee. No correlation was found between these complications and metal sensitivity. It was concluded that metal sensitivity is probably not a primary factor in the pathogenesis of complications, particularly loosening.", "PMID": 686871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7186", "title": "Observer variation in examination of knee joints.", "content": "The knees of 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were each examined on two occasions on the same morning by three observers. Assessments were made of joint warmth, synovial thickening, effusion, instability, quadriceps power, bony enlargement, range of movement, and knee circumference, and were graded on a scale of 0-4. Analysis of the results shows close intraobserver agreement for all measurements but considerable interobserver variation for all subjective measurements.", "contents": "Observer variation in examination of knee joints. The knees of 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were each examined on two occasions on the same morning by three observers. Assessments were made of joint warmth, synovial thickening, effusion, instability, quadriceps power, bony enlargement, range of movement, and knee circumference, and were graded on a scale of 0-4. Analysis of the results shows close intraobserver agreement for all measurements but considerable interobserver variation for all subjective measurements.", "PMID": 686872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7187", "title": "Studies with pain rating scales.", "content": "Good correlation has been shown between pain scores derived from 4 different rating scales. The correlation was maintained when presentation of the scales was separated by a series of questions and by physical examination. There is good evidence that the 4 scales are measuring the same underlying pain variable as they calibrate well. There is also evidence that an 11-point (0-10) numerical rating scale performs better than both a 4-point simple descriptive scale or a continuous (visual analogue) scale.", "contents": "Studies with pain rating scales. Good correlation has been shown between pain scores derived from 4 different rating scales. The correlation was maintained when presentation of the scales was separated by a series of questions and by physical examination. There is good evidence that the 4 scales are measuring the same underlying pain variable as they calibrate well. There is also evidence that an 11-point (0-10) numerical rating scale performs better than both a 4-point simple descriptive scale or a continuous (visual analogue) scale.", "PMID": 686873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7188", "title": "Provocative agents and the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with known or suspected medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and 21 normal control subjects were tested intravenously on four separate days with calcium gluconate (CG), 2 mg Ca(++)/kg/1 min.; pentagastrin (P), 0.5 ug/kg/ 5 sec.; calcium chloride (CC), 3 mg Ca(++)/kg/10 min.; and a combination of calcium gluconate and pentagastrin (CG + P). Calcitonin (CT) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay on plasma collected before and immediately following each test infusion. In none of the 21 control subjects was there a clear increase in CT above 200 pg/ml following any of the four provocative tests. Conversely, in all 26 patients with known or suspected MTC, plasma CT levels were markedly increased (>300 pg/ml) following the combined infusion of CG + P. The peak CT response was greater with CG + P than with a) CG alone (22 of 24 patients, p < 0.002), b) P alone (25 of 26 patients, p < 0.002), or c) CC alone (17 of 17 patients, p < 0.002). Of 12 MTC patients with undetectable basal calcitonin levels, all had peak responses greater than 300 pg/ml following CG + P, whereas such responses occurred less often following CG alone (8 of 12) or P alone (8 of 12). The results demonstrate that the combined administration of pentagastrin and calcium gluconate constitutes a more effective and reliable stimulus for CT secretion from MTC cells than the use of either agent alone, and appears the most useful single screening test for the detection of occult MTC.", "contents": "Provocative agents and the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Twenty-six patients with known or suspected medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and 21 normal control subjects were tested intravenously on four separate days with calcium gluconate (CG), 2 mg Ca(++)/kg/1 min.; pentagastrin (P), 0.5 ug/kg/ 5 sec.; calcium chloride (CC), 3 mg Ca(++)/kg/10 min.; and a combination of calcium gluconate and pentagastrin (CG + P). Calcitonin (CT) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay on plasma collected before and immediately following each test infusion. In none of the 21 control subjects was there a clear increase in CT above 200 pg/ml following any of the four provocative tests. Conversely, in all 26 patients with known or suspected MTC, plasma CT levels were markedly increased (>300 pg/ml) following the combined infusion of CG + P. The peak CT response was greater with CG + P than with a) CG alone (22 of 24 patients, p < 0.002), b) P alone (25 of 26 patients, p < 0.002), or c) CC alone (17 of 17 patients, p < 0.002). Of 12 MTC patients with undetectable basal calcitonin levels, all had peak responses greater than 300 pg/ml following CG + P, whereas such responses occurred less often following CG alone (8 of 12) or P alone (8 of 12). The results demonstrate that the combined administration of pentagastrin and calcium gluconate constitutes a more effective and reliable stimulus for CT secretion from MTC cells than the use of either agent alone, and appears the most useful single screening test for the detection of occult MTC.", "PMID": 686877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7189", "title": "Prevention of liver reticuloendothelial systemic host defense failure after surgery by intravenous opsonic glycoprotein therapy.", "content": "Depression of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) was observed in rats following operative trauma consisting of laparotomy and jejunal enterotomy. This RES depression was manifested as a significant impairment in the phagocytic clearance of intravenously injected blood-borne test colloid mediated by a decline in hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytosis. Reticuloendothelial systemic host defense depression was correlated with a significant decline in bioassayable and immunoreactive opsonic alpha(2)SB glycoprotein concentration over a 1-3 hr postoperative period with rebound elevation in opsonic activity by 24 hr postsurgery. Intravenous administration of purified opsonic alpha(2)SB glycoprotein at the end of the operation prevented postoperative opsonic deficiency and restored normal hepatic RES phagocytic function. These studies coupled with previous observations in patients following surgery or after severe multiple trauma suggest that reticuloendothelial depression during and after operation mediated by opsonic deficiency may lead to a precarious imbalance between systemic host defense and the dissemination of blood-borne foreign and effete particulate matter such as injured platelets, fibrin microaggregates and immune complexes. Immunoreactive serum opsonic alpha(2)SB glycoprotein determinations may serve as a valuable index of hepatic RE clearance capacity and opsonin therapy may potentially be a selective means to augment systemic host defense.", "contents": "Prevention of liver reticuloendothelial systemic host defense failure after surgery by intravenous opsonic glycoprotein therapy. Depression of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) was observed in rats following operative trauma consisting of laparotomy and jejunal enterotomy. This RES depression was manifested as a significant impairment in the phagocytic clearance of intravenously injected blood-borne test colloid mediated by a decline in hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytosis. Reticuloendothelial systemic host defense depression was correlated with a significant decline in bioassayable and immunoreactive opsonic alpha(2)SB glycoprotein concentration over a 1-3 hr postoperative period with rebound elevation in opsonic activity by 24 hr postsurgery. Intravenous administration of purified opsonic alpha(2)SB glycoprotein at the end of the operation prevented postoperative opsonic deficiency and restored normal hepatic RES phagocytic function. These studies coupled with previous observations in patients following surgery or after severe multiple trauma suggest that reticuloendothelial depression during and after operation mediated by opsonic deficiency may lead to a precarious imbalance between systemic host defense and the dissemination of blood-borne foreign and effete particulate matter such as injured platelets, fibrin microaggregates and immune complexes. Immunoreactive serum opsonic alpha(2)SB glycoprotein determinations may serve as a valuable index of hepatic RE clearance capacity and opsonin therapy may potentially be a selective means to augment systemic host defense.", "PMID": 686878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7190", "title": "Improved limb salvage after arterial embolectomy.", "content": "Between January 1965 and August 1977, 122 patients with 135 arterial emboli were treated on the Peripheral Vascular Service at the Ohio State University Hospital. The heart was the source of the embolus in 94 patients (77%), one-third of whom had experienced a myocardial infarct. Thirteen patients died after the operation, which in 102 patients (84%) consisted of embolectomy only, making the hospital mortality 10.6%. Fourteen patients (11.5%) required subsequent amputations during the same hospitalization or on a later admission. The corrected limb salvage rate of 80.9% was unrelated to the length of delay in presentation. Although only 70 patients (57.4%) had palpable distal pulses following operation, 89 (73%) had a functional limb at the time of discharge or on later follow-up. An aggressive approach to the patient with an arterial embolus, regardless of the duration of symptoms, is urged. Embolectomy under local anesthesia is advocated in all cases after prompt correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalance and stabilization of the underlying cardiac disorder, except in patients with frank gangrene and irreversible rigor. In the absence of distal pulses or obvious revascularization, an intraoperative arteriogram is mandatory.", "contents": "Improved limb salvage after arterial embolectomy. Between January 1965 and August 1977, 122 patients with 135 arterial emboli were treated on the Peripheral Vascular Service at the Ohio State University Hospital. The heart was the source of the embolus in 94 patients (77%), one-third of whom had experienced a myocardial infarct. Thirteen patients died after the operation, which in 102 patients (84%) consisted of embolectomy only, making the hospital mortality 10.6%. Fourteen patients (11.5%) required subsequent amputations during the same hospitalization or on a later admission. The corrected limb salvage rate of 80.9% was unrelated to the length of delay in presentation. Although only 70 patients (57.4%) had palpable distal pulses following operation, 89 (73%) had a functional limb at the time of discharge or on later follow-up. An aggressive approach to the patient with an arterial embolus, regardless of the duration of symptoms, is urged. Embolectomy under local anesthesia is advocated in all cases after prompt correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalance and stabilization of the underlying cardiac disorder, except in patients with frank gangrene and irreversible rigor. In the absence of distal pulses or obvious revascularization, an intraoperative arteriogram is mandatory.", "PMID": 686879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7191", "title": "Human umbilical veins and autogenous veins as canine arterial bypass grafts.", "content": "Glutaraldehyde treated human umbilical veins (Dardik Biograft) were used to bypass short segments of the femoral artery in 15 dogs and were compared to autogenous jugular veins placed in the contralateral femoral artery of each animal. All 15 autogenous jugular veins remained patent for the four month period of observation whereas thrombosis occurred in seven of 15 umbilical vein grafts. This patency rate of 53% was significantly lower than that observed for autogenous jugular veins (p less than 0.01). Neointimal Fibrous Hyperplasia (NFH) a the proximal anastomosis was responsible for six of the seven umbilical vein graft occlusions. Of the eight patent umbilical veins, five had varying degrees of proximal anastomotic stenosis secondary to NFH. Histological examination of each graft revealed significant fibroblastic proliferation and collagen deposition within the lumen of stenosed and thrombosed grafts. Although human umbilical veins have distinct advantages over other prosthetics, such as availability and flexibility, the incidence of experimental neointimal fibrous hyperplasia causing anastomotic stenosis and thrombosis is prohibitively high.", "contents": "Human umbilical veins and autogenous veins as canine arterial bypass grafts. Glutaraldehyde treated human umbilical veins (Dardik Biograft) were used to bypass short segments of the femoral artery in 15 dogs and were compared to autogenous jugular veins placed in the contralateral femoral artery of each animal. All 15 autogenous jugular veins remained patent for the four month period of observation whereas thrombosis occurred in seven of 15 umbilical vein grafts. This patency rate of 53% was significantly lower than that observed for autogenous jugular veins (p less than 0.01). Neointimal Fibrous Hyperplasia (NFH) a the proximal anastomosis was responsible for six of the seven umbilical vein graft occlusions. Of the eight patent umbilical veins, five had varying degrees of proximal anastomotic stenosis secondary to NFH. Histological examination of each graft revealed significant fibroblastic proliferation and collagen deposition within the lumen of stenosed and thrombosed grafts. Although human umbilical veins have distinct advantages over other prosthetics, such as availability and flexibility, the incidence of experimental neointimal fibrous hyperplasia causing anastomotic stenosis and thrombosis is prohibitively high.", "PMID": 686880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7192", "title": "Results of 100 consecutive femoropopliteal vein grafts for limb salvage.", "content": "One hundred consecutive patients with femoropopliteal autogenous vein grafts for limb salvage were reviewed five years later. In this group 40% died and 30% of the limbs had been lost at the end of five years. Limb survival correlated best with adequacy of distal run-off, but not with the presence or absence of diabetes. Forty-seven per cent of the grafts were still patent among surviving patients, and when combined with the limbs that were viable despite failure of the original graft, 70% of the limbs were salvaged among the survivors at five years. Temporary graft patency was effective in preserving ischemic tissue by facilitating healing of ulcers or limited amputations. Femoral-popliteal bypass grafting in the presence of advanced ischemia is capable of improving the quality of life for many of these patients.", "contents": "Results of 100 consecutive femoropopliteal vein grafts for limb salvage. One hundred consecutive patients with femoropopliteal autogenous vein grafts for limb salvage were reviewed five years later. In this group 40% died and 30% of the limbs had been lost at the end of five years. Limb survival correlated best with adequacy of distal run-off, but not with the presence or absence of diabetes. Forty-seven per cent of the grafts were still patent among surviving patients, and when combined with the limbs that were viable despite failure of the original graft, 70% of the limbs were salvaged among the survivors at five years. Temporary graft patency was effective in preserving ischemic tissue by facilitating healing of ulcers or limited amputations. Femoral-popliteal bypass grafting in the presence of advanced ischemia is capable of improving the quality of life for many of these patients.", "PMID": 686881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7193", "title": "Leg ischemia following surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "Resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm was associated with intraoperative or postoperative leg ischemia in seven of 100 consecutive survivors of this procedure. Distal embolization of thrombus and debris is the apparent cause in the majority of cases (six). One case of stenosis at a graft-to-vessel anastomosis was identified. Early (intraoperative) thromboembolectomy averted tissue loss in four cases. The role of concurrent lumbar sympathectomy in ameliorating ischemic tissue loss is evaluated. Postaneurysmectomy leg ischemia may accompany other serious complications, particularly hypotension and renal failure.", "contents": "Leg ischemia following surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm was associated with intraoperative or postoperative leg ischemia in seven of 100 consecutive survivors of this procedure. Distal embolization of thrombus and debris is the apparent cause in the majority of cases (six). One case of stenosis at a graft-to-vessel anastomosis was identified. Early (intraoperative) thromboembolectomy averted tissue loss in four cases. The role of concurrent lumbar sympathectomy in ameliorating ischemic tissue loss is evaluated. Postaneurysmectomy leg ischemia may accompany other serious complications, particularly hypotension and renal failure.", "PMID": 686882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7194", "title": "Thymomas in patients with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "The records of 141 patients with myasthenia gravis who had thymomas were reviewed. In this series there were 69 noninvasive tumors and 52 invasive tumors. The five year survival for all patients was 60%, with the invasive group demonstrating a poorer prognosis than the noninvasive. The remission rates for the whole group (both invasive and noninvasive) of myasthenics was quite low (7%). Although the overall survival of this series of patients was relatively high, it is felt that by earlier diagnosis and a more aggressive surgical approach their prognosis will be even better.", "contents": "Thymomas in patients with myasthenia gravis. The records of 141 patients with myasthenia gravis who had thymomas were reviewed. In this series there were 69 noninvasive tumors and 52 invasive tumors. The five year survival for all patients was 60%, with the invasive group demonstrating a poorer prognosis than the noninvasive. The remission rates for the whole group (both invasive and noninvasive) of myasthenics was quite low (7%). Although the overall survival of this series of patients was relatively high, it is felt that by earlier diagnosis and a more aggressive surgical approach their prognosis will be even better.", "PMID": 686883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7195", "title": "Decreases in histamine forming enzyme activity of non-metastasizing fibrosarcomas in hamsters with progressive tumor growth.", "content": "A marked and progressive decrease in the activity of the histamine forming enzyme, histidine decarboxylase (HDC), of tumors was found to be associated with the progressive growth of SV-40 virus induced and transplanted syngeneic non-metastasizing fibrosarcomas in inbred LSH Syrian hamsters. Histamine forming enzyme activity was highest in the smallest tumors (p < .005) and in the tumors with the slowest growth rate (p < .005, r - 0.84). Tumor histamine forming enzyme activity was highest for each interval of animal exposure to inoculated tumor cells in those animals which had limited their tumor growth to the smallest tumor size. These findings suggested a local anti-inflammatory effect of progressive tumor growth. Induced local inflammation by repeated intratumor injections of bradykinin markedly elevated tumor histamine forming enzyme activity above expected levels for tumors of the same size in a small group of individual animals which were sampled at random from a larger group of animals which were being studied for the tumor growth kinetics effects of repeated intralesional injections of bradykinin. Tumor histamine forming enzyme activity was highest in those animals which were managed by the frequency of injection and dose schedules which were found in the tumor growth kinetics study to be most effective in limiting tumor growth. These findings suggested that the observed anti-inflammatory effects of progressive tumor growth may be reversed by locally induced inflammation at the tumor site with beneficial effects on tumor growth.", "contents": "Decreases in histamine forming enzyme activity of non-metastasizing fibrosarcomas in hamsters with progressive tumor growth. A marked and progressive decrease in the activity of the histamine forming enzyme, histidine decarboxylase (HDC), of tumors was found to be associated with the progressive growth of SV-40 virus induced and transplanted syngeneic non-metastasizing fibrosarcomas in inbred LSH Syrian hamsters. Histamine forming enzyme activity was highest in the smallest tumors (p < .005) and in the tumors with the slowest growth rate (p < .005, r - 0.84). Tumor histamine forming enzyme activity was highest for each interval of animal exposure to inoculated tumor cells in those animals which had limited their tumor growth to the smallest tumor size. These findings suggested a local anti-inflammatory effect of progressive tumor growth. Induced local inflammation by repeated intratumor injections of bradykinin markedly elevated tumor histamine forming enzyme activity above expected levels for tumors of the same size in a small group of individual animals which were sampled at random from a larger group of animals which were being studied for the tumor growth kinetics effects of repeated intralesional injections of bradykinin. Tumor histamine forming enzyme activity was highest in those animals which were managed by the frequency of injection and dose schedules which were found in the tumor growth kinetics study to be most effective in limiting tumor growth. These findings suggested that the observed anti-inflammatory effects of progressive tumor growth may be reversed by locally induced inflammation at the tumor site with beneficial effects on tumor growth.", "PMID": 686884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7196", "title": "Some properties shared by amino acids and entero-oxyntin.", "content": "The intestinal phase of gastric secretion has been thought to be due to the release of a hormone from the gut mucosa, and several properties have been attributed to this as-yet unidentified hormone. An amino acid solution, known to stimulate gastric secretion, was tested to see if it possesses several of these properties, i.e., inactivation by the liver, and the ability to augment the maximum responses to pentagastrin and histamine. In six dogs with Heidenhain pouches the gastric secretory responses to peripheral and portal intravenous administration of a solution of mixed L-amino acids were measured. The mean peak response of three such separate peripheral infusions in each dog was 370 microEq/30 minutes while the peak response to intraportal infusion was only 45 microEq/30 minutes (p < .05). In three dogs with Heidenhain pouches the intravenous administration of amino acids together with pentagastrin resulted in significant augmentation of the peak response to pentagastrin alone (p < .025). Similarly, administration of amino acids with histamine resulted in augmentation of the peak response to histamine alone (p < .05). Because amino acids mimic the actions of the \"intestinal phase hormone\" in these respects it is suggested that they may account, at least in part, for the intestinal phase of gastric secretion. In addition, amino acids absorbed during protein digestion may contribute to the gastric hypersecretion which is regularly seen with portosystemic shunts.", "contents": "Some properties shared by amino acids and entero-oxyntin. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion has been thought to be due to the release of a hormone from the gut mucosa, and several properties have been attributed to this as-yet unidentified hormone. An amino acid solution, known to stimulate gastric secretion, was tested to see if it possesses several of these properties, i.e., inactivation by the liver, and the ability to augment the maximum responses to pentagastrin and histamine. In six dogs with Heidenhain pouches the gastric secretory responses to peripheral and portal intravenous administration of a solution of mixed L-amino acids were measured. The mean peak response of three such separate peripheral infusions in each dog was 370 microEq/30 minutes while the peak response to intraportal infusion was only 45 microEq/30 minutes (p < .05). In three dogs with Heidenhain pouches the intravenous administration of amino acids together with pentagastrin resulted in significant augmentation of the peak response to pentagastrin alone (p < .025). Similarly, administration of amino acids with histamine resulted in augmentation of the peak response to histamine alone (p < .05). Because amino acids mimic the actions of the \"intestinal phase hormone\" in these respects it is suggested that they may account, at least in part, for the intestinal phase of gastric secretion. In addition, amino acids absorbed during protein digestion may contribute to the gastric hypersecretion which is regularly seen with portosystemic shunts.", "PMID": 686885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7197", "title": "Influence of histocompatibility and transplant site on survival.", "content": "Suggestions that endocrine tissue is privileged, in that it may not be as severely damaged by the allograft reaction, provided the stimulus for an evaluation of thyroid transplantation across various histocompatibility barriers and into a number of different recipient sites. Results of allografting reveal that Ag-B compatibility allows for prolonged survival of thyroid tissue (much longer than skin in the same histocompatibility combinations) in the following sites: intramuscular, intradermal, renal subcapsular, and anterior chamber. Only the intrasplenic site, however, did not allow survival of even weakly incompatible grafts. In addition, all recipients of thyroid allografts rejected subsequent donor strain skin grafts in an accelerated manner, attesting to the normal antigenicity of thyroid. This finding, that thyroid is a \"relatively privileged\" tissue, has not been reported previously and is encouraging, since it suggests the potential success of clinical transplantation of other endocrine tissue less easily replaced than thyroid by administration of naturally occurring of synthetic analogues. Further, mild immunosuppression may serve to prolong survivals of allografts of endocrine tissue such as parathyroid or pancreatic islets, especially if an immunologically privileged site is employed.", "contents": "Influence of histocompatibility and transplant site on survival. Suggestions that endocrine tissue is privileged, in that it may not be as severely damaged by the allograft reaction, provided the stimulus for an evaluation of thyroid transplantation across various histocompatibility barriers and into a number of different recipient sites. Results of allografting reveal that Ag-B compatibility allows for prolonged survival of thyroid tissue (much longer than skin in the same histocompatibility combinations) in the following sites: intramuscular, intradermal, renal subcapsular, and anterior chamber. Only the intrasplenic site, however, did not allow survival of even weakly incompatible grafts. In addition, all recipients of thyroid allografts rejected subsequent donor strain skin grafts in an accelerated manner, attesting to the normal antigenicity of thyroid. This finding, that thyroid is a \"relatively privileged\" tissue, has not been reported previously and is encouraging, since it suggests the potential success of clinical transplantation of other endocrine tissue less easily replaced than thyroid by administration of naturally occurring of synthetic analogues. Further, mild immunosuppression may serve to prolong survivals of allografts of endocrine tissue such as parathyroid or pancreatic islets, especially if an immunologically privileged site is employed.", "PMID": 686886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7198", "title": "Susceptibility of the pancreas to ischemic injury in shock.", "content": "The pancreas, like the kidney, is highly vulnerable to ischemic necrosis. This form of pancreatic injury may express itself as prolonged hyperamylasemia with only minimal signs or symptoms of inflammation, or may produce severe pancreatitis followed by abscesses and death. Autopsy examination of patients dying after oligemic shock showed a 9% incidence of major pancreatic injury if there was not concomitant acute renal tubular necrosis (ATN), but a 50% incidence in those with ATN. Similarly, among patients dying after non-oligemic shock, 12% of those without ATN had major pancreatic injury but 35% with ATN also had pancreatic ischemic injury. Among 13 selected patients examined prospectively after being in shock, pancreatic injury was indicated by hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, elevated amylase/creatinine clearance ratio, and elevated circulating isoamylases specifically of pancreatic origin. Four of the 13 had clinical manifestations of pancreatitis. Not only must shock be added to this list of causes of pancreatitis, but pancreatic ischemia due to hypoperfusion may also be the critical factor which causes the progression from edema to necrosis in other forms of pancreatitis, including those associated with alcohol and biliary disease.", "contents": "Susceptibility of the pancreas to ischemic injury in shock. The pancreas, like the kidney, is highly vulnerable to ischemic necrosis. This form of pancreatic injury may express itself as prolonged hyperamylasemia with only minimal signs or symptoms of inflammation, or may produce severe pancreatitis followed by abscesses and death. Autopsy examination of patients dying after oligemic shock showed a 9% incidence of major pancreatic injury if there was not concomitant acute renal tubular necrosis (ATN), but a 50% incidence in those with ATN. Similarly, among patients dying after non-oligemic shock, 12% of those without ATN had major pancreatic injury but 35% with ATN also had pancreatic ischemic injury. Among 13 selected patients examined prospectively after being in shock, pancreatic injury was indicated by hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, elevated amylase/creatinine clearance ratio, and elevated circulating isoamylases specifically of pancreatic origin. Four of the 13 had clinical manifestations of pancreatitis. Not only must shock be added to this list of causes of pancreatitis, but pancreatic ischemia due to hypoperfusion may also be the critical factor which causes the progression from edema to necrosis in other forms of pancreatitis, including those associated with alcohol and biliary disease.", "PMID": 686887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7199", "title": "Antibiotic concentration in human wound fluid after intravenous administration.", "content": "Since the wound is the most common focus of infection in the surgical patient, adequate levels of antibiotic within the wound ar essential. This study examines the concentrations of antibiotic achieved in human wounds. Fluid was collected at timed intervals on the first postoperative day from the wounds of 56 patients receiving antibiotics after regional lymph node dissection. Antibiotic concentration was determined by bioassay. Six antibiotics were studied: cephalothin, cefazolin, cephapirin, oxacillin, ampicillin and clindamycin. The cephalosporins and penicillins showed similar patterns of appearance in the wound fluid. The peak level occurred early (1--1 1/2 hours) with subsequent slow decrease. Clindamycin produced nearly constant levels in wound fluid. The concentration of each antibiotic in wound fluid surpassed the serum levels after 2.5 hours. At the dosages studied each antibiotic produced wound fluid concentrations greater than the MIC for most susceptible organisms. Higher doses provided higher wound fluid levels. The rate of appearance and the levels achieved should be considered in the choice of antibiotics in the surgical subject.", "contents": "Antibiotic concentration in human wound fluid after intravenous administration. Since the wound is the most common focus of infection in the surgical patient, adequate levels of antibiotic within the wound ar essential. This study examines the concentrations of antibiotic achieved in human wounds. Fluid was collected at timed intervals on the first postoperative day from the wounds of 56 patients receiving antibiotics after regional lymph node dissection. Antibiotic concentration was determined by bioassay. Six antibiotics were studied: cephalothin, cefazolin, cephapirin, oxacillin, ampicillin and clindamycin. The cephalosporins and penicillins showed similar patterns of appearance in the wound fluid. The peak level occurred early (1--1 1/2 hours) with subsequent slow decrease. Clindamycin produced nearly constant levels in wound fluid. The concentration of each antibiotic in wound fluid surpassed the serum levels after 2.5 hours. At the dosages studied each antibiotic produced wound fluid concentrations greater than the MIC for most susceptible organisms. Higher doses provided higher wound fluid levels. The rate of appearance and the levels achieved should be considered in the choice of antibiotics in the surgical subject.", "PMID": 686888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7200", "title": "Delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with traumatic diaphragmatic hernia discovered at least five months after injury are described, of whom 18 were male and seven female. All but one hernia occurred on the left side. Stab wounds were the etiological factor in 22 patients and blunt trauma in three. The diagnosis was most often made by a chest or abdominal radiograph, but barium ingestion confirmed the diagnosis in ten patients. Intercostal drainage of gastric contents provided the diagnosis in two patients. In all nine patients initially approached by a thoracotomy or a thoracoabdominal incision, the hernia was easily reduced and the defect repaired. Although reduction and repair were easily accomplished by the abdominal route in seven patients, this approach was unsatisfactory or inadequate in six others. The colon and stomach were usually in the chest, and strangulation occurred in five patients. The mortality was 20% but rose to 80% when gangrene was present.", "contents": "Delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Twenty-five patients with traumatic diaphragmatic hernia discovered at least five months after injury are described, of whom 18 were male and seven female. All but one hernia occurred on the left side. Stab wounds were the etiological factor in 22 patients and blunt trauma in three. The diagnosis was most often made by a chest or abdominal radiograph, but barium ingestion confirmed the diagnosis in ten patients. Intercostal drainage of gastric contents provided the diagnosis in two patients. In all nine patients initially approached by a thoracotomy or a thoracoabdominal incision, the hernia was easily reduced and the defect repaired. Although reduction and repair were easily accomplished by the abdominal route in seven patients, this approach was unsatisfactory or inadequate in six others. The colon and stomach were usually in the chest, and strangulation occurred in five patients. The mortality was 20% but rose to 80% when gangrene was present.", "PMID": 686890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7201", "title": "Association of sepsis with an immunosuppressive polypeptide in the serum of burn patients.", "content": "One hundred ninety serum samples from 51 burned patients were tested for immunosuppressive activity which might explain decreased host immune competence following thermal injury. The serum from a variable but significant percentage of these patients suppressed the response of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. The occurrence of immunosuppressive activity paralleled the severity of the injury. Ten of ten severely burned patients (severity index greater than 40), but only 20 of 30 patients with index 10--39.9, and three of 11 patients with Index 0--9.9 developed suppressive serum. Differences between these groups were significant (p less than .05). In all 19 patients who became septic, immunosuppressive serum activity immediately preceded or coincided with the septic episode. In contrast to the effect on lymphocytes, burn sera stimulated fibroblast proliferation. Immunosuppressive activity did not correlate with serum cortisol levels, blood transfusion, protein-calorie malnutrition, or anesthesia. Suppressive sera were not cytotoxic. A majority of the active serum factor(s) was contained in a low molecular weight (less than 10,000 daltons) polypeptide subfraction.", "contents": "Association of sepsis with an immunosuppressive polypeptide in the serum of burn patients. One hundred ninety serum samples from 51 burned patients were tested for immunosuppressive activity which might explain decreased host immune competence following thermal injury. The serum from a variable but significant percentage of these patients suppressed the response of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. The occurrence of immunosuppressive activity paralleled the severity of the injury. Ten of ten severely burned patients (severity index greater than 40), but only 20 of 30 patients with index 10--39.9, and three of 11 patients with Index 0--9.9 developed suppressive serum. Differences between these groups were significant (p less than .05). In all 19 patients who became septic, immunosuppressive serum activity immediately preceded or coincided with the septic episode. In contrast to the effect on lymphocytes, burn sera stimulated fibroblast proliferation. Immunosuppressive activity did not correlate with serum cortisol levels, blood transfusion, protein-calorie malnutrition, or anesthesia. Suppressive sera were not cytotoxic. A majority of the active serum factor(s) was contained in a low molecular weight (less than 10,000 daltons) polypeptide subfraction.", "PMID": 686889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7202", "title": "Unusual aspects of atrial myxoma.", "content": "Cardiac myxomas are infrequently encountered lesions. Certain aspects of these tumors are unusual and include right atrial location, calcification, valve destruction, hematologic abnormalities, occurrence in children, and familial occurrence. A 12-year-old girl manifesting all of these unusual aspects of myxoma is described and each of the unusual aspects is discussed.", "contents": "Unusual aspects of atrial myxoma. Cardiac myxomas are infrequently encountered lesions. Certain aspects of these tumors are unusual and include right atrial location, calcification, valve destruction, hematologic abnormalities, occurrence in children, and familial occurrence. A 12-year-old girl manifesting all of these unusual aspects of myxoma is described and each of the unusual aspects is discussed.", "PMID": 686891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7203", "title": "Endorectal mucosal resection without proctectomy as an adjunct to abdominoperineal resection for nonmalignant conditions: clinical experience with five patients.", "content": "Five patients with chronic ulcerative colitis underwent endorectal excision of the rectal mucosa without removing the rectal muscle in combination with total colectomy and cutaneous ileostomy. This operative technique will cure the patient of the primary disease and obviates many of the usual unpleasant complications following total proctectomy, such as prolonged perineal drainage and sexual and bladder dysfunction. It has the further advantages of lower operative blood loss and earlier safe ambulation. On the basis of favorable clinical experience with these patients, we believe that the operation warrants further clinical trial in patients who have biopsy-proven ulcerative colitis without severe rectal ulcerations as well as in certain other nonmalignant conditions originating in the rectal mucosa.", "contents": "Endorectal mucosal resection without proctectomy as an adjunct to abdominoperineal resection for nonmalignant conditions: clinical experience with five patients. Five patients with chronic ulcerative colitis underwent endorectal excision of the rectal mucosa without removing the rectal muscle in combination with total colectomy and cutaneous ileostomy. This operative technique will cure the patient of the primary disease and obviates many of the usual unpleasant complications following total proctectomy, such as prolonged perineal drainage and sexual and bladder dysfunction. It has the further advantages of lower operative blood loss and earlier safe ambulation. On the basis of favorable clinical experience with these patients, we believe that the operation warrants further clinical trial in patients who have biopsy-proven ulcerative colitis without severe rectal ulcerations as well as in certain other nonmalignant conditions originating in the rectal mucosa.", "PMID": 686892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7204", "title": "Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Bowel Preparation for Elective Colorectal Operations: impact of oral antibiotic regimen on colonic flora, wound irrigation cultures and bacteriology of septic complications.", "content": "A ten hospital cooperative study comparing prophylactic oral neomycin and erythromycin base versus placebo demonstrated clinical efficacy of the antibiotics in preventing septic complications following elective colon operations. The present report concerns microbiological studies accomplished during this trial. Cultures of colon contents during surgery showed the antibiotic prep reduced concentrations of both aerobes and anaerobes by approximately 10(5) bacteria/ml. Virtually all major bacterial components of the normal flora were affected. Wound irrigation specimens at the time of closure failed to predict subsequent wound infection, but significantly fewer antibiotic recipients had positive irrigation cultures. Postoperative stool specimens showed that the oral antibiotics did not cause an emergence in resistant forms. Bacteriological studies of postoperative infections indicated that most postoperative infections involved a mixed aerobic-anaerobic flora, and that Bacteroides fragilis accounted for six of eight episodes of bacteremia.", "contents": "Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Bowel Preparation for Elective Colorectal Operations: impact of oral antibiotic regimen on colonic flora, wound irrigation cultures and bacteriology of septic complications. A ten hospital cooperative study comparing prophylactic oral neomycin and erythromycin base versus placebo demonstrated clinical efficacy of the antibiotics in preventing septic complications following elective colon operations. The present report concerns microbiological studies accomplished during this trial. Cultures of colon contents during surgery showed the antibiotic prep reduced concentrations of both aerobes and anaerobes by approximately 10(5) bacteria/ml. Virtually all major bacterial components of the normal flora were affected. Wound irrigation specimens at the time of closure failed to predict subsequent wound infection, but significantly fewer antibiotic recipients had positive irrigation cultures. Postoperative stool specimens showed that the oral antibiotics did not cause an emergence in resistant forms. Bacteriological studies of postoperative infections indicated that most postoperative infections involved a mixed aerobic-anaerobic flora, and that Bacteroides fragilis accounted for six of eight episodes of bacteremia.", "PMID": 686893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7205", "title": "Antibiotic prophylaxis in vascular surgery.", "content": "Preoperative and intraoperative antibiotic prophylaxis of infection in peripheral vascular surgery has been widely used although controlled studies have been lacking. A randomized, a prospective, double-blind study of cefazolin versus placebo during 565 arterial reconstructive operations was performed at this hospital from February 1976 through August 1977. Among the 462 patients undergoing surgery of the abdominal aorta and lower extremity vasculature, there was a highly significant difference in the infection rates: 6.8% for placebo recipients versus 0.9% for cefazolin recipients (p less than .001). Of the 18 infections, four involved vascular grafts and all four graft infections occurred in the placebo group. Over 8% of abdominal wounds of patients receiving placebo became infected versus 1.2% of cefazolin patients (p less than .05). Groin wounds were infected infrequently, 1.1% for placebo patients versus none for cefazolin patients. No infections occurred among 103 brachiocephalic procedures. Skin antisepsis was analyzed retrospectively. Infection rates were significantly higher (p less than .01) following hexachlorophene-ethanol versus a povidone-iodine skin preparation. Adverse effects of cefazolin were carefully monitored: no rash, phlebitis, or emergence of resistant strains was observed. A breif perioperative course of cefazolin and povidone-iodine skin antisepsis are recommended in vascular reconstructive surgery of the abdominal aorta and lower extremity vasculature.", "contents": "Antibiotic prophylaxis in vascular surgery. Preoperative and intraoperative antibiotic prophylaxis of infection in peripheral vascular surgery has been widely used although controlled studies have been lacking. A randomized, a prospective, double-blind study of cefazolin versus placebo during 565 arterial reconstructive operations was performed at this hospital from February 1976 through August 1977. Among the 462 patients undergoing surgery of the abdominal aorta and lower extremity vasculature, there was a highly significant difference in the infection rates: 6.8% for placebo recipients versus 0.9% for cefazolin recipients (p less than .001). Of the 18 infections, four involved vascular grafts and all four graft infections occurred in the placebo group. Over 8% of abdominal wounds of patients receiving placebo became infected versus 1.2% of cefazolin patients (p less than .05). Groin wounds were infected infrequently, 1.1% for placebo patients versus none for cefazolin patients. No infections occurred among 103 brachiocephalic procedures. Skin antisepsis was analyzed retrospectively. Infection rates were significantly higher (p less than .01) following hexachlorophene-ethanol versus a povidone-iodine skin preparation. Adverse effects of cefazolin were carefully monitored: no rash, phlebitis, or emergence of resistant strains was observed. A breif perioperative course of cefazolin and povidone-iodine skin antisepsis are recommended in vascular reconstructive surgery of the abdominal aorta and lower extremity vasculature.", "PMID": 686894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7206", "title": "Surgical management of Cushing's syndrome with emphasis on adrenal autotransplantation.", "content": "Cushing's syndrome may be caused by pituitary ACTH, ectopically produced ACTH, adrenocortical tumor or medication. Cushing's disease, due to excessive pituitary ACTH resulting in adrenocortical hyperplasia, remains a complex endocrine disorder for which no single treatment is wholly satisfactory. Twenty-two patients with surgically treated Cushing's syndrome are presented: Four with benign adrenocortical adenoma, two with adrenocortical carcinoma and 16 with adrenocortical hyperplasia. The four benign adenomas were excised with the one death due to respiratory failure and sepsis. Both patients with carcinoma and liver metastases died of their tumors. Of the 16 patients with adrenocortical hyperplasia and Cushing's disease, eight underwent subtotal adrenalectomy and thereafter eight had total intra-abdominal adrenalectomy with autotransplantation of adrenal tissue to the thigh. There was one operative death. Total adrenalectomy has now replaced subtotal resection in most clinics. All eight of the patients who had adrenal autotransplantation exhibited biopsy or functional evidence of some degree of graft survival. On patient stopped steroid replacement permanently and another developed recurrent Cushing's syndrome from the grafts. Of a total of 26 reported patients with adrenal autotransplants surveyed, 22 exhibited evidence of graft survival, 16 were able to discontinue steroid replacement therapy and three eventually developed recurrent Cushing's syndrome from the transplants. There is now strong evidence that most patients with Cushing's disease harbor a pituitary basophil ademona, and in the future the initial surgical attack may be directed to the pituitary rather than to the adrenals.", "contents": "Surgical management of Cushing's syndrome with emphasis on adrenal autotransplantation. Cushing's syndrome may be caused by pituitary ACTH, ectopically produced ACTH, adrenocortical tumor or medication. Cushing's disease, due to excessive pituitary ACTH resulting in adrenocortical hyperplasia, remains a complex endocrine disorder for which no single treatment is wholly satisfactory. Twenty-two patients with surgically treated Cushing's syndrome are presented: Four with benign adrenocortical adenoma, two with adrenocortical carcinoma and 16 with adrenocortical hyperplasia. The four benign adenomas were excised with the one death due to respiratory failure and sepsis. Both patients with carcinoma and liver metastases died of their tumors. Of the 16 patients with adrenocortical hyperplasia and Cushing's disease, eight underwent subtotal adrenalectomy and thereafter eight had total intra-abdominal adrenalectomy with autotransplantation of adrenal tissue to the thigh. There was one operative death. Total adrenalectomy has now replaced subtotal resection in most clinics. All eight of the patients who had adrenal autotransplantation exhibited biopsy or functional evidence of some degree of graft survival. On patient stopped steroid replacement permanently and another developed recurrent Cushing's syndrome from the grafts. Of a total of 26 reported patients with adrenal autotransplants surveyed, 22 exhibited evidence of graft survival, 16 were able to discontinue steroid replacement therapy and three eventually developed recurrent Cushing's syndrome from the transplants. There is now strong evidence that most patients with Cushing's disease harbor a pituitary basophil ademona, and in the future the initial surgical attack may be directed to the pituitary rather than to the adrenals.", "PMID": 686895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7207", "title": "Asymptomatic carotid bruit: long term outcome of patients having endarterectomy compared with unoperated controls.", "content": "During 20 years (1957-1977), 1286 carotid endarterectomies were performed on 1022 private patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency. Included were 132 patients undergoing 167 endarterectomies for asymptomatic cervical carotid bruits. Ages ranged from 42 to 82 years (mean: 64.7). Operative mortality was zero. There were two transient and two permanent operation-related neurologic deficits. Complete follow-up was achieved, extending to 184 months. During postoperative follow-up, six patients (4.5%) developed TIA's appropriate to the unoperated artery, three patients had strokes (2.3%), and three patients died of strokes (2.3%). To characterize the natural history of asymptomatic bruit and determine proper indications for prophylactic endarterectomy, a control series of 138 additional patients with asymptomatic bruit not operated upon when the bruit was discovered was studied. Ages ranged from 39 to 86 years (mean: 65.7). During follow-up extending to 180 months, 77 patients (55.8%) remained neurologically asymptomatic, 37 patients (26.8%) developed TIA's one month to 99 months after detection of bruit, and 24 patients (17.4%) sustained mild to profound frank strokes one week to 124 months postdetection. Three of these 24 (2.2%) died of stroke. Asymptomatic carotid bruits may be potential stroke hazards, the risk of which can be significantly reduced by appropriately applied endarterectomy. A protocol for managment is presented.", "contents": "Asymptomatic carotid bruit: long term outcome of patients having endarterectomy compared with unoperated controls. During 20 years (1957-1977), 1286 carotid endarterectomies were performed on 1022 private patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency. Included were 132 patients undergoing 167 endarterectomies for asymptomatic cervical carotid bruits. Ages ranged from 42 to 82 years (mean: 64.7). Operative mortality was zero. There were two transient and two permanent operation-related neurologic deficits. Complete follow-up was achieved, extending to 184 months. During postoperative follow-up, six patients (4.5%) developed TIA's appropriate to the unoperated artery, three patients had strokes (2.3%), and three patients died of strokes (2.3%). To characterize the natural history of asymptomatic bruit and determine proper indications for prophylactic endarterectomy, a control series of 138 additional patients with asymptomatic bruit not operated upon when the bruit was discovered was studied. Ages ranged from 39 to 86 years (mean: 65.7). During follow-up extending to 180 months, 77 patients (55.8%) remained neurologically asymptomatic, 37 patients (26.8%) developed TIA's one month to 99 months after detection of bruit, and 24 patients (17.4%) sustained mild to profound frank strokes one week to 124 months postdetection. Three of these 24 (2.2%) died of stroke. Asymptomatic carotid bruits may be potential stroke hazards, the risk of which can be significantly reduced by appropriately applied endarterectomy. A protocol for managment is presented.", "PMID": 686896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7208", "title": "Total pancreatectomy of end-stage chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "The metabolic consequences and the clinical results of total pancreatectomy for end-stage chronic pancreatitis are detailed. This experience, accumulated between the years 1952 and 1976, adds 26 cases to the world's literature, which now contains 53 cases reported singly or in small series. The patients were selected on the basis of far-advanced, incapacitating disease in three patients and the failure of 62 previous related operations in 23 patients. Total pancreatectomy was performed with a zero hospital mortality but with serious inhospital morbidity. After discharge, 24 patients required 55 hospital readmissions and 18 related surgical operations; 12 patients have died, five of unrelated causes. Of 14 living patients, five consider themselves to be in good to excellent condition, six in fair condition, and three in poor condition. Twelve thought they were improved over their preoperative state. Our estimate of the result in living patients was similar. In those 12 who died, only four had satisfactory results. The results are also evaluated relative to level of activity, presence of abdominal pain, use of narcotics, weight, alcohol consumption, and the efficiency of endocrine and exocrine replacement. In general, the procedure is effective for relief or amelioration of pain, but the patients' personalities preclude complete adaptation to the apancreatic state rehabilitation. A failure to thrive is the common denominator.", "contents": "Total pancreatectomy of end-stage chronic pancreatitis. The metabolic consequences and the clinical results of total pancreatectomy for end-stage chronic pancreatitis are detailed. This experience, accumulated between the years 1952 and 1976, adds 26 cases to the world's literature, which now contains 53 cases reported singly or in small series. The patients were selected on the basis of far-advanced, incapacitating disease in three patients and the failure of 62 previous related operations in 23 patients. Total pancreatectomy was performed with a zero hospital mortality but with serious inhospital morbidity. After discharge, 24 patients required 55 hospital readmissions and 18 related surgical operations; 12 patients have died, five of unrelated causes. Of 14 living patients, five consider themselves to be in good to excellent condition, six in fair condition, and three in poor condition. Twelve thought they were improved over their preoperative state. Our estimate of the result in living patients was similar. In those 12 who died, only four had satisfactory results. The results are also evaluated relative to level of activity, presence of abdominal pain, use of narcotics, weight, alcohol consumption, and the efficiency of endocrine and exocrine replacement. In general, the procedure is effective for relief or amelioration of pain, but the patients' personalities preclude complete adaptation to the apancreatic state rehabilitation. A failure to thrive is the common denominator.", "PMID": 686897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7209", "title": "The Elective Surgery Second Opinion Program.", "content": "The results of the Cornell Elective Surgery Second Opinion Program are presented. From February 1972 to January 1978, 7053 patients were evaluated for proposed elective surgery, and in 27.6% of these, the operations were not approved. The subspecialties of orthopedics and gynecology demonstrated the highest rates of non-confirmation, while that for general surgery was 18%. A group of 318 patients with general surgical diagnosis are reviewed. The percentage of nonconfirmed surgery for this group was 15 percent. The most common reasons for not approving the operations were absence of pathology and failure to utilize medical therapy when indicated.", "contents": "The Elective Surgery Second Opinion Program. The results of the Cornell Elective Surgery Second Opinion Program are presented. From February 1972 to January 1978, 7053 patients were evaluated for proposed elective surgery, and in 27.6% of these, the operations were not approved. The subspecialties of orthopedics and gynecology demonstrated the highest rates of non-confirmation, while that for general surgery was 18%. A group of 318 patients with general surgical diagnosis are reviewed. The percentage of nonconfirmed surgery for this group was 15 percent. The most common reasons for not approving the operations were absence of pathology and failure to utilize medical therapy when indicated.", "PMID": 686898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7210", "title": "Correlation of estrophilin content of primary mammary cancer to eventual endocrine treatment.", "content": "The estrogen receptor protein content of recurrent breast cancer correlates well with the clinical response of hormonal manipulation. This predictive value of the ER of the primary tumor obtained at the time of mastectomy has not yet been proven. If this predictive capability should hold for primary tumors and eventual endocrine treatment, the ramifications are obvious: endocrine therapy could be offered to patients on a rational basis and adjuvant therapy could be considered on a plausible biochemical basis. This report details our observations as to the ER content of the primary tumor and the eventual result of endocrine therapy. Thirty-seven patients whose tumor ER was determined from the primary tumor eventually underwent some form of endocrine therapy for recurrent disease. Fifteen of the primary tumors had significant ER content and 22 possessed insignificant amounts. Only one of the 22 patients with insignificant ER content was benefited by endocrine treatment. Those patients whose tumors contained low amounts of ER experienced recurrence of their disease more rapidly than did those with higher ER content. There was no correlation of age, cell type of tumor or metastatic site with the ER content of the tumor. There is a positive correlation between response to chemotherapy and ER content of tumor. Measurement of the estrogen receptor protein content of the primary breast tumor is a reliable method for choosing patients for eventual endocrine therapy. Those patients whose tumors contain insignificant estrophilin are not candidates for such attempts at palliation.", "contents": "Correlation of estrophilin content of primary mammary cancer to eventual endocrine treatment. The estrogen receptor protein content of recurrent breast cancer correlates well with the clinical response of hormonal manipulation. This predictive value of the ER of the primary tumor obtained at the time of mastectomy has not yet been proven. If this predictive capability should hold for primary tumors and eventual endocrine treatment, the ramifications are obvious: endocrine therapy could be offered to patients on a rational basis and adjuvant therapy could be considered on a plausible biochemical basis. This report details our observations as to the ER content of the primary tumor and the eventual result of endocrine therapy. Thirty-seven patients whose tumor ER was determined from the primary tumor eventually underwent some form of endocrine therapy for recurrent disease. Fifteen of the primary tumors had significant ER content and 22 possessed insignificant amounts. Only one of the 22 patients with insignificant ER content was benefited by endocrine treatment. Those patients whose tumors contained low amounts of ER experienced recurrence of their disease more rapidly than did those with higher ER content. There was no correlation of age, cell type of tumor or metastatic site with the ER content of the tumor. There is a positive correlation between response to chemotherapy and ER content of tumor. Measurement of the estrogen receptor protein content of the primary breast tumor is a reliable method for choosing patients for eventual endocrine therapy. Those patients whose tumors contain insignificant estrophilin are not candidates for such attempts at palliation.", "PMID": 686899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7211", "title": "Medullary thyroid carcinoma: relationship of method of diagnosis to pathologic staging.", "content": "Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) develops in virtually all patients affected with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (MEN II), a disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The thyroid tumor cells secrete calcitonin (CT) and the detection of elevated plasma levels (>300 pg/ml) of this hormone in MEN II kindred members strongly suggests the presence of MTC even though it may not be evident clinically. Intravenously administered calcium ion (Ca(++)) and pentagastrin (Pg) are potent CT secretagogues which are of particular value in establishing the early diagnosis of MTC. In evaluating seven kindreds with MEN II, we detected 90 patients with MTC. Depending on the method of diagnosis, they could be divided into three categories: Group 1; patients with no clinical evidence of MTC whose undetectable basal plasma calcitonin levels became elevated following intravenous Ca(++) or Pg, Group II; patients with no clinical evidence of MTC who had elevated basal plasma CT levels, and Group III; patients with clinically evident MTC. At the time of diagnosis of MTC, the patients in Group I were younger (20.5 +/- 1.9 years) than the patients in Group II (32.5 +/- 4.7 years, p < 0.005) and Group III (34.3 +/- 2.0, p < 0.00005). The incidence of residual MTC, as indicated by an elevated plasma CT level following provocative testing postoperatively, was less frequent in patients diagnosed biochemically ([6/34]; Group I, 4/26 and Group II, 2/8) than in those diagnosed clinically (Group III, 15/26, p < 0.002). Furthermore, regional nodes were involved less often in patients diagnosed biochemically ([5/28]; Group I, 2/22 and Group II, 3/6) than in those diagnosed clinically (Group III, 15/24, p < 0.02). Distant metastases were only evident in Group III patients. Patients with MEN II who had the diagnosis of MTC established biochemically rather than clinically, had a more favorable pathological stage of disease at the time of thyroidectomy. This was especially true if the biochemical diagnosis had been by provocative testing.", "contents": "Medullary thyroid carcinoma: relationship of method of diagnosis to pathologic staging. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) develops in virtually all patients affected with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (MEN II), a disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The thyroid tumor cells secrete calcitonin (CT) and the detection of elevated plasma levels (>300 pg/ml) of this hormone in MEN II kindred members strongly suggests the presence of MTC even though it may not be evident clinically. Intravenously administered calcium ion (Ca(++)) and pentagastrin (Pg) are potent CT secretagogues which are of particular value in establishing the early diagnosis of MTC. In evaluating seven kindreds with MEN II, we detected 90 patients with MTC. Depending on the method of diagnosis, they could be divided into three categories: Group 1; patients with no clinical evidence of MTC whose undetectable basal plasma calcitonin levels became elevated following intravenous Ca(++) or Pg, Group II; patients with no clinical evidence of MTC who had elevated basal plasma CT levels, and Group III; patients with clinically evident MTC. At the time of diagnosis of MTC, the patients in Group I were younger (20.5 +/- 1.9 years) than the patients in Group II (32.5 +/- 4.7 years, p < 0.005) and Group III (34.3 +/- 2.0, p < 0.00005). The incidence of residual MTC, as indicated by an elevated plasma CT level following provocative testing postoperatively, was less frequent in patients diagnosed biochemically ([6/34]; Group I, 4/26 and Group II, 2/8) than in those diagnosed clinically (Group III, 15/26, p < 0.002). Furthermore, regional nodes were involved less often in patients diagnosed biochemically ([5/28]; Group I, 2/22 and Group II, 3/6) than in those diagnosed clinically (Group III, 15/24, p < 0.02). Distant metastases were only evident in Group III patients. Patients with MEN II who had the diagnosis of MTC established biochemically rather than clinically, had a more favorable pathological stage of disease at the time of thyroidectomy. This was especially true if the biochemical diagnosis had been by provocative testing.", "PMID": 686900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7212", "title": "The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome--23 years later.", "content": "The effects of recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances were assessed in 65 patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES). Twenty-seven patients seen between 1955 and 1970 were compared with 38 patients seen between 1971 and 1977. The earlier patients had a higher incidence of virulent ulcer disease (56% vs. 24%), other endocrinopathies (48% vs. 13%), and malignant gastrinoma (44% vs. 25%). Earlier diagnosis is the result of liberal use of serum gastrin measurements and provocative tests for gastrin release (calcium and secretin), and an increased awareness of this syndrome. Because their basal gastrin values were in a range that overlapped ordinary ulcer disease, 47% of patients encountered in recent years required provocative testing with secretin for diagnosis. If the gastrin concentration falls to normal following resection of a gastrinoma, the tumor has probably been completely removed. In our patients, gastrin measurements after total gastrectomy had no prognostic significance in regards to clinical progression or regression of the neoplasm. Of 12 patients treated with cimetidine, nine experienced symptomatic improvement, and three did not. Resection of the gastrinoma should be attempted if the lesion is solitary and located in the body or tail of the pancreas, or if it is an isolated duodenal lesion. Otherwise, total gastrectomy remains the treatment of choice. In 38 patients, total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy was followed by 97% survival and minimal difficulties with nutrition or dumping.", "contents": "The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome--23 years later. The effects of recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances were assessed in 65 patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES). Twenty-seven patients seen between 1955 and 1970 were compared with 38 patients seen between 1971 and 1977. The earlier patients had a higher incidence of virulent ulcer disease (56% vs. 24%), other endocrinopathies (48% vs. 13%), and malignant gastrinoma (44% vs. 25%). Earlier diagnosis is the result of liberal use of serum gastrin measurements and provocative tests for gastrin release (calcium and secretin), and an increased awareness of this syndrome. Because their basal gastrin values were in a range that overlapped ordinary ulcer disease, 47% of patients encountered in recent years required provocative testing with secretin for diagnosis. If the gastrin concentration falls to normal following resection of a gastrinoma, the tumor has probably been completely removed. In our patients, gastrin measurements after total gastrectomy had no prognostic significance in regards to clinical progression or regression of the neoplasm. Of 12 patients treated with cimetidine, nine experienced symptomatic improvement, and three did not. Resection of the gastrinoma should be attempted if the lesion is solitary and located in the body or tail of the pancreas, or if it is an isolated duodenal lesion. Otherwise, total gastrectomy remains the treatment of choice. In 38 patients, total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy was followed by 97% survival and minimal difficulties with nutrition or dumping.", "PMID": 686901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7213", "title": "Progress in treatment of thoracoabdominal and abdominal aortic aneurysms involving celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal arteries.", "content": "This is a report of surgical treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms and aneurysms of the abdominal aorta from which the visceral vessels arise during the 18 year period from April 5, 1960, to April 20, 1978. The extent of aneurysm is divided into five groups. Group I (10 patients) involved most of the thoracic and abdominal aorta down to celiac axis. Group II (22 patients) involved most of the thoracic and abdominal aorta distal to left subclavian artery. Group III (20 patients) were those with lesser involvement of the thoracic aorta and most of the abdominal aorta. Group IV (18 patients) with involvement of the entire abdominal aorta and Group V (12 patients) with involvement of lower abdominal aorta and renal arteries. Treatment in the majority of these cases was by graft inclusion technique with visceral vessel reattachment by direct suture of orifice to openings made in the graft. Intercostal and/or lumbar arteries were also reattached in some with the more extensive lesions. Aortic and renal artery occlusion times varied from 15 to 155 minutes. Paraplegia developed in five patients with the more extensive lesions but was reduced to one-third and made less severe by reattaching intercostal and lumbar arteries. Renal dysfunction was mild in four patients and severe in three patients after operation. All these were transient except one who died while recovering from renal failure. The latter cases were those difficult to reattach or were not initially successful and required reoperation. Of the 82 patients, 77 (94%) survived operation and long-term followup was obtained in 95% of cases, 23 performed over five years ago. Actuarial curves were constructed and compared to survival curves following simple infrarenal abdominal aortic resection. The survival rate both immediately and at six years, were the same.", "contents": "Progress in treatment of thoracoabdominal and abdominal aortic aneurysms involving celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal arteries. This is a report of surgical treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms and aneurysms of the abdominal aorta from which the visceral vessels arise during the 18 year period from April 5, 1960, to April 20, 1978. The extent of aneurysm is divided into five groups. Group I (10 patients) involved most of the thoracic and abdominal aorta down to celiac axis. Group II (22 patients) involved most of the thoracic and abdominal aorta distal to left subclavian artery. Group III (20 patients) were those with lesser involvement of the thoracic aorta and most of the abdominal aorta. Group IV (18 patients) with involvement of the entire abdominal aorta and Group V (12 patients) with involvement of lower abdominal aorta and renal arteries. Treatment in the majority of these cases was by graft inclusion technique with visceral vessel reattachment by direct suture of orifice to openings made in the graft. Intercostal and/or lumbar arteries were also reattached in some with the more extensive lesions. Aortic and renal artery occlusion times varied from 15 to 155 minutes. Paraplegia developed in five patients with the more extensive lesions but was reduced to one-third and made less severe by reattaching intercostal and lumbar arteries. Renal dysfunction was mild in four patients and severe in three patients after operation. All these were transient except one who died while recovering from renal failure. The latter cases were those difficult to reattach or were not initially successful and required reoperation. Of the 82 patients, 77 (94%) survived operation and long-term followup was obtained in 95% of cases, 23 performed over five years ago. Actuarial curves were constructed and compared to survival curves following simple infrarenal abdominal aortic resection. The survival rate both immediately and at six years, were the same.", "PMID": 686902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7214", "title": "Protective effect of a novel imidazole derivative against cerebral anoxia.", "content": "The protective effect of 1-[2-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-4-nitrophenyl]-2-(diethylaminomethyl) imidazole fumarate (Y-9179) against cerebral anoxia was investigated with a variety of experimental models in mice and rats. Y-9179, at doses lower than 1 mg/kg, showed a consistent protective action against the cerebral anoxia in all of the models studied: hypoxia, ischemia, histotoxic and asphyxic anoxia. The antianoxic activity of Y-9179 was found to be about 100 times greater than that of pentobarbital. This anti-anoxic effect was observed at very small doses at which neither sedation nor motor depression was induced. There was no decrease in the protective effect or no adverse effect even at as high a dose as 30 mg/kg, which corresponded to about 150 times the effective dose. The universal anti-anoxic properties of Y-9179 may be useful both clinically and as a pharmacological tool to elucidate the physiological significance of cerebral anoxia.", "contents": "Protective effect of a novel imidazole derivative against cerebral anoxia. The protective effect of 1-[2-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-4-nitrophenyl]-2-(diethylaminomethyl) imidazole fumarate (Y-9179) against cerebral anoxia was investigated with a variety of experimental models in mice and rats. Y-9179, at doses lower than 1 mg/kg, showed a consistent protective action against the cerebral anoxia in all of the models studied: hypoxia, ischemia, histotoxic and asphyxic anoxia. The antianoxic activity of Y-9179 was found to be about 100 times greater than that of pentobarbital. This anti-anoxic effect was observed at very small doses at which neither sedation nor motor depression was induced. There was no decrease in the protective effect or no adverse effect even at as high a dose as 30 mg/kg, which corresponded to about 150 times the effective dose. The universal anti-anoxic properties of Y-9179 may be useful both clinically and as a pharmacological tool to elucidate the physiological significance of cerebral anoxia.", "PMID": 686903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7215", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of deslanatoside C-3H administered parenterally to the guinea-pig, rabbit and dog.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of Deslanatoside C-3H, a short-acting polar cardiac glycoside, were investigated in the guinea-pig, rabbit and dog, after parenteral administration. Deslanatoside C was on average 20% plasma protein-bound and had a red blood celle/plasma partition ratio of 1/9. Tissue uptake of Deslanatoside C observed in the guinea-pig seems on average to be higher than in rabbits. Among the various organs and fluids tested, the highest levels were encountered in the urine, bile and kidneys of both the guinea-pig and rabbit. The main excretory route of this glycoside was via the urine, although significant amounts were excreted via the bile in all the three species tested. Cumulative urinary excretion 24 hr after i.v. injection was 50% (75% of which in unchanged form) in the guinea-pig, 46.5% (86% of which in unchanged form) in the rabbit, and 42.9%(84% of which in unchanged form) in the dog. Among the cardiac glycosides, Deslantoside C seems to possess the highest urinary excretion rate, which has in fact also recently been confirmed in human subjects.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of deslanatoside C-3H administered parenterally to the guinea-pig, rabbit and dog. The pharmacokinetics of Deslanatoside C-3H, a short-acting polar cardiac glycoside, were investigated in the guinea-pig, rabbit and dog, after parenteral administration. Deslanatoside C was on average 20% plasma protein-bound and had a red blood celle/plasma partition ratio of 1/9. Tissue uptake of Deslanatoside C observed in the guinea-pig seems on average to be higher than in rabbits. Among the various organs and fluids tested, the highest levels were encountered in the urine, bile and kidneys of both the guinea-pig and rabbit. The main excretory route of this glycoside was via the urine, although significant amounts were excreted via the bile in all the three species tested. Cumulative urinary excretion 24 hr after i.v. injection was 50% (75% of which in unchanged form) in the guinea-pig, 46.5% (86% of which in unchanged form) in the rabbit, and 42.9%(84% of which in unchanged form) in the dog. Among the cardiac glycosides, Deslantoside C seems to possess the highest urinary excretion rate, which has in fact also recently been confirmed in human subjects.", "PMID": 686904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7216", "title": "Angiotensin II blockade in congestive heart failure.", "content": "Five of 11 normotensive patients with congestive heart failure responded to an infusion of the specific angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin, by reducing systemic vascular resistance from 2274 +/- 418 to 1690 +/- 351 dynes/sec/cm-5 (mean +/- standard error). This decrease was accompanied by a reduction in left ventricular filling pressure from 19.4 +/- 5.9 to 11.6 +/- 4.0 mm Hg, an increase in cardiac index from 2.2 +/- 0.4 to 2.7 +/- 0.4 l/min/m2 and a decrease in mean arterial pressure from 95 +/- 9.8 to 86 /+- 8.6 mm Hg. In the other 6 patients with congestive heart failure and in 4 controls, saralasin produced either no change or slight increases in systemic vascular resistance. Plasma renin activity did not differentiate responders from non-respnders. Specific inhibition of angiotensin may provide a means for reducing inappropriately high peripheral resistance in some patients with congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Angiotensin II blockade in congestive heart failure. Five of 11 normotensive patients with congestive heart failure responded to an infusion of the specific angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin, by reducing systemic vascular resistance from 2274 +/- 418 to 1690 +/- 351 dynes/sec/cm-5 (mean +/- standard error). This decrease was accompanied by a reduction in left ventricular filling pressure from 19.4 +/- 5.9 to 11.6 +/- 4.0 mm Hg, an increase in cardiac index from 2.2 +/- 0.4 to 2.7 +/- 0.4 l/min/m2 and a decrease in mean arterial pressure from 95 +/- 9.8 to 86 /+- 8.6 mm Hg. In the other 6 patients with congestive heart failure and in 4 controls, saralasin produced either no change or slight increases in systemic vascular resistance. Plasma renin activity did not differentiate responders from non-respnders. Specific inhibition of angiotensin may provide a means for reducing inappropriately high peripheral resistance in some patients with congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 686905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7217", "title": "Tension development and associated calcium influx of control and reserpine pretreated rabbit aortae in response to norepinephrine, isoproterenol and acetylcholine.", "content": "The influence of reserpine (3mg/kg) pretreatment on phasic and tonic components of the contractile responses of rabbit aortae to maximally effective concentrations of norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and isoproterenol and on agonists-induced movements of 45Ca during these responses were studied. Four hours after reserpine administration, there were no histological changes, in extracellular space, and no change in tissue water, sodium, calcium or magnesium. Potassium contents were slightly decreased and the catecholamine content was depleted by 95%. The responses to the three agonists were enhanced in the reserpine pretreated tissues. The absence of calcium eliminated the slow tonic componenet of the responses. Reserpine induced an increase in lanthanum (La3+) resistant 45Ca uptake. The three agonists induced an increase in La3+ resitant 45Ca uptake of equal magnitude in both reserpine pretreated and control tissues. Lanthanum ion affected 45Ca efflux similarly in both reserpine pretreated and untreated tissues. The results suggest that a major portion of the enhanced responsiveness of rabbit aortic strips following reserpien administration is the result of a change in calcium retention in those tissue stores mobilized by these agonists to initiate the fast, phasic componenet, and is, therefore, a reflection of an increased agonist intrinsic activity.", "contents": "Tension development and associated calcium influx of control and reserpine pretreated rabbit aortae in response to norepinephrine, isoproterenol and acetylcholine. The influence of reserpine (3mg/kg) pretreatment on phasic and tonic components of the contractile responses of rabbit aortae to maximally effective concentrations of norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and isoproterenol and on agonists-induced movements of 45Ca during these responses were studied. Four hours after reserpine administration, there were no histological changes, in extracellular space, and no change in tissue water, sodium, calcium or magnesium. Potassium contents were slightly decreased and the catecholamine content was depleted by 95%. The responses to the three agonists were enhanced in the reserpine pretreated tissues. The absence of calcium eliminated the slow tonic componenet of the responses. Reserpine induced an increase in lanthanum (La3+) resistant 45Ca uptake. The three agonists induced an increase in La3+ resitant 45Ca uptake of equal magnitude in both reserpine pretreated and control tissues. Lanthanum ion affected 45Ca efflux similarly in both reserpine pretreated and untreated tissues. The results suggest that a major portion of the enhanced responsiveness of rabbit aortic strips following reserpien administration is the result of a change in calcium retention in those tissue stores mobilized by these agonists to initiate the fast, phasic componenet, and is, therefore, a reflection of an increased agonist intrinsic activity.", "PMID": 686906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7218", "title": "Inhibition of 45Ca movements by lowered temperature or lanthanum in rat brain slices.", "content": "Different components of 45Ca movements in rat cortex, striatum and hypothalamus slices were delineated by conditions and ions which selectively alter Ca2+ uptake, binding or extrusion. Equilibration of 45Ca was qualitatively similar in all three tissues and was attained within 30--60 min. The 45Ca tissue-medium ratios obtained in 1.5 mM Ca2+ solutions were increased 15--30% in 0.1 mM Ca2+ solutions and doubled in 0-Ca solutions. Efflux of 45Ca from slices can be described in terms of two components. Lowering the temperature to 0 degree C increased 45Ca uptake into the slower washout component and markedly decreased 45Ca efflux. Exposure to 1.5 mM La3+ decreased both 45Ca uptake and efflux. The inhibitory effects of 0 degree C and La3+ on 45Ca efflux were additive. Uptake of 45Ca in slices incubated in 1.5 mM Sr 2+-substituted (0-Ca) solutions was more similar to that in 0-Ca solutions than in 1.5 mM Ca2+ solutions. Thus, Ca2+ distribution is qualitatively similar in slices from different rat brain areas, loss of 45Ca is an energy dependent process which is at least partially coupled to Ca2+ uptake, decreased temperature inhibits Ca2+ extrusion, La3+ impedes uptake and subsequent binding of Ca2+, and Sr2+ does not prevent the major portion of 45Ca uptake at cellular binding sites. Use of 0 degree C and La3+ to inhibit discrete components of Ca2+ fluxes in rat brain area slices provides a basis for investigation of the mechanisms by which other agents can alter Ca2+ distribution in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Inhibition of 45Ca movements by lowered temperature or lanthanum in rat brain slices. Different components of 45Ca movements in rat cortex, striatum and hypothalamus slices were delineated by conditions and ions which selectively alter Ca2+ uptake, binding or extrusion. Equilibration of 45Ca was qualitatively similar in all three tissues and was attained within 30--60 min. The 45Ca tissue-medium ratios obtained in 1.5 mM Ca2+ solutions were increased 15--30% in 0.1 mM Ca2+ solutions and doubled in 0-Ca solutions. Efflux of 45Ca from slices can be described in terms of two components. Lowering the temperature to 0 degree C increased 45Ca uptake into the slower washout component and markedly decreased 45Ca efflux. Exposure to 1.5 mM La3+ decreased both 45Ca uptake and efflux. The inhibitory effects of 0 degree C and La3+ on 45Ca efflux were additive. Uptake of 45Ca in slices incubated in 1.5 mM Sr 2+-substituted (0-Ca) solutions was more similar to that in 0-Ca solutions than in 1.5 mM Ca2+ solutions. Thus, Ca2+ distribution is qualitatively similar in slices from different rat brain areas, loss of 45Ca is an energy dependent process which is at least partially coupled to Ca2+ uptake, decreased temperature inhibits Ca2+ extrusion, La3+ impedes uptake and subsequent binding of Ca2+, and Sr2+ does not prevent the major portion of 45Ca uptake at cellular binding sites. Use of 0 degree C and La3+ to inhibit discrete components of Ca2+ fluxes in rat brain area slices provides a basis for investigation of the mechanisms by which other agents can alter Ca2+ distribution in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 686907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7219", "title": "Comparative effects of amiodarone, perhexiline and bepridil on the cardiac rhythms of the unanesthetized dog in chronic heart block.", "content": "The effects of amiodarone, perhexiline and bepridil, which decrease effort cardioacceleration although they have no adrenergic beta blocking properties, were studied in the unanesthetized dog in chronic heart block. All three products decreased atrial rate in a durable way after an initial phase of tachycardia. Amiodarone had no depressant effect on idioventricular rate; however, this was significantly slowed by the other two compounds.", "contents": "Comparative effects of amiodarone, perhexiline and bepridil on the cardiac rhythms of the unanesthetized dog in chronic heart block. The effects of amiodarone, perhexiline and bepridil, which decrease effort cardioacceleration although they have no adrenergic beta blocking properties, were studied in the unanesthetized dog in chronic heart block. All three products decreased atrial rate in a durable way after an initial phase of tachycardia. Amiodarone had no depressant effect on idioventricular rate; however, this was significantly slowed by the other two compounds.", "PMID": 686908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7220", "title": "Antihypertensive effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "Repeated oral administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC, 25 mg/kg) reduced systolic blood pressure in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. Tolerance to the antihypertensive actions of delta9-THC failed to develop during the 10-day treatment period. The failure of delta9-THC to alter blood pressure in normotensive rats suggests that the hypotensive action of delta9-THC is dependent, in part, on baseline blood pressure.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Repeated oral administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC, 25 mg/kg) reduced systolic blood pressure in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. Tolerance to the antihypertensive actions of delta9-THC failed to develop during the 10-day treatment period. The failure of delta9-THC to alter blood pressure in normotensive rats suggests that the hypotensive action of delta9-THC is dependent, in part, on baseline blood pressure.", "PMID": 686909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7221", "title": "Hyperglycemic, antihypertensive and antidiuretic properties of Go. 8288 and its comparison with diazoxide.", "content": "Hyperglycemic, antihypertensive and antidiuretic activities of Go.8288 and diazoxide were evaluated in the rat. Go.8288 and diazoxide induced hyperglycemia which was blocked by adrenalectomy and demedullation. Pretreatmnet with hydrocortisone completely restored the hyperglycemic effect of diazoxide but only partially that of Go.8288. The hyperglycemic effect of Go.8288 and diazoxide was antagonized by glibenclamide, whereas tolbutamide antagonized only diazoxide-induced hyperglycemia. Pretreatment with oxprenolol antagonized diazoxide-induced hyperglycemia but not that of Go.8288. Guanethidine antagonized the hyperglycemic effect of Go.8288 but not that of diazoxide. Go.8288 and diazoxide markedly inhibited insulin secretion in vivo. Unlike Go.8288, diazoxide further accentuated the hyperglycemic effect in the streptozotocin diabetic rat. Diazoxide significantly increased plasma FFA and plasma renin activity but Go.8288 had no effect. In the normotensive cats and dogs and renal hypertensive rats both compounds lowered arterial blood pressure. Unlike diazoxide, Go.8288 was active orally in normotensive dogs. Similar to diazoxide Go.8288 showed an antidiuretic effect in the rat. It is therefore concluded that despite some similarities, Go.8288 shows important differences in its biological profile from that of diazoxide.", "contents": "Hyperglycemic, antihypertensive and antidiuretic properties of Go. 8288 and its comparison with diazoxide. Hyperglycemic, antihypertensive and antidiuretic activities of Go.8288 and diazoxide were evaluated in the rat. Go.8288 and diazoxide induced hyperglycemia which was blocked by adrenalectomy and demedullation. Pretreatmnet with hydrocortisone completely restored the hyperglycemic effect of diazoxide but only partially that of Go.8288. The hyperglycemic effect of Go.8288 and diazoxide was antagonized by glibenclamide, whereas tolbutamide antagonized only diazoxide-induced hyperglycemia. Pretreatment with oxprenolol antagonized diazoxide-induced hyperglycemia but not that of Go.8288. Guanethidine antagonized the hyperglycemic effect of Go.8288 but not that of diazoxide. Go.8288 and diazoxide markedly inhibited insulin secretion in vivo. Unlike Go.8288, diazoxide further accentuated the hyperglycemic effect in the streptozotocin diabetic rat. Diazoxide significantly increased plasma FFA and plasma renin activity but Go.8288 had no effect. In the normotensive cats and dogs and renal hypertensive rats both compounds lowered arterial blood pressure. Unlike diazoxide, Go.8288 was active orally in normotensive dogs. Similar to diazoxide Go.8288 showed an antidiuretic effect in the rat. It is therefore concluded that despite some similarities, Go.8288 shows important differences in its biological profile from that of diazoxide.", "PMID": 686910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7222", "title": "Placental transfer and tissue distribution of dextro-amphetamine in the mouse.", "content": "3H-d-amphetamine (5 mg/kg, free base) was injected i.p. to male and non-pregnant female mice and to pregnant female mice on day 16 of gestation. The tissue levels of amphetamine were  examined as a function of time. Peak concentrations in matured tissues occurred at 15 min, those in placenta, whole fetus, fetal brain and liver at 1 hr. No notable differences were detected in tissue levels of amphetamine in males and non-pregnant females. Disappearance of amphetamine from tissues of pregnant animals was slower than those of other groups. At 15 min, the fetal brain and liver accumulated 1/6 amounts of amphetamine compared to corresponding maternal tissues. Pregnant animals excreted significantly lower amount of total radioactivity compared to non-pregnant females. It is concluded that amphetamine was transported across the placenta and that the lower concentrations in fetal tissues compared to maternal tissues appear to be due to several physico-chemical factors that regulate the transplacental transfer of a foreign chemical compound.", "contents": "Placental transfer and tissue distribution of dextro-amphetamine in the mouse. 3H-d-amphetamine (5 mg/kg, free base) was injected i.p. to male and non-pregnant female mice and to pregnant female mice on day 16 of gestation. The tissue levels of amphetamine were  examined as a function of time. Peak concentrations in matured tissues occurred at 15 min, those in placenta, whole fetus, fetal brain and liver at 1 hr. No notable differences were detected in tissue levels of amphetamine in males and non-pregnant females. Disappearance of amphetamine from tissues of pregnant animals was slower than those of other groups. At 15 min, the fetal brain and liver accumulated 1/6 amounts of amphetamine compared to corresponding maternal tissues. Pregnant animals excreted significantly lower amount of total radioactivity compared to non-pregnant females. It is concluded that amphetamine was transported across the placenta and that the lower concentrations in fetal tissues compared to maternal tissues appear to be due to several physico-chemical factors that regulate the transplacental transfer of a foreign chemical compound.", "PMID": 686911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7223", "title": "Effects of prazosin and phentolamine on responses to field stimulation and to noradrenaline in vas deferens and anococcygeus muscle of the rat.", "content": "The effects of phentolamine (10(-6)M) and prazosin (10(-7)M) on contractile responses, in the presence of cocaine or nortriptyline, were investigated in vas deferens and anococcygeus muscle of rat. Cocaine (10(-5)M) and nortriptyline (10(-6)M) had no effect on maximum responses to field stimulation, (--)-noradrenaline, methoxamine, and acetylcholine in anococcygeus muscle. However, both cocaine (3.3 x 10(-5)M) and nortripthline (10(-6)M) potentiated maximum responses to (--)-noradrenaline without altering the maximum response to field stimulation in vas deferens. In vas deferens, phentolamine potentiated or inhibited the responses to field stimulation depending on the frequency whereas prazosin inhibited all responses to field stimulation. In anococcygeus muscle, both phentolamine and prazosin inhibited all responses to field stimulation. In vas deferens and anococcygeus muscle, prazosin was a more potent antagonist of responses to (--)-noradrenaline than phentolamine. These results show that prazosin is a more potent postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist than phentolamine and suggest that prazosin has little or no affinity for presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors.", "contents": "Effects of prazosin and phentolamine on responses to field stimulation and to noradrenaline in vas deferens and anococcygeus muscle of the rat. The effects of phentolamine (10(-6)M) and prazosin (10(-7)M) on contractile responses, in the presence of cocaine or nortriptyline, were investigated in vas deferens and anococcygeus muscle of rat. Cocaine (10(-5)M) and nortriptyline (10(-6)M) had no effect on maximum responses to field stimulation, (--)-noradrenaline, methoxamine, and acetylcholine in anococcygeus muscle. However, both cocaine (3.3 x 10(-5)M) and nortripthline (10(-6)M) potentiated maximum responses to (--)-noradrenaline without altering the maximum response to field stimulation in vas deferens. In vas deferens, phentolamine potentiated or inhibited the responses to field stimulation depending on the frequency whereas prazosin inhibited all responses to field stimulation. In anococcygeus muscle, both phentolamine and prazosin inhibited all responses to field stimulation. In vas deferens and anococcygeus muscle, prazosin was a more potent antagonist of responses to (--)-noradrenaline than phentolamine. These results show that prazosin is a more potent postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist than phentolamine and suggest that prazosin has little or no affinity for presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors.", "PMID": 686912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7224", "title": "Studies on the monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase of the rat cerebral microvessels.", "content": "The rat cerebral microvessels were isolated and assayed both for monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) activities. Cerebral microvessels and brain filtrate were found to contain both forms (A & B) of MAO. On a per mg protein basis, the cerebral microvessels contained the greatest activity of MAO and COMT  than that of brain filtrate and mesenteric artery. Chemical sympathectomy using 6-hydroxydopamine neither decreased total MAO activity, nor the A form of the enzyme, nor did it have any effect on COMT activity in the brain microvessels. These results suggest that COMT and both forms of MAO in the rat brain microvessels are extraneuronal in origin.", "contents": "Studies on the monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase of the rat cerebral microvessels. The rat cerebral microvessels were isolated and assayed both for monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) activities. Cerebral microvessels and brain filtrate were found to contain both forms (A & B) of MAO. On a per mg protein basis, the cerebral microvessels contained the greatest activity of MAO and COMT  than that of brain filtrate and mesenteric artery. Chemical sympathectomy using 6-hydroxydopamine neither decreased total MAO activity, nor the A form of the enzyme, nor did it have any effect on COMT activity in the brain microvessels. These results suggest that COMT and both forms of MAO in the rat brain microvessels are extraneuronal in origin.", "PMID": 686913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7225", "title": "Effect of oral and intravenous propantheline bromide on pentagastrin-stimulated canine gastric secretion.", "content": "The gastric antisecretory efficacy of propantheline bromide (PB) as a function of the route of administration was studied in dogs equipped with chronic gastric fistulae. Sectetion was near-maximally stimulated by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion of pentagastrin. PB was administered either intragastrically (i.g.) or intravenously as a single bolus dose at the steady-state plateau of gastric secretion. The administration of PB produced a dose-dependent inhibition of gastric secretion (water and acid output). Gastric acid concentration was not appreciably inhibited by PB. The dose-response (inhibition of acid output) curves for i.g. and i.v. administered PB were parallel. The potency (fiducial limits) of i.v. relative to i.g. administration was found to be 0.002 (0,0006--0,0051) when the i.v. value was taken as unity.", "contents": "Effect of oral and intravenous propantheline bromide on pentagastrin-stimulated canine gastric secretion. The gastric antisecretory efficacy of propantheline bromide (PB) as a function of the route of administration was studied in dogs equipped with chronic gastric fistulae. Sectetion was near-maximally stimulated by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion of pentagastrin. PB was administered either intragastrically (i.g.) or intravenously as a single bolus dose at the steady-state plateau of gastric secretion. The administration of PB produced a dose-dependent inhibition of gastric secretion (water and acid output). Gastric acid concentration was not appreciably inhibited by PB. The dose-response (inhibition of acid output) curves for i.g. and i.v. administered PB were parallel. The potency (fiducial limits) of i.v. relative to i.g. administration was found to be 0.002 (0,0006--0,0051) when the i.v. value was taken as unity.", "PMID": 686914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7226", "title": "Effect of substance P on mechanical and myoelectrical activities of stomach and small intestines in conscious dog.", "content": "The effect of Substance P (SP) on the intestine in situ of the dog was investigated. Five female dogs were used. At the same time, mechanographic recordings, using balloon kymography, were taken, while the myoelectric activity was recorded by means of electrography. Differences in SP action on the mechanogram and electromyogram of the stomach and the small intestines were reflected in the following phenomena: (a) SP in the doses used was less active on the ileum than on the stomach; (b) SP increased basal tonus but inhibited peristaltic contraction; (c) SP acted predominantly on spike discharges in the electromyogram. These results are likely to support the assumption that SP acts as a physiological modulator of smooth muscle activity.", "contents": "Effect of substance P on mechanical and myoelectrical activities of stomach and small intestines in conscious dog. The effect of Substance P (SP) on the intestine in situ of the dog was investigated. Five female dogs were used. At the same time, mechanographic recordings, using balloon kymography, were taken, while the myoelectric activity was recorded by means of electrography. Differences in SP action on the mechanogram and electromyogram of the stomach and the small intestines were reflected in the following phenomena: (a) SP in the doses used was less active on the ileum than on the stomach; (b) SP increased basal tonus but inhibited peristaltic contraction; (c) SP acted predominantly on spike discharges in the electromyogram. These results are likely to support the assumption that SP acts as a physiological modulator of smooth muscle activity.", "PMID": 686915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7227", "title": "Effect of butorphanol and morphine on pulmonary mechanics, arterial blood pressure and venous plasma histamine in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "Butorphanol, levo-N-cyclobutylmethyl-3, 14beta-dihydroxy-morphinan, is a new agonist-antagonist type analgetic agent which is 4 times more potent than morphine in experimental animals. Equianalgetic doses of butorphanol and morphine were compared, following rapid intravenous injection to anesthetized dogs, for their effects on pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance, arterial blood pressure and venous plasma histamine levels. Butorphanol, 0.75 mg/kg, had no effect on pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance or  venous plasma histamine levels. Morphine, 3 mg/kg, increased pulmonary resistance, decreased dynamic compliance and elevated venous plasma histamine levels. Both drugs decreased arterial blood pressure but the hypotensive effect of butorphanol was significantly less in magnitude than that of morphine. Pretreatment with chlorpheniramine antagonized the effects of morphine on pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance and arterial blood pressure. These results suggest that in man butorphanol may have less potential than morphine for causing airway constriction, hypotension and histamine release.", "contents": "Effect of butorphanol and morphine on pulmonary mechanics, arterial blood pressure and venous plasma histamine in the anesthetized dog. Butorphanol, levo-N-cyclobutylmethyl-3, 14beta-dihydroxy-morphinan, is a new agonist-antagonist type analgetic agent which is 4 times more potent than morphine in experimental animals. Equianalgetic doses of butorphanol and morphine were compared, following rapid intravenous injection to anesthetized dogs, for their effects on pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance, arterial blood pressure and venous plasma histamine levels. Butorphanol, 0.75 mg/kg, had no effect on pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance or  venous plasma histamine levels. Morphine, 3 mg/kg, increased pulmonary resistance, decreased dynamic compliance and elevated venous plasma histamine levels. Both drugs decreased arterial blood pressure but the hypotensive effect of butorphanol was significantly less in magnitude than that of morphine. Pretreatment with chlorpheniramine antagonized the effects of morphine on pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance and arterial blood pressure. These results suggest that in man butorphanol may have less potential than morphine for causing airway constriction, hypotension and histamine release.", "PMID": 686916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7228", "title": "Urinary methylhistamine as an index of histamine formation during histidine decarboxylase inhibition in the rat.", "content": "A new method is described for the evaluation in vivo of histidine decarboxylase inhibitors. Urinary methylhistamine excretion is approximately trebled in rats treated simultaneously with the histaminase inhibitor aminoguanidine and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline, thus providing a high base-line against which inhibiton of methylhistamine formation, and hence of histamine formation, can be measured. Variations in the recovery of methylhistamine are compensated for by addition of a standard amount of radioactive methyl-histamine to each urine sample. The method has the advantage over previously described methods of requiring less radioactive material and fewer animals which, moreover, do not have to be killed and so can be re-used. In addition, the time course of inhibition can be assessed.", "contents": "Urinary methylhistamine as an index of histamine formation during histidine decarboxylase inhibition in the rat. A new method is described for the evaluation in vivo of histidine decarboxylase inhibitors. Urinary methylhistamine excretion is approximately trebled in rats treated simultaneously with the histaminase inhibitor aminoguanidine and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline, thus providing a high base-line against which inhibiton of methylhistamine formation, and hence of histamine formation, can be measured. Variations in the recovery of methylhistamine are compensated for by addition of a standard amount of radioactive methyl-histamine to each urine sample. The method has the advantage over previously described methods of requiring less radioactive material and fewer animals which, moreover, do not have to be killed and so can be re-used. In addition, the time course of inhibition can be assessed.", "PMID": 686917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7229", "title": "Comparison of neuromuscular effects and acute toxicity of some aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "The correlation between acute toxicity and the effects occurring at neuromuscular junction level of some aminoglycoside antibiotics was investigated. Netilmicin (Sch 20569), sisomicin, gentamicin and kanamycin were administered i.v. in the rat and the following effects were studied: neuromuscular blocking activity (sciatic-gastrocnemius preparation), and acute toxicity evaluation. Neuromuscular blocking effects were found to be well correlated to acute toxicity data for all test-antibiotics. Comparison of results gave a sequence of relative potency which was as follows: netilmicin = sisomicin greater than gentamicin greater than kanamycin. Our findings confirmed that both respiratory failure, reporter as a side effect of the clinical use of aminoglycosides, and experimental toxicity follow the neuromuscular block.", "contents": "Comparison of neuromuscular effects and acute toxicity of some aminoglycoside antibiotics. The correlation between acute toxicity and the effects occurring at neuromuscular junction level of some aminoglycoside antibiotics was investigated. Netilmicin (Sch 20569), sisomicin, gentamicin and kanamycin were administered i.v. in the rat and the following effects were studied: neuromuscular blocking activity (sciatic-gastrocnemius preparation), and acute toxicity evaluation. Neuromuscular blocking effects were found to be well correlated to acute toxicity data for all test-antibiotics. Comparison of results gave a sequence of relative potency which was as follows: netilmicin = sisomicin greater than gentamicin greater than kanamycin. Our findings confirmed that both respiratory failure, reporter as a side effect of the clinical use of aminoglycosides, and experimental toxicity follow the neuromuscular block.", "PMID": 686918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7230", "title": "Chemotherapy of acute leukemia: a comparison of vincristine, cytarabine, and prednisone alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide or daunorubicin.", "content": "Adults (274) with acute leukemia (AML) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment regimens: vincristine, prednisone, cytarabine--(1) 100 mg/sq m/day with cyclophosphamide (COAP); (2) 100 mg/sq m/day with daunorubicin (DOAP); and 200 mg/sq m/day (OAP). Cytarabine was infused continuously for five days. Patients entering complete remission randomly received maintenance treatment with COAP or OAP. For 197 previously untreated AML patients given COAP, DOAP, or OAP, remission rates were 37%, 35%, and 43%, respectively; median lengths, 40, 45, and 90 weeks; median survival, 7, 11, and 8 weeks. No statistically significant difference was found among treatments. Therefore, adding cyclophosphamide or daunorubicin, or using the COAP regimen with continuously infused cytarabine, produced no significant improvement over previously reported regimens. There was no significant difference in remission lengths in previously untreated AML patients maintained on OAP (median 81 weeks) or COAP (median 65 weeks).", "contents": "Chemotherapy of acute leukemia: a comparison of vincristine, cytarabine, and prednisone alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide or daunorubicin. Adults (274) with acute leukemia (AML) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment regimens: vincristine, prednisone, cytarabine--(1) 100 mg/sq m/day with cyclophosphamide (COAP); (2) 100 mg/sq m/day with daunorubicin (DOAP); and 200 mg/sq m/day (OAP). Cytarabine was infused continuously for five days. Patients entering complete remission randomly received maintenance treatment with COAP or OAP. For 197 previously untreated AML patients given COAP, DOAP, or OAP, remission rates were 37%, 35%, and 43%, respectively; median lengths, 40, 45, and 90 weeks; median survival, 7, 11, and 8 weeks. No statistically significant difference was found among treatments. Therefore, adding cyclophosphamide or daunorubicin, or using the COAP regimen with continuously infused cytarabine, produced no significant improvement over previously reported regimens. There was no significant difference in remission lengths in previously untreated AML patients maintained on OAP (median 81 weeks) or COAP (median 65 weeks).", "PMID": 686922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7231", "title": "Anticoagulation in renal vein thrombosis.", "content": "Long-term anticoagulation therapy was evaluated in two patients with renal vein thrombosis and the nephrotic syndrome. Neither patient exhibited peripheral thromboemboli. Moreover, the renal vein thrombus resolved in both cases after eight months on a regimen of oral anticoagulant therapy. Glomerular filtration rate remained stable despite persistence of the nephrotic syndrome. These results suggest that long-term anticoagulation may be of distinct value in nephrotic patients with renal vein thrombosis.", "contents": "Anticoagulation in renal vein thrombosis. Long-term anticoagulation therapy was evaluated in two patients with renal vein thrombosis and the nephrotic syndrome. Neither patient exhibited peripheral thromboemboli. Moreover, the renal vein thrombus resolved in both cases after eight months on a regimen of oral anticoagulant therapy. Glomerular filtration rate remained stable despite persistence of the nephrotic syndrome. These results suggest that long-term anticoagulation may be of distinct value in nephrotic patients with renal vein thrombosis.", "PMID": 686923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7232", "title": "Transmural myocardial infarction with the prolapsing mitral-leaflet syndrome and normal coronary arteries.", "content": "Clinical and electrocardiographic evidence of transmural myocardial infarction developed in two patients (a woman, age 38, and a boy, age 17) with prolapsing mitral-leaflet syndrome. Both had normal coronary angiograms and normal plasma lipid levels. Left ventricular angiography showed dyskinetic areas in both patients. Coronary artery embolism or prolonged coronary artery spasm may have been the underlying mechanism of production of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Transmural myocardial infarction with the prolapsing mitral-leaflet syndrome and normal coronary arteries. Clinical and electrocardiographic evidence of transmural myocardial infarction developed in two patients (a woman, age 38, and a boy, age 17) with prolapsing mitral-leaflet syndrome. Both had normal coronary angiograms and normal plasma lipid levels. Left ventricular angiography showed dyskinetic areas in both patients. Coronary artery embolism or prolonged coronary artery spasm may have been the underlying mechanism of production of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 686924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7233", "title": "An automated verbal medical history system.", "content": "Computer-based automated medical history acquisition systems have not been as widely utilized as originally anticipated. The high cost, limited accessibility and alien nature of the computer terminal equipment have all been cited as important factors in the limited acceptance. A system has been developed that makes it possible to use a standard household telephone as the computer input and output terminal in obtaining medical history data. Patient acceptance is excellent, and medical information gathered using this technique is as accurate as that obtained by self-administered questionnaires or personal interviews. This system maintains the advantages of the terminal-based automated history program while eliminating many of its deficiencies.", "contents": "An automated verbal medical history system. Computer-based automated medical history acquisition systems have not been as widely utilized as originally anticipated. The high cost, limited accessibility and alien nature of the computer terminal equipment have all been cited as important factors in the limited acceptance. A system has been developed that makes it possible to use a standard household telephone as the computer input and output terminal in obtaining medical history data. Patient acceptance is excellent, and medical information gathered using this technique is as accurate as that obtained by self-administered questionnaires or personal interviews. This system maintains the advantages of the terminal-based automated history program while eliminating many of its deficiencies.", "PMID": 686925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7234", "title": "Spontaneous hypoglycemia in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Spontaneous fasting hypoglycemia developed in four nondiabetic patients with end-stage renal failure. All were undergoing long-term maintenance hemodialysis and three patients were anephric. Hypoglycemia was generally accompanied by severe metabolic acidosis and, in three patients, lactic acidemia. Abnormalities of hepatic structure and/or function were present in three patients. In one patient, hypoglycemia was refractory to exogenous glucagon, failed to respond to alanine, glycerol, or galactose, and was associated with suppressed plasma insulin and elevated plasma glucagon levels. Fasting hypoglycemia appeared to result from several mechanisms. In at least two patients, fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis resulted from impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis in association with impaired or absent renal glucose production. Additionally, substrate limitation probably contributed to hypoglycemia in several patients.", "contents": "Spontaneous hypoglycemia in chronic renal failure. Spontaneous fasting hypoglycemia developed in four nondiabetic patients with end-stage renal failure. All were undergoing long-term maintenance hemodialysis and three patients were anephric. Hypoglycemia was generally accompanied by severe metabolic acidosis and, in three patients, lactic acidemia. Abnormalities of hepatic structure and/or function were present in three patients. In one patient, hypoglycemia was refractory to exogenous glucagon, failed to respond to alanine, glycerol, or galactose, and was associated with suppressed plasma insulin and elevated plasma glucagon levels. Fasting hypoglycemia appeared to result from several mechanisms. In at least two patients, fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis resulted from impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis in association with impaired or absent renal glucose production. Additionally, substrate limitation probably contributed to hypoglycemia in several patients.", "PMID": 686926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7235", "title": "Prostatic abscesses involving anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Anaerobic bacteria have seldom been reported in prostatic abscesses. The present study concerns four cases in which the exudate was cultured with optimal microbiological techniques. Our results showed a complex aerobic-anaerobic flora in each instance, with a total of 21 isolates, including seven aerobes and 14 anaerobes. This experience has important implications concerning culture practices and empiric antimicrobial treatment for patients with prostatic abscess.", "contents": "Prostatic abscesses involving anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria have seldom been reported in prostatic abscesses. The present study concerns four cases in which the exudate was cultured with optimal microbiological techniques. Our results showed a complex aerobic-anaerobic flora in each instance, with a total of 21 isolates, including seven aerobes and 14 anaerobes. This experience has important implications concerning culture practices and empiric antimicrobial treatment for patients with prostatic abscess.", "PMID": 686927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7236", "title": "Progressive dialysis encephalopathy from dialysate aluminum.", "content": "Progressive dialysis encephalopathy was observed as a frequent complication (eight of 34 patients) in a small hemodialysis unit. After the water used for dialysis was deionized, no further cases of encephalopathy developed in 29 patients. In the absence of other apparent changes in therapy, this significant difference in incidence (P less than .005) is considered to be the result of reduction in unusually high water aluminum levels from 0.637 mg/liter to less than 0.001 mg/liter by use of a deionizer.", "contents": "Progressive dialysis encephalopathy from dialysate aluminum. Progressive dialysis encephalopathy was observed as a frequent complication (eight of 34 patients) in a small hemodialysis unit. After the water used for dialysis was deionized, no further cases of encephalopathy developed in 29 patients. In the absence of other apparent changes in therapy, this significant difference in incidence (P less than .005) is considered to be the result of reduction in unusually high water aluminum levels from 0.637 mg/liter to less than 0.001 mg/liter by use of a deionizer.", "PMID": 686928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7237", "title": "Treatment of central diabetes insipidus in adults and children with desmopressin.", "content": "Modification of the natural vasopressin molecule to form desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) resulted in a compound with prolonged antidiuretic activity and virtual elimination of vasopressor activity. Twenty-one patients with central diabetes insipidus who ranged in age from 3 to 68 years were treated with DDAVP, which was administered intranasally in a dosage ranging from 10 microgram every 12 hours to 20 microgram every eight hours. Effective control of symptoms was obtained in all cases. There were no consequential toxic effects. As previously reported, DDAVP appears to be the preferred drug for the management of central diabetes insipidus. Biochemical alteration of hormones may enhance desired therapeutic activity and eliminate toxic effects. The development of DDAVP is an example of the potential for development of useful therapeutic peptides.", "contents": "Treatment of central diabetes insipidus in adults and children with desmopressin. Modification of the natural vasopressin molecule to form desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) resulted in a compound with prolonged antidiuretic activity and virtual elimination of vasopressor activity. Twenty-one patients with central diabetes insipidus who ranged in age from 3 to 68 years were treated with DDAVP, which was administered intranasally in a dosage ranging from 10 microgram every 12 hours to 20 microgram every eight hours. Effective control of symptoms was obtained in all cases. There were no consequential toxic effects. As previously reported, DDAVP appears to be the preferred drug for the management of central diabetes insipidus. Biochemical alteration of hormones may enhance desired therapeutic activity and eliminate toxic effects. The development of DDAVP is an example of the potential for development of useful therapeutic peptides.", "PMID": 686929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7238", "title": "Marginal benefit of renal biopsy in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The predictive information provided by renal biopsy was assessed for four systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patient populations and compared with the predictive information from clinical data without benefit of biopsy, both measured against actual outcome. Renal biopsy results, whether studied by light or electron microscopy, contain important prognostic information. However, the prognostic information from renal biopsies in these patient groups is generally less than that of even the simplest clinical classifications; and when combined with clinical information, the total prognostic content is essentially that of the clinical information alone. Thus, judged by presently available data, the renal biopsy in SLE provides mainly redundant prognostic information. The marginal benefit is the difference between what is known before and after a test. Quantitation of predictive accuracy allows assessment of marginal benefit, that is, the increment in accuracy afforded by an additional test. Costly and potentially hazardous procedures, such as renal biopsy, require reassessment in terms of marginal rather than absolute predictive ability.", "contents": "Marginal benefit of renal biopsy in systemic lupus erythematosus. The predictive information provided by renal biopsy was assessed for four systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patient populations and compared with the predictive information from clinical data without benefit of biopsy, both measured against actual outcome. Renal biopsy results, whether studied by light or electron microscopy, contain important prognostic information. However, the prognostic information from renal biopsies in these patient groups is generally less than that of even the simplest clinical classifications; and when combined with clinical information, the total prognostic content is essentially that of the clinical information alone. Thus, judged by presently available data, the renal biopsy in SLE provides mainly redundant prognostic information. The marginal benefit is the difference between what is known before and after a test. Quantitation of predictive accuracy allows assessment of marginal benefit, that is, the increment in accuracy afforded by an additional test. Costly and potentially hazardous procedures, such as renal biopsy, require reassessment in terms of marginal rather than absolute predictive ability.", "PMID": 686930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7239", "title": "The pathophysiology and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: new concepts.", "content": "In summary, the recent understanding of the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease as owing to LES incompetence has led to improvement in both the diagnosis and the treatment of this disorder. Diagnosis now dependent on demonstrating the presence of reflux, an incompetent sphincter mechanism, or some complication of reflux. Treatment is focused on reducing the endogenous factors that contribute to reflux, or actually restoring the sphincteral barrier to reflux by pharmacologic or surgical means.", "contents": "The pathophysiology and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: new concepts. In summary, the recent understanding of the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease as owing to LES incompetence has led to improvement in both the diagnosis and the treatment of this disorder. Diagnosis now dependent on demonstrating the presence of reflux, an incompetent sphincter mechanism, or some complication of reflux. Treatment is focused on reducing the endogenous factors that contribute to reflux, or actually restoring the sphincteral barrier to reflux by pharmacologic or surgical means.", "PMID": 686932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7240", "title": "Recurrent herpetic whitlow due to herpes simplex virus type 2.", "content": "Herpes simplex virus type 2 was demonstrated to be the cause of a recurrent painful and disabling digital infection in a young man. It is possible that this was originally venereally transmitted. With increasing incidence of genital herpes infections, digital herpetic infections may become more common in the nonmedically employed community.", "contents": "Recurrent herpetic whitlow due to herpes simplex virus type 2. Herpes simplex virus type 2 was demonstrated to be the cause of a recurrent painful and disabling digital infection in a young man. It is possible that this was originally venereally transmitted. With increasing incidence of genital herpes infections, digital herpetic infections may become more common in the nonmedically employed community.", "PMID": 686934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7241", "title": "Red blood cell casts in acute interstitial nephritis.", "content": "A 45-year-old woman receiving hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide therapy was found to have a reduced glomerular filtration rate, a positive antinuclear antibody reaction, and RBC casts in the urinary sediment. Glomeruli with normal morphology (light, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy) were found on renal biopsy; however, a mild interstitial nephritis was observed that predominantly involved the distal tubules. The etiology of this inflammatory process is unknown. Changes in distal tubular function correlated with the morphology: acidification was impaired whereas concentrating ability was normal. Although RBC casts have been thought to be diagnostic of glomerular diseases, the present case demonstrates that tubulointerstitial disease can be responsible for RBC cast formation.", "contents": "Red blood cell casts in acute interstitial nephritis. A 45-year-old woman receiving hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide therapy was found to have a reduced glomerular filtration rate, a positive antinuclear antibody reaction, and RBC casts in the urinary sediment. Glomeruli with normal morphology (light, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy) were found on renal biopsy; however, a mild interstitial nephritis was observed that predominantly involved the distal tubules. The etiology of this inflammatory process is unknown. Changes in distal tubular function correlated with the morphology: acidification was impaired whereas concentrating ability was normal. Although RBC casts have been thought to be diagnostic of glomerular diseases, the present case demonstrates that tubulointerstitial disease can be responsible for RBC cast formation.", "PMID": 686935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7242", "title": "A case of coccidioidomycosis with unique clinical features.", "content": "Primary coccidioidomycosis, occurring in a microbiologist whose initial symptoms were cough, fever, night sweats, and chest pain, was unique, because for six months following infection his sera remained nonreactive, and his chest roentgenograms showed no lesions. Throughout this period, his sputa continued to yield Coccidioides immitis. His skin test, which showed negative results 12 days after the onset of symptoms, became positive for coccidioidomycosis eight months later. Spherule formation by C immitis cultures was demonstrated in human pleural fluid medium at 40 degrees C within four to six days and in the internal organs of a mouse inoculated with an arthrospore suspension. After six months of rest and without specific antibiotic treatment, the patient's sputa became negative and his clinical recovery was complete. We emphasize culture isolation and accurate identification of C immitis in diagnosis, and serology in the assessment of therapy.", "contents": "A case of coccidioidomycosis with unique clinical features. Primary coccidioidomycosis, occurring in a microbiologist whose initial symptoms were cough, fever, night sweats, and chest pain, was unique, because for six months following infection his sera remained nonreactive, and his chest roentgenograms showed no lesions. Throughout this period, his sputa continued to yield Coccidioides immitis. His skin test, which showed negative results 12 days after the onset of symptoms, became positive for coccidioidomycosis eight months later. Spherule formation by C immitis cultures was demonstrated in human pleural fluid medium at 40 degrees C within four to six days and in the internal organs of a mouse inoculated with an arthrospore suspension. After six months of rest and without specific antibiotic treatment, the patient's sputa became negative and his clinical recovery was complete. We emphasize culture isolation and accurate identification of C immitis in diagnosis, and serology in the assessment of therapy.", "PMID": 686936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7243", "title": "Late deterioration in tetralogy of Fallot: unusual findings and successful correction.", "content": "A patient with tetralogy of Fallot who underwent a successful Blalock shunt procedure as a child was evaluated 28 years later because of clinical deterioration. Results of cardiac catheterization and angiography disclosed, in addition to a functioning shunt, evidence of an infundibular, subvalvular tumor and a large anastomosis between the left circumflex coronary artery and the bronchial arteries of the right lung with the possibility of \"coronary steal\". At operation, the Blalock and coronary-to-bronchial artery anastomoses were ligated; and total correction was performed including resection of the pulmonary valve and infundibulum, excision of the tumor, closure of the ventricular septal defect, and application of an outflow patch to enlarge the pulmonary annulus. The patient was discharged nine days after surgical correction.", "contents": "Late deterioration in tetralogy of Fallot: unusual findings and successful correction. A patient with tetralogy of Fallot who underwent a successful Blalock shunt procedure as a child was evaluated 28 years later because of clinical deterioration. Results of cardiac catheterization and angiography disclosed, in addition to a functioning shunt, evidence of an infundibular, subvalvular tumor and a large anastomosis between the left circumflex coronary artery and the bronchial arteries of the right lung with the possibility of \"coronary steal\". At operation, the Blalock and coronary-to-bronchial artery anastomoses were ligated; and total correction was performed including resection of the pulmonary valve and infundibulum, excision of the tumor, closure of the ventricular septal defect, and application of an outflow patch to enlarge the pulmonary annulus. The patient was discharged nine days after surgical correction.", "PMID": 686937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7244", "title": "Treatment of ruptured interventricular septum with afterload reduction.", "content": "Two patients with a ruptured interventricular septum complicating acute myocardial infarction were treated with isosorbide dinitrate. The first patient recovered from cardiogenic shock after sublingual administration of 5 mg of isosorbide dinitrate every two hours and was successfully operated on. The second patient recovered from severe pulmonary edema during the acute stage of the infarction with sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. Moreover, she experienced a considerable symptomatic improvement when a 5 mg sublingual dose of isosorbide dinitrate every three hours was added to her long-term treatment. Analysis of hemodynamic data showed that the most striking change following administration of the drug was the substantial reduction of pulmonary wedge pressure. The striking symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement was achieved by the favorable effect of afterload reduction on left ventricular performance and not by reduction in left to right shunt.", "contents": "Treatment of ruptured interventricular septum with afterload reduction. Two patients with a ruptured interventricular septum complicating acute myocardial infarction were treated with isosorbide dinitrate. The first patient recovered from cardiogenic shock after sublingual administration of 5 mg of isosorbide dinitrate every two hours and was successfully operated on. The second patient recovered from severe pulmonary edema during the acute stage of the infarction with sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. Moreover, she experienced a considerable symptomatic improvement when a 5 mg sublingual dose of isosorbide dinitrate every three hours was added to her long-term treatment. Analysis of hemodynamic data showed that the most striking change following administration of the drug was the substantial reduction of pulmonary wedge pressure. The striking symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement was achieved by the favorable effect of afterload reduction on left ventricular performance and not by reduction in left to right shunt.", "PMID": 686938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7245", "title": "Cholesterol embolization: a complication of angiography.", "content": "Cholesterol embolization is not widely recognized as a complication of major arteriographic procedures. In a retrospective study of 71 autopsies of patients who underwent diagnostic arteriographic procedures (20 with aortograms, 51 with cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography), we found an incidence of cholesterol embolization of 30% and 25.5%, respectively, in comparison with 4.3% in an age and disease-matched control population. The organs most frequently affected are the kidney and spleen following aortogram, and the myocardium following cardiac catheterization. The clinical importance of these findings cannot be ascertained from this study, but our experience with a single case demonstrates that radiographic studies may produce substantial morbidity.", "contents": "Cholesterol embolization: a complication of angiography. Cholesterol embolization is not widely recognized as a complication of major arteriographic procedures. In a retrospective study of 71 autopsies of patients who underwent diagnostic arteriographic procedures (20 with aortograms, 51 with cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography), we found an incidence of cholesterol embolization of 30% and 25.5%, respectively, in comparison with 4.3% in an age and disease-matched control population. The organs most frequently affected are the kidney and spleen following aortogram, and the myocardium following cardiac catheterization. The clinical importance of these findings cannot be ascertained from this study, but our experience with a single case demonstrates that radiographic studies may produce substantial morbidity.", "PMID": 686939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7246", "title": "Primary aldosteronism presenting as myoglobinuric acute renal failure.", "content": "Hypokalemia is an uncommon cause of rhabdomyolysis with acute tubular necrosis. We recently treated a patient in whom severe hypokalemia attributed to diuretic therapy antedated acute myoglobinuric renal failure by six months. After recovery, hypokalemia persisted and subsequent evaluation disclosed primary aldosteronism. This case is a unique presentation for primary aldosteronism and illustrates the importance of diagnosis before treatment in hypertension as well as the hazards of hypokalemia.", "contents": "Primary aldosteronism presenting as myoglobinuric acute renal failure. Hypokalemia is an uncommon cause of rhabdomyolysis with acute tubular necrosis. We recently treated a patient in whom severe hypokalemia attributed to diuretic therapy antedated acute myoglobinuric renal failure by six months. After recovery, hypokalemia persisted and subsequent evaluation disclosed primary aldosteronism. This case is a unique presentation for primary aldosteronism and illustrates the importance of diagnosis before treatment in hypertension as well as the hazards of hypokalemia.", "PMID": 686940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7247", "title": "Otomycosis due to coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "The course and treatment of two patients with otomycosis due to Coccidioides immitis, believed to be the first such cases reported, are described. Both infections appeared due to reactivation of hematogenously disseminated foci. Local and systemic chemotherapy plus surgery resulted in remission, and host immune response also appears to be an important factor. One patient, with systemic lupus erythematosus, required more extensive surgery, more chemotherapy, and reduction in steroid dose to arrest the disease. A combined surgical and chemotherapeutic approach appears necessary when otomycosis is due to invasive fungi such as C immitis.", "contents": "Otomycosis due to coccidioidomycosis. The course and treatment of two patients with otomycosis due to Coccidioides immitis, believed to be the first such cases reported, are described. Both infections appeared due to reactivation of hematogenously disseminated foci. Local and systemic chemotherapy plus surgery resulted in remission, and host immune response also appears to be an important factor. One patient, with systemic lupus erythematosus, required more extensive surgery, more chemotherapy, and reduction in steroid dose to arrest the disease. A combined surgical and chemotherapeutic approach appears necessary when otomycosis is due to invasive fungi such as C immitis.", "PMID": 686941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7248", "title": "[Inquiry on the future of newborns treated in intensive care units for children. III. Neurologic anomalies].", "content": "This study concerned newborns admitted between 0 and 10 days of life at the intensive care unit of the Hospital St-Vincent-de-Paul from 1969 to 1972. They were followed later as outpatients. Out of 1,607 newborns admitted, 1,126 survived (average mortality: 30%). 532 were examined after one year, 397 after two years. On the whole prognosis may be considered as good: at 2 years of age, 8% had major neurologic abnormalities; 4% minor abnormalities, no increase in the percentage of major neurologic abnormalities between 1969 (6%) and 1972 (5%), whereas mortality decreased from 36 to 24%. The various types of neurologic deficits were analyzed, according to their effects on rehabilitation (4% had severe retardation, 11% moderate retardation). The sensory involvement (3%) and intercurrent seizures (10%) were also analyzed. According to the bias of the Unit in recruitment, this enquiry concerned children close from term or medium premature children (B.W. 1,500 g) : this diminishes the true rate of the neurologic deficit. The relationships between etiology of neonatal distress and delayed neurologic abnormalities are emphasized.", "contents": "[Inquiry on the future of newborns treated in intensive care units for children. III. Neurologic anomalies]. This study concerned newborns admitted between 0 and 10 days of life at the intensive care unit of the Hospital St-Vincent-de-Paul from 1969 to 1972. They were followed later as outpatients. Out of 1,607 newborns admitted, 1,126 survived (average mortality: 30%). 532 were examined after one year, 397 after two years. On the whole prognosis may be considered as good: at 2 years of age, 8% had major neurologic abnormalities; 4% minor abnormalities, no increase in the percentage of major neurologic abnormalities between 1969 (6%) and 1972 (5%), whereas mortality decreased from 36 to 24%. The various types of neurologic deficits were analyzed, according to their effects on rehabilitation (4% had severe retardation, 11% moderate retardation). The sensory involvement (3%) and intercurrent seizures (10%) were also analyzed. According to the bias of the Unit in recruitment, this enquiry concerned children close from term or medium premature children (B.W. 1,500 g) : this diminishes the true rate of the neurologic deficit. The relationships between etiology of neonatal distress and delayed neurologic abnormalities are emphasized.", "PMID": 686947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7249", "title": "[Evaluation of one year experience with cerebral tomodensitometry in pediatric neurology].", "content": "Cerebral tomography allows the delineation of areas modified by edema or necrosis, the visualization of calcifications undetectable by standard x-ray examination, extra- or intra-cerebral blood effusions and neoformations of the cerebrum or of its envelopes. It also reveals slight or localized cerebral atrophies that other neuro-radiologic techniques sometimes failed to detect. It appears therefore worthwhile to reconsider pediatric neurology according to this new type of investigation. Its sole difficulty in young children, is the requirement of a half hour immobility, best obtained by general anesthesia. However, the rapid improvements of this technique will probably permit to overcome this slight drawback.", "contents": "[Evaluation of one year experience with cerebral tomodensitometry in pediatric neurology]. Cerebral tomography allows the delineation of areas modified by edema or necrosis, the visualization of calcifications undetectable by standard x-ray examination, extra- or intra-cerebral blood effusions and neoformations of the cerebrum or of its envelopes. It also reveals slight or localized cerebral atrophies that other neuro-radiologic techniques sometimes failed to detect. It appears therefore worthwhile to reconsider pediatric neurology according to this new type of investigation. Its sole difficulty in young children, is the requirement of a half hour immobility, best obtained by general anesthesia. However, the rapid improvements of this technique will probably permit to overcome this slight drawback.", "PMID": 686948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7250", "title": "[Colonization by enterobacteria during the first week of life in the normal newborn].", "content": "The colonisation by enterobacteria of neonates, born normally, has been studied by quantitative and qualitative techniques (by the determination of the differing patterns of antibiotic resistance). The resistant enterobacteria were less common than the sensitive strains but resistant ones were widespread in the first week of life and 6 out of 10 babies became carriers of Klebsiella. The results enabled epidemiological observations to be made (the role of the mother, who only seems to be important during delivery, and the importance of the bacteria carried on the hands of the staff), and to assess the effect of antibiotics in hospital even if they are not given to the baby.", "contents": "[Colonization by enterobacteria during the first week of life in the normal newborn]. The colonisation by enterobacteria of neonates, born normally, has been studied by quantitative and qualitative techniques (by the determination of the differing patterns of antibiotic resistance). The resistant enterobacteria were less common than the sensitive strains but resistant ones were widespread in the first week of life and 6 out of 10 babies became carriers of Klebsiella. The results enabled epidemiological observations to be made (the role of the mother, who only seems to be important during delivery, and the importance of the bacteria carried on the hands of the staff), and to assess the effect of antibiotics in hospital even if they are not given to the baby.", "PMID": 686949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7251", "title": "[Acute nalidixic acid poisoning in children].", "content": "A 31 month old child developed seizures 30 minutes after the accidental ingestion of toxic quantities of nalidixic acid. The case is unusual because of the age of the patient and the circumstances of the poisoning. It emphasises that this drug is contraindicated in children with previous neurological disease.", "contents": "[Acute nalidixic acid poisoning in children]. A 31 month old child developed seizures 30 minutes after the accidental ingestion of toxic quantities of nalidixic acid. The case is unusual because of the age of the patient and the circumstances of the poisoning. It emphasises that this drug is contraindicated in children with previous neurological disease.", "PMID": 686950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7252", "title": "[Postnatal iodine excess with hypothyroidism and respiratory pauses. Danger of the cutaneous application of iodine chemicals].", "content": "A hypothyroidism with moderate goiter was discovered in a newborn presenting with repeated apnoea indicating a severe risk of sudden death. The mother was given no iodine-rich drug. However, the child was submitted to several large applications of iodized alcohol to the skin for numerous blood samplings. Treatment with thyroid extract resulted in the disappearance of the respiratory pauses and return to euthyroidism within 3 months.", "contents": "[Postnatal iodine excess with hypothyroidism and respiratory pauses. Danger of the cutaneous application of iodine chemicals]. A hypothyroidism with moderate goiter was discovered in a newborn presenting with repeated apnoea indicating a severe risk of sudden death. The mother was given no iodine-rich drug. However, the child was submitted to several large applications of iodized alcohol to the skin for numerous blood samplings. Treatment with thyroid extract resulted in the disappearance of the respiratory pauses and return to euthyroidism within 3 months.", "PMID": 686952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7253", "title": "Psychic distress, life crisis, and use of psychotherapeutic medications: national household survey data.", "content": "Findings are reported from a nationwide survey of a cross-section probability sample (N = 2,552) of US adults. Data on psychic distress were obtained from a shortened version of the Hopkins symptom checklist, data on life crises from a shortened version of the Holmes-Rahe social readjustment rating scale. Methods for collecting data on use of psychotherapeutic medications were validated in a separate study. Data are presented on the prevalence of high levels of psychic distress and life crisis among various age, sex, and other demographic subgroups; on the relation between life crisis and psychic distress; and on the relation of life crisis and psychic distress to use of psychotherapeutic medications and alcohol. The findings suggest an illness behavior model for the use of psychotherapeutic medications in outpatient practice, and the lend little support to a \"self-indulgent consumer\" interpretation.", "contents": "Psychic distress, life crisis, and use of psychotherapeutic medications: national household survey data. Findings are reported from a nationwide survey of a cross-section probability sample (N = 2,552) of US adults. Data on psychic distress were obtained from a shortened version of the Hopkins symptom checklist, data on life crises from a shortened version of the Holmes-Rahe social readjustment rating scale. Methods for collecting data on use of psychotherapeutic medications were validated in a separate study. Data are presented on the prevalence of high levels of psychic distress and life crisis among various age, sex, and other demographic subgroups; on the relation between life crisis and psychic distress; and on the relation of life crisis and psychic distress to use of psychotherapeutic medications and alcohol. The findings suggest an illness behavior model for the use of psychotherapeutic medications in outpatient practice, and the lend little support to a \"self-indulgent consumer\" interpretation.", "PMID": 686968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7254", "title": "The familial prevalence of anxiety neurosis.", "content": "A family history study of 112 anxiety neurotics and 110 surgical controls showed that the morbidity risk for anxiety neurosis among first-degree relatives of neurotics was 18% compared to 3% among control relatives. Relatives of anxiety neurotics were also shown to be at higher risk for the development of alcoholism. Female relatives were found to be at greater risk than male relatives, reflecting their increased susceptibility to the illness. These data confirm previous findings of an increased familial prevalence of anxiety neurosis.", "contents": "The familial prevalence of anxiety neurosis. A family history study of 112 anxiety neurotics and 110 surgical controls showed that the morbidity risk for anxiety neurosis among first-degree relatives of neurotics was 18% compared to 3% among control relatives. Relatives of anxiety neurotics were also shown to be at higher risk for the development of alcoholism. Female relatives were found to be at greater risk than male relatives, reflecting their increased susceptibility to the illness. These data confirm previous findings of an increased familial prevalence of anxiety neurosis.", "PMID": 686969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7255", "title": "Plasma levels of chlorpromazine in schizophrenia; a critical review of the literature.", "content": "Measurment of chloropromazine and metabolite levels in the blood has not yet developed such that it can help the clinician. Apart from their chemistry, the clinical aspects of the experimentql design of most studies leave much to be desired, so that it is not possible to draw any overall conclusions about the relationship between chlorpromazine blood levels and clinical outcome from the data currently available. Measurement of response to a single test dose may prove potentially more fruitful in predicting outcome and in establishing drug and dosage choice for a given patient than simple attempts to correlate sustained dosage levels with clinical response. For chlorpromazine, indeed for any drug, it would seem wise in the first instance to focus clinically well-designed studies on the parent substance, rather than launching into more costly, but clinically unsophisticated, studies of its metabolites.", "contents": "Plasma levels of chlorpromazine in schizophrenia; a critical review of the literature. Measurment of chloropromazine and metabolite levels in the blood has not yet developed such that it can help the clinician. Apart from their chemistry, the clinical aspects of the experimentql design of most studies leave much to be desired, so that it is not possible to draw any overall conclusions about the relationship between chlorpromazine blood levels and clinical outcome from the data currently available. Measurement of response to a single test dose may prove potentially more fruitful in predicting outcome and in establishing drug and dosage choice for a given patient than simple attempts to correlate sustained dosage levels with clinical response. For chlorpromazine, indeed for any drug, it would seem wise in the first instance to focus clinically well-designed studies on the parent substance, rather than launching into more costly, but clinically unsophisticated, studies of its metabolites.", "PMID": 686970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7256", "title": "Test dose response in schizophrenia: chlorpromazine blood and saliva levels.", "content": "A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method for measuring chlorpromazine using 2H6--labeled chlorpromazine as an internal standard has the potential for considerable precision and specificity. Results are reported of chlorpromazine levels in plasma and saliva after administration of a single test dose to 13 schizophrenic patients in a tightly designed experiment. There was a clear and substantive relationship between blood and saliva levels of chlorpromazine, both following a typical decay curve. Saliva and plasma levels were strongly associated for a particular patient, and there was even a strong consistency in saliva-plasma ratios between patients, with an overall statistically significant correlation between plasma and saliva levels for all measurement on all 13 patients. In general, it seems that saliva sampling has great potential as a simple noninvasive technique for investigation of chlorpromazine and other antipsychotic drugs in psychotic patients. Nevertheless, for the moment, it should be regarded as strictly experimental and not suitable for immediate clinical application.", "contents": "Test dose response in schizophrenia: chlorpromazine blood and saliva levels. A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method for measuring chlorpromazine using 2H6--labeled chlorpromazine as an internal standard has the potential for considerable precision and specificity. Results are reported of chlorpromazine levels in plasma and saliva after administration of a single test dose to 13 schizophrenic patients in a tightly designed experiment. There was a clear and substantive relationship between blood and saliva levels of chlorpromazine, both following a typical decay curve. Saliva and plasma levels were strongly associated for a particular patient, and there was even a strong consistency in saliva-plasma ratios between patients, with an overall statistically significant correlation between plasma and saliva levels for all measurement on all 13 patients. In general, it seems that saliva sampling has great potential as a simple noninvasive technique for investigation of chlorpromazine and other antipsychotic drugs in psychotic patients. Nevertheless, for the moment, it should be regarded as strictly experimental and not suitable for immediate clinical application.", "PMID": 686971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7257", "title": "Saliva lithium concentrations in the management of lithium therapy.", "content": "To define conditions under which saliva lithium carbonate concentrations can be used as a guide in lithium therapy, serum (Cp) and saliva (Cs) concentrations were determined simultaneously under different circumstances in 12 patients receiving lithium, and the effect of seven variables for example, (sex, saliva flow rate) on the Cp:Cs ratio was examined. The average ratio was 0.57 if saliva was collected in the morning before breakfast and 0.45 otherwise. The Cp:Cs ratio was found to vary much more between individuals than within an individual. We propose a method that minimizes the effect of the interindividual variation on the error in the prediction of Cp from Cs by using one or two measured Cp:Cs ratios to adjust the individual ratio. Using this technique the Cs may be useful as a predictor of the Cp in monitoring lithium therapy.", "contents": "Saliva lithium concentrations in the management of lithium therapy. To define conditions under which saliva lithium carbonate concentrations can be used as a guide in lithium therapy, serum (Cp) and saliva (Cs) concentrations were determined simultaneously under different circumstances in 12 patients receiving lithium, and the effect of seven variables for example, (sex, saliva flow rate) on the Cp:Cs ratio was examined. The average ratio was 0.57 if saliva was collected in the morning before breakfast and 0.45 otherwise. The Cp:Cs ratio was found to vary much more between individuals than within an individual. We propose a method that minimizes the effect of the interindividual variation on the error in the prediction of Cp from Cs by using one or two measured Cp:Cs ratios to adjust the individual ratio. Using this technique the Cs may be useful as a predictor of the Cp in monitoring lithium therapy.", "PMID": 686972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7258", "title": "The dose-response ratio in electroconvulsive therapy a preliminary study.", "content": "To investigate pretreatment patient variables that might correlate with dose-response characteristics of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and treatment outcomes, 14 patients were assessed on a daily basis, before and during treatment, using self-report affective scales, three simple paper-and-pencil tests of cognitive function,and finger-tapping speed. From these data, dose-response ratios and treatment outcome measures were derived. The dose-response ratio of ECT was found to correlate with age--the younger the patient, the more favorable the ratio. This finding is discussed in terms of the known relationships between brain monoamine oxidase levels and age, and the established relationship between seizure duration and treatment efficacy. The dose-response ratio over the first two electroconvulsive treatments as well as lesser degrees of initial congnitive and greater degrees of initial affective impairment correlated strongly with greater overall affective improvement. Some clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The dose-response ratio in electroconvulsive therapy a preliminary study. To investigate pretreatment patient variables that might correlate with dose-response characteristics of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and treatment outcomes, 14 patients were assessed on a daily basis, before and during treatment, using self-report affective scales, three simple paper-and-pencil tests of cognitive function,and finger-tapping speed. From these data, dose-response ratios and treatment outcome measures were derived. The dose-response ratio of ECT was found to correlate with age--the younger the patient, the more favorable the ratio. This finding is discussed in terms of the known relationships between brain monoamine oxidase levels and age, and the established relationship between seizure duration and treatment efficacy. The dose-response ratio over the first two electroconvulsive treatments as well as lesser degrees of initial congnitive and greater degrees of initial affective impairment correlated strongly with greater overall affective improvement. Some clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 686973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7259", "title": "Academic psychiatry in the political marketplace.", "content": "There is pressure for all medicine to be publicly accountable and for there to be public manifestations of professional responsibility. The expectation of an immediate return on the public's investment in education is matched by cries for\"relevence\" in research. The generation and transmission of psychiatric knowledge is not compatible with such a direct telelogic approach. Yet, public accountability is necessary, considering the public monies involved. Academic psychiatry should become familiar with the political marketplace--a high-pressure environment where fiercely competing interests vie for the politician's attention through votes and contributions, and where the \"squeaky wheel gets the grease\". Psychiatry can ill afford to adopt a passive posture in this political marketplace. Psychiatrists bear responsibility for informing the public about the relevance of psychiatric research and education. The profession must accept--even embrace--the concept of public accountability as a synchronous extension of our professional responsibilities.", "contents": "Academic psychiatry in the political marketplace. There is pressure for all medicine to be publicly accountable and for there to be public manifestations of professional responsibility. The expectation of an immediate return on the public's investment in education is matched by cries for\"relevence\" in research. The generation and transmission of psychiatric knowledge is not compatible with such a direct telelogic approach. Yet, public accountability is necessary, considering the public monies involved. Academic psychiatry should become familiar with the political marketplace--a high-pressure environment where fiercely competing interests vie for the politician's attention through votes and contributions, and where the \"squeaky wheel gets the grease\". Psychiatry can ill afford to adopt a passive posture in this political marketplace. Psychiatrists bear responsibility for informing the public about the relevance of psychiatric research and education. The profession must accept--even embrace--the concept of public accountability as a synchronous extension of our professional responsibilities.", "PMID": 686975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7260", "title": "Hazards of succinylcholine administration during electrotherapy.", "content": "We describe prolonged apnea following electrotherapy in a patient who was also being treated with a topical organophosphate anticholinesterase, ecothiophate iodide (phospholine iodide), for glaucoma. The increased duration of action of succinylcholine resulted from low levels of serum cholinesterase that had been caused by the organophosphate. Attention is called to other drugs that directly or indirectly (by lowering serum cholinesterase) interact with succinylcholine chloride resulting in prolonged apnea. Other potential hazards of succinylcholine administration, such as hyperkalemia and cardiac arrhythmias, are also discussed.", "contents": "Hazards of succinylcholine administration during electrotherapy. We describe prolonged apnea following electrotherapy in a patient who was also being treated with a topical organophosphate anticholinesterase, ecothiophate iodide (phospholine iodide), for glaucoma. The increased duration of action of succinylcholine resulted from low levels of serum cholinesterase that had been caused by the organophosphate. Attention is called to other drugs that directly or indirectly (by lowering serum cholinesterase) interact with succinylcholine chloride resulting in prolonged apnea. Other potential hazards of succinylcholine administration, such as hyperkalemia and cardiac arrhythmias, are also discussed.", "PMID": 686974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7261", "title": "[Test of O,O-dimethyl(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)phosphonate (Trichlorfon) for carcinogenic acitivity in rats by oral (oesphageal-gastric intubation) and intraperitoneal application (author's transl)].", "content": "O,O-Dimethyl (1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)phosphonate (Trichlorfon) is produced at a large scale and used in many countries e. g. in agriculture and housholds to control insects and on animals to control parasties. The compound (dissolved in isotonic sodium chloride solution) was tested for carcinogenic activity in albino rats by oral (oesophageal-gastric intubation) and intraperitoneal administration. The period of treatment was 90 weeks. The experiment was terminated at 118 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference when the tumor incidence in the groups of treated and control animals was compared. No carcinogenic activity of the compound could be demonstrated in rats at either route of application.", "contents": "[Test of O,O-dimethyl(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)phosphonate (Trichlorfon) for carcinogenic acitivity in rats by oral (oesphageal-gastric intubation) and intraperitoneal application (author's transl)]. O,O-Dimethyl (1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)phosphonate (Trichlorfon) is produced at a large scale and used in many countries e. g. in agriculture and housholds to control insects and on animals to control parasties. The compound (dissolved in isotonic sodium chloride solution) was tested for carcinogenic activity in albino rats by oral (oesophageal-gastric intubation) and intraperitoneal administration. The period of treatment was 90 weeks. The experiment was terminated at 118 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference when the tumor incidence in the groups of treated and control animals was compared. No carcinogenic activity of the compound could be demonstrated in rats at either route of application.", "PMID": 686976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7262", "title": "An image analysing method for automated cytologic prescreening of cervix carcinoma and its prestages: demonstration and preliminary results.", "content": "The image analysing method for automated cytologic prescreening is founded on the evaluation of epithelial cell nuclei in regularly stained and prepared smears. The technical equipment consists of a fast scanning microscope and a software-oriented computer. The device is able to isolate all objects present in the visual fields. Clumps, artefacts, detritus and other disturbing objects are eliminated. Among the cell nuclei the nonepithelial forms (histiocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes) are distinguished from the epithelial ones. The latter are compared with a representative sample of normal epithelial cell nuclei, exactly classified by cytologists. All objects are described by 18 mathematically defined parameters. The results of classification is a statistical information on the probability of coincidence of an unknown case with the normal object sample. In addition the evaluation program provides the number of automatic isolated cell nuclei. By these informations it is possible to differentiate between positive (tumor-suspicious), negative and inadequate smears.", "contents": "An image analysing method for automated cytologic prescreening of cervix carcinoma and its prestages: demonstration and preliminary results. The image analysing method for automated cytologic prescreening is founded on the evaluation of epithelial cell nuclei in regularly stained and prepared smears. The technical equipment consists of a fast scanning microscope and a software-oriented computer. The device is able to isolate all objects present in the visual fields. Clumps, artefacts, detritus and other disturbing objects are eliminated. Among the cell nuclei the nonepithelial forms (histiocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes) are distinguished from the epithelial ones. The latter are compared with a representative sample of normal epithelial cell nuclei, exactly classified by cytologists. All objects are described by 18 mathematically defined parameters. The results of classification is a statistical information on the probability of coincidence of an unknown case with the normal object sample. In addition the evaluation program provides the number of automatic isolated cell nuclei. By these informations it is possible to differentiate between positive (tumor-suspicious), negative and inadequate smears.", "PMID": 686977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7263", "title": "[The microscopy fluorometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The microscope photometry and the method of continuously recording photometry help in the exemplification of the temporal development of virus multiplication and in providing information on the localization of the antigen in cells. Furthermore an automatic fluorometric microscope photometer (AFM) is described. By this method, the titre and that dilution required for the complete detection of antigens can be determined and an objective comparison of the various conjugate specimens is possible.", "contents": "[The microscopy fluorometry (author's transl)]. The microscope photometry and the method of continuously recording photometry help in the exemplification of the temporal development of virus multiplication and in providing information on the localization of the antigen in cells. Furthermore an automatic fluorometric microscope photometer (AFM) is described. By this method, the titre and that dilution required for the complete detection of antigens can be determined and an objective comparison of the various conjugate specimens is possible.", "PMID": 686978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7264", "title": "Pulse cytophotometric measurements on tumor cell suspensions and exfoliative material.", "content": "By impulse cytophotometry (ICP) it is possible to get a DNA-distribution curve of nuclei in cell suspensions. The ICP curve directly represents the ploidy pattern of the investigated cell population and, more indirectly the proliferation intensity. For practical tumor diagnosis in cytology by ICP as a first step we must know, wether the ICP is able to detect differences between normal and tumor cells by simple criteria. Together with our clinical coworkers we had investigated cell suspensions from carcinomas of the cervix, ovary, breast, larynx, stomach and malignant melanomas. Approximately one half of these tumors were poly- or aneuploid. In the remaining diploid tumors some did not show signs of strong proliferation in the form of high 4c-peaks in the ICP; for these the chances of detecting by ICP in exfoliative material are low. This is in agreement with our results on vaginal smears. Here we had a good correlation between the mean 4c-height of the ICP curves and the Papanicolaou grading. But mass screening is not the main application of ICP because the security of Pa-grading is more sufficient. In individual problematic cytological cases with repeated investigation ICP is a very valuable diagnostic aid.", "contents": "Pulse cytophotometric measurements on tumor cell suspensions and exfoliative material. By impulse cytophotometry (ICP) it is possible to get a DNA-distribution curve of nuclei in cell suspensions. The ICP curve directly represents the ploidy pattern of the investigated cell population and, more indirectly the proliferation intensity. For practical tumor diagnosis in cytology by ICP as a first step we must know, wether the ICP is able to detect differences between normal and tumor cells by simple criteria. Together with our clinical coworkers we had investigated cell suspensions from carcinomas of the cervix, ovary, breast, larynx, stomach and malignant melanomas. Approximately one half of these tumors were poly- or aneuploid. In the remaining diploid tumors some did not show signs of strong proliferation in the form of high 4c-peaks in the ICP; for these the chances of detecting by ICP in exfoliative material are low. This is in agreement with our results on vaginal smears. Here we had a good correlation between the mean 4c-height of the ICP curves and the Papanicolaou grading. But mass screening is not the main application of ICP because the security of Pa-grading is more sufficient. In individual problematic cytological cases with repeated investigation ICP is a very valuable diagnostic aid.", "PMID": 686979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7265", "title": "[Diagnostic by angiography of soft tissue tumors of the extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic efficacy of angiography in soft tissue tumors of the extremities (15 malign, 16 benign) has been examined. Each of the malignant processes could be diagnosed correctly. We obtained two wrong positive results in chronic inflammatory processes. Both cases showed several angiographically malignant criteria.", "contents": "[Diagnostic by angiography of soft tissue tumors of the extremities (author's transl)]. The diagnostic efficacy of angiography in soft tissue tumors of the extremities (15 malign, 16 benign) has been examined. Each of the malignant processes could be diagnosed correctly. We obtained two wrong positive results in chronic inflammatory processes. Both cases showed several angiographically malignant criteria.", "PMID": 686980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7266", "title": "Activity of some lysosomal hydrolases in the homogenates of transplantable melanotic and amelanotic melanoma in golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, Waterhouse).", "content": "Activity of arylsulphatase, beta-glucuronidase, cathepsin D, and acid phosphatase in the homogenates of melanotic and amelanotic melanoma was determined. The activity of these enzymes is higher in melanotic than in amelanotic melanoma. Respective values for melanotic and amelanotic tumours are: arylsulphatase 10,78 +/- 3,20, and 1,45 +/- 0,66 micron 4-nitrocatechole/mg protein/hr; beta-glucuronidase 11,10 +/- 1,40, and 9,98 +/- 1,35 micron phenolphthalein/mg protein/hr; cathepsin D 4,24 +/- 1,37, and 3,26 +/- 0,73 micron tyrosine/mg protein/hr; acid phosphatase 230 +/- 22, and 180 +/- 25 micron p-nitrophenol/mg protein/hr. These differences are statistically significant. The increased activity of the lysosomal enzymes in melantoic melanoma probably depends on the occurrence of an higher number of lysosomes in tissues containing melanins.", "contents": "Activity of some lysosomal hydrolases in the homogenates of transplantable melanotic and amelanotic melanoma in golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, Waterhouse). Activity of arylsulphatase, beta-glucuronidase, cathepsin D, and acid phosphatase in the homogenates of melanotic and amelanotic melanoma was determined. The activity of these enzymes is higher in melanotic than in amelanotic melanoma. Respective values for melanotic and amelanotic tumours are: arylsulphatase 10,78 +/- 3,20, and 1,45 +/- 0,66 micron 4-nitrocatechole/mg protein/hr; beta-glucuronidase 11,10 +/- 1,40, and 9,98 +/- 1,35 micron phenolphthalein/mg protein/hr; cathepsin D 4,24 +/- 1,37, and 3,26 +/- 0,73 micron tyrosine/mg protein/hr; acid phosphatase 230 +/- 22, and 180 +/- 25 micron p-nitrophenol/mg protein/hr. These differences are statistically significant. The increased activity of the lysosomal enzymes in melantoic melanoma probably depends on the occurrence of an higher number of lysosomes in tissues containing melanins.", "PMID": 686981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7267", "title": "[Recent results of intraoperative cytodiagnosis in thoracic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The intraoperative cytological quick-examinations and quick-tests may influence way and type of the operation in cases of uncertain nature. They may lead to the fact that the original schedule of operation is kept to or changed. Thus, the operation is performed according to the situation, and lung tissue may be saved. Therefore, the possibility of a rapid diagnosis during the operation is of great importance. It is, however, often difficult or risky due to a potential tumour transplantation or due to other complications, to obtain respective tissue material for histological examination, above all, in such cases where the foci are located very deeply in the lung parenchyma. Therefore, the authors deal with the cytological examinations of 216 tissue samples taken from 187 patients intraoperatively (obtained by thoracotomy: 119 cases, by mediastinoscopy: 57 cases, by various surgical interventions: 20 cases). In 155 cases (82 per cent) the findings proved to be rightly positive or negative with regard to their malignity. The histological type diagnosis was correct in 79 per cent of all tumours. In 94 per cent of the nonmalignant processes the cytological finding was negative; besides, the authors point to the histological diagnosis of several types of benign tumours, Boeck-sarcoidoses, tuberculoses, other granulomatoses etc.", "contents": "[Recent results of intraoperative cytodiagnosis in thoracic diseases (author's transl)]. The intraoperative cytological quick-examinations and quick-tests may influence way and type of the operation in cases of uncertain nature. They may lead to the fact that the original schedule of operation is kept to or changed. Thus, the operation is performed according to the situation, and lung tissue may be saved. Therefore, the possibility of a rapid diagnosis during the operation is of great importance. It is, however, often difficult or risky due to a potential tumour transplantation or due to other complications, to obtain respective tissue material for histological examination, above all, in such cases where the foci are located very deeply in the lung parenchyma. Therefore, the authors deal with the cytological examinations of 216 tissue samples taken from 187 patients intraoperatively (obtained by thoracotomy: 119 cases, by mediastinoscopy: 57 cases, by various surgical interventions: 20 cases). In 155 cases (82 per cent) the findings proved to be rightly positive or negative with regard to their malignity. The histological type diagnosis was correct in 79 per cent of all tumours. In 94 per cent of the nonmalignant processes the cytological finding was negative; besides, the authors point to the histological diagnosis of several types of benign tumours, Boeck-sarcoidoses, tuberculoses, other granulomatoses etc.", "PMID": 686982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7268", "title": "[Contributions to the morphological basis of the cytology of the respiratory tract (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported on 275 cases treated for bronchial carcinoma at the Surgical Departement of D\u00fcsseldorf University between 1970 and 1974. In all cases cytological as well as histological methods were used for diagnosis. These cases are complemented by 60 cases selected under cytological aspects from other sources. Localization by X-ray proved a central tumor in 11% and tumors in the different lobes in 89% of the cases. Tumors were more frequent in the upper lobes (54%) than in the lower lobes (30%), and more frequent in the right lung (58%) than in the left (42%). Cytological smears were positive or suspicious in 77% of the central carcinoma and in 60 and 56% in cases of roentgenologically peripheral localization. There is no difference found between tumors in the upper and lower lobes. Bronchial secretion renders less positive results for all histological types. This indicates a small area of origin for the cells investigated by this method. Metaplastic cell changes were observed in one third of all cases involving all histological types equally. Operation was possible in only 30% of the cytologically diagnosed cases in comparison to 52% of all cases. The 60 selected cases were composed of 48 primary and twelve secondary tumors. Probatory excision had been performed in 50%, 8% remaining negative even after repetition. 33% could only be verified by autopsy corresponding to 29% with sputa, bronchial aspirate and pleural effusion positive at the same time and therefore regarded as late stages. Negative results can be caused by fibrosis as well as obstruction, fibrosis not being a regular result of treatment with X rays. Differentiation of tumor types is possible in cytological smears. Sometimes differences in the same tumor are evident and occasionally the tumor type can be more distinct in the cytological preparations. Metastatic tumor cells are open to false classification. Tumor and tuberculosis were found in four of sixty cases. One false positive result was caused by cells ressembling cases of experimentally induced bronchiolization of alveoli by different noxa.", "contents": "[Contributions to the morphological basis of the cytology of the respiratory tract (author's transl)]. It is reported on 275 cases treated for bronchial carcinoma at the Surgical Departement of D\u00fcsseldorf University between 1970 and 1974. In all cases cytological as well as histological methods were used for diagnosis. These cases are complemented by 60 cases selected under cytological aspects from other sources. Localization by X-ray proved a central tumor in 11% and tumors in the different lobes in 89% of the cases. Tumors were more frequent in the upper lobes (54%) than in the lower lobes (30%), and more frequent in the right lung (58%) than in the left (42%). Cytological smears were positive or suspicious in 77% of the central carcinoma and in 60 and 56% in cases of roentgenologically peripheral localization. There is no difference found between tumors in the upper and lower lobes. Bronchial secretion renders less positive results for all histological types. This indicates a small area of origin for the cells investigated by this method. Metaplastic cell changes were observed in one third of all cases involving all histological types equally. Operation was possible in only 30% of the cytologically diagnosed cases in comparison to 52% of all cases. The 60 selected cases were composed of 48 primary and twelve secondary tumors. Probatory excision had been performed in 50%, 8% remaining negative even after repetition. 33% could only be verified by autopsy corresponding to 29% with sputa, bronchial aspirate and pleural effusion positive at the same time and therefore regarded as late stages. Negative results can be caused by fibrosis as well as obstruction, fibrosis not being a regular result of treatment with X rays. Differentiation of tumor types is possible in cytological smears. Sometimes differences in the same tumor are evident and occasionally the tumor type can be more distinct in the cytological preparations. Metastatic tumor cells are open to false classification. Tumor and tuberculosis were found in four of sixty cases. One false positive result was caused by cells ressembling cases of experimentally induced bronchiolization of alveoli by different noxa.", "PMID": 686983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7269", "title": "[Problems of pulmonal cytology sent in from far (author's transl)].", "content": "The probability to find a correct diagnosis by cytological examination of sputum and other pulmonal specimens sent in to a cytological central laboratory far from comprehensibly seems to render somewhat lower than by histologically examining tissues. The cytologist must try hard to avoid false positive judgments, for the method soon falls into disrepute if false positive reports are sent out. The main source of false positive diagnosis seems to be a too subjective interpretation by the cytopathologist. Basal cell hyperplasia and atypical squamous metaplasia are the main morphologic alterations that may occasionally mislead even an experienced cytopathologist. Inquires to clinics and practice concerning an evaluation on value of sputum cytology to detect bronchogenic cancer proved a high appreciation of this method.", "contents": "[Problems of pulmonal cytology sent in from far (author's transl)]. The probability to find a correct diagnosis by cytological examination of sputum and other pulmonal specimens sent in to a cytological central laboratory far from comprehensibly seems to render somewhat lower than by histologically examining tissues. The cytologist must try hard to avoid false positive judgments, for the method soon falls into disrepute if false positive reports are sent out. The main source of false positive diagnosis seems to be a too subjective interpretation by the cytopathologist. Basal cell hyperplasia and atypical squamous metaplasia are the main morphologic alterations that may occasionally mislead even an experienced cytopathologist. Inquires to clinics and practice concerning an evaluation on value of sputum cytology to detect bronchogenic cancer proved a high appreciation of this method.", "PMID": 686984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7270", "title": "Cytological survey of bronchial brushings and aspirations performed during fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "In this series of 342 cases of bronchial carcinoma diagnosed by fiberoptic cytology (brushing and aspiration), comparison with the endoscopic findings gave the following results:--As regards primary carcinomas, 91 per cent of the cases in which the tumour was visible had a positive cytology when brushing was used and 84 per cent with aspiration. 79 per cent of the cases with no visible tumour but with suspicious changes of the bronchial wall had a positive cytology with brushing and 71 per cent with aspiration. When no abnormality could be seen by fiberoptics, positive cytologies dropped to 47 per cent and 50 per cent respectively.--In case of metastatic carcinoma the results are not as good. However, brushings gave 87 per cent positivity when the tumour was visible with the fibroscope and aspiration 75 per cent. Such cases are rather unfrequent unfortunately. Suspicious lesions at the fibroscope examination yielded respectively 68 and 64 per cent positivity. While in cases with no abnormality seen with the fibroscope brushings gave a 29 per cent positivity and aspirations a 25 per cent. No false positives were made. Correlation with histology and comparison with sputum cytology will be commented upon.", "contents": "Cytological survey of bronchial brushings and aspirations performed during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. In this series of 342 cases of bronchial carcinoma diagnosed by fiberoptic cytology (brushing and aspiration), comparison with the endoscopic findings gave the following results:--As regards primary carcinomas, 91 per cent of the cases in which the tumour was visible had a positive cytology when brushing was used and 84 per cent with aspiration. 79 per cent of the cases with no visible tumour but with suspicious changes of the bronchial wall had a positive cytology with brushing and 71 per cent with aspiration. When no abnormality could be seen by fiberoptics, positive cytologies dropped to 47 per cent and 50 per cent respectively.--In case of metastatic carcinoma the results are not as good. However, brushings gave 87 per cent positivity when the tumour was visible with the fibroscope and aspiration 75 per cent. Such cases are rather unfrequent unfortunately. Suspicious lesions at the fibroscope examination yielded respectively 68 and 64 per cent positivity. While in cases with no abnormality seen with the fibroscope brushings gave a 29 per cent positivity and aspirations a 25 per cent. No false positives were made. Correlation with histology and comparison with sputum cytology will be commented upon.", "PMID": 686985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7271", "title": "[Histogenesis of adenomas of the parathyroid gland].", "content": "The similarity of adenomas of the parathyroid gland with other tumours of the APUD-system elements was investigated. The structure of 10 adenomas was studied. The ultrastructural characteristics were compared with the histological structure of the tumour. Various histological variants of the neoplasias were shown to have similar ultrastructure. The tumour tissue was represented by clear transitional and dark cells. In their cytoplasm, osmiophilic granules of the secrete, villae, laminar structures resembling Nissl bodies, fine granular and fine fibrous substances, and lipid inclusions were found. The structural similarity of adenomas with other endocrine-active tumours developing from cells of the neuroectodermal origin (carcinoids, paragangliomas, etc.) was noted. It is suggested that parathyroid glands belong to the APUD-system.", "contents": "[Histogenesis of adenomas of the parathyroid gland]. The similarity of adenomas of the parathyroid gland with other tumours of the APUD-system elements was investigated. The structure of 10 adenomas was studied. The ultrastructural characteristics were compared with the histological structure of the tumour. Various histological variants of the neoplasias were shown to have similar ultrastructure. The tumour tissue was represented by clear transitional and dark cells. In their cytoplasm, osmiophilic granules of the secrete, villae, laminar structures resembling Nissl bodies, fine granular and fine fibrous substances, and lipid inclusions were found. The structural similarity of adenomas with other endocrine-active tumours developing from cells of the neuroectodermal origin (carcinoids, paragangliomas, etc.) was noted. It is suggested that parathyroid glands belong to the APUD-system.", "PMID": 686986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7272", "title": "[Cytopathology of bronchial tree secretions in bronchial asthma patients].", "content": "The methods of clinical cytology were used for examination of 64 patients with bronchial asthma (42 men and 22 women). Six patients were found to have an atopic form of asthma, 58--the infectiousallergic form. The material for a cytological examination was obtained by bronchoscopy. Early in the exacerbation stage and in patients with a relatively short duration of the disease the cytopathological pictures of the bronchial secretion are characterized by a relatively insignificant pathology of the cell composition. In cases of a long-term disease, great changes in the morphology of the cells and the pattern of the cytograms are observed up to the appearance of cell forms with marked signs of atypicity.", "contents": "[Cytopathology of bronchial tree secretions in bronchial asthma patients]. The methods of clinical cytology were used for examination of 64 patients with bronchial asthma (42 men and 22 women). Six patients were found to have an atopic form of asthma, 58--the infectiousallergic form. The material for a cytological examination was obtained by bronchoscopy. Early in the exacerbation stage and in patients with a relatively short duration of the disease the cytopathological pictures of the bronchial secretion are characterized by a relatively insignificant pathology of the cell composition. In cases of a long-term disease, great changes in the morphology of the cells and the pattern of the cytograms are observed up to the appearance of cell forms with marked signs of atypicity.", "PMID": 686987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7273", "title": "[Morphologic features of erythrocytes in normal subjects and in anemia caused by lead poisoning (electron microscopic study)].", "content": "The methods of scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study erythrocytes from normal subjects and those suffering from anemia of lead poisoning genesis. Erythrocytes from normal subjects were shown to have predominantly convex-concave and biconcave shapes. An insignificant portion of ageing erythrocytes of spherical shape and decreased volume had granular surface and consolidated hemoglobin. Normally, in addition to the above-mentioned cells, erythrocytes with an abnormal relief occur: with perforating openings, crypt-like recesses, tubercles and processes. In anemia, the number of atypical erythrocytes increased many-fold. The process of sequestration and fragmentation of hemoglobin-containing particles is one of the mechanisms of anemia development.", "contents": "[Morphologic features of erythrocytes in normal subjects and in anemia caused by lead poisoning (electron microscopic study)]. The methods of scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study erythrocytes from normal subjects and those suffering from anemia of lead poisoning genesis. Erythrocytes from normal subjects were shown to have predominantly convex-concave and biconcave shapes. An insignificant portion of ageing erythrocytes of spherical shape and decreased volume had granular surface and consolidated hemoglobin. Normally, in addition to the above-mentioned cells, erythrocytes with an abnormal relief occur: with perforating openings, crypt-like recesses, tubercles and processes. In anemia, the number of atypical erythrocytes increased many-fold. The process of sequestration and fragmentation of hemoglobin-containing particles is one of the mechanisms of anemia development.", "PMID": 686988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7274", "title": "[Morphologic changes in the nervous system in acute oral poisoning with dichloroethane].", "content": "The nervous system of 14 patients dying of acute oral poisoning with dichloroethane was examined morphologically. Considerable vascular disorders (perivascular edema, congestive plethora, vascular dystony, small focal hemorrhages) and diffuse changes in the cerebral cells were found. The main forms of parenchymatous changes in the brain and spinal cord were acute swelling, shrinking, severe disease and ischemic changes in the nerve cells which occurred within 3--6 hours after taking dichlorethane. Pathomorphology of fibers of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves was presented by moderately marked myelin degeneration.", "contents": "[Morphologic changes in the nervous system in acute oral poisoning with dichloroethane]. The nervous system of 14 patients dying of acute oral poisoning with dichloroethane was examined morphologically. Considerable vascular disorders (perivascular edema, congestive plethora, vascular dystony, small focal hemorrhages) and diffuse changes in the cerebral cells were found. The main forms of parenchymatous changes in the brain and spinal cord were acute swelling, shrinking, severe disease and ischemic changes in the nerve cells which occurred within 3--6 hours after taking dichlorethane. Pathomorphology of fibers of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves was presented by moderately marked myelin degeneration.", "PMID": 686989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7275", "title": "[Effect of pyridoxylate on the intensity of changes in the internal organs and skeletal musculature of rats under considerable physical loading].", "content": "Under considerable physical load, marked enzymopathy, increased permeability of cellular membranes with the involvement of cellular and subcellular structures develop in the myocardium, skeletal musculature and viscera of rats. Administration of pyridozylate decreases the intensity of damage reactions and normalizes to a certain degree the structure of cellular and subcellular elements of tissues. This indicates the advisability of the employment of the cell respiration regulators under conditions of general and tissue hypoxy and metabolic shifts.", "contents": "[Effect of pyridoxylate on the intensity of changes in the internal organs and skeletal musculature of rats under considerable physical loading]. Under considerable physical load, marked enzymopathy, increased permeability of cellular membranes with the involvement of cellular and subcellular structures develop in the myocardium, skeletal musculature and viscera of rats. Administration of pyridozylate decreases the intensity of damage reactions and normalizes to a certain degree the structure of cellular and subcellular elements of tissues. This indicates the advisability of the employment of the cell respiration regulators under conditions of general and tissue hypoxy and metabolic shifts.", "PMID": 686990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7276", "title": "[Renal actinomycosis].", "content": "A case of actinomycosis of the kidney in a man of 69 is described. The autopsy revealed a pyo-destructive process in the right kidney and paranephria with melting of the surrounding tissues and formation of fistulas. Histologically, a destructive variant of the development of actinomycotic granulomas with degenerating druses of the ray fungus and mycelial inclusions was revealed. This case may be classified as the primary form of actinomycosis.", "contents": "[Renal actinomycosis]. A case of actinomycosis of the kidney in a man of 69 is described. The autopsy revealed a pyo-destructive process in the right kidney and paranephria with melting of the surrounding tissues and formation of fistulas. Histologically, a destructive variant of the development of actinomycotic granulomas with degenerating druses of the ray fungus and mycelial inclusions was revealed. This case may be classified as the primary form of actinomycosis.", "PMID": 686993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7277", "title": "[Method of performing an autopsy without cutting into the thorax or dissecting the ribs].", "content": "Two variants of autopsy of cadavers without cutting of the thorax and dissection of the ribs are described. The method is principally based on the transversal cutting of the abdominal wall alongside both hypochondria, severing of the diaphragm and exposure of a complex of organs (after preliminary removal of the intestine and spleen). In the first variant of autopsy, the upper part of the complex is crossed in the thorax at the level of the upper aperture of the thoracic cavity, leaving the organs of the neck without autopsy. In the second variant, no such crossing is done and the complex is removed together with the organs of the neck and the tongue (that is, the autopsy is complete). To separate the latter, an additional transversal supraclavicular cut about 10 cm in length is made. The advantages of these variants lie in the cosmetic effect.", "contents": "[Method of performing an autopsy without cutting into the thorax or dissecting the ribs]. Two variants of autopsy of cadavers without cutting of the thorax and dissection of the ribs are described. The method is principally based on the transversal cutting of the abdominal wall alongside both hypochondria, severing of the diaphragm and exposure of a complex of organs (after preliminary removal of the intestine and spleen). In the first variant of autopsy, the upper part of the complex is crossed in the thorax at the level of the upper aperture of the thoracic cavity, leaving the organs of the neck without autopsy. In the second variant, no such crossing is done and the complex is removed together with the organs of the neck and the tongue (that is, the autopsy is complete). To separate the latter, an additional transversal supraclavicular cut about 10 cm in length is made. The advantages of these variants lie in the cosmetic effect.", "PMID": 686994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7278", "title": "[Use of semipermeable membranes in several histochemical reactions].", "content": "A method for using semi-impermeable membranes in histochemical reactions is described by the example of studying the activity of acid phosphatase in white mouse kidneys. The advantage of this method over the classical histochemical methods of detection of the acid phosphatase activity in the kidney is that it does not require fixation of the material to be examined, permits a long-term storage of the preparations necessary for repeated histoenzymatic-chemical studies and is highly accurate in the determination of the enzyme activity because the losses of its activity unavoidable with the use of a liquid incubation medium are absent in this method.", "contents": "[Use of semipermeable membranes in several histochemical reactions]. A method for using semi-impermeable membranes in histochemical reactions is described by the example of studying the activity of acid phosphatase in white mouse kidneys. The advantage of this method over the classical histochemical methods of detection of the acid phosphatase activity in the kidney is that it does not require fixation of the material to be examined, permits a long-term storage of the preparations necessary for repeated histoenzymatic-chemical studies and is highly accurate in the determination of the enzyme activity because the losses of its activity unavoidable with the use of a liquid incubation medium are absent in this method.", "PMID": 686995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7279", "title": "[Debatable and unclear questions concerning the morphogenesis of cancer of the large intestine and rectum].", "content": "The analysis of the pertinent literature shows that there is no reliable evidence on the essential importance of intestinal adenomatous polyps in carcinogenesis. The villous and glandular-villous tumours very often are considered to be highly malignant. However the growth pattern as well as histological, iltrastructural, histochemical, immunological, and other characteristics of villous tumours are close to those of adenocarcinomas. Therefore, villous tumours without invasion can be referred to as either carcinoma in situ of superficial cancer. The combination of experimental investigations and studies on human material indicates that colonic cancer prodeminantly develops de novo, that is, without preceeding morphological changes.", "contents": "[Debatable and unclear questions concerning the morphogenesis of cancer of the large intestine and rectum]. The analysis of the pertinent literature shows that there is no reliable evidence on the essential importance of intestinal adenomatous polyps in carcinogenesis. The villous and glandular-villous tumours very often are considered to be highly malignant. However the growth pattern as well as histological, iltrastructural, histochemical, immunological, and other characteristics of villous tumours are close to those of adenocarcinomas. Therefore, villous tumours without invasion can be referred to as either carcinoma in situ of superficial cancer. The combination of experimental investigations and studies on human material indicates that colonic cancer prodeminantly develops de novo, that is, without preceeding morphological changes.", "PMID": 686996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7280", "title": "[Ultrastructure of activation of connective and lymphoid tissue cells during experimental infectious-allergic carditis].", "content": "As a result of multiple and long-term antigenic stimulation with streptococcal products in experimental infectious-allergic carditis (EIAC) in rabbits there occurs functional activation of young connective-tissue cells of the cardiac valve, endothelial and perithelial cells of myocardium vessels and cells of the lymphoid tissue. Enhanced secretion of tropocollagen is common for mesenchymal heart cells in EIAC. At that, the most marked fibrillogenesis is observed in the cardiac valve in which tropocollagen is aggregated into mature fibrillae. Fibrillogenesis is less marked around myocardial pericytes, and formation of thinner, incompletely formed pre-collagen (FLS) fibrillae is predominant. In EIAC, in lymphoid organs plasmatization of B-lymphocytes and increased immunoglobulin formation in plasma cells are observed which is most marked in cisterns of a rough ergastoplasmic reticulum of immature cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of activation of connective and lymphoid tissue cells during experimental infectious-allergic carditis]. As a result of multiple and long-term antigenic stimulation with streptococcal products in experimental infectious-allergic carditis (EIAC) in rabbits there occurs functional activation of young connective-tissue cells of the cardiac valve, endothelial and perithelial cells of myocardium vessels and cells of the lymphoid tissue. Enhanced secretion of tropocollagen is common for mesenchymal heart cells in EIAC. At that, the most marked fibrillogenesis is observed in the cardiac valve in which tropocollagen is aggregated into mature fibrillae. Fibrillogenesis is less marked around myocardial pericytes, and formation of thinner, incompletely formed pre-collagen (FLS) fibrillae is predominant. In EIAC, in lymphoid organs plasmatization of B-lymphocytes and increased immunoglobulin formation in plasma cells are observed which is most marked in cisterns of a rough ergastoplasmic reticulum of immature cells.", "PMID": 686997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7281", "title": "[Granulomatous lesions in the lungs of experimental animals].", "content": "Granulomatous lesions of the lungs and regional bronchopulmonary lymph nodes in laboratory animals which developed spontaneously but were of epidemic nature are described. Stages of the development of pulmonary lymphoepithelioid granulomas and giant cells, the appearance of caseose-like necrosis, and the development of sclerosis of the nodules are observed. The features of sclerosing of the nodules, localization of histiocytes, macrophages, and collagen fibers are similar to those in a silicotic process in the lungs developing upon administration of Si. Micelium of Aspergilli fungus detected in a number of cases is likely to be the cause of the lesion. The nodular process in its early phases can be differentiated from tuberculosis, pseudotuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and in late stages from nodular silicosis and other granulomatous reactions of hypersensitivity of the delayed type.", "contents": "[Granulomatous lesions in the lungs of experimental animals]. Granulomatous lesions of the lungs and regional bronchopulmonary lymph nodes in laboratory animals which developed spontaneously but were of epidemic nature are described. Stages of the development of pulmonary lymphoepithelioid granulomas and giant cells, the appearance of caseose-like necrosis, and the development of sclerosis of the nodules are observed. The features of sclerosing of the nodules, localization of histiocytes, macrophages, and collagen fibers are similar to those in a silicotic process in the lungs developing upon administration of Si. Micelium of Aspergilli fungus detected in a number of cases is likely to be the cause of the lesion. The nodular process in its early phases can be differentiated from tuberculosis, pseudotuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and in late stages from nodular silicosis and other granulomatous reactions of hypersensitivity of the delayed type.", "PMID": 686998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7282", "title": "[Structuro-functional coniophage transformation as a response to fibrogenic dust and the possibility of its medicinal correction].", "content": "Electron microscopic and cytochemical studies indicate that structural and functional changes in coniophage occur under the influence of fibrogenous dust. These changes consiste in fragmentation of single phagolysosomes containing dust particles with the release of the contents into the cytoplasm, disorders in the structure of mitochondria, granular endoplasmic reticulum, and plate apparatus. These changes lead to a decline in the bioenergetics and biosynthetic function of coniophage. At a late stage, a damage of phagolysosomal apparatus as a whole causes autolysis of the cell. A principal possibility of directed effect on the membrane structures of coniophage for the purpose of influencing the initial mechanisms of silicosis development is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Structuro-functional coniophage transformation as a response to fibrogenic dust and the possibility of its medicinal correction]. Electron microscopic and cytochemical studies indicate that structural and functional changes in coniophage occur under the influence of fibrogenous dust. These changes consiste in fragmentation of single phagolysosomes containing dust particles with the release of the contents into the cytoplasm, disorders in the structure of mitochondria, granular endoplasmic reticulum, and plate apparatus. These changes lead to a decline in the bioenergetics and biosynthetic function of coniophage. At a late stage, a damage of phagolysosomal apparatus as a whole causes autolysis of the cell. A principal possibility of directed effect on the membrane structures of coniophage for the purpose of influencing the initial mechanisms of silicosis development is demonstrated.", "PMID": 686999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7283", "title": "[Pathogenesis and classification of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Modern clinicians encounter considerable difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic heart disease which is first of all due to insufficient knowledge of the main mechanisms of the development of coronary insufficiency, myocardial dystrophy, myocardial necrosis, and cardiosclerosis. From the point of view of molecular cardiology, myocardial hypoxia cannot be considered as the foundation for ischemic disease. Metabolic insufficiency of the heart both of coronary and non-coronary origin should also be taken into account. Apart from ischemic (coronary) disease, ischemia of the myocardium alongside with metabolic disorders occurs in most diverse conditions and diseases. Therefore, in future this diagnosis will be reconsidered towards a more accurate determination of the causes of these disorders. Examples from clinical practice are presented for the discussion os such causes and mechanisms. A classification of the causes of metabolic heart deficiency and its outcomes is proposed.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis and classification of ischemic heart disease]. Modern clinicians encounter considerable difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic heart disease which is first of all due to insufficient knowledge of the main mechanisms of the development of coronary insufficiency, myocardial dystrophy, myocardial necrosis, and cardiosclerosis. From the point of view of molecular cardiology, myocardial hypoxia cannot be considered as the foundation for ischemic disease. Metabolic insufficiency of the heart both of coronary and non-coronary origin should also be taken into account. Apart from ischemic (coronary) disease, ischemia of the myocardium alongside with metabolic disorders occurs in most diverse conditions and diseases. Therefore, in future this diagnosis will be reconsidered towards a more accurate determination of the causes of these disorders. Examples from clinical practice are presented for the discussion os such causes and mechanisms. A classification of the causes of metabolic heart deficiency and its outcomes is proposed.", "PMID": 687000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7284", "title": "[Pathologic anatomy of experimental pneumoconiosis induced by coal dust in different stages of metamorphism].", "content": "The paper presents the results of investigations of experimental pneumoconiosis caused by inhalational administration of coal dust of the III and IV stages of metamorphism, of the similar petrographic composition without quartz admixtures. Coal dust of the IV stage of metamorphism was found to have more marked fibrogenic properties. Within 6-9 months, fibro-dust foci, destructive bronchites and pulmonary emphysema developed. Coal dust of the III stage of metamorphism within the same period causes only the development of cellular-dust foci, catarrhal bronchitis, and slightly manifest emphysema.", "contents": "[Pathologic anatomy of experimental pneumoconiosis induced by coal dust in different stages of metamorphism]. The paper presents the results of investigations of experimental pneumoconiosis caused by inhalational administration of coal dust of the III and IV stages of metamorphism, of the similar petrographic composition without quartz admixtures. Coal dust of the IV stage of metamorphism was found to have more marked fibrogenic properties. Within 6-9 months, fibro-dust foci, destructive bronchites and pulmonary emphysema developed. Coal dust of the III stage of metamorphism within the same period causes only the development of cellular-dust foci, catarrhal bronchitis, and slightly manifest emphysema.", "PMID": 687001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7285", "title": "[Morphofunctional state of the cellular elements of a tuberculous granuloma].", "content": "In the process of histogenesis of tuberculosis granuloma in which the leading role belongs to cells of the bone-marrow origin their initial ultrastructure is rearranged and forms characterized by a high functional activity emerge. Mononuclear cells are transformed both into macrophages and epithelioid cells. Ultrastructural and functional differences in epithelioid cells were found. Some of them synthesize mainly hydrolytic enzymes, others protein, still others apparently produce glycosaminoglycans. The former have functions of macrophages, in the others no signs of phagocytosis are observed. Complexes of contacting epithelioid cells are one of the sources of multinuclear giant cells.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional state of the cellular elements of a tuberculous granuloma]. In the process of histogenesis of tuberculosis granuloma in which the leading role belongs to cells of the bone-marrow origin their initial ultrastructure is rearranged and forms characterized by a high functional activity emerge. Mononuclear cells are transformed both into macrophages and epithelioid cells. Ultrastructural and functional differences in epithelioid cells were found. Some of them synthesize mainly hydrolytic enzymes, others protein, still others apparently produce glycosaminoglycans. The former have functions of macrophages, in the others no signs of phagocytosis are observed. Complexes of contacting epithelioid cells are one of the sources of multinuclear giant cells.", "PMID": 687002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7286", "title": "[Histologic and ultrastructural features of human parathyroid cancer].", "content": "Histological and electron microscopic examinations of cancer of the human parathyroid gland showed different histological variants of cancer from dark chief cells to be characterized by polymorphism of the size and shape of the cells, atypical nuclei, a decreased number of organelles, increase of their polymorphism, appearance of centrioles with satellites typical of rapidly proliferating cells. Acidophilic cells of a solid variant of cancer were characterized by polymorphism of the size and shape, and the presence of a large number of mitochondria with osmiophilic or clear matrix and polymorphic cristae. All histological variants of cancer of the parathyroid gland have foci of necrosis, invasion of tumor cells into the gland capsule, and into the blood and lymph vessels.", "contents": "[Histologic and ultrastructural features of human parathyroid cancer]. Histological and electron microscopic examinations of cancer of the human parathyroid gland showed different histological variants of cancer from dark chief cells to be characterized by polymorphism of the size and shape of the cells, atypical nuclei, a decreased number of organelles, increase of their polymorphism, appearance of centrioles with satellites typical of rapidly proliferating cells. Acidophilic cells of a solid variant of cancer were characterized by polymorphism of the size and shape, and the presence of a large number of mitochondria with osmiophilic or clear matrix and polymorphic cristae. All histological variants of cancer of the parathyroid gland have foci of necrosis, invasion of tumor cells into the gland capsule, and into the blood and lymph vessels.", "PMID": 687003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7287", "title": "[Morphologic criteria for the initial forms of stage Ia invasive cancer of the cervix uteri].", "content": "Morphological study was carried out on biopsy and operation materials from 107 patients with initial forms of cervical cancer. The initial forms of cancer include lesions suspect for infiltrative cancer, and infiltrative cancer with the depth of invasion not more than 3 mm. The condition of the stroma in initial invasion which is considered to be a defence reaction is described in detail. In 85% of the patients the infiltrative cancer developed against the background of carcinoma in situ, in 15% against the background of dysplasia. The authors believe that the morphological features of the initial invasive forms are sufficient for distinguishing them as a separate stage Ia.", "contents": "[Morphologic criteria for the initial forms of stage Ia invasive cancer of the cervix uteri]. Morphological study was carried out on biopsy and operation materials from 107 patients with initial forms of cervical cancer. The initial forms of cancer include lesions suspect for infiltrative cancer, and infiltrative cancer with the depth of invasion not more than 3 mm. The condition of the stroma in initial invasion which is considered to be a defence reaction is described in detail. In 85% of the patients the infiltrative cancer developed against the background of carcinoma in situ, in 15% against the background of dysplasia. The authors believe that the morphological features of the initial invasive forms are sufficient for distinguishing them as a separate stage Ia.", "PMID": 687004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7288", "title": "[Stimulating effect of fetal serum on the regeneration of several tissues].", "content": "Experiments in 164 animals carried out by morphological, histochemical, morpho-functional and clinical methods established the fact of stimulation of the recovery processes in post-operational wounds of the stomach, urinary bladder, and radius upon parenteral inoculation of the fetal serum. The process of healing of these wounds was found to be shortened by 10-25%. The main effect of the fetal serum is directed on activation of the proliferative processes of a young connective tissue in the reparation zone. A hypothesis of the stimulating role of embryospecific proteins (alpha-fetoprotein) is suggested.", "contents": "[Stimulating effect of fetal serum on the regeneration of several tissues]. Experiments in 164 animals carried out by morphological, histochemical, morpho-functional and clinical methods established the fact of stimulation of the recovery processes in post-operational wounds of the stomach, urinary bladder, and radius upon parenteral inoculation of the fetal serum. The process of healing of these wounds was found to be shortened by 10-25%. The main effect of the fetal serum is directed on activation of the proliferative processes of a young connective tissue in the reparation zone. A hypothesis of the stimulating role of embryospecific proteins (alpha-fetoprotein) is suggested.", "PMID": 687005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7289", "title": "[Malignant carcinoid that developed against a background of chronic gastric ulcer].", "content": "A description of malignant carcinoid of alveolartrabecular structure developing in the edge of chronic progressive gastric ulcer is presented. Granules detectable by argirophilic method of Grimelius, toluidine blue after acid hydrolysis, and lead hemotoxylin were found in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Changes in the epithelium of the type of cancer in situ as well as marked hyperplasia of argirophilic cells were observed in gastric mucosa in the edges of the ulcer. Although this observation may be interpreted as a peculiar variant of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, it is more likely that this is a malignized chronic ulcer with carcinoid differentiation of the tumor tissue.", "contents": "[Malignant carcinoid that developed against a background of chronic gastric ulcer]. A description of malignant carcinoid of alveolartrabecular structure developing in the edge of chronic progressive gastric ulcer is presented. Granules detectable by argirophilic method of Grimelius, toluidine blue after acid hydrolysis, and lead hemotoxylin were found in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Changes in the epithelium of the type of cancer in situ as well as marked hyperplasia of argirophilic cells were observed in gastric mucosa in the edges of the ulcer. Although this observation may be interpreted as a peculiar variant of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, it is more likely that this is a malignized chronic ulcer with carcinoid differentiation of the tumor tissue.", "PMID": 687006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7290", "title": "[Recurrences of ovarian granulosa cell tumors].", "content": "Investigations of two cases of relapses of granulocellular tumors of the ovaries established their characteristics: cyst formation in nodes of the tumor growing on the peritoneum, formation of Call-Exner strucutres characteristic of the ovary tissue in tumors, and growth of the tumor on serous integument without ingrowing into the parenchyma of the abdominal cavity organs. The similarity of the observed characteristics of peritoneal tumor with typical signs of the ovary tumors suggests that mesothelium retains some properties common to those of the ovary tissue and acquired in embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Recurrences of ovarian granulosa cell tumors]. Investigations of two cases of relapses of granulocellular tumors of the ovaries established their characteristics: cyst formation in nodes of the tumor growing on the peritoneum, formation of Call-Exner strucutres characteristic of the ovary tissue in tumors, and growth of the tumor on serous integument without ingrowing into the parenchyma of the abdominal cavity organs. The similarity of the observed characteristics of peritoneal tumor with typical signs of the ovary tumors suggests that mesothelium retains some properties common to those of the ovary tissue and acquired in embryogenesis.", "PMID": 687007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7291", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the epithelial cells of the small-intestinal mucosa in liver cirrhosis].", "content": "Electron microscopic study of epithelial cells of cryptae and villi of the mucous membrane of the small intestine was carried out in 11 patients with portal cirrhosis of the liver in the active phase. Changes including a decrease in the number of ribosomes, impaired structure of mitochondria, microvilli, terminal reticulum, and glycocalix were found. Epithelial cells of the villi were affected more than the epithelium of cryptae. These changes were identical in the duodenum and in the proximal part of the jujunum.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the epithelial cells of the small-intestinal mucosa in liver cirrhosis]. Electron microscopic study of epithelial cells of cryptae and villi of the mucous membrane of the small intestine was carried out in 11 patients with portal cirrhosis of the liver in the active phase. Changes including a decrease in the number of ribosomes, impaired structure of mitochondria, microvilli, terminal reticulum, and glycocalix were found. Epithelial cells of the villi were affected more than the epithelium of cryptae. These changes were identical in the duodenum and in the proximal part of the jujunum.", "PMID": 687008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7292", "title": "[Changes in the ultrastructure of parietal cells of gastric glands in chronic gastritis].", "content": "The studies of the ultrastructure of parietal cells in chronic gastritis revealed changes in mitochondria manifested by clearing of the matrix, reduction in the number and length of christae and partial or complite vacuolation of the cytoplasm. Changes of intracellular microtubules and endoplasmic reticulum were also found. The described disorders in the ultrastructure of parietal cells in chronic gastritis are the morphological substrate of disoredrs in hydrochloric acid secretion in this disease.", "contents": "[Changes in the ultrastructure of parietal cells of gastric glands in chronic gastritis]. The studies of the ultrastructure of parietal cells in chronic gastritis revealed changes in mitochondria manifested by clearing of the matrix, reduction in the number and length of christae and partial or complite vacuolation of the cytoplasm. Changes of intracellular microtubules and endoplasmic reticulum were also found. The described disorders in the ultrastructure of parietal cells in chronic gastritis are the morphological substrate of disoredrs in hydrochloric acid secretion in this disease.", "PMID": 687009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7293", "title": "[Pathological aspects of acute suppurative infections of different etiology and localization].", "content": "In the past decade the rate of purulent infectious complications caused by staphylococci and gram-negative bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae which are highly resistant to antibiotics has increased. In therapeutic institutions these microbes cause group contageous diseases which are called \"hospital infection\". They are characterized by the development of fibrinopurulent, purulent, or purulent-necrotic inflammation. The amount of necrotic changes, the depth of extention of the inflammatory process, and the severity of general toxicity in progressive infection depend considerably on the features of toxins, enzymes, and other biologically active substances of the causative agents. Differences in the pathogenesis, clinical and morphological manifestations, and specific antibacterial means for therapy of purulent infections require that individual forms are distinguished among them by etiology.", "contents": "[Pathological aspects of acute suppurative infections of different etiology and localization]. In the past decade the rate of purulent infectious complications caused by staphylococci and gram-negative bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae which are highly resistant to antibiotics has increased. In therapeutic institutions these microbes cause group contageous diseases which are called \"hospital infection\". They are characterized by the development of fibrinopurulent, purulent, or purulent-necrotic inflammation. The amount of necrotic changes, the depth of extention of the inflammatory process, and the severity of general toxicity in progressive infection depend considerably on the features of toxins, enzymes, and other biologically active substances of the causative agents. Differences in the pathogenesis, clinical and morphological manifestations, and specific antibacterial means for therapy of purulent infections require that individual forms are distinguished among them by etiology.", "PMID": 687010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7294", "title": "[Morphology of the liver in peptic ulcer and postgastrectomy complications (electron-microscopic study)].", "content": "Electron microscopic examinations of 13 liver biopsies obtained from 4 patients with duodenal ulcer, 4 with peptic ulcer of gastroenteroanastomosis and 3 with the dumping syndrome showed these diseases to be accompanied by nonspecific ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes, intercellular connections, the system of bile tubules and microcirculatory bed which are more marked in postgastroresection complications and not always correspond to the histological condition of the organ, particularly when changes in its histological structure are not very marked. From the fact that the range of ultrastructural changes in the livers of patients of these groups are more extensive and variable than histological ones, it may be assumed that the intact histostructure of the organ does not exclude the occurrence of pathological processes in it.", "contents": "[Morphology of the liver in peptic ulcer and postgastrectomy complications (electron-microscopic study)]. Electron microscopic examinations of 13 liver biopsies obtained from 4 patients with duodenal ulcer, 4 with peptic ulcer of gastroenteroanastomosis and 3 with the dumping syndrome showed these diseases to be accompanied by nonspecific ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes, intercellular connections, the system of bile tubules and microcirculatory bed which are more marked in postgastroresection complications and not always correspond to the histological condition of the organ, particularly when changes in its histological structure are not very marked. From the fact that the range of ultrastructural changes in the livers of patients of these groups are more extensive and variable than histological ones, it may be assumed that the intact histostructure of the organ does not exclude the occurrence of pathological processes in it.", "PMID": 687011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7295", "title": "[Plasmocytic granuloma of the lungs].", "content": "Research Institute of Tuberculosis of the RSFSR Ministry of Public Health, Moscow Summary-Five observations of plasmocytic granuloma from the resected lungs are described. Polymorphism of the cell composition of these formations and the stages of their development reporter in literature are based on proliferation of the cells of mononuclear phagocytic system. Therefore the authors consider plasmocytic granuloma to be a local manifestation of incompetence of compensatory reactions of this system.", "contents": "[Plasmocytic granuloma of the lungs]. Research Institute of Tuberculosis of the RSFSR Ministry of Public Health, Moscow Summary-Five observations of plasmocytic granuloma from the resected lungs are described. Polymorphism of the cell composition of these formations and the stages of their development reporter in literature are based on proliferation of the cells of mononuclear phagocytic system. Therefore the authors consider plasmocytic granuloma to be a local manifestation of incompetence of compensatory reactions of this system.", "PMID": 687012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7296", "title": "Hematologic observations made in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in the cooperative ECMO project.", "content": "In a recently completed three-year multicenter trial, 90 individuals with adult acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were randomly allocated to conventional therapy with or without long-term extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This study conclusively demonstrated that ARDS is associated with frequent major bleeding and thrombotic episodes and that the bleeding correlates best with the degree of thrombocytopenia and is enhanced by the machine. Neither heparin's therapeutic efficacy nor its ability to increase bleeding could be proven. ARDS is associated with a complex coagulation disturbance. Besides thrombocytopenia, there were lowered circulating levels of factors VII and XII which may be related to changes in the pulmonary endothelium. ECMO was associated with relative leukopenia and a marked shift to immature circulating leukocytes. Further studies are needed to better define the clinical importance of thrombosis and bleeding in the lung, the role for heparin in treatment, and the meaning of reductions in coagulation factors in defining the course, prognosis and response to therapy of patients with ARDS.", "contents": "Hematologic observations made in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in the cooperative ECMO project. In a recently completed three-year multicenter trial, 90 individuals with adult acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were randomly allocated to conventional therapy with or without long-term extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This study conclusively demonstrated that ARDS is associated with frequent major bleeding and thrombotic episodes and that the bleeding correlates best with the degree of thrombocytopenia and is enhanced by the machine. Neither heparin's therapeutic efficacy nor its ability to increase bleeding could be proven. ARDS is associated with a complex coagulation disturbance. Besides thrombocytopenia, there were lowered circulating levels of factors VII and XII which may be related to changes in the pulmonary endothelium. ECMO was associated with relative leukopenia and a marked shift to immature circulating leukocytes. Further studies are needed to better define the clinical importance of thrombosis and bleeding in the lung, the role for heparin in treatment, and the meaning of reductions in coagulation factors in defining the course, prognosis and response to therapy of patients with ARDS.", "PMID": 687017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7297", "title": "Uremic neuropathy: evidence of middle molecule toxicity.", "content": "Ten dialysis patients were followed in a prospective study to determine the neurotoxicity of metabolites in the middle molecule (MM) molecular weight (mol wt) range of 500-200 daltons/molecule. In the absence of readily available direct serum measurements of MM concentrations, a theoretically calculated dialysis index, D1(MM), which included the combined effects of dialysis and residual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) on MM removal was used to estimate changes in their predialysis concentrations. The ten patients were dialyzed on protocols which yielded a D1(MM) less than 1.0. Evidence of uremic neuropathy developed in six of these ten patients, and five of these six also developed a progression in their anemia. Two additional patients with no signs of neuropathy developed a progression in their anemia. One patient developed pericarditis with tamponade. A total of eight patients developed complications. One additional patient developed increased weakness, tiredness and general malaise without change in objective findings. When the dialysis therapy to reduce MM concentrations by increasing the D1(MM) above 1.0 was instituted, the complications were reversed. Our data support the findings of others, namely, that there are toxic substances in the MM mol wt range of 500-2000 daltons/molecule. However, a synergism between elevated concentrations of small molecules and MM cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Uremic neuropathy: evidence of middle molecule toxicity. Ten dialysis patients were followed in a prospective study to determine the neurotoxicity of metabolites in the middle molecule (MM) molecular weight (mol wt) range of 500-200 daltons/molecule. In the absence of readily available direct serum measurements of MM concentrations, a theoretically calculated dialysis index, D1(MM), which included the combined effects of dialysis and residual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) on MM removal was used to estimate changes in their predialysis concentrations. The ten patients were dialyzed on protocols which yielded a D1(MM) less than 1.0. Evidence of uremic neuropathy developed in six of these ten patients, and five of these six also developed a progression in their anemia. Two additional patients with no signs of neuropathy developed a progression in their anemia. One patient developed pericarditis with tamponade. A total of eight patients developed complications. One additional patient developed increased weakness, tiredness and general malaise without change in objective findings. When the dialysis therapy to reduce MM concentrations by increasing the D1(MM) above 1.0 was instituted, the complications were reversed. Our data support the findings of others, namely, that there are toxic substances in the MM mol wt range of 500-2000 daltons/molecule. However, a synergism between elevated concentrations of small molecules and MM cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 687020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7298", "title": "Human thoracic anatomy relevant to implantable artificial hearts.", "content": "The objective of this study is to define the human thorax in a quantitative statistical manner such that the information will be useful to the designers of cardiac prostheses, both total replacement and assist devices. This paper pertains specifically to anatomical parameters relevant to the total artificial heart. Methods were developed for generating an integrated, statistical model of the anatomical structures within the human thorax. These methods involve definition of the anatomy in four areas: chest wall, pericardium, vascular connection locations, and great vessels. Results are presented in three dimensional scale views of the human thorax showing the main features pertinent to cardiac prosthesis implantation. Statistical variability of this data is also included. Measurements were obtained from a number of sources and represent both normal and diseased patients. The ERDA total artificial heart was shown to successfully fit the fiftieth percentile adult male human.", "contents": "Human thoracic anatomy relevant to implantable artificial hearts. The objective of this study is to define the human thorax in a quantitative statistical manner such that the information will be useful to the designers of cardiac prostheses, both total replacement and assist devices. This paper pertains specifically to anatomical parameters relevant to the total artificial heart. Methods were developed for generating an integrated, statistical model of the anatomical structures within the human thorax. These methods involve definition of the anatomy in four areas: chest wall, pericardium, vascular connection locations, and great vessels. Results are presented in three dimensional scale views of the human thorax showing the main features pertinent to cardiac prosthesis implantation. Statistical variability of this data is also included. Measurements were obtained from a number of sources and represent both normal and diseased patients. The ERDA total artificial heart was shown to successfully fit the fiftieth percentile adult male human.", "PMID": 687022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7299", "title": "[Principles of growth in the acetabulum. Consequences for the shelf operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Not unlike a Mercedesstar the arms of the Y-growthzone divide the cup of the acetabulum into three equal segments. The three branches of the Y-zone are spheroid. So the socket can expand evenly and conform to the head by feed back. Otherwise the socket would fill up. For the cartilage of the concave acetabulum proliferates by apposition to its uppermost layers, exactly as the hyaline cartilage does in the convex condyles. The trend of the socket during growth goes outwards, forwards and downwards. It moves away from a metal mark, set into the ileum flush with the shelf. It is precisely this increasing distance, that happens to a surgical shelf in a child. Failure will be inevitable. 614 shelf operations checked.", "contents": "[Principles of growth in the acetabulum. Consequences for the shelf operations (author's transl)]. Not unlike a Mercedesstar the arms of the Y-growthzone divide the cup of the acetabulum into three equal segments. The three branches of the Y-zone are spheroid. So the socket can expand evenly and conform to the head by feed back. Otherwise the socket would fill up. For the cartilage of the concave acetabulum proliferates by apposition to its uppermost layers, exactly as the hyaline cartilage does in the convex condyles. The trend of the socket during growth goes outwards, forwards and downwards. It moves away from a metal mark, set into the ileum flush with the shelf. It is precisely this increasing distance, that happens to a surgical shelf in a child. Failure will be inevitable. 614 shelf operations checked.", "PMID": 687025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7300", "title": "[Subchondral cysts of the iliac acetabulum (author's transl)].", "content": "Subchondral solitary bone cysts occur, as well as in numerous other places in the skeletal system, also in the roof of the acetabulum. These cysts differ from typical arthrosis growelcysts in form, position and X-ray appearances. They can be found in hips otherwise normal on X-ray examination (Group I), or in the presence of prearthrosis or arthrosis (Group II). The clinical features and the pathological anatomy of this form of bone cysts are discussed, as well as its aetiology. The pain precipitated by these cysts is very favorably affected by operative filling of the cyst with autologous spongiosa, as shown by follow up of the 19 operations done by the authors. These operations were done on an average 7 years previously. The result was good or satisfactory in 17 out of these 19 cases. The 2 treatment failures were due to wrong indication for operation--the simultaneous arthrosis was already too advanced. The authors prefer for this operation the Watson-Jones approach and recommend, if a large acetabulum-roof-cyst is present, immediate filling of the cyst also if an intertrochanteric osteotomy is done at the same time because of prearthrosis or arthrosis.", "contents": "[Subchondral cysts of the iliac acetabulum (author's transl)]. Subchondral solitary bone cysts occur, as well as in numerous other places in the skeletal system, also in the roof of the acetabulum. These cysts differ from typical arthrosis growelcysts in form, position and X-ray appearances. They can be found in hips otherwise normal on X-ray examination (Group I), or in the presence of prearthrosis or arthrosis (Group II). The clinical features and the pathological anatomy of this form of bone cysts are discussed, as well as its aetiology. The pain precipitated by these cysts is very favorably affected by operative filling of the cyst with autologous spongiosa, as shown by follow up of the 19 operations done by the authors. These operations were done on an average 7 years previously. The result was good or satisfactory in 17 out of these 19 cases. The 2 treatment failures were due to wrong indication for operation--the simultaneous arthrosis was already too advanced. The authors prefer for this operation the Watson-Jones approach and recommend, if a large acetabulum-roof-cyst is present, immediate filling of the cyst also if an intertrochanteric osteotomy is done at the same time because of prearthrosis or arthrosis.", "PMID": 687026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7301", "title": "[The relevance of histological results for the evaluation of materials for bone replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "Different groups have observed and reported deviating tissue reactions for the same material for bone replacement: for the \"bioinert\" Al2O3-ceramic close bone contact is mentioned, others report about a soft tissue layer adjacent to the implant; for the \"bioactive\" glass ceramic interfaces capable to transmit considerable shear forces are described, others found no interface bonding.--The analysis of the results of animal experiments and the evaluation of clinical follow-up studies show that these discrepancies had been caused by the differences of the biomechanical situations in the examined interfaces. It is pointed out that the negligence or not mentioning of the load pattern at the site of examination can lead to misinterpretations about the possibilities and limits of applicability of biomaterials.", "contents": "[The relevance of histological results for the evaluation of materials for bone replacement (author's transl)]. Different groups have observed and reported deviating tissue reactions for the same material for bone replacement: for the \"bioinert\" Al2O3-ceramic close bone contact is mentioned, others report about a soft tissue layer adjacent to the implant; for the \"bioactive\" glass ceramic interfaces capable to transmit considerable shear forces are described, others found no interface bonding.--The analysis of the results of animal experiments and the evaluation of clinical follow-up studies show that these discrepancies had been caused by the differences of the biomechanical situations in the examined interfaces. It is pointed out that the negligence or not mentioning of the load pattern at the site of examination can lead to misinterpretations about the possibilities and limits of applicability of biomaterials.", "PMID": 687027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7302", "title": "[Myotendinitis crepitans of the abd. poll. long. and the ext. poll. brevis muscles with a reactive cheralgia paraesthetica (author's transl)].", "content": "15 patients--among them 10 bricklayers--were observed with a peracute painful swelling of the long abductor and the short extensor of the thumb following a short strain of the hand. This swelling could reach the size of an egg and was accompanied by crepitation which could be heard and felt. A concomitant neuralgic pain deriving from the superficial branch of the radial nerve was observed in 5 cases. The author discusses pathogenesis and therapy of this syndrome.", "contents": "[Myotendinitis crepitans of the abd. poll. long. and the ext. poll. brevis muscles with a reactive cheralgia paraesthetica (author's transl)]. 15 patients--among them 10 bricklayers--were observed with a peracute painful swelling of the long abductor and the short extensor of the thumb following a short strain of the hand. This swelling could reach the size of an egg and was accompanied by crepitation which could be heard and felt. A concomitant neuralgic pain deriving from the superficial branch of the radial nerve was observed in 5 cases. The author discusses pathogenesis and therapy of this syndrome.", "PMID": 687028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7303", "title": "[Desmoid fibromas of the extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of rare desmoid fibromas are being reported, localised in the extremities. After a literature review of these tumors, the clinical characteristics are pointed out and difficulties in therapy discussed. The tumors occasionally appear on the forearm or the thigh of juvenile patients and show a similar development. In the first case, 7 operations with resection of the n. medianus and n. ulnaris were necessary to prevent a recurrence. In the second case, we saw a solitary and rapidly growing tumor, surrounding the sciatic nerve with a great tendency to recur.", "contents": "[Desmoid fibromas of the extremities (author's transl)]. Two cases of rare desmoid fibromas are being reported, localised in the extremities. After a literature review of these tumors, the clinical characteristics are pointed out and difficulties in therapy discussed. The tumors occasionally appear on the forearm or the thigh of juvenile patients and show a similar development. In the first case, 7 operations with resection of the n. medianus and n. ulnaris were necessary to prevent a recurrence. In the second case, we saw a solitary and rapidly growing tumor, surrounding the sciatic nerve with a great tendency to recur.", "PMID": 687029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7304", "title": "[The biomechanical significance of the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "Anatomic considerations and electromyographic investigations show that the Mm. vasti medialis and lateralis both have a synergistic function with regard to the extension of the knee and an antagonistic function in stabilizing the rotation of the femur against the tibia. The rotational stabilisation for the femur by the Mm. vasti is very important in preventing knee injuries, especially ligamentous ruptures. On the other hand, extreme reflectoric muscle contractions, caused by a rotational trauma can cause chondromalacic lesions in the femoro-patellar joint, broadening the syndrome of the \"unhappy triad\" to an \"unhappy tetrad\".", "contents": "[The biomechanical significance of the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles (author's transl)]. Anatomic considerations and electromyographic investigations show that the Mm. vasti medialis and lateralis both have a synergistic function with regard to the extension of the knee and an antagonistic function in stabilizing the rotation of the femur against the tibia. The rotational stabilisation for the femur by the Mm. vasti is very important in preventing knee injuries, especially ligamentous ruptures. On the other hand, extreme reflectoric muscle contractions, caused by a rotational trauma can cause chondromalacic lesions in the femoro-patellar joint, broadening the syndrome of the \"unhappy triad\" to an \"unhappy tetrad\".", "PMID": 687030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7305", "title": "[The influence of low-frequency DC (system Kraus-Lechner) on bone growth (author's transl)].", "content": "Osteons of Beagle-ulnae were calculated in growth. Controlled osteons were compared with osteons after \"therapy\". Stimulation was made with electro-nails system Kraus-Lechner. The mean-values of osteons after \"therapy\" surpass control. The fundamental question, whether induction of bone growth occurs with low frequency electromagnetism will in all probability be have to answered in the affirmative.", "contents": "[The influence of low-frequency DC (system Kraus-Lechner) on bone growth (author's transl)]. Osteons of Beagle-ulnae were calculated in growth. Controlled osteons were compared with osteons after \"therapy\". Stimulation was made with electro-nails system Kraus-Lechner. The mean-values of osteons after \"therapy\" surpass control. The fundamental question, whether induction of bone growth occurs with low frequency electromagnetism will in all probability be have to answered in the affirmative.", "PMID": 687031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7306", "title": "[On the morphology of the hyalin cartilage under immobilization and remobilization (author's transl)].", "content": "Structural degenerative changes in the hyaline cartilage of joints induced by immobilization are well known. To find out whether these changes are reversible, the right knee-joint from rabbits was immobilized by extra-articular fixation for 2 or 4 weeks, respectively. In 8 animals the joints were then remobilized for 6 months. Cartilage of the joints was investigated by light microscopy, scanning- and transmission electron microscopy. Already after 2 weeks of immobilization changes in the superficial layer of the cartilage were obvious; after 4 weeks all components of the cartilage tissue were involved in a degenerative process. These changes progressed in the 6-month period in which the joint was remobilized. At the end of the experiment the morphology of the cartilage tissue was comparable to the structural aspect of a typical arthrosis. It is concluded that an external immobilization of a joint which comprises also a pressure on the surface of the cartilage cannot be considered as a harmless procedure. It is recommended to be very cautious with the indication of a therapeutical immobilization of a joint and, if necessary, to use it as short as possible.", "contents": "[On the morphology of the hyalin cartilage under immobilization and remobilization (author's transl)]. Structural degenerative changes in the hyaline cartilage of joints induced by immobilization are well known. To find out whether these changes are reversible, the right knee-joint from rabbits was immobilized by extra-articular fixation for 2 or 4 weeks, respectively. In 8 animals the joints were then remobilized for 6 months. Cartilage of the joints was investigated by light microscopy, scanning- and transmission electron microscopy. Already after 2 weeks of immobilization changes in the superficial layer of the cartilage were obvious; after 4 weeks all components of the cartilage tissue were involved in a degenerative process. These changes progressed in the 6-month period in which the joint was remobilized. At the end of the experiment the morphology of the cartilage tissue was comparable to the structural aspect of a typical arthrosis. It is concluded that an external immobilization of a joint which comprises also a pressure on the surface of the cartilage cannot be considered as a harmless procedure. It is recommended to be very cautious with the indication of a therapeutical immobilization of a joint and, if necessary, to use it as short as possible.", "PMID": 687032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7307", "title": "Muscle fiber atrophy after cast immobilization in the rat.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of bilateral cast immobilization on the adult Wistar rat plantarflexors. Knee and ankle joints were fixed in the neutral position, under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. Controls (n = 7) and cast-immobilized (n = 7) rats were sacrificed at 6 weeks after the onset of the experimental period. The muscles were evaluated for muscle weight, protein content, and fiber histochemistry. There was equal weight loss in the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles, and greater loss of myofibrillar protein than of sarcoplasmic protein concentrations. Fiber atrophy of types I and II was equal in the soleus, and that of type II was greater than the type I atrophy in both regions of the plantaris. All soleus and 2 plantaris muscles demonstrated fiber damage. The results of this experiment suggest that the degree of fiber atrophy is specific to the fiber type and to its location in different muscles or muscle regions.", "contents": "Muscle fiber atrophy after cast immobilization in the rat. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of bilateral cast immobilization on the adult Wistar rat plantarflexors. Knee and ankle joints were fixed in the neutral position, under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. Controls (n = 7) and cast-immobilized (n = 7) rats were sacrificed at 6 weeks after the onset of the experimental period. The muscles were evaluated for muscle weight, protein content, and fiber histochemistry. There was equal weight loss in the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles, and greater loss of myofibrillar protein than of sarcoplasmic protein concentrations. Fiber atrophy of types I and II was equal in the soleus, and that of type II was greater than the type I atrophy in both regions of the plantaris. All soleus and 2 plantaris muscles demonstrated fiber damage. The results of this experiment suggest that the degree of fiber atrophy is specific to the fiber type and to its location in different muscles or muscle regions.", "PMID": 687035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7308", "title": "Paraplegia: succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest.", "content": "The rapid development of hyperkalemia leading to cardiac arrest can occur in patients with spinal cord injuries and other conditions when succinylcholine is used during the induction of anesthesia. Three patients with thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries resulting in lower motor neuron lesions or lesions above the lower extremity motor units developed hyperkalemia followed by cardiac arrest after succinylcholine administration. The mechanism by which succinylcholine leads to hyperkalemia from denervated muscle is described and precautions to be taken are mentioned. Physicians caring for patients with denervated muscle due to spinal cord injuries should be aware of this danger and nondepolarizing muscle relaxants should be used instead of succinylcholine.", "contents": "Paraplegia: succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest. The rapid development of hyperkalemia leading to cardiac arrest can occur in patients with spinal cord injuries and other conditions when succinylcholine is used during the induction of anesthesia. Three patients with thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries resulting in lower motor neuron lesions or lesions above the lower extremity motor units developed hyperkalemia followed by cardiac arrest after succinylcholine administration. The mechanism by which succinylcholine leads to hyperkalemia from denervated muscle is described and precautions to be taken are mentioned. Physicians caring for patients with denervated muscle due to spinal cord injuries should be aware of this danger and nondepolarizing muscle relaxants should be used instead of succinylcholine.", "PMID": 687036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7309", "title": "Peripheral nerve involvement in spinal cord injury: an electromyographic study.", "content": "This electromyographic study was undertaken to assess the peripheral nervous system in patients with various types of paraplegia. Twelve patients were studied. In 8 patients the paraplegia was of the spastic type while 4 had flaccid paraplegia. Electromyographic abnormalities consisting of denervation potentials, slowed conduction and inexcitability of nerve were demonstrated in the lower limbs of all patients. These findings suggest a diffuse neuropathy of unknown cause, although local pressure palsies may have occurred in some patients. Because this involvement was more apparent in the flaccid group of paraplegic patients as compared with the spastic one, it is concluded that the peripheral nervous system plays an important role in determining the type of paraplegia that develops following complete spinal cord lesions.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve involvement in spinal cord injury: an electromyographic study. This electromyographic study was undertaken to assess the peripheral nervous system in patients with various types of paraplegia. Twelve patients were studied. In 8 patients the paraplegia was of the spastic type while 4 had flaccid paraplegia. Electromyographic abnormalities consisting of denervation potentials, slowed conduction and inexcitability of nerve were demonstrated in the lower limbs of all patients. These findings suggest a diffuse neuropathy of unknown cause, although local pressure palsies may have occurred in some patients. Because this involvement was more apparent in the flaccid group of paraplegic patients as compared with the spastic one, it is concluded that the peripheral nervous system plays an important role in determining the type of paraplegia that develops following complete spinal cord lesions.", "PMID": 687037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7310", "title": "Idiopathic scoliosis: an electromyographic study.", "content": "Thirty-one patients from 12 to 19 years of age having idiopathic scoliosis underwent electromyography of the paraspinal musculature using a Teflon-coated monopolar electrode. The studies conducted with the patients both prone and standing revealed no abnormalities on electrode insertion suggestive of a neuropathic process. In the prone position 29 patients had electrical silence on both the concave and convex side of the curvature. In the standing position most of the patients had asymmetrical activity with a preponderance of activity on the convex side. However, 33% of the patients in whom the spinal musculature was silent in the standing position had balanced curves. This observed correlation between a balanced curve and electrical silence warrants further study.", "contents": "Idiopathic scoliosis: an electromyographic study. Thirty-one patients from 12 to 19 years of age having idiopathic scoliosis underwent electromyography of the paraspinal musculature using a Teflon-coated monopolar electrode. The studies conducted with the patients both prone and standing revealed no abnormalities on electrode insertion suggestive of a neuropathic process. In the prone position 29 patients had electrical silence on both the concave and convex side of the curvature. In the standing position most of the patients had asymmetrical activity with a preponderance of activity on the convex side. However, 33% of the patients in whom the spinal musculature was silent in the standing position had balanced curves. This observed correlation between a balanced curve and electrical silence warrants further study.", "PMID": 687038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7311", "title": "Spirometry in convalescent hemiplegic patients.", "content": "The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were determined in 20 patients with convalescent hemiplegia. The FVC and FEV1 were reduced and the PEFR was within normal range. These results indicate a restrictive ventilatory defect with an FEV% that approached the vital capacity. The physical ability of each patient was assessed on the basis of the time it took to walk a distance of 18.5 meters as quickly as possible. Although it appears from the results that physical ability did not bear any relationship to the degree of restrictive ventilatory defect, other parameters of spirometry may be needed to confirm this. The results suggest that the restrictive ventilatory defect will be of more clinical importance in exercise tolerance for strenuous exercise than in ordinary daily activities.", "contents": "Spirometry in convalescent hemiplegic patients. The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were determined in 20 patients with convalescent hemiplegia. The FVC and FEV1 were reduced and the PEFR was within normal range. These results indicate a restrictive ventilatory defect with an FEV% that approached the vital capacity. The physical ability of each patient was assessed on the basis of the time it took to walk a distance of 18.5 meters as quickly as possible. Although it appears from the results that physical ability did not bear any relationship to the degree of restrictive ventilatory defect, other parameters of spirometry may be needed to confirm this. The results suggest that the restrictive ventilatory defect will be of more clinical importance in exercise tolerance for strenuous exercise than in ordinary daily activities.", "PMID": 687039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7312", "title": "Epidurography in reduction of lumbar disc prolapse by traction.", "content": "As epidurography uses a water-soluble contrast medium in the diagnosis of disc lesions, this procedure can be repeated, unlike conventional myelography which uses an oily contrast medium. Successful employment of epidurography before and after traction in 14 cases of adult prolapsed intervertebral disc syndrome is described.", "contents": "Epidurography in reduction of lumbar disc prolapse by traction. As epidurography uses a water-soluble contrast medium in the diagnosis of disc lesions, this procedure can be repeated, unlike conventional myelography which uses an oily contrast medium. Successful employment of epidurography before and after traction in 14 cases of adult prolapsed intervertebral disc syndrome is described.", "PMID": 687040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7313", "title": "Language impairment evaluation in aphasic patients: developing more efficient measures.", "content": "Two short forms of the Porch Index of Communicative Ability (PICA) were derived using data from 50 adult aphasic patients. Subtest, modality and overall intercorrelations, internal consistency reliability estimates, means and standard deviations were computed for both forms and full-length test. Results indicate that the short forms are equivalent. Further, they seem to be measuring the same traits as the long form, have only slightly lower reliability, and have practically identical means and standard deviations across all subtest, modality and overall scores.", "contents": "Language impairment evaluation in aphasic patients: developing more efficient measures. Two short forms of the Porch Index of Communicative Ability (PICA) were derived using data from 50 adult aphasic patients. Subtest, modality and overall intercorrelations, internal consistency reliability estimates, means and standard deviations were computed for both forms and full-length test. Results indicate that the short forms are equivalent. Further, they seem to be measuring the same traits as the long form, have only slightly lower reliability, and have practically identical means and standard deviations across all subtest, modality and overall scores.", "PMID": 687041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7314", "title": "Program evaluation of a physical medicine and rehabilitation unit: a new approach.", "content": "Rehabilitation units must meet the increasing demand for empirical documentation of the quality of care patients receive. Hospitals wanting to do program evaluations will find few published materials providing norms by which to judge the adequacy of the functional outcomes achieved by their rehabilitation patients. The purpose of this research was to develop an approach to program evaluation that would serve the accreditation needs and would be relatively inexpensive to implement. Sixty-nine consecutive admissions for cerebral vascular accidents (CVA) were assessed on activities of daily living (ADL) and cognition using a behaviorally defined procedure called the \"Level of Rehabilitation Scale\" that was developed for program evaluation purposes. Nurses and spouses of patients were interviewed to obtain the observations that were rated. Further ratings on ADL and cognition were made at discharge. Those at home 6 weeks and 4 1/2 months after discharge were assessed on the same scales and on home-relevant activities. Experience with the instrument showed that ratings of function can be made in a reliable and valid fashion. The research provides the beginning of the accumulation of improvement norms for CVA inpatients and documents maintenance of improvement 4 1/2 months after discharge. Hospitals and rehabilitation units can utilize these norms and this method of program evaluation economically using nonclinically trained staff.", "contents": "Program evaluation of a physical medicine and rehabilitation unit: a new approach. Rehabilitation units must meet the increasing demand for empirical documentation of the quality of care patients receive. Hospitals wanting to do program evaluations will find few published materials providing norms by which to judge the adequacy of the functional outcomes achieved by their rehabilitation patients. The purpose of this research was to develop an approach to program evaluation that would serve the accreditation needs and would be relatively inexpensive to implement. Sixty-nine consecutive admissions for cerebral vascular accidents (CVA) were assessed on activities of daily living (ADL) and cognition using a behaviorally defined procedure called the \"Level of Rehabilitation Scale\" that was developed for program evaluation purposes. Nurses and spouses of patients were interviewed to obtain the observations that were rated. Further ratings on ADL and cognition were made at discharge. Those at home 6 weeks and 4 1/2 months after discharge were assessed on the same scales and on home-relevant activities. Experience with the instrument showed that ratings of function can be made in a reliable and valid fashion. The research provides the beginning of the accumulation of improvement norms for CVA inpatients and documents maintenance of improvement 4 1/2 months after discharge. Hospitals and rehabilitation units can utilize these norms and this method of program evaluation economically using nonclinically trained staff.", "PMID": 687042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7315", "title": "Communications options for patients with brain stem lesions.", "content": "The communication treatment programs of five individuals with brain stem lesions were reviewed. The sequence of treatment included the following stages: early establishment of communication, establishment of a flexible nonvocal communication system, development of functional verbal communication, and maximizing intelligibility of speech.", "contents": "Communications options for patients with brain stem lesions. The communication treatment programs of five individuals with brain stem lesions were reviewed. The sequence of treatment included the following stages: early establishment of communication, establishment of a flexible nonvocal communication system, development of functional verbal communication, and maximizing intelligibility of speech.", "PMID": 687043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7316", "title": "Dumbbell neurilemoma simulating lumbar disk disease.", "content": "The beneficial response to a nonsurgical program for lumbar disk disease in a 56-year-old woman seemed to obviate invasive procedures. Fourteen months later, the previous symptoms and findings recurred. A myelogram showed a block at T12-L1 and a small herniated disk at L4-L5. A neurilemoma was removed. The patient is well 4 years later.", "contents": "Dumbbell neurilemoma simulating lumbar disk disease. The beneficial response to a nonsurgical program for lumbar disk disease in a 56-year-old woman seemed to obviate invasive procedures. Fourteen months later, the previous symptoms and findings recurred. A myelogram showed a block at T12-L1 and a small herniated disk at L4-L5. A neurilemoma was removed. The patient is well 4 years later.", "PMID": 687044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7317", "title": "Secondary spinal lesions in spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "On hospital admission, 6 spinal cord injured patients were noted to have second noncontiguous levels of spinal injury that were previously unrecognized. These secondary levels of spinal injury were diagnosed as a result of routine admission total spine radiographic examinations. Two cases are described in detail, one with the secondary spinal lesion above and the other below the primary spinal cord injury. Careful total spine radiographic studies are recommended to prevent complications, in the event that such lesions are initially unrecognized.", "contents": "Secondary spinal lesions in spinal cord injury patients. On hospital admission, 6 spinal cord injured patients were noted to have second noncontiguous levels of spinal injury that were previously unrecognized. These secondary levels of spinal injury were diagnosed as a result of routine admission total spine radiographic examinations. Two cases are described in detail, one with the secondary spinal lesion above and the other below the primary spinal cord injury. Careful total spine radiographic studies are recommended to prevent complications, in the event that such lesions are initially unrecognized.", "PMID": 687045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7318", "title": "Inverted spinal traction.", "content": "The effect of inverted positioning on spinal length and electromyographic (emg) activity of superficial lumbar area musculature was investigated in 20 healthy men. Spinal length tape measurements were taken with subjects first sitting erect and after 1 minute in the inverted position. An integrated bioelectric monitoring system was used to quantify emg activity. Initially, a stable emg baseline was identified for each subject resting supine on a motorized tilt table. The randomly selected control group subjects remained supine for an additional 245 seconds. Experimental group subjects were inverted for half this duration and returned to the resting position for the remainder. Data were recorded for 10-second accumulation periods of emg activity 16 times from each subject. The 1-tailed paired t-test was applied to all data. The difference between the means of the spinal length measurements taken sitting and during inversion was highly significant (p less than 0.005). The difference between the mean emg activity of the inversion period and the baseline mean was also statistically relevant (p less than 0.03). This study concluded that inverted positioning for short periods significantly increased spinal length and reduced emg activity of the superficial lumbar area musculature of normal males. These findings complemented the clinical observations of several authors.", "contents": "Inverted spinal traction. The effect of inverted positioning on spinal length and electromyographic (emg) activity of superficial lumbar area musculature was investigated in 20 healthy men. Spinal length tape measurements were taken with subjects first sitting erect and after 1 minute in the inverted position. An integrated bioelectric monitoring system was used to quantify emg activity. Initially, a stable emg baseline was identified for each subject resting supine on a motorized tilt table. The randomly selected control group subjects remained supine for an additional 245 seconds. Experimental group subjects were inverted for half this duration and returned to the resting position for the remainder. Data were recorded for 10-second accumulation periods of emg activity 16 times from each subject. The 1-tailed paired t-test was applied to all data. The difference between the means of the spinal length measurements taken sitting and during inversion was highly significant (p less than 0.005). The difference between the mean emg activity of the inversion period and the baseline mean was also statistically relevant (p less than 0.03). This study concluded that inverted positioning for short periods significantly increased spinal length and reduced emg activity of the superficial lumbar area musculature of normal males. These findings complemented the clinical observations of several authors.", "PMID": 687049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7319", "title": "Muscle state: reaction and movement time in elbow extension.", "content": "Eleven subjects reacted to a randomly timed auditory stimulus by extending their right elbows as rapidly as possible under agonist muscle normal state, pretensed and relaxed conditions. Integrated electromyography (emg) was used to validate and quantify muscle state. Total reaction time was divided into premotor reaction time and motor reaction time components, and elbow movement time was measured under all conditions. Significant differences were observed in the integrated emg between the pretensed and relaxed experimental conditions. Differences were observed in total reaction time and premotor time, but not in motor reaction time or movement time.", "contents": "Muscle state: reaction and movement time in elbow extension. Eleven subjects reacted to a randomly timed auditory stimulus by extending their right elbows as rapidly as possible under agonist muscle normal state, pretensed and relaxed conditions. Integrated electromyography (emg) was used to validate and quantify muscle state. Total reaction time was divided into premotor reaction time and motor reaction time components, and elbow movement time was measured under all conditions. Significant differences were observed in the integrated emg between the pretensed and relaxed experimental conditions. Differences were observed in total reaction time and premotor time, but not in motor reaction time or movement time.", "PMID": 687050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7320", "title": "Pulsating shortwave diathermy: value in treatment of recent ankle and foot sprains.", "content": "The effects of 2 pulsating shortwave diathermy treatments (Diapulse and Curapuls) were compared with placebo treatment in recent ligamentous injuries of ankle and foot in 300 outpatients. The areas of comparison were reduction in swelling, recovery of strength and range of motion of the injured ankle, improvement of walking ability, and duration of disability. There were only slight differences between Diapulse and Curapuls treatment groups. No statistically significant differences could be observed in the recovery of strength and range of motion or in the duration of disability among the 3 groups, although walking ability in the Diapulse group recovered better than in the placebos (p less than 0.01) and reduction of swelling was significantly better for Curapuls (p less than 0.001 than for placebos.", "contents": "Pulsating shortwave diathermy: value in treatment of recent ankle and foot sprains. The effects of 2 pulsating shortwave diathermy treatments (Diapulse and Curapuls) were compared with placebo treatment in recent ligamentous injuries of ankle and foot in 300 outpatients. The areas of comparison were reduction in swelling, recovery of strength and range of motion of the injured ankle, improvement of walking ability, and duration of disability. There were only slight differences between Diapulse and Curapuls treatment groups. No statistically significant differences could be observed in the recovery of strength and range of motion or in the duration of disability among the 3 groups, although walking ability in the Diapulse group recovered better than in the placebos (p less than 0.01) and reduction of swelling was significantly better for Curapuls (p less than 0.001 than for placebos.", "PMID": 687051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7321", "title": "Oral health services for adult rehabilitation patients: three illustrative cases.", "content": "Recent research has shown that the actual capability of physical medicine and rehabilitation units to provide oral health services is less than the need as perceived by rehabilitation administrators. Three cases have been selected to illustrate the nature and diversity of health benefits that can be provided by a complete oral health service which focuses on rehabilitation patients. The advantages of offering a comprehensive oral health service include not only improvement of the oral health of the patient but also often directly aids the patients' achievement of overall rehabilitation goals. Furthermore, by synergistic interaction with the other rehabilitation disciplines, an oral health service can appreciably enhance the quality and the scope of the rehabilitation program itself. Additionally, a new adaptive device for oral grasping, designed for use by patients who lack the use of their upper extremities, is illustrated. The device is intended to provide the patient with a range of functions including recreational participation in board games as well as vocational activities which require the lifting or grasping of objects.", "contents": "Oral health services for adult rehabilitation patients: three illustrative cases. Recent research has shown that the actual capability of physical medicine and rehabilitation units to provide oral health services is less than the need as perceived by rehabilitation administrators. Three cases have been selected to illustrate the nature and diversity of health benefits that can be provided by a complete oral health service which focuses on rehabilitation patients. The advantages of offering a comprehensive oral health service include not only improvement of the oral health of the patient but also often directly aids the patients' achievement of overall rehabilitation goals. Furthermore, by synergistic interaction with the other rehabilitation disciplines, an oral health service can appreciably enhance the quality and the scope of the rehabilitation program itself. Additionally, a new adaptive device for oral grasping, designed for use by patients who lack the use of their upper extremities, is illustrated. The device is intended to provide the patient with a range of functions including recreational participation in board games as well as vocational activities which require the lifting or grasping of objects.", "PMID": 687052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7322", "title": "Pentazocine fibrous myopathy: report of two cases and literature review.", "content": "Two patients are described in whom the analgesic, pentazocine (Talwin), injected intramuscularly over long periods of time, resulted in a fibrous myopathy of the injected muscles. Although early testing of pentazocine indicated a low abuse potential and no skin or muscle complications, reports of such abuse and complications have since appeared in the literature, a review of which is included.", "contents": "Pentazocine fibrous myopathy: report of two cases and literature review. Two patients are described in whom the analgesic, pentazocine (Talwin), injected intramuscularly over long periods of time, resulted in a fibrous myopathy of the injected muscles. Although early testing of pentazocine indicated a low abuse potential and no skin or muscle complications, reports of such abuse and complications have since appeared in the literature, a review of which is included.", "PMID": 687053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7323", "title": "Neurophysiologic syndromes in stroke as predictors of outcome.", "content": "Outcomes in self-care following rehabilitation in 226 patients were correlated with 11 stroke syndromes, reflecting several pathophysiologic disturbances subsequent to either infarction or hemorrhage in cerebral or vertebro-basilar vessels. Self-care was scored on a 20-point scale for bed movements, transfers, feeding, dressing, personal hygiene, and bathing. Interjudge error among therapists did not exceed 2.5%. Mean score in left cerebral infarction without aphasia was used as a referent value. Scores in left cerebral infarction with aphasia and right parietal lobe syndrome with and without spatial agnosia were similar to the referent. Brain stem dysfunction with spasticity and right cerebral infarction with paresis and spatial agnosia fell below the referent value (Pless than 0.05). Higher levels were achieved in the syndromes of left and right anterior cerebral artery territories, brain stem dysfunction with ataxia, and left parietal lobe syndrome with comprehension aphasia, although t-values were not significant. Length of stay among the 11 groups was fairly uniform except for the  group with brain stem dysfunction with spasticity and the group with left hemiplegia with spatial agnosia. These groups indicated rather severe disabilities. Aside from neurologic dysfunction the range of scores was influenced by associated cardiopulmonary involvement.", "contents": "Neurophysiologic syndromes in stroke as predictors of outcome. Outcomes in self-care following rehabilitation in 226 patients were correlated with 11 stroke syndromes, reflecting several pathophysiologic disturbances subsequent to either infarction or hemorrhage in cerebral or vertebro-basilar vessels. Self-care was scored on a 20-point scale for bed movements, transfers, feeding, dressing, personal hygiene, and bathing. Interjudge error among therapists did not exceed 2.5%. Mean score in left cerebral infarction without aphasia was used as a referent value. Scores in left cerebral infarction with aphasia and right parietal lobe syndrome with and without spatial agnosia were similar to the referent. Brain stem dysfunction with spasticity and right cerebral infarction with paresis and spatial agnosia fell below the referent value (Pless than 0.05). Higher levels were achieved in the syndromes of left and right anterior cerebral artery territories, brain stem dysfunction with ataxia, and left parietal lobe syndrome with comprehension aphasia, although t-values were not significant. Length of stay among the 11 groups was fairly uniform except for the  group with brain stem dysfunction with spasticity and the group with left hemiplegia with spatial agnosia. These groups indicated rather severe disabilities. Aside from neurologic dysfunction the range of scores was influenced by associated cardiopulmonary involvement.", "PMID": 687054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7324", "title": "Independent living rehabilitation needs of postdischarge stroke persons: a pilot study.", "content": "The responses of 73 poststroke persons to a rehabilitation needs scale were analyzed. Forty-two of the respondents were married, and their spouses were interviewed separately. Four null hypothesis were tested: (1) Postdischarge stroke persons would not perceive themselves as still having rehabilitation needs. (2) The more frequent need statements would not be psychosocial in nature. (3) The frequency of need statements made by married stroke persons would not be different from single stroke persons. (4) Married stroke persons and their spouses would not be different in need statements made. Null hypotheses 1 through 3 were rejected at the P less than 0.01 level, but hypothesis 4 was not rejected. The sample stroke population perceived themselves as still having rehabilitation needs, and stroke patients or their spouses could be used as informants about rehabilitation needs. Single and married stroke persons emphasized different needs, particularly in the area of vocational rehabilitation. This statistically significant different (P less than 0.001) may stem from a dramatic discrepancy in income levels. The average income monthly for single stroke persons was $369, while the average income monthly of married stroke persons was $1120.", "contents": "Independent living rehabilitation needs of postdischarge stroke persons: a pilot study. The responses of 73 poststroke persons to a rehabilitation needs scale were analyzed. Forty-two of the respondents were married, and their spouses were interviewed separately. Four null hypothesis were tested: (1) Postdischarge stroke persons would not perceive themselves as still having rehabilitation needs. (2) The more frequent need statements would not be psychosocial in nature. (3) The frequency of need statements made by married stroke persons would not be different from single stroke persons. (4) Married stroke persons and their spouses would not be different in need statements made. Null hypotheses 1 through 3 were rejected at the P less than 0.01 level, but hypothesis 4 was not rejected. The sample stroke population perceived themselves as still having rehabilitation needs, and stroke patients or their spouses could be used as informants about rehabilitation needs. Single and married stroke persons emphasized different needs, particularly in the area of vocational rehabilitation. This statistically significant different (P less than 0.001) may stem from a dramatic discrepancy in income levels. The average income monthly for single stroke persons was $369, while the average income monthly of married stroke persons was $1120.", "PMID": 687055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7325", "title": "Cancer rehabilitation: assessment of need, development, and evaluation of a model of care.", "content": "A sample of 805 cancer patients, comparable to but not identical with a national study, was screened to identify: rehabilitation problems encountered at different cancer sites; the need for rehabilitation services; and gaps in the delivery of rehabilitation care. Significant numbers of rehabilitation problems were found that could be improved by rehabilitation care. Psychologic  problems were commonly encountered and seemed more severe in patients with physical disabilities; these patients have to make adjustments to both life-threatening disease and to a disabling condition. The findings suggest a need for psychosocial support services on any oncology service; where cancer is associated with significant physical disability, a comprehensive rehabilitation team with psychologic management capability is often needed. Primary barriers to optimal delivery of rehabilitation care are the lack of identification of patient problems and/or lack of appropriate referral by physicians unfamiliar with the concept of rehabilitation. Health care financial support for the patients in the sample came primarily from private insurance, Medicare and Medicaid; financial support from the patient's family held up well even in the advanced stages of the disease. A model of rehabilitation care delivery was established and implemented, with the result being that gaps and barriers to rehabilitation service delivery disappeared rapidly.", "contents": "Cancer rehabilitation: assessment of need, development, and evaluation of a model of care. A sample of 805 cancer patients, comparable to but not identical with a national study, was screened to identify: rehabilitation problems encountered at different cancer sites; the need for rehabilitation services; and gaps in the delivery of rehabilitation care. Significant numbers of rehabilitation problems were found that could be improved by rehabilitation care. Psychologic  problems were commonly encountered and seemed more severe in patients with physical disabilities; these patients have to make adjustments to both life-threatening disease and to a disabling condition. The findings suggest a need for psychosocial support services on any oncology service; where cancer is associated with significant physical disability, a comprehensive rehabilitation team with psychologic management capability is often needed. Primary barriers to optimal delivery of rehabilitation care are the lack of identification of patient problems and/or lack of appropriate referral by physicians unfamiliar with the concept of rehabilitation. Health care financial support for the patients in the sample came primarily from private insurance, Medicare and Medicaid; financial support from the patient's family held up well even in the advanced stages of the disease. A model of rehabilitation care delivery was established and implemented, with the result being that gaps and barriers to rehabilitation service delivery disappeared rapidly.", "PMID": 687056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7326", "title": "Imprisonment of patients in the course of rehabilitation.", "content": "The patient carries the major responsibility and plays the most significant role in the rehabilitation process. It is appropriate to continuously examine rehabilitation management techniques to determine the degree to which they facilitate or inhibit patient participation. Of 213 consecutive inpatients on the rehabilitation service of an urban municipal hospital serving a black community, 53 requested discharge before the team considered it advisable. Thus, one patient in four differed with the staff on the decisive issues of functional ability within the environment and readiness for discharge. These \"imprisoned patients\" were confined against their wills. Improved communication between patients and staff, patient education and mutual goal-setting would yield greater patient participation on the decision-making process.", "contents": "Imprisonment of patients in the course of rehabilitation. The patient carries the major responsibility and plays the most significant role in the rehabilitation process. It is appropriate to continuously examine rehabilitation management techniques to determine the degree to which they facilitate or inhibit patient participation. Of 213 consecutive inpatients on the rehabilitation service of an urban municipal hospital serving a black community, 53 requested discharge before the team considered it advisable. Thus, one patient in four differed with the staff on the decisive issues of functional ability within the environment and readiness for discharge. These \"imprisoned patients\" were confined against their wills. Improved communication between patients and staff, patient education and mutual goal-setting would yield greater patient participation on the decision-making process.", "PMID": 687057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7327", "title": "Rehabilitation of patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "There are inherent difficulites in the rehabilitation of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The clinical manifestations of the disease vary tremendously, as does its natural course. The many theories on the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of MS are presented. However, at the current time, the patient with MS may be treated with the realistic goal of minimizing the effects of the disease. This is accomplished best in a rehabilitation setting. Diagnosis, prognosis, and factors associated with precipitaiton or exaggeration of symptoms, are discussed. Specific techniques of rehabilitation of decreased motor power, spasticity, ataxia and intention tremor, speech and optic defects, and impaired sensation are presented. Decubiti and ulcerations, bladder and bowel problems, and sexual dysfunction are recognized as common problems and attention must be directed to these. The importance and wide array of emotional difficulties in patients with MS is emphasized, and those patients who may benefit from psychotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of patients with multiple sclerosis. There are inherent difficulites in the rehabilitation of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The clinical manifestations of the disease vary tremendously, as does its natural course. The many theories on the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of MS are presented. However, at the current time, the patient with MS may be treated with the realistic goal of minimizing the effects of the disease. This is accomplished best in a rehabilitation setting. Diagnosis, prognosis, and factors associated with precipitaiton or exaggeration of symptoms, are discussed. Specific techniques of rehabilitation of decreased motor power, spasticity, ataxia and intention tremor, speech and optic defects, and impaired sensation are presented. Decubiti and ulcerations, bladder and bowel problems, and sexual dysfunction are recognized as common problems and attention must be directed to these. The importance and wide array of emotional difficulties in patients with MS is emphasized, and those patients who may benefit from psychotherapy are discussed.", "PMID": 687058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7328", "title": "Custon handles of dental acrylic to promote self-sufficiency of handicapped patients.", "content": "Dental materials lend themselves to a multitude of applications outside the dental profession. The inherent physical properties of dental acrylic (autopolymerizing methyl methacrylate) provide the potential for practical adaptation to a variety of functional problems. A technique using dental acrylic is described, which is easily adapted to a variety of circumstances, enabling digitally handicapped patients to perform independent functions. Specific stepwise instructions are provided for the fabrication of an easily customized acrylic-handled toothbrush and an efficient one-handed knife. The combination of dental acrylic and this flexible technique provides a useful tool in the alteration of appliances for handicapped persons.", "contents": "Custon handles of dental acrylic to promote self-sufficiency of handicapped patients. Dental materials lend themselves to a multitude of applications outside the dental profession. The inherent physical properties of dental acrylic (autopolymerizing methyl methacrylate) provide the potential for practical adaptation to a variety of functional problems. A technique using dental acrylic is described, which is easily adapted to a variety of circumstances, enabling digitally handicapped patients to perform independent functions. Specific stepwise instructions are provided for the fabrication of an easily customized acrylic-handled toothbrush and an efficient one-handed knife. The combination of dental acrylic and this flexible technique provides a useful tool in the alteration of appliances for handicapped persons.", "PMID": 687059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7329", "title": "Relationship between somatic and psychopathometric variables in disorders of consciousness.", "content": "Function psychosis is the most frequently observed response of the brain to disturbances in general practice and in hospital. A complete test system is presented for measuring grades of severity of function psychoses. It is possible to trace the course of the function psychosis in a curve similar to pulse and temperature curves.", "contents": "Relationship between somatic and psychopathometric variables in disorders of consciousness. Function psychosis is the most frequently observed response of the brain to disturbances in general practice and in hospital. A complete test system is presented for measuring grades of severity of function psychoses. It is possible to trace the course of the function psychosis in a curve similar to pulse and temperature curves.", "PMID": 687060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7330", "title": "The structure of vigilance.", "content": "Vigilance is understood as a primarily behavioral category. Identical stimuli tend to evoke more or less differentiated behavioral responses dependent on a low or high state of vigilance. The rise of vigilance from coma to full attention moves along with increasing differentiation of evoked behavioral responses. With heterogeneous physical, figurative, and verbal stimuli, responses are elicited which can be arranged on an additive (Guttman) scale. Thus, vigilance is suggested to represent a one-dimensional function of the brain.", "contents": "The structure of vigilance. Vigilance is understood as a primarily behavioral category. Identical stimuli tend to evoke more or less differentiated behavioral responses dependent on a low or high state of vigilance. The rise of vigilance from coma to full attention moves along with increasing differentiation of evoked behavioral responses. With heterogeneous physical, figurative, and verbal stimuli, responses are elicited which can be arranged on an additive (Guttman) scale. Thus, vigilance is suggested to represent a one-dimensional function of the brain.", "PMID": 687061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7331", "title": "Evaluation of speech and language in neuropsychiatric disorders.", "content": "Changes of language and speech in neuropsychiatric patients are described by use of a quantifying procedure. In the transcript of a standardized interview the following variables are evaluated (by estimation of indices): rate of speech, pauses, indistinct and incomprehensible articulations, aphasic disturbances, subordinate: principal clause ratio,  stuttering, neologisms, grammatical mistakes, thought disconnections, perseverations/verbigerations, vague utterances, disturbances of orientation, utterances with unusual though content, euphoric utterances, dysphoric utterances, and change of the affective state. Reliability of these indices is tested by inter-rater comparison. The course of speech-language reorganization during therapy is followed. The present method does not intend to give a detailed psycholinguistic analysis, but it yields an objective measure of clinical impressions on abnormalities of language and speech in neuropsychiatric disorders.", "contents": "Evaluation of speech and language in neuropsychiatric disorders. Changes of language and speech in neuropsychiatric patients are described by use of a quantifying procedure. In the transcript of a standardized interview the following variables are evaluated (by estimation of indices): rate of speech, pauses, indistinct and incomprehensible articulations, aphasic disturbances, subordinate: principal clause ratio,  stuttering, neologisms, grammatical mistakes, thought disconnections, perseverations/verbigerations, vague utterances, disturbances of orientation, utterances with unusual though content, euphoric utterances, dysphoric utterances, and change of the affective state. Reliability of these indices is tested by inter-rater comparison. The course of speech-language reorganization during therapy is followed. The present method does not intend to give a detailed psycholinguistic analysis, but it yields an objective measure of clinical impressions on abnormalities of language and speech in neuropsychiatric disorders.", "PMID": 687062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7332", "title": "The measurement of change in sleep during depression and remission.", "content": "Sleep disturbances, which are a prominent symptom of depressive illness, were analyzed in endogenously depressed patients during depression and during full remission. These disturbances may be described at the level of sleep stages, at the level of the sleep profile, and at the level of consecutive sleep records. The scoring of sleep stages in sleep records of depressive patients provides difficulties, because the temporal coherence of different electrophysiological descriptors of sleep is weakened during depression. The sleep profile of depressed patients is characterized by alterations in the normal sequence of sleep stages and frequent stage changes. The disturbances in the sleep profile are unstable in that they show marked day to day fluctuations. It could be shown in some patients that there is a correlation between parameters of the first REM sleep and urinary free cortisol excretion in corresponding nights.", "contents": "The measurement of change in sleep during depression and remission. Sleep disturbances, which are a prominent symptom of depressive illness, were analyzed in endogenously depressed patients during depression and during full remission. These disturbances may be described at the level of sleep stages, at the level of the sleep profile, and at the level of consecutive sleep records. The scoring of sleep stages in sleep records of depressive patients provides difficulties, because the temporal coherence of different electrophysiological descriptors of sleep is weakened during depression. The sleep profile of depressed patients is characterized by alterations in the normal sequence of sleep stages and frequent stage changes. The disturbances in the sleep profile are unstable in that they show marked day to day fluctuations. It could be shown in some patients that there is a correlation between parameters of the first REM sleep and urinary free cortisol excretion in corresponding nights.", "PMID": 687064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7333", "title": "From measurement to interpretation of change in psychopathology.", "content": "The experimental literature on changes in verbal self-report, psychophyiological reactions and overt motor behavior under stress or therapy is reviewed. The concordance of changes across the systems is generally low, their order difficult to predict. The correlation of changes is interpreted to depend--besides crucial methodological issues--on the preparedness of the subject to test and to modify his propositions defining in which situations he might experience certain somato-visceral reactions and emit certain overt motor acts successfully.", "contents": "From measurement to interpretation of change in psychopathology. The experimental literature on changes in verbal self-report, psychophyiological reactions and overt motor behavior under stress or therapy is reviewed. The concordance of changes across the systems is generally low, their order difficult to predict. The correlation of changes is interpreted to depend--besides crucial methodological issues--on the preparedness of the subject to test and to modify his propositions defining in which situations he might experience certain somato-visceral reactions and emit certain overt motor acts successfully.", "PMID": 687065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7334", "title": "[Psychological aspects of sleep deprivation. A controlled study on depressives and normals (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of total sleep deprivation for one night was performed on 12 patients with endogenic depression and 10 with neurotic depression, as well as a control group of 10 normals. The study was designed to answer the following questions: 1. Are the correlations between self-ratings and clinical assessments of sleep deprivation effects satisfactory? 2. Are sleep deprivation effects modified by the personality dimensions extraversion and neuroticism? 3. What effects do the interactions of rater and patient and their expectations have on therapeutic results? The findings confirmed the therapeutic effects of sleep deprivation in depressives. The correlations between self-ratings and clinical assessments were satisfactory. The therapeutic  effects were not significantly influenced by psychiatrist-patient interactions or their expectations. The relevance of these results to explanations of sleep deprivation effects is discussed.", "contents": "[Psychological aspects of sleep deprivation. A controlled study on depressives and normals (author's transl)]. A study of total sleep deprivation for one night was performed on 12 patients with endogenic depression and 10 with neurotic depression, as well as a control group of 10 normals. The study was designed to answer the following questions: 1. Are the correlations between self-ratings and clinical assessments of sleep deprivation effects satisfactory? 2. Are sleep deprivation effects modified by the personality dimensions extraversion and neuroticism? 3. What effects do the interactions of rater and patient and their expectations have on therapeutic results? The findings confirmed the therapeutic effects of sleep deprivation in depressives. The correlations between self-ratings and clinical assessments were satisfactory. The therapeutic  effects were not significantly influenced by psychiatrist-patient interactions or their expectations. The relevance of these results to explanations of sleep deprivation effects is discussed.", "PMID": 687066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7335", "title": "[The symptom of EEG-flattening accompanying psychomotor attacks, their frequency, duration, form and significance. A video-band analysis of 78 patients with 187 attacks (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 187 psychomotor attacks in 78 epileptic patients were recorded on video band; 48 patients (61.5%) and 100 attacks (55.5%) showed signs of EEG flattening. This flattening became manifest before the clinical onset of the fit in 11.88% of patients, simultaneously with the fit in 30.5%, during the fit in 17.1%, and at the end of the attack in 4.8%. In 10.7% of the attacks, the flattening was considered as a cardinal EEG symptom of the fit, since it lasted longer than two-thirds of attack duration. Side differences in flattening occurred only in 6.4% of all attacks. The constancy of flattening varied in patients who had several attacks. Only few cases showed consistent flattening. In 50% of attacks with a remembered aura, the flattening occurred before the clinical signs of the fit. Since EEG flattening is explained by an arousal activation of the ascending reticular formation, it is assumed that the epileptic discharge of the psychomotor attack is initiated by activation of the nonspecific ascending reticular and limbic systems. This results in EEG flattening and clinically in an unconsciousness reaction.", "contents": "[The symptom of EEG-flattening accompanying psychomotor attacks, their frequency, duration, form and significance. A video-band analysis of 78 patients with 187 attacks (author's transl)]. A total of 187 psychomotor attacks in 78 epileptic patients were recorded on video band; 48 patients (61.5%) and 100 attacks (55.5%) showed signs of EEG flattening. This flattening became manifest before the clinical onset of the fit in 11.88% of patients, simultaneously with the fit in 30.5%, during the fit in 17.1%, and at the end of the attack in 4.8%. In 10.7% of the attacks, the flattening was considered as a cardinal EEG symptom of the fit, since it lasted longer than two-thirds of attack duration. Side differences in flattening occurred only in 6.4% of all attacks. The constancy of flattening varied in patients who had several attacks. Only few cases showed consistent flattening. In 50% of attacks with a remembered aura, the flattening occurred before the clinical signs of the fit. Since EEG flattening is explained by an arousal activation of the ascending reticular formation, it is assumed that the epileptic discharge of the psychomotor attack is initiated by activation of the nonspecific ascending reticular and limbic systems. This results in EEG flattening and clinically in an unconsciousness reaction.", "PMID": 687067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7336", "title": "[Changes in lactate dehydrogenase levels in acute articular rheumatism, chorea minor and the Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome in childhood].", "content": "Changes in serum LDH in AAR, Sydenham's chorea and purpura rheumatica and their significance were investigated in 103 cases observed at the 1st Paediatrics Clinic, University of Turin. A search was made for relation between such changes and the laboratory parameters in rheumatism. The data showed that blood LDH can be profitably determined in the diseases considered.", "contents": "[Changes in lactate dehydrogenase levels in acute articular rheumatism, chorea minor and the Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome in childhood]. Changes in serum LDH in AAR, Sydenham's chorea and purpura rheumatica and their significance were investigated in 103 cases observed at the 1st Paediatrics Clinic, University of Turin. A search was made for relation between such changes and the laboratory parameters in rheumatism. The data showed that blood LDH can be profitably determined in the diseases considered.", "PMID": 687068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7337", "title": "[Carcinomas of the small intestine].", "content": "Two cases of carcinoma of the small intestine are described. In spite of its large epithelial surface, this organ is rarely a cancer site. For these reason, an account is given of cases observed over the previous year. In addition, mention is made of the pathological anatomy, symptomatology, preoperative investigation, and treatment of this form.", "contents": "[Carcinomas of the small intestine]. Two cases of carcinoma of the small intestine are described. In spite of its large epithelial surface, this organ is rarely a cancer site. For these reason, an account is given of cases observed over the previous year. In addition, mention is made of the pathological anatomy, symptomatology, preoperative investigation, and treatment of this form.", "PMID": 687069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7338", "title": "[Non-endocarditic mitral insufficiency].", "content": "A case of non endocarditic mitral insufficiency in a 76 years old woman is described. After an extensive pathogenetical introduction, a comparison is made between clinical features of this case an its pathogenetical possibilities. The conclusion is drawn that there are most probabilities for an atherosclerosis of the antero-medial limbus of the mitral valve, arising from a coexisting atherosclerotic mild stenosis of the aortic valves.", "contents": "[Non-endocarditic mitral insufficiency]. A case of non endocarditic mitral insufficiency in a 76 years old woman is described. After an extensive pathogenetical introduction, a comparison is made between clinical features of this case an its pathogenetical possibilities. The conclusion is drawn that there are most probabilities for an atherosclerosis of the antero-medial limbus of the mitral valve, arising from a coexisting atherosclerotic mild stenosis of the aortic valves.", "PMID": 687070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7339", "title": "[Narcosis, platelet aggregation and arousing drugs].", "content": "During pentobarbital (25 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min), pentothal (15 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min) and ketamine (10 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min) narcosis, rabbits showed reduced platelet reactivity ot the direct aggregating effect of ADP (2 X 10(-5) M) and the indirect effect of thrombin (0.1 U/ml). Certain arousal drugs, specifically those of metabolic type such as SAMe (20 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min) and Thiola (166 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min) and of haemodynamic type such as nicergoline (6.66 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min) and hexobendine (5 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min) administered 31 min after narcosis induction, impede the depression brought on by narcosis on on platelet reactivity.", "contents": "[Narcosis, platelet aggregation and arousing drugs]. During pentobarbital (25 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min), pentothal (15 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min) and ketamine (10 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min) narcosis, rabbits showed reduced platelet reactivity ot the direct aggregating effect of ADP (2 X 10(-5) M) and the indirect effect of thrombin (0.1 U/ml). Certain arousal drugs, specifically those of metabolic type such as SAMe (20 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min) and Thiola (166 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min) and of haemodynamic type such as nicergoline (6.66 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min) and hexobendine (5 mg/kg i.v. in 2 min) administered 31 min after narcosis induction, impede the depression brought on by narcosis on on platelet reactivity.", "PMID": 687073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7340", "title": "[Incidence of coronary, cerebral and lower-limb atherosclerosis in diabetics].", "content": "The literature data regarding the incidence of coronary, cerebral and lower extremity atherosclerosis in diabetes are reviewed. A retrospective assessment of data relating to in-patients of the Umberto I Hospital Medical Division during 1972-1975 showed that atherosclerosis occurs more often and earlier in diabetics. It is more frequent in women over 50, especially in the case of coronary forms. A similar high incidence of vascular lesions is also noted in subclinical forms. This is particularly true of coronary sites in females and lower extremity sites in males. It is clear that screening for glucose intolerance in all vasculopathic subjects, coupled with careful genetic and familial investigation, are essential acids to preventive and social medicine in this particular sector.", "contents": "[Incidence of coronary, cerebral and lower-limb atherosclerosis in diabetics]. The literature data regarding the incidence of coronary, cerebral and lower extremity atherosclerosis in diabetes are reviewed. A retrospective assessment of data relating to in-patients of the Umberto I Hospital Medical Division during 1972-1975 showed that atherosclerosis occurs more often and earlier in diabetics. It is more frequent in women over 50, especially in the case of coronary forms. A similar high incidence of vascular lesions is also noted in subclinical forms. This is particularly true of coronary sites in females and lower extremity sites in males. It is clear that screening for glucose intolerance in all vasculopathic subjects, coupled with careful genetic and familial investigation, are essential acids to preventive and social medicine in this particular sector.", "PMID": 687072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7341", "title": "Intestinal obstruction due to phytobezoars. Observations in two patients with hypothyroidism and previous gastric surgery.", "content": "Two patients had small-bowel obstruction due to phytobezoars. Both patients were hypothyroid. One patient had undergone a previous pyloroplasty for pyloric stenosis and the other a truncal vagotomy and a pyloroplasty for a duodenal ulcer. Similarities and differences between the two cases and the possible predisposing factors in the formation of the phytobezoars are discussed. The recognition of high-risk patients, and their education to prevent phytobezoars are emphasized.", "contents": "Intestinal obstruction due to phytobezoars. Observations in two patients with hypothyroidism and previous gastric surgery. Two patients had small-bowel obstruction due to phytobezoars. Both patients were hypothyroid. One patient had undergone a previous pyloroplasty for pyloric stenosis and the other a truncal vagotomy and a pyloroplasty for a duodenal ulcer. Similarities and differences between the two cases and the possible predisposing factors in the formation of the phytobezoars are discussed. The recognition of high-risk patients, and their education to prevent phytobezoars are emphasized.", "PMID": 687078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7342", "title": "Left-sided colectomy with retroileal colorectal anastomosis.", "content": "Following resection of the sigmoid and descending colon for cancer or extensive diverticular disease, it may be impossible to make a colorectal anastomosis due to inadequate length of the residual transverse colon. To correct this problem, the remaining transverse colon may be pulled into the pelvis by making a \"window\" in the terminal part of the ileal mesentery. From January 1966 to January 1975, 302 resections of the descending colon with colorectal anastomoses were performed by one of the authors (R.B.T.) for upper sigmoid cancer and extensive diverticulitis at the Cleveland Clinic. Eleven patients (4%) had retroileal colorectal anastomoses. The retroileal apprach is a technical aid when performing an extensive left-sided colectomy and/or when there is insufficient length of residual transverse colon to make a tension-free colorectal anastomosis.", "contents": "Left-sided colectomy with retroileal colorectal anastomosis. Following resection of the sigmoid and descending colon for cancer or extensive diverticular disease, it may be impossible to make a colorectal anastomosis due to inadequate length of the residual transverse colon. To correct this problem, the remaining transverse colon may be pulled into the pelvis by making a \"window\" in the terminal part of the ileal mesentery. From January 1966 to January 1975, 302 resections of the descending colon with colorectal anastomoses were performed by one of the authors (R.B.T.) for upper sigmoid cancer and extensive diverticulitis at the Cleveland Clinic. Eleven patients (4%) had retroileal colorectal anastomoses. The retroileal apprach is a technical aid when performing an extensive left-sided colectomy and/or when there is insufficient length of residual transverse colon to make a tension-free colorectal anastomosis.", "PMID": 687079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7343", "title": "[Changes in the incidence of coronary vasculopathy in the Cosentina hospital population in the 3-year periods of 1950-52, 1956-58, 1963-65, 1966-68, 1969-71].", "content": "The incidence of admissions for coronary disease in relation to age, sex, diet, occupation and place of origin was examined for five 3-yr periods ('50-'52, '56-'58, '63-'65, '66-'68, and '69-'71). There was a marked increase in admissions and a greater incidence among middle-aged subjects and males. The percent frequency differences between urban and montane districts noted in the fifties were less apparent later in the last three-year period.", "contents": "[Changes in the incidence of coronary vasculopathy in the Cosentina hospital population in the 3-year periods of 1950-52, 1956-58, 1963-65, 1966-68, 1969-71]. The incidence of admissions for coronary disease in relation to age, sex, diet, occupation and place of origin was examined for five 3-yr periods ('50-'52, '56-'58, '63-'65, '66-'68, and '69-'71). There was a marked increase in admissions and a greater incidence among middle-aged subjects and males. The percent frequency differences between urban and montane districts noted in the fifties were less apparent later in the last three-year period.", "PMID": 687074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7344", "title": "Transposed basilic vein-brachial arteriovenous fistula. A reliable secondary-access procedure.", "content": "Over a two-year period, 25 transposed basilic vein-brachial arteriovenous fistulas were created as secondary vascular access procedures in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. The operative technique is described in detail. One-year patency rate by life-table analysis was 85%. There were two minor complications. The procedure is advocated as a reliable secondary-access procedure when a radial-cephalic arteriovenous fistula cannot be constructed or has failed.", "contents": "Transposed basilic vein-brachial arteriovenous fistula. A reliable secondary-access procedure. Over a two-year period, 25 transposed basilic vein-brachial arteriovenous fistulas were created as secondary vascular access procedures in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. The operative technique is described in detail. One-year patency rate by life-table analysis was 85%. There were two minor complications. The procedure is advocated as a reliable secondary-access procedure when a radial-cephalic arteriovenous fistula cannot be constructed or has failed.", "PMID": 687080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7345", "title": "[Alcoholism survey. Clinico-statistical study of 3009 patients in a General Medicine Division].", "content": "The alarming spread of alcoholism is noted and its aetiology is examined in the light of its many causes and influencing factors. Steps to stem the tide are discussed, along with the methods to be adopted and the persons by whom they should be put into effect. Drinkers are classed as large and small alcoholics and the incidene of alcoholism in 3009 male and female patients is examined in the light of the type of drink involved, occupation, age and reason for admission to hospital. Attention is drawn to the high number of male alcoholics. Screening for alcoholism in hospital is recommended as a means of preventing the syndrome.", "contents": "[Alcoholism survey. Clinico-statistical study of 3009 patients in a General Medicine Division]. The alarming spread of alcoholism is noted and its aetiology is examined in the light of its many causes and influencing factors. Steps to stem the tide are discussed, along with the methods to be adopted and the persons by whom they should be put into effect. Drinkers are classed as large and small alcoholics and the incidene of alcoholism in 3009 male and female patients is examined in the light of the type of drink involved, occupation, age and reason for admission to hospital. Attention is drawn to the high number of male alcoholics. Screening for alcoholism in hospital is recommended as a means of preventing the syndrome.", "PMID": 687075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7346", "title": "[From the analysis of the inadequacies of a 200-bed zonal hospital to an alternative proposal of a single general hospital to be used by the whole territory].", "content": "The adequacy of the hospital to meet patients' needs was analysed on the basis of patients admitted to the Medicine Division over a 6 month period. Critical discussion of the numerous deficiencies encountered shows: 1) that the small zonal hospital of 200 beds is inadequate to perform the tasks and function of modern medicine; 2) that, more generally, the hierarchical distinction still ruling in regional, provincial and zonal hospitals is anachronistic. The proposal for a single General Hospital for acute patients (available for the whole territory) is put forward and the relations of this new unit with out-patient structures are defined.", "contents": "[From the analysis of the inadequacies of a 200-bed zonal hospital to an alternative proposal of a single general hospital to be used by the whole territory]. The adequacy of the hospital to meet patients' needs was analysed on the basis of patients admitted to the Medicine Division over a 6 month period. Critical discussion of the numerous deficiencies encountered shows: 1) that the small zonal hospital of 200 beds is inadequate to perform the tasks and function of modern medicine; 2) that, more generally, the hierarchical distinction still ruling in regional, provincial and zonal hospitals is anachronistic. The proposal for a single General Hospital for acute patients (available for the whole territory) is put forward and the relations of this new unit with out-patient structures are defined.", "PMID": 687076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7347", "title": "Hemodynamic studies of the audiofrequency analysis of carotid bruits.", "content": "The contribution of carotid audiofrequency analysis to the noninvasive diagnosis of carotid arterial lesions requires clarification. Carotid arterial stenoses were simulated in the dog and the following measurements were made: proximal and distal arterial pressure, blood flow, percent area reduction, and carotid audiofrequency analysis. A 40% area reduction produced a systolic bruit but no interference with flow or pressure. A 60% area reduction produced a pansystolic bruit and a reduction in peak systolic flow (precritical stenosis). A 70% area reduction produced a systolic bruit that extended into diastole, a reduction in mean blood flow, and an increased pressure gradient (critical stenosis). At total occlusion, there was no recordable heart sound or bruit. Carotid audiofrequency analysis can establish the hemodynamic importance of a carotid artery lesion and it is an essential component of any noninvasive examination.", "contents": "Hemodynamic studies of the audiofrequency analysis of carotid bruits. The contribution of carotid audiofrequency analysis to the noninvasive diagnosis of carotid arterial lesions requires clarification. Carotid arterial stenoses were simulated in the dog and the following measurements were made: proximal and distal arterial pressure, blood flow, percent area reduction, and carotid audiofrequency analysis. A 40% area reduction produced a systolic bruit but no interference with flow or pressure. A 60% area reduction produced a pansystolic bruit and a reduction in peak systolic flow (precritical stenosis). A 70% area reduction produced a systolic bruit that extended into diastole, a reduction in mean blood flow, and an increased pressure gradient (critical stenosis). At total occlusion, there was no recordable heart sound or bruit. Carotid audiofrequency analysis can establish the hemodynamic importance of a carotid artery lesion and it is an essential component of any noninvasive examination.", "PMID": 687086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7348", "title": "Rational management of the asymptomatic carotid bruit.", "content": "A noninvasive cerebrovascular evaluation has been devised that combines three separate but complimentary procedures: ocular pneumoplethysmography (OPPG), carotid audiofrequency analysis (CAA), and cerebral Doppler analysis. This evaluation has proven particularly useful in examination of the asymptomatic carotid bruit, and the management of such patients is aided by noninvasive testing. Patients with a poorly compensated stenosis (reduced OPPG) are all considered candidates for angiography and surgery. For patients with a well-compensated (normal OPPG) but surgically important stenosis (abnormal CAA or Doppler), angiography and surgery are recommended in selected patients. Angiography and/or surgery are believed safely withheld in all remaining patients. The reliability and effectiveness of this approach is evaluated in a series of 100 consecutive patients with an asymptomatic carotid bruit. There were no false-positive results and only known false-negative interpretation.", "contents": "Rational management of the asymptomatic carotid bruit. A noninvasive cerebrovascular evaluation has been devised that combines three separate but complimentary procedures: ocular pneumoplethysmography (OPPG), carotid audiofrequency analysis (CAA), and cerebral Doppler analysis. This evaluation has proven particularly useful in examination of the asymptomatic carotid bruit, and the management of such patients is aided by noninvasive testing. Patients with a poorly compensated stenosis (reduced OPPG) are all considered candidates for angiography and surgery. For patients with a well-compensated (normal OPPG) but surgically important stenosis (abnormal CAA or Doppler), angiography and surgery are recommended in selected patients. Angiography and/or surgery are believed safely withheld in all remaining patients. The reliability and effectiveness of this approach is evaluated in a series of 100 consecutive patients with an asymptomatic carotid bruit. There were no false-positive results and only known false-negative interpretation.", "PMID": 687087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7349", "title": "Doppler ankle systolic blood pressure. Prognostic value in vein bypass grafts of the lower extremity.", "content": "The prognostic value of Doppler-derived ankle systolic pressure indices for predicting the patency of vein bypass grafts in the lower extremity was analyzed in 126 vein bypass grafts performed for limb salvage. Early or late graft failure was not found to correlate with the preoperative ankle systolic pressure index (ASPI). Intraoperative blood flow measurements did not correlate with the preoperative ASPI. An intraoperative graft flow of less than 0.7 at 24 to 48 hours, or an increase in ASPI of less than 0.4 were prognostic signs of early vein graft failure.", "contents": "Doppler ankle systolic blood pressure. Prognostic value in vein bypass grafts of the lower extremity. The prognostic value of Doppler-derived ankle systolic pressure indices for predicting the patency of vein bypass grafts in the lower extremity was analyzed in 126 vein bypass grafts performed for limb salvage. Early or late graft failure was not found to correlate with the preoperative ankle systolic pressure index (ASPI). Intraoperative blood flow measurements did not correlate with the preoperative ASPI. An intraoperative graft flow of less than 0.7 at 24 to 48 hours, or an increase in ASPI of less than 0.4 were prognostic signs of early vein graft failure.", "PMID": 687088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7350", "title": "A simplified instrument for noninvasive vascular assessment.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive pulse wave recording device was tested in large (25- to 40-kg) dogs. Femoral arterial flow, prestenotic and poststenotic arterial waveforms, and pressures were monitored as stenosis was induced with a constricting silk loop. The recording device tested was placed around the distal leg. The pulse wave recorder accurately reproduced the arterial pulse waveform. The amplitude of the device's waveform was linearly proportional to the arterial pulse pressure. The instrument was sensitive in detecing a flow-limiting stenosis. The cuff represents an advance in noninvasive vascular assessment because it is quite inexpensive, portable, and durable, as well as precise and sensitive.", "contents": "A simplified instrument for noninvasive vascular assessment. A simple, inexpensive pulse wave recording device was tested in large (25- to 40-kg) dogs. Femoral arterial flow, prestenotic and poststenotic arterial waveforms, and pressures were monitored as stenosis was induced with a constricting silk loop. The recording device tested was placed around the distal leg. The pulse wave recorder accurately reproduced the arterial pulse waveform. The amplitude of the device's waveform was linearly proportional to the arterial pulse pressure. The instrument was sensitive in detecing a flow-limiting stenosis. The cuff represents an advance in noninvasive vascular assessment because it is quite inexpensive, portable, and durable, as well as precise and sensitive.", "PMID": 687089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7351", "title": "Limb salvage by inverted Y vein grafts to below-knee arteries.", "content": "Distal Y branches to other below-knee arteries were added to standard femorotibial bypass grafts to increase runoff, more effectively perfuse the ischemic limb, and improve limb salvage rate. Y grafts were performed in 16 lower limbs in 15 patients. Flow through the graft was increased significantly with each additional Y limb. Preoperative angiograms demonstrated filling of the distal vessels. Surgical indications were gangrenous toes or ischemic ulcers in 12 patients, and 13 limbs were saved. Three patients received bypass grafts for acute ischemic changes, limbs were salvaged in two of the three patients. Two Y grafts performed in 1971 and in 1974 remain patent. Between 1971 and 1977, forty standard femorotibial bypasses were done, with a long-term patency rate of 54%. During the past two years, 13 more Y grafts were performed, with an overall initial patency of 94%. Late results of the Y grafts have been surprisingly good, with no subsequent loss of grafts or limbs.", "contents": "Limb salvage by inverted Y vein grafts to below-knee arteries. Distal Y branches to other below-knee arteries were added to standard femorotibial bypass grafts to increase runoff, more effectively perfuse the ischemic limb, and improve limb salvage rate. Y grafts were performed in 16 lower limbs in 15 patients. Flow through the graft was increased significantly with each additional Y limb. Preoperative angiograms demonstrated filling of the distal vessels. Surgical indications were gangrenous toes or ischemic ulcers in 12 patients, and 13 limbs were saved. Three patients received bypass grafts for acute ischemic changes, limbs were salvaged in two of the three patients. Two Y grafts performed in 1971 and in 1974 remain patent. Between 1971 and 1977, forty standard femorotibial bypasses were done, with a long-term patency rate of 54%. During the past two years, 13 more Y grafts were performed, with an overall initial patency of 94%. Late results of the Y grafts have been surprisingly good, with no subsequent loss of grafts or limbs.", "PMID": 687090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7352", "title": "Preservation of erectile function after aortoiliac reconstruction.", "content": "Men with aortoiliac atherosclerosis exhibit organic erectile dysfunction caused by inadequate blood flow and/or psychological factors. After aortoiliac reconstruction, organic erectile dysfunction may be due primarily to surgical interruption of autonomic nerve fibers. To avoid this, dissection principles preserving genital autonomic plexi were developed. The results of these dissections were compared with those of conventional bypasses. Thirty nondiabetic men (age range, 43 to 67 years) were studied. A history of erectile capacity was elicited preoperatively and evaluated postoperatively in follow-up interviews every six months. Normal postoperative erectile function was not affected by nerve-sparing dissections. Each of the 11 patients requiring conventional dissections was both preoperatively and postoperatively impotent. Four of the 19 patients who underwent nerve-sparing dissection were preoperatively and postoperatively impotent. Seven of these 19 patients maintained preoperative potency after nerve-sparing dissection. The potency of the remaining eight patients was either completely restored or improved after nerve-sparing dissection. This report emphasizes the importantance of a preoperative determination of a complex interplay of physical and psychological factors in erectile dysfunction.", "contents": "Preservation of erectile function after aortoiliac reconstruction. Men with aortoiliac atherosclerosis exhibit organic erectile dysfunction caused by inadequate blood flow and/or psychological factors. After aortoiliac reconstruction, organic erectile dysfunction may be due primarily to surgical interruption of autonomic nerve fibers. To avoid this, dissection principles preserving genital autonomic plexi were developed. The results of these dissections were compared with those of conventional bypasses. Thirty nondiabetic men (age range, 43 to 67 years) were studied. A history of erectile capacity was elicited preoperatively and evaluated postoperatively in follow-up interviews every six months. Normal postoperative erectile function was not affected by nerve-sparing dissections. Each of the 11 patients requiring conventional dissections was both preoperatively and postoperatively impotent. Four of the 19 patients who underwent nerve-sparing dissection were preoperatively and postoperatively impotent. Seven of these 19 patients maintained preoperative potency after nerve-sparing dissection. The potency of the remaining eight patients was either completely restored or improved after nerve-sparing dissection. This report emphasizes the importantance of a preoperative determination of a complex interplay of physical and psychological factors in erectile dysfunction.", "PMID": 687091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7353", "title": "Cardiac and pulmonary function in regional intestinal shock.", "content": "After a two-hour period of regional intestinal shock (arterial inflow pressure 30 to 35 mm Hg; electrical stimulation of regional vasoconstrictor fibers at 6 Hz) a pronounced cardiovascular derangement is observed as reflected in a rapid fall in arterial blood pressure. In this study, central hemodynamics and lung function were investigated to elucidate if functional changes in the thoracic organs might explain the cardiovascular collapse. No alteration of pulmonary function was observed. A negative inotropic influence on the heart was, however, noted as judged by a decreased left ventricular stroke volume and left ventricular maximal pressure change in the face of an increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure. Based on earlier observations with the same shock model, it is proposed that the cardiac effects were caused by cardiotoxic material released from the hypoxic gut.", "contents": "Cardiac and pulmonary function in regional intestinal shock. After a two-hour period of regional intestinal shock (arterial inflow pressure 30 to 35 mm Hg; electrical stimulation of regional vasoconstrictor fibers at 6 Hz) a pronounced cardiovascular derangement is observed as reflected in a rapid fall in arterial blood pressure. In this study, central hemodynamics and lung function were investigated to elucidate if functional changes in the thoracic organs might explain the cardiovascular collapse. No alteration of pulmonary function was observed. A negative inotropic influence on the heart was, however, noted as judged by a decreased left ventricular stroke volume and left ventricular maximal pressure change in the face of an increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure. Based on earlier observations with the same shock model, it is proposed that the cardiac effects were caused by cardiotoxic material released from the hypoxic gut.", "PMID": 687092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7354", "title": "Splenectomy and the thymic involution of increasing age.", "content": "Forty young female rats, aged about 3 months, were weighed on entry into the study; half were subjected to initial splenectomy. Animals were weighed at monthly intervals therafter. Ten animals from each group were killed at four months, and ten from each group at one year. Thymuses and spleens were dissected out and weighted. Because of progressive weight gain, all groups showed declining thymic index. Absolute thymus weight did not change signficiantly in splenectomized animals. Intact animals showed significantly reduced thymus weight at 4 months (P less than .001) and at 12 months (P less than .005). We conclude that the spleen may be a causative factor in the thymic involution of increasing age. The process is gradual and indolent compared to the rapid thymic weight depletion that occurs in the presence of growing tumor.", "contents": "Splenectomy and the thymic involution of increasing age. Forty young female rats, aged about 3 months, were weighed on entry into the study; half were subjected to initial splenectomy. Animals were weighed at monthly intervals therafter. Ten animals from each group were killed at four months, and ten from each group at one year. Thymuses and spleens were dissected out and weighted. Because of progressive weight gain, all groups showed declining thymic index. Absolute thymus weight did not change signficiantly in splenectomized animals. Intact animals showed significantly reduced thymus weight at 4 months (P less than .001) and at 12 months (P less than .005). We conclude that the spleen may be a causative factor in the thymic involution of increasing age. The process is gradual and indolent compared to the rapid thymic weight depletion that occurs in the presence of growing tumor.", "PMID": 687093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7355", "title": "Potassium cardioplegia. An alternate method of intraoperative myocardial protection.", "content": "Potassium-induced cardioplegia was studied in 38 mongrel dogs supported by normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and subjected to 60 minutes of aortic cross clamping followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. A study of preischemic and postischemic ventricular function and myocardial high-energy phosphate compounds, lactate, and glycogen showed substantial preservation of high-energy phosphates and ventricular performance when potassium cardioplegia was used. However, the substantial depression in contractility observed following ischemia nad reperfusion suggests that potassium cardioplegia alone does not provide adequate intraoperative protection of the myocardium.", "contents": "Potassium cardioplegia. An alternate method of intraoperative myocardial protection. Potassium-induced cardioplegia was studied in 38 mongrel dogs supported by normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and subjected to 60 minutes of aortic cross clamping followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. A study of preischemic and postischemic ventricular function and myocardial high-energy phosphate compounds, lactate, and glycogen showed substantial preservation of high-energy phosphates and ventricular performance when potassium cardioplegia was used. However, the substantial depression in contractility observed following ischemia nad reperfusion suggests that potassium cardioplegia alone does not provide adequate intraoperative protection of the myocardium.", "PMID": 687094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7356", "title": "Role of portal venous blood supply from the pancreas in maintaining hepatic functional reserve. Appraisal of Warren's shunt operation.", "content": "Mitochondrial phosphorylative activity was measured in the livers of various shunted or pancreatectomized dogs. In simple portal vein branch-ligated dogs, the mitochondrial phosphorylative activity in the nonligated lobe, which was supplied with excess portal blood, increased to approximately 150% of control values. In splenocaval-shunted or totally pancreatectomized dogs, the mitochondrial phosphorylative activity did not increase even in the nonligated lobe. However, the mitochondrial phosphorylative activity in the nonligated lobe increased to 120% of control in 80%-pancreatectomized and 150% in 50%-pancreatectomized dogs. In distal splenorenal-shunted (Warren-shunted) dogs, the mitochondrial phosphorylative activity increased to 150% of control values. Thus, the Warren's shunt operation is considered to be the more reasonable procedure for treatment of liver cirrhosis with esophageal varices, from the point of view of hepatic functional reserve based on the energetic metabolism of the liver.", "contents": "Role of portal venous blood supply from the pancreas in maintaining hepatic functional reserve. Appraisal of Warren's shunt operation. Mitochondrial phosphorylative activity was measured in the livers of various shunted or pancreatectomized dogs. In simple portal vein branch-ligated dogs, the mitochondrial phosphorylative activity in the nonligated lobe, which was supplied with excess portal blood, increased to approximately 150% of control values. In splenocaval-shunted or totally pancreatectomized dogs, the mitochondrial phosphorylative activity did not increase even in the nonligated lobe. However, the mitochondrial phosphorylative activity in the nonligated lobe increased to 120% of control in 80%-pancreatectomized and 150% in 50%-pancreatectomized dogs. In distal splenorenal-shunted (Warren-shunted) dogs, the mitochondrial phosphorylative activity increased to 150% of control values. Thus, the Warren's shunt operation is considered to be the more reasonable procedure for treatment of liver cirrhosis with esophageal varices, from the point of view of hepatic functional reserve based on the energetic metabolism of the liver.", "PMID": 687095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7357", "title": "A treatment plan for rapid assessment of the patient with massive blood loss and pelvic fractures.", "content": "Exsanguinating retroperitoneal hemorrhage secondary to pelvic fractures is a frequent cause of death in the injured pedestrian. Attempts at lowering the mortality from these injuries have led to a variety of suggested treatment modalities, including observation, arterial ligation, or direct suturing of the bleeding sites. Arteriographic embolization is perhaps the newest modality but requires implementation of a rapid and efficient triage and treatment plan. Each of the suggested modalities and the formulation of such a treatment plan are discussed and a case report showing the feasibility of immediate arteriographic embolization as the preferred mode of management is presented.", "contents": "A treatment plan for rapid assessment of the patient with massive blood loss and pelvic fractures. Exsanguinating retroperitoneal hemorrhage secondary to pelvic fractures is a frequent cause of death in the injured pedestrian. Attempts at lowering the mortality from these injuries have led to a variety of suggested treatment modalities, including observation, arterial ligation, or direct suturing of the bleeding sites. Arteriographic embolization is perhaps the newest modality but requires implementation of a rapid and efficient triage and treatment plan. Each of the suggested modalities and the formulation of such a treatment plan are discussed and a case report showing the feasibility of immediate arteriographic embolization as the preferred mode of management is presented.", "PMID": 687096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7358", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel associated with Crohn's disease.", "content": "We treated a patient with adenocarcinoma complicating long-standing Crohn's disease; this brings the total number of reported cases to 38. Review of the previously published cases suggests that adenocarcinoma complicating chronic Crohn's disease is a separate pathologic entity, as compared with carcinoma de novo of the small bowel.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel associated with Crohn's disease. We treated a patient with adenocarcinoma complicating long-standing Crohn's disease; this brings the total number of reported cases to 38. Review of the previously published cases suggests that adenocarcinoma complicating chronic Crohn's disease is a separate pathologic entity, as compared with carcinoma de novo of the small bowel.", "PMID": 687097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7359", "title": "Cholecystocele. A congenital anomaly of the gallbladder.", "content": "Complete excision of a cholecystocele is recommended unless the remaining biliary drainage of the liver would be jeopardized. Evidence suggests that the embryologic development of the gallbladder and cystic duct is probably a sequestration and differentiation process from the hepatic antrum and not an independent \"budding\" from the primitive hepatic diverticulum.", "contents": "Cholecystocele. A congenital anomaly of the gallbladder. Complete excision of a cholecystocele is recommended unless the remaining biliary drainage of the liver would be jeopardized. Evidence suggests that the embryologic development of the gallbladder and cystic duct is probably a sequestration and differentiation process from the hepatic antrum and not an independent \"budding\" from the primitive hepatic diverticulum.", "PMID": 687098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7360", "title": "Mesenteric fibromatosis in Gardner's syndrome.", "content": "Two patients with mesenteric fibromatosis in Gardner's syndrome were treated by us. These tumors are slow-growing and may remain quiescent for long periods. Review of similar cases in the literature discloses that less than half of these tumors have been removed, pointing to the difficulty of their resection. Dissection of the infraduodenal portion of superior mesenteric vessels may help define whether these tumors are resectable. Radiation therapy or treatment with antiestrogens may be helpful in the treatment of unresectable tumors.", "contents": "Mesenteric fibromatosis in Gardner's syndrome. Two patients with mesenteric fibromatosis in Gardner's syndrome were treated by us. These tumors are slow-growing and may remain quiescent for long periods. Review of similar cases in the literature discloses that less than half of these tumors have been removed, pointing to the difficulty of their resection. Dissection of the infraduodenal portion of superior mesenteric vessels may help define whether these tumors are resectable. Radiation therapy or treatment with antiestrogens may be helpful in the treatment of unresectable tumors.", "PMID": 687099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7361", "title": "Wound contraction and fibrocontractive disorders.", "content": "A most important contribution to the understanding of wound healing has been the identification of the myofibroblast. These cells contract like smooth muscle cells and have been identified in a variety of chronic and open wounds. The myofibroblasts have been reported as the causative factor resulting in the wound contraction. This report demonstrates the presence of the myofibroblasts in breast capsule contraction, as well as in Peyronie's disease. The presence of the myofibroblast in Peyronie's disease and Dupuytren's contracture suggests that the myofibroblast may be the causal factor behind the association of these two disorders. The evidence suggests that a spectrum of fibrocontractive disorders exists that has the myofibroblast as the common denominator. Some evidence is presented that permits the speculation that the myofibroblast may be a transformation of the local fibroblast to a smooth muscle cell in response to forces applied to the tissue.", "contents": "Wound contraction and fibrocontractive disorders. A most important contribution to the understanding of wound healing has been the identification of the myofibroblast. These cells contract like smooth muscle cells and have been identified in a variety of chronic and open wounds. The myofibroblasts have been reported as the causative factor resulting in the wound contraction. This report demonstrates the presence of the myofibroblasts in breast capsule contraction, as well as in Peyronie's disease. The presence of the myofibroblast in Peyronie's disease and Dupuytren's contracture suggests that the myofibroblast may be the causal factor behind the association of these two disorders. The evidence suggests that a spectrum of fibrocontractive disorders exists that has the myofibroblast as the common denominator. Some evidence is presented that permits the speculation that the myofibroblast may be a transformation of the local fibroblast to a smooth muscle cell in response to forces applied to the tissue.", "PMID": 687101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7362", "title": "Frequency of bowel movements after colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis.", "content": "Stool frequency was studied in 43 patients several years after they had undergone ileorectal anastomosis. Seven (16%) of the patients had high and potentially disabling frequency. The level of anastomosis above the anus, patient age, and length of ileum resected were not shown to be important factors. Resection in patients with neoplastic disease was generally better tolerated than in those with diverticulosis. From this study, it seems that potentially disabling stool frequency will be an inevitable consequence in about one sixth of the patients having the operation.", "contents": "Frequency of bowel movements after colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis. Stool frequency was studied in 43 patients several years after they had undergone ileorectal anastomosis. Seven (16%) of the patients had high and potentially disabling frequency. The level of anastomosis above the anus, patient age, and length of ileum resected were not shown to be important factors. Resection in patients with neoplastic disease was generally better tolerated than in those with diverticulosis. From this study, it seems that potentially disabling stool frequency will be an inevitable consequence in about one sixth of the patients having the operation.", "PMID": 687102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7363", "title": "Management of familial breast cancer. I. Biostatistical-genetic aspects and their limitations as derived from a familial breast cancer resource.", "content": "Practical guidelines are given to promote decision-making logic by the physician in managing patients seeking consultation (consultands) because they may be at high familial risk for breast cancer and associated malignant neoplasms. The protocol is designed to aid in the assessment of patients who may become candidates for intensified cancer surveillance and/or prophylactic surgery. A resource comprised of 90 extended breast cancer-prone pedigrees provides the basis for these specific recommendations. The resource shows marked tumor heterogeneity among pedigrees, an approximate 50% incidence of breast cancer and associated malignancies among offspring of affected parents, and threefold higher risk for development of mammary carcinoma in the opposite breast of familial patients with unilateral disease than in sporadic patients. In utilizing this protocol, it is crucial that family history be highly accurate from the standpoint of genealogic relationships and pathologic tumor verification so that management recommendations may reflect sound risk factor assessment. Interpretation of familial risk factors should ideally be made by an informed medical-geneticist. All members of the medical team should then be appraised of familial risk and collectively engage in decision making with the consultand. We believe that this approach can foster more effective control of familial breast cancer.", "contents": "Management of familial breast cancer. I. Biostatistical-genetic aspects and their limitations as derived from a familial breast cancer resource. Practical guidelines are given to promote decision-making logic by the physician in managing patients seeking consultation (consultands) because they may be at high familial risk for breast cancer and associated malignant neoplasms. The protocol is designed to aid in the assessment of patients who may become candidates for intensified cancer surveillance and/or prophylactic surgery. A resource comprised of 90 extended breast cancer-prone pedigrees provides the basis for these specific recommendations. The resource shows marked tumor heterogeneity among pedigrees, an approximate 50% incidence of breast cancer and associated malignancies among offspring of affected parents, and threefold higher risk for development of mammary carcinoma in the opposite breast of familial patients with unilateral disease than in sporadic patients. In utilizing this protocol, it is crucial that family history be highly accurate from the standpoint of genealogic relationships and pathologic tumor verification so that management recommendations may reflect sound risk factor assessment. Interpretation of familial risk factors should ideally be made by an informed medical-geneticist. All members of the medical team should then be appraised of familial risk and collectively engage in decision making with the consultand. We believe that this approach can foster more effective control of familial breast cancer.", "PMID": 687103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7364", "title": "Management of familial breast cancer. II. Case reports, pedigrees, genetic counseling, and team concept.", "content": "The lack of therapeutic progress, coupled with limitations in early breast cancer diagnostic surveillance, suggest the need for innovative control programs for this disease. We have provided certian practical criteria for prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomy based on family history, presence of precancerous diseases of the breast, and other breast cancer risk factors, and the attitudes, feelings, and emotional aspects of the patient, all of which temper decisions for the type of cancer surveillance program and/or prophylactic surgery.", "contents": "Management of familial breast cancer. II. Case reports, pedigrees, genetic counseling, and team concept. The lack of therapeutic progress, coupled with limitations in early breast cancer diagnostic surveillance, suggest the need for innovative control programs for this disease. We have provided certian practical criteria for prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomy based on family history, presence of precancerous diseases of the breast, and other breast cancer risk factors, and the attitudes, feelings, and emotional aspects of the patient, all of which temper decisions for the type of cancer surveillance program and/or prophylactic surgery.", "PMID": 687104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7365", "title": "Radiation-related thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "Of 1,825 subjects with a history of head or neck irradiation, 358 (19.6%) were found to have thyroid abnormalities. One hundred sixty-five (9%) had either single or multiple nodules 153 (8.4%) had diffuse thyromegaly, and 40 (2.2%) had had thyroid surgery. Surgery was performed on 113 subjects with nodules; carcinoma was found in 34 (30.1%). Clinical examination of the neck was the most valuable method of detecting abnormalities. Detection of nodules was not significantly enhanced by routine use of thyroid imaging studies. Measurements of levels of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, triidothyronine resin uptake, and thyroid antibodies were not useful in screening for nodules or carcinoma.", "contents": "Radiation-related thyroid carcinoma. Of 1,825 subjects with a history of head or neck irradiation, 358 (19.6%) were found to have thyroid abnormalities. One hundred sixty-five (9%) had either single or multiple nodules 153 (8.4%) had diffuse thyromegaly, and 40 (2.2%) had had thyroid surgery. Surgery was performed on 113 subjects with nodules; carcinoma was found in 34 (30.1%). Clinical examination of the neck was the most valuable method of detecting abnormalities. Detection of nodules was not significantly enhanced by routine use of thyroid imaging studies. Measurements of levels of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, triidothyronine resin uptake, and thyroid antibodies were not useful in screening for nodules or carcinoma.", "PMID": 687105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7366", "title": "Transcatheter thromboembolectomy of acute renal artery occlusion.", "content": "Direct surgery of the renal artery has been performed for the relief of acute thrombotic or embolic occlusion of the renal artery to restore adequate renal perfusion and prevent irreversible renal failure. Occasionally, severe medical disease may increase surgical risk to a prohibitive level. An angiographic technique has been devised to provide an alternative approach and has been successfully used on five occluded renal arteries in four patients, with measurable benefit.", "contents": "Transcatheter thromboembolectomy of acute renal artery occlusion. Direct surgery of the renal artery has been performed for the relief of acute thrombotic or embolic occlusion of the renal artery to restore adequate renal perfusion and prevent irreversible renal failure. Occasionally, severe medical disease may increase surgical risk to a prohibitive level. An angiographic technique has been devised to provide an alternative approach and has been successfully used on five occluded renal arteries in four patients, with measurable benefit.", "PMID": 687106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7367", "title": "Penetration of clindamycin into the human appendix.", "content": "Clindamycin penetrated extremely well into inflamed (19) and normal (one) appendices. Average levels in appendiceal tissue taken 26 to 300 minutes after a single intravenous dose were 154% of the simultaneous serum concentration.", "contents": "Penetration of clindamycin into the human appendix. Clindamycin penetrated extremely well into inflamed (19) and normal (one) appendices. Average levels in appendiceal tissue taken 26 to 300 minutes after a single intravenous dose were 154% of the simultaneous serum concentration.", "PMID": 687107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7368", "title": "Enhancement of tissue Po2 of strangulated bowel by topical application of sodium nitroprusside.", "content": "The Po2 was measured in the tissue of the ileal wall of dogs before, during, and up to one hour after reversible occlusion of segmental arteries. The occlusion was then released and the reoxygenation of the bowel wall was observed. Sodium nitroprusside (50 mg in 100 ml of solution) applied topically to the ischemic segment enhanced reoxygenation as compared to control animals. Nitroprusside absorbed into the portal system did not cause hypotension, as is usual with systemic administration, because nitroprusside is inactivated by passage through the liver. Topically applied sodium nitroprusside alleviates intestinal ischemia by direct local vasodilatation and relaxation of smooth muscle spasm in the ischemic bowel wall. The intraperitoneal use of sodium nitroprusside should be clinically evaluated in situations where visceral perfusion is impaired.", "contents": "Enhancement of tissue Po2 of strangulated bowel by topical application of sodium nitroprusside. The Po2 was measured in the tissue of the ileal wall of dogs before, during, and up to one hour after reversible occlusion of segmental arteries. The occlusion was then released and the reoxygenation of the bowel wall was observed. Sodium nitroprusside (50 mg in 100 ml of solution) applied topically to the ischemic segment enhanced reoxygenation as compared to control animals. Nitroprusside absorbed into the portal system did not cause hypotension, as is usual with systemic administration, because nitroprusside is inactivated by passage through the liver. Topically applied sodium nitroprusside alleviates intestinal ischemia by direct local vasodilatation and relaxation of smooth muscle spasm in the ischemic bowel wall. The intraperitoneal use of sodium nitroprusside should be clinically evaluated in situations where visceral perfusion is impaired.", "PMID": 687108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7369", "title": "Total colectomy and anal ileostomy in multiple polyposis coli.", "content": "Two patients with familial polyposis coli were treated by total abdominal colectomy, endorectal mucosal stripping, and ileoanal anastomosis. About 24 months after operation, both patients had four to five soft-formed stools daily with good anal sphincter control. Because of its physical and emotional advantages and the fact that possible precancerous lesions are treated completely, we believe that this operation is superior to those generally used today.", "contents": "Total colectomy and anal ileostomy in multiple polyposis coli. Two patients with familial polyposis coli were treated by total abdominal colectomy, endorectal mucosal stripping, and ileoanal anastomosis. About 24 months after operation, both patients had four to five soft-formed stools daily with good anal sphincter control. Because of its physical and emotional advantages and the fact that possible precancerous lesions are treated completely, we believe that this operation is superior to those generally used today.", "PMID": 687109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7370", "title": "Familial polyposis coli. Management by total colectomy with preservation of continence.", "content": "Two cases of familial polyposis coli were managed by total colectomy and endorectal pull-through with excellent long-term results. The performance of a temporary loop ileostomy is advisable to prevent anastomotic complications. In addition, it avoids the excessive diarrhea and perianal excoriation that frequently occur in the early postoperative period until full continence is regained. This is the only method that allows the preservation of rectal function and prevents the occurrence of rectal cancer. It should be considered as a real alternative to either subtotal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis or total colectomy with construction of an ileostomy.", "contents": "Familial polyposis coli. Management by total colectomy with preservation of continence. Two cases of familial polyposis coli were managed by total colectomy and endorectal pull-through with excellent long-term results. The performance of a temporary loop ileostomy is advisable to prevent anastomotic complications. In addition, it avoids the excessive diarrhea and perianal excoriation that frequently occur in the early postoperative period until full continence is regained. This is the only method that allows the preservation of rectal function and prevents the occurrence of rectal cancer. It should be considered as a real alternative to either subtotal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis or total colectomy with construction of an ileostomy.", "PMID": 687110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7371", "title": "Liver necrosis following hepatic artery transection due to trauma.", "content": "Hepatic artery ligation for control of bleeding liver wounds has gained widespread acceptance. Hepatic necrosis is rarely seen after this procedure has been performed. Recently, a patient with multiple organ injuries secondary to a gunshot wound to the abdomen underwent hepatic artery ligation and hepatic necrosis developed even though the portal venous system was normal.", "contents": "Liver necrosis following hepatic artery transection due to trauma. Hepatic artery ligation for control of bleeding liver wounds has gained widespread acceptance. Hepatic necrosis is rarely seen after this procedure has been performed. Recently, a patient with multiple organ injuries secondary to a gunshot wound to the abdomen underwent hepatic artery ligation and hepatic necrosis developed even though the portal venous system was normal.", "PMID": 687111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7372", "title": "Metastatic axillary adenopathy. Use of estrogen receptor protein as an aid in diagnosis.", "content": "In a patient with nonpalpable carcinoma of the breast, the diagnosis from a metastalic axillary node was made by measuring estrogen receptor protein (ERP). The specificity of the technique makes it useful as a diagnostic aid in a patient with mammogram negative for tumor.", "contents": "Metastatic axillary adenopathy. Use of estrogen receptor protein as an aid in diagnosis. In a patient with nonpalpable carcinoma of the breast, the diagnosis from a metastalic axillary node was made by measuring estrogen receptor protein (ERP). The specificity of the technique makes it useful as a diagnostic aid in a patient with mammogram negative for tumor.", "PMID": 687112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7373", "title": "Transmission of Northway and St. Louis encephalitis viruses by arctic mosquitoes.", "content": "Transmission of a Canadian arctic isolate of Northway virus has been demonstrated after incubation of arctic Aedes communis mosquitoes at 13 degrees C for 27 days after intrathoracic injection of 300 plaque forming units of virus. Replication has also been demonstrated after intrathoracic injection of domestic A. aegypti mosquitoes of this virus. Virions of Northway virus, 84--92 nm diameter were morphologically typical of a bunyavirus after propagation in salivary glands of A. communis or in tissue cultures of baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. An Ontario isolate of St. Louis encephalitis was transmitted by bites of A. communis after 27 days incubation at 13 degrees C after oral ingestion of 3 or 30 mouse LD50 virus. This mosquito species transmitted virus after 13 to 76 days incubation at 13 degrees C following intrathoracic injection of 3 mouse LD50 or higher virus doses.", "contents": "Transmission of Northway and St. Louis encephalitis viruses by arctic mosquitoes. Transmission of a Canadian arctic isolate of Northway virus has been demonstrated after incubation of arctic Aedes communis mosquitoes at 13 degrees C for 27 days after intrathoracic injection of 300 plaque forming units of virus. Replication has also been demonstrated after intrathoracic injection of domestic A. aegypti mosquitoes of this virus. Virions of Northway virus, 84--92 nm diameter were morphologically typical of a bunyavirus after propagation in salivary glands of A. communis or in tissue cultures of baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. An Ontario isolate of St. Louis encephalitis was transmitted by bites of A. communis after 27 days incubation at 13 degrees C after oral ingestion of 3 or 30 mouse LD50 virus. This mosquito species transmitted virus after 13 to 76 days incubation at 13 degrees C following intrathoracic injection of 3 mouse LD50 or higher virus doses.", "PMID": 687117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7374", "title": "Structural elements in adenovirus cores. Studies by means of freeze-fracturing and ultrathin sectioning.", "content": "Rod-like elements have been observed in adenovirions after freeze-fracturing of purified, semi-purified and intra-cellular adenovirus type 5. Their rod-like shape was clearly demonstrated by means of stereomicrographs. Ultrathin sections prepared in parallel with the freeze-fracture replicas revealed linear structures such as ribbons, rings or rods in up to 30 per cent of the semi-purified or intracellular virus particles. These observations indicate that the main 'structural element' in the adenovirus interior is a linear structure either fragmented into 5 to 6 'rods' or folded 5 to 6 times to fit into the inner space of the virion.", "contents": "Structural elements in adenovirus cores. Studies by means of freeze-fracturing and ultrathin sectioning. Rod-like elements have been observed in adenovirions after freeze-fracturing of purified, semi-purified and intra-cellular adenovirus type 5. Their rod-like shape was clearly demonstrated by means of stereomicrographs. Ultrathin sections prepared in parallel with the freeze-fracture replicas revealed linear structures such as ribbons, rings or rods in up to 30 per cent of the semi-purified or intracellular virus particles. These observations indicate that the main 'structural element' in the adenovirus interior is a linear structure either fragmented into 5 to 6 'rods' or folded 5 to 6 times to fit into the inner space of the virion.", "PMID": 687118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7375", "title": "Virulence and persistence of three prototype strains of mumps virus in newborn hamsters.", "content": "Neuroadapted mumps virus (NMV) produces widespread central nervous system (CNS) disease and death after intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation of newborn hamsters. After intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation, NMV causes disseminated disease, moderate mortality and it persists in CNS tissues. Low tissue culture passage isolates of wild mumps virus do not establish CNS infection after i.p. inoculation; after i.c. inoculation they cause limited though persistent infection with little acute mortality. The biological behavior of a highly passaged vaccine strain of mumps virus (Jeryl-Lynn) is more similar to NMV than to the wild strain in its behavior in the newborn hamster.", "contents": "Virulence and persistence of three prototype strains of mumps virus in newborn hamsters. Neuroadapted mumps virus (NMV) produces widespread central nervous system (CNS) disease and death after intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation of newborn hamsters. After intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation, NMV causes disseminated disease, moderate mortality and it persists in CNS tissues. Low tissue culture passage isolates of wild mumps virus do not establish CNS infection after i.p. inoculation; after i.c. inoculation they cause limited though persistent infection with little acute mortality. The biological behavior of a highly passaged vaccine strain of mumps virus (Jeryl-Lynn) is more similar to NMV than to the wild strain in its behavior in the newborn hamster.", "PMID": 687119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7376", "title": "[Effect of general vertical vibration and polychlorocamphene on the kidneys of inbred rats].", "content": "During two months, effects of general vertical vibration, polychlorcamphen and combination of these two factors were studied in the kidneys of 60 immature male rats of August and Wistar strains. Twenty animals were used as controls (10 per each strain). Under experimental conditions, decrease in body weight, in kidney weight, in their volume, linear dimensions and thickness of the cortical layer were noted. The changes were mostly pronounced under combined influence of vibration and polychlorcamphen. Interstrain differences demonstrating that renal changes, under experimental conditions, could depend on the genotype were also revealed.", "contents": "[Effect of general vertical vibration and polychlorocamphene on the kidneys of inbred rats]. During two months, effects of general vertical vibration, polychlorcamphen and combination of these two factors were studied in the kidneys of 60 immature male rats of August and Wistar strains. Twenty animals were used as controls (10 per each strain). Under experimental conditions, decrease in body weight, in kidney weight, in their volume, linear dimensions and thickness of the cortical layer were noted. The changes were mostly pronounced under combined influence of vibration and polychlorcamphen. Interstrain differences demonstrating that renal changes, under experimental conditions, could depend on the genotype were also revealed.", "PMID": 687123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7377", "title": "[Ultrastructural features of gap junction type synapses in the motor nuclei of the frog spinal cord].", "content": "Ultrastructure of synapses in motor nuclei of the frog spinal cord has been studied electron microscopically. In the area examined, synapses with chemical and electrotonic means of transmission have been revealed. Synapses of a gap junction type formed by an intimate contact between plasmic membrane of neuronal processes or axonal terminals and dendrite (pericaryon) of motorneuron can serve as a morphological substrate for electrotonic transmission. Several types of electrotonic synapses have been determined: dendro-dendritic, dendro-somatic, axodendritic, axosomatic and axoaxonic.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural features of gap junction type synapses in the motor nuclei of the frog spinal cord]. Ultrastructure of synapses in motor nuclei of the frog spinal cord has been studied electron microscopically. In the area examined, synapses with chemical and electrotonic means of transmission have been revealed. Synapses of a gap junction type formed by an intimate contact between plasmic membrane of neuronal processes or axonal terminals and dendrite (pericaryon) of motorneuron can serve as a morphological substrate for electrotonic transmission. Several types of electrotonic synapses have been determined: dendro-dendritic, dendro-somatic, axodendritic, axosomatic and axoaxonic.", "PMID": 687124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7378", "title": "[Adrenergic and cholinergic components of the innervation of the arteries of the base of the bird brain].", "content": "By means of Falck's and Koelle's methods adrenergic and cholinergic structures were studied in the arteries in the cerebral basis of blue rock pigeons and of hens, white leghorn stock. The number of nerve transmitters was estimated per 1 mm2 of the vessel surface. The arteries of the basis in pigeon brain are surrounded with developed adrenergic and cholinergic nerve plexuses, their density decreasing in the following order: nasal branch of the internal carotid artery, middle, nasal cerebral and basilar arteries. A little more cholinergic transmitters occur on the middle cerebral artery, while on the other vessels, concentration of cholinergic and adrenergic fibers is equal. In hens, the density in the arrangement of adrenergic nerve transmitters is higher in the nasal branch of the internal carotid and in the nasal cerebral arteries than in the basilar artery. At the same time, chromaffin cells forming numerous conglomerations in some places are found on the latter. In pigeons, the density of adrenergic fibers arrangement on the arteries of the cerebral basis is higher than in hens.", "contents": "[Adrenergic and cholinergic components of the innervation of the arteries of the base of the bird brain]. By means of Falck's and Koelle's methods adrenergic and cholinergic structures were studied in the arteries in the cerebral basis of blue rock pigeons and of hens, white leghorn stock. The number of nerve transmitters was estimated per 1 mm2 of the vessel surface. The arteries of the basis in pigeon brain are surrounded with developed adrenergic and cholinergic nerve plexuses, their density decreasing in the following order: nasal branch of the internal carotid artery, middle, nasal cerebral and basilar arteries. A little more cholinergic transmitters occur on the middle cerebral artery, while on the other vessels, concentration of cholinergic and adrenergic fibers is equal. In hens, the density in the arrangement of adrenergic nerve transmitters is higher in the nasal branch of the internal carotid and in the nasal cerebral arteries than in the basilar artery. At the same time, chromaffin cells forming numerous conglomerations in some places are found on the latter. In pigeons, the density of adrenergic fibers arrangement on the arteries of the cerebral basis is higher than in hens.", "PMID": 687125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7379", "title": "[Histoarchitectonics and capillary-glio-neurocytic relationships in the stellate ganglion of cats].", "content": "By means of injection into the microcirculatory network, section staining with hallocyanine chromic alumen, hematoxylin--eosin, silver impregnation after Bielschowsky--Gross, Baginsky, unequal intensity of microvascularization in cervical and thoracic portions have been stated, as well as different forms of interrelations between capillaries, neurocytes and gliocytes (capillaries are predominantly situated in parallel fashion to the surface of neurocytes, or else surround them). The distance between the capillary and neurocyte does not usually exceed 5--10 mkm. The contact area between neurocytes and capillaries increases with enlargement of neurocyte area. Glial and connective tissue elements are clearly differentiated after staining with acridine orange.", "contents": "[Histoarchitectonics and capillary-glio-neurocytic relationships in the stellate ganglion of cats]. By means of injection into the microcirculatory network, section staining with hallocyanine chromic alumen, hematoxylin--eosin, silver impregnation after Bielschowsky--Gross, Baginsky, unequal intensity of microvascularization in cervical and thoracic portions have been stated, as well as different forms of interrelations between capillaries, neurocytes and gliocytes (capillaries are predominantly situated in parallel fashion to the surface of neurocytes, or else surround them). The distance between the capillary and neurocyte does not usually exceed 5--10 mkm. The contact area between neurocytes and capillaries increases with enlargement of neurocyte area. Glial and connective tissue elements are clearly differentiated after staining with acridine orange.", "PMID": 687126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7380", "title": "[Reparative regeneration of the steppe turtle thyroid gland].", "content": "In 100 mature tortoises (Testudo horsfieldi Gray) reparative peculiarities and dynamics of histogenesis of the thyroid gland were studied under the conditions of its partial resection. The most intensive reparative processes were observed on the injured surface of spring--summer group of animals. The source of the thyroid parenchymal proliferation in reptiles are thyrocytes in destroyed follicles, proliferates and intrafollicular islets from the adjacent parts of the organ. During winter season, revascularization and proliferation of epithelium is inhibited, thus resulting in delay of the organ's regeneration. In intact part of the thyroid gland, hypertrophy and hyperplasy of thyrocytes, increasing number of small follicles are observed. This demonstrates compensatory rearrangements of the remaining part of the organ.", "contents": "[Reparative regeneration of the steppe turtle thyroid gland]. In 100 mature tortoises (Testudo horsfieldi Gray) reparative peculiarities and dynamics of histogenesis of the thyroid gland were studied under the conditions of its partial resection. The most intensive reparative processes were observed on the injured surface of spring--summer group of animals. The source of the thyroid parenchymal proliferation in reptiles are thyrocytes in destroyed follicles, proliferates and intrafollicular islets from the adjacent parts of the organ. During winter season, revascularization and proliferation of epithelium is inhibited, thus resulting in delay of the organ's regeneration. In intact part of the thyroid gland, hypertrophy and hyperplasy of thyrocytes, increasing number of small follicles are observed. This demonstrates compensatory rearrangements of the remaining part of the organ.", "PMID": 687127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7381", "title": "[Time required for replenishment of synovial fluid under experimental conditions].", "content": "Experimental data to determine time for restoration of intraarticular fluid are presented. Mature healthy domestic goats served as experimental animals. From the carpal joints under sterile conditions, synovial fluid was sucked out as completely as possible. Every four hours during the first day and further in 2, 3, 4 days synovial fluid was taken from one of the joints. Cellular elements, their percentage, pH, viscosity (determined on the amount of hyaluronic acid), common proteins and their fractions were determined. It was demonstrated that the process of synovial fluid restoration, in case it was removed completely, took four days. At first the amount of synovial fluid is restored at the expense of its liquid part, percentage of common protein and its fractions increase, and viscosity of synovial fluid decreases. After two days, a gradual restoration of all physiological indices mentioned occurs. By the fourth day they are completely restored. Data of synoviogram demonstrate that at first blood cells appear in a great amount, while cells of tissue origin are very scanty, and by the fourth day percentage of cellular elements is equal to the original: cells of tissue origin--70-72%, blood cells--28--30%.", "contents": "[Time required for replenishment of synovial fluid under experimental conditions]. Experimental data to determine time for restoration of intraarticular fluid are presented. Mature healthy domestic goats served as experimental animals. From the carpal joints under sterile conditions, synovial fluid was sucked out as completely as possible. Every four hours during the first day and further in 2, 3, 4 days synovial fluid was taken from one of the joints. Cellular elements, their percentage, pH, viscosity (determined on the amount of hyaluronic acid), common proteins and their fractions were determined. It was demonstrated that the process of synovial fluid restoration, in case it was removed completely, took four days. At first the amount of synovial fluid is restored at the expense of its liquid part, percentage of common protein and its fractions increase, and viscosity of synovial fluid decreases. After two days, a gradual restoration of all physiological indices mentioned occurs. By the fourth day they are completely restored. Data of synoviogram demonstrate that at first blood cells appear in a great amount, while cells of tissue origin are very scanty, and by the fourth day percentage of cellular elements is equal to the original: cells of tissue origin--70-72%, blood cells--28--30%.", "PMID": 687129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7382", "title": "Cytogenetical and dermatoglyphic studies in patients affected by Steinert's myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Cytogenetic and dermatoglyphic studies were performed in 10 patients affected by Steinert's myotonic dystrophy. No anomalies were found in karyotype and dermatoglyphs in these patients, except for an occasional chromosomal translocation.", "contents": "Cytogenetical and dermatoglyphic studies in patients affected by Steinert's myotonic dystrophy. Cytogenetic and dermatoglyphic studies were performed in 10 patients affected by Steinert's myotonic dystrophy. No anomalies were found in karyotype and dermatoglyphs in these patients, except for an occasional chromosomal translocation.", "PMID": 687152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7383", "title": "[Amyotrophy due to parietal lobe lesions].", "content": "A bibliographical revision about Silverstein's amyotrophy, with a historical sight analizing the physiopathogeny and its clinical manifestations is reported. The authors discussed the possible cause of the few references in the literature about the matter and relate three cases; they leave a blank in one of them with amyotrophy in the other side and the same side of the lesion, that got better with surgical treatment. This was not found in the bibliographical revision that has been looked for.", "contents": "[Amyotrophy due to parietal lobe lesions]. A bibliographical revision about Silverstein's amyotrophy, with a historical sight analizing the physiopathogeny and its clinical manifestations is reported. The authors discussed the possible cause of the few references in the literature about the matter and relate three cases; they leave a blank in one of them with amyotrophy in the other side and the same side of the lesion, that got better with surgical treatment. This was not found in the bibliographical revision that has been looked for.", "PMID": 687155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7384", "title": "[Intra- and extradural surgical approach to meningoencephaloceles of the anterior floor].", "content": "Surgical treatment of ethmoidal encephalomeningoceles: intra and extra dural approach. The intra and extra dural approach for the treatment of ethmoidal encephalomeningoceles is described. A comparation with other surgical approaches is made and good results obtained in 5 cases are reported.", "contents": "[Intra- and extradural surgical approach to meningoencephaloceles of the anterior floor]. Surgical treatment of ethmoidal encephalomeningoceles: intra and extra dural approach. The intra and extra dural approach for the treatment of ethmoidal encephalomeningoceles is described. A comparation with other surgical approaches is made and good results obtained in 5 cases are reported.", "PMID": 687156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7385", "title": "[Familial occurrence of basilar impression].", "content": "The authors studied nine members of the same family; two among them received surgical treatment for basilar impression and Arnold-Chiari malformation. In the other members of the family, several signs and symptoms of central nervous disease were observed. All patients had the apex of the odontoid apophysis above McGregor's line, 4 mm in the case 9, and 10 mm or more in the others.", "contents": "[Familial occurrence of basilar impression]. The authors studied nine members of the same family; two among them received surgical treatment for basilar impression and Arnold-Chiari malformation. In the other members of the family, several signs and symptoms of central nervous disease were observed. All patients had the apex of the odontoid apophysis above McGregor's line, 4 mm in the case 9, and 10 mm or more in the others.", "PMID": 687157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7386", "title": "[Interstitial hypertrophic neuritis. Study of 3 cases].", "content": "Three cases of hypertrophic interstitial neuropathy with severe decrease of motor nerve conduction velocity are reported; on sural nerve biopsy was found the typical onion bulb formation, with connective tissue proliferation. The pathogenesis of the onion bulb formation and the correlation with the decreased motor nerve conduction are discussed. The authors concluded that only one of the cases could be named Dejerin-Sottas disease, since the others probably are Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease cases.", "contents": "[Interstitial hypertrophic neuritis. Study of 3 cases]. Three cases of hypertrophic interstitial neuropathy with severe decrease of motor nerve conduction velocity are reported; on sural nerve biopsy was found the typical onion bulb formation, with connective tissue proliferation. The pathogenesis of the onion bulb formation and the correlation with the decreased motor nerve conduction are discussed. The authors concluded that only one of the cases could be named Dejerin-Sottas disease, since the others probably are Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease cases.", "PMID": 687159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7387", "title": "[Multiple neuropaty caused by giant cell arteritis. Clinico-pathological report of a case].", "content": "The case of a 67 years old woman with giant cell arteritis and neuritis multiplex is reported. The diagnosis was based on the microscopic appearances of temporal artery biopsy specimens. The authors described the involvement of peripheral nerves in this disease and made differential diagnosis with polyarteritis nodosa. There was also hemorragic infarction of the brain without giant-cells in brain vessels. It is concluded that this diagnosis should be considered in any elderly patient with peripheral neuropathy.", "contents": "[Multiple neuropaty caused by giant cell arteritis. Clinico-pathological report of a case]. The case of a 67 years old woman with giant cell arteritis and neuritis multiplex is reported. The diagnosis was based on the microscopic appearances of temporal artery biopsy specimens. The authors described the involvement of peripheral nerves in this disease and made differential diagnosis with polyarteritis nodosa. There was also hemorragic infarction of the brain without giant-cells in brain vessels. It is concluded that this diagnosis should be considered in any elderly patient with peripheral neuropathy.", "PMID": 687160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7388", "title": "Current status of hemofiltration.", "content": "Hemofiltration is reviewed from the standpoint of the technical and clinical state of the art. It is a new technique and, at present, commercially available equipment is limited. Clinical experience suggests that hemofiltration results in easier attainment of salt and water balance and that control of hypertension is improved. The nomenclature used to describe convective solute and water removal alone and in conjunction with dialysis is outlined.", "contents": "Current status of hemofiltration. Hemofiltration is reviewed from the standpoint of the technical and clinical state of the art. It is a new technique and, at present, commercially available equipment is limited. Clinical experience suggests that hemofiltration results in easier attainment of salt and water balance and that control of hypertension is improved. The nomenclature used to describe convective solute and water removal alone and in conjunction with dialysis is outlined.", "PMID": 687163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7389", "title": "Inadequate clearance of small molecular weight solutes during hemofiltration using Cuprophan membranes.", "content": "In a study of four patients treated with one hour of hemofiltration using Cuprophan membranes, followed by three hours of dialysis, it was found that patients will have reduced clearances of small molecular weight solutes. This may be prevented by increasing blood flow rates to compensate for the time spent in hemofiltration. Cuprophan membranes do not clear middle molecular weight solutes as well as other membranes, but fluid removal is comparable to that reported by other investigators using more porous membranes.", "contents": "Inadequate clearance of small molecular weight solutes during hemofiltration using Cuprophan membranes. In a study of four patients treated with one hour of hemofiltration using Cuprophan membranes, followed by three hours of dialysis, it was found that patients will have reduced clearances of small molecular weight solutes. This may be prevented by increasing blood flow rates to compensate for the time spent in hemofiltration. Cuprophan membranes do not clear middle molecular weight solutes as well as other membranes, but fluid removal is comparable to that reported by other investigators using more porous membranes.", "PMID": 687164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7390", "title": "Assessment of hormone loss through hemofiltration.", "content": "The concentrations of testosterone, cortisone, gastrin, insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), somatomedin B, parathyroid hormone (PTH), human growth hormone (HGH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) have been determined in the plasma and the ultrafiltrate of five uremic patients undergoing intermittent hemofiltration treatment. There was a considerable loss of gastrin, insulin, GIP, somatomedin B and PTH by hemofiltration treatment. The plasma concentrations, however, did not decrease except for immunoreactive-PTH (IR-PTH) which returned from elevated to normal levels. Cortisone, HGH and TSH concentrations in the ultrafiltrate were below the measureable range. A significant elimination of 11-hydroxylated androstans by hemofiltration may have a positive effect on the disturbed steroid metabolism. Results indicate that hemofiltration does not cause a hormone deficiency syndrome. On the contrary, the loss of degradation products of hormones with disturbing biological activity may be a favorable effect of the hemofiltration treatment.", "contents": "Assessment of hormone loss through hemofiltration. The concentrations of testosterone, cortisone, gastrin, insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), somatomedin B, parathyroid hormone (PTH), human growth hormone (HGH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) have been determined in the plasma and the ultrafiltrate of five uremic patients undergoing intermittent hemofiltration treatment. There was a considerable loss of gastrin, insulin, GIP, somatomedin B and PTH by hemofiltration treatment. The plasma concentrations, however, did not decrease except for immunoreactive-PTH (IR-PTH) which returned from elevated to normal levels. Cortisone, HGH and TSH concentrations in the ultrafiltrate were below the measureable range. A significant elimination of 11-hydroxylated androstans by hemofiltration may have a positive effect on the disturbed steroid metabolism. Results indicate that hemofiltration does not cause a hormone deficiency syndrome. On the contrary, the loss of degradation products of hormones with disturbing biological activity may be a favorable effect of the hemofiltration treatment.", "PMID": 687165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7391", "title": "Reduced protein loss during hemofiltration using Cuprophan membranes.", "content": "In a study of four patients treated with one hour of hemofiltration using Cuprophan membranes, followed by three hours of hemodialysis, it was found that protein loss during hemofiltration was minimal. Losses ranged from 0.013 mg/mg at a transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 300 mmHg to 0.012 mg/ml at a TMP of 600 mmHg. Protein loss was not dependent on TMP and varied from dialyzer to dialyzer. Protein levels in serum remained unchanged during the period of hemofiltration in these patients and no evidence of protein wastage was evident.", "contents": "Reduced protein loss during hemofiltration using Cuprophan membranes. In a study of four patients treated with one hour of hemofiltration using Cuprophan membranes, followed by three hours of hemodialysis, it was found that protein loss during hemofiltration was minimal. Losses ranged from 0.013 mg/mg at a transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 300 mmHg to 0.012 mg/ml at a TMP of 600 mmHg. Protein loss was not dependent on TMP and varied from dialyzer to dialyzer. Protein levels in serum remained unchanged during the period of hemofiltration in these patients and no evidence of protein wastage was evident.", "PMID": 687166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7392", "title": "Rapid fluid extraction with the Gambro Ultradiffuser.", "content": "Four patients were given fourteen treatments with the Gambro Ultradiffuser. One hour of ultrafiltration without dialysate and with negative pressure on the dialysate side was followed by four hours of dialysis with negligible transmembrane pressure (TMP). Mean fluid removal was 2678 ml per ultrafiltration period and the mean ultrafiltration rate was 37 ml/min. During the dialysis period, TMP was about +30 mmHg giving an ultrafiltration rate of 4 ml/min. Pulse rate was unchanged. Hematocrit increased 3%, plasma protein increased 21% and plasma albumin increased 25%. Plasma values of potassium, sodium, urea, creatinine and osmolality were unchanged. One patient experienced a reversible hearing loss during two ultrafiltration periods and two patients had severe, yet reversible, cardiac arrhythmias. One patient had hypertension during the ultrafiltration period. Rapid extraction of fluid up to 49 ml/min was possible. The mean mean arterial pressure was unchanged thought it exhibited great variation and three patients developed side effects.", "contents": "Rapid fluid extraction with the Gambro Ultradiffuser. Four patients were given fourteen treatments with the Gambro Ultradiffuser. One hour of ultrafiltration without dialysate and with negative pressure on the dialysate side was followed by four hours of dialysis with negligible transmembrane pressure (TMP). Mean fluid removal was 2678 ml per ultrafiltration period and the mean ultrafiltration rate was 37 ml/min. During the dialysis period, TMP was about +30 mmHg giving an ultrafiltration rate of 4 ml/min. Pulse rate was unchanged. Hematocrit increased 3%, plasma protein increased 21% and plasma albumin increased 25%. Plasma values of potassium, sodium, urea, creatinine and osmolality were unchanged. One patient experienced a reversible hearing loss during two ultrafiltration periods and two patients had severe, yet reversible, cardiac arrhythmias. One patient had hypertension during the ultrafiltration period. Rapid extraction of fluid up to 49 ml/min was possible. The mean mean arterial pressure was unchanged thought it exhibited great variation and three patients developed side effects.", "PMID": 687167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7393", "title": "Theoretical aspects of various ultrafiltration methods in artificial kidney therapy.", "content": "A mathematical model including urea, creatinine and other osmotically important solutes (such as sodium, potassium and chloride) is applied to calculate volume shifts, caused by ultrafiltration, between the fluid compartments of the body. The volume shifts between the intracellular (ICV) and the extracellular (ECV) compartments are mainly caused by alteration of extracellular sodium concentration. Various methods of achieving ultrafiltration, including conventional dialysis, initial ultrafiltration using Cuprophan (without dialysis) or hemofiltration, produce different responses. In choosing a method, one must consider that both a rapid decrease of ECV and a fast shift of water from ICV to ECV should be avoided. In pure hemofiltration, ultrafiltrate is isotonic and water is removed from ECV only. Hemofiltration with dilution produces a very slow shift of water between ICV and ECV dependent on sodium concentration of plasma and diluting fluid. In initial ultrafiltration through Cuprophan, water is shifted from ICV to ECV. With ultrafiltration throughout the entire dialysis, there are pronounced shifts between ICV and ECV dependent on the difference of the sodium concentration between plasma and dialysate.", "contents": "Theoretical aspects of various ultrafiltration methods in artificial kidney therapy. A mathematical model including urea, creatinine and other osmotically important solutes (such as sodium, potassium and chloride) is applied to calculate volume shifts, caused by ultrafiltration, between the fluid compartments of the body. The volume shifts between the intracellular (ICV) and the extracellular (ECV) compartments are mainly caused by alteration of extracellular sodium concentration. Various methods of achieving ultrafiltration, including conventional dialysis, initial ultrafiltration using Cuprophan (without dialysis) or hemofiltration, produce different responses. In choosing a method, one must consider that both a rapid decrease of ECV and a fast shift of water from ICV to ECV should be avoided. In pure hemofiltration, ultrafiltrate is isotonic and water is removed from ECV only. Hemofiltration with dilution produces a very slow shift of water between ICV and ECV dependent on sodium concentration of plasma and diluting fluid. In initial ultrafiltration through Cuprophan, water is shifted from ICV to ECV. With ultrafiltration throughout the entire dialysis, there are pronounced shifts between ICV and ECV dependent on the difference of the sodium concentration between plasma and dialysate.", "PMID": 687168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7394", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a pre-set ultrafiltration rate controller available for single pass and hemodiafiltration systems.", "content": "Introduction of high flux-type dialyzers, such as the RP-6, makes it necessary to devise an ultrafiltration rate controller for a single pass system. For this purpose, a new pre-set ultrafiltration rate controller has been developed and examined experimentally and clinically. The controller has twin chambers, each of which is divided into two symmetrical parts by a vertically-placed diaphragm. The diaphragm shifts repeatedly from right to left, aspirating in and driving out fresh or used dialysate alternately. If one removes a certain amount of used dialysate from a branch of the efferent line, negative pressure develops and aspirates an equal amount of water from the dialyzer. Therefore, extra dialysate obtained by a pump precisely reflects ultrafiltration rate. The controller has been used on five patients. The scheduled ultrafiltration rate was easily obtainable. The apparatus is also available for hemodiafiltration. Initial clinical trial has been promising.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a pre-set ultrafiltration rate controller available for single pass and hemodiafiltration systems. Introduction of high flux-type dialyzers, such as the RP-6, makes it necessary to devise an ultrafiltration rate controller for a single pass system. For this purpose, a new pre-set ultrafiltration rate controller has been developed and examined experimentally and clinically. The controller has twin chambers, each of which is divided into two symmetrical parts by a vertically-placed diaphragm. The diaphragm shifts repeatedly from right to left, aspirating in and driving out fresh or used dialysate alternately. If one removes a certain amount of used dialysate from a branch of the efferent line, negative pressure develops and aspirates an equal amount of water from the dialyzer. Therefore, extra dialysate obtained by a pump precisely reflects ultrafiltration rate. The controller has been used on five patients. The scheduled ultrafiltration rate was easily obtainable. The apparatus is also available for hemodiafiltration. Initial clinical trial has been promising.", "PMID": 687169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7395", "title": "The accurate control of ultrafiltration.", "content": "An apparatus has been contructed to regulate ultrafiltration accurately during dialysis. The principle of the apparatus is that, per unit of time, exactly the same amount of dialysate is introduced into the dialyzer as is discharged from it. The apparatus consists of two isovolumetric pumps connected in line. The four compartments of the two pumps must change their functions at every pump stroke. This is a accomplished by a switching system. There is a continuously closed dialysate circuit. The fluid extracted from this circuit will be replenished from the blood compartment of the dialyzer. Ultrafiltration is regulated by a simple peristaltic pump, which sucks the fluid out of the closed dialysate circuit. The isovolumetric pumps and the switching system are driven by the elevated pressure of the dialysate (0.5--1.0 atm). The apparatus can be used in single pass dialysis. Dialysis in accordance with the Bergstr\u00f6m principle can be simply performed. In over 5,000 dialyses with several types of dialyzers, ultrafiltration was always accurate within the measuring limits. Considerable improvement was noticed in the well-being of the patients; hypotension, nausea, vomiting and muscle cramps were not seen.", "contents": "The accurate control of ultrafiltration. An apparatus has been contructed to regulate ultrafiltration accurately during dialysis. The principle of the apparatus is that, per unit of time, exactly the same amount of dialysate is introduced into the dialyzer as is discharged from it. The apparatus consists of two isovolumetric pumps connected in line. The four compartments of the two pumps must change their functions at every pump stroke. This is a accomplished by a switching system. There is a continuously closed dialysate circuit. The fluid extracted from this circuit will be replenished from the blood compartment of the dialyzer. Ultrafiltration is regulated by a simple peristaltic pump, which sucks the fluid out of the closed dialysate circuit. The isovolumetric pumps and the switching system are driven by the elevated pressure of the dialysate (0.5--1.0 atm). The apparatus can be used in single pass dialysis. Dialysis in accordance with the Bergstr\u00f6m principle can be simply performed. In over 5,000 dialyses with several types of dialyzers, ultrafiltration was always accurate within the measuring limits. Considerable improvement was noticed in the well-being of the patients; hypotension, nausea, vomiting and muscle cramps were not seen.", "PMID": 687170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7396", "title": "Clinical experience with continuously monitored fluid balance in automatic hemofiltration.", "content": "Automatic fluid balancing, as obtained with the hemofiltration machines from Sartorius (G\u00f6ttingen, West Germany) and Dialysetechnik (Karlsruhe, West Germany), is accurate enough to replace bed scales, which have been necessary in conventional hemodialysis for patients who are confined to beds. Side effects such as hypotension, nausea and muscle cramps during treatment may be reduced with these new machines, compared to conventional methods, provided that the rate of effective fluid withdrawal does not exceed 0.5 L/hr. In particular, the constant weight loss associated with automatic hemofiltration seems to be well tolerated by the patients with fewer side effects.", "contents": "Clinical experience with continuously monitored fluid balance in automatic hemofiltration. Automatic fluid balancing, as obtained with the hemofiltration machines from Sartorius (G\u00f6ttingen, West Germany) and Dialysetechnik (Karlsruhe, West Germany), is accurate enough to replace bed scales, which have been necessary in conventional hemodialysis for patients who are confined to beds. Side effects such as hypotension, nausea and muscle cramps during treatment may be reduced with these new machines, compared to conventional methods, provided that the rate of effective fluid withdrawal does not exceed 0.5 L/hr. In particular, the constant weight loss associated with automatic hemofiltration seems to be well tolerated by the patients with fewer side effects.", "PMID": 687171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7397", "title": "Hemodiafiltration: a new alternative to hemofiltration and conventional hemodialysis.", "content": "A new dialysis method, termed hemodiafiltration, is proposed. The procedure consists of the combination of hemofiltration and conventional hemodialysis using high flux membranes with a transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 300--500 mmHg and a dialysate flow of 900 ml/min. Due to the combination of convective mass transfer and diffusion, the clearance values of both small and larger molecules are significantly higher than during hemofiltration or hemodialysis alone with the same membranes. The removal of excess water is better tolerated than during hemodialysis. With this new method, six patients have been successfully treated for six months (three times per week, three hours per treatment) without side effects. Thus hemodiafiltration appears to be the method of choice to shorten dialysis time.", "contents": "Hemodiafiltration: a new alternative to hemofiltration and conventional hemodialysis. A new dialysis method, termed hemodiafiltration, is proposed. The procedure consists of the combination of hemofiltration and conventional hemodialysis using high flux membranes with a transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 300--500 mmHg and a dialysate flow of 900 ml/min. Due to the combination of convective mass transfer and diffusion, the clearance values of both small and larger molecules are significantly higher than during hemofiltration or hemodialysis alone with the same membranes. The removal of excess water is better tolerated than during hemodialysis. With this new method, six patients have been successfully treated for six months (three times per week, three hours per treatment) without side effects. Thus hemodiafiltration appears to be the method of choice to shorten dialysis time.", "PMID": 687172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7398", "title": "Tolerance to high ultrafiltration rates during closed batch hemodialysis.", "content": "The tolerance to high levels of ultrafiltration that has been observed when using a RP-6 dialyzer with polyacrylonitrile membrane and a closed batch dialysate delivery system has led the authors to put patients on a free sodium and fluid intake. Eight patients were put on such a diet for six months. They have been dialyzed four to five hours, three times per week, on a RP-6-Rhodial 75. The mean intersession weight gain was 4.29+/-0.18 Kg after three days for a mean predialytic body weight of 63.55+/-2.54 Kg. Mean predialytic blood pressure was 1.38+/-4 mmHg for systolic pressure and 82+/-5 mmHg for diastolic pressure. Mean ultrafiltrate volume was 4.86+/-0.36 liters which corresponds to a sodium output of 661.3+/-49.5 mEq. Total plasma protein and hematocrit increased 18.8+/-3.34% and 19.13+/-3.22%, respectively, when the pre and post-dialytic values were compared. No clinical sign of fluid overload (dyspnea, edema, etc.) was noted in these patients. Cardiothoracic index remained in the normal range. This tolerance is due, possibly, to the high sodium concentration (145 mEq/L) in the dialysate. The free sodium and water diet may contribute to a better rehabilitation.", "contents": "Tolerance to high ultrafiltration rates during closed batch hemodialysis. The tolerance to high levels of ultrafiltration that has been observed when using a RP-6 dialyzer with polyacrylonitrile membrane and a closed batch dialysate delivery system has led the authors to put patients on a free sodium and fluid intake. Eight patients were put on such a diet for six months. They have been dialyzed four to five hours, three times per week, on a RP-6-Rhodial 75. The mean intersession weight gain was 4.29+/-0.18 Kg after three days for a mean predialytic body weight of 63.55+/-2.54 Kg. Mean predialytic blood pressure was 1.38+/-4 mmHg for systolic pressure and 82+/-5 mmHg for diastolic pressure. Mean ultrafiltrate volume was 4.86+/-0.36 liters which corresponds to a sodium output of 661.3+/-49.5 mEq. Total plasma protein and hematocrit increased 18.8+/-3.34% and 19.13+/-3.22%, respectively, when the pre and post-dialytic values were compared. No clinical sign of fluid overload (dyspnea, edema, etc.) was noted in these patients. Cardiothoracic index remained in the normal range. This tolerance is due, possibly, to the high sodium concentration (145 mEq/L) in the dialysate. The free sodium and water diet may contribute to a better rehabilitation.", "PMID": 687173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7399", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of the surfaces of artificial hearts.", "content": "This report summarizes the surface changes seen in artificial hearts implanted in calves for periods up to four months. Fabrication defects as well as degradation resulting from wear are identified. SEM evaluation of the blood contacting surface as well as the surface of the diaphragm associated with the drive mechanisms has revealed potential problems with current heart designs and methods of fabrication. Materials evaluation of implanted hearts is crucial for a clinically useful system to evolve.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of the surfaces of artificial hearts. This report summarizes the surface changes seen in artificial hearts implanted in calves for periods up to four months. Fabrication defects as well as degradation resulting from wear are identified. SEM evaluation of the blood contacting surface as well as the surface of the diaphragm associated with the drive mechanisms has revealed potential problems with current heart designs and methods of fabrication. Materials evaluation of implanted hearts is crucial for a clinically useful system to evolve.", "PMID": 687174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7400", "title": "Molecular, microscopic, microstructural and mechanical methods of analyzing pseudoneointimal linings within partial artificial hearts in man and the calf.", "content": "Ex vivo molecular, microscopic (cellular), microstructural and mechanical methods have been utilized to evaluate biologic, blood-interfacing linings (pseudoneointimal) formed on textured, fibril-flocked pumping surfaces within abdominal left ventricular assist devices (ALVADs) on partial artificial hearts. Thus far, seventeen human and twenty bovine pseudoneointimal linings (1--28 day pumping durations) have been evaluated by these methods. The results indicate that pseudoneointima begins developing within 24 hours after contact of the pumping surface with blood and is well developed at five days. The linings exhibit surface immunofluorescent fibrinogen activity, viable surface macrophages and histiocytes and scattered erythrocytes at ALVAD removal. Structurally similar linings (20 micrometer to 500 micrometer in thickness) develop in calves and in man. Mechanically, pseudoneointima is a stable, adherent, highly compliant, isotropic structural material. It is linearly elastic and strain-rate independent, with small viscous energy losses under physiologic strains. The methods employed for the evaluation of pseudoneointima provide useful information to determine the suitability of textured or rough surfaces for blood interfacing. The cumulative results indicate that the textured surface approach is useful for intermediate-term clinical ALVAD utilization.", "contents": "Molecular, microscopic, microstructural and mechanical methods of analyzing pseudoneointimal linings within partial artificial hearts in man and the calf. Ex vivo molecular, microscopic (cellular), microstructural and mechanical methods have been utilized to evaluate biologic, blood-interfacing linings (pseudoneointimal) formed on textured, fibril-flocked pumping surfaces within abdominal left ventricular assist devices (ALVADs) on partial artificial hearts. Thus far, seventeen human and twenty bovine pseudoneointimal linings (1--28 day pumping durations) have been evaluated by these methods. The results indicate that pseudoneointima begins developing within 24 hours after contact of the pumping surface with blood and is well developed at five days. The linings exhibit surface immunofluorescent fibrinogen activity, viable surface macrophages and histiocytes and scattered erythrocytes at ALVAD removal. Structurally similar linings (20 micrometer to 500 micrometer in thickness) develop in calves and in man. Mechanically, pseudoneointima is a stable, adherent, highly compliant, isotropic structural material. It is linearly elastic and strain-rate independent, with small viscous energy losses under physiologic strains. The methods employed for the evaluation of pseudoneointima provide useful information to determine the suitability of textured or rough surfaces for blood interfacing. The cumulative results indicate that the textured surface approach is useful for intermediate-term clinical ALVAD utilization.", "PMID": 687175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7401", "title": "Blood plasma/implant interfaces FT--IR studies of adsorption on polyethylene and heparin-treated polyethylene surfaces.", "content": "Described is an attenuated total reflection (ATR), Fourier Transform infrared (FT--IR) technique useful for studying the adsorption of blood plasma proteins onto polymer surfaces. This technique had the advantage of employing whole blood plasma and has detected differences between the species adsorbed onto heparin-treated polymers as compared to the species adsorbed on untreated polymers. Differences detected consist of 1) changes in conformation and/or composition of proteins adsorbed on treated and untreated polymers, and 2) changes in amounts of carbohydrate-containing materials on the treated and untreated polymer surfaces. The advantages of FT-IR are its extreme sensitivity and its ability to work with highly complex systems such as whole blood plasma. These abilities should be of great value for providing direct molecular level information concerning protein adsorption from intact blood systems.", "contents": "Blood plasma/implant interfaces FT--IR studies of adsorption on polyethylene and heparin-treated polyethylene surfaces. Described is an attenuated total reflection (ATR), Fourier Transform infrared (FT--IR) technique useful for studying the adsorption of blood plasma proteins onto polymer surfaces. This technique had the advantage of employing whole blood plasma and has detected differences between the species adsorbed onto heparin-treated polymers as compared to the species adsorbed on untreated polymers. Differences detected consist of 1) changes in conformation and/or composition of proteins adsorbed on treated and untreated polymers, and 2) changes in amounts of carbohydrate-containing materials on the treated and untreated polymer surfaces. The advantages of FT-IR are its extreme sensitivity and its ability to work with highly complex systems such as whole blood plasma. These abilities should be of great value for providing direct molecular level information concerning protein adsorption from intact blood systems.", "PMID": 687176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7402", "title": "Ataxia telangiectasia.", "content": "Ataxia telangiectasia has been described as a single-gene autosomal recessive disorder. It affects multiple systems. Several attempts to present an etiological hypothesis that will account for the multisystem involvement have been made. Those reviewed haer are (1) aberration of inductive signaling, which is predicted on a deficient mesoderm, leading to vascular and thus multiorgan effects (a critical timing of events is a basic assumption); (2) developmental imbalance, based on multisystem supression of embryological development; (3) the autoimmune hypothesis, which requires the presence of a cell surface antigen on thymic and nerve cells analogous to the thy 1.1 antigen of mouse and rat. The development of cytotoxic autoantibody to this antigen is postulated as an explanation of the pathogenesis.", "contents": "Ataxia telangiectasia. Ataxia telangiectasia has been described as a single-gene autosomal recessive disorder. It affects multiple systems. Several attempts to present an etiological hypothesis that will account for the multisystem involvement have been made. Those reviewed haer are (1) aberration of inductive signaling, which is predicted on a deficient mesoderm, leading to vascular and thus multiorgan effects (a critical timing of events is a basic assumption); (2) developmental imbalance, based on multisystem supression of embryological development; (3) the autoimmune hypothesis, which requires the presence of a cell surface antigen on thymic and nerve cells analogous to the thy 1.1 antigen of mouse and rat. The development of cytotoxic autoantibody to this antigen is postulated as an explanation of the pathogenesis.", "PMID": 687181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7403", "title": "Common origin of rods, cores, miniature cores, and focal loss of cross-striations.", "content": "Twelve patients suffering from congenital neuromuscular disorders showed at least two of the following structural changes in their muscle biopsy specimens: rods, cores, miniature cores (M lesions), and focal loss of cross-strians (F lesions). There appeared to be no essential differences between M and F lesions except for the presence of vesicular nuclei in and around the latter. A striking finding was the presence of adjacent M lesions, F lesions, or both in two or several adjoining muscle fibers. Serial sections often showed a definite relationship of the lesions with blood vessels. The finding of rods cores, and M and F lesions, not only in one biopsy specimen but also in one muscle fiber, raised the intriguing possibility of common pathogenic mechanisms producing these lesions.", "contents": "Common origin of rods, cores, miniature cores, and focal loss of cross-striations. Twelve patients suffering from congenital neuromuscular disorders showed at least two of the following structural changes in their muscle biopsy specimens: rods, cores, miniature cores (M lesions), and focal loss of cross-strians (F lesions). There appeared to be no essential differences between M and F lesions except for the presence of vesicular nuclei in and around the latter. A striking finding was the presence of adjacent M lesions, F lesions, or both in two or several adjoining muscle fibers. Serial sections often showed a definite relationship of the lesions with blood vessels. The finding of rods cores, and M and F lesions, not only in one biopsy specimen but also in one muscle fiber, raised the intriguing possibility of common pathogenic mechanisms producing these lesions.", "PMID": 687182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7404", "title": "Intracranial pressure reserve testing. A study in experimental animals.", "content": "Quantitating cerebral \"elastance\" or \"ICP reserve\" has added considerably to the value of continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP). Intracranial pressure reserve is a measure of the capacity of the brain's natural compensatory mechanisms for countering increases in ICP secondary to increases in intracranial volume. Intracranial pressure reserve testing was studied in dogs with known volumes of extracerebral intracranial mass, both in normal and in edematous brains and at various ICPs. Ten thousand measurements were made with five different methods of measuring ICP reserve. Testing when multiple increments of subdural saline infusion were used over a five-minute period to quantitate ICP reactivity to volumetric stress seemed most reliable and most adaptable to clinical application. Methods of measuring cerebral \"elastance\" using only a single subdural infusion proved to be variable and difficult to read.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure reserve testing. A study in experimental animals. Quantitating cerebral \"elastance\" or \"ICP reserve\" has added considerably to the value of continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP). Intracranial pressure reserve is a measure of the capacity of the brain's natural compensatory mechanisms for countering increases in ICP secondary to increases in intracranial volume. Intracranial pressure reserve testing was studied in dogs with known volumes of extracerebral intracranial mass, both in normal and in edematous brains and at various ICPs. Ten thousand measurements were made with five different methods of measuring ICP reserve. Testing when multiple increments of subdural saline infusion were used over a five-minute period to quantitate ICP reactivity to volumetric stress seemed most reliable and most adaptable to clinical application. Methods of measuring cerebral \"elastance\" using only a single subdural infusion proved to be variable and difficult to read.", "PMID": 687183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7405", "title": "Erythrocyte metabolism in muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Erythrocytes from patients with Duchenne's and myotonic muscular dystrophies contained more adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and produced more lactate than did normal erythrocytes in incubation studies conducted in vitro at an initial pH of 7.4. Since the same results were obtained in two different genetic dystrophies, these metabolic variations appear to be secondary to the primary changes occurring in these diseases. Following ouabain treatment, ATP content increased and lactate production decreased in erythrocytes from both dystrophies. This result differs from one reported earlier in experiments conducted at alkaline pH.", "contents": "Erythrocyte metabolism in muscular dystrophy. Erythrocytes from patients with Duchenne's and myotonic muscular dystrophies contained more adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and produced more lactate than did normal erythrocytes in incubation studies conducted in vitro at an initial pH of 7.4. Since the same results were obtained in two different genetic dystrophies, these metabolic variations appear to be secondary to the primary changes occurring in these diseases. Following ouabain treatment, ATP content increased and lactate production decreased in erythrocytes from both dystrophies. This result differs from one reported earlier in experiments conducted at alkaline pH.", "PMID": 687184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7406", "title": "Computerized axial tomography and cerebral scintigraphy in leukodystrophy. A study of two boys presumably suffering from lysosomal disease.", "content": "Two unrelated boys, 12 and 9 years old, suffered from a diffuse cerebral disease that followed a parallel, subacute course. Mental regression, loss of hearing and vision, spastic-ataxic and pseudobulbar disturbances, and atrophy of the optic nerves occurred in both. Enzyme studies and the liver biopsy of one of the patients suggest a \"lysosomal disease.\" The hallmark of both patients is the striking similarity of the cerebral scintigraphy and the computerized axial tomography (CT). Cerebral scintigraphy showed annular and crescent-shaped areas of increased radioactivity in the parietoccipital region. The CT indicated bilateral, symmetric bands of elevated density after contrast enhancement in the paraventricular white matter in the same region. These findings and the neurologic symptoms are compatible with leukodystrophy. Thus cerebral scintigraphy and CT appear to be useful aids in the diagnosis of metabolic brain disease. Computerized axial tomography is preferred for distinguishing whether lesions are in white or gray matter.", "contents": "Computerized axial tomography and cerebral scintigraphy in leukodystrophy. A study of two boys presumably suffering from lysosomal disease. Two unrelated boys, 12 and 9 years old, suffered from a diffuse cerebral disease that followed a parallel, subacute course. Mental regression, loss of hearing and vision, spastic-ataxic and pseudobulbar disturbances, and atrophy of the optic nerves occurred in both. Enzyme studies and the liver biopsy of one of the patients suggest a \"lysosomal disease.\" The hallmark of both patients is the striking similarity of the cerebral scintigraphy and the computerized axial tomography (CT). Cerebral scintigraphy showed annular and crescent-shaped areas of increased radioactivity in the parietoccipital region. The CT indicated bilateral, symmetric bands of elevated density after contrast enhancement in the paraventricular white matter in the same region. These findings and the neurologic symptoms are compatible with leukodystrophy. Thus cerebral scintigraphy and CT appear to be useful aids in the diagnosis of metabolic brain disease. Computerized axial tomography is preferred for distinguishing whether lesions are in white or gray matter.", "PMID": 687185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7407", "title": "The lissencephaly (agyria) syndrome in siblings. Computerized tomographic and neuropathologic findings.", "content": "Two consecutive nontwin siblings had the lissencephalic syndrome. The literature of this syndrome in siblings is reviewed, and the somatic and clinicopathologic features and delineated further. Computerized tomography is reported for the first time to our knowledge in this entity as an important, nonivasive, and possibly specific test. Diagnosis early in life is possible for adequate management of the patients and genetic counseling.", "contents": "The lissencephaly (agyria) syndrome in siblings. Computerized tomographic and neuropathologic findings. Two consecutive nontwin siblings had the lissencephalic syndrome. The literature of this syndrome in siblings is reviewed, and the somatic and clinicopathologic features and delineated further. Computerized tomography is reported for the first time to our knowledge in this entity as an important, nonivasive, and possibly specific test. Diagnosis early in life is possible for adequate management of the patients and genetic counseling.", "PMID": 687186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7408", "title": "Isolated benign cerebral vasculitis.", "content": "A young woman south medical care for headache, nausea, and evolving focal neurologic signs. The CSF was normal; cerebral angiography showed segmental narrowing and irregularity of intraparenchymal arterioles. Isolated cerebral vasculitis was the clinical diagnosis made by careful exclusion; the illness reponded well to steroids and there was later angiographic evidence of healing.", "contents": "Isolated benign cerebral vasculitis. A young woman south medical care for headache, nausea, and evolving focal neurologic signs. The CSF was normal; cerebral angiography showed segmental narrowing and irregularity of intraparenchymal arterioles. Isolated cerebral vasculitis was the clinical diagnosis made by careful exclusion; the illness reponded well to steroids and there was later angiographic evidence of healing.", "PMID": 687187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7409", "title": "Use of discriminant analysis. II. Identification of persons with glaucomatous visual field defects.", "content": "Thirty-three ocular, systemic, and laboratory variables were used in a discriminant analysis to separate 219 patients suffering from chronic open-angle glaucoma from 100 people who did not have the disease. The analysis used seven of the variables to separate 93% of the patients correctly. Without intraocular pressure, a 90% separation was obtained.", "contents": "Use of discriminant analysis. II. Identification of persons with glaucomatous visual field defects. Thirty-three ocular, systemic, and laboratory variables were used in a discriminant analysis to separate 219 patients suffering from chronic open-angle glaucoma from 100 people who did not have the disease. The analysis used seven of the variables to separate 93% of the patients correctly. Without intraocular pressure, a 90% separation was obtained.", "PMID": 687196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7410", "title": "Small melanomas of the choroid.", "content": "We reviewed 38 cases of small choroidal melanomas on file in the Eye Pathology Laboratory of Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami. Clinical and histopathological features of these cases were noted, and clinical follow-up information was obtained for 36 (95%) of the patients. Two tumor deaths occurred among the 18 patients that had a possible follow-up period of six years of more, yielding a tumor death rate of 11%. Retrospective analysis of clinical records and photographs permitted us to correlate the presence or absence of documented tumor growth with the degree of mitotic activity.", "contents": "Small melanomas of the choroid. We reviewed 38 cases of small choroidal melanomas on file in the Eye Pathology Laboratory of Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami. Clinical and histopathological features of these cases were noted, and clinical follow-up information was obtained for 36 (95%) of the patients. Two tumor deaths occurred among the 18 patients that had a possible follow-up period of six years of more, yielding a tumor death rate of 11%. Retrospective analysis of clinical records and photographs permitted us to correlate the presence or absence of documented tumor growth with the degree of mitotic activity.", "PMID": 687198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7411", "title": "The disc sign in sickling hemoglobinopathies.", "content": "The disc sign is the presence of dark red spots on the optic disc of patients with a sickling hemoglobinopathy. The dark spots appear to be plugs of deoxygenated erythrocytes in small surface disc vessels. The occlusions, which are transient and do not produce clinically detectable visual impairment, were seen most often in patients with homozygous sickle cell anemia and may be the result of clogging of small vessels by irreversibly sickled erythrocytes.", "contents": "The disc sign in sickling hemoglobinopathies. The disc sign is the presence of dark red spots on the optic disc of patients with a sickling hemoglobinopathy. The dark spots appear to be plugs of deoxygenated erythrocytes in small surface disc vessels. The occlusions, which are transient and do not produce clinically detectable visual impairment, were seen most often in patients with homozygous sickle cell anemia and may be the result of clogging of small vessels by irreversibly sickled erythrocytes.", "PMID": 687200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7412", "title": "The iris sphincter in aberrant regeneration of the third nerve.", "content": "Fourteen patients with aberrant regeneration of the third cranial nerve were examined using self-developing photographs, motion pictures, and pupillography. These pupillary phenomena were noted: (1) sector contractions of the iris sphincter in response to light, (2) sector contractions of the iris sphincter associated with eye movements, and (3) an abnormal pupillary unrest. The observations strongly support the concept that after injury, fibers regenerate and sprout collateral branches that finally reach muscles of the oculomotor group other than those originally innervated.", "contents": "The iris sphincter in aberrant regeneration of the third nerve. Fourteen patients with aberrant regeneration of the third cranial nerve were examined using self-developing photographs, motion pictures, and pupillography. These pupillary phenomena were noted: (1) sector contractions of the iris sphincter in response to light, (2) sector contractions of the iris sphincter associated with eye movements, and (3) an abnormal pupillary unrest. The observations strongly support the concept that after injury, fibers regenerate and sprout collateral branches that finally reach muscles of the oculomotor group other than those originally innervated.", "PMID": 687202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7413", "title": "Autosomal recessively inherited ocular albinism. A new form of ocular albinism affecting females as severely as males.", "content": "A new form of ocular albinism, autosomal recessively inherited ocular albinism (AROA), was studied in seven females and two males from five unrelated Caucasian kindreds. Affected patients have the impaired vision, translucent irides, congenital nystagmus, photophobia, albinotic fundi with hypoplasia of the fovea, and strabismus that are also found in X-linked ocular albinism (XOA). Unlike XOA, however, this form of ocular albinism is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, with females affected as severely as males. Obligate heterozygotes of AROA lack the ocular abnormalities that are present in females heterozygous for XOA. Also, skin and hairbulb biopsy specimens do not reveal any abnormalities in patients with AROA, whereas giant pigment granules are found in patients heterozygous and hemizygous for XOA. The recognition of this disorder is imperative for proper diagnosis and responsible genetic counseling.", "contents": "Autosomal recessively inherited ocular albinism. A new form of ocular albinism affecting females as severely as males. A new form of ocular albinism, autosomal recessively inherited ocular albinism (AROA), was studied in seven females and two males from five unrelated Caucasian kindreds. Affected patients have the impaired vision, translucent irides, congenital nystagmus, photophobia, albinotic fundi with hypoplasia of the fovea, and strabismus that are also found in X-linked ocular albinism (XOA). Unlike XOA, however, this form of ocular albinism is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, with females affected as severely as males. Obligate heterozygotes of AROA lack the ocular abnormalities that are present in females heterozygous for XOA. Also, skin and hairbulb biopsy specimens do not reveal any abnormalities in patients with AROA, whereas giant pigment granules are found in patients heterozygous and hemizygous for XOA. The recognition of this disorder is imperative for proper diagnosis and responsible genetic counseling.", "PMID": 687204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7414", "title": "Grating test of contrast sensitivity in patients with retrobulbar neuritis.", "content": "A retrospective study of 57 patients with retrobulbar neuritis (RBN) was carried out with a new test of contrast sensitivity that utilizes printed sinusoidal gratings. For 21 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, visual abnormality was detected in 18 \"affected\" eyes and 12 apparently unaffected eyes. For the 36 patients with RBN, abnormalities were detected in 29. In seven of these cases, the grating test showed bilateral impairment. The grating test seemed to be a more sensitive indicator of demyellinization than other psychophysical tests. In 24 of the patients with the least severe disease, the grating test was compared with the visual evoked response. The probability of making a positive diagnosis was .54 for the evoked potential alone, and .71 for the grating test alone.", "contents": "Grating test of contrast sensitivity in patients with retrobulbar neuritis. A retrospective study of 57 patients with retrobulbar neuritis (RBN) was carried out with a new test of contrast sensitivity that utilizes printed sinusoidal gratings. For 21 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, visual abnormality was detected in 18 \"affected\" eyes and 12 apparently unaffected eyes. For the 36 patients with RBN, abnormalities were detected in 29. In seven of these cases, the grating test showed bilateral impairment. The grating test seemed to be a more sensitive indicator of demyellinization than other psychophysical tests. In 24 of the patients with the least severe disease, the grating test was compared with the visual evoked response. The probability of making a positive diagnosis was .54 for the evoked potential alone, and .71 for the grating test alone.", "PMID": 687205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7415", "title": "Vitamin A-responsive panocular xerophthalmia in a healthy adult.", "content": "An unusual case of classical xerophthalmia occurred in an otherwise healthy, well-nourished, 25-year-old woman. She had marked conjunctival and corneal xerosis, including early stromal edema, evolving pigmentary alterations of the retinal pigment epithelium, and notable constriction of her visual fields, which paralleled the distribution of the retinal lesions. Abnormalities of the conjunctiva, cornea, and visual fields disappeared within two weeks of oral vitamin A therapy, and 1 1/2 months later, many of the retinal lesions cleared as well. This case supports the primacy of isolated vitamin A deficiency in the etiology of corneal xerosis and \"fundus xerophthalmicus\"; demonstrates that stromal edema is an important early component of corneal involvement; and localizes the funduscopic abnormalities to the retinal pigment epithelium.", "contents": "Vitamin A-responsive panocular xerophthalmia in a healthy adult. An unusual case of classical xerophthalmia occurred in an otherwise healthy, well-nourished, 25-year-old woman. She had marked conjunctival and corneal xerosis, including early stromal edema, evolving pigmentary alterations of the retinal pigment epithelium, and notable constriction of her visual fields, which paralleled the distribution of the retinal lesions. Abnormalities of the conjunctiva, cornea, and visual fields disappeared within two weeks of oral vitamin A therapy, and 1 1/2 months later, many of the retinal lesions cleared as well. This case supports the primacy of isolated vitamin A deficiency in the etiology of corneal xerosis and \"fundus xerophthalmicus\"; demonstrates that stromal edema is an important early component of corneal involvement; and localizes the funduscopic abnormalities to the retinal pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 687206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7416", "title": "Intraocular penetration of topical clindamycin in rabbits. II. Clindamycin phosphate.", "content": "We have obtained comparative data for the intraocular absorption of topically administered clindamycin hydrochloride hydrate and clindamycin phosphate, made feasible with a new gas chromatographic method of analysis. Results indicated that clindamycin phosphate underwent hydrolysis in the eye, liberating the biologically active clindamycin. However, topical clindamycin hydrochloride produced higher levels (two to six times more) of the antibiotic than those achievable with the phosphates ester in the uvea, aqueous humor, and cornea, presumably due to clindamycin hydrochloride's higher lipid solubility. Based on this data, clindamycin hydrochloride appears to be the preferred form of the antibiotic for topical ocular applications.", "contents": "Intraocular penetration of topical clindamycin in rabbits. II. Clindamycin phosphate. We have obtained comparative data for the intraocular absorption of topically administered clindamycin hydrochloride hydrate and clindamycin phosphate, made feasible with a new gas chromatographic method of analysis. Results indicated that clindamycin phosphate underwent hydrolysis in the eye, liberating the biologically active clindamycin. However, topical clindamycin hydrochloride produced higher levels (two to six times more) of the antibiotic than those achievable with the phosphates ester in the uvea, aqueous humor, and cornea, presumably due to clindamycin hydrochloride's higher lipid solubility. Based on this data, clindamycin hydrochloride appears to be the preferred form of the antibiotic for topical ocular applications.", "PMID": 687209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7417", "title": "Human posterior subcapsular cataract. A gross and flat preparation study.", "content": "Fifteen human lenses with posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) were examined en bloc and in flat preparations of the posterior capsules. The PSCs were polygonal to stellate in shape, showing some correlation with the sutural pattern. Most PSCs had a thin, semiliquefied zone centrally. All lenses showed superficial epithelial cells migrating posteriorly from one or more sectors of the equator. In these sectors, the epithelial nuclei were enlarged, with complete disorganization of the postequatorial nuclear rows. The migrating cells were stellate, layered, and in the larger cataracts, were oriented in a ring configuration around the liquefied central portion of the PSC and bladder and other proliferative cells tended to accumulate around the ring area. Control cataractous and aging lenses showed considerable irregularity of the postequatorial nuclear rows but only occasional migration toward the posterior pole.", "contents": "Human posterior subcapsular cataract. A gross and flat preparation study. Fifteen human lenses with posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) were examined en bloc and in flat preparations of the posterior capsules. The PSCs were polygonal to stellate in shape, showing some correlation with the sutural pattern. Most PSCs had a thin, semiliquefied zone centrally. All lenses showed superficial epithelial cells migrating posteriorly from one or more sectors of the equator. In these sectors, the epithelial nuclei were enlarged, with complete disorganization of the postequatorial nuclear rows. The migrating cells were stellate, layered, and in the larger cataracts, were oriented in a ring configuration around the liquefied central portion of the PSC and bladder and other proliferative cells tended to accumulate around the ring area. Control cataractous and aging lenses showed considerable irregularity of the postequatorial nuclear rows but only occasional migration toward the posterior pole.", "PMID": 687210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7418", "title": "The structural basis of altered vascular permeability following intraocular inflammation.", "content": "An immunogenic uveitis was produced in rabbits by the intravitreal injection of bovine gamma-globulin. Four to six months later, an alteration in vascular permeability was determined by greater accumulation of iodinated I 125 serum albumin in the previously inflamed eye than in the normal eye. An altered vascular permeability was found only in eyes with profound structural changes. Possible sites of extravascular protein leakage were: (1) proliferated blood vessels in the posterior chamber and vitreous; and (2) leakage through the disrupted and scarred ciliary epithelium. In eyes without evidence of altered vascular permeability, a persistent chronic inflammation was observed, and gliosis and chorioretinal scarring was prominent.", "contents": "The structural basis of altered vascular permeability following intraocular inflammation. An immunogenic uveitis was produced in rabbits by the intravitreal injection of bovine gamma-globulin. Four to six months later, an alteration in vascular permeability was determined by greater accumulation of iodinated I 125 serum albumin in the previously inflamed eye than in the normal eye. An altered vascular permeability was found only in eyes with profound structural changes. Possible sites of extravascular protein leakage were: (1) proliferated blood vessels in the posterior chamber and vitreous; and (2) leakage through the disrupted and scarred ciliary epithelium. In eyes without evidence of altered vascular permeability, a persistent chronic inflammation was observed, and gliosis and chorioretinal scarring was prominent.", "PMID": 687212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7419", "title": "Treatment of negative middle ear pressure and serous otitis media with Politzer's technique. An old procedure revisited.", "content": "This study sought to monitor changes in middle ear pressure with tympanometry after a simplified home politzerization maneuver in children who had excessive negative intratympanic pressure and/or serous otitis media. The mean middle ear pressure for 23 children was -201 mm H2O, whereas seven subjects displayed a flat tympanogram that was consistent with the medical diagnosis of serous otitis media. Middle ear pressure measurements with tympanometry at five and ten minutes after politzerization indicated successful tympanic ventilation in 91% and 85% of the ears, respectively. For children with negative intratympanic pressures of -250 mm H2O, data suggested that ventilation was sustained for at least 30 minutes. In general, results lend support for using home politzerization as an alternative or associative treatment in children with high negative pressure and/or serous otitis media.", "contents": "Treatment of negative middle ear pressure and serous otitis media with Politzer's technique. An old procedure revisited. This study sought to monitor changes in middle ear pressure with tympanometry after a simplified home politzerization maneuver in children who had excessive negative intratympanic pressure and/or serous otitis media. The mean middle ear pressure for 23 children was -201 mm H2O, whereas seven subjects displayed a flat tympanogram that was consistent with the medical diagnosis of serous otitis media. Middle ear pressure measurements with tympanometry at five and ten minutes after politzerization indicated successful tympanic ventilation in 91% and 85% of the ears, respectively. For children with negative intratympanic pressures of -250 mm H2O, data suggested that ventilation was sustained for at least 30 minutes. In general, results lend support for using home politzerization as an alternative or associative treatment in children with high negative pressure and/or serous otitis media.", "PMID": 687213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7420", "title": "Cervicofacial actinomycosis. Rapid diagnosis by thin-needle aspiration.", "content": "Thin-needle aspiration cytology is a well-known minimally invasive technique that is used in the diagnosis of neoplastic disease. The same biopsy technique provides a means for immediate identification of actinomycosis. Aspiration specimens may be used for morphologic studies, as well as for microbiologic isolation. The diagnostic histologic feature of sulfur granules remains intact with this cytologic aspiration technique. This technique is a safe, simple, and rapid means of diagnosing actinomycosis and appears to have value in the diagnosis of other infectious diseases as well.", "contents": "Cervicofacial actinomycosis. Rapid diagnosis by thin-needle aspiration. Thin-needle aspiration cytology is a well-known minimally invasive technique that is used in the diagnosis of neoplastic disease. The same biopsy technique provides a means for immediate identification of actinomycosis. Aspiration specimens may be used for morphologic studies, as well as for microbiologic isolation. The diagnostic histologic feature of sulfur granules remains intact with this cytologic aspiration technique. This technique is a safe, simple, and rapid means of diagnosing actinomycosis and appears to have value in the diagnosis of other infectious diseases as well.", "PMID": 687214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7421", "title": "Two years of a program in hearing-aid-related services.", "content": "A program of hearing-aid-related services is described in which a dispenser of hearing aids visits an audiology facility on a regular basis as a supplier. Surveys to assess the program were conducted during a two-year period. Of the 128 patients who participated in the study, 89% continued wearing their hearing aids during the first year and 86% during the second year. The adjustment period of about 30 days with an accompanying orientation program was crucial. Ear mold considerations and use of the hearing aid during noisy situations constituted two major problem areas. Five aids were returned to the factory during the adjustment period, six during the first year, and 15 during the second year. Group work in hearing aid evaluation and orientation was a positive factor.", "contents": "Two years of a program in hearing-aid-related services. A program of hearing-aid-related services is described in which a dispenser of hearing aids visits an audiology facility on a regular basis as a supplier. Surveys to assess the program were conducted during a two-year period. Of the 128 patients who participated in the study, 89% continued wearing their hearing aids during the first year and 86% during the second year. The adjustment period of about 30 days with an accompanying orientation program was crucial. Ear mold considerations and use of the hearing aid during noisy situations constituted two major problem areas. Five aids were returned to the factory during the adjustment period, six during the first year, and 15 during the second year. Group work in hearing aid evaluation and orientation was a positive factor.", "PMID": 687215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7422", "title": "Prognostic importance of the tumor-free laryngectomy specimen.", "content": "In a review of 500 consecutive laryngectomies, 36 specimens were found with no tumor. All patients had received radiation treatment preoperatively. Patients with small primary tumors and no tumor evident in microscopically examined lymph nodes had excellent long-term survival. Those patients with extensive (T4) primary tumors or with tumor found microscopically in their lymph nodes had poor survival statistics. This information reconfirms the known limitations of radiation and surgery in the case of the patient with advanced head and neck cancer. Hopefully, adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy will improve the survival of these patients.", "contents": "Prognostic importance of the tumor-free laryngectomy specimen. In a review of 500 consecutive laryngectomies, 36 specimens were found with no tumor. All patients had received radiation treatment preoperatively. Patients with small primary tumors and no tumor evident in microscopically examined lymph nodes had excellent long-term survival. Those patients with extensive (T4) primary tumors or with tumor found microscopically in their lymph nodes had poor survival statistics. This information reconfirms the known limitations of radiation and surgery in the case of the patient with advanced head and neck cancer. Hopefully, adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy will improve the survival of these patients.", "PMID": 687216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7423", "title": "Middle component averaged electroencephalic responses to tonal stimuli from normal neonates. Initial report.", "content": "Tone-pips, centered at 1,000 Hz, were used to elicit middle component averaged electroencephalic responses (AERs) (8 to 90 ms) from five normal neonates. The stimuli were presented monaurally at 10-, 30-, and 50-dB HL, with regard to adult behavioral thresholds. Averaged electroencephalic responses were also derived for no-stimulus control conditions. The initial portion of the stimulus-elicited AER waveforms was similar to that obtained from adults. An objective, scoring procedure, based on predetermined rules, was used to determine peak latencies and to quantify point-to-point amplitudes. Inspection of the scored data revealed that latencies decreased and amplitudes increased as the stimulus magnitude increased, as has also been reported for adults. Unlike adult responses, the middle components from the neonates in this study were identifiable only when recorded from the side of the head ipsilateral to the ear stimulated.", "contents": "Middle component averaged electroencephalic responses to tonal stimuli from normal neonates. Initial report. Tone-pips, centered at 1,000 Hz, were used to elicit middle component averaged electroencephalic responses (AERs) (8 to 90 ms) from five normal neonates. The stimuli were presented monaurally at 10-, 30-, and 50-dB HL, with regard to adult behavioral thresholds. Averaged electroencephalic responses were also derived for no-stimulus control conditions. The initial portion of the stimulus-elicited AER waveforms was similar to that obtained from adults. An objective, scoring procedure, based on predetermined rules, was used to determine peak latencies and to quantify point-to-point amplitudes. Inspection of the scored data revealed that latencies decreased and amplitudes increased as the stimulus magnitude increased, as has also been reported for adults. Unlike adult responses, the middle components from the neonates in this study were identifiable only when recorded from the side of the head ipsilateral to the ear stimulated.", "PMID": 687217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7424", "title": "So-called hairy polyps or teratoid tumors of the nasopharynx.", "content": "Two new cases of hairy polyp of the nasopharynx, one with congenital atresia of the left carotid artery, are added to 111 cases that have already been reported. Unlike trigerminal neoplastic teratomas, the hairy polyps are derived from two germ cells, the ectoderm and mesoderm. They are composed of a conglomeration of disorganized and disorderly tissues that form a sessile to a pedunculated mass that is attached to the nasopharynx. They are strictly developmental anomalies in early embryogenesis with very limited growth potential. We discuss their clinical features, diagnosis, and development. In an evaluation of any nasopharyngeal mass in the newborn, consideration should be given as to whether the mass arises in the nasopharynx or is an extracranial extension of glioma or encephalocele.", "contents": "So-called hairy polyps or teratoid tumors of the nasopharynx. Two new cases of hairy polyp of the nasopharynx, one with congenital atresia of the left carotid artery, are added to 111 cases that have already been reported. Unlike trigerminal neoplastic teratomas, the hairy polyps are derived from two germ cells, the ectoderm and mesoderm. They are composed of a conglomeration of disorganized and disorderly tissues that form a sessile to a pedunculated mass that is attached to the nasopharynx. They are strictly developmental anomalies in early embryogenesis with very limited growth potential. We discuss their clinical features, diagnosis, and development. In an evaluation of any nasopharyngeal mass in the newborn, consideration should be given as to whether the mass arises in the nasopharynx or is an extracranial extension of glioma or encephalocele.", "PMID": 687218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7425", "title": "Unusual vascular lesions of the neck.", "content": "Vascular lesions of the neck may initially appear atypically, without the expected findings of a bluish discoloration, pulsations, or a bruit. The initial characteristics may mimic that of a metastatic carcinoma. The true nature of the lesion may remain obscure, despite a thorough preoperative evaluation, including angiography. The head and neck surgeon must be aware of the occasional unusual appearance and must be prepared to treat whatever vascular lesion he might encounter.", "contents": "Unusual vascular lesions of the neck. Vascular lesions of the neck may initially appear atypically, without the expected findings of a bluish discoloration, pulsations, or a bruit. The initial characteristics may mimic that of a metastatic carcinoma. The true nature of the lesion may remain obscure, despite a thorough preoperative evaluation, including angiography. The head and neck surgeon must be aware of the occasional unusual appearance and must be prepared to treat whatever vascular lesion he might encounter.", "PMID": 687219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7426", "title": "Management of tracheocutaneous fistula.", "content": "In our experience, recommended treatment of the closure of tracheocutaneous fistula has been disappointing. Complications associated with primary closure, which we have experienced, include pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and wound breakdown. The alternate method of treating tracheocutaneous fistula, which we recommend, consists of excision of the tract down to the level of the trachea and allowing healing to take place via secondary intention. Elective scar revision, if indicated, is scheduled at some time in the future.", "contents": "Management of tracheocutaneous fistula. In our experience, recommended treatment of the closure of tracheocutaneous fistula has been disappointing. Complications associated with primary closure, which we have experienced, include pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and wound breakdown. The alternate method of treating tracheocutaneous fistula, which we recommend, consists of excision of the tract down to the level of the trachea and allowing healing to take place via secondary intention. Elective scar revision, if indicated, is scheduled at some time in the future.", "PMID": 687220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7427", "title": "Eighth nerve in acoustic neuromas. Special reference to superior vestibular nerve function and histopathology.", "content": "Eighth nerve specimens were removed during acoustic neuroma surgery, and findings were related to cochlear and especially to superior vestibular nerve function as studied by conventional caloric testing in 21 cases. The origin of the tumor was in eight cases the inferior and in two cases the superior vestibular nerve, and in eight cases the vestibular nerve without more specific localization. In three advanced cases the exact site of origin could not be determined. Leaving age-related changes out of account, the utricle and horizontal canal ampulla appeared normal in all ears except one in which the ampulla was replaced by tumor tissue. In 11 ears the superior vestibular nerve was histologically intact and three of these ears also showed normal caloric responses. In seven ears there was a canal paresis, and in three no reaction was obtained. The ten ears with partial or total nerve invasion by tumor either showed a weak reaction or no response at all. It is likely that an early conduction block arises in both cochlear and vestibular nerves, and reduced reactions to appropriate stimuli do not warrant conclusions that the numbers of anatomically intact nerve fibers possibly are reduced.", "contents": "Eighth nerve in acoustic neuromas. Special reference to superior vestibular nerve function and histopathology. Eighth nerve specimens were removed during acoustic neuroma surgery, and findings were related to cochlear and especially to superior vestibular nerve function as studied by conventional caloric testing in 21 cases. The origin of the tumor was in eight cases the inferior and in two cases the superior vestibular nerve, and in eight cases the vestibular nerve without more specific localization. In three advanced cases the exact site of origin could not be determined. Leaving age-related changes out of account, the utricle and horizontal canal ampulla appeared normal in all ears except one in which the ampulla was replaced by tumor tissue. In 11 ears the superior vestibular nerve was histologically intact and three of these ears also showed normal caloric responses. In seven ears there was a canal paresis, and in three no reaction was obtained. The ten ears with partial or total nerve invasion by tumor either showed a weak reaction or no response at all. It is likely that an early conduction block arises in both cochlear and vestibular nerves, and reduced reactions to appropriate stimuli do not warrant conclusions that the numbers of anatomically intact nerve fibers possibly are reduced.", "PMID": 687221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7428", "title": "Hemifacial atrophy. A review of an unusual craniofacial deformity with a report of a case.", "content": "Progressive hemifacial atrophy is an unusual craniofacial deformity that is amenable to surgical reconstruction. The disease may involve any layer of the superficial facial tissues as well as cartilage and bone. While the cause of the disease is unknown, several hypotheses exist to account for the progressive nature of the disorder. Histologically, the skin undergoes thinning of the Malpighian stratum and atrophy of the skin adenexa and dermal units. The subcutaneous tissue shows chronic inflammatory changes. This picture closely resembles that of scleroderma, and some authors believe the disorder to be an isolated form of scleroderma. Various hypotheses have been promulgated as to the cause of this disorder, its pathologic process, and varied clinical presentation.", "contents": "Hemifacial atrophy. A review of an unusual craniofacial deformity with a report of a case. Progressive hemifacial atrophy is an unusual craniofacial deformity that is amenable to surgical reconstruction. The disease may involve any layer of the superficial facial tissues as well as cartilage and bone. While the cause of the disease is unknown, several hypotheses exist to account for the progressive nature of the disorder. Histologically, the skin undergoes thinning of the Malpighian stratum and atrophy of the skin adenexa and dermal units. The subcutaneous tissue shows chronic inflammatory changes. This picture closely resembles that of scleroderma, and some authors believe the disorder to be an isolated form of scleroderma. Various hypotheses have been promulgated as to the cause of this disorder, its pathologic process, and varied clinical presentation.", "PMID": 687222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7429", "title": "Advantage of computerized tomography scan. Diagnosis of an otogenic cerebellar abscess.", "content": "Computerized axial tomography with contrast enhancement is very useful for the diagnosis of brain abscesses. This fact is illustrated by a case report of a cerebellar abscess secondary to chronic mastoiditis with cholesteatoma.", "contents": "Advantage of computerized tomography scan. Diagnosis of an otogenic cerebellar abscess. Computerized axial tomography with contrast enhancement is very useful for the diagnosis of brain abscesses. This fact is illustrated by a case report of a cerebellar abscess secondary to chronic mastoiditis with cholesteatoma.", "PMID": 687223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7430", "title": "Comparison of hearing threshold determined by auditory pathway electric responses and by behavioural responses.", "content": "In order to evaluate their reliability for determing the hearing threshold, the cochlear microphonic potentials, the auditory nerve and brain stem neural evoked responses as well as the cortical evoked responses were compared with the behavioural hearing thresholds of the same subjects in the same session. The threshold for recording the cochlear microphonic potnetial was found to be appreciably higher than the behavioral threshold. The threshold for recording the auditory nerve and brain stem responses was within a few decibels of the behavioural threshold. The thresold of the cortical evoked response was several decibels higher. It is concluded that (1) the auditory nerve and brain stem neural evoked responses are the best indicators of hearing threshold; (2) the cortical evoked responses are usually comparable, and (3) all types of evoked responses are indispensable aids in the evaluation of hearing and the determination of site of lesion in the auditory system.", "contents": "Comparison of hearing threshold determined by auditory pathway electric responses and by behavioural responses. In order to evaluate their reliability for determing the hearing threshold, the cochlear microphonic potentials, the auditory nerve and brain stem neural evoked responses as well as the cortical evoked responses were compared with the behavioural hearing thresholds of the same subjects in the same session. The threshold for recording the cochlear microphonic potnetial was found to be appreciably higher than the behavioral threshold. The threshold for recording the auditory nerve and brain stem responses was within a few decibels of the behavioural threshold. The thresold of the cortical evoked response was several decibels higher. It is concluded that (1) the auditory nerve and brain stem neural evoked responses are the best indicators of hearing threshold; (2) the cortical evoked responses are usually comparable, and (3) all types of evoked responses are indispensable aids in the evaluation of hearing and the determination of site of lesion in the auditory system.", "PMID": 687235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7431", "title": "Backward and forward masking in listeners with severe sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "Using synthetic stimuli, backward and forward masking by a first-formant stimulus were measured for two tasks: (1) discrimination of a second-formant transition and (2) pure-tone detection. 16 listeners with moderate to severe sensorineural hearing impairment were studied. Many of the listeners showed backward and forward discrimination masking, sometimes extending as far as 200 ms before or after the first-formant interval. There were large individual differences in degree and temporal extent of masking. The masking contribution of sensitivity shifts, as indicated by pure-tone detection levels, appeared to be limited to a range of only 50 ms before or after the first-formant masker.", "contents": "Backward and forward masking in listeners with severe sensorineural hearing loss. Using synthetic stimuli, backward and forward masking by a first-formant stimulus were measured for two tasks: (1) discrimination of a second-formant transition and (2) pure-tone detection. 16 listeners with moderate to severe sensorineural hearing impairment were studied. Many of the listeners showed backward and forward discrimination masking, sometimes extending as far as 200 ms before or after the first-formant interval. There were large individual differences in degree and temporal extent of masking. The masking contribution of sensitivity shifts, as indicated by pure-tone detection levels, appeared to be limited to a range of only 50 ms before or after the first-formant masker.", "PMID": 687238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7432", "title": "[Remote masking as a test of cochlear conductive hearing losses (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the remote masking (RM) in patients with Meni\u00e8re's disorder during the hearing loss fluctuations produced either by the disorder or by the glycerol test (Klockhoff). The RM was recorded for pulsed tones of 250, 500 and 1 000 Hz; the masker was a continuous narrow-band noise centered at 3 000 Hz, with 305 Hz (2 875-3 180 Hz) bandwidth, delivered at an overall level of 98 dB SPL. The results showed that the RM decreases during the acute phase, i.e. when the hearing loss increases, and, increases if the glycerol tests do not significantly modify the RM value. They seem to confirm the hypothesis that the RM may be due to a mechanical effect in the internal ear and suggest the possibility of using the RM as a test of end-organ rigidity.", "contents": "[Remote masking as a test of cochlear conductive hearing losses (author's transl)]. The authors studied the remote masking (RM) in patients with Meni\u00e8re's disorder during the hearing loss fluctuations produced either by the disorder or by the glycerol test (Klockhoff). The RM was recorded for pulsed tones of 250, 500 and 1 000 Hz; the masker was a continuous narrow-band noise centered at 3 000 Hz, with 305 Hz (2 875-3 180 Hz) bandwidth, delivered at an overall level of 98 dB SPL. The results showed that the RM decreases during the acute phase, i.e. when the hearing loss increases, and, increases if the glycerol tests do not significantly modify the RM value. They seem to confirm the hypothesis that the RM may be due to a mechanical effect in the internal ear and suggest the possibility of using the RM as a test of end-organ rigidity.", "PMID": 687237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7433", "title": "Effect of homolateral and contralateral routing of signals through body-worn hearing aids on the localization ability of hearing-impaired people.", "content": "This investigation compared the localization abilities in the horizontal plane of 22 hearing-impaired adults (9 with symmetrical conductive and 13 with symmetrical sensorineural hearing impairment) whilst listening to speech through body-worn hearing aids in two different ways: (a) hearing-aid microphone placed on the same side as the stimulated ear (homolateral routing of signals); (b) hearing aid microphone placed on the opposite side to the stimulated ear (contralateral routing of signals). It was found that the localization performances of all the subjects, especially when using binaural hearing aids, under homolateral routing of signals, were far superior to their respective localization performances achieved with contralateral routing of signals.", "contents": "Effect of homolateral and contralateral routing of signals through body-worn hearing aids on the localization ability of hearing-impaired people. This investigation compared the localization abilities in the horizontal plane of 22 hearing-impaired adults (9 with symmetrical conductive and 13 with symmetrical sensorineural hearing impairment) whilst listening to speech through body-worn hearing aids in two different ways: (a) hearing-aid microphone placed on the same side as the stimulated ear (homolateral routing of signals); (b) hearing aid microphone placed on the opposite side to the stimulated ear (contralateral routing of signals). It was found that the localization performances of all the subjects, especially when using binaural hearing aids, under homolateral routing of signals, were far superior to their respective localization performances achieved with contralateral routing of signals.", "PMID": 687240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7434", "title": "The effects of middle ear muscle contraction on auditory and overload thresholds.", "content": "The present investigation examined psychophysically the frequency-specific and nonlinear attenuation of sound energy provided by middle ear muscle contraction in normal hearers. Aural overload and absolute auditory thresholds were measured at 500, 1 000 and 2 000 Hz prior to and during acoustic stapedial reflex contraction. Reflex contraction was elicited with contralateral broad-band noise. Results revealed that overload thresholds were elevated at 500 and 1 000 Hz and a slight decrease in overload threshold was apparent at 2 000 Hz during reflex contraction while absolute thresholds remained essentially unchanged. These data are consistent with previous psychophysical and physiological findings. The aural overload test having been derived directly from observations of cochlear microphonic saturation, moreover, affords direct comparison to results of electrophysiological experimentation.", "contents": "The effects of middle ear muscle contraction on auditory and overload thresholds. The present investigation examined psychophysically the frequency-specific and nonlinear attenuation of sound energy provided by middle ear muscle contraction in normal hearers. Aural overload and absolute auditory thresholds were measured at 500, 1 000 and 2 000 Hz prior to and during acoustic stapedial reflex contraction. Reflex contraction was elicited with contralateral broad-band noise. Results revealed that overload thresholds were elevated at 500 and 1 000 Hz and a slight decrease in overload threshold was apparent at 2 000 Hz during reflex contraction while absolute thresholds remained essentially unchanged. These data are consistent with previous psychophysical and physiological findings. The aural overload test having been derived directly from observations of cochlear microphonic saturation, moreover, affords direct comparison to results of electrophysiological experimentation.", "PMID": 687241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7435", "title": "An effect of linguistic experience. Auditory word discrimination by native and non-native speakers of English.", "content": "In this study, the effect of linguistic experience on the auditory discrimination of words has been examined. 18 subjects, including 6 native and 12 non-native speakers of English, were tested with CID auditory test W-22 in quiet and in the presence of white noise at the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of +12, +6 and 0 dB. The non-native speakers of English included 6 with 1 year of experience and 6 with 3-4 years of experience speaking Enligsh in the USA. In the absence of noise, the results were essentially equivalent for all three groups. As noise level increased, word discrimination deteriorated for all three groups with non-native speakers of English obtaining results significantly poorer than native speakers of English. Linguistic experience and noise levels were significant at the 0.001 level fo confidence. It appears that at 0 dB S/N, individual variability of non-native speakers of English, regardless of their original linguistic background, was much smaller than that found for native speakers of English. The results of the study tend to indicate that a limited linguistic experience results in a persistent deterioration of auditory word discrimination under impoverished conditions of audition.", "contents": "An effect of linguistic experience. Auditory word discrimination by native and non-native speakers of English. In this study, the effect of linguistic experience on the auditory discrimination of words has been examined. 18 subjects, including 6 native and 12 non-native speakers of English, were tested with CID auditory test W-22 in quiet and in the presence of white noise at the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of +12, +6 and 0 dB. The non-native speakers of English included 6 with 1 year of experience and 6 with 3-4 years of experience speaking Enligsh in the USA. In the absence of noise, the results were essentially equivalent for all three groups. As noise level increased, word discrimination deteriorated for all three groups with non-native speakers of English obtaining results significantly poorer than native speakers of English. Linguistic experience and noise levels were significant at the 0.001 level fo confidence. It appears that at 0 dB S/N, individual variability of non-native speakers of English, regardless of their original linguistic background, was much smaller than that found for native speakers of English. The results of the study tend to indicate that a limited linguistic experience results in a persistent deterioration of auditory word discrimination under impoverished conditions of audition.", "PMID": 687239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7436", "title": "Pregnancy rates and non-return rates following artificial and natural breeding in dairy herds.", "content": "Information routinely supplied during the conduct of a dairy herd health program was analysed to evaluate the performance of artificial breeding in Victoria. A comparison was made between 60 to 90-day non-return rates (supplied by artificial breeding centres) and pregnancy rates (determined by manual pregnancy diagnosis) for first artificial inseminations in 108 herd years in which both items were available in the 1973 and 1974 breeding seasons. The values were 69.3% and 58.2% respectively (P less than 0.001). Non-return rates and conception rates were found to decline as herd size increased. Pregnancy rates to first artificial and natural services did not differ significantly from each other but pregnancy rates were significantly more variable to natural than artificial service (P less than 0.001). The mean pregnancy rate to artificial insemination for all herd years studied was 57.5% and the pregnancy rate to natural service was 58.0%.", "contents": "Pregnancy rates and non-return rates following artificial and natural breeding in dairy herds. Information routinely supplied during the conduct of a dairy herd health program was analysed to evaluate the performance of artificial breeding in Victoria. A comparison was made between 60 to 90-day non-return rates (supplied by artificial breeding centres) and pregnancy rates (determined by manual pregnancy diagnosis) for first artificial inseminations in 108 herd years in which both items were available in the 1973 and 1974 breeding seasons. The values were 69.3% and 58.2% respectively (P less than 0.001). Non-return rates and conception rates were found to decline as herd size increased. Pregnancy rates to first artificial and natural services did not differ significantly from each other but pregnancy rates were significantly more variable to natural than artificial service (P less than 0.001). The mean pregnancy rate to artificial insemination for all herd years studied was 57.5% and the pregnancy rate to natural service was 58.0%.", "PMID": 687260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7437", "title": "Some effects of reduced energy intake on the development of anaplasmosis in Bos indicus cross steers.", "content": "Some effects of the plane of nutrition on the development of anaplasmosis in Brahman cross steers were investigated. Batches of 39 and 30 Brahman cross steers, aged approximately 27 months were each divided by stratified randomisation into 4 groups of similar mean PCV and body weight. Two similar experiments, designated A and B were conducted. Groups 1 and 2 were fed a ration of lucerne chaff at the rate of 1 M Cal ME/80 kg live weight/day for 8 weeks aimed to reduce body weight by approximately 5 kg/week. Animals in groups 3 and 4 were fed a ration for the same period aimed to increase body weight by approximately 2 kg/week. Groups 1 and 3 were then inoculated with approximately 10(10) Anaplasma marginale infected erythrocytes and the effects of the subsequent infections during the clinical and recovery phases were examined by measuring humoral antibody response, packed cell volume, parasitaemia and body weight. Groups 2 and 4 were uninfected controls. Anaplasmosis, as measured by three responses, was less severe in the starved animals of group 1. Significant differences in packed cell volume and parasitaemia were detected for short periods between the infected groups 1 and 3. Anaplasmosis caused losses of 6.2% and 5.9% in the mean body weight of group 3 animals in experiments A and B respectively. Most of this loss occurred during the clinical phase of the disease. The disease caused no apparent loss of weight in the infected animals of group 1.", "contents": "Some effects of reduced energy intake on the development of anaplasmosis in Bos indicus cross steers. Some effects of the plane of nutrition on the development of anaplasmosis in Brahman cross steers were investigated. Batches of 39 and 30 Brahman cross steers, aged approximately 27 months were each divided by stratified randomisation into 4 groups of similar mean PCV and body weight. Two similar experiments, designated A and B were conducted. Groups 1 and 2 were fed a ration of lucerne chaff at the rate of 1 M Cal ME/80 kg live weight/day for 8 weeks aimed to reduce body weight by approximately 5 kg/week. Animals in groups 3 and 4 were fed a ration for the same period aimed to increase body weight by approximately 2 kg/week. Groups 1 and 3 were then inoculated with approximately 10(10) Anaplasma marginale infected erythrocytes and the effects of the subsequent infections during the clinical and recovery phases were examined by measuring humoral antibody response, packed cell volume, parasitaemia and body weight. Groups 2 and 4 were uninfected controls. Anaplasmosis, as measured by three responses, was less severe in the starved animals of group 1. Significant differences in packed cell volume and parasitaemia were detected for short periods between the infected groups 1 and 3. Anaplasmosis caused losses of 6.2% and 5.9% in the mean body weight of group 3 animals in experiments A and B respectively. Most of this loss occurred during the clinical phase of the disease. The disease caused no apparent loss of weight in the infected animals of group 1.", "PMID": 687262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7438", "title": "Serological procedures to determine time of infection of pigs with porcine parvovirus.", "content": "It was found possible to correlate serological responses to porcine parvovirus (PPV) with the time after infection. Two procedures were used for PPV antibody measurement: an immunodiffusion technique to measure precipitating antibody and a haemagglutination inhibition (HI) procedure to measure concentration of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) sensitive antibody. Both procedures successfully related antibody titres to time post-infection, but it was considered that a 2 M 2-ME HI procedure showed the greater promise for field investigations.", "contents": "Serological procedures to determine time of infection of pigs with porcine parvovirus. It was found possible to correlate serological responses to porcine parvovirus (PPV) with the time after infection. Two procedures were used for PPV antibody measurement: an immunodiffusion technique to measure precipitating antibody and a haemagglutination inhibition (HI) procedure to measure concentration of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) sensitive antibody. Both procedures successfully related antibody titres to time post-infection, but it was considered that a 2 M 2-ME HI procedure showed the greater promise for field investigations.", "PMID": 687263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7439", "title": "Adrenocortical insufficiency in the dog.", "content": "Primary adrenocortical insufficiency is described in 3 dogs. Clinical signs included marked depression, vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness and bradycardia. Diagnosis was based on clinical signs and biochemical findings of hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia and a lowered plasma Na+ : K+ ratio. Treatment during the acute illness consisted of intravenous fluids and hydrocortisone sodium succinate. Fludrocortisone acetate has maintained all dogs in good health. One dog was on treatment for 4 years.", "contents": "Adrenocortical insufficiency in the dog. Primary adrenocortical insufficiency is described in 3 dogs. Clinical signs included marked depression, vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness and bradycardia. Diagnosis was based on clinical signs and biochemical findings of hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia and a lowered plasma Na+ : K+ ratio. Treatment during the acute illness consisted of intravenous fluids and hydrocortisone sodium succinate. Fludrocortisone acetate has maintained all dogs in good health. One dog was on treatment for 4 years.", "PMID": 687264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7440", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue of the cat.", "content": "A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in an 11-year-old castrated male cat is described. The clinical signs of excessive salivation and inability to eat or drink were associated with enlargement of the tongue. The pathology, possible aetiology and pathogenesis of the neoplasm are discussed.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue of the cat. A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in an 11-year-old castrated male cat is described. The clinical signs of excessive salivation and inability to eat or drink were associated with enlargement of the tongue. The pathology, possible aetiology and pathogenesis of the neoplasm are discussed.", "PMID": 687265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7441", "title": "Guttural pouch mycosis in two horses.", "content": "The history and clinical findings of 1 horses with guttural pouch mycosis referred to us are described. The salient features of the history and clinical signs common to both cases were profuse spontaneous nasal haemorrhage, partial pharyngeal paralysis; subsequently bilateral nasal discharge containing food material, inability to drink and parotid pain became evident. One case made a gradual recovery with conservative medical treatment while the second case was destroyed and submitted for post-mortem, histopathological and microbiological examination. This examination failed to establish the initiating cause of the lesion but later stages were clearly associated with an invasive septate fungus morphologically resembling Aspergillus.", "contents": "Guttural pouch mycosis in two horses. The history and clinical findings of 1 horses with guttural pouch mycosis referred to us are described. The salient features of the history and clinical signs common to both cases were profuse spontaneous nasal haemorrhage, partial pharyngeal paralysis; subsequently bilateral nasal discharge containing food material, inability to drink and parotid pain became evident. One case made a gradual recovery with conservative medical treatment while the second case was destroyed and submitted for post-mortem, histopathological and microbiological examination. This examination failed to establish the initiating cause of the lesion but later stages were clearly associated with an invasive septate fungus morphologically resembling Aspergillus.", "PMID": 687266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7442", "title": "Chronic copper poisoning in dairy cows.", "content": "Chronic copper poisoning in a dairy herd fed supplementary copper is recorded. Most cows received 11 g of copper sulphate per day but high milk producers received 22.0 g and within 6 months, 3 of them became ill and died. The signs shown by the 3 cows were anorexia, decreased milk production, frequent recumbency and jaundice. Within 4 days of showing signs, the cows died. The autopsy findings were dehydration, anaemia, jaundice, liver damage and intestinal haemorrhage. Liver copper values varied from 1,250 to 2,410 ppm DM.", "contents": "Chronic copper poisoning in dairy cows. Chronic copper poisoning in a dairy herd fed supplementary copper is recorded. Most cows received 11 g of copper sulphate per day but high milk producers received 22.0 g and within 6 months, 3 of them became ill and died. The signs shown by the 3 cows were anorexia, decreased milk production, frequent recumbency and jaundice. Within 4 days of showing signs, the cows died. The autopsy findings were dehydration, anaemia, jaundice, liver damage and intestinal haemorrhage. Liver copper values varied from 1,250 to 2,410 ppm DM.", "PMID": 687267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7443", "title": "Chronic methylmercurialism in the cat.", "content": "The mercury levels in 69 muscle samples from fish weighing from 0.3 to 200 kg caught in Moreton Bay, Queensland, in the latter half of 1976 ranged from less than 10 to 2,030 ng/g. Mercury levels in blood samples from 53 humans and 100 dogs in Brisbane almost all contained less than 10 ng/ml while the level in 162 cats sampled ranged from less than 10 to 329 ng/ml. Chronic methylmercurialism developed in 2 cats dosed daily with methylmercury, bound to cysteine, at the rate of 0.6 mg/kg body weight for 74 and 77 days respectively. Terminal clinical signs included anorexia, weight loss, knuckling over at the carpus and tarsus, hypermetria initially involving the forelegs and later the hindlegs, sluggish reflexes, paresis involving all limbs, persistent crying, apparent blindness, tonic and clonic convulsions and salivation. Pathological changes were confined to the nervous system and included degeneration of neurones and perivascular cuffing in the cerebrocortical grey matter, focal atrophy of the granular layer, focal spongiosus of the molecular layer and degeneration and loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and demyelination in the fibre tracts of the dorsal funiculus, mainly the fasciculus cuneatus and in the lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts. Terminal blood methylmercury levels were in excess of 18 microgram/ml, while brain methylmercury levels ranged from 21.0 to 28.4 microgram/g. The liver and kidney contained the highest total levels of mercury of 50 to 80 microgram/g, of which 23 to 37% was inorganic.", "contents": "Chronic methylmercurialism in the cat. The mercury levels in 69 muscle samples from fish weighing from 0.3 to 200 kg caught in Moreton Bay, Queensland, in the latter half of 1976 ranged from less than 10 to 2,030 ng/g. Mercury levels in blood samples from 53 humans and 100 dogs in Brisbane almost all contained less than 10 ng/ml while the level in 162 cats sampled ranged from less than 10 to 329 ng/ml. Chronic methylmercurialism developed in 2 cats dosed daily with methylmercury, bound to cysteine, at the rate of 0.6 mg/kg body weight for 74 and 77 days respectively. Terminal clinical signs included anorexia, weight loss, knuckling over at the carpus and tarsus, hypermetria initially involving the forelegs and later the hindlegs, sluggish reflexes, paresis involving all limbs, persistent crying, apparent blindness, tonic and clonic convulsions and salivation. Pathological changes were confined to the nervous system and included degeneration of neurones and perivascular cuffing in the cerebrocortical grey matter, focal atrophy of the granular layer, focal spongiosus of the molecular layer and degeneration and loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and demyelination in the fibre tracts of the dorsal funiculus, mainly the fasciculus cuneatus and in the lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts. Terminal blood methylmercury levels were in excess of 18 microgram/ml, while brain methylmercury levels ranged from 21.0 to 28.4 microgram/g. The liver and kidney contained the highest total levels of mercury of 50 to 80 microgram/g, of which 23 to 37% was inorganic.", "PMID": 687273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7444", "title": "A phonocardiographic study of equine heart sounds.", "content": "The occurrence and timing of heart sounds were examined from phonocardiograms taken from the mitral, aortic and tricupsid recording areas in each of 18 horses. 10 sound events could be identified with each cardiac cycle. Atrial contraction produced up to 3 sound events. The first heart sound consisted of 4 components whereas the second sound was single. Two sound events were associated with the 3rd heart sound in early diastole. The occurrence of third and fourth heart sound components varied between horses and between recording areas. The mitral recording area was considered most satisfactory for routine phonocardiographic studies in horses.", "contents": "A phonocardiographic study of equine heart sounds. The occurrence and timing of heart sounds were examined from phonocardiograms taken from the mitral, aortic and tricupsid recording areas in each of 18 horses. 10 sound events could be identified with each cardiac cycle. Atrial contraction produced up to 3 sound events. The first heart sound consisted of 4 components whereas the second sound was single. Two sound events were associated with the 3rd heart sound in early diastole. The occurrence of third and fourth heart sound components varied between horses and between recording areas. The mitral recording area was considered most satisfactory for routine phonocardiographic studies in horses.", "PMID": 687274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7445", "title": "Congenital bovine epizootic arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly.", "content": "Epizootics of congenital neurological defects in calves have been recorded at various intervals in south eastern New South Wales for over 40 years. In 1974 a particularly severe outbreak occurred. Field observations of the clinical entities, their time of appearance, distribution and incidence were recorded in an attempt to determine an epidemiological pattern. The neurological entities observed occupied different time spans in the epizootic, the order of appearance being polioencephalomyelitis, arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly and micrencephaly. The probable period of infection correlated well with the likely presence of Culiciodes brevitarsus in the epizootic area and the distribution and incidence of neurologic cases likewise correlated well with the expected geographical and climatic distribution of C. brevitarsus in this period. The probable association of Akabane virus infection and the outbreak of stillbirths and abortions which preceded the neurologic entities is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital bovine epizootic arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly. Epizootics of congenital neurological defects in calves have been recorded at various intervals in south eastern New South Wales for over 40 years. In 1974 a particularly severe outbreak occurred. Field observations of the clinical entities, their time of appearance, distribution and incidence were recorded in an attempt to determine an epidemiological pattern. The neurological entities observed occupied different time spans in the epizootic, the order of appearance being polioencephalomyelitis, arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly and micrencephaly. The probable period of infection correlated well with the likely presence of Culiciodes brevitarsus in the epizootic area and the distribution and incidence of neurologic cases likewise correlated well with the expected geographical and climatic distribution of C. brevitarsus in this period. The probable association of Akabane virus infection and the outbreak of stillbirths and abortions which preceded the neurologic entities is discussed.", "PMID": 687275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7446", "title": "The isolation of lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus in Australia.", "content": "Twelve isolations of Newcastle disease virus were made from 77 clinical samples from chickens from conjunctivitis, respiratory disease, proventriculitis and bursal atrophy. Nine of the isolations were made from chickens with conjunctivitis. The viruses were identified as Newcastle disease virus by inhibition of their haemagglutinins with specific antiserum to Newcastle disease virus. The viruses failed to kill chicken embryos after inoculation into the allantoic cavity and they were judged to be lentogenic strains. There was no evidence that the Newcastle disease viruses were responsible for any of the clinical conditions from which they were isolated. The presence of other agents in 10 of the samples was indicated by reduced production of haemagglutinin in allantoic fluids of infected embryos, by deaths of infected embryos, by the production of cytopathic changes in avian cell cultures and by electron microscopy. Three isolations of infectious bronchitis virus, 2 of avian adenovirus and one of avian reovirus were made. Other samples were suspected of containing infectious bronchitis virus and mycoplasmas, but these were not isolated. The Newcastle disease viruses failed to produce plaques in chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures and they were separated from the contaminating agents by haemagglutination and elution followed by passage at terminal dilution in chick embryos. No Newcastle disease virus was isolated from 60 caecal tonsils and 60 lung samples from 9-week-old broiler chickens. Eight lung samples yielded mycoplasmas that caused haemadsorption in chicken cell cultures. The mycoplasmas were probably Mycoplasma gallisepticum.", "contents": "The isolation of lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus in Australia. Twelve isolations of Newcastle disease virus were made from 77 clinical samples from chickens from conjunctivitis, respiratory disease, proventriculitis and bursal atrophy. Nine of the isolations were made from chickens with conjunctivitis. The viruses were identified as Newcastle disease virus by inhibition of their haemagglutinins with specific antiserum to Newcastle disease virus. The viruses failed to kill chicken embryos after inoculation into the allantoic cavity and they were judged to be lentogenic strains. There was no evidence that the Newcastle disease viruses were responsible for any of the clinical conditions from which they were isolated. The presence of other agents in 10 of the samples was indicated by reduced production of haemagglutinin in allantoic fluids of infected embryos, by deaths of infected embryos, by the production of cytopathic changes in avian cell cultures and by electron microscopy. Three isolations of infectious bronchitis virus, 2 of avian adenovirus and one of avian reovirus were made. Other samples were suspected of containing infectious bronchitis virus and mycoplasmas, but these were not isolated. The Newcastle disease viruses failed to produce plaques in chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures and they were separated from the contaminating agents by haemagglutination and elution followed by passage at terminal dilution in chick embryos. No Newcastle disease virus was isolated from 60 caecal tonsils and 60 lung samples from 9-week-old broiler chickens. Eight lung samples yielded mycoplasmas that caused haemadsorption in chicken cell cultures. The mycoplasmas were probably Mycoplasma gallisepticum.", "PMID": 687276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7447", "title": "The toxicity and efficiency of arecoline hydrobromide in the Tasmanian hydatid control program.", "content": "Results on the efficiency and toxicity of arecoline hydrobromide during the first 11 years of the hydatid limitation program in Tasmania are presented. A satisfactory mucous purge was obtained from about 80% of dogs when arecoline was used at 3.25 mg/kg and from about 75% when the dose rate was reduced to 1.62 mg/kg of body weight. Arecoline is considered to have a low efficiency in detecting tapeworm infection in individual dogs, but is valuable as a diagnostic aid in groups of dogs. Toxicity was seen as acute cardiac collapse in about 5 dogs per 1000 dosed. Deaths followed in 1 dog in about 9,500.", "contents": "The toxicity and efficiency of arecoline hydrobromide in the Tasmanian hydatid control program. Results on the efficiency and toxicity of arecoline hydrobromide during the first 11 years of the hydatid limitation program in Tasmania are presented. A satisfactory mucous purge was obtained from about 80% of dogs when arecoline was used at 3.25 mg/kg and from about 75% when the dose rate was reduced to 1.62 mg/kg of body weight. Arecoline is considered to have a low efficiency in detecting tapeworm infection in individual dogs, but is valuable as a diagnostic aid in groups of dogs. Toxicity was seen as acute cardiac collapse in about 5 dogs per 1000 dosed. Deaths followed in 1 dog in about 9,500.", "PMID": 687277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7448", "title": "Splenectomy in the horse.", "content": "Splenectomy was successfully performed on 2 aged horses to facilitate experimental studies of Babesia equi infection. Resection of part of the 17th rib provided the most acceptable approach and avoided many complications encountered on removing part of the 16th rib.", "contents": "Splenectomy in the horse. Splenectomy was successfully performed on 2 aged horses to facilitate experimental studies of Babesia equi infection. Resection of part of the 17th rib provided the most acceptable approach and avoided many complications encountered on removing part of the 16th rib.", "PMID": 687278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7449", "title": "Endrin toxicity in cagebirds.", "content": "The deaths of approximately 320 cagebirds (finches, doves, quails) were found to be due to ingestion of panicum seed (Panicum miliaceum) contaminated with endrin. Most birds were found dead but some showed flight instability prior to death. No gross or microscopic lesions were found in necropsied birds.", "contents": "Endrin toxicity in cagebirds. The deaths of approximately 320 cagebirds (finches, doves, quails) were found to be due to ingestion of panicum seed (Panicum miliaceum) contaminated with endrin. Most birds were found dead but some showed flight instability prior to death. No gross or microscopic lesions were found in necropsied birds.", "PMID": 687279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7450", "title": "A health program for commercial dairy herds. 1. Objectives and methods.", "content": "A health program for dairy herds is defined as a planned and coordinated approach to achieving and maintaining optimal health and productive efficiency of livestock. A program is described, which has been developed over a period of eight years to fulfill this definition in providing veterinary services to commercial dairy herds. It is demonstrated that clinical veterinary services to participating herds did not satisfactorily achieve the stated aim and therefore an alternative approach was developed. This approach is centred around the concept of performance targets, and each herd is monitored closely by means of a computer-based health and productivity monitoring system in order to detect deviation from target performance. When such deviations occur, the monitoring system is used to diagnose the nature of the problem. The detailed targets adopted in this study are described and the examinations which are undertaken on cattle are outlined. These examinations are aimed at correcting problems, or at confirming satisfactory performance. Further details of the findings of the study are outlined in following papers.", "contents": "A health program for commercial dairy herds. 1. Objectives and methods. A health program for dairy herds is defined as a planned and coordinated approach to achieving and maintaining optimal health and productive efficiency of livestock. A program is described, which has been developed over a period of eight years to fulfill this definition in providing veterinary services to commercial dairy herds. It is demonstrated that clinical veterinary services to participating herds did not satisfactorily achieve the stated aim and therefore an alternative approach was developed. This approach is centred around the concept of performance targets, and each herd is monitored closely by means of a computer-based health and productivity monitoring system in order to detect deviation from target performance. When such deviations occur, the monitoring system is used to diagnose the nature of the problem. The detailed targets adopted in this study are described and the examinations which are undertaken on cattle are outlined. These examinations are aimed at correcting problems, or at confirming satisfactory performance. Further details of the findings of the study are outlined in following papers.", "PMID": 687284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7451", "title": "A health program for commercial dairy herds. 2. Data processing.", "content": "The development of a computerised data handling and analysis system to aid the operation of a health and management program for commercial dairy herds is described. The aims for the system are outlined, and the development of the system over a period of 8 years to meet these aims is described. The documentation used in the current system is described in relation to the various procedures involved in the operation of the dairy herd health program. Two features which make this system unique are its use for the selection of problem and high risk cows for examination and treatment, and the provision of analyses of recent performance in a number of facets of health and production, which aid in the identification of emerging problems. It is considered that future improvements in the system will be in the areas of milk production recording and calf rearing and disease recording.", "contents": "A health program for commercial dairy herds. 2. Data processing. The development of a computerised data handling and analysis system to aid the operation of a health and management program for commercial dairy herds is described. The aims for the system are outlined, and the development of the system over a period of 8 years to meet these aims is described. The documentation used in the current system is described in relation to the various procedures involved in the operation of the dairy herd health program. Two features which make this system unique are its use for the selection of problem and high risk cows for examination and treatment, and the provision of analyses of recent performance in a number of facets of health and production, which aid in the identification of emerging problems. It is considered that future improvements in the system will be in the areas of milk production recording and calf rearing and disease recording.", "PMID": 687285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7452", "title": "A health program for commercial dairy herds. 3. Changes in reproductive performance.", "content": "A health program service was implemented on 9 farms, for periods ranging up to 7 years. Reproductive performance was substantially improved, when performance indicators were compared with values for the herds prior to commencement of the service. On average, the mean calving to conception intervals for the herds were reduced by 24 days over their periods of participation in the program, from an initial value of 119 days. The intercalving interval was reduced by an average of 27 days. This improvement was associated with a reduction in the mean dry period length of 20 days, from an initial value of 117 days. There was a tendency for the lactation lengths to be reduced to an undesirable extent due to slow adaptation by management to the improvement in reproductive performance, but the problem was corrected late in the study. The improvement in performance was attributed to improved oestrus detection, correction of temporary nutritional deficiencies, and prompt treatment of genital tract disorders in individual animals. Results for a range of performance indicators related to reproductive function are reported in detail.", "contents": "A health program for commercial dairy herds. 3. Changes in reproductive performance. A health program service was implemented on 9 farms, for periods ranging up to 7 years. Reproductive performance was substantially improved, when performance indicators were compared with values for the herds prior to commencement of the service. On average, the mean calving to conception intervals for the herds were reduced by 24 days over their periods of participation in the program, from an initial value of 119 days. The intercalving interval was reduced by an average of 27 days. This improvement was associated with a reduction in the mean dry period length of 20 days, from an initial value of 117 days. There was a tendency for the lactation lengths to be reduced to an undesirable extent due to slow adaptation by management to the improvement in reproductive performance, but the problem was corrected late in the study. The improvement in performance was attributed to improved oestrus detection, correction of temporary nutritional deficiencies, and prompt treatment of genital tract disorders in individual animals. Results for a range of performance indicators related to reproductive function are reported in detail.", "PMID": 687286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7453", "title": "A health program for commercial dairy herds. 4. Changes in mastitis prevalence.", "content": "A study of mastitis prevalence in 10 herds which participated in a herd health program is reported for varying periods, up to a maximum of 10 years. The program was based on teat dipping with idophor or sodium hypochlorite teat dip, regular maintenance of the milking machine, and selective dry period treatment of quarters which were classified as infected on the basis of California Mastitis Test score and bacteriological examination of milk samples taken before drying off. The procedures reduced mastitis prevalence (measured in cows being dried off), incidence of clinical mastitis, and disposal of cows due to mastitis. Results obtained were similar to those found in short-term studies of control programs based on teat dipping and dry period therapy. The only significant difficulty which arose in maintaining the control program over 10 years was loss of enthusiasm by farmers for teat dipping. This was usually induced by teat irritation problems apparently caused by teat dipping. The use of a monitoring procedure for mastitis prevalence was important in persuading farmers to return to the use of teat dip.", "contents": "A health program for commercial dairy herds. 4. Changes in mastitis prevalence. A study of mastitis prevalence in 10 herds which participated in a herd health program is reported for varying periods, up to a maximum of 10 years. The program was based on teat dipping with idophor or sodium hypochlorite teat dip, regular maintenance of the milking machine, and selective dry period treatment of quarters which were classified as infected on the basis of California Mastitis Test score and bacteriological examination of milk samples taken before drying off. The procedures reduced mastitis prevalence (measured in cows being dried off), incidence of clinical mastitis, and disposal of cows due to mastitis. Results obtained were similar to those found in short-term studies of control programs based on teat dipping and dry period therapy. The only significant difficulty which arose in maintaining the control program over 10 years was loss of enthusiasm by farmers for teat dipping. This was usually induced by teat irritation problems apparently caused by teat dipping. The use of a monitoring procedure for mastitis prevalence was important in persuading farmers to return to the use of teat dip.", "PMID": 687287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7454", "title": "A health program for commercial dairy herds. 5. The occurrence of specific disease entities.", "content": "Disease incidence data was collected from 9 dairy herds which participated in a herd health program. A total of 11,534 cow years was analysed. In common with other Australian data, the important clinical diseases were mastitis and infertility. There was an average level of 43.4 disease incidents per year per 100 animals at risk. An average of 18.6% of the herd left each year. This comprised 1.5% through death and 17.1% through sale. Disease accounted for the disposal of 9.8% of animals, and management reasons for 8.8%. These findings are similar to those of other studies in Australia and in other countries, but the results in this study were based on a longer period and on closer surveillance.", "contents": "A health program for commercial dairy herds. 5. The occurrence of specific disease entities. Disease incidence data was collected from 9 dairy herds which participated in a herd health program. A total of 11,534 cow years was analysed. In common with other Australian data, the important clinical diseases were mastitis and infertility. There was an average level of 43.4 disease incidents per year per 100 animals at risk. An average of 18.6% of the herd left each year. This comprised 1.5% through death and 17.1% through sale. Disease accounted for the disposal of 9.8% of animals, and management reasons for 8.8%. These findings are similar to those of other studies in Australia and in other countries, but the results in this study were based on a longer period and on closer surveillance.", "PMID": 687288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7455", "title": "Urolithiasis in animals.", "content": "Urolithiasis is a disease of multifactorial origin. Prominent amongst the causes of disease outbreaks are nutritional factors. Alteration of diet is probably one of the most effective means of prevention, depending of course on the nature of the uroliths formed. In this regard analysis of the stones formed is an essential prelude to understanding, adequately treating the disease and preventing its recurrence.", "contents": "Urolithiasis in animals. Urolithiasis is a disease of multifactorial origin. Prominent amongst the causes of disease outbreaks are nutritional factors. Alteration of diet is probably one of the most effective means of prevention, depending of course on the nature of the uroliths formed. In this regard analysis of the stones formed is an essential prelude to understanding, adequately treating the disease and preventing its recurrence.", "PMID": 687293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7456", "title": "Osteochondritis dissecans in the dog.", "content": "The diagnosis, aetiology, pathogenesis and treatment of osteochondritis dissecans in the shoulder, elbow, stifle and hock joints of the dog is reviewed. A technique of surgically exploring the shoulder joint with minimal exposure is described. Recommendations for preventing the development of osteochondritis dissecans are made.", "contents": "Osteochondritis dissecans in the dog. The diagnosis, aetiology, pathogenesis and treatment of osteochondritis dissecans in the shoulder, elbow, stifle and hock joints of the dog is reviewed. A technique of surgically exploring the shoulder joint with minimal exposure is described. Recommendations for preventing the development of osteochondritis dissecans are made.", "PMID": 687294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7457", "title": "Pathogenicity for cattle of atypical mycobacteria isolated from feral pigs and cattle and the correlation of lesions with tuberculin sensitivity.", "content": "Two experiments involving the inoculation of cattle with atypical mycobacteria are described. In the first experiment groups of 5 cattle were inoculated either subcutaneously or into a mesenteric lymph node with a strain of M. scrofulaceum or M. intracellulare. Four weeks and 10 weeks after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and homologous PPDs. The pathological changes observed were similar within each group of cattle inoculated with the same strain of mycobacteria. A significant interaction was demonstrated between the strain and the route of inoculation. In the second experiment 17 cattle were similarly inoculated by either of the two routes with 1 of 6 strains of M. intracellulare, a strain of M. scrofulaceum or a strain of Runyon Group IV, all of which had been isolated from feral pigs, or a strain of M. intracellulare of bovine origin. Tuberculin tests were carried out after 4 weeks and 10 weeks. Only the isolate from a bovine lymph node produced a significant level of sensitivity to bovine PPD. Cultural isolation of the mycobacteria from autopsy material was not correlated with the presence of macroscopic lesions nor with sensitivity to bovine PPD. The response to bovine PPD of cattle infected with these atypical mycobacteria decreased between 48 h and 96 h after injection of the tuberculins. As the maximum difference in the response to bovine and avian tuberculins occurs at 72 h a comparative tuberculin test should be read at this time to eliminate non-specific reactors.", "contents": "Pathogenicity for cattle of atypical mycobacteria isolated from feral pigs and cattle and the correlation of lesions with tuberculin sensitivity. Two experiments involving the inoculation of cattle with atypical mycobacteria are described. In the first experiment groups of 5 cattle were inoculated either subcutaneously or into a mesenteric lymph node with a strain of M. scrofulaceum or M. intracellulare. Four weeks and 10 weeks after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and homologous PPDs. The pathological changes observed were similar within each group of cattle inoculated with the same strain of mycobacteria. A significant interaction was demonstrated between the strain and the route of inoculation. In the second experiment 17 cattle were similarly inoculated by either of the two routes with 1 of 6 strains of M. intracellulare, a strain of M. scrofulaceum or a strain of Runyon Group IV, all of which had been isolated from feral pigs, or a strain of M. intracellulare of bovine origin. Tuberculin tests were carried out after 4 weeks and 10 weeks. Only the isolate from a bovine lymph node produced a significant level of sensitivity to bovine PPD. Cultural isolation of the mycobacteria from autopsy material was not correlated with the presence of macroscopic lesions nor with sensitivity to bovine PPD. The response to bovine PPD of cattle infected with these atypical mycobacteria decreased between 48 h and 96 h after injection of the tuberculins. As the maximum difference in the response to bovine and avian tuberculins occurs at 72 h a comparative tuberculin test should be read at this time to eliminate non-specific reactors.", "PMID": 687295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7458", "title": "The toxicity of myoporum tetrandrum (Boobialla) and myoporaceous furanoid essential oils for ruminants.", "content": "Boobialla (Myoporum tetrandrum)leaf contains from 0.25 to 0.5% wet weight of furanoid sesquiterpene essential oils of which the main component is dehydrongaione. The plant was toxic when dosed to calves at equivalent dose rates of oils of from 50 to 134 mg/kg, causing mainly extensive haemorrhagic centrillobular necrosis; and to sheep at equivalent dose rates of oil of from 55 to 66 mg/kg, causing either centrilobular or periportal liver lesions with or without acute pulmonary oedema. An essential oil mixture of similar composition derived from Myoporum deserti produced similar syndromes. In addition, treatment of calves with phenobarbitone or Melaleuca linariifolia essential oils prior to dosing with the Myoporum oils caused periportal hepatic necrosis rather than the centrilobular lesion which occurred usually in this species. The liver lesions found in the experimental calves and sheep respectively, were thus similar to those reported in suspected field cases of Boobialla poisoning in cattle and goats in Western Australia. The liver injury that may be expected in intoxication of livestock by myoporaceous plants containing this type of essential oils can thus be either periportal, midzonal or centrilobular necrosis, depending, probably, on the nutritional regime of the animal immediately prior to consumption of the toxic plant.", "contents": "The toxicity of myoporum tetrandrum (Boobialla) and myoporaceous furanoid essential oils for ruminants. Boobialla (Myoporum tetrandrum)leaf contains from 0.25 to 0.5% wet weight of furanoid sesquiterpene essential oils of which the main component is dehydrongaione. The plant was toxic when dosed to calves at equivalent dose rates of oils of from 50 to 134 mg/kg, causing mainly extensive haemorrhagic centrillobular necrosis; and to sheep at equivalent dose rates of oil of from 55 to 66 mg/kg, causing either centrilobular or periportal liver lesions with or without acute pulmonary oedema. An essential oil mixture of similar composition derived from Myoporum deserti produced similar syndromes. In addition, treatment of calves with phenobarbitone or Melaleuca linariifolia essential oils prior to dosing with the Myoporum oils caused periportal hepatic necrosis rather than the centrilobular lesion which occurred usually in this species. The liver lesions found in the experimental calves and sheep respectively, were thus similar to those reported in suspected field cases of Boobialla poisoning in cattle and goats in Western Australia. The liver injury that may be expected in intoxication of livestock by myoporaceous plants containing this type of essential oils can thus be either periportal, midzonal or centrilobular necrosis, depending, probably, on the nutritional regime of the animal immediately prior to consumption of the toxic plant.", "PMID": 687296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7459", "title": "The prevalence and distribution of leptospiral titres in cattle and pigs in Queensland.", "content": "Serological test results for leptospiral species on serums from cattle and pigs performed by the diagnostic laboratories of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries from July 1973 to June 1976 were used to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of 3 leptospiral serotypes in Queensland. There was a higher prevalence of antibodies to L. hardjo than to L. pomona in cattle, whereas in pigs the prevalence of antibodies to L. pomona was much higher than that for L. tarassovi or L. hardjo. Feral pigs had a particularly high prevalence of L. pomona antibodies. There is a different geographical distribution of antibodies to L. pomona and L. hardjo. L. hardjo antibodies appear to be fairly uniformly distributed but there is a higher prevalence of L. pomona antibodies in low rainfall areas. This relationship was shown to be significantly correlated.", "contents": "The prevalence and distribution of leptospiral titres in cattle and pigs in Queensland. Serological test results for leptospiral species on serums from cattle and pigs performed by the diagnostic laboratories of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries from July 1973 to June 1976 were used to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of 3 leptospiral serotypes in Queensland. There was a higher prevalence of antibodies to L. hardjo than to L. pomona in cattle, whereas in pigs the prevalence of antibodies to L. pomona was much higher than that for L. tarassovi or L. hardjo. Feral pigs had a particularly high prevalence of L. pomona antibodies. There is a different geographical distribution of antibodies to L. pomona and L. hardjo. L. hardjo antibodies appear to be fairly uniformly distributed but there is a higher prevalence of L. pomona antibodies in low rainfall areas. This relationship was shown to be significantly correlated.", "PMID": 687297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7460", "title": "The effect of age on resistance of cattle to Babesia bovis.", "content": "Susceptible Hereford cattle of different ages were inoculated with 2 X 10(8) Babesia bovis organisms. Experiment I consisted of cows aged 6 to 7 years, steers aged 17 to 18 months and calves aged 5 to 6 months, while experiment 2 consisted of cows aged 6.5 to 7.5 years, steers aged 23 to 24 months and yearlings aged 11 to 12 months. Daily measurements of temperature, parasitaemia and packed cell volume were made in order to determine susceptibility of the different ages. Twenty-four of the 36 animals in experiment I, which included all 12 cows, required treatment. One cow died as a result of an enlarged ruptured spleen, and 2 steers and 1 calf died with classical babesiosis symptoms. No treatement was given to experiment II animals, and 5 of the 12 cows died, but the steers and yearlings underwent relatively mild reactions. Statistical analysis confirmed the high susceptibility to B. bovis of the aged cows in both experiments, and the innate resistance of 5 to 6 month old calves in experiment I. The reaction of the 18-month-old steers in experiment I was significantly greater than that of the calves, but significantly less severe than that of the aged cows. Two-year-old steers and yearlings in experiment 2 underwent similar mild reactions, suggesting that innate immunity may persist for longer periods when compared to aged cows. Age groups showing reduced susceptibility were found to reach peak parasitaemia, temperature and anaemia before the more susceptible age groups. Heterologous challenge of the remaining experiment 1 and experiment 2 animals at 6 and 8 months respectively after primary inoculation, revealed all animals of all ages had a solid resistance to B. bovis.", "contents": "The effect of age on resistance of cattle to Babesia bovis. Susceptible Hereford cattle of different ages were inoculated with 2 X 10(8) Babesia bovis organisms. Experiment I consisted of cows aged 6 to 7 years, steers aged 17 to 18 months and calves aged 5 to 6 months, while experiment 2 consisted of cows aged 6.5 to 7.5 years, steers aged 23 to 24 months and yearlings aged 11 to 12 months. Daily measurements of temperature, parasitaemia and packed cell volume were made in order to determine susceptibility of the different ages. Twenty-four of the 36 animals in experiment I, which included all 12 cows, required treatment. One cow died as a result of an enlarged ruptured spleen, and 2 steers and 1 calf died with classical babesiosis symptoms. No treatement was given to experiment II animals, and 5 of the 12 cows died, but the steers and yearlings underwent relatively mild reactions. Statistical analysis confirmed the high susceptibility to B. bovis of the aged cows in both experiments, and the innate resistance of 5 to 6 month old calves in experiment I. The reaction of the 18-month-old steers in experiment I was significantly greater than that of the calves, but significantly less severe than that of the aged cows. Two-year-old steers and yearlings in experiment 2 underwent similar mild reactions, suggesting that innate immunity may persist for longer periods when compared to aged cows. Age groups showing reduced susceptibility were found to reach peak parasitaemia, temperature and anaemia before the more susceptible age groups. Heterologous challenge of the remaining experiment 1 and experiment 2 animals at 6 and 8 months respectively after primary inoculation, revealed all animals of all ages had a solid resistance to B. bovis.", "PMID": 687298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7461", "title": "Melioidosis in a sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita).", "content": "A case of melioidosis in a sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) kept as a pet in Townsville is described. This case was characterised by liver necrosis with both a heterophil and mononuclear cell inflammatory response associated with giant cells. Pseudomonas pseudomallei was isolated by blood plate culture and guinea pig inoculation. This is the first case of melioidosis reported in a native bird in Australia.", "contents": "Melioidosis in a sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). A case of melioidosis in a sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) kept as a pet in Townsville is described. This case was characterised by liver necrosis with both a heterophil and mononuclear cell inflammatory response associated with giant cells. Pseudomonas pseudomallei was isolated by blood plate culture and guinea pig inoculation. This is the first case of melioidosis reported in a native bird in Australia.", "PMID": 687299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7462", "title": "Toadfish poisoning (tetrodotoxin) in the cat.", "content": "Two cases of tetrodotoxin (toadfish) poisoning in the cat are reported. The pharmacological and physiological actions of the toxin and treatment of this intoxication are discussed.", "contents": "Toadfish poisoning (tetrodotoxin) in the cat. Two cases of tetrodotoxin (toadfish) poisoning in the cat are reported. The pharmacological and physiological actions of the toxin and treatment of this intoxication are discussed.", "PMID": 687300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7463", "title": "The specificity of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in reducing coronary vascular resistance: A comparison with adenosine.", "content": "Experiments were performed on the isolated, electrically driven guinea-pig heart, perfused at constant rate. All animals were pretreated with reserpine. Myocardial contractile force (MCF), coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and myocardial oxygen consumption (QO2) were monitored continuously. Both adenosine (ADO) and PGE2 produced a concentration-dependent decrease in the CPP. The ED50 (50% of maximum response) was 2.1 +/- 0.6 X 10(-9)M for PGE2 but 40 +/- 7 X 10(-9)M for ADO (P less than 0.01) at 1.8 mM Ca(e). This coronary vasodilation was independent of the external Ca-concentration, which was varied between 0.55-9.0 mM. PGE2 had no effect on MCF or QO2 and the effect of ADO was only slight. There was no evidence that any action of ADO could be inhibited by simultaneously applied PGE2. The results provide evidence for the specific coronary vasodilating action of PGE2 which in this system is about 20 times as effective as adenosine.", "contents": "The specificity of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in reducing coronary vascular resistance: A comparison with adenosine. Experiments were performed on the isolated, electrically driven guinea-pig heart, perfused at constant rate. All animals were pretreated with reserpine. Myocardial contractile force (MCF), coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and myocardial oxygen consumption (QO2) were monitored continuously. Both adenosine (ADO) and PGE2 produced a concentration-dependent decrease in the CPP. The ED50 (50% of maximum response) was 2.1 +/- 0.6 X 10(-9)M for PGE2 but 40 +/- 7 X 10(-9)M for ADO (P less than 0.01) at 1.8 mM Ca(e). This coronary vasodilation was independent of the external Ca-concentration, which was varied between 0.55-9.0 mM. PGE2 had no effect on MCF or QO2 and the effect of ADO was only slight. There was no evidence that any action of ADO could be inhibited by simultaneously applied PGE2. The results provide evidence for the specific coronary vasodilating action of PGE2 which in this system is about 20 times as effective as adenosine.", "PMID": 687323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7464", "title": "Multifactorial determination of 201thallium uptake of the heart: an experimental study concerning the influence of ventricular mass, perfusion and oxygen consumption.", "content": "Studies were performed in 42 cats in order to analyze the determinants of myocardial 201Thallium uptake. (1) Ventricular mass represents the major determinant of myocardial 201Thallium uptake. The inner (subendocardial) layer of the left ventricle storages 10-15 per cent more Thallium than the outer (subepicardial) layer, whereas the right ventricle has 201Thallium accumulation by 40 per cent less than the left ventricle. (2) Coronary perfusion increase as induced by intravenous injection of dipyridamole leads-at constant muscle mass-to considerable increase in myocardial 201Thallium uptake by 106 per cent. (3) Changes in myocardial oxygen consumption as induced by inotropic interventions are associated with considerable changes in the myocardial 201Thallium uptake. These results demonstrate that ventricular mass, myocardial flow and myocardial oxygen consumption are major determinants of myocardial 201Thallium uptake. Thus, by quantitiative determination of the myocardial 201Thallium uptake, a useful equivalent of the viability degree of the left ventricle, which itself is determined by mass, flow and metabolism, may be obtained.", "contents": "Multifactorial determination of 201thallium uptake of the heart: an experimental study concerning the influence of ventricular mass, perfusion and oxygen consumption. Studies were performed in 42 cats in order to analyze the determinants of myocardial 201Thallium uptake. (1) Ventricular mass represents the major determinant of myocardial 201Thallium uptake. The inner (subendocardial) layer of the left ventricle storages 10-15 per cent more Thallium than the outer (subepicardial) layer, whereas the right ventricle has 201Thallium accumulation by 40 per cent less than the left ventricle. (2) Coronary perfusion increase as induced by intravenous injection of dipyridamole leads-at constant muscle mass-to considerable increase in myocardial 201Thallium uptake by 106 per cent. (3) Changes in myocardial oxygen consumption as induced by inotropic interventions are associated with considerable changes in the myocardial 201Thallium uptake. These results demonstrate that ventricular mass, myocardial flow and myocardial oxygen consumption are major determinants of myocardial 201Thallium uptake. Thus, by quantitiative determination of the myocardial 201Thallium uptake, a useful equivalent of the viability degree of the left ventricle, which itself is determined by mass, flow and metabolism, may be obtained.", "PMID": 687324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7465", "title": "PO2 and microflow histograms of the beating heart in response to changes in arterial pO2.", "content": "The influence of different values of arterial oxygen partial pressure (PO2) on local tissue PO2 was investigated. Tissue PO2 was measured on the surface of the beating hearts of rabbit and cat by the multiwire surface electrode as described by Kessler and L\u00fcbbers (21). In parallel experiments, local hydrogen clearance applying the H2-PH2 probe (33) was used to determine the mean blood flow per area (microflow) at the capillary level. Mean blood flow per area, v, was calculated from PH2 clearance curves obtained by local application of rectangular hydrogen pulses. The results are presented as histograms. Under steady state conditions (barbiturate narcosis), tissue PO2 ranged from 5 to 65 Torr (0.67 to 8.67 kPA) with a median of 31 Torr (4.13 kPA) in the cat heart. Mean flow per area covered values between 25 and 11 mum/s with a median of 55 mum/s. For rabbit heart muscle, the median was v = 37 mum/s and the range 28 to 46 mum/s. Hyperoxia broadened the range of tissue PO2 and shifted flow per area to lower values. Different degrees of hypoxia shifted the PO2 histogram to the left (median PO2 14 Torr and 4 Torr, respectively; [1.87 kPA and 0.53 kPA]) and the flow histogram to the right.", "contents": "PO2 and microflow histograms of the beating heart in response to changes in arterial pO2. The influence of different values of arterial oxygen partial pressure (PO2) on local tissue PO2 was investigated. Tissue PO2 was measured on the surface of the beating hearts of rabbit and cat by the multiwire surface electrode as described by Kessler and L\u00fcbbers (21). In parallel experiments, local hydrogen clearance applying the H2-PH2 probe (33) was used to determine the mean blood flow per area (microflow) at the capillary level. Mean blood flow per area, v, was calculated from PH2 clearance curves obtained by local application of rectangular hydrogen pulses. The results are presented as histograms. Under steady state conditions (barbiturate narcosis), tissue PO2 ranged from 5 to 65 Torr (0.67 to 8.67 kPA) with a median of 31 Torr (4.13 kPA) in the cat heart. Mean flow per area covered values between 25 and 11 mum/s with a median of 55 mum/s. For rabbit heart muscle, the median was v = 37 mum/s and the range 28 to 46 mum/s. Hyperoxia broadened the range of tissue PO2 and shifted flow per area to lower values. Different degrees of hypoxia shifted the PO2 histogram to the left (median PO2 14 Torr and 4 Torr, respectively; [1.87 kPA and 0.53 kPA]) and the flow histogram to the right.", "PMID": 687325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7466", "title": "[Systolic time intervals. 1st communication: normal values from children without heart diseases].", "content": "The concept of \"systolic time intervals\" was introduced into noninvasive cardiologic examination by Weissler et al.; in detail these are the following data: the total electromechanical systole = QS2, the left ventricular ejection time = LVET, the preejection period = PEP and the quotient PEP/LVET. These quantities are not in principle new parameters; in the German literature the QS2 is known as \"Systolendauer\", the LVET is identical to the \"Austreibungszeit\" and the PEP is identical to the \"Anspannungszeit\". The determination of PEP (= QS2-LVET) is preferable to the usual calculation of the \"Anspannungszeit\" nach Blumberger in so far as longer time intervals must be measured and therefore the statistical error decreases. From 96 children between 3 and 15 years polygraphic tracings were recorded and the STI were calculated and standard values were ascertained and were evaluated statistically. QS2 and LVET grow longer linearly with increasing age (p less than or equal to 0.001) and diminish linearly with increasing heart rate (p less than or equal to 0.001). For PEP only the inverse correlation with the heart rate was significant. PEP/LVET does not very significantly. Girls have longer PEP (+ 6 msec, p less than or equal to 0.01) and higher PEP/LVET (+ 0.04, p less than or equal to 0.001) than boys. The normal range of variation of the STI is relatively large (QS2: 278-386 msec, LVET: 200-285 MSEC, PEP: 65-114 msec, PEP/LVET: 0.27-0.47). For the examination of individual cases it is better to compare them with the standard values ascertained by the regression equations (table 3+4).", "contents": "[Systolic time intervals. 1st communication: normal values from children without heart diseases]. The concept of \"systolic time intervals\" was introduced into noninvasive cardiologic examination by Weissler et al.; in detail these are the following data: the total electromechanical systole = QS2, the left ventricular ejection time = LVET, the preejection period = PEP and the quotient PEP/LVET. These quantities are not in principle new parameters; in the German literature the QS2 is known as \"Systolendauer\", the LVET is identical to the \"Austreibungszeit\" and the PEP is identical to the \"Anspannungszeit\". The determination of PEP (= QS2-LVET) is preferable to the usual calculation of the \"Anspannungszeit\" nach Blumberger in so far as longer time intervals must be measured and therefore the statistical error decreases. From 96 children between 3 and 15 years polygraphic tracings were recorded and the STI were calculated and standard values were ascertained and were evaluated statistically. QS2 and LVET grow longer linearly with increasing age (p less than or equal to 0.001) and diminish linearly with increasing heart rate (p less than or equal to 0.001). For PEP only the inverse correlation with the heart rate was significant. PEP/LVET does not very significantly. Girls have longer PEP (+ 6 msec, p less than or equal to 0.01) and higher PEP/LVET (+ 0.04, p less than or equal to 0.001) than boys. The normal range of variation of the STI is relatively large (QS2: 278-386 msec, LVET: 200-285 MSEC, PEP: 65-114 msec, PEP/LVET: 0.27-0.47). For the examination of individual cases it is better to compare them with the standard values ascertained by the regression equations (table 3+4).", "PMID": 687326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7467", "title": "Studies on sex-organ development. Changes in chemical composition and oestradiol-binding capacity in chromatin during the differentiation of chick M\u00fcllerian ducts.", "content": "Biochemical and immunochemical techniques were used to probe the changes in composition of the chromatin of differentiating M\u00fcllerian ducts. The non-histone protein increases gradually in the left duct and reaches a constant amount at day 15 of incubation, then remains at the same value until after birth. In the regressing right duct, the non-histone protein increases and then decreases. Gel electrophoresis indicated an increased heterogeneity in the composition of the non-histone protein corresponding to M\u00fcllerian-duct differentiation. Little variation in quantity and quality of the histone was observed; however, immunochemical assay confirmed the structural change of M\u00fcllerian-duct chromatin during development. An antibody against the chromatin of the newborn-chick oviduct was produced in the rabbit. The chromatin of M\u00fcllerian ducts from the early embryonic stage showed a small affinity with the antibody; the affinity increased during the late embryonic stages. The affinity was greatly decreased in the regressing right duct. Oestrogen-binding sites were present in the chromatin of the left and right M\u00fcllerian ducts during differentiation, with more sites in the left duct than in the right one during the late stages of development. After oestrogen treatment in vivo, the oestrogen-binding sites on the chromatin of both the left and the right ducts were increased, with a greater increase in the left duct than in the right. In the developing left duct the binding sites reach a maximum on day 15 of incubation, and remain constant at that value until birth.", "contents": "Studies on sex-organ development. Changes in chemical composition and oestradiol-binding capacity in chromatin during the differentiation of chick M\u00fcllerian ducts. Biochemical and immunochemical techniques were used to probe the changes in composition of the chromatin of differentiating M\u00fcllerian ducts. The non-histone protein increases gradually in the left duct and reaches a constant amount at day 15 of incubation, then remains at the same value until after birth. In the regressing right duct, the non-histone protein increases and then decreases. Gel electrophoresis indicated an increased heterogeneity in the composition of the non-histone protein corresponding to M\u00fcllerian-duct differentiation. Little variation in quantity and quality of the histone was observed; however, immunochemical assay confirmed the structural change of M\u00fcllerian-duct chromatin during development. An antibody against the chromatin of the newborn-chick oviduct was produced in the rabbit. The chromatin of M\u00fcllerian ducts from the early embryonic stage showed a small affinity with the antibody; the affinity increased during the late embryonic stages. The affinity was greatly decreased in the regressing right duct. Oestrogen-binding sites were present in the chromatin of the left and right M\u00fcllerian ducts during differentiation, with more sites in the left duct than in the right one during the late stages of development. After oestrogen treatment in vivo, the oestrogen-binding sites on the chromatin of both the left and the right ducts were increased, with a greater increase in the left duct than in the right. In the developing left duct the binding sites reach a maximum on day 15 of incubation, and remain constant at that value until birth.", "PMID": 687351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7468", "title": "The realiability of rates of glucose appearance in vivo calculated from constant tracer infusions.", "content": "The rate of appearance of unlabelled glucose was calculated from tracer data and compared with the actual rate of infusion of unlabelled glucose into a anaesthetized dog with all sources  of endogenous glucose production surgically removed. The mean steady-state rate of appearance of unlabelled glucose calculated from the equilibrium specific radioactivity was insignificantly higher (0.3%) than the actual rate of infusion of unlabelled glucose (n = 6). During non-steady states, a time-variable volume of distribution of glucose (V) was necessary to predict the rate of appearance of unlabelled glucose correctly from the pool-dependent equation described by Steele [(1959) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 82, 420--430]. Rapid fluctuations in the rate of appearance of glucose could be predicted reasonably well by using a fixed value of V for 40ml/kg, but by using larger fixed values for V (100--160ml/kg) the rates were inaccurate. The pool-dependent two-radiactive-isotope technique described by Issekutz, Issekutz & Elahi [(1974) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 52, 215--224] predicted single-step increases in the rate of infusion of glucose reasonably accurately, but the Steele (1959) equation was better at predicting sequential changes in the rate of infusion of unlabelled glucose.", "contents": "The realiability of rates of glucose appearance in vivo calculated from constant tracer infusions. The rate of appearance of unlabelled glucose was calculated from tracer data and compared with the actual rate of infusion of unlabelled glucose into a anaesthetized dog with all sources  of endogenous glucose production surgically removed. The mean steady-state rate of appearance of unlabelled glucose calculated from the equilibrium specific radioactivity was insignificantly higher (0.3%) than the actual rate of infusion of unlabelled glucose (n = 6). During non-steady states, a time-variable volume of distribution of glucose (V) was necessary to predict the rate of appearance of unlabelled glucose correctly from the pool-dependent equation described by Steele [(1959) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 82, 420--430]. Rapid fluctuations in the rate of appearance of glucose could be predicted reasonably well by using a fixed value of V for 40ml/kg, but by using larger fixed values for V (100--160ml/kg) the rates were inaccurate. The pool-dependent two-radiactive-isotope technique described by Issekutz, Issekutz & Elahi [(1974) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 52, 215--224] predicted single-step increases in the rate of infusion of glucose reasonably accurately, but the Steele (1959) equation was better at predicting sequential changes in the rate of infusion of unlabelled glucose.", "PMID": 687352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7469", "title": "Protein phosphorylation in normal and neoplastic development. Phosphorylation of proteins endogenous to foetal tissues and tumours.", "content": "The abilities of proteins endogenous to normal and neoplastic tissues to serve as substrates in a protein-phosphorylation reaction in vitro were compared. After the tissue extracts were incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP, the phosphorylated proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and the dried gels were subjected to radioautography. Considerable incorporation of 32P into a protein of mol.wt. 135000 was observed with extracts from foetal tissues and tumours, but only minimal incorporation into this protein occurred when extracts from adult tissues were used. The ability of this protein to become phosphorylated in vitro may be related to cell proliferation. When ascites cells were incubated with [32P]Pi, one of the major phosphoproteins migrated on sodium dodecyl suphate/polyacrylamide gels at mol.wt. 135000, suggesting that this protein can be phosphorylated both in intact cells and broken-cell preparations. A protein of mol.wt. 87000 was highly phosphorylatable in extracts from solid tumours, but was not phosphorylated in extracts from ascites tumours, foetal or adult tissues. The phosphorylation pattern of these two proteins can thus distinguish solid neoplasms and normal adult tissues from ascites tumours and from foetal tissues. A protein of mol.wt. 49000, which was the most labelled protein in adult tissues, was also one of the major phosphoproteins in foetal and neoplastic tissues. Numerous mechanisms are postulated to explain how the extent of 32P incorporation into a protein could vary as a function of biological state.", "contents": "Protein phosphorylation in normal and neoplastic development. Phosphorylation of proteins endogenous to foetal tissues and tumours. The abilities of proteins endogenous to normal and neoplastic tissues to serve as substrates in a protein-phosphorylation reaction in vitro were compared. After the tissue extracts were incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP, the phosphorylated proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and the dried gels were subjected to radioautography. Considerable incorporation of 32P into a protein of mol.wt. 135000 was observed with extracts from foetal tissues and tumours, but only minimal incorporation into this protein occurred when extracts from adult tissues were used. The ability of this protein to become phosphorylated in vitro may be related to cell proliferation. When ascites cells were incubated with [32P]Pi, one of the major phosphoproteins migrated on sodium dodecyl suphate/polyacrylamide gels at mol.wt. 135000, suggesting that this protein can be phosphorylated both in intact cells and broken-cell preparations. A protein of mol.wt. 87000 was highly phosphorylatable in extracts from solid tumours, but was not phosphorylated in extracts from ascites tumours, foetal or adult tissues. The phosphorylation pattern of these two proteins can thus distinguish solid neoplasms and normal adult tissues from ascites tumours and from foetal tissues. A protein of mol.wt. 49000, which was the most labelled protein in adult tissues, was also one of the major phosphoproteins in foetal and neoplastic tissues. Numerous mechanisms are postulated to explain how the extent of 32P incorporation into a protein could vary as a function of biological state.", "PMID": 687353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7470", "title": "Composition and distribution of glycosaminoglycans in cultures of human normal and malignant glial cells.", "content": "The glycosaminoglycans of human cultured normal glial and malignant glioma cells were studied. [35S]Sulphate or [3H]glucosamine added to the culture medium was incorporated into glycosaminoglycans; labelled glycosaminoglycans were isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography or gel chromatography. A simple procedure was developed for measurement of individual sulphated glycosaminoglycans in cell-culture fluids. In normal cultures the glycosaminoglycans of the pericellular pool (trypsin-susceptible material), the membrane fraction (trypsin-susceptible material of EDTA-detached cells) and the substrate-attached material consisted mainly of heparan sulphate. The intra- and extra-cellular pools showed a predominance of dermatan sulphate. The net production of hyaluronic acid was low. The accumulation of 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular pool was essentially linear with time up to 72h. The malignant glioma cells differed in most aspects tested. The total production of glycosaminoglycans was much greater owing to a high production of hyaluronic acid and hyaluronic acid was the major cell-surface-associated glycosaminoglycan in these cultures. Among the sulphated glycosaminoglycans chondroitin sulphate, rather than heparan sulphate, was the predominant species of the pericellular pool. This was also true for the membrane fraction and substrate-attached material. Furthermore, the accumulation of extracellular 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycans was initially delayed for several hours and did not become linear with time until after 24 h of incubation. The glioma cells produced little dermatan sulphate and the dermatan sulphate chains differed from those of normal cultures with respect to the distribution of iduronic acid residues. The observed differences between normal glial and malignant glioma cells were not dependent on cell density; rather they were due to the malignant transformation itself.", "contents": "Composition and distribution of glycosaminoglycans in cultures of human normal and malignant glial cells. The glycosaminoglycans of human cultured normal glial and malignant glioma cells were studied. [35S]Sulphate or [3H]glucosamine added to the culture medium was incorporated into glycosaminoglycans; labelled glycosaminoglycans were isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography or gel chromatography. A simple procedure was developed for measurement of individual sulphated glycosaminoglycans in cell-culture fluids. In normal cultures the glycosaminoglycans of the pericellular pool (trypsin-susceptible material), the membrane fraction (trypsin-susceptible material of EDTA-detached cells) and the substrate-attached material consisted mainly of heparan sulphate. The intra- and extra-cellular pools showed a predominance of dermatan sulphate. The net production of hyaluronic acid was low. The accumulation of 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular pool was essentially linear with time up to 72h. The malignant glioma cells differed in most aspects tested. The total production of glycosaminoglycans was much greater owing to a high production of hyaluronic acid and hyaluronic acid was the major cell-surface-associated glycosaminoglycan in these cultures. Among the sulphated glycosaminoglycans chondroitin sulphate, rather than heparan sulphate, was the predominant species of the pericellular pool. This was also true for the membrane fraction and substrate-attached material. Furthermore, the accumulation of extracellular 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycans was initially delayed for several hours and did not become linear with time until after 24 h of incubation. The glioma cells produced little dermatan sulphate and the dermatan sulphate chains differed from those of normal cultures with respect to the distribution of iduronic acid residues. The observed differences between normal glial and malignant glioma cells were not dependent on cell density; rather they were due to the malignant transformation itself.", "PMID": 687354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7471", "title": "The influence of ammonia on purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in rat liver and brain in vitro.", "content": "1. The effect of ammonia on purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis was studied in rat liver and brain in vitro. The incorporation of NaH(14)CO(3) into acid-soluble uridine nucleotide (UMP) in liver homogenates and minces was increased 2.5-4-fold on incubation with 10mm-NH(4)Cl plus N-acetyl-l-glutamate, but not with either compound alone. 2. The incorporation of NaH(14)CO(3) into orotic acid was increased 3-4-fold in liver homogenate with NH(4)Cl plus acetylglutamate. 3. The 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate content of liver homogenate was decreased by 50% after incubation for 10min with 10mm-NH(4)Cl plus acetylglutamate. 4. Concomitant with this decrease in free phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate was a 40-50% decrease in the rates of purine nucleotide synthesis, both de novo and from the preformed base. 5. Subcellular fractionation of liver indicated that the effects of NH(4)Cl plus acetylglutamate on pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis required a mitochondrial fraction. This effect of NH(4)Cl plus acetylglutamate could be duplicated in a mitochondria-free liver fraction with carbamoyl phosphate. 6. A similar series of experiments carried out with rat brain demonstrated a significant, though considerably smaller, effect on UMP synthesis de novo and purine base reutilization. 7. These data indicate that excessive amounts of ammonia may interfere with purine nucleotide biosynthesis by stimulating production of carbamoyl phosphate through the mitochondrial synthetase, with the excess carbamoyl phosphate in turn increasing pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis de novo and diminishing the phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate available for purine biosynthesis.", "contents": "The influence of ammonia on purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in rat liver and brain in vitro. 1. The effect of ammonia on purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis was studied in rat liver and brain in vitro. The incorporation of NaH(14)CO(3) into acid-soluble uridine nucleotide (UMP) in liver homogenates and minces was increased 2.5-4-fold on incubation with 10mm-NH(4)Cl plus N-acetyl-l-glutamate, but not with either compound alone. 2. The incorporation of NaH(14)CO(3) into orotic acid was increased 3-4-fold in liver homogenate with NH(4)Cl plus acetylglutamate. 3. The 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate content of liver homogenate was decreased by 50% after incubation for 10min with 10mm-NH(4)Cl plus acetylglutamate. 4. Concomitant with this decrease in free phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate was a 40-50% decrease in the rates of purine nucleotide synthesis, both de novo and from the preformed base. 5. Subcellular fractionation of liver indicated that the effects of NH(4)Cl plus acetylglutamate on pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis required a mitochondrial fraction. This effect of NH(4)Cl plus acetylglutamate could be duplicated in a mitochondria-free liver fraction with carbamoyl phosphate. 6. A similar series of experiments carried out with rat brain demonstrated a significant, though considerably smaller, effect on UMP synthesis de novo and purine base reutilization. 7. These data indicate that excessive amounts of ammonia may interfere with purine nucleotide biosynthesis by stimulating production of carbamoyl phosphate through the mitochondrial synthetase, with the excess carbamoyl phosphate in turn increasing pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis de novo and diminishing the phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate available for purine biosynthesis.", "PMID": 687355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7472", "title": "Tryptophan pyrrolase, the regulatory free haem and hepatic porphyrias. Early depletion of haem by clinical and experimental exacerbators of porphyria.", "content": "1. The importance of the early depletion of liver haem in the production of porphyria is discussed and further supporting evidence is presented from experiments with tryptophan pyrrolase, under conditions of exacerbation of experimental porphyria by therapeutic and other agents. 2. In addition to the early depletion of pyrrolase haem by porphyrogens, a further depletion is produced when rats are given a porphyrogen plus an analogue or one of 19 drugs known to exacerbate the human disease. 3. Non-exacerbators of human porphyrias do not cause a further early depletion of pyrrolase haem and it is suggested that this system may be used as a screening test for possible exacerbation of the disease by new and existing drugs. 4. A similar further early depletion of haem is produced by combined administration of lead acetate plus phenobarbitone, thus suggesting that the depletion is a more general phenomenon in experimental porphyria. 5. The relationship between tryptophan pyrrolase and the regulatory free haem is discussed. It is suggested that pyrrolase may play an important role in the regulation of haem biosynthesis.", "contents": "Tryptophan pyrrolase, the regulatory free haem and hepatic porphyrias. Early depletion of haem by clinical and experimental exacerbators of porphyria. 1. The importance of the early depletion of liver haem in the production of porphyria is discussed and further supporting evidence is presented from experiments with tryptophan pyrrolase, under conditions of exacerbation of experimental porphyria by therapeutic and other agents. 2. In addition to the early depletion of pyrrolase haem by porphyrogens, a further depletion is produced when rats are given a porphyrogen plus an analogue or one of 19 drugs known to exacerbate the human disease. 3. Non-exacerbators of human porphyrias do not cause a further early depletion of pyrrolase haem and it is suggested that this system may be used as a screening test for possible exacerbation of the disease by new and existing drugs. 4. A similar further early depletion of haem is produced by combined administration of lead acetate plus phenobarbitone, thus suggesting that the depletion is a more general phenomenon in experimental porphyria. 5. The relationship between tryptophan pyrrolase and the regulatory free haem is discussed. It is suggested that pyrrolase may play an important role in the regulation of haem biosynthesis.", "PMID": 687356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7473", "title": "Distinctive effects of glucagon on gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in hepatocytes isolated from normal and biotin-deficient rats.", "content": "In hepatocytes from 48 h-starved rats identical glucagon dose-response curves were obtained for the stimulation of gluconeogenesis from lactate, for ketogenesis and for the decreasing of the C5-dicarboxylate pool. Glucagon (20 nM) caused a 5-fold increase in 3-hydroxybutyrate formation, but decreased acetoacetate production 50% of that of the control. In hepatocytes from biotin-deficient rats glucagon no longer stimulated gluconeogenesis from lactate, but still produced its effects on the mitochondrial redox state and the C5-dicarboxylate pool. The results suggest that the primary site of the hormone action on gluconeogenesis is located within the mitochondria rather than in the cytosol.", "contents": "Distinctive effects of glucagon on gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in hepatocytes isolated from normal and biotin-deficient rats. In hepatocytes from 48 h-starved rats identical glucagon dose-response curves were obtained for the stimulation of gluconeogenesis from lactate, for ketogenesis and for the decreasing of the C5-dicarboxylate pool. Glucagon (20 nM) caused a 5-fold increase in 3-hydroxybutyrate formation, but decreased acetoacetate production 50% of that of the control. In hepatocytes from biotin-deficient rats glucagon no longer stimulated gluconeogenesis from lactate, but still produced its effects on the mitochondrial redox state and the C5-dicarboxylate pool. The results suggest that the primary site of the hormone action on gluconeogenesis is located within the mitochondria rather than in the cytosol.", "PMID": 687357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7474", "title": "Increased calcium-ion influx is a component of capacitation of spermatozoa.", "content": "Capacitation (modifications required for gamete fusion) is produced by incubating guinea-pig spermatozoa in vitro in a chemically defined medium. It is shown that during such incubation a net uptake of Ca2+ by the sperm occurs in two distinguishable phases. An initial loose association of Ca2+, possibly to surface sites, is unaffected by agents (Mg2+, inhibitors of mitochondiral function) that prevent or delay the exocytotic spermatozoal acrosome reaction. The time course of a secondary Ca2+ uptake parallels or slightly precedes the time course of the acrosome reaction. This parallelism is maintained during a variety of treatments that either expedite (local anaesthetics, ionophore A23187, Triton X-100) or delay (Mg2+, low external Ca2+) the acrosome reaction. We conclude that the secondary Ca2+ influx described herein apparently serves to link alterations of the spermatozoal membrane to subsequent contractile and secretory components of the capacitation sequence.", "contents": "Increased calcium-ion influx is a component of capacitation of spermatozoa. Capacitation (modifications required for gamete fusion) is produced by incubating guinea-pig spermatozoa in vitro in a chemically defined medium. It is shown that during such incubation a net uptake of Ca2+ by the sperm occurs in two distinguishable phases. An initial loose association of Ca2+, possibly to surface sites, is unaffected by agents (Mg2+, inhibitors of mitochondiral function) that prevent or delay the exocytotic spermatozoal acrosome reaction. The time course of a secondary Ca2+ uptake parallels or slightly precedes the time course of the acrosome reaction. This parallelism is maintained during a variety of treatments that either expedite (local anaesthetics, ionophore A23187, Triton X-100) or delay (Mg2+, low external Ca2+) the acrosome reaction. We conclude that the secondary Ca2+ influx described herein apparently serves to link alterations of the spermatozoal membrane to subsequent contractile and secretory components of the capacitation sequence.", "PMID": 687358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7475", "title": "Phycocyanobilin synthesis in the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium.", "content": "Light is required for synthesis of the accessory photosynethetic pigment phycocyanin in cells of the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium. Phycocyanin is a conjugated protein composed of polypeptide subunits to which the light-absorbing bile pigment chromophore phycocyanobilin is covalently attached. Dark-grown cells of C. caldarium are unable to make phycocyanin, but when incubated in the dark with 5-aminolaevulinate the cells synthesize and excrete a protein-free phycobilin (algal bile pigment) into the suspending medium. The electronic absorption spectrum, electron impact mass spectrum, chromatographic properties and imide products obtained after chronic acid degradation of the excreted phycobilin were identical with those of phycocyanobilin cleaved from phycocyanin in boiling methanol. This establishes the structural identity between the excreted phycobilin, which is the end product of bile-pigment synthesis in vivo, and the chromophore cleaved from phycocyanin in boiling methanol. The significance of the structure of the excreted phycobilin with respect to the events surrounding the assembly of the phycocyanin molecule in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "Phycocyanobilin synthesis in the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium. Light is required for synthesis of the accessory photosynethetic pigment phycocyanin in cells of the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium. Phycocyanin is a conjugated protein composed of polypeptide subunits to which the light-absorbing bile pigment chromophore phycocyanobilin is covalently attached. Dark-grown cells of C. caldarium are unable to make phycocyanin, but when incubated in the dark with 5-aminolaevulinate the cells synthesize and excrete a protein-free phycobilin (algal bile pigment) into the suspending medium. The electronic absorption spectrum, electron impact mass spectrum, chromatographic properties and imide products obtained after chronic acid degradation of the excreted phycobilin were identical with those of phycocyanobilin cleaved from phycocyanin in boiling methanol. This establishes the structural identity between the excreted phycobilin, which is the end product of bile-pigment synthesis in vivo, and the chromophore cleaved from phycocyanin in boiling methanol. The significance of the structure of the excreted phycobilin with respect to the events surrounding the assembly of the phycocyanin molecule in vivo is discussed.", "PMID": 687359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7476", "title": "Characterization of uterine heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleic acid and the effect of oestradiol-17 beta on its synthesis.", "content": "An early response to the administration of oestradiol-17 beta to immature rats is a dramatic stimulation in the synthesis of uterine hnRNA (heterogenous nuclear RNA). High-molecular-weight fractions of the hnRNA were purified and subfractionated on poly(U)-Sepharose into fractions that differed in their poly(A) content and their size profile on polyacrylamide gels. Oestrogen treatment of the rats stimulated the synthesis of all three fractions of high-molecular-weight hnRNA, but the kinetics of synthesis, degree of stimulation and size distribution of the newly synthesize RNA differed in each fraction.", "contents": "Characterization of uterine heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleic acid and the effect of oestradiol-17 beta on its synthesis. An early response to the administration of oestradiol-17 beta to immature rats is a dramatic stimulation in the synthesis of uterine hnRNA (heterogenous nuclear RNA). High-molecular-weight fractions of the hnRNA were purified and subfractionated on poly(U)-Sepharose into fractions that differed in their poly(A) content and their size profile on polyacrylamide gels. Oestrogen treatment of the rats stimulated the synthesis of all three fractions of high-molecular-weight hnRNA, but the kinetics of synthesis, degree of stimulation and size distribution of the newly synthesize RNA differed in each fraction.", "PMID": 687360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7477", "title": "Effects of ammonia and norvaline on lactate metabolism by hepatocytes from starved rats. The use of 14C-labelled lactate in studies of hepatic gluconeogenesis.", "content": "1. Hepatocytes from starved rats were incubated with l-lactate and NH(4)Cl or norvaline, and the rates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and of gluconeogenesis were calculated from changes in metabolite concentrations or from radioisotopic data from incubations with labelled lactate or propionate. 2. Gluconeogenesis was stimulated by the addition of 10mm-NH(4)Cl, 5mm-norvaline or 1mm-oleate by 27, 45 and 59% respectively. NH(4)Cl or norvaline also increased lactate uptake. Norvaline inhibited urea synthesis from NH(4)Cl by 85%. 3. The effects of NH(4)Cl and norvaline were not additive. However, NH(4)Cl inhibited and norvaline was without effect on gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, indicating that the two compounds act by different mechanisms. 4. The tricarboxylic acid-cycle flux was increased 80% by lactate, and NH(4)Cl caused a further 25% stimulation. Norvaline had no effect on the tricarboxylic acid-cycle flux. NH(4)Cl and norvaline tripled and doubled, respectively, flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase. 5. Total ATP formation was calculated to range from 470 to 830mumol/h per 100mg of protein, of which the basic metabolic activity accounted for 400-450mumol/h per 100mg of protein. ATP formation does not seem to be rate-limiting for gluconeogenesis. 6. Pyruvate recycling was estimated from the (14)C yield from [1-(14)C]propionate in lactate and glucose to be 10-30% of the flux of phosphoenolpyruvate to glucose. The further addition of NH(4)Cl more than doubled the recycling of pyruvate. 7. [1,4-(14)C]Succinate was rapidly metabolized by hepatocytes. About 20% of the radioactivity was recovered in glucose, indicating that succinate is also metabolized by intact (non-damaged) hepatocytes. 8. It is concluded that the metabolism of lactate by the liver is too complex to allow simple rate measurements with labelled compounds.", "contents": "Effects of ammonia and norvaline on lactate metabolism by hepatocytes from starved rats. The use of 14C-labelled lactate in studies of hepatic gluconeogenesis. 1. Hepatocytes from starved rats were incubated with l-lactate and NH(4)Cl or norvaline, and the rates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and of gluconeogenesis were calculated from changes in metabolite concentrations or from radioisotopic data from incubations with labelled lactate or propionate. 2. Gluconeogenesis was stimulated by the addition of 10mm-NH(4)Cl, 5mm-norvaline or 1mm-oleate by 27, 45 and 59% respectively. NH(4)Cl or norvaline also increased lactate uptake. Norvaline inhibited urea synthesis from NH(4)Cl by 85%. 3. The effects of NH(4)Cl and norvaline were not additive. However, NH(4)Cl inhibited and norvaline was without effect on gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, indicating that the two compounds act by different mechanisms. 4. The tricarboxylic acid-cycle flux was increased 80% by lactate, and NH(4)Cl caused a further 25% stimulation. Norvaline had no effect on the tricarboxylic acid-cycle flux. NH(4)Cl and norvaline tripled and doubled, respectively, flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase. 5. Total ATP formation was calculated to range from 470 to 830mumol/h per 100mg of protein, of which the basic metabolic activity accounted for 400-450mumol/h per 100mg of protein. ATP formation does not seem to be rate-limiting for gluconeogenesis. 6. Pyruvate recycling was estimated from the (14)C yield from [1-(14)C]propionate in lactate and glucose to be 10-30% of the flux of phosphoenolpyruvate to glucose. The further addition of NH(4)Cl more than doubled the recycling of pyruvate. 7. [1,4-(14)C]Succinate was rapidly metabolized by hepatocytes. About 20% of the radioactivity was recovered in glucose, indicating that succinate is also metabolized by intact (non-damaged) hepatocytes. 8. It is concluded that the metabolism of lactate by the liver is too complex to allow simple rate measurements with labelled compounds.", "PMID": 687361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7478", "title": "Some transport properties of resealed washed human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "A comparison was made between the phosphate- and glucose-transport systems of intact erythrocytes and resealed washed membranes. Glucose transport exhibits identical properties in both cases, but the phosphate-transport system does not appear to have survived the membrane isolation procedure unaltered. Evidence is presented to support the suggestion that some form of structural perturbation has occurred to the protein mediator of phosphate exchange.", "contents": "Some transport properties of resealed washed human erythrocyte membranes. A comparison was made between the phosphate- and glucose-transport systems of intact erythrocytes and resealed washed membranes. Glucose transport exhibits identical properties in both cases, but the phosphate-transport system does not appear to have survived the membrane isolation procedure unaltered. Evidence is presented to support the suggestion that some form of structural perturbation has occurred to the protein mediator of phosphate exchange.", "PMID": 687362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7479", "title": "Bifunctional intercalation and sequence specificity in the binding of quinomycin and triostin antibiotics to deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "Quinomycin C, triostin A and triostin C are peptide antibiotics of the quinoxaline family, of which echinomycin (quinomycin A) is also a member. They all remove and reverse the supercoiling of closed circular duplex DNA from bacteriophage PM2 in the fashion characteristic of intercalating drugs, and the unwinding angle at I 0.01 is, in all cases, almost twice that of ethidium. Thus, as with echinomycin, they can be characterized as bifunctional intercalating agents. For the triostins this conclusion has been confirmed by measurements of changes in the viscosity of sonicated rod-like DNA fragments; the helix extension was found to be almost double that expected for a simple monofunctional intercalation process. For triostin A, further evidence for bifunctionality was derived from the cross-over point of binding isotherms to nicked circular and closed circular bacteriophage-PM2DNA. Binding curves for the interaction of quinomycin C and triostin A with a variety of synthetic and naturally occurring nucleic acids were determined by solvent-partition analysis, but triostin C was too insoluble in aqueous solution to make this method applicable. For quinomycin C the highest binding constant was found with Micrococcus lysodeikticus DNA, and its pattern of specificity among natural DNA species was broadly similar to that of echinomycin, although the binding constants were 2--6 times as large. For triostin A the highest binding constant was again found for M. lysodeikticus DNA, but the specificity pattern was quite different from that of the quinomycins. In particular, triostin A bound better to poly(dA-dT) than to the poly(dG-dC) whereas this order was reversed for quinomycin C. There was also evidence that the binding to poly(dA-dT) might be co-operative in nature. No significant interaction could be detected with poly(dA).poly(dT) or with RNA from Escherichia coli. Poly(dG).poly(dC) gave variable results, depending on the source of the polymer. The different patterns of specificity displayed by the quinomycins and triostins are tentatively ascribed to differences in their conformations in solution.", "contents": "Bifunctional intercalation and sequence specificity in the binding of quinomycin and triostin antibiotics to deoxyribonucleic acid. Quinomycin C, triostin A and triostin C are peptide antibiotics of the quinoxaline family, of which echinomycin (quinomycin A) is also a member. They all remove and reverse the supercoiling of closed circular duplex DNA from bacteriophage PM2 in the fashion characteristic of intercalating drugs, and the unwinding angle at I 0.01 is, in all cases, almost twice that of ethidium. Thus, as with echinomycin, they can be characterized as bifunctional intercalating agents. For the triostins this conclusion has been confirmed by measurements of changes in the viscosity of sonicated rod-like DNA fragments; the helix extension was found to be almost double that expected for a simple monofunctional intercalation process. For triostin A, further evidence for bifunctionality was derived from the cross-over point of binding isotherms to nicked circular and closed circular bacteriophage-PM2DNA. Binding curves for the interaction of quinomycin C and triostin A with a variety of synthetic and naturally occurring nucleic acids were determined by solvent-partition analysis, but triostin C was too insoluble in aqueous solution to make this method applicable. For quinomycin C the highest binding constant was found with Micrococcus lysodeikticus DNA, and its pattern of specificity among natural DNA species was broadly similar to that of echinomycin, although the binding constants were 2--6 times as large. For triostin A the highest binding constant was again found for M. lysodeikticus DNA, but the specificity pattern was quite different from that of the quinomycins. In particular, triostin A bound better to poly(dA-dT) than to the poly(dG-dC) whereas this order was reversed for quinomycin C. There was also evidence that the binding to poly(dA-dT) might be co-operative in nature. No significant interaction could be detected with poly(dA).poly(dT) or with RNA from Escherichia coli. Poly(dG).poly(dC) gave variable results, depending on the source of the polymer. The different patterns of specificity displayed by the quinomycins and triostins are tentatively ascribed to differences in their conformations in solution.", "PMID": 687363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7480", "title": "Interaction between synthetic analogues of quinoxaline antibiotics and nucleic acids. Changes in mechanism and specificity related to structural alterations.", "content": "The interaction with DNA of six chemically synthesized derivatives of the quinoxaline antibiotics was investigated. Five of the compounds bound only weakly to DNA or not at all; for these substances spectrophotometric measurements, sedimentation studies with closed circular duplex bacteriophage-PM2 DNA and thermal-denaturation profiles were used to determine limits fot the binding constants. No interaction could be detected with two products of degradation of echinomycin (quinomycin A), one of which, echinomycinic acid dimethyl ester, had the lactone linkages opened, whereas the other retained an intact octapeptide ring but had a broken cross-bridge. The other compounds studied were des-N-tetramethyl-triostin A ('TANDEM') and its derivatives. A derivative of 'TANDEM' IN WHICH benzyloxycarbonyl moieties replace both quinoxaline chromophores had binding constants to nucelic acids in the range 10(2)--10(3)-1, whereas no interaction could be detected for a benzyloxycarbonyl derivative that, in addition, had the cross-bridge broken. The derivative of 'TANDEM' with L-serine in place of D-serine in both positions showed no detectable interaction with Clostridium perfringens DNA, whereas the binding constant to poly(dA-dT) was approx 2 X 10(3)M-1. 'TANDEM' itself bound strongly to DNA, and the bathochromic and hypochromic shifts in its u.v.-absorption spectrum in the presence of DNA were similar to those seen with echinomycin. From the effect on the sedimentation coefficient of closed circular duplex bacteriophage-PM2 DNA the mechanism of binding was shown to involve bifunctional intercalation, typical of the naturally occurring quinoxaline antibiotics. Solvent-partition analysis was used to determine binding constants for the interaction between 'TANDEM' and a variety of natural and synthetic DNA species. The pattern of specificity thus revealed differed markedly from that previously found with the naturally occurring quinoxaline antibiotics. Most striking was the evident large preference for (A + T)-rich DNA species, in complete contrast with echinomycin and triostin A. The highest binding constant was found for poly(dA-dT), the interaction with which appeared highly co-operative in character. The conformations adopted by those quinoxaline compounds that bind strongly to DNA were examined withe aid of molecular models on the basis of results derived from n.m.r. and computer studies. It appears that the observed patterns of base-sequence specificity are determined, at least in part, by the structure and conformation of the sulphur-containing cross-bridge.", "contents": "Interaction between synthetic analogues of quinoxaline antibiotics and nucleic acids. Changes in mechanism and specificity related to structural alterations. The interaction with DNA of six chemically synthesized derivatives of the quinoxaline antibiotics was investigated. Five of the compounds bound only weakly to DNA or not at all; for these substances spectrophotometric measurements, sedimentation studies with closed circular duplex bacteriophage-PM2 DNA and thermal-denaturation profiles were used to determine limits fot the binding constants. No interaction could be detected with two products of degradation of echinomycin (quinomycin A), one of which, echinomycinic acid dimethyl ester, had the lactone linkages opened, whereas the other retained an intact octapeptide ring but had a broken cross-bridge. The other compounds studied were des-N-tetramethyl-triostin A ('TANDEM') and its derivatives. A derivative of 'TANDEM' IN WHICH benzyloxycarbonyl moieties replace both quinoxaline chromophores had binding constants to nucelic acids in the range 10(2)--10(3)-1, whereas no interaction could be detected for a benzyloxycarbonyl derivative that, in addition, had the cross-bridge broken. The derivative of 'TANDEM' with L-serine in place of D-serine in both positions showed no detectable interaction with Clostridium perfringens DNA, whereas the binding constant to poly(dA-dT) was approx 2 X 10(3)M-1. 'TANDEM' itself bound strongly to DNA, and the bathochromic and hypochromic shifts in its u.v.-absorption spectrum in the presence of DNA were similar to those seen with echinomycin. From the effect on the sedimentation coefficient of closed circular duplex bacteriophage-PM2 DNA the mechanism of binding was shown to involve bifunctional intercalation, typical of the naturally occurring quinoxaline antibiotics. Solvent-partition analysis was used to determine binding constants for the interaction between 'TANDEM' and a variety of natural and synthetic DNA species. The pattern of specificity thus revealed differed markedly from that previously found with the naturally occurring quinoxaline antibiotics. Most striking was the evident large preference for (A + T)-rich DNA species, in complete contrast with echinomycin and triostin A. The highest binding constant was found for poly(dA-dT), the interaction with which appeared highly co-operative in character. The conformations adopted by those quinoxaline compounds that bind strongly to DNA were examined withe aid of molecular models on the basis of results derived from n.m.r. and computer studies. It appears that the observed patterns of base-sequence specificity are determined, at least in part, by the structure and conformation of the sulphur-containing cross-bridge.", "PMID": 687364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7481", "title": "Isolation and characterization of isocitrate lyase from a thermophilic Bacillus sp.", "content": "Isocitrate lyase was isolated in homogeneous state from a thermophilic Bacillus. The enzyme has a mol.wt. of 180000 and a pI of 4.5 and contains threonine as the N-terminal residue. It resembles in size the cognate enzyme from the mesophilic bacterium Pseudomonas indigofera, but is smaller than the enzyme from the eukaryotic fungus Neurospora crassa. All three lyases are tetramers and similar in amino acid composition, but the thermophile enzyme is distinctive from its mesophilic coutnerparts in possessing a lower catalytic-centre activity, greater resistance to chemical and thermal denaturation and fewer thiol groups and in being strongly activated by salts. Salt activation, by 0.4M-KCl, is about 3-fold at 30 degrees C and pH 6.8 and weakens progressively as the temperature or pH is raised. The activation is probably due to a change in the enzyme conformation caused by the electrolyte modifying the interaction between charged groups or between hydrophobic groups in protein. The possible significance of the salt activation, of the relative paucity of thiol groups and of the greater resistance to chemical denaturants is discussed. Besides its effect on the Vmax., KCl produces large increases in the magnitude of several kinetic parameters. A rise in reaction temperature from 30 to 55 degrees C produces a somewhat similar result. In view of these peculiar features, the patterns of inhibition of enzyme activity by compounds such as succinate and phosphoenolpyruvate were examined at 30 and 55 degrees C in the presence and absence of KCl.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of isocitrate lyase from a thermophilic Bacillus sp. Isocitrate lyase was isolated in homogeneous state from a thermophilic Bacillus. The enzyme has a mol.wt. of 180000 and a pI of 4.5 and contains threonine as the N-terminal residue. It resembles in size the cognate enzyme from the mesophilic bacterium Pseudomonas indigofera, but is smaller than the enzyme from the eukaryotic fungus Neurospora crassa. All three lyases are tetramers and similar in amino acid composition, but the thermophile enzyme is distinctive from its mesophilic coutnerparts in possessing a lower catalytic-centre activity, greater resistance to chemical and thermal denaturation and fewer thiol groups and in being strongly activated by salts. Salt activation, by 0.4M-KCl, is about 3-fold at 30 degrees C and pH 6.8 and weakens progressively as the temperature or pH is raised. The activation is probably due to a change in the enzyme conformation caused by the electrolyte modifying the interaction between charged groups or between hydrophobic groups in protein. The possible significance of the salt activation, of the relative paucity of thiol groups and of the greater resistance to chemical denaturants is discussed. Besides its effect on the Vmax., KCl produces large increases in the magnitude of several kinetic parameters. A rise in reaction temperature from 30 to 55 degrees C produces a somewhat similar result. In view of these peculiar features, the patterns of inhibition of enzyme activity by compounds such as succinate and phosphoenolpyruvate were examined at 30 and 55 degrees C in the presence and absence of KCl.", "PMID": 687365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7482", "title": "A defined molecular-weight distribution of deoxyribonucleic acid after extensive sonication.", "content": "Concentrated solutions of low-molecular-weight DNA (Mw=35000) with a known molecular-weight distribution can be prepared in several hours, and require no additional fractionation procedures. This is achieved by sonication of the DNA in 1.0 M-NaCl at high power at 0--2 degrees C. No denaturation of the DNA is detectable, even after 8h of continuous sonication. After 2h, the molecular-weight distribution of the total DNA sample is that of the most probably Schulz distribution, described by-Mn:-Mw:-Mz ...=1:2:3 ...etc. Such a molecular-weight distribution is expected for a random break-up of indefinitely long macromolecules and indicates that the sonication process is essentially by random double-strand scission. DNA was also sonicated in the presence of ligands capable of modifying the DNA tertiary structure. The results support the idea that inflexibility of the DNA is required for efficient sonic degradation.", "contents": "A defined molecular-weight distribution of deoxyribonucleic acid after extensive sonication. Concentrated solutions of low-molecular-weight DNA (Mw=35000) with a known molecular-weight distribution can be prepared in several hours, and require no additional fractionation procedures. This is achieved by sonication of the DNA in 1.0 M-NaCl at high power at 0--2 degrees C. No denaturation of the DNA is detectable, even after 8h of continuous sonication. After 2h, the molecular-weight distribution of the total DNA sample is that of the most probably Schulz distribution, described by-Mn:-Mw:-Mz ...=1:2:3 ...etc. Such a molecular-weight distribution is expected for a random break-up of indefinitely long macromolecules and indicates that the sonication process is essentially by random double-strand scission. DNA was also sonicated in the presence of ligands capable of modifying the DNA tertiary structure. The results support the idea that inflexibility of the DNA is required for efficient sonic degradation.", "PMID": 687366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7483", "title": "The similarity of the two high-molecular-weight polypeptides of erythrocyte spectrin.", "content": "1. The two major polypeptides (P1 and P2) of erythrocyte-membrane spectrin were isolated by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 2. The two polypeptides were shown to possess similar amino acid compositions, both with the characteristically high glutamate and leucine contents of the parent spectrin. 3. The tryptic-peptide 'maps' of the two polypeptides were prepared by a combination of t.l.c. and electrophoresis. 4. Radioactive peptides were prepared by [14C]carboxymethylation and chloramine-T-catalysed [125I]iodination. 5. 'Maps' of both sets of peptides demonstrate a marked similarity between the two polypeptides. 6. These new data confirm earlier evidence for the similarity of the two chains. 7. The number of peptides in the 'maps' of carboxymethylated peptides suggest that polypeptides P1 and P2 are not aggregates.", "contents": "The similarity of the two high-molecular-weight polypeptides of erythrocyte spectrin. 1. The two major polypeptides (P1 and P2) of erythrocyte-membrane spectrin were isolated by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 2. The two polypeptides were shown to possess similar amino acid compositions, both with the characteristically high glutamate and leucine contents of the parent spectrin. 3. The tryptic-peptide 'maps' of the two polypeptides were prepared by a combination of t.l.c. and electrophoresis. 4. Radioactive peptides were prepared by [14C]carboxymethylation and chloramine-T-catalysed [125I]iodination. 5. 'Maps' of both sets of peptides demonstrate a marked similarity between the two polypeptides. 6. These new data confirm earlier evidence for the similarity of the two chains. 7. The number of peptides in the 'maps' of carboxymethylated peptides suggest that polypeptides P1 and P2 are not aggregates.", "PMID": 687367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7484", "title": "Characterization of proteoglycan and the proteoglycan--hyaluronic acid complex by electric birefringence.", "content": "An electric field causes partial alignment of macromolecules in a dilute solution. The accompanying changes in the solution birefringence offer a sensitive and quick means of monitoring the rates of particle orientation and hence the size of the solute molecules. Such measurements are reported for dilute solutions of proteoglycans in the absence and presence of added hyaluronic acid. The proteoglycan molecules are shown to be some 580 nm long. In the presence of hyaluronic acid they form aggregates that appear to be consistent with the model previously proposed in which the proteoglycans attach radially to the extended hyaluronic acid chain. The electric-birefringence relaxation rates indicate aggregates of similar length to that of the extended hyaluronic acid chain, with the proteoglycans spaced on average at 29nm intervals. A proteoglycan sample the cystine residues of which had been reduced and alkylated showed no evidence of aggregation with hyaluronic acid up to the concentrations of the acid corresponding to 1% of the total uronic acid content. The electric-birefringence method is shown to have a large potential in the study of associating polysaccharide solutions.", "contents": "Characterization of proteoglycan and the proteoglycan--hyaluronic acid complex by electric birefringence. An electric field causes partial alignment of macromolecules in a dilute solution. The accompanying changes in the solution birefringence offer a sensitive and quick means of monitoring the rates of particle orientation and hence the size of the solute molecules. Such measurements are reported for dilute solutions of proteoglycans in the absence and presence of added hyaluronic acid. The proteoglycan molecules are shown to be some 580 nm long. In the presence of hyaluronic acid they form aggregates that appear to be consistent with the model previously proposed in which the proteoglycans attach radially to the extended hyaluronic acid chain. The electric-birefringence relaxation rates indicate aggregates of similar length to that of the extended hyaluronic acid chain, with the proteoglycans spaced on average at 29nm intervals. A proteoglycan sample the cystine residues of which had been reduced and alkylated showed no evidence of aggregation with hyaluronic acid up to the concentrations of the acid corresponding to 1% of the total uronic acid content. The electric-birefringence method is shown to have a large potential in the study of associating polysaccharide solutions.", "PMID": 687368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7485", "title": "Blood-group-Ii-active gangliosides of human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "More than ten new types of gangliosides, in addition to haematoside and sialosylparagloboside, were isolated from human erythrocyte membranes. These were separated by successive chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex, on porous silica-gel columns and on thin-layer silica gel as acetylated compounds. Highly potent blood-group-Ii and moderate blood-group-H activities were demonstrated in some of the ganglioside fractions. The gangliosides incorporated into cholesterol/phosphatidylcholine liposomes stoicheiometrically inhibited binding of anti-(blood-group I and i) antibodies to a radioiodinated blood-group-Ii-active glycoprotein. The fraction with the highest blood-group-I-activity, I(g) fraction, behaved like sialosyl-deca- to -dodeca-glycosylceramides on t.l.c. Certain blood-group-I and most of the -i determinants were in partially or completely cryptic form and could be unmasked by sialidase treatment. Thus the I and i antigens, which are known to occur on internal structures of blood-group-ABH-active glycoproteins in secretions, also occur in the interior of the carbohydrate chains of erythrocyte gangliosides.", "contents": "Blood-group-Ii-active gangliosides of human erythrocyte membranes. More than ten new types of gangliosides, in addition to haematoside and sialosylparagloboside, were isolated from human erythrocyte membranes. These were separated by successive chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex, on porous silica-gel columns and on thin-layer silica gel as acetylated compounds. Highly potent blood-group-Ii and moderate blood-group-H activities were demonstrated in some of the ganglioside fractions. The gangliosides incorporated into cholesterol/phosphatidylcholine liposomes stoicheiometrically inhibited binding of anti-(blood-group I and i) antibodies to a radioiodinated blood-group-Ii-active glycoprotein. The fraction with the highest blood-group-I-activity, I(g) fraction, behaved like sialosyl-deca- to -dodeca-glycosylceramides on t.l.c. Certain blood-group-I and most of the -i determinants were in partially or completely cryptic form and could be unmasked by sialidase treatment. Thus the I and i antigens, which are known to occur on internal structures of blood-group-ABH-active glycoproteins in secretions, also occur in the interior of the carbohydrate chains of erythrocyte gangliosides.", "PMID": 687369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7486", "title": "Inactivation and modification of lactate oxidase with fluorodinitrobenzene.", "content": "1. Dinitrophenylation of 2 +/- 0.2mol of residues/mol of enzyme-bound FMN resulted in the complete inactivation of the flavoenzyme L-lactate oxidase. 2. Hydrolysates of the inactivated enzyme contained 1mol each of Nim-Dnp-histidine (abbreviation: Dnp-,2,4-dinitrophenyl-; Nim indicates that either of the N atoms in the imidazole ring is substituted) and epsilon-Dnp-lysine/mol of FMN. 3. Competitive inhibitors decreased the extent of inactivation to a 10% loss of activity, and dinitrophenylation was decreased from 2 to approx. 0.5mol/mol of FMN. Only Nim-Dnp-histidine was detected in the hydrolysates. 4. Although the dinitrophenylated enzyme did not possess enzyme activitiy, L-lactate reduced approx. 50% of the enzyme-bound flavin slowly (0.6min-1), and approx. 50% of the flavin in the modified enzyme-bound flavin slowly (0.6min-1), and approx. 50% of the flavin in the modified enzyme formed a complex with bisulphite. 6. The modified enzyme (2mol of Dnp/mol of FMN) was unable to bind substrate analogues and competitive inhibitors.", "contents": "Inactivation and modification of lactate oxidase with fluorodinitrobenzene. 1. Dinitrophenylation of 2 +/- 0.2mol of residues/mol of enzyme-bound FMN resulted in the complete inactivation of the flavoenzyme L-lactate oxidase. 2. Hydrolysates of the inactivated enzyme contained 1mol each of Nim-Dnp-histidine (abbreviation: Dnp-,2,4-dinitrophenyl-; Nim indicates that either of the N atoms in the imidazole ring is substituted) and epsilon-Dnp-lysine/mol of FMN. 3. Competitive inhibitors decreased the extent of inactivation to a 10% loss of activity, and dinitrophenylation was decreased from 2 to approx. 0.5mol/mol of FMN. Only Nim-Dnp-histidine was detected in the hydrolysates. 4. Although the dinitrophenylated enzyme did not possess enzyme activitiy, L-lactate reduced approx. 50% of the enzyme-bound flavin slowly (0.6min-1), and approx. 50% of the flavin in the modified enzyme-bound flavin slowly (0.6min-1), and approx. 50% of the flavin in the modified enzyme formed a complex with bisulphite. 6. The modified enzyme (2mol of Dnp/mol of FMN) was unable to bind substrate analogues and competitive inhibitors.", "PMID": 687370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7487", "title": "Inaccuracies in measurement of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin in bile with ethyl anthranilate diazo and solvent-partition methods.", "content": "A criticial evaluation was made of the ethyl anthranilate diazo and two solvent-partition methods for the determination of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin in human and rat bile. The ethyl anthranilate diazo reagent, which reacts only with conjugated bilirubin in serum, also diazotized a variable proportion of unconjugated bilirubin in bile and thus overestimated the concentration of monoconjugates. With the Weber-Schalm and modified Folsch solvent-partition methods applied to human or rat bile, 4--9% of added 14C-labelled unconjugated bilirubin partitioned with the conjugated bilirubin in the upper phase, and 4--9% of added 14C-labelled conjugated bilirubin partitioned into the lower phase. With dog bile, the spill-over of 14C-labelled bilirubin into the lower phase was 9--11%. Analysis of azopigments from the Weber-Schalm partition confirmed that over two-thirds of the bilirubin in the lower phase represents monoconjugates, principally the less-polar monoxylosides and monoglucosides. These solvent-partition methods thus overestimate the concentration of unconjugated bilirubin in bile.", "contents": "Inaccuracies in measurement of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin in bile with ethyl anthranilate diazo and solvent-partition methods. A criticial evaluation was made of the ethyl anthranilate diazo and two solvent-partition methods for the determination of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin in human and rat bile. The ethyl anthranilate diazo reagent, which reacts only with conjugated bilirubin in serum, also diazotized a variable proportion of unconjugated bilirubin in bile and thus overestimated the concentration of monoconjugates. With the Weber-Schalm and modified Folsch solvent-partition methods applied to human or rat bile, 4--9% of added 14C-labelled unconjugated bilirubin partitioned with the conjugated bilirubin in the upper phase, and 4--9% of added 14C-labelled conjugated bilirubin partitioned into the lower phase. With dog bile, the spill-over of 14C-labelled bilirubin into the lower phase was 9--11%. Analysis of azopigments from the Weber-Schalm partition confirmed that over two-thirds of the bilirubin in the lower phase represents monoconjugates, principally the less-polar monoxylosides and monoglucosides. These solvent-partition methods thus overestimate the concentration of unconjugated bilirubin in bile.", "PMID": 687371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7488", "title": "Involvement of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase beta in nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.", "content": "The effects on DNA synthesis in vitro in mouse L929-cell nuclei of differential extraction of DNA polymerases alpha and beta were studied. Removal of all measurable DNA polymerase alpha and 20% of DNA polymerase beta leads to a 40% fall in the replicative DNA synthesis. Removal of 70% of DNA polymerase beta inhibits replicative synthesis by 80%. In all cases the nuclear DNA synthesis is sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide and aCTP (arabinosylcytosine triphosphate), though less so than DNA polymerase alpha. Addition of deoxyribonuclease I to the nuclear incubation leads to synthesis of high-molecular-weight DNA in a repair reaction. This occurs equally in nuclei from non-growing or S-phase cells. The former nuclei lack DNA polymerase alpha and the reaction reflects the sensitivity of DNA polymerase beta to inhibiton by N-ethylmaleimide and aCTP.", "contents": "Involvement of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase beta in nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. The effects on DNA synthesis in vitro in mouse L929-cell nuclei of differential extraction of DNA polymerases alpha and beta were studied. Removal of all measurable DNA polymerase alpha and 20% of DNA polymerase beta leads to a 40% fall in the replicative DNA synthesis. Removal of 70% of DNA polymerase beta inhibits replicative synthesis by 80%. In all cases the nuclear DNA synthesis is sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide and aCTP (arabinosylcytosine triphosphate), though less so than DNA polymerase alpha. Addition of deoxyribonuclease I to the nuclear incubation leads to synthesis of high-molecular-weight DNA in a repair reaction. This occurs equally in nuclei from non-growing or S-phase cells. The former nuclei lack DNA polymerase alpha and the reaction reflects the sensitivity of DNA polymerase beta to inhibiton by N-ethylmaleimide and aCTP.", "PMID": 687372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7489", "title": "Primary structure of the major beta-chain of rat haemoglobins.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the major beta-chain, (II)beta, from rat haemoglobins was established with an automated sequencer. Amino acid heterogeneities were found that appear to result from allelic variation at particular residues. We applied several new or unusual techniques in determining the sequence: (1) reaction of the polypeptide with dansylaziridine for detection of cysteine; (2) blockage of the N-terminal residue and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues with 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-trimethylammoniobenzene iodide and subsequent identification of the modified lysine phenylthiohydantoin by absorbance at 420nm; (3) identification of histidine phenylthiohydantoin by its blue fluorescence under long-wave u.v. light; (4) cleavage of the chain into two or three fragments and subsequent sequencing without purification [a detailed statement giving the major phenylthiohydantoins assigned at each step for each sequence run before their alignment in individual sequences has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50084 (10 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5]; (5) separation of fragments produced by CNBr cleavage by cation-exchange chromatography; (6) peptide sequencing after attachment of the peptide to cytochrome c. The amino acid sequence was confirmed by amino acid compositions of the complete chain, of CNBr fragments 1 and 3, and of 11 purified tryptic peptides.", "contents": "Primary structure of the major beta-chain of rat haemoglobins. The amino acid sequence of the major beta-chain, (II)beta, from rat haemoglobins was established with an automated sequencer. Amino acid heterogeneities were found that appear to result from allelic variation at particular residues. We applied several new or unusual techniques in determining the sequence: (1) reaction of the polypeptide with dansylaziridine for detection of cysteine; (2) blockage of the N-terminal residue and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues with 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-trimethylammoniobenzene iodide and subsequent identification of the modified lysine phenylthiohydantoin by absorbance at 420nm; (3) identification of histidine phenylthiohydantoin by its blue fluorescence under long-wave u.v. light; (4) cleavage of the chain into two or three fragments and subsequent sequencing without purification [a detailed statement giving the major phenylthiohydantoins assigned at each step for each sequence run before their alignment in individual sequences has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50084 (10 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5]; (5) separation of fragments produced by CNBr cleavage by cation-exchange chromatography; (6) peptide sequencing after attachment of the peptide to cytochrome c. The amino acid sequence was confirmed by amino acid compositions of the complete chain, of CNBr fragments 1 and 3, and of 11 purified tryptic peptides.", "PMID": 687373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7490", "title": "Blood-group-I activity associated with band 3, the major intrinsic membrane protein of human erythrocytes.", "content": "Affinity chromatography of radioiodinated solubilized erythrocyte stroma and of radioiodinated purified Band 3 on an anti-(blood-group I)-adsorbent column showed blood-group-I activity associated with a subpopulation of Band 3. The specificity of binding was confirmed by inhibition with known blood-group substances in radioimmunoassays.", "contents": "Blood-group-I activity associated with band 3, the major intrinsic membrane protein of human erythrocytes. Affinity chromatography of radioiodinated solubilized erythrocyte stroma and of radioiodinated purified Band 3 on an anti-(blood-group I)-adsorbent column showed blood-group-I activity associated with a subpopulation of Band 3. The specificity of binding was confirmed by inhibition with known blood-group substances in radioimmunoassays.", "PMID": 687374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7491", "title": "Diffusional increase and decrease in half-maximal-activity substrate concentrations with two-substrate enzymic reactions.", "content": "Diffusional effects on two-substrate enzymic reactions mainly depend on the relative affinities of the enzyme for its two substrates. With two substrates of widely different affinities, diffusional limitations increase and decrease the half-maximal-activity concentration of the high-and low-affinity substrate respectively.", "contents": "Diffusional increase and decrease in half-maximal-activity substrate concentrations with two-substrate enzymic reactions. Diffusional effects on two-substrate enzymic reactions mainly depend on the relative affinities of the enzyme for its two substrates. With two substrates of widely different affinities, diffusional limitations increase and decrease the half-maximal-activity concentration of the high-and low-affinity substrate respectively.", "PMID": 687375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7492", "title": "A spectrophotometric method for the detection of contaminant chymopapains in preparations of papain. Selective modification of one type of thiol group in the chymopapains by a two-protonic-state reagent.", "content": "A simple spectrophotometric method for the detection of chymopapains A and B, contaminants in some preparations of papain (EC 3.422.2), was devised. If the amount of rapidly reacting thiol in the preparation, as determined by increase in A343 consequent on reaction with the two-protonic-state thiol titrant, 2,2' -dipyridl disulphide, is greater at PH8-9 than at pH4, contamination by the chymopapains is in dicated.", "contents": "A spectrophotometric method for the detection of contaminant chymopapains in preparations of papain. Selective modification of one type of thiol group in the chymopapains by a two-protonic-state reagent. A simple spectrophotometric method for the detection of chymopapains A and B, contaminants in some preparations of papain (EC 3.422.2), was devised. If the amount of rapidly reacting thiol in the preparation, as determined by increase in A343 consequent on reaction with the two-protonic-state thiol titrant, 2,2' -dipyridl disulphide, is greater at PH8-9 than at pH4, contamination by the chymopapains is in dicated.", "PMID": 687376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7493", "title": "Heparin-sepharose 4B at low temperatures retains ribosomes.", "content": "Ribosomes were separated by zonal ultracentrifugation from the fraction of reticulocyte postmitochondrial supernatants retained on heparin bound to Sepharose 4B at 4 degrees C. No ribosomes were retained at 22 degrees C. Ribosomes were also adsorbed on Sepharose 4B and 6B at low temperatures and could be eluted after increasing the column temperature.", "contents": "Heparin-sepharose 4B at low temperatures retains ribosomes. Ribosomes were separated by zonal ultracentrifugation from the fraction of reticulocyte postmitochondrial supernatants retained on heparin bound to Sepharose 4B at 4 degrees C. No ribosomes were retained at 22 degrees C. Ribosomes were also adsorbed on Sepharose 4B and 6B at low temperatures and could be eluted after increasing the column temperature.", "PMID": 687377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7494", "title": "Thermodynamics for the interaction of epsilon-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine and bovine colostral anti-dinitrophenyl immunoglobulin G2.", "content": "The effect of varying the temperature over a wide range (4--60 degrees C) on the binding of epsilon-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine to bovine colostral anti-dinitrophenyl immunoglobulin G2 yielded a non-linear van't Hoff plot. The extent of curvature was indicative of a large positive heat-capacity change, and the thermodynamic parameters, calculated by using a non-linear least squares computer procedure, revealed an enthalpy--entropy-compensation mechanism for hapten-antibody binding. The enthalpy factor was found to be the primary contributor for the complex-formation at low temperatures, but at increasing temperatures the entropy factor assumed greater importance. At physiological temperature (39 degrees C), the entropy factor was the major contributor to the free energy of reaction.", "contents": "Thermodynamics for the interaction of epsilon-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine and bovine colostral anti-dinitrophenyl immunoglobulin G2. The effect of varying the temperature over a wide range (4--60 degrees C) on the binding of epsilon-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine to bovine colostral anti-dinitrophenyl immunoglobulin G2 yielded a non-linear van't Hoff plot. The extent of curvature was indicative of a large positive heat-capacity change, and the thermodynamic parameters, calculated by using a non-linear least squares computer procedure, revealed an enthalpy--entropy-compensation mechanism for hapten-antibody binding. The enthalpy factor was found to be the primary contributor for the complex-formation at low temperatures, but at increasing temperatures the entropy factor assumed greater importance. At physiological temperature (39 degrees C), the entropy factor was the major contributor to the free energy of reaction.", "PMID": 687378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7495", "title": "Preparation of allosteric ribonuclease.", "content": "A method for the preparation of allosteric ribonuclease from bovine pancreas is described. The effects of freeze-drying ribonuclease from acid and alkaline solutions on plots of velocity versus substrate concentration for the hydrolysis of 2':3'-cyclic CMP are examined. Comparison of these plots with the plots obtained with severeal commercial enzyme preparations indicates that the conformation of the enzyme is dependent on the method of preparation. Aging experiments demonstrate that further conformational changes occur at different rates, depending on the methods of storage. Results suggest that the allosteric behaviour of ribonuclease has not always been observed with commercial preparations, owing to variations in methods of preparation and storage of the enzyme.", "contents": "Preparation of allosteric ribonuclease. A method for the preparation of allosteric ribonuclease from bovine pancreas is described. The effects of freeze-drying ribonuclease from acid and alkaline solutions on plots of velocity versus substrate concentration for the hydrolysis of 2':3'-cyclic CMP are examined. Comparison of these plots with the plots obtained with severeal commercial enzyme preparations indicates that the conformation of the enzyme is dependent on the method of preparation. Aging experiments demonstrate that further conformational changes occur at different rates, depending on the methods of storage. Results suggest that the allosteric behaviour of ribonuclease has not always been observed with commercial preparations, owing to variations in methods of preparation and storage of the enzyme.", "PMID": 687379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7496", "title": "The amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptides from actinidin, a proteolytic enzyme from the fruit of Actinidia chinensis.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides of the thiol proteinase actinidin from Actinidia chinensis were determined by the manual dansyl--Edman procedure. There are 12 tryptic peptides, which give a polypeptide chain of 220 residues with a mol.wt. of 23500. An alignment of the tryptic peptides was made by using the X-ray-crystallographic data of Baker [(1977) J. Mol. Biol. 115, 263--277] determined at 0.28 nm resolution on crystalline actinidin. Detailed evidence for the amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50083 (14 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptides from actinidin, a proteolytic enzyme from the fruit of Actinidia chinensis. The amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides of the thiol proteinase actinidin from Actinidia chinensis were determined by the manual dansyl--Edman procedure. There are 12 tryptic peptides, which give a polypeptide chain of 220 residues with a mol.wt. of 23500. An alignment of the tryptic peptides was made by using the X-ray-crystallographic data of Baker [(1977) J. Mol. Biol. 115, 263--277] determined at 0.28 nm resolution on crystalline actinidin. Detailed evidence for the amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50083 (14 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "PMID": 687380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7497", "title": "Childhood Hodgkin's disease in Uganda: a ten year experience.", "content": "Between 1967 and 1977, 48 patients with Hodgkin's disease under 16-years-old were treated with MOPP chemotherapy alone at the Uganda Cancer Institute because radiotherapy facilities are not available. Thirty-eight percent had early stage disease (stages I-IIIA). Prolonged first remissions were achieved in 74% of 42 complete responders. Of 11 patients who relapsed, 5 had prolonged second remissions induced by MOPP. Three patients were lost to follow-up and 15 of the remaining 45 died: 12 of these from progressive Hodgkin's disease, 2 from unrelated causes and 1 from Burkitt's lymphoma after 4 months remission from Hodgkin's disease. Acturial survival for all patients is 67% (75% for stages I-IIIA and 60% for stages IIIB-IV). Treatment complications included Herpes zoster and gynaecomastia. The latter is probably related to gonadal dysfunction. All stages of childhood Hodgkin's disease can be successfully managed with MOPP chemotherapy alone.", "contents": "Childhood Hodgkin's disease in Uganda: a ten year experience. Between 1967 and 1977, 48 patients with Hodgkin's disease under 16-years-old were treated with MOPP chemotherapy alone at the Uganda Cancer Institute because radiotherapy facilities are not available. Thirty-eight percent had early stage disease (stages I-IIIA). Prolonged first remissions were achieved in 74% of 42 complete responders. Of 11 patients who relapsed, 5 had prolonged second remissions induced by MOPP. Three patients were lost to follow-up and 15 of the remaining 45 died: 12 of these from progressive Hodgkin's disease, 2 from unrelated causes and 1 from Burkitt's lymphoma after 4 months remission from Hodgkin's disease. Acturial survival for all patients is 67% (75% for stages I-IIIA and 60% for stages IIIB-IV). Treatment complications included Herpes zoster and gynaecomastia. The latter is probably related to gonadal dysfunction. All stages of childhood Hodgkin's disease can be successfully managed with MOPP chemotherapy alone.", "PMID": 687386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7498", "title": "The determination of the free magnesium level in the human red blood cell by 31P NMR.", "content": "The phosphorus NMR spectra of intracellular ATP in glycolyzing human red blood cells maintained at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2 have been obtained and quantitated under completely aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A comparison of the separation between the alphaP and betaP resonances and the alpha-beta and beta-gamma 31P spin-spin coupling constants of intracellular ATP with appropriate controls directly reveals that 84 +/- 4% and 78 +/- 4% of the total ATP are complexed to Mg2+ in the aerobic and anaerobic states of the cell, respectively. This determination does not differentiate between molecules free in solution and those bound to hemoglobin due to rapid exchange on the NMR time scale of free and complexed ATP. From these data and the prior knowledge of the interactions of various phosphorylated metabolites with hemoglobin and Mg2+, the intracellular concentration of free Mg2+ is determined to be 0.25 +/- 0.07 mM in the aerobic and 0.67 +/- 0.15 mM in the anaerobic state in a sample of normal red blood cells. Knowledge of free Mg2+ permitted a calculation of the distribution of ATP, ADP, glycerate-2,3-P2, and hemoglobin among their free and complexed forms. The results indicate that approximately 40% of the glycerate-2,3-P2 and ATP are complexed to hemoglobin even in aerobic cells and approximately 90% and approximately 60%, respectively, in completely anaerobic cells. The level of free ATP decreases 3-fold anaerobically whereas the MgATP changes very little. The intracellular level of MgADP increases about 2-fold upon deoxygenation. Since the Mg2+ in the red cell is largely complexed, the 3-fold increase in free Mg2+ under fully anaerobic conditions would significantly affect the rates of enzymatic reactions.", "contents": "The determination of the free magnesium level in the human red blood cell by 31P NMR. The phosphorus NMR spectra of intracellular ATP in glycolyzing human red blood cells maintained at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2 have been obtained and quantitated under completely aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A comparison of the separation between the alphaP and betaP resonances and the alpha-beta and beta-gamma 31P spin-spin coupling constants of intracellular ATP with appropriate controls directly reveals that 84 +/- 4% and 78 +/- 4% of the total ATP are complexed to Mg2+ in the aerobic and anaerobic states of the cell, respectively. This determination does not differentiate between molecules free in solution and those bound to hemoglobin due to rapid exchange on the NMR time scale of free and complexed ATP. From these data and the prior knowledge of the interactions of various phosphorylated metabolites with hemoglobin and Mg2+, the intracellular concentration of free Mg2+ is determined to be 0.25 +/- 0.07 mM in the aerobic and 0.67 +/- 0.15 mM in the anaerobic state in a sample of normal red blood cells. Knowledge of free Mg2+ permitted a calculation of the distribution of ATP, ADP, glycerate-2,3-P2, and hemoglobin among their free and complexed forms. The results indicate that approximately 40% of the glycerate-2,3-P2 and ATP are complexed to hemoglobin even in aerobic cells and approximately 90% and approximately 60%, respectively, in completely anaerobic cells. The level of free ATP decreases 3-fold anaerobically whereas the MgATP changes very little. The intracellular level of MgADP increases about 2-fold upon deoxygenation. Since the Mg2+ in the red cell is largely complexed, the 3-fold increase in free Mg2+ under fully anaerobic conditions would significantly affect the rates of enzymatic reactions.", "PMID": 687387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7499", "title": "Is protein turnover thermodynamically controlled?", "content": "A parametric correlation (p less than 0.01) has been found between the in vitro thermal stability and in vivo turnover rates of nine intracellular proteins. These results are discussed in terms of a \"thermodynamic\" model for turnover control, in which the rate of intracellular protein degradation is controlled by intramolecular conformation equilibria. A peculiar exception is provided by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase which is stable in vivo, but not in vitro.", "contents": "Is protein turnover thermodynamically controlled? A parametric correlation (p less than 0.01) has been found between the in vitro thermal stability and in vivo turnover rates of nine intracellular proteins. These results are discussed in terms of a \"thermodynamic\" model for turnover control, in which the rate of intracellular protein degradation is controlled by intramolecular conformation equilibria. A peculiar exception is provided by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase which is stable in vivo, but not in vitro.", "PMID": 687388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7500", "title": "Blood-collecting methodology does not affect the maturational pattern of serum hormone concentrations (testosterone, LH, FSH and prolactin) in the male rat.", "content": "Serum hormone levels of blood collected within 1 min by cardiac puncture following ether anesthesia were compared to those of blood collected by decapitation in male rats 30, 60, and 90 days of age. Neither testosterone (T) nor LH was affected by the method of blood collection. Serum FSH was significantly elevated in blood collected by cardiac puncture, and 30-day old rats were the most sensitive to this effect. Serum prolactin (Prl) was significantly elevated in all age groups when blood was collected by cardiac puncture. Both blood-collecting methods demonstrated that, in the 3 ages tested, serum T increased with age, LH and FSH decreased with age, and Prl did not change with age, indicating that blood collection by cardiac puncture is as valid a method as is decapitation for assessing serum hormone levels during maturation.", "contents": "Blood-collecting methodology does not affect the maturational pattern of serum hormone concentrations (testosterone, LH, FSH and prolactin) in the male rat. Serum hormone levels of blood collected within 1 min by cardiac puncture following ether anesthesia were compared to those of blood collected by decapitation in male rats 30, 60, and 90 days of age. Neither testosterone (T) nor LH was affected by the method of blood collection. Serum FSH was significantly elevated in blood collected by cardiac puncture, and 30-day old rats were the most sensitive to this effect. Serum prolactin (Prl) was significantly elevated in all age groups when blood was collected by cardiac puncture. Both blood-collecting methods demonstrated that, in the 3 ages tested, serum T increased with age, LH and FSH decreased with age, and Prl did not change with age, indicating that blood collection by cardiac puncture is as valid a method as is decapitation for assessing serum hormone levels during maturation.", "PMID": 687389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7501", "title": "Interactions of catecholaminergic receptor blockers with lethal doses of amphetamine or substituted amphetamines in mice.", "content": "Lethality to both isolated and aggregated mice was determined for graded i.p. doses of d-amphetamine, dl-4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), dl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA), dl-2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB), dl-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) and d1-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). Haloperidol (2.0 mg/kg), propranolol (10 mg/kg) and phenoxybenzamine (30 mg/kg) were tested for ability to antagonize the lethal effects of amphetamine and its derivatives. Considerable protection against amphetamine lethality was produced by haloperidol in both isolated and aggregated mice and by phenoxybenzamine in isolated mice, but propranolol was ineffective. An equivalent degree of protection was not achieved by use of any of the three agents before PMA, DMA or DOB. Protection against DOM was achieved only with phenoxybenzamine and only for isolated mice. Extensive protection against MDA was supplied by both phenoxybenzamine and propranolol for either condition of housing. Despite close structural relationships between the toxicants, the antidotal effectiveness of the receptor-blocking agents seemed quite limited and specific, and did not support any generalizations.", "contents": "Interactions of catecholaminergic receptor blockers with lethal doses of amphetamine or substituted amphetamines in mice. Lethality to both isolated and aggregated mice was determined for graded i.p. doses of d-amphetamine, dl-4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), dl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA), dl-2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB), dl-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) and d1-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). Haloperidol (2.0 mg/kg), propranolol (10 mg/kg) and phenoxybenzamine (30 mg/kg) were tested for ability to antagonize the lethal effects of amphetamine and its derivatives. Considerable protection against amphetamine lethality was produced by haloperidol in both isolated and aggregated mice and by phenoxybenzamine in isolated mice, but propranolol was ineffective. An equivalent degree of protection was not achieved by use of any of the three agents before PMA, DMA or DOB. Protection against DOM was achieved only with phenoxybenzamine and only for isolated mice. Extensive protection against MDA was supplied by both phenoxybenzamine and propranolol for either condition of housing. Despite close structural relationships between the toxicants, the antidotal effectiveness of the receptor-blocking agents seemed quite limited and specific, and did not support any generalizations.", "PMID": 687391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7502", "title": "Sustained ventricular tachycardia: evidence for protected localized reentry.", "content": "The components of the reentrant circuit were evaluated in 26 patients in whom sustained ventricular tachycardia could be reproducibly initiated or terminated, or both. Observations suggesting that the proximal His-Purkinje system was not a requisite component included (1) lack of requirement for retrograde His-Purkinje delay or bundle branck reentry, or both, for initiation of the tachycardia: (2) anterograde depolarization of the His bundle during ventricular tachycardial without alteration of the QRS configuration or cycle length; and (3) the presence of random retrograde His potentials during the tachycardia. Evidence that the reentrant circuit was localized to a small area of the ventricles included (1) the ability to capture large segments of the ventricles transiently or continuously with occurrence of intermittent or continuous supraventricular capture either spontaneously or with atrial pacing without effect on the tachycardia. These findings suggest that the reentrant circuit must be small, electrocardiographically silent and relatively protected.", "contents": "Sustained ventricular tachycardia: evidence for protected localized reentry. The components of the reentrant circuit were evaluated in 26 patients in whom sustained ventricular tachycardia could be reproducibly initiated or terminated, or both. Observations suggesting that the proximal His-Purkinje system was not a requisite component included (1) lack of requirement for retrograde His-Purkinje delay or bundle branck reentry, or both, for initiation of the tachycardia: (2) anterograde depolarization of the His bundle during ventricular tachycardial without alteration of the QRS configuration or cycle length; and (3) the presence of random retrograde His potentials during the tachycardia. Evidence that the reentrant circuit was localized to a small area of the ventricles included (1) the ability to capture large segments of the ventricles transiently or continuously with occurrence of intermittent or continuous supraventricular capture either spontaneously or with atrial pacing without effect on the tachycardia. These findings suggest that the reentrant circuit must be small, electrocardiographically silent and relatively protected.", "PMID": 687393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7503", "title": "The role of arteriography in abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "The results of arteriography in the management of 100 consecutive patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms are presented. Arteriographic information had substantial influence upon management decisions and performance of surgery in 75 per cent of cases. We found the preoperative knowledge of the precise vascular pathology or anatomic variants not only permitted a more rational recommendation for or against surgery but aided in the selection of the most suitable surgical procedure.", "contents": "The role of arteriography in abdominal aortic aneurysm. The results of arteriography in the management of 100 consecutive patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms are presented. Arteriographic information had substantial influence upon management decisions and performance of surgery in 75 per cent of cases. We found the preoperative knowledge of the precise vascular pathology or anatomic variants not only permitted a more rational recommendation for or against surgery but aided in the selection of the most suitable surgical procedure.", "PMID": 687394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7504", "title": "Histamine-, norepinephrine-, and dopamine-sensitive central adenylate cyclases: effects of chlorpromazine derivatives and butaclamol.", "content": "A series of recently available derivatives (quaternary and hydroxylated) of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and butaclamol were evaluated with respect to antagonism of norepinephrine- (NE) (rat cerebral cortex), dopamine- (DA) (rat striatum) and histamine- (H) sensitive (rabbit cerebral cortex) adenylate cyclases. With incubated tissue slices (rat and rabbit cortices) CPZ-CH3, 7-OH-CPZ-CH3, beta-OH-CPZ and butaclamol displayed a capacity to inhibit either NE- or H- induced accumulation of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). With the broken cellular enzyme responsive to DA, rather potent inhibition of enzyme activity (IC50 less than 24 micron) occurred with butaclamol, beta-OH-CPZ, 7,8,beta-triOH-CPZ, 7,8-dioxo-beta-OH-CPZ and 3,7,8-triOH-CPZ. It is concluded that the metabolites of CPZ contribute to the central therapeutic and/or side effects of the parent compound.", "contents": "Histamine-, norepinephrine-, and dopamine-sensitive central adenylate cyclases: effects of chlorpromazine derivatives and butaclamol. A series of recently available derivatives (quaternary and hydroxylated) of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and butaclamol were evaluated with respect to antagonism of norepinephrine- (NE) (rat cerebral cortex), dopamine- (DA) (rat striatum) and histamine- (H) sensitive (rabbit cerebral cortex) adenylate cyclases. With incubated tissue slices (rat and rabbit cortices) CPZ-CH3, 7-OH-CPZ-CH3, beta-OH-CPZ and butaclamol displayed a capacity to inhibit either NE- or H- induced accumulation of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). With the broken cellular enzyme responsive to DA, rather potent inhibition of enzyme activity (IC50 less than 24 micron) occurred with butaclamol, beta-OH-CPZ, 7,8,beta-triOH-CPZ, 7,8-dioxo-beta-OH-CPZ and 3,7,8-triOH-CPZ. It is concluded that the metabolites of CPZ contribute to the central therapeutic and/or side effects of the parent compound.", "PMID": 687395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7505", "title": "[The prevention of late psychological sequelae following therapeutic termination of pregnancy. The role of the doctor during consultations (author's transl)].", "content": "Legal termination of pregnancy only rarely has psychological sequelae, which furthermore are usually moderate and transitory. They are usually found in women who have been pressed to have a termination by third parties, in those women who are ambivalent as far as the termination is concerned, in those who submit to the operation because of a medical indication and in those women where there is a brittle psychological state before pregnancy. The author makes certain suggestions which should help to prevent psychological troubles developing in a certain number of cases.", "contents": "[The prevention of late psychological sequelae following therapeutic termination of pregnancy. The role of the doctor during consultations (author's transl)]. Legal termination of pregnancy only rarely has psychological sequelae, which furthermore are usually moderate and transitory. They are usually found in women who have been pressed to have a termination by third parties, in those women who are ambivalent as far as the termination is concerned, in those who submit to the operation because of a medical indication and in those women where there is a brittle psychological state before pregnancy. The author makes certain suggestions which should help to prevent psychological troubles developing in a certain number of cases.", "PMID": 687396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7506", "title": "[Transsphenoidal surgery in hypersecreting pituitary tumors: endocrine follow-up (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 18 patients suffering prolactin adenoma and 16 acromegalic patients, plasma levels of PRL and HGH respectively returned to normal vlues (PRL = 9 +/- 2 ng/ml HGH = 4.2 +/- 0.8 ng/ml) immediately after selective removal of the pituitary adenoma by transspheno\u00efdal route. In all cases tumoral symptoms were reduced. Menses were recovered 36 +/- 5 days after surgery in all patients with prolactin adenoma. Pregnancy succeeded in nine of these women. Per-operative studies of HGH and PRL plasma variations proved to be of good prognostic value. The evaluation of the pituitary functions was performed before and after surgery. In no case pituitary deficiency occured after treatment. Furthermore the regulation of somatotropic and prolactin functions have been documented by the use of different provocative tests before and after treatment. They allow discussion of the pathogenecity of these hypersecreting tumors.", "contents": "[Transsphenoidal surgery in hypersecreting pituitary tumors: endocrine follow-up (author's transl)]. Among 18 patients suffering prolactin adenoma and 16 acromegalic patients, plasma levels of PRL and HGH respectively returned to normal vlues (PRL = 9 +/- 2 ng/ml HGH = 4.2 +/- 0.8 ng/ml) immediately after selective removal of the pituitary adenoma by transspheno\u00efdal route. In all cases tumoral symptoms were reduced. Menses were recovered 36 +/- 5 days after surgery in all patients with prolactin adenoma. Pregnancy succeeded in nine of these women. Per-operative studies of HGH and PRL plasma variations proved to be of good prognostic value. The evaluation of the pituitary functions was performed before and after surgery. In no case pituitary deficiency occured after treatment. Furthermore the regulation of somatotropic and prolactin functions have been documented by the use of different provocative tests before and after treatment. They allow discussion of the pathogenecity of these hypersecreting tumors.", "PMID": 687397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7507", "title": "[Frequency of vulvovaginitis in girls with intestinal enterobiasis].", "content": "The study included 415 female patients with the diagnosis of enterobiasis seen at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o, DIF. Vulvovaginitis was found in 78 cases (18%), with definite predominance in the school-age group. The clinical manifestations in order of frequency were: perianal and vulvar pruritus, abdominal pain, leukorrhea and vulvar edema. Graham's perianal and perineal smear method was performed with 100% positiveness in personal and 85% in perineal smears. The treatment should be directed to improve the family sanitary habites and the prescription of the choice drug to the patient and to his family. The following drugs are quite as effective: piperazine citrate, pyrvinium pamoate, pyrantel pamoate and mebendazole. The physician should use the drug that better fits the patients convenience, keeping in mind the easy determination of the dose and the cost in order to offer the patient and his family the best choice.", "contents": "[Frequency of vulvovaginitis in girls with intestinal enterobiasis]. The study included 415 female patients with the diagnosis of enterobiasis seen at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o, DIF. Vulvovaginitis was found in 78 cases (18%), with definite predominance in the school-age group. The clinical manifestations in order of frequency were: perianal and vulvar pruritus, abdominal pain, leukorrhea and vulvar edema. Graham's perianal and perineal smear method was performed with 100% positiveness in personal and 85% in perineal smears. The treatment should be directed to improve the family sanitary habites and the prescription of the choice drug to the patient and to his family. The following drugs are quite as effective: piperazine citrate, pyrvinium pamoate, pyrantel pamoate and mebendazole. The physician should use the drug that better fits the patients convenience, keeping in mind the easy determination of the dose and the cost in order to offer the patient and his family the best choice.", "PMID": 687398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7508", "title": "[Aortopulmonary window vs. persistency of the arterial duct].", "content": "On review of the cases of congenital cardiopathies at Hospital General de M\u00e9xico, S.S.A., only one case of aortopulmonary fenestration was found and another case of persistence of the arterial duct that was confused with the first diagnosis. Both cases are reported. The world literature on the differential diagnosis of these two and of other malformations with similar clinical manifestations was reviewed. The physical examination of the precordial area and auscultation of murmurs are specially stressed as factors leading to a clinical suspicion of the aortopulmonary septal defect. Comments are made on the clinical hemodynamic course of these two entitites where electrocardiographic and radiological data are similar in both. Thorough hemodynamic studies, catheterization and selective angiography, supply anatomic and pathophysiological data to aid in the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "[Aortopulmonary window vs. persistency of the arterial duct]. On review of the cases of congenital cardiopathies at Hospital General de M\u00e9xico, S.S.A., only one case of aortopulmonary fenestration was found and another case of persistence of the arterial duct that was confused with the first diagnosis. Both cases are reported. The world literature on the differential diagnosis of these two and of other malformations with similar clinical manifestations was reviewed. The physical examination of the precordial area and auscultation of murmurs are specially stressed as factors leading to a clinical suspicion of the aortopulmonary septal defect. Comments are made on the clinical hemodynamic course of these two entitites where electrocardiographic and radiological data are similar in both. Thorough hemodynamic studies, catheterization and selective angiography, supply anatomic and pathophysiological data to aid in the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 687399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7509", "title": "[Treatment of Bell's palsy in pediatrics].", "content": "A series of 22 consecutive cases of idiopathic Bell's palsy are presented, 9 patients obtained return to the normal facial function without treatment and 2 more have had an importnat degree of recovery and it is expected they return to the normal facial function. Two cases did not show any recovery as they were cases with a chronic evolution and facial nerve degeneration. They did not receive any treatment. Facial nerve decompression was indicated in 8 cases; one hundred percent normal function was the result in 6 patients and a good result was obtained in the remaining 2 and complete recovery was expected shortly after.", "contents": "[Treatment of Bell's palsy in pediatrics]. A series of 22 consecutive cases of idiopathic Bell's palsy are presented, 9 patients obtained return to the normal facial function without treatment and 2 more have had an importnat degree of recovery and it is expected they return to the normal facial function. Two cases did not show any recovery as they were cases with a chronic evolution and facial nerve degeneration. They did not receive any treatment. Facial nerve decompression was indicated in 8 cases; one hundred percent normal function was the result in 6 patients and a good result was obtained in the remaining 2 and complete recovery was expected shortly after.", "PMID": 687400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7510", "title": "[Osgood-Schlatter's disease].", "content": "Two patients with Osgood-Schlatter's disease studied at the Unidad de Pediatr\u00eda Hospital General de M\u00e9xico are reported. Both with the same ago, sex and clinical symptoms. No surgery was performed. Several considerations are made on etiology, clinical, radiologic and histopathological aspects. Treatment is discussed and a complete review of medical literature is made.", "contents": "[Osgood-Schlatter's disease]. Two patients with Osgood-Schlatter's disease studied at the Unidad de Pediatr\u00eda Hospital General de M\u00e9xico are reported. Both with the same ago, sex and clinical symptoms. No surgery was performed. Several considerations are made on etiology, clinical, radiologic and histopathological aspects. Treatment is discussed and a complete review of medical literature is made.", "PMID": 687402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7511", "title": "[Cancer (present status)].", "content": "The basic biological aspects in relation to cancer are reviewed and how this concepts has influenced the rational treatment of this disease. The best results achieved in the treatment of cancer are obtained because of the use of a more radical treatment. And for the patients with not very advanced stages, the results have been improved with the prophylactic treatment on those areas where the tumor usually gives metastases. However, an early diagnosis and the proper treatment are the best way to obtain relieve in this group of patients.", "contents": "[Cancer (present status)]. The basic biological aspects in relation to cancer are reviewed and how this concepts has influenced the rational treatment of this disease. The best results achieved in the treatment of cancer are obtained because of the use of a more radical treatment. And for the patients with not very advanced stages, the results have been improved with the prophylactic treatment on those areas where the tumor usually gives metastases. However, an early diagnosis and the proper treatment are the best way to obtain relieve in this group of patients.", "PMID": 687401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7512", "title": "[Progressive fibrodysplasia assificans].", "content": "A five years old patient with myositis ossificans progressiva is presented. This very rare disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant and it is characterized by an abnormality of the connective tissue, specifically, aponeurosis, fascias, tendons and ligaments; the muscle are secondarly affected.", "contents": "[Progressive fibrodysplasia assificans]. A five years old patient with myositis ossificans progressiva is presented. This very rare disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant and it is characterized by an abnormality of the connective tissue, specifically, aponeurosis, fascias, tendons and ligaments; the muscle are secondarly affected.", "PMID": 687403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7513", "title": "[Main surgical entities in the newborn infant and general principles of management].", "content": "The present article describes the most important surgical pathology of the infant, who sometimes requires immediate management. The authors mention the essential points for diagnosis and treatment. The main purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance this knowledge has for the pediatrician and general practitioner, who have the first contact with these patients, and in whose hands rests an opportune diagnosis and surgical management.", "contents": "[Main surgical entities in the newborn infant and general principles of management]. The present article describes the most important surgical pathology of the infant, who sometimes requires immediate management. The authors mention the essential points for diagnosis and treatment. The main purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance this knowledge has for the pediatrician and general practitioner, who have the first contact with these patients, and in whose hands rests an opportune diagnosis and surgical management.", "PMID": 687404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7514", "title": "[Hyperthrophic congenital pyloric stenosis].", "content": "An analysis is made of 18 cases with congenital pyloric stenosis, attended at the Hospital General de M\u00e9xico S.S.A. The discussion is focused toward: age, sex, clinical, laboratory data and radiological features. Literature to this respect is reviewed finding historical data, surgical techniques employed and etiological hypothesis. We conclude, that every physician who attends children must keep in mind that infants under four months of age, with a history of vomiting immediately after feeding, without biliar contents, progressive in frequency and intensity, accompanied by pyloric stenosis must be suspected. The clinical examination must be directed to finding peristalic waves and pyloric tumor. Pyloromyotomy is the treatment in all cases. The prognosis should be favorable if the diagnosis and correction are properly and promptly made.", "contents": "[Hyperthrophic congenital pyloric stenosis]. An analysis is made of 18 cases with congenital pyloric stenosis, attended at the Hospital General de M\u00e9xico S.S.A. The discussion is focused toward: age, sex, clinical, laboratory data and radiological features. Literature to this respect is reviewed finding historical data, surgical techniques employed and etiological hypothesis. We conclude, that every physician who attends children must keep in mind that infants under four months of age, with a history of vomiting immediately after feeding, without biliar contents, progressive in frequency and intensity, accompanied by pyloric stenosis must be suspected. The clinical examination must be directed to finding peristalic waves and pyloric tumor. Pyloromyotomy is the treatment in all cases. The prognosis should be favorable if the diagnosis and correction are properly and promptly made.", "PMID": 687405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7515", "title": "[Program of integral general medicine].", "content": "This paper intends to present to all the medical profession, but more specifically to the Medican and Latin American medical workers and authorities, the main purposes that arm and give structure to a new concept of teaching and learning medicine called, \"Integral General Medicine\" (also known as \"Plan A-36\"). This plan in basically conceived for M\u00e9xico and most of Latin American countries, but may be applied to any other. The main idea is to keep the students in close contact with the community in order to achieve the best of their knowledge, both theoretically and practically, since the very early stages of their entrance to the medical school. The whole scholarship curriculum is described with reference to every one of the four academic years that accomplish the program.", "contents": "[Program of integral general medicine]. This paper intends to present to all the medical profession, but more specifically to the Medican and Latin American medical workers and authorities, the main purposes that arm and give structure to a new concept of teaching and learning medicine called, \"Integral General Medicine\" (also known as \"Plan A-36\"). This plan in basically conceived for M\u00e9xico and most of Latin American countries, but may be applied to any other. The main idea is to keep the students in close contact with the community in order to achieve the best of their knowledge, both theoretically and practically, since the very early stages of their entrance to the medical school. The whole scholarship curriculum is described with reference to every one of the four academic years that accomplish the program.", "PMID": 687408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7516", "title": "[Community in medical education programs of integral general medicine].", "content": "This paper includes the chief considerations about the community work in the Integral General Medicine Program Called Plan A36. General considerations are made abour the four years of trainign program in which the medical student in exposed to be in close contac with the most common medical and health problems in his country, and during this period of time, he becomes capable to develop all the techniques to act as a primary contac physicain.", "contents": "[Community in medical education programs of integral general medicine]. This paper includes the chief considerations about the community work in the Integral General Medicine Program Called Plan A36. General considerations are made abour the four years of trainign program in which the medical student in exposed to be in close contac with the most common medical and health problems in his country, and during this period of time, he becomes capable to develop all the techniques to act as a primary contac physicain.", "PMID": 687409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7517", "title": "[Control of the healthy child as part of the community medicine].", "content": "The authors recommend the need to control the healthy child who periodically attends the pediatrician's or the general practitioner's office, stressing the importance to practice medicine at a primary level without waiting to produce a diagnosis when the disease has reached a dangerous point or else, when unwanted sequels have been established.", "contents": "[Control of the healthy child as part of the community medicine]. The authors recommend the need to control the healthy child who periodically attends the pediatrician's or the general practitioner's office, stressing the importance to practice medicine at a primary level without waiting to produce a diagnosis when the disease has reached a dangerous point or else, when unwanted sequels have been established.", "PMID": 687410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7518", "title": "[Epidemiological survey of vaccination].", "content": "This paper presents the results obtained in an epidemiological survey conducted at Unidad de Pediatr\u00eda del Hospital General de M\u00e9xico, S.S.A., in 1,009 patients, randomly selected. The routine immunization schedule, followed in Mexico during the last few years was investigated. The results are presented for every one of the vaccines, according with the age periods. Considering the group as a whole, the results are significantly low, as far as the recommended standards pretend. It is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the vaccination program in this country, in order to avoid the possibilities of new breaks of epidemics related with this marked lack of immunization in the community.", "contents": "[Epidemiological survey of vaccination]. This paper presents the results obtained in an epidemiological survey conducted at Unidad de Pediatr\u00eda del Hospital General de M\u00e9xico, S.S.A., in 1,009 patients, randomly selected. The routine immunization schedule, followed in Mexico during the last few years was investigated. The results are presented for every one of the vaccines, according with the age periods. Considering the group as a whole, the results are significantly low, as far as the recommended standards pretend. It is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the vaccination program in this country, in order to avoid the possibilities of new breaks of epidemics related with this marked lack of immunization in the community.", "PMID": 687411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7519", "title": "[The most important abdominal surgical emergencies in the newborn].", "content": "The neonatal period should be considered, in itself, as one of high risk, due to its natural anatomical and physiological lability. It is in this age, when characteristic pathological processes do occur, mainly digestive abnormalities, neonatal nectrotizing enterocolitis, Hirschsprung's disease and others. The authors report a four years statistical analysis in the Pediatric Surgery Service of the General Hospital \"La Raza\" Medical Center. There were 126 patients operated in the neonatal period. The treatment given in each case and the results obtained were compared with reports from the international literature.", "contents": "[The most important abdominal surgical emergencies in the newborn]. The neonatal period should be considered, in itself, as one of high risk, due to its natural anatomical and physiological lability. It is in this age, when characteristic pathological processes do occur, mainly digestive abnormalities, neonatal nectrotizing enterocolitis, Hirschsprung's disease and others. The authors report a four years statistical analysis in the Pediatric Surgery Service of the General Hospital \"La Raza\" Medical Center. There were 126 patients operated in the neonatal period. The treatment given in each case and the results obtained were compared with reports from the international literature.", "PMID": 687407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7520", "title": "[Intestinal pneumatosis in pediatrics. Report of 72 cases].", "content": "We analyzed 72 cases of pneumatosis intestinalis at the Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico during a 32 years period. We found the higehst incidence in children under 6 months of age. In the new-born period, the entity is associated with necrotizing entrocolitis and in the older children group, this alteration is associated with gastroenteritis. The diagnosis was made by radiology in 93% of the cases and in 7%, it was made at the surgical event. We propose 3 mechanisms in the pathophysiology of the entity having all of them disruption of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and higher pressure of the intraluminal gas. The mortality rate was high because we included cases from the initiation of the hospital's activities (1943). The conclusion is: 1) The prognosis is based on an early diagnosis. 2) It is imperative to take proper care of the complication. 3) It is also very important to give a rest for variable period of time to the injured intestine with parenteral feeding and eventually, elemental feeding.", "contents": "[Intestinal pneumatosis in pediatrics. Report of 72 cases]. We analyzed 72 cases of pneumatosis intestinalis at the Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico during a 32 years period. We found the higehst incidence in children under 6 months of age. In the new-born period, the entity is associated with necrotizing entrocolitis and in the older children group, this alteration is associated with gastroenteritis. The diagnosis was made by radiology in 93% of the cases and in 7%, it was made at the surgical event. We propose 3 mechanisms in the pathophysiology of the entity having all of them disruption of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and higher pressure of the intraluminal gas. The mortality rate was high because we included cases from the initiation of the hospital's activities (1943). The conclusion is: 1) The prognosis is based on an early diagnosis. 2) It is imperative to take proper care of the complication. 3) It is also very important to give a rest for variable period of time to the injured intestine with parenteral feeding and eventually, elemental feeding.", "PMID": 687413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7521", "title": "[Tracheotomy].", "content": "This work deals with a review of the main aspects involved in the practice of tracheostomy which could be considered an easy procedure; however, the fact is that errors are continuously observed when it is indicated or performed; likewise, many mistakes are made during the care of the patient with a tracheostomy. If all this aspects are of importance in the adult, this importance increases in the child because of the great anatomical and physiological differences which always should be kept in mind in order to avoid complications of the procedure.", "contents": "[Tracheotomy]. This work deals with a review of the main aspects involved in the practice of tracheostomy which could be considered an easy procedure; however, the fact is that errors are continuously observed when it is indicated or performed; likewise, many mistakes are made during the care of the patient with a tracheostomy. If all this aspects are of importance in the adult, this importance increases in the child because of the great anatomical and physiological differences which always should be kept in mind in order to avoid complications of the procedure.", "PMID": 687412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7522", "title": "[The placenta from the pediatric point of view].", "content": "The integrity of the placenta is subject to numerous pathological processes that may make it less efficient, affecting the growth and development of the fetus. Some of these processes have been pointed out to illustrate the fact that perinatal evaluation is incomplete when placental examination is absent. The understanding of many perinatal events will be facilitated when this organ has been more routinely examined and the findings correlated with materno-fetal history and infant development.", "contents": "[The placenta from the pediatric point of view]. The integrity of the placenta is subject to numerous pathological processes that may make it less efficient, affecting the growth and development of the fetus. Some of these processes have been pointed out to illustrate the fact that perinatal evaluation is incomplete when placental examination is absent. The understanding of many perinatal events will be facilitated when this organ has been more routinely examined and the findings correlated with materno-fetal history and infant development.", "PMID": 687414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7523", "title": "[A peculiar syndrome of congenital abnormalities].", "content": "Two cases of mental retardation distichia, blepharophimosis, blepharoptosis, synophrys, prominent and long phyllum, auricular defects, palmar simial crease, clinodactyly and lymphedema, in a child and his mother, is represented, suggesting a specific syndrome due to a genetic defect inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. Two other cases with blepharophimosis, blepharoptosis, prominent and long phyllum and mental retardation are commented, suggesting a different expression of the same genetic defect.", "contents": "[A peculiar syndrome of congenital abnormalities]. Two cases of mental retardation distichia, blepharophimosis, blepharoptosis, synophrys, prominent and long phyllum, auricular defects, palmar simial crease, clinodactyly and lymphedema, in a child and his mother, is represented, suggesting a specific syndrome due to a genetic defect inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. Two other cases with blepharophimosis, blepharoptosis, prominent and long phyllum and mental retardation are commented, suggesting a different expression of the same genetic defect.", "PMID": 687415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7524", "title": "[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and scleromalacia perforans].", "content": "A 13 year-old-boy with poliarticular seronegative juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and bilateral scleromalacia perforans is described. Ocular lesions were thought to be seconadry to vasculitis. Improvement was obtained with systemic and local corticosteroid therapy, and with subconjunctival auto-graft of fascia lata. This is the first report in the literature about scleromalacia perforans in JRA.", "contents": "[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and scleromalacia perforans]. A 13 year-old-boy with poliarticular seronegative juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and bilateral scleromalacia perforans is described. Ocular lesions were thought to be seconadry to vasculitis. Improvement was obtained with systemic and local corticosteroid therapy, and with subconjunctival auto-graft of fascia lata. This is the first report in the literature about scleromalacia perforans in JRA.", "PMID": 687416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7525", "title": "[Transumbilical aortography in the newborn infant with abdominal tumor].", "content": "The use of the umbilical vessels to perform angiographic studies in the neonatal period, has been previously mentioned. In this paper, we present our experience in the use of this route to carry out aortography in the study of abdominal tumors. This method was performed in the last 2 years in 7 patients, ages 1 to 10 days. The procedure is easy and of low cost and practically without complications if properly applied. We have now another method to evaluate abdominal masses in the newborn.", "contents": "[Transumbilical aortography in the newborn infant with abdominal tumor]. The use of the umbilical vessels to perform angiographic studies in the neonatal period, has been previously mentioned. In this paper, we present our experience in the use of this route to carry out aortography in the study of abdominal tumors. This method was performed in the last 2 years in 7 patients, ages 1 to 10 days. The procedure is easy and of low cost and practically without complications if properly applied. We have now another method to evaluate abdominal masses in the newborn.", "PMID": 687417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7526", "title": "[Acute respiratory insufficiency in polyneuritis].", "content": "Lethality in polineuritis is directly related to severe respiratory distress. The latter dropped from 40 to 0% in severe types at Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda del Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional with the procedures of assistance to the positive pressure ventilation and tracheostomy. The application of pressure is offered to be given at the end of expiration to correct hypoxemia from short circuit due to decrease in V/Q relation PEEP in, Retrospective study of 13 cases.", "contents": "[Acute respiratory insufficiency in polyneuritis]. Lethality in polineuritis is directly related to severe respiratory distress. The latter dropped from 40 to 0% in severe types at Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda del Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional with the procedures of assistance to the positive pressure ventilation and tracheostomy. The application of pressure is offered to be given at the end of expiration to correct hypoxemia from short circuit due to decrease in V/Q relation PEEP in, Retrospective study of 13 cases.", "PMID": 687418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7527", "title": "[ Growth hormone in patients with diabetes mellitus of the juvenile type].", "content": "Blood glucose and growth hormone were measured in eight juvenile onset diabetic patients and in controls. Blood samples were obtained every 90--120 minutes for two consecutive days; in one of them, the patients received intermediate insulin, and in the other, they were also injected with additional doses of regular insulin, in order to improve their diabetic control. Normal subjects were studied in the same manner during 24 hs. without insulin. Diabetic patients showed significantly higher blood glucose and growth hormone levels when both insulins were used and only significantly higher blood glucose when they received intermediate insulin alone, than control subjects. They also showed significantly higher growth hormone and lower blood glucose levels on the day of intermediate insulin plus regular insulin than on the day of intermediate insulin. In two prebubertal controls, we observed growth hormone spurt only during sleep, while four adolescent controls showed it both while awake and asleep, as it was in all the diabetic patients we studied, including two prepubertal diabetics, one was 10 years old, and the other 13 9/12, with Turner's syndrom untreated with sexual hormones. We discuss our findings comparing with present day knowledge on this field.", "contents": "[ Growth hormone in patients with diabetes mellitus of the juvenile type]. Blood glucose and growth hormone were measured in eight juvenile onset diabetic patients and in controls. Blood samples were obtained every 90--120 minutes for two consecutive days; in one of them, the patients received intermediate insulin, and in the other, they were also injected with additional doses of regular insulin, in order to improve their diabetic control. Normal subjects were studied in the same manner during 24 hs. without insulin. Diabetic patients showed significantly higher blood glucose and growth hormone levels when both insulins were used and only significantly higher blood glucose when they received intermediate insulin alone, than control subjects. They also showed significantly higher growth hormone and lower blood glucose levels on the day of intermediate insulin plus regular insulin than on the day of intermediate insulin. In two prebubertal controls, we observed growth hormone spurt only during sleep, while four adolescent controls showed it both while awake and asleep, as it was in all the diabetic patients we studied, including two prepubertal diabetics, one was 10 years old, and the other 13 9/12, with Turner's syndrom untreated with sexual hormones. We discuss our findings comparing with present day knowledge on this field.", "PMID": 687419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7528", "title": "[Thrombocytosis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "To find out the possible relationship between thrombocytosis and JRA, 2 to 11 platelet counts (every 1 to 6 months) were  performed in each of 26 patients with active JRA, and were compared with figures for hemoglobin, WBC, sedimentation rate and articular index. Thrombocytosis was found in 88% of the cases. There was positive correlation, with statistical significance, among thrombocytosis, anemia, and sedimentation rate. Significant relationship was also found among thrombocytosis, the presence of articular inflammation and leukocytosis. There was no parallelism between platelets types of the disease. We conclude that in active JRA, thrombocytosis is a frequent finding in relation with anemia and the inflammatory activity of the disease.", "contents": "[Thrombocytosis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]. To find out the possible relationship between thrombocytosis and JRA, 2 to 11 platelet counts (every 1 to 6 months) were  performed in each of 26 patients with active JRA, and were compared with figures for hemoglobin, WBC, sedimentation rate and articular index. Thrombocytosis was found in 88% of the cases. There was positive correlation, with statistical significance, among thrombocytosis, anemia, and sedimentation rate. Significant relationship was also found among thrombocytosis, the presence of articular inflammation and leukocytosis. There was no parallelism between platelets types of the disease. We conclude that in active JRA, thrombocytosis is a frequent finding in relation with anemia and the inflammatory activity of the disease.", "PMID": 687420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7529", "title": "[Congenital pulmonary cysts].", "content": "The clinical and surgical experience on congenital pulmonary cysts at the Hospital Infantil of M\u00e9xico was reviewed. No preponderance in sex or family inheritance was found. The clinical diagnosis was made in over one half of the patients and was confirmed in the 18 patients who were operated. Treatment should be surgical with resection of the affected pulmonary lobe. In some cases it was possible to excise only the pumonary cyst, without total removal of the lobe. Mortality resulted in three of the surgical patients. The most frequent pulmonary cysts in this series were the bronchogenic and patients with parasitic cysts, lobe emphysema and pulmonary sequestrum were excluded.", "contents": "[Congenital pulmonary cysts]. The clinical and surgical experience on congenital pulmonary cysts at the Hospital Infantil of M\u00e9xico was reviewed. No preponderance in sex or family inheritance was found. The clinical diagnosis was made in over one half of the patients and was confirmed in the 18 patients who were operated. Treatment should be surgical with resection of the affected pulmonary lobe. In some cases it was possible to excise only the pumonary cyst, without total removal of the lobe. Mortality resulted in three of the surgical patients. The most frequent pulmonary cysts in this series were the bronchogenic and patients with parasitic cysts, lobe emphysema and pulmonary sequestrum were excluded.", "PMID": 687421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7530", "title": "[Seasonal variations in ascorbic acid concentration in children from Mexico City].", "content": "With the purpose of finding out whether the concentration of ascorbic acid in the serum in children suffered significant variations through the different months of the year, 301 blood samples were studied; 108 were studied in the month of January; 92 in the month of May and 101 in September. No statistically important difference was found after comparing the averages corresponding to the 3 samples studied. However, the analysis of the concentration of ascorbic acid in terms of the ages of the patients showed an unquestionable seasonal variation in the sera corresponding to children under 3 years of age. This same age group showed the most significantly low averages through the different stages of the calendar year.", "contents": "[Seasonal variations in ascorbic acid concentration in children from Mexico City]. With the purpose of finding out whether the concentration of ascorbic acid in the serum in children suffered significant variations through the different months of the year, 301 blood samples were studied; 108 were studied in the month of January; 92 in the month of May and 101 in September. No statistically important difference was found after comparing the averages corresponding to the 3 samples studied. However, the analysis of the concentration of ascorbic acid in terms of the ages of the patients showed an unquestionable seasonal variation in the sera corresponding to children under 3 years of age. This same age group showed the most significantly low averages through the different stages of the calendar year.", "PMID": 687422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7531", "title": "[Familial Pierre Robin's anomaly].", "content": "The present paper describes a family with daughter and son affected with clinical characteristics of Pierre Robin's anomaly. The pedigree suggests an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. The authors mention that in order to have more genetic evidence on this trait, an extensive study of families, with at least one proband should be made for a correct genetic analysis.", "contents": "[Familial Pierre Robin's anomaly]. The present paper describes a family with daughter and son affected with clinical characteristics of Pierre Robin's anomaly. The pedigree suggests an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. The authors mention that in order to have more genetic evidence on this trait, an extensive study of families, with at least one proband should be made for a correct genetic analysis.", "PMID": 687423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7532", "title": "[Basic diet in medicosurgical problems].", "content": "This review describes the chemical composition of the elemental diet and the metabolic findings which support its management in medical and surgical entities. The efficacy of the elemental diet has been reported in a variety of gastrointestinal problems and diseases characterized by an increase of the rate of body catabolism. The procedure used in the administration of this type of diet and the potential risk of complications in children are mentioned.", "contents": "[Basic diet in medicosurgical problems]. This review describes the chemical composition of the elemental diet and the metabolic findings which support its management in medical and surgical entities. The efficacy of the elemental diet has been reported in a variety of gastrointestinal problems and diseases characterized by an increase of the rate of body catabolism. The procedure used in the administration of this type of diet and the potential risk of complications in children are mentioned.", "PMID": 687424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7533", "title": "[Etiological factors in children with reading disorders].", "content": "Twenty-three children with reading retardation were studied from the etiological point of view, finding that 14 cases were associated with a low I. Q.; 5 with integrative defect of the C N S; 3 with sensorial defects; one with emotional conflicts and one with language duality. Reading retardation; dyslexia; intellectual retardation; integrative defects of the CNS; sensorial defects; emotional conflicts; language duality.", "contents": "[Etiological factors in children with reading disorders]. Twenty-three children with reading retardation were studied from the etiological point of view, finding that 14 cases were associated with a low I. Q.; 5 with integrative defect of the C N S; 3 with sensorial defects; one with emotional conflicts and one with language duality. Reading retardation; dyslexia; intellectual retardation; integrative defects of the CNS; sensorial defects; emotional conflicts; language duality.", "PMID": 687425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7534", "title": "[Infections in children with cancer].", "content": "In 38 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease 60 episodes of infection were registered showing the unquestionable increased susceptibility to infections in these cases. In 90% of the patients the infectious focus was localized and the pulmonary showed to be the most frequent. The etiology of the infection was established in 53% of the episodes and the bacterial, both gram-positive as gram-negative, showed the greatest frequency. In the second place came viral infections (measles and chicken-pox). Finally, two pathogenic agents, unusual in children without cancer were seen: Candida albicans and Pneumocystis carinii. Treatment was given according to the etiological agent. When it was not determined, methycillin-gentamicin was given and if the problem was pulmonary and response was not obtained within 4 to 6 days, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazole was chosen. Five children died as direct consequence of infection (13% of the patients), 2 of them (5%) without tumoral activity at that moment.", "contents": "[Infections in children with cancer]. In 38 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease 60 episodes of infection were registered showing the unquestionable increased susceptibility to infections in these cases. In 90% of the patients the infectious focus was localized and the pulmonary showed to be the most frequent. The etiology of the infection was established in 53% of the episodes and the bacterial, both gram-positive as gram-negative, showed the greatest frequency. In the second place came viral infections (measles and chicken-pox). Finally, two pathogenic agents, unusual in children without cancer were seen: Candida albicans and Pneumocystis carinii. Treatment was given according to the etiological agent. When it was not determined, methycillin-gentamicin was given and if the problem was pulmonary and response was not obtained within 4 to 6 days, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazole was chosen. Five children died as direct consequence of infection (13% of the patients), 2 of them (5%) without tumoral activity at that moment.", "PMID": 687426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7535", "title": "[Infant mortality in cuba; analysis of a program for its reduction (1970-1976)].", "content": "Analysis is made of the results of the reduction program of infantile mortality which began in 1970. Said reduction dropped from 38.7 in 1970 to 22.8 per thousand live births in 1976, for a diminution of 41.5%. The early neonatal decreased from 18.2 to 12.3 per thousand live births for a drop of 32.7%. The late noenatal decreased from 5.3 to 2.30/100 live births with 57.2% reduction and the postneonatal dropped from 15.2 to 8.2 per thousand live births for a diminution of 46.5%. Infantile mortality is reported for the different departments and the order in which the main causes of death are grouped is stressed as follows; 1st, perinatal affections (B43-B44); 2nd, congenital anomalies (B42); 3rd, influenza and pneumonia (B31-B32); 4th, enteritis and other acute diarrheal diseases (B4) AND 5th, sepsis (A21). The average number of puericulture office visits per infant under 1 year of age increased from 2.7 to 6.7. Institutional births increased from 93.3 to 97.8%. The steps taken to achieve these results are described.", "contents": "[Infant mortality in cuba; analysis of a program for its reduction (1970-1976)]. Analysis is made of the results of the reduction program of infantile mortality which began in 1970. Said reduction dropped from 38.7 in 1970 to 22.8 per thousand live births in 1976, for a diminution of 41.5%. The early neonatal decreased from 18.2 to 12.3 per thousand live births for a drop of 32.7%. The late noenatal decreased from 5.3 to 2.30/100 live births with 57.2% reduction and the postneonatal dropped from 15.2 to 8.2 per thousand live births for a diminution of 46.5%. Infantile mortality is reported for the different departments and the order in which the main causes of death are grouped is stressed as follows; 1st, perinatal affections (B43-B44); 2nd, congenital anomalies (B42); 3rd, influenza and pneumonia (B31-B32); 4th, enteritis and other acute diarrheal diseases (B4) AND 5th, sepsis (A21). The average number of puericulture office visits per infant under 1 year of age increased from 2.7 to 6.7. Institutional births increased from 93.3 to 97.8%. The steps taken to achieve these results are described.", "PMID": 687427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7536", "title": "[Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Part 2. The evaluation of severity of cerebral dysfunction by measurement of \"barrier ratio\" and regional cerebral blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "In the previous study, quantitative analysis of RI ventriculography was reported in fifty-three cases with chronic communicating hydrocephalus. In this study, according to the same criteria as that of previous report, fifty-three cases were divided into two groups, namely NPH group (twenty-seven cases) and control group, which were considered as mere chronic communicating hydrocephalus without and NPH chalacteristics. (twenty-six cases). Results of \"barrier ratio (B.R.)\" measurement and regional cerebral blood flow study in these cases are as follows: 1) \"Barrier ratio\" using of 99mTcO4-: Concerning about B.R. of 99mTcO4- there was no significant difference between NPH and control group. However it tends to be that shunt surgery is not so effective in NPH cases in which B.R. shows abnormally low value. 2) rCBF by 133Xe clearance method: Regional cerebral blood flow was diffusely decreased in NPH patients, especially in its frontal area, suggesting the frontal area would be more severely damaged in NPH cases. These findings leads us to the conclusion that whether the shunt surgery might be effective or not depends on severity of cerebral dysfunction and the cerebral dysfunction is clearly evaluated by RI technique mentioned above.", "contents": "[Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Part 2. The evaluation of severity of cerebral dysfunction by measurement of \"barrier ratio\" and regional cerebral blood flow (author's transl)]. In the previous study, quantitative analysis of RI ventriculography was reported in fifty-three cases with chronic communicating hydrocephalus. In this study, according to the same criteria as that of previous report, fifty-three cases were divided into two groups, namely NPH group (twenty-seven cases) and control group, which were considered as mere chronic communicating hydrocephalus without and NPH chalacteristics. (twenty-six cases). Results of \"barrier ratio (B.R.)\" measurement and regional cerebral blood flow study in these cases are as follows: 1) \"Barrier ratio\" using of 99mTcO4-: Concerning about B.R. of 99mTcO4- there was no significant difference between NPH and control group. However it tends to be that shunt surgery is not so effective in NPH cases in which B.R. shows abnormally low value. 2) rCBF by 133Xe clearance method: Regional cerebral blood flow was diffusely decreased in NPH patients, especially in its frontal area, suggesting the frontal area would be more severely damaged in NPH cases. These findings leads us to the conclusion that whether the shunt surgery might be effective or not depends on severity of cerebral dysfunction and the cerebral dysfunction is clearly evaluated by RI technique mentioned above.", "PMID": 687459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7537", "title": "[Convexity cavernous hemangioma, its angiographic and CT findings. Report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of cavernous hemangioma which developed in the parietal convexity is reported. Angiography reveals that the mass is located extra-axially in the parietal convexity and the middle meningeal artery feeds the tumor. The feature of tumor stain is pooling or laking of contrast medium which is partially visualized even 10 minutes after injection of contrast medium. CT findings are almost identical to those of meningioma.", "contents": "[Convexity cavernous hemangioma, its angiographic and CT findings. Report of a case (author's transl)]. A case of cavernous hemangioma which developed in the parietal convexity is reported. Angiography reveals that the mass is located extra-axially in the parietal convexity and the middle meningeal artery feeds the tumor. The feature of tumor stain is pooling or laking of contrast medium which is partially visualized even 10 minutes after injection of contrast medium. CT findings are almost identical to those of meningioma.", "PMID": 687461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7538", "title": "[Cerebral hemodynamics in the vegetative state patients--relationship between patterns of dysautoregulation and prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathophysiological analysis of cerebral hemodynamic mechanisms and its metabolism in the vegetative patients was not enough until now. It was reported in this paper that the correlation between cerebral hemodynamics, metabolism and neurological function was analysed in 14 patients with vegetative state caused by cerebrovascular disorders. The materials consist of 14 vegetative patients due to 7 hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, 6 subarachnoid hemorrhage and one cerebral infarction. In all of them, the cerebral hemodynamics such as cerebral blood flow (CBF), CO2 reactivity and autoregulation, and cerebral metabolism were measured sequencially by 133Xe clearance methods. In the majority of cases, both values of mean hemispheric CBF and cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) were markedly decreased with severe impairments of autoregulation and CO2 reactivity on the bilateral hemispheres but much more significatly on the affected hemispheres. Futhermore, from view points of the pressureflow relationship in the CBF studies, the patterns of dysautoregulation could be classified into 2 types as follows; Type 1 is the complete loss type, which has no plateau formation in all ranging of systemic arterial blood pressure (SABP). Type 2 is the incomplete loss type with 2 subdivisions, in which the abnormal narrowing plateaus are recognized in relatively higher or lower range of SABP (called as the upper or the lower type of incomplete loss type respectively). And then, the phenomen, which we gave a term as \"shift-off phenomenon\", was recognized in 8 cases that the proper values of resting SABP was seated outside the plateau level of the auto-regulatory capacity. The correlation between CBF dynamics and the grade of vegetative state was analysed. In 2 cases with slight communications (vegetative grade1), mean hemispheric CBF value was 32.5 (ml/100 g/min.) and CMRO2 was 2.01 (ml/100 g/min.) with the normal or the upper type in incomplete loss of dysautoregulation. In 3 cases of vegetative grade 2, who could slightly response to vocal order, mean CBF and CMRO2 showed 27.0 +/- 2.0 and 1.7 +/- 0.08 respectively. In these cases, dysautoregulations with the upper type incomplete loss were recognized. In 3 cases of vegetative grade 3, who had only spontaneous movement of body and slight emotional expression but no response to vocal order, mean CBF was in 22.4 +/- 1.9 and CMRO2 in 1.28 +/- 0.21. The patterns of dysautoregulation showed the lower type of incomplete loss. We had experienced the shift-off phenomenon in all of 5 cases with the upper type of incomplete loss and in 3 of 7 cases with the lower type of incomplete loss dysautoregulation. As conclusion, in cases of vegetative grade 2 or 3 whose patterns of dysautoregulation are the upper or lower type of incomplete loss with the shift-off pnenomenon, it would be a useful therapeutic method to get away from vegetative state that SABP could be corrected and controlled within the proper plateau level of autoregulation by the suitable administration of some vasoactive agents.", "contents": "[Cerebral hemodynamics in the vegetative state patients--relationship between patterns of dysautoregulation and prognosis (author's transl)]. The pathophysiological analysis of cerebral hemodynamic mechanisms and its metabolism in the vegetative patients was not enough until now. It was reported in this paper that the correlation between cerebral hemodynamics, metabolism and neurological function was analysed in 14 patients with vegetative state caused by cerebrovascular disorders. The materials consist of 14 vegetative patients due to 7 hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, 6 subarachnoid hemorrhage and one cerebral infarction. In all of them, the cerebral hemodynamics such as cerebral blood flow (CBF), CO2 reactivity and autoregulation, and cerebral metabolism were measured sequencially by 133Xe clearance methods. In the majority of cases, both values of mean hemispheric CBF and cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) were markedly decreased with severe impairments of autoregulation and CO2 reactivity on the bilateral hemispheres but much more significatly on the affected hemispheres. Futhermore, from view points of the pressureflow relationship in the CBF studies, the patterns of dysautoregulation could be classified into 2 types as follows; Type 1 is the complete loss type, which has no plateau formation in all ranging of systemic arterial blood pressure (SABP). Type 2 is the incomplete loss type with 2 subdivisions, in which the abnormal narrowing plateaus are recognized in relatively higher or lower range of SABP (called as the upper or the lower type of incomplete loss type respectively). And then, the phenomen, which we gave a term as \"shift-off phenomenon\", was recognized in 8 cases that the proper values of resting SABP was seated outside the plateau level of the auto-regulatory capacity. The correlation between CBF dynamics and the grade of vegetative state was analysed. In 2 cases with slight communications (vegetative grade1), mean hemispheric CBF value was 32.5 (ml/100 g/min.) and CMRO2 was 2.01 (ml/100 g/min.) with the normal or the upper type in incomplete loss of dysautoregulation. In 3 cases of vegetative grade 2, who could slightly response to vocal order, mean CBF and CMRO2 showed 27.0 +/- 2.0 and 1.7 +/- 0.08 respectively. In these cases, dysautoregulations with the upper type incomplete loss were recognized. In 3 cases of vegetative grade 3, who had only spontaneous movement of body and slight emotional expression but no response to vocal order, mean CBF was in 22.4 +/- 1.9 and CMRO2 in 1.28 +/- 0.21. The patterns of dysautoregulation showed the lower type of incomplete loss. We had experienced the shift-off phenomenon in all of 5 cases with the upper type of incomplete loss and in 3 of 7 cases with the lower type of incomplete loss dysautoregulation. As conclusion, in cases of vegetative grade 2 or 3 whose patterns of dysautoregulation are the upper or lower type of incomplete loss with the shift-off pnenomenon, it would be a useful therapeutic method to get away from vegetative state that SABP could be corrected and controlled within the proper plateau level of autoregulation by the suitable administration of some vasoactive agents.", "PMID": 687463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7539", "title": "[Oculomotor palsy caused by aneurysms at the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery junction and its prognosis following intracranial surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty-three cases of an aneurysm at the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery junction with aneurysm-induced unilateral eye-lid ptosis, a symptom of the third nerve palsy, were described. 1) The incidence of this palsy in 189 cases of the aneurysm was thirty-three percent. 2) The palsy before the aneurysm rupture was recognized in three cases (5 percent). The onset of this palsy following an aneurysm rupture was most frequent in the first day and in almost half of the patients within two days, but in four cases the palsy appeared three or four weeks after the aneurysm rupture. 3) The size and direction of the growth of the aneurysms in carotid angiograms were compared between palsy and non-palsy groups and there were no significant differences between them. 4) Thirty-one patients who had had a palsy before direct aneurysm surgery were followed one to ten years post-operatively. In twenty-three (74 percent), the unilateral eye-lid ptosis was recovered by the follow-up. In eleven of the twelve cases operated within two weeks after the onset, the palsy was recovered. On the other hand, in seven of eight not-recovered cases there was a delay of more than two weeks before operation.", "contents": "[Oculomotor palsy caused by aneurysms at the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery junction and its prognosis following intracranial surgery (author's transl)]. Sixty-three cases of an aneurysm at the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery junction with aneurysm-induced unilateral eye-lid ptosis, a symptom of the third nerve palsy, were described. 1) The incidence of this palsy in 189 cases of the aneurysm was thirty-three percent. 2) The palsy before the aneurysm rupture was recognized in three cases (5 percent). The onset of this palsy following an aneurysm rupture was most frequent in the first day and in almost half of the patients within two days, but in four cases the palsy appeared three or four weeks after the aneurysm rupture. 3) The size and direction of the growth of the aneurysms in carotid angiograms were compared between palsy and non-palsy groups and there were no significant differences between them. 4) Thirty-one patients who had had a palsy before direct aneurysm surgery were followed one to ten years post-operatively. In twenty-three (74 percent), the unilateral eye-lid ptosis was recovered by the follow-up. In eleven of the twelve cases operated within two weeks after the onset, the palsy was recovered. On the other hand, in seven of eight not-recovered cases there was a delay of more than two weeks before operation.", "PMID": 687464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7540", "title": "[Sturge-Weber syndrome associated with atlanto-occipital assimilation: a report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A unique association of Sturge-Weber syndrome and atlanto-occipital assimilation is presented. A 18-year-old male was admitted in emergency because of the sudden severe headache and vomiting. He had vascular nevus in the right half of the face at birth and several episodes of generalized convulsive seizures. On admission craniogram demonstrated calcification in the right occipital area. Neurological examination revealed tenderness in the nuchal region, moderate limitation of cervical mobility in a antero-posterior direction, Bruns-Cushing type nystagmus, bilaterally diminished gag reflex, and positive Romberg's test. Spinal tap showed crystal clear CSF with normal pressure. EEG showed paroxysmal slowing focus in the right parieto-occipital area. Polytomography of the craniovertebral junction demonstrated the unilateral atlanto-occipital assimilation on the left associated with the aplasia of the right posterior arch. Myelography was negative. A right carotid angiography disclosed the dilatation of the basal vein of Rosenthal and abnormal venous vasculature. CT-scan demonstrated the calcified region of the right occipital area more distinctly than the plain roentogenogram, but the enhancement study of the leptomeningeal angioma of the Sturge-Weber syndrome was negative. Never been found this rare association in a review of the literature, the authors discussed the clinical and radiological findings of both diseases.", "contents": "[Sturge-Weber syndrome associated with atlanto-occipital assimilation: a report of a case (author's transl)]. A unique association of Sturge-Weber syndrome and atlanto-occipital assimilation is presented. A 18-year-old male was admitted in emergency because of the sudden severe headache and vomiting. He had vascular nevus in the right half of the face at birth and several episodes of generalized convulsive seizures. On admission craniogram demonstrated calcification in the right occipital area. Neurological examination revealed tenderness in the nuchal region, moderate limitation of cervical mobility in a antero-posterior direction, Bruns-Cushing type nystagmus, bilaterally diminished gag reflex, and positive Romberg's test. Spinal tap showed crystal clear CSF with normal pressure. EEG showed paroxysmal slowing focus in the right parieto-occipital area. Polytomography of the craniovertebral junction demonstrated the unilateral atlanto-occipital assimilation on the left associated with the aplasia of the right posterior arch. Myelography was negative. A right carotid angiography disclosed the dilatation of the basal vein of Rosenthal and abnormal venous vasculature. CT-scan demonstrated the calcified region of the right occipital area more distinctly than the plain roentogenogram, but the enhancement study of the leptomeningeal angioma of the Sturge-Weber syndrome was negative. Never been found this rare association in a review of the literature, the authors discussed the clinical and radiological findings of both diseases.", "PMID": 687466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7541", "title": "Arterial hypertension in immediate postoperative period after valve replacement.", "content": "Paroxysmal hypertension occurred during the first 8 hours after cardiac valve replacement in 15 of 186 consecutive patients. The clinical characteristics of this hypertension were similar to those of hypertension after myocardial revascularization, except that this complication occurred much less frequently after valve replacement (8.1%) than after myocardial revascularisation (33%) (P less than 0.001). Hypertension resulting from hypoxia, hypercapnia, shivering, or arousal from anaesthesia was excluded from consideration. The rise in systemic arterial pressure (average 34/35 mmHg +/- 4.9/4.3 SE) was usually associated with a reduction in central venous pressure (12/15 patients) and a mild increase (2 to 4 cm saline) in left atrial pressure. The incidence of hypertension was not related to the valve replaced (aortic or mitral), type of lesion (stenosis or regurgitation), preoperative level of blood pressure, or use of hypothermia during operation. However, none of the 18 patients who had double valve replacement showed significant rise in blood pressure after operation. It is suggested that these hypertensive episodes may be related to pressor reflexes from the heart and/or great vessels.", "contents": "Arterial hypertension in immediate postoperative period after valve replacement. Paroxysmal hypertension occurred during the first 8 hours after cardiac valve replacement in 15 of 186 consecutive patients. The clinical characteristics of this hypertension were similar to those of hypertension after myocardial revascularization, except that this complication occurred much less frequently after valve replacement (8.1%) than after myocardial revascularisation (33%) (P less than 0.001). Hypertension resulting from hypoxia, hypercapnia, shivering, or arousal from anaesthesia was excluded from consideration. The rise in systemic arterial pressure (average 34/35 mmHg +/- 4.9/4.3 SE) was usually associated with a reduction in central venous pressure (12/15 patients) and a mild increase (2 to 4 cm saline) in left atrial pressure. The incidence of hypertension was not related to the valve replaced (aortic or mitral), type of lesion (stenosis or regurgitation), preoperative level of blood pressure, or use of hypothermia during operation. However, none of the 18 patients who had double valve replacement showed significant rise in blood pressure after operation. It is suggested that these hypertensive episodes may be related to pressor reflexes from the heart and/or great vessels.", "PMID": 687468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7542", "title": "Non-invasive observations on initial low frequency vibrations of the first heart sound--correlation with the 'presystolic' murmur in mitral stenosis.", "content": "The initial low frequency component of the first heart sound, 'M', has been studied in normal subjects, and in patients with vario-s prosthetic mitral valves and with mitral stenosis, using simultaneous low frequency phonocardiography, echocardiography, and apex cardiography. The techniques showed 'M' to have a constant morphology in preisovolumic systole. In mitral stenosis, 'M' and the preisovolumic 'presystolic' murmur appear to be the same phonocardiographic phenomenon. While 'M' was present in sinus rhythm, augmentation of this normal vibration occurred particularly during the short cycles of atrial fibrillation. Leaflet coaption and movement of the ventricular wall as detected echocardiographically do not appear to play a role in its pathogenesis but the sound could emanate from the ventricular wall as it tautens and decreases its compliance at the onset of systole.", "contents": "Non-invasive observations on initial low frequency vibrations of the first heart sound--correlation with the 'presystolic' murmur in mitral stenosis. The initial low frequency component of the first heart sound, 'M', has been studied in normal subjects, and in patients with vario-s prosthetic mitral valves and with mitral stenosis, using simultaneous low frequency phonocardiography, echocardiography, and apex cardiography. The techniques showed 'M' to have a constant morphology in preisovolumic systole. In mitral stenosis, 'M' and the preisovolumic 'presystolic' murmur appear to be the same phonocardiographic phenomenon. While 'M' was present in sinus rhythm, augmentation of this normal vibration occurred particularly during the short cycles of atrial fibrillation. Leaflet coaption and movement of the ventricular wall as detected echocardiographically do not appear to play a role in its pathogenesis but the sound could emanate from the ventricular wall as it tautens and decreases its compliance at the onset of systole.", "PMID": 687472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7543", "title": "Myocardial infarction among men below age 40.", "content": "Studies were made in G\u00f6teborg over a period of 6 years of all cases of acute myocardial infarction diagnosed among men below the age of 40. Thirty-six cases were registered and 8 of these died outside hospital. Three patients died early during the hospital stay. The remaining 25 patients were compared with a random sample from the general population in G\u00f6teborg with respect to conventional risk factors. Smoking, and high plasma cholesterol values were dominating findings among the patients, whereas there was no significant differences in blood pressure levels. Coronary angiography was performed in 18 patients of whom 2 showed normal coronary arteries and left ventricular angiograms. These 2 patients were the only ones free from risk factors. Of the remaining 16 patients, 10 had only one vessel affected.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction among men below age 40. Studies were made in G\u00f6teborg over a period of 6 years of all cases of acute myocardial infarction diagnosed among men below the age of 40. Thirty-six cases were registered and 8 of these died outside hospital. Three patients died early during the hospital stay. The remaining 25 patients were compared with a random sample from the general population in G\u00f6teborg with respect to conventional risk factors. Smoking, and high plasma cholesterol values were dominating findings among the patients, whereas there was no significant differences in blood pressure levels. Coronary angiography was performed in 18 patients of whom 2 showed normal coronary arteries and left ventricular angiograms. These 2 patients were the only ones free from risk factors. Of the remaining 16 patients, 10 had only one vessel affected.", "PMID": 687475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7544", "title": "Long-term oral antiarrhythmic therapy with mexiletine.", "content": "Forty-eight patients with ischaemic heart disease received oral mexiletine for the control or prevention of ventricular arrhythmias. The most frequently used doses were 200, 250, and 300 mg 8-hourly. The treatment period varied from 2 days to more than 1 year (median 3 months). No ventricular arrhythmias were detected in more than one-half of the patients. Severe side effects occurred in 15 (31%) of the 48 patients. Major ventricular arrhythmias were observed in 14 (29%) of the 48 patients at a time when the majority had plasma concentrations within the therapeutic range. The value of mexiletine in the management of patients at risk of sudden death is likely to be limited.", "contents": "Long-term oral antiarrhythmic therapy with mexiletine. Forty-eight patients with ischaemic heart disease received oral mexiletine for the control or prevention of ventricular arrhythmias. The most frequently used doses were 200, 250, and 300 mg 8-hourly. The treatment period varied from 2 days to more than 1 year (median 3 months). No ventricular arrhythmias were detected in more than one-half of the patients. Severe side effects occurred in 15 (31%) of the 48 patients. Major ventricular arrhythmias were observed in 14 (29%) of the 48 patients at a time when the majority had plasma concentrations within the therapeutic range. The value of mexiletine in the management of patients at risk of sudden death is likely to be limited.", "PMID": 687477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7545", "title": "Heart type creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK MB) in acute cerebral disorders.", "content": "Heart type creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK MB) was detected in the serum in 23 out of 53 patients (43%) with acute cerebrovascular, traumatic, or infectious brain damage. Electrocardiogram disclosed abnormalities suggestive of acute myocardial injury in 15 of these 23 patients. Eleven of them also showed increased LD1 activity. Subendocardial haemorrhage was detected in 3 out of 8 necropsied patients with serum CK MB activity. Among those 30 patients in whom no CK MB activity was found electrocardiographic abnormalities suggestive of acute myocardial injury were observed in 2 and increased LD1 was seen in 4 cases. The mortality was higher if either CK MB isoenzyme or electrocardiographic abnormalities suggestive of acute myocardial injury were present, compared with the patients lacking these signs (P less than 0.01). Present findings suggest that acute brain damage may secondarily  cause myocardial damage more often than has been believed before. Results also indicate that a combination of acute brain damage and acute myocardial injury often indicated a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Heart type creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK MB) in acute cerebral disorders. Heart type creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK MB) was detected in the serum in 23 out of 53 patients (43%) with acute cerebrovascular, traumatic, or infectious brain damage. Electrocardiogram disclosed abnormalities suggestive of acute myocardial injury in 15 of these 23 patients. Eleven of them also showed increased LD1 activity. Subendocardial haemorrhage was detected in 3 out of 8 necropsied patients with serum CK MB activity. Among those 30 patients in whom no CK MB activity was found electrocardiographic abnormalities suggestive of acute myocardial injury were observed in 2 and increased LD1 was seen in 4 cases. The mortality was higher if either CK MB isoenzyme or electrocardiographic abnormalities suggestive of acute myocardial injury were present, compared with the patients lacking these signs (P less than 0.01). Present findings suggest that acute brain damage may secondarily  cause myocardial damage more often than has been believed before. Results also indicate that a combination of acute brain damage and acute myocardial injury often indicated a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 687478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7546", "title": "Re-entry via Mahaim fibres as a possible basis for tachycardia.", "content": "Paroxysmal tachycardia with widened QRS complexes was recorded in a 21-year-old man. In sinus rhythm there was no evidence of pre-excitation. His bundle studies revealed an abnormally short HV interval of 30 ms. Premature atrial stimuli produced an increased PR interval. At short coupling intervals the His bundle activity became incorporated within the QRS complex. Concurrently, a left bundle-branch block pattern appeared identical to that seen during tachycardia. Closely coupled ventricular extrastimuli initiated a tachycardia identical to the initial episode. A re-entry mechanism via anterograde Mahaim fibres and retrograde His bundle -AV node pathway is postulated.", "contents": "Re-entry via Mahaim fibres as a possible basis for tachycardia. Paroxysmal tachycardia with widened QRS complexes was recorded in a 21-year-old man. In sinus rhythm there was no evidence of pre-excitation. His bundle studies revealed an abnormally short HV interval of 30 ms. Premature atrial stimuli produced an increased PR interval. At short coupling intervals the His bundle activity became incorporated within the QRS complex. Concurrently, a left bundle-branch block pattern appeared identical to that seen during tachycardia. Closely coupled ventricular extrastimuli initiated a tachycardia identical to the initial episode. A re-entry mechanism via anterograde Mahaim fibres and retrograde His bundle -AV node pathway is postulated.", "PMID": 687479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7547", "title": "Non-invasive diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm of left ventricle.", "content": "A patient free of symptoms, with a pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle after inferoposterolateral myocardial infarction, is reported. The diagnosis was established by nuclear cardiography and echocardiography of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Non-invasive diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm of left ventricle. A patient free of symptoms, with a pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle after inferoposterolateral myocardial infarction, is reported. The diagnosis was established by nuclear cardiography and echocardiography of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 687480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7548", "title": "Aortic valve replacement during acute rheumatic fever.", "content": "Emergency aortic valve replacement was performed during an attack of acute rheumatic fever in a 12-year-old black boy. He had an uneventful recovery and has remained asymptomatic 27 months after operation. In the light of this experience and that of others, one might conclude that the decision to operate on these patients should be based on the severity of the haemodynamic derangement rather than on the state of activity in the rheumatic process.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement during acute rheumatic fever. Emergency aortic valve replacement was performed during an attack of acute rheumatic fever in a 12-year-old black boy. He had an uneventful recovery and has remained asymptomatic 27 months after operation. In the light of this experience and that of others, one might conclude that the decision to operate on these patients should be based on the severity of the haemodynamic derangement rather than on the state of activity in the rheumatic process.", "PMID": 687481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7549", "title": "A morphometric study of regional variation in lung structure in infants with pulmonary hypertension and congenital cardiac defect. A justification of lung biopsy.", "content": "The structure of the pulmonary circulation throughout the lung has been analysed by morphometric techniques in 4 infants dying with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension. Failure of the intra-acinar pulmonary circulation to develop normally is shown by a reduction in arterial size and number, and an increase in muscularity is judged by the degree of medial hypertrophy and by extension of muscle further along the arterial pathway than is normal. For these features, one section of lung tissue, 1 cm square, proved to be representative of the entire pulmonary vascular bed, and also gave satisfactory assessment of lung growth and development. Lung biopsy can help in the clinical management of children with congenital cardiac defects and pulmonary hypertension if, in selecting tissue at biopsy, allowance is made for any regional differences in pulmonary blood flow.", "contents": "A morphometric study of regional variation in lung structure in infants with pulmonary hypertension and congenital cardiac defect. A justification of lung biopsy. The structure of the pulmonary circulation throughout the lung has been analysed by morphometric techniques in 4 infants dying with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension. Failure of the intra-acinar pulmonary circulation to develop normally is shown by a reduction in arterial size and number, and an increase in muscularity is judged by the degree of medial hypertrophy and by extension of muscle further along the arterial pathway than is normal. For these features, one section of lung tissue, 1 cm square, proved to be representative of the entire pulmonary vascular bed, and also gave satisfactory assessment of lung growth and development. Lung biopsy can help in the clinical management of children with congenital cardiac defects and pulmonary hypertension if, in selecting tissue at biopsy, allowance is made for any regional differences in pulmonary blood flow.", "PMID": 687483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7550", "title": "Improvement in exercise haemodynamics by isosorbide dinitrate in patients with severe congestive cardiac failure secondary to ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Seven patients with severe chronic congestive cardiac failure secondary to ischaemic heart disease performed submaximal supine exercise before and after 5 mg sublingual isosorbide dinitrate at the time of cardiac catheterisation. Exercise before isosorbide dinitrate produced a poor response in left ventricular performance. After isosorbide dinitrate this response was significantly improved. Compared with the control exercise period, cardiac index increased from mean 2.6 to 3.1 1/min per m2 (P less than 0.0025), stroke volume index from mean 22 to 27 ml/m2 (P less than 0.0025), and left ventricular stroke work index from mean 21 to 30 g m/m2 (P less than 0.01). Mean left ventricular filling pressure fell from 37 to 26 mmHg (P less than 0.01). Although isosorbide dinitrate reduced left ventricular filling pressure at rest from mean 26 to 17 mmHg (P less than 0.005), there was no significant change in mean cardiac index or stroke volume index, while left ventricular stroke work index decreased from mean 29 to 22 g m/m2 (P less than 0.05). Isosorbide dinitrate effectively reduces left ventricular filling pressure in the resting patient with congestive cardiac failure but produces a more comprehensive improvement in left ventricular performance during exercise.", "contents": "Improvement in exercise haemodynamics by isosorbide dinitrate in patients with severe congestive cardiac failure secondary to ischaemic heart disease. Seven patients with severe chronic congestive cardiac failure secondary to ischaemic heart disease performed submaximal supine exercise before and after 5 mg sublingual isosorbide dinitrate at the time of cardiac catheterisation. Exercise before isosorbide dinitrate produced a poor response in left ventricular performance. After isosorbide dinitrate this response was significantly improved. Compared with the control exercise period, cardiac index increased from mean 2.6 to 3.1 1/min per m2 (P less than 0.0025), stroke volume index from mean 22 to 27 ml/m2 (P less than 0.0025), and left ventricular stroke work index from mean 21 to 30 g m/m2 (P less than 0.01). Mean left ventricular filling pressure fell from 37 to 26 mmHg (P less than 0.01). Although isosorbide dinitrate reduced left ventricular filling pressure at rest from mean 26 to 17 mmHg (P less than 0.005), there was no significant change in mean cardiac index or stroke volume index, while left ventricular stroke work index decreased from mean 29 to 22 g m/m2 (P less than 0.05). Isosorbide dinitrate effectively reduces left ventricular filling pressure in the resting patient with congestive cardiac failure but produces a more comprehensive improvement in left ventricular performance during exercise.", "PMID": 687484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7551", "title": "Effects of selective and non-selective beta-adrenergic blockade on coronary dynamics in man assessed by rapid atrial pacing.", "content": "The effects on coronary dynamics of propranolol and atenolol were studied in 12 patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation for suspected coronary artery disease. Myocardial blood flow was measured using the coronary sinus continuous thermodilution technique. Data were obtained immediately after drug administration and during rapid atrial pacing. The immediate effects were similar for both drugs. A significant reduction in heart rate was accompanied by a small reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption. Changes in coronary sinus flow induced by rapid pacing were closely related to changes in tension-time index. This relation was not modified by propranolol or atenolol. Neither propranolol nor atenolol therefore has significant coronary vasoconstrictor properties. Cardioselectivity appears to be unimportant with respect to beta-adrenergic blockade and the coronary circulation.", "contents": "Effects of selective and non-selective beta-adrenergic blockade on coronary dynamics in man assessed by rapid atrial pacing. The effects on coronary dynamics of propranolol and atenolol were studied in 12 patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation for suspected coronary artery disease. Myocardial blood flow was measured using the coronary sinus continuous thermodilution technique. Data were obtained immediately after drug administration and during rapid atrial pacing. The immediate effects were similar for both drugs. A significant reduction in heart rate was accompanied by a small reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption. Changes in coronary sinus flow induced by rapid pacing were closely related to changes in tension-time index. This relation was not modified by propranolol or atenolol. Neither propranolol nor atenolol therefore has significant coronary vasoconstrictor properties. Cardioselectivity appears to be unimportant with respect to beta-adrenergic blockade and the coronary circulation.", "PMID": 687486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7552", "title": "Value of pacing in cardiac failure associated with chronic atrioventricular block.", "content": "The effect of permanent pacing on chronic complete atrioventricular block complicated by cardiac failure was studied in 6 patients by measurement of indirect left atrial pressure 15 minutes after institution of pacing and again 3 to 12 months later. In addition, 21 patients with complete heart block and clinical plus radiological evidence of cardiac failure at the time of pacing 3 to 6 years earlier were also reviewed. Only 1 of 6 patients studied haemodynamically improved and 1 died in cardiac failure. Of 21 patients assessed clinically, 10 had improved and 8 had died after a mean follow-up of 53 months. In the absence of syncope, pacing was of little symptomatic benefit but still may be justified to prolong survival. Both studies indicated a particularly poor prognosis for patients known to have coronary artery disease. No reliable means were found of determining the prognosis in the individual patient with cardiac failure before pacing.", "contents": "Value of pacing in cardiac failure associated with chronic atrioventricular block. The effect of permanent pacing on chronic complete atrioventricular block complicated by cardiac failure was studied in 6 patients by measurement of indirect left atrial pressure 15 minutes after institution of pacing and again 3 to 12 months later. In addition, 21 patients with complete heart block and clinical plus radiological evidence of cardiac failure at the time of pacing 3 to 6 years earlier were also reviewed. Only 1 of 6 patients studied haemodynamically improved and 1 died in cardiac failure. Of 21 patients assessed clinically, 10 had improved and 8 had died after a mean follow-up of 53 months. In the absence of syncope, pacing was of little symptomatic benefit but still may be justified to prolong survival. Both studies indicated a particularly poor prognosis for patients known to have coronary artery disease. No reliable means were found of determining the prognosis in the individual patient with cardiac failure before pacing.", "PMID": 687487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7553", "title": "Clinical value of delayed thallium-201 myocardial imaging in suspected acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Fifty patients with acute chest pain had thallium-201 myocardial imaging performed three to six days after emergency admission to hospital. The image was abnormal in 20 out of 22 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarcts but in only 1 of 5 with acute subendocardial infarcts. Indistinguishable scan abnormalities caused by old infarcts were seen in 7 patients, and caused by myocardial ischaemia in 1 patient. A single thallium-201 myocardial scan some days after the onset of symptoms appears to be of little value in the clinical assessment of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Clinical value of delayed thallium-201 myocardial imaging in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Fifty patients with acute chest pain had thallium-201 myocardial imaging performed three to six days after emergency admission to hospital. The image was abnormal in 20 out of 22 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarcts but in only 1 of 5 with acute subendocardial infarcts. Indistinguishable scan abnormalities caused by old infarcts were seen in 7 patients, and caused by myocardial ischaemia in 1 patient. A single thallium-201 myocardial scan some days after the onset of symptoms appears to be of little value in the clinical assessment of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 687488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7554", "title": "Use of 129caesium, 99Tcm stannous pyrophosphate, and a combination of the two in the assessment of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Acutely damaged myocardium was shown in 103 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction using 99Tcm pyp. A significant incidence of false positive and false negative results occurred, 'true' results being defined by standard clinical, electrocardiographic, and enzyme criteria. Localisation of infarction compared reasonably well with standard electrocardiographic criteria but more frequently suggested true posterior involvement. Serial estimates of infarct size may be of value in the recognition of infarct extension during the acute phase. Viable perfused myocardium was shown in 63 patients with a variety of cardiac disorders using 129Cs. The technique gives a reliable indication of anterior infarction but tends to underestimate inferior infarction. There was good correlation with the electrocardiogram with regard to localisation and extent of infarction. Nineteen patients received both isotopes and were included in each of the above groups. The combination permits further assessment of equivocal results Furthermore as 129Cs demonstrates both previous and recent infarction and 99Tcm pyp accumulates only in acutely damaged myocardium it was possible to estimate the extent of previous and recent myocardial damage.", "contents": "Use of 129caesium, 99Tcm stannous pyrophosphate, and a combination of the two in the assessment of myocardial infarction. Acutely damaged myocardium was shown in 103 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction using 99Tcm pyp. A significant incidence of false positive and false negative results occurred, 'true' results being defined by standard clinical, electrocardiographic, and enzyme criteria. Localisation of infarction compared reasonably well with standard electrocardiographic criteria but more frequently suggested true posterior involvement. Serial estimates of infarct size may be of value in the recognition of infarct extension during the acute phase. Viable perfused myocardium was shown in 63 patients with a variety of cardiac disorders using 129Cs. The technique gives a reliable indication of anterior infarction but tends to underestimate inferior infarction. There was good correlation with the electrocardiogram with regard to localisation and extent of infarction. Nineteen patients received both isotopes and were included in each of the above groups. The combination permits further assessment of equivocal results Furthermore as 129Cs demonstrates both previous and recent infarction and 99Tcm pyp accumulates only in acutely damaged myocardium it was possible to estimate the extent of previous and recent myocardial damage.", "PMID": 687489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7555", "title": "Pronounced dependence of ventricular endocardial QRS potentials on ventricular volume.", "content": "To evalulate the relation between ventricular endocardial potentials (QRS amplitude) and ventricular dimensions, left and right ventricular endocardial potentials were recorded with hook electrodes in anaesthetised open-chest dogs during transfusion and withdrawal of blood. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was measured by ultrasonic crystals, and end-diastolic volume was determined by thermodilution. In each dog, left ventricular endocardial potentials, whether recorded from anterior or posterolateral walls, decreased linearly as left ventricular end-diastolic diameter or volume increased, and vice versa. With an average increase in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter from 40.1 +/- 1.7 to 44.6 +/- 1.8 mm, left ventricular endocardial potentials decreased from 32.8 +/- 2.5 to 23.5 +/- 2.3 mV (P less than 0.001); and for an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume from 1.36 \"/- 1.25 to 3.43 +/- 0.58 ml/kg left ventricular endocardial potentials decreased from 36.2 +/- 6.6 to 14.9 +/- 4.3 mV (P less than 0.001). Changes in right ventricular endocardial potentials paralleled the changes in left ventricular endocardial potentials. These findings indicate that acute changes in ventricular dimensions influence endocardial potentials considerably, and suggest a potential clinical application for detecting acute changes in ventricular volume.", "contents": "Pronounced dependence of ventricular endocardial QRS potentials on ventricular volume. To evalulate the relation between ventricular endocardial potentials (QRS amplitude) and ventricular dimensions, left and right ventricular endocardial potentials were recorded with hook electrodes in anaesthetised open-chest dogs during transfusion and withdrawal of blood. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was measured by ultrasonic crystals, and end-diastolic volume was determined by thermodilution. In each dog, left ventricular endocardial potentials, whether recorded from anterior or posterolateral walls, decreased linearly as left ventricular end-diastolic diameter or volume increased, and vice versa. With an average increase in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter from 40.1 +/- 1.7 to 44.6 +/- 1.8 mm, left ventricular endocardial potentials decreased from 32.8 +/- 2.5 to 23.5 +/- 2.3 mV (P less than 0.001); and for an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume from 1.36 \"/- 1.25 to 3.43 +/- 0.58 ml/kg left ventricular endocardial potentials decreased from 36.2 +/- 6.6 to 14.9 +/- 4.3 mV (P less than 0.001). Changes in right ventricular endocardial potentials paralleled the changes in left ventricular endocardial potentials. These findings indicate that acute changes in ventricular dimensions influence endocardial potentials considerably, and suggest a potential clinical application for detecting acute changes in ventricular volume.", "PMID": 687490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7556", "title": "Assessment of atrioventricular conduction in aortic valve disease.", "content": "To determine the frequency of atrioventricular conduction disturbances in aortic valve disease, 26 consecutive patients (age 54 +/- 2 years) with symptomatic aortic valve disease were studied by His bundle electrocardiography at the time of cardiac catheterisation and were compared with a group of patients who underwent cardiac catheterisation and were found to have coronary artery or mitral valve disease but no aortic valve disease. Patients with aortic valve disease had significantly longer PR, AH, and HV intervals than cardiac patients not having this abnormality. Patients with aortic stenosis had prolonged HV, 52 +/- 6 vs +/- 42 +/- 2 ms (P = 0.06), whereas patients with chronic aortic regurgitation had prolonged PR, 245 +/- 27 vs 163 +/- 5 ms (P less than 0.001), and prolonged AH, 178 +/- 30 vs 102 +/- ms (P less than 0.001). Patients with combined lesions had significant prolongation of PR, AH, and HV intervals. Three patients with acute aortic regurgitation caused by endocarditis had normal atrioventricular conduction. Though the presence of valvular calcification did not significantly alter the pattern of atrioventricular conduction in these patients, those with calcified aortic valves had longer HV (P less than 0.005) than the control group. In addition, ventricular dysfunction or coronary artery disease did not affect the pattern of atrioventricular conduction in these patients. Thus, atrioventricular conduction disturbances are common in symptomatic aortic valve disease. With aortic stenosis the site of delay occurs more frequently below the His deflection, whereas in aortic regurgitation it is more frequent above the His deflection.", "contents": "Assessment of atrioventricular conduction in aortic valve disease. To determine the frequency of atrioventricular conduction disturbances in aortic valve disease, 26 consecutive patients (age 54 +/- 2 years) with symptomatic aortic valve disease were studied by His bundle electrocardiography at the time of cardiac catheterisation and were compared with a group of patients who underwent cardiac catheterisation and were found to have coronary artery or mitral valve disease but no aortic valve disease. Patients with aortic valve disease had significantly longer PR, AH, and HV intervals than cardiac patients not having this abnormality. Patients with aortic stenosis had prolonged HV, 52 +/- 6 vs +/- 42 +/- 2 ms (P = 0.06), whereas patients with chronic aortic regurgitation had prolonged PR, 245 +/- 27 vs 163 +/- 5 ms (P less than 0.001), and prolonged AH, 178 +/- 30 vs 102 +/- ms (P less than 0.001). Patients with combined lesions had significant prolongation of PR, AH, and HV intervals. Three patients with acute aortic regurgitation caused by endocarditis had normal atrioventricular conduction. Though the presence of valvular calcification did not significantly alter the pattern of atrioventricular conduction in these patients, those with calcified aortic valves had longer HV (P less than 0.005) than the control group. In addition, ventricular dysfunction or coronary artery disease did not affect the pattern of atrioventricular conduction in these patients. Thus, atrioventricular conduction disturbances are common in symptomatic aortic valve disease. With aortic stenosis the site of delay occurs more frequently below the His deflection, whereas in aortic regurgitation it is more frequent above the His deflection.", "PMID": 687491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7557", "title": "Relation of angina to coronary artery disease in mitral and in aortic valve disease.", "content": "Of 129 patients with either mitral or aortic valve disease angina was present in 55 (42%). It was more frequent in aortic (60%) than in mitral valve disease (33%). The standard 12-lead electrocardiogram was not helpful in distinguishing underlying occlusive coronary artery disease. Coronary arteriography demonstrated coronary artery disease in 26 patients (20%), only 2 of whom had no angina. The incidence of coronary artery disease was almost identical in both the mitral and aortic groups (22% and 17%, respectively), but the percentage of those with demonstrable coronary artery disease accompanying angina was much higher in the mitral group (67% as against 29%). Angina in mitral valve disorders is thus much more likely to be the result of disease of the coronary arteries. Coronary arteriography is mandatory in all patients in both groups who have angina. Otherwise it seems unnecessary as coronary artery disease was found in only 2 patients who did not have angina.", "contents": "Relation of angina to coronary artery disease in mitral and in aortic valve disease. Of 129 patients with either mitral or aortic valve disease angina was present in 55 (42%). It was more frequent in aortic (60%) than in mitral valve disease (33%). The standard 12-lead electrocardiogram was not helpful in distinguishing underlying occlusive coronary artery disease. Coronary arteriography demonstrated coronary artery disease in 26 patients (20%), only 2 of whom had no angina. The incidence of coronary artery disease was almost identical in both the mitral and aortic groups (22% and 17%, respectively), but the percentage of those with demonstrable coronary artery disease accompanying angina was much higher in the mitral group (67% as against 29%). Angina in mitral valve disorders is thus much more likely to be the result of disease of the coronary arteries. Coronary arteriography is mandatory in all patients in both groups who have angina. Otherwise it seems unnecessary as coronary artery disease was found in only 2 patients who did not have angina.", "PMID": 687492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7558", "title": "Characterisation of heart rate response to exercise in the sick sinus syndrome.", "content": "Patients with sick sinus syndrome have abnormalities of the sinoatrial node. We have measured the heart rate response to exercise in 7 patients with sick sinus syndrome without significant associated heart disease (group A) mean age 53.4 years, and compared this with 7 'normal' patients who were age-matched to within 5 years (group B), and 7 younger, well-trained subjects (group C). All underwent maximal treadmill exercise. Although maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), 1/min per kg, in group A was not significantly different from group B (23.8 +/- 4.7 vs 19.9 +/- 0.8, mean +/- SE) maximum heart rate, beats/min, in group A was significantly lower than in group B (124 +/- 8.9 vs 163 +/- 3.7, P less than 0.001). At the end of 3 minutes of Bruce Stage I exercise, group A patients had a heart rate less than 130/minute (95% confidence level), whereas group B patients had heart rates greater than 134/minute. VO2 was plotted against heart rate (HR). Patients in group A had a significantly lower slope (deltaHR 5.20 +/- 0.33/delta1 ml VO2/kg per min, P less than 0.001). There was no significant difference in the slopes between groups A and C. On exercise patients with sick sinus syndrome have a normal VO2, but a reduced heart rate response as compared with age-matched normal patients. This abnormal heart rate response to the physiological stimulus of exercise may be of help in the evaluation of patients with sick sinus syndrome who do not have significant underlying heart disease.", "contents": "Characterisation of heart rate response to exercise in the sick sinus syndrome. Patients with sick sinus syndrome have abnormalities of the sinoatrial node. We have measured the heart rate response to exercise in 7 patients with sick sinus syndrome without significant associated heart disease (group A) mean age 53.4 years, and compared this with 7 'normal' patients who were age-matched to within 5 years (group B), and 7 younger, well-trained subjects (group C). All underwent maximal treadmill exercise. Although maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), 1/min per kg, in group A was not significantly different from group B (23.8 +/- 4.7 vs 19.9 +/- 0.8, mean +/- SE) maximum heart rate, beats/min, in group A was significantly lower than in group B (124 +/- 8.9 vs 163 +/- 3.7, P less than 0.001). At the end of 3 minutes of Bruce Stage I exercise, group A patients had a heart rate less than 130/minute (95% confidence level), whereas group B patients had heart rates greater than 134/minute. VO2 was plotted against heart rate (HR). Patients in group A had a significantly lower slope (deltaHR 5.20 +/- 0.33/delta1 ml VO2/kg per min, P less than 0.001). There was no significant difference in the slopes between groups A and C. On exercise patients with sick sinus syndrome have a normal VO2, but a reduced heart rate response as compared with age-matched normal patients. This abnormal heart rate response to the physiological stimulus of exercise may be of help in the evaluation of patients with sick sinus syndrome who do not have significant underlying heart disease.", "PMID": 687493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7559", "title": "Systemic sarcoidosis with refractory ventricular tachycardia and heart failure.", "content": "A patient who presented with recurrent arrhythmias, including refractory ventricular tachycardia, and heart failure, was later found to have sarcoidosis with pulmonary and lymph node involvement.", "contents": "Systemic sarcoidosis with refractory ventricular tachycardia and heart failure. A patient who presented with recurrent arrhythmias, including refractory ventricular tachycardia, and heart failure, was later found to have sarcoidosis with pulmonary and lymph node involvement.", "PMID": 687494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7560", "title": "Near fatal puerperal thrombosis on Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral valve prosthesis.", "content": "A 22-year-old woman required emergency mitral valve replacement three weeks post partum because of thrombotic obstruction of her prosthetic mitral valve. Low dose subcutaneous heparin was administered from the 17th week of pregnancy. Though there was a successful fetal outcome, heparin did not prevent thrombosis on the prosthesis and its continuation into the puerperium proved nearly fatal.", "contents": "Near fatal puerperal thrombosis on Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral valve prosthesis. A 22-year-old woman required emergency mitral valve replacement three weeks post partum because of thrombotic obstruction of her prosthetic mitral valve. Low dose subcutaneous heparin was administered from the 17th week of pregnancy. Though there was a successful fetal outcome, heparin did not prevent thrombosis on the prosthesis and its continuation into the puerperium proved nearly fatal.", "PMID": 687495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7561", "title": "Rupture of right coronary artery aneurysm into the right atrium.", "content": "A 63-year-old man presented with acute congestive heart failure and was found to have a continuous murmur. Two years earlier, he had an inferior myocardial infarct, when no murmurs were heard. Angiography showed a right coronary artery aneurysm communicating with the right atrium. The distal vessel was occluded. The aneurysm was resected and the patient remains well. It is proposed that this was a congenital aneurysm which led firstly to the myocardial infarct and finally ruptured into the right atrium.", "contents": "Rupture of right coronary artery aneurysm into the right atrium. A 63-year-old man presented with acute congestive heart failure and was found to have a continuous murmur. Two years earlier, he had an inferior myocardial infarct, when no murmurs were heard. Angiography showed a right coronary artery aneurysm communicating with the right atrium. The distal vessel was occluded. The aneurysm was resected and the patient remains well. It is proposed that this was a congenital aneurysm which led firstly to the myocardial infarct and finally ruptured into the right atrium.", "PMID": 687496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7562", "title": "Effect of propranolol on sympathetic nervous activity in hydrallazine-treated hypertensive patients.", "content": "1 The effect of propranolol was examined on a) blood pressure and heart rate responses due to i.v. hydrallazine b) modification of these cardiovascular parameters during cold pressor test c) urinary catecholamine excretion rate. 2 Intravenous hydrallazine reduced significantly mean blood pressure by 15.2 mm Hg and increased heart rate by 24.9 beats/min. Propranolol reduced significantly mean blood pressure by 19.0 mm Hg and heart rate by 14.1 beats/min. Hydrallazine plus propranolol caused a significant reduction of mean blood pressure (by 37.7 mm Hg) but this was not accompanied by a significant fall in heart rate (by 3.3 beats/min). 3 During the control period, cold pressor test increased mean blood pressure by 16.0 mm Hg. Heart rate was increased by 12.5 beats/min in four patients. However, there was a reduction in heart rate (5.5 beats/min) in two other patients. During the propranolol period, cold pressor test-induced increase of mean blood pressure was not reduced but propranolol blocked the increase of heart rate. 4 Urinary catecholamine excretion rate was increased during hydrallazine administration. This excretion was not modified by propranolol.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on sympathetic nervous activity in hydrallazine-treated hypertensive patients. 1 The effect of propranolol was examined on a) blood pressure and heart rate responses due to i.v. hydrallazine b) modification of these cardiovascular parameters during cold pressor test c) urinary catecholamine excretion rate. 2 Intravenous hydrallazine reduced significantly mean blood pressure by 15.2 mm Hg and increased heart rate by 24.9 beats/min. Propranolol reduced significantly mean blood pressure by 19.0 mm Hg and heart rate by 14.1 beats/min. Hydrallazine plus propranolol caused a significant reduction of mean blood pressure (by 37.7 mm Hg) but this was not accompanied by a significant fall in heart rate (by 3.3 beats/min). 3 During the control period, cold pressor test increased mean blood pressure by 16.0 mm Hg. Heart rate was increased by 12.5 beats/min in four patients. However, there was a reduction in heart rate (5.5 beats/min) in two other patients. During the propranolol period, cold pressor test-induced increase of mean blood pressure was not reduced but propranolol blocked the increase of heart rate. 4 Urinary catecholamine excretion rate was increased during hydrallazine administration. This excretion was not modified by propranolol.", "PMID": 687499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7563", "title": "Comparison of the effects of D-(-)-ephedrine and L-(+)-pseudoephedrine on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in man.", "content": "1 In a preliminary double-blind trial the effects of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine on the blood pressure and heart rate of resting healthy volunteers were compared. Ephedrine 60 or 90 mg were required to raise the diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg, whereas 210 or 240 mg pseudoephedrine were required to produce the same effect. 2 In a second double-blind trial, patients with reversible airways obstruction were given 60 mg ephedrine or 210 mg pseudoephedrine and the effects on forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) compared. Both isomers produced some bronchodilation, but the effect of pseudoephedrine was less than half that of ephedrine. 3 The reasons for these differences between the isomers are discussed and the efficacy of pseudoephedrine as a nasal decongestant pointed out and explained in relation to its effect on alpha-adrenoceptors in the nasal blood vessels.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of D-(-)-ephedrine and L-(+)-pseudoephedrine on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in man. 1 In a preliminary double-blind trial the effects of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine on the blood pressure and heart rate of resting healthy volunteers were compared. Ephedrine 60 or 90 mg were required to raise the diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg, whereas 210 or 240 mg pseudoephedrine were required to produce the same effect. 2 In a second double-blind trial, patients with reversible airways obstruction were given 60 mg ephedrine or 210 mg pseudoephedrine and the effects on forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) compared. Both isomers produced some bronchodilation, but the effect of pseudoephedrine was less than half that of ephedrine. 3 The reasons for these differences between the isomers are discussed and the efficacy of pseudoephedrine as a nasal decongestant pointed out and explained in relation to its effect on alpha-adrenoceptors in the nasal blood vessels.", "PMID": 687500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7564", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of clonidine and its relation to the hypotensive effect in patients.", "content": "1 The kinetics of clonidine and its relation to the blood pressure response after single intravenous doses of 75 micrograms--275 micrograms in hypertensive patients were determined. 2 Clonidine disposition could be described by a two compartment open model and pharmacokinetic parameters show a rapid distribution phase of 20--30 min and a mean plasma clearance of 4.6 ml min-1 kg-1 (75--200 microgram). The half-life of the beta-phase was found to be in the range of 7.4--11.4 h. Indications of dose dependent kinetics were obtained. 3 A dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure was obtained. 4 The maximal reduction in MAP (mean arterial blood pressure) was significantly (P less than 0.01) related to plasma concentrations of clonidine. 5 The reduction in MAP was always related to plasma concentrations of clonidine (r = 0.88, P less than 0.01) when pseudoequilibrium of distribution of the drug was achieved.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of clonidine and its relation to the hypotensive effect in patients. 1 The kinetics of clonidine and its relation to the blood pressure response after single intravenous doses of 75 micrograms--275 micrograms in hypertensive patients were determined. 2 Clonidine disposition could be described by a two compartment open model and pharmacokinetic parameters show a rapid distribution phase of 20--30 min and a mean plasma clearance of 4.6 ml min-1 kg-1 (75--200 microgram). The half-life of the beta-phase was found to be in the range of 7.4--11.4 h. Indications of dose dependent kinetics were obtained. 3 A dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure was obtained. 4 The maximal reduction in MAP (mean arterial blood pressure) was significantly (P less than 0.01) related to plasma concentrations of clonidine. 5 The reduction in MAP was always related to plasma concentrations of clonidine (r = 0.88, P less than 0.01) when pseudoequilibrium of distribution of the drug was achieved.", "PMID": 687501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7565", "title": "Clobazam--a new hypnotic?", "content": "1 A double-blind randomized trial to compare the relative efficacy of the 1,5-benzodiazepine, clobazam, the 1,4-benzodiazepine nitrazepam, and placebo as hypnotics was carried out. 2 A preference technique was used and the analyses were performed sequentially. 3. The results confirmed that nitrazepam was superior to placebo as a hypnotic but failed to show that clobazam was superior to either placebo or nitrazepam in a ratio of 2:1. Thus, it seems likely that the hypnotic properties of clobazam are minimal. 4 Clobazam is not suitable for use as a hypnotic in hospitalized patients.", "contents": "Clobazam--a new hypnotic? 1 A double-blind randomized trial to compare the relative efficacy of the 1,5-benzodiazepine, clobazam, the 1,4-benzodiazepine nitrazepam, and placebo as hypnotics was carried out. 2 A preference technique was used and the analyses were performed sequentially. 3. The results confirmed that nitrazepam was superior to placebo as a hypnotic but failed to show that clobazam was superior to either placebo or nitrazepam in a ratio of 2:1. Thus, it seems likely that the hypnotic properties of clobazam are minimal. 4 Clobazam is not suitable for use as a hypnotic in hospitalized patients.", "PMID": 687502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7566", "title": "Quantitative determination of ergot alkaloids in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "1 Cross-reactivity of ergot alkaloids with an antiserum produced against lysergic acid conjugated with human serum, albumin was utilized to develop a radioimmunoassay for ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, dihydroergotoxine, ergometrine and methylergometrine in biological fluids. The antisera showed no cross-reactivity with simpler indole structures. 2 A procedure for extraction and concentration of alkaloids in biological fluids was developed. 3 The assay is sensitive for 1.8 ng/ml ergotamine, 1.5 ng/ml dihydroergotamine, 2.2 ng/ml dihydroergotoxine, 0.7 ng/ml ergotmetrine and 0.5 ng/ml methylergometrine. 4 The assay is sufficiently sensitive to permit the measurement of urine and plasma ergot alkaloid levels and it is suitable for determination in cases where a known ergot alkaloid is used.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of ergot alkaloids in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay. 1 Cross-reactivity of ergot alkaloids with an antiserum produced against lysergic acid conjugated with human serum, albumin was utilized to develop a radioimmunoassay for ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, dihydroergotoxine, ergometrine and methylergometrine in biological fluids. The antisera showed no cross-reactivity with simpler indole structures. 2 A procedure for extraction and concentration of alkaloids in biological fluids was developed. 3 The assay is sensitive for 1.8 ng/ml ergotamine, 1.5 ng/ml dihydroergotamine, 2.2 ng/ml dihydroergotoxine, 0.7 ng/ml ergotmetrine and 0.5 ng/ml methylergometrine. 4 The assay is sufficiently sensitive to permit the measurement of urine and plasma ergot alkaloid levels and it is suitable for determination in cases where a known ergot alkaloid is used.", "PMID": 687503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7567", "title": "The effects of indomethacin on arachidonic acid and prostaglandins e2 and f2alpha levels in human skin 24 h after u.v.B and u.v.C irradiation.", "content": "1 Clinically normal human abdominal skin was irradiated with either three times its minimal erythema dose (MED) of ultraviolet B (u.v.B) or six MEDs of ultraviolet C (u.v.C) radiation. In both instances erythema was maximal at 24 h. 2 Exudate was recovered by a suction bulla technique from normal and irradiated skin at 24 h after irradiation. 3 Arachidonic acid, prostaglandins E2 and FSalpha, as measured by GC--MS, were significantly elevated at 24 h. Radioimmunoassay also showed increased PGF2alpha-like concentrations. 4 Oral indomethacin only partially reduced the erythema resulting from both types of radiation but totally suppressed the elevation of PGE 2 and F2alpha concentrations. 5 Topical indomethacin also suppressed u.v.B-induced increases in prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha. Unexpectedly, the vehicle alone produced a similar suppressive effect on prostaglandins although erythema appeared unaltered. 6 Most of the arachidonic acid metabolized by indomethacin-sensitive pathways is not converted to prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in human skin.", "contents": "The effects of indomethacin on arachidonic acid and prostaglandins e2 and f2alpha levels in human skin 24 h after u.v.B and u.v.C irradiation. 1 Clinically normal human abdominal skin was irradiated with either three times its minimal erythema dose (MED) of ultraviolet B (u.v.B) or six MEDs of ultraviolet C (u.v.C) radiation. In both instances erythema was maximal at 24 h. 2 Exudate was recovered by a suction bulla technique from normal and irradiated skin at 24 h after irradiation. 3 Arachidonic acid, prostaglandins E2 and FSalpha, as measured by GC--MS, were significantly elevated at 24 h. Radioimmunoassay also showed increased PGF2alpha-like concentrations. 4 Oral indomethacin only partially reduced the erythema resulting from both types of radiation but totally suppressed the elevation of PGE 2 and F2alpha concentrations. 5 Topical indomethacin also suppressed u.v.B-induced increases in prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha. Unexpectedly, the vehicle alone produced a similar suppressive effect on prostaglandins although erythema appeared unaltered. 6 Most of the arachidonic acid metabolized by indomethacin-sensitive pathways is not converted to prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in human skin.", "PMID": 687504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7568", "title": "Individual variation in daily dosage requirements for phenytoin sodium in patients with epilepsy.", "content": "1 Ninety adult patients receiving phenytoin sodium were studied prospectively in an epileptic centre. Serum concentrations of phenytoin under steady state conditions were measured by gas liquid chromatography. When clinically indicated the daily dosage rate was adjusted by 50 mg steps until a serum concentration of 10--20 mg/l was produced. 2 Concentrations within the above range were obtained in 50 patients; the required dosage rate varied from 200--500 mg/day. Twenty-five clinical, biochemical and haematological attributes were recorded for each patient and tested for correlation with dosage requirement. 3 The dosage requirement correlated most strongly (r = 0.57, P less than 0.001) with body surface area. This relationship (approximately 200 mg/day per m2) accounted however for only one third of the total dosage variance. 4 Amongst 18 patients receiving simultaneous treatment with phenobarbitone, the effective plasma clearance of this drug taken in conjunction with body surface area accounted for a significantly greater proportion of the total dosage variance. Multiple regression analysis failed to reveal other, more widely applicable predictors of individual phenytoin dosage requirements.", "contents": "Individual variation in daily dosage requirements for phenytoin sodium in patients with epilepsy. 1 Ninety adult patients receiving phenytoin sodium were studied prospectively in an epileptic centre. Serum concentrations of phenytoin under steady state conditions were measured by gas liquid chromatography. When clinically indicated the daily dosage rate was adjusted by 50 mg steps until a serum concentration of 10--20 mg/l was produced. 2 Concentrations within the above range were obtained in 50 patients; the required dosage rate varied from 200--500 mg/day. Twenty-five clinical, biochemical and haematological attributes were recorded for each patient and tested for correlation with dosage requirement. 3 The dosage requirement correlated most strongly (r = 0.57, P less than 0.001) with body surface area. This relationship (approximately 200 mg/day per m2) accounted however for only one third of the total dosage variance. 4 Amongst 18 patients receiving simultaneous treatment with phenobarbitone, the effective plasma clearance of this drug taken in conjunction with body surface area accounted for a significantly greater proportion of the total dosage variance. Multiple regression analysis failed to reveal other, more widely applicable predictors of individual phenytoin dosage requirements.", "PMID": 687505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7569", "title": "Liver size and indices of drug metabolism in epileptics.", "content": "1 The relationship between liver size and in vivo (antipyrine kinetics) and in vitro (cytochrome P-450) drug metabolism was investigated in twenty-one epileptics on long-term anticonvulsant therapy and in controls. 2 The epileptics exhibited significant enlargement of the liver and enhancement of drug metabolism compared to the controls. 3 Liver size correlated to antipyrine kinetics only in controls. Concentration of cytochrome P-450 in liver biopsy specimens correlated with liver size neither in controls nor in epileptics. 4 The total hepatic cytochrome P-450, estimated on the basis of liver weight and cytochrome P-450 concentration of biopsy samples, correlated linearly with antipyrine kinetics, except in patients with the most severely disturbed liver architecture. 5 Measurement of liver size is essential when comparing in vivo and in vitro drug metabolism, but the changes in liver histology are also of great importance.", "contents": "Liver size and indices of drug metabolism in epileptics. 1 The relationship between liver size and in vivo (antipyrine kinetics) and in vitro (cytochrome P-450) drug metabolism was investigated in twenty-one epileptics on long-term anticonvulsant therapy and in controls. 2 The epileptics exhibited significant enlargement of the liver and enhancement of drug metabolism compared to the controls. 3 Liver size correlated to antipyrine kinetics only in controls. Concentration of cytochrome P-450 in liver biopsy specimens correlated with liver size neither in controls nor in epileptics. 4 The total hepatic cytochrome P-450, estimated on the basis of liver weight and cytochrome P-450 concentration of biopsy samples, correlated linearly with antipyrine kinetics, except in patients with the most severely disturbed liver architecture. 5 Measurement of liver size is essential when comparing in vivo and in vitro drug metabolism, but the changes in liver histology are also of great importance.", "PMID": 687506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7570", "title": "Lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination of surface proteins on human melanoma cells.", "content": "The cell-surface proteins of 6 different melanoma cell cultures have been labelled with 125I using lactaperoxidase-catalysed iodination. Fractionation of the proteins was achieved using 5--22.5% polacrylamide-gradient gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and the proteins were detected by autoradiography. Up to 24 labelled proteins were detected in the individual cell cultures, but the proteins labelled differed considerably in the 6 cultures examined. A possible reason for this, involving variation in the glycosylation of cell-surface glycoproteins is discussed. Cells of the same melanoma line had similar cell-surface proteins at different passage levels, but changes in the labelled proteins occurred when the culture conditions were altered. The cell-surface proteins of high molecular weight were cleaved by trypsin, but most of the low mol.-wt. proteins were resistant to trypsin. The \"large external transformation sensitive\" (LETS) protein detected as a major protein on fibroblasts in culture was not a dominant protein on the melanoma cells. It was detected on only 4/6 cell cultures. Possible relationships of the cell-surface proteins described in this study to morphology, immunological properties and proteolytic activity of human melanoma cells are discussed.", "contents": "Lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination of surface proteins on human melanoma cells. The cell-surface proteins of 6 different melanoma cell cultures have been labelled with 125I using lactaperoxidase-catalysed iodination. Fractionation of the proteins was achieved using 5--22.5% polacrylamide-gradient gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and the proteins were detected by autoradiography. Up to 24 labelled proteins were detected in the individual cell cultures, but the proteins labelled differed considerably in the 6 cultures examined. A possible reason for this, involving variation in the glycosylation of cell-surface glycoproteins is discussed. Cells of the same melanoma line had similar cell-surface proteins at different passage levels, but changes in the labelled proteins occurred when the culture conditions were altered. The cell-surface proteins of high molecular weight were cleaved by trypsin, but most of the low mol.-wt. proteins were resistant to trypsin. The \"large external transformation sensitive\" (LETS) protein detected as a major protein on fibroblasts in culture was not a dominant protein on the melanoma cells. It was detected on only 4/6 cell cultures. Possible relationships of the cell-surface proteins described in this study to morphology, immunological properties and proteolytic activity of human melanoma cells are discussed.", "PMID": 687508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7571", "title": "Effect of an implanted Walker tumour on metabolism of folic acid in the rat.", "content": "The metabolism of 2-[14C] folic acid has been studied in rats with an implanted Walker 256 tumour and in a closely matched group of controls. In animals with tumours, more of the labelled folic acid is converted to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate and 10-formylfolate than in normal animals. No 5-methyltetrahydrofolate could be detected in tumour tissue, or in the livers of tumour-bearing animals. When a mixture of 2-[14C]- and 3',5',9-[3H]-folic acid is given to tumour-bearing rats a similar pattern of metabolites is found. There is apparenly less scission of the folate molecule in tumour-bearing rats than in normal rats.", "contents": "Effect of an implanted Walker tumour on metabolism of folic acid in the rat. The metabolism of 2-[14C] folic acid has been studied in rats with an implanted Walker 256 tumour and in a closely matched group of controls. In animals with tumours, more of the labelled folic acid is converted to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate and 10-formylfolate than in normal animals. No 5-methyltetrahydrofolate could be detected in tumour tissue, or in the livers of tumour-bearing animals. When a mixture of 2-[14C]- and 3',5',9-[3H]-folic acid is given to tumour-bearing rats a similar pattern of metabolites is found. There is apparenly less scission of the folate molecule in tumour-bearing rats than in normal rats.", "PMID": 687509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7572", "title": "Split dose cytotoxic experiments with misonidazole.", "content": "The toxicity of misonidazole (1-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-3-methoxy-2-propanol) towards mammalian cells in vitro has been determined as a function of O2 tension. Misonidazole under hypoxic conditions (less than 10 Parts/10(6) O2) shows the greatest toxicity. Split-dose experiments indicate that lethal damage can be \"repaired\" by O2, the magnitude of this repair being time dependent and a function of O2 concentration, with maximum repair in air seen after 2 h at 37 degree C. Unlike radiation damage this repair is not inhibited by modest hyperthermia (41 degrees C) during the split-dose interval. The implication of these results as regards the mechanism of misonidazole toxicity under anaerobic conditions is discussed.", "contents": "Split dose cytotoxic experiments with misonidazole. The toxicity of misonidazole (1-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-3-methoxy-2-propanol) towards mammalian cells in vitro has been determined as a function of O2 tension. Misonidazole under hypoxic conditions (less than 10 Parts/10(6) O2) shows the greatest toxicity. Split-dose experiments indicate that lethal damage can be \"repaired\" by O2, the magnitude of this repair being time dependent and a function of O2 concentration, with maximum repair in air seen after 2 h at 37 degree C. Unlike radiation damage this repair is not inhibited by modest hyperthermia (41 degrees C) during the split-dose interval. The implication of these results as regards the mechanism of misonidazole toxicity under anaerobic conditions is discussed.", "PMID": 687510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7573", "title": "Effect of high-dose melphalan on marrow and intestinal epithelium in mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "The lethal effect of high-dose melphalan in mice could be offset by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside or low-dose melphalan. The reason for improved survival is unclear. Althoug animals given high-dose melphalan died with symptoms of gut death, in only one instance, that with low-dose melphalan itself, did pretreatment protect the intestinal epithelium as measured by the microcolony assay. A small enhancement in the recovery of the haemopoietic tissue in pretreated animals was noted, although this on its own is unlikely to explain the phenomenon. Experiments in tumour-bearing mice showed that pretreatment with cyclophosphamide did not reduce the toxicity of melphalan to the Lewis lung carcinoma.", "contents": "Effect of high-dose melphalan on marrow and intestinal epithelium in mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide. The lethal effect of high-dose melphalan in mice could be offset by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside or low-dose melphalan. The reason for improved survival is unclear. Althoug animals given high-dose melphalan died with symptoms of gut death, in only one instance, that with low-dose melphalan itself, did pretreatment protect the intestinal epithelium as measured by the microcolony assay. A small enhancement in the recovery of the haemopoietic tissue in pretreated animals was noted, although this on its own is unlikely to explain the phenomenon. Experiments in tumour-bearing mice showed that pretreatment with cyclophosphamide did not reduce the toxicity of melphalan to the Lewis lung carcinoma.", "PMID": 687511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7574", "title": "Anti-tumour cytotoxicity of poly(A)-containing messenger RNA isolated from tumour-specific immunogenic RNA.", "content": "The transfer of tumour-specific cytotoxicity against a murine fibrosar-coma has been demonstrated in vitro using xenogeneic RNA extracted from tumour-cell-immune animals. Poly(A)-tailed messenger RNA from immunogenic RNA was isolated by passage through an oligo(dT)-cellulose column, and evaluated to determine whether the same tumour-specific cytotoxicity could be transferred. Aliquots of normal C3H mouse lymphocytes were treated with poly(A)-containing immune RNA, whole-cell immune RNA lacking poly(A) and total cellular immune RNA. Treated cells were tested in vitro using an adaptation of the Takasugi and Klein microcytotoxicity assay. Percent cytotoxicity was calculted using cells treated with fractions of normal RNA as control. An increase in tumour cytotoxicity was found with poly(A)-containing immune RNA. The optimum dose of poly(A)-tailed immune RNA was estimated as 6.5 microgram of RNA per 4 x 10(6) lymphocytes. Populations of lymphocytes were separated using glass and nylon wool. T- and B-enriched populations were treated with various RNA components. The adherent cell population showed no significant cytotoxicity, whilst treatment of the nonadherent population with poly(A)-tailed immune RNA produced high levels of cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Anti-tumour cytotoxicity of poly(A)-containing messenger RNA isolated from tumour-specific immunogenic RNA. The transfer of tumour-specific cytotoxicity against a murine fibrosar-coma has been demonstrated in vitro using xenogeneic RNA extracted from tumour-cell-immune animals. Poly(A)-tailed messenger RNA from immunogenic RNA was isolated by passage through an oligo(dT)-cellulose column, and evaluated to determine whether the same tumour-specific cytotoxicity could be transferred. Aliquots of normal C3H mouse lymphocytes were treated with poly(A)-containing immune RNA, whole-cell immune RNA lacking poly(A) and total cellular immune RNA. Treated cells were tested in vitro using an adaptation of the Takasugi and Klein microcytotoxicity assay. Percent cytotoxicity was calculted using cells treated with fractions of normal RNA as control. An increase in tumour cytotoxicity was found with poly(A)-containing immune RNA. The optimum dose of poly(A)-tailed immune RNA was estimated as 6.5 microgram of RNA per 4 x 10(6) lymphocytes. Populations of lymphocytes were separated using glass and nylon wool. T- and B-enriched populations were treated with various RNA components. The adherent cell population showed no significant cytotoxicity, whilst treatment of the nonadherent population with poly(A)-tailed immune RNA produced high levels of cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 687518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7575", "title": "Ultrastructure, karyology and immunology of a cell line originated from a human transitional-cell carcinoma.", "content": "A cell line (J82) was derived from a poorly differentiated, invasive, transitional-cell carcinoma, Stage T3. The cells have been propagated in vitro for 5 years and showed 100% aneuploidy and a mixed epithelial-fibroblastic morphology. The majority of cells contained 2Y chromosomes and several distinctive markers. Peripheral-blood lymphocytes from the donor of the J82 cells were tested sequentially for cytotoxicity toward autologous and allogeneic tumour cells. Autologous cytotoxicity was detected against J82 cells in early in vitro passage. Allogeneic lymphocytes from some patients with transitional-cell carcinoma were also cytotoxic to J82 cells in primary culture. However, selective cytotoxicity by lymphoid cells from bladder-carcinoma patients was not detected against J82 cells in long-term tissue culture.", "contents": "Ultrastructure, karyology and immunology of a cell line originated from a human transitional-cell carcinoma. A cell line (J82) was derived from a poorly differentiated, invasive, transitional-cell carcinoma, Stage T3. The cells have been propagated in vitro for 5 years and showed 100% aneuploidy and a mixed epithelial-fibroblastic morphology. The majority of cells contained 2Y chromosomes and several distinctive markers. Peripheral-blood lymphocytes from the donor of the J82 cells were tested sequentially for cytotoxicity toward autologous and allogeneic tumour cells. Autologous cytotoxicity was detected against J82 cells in early in vitro passage. Allogeneic lymphocytes from some patients with transitional-cell carcinoma were also cytotoxic to J82 cells in primary culture. However, selective cytotoxicity by lymphoid cells from bladder-carcinoma patients was not detected against J82 cells in long-term tissue culture.", "PMID": 687519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7576", "title": "Growth of human tumour cell colonies from biopsies using two soft-agar techniques.", "content": "Two techniques for growing colonies of human tumour cells in soft agar have been applied to cell suspensions derived from fresh tumour tissue from 48 patients. Colonies were obtained in 31 cases, with plating efficiencies between 0.01 and 15%. In 11 cases the plating efficiencies were 1% or above. There was evidence that some categories of tumour grew more readily than others under these conditions. The potential applications of the methods to clinical and experimental oncology are discussed.", "contents": "Growth of human tumour cell colonies from biopsies using two soft-agar techniques. Two techniques for growing colonies of human tumour cells in soft agar have been applied to cell suspensions derived from fresh tumour tissue from 48 patients. Colonies were obtained in 31 cases, with plating efficiencies between 0.01 and 15%. In 11 cases the plating efficiencies were 1% or above. There was evidence that some categories of tumour grew more readily than others under these conditions. The potential applications of the methods to clinical and experimental oncology are discussed.", "PMID": 687520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7577", "title": "Morphological study of the ovaries of leukaemic children.", "content": "The ovaries of leukaemic children were studied in 31 specimens obtained at autopsy. Twenty-eight ovaries from normal children of the same age who died from misadventure served as control. All ovaries from normal childred showed follicle growth and contained several large antral follicles. Follicle development was inhibited in all ovaries of leukaemic children; 22% showed no follicle growth (quiescent ovaries), and in the ovaries in which there was follicle development, the number and size of antral follicles was significantly smaller than in the control. All children had been treated with cytotoxic drugs, the duration of the treatment being correlated with the stage of ovarian development. The ovaries of children treated for only 1 week were near-normal, while those treated for more than 2 months showed inhibition of follicle growth. It is argued that the disturbance in follicle development is an effect of the cytotoxic drugs, and not an effect of the disease itself.", "contents": "Morphological study of the ovaries of leukaemic children. The ovaries of leukaemic children were studied in 31 specimens obtained at autopsy. Twenty-eight ovaries from normal children of the same age who died from misadventure served as control. All ovaries from normal childred showed follicle growth and contained several large antral follicles. Follicle development was inhibited in all ovaries of leukaemic children; 22% showed no follicle growth (quiescent ovaries), and in the ovaries in which there was follicle development, the number and size of antral follicles was significantly smaller than in the control. All children had been treated with cytotoxic drugs, the duration of the treatment being correlated with the stage of ovarian development. The ovaries of children treated for only 1 week were near-normal, while those treated for more than 2 months showed inhibition of follicle growth. It is argued that the disturbance in follicle development is an effect of the cytotoxic drugs, and not an effect of the disease itself.", "PMID": 687521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7578", "title": "Mammary-carcinoma cells in mouse liver: infiltration of liver tissue and interaction with Kupffer cells.", "content": "Interactions between TA3 mammary-carcinoma cells and liver cells were studied with the electron microscope in mouse livers that had been perfused with a defined medium containing the tumour cells. Infiltration of liver tissue by the TA3 cells proceeded in the following steps. First, numerous small protrusions were extended through endothelial cells and into hepatocytes. Next, some cells had larger processes deeply indenting hepatocytes. Finally a few tumour cells became located outside the blood vessels. Two variant cell lines, TA3/Ha and TA3/St, differing in cell coat and surface charge, did not differ in the extent of infiltration. TA3/Ha cells were often encircled by thin processes of liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). Encircled cells were initially intact, but later some of them degenerated. These observations suggest that TA3/Ha cells were phagocytized by the Kupffer cells. Encirclement appeared to be inhibited after only 30 min, when many cells were still partly surrounded. Encirclement of TA3/St was much less frequent. After injection of tumour cells intra-portally in vivo, similar results were obtained, which demonstrated the validity of the perfused liver model. TA3/Ha cells formed much fewer tumour nodules in the liver than TA3/St cells.", "contents": "Mammary-carcinoma cells in mouse liver: infiltration of liver tissue and interaction with Kupffer cells. Interactions between TA3 mammary-carcinoma cells and liver cells were studied with the electron microscope in mouse livers that had been perfused with a defined medium containing the tumour cells. Infiltration of liver tissue by the TA3 cells proceeded in the following steps. First, numerous small protrusions were extended through endothelial cells and into hepatocytes. Next, some cells had larger processes deeply indenting hepatocytes. Finally a few tumour cells became located outside the blood vessels. Two variant cell lines, TA3/Ha and TA3/St, differing in cell coat and surface charge, did not differ in the extent of infiltration. TA3/Ha cells were often encircled by thin processes of liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). Encircled cells were initially intact, but later some of them degenerated. These observations suggest that TA3/Ha cells were phagocytized by the Kupffer cells. Encirclement appeared to be inhibited after only 30 min, when many cells were still partly surrounded. Encirclement of TA3/St was much less frequent. After injection of tumour cells intra-portally in vivo, similar results were obtained, which demonstrated the validity of the perfused liver model. TA3/Ha cells formed much fewer tumour nodules in the liver than TA3/St cells.", "PMID": 687522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7579", "title": "Failure to mourn a stillbirth: an overlooked catastrophe.", "content": "The reasons for the difficulty of mourning a stillbirth and the therapeutic management of this mourning process are outlined. A case is described of failed mourning of a stillbirth which gave rise to a profound disturbance in mothering of a subsequent live baby. A psychotherapeutic technique is discussed which facilitates the failed mourning of a stillbirth.", "contents": "Failure to mourn a stillbirth: an overlooked catastrophe. The reasons for the difficulty of mourning a stillbirth and the therapeutic management of this mourning process are outlined. A case is described of failed mourning of a stillbirth which gave rise to a profound disturbance in mothering of a subsequent live baby. A psychotherapeutic technique is discussed which facilitates the failed mourning of a stillbirth.", "PMID": 687526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7580", "title": "Emotional experience and the implication grid.", "content": "The research reported here consisted of a series of experiments aimed at developing a technique which could be used in the study of personal emotional experience. Hinkle's development (1965) of Kelly's construct theory (1955) was chosen as the starting point. Hinkle's original technique was applied using emotional rather than interpersonal constructs. This failed to demonstrate the internal consistency of the implication grid methodology shown in Hinkle's work. Modifications were made to the implication grid so as to simplify the subject's verbal task. Further experimentation demonstrated the validity and reliability of the modified grid. The structural consistency of different areas of individuals' emotional construct systems was investigated, and variations in the level of integration were demonstrated between these different areas.", "contents": "Emotional experience and the implication grid. The research reported here consisted of a series of experiments aimed at developing a technique which could be used in the study of personal emotional experience. Hinkle's development (1965) of Kelly's construct theory (1955) was chosen as the starting point. Hinkle's original technique was applied using emotional rather than interpersonal constructs. This failed to demonstrate the internal consistency of the implication grid methodology shown in Hinkle's work. Modifications were made to the implication grid so as to simplify the subject's verbal task. Further experimentation demonstrated the validity and reliability of the modified grid. The structural consistency of different areas of individuals' emotional construct systems was investigated, and variations in the level of integration were demonstrated between these different areas.", "PMID": 687527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7581", "title": "Deliberate self-poisoning and self-injury in the psychiatric hospital.", "content": "Acts of self-poisoning and self-injury carried out by in-patients and day patients while in treatment at two psychiatric hospitals were recorded over a one-year period. Comparison with results from a survey based on referrals to a general hospital in the same area demonstrated that the rate at which these events occurred was over 50 times greater for patients in psychiatric care than in the general population. A larger proportion of the psychiatric hospital incidents involved self-injury. Analysis of the records of a consecutive series of all psychiatric hospital patients revealed that at least one-third had a previous history of self-poisoning or self-injury. Of the patients carrying out such acts in one hospital, 77 per cent had a history of this behaviour prior to admission. Clusters of incidents were identified. Possible factors underlying this behaviour in the hospital setting and means of prevention are suggested.", "contents": "Deliberate self-poisoning and self-injury in the psychiatric hospital. Acts of self-poisoning and self-injury carried out by in-patients and day patients while in treatment at two psychiatric hospitals were recorded over a one-year period. Comparison with results from a survey based on referrals to a general hospital in the same area demonstrated that the rate at which these events occurred was over 50 times greater for patients in psychiatric care than in the general population. A larger proportion of the psychiatric hospital incidents involved self-injury. Analysis of the records of a consecutive series of all psychiatric hospital patients revealed that at least one-third had a previous history of self-poisoning or self-injury. Of the patients carrying out such acts in one hospital, 77 per cent had a history of this behaviour prior to admission. Clusters of incidents were identified. Possible factors underlying this behaviour in the hospital setting and means of prevention are suggested.", "PMID": 687528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7582", "title": "Arousal response predictions derived from ego psychology.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the prediction from ego psychology that excessive stress leads to either a struggling or distancing response. Male subjects, preselected on the R-S scale, were exposed to an explicit pornographic movie in the presence of a female confederate. Skin conductance levels, self-report data, and a work association test with double entendre words were the dependent measures. The results indicated that subjects struggle rather than distance themselves when confronted with apparently stressful stimuli.", "contents": "Arousal response predictions derived from ego psychology. The purpose of this study was to examine the prediction from ego psychology that excessive stress leads to either a struggling or distancing response. Male subjects, preselected on the R-S scale, were exposed to an explicit pornographic movie in the presence of a female confederate. Skin conductance levels, self-report data, and a work association test with double entendre words were the dependent measures. The results indicated that subjects struggle rather than distance themselves when confronted with apparently stressful stimuli.", "PMID": 687529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7583", "title": "The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire: a validity study.", "content": "The MHQ is a brief self-rating inventory purporting to measure aspects of six distinct categories of psychoneurosis and affective status. It has been found to be a reliable instrument and also valid as a profile measure. Two individual scales have also previously been explored in respect of validity. The present report describes a further attempt to examine the validity of individual scales in relation to pertinent single clinical diagnostic entities in a study involving 800 patients. The phobic and obsessional scales are found to be particularly accurate and differentiating in this respect. Patients variously diagnosed as suffering from anxiety states, depressive states and personality disorder tend to score very highly on several scales. The instrument serves overall to distinguish satisfactorily between such populations and others suffering from schizophrenia and anorexia nervosa. It also markedly differentiates them from 'normal' populations.", "contents": "The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire: a validity study. The MHQ is a brief self-rating inventory purporting to measure aspects of six distinct categories of psychoneurosis and affective status. It has been found to be a reliable instrument and also valid as a profile measure. Two individual scales have also previously been explored in respect of validity. The present report describes a further attempt to examine the validity of individual scales in relation to pertinent single clinical diagnostic entities in a study involving 800 patients. The phobic and obsessional scales are found to be particularly accurate and differentiating in this respect. Patients variously diagnosed as suffering from anxiety states, depressive states and personality disorder tend to score very highly on several scales. The instrument serves overall to distinguish satisfactorily between such populations and others suffering from schizophrenia and anorexia nervosa. It also markedly differentiates them from 'normal' populations.", "PMID": 687530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7584", "title": "On the validity of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire: a comparison of diagnostic self-ratings in psychiatric out-patients, general practice patients, and 'normals' based on the Hebrew version.", "content": "The short clinical diagnostic self-rating scale for psycho-neurotic patients (The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire) was translated into everyday Hebrew and tested on 216 subjects for: (1) concurrent validity with clinical diagnoses; (2) discriminatory validity on a psychoneurotic gradient of psychiatric out-patients, general practice patients, and normal controls; (3) validity of subscales and discrete items using matrices of Spearman rank correlation coefficients; (4) construct validity using Guttman's smallest space analysis based on coefficients of similarity. The Hebrew MHQ was found to retain its validity and to be easily applicable in waiting-room situations. It is a useful method for generating and substantiating hypotheses on psychosomatic and psychosocial interrelationships. The MHQ seems to enable the expression of the 'neurotic load' of a general practice subpopulation as a centile on a scale, thereby corroborating previous epidemiological findings on the high prevalence of neurotic illness in general practice. There is reason to believe that the MHQ is a valid instrument for the analysis of symptom profiles of subjects involved in future drug trials.", "contents": "On the validity of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire: a comparison of diagnostic self-ratings in psychiatric out-patients, general practice patients, and 'normals' based on the Hebrew version. The short clinical diagnostic self-rating scale for psycho-neurotic patients (The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire) was translated into everyday Hebrew and tested on 216 subjects for: (1) concurrent validity with clinical diagnoses; (2) discriminatory validity on a psychoneurotic gradient of psychiatric out-patients, general practice patients, and normal controls; (3) validity of subscales and discrete items using matrices of Spearman rank correlation coefficients; (4) construct validity using Guttman's smallest space analysis based on coefficients of similarity. The Hebrew MHQ was found to retain its validity and to be easily applicable in waiting-room situations. It is a useful method for generating and substantiating hypotheses on psychosomatic and psychosocial interrelationships. The MHQ seems to enable the expression of the 'neurotic load' of a general practice subpopulation as a centile on a scale, thereby corroborating previous epidemiological findings on the high prevalence of neurotic illness in general practice. There is reason to believe that the MHQ is a valid instrument for the analysis of symptom profiles of subjects involved in future drug trials.", "PMID": 687531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7585", "title": "Psychoneurotic profiles in the adult population.", "content": "Self-reported psychoneurotic characteristics and aspects of affective status have been examined within the adult population of a market town and the surrounding rural community using a standardized instrument. Features of anxiety in particular are more common amongst females than males, peaking in the third, fourth (phobic avoidance behaviour being also especially evident at this time) and fifth decades of life. Many of the characteristics are also importantly related to age in both sexes and to social class. Some are widespread within the population and probably reflect more enduring personality traits. Others are less common, more age specific (e.g. early adult life, middle age, the menopause in females; the involutional period in males) and are probably more often construed by the individuals concerned and by others as 'illness'. The similarity of the relevant segment of the present profiles to those previously obtained from a suburban population aged 40-65 years is noteworthy. The most likely interpretation is that the measuring instrument is reliable and that the reporting behaviour of psychoneurotic and effective characteristics and morbidity is identical in both populations.", "contents": "Psychoneurotic profiles in the adult population. Self-reported psychoneurotic characteristics and aspects of affective status have been examined within the adult population of a market town and the surrounding rural community using a standardized instrument. Features of anxiety in particular are more common amongst females than males, peaking in the third, fourth (phobic avoidance behaviour being also especially evident at this time) and fifth decades of life. Many of the characteristics are also importantly related to age in both sexes and to social class. Some are widespread within the population and probably reflect more enduring personality traits. Others are less common, more age specific (e.g. early adult life, middle age, the menopause in females; the involutional period in males) and are probably more often construed by the individuals concerned and by others as 'illness'. The similarity of the relevant segment of the present profiles to those previously obtained from a suburban population aged 40-65 years is noteworthy. The most likely interpretation is that the measuring instrument is reliable and that the reporting behaviour of psychoneurotic and effective characteristics and morbidity is identical in both populations.", "PMID": 687532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7586", "title": "The use of catheter-tip pressure transducers for the measurement of intrauterine pressure in labour.", "content": "The disadvantages of the fluid filled polythene catheter used for measuring intrauterine pressure have been overcome by designing a catheter with a pressure transducer at the tip. The information which it gives is accurate and reliable. The optimum method of use has been determined and clinical trials performed. There is no demonstrable morbidity from its use.", "contents": "The use of catheter-tip pressure transducers for the measurement of intrauterine pressure in labour. The disadvantages of the fluid filled polythene catheter used for measuring intrauterine pressure have been overcome by designing a catheter with a pressure transducer at the tip. The information which it gives is accurate and reliable. The optimum method of use has been determined and clinical trials performed. There is no demonstrable morbidity from its use.", "PMID": 687533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7587", "title": "Fetal hazards of the intrauterine pressure catheter: five case reports.", "content": "Five patients with fetal complications associated with the use of an intrauterine pressure catheter in labour are described. In four, a fetal vessel was punctured either by the catheter or its introducing sheath. In the remaining patient, cord compression resulted from entanglement with the catheter. These problems may be minimized by a careful catheter introduction technique.", "contents": "Fetal hazards of the intrauterine pressure catheter: five case reports. Five patients with fetal complications associated with the use of an intrauterine pressure catheter in labour are described. In four, a fetal vessel was punctured either by the catheter or its introducing sheath. In the remaining patient, cord compression resulted from entanglement with the catheter. These problems may be minimized by a careful catheter introduction technique.", "PMID": 687534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7588", "title": "Perforation of a placental fetal vessel by an intrauterine pressure catheter.", "content": "Perforation of a fetal vessel on the placental surface by an intrauterine catheter is reported. The immediate recognition of this unusual complication is important. To minimize the risks of perforation, haemorrhage and infection, several precautions should be observed when inserting the catheter.", "contents": "Perforation of a placental fetal vessel by an intrauterine pressure catheter. Perforation of a fetal vessel on the placental surface by an intrauterine catheter is reported. The immediate recognition of this unusual complication is important. To minimize the risks of perforation, haemorrhage and infection, several precautions should be observed when inserting the catheter.", "PMID": 687535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7589", "title": "Simplified management of pregnancy complicated by diabetes.", "content": "Simple methods for the management of pregnancy complicated by diabetes are described. Emphasis was placed on keeping patients out of hospital, good control of diabetes and vaginal delivery at 38 weeks: using these methods, there were nine perinatal deaths in a consecutive series of 101 pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Four of the perinatal deaths were due to the respiratory distress syndrome. The patients whose diabetes was diagnosed during pregnancy had significantly heavier babies (18 pregnancies, mean birth weight 3337 g) than the established diabetics (83 pregnancies, mean weight 3011 g) despite significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels in the former and similar mean gestational ages at delivery. Mean fasting blood glucose levels for the whole series during the first, second and third trimesters were 9.0, 6.7 and 5.6 mmol/l respectively. The mean duration of antenatal stay in hospital for complications related to diabetes was 29 days. Diabetic retinopathy did not seem to be adversely affected by pregnancy.", "contents": "Simplified management of pregnancy complicated by diabetes. Simple methods for the management of pregnancy complicated by diabetes are described. Emphasis was placed on keeping patients out of hospital, good control of diabetes and vaginal delivery at 38 weeks: using these methods, there were nine perinatal deaths in a consecutive series of 101 pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Four of the perinatal deaths were due to the respiratory distress syndrome. The patients whose diabetes was diagnosed during pregnancy had significantly heavier babies (18 pregnancies, mean birth weight 3337 g) than the established diabetics (83 pregnancies, mean weight 3011 g) despite significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels in the former and similar mean gestational ages at delivery. Mean fasting blood glucose levels for the whole series during the first, second and third trimesters were 9.0, 6.7 and 5.6 mmol/l respectively. The mean duration of antenatal stay in hospital for complications related to diabetes was 29 days. Diabetic retinopathy did not seem to be adversely affected by pregnancy.", "PMID": 687536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7590", "title": "Serum free fatty acids, insulin and blood glucose in pregnancy.", "content": "Blood glucose, serum insulin and free fatty acid levels were determined in 60 pregnant and 44 non-pregnant women. The mean blood glucose level was significatnly lower in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women but there were no significant changes during pregnancy. The mean serum insulin and free fatty acid levels were not significantly different from the levels for the non-pregnant women, there was also no significant change in their mean levels throughout pregnancy.", "contents": "Serum free fatty acids, insulin and blood glucose in pregnancy. Blood glucose, serum insulin and free fatty acid levels were determined in 60 pregnant and 44 non-pregnant women. The mean blood glucose level was significatnly lower in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women but there were no significant changes during pregnancy. The mean serum insulin and free fatty acid levels were not significantly different from the levels for the non-pregnant women, there was also no significant change in their mean levels throughout pregnancy.", "PMID": 687537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7591", "title": "Hypovolaemia, pre-eclampsia and diuretics.", "content": "Six patients with severe pre-eclampsia were found to have low central venous pressures. This was considered to be an indication that hypovolaemia was present, depsite concurrent generalized oedema. Treatment with sufficient intravenous saline and albumin, to restore the central venous pressure to normal, resulted in improved renal function and avoidance of permanent renal impairment in all cases. These observations support the view that diuretics should not be administered to patients with pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "Hypovolaemia, pre-eclampsia and diuretics. Six patients with severe pre-eclampsia were found to have low central venous pressures. This was considered to be an indication that hypovolaemia was present, depsite concurrent generalized oedema. Treatment with sufficient intravenous saline and albumin, to restore the central venous pressure to normal, resulted in improved renal function and avoidance of permanent renal impairment in all cases. These observations support the view that diuretics should not be administered to patients with pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 687538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7592", "title": "Unconjugated serum oestriol levels in mother and baby with meconium staining of the amniotic fluid.", "content": "To examine the effect on oestrogen metabolism of the stimulus which causes the passage of meconium, we measured maternal venous and cord artery and vein serum unconjugated oestriol levels in 46 patients with meconium staining of the amniotic fluid and 19 controls. Mean cord vein oestriol levels were significantly lower than in controls in the presence of meconium stained amniotic fluid and no fetal acidosis (cord artery buffer base of 36.2 meq/l or more) (P less than 0.02). The same tendency was seen with acidotic infants (P less than 0.05). There is thus evidence of a change in oestrogen metabolism associated with meconium staining of the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Unconjugated serum oestriol levels in mother and baby with meconium staining of the amniotic fluid. To examine the effect on oestrogen metabolism of the stimulus which causes the passage of meconium, we measured maternal venous and cord artery and vein serum unconjugated oestriol levels in 46 patients with meconium staining of the amniotic fluid and 19 controls. Mean cord vein oestriol levels were significantly lower than in controls in the presence of meconium stained amniotic fluid and no fetal acidosis (cord artery buffer base of 36.2 meq/l or more) (P less than 0.02). The same tendency was seen with acidotic infants (P less than 0.05). There is thus evidence of a change in oestrogen metabolism associated with meconium staining of the amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 687539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7593", "title": "Transfer of digoxin across the placenta and into breast milk.", "content": "Eleven mothers given digoxin throughout pregnancy because of rheumatic heart disease were studied. Digoxin was identified in the placenta and, for the first time, in milk. Paired cord and maternal blood samples obtained at parturition showed lower digoxin levels in cord blood than in maternal blood. The total tissue-bound digoxin level in the placenta correlated closely with maternal digoxin levels. These findings suggest strongly the presence of a placental barrier for digoxin. Similar digoxin concentrations (0.825 +/- 0.015 nmol/l) were found in milk samples obtained daily between the third and seventh days post partum. The half-life of digoxin in the newborn was 36.2 +/- 5.43 hours (Mean +/- SEM); thus all the digoxin present at birth would be excreted within 10 to 11 days.", "contents": "Transfer of digoxin across the placenta and into breast milk. Eleven mothers given digoxin throughout pregnancy because of rheumatic heart disease were studied. Digoxin was identified in the placenta and, for the first time, in milk. Paired cord and maternal blood samples obtained at parturition showed lower digoxin levels in cord blood than in maternal blood. The total tissue-bound digoxin level in the placenta correlated closely with maternal digoxin levels. These findings suggest strongly the presence of a placental barrier for digoxin. Similar digoxin concentrations (0.825 +/- 0.015 nmol/l) were found in milk samples obtained daily between the third and seventh days post partum. The half-life of digoxin in the newborn was 36.2 +/- 5.43 hours (Mean +/- SEM); thus all the digoxin present at birth would be excreted within 10 to 11 days.", "PMID": 687540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7594", "title": "The passage of fat emulsion across the human placenta.", "content": "Six patients near term were given an intravenous infusion of a fat emulsion (Intralipid) a few hours before normal delivery or Caesarean section. Six other non-infused patients were studied as controls. Maternal venous and umbilical venous and arterial blood samples were taken at delivery and analyzed for individual fatty acid concentrations in triglyceride, free fatty acid (FFA) and phospholipid fractions. The emulsion, being rich in oleic and linoleic acids, affected the composition of the maternal triglycerides. The fetal lipids were also altered and the infusions resulted in large positive umbilical venous-arterial (v-a) differences in FFA and triglyceride fatty acid concentrations, but this was not the case for phospholipid concentrations. The fatty acids with the largest v-a differences were those prominent in the emulsion.", "contents": "The passage of fat emulsion across the human placenta. Six patients near term were given an intravenous infusion of a fat emulsion (Intralipid) a few hours before normal delivery or Caesarean section. Six other non-infused patients were studied as controls. Maternal venous and umbilical venous and arterial blood samples were taken at delivery and analyzed for individual fatty acid concentrations in triglyceride, free fatty acid (FFA) and phospholipid fractions. The emulsion, being rich in oleic and linoleic acids, affected the composition of the maternal triglycerides. The fetal lipids were also altered and the infusions resulted in large positive umbilical venous-arterial (v-a) differences in FFA and triglyceride fatty acid concentrations, but this was not the case for phospholipid concentrations. The fatty acids with the largest v-a differences were those prominent in the emulsion.", "PMID": 687541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7595", "title": "Neonatal serum bilirubin levels in spontaneous and induced labour.", "content": "An investigation was made into the onset and severity of neonatal jaundice in 114 patients following spontaneous labour and labour induced by (a) amniotomy, (b) amniotomy and simultaenous infusion of oxytocin, (c) amniotomy and simultaneous administration of oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). No significant difference in serum bilirubin levels in the first five days of life was found in the four groups.", "contents": "Neonatal serum bilirubin levels in spontaneous and induced labour. An investigation was made into the onset and severity of neonatal jaundice in 114 patients following spontaneous labour and labour induced by (a) amniotomy, (b) amniotomy and simultaenous infusion of oxytocin, (c) amniotomy and simultaneous administration of oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). No significant difference in serum bilirubin levels in the first five days of life was found in the four groups.", "PMID": 687542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7596", "title": "Plasma testosterone in molar pregnancy: Correlation with gestational age, uterine size, theca-lutein cyst and serum HCG.", "content": "Plasma testosterone and serum HCG were measured by radioimmunoassay in 46 patients with intact molar pregnancy. There was no significant difference in plasma testosterone between patients with theca-lutein cyst and those without the cyst. This suggests that ovarian contribution to the elevated testosterone in molar pregnancy is probably a minor one. No correlation was found between plasma testosterone and uterine size. However, a positive correlation (r=+0.3567, P less than 0.001) was found between plasma testosterone and the HCG and a rising trend in plasma testosterone was observed with increasing gestation. These results suggest that molar trophoblast is probably the major source of elevated testosterone in the maternal circulation.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone in molar pregnancy: Correlation with gestational age, uterine size, theca-lutein cyst and serum HCG. Plasma testosterone and serum HCG were measured by radioimmunoassay in 46 patients with intact molar pregnancy. There was no significant difference in plasma testosterone between patients with theca-lutein cyst and those without the cyst. This suggests that ovarian contribution to the elevated testosterone in molar pregnancy is probably a minor one. No correlation was found between plasma testosterone and uterine size. However, a positive correlation (r=+0.3567, P less than 0.001) was found between plasma testosterone and the HCG and a rising trend in plasma testosterone was observed with increasing gestation. These results suggest that molar trophoblast is probably the major source of elevated testosterone in the maternal circulation.", "PMID": 687543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7597", "title": "The effect of sex steroids on the in vitro synthesis of DNA by malignant ovarian tumours.", "content": "The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis of 12 ovarian tumours was studied by means of short term organ tissue culture, exposure to tritiated thymidine and subsequent autoradiography and visual grain counting. The DNA synthesis in each tumour was studied before and after exposure to 12 separate hormone combinations. It was found that any combination of 17 beta-oestradiol with either of the two progestogens used had greater inhibitory potential than when any of three hormones tested was used alone.", "contents": "The effect of sex steroids on the in vitro synthesis of DNA by malignant ovarian tumours. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis of 12 ovarian tumours was studied by means of short term organ tissue culture, exposure to tritiated thymidine and subsequent autoradiography and visual grain counting. The DNA synthesis in each tumour was studied before and after exposure to 12 separate hormone combinations. It was found that any combination of 17 beta-oestradiol with either of the two progestogens used had greater inhibitory potential than when any of three hormones tested was used alone.", "PMID": 687544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7598", "title": "Acute pancreatitis and vitamin K deficiency in pregnancy.", "content": "Two patients with acute pancreatitis in pregnancy are described. In both, bleeding from vitamin K deficiency occurred after the initial attack of pancreatitis and the bleeding tendency was successfully treated with vitamin K.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis and vitamin K deficiency in pregnancy. Two patients with acute pancreatitis in pregnancy are described. In both, bleeding from vitamin K deficiency occurred after the initial attack of pancreatitis and the bleeding tendency was successfully treated with vitamin K.", "PMID": 687545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7599", "title": "Antichlamydial antibody in tears and sera, and serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis isolated from schoolchildren in Southern Tunisia.", "content": "A predominance of TRIC serotype A has been isolated from schoolchildren in a population in Southern Tunisia with severe hyperendemic trachoma. The serotyping results correspond precisely with the serological findings in patients' tears and sera. Geometric mean titres of serum or tear antibody in defined populations or areas can thus give a useful indication of the prevalent serotypes. Collection of tear fluids on sponges is a more practical method than collection by filter paper strips and gives higher levels of antibody. The presence of antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis in tears correlates well with the presence of infectious agent in the eye and with the intensity of conjunctival inflammatory disease. The measurement of antichlamydial tear antibody can thus provide a meaningful index of the prevalence and intensity of active trachoma in a population. The role these antibodies may play in resistance to re-infection is not yet clear.", "contents": "Antichlamydial antibody in tears and sera, and serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis isolated from schoolchildren in Southern Tunisia. A predominance of TRIC serotype A has been isolated from schoolchildren in a population in Southern Tunisia with severe hyperendemic trachoma. The serotyping results correspond precisely with the serological findings in patients' tears and sera. Geometric mean titres of serum or tear antibody in defined populations or areas can thus give a useful indication of the prevalent serotypes. Collection of tear fluids on sponges is a more practical method than collection by filter paper strips and gives higher levels of antibody. The presence of antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis in tears correlates well with the presence of infectious agent in the eye and with the intensity of conjunctival inflammatory disease. The measurement of antichlamydial tear antibody can thus provide a meaningful index of the prevalence and intensity of active trachoma in a population. The role these antibodies may play in resistance to re-infection is not yet clear.", "PMID": 687547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7600", "title": "4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (HMMA) excretion in retinoblastoma.", "content": "4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (HMMA) concentrations in aqueous humour, urine, and serum were simultaneously estimated to determine if these levels were raised in cases of retinoblastoma. The catecholamine content of aqueous humour was significantly higher than that of urine and serum, but as there was no significant difference in the HMMA concentration in retinoblastoma and other non-malignant conditions it seems likely that retinoblastoma is not a catecholamine-secreting tumour.", "contents": "4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (HMMA) excretion in retinoblastoma. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (HMMA) concentrations in aqueous humour, urine, and serum were simultaneously estimated to determine if these levels were raised in cases of retinoblastoma. The catecholamine content of aqueous humour was significantly higher than that of urine and serum, but as there was no significant difference in the HMMA concentration in retinoblastoma and other non-malignant conditions it seems likely that retinoblastoma is not a catecholamine-secreting tumour.", "PMID": 687548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7601", "title": "Ocular saccades in Duane's syndrome.", "content": "Since Hering's law might be affected when paradoxical innervation exists, 10 patients with Duane's syndrome were studied. Eye movements were measured by binocular recording of electro-oculogram. Our study shows clearly that the sound eye's motility is also affected. When adduction of the affected eye is present, Hering's law holds, whereas when adduction is limited this law cannot be demonstrated.", "contents": "Ocular saccades in Duane's syndrome. Since Hering's law might be affected when paradoxical innervation exists, 10 patients with Duane's syndrome were studied. Eye movements were measured by binocular recording of electro-oculogram. Our study shows clearly that the sound eye's motility is also affected. When adduction of the affected eye is present, Hering's law holds, whereas when adduction is limited this law cannot be demonstrated.", "PMID": 687549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7602", "title": "The relationship between head and eye movement in congenital nystagmus with head shaking: objective recordings of a single case.", "content": "Head shaking and congenital nystagmus were recorded in a patient presented with visual tasks. When she was at rest the nystagmus took a 6 cycles per second saw-tooth wave-form. When she was attentive the nystagmus beat at a 2 to 2.6 cycles per second with a saddle-shaped deformation which permitted foveation. The head shaking occurred occasionally when the patient was attentive and was phase-locked to the nystagmus with resemblances in wave form and direction. Deceleration of the head shaking to zero velocity and peak displacement (to the left) coincided with the onset of the saddle of the nystagmus and hence assisted foveation; all other parts of the head-shaking cycle were detrimental to vision. It is proposed that the head shaking has a common pathological origin with the nystagmus and that, just as an isolated congenital nystagmus wave form becomes altered with attention to permit periods of foveal fixation, the pattern of combined head and eye nodding in this patient provided similar peroids of fixation.", "contents": "The relationship between head and eye movement in congenital nystagmus with head shaking: objective recordings of a single case. Head shaking and congenital nystagmus were recorded in a patient presented with visual tasks. When she was at rest the nystagmus took a 6 cycles per second saw-tooth wave-form. When she was attentive the nystagmus beat at a 2 to 2.6 cycles per second with a saddle-shaped deformation which permitted foveation. The head shaking occurred occasionally when the patient was attentive and was phase-locked to the nystagmus with resemblances in wave form and direction. Deceleration of the head shaking to zero velocity and peak displacement (to the left) coincided with the onset of the saddle of the nystagmus and hence assisted foveation; all other parts of the head-shaking cycle were detrimental to vision. It is proposed that the head shaking has a common pathological origin with the nystagmus and that, just as an isolated congenital nystagmus wave form becomes altered with attention to permit periods of foveal fixation, the pattern of combined head and eye nodding in this patient provided similar peroids of fixation.", "PMID": 687550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7603", "title": "Neuro-ophthalmological complications of enlargement of the third ventricle.", "content": "A wide variety of visual sensory and ocular motor problems may occur as a direct result of enlargement of the third ventricle. Four patients are described with optic nerve dysfunction, partial third nerve palsy, proptosis, and Sylvian aqueduct syndrome all resulting from an enlarged third ventricle. The pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Neuro-ophthalmological complications of enlargement of the third ventricle. A wide variety of visual sensory and ocular motor problems may occur as a direct result of enlargement of the third ventricle. Four patients are described with optic nerve dysfunction, partial third nerve palsy, proptosis, and Sylvian aqueduct syndrome all resulting from an enlarged third ventricle. The pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 687551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7604", "title": "Foveo-macular retinitis, solar retinopathy, and trauma.", "content": "Three patients are described with foveal lesions resembling minute holes following trauma. The similarity of the lesions to foveomacular retinitis and solar retinopathy suggests that all these conditions produce a similar, localised neuroretinal lesion with sparing of the pigment epithelium. Loss of the photoreceptors at the fovea would be expected to produce a lesion resembling a small retinal hole.", "contents": "Foveo-macular retinitis, solar retinopathy, and trauma. Three patients are described with foveal lesions resembling minute holes following trauma. The similarity of the lesions to foveomacular retinitis and solar retinopathy suggests that all these conditions produce a similar, localised neuroretinal lesion with sparing of the pigment epithelium. Loss of the photoreceptors at the fovea would be expected to produce a lesion resembling a small retinal hole.", "PMID": 687552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7605", "title": "Senile macular changes in the black African.", "content": "One thousand black African and 380 white Caucasian patients over the age of 50 were examined for evidence of age-related macular changes, namely, drusen, pigment epithelial atrophy, and disciform macular degeneration. Drusen and pigment epithelial changes were found to occur twice as commonly in Caucasians as in Africans; there was a much greater difference in the prevalence of disciform macular degeneration between the 2 groups. The cause of the differences remains unexplained.", "contents": "Senile macular changes in the black African. One thousand black African and 380 white Caucasian patients over the age of 50 were examined for evidence of age-related macular changes, namely, drusen, pigment epithelial atrophy, and disciform macular degeneration. Drusen and pigment epithelial changes were found to occur twice as commonly in Caucasians as in Africans; there was a much greater difference in the prevalence of disciform macular degeneration between the 2 groups. The cause of the differences remains unexplained.", "PMID": 687553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7606", "title": "Senile macular degeneration and geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "The case is reported of a man who had oval areas of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium in paracentral areas which previously had heavy concentrations of drusen OU. This supports the suggestion by others that atrophy of the RPE in senile macular disease may in some cases occur in the absence of previous serous detachment of the RPE.", "contents": "Senile macular degeneration and geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. The case is reported of a man who had oval areas of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium in paracentral areas which previously had heavy concentrations of drusen OU. This supports the suggestion by others that atrophy of the RPE in senile macular disease may in some cases occur in the absence of previous serous detachment of the RPE.", "PMID": 687554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7607", "title": "The perifoveal vasculature in albinism.", "content": "The perifoveal vasculature was studied in a series of patients with oculocutaneous tyrosinase-positive albinism. Fluorescein angiographic studies show a normal distribution of the major retinal blood vessels and in some cases of the capillaries in the macular area of these patients.", "contents": "The perifoveal vasculature in albinism. The perifoveal vasculature was studied in a series of patients with oculocutaneous tyrosinase-positive albinism. Fluorescein angiographic studies show a normal distribution of the major retinal blood vessels and in some cases of the capillaries in the macular area of these patients.", "PMID": 687555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7608", "title": "An unusual macular lesion simulating a neoplasm.", "content": "A 55-year-old woman with reticulum cell sarcoma of the stomach presented with a sudden decrease in vision and acute blood loss anaemia with thrombocytopenia. Superficial retinal haemorrhages were present in both eyes. These haemorrhages were absorbed gradually, yet a large macular mass appeared in the right eye which simulated a neoplasm. This mass disappeared over a period of a few weeks leaving minimal changes in the pigment epithelium and remarkably good visual acuity.", "contents": "An unusual macular lesion simulating a neoplasm. A 55-year-old woman with reticulum cell sarcoma of the stomach presented with a sudden decrease in vision and acute blood loss anaemia with thrombocytopenia. Superficial retinal haemorrhages were present in both eyes. These haemorrhages were absorbed gradually, yet a large macular mass appeared in the right eye which simulated a neoplasm. This mass disappeared over a period of a few weeks leaving minimal changes in the pigment epithelium and remarkably good visual acuity.", "PMID": 687556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7609", "title": "Polymorphous presentations in vitelliform macular dystrophy: subretinal neovascularisation and central choroidal atrophy.", "content": "Two dominantly inherited macular dystrophies demonstrate the difficulty in establishing a diagnosis based on the fundus appearance. In 1 family the propositus presented with unilateral retinal haemorrhage associated with subretinal choroidal neovascularisation which remained unilateral over an 8-year period. In the other family the propositus presented with bilateral central choroidal atrophy. All affected family members had an abnormal electro-oculogram and a normal electroretinogram, suggesting the diagnosis of vitelliform macular dystrophy. Since vitelliform macular dystrophy has a wide range of expressivity, with polymorphous appearances of the fundus, the diagnosis is best made by the presence of a dominant mode of inheritance and an abnormal electro-oculogram.", "contents": "Polymorphous presentations in vitelliform macular dystrophy: subretinal neovascularisation and central choroidal atrophy. Two dominantly inherited macular dystrophies demonstrate the difficulty in establishing a diagnosis based on the fundus appearance. In 1 family the propositus presented with unilateral retinal haemorrhage associated with subretinal choroidal neovascularisation which remained unilateral over an 8-year period. In the other family the propositus presented with bilateral central choroidal atrophy. All affected family members had an abnormal electro-oculogram and a normal electroretinogram, suggesting the diagnosis of vitelliform macular dystrophy. Since vitelliform macular dystrophy has a wide range of expressivity, with polymorphous appearances of the fundus, the diagnosis is best made by the presence of a dominant mode of inheritance and an abnormal electro-oculogram.", "PMID": 687557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7610", "title": "Orbital blood cyst.", "content": "A blood cyst of the orbit is an unusual cause of proptosis and most likely arises in a pre-existing haemangioma. If the cyst occurs at the apex of the orbit the blood should be aspirated. This is followed by excision of the cyst wall, the dissection being done with the aid of an operating microscope. If there is evidence of intracranial connection of the blood cyst, namely, splayed superior orbital fissure or cerebrospinal fluid leak, then the patient should be treated with an antibiotic to prevent intracranial infection.", "contents": "Orbital blood cyst. A blood cyst of the orbit is an unusual cause of proptosis and most likely arises in a pre-existing haemangioma. If the cyst occurs at the apex of the orbit the blood should be aspirated. This is followed by excision of the cyst wall, the dissection being done with the aid of an operating microscope. If there is evidence of intracranial connection of the blood cyst, namely, splayed superior orbital fissure or cerebrospinal fluid leak, then the patient should be treated with an antibiotic to prevent intracranial infection.", "PMID": 687558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7611", "title": "Phosphorus-31 chemical-shift tensors in barium diethyl phosphate and urea-phosphoric acid: model compounds for phospholipid head-group studies.", "content": "The molecular orientations of the 31P chemical-shift tensors in the phosphodiester barium diethyl phosphate (BDEP) and in the nonesterified urea-H3PO4 (UPA) complex were determined from single-crystal studies. Although the tensors possess qualitatively similar orientations, there are differences between the two tensors of the order of 20 degrees. The principal values of the BDEP tensor are within 5% of those found in powder spectra of phospholipids, and, for this and other reasons, which are discussed in detail, we believe BDEP is a good model chemical-shift tensor for lipid phosphate. With the BDEP tensor alone, one can label certain head-group conformations as improbable, and, in conjunction with oriented bilayer spectra, one can determine the conformation of lipid head groups. In addition, we suggest a technique for orienting crystals based on the transformation properties of shift tensors, and we demonstrate this method by applying it to UPA. Finally, our results allow us to assess the effect of shift anisotropy relaxation on 31P liquid spectra at high fields.", "contents": "Phosphorus-31 chemical-shift tensors in barium diethyl phosphate and urea-phosphoric acid: model compounds for phospholipid head-group studies. The molecular orientations of the 31P chemical-shift tensors in the phosphodiester barium diethyl phosphate (BDEP) and in the nonesterified urea-H3PO4 (UPA) complex were determined from single-crystal studies. Although the tensors possess qualitatively similar orientations, there are differences between the two tensors of the order of 20 degrees. The principal values of the BDEP tensor are within 5% of those found in powder spectra of phospholipids, and, for this and other reasons, which are discussed in detail, we believe BDEP is a good model chemical-shift tensor for lipid phosphate. With the BDEP tensor alone, one can label certain head-group conformations as improbable, and, in conjunction with oriented bilayer spectra, one can determine the conformation of lipid head groups. In addition, we suggest a technique for orienting crystals based on the transformation properties of shift tensors, and we demonstrate this method by applying it to UPA. Finally, our results allow us to assess the effect of shift anisotropy relaxation on 31P liquid spectra at high fields.", "PMID": 687559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7612", "title": "Spectroscopic studies of specifically deuterium labeled membrane systems. Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the effects of cholesterol in model systems.", "content": "Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholines specifically labeled in positions 2', 3', 4', 6', 8', 10', 12', and 14', of the 2 chain, of an N-deuteriomethylphosphatidylcholine, and of cholesterol-3alpha-d1, have been obtained by the Fourier transform method at 5.46 and 3.52 T on two \"home-built\" widebore superconducting magnet spectrometers, as a function of temperature and composition. Data on the specifically deuterium-labeled cholesterol molecule (in nonsonicated membrane systems) permits an estimate of the most probable angle of tilt of the sterol in the membrane, and evaluation of the order parameter (Salpha) describing rigid body motions in the bilayer. Segmental order parameters derived from the data presented allow calculation of individual chain segment projections onto the director axis and, consequently, estimation of effective chain length. It is shown that mathematical models which include chain tilt as well as those which neglect this type of rigid body motion give essentially identical results when applied to the dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol bilayer systems (in excess water, between 23 and 60 degrees C). Results of calculations of chain length and membrane thickness of a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-30 mol % cholesterol membrane system at 23 degrees C give excellent agreement when compared with recent high-resolution neutron diffraction data obtained on specifically deuterium labeled lecithin-cholesterol systems. No evidence for formation of lecithin-cholesterol complexes having lifetimes of approximately 30 ms has been found. Below the pure-lipid gel-liquid crystal phase transition temperature Tc but in the presence of cholesterol, we have obtained further evidence for 1-chain/2-chain nonequivalence. At 10 degrees C, the 2' segment of the 2 chain, but not the 2' segment of the 1 chain or the 3', 6', or 12' segments of the 2 chain, is broadened almost beyond detection. These results are in agreement with similar effects reported recently for the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol system and may indicate a bent configuration for the 2 chain, in the lecithin-cholesterol system. Further cooling below Tc results in loss of the 1-chain 2'-position signal intensity plus 2-chain 3', 6', and 12' signals simultaneously. The increase in length of the 2 chain of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine upon addition of 30 mol % cholesterol of 23 degrees C is about 2.3 A. Addition of cholesterol to a choline-labeled lecithin results in complex behavior of the head group deuterium quadrupole splitting as a function of temperature, and cholesterol mole fraction. Above approximately 20 mol % cholesterol, the main effect is a decrease in quadrupole splitting as cholesterol content increases, the opposite effect to that observed with hydrocarbon chains.", "contents": "Spectroscopic studies of specifically deuterium labeled membrane systems. Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the effects of cholesterol in model systems. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholines specifically labeled in positions 2', 3', 4', 6', 8', 10', 12', and 14', of the 2 chain, of an N-deuteriomethylphosphatidylcholine, and of cholesterol-3alpha-d1, have been obtained by the Fourier transform method at 5.46 and 3.52 T on two \"home-built\" widebore superconducting magnet spectrometers, as a function of temperature and composition. Data on the specifically deuterium-labeled cholesterol molecule (in nonsonicated membrane systems) permits an estimate of the most probable angle of tilt of the sterol in the membrane, and evaluation of the order parameter (Salpha) describing rigid body motions in the bilayer. Segmental order parameters derived from the data presented allow calculation of individual chain segment projections onto the director axis and, consequently, estimation of effective chain length. It is shown that mathematical models which include chain tilt as well as those which neglect this type of rigid body motion give essentially identical results when applied to the dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol bilayer systems (in excess water, between 23 and 60 degrees C). Results of calculations of chain length and membrane thickness of a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-30 mol % cholesterol membrane system at 23 degrees C give excellent agreement when compared with recent high-resolution neutron diffraction data obtained on specifically deuterium labeled lecithin-cholesterol systems. No evidence for formation of lecithin-cholesterol complexes having lifetimes of approximately 30 ms has been found. Below the pure-lipid gel-liquid crystal phase transition temperature Tc but in the presence of cholesterol, we have obtained further evidence for 1-chain/2-chain nonequivalence. At 10 degrees C, the 2' segment of the 2 chain, but not the 2' segment of the 1 chain or the 3', 6', or 12' segments of the 2 chain, is broadened almost beyond detection. These results are in agreement with similar effects reported recently for the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol system and may indicate a bent configuration for the 2 chain, in the lecithin-cholesterol system. Further cooling below Tc results in loss of the 1-chain 2'-position signal intensity plus 2-chain 3', 6', and 12' signals simultaneously. The increase in length of the 2 chain of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine upon addition of 30 mol % cholesterol of 23 degrees C is about 2.3 A. Addition of cholesterol to a choline-labeled lecithin results in complex behavior of the head group deuterium quadrupole splitting as a function of temperature, and cholesterol mole fraction. Above approximately 20 mol % cholesterol, the main effect is a decrease in quadrupole splitting as cholesterol content increases, the opposite effect to that observed with hydrocarbon chains.", "PMID": 687560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7613", "title": "Separation and sequence of dipeptides using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of their trimethylsilylated derivatives.", "content": "Dipeptides containing all 20 common amino acids in the amino and carboxyl positions were trimethylsilylated under a variety of conditions. The dipeptides (about 200 of the possible 400) were synthesized by conventional means or derived from polypeptides digested with dipeptidyl aminopeptidase. Derivatives were prepared in high yield by reaction with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide in acetonitrile. Reaction products were identified by mass spectrometry. Numerous stationary phases and supports were compared in the gas chromatographic analysis of the derivatives. Best results were obtained with a 0.2 X 60 cm column packed with Chromosorb 750 coated with a 1% solution of OV-1. All Me3Si dipeptides except those containing arginine eluted in less than 30 min when the column was temperature programmed from 100 to 280 degrees C. The typical mass spectrum of trimethylsilylated dipeptides contains two significant ions used for identification: the ion derived from the amino terminal residue by beta cleavage of the central CH-CO bond and the molecular ion minus a methyl group. Other useful ions also have been noted. A sufficient variety of samples have been examined to establish predictable fragmentations which should allow the identification of all 400 possible dipeptides.", "contents": "Separation and sequence of dipeptides using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of their trimethylsilylated derivatives. Dipeptides containing all 20 common amino acids in the amino and carboxyl positions were trimethylsilylated under a variety of conditions. The dipeptides (about 200 of the possible 400) were synthesized by conventional means or derived from polypeptides digested with dipeptidyl aminopeptidase. Derivatives were prepared in high yield by reaction with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide in acetonitrile. Reaction products were identified by mass spectrometry. Numerous stationary phases and supports were compared in the gas chromatographic analysis of the derivatives. Best results were obtained with a 0.2 X 60 cm column packed with Chromosorb 750 coated with a 1% solution of OV-1. All Me3Si dipeptides except those containing arginine eluted in less than 30 min when the column was temperature programmed from 100 to 280 degrees C. The typical mass spectrum of trimethylsilylated dipeptides contains two significant ions used for identification: the ion derived from the amino terminal residue by beta cleavage of the central CH-CO bond and the molecular ion minus a methyl group. Other useful ions also have been noted. A sufficient variety of samples have been examined to establish predictable fragmentations which should allow the identification of all 400 possible dipeptides.", "PMID": 687562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7614", "title": "Probes of the mechanism of zymogen catalysis.", "content": "Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl esters of several peptides and tert-butyloxycarbonyl amino acids. The best substrate found for chymotrypsinogen was Boc-Ala-ONp and for trypsinogen Z-Gly-Hyp-Gly-ONp. Comparison of the kinetic parameters indicates that in the zymogens the catalytic site is distorted and reduced in effectiveness by about two orders of magnitude, in addition to a 10 000-fold decrease in catalysis due to a distortion of the primary substrate binding site (Kerr, M.A., Walsh, K.A., & Neurath, H. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5566). Using Boc-Ala-ONp as substrate and certain aldehydes and borates as inhibitors, the zymogens were tested for the integrity of the \"oxyanion hole\", but these results were largely inconclusive. Probes for the secondary binding sites indicated their presence in trypsinogen and their absence in chymotrypsinogen.", "contents": "Probes of the mechanism of zymogen catalysis. Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl esters of several peptides and tert-butyloxycarbonyl amino acids. The best substrate found for chymotrypsinogen was Boc-Ala-ONp and for trypsinogen Z-Gly-Hyp-Gly-ONp. Comparison of the kinetic parameters indicates that in the zymogens the catalytic site is distorted and reduced in effectiveness by about two orders of magnitude, in addition to a 10 000-fold decrease in catalysis due to a distortion of the primary substrate binding site (Kerr, M.A., Walsh, K.A., & Neurath, H. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5566). Using Boc-Ala-ONp as substrate and certain aldehydes and borates as inhibitors, the zymogens were tested for the integrity of the \"oxyanion hole\", but these results were largely inconclusive. Probes for the secondary binding sites indicated their presence in trypsinogen and their absence in chymotrypsinogen.", "PMID": 687564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7615", "title": "Structure of mutagen nucleic acid complexes in solution. Proton chemical shifts in 9-aminoacridine complexes with dG-dC, dC-dG, and dA-dT-dG-dC-dA-dT.", "content": "The influence of self-complementary oligodeoxynucleotides on the chemical shifts of protons of the mutagenic acridine dye 9-aminoacridine has been measured. Upfield shifts indicative of intercalative binding are found in the cases of dG-dC, dC-dG, and dA-dT-dG-dC-dA-dT but not in dA-dT. Geometries for the complexes that are compatibile with the chemical-shift data and the X-ray structure of the complex between ri5C-rG and 9-aminoacridine determined by Sakore et al. [Sakore, T.D., Jain, S.C., Tsai, C., and Sobell, H.M. (1977), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 188--192] can be identified using recent theoretical estimates of shifts induced by nucleotide bases.", "contents": "Structure of mutagen nucleic acid complexes in solution. Proton chemical shifts in 9-aminoacridine complexes with dG-dC, dC-dG, and dA-dT-dG-dC-dA-dT. The influence of self-complementary oligodeoxynucleotides on the chemical shifts of protons of the mutagenic acridine dye 9-aminoacridine has been measured. Upfield shifts indicative of intercalative binding are found in the cases of dG-dC, dC-dG, and dA-dT-dG-dC-dA-dT but not in dA-dT. Geometries for the complexes that are compatibile with the chemical-shift data and the X-ray structure of the complex between ri5C-rG and 9-aminoacridine determined by Sakore et al. [Sakore, T.D., Jain, S.C., Tsai, C., and Sobell, H.M. (1977), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 188--192] can be identified using recent theoretical estimates of shifts induced by nucleotide bases.", "PMID": 687569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7616", "title": "Infrared spectroscopy of polynucleotides in the carbonyl region in H2O solution: A.U systems.", "content": "Strong absorbance of water at 1645 cm-1 has previously prevented dependable observation of infrared spectra of H2O solutions in the carbonyl region. We have obtained reliable spectra in pure water and in alcohol-water mixtures in this region and used them to study A.U polynucleotide interaction. Spectra in pure water were obtained by computer subtraction of solvent from that of solution measured in short path length cells. Mixed solvents, by diluting the water, permit use of longer cells and standard double-beam compensation methods. Poly(adenylic acid) in H20 solution has a strong NH2 deformation band at 1659 cm-1 coupled to an A ring vibration at 1605 cm-1. Poly(uridylic acid) has a broad band at approximately 1695 cm-1, predominantly C2 carbonyl stretch, an unresolved CR carbonyl band (probably near 1660 cm-1), and a ring vibration at approximately 1636 cm-1. The large changes these spectra undergo when helical structures are formed are discussed and compared with changes observed in D2O.", "contents": "Infrared spectroscopy of polynucleotides in the carbonyl region in H2O solution: A.U systems. Strong absorbance of water at 1645 cm-1 has previously prevented dependable observation of infrared spectra of H2O solutions in the carbonyl region. We have obtained reliable spectra in pure water and in alcohol-water mixtures in this region and used them to study A.U polynucleotide interaction. Spectra in pure water were obtained by computer subtraction of solvent from that of solution measured in short path length cells. Mixed solvents, by diluting the water, permit use of longer cells and standard double-beam compensation methods. Poly(adenylic acid) in H20 solution has a strong NH2 deformation band at 1659 cm-1 coupled to an A ring vibration at 1605 cm-1. Poly(uridylic acid) has a broad band at approximately 1695 cm-1, predominantly C2 carbonyl stretch, an unresolved CR carbonyl band (probably near 1660 cm-1), and a ring vibration at approximately 1636 cm-1. The large changes these spectra undergo when helical structures are formed are discussed and compared with changes observed in D2O.", "PMID": 687570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7617", "title": "Organization of 5-methylcytosine in chromosomal DNA.", "content": "The 5-methylcytosine residues of L-cells have been labeled with [methyl-3H]-L-methionine and their chromatin localization studied using deoxyribonucleases. The kinetics of micrococcal nuclease digestion showed that the methylated cytosine residues are concentrated within regions resistant to nuclease digestion and preferentially missing from those regions between nucleosomes which are nuclease sensitive. Using DNA hybridization kinetic analysis, it is shown that 5-methylcytosine is abundant in highly repeated sequences but is also present in middle repetitive and unique sequence DNA.", "contents": "Organization of 5-methylcytosine in chromosomal DNA. The 5-methylcytosine residues of L-cells have been labeled with [methyl-3H]-L-methionine and their chromatin localization studied using deoxyribonucleases. The kinetics of micrococcal nuclease digestion showed that the methylated cytosine residues are concentrated within regions resistant to nuclease digestion and preferentially missing from those regions between nucleosomes which are nuclease sensitive. Using DNA hybridization kinetic analysis, it is shown that 5-methylcytosine is abundant in highly repeated sequences but is also present in middle repetitive and unique sequence DNA.", "PMID": 687571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7618", "title": "T4 polynucleotide ligase catalyzed joining on triple-stranded nucleic acids.", "content": "dT1O will form triple-stranded complexes with dAn and these complexes can serve as substrate for T4 polynucleotide ligase (EC 6.5.1.1). The rate of phosphodiester formation was found to be approximately the same as for the double-stranded complex and, furthermore, the rate appears to be similar on the two strands in the complex. Joining of dT1O also took place in the presence of the double-stranded complexes dAn.dTn and dAn.rUn. Polyamines increase the rate of joining catalyzed by T4 polynucleotide ligase under certain conditions.", "contents": "T4 polynucleotide ligase catalyzed joining on triple-stranded nucleic acids. dT1O will form triple-stranded complexes with dAn and these complexes can serve as substrate for T4 polynucleotide ligase (EC 6.5.1.1). The rate of phosphodiester formation was found to be approximately the same as for the double-stranded complex and, furthermore, the rate appears to be similar on the two strands in the complex. Joining of dT1O also took place in the presence of the double-stranded complexes dAn.dTn and dAn.rUn. Polyamines increase the rate of joining catalyzed by T4 polynucleotide ligase under certain conditions.", "PMID": 687572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7619", "title": "Conformational analysis of pyridoxal Schiff's bases. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the conformations about the C4-C4', Calpha-Cbeta, and N-Calpha bonds of the pyridoxal Schiff's bases of amino acids.", "content": "The solution conformations of a series of pyridoxal-amino acid Schiff's bases were analyzed using 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The 13C--1H coupling constants were assigned based on model compounds and isotopic labeling. The predominant conformation of the the C4--C4' bond was found to be \"cis\" based on nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) measurements and the \"simultaneous\" upfield shift of both H4' and H5' in the Schiff's bases of aromatic amino acids. Going from the monoanion (pD 8.2) to the dianion (pD 12.3), changes in these two effects suggested an increasing contribution of the \"trans\" conformer. The conformation of the N--Calpha bond was found to be approximately the same for all the Schiff's bases studied based on the long-range coupling constants 3J(C4'--Halpha) of these compounds, and the NOE studies indicate that there is a close spatial relationship between H4' and Halpha. The conformations of the Calpha--Cbeta bond of the Schiff's bases of aromatic amino acids were determined by stereospecific deuterium labeling at the beta position. A pi--pi interaction between the aromatic ring and the pi system of pyridoxal was observed which disappeared upon saturation of the aromatic ring.", "contents": "Conformational analysis of pyridoxal Schiff's bases. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the conformations about the C4-C4', Calpha-Cbeta, and N-Calpha bonds of the pyridoxal Schiff's bases of amino acids. The solution conformations of a series of pyridoxal-amino acid Schiff's bases were analyzed using 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The 13C--1H coupling constants were assigned based on model compounds and isotopic labeling. The predominant conformation of the the C4--C4' bond was found to be \"cis\" based on nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) measurements and the \"simultaneous\" upfield shift of both H4' and H5' in the Schiff's bases of aromatic amino acids. Going from the monoanion (pD 8.2) to the dianion (pD 12.3), changes in these two effects suggested an increasing contribution of the \"trans\" conformer. The conformation of the N--Calpha bond was found to be approximately the same for all the Schiff's bases studied based on the long-range coupling constants 3J(C4'--Halpha) of these compounds, and the NOE studies indicate that there is a close spatial relationship between H4' and Halpha. The conformations of the Calpha--Cbeta bond of the Schiff's bases of aromatic amino acids were determined by stereospecific deuterium labeling at the beta position. A pi--pi interaction between the aromatic ring and the pi system of pyridoxal was observed which disappeared upon saturation of the aromatic ring.", "PMID": 687573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7620", "title": "Conformation-reactivity relationship for pyridoxal Schiff's bases. Rates of racemization and alpha-hydrogen exchange of the pyridoxal Schiff's bases of amino acids.", "content": "The role of stereoelectronic effects in controlling the reaction specificity of biological reactions involving pyridoxal phosphate-amino acid Schiff's bases was tested with nonenzymatic models. The rates of racemization and Halpha exchange of a series of pyridoxal-amino acid Schiff's bases were determined. The order of these rates does not parallel the predictions based solely on electronic or steric effect, but parallels the proportions of the reactive conformers (e.g., conformers with the Calpha--Halpha bond orthogonal to the pi system) estimated by CPK models. The special reactivity of the phenylalanine Schiff's base was consistent with a special conformation in which some type of pi--pi interaction increases the proportion of exchangeable conformers, thus further substantiating the role of conformation in governing the reactivity of the Calpha--Halpha bond. Furthermore, semiempirical calculations of the conformation about the Calpha00N bond were performed using the CAMSEA conformational analysis program. The results of conformational calculations are consistent with the results of conformational analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance. The order of reactivity of the the Calpha--Halpha bond of the SB dianion, pH 12.0, predicted by calculation based on stereoelectronic effects, though not quantatively parallel to the observed rate constants, is qualitatively in agreement with the experimental results.", "contents": "Conformation-reactivity relationship for pyridoxal Schiff's bases. Rates of racemization and alpha-hydrogen exchange of the pyridoxal Schiff's bases of amino acids. The role of stereoelectronic effects in controlling the reaction specificity of biological reactions involving pyridoxal phosphate-amino acid Schiff's bases was tested with nonenzymatic models. The rates of racemization and Halpha exchange of a series of pyridoxal-amino acid Schiff's bases were determined. The order of these rates does not parallel the predictions based solely on electronic or steric effect, but parallels the proportions of the reactive conformers (e.g., conformers with the Calpha--Halpha bond orthogonal to the pi system) estimated by CPK models. The special reactivity of the phenylalanine Schiff's base was consistent with a special conformation in which some type of pi--pi interaction increases the proportion of exchangeable conformers, thus further substantiating the role of conformation in governing the reactivity of the Calpha--Halpha bond. Furthermore, semiempirical calculations of the conformation about the Calpha00N bond were performed using the CAMSEA conformational analysis program. The results of conformational calculations are consistent with the results of conformational analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance. The order of reactivity of the the Calpha--Halpha bond of the SB dianion, pH 12.0, predicted by calculation based on stereoelectronic effects, though not quantatively parallel to the observed rate constants, is qualitatively in agreement with the experimental results.", "PMID": 687574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7621", "title": "Effect of membrane phospholipid compositional changes on adenylate cyclase in LM cells.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase activities were examined in mouse LM cell membranes which had been supplemented with polar head groups and/or fatty acids. Basal, fluoride-, and PGE1-stimulated activities varied systematically with changes in phospholipid composition, and PGE1-stimulated activities correlated with the average degree of unsaturation of the phospholipid fatty acids or with the primary amino group character of the phospholipid polar head groups. In addition, the Km for ATP of basal adenylate cyclase was systematically changed by both polar head group and fatty acid supplementation. Alteration of the membrane lipid composition also changed the temperature dependence of the enzyme and the lag time between addition of PGE1 and the onset of a change in catalytic rate. However, none of the alterations in the enzyme activity could be correlated with the viscosities of supplemented membranes and, instead, seemed to be characteristic for a specific polar head group or fatty acid composition. The data suggest a specific interaction of the enzyme with phospholipids and indicate that structural features of phospholipids may play a role in regulating adenylate cyclase activity. It is proposed that adenylate cyclase can exist in several different conformations in the membrane depending upon the phospholipid composition.", "contents": "Effect of membrane phospholipid compositional changes on adenylate cyclase in LM cells. Adenylate cyclase activities were examined in mouse LM cell membranes which had been supplemented with polar head groups and/or fatty acids. Basal, fluoride-, and PGE1-stimulated activities varied systematically with changes in phospholipid composition, and PGE1-stimulated activities correlated with the average degree of unsaturation of the phospholipid fatty acids or with the primary amino group character of the phospholipid polar head groups. In addition, the Km for ATP of basal adenylate cyclase was systematically changed by both polar head group and fatty acid supplementation. Alteration of the membrane lipid composition also changed the temperature dependence of the enzyme and the lag time between addition of PGE1 and the onset of a change in catalytic rate. However, none of the alterations in the enzyme activity could be correlated with the viscosities of supplemented membranes and, instead, seemed to be characteristic for a specific polar head group or fatty acid composition. The data suggest a specific interaction of the enzyme with phospholipids and indicate that structural features of phospholipids may play a role in regulating adenylate cyclase activity. It is proposed that adenylate cyclase can exist in several different conformations in the membrane depending upon the phospholipid composition.", "PMID": 687576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7622", "title": "Further studies on the interaction between polynucleotides and antibodies to poly(inosinic acid). poly(cytidylic acid).", "content": "Interactions between antibodies to poly(inosinic acid).poly(cytidylic acid) [poly(I).poly(C)] (or Fab fragments) and double-stranded polynucleotides have been studied by several techniques. In quantitative precipitation tests, the amounts of precipitated antibodies depend upon salt concentration. This effect of salt is reversible. From the comparison of the association constants (deduced from fluorescence measurements) for the binding of Fab fragments to several polynucleotides, a direct interaction between atoms or groups of the bases, which can be involved in hydrogen bonds, can be excluded. The complexes between poly(I).poly(C) and Fab fragments interact with ethidium bromide. The association constants for the binding of ethidium bromide to poly(I).poly(C) and to poly(I).poly(C)-Fab fragments complexes are about the same, but Fab fragments reduce the number of base pairs available to ethidium bromide binding. At saturation of poly(I).poly(C) by Fab fragments, the number of binding sites of ethidium bromide is only reduced by a factor of two. It is concluded that all the nucleotide residues covered by the Fab fragment binding site do not interact with the amino acid residues. Circular dichroism studies of the complexes between Fab fragments and polynucleotides are in favor of some conformational change of the polynucleotides.", "contents": "Further studies on the interaction between polynucleotides and antibodies to poly(inosinic acid). poly(cytidylic acid). Interactions between antibodies to poly(inosinic acid).poly(cytidylic acid) [poly(I).poly(C)] (or Fab fragments) and double-stranded polynucleotides have been studied by several techniques. In quantitative precipitation tests, the amounts of precipitated antibodies depend upon salt concentration. This effect of salt is reversible. From the comparison of the association constants (deduced from fluorescence measurements) for the binding of Fab fragments to several polynucleotides, a direct interaction between atoms or groups of the bases, which can be involved in hydrogen bonds, can be excluded. The complexes between poly(I).poly(C) and Fab fragments interact with ethidium bromide. The association constants for the binding of ethidium bromide to poly(I).poly(C) and to poly(I).poly(C)-Fab fragments complexes are about the same, but Fab fragments reduce the number of base pairs available to ethidium bromide binding. At saturation of poly(I).poly(C) by Fab fragments, the number of binding sites of ethidium bromide is only reduced by a factor of two. It is concluded that all the nucleotide residues covered by the Fab fragment binding site do not interact with the amino acid residues. Circular dichroism studies of the complexes between Fab fragments and polynucleotides are in favor of some conformational change of the polynucleotides.", "PMID": 687577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7623", "title": "Characterization of the poly(adenylic acid) sequences in RNA synthesized in vitro by mouse myeloma nuclei.", "content": "The size and quantity of poly(A)sequences made by mouse myeloma nuclei in vitro are dependent on the concentration of KCI, ATP, other ribonucleoside triphosphates, as well as the nature of the divalent cation in the reaction medium. Reduction of the KC1 concentration from 120 mM to 5 mM, for example, stimulates poly(A) synthesis 10- to 20-fold. These poly (A) sequences are similar in size to cellular nuclear poly(A), but the RNA molecules to which they are attached are much shorter than poly(A) containing RNA molecules made at 120 mM KC1. Presence of Mn2+ in the medium led to a much more heterogenous population of poly(A) sequences. From such observations we have found reaction conditions in which nuclei synthesize molecules that resemble native nuclear poly(A) + RNA. Not only are the lengths and amounts of the poly(A) sequences similar, but they also undergo a terminal turnover like that of the poly(A) in hnRNA. An oligo(A) sequence that resembles the oligo(A) found in non-poly(A) containing hnRNA of mouse myeloma and HeLa cells is also synthesized in vitro. These observations suggest that some processing functions are retained during the in vitro incubation of these nuclei.", "contents": "Characterization of the poly(adenylic acid) sequences in RNA synthesized in vitro by mouse myeloma nuclei. The size and quantity of poly(A)sequences made by mouse myeloma nuclei in vitro are dependent on the concentration of KCI, ATP, other ribonucleoside triphosphates, as well as the nature of the divalent cation in the reaction medium. Reduction of the KC1 concentration from 120 mM to 5 mM, for example, stimulates poly(A) synthesis 10- to 20-fold. These poly (A) sequences are similar in size to cellular nuclear poly(A), but the RNA molecules to which they are attached are much shorter than poly(A) containing RNA molecules made at 120 mM KC1. Presence of Mn2+ in the medium led to a much more heterogenous population of poly(A) sequences. From such observations we have found reaction conditions in which nuclei synthesize molecules that resemble native nuclear poly(A) + RNA. Not only are the lengths and amounts of the poly(A) sequences similar, but they also undergo a terminal turnover like that of the poly(A) in hnRNA. An oligo(A) sequence that resembles the oligo(A) found in non-poly(A) containing hnRNA of mouse myeloma and HeLa cells is also synthesized in vitro. These observations suggest that some processing functions are retained during the in vitro incubation of these nuclei.", "PMID": 687578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7624", "title": "Procollagen complementary DNA, a probe for messenger RNA purification and the number of type I collagen genes.", "content": "Type I procollagen mRNAs were separated from contaminating low-abundance messenger and nuclear RNAs by chromatography over Sepharose 4B in 0.65 M NaCl at room temperature. All of 27S rRNA and four-fifths of procollagen mRNAs bind to Sepharose under these conditions, while 18S rRNA and about three-fourths of other poly(A)-containing RNAs do not bind. AMV reverse transcriptase was used to prepare complementary DNA to procollagen mRNA at each purification step. Hybridization studies, in RNA excess, were carried out to establish the enrichment at each step both with respect to total RNA and to poly(A)-containing RNA. While \"purified\" procollagen mRNA preparations still consist of about 50% 27S rRNA, over 80% of cDNA prepared from it back hybridizes to its template at a log of cr0t1/2 of -1.9. This type I procollagen cDNA hybridizes in DNA excess to DNA isolated from chicken erythrocytes and from embryonic chick calvaria at a log c0t1/2 of 3.1, demonstrating that procollagen cDNA is complementary to unique gene sequences in both tissues and that procollagen genes are not reiterated.", "contents": "Procollagen complementary DNA, a probe for messenger RNA purification and the number of type I collagen genes. Type I procollagen mRNAs were separated from contaminating low-abundance messenger and nuclear RNAs by chromatography over Sepharose 4B in 0.65 M NaCl at room temperature. All of 27S rRNA and four-fifths of procollagen mRNAs bind to Sepharose under these conditions, while 18S rRNA and about three-fourths of other poly(A)-containing RNAs do not bind. AMV reverse transcriptase was used to prepare complementary DNA to procollagen mRNA at each purification step. Hybridization studies, in RNA excess, were carried out to establish the enrichment at each step both with respect to total RNA and to poly(A)-containing RNA. While \"purified\" procollagen mRNA preparations still consist of about 50% 27S rRNA, over 80% of cDNA prepared from it back hybridizes to its template at a log of cr0t1/2 of -1.9. This type I procollagen cDNA hybridizes in DNA excess to DNA isolated from chicken erythrocytes and from embryonic chick calvaria at a log c0t1/2 of 3.1, demonstrating that procollagen cDNA is complementary to unique gene sequences in both tissues and that procollagen genes are not reiterated.", "PMID": 687581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7625", "title": "Developmental regulation in cotton seed germination: polyadenylation of stored messenger RNA.", "content": "Evidence that RNA preexisting in the cotyledons of mature cotton seed (stored mRNA) is polyadenylated during the first day of germination is presented, based on three different experimental data sets. First, actinomycin D is found to inhibit 32PO4 incorporation into mRNA-poly(A) by 62%, into mRNA by 70%, but into poly(A) only 30%. Second, far more 32PO4 and [2-3H]adenosine are incorporated into the poly(A) portion of mRNA-poly(A) than into the mRNA portion as would be expected from their relative sizes and base composition. This underlabeling of the mRNA moiety is enhanced when cotyledons are germinated in actinomycin D. However, an expected distribution of the isotopes between the mRNA and poly(A) moieties is found in cotyledons labeled later in germination. Third, spectral measurements of the absolute amount of mRNA-poly(A) accumulated during the first day of germination in cotyledons germinated in actinomycin D are larger than would be expected from the 70% inhibition of mRNA labeling caused by the drug. The three sets of data suggest that over 50% of the total mass of mRNA polyadenylated during early germination exists in the mature seed. Its complexity, however, has not been measured. These data may explain the sensitivity of much of germination enzyme synthesis to inhibition by 3'dAdo during early germination and its insensitivity to actinomycin D during this period.", "contents": "Developmental regulation in cotton seed germination: polyadenylation of stored messenger RNA. Evidence that RNA preexisting in the cotyledons of mature cotton seed (stored mRNA) is polyadenylated during the first day of germination is presented, based on three different experimental data sets. First, actinomycin D is found to inhibit 32PO4 incorporation into mRNA-poly(A) by 62%, into mRNA by 70%, but into poly(A) only 30%. Second, far more 32PO4 and [2-3H]adenosine are incorporated into the poly(A) portion of mRNA-poly(A) than into the mRNA portion as would be expected from their relative sizes and base composition. This underlabeling of the mRNA moiety is enhanced when cotyledons are germinated in actinomycin D. However, an expected distribution of the isotopes between the mRNA and poly(A) moieties is found in cotyledons labeled later in germination. Third, spectral measurements of the absolute amount of mRNA-poly(A) accumulated during the first day of germination in cotyledons germinated in actinomycin D are larger than would be expected from the 70% inhibition of mRNA labeling caused by the drug. The three sets of data suggest that over 50% of the total mass of mRNA polyadenylated during early germination exists in the mature seed. Its complexity, however, has not been measured. These data may explain the sensitivity of much of germination enzyme synthesis to inhibition by 3'dAdo during early germination and its insensitivity to actinomycin D during this period.", "PMID": 687582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7626", "title": "Biochemical and electron microscopic characterization of DNA-RNA complexes from HeLa cell mitochondria.", "content": "The previous electron microscopic investigations on the occurrence in HeLa cell mitochondria of transcription complexes of mitochondrial DNA [Aloni, Y., and Attardi, G. (1972a), J. Mol. Biol. 70, 363-373] have been extended with the aim of obtaining these complexes in a reasonably pure form for biochemical analysis. By using conditions designed to minimize losses of such structures and any possible contamination by nuclear DNA, it has been shown that a substantial fraction (40 to 50%) of mitochondrial DNA can be isolated from exponentially growing HeLa cells in the form of fastsedimenting complexes with RNA. These complexes have been characterized with respect to density and sedimentation properties, content in newly synthesized RNA, stability of the association of RNA with DNA, presence of different forms of mitochondrial DNA, and electron microscopic appearance. The properties of these complexes, as well as the results of reconstruction experiments, strongly suggest that the majority of such structures represent true transcriptional intermediates. The occurrence in this fraction of replicating or newly replicated mitochondrial DNA molecules has been observed. Although the presence of single-stranded DNA segments makes the replicative intermediates particularly susceptible to aggregation with free RNA, electron microscopic observations point to the possibility that these intermediates may be recruited for transcription.", "contents": "Biochemical and electron microscopic characterization of DNA-RNA complexes from HeLa cell mitochondria. The previous electron microscopic investigations on the occurrence in HeLa cell mitochondria of transcription complexes of mitochondrial DNA [Aloni, Y., and Attardi, G. (1972a), J. Mol. Biol. 70, 363-373] have been extended with the aim of obtaining these complexes in a reasonably pure form for biochemical analysis. By using conditions designed to minimize losses of such structures and any possible contamination by nuclear DNA, it has been shown that a substantial fraction (40 to 50%) of mitochondrial DNA can be isolated from exponentially growing HeLa cells in the form of fastsedimenting complexes with RNA. These complexes have been characterized with respect to density and sedimentation properties, content in newly synthesized RNA, stability of the association of RNA with DNA, presence of different forms of mitochondrial DNA, and electron microscopic appearance. The properties of these complexes, as well as the results of reconstruction experiments, strongly suggest that the majority of such structures represent true transcriptional intermediates. The occurrence in this fraction of replicating or newly replicated mitochondrial DNA molecules has been observed. Although the presence of single-stranded DNA segments makes the replicative intermediates particularly susceptible to aggregation with free RNA, electron microscopic observations point to the possibility that these intermediates may be recruited for transcription.", "PMID": 687584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7627", "title": "Covalent structure of collagen: amino acid sequence of five consecutive CNBr peptides from type III collagen of human liver.", "content": "Type III collagen was solubilized from human liver by limited pepsin digestion and purified by differential salt precipitation and carboxymethylcellulose chromatography. Digestion with cyanogen bromide yielded the nine distinct peptides previously described and an additional tripeptide not recognized in earlier studies. Five of these peptides, alpha1 (III)-CB1, 2, 4, 8, and 10, were further purified by molecular sieve and/or ion exchange chromatography. They contained 12, 40, 149, 125 and 3 amino acid residues, respectively. The amino acid sequence of these peptides was determined by automated Edman degradation of tryptic (before and after maleylation), chymotryptic, thermolytic or hydroxylamine-derived peptide fragments as well as the intact peptides. The alignment of these five peptides within the collagen chain is deduced to be 1-8-10-2-4 by homology with known alpha1 (I) sequences. The known CNBr peptide alignment of the NH2-terminal portion of type III collagen so far would, therefore, be alpha1 (III)-CB3-7-6-1-8-10-2-4 and correspond to the homologous region of alpha1 (I)-CB0-1-2-4-5-8-3 or residues 11-567 of the alpha1 (III) collagen chain.", "contents": "Covalent structure of collagen: amino acid sequence of five consecutive CNBr peptides from type III collagen of human liver. Type III collagen was solubilized from human liver by limited pepsin digestion and purified by differential salt precipitation and carboxymethylcellulose chromatography. Digestion with cyanogen bromide yielded the nine distinct peptides previously described and an additional tripeptide not recognized in earlier studies. Five of these peptides, alpha1 (III)-CB1, 2, 4, 8, and 10, were further purified by molecular sieve and/or ion exchange chromatography. They contained 12, 40, 149, 125 and 3 amino acid residues, respectively. The amino acid sequence of these peptides was determined by automated Edman degradation of tryptic (before and after maleylation), chymotryptic, thermolytic or hydroxylamine-derived peptide fragments as well as the intact peptides. The alignment of these five peptides within the collagen chain is deduced to be 1-8-10-2-4 by homology with known alpha1 (I) sequences. The known CNBr peptide alignment of the NH2-terminal portion of type III collagen so far would, therefore, be alpha1 (III)-CB3-7-6-1-8-10-2-4 and correspond to the homologous region of alpha1 (I)-CB0-1-2-4-5-8-3 or residues 11-567 of the alpha1 (III) collagen chain.", "PMID": 687591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7628", "title": "Structural studies on rabbit transferrin: isolation and characterization of the glycopeptides.", "content": "The structure of rabbit transferrin was investigated with regard to number, size, and composition of the heteropolysaccharide units and their relative location on the polypeptide chain. The composition and molecular weight of the Pronase glycopeptides revealed that rabbit transferrin contains two heteropolysaccharide units, each composed of 2 sialic acid residues, 2 galactose residues, 3 mannose residues, and 4-N-acetylglucosamine residues. The composition and molecular weight of the tryptic glycopeptides further substantiated the existence of two identical heteropolysaccharide units and revealed that both units have identical amino acid residues in the immediate vicinity of the carbohydrate attachment sites to the polypeptide chain, suggesting a sequence homology surrounding the two glycosylation sites. Characterization of the cyanogen bromide fragments from rabbit transferrin indicated that both heteropolysaccharide units are located within a single polypeptide fragment representing approximately one-third of the molecule.", "contents": "Structural studies on rabbit transferrin: isolation and characterization of the glycopeptides. The structure of rabbit transferrin was investigated with regard to number, size, and composition of the heteropolysaccharide units and their relative location on the polypeptide chain. The composition and molecular weight of the Pronase glycopeptides revealed that rabbit transferrin contains two heteropolysaccharide units, each composed of 2 sialic acid residues, 2 galactose residues, 3 mannose residues, and 4-N-acetylglucosamine residues. The composition and molecular weight of the tryptic glycopeptides further substantiated the existence of two identical heteropolysaccharide units and revealed that both units have identical amino acid residues in the immediate vicinity of the carbohydrate attachment sites to the polypeptide chain, suggesting a sequence homology surrounding the two glycosylation sites. Characterization of the cyanogen bromide fragments from rabbit transferrin indicated that both heteropolysaccharide units are located within a single polypeptide fragment representing approximately one-third of the molecule.", "PMID": 687592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7629", "title": "Use of dyes to estimate the electrical potential of the mitochondrial membrane.", "content": "A number of cationic or anionic fluorescent dyes were investigated as possible monitors of the membrane potential of rat liver mitochondria, and giant mitochondria isolated from the liver of mice maintained on a diet containing cuprizone. The fluorescence of four dyes (8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid, merocyanine 540, 3,3'-dipropyl-thiocarbocyanine, and bis[1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid-(5)]-pentamethine oxonol) was found to respond appropriately to changes in an apparent K+ diffusion potential. Generally, valinomycin-induced K+ diffusion potentials as calculated using the Nernst equation were used to calibrate the dependence of the fluorescence on the membrane potential. The appropriateness of this approach was verified for two dyes using microelectrodes in giant mitochondria. The apparent membrane potential change induced by the addition of succinate was variable but was very low and generally less than 60 mV in magnitude. The results are consistent with the notion that a large membrane potential is not established upon the initiation of metabolism and that the membrane potential does not play a significant role in the observed ADP phosphorylation.", "contents": "Use of dyes to estimate the electrical potential of the mitochondrial membrane. A number of cationic or anionic fluorescent dyes were investigated as possible monitors of the membrane potential of rat liver mitochondria, and giant mitochondria isolated from the liver of mice maintained on a diet containing cuprizone. The fluorescence of four dyes (8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid, merocyanine 540, 3,3'-dipropyl-thiocarbocyanine, and bis[1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid-(5)]-pentamethine oxonol) was found to respond appropriately to changes in an apparent K+ diffusion potential. Generally, valinomycin-induced K+ diffusion potentials as calculated using the Nernst equation were used to calibrate the dependence of the fluorescence on the membrane potential. The appropriateness of this approach was verified for two dyes using microelectrodes in giant mitochondria. The apparent membrane potential change induced by the addition of succinate was variable but was very low and generally less than 60 mV in magnitude. The results are consistent with the notion that a large membrane potential is not established upon the initiation of metabolism and that the membrane potential does not play a significant role in the observed ADP phosphorylation.", "PMID": 687593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7630", "title": "Sulfhydryls of platelet tubulin: their role in polymerization and colchicine binding.", "content": "Sulfhydryls and disulfides of platelet tubulin have been quantified, their accessibility and reactivity measured, and their role in polymerization and colchicine binding evaluated. Platelet tubulin isolated by two cycles of temperature-dependent polymerization--depolymerization was found to contain 12 free sulfhydryl groups per tubulin monomer all of which reacted rapidly with p-chloromercuribenzoate. One sulfhydryl was inaccessible to dithiobis(nitrobenzoic acid). Under anaerobic conditions of tubulin extraction, one intrachain disulfide bridge was found per tubulin monomer. Polymerization of tubulin reduced the number of sulfhydryls by one which were able to react with p-chloromercuribenzoate or dithiobis(nicotinic acid) but did not affect the disulfide bridge. Polymerizability of platelet tubulin was very sensitive to blocking of free sulfhydryl groups. Complete inhibition of microtubule assembly was obtained when the number of free sulfhydryls per tubulin was reduced by 3 but could be reversed by the addition of dithiothreitol. Colchicine binding, on the other hand, was only minimally influenced by blocking of sulfhydryls.", "contents": "Sulfhydryls of platelet tubulin: their role in polymerization and colchicine binding. Sulfhydryls and disulfides of platelet tubulin have been quantified, their accessibility and reactivity measured, and their role in polymerization and colchicine binding evaluated. Platelet tubulin isolated by two cycles of temperature-dependent polymerization--depolymerization was found to contain 12 free sulfhydryl groups per tubulin monomer all of which reacted rapidly with p-chloromercuribenzoate. One sulfhydryl was inaccessible to dithiobis(nitrobenzoic acid). Under anaerobic conditions of tubulin extraction, one intrachain disulfide bridge was found per tubulin monomer. Polymerization of tubulin reduced the number of sulfhydryls by one which were able to react with p-chloromercuribenzoate or dithiobis(nicotinic acid) but did not affect the disulfide bridge. Polymerizability of platelet tubulin was very sensitive to blocking of free sulfhydryl groups. Complete inhibition of microtubule assembly was obtained when the number of free sulfhydryls per tubulin was reduced by 3 but could be reversed by the addition of dithiothreitol. Colchicine binding, on the other hand, was only minimally influenced by blocking of sulfhydryls.", "PMID": 687596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7631", "title": "Isolation of six novel phosphoinositol-containing sphingolipids from tobacco leaves.", "content": "A concentrate of phosphosphingolipids from tobacco leaves has been resolved into two groups by chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose. The first group eluted contains no acetyl residues, whereas the second group contains one N-acetyl/mol of phosphorus. Three lipids from each group have been purified by chromatography on Porasil columns. The chemical composition of these six novel lipids shows them to be related to the previously characterized phosphosphingolipids PSL-I, N-acetylglucosamine[glucuronic acid, inositol phosphate]ceramide and PSL-II, glucosamine[glucuronic acid, inositol phosphate] ceramide [Kaul, K.,and Lester,R. L. (1975), Plant Physiol. 55, 120]. The novel lipids are: PSL-IA, PSL-I-[Ara2Gal2]; PSL-IB, PSL-I-[Ara3Gal2]; PSL-IC, PSL-I-[Ara4Gal2]; PSL-IIA, PSL-II-[Ara3Gal]; PSL-IIB, PSL-II-[Ara2or3Gal2]; PSL-IIC, PSL-II-[Ara2Gal2Man]. The unusual finding of unacetylated hexosamine in the PSL-II group of lipids appears not to be an artifact, as suggested by experiments involving rapid harvesting and processing of the tobacco leaves. Some of the fractions obtained by chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose appear to contain phosphosphingolipids with 16 or more sugar residues.", "contents": "Isolation of six novel phosphoinositol-containing sphingolipids from tobacco leaves. A concentrate of phosphosphingolipids from tobacco leaves has been resolved into two groups by chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose. The first group eluted contains no acetyl residues, whereas the second group contains one N-acetyl/mol of phosphorus. Three lipids from each group have been purified by chromatography on Porasil columns. The chemical composition of these six novel lipids shows them to be related to the previously characterized phosphosphingolipids PSL-I, N-acetylglucosamine[glucuronic acid, inositol phosphate]ceramide and PSL-II, glucosamine[glucuronic acid, inositol phosphate] ceramide [Kaul, K.,and Lester,R. L. (1975), Plant Physiol. 55, 120]. The novel lipids are: PSL-IA, PSL-I-[Ara2Gal2]; PSL-IB, PSL-I-[Ara3Gal2]; PSL-IC, PSL-I-[Ara4Gal2]; PSL-IIA, PSL-II-[Ara3Gal]; PSL-IIB, PSL-II-[Ara2or3Gal2]; PSL-IIC, PSL-II-[Ara2Gal2Man]. The unusual finding of unacetylated hexosamine in the PSL-II group of lipids appears not to be an artifact, as suggested by experiments involving rapid harvesting and processing of the tobacco leaves. Some of the fractions obtained by chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose appear to contain phosphosphingolipids with 16 or more sugar residues.", "PMID": 687599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7632", "title": "Fusion of phosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles: role of free fatty acid.", "content": "The transformation of DMPC vesicles containing myristic acid to larger structures was examined by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The process was found to be characterized by a rate which is approximately first order in vesicle concentration. Rates, however, show a dramatic increase with increasing myristic acid content. The fatty acid is characterized as being active under conditions in which it is neutral and dispersed in the bulk bilayer phase. In addition a 1:1 correlation was noted between leakage of contents and vesicle transformation. On the basis of these observations a mechanism is postulated involving stabilization of leaks in bilayer membranes by myristic acid, and the resultant formation of activated sites for vesicle transformation. The relation to fusion in natural systems is discussed.", "contents": "Fusion of phosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles: role of free fatty acid. The transformation of DMPC vesicles containing myristic acid to larger structures was examined by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The process was found to be characterized by a rate which is approximately first order in vesicle concentration. Rates, however, show a dramatic increase with increasing myristic acid content. The fatty acid is characterized as being active under conditions in which it is neutral and dispersed in the bulk bilayer phase. In addition a 1:1 correlation was noted between leakage of contents and vesicle transformation. On the basis of these observations a mechanism is postulated involving stabilization of leaks in bilayer membranes by myristic acid, and the resultant formation of activated sites for vesicle transformation. The relation to fusion in natural systems is discussed.", "PMID": 687600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7633", "title": "Ligand binding sites and subunit interactions of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "A [3H]bisazido derivative of ethidium bromide was synthesized to identify sites of interaction of ethidium with the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica and to aid in localization of ligand binding sites. For purified solubilized acetylcholine receptor it was shown (a) that the photolabel was competitive with ethidium bromide, (b) dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that all four polypeptide components were labeled with [3H]ethidium azide, and (c) alpha-bungarotoxin inhibited the labeling of the 40 000-dalton subunit. Photolabeling of acetylcholine--receptor enriched membrane fragments led to the following conclusions: (a) the photochemical reaction was more selective than for purified acetylcholine receptor, since the 40 000-dalton subunit was preferentially labeled; this result demonstrated differences in the topography of receptor subunits depending on whether the molecule was in detergent solution or in a membrane-bound state, (b) alpha-bungarotoxin inhibited labeling of the 40 000-dalton subunit, (c) ligand-induced conformational changes resulted in different subunit labeling patterns. The results imply that conformational changes generated at the 40 000 molecular weight subunit upon cholinergic ligand interaction cause further intermolecular structural changes that involve subunits of higher molecular weight. These higher molecular weight subunits therefore belong to a supramolecular complex of polypeptides associated with the postsynaptic membrane.", "contents": "Ligand binding sites and subunit interactions of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor. A [3H]bisazido derivative of ethidium bromide was synthesized to identify sites of interaction of ethidium with the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica and to aid in localization of ligand binding sites. For purified solubilized acetylcholine receptor it was shown (a) that the photolabel was competitive with ethidium bromide, (b) dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that all four polypeptide components were labeled with [3H]ethidium azide, and (c) alpha-bungarotoxin inhibited the labeling of the 40 000-dalton subunit. Photolabeling of acetylcholine--receptor enriched membrane fragments led to the following conclusions: (a) the photochemical reaction was more selective than for purified acetylcholine receptor, since the 40 000-dalton subunit was preferentially labeled; this result demonstrated differences in the topography of receptor subunits depending on whether the molecule was in detergent solution or in a membrane-bound state, (b) alpha-bungarotoxin inhibited labeling of the 40 000-dalton subunit, (c) ligand-induced conformational changes resulted in different subunit labeling patterns. The results imply that conformational changes generated at the 40 000 molecular weight subunit upon cholinergic ligand interaction cause further intermolecular structural changes that involve subunits of higher molecular weight. These higher molecular weight subunits therefore belong to a supramolecular complex of polypeptides associated with the postsynaptic membrane.", "PMID": 687601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7634", "title": "Conformation examination of uridine diphosphoglucose using lanthanide-nitrilotriacetate chelates as shift probes.", "content": "A 13C NMR study utilizing the lanthanide-induced shift (LIS) technique was carried out on uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG) in order to determine the solution conformation. The neutral, water soluble nitrilotriacetate chelates, Ln(NTA), were used in preference to the bare ions due to the potency of the latter in hydrolyzing the UDPG. In addition to the primary binding site at the pyrophosphate moiety, secondary binding to the uracil carbonyl groups was observed and found to be a function of the size of the lanthanide ion; the largest ions showed the greatest relative affinity for the carbonyl groups. This effect was overcome by extrapolating the observed shift ratios to zero Ln(NTA)/[UDPG]. The extrapolated shift ratios were relatively constant for a series of five lanthanides indicating the solution conformation of UDPG is insensitive to metal ion size. The conformation of the UDPG was found to be extended so that the uracil carbons as well as carbons 1', 2', and 3' of the ribose are outside of the pseudo-contact shift cone with the remaining carbons inside the cone.", "contents": "Conformation examination of uridine diphosphoglucose using lanthanide-nitrilotriacetate chelates as shift probes. A 13C NMR study utilizing the lanthanide-induced shift (LIS) technique was carried out on uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG) in order to determine the solution conformation. The neutral, water soluble nitrilotriacetate chelates, Ln(NTA), were used in preference to the bare ions due to the potency of the latter in hydrolyzing the UDPG. In addition to the primary binding site at the pyrophosphate moiety, secondary binding to the uracil carbonyl groups was observed and found to be a function of the size of the lanthanide ion; the largest ions showed the greatest relative affinity for the carbonyl groups. This effect was overcome by extrapolating the observed shift ratios to zero Ln(NTA)/[UDPG]. The extrapolated shift ratios were relatively constant for a series of five lanthanides indicating the solution conformation of UDPG is insensitive to metal ion size. The conformation of the UDPG was found to be extended so that the uracil carbons as well as carbons 1', 2', and 3' of the ribose are outside of the pseudo-contact shift cone with the remaining carbons inside the cone.", "PMID": 687603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7635", "title": "Isolation of the ADP, ATP carrier as the carboxyatractylate . protein complex from mitochondria.", "content": "The procedure for the isolation from mitochondria of the undenatured ADP, ATP carrier is described. The condition of retaining the nativity are elaborated. 1. As indicator for the ADP, ATP carrier (35S)- or (3H) carboxyatractylate were used. By preloading the mitochondria with carboxyatractylate, a stable carboxyatractylate . protein complex could be retained after solubilization with Triton X-100. Among the polyoxyethylene detergents emulphogen is also solubilizing, whereas Brij and Lubrol fail to solubilize. 2. When unloaded mitochondria are solubilized the capacity for binding carboxyatractylate disappears rapidly, particularly at 20 degrees C. 3. When mitochondria are preloaded with atractylate, the binding after solubilization with Triton X-100 is considerably lower than with carboxyatractylate, indicating that the high affinity of carboxyatractylate is required for effectively protecting the protein. 4. For purification hydroxyapatite is most effective. The carboxyatractylate-protein complex appears in the pass-through whereas the bulk of other mitochondrial proteins are retained such that a 7-fold purification is obtained. The nonadsorptivity to hydroxyapatite is dependent on the undenatured state maintained in the carboxyatractylate . protein complex. 5. Subsequent gel filtration on Sepharose results in a 1.5-fold further enrichment of specific carboxyatractylate binding up to 17 mumol/g protein, corresponding to a 10-fold purification from mitochondria. This value cannot be increased with further measures. 6. At the last purification step, in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis virtually a single band of 30 000 molecular weight is found, confirming the purity at this stage. A molecular weight of 60 000 is calculated from the carboxyatractylate binding, indicating that the carboxyatractylate protein complex consists of two 30 000 subunits. From this the protein share of the ADP, ATP carrier in beef heart mitochondria can be calculated to amount to 9.5%9 7. The intact carboxyatractylate . protein complex is protected against proteolytic degradation. The release of carboxyatractylate ensues a conformational change of protein as assayed by conformation specific antibodies, concomitant with unmasking of proteolytic site as assayed by tryptic digestion. 8. The amino acid composition indicates hydrophobicity (39% polarity) and a high content of basic amino acid such as lysine and arginine. There is 1.5 mol percent cysteine and a blocked N-terminal. 9. From the solubilized complex (35S) carboxyatractylate can be removed by carboxyatractylate, ADP and ATP but not by ITP, etc., indicating the presence of recognizing sites specific fof ADP, ATP and therefore, identity with the ADP, ATP carrier. 10. Other reported procedures for isolating the ADP, ATP carrier are shown to either fail or have lower yield than the present, original procedure.", "contents": "Isolation of the ADP, ATP carrier as the carboxyatractylate . protein complex from mitochondria. The procedure for the isolation from mitochondria of the undenatured ADP, ATP carrier is described. The condition of retaining the nativity are elaborated. 1. As indicator for the ADP, ATP carrier (35S)- or (3H) carboxyatractylate were used. By preloading the mitochondria with carboxyatractylate, a stable carboxyatractylate . protein complex could be retained after solubilization with Triton X-100. Among the polyoxyethylene detergents emulphogen is also solubilizing, whereas Brij and Lubrol fail to solubilize. 2. When unloaded mitochondria are solubilized the capacity for binding carboxyatractylate disappears rapidly, particularly at 20 degrees C. 3. When mitochondria are preloaded with atractylate, the binding after solubilization with Triton X-100 is considerably lower than with carboxyatractylate, indicating that the high affinity of carboxyatractylate is required for effectively protecting the protein. 4. For purification hydroxyapatite is most effective. The carboxyatractylate-protein complex appears in the pass-through whereas the bulk of other mitochondrial proteins are retained such that a 7-fold purification is obtained. The nonadsorptivity to hydroxyapatite is dependent on the undenatured state maintained in the carboxyatractylate . protein complex. 5. Subsequent gel filtration on Sepharose results in a 1.5-fold further enrichment of specific carboxyatractylate binding up to 17 mumol/g protein, corresponding to a 10-fold purification from mitochondria. This value cannot be increased with further measures. 6. At the last purification step, in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis virtually a single band of 30 000 molecular weight is found, confirming the purity at this stage. A molecular weight of 60 000 is calculated from the carboxyatractylate binding, indicating that the carboxyatractylate protein complex consists of two 30 000 subunits. From this the protein share of the ADP, ATP carrier in beef heart mitochondria can be calculated to amount to 9.5%9 7. The intact carboxyatractylate . protein complex is protected against proteolytic degradation. The release of carboxyatractylate ensues a conformational change of protein as assayed by conformation specific antibodies, concomitant with unmasking of proteolytic site as assayed by tryptic digestion. 8. The amino acid composition indicates hydrophobicity (39% polarity) and a high content of basic amino acid such as lysine and arginine. There is 1.5 mol percent cysteine and a blocked N-terminal. 9. From the solubilized complex (35S) carboxyatractylate can be removed by carboxyatractylate, ADP and ATP but not by ITP, etc., indicating the presence of recognizing sites specific fof ADP, ATP and therefore, identity with the ADP, ATP carrier. 10. Other reported procedures for isolating the ADP, ATP carrier are shown to either fail or have lower yield than the present, original procedure.", "PMID": 687604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7636", "title": "Glutamate transport in pig heart mitochondria. Binding and structural properties of high-glutamate affinity proteolipid: reconstitution studies.", "content": "Previously, a proteolipid that can bind glutamate with high affinity has been isolated from pig heart mitochondrial membranes. A final affinity chromatography on gamma-methylglutamate-albumin coreticulated on glass fiber was necessary. This procedure includes long dialysis steps which tend to denature the high-glutamate affinity proteolipid. Here is described a new method of isolation which avoids long dialysis steps and yields greater amounts of the high-glutamate affinity proteolipid. The binding of glutamate or aspartate on high-glutamate affinity proteolipid has been studied by gel filtration, by equilibrium dialysis or by a new procedure of rapid centrifugation based on the insolubility of high-glutamate affinity proteolipid in water. The latter method permits the detection of low and high affinity sites for glutamate with a Kd 60 mM and 55 muM, respectively. Among a series of analogues, aspartate appeared to be the best competitor: Kd = 30 muM and two Ki values, 0.37 mM (at high glutamate concentration) and 3.8 muM (at low glutamate concentration). High-glutamate affinity proteolipid binds 0.4 nmol of glutamate but only 0.1 nmol of aspartate per mg protein. The sites for glutamate and aspartate appear to be different but interdependent. In the presence of high-glutamate affinity proteolipid, externally added glutamate stimulated the efflux of aspartate from preloaded liposomes. High-glutamate affinity proteolipid contains cardiolipin, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine the distribution of which is different from that of the inner membrane. The effects of various phospholipases, trypsin, and thiol reagents were studied on the binding of glutamate. High-glutamate affinity proteolipid binds 9 nmol N-ethylmaleimide per mg protein but only 6.1 nmol in the presence of glutamate. The dissociation of high-glutamate affinity proteolipid caused by thiol reagents yielded a soluble protein fraction with higher affinity for glutamate. Electrophoresis and an immunological approach allowed the detection and titration of the glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase present in high-glutamate affinity proteolipid in inhibited forms, the latter being 26-fold more concentrated than the former.", "contents": "Glutamate transport in pig heart mitochondria. Binding and structural properties of high-glutamate affinity proteolipid: reconstitution studies. Previously, a proteolipid that can bind glutamate with high affinity has been isolated from pig heart mitochondrial membranes. A final affinity chromatography on gamma-methylglutamate-albumin coreticulated on glass fiber was necessary. This procedure includes long dialysis steps which tend to denature the high-glutamate affinity proteolipid. Here is described a new method of isolation which avoids long dialysis steps and yields greater amounts of the high-glutamate affinity proteolipid. The binding of glutamate or aspartate on high-glutamate affinity proteolipid has been studied by gel filtration, by equilibrium dialysis or by a new procedure of rapid centrifugation based on the insolubility of high-glutamate affinity proteolipid in water. The latter method permits the detection of low and high affinity sites for glutamate with a Kd 60 mM and 55 muM, respectively. Among a series of analogues, aspartate appeared to be the best competitor: Kd = 30 muM and two Ki values, 0.37 mM (at high glutamate concentration) and 3.8 muM (at low glutamate concentration). High-glutamate affinity proteolipid binds 0.4 nmol of glutamate but only 0.1 nmol of aspartate per mg protein. The sites for glutamate and aspartate appear to be different but interdependent. In the presence of high-glutamate affinity proteolipid, externally added glutamate stimulated the efflux of aspartate from preloaded liposomes. High-glutamate affinity proteolipid contains cardiolipin, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine the distribution of which is different from that of the inner membrane. The effects of various phospholipases, trypsin, and thiol reagents were studied on the binding of glutamate. High-glutamate affinity proteolipid binds 9 nmol N-ethylmaleimide per mg protein but only 6.1 nmol in the presence of glutamate. The dissociation of high-glutamate affinity proteolipid caused by thiol reagents yielded a soluble protein fraction with higher affinity for glutamate. Electrophoresis and an immunological approach allowed the detection and titration of the glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase present in high-glutamate affinity proteolipid in inhibited forms, the latter being 26-fold more concentrated than the former.", "PMID": 687605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7637", "title": "Studies on the uptake of porphyrin by isolated rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "1. The uptake of deuteroporphyrin by isolated rat liver mitochondria proceeds by two different mechanisms, a passive binding, and a mechanism sensitive to CCCP plus valinomycin, with different pH, temperature and time dependencies. 2. The CCCP plus valinomycin-sensitive uptake of deuteroporphyrin parallels the transmembrane potassium gradient ([K+in]/[K+out]). 3. Only that deuteroporphyrin taken up in parallel to the transmembrane potassium gradient is accessible to ferrochelatase. 4. The uptake of deuteroporphyrin at high concentrations is followed by series of damaging effects on the mitochondria: uncoupling, dissipation of the mitochondrial energy potential, increased ion permeability and leakage of endogenous potassium. 5. The detrimental effects of porphyrins at high concentrations on mitochondrial structure might explain the apparently unrelated metabolic aberrations characteristic of certain porphyric diseases.", "contents": "Studies on the uptake of porphyrin by isolated rat liver mitochondria. 1. The uptake of deuteroporphyrin by isolated rat liver mitochondria proceeds by two different mechanisms, a passive binding, and a mechanism sensitive to CCCP plus valinomycin, with different pH, temperature and time dependencies. 2. The CCCP plus valinomycin-sensitive uptake of deuteroporphyrin parallels the transmembrane potassium gradient ([K+in]/[K+out]). 3. Only that deuteroporphyrin taken up in parallel to the transmembrane potassium gradient is accessible to ferrochelatase. 4. The uptake of deuteroporphyrin at high concentrations is followed by series of damaging effects on the mitochondria: uncoupling, dissipation of the mitochondrial energy potential, increased ion permeability and leakage of endogenous potassium. 5. The detrimental effects of porphyrins at high concentrations on mitochondrial structure might explain the apparently unrelated metabolic aberrations characteristic of certain porphyric diseases.", "PMID": 687606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7638", "title": "Derivative absorption spectroscopy from 5--300 K of Prosthecochloris aestuarii.", "content": "Absorption spectra of the bacteriochlorophyll a-protein from Prosthecochloris aesturaii were measured at temperatures from 2.9 to 300 K. Fourth and eight derivatives of the spectra were calculated from the digital data. From an analysis of 34 scans taken from 750 to 850 nm at 5 K, and 130 scans taken from 822 to 838 nm, we find evidence for nine peaks, six of which are probably 0--0 excitonic and three probably higher vibronic features. The major peaks are resolved in the derivative spectra to 300 K, and all shift with temperature by less than 1 nm compared to their 5 K positions, except for the 825 nm peak which shifts about 2 nm. The most prominent fourth derivative peak at 300 K shifts from 812.9 nm in the standard buffer solution to 814.1 nm in the cryogenic solution in which our low temperature measurements were made. We conclude that the conformation of the protein at 5 K is essentially the same as at 300 K.", "contents": "Derivative absorption spectroscopy from 5--300 K of Prosthecochloris aestuarii. Absorption spectra of the bacteriochlorophyll a-protein from Prosthecochloris aesturaii were measured at temperatures from 2.9 to 300 K. Fourth and eight derivatives of the spectra were calculated from the digital data. From an analysis of 34 scans taken from 750 to 850 nm at 5 K, and 130 scans taken from 822 to 838 nm, we find evidence for nine peaks, six of which are probably 0--0 excitonic and three probably higher vibronic features. The major peaks are resolved in the derivative spectra to 300 K, and all shift with temperature by less than 1 nm compared to their 5 K positions, except for the 825 nm peak which shifts about 2 nm. The most prominent fourth derivative peak at 300 K shifts from 812.9 nm in the standard buffer solution to 814.1 nm in the cryogenic solution in which our low temperature measurements were made. We conclude that the conformation of the protein at 5 K is essentially the same as at 300 K.", "PMID": 687607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7639", "title": "Determination and modification of the redox state of the secondary acceptor of photosystem II in the dark.", "content": "The redox state of the secondary electron acceptor B of Photosystem II was studied using flourescence measurements. Preillumination of algae or chloroplasts with a variable number of short saturating flashes followed rapidly by the addition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea induces oscillations of the initial level of fluorescence. The phase of these oscillations is characteristic of a given B/B-ratio in the dark-adapted samples. We conclude from our results that about 50% of the secondary electron acceptors are singly reduced in the dark in chlorella cells, but that more than 70% are fully oxidized in the dark adapted chloroplasts. Benzoquinone treatment modifies this distribution in Clorella leading to the same situation as in chloroplasts, i.e. more than 70% of the secondary acceptors are oxidized in the dark. The same ratio is observed if these algae are illuminated and then dark-adapted, unless an artificial donor (hydroxylamine) is added before this illumination. In that case about 50% B- is generated and stabilized in the dark.", "contents": "Determination and modification of the redox state of the secondary acceptor of photosystem II in the dark. The redox state of the secondary electron acceptor B of Photosystem II was studied using flourescence measurements. Preillumination of algae or chloroplasts with a variable number of short saturating flashes followed rapidly by the addition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea induces oscillations of the initial level of fluorescence. The phase of these oscillations is characteristic of a given B/B-ratio in the dark-adapted samples. We conclude from our results that about 50% of the secondary electron acceptors are singly reduced in the dark in chlorella cells, but that more than 70% are fully oxidized in the dark adapted chloroplasts. Benzoquinone treatment modifies this distribution in Clorella leading to the same situation as in chloroplasts, i.e. more than 70% of the secondary acceptors are oxidized in the dark. The same ratio is observed if these algae are illuminated and then dark-adapted, unless an artificial donor (hydroxylamine) is added before this illumination. In that case about 50% B- is generated and stabilized in the dark.", "PMID": 687608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7640", "title": "Interactions between photosystem II components in chloroplast membranes. A correlation between the existence of a low potential species of cytochrome b-559 and low chlorophyll fluorescence in inhibited and developing chloroplasts.", "content": "1. Chloroplasts inhibited by incubation with hydroxylamine in the light exhibit a low fluorescence yield upon illumination in the presence of dithionite sufficient to completely reduce the primary acceptor, Q. In the absence of magnesium ions, the fluorescence yield is the same as in control chloroplasts, suggesting that the reason for the low yield is a defect in the mechanism by which Mg2+ enhances the fluorescence. These chloroplasts were previouly shown to contain only low potential (Em7.8 = +80 mV) cytochrome b-559 (Horton, P. and Croze, E (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 462, 86-101). 2. In Photosystem II particles, in heat-treated chloroplasts and in trypsin-digested chloroplasts, high potential cytochrome b-559 is absent and the variable fluorescence yield is again low. 3. Peas grown under intermittent light contain only one-fifth of the content of high potential cytochrome b-559 seen in fully greened plants, yet show high rates of water to methyl viologen electron transport. Aquisition of the high potential cytochrome b-559 accompanies synthesis of chlorophyll b, the onset of Mg-stimulated fluorescence and an increased variable yield of fluorescence. A similar correlation was seen during greening of dark-grown barley. 4. It is proposed that the high potential state of cytochrome b-559 is due to the same membrane properties which allow cation enhanced variable fluorescence, so that the presence of low potential cytochrome b-559 is accompanied by a decrease in variable fluorescence yield.", "contents": "Interactions between photosystem II components in chloroplast membranes. A correlation between the existence of a low potential species of cytochrome b-559 and low chlorophyll fluorescence in inhibited and developing chloroplasts. 1. Chloroplasts inhibited by incubation with hydroxylamine in the light exhibit a low fluorescence yield upon illumination in the presence of dithionite sufficient to completely reduce the primary acceptor, Q. In the absence of magnesium ions, the fluorescence yield is the same as in control chloroplasts, suggesting that the reason for the low yield is a defect in the mechanism by which Mg2+ enhances the fluorescence. These chloroplasts were previouly shown to contain only low potential (Em7.8 = +80 mV) cytochrome b-559 (Horton, P. and Croze, E (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 462, 86-101). 2. In Photosystem II particles, in heat-treated chloroplasts and in trypsin-digested chloroplasts, high potential cytochrome b-559 is absent and the variable fluorescence yield is again low. 3. Peas grown under intermittent light contain only one-fifth of the content of high potential cytochrome b-559 seen in fully greened plants, yet show high rates of water to methyl viologen electron transport. Aquisition of the high potential cytochrome b-559 accompanies synthesis of chlorophyll b, the onset of Mg-stimulated fluorescence and an increased variable yield of fluorescence. A similar correlation was seen during greening of dark-grown barley. 4. It is proposed that the high potential state of cytochrome b-559 is due to the same membrane properties which allow cation enhanced variable fluorescence, so that the presence of low potential cytochrome b-559 is accompanied by a decrease in variable fluorescence yield.", "PMID": 687609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7641", "title": "Phospholipid substitution of the purple membrane. The stoichiometry of light-induced proton release by phospholipid-substituted purple membranes.", "content": "The method of Warren et al. (1974, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 71, 622--626) was employed to substitute the polar lipids of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium by different phosphatidylcholine species. Substitution at pH 6.5 yields proteolipid complexes in the form of bent open sheets which have a protein to lipid phosphorus ratio similar to the natural membrane, i.e. about 1 : 10 (mol/mol). The extent of substitution increases with the length of the fatty acid chain of the phosphatidylcholine used. The spectral properties of bacteriorhodopsin are only slightly affected by substitution of 95% of the lipid, except that the photocycle is slowed down appreciably. Due to this slow rate the M412 intermediate of the cycle accumulates in the light. Associated with this accumulation is a net light-induced proton release, which proved insensitive to uncoupler. A comparison between the net proton release and the amount of M412 accumulated, studied as a function of pH, shows that no fixed stoichiometry exists between the two processes. Phospholipid substitution by egg phosphatidylcholine at pH 7.5 or by egg phosphatidylethanolamine leads to preparations of purple membrane with 15 or 25 mol of phospholipid per mol of bacteriorhodopsin, respectively. These preparations seem to consist of closed membrane structures. They take up protons in the light in an uncoupler-sensitive way.", "contents": "Phospholipid substitution of the purple membrane. The stoichiometry of light-induced proton release by phospholipid-substituted purple membranes. The method of Warren et al. (1974, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 71, 622--626) was employed to substitute the polar lipids of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium by different phosphatidylcholine species. Substitution at pH 6.5 yields proteolipid complexes in the form of bent open sheets which have a protein to lipid phosphorus ratio similar to the natural membrane, i.e. about 1 : 10 (mol/mol). The extent of substitution increases with the length of the fatty acid chain of the phosphatidylcholine used. The spectral properties of bacteriorhodopsin are only slightly affected by substitution of 95% of the lipid, except that the photocycle is slowed down appreciably. Due to this slow rate the M412 intermediate of the cycle accumulates in the light. Associated with this accumulation is a net light-induced proton release, which proved insensitive to uncoupler. A comparison between the net proton release and the amount of M412 accumulated, studied as a function of pH, shows that no fixed stoichiometry exists between the two processes. Phospholipid substitution by egg phosphatidylcholine at pH 7.5 or by egg phosphatidylethanolamine leads to preparations of purple membrane with 15 or 25 mol of phospholipid per mol of bacteriorhodopsin, respectively. These preparations seem to consist of closed membrane structures. They take up protons in the light in an uncoupler-sensitive way.", "PMID": 687610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7642", "title": "Metabolic effects of some electrofluorimetric dyes.", "content": "The effect of five electrofluorimetric dyes on mitochondrial metabolism was examined to determine their suitability for mitochondrial studies and other biological uses. The dyes merocyanine 540, 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid and bis(1,3-dibutyl barbituric acid-(5))-pentamethane oxonol were found to be inhibitors of the respiratory chain. However, the first two exerted their effect only at high concentrations. 3.3'-Dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine was found to act as an uncoupler. 3,3'-Dipropyl-thiocarbocyanine inhibited beta-hydroxybutyrate respiration while dissociating succinate supported respiration from the phosphorylation of ADP. Merocyanine 540 and 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid may be the best suited for studies of membrane potentials in mitochondria since their effect on metabolism is negligible", "contents": "Metabolic effects of some electrofluorimetric dyes. The effect of five electrofluorimetric dyes on mitochondrial metabolism was examined to determine their suitability for mitochondrial studies and other biological uses. The dyes merocyanine 540, 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid and bis(1,3-dibutyl barbituric acid-(5))-pentamethane oxonol were found to be inhibitors of the respiratory chain. However, the first two exerted their effect only at high concentrations. 3.3'-Dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine was found to act as an uncoupler. 3,3'-Dipropyl-thiocarbocyanine inhibited beta-hydroxybutyrate respiration while dissociating succinate supported respiration from the phosphorylation of ADP. Merocyanine 540 and 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid may be the best suited for studies of membrane potentials in mitochondria since their effect on metabolism is negligible", "PMID": 687611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7643", "title": "Mitochondrial phosphate transport and the N-ethylmaleimide binding proteins of the inner membrane.", "content": "Mitochondria have been prepared from the flight muscles of mature blow-flies (Sarcophaga bullata). Phosphate transport by these mitochondria, determined by rates of passive swelling in ammonium phosphate, is sensitive to inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide. 20 nmol of N-ethylmaleimide/nmol cytochrome A inhibit the swelling by 90%. When the mitochondria are inhibited by N-[3H]ethylmaleimide, then solubilized in dodecyl sulfate/mercaptoethanol at 100 degrees C and then electrophoresed on dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, many labeled protein bands can be detected, including a large labeled peak that has the same mobility as the tracking dye, bromophenol blue. Sonic submitochondrial particles that are prepared from the N-[3H]ethylmaleimide-labeled mitochondria, solubilized, and electrophoresed on dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, possess only seven major labeled protein bands with no radioactive peak at the tracking dye. These labeled proteins have molecular weights of 71, 68, 64, 45, 32, 30, and approx. 10 . 10(3). The nmol N-[3H]ethylmaleimide bound to each of these proteins per nmol cytochrome A are 0.15, 0.19, 0.35, 0.45, 0.87, 0.10, and 0.17, respectively, when the mitochondria are inhibited with 21.5 mol N-[3H]ethylmaleimide/mol cytochrome a at 10 micron cytochrome A. Coty and Pedersen (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 3515-3521) sensitized rat liver mitochondria to N-[3H]ethylmaleimide and identified five labeled proteins. Only the labeled 32 . 10(3) dalton and the 45 . 10(3) dalton proteins are common to both systems.", "contents": "Mitochondrial phosphate transport and the N-ethylmaleimide binding proteins of the inner membrane. Mitochondria have been prepared from the flight muscles of mature blow-flies (Sarcophaga bullata). Phosphate transport by these mitochondria, determined by rates of passive swelling in ammonium phosphate, is sensitive to inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide. 20 nmol of N-ethylmaleimide/nmol cytochrome A inhibit the swelling by 90%. When the mitochondria are inhibited by N-[3H]ethylmaleimide, then solubilized in dodecyl sulfate/mercaptoethanol at 100 degrees C and then electrophoresed on dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, many labeled protein bands can be detected, including a large labeled peak that has the same mobility as the tracking dye, bromophenol blue. Sonic submitochondrial particles that are prepared from the N-[3H]ethylmaleimide-labeled mitochondria, solubilized, and electrophoresed on dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, possess only seven major labeled protein bands with no radioactive peak at the tracking dye. These labeled proteins have molecular weights of 71, 68, 64, 45, 32, 30, and approx. 10 . 10(3). The nmol N-[3H]ethylmaleimide bound to each of these proteins per nmol cytochrome A are 0.15, 0.19, 0.35, 0.45, 0.87, 0.10, and 0.17, respectively, when the mitochondria are inhibited with 21.5 mol N-[3H]ethylmaleimide/mol cytochrome a at 10 micron cytochrome A. Coty and Pedersen (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 3515-3521) sensitized rat liver mitochondria to N-[3H]ethylmaleimide and identified five labeled proteins. Only the labeled 32 . 10(3) dalton and the 45 . 10(3) dalton proteins are common to both systems.", "PMID": 687612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7644", "title": "Linear dichroism of electric field oriented bacteriochlorophyll alpha-protein from green photosynthetic bacteria.", "content": "Bacteriochlorophyll alpha-protein from Prosthecochloris aestuarii strain 2K was oriented in a pulsed electric field. The room temperature linear dichroism spectrum of the oriented protein in the Qy region of the bacteriochlorophyll alpha absorption exhibits a single asymmetrical peak at 813 nm with a shoulder extending to the blue. The approximately equal 12 nm fullwidth of the linear dichroism peak is only about half that of the 300 K absorption spectrum. The linear dichroism at 813 nm was not saturated at field strengths of up to 15 kV/cm. The time dependence of the linear dichroism suggests that the orienting particles are aggregates of at least some tens of bacteriochlorophyll alpha-protein trimers. The linear dichroism peak coincides in wavelength with the 813-nm peak of the 300 K, 4th derivative absorption spectrum of the protein and is therefore attributed to the bacteriochlorophyll a Qy exciton transition observed in absorption at the same wavelength.", "contents": "Linear dichroism of electric field oriented bacteriochlorophyll alpha-protein from green photosynthetic bacteria. Bacteriochlorophyll alpha-protein from Prosthecochloris aestuarii strain 2K was oriented in a pulsed electric field. The room temperature linear dichroism spectrum of the oriented protein in the Qy region of the bacteriochlorophyll alpha absorption exhibits a single asymmetrical peak at 813 nm with a shoulder extending to the blue. The approximately equal 12 nm fullwidth of the linear dichroism peak is only about half that of the 300 K absorption spectrum. The linear dichroism at 813 nm was not saturated at field strengths of up to 15 kV/cm. The time dependence of the linear dichroism suggests that the orienting particles are aggregates of at least some tens of bacteriochlorophyll alpha-protein trimers. The linear dichroism peak coincides in wavelength with the 813-nm peak of the 300 K, 4th derivative absorption spectrum of the protein and is therefore attributed to the bacteriochlorophyll a Qy exciton transition observed in absorption at the same wavelength.", "PMID": 687613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7645", "title": "Photovoltages in suspensions of magnetically oriented chloroplasts.", "content": "The photovoltage of suspensions of magnetically oriented chloroplasts using polarized light of 680 nm has been measured. The magnitude of the photo e.m.f. depends on the polarization of the light and on its direction of propagation with respect to the oriented thylakoid planes. This photo e.m.f. is qualitatively attributed to the Dember effect which arises when inhomogeneous light absorption gives rise to a gradient of positive and negative charges along x , where x is the direction defined by the propagation vector of the light and which is also the direction joining the two electrodes. The photovoltage obtained with the planes of the oriented thylakoids parallel to x depends on the plane of polarization of the incident light and shows that (1) the magnitude of the photovoltage depends on the absorption coefficient (which itself is polarization dependent) and thus on the magnitude of the charge gradient produced by the inhomogeneously absorbed light, and (2) a charge gradient within the planes of the thylakoids can give rise to the macroscopic photovoltage. While our experimental observations are basically in agreement with those previously reported (Fowler, C.F. and Kok, B.(1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 357, 308-318 and Witt, H.T. and Zickler, A. (1973) FEBS Lett. 37, 307-310) for unoriented chloroplasts, their interpretation of the origin of this effect in terms of a transmembrane potential must be modified in view of our results obtained with oriented chloroplasts. The macroscopically observed photovoltage of oriented chloroplasts is due to the creation of charge gradients either parallel or perpendicular to the thylakoid planes by a flash of light, the diffusion of these charges and to differences in the mobilities of the negative and positive charges. This interpretation in terms of the Dember effect is completely consistent with the existence of a transmembrane electric field as proposed by Fowler and Kok, as well as by Witt and Zickler. However, macroscopic measurements of the photovoltage using either oriented or unoriented chloroplast suspensions cannot prove that a transmembrane voltage exists, as previously claimed.", "contents": "Photovoltages in suspensions of magnetically oriented chloroplasts. The photovoltage of suspensions of magnetically oriented chloroplasts using polarized light of 680 nm has been measured. The magnitude of the photo e.m.f. depends on the polarization of the light and on its direction of propagation with respect to the oriented thylakoid planes. This photo e.m.f. is qualitatively attributed to the Dember effect which arises when inhomogeneous light absorption gives rise to a gradient of positive and negative charges along x , where x is the direction defined by the propagation vector of the light and which is also the direction joining the two electrodes. The photovoltage obtained with the planes of the oriented thylakoids parallel to x depends on the plane of polarization of the incident light and shows that (1) the magnitude of the photovoltage depends on the absorption coefficient (which itself is polarization dependent) and thus on the magnitude of the charge gradient produced by the inhomogeneously absorbed light, and (2) a charge gradient within the planes of the thylakoids can give rise to the macroscopic photovoltage. While our experimental observations are basically in agreement with those previously reported (Fowler, C.F. and Kok, B.(1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 357, 308-318 and Witt, H.T. and Zickler, A. (1973) FEBS Lett. 37, 307-310) for unoriented chloroplasts, their interpretation of the origin of this effect in terms of a transmembrane potential must be modified in view of our results obtained with oriented chloroplasts. The macroscopically observed photovoltage of oriented chloroplasts is due to the creation of charge gradients either parallel or perpendicular to the thylakoid planes by a flash of light, the diffusion of these charges and to differences in the mobilities of the negative and positive charges. This interpretation in terms of the Dember effect is completely consistent with the existence of a transmembrane electric field as proposed by Fowler and Kok, as well as by Witt and Zickler. However, macroscopic measurements of the photovoltage using either oriented or unoriented chloroplast suspensions cannot prove that a transmembrane voltage exists, as previously claimed.", "PMID": 687614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7646", "title": "A molecular basis for an irreversible thermodynamic description on non-electrolyte permeation through lipid bilayers.", "content": "The non-electrolyte permeability of liposomal membranes has been investigated according to the concepts of irreversible thermodynamics. A strong interaction between the permeation of solute and water was observed. This solute-solvent interaction can be fully described by assuming that a number of water molecules will copermeate with each molecule of solute. This number of copermeating water molecules is independent of the nature of the permeant and of temperature, but depends on the osmotic concentration of impermeants inside the liposomes.", "contents": "A molecular basis for an irreversible thermodynamic description on non-electrolyte permeation through lipid bilayers. The non-electrolyte permeability of liposomal membranes has been investigated according to the concepts of irreversible thermodynamics. A strong interaction between the permeation of solute and water was observed. This solute-solvent interaction can be fully described by assuming that a number of water molecules will copermeate with each molecule of solute. This number of copermeating water molecules is independent of the nature of the permeant and of temperature, but depends on the osmotic concentration of impermeants inside the liposomes.", "PMID": 687615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7647", "title": "Non-electrolyte permeability as a tool for studying membrane fluidity.", "content": "1. The reflection coefficient for the permeation of thiourea through bilayers of phosphatidylcholine is a function of the fatty-acid composition of the lipid molecules. By means of these reflection coefficients an index for membrane fluidity has been given to each of those lipids, relative to that of egg phosphatidylcholine. 2. The maximum number of water molecules that can copermeate with each molecule of solute by means of solute-solvent interaction is a function of the packing of the lipid molecules in the bilayer. This parameter has been used in this paper for characterizing the fluidity of cholesterol-containing membranes and for membranes with their lipids in the gel state.", "contents": "Non-electrolyte permeability as a tool for studying membrane fluidity. 1. The reflection coefficient for the permeation of thiourea through bilayers of phosphatidylcholine is a function of the fatty-acid composition of the lipid molecules. By means of these reflection coefficients an index for membrane fluidity has been given to each of those lipids, relative to that of egg phosphatidylcholine. 2. The maximum number of water molecules that can copermeate with each molecule of solute by means of solute-solvent interaction is a function of the packing of the lipid molecules in the bilayer. This parameter has been used in this paper for characterizing the fluidity of cholesterol-containing membranes and for membranes with their lipids in the gel state.", "PMID": 687616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7648", "title": "Pretransitions in the hydrocarbon chains of phosphatidylethanolamines. A wide angle X-ray diffraction study.", "content": "The hydrocarbon chain packing of fully hydrated phosphatidylethanolamine multilayers is investigated by X-ray diffraction. An analysis of the wide angle reflections (short spacings) as a function of temperature indicates that, apart from the well-known ordered-disordered lipid phase transition, a second transition takes place at lower temperatures. This transition, which is in the present paper referred to as the pretransition, is characterized by a transformation of the hydrocarbon chain packing. A first model for the chain lattice is presented, which gives rise to the expectation that similar pretransitions might be found with other phospholipids.", "contents": "Pretransitions in the hydrocarbon chains of phosphatidylethanolamines. A wide angle X-ray diffraction study. The hydrocarbon chain packing of fully hydrated phosphatidylethanolamine multilayers is investigated by X-ray diffraction. An analysis of the wide angle reflections (short spacings) as a function of temperature indicates that, apart from the well-known ordered-disordered lipid phase transition, a second transition takes place at lower temperatures. This transition, which is in the present paper referred to as the pretransition, is characterized by a transformation of the hydrocarbon chain packing. A first model for the chain lattice is presented, which gives rise to the expectation that similar pretransitions might be found with other phospholipids.", "PMID": 687617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7649", "title": "Surface potential of phosphatidylserine monolayers. I. Divalent ion binding effect.", "content": "Surface potentials of phosphatidylserine monolayers have been measured in the presence of different divalent ion concentrations in order to determine the way in which divalent ions bind to the membrane surface. The association constants for divalent ions (Mg2+, Ca2+ and Mn2+) with the phosphatidylserine membrane have been obtained from the experimental data and simple ion binding theory. The order of divalent ion binding to the membrane is Mn2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Mg2+. However, none of the divalent ions used completely neutralized the negative charge of phosphatidylserine even at relatively high concentrations. The amounts of the divalent ions bound depended upon the concentration of the monovalent ions present in the subphase. It is suggested that the amounts of bound ions obtained from the use of radioisotope tracer methods may include a considerable contribution from the excess free ions in the double layer region of the phosphatidylserine membrane.", "contents": "Surface potential of phosphatidylserine monolayers. I. Divalent ion binding effect. Surface potentials of phosphatidylserine monolayers have been measured in the presence of different divalent ion concentrations in order to determine the way in which divalent ions bind to the membrane surface. The association constants for divalent ions (Mg2+, Ca2+ and Mn2+) with the phosphatidylserine membrane have been obtained from the experimental data and simple ion binding theory. The order of divalent ion binding to the membrane is Mn2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Mg2+. However, none of the divalent ions used completely neutralized the negative charge of phosphatidylserine even at relatively high concentrations. The amounts of the divalent ions bound depended upon the concentration of the monovalent ions present in the subphase. It is suggested that the amounts of bound ions obtained from the use of radioisotope tracer methods may include a considerable contribution from the excess free ions in the double layer region of the phosphatidylserine membrane.", "PMID": 687618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7650", "title": "The interaction of detergents with bilayer lipid membranes.", "content": "Detergents are widely used for extracting and purifying membrane proteins. Four such detergents have been studied to find the extent to which they alone can alter black lipid film conductances. The slope of the plot of conductivity versus concentration for Triton X-100 is 4.54 in the range 0.025--0.15 mM; dodecyl sulphate 0.82 in the range 0.01--1 mM; sodium deoxycholate 1.03 in the range 0.01--1 mM and sodium cholate 1.37 in the range 0.1--10 mM. These ranges are below the respective critical micelle concentrations; above these concentrations the membranes break. Bilayer lipid membrane conductivity measured at constant detergent concentration increases with the conductivity of the bathing salt solution with a slope greater than 1, indicating an effect on the putative pore structures induced by detergents.", "contents": "The interaction of detergents with bilayer lipid membranes. Detergents are widely used for extracting and purifying membrane proteins. Four such detergents have been studied to find the extent to which they alone can alter black lipid film conductances. The slope of the plot of conductivity versus concentration for Triton X-100 is 4.54 in the range 0.025--0.15 mM; dodecyl sulphate 0.82 in the range 0.01--1 mM; sodium deoxycholate 1.03 in the range 0.01--1 mM and sodium cholate 1.37 in the range 0.1--10 mM. These ranges are below the respective critical micelle concentrations; above these concentrations the membranes break. Bilayer lipid membrane conductivity measured at constant detergent concentration increases with the conductivity of the bathing salt solution with a slope greater than 1, indicating an effect on the putative pore structures induced by detergents.", "PMID": 687619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7651", "title": "Effect of amphotericin B on cholesterol-containing liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine and didocosenoyl phosphatidylcholine. A refinement of the model for the formation of pores by amphotericin B in membranes.", "content": "(1) Binding and K+-permeability measurements were performed on egg and 22 : 1c/22 : 1c-phosphatidylcholine liposomes with or without cholesterol. (2) Amphotericin B binds specifically to cholesterol in both types of liposome despite the difference in bilayer thickness. (3) Addition of amphotericin B to one side of the cholesterol-containing egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers induces a fast K+ efflux from the outermost compartment of the liposomes. In contrast, the total K+ content of sonicated unilamellar cholesterol-containing egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles is released by amphotericin B. (4) Amphotericin B addition to one side of the cholesterol-containing 22 : 1c/22 : 1c-phosphatidylcholine liposomes does not cause a change in K+ permeability. The presence of amphotericin B on both sides of the bilayer, however, induces an increase in K+ permeability. (5) A model is proposed which accounts for the effect of bilayer thickness on the amphotericin B-induced permeability changes in membranes.", "contents": "Effect of amphotericin B on cholesterol-containing liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine and didocosenoyl phosphatidylcholine. A refinement of the model for the formation of pores by amphotericin B in membranes. (1) Binding and K+-permeability measurements were performed on egg and 22 : 1c/22 : 1c-phosphatidylcholine liposomes with or without cholesterol. (2) Amphotericin B binds specifically to cholesterol in both types of liposome despite the difference in bilayer thickness. (3) Addition of amphotericin B to one side of the cholesterol-containing egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers induces a fast K+ efflux from the outermost compartment of the liposomes. In contrast, the total K+ content of sonicated unilamellar cholesterol-containing egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles is released by amphotericin B. (4) Amphotericin B addition to one side of the cholesterol-containing 22 : 1c/22 : 1c-phosphatidylcholine liposomes does not cause a change in K+ permeability. The presence of amphotericin B on both sides of the bilayer, however, induces an increase in K+ permeability. (5) A model is proposed which accounts for the effect of bilayer thickness on the amphotericin B-induced permeability changes in membranes.", "PMID": 687620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7652", "title": "The temperature dependence of erythrocyte water diffusion permeability.", "content": "1. The activation energy of the diffusion water exchange in red blood cells increases with temperature. 2. Fetal blood has a higher activation energy for diffusion water exchange than adult blood. 3. Treatment of red cells with p-chloromercuribenzoate alters the activation energy and apparently allows a lipid and a protein pore pathway to be resolved. The permeability and activation energy of the treated cells is in the range found for lipid membranes; and the difference between treated and untreated cells, the \"protein\" pathway, has a diffusion activation energy comparable with that of free water. 4. A resolution of the discrepancies between the NMR methods of measuring diffusion water exchange is suggested.", "contents": "The temperature dependence of erythrocyte water diffusion permeability. 1. The activation energy of the diffusion water exchange in red blood cells increases with temperature. 2. Fetal blood has a higher activation energy for diffusion water exchange than adult blood. 3. Treatment of red cells with p-chloromercuribenzoate alters the activation energy and apparently allows a lipid and a protein pore pathway to be resolved. The permeability and activation energy of the treated cells is in the range found for lipid membranes; and the difference between treated and untreated cells, the \"protein\" pathway, has a diffusion activation energy comparable with that of free water. 4. A resolution of the discrepancies between the NMR methods of measuring diffusion water exchange is suggested.", "PMID": 687621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7653", "title": "Binding sites of iron transferrin on rat reticulocytes. Inhibition by specific antibodies.", "content": "1. In the process of iron uptake by precursors of the erythrocytes probably more than one membrane component is involved; besides the specific transferrin receptor, another membrane component with a high iron activity after incubation with 59Fe can be isolated. 2. A striking resemblance exists between rat and human reticulocyte components which are involved in the process of iron uptake. 3. Incubation of reticulocytes with Fab fragments of an antibody against the membrane receptor for transferrin causes a concentration-dependent decrease in transferrin binding and iron uptake. 4. The membrane receptor complex isolated is still heterogeneous; analytical ultracentrifugation studies suggest a molecular weight lower than 230,000. 5. Intact immature red cells are necessary for specific binding of transferrin with the receptor followed by iron uptake. This is the only mechanism for iron uptake. 6. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the receptor for transferrin is localized at the outside of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Binding sites of iron transferrin on rat reticulocytes. Inhibition by specific antibodies. 1. In the process of iron uptake by precursors of the erythrocytes probably more than one membrane component is involved; besides the specific transferrin receptor, another membrane component with a high iron activity after incubation with 59Fe can be isolated. 2. A striking resemblance exists between rat and human reticulocyte components which are involved in the process of iron uptake. 3. Incubation of reticulocytes with Fab fragments of an antibody against the membrane receptor for transferrin causes a concentration-dependent decrease in transferrin binding and iron uptake. 4. The membrane receptor complex isolated is still heterogeneous; analytical ultracentrifugation studies suggest a molecular weight lower than 230,000. 5. Intact immature red cells are necessary for specific binding of transferrin with the receptor followed by iron uptake. This is the only mechanism for iron uptake. 6. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the receptor for transferrin is localized at the outside of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 687622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7654", "title": "Adaptation of biological membranes to temperature. The lack of homeoviscous adaptation in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Temperature adaptation of biological membranes was examined by comparing the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum preparation of goldfish acclimated to different temperatures. Membrane fluidity was estimated using the fluorescence polarization technique. There was considerable variation between preparations, but no consistent differences in fluidity were observed between 5- and 25 degrees C-acclimated goldfish, fish species adapted over an evolutionary period to arctic or desert temperatures, and rat. The fatty acid composition of the sarcoplamic reticulum preparations of differently acclimated goldfish showed differences in the proportion of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids while the proportion of saturated fatty acids remained relatively constant. However, the fatty acid composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum phosphoglycerides became more unsaturated in the order rat, desert pupfish, arctic sculpin, which correlates with their respective environmental or body temperature. It is concluded that differences in membrane components other than fatty acids are important in determining membrane dynamic structure. The inability to demonstrate homeoviscous adaptation in sarcoplasmic reticulum is supported by other evidence suggesting that functions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that are measured in vitro are not affected by such modifications of their phosphoglyceride fatty acid composition as occur during thermal acclimation.", "contents": "Adaptation of biological membranes to temperature. The lack of homeoviscous adaptation in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Temperature adaptation of biological membranes was examined by comparing the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum preparation of goldfish acclimated to different temperatures. Membrane fluidity was estimated using the fluorescence polarization technique. There was considerable variation between preparations, but no consistent differences in fluidity were observed between 5- and 25 degrees C-acclimated goldfish, fish species adapted over an evolutionary period to arctic or desert temperatures, and rat. The fatty acid composition of the sarcoplamic reticulum preparations of differently acclimated goldfish showed differences in the proportion of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids while the proportion of saturated fatty acids remained relatively constant. However, the fatty acid composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum phosphoglycerides became more unsaturated in the order rat, desert pupfish, arctic sculpin, which correlates with their respective environmental or body temperature. It is concluded that differences in membrane components other than fatty acids are important in determining membrane dynamic structure. The inability to demonstrate homeoviscous adaptation in sarcoplasmic reticulum is supported by other evidence suggesting that functions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that are measured in vitro are not affected by such modifications of their phosphoglyceride fatty acid composition as occur during thermal acclimation.", "PMID": 687623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7655", "title": "Loss of function of biomembranes and solubilization of membrane proteins during freezing.", "content": "Isolated thylakoid membranes are damaged during freezing in dilute salt solutions, as shown by the inactivation of photochemical thylakoid reactions. After freezing, a number of membrane proteins were found in the particle-free supernatant. Up to 5% of the total membrane protein was solubilized by freezing, and the pattern of released proteins as seen in sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretograms was influenced by the nature of the solutes present. Membranes protected by sucrose did not release much protein during freezing. Concentrated salt solutions caused protein release also in the absence of freezing. Among the proteins released were ferredoxin--NADP+ reductase, plastocyanin and coupling factor CF1. Subunits of CF1 were found in different proportions in the supernatants of thylakoid suspensions after freezing in the presence of different salts. Cyclic photophosphorylation was largely inactivated before significant protein release could be detected. It is suggested that protein release is the final consequence of the nonspecific suppression of intramembrane ionic interactions by the high ionic strength created in the vicinity of the membranes by the accumulation of salts during slow freezing. Salt effects on water structure and alterations of nonpolar membrane interactions by the incorporation of (protonated) lipophilic anions from organic salts into the membrane phase during freezing may also be involved.", "contents": "Loss of function of biomembranes and solubilization of membrane proteins during freezing. Isolated thylakoid membranes are damaged during freezing in dilute salt solutions, as shown by the inactivation of photochemical thylakoid reactions. After freezing, a number of membrane proteins were found in the particle-free supernatant. Up to 5% of the total membrane protein was solubilized by freezing, and the pattern of released proteins as seen in sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretograms was influenced by the nature of the solutes present. Membranes protected by sucrose did not release much protein during freezing. Concentrated salt solutions caused protein release also in the absence of freezing. Among the proteins released were ferredoxin--NADP+ reductase, plastocyanin and coupling factor CF1. Subunits of CF1 were found in different proportions in the supernatants of thylakoid suspensions after freezing in the presence of different salts. Cyclic photophosphorylation was largely inactivated before significant protein release could be detected. It is suggested that protein release is the final consequence of the nonspecific suppression of intramembrane ionic interactions by the high ionic strength created in the vicinity of the membranes by the accumulation of salts during slow freezing. Salt effects on water structure and alterations of nonpolar membrane interactions by the incorporation of (protonated) lipophilic anions from organic salts into the membrane phase during freezing may also be involved.", "PMID": 687624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7656", "title": "Sugar uptake into brush border vesicles from dog kidney. II. Kinetics.", "content": "The kinetics of D-glucose transport over the concentration range 0.07--20 mM have been investigated in a vesiculated membrane preparation from dog kidney cortex. 1. A sodium-dependent and a sodium-independent component of D-glucose uptake are observed. The sodium-dependent component is phlorizin sensitive (KI approximately 0.6 micron) and electrogenic. 2. The sodium-dependent component of D-glucose uptake yields non-linear Eadie-Hofstee plots consistent with the presence of high (GH) and low (GL) affinity sites (KH approximately 0.2 mM, KL approximately 4.5 mM, VL/VH approximately 7 at pH 7.4, 25 degrees C, 100 mM NaC1 gradient). Alternative explanations are cooperative effects of non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics. 3. The initial uptake of D-glucose increases as the intravesicular membrane potential become more negative but the numerical values of KH and KL show little, if any, change. 4. alpha-Methyl-D-glucoside transport is also sodium dependent and phlorizin sensitive (KI approximately 1.9 micron). 5. In contrast to the results for D-glucose, the sodium-dependent component of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside uptake exhibits a nearly linear Eadie-Hofstee plot consistent with a single carrier site with Km approximately 1.9 mM and Vmax approximately 27 nmol/min per mg protein at pH 7.4, 25 degrees C, 100 mM NaCl gradient. 6. The kinetics of D-glucose transport in newborn dog kidney are similar to those in the adult except that the low affinity (GL) system appears to be less well developed.", "contents": "Sugar uptake into brush border vesicles from dog kidney. II. Kinetics. The kinetics of D-glucose transport over the concentration range 0.07--20 mM have been investigated in a vesiculated membrane preparation from dog kidney cortex. 1. A sodium-dependent and a sodium-independent component of D-glucose uptake are observed. The sodium-dependent component is phlorizin sensitive (KI approximately 0.6 micron) and electrogenic. 2. The sodium-dependent component of D-glucose uptake yields non-linear Eadie-Hofstee plots consistent with the presence of high (GH) and low (GL) affinity sites (KH approximately 0.2 mM, KL approximately 4.5 mM, VL/VH approximately 7 at pH 7.4, 25 degrees C, 100 mM NaC1 gradient). Alternative explanations are cooperative effects of non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics. 3. The initial uptake of D-glucose increases as the intravesicular membrane potential become more negative but the numerical values of KH and KL show little, if any, change. 4. alpha-Methyl-D-glucoside transport is also sodium dependent and phlorizin sensitive (KI approximately 1.9 micron). 5. In contrast to the results for D-glucose, the sodium-dependent component of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside uptake exhibits a nearly linear Eadie-Hofstee plot consistent with a single carrier site with Km approximately 1.9 mM and Vmax approximately 27 nmol/min per mg protein at pH 7.4, 25 degrees C, 100 mM NaCl gradient. 6. The kinetics of D-glucose transport in newborn dog kidney are similar to those in the adult except that the low affinity (GL) system appears to be less well developed.", "PMID": 687625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7657", "title": "The distribution of molecular classes of phosphatidylglycerol in the membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii.", "content": "A double-label technique has been applied to study the distribution of different molecular classes of phosphatidylglycerol in the membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii. After growth on oleic acid, 16% of the total phosphatidylglycerol contains two oleic acid residues and 84% contains one oleic acid and one saturated fatty acid. The dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol is present in equal amounts in the outer and the inner layer of the membrane. Phosphatidylglycerol which is associated with membrane proteins consists exclusively of the class containing only one oleic acid.", "contents": "The distribution of molecular classes of phosphatidylglycerol in the membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii. A double-label technique has been applied to study the distribution of different molecular classes of phosphatidylglycerol in the membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii. After growth on oleic acid, 16% of the total phosphatidylglycerol contains two oleic acid residues and 84% contains one oleic acid and one saturated fatty acid. The dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol is present in equal amounts in the outer and the inner layer of the membrane. Phosphatidylglycerol which is associated with membrane proteins consists exclusively of the class containing only one oleic acid.", "PMID": 687626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7658", "title": "Amino acid transport properties of erythrocytes from normal newborn lambs and lambs with an inherited defect in amino acid transport.", "content": "An amino acid transport defect which occurs in the erythrocytes of adult sheep is also present in foetal erythrocytes from newborn lambs which have inherited the lesion. The transport defect in erythrocytes from adult sheep is associated with high intracellular levels of ornithine and lysine and a markedly diminished GSH concentration. Although the lesion in foetal cells also results in the accumulation of ornithine and lysine, the intracellular GSH concentration is only moderately diminished.", "contents": "Amino acid transport properties of erythrocytes from normal newborn lambs and lambs with an inherited defect in amino acid transport. An amino acid transport defect which occurs in the erythrocytes of adult sheep is also present in foetal erythrocytes from newborn lambs which have inherited the lesion. The transport defect in erythrocytes from adult sheep is associated with high intracellular levels of ornithine and lysine and a markedly diminished GSH concentration. Although the lesion in foetal cells also results in the accumulation of ornithine and lysine, the intracellular GSH concentration is only moderately diminished.", "PMID": 687627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7659", "title": "Molecular and structural characteristics of house fly brain acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) from the brains of house flies (Musca domestica L., tetrachlorvinphos-resistant strain) was examined for molecular and structural features, including molecular weight, Stokes radii, partial specific volumes, sedimentation coefficients and frictional ratios. Acetylcholinesterase purified by affininity chromatography was examined in the electron microscope by negative staining and three molecular forms were clearly observed (monomers, dimers and tetramers). Several tetrameric configurations were observed as well as structures of similar size showing tails. In the preparations of acetylcholinesterase so far examined, no globular structures having more than four monomeric units were observed.", "contents": "Molecular and structural characteristics of house fly brain acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) from the brains of house flies (Musca domestica L., tetrachlorvinphos-resistant strain) was examined for molecular and structural features, including molecular weight, Stokes radii, partial specific volumes, sedimentation coefficients and frictional ratios. Acetylcholinesterase purified by affininity chromatography was examined in the electron microscope by negative staining and three molecular forms were clearly observed (monomers, dimers and tetramers). Several tetrameric configurations were observed as well as structures of similar size showing tails. In the preparations of acetylcholinesterase so far examined, no globular structures having more than four monomeric units were observed.", "PMID": 687628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7660", "title": "Leaving group effects in butyrylcholinesterase reaction with organophosphorus inhibitors.", "content": "The kinetic constants k2, KQ and the second-order rate constant ki of butyrylcholinesterase (acylcholine acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8) inhibition by organophosphorus compounds (C2H5O)2P(O)SX, with both ionic and non-ionic substituents X, were determined at 25 degrees C and pH 7.5 in 0.15 M KCl. The data were analysed in terms of structure-activity relationships and the roles of the leaving group inductive effect and hydrophobicity in the enzyme specificity were established. This made possible calculations of the actual contribution of the substituent ionic charge in the effectivenes of butyrylcholinesterase action. On the basis of the structure-activity relationships for butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase the specificities of the enzymes are compared and some common features are discussed.", "contents": "Leaving group effects in butyrylcholinesterase reaction with organophosphorus inhibitors. The kinetic constants k2, KQ and the second-order rate constant ki of butyrylcholinesterase (acylcholine acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8) inhibition by organophosphorus compounds (C2H5O)2P(O)SX, with both ionic and non-ionic substituents X, were determined at 25 degrees C and pH 7.5 in 0.15 M KCl. The data were analysed in terms of structure-activity relationships and the roles of the leaving group inductive effect and hydrophobicity in the enzyme specificity were established. This made possible calculations of the actual contribution of the substituent ionic charge in the effectivenes of butyrylcholinesterase action. On the basis of the structure-activity relationships for butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase the specificities of the enzymes are compared and some common features are discussed.", "PMID": 687629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7661", "title": "Amount and properties of uptake forms in preparations of alpha-mannosidase from pig kidney.", "content": "alpha-Mannosidase (alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.24) from pig kidney has been shown to exist in multiple forms differing in their capability to be endocytosed by alpha-mannosidase deficient cultured cells. A method is presented to evaluate the amount of \"uptake\" forms in different preparations of the enzyme. Preparations with different rates of uptake were shown to contain different amount of \"uptake\" forms and \"non-uptake\" forms. The content of \"uptake\" forms in a preparation was identical with that of enzyme molecules bearing a phosphorylated carbohydrate group necessary for the recognition by cell surface receptors.", "contents": "Amount and properties of uptake forms in preparations of alpha-mannosidase from pig kidney. alpha-Mannosidase (alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.24) from pig kidney has been shown to exist in multiple forms differing in their capability to be endocytosed by alpha-mannosidase deficient cultured cells. A method is presented to evaluate the amount of \"uptake\" forms in different preparations of the enzyme. Preparations with different rates of uptake were shown to contain different amount of \"uptake\" forms and \"non-uptake\" forms. The content of \"uptake\" forms in a preparation was identical with that of enzyme molecules bearing a phosphorylated carbohydrate group necessary for the recognition by cell surface receptors.", "PMID": 687630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7662", "title": "Purification of NADPH-ferredoxin reductase from rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "NADPH-ferredoxin reductase (NADPH:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.7.1) has been identified in rat liver mitochondria and purified to homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. The protein was detected by its ability to reconstitute NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the presence of adrenal ferredoxin. The purified protein had properties very similar to adrenal NADPH-ferredoxin reductase. The molecular weight was 52 000, as estimated by gel filtration. On SDS-polyacrylamide gels, mobility was identical to that of adrenal NADPH-ferredoxin reductase (Mr = 52 000). The enzyme exhibited a typical oxidized flavoprotein absorbance spectrum with maxima at 269, 377 and 450 nm and gave an absorbance ratio A450nm/A269nm of 0.138. The fluorescence excitation spectrum was identical to that of FAD. In the presence of NADPH and a ferredoxin, the reductase was found to be active in a reconstituted cytochrome P-450-dependent steroid 26-hydroxylase, which was recently isolated from rat liver mitochondria (Pedersen, J.I. (1978) FEBS Lett. 85, 35-39).", "contents": "Purification of NADPH-ferredoxin reductase from rat liver mitochondria. NADPH-ferredoxin reductase (NADPH:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.7.1) has been identified in rat liver mitochondria and purified to homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. The protein was detected by its ability to reconstitute NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the presence of adrenal ferredoxin. The purified protein had properties very similar to adrenal NADPH-ferredoxin reductase. The molecular weight was 52 000, as estimated by gel filtration. On SDS-polyacrylamide gels, mobility was identical to that of adrenal NADPH-ferredoxin reductase (Mr = 52 000). The enzyme exhibited a typical oxidized flavoprotein absorbance spectrum with maxima at 269, 377 and 450 nm and gave an absorbance ratio A450nm/A269nm of 0.138. The fluorescence excitation spectrum was identical to that of FAD. In the presence of NADPH and a ferredoxin, the reductase was found to be active in a reconstituted cytochrome P-450-dependent steroid 26-hydroxylase, which was recently isolated from rat liver mitochondria (Pedersen, J.I. (1978) FEBS Lett. 85, 35-39).", "PMID": 687632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7663", "title": "Purification and properties of L-lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate reductase from rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "L-Lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate reductase (N5-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine: NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming, EC 1.5.1.8) was purified from rat liver mitochondria to a homogeneous state judged by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its molecular weight was estimated as 52000. On Sepharose 4B filtration it has a molecular weight of 230 000 and it is suggested that the active enzyme is a tetramer of subunits of similar size. The purified enzyme was clearly separated from saccharopine dehydrogenase (N5-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming, EC 1.5.1.9). The reactions of purified L-lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate reductase favored the forward reaction (saccharopine formation) and the rate of the reverse reaction (lysine formation) was only 3--5% that of the forward reaction. The forward reaction was specific for L-lysine, alpha-ketoglutarate and NADPH and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, whereas the dose vs. response curve of the reverse reaction was sigmoidal with saccharopine. Among the amino acids examined, ornithine, leucine and tryptophan inhibited the forward reaction competitively. These results are different from earlier reports on human and yeast enzymes. The fact that rats fed on lysine-deficient diet do not lose weight much is discussed in relation to the properties of this enzyme.", "contents": "Purification and properties of L-lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate reductase from rat liver mitochondria. L-Lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate reductase (N5-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine: NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming, EC 1.5.1.8) was purified from rat liver mitochondria to a homogeneous state judged by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its molecular weight was estimated as 52000. On Sepharose 4B filtration it has a molecular weight of 230 000 and it is suggested that the active enzyme is a tetramer of subunits of similar size. The purified enzyme was clearly separated from saccharopine dehydrogenase (N5-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming, EC 1.5.1.9). The reactions of purified L-lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate reductase favored the forward reaction (saccharopine formation) and the rate of the reverse reaction (lysine formation) was only 3--5% that of the forward reaction. The forward reaction was specific for L-lysine, alpha-ketoglutarate and NADPH and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, whereas the dose vs. response curve of the reverse reaction was sigmoidal with saccharopine. Among the amino acids examined, ornithine, leucine and tryptophan inhibited the forward reaction competitively. These results are different from earlier reports on human and yeast enzymes. The fact that rats fed on lysine-deficient diet do not lose weight much is discussed in relation to the properties of this enzyme.", "PMID": 687635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7664", "title": "Purification and properties of an inhibitory protein of chitin synthetase from Mucor rouxii.", "content": "A soluble protein inhibitor of chitin synthetase (UDP-2-acetamindo-2-deoxy-D-glucose:chitin 4-beta-acetamidodeoxyglucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.16) was isolated from the cytoplasm of Mucor rouxii. By gel filtration, the molecular weight of the inhibitor was estimated to be 17 500. The inhibitor was effective against crude or purified (chitosome) preparations of chitin synthetase. Unlike the chitin synthesis inhibitor from Saccharomyces spp., the inhibitor from M. rouxii does not operate by blocking the proteolytic activation of chitin synthetase zymogen but by inhibiting the operation of activated enzyme. Presumably, the inhibitor forms part of the regulatory mechanism of chitin synthesis in the cell.", "contents": "Purification and properties of an inhibitory protein of chitin synthetase from Mucor rouxii. A soluble protein inhibitor of chitin synthetase (UDP-2-acetamindo-2-deoxy-D-glucose:chitin 4-beta-acetamidodeoxyglucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.16) was isolated from the cytoplasm of Mucor rouxii. By gel filtration, the molecular weight of the inhibitor was estimated to be 17 500. The inhibitor was effective against crude or purified (chitosome) preparations of chitin synthetase. Unlike the chitin synthesis inhibitor from Saccharomyces spp., the inhibitor from M. rouxii does not operate by blocking the proteolytic activation of chitin synthetase zymogen but by inhibiting the operation of activated enzyme. Presumably, the inhibitor forms part of the regulatory mechanism of chitin synthesis in the cell.", "PMID": 687636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7665", "title": "IV. Synthesis and assay of analogs of adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate as inhibitors of bovine adrenal estrogen sulfotranferase.", "content": "Analogs of adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate are described which aid in the characterization of the inhibition of estrone sulfurylation by 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate as mediated by bovine adrenal estrogen sulfotransferase (3'-5'-phosphosulfate:estrone 3-sulphotransferase, EC 2.8.2.4). The facile conversion of ribonucleosides to 2',3'-cyclic phosphate 5'-phosphate in neat pyrophosphoryl chloride is utilized to provide a reliable route to the requisite intermediates for enzymatic regiospecific conversion to ribonucleoside 3',5'- and 2',5'-diphosphates. The importance of the 3'-phosphate ester to inhibition of estrone sulfurylation is confirmed by Ki measurements. Replacement of the 6-amino group by hydrogen or oxygen leads to considerable loss in affinity for the enzyme as does also dimethylation of the exocylic amino group. Alterations in the pyrimidine ring are not well tolerated by the sulfotransferase but modifications in the imidazole ring as in tubercidin (7 -deazaadenosine) and 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-diphosphate lead to an enhanced affinity. The latter findings are discussed in terms of an hypothesis of stacking of the aromatic ring of the estrogen substrate and the purine moiety and its analogs.", "contents": "IV. Synthesis and assay of analogs of adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate as inhibitors of bovine adrenal estrogen sulfotranferase. Analogs of adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate are described which aid in the characterization of the inhibition of estrone sulfurylation by 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate as mediated by bovine adrenal estrogen sulfotransferase (3'-5'-phosphosulfate:estrone 3-sulphotransferase, EC 2.8.2.4). The facile conversion of ribonucleosides to 2',3'-cyclic phosphate 5'-phosphate in neat pyrophosphoryl chloride is utilized to provide a reliable route to the requisite intermediates for enzymatic regiospecific conversion to ribonucleoside 3',5'- and 2',5'-diphosphates. The importance of the 3'-phosphate ester to inhibition of estrone sulfurylation is confirmed by Ki measurements. Replacement of the 6-amino group by hydrogen or oxygen leads to considerable loss in affinity for the enzyme as does also dimethylation of the exocylic amino group. Alterations in the pyrimidine ring are not well tolerated by the sulfotransferase but modifications in the imidazole ring as in tubercidin (7 -deazaadenosine) and 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-diphosphate lead to an enhanced affinity. The latter findings are discussed in terms of an hypothesis of stacking of the aromatic ring of the estrogen substrate and the purine moiety and its analogs.", "PMID": 687637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7666", "title": "An improved large scale procedure for the purification of porcine pancreatic lipase.", "content": "A modified procedure for purifying porcine pancreatic lipase (triacyglycerol acyl-hydrodrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) is described. In comparison to the previous procedure reported by Verger, R., de Hass, G.H., Sarda, L and Desnuelle, P. (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 188, 272--282) it is more rapid, more reproducible and results in a purer enzyme preparation. No colipase could be detected in the mixture of isoenzymes and, naturally, in the different separated lipases. In this process, butanol treatment is omitted. After pancreas powder extraction, a batch procedure was used for adsorption of DEAE-cellulose. Sephadex filtration (pH 8.0) was made in a largeer size column. Finally the isoenzymes were separated on CM-cellulose as in the Verger procedure, but under slightly modified conditions. Lipase LB was fully homogeneous as judged by end group determination, gel electrophoresis (in the presence of absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate) and sedimentation equilibrium.", "contents": "An improved large scale procedure for the purification of porcine pancreatic lipase. A modified procedure for purifying porcine pancreatic lipase (triacyglycerol acyl-hydrodrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) is described. In comparison to the previous procedure reported by Verger, R., de Hass, G.H., Sarda, L and Desnuelle, P. (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 188, 272--282) it is more rapid, more reproducible and results in a purer enzyme preparation. No colipase could be detected in the mixture of isoenzymes and, naturally, in the different separated lipases. In this process, butanol treatment is omitted. After pancreas powder extraction, a batch procedure was used for adsorption of DEAE-cellulose. Sephadex filtration (pH 8.0) was made in a largeer size column. Finally the isoenzymes were separated on CM-cellulose as in the Verger procedure, but under slightly modified conditions. Lipase LB was fully homogeneous as judged by end group determination, gel electrophoresis (in the presence of absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate) and sedimentation equilibrium.", "PMID": 687638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7667", "title": "Successive cleavage of N-terminal Arg1--Pro2 and Lys3-Pro4 from substance P but no release of Arg1-Pro2 from bradykinin, by X-Pro dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase.", "content": "X-Pro dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.14.1) purified homogeneously from the human submaxillary gland was proved to hydrolyze N-terminal dipeptide Arg1-Pro2 and subsequent dipeptide Lys3-Pro4 from substance P (Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-gly-Leu-Met-NH2). Km and V values of hydrolysis of substance P were 2.0 mM and 3.6 mumol/min per mg protein, respectively. In contrast, the N-terminal Arg-Pro of bradykinin (Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg) was not cleaved by the enzyme.", "contents": "Successive cleavage of N-terminal Arg1--Pro2 and Lys3-Pro4 from substance P but no release of Arg1-Pro2 from bradykinin, by X-Pro dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase. X-Pro dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.14.1) purified homogeneously from the human submaxillary gland was proved to hydrolyze N-terminal dipeptide Arg1-Pro2 and subsequent dipeptide Lys3-Pro4 from substance P (Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-gly-Leu-Met-NH2). Km and V values of hydrolysis of substance P were 2.0 mM and 3.6 mumol/min per mg protein, respectively. In contrast, the N-terminal Arg-Pro of bradykinin (Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg) was not cleaved by the enzyme.", "PMID": 687639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7668", "title": "Substituent effect on the elementary processes of the interaction between several benzeneboronic acids and substilisin BPN.", "content": "Benzeneboronic acid, a transition-state analog for serine proteases, binds to the catalytic center of subtilisin BPN'. The binding mechanism is so-called two-step mechanism; the initial fast association followed by a slow unimolecular process (Nakatani, H., Uehara, Y. and Hiromi, K. (1975) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 77, 615--616), E + S fast equilibrium ES slow equilibrium ES (E = subtilisin, S = benzenebroonic acid). The structure of the transient complex (ES) at the initial association process was manifested by the substituent effect of benzeneboronic acid on the rate parameters in the elementary processes. The study by the temperature-junp and stopped-flow methods showed that the boron atom in benzeneboronic acid strongly interacts with a nucleophilic site, probably, O gamma of Ser-221 or imidazole of His-64 at the catalytic center, already at the initial fast association.", "contents": "Substituent effect on the elementary processes of the interaction between several benzeneboronic acids and substilisin BPN. Benzeneboronic acid, a transition-state analog for serine proteases, binds to the catalytic center of subtilisin BPN'. The binding mechanism is so-called two-step mechanism; the initial fast association followed by a slow unimolecular process (Nakatani, H., Uehara, Y. and Hiromi, K. (1975) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 77, 615--616), E + S fast equilibrium ES slow equilibrium ES (E = subtilisin, S = benzenebroonic acid). The structure of the transient complex (ES) at the initial association process was manifested by the substituent effect of benzeneboronic acid on the rate parameters in the elementary processes. The study by the temperature-junp and stopped-flow methods showed that the boron atom in benzeneboronic acid strongly interacts with a nucleophilic site, probably, O gamma of Ser-221 or imidazole of His-64 at the catalytic center, already at the initial fast association.", "PMID": 687640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7669", "title": "Cyanate modification of essential lysyl residues in the catalytic subunit of tobacco ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase.", "content": "Crystalline ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39) isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf homogenates is irreversibly inactivated by incubation with potassium cyanate at pH 7.4. The rate of inactivation is pseudo first-order and linearly dependent on reagent concentration. In the presence of ribulosebisphosphate or high levels of CO2 and Mg2+ the rate constant for inactivation is reduced, suggesting that chemical modification occurs in the active site region of the enzyme. In contrast, neither the effector NADPH nor the activator Mg2+ alone significantly affect the rate of inactivation by cyanate; however, NADPH markedly enhances the protective effect of CO2 and Mg2+. Incubation of the carboxylase with potassium [14C] cyanate in the absence or presence of ribulosebisphosphate revealed that the substrate specifically reduces cyanate incorporation into the large catalytic subunits of the enzyme. Analysis of acid hydrolysates of the radioactive carboxylase indicated that the reagent carbamylates both NH2-terminal groups and lysyl residues in the large and small subunits. Comparison of the substrate-protected enzyme with the inactivated carboxylase revealed that ribulosebisphosphate preferentially reduces lysyl modification within the large subunit. The data here presented indicate that inactivation of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase by cyanate or its reactive tautomer, isocyanic acid, results from the modification of lysyl residues within the catalytic subunit, presumably at the activator and substrate CO2 binding sites on the enzyme.", "contents": "Cyanate modification of essential lysyl residues in the catalytic subunit of tobacco ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase. Crystalline ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39) isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf homogenates is irreversibly inactivated by incubation with potassium cyanate at pH 7.4. The rate of inactivation is pseudo first-order and linearly dependent on reagent concentration. In the presence of ribulosebisphosphate or high levels of CO2 and Mg2+ the rate constant for inactivation is reduced, suggesting that chemical modification occurs in the active site region of the enzyme. In contrast, neither the effector NADPH nor the activator Mg2+ alone significantly affect the rate of inactivation by cyanate; however, NADPH markedly enhances the protective effect of CO2 and Mg2+. Incubation of the carboxylase with potassium [14C] cyanate in the absence or presence of ribulosebisphosphate revealed that the substrate specifically reduces cyanate incorporation into the large catalytic subunits of the enzyme. Analysis of acid hydrolysates of the radioactive carboxylase indicated that the reagent carbamylates both NH2-terminal groups and lysyl residues in the large and small subunits. Comparison of the substrate-protected enzyme with the inactivated carboxylase revealed that ribulosebisphosphate preferentially reduces lysyl modification within the large subunit. The data here presented indicate that inactivation of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase by cyanate or its reactive tautomer, isocyanic acid, results from the modification of lysyl residues within the catalytic subunit, presumably at the activator and substrate CO2 binding sites on the enzyme.", "PMID": 687641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7670", "title": "Aging of soman-inhibited acetylcholinesterase: inhibitors and accelerators.", "content": "The influence of 27 possible effectors, mostly bispyridinium salts, upon the dealkylation (aging) of soman-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) was examined at pH 7.6 and 25 degrees C. In the absence of effectors, the rate constant of the aging process was 4.0. 10(-2) min-1. At 2 mM, the strongest inhibitor reduced the rate to 0.8. 10(-2) min-1, whereas it was raised to 8.2. 10(-2) min-1 by the most potent accelerator.", "contents": "Aging of soman-inhibited acetylcholinesterase: inhibitors and accelerators. The influence of 27 possible effectors, mostly bispyridinium salts, upon the dealkylation (aging) of soman-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) was examined at pH 7.6 and 25 degrees C. In the absence of effectors, the rate constant of the aging process was 4.0. 10(-2) min-1. At 2 mM, the strongest inhibitor reduced the rate to 0.8. 10(-2) min-1, whereas it was raised to 8.2. 10(-2) min-1 by the most potent accelerator.", "PMID": 687642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7671", "title": "Unusual substrates for adenosine deaminase from calf intestinal mucosa.", "content": "A number of adenine nucleosides with exocyclic double bonds either at the 4',5' position in pentofuranosyl nucleosides or at the 5',6' position of hexofuranosyl nucleosides have been found to act as substrates for adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) from calf intestinal mucosa. Most of the results obtained are contrary to the accepted minimal structural requirements for substrate activity. These nucleosides had either incorrect anomeric configurations or no hydroxyl group at C-5' or C-3' in the proper configuration; some compounds incorporated both structural changes. There is a possiblity that the unsaturated group has a special role in binding to the enzyme.", "contents": "Unusual substrates for adenosine deaminase from calf intestinal mucosa. A number of adenine nucleosides with exocyclic double bonds either at the 4',5' position in pentofuranosyl nucleosides or at the 5',6' position of hexofuranosyl nucleosides have been found to act as substrates for adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) from calf intestinal mucosa. Most of the results obtained are contrary to the accepted minimal structural requirements for substrate activity. These nucleosides had either incorrect anomeric configurations or no hydroxyl group at C-5' or C-3' in the proper configuration; some compounds incorporated both structural changes. There is a possiblity that the unsaturated group has a special role in binding to the enzyme.", "PMID": 687643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7672", "title": "Degradation of phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase after glucagon treatment.", "content": "Using a single-isotope and immune precipitation technique the half-life (t 1/2) of hepatic phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase (aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.--, Number not yet assigned) from glucagon-treated rats was determined to be 2.8 days, similar to that of the control rats (t 1/2 = 3.3 days). The half-life of rat liver total soluble proteins also remained unchanged after glucagon treatment (t 1/2 = 2.7 days in glucagon-treated rats; t 1/2 = 2.8 days in normal). Thus, glucagon has no effect on the degradation of phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase. Furthermore, the degradation rates are similar for both the holoenzyme and the apoenzyme of phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase.", "contents": "Degradation of phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase after glucagon treatment. Using a single-isotope and immune precipitation technique the half-life (t 1/2) of hepatic phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase (aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.--, Number not yet assigned) from glucagon-treated rats was determined to be 2.8 days, similar to that of the control rats (t 1/2 = 3.3 days). The half-life of rat liver total soluble proteins also remained unchanged after glucagon treatment (t 1/2 = 2.7 days in glucagon-treated rats; t 1/2 = 2.8 days in normal). Thus, glucagon has no effect on the degradation of phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase. Furthermore, the degradation rates are similar for both the holoenzyme and the apoenzyme of phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase.", "PMID": 687644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7673", "title": "Hybrid isozymes of rat pyruvate kinase. Their subunit structure and developmental changes in the liver.", "content": "Thin-layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of various rat tissues revealed three major isozymes (types L, M1 and M2) and various intermediate forms of pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40). In vitro dissociation and reassociation of purified enzymes showed that the three major isozymes had homotetrameric structures. L.M2 hybrids and M1.M2 hybrids closely resembled some naturally occurring intermediates; the subunit structure of intermediates isolated from the small intestine (form 3 or form 4) were estimated to be (L)2(M2)2 and (L)(M2)3, respectively. Pyruvate kinase activity after electrophoresis could be estimated quantitatively from densitometric measurements of the electrophoretic pattern. Type L activity in fetal liver was separated from type R activity derived from intrahepatic erythropoietic cells. It changes in three distinct steps during development: it increased during the late fetal period, remained steady during the neonatal period and increased again after weaning. Some of the intermediates found in extracts of early fetal iver were shown to cross-react with both anti-L and anti-M1 serum, suggesting that they might be L.M2 or R.M2 hybrids. These hybrid enzymes were shown to appear only during early fetal and neonatal periods.", "contents": "Hybrid isozymes of rat pyruvate kinase. Their subunit structure and developmental changes in the liver. Thin-layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of various rat tissues revealed three major isozymes (types L, M1 and M2) and various intermediate forms of pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40). In vitro dissociation and reassociation of purified enzymes showed that the three major isozymes had homotetrameric structures. L.M2 hybrids and M1.M2 hybrids closely resembled some naturally occurring intermediates; the subunit structure of intermediates isolated from the small intestine (form 3 or form 4) were estimated to be (L)2(M2)2 and (L)(M2)3, respectively. Pyruvate kinase activity after electrophoresis could be estimated quantitatively from densitometric measurements of the electrophoretic pattern. Type L activity in fetal liver was separated from type R activity derived from intrahepatic erythropoietic cells. It changes in three distinct steps during development: it increased during the late fetal period, remained steady during the neonatal period and increased again after weaning. Some of the intermediates found in extracts of early fetal iver were shown to cross-react with both anti-L and anti-M1 serum, suggesting that they might be L.M2 or R.M2 hybrids. These hybrid enzymes were shown to appear only during early fetal and neonatal periods.", "PMID": 687645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7674", "title": "Substrate preferences of wild and a mutant house fly acetylcholinesterase and a comparison with the bovine erythrocyte enzyme.", "content": "Comparisons were made of purified acetylcholinesterase from the heads of wild type house flies with a mutant form (which bound organophosphates and carbamates less tightly). Using 12 substrates and 6 quaternary inhibitors, the only substantial difference was that the Km for butyrylcholine was 25 times greater for the mutant enzyme, suggesting that butyrylcholine and the organophosphates and carbamates shared a common binding site. The pure enzyme from the wild type house fly was also compared with bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. The major difference was again with butyrylcholine as substrate: the ability to acylate or deacylate was 30 times greater in the fly enzyme (the Km values differed by a factor of 4).", "contents": "Substrate preferences of wild and a mutant house fly acetylcholinesterase and a comparison with the bovine erythrocyte enzyme. Comparisons were made of purified acetylcholinesterase from the heads of wild type house flies with a mutant form (which bound organophosphates and carbamates less tightly). Using 12 substrates and 6 quaternary inhibitors, the only substantial difference was that the Km for butyrylcholine was 25 times greater for the mutant enzyme, suggesting that butyrylcholine and the organophosphates and carbamates shared a common binding site. The pure enzyme from the wild type house fly was also compared with bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. The major difference was again with butyrylcholine as substrate: the ability to acylate or deacylate was 30 times greater in the fly enzyme (the Km values differed by a factor of 4).", "PMID": 687646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7675", "title": "The activation of proacrosin in spermatozoa from ram bull and boar.", "content": "Acrosin activity was estimated in fractions from washed ram, bull and boar spermatozoa that had been disrupted using a Stansted Cell Disruptor. When p-aminobenzamidine was included in the medium during disruption, all the acrosin (acrosomal proteinase, EC 3.4.21.10) was recovered as its inactive zymogen form, proacrosin. But if spermatozoa were damaged before disruption, of were disrupted in the absence of p-aminobenzamidine, considerable amounts of active acrosin were detectable. It was concluded that conversion of proacrosin to acrosin takes place in spermatozoa only after the acrosome has been rutured. In a sucrose medium, all the proacrosin was bound to the sperm heads. Conversion to acrosin took place readily with all components in a bound state. Using arm sperm heads, the conversion was found to be relatively insensitive to pH, proceeding rapidly above pH 6.5; the rate of conversion was not affected by physiological levels of Ca2+, Mg2+, or Zn2+, although elevated ionic strength caused a solubilization of the acrosin activity and some slowing of the rate. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that several active forms of acrosin were involved, but the final product was a single stable form. Final levels of the active acrosin (expressed as mu mol N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester utilised/min per 10(9) heads) were: ram 26.2; bull, 15.9; boar, 133.8. But active site titration revealed that these different levels were not reflected in the numbers of active enzyme molecules on the sperm head; boar acrosin appears to be about three times more active towards benzoyl-arginine ethyl ester than do the acrosins from the other species.", "contents": "The activation of proacrosin in spermatozoa from ram bull and boar. Acrosin activity was estimated in fractions from washed ram, bull and boar spermatozoa that had been disrupted using a Stansted Cell Disruptor. When p-aminobenzamidine was included in the medium during disruption, all the acrosin (acrosomal proteinase, EC 3.4.21.10) was recovered as its inactive zymogen form, proacrosin. But if spermatozoa were damaged before disruption, of were disrupted in the absence of p-aminobenzamidine, considerable amounts of active acrosin were detectable. It was concluded that conversion of proacrosin to acrosin takes place in spermatozoa only after the acrosome has been rutured. In a sucrose medium, all the proacrosin was bound to the sperm heads. Conversion to acrosin took place readily with all components in a bound state. Using arm sperm heads, the conversion was found to be relatively insensitive to pH, proceeding rapidly above pH 6.5; the rate of conversion was not affected by physiological levels of Ca2+, Mg2+, or Zn2+, although elevated ionic strength caused a solubilization of the acrosin activity and some slowing of the rate. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that several active forms of acrosin were involved, but the final product was a single stable form. Final levels of the active acrosin (expressed as mu mol N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester utilised/min per 10(9) heads) were: ram 26.2; bull, 15.9; boar, 133.8. But active site titration revealed that these different levels were not reflected in the numbers of active enzyme molecules on the sperm head; boar acrosin appears to be about three times more active towards benzoyl-arginine ethyl ester than do the acrosins from the other species.", "PMID": 687648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7676", "title": "Purification and characterization of 3-dehydroquinate hydrolase and shikmate oxidoreductase. Evidence for a bifunctional enzyme.", "content": "The basis for the physical association of 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase (3-dehydroquinate hydrolyase, EC 4.2.1.10) and shikimate dehydrogenase (shikimate: NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.25) in higher plants was investigated. The enzymes were extracted from the moss Physcomitrella patens and were purified to homogeneity. Determinations of subunit sizes were made by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and gel exclusion chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride. Results from these studies demonstrate that both enzyme activities are carried out by a single polypeptide.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of 3-dehydroquinate hydrolase and shikmate oxidoreductase. Evidence for a bifunctional enzyme. The basis for the physical association of 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase (3-dehydroquinate hydrolyase, EC 4.2.1.10) and shikimate dehydrogenase (shikimate: NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.25) in higher plants was investigated. The enzymes were extracted from the moss Physcomitrella patens and were purified to homogeneity. Determinations of subunit sizes were made by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and gel exclusion chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride. Results from these studies demonstrate that both enzyme activities are carried out by a single polypeptide.", "PMID": 687649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7677", "title": "Studies of fluoride-preactivated rabbit liver adenylyl cyclase.", "content": "Rabbit liver adenylyl (ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1) cyclase was stimulated by preincubation with F- and Mg2+ and the stimulation persisted despite extensive washing and/or detergent solubilization. Optimum preactivation conditions were found to be 4 mM NaF and 2 mM MgCl2; higher or lower concentrations produced submaximum stimulation regardless of preincub ation time. In addition to an enhanced catalytic acticity, the activated enzyme also exhibited different responses to Ca2+ and Cu2+ when compared to the basal enzyme. ATP caused a time-dependent inhibition that could be partially prevented or reversed by F-, but was not completely reversed by washing. This inhibition was not observed when 5'-adenosine(beta, gamma-imide) triphosphate blocks inhibition by ATP. The results support, but do not prove, the proposed molecular basis of F- activation which entails a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism.", "contents": "Studies of fluoride-preactivated rabbit liver adenylyl cyclase. Rabbit liver adenylyl (ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1) cyclase was stimulated by preincubation with F- and Mg2+ and the stimulation persisted despite extensive washing and/or detergent solubilization. Optimum preactivation conditions were found to be 4 mM NaF and 2 mM MgCl2; higher or lower concentrations produced submaximum stimulation regardless of preincub ation time. In addition to an enhanced catalytic acticity, the activated enzyme also exhibited different responses to Ca2+ and Cu2+ when compared to the basal enzyme. ATP caused a time-dependent inhibition that could be partially prevented or reversed by F-, but was not completely reversed by washing. This inhibition was not observed when 5'-adenosine(beta, gamma-imide) triphosphate blocks inhibition by ATP. The results support, but do not prove, the proposed molecular basis of F- activation which entails a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism.", "PMID": 687650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7678", "title": "Effect of Fe2+ and Mn2+ on 3-mercaptopicolinate inhibition of cytosolic and mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase of five species.", "content": "Liver cytosolic or mitochondrial fractions of five species were incubated with 30 micrometer Fe2+ or with 100 micrometer Mn2+ prior to assaying for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.32) acticity in the presence of 3-mercaptopicolinate. Only the cytosolic carboxykinases were activated 3--4-fold by Fe2+ or Mn2+. Fe2+ enhanced the inhibitory potency of 3-mercaptopicolinate 10--50-fold against the cytosolic and the mitochondrial carboxykinases, but Mn2+ was ineffective. Mn2+ interfered with Fe2+ -enhancement of inhibition by 3-mercaptopicolinate in a manner competitive with Fe2+. It is hypothesized that Fe2+ and 3-mercaptopicolinate form a coordination complex that inhibits the carboxylkinases and that 3-mercaptopicolinate does not blind to a carboxykinase containing Mn2+.", "contents": "Effect of Fe2+ and Mn2+ on 3-mercaptopicolinate inhibition of cytosolic and mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase of five species. Liver cytosolic or mitochondrial fractions of five species were incubated with 30 micrometer Fe2+ or with 100 micrometer Mn2+ prior to assaying for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.32) acticity in the presence of 3-mercaptopicolinate. Only the cytosolic carboxykinases were activated 3--4-fold by Fe2+ or Mn2+. Fe2+ enhanced the inhibitory potency of 3-mercaptopicolinate 10--50-fold against the cytosolic and the mitochondrial carboxykinases, but Mn2+ was ineffective. Mn2+ interfered with Fe2+ -enhancement of inhibition by 3-mercaptopicolinate in a manner competitive with Fe2+. It is hypothesized that Fe2+ and 3-mercaptopicolinate form a coordination complex that inhibits the carboxylkinases and that 3-mercaptopicolinate does not blind to a carboxykinase containing Mn2+.", "PMID": 687651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7679", "title": "Inhibition of liver prenyltransferase by alkyl phosphonates and phosphonophosphates.", "content": "n-Pentyl and n-decyl phosphonate and the corresponding phosphonophosphates were found to inhibit cholesterol synthesis from mevalonate in the 10000 X g supernatants of liver homogenates and the synthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate from geranyl and isopentenyl pyrophosphate by purified liver prenyltransferase. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of prenyltransferase showed that the phosphonates and the phosphonophosphates interacted with two forms, or two sites, of the enzyme. The order of increasing potency was C5-phosphonate less than C10-phosphonate less than C5-phosphonophosphate less than C10-phosphonophosphate. The phosphonophosphates were at least ten times stronger inhibitors than the phosphonates.", "contents": "Inhibition of liver prenyltransferase by alkyl phosphonates and phosphonophosphates. n-Pentyl and n-decyl phosphonate and the corresponding phosphonophosphates were found to inhibit cholesterol synthesis from mevalonate in the 10000 X g supernatants of liver homogenates and the synthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate from geranyl and isopentenyl pyrophosphate by purified liver prenyltransferase. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of prenyltransferase showed that the phosphonates and the phosphonophosphates interacted with two forms, or two sites, of the enzyme. The order of increasing potency was C5-phosphonate less than C10-phosphonate less than C5-phosphonophosphate less than C10-phosphonophosphate. The phosphonophosphates were at least ten times stronger inhibitors than the phosphonates.", "PMID": 687653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7680", "title": "Distribution and metabolism of synthetic alkyl analogs of lysophosphatidylcholine in mice.", "content": "Stability, distribution and metabolic fate of alkyl analogs of lysophosphatidylcholine have been studied in mice. Analogs employed were 1-hexadecyl- and 1-dodecyl-propanediol-3-phosphorylcholine (2-deoxy-lysophosphatidylcholine) and rac-1-octadecyl-2-methyl-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (2-methoxy-lysophosphatidylcholine). It is demonstrated that (1) the half-life of these compounds in the organism was increased to the order of days as compared to minutes or hours for natural lysophosphatidylcholine, (2) the analogs were slowly degraded in vivo with partial incorporation of the hydrophobic part into neutral lipids and phosphatidylcholine. Deoxy analogs were apparently degraded faster than methoxy derivatives, and (3) due to this metabolism, accumulation of these compounds, even after repeated injections, did not occur in mice. Intravenous and intraperitoneal injections led to rapid and complete distribution of the lysolipids with slight enrichment in liver, kidneys and intestine. Subcutaneous or oral application resulted in a similar distribution, however, remarkable depot effects at the sites of administration were observed. Experiments with tumor-bearing mice indicated a reduced metabolic turnover and thus a slight enrichment of ether-lysophosphatidylcholine analogs in tumor tissue.", "contents": "Distribution and metabolism of synthetic alkyl analogs of lysophosphatidylcholine in mice. Stability, distribution and metabolic fate of alkyl analogs of lysophosphatidylcholine have been studied in mice. Analogs employed were 1-hexadecyl- and 1-dodecyl-propanediol-3-phosphorylcholine (2-deoxy-lysophosphatidylcholine) and rac-1-octadecyl-2-methyl-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (2-methoxy-lysophosphatidylcholine). It is demonstrated that (1) the half-life of these compounds in the organism was increased to the order of days as compared to minutes or hours for natural lysophosphatidylcholine, (2) the analogs were slowly degraded in vivo with partial incorporation of the hydrophobic part into neutral lipids and phosphatidylcholine. Deoxy analogs were apparently degraded faster than methoxy derivatives, and (3) due to this metabolism, accumulation of these compounds, even after repeated injections, did not occur in mice. Intravenous and intraperitoneal injections led to rapid and complete distribution of the lysolipids with slight enrichment in liver, kidneys and intestine. Subcutaneous or oral application resulted in a similar distribution, however, remarkable depot effects at the sites of administration were observed. Experiments with tumor-bearing mice indicated a reduced metabolic turnover and thus a slight enrichment of ether-lysophosphatidylcholine analogs in tumor tissue.", "PMID": 687654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7681", "title": "Partial purification and properties of monoacylglycerol lipase and two esterases from isolated rat small intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "In intestinal epithelial cells, three enzymes possessing monoacylglycerol hydrolase activity were found and partially purified. Two of these enzymes have properties that justify their classification as an esterase and one as a monoacylglycerol lipase. The three enzymes show similar Km values for monooleoylglycerol and each shows similar activity towards 1- and 2-monopalmitoylglycerol. Antiserum raised in rabbits against rat liver monoacylglycerol lipase inhibits the intestinal lipase completely, suggesting that the enzymes are at least partially similar. The esterases of small intestinal villus cells were not inhibited by the antiserum against liver monoacylglycerol lipase. It was calculated that the esterases account for approx. 2/3 of the monooleoylglycerol hydrolase activity in epithelial cells. Monoacylglycerol lipase also hydrolyzed palmitoyl-CoA, while the esterases did not. The enzymes were inhibited by micellar palmitoyl-CoA. The hypothesis that palmitoyl-CoA is an important regulator for monoacylglycerol acylation is discussed in the light of these new findings.", "contents": "Partial purification and properties of monoacylglycerol lipase and two esterases from isolated rat small intestinal epithelial cells. In intestinal epithelial cells, three enzymes possessing monoacylglycerol hydrolase activity were found and partially purified. Two of these enzymes have properties that justify their classification as an esterase and one as a monoacylglycerol lipase. The three enzymes show similar Km values for monooleoylglycerol and each shows similar activity towards 1- and 2-monopalmitoylglycerol. Antiserum raised in rabbits against rat liver monoacylglycerol lipase inhibits the intestinal lipase completely, suggesting that the enzymes are at least partially similar. The esterases of small intestinal villus cells were not inhibited by the antiserum against liver monoacylglycerol lipase. It was calculated that the esterases account for approx. 2/3 of the monooleoylglycerol hydrolase activity in epithelial cells. Monoacylglycerol lipase also hydrolyzed palmitoyl-CoA, while the esterases did not. The enzymes were inhibited by micellar palmitoyl-CoA. The hypothesis that palmitoyl-CoA is an important regulator for monoacylglycerol acylation is discussed in the light of these new findings.", "PMID": 687655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7682", "title": "Monoacylglycerol metabolism in rat small intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "1. In various preparations of rat small intestinal epithelial cells the acylation and deacylation of monoacylglycerol were studied. In the in vitro vascularly perfused intestine, of which the lumen was loaded with monoacylglycerol with or without fatty acids, acylation exceeded deacylation. In contrast, deacylation was much faster in isolated microsomes and in isolated whole cells. 2. In vascularly perfused intestine, without long-chain fatty acids present in the lumen, the amount of di- and triacylglycerol formed was found to be half of that formed in perfusions with long-chain fatty acids in the lumen, while the glycerol formation was increased 1.4-fold. 3. The concentration of monoacylglycerol is an important factor in determining the relative rates of monoacylglycerol acylation and deacylation in microsomes: the ratio acylation/deacylation decreases with increasing monoacylglycerol concentrations. 4. The function of the monoacylglycerol lipase in fat resorption is discussed.", "contents": "Monoacylglycerol metabolism in rat small intestinal epithelial cells. 1. In various preparations of rat small intestinal epithelial cells the acylation and deacylation of monoacylglycerol were studied. In the in vitro vascularly perfused intestine, of which the lumen was loaded with monoacylglycerol with or without fatty acids, acylation exceeded deacylation. In contrast, deacylation was much faster in isolated microsomes and in isolated whole cells. 2. In vascularly perfused intestine, without long-chain fatty acids present in the lumen, the amount of di- and triacylglycerol formed was found to be half of that formed in perfusions with long-chain fatty acids in the lumen, while the glycerol formation was increased 1.4-fold. 3. The concentration of monoacylglycerol is an important factor in determining the relative rates of monoacylglycerol acylation and deacylation in microsomes: the ratio acylation/deacylation decreases with increasing monoacylglycerol concentrations. 4. The function of the monoacylglycerol lipase in fat resorption is discussed.", "PMID": 687656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7683", "title": "On the mechanism for the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase by free cholesterol.", "content": "The administration of mevalonic acid to rats by intravenous injection resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in the liver microsomal fraction, a decrease in the microsomal activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and no significant change in the activity of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase or in the concentration of free and of esterified cholesterol in the liver microsomal fraction. However, the increased hepatic cholesterogenesis that follows the injection of mevalonic acid resulted in an increase of the size of the intracellular pool of cholesterol that is in the environment of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and acts as substrate for cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. The administration of mevalonic acid to rats by stomach tube resulted in an increase in the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase and in the concentration of cholesterol esters in the liver microsomal fraction, while there was a considerable decrease in the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase.", "contents": "On the mechanism for the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase by free cholesterol. The administration of mevalonic acid to rats by intravenous injection resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in the liver microsomal fraction, a decrease in the microsomal activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and no significant change in the activity of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase or in the concentration of free and of esterified cholesterol in the liver microsomal fraction. However, the increased hepatic cholesterogenesis that follows the injection of mevalonic acid resulted in an increase of the size of the intracellular pool of cholesterol that is in the environment of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and acts as substrate for cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. The administration of mevalonic acid to rats by stomach tube resulted in an increase in the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase and in the concentration of cholesterol esters in the liver microsomal fraction, while there was a considerable decrease in the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase.", "PMID": 687657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7684", "title": "The effects of serum albumin and phospholipid on sterol excretion in tissue culture cells.", "content": "Serum albumin was as effective as whole serum or alpha-globulins in facilitating sterol release from strain L mouse fibroblasts. Commercial bovine serum albumin preparations, however, had markedly different absolute effects in this regard. These differences were attributable to the variation in phospholipid content of these products. All but one of these albumins enhanced sterol release when supplemented with phospholipid. The exception was fatty acid-poor albumin which contained an adequate amount of phospholipid. Among the phospholipids examined, lecithin proved to be most effective, while phosphatidylethanolamine had little potentiating influence. As the unsaturation of the test lecithins increased, enhancement of sterol release decreased. The potentiating effect of the phospholipid was in turn dependent on the protein used, since the phenomenon was not observed with non-serum proteins like ovalbumin or with non-transport serum proteins such as gamma-globulins. The results of these studies raise the possibility that serum albumin together with phospholipid can play an important role in sterol release in tissue culture cells.", "contents": "The effects of serum albumin and phospholipid on sterol excretion in tissue culture cells. Serum albumin was as effective as whole serum or alpha-globulins in facilitating sterol release from strain L mouse fibroblasts. Commercial bovine serum albumin preparations, however, had markedly different absolute effects in this regard. These differences were attributable to the variation in phospholipid content of these products. All but one of these albumins enhanced sterol release when supplemented with phospholipid. The exception was fatty acid-poor albumin which contained an adequate amount of phospholipid. Among the phospholipids examined, lecithin proved to be most effective, while phosphatidylethanolamine had little potentiating influence. As the unsaturation of the test lecithins increased, enhancement of sterol release decreased. The potentiating effect of the phospholipid was in turn dependent on the protein used, since the phenomenon was not observed with non-serum proteins like ovalbumin or with non-transport serum proteins such as gamma-globulins. The results of these studies raise the possibility that serum albumin together with phospholipid can play an important role in sterol release in tissue culture cells.", "PMID": 687659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7685", "title": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of high-spin iron(III) porphyrin compounds.", "content": "13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have been obtained for a variety of high-spin iron(III) porphyrin compounds and corresponding mu-oxo-bridged dimeric species. Large hyperfine shifts and significant line broadening are observed. The monomeric complexes exhibit hyperfine shifts which are downfield with the exception of an upfield shift for the meso-carbon atom. Possible unpaired spin delocalization mechanisms and prospects for observing 13C NMR porphyrin resonances in high-spin ferrihemoproteins are discussed. Spectra reported here provide strategy for incorporation of 13C labels in hemoproteins either by biosynthetic or chemical means. The vinyl-CH2 resonances of iron(III) protoporphyrin IX located 260 parts per million downfield from tetramethylsilane are especially attractive from the standpoint of chemical labeling.", "contents": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of high-spin iron(III) porphyrin compounds. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have been obtained for a variety of high-spin iron(III) porphyrin compounds and corresponding mu-oxo-bridged dimeric species. Large hyperfine shifts and significant line broadening are observed. The monomeric complexes exhibit hyperfine shifts which are downfield with the exception of an upfield shift for the meso-carbon atom. Possible unpaired spin delocalization mechanisms and prospects for observing 13C NMR porphyrin resonances in high-spin ferrihemoproteins are discussed. Spectra reported here provide strategy for incorporation of 13C labels in hemoproteins either by biosynthetic or chemical means. The vinyl-CH2 resonances of iron(III) protoporphyrin IX located 260 parts per million downfield from tetramethylsilane are especially attractive from the standpoint of chemical labeling.", "PMID": 687661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7686", "title": "The pentose phosphate pathway in developing chick cornea.", "content": "Embryonic chick corneas at different stages of development were evaluated for activity of the pentose phosphate pathway. The appearance of activity was concurrent with the onset of corneal transperancy (stage 40). Highest values were found after complete transparency is achieved (stage 45 and after hatching). Phenazine methosulfate, an artificial electron acceptor, increased activity at all stages studied even before endogenous activity was measurable; however, no increase in glucose uptake was observed. Thus, the enzymes for the pathway are present at early stages (i.e., stage 38 and 40) although in latent form. The pathway probably functions in the developing cornea to generate NADPH rather than sugar moieties for macromolecular incorporation.", "contents": "The pentose phosphate pathway in developing chick cornea. Embryonic chick corneas at different stages of development were evaluated for activity of the pentose phosphate pathway. The appearance of activity was concurrent with the onset of corneal transperancy (stage 40). Highest values were found after complete transparency is achieved (stage 45 and after hatching). Phenazine methosulfate, an artificial electron acceptor, increased activity at all stages studied even before endogenous activity was measurable; however, no increase in glucose uptake was observed. Thus, the enzymes for the pathway are present at early stages (i.e., stage 38 and 40) although in latent form. The pathway probably functions in the developing cornea to generate NADPH rather than sugar moieties for macromolecular incorporation.", "PMID": 687662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7687", "title": "The 4-amino sugars present in the lipopolysaccharides of vibro cholerae and related vibrios.", "content": "Brief treatment, with 10 M hydrochloric acid, of the lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio cholerae and related organisms led to the release of 4-amino-4, 6-dideoxy-D-mannose (D-perosamine) and 4-amino-4-deoxyl-L-arabinose. These sugar are highly unstable and undergo complex changes in neutral and basic media. Of the strains examined, the lipopolysaccharides from representatives of the Inaba group contain only D-perosamine, while those of the Ogawa biotype have 4-amino-4-deoxyl-L-arabinose as an additional component. The other Vibrios produce lipopolysaccharides which lack these sugars.", "contents": "The 4-amino sugars present in the lipopolysaccharides of vibro cholerae and related vibrios. Brief treatment, with 10 M hydrochloric acid, of the lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio cholerae and related organisms led to the release of 4-amino-4, 6-dideoxy-D-mannose (D-perosamine) and 4-amino-4-deoxyl-L-arabinose. These sugar are highly unstable and undergo complex changes in neutral and basic media. Of the strains examined, the lipopolysaccharides from representatives of the Inaba group contain only D-perosamine, while those of the Ogawa biotype have 4-amino-4-deoxyl-L-arabinose as an additional component. The other Vibrios produce lipopolysaccharides which lack these sugars.", "PMID": 687663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7688", "title": "Chemical structure and biodegradability of halogenate aromatic compounds. Substituent effects on 1,2-dioxygenation of benzoic acid.", "content": "Dioxygenation of substituted benzoic acids by whole cells of 3-chlorobenzoate-utilizing Pseudomonas sp. B 13, benzoate-induced cells of Alcaligenes eutrophus B 9 and toluate-grown cells of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 was examined. Electron-attracting substituents like halogen decreased the reaction rates of benzoate 1,2-dioxygenation. Dioxygenation of substituted benzoic acids by P. putida mt-2 was mostly undisturbed by steric effects of the substituents. Good correlation resulted between the log Vrel values and the Hammett substituent constant sigma. In contrast the reaction rates of dioxygenation by Pseudomonas sp. B 13 and A. eutrophus were decreased predominantly by steric effects of substituents. A non-polar reaction mechanism of benzoate 1,2-dioxygenation is discussed. Results from inhibition studies demonstrate high stereospecificities for the 1,2-dioxygenation by Pseudomonas sp. B 13 of benzoic acids with substituents in ortho- or para-position. In the case of P. putida mt-2 steric handrance by substituents was observed only with orth-substituted benzoic acids. Stereospecificities of the benzoate 1,2-dioxygenation by Pseudomonas sp. B 13 and P. putida mt-2 are illustrated schematically.", "contents": "Chemical structure and biodegradability of halogenate aromatic compounds. Substituent effects on 1,2-dioxygenation of benzoic acid. Dioxygenation of substituted benzoic acids by whole cells of 3-chlorobenzoate-utilizing Pseudomonas sp. B 13, benzoate-induced cells of Alcaligenes eutrophus B 9 and toluate-grown cells of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 was examined. Electron-attracting substituents like halogen decreased the reaction rates of benzoate 1,2-dioxygenation. Dioxygenation of substituted benzoic acids by P. putida mt-2 was mostly undisturbed by steric effects of the substituents. Good correlation resulted between the log Vrel values and the Hammett substituent constant sigma. In contrast the reaction rates of dioxygenation by Pseudomonas sp. B 13 and A. eutrophus were decreased predominantly by steric effects of substituents. A non-polar reaction mechanism of benzoate 1,2-dioxygenation is discussed. Results from inhibition studies demonstrate high stereospecificities for the 1,2-dioxygenation by Pseudomonas sp. B 13 of benzoic acids with substituents in ortho- or para-position. In the case of P. putida mt-2 steric handrance by substituents was observed only with orth-substituted benzoic acids. Stereospecificities of the benzoate 1,2-dioxygenation by Pseudomonas sp. B 13 and P. putida mt-2 are illustrated schematically.", "PMID": 687664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7689", "title": "Chemical structure and biodegradability of halogenated aromatic compounds. Substituent effects on dehydrogenation of 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylic acid.", "content": "The dehydrogenation of substituted 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylic acids by dihydrodihydroxybenzoic acid dehydrogenases from benzoate grown cells of Alcaligenes eutrophus and Pseudomonas sp. B 13 and 3-chlorobenzoate grown cells of the latter organism was examined. No significant differences (Km and Vrel values) were detected for the enzymes from both organisms. The same dihydrodihydroxybenzoic acid dehydrogenase is formed in Pseudomonas sp. B13 during growth on benzoate as well as on 3-chlorobenzoate. The lower turnover rates of 3- and 5-chlorodrodihydroxybenzoic acid compared to dihydrodihydroxybenzoic acid are counterbalanced by an increase in specific activity. With the exception of 4-substituted dihydrodihydroxybenzoic acids exhibiting relative high Km values, only slight sterical and electronic substituent effects are evident. Reaction rates were never reduced to a critical level.", "contents": "Chemical structure and biodegradability of halogenated aromatic compounds. Substituent effects on dehydrogenation of 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylic acid. The dehydrogenation of substituted 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylic acids by dihydrodihydroxybenzoic acid dehydrogenases from benzoate grown cells of Alcaligenes eutrophus and Pseudomonas sp. B 13 and 3-chlorobenzoate grown cells of the latter organism was examined. No significant differences (Km and Vrel values) were detected for the enzymes from both organisms. The same dihydrodihydroxybenzoic acid dehydrogenase is formed in Pseudomonas sp. B13 during growth on benzoate as well as on 3-chlorobenzoate. The lower turnover rates of 3- and 5-chlorodrodihydroxybenzoic acid compared to dihydrodihydroxybenzoic acid are counterbalanced by an increase in specific activity. With the exception of 4-substituted dihydrodihydroxybenzoic acids exhibiting relative high Km values, only slight sterical and electronic substituent effects are evident. Reaction rates were never reduced to a critical level.", "PMID": 687665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7690", "title": "Interaction of phospholipid vesicles with rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture.", "content": "We studied the interaction of positively and negatively charged unilamellar and multilamellar phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) with rat-liver parenchymal cells in primary monolayer culture. Radioactive liposomal phosphatidylcholine was taken up more rapidly and to a larger extent from unilamellar than from multilamellar vesicles. No significant difference in uptake characteristics was observed between vesicles of different charge. The presence of serum greatly reduced uptake of liposomal phosphatidylcholine of both unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles. This serum effect was independent of surface charge of the vesicles. When cells were allowed to take up radioactive liposomal phospholipid and then incubated further in absence of vesicles, part of the radioactivity associated with the cells was released into the medium, most of it as water soluble degradation products. When cells were preincubated with vesicles containing horseradish peroxidase and then, after removal of the vesicles, further incubated, peroxidase activity could be demonstrated in the culture medium, part of it only after addition of Triton X-100. These observations were taken to indicate that part of the phospholipid taken up the cells represented vesicles binding to the cell surface rather than having been internalized. Vesicle-entrapped [125I]albumin was taken up by the cells and rapidly hydrolyzed as indicated by the appearance of radioactivity soluble in trichloroacetic acid within minutes after starting the incubation. No uptake of free albumin could be demonstrated. The kinetics of albumin uptake and release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity from the cells suggest that, initially, liposomes are internalized predominantly by endocytosis, while during prolonged incubation fusion of the liposomal membrane with the plasma membrane gradually contributes more substantially to the overall uptake process. The significance of these findings is emphasized with special reference to the use of liposomes as intravenous carriers of enzymes or drugs.", "contents": "Interaction of phospholipid vesicles with rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. We studied the interaction of positively and negatively charged unilamellar and multilamellar phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) with rat-liver parenchymal cells in primary monolayer culture. Radioactive liposomal phosphatidylcholine was taken up more rapidly and to a larger extent from unilamellar than from multilamellar vesicles. No significant difference in uptake characteristics was observed between vesicles of different charge. The presence of serum greatly reduced uptake of liposomal phosphatidylcholine of both unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles. This serum effect was independent of surface charge of the vesicles. When cells were allowed to take up radioactive liposomal phospholipid and then incubated further in absence of vesicles, part of the radioactivity associated with the cells was released into the medium, most of it as water soluble degradation products. When cells were preincubated with vesicles containing horseradish peroxidase and then, after removal of the vesicles, further incubated, peroxidase activity could be demonstrated in the culture medium, part of it only after addition of Triton X-100. These observations were taken to indicate that part of the phospholipid taken up the cells represented vesicles binding to the cell surface rather than having been internalized. Vesicle-entrapped [125I]albumin was taken up by the cells and rapidly hydrolyzed as indicated by the appearance of radioactivity soluble in trichloroacetic acid within minutes after starting the incubation. No uptake of free albumin could be demonstrated. The kinetics of albumin uptake and release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity from the cells suggest that, initially, liposomes are internalized predominantly by endocytosis, while during prolonged incubation fusion of the liposomal membrane with the plasma membrane gradually contributes more substantially to the overall uptake process. The significance of these findings is emphasized with special reference to the use of liposomes as intravenous carriers of enzymes or drugs.", "PMID": 687666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7691", "title": "Production of protein HC by human fetal liver explants.", "content": "Human fetal lever explants were found to secrete protein HC into the medium in molar amounts comparable to those of albumin, alpha 1-antitrypsin and orosomucoid. Incorporation of a radioactive amino acid from the medium into the secreted protein HC demonstrated de novo synthesis. The secreted protein HC had the same size and electrophoretic mobility as protein HC of plasma and urine and gave a reaction of immunochemical identity with the protein in these biological fluids.", "contents": "Production of protein HC by human fetal liver explants. Human fetal lever explants were found to secrete protein HC into the medium in molar amounts comparable to those of albumin, alpha 1-antitrypsin and orosomucoid. Incorporation of a radioactive amino acid from the medium into the secreted protein HC demonstrated de novo synthesis. The secreted protein HC had the same size and electrophoretic mobility as protein HC of plasma and urine and gave a reaction of immunochemical identity with the protein in these biological fluids.", "PMID": 687667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7692", "title": "Oxidation of cuprous stellacyanin by aminopolycarboxylatocobaltate(III) complexes.", "content": "Rate parameters are reported for the oxidation of cuprous stellacyanin by Co(PDTA)-(k(25.0 degrees) = 17.9 M(-1)sec(-1), deltaH not equal to = 8.5 kcal/mol, deltaH not equal to = 8.5 kcal/mol, deltaS not equal to = -24 cal/mol-deg; pH 7.0, Mu 0.5 M) and Co(CyDTA)-(k(25.1 degrees) = 17.0 M(-1)sec(-1), deltaH not equal to = 8.7 kcal/mol, deltaS not equal to = -24 cal/mol-deg; pH 7.0 mu 0.5 M). The first order Co(PDTA)- and Co(CyDTA)- dependences observed over wide concentration ranges contrast with the saturation behavior reported previously for Co(EDTA)- as the oxidant. It is concluded that the- CH3 and -(CH2)4-substituents of PDTA and CyDTA, respectively, prevent the alkylated derivatives of Co(EDTA)- from hydrogen bonding with the reduced blue protein, causing precursor complex formation constants to fall far below that of 149M(-1) (25.1 degrees) observed for the EDTA complex. The similarity between deltaH not equal to and deltaS not equal to values for the oxidation of stellacyanin by Co(PDTA)- and Co(CyDTA)- indicates that the size of alkyl substituents linked to the carbon atoms of the EDTA ethylenediamine backbone has little influence on activation requirements for Cu(I) to Co(III) electron transfer. The electron transfer reactivity of aminopolycarboxylatocobalt(III) complexes with cuprous stellacyanin therefore appears to be linked to the accessibility of one or more of the ligated acetate groups to outer-sphere contact with the type 1 Cu(I) center. Saturation in kobsd vs. [oxidant] plots found for the reactions of Co(PDTA)- and Co(CyDTA)- with stellacyanin at pH 6 and at pH 7 in the presence of EDTA is attributed to the formation of \"dead-end\" oxidant-protein complexes.", "contents": "Oxidation of cuprous stellacyanin by aminopolycarboxylatocobaltate(III) complexes. Rate parameters are reported for the oxidation of cuprous stellacyanin by Co(PDTA)-(k(25.0 degrees) = 17.9 M(-1)sec(-1), deltaH not equal to = 8.5 kcal/mol, deltaH not equal to = 8.5 kcal/mol, deltaS not equal to = -24 cal/mol-deg; pH 7.0, Mu 0.5 M) and Co(CyDTA)-(k(25.1 degrees) = 17.0 M(-1)sec(-1), deltaH not equal to = 8.7 kcal/mol, deltaS not equal to = -24 cal/mol-deg; pH 7.0 mu 0.5 M). The first order Co(PDTA)- and Co(CyDTA)- dependences observed over wide concentration ranges contrast with the saturation behavior reported previously for Co(EDTA)- as the oxidant. It is concluded that the- CH3 and -(CH2)4-substituents of PDTA and CyDTA, respectively, prevent the alkylated derivatives of Co(EDTA)- from hydrogen bonding with the reduced blue protein, causing precursor complex formation constants to fall far below that of 149M(-1) (25.1 degrees) observed for the EDTA complex. The similarity between deltaH not equal to and deltaS not equal to values for the oxidation of stellacyanin by Co(PDTA)- and Co(CyDTA)- indicates that the size of alkyl substituents linked to the carbon atoms of the EDTA ethylenediamine backbone has little influence on activation requirements for Cu(I) to Co(III) electron transfer. The electron transfer reactivity of aminopolycarboxylatocobalt(III) complexes with cuprous stellacyanin therefore appears to be linked to the accessibility of one or more of the ligated acetate groups to outer-sphere contact with the type 1 Cu(I) center. Saturation in kobsd vs. [oxidant] plots found for the reactions of Co(PDTA)- and Co(CyDTA)- with stellacyanin at pH 6 and at pH 7 in the presence of EDTA is attributed to the formation of \"dead-end\" oxidant-protein complexes.", "PMID": 687668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7693", "title": "Selenium and cancer: effects of selenium and of the diet on the genesis of spontaneous mammary tumors in virgin inbred female C3H/St mice.", "content": "Inbred female C3H/St mice exhibit the normal incidence of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma of 80--100% if they are maintained on a standard commercial laboratory diet containing 0.15 ppm of selenium with meat and dried skimmed milk as major sources of protein. The tumor incidence drops to 42% if animals of the same strain are kept on a diet containing 0.45 ppm of selenium, with fishmeal as the main source of protein. The tumor incidence declines further to 25, 19 and 10% if the animals in addition receive 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm of selenium in the drinking water. Selenium supplementation at these levels has no noticable adverse effects on weight-grains and survival of the mice. Selenium supplmented groups of animals also remained tumor-free for longer periods than the unsupplemented controls. The results of this study indicate that a diet rich in seafoods and cereals provides more selenium and may in turn lower the probability of cancer development. Reference is made to the average human diet in the U.S.A., which only contains 0.07--0.15 ppm of selenium due to the comparatively low consumption of cereals and seafoods. An equivalent mouse diet would not have any cancer-protecting effect in the C3H/St mice of our study. Australian workers have reported significantly lower tumor incidence in a different strain of C3H mice if it was kept in Australia rather than in the U.S.A. We have found that the Australian feed contained three times more selenium than that employed in the U.S.A. and propose that this difference in selenium content was primarily responsible for these previous observations.", "contents": "Selenium and cancer: effects of selenium and of the diet on the genesis of spontaneous mammary tumors in virgin inbred female C3H/St mice. Inbred female C3H/St mice exhibit the normal incidence of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma of 80--100% if they are maintained on a standard commercial laboratory diet containing 0.15 ppm of selenium with meat and dried skimmed milk as major sources of protein. The tumor incidence drops to 42% if animals of the same strain are kept on a diet containing 0.45 ppm of selenium, with fishmeal as the main source of protein. The tumor incidence declines further to 25, 19 and 10% if the animals in addition receive 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm of selenium in the drinking water. Selenium supplementation at these levels has no noticable adverse effects on weight-grains and survival of the mice. Selenium supplmented groups of animals also remained tumor-free for longer periods than the unsupplemented controls. The results of this study indicate that a diet rich in seafoods and cereals provides more selenium and may in turn lower the probability of cancer development. Reference is made to the average human diet in the U.S.A., which only contains 0.07--0.15 ppm of selenium due to the comparatively low consumption of cereals and seafoods. An equivalent mouse diet would not have any cancer-protecting effect in the C3H/St mice of our study. Australian workers have reported significantly lower tumor incidence in a different strain of C3H mice if it was kept in Australia rather than in the U.S.A. We have found that the Australian feed contained three times more selenium than that employed in the U.S.A. and propose that this difference in selenium content was primarily responsible for these previous observations.", "PMID": 687669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7694", "title": "Effects of glucose and chromium(III) concentrations in the medium on the uptake of 51Cr by brewer's yeast.", "content": "The incorporation of trivalent chromium into S. carlsbergensis as function of time, the effects of chromium and glucose concentrations in the medium on the uptake of 51Cr by the yeast cells, and the effect of chromium on growth of the yeast were studied. 51Cr was taken up by yeast cells most rapidly during the logarithmic growth period in Sabouraud's liquid medium containing 5% glucose. Cells grown in a medium containing only 0.5% glucose at the beginning of cultivation incorporated very little 51Cr, and incorporation ceased when the glucose concentration was reduced to less than 0.1%. Addition of 5% glucose into this culture resulted in a very rapid increase in the 51Cr uptake. The second glucose addition did not notably increase the rate of 51Cr uptake by the yeast. Chromium, reduced yeast growth slightly, however, was not clearly toxic.", "contents": "Effects of glucose and chromium(III) concentrations in the medium on the uptake of 51Cr by brewer's yeast. The incorporation of trivalent chromium into S. carlsbergensis as function of time, the effects of chromium and glucose concentrations in the medium on the uptake of 51Cr by the yeast cells, and the effect of chromium on growth of the yeast were studied. 51Cr was taken up by yeast cells most rapidly during the logarithmic growth period in Sabouraud's liquid medium containing 5% glucose. Cells grown in a medium containing only 0.5% glucose at the beginning of cultivation incorporated very little 51Cr, and incorporation ceased when the glucose concentration was reduced to less than 0.1%. Addition of 5% glucose into this culture resulted in a very rapid increase in the 51Cr uptake. The second glucose addition did not notably increase the rate of 51Cr uptake by the yeast. Chromium, reduced yeast growth slightly, however, was not clearly toxic.", "PMID": 687670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7695", "title": "Potentiating action of 5-fluorouracil when used in combination with platinium compounds and cyclophosphamide in treatment of advanced L1210 leukemia.", "content": "Nine new organoplatinum (Pt) compounds, cyclophosphamide (CY), and 5-fluorouracil (FU) were used singly and in combination in treatment of advanced L1210 leukemia in C57BL/6 X DBA/2 hybrid mice. In each experiment the Pt + CY dual combination was minimally supra-additive at the doses chosen. However, eight of the nine Pt + CY + FU combination regimens enhanced markedly the increased life span of treated mice as compared with the corresponding dual Pt + CY combination. Collectively, the cure rate (greater than 60-day survival) was less than 6% with the various Pt + CY combinations, and was increased to over 63% upon inclusion of FU in the regimens.", "contents": "Potentiating action of 5-fluorouracil when used in combination with platinium compounds and cyclophosphamide in treatment of advanced L1210 leukemia. Nine new organoplatinum (Pt) compounds, cyclophosphamide (CY), and 5-fluorouracil (FU) were used singly and in combination in treatment of advanced L1210 leukemia in C57BL/6 X DBA/2 hybrid mice. In each experiment the Pt + CY dual combination was minimally supra-additive at the doses chosen. However, eight of the nine Pt + CY + FU combination regimens enhanced markedly the increased life span of treated mice as compared with the corresponding dual Pt + CY combination. Collectively, the cure rate (greater than 60-day survival) was less than 6% with the various Pt + CY combinations, and was increased to over 63% upon inclusion of FU in the regimens.", "PMID": 687671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7696", "title": "Electronic properties of sulfhydryl- and imidazole-containing peptide-cobalt(II) complexes: their relationship to cobalt(II)-substituted \"blue\" copper proteins.", "content": "The electronic properties of 2:1 sulfhydryl- and imidazole-containing peptide-Co(II) complexes have been investigated and compared with those of Co(II)-substituted \"blue\" copper proteins. The Co(II) complexes of N-mercaptoacetyl-L-histidine and 3-mercaptopropionyl-L-histidine gave the ligand field parameters of deltat = 4110 and B = 756 cm(-1), and of deltat = 4120 and B = 724 cm(-1), respectively. These values correspond well to those (deltat = 4900 and B = 730 cm(-1)) of Co(II)-substituted \"blue\" copper proteins. The energy differences between S leads to M(II) charge transfer bands of Co(II)-Cu(II) couples were about 14,000 cm(-1) in both the proteins and the model complexes. The spectral results suggest that \"blue\" copper site has a pseudotetrahedral geometry and a deep absorption near 600 nm atributes to S leads to Cu(II) charge transfer.", "contents": "Electronic properties of sulfhydryl- and imidazole-containing peptide-cobalt(II) complexes: their relationship to cobalt(II)-substituted \"blue\" copper proteins. The electronic properties of 2:1 sulfhydryl- and imidazole-containing peptide-Co(II) complexes have been investigated and compared with those of Co(II)-substituted \"blue\" copper proteins. The Co(II) complexes of N-mercaptoacetyl-L-histidine and 3-mercaptopropionyl-L-histidine gave the ligand field parameters of deltat = 4110 and B = 756 cm(-1), and of deltat = 4120 and B = 724 cm(-1), respectively. These values correspond well to those (deltat = 4900 and B = 730 cm(-1)) of Co(II)-substituted \"blue\" copper proteins. The energy differences between S leads to M(II) charge transfer bands of Co(II)-Cu(II) couples were about 14,000 cm(-1) in both the proteins and the model complexes. The spectral results suggest that \"blue\" copper site has a pseudotetrahedral geometry and a deep absorption near 600 nm atributes to S leads to Cu(II) charge transfer.", "PMID": 687672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7697", "title": "Carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of water-soluble porphyrins and metalloporphyrins.", "content": "Carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra have been recorded for porphyrins, zinc porphyrins, and iron(III) porphyrin complexes in aqueous media. Spectra of porphyrin-c and hemin-c confirm the structure with thioether linkages at positions alpha to the porphyrin ring. The pattern of NMR isotropic shifts has implications regarding electron transfer in cytochrome-c. Free-base porphyrin-c and meso-substituted porphyrins have been examined for pyrrole nitrogen-hydrogen tautomerism and possible aggregation in aqueous solution. Zinc porphyrin 13C NMR spectra were recorded in order to provide diamagnetic references for paramagnetic iron(III) derivatives. Low-spin iron(III) porphyrin-biscyano complexes in aqueous solution exhibit NMR isotropic shift patterns similar to those previously observed for related compounds in non-aqueous media. The first 13C NMR spectra are reported for mu-oxo-bridged iron(III) porphyrin dimers. A partially resolved spectrum of a high-spin iron(III) porphyrin has also been obtained. Patterns of 13C and proton isotropic shifts are compared, and unpaired spin delocalization mechanisms for 13C resonances are discussed in a qualitative manner.", "contents": "Carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of water-soluble porphyrins and metalloporphyrins. Carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra have been recorded for porphyrins, zinc porphyrins, and iron(III) porphyrin complexes in aqueous media. Spectra of porphyrin-c and hemin-c confirm the structure with thioether linkages at positions alpha to the porphyrin ring. The pattern of NMR isotropic shifts has implications regarding electron transfer in cytochrome-c. Free-base porphyrin-c and meso-substituted porphyrins have been examined for pyrrole nitrogen-hydrogen tautomerism and possible aggregation in aqueous solution. Zinc porphyrin 13C NMR spectra were recorded in order to provide diamagnetic references for paramagnetic iron(III) derivatives. Low-spin iron(III) porphyrin-biscyano complexes in aqueous solution exhibit NMR isotropic shift patterns similar to those previously observed for related compounds in non-aqueous media. The first 13C NMR spectra are reported for mu-oxo-bridged iron(III) porphyrin dimers. A partially resolved spectrum of a high-spin iron(III) porphyrin has also been obtained. Patterns of 13C and proton isotropic shifts are compared, and unpaired spin delocalization mechanisms for 13C resonances are discussed in a qualitative manner.", "PMID": 687673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7698", "title": "Electric hysteresis and mitochondrial incorporation of RNAs from different sources.", "content": "The paper reports the characteristics of four different RNAs from yeast, Torula and calf thymus of molecular weight ranging between 15,000 and 30,000. The gel-filtration behaviour with aqueous and partially qqueous solvents is studied together with the response of the four RNAs to static electric fields of strength ranging between 20 and 35 kV/cm. The relationship between molecular weight and extent of electric hysteresis is linear for all RNAs, while tRNA slightly deviates from such a relationship. The ability of the RNAs to permeate biological mebranes or bind membrane components such as lecithins is studied with rat liver mitochondria and a two-phase system with egg lecithin dissolved in the organic phase and RNA in the aqueous one. There is no apparent relationship between molecular weight of the RNAs and their ability to interact with biological membranes.", "contents": "Electric hysteresis and mitochondrial incorporation of RNAs from different sources. The paper reports the characteristics of four different RNAs from yeast, Torula and calf thymus of molecular weight ranging between 15,000 and 30,000. The gel-filtration behaviour with aqueous and partially qqueous solvents is studied together with the response of the four RNAs to static electric fields of strength ranging between 20 and 35 kV/cm. The relationship between molecular weight and extent of electric hysteresis is linear for all RNAs, while tRNA slightly deviates from such a relationship. The ability of the RNAs to permeate biological mebranes or bind membrane components such as lecithins is studied with rat liver mitochondria and a two-phase system with egg lecithin dissolved in the organic phase and RNA in the aqueous one. There is no apparent relationship between molecular weight of the RNAs and their ability to interact with biological membranes.", "PMID": 687674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7699", "title": "Hormone responsiveness of adenylate cyclase activity of cultured myogenic cells.", "content": "We studied the effect of catecholamines on the adenylate cyclase activity of myogenic cells of the L6 line during the differentiation process. The enzyme of mononucleated myoblasts was found to be activated by adrenaline L, noradrenaline L, and to a small extent, by adrenaline D and dihydrocymandelic acid. The adenylate cyclase of the differentiated cells responded to adrenaline L and noradrenaline L but not to adrenaline D or dihydroxymandelic acid. This activation could be inhibited by the addition of DOPA and propranolol, a specific beta adrenergic blocker. alpha adrenergic compounds such as phentolamine did not have any effect. It is concluded that beta adrenergic receptors are present on myogenic cells before and after differentiation.", "contents": "Hormone responsiveness of adenylate cyclase activity of cultured myogenic cells. We studied the effect of catecholamines on the adenylate cyclase activity of myogenic cells of the L6 line during the differentiation process. The enzyme of mononucleated myoblasts was found to be activated by adrenaline L, noradrenaline L, and to a small extent, by adrenaline D and dihydrocymandelic acid. The adenylate cyclase of the differentiated cells responded to adrenaline L and noradrenaline L but not to adrenaline D or dihydroxymandelic acid. This activation could be inhibited by the addition of DOPA and propranolol, a specific beta adrenergic blocker. alpha adrenergic compounds such as phentolamine did not have any effect. It is concluded that beta adrenergic receptors are present on myogenic cells before and after differentiation.", "PMID": 687675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7700", "title": "Solubilization of Spiroplasma citri cell membrane proteins with the anionic detergent sodium lauroyl-sarcosinate (Sarkosyl).", "content": "1. Up to 90 per cent of the membrane proteins from Spiroplasma citri could be solubilized with the anionic detergent Sarkosyl (sodium lauroyl-sarcosinate). Maximal solubilization was obtained with 6 to 20 mumoles of of detergent per mg of membrane protein. The insoluble residue, comprising about 10 per cent of the membrane protein, contained mainly the protein spiralin, which is quantitatively the major one of this membrane. 2. Mg2+ ions completely prevented solubilization of the membrane proteins at a molar ratio of MgCl2/Sarkosyl greater than 0.5. 3. The selectivity of Sarkosyl was also tested at low detergent concentrations and in the presence of Mg2+ ions. Spiralin was the least soluble protein also under these conditions. Other proteins were not selectively solubilized. 4. An electrophoretical and immunoelectrophoretical approach was used to study the interaction between Sarkosyl and membrane proteins. The results indicated that Sarkosyl should be considered as a mild detergent which usually solubilizes membrane proteins without gross donformational changes. This hypothesis was supported by experiments with a membrane-bound enzyme in the presence of Sarkosyl.", "contents": "Solubilization of Spiroplasma citri cell membrane proteins with the anionic detergent sodium lauroyl-sarcosinate (Sarkosyl). 1. Up to 90 per cent of the membrane proteins from Spiroplasma citri could be solubilized with the anionic detergent Sarkosyl (sodium lauroyl-sarcosinate). Maximal solubilization was obtained with 6 to 20 mumoles of of detergent per mg of membrane protein. The insoluble residue, comprising about 10 per cent of the membrane protein, contained mainly the protein spiralin, which is quantitatively the major one of this membrane. 2. Mg2+ ions completely prevented solubilization of the membrane proteins at a molar ratio of MgCl2/Sarkosyl greater than 0.5. 3. The selectivity of Sarkosyl was also tested at low detergent concentrations and in the presence of Mg2+ ions. Spiralin was the least soluble protein also under these conditions. Other proteins were not selectively solubilized. 4. An electrophoretical and immunoelectrophoretical approach was used to study the interaction between Sarkosyl and membrane proteins. The results indicated that Sarkosyl should be considered as a mild detergent which usually solubilizes membrane proteins without gross donformational changes. This hypothesis was supported by experiments with a membrane-bound enzyme in the presence of Sarkosyl.", "PMID": 687677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7701", "title": "[Isolation of myosin light chain from porcine heart by preparative electrophoresis and study of the polypeptides obtained by cyanogen bromide action].", "content": "A simple, rapid and efficient procedure is developed to isolate proteins with identical or different isoelectric points such as pig cardiac myosin light chains. Preparative electrophoresis on discontinuous polyacrylamide slab gels in the presence of urea allows a very good separation of each light chain (L27 and L18) and heavy chain from highly purified myosin. An original elution procedure of the proteins fixed and localized by amido schwartz allows the isolation of the L27 and L18 light chains in quantities sufficient to carry out structural studies. Homogeneity of light chains thus isolated is checked by the analysis of cyanogen bromide peptides. Structural similarities can be demonstrated between myosin light chains of beef and pig heart.", "contents": "[Isolation of myosin light chain from porcine heart by preparative electrophoresis and study of the polypeptides obtained by cyanogen bromide action]. A simple, rapid and efficient procedure is developed to isolate proteins with identical or different isoelectric points such as pig cardiac myosin light chains. Preparative electrophoresis on discontinuous polyacrylamide slab gels in the presence of urea allows a very good separation of each light chain (L27 and L18) and heavy chain from highly purified myosin. An original elution procedure of the proteins fixed and localized by amido schwartz allows the isolation of the L27 and L18 light chains in quantities sufficient to carry out structural studies. Homogeneity of light chains thus isolated is checked by the analysis of cyanogen bromide peptides. Structural similarities can be demonstrated between myosin light chains of beef and pig heart.", "PMID": 687678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7702", "title": "[Immobilization of coenzyme A on a hydrosoluble polymer].", "content": "Our purpose being to work out a \"continuous flow\" enzymatic reactor of acetylation with a cofactor, we present here some results about the immobilization of coenzyme A on T40 dextran. Two methods of fixation are compared with regard to the capacity and the biological activity of the polymers thus obtained.", "contents": "[Immobilization of coenzyme A on a hydrosoluble polymer]. Our purpose being to work out a \"continuous flow\" enzymatic reactor of acetylation with a cofactor, we present here some results about the immobilization of coenzyme A on T40 dextran. Two methods of fixation are compared with regard to the capacity and the biological activity of the polymers thus obtained.", "PMID": 687679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7703", "title": "A comparison of the mechanisms and some properties of instructed sudomotor and cardiac control.", "content": "Instructed control defined as differential compliance with verbal instructions to increase and decrease a response was assessed when a change in sudomotor activation or heart rate was specified as the behavioral goal. Instructed control of heart rate was evident prior to explicit feedback training for this response, but instructed control of sudomotor activation defined as finger sweating and measured as skin conductance was not. Feedback training subsequently established instructed control of sudomotor responding, but such training did not lead to a significant improvement in control of heart rate. Explicit strategy suggestions emphasizing emotional responding and intended or actual movement appeared to interfere with the performance of instructed control under both target conditions. Instructed changes in heart rate were attended by correlated changes in somatomotor and respiratory function. Somatomotor and respiratory responses were also observed when subjects were instructed to change sudomotor activation, but these correlated activities were of small magnitude and were not augmented by feedback training as was target responding. Several accounts of the basis for differences that were evident between the target conditions with respect to feedback effects and response patterns are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of the mechanisms and some properties of instructed sudomotor and cardiac control. Instructed control defined as differential compliance with verbal instructions to increase and decrease a response was assessed when a change in sudomotor activation or heart rate was specified as the behavioral goal. Instructed control of heart rate was evident prior to explicit feedback training for this response, but instructed control of sudomotor activation defined as finger sweating and measured as skin conductance was not. Feedback training subsequently established instructed control of sudomotor responding, but such training did not lead to a significant improvement in control of heart rate. Explicit strategy suggestions emphasizing emotional responding and intended or actual movement appeared to interfere with the performance of instructed control under both target conditions. Instructed changes in heart rate were attended by correlated changes in somatomotor and respiratory function. Somatomotor and respiratory responses were also observed when subjects were instructed to change sudomotor activation, but these correlated activities were of small magnitude and were not augmented by feedback training as was target responding. Several accounts of the basis for differences that were evident between the target conditions with respect to feedback effects and response patterns are discussed.", "PMID": 687682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7704", "title": "Methodological issues in alpha biofeedback training.", "content": "Current controversies concerning outcomes of EEG alpha feedback training are at least in part due to methodological differences among different studies. The aim of this paper is to provide future and present researchers in this field with an analysis of methods used in most of the studies published from 1968 to 1976, and to comment on those methodological issues we think most important. These include alpha assessment, training schedules, and uni- versus bidirectional training. This analysis is accomplished in part by a series of tables listing 45 studies and the detailed methodologies used. It is believed that the probabilities of successful feedback enhancement of alpha can be substantially improved by incorporating the following suggestions: (a) employing at least four training sessions, (b) the use of continuous rather than dichotomous feedback, supplemented by periodic quantitative scores of progress, and (c) using training trials of at least 10 minutes' duration.", "contents": "Methodological issues in alpha biofeedback training. Current controversies concerning outcomes of EEG alpha feedback training are at least in part due to methodological differences among different studies. The aim of this paper is to provide future and present researchers in this field with an analysis of methods used in most of the studies published from 1968 to 1976, and to comment on those methodological issues we think most important. These include alpha assessment, training schedules, and uni- versus bidirectional training. This analysis is accomplished in part by a series of tables listing 45 studies and the detailed methodologies used. It is believed that the probabilities of successful feedback enhancement of alpha can be substantially improved by incorporating the following suggestions: (a) employing at least four training sessions, (b) the use of continuous rather than dichotomous feedback, supplemented by periodic quantitative scores of progress, and (c) using training trials of at least 10 minutes' duration.", "PMID": 687683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7705", "title": "Effects of pharmacologic agents on umbilical blood flow in fetal lambs in utero.", "content": "We studied the effects of pharmacologic agents on umbilical blood flow and umbilical-placental vascular resistance in 18 fetal lambs in utero. Three groups of drugs were identified: the first had no effect on umbilical blood flow or umbilical-placental vascular resistance; the second altered umbilical blood flow secondary to changes in heart rate and placental perfusion pressure, but did not change umbilical-placental vascular resistance; the third decreased umbilical blood flow and increased umbilical-placental vascular resistance. The studies suggest mechanisms by which umbilical blood flow is regulated in the fetal lamb.", "contents": "Effects of pharmacologic agents on umbilical blood flow in fetal lambs in utero. We studied the effects of pharmacologic agents on umbilical blood flow and umbilical-placental vascular resistance in 18 fetal lambs in utero. Three groups of drugs were identified: the first had no effect on umbilical blood flow or umbilical-placental vascular resistance; the second altered umbilical blood flow secondary to changes in heart rate and placental perfusion pressure, but did not change umbilical-placental vascular resistance; the third decreased umbilical blood flow and increased umbilical-placental vascular resistance. The studies suggest mechanisms by which umbilical blood flow is regulated in the fetal lamb.", "PMID": 687691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7706", "title": "Intrauterine growth in Hong Kong Chinese.", "content": "The recorded data on birth weight and gestational age of 16,836 babies born at Tsan Yuk Hospital in Hong Kong for the years 1970 to 1972 was analysed by computer. The means, standard deviations, and percentiles were separately obtained for nine sub-groups between 28 and 42 weeks and they were compared with similar series from Taiwan, Singapore, America and England. Chinese babies in Hong Kong were significantly heavier compared to most series between 32 and 35 weeks (p less than or equal to 0.001), and consistently lighter compared to all series studied between 38 and 42 weeks (p less than or equal to 0.001). Reasons for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Intrauterine growth in Hong Kong Chinese. The recorded data on birth weight and gestational age of 16,836 babies born at Tsan Yuk Hospital in Hong Kong for the years 1970 to 1972 was analysed by computer. The means, standard deviations, and percentiles were separately obtained for nine sub-groups between 28 and 42 weeks and they were compared with similar series from Taiwan, Singapore, America and England. Chinese babies in Hong Kong were significantly heavier compared to most series between 32 and 35 weeks (p less than or equal to 0.001), and consistently lighter compared to all series studied between 38 and 42 weeks (p less than or equal to 0.001). Reasons for these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 687693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7707", "title": "The postnatal development of rats born preterm and postterm. II. Liver, brain, heart and kidneys.", "content": "Groups of 3 preterm (duration of gestation 22 days), 3 term (23 days), and 3 postterm (24 days) rats have been fed together by 1 mother rat. The postnatal growth of liver, brain, heart and kidney has been studied up to the 30th day of life. The postnatal loss of water shows good correlation with the maturation of each organ. The postnatal loss of water is marked in brain and kidneys, but only slight in liver and heart. The pronounced growth spurt of the brain at the about 10th day of life is probably due to the opening of the eyes. The growth spurt of the liver at the 15th day may be due to the supplementary food at the time of weaning. The effect of intrauterine undernutrition in postterm rats is most strikingly demonstrated in the liver. Postnatal undernutrition in preterm rats causes a retardation of growth of the liver and kidneys.", "contents": "The postnatal development of rats born preterm and postterm. II. Liver, brain, heart and kidneys. Groups of 3 preterm (duration of gestation 22 days), 3 term (23 days), and 3 postterm (24 days) rats have been fed together by 1 mother rat. The postnatal growth of liver, brain, heart and kidney has been studied up to the 30th day of life. The postnatal loss of water shows good correlation with the maturation of each organ. The postnatal loss of water is marked in brain and kidneys, but only slight in liver and heart. The pronounced growth spurt of the brain at the about 10th day of life is probably due to the opening of the eyes. The growth spurt of the liver at the 15th day may be due to the supplementary food at the time of weaning. The effect of intrauterine undernutrition in postterm rats is most strikingly demonstrated in the liver. Postnatal undernutrition in preterm rats causes a retardation of growth of the liver and kidneys.", "PMID": 687692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7708", "title": "Quantification of intrauterine malnutrition.", "content": "Small-for-gestational-age infants are a heterogeneous collection of growth-retarded infants. In the subgroup of intrauterine-malnourished infants an attempt is made to quantify the degree of malnutrition by postnatal measurements of length, weight and fat-fold thickness. In 48 clinically wasted and not-wasted term newborns, regardless of birth weight, the ponderal index of Rohrer (100 X W/L3) was determined and the deviation from 'normal' calculated. The deviations are correlated with fat-fold thickness and clinical diagnosis. A highly significant correlation gives support to the view that both ponderal index deviation from 'normal' and fat-fold thickness are useful parameters to quantify the effect of intrauterine malnutrition in newborns.", "contents": "Quantification of intrauterine malnutrition. Small-for-gestational-age infants are a heterogeneous collection of growth-retarded infants. In the subgroup of intrauterine-malnourished infants an attempt is made to quantify the degree of malnutrition by postnatal measurements of length, weight and fat-fold thickness. In 48 clinically wasted and not-wasted term newborns, regardless of birth weight, the ponderal index of Rohrer (100 X W/L3) was determined and the deviation from 'normal' calculated. The deviations are correlated with fat-fold thickness and clinical diagnosis. A highly significant correlation gives support to the view that both ponderal index deviation from 'normal' and fat-fold thickness are useful parameters to quantify the effect of intrauterine malnutrition in newborns.", "PMID": 687694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7709", "title": "Postnatal changes in blood S-adenosylmethionine concentration. Some observations in hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "The blood concentration of S-adenosylmethionine in 18 premature neonates affected by hyaline membrane disease did not differ from that found in a control group of healthy premature newborns. However, these values are higher than those found in full-term infants: this fact suggests that the methionine cycle is active in both the fetus and premature neonate with consequent conservation of homocysteine sulfur. These data provide ancillary evidence in support of the hypothesis that in premature babies cyst(e)ine is an essential amino acid. The concentration of S-adenosylmethionine reaches its lowest level 30 days after birth and then stabilizes at the age of 2--5 months with blood levels similar to those of the normal adult.", "contents": "Postnatal changes in blood S-adenosylmethionine concentration. Some observations in hyaline membrane disease. The blood concentration of S-adenosylmethionine in 18 premature neonates affected by hyaline membrane disease did not differ from that found in a control group of healthy premature newborns. However, these values are higher than those found in full-term infants: this fact suggests that the methionine cycle is active in both the fetus and premature neonate with consequent conservation of homocysteine sulfur. These data provide ancillary evidence in support of the hypothesis that in premature babies cyst(e)ine is an essential amino acid. The concentration of S-adenosylmethionine reaches its lowest level 30 days after birth and then stabilizes at the age of 2--5 months with blood levels similar to those of the normal adult.", "PMID": 687695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7710", "title": "The effects of aflatoxin B1 on rat fetal lung lipids.", "content": "The administration of aflatoxin B1 to rats on days 17 and 19 of pregnancy caused increased synthesis of the total lipids and the fatty acids, and decreased synthesis of the phosphatidyl choline in 21-day-old fetal lung. Aflatoxin B1 caused toxicity in the fetal lung as evidenced by the excessive accumulation of the lamellar bodies and the osmiophilic spheroids in the type II cells and the alveolar lumen, respectively. The rearrangement of the lamellar form to the continuous sheet-like tubular myelin form was reduced in the alveolar lumen of the treated lung.", "contents": "The effects of aflatoxin B1 on rat fetal lung lipids. The administration of aflatoxin B1 to rats on days 17 and 19 of pregnancy caused increased synthesis of the total lipids and the fatty acids, and decreased synthesis of the phosphatidyl choline in 21-day-old fetal lung. Aflatoxin B1 caused toxicity in the fetal lung as evidenced by the excessive accumulation of the lamellar bodies and the osmiophilic spheroids in the type II cells and the alveolar lumen, respectively. The rearrangement of the lamellar form to the continuous sheet-like tubular myelin form was reduced in the alveolar lumen of the treated lung.", "PMID": 687696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7711", "title": "The rabbit during the last third of gestation. Data concerning the whole fetus, its diaphragm and brown adipose tissue.", "content": "Total lipid, protein and glycogen concentrations were determined for the diaphragm and interscapular brown adipose tissue of fetal (22-31 days of gestation) and neonatal rabbits. In the diaphragm, protein concentration doubles and lipid concentration drops to half its initial value during the period under study; the glycogen level reaches its maximal value at 27 days, and decreases thereafter. In the brown fat, the lipid concentration rises steadily until the immediate prenatal period; the protein concentration remains steady and the glycogen is highest at 29 days of gestation. Fetal plasma glucose and insulin levels increase steadily; there exists a positive correlation between fetal plasma insulin levels and fetal body weight.", "contents": "The rabbit during the last third of gestation. Data concerning the whole fetus, its diaphragm and brown adipose tissue. Total lipid, protein and glycogen concentrations were determined for the diaphragm and interscapular brown adipose tissue of fetal (22-31 days of gestation) and neonatal rabbits. In the diaphragm, protein concentration doubles and lipid concentration drops to half its initial value during the period under study; the glycogen level reaches its maximal value at 27 days, and decreases thereafter. In the brown fat, the lipid concentration rises steadily until the immediate prenatal period; the protein concentration remains steady and the glycogen is highest at 29 days of gestation. Fetal plasma glucose and insulin levels increase steadily; there exists a positive correlation between fetal plasma insulin levels and fetal body weight.", "PMID": 687697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7712", "title": "Relationship of intra-oesophageal pressure to mouth pressure during the measurement of thoracic gas volume in the newborn.", "content": "During the measurement of thoracic gas volume, mouth pressure changes were compared to oesophageal pressure changes using an oesophageal balloon system. In individual babies the correlation was high, with r values in excess of 0.98. In other babies the correlation was less satisfactory due to cardiac contractions producing artefacts in the oesophageal pressure trace. The overall correlation obtained from analysing 155 respiratory efforts in a group of 21 babies studied on 23 occasions exceeded an r value of 0.90. We conclude that it is valid to use an oesophageal balloon system to measure changes in intrathoracic pressure.", "contents": "Relationship of intra-oesophageal pressure to mouth pressure during the measurement of thoracic gas volume in the newborn. During the measurement of thoracic gas volume, mouth pressure changes were compared to oesophageal pressure changes using an oesophageal balloon system. In individual babies the correlation was high, with r values in excess of 0.98. In other babies the correlation was less satisfactory due to cardiac contractions producing artefacts in the oesophageal pressure trace. The overall correlation obtained from analysing 155 respiratory efforts in a group of 21 babies studied on 23 occasions exceeded an r value of 0.90. We conclude that it is valid to use an oesophageal balloon system to measure changes in intrathoracic pressure.", "PMID": 687698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7713", "title": "Effect of lipid loading on fetal uptake of free fatty acids, glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate.", "content": "The possibility of influencing the fetal uptake of free fatty acids (FFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OH), and glycerol was demonstrated by enhancing the maternal blood level of these substances by means of 10% intralipid infusions to the mothers during delivery. The FFA uptake, which was not significant in fetuses of control mothers, became positive in fetuses born after maternal infusion with intralipid. The uptake of beta-OH and glycerol, which were positive in normal conditions, increased in fetuses from intralipid-infused mothers. These studies demonstrate that, after intralipid infusions to the mothers, the fetal FFA uptake could be correlated with the FFA concentration difference between maternal arterial, and fetal umbilical arterial blood. Since the fetal uptake of FFA subsequent to intralipid infusions is not negligible, we consider the possibility that lipid infusions to the mothers could be an approach to the treatment of the fetus with poor intrauterine growth.", "contents": "Effect of lipid loading on fetal uptake of free fatty acids, glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate. The possibility of influencing the fetal uptake of free fatty acids (FFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OH), and glycerol was demonstrated by enhancing the maternal blood level of these substances by means of 10% intralipid infusions to the mothers during delivery. The FFA uptake, which was not significant in fetuses of control mothers, became positive in fetuses born after maternal infusion with intralipid. The uptake of beta-OH and glycerol, which were positive in normal conditions, increased in fetuses from intralipid-infused mothers. These studies demonstrate that, after intralipid infusions to the mothers, the fetal FFA uptake could be correlated with the FFA concentration difference between maternal arterial, and fetal umbilical arterial blood. Since the fetal uptake of FFA subsequent to intralipid infusions is not negligible, we consider the possibility that lipid infusions to the mothers could be an approach to the treatment of the fetus with poor intrauterine growth.", "PMID": 687699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7714", "title": "A reduction apparatus for femur fractures.", "content": "The majority of femur fractures are closed fractures in the mid-third of the femoral shaft. A very well known fixation technique is the one using an intramedullary pin, which is inserted from the hip side. Open reduction of the fracture is mostly applied but the majority, between 85 and 93%, of the fractures are closed and therfore a more logical and safer technique would be closed reduction. However, this technique, also called blind-nailing, is more difficult. Besides an x-ray scanner with a monitor it also requires experience of the surgeon and some special tools to supply the necessary reduction forces to the proximal and distal parts of the femur. This publication describes a new designed reduction apparatus (1), that primarily simplifies blind-reduction of femur fractures, but can also be used for any other operation technique where a good grip on bones has to be provided with a minimum of tissue damage. The apparatus is designed to be used with standard Kirschner-wires and is easy to apply in combination with the existing operation techniques, and does not require special skill.", "contents": "A reduction apparatus for femur fractures. The majority of femur fractures are closed fractures in the mid-third of the femoral shaft. A very well known fixation technique is the one using an intramedullary pin, which is inserted from the hip side. Open reduction of the fracture is mostly applied but the majority, between 85 and 93%, of the fractures are closed and therfore a more logical and safer technique would be closed reduction. However, this technique, also called blind-nailing, is more difficult. Besides an x-ray scanner with a monitor it also requires experience of the surgeon and some special tools to supply the necessary reduction forces to the proximal and distal parts of the femur. This publication describes a new designed reduction apparatus (1), that primarily simplifies blind-reduction of femur fractures, but can also be used for any other operation technique where a good grip on bones has to be provided with a minimum of tissue damage. The apparatus is designed to be used with standard Kirschner-wires and is easy to apply in combination with the existing operation techniques, and does not require special skill.", "PMID": 687713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7715", "title": "Dental implant fixation by electrically mediated process. I. Interfacial strength.", "content": "In order to determine the effect of electrical stimulation on canine alveolar bone, porous PMMA dental implants with a solid core (on which a Pt-13% Rh electrode was wound) were implanted in the mesial socket of the canine mandibular fourth premolars bilaterally. The positive electrode was implanted into the distal socket. The power pack was placed over the masseteric fossa. The implants, wires and power packs were all implanted subcutaneously. Each animal had an experimental and control implant. Mechanical push-out samples were prepared by sectioning a 2mm thick section of the mandible with the implant in the middle. The samples were tested immediately and the load-deflection curves were obtained.", "contents": "Dental implant fixation by electrically mediated process. I. Interfacial strength. In order to determine the effect of electrical stimulation on canine alveolar bone, porous PMMA dental implants with a solid core (on which a Pt-13% Rh electrode was wound) were implanted in the mesial socket of the canine mandibular fourth premolars bilaterally. The positive electrode was implanted into the distal socket. The power pack was placed over the masseteric fossa. The implants, wires and power packs were all implanted subcutaneously. Each animal had an experimental and control implant. Mechanical push-out samples were prepared by sectioning a 2mm thick section of the mandible with the implant in the middle. The samples were tested immediately and the load-deflection curves were obtained.", "PMID": 687714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7716", "title": "Electrochemical behavior of amino acids and their influence on the anodic oxidation of glucose in neutral media.", "content": "Body fluids contain a large number of amino acids along with glucose. Therefore, the electrochemical behavior of amino acids should be considered in studying the anodic oxidation reaction of glucose for biological applications. Potential-sweep and steady-state measurements with different platinum electrodes under neutral conditions have shown that the oxidation of amino acids is basically possible. However, their presence, especially as a mixture, has a remarkable influence on the glucose oxidation and the anodic reaction is strongly inhibited. With respect to the degree of inhibition, they can be classified into two groups. The inhibiting effect is particularly drastic in the case of basic and unsaturated amino acids as well as the ones containing sulphur because of their strong absorption at the electrode surface. The glucose currents are inhibited by about 90% under steady-state. In addition to the direct electrochemical inhibition, the following bacterial decomposition of amino acids is probably also responsible for the drastic effect. However, about 10% of the glucose currents still remain measurable indicating that glucose is detectable at physiological concentrations even under extremly unfavorable conditions. This result is of basic importance in operating a biofuel cell or in measuring glucose concentrations.", "contents": "Electrochemical behavior of amino acids and their influence on the anodic oxidation of glucose in neutral media. Body fluids contain a large number of amino acids along with glucose. Therefore, the electrochemical behavior of amino acids should be considered in studying the anodic oxidation reaction of glucose for biological applications. Potential-sweep and steady-state measurements with different platinum electrodes under neutral conditions have shown that the oxidation of amino acids is basically possible. However, their presence, especially as a mixture, has a remarkable influence on the glucose oxidation and the anodic reaction is strongly inhibited. With respect to the degree of inhibition, they can be classified into two groups. The inhibiting effect is particularly drastic in the case of basic and unsaturated amino acids as well as the ones containing sulphur because of their strong absorption at the electrode surface. The glucose currents are inhibited by about 90% under steady-state. In addition to the direct electrochemical inhibition, the following bacterial decomposition of amino acids is probably also responsible for the drastic effect. However, about 10% of the glucose currents still remain measurable indicating that glucose is detectable at physiological concentrations even under extremly unfavorable conditions. This result is of basic importance in operating a biofuel cell or in measuring glucose concentrations.", "PMID": 687715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7717", "title": "Large agarose beads for extracorporeal detoxification systems.", "content": "A method is reported by which agarose beads of diameter 1000 to 10000 microns can be prepared from Sepharose (R) 4B (native bead diameter 40 to 190 microns). Haemoperfusion experiments indicate that the enlarged beads are relatively haemocompatible; platelet loss is considerably less than that reported for many other bio-materials employed in haemoperfusion, and haemolysis is slight even after perfusion for several hours at flow-rates in excess of 25 ml/min. The beads can be activated by cyanogen bromide for the immobilisation of proteins. The sites for protein fixation are not restricted to the outside surface of the beads; small water soluble molecules, and serum proteins diffuse quite rapidly through the enlarged beads. A possible medical application of the large beads is in extracorporeal detoxification by chromatographic extraction or enzymatic modification, particularly of lipophilic toxins, using the enlarged beads as a carrier-matrix. The results described in this publication prove the viability of this concept. Such methods should be especially useful as artificial supports in fulminant hepatic failure.", "contents": "Large agarose beads for extracorporeal detoxification systems. A method is reported by which agarose beads of diameter 1000 to 10000 microns can be prepared from Sepharose (R) 4B (native bead diameter 40 to 190 microns). Haemoperfusion experiments indicate that the enlarged beads are relatively haemocompatible; platelet loss is considerably less than that reported for many other bio-materials employed in haemoperfusion, and haemolysis is slight even after perfusion for several hours at flow-rates in excess of 25 ml/min. The beads can be activated by cyanogen bromide for the immobilisation of proteins. The sites for protein fixation are not restricted to the outside surface of the beads; small water soluble molecules, and serum proteins diffuse quite rapidly through the enlarged beads. A possible medical application of the large beads is in extracorporeal detoxification by chromatographic extraction or enzymatic modification, particularly of lipophilic toxins, using the enlarged beads as a carrier-matrix. The results described in this publication prove the viability of this concept. Such methods should be especially useful as artificial supports in fulminant hepatic failure.", "PMID": 687716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7718", "title": "In vivo interactions between novel filler free silicone rubber and blood.", "content": "To evaluate the thrombogenicity of the novel filler free silicone rubber (FFSR) prepared in our laboratory, its interactions with blood were studied. The test samples (FFSR) along with control Silastic samples were placed in an extracorporeal shunt and primed with sterilized normal saline. The blood from an anaesthetized and systemically heparinized dog was passed over these samples for predetermined time intervals. After washing, fixing, etc., the platelets adhering to the samples were counted under light microscopy. To study the morphological changes of the platelets adhering to the samples, they were examined under scanning electron microscope. The number of platelets adhering to the FFSR samples was very small compared to the Silastic samples. For example, when the blood was passed over the samples for 10 min the number of platelets sticking per 0.14 mm2 surface area was 10 for FFSR samples compared to 380 for Silastic. Furthermore, there were no leukocytes on FFSR samples compared to 10 on Silastic. From these studies, the novel filler free silicone rubber prepared in our laboratory was judged to be more compatible with formed elements of blood compared to the Silastic material.", "contents": "In vivo interactions between novel filler free silicone rubber and blood. To evaluate the thrombogenicity of the novel filler free silicone rubber (FFSR) prepared in our laboratory, its interactions with blood were studied. The test samples (FFSR) along with control Silastic samples were placed in an extracorporeal shunt and primed with sterilized normal saline. The blood from an anaesthetized and systemically heparinized dog was passed over these samples for predetermined time intervals. After washing, fixing, etc., the platelets adhering to the samples were counted under light microscopy. To study the morphological changes of the platelets adhering to the samples, they were examined under scanning electron microscope. The number of platelets adhering to the FFSR samples was very small compared to the Silastic samples. For example, when the blood was passed over the samples for 10 min the number of platelets sticking per 0.14 mm2 surface area was 10 for FFSR samples compared to 380 for Silastic. Furthermore, there were no leukocytes on FFSR samples compared to 10 on Silastic. From these studies, the novel filler free silicone rubber prepared in our laboratory was judged to be more compatible with formed elements of blood compared to the Silastic material.", "PMID": 687717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7719", "title": "Post-heparin plasma lipolytic activity in acute hepatitis.", "content": "Post-heparin plasma lipolytic activity (PHLA) was measured in 21 patients with acute viral hepatitis. PHLA was significantly reduced in all patients (p less than 0.0005), whose mean activity was only 32% of the control subjects. An inverse correlation (p less than 0.05) was found between PHLA values and serum triglycerides levels. During recovery, the normalization of PHLA was much slower than that of the usual tests of liver function. PHLA measurement may represent a new and sensitive test of liver function.", "contents": "Post-heparin plasma lipolytic activity in acute hepatitis. Post-heparin plasma lipolytic activity (PHLA) was measured in 21 patients with acute viral hepatitis. PHLA was significantly reduced in all patients (p less than 0.0005), whose mean activity was only 32% of the control subjects. An inverse correlation (p less than 0.05) was found between PHLA values and serum triglycerides levels. During recovery, the normalization of PHLA was much slower than that of the usual tests of liver function. PHLA measurement may represent a new and sensitive test of liver function.", "PMID": 687745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7720", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in multiple sclerosis. Relation to clinical and biological parameters.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were looked for on 38 clinically definite MS (multiple sclerosis) patients compared to 35 other neurological patients and 26 healthy subjects. 29% of the MS sera and 8.6% of the other neurological sera were positive, whereas none of the control sera were positive. These differences are significant. Clinical status was analysed as regards the age at onset, the duration and course of the disease, the disability of the patients and the treatment they received. CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) parameters studied were pleocytosis, concentration of total protein, electrophoresis. The results suggest that IC (immune complex) are more frequent during the first 10 years of the MS disease, in patients with blood-brain barrier damage and in patients without oligoclonal IgG.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in multiple sclerosis. Relation to clinical and biological parameters. Circulating immune complexes were looked for on 38 clinically definite MS (multiple sclerosis) patients compared to 35 other neurological patients and 26 healthy subjects. 29% of the MS sera and 8.6% of the other neurological sera were positive, whereas none of the control sera were positive. These differences are significant. Clinical status was analysed as regards the age at onset, the duration and course of the disease, the disability of the patients and the treatment they received. CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) parameters studied were pleocytosis, concentration of total protein, electrophoresis. The results suggest that IC (immune complex) are more frequent during the first 10 years of the MS disease, in patients with blood-brain barrier damage and in patients without oligoclonal IgG.", "PMID": 687746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7721", "title": "Effect of gastric intubation of the gastric loss of serum albumin.", "content": "In a group of 18 inpatients, the catabolism of serum albumin rate, in percentage of intravascular albumin pool, was measured during two successive periods of 7 days. In the first experimental period, we did no intubation, while during the second, a tube was kept in the stomach, with an overnight intragastric perfusion of an isotonic solution of sodium bicarbonate. With the same batches of labelled albumin, we measured the serum albumin catabolism, in a similar way, in a group of 19 normal subjects, for two weeks, without gastric intubation. The difference in the rate of serum albumin catabolism, during the first and second period, is positive and amounts to +0.547 percent +/- 0.214 (mean +/- SEM) in the intubated group, and +0.765 percent +/- 0.207 in the control group. The weaker decrease in catabolism rate during the second period in the intubated group, as compared to the control group, is not statistically significant (t = 0.731). We conclude that continuous intubation of the stomach for 7 days does not increase the catabolism rate of serum albumin. Therefore, it should not significantly increase the loss of albumin in the gastric lumen.", "contents": "Effect of gastric intubation of the gastric loss of serum albumin. In a group of 18 inpatients, the catabolism of serum albumin rate, in percentage of intravascular albumin pool, was measured during two successive periods of 7 days. In the first experimental period, we did no intubation, while during the second, a tube was kept in the stomach, with an overnight intragastric perfusion of an isotonic solution of sodium bicarbonate. With the same batches of labelled albumin, we measured the serum albumin catabolism, in a similar way, in a group of 19 normal subjects, for two weeks, without gastric intubation. The difference in the rate of serum albumin catabolism, during the first and second period, is positive and amounts to +0.547 percent +/- 0.214 (mean +/- SEM) in the intubated group, and +0.765 percent +/- 0.207 in the control group. The weaker decrease in catabolism rate during the second period in the intubated group, as compared to the control group, is not statistically significant (t = 0.731). We conclude that continuous intubation of the stomach for 7 days does not increase the catabolism rate of serum albumin. Therefore, it should not significantly increase the loss of albumin in the gastric lumen.", "PMID": 687747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7722", "title": "Use of laser-nephelometer to quantitate lipoprotein-bound immunoglobulins in human sera. Importance of the diluting reagent.", "content": "If the method using Hyland LAS-RTM kit reagent recommended by the manufactorer yielded excellent results to measure immunoglobulins free in serum, the same is not true when one quantitates immunoglobulins bound with antigens, especially with lipidic antigens. Since the specificity of Hyland antisera is not the cause of this difference, we have studied therefore the effect of the diluting buffer on the antisera, on the blank, and its consequences on the assay. The abnormalities encountered in the results were due to precipitation of lipoproteins and immune complexes by the diluting buffer yielded in the kit. We avoided entirely these errors by preparing a blank, not in NaCl 0.15 M, but in the kit reagent used to dilute the antisera.", "contents": "Use of laser-nephelometer to quantitate lipoprotein-bound immunoglobulins in human sera. Importance of the diluting reagent. If the method using Hyland LAS-RTM kit reagent recommended by the manufactorer yielded excellent results to measure immunoglobulins free in serum, the same is not true when one quantitates immunoglobulins bound with antigens, especially with lipidic antigens. Since the specificity of Hyland antisera is not the cause of this difference, we have studied therefore the effect of the diluting buffer on the antisera, on the blank, and its consequences on the assay. The abnormalities encountered in the results were due to precipitation of lipoproteins and immune complexes by the diluting buffer yielded in the kit. We avoided entirely these errors by preparing a blank, not in NaCl 0.15 M, but in the kit reagent used to dilute the antisera.", "PMID": 687749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7723", "title": "The fate of clofibrate in the perfused rat liver.", "content": "Rat liver perfusions were carried out with [methyl 14C]-labelled chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) in the perfusate. In three hours, livers passed 42% of the CPIB into the bile (40% of which was conjugated), oxidized 0.3% to CO2 and retained 2.2% within the liver tissue. The fate of CPID in perfused livers from rats pretreated with clofibrate for one week was similar. Subfractionation of the liver showed that most of the retained radioactivity was located in the cytosol. The substantial uptake and transport of the drug through the tissue show that its effects on liver metabolism could be due to direct action.", "contents": "The fate of clofibrate in the perfused rat liver. Rat liver perfusions were carried out with [methyl 14C]-labelled chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) in the perfusate. In three hours, livers passed 42% of the CPIB into the bile (40% of which was conjugated), oxidized 0.3% to CO2 and retained 2.2% within the liver tissue. The fate of CPID in perfused livers from rats pretreated with clofibrate for one week was similar. Subfractionation of the liver showed that most of the retained radioactivity was located in the cytosol. The substantial uptake and transport of the drug through the tissue show that its effects on liver metabolism could be due to direct action.", "PMID": 687751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7724", "title": "Preliminary results of the combination methotrexate-asparaginase in patients with acute non lymphoid leukemia.", "content": "Twenty-three refractory and/or relapsing acute non-lymphoid leukemia patients were treated with a combination of methotrexate (MTX) and asparaginase (Aase) slightly modifed from that recently proposed by Capizzi et al. Patients received MTX on day 1, followed by Aase 24 hours later; the two day course was repeated weekly. The starting dose of MTX was 60 mg/m2 and was increased by 50% at each course to maximum toxicity. The dose of Aase was kept constant at 10,000 u/m2. Twelve patients achieved complete remission lasting 3 to 58 weeks, with 8 patients surviving more than 30 weeks. Toxicity has been remarkably mild with the major problem being hypersensitivity to Aase.", "contents": "Preliminary results of the combination methotrexate-asparaginase in patients with acute non lymphoid leukemia. Twenty-three refractory and/or relapsing acute non-lymphoid leukemia patients were treated with a combination of methotrexate (MTX) and asparaginase (Aase) slightly modifed from that recently proposed by Capizzi et al. Patients received MTX on day 1, followed by Aase 24 hours later; the two day course was repeated weekly. The starting dose of MTX was 60 mg/m2 and was increased by 50% at each course to maximum toxicity. The dose of Aase was kept constant at 10,000 u/m2. Twelve patients achieved complete remission lasting 3 to 58 weeks, with 8 patients surviving more than 30 weeks. Toxicity has been remarkably mild with the major problem being hypersensitivity to Aase.", "PMID": 687752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7725", "title": "Biochemical problems caused by some cryoglobulins.", "content": "An unsuspected cryoglobulinaemia may be responsible for incorrect serum protein results and thus cause dysglobulinaemia to remain undetected. When cryoglobulins precipitate above laboratory temperature, they will be removed with the clot during centrifugation of the blood sample if they have not previously been suspected clinically or biologically. In the case of massive cryoglobulinaemia, one might find normal protein results but such results are incorrect and if only total protein estimation has been requested, dysglobulinaemia can remain undetected. However, if electrophoresis can also been carried out, a slight abnormality of the gamma globulin fraction might be observed and this ought to incite one to look for cryoglobulin by the usual method (i.e. at 37 degrees C), even in the absence of clinical evidence.", "contents": "Biochemical problems caused by some cryoglobulins. An unsuspected cryoglobulinaemia may be responsible for incorrect serum protein results and thus cause dysglobulinaemia to remain undetected. When cryoglobulins precipitate above laboratory temperature, they will be removed with the clot during centrifugation of the blood sample if they have not previously been suspected clinically or biologically. In the case of massive cryoglobulinaemia, one might find normal protein results but such results are incorrect and if only total protein estimation has been requested, dysglobulinaemia can remain undetected. However, if electrophoresis can also been carried out, a slight abnormality of the gamma globulin fraction might be observed and this ought to incite one to look for cryoglobulin by the usual method (i.e. at 37 degrees C), even in the absence of clinical evidence.", "PMID": 687753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7726", "title": "Colony-forming units in the spleen and bone marrow of young (C57BL/6xDBA/2)F1 hybrid mice.", "content": "Spleen or bone marrow cells from (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 hybrid mice ranging in age from 1 to 32 days were transplanted into syngeneic irradiated adult recipients. By enumeration of macroscopic hemopoietic spleen colonies 8 days after transplantation, the colony-forming unit(CFU) content of the spleen and bone marrow of the young donor mice was determined. The CFU concentration in the bone marrow, initially at a level of 15.1--17.0 CFU/105 nucleated cells, increased during the third week of life and reached a value comparable to that of the adult during week 4. In contrast, the CFU concentration of the spleen decreased during the first 2 weeks and reached a plateau at a level of 4.45--6.66 CFU/105 nucleated cells during the third and fourth weeks of age. This was still significantly higher than that of the adult hybrid. The rise in prominence of the bone marrow as a hemopoietic organ during this period appeared to be due to an increase in total cellularity coupled with an increase in CFU concentration in this hybrid. While the cellularity of the spleen also increased during this time, the CFU concentration decreased, resulting in little change in the total CFU content of this organ.", "contents": "Colony-forming units in the spleen and bone marrow of young (C57BL/6xDBA/2)F1 hybrid mice. Spleen or bone marrow cells from (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 hybrid mice ranging in age from 1 to 32 days were transplanted into syngeneic irradiated adult recipients. By enumeration of macroscopic hemopoietic spleen colonies 8 days after transplantation, the colony-forming unit(CFU) content of the spleen and bone marrow of the young donor mice was determined. The CFU concentration in the bone marrow, initially at a level of 15.1--17.0 CFU/105 nucleated cells, increased during the third week of life and reached a value comparable to that of the adult during week 4. In contrast, the CFU concentration of the spleen decreased during the first 2 weeks and reached a plateau at a level of 4.45--6.66 CFU/105 nucleated cells during the third and fourth weeks of age. This was still significantly higher than that of the adult hybrid. The rise in prominence of the bone marrow as a hemopoietic organ during this period appeared to be due to an increase in total cellularity coupled with an increase in CFU concentration in this hybrid. While the cellularity of the spleen also increased during this time, the CFU concentration decreased, resulting in little change in the total CFU content of this organ.", "PMID": 687754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7727", "title": "High renal plasma flow lability in the kidneys of hypertensive patients.", "content": "The spontaneous changes in renal plasma flow (RPF) were determined by sodium paraamino hippurate clearance (CPAH) in the individual kidneys of 71 patients with essential and secondary hypertension. These changes were expressed as changes in CPAH and as changes in CPAH per 100 ml Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR = inulin clearance) for every individual kidney. Sixteen normal subjects were used as control. The RPF changes were measured between two consecutive 10 minute clearance periods during separated kidney function tests. In all the hypertensive groups studied, when RPF variability was expressed per 100 ml GFR, the variability was found to be two to five times greater than in normals. This findings suggests that in the hypertensive state the blood flow changes in the kidney are more labile than in normals. The high lability of renal blood flow could reflect and abnormality in renal vascular tone. This abnormality could be an important factor in the pathogenesis and maintenance of high blood pressure.", "contents": "High renal plasma flow lability in the kidneys of hypertensive patients. The spontaneous changes in renal plasma flow (RPF) were determined by sodium paraamino hippurate clearance (CPAH) in the individual kidneys of 71 patients with essential and secondary hypertension. These changes were expressed as changes in CPAH and as changes in CPAH per 100 ml Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR = inulin clearance) for every individual kidney. Sixteen normal subjects were used as control. The RPF changes were measured between two consecutive 10 minute clearance periods during separated kidney function tests. In all the hypertensive groups studied, when RPF variability was expressed per 100 ml GFR, the variability was found to be two to five times greater than in normals. This findings suggests that in the hypertensive state the blood flow changes in the kidney are more labile than in normals. The high lability of renal blood flow could reflect and abnormality in renal vascular tone. This abnormality could be an important factor in the pathogenesis and maintenance of high blood pressure.", "PMID": 687755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7728", "title": "Starvation and sucrose activity in small intestinal mucosa. An evaluation of different tissue preparations and reference systems.", "content": "Starvation for 48 hrs reduced the activity of sucrase referred to unit length in rat proximal small intestine by approximately 30%, irrespective of whe her mucosal scrapings, isolated villus epithelial cells or brush border membranes were investigated. Sucrase activity referred to unit weight, unit protein or to unit DNA of intestinal epithelium did not change.", "contents": "Starvation and sucrose activity in small intestinal mucosa. An evaluation of different tissue preparations and reference systems. Starvation for 48 hrs reduced the activity of sucrase referred to unit length in rat proximal small intestine by approximately 30%, irrespective of whe her mucosal scrapings, isolated villus epithelial cells or brush border membranes were investigated. Sucrase activity referred to unit weight, unit protein or to unit DNA of intestinal epithelium did not change.", "PMID": 687756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7729", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of galactosemia.", "content": "We have monitored 3 pregnancies at risk for galactosemia by deficiency in Galactose-1-Phospho uridyl transferase. Galactosemia was diagnosed in the 1st case; heterozygoty in the 2nd, and a \"double heterozygoty\" in the 3rd. The latter is the first example of such a diagnosis. Post natal confirmation was obtained in the three cases. Arguments are given for the usefulness of this prenatal diagnosis.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of galactosemia. We have monitored 3 pregnancies at risk for galactosemia by deficiency in Galactose-1-Phospho uridyl transferase. Galactosemia was diagnosed in the 1st case; heterozygoty in the 2nd, and a \"double heterozygoty\" in the 3rd. The latter is the first example of such a diagnosis. Post natal confirmation was obtained in the three cases. Arguments are given for the usefulness of this prenatal diagnosis.", "PMID": 687757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7730", "title": "Sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates in human lactation urine.", "content": "The excretion rate of neutral hexoses, fucose and sialic acid of oligosaccharide and glycopeptide fraction has been determined in lactation urine. Thin layer chromatography has been used to investigate the excretion pattern of oligosaccharides, specially sialyl-oligosaccharides, during the course of lactation and after weaning. Lactation urine contains sialyloligosaccharides which are not present in normal urine and their presence has been studied up to the 3rd week after weaning. These results indicate a mammary origin for most of these compounds and confirm the hypothesis of previous research.", "contents": "Sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates in human lactation urine. The excretion rate of neutral hexoses, fucose and sialic acid of oligosaccharide and glycopeptide fraction has been determined in lactation urine. Thin layer chromatography has been used to investigate the excretion pattern of oligosaccharides, specially sialyl-oligosaccharides, during the course of lactation and after weaning. Lactation urine contains sialyloligosaccharides which are not present in normal urine and their presence has been studied up to the 3rd week after weaning. These results indicate a mammary origin for most of these compounds and confirm the hypothesis of previous research.", "PMID": 687758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7731", "title": "Lecithin bilayers. Density measurement and molecular interactions.", "content": "Density measurement are reported for bilayer dispersions of a series of saturated lecithins. For chain lengths with, respectively, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 carbons per chain, the values for the volume changes at the main transition are 0.027, 0.031, 0.037, 0.040 and 0.045 ml/g. The main transition temperature extrapolates with increasing chain length to the melting temperature of polyethylene. Volume changes at the lower transition are an order of magnitude smaller than the main transition. Single phase thermal expansion coefficients are also reported. The combination of X-ray data and density data indicated that the volume changes are predominantly due to the hydrocarbon chains, thus enabling the volume vCH2 of the methylene groups to be computed as a function of temperature. From this and knowledge of intermolecular interactions in hydrocarbon chains, the change in the interchain van der Waals energy, delta UvdW, at the main transition is computed for the lecithins and also for the alkanes and polyethylene at the melting transition. Using the experimental enthalpies of transition and delta UvdW, the energy equation is consistently balanced for all three systems. This yields estimates of the change in the number of gauche rotamers in the lecithins at the main transition. The consistency of these calculations supports the conclusion that the most important molecular energies for the main transition in lecithin bilayers are the hydrocarbon chain interactions and the rotational isomeric energies, and the conclusion that the main phase transition is analogous to the melting transition in the alkanes from the hexagonal phase to the liquid phase, but with some modifications.", "contents": "Lecithin bilayers. Density measurement and molecular interactions. Density measurement are reported for bilayer dispersions of a series of saturated lecithins. For chain lengths with, respectively, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 carbons per chain, the values for the volume changes at the main transition are 0.027, 0.031, 0.037, 0.040 and 0.045 ml/g. The main transition temperature extrapolates with increasing chain length to the melting temperature of polyethylene. Volume changes at the lower transition are an order of magnitude smaller than the main transition. Single phase thermal expansion coefficients are also reported. The combination of X-ray data and density data indicated that the volume changes are predominantly due to the hydrocarbon chains, thus enabling the volume vCH2 of the methylene groups to be computed as a function of temperature. From this and knowledge of intermolecular interactions in hydrocarbon chains, the change in the interchain van der Waals energy, delta UvdW, at the main transition is computed for the lecithins and also for the alkanes and polyethylene at the melting transition. Using the experimental enthalpies of transition and delta UvdW, the energy equation is consistently balanced for all three systems. This yields estimates of the change in the number of gauche rotamers in the lecithins at the main transition. The consistency of these calculations supports the conclusion that the most important molecular energies for the main transition in lecithin bilayers are the hydrocarbon chain interactions and the rotational isomeric energies, and the conclusion that the main phase transition is analogous to the melting transition in the alkanes from the hexagonal phase to the liquid phase, but with some modifications.", "PMID": 687759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7732", "title": "The equation of motion for sperm flagella.", "content": "The equation of motion for sperm flagella, in which the elastic bending moment and the active contractile moment are balanced by the moment from the viscous resistance of the surrounding fluid, is solved for a wave solution that superimposes partial solutions. Substitution of the expression for the wave solution into the equation leads to an expression for the active contractile moment. This active moment can be decomposed into two parts. The first part describes an active moment that travels over the flagellum with the mechanical flagellar wave, the second part represents a moment in phase over the entire length of the flagellum, which decreases linearly towards the distal tip. The linear synchronous moment, to which an amount of traveling moment has been added as a perturbation, leads to wave solutions that closely resemble flagellar waves. Properties such as wavelength and wave amplitudes and also the shape of the waves in sea urchin sperm flagella at different frequencies are accurately described by the theory. The change in wave shape in sea urchin sperm flagella at raised viscosity is predicted well by the theory. The different wave properties caused in bull sperm flagella by different boundary conditions at the proximal junction are explained. When only a traveling active moment is present in a flagellum, the wave solutions describe waves of a small wave length in a long flagellum. Some properties of the wave motion of sperm flagella are derived from the theory and verified experimentally.", "contents": "The equation of motion for sperm flagella. The equation of motion for sperm flagella, in which the elastic bending moment and the active contractile moment are balanced by the moment from the viscous resistance of the surrounding fluid, is solved for a wave solution that superimposes partial solutions. Substitution of the expression for the wave solution into the equation leads to an expression for the active contractile moment. This active moment can be decomposed into two parts. The first part describes an active moment that travels over the flagellum with the mechanical flagellar wave, the second part represents a moment in phase over the entire length of the flagellum, which decreases linearly towards the distal tip. The linear synchronous moment, to which an amount of traveling moment has been added as a perturbation, leads to wave solutions that closely resemble flagellar waves. Properties such as wavelength and wave amplitudes and also the shape of the waves in sea urchin sperm flagella at different frequencies are accurately described by the theory. The change in wave shape in sea urchin sperm flagella at raised viscosity is predicted well by the theory. The different wave properties caused in bull sperm flagella by different boundary conditions at the proximal junction are explained. When only a traveling active moment is present in a flagellum, the wave solutions describe waves of a small wave length in a long flagellum. Some properties of the wave motion of sperm flagella are derived from the theory and verified experimentally.", "PMID": 687760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7733", "title": "Interaction between batrachotoxin and yohimbine.", "content": "The neurotoxins, batrachotoxin and veratridine, are specific activators of sodium channels and cause an increase in the rate of 22Na uptake in neuroblastoma cells. Yohimbine, an indolakylamine alkaloid, inhibits this batrachotoxin-induced 22Na uptake. The dose-response curve of yohimbine suggest that the inhibitor acts reversibly on a single class of binding sites with dissociation constant of 3--4 x 10(-5) M. The dissociation constant is not affected by depolarization from--41 to 0 mV. Kinetic and equilibrium experiments indicate that yohimbine is a competitive inhibitor of the action of batrachotoxin. These results support the conclusion that yohimbine inhibitis the sodium flux by acting on the channel gating mechanism rather than by occluding the channels.", "contents": "Interaction between batrachotoxin and yohimbine. The neurotoxins, batrachotoxin and veratridine, are specific activators of sodium channels and cause an increase in the rate of 22Na uptake in neuroblastoma cells. Yohimbine, an indolakylamine alkaloid, inhibits this batrachotoxin-induced 22Na uptake. The dose-response curve of yohimbine suggest that the inhibitor acts reversibly on a single class of binding sites with dissociation constant of 3--4 x 10(-5) M. The dissociation constant is not affected by depolarization from--41 to 0 mV. Kinetic and equilibrium experiments indicate that yohimbine is a competitive inhibitor of the action of batrachotoxin. These results support the conclusion that yohimbine inhibitis the sodium flux by acting on the channel gating mechanism rather than by occluding the channels.", "PMID": 687761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7734", "title": "The dynamics of the ventricular wall and some observations on blood flow.", "content": "An expression for the energy of motion of the wall of the left ventricle is developed. A cylinderical model is assumed for the left ventricle, and symmetry is used to produce the problem to a two-dimensional problem. Result obtained indicate that consideration of the energy of motion can be useful in problems of clinical diagnosis. Some correlation between previously published experimental results is also made with the equations derived in this paper.", "contents": "The dynamics of the ventricular wall and some observations on blood flow. An expression for the energy of motion of the wall of the left ventricle is developed. A cylinderical model is assumed for the left ventricle, and symmetry is used to produce the problem to a two-dimensional problem. Result obtained indicate that consideration of the energy of motion can be useful in problems of clinical diagnosis. Some correlation between previously published experimental results is also made with the equations derived in this paper.", "PMID": 687762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7735", "title": "Postreplication repair in mammalian cells after ultraviolet irradiation: a model.", "content": "A model is presented for bypass of ultraviolet-induced damage in DNA during replication. The overall process is initiated by the introduction of a single-strand break into parental DNA near the point of arrest of synthesis, followed by a transient crossing-over step similar to that envisaged in genetic recombination. The mechanism proposed provides an alternative explanation to existing models and is entirely consistent with available data on postreplication repair in mammalian cells. In addition the model explains the low level of recombination repair observed in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Postreplication repair in mammalian cells after ultraviolet irradiation: a model. A model is presented for bypass of ultraviolet-induced damage in DNA during replication. The overall process is initiated by the introduction of a single-strand break into parental DNA near the point of arrest of synthesis, followed by a transient crossing-over step similar to that envisaged in genetic recombination. The mechanism proposed provides an alternative explanation to existing models and is entirely consistent with available data on postreplication repair in mammalian cells. In addition the model explains the low level of recombination repair observed in mammalian cells.", "PMID": 687763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7736", "title": "A mathematical model for spreading cortical depression.", "content": "A mathematical model is derived from physiological considerations for slow potential waves (called spreading depression) in cortical neuronal structures.  The variables taken into account are the intra- and extracellular concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca++, together with excitatory and inhibitor transmitter substances. The general model includes conductance changes for these various ions, which may occur at nonsynaptic and synaptic membrane together with active transport mechanisms (pumps). A detailed consideration of only the conductance changes due to transmitter release leads to a system of nonlinear diffusion equations coupled  with a system or ordinary differential equations. We obtain numerical solutions of a set of simplified model equations involving only K+ and Ca++ concentrations. The solutions agree qualitatively with experimentally obtained time-courses of these two ionic concentrations during spreading depression. The numerical solutions exhibit the observed phenomena of solitary waves and annihilation of colliding waves.", "contents": "A mathematical model for spreading cortical depression. A mathematical model is derived from physiological considerations for slow potential waves (called spreading depression) in cortical neuronal structures.  The variables taken into account are the intra- and extracellular concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca++, together with excitatory and inhibitor transmitter substances. The general model includes conductance changes for these various ions, which may occur at nonsynaptic and synaptic membrane together with active transport mechanisms (pumps). A detailed consideration of only the conductance changes due to transmitter release leads to a system of nonlinear diffusion equations coupled  with a system or ordinary differential equations. We obtain numerical solutions of a set of simplified model equations involving only K+ and Ca++ concentrations. The solutions agree qualitatively with experimentally obtained time-courses of these two ionic concentrations during spreading depression. The numerical solutions exhibit the observed phenomena of solitary waves and annihilation of colliding waves.", "PMID": 687764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7737", "title": "An analysis of the electrical properties of a skeletal muscle fiber containing a helicoidal T system.", "content": "The linear electrical properties of skeletal muscle fibers have been analyzed using lumped circuit analogues of helicoidal T system. The geometry of a helicoid is assumed to produce two electrical effects, modeled separately. One model is motivated by the pitch or tilt of the T system, which forces the current flowing in the lumen of the tubules to have a longitudinal projection. The second model is motivated by the longitudinal continuity of a helicoid, which forms a structure similar to a cable within the fiber. The pitch or tilting of the T system plane modified the longitudinal resistance of the fiber, making it slightly frequency dependent; however, the magnitude of the change was less than 0.1%. The longitudinal connections between T system networks had a more complicated effect; the magnitude of the correction was again less than 0.1%. The conclusion from this analysis is that a helicoidal T system, whose pitch is constrained by the sarcomere spacing, will not affect electrical signals recorded intracellularly in intact fibers.", "contents": "An analysis of the electrical properties of a skeletal muscle fiber containing a helicoidal T system. The linear electrical properties of skeletal muscle fibers have been analyzed using lumped circuit analogues of helicoidal T system. The geometry of a helicoid is assumed to produce two electrical effects, modeled separately. One model is motivated by the pitch or tilt of the T system, which forces the current flowing in the lumen of the tubules to have a longitudinal projection. The second model is motivated by the longitudinal continuity of a helicoid, which forms a structure similar to a cable within the fiber. The pitch or tilting of the T system plane modified the longitudinal resistance of the fiber, making it slightly frequency dependent; however, the magnitude of the change was less than 0.1%. The longitudinal connections between T system networks had a more complicated effect; the magnitude of the correction was again less than 0.1%. The conclusion from this analysis is that a helicoidal T system, whose pitch is constrained by the sarcomere spacing, will not affect electrical signals recorded intracellularly in intact fibers.", "PMID": 687765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7738", "title": "Local anesthetic block of sodium channels in normal and pronase-treated squid giant axons.", "content": "The inhibition of sodium currents by local anesthetics and other blocking compounds was studied in perfused, voltage-clamped segments of squid giant axon. When applied internally, each of the eight compounds studied results in accumulating \"use-depnedent\" block of sodium currents upon repetitive pulsing. Recovery from block occurs over a time scale of many seconds. In axons treated with pronase to completely eliminate sodium inactivation, six of the compounds induce a time- and voltage-dependent decline of sodium currents after activation during a maintained depolarization. Four of the time-dependent blocking compounds--procaine, 9-aminoacridine, N-methylstrychnine, and QX572--also induce altered sodium tail currents by hindering closure of the activation gating mechanism. Treatment of the axon with pronase abolishes use-dependent block completely by QX222, QX314, 9-aminoacridine, and N-methylstrychnine, but only partially be tetracaine and etidocaine. Two pulse experiments reveal that recovery from block by 9-aminoacridine or N-methyl-strychnine is greatly accelerated after pronase treatment. Pronase treatment abolishes both use-dependent and voltage-dependent block by QX222 and QX314. These results provide support for a direct role  of the inactivation gating mechanism in producing the long-lasting use-dependent inhibition brought about by local anesthetic compounds.", "contents": "Local anesthetic block of sodium channels in normal and pronase-treated squid giant axons. The inhibition of sodium currents by local anesthetics and other blocking compounds was studied in perfused, voltage-clamped segments of squid giant axon. When applied internally, each of the eight compounds studied results in accumulating \"use-depnedent\" block of sodium currents upon repetitive pulsing. Recovery from block occurs over a time scale of many seconds. In axons treated with pronase to completely eliminate sodium inactivation, six of the compounds induce a time- and voltage-dependent decline of sodium currents after activation during a maintained depolarization. Four of the time-dependent blocking compounds--procaine, 9-aminoacridine, N-methylstrychnine, and QX572--also induce altered sodium tail currents by hindering closure of the activation gating mechanism. Treatment of the axon with pronase abolishes use-dependent block completely by QX222, QX314, 9-aminoacridine, and N-methylstrychnine, but only partially be tetracaine and etidocaine. Two pulse experiments reveal that recovery from block by 9-aminoacridine or N-methyl-strychnine is greatly accelerated after pronase treatment. Pronase treatment abolishes both use-dependent and voltage-dependent block by QX222 and QX314. These results provide support for a direct role  of the inactivation gating mechanism in producing the long-lasting use-dependent inhibition brought about by local anesthetic compounds.", "PMID": 687766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7739", "title": "Mean activity coefficients for the simple electrolyte in aqueous mixtures of polyelectrolyte and simple electrolyte. V. Common counterion mixtures of alkali-metal dextransulfates with alkali metal chlorides.", "content": "Mean molal activity coefficients of simple electrolyte in aqueous solutions of Li, Na, K or Cs salts of dextransulfate (DS) with added LiCl, NaCl, KCl or CsCl are reported. The measurements were carried out by means of an electrochemical cell method using a cation exchange membrane as cation selective electrode and Ag/AgCl electrodes. For LiDS-LiCl, NaDS-NaCl and CsDS-CsCl systems the polymer concentration, mp, was varied from 0.0088 to 0.113 m and at a given mp the ratio X of the polymer to salt concentration was varied from 0.5 to 16. Due to the insolubility of KDS in high concentration of KCl, the measurements on KDS-KCl system were performed in the mp range of 0.0088--0.089 m and some of the smaller X values were omitted. The activity coefficient results are compared to Manning's limiting laws, the additivity rule, and to new limiting laws. The additivity rule can give an excellent representation of the data for all mp values when gammap is used as an adjustable parameter.", "contents": "Mean activity coefficients for the simple electrolyte in aqueous mixtures of polyelectrolyte and simple electrolyte. V. Common counterion mixtures of alkali-metal dextransulfates with alkali metal chlorides. Mean molal activity coefficients of simple electrolyte in aqueous solutions of Li, Na, K or Cs salts of dextransulfate (DS) with added LiCl, NaCl, KCl or CsCl are reported. The measurements were carried out by means of an electrochemical cell method using a cation exchange membrane as cation selective electrode and Ag/AgCl electrodes. For LiDS-LiCl, NaDS-NaCl and CsDS-CsCl systems the polymer concentration, mp, was varied from 0.0088 to 0.113 m and at a given mp the ratio X of the polymer to salt concentration was varied from 0.5 to 16. Due to the insolubility of KDS in high concentration of KCl, the measurements on KDS-KCl system were performed in the mp range of 0.0088--0.089 m and some of the smaller X values were omitted. The activity coefficient results are compared to Manning's limiting laws, the additivity rule, and to new limiting laws. The additivity rule can give an excellent representation of the data for all mp values when gammap is used as an adjustable parameter.", "PMID": 687767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7740", "title": "Electro-optical studies on synthetic polyelectrolytes. IV. Electric polarizability and conformation of poly-N-methyl-2-vinylpyridinium bromide in aqueous solution.", "content": "Measurements of the relaxation time on aqueous solutions of the title polyelectrolyte as a function of the concentration and of the molecular weight show that its conformation at very high dilution can be better accounted for by a weakly bending rod or wormlike chain model, with persistence length ranging from 200 to 400 A. The analysis of the field strength dependence of the electric birefringence yields electric polarizability values which increase sharply with the dilution and are not significantly dependent upon the molecular weight. This has been tentatively interpreted on the basis of the theories derived by Oosawa and by Mandel and Van der Touw. The partially flexible model proposed by the latter authors allow to identify the electric polarizability calculated from electro-optical data to the specific dielectric increment measured in the high frequency range; both parameters appear to be molecular weight independent. The electric polarizability obtained from the Kerr effect would be originated in the induced dipoles caused by the delocalization of the bound counterions along rigid subunits whose length seems however to differ from the persistence length.", "contents": "Electro-optical studies on synthetic polyelectrolytes. IV. Electric polarizability and conformation of poly-N-methyl-2-vinylpyridinium bromide in aqueous solution. Measurements of the relaxation time on aqueous solutions of the title polyelectrolyte as a function of the concentration and of the molecular weight show that its conformation at very high dilution can be better accounted for by a weakly bending rod or wormlike chain model, with persistence length ranging from 200 to 400 A. The analysis of the field strength dependence of the electric birefringence yields electric polarizability values which increase sharply with the dilution and are not significantly dependent upon the molecular weight. This has been tentatively interpreted on the basis of the theories derived by Oosawa and by Mandel and Van der Touw. The partially flexible model proposed by the latter authors allow to identify the electric polarizability calculated from electro-optical data to the specific dielectric increment measured in the high frequency range; both parameters appear to be molecular weight independent. The electric polarizability obtained from the Kerr effect would be originated in the induced dipoles caused by the delocalization of the bound counterions along rigid subunits whose length seems however to differ from the persistence length.", "PMID": 687768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7741", "title": "Spatial structures in a reaction-diffusion system--detailed analysis of the \"Brusselator\".", "content": "Continuous dependence of spatially nonuniform concentration profiles for the 'Brussellator\" reaction mechanims on the characteristic length of the system is given both for zero flux and fixed boundary conditions. Branches of solutions arising through primary bifurcation form closed curves. Secondary bifurcations giving rise to spatially asymmetric solutions exist for fixed boundary conditions. Results of a stability analysis of individual solutions are discussed. A method of composing complex spatial profiles for higher lengths from elementary solutions for smaller lenghts is suggested and tested in the case of zero flux boundary conditions. Emergence of subsequently more complex stable patterns in dependence on increasing length of the system suggests many similarities to gradual build up of complex morphogenetic patterns.", "contents": "Spatial structures in a reaction-diffusion system--detailed analysis of the \"Brusselator\". Continuous dependence of spatially nonuniform concentration profiles for the 'Brussellator\" reaction mechanims on the characteristic length of the system is given both for zero flux and fixed boundary conditions. Branches of solutions arising through primary bifurcation form closed curves. Secondary bifurcations giving rise to spatially asymmetric solutions exist for fixed boundary conditions. Results of a stability analysis of individual solutions are discussed. A method of composing complex spatial profiles for higher lengths from elementary solutions for smaller lenghts is suggested and tested in the case of zero flux boundary conditions. Emergence of subsequently more complex stable patterns in dependence on increasing length of the system suggests many similarities to gradual build up of complex morphogenetic patterns.", "PMID": 687769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7742", "title": "Current noise around steady states in discrete transport systems.", "content": "Subject of this paper is the transport noise in discrete systems. The transport systems are given by a number (n) of binding sites separated by energy barriers. These binding sites may be in contact outer reservoirs. The state of the systems is characterized by the occupation numbers of particles (current carriers) at these binding sites. The change in time of the occupation numbers is generated by individual \"jumps\" of particles over the energy barriers, building up the flux matter (for charged particles: the electric current). In the limit n leads to infinity continuum processes as e.g. usual diffusion are included in the transport model. The fluctuations in occupation numbers and other quantities linearly coupled to the occupation numbers may be treated with the usual master equation approach. The treatment of the fluctuation in fluxes (current) makes necessary a different theoretical approach which is presented in this paper under the assumption of vanishing interactions between the particles. This approach may be applied to a number of different transport systems in biology and physics (ion transport through porous channels in membranes, carriers mediated ion transport through membranes, jump diffusion e.g. in superionic conductors). As in the master equation approach the calculation of correlations and noise spectra may be reduced to the solution of the macroscopic equations for the occupation numbers. This result may be regarded as a generalization to non-equilibrium current fluctuations of the usual Nyquist theorem relating the current (voltage) noise spectrum in thermal equilibrium to the macroscopic frequency dependent admittance. The validity of the general approach is demonstrated by the calculation of the autocorrelation function and spectrum of current noise for a number of special examples (e.g. pores in membranes, carrier mediated ion transport).", "contents": "Current noise around steady states in discrete transport systems. Subject of this paper is the transport noise in discrete systems. The transport systems are given by a number (n) of binding sites separated by energy barriers. These binding sites may be in contact outer reservoirs. The state of the systems is characterized by the occupation numbers of particles (current carriers) at these binding sites. The change in time of the occupation numbers is generated by individual \"jumps\" of particles over the energy barriers, building up the flux matter (for charged particles: the electric current). In the limit n leads to infinity continuum processes as e.g. usual diffusion are included in the transport model. The fluctuations in occupation numbers and other quantities linearly coupled to the occupation numbers may be treated with the usual master equation approach. The treatment of the fluctuation in fluxes (current) makes necessary a different theoretical approach which is presented in this paper under the assumption of vanishing interactions between the particles. This approach may be applied to a number of different transport systems in biology and physics (ion transport through porous channels in membranes, carriers mediated ion transport through membranes, jump diffusion e.g. in superionic conductors). As in the master equation approach the calculation of correlations and noise spectra may be reduced to the solution of the macroscopic equations for the occupation numbers. This result may be regarded as a generalization to non-equilibrium current fluctuations of the usual Nyquist theorem relating the current (voltage) noise spectrum in thermal equilibrium to the macroscopic frequency dependent admittance. The validity of the general approach is demonstrated by the calculation of the autocorrelation function and spectrum of current noise for a number of special examples (e.g. pores in membranes, carrier mediated ion transport).", "PMID": 687770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7743", "title": "A mechanism for indirect allosteric action of charged effectors.", "content": "A mechanism for indirect allosteric action of charged effectors on substrate binding to a macromolecule is proposed. It is accounted for by electrostatic interaction among effectors in the solution, away from their receptors. The possibility of the mechanism proposed is tested in the allosteric action of univalent salt and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on oxygen binding to hemoglobin. A model for electrostatic interaction between these two effectors in the solution and for their overall effect on oxygen binding is introduced. The 2,3-diphosphoglycerate binding constant to deoxygenated hemoglobin as a function of univalent salt concentration and the median ligand activity  as a function of the concentration of univalent salt and 2,3-diphoshoglycerate are calculated and compared with experimental data. The obtained results indicate that electrostatic interaction in the solution may significantly contribute to indirect allosteric action of charged effectors.", "contents": "A mechanism for indirect allosteric action of charged effectors. A mechanism for indirect allosteric action of charged effectors on substrate binding to a macromolecule is proposed. It is accounted for by electrostatic interaction among effectors in the solution, away from their receptors. The possibility of the mechanism proposed is tested in the allosteric action of univalent salt and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on oxygen binding to hemoglobin. A model for electrostatic interaction between these two effectors in the solution and for their overall effect on oxygen binding is introduced. The 2,3-diphosphoglycerate binding constant to deoxygenated hemoglobin as a function of univalent salt concentration and the median ligand activity  as a function of the concentration of univalent salt and 2,3-diphoshoglycerate are calculated and compared with experimental data. The obtained results indicate that electrostatic interaction in the solution may significantly contribute to indirect allosteric action of charged effectors.", "PMID": 687771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7744", "title": "Tension transients in fibrillar muscle fibres as affected by stretch-dependent binding of AMP-PNP: a teinochemical effect?", "content": "The recovery in tension after release of a fibrillar muscle preparation as well as the fall in tension after restretch was found to be greater in presence of AMP-PNP than in its absence (rigor). The effect of AMP-PNP was concentration-dependent with an optimum at 0.1 mM corresponding to the dissociation constant of AMP-PNP from the myosin heads. This evidence supports the validity of the teinochemical principle which predicts a stretch-dependent AMP-PNP binding. The stiffness calculated per cross bridge was similar to that found by Huxley and Simmons (1971). It was further calculated that only 15% of the cross bridges are in a force-maintaining state in rigor.", "contents": "Tension transients in fibrillar muscle fibres as affected by stretch-dependent binding of AMP-PNP: a teinochemical effect? The recovery in tension after release of a fibrillar muscle preparation as well as the fall in tension after restretch was found to be greater in presence of AMP-PNP than in its absence (rigor). The effect of AMP-PNP was concentration-dependent with an optimum at 0.1 mM corresponding to the dissociation constant of AMP-PNP from the myosin heads. This evidence supports the validity of the teinochemical principle which predicts a stretch-dependent AMP-PNP binding. The stiffness calculated per cross bridge was similar to that found by Huxley and Simmons (1971). It was further calculated that only 15% of the cross bridges are in a force-maintaining state in rigor.", "PMID": 687772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7745", "title": "Passive electrical properties of Halobacterium species. I. Low-frequency range.", "content": "The electrical conductivity of suspensions of two species of Halobacterium was measured at low A. C. frequency. The results obtained from Halobacterium halobium suspensions show that the bacteria act as non-conducting particles. In contrast, the cells of a Halobacterium obtained from the Dead Sea (Halobacterium marismortui) had an apparently high conductivity which can be explained partly in terms of the cell-membrane being pierced by pores through which ions can move freely and partly in terms of highly concentrated cell ions, all of which are mobile.", "contents": "Passive electrical properties of Halobacterium species. I. Low-frequency range. The electrical conductivity of suspensions of two species of Halobacterium was measured at low A. C. frequency. The results obtained from Halobacterium halobium suspensions show that the bacteria act as non-conducting particles. In contrast, the cells of a Halobacterium obtained from the Dead Sea (Halobacterium marismortui) had an apparently high conductivity which can be explained partly in terms of the cell-membrane being pierced by pores through which ions can move freely and partly in terms of highly concentrated cell ions, all of which are mobile.", "PMID": 687774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7746", "title": "Use of a new silylating agent for separation of bile acids and cholesterol by selected ion monitoring with the computer controlled intensity matching technique.", "content": "Dimethylethylsilyl ether derivatives of human biliary bile acid ethyl esters and cholesterol were separated completely by gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring by use of the mixed stationary liquid phase of OV-101 and Dexsil 300GC (1:1). These derivatives could be prepared easily and subjected directly to gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Dimethylethylsilyl ethers of bile acids ethyl esters were eluted in regular order according to the number of hydroxyl groups when used with the non-polar stationary liquid phases. Lithocholic acid, a minor component of human bile, was identified easily by selected ion monitoring with the computer controlled intensity matching technique.", "contents": "Use of a new silylating agent for separation of bile acids and cholesterol by selected ion monitoring with the computer controlled intensity matching technique. Dimethylethylsilyl ether derivatives of human biliary bile acid ethyl esters and cholesterol were separated completely by gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring by use of the mixed stationary liquid phase of OV-101 and Dexsil 300GC (1:1). These derivatives could be prepared easily and subjected directly to gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Dimethylethylsilyl ethers of bile acids ethyl esters were eluted in regular order according to the number of hydroxyl groups when used with the non-polar stationary liquid phases. Lithocholic acid, a minor component of human bile, was identified easily by selected ion monitoring with the computer controlled intensity matching technique.", "PMID": 687778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7747", "title": "Simultaneous determination of diphenylhydantoin, mephobarbital, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and primidone in serum using direct chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "A quantitative method for the simultaneous determination of five anticonvulsants in serum has been developed using chemical ionization mass spectrometry without prior chromatographic separation. The technique was shown to be rapid, simple and sensitive, allowing the routine analysis of 50 microliter of serum with good within-day and day-to-day precision.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of diphenylhydantoin, mephobarbital, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and primidone in serum using direct chemical ionization mass spectrometry. A quantitative method for the simultaneous determination of five anticonvulsants in serum has been developed using chemical ionization mass spectrometry without prior chromatographic separation. The technique was shown to be rapid, simple and sensitive, allowing the routine analysis of 50 microliter of serum with good within-day and day-to-day precision.", "PMID": 687779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7748", "title": "The on column methylation of clonidine and p-hydroxyclonidine with trimethylanilinium hydroxide.", "content": "The structures of the methylated clonidine derivatives formed by on column methylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide are revised. The almost exclusive formation of derivatives of phenylimino-N,N-dimethylimidazolidine structure is explained in terms of a fast kinetically controlled reaction of substrate anions. The reliability of a stable isotope dilution assay for clonidine is discussed in view of these results.", "contents": "The on column methylation of clonidine and p-hydroxyclonidine with trimethylanilinium hydroxide. The structures of the methylated clonidine derivatives formed by on column methylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide are revised. The almost exclusive formation of derivatives of phenylimino-N,N-dimethylimidazolidine structure is explained in terms of a fast kinetically controlled reaction of substrate anions. The reliability of a stable isotope dilution assay for clonidine is discussed in view of these results.", "PMID": 687780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7749", "title": "Urinary metabolites of 4-isobutylphenylacetic acid studied by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "After ingestion of 4-isobutylphenylacetic acid three metabolites were identified in the urine, viz. 4-(2-carboxypropyl)phenylacetic acid, 4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenylacetic acid and 4-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenylacetic acid. These metabolites were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In the in vivo formation of the metabolites the isobutyl sidechain of the drug is attacked by omega1-hydroxylation, followed by further oxidation of the primary alcohol to a carboxyl group, by omega2-hydroxylation and by omega3-hydroxylation, respectively. It has been shown previously that two other drugs with an isobutyl sidechain, viz. 2-p-methoxybenzenesulphonamido-5-isobutyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 2,4'-isobutylphenylpropionic acid, are metabolized in an analogous way.", "contents": "Urinary metabolites of 4-isobutylphenylacetic acid studied by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry. After ingestion of 4-isobutylphenylacetic acid three metabolites were identified in the urine, viz. 4-(2-carboxypropyl)phenylacetic acid, 4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenylacetic acid and 4-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenylacetic acid. These metabolites were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In the in vivo formation of the metabolites the isobutyl sidechain of the drug is attacked by omega1-hydroxylation, followed by further oxidation of the primary alcohol to a carboxyl group, by omega2-hydroxylation and by omega3-hydroxylation, respectively. It has been shown previously that two other drugs with an isobutyl sidechain, viz. 2-p-methoxybenzenesulphonamido-5-isobutyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 2,4'-isobutylphenylpropionic acid, are metabolized in an analogous way.", "PMID": 687781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7750", "title": "Selected ion monitoring assay for meclizine in human plasma.", "content": "A method has been developed for the quantification of meclizine in human plasma using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Pentadeuterated meclizine was synthesized and used as an internal standard. The method gave linear results over a concentration range of 5-200 ng ml-1 and was used to determine plasma levels of meclizine following administration to a male volunteer.", "contents": "Selected ion monitoring assay for meclizine in human plasma. A method has been developed for the quantification of meclizine in human plasma using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Pentadeuterated meclizine was synthesized and used as an internal standard. The method gave linear results over a concentration range of 5-200 ng ml-1 and was used to determine plasma levels of meclizine following administration to a male volunteer.", "PMID": 687782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7751", "title": "Natural 13C/12C ratio variations in human populations.", "content": "Baseline data on the naturally occurring 13C/12C ratios of human tissue samples from several modern human populations are presented. Isotope ratios were determined for endogenous tissue samples (brain, liver and lung) from 20 routine unselected autopsy cases of residents of Long Island, New York. Comparable data were obtained from tissue samples from Bergen, Norway and Lucerne, Switzerland. Average values of 13C ratios reported in units of delta13C(0/00) relative to the PDB carbonate standard were -20.6 +/- 1.0 for 49 tissue samples from Switzerland, -20.7 +/- 1.0 for 21 tissue samples from Bergen, Norway and -16.2 +/- 1.0 for 89 tissue samples from Long Island, New York. These variations are discussed in terms of the isotopic carbon inventory in the respective diets of the populations sampled and also in terms of their implications for biomedical investigation.", "contents": "Natural 13C/12C ratio variations in human populations. Baseline data on the naturally occurring 13C/12C ratios of human tissue samples from several modern human populations are presented. Isotope ratios were determined for endogenous tissue samples (brain, liver and lung) from 20 routine unselected autopsy cases of residents of Long Island, New York. Comparable data were obtained from tissue samples from Bergen, Norway and Lucerne, Switzerland. Average values of 13C ratios reported in units of delta13C(0/00) relative to the PDB carbonate standard were -20.6 +/- 1.0 for 49 tissue samples from Switzerland, -20.7 +/- 1.0 for 21 tissue samples from Bergen, Norway and -16.2 +/- 1.0 for 89 tissue samples from Long Island, New York. These variations are discussed in terms of the isotopic carbon inventory in the respective diets of the populations sampled and also in terms of their implications for biomedical investigation.", "PMID": 687783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7752", "title": "Metabolism of the enantiomers of 2-hydroxy-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan in dog and man.", "content": "The major metabolic pathway of the (-) enantiomer and the (+) enantiomer of 2-hydroxy-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan in dogs was shown to be conjugation with glucuronic acid and/or sulfate. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography were used to identify additional metabolites of the two enantiomers in dog urine after hydrolysis with Glusulase. Metabolites of the (-) enantiomer were identified as 2-hydroxymorphinan and 2,7beta-dihydroxy-N-cyclopropropylmethylmorphinan. The major metabolites of the (+) enantiomer in hydrolyzed dog urine were identified as 2-hydroxymorphinan,2,3-dihydroxy-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan and 2-methoxy-3-hydroxy-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan. In addition, tentative or partial structures were postulated for three minor metabolites of the (+) enantiomer: 2-methoxy-3-hydroxymorphinan, a metabolite containing a hydroxyl group on either carbon 4, 5, 6 or 7 and a methylated catechol metabolite containing a hydroxyl group on carbon 4, 5, 6 or 7. Thus, the major oxidative pathways of the (-) enantiomer were N-dealkylation and aliphatic hydroxylation, while the (+) enantiomer mainly underwent N-dealkylation and aromatic hydroxylation, followed by phenolic methylation. Analysis of urine from a human subject administered the (-) enantiomer suggested that the metabolism of this isomer by man was similar to its metabolism by dog.", "contents": "Metabolism of the enantiomers of 2-hydroxy-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan in dog and man. The major metabolic pathway of the (-) enantiomer and the (+) enantiomer of 2-hydroxy-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan in dogs was shown to be conjugation with glucuronic acid and/or sulfate. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography were used to identify additional metabolites of the two enantiomers in dog urine after hydrolysis with Glusulase. Metabolites of the (-) enantiomer were identified as 2-hydroxymorphinan and 2,7beta-dihydroxy-N-cyclopropropylmethylmorphinan. The major metabolites of the (+) enantiomer in hydrolyzed dog urine were identified as 2-hydroxymorphinan,2,3-dihydroxy-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan and 2-methoxy-3-hydroxy-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan. In addition, tentative or partial structures were postulated for three minor metabolites of the (+) enantiomer: 2-methoxy-3-hydroxymorphinan, a metabolite containing a hydroxyl group on either carbon 4, 5, 6 or 7 and a methylated catechol metabolite containing a hydroxyl group on carbon 4, 5, 6 or 7. Thus, the major oxidative pathways of the (-) enantiomer were N-dealkylation and aliphatic hydroxylation, while the (+) enantiomer mainly underwent N-dealkylation and aromatic hydroxylation, followed by phenolic methylation. Analysis of urine from a human subject administered the (-) enantiomer suggested that the metabolism of this isomer by man was similar to its metabolism by dog.", "PMID": 687784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7753", "title": "Phenylacetic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma: selected ion monitoring assay.", "content": "Phenylacetic acid has been detected in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Free acid and total acid values obtained after hydrolysis have been quantified as the pentafluorobenzyl ester by selected ion monitoring, using [2H7]phenylacetic acid as internal standard.", "contents": "Phenylacetic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma: selected ion monitoring assay. Phenylacetic acid has been detected in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Free acid and total acid values obtained after hydrolysis have been quantified as the pentafluorobenzyl ester by selected ion monitoring, using [2H7]phenylacetic acid as internal standard.", "PMID": 687785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7754", "title": "Applications of purification reactions for minimizing reaction-generated enzyme poisoning.", "content": "A mathematical model has been employed to examine the interplay of reaction and mass transfer in immobilized enzyme systems involving reaction-generated enzyme poisions. Deactivation rates can be significantly reduced in some cases by catalyzing a purification reaction in which the poison is transformed into an innocuous substance. This conclusion in illustrated experimentally for reaction-generated H2O2 in  a continuous-flow stirred slurry reactor containing glucose oxidase immobilized on activated carbon.", "contents": "Applications of purification reactions for minimizing reaction-generated enzyme poisoning. A mathematical model has been employed to examine the interplay of reaction and mass transfer in immobilized enzyme systems involving reaction-generated enzyme poisions. Deactivation rates can be significantly reduced in some cases by catalyzing a purification reaction in which the poison is transformed into an innocuous substance. This conclusion in illustrated experimentally for reaction-generated H2O2 in  a continuous-flow stirred slurry reactor containing glucose oxidase immobilized on activated carbon.", "PMID": 687790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7755", "title": "Alterations in behavior resulting from persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection.", "content": "We have studied behavioral change in mice persistently infected as neonates with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Open-field, electric shock startle, and locomotor behavior were measured on these persistently infected mice and normal controls when they were 2--6 months of age. The infected mice exhibited significantly greater latency to move in the open-field, were more sensitive to low current electric shock and were slightly less active when tested for 4 days in running wheels. Immunofluorescent examination of adult mouse brain 14 days after the initiation of persistent infection with cyclophosphamide (given 3 days after virus) demonstrated viral antigen in hippocampal and olfactory tissue. Behavioral results were interpreted in terms of direct effects of virus on the brain, perhaps altering certain critical neurophysiologic and neurochemical parameters. The possible relationship between limbic system pathology and human mental disorder is raised.", "contents": "Alterations in behavior resulting from persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. We have studied behavioral change in mice persistently infected as neonates with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Open-field, electric shock startle, and locomotor behavior were measured on these persistently infected mice and normal controls when they were 2--6 months of age. The infected mice exhibited significantly greater latency to move in the open-field, were more sensitive to low current electric shock and were slightly less active when tested for 4 days in running wheels. Immunofluorescent examination of adult mouse brain 14 days after the initiation of persistent infection with cyclophosphamide (given 3 days after virus) demonstrated viral antigen in hippocampal and olfactory tissue. Behavioral results were interpreted in terms of direct effects of virus on the brain, perhaps altering certain critical neurophysiologic and neurochemical parameters. The possible relationship between limbic system pathology and human mental disorder is raised.", "PMID": 687791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7756", "title": "Serologic studies on schizophrenic patients.", "content": "We studied the capacity of sera from schizophrenic patients and from normal blood bank donors to agglutinate sheep erythrocytes coated with extracts of human brain. Passive hemagglutination of coated erythrocytes was obtained with 36.4% of the assayed sera of the schizophrenia patients and with 11% of the control sera. Drug treatment did not seem to play a major role in the reactivity because the patients were either never treated before or a period of several weeks was allowed since treatment until blood was drawn. Furthermore, the analysis of sera obtained by sequential bleedings of patients on drug therapy showed that drugs did not affect the serologic activity.", "contents": "Serologic studies on schizophrenic patients. We studied the capacity of sera from schizophrenic patients and from normal blood bank donors to agglutinate sheep erythrocytes coated with extracts of human brain. Passive hemagglutination of coated erythrocytes was obtained with 36.4% of the assayed sera of the schizophrenia patients and with 11% of the control sera. Drug treatment did not seem to play a major role in the reactivity because the patients were either never treated before or a period of several weeks was allowed since treatment until blood was drawn. Furthermore, the analysis of sera obtained by sequential bleedings of patients on drug therapy showed that drugs did not affect the serologic activity.", "PMID": 687795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7757", "title": "[Comparative assessment of circulatory and respiratory maintenance by hemoglobin dissolved in plasma and contained in erythrocytes].", "content": "Basic values of blood circulation and respiration were compared in two groups of cats. The blood of group I animals was replaced by a 8% solution of human Hb completely free of stroma and procoaglulant activity. In group II animals the blood was diluted with polyglucine to the Hb level of 8 g%. The solution is well saturated in the lungs and releases O2 to tissues, but much less than Hb contained in red cells. The dissolved Hb did not completely meet the requirements of the organism in oxygen with the resultant hypoxia. Moderate anemic hypoxia caused by blood dilution with polyglucine was easily compensated. Hb solution can be considered as the basis or the first stage in the production of an oxygen carrier blood substitute.", "contents": "[Comparative assessment of circulatory and respiratory maintenance by hemoglobin dissolved in plasma and contained in erythrocytes]. Basic values of blood circulation and respiration were compared in two groups of cats. The blood of group I animals was replaced by a 8% solution of human Hb completely free of stroma and procoaglulant activity. In group II animals the blood was diluted with polyglucine to the Hb level of 8 g%. The solution is well saturated in the lungs and releases O2 to tissues, but much less than Hb contained in red cells. The dissolved Hb did not completely meet the requirements of the organism in oxygen with the resultant hypoxia. Moderate anemic hypoxia caused by blood dilution with polyglucine was easily compensated. Hb solution can be considered as the basis or the first stage in the production of an oxygen carrier blood substitute.", "PMID": 687802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7758", "title": "[Interaction between the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and the thyroid gland during different age periods].", "content": "Age peculiarities of interaction of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system and the thyroid gland with consideration to direct and feed-back control were studied. Significant alterations appear in old age in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system and the thyroid gland at the level of direct and feed-back control; there is an increase of sensitivity of the thyroid gland tissue to TSH, and of the hypothalamus-hypophysis--to the T4 effect. This rise of sensitivity is largely determined by the activation of the T4 deiodination processes in the adenohypophysis. The reactive capacity of the thyroid gland and of the hypothalamo-hypophysial complex to the corresponding influence is decreased.", "contents": "[Interaction between the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and the thyroid gland during different age periods]. Age peculiarities of interaction of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system and the thyroid gland with consideration to direct and feed-back control were studied. Significant alterations appear in old age in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system and the thyroid gland at the level of direct and feed-back control; there is an increase of sensitivity of the thyroid gland tissue to TSH, and of the hypothalamus-hypophysis--to the T4 effect. This rise of sensitivity is largely determined by the activation of the T4 deiodination processes in the adenohypophysis. The reactive capacity of the thyroid gland and of the hypothalamo-hypophysial complex to the corresponding influence is decreased.", "PMID": 687803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7759", "title": "[Increase in heat production by muscle contraction caused by 2,4-dinitrophenol].", "content": "By means of a highly sensitive thermometric method (1.10--50 C/mm) it was possible to demonstrate that the heat production during a single contraction of the isolated rat diaphragm increased under the influence of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Low DNP concentrations failed to produce any manifest changes in the resting muscle, but its action was distinct during contraction. With the same muscle contraction force DNP action was followed by an increase (about 1 1/2-fold) of heat production. This fact confirmed a supposition on the leading role of oxidation and phosphorylation uncoupling in the muscle cell respiratory chain in the increase of muscle contraction heat production in the animals after cold adaptation.", "contents": "[Increase in heat production by muscle contraction caused by 2,4-dinitrophenol]. By means of a highly sensitive thermometric method (1.10--50 C/mm) it was possible to demonstrate that the heat production during a single contraction of the isolated rat diaphragm increased under the influence of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Low DNP concentrations failed to produce any manifest changes in the resting muscle, but its action was distinct during contraction. With the same muscle contraction force DNP action was followed by an increase (about 1 1/2-fold) of heat production. This fact confirmed a supposition on the leading role of oxidation and phosphorylation uncoupling in the muscle cell respiratory chain in the increase of muscle contraction heat production in the animals after cold adaptation.", "PMID": 687804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7760", "title": "[Functional interaction between the determinant and other foci of epileptiform activity created in the cortex of both cerebral hemispheres].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on cats under nembutal anesthesia that creation of a hyperactive focus with a high excitation level in the orbital or coronary cortex of one hemisphere and of a number of foci in the neocortex of the contralateral hemisphere led to formation of a functional complex working in a unified regimen determined by the hyperactive focus activity. The latter plays the role of a determinant structure. Suppression of the determinant focus with nembutal was followed by a decay of the epileptic complex. Section of the corpus callossum (its rostral part) led to derangement in synch ronization of the work between the determinant and other epileptic activity foci. The results of investigation confirmed the conception on the role of the determinant structure in the nervous system activity.", "contents": "[Functional interaction between the determinant and other foci of epileptiform activity created in the cortex of both cerebral hemispheres]. It was shown in experiments on cats under nembutal anesthesia that creation of a hyperactive focus with a high excitation level in the orbital or coronary cortex of one hemisphere and of a number of foci in the neocortex of the contralateral hemisphere led to formation of a functional complex working in a unified regimen determined by the hyperactive focus activity. The latter plays the role of a determinant structure. Suppression of the determinant focus with nembutal was followed by a decay of the epileptic complex. Section of the corpus callossum (its rostral part) led to derangement in synch ronization of the work between the determinant and other epileptic activity foci. The results of investigation confirmed the conception on the role of the determinant structure in the nervous system activity.", "PMID": 687805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7761", "title": "[Induction of postural asymmetry in an intact recipient with an extract from the brain of a donor with such a syndrome].", "content": "An attempt was made of a direct transfer to the recipient of postural asymmetry originating after the removal of half of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum in rats. Postural asymmetry of the hind limbs proved to develop in spinal rats after subdural injection of brain extracts of the pathological donors below the spinal section level. Specificity of this asymmetry depending on the side of the cerebellar lesion was shown. The type of the recipient's asymmetry repeated the donor's asymmetry exactly. The brain extracts of control animals produced no asymmetry in the recipients. Additional evidence of the peptide nature of the factor stimulating postural asymmetry development was obtained: pronase inactivated the active brain extract.", "contents": "[Induction of postural asymmetry in an intact recipient with an extract from the brain of a donor with such a syndrome]. An attempt was made of a direct transfer to the recipient of postural asymmetry originating after the removal of half of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum in rats. Postural asymmetry of the hind limbs proved to develop in spinal rats after subdural injection of brain extracts of the pathological donors below the spinal section level. Specificity of this asymmetry depending on the side of the cerebellar lesion was shown. The type of the recipient's asymmetry repeated the donor's asymmetry exactly. The brain extracts of control animals produced no asymmetry in the recipients. Additional evidence of the peptide nature of the factor stimulating postural asymmetry development was obtained: pronase inactivated the active brain extract.", "PMID": 687806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7762", "title": "[Noradrenaline and adrenaline concentration in the myocardium of persons who have died suddenly or from injuries].", "content": "To investigate mechanisms of sudden death the authors determined the content of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the myocardium of different heart sections in deceased persons by the fluorimetric method; similar studies of the myocardium of persons who died of trauma were conducted. Heterotopia in the noradrenaline content between the cardiac chambers proved to be considerably more pronounced in sudden death than in fatal trauma. The differences in the adrenaline and noradrenaline content in the heart chambers of persons who died of trauma and suddenly indicated the death mechanisms to be different in these cases.", "contents": "[Noradrenaline and adrenaline concentration in the myocardium of persons who have died suddenly or from injuries]. To investigate mechanisms of sudden death the authors determined the content of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the myocardium of different heart sections in deceased persons by the fluorimetric method; similar studies of the myocardium of persons who died of trauma were conducted. Heterotopia in the noradrenaline content between the cardiac chambers proved to be considerably more pronounced in sudden death than in fatal trauma. The differences in the adrenaline and noradrenaline content in the heart chambers of persons who died of trauma and suddenly indicated the death mechanisms to be different in these cases.", "PMID": 687807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7763", "title": "[Erythropoietin and erythropoiesis inhibitor in neonatal hypoxia and normal conditions].", "content": "In 22 healthy newborns and in 31 newborns with transposition of the major arterial vessels (TMAV) erythropoietin and erythropoiesis inhibitor was studied on a model of polycythemic mice. Erythropoietin was not detected, whereas erythropoiesis inhibitor was revealed in the plasma and urine of 5--7-day-old healthy newborns. The newborns with TMAV displayed a rise of erythropoietin level up to the 14th day and its reduction during the period of from 14th to the 56th days. Erythropoiesis inhibitor was also found in the urine concentrates of the newborn with TMAV during the period of 3--4 weeks. The role of erythropoiesis inhibitor as a physiological regulator appearing in the blood of healthy and hypoxic newborns to normalize the erythropoiesis in the course of the initial weeks after birth is discussed.", "contents": "[Erythropoietin and erythropoiesis inhibitor in neonatal hypoxia and normal conditions]. In 22 healthy newborns and in 31 newborns with transposition of the major arterial vessels (TMAV) erythropoietin and erythropoiesis inhibitor was studied on a model of polycythemic mice. Erythropoietin was not detected, whereas erythropoiesis inhibitor was revealed in the plasma and urine of 5--7-day-old healthy newborns. The newborns with TMAV displayed a rise of erythropoietin level up to the 14th day and its reduction during the period of from 14th to the 56th days. Erythropoiesis inhibitor was also found in the urine concentrates of the newborn with TMAV during the period of 3--4 weeks. The role of erythropoiesis inhibitor as a physiological regulator appearing in the blood of healthy and hypoxic newborns to normalize the erythropoiesis in the course of the initial weeks after birth is discussed.", "PMID": 687808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7764", "title": "[Functional state of the liver following massive transfusion of packed red cells].", "content": "Hepatic function was studied in experiments on 16 dogs after massive transfusion of red cell pack to ascertain the blood components influencing this function most. Massive transfusion of red cell pack failed to induce any significant changes in the excretory-absorbing protein forming function, and also in the content of transaminases. Hepatic function was markedly disturbed in a control group given massive transfusions of whole homologous blood. Results of investigations support the suggestion that one of the causes of hepatic function disturbances in \"the syndrome of massive blood transfusion\" was donor's and recipient's plasma protein incompatibility.", "contents": "[Functional state of the liver following massive transfusion of packed red cells]. Hepatic function was studied in experiments on 16 dogs after massive transfusion of red cell pack to ascertain the blood components influencing this function most. Massive transfusion of red cell pack failed to induce any significant changes in the excretory-absorbing protein forming function, and also in the content of transaminases. Hepatic function was markedly disturbed in a control group given massive transfusions of whole homologous blood. Results of investigations support the suggestion that one of the causes of hepatic function disturbances in \"the syndrome of massive blood transfusion\" was donor's and recipient's plasma protein incompatibility.", "PMID": 687809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7765", "title": "[Effect of in vivo thyroid hormones and IGL on protein synthesis in the mitochondria of thyroidectomized animals].", "content": "The authors studied the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) and IGL on the intensity of L-14C-tyrosine incorporation, and on the rate of protein of synthesis in the liver mitochondria of thyroidectomized rats, as well as on radioactivity of the liver amino acid poll. It was found that the intensity of L-14C-tyrosins incorporation into the protein of the liver mitochondria in thyroidectomized animals and the rate of protein synthesis in them was half that in sham-operated animals. T3 or IGL administration to thyroidectomized rats normalized protein synthesis in the liver mitochondria. According to all the biochemical indices studied the IGL effect was analogous to that of triiodothyronine. The absence of thyroid hormones in the organism of thyroidectomized animals, or T3 or IGL administration had no effect on the radioactivity of the free tyrosine pool in the liver tissue.", "contents": "[Effect of in vivo thyroid hormones and IGL on protein synthesis in the mitochondria of thyroidectomized animals]. The authors studied the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) and IGL on the intensity of L-14C-tyrosine incorporation, and on the rate of protein of synthesis in the liver mitochondria of thyroidectomized rats, as well as on radioactivity of the liver amino acid poll. It was found that the intensity of L-14C-tyrosins incorporation into the protein of the liver mitochondria in thyroidectomized animals and the rate of protein synthesis in them was half that in sham-operated animals. T3 or IGL administration to thyroidectomized rats normalized protein synthesis in the liver mitochondria. According to all the biochemical indices studied the IGL effect was analogous to that of triiodothyronine. The absence of thyroid hormones in the organism of thyroidectomized animals, or T3 or IGL administration had no effect on the radioactivity of the free tyrosine pool in the liver tissue.", "PMID": 687810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7766", "title": "[Biosynthesis of reserpine-like substances in myocardium and other human and animal tissues].", "content": "Biosynthesis of reserpine-like substances with participation of such radioactive precursors as formiate, methyl groups of S-adenosylmethionine, tryptophane, reserpine, etc. occurred in the homogenates, microsomes, and cytozol of different human and animal tissues. As suggested, endogenous reserpine-like substances participated in the autoregulation of free and bound biogenic amines level.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of reserpine-like substances in myocardium and other human and animal tissues]. Biosynthesis of reserpine-like substances with participation of such radioactive precursors as formiate, methyl groups of S-adenosylmethionine, tryptophane, reserpine, etc. occurred in the homogenates, microsomes, and cytozol of different human and animal tissues. As suggested, endogenous reserpine-like substances participated in the autoregulation of free and bound biogenic amines level.", "PMID": 687811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7767", "title": "[Effect of hypothermia on metabolism in the liver during its preservation].", "content": "Twenty experiments were conducted on dogs. The effect of hypothermia of different degree (from 18 to 20 degrees C and from 4 to 6 degrees C) on the carbohydrate metabolism and the extent of solubilization of hepatic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, urokaninase, DNA-ase, glucose-6-phosphatase) in prefusion-free preservation of the liver was studied. The preservation efficacy was assessed during the subsequent two-hour normothermic perfusion. A marked solubilization of the enzymes under study followed preservation of the liver at 18--20 degrees C; this indicated the loss of intactness of the cell membranes during the preservation. A moderate expenditure of the glycogen stores in the liver, and of sugar in the perfusate followed preservation of the liver at a temperature of 4--6 degrees C; this suggested an even suppression of hepatic metabolism and the prevalence of normal tissue respiration over glycolysis in the restoration of circulation in the liver.", "contents": "[Effect of hypothermia on metabolism in the liver during its preservation]. Twenty experiments were conducted on dogs. The effect of hypothermia of different degree (from 18 to 20 degrees C and from 4 to 6 degrees C) on the carbohydrate metabolism and the extent of solubilization of hepatic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, urokaninase, DNA-ase, glucose-6-phosphatase) in prefusion-free preservation of the liver was studied. The preservation efficacy was assessed during the subsequent two-hour normothermic perfusion. A marked solubilization of the enzymes under study followed preservation of the liver at 18--20 degrees C; this indicated the loss of intactness of the cell membranes during the preservation. A moderate expenditure of the glycogen stores in the liver, and of sugar in the perfusate followed preservation of the liver at a temperature of 4--6 degrees C; this suggested an even suppression of hepatic metabolism and the prevalence of normal tissue respiration over glycolysis in the restoration of circulation in the liver.", "PMID": 687813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7768", "title": "[Concentration of acid proteins in the nuclei of rat hypothalamic neuron and glial cell nuclei during cold adaptation].", "content": "By means of two-wave length cytospectrophotometry the acid protein content per cell was determined in the nuclei of the neurons and their glial satellite cells of the medial peroptic area and the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus of rats kept at 2--4 degrees C for 1, 3, 7, or 15 days (adaptation to cold). This colling resulted in an initial decrease in the nuclear acid protein content in the whole neuron-neuroglia system of the medail preoptic area with a gradual restoration to the normal by the 15th day of constant cooling. In the glial cells of this area the acid protein content increased temporarily above the control level before the restoration to the normal. A gradual accumulation of acid proteins and its following restoration to the control level was revealed in the neuron-neuroglia system of the supraoptic nucleus. By the 15th day of the adaptation to cold the content of neuronal and glial acid proteins of this nucleus became somewhat lower than in the control.", "contents": "[Concentration of acid proteins in the nuclei of rat hypothalamic neuron and glial cell nuclei during cold adaptation]. By means of two-wave length cytospectrophotometry the acid protein content per cell was determined in the nuclei of the neurons and their glial satellite cells of the medial peroptic area and the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus of rats kept at 2--4 degrees C for 1, 3, 7, or 15 days (adaptation to cold). This colling resulted in an initial decrease in the nuclear acid protein content in the whole neuron-neuroglia system of the medail preoptic area with a gradual restoration to the normal by the 15th day of constant cooling. In the glial cells of this area the acid protein content increased temporarily above the control level before the restoration to the normal. A gradual accumulation of acid proteins and its following restoration to the control level was revealed in the neuron-neuroglia system of the supraoptic nucleus. By the 15th day of the adaptation to cold the content of neuronal and glial acid proteins of this nucleus became somewhat lower than in the control.", "PMID": 687814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7769", "title": "[Mechanisms of leukocyte activation during formation of leukocyte pyrogen].", "content": "The inhibotors of protein synthesis--actinomycin D and cycloheximide--inhibit endogenous pyrogen production by blood granulocytes in response to stimulation by the bacterial lipopolysaccharide and specific antigranulocytic serum and have no effect on the pyrogen release by exudate leukocytes. These results indicate that the mentioned inhibitors suppress the activation phase, but not the pyrogen labilization process.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of leukocyte activation during formation of leukocyte pyrogen]. The inhibotors of protein synthesis--actinomycin D and cycloheximide--inhibit endogenous pyrogen production by blood granulocytes in response to stimulation by the bacterial lipopolysaccharide and specific antigranulocytic serum and have no effect on the pyrogen release by exudate leukocytes. These results indicate that the mentioned inhibitors suppress the activation phase, but not the pyrogen labilization process.", "PMID": 687816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7770", "title": "[Phagocytic capacity of hematopoietic tissue stromal precursor cells].", "content": "A method of removal of phagocytising elements from the cell suspension by means of iron powder in magnetic field was used. Clonogenic fibroblast precursors of the hemopoietic tissue not belonging to histiocytes-macrophages, but referred to mechanocytes, were characterised by high phagocytic activity. Following Fe treatment less than 1% of clonogenic fibroblast precursors which gave rise to fibroblast colonies under conditions of monolayer cultures remained in the bone marrow cell suspension, and about 10%--in the spleen and the peritoneal exudate cell suspension.", "contents": "[Phagocytic capacity of hematopoietic tissue stromal precursor cells]. A method of removal of phagocytising elements from the cell suspension by means of iron powder in magnetic field was used. Clonogenic fibroblast precursors of the hemopoietic tissue not belonging to histiocytes-macrophages, but referred to mechanocytes, were characterised by high phagocytic activity. Following Fe treatment less than 1% of clonogenic fibroblast precursors which gave rise to fibroblast colonies under conditions of monolayer cultures remained in the bone marrow cell suspension, and about 10%--in the spleen and the peritoneal exudate cell suspension.", "PMID": 687817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7771", "title": "[Changes in rat liver lysosomes following stimulation of recovery processes in the damaged organ by triton WR-1339].", "content": "The effect of a single injection of lysosomotropic agent--Triton WR-1339 on the properties of the rat liver lysosomes and the course of pathological process during chronic toxic hepatitis were studied. Triton WR-1339 administration was followed by a more rapid restoration of the liver structure and function. A possible mechanism of the favourable effect of Triton WR-1339 is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in rat liver lysosomes following stimulation of recovery processes in the damaged organ by triton WR-1339]. The effect of a single injection of lysosomotropic agent--Triton WR-1339 on the properties of the rat liver lysosomes and the course of pathological process during chronic toxic hepatitis were studied. Triton WR-1339 administration was followed by a more rapid restoration of the liver structure and function. A possible mechanism of the favourable effect of Triton WR-1339 is discussed.", "PMID": 687818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7772", "title": "[Multicomponent system of estrogen-binding proteins of liver cytosol: species differences in rats, mice and guinea pigs].", "content": "Estradiol (E2) binding proteins from the liver cytoso-of mature male and female rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits were investigated by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B columns. Components with Stokes radii (a) 6--7 and 2.5 nm which form specific stable complexes with E2 were found in female rats and female and male mice. The liver of male rats and male and female guinea pigs contain specific E2-binding proteins with a-about 6--7, 2.5 and less than 2.0 nm. E2 complexes with components having a values 6--7 and less than 2.0 nm relatively stable, whereas E2 complex with a component possessing a value about 2.5 nm is capable of dissociating completely within 45 minutes. It is suggested that at least some of the components of the discovered heterogenic populations of E2-binding proteins could participate in the estrogen signal reception by the liver.", "contents": "[Multicomponent system of estrogen-binding proteins of liver cytosol: species differences in rats, mice and guinea pigs]. Estradiol (E2) binding proteins from the liver cytoso-of mature male and female rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits were investigated by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B columns. Components with Stokes radii (a) 6--7 and 2.5 nm which form specific stable complexes with E2 were found in female rats and female and male mice. The liver of male rats and male and female guinea pigs contain specific E2-binding proteins with a-about 6--7, 2.5 and less than 2.0 nm. E2 complexes with components having a values 6--7 and less than 2.0 nm relatively stable, whereas E2 complex with a component possessing a value about 2.5 nm is capable of dissociating completely within 45 minutes. It is suggested that at least some of the components of the discovered heterogenic populations of E2-binding proteins could participate in the estrogen signal reception by the liver.", "PMID": 687819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7773", "title": "[Long-term transplantation of mature sensory neurons].", "content": "The spinal ganglia were transplanted into the mesocolon of adult cats for periods of from 1 day to 9 months. About 30% of differentiated sensory neurons survived during the longterm transplantation. The intensive regeneration of the sensory neurons processes was characteristic of the transplanted neurons. Total myelinization of the regenerating nerves occurred during the 3rd--5th month. Potential regeneration capacity of the differentiated neurons and possibly of their prolonged transplantation were revealed.", "contents": "[Long-term transplantation of mature sensory neurons]. The spinal ganglia were transplanted into the mesocolon of adult cats for periods of from 1 day to 9 months. About 30% of differentiated sensory neurons survived during the longterm transplantation. The intensive regeneration of the sensory neurons processes was characteristic of the transplanted neurons. Total myelinization of the regenerating nerves occurred during the 3rd--5th month. Potential regeneration capacity of the differentiated neurons and possibly of their prolonged transplantation were revealed.", "PMID": 687820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7774", "title": "[Differentiation of a transformed culture of L cells].", "content": "The cells of line L originated from the connective and adipose tissue of mice C3H were cultivated in nutrient medium with a 60% bovine serum. Some cells differentiated into adipose cells with formation of structures similar to normal adipose tissue. The occurring differentiation was evaluated by the formation of characteristic signetring cells whose cytoplasm was filled with neutral fat with a positive reaction for lipids in staining with a mixture of sudan III and sudan IV. The conclusion was drawn that prolonged existence of cells outside the organism (in vitro cultivation) and intracellular changes (accompanying the transformation), including those of mutation character, did not deprive the cells of their ability to differentiate.", "contents": "[Differentiation of a transformed culture of L cells]. The cells of line L originated from the connective and adipose tissue of mice C3H were cultivated in nutrient medium with a 60% bovine serum. Some cells differentiated into adipose cells with formation of structures similar to normal adipose tissue. The occurring differentiation was evaluated by the formation of characteristic signetring cells whose cytoplasm was filled with neutral fat with a positive reaction for lipids in staining with a mixture of sudan III and sudan IV. The conclusion was drawn that prolonged existence of cells outside the organism (in vitro cultivation) and intracellular changes (accompanying the transformation), including those of mutation character, did not deprive the cells of their ability to differentiate.", "PMID": 687821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7775", "title": "[Activity and distribution of biogenic amines in thymus and spleen structures following administration of iso- and heterologous erythrocytes].", "content": "It was found that injection of heterological erythrocytes caused as soon as in 15 minutes displacement of noradrenaline from the efferent nerve endings and an essential re-building of metabolism of the central follicular cells and monoamine containing cells of the spleen marginal sinus, cortical fluorescent cells and mast cells of the thymus. Inversion of the medullary substance was revealed in the thymus.", "contents": "[Activity and distribution of biogenic amines in thymus and spleen structures following administration of iso- and heterologous erythrocytes]. It was found that injection of heterological erythrocytes caused as soon as in 15 minutes displacement of noradrenaline from the efferent nerve endings and an essential re-building of metabolism of the central follicular cells and monoamine containing cells of the spleen marginal sinus, cortical fluorescent cells and mast cells of the thymus. Inversion of the medullary substance was revealed in the thymus.", "PMID": 687822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7776", "title": "[Effect of chronic pyrogenal stress on the mitotic regime and quantity of DNA-synthesizing cells in the epithelium of the cornea and tongue of white rats].", "content": "The effect of prolonged stress on mitotic regimen and the number of DNA-synthesizing cells in the corneal and tongue epithelium was studied on a model of pyrogenal stress. A five-day pyrogenal administration led to a 1.7-fold reduction of te number of mitoses in the corneal and tongue epithelium. Reduction in number of dividing cells was not associated with the change in the rate of mitosis. The percentage of pathological mitoses in the corneal epithelium of intact rats was 6.1, and it failed to change in stress. In control rats the labeled nuclei index in the corneal and tongue epithelium constituted 12.6 and 10.8. It was similar with the corresponding indices in experimental animals (12.2 and 12.2).", "contents": "[Effect of chronic pyrogenal stress on the mitotic regime and quantity of DNA-synthesizing cells in the epithelium of the cornea and tongue of white rats]. The effect of prolonged stress on mitotic regimen and the number of DNA-synthesizing cells in the corneal and tongue epithelium was studied on a model of pyrogenal stress. A five-day pyrogenal administration led to a 1.7-fold reduction of te number of mitoses in the corneal and tongue epithelium. Reduction in number of dividing cells was not associated with the change in the rate of mitosis. The percentage of pathological mitoses in the corneal epithelium of intact rats was 6.1, and it failed to change in stress. In control rats the labeled nuclei index in the corneal and tongue epithelium constituted 12.6 and 10.8. It was similar with the corresponding indices in experimental animals (12.2 and 12.2).", "PMID": 687823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7777", "title": "Fibrin formation: effect of calcium ions.", "content": "Using laser fluctuation spectroscopy, a technique that measures particle size change in solution, the kinetics of fibrin clot formation from fibrinogen can be studied. With this technique the effect of calcium on the three distinguishable phases of clot formation, (1) proteolysis of fibrinogen, (2) fibrinogen-fibrin monomer complex formation, and (3) fibrin monomer polymerization, were investigated. Only a small change in the length of the induction period that results from the fibrinogen-fibrin monomer interactions was observed. However, there was a marked increase in the rate of fibrin monomer polymerization in the presence of calcium ions. These data show that calcium decreases the time required for fibrin formation from fibrinogen by markedly accelerating the phase of fibrin monomer polymerization.", "contents": "Fibrin formation: effect of calcium ions. Using laser fluctuation spectroscopy, a technique that measures particle size change in solution, the kinetics of fibrin clot formation from fibrinogen can be studied. With this technique the effect of calcium on the three distinguishable phases of clot formation, (1) proteolysis of fibrinogen, (2) fibrinogen-fibrin monomer complex formation, and (3) fibrin monomer polymerization, were investigated. Only a small change in the length of the induction period that results from the fibrinogen-fibrin monomer interactions was observed. However, there was a marked increase in the rate of fibrin monomer polymerization in the presence of calcium ions. These data show that calcium decreases the time required for fibrin formation from fibrinogen by markedly accelerating the phase of fibrin monomer polymerization.", "PMID": 687825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7778", "title": "Leukocyte-platelet interactions in a murine model of Chediak-Higashi syndrome.", "content": "Chediak-Higashi (CH) syndrome, a genetic disease affecting man and other animals, is partially characterized by defective platelets that lack serotonin and dense bodies and by impaired leukocyte function where chemotaxis, degranulation, and bacterial killing are decreased. The effects of normal platelets containing serotonin and of reagent serotonin on the subnormal microbicidal activity of CH leukocytes were evaluated. The peripheral blood leukocytes of the beige mouse, an animal model with CH syndrome, were used with Staphylococcus aureus as the bacterial challenge. Addition of as few as two normal platelets/leukocyte resulted in normal levels of microbicidal activity of CH leukocytes. A similar normalization of leukocyte function was seen when 1-100-micrometer serotonin was added to the incubation mixture. Based on this work and work of others, a plausible explanation for these observations is that normal platelets interact with CH leukocytes, releasing serotonin, which results in reversal of the CH leukocyte defect in bacterial killing.", "contents": "Leukocyte-platelet interactions in a murine model of Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Chediak-Higashi (CH) syndrome, a genetic disease affecting man and other animals, is partially characterized by defective platelets that lack serotonin and dense bodies and by impaired leukocyte function where chemotaxis, degranulation, and bacterial killing are decreased. The effects of normal platelets containing serotonin and of reagent serotonin on the subnormal microbicidal activity of CH leukocytes were evaluated. The peripheral blood leukocytes of the beige mouse, an animal model with CH syndrome, were used with Staphylococcus aureus as the bacterial challenge. Addition of as few as two normal platelets/leukocyte resulted in normal levels of microbicidal activity of CH leukocytes. A similar normalization of leukocyte function was seen when 1-100-micrometer serotonin was added to the incubation mixture. Based on this work and work of others, a plausible explanation for these observations is that normal platelets interact with CH leukocytes, releasing serotonin, which results in reversal of the CH leukocyte defect in bacterial killing.", "PMID": 687827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7779", "title": "Absence of beta mRNA in beta0-thalassemia in Kurdish Jews.", "content": "We report the characterization of the amount of beta mRNA in a Kurdish Jewish population with beta0-thalassemia using the same methods employed for characterization of the Catania and Ferrara beta0 patients. We found very low amounts of beta mRNA sequences, consistent with the presence of beta0-thalassemia of the beta mRNA-negative population type. In addition, no globin gene deletion was detected that could account for the absence of beta mRNA.", "contents": "Absence of beta mRNA in beta0-thalassemia in Kurdish Jews. We report the characterization of the amount of beta mRNA in a Kurdish Jewish population with beta0-thalassemia using the same methods employed for characterization of the Catania and Ferrara beta0 patients. We found very low amounts of beta mRNA sequences, consistent with the presence of beta0-thalassemia of the beta mRNA-negative population type. In addition, no globin gene deletion was detected that could account for the absence of beta mRNA.", "PMID": 687828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7780", "title": "Fragmentation and myelin formation in hereditary xerocytosis and other hemolytic anemias.", "content": "Erythrocytes from a heterogeneous group of hemolytic anemias have been found to release acetylcholinesterase-enriched fragments and show myelin forms during ATP depletion in vitro. The highest amount of fragmentation was found in hereditary spherocytosis and xerocytosis, two inherited membrane defects. Our data suggest ATP depletion plays a role in producing fragmentation or myelin forms. The addition of external CaCl2 1 mM had no effect on the degree of fragmentation. However, propranolol hydrochloride, a cationic anesthetic that does not prevent ATP depletion, inhibited fragmentation and the appearance of myelin forms in both hereditary spherocytes and xerocytes. A more detailed study of the xerocyte fragments showed that they had the same protein composition as those from normal red cells, primarily integral membrane proteins and glycoproteins. The red cells from patients with PNH and G6PD deficiency had the shortest survival in vivo (51Cr) and produced the smallest amount of fragmentation and myelin forms in vitro, whereas xerocytosis with only mild to moderate hemolysis in vivo was associated with the highest amount of myelin forms and membrane fragments in vitro.", "contents": "Fragmentation and myelin formation in hereditary xerocytosis and other hemolytic anemias. Erythrocytes from a heterogeneous group of hemolytic anemias have been found to release acetylcholinesterase-enriched fragments and show myelin forms during ATP depletion in vitro. The highest amount of fragmentation was found in hereditary spherocytosis and xerocytosis, two inherited membrane defects. Our data suggest ATP depletion plays a role in producing fragmentation or myelin forms. The addition of external CaCl2 1 mM had no effect on the degree of fragmentation. However, propranolol hydrochloride, a cationic anesthetic that does not prevent ATP depletion, inhibited fragmentation and the appearance of myelin forms in both hereditary spherocytes and xerocytes. A more detailed study of the xerocyte fragments showed that they had the same protein composition as those from normal red cells, primarily integral membrane proteins and glycoproteins. The red cells from patients with PNH and G6PD deficiency had the shortest survival in vivo (51Cr) and produced the smallest amount of fragmentation and myelin forms in vitro, whereas xerocytosis with only mild to moderate hemolysis in vivo was associated with the highest amount of myelin forms and membrane fragments in vitro.", "PMID": 687829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7781", "title": "Plasma cell leukemia (PCL): A report on 15 patients.", "content": "Fifteen patients presenting with plasma cell leukemia (PCL) are reported in detail. The clinicopathologic features of PCL differ from typical myeloma and resemble those of acute leukemia: patients with PCL have less bone disease but a much higher incidence of organomegaly and tissue infiltration as well as diffuse marrow involvement and more pronounced pancytopenia. One of the reported patients developed meningeal plasma cell leukemia and is reported in detail. Cytomorphologic assessment of PCL cells showed nuclear immaturity and obvious nuclear/cytoplasmic asynchrony. Despite the use of cytotoxic agents known to be effective in myeloma, the prognosis in PCL is poor, and the median survival of the reported patients was only 2 mo.", "contents": "Plasma cell leukemia (PCL): A report on 15 patients. Fifteen patients presenting with plasma cell leukemia (PCL) are reported in detail. The clinicopathologic features of PCL differ from typical myeloma and resemble those of acute leukemia: patients with PCL have less bone disease but a much higher incidence of organomegaly and tissue infiltration as well as diffuse marrow involvement and more pronounced pancytopenia. One of the reported patients developed meningeal plasma cell leukemia and is reported in detail. Cytomorphologic assessment of PCL cells showed nuclear immaturity and obvious nuclear/cytoplasmic asynchrony. Despite the use of cytotoxic agents known to be effective in myeloma, the prognosis in PCL is poor, and the median survival of the reported patients was only 2 mo.", "PMID": 687831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7782", "title": "Mechanisms underlying overshoot dilation after sympathetic denervation.", "content": "(1) 30--60 sec after transection of the sympathetic chain, the diameter of both femoral artery and vein dilates to approximately 120% of the control diameter ('overshoot dilation'). Vessel diameter subsequently decreases and stabilizes with 5--10 min at a value of 108% of the original ('stabilized dilation'). (2) After treatment with norepinephrine-uptake-blocking drugs (cocaine, imipramine), the transient overshoot dilation is abolished and the diameter 1 min after denervation is identical to that at stabilized dilation. (3) It is proposed that (a) the stabilized rather than the transient overshoot dilation represents the loss of sympathetic control following following denervation and (b) the overshoot dilation reflects a transient decrease in transmitter concentration within the vessel wall, associated with a temporarily undiminished rate of neural reuptake activity persisting even in the absence of transmitter release.", "contents": "Mechanisms underlying overshoot dilation after sympathetic denervation. (1) 30--60 sec after transection of the sympathetic chain, the diameter of both femoral artery and vein dilates to approximately 120% of the control diameter ('overshoot dilation'). Vessel diameter subsequently decreases and stabilizes with 5--10 min at a value of 108% of the original ('stabilized dilation'). (2) After treatment with norepinephrine-uptake-blocking drugs (cocaine, imipramine), the transient overshoot dilation is abolished and the diameter 1 min after denervation is identical to that at stabilized dilation. (3) It is proposed that (a) the stabilized rather than the transient overshoot dilation represents the loss of sympathetic control following following denervation and (b) the overshoot dilation reflects a transient decrease in transmitter concentration within the vessel wall, associated with a temporarily undiminished rate of neural reuptake activity persisting even in the absence of transmitter release.", "PMID": 687833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7783", "title": "Angiotensin analogs: effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor.", "content": "Structurally different inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis reversed the antagonistic activity of the angiotensin II analog 1-sarcosine, 8-threonine angiotensin II. In isolated rabbit aorta, indomethacin or ETYA (eicosa 5, 8, 11, 14, tetraynoic) reversed the antagonism of the angiotensin II analog without affecting the dose response curves to angiotensin II. Both indomethacin and ETYA were able to reverse the tachyphylaxis to angiotensin II. Investigating the possibility that indomethacin could affect the binding of angiotensin II, it was found that at doses of indomethacin higher than 10(-5)M, binding of tritiated angiotensin to isolated adrenal cortical cells was reduced. It is postulated that indomethacin may have more than one effect on angiontensin, possessing a concentration-dependent effect on binding and prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Angiotensin analogs: effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor. Structurally different inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis reversed the antagonistic activity of the angiotensin II analog 1-sarcosine, 8-threonine angiotensin II. In isolated rabbit aorta, indomethacin or ETYA (eicosa 5, 8, 11, 14, tetraynoic) reversed the antagonism of the angiotensin II analog without affecting the dose response curves to angiotensin II. Both indomethacin and ETYA were able to reverse the tachyphylaxis to angiotensin II. Investigating the possibility that indomethacin could affect the binding of angiotensin II, it was found that at doses of indomethacin higher than 10(-5)M, binding of tritiated angiotensin to isolated adrenal cortical cells was reduced. It is postulated that indomethacin may have more than one effect on angiontensin, possessing a concentration-dependent effect on binding and prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 687834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7784", "title": "In vivo study of microvascular wall characteristics and resting control in young and mature spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "This study was designed to determine if vessel wall hypertrophy and increased expression of sympathetic activity occur in the microcirculation during the development of hypertension. The cremaster muscle microvasculature of normal Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats was observed at age 5--7 weeks and 16--18 weeks. For age-matched WKY and SHR rats, the diameters, wall thicknesses and vessel wall cross-sectional areas for the majority of comparable types of arterioles were not significantly (p greater than 0.05) different. After denervation of the cremasteric muscle, the large and intermediate diameter arterioles of young WKY rats dilated significantly (p less than 0.05) more than did comparable vessels of SHR rats. In contrast, the dilation of comparable types of arterioles in mature WKY and SHR rats following denervation was not significantly (p greater than 0.05) different. The results do not support either abnormal vessel wall hypertrophy, vasoconstriction or increased expression of sympathetic activity in SHR rats compared to WKY rats up to age 16--18 weeks.", "contents": "In vivo study of microvascular wall characteristics and resting control in young and mature spontaneously hypertensive rats. This study was designed to determine if vessel wall hypertrophy and increased expression of sympathetic activity occur in the microcirculation during the development of hypertension. The cremaster muscle microvasculature of normal Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats was observed at age 5--7 weeks and 16--18 weeks. For age-matched WKY and SHR rats, the diameters, wall thicknesses and vessel wall cross-sectional areas for the majority of comparable types of arterioles were not significantly (p greater than 0.05) different. After denervation of the cremasteric muscle, the large and intermediate diameter arterioles of young WKY rats dilated significantly (p less than 0.05) more than did comparable vessels of SHR rats. In contrast, the dilation of comparable types of arterioles in mature WKY and SHR rats following denervation was not significantly (p greater than 0.05) different. The results do not support either abnormal vessel wall hypertrophy, vasoconstriction or increased expression of sympathetic activity in SHR rats compared to WKY rats up to age 16--18 weeks.", "PMID": 687836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7785", "title": "Ferritin in bone marrow and serum in iron deficiency and iron overload.", "content": "Nonheme iron and ferritin in the bone marrow and serum ferritin was investigated in patients with iron deficiency anaemia or iron overload. As controls served patients without any disturbance of the iron metabolism. There is a precise correlation between the nonheme iron and ferritin in the bone marrow of patients with and without disturbance of iron metabolism. A correlation was also found between the ferritin in the bone marrow and the serum. Nonheme iron and ferritin in the bone marrow and serum ferritin was decreased in patients with iron deficiency anaemia. Conversely, the same parameters were increased in patients with iron overload.", "contents": "Ferritin in bone marrow and serum in iron deficiency and iron overload. Nonheme iron and ferritin in the bone marrow and serum ferritin was investigated in patients with iron deficiency anaemia or iron overload. As controls served patients without any disturbance of the iron metabolism. There is a precise correlation between the nonheme iron and ferritin in the bone marrow of patients with and without disturbance of iron metabolism. A correlation was also found between the ferritin in the bone marrow and the serum. Nonheme iron and ferritin in the bone marrow and serum ferritin was decreased in patients with iron deficiency anaemia. Conversely, the same parameters were increased in patients with iron overload.", "PMID": 687838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7786", "title": "[Iron determination by carbon rod atomizer (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described for direct analysis of iron in proteins. The organic and inorganic matrices can be removed during the ashing step. The results obtained with simple aqueous standards were confirmed for all determinations by the standard addition method. The interpretation of the results by means of regression analysis showed, in dependence on the biological material (Haemoglobin, suspension of Microsomes, Cytochrome P 450), relative standard deviations between 4 and 20%.", "contents": "[Iron determination by carbon rod atomizer (author's transl)]. A method is described for direct analysis of iron in proteins. The organic and inorganic matrices can be removed during the ashing step. The results obtained with simple aqueous standards were confirmed for all determinations by the standard addition method. The interpretation of the results by means of regression analysis showed, in dependence on the biological material (Haemoglobin, suspension of Microsomes, Cytochrome P 450), relative standard deviations between 4 and 20%.", "PMID": 687839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7787", "title": "Studies on Miltenberger class III, V, Mv and Mk red cells. I. Sodium-dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic investigations.", "content": "The glycoproteins in erythrocyte membrane from individuals exhibiting the rare alleles at the MNSs blood group locus Miltenberger (Mi-) III, V, Mv and Mk were studied by sodium-dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic techniques. The results suggest that the genes Mi-III and -V give rise to the formation of Ss sialoglycoproteins whose electrophoretic mobilities are altered. The Mi-V alteration is additionally associated with a decreased MN glycoprotein content. The allele Mv leads to a decreased Ss glycoprotein content. Data on ordinary Mk and Mk/Mi-III red cells suggest that the gene complex Mk does not give rise to the synthesis of Ss glycoprotein.", "contents": "Studies on Miltenberger class III, V, Mv and Mk red cells. I. Sodium-dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic investigations. The glycoproteins in erythrocyte membrane from individuals exhibiting the rare alleles at the MNSs blood group locus Miltenberger (Mi-) III, V, Mv and Mk were studied by sodium-dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic techniques. The results suggest that the genes Mi-III and -V give rise to the formation of Ss sialoglycoproteins whose electrophoretic mobilities are altered. The Mi-V alteration is additionally associated with a decreased MN glycoprotein content. The allele Mv leads to a decreased Ss glycoprotein content. Data on ordinary Mk and Mk/Mi-III red cells suggest that the gene complex Mk does not give rise to the synthesis of Ss glycoprotein.", "PMID": 687840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7788", "title": "Perthes disease conplicated by so called osteochondritis dissecans.", "content": "A patient was followed for about 11 years from the onset of Perthes Disease (age 12). The radiographs during the period demonstrated the actual development of a free ossicle which was formed by resorption of a portion of the original femoral head, resulting in a wafer and subsequent enlargement by new bone formation. Changes of a similar nature have been described in idiopathic necrosis of the femoral heads in adults.", "contents": "Perthes disease conplicated by so called osteochondritis dissecans. A patient was followed for about 11 years from the onset of Perthes Disease (age 12). The radiographs during the period demonstrated the actual development of a free ossicle which was formed by resorption of a portion of the original femoral head, resulting in a wafer and subsequent enlargement by new bone formation. Changes of a similar nature have been described in idiopathic necrosis of the femoral heads in adults.", "PMID": 687849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7789", "title": "The response of the lower extremity to impact forces. I. design of an economical low frequency recording system for physiologic waveforms.", "content": "An economical systems for the recording of low frequency physiologic waveforms on magnetic tape has been designed. This recording system has accurately reproduced human limb impact response data in the range of DC-350 Hertz.", "contents": "The response of the lower extremity to impact forces. I. design of an economical low frequency recording system for physiologic waveforms. An economical systems for the recording of low frequency physiologic waveforms on magnetic tape has been designed. This recording system has accurately reproduced human limb impact response data in the range of DC-350 Hertz.", "PMID": 687851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7790", "title": "Compression plate fixation of subtrochanteric osteotomies in children.", "content": "Compression plates provide a reliable method for stabilizing subtrochanteric osteotomies (and fractures when indicated) in children. Apart from a standard compression set, no special appliances are required. The hazards and inconveniences of nail plates and external fixation devices are avoided.", "contents": "Compression plate fixation of subtrochanteric osteotomies in children. Compression plates provide a reliable method for stabilizing subtrochanteric osteotomies (and fractures when indicated) in children. Apart from a standard compression set, no special appliances are required. The hazards and inconveniences of nail plates and external fixation devices are avoided.", "PMID": 687853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7791", "title": "Painless osteoid-osteoma in phalanx of finger. A case of unusual presentation and symptomatology.", "content": "1. Painless osteoid-osteoma is a very rare entity but must be considered. 2. Finger localization for this tumor has been reported in very few cases. Differential diagnosis with other tumors or osteomyelitis should be kept in mind. 3. Eng block excision in similar cases should be seriously considered. 4. While the reason for the absence of pain in some cases has not been precisely determined, the lack of nerve fibers in this case suggests that this may be an important factor.", "contents": "Painless osteoid-osteoma in phalanx of finger. A case of unusual presentation and symptomatology. 1. Painless osteoid-osteoma is a very rare entity but must be considered. 2. Finger localization for this tumor has been reported in very few cases. Differential diagnosis with other tumors or osteomyelitis should be kept in mind. 3. Eng block excision in similar cases should be seriously considered. 4. While the reason for the absence of pain in some cases has not been precisely determined, the lack of nerve fibers in this case suggests that this may be an important factor.", "PMID": 687854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7792", "title": "Stress fracture after high tibial osteotomy: a case report.", "content": "In summary, a case report is presented of the rare complication of a stress fracture of the tibia following a high tibial osteotomy. The stress fracture is thought to result from: (1) Local osteoporosis (2) Abnormal stress secondary to the malunion of the tibial osteotomy (3) Fibula non union resulting in impairment of the tibia to withstand cyclic loading with weight bearing.", "contents": "Stress fracture after high tibial osteotomy: a case report. In summary, a case report is presented of the rare complication of a stress fracture of the tibia following a high tibial osteotomy. The stress fracture is thought to result from: (1) Local osteoporosis (2) Abnormal stress secondary to the malunion of the tibial osteotomy (3) Fibula non union resulting in impairment of the tibia to withstand cyclic loading with weight bearing.", "PMID": 687855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7793", "title": "Potentiation of vasoconstrictor responses by 3- and 4-aminopyridine.", "content": "1. In concentrations that are known to reduce potassium conductance in many excitable membranes, 3 and 4-aminopyridine (3-AP, 4-AP) potentiate vasoconstrictor responses of the isolated ear artery of the rabbit to noradrenaline and histamine. 2. 3- and 4-AP have no effect on the responses of potassium-depolarized arteries to noradrenaline, histamine or calcium. 3. The results suggest that the aminopyridines have no direct effect on the contractile machinery or on pharmacomechanical coupling, but cause potentiation by influencing electrical events at the cell membrane. 4. 4-AP causes a greater potentiation of the response te electrical stimulation than of the response to noradrenaline. This suggests that the aminopyridines may also cause an increase in the amount of noradrenaline released in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Potentiation of vasoconstrictor responses by 3- and 4-aminopyridine. 1. In concentrations that are known to reduce potassium conductance in many excitable membranes, 3 and 4-aminopyridine (3-AP, 4-AP) potentiate vasoconstrictor responses of the isolated ear artery of the rabbit to noradrenaline and histamine. 2. 3- and 4-AP have no effect on the responses of potassium-depolarized arteries to noradrenaline, histamine or calcium. 3. The results suggest that the aminopyridines have no direct effect on the contractile machinery or on pharmacomechanical coupling, but cause potentiation by influencing electrical events at the cell membrane. 4. 4-AP causes a greater potentiation of the response te electrical stimulation than of the response to noradrenaline. This suggests that the aminopyridines may also cause an increase in the amount of noradrenaline released in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "PMID": 687871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7794", "title": "Relationship between atrial and ventricular rates of fibrillation and cardiac contractile tissue effective refractory periods in the dog.", "content": "1 During total cardiopulmonary bypass, acetylcholine-, isoprenaline-, ouabain- and quinidine-induced variations in the atrial and ventricular rates of fibrillation were studied and compared with the variations in effective refractory periods (ERP) of atrial and ventricular contractile tissue obtained under the same experimental conditions. 2 Acetylcholine significantly shortened the ERP and accelerated the rate of fibrillation in the atrium but did not provoke any change in ventricular tissue. A parallel decrease in atrial and ventricular ERP and a parallel increase in atrial and ventricular rates of fibrillation were observed with isoprenaline. 3 Ouabain exerted a biphasic effect on the atrium, with an initial decrease in the ERP and an initial acceleration of the rate of fibrillation. It produced only a slight decrease in the ventricular ERP and no significant variation in the ventricular rate of fibrillation. 4 Quinidine induced a greater increase in the ERP and a greater slowing of the rate of fibrillation in the atrium than in the ventricle. 5 The variations in percentage change of refractoriness and rate of fibrillation were strictly correlated: r = 0.89 (P less than 0.001); the equation of the regression line was y = --0.86 x --2.98.", "contents": "Relationship between atrial and ventricular rates of fibrillation and cardiac contractile tissue effective refractory periods in the dog. 1 During total cardiopulmonary bypass, acetylcholine-, isoprenaline-, ouabain- and quinidine-induced variations in the atrial and ventricular rates of fibrillation were studied and compared with the variations in effective refractory periods (ERP) of atrial and ventricular contractile tissue obtained under the same experimental conditions. 2 Acetylcholine significantly shortened the ERP and accelerated the rate of fibrillation in the atrium but did not provoke any change in ventricular tissue. A parallel decrease in atrial and ventricular ERP and a parallel increase in atrial and ventricular rates of fibrillation were observed with isoprenaline. 3 Ouabain exerted a biphasic effect on the atrium, with an initial decrease in the ERP and an initial acceleration of the rate of fibrillation. It produced only a slight decrease in the ventricular ERP and no significant variation in the ventricular rate of fibrillation. 4 Quinidine induced a greater increase in the ERP and a greater slowing of the rate of fibrillation in the atrium than in the ventricle. 5 The variations in percentage change of refractoriness and rate of fibrillation were strictly correlated: r = 0.89 (P less than 0.001); the equation of the regression line was y = --0.86 x --2.98.", "PMID": 687872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7795", "title": "Comparison of the electrocortical changes induced by (+)-amphetamine and chlorpromazine when perfused directly into the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus of the cat.", "content": "1 (+)-Amphetamine mimicked the intermittent and sustained electrocortical desynchronization produced by (-)-noradrenaline (NA) when perfused directly into the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus of cat enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 preparations. 2 The effects of amphetamine or NA were abolished or significantly attenuated by prior application of (-)-propranolol. 3 The effect of amphetamine, but not that of NA, was blocked by prior applications of guanethidine or chlorpromazine (CPZ). 4 Desmethylimipramine (DMI) produced dose-related changes in electrocortical activity which were similar to those induced by NA when applied to the same sites within the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus. 5 DMI potentiated the effects of both amphetamine and NA, but guanethidine only abolished the DMI-induced potentiation of the amphetamine response. 6 (-)-Propranolol, guanethidine and CPA produced a short period of electrocortical desynchronization at the beginning of the perfusion period before antagonism of the amphetamine response was apparent. 7 The results suggest that CPZ and amphetamine have an action within the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus possibly related to noradrenergic terminals.", "contents": "Comparison of the electrocortical changes induced by (+)-amphetamine and chlorpromazine when perfused directly into the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus of the cat. 1 (+)-Amphetamine mimicked the intermittent and sustained electrocortical desynchronization produced by (-)-noradrenaline (NA) when perfused directly into the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus of cat enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 preparations. 2 The effects of amphetamine or NA were abolished or significantly attenuated by prior application of (-)-propranolol. 3 The effect of amphetamine, but not that of NA, was blocked by prior applications of guanethidine or chlorpromazine (CPZ). 4 Desmethylimipramine (DMI) produced dose-related changes in electrocortical activity which were similar to those induced by NA when applied to the same sites within the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus. 5 DMI potentiated the effects of both amphetamine and NA, but guanethidine only abolished the DMI-induced potentiation of the amphetamine response. 6 (-)-Propranolol, guanethidine and CPA produced a short period of electrocortical desynchronization at the beginning of the perfusion period before antagonism of the amphetamine response was apparent. 7 The results suggest that CPZ and amphetamine have an action within the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus possibly related to noradrenergic terminals.", "PMID": 687873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7796", "title": "A comparison of nicotine and structurally related compounds as discriminative stimuli.", "content": "1 Of seven nicotine-like compounds tested as discriminative stimuli in the rat, only 3-pyridyl-methylpyrollidine (3-PMP) generalized to the stimulus effects of nicotine. 2 3-PMP caused equivalent nicotine-like responding at a dose (800 microgram/kg) approximately 4 times that used for the original nicotine discrimination (200 microgram/kg). The ED50 for 3-PMP was about 5 times that for nicotine. 3 Testing of the compounds as possible antagonists of the nicotine-elicited cue were negative. 4 The nicotine-like cue produced by an 800 microgram/kg injection of 3-PMP was effectively blocked by mecamylamine but not by hexamethonium or atropine. Thus, 3-PMP appears to produce generalization to the nicotine cue via action on central nicotinic-cholinoceptors as has been previously reported for the nicotine discriminative stimulus. 5 Mecamylamine blocked the stimulus-effects of 3-PMP (800 microgram/kg) and of nicotine (200 microgram/kg) with an ED50 of 0.32 and 0.20 microgram/kg respectively.", "contents": "A comparison of nicotine and structurally related compounds as discriminative stimuli. 1 Of seven nicotine-like compounds tested as discriminative stimuli in the rat, only 3-pyridyl-methylpyrollidine (3-PMP) generalized to the stimulus effects of nicotine. 2 3-PMP caused equivalent nicotine-like responding at a dose (800 microgram/kg) approximately 4 times that used for the original nicotine discrimination (200 microgram/kg). The ED50 for 3-PMP was about 5 times that for nicotine. 3 Testing of the compounds as possible antagonists of the nicotine-elicited cue were negative. 4 The nicotine-like cue produced by an 800 microgram/kg injection of 3-PMP was effectively blocked by mecamylamine but not by hexamethonium or atropine. Thus, 3-PMP appears to produce generalization to the nicotine cue via action on central nicotinic-cholinoceptors as has been previously reported for the nicotine discriminative stimulus. 5 Mecamylamine blocked the stimulus-effects of 3-PMP (800 microgram/kg) and of nicotine (200 microgram/kg) with an ED50 of 0.32 and 0.20 microgram/kg respectively.", "PMID": 687874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7797", "title": "Prostaglandin production by macrophages and the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "1 Macrophages derived from peritoneal cavity inflammatory exudates of guinea-pigs produced substantial amounts of prostaglandin E2-like activity during in vitro culture, so providing the basis for an experimental model of prostaglandin production during inflammatory reactions. 2 Dose-related inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis was demonstrated by 16 acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 3 Seven anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroid preparations inhibited prostaglandin production in a dose-related manner. The relative potencies of dexamethasone, prednisolone and hydrocortisone were consistent with clinical anti-inflammatory ranking. Cortisone, however, failed to inhibit macrophage prostaglandin production. 4 Three other agents used in the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases were examined. Sodium aurothiomalate inhibited prostaglandin production, although higher concentrations were toxic to macrophages. D-Penicillamine did not affect macrophage prostaglandin production. Colchicine, in contrast, enhanced prostaglandin production at some concentrations. 5 The probable significance of macrophages as a source of prostaglandins, during inflammatory responses, is discussed.", "contents": "Prostaglandin production by macrophages and the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs. 1 Macrophages derived from peritoneal cavity inflammatory exudates of guinea-pigs produced substantial amounts of prostaglandin E2-like activity during in vitro culture, so providing the basis for an experimental model of prostaglandin production during inflammatory reactions. 2 Dose-related inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis was demonstrated by 16 acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 3 Seven anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroid preparations inhibited prostaglandin production in a dose-related manner. The relative potencies of dexamethasone, prednisolone and hydrocortisone were consistent with clinical anti-inflammatory ranking. Cortisone, however, failed to inhibit macrophage prostaglandin production. 4 Three other agents used in the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases were examined. Sodium aurothiomalate inhibited prostaglandin production, although higher concentrations were toxic to macrophages. D-Penicillamine did not affect macrophage prostaglandin production. Colchicine, in contrast, enhanced prostaglandin production at some concentrations. 5 The probable significance of macrophages as a source of prostaglandins, during inflammatory responses, is discussed.", "PMID": 687875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7798", "title": "Comparison of the responses of single cortical neurones to tyramine and noradrenaline: effects of desipramine.", "content": "1 The technique of microelectrophoresis was used in order to compare the actions of tyramine and noradrenaline on single neurones in the cerebral cortex of the rat.2 Tyramine could both excite and depress cortical neurones. Each tyramine-sensitive cell was also sensitive to noradrenaline. There was a high correlation between the directions of responses to tyramine and noradrenaline, most cells excited by tyramine being excited by noradrenaline, and most cells depressed by tyramine being depressed by noradrenaline.3 In the case of both excitatory and depressant responses, tyramine appeared to be less potent than noradrenaline.4 Tyramine evoked ;slower' responses than noradrenaline, both the latencies to onset and the recovery times being longer for responses to tyramine than for responses to noradrenaline.5 When the rates of release of tyramine and noradrenaline from micropipettes were measured in vitro, no significant difference could be observed between the transport numbers of the two drugs. Thus the difference in potency between the two drugs, and the difference in the time courses of responses to the two drugs, are presumably of biological origin.6 Desipramine could discriminate between neuronal responses to tyramine and noradrenaline: responses to tyramine were antagonized, while responses to noradrenaline were either potentiated or unaffected. Responses to DL-homocysteic acid were not affected by desipramine.7 The results are consistent with the hypothesis that tyramine is an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine in the brain, and desipramine acts by blocking the uptake of both tyramine and noradrenaline into presynaptic noradrenergic nerve terminals.", "contents": "Comparison of the responses of single cortical neurones to tyramine and noradrenaline: effects of desipramine. 1 The technique of microelectrophoresis was used in order to compare the actions of tyramine and noradrenaline on single neurones in the cerebral cortex of the rat.2 Tyramine could both excite and depress cortical neurones. Each tyramine-sensitive cell was also sensitive to noradrenaline. There was a high correlation between the directions of responses to tyramine and noradrenaline, most cells excited by tyramine being excited by noradrenaline, and most cells depressed by tyramine being depressed by noradrenaline.3 In the case of both excitatory and depressant responses, tyramine appeared to be less potent than noradrenaline.4 Tyramine evoked ;slower' responses than noradrenaline, both the latencies to onset and the recovery times being longer for responses to tyramine than for responses to noradrenaline.5 When the rates of release of tyramine and noradrenaline from micropipettes were measured in vitro, no significant difference could be observed between the transport numbers of the two drugs. Thus the difference in potency between the two drugs, and the difference in the time courses of responses to the two drugs, are presumably of biological origin.6 Desipramine could discriminate between neuronal responses to tyramine and noradrenaline: responses to tyramine were antagonized, while responses to noradrenaline were either potentiated or unaffected. Responses to DL-homocysteic acid were not affected by desipramine.7 The results are consistent with the hypothesis that tyramine is an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine in the brain, and desipramine acts by blocking the uptake of both tyramine and noradrenaline into presynaptic noradrenergic nerve terminals.", "PMID": 687876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7799", "title": "The mechanism of the relaxant effect of 2-2'-pyridylisatogen on the isolated taenia of the guinea-pig caecum.", "content": "1 2-2'-Pyridylisatogen tosylate (PIT) slowly relaxed taenia caeci preparationg of the guinea-pig in a concentration-dependent manner (threshold 2.5 muM). The relaxant effect did not show tachyphylaxis.2 The relaxation was not affected by tetrodotoxin (0.3 muM), guanethidine (17 muM) nor by a combination of phentolamine (36 muM) and propranolol (4 muM)3 In taenia caeci preparations suspended in K(+)-depolarizing, Ca(2+)-free Ringer, addition of Ca(2+) (0.1 to 30 mM) resulted in a slow contraction. PIT (50 muM) and papaverine (15 muM) antagonized these contractions, whereas indomethacin (28 muM) was ineffective.4 Although PIT (50 muM for 30 min) caused a relaxation of the taenia, and, when the tone of the preparations was restored with carbachol, antagonized adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-induced relaxations, relaxation of the taenia with papaverine (30 muM for 5 min) did not antagonize ATP-induced relaxations. It is concluded that the relaxant and ATP-receptor blocking actions of PIT are independent properties of the compound.", "contents": "The mechanism of the relaxant effect of 2-2'-pyridylisatogen on the isolated taenia of the guinea-pig caecum. 1 2-2'-Pyridylisatogen tosylate (PIT) slowly relaxed taenia caeci preparationg of the guinea-pig in a concentration-dependent manner (threshold 2.5 muM). The relaxant effect did not show tachyphylaxis.2 The relaxation was not affected by tetrodotoxin (0.3 muM), guanethidine (17 muM) nor by a combination of phentolamine (36 muM) and propranolol (4 muM)3 In taenia caeci preparations suspended in K(+)-depolarizing, Ca(2+)-free Ringer, addition of Ca(2+) (0.1 to 30 mM) resulted in a slow contraction. PIT (50 muM) and papaverine (15 muM) antagonized these contractions, whereas indomethacin (28 muM) was ineffective.4 Although PIT (50 muM for 30 min) caused a relaxation of the taenia, and, when the tone of the preparations was restored with carbachol, antagonized adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-induced relaxations, relaxation of the taenia with papaverine (30 muM for 5 min) did not antagonize ATP-induced relaxations. It is concluded that the relaxant and ATP-receptor blocking actions of PIT are independent properties of the compound.", "PMID": 687877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7800", "title": "A comparison of the antifertility effects of alkylating agents and vinca alkaloids in male rats.", "content": "1 The anti-fertility effects of cyclophosphamide, nitrogen mustard, vincristine and vinblastine were studied and compared in male rats. 2 The effects of the drugs on body weight and haematological values were used to monitor the pharmacological actions of the drugs. 3 All four drugs impaired fertility, the severity of the impairment depending on dose and duration of treatment. 4 Testicular size and histological appearances remained mostly normal, even in infertile animals, but seminiferous tubules were fewer in number and maturation arrest at the spermatid level was evident in some sections. 5 Recovery of drug-induced infertility occurred in 64% of treated animals, 9 to 40 weeks after cessation of treatment. 6 Morbidity and mortality were much higher with alkylating agents than with vinca alkaloids for approximately similar degrees of impairment in fertility.", "contents": "A comparison of the antifertility effects of alkylating agents and vinca alkaloids in male rats. 1 The anti-fertility effects of cyclophosphamide, nitrogen mustard, vincristine and vinblastine were studied and compared in male rats. 2 The effects of the drugs on body weight and haematological values were used to monitor the pharmacological actions of the drugs. 3 All four drugs impaired fertility, the severity of the impairment depending on dose and duration of treatment. 4 Testicular size and histological appearances remained mostly normal, even in infertile animals, but seminiferous tubules were fewer in number and maturation arrest at the spermatid level was evident in some sections. 5 Recovery of drug-induced infertility occurred in 64% of treated animals, 9 to 40 weeks after cessation of treatment. 6 Morbidity and mortality were much higher with alkylating agents than with vinca alkaloids for approximately similar degrees of impairment in fertility.", "PMID": 687878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7801", "title": "A test of the schizophrenic's ability to process information in one or two sensory modes.", "content": "Twenty-three schizophrenics, ten psychiatric controls, and 17 normal controls were used to test the hypothesis that schizophrenics suffer a deficit in their ability to integrate information from different sensory modes. The task involved identifying auditory, visual, or mixed (auditory and visual) patterns which had previously been equated in difficulty for normal subjects. Mean error scores were greatest for schizophrenics and least for normals with psychiatric controls in between. Moreover, the schizophrenics did equally well whether the task was visual, auditory, or mixed. Thus, schizophrenics showed no deficit specific to the synthesis of information from two different sensory modes.", "contents": "A test of the schizophrenic's ability to process information in one or two sensory modes. Twenty-three schizophrenics, ten psychiatric controls, and 17 normal controls were used to test the hypothesis that schizophrenics suffer a deficit in their ability to integrate information from different sensory modes. The task involved identifying auditory, visual, or mixed (auditory and visual) patterns which had previously been equated in difficulty for normal subjects. Mean error scores were greatest for schizophrenics and least for normals with psychiatric controls in between. Moreover, the schizophrenics did equally well whether the task was visual, auditory, or mixed. Thus, schizophrenics showed no deficit specific to the synthesis of information from two different sensory modes.", "PMID": 687879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7802", "title": "Some psychological, educational and criminological variables related to recidivism in delinquent boys.", "content": "The HDHQ, 16 PF and PSI were administered to 315 detainees at Medomsley Detention Centre, Durham, along with tests of intelligence and attainment, and measures of previous criminal history. One hundred and ninety-one boys were subsequently reconvicted within two years of their release. They were found to have lower scores on reading and arithmetic tests, to show a greater degree of extrapunitive hostility and to score more highly on tests of social non-conformity. Recidivists had also begun their criminal careers at an earlier age than non-recidivists and had committed significantly more previous offences.", "contents": "Some psychological, educational and criminological variables related to recidivism in delinquent boys. The HDHQ, 16 PF and PSI were administered to 315 detainees at Medomsley Detention Centre, Durham, along with tests of intelligence and attainment, and measures of previous criminal history. One hundred and ninety-one boys were subsequently reconvicted within two years of their release. They were found to have lower scores on reading and arithmetic tests, to show a greater degree of extrapunitive hostility and to score more highly on tests of social non-conformity. Recidivists had also begun their criminal careers at an earlier age than non-recidivists and had committed significantly more previous offences.", "PMID": 687880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7803", "title": "Simple behaviour rating scales for maximum security patients: development and validation.", "content": "An outline is given of objective behaviour rating scales developed for use by nurse custodians in the maximum security hospital setting. Four independent scales are described: (a) antisocial belligerence, (b) disorientation, (c) withdrawal and (d) personal hygiene. The scales gave high test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities. Various indications of validity and potential usefulness of the scales are given. In particular, a probable relationship of the scales (a) and (c) with an impulsivity/overcontrol dimension is suggested-this relating to the type of aggressive offending recorded.", "contents": "Simple behaviour rating scales for maximum security patients: development and validation. An outline is given of objective behaviour rating scales developed for use by nurse custodians in the maximum security hospital setting. Four independent scales are described: (a) antisocial belligerence, (b) disorientation, (c) withdrawal and (d) personal hygiene. The scales gave high test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities. Various indications of validity and potential usefulness of the scales are given. In particular, a probable relationship of the scales (a) and (c) with an impulsivity/overcontrol dimension is suggested-this relating to the type of aggressive offending recorded.", "PMID": 687881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7804", "title": "Memory and intelligence following spontaneously arrested congenital hydrocephalus.", "content": "This study describes two cases of spontaneously arrested congenital hydrocephalus whose educational progress appears normal. They were found on examination to have a reduced performance IQ, but a normal verbal IQ. They showed a significant impairment in immediate free recall, which was specific to the secondary memory component. It is concluded that congenital hydrocephalus may produce an organic disorder which manifests itself in later life as an impairment of verbal memory.", "contents": "Memory and intelligence following spontaneously arrested congenital hydrocephalus. This study describes two cases of spontaneously arrested congenital hydrocephalus whose educational progress appears normal. They were found on examination to have a reduced performance IQ, but a normal verbal IQ. They showed a significant impairment in immediate free recall, which was specific to the secondary memory component. It is concluded that congenital hydrocephalus may produce an organic disorder which manifests itself in later life as an impairment of verbal memory.", "PMID": 687882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7805", "title": "Anxiety, extraversion and smoking.", "content": "In previous large-scale studies, smoking has been found to be associated either with extraversion or anxiety, though not both. Using a large population of adult American males, anxiety and extraversion scores were examined in groups of never smokers, former light, former heavy, current light and current heavy smokers to test the hypotheses that smokers would be both more extraverted and more anxious than non-smokers. Two independent measures of both traits were used. Heavy current smokers were seen to be significantly higher than non-smokers on both measures of neuroticism or anxiety; there were no differences between groups in extraversion. The small magnitude of reported relations led to the suggestion that future research focus on more meaningful classification of smokers and more specific facets of personality.", "contents": "Anxiety, extraversion and smoking. In previous large-scale studies, smoking has been found to be associated either with extraversion or anxiety, though not both. Using a large population of adult American males, anxiety and extraversion scores were examined in groups of never smokers, former light, former heavy, current light and current heavy smokers to test the hypotheses that smokers would be both more extraverted and more anxious than non-smokers. Two independent measures of both traits were used. Heavy current smokers were seen to be significantly higher than non-smokers on both measures of neuroticism or anxiety; there were no differences between groups in extraversion. The small magnitude of reported relations led to the suggestion that future research focus on more meaningful classification of smokers and more specific facets of personality.", "PMID": 687883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7806", "title": "Visual interaction in schizophrenic patients: the timing of looks.", "content": "Previous research has suggested that schizophrenic patients engage in very little Looking and eye-contact, at least in \"personal\" conversations. As yet, however, we know nothing about the precise timing of their Looks, even though this has important clinical implications. Data from three studies are presented and no evidence of abnormality is found. It is concluded that, taken together, findings from visual interaction suggest not that schizophrenic patients behave in a socially unskilled way as has sometimes been argued, but simply that they are embarassed by \"personal\" conversations and, like perfectly healthy people who are embarrassed, respond by averting the gaze.", "contents": "Visual interaction in schizophrenic patients: the timing of looks. Previous research has suggested that schizophrenic patients engage in very little Looking and eye-contact, at least in \"personal\" conversations. As yet, however, we know nothing about the precise timing of their Looks, even though this has important clinical implications. Data from three studies are presented and no evidence of abnormality is found. It is concluded that, taken together, findings from visual interaction suggest not that schizophrenic patients behave in a socially unskilled way as has sometimes been argued, but simply that they are embarassed by \"personal\" conversations and, like perfectly healthy people who are embarrassed, respond by averting the gaze.", "PMID": 687884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7807", "title": "Iliotibial tract friction syndrome in athletes--an uncommon exertion syndrome on the lateral side of the knee.", "content": "An uncommon exertion pain on the lateral side of the knee is described in 88 patients, in four of whom it was bilateral. The disorder is a result of the friction of the iliotibial tract over the lateral femoral epicondyle. The syndrome is the iliotibial tract friction syndrome of ITFS. All the patients in the material were active athletes or middle-aged joggers in regular training. The cases were seen over four years and four months. The mean age of them was approximately 25 years, and there were only nine women in the series. Th pain appeared usually after running and was localised on the outer femoral condyle, and often radiated downwards along the iliotibial tract. Conservative treatment and changes in training habits cured most cases. The disorder has not often been described in the literature, and seems to appear only in physically very active people, such as athletes or military recruits.", "contents": "Iliotibial tract friction syndrome in athletes--an uncommon exertion syndrome on the lateral side of the knee. An uncommon exertion pain on the lateral side of the knee is described in 88 patients, in four of whom it was bilateral. The disorder is a result of the friction of the iliotibial tract over the lateral femoral epicondyle. The syndrome is the iliotibial tract friction syndrome of ITFS. All the patients in the material were active athletes or middle-aged joggers in regular training. The cases were seen over four years and four months. The mean age of them was approximately 25 years, and there were only nine women in the series. Th pain appeared usually after running and was localised on the outer femoral condyle, and often radiated downwards along the iliotibial tract. Conservative treatment and changes in training habits cured most cases. The disorder has not often been described in the literature, and seems to appear only in physically very active people, such as athletes or military recruits.", "PMID": 687887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7808", "title": "Serum insulin and glucose response to graded exercise in adults. Part I: the influence of fitness status.", "content": "The effect of acute exercise upon serum immunoreactive insulin levels (IRI) and serum glucose concentrations (GC) was studied in groups of middle-aged men of contrasting physical fitness status. Two groups of subjects, one active and one sedentary (both N = 11, mean age 44 years), performed a graded cycle ergometer exercise test in the post-absorptive state. Venous blood samples were taken at rest, during low and high work intensities, and after recovery. The response of serum IRI to exercise was similar in both groups of subjects with significant increases observed during exercise followed by a return to resting values during recovery. However, the magnitude of serum IRI response was lower in the active group. In contrast, the sedentary group demonstrated little or no change in serum GC during exercise, whereas significant increases in serum GC were observed during exercise in the active group.", "contents": "Serum insulin and glucose response to graded exercise in adults. Part I: the influence of fitness status. The effect of acute exercise upon serum immunoreactive insulin levels (IRI) and serum glucose concentrations (GC) was studied in groups of middle-aged men of contrasting physical fitness status. Two groups of subjects, one active and one sedentary (both N = 11, mean age 44 years), performed a graded cycle ergometer exercise test in the post-absorptive state. Venous blood samples were taken at rest, during low and high work intensities, and after recovery. The response of serum IRI to exercise was similar in both groups of subjects with significant increases observed during exercise followed by a return to resting values during recovery. However, the magnitude of serum IRI response was lower in the active group. In contrast, the sedentary group demonstrated little or no change in serum GC during exercise, whereas significant increases in serum GC were observed during exercise in the active group.", "PMID": 687888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7809", "title": "A study of potential Olympic swimmers. Part 2. Changes due to three months intensive training.", "content": "Anthropometric and physiological measurements were recorded for a group of exceptional young swimmers undergoing an intensive training programme over 3 months. The observed changes are presented and are discussed in relation to the training undertaken, and are compared with expected changes due to normal growth. Some of the physiological parameters measured showed marked changes: average physical work capacity decreased significantly, while the physical fitness index improved. Many of the anthropometric changes were small, but a significant increase in lean body mass occurred in both boys and girls, and in both groups the average weight gain was greater than that expected. In individuals subjected to rigorous training significant changes in anthropometric and physiological parameters over and above the expected changes due to normal growth and development occur relatively quickly within a period of 3 months.", "contents": "A study of potential Olympic swimmers. Part 2. Changes due to three months intensive training. Anthropometric and physiological measurements were recorded for a group of exceptional young swimmers undergoing an intensive training programme over 3 months. The observed changes are presented and are discussed in relation to the training undertaken, and are compared with expected changes due to normal growth. Some of the physiological parameters measured showed marked changes: average physical work capacity decreased significantly, while the physical fitness index improved. Many of the anthropometric changes were small, but a significant increase in lean body mass occurred in both boys and girls, and in both groups the average weight gain was greater than that expected. In individuals subjected to rigorous training significant changes in anthropometric and physiological parameters over and above the expected changes due to normal growth and development occur relatively quickly within a period of 3 months.", "PMID": 687889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7810", "title": "A comparison of physical efficiency between Indian physical education and medical students.", "content": "The recovery pulse and respiration were analysed to determine the level of physical fitness among the physical education and medical students of Banaras Hindu University. The analysis of the data suggested that physical fitness as measured by recovery rate was better in physical education students than in medical students. Following questionnaire method, it has been noted that the daily activity of physical education students was more than the medical students and probably the reason for higher efficiency in them.", "contents": "A comparison of physical efficiency between Indian physical education and medical students. The recovery pulse and respiration were analysed to determine the level of physical fitness among the physical education and medical students of Banaras Hindu University. The analysis of the data suggested that physical fitness as measured by recovery rate was better in physical education students than in medical students. Following questionnaire method, it has been noted that the daily activity of physical education students was more than the medical students and probably the reason for higher efficiency in them.", "PMID": 687890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7811", "title": "Standards on age, height and weight in Olympic running events for men.", "content": "The Olympic champions, finalists and participants are well differentiated on age, height and weight (adjusted for height) in each of the eight running events. Height for height, the champions in sprinting events are heavier than other participants but the trend is reversed in long distance events. Physiological reasons for these differences are discussed.", "contents": "Standards on age, height and weight in Olympic running events for men. The Olympic champions, finalists and participants are well differentiated on age, height and weight (adjusted for height) in each of the eight running events. Height for height, the champions in sprinting events are heavier than other participants but the trend is reversed in long distance events. Physiological reasons for these differences are discussed.", "PMID": 687891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7812", "title": "Intraoperative management of phaeochromocytoma with sodium nitroprusside.", "content": "Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a powerful, peripherally acting hypotensive agent with a rapid onset but short duration of action. It is highly effective for hypertensive episodes in patients with a phaeochromocytoma and may be used safely with adrenoceptor-blocking agents. Two cases are described that illustrate its effectiveness in this condition, even in the presence of exceptionally high circulating concentrations of catecholamines. A simple and reliable regimen for preparing these patients for surgery may be based on oral adrenoceptor-blocking medication (phenoxybenzamine and propranolol) to provide \"background\" hypotensive and antiarrhythmic cover. SNP by infusion is then used as the principal intraoperative hypotensive agent, dysrhytmias being controlled with additional intravenous propranolol if required.", "contents": "Intraoperative management of phaeochromocytoma with sodium nitroprusside. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a powerful, peripherally acting hypotensive agent with a rapid onset but short duration of action. It is highly effective for hypertensive episodes in patients with a phaeochromocytoma and may be used safely with adrenoceptor-blocking agents. Two cases are described that illustrate its effectiveness in this condition, even in the presence of exceptionally high circulating concentrations of catecholamines. A simple and reliable regimen for preparing these patients for surgery may be based on oral adrenoceptor-blocking medication (phenoxybenzamine and propranolol) to provide \"background\" hypotensive and antiarrhythmic cover. SNP by infusion is then used as the principal intraoperative hypotensive agent, dysrhytmias being controlled with additional intravenous propranolol if required.", "PMID": 687895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7813", "title": "Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in north-east Scotland.", "content": "An epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis (MS) in north-east Scotland was carried out based on data correct on 1 December 1970. The prevalence of MS was 127 cases/100 000 population, which is greater than in any other surveyed area with a comparable population. The disease was not spread homogeneously within the region, and in one district one in 400 people was affected. The geographical distributions of MS and the presence of HLA antigens A3 and B7,which are associated with the disease, are remarkably similar, and the prevalence of B7 in north-east Scotland is higher than elsewhere. This may partly explain the high prevalence of MS in this area, but the essential additional environmental factor remains to be established.", "contents": "Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in north-east Scotland. An epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis (MS) in north-east Scotland was carried out based on data correct on 1 December 1970. The prevalence of MS was 127 cases/100 000 population, which is greater than in any other surveyed area with a comparable population. The disease was not spread homogeneously within the region, and in one district one in 400 people was affected. The geographical distributions of MS and the presence of HLA antigens A3 and B7,which are associated with the disease, are remarkably similar, and the prevalence of B7 in north-east Scotland is higher than elsewhere. This may partly explain the high prevalence of MS in this area, but the essential additional environmental factor remains to be established.", "PMID": 687896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7814", "title": "Complications of ascending phlebography of the leg.", "content": "Forty patients were studied prospectively for complications of ascending phlebography. The commonest immediate complication was pain at the site of injection and the commonest delayed complication pain in the foot or calf. Out of 30 patients with pain in the foot and calf, 15 had venous thrombosis. Review of 200 case notes disclosed only one recorded complication--namely, necrosis of the dorsal skin of the foot. Complications of the procedure reported by referring clinicians over 10 years comprised four cases of necrosis of the dorsum of the foot and two of gangrene of the foot, in one of which the gangrene spread to the leg. Major complications of ascending phlebography are rare, though when they occur may cause serious morbidity. If a scrupulous technique is used contrast phlebography remains the most accurate method of diagnosing venous disease of the leg.", "contents": "Complications of ascending phlebography of the leg. Forty patients were studied prospectively for complications of ascending phlebography. The commonest immediate complication was pain at the site of injection and the commonest delayed complication pain in the foot or calf. Out of 30 patients with pain in the foot and calf, 15 had venous thrombosis. Review of 200 case notes disclosed only one recorded complication--namely, necrosis of the dorsal skin of the foot. Complications of the procedure reported by referring clinicians over 10 years comprised four cases of necrosis of the dorsum of the foot and two of gangrene of the foot, in one of which the gangrene spread to the leg. Major complications of ascending phlebography are rare, though when they occur may cause serious morbidity. If a scrupulous technique is used contrast phlebography remains the most accurate method of diagnosing venous disease of the leg.", "PMID": 687897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7815", "title": "Does adipocyte hypercellularity in obesity exist?", "content": "Adipose tissue samples were biopsied from three subcutaneous sites in 80 obese and 27 non-obese patients. Additional samples were taken from intra-abdominal sites in 44 of the patients. There was a small increase in the calculated number of fat cells in the more obese patients, but there was no relation between fat-cell number and obesity of childhood onset. Omental fat cells were one-third the size of subcutaneous cells. Thus the calculated number of fat cells, usually based solely on subcutaneous samples, is an underestimate of the true number, and most obese patients can accommodate their fat without needing to recruit new cells. The diagnosis of \"hyperplastic\" obesity--that is, an excess number of fat cells--is unreliable and its relation to infantile obesity doubtful.", "contents": "Does adipocyte hypercellularity in obesity exist? Adipose tissue samples were biopsied from three subcutaneous sites in 80 obese and 27 non-obese patients. Additional samples were taken from intra-abdominal sites in 44 of the patients. There was a small increase in the calculated number of fat cells in the more obese patients, but there was no relation between fat-cell number and obesity of childhood onset. Omental fat cells were one-third the size of subcutaneous cells. Thus the calculated number of fat cells, usually based solely on subcutaneous samples, is an underestimate of the true number, and most obese patients can accommodate their fat without needing to recruit new cells. The diagnosis of \"hyperplastic\" obesity--that is, an excess number of fat cells--is unreliable and its relation to infantile obesity doubtful.", "PMID": 687898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7816", "title": "Heparin-like activity in uterine fluid.", "content": "Uterine fluid was collected from a group of normal patients and a group of patients with menorrhagia. Heparin-like activity was detected in 34 out of 38 samples using an anti-Xa heparin assay. The heparin-like activity in uterine fluid was inhibited by adding the heparin antagonist hexadimethrine bromide to the assay. Concentrations of fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products (FDPs) were measured in five samples of uterine fluid. FDPs in the concentration detected had no effect on the anti-Xa assay. Heparin-like activity was higher in the group with menorrhagia, although the differences were not significant. Heparin-like activity increased throughout the menstrual cycle and decreased during menstruation, suggesting a possible cyclical variation in activity. There was no correlation between mast cell numbers in the endometrium and myometrium and heparin-like activity in uterine fluid and no correlation between the numbers and the stage in the menstrual cycle. In a few patients with intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) heparin-like activity was increased.", "contents": "Heparin-like activity in uterine fluid. Uterine fluid was collected from a group of normal patients and a group of patients with menorrhagia. Heparin-like activity was detected in 34 out of 38 samples using an anti-Xa heparin assay. The heparin-like activity in uterine fluid was inhibited by adding the heparin antagonist hexadimethrine bromide to the assay. Concentrations of fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products (FDPs) were measured in five samples of uterine fluid. FDPs in the concentration detected had no effect on the anti-Xa assay. Heparin-like activity was higher in the group with menorrhagia, although the differences were not significant. Heparin-like activity increased throughout the menstrual cycle and decreased during menstruation, suggesting a possible cyclical variation in activity. There was no correlation between mast cell numbers in the endometrium and myometrium and heparin-like activity in uterine fluid and no correlation between the numbers and the stage in the menstrual cycle. In a few patients with intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) heparin-like activity was increased.", "PMID": 687899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7817", "title": "Cerebral blood flow in diabetes mellitus: evidence of abnormal cerebrovascular reactivity.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied at normocapnia and after a challenge with 5% CO2 in 59 diabetic patients and 28 controls. There was a significant age-related decline in CBF in both groups, which suggests that diabetes does not affect the rate of decrease of CBF with age. After CO2 challenge CBF increased in most of the controls; in the patients CBF increased in 23, decreased in 26, and remained stable in 10. Thus the reactivity of cerebral blood vessels in diabetics is altered. Diabetics have diminished cerebrovascular reserve and are thus at increased risk of cerebrovascular disease because they are unable to compensate when necessary with an increased CBF.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow in diabetes mellitus: evidence of abnormal cerebrovascular reactivity. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied at normocapnia and after a challenge with 5% CO2 in 59 diabetic patients and 28 controls. There was a significant age-related decline in CBF in both groups, which suggests that diabetes does not affect the rate of decrease of CBF with age. After CO2 challenge CBF increased in most of the controls; in the patients CBF increased in 23, decreased in 26, and remained stable in 10. Thus the reactivity of cerebral blood vessels in diabetics is altered. Diabetics have diminished cerebrovascular reserve and are thus at increased risk of cerebrovascular disease because they are unable to compensate when necessary with an increased CBF.", "PMID": 687900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7818", "title": "Renal failure in otherwise uncomplicated acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "Twelve patients with otherwise uncomplicated acute viral hepatitis (two were HBsAg-positive) developed renal failure. Apart from dehydration due to repeated vomiting in one patient, no factor responsible for precipitating renal failure could be identified. The clinical course was characterised by renal failure with plasma urea concentrations reaching maximum values of 26-69 mmol/l (175-416 mg/100 ml). Ten patients needed dialysis for up to two weeks. Seven patients recovered completely, while the other five died from sepsis. The types of renal failure were similar to those described in fulminant hepatic failure and cirrhosis--namely, functional renal failure in five patients and acute tubular necrosis in seven. Two of the patients with functional renal failure later developed tubular necrosis. The mechanism responsible for renal failure in acute viral hepatitis is uncertain, though endotoxaemia may contribute.", "contents": "Renal failure in otherwise uncomplicated acute viral hepatitis. Twelve patients with otherwise uncomplicated acute viral hepatitis (two were HBsAg-positive) developed renal failure. Apart from dehydration due to repeated vomiting in one patient, no factor responsible for precipitating renal failure could be identified. The clinical course was characterised by renal failure with plasma urea concentrations reaching maximum values of 26-69 mmol/l (175-416 mg/100 ml). Ten patients needed dialysis for up to two weeks. Seven patients recovered completely, while the other five died from sepsis. The types of renal failure were similar to those described in fulminant hepatic failure and cirrhosis--namely, functional renal failure in five patients and acute tubular necrosis in seven. Two of the patients with functional renal failure later developed tubular necrosis. The mechanism responsible for renal failure in acute viral hepatitis is uncertain, though endotoxaemia may contribute.", "PMID": 687905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7819", "title": "Disproportionate reduction in tryptic response to endogenous compared with exogenous stimulation in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "The secretin-pancreozymin (SP) and Lundh-Borgstr\u00f6m (meal) tests were compared in diagnosing chronic pancreatitis (CP). A range of normal values for each test was obtained in a control group of 22 patients without pancreatic disease. Seventeen patients with CP were given the tests on separate days. The peak concentration of bicarbonate after secretin was reduced in 14 of these 17 patients, post-secretin bicarbonate output fell in 13, while peak tryptic activity (PTA) in duodenal juice after pancreozymin was below normal in 10; the overall incidence of abnormal results in SP tests was 88%. The mean tryptic activity (MTA) in a two-hour collection of duodenal juice after the test meal was reduced below normal in 16 of the 17 patients.In the control group PTA after pancreozymin was closely similar to MTA after the test meal, but in the patients with CP MTA was significantly less than PTA. PTA and MTA correlated significantly in both the control and CP groups, and the slopes of the two regression lines were not significantly different. In each patient with CP the tryptic response to the test meal was only a third of the tryptic response to intravenous pancreozymin. This disproportionate reduction in tryptic response to endogenous compared with exogenous stimulation in CP accounts for the high success rate of the meal test, which equalled the SP test.The Lundh-Borgstr\u00f6m test is a sensitive indicator of CP and is within the resources of most hospitals. The SP test is better suited to specialist centres and may provide valuable additional information in individual cases.", "contents": "Disproportionate reduction in tryptic response to endogenous compared with exogenous stimulation in chronic pancreatitis. The secretin-pancreozymin (SP) and Lundh-Borgstr\u00f6m (meal) tests were compared in diagnosing chronic pancreatitis (CP). A range of normal values for each test was obtained in a control group of 22 patients without pancreatic disease. Seventeen patients with CP were given the tests on separate days. The peak concentration of bicarbonate after secretin was reduced in 14 of these 17 patients, post-secretin bicarbonate output fell in 13, while peak tryptic activity (PTA) in duodenal juice after pancreozymin was below normal in 10; the overall incidence of abnormal results in SP tests was 88%. The mean tryptic activity (MTA) in a two-hour collection of duodenal juice after the test meal was reduced below normal in 16 of the 17 patients.In the control group PTA after pancreozymin was closely similar to MTA after the test meal, but in the patients with CP MTA was significantly less than PTA. PTA and MTA correlated significantly in both the control and CP groups, and the slopes of the two regression lines were not significantly different. In each patient with CP the tryptic response to the test meal was only a third of the tryptic response to intravenous pancreozymin. This disproportionate reduction in tryptic response to endogenous compared with exogenous stimulation in CP accounts for the high success rate of the meal test, which equalled the SP test.The Lundh-Borgstr\u00f6m test is a sensitive indicator of CP and is within the resources of most hospitals. The SP test is better suited to specialist centres and may provide valuable additional information in individual cases.", "PMID": 687935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7820", "title": "Corticosteroids and liver amoebiasis.", "content": "Patients with amoebiasis who receive steroid treatment may suffer adverse affects including acute amoebic dysentery and exacerbation of the amoebiasis. In some cases the presenting symptoms are initially misdiagnosed and steroids prescribed, which provokes fulminating progression of hepatic amoebiasis. Repeated stool examinations often yield negative results. Any patient being considered for treatment with corticosteroids who has lived in the tropics should be investigated for amoebiasis serologically and by repeated stool examination. Even after negative results the possibility of amoebiasis should be reconsidered if diarrhoea or fever develops during or after steroid treatment.", "contents": "Corticosteroids and liver amoebiasis. Patients with amoebiasis who receive steroid treatment may suffer adverse affects including acute amoebic dysentery and exacerbation of the amoebiasis. In some cases the presenting symptoms are initially misdiagnosed and steroids prescribed, which provokes fulminating progression of hepatic amoebiasis. Repeated stool examinations often yield negative results. Any patient being considered for treatment with corticosteroids who has lived in the tropics should be investigated for amoebiasis serologically and by repeated stool examination. Even after negative results the possibility of amoebiasis should be reconsidered if diarrhoea or fever develops during or after steroid treatment.", "PMID": 687936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7821", "title": "Emergency geriatric surgical admissions.", "content": "The emergency surgical work load created by patients aged 80 and over in a district hospital was assessed and the results of treatment examined. Over one year 248 patients aged 80 or over were admitted as emergencies, and the overall mortality rate was 21.8%. When terminal disease was excluded mortality rate was 12.5%. These elderly patients had an average length of stay in the acute surgical ward of 14.7 days compared with a mean of 8.4 days for all patients, and all but seven patients were discharged to their original place of referral.Elderly patients do exacerbate the bed shortage in acute surgical wards because they tend to stay longer than younger patients, but these elderly surgical patients imposed only a small load on the inpatient geriatric services, as 78% were discharged straight to their own homes and a further 17% went home after a period on the surgical convalescent wards.", "contents": "Emergency geriatric surgical admissions. The emergency surgical work load created by patients aged 80 and over in a district hospital was assessed and the results of treatment examined. Over one year 248 patients aged 80 or over were admitted as emergencies, and the overall mortality rate was 21.8%. When terminal disease was excluded mortality rate was 12.5%. These elderly patients had an average length of stay in the acute surgical ward of 14.7 days compared with a mean of 8.4 days for all patients, and all but seven patients were discharged to their original place of referral.Elderly patients do exacerbate the bed shortage in acute surgical wards because they tend to stay longer than younger patients, but these elderly surgical patients imposed only a small load on the inpatient geriatric services, as 78% were discharged straight to their own homes and a further 17% went home after a period on the surgical convalescent wards.", "PMID": 687950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7822", "title": "Dorsal column nuclei in a prosimian primate (Galago senegalensis). II. Cuneate and lateral cuneate nuclei: morphology and primary afferent fibers from cervical and upper thoracic spinal segments.", "content": "The morphology and brachial cord primary afferent projections of the cuneate and lateral cuneate nuclei have been studied in the lesser bushbaby. The cuneate nucleus was divided into three regions. From caudal to rostral these were the large cell, cell column and rostral regions. Primary afferents from C2, C4, C6, C7, C8, T1 and T3 terminated within distinct partially overlapping terminal zones in the ipsilateral large cell and cell column regions of the cuneate nucleus (CN) and the lateral cuneate nucleus (LCN). Segmentotopic was the greatest in the rostal region of the CN due to a more diffuse projection pattern. In the LCN, the transverse terminal fields appeared as curved mediolaterally oriented laminae. In each case, ascending fibers of passage from C4, C6, and C7 in the cuneate fasciculus were organized so that two distinct fiber laminae were present. The separation of fibers and the formation of the two ascending laminae were completed either within two segments rostral to their respective level of entry (for C6 and C7 lesions) or in the caudal medulla (for C4 lesion). For each of these segments, the laminae consisted of a small dorsomedial one and a large lateral one. The organization of primary afferents from one segment into two ascending fiber laminae in the cuneate fasciculus was reflected in a differential termination pattern within both the CN and LCN. The results of this study were discussed relative to earlier anatomical and physiological studies on the DCN in other animals.", "contents": "Dorsal column nuclei in a prosimian primate (Galago senegalensis). II. Cuneate and lateral cuneate nuclei: morphology and primary afferent fibers from cervical and upper thoracic spinal segments. The morphology and brachial cord primary afferent projections of the cuneate and lateral cuneate nuclei have been studied in the lesser bushbaby. The cuneate nucleus was divided into three regions. From caudal to rostral these were the large cell, cell column and rostral regions. Primary afferents from C2, C4, C6, C7, C8, T1 and T3 terminated within distinct partially overlapping terminal zones in the ipsilateral large cell and cell column regions of the cuneate nucleus (CN) and the lateral cuneate nucleus (LCN). Segmentotopic was the greatest in the rostal region of the CN due to a more diffuse projection pattern. In the LCN, the transverse terminal fields appeared as curved mediolaterally oriented laminae. In each case, ascending fibers of passage from C4, C6, and C7 in the cuneate fasciculus were organized so that two distinct fiber laminae were present. The separation of fibers and the formation of the two ascending laminae were completed either within two segments rostral to their respective level of entry (for C6 and C7 lesions) or in the caudal medulla (for C4 lesion). For each of these segments, the laminae consisted of a small dorsomedial one and a large lateral one. The organization of primary afferents from one segment into two ascending fiber laminae in the cuneate fasciculus was reflected in a differential termination pattern within both the CN and LCN. The results of this study were discussed relative to earlier anatomical and physiological studies on the DCN in other animals.", "PMID": 687970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7823", "title": "The accumulation of DL-glutamate by the central nervous system of the snail Helix pomatia.", "content": "Isolated snail ganglia are capable of maintaining their free amino acid levels steady for the first 60 min of incubation in physiological saline. Within this time the ganglia also possess an uptake mechanism for DL-glutamate which can be divided into sodium-sensitive and -insensitive components. The accumulation of DL-glutamate showed saturation kinetics typical of a carrier-mediated process. The Vmax value for the uptake is 1.5 x 10(-8) mole/g/min and the Km value 1.1 x 10(-4) M. The amino acid accumulation is quite specific towards L-dicarboxylic acids and insensitive to a number of metabolic inhibitors. It is unlikely to be due to a homoexchange phenomenon because the ganglia are capable of achieving a net uptake of glutamate and the efflux of DL-[3H]glutamate is not increased by the addition of non-radioactive L-glutamate to the incubation medium.", "contents": "The accumulation of DL-glutamate by the central nervous system of the snail Helix pomatia. Isolated snail ganglia are capable of maintaining their free amino acid levels steady for the first 60 min of incubation in physiological saline. Within this time the ganglia also possess an uptake mechanism for DL-glutamate which can be divided into sodium-sensitive and -insensitive components. The accumulation of DL-glutamate showed saturation kinetics typical of a carrier-mediated process. The Vmax value for the uptake is 1.5 x 10(-8) mole/g/min and the Km value 1.1 x 10(-4) M. The amino acid accumulation is quite specific towards L-dicarboxylic acids and insensitive to a number of metabolic inhibitors. It is unlikely to be due to a homoexchange phenomenon because the ganglia are capable of achieving a net uptake of glutamate and the efflux of DL-[3H]glutamate is not increased by the addition of non-radioactive L-glutamate to the incubation medium.", "PMID": 687972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7824", "title": "Vascular permeability alterations to horseradish peroxidase in experimental brain injury.", "content": "Protein uptake and transport within the brain stem vasculature of mechanically brain injured cats was studied by means of both light and electron microscopy utilizing intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase as the protein tracer. In animals sustaining low grade head injuries not of sufficient intensity to elicit either microscopic, intraparenchymal hemorrhages or subtle, neuropathological responses, peroxidase extravasation was noted both in the vascular walls and in the surrounding parenchyma of the ventromedial aspect of the brain stem. At the ultrastructural level as early as 3 min after brain injury, occasional arterioles, venules and capillaries displayed peroxidase leakage. In serial sections large endothelial segments of these vessels revealed the peroxidase reaction product within numerous vesicles which often shared continuity with tubular and vacuolar profiles. Such vesicular activity apparently moved the peroxidase from the luminal surface to extrude it into the basal lamina. From the perivascular basal lamina, the reaction product flooded the interstices of the surrounding brain stem parenchyma where occasional neural, glial and pericytic elements incorporated the peroxidase within coated invaginations, vesicles, tubules and vacuoles. In that protein leakage was consistently observed despite the apparent integrity of both the endothelial tight junctions and their cell membranes, it is concluded that the vesicular transport of horseradish peroxidase across the endothelia of the brain stem vasculature represents a possible mechanism of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in mechanical brain injury.", "contents": "Vascular permeability alterations to horseradish peroxidase in experimental brain injury. Protein uptake and transport within the brain stem vasculature of mechanically brain injured cats was studied by means of both light and electron microscopy utilizing intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase as the protein tracer. In animals sustaining low grade head injuries not of sufficient intensity to elicit either microscopic, intraparenchymal hemorrhages or subtle, neuropathological responses, peroxidase extravasation was noted both in the vascular walls and in the surrounding parenchyma of the ventromedial aspect of the brain stem. At the ultrastructural level as early as 3 min after brain injury, occasional arterioles, venules and capillaries displayed peroxidase leakage. In serial sections large endothelial segments of these vessels revealed the peroxidase reaction product within numerous vesicles which often shared continuity with tubular and vacuolar profiles. Such vesicular activity apparently moved the peroxidase from the luminal surface to extrude it into the basal lamina. From the perivascular basal lamina, the reaction product flooded the interstices of the surrounding brain stem parenchyma where occasional neural, glial and pericytic elements incorporated the peroxidase within coated invaginations, vesicles, tubules and vacuoles. In that protein leakage was consistently observed despite the apparent integrity of both the endothelial tight junctions and their cell membranes, it is concluded that the vesicular transport of horseradish peroxidase across the endothelia of the brain stem vasculature represents a possible mechanism of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in mechanical brain injury.", "PMID": 687980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7825", "title": "Efferent projections of the gracile nucleus in the cat.", "content": "The efferent projections of different portions of the gracile nucleus in the cat were studied using both autoradiographic and degeneration tracing methods. The results suggest that there are two aspects to the functional organization of these projections. First, the somatotopic organization of the gracile n. (GR) is maintained, but inverted, by the topographic organization of its projections to VPL1. Fibers from the lateral portions of GR terminate medially in VPL1; fibers from the dorsal portions terminate ventrally. These fibers, especially those from the middle and caudal portions of GR, terminate in dense, precisely located groups of clusters. Dorsally located clusters in VPL1 (predominantly from middle-ventral portions of GR) are significantly smaller than ventrally located clusters (predominantly from middle-dorsal portions). The second aspect of this organization, involving the projections both to VPL1 and to other brain stem targets, is that some kind of functionally relevant sorting process appears to occur as fibers leave different portions of the gracile n. The afferent projections of the rostral (GRr) and middle-ventral portions (GRmv) of the gracile n. are different from those from the other portions of the nucleus. Projections to VPL1 from GRr are less dense, less likely to form clusters, less clearly topographically organized, and extend further rostrally and dorsally in VPL1 than those from the rest of GR. The clusters are small, like those from GRmv. Similarly, although all portions of GR project to several other brain stem regions, these projections appear to be derived preferentially from GRr and/or GRmv. These brain stem regions involve certain portions of the inferior olive, inferior and superior colliculi, red n., zona incerta, pretectum, thalamic posterior group and the H field of Forel. This dual organization of efferent connectivity is similar to that of the cuneate n.20, and is consistent with many of the differences in cytoarchitecture, afferent connectivity and response properties of cells within different portions of the dorsal column nuclei.", "contents": "Efferent projections of the gracile nucleus in the cat. The efferent projections of different portions of the gracile nucleus in the cat were studied using both autoradiographic and degeneration tracing methods. The results suggest that there are two aspects to the functional organization of these projections. First, the somatotopic organization of the gracile n. (GR) is maintained, but inverted, by the topographic organization of its projections to VPL1. Fibers from the lateral portions of GR terminate medially in VPL1; fibers from the dorsal portions terminate ventrally. These fibers, especially those from the middle and caudal portions of GR, terminate in dense, precisely located groups of clusters. Dorsally located clusters in VPL1 (predominantly from middle-ventral portions of GR) are significantly smaller than ventrally located clusters (predominantly from middle-dorsal portions). The second aspect of this organization, involving the projections both to VPL1 and to other brain stem targets, is that some kind of functionally relevant sorting process appears to occur as fibers leave different portions of the gracile n. The afferent projections of the rostral (GRr) and middle-ventral portions (GRmv) of the gracile n. are different from those from the other portions of the nucleus. Projections to VPL1 from GRr are less dense, less likely to form clusters, less clearly topographically organized, and extend further rostrally and dorsally in VPL1 than those from the rest of GR. The clusters are small, like those from GRmv. Similarly, although all portions of GR project to several other brain stem regions, these projections appear to be derived preferentially from GRr and/or GRmv. These brain stem regions involve certain portions of the inferior olive, inferior and superior colliculi, red n., zona incerta, pretectum, thalamic posterior group and the H field of Forel. This dual organization of efferent connectivity is similar to that of the cuneate n.20, and is consistent with many of the differences in cytoarchitecture, afferent connectivity and response properties of cells within different portions of the dorsal column nuclei.", "PMID": 687981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7826", "title": "Nerve endings in the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle of the rat: electron microscopic study.", "content": "Nerve fibers and nerve endings in the fourth ventricle choroid plexus of the adult rat were studied with the electron microscope. Nerve endings were found at two sites within the plexus: (1) on the smooth musculature of the blood vessels (i.e. vascular nerve endings), and (2) in the stroma between the choroidal epithelium and the fibrovascular core. Ultrastructurally all fibers were of the efferent type, and the majority were unmyelinated. No ganglion cell bodies were identified. Fibers ending in relation to the smooth muscle of the vessels presumably control the calibre of these vascular channels. Although the role of the stromal nerve endings is as yet unknown, these fibers may influence epithelial cell functions and thus indirectly regulate choroidal cerebrospinal fluid production.", "contents": "Nerve endings in the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle of the rat: electron microscopic study. Nerve fibers and nerve endings in the fourth ventricle choroid plexus of the adult rat were studied with the electron microscope. Nerve endings were found at two sites within the plexus: (1) on the smooth musculature of the blood vessels (i.e. vascular nerve endings), and (2) in the stroma between the choroidal epithelium and the fibrovascular core. Ultrastructurally all fibers were of the efferent type, and the majority were unmyelinated. No ganglion cell bodies were identified. Fibers ending in relation to the smooth muscle of the vessels presumably control the calibre of these vascular channels. Although the role of the stromal nerve endings is as yet unknown, these fibers may influence epithelial cell functions and thus indirectly regulate choroidal cerebrospinal fluid production.", "PMID": 687982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7827", "title": "A mapping of the distribution of acetycholine, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in discrete areas of rat brain.", "content": "Acetylcholine (ACh) concentration, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured in 60 discrete areas dissected from the rat forebrain. All 3 substances were detectable in every region examined. The range for ACh levels was approximately 9-fold, with highest levels in the striatal and mesolimbic areas. Wider ranges were found for ChAT and AChE. In addition to not having a uniform distribution ACh, ChAT and AChE did not always show proportional variations. ACh levels did not appear to relate to the activity of either enzyme in a simple manner. There was a better correlation (r = 0.902) between the activities of ChAT and AChE, with AChE activities always being higher. In some regions, AChE was disproportionately low or high relative to ChAT. In general, the biochemical results presented here are compatible with histochemical studies of AChE. Such measurements in small brain regions should prove valuable in future experiments designed to determine cholinergic function and localize cholinergic pathways.", "contents": "A mapping of the distribution of acetycholine, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in discrete areas of rat brain. Acetylcholine (ACh) concentration, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured in 60 discrete areas dissected from the rat forebrain. All 3 substances were detectable in every region examined. The range for ACh levels was approximately 9-fold, with highest levels in the striatal and mesolimbic areas. Wider ranges were found for ChAT and AChE. In addition to not having a uniform distribution ACh, ChAT and AChE did not always show proportional variations. ACh levels did not appear to relate to the activity of either enzyme in a simple manner. There was a better correlation (r = 0.902) between the activities of ChAT and AChE, with AChE activities always being higher. In some regions, AChE was disproportionately low or high relative to ChAT. In general, the biochemical results presented here are compatible with histochemical studies of AChE. Such measurements in small brain regions should prove valuable in future experiments designed to determine cholinergic function and localize cholinergic pathways.", "PMID": 687983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7828", "title": "Evidence for loss of Purkinje cell dendrites during late development: a morphometric Golgi analysis in the mouse.", "content": "The late postnatal development of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree in mouse cerebellar vermis was investigated in Golgi preparations by morphometric techniques in order to determine at what age adult characteristics of the Purkinje cell are achieved in the rodent brain which grows continuously throughout adult life. B6D2F1 hybrid mice were sacrificed at 9, 15, 20, 35 and 250 days of age. \"Hind-brain\" weights (by direct weighing) and vermis volume (determined histometrically from Golgi sections), both increased rapidly from 9 to 20 days of age and continued to increase steadily with advancing age. The growth of Purkinje dendritic field areas, determined by planimetric measurements from Golgi sections paralleled the growth curves for vermis cross-sectional area, vermis volume and \"hindbrain\" weight. However, stereological determinations revealed an unexpected disparity between the growth of the Purkinje dendritic field areas and changes in the total length of dendrites of Purkinje cells. The total dendritic branch length per Purkinje cell increased sharply up to 20 days of age but thereafter declined with advancing age. Dendritic spine counts on Purkinje cells revealed no change in the number of dendritic spines per unit length of dendrites between 20 and 250 days of age, however, since the Purkinje cell total branch length declined-calculations suggest that the total number of spines per cell declined after 20 days of age. Thus, the size of the cerebellum and the Purkinje cell dendritic tree continued to enlarge during late postnatal development; however, the total dendritic surface area and the total number of dendritic spines on each Purkinje cell, after reaching a peak at 20 days of age, declined with advancing age. The data suggest that the late postnatal development of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is characterized by resorption as well as dendritic growth. The functional significance of such developmental remodelling is unknown.", "contents": "Evidence for loss of Purkinje cell dendrites during late development: a morphometric Golgi analysis in the mouse. The late postnatal development of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree in mouse cerebellar vermis was investigated in Golgi preparations by morphometric techniques in order to determine at what age adult characteristics of the Purkinje cell are achieved in the rodent brain which grows continuously throughout adult life. B6D2F1 hybrid mice were sacrificed at 9, 15, 20, 35 and 250 days of age. \"Hind-brain\" weights (by direct weighing) and vermis volume (determined histometrically from Golgi sections), both increased rapidly from 9 to 20 days of age and continued to increase steadily with advancing age. The growth of Purkinje dendritic field areas, determined by planimetric measurements from Golgi sections paralleled the growth curves for vermis cross-sectional area, vermis volume and \"hindbrain\" weight. However, stereological determinations revealed an unexpected disparity between the growth of the Purkinje dendritic field areas and changes in the total length of dendrites of Purkinje cells. The total dendritic branch length per Purkinje cell increased sharply up to 20 days of age but thereafter declined with advancing age. Dendritic spine counts on Purkinje cells revealed no change in the number of dendritic spines per unit length of dendrites between 20 and 250 days of age, however, since the Purkinje cell total branch length declined-calculations suggest that the total number of spines per cell declined after 20 days of age. Thus, the size of the cerebellum and the Purkinje cell dendritic tree continued to enlarge during late postnatal development; however, the total dendritic surface area and the total number of dendritic spines on each Purkinje cell, after reaching a peak at 20 days of age, declined with advancing age. The data suggest that the late postnatal development of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is characterized by resorption as well as dendritic growth. The functional significance of such developmental remodelling is unknown.", "PMID": 687992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7829", "title": "Disorganization of myelinogenesis in tissue culture by anti-CNS antiserum.", "content": "The presence of decomplemented anti-CNS antiserum profoundly affects myelinogenesis in cultured mouse embryo spinal cord. Light and electron microscope study has shown that oligodendroglia differentiate and produce an abundance of cell processes which surround the oligodendrocytes in a chaotic, disorganized array. Where the cell processes chance to meet, they form a kind of aberrant swollen myelin. Rarely, the oligodendroglial processes ensheath axons. For the most part, the available axons remain unmyelinated. On removal of the decomplemented antiserum, oligodendroglia differentiate and form normal myelin around the available axons. Myelination of peripheral nervous system (dorsal root ganglion) axons in the same preparations is unaffected by the presence of the antiserum. Thus, under these circumstances, the message from the neuron to the oligodendrocyte to make myelin is apparently intact, yet there is interference with the ability of the oligodendroglial cell process to find, attach to and encircle CNS axons with a normal myelin sheath.", "contents": "Disorganization of myelinogenesis in tissue culture by anti-CNS antiserum. The presence of decomplemented anti-CNS antiserum profoundly affects myelinogenesis in cultured mouse embryo spinal cord. Light and electron microscope study has shown that oligodendroglia differentiate and produce an abundance of cell processes which surround the oligodendrocytes in a chaotic, disorganized array. Where the cell processes chance to meet, they form a kind of aberrant swollen myelin. Rarely, the oligodendroglial processes ensheath axons. For the most part, the available axons remain unmyelinated. On removal of the decomplemented antiserum, oligodendroglia differentiate and form normal myelin around the available axons. Myelination of peripheral nervous system (dorsal root ganglion) axons in the same preparations is unaffected by the presence of the antiserum. Thus, under these circumstances, the message from the neuron to the oligodendrocyte to make myelin is apparently intact, yet there is interference with the ability of the oligodendroglial cell process to find, attach to and encircle CNS axons with a normal myelin sheath.", "PMID": 687993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7830", "title": "Topographical distribution of dopaminergic innervation and dopaminergic receptors of the anterior cerebral cortex of the rat.", "content": "The quantitative topographical distribution of the dopaminergic innervation and the DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase were estimated in the anterior cerebral cortex of the rat. The high affinity uptake of [3H]DA and endogenous levels of DA were used as markers of the dopaminergic innervation. [3H]DA uptake, DA levels and DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase were estimated in microdiscs of tissues punched out from frozen serial frontal slices. The uptake of [3H]DA was measured on sucrose homogenates prepared from such microdiscs. The ventral part of the frontal cortex contained the highest DA concentration and DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity; the other structures rich in DA and in DA receptors were the cingular (close to the corpus callsoum) and the rhinal cortices. All of these cortical areas were rich in [3H]DA uptake sites. However, curiously, the dorsal part of the frontal cortex, which contained only moderate amounts of DA and of DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase, presented the highest number of [3H]DA uptake sites. Nevertheless, the uptake of [3H]DA in this region decreased by 60% after bilateral electrolytical lesions of the ventral tegmental area (A10 group). The parietal cortex was practically devoid of dopaminergic innervation and of DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase. The activity of the DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the frontal, cingular and rhinal cortices was 10-fold higher than that found in the striatum when compared to their respective DA levels.", "contents": "Topographical distribution of dopaminergic innervation and dopaminergic receptors of the anterior cerebral cortex of the rat. The quantitative topographical distribution of the dopaminergic innervation and the DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase were estimated in the anterior cerebral cortex of the rat. The high affinity uptake of [3H]DA and endogenous levels of DA were used as markers of the dopaminergic innervation. [3H]DA uptake, DA levels and DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase were estimated in microdiscs of tissues punched out from frozen serial frontal slices. The uptake of [3H]DA was measured on sucrose homogenates prepared from such microdiscs. The ventral part of the frontal cortex contained the highest DA concentration and DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity; the other structures rich in DA and in DA receptors were the cingular (close to the corpus callsoum) and the rhinal cortices. All of these cortical areas were rich in [3H]DA uptake sites. However, curiously, the dorsal part of the frontal cortex, which contained only moderate amounts of DA and of DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase, presented the highest number of [3H]DA uptake sites. Nevertheless, the uptake of [3H]DA in this region decreased by 60% after bilateral electrolytical lesions of the ventral tegmental area (A10 group). The parietal cortex was practically devoid of dopaminergic innervation and of DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase. The activity of the DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the frontal, cingular and rhinal cortices was 10-fold higher than that found in the striatum when compared to their respective DA levels.", "PMID": 687994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7831", "title": "A pictorial representation of endogenous brain ATP by a bioluminescent method.", "content": "The layering of a luciferin-luciferase solution on brain slices makes endogenous ATP visible. Rat brains, frozen in situ and sliced at 16 micrometer thickness at a temperature of--15 degrees C, were fixed by a ternary mixture of ethanol, formalin and dioxane at--20 degrees C for 15 min, and dried at 40 degrees C for 12 h. Luciferin, luciferase and a small quantity of magnesium sulfate were dissolved into an arsenate buffer solution containing 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 2% gelatin and 1% glycerol. The solution was then frozen into a column, sliced at 40 micrometer thickness at--15 degrees C and placed on the precooled brain slice. A luminiferous luciferin-ATP reaction begins when the brain slice reaches room temperature and persists for more than 10 min. This technique therefore makes possible the optical and/or photographic determination of the endogenous concentration of brain ATP. Capability of the technique is also demonstrated.", "contents": "A pictorial representation of endogenous brain ATP by a bioluminescent method. The layering of a luciferin-luciferase solution on brain slices makes endogenous ATP visible. Rat brains, frozen in situ and sliced at 16 micrometer thickness at a temperature of--15 degrees C, were fixed by a ternary mixture of ethanol, formalin and dioxane at--20 degrees C for 15 min, and dried at 40 degrees C for 12 h. Luciferin, luciferase and a small quantity of magnesium sulfate were dissolved into an arsenate buffer solution containing 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 2% gelatin and 1% glycerol. The solution was then frozen into a column, sliced at 40 micrometer thickness at--15 degrees C and placed on the precooled brain slice. A luminiferous luciferin-ATP reaction begins when the brain slice reaches room temperature and persists for more than 10 min. This technique therefore makes possible the optical and/or photographic determination of the endogenous concentration of brain ATP. Capability of the technique is also demonstrated.", "PMID": 687995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7832", "title": "Centrifugal influence on olfactory bulb activity in the rabbit.", "content": "(1) Regions which exert centrifugal influences on the olfactory bulb activity were studied by applying systematic stimulation to various areas of the ipsilateral telencephalon in the rabbit. By delivering electric stimuli to the anterior commissure (AC), the deep lying structures in the projection areas of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) and the medial forebrain bundle situated between the lateral hypothalamic area and the lateral preoptic area, negative field potentials were evoked in the granule cell layer (GCL) of the bulb. (2) Intracellular recordings from the mitral cells and the GCL neurons in the olfactory bulb were performed in order to clarify the modes of the centrifugal influences on the olfactory bulb neurons. (3) EPSPs were recorded in the GCL neurons by stimulation of the deep-lying structure of the prepiriform cortex as well as by stimulation of the AC. The onset time and duration of the EPSPs corresponded well to those of the negative field potentials in the GCL. Thus, it was suggested that these negative potentials were caused by the EPSPs of the number of granule cells. (4) In almost all of the mitral cells, IPSPs were recorded by stimulation of the AC and the deep-lying structures of the LOT projection areas. The onsets of the IPSPs were found with delays of several milliseconds from those of the negative field potentials in the GCL. (5) It was postulated that the excitation of the centrifugal system mainly exerts a depressive influence on the activity of the mitral cell, and that the GCL neuron (presumably the granule cell) seems to be an inhibitory interneuron interpolated between the extrinsic fibers from the telencephalon and the mitral cell.", "contents": "Centrifugal influence on olfactory bulb activity in the rabbit. (1) Regions which exert centrifugal influences on the olfactory bulb activity were studied by applying systematic stimulation to various areas of the ipsilateral telencephalon in the rabbit. By delivering electric stimuli to the anterior commissure (AC), the deep lying structures in the projection areas of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) and the medial forebrain bundle situated between the lateral hypothalamic area and the lateral preoptic area, negative field potentials were evoked in the granule cell layer (GCL) of the bulb. (2) Intracellular recordings from the mitral cells and the GCL neurons in the olfactory bulb were performed in order to clarify the modes of the centrifugal influences on the olfactory bulb neurons. (3) EPSPs were recorded in the GCL neurons by stimulation of the deep-lying structure of the prepiriform cortex as well as by stimulation of the AC. The onset time and duration of the EPSPs corresponded well to those of the negative field potentials in the GCL. Thus, it was suggested that these negative potentials were caused by the EPSPs of the number of granule cells. (4) In almost all of the mitral cells, IPSPs were recorded by stimulation of the AC and the deep-lying structures of the LOT projection areas. The onsets of the IPSPs were found with delays of several milliseconds from those of the negative field potentials in the GCL. (5) It was postulated that the excitation of the centrifugal system mainly exerts a depressive influence on the activity of the mitral cell, and that the GCL neuron (presumably the granule cell) seems to be an inhibitory interneuron interpolated between the extrinsic fibers from the telencephalon and the mitral cell.", "PMID": 687996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7833", "title": "Potentiation of a cardioinhibitory reflex by hypothalamic stimulation in the rabbit.", "content": "Repetitive stimulation of an area within the lateral hypothalamus, near the mammillothalamic tract, evoked pressor responses with bradycardia in anaesthetized rabbits. With weak stimulation (cathodal pulses below 75--150 microamperemeter, 1 msec duration, 60--100 per sec for 5--9 sec) the pressor responses were accompanied by bradycardia similar in intensity to that evoked by i.v. administration of noradrenaline. Stronger stimulating currents evoked an intense bradycardia that could not have arisen solely through the baroreceptor reflex. With these stronger currents the heart rate sometimes fell, transiently, to less than 20% of the resting rate. After denervation of the 4 main buffer nerves (sinus and aortic nerves), hypothalamic stimulation could not readily evoke bradycardia, although the pressor, respiratory and other effects remained. When the baroreceptor afferents were activated, either by evoked pressor responses in rabbits whose buffer nerves were intact or by electrical stimulation of the central ends of divided aortic nerves, strong hypothalamic stimulation augmented the bradycardia evoked reflexly from these baroreceptor afferents. This evidence suggests that electrical stimulation of this area in the hypothalamus may facilitate the cardioinhibitory component of the baroreceptor reflex in the rabbit.", "contents": "Potentiation of a cardioinhibitory reflex by hypothalamic stimulation in the rabbit. Repetitive stimulation of an area within the lateral hypothalamus, near the mammillothalamic tract, evoked pressor responses with bradycardia in anaesthetized rabbits. With weak stimulation (cathodal pulses below 75--150 microamperemeter, 1 msec duration, 60--100 per sec for 5--9 sec) the pressor responses were accompanied by bradycardia similar in intensity to that evoked by i.v. administration of noradrenaline. Stronger stimulating currents evoked an intense bradycardia that could not have arisen solely through the baroreceptor reflex. With these stronger currents the heart rate sometimes fell, transiently, to less than 20% of the resting rate. After denervation of the 4 main buffer nerves (sinus and aortic nerves), hypothalamic stimulation could not readily evoke bradycardia, although the pressor, respiratory and other effects remained. When the baroreceptor afferents were activated, either by evoked pressor responses in rabbits whose buffer nerves were intact or by electrical stimulation of the central ends of divided aortic nerves, strong hypothalamic stimulation augmented the bradycardia evoked reflexly from these baroreceptor afferents. This evidence suggests that electrical stimulation of this area in the hypothalamus may facilitate the cardioinhibitory component of the baroreceptor reflex in the rabbit.", "PMID": 687997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7834", "title": "Microperoxisomes in the central nervous system of the postnatal rat.", "content": "The distribution of catalase-containing microperoxisomes was studied in the central nervous system of rats during the early postnatal period when the processes of myelination and cell differentiation are active. The regions selected for study included a region previously found in adult animals to contain substantial numbers of reactive microperoxisomes, as well as areas where few such bodies were seen. Microperoxisomes were relatively numerous in all areas during the first two postnatal weeks; at later times they occurred less frequently, or, in some areas, were almost entirely absent. In early postnatal CNS, catalase-positive microperoxisomes were found in all cell types in all regions studied. Neurons of both cerebrum and cerebellum contained catalase-positive microperoxisomes during the first two postnatal weeks; few such neuronal bodies are found in these areas after the third postnatal week. During the period of active myelination, catalase-positive microperoxisomes were found in oligodendrocyte cell bodies, and also in oligodendrocyte processes associated with forming myelin sheaths in all areas. In several areas during the first 3 postnatal weeks, catalase-positive bodies were seen in synaptic terminals, a location where they are seldom observed in mature tissue. Cells of postnatal choroid plexus also were found to contain modest numbers of reactive microperoxisomes.", "contents": "Microperoxisomes in the central nervous system of the postnatal rat. The distribution of catalase-containing microperoxisomes was studied in the central nervous system of rats during the early postnatal period when the processes of myelination and cell differentiation are active. The regions selected for study included a region previously found in adult animals to contain substantial numbers of reactive microperoxisomes, as well as areas where few such bodies were seen. Microperoxisomes were relatively numerous in all areas during the first two postnatal weeks; at later times they occurred less frequently, or, in some areas, were almost entirely absent. In early postnatal CNS, catalase-positive microperoxisomes were found in all cell types in all regions studied. Neurons of both cerebrum and cerebellum contained catalase-positive microperoxisomes during the first two postnatal weeks; few such neuronal bodies are found in these areas after the third postnatal week. During the period of active myelination, catalase-positive microperoxisomes were found in oligodendrocyte cell bodies, and also in oligodendrocyte processes associated with forming myelin sheaths in all areas. In several areas during the first 3 postnatal weeks, catalase-positive bodies were seen in synaptic terminals, a location where they are seldom observed in mature tissue. Cells of postnatal choroid plexus also were found to contain modest numbers of reactive microperoxisomes.", "PMID": 688002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7835", "title": "Gastrin and cholecystokinin in human cerebrospinal fluid. Immunochemical determination of concentrations and molecular heterogeneity.", "content": "To determine whether gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), recently found in the central nervous sytem, were present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), we studied human specimens by sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for the two related polypeptide hormones. The concentration of gastrin in cerebrospinal fluid from 10 neurologically normal persons ranged from 1.5 to 8.0 pM (mean 3.4 pM), whereas the concentration of CCK ranged from 4 to 55 pM (mean 14 pM). The molecular heterogeneity of gastrin and CCK in CSF was determined by gel chromatography of concentrated fluid monitored by 3 gastrin radioimmunoassays specific for different sequences of gastrin17 and 3 CCK radioimmunoassays specific for different sequences of CCK33. Chromatography revealed that gastrin was present in molecular forms corresponding to gastrin34 ('big gastrin') and gastrin17. CCK was present in molecular forms corresponding to the COOH-terminal octapeptide amide of CCK33 and a fragment corresponding to sequence 25-29 of CCK33. Also, a peptide corresponding to COOH-terminal tetrapeptide amide common to both gastrin and CCK was found. The results indicate that true gastrin as well as CCK are present in CSF, and that both hormones display a molecular heterogeneity similar to that found in extracts of brain tissue.", "contents": "Gastrin and cholecystokinin in human cerebrospinal fluid. Immunochemical determination of concentrations and molecular heterogeneity. To determine whether gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), recently found in the central nervous sytem, were present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), we studied human specimens by sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for the two related polypeptide hormones. The concentration of gastrin in cerebrospinal fluid from 10 neurologically normal persons ranged from 1.5 to 8.0 pM (mean 3.4 pM), whereas the concentration of CCK ranged from 4 to 55 pM (mean 14 pM). The molecular heterogeneity of gastrin and CCK in CSF was determined by gel chromatography of concentrated fluid monitored by 3 gastrin radioimmunoassays specific for different sequences of gastrin17 and 3 CCK radioimmunoassays specific for different sequences of CCK33. Chromatography revealed that gastrin was present in molecular forms corresponding to gastrin34 ('big gastrin') and gastrin17. CCK was present in molecular forms corresponding to the COOH-terminal octapeptide amide of CCK33 and a fragment corresponding to sequence 25-29 of CCK33. Also, a peptide corresponding to COOH-terminal tetrapeptide amide common to both gastrin and CCK was found. The results indicate that true gastrin as well as CCK are present in CSF, and that both hormones display a molecular heterogeneity similar to that found in extracts of brain tissue.", "PMID": 688012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7836", "title": "Behavioral and physiological studies of non-narcotic analgesia in the rat elicited by certain environmental stimuli.", "content": "These experiments characterized the analgesia resulting from exposure to certain noxious and/or stressful manipulations. Rats exposed either to electric grid shock (0.35-2.0 mA for 10-30 sec) or to 5 min of presumably non-painful centrifugal rotation (about 7.0 transverse g's) were analgesic as measured by tail-flick, hot plate and responses to applications of a calibrated paw pinch or alligator clip. Analgesia produced by shock (SA) or centrifugal rotation (RA) persisted after termination of these manipulations. Neither SA nor RA were attended by generalized sensory, attentional or motoric deficits. Intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline also increased tail-flick latencies. Exposure to brief ether anesthesia or horizontal oscillation, both of which have been reported to increase ACTH secretion (a commonly used indicator of stress), did not produce analgesia as measured by the tail-flick test. The use of classical conditioning procedures to pair shock with environmental stimuli resulted in increased tail-flick latencies. The narcotic antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) did not reduce the tail-flick inhibition produced by shock, rotation, hypertonic saline or classical conditioning. Chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg, i.p.) also failed to antagonize the increased tail-flick latencies produced by shock or conditioning. Tail-flick inhibition produced by shock or rotation was markedly reduced by complete spinal cord transection at thoracic levels. These results suggest that: (1) the selective modulation of nociceptive input at the level of the spinal cord can be mediated by a supraspinal system or systems physiologically distinct from those involved in analgesia produced by the administration of opiates; (2) non-narcotic modulation of nociceptive input occurring within the spinal cord can be learned by exposure to classical conditioning procedures; and (3) noxious stimuli are sufficient but not necessary to produce a non-narcotic analgesia; stress alone, however, is not always sufficient to produce this analgesia.", "contents": "Behavioral and physiological studies of non-narcotic analgesia in the rat elicited by certain environmental stimuli. These experiments characterized the analgesia resulting from exposure to certain noxious and/or stressful manipulations. Rats exposed either to electric grid shock (0.35-2.0 mA for 10-30 sec) or to 5 min of presumably non-painful centrifugal rotation (about 7.0 transverse g's) were analgesic as measured by tail-flick, hot plate and responses to applications of a calibrated paw pinch or alligator clip. Analgesia produced by shock (SA) or centrifugal rotation (RA) persisted after termination of these manipulations. Neither SA nor RA were attended by generalized sensory, attentional or motoric deficits. Intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline also increased tail-flick latencies. Exposure to brief ether anesthesia or horizontal oscillation, both of which have been reported to increase ACTH secretion (a commonly used indicator of stress), did not produce analgesia as measured by the tail-flick test. The use of classical conditioning procedures to pair shock with environmental stimuli resulted in increased tail-flick latencies. The narcotic antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) did not reduce the tail-flick inhibition produced by shock, rotation, hypertonic saline or classical conditioning. Chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg, i.p.) also failed to antagonize the increased tail-flick latencies produced by shock or conditioning. Tail-flick inhibition produced by shock or rotation was markedly reduced by complete spinal cord transection at thoracic levels. These results suggest that: (1) the selective modulation of nociceptive input at the level of the spinal cord can be mediated by a supraspinal system or systems physiologically distinct from those involved in analgesia produced by the administration of opiates; (2) non-narcotic modulation of nociceptive input occurring within the spinal cord can be learned by exposure to classical conditioning procedures; and (3) noxious stimuli are sufficient but not necessary to produce a non-narcotic analgesia; stress alone, however, is not always sufficient to produce this analgesia.", "PMID": 688016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7837", "title": "Deflection of selected optic fibers into a denervated tectum in goldfish.", "content": "In goldfish, one eye was enucleated, and after two or more weeks a select fraction of optic fibers from the remaining eye was deflected into the ipsilateral optic tectum. At varying intervals, the optic reinnervation of the ipsilateral tectum was measured by autoradiography and electrophysiologic mapping. Both methods indicated the deflected optic fibers not only innervated the appropriate region of tectum but also spread beyond this, occupying a total area that was several times greater than normal. Correlated with this spreading were low grain density in the autoradiograms and reduction in the number of amplitudes of units recorded electrophysiologically. The electrophysiology also revealed this projection to be almost devoid of topographic organization, showing only a crude but appropriate polarity.", "contents": "Deflection of selected optic fibers into a denervated tectum in goldfish. In goldfish, one eye was enucleated, and after two or more weeks a select fraction of optic fibers from the remaining eye was deflected into the ipsilateral optic tectum. At varying intervals, the optic reinnervation of the ipsilateral tectum was measured by autoradiography and electrophysiologic mapping. Both methods indicated the deflected optic fibers not only innervated the appropriate region of tectum but also spread beyond this, occupying a total area that was several times greater than normal. Correlated with this spreading were low grain density in the autoradiograms and reduction in the number of amplitudes of units recorded electrophysiologically. The electrophysiology also revealed this projection to be almost devoid of topographic organization, showing only a crude but appropriate polarity.", "PMID": 688017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7838", "title": "Modulation of intracranial self-stimulation behaviour by local perfusions of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin within the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens.", "content": "In order to examine the possible role of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the control of intracranial self-stimulation behaviour (ICSS) a push-pull perfusion system was used to administer different consecutive doses of DA, NA and 5-HT to discrete regions within the caudate nucleus (CN) and nucleus accumbens (NAC) of rats during ICSS. Electrode placements supporting ICSS were in both the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum (VMT). Animals were allowed to determine the ICSS pulse train duration thereby permitting three measures of ICSS behaviour: (1) mean presses/min; (2) mean duration/press and (3) mean time pressed/min. Eleven electrode/cannula combinations were found to be responsive to both DA and 5-HT. The DA response profile was typified by a significant increase in mean presses/min, a significant decrease in mean duration/press and no significant change in the mean time pressed/min. The response profile for 5-HT was the converse of the DA pattern for the first two measures of ICSS, however, again there was no significant change in the mean time pressed/min. In addition, 8 electrode/cannula combinations were sensitive to NA; for 5 combinations the response pattern was similar to that of DA, however, the changes in ICSS were generally larger and of longer duration. For the remaining 3 combinations sensitive to NA there was no major change in mean presses/min but a dramatic increase in the mean duration/press and consequently, an increase in the mean time pressed/min. It is suggested that the central control of ICSS behaviour might depend, in part, upon a relative balance between DA and 5-HT systems within the CN and NAC. The operational characteristics of this balance may be subject to additional modulation by the activation of an adrenergic receptor.", "contents": "Modulation of intracranial self-stimulation behaviour by local perfusions of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin within the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens. In order to examine the possible role of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the control of intracranial self-stimulation behaviour (ICSS) a push-pull perfusion system was used to administer different consecutive doses of DA, NA and 5-HT to discrete regions within the caudate nucleus (CN) and nucleus accumbens (NAC) of rats during ICSS. Electrode placements supporting ICSS were in both the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum (VMT). Animals were allowed to determine the ICSS pulse train duration thereby permitting three measures of ICSS behaviour: (1) mean presses/min; (2) mean duration/press and (3) mean time pressed/min. Eleven electrode/cannula combinations were found to be responsive to both DA and 5-HT. The DA response profile was typified by a significant increase in mean presses/min, a significant decrease in mean duration/press and no significant change in the mean time pressed/min. The response profile for 5-HT was the converse of the DA pattern for the first two measures of ICSS, however, again there was no significant change in the mean time pressed/min. In addition, 8 electrode/cannula combinations were sensitive to NA; for 5 combinations the response pattern was similar to that of DA, however, the changes in ICSS were generally larger and of longer duration. For the remaining 3 combinations sensitive to NA there was no major change in mean presses/min but a dramatic increase in the mean duration/press and consequently, an increase in the mean time pressed/min. It is suggested that the central control of ICSS behaviour might depend, in part, upon a relative balance between DA and 5-HT systems within the CN and NAC. The operational characteristics of this balance may be subject to additional modulation by the activation of an adrenergic receptor.", "PMID": 688018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7839", "title": "A procedure for obtaining initial estimates of parameters appearing in steady-state rate or equilibrium binding equations.", "content": "A \"peeling\" procedure is described for obtaining initial estimates of the parameters in the equation: formula: (see text), where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials in x. The method is illustrated, in the context of enzyme kinetics, using data which are fitted to the following equation: formula: (see text), where v denotes the initial steady-state velocity at an initial substrate concentration S, and a1, a2, b1, and b2 are non-negative constants. The applicability and limitations of the method for data fitting in fields such as enzyme kinetics and ligand-binding studies are discussed.", "contents": "A procedure for obtaining initial estimates of parameters appearing in steady-state rate or equilibrium binding equations. A \"peeling\" procedure is described for obtaining initial estimates of the parameters in the equation: formula: (see text), where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials in x. The method is illustrated, in the context of enzyme kinetics, using data which are fitted to the following equation: formula: (see text), where v denotes the initial steady-state velocity at an initial substrate concentration S, and a1, a2, b1, and b2 are non-negative constants. The applicability and limitations of the method for data fitting in fields such as enzyme kinetics and ligand-binding studies are discussed.", "PMID": 688059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7840", "title": "Control of glucose transport in adipose tissue of the rat: role of insulin, ATP, and intracellular metabolites.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to elucidate some of the mechanisms of control of the glucose transport step in adipose tissue. Glucose transport was studied by monitoring the conversion of [1-14C]glucose to 14CO2 in a system where glucose transport was made rate limiting by increasing the flux through the pentose phosphate pathway with phenazine methosulphate, an agent which results in rapid rates of reoxidation of NADPH. The maximum velocity for the apparent rate of glucose transport was increased significantly by insulin. There was no change in the glucose concentration required for half-maximal rates of 14CO2 production. Glucose transport was also monitored by directly measuring the rate of glucose uptake. Glucose uptake was increased by phenazine methosulphate. The intracellular glucose-6-phosphate concentration was decreased by phenazine methosulphate. These two agents, insulin and phenazine methosulphate, seemed to act by independent mechanisms as their optimal effects on glucose uptake were additive. The apparent rate of glucose transport was decreased by ATP which resulted in a decrease in maximal velocity but did not affect the affinity for glucose. This effect of ATP was seen in the presence of absence of insulin.", "contents": "Control of glucose transport in adipose tissue of the rat: role of insulin, ATP, and intracellular metabolites. The purpose of this study was to elucidate some of the mechanisms of control of the glucose transport step in adipose tissue. Glucose transport was studied by monitoring the conversion of [1-14C]glucose to 14CO2 in a system where glucose transport was made rate limiting by increasing the flux through the pentose phosphate pathway with phenazine methosulphate, an agent which results in rapid rates of reoxidation of NADPH. The maximum velocity for the apparent rate of glucose transport was increased significantly by insulin. There was no change in the glucose concentration required for half-maximal rates of 14CO2 production. Glucose transport was also monitored by directly measuring the rate of glucose uptake. Glucose uptake was increased by phenazine methosulphate. The intracellular glucose-6-phosphate concentration was decreased by phenazine methosulphate. These two agents, insulin and phenazine methosulphate, seemed to act by independent mechanisms as their optimal effects on glucose uptake were additive. The apparent rate of glucose transport was decreased by ATP which resulted in a decrease in maximal velocity but did not affect the affinity for glucose. This effect of ATP was seen in the presence of absence of insulin.", "PMID": 688060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7841", "title": "Studies on the preparation of rat liver plasma membrane fractions and on their polypeptide patterns.", "content": "Plasma membrane and bile canalicular membrane fractions were prepared from rat liver using NaHCO3, NaHCO3--CaCl2, and K2HPO4-KH2PO4 buffers (all at pH 7.4). The amount (expressed as milligrams protein per gram liver) of plasma membrane fraction exceeded the amount of bile canalicular membrane fraction using each of these three media; the use of NaHCO3-CaCl2 afforded a substantially higher yield of both types of membranes. The two membrane fractions exhibited complex patterns of polypeptides (greater than 30) on sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Several reproducible differences in polypeptide patterns were observable between the two membrane fractions; in particular, components possibly corresponding to the heavy chain of myosin and to action were prominent in the  bile canalicular membrane fraction. The effects of incubation in the above three buffers and in Tris--HCl (pH 7.4) on the polypeptide patterns of both types of membrane were studied. Many polypeptides were released from each type of membrane in all of these media. Differential effects on the polypeptide patterns of either type of membrane fraction were observed among the various buffers. In terms of minimizing loss of polypeptides, in general, NaHCO3--CacCl2 appeared to be the best buffer and Tris--HCl the worst buffer. The significance of these results for the preparation and storage of liver cell plasma membrane fractions is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the preparation of rat liver plasma membrane fractions and on their polypeptide patterns. Plasma membrane and bile canalicular membrane fractions were prepared from rat liver using NaHCO3, NaHCO3--CaCl2, and K2HPO4-KH2PO4 buffers (all at pH 7.4). The amount (expressed as milligrams protein per gram liver) of plasma membrane fraction exceeded the amount of bile canalicular membrane fraction using each of these three media; the use of NaHCO3-CaCl2 afforded a substantially higher yield of both types of membranes. The two membrane fractions exhibited complex patterns of polypeptides (greater than 30) on sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Several reproducible differences in polypeptide patterns were observable between the two membrane fractions; in particular, components possibly corresponding to the heavy chain of myosin and to action were prominent in the  bile canalicular membrane fraction. The effects of incubation in the above three buffers and in Tris--HCl (pH 7.4) on the polypeptide patterns of both types of membrane were studied. Many polypeptides were released from each type of membrane in all of these media. Differential effects on the polypeptide patterns of either type of membrane fraction were observed among the various buffers. In terms of minimizing loss of polypeptides, in general, NaHCO3--CacCl2 appeared to be the best buffer and Tris--HCl the worst buffer. The significance of these results for the preparation and storage of liver cell plasma membrane fractions is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 688061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7842", "title": "Wheat embryo ribonucleates. XII. Formal characterization of terminal and penultimate nucleoside residues at the 5'-ends of \"capped\" RNA from imbibing wheat embryos.", "content": "(1) N2,N2,7-Trimethylguanosine, not previously detected as a component of plant RNA, is shown to be present in the RNA which is isotopically labelled when dry wheat embryos imbibe water in a medium that contains[methyl-3H]methionine. (2) N2,N2,7-Trimethylguanosine and 7-methylguanosine are released as part of \"capped\" oligonucleotides when the isotopically labelled RNA from imbibing wheat embryos is subjected to hydrolysis by RNase T2. (3) By way of contrast with the \"capped\" RNA of animal cells, 5'-terminal \"cap\" structures (m7Gppp- and m32,2,7 Gppp-) in the \"capped\" RNA from the higher plant organism are not bonded to pneultimate O2'-methylnucleoside constituents. (4) In an allied study, it has been found that recovery of poly (A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos depends on the inclusion of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in phosphate-buffered (pH 6.8) phenolic emulsions. By way of contrast, recovery of poly (A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos does not depend on the inclusion of SDS in Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffered (pH 9.0) phenolic emulsions.", "contents": "Wheat embryo ribonucleates. XII. Formal characterization of terminal and penultimate nucleoside residues at the 5'-ends of \"capped\" RNA from imbibing wheat embryos. (1) N2,N2,7-Trimethylguanosine, not previously detected as a component of plant RNA, is shown to be present in the RNA which is isotopically labelled when dry wheat embryos imbibe water in a medium that contains[methyl-3H]methionine. (2) N2,N2,7-Trimethylguanosine and 7-methylguanosine are released as part of \"capped\" oligonucleotides when the isotopically labelled RNA from imbibing wheat embryos is subjected to hydrolysis by RNase T2. (3) By way of contrast with the \"capped\" RNA of animal cells, 5'-terminal \"cap\" structures (m7Gppp- and m32,2,7 Gppp-) in the \"capped\" RNA from the higher plant organism are not bonded to pneultimate O2'-methylnucleoside constituents. (4) In an allied study, it has been found that recovery of poly (A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos depends on the inclusion of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in phosphate-buffered (pH 6.8) phenolic emulsions. By way of contrast, recovery of poly (A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos does not depend on the inclusion of SDS in Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffered (pH 9.0) phenolic emulsions.", "PMID": 688062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7843", "title": "[Control of argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase activities in the newborn rat].", "content": "Some factors influencing the postnatal development of three urea cycle enzyme activities, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase, and arginase, in the liver of newborn rats, are studied. Premature and postmature birth change the developmental pattern of these enzyme activities, suggesting that the increase in enzyme activity after birth is initiated by the birth process. Starvation of newborn animals after birth has no effect on the postnatal development of the three enzyme activities. Bilateral adrenalectomy at birth causes a partial inhibition of the postnatal increase of argininosuccinase and arginase activities while injection of cortisol prevents the effects of adrenalectomy. It is suggested that presence of adrenal secretion is one condition necessary for the increased activity of the prematures.", "contents": "[Control of argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase activities in the newborn rat]. Some factors influencing the postnatal development of three urea cycle enzyme activities, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase, and arginase, in the liver of newborn rats, are studied. Premature and postmature birth change the developmental pattern of these enzyme activities, suggesting that the increase in enzyme activity after birth is initiated by the birth process. Starvation of newborn animals after birth has no effect on the postnatal development of the three enzyme activities. Bilateral adrenalectomy at birth causes a partial inhibition of the postnatal increase of argininosuccinase and arginase activities while injection of cortisol prevents the effects of adrenalectomy. It is suggested that presence of adrenal secretion is one condition necessary for the increased activity of the prematures.", "PMID": 688063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7844", "title": "Identification of the 5S RNA binding site in intermolecular complexes of wheat embryo ribosomal 5S and 18S RNA.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence in wheat embryo ribosomal 5S RNA that binds by complementary base pairing to ribosomal 18S RNA has been identified. The 5S--18S RNA complex was formed in vitro and the interacting regions of the two RNA chains were isolated by a combination of nuclease digestion and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The binding site is close to the 3'-end of the 5S RNA molecule and contains a maximum of 24 nucleotides.", "contents": "Identification of the 5S RNA binding site in intermolecular complexes of wheat embryo ribosomal 5S and 18S RNA. The nucleotide sequence in wheat embryo ribosomal 5S RNA that binds by complementary base pairing to ribosomal 18S RNA has been identified. The 5S--18S RNA complex was formed in vitro and the interacting regions of the two RNA chains were isolated by a combination of nuclease digestion and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The binding site is close to the 3'-end of the 5S RNA molecule and contains a maximum of 24 nucleotides.", "PMID": 688064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7845", "title": "Bile acid synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Normal adult rat hepatocytes were incubated for 48h and the concentration of total and individual bile acids in homogenized samples of the culture was measured at intervals during the incubation, using radiogas chromatography and isotope derivative assay. The net increase in bile acids over the value observed at the start of the culture was taken as synthesis. The results showed that bile acid synthesis was linear up to 24h of incubation, at a rate of 20nmol/g hepatocytes per hour, and that 85% of the newly synthesized bile acid was cholic acid. The bile acid synthesized was mainly conjugated with taurine. These results suggest that isolated hepatocytes cultured in the way described could be a useful in vitro model for the study of bile acid synthesis.", "contents": "Bile acid synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Normal adult rat hepatocytes were incubated for 48h and the concentration of total and individual bile acids in homogenized samples of the culture was measured at intervals during the incubation, using radiogas chromatography and isotope derivative assay. The net increase in bile acids over the value observed at the start of the culture was taken as synthesis. The results showed that bile acid synthesis was linear up to 24h of incubation, at a rate of 20nmol/g hepatocytes per hour, and that 85% of the newly synthesized bile acid was cholic acid. The bile acid synthesized was mainly conjugated with taurine. These results suggest that isolated hepatocytes cultured in the way described could be a useful in vitro model for the study of bile acid synthesis.", "PMID": 688065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7846", "title": "Investigation of polyene macrolide antibiotic-induced permeability changes in vesicles by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "The permeability of egg yolk lecithin (EYL) vesicles to Pr3+ has been measured by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy. Measurable Pr3+ leakage into the internal aqueous compartment of EYL vesicles at ambient (21 degrees C) temperature required the presence of small (7--10 mol%) amounts of dicetyl phosphate (DCP). The permeability of DCP-containing vesicles is decreased by incorporation of sterol (cholesterol greater than ergosterol approximately 5.6-dihydroergosterol greater than zymosterol) into the lipid bilayer. Addition of the polyene macrolide antibiotic, nystatin, to DCP-containing EYL vesicles with and without sterol resulted in increased Pr3+ permeability at the three temperatures studied (21--37.5 degrees C). Permeability changes observed upon addition of nystatin to sterol-impregnated, DCP-containing vesicles varied with sterol structure: ergosterol approximately 5,6-dihydroergosterol greater than cholesterol approximately zymosterol. These results are compared with other polyene macrolide induced permeability changes on model and natural membrane systems. Permeability changes induced by nystatin in sterol-free EYL vesicles were generally greater than for comparable sterol-containing vesicles. This is attributed to a nonspecific interaction of the antibiotic with the latter vesicles.", "contents": "Investigation of polyene macrolide antibiotic-induced permeability changes in vesicles by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. The permeability of egg yolk lecithin (EYL) vesicles to Pr3+ has been measured by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy. Measurable Pr3+ leakage into the internal aqueous compartment of EYL vesicles at ambient (21 degrees C) temperature required the presence of small (7--10 mol%) amounts of dicetyl phosphate (DCP). The permeability of DCP-containing vesicles is decreased by incorporation of sterol (cholesterol greater than ergosterol approximately 5.6-dihydroergosterol greater than zymosterol) into the lipid bilayer. Addition of the polyene macrolide antibiotic, nystatin, to DCP-containing EYL vesicles with and without sterol resulted in increased Pr3+ permeability at the three temperatures studied (21--37.5 degrees C). Permeability changes observed upon addition of nystatin to sterol-impregnated, DCP-containing vesicles varied with sterol structure: ergosterol approximately 5,6-dihydroergosterol greater than cholesterol approximately zymosterol. These results are compared with other polyene macrolide induced permeability changes on model and natural membrane systems. Permeability changes induced by nystatin in sterol-free EYL vesicles were generally greater than for comparable sterol-containing vesicles. This is attributed to a nonspecific interaction of the antibiotic with the latter vesicles.", "PMID": 688066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7847", "title": "Analysis of plant genomes. IV. Isolation and characterization of satellite DNA components from two dicotyledons cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and radish (Raphanus sativus).", "content": "Satellite DNA fractions from cucumber and radish, two plants having low DNA contents and relatively small chromosomes, were isolated and characterized. Reassociation studies of satellite and total nuclear DNA showed that the satellite fractions in these two plants contain most of the rapidly reassociating DNA. Cucumber satellite I was found to contain one major component (70% of the total satellite) having a density of 1.706 g/cm3 and a Tm of 90.5 degrees C and a minor component with a density of 1.712 g/cm3 and a Tm of 93.5 degrees C. The complexity of the major component was estimated to be 3.8 X 10(5) daltons while that of the minor one was 12.9 X 10(7) daltons. Although cucumber satellite II banded as a single peak at a density of 1.700 g/cm3 in neutral CsCl gradients, it was observed to have a rather broad denaturation profile with a Tm of 86.5 degrees C. Its Cot curve was also broader than that of satellite I and one of its components (40% of the total) had a complexity of 5.8 X 10(5) daltons. Two satellite fractions were also observed in the case of radish DNA but only satellite I was isolated in a pure form and characterized. This radish satellite formed a sharp, symmetrical peak at a density of 1.698 g/cm3 in neutral CsCl gradients and underwent denaturation in a narrow temperature range of 6 to 7 degrees C. An analysis of the optical reassociation kinetics showed that this satellite contained a major and a minor component. The major component, which comprised 80% of the satellite, had a complexity of 12.9 X 10(5) daltons. Hybridization experiments revealed that the ribosomal DNA was present in satellite II.", "contents": "Analysis of plant genomes. IV. Isolation and characterization of satellite DNA components from two dicotyledons cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and radish (Raphanus sativus). Satellite DNA fractions from cucumber and radish, two plants having low DNA contents and relatively small chromosomes, were isolated and characterized. Reassociation studies of satellite and total nuclear DNA showed that the satellite fractions in these two plants contain most of the rapidly reassociating DNA. Cucumber satellite I was found to contain one major component (70% of the total satellite) having a density of 1.706 g/cm3 and a Tm of 90.5 degrees C and a minor component with a density of 1.712 g/cm3 and a Tm of 93.5 degrees C. The complexity of the major component was estimated to be 3.8 X 10(5) daltons while that of the minor one was 12.9 X 10(7) daltons. Although cucumber satellite II banded as a single peak at a density of 1.700 g/cm3 in neutral CsCl gradients, it was observed to have a rather broad denaturation profile with a Tm of 86.5 degrees C. Its Cot curve was also broader than that of satellite I and one of its components (40% of the total) had a complexity of 5.8 X 10(5) daltons. Two satellite fractions were also observed in the case of radish DNA but only satellite I was isolated in a pure form and characterized. This radish satellite formed a sharp, symmetrical peak at a density of 1.698 g/cm3 in neutral CsCl gradients and underwent denaturation in a narrow temperature range of 6 to 7 degrees C. An analysis of the optical reassociation kinetics showed that this satellite contained a major and a minor component. The major component, which comprised 80% of the satellite, had a complexity of 12.9 X 10(5) daltons. Hybridization experiments revealed that the ribosomal DNA was present in satellite II.", "PMID": 688067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7848", "title": "Actin-like and tubulin-like proteins in synaptic junctional complexes.", "content": "Synaptic junctional complexes (SJCs), isolated by a procedure which preserves presynaptic dense projections (PDPs) contain as their major component a polypeptide (P55) which comigrates with tubulin on sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gels and another major polypeptide (P45) which comigrates with muscle actin. We report here the characterization of P55 and P45 by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by peptide mapping of the radioiodinated polypeptides. Our results indicate that P55 and P45 are homologous with tubulin and actin respectively, in terms of molecular weight, protein charge, and primary structure. Comparison of the sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of SJCs and postsynaptic densities (PSDs) indicates that P55 and P45 are associated mainly with PDPs but are also found in the PSD.", "contents": "Actin-like and tubulin-like proteins in synaptic junctional complexes. Synaptic junctional complexes (SJCs), isolated by a procedure which preserves presynaptic dense projections (PDPs) contain as their major component a polypeptide (P55) which comigrates with tubulin on sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gels and another major polypeptide (P45) which comigrates with muscle actin. We report here the characterization of P55 and P45 by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by peptide mapping of the radioiodinated polypeptides. Our results indicate that P55 and P45 are homologous with tubulin and actin respectively, in terms of molecular weight, protein charge, and primary structure. Comparison of the sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of SJCs and postsynaptic densities (PSDs) indicates that P55 and P45 are associated mainly with PDPs but are also found in the PSD.", "PMID": 688068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7849", "title": "A rapid method for the determination of CTP and phosphocholine in rat liver and baby hamster kidney 21 cells.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive assay for CTP and phosphocholine was required for us to determine the concentration of these compounds in tissues and cell cultures. Such a procedure was devised with CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, an enzyme which is highly specific for CTP and phosphocholine. The 0--22% ammonium sulfate precipitate of a cytosolic extract from rat liver was used as the source of the enzyme. The amount of CTP in an extract was estimated by the conversion of [3H]phosphocholine to 3H-labelled CDP-choline. Similarly, the concentration of phosphocholine was estimated by the formation of 3H-labelled CDP-choline from 3H-labelled CTP. The conversion of CTP and phosphocholine to CDP-choline was 90% when inorganic pyrophosphatase was added to the incubations. The formation of CDP-choline was linear between 1 and 10 nmol of CTP or phosphocholine. The concentration of CTP was determined in rat liver (62 nmol/g wet weight) and baby hamster kidney 21 (BHK-21) cells (161 nmol/g wet weight). The concentration of phosphocholine in rat liver was 1.16 mumol/g wet weight whereas in BHK-21 cells it was much less (69 nmol/g wet weight). By this procedure, it may be possible to establish the importance of CTP and phosphocholine in the control of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.", "contents": "A rapid method for the determination of CTP and phosphocholine in rat liver and baby hamster kidney 21 cells. A rapid and sensitive assay for CTP and phosphocholine was required for us to determine the concentration of these compounds in tissues and cell cultures. Such a procedure was devised with CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, an enzyme which is highly specific for CTP and phosphocholine. The 0--22% ammonium sulfate precipitate of a cytosolic extract from rat liver was used as the source of the enzyme. The amount of CTP in an extract was estimated by the conversion of [3H]phosphocholine to 3H-labelled CDP-choline. Similarly, the concentration of phosphocholine was estimated by the formation of 3H-labelled CDP-choline from 3H-labelled CTP. The conversion of CTP and phosphocholine to CDP-choline was 90% when inorganic pyrophosphatase was added to the incubations. The formation of CDP-choline was linear between 1 and 10 nmol of CTP or phosphocholine. The concentration of CTP was determined in rat liver (62 nmol/g wet weight) and baby hamster kidney 21 (BHK-21) cells (161 nmol/g wet weight). The concentration of phosphocholine in rat liver was 1.16 mumol/g wet weight whereas in BHK-21 cells it was much less (69 nmol/g wet weight). By this procedure, it may be possible to establish the importance of CTP and phosphocholine in the control of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.", "PMID": 688069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7850", "title": "A study of the influence of the method of oral administration of ampicillin upon plasma drug levels in calves.", "content": "Ampicillin was given orally to five Holstein calves using the following four different methods of administration: via stomach tube, mixed and fed in the calf starter ration, dissolved in milk and pail fed and administered orally as 400 mg commercial calf tablets. In addition, ampicillin was dissolved in milk and pail fed 20 to 30 minutes following intramuscular atropine. Ampicillin was only detected in the plasma of calves which had received the drug, pail fed in milk. Atropine administration slowed the appearance of the drug in the plasma but did not decrease the efficiency of absorption.", "contents": "A study of the influence of the method of oral administration of ampicillin upon plasma drug levels in calves. Ampicillin was given orally to five Holstein calves using the following four different methods of administration: via stomach tube, mixed and fed in the calf starter ration, dissolved in milk and pail fed and administered orally as 400 mg commercial calf tablets. In addition, ampicillin was dissolved in milk and pail fed 20 to 30 minutes following intramuscular atropine. Ampicillin was only detected in the plasma of calves which had received the drug, pail fed in milk. Atropine administration slowed the appearance of the drug in the plasma but did not decrease the efficiency of absorption.", "PMID": 688070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7851", "title": "An agglutination test for the detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in swine.", "content": "An agglutination test with the use of formalin-killed antigen of the cell carrying the capsule was developed and used for the detection of antibody in swine naturally infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica. Under optimum antigen concentration and reaction temperature 210 or 60% of 342 serum samples tested from 42 conventional swine herds were positive for Bordetella infection. In contrast, only 34 or 10% of 342 nasal swabs from the same animals were positive for Bordetella by culture technique. The test was relatively free of cross-reactivity to related organism. However, 2.7 and 13.0% of sera from growing pigs and mature hogs, respectively, reacted with antigen of Pasteurella multocida. Because of this, only agglutinin reactions in 1:20 dilutions or higher to Bordetella were considered positive. The bulk of the antibody activity of selected sera tested from various age ranges of swine was mercaptoethanol sensitive, suggesting that serum antibody in Bordetella infection may be associated with immunoglobulin IgM. Because of the high agglutinability and stability of formalin-killed antigen the test may be useful as an auxiliary aid for the diagnosis of Bordetella infection where the organism cannot be identified by culture means.", "contents": "An agglutination test for the detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in swine. An agglutination test with the use of formalin-killed antigen of the cell carrying the capsule was developed and used for the detection of antibody in swine naturally infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica. Under optimum antigen concentration and reaction temperature 210 or 60% of 342 serum samples tested from 42 conventional swine herds were positive for Bordetella infection. In contrast, only 34 or 10% of 342 nasal swabs from the same animals were positive for Bordetella by culture technique. The test was relatively free of cross-reactivity to related organism. However, 2.7 and 13.0% of sera from growing pigs and mature hogs, respectively, reacted with antigen of Pasteurella multocida. Because of this, only agglutinin reactions in 1:20 dilutions or higher to Bordetella were considered positive. The bulk of the antibody activity of selected sera tested from various age ranges of swine was mercaptoethanol sensitive, suggesting that serum antibody in Bordetella infection may be associated with immunoglobulin IgM. Because of the high agglutinability and stability of formalin-killed antigen the test may be useful as an auxiliary aid for the diagnosis of Bordetella infection where the organism cannot be identified by culture means.", "PMID": 688071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7852", "title": "On establishing reference values.", "content": "In order to establish a range of reference values for any characteristic one can use  Gaussian or nonparametric techniques, whichever are most appropriate. One  has the choice of calculating tolerance intervals or percentile intervals. A tolerance interval is said to contain, say 95% of the population with probability, say 0.90.  A percentile interval simply simply calculates the values between which 95% of the observations fall. If the data can be said to have a Gaussian distribution, the same precision can be obtained with smaller sample sizes than using the nonparametric techniques. In some cases, data which are not Gaussian can be transformed into a Gaussian form and hence make use of the more efficient Gaussian techniques. In both cases, the data should be checked for outliers or rogue observations and these should be eliminated if the testing procedure fails to imply that they are an integral part of the data.", "contents": "On establishing reference values. In order to establish a range of reference values for any characteristic one can use  Gaussian or nonparametric techniques, whichever are most appropriate. One  has the choice of calculating tolerance intervals or percentile intervals. A tolerance interval is said to contain, say 95% of the population with probability, say 0.90.  A percentile interval simply simply calculates the values between which 95% of the observations fall. If the data can be said to have a Gaussian distribution, the same precision can be obtained with smaller sample sizes than using the nonparametric techniques. In some cases, data which are not Gaussian can be transformed into a Gaussian form and hence make use of the more efficient Gaussian techniques. In both cases, the data should be checked for outliers or rogue observations and these should be eliminated if the testing procedure fails to imply that they are an integral part of the data.", "PMID": 688072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7853", "title": "Enigmatic resistance of sheep (Ovis aries) to infection by virulent Francisella tularensis.", "content": "Tularemia in range sheep is an occasional cause of severe economic loss from mortality and unthriftiness as well as a hazard to persons in contact with the animals. Epizootics are unpredictable and explosive, therefore, prophylaxis is more practical than therapy. Live vaccine of proven value in man and in beavers was inoculated into mature ewes and elicited antibodies without harm to the sheep. However, challenge of immunity was not possible because virulent Francisella tularensis in large doses did not cause significant mortality in healthy, well managed, unimmunized sheep. Evidence suggests that a complex of stresses such as inclement weather, lambing and concomitant ectoparasitism render sheep more susceptible to tularemia.", "contents": "Enigmatic resistance of sheep (Ovis aries) to infection by virulent Francisella tularensis. Tularemia in range sheep is an occasional cause of severe economic loss from mortality and unthriftiness as well as a hazard to persons in contact with the animals. Epizootics are unpredictable and explosive, therefore, prophylaxis is more practical than therapy. Live vaccine of proven value in man and in beavers was inoculated into mature ewes and elicited antibodies without harm to the sheep. However, challenge of immunity was not possible because virulent Francisella tularensis in large doses did not cause significant mortality in healthy, well managed, unimmunized sheep. Evidence suggests that a complex of stresses such as inclement weather, lambing and concomitant ectoparasitism render sheep more susceptible to tularemia.", "PMID": 688073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7854", "title": "Bovine erythrocytic, granulocytic and macrophage colony formation in culture. A preliminary report.", "content": "Bovine erythrocytic colonies containing up to 300 cells each were produced by using a plasma clot technique with five percent CO2 at 37 degrees C. with high humidity and 2.5 units of sheep step III erythropoietin per milliliter. Erythropoietin was essential for colony formation. The number of colonies ranged from 24 to 823 per 10(5) nucleated marrow cells plated, in different animals. Some of the erythroid colonies were mixed with granulocytes. Granulocyte/macrophage colonies were produced in methyl cellulose cultures. Colonies contained up to 1000 cells and the number of colonies ranged from 13 to 981 per 10(5) nucleated marrow cells plated, from different animals. Glass adherent cells appeared to produce colony stimulating activity in culture. In both culture systems, there was a direct linear relationship between the number of nucleated marrow cells plated and the number of colonies produced.", "contents": "Bovine erythrocytic, granulocytic and macrophage colony formation in culture. A preliminary report. Bovine erythrocytic colonies containing up to 300 cells each were produced by using a plasma clot technique with five percent CO2 at 37 degrees C. with high humidity and 2.5 units of sheep step III erythropoietin per milliliter. Erythropoietin was essential for colony formation. The number of colonies ranged from 24 to 823 per 10(5) nucleated marrow cells plated, in different animals. Some of the erythroid colonies were mixed with granulocytes. Granulocyte/macrophage colonies were produced in methyl cellulose cultures. Colonies contained up to 1000 cells and the number of colonies ranged from 13 to 981 per 10(5) nucleated marrow cells plated, from different animals. Glass adherent cells appeared to produce colony stimulating activity in culture. In both culture systems, there was a direct linear relationship between the number of nucleated marrow cells plated and the number of colonies produced.", "PMID": 688074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7855", "title": "Strongylus edentatus: development and lesions from ten weeks postinfection to patency.", "content": "Pony foals inoculated with infective Strongylus edentatus larvae were examined at necropsy from ten to 72 weeks postinfection. At ten weeks postinfection larvae were visible retroperitoneally in the liver and flanks and were recovered from the ligaments of the liver. The fourth molt was detected at 16 weeks postinfection and larvae were also recovered from the wall of the cecum at this time. By 40 weeks adult S. edentatus containing eggs were found in the contents of the cecum and colon. While many larvae migrate to remote parts of the body, it is likely that only those that attain the base of the cecum are successful in establishing in the cecum and colon as adult forms. By 36 weeks postinfection no larvae were found in the liver and up to this time none were found in the peritoneal cavity. Larvae were not recovered from the parenchyma of the lungs. Adhesions and disruption of omental architecture were frequent changes observed throughout infection. Casts of necrotic eosinophils enclosing tracks and larvae were observed beneath the intima of major veins of the cecum and colon. The liver was rough and the capsule thickened at 16 and 20 weeks postinfection and the flanks remained edematous until 36 weeks postinfection.", "contents": "Strongylus edentatus: development and lesions from ten weeks postinfection to patency. Pony foals inoculated with infective Strongylus edentatus larvae were examined at necropsy from ten to 72 weeks postinfection. At ten weeks postinfection larvae were visible retroperitoneally in the liver and flanks and were recovered from the ligaments of the liver. The fourth molt was detected at 16 weeks postinfection and larvae were also recovered from the wall of the cecum at this time. By 40 weeks adult S. edentatus containing eggs were found in the contents of the cecum and colon. While many larvae migrate to remote parts of the body, it is likely that only those that attain the base of the cecum are successful in establishing in the cecum and colon as adult forms. By 36 weeks postinfection no larvae were found in the liver and up to this time none were found in the peritoneal cavity. Larvae were not recovered from the parenchyma of the lungs. Adhesions and disruption of omental architecture were frequent changes observed throughout infection. Casts of necrotic eosinophils enclosing tracks and larvae were observed beneath the intima of major veins of the cecum and colon. The liver was rough and the capsule thickened at 16 and 20 weeks postinfection and the flanks remained edematous until 36 weeks postinfection.", "PMID": 688075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7856", "title": "The effect of thiopental sodium, methoxyflurane and halothane on the acid-base status in sheep.", "content": "Experiments have been carried out on 20 adult fat-tailed ewes to determine the effects of thiopental sodium, methoxyflurane and halothane on acid-base status of the saliva loss during prolonged surgical anaesthesia. The rate of loss of base in saliva depends on the volume of saliva produced, which fell sharply at the onset of anesthesia with the volatile anaesthesia. Plasma pH and plasma pvCO2 excess were both increased by the volatile anaesthetics but fell sharply during thiopental anaesthesia. Plasma pH and plasma PvCO2 showed no consistent relationship.", "contents": "The effect of thiopental sodium, methoxyflurane and halothane on the acid-base status in sheep. Experiments have been carried out on 20 adult fat-tailed ewes to determine the effects of thiopental sodium, methoxyflurane and halothane on acid-base status of the saliva loss during prolonged surgical anaesthesia. The rate of loss of base in saliva depends on the volume of saliva produced, which fell sharply at the onset of anesthesia with the volatile anaesthesia. Plasma pH and plasma pvCO2 excess were both increased by the volatile anaesthetics but fell sharply during thiopental anaesthesia. Plasma pH and plasma PvCO2 showed no consistent relationship.", "PMID": 688076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7857", "title": "The bovine alveolar macrophage. II. In vitro studies with Pasteurella haemolytica.", "content": "Bovine alveolar macrophages were cultured in vitro and challenged with suspensions of live and dead bacteria. These cells showed severe cytotoxic morphological changes and a low rate of phagocytosis after exposure to live Pasteurella haemolytica type I was readily phagocytosed and produced only mild cytotoxic changes.", "contents": "The bovine alveolar macrophage. II. In vitro studies with Pasteurella haemolytica. Bovine alveolar macrophages were cultured in vitro and challenged with suspensions of live and dead bacteria. These cells showed severe cytotoxic morphological changes and a low rate of phagocytosis after exposure to live Pasteurella haemolytica type I was readily phagocytosed and produced only mild cytotoxic changes.", "PMID": 688077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7858", "title": "The removal of \"nucleic acid\" from an antigen present in the livers of chickens with erythroblastosis.", "content": "The recovery of viral antigen in a pure form from tissue can be hindered by the small amount of antigen present relative to the remaining normal tissue constituents with which the antigen may form loose associations. An antigen from the livers of chickens with erythroblastosis had earlier seemed to be associated with nucleic acid.  The present work suggests that this material, which reacts with reagents for DNA and RNA but is soluble in 0.2N HClO4, is only a contaminant and not an integral part required for complete activity of the antigen. Treatment with 0.2N HClO4, together with precipitation of the active protein by 60% saturation of aqueous solutions with ammonium sulphate, removes the nucleic acid without destroying antigenicity. The procedure results in a marked degree of purification of the antigen (732-fold with respect to original liver protein) but contaminants still remain. A contaminant absorbing at 260 nm resisting extraction with 0.2N HClO4, can be partly eliminated if the solution is treated with ether-alcohol to remove lipid.", "contents": "The removal of \"nucleic acid\" from an antigen present in the livers of chickens with erythroblastosis. The recovery of viral antigen in a pure form from tissue can be hindered by the small amount of antigen present relative to the remaining normal tissue constituents with which the antigen may form loose associations. An antigen from the livers of chickens with erythroblastosis had earlier seemed to be associated with nucleic acid.  The present work suggests that this material, which reacts with reagents for DNA and RNA but is soluble in 0.2N HClO4, is only a contaminant and not an integral part required for complete activity of the antigen. Treatment with 0.2N HClO4, together with precipitation of the active protein by 60% saturation of aqueous solutions with ammonium sulphate, removes the nucleic acid without destroying antigenicity. The procedure results in a marked degree of purification of the antigen (732-fold with respect to original liver protein) but contaminants still remain. A contaminant absorbing at 260 nm resisting extraction with 0.2N HClO4, can be partly eliminated if the solution is treated with ether-alcohol to remove lipid.", "PMID": 688078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7859", "title": "Lack of an effect of dietary selenium on serum albumin, glucose and urea nitrogen in ewes.", "content": "The results of a study on the effect of dietary selenium administered with vitamin E on serum levels of albumin, glucose and urea nitrogen in ewes are reported. In October, at the onset of breeding, after ten months on a dystrophogenic diet, mean serum levels of albumin (g/dl), glucose (mg/dl) and urea nitrogen (mg/dl) were respectively 3.5, 52.9 and 12.8, in 65 Se-deficient ewes and 3.6, 51.7 and 14.3 in 65 Se-adequate ewes. Despite a significant difference in the serum level of urea nitrogen between Se-deficient and Se-adequate groups, no consistent effect of dietary selenium was apparent.", "contents": "Lack of an effect of dietary selenium on serum albumin, glucose and urea nitrogen in ewes. The results of a study on the effect of dietary selenium administered with vitamin E on serum levels of albumin, glucose and urea nitrogen in ewes are reported. In October, at the onset of breeding, after ten months on a dystrophogenic diet, mean serum levels of albumin (g/dl), glucose (mg/dl) and urea nitrogen (mg/dl) were respectively 3.5, 52.9 and 12.8, in 65 Se-deficient ewes and 3.6, 51.7 and 14.3 in 65 Se-adequate ewes. Despite a significant difference in the serum level of urea nitrogen between Se-deficient and Se-adequate groups, no consistent effect of dietary selenium was apparent.", "PMID": 688079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7860", "title": "Perfusions of the posterior hypothalamus of cats with various ions and saccharides: effects on body temperature.", "content": "Alterations of the ionic constituents of solutions perfused through the tissue of the posterior hypothalamic region in conscious cats elicited changes in body temperatures. Increasing the (Ca2+) to (Na+) ratio of the perfusion solution elicited falls in body temperature which were accompanied by changes in posture and vasomotor tone which assisted the heat loss. The magnitude of the fall was dependent on the ratio of (Ca2+) to (Na+) and was not related to the osmolarity of perfusion solution. The addition of dextrose to the perfusion solution attenuated or abolished the response produced by an increase in the (Ca2+) to (Na+) ratio. This dextrose effect could be attributed to its role as an energy substrate. These data are consistent with and extend previous suggestions that the set point for body temperature may be dependent on the inherent ratio of the ionic constituents of the posterior hypothalamic area. Further, they suggest that these ionically induced alterations can be overriden by increasing the available energy substrate.", "contents": "Perfusions of the posterior hypothalamus of cats with various ions and saccharides: effects on body temperature. Alterations of the ionic constituents of solutions perfused through the tissue of the posterior hypothalamic region in conscious cats elicited changes in body temperatures. Increasing the (Ca2+) to (Na+) ratio of the perfusion solution elicited falls in body temperature which were accompanied by changes in posture and vasomotor tone which assisted the heat loss. The magnitude of the fall was dependent on the ratio of (Ca2+) to (Na+) and was not related to the osmolarity of perfusion solution. The addition of dextrose to the perfusion solution attenuated or abolished the response produced by an increase in the (Ca2+) to (Na+) ratio. This dextrose effect could be attributed to its role as an energy substrate. These data are consistent with and extend previous suggestions that the set point for body temperature may be dependent on the inherent ratio of the ionic constituents of the posterior hypothalamic area. Further, they suggest that these ionically induced alterations can be overriden by increasing the available energy substrate.", "PMID": 688080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7861", "title": "Differential impairment of thermogenesis in the pigeon after chemical sympathectomy.", "content": "A dose-controlled chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) did not disrupt thermostasis in the pigeon at +38 degrees C. At +6 degrees C, thermogenesis was impaired, but the lower body temperature and oxygen consumption were stable and vasoconstriction was normal. The stability may partly be explained by a massive release of adrenaline from the adrenals (50% in 20 min). Despite a deficit in heat production both after sympathectomy and after acute 6-OHDA, no change in muscle electrical activity was observed. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was significantly elevated after sympathectomy, but no changes occurred in blood glucose or plasma lactate levels. The results indicate a major compensatory role for the adrenals in avian thermogenesis. They also suggest a sympathetically mediated auxiliary thermogenic mechanism independent of muscle electrical activity and coupled to FFA metabolism.", "contents": "Differential impairment of thermogenesis in the pigeon after chemical sympathectomy. A dose-controlled chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) did not disrupt thermostasis in the pigeon at +38 degrees C. At +6 degrees C, thermogenesis was impaired, but the lower body temperature and oxygen consumption were stable and vasoconstriction was normal. The stability may partly be explained by a massive release of adrenaline from the adrenals (50% in 20 min). Despite a deficit in heat production both after sympathectomy and after acute 6-OHDA, no change in muscle electrical activity was observed. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was significantly elevated after sympathectomy, but no changes occurred in blood glucose or plasma lactate levels. The results indicate a major compensatory role for the adrenals in avian thermogenesis. They also suggest a sympathetically mediated auxiliary thermogenic mechanism independent of muscle electrical activity and coupled to FFA metabolism.", "PMID": 688081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7862", "title": "Adrenal-regeneration hypertension in Wistar-Furth rats.", "content": "The susceptibility of young virgin female Wistar-Furth (W/Fu) rats to adrenal-regeneration hypertension (ARH) was evaluated by comparing the blood pressure of adrenal-enucleated, mononephroadrenalectomized, salt-loaded rats with that of similarly treated rats having one intact adrenal over a period of 5 weeks. Hypertension began to appear in animals of the first group by the 3rd week, affected all of them by the 4th week, and increased in severity during the 5th week. Control rats remained normotensive during the study. Hypertensive rats developed marked enlargement of the heart and kidney, which frequently displaced myocardial scarring and nephrosclerosis, respectively. These studies do not support the contention that W/Fu rats display heightened resistance to ARH to which, in fact, they appear to be just as susceptible as are most other strains.", "contents": "Adrenal-regeneration hypertension in Wistar-Furth rats. The susceptibility of young virgin female Wistar-Furth (W/Fu) rats to adrenal-regeneration hypertension (ARH) was evaluated by comparing the blood pressure of adrenal-enucleated, mononephroadrenalectomized, salt-loaded rats with that of similarly treated rats having one intact adrenal over a period of 5 weeks. Hypertension began to appear in animals of the first group by the 3rd week, affected all of them by the 4th week, and increased in severity during the 5th week. Control rats remained normotensive during the study. Hypertensive rats developed marked enlargement of the heart and kidney, which frequently displaced myocardial scarring and nephrosclerosis, respectively. These studies do not support the contention that W/Fu rats display heightened resistance to ARH to which, in fact, they appear to be just as susceptible as are most other strains.", "PMID": 688082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7863", "title": "The rabbit mesenteric vein: a specific bioassay for substance P.", "content": "The anterior mesenteric vein of the rabbit responds to substance P with dose-dependent contractions and is among the vascular smooth muscles most sensitive to this peptide. In spite of its high sensitivity to numerous other agents, including angiotensin and bradykinin, the rabbit mesenteric vein can be made selective for substance P by the use of specific inhibitors that will prevent the myotropic effects of acetylcholine, catecholamines, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and of the two above-mentioned peptides, without modifying the contractions elicited by substance P. It appears that this peptide acts directly on specific receptors and not through the release of neurotransmitters. Interference by intramural prostaglandins is excluded because substance P is equally active on tissues pretreated with indomethacin or untreated. Dose-response curves obtained with substance P are close to the theoretical curves predicted by the mass action law. The rabbit mesenteric vein contains a new type of receptor for bradykinin, recently identified (REGOLI, D., MARCEAU, F., and BARABE, J. 1978. De novo formation of vascular receptors for bradykinin. Can, J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 56, in press.). The action of bradykinin on this receptor can be prevented with the use of specific and competitive inhibitors and, therefore, the mesenteric vein will distinguish between peptides of the kinins or of the substance P types.", "contents": "The rabbit mesenteric vein: a specific bioassay for substance P. The anterior mesenteric vein of the rabbit responds to substance P with dose-dependent contractions and is among the vascular smooth muscles most sensitive to this peptide. In spite of its high sensitivity to numerous other agents, including angiotensin and bradykinin, the rabbit mesenteric vein can be made selective for substance P by the use of specific inhibitors that will prevent the myotropic effects of acetylcholine, catecholamines, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and of the two above-mentioned peptides, without modifying the contractions elicited by substance P. It appears that this peptide acts directly on specific receptors and not through the release of neurotransmitters. Interference by intramural prostaglandins is excluded because substance P is equally active on tissues pretreated with indomethacin or untreated. Dose-response curves obtained with substance P are close to the theoretical curves predicted by the mass action law. The rabbit mesenteric vein contains a new type of receptor for bradykinin, recently identified (REGOLI, D., MARCEAU, F., and BARABE, J. 1978. De novo formation of vascular receptors for bradykinin. Can, J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 56, in press.). The action of bradykinin on this receptor can be prevented with the use of specific and competitive inhibitors and, therefore, the mesenteric vein will distinguish between peptides of the kinins or of the substance P types.", "PMID": 688083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7864", "title": "Absence of Na+--H+ barrier function in mucosa of canine small bowel.", "content": "The study was designed to determine whether the special Na+--H+ barrier function of the gastric mucosa is present in the mucosa of the small bowel and whether a gastric mucosal barrier breaker (hexanoic acid) would accelerate the fluxes of sodium in duodenum-jejunum and ileum as in the stomach. The observations were made in healthy conscious dogs with Thiry-Vella fistulae of the small bowel or Heidenhain pouches of the gastric corpus. These barrier characteristics of the stomach were completely absent in the small intestine where bidirectional Na fluxes were 5--10 times greater than in the stomach and were not accelerated by hexanoic acid as they were in the stomach. A comparison was made between the rates of absorption of hexanoic acid, sodium hexanoate, and HCl from the pouches and fistulae. The lipid-soluble fatty acid was transported at all sites more rapidly than its water-soluble sodium salt. In the stomach and ileum the H+ of HCl and sodium hexanoate were absorbed at similar slow rates. The duodenal-jejunal mucosa, however, transported H+ at rates nearly identical to those of hexanoic acid. In our tests HCl was not neutralized in duodenal contents while large quantities were neutralized in the contents of ileum.", "contents": "Absence of Na+--H+ barrier function in mucosa of canine small bowel. The study was designed to determine whether the special Na+--H+ barrier function of the gastric mucosa is present in the mucosa of the small bowel and whether a gastric mucosal barrier breaker (hexanoic acid) would accelerate the fluxes of sodium in duodenum-jejunum and ileum as in the stomach. The observations were made in healthy conscious dogs with Thiry-Vella fistulae of the small bowel or Heidenhain pouches of the gastric corpus. These barrier characteristics of the stomach were completely absent in the small intestine where bidirectional Na fluxes were 5--10 times greater than in the stomach and were not accelerated by hexanoic acid as they were in the stomach. A comparison was made between the rates of absorption of hexanoic acid, sodium hexanoate, and HCl from the pouches and fistulae. The lipid-soluble fatty acid was transported at all sites more rapidly than its water-soluble sodium salt. In the stomach and ileum the H+ of HCl and sodium hexanoate were absorbed at similar slow rates. The duodenal-jejunal mucosa, however, transported H+ at rates nearly identical to those of hexanoic acid. In our tests HCl was not neutralized in duodenal contents while large quantities were neutralized in the contents of ileum.", "PMID": 688085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7865", "title": "The effects of vasodilators in the perfused hind limbs of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats.", "content": "The vascular effects of isoproterenol and nitroprusside were evaluated in the perfused hind limbs of age-matched normotensive Wistar (NW) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. The vasodilating effects of these two compounds were assessed in the presence of concentrations of noradrenaline sufficient to raise the basal perfusion pressure to 85--110 mmHg. The sensitivity of the hind limb vessels of SH rats to the vasodilating action of isoproterenol (2.4 x 10-6--1.0 x 10-4 M) was slightly greater than that of the hind limb vessels of NW rats. On the other hand, the sensitivity to the vasodilating effect of nitroprusside (1.7 x 10-7--3.3 x 10-5 M) was similar in the hind limb vessels of both groups of rats. Propranolol (7.6 x 10-6 M) inhibited to a similar extent the isoproterenol-induced dilation of NW or SH hind limb vessels, but did not modify the vasodilating effect of nitroprusside in these preparations, thus suggesting that the vasodilating action of isoproterenol was due to the stimulation of vascular beta-adrenergic receptors. These results do not support the hypothesis suggesting the existence of a deficient vascular relaxation in hypertensive rats.", "contents": "The effects of vasodilators in the perfused hind limbs of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. The vascular effects of isoproterenol and nitroprusside were evaluated in the perfused hind limbs of age-matched normotensive Wistar (NW) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. The vasodilating effects of these two compounds were assessed in the presence of concentrations of noradrenaline sufficient to raise the basal perfusion pressure to 85--110 mmHg. The sensitivity of the hind limb vessels of SH rats to the vasodilating action of isoproterenol (2.4 x 10-6--1.0 x 10-4 M) was slightly greater than that of the hind limb vessels of NW rats. On the other hand, the sensitivity to the vasodilating effect of nitroprusside (1.7 x 10-7--3.3 x 10-5 M) was similar in the hind limb vessels of both groups of rats. Propranolol (7.6 x 10-6 M) inhibited to a similar extent the isoproterenol-induced dilation of NW or SH hind limb vessels, but did not modify the vasodilating effect of nitroprusside in these preparations, thus suggesting that the vasodilating action of isoproterenol was due to the stimulation of vascular beta-adrenergic receptors. These results do not support the hypothesis suggesting the existence of a deficient vascular relaxation in hypertensive rats.", "PMID": 688086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7866", "title": "Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. VIII. Anticonvulsant activity of primidone and its metabolites, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide.", "content": "Primidone is an effective anticonvulsant against seizures induced in epileptic fowl by exposure to intermittent photic stimulation. Epileptic fowl metabolize primidone to phenobarbital. Pretreatment of epileptic fowl with SKF 525A to prevent the metabolism of primidone to phenobarbital indicated that primidone itself had anticonvulsant activity. Phenylethylmalonamide, a second metabolite of primidone, did not have anticonvulsant activity when administered at the same dose as primidone.", "contents": "Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. VIII. Anticonvulsant activity of primidone and its metabolites, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide. Primidone is an effective anticonvulsant against seizures induced in epileptic fowl by exposure to intermittent photic stimulation. Epileptic fowl metabolize primidone to phenobarbital. Pretreatment of epileptic fowl with SKF 525A to prevent the metabolism of primidone to phenobarbital indicated that primidone itself had anticonvulsant activity. Phenylethylmalonamide, a second metabolite of primidone, did not have anticonvulsant activity when administered at the same dose as primidone.", "PMID": 688087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7867", "title": "Tectospinal and tectoreticular cells: their distribution and afferent connections.", "content": "Experiments on chloralose-anaesthetized cats have shown that cells in the superior colliculus may be antidromically activated either from the pontomedullary reticular formation or the ventral cervical spinal cord, or from both sites. In tests on 111 units this has provided a basis for differentiating between cells of origin of the tectospinal tract and the tectoreticular system within the superior colliculus. Tectospinal cells may be activated both by spinal and pontine stimulation; tectoreticular cells cannot be activated by spinal stimulation. Both tectoreticular and tectospinal cells respond to visual and muscle afferent stimulation. The afferent connections may be strongly inhibitory as afferent input to the superior colliculus ofter prevented subsequent antidromic invasion. This was more commonly seen in tectospinal cells than tectoreticular cells. The distribution of the two cell populations within the superior colliculus was also found to be dissimilar. Evidence has also been obtained to suggest that the tectoreticular system, in part, consists of collaterals of the tectospinal tract.", "contents": "Tectospinal and tectoreticular cells: their distribution and afferent connections. Experiments on chloralose-anaesthetized cats have shown that cells in the superior colliculus may be antidromically activated either from the pontomedullary reticular formation or the ventral cervical spinal cord, or from both sites. In tests on 111 units this has provided a basis for differentiating between cells of origin of the tectospinal tract and the tectoreticular system within the superior colliculus. Tectospinal cells may be activated both by spinal and pontine stimulation; tectoreticular cells cannot be activated by spinal stimulation. Both tectoreticular and tectospinal cells respond to visual and muscle afferent stimulation. The afferent connections may be strongly inhibitory as afferent input to the superior colliculus ofter prevented subsequent antidromic invasion. This was more commonly seen in tectospinal cells than tectoreticular cells. The distribution of the two cell populations within the superior colliculus was also found to be dissimilar. Evidence has also been obtained to suggest that the tectoreticular system, in part, consists of collaterals of the tectospinal tract.", "PMID": 688089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7868", "title": "Spontaneous hydrolysis of heroin in buffered solution.", "content": "Electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography was used to study the spontaneous hydrolysis of heroin in phosphate buffer (pH 6.4 and pH 7.4) at 23 degrees C. Aliquots of solution were taken over a 24-h period. After extraction at pH 8.9 into propan-2-ol (10%)-ethyl acetate, deacetylated products were made into hepafluorobutyrate derivatives which were analyzed quantitatively using nalorphine as the internal standard. Heroin decomposes to 06-monoacetylmorphine (06-MAM) under these conditions. Further decomposition to morphine was not observed. Spontaneous hydrolysis was faster at pH 7.4 (first-order rate constant, 9.6 x 10-5 min-1) than at pH 6.4 (first-order rate constant, 3.0 x 10-5 min-1). In 24 h, the decomposition to 06-MAM was 13 and 4%, respectively.", "contents": "Spontaneous hydrolysis of heroin in buffered solution. Electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography was used to study the spontaneous hydrolysis of heroin in phosphate buffer (pH 6.4 and pH 7.4) at 23 degrees C. Aliquots of solution were taken over a 24-h period. After extraction at pH 8.9 into propan-2-ol (10%)-ethyl acetate, deacetylated products were made into hepafluorobutyrate derivatives which were analyzed quantitatively using nalorphine as the internal standard. Heroin decomposes to 06-monoacetylmorphine (06-MAM) under these conditions. Further decomposition to morphine was not observed. Spontaneous hydrolysis was faster at pH 7.4 (first-order rate constant, 9.6 x 10-5 min-1) than at pH 6.4 (first-order rate constant, 3.0 x 10-5 min-1). In 24 h, the decomposition to 06-MAM was 13 and 4%, respectively.", "PMID": 688091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7869", "title": "Acute tolerance to ethanol on the release of acetylcholine from the cat cerebral cortex.", "content": "Ethanol (1 g/kg, iv) produced a peak depression of acetylcholine release from the cat sensorimotor cortices within 30 min of the ethanol administration but recovery to control levels occurred in the following 30 min. However, the concentrations of ethanol in the blood and in the solution bathing the cortex remained stable during this recovery period. This example of acute tolerance to ethanol is possibly related to the well-known acute tolerance that develops to the behavioural effects of ethanol.", "contents": "Acute tolerance to ethanol on the release of acetylcholine from the cat cerebral cortex. Ethanol (1 g/kg, iv) produced a peak depression of acetylcholine release from the cat sensorimotor cortices within 30 min of the ethanol administration but recovery to control levels occurred in the following 30 min. However, the concentrations of ethanol in the blood and in the solution bathing the cortex remained stable during this recovery period. This example of acute tolerance to ethanol is possibly related to the well-known acute tolerance that develops to the behavioural effects of ethanol.", "PMID": 688092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7870", "title": "Chronotropic and inotropic effects of neurotensin on spontaneously beating auricles.", "content": "Synthetic neurotensin (NT) was shown to exert a potent positive inotropic and chronotropic action in spontaneoulsy beating guinea pig and rat auricles and to be inactive in the rabbit auricles. The positive inotropic effects of NT in guinea pig and rat auricles were detected at concentrations as low as 3.0--6.0 x 10-10 M. Maximal concentrations of NT (3.1 X 10-7 M) increased the amplitude of contractions by 135 and 55% in guinea pig and rat auricles, respectively. On the basis of ED50 values, NT was found to be 20--30 times more potent than epinephrine in increasing the force of contraction in guinea pig and rat auricles. The results suggested that the positive inotropic and chronotropic actions of NT are species dependent. The potential usefulness of NT in the treatment of experimentally induced heart failure is underlined.", "contents": "Chronotropic and inotropic effects of neurotensin on spontaneously beating auricles. Synthetic neurotensin (NT) was shown to exert a potent positive inotropic and chronotropic action in spontaneoulsy beating guinea pig and rat auricles and to be inactive in the rabbit auricles. The positive inotropic effects of NT in guinea pig and rat auricles were detected at concentrations as low as 3.0--6.0 x 10-10 M. Maximal concentrations of NT (3.1 X 10-7 M) increased the amplitude of contractions by 135 and 55% in guinea pig and rat auricles, respectively. On the basis of ED50 values, NT was found to be 20--30 times more potent than epinephrine in increasing the force of contraction in guinea pig and rat auricles. The results suggested that the positive inotropic and chronotropic actions of NT are species dependent. The potential usefulness of NT in the treatment of experimentally induced heart failure is underlined.", "PMID": 688093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7871", "title": "De novo formation of vascular receptors for bradykinin.", "content": "Two different types of receptors for bradykinin have been found in isolated veins of the rabbit. The first receptor is a stable component of the smooth muscle membrane and it is found in the jugular vein, while the second is generated de novo during incubation in vitro and it is present in the mesenteric vein. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide block the generation of receptors in the mesenteric vein, without exerting any action either on receptors for other agonists (e.g. substance P) in the same tissue, or on the other receptor for bradykinin in the jugular vein.", "contents": "De novo formation of vascular receptors for bradykinin. Two different types of receptors for bradykinin have been found in isolated veins of the rabbit. The first receptor is a stable component of the smooth muscle membrane and it is found in the jugular vein, while the second is generated de novo during incubation in vitro and it is present in the mesenteric vein. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide block the generation of receptors in the mesenteric vein, without exerting any action either on receptors for other agonists (e.g. substance P) in the same tissue, or on the other receptor for bradykinin in the jugular vein.", "PMID": 688094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7872", "title": "Effect of hydrocortisone on phenylhydrazine-induced Heinz-body anemia.", "content": "The effect of hydrocortisone on phenylhydrazine-induced anemia has been examined in adrenalectomized rats. The extent of hemolysis in adrenalectomized rats treated with phenylhydrazine was significantly higher than in normal and adrenalectomized rats supplemented with hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Effect of hydrocortisone on phenylhydrazine-induced Heinz-body anemia. The effect of hydrocortisone on phenylhydrazine-induced anemia has been examined in adrenalectomized rats. The extent of hemolysis in adrenalectomized rats treated with phenylhydrazine was significantly higher than in normal and adrenalectomized rats supplemented with hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 688095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7873", "title": "Hepatic parasympathetic neural effect on glucose balance in the intact liver.", "content": "Sympathetic nerves to the intact liver of the cat were selectively destroyed by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the portal vein 1 week prior to the experiment. Glucose output was calculated from the product of the arterial-venous glucose difference and hepatic blood flow. Hepatic blood flow was monitored by an electromagnetic flowmeter using a hepatic venous long-circuit. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves isolated from around the common hepatic artery produced a rapid reduction in hepatic glucose output to one-quarter of control levels by 2 min and to zero by 10 min of nerve stimulation. The data show that hepatic glucose balance is readily influenced by the hepatic parasympathetic nerves.", "contents": "Hepatic parasympathetic neural effect on glucose balance in the intact liver. Sympathetic nerves to the intact liver of the cat were selectively destroyed by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the portal vein 1 week prior to the experiment. Glucose output was calculated from the product of the arterial-venous glucose difference and hepatic blood flow. Hepatic blood flow was monitored by an electromagnetic flowmeter using a hepatic venous long-circuit. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves isolated from around the common hepatic artery produced a rapid reduction in hepatic glucose output to one-quarter of control levels by 2 min and to zero by 10 min of nerve stimulation. The data show that hepatic glucose balance is readily influenced by the hepatic parasympathetic nerves.", "PMID": 688096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7874", "title": "Acetic acid and hydrogen metabolism during coculture of an acetic acid producing bacterium with methanogenic bacteria.", "content": "Two microorganisms originally existing as a mixed culture obtained from an anaerobic digester fluid were separated for pure and coculture studies. One of these was motile, Gram-negative, and non-sporeforming, and it required yeast extract for growth and acetic acid production. This isolate produced H2 and did not need H2 and (or) CO2 for growth and acetate formation. The other isolate was a methanogen whick resembled Methanobacterium arbophilicum in morphology and substrate specificity. Coculture growth of the two isolates in yeast extract broth (80% N2--20% CO2 gas phase) indicated that the non-methanogen produced up to four to five times more H2 than when grown separately. Although the growth of the non-methanogen was not enhanced by the removal of H2 by the methanogen, the hydrogen produced was essential for the growth of methanogen. Similar results were obtained when the non-methanogen was cocultured with Methanospirillum hungatti GP1. Cultivation of the non-methanogen in the presence of M. hungatti GP1 (under abundance of 80% H2--20% CO2) indicated that the acetate produced was consumed by M. hungatii, without inhibiting the growth of the other culture.", "contents": "Acetic acid and hydrogen metabolism during coculture of an acetic acid producing bacterium with methanogenic bacteria. Two microorganisms originally existing as a mixed culture obtained from an anaerobic digester fluid were separated for pure and coculture studies. One of these was motile, Gram-negative, and non-sporeforming, and it required yeast extract for growth and acetic acid production. This isolate produced H2 and did not need H2 and (or) CO2 for growth and acetate formation. The other isolate was a methanogen whick resembled Methanobacterium arbophilicum in morphology and substrate specificity. Coculture growth of the two isolates in yeast extract broth (80% N2--20% CO2 gas phase) indicated that the non-methanogen produced up to four to five times more H2 than when grown separately. Although the growth of the non-methanogen was not enhanced by the removal of H2 by the methanogen, the hydrogen produced was essential for the growth of methanogen. Similar results were obtained when the non-methanogen was cocultured with Methanospirillum hungatti GP1. Cultivation of the non-methanogen in the presence of M. hungatti GP1 (under abundance of 80% H2--20% CO2) indicated that the acetate produced was consumed by M. hungatii, without inhibiting the growth of the other culture.", "PMID": 688097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7875", "title": "The metabolism of carbohydrates by extremely halophilic bacteria: the identification of lactobionic acid as a product of lactose metabolism by Halobacterium saccharovorum.", "content": "Nongrowing cells of Halobacterium saccharovorum oxidized lactose to a product identified as lactobionic acid by thin-layer, paper, and column chromatography, and by identification of the galactose and gluconic acid produced from it after acid hydrolysis. Growing cells oxidized lactose to a product that was identical with lactobionate except that it did not serve as a substrate for galactose oxidase. While the identity of this compound has not been established, it is suggested that the product is lactobionic acid in which the galactose moeity is in the furanose form. Neither lactobionate nor the product produced by growing cells was further metabolized, suggesting that lactose oxidation is not coupled to growth.", "contents": "The metabolism of carbohydrates by extremely halophilic bacteria: the identification of lactobionic acid as a product of lactose metabolism by Halobacterium saccharovorum. Nongrowing cells of Halobacterium saccharovorum oxidized lactose to a product identified as lactobionic acid by thin-layer, paper, and column chromatography, and by identification of the galactose and gluconic acid produced from it after acid hydrolysis. Growing cells oxidized lactose to a product that was identical with lactobionate except that it did not serve as a substrate for galactose oxidase. While the identity of this compound has not been established, it is suggested that the product is lactobionic acid in which the galactose moeity is in the furanose form. Neither lactobionate nor the product produced by growing cells was further metabolized, suggesting that lactose oxidation is not coupled to growth.", "PMID": 688098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7876", "title": "Growth characteristics of three bacterial isolates from an arctic soil.", "content": "Three bacterial isolates, a Pseudomonas sp., a Bacillus sp., and an Arthrobacter sp., commonly isolated from a hummocky sedge-moss meadow at Devon Island, N.W.T., Canada, were selected for further taxonomic characterization and for a study of the effects of temperature and limiting carbon source on growth. Pseudomonas M216 resembled P. putida and Bacillus M153, B. carotarum. Arthrobacter M51 had growth-factor requirements which were more complex than those of any named species of that genus. The temperature ranges of growth indicated that Pseudomonas M216 and Arthrobacter M51 were psychrotrophic while Bacillus M153 was mesophilic. Growth in batch culture at limiting glucose concentrations enabled the calculation of Ks and Y values for each isolate. These were similar to those obtained for other organisms and Pseudomonas M216 and Bacillus M153 showed a high affinity for glucose. The nutritional versatility of Arthrobacter M51 and its ability to grow at low temperatures and the high growth rates and affinity of Pseudomonas M216 for low substrate concentrations may account for their competitive abilities in the natural environment, while the inability of Bacillus M153 to grow at low temperatures may limit its activity in tundra soils.", "contents": "Growth characteristics of three bacterial isolates from an arctic soil. Three bacterial isolates, a Pseudomonas sp., a Bacillus sp., and an Arthrobacter sp., commonly isolated from a hummocky sedge-moss meadow at Devon Island, N.W.T., Canada, were selected for further taxonomic characterization and for a study of the effects of temperature and limiting carbon source on growth. Pseudomonas M216 resembled P. putida and Bacillus M153, B. carotarum. Arthrobacter M51 had growth-factor requirements which were more complex than those of any named species of that genus. The temperature ranges of growth indicated that Pseudomonas M216 and Arthrobacter M51 were psychrotrophic while Bacillus M153 was mesophilic. Growth in batch culture at limiting glucose concentrations enabled the calculation of Ks and Y values for each isolate. These were similar to those obtained for other organisms and Pseudomonas M216 and Bacillus M153 showed a high affinity for glucose. The nutritional versatility of Arthrobacter M51 and its ability to grow at low temperatures and the high growth rates and affinity of Pseudomonas M216 for low substrate concentrations may account for their competitive abilities in the natural environment, while the inability of Bacillus M153 to grow at low temperatures may limit its activity in tundra soils.", "PMID": 688099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7877", "title": "The interaction of cholera toxin subunit A with cultured adrenal cells.", "content": "Subunits A and B of cholera enterotoxin were isolated by chromatography on a Bio-Gel P-60 column in the presence of 4% formic acid. The purity and biological activity of the isolated subunits was assessed by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and mouse adrenal cell assay, respectively. The specific uptake of isolated 125I-labeled subunits A and B, peptides A1 and A2 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) by cultured adrenal cells was investigated. The results indicate that iodosubunit A, or peptide A1 or A2, traverses the plasma membrane and is released to the cell cytosol. A significant portion of bound iodosubunits A or B was associated with the plasma membrane, suggesting the presence of specific membrane receptors. The biological acitivity of subunit A was determined by the mouse adrenal cell assay. The purified subunit caused a characteristic cellular change from epithelioid to rounded morphology. A 30-fold higher concentration of subunit A (on a mole/mole basis) as compared with native toxin was required for a maximum morphologic response. These results extend previous observations related to the bioactivity of subunit A of the cholera enterotoxin molecule.", "contents": "The interaction of cholera toxin subunit A with cultured adrenal cells. Subunits A and B of cholera enterotoxin were isolated by chromatography on a Bio-Gel P-60 column in the presence of 4% formic acid. The purity and biological activity of the isolated subunits was assessed by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and mouse adrenal cell assay, respectively. The specific uptake of isolated 125I-labeled subunits A and B, peptides A1 and A2 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) by cultured adrenal cells was investigated. The results indicate that iodosubunit A, or peptide A1 or A2, traverses the plasma membrane and is released to the cell cytosol. A significant portion of bound iodosubunits A or B was associated with the plasma membrane, suggesting the presence of specific membrane receptors. The biological acitivity of subunit A was determined by the mouse adrenal cell assay. The purified subunit caused a characteristic cellular change from epithelioid to rounded morphology. A 30-fold higher concentration of subunit A (on a mole/mole basis) as compared with native toxin was required for a maximum morphologic response. These results extend previous observations related to the bioactivity of subunit A of the cholera enterotoxin molecule.", "PMID": 688100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7878", "title": "Estimation of bacterial production in fresh waters by the simultaneous measurement of [35S]sulphate and d-[3H]glucose uptake in the dark.", "content": "Sulphate uptake in the dark by phytoplankton constitutes a severe limitation to the determination of bacterial heterotrophic production from sulphate-uptake rates. Consequently a modification to the 35S-method has been developed involving size fractionation to separate the algae from the bacteria. Both the whole water sample and the algae-free filtrate are incubated in the dark with trace quantities of [3H]glucose, whereas the filtrate alone is incubated with 35SO4. The experimental determined ratio (whole sample glucose assimilation: filtrate glucose assimilation) is used to correct the measured sulphate uptake (filtrate) and yields an estimate of bacterial sulphate uptake in the whole sample. A potential filtration artefact has been demonstrated in the 35SO4 uptake methodology. Excision of the outer edge of the membrane filter and counting of the inner wetted circle alone eliminated this problem and significantly improved the analytical performance of the method: coefficient of variation approximately 5%, detection limit approximately 2 ng S l-1 h-1. The modified [35SO4]-[3H]-glucose method was applied to samples from an English chalk stream: bacterial sulphate uptake was higher during the spring diatom maximum (10.6 ng S l-1h-1) than 3 weeks later when detritus dominated the seston (4.9 ng S l-1h-1). We estimate the corresponding rates of formation of particulate (bacterial) carbon to be 0.53 and 0.24 microgram C l-1h-1 respectively.", "contents": "Estimation of bacterial production in fresh waters by the simultaneous measurement of [35S]sulphate and d-[3H]glucose uptake in the dark. Sulphate uptake in the dark by phytoplankton constitutes a severe limitation to the determination of bacterial heterotrophic production from sulphate-uptake rates. Consequently a modification to the 35S-method has been developed involving size fractionation to separate the algae from the bacteria. Both the whole water sample and the algae-free filtrate are incubated in the dark with trace quantities of [3H]glucose, whereas the filtrate alone is incubated with 35SO4. The experimental determined ratio (whole sample glucose assimilation: filtrate glucose assimilation) is used to correct the measured sulphate uptake (filtrate) and yields an estimate of bacterial sulphate uptake in the whole sample. A potential filtration artefact has been demonstrated in the 35SO4 uptake methodology. Excision of the outer edge of the membrane filter and counting of the inner wetted circle alone eliminated this problem and significantly improved the analytical performance of the method: coefficient of variation approximately 5%, detection limit approximately 2 ng S l-1 h-1. The modified [35SO4]-[3H]-glucose method was applied to samples from an English chalk stream: bacterial sulphate uptake was higher during the spring diatom maximum (10.6 ng S l-1h-1) than 3 weeks later when detritus dominated the seston (4.9 ng S l-1h-1). We estimate the corresponding rates of formation of particulate (bacterial) carbon to be 0.53 and 0.24 microgram C l-1h-1 respectively.", "PMID": 688101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7879", "title": "Mycoviruses of Penicillium stoloniferum: influence of carbon-nitrogen nutrition upon replication.", "content": "Carbon-nitrogen ratio experiments indicate that limiting nutrition not only hinders Penicillium stoloniferum host proliferation but reduces total PsV-F and PsV-S virus replication. Results of C-N experiments show a pH-induced autolysis and virus release at minimal C levels. Maximal PsV-F levels and biomass were obtained with glucose and sucrose as C sources. Oleic acid also yielded high biomass and PsV-F yields. Yeast extract was an excellent N source; 2.83 g dry weight biomass and 87 A260 units PsV-F after 96 h of growth. Other nitrogen sources, including amino acids, supported only minimal growth and virus replication. The autolysis phenomenon is pH, not viral-induced. High C and N will support maximal growth and unrestricted virus replication with no cellular lysis. Under low C growth conditions, the replication of PsV-S is favored coupled with high pH and autolysis.", "contents": "Mycoviruses of Penicillium stoloniferum: influence of carbon-nitrogen nutrition upon replication. Carbon-nitrogen ratio experiments indicate that limiting nutrition not only hinders Penicillium stoloniferum host proliferation but reduces total PsV-F and PsV-S virus replication. Results of C-N experiments show a pH-induced autolysis and virus release at minimal C levels. Maximal PsV-F levels and biomass were obtained with glucose and sucrose as C sources. Oleic acid also yielded high biomass and PsV-F yields. Yeast extract was an excellent N source; 2.83 g dry weight biomass and 87 A260 units PsV-F after 96 h of growth. Other nitrogen sources, including amino acids, supported only minimal growth and virus replication. The autolysis phenomenon is pH, not viral-induced. High C and N will support maximal growth and unrestricted virus replication with no cellular lysis. Under low C growth conditions, the replication of PsV-S is favored coupled with high pH and autolysis.", "PMID": 688102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7880", "title": "Spiroplasma associated with flowers of the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.).", "content": "Spiroplasmas were isolated and cultivated from nonsurface-sterilized petals and bracts excised from flowers of Liriodendron tulipifera L. (tulip tree) in Anne Arundel, Charles, and Prince George's Counties in Maryland, and East Lyme County, Connecticut. All isolates grew at 30 and at 37 degrees C. Morphology of colonies on solid agar (1%) medium containing serum differed among isolates: some isolates formed highly diffuse, barely visible colonies; others formed distinct colonies with granular centers surrounded by minute surface or submerged 'satellite' colonies. Cellular morphology and motility of organisms in broth and in agar culture were typical of the spiroplasmas pathogenic in plants and insects. In viscous media containing methylcellulose, spiroplasmas freely suspended in the medium swam, and organisms in contact with glass slide or coverslip \"crawled\" across the solid surface. Frowth inhibition, metabolic inhibition, and organism deformation tests failed to reveal a serologic relationship between spiroplasma strain 23-6 from tulip tree flowers and spiroplasma strain AS 576 from honey bee.", "contents": "Spiroplasma associated with flowers of the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.). Spiroplasmas were isolated and cultivated from nonsurface-sterilized petals and bracts excised from flowers of Liriodendron tulipifera L. (tulip tree) in Anne Arundel, Charles, and Prince George's Counties in Maryland, and East Lyme County, Connecticut. All isolates grew at 30 and at 37 degrees C. Morphology of colonies on solid agar (1%) medium containing serum differed among isolates: some isolates formed highly diffuse, barely visible colonies; others formed distinct colonies with granular centers surrounded by minute surface or submerged 'satellite' colonies. Cellular morphology and motility of organisms in broth and in agar culture were typical of the spiroplasmas pathogenic in plants and insects. In viscous media containing methylcellulose, spiroplasmas freely suspended in the medium swam, and organisms in contact with glass slide or coverslip \"crawled\" across the solid surface. Frowth inhibition, metabolic inhibition, and organism deformation tests failed to reveal a serologic relationship between spiroplasma strain 23-6 from tulip tree flowers and spiroplasma strain AS 576 from honey bee.", "PMID": 688103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7881", "title": "[Demonstration of extrachromosomal DNA in Rhizobium meliloti].", "content": "Seven effective (nitrogen-fixing) strains of Rhizobium meliloti have been studied. By sedimentation analysis of their alkaline lysates in alkaline sucrose gradients, a plasmid was found in four strains. In a strain (2011 str 3) which gave no result with this method, supercoiled DNA was detected by CsCl-dye buoyant density gradient centrifugation. That result was confirmed by analytical Cs2SO4-Ag+ density gradients, which showed a heterogeneity in the average base composition of the DNA extracted from three strains, including the 2011 str 3 strain. Two of those last strains seemed to contain an extrachromosomal DNA of very high molecular weight.", "contents": "[Demonstration of extrachromosomal DNA in Rhizobium meliloti]. Seven effective (nitrogen-fixing) strains of Rhizobium meliloti have been studied. By sedimentation analysis of their alkaline lysates in alkaline sucrose gradients, a plasmid was found in four strains. In a strain (2011 str 3) which gave no result with this method, supercoiled DNA was detected by CsCl-dye buoyant density gradient centrifugation. That result was confirmed by analytical Cs2SO4-Ag+ density gradients, which showed a heterogeneity in the average base composition of the DNA extracted from three strains, including the 2011 str 3 strain. Two of those last strains seemed to contain an extrachromosomal DNA of very high molecular weight.", "PMID": 688104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7882", "title": "Nutritional characteristics of Megasphaera elsdenii.", "content": "Megasphaera elsdenii B159 (formerly Peptostreptococcus elsdenii; Rogosa 1971) is able to grow in a chemically defined medium containing minerals, NH4+ as the sole nitrogen source, sulfate as the source of sulfur, acetate and glucose as the carbon and energy sources, and the vitamins biotin, pyridoxine, and calcium pantothenate. When lactate serves as the carbon source, with cysteine present as the reducing agent, acetate is not required. Valine and threonine appeared to be required although direct inoculation of unwashed cells into media lacking these amino acids permitted growth in their absence after an extended incubation period. Sulfur sources utilized included sulfate, sulfide, thiosulfate, cysteine, and glutathionine; methionine was utilized less readily. When glucose was autoclaved in the medium, the generation time of M. elsdenii was 170--200 min, but increased to more than 400 min when glucose was autoclaved separately and added to the cooled sterile medium. When fructose, which had been sterilized separately, was utilized as the carbon and energy source, the generation time was 200 min.", "contents": "Nutritional characteristics of Megasphaera elsdenii. Megasphaera elsdenii B159 (formerly Peptostreptococcus elsdenii; Rogosa 1971) is able to grow in a chemically defined medium containing minerals, NH4+ as the sole nitrogen source, sulfate as the source of sulfur, acetate and glucose as the carbon and energy sources, and the vitamins biotin, pyridoxine, and calcium pantothenate. When lactate serves as the carbon source, with cysteine present as the reducing agent, acetate is not required. Valine and threonine appeared to be required although direct inoculation of unwashed cells into media lacking these amino acids permitted growth in their absence after an extended incubation period. Sulfur sources utilized included sulfate, sulfide, thiosulfate, cysteine, and glutathionine; methionine was utilized less readily. When glucose was autoclaved in the medium, the generation time of M. elsdenii was 170--200 min, but increased to more than 400 min when glucose was autoclaved separately and added to the cooled sterile medium. When fructose, which had been sterilized separately, was utilized as the carbon and energy source, the generation time was 200 min.", "PMID": 688105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7883", "title": "Partial characterization of a cubic Bacillus phage.", "content": "Partial characterization of a cubic Bacillus phage. Can. J. Microbiol. 24: 986--993. Phage Bam35 is an icosahedron of about 63 nm in diameter. It has a double capsid with spikes at the vertices, and a tail which seems to appear upon nucleic acid ejection. The phage contains DNA and, probably, lipids which seem to be located in the inner coat. The phage is Bacillus-specific, UV- and lipase-resistant, and sensitive to heat, chloroform, and ether. The latent period is 50 min and the burst size is 39. Page Bam35 belongs to a new virus group which includes a phage of B. anthracis and four phages of gram-negative bacteria harboring drug-resistance plasmids.", "contents": "Partial characterization of a cubic Bacillus phage. Partial characterization of a cubic Bacillus phage. Can. J. Microbiol. 24: 986--993. Phage Bam35 is an icosahedron of about 63 nm in diameter. It has a double capsid with spikes at the vertices, and a tail which seems to appear upon nucleic acid ejection. The phage contains DNA and, probably, lipids which seem to be located in the inner coat. The phage is Bacillus-specific, UV- and lipase-resistant, and sensitive to heat, chloroform, and ether. The latent period is 50 min and the burst size is 39. Page Bam35 belongs to a new virus group which includes a phage of B. anthracis and four phages of gram-negative bacteria harboring drug-resistance plasmids.", "PMID": 688106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7884", "title": "Investigations into the kinetics and stoichiometry of bacterial oxidation of covellite (CuS) using a polarographic oxygen probe.", "content": "\"Oxygraph\" apparatus was used to measure quantitatively the kinetics of oxidation of synthetic covellite (CuS) in the presence and absence of Thiobacillus species. The expected stoichiometric relationship between oxygen consumed and cupric sulphate produced was verified by atomic absorption assays of cupric ion and sulphate ion. Thiobacillus cultures markedly increased the oxidation rate. The dependence of each oxygen-uptake rate on oxygen concentration was also measured. Sterile controls and some bacterial cultures showed first-order kinetics while other cultures showed zero-order kinetics. Addition of biological inhibitors to reacting slurries revealed that cultures showing first-order kinetics did not oxidize CuS itself but merely oxidized elemental sulphur formed by non-enzymic oxidation of CuS. Cultures showing zero-order kinetics oxidized CuS in a way that resulted in all oxygen reduction being enzymic. This mechanism possibly involves the cyclic oxidation and reduction of soluble iron.", "contents": "Investigations into the kinetics and stoichiometry of bacterial oxidation of covellite (CuS) using a polarographic oxygen probe. \"Oxygraph\" apparatus was used to measure quantitatively the kinetics of oxidation of synthetic covellite (CuS) in the presence and absence of Thiobacillus species. The expected stoichiometric relationship between oxygen consumed and cupric sulphate produced was verified by atomic absorption assays of cupric ion and sulphate ion. Thiobacillus cultures markedly increased the oxidation rate. The dependence of each oxygen-uptake rate on oxygen concentration was also measured. Sterile controls and some bacterial cultures showed first-order kinetics while other cultures showed zero-order kinetics. Addition of biological inhibitors to reacting slurries revealed that cultures showing first-order kinetics did not oxidize CuS itself but merely oxidized elemental sulphur formed by non-enzymic oxidation of CuS. Cultures showing zero-order kinetics oxidized CuS in a way that resulted in all oxygen reduction being enzymic. This mechanism possibly involves the cyclic oxidation and reduction of soluble iron.", "PMID": 688107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7885", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis of the mitral valve associated with annual calcification.", "content": "Bacterial endocarditis, caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus, was found at autopsy in five patients who had a calcified posterior mitral valve annulus. Clincopathologic correlation indicates that the infection should be suspected in elderly patients with a calcified mitral annulus, the murmur of mitral insufficiency, fever, anemia, polymorphonuclear leukocytosis and a positive blood culture, regardless of evidence of peripheral embolism or of another disease that could cause the last four features. Pertinent pathologic findings are a calcified mitral valve annulus, vegetations of bacterial endocarditis towards the base of the posterior leaflet associated with leaflet perforation and an annulus abscess, and no other valvular disease. The infection may develop on the atrial aspect of a leaflet ulcerated by the calcium mass or may begin on its ventricular aspect, subsequently perforating the leaflet and infecting its atrial surface.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis of the mitral valve associated with annual calcification. Bacterial endocarditis, caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus, was found at autopsy in five patients who had a calcified posterior mitral valve annulus. Clincopathologic correlation indicates that the infection should be suspected in elderly patients with a calcified mitral annulus, the murmur of mitral insufficiency, fever, anemia, polymorphonuclear leukocytosis and a positive blood culture, regardless of evidence of peripheral embolism or of another disease that could cause the last four features. Pertinent pathologic findings are a calcified mitral valve annulus, vegetations of bacterial endocarditis towards the base of the posterior leaflet associated with leaflet perforation and an annulus abscess, and no other valvular disease. The infection may develop on the atrial aspect of a leaflet ulcerated by the calcium mass or may begin on its ventricular aspect, subsequently perforating the leaflet and infecting its atrial surface.", "PMID": 688124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7886", "title": "Assessment of the technical quality of electrocardiograms.", "content": "The technical quality of 600 electrocardiograms (ECG's) was assessed for missing leads and clipping, and graded from 1 to 5 for each of noise, lead drift and beat-to-beat drift. Three subgroups of 200 ECGs each were studied: group A, those obtained by emergency department staff (non-technicians); group B, records obtained by ECG technicians; and group C, telephone-transmitted records obtained by technicians performing all the laboratory work at a smaller, outlying hospital. Records with missing leads, clipping, grade 4 or 5 noise, grade 5 lead drift or grade 5 beat-to-beat drift were classified as unsatisfactory or rejected. With these stringent criteria the rejection rate was 71.0% for group A records, 58.5% for group B and 44.5% for group C. The proportions of records with peak quality (no missing leads or clipping, and grade 1 noise, lead drift or beat-to-beat drift) were 4.5% for group A, 5.5% for group B and 23.0% for group C. Suggested revisions in the grading of technical quality of ECGs are presented.", "contents": "Assessment of the technical quality of electrocardiograms. The technical quality of 600 electrocardiograms (ECG's) was assessed for missing leads and clipping, and graded from 1 to 5 for each of noise, lead drift and beat-to-beat drift. Three subgroups of 200 ECGs each were studied: group A, those obtained by emergency department staff (non-technicians); group B, records obtained by ECG technicians; and group C, telephone-transmitted records obtained by technicians performing all the laboratory work at a smaller, outlying hospital. Records with missing leads, clipping, grade 4 or 5 noise, grade 5 lead drift or grade 5 beat-to-beat drift were classified as unsatisfactory or rejected. With these stringent criteria the rejection rate was 71.0% for group A records, 58.5% for group B and 44.5% for group C. The proportions of records with peak quality (no missing leads or clipping, and grade 1 noise, lead drift or beat-to-beat drift) were 4.5% for group A, 5.5% for group B and 23.0% for group C. Suggested revisions in the grading of technical quality of ECGs are presented.", "PMID": 688125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7887", "title": "Stuttering: recent developments in theory and in therapy.", "content": "When parents are concerned about the development of stuttering in their child they often consult their pediatrician or family physician. Theories on the development of stuttering are briefly examined in this article, and guidelines are provided to help the physician determine if the child's dysfluencies are within the normal range. Referral to a speech therapist should be considered when any of the following are noted: excessive repetition of the first syllable of words; tremor of the muscles of mouth or jaw, increase in pitch or loudness, or evidence of fear or emotion as the child struggles with a word; evidence that the child avoids certain words or situations; and excessive concern of parents, teachers or the dysfluent individual. Two approaches to therapy, traditional and behavioural, are described. The latter has resulted in significant gains in fluency among stutterers.", "contents": "Stuttering: recent developments in theory and in therapy. When parents are concerned about the development of stuttering in their child they often consult their pediatrician or family physician. Theories on the development of stuttering are briefly examined in this article, and guidelines are provided to help the physician determine if the child's dysfluencies are within the normal range. Referral to a speech therapist should be considered when any of the following are noted: excessive repetition of the first syllable of words; tremor of the muscles of mouth or jaw, increase in pitch or loudness, or evidence of fear or emotion as the child struggles with a word; evidence that the child avoids certain words or situations; and excessive concern of parents, teachers or the dysfluent individual. Two approaches to therapy, traditional and behavioural, are described. The latter has resulted in significant gains in fluency among stutterers.", "PMID": 688128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7888", "title": "Detection of pericardial effusion by chest roentgenography and electrocardiography versus echocardiography.", "content": "To determine the sensitivity and specificity of chest roentgenography and electrocardiography in the detection of pericardial effusion, echocardiography was used as the diagnostic standard. Chest roentgenograms and electrocardiograms of 124 patients, 57 of whom had pericardial effusion, were read without knowledge of the echocardiographic interpretation. The sensitivity of roentgenographic diagnosis was low (20%), as was that of diagnosis from decreased voltage on the electrocardiogram (26%). The specificity of the chest roentgenogram was 89% and that of the low-voltage electrocardiogram 97%. The high specificity of the low-voltage electrocardiogram may have been due in part to the exclusion of obese and emphysematous subjects from the study. When cardiomegaly detected roentgenographically or a low-voltage electrocardiogram or both were considered as evidence of pericardial effusion, sensitivity improved to 82% but specificity declined to 29%. It is concluded the chest roentgenography and electrocardiography are unsatisfactory as screening investigations for the detection of pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Detection of pericardial effusion by chest roentgenography and electrocardiography versus echocardiography. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of chest roentgenography and electrocardiography in the detection of pericardial effusion, echocardiography was used as the diagnostic standard. Chest roentgenograms and electrocardiograms of 124 patients, 57 of whom had pericardial effusion, were read without knowledge of the echocardiographic interpretation. The sensitivity of roentgenographic diagnosis was low (20%), as was that of diagnosis from decreased voltage on the electrocardiogram (26%). The specificity of the chest roentgenogram was 89% and that of the low-voltage electrocardiogram 97%. The high specificity of the low-voltage electrocardiogram may have been due in part to the exclusion of obese and emphysematous subjects from the study. When cardiomegaly detected roentgenographically or a low-voltage electrocardiogram or both were considered as evidence of pericardial effusion, sensitivity improved to 82% but specificity declined to 29%. It is concluded the chest roentgenography and electrocardiography are unsatisfactory as screening investigations for the detection of pericardial effusion.", "PMID": 688146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7889", "title": "Hereditary angioneurotic edema and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in the same family.", "content": "In one family two genetic diseases were transmitted as autosomal dominant traits; hereditary angioneurotic edema was inherited from the paternal side and Charcot-Marie Tooth disease from the maternal side of the family. The conditions occurred separately in 8 and 11 members respectively and together (an exceedingly rare occurrence) in 3. Of six siblings, two girls and four boys, all had Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and three, the two girls and one of the boys, also had hereditary angioneurotic edema.", "contents": "Hereditary angioneurotic edema and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in the same family. In one family two genetic diseases were transmitted as autosomal dominant traits; hereditary angioneurotic edema was inherited from the paternal side and Charcot-Marie Tooth disease from the maternal side of the family. The conditions occurred separately in 8 and 11 members respectively and together (an exceedingly rare occurrence) in 3. Of six siblings, two girls and four boys, all had Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and three, the two girls and one of the boys, also had hereditary angioneurotic edema.", "PMID": 688147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7890", "title": "Unusual fractures associated with osteoporosis in premenopausal women.", "content": "Two premenopausal women (aged 40 and 34 years) and multiple undisplaced, often asymptomatic fractures of the femurs, ribs, metatarsals and other bones. The fractures, which appeared on roentgenograms as transverse radiolucent zones with variable callus formation, healed slowly or not at all despite treatment with calcium and vitamin D. They resembled pseudofractures (Looser's transformation zones) radiologically, but the biochemical and histologic findings were those of idiopathic osteoporosis rather than osteomalacia. Since neither patient had been subjected to unusual stress it was concluded that the fractures had resulted from normal activity in abnormal bone.", "contents": "Unusual fractures associated with osteoporosis in premenopausal women. Two premenopausal women (aged 40 and 34 years) and multiple undisplaced, often asymptomatic fractures of the femurs, ribs, metatarsals and other bones. The fractures, which appeared on roentgenograms as transverse radiolucent zones with variable callus formation, healed slowly or not at all despite treatment with calcium and vitamin D. They resembled pseudofractures (Looser's transformation zones) radiologically, but the biochemical and histologic findings were those of idiopathic osteoporosis rather than osteomalacia. Since neither patient had been subjected to unusual stress it was concluded that the fractures had resulted from normal activity in abnormal bone.", "PMID": 688148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7891", "title": "Patterns of relapse in advanced Hodgkin's disease treated with combination chemotherapy.", "content": "One hundred sixty-one patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease achieved complete remission after combination chemotherapy. Of these, 52 (32%) have subsequently relapsed and the patterns of relapse have been studied. The probability of relapse increases with increasing stage and particularly with the presence of systemic symptoms. Patients with Nodular Sclerosis histology are more likely to relapse than those with other histologies. Patients relapse primarily (92%) in sites of previous disease and particularly in nodal sites (75%). Nodal sites most frequently involved at relapse are the central nodal areas and the left supraclavicular area. When patients relapse in new sites they tend to be either adjacent to sites of previous disease which relapse or to be contiguous with previously involved sites of disease. In the small number of patients who received prophylactic radiation therapy to sites of nodal disease after complete remission, the pattern of relapse was not significantly altered.", "contents": "Patterns of relapse in advanced Hodgkin's disease treated with combination chemotherapy. One hundred sixty-one patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease achieved complete remission after combination chemotherapy. Of these, 52 (32%) have subsequently relapsed and the patterns of relapse have been studied. The probability of relapse increases with increasing stage and particularly with the presence of systemic symptoms. Patients with Nodular Sclerosis histology are more likely to relapse than those with other histologies. Patients relapse primarily (92%) in sites of previous disease and particularly in nodal sites (75%). Nodal sites most frequently involved at relapse are the central nodal areas and the left supraclavicular area. When patients relapse in new sites they tend to be either adjacent to sites of previous disease which relapse or to be contiguous with previously involved sites of disease. In the small number of patients who received prophylactic radiation therapy to sites of nodal disease after complete remission, the pattern of relapse was not significantly altered.", "PMID": 688174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7892", "title": "Future prospects in lymphoma and leukemia.", "content": "Possible advances in leukemia and lymphomas can, in my opinion, derive from continued consideration of viral etiopathogenesis, possibly demonstrated by therapeutic impact of antiviral therapy. Terminology is in constant flux, and a classification based on biochemical (such as asparagine dependence) and immunologic (such as surface marker) characteristics should displace older terms such as chronic and acute. There is a constellation of neoplasms of lymphoid cells and their derivatives--leukemias, lymphomas, and plasmacytomas which need an integrated taxonomy. New diagnostic tests, new strategies of adapting therapy to tumor cell kinetics perturbed by the preceding treatment, and interesting clinical and preclinical combination of drugs provide new basis for favorable expectations. Immunotherapy is just emerging as a potent therapeutic tool. A technique for standardizing clinical results of different institutions to the age and sex of the population who develop the disease in question is much needed. Controls in trials of leukemias and lymphomas are found to be dispensable if one is measuring qualitative differences; for quantitative assessment of remission frequency or response duration, however, controls are requisite.", "contents": "Future prospects in lymphoma and leukemia. Possible advances in leukemia and lymphomas can, in my opinion, derive from continued consideration of viral etiopathogenesis, possibly demonstrated by therapeutic impact of antiviral therapy. Terminology is in constant flux, and a classification based on biochemical (such as asparagine dependence) and immunologic (such as surface marker) characteristics should displace older terms such as chronic and acute. There is a constellation of neoplasms of lymphoid cells and their derivatives--leukemias, lymphomas, and plasmacytomas which need an integrated taxonomy. New diagnostic tests, new strategies of adapting therapy to tumor cell kinetics perturbed by the preceding treatment, and interesting clinical and preclinical combination of drugs provide new basis for favorable expectations. Immunotherapy is just emerging as a potent therapeutic tool. A technique for standardizing clinical results of different institutions to the age and sex of the population who develop the disease in question is much needed. Controls in trials of leukemias and lymphomas are found to be dispensable if one is measuring qualitative differences; for quantitative assessment of remission frequency or response duration, however, controls are requisite.", "PMID": 688175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7893", "title": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the commonest type of leukemia seen in Western countries. It affects an older group of individuals than most other varieties of leukemia, and men more often than women, in a ratio of 2:1. The incidence of CLL is significantly increased in some families. In most instances, CLL is due to the overgrowth or accumulation of immunoglobulin producing B lymphocytes. Hypogammaglobulinemia is a common feature, and anomalous immunoglobulin components occur in 3 to 5% of patients. The early symptoms and signs of CLL include fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance, enlarged lymph nodes, and splenomegaly. Fever, weight loss, and impairment of bone marrow function, with anemia, bleeding and susceptibility to infection are characteristic of severe or advanced disease. In the great majority of patients, the disease can be controlled for 6 to 10 or more years with simple regimens using chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide, often in combination with prednisone. Radiotherapy and splenectomy are useful in some instances. The terminal phase of the disease is characterized by exacerbation or increasing severity of the leukemia and the development of opportunistic infections associated with immunodeficiency.", "contents": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the commonest type of leukemia seen in Western countries. It affects an older group of individuals than most other varieties of leukemia, and men more often than women, in a ratio of 2:1. The incidence of CLL is significantly increased in some families. In most instances, CLL is due to the overgrowth or accumulation of immunoglobulin producing B lymphocytes. Hypogammaglobulinemia is a common feature, and anomalous immunoglobulin components occur in 3 to 5% of patients. The early symptoms and signs of CLL include fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance, enlarged lymph nodes, and splenomegaly. Fever, weight loss, and impairment of bone marrow function, with anemia, bleeding and susceptibility to infection are characteristic of severe or advanced disease. In the great majority of patients, the disease can be controlled for 6 to 10 or more years with simple regimens using chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide, often in combination with prednisone. Radiotherapy and splenectomy are useful in some instances. The terminal phase of the disease is characterized by exacerbation or increasing severity of the leukemia and the development of opportunistic infections associated with immunodeficiency.", "PMID": 688176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7894", "title": "Induction of thyroid follicular adenomas and carcinomas by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of N-nitrosobis(2-oxypropyl)amine (BOP) induced thyroid follicular adenomas and carcinomas in MRC rats. The tumor yield was 50% following a single dose and 60% after weekly treatment for life. In males the tumor incidence was slightly higher and the latency period shorter, while in females, the tumors were larger. Sites of origin, size, multiplicity and morphologic patterns of tumors were analyzed in relation to dose and sex. The possible mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Induction of thyroid follicular adenomas and carcinomas by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine. Subcutaneous injection of N-nitrosobis(2-oxypropyl)amine (BOP) induced thyroid follicular adenomas and carcinomas in MRC rats. The tumor yield was 50% following a single dose and 60% after weekly treatment for life. In males the tumor incidence was slightly higher and the latency period shorter, while in females, the tumors were larger. Sites of origin, size, multiplicity and morphologic patterns of tumors were analyzed in relation to dose and sex. The possible mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 688178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7895", "title": "The effects of orally administered L-arginine HCl on the development of myeloma tumors in BABL/C mice following the injection of single cell suspensions, cell aggregates or tumor fragments; and on the growth of two ascites tumour cell lines.", "content": "When arginine-HCl was added to the drinking water of Balb/c mice the formation of subcutaneous tumours following the injection of single cell suspensions of MPC-11 cells was prevented, however, tumours did develop after injecting tumour fragments or aggregates of suspension-cultured cells. Arginine-HCl had no inhibitory effect upon the production of Krebs II and 6C3HED lymphoma ascites tumours in Balb/c and C3H mice respectively.", "contents": "The effects of orally administered L-arginine HCl on the development of myeloma tumors in BABL/C mice following the injection of single cell suspensions, cell aggregates or tumor fragments; and on the growth of two ascites tumour cell lines. When arginine-HCl was added to the drinking water of Balb/c mice the formation of subcutaneous tumours following the injection of single cell suspensions of MPC-11 cells was prevented, however, tumours did develop after injecting tumour fragments or aggregates of suspension-cultured cells. Arginine-HCl had no inhibitory effect upon the production of Krebs II and 6C3HED lymphoma ascites tumours in Balb/c and C3H mice respectively.", "PMID": 688179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7896", "title": "Phenobarbital stimulation of cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine N-demethylase in hyperplastic liver nodules during LD-ethionine carcinogenesis.", "content": "Microsomes isolated from hyperplastic liver nodules and hepatomas, induced by DL-ethionine, exhibited a reduced cytochrome P-450 content and aminopyrine N-demethylase activity when compared to the organelles of control and surrounding non-nodular liver. Phenobarbital administration to rats caused an increase of microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine N-demethylase in all tissue tested. In the hepatoma the rise of cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine N-demethylase/g of tissue was very low and it is compensated by a slight increase of microsomal protein. In hyperplastic nodules as well as in control and surrounding livers, cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine N-demethylase increased more than microsomal protein. However, the phenobarbital-induced stimulation was significantly lower in hyperplastic nodules than in control and surrounding livers.", "contents": "Phenobarbital stimulation of cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine N-demethylase in hyperplastic liver nodules during LD-ethionine carcinogenesis. Microsomes isolated from hyperplastic liver nodules and hepatomas, induced by DL-ethionine, exhibited a reduced cytochrome P-450 content and aminopyrine N-demethylase activity when compared to the organelles of control and surrounding non-nodular liver. Phenobarbital administration to rats caused an increase of microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine N-demethylase in all tissue tested. In the hepatoma the rise of cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine N-demethylase/g of tissue was very low and it is compensated by a slight increase of microsomal protein. In hyperplastic nodules as well as in control and surrounding livers, cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine N-demethylase increased more than microsomal protein. However, the phenobarbital-induced stimulation was significantly lower in hyperplastic nodules than in control and surrounding livers.", "PMID": 688180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7897", "title": "The lack of effect of fasting and alloxan-diabetes on the rate of fatty acid synthesis by some Morris hepatomas.", "content": "We have measured fatty acid synthesis (estimated by incorporation of [1-14C] acetate by tissue slices) by 3 transplantable Morris hepatomas of different growth rates--9618A, 7794A and 5123C--in response to fasting and alloxan-diabetes. Fasting did not alter fatty acid synthesis by the 3 hepatomas, bringing to 5 the number of tumors not tested and found similarly insensitive. Diabetes caused reduced fatty acid synthesis in 7794A and 5123C but not by 9618A. Host liver fatty acid synthesis was influenced by the presence of the tumor.", "contents": "The lack of effect of fasting and alloxan-diabetes on the rate of fatty acid synthesis by some Morris hepatomas. We have measured fatty acid synthesis (estimated by incorporation of [1-14C] acetate by tissue slices) by 3 transplantable Morris hepatomas of different growth rates--9618A, 7794A and 5123C--in response to fasting and alloxan-diabetes. Fasting did not alter fatty acid synthesis by the 3 hepatomas, bringing to 5 the number of tumors not tested and found similarly insensitive. Diabetes caused reduced fatty acid synthesis in 7794A and 5123C but not by 9618A. Host liver fatty acid synthesis was influenced by the presence of the tumor.", "PMID": 688181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7898", "title": "Isolation of a factor with toxohormone properties from mouse tumor cells in culture.", "content": "A small molecular weight factor with  potent toxohormone activity was recovered from the serum-free culture supernatant of mouse MBQA fibrosarcoma cells. The factor depressed plasma-bound iron levels in mice and inhibited cell-free protein synthesis in microgram doses. Preliminary characterizations suggest that the active material is a small peptide.", "contents": "Isolation of a factor with toxohormone properties from mouse tumor cells in culture. A small molecular weight factor with  potent toxohormone activity was recovered from the serum-free culture supernatant of mouse MBQA fibrosarcoma cells. The factor depressed plasma-bound iron levels in mice and inhibited cell-free protein synthesis in microgram doses. Preliminary characterizations suggest that the active material is a small peptide.", "PMID": 688182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7899", "title": "Two crops of primary lung tumors in BALB/c mice after a single transplacental exposure to urethane.", "content": "Transplacental exposure of BALB/c mice to urethane on day 17 of gestation resulted in the appearance of 2 distinct crops of primary lung tumors (adenomas). The first, smaller crop occurred in 6--12% of the offspring by 12 weeks of age. The second crop, seen after 9 months of age, consisted of tumors in 45% of the offspring. This finding indicates a potentially useful model system for studying tumor latency. It also suggests caution in the choice of short endpoints in time carcinogenesis assays based on lung tumors in certain strains of mouse.", "contents": "Two crops of primary lung tumors in BALB/c mice after a single transplacental exposure to urethane. Transplacental exposure of BALB/c mice to urethane on day 17 of gestation resulted in the appearance of 2 distinct crops of primary lung tumors (adenomas). The first, smaller crop occurred in 6--12% of the offspring by 12 weeks of age. The second crop, seen after 9 months of age, consisted of tumors in 45% of the offspring. This finding indicates a potentially useful model system for studying tumor latency. It also suggests caution in the choice of short endpoints in time carcinogenesis assays based on lung tumors in certain strains of mouse.", "PMID": 688183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7900", "title": "The effect of combination chemotherapy on the reticuloendothelial system in man.", "content": "The effect of adjuvant combination chemotherapy (vincristine, CCNU/MeCCNU, 5-fluorouracil) on the phagocytic and catabolic properties of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) was studied in 4 patients before and during the anticancer treatment. The results indicate a transient impairment of both these functions, more prolonged with regard to phagocytosis. No significant changes were noted in the mobile macrophage system. This suggests that chemotherapy induces a depression especially of the stationary macrophage populations in the liver, spleen and bone-marrow.", "contents": "The effect of combination chemotherapy on the reticuloendothelial system in man. The effect of adjuvant combination chemotherapy (vincristine, CCNU/MeCCNU, 5-fluorouracil) on the phagocytic and catabolic properties of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) was studied in 4 patients before and during the anticancer treatment. The results indicate a transient impairment of both these functions, more prolonged with regard to phagocytosis. No significant changes were noted in the mobile macrophage system. This suggests that chemotherapy induces a depression especially of the stationary macrophage populations in the liver, spleen and bone-marrow.", "PMID": 688184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7901", "title": "Carcinogenicity of N-nitrosoephedrine in rats.", "content": "N-nitrosoephedrine was administered orally to 32 male Srague--Dawley rats at doses of 120 mg/kg body wt. twice weekly. Of the treated animals, 50% died with preneoplastic and malignant lesions mainly in the liver, lung and forestomach. The median time of death of tumor bearing animals was 522 days after the beginning of the experiment. The observation of hyperkeratosis, papillomas, and 1 squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach suggests that the compound not only exhibits systemic effects but is probably also a weak local carcinogen.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of N-nitrosoephedrine in rats. N-nitrosoephedrine was administered orally to 32 male Srague--Dawley rats at doses of 120 mg/kg body wt. twice weekly. Of the treated animals, 50% died with preneoplastic and malignant lesions mainly in the liver, lung and forestomach. The median time of death of tumor bearing animals was 522 days after the beginning of the experiment. The observation of hyperkeratosis, papillomas, and 1 squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach suggests that the compound not only exhibits systemic effects but is probably also a weak local carcinogen.", "PMID": 688185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7902", "title": "Epithelial alterations in fetal tracheal explants of Syrian golden hamsters exposed to diethylnitrosamine in utero.", "content": "The fetal tracheae (13th--15th day of gestation) of Syrian golden hamsters exposed in utero to diethylnitrosamine (DEN: 200--400mg/kg body wt.) were divided into cranial and caudal halves. Both sections were then organ-cultured for 4--6 weeks. The cranial explants developed 1.5 times as many epithelial tracheal lining alterations as the caudal explants. These changes were found 25--42 days after the beginning of explant culture and histologically demonstrated hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia. No alterations occurred in the control explants.", "contents": "Epithelial alterations in fetal tracheal explants of Syrian golden hamsters exposed to diethylnitrosamine in utero. The fetal tracheae (13th--15th day of gestation) of Syrian golden hamsters exposed in utero to diethylnitrosamine (DEN: 200--400mg/kg body wt.) were divided into cranial and caudal halves. Both sections were then organ-cultured for 4--6 weeks. The cranial explants developed 1.5 times as many epithelial tracheal lining alterations as the caudal explants. These changes were found 25--42 days after the beginning of explant culture and histologically demonstrated hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia. No alterations occurred in the control explants.", "PMID": 688186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7903", "title": "Cell surface antigen expression in cytoplasts and karyoplasts of mouse L cells.", "content": "Karyoplasts and cytoplasts, obtained by enucleation of mouse L cell sublines, express H-2k and L virion antigens in amounts comparable to intact cells.", "contents": "Cell surface antigen expression in cytoplasts and karyoplasts of mouse L cells. Karyoplasts and cytoplasts, obtained by enucleation of mouse L cell sublines, express H-2k and L virion antigens in amounts comparable to intact cells.", "PMID": 688187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7904", "title": "Alterations of brain and intestine serotonin levels in hamsters pretreated with dietary aflatoxin.", "content": "Male Syrian hamsters were fed 30.3 ppm mixed aflatoxins (AFT) for a 45-day period followed by a 123-day recovery period. Tests made at the end of the recovery period indicated a reduction in whole brain and duodenal serotonin and a slight but not statistically significant elevation in brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. There was a high incidence of liver cell hyperplasia in the aflatoxin fed animals. Following toxin withdrawal, the experimental animals showed significant gains in body weight but they never attained a body weight equal to the controls. Aflatoxin apparently interferes with serotonin production and the return to normal body weight even after withdrawal of the animal from the contaminated diet.", "contents": "Alterations of brain and intestine serotonin levels in hamsters pretreated with dietary aflatoxin. Male Syrian hamsters were fed 30.3 ppm mixed aflatoxins (AFT) for a 45-day period followed by a 123-day recovery period. Tests made at the end of the recovery period indicated a reduction in whole brain and duodenal serotonin and a slight but not statistically significant elevation in brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. There was a high incidence of liver cell hyperplasia in the aflatoxin fed animals. Following toxin withdrawal, the experimental animals showed significant gains in body weight but they never attained a body weight equal to the controls. Aflatoxin apparently interferes with serotonin production and the return to normal body weight even after withdrawal of the animal from the contaminated diet.", "PMID": 688188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7905", "title": "Comparison of the metabolic profiles of benzo[alpha]pyrene obtained from primary cell cultures and subcellular fractions derived from normal and methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver.", "content": "Hepatocyte primary cell (HPC) cultures derived from either (a) non-induced (normal) or (b) methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced rat liver actively metabolized the carcinogen benzol[alpha]pyrene (BaP) over a 24-h period. In both cases, the BaP metabolites generated were qualitatively similar to those seen in the metabolism of BaP by isolated rat liver microsomal fractions; in addition, unidentified compounds were evident in the chromatographic profile generated by the cultured cells. In cells derived from (a), levels of known metabolites (phenols and diols) increased over the time period studied. On the other hand, in cells derived from (b), levels of diols decreased markedly after 8 h. These results suggest that induction with MC enhances both activation and, to a greater extent, conjugative-detoxification pathways of BaP, so that in cells obtained from (b) the formation of water-soluble metabolites is enhanced and levels of organic soluble metabolites are lower than in cells obtained from (a). Metabolism of BaP in primary cell culture derived from rat liver is thus seen to be similar to in vivo metabolism of the carcinogen, but somewhat in contrast to the in vitro microsomal (subcellular) metabolism of BaP where conjugative-detoxification pathways are virtually inoperative.", "contents": "Comparison of the metabolic profiles of benzo[alpha]pyrene obtained from primary cell cultures and subcellular fractions derived from normal and methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver. Hepatocyte primary cell (HPC) cultures derived from either (a) non-induced (normal) or (b) methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced rat liver actively metabolized the carcinogen benzol[alpha]pyrene (BaP) over a 24-h period. In both cases, the BaP metabolites generated were qualitatively similar to those seen in the metabolism of BaP by isolated rat liver microsomal fractions; in addition, unidentified compounds were evident in the chromatographic profile generated by the cultured cells. In cells derived from (a), levels of known metabolites (phenols and diols) increased over the time period studied. On the other hand, in cells derived from (b), levels of diols decreased markedly after 8 h. These results suggest that induction with MC enhances both activation and, to a greater extent, conjugative-detoxification pathways of BaP, so that in cells obtained from (b) the formation of water-soluble metabolites is enhanced and levels of organic soluble metabolites are lower than in cells obtained from (a). Metabolism of BaP in primary cell culture derived from rat liver is thus seen to be similar to in vivo metabolism of the carcinogen, but somewhat in contrast to the in vitro microsomal (subcellular) metabolism of BaP where conjugative-detoxification pathways are virtually inoperative.", "PMID": 688189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7906", "title": "Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced intestinal cancer by disulfiram.", "content": "Sprague--Dawley rats, both intact and colostomized animals, were given 24 weekly injections of azoxymethane. Rats were fed either Rat Purina Chow or the same diet plus 0.25% disulfiram. In the intact animals, disulfiram reduced tumors from an average of 6.3 to 0.95. The number of rats developing tumors was reduced from 100% to 60%. In colostomized animals, the reduction was from an average of 5.0 to 0.13. Marked inhibition occurred even in the defunctionalized colon. The results suggest that disulfiram blocks the metabolism of azoxymethane to methylazoxymethanol, and also that the inhibitor may act systemically.", "contents": "Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced intestinal cancer by disulfiram. Sprague--Dawley rats, both intact and colostomized animals, were given 24 weekly injections of azoxymethane. Rats were fed either Rat Purina Chow or the same diet plus 0.25% disulfiram. In the intact animals, disulfiram reduced tumors from an average of 6.3 to 0.95. The number of rats developing tumors was reduced from 100% to 60%. In colostomized animals, the reduction was from an average of 5.0 to 0.13. Marked inhibition occurred even in the defunctionalized colon. The results suggest that disulfiram blocks the metabolism of azoxymethane to methylazoxymethanol, and also that the inhibitor may act systemically.", "PMID": 688190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7907", "title": "Tumours of the anal region induced in mice by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "CBA female mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine developed a high incidence of benign and malignant tumours in the anal region. Many of these tumours originated from the perianal glands rather than the epidermis.", "contents": "Tumours of the anal region induced in mice by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. CBA female mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine developed a high incidence of benign and malignant tumours in the anal region. Many of these tumours originated from the perianal glands rather than the epidermis.", "PMID": 688191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7908", "title": "Tocopherol and local X-ray irradiation of two transplantable rat tumours.", "content": "The influence of tocopherol in an intramuscular dose of 5 mg/100 g body wt. on the effect of local X-ray irradiation of 2 intramuscularly transplanted tumours in the rat was studied. A significantly enhanced effect of irradiation by tocopherol was found, in contrast to the tumour radioprotecting effect with large doses of tocopherol earlier described in literature.", "contents": "Tocopherol and local X-ray irradiation of two transplantable rat tumours. The influence of tocopherol in an intramuscular dose of 5 mg/100 g body wt. on the effect of local X-ray irradiation of 2 intramuscularly transplanted tumours in the rat was studied. A significantly enhanced effect of irradiation by tocopherol was found, in contrast to the tumour radioprotecting effect with large doses of tocopherol earlier described in literature.", "PMID": 688192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7909", "title": "Liver ornithine decarboxylase during phenobarbital promotion of nitrosamine carcinogenesis.", "content": "The incidence of liver tumors induced in rats by N-diethylnitrosamine was increased by the feeding of phenobarbital. Liver ornithine decarboxylase activity did not increase in animals receiving phenobarbital in the diet, and the concentration of polyamines in the liver was similarly unchanged. No relationship between the promotion of N-nitrosamine-induced liver tumors by phenobarbital and the ornithine decarboxylase activity of the liver was indicated by these experiments.", "contents": "Liver ornithine decarboxylase during phenobarbital promotion of nitrosamine carcinogenesis. The incidence of liver tumors induced in rats by N-diethylnitrosamine was increased by the feeding of phenobarbital. Liver ornithine decarboxylase activity did not increase in animals receiving phenobarbital in the diet, and the concentration of polyamines in the liver was similarly unchanged. No relationship between the promotion of N-nitrosamine-induced liver tumors by phenobarbital and the ornithine decarboxylase activity of the liver was indicated by these experiments.", "PMID": 688193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7910", "title": "Effects of dietary butylated hydroxytoluene and phenobarbital on the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and thymidine kinase in rat liver and lung.", "content": "Rats were entrained to a 12 h dark/12 h light cycle with food (60% protein +/- 0.5% butylated hydroxytoluene or 0.05% phenobarbital) available only during the first 2 h of the dark period. Under these conditions liver ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in control animals displayed a characteristic diurnal oscillation. In livers of rats fed butylated hydroxytoluene or phenobarbital ODC activity was not increased whereas thymidine kinase (TK) activity was stimulated 4--10 fold at 3 days. In lungs from the same animals ODC and TK activities were unchanged. In rats fed butylated hydroxytoluene for 3 days [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was increased in liver but decreased in lung.", "contents": "Effects of dietary butylated hydroxytoluene and phenobarbital on the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and thymidine kinase in rat liver and lung. Rats were entrained to a 12 h dark/12 h light cycle with food (60% protein +/- 0.5% butylated hydroxytoluene or 0.05% phenobarbital) available only during the first 2 h of the dark period. Under these conditions liver ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in control animals displayed a characteristic diurnal oscillation. In livers of rats fed butylated hydroxytoluene or phenobarbital ODC activity was not increased whereas thymidine kinase (TK) activity was stimulated 4--10 fold at 3 days. In lungs from the same animals ODC and TK activities were unchanged. In rats fed butylated hydroxytoluene for 3 days [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was increased in liver but decreased in lung.", "PMID": 688194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7911", "title": "DNA repair synthesis in primary cultures of kidneys from BALB/c and C3H mice treated with dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "A combined 'in vivo--in vitro' autoradiographic method was employed to examine the DNA repair induced in the kidney by a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA). Unscheduled DNA synthesis was found to be dose-dependent in primary kidney cultures of DMNA-treated mice, and practically not detectable in controls. Its amount was positively correlated with the different susceptibility of C3H and BALB/c mice to kidney tumor induction by DMNA. This experimental model appears sensitive and able to provide repeatable results. It may be useful to detect the organotropic activity of a carcinogen toward the kidney.", "contents": "DNA repair synthesis in primary cultures of kidneys from BALB/c and C3H mice treated with dimethylnitrosamine. A combined 'in vivo--in vitro' autoradiographic method was employed to examine the DNA repair induced in the kidney by a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA). Unscheduled DNA synthesis was found to be dose-dependent in primary kidney cultures of DMNA-treated mice, and practically not detectable in controls. Its amount was positively correlated with the different susceptibility of C3H and BALB/c mice to kidney tumor induction by DMNA. This experimental model appears sensitive and able to provide repeatable results. It may be useful to detect the organotropic activity of a carcinogen toward the kidney.", "PMID": 688195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7912", "title": "Dimethylnitrosamine-induced structural damage to DNA results from repair of O6-methylguanine rather than repair of 7-methylguanine.", "content": "DNA isolated from the livers of rats treated with a non-necrotizing dose of [14C]dimethylnitrosamine was fractionated by chromatography of benzoylated-DEAE-cellulose. The preparations of native DNA and DNA containing single stranded regions were then hydrolysed and amounts of methylated guanine determined. Four hours after dimethylnitrosamine treatment there was no difference in the levels of 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine in the 2 DNA fractions. By 24 h, although there was no difference in the amount of 7-methylguanine between the DNA fractions, there was a 10-fold difference in the level of O6-methylguanine. The elimination of O6-methylguanine from the fraction of DNA containing single stranded regions is discussed in terms of differing repair processes initiated by 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine.", "contents": "Dimethylnitrosamine-induced structural damage to DNA results from repair of O6-methylguanine rather than repair of 7-methylguanine. DNA isolated from the livers of rats treated with a non-necrotizing dose of [14C]dimethylnitrosamine was fractionated by chromatography of benzoylated-DEAE-cellulose. The preparations of native DNA and DNA containing single stranded regions were then hydrolysed and amounts of methylated guanine determined. Four hours after dimethylnitrosamine treatment there was no difference in the levels of 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine in the 2 DNA fractions. By 24 h, although there was no difference in the amount of 7-methylguanine between the DNA fractions, there was a 10-fold difference in the level of O6-methylguanine. The elimination of O6-methylguanine from the fraction of DNA containing single stranded regions is discussed in terms of differing repair processes initiated by 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine.", "PMID": 688196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7913", "title": "The use of the D-T diaphorase for the detection of foci of early neoplastic transformation in rat liver.", "content": "This report demonstrates that activity of the enzymes D-T diaphorase and G-6-P dehydrogenases is greatly increased (6- and 4-fold respectively) in hyperplastic nodules produced in the rat liver by dietary acetylaminofluorene. A histochemical technique based on these observations has been developed that permits the visuatlization of early foci of neoplastic transformation in rat liver. The possible physiological implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The use of the D-T diaphorase for the detection of foci of early neoplastic transformation in rat liver. This report demonstrates that activity of the enzymes D-T diaphorase and G-6-P dehydrogenases is greatly increased (6- and 4-fold respectively) in hyperplastic nodules produced in the rat liver by dietary acetylaminofluorene. A histochemical technique based on these observations has been developed that permits the visuatlization of early foci of neoplastic transformation in rat liver. The possible physiological implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 688197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7914", "title": "2-acetylaminofluorene-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in hepatocytes isolated from 3-methylcholanthrene treated rats.", "content": "The dose-dependent induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) by 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and N-OH-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH AAF) in primary rat hepatocytes isolated from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) treated rats was investigated. 3-MC treatment was not necessary for the dose-dependent induction of UDS induced by N-OH AAF, suggesting the presence of enzyme levels adequate for its esterification to an active form in isolated primary hepatocytes. Although all doses of AAF increased the level of [3H]thymidine incorporation above that of the control, a dose-dependent response could not be demonstrated, suggesting inadequate constitutive levels of N-hydroxylating enzymes. Treatment of rats with 3-MC 24 h prior to hepatocyte isolation resulted in a dose-dependent induction of UDS by AAF. 3-MC treatment increased the amount of UDS per cell, as well as the percentage of cells induced to repair their DNA.", "contents": "2-acetylaminofluorene-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in hepatocytes isolated from 3-methylcholanthrene treated rats. The dose-dependent induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) by 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and N-OH-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH AAF) in primary rat hepatocytes isolated from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) treated rats was investigated. 3-MC treatment was not necessary for the dose-dependent induction of UDS induced by N-OH AAF, suggesting the presence of enzyme levels adequate for its esterification to an active form in isolated primary hepatocytes. Although all doses of AAF increased the level of [3H]thymidine incorporation above that of the control, a dose-dependent response could not be demonstrated, suggesting inadequate constitutive levels of N-hydroxylating enzymes. Treatment of rats with 3-MC 24 h prior to hepatocyte isolation resulted in a dose-dependent induction of UDS by AAF. 3-MC treatment increased the amount of UDS per cell, as well as the percentage of cells induced to repair their DNA.", "PMID": 688198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7915", "title": "Comparative tumor initiating activity of 10-methylbenzo-[a]pyrene, 7,10-dimethylbenzo[a]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene.", "content": "The tumor initiating activity on mouse skin of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 7,10-dimethylBaP, and 10-methylBaP was determined. Each compound was tested at initiating doses of 50 microgram and 100 microgram with promotion by application 3 times weekly of 2.5 microgram tetradecanoylphorbol acetate. BaP induced tumors in 40% (100 microgram) and 25% (50 microgram) of the animals. No tumors were observed in either group treated with 7,10-dimethylBaP. In the groups treated with 10-methyl-Bap, the incidence of tumor bearing animals was 20% at both doses. These results and the results of previous studies on other methylated BaP derivatives suggest that the mechanism of activation of these compounds is similar to that observed for the parent hydrocarbon and probably involves formation of an angular ring diol-epoxide or epoxide.", "contents": "Comparative tumor initiating activity of 10-methylbenzo-[a]pyrene, 7,10-dimethylbenzo[a]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. The tumor initiating activity on mouse skin of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 7,10-dimethylBaP, and 10-methylBaP was determined. Each compound was tested at initiating doses of 50 microgram and 100 microgram with promotion by application 3 times weekly of 2.5 microgram tetradecanoylphorbol acetate. BaP induced tumors in 40% (100 microgram) and 25% (50 microgram) of the animals. No tumors were observed in either group treated with 7,10-dimethylBaP. In the groups treated with 10-methyl-Bap, the incidence of tumor bearing animals was 20% at both doses. These results and the results of previous studies on other methylated BaP derivatives suggest that the mechanism of activation of these compounds is similar to that observed for the parent hydrocarbon and probably involves formation of an angular ring diol-epoxide or epoxide.", "PMID": 688199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7916", "title": "Influence of tocopherol on tumour cell oxygenation.", "content": "Tocopherol, a well known tissue anti-oxidant, given before local X-ray irradiation of 2 transplantable rat tumours was previously found to increase significantly the effect of irradiation. In the present study tocopherol did not influence the development of tumour necroses during growth of a transplantable rat hepatoma. The tumour tissue oxygenation of a transplantable rat sarcoma was neither found to be influenced by tocopherol. This suggests that an enhanced tumour radio-sensitivity by tocopherol is probably not explained by an influence on tumour cell oxygenation.", "contents": "Influence of tocopherol on tumour cell oxygenation. Tocopherol, a well known tissue anti-oxidant, given before local X-ray irradiation of 2 transplantable rat tumours was previously found to increase significantly the effect of irradiation. In the present study tocopherol did not influence the development of tumour necroses during growth of a transplantable rat hepatoma. The tumour tissue oxygenation of a transplantable rat sarcoma was neither found to be influenced by tocopherol. This suggests that an enhanced tumour radio-sensitivity by tocopherol is probably not explained by an influence on tumour cell oxygenation.", "PMID": 688200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7917", "title": "Tumorigenicity of benzo[alpha]pyrene 4,5-,7,8-,9,10- and 11,12-oxides in newborn mice.", "content": "Benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) and its 4,5-,7,8-,9,10 and 11,12-oxides were tested for carcinogenicity by intraperitoneal injection into newborn mice. The mice were treated sequentially with 200, 400 and 800 nmol of hydrocarbon on days 1,8 and 15 of life, and the animals were killed at 24 weeks of age. Mice treated with BP, BP7,8-oxide and BP 11,12-oxide had a 93%, 72% and 20% incidence of pulmonary adenomas, respectively, with an average of 10.0, 2.1 and 0.32 adenomas/mouse, respectively. Eight percent of the control animals had pulmonary adenomas with an average of 0.08 adenomas per mouse. The moderate tumorigenic activity of the relatively unstable BP 7,8-oxide, together with earlier data on the strong carcinogenic activity of BP, 7,8-dihydrodiol, supports the idea that BP 7,8-oxide is a proximate carcinogenic metabolite of BP in the newborn mouse.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity of benzo[alpha]pyrene 4,5-,7,8-,9,10- and 11,12-oxides in newborn mice. Benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) and its 4,5-,7,8-,9,10 and 11,12-oxides were tested for carcinogenicity by intraperitoneal injection into newborn mice. The mice were treated sequentially with 200, 400 and 800 nmol of hydrocarbon on days 1,8 and 15 of life, and the animals were killed at 24 weeks of age. Mice treated with BP, BP7,8-oxide and BP 11,12-oxide had a 93%, 72% and 20% incidence of pulmonary adenomas, respectively, with an average of 10.0, 2.1 and 0.32 adenomas/mouse, respectively. Eight percent of the control animals had pulmonary adenomas with an average of 0.08 adenomas per mouse. The moderate tumorigenic activity of the relatively unstable BP 7,8-oxide, together with earlier data on the strong carcinogenic activity of BP, 7,8-dihydrodiol, supports the idea that BP 7,8-oxide is a proximate carcinogenic metabolite of BP in the newborn mouse.", "PMID": 688201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7918", "title": "Influence of agents which modulate thromboxane A2 synthesis or action on R3230AC mammary carcinoma.", "content": "The effects of agents which modulate thromboxane A2 synthesis or action, were tested in the R3230AC transplanted mammary tumour. Three different inhibitors of thromboxane A2 synthesis or action (copper, dipyridamole and diazepam) all caused an increase in tumour growth. Colchicine and melatonin, both stimulators of thromboxane A2 synthesis, inhibited the growth of the tumour significantly.", "contents": "Influence of agents which modulate thromboxane A2 synthesis or action on R3230AC mammary carcinoma. The effects of agents which modulate thromboxane A2 synthesis or action, were tested in the R3230AC transplanted mammary tumour. Three different inhibitors of thromboxane A2 synthesis or action (copper, dipyridamole and diazepam) all caused an increase in tumour growth. Colchicine and melatonin, both stimulators of thromboxane A2 synthesis, inhibited the growth of the tumour significantly.", "PMID": 688202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7919", "title": "Comparison of bladder carcinogenesis by nitrosomethyldodecylamine in Sprague--Dawley and Fischer rats carrying transplanted bladder tissue.", "content": "Nitrosomethyldodecylamine was given by gavage in oliver oil solution (25 mg twice/week) to male and female Sprague--Dawley and Fischer rats to the back of each of which had been transplanted a suspension of urinary bladder tissue from the same strain. While there was 100% incidence of transitional cell carcinomas in the host urinary bladders, and few other tumors in the animals, there was a tumor in only 1 transplant in a Sprague--Dawley rat, with a possible tumor in another, and none in the Fischer rat, although these were inbred. In a significant number of cases the transplant survived.", "contents": "Comparison of bladder carcinogenesis by nitrosomethyldodecylamine in Sprague--Dawley and Fischer rats carrying transplanted bladder tissue. Nitrosomethyldodecylamine was given by gavage in oliver oil solution (25 mg twice/week) to male and female Sprague--Dawley and Fischer rats to the back of each of which had been transplanted a suspension of urinary bladder tissue from the same strain. While there was 100% incidence of transitional cell carcinomas in the host urinary bladders, and few other tumors in the animals, there was a tumor in only 1 transplant in a Sprague--Dawley rat, with a possible tumor in another, and none in the Fischer rat, although these were inbred. In a significant number of cases the transplant survived.", "PMID": 688203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7920", "title": "Pancreatic ductulitis in Syrian golden hamsters bearing homologous transplantable pancreatic adenocarcinomas.", "content": "A highly specific pancreatitis primarily affecting the intralobular and intrainsular ductules has been demonstrated in Syrian golden hamsters bearing homologous, non-syngeneic, transplantable pancreatic adenocarcinomas induced by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP). The ductulitis provides further evidence that induced pancreatic neoplasms originate from ductules.", "contents": "Pancreatic ductulitis in Syrian golden hamsters bearing homologous transplantable pancreatic adenocarcinomas. A highly specific pancreatitis primarily affecting the intralobular and intrainsular ductules has been demonstrated in Syrian golden hamsters bearing homologous, non-syngeneic, transplantable pancreatic adenocarcinomas induced by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP). The ductulitis provides further evidence that induced pancreatic neoplasms originate from ductules.", "PMID": 688204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7921", "title": "Carcinogenicity of nickel subsulfide for respiratory tract mucosa.", "content": "The carcinogenicity of nickel subsulfide, Ni3S2, for respiratory tract epithelium was studied in heterotopic tracheal transplants with doses of 1 and 3 mg Ni3S2 per trachea. Chemical determinations indicated that Ni3S2 persisted in the tracheas for seven to nine months. Ni3S2 showed marked toxicity for mucociliary epithelium, resulting in widespread atrophy and focal epithelial necrosis during the first two months of exposure. The submucosa showed mononuclear infiltration and signs of fibroblastic and capillary proliferation. Tumor studies indicated that Ni3S2 can induce carcinomas in tracheal epithelium. The carcinoma incidence was 10% at 1 mg and approximately 1.5% at 3 mg. The higher dose produced a 67% incidence of fibro- and myosarcomas. The data suggest that, compared to some carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons, Ni3S2 may not be a strong carcinogen for the epithelium of conducting airways. The data are discussed in light of other experimental studies and of epidemiological findings on respiratory tract cancers in nickel workers.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of nickel subsulfide for respiratory tract mucosa. The carcinogenicity of nickel subsulfide, Ni3S2, for respiratory tract epithelium was studied in heterotopic tracheal transplants with doses of 1 and 3 mg Ni3S2 per trachea. Chemical determinations indicated that Ni3S2 persisted in the tracheas for seven to nine months. Ni3S2 showed marked toxicity for mucociliary epithelium, resulting in widespread atrophy and focal epithelial necrosis during the first two months of exposure. The submucosa showed mononuclear infiltration and signs of fibroblastic and capillary proliferation. Tumor studies indicated that Ni3S2 can induce carcinomas in tracheal epithelium. The carcinoma incidence was 10% at 1 mg and approximately 1.5% at 3 mg. The higher dose produced a 67% incidence of fibro- and myosarcomas. The data suggest that, compared to some carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons, Ni3S2 may not be a strong carcinogen for the epithelium of conducting airways. The data are discussed in light of other experimental studies and of epidemiological findings on respiratory tract cancers in nickel workers.", "PMID": 688205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7922", "title": "Metabolism of [14C]spermidine and [14C]putrescine in normal volunteers and in cancer patients.", "content": "The administration of [14C]putrescine or [14C]spermidine (i.v., 100 muCi) to normal volunteers or patients with advanced cancer resulted in alpha-phase half-lives of 40 and 30 sec and beta-phase half-lives of 30 and 60 min, respectively. No significant differences were found between the plasma decay curves of normals and those of cancer patients. Urinary excretion was similar with both groups excreting approximately 45% of [ 14C]putrescine within 24 hr and 60 to 76% of [14C]spermidine within 48 hr. Dowex chromatography indicated that more than 90% of the radiolabel in the urine was in a conjugated form. Plasma conjugation studies of [14C]putrescine and [14C]spermidine in both groups indicated near-total conjugation of the radiolabel within 4 to 5 min of i.v. injection. Since putrescine and spermidine are markers of disease activity, characterization of the conjugates will be important for the development of rapid, specific tests of altered disease activity in response to multimodality therapy.", "contents": "Metabolism of [14C]spermidine and [14C]putrescine in normal volunteers and in cancer patients. The administration of [14C]putrescine or [14C]spermidine (i.v., 100 muCi) to normal volunteers or patients with advanced cancer resulted in alpha-phase half-lives of 40 and 30 sec and beta-phase half-lives of 30 and 60 min, respectively. No significant differences were found between the plasma decay curves of normals and those of cancer patients. Urinary excretion was similar with both groups excreting approximately 45% of [ 14C]putrescine within 24 hr and 60 to 76% of [14C]spermidine within 48 hr. Dowex chromatography indicated that more than 90% of the radiolabel in the urine was in a conjugated form. Plasma conjugation studies of [14C]putrescine and [14C]spermidine in both groups indicated near-total conjugation of the radiolabel within 4 to 5 min of i.v. injection. Since putrescine and spermidine are markers of disease activity, characterization of the conjugates will be important for the development of rapid, specific tests of altered disease activity in response to multimodality therapy.", "PMID": 688206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7923", "title": "Structure of normal testis and testicular tumors in cyprinids from Lake Ontario.", "content": "Two types of testicular tumor were evident in cyprinid fishes collected from Lake Ontario. Both types of tumors appeared to be of Sertoli cell origin. One contained predominantly Sertoli cells with little or no lipid content and germinal cells in only small numbers. The second contained large numbers of spermatogonia together with Sertoli cells that contained large amounts of lipid and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Small, apparently inactive Leydig cells were present in both types of tumors and also in testes of fish not bearing gonadal tumors.", "contents": "Structure of normal testis and testicular tumors in cyprinids from Lake Ontario. Two types of testicular tumor were evident in cyprinid fishes collected from Lake Ontario. Both types of tumors appeared to be of Sertoli cell origin. One contained predominantly Sertoli cells with little or no lipid content and germinal cells in only small numbers. The second contained large numbers of spermatogonia together with Sertoli cells that contained large amounts of lipid and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Small, apparently inactive Leydig cells were present in both types of tumors and also in testes of fish not bearing gonadal tumors.", "PMID": 688207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7924", "title": "Enhanced development of mammary tumors in rats following transplacental and neonatal exposure to ethylnitrosourea.", "content": "Transplacental and neonatal induction of mammary tumors (MT's) with ethylnitrosourea (ENU) was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. A low transplacental ENU dose (10 mg/kg) did not increase the number of MT's or shorten their latency period. High ENU doses (30 mg/kg neonatal, 60 mg/kg transplacental, or 120 mg/kg transplacental) when corrected for differences in life span caused a significant shortening of the tumor induction period and an overall increase in the tumor incidence. With high ENU doses, the MT's were frequently multiple in the same animal and were more often malignant. Tumors developed mostly in females; only a few were observed in males. It is concluded that with a sufficient dose of the carcinogen in susceptible animals, transplacental and neonatal ENU mammary carcinogenesis takes place. The experiment was originally designed to evaluate ENU-induced neurogenic tumors; the results on MT's were obtained incidentally.", "contents": "Enhanced development of mammary tumors in rats following transplacental and neonatal exposure to ethylnitrosourea. Transplacental and neonatal induction of mammary tumors (MT's) with ethylnitrosourea (ENU) was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. A low transplacental ENU dose (10 mg/kg) did not increase the number of MT's or shorten their latency period. High ENU doses (30 mg/kg neonatal, 60 mg/kg transplacental, or 120 mg/kg transplacental) when corrected for differences in life span caused a significant shortening of the tumor induction period and an overall increase in the tumor incidence. With high ENU doses, the MT's were frequently multiple in the same animal and were more often malignant. Tumors developed mostly in females; only a few were observed in males. It is concluded that with a sufficient dose of the carcinogen in susceptible animals, transplacental and neonatal ENU mammary carcinogenesis takes place. The experiment was originally designed to evaluate ENU-induced neurogenic tumors; the results on MT's were obtained incidentally.", "PMID": 688208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7925", "title": "Growth patterns and metastatic behavior of human tumors growing in athymic mice.", "content": "The growth characteristics and metastatic behavior of human tumors growing in athymic nude mice were studied. Human tumor cell lines HEp-2 (carcinoma or larynx) and SW480 (colon carcinoma) were transplanted into athymic nude mice of BALB/c origin. Tumor cells (1 x 10(6) and 2 x 10(7)) were given either s.c. or i.p. Following s.c. injection tumors developed rapidly to become easily palpable with 2 weeks forming a s.c. tumor focus surrounded by a thick fibrous capsule. Animals with s.c. transplants were little affected by the growing tumor. At the time they were sacrificed at Day 34 (HEp-2) and 62 (SW480), a large part of the tumor was necrotic. Capsular infiltration and invasion of lymphatic vessels and perineural and perivascular lymphatic spaces were observed. Metastases to regional lymph nodes were seen in animals kept alive for up to 6 months. Following i.p. transplantation, tumors spread widely in the peritoneal cavity, invaded intraabdominal organs, and metastasized to mediastinal lymph nodes and lungs. Fifteen of 26 animals (60%) developed metastases. Necrosis of the i.p. growing tumors was minimal. All animals in this group died as a result of tumor growth.", "contents": "Growth patterns and metastatic behavior of human tumors growing in athymic mice. The growth characteristics and metastatic behavior of human tumors growing in athymic nude mice were studied. Human tumor cell lines HEp-2 (carcinoma or larynx) and SW480 (colon carcinoma) were transplanted into athymic nude mice of BALB/c origin. Tumor cells (1 x 10(6) and 2 x 10(7)) were given either s.c. or i.p. Following s.c. injection tumors developed rapidly to become easily palpable with 2 weeks forming a s.c. tumor focus surrounded by a thick fibrous capsule. Animals with s.c. transplants were little affected by the growing tumor. At the time they were sacrificed at Day 34 (HEp-2) and 62 (SW480), a large part of the tumor was necrotic. Capsular infiltration and invasion of lymphatic vessels and perineural and perivascular lymphatic spaces were observed. Metastases to regional lymph nodes were seen in animals kept alive for up to 6 months. Following i.p. transplantation, tumors spread widely in the peritoneal cavity, invaded intraabdominal organs, and metastasized to mediastinal lymph nodes and lungs. Fifteen of 26 animals (60%) developed metastases. Necrosis of the i.p. growing tumors was minimal. All animals in this group died as a result of tumor growth.", "PMID": 688209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7926", "title": "Promotion of azoxymethane-induced colonic neoplasia by resection of the proximal small bowel.", "content": "Potential enhancement of intestinal neoplasia by compensatory mucosal hyperplasia was tested in rats subjected to 50% proximal small bowel resection (PSBR) 10 days after the last of 16 weekly injections of azoxymethane. Azoxymethane alone increased jejunal contents of RNA and DNA each by 26% at 17 to 18 weeks (p less than 0.01) before there was macroscopic evidence of neoplasia. Three months after PSBR alone, ileal hyperplasia was characterized by increased amounts of RNA (42 to 76%) and DNA (68 to 95%), taller villi, deeper crypts, and luminal dilation (p less than 0.05 to 0.001); however, the colon showed only patchy hyperplasia. When the combined effects of azoxymethane and PSBR were observed 26 to 30 weeks after the first injection, rats with PSBR had an increased number of colonic tumors per animal (2.9 versus 1.6 for controls; p less than 0.02). Despite the intense ileal hyperplasia produced by PSBR, ileal neoplasia did not occur. Enhanced colonic carcinogenesis followed sequential exposure of the mucosa to the carcinogen (azoxymethane) and to the promoting factor (PSBR).", "contents": "Promotion of azoxymethane-induced colonic neoplasia by resection of the proximal small bowel. Potential enhancement of intestinal neoplasia by compensatory mucosal hyperplasia was tested in rats subjected to 50% proximal small bowel resection (PSBR) 10 days after the last of 16 weekly injections of azoxymethane. Azoxymethane alone increased jejunal contents of RNA and DNA each by 26% at 17 to 18 weeks (p less than 0.01) before there was macroscopic evidence of neoplasia. Three months after PSBR alone, ileal hyperplasia was characterized by increased amounts of RNA (42 to 76%) and DNA (68 to 95%), taller villi, deeper crypts, and luminal dilation (p less than 0.05 to 0.001); however, the colon showed only patchy hyperplasia. When the combined effects of azoxymethane and PSBR were observed 26 to 30 weeks after the first injection, rats with PSBR had an increased number of colonic tumors per animal (2.9 versus 1.6 for controls; p less than 0.02). Despite the intense ileal hyperplasia produced by PSBR, ileal neoplasia did not occur. Enhanced colonic carcinogenesis followed sequential exposure of the mucosa to the carcinogen (azoxymethane) and to the promoting factor (PSBR).", "PMID": 688211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7927", "title": "An in vitro quantitative assay for tumor cell invasion.", "content": "An in vitro quantitative assay of tumor cell invasion is described. The assay measures the rate at which [125I]iododeoxyuridine-labeled tumor cells migrate through the chorioallantoic membrane of developing chicken embryos. Invasion chambers were prepared from amber latex cylinders, chorioallantoic membrane, and thread ligatures. The chambers were placed in glass vials to rest on discs of photographic sponge immersed in tissue culture medium. Labeled tumor cells were added to the chamber, and the vial was incubated at 37 degrees. At various time points individual chambers were monitored to determine the number of viable, labeled cells that had passed through the membrane and were present in the medium, on the glass vial, or in the sponge. The application of the assay may be of use in delineating the mechanisms of tumor cell invasion.", "contents": "An in vitro quantitative assay for tumor cell invasion. An in vitro quantitative assay of tumor cell invasion is described. The assay measures the rate at which [125I]iododeoxyuridine-labeled tumor cells migrate through the chorioallantoic membrane of developing chicken embryos. Invasion chambers were prepared from amber latex cylinders, chorioallantoic membrane, and thread ligatures. The chambers were placed in glass vials to rest on discs of photographic sponge immersed in tissue culture medium. Labeled tumor cells were added to the chamber, and the vial was incubated at 37 degrees. At various time points individual chambers were monitored to determine the number of viable, labeled cells that had passed through the membrane and were present in the medium, on the glass vial, or in the sponge. The application of the assay may be of use in delineating the mechanisms of tumor cell invasion.", "PMID": 688212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7928", "title": "Ornithine as a possible marker of cancer.", "content": "The nonprotein amino acid ornithine is the major source of polyamines in mammalian physiological systems. Increased urinary polyamine levels have been demonstrated in humans with varied types of cancers. The metabolism of DL-[1-14C]ornithine monohydrochloride in rats with either Walker 256 carcinoma or chemically induced methylcholanthrene tumors was studied. Following the i.p. injection of 3 muCi[14C]ornithine per 100 g body weight, the decarboxylation of ornithine-yielding 14CO2 was monitored by utilizing the vibrating reed electrometer-ionization chamber model of Davidson and Schwabe. Tumor-bearing animals showed significant increases in ornithine metabolism as compared to controls; for Walker 256 the tumor-bearing animal to control ratio rose from 1.16 to 1.78, for methylcholanthrene implants it rose from 1.19 to 1.82, and for methylcholanthrene paintings it rose from 1.00 to 2.20. With tumor regression ornithine levels of metabolism in the tumor-bearing animals returned to base line or nearly base-line levels. These results encourage us in our attempt to develop ornithine as a biological marker of cancer.", "contents": "Ornithine as a possible marker of cancer. The nonprotein amino acid ornithine is the major source of polyamines in mammalian physiological systems. Increased urinary polyamine levels have been demonstrated in humans with varied types of cancers. The metabolism of DL-[1-14C]ornithine monohydrochloride in rats with either Walker 256 carcinoma or chemically induced methylcholanthrene tumors was studied. Following the i.p. injection of 3 muCi[14C]ornithine per 100 g body weight, the decarboxylation of ornithine-yielding 14CO2 was monitored by utilizing the vibrating reed electrometer-ionization chamber model of Davidson and Schwabe. Tumor-bearing animals showed significant increases in ornithine metabolism as compared to controls; for Walker 256 the tumor-bearing animal to control ratio rose from 1.16 to 1.78, for methylcholanthrene implants it rose from 1.19 to 1.82, and for methylcholanthrene paintings it rose from 1.00 to 2.20. With tumor regression ornithine levels of metabolism in the tumor-bearing animals returned to base line or nearly base-line levels. These results encourage us in our attempt to develop ornithine as a biological marker of cancer.", "PMID": 688213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7929", "title": "Mouse skin carcinogenicity tests of the flame retardants tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, and polyvinyl bromide.", "content": "The flame retardants tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, and polyvinyl bromide were tested for carcinogenic activity by skin application 3 times weekly in random-bred female ICR/Ha Swiss mice for 420 to 496 days. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate at two dose levels (30 mg and 10 mg/application) induced benign and malignant tumors of the skin, forestomach, and oral cavity (tongue and gingiva) in a statistically significant number of mice (30/group). A statistically significant incidence of papillary tumors of the lung was observed at both dosages, and the higher dose also resulted in one mouse with a tubular adenoma of the kidney. Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (2 mg/application, 60 mice) and polyvinyl bromide (0.1 ml latex suspension/application, 30 mice) were inactive. Polyvinyl bromide was also injected s.c. into another group of female ICR/Ha Swiss mice once weekly for 48 weeks, and the mice were observed for a total of 60 weeks. Liposarcomas were induced in 19 of 30 mice, which was ascribed to physical carcinogenesis. Appropriate solvent and no-treatment control groups were included.", "contents": "Mouse skin carcinogenicity tests of the flame retardants tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, and polyvinyl bromide. The flame retardants tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, and polyvinyl bromide were tested for carcinogenic activity by skin application 3 times weekly in random-bred female ICR/Ha Swiss mice for 420 to 496 days. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate at two dose levels (30 mg and 10 mg/application) induced benign and malignant tumors of the skin, forestomach, and oral cavity (tongue and gingiva) in a statistically significant number of mice (30/group). A statistically significant incidence of papillary tumors of the lung was observed at both dosages, and the higher dose also resulted in one mouse with a tubular adenoma of the kidney. Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (2 mg/application, 60 mice) and polyvinyl bromide (0.1 ml latex suspension/application, 30 mice) were inactive. Polyvinyl bromide was also injected s.c. into another group of female ICR/Ha Swiss mice once weekly for 48 weeks, and the mice were observed for a total of 60 weeks. Liposarcomas were induced in 19 of 30 mice, which was ascribed to physical carcinogenesis. Appropriate solvent and no-treatment control groups were included.", "PMID": 688215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7930", "title": "Changing transplantation characteristics with serial in vivo passage of C3H/He mammary carcinomas.", "content": "The transplantation immunogenicity of spontaneous C3H/He mammary carcinomas was studied by means of the surgery-challenge procedure during serial in vivo passages in syngeneic mice. Reciprocal cross-sensitization and challenge tests between late transplant generations and early transplant generations (from liquid N2 storage) of the same tumors showed that factors responsible for transplantation resistance and factors causing stimulated tumor growth were present in the tumors at the same time as independent variables. The immunogenicity and the immunosensitivity of tumors were seen as dependent variables. The relative prominence of the characteristics of immunogenicity and growth stimulation changed with continuous in vivo passages. Transplantation immunogenicity was tumor specific in four of five tumors tested. Growth stimulation was, in each of four combinations tested, not tumor specific.", "contents": "Changing transplantation characteristics with serial in vivo passage of C3H/He mammary carcinomas. The transplantation immunogenicity of spontaneous C3H/He mammary carcinomas was studied by means of the surgery-challenge procedure during serial in vivo passages in syngeneic mice. Reciprocal cross-sensitization and challenge tests between late transplant generations and early transplant generations (from liquid N2 storage) of the same tumors showed that factors responsible for transplantation resistance and factors causing stimulated tumor growth were present in the tumors at the same time as independent variables. The immunogenicity and the immunosensitivity of tumors were seen as dependent variables. The relative prominence of the characteristics of immunogenicity and growth stimulation changed with continuous in vivo passages. Transplantation immunogenicity was tumor specific in four of five tumors tested. Growth stimulation was, in each of four combinations tested, not tumor specific.", "PMID": 688216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7931", "title": "Desmosome ultrastructure and biological behavior of chemical carcinogen-induced urinary bladder carcinomas.", "content": "In the quantitative electron microscopic study, we examined the relationship of desmosomes to tumor invasiveness in chemical carcinogen (N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide)-induced urinary bladder transitional cell carcinomas in the Fischer rat. The number of a desmosomes per unit area of plasma membrane was significantly reduced in carcinomas. However, the percentage of cell surface area occupied by desmosomes was greater in carcinomas than in controls. This was accounted for on the basis of increases in desmosomal size, which result from squamous differentiation within the tumors. Areas of transitional cell differentiation and squamous differentiation demonstrated an equal capacity for invasiveness. Desmosomes were abundant in invading nests of tumor cells. These findings cast doubt on the validity of the concept of decreased intercellular adhesion as a prerequisite for tumor invasion, since strong interadhesion is probably a function of the area occupied by the intercellular junctions.", "contents": "Desmosome ultrastructure and biological behavior of chemical carcinogen-induced urinary bladder carcinomas. In the quantitative electron microscopic study, we examined the relationship of desmosomes to tumor invasiveness in chemical carcinogen (N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide)-induced urinary bladder transitional cell carcinomas in the Fischer rat. The number of a desmosomes per unit area of plasma membrane was significantly reduced in carcinomas. However, the percentage of cell surface area occupied by desmosomes was greater in carcinomas than in controls. This was accounted for on the basis of increases in desmosomal size, which result from squamous differentiation within the tumors. Areas of transitional cell differentiation and squamous differentiation demonstrated an equal capacity for invasiveness. Desmosomes were abundant in invading nests of tumor cells. These findings cast doubt on the validity of the concept of decreased intercellular adhesion as a prerequisite for tumor invasion, since strong interadhesion is probably a function of the area occupied by the intercellular junctions.", "PMID": 688217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7932", "title": "Effects of adriamycin on DNA synthesis in mouse and rat heart.", "content": "Adriamycin induces an inhibition of DNA synthesis in mouse tissues within one hr after treatment. While the effects are short-lived in liver and small intestine, DNA synthesis in heart remains below control values for up to 7 days. After this period DNA synthesis in hearts of treated mice is elevated and remains above control values for as long as 4 weeks. Both 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and actinomycin D also induce inhibition of cardiac DNA synthesis soon after treatment; the effects of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine are over by the end of 24 hr while the effects of actinomycin D persist for at least 4 days. Actinomycin D treatment also induces an \"over-shoot\" of DNA synthesis in mouse heart. Adriamycin can induce a loss of prelabeled DNA from heart, although no pathological alterations are immediately obvious. The small intestine, however, shows extensive karyorrhexis. The initial effects on cardiac DNA synthesis occur in adrenalectomized animals, indicating that the effects are not mediated via the adrenal gland. We did find, however, that DNA synthesis in heart was sensitive to the effects of starvation. The results of this study indicate that inhibition of mouse heart DNA synthesis is not specific for Adriamycin and that the effects of Adriamycin in heart following a single treatment are long-lived.", "contents": "Effects of adriamycin on DNA synthesis in mouse and rat heart. Adriamycin induces an inhibition of DNA synthesis in mouse tissues within one hr after treatment. While the effects are short-lived in liver and small intestine, DNA synthesis in heart remains below control values for up to 7 days. After this period DNA synthesis in hearts of treated mice is elevated and remains above control values for as long as 4 weeks. Both 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and actinomycin D also induce inhibition of cardiac DNA synthesis soon after treatment; the effects of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine are over by the end of 24 hr while the effects of actinomycin D persist for at least 4 days. Actinomycin D treatment also induces an \"over-shoot\" of DNA synthesis in mouse heart. Adriamycin can induce a loss of prelabeled DNA from heart, although no pathological alterations are immediately obvious. The small intestine, however, shows extensive karyorrhexis. The initial effects on cardiac DNA synthesis occur in adrenalectomized animals, indicating that the effects are not mediated via the adrenal gland. We did find, however, that DNA synthesis in heart was sensitive to the effects of starvation. The results of this study indicate that inhibition of mouse heart DNA synthesis is not specific for Adriamycin and that the effects of Adriamycin in heart following a single treatment are long-lived.", "PMID": 688218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7933", "title": "Effects of diet on colon carcinogenesis and the immune system in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "The effects of different types of diets on colon carcinogenesis by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and on the immune system were studied in W/Fu rats. Six different types of diets were used in two sets of experiments. Rats in each group were fed the respective diets immediately upon weaning. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride was administered s.c. at a dosage of 15 mg/kg weekly in two divided doses. The rats were followed by sequential laparotomies for the development of gastrointestinal (GI) tumors until death. Tumors appeared earlier, and the total number of GI tumors, particularly those of the colon, was higher in rats fed diet enriched with fat from animal sources. In these rats the GI tumors metastasized more frequently, and their survival, after appearance of the first GI tumor, was significantly shortened. The diet low in animal fat and enriched with carbohydrate reduced the number of GI tumors and delayed their appearance. Semisynthetic elemental diet accelerated the appearance of colon tumors without increasing the total number of GI tumors over the life span of the animals. Serum cholesterol levels evaluated during carcinogenesis suggest a correlation between serum cholesterol levels and the increased frequency of colonic tumors. The alterations in serum immunoglobulin G levels, lymphocyte counts, and surface immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes evaluated at different times during carcinogenesis suggested a biphasic (\"M type\") immune response. Rats fed low residue diets and/or diets containing fat from animal sources had depressed serum immunoglobulin G levels. However, the pattern of immune response was similar in groups of rats fed different types of diets.", "contents": "Effects of diet on colon carcinogenesis and the immune system in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. The effects of different types of diets on colon carcinogenesis by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and on the immune system were studied in W/Fu rats. Six different types of diets were used in two sets of experiments. Rats in each group were fed the respective diets immediately upon weaning. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride was administered s.c. at a dosage of 15 mg/kg weekly in two divided doses. The rats were followed by sequential laparotomies for the development of gastrointestinal (GI) tumors until death. Tumors appeared earlier, and the total number of GI tumors, particularly those of the colon, was higher in rats fed diet enriched with fat from animal sources. In these rats the GI tumors metastasized more frequently, and their survival, after appearance of the first GI tumor, was significantly shortened. The diet low in animal fat and enriched with carbohydrate reduced the number of GI tumors and delayed their appearance. Semisynthetic elemental diet accelerated the appearance of colon tumors without increasing the total number of GI tumors over the life span of the animals. Serum cholesterol levels evaluated during carcinogenesis suggest a correlation between serum cholesterol levels and the increased frequency of colonic tumors. The alterations in serum immunoglobulin G levels, lymphocyte counts, and surface immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes evaluated at different times during carcinogenesis suggested a biphasic (\"M type\") immune response. Rats fed low residue diets and/or diets containing fat from animal sources had depressed serum immunoglobulin G levels. However, the pattern of immune response was similar in groups of rats fed different types of diets.", "PMID": 688219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7934", "title": "Lethal and cytokinetic effects of anguidine on a human colon cancer cell line.", "content": "Anguidine is a fungal metabolite with antitumor activity in a murine colon cancer model. Because of disappointing results in clinical trials, we analyzed the lethal and cytokinetic effects of anguidine on cultured human colon cancer cells. The studies revealed a moderate reduction in survival only after prolonged drug exposure. Continuous incubation with anguidine for longer than 48 hr produced a moderate increase in the percentage of S-phase cells and a slight decrease in the proportion of cells in G1/0, by pulse cytophotometry. An immediate reduction in the cumulative labeling index for cells continuously exposed to tritiated thymidine and anguidine and a rapid decrease in the cumulative mitotic index for cells continuously exposed to Colcemid and anguidine indicated a block at the G1 into S and G2 into mitosis transitions. Tumoricidal activity of anguidine in a cultured human colon cancer line is poor and requires prolonged exposure. The kinetic data reflect an almost frozen state of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Lethal and cytokinetic effects of anguidine on a human colon cancer cell line. Anguidine is a fungal metabolite with antitumor activity in a murine colon cancer model. Because of disappointing results in clinical trials, we analyzed the lethal and cytokinetic effects of anguidine on cultured human colon cancer cells. The studies revealed a moderate reduction in survival only after prolonged drug exposure. Continuous incubation with anguidine for longer than 48 hr produced a moderate increase in the percentage of S-phase cells and a slight decrease in the proportion of cells in G1/0, by pulse cytophotometry. An immediate reduction in the cumulative labeling index for cells continuously exposed to tritiated thymidine and anguidine and a rapid decrease in the cumulative mitotic index for cells continuously exposed to Colcemid and anguidine indicated a block at the G1 into S and G2 into mitosis transitions. Tumoricidal activity of anguidine in a cultured human colon cancer line is poor and requires prolonged exposure. The kinetic data reflect an almost frozen state of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 688220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7935", "title": "Maltose tetrapalmitate, a nontoxic immunopotentiator with antitumor activity.", "content": "The attempt to synthesize a lipid A-like component (the active portion of lipopolysaccharides, but lacking its endotoxic activity) resulted in the production of fatty acyl sugars of which maltose tetrapalmitate was seen to yield the most promising results. It shows no endotoxic activity and elicits an antitumor response in tumor-transplanted animals as shown by (a) an enhancement of the host's capacity to reject a large number of tumor cells, (b) retardation of growth in tumor size, and (c) induction of hemorrhagic necrosis in certain tumors. Experiments with mammary ascites carcinoma show maltose tetrapalmitate to be as effective as is bacterial glycolipid mR595 in its antitumor activity. The degree of sensitivity to maltose tetrapalmitate varies with the tumor-host system: mammary ascites carcinoma less than NH = Cl2TSV5S = B16 less than L26. The mode of action of maltose tetrapalmitate appears to be via its modulation of the immune system. It is itself noncytotoxic to tumor cells in vitro. It is seen to stimulate the spleen cells of certain animals mitogenically, although it causes tumor rejection in all the types of animals tested. Also, it activates peritoneal exudate macrophages in tumor-bearing animals; whether specifically or nonspecifically has not yet been established.", "contents": "Maltose tetrapalmitate, a nontoxic immunopotentiator with antitumor activity. The attempt to synthesize a lipid A-like component (the active portion of lipopolysaccharides, but lacking its endotoxic activity) resulted in the production of fatty acyl sugars of which maltose tetrapalmitate was seen to yield the most promising results. It shows no endotoxic activity and elicits an antitumor response in tumor-transplanted animals as shown by (a) an enhancement of the host's capacity to reject a large number of tumor cells, (b) retardation of growth in tumor size, and (c) induction of hemorrhagic necrosis in certain tumors. Experiments with mammary ascites carcinoma show maltose tetrapalmitate to be as effective as is bacterial glycolipid mR595 in its antitumor activity. The degree of sensitivity to maltose tetrapalmitate varies with the tumor-host system: mammary ascites carcinoma less than NH = Cl2TSV5S = B16 less than L26. The mode of action of maltose tetrapalmitate appears to be via its modulation of the immune system. It is itself noncytotoxic to tumor cells in vitro. It is seen to stimulate the spleen cells of certain animals mitogenically, although it causes tumor rejection in all the types of animals tested. Also, it activates peritoneal exudate macrophages in tumor-bearing animals; whether specifically or nonspecifically has not yet been established.", "PMID": 688221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7936", "title": "Assay of retinoids in biological samples by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A separation procedure for retinoids based on reversephase high-pressure liquid chromatography with solvent mixtures of acetonitrile and water is described. The method may be applied to the screening of synthetic retinoids, which have potential for use in the prevention of cancer. It is easily adapted to a variety of biological samples and can be applied to other conventional retinoid assays in liver and plasma, detecting as little as 1 nmol retinyl esters and less than 0.3 nmol retinol per g tissue. The one-step chromatography results in separation and simultaneous determination of many of the synthetic retinoids and all of the natural retinoids, including the retinyl esters that are separated into their major fatty acid components. The method has been applied to the analysis of retinoid levels in the liver and intestine of vitamin A-deficient hamsters following a p.o. dose (0.5 mg/day for 2 days) of retinyl acetate or of a synthetic vitamin A analog and is predictive of the degree to which various synthetic retinoids can be converted to retinol and stored in the liver as retinyl esters. Because of its speed, excellent recoveries, and high resolution, the method offers significant advantages over previous, more lengthy procedures.", "contents": "Assay of retinoids in biological samples by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. A separation procedure for retinoids based on reversephase high-pressure liquid chromatography with solvent mixtures of acetonitrile and water is described. The method may be applied to the screening of synthetic retinoids, which have potential for use in the prevention of cancer. It is easily adapted to a variety of biological samples and can be applied to other conventional retinoid assays in liver and plasma, detecting as little as 1 nmol retinyl esters and less than 0.3 nmol retinol per g tissue. The one-step chromatography results in separation and simultaneous determination of many of the synthetic retinoids and all of the natural retinoids, including the retinyl esters that are separated into their major fatty acid components. The method has been applied to the analysis of retinoid levels in the liver and intestine of vitamin A-deficient hamsters following a p.o. dose (0.5 mg/day for 2 days) of retinyl acetate or of a synthetic vitamin A analog and is predictive of the degree to which various synthetic retinoids can be converted to retinol and stored in the liver as retinyl esters. Because of its speed, excellent recoveries, and high resolution, the method offers significant advantages over previous, more lengthy procedures.", "PMID": 688222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7937", "title": "Heterogeneity and variability of artificial lung colony-forming ability among clones from mouse fibrosarcoma.", "content": "Lung colony-forming ability of clones isolated from a fibrosarcoma was examined by i.v. injection of the cells cultured in vitro. The clones were heterogeneous in their lung colony-forming ability, demonstrating variability of this malignant characteristic.", "contents": "Heterogeneity and variability of artificial lung colony-forming ability among clones from mouse fibrosarcoma. Lung colony-forming ability of clones isolated from a fibrosarcoma was examined by i.v. injection of the cells cultured in vitro. The clones were heterogeneous in their lung colony-forming ability, demonstrating variability of this malignant characteristic.", "PMID": 688224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7938", "title": "Establishment and characterization of three new continuous cell lines derived from human breast carcinomas.", "content": "Three continuous lines of mammary tumor cells (ZR-75-1, ZR-75-27, and ZR-75-30) have been established from malignant effusions of two women with breast cancer. Differentiated properties expressed by each cell line include: (a) epithelial morphology (by light and electron microscopy) resembling that of the parental tumors; (b) presence of receptors for estrogen and other steroid hormones; and (c) growth responsiveness to estrogen and/or progesterone. All three cell lines possess human karyotypes that differ from one another in modal chromosome number as well as in characteristic marker chromosomes. Two of the cultures (ZR-75-27 and ZR-75-30), although derived from the same patient, have stable differences in their karyotypes.", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of three new continuous cell lines derived from human breast carcinomas. Three continuous lines of mammary tumor cells (ZR-75-1, ZR-75-27, and ZR-75-30) have been established from malignant effusions of two women with breast cancer. Differentiated properties expressed by each cell line include: (a) epithelial morphology (by light and electron microscopy) resembling that of the parental tumors; (b) presence of receptors for estrogen and other steroid hormones; and (c) growth responsiveness to estrogen and/or progesterone. All three cell lines possess human karyotypes that differ from one another in modal chromosome number as well as in characteristic marker chromosomes. Two of the cultures (ZR-75-27 and ZR-75-30), although derived from the same patient, have stable differences in their karyotypes.", "PMID": 688225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7939", "title": "Immunosuppressive activity and tissue polypeptide antigen content of human ascitic fluids.", "content": "Ascitic fluids from patients with cancer, cirrhosis, and congestive heart failure and from a patient with noninfectious tuberculosis contain measurable levels of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA). Only the cancer patients had levels higher than 2.0 microgram TPA per ml. The average TPA levels of 29 cancer patients was 6.4 microgram/ml compared to 0.9 microgram/ml for the controls. Seventeen of 22 cancer ascitic fluids and 7 of 9 fluids from patients with liver disease were immunosuppressive as measured by the inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. Fluids from a patient with congestive heart failure and a patient with noninfectious tuberculosis were not suppressive. We were unable to obtain a significant correlation coefficient between immunosuppression and TPA levels in these fluids. In addition, TPA levels remained constant over a period of 18 months of testing, whereas the in vitro immunosuppressive activity was lost in 9 to 10 months. Sephadex G-200 fractionation of the ascitic fluid resulted in the TPA and immunosuppressive activity eluting in the first large molecular weight peak from the column. Although the 2 activities eluted together in this fractionation, the data suggest that TPA is not responsible for the immunosuppression.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive activity and tissue polypeptide antigen content of human ascitic fluids. Ascitic fluids from patients with cancer, cirrhosis, and congestive heart failure and from a patient with noninfectious tuberculosis contain measurable levels of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA). Only the cancer patients had levels higher than 2.0 microgram TPA per ml. The average TPA levels of 29 cancer patients was 6.4 microgram/ml compared to 0.9 microgram/ml for the controls. Seventeen of 22 cancer ascitic fluids and 7 of 9 fluids from patients with liver disease were immunosuppressive as measured by the inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. Fluids from a patient with congestive heart failure and a patient with noninfectious tuberculosis were not suppressive. We were unable to obtain a significant correlation coefficient between immunosuppression and TPA levels in these fluids. In addition, TPA levels remained constant over a period of 18 months of testing, whereas the in vitro immunosuppressive activity was lost in 9 to 10 months. Sephadex G-200 fractionation of the ascitic fluid resulted in the TPA and immunosuppressive activity eluting in the first large molecular weight peak from the column. Although the 2 activities eluted together in this fractionation, the data suggest that TPA is not responsible for the immunosuppression.", "PMID": 688226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7940", "title": "Estradiol and progesterone receptor levels in human breast adenocarcinoma in relation to plasma estrogen and progesterone levels.", "content": "Plasma estrogen and progesterone levels were determined in 77 premenopausal and 137 menopausal women at the same time that estradiol receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PGR) assays were carried out on their breast cancers. The frequency of ER and PGR is approximately the same in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, but the ER content is much higher in postmenopausal women. Although this is usually ascribed to the occupancy of receptors by endogenous estrogen in premenopausal women, our observations suggest that this is unlikely. The higher ER content in postmenopausal women is probably due to the fact that the cyclic progesterone increase in premenopausal women limits estrogen stimulation of ER synthesis. Our data suggest that the circulating levels of estrogen in postmenopausal women are sufficient to stimulate ER and PGR when ER is functional. In premenopausal women, on the other hand, high levels of circulating progesterone may inhibit PGR, and the absence of PGR in the breast cancers of premenopausal women should be interpreted warily if the plasma level of progesterone is unknown.", "contents": "Estradiol and progesterone receptor levels in human breast adenocarcinoma in relation to plasma estrogen and progesterone levels. Plasma estrogen and progesterone levels were determined in 77 premenopausal and 137 menopausal women at the same time that estradiol receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PGR) assays were carried out on their breast cancers. The frequency of ER and PGR is approximately the same in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, but the ER content is much higher in postmenopausal women. Although this is usually ascribed to the occupancy of receptors by endogenous estrogen in premenopausal women, our observations suggest that this is unlikely. The higher ER content in postmenopausal women is probably due to the fact that the cyclic progesterone increase in premenopausal women limits estrogen stimulation of ER synthesis. Our data suggest that the circulating levels of estrogen in postmenopausal women are sufficient to stimulate ER and PGR when ER is functional. In premenopausal women, on the other hand, high levels of circulating progesterone may inhibit PGR, and the absence of PGR in the breast cancers of premenopausal women should be interpreted warily if the plasma level of progesterone is unknown.", "PMID": 688231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7941", "title": "Plasma protein production by human tumors xenotransplanted in nude mice.", "content": "For detection of plasma proteins produced by human malignant tumors, a survey of blood plasma obtained from nude mice bearing serially transplanted human tumors was performed by immunoelectrophoresis and the double immunodiffusion technique. Among 34 lines including 18 types of human tumors, human specific plasma proteins were demonstrated in the plasma of nude mice transplanted with two lines of renal cell carcinoma, one adenocarcinoma of the colon, and one squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus. These tumors can be designated as \"ectopic\" plasma protein-producing tumors since the organs or tissues from which they originated are not considered to be usual sites of plasma protein synthesis. Plasma protein production, as well as that of alpha1-fetoprotein, was also found in one line of hepatoblasotma and three lines of yolk sac tumors. The above tumors were shown to produce one or more of the following 10 of 20 plasma proteins examined: albumin, prealbumin, alpha1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, alpha2-macroglobulin, hemopexin, haptoglobin, C3 and C4 component of complement, and transferrin. An immunochemical demonstration of human specific cancer products observed in human tumors xenotransplanted into nude mice may provide a new approach for investigating the metabolism of neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Plasma protein production by human tumors xenotransplanted in nude mice. For detection of plasma proteins produced by human malignant tumors, a survey of blood plasma obtained from nude mice bearing serially transplanted human tumors was performed by immunoelectrophoresis and the double immunodiffusion technique. Among 34 lines including 18 types of human tumors, human specific plasma proteins were demonstrated in the plasma of nude mice transplanted with two lines of renal cell carcinoma, one adenocarcinoma of the colon, and one squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus. These tumors can be designated as \"ectopic\" plasma protein-producing tumors since the organs or tissues from which they originated are not considered to be usual sites of plasma protein synthesis. Plasma protein production, as well as that of alpha1-fetoprotein, was also found in one line of hepatoblasotma and three lines of yolk sac tumors. The above tumors were shown to produce one or more of the following 10 of 20 plasma proteins examined: albumin, prealbumin, alpha1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, alpha2-macroglobulin, hemopexin, haptoglobin, C3 and C4 component of complement, and transferrin. An immunochemical demonstration of human specific cancer products observed in human tumors xenotransplanted into nude mice may provide a new approach for investigating the metabolism of neoplastic cells.", "PMID": 688232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7942", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of fluorouracil in humans.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatography method has been used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of fluorouracil after single i.v. doses to patients. The method is simple and is specific for fluorouracil. No interference was observed in fluorouracil determinations due to other administered medication. Plasma levels of fluorouracil declined rapidly after dosing. The mean half-life was 11.4 min, and drug was essentially cleared from plasma in 1 hr. Individual differences in plasma fluorouracil levels, and also in derived pharmacokinetic constants, were considerably less than those reported previously.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of fluorouracil in humans. A high-pressure liquid chromatography method has been used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of fluorouracil after single i.v. doses to patients. The method is simple and is specific for fluorouracil. No interference was observed in fluorouracil determinations due to other administered medication. Plasma levels of fluorouracil declined rapidly after dosing. The mean half-life was 11.4 min, and drug was essentially cleared from plasma in 1 hr. Individual differences in plasma fluorouracil levels, and also in derived pharmacokinetic constants, were considerably less than those reported previously.", "PMID": 688233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7943", "title": "Binding of dibenzo(a,e)fluoranthene, a carcinogenic, polycyclic hydrocarbon without K-region, to nucleic acids in a subcellular microsomal system.", "content": "Dibenzo(a,e)fluoranthene (DBF), a highly carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon without an apparent K-region, binds covalently to DNA, transfer RNA, and polyribonucleotides when incubated with hepatic microsomal fractions under standard conditions. Optimal binding conditions for [3H]DBF were established. Methylcholanthrene-pretreated mouse liver microsomes induced a higher level of binding of [3H]DBF to DNA than did similarly induced rat liver microsomes. 7,8-Benzoflavone strongly inhibited the binding of this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to DNA, while cyclohexene oxide and trichloropropene oxide had an enhancing effect when used in the presence of rat liver microsomes. An unexpected inhibitory effect was observed with cyclohexene oxide in mouse liver microsome-enriched medium. [3H]DBF bound twice as much to denatured as to native DNA. Incubation of [3H]DBF in the presence of liver microsomes and polyribonucleotides (polyadenylate, polyuridylate, polyguanylate, and polyinosinate) indicated that binding occurs mainly with guanine. Binding of [3H]DBF to DNA of various origins was found to be directly proportional to the amount of GC pairs. Preliminary results indicate a covalent bond between DBF and nucleic acids.", "contents": "Binding of dibenzo(a,e)fluoranthene, a carcinogenic, polycyclic hydrocarbon without K-region, to nucleic acids in a subcellular microsomal system. Dibenzo(a,e)fluoranthene (DBF), a highly carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon without an apparent K-region, binds covalently to DNA, transfer RNA, and polyribonucleotides when incubated with hepatic microsomal fractions under standard conditions. Optimal binding conditions for [3H]DBF were established. Methylcholanthrene-pretreated mouse liver microsomes induced a higher level of binding of [3H]DBF to DNA than did similarly induced rat liver microsomes. 7,8-Benzoflavone strongly inhibited the binding of this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to DNA, while cyclohexene oxide and trichloropropene oxide had an enhancing effect when used in the presence of rat liver microsomes. An unexpected inhibitory effect was observed with cyclohexene oxide in mouse liver microsome-enriched medium. [3H]DBF bound twice as much to denatured as to native DNA. Incubation of [3H]DBF in the presence of liver microsomes and polyribonucleotides (polyadenylate, polyuridylate, polyguanylate, and polyinosinate) indicated that binding occurs mainly with guanine. Binding of [3H]DBF to DNA of various origins was found to be directly proportional to the amount of GC pairs. Preliminary results indicate a covalent bond between DBF and nucleic acids.", "PMID": 688234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7944", "title": "Increase of urinary putrescine in 3,4-benzopyrene carcinogenesis and its inhibition by putrescine.", "content": "A significant increase in putrescine was noted in the urine of mice with experimental s.c. tumors induced by a single injection of 3,4-benzopyrene solution (2.52 mg of 3,4-benzopyrene in 0.5 ml of tricaprylin). When 10 mg of putrescine were added to the 3,4-benzopyrene solution, the development of tumors was completely inhibited and the increase of urinary putrescine in mice was suppressed simultaneously. Animal weight data of a control group receiving only putrescine indicated that the inhibitory effect of putrescine is not due to its toxicity.", "contents": "Increase of urinary putrescine in 3,4-benzopyrene carcinogenesis and its inhibition by putrescine. A significant increase in putrescine was noted in the urine of mice with experimental s.c. tumors induced by a single injection of 3,4-benzopyrene solution (2.52 mg of 3,4-benzopyrene in 0.5 ml of tricaprylin). When 10 mg of putrescine were added to the 3,4-benzopyrene solution, the development of tumors was completely inhibited and the increase of urinary putrescine in mice was suppressed simultaneously. Animal weight data of a control group receiving only putrescine indicated that the inhibitory effect of putrescine is not due to its toxicity.", "PMID": 688235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7945", "title": "Inhibition of nucleoside uptake into Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by new cytostatic methylhydrazones.", "content": "For the purpose of studying the structure-activity relationships of N'-methyl-N'-beta-chloroethylbenzaldehyde hydrazones, new hydrazones were synthesized in which the beta-chloroethyl group was replaced by substituents conveying a partial positive charge at the N' moiety by induction and/or mesomerism. In a preliminary antitumor evaluation, some of these hydrazones showed a cytostatic activity in vivo similar to that of the beta-chloroethyl hydrazones. The new hydrazones also strongly inhibit the uptake of nucleosides into tumor cells and intensify the in vivo cytostatic effect of methotrexate.", "contents": "Inhibition of nucleoside uptake into Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by new cytostatic methylhydrazones. For the purpose of studying the structure-activity relationships of N'-methyl-N'-beta-chloroethylbenzaldehyde hydrazones, new hydrazones were synthesized in which the beta-chloroethyl group was replaced by substituents conveying a partial positive charge at the N' moiety by induction and/or mesomerism. In a preliminary antitumor evaluation, some of these hydrazones showed a cytostatic activity in vivo similar to that of the beta-chloroethyl hydrazones. The new hydrazones also strongly inhibit the uptake of nucleosides into tumor cells and intensify the in vivo cytostatic effect of methotrexate.", "PMID": 688236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7946", "title": "Effect of hyperthermia on the immune response of normal rabbits.", "content": "Sequential skin responses to dinitrochlorobenzene challenge and repeat assays of serum antibody titer after two injections of bovine serum albumin were used as functional indices of cellular and humoral immunocompetence following hyperthermia in normal adult New Zealand White rabbits. The animals were subjected to different degrees of local hyperthermia by watercuff or radio-frequency heating of the normal thigh muscles maintained at 42 degrees for 1 hr on 3 consecutive days or 47--50 degrees for 30 min, respectively, or to total body hyperthermia (42 degrees for 1 hr on three occasions) in a humidified incubator. No alteration occurred in the response of heated rabbits to dinitrochlorobenzene challenge over a 3-month period. The humoral immune response to bovine serum albumin was significantly depressed (p less than 0.02) in the treated animals, and the reduction was independent of method and degree of heating. The results suggest that the B-lymphocytes are more susceptible to hyperthermic damage than is the T-cell population.", "contents": "Effect of hyperthermia on the immune response of normal rabbits. Sequential skin responses to dinitrochlorobenzene challenge and repeat assays of serum antibody titer after two injections of bovine serum albumin were used as functional indices of cellular and humoral immunocompetence following hyperthermia in normal adult New Zealand White rabbits. The animals were subjected to different degrees of local hyperthermia by watercuff or radio-frequency heating of the normal thigh muscles maintained at 42 degrees for 1 hr on 3 consecutive days or 47--50 degrees for 30 min, respectively, or to total body hyperthermia (42 degrees for 1 hr on three occasions) in a humidified incubator. No alteration occurred in the response of heated rabbits to dinitrochlorobenzene challenge over a 3-month period. The humoral immune response to bovine serum albumin was significantly depressed (p less than 0.02) in the treated animals, and the reduction was independent of method and degree of heating. The results suggest that the B-lymphocytes are more susceptible to hyperthermic damage than is the T-cell population.", "PMID": 688237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7947", "title": "Presence of RNA in the nucleoprotein complex spontaneously released by human lymphocytes and frog auricles in culture.", "content": "Cell systems as different as normal human blood lymphocytes and frog auricles release spontaneously a nucleoprotein complex in their culture medium. This release seems to be an active mechanism that is unrelated to cell death. The presence of RNA in this complex is demonstrated. The amount of extracellular RNA is regulated by the same homeostatic mechanism that has previously been shown to govern DNA release in the same cell systems. This extracellular RNA is linked by hydrogen bonds to the extracellular DNA and cannot be extracted by a usual phenol procedure, due perhaps to the presence of a glycoprotein. Further purifications by chloroform, sodium perchlorate, and hydroxyapatite are necessary to obtain an RNA molecule that is acid precipitable, RNase and KOH sensitive, and orcinol positive. The extracellular RNA sediments between 2.5 and 4S and is not a transfer RNA. It is more highly methylated than the 28S, 18S, and 4 to 5S cellular RNA. It activates DNA synthesis in vitro.", "contents": "Presence of RNA in the nucleoprotein complex spontaneously released by human lymphocytes and frog auricles in culture. Cell systems as different as normal human blood lymphocytes and frog auricles release spontaneously a nucleoprotein complex in their culture medium. This release seems to be an active mechanism that is unrelated to cell death. The presence of RNA in this complex is demonstrated. The amount of extracellular RNA is regulated by the same homeostatic mechanism that has previously been shown to govern DNA release in the same cell systems. This extracellular RNA is linked by hydrogen bonds to the extracellular DNA and cannot be extracted by a usual phenol procedure, due perhaps to the presence of a glycoprotein. Further purifications by chloroform, sodium perchlorate, and hydroxyapatite are necessary to obtain an RNA molecule that is acid precipitable, RNase and KOH sensitive, and orcinol positive. The extracellular RNA sediments between 2.5 and 4S and is not a transfer RNA. It is more highly methylated than the 28S, 18S, and 4 to 5S cellular RNA. It activates DNA synthesis in vitro.", "PMID": 688240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7948", "title": "Effect of 5-fluorouracil and thymidine on the transmembrane potential and zeta potential of HeLa cells.", "content": "The main result of the experiments reported in this paper is the observation that HeLa cells, when treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), show a damped oscillatory response in the transmembrane potential. This effect is counteracted by thymidine. Damped oscillation in the transmembrane potential occurs within the first hr after addition of 5-FU, commencing with an initial hypopolarization. At low concentrations (10(-8) through 10(-7) M), hyperpolarization of the cell membrane is observed after lengthy incubation time (24 to 96 hr). Membrane depolarization is enhanced at higher concentrations (10(-6) through 10(-4) M) and with increasing exposure to the cytostatic substance. The surface charge or zeta potential of HeLa cells is altered to a lesser extent by 5-FU than is the transmembrane potential. Distinct effects can be observed as late as after 72 and 96 hr. When thymidine (2 x 10(-5) M) is added along with 5-FU, the depolarizing action of the antimetabolite can be abolished. Thymidine itself, at the concentration used, causes almost no change in membrane polarization. The results suggest that the effect of 5-FU on the cell membrane is related to the influence of the antimetabolite on cell growth. Moreover, this membrane effect might be the primary cause for the cytostatic action.", "contents": "Effect of 5-fluorouracil and thymidine on the transmembrane potential and zeta potential of HeLa cells. The main result of the experiments reported in this paper is the observation that HeLa cells, when treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), show a damped oscillatory response in the transmembrane potential. This effect is counteracted by thymidine. Damped oscillation in the transmembrane potential occurs within the first hr after addition of 5-FU, commencing with an initial hypopolarization. At low concentrations (10(-8) through 10(-7) M), hyperpolarization of the cell membrane is observed after lengthy incubation time (24 to 96 hr). Membrane depolarization is enhanced at higher concentrations (10(-6) through 10(-4) M) and with increasing exposure to the cytostatic substance. The surface charge or zeta potential of HeLa cells is altered to a lesser extent by 5-FU than is the transmembrane potential. Distinct effects can be observed as late as after 72 and 96 hr. When thymidine (2 x 10(-5) M) is added along with 5-FU, the depolarizing action of the antimetabolite can be abolished. Thymidine itself, at the concentration used, causes almost no change in membrane polarization. The results suggest that the effect of 5-FU on the cell membrane is related to the influence of the antimetabolite on cell growth. Moreover, this membrane effect might be the primary cause for the cytostatic action.", "PMID": 688241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7949", "title": "Establishment of epithelial cell lines following exposure of cultured tracheal epithelium to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate.", "content": "In vitro exposure of rat tracheal epithelium to the tumor-promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate results in a marked increase in growth capacity. The growth changes are manifested in an increased rate of cell division and growth in primary cultures and in the establishment of permanent epithelial cell lines. Such changes did not occur in control cultures. Fourteen of the cell lines have been inoculated into immunosuppressed recipients, and all are nontumorigenic.", "contents": "Establishment of epithelial cell lines following exposure of cultured tracheal epithelium to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. In vitro exposure of rat tracheal epithelium to the tumor-promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate results in a marked increase in growth capacity. The growth changes are manifested in an increased rate of cell division and growth in primary cultures and in the establishment of permanent epithelial cell lines. Such changes did not occur in control cultures. Fourteen of the cell lines have been inoculated into immunosuppressed recipients, and all are nontumorigenic.", "PMID": 688242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7950", "title": "Adriamycin and mitomycin C: possible synergistic cardiotoxicity.", "content": "Ninety-one patients with advanced breast cancer failing adriamycin (ADR)-containing combination chemotherapy were treated with a combination of mitomycin C (MMC) and megestrol acetate. Congestive heart failure (CHF) occurred in 14 (15.3%) of 91 MMC-treated patients compared to three (3.4%) of 89 patients treated with similar ADR-containing combination chemotherapy without MMC (P = 0.01). The median time from the last dose of ADR to evidence of CHF was 8.5 months for the MMC group compared to 1.5 months for the other group. A significantly higher incidence of late onset of CHF implicates MMC as a possible cardiotoxic agent.", "contents": "Adriamycin and mitomycin C: possible synergistic cardiotoxicity. Ninety-one patients with advanced breast cancer failing adriamycin (ADR)-containing combination chemotherapy were treated with a combination of mitomycin C (MMC) and megestrol acetate. Congestive heart failure (CHF) occurred in 14 (15.3%) of 91 MMC-treated patients compared to three (3.4%) of 89 patients treated with similar ADR-containing combination chemotherapy without MMC (P = 0.01). The median time from the last dose of ADR to evidence of CHF was 8.5 months for the MMC group compared to 1.5 months for the other group. A significantly higher incidence of late onset of CHF implicates MMC as a possible cardiotoxic agent.", "PMID": 688243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7951", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for ovarian carcinoma with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) after failure of initial chemotherapy.", "content": "Twenty-four patients who had stage III or IV ovarian adenocarcinoma and had failed prior chemotherapy were treated with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) every 3 weeks. Twelve patients had objective responses and an additional six had subjective improvement. The median duration of survival for responders is 9 months. There were no instances of nephrotoxicity. Fluid management consisted of 1000-2000 ml of iv fluid without Lasix- or mannitol-induced diuresis. Patients responded after having failed radiotherapy or multiple-drug chemotherapy, including some who were 70-75 years of age or were greater than 50% bedridden. Patients with one- or two-drug prior chemotherapy had a higher response rate (ten responses among 17 patients) than those previously treated with three or more drugs (two responses among seven patients).", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for ovarian carcinoma with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) after failure of initial chemotherapy. Twenty-four patients who had stage III or IV ovarian adenocarcinoma and had failed prior chemotherapy were treated with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) every 3 weeks. Twelve patients had objective responses and an additional six had subjective improvement. The median duration of survival for responders is 9 months. There were no instances of nephrotoxicity. Fluid management consisted of 1000-2000 ml of iv fluid without Lasix- or mannitol-induced diuresis. Patients responded after having failed radiotherapy or multiple-drug chemotherapy, including some who were 70-75 years of age or were greater than 50% bedridden. Patients with one- or two-drug prior chemotherapy had a higher response rate (ten responses among 17 patients) than those previously treated with three or more drugs (two responses among seven patients).", "PMID": 688244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7952", "title": "Sample size requirements for evaluating a conservative therapy.", "content": "Determination of an adequate sample size for a clinical trial has traditionally involved the specification of type I (false positive) and type II (false negative) error rates, and a difference that one wishes to detect. Because newer therapy has generally been more invasive or more toxic, it is conventional for the type I error to be 0.05 in order that new therapy not be accepted as superior unless its advantages are definitively established. Recently, many new trials have been directed toward showing that a more conservative treatment is equivalent in efficacy to a standard intensive therapy. In this paper, we provide formulas which prescribe the sample size necessary to meet certain criteria specified by the investigator for this alternative type of clinical trial. In addition, the percent increase in total sample size is described when more patients are allocated to one treatment than the other.", "contents": "Sample size requirements for evaluating a conservative therapy. Determination of an adequate sample size for a clinical trial has traditionally involved the specification of type I (false positive) and type II (false negative) error rates, and a difference that one wishes to detect. Because newer therapy has generally been more invasive or more toxic, it is conventional for the type I error to be 0.05 in order that new therapy not be accepted as superior unless its advantages are definitively established. Recently, many new trials have been directed toward showing that a more conservative treatment is equivalent in efficacy to a standard intensive therapy. In this paper, we provide formulas which prescribe the sample size necessary to meet certain criteria specified by the investigator for this alternative type of clinical trial. In addition, the percent increase in total sample size is described when more patients are allocated to one treatment than the other.", "PMID": 688245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7953", "title": "Antitumor properties of a new folate analog, 10-deaza-aminopterin, in mice.", "content": "A new folate analog, 10-deaza-aminopterin, was substantially more active than methotrexate, following sc administration in mice, against three of five ascites tumors and two of three solid tumors. For ascites tumors, maximum increases in lifespan (using 6--12 mg/kg q2d X 5) with 10-deaza-aminopterin versus methotrexate were + 171.2%/+ 149.8% against L1210 leukemia, +118.4%/+109.1% against P815 plasmacytoma, +64%/+20.9% against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, +84.2%/+44.8% against Taper liver tumor, and greater than +159.6%/+64.0% against Sarcoma 180 with longterm survivors after 10-deaza-aminopterin. In a smaller number of experiments comparing LD10 dosages (given q2d X 5) of aminopterin, methotrexate, and 10-deaza-aminopterin, aminopterin was the least effective and 10-deaza-aminopterin was the most effective against the L1210 leukemia, Sarcoma 180, and Ehrlich ascites tumors. Following oral administration (3--6 mg/kg q2d X 5), a twofold greater increase in survival time was obtained against the L1210 leukemia with 10-deazaaminopterin (+122.8%) versus methotrexate (+57%). At a dosage of 6 mg/kg q1d X 5 against solid tumors, the relative tumor volumes (treated/control X 100%) were 12%/41% for Sarcoma 180, 16%/31% for Taper liver tumor, and 20%/30% for Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Overall, the data suggest a broader spectrum of effective antitumor action in mice and a potential for the expanded clinical utility of this category of agent.", "contents": "Antitumor properties of a new folate analog, 10-deaza-aminopterin, in mice. A new folate analog, 10-deaza-aminopterin, was substantially more active than methotrexate, following sc administration in mice, against three of five ascites tumors and two of three solid tumors. For ascites tumors, maximum increases in lifespan (using 6--12 mg/kg q2d X 5) with 10-deaza-aminopterin versus methotrexate were + 171.2%/+ 149.8% against L1210 leukemia, +118.4%/+109.1% against P815 plasmacytoma, +64%/+20.9% against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, +84.2%/+44.8% against Taper liver tumor, and greater than +159.6%/+64.0% against Sarcoma 180 with longterm survivors after 10-deaza-aminopterin. In a smaller number of experiments comparing LD10 dosages (given q2d X 5) of aminopterin, methotrexate, and 10-deaza-aminopterin, aminopterin was the least effective and 10-deaza-aminopterin was the most effective against the L1210 leukemia, Sarcoma 180, and Ehrlich ascites tumors. Following oral administration (3--6 mg/kg q2d X 5), a twofold greater increase in survival time was obtained against the L1210 leukemia with 10-deazaaminopterin (+122.8%) versus methotrexate (+57%). At a dosage of 6 mg/kg q1d X 5 against solid tumors, the relative tumor volumes (treated/control X 100%) were 12%/41% for Sarcoma 180, 16%/31% for Taper liver tumor, and 20%/30% for Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Overall, the data suggest a broader spectrum of effective antitumor action in mice and a potential for the expanded clinical utility of this category of agent.", "PMID": 688246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7954", "title": "Effects of 5-fluorouracil on human colon carcinoma and solid rat Walker 256 carcinosarcoma: evaluation as in vitro predictors of clinical response.", "content": "Several biochemical effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) including inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-deoxyuridine (3H-UdR) into DNA, inhibition of ribosome formation, and formation of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) were examined in samples of human colon carcinomas to determine if any of these drug effects might have predictive value as a reliable guide to 5-FU therapy. For comparison, the solid rat Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, which is only minimally responsive to 5-FU, was also studied. For each of the biochemical effects of 5-FU measured in the various samples of Walker 256 tumors, the responses were consistent and varied within a narrow range. In contrast, the formation of FdUMP from 5-FU and the degree of inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-UdR into DNA by 5-FU were extremely variable in the population of human colon carcinomas examined. In all human tumors examined, 5-FU caused a reduction in the formation of ribosomes, but even in the absence of 5-FU, the total amount of ribosome synthesis was so low that it makes measurement difficult to quantitate. Based on our data, a study might be warranted to determine if there is a correlation between FdUMP formation and responsiveness of colon carcinoma to 5-FU therapy.", "contents": "Effects of 5-fluorouracil on human colon carcinoma and solid rat Walker 256 carcinosarcoma: evaluation as in vitro predictors of clinical response. Several biochemical effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) including inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-deoxyuridine (3H-UdR) into DNA, inhibition of ribosome formation, and formation of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) were examined in samples of human colon carcinomas to determine if any of these drug effects might have predictive value as a reliable guide to 5-FU therapy. For comparison, the solid rat Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, which is only minimally responsive to 5-FU, was also studied. For each of the biochemical effects of 5-FU measured in the various samples of Walker 256 tumors, the responses were consistent and varied within a narrow range. In contrast, the formation of FdUMP from 5-FU and the degree of inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-UdR into DNA by 5-FU were extremely variable in the population of human colon carcinomas examined. In all human tumors examined, 5-FU caused a reduction in the formation of ribosomes, but even in the absence of 5-FU, the total amount of ribosome synthesis was so low that it makes measurement difficult to quantitate. Based on our data, a study might be warranted to determine if there is a correlation between FdUMP formation and responsiveness of colon carcinoma to 5-FU therapy.", "PMID": 688247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7955", "title": "Glycerol: a successful alternative to dexamethasone for patients receiving brain irradiation for metastatic disease.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with metastatic brain neoplasms of various types received glycerol instead of corticosteroids during periods of brain irradiation. In the 25 symptomatic patients, responses from this treatment were seen in those patients whose primary symptom was vomiting (ten of 12 patients), headache (nine of ten), papilledema (five of nine), paralysis (six of eight), confusion (six of seven), and dysphasia (four of six). Glycerol was well tolerated; it did not induce immunosuppression when administered in combination with radiotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy. Further investigation is indicated to compare its efficacy with that of dexamethasone.", "contents": "Glycerol: a successful alternative to dexamethasone for patients receiving brain irradiation for metastatic disease. Thirty-three patients with metastatic brain neoplasms of various types received glycerol instead of corticosteroids during periods of brain irradiation. In the 25 symptomatic patients, responses from this treatment were seen in those patients whose primary symptom was vomiting (ten of 12 patients), headache (nine of ten), papilledema (five of nine), paralysis (six of eight), confusion (six of seven), and dysphasia (four of six). Glycerol was well tolerated; it did not induce immunosuppression when administered in combination with radiotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy. Further investigation is indicated to compare its efficacy with that of dexamethasone.", "PMID": 688248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7956", "title": "Lack of therapeutic synergism between vincristine and methotrexate in L1210 murine leukemia in vivo.", "content": "In vivo studies were performed in mice bearing L1210 ascites tumor to examine the interaction of vincristine (VCR) at doses of 0.15 and 1.5 mg/kg with methotrexate (MTX) at doses of 0.5, 5, 50, and 350 mg/kg. The combination was administered on Days 2, 6, and 10 after tumor inoculation. VCR was given either concurrently with MTX or preceding it by 30, 60, or 120 minutes. VCR administered at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg achieved a peak peritoneal fluid concentration of 1.4 micron declining with a half-life (T1/2) of 33.5 minutes and produced no in vivo augmentation of MTX uptake. VCR administered at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg achieved a peak peritoneal fluid concentration of 16.5 micron declining with a T1/2 of 24.9 minutes and produced significant in vivo augmentation of MTX uptake when given concurrently with the MTX and 30 minutes prior to MTX at a dose of 350 mg/kg. No other interval was associated with augmented MTX uptake. When animal survival was evaluated, no therapeutic synergism was observed at any dose level of either drug in any schedule. In fact, VCR (0.15 and 1.5 mg/kg) and MTX at doses of greater than or equal to 50 mg/kg produced toxic synergism which adversely affected survival. Since the drug doses studied are comparable with those used in \"high-dose\" clinical protocols, individual tumor evaluation is indicated to support the use of these drugs in combination.", "contents": "Lack of therapeutic synergism between vincristine and methotrexate in L1210 murine leukemia in vivo. In vivo studies were performed in mice bearing L1210 ascites tumor to examine the interaction of vincristine (VCR) at doses of 0.15 and 1.5 mg/kg with methotrexate (MTX) at doses of 0.5, 5, 50, and 350 mg/kg. The combination was administered on Days 2, 6, and 10 after tumor inoculation. VCR was given either concurrently with MTX or preceding it by 30, 60, or 120 minutes. VCR administered at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg achieved a peak peritoneal fluid concentration of 1.4 micron declining with a half-life (T1/2) of 33.5 minutes and produced no in vivo augmentation of MTX uptake. VCR administered at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg achieved a peak peritoneal fluid concentration of 16.5 micron declining with a T1/2 of 24.9 minutes and produced significant in vivo augmentation of MTX uptake when given concurrently with the MTX and 30 minutes prior to MTX at a dose of 350 mg/kg. No other interval was associated with augmented MTX uptake. When animal survival was evaluated, no therapeutic synergism was observed at any dose level of either drug in any schedule. In fact, VCR (0.15 and 1.5 mg/kg) and MTX at doses of greater than or equal to 50 mg/kg produced toxic synergism which adversely affected survival. Since the drug doses studied are comparable with those used in \"high-dose\" clinical protocols, individual tumor evaluation is indicated to support the use of these drugs in combination.", "PMID": 688252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7957", "title": "Prediction of adriamycin disposition in cancer patients using a physiologic, pharmacokinetic model.", "content": "A ten-compartment flow-limited pharmacokinetic model scaled from rabbit tissue distribution data was used to predict plasma adriamycin concentrations in 23 patients and adriamycin tissue uptake in nine surgery patients following iv bolus doses of 10--60 mg/m2. The predicted concentrations were compared to experimentally determined adriamycin using a specific thin-layer chromatographic fluorescence scanning procedure. The predicted plasma time course for 11 of 16 patients with relatively normal liver and kidney function agreed closely with the observed plasma time course. Deviations in the other five patients were ascribed to possible changes in the profile of metabolite formation and/or fluctuations in biliary clearance. All four patients with elevated serum bilirubin demonstrated significantly  higher and more prolonged plasma levels than predicted. The results of two patients with impaired kidney function and one patient with both hepatic and renal involvement were inconclusive. The comparison between predicted and observed tissue concentrations in biopsy samples was varied; however, all were within an order of magnitude. It is concluded that the model depicts adriamycin uptake and distribution reasonably well; however, more needs to be known concerning individual variation in metabolic and biliary excretion rates for this to become more patient-specific. Also, a tumor compartment appears to be an important addition in modifying the model to allow for clinical utility.", "contents": "Prediction of adriamycin disposition in cancer patients using a physiologic, pharmacokinetic model. A ten-compartment flow-limited pharmacokinetic model scaled from rabbit tissue distribution data was used to predict plasma adriamycin concentrations in 23 patients and adriamycin tissue uptake in nine surgery patients following iv bolus doses of 10--60 mg/m2. The predicted concentrations were compared to experimentally determined adriamycin using a specific thin-layer chromatographic fluorescence scanning procedure. The predicted plasma time course for 11 of 16 patients with relatively normal liver and kidney function agreed closely with the observed plasma time course. Deviations in the other five patients were ascribed to possible changes in the profile of metabolite formation and/or fluctuations in biliary clearance. All four patients with elevated serum bilirubin demonstrated significantly  higher and more prolonged plasma levels than predicted. The results of two patients with impaired kidney function and one patient with both hepatic and renal involvement were inconclusive. The comparison between predicted and observed tissue concentrations in biopsy samples was varied; however, all were within an order of magnitude. It is concluded that the model depicts adriamycin uptake and distribution reasonably well; however, more needs to be known concerning individual variation in metabolic and biliary excretion rates for this to become more patient-specific. Also, a tumor compartment appears to be an important addition in modifying the model to allow for clinical utility.", "PMID": 688253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7958", "title": "5-year survey of methotrexate, cyclophosphamide (Endoxan), and vincristine (MEV) therapy for advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Five courses of a combination chemotherapy regimen with methotrexate, cyclophosphamide (Endoxan), and vincristine were given to 64 patients, 37 with lymphocytic lymphoma (LL) and 27 with histocytic lymphoma (HL). Eighteen of the 37 patients with LL (48%) achieved a complete remission (CR); 12 of these 18 patients have been in CR for 20--58 months. Among the complete responders only two died. Twenty-two of the 27 patients with HL (81%) achieved CR and 12 of these patients are still in CR. Ten of the complete responders have been relapse-free for 24--70 months and five have been relapse-free for greater than 60 months. Clinical and hematologic tolerance was such that the interval between each course had to be prolonged in only three of the 64 patients and, with the exception of vincristine, the dosages were not reduced.", "contents": "5-year survey of methotrexate, cyclophosphamide (Endoxan), and vincristine (MEV) therapy for advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Five courses of a combination chemotherapy regimen with methotrexate, cyclophosphamide (Endoxan), and vincristine were given to 64 patients, 37 with lymphocytic lymphoma (LL) and 27 with histocytic lymphoma (HL). Eighteen of the 37 patients with LL (48%) achieved a complete remission (CR); 12 of these 18 patients have been in CR for 20--58 months. Among the complete responders only two died. Twenty-two of the 27 patients with HL (81%) achieved CR and 12 of these patients are still in CR. Ten of the complete responders have been relapse-free for 24--70 months and five have been relapse-free for greater than 60 months. Clinical and hematologic tolerance was such that the interval between each course had to be prolonged in only three of the 64 patients and, with the exception of vincristine, the dosages were not reduced.", "PMID": 688255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7959", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) alone followed by adriamycin plus cyclophosphamide at progression versus cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide in combination for adenocarcinoma of the lung.", "content": "Forty-one patients with proven metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung were randomized into two comparable groups after stratification for performance status and presence of measurable or evaluable disease. Treatment 1 consisted of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (P) at a dose of 15 mg/m2/day by iv push on Days 1--5 every 4 weeks. Upon progression or the onset of renal toxic effects, patients were crossed over to cyclophosphamide (C) at a dose of 400 mg/m2, and adriamycin (A) at a dose of 40 mg/m2, both given by iv push on Day 1 every 4 weeks. Treatment 2 (CAP-I) consisted of C-A in the same doses as above plus concurrent P, 40 mg/m2 by IV push on Day 1 every 4 weeks. Eight patients receiving P developed serum creatinine values greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/100 ml versus one patient receiving CAP-I (P = 0.05). Objective regressions occurred in two of 22 patients with P, five of 17 with C-A, and eight of 19 with CAP-I (P = 0.025; CAP-I versus P). There was a significant increase in the median duration of regression in patients responding to C-A following P (267 days) versus patients responding to CAP-I (95 days). The improved rate of response with CAP-I and the prolonged duration of response with C-A following P suggest a potentiating effect between P and C-A whether given simultaneously or sequentially.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) alone followed by adriamycin plus cyclophosphamide at progression versus cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide in combination for adenocarcinoma of the lung. Forty-one patients with proven metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung were randomized into two comparable groups after stratification for performance status and presence of measurable or evaluable disease. Treatment 1 consisted of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (P) at a dose of 15 mg/m2/day by iv push on Days 1--5 every 4 weeks. Upon progression or the onset of renal toxic effects, patients were crossed over to cyclophosphamide (C) at a dose of 400 mg/m2, and adriamycin (A) at a dose of 40 mg/m2, both given by iv push on Day 1 every 4 weeks. Treatment 2 (CAP-I) consisted of C-A in the same doses as above plus concurrent P, 40 mg/m2 by IV push on Day 1 every 4 weeks. Eight patients receiving P developed serum creatinine values greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/100 ml versus one patient receiving CAP-I (P = 0.05). Objective regressions occurred in two of 22 patients with P, five of 17 with C-A, and eight of 19 with CAP-I (P = 0.025; CAP-I versus P). There was a significant increase in the median duration of regression in patients responding to C-A following P (267 days) versus patients responding to CAP-I (95 days). The improved rate of response with CAP-I and the prolonged duration of response with C-A following P suggest a potentiating effect between P and C-A whether given simultaneously or sequentially.", "PMID": 688256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7960", "title": "Steroid-nucleosides.", "content": "A new class of potential chemotherapeutic agents consisting of steroids coupled with nucleoside bases is described. Such structures may be viewed as nucleosides in which the sugar moiety is replaced by a steroid molecule. We may therefore expect the nucleoside characteristics to give interference at the DNA level, resulting in the desired antitumor activity, whereas the steroid moiety may provide target specificity. A number of such coupling products were prepared and preliminary biologic studies are reported.", "contents": "Steroid-nucleosides. A new class of potential chemotherapeutic agents consisting of steroids coupled with nucleoside bases is described. Such structures may be viewed as nucleosides in which the sugar moiety is replaced by a steroid molecule. We may therefore expect the nucleoside characteristics to give interference at the DNA level, resulting in the desired antitumor activity, whereas the steroid moiety may provide target specificity. A number of such coupling products were prepared and preliminary biologic studies are reported.", "PMID": 688262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7961", "title": "Association between steroid hormone receptors and response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "The influence of steroid hormone receptors on response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy in 70 patients with metastatic breast cancer was determined in a retrospective study. We have previously reported that 34 of 45 patients with tumors containing low or absent estrogen-receptor values had objective responses to chemotherapy while three of 25 patients with positive estrogen-receptor tumors responded. In the present study, 22 of 34 patients with low or absent progesterone-receptor tumors had an objective response to cytotoxic chemotherapy, while none of eight patients with a positive progesterone-receptor tumor responded (P less than 0.05). Patients having tumors with a negative estrogen receptor and a negative progesterone receptor had a response rate of 88% (21 of 24 patients). There were three patients whose tumors were estrogen-receptor negative but progesterone-receptor positive; none had a response to chemotherapy. Chemotherapy response was not associated with the presence or absence of either androgen or glucocorticoid receptor. We conclude that progesterone-receptor values in addition to estrogen-receptor status may prove to be important correlates of response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Androgen- and glucocorticoid-receptor analyses are not helpful in predicting response to chemotherapy.", "contents": "Association between steroid hormone receptors and response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. The influence of steroid hormone receptors on response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy in 70 patients with metastatic breast cancer was determined in a retrospective study. We have previously reported that 34 of 45 patients with tumors containing low or absent estrogen-receptor values had objective responses to chemotherapy while three of 25 patients with positive estrogen-receptor tumors responded. In the present study, 22 of 34 patients with low or absent progesterone-receptor tumors had an objective response to cytotoxic chemotherapy, while none of eight patients with a positive progesterone-receptor tumor responded (P less than 0.05). Patients having tumors with a negative estrogen receptor and a negative progesterone receptor had a response rate of 88% (21 of 24 patients). There were three patients whose tumors were estrogen-receptor negative but progesterone-receptor positive; none had a response to chemotherapy. Chemotherapy response was not associated with the presence or absence of either androgen or glucocorticoid receptor. We conclude that progesterone-receptor values in addition to estrogen-receptor status may prove to be important correlates of response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Androgen- and glucocorticoid-receptor analyses are not helpful in predicting response to chemotherapy.", "PMID": 688273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7962", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of BCNU in man: a preliminary study of 20 patients.", "content": "Using the technique of direct sample insertion selected ion monitoring chemical ionization mass spectroscopy, BCNU levels were measured in vivo in patients and in vitro in serum, sera ultrafiltrates, and buffered Ringer's solution. The disappearance of BCNU in vitro was found to be first-order with a half-time of 11.6 minutes (+/- 0.5 SD) in volunteers and 15.6 minutes (+/- 2.3 SD) in patients. The disappearance from serum was catalyzed by a macromolecular component of the serum and was slowed by serum lipids. Analysis of the pharmacokinetics of BCNU in 20 patients using a two-compartment open model demonstrated a volume of distribution of 3.25 liters/kg (+/- 1.69 SD), a clearance of 56 ml/minute/kg (+/- 56 SD), and a transfer constant from the central compartment to the outside (K10) OF 0.0324 MINUTE-1 (+/- 41% SD), which was close to the decomposition rate observed for BCNU in serum in vitro. The pharmacokinetics of BCNU in patients may be affected by the percent of body fat and the lipid content of the serum.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of BCNU in man: a preliminary study of 20 patients. Using the technique of direct sample insertion selected ion monitoring chemical ionization mass spectroscopy, BCNU levels were measured in vivo in patients and in vitro in serum, sera ultrafiltrates, and buffered Ringer's solution. The disappearance of BCNU in vitro was found to be first-order with a half-time of 11.6 minutes (+/- 0.5 SD) in volunteers and 15.6 minutes (+/- 2.3 SD) in patients. The disappearance from serum was catalyzed by a macromolecular component of the serum and was slowed by serum lipids. Analysis of the pharmacokinetics of BCNU in 20 patients using a two-compartment open model demonstrated a volume of distribution of 3.25 liters/kg (+/- 1.69 SD), a clearance of 56 ml/minute/kg (+/- 56 SD), and a transfer constant from the central compartment to the outside (K10) OF 0.0324 MINUTE-1 (+/- 41% SD), which was close to the decomposition rate observed for BCNU in serum in vitro. The pharmacokinetics of BCNU in patients may be affected by the percent of body fat and the lipid content of the serum.", "PMID": 688274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7963", "title": "Kinetics of cytotoxicity of VM-26 and VP-16-213 on L1210 leukemia and hematopoietic stem cells.", "content": "The in vivo effects of VM-26 and VP-16-213 upon hematopoietic stem cells and L1210 leukemia cells were quantitated using the spleen-colony assay technique. The effect of VM-26 on leukemia cells was further quantitated using an endpoint dilution assay. The dose-response curves for leukemic clonogenic cells for both agents when given by iv injection were exponential and biphasic, indicating the existence of two populations. The survival of leukemia cells when VM-26 was administered as a 24-hour infusion was less than that found for equivalent doses administered as single injections. The survival kinetics with respect to time for a low dose (0.02 mg/mouse) and a high dose (0.15 mg/mouse) of VM-26 were similar in that the decrease in survival was rapid, reaching a maximum effect within 4 hours after administration. With the low dose, repopulation of the femoral marrow started immediately, whereas with the high dose, there was a 20-hour delay in repopulation. The data from the increase in lifespan studies were in excellent agreement with the quantitative assays. The dose-response curves for the normal hematopoietic clonogenic cells were also exponential, but these cells were much less sensitive to the agents than were the leukemia cells.", "contents": "Kinetics of cytotoxicity of VM-26 and VP-16-213 on L1210 leukemia and hematopoietic stem cells. The in vivo effects of VM-26 and VP-16-213 upon hematopoietic stem cells and L1210 leukemia cells were quantitated using the spleen-colony assay technique. The effect of VM-26 on leukemia cells was further quantitated using an endpoint dilution assay. The dose-response curves for leukemic clonogenic cells for both agents when given by iv injection were exponential and biphasic, indicating the existence of two populations. The survival of leukemia cells when VM-26 was administered as a 24-hour infusion was less than that found for equivalent doses administered as single injections. The survival kinetics with respect to time for a low dose (0.02 mg/mouse) and a high dose (0.15 mg/mouse) of VM-26 were similar in that the decrease in survival was rapid, reaching a maximum effect within 4 hours after administration. With the low dose, repopulation of the femoral marrow started immediately, whereas with the high dose, there was a 20-hour delay in repopulation. The data from the increase in lifespan studies were in excellent agreement with the quantitative assays. The dose-response curves for the normal hematopoietic clonogenic cells were also exponential, but these cells were much less sensitive to the agents than were the leukemia cells.", "PMID": 688275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7964", "title": "Estramustine phosphate in the treatment of advanced malignant melanoma.", "content": "Twenty-six patients (14 men and 12 women) with histologically proven advanced malignant melanoma, who previously had not responded to DTIC, methyl-CCNU, and procarbazine, received estramustine phosphate (estracyt) (15 mg/m2) in daily divided doses. All patients had measurable disease. One patient developed a complete remission and one patient had improvement in liver function without measurable regression in the tumor. In three other patients (11%), the disease remained static for a period of 3--5 months. The mean survival time from the beginning of therapy was 16.8 months for the patients with a response or static disease and 2.18 months for those who had no response. Gastrointestinal toxicity was minimal; no hematologic toxicity was observed. It appears that estramustine phosphate used as a single agent for treating advanced malignant melanoma after patients failed to respond to DTIC and to the combination of methyl-CCNU and procarbazine has a poor response rate.", "contents": "Estramustine phosphate in the treatment of advanced malignant melanoma. Twenty-six patients (14 men and 12 women) with histologically proven advanced malignant melanoma, who previously had not responded to DTIC, methyl-CCNU, and procarbazine, received estramustine phosphate (estracyt) (15 mg/m2) in daily divided doses. All patients had measurable disease. One patient developed a complete remission and one patient had improvement in liver function without measurable regression in the tumor. In three other patients (11%), the disease remained static for a period of 3--5 months. The mean survival time from the beginning of therapy was 16.8 months for the patients with a response or static disease and 2.18 months for those who had no response. Gastrointestinal toxicity was minimal; no hematologic toxicity was observed. It appears that estramustine phosphate used as a single agent for treating advanced malignant melanoma after patients failed to respond to DTIC and to the combination of methyl-CCNU and procarbazine has a poor response rate.", "PMID": 688276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7965", "title": "Chemo-hormonal therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma with adriamycin, hydroxyurea, vinblastine, and medroxyprogesterone acetate.", "content": "In a phase II study, eight patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma have been treated with a combination of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy using adriamycin, hydroxyurea, vinblastine, and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Five patients have responded, including one with complete response, one with subjective improvement, and three with partial responses. The median survival was 4 months with a range of 4--11 months. With the exception of mild alopecia and nausea, toxicity was minimal; no significant hematologic toxicity was noted. The initial results of this study suggest that chemo-hormonal therapy plays a significant role in the management of renal cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Chemo-hormonal therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma with adriamycin, hydroxyurea, vinblastine, and medroxyprogesterone acetate. In a phase II study, eight patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma have been treated with a combination of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy using adriamycin, hydroxyurea, vinblastine, and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Five patients have responded, including one with complete response, one with subjective improvement, and three with partial responses. The median survival was 4 months with a range of 4--11 months. With the exception of mild alopecia and nausea, toxicity was minimal; no significant hematologic toxicity was noted. The initial results of this study suggest that chemo-hormonal therapy plays a significant role in the management of renal cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 688282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7966", "title": "Phase II study of melphalan in colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "In a prospective phase II study, 25 patients with advanced (Duke's D) colorectal adenocarcinoma received 0.25 mg/kg of melphalan orally daily for 4 days every 28 days. There were 17 men and eight women. All patients had measurable areas of known malignant disease which served as objective indicators of the response to chemotherapy. All patients were evaluated for at least two cycles of therapy. Each patient had had previous treatment with 5-fluorouracil and, in addition, 24 of 25 patients had had treatment with methyl-CCNU; all patients had disease progression with both regimens. Toxicity consisted of mild gastrointestinal symptoms and transient leukopenia (wbc count less than 4000/mm3) in nine of 25 (36%) patients and thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100,000/mm3) in six of 25 (24%). One of 25 (4%) patients had an objective response for 12 weeks, 15 of 25 (60%) had disease progression, and nine of 25 (36%) remained stable for 2 months. We conclude that melphalan is ineffective for patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma who have previously failed to respond to both 5-fluorouracil and methyl-CCNU.", "contents": "Phase II study of melphalan in colorectal carcinoma. In a prospective phase II study, 25 patients with advanced (Duke's D) colorectal adenocarcinoma received 0.25 mg/kg of melphalan orally daily for 4 days every 28 days. There were 17 men and eight women. All patients had measurable areas of known malignant disease which served as objective indicators of the response to chemotherapy. All patients were evaluated for at least two cycles of therapy. Each patient had had previous treatment with 5-fluorouracil and, in addition, 24 of 25 patients had had treatment with methyl-CCNU; all patients had disease progression with both regimens. Toxicity consisted of mild gastrointestinal symptoms and transient leukopenia (wbc count less than 4000/mm3) in nine of 25 (36%) patients and thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100,000/mm3) in six of 25 (24%). One of 25 (4%) patients had an objective response for 12 weeks, 15 of 25 (60%) had disease progression, and nine of 25 (36%) remained stable for 2 months. We conclude that melphalan is ineffective for patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma who have previously failed to respond to both 5-fluorouracil and methyl-CCNU.", "PMID": 688286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7967", "title": "Dissecting the hematopoietic microenvironment. II. The kinetics of the erythron of the S1/S1d mouse and the dual nature of its anemia.", "content": "An analysis of the S1/S1d mouse for ferrokinetics and fate of peripheral red blood cells has shown the cause of its anemia to be dual in nature. While the S1/S1d produces red cells at a slightly greater rate than its normal littermate, its bone marrow and spleen appear to be operating near their maximal capacity and will reduce their output if anemic stress is partly relieved. The cause of the moderately high level of erythropoiesis in the S1/S1d is a mean daily loss of 2.5--3.0% of its total blood volume via the intestinal tract.", "contents": "Dissecting the hematopoietic microenvironment. II. The kinetics of the erythron of the S1/S1d mouse and the dual nature of its anemia. An analysis of the S1/S1d mouse for ferrokinetics and fate of peripheral red blood cells has shown the cause of its anemia to be dual in nature. While the S1/S1d produces red cells at a slightly greater rate than its normal littermate, its bone marrow and spleen appear to be operating near their maximal capacity and will reduce their output if anemic stress is partly relieved. The cause of the moderately high level of erythropoiesis in the S1/S1d is a mean daily loss of 2.5--3.0% of its total blood volume via the intestinal tract.", "PMID": 688326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7968", "title": "Effect of myleran on murine hemopoiesis. III. Changes in the density distribution of spleen colony forming (CFU-S) and agar gel colony forming cells (CFU-C).", "content": "Spleen colony forming cells (CFU-S) and agar-gel colony forming cells (CFU-C) are separate but heterogeneous cell populations, as measured by buoyant density. Myleran (MY) abrogated the major (lighter density) components of the CFU-S and CFU-C compartments, thus shifting the surviving CFU-S and CFU-C density profiles into the higher density region. The normal spleen colony erythrocytic : granulocytic (E:G) ratio profile showed three density regions with different distributions of erythroid and granulocytic colonies. The preponderantly erythrocytic colony-generating CFU-S of the intermediate density regions were eradicated by MY. Comparison of the density distribution of erythrocytic and granulocytic colony-generating CFU-S of normal bone marrow showed that the erythrocytic CFU-S profile paralleled that of total CFU-S, while most of the granulocytic CFU-S were contained in the major (and lowest density) peak. MY eradicated the two main (and lowest density) peaks of CFU-S; surviving CFU-S occurred preponderantly in a minor (higher density) peak which has a high potential for generating erythrocytic colonies.", "contents": "Effect of myleran on murine hemopoiesis. III. Changes in the density distribution of spleen colony forming (CFU-S) and agar gel colony forming cells (CFU-C). Spleen colony forming cells (CFU-S) and agar-gel colony forming cells (CFU-C) are separate but heterogeneous cell populations, as measured by buoyant density. Myleran (MY) abrogated the major (lighter density) components of the CFU-S and CFU-C compartments, thus shifting the surviving CFU-S and CFU-C density profiles into the higher density region. The normal spleen colony erythrocytic : granulocytic (E:G) ratio profile showed three density regions with different distributions of erythroid and granulocytic colonies. The preponderantly erythrocytic colony-generating CFU-S of the intermediate density regions were eradicated by MY. Comparison of the density distribution of erythrocytic and granulocytic colony-generating CFU-S of normal bone marrow showed that the erythrocytic CFU-S profile paralleled that of total CFU-S, while most of the granulocytic CFU-S were contained in the major (and lowest density) peak. MY eradicated the two main (and lowest density) peaks of CFU-S; surviving CFU-S occurred preponderantly in a minor (higher density) peak which has a high potential for generating erythrocytic colonies.", "PMID": 688328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7969", "title": "The response of the satellite and other non-neuronal cells to the degeneration of neuroblasts in chick embryo spinal ganglia.", "content": "The responses of non-neuronal cells to the degeneration of neuroblasts were studied in the spinal ganglia of the chick embryo. Reactive changes of the non-neuronal cells were not apparent during the early stage of degeneration of the neuroblast, but during the later stages of degeneration evidence was found suggesting that non-neuronal cells subdivided and phagocytosed the affected neuroblasts. Three types of non-neuronal cells appeared to participate in the phagocytosis: satellite cells, cells resembling undifferentiated elements, and macrophages. The appearance of the latter coincided with the beginning of the vascularization of the ganglionic rudiment. The phagocytic capacity of satellite cells is discussed in the light of these and other studies by light and electron microscopy.", "contents": "The response of the satellite and other non-neuronal cells to the degeneration of neuroblasts in chick embryo spinal ganglia. The responses of non-neuronal cells to the degeneration of neuroblasts were studied in the spinal ganglia of the chick embryo. Reactive changes of the non-neuronal cells were not apparent during the early stage of degeneration of the neuroblast, but during the later stages of degeneration evidence was found suggesting that non-neuronal cells subdivided and phagocytosed the affected neuroblasts. Three types of non-neuronal cells appeared to participate in the phagocytosis: satellite cells, cells resembling undifferentiated elements, and macrophages. The appearance of the latter coincided with the beginning of the vascularization of the ganglionic rudiment. The phagocytic capacity of satellite cells is discussed in the light of these and other studies by light and electron microscopy.", "PMID": 688330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7970", "title": "Gap junctions in human sebaceous glands.", "content": "An examination of human seabaceous glands by transmission electron microscopy has revealed the presence of gap junctions. The junctions are found in abundance between differentiating cells, and annular forms are also seen. The possible significance of this new finding is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Gap junctions in human sebaceous glands. An examination of human seabaceous glands by transmission electron microscopy has revealed the presence of gap junctions. The junctions are found in abundance between differentiating cells, and annular forms are also seen. The possible significance of this new finding is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 688331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7971", "title": "Neurosecretion. XVII. Experimentally induced release of neurosecretory material by exocytosis in the insect Leucophaea maderae.", "content": "In the corpora cardiaca of the insect Leucophaea the administration of serotonin elicits ultrastructural features indicative of the extrusion of neurosecretory material by exocytosis. The response to the stimulus and the process of extrusion seem to occur at considerable speed. Nearly all of the 30 test animals, fixed at various intervals starting as early as 3 min after the injection of the drug, show granules captured at the moment of leaving the axon as well as fully exteriorized secretory material. The fact that many of these granules are much smaller than the typical neurosecretory type speaks for intracellular fragmentation of the latter prior to the discharge of this cellular product. After 25 min or more the extruded electron dense structures show signs of breakdown. 3the apparent speed of these phenomena accounts for the dearth of omega-type configurations observed in unstimulated specimens of this species. The possible relationship between the membrane phenomena involved in exocytosis and the transient protrusions of bounding membranes of neurosecretory granules described in earlier papers remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Neurosecretion. XVII. Experimentally induced release of neurosecretory material by exocytosis in the insect Leucophaea maderae. In the corpora cardiaca of the insect Leucophaea the administration of serotonin elicits ultrastructural features indicative of the extrusion of neurosecretory material by exocytosis. The response to the stimulus and the process of extrusion seem to occur at considerable speed. Nearly all of the 30 test animals, fixed at various intervals starting as early as 3 min after the injection of the drug, show granules captured at the moment of leaving the axon as well as fully exteriorized secretory material. The fact that many of these granules are much smaller than the typical neurosecretory type speaks for intracellular fragmentation of the latter prior to the discharge of this cellular product. After 25 min or more the extruded electron dense structures show signs of breakdown. 3the apparent speed of these phenomena accounts for the dearth of omega-type configurations observed in unstimulated specimens of this species. The possible relationship between the membrane phenomena involved in exocytosis and the transient protrusions of bounding membranes of neurosecretory granules described in earlier papers remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 688332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7972", "title": "Effects of vitamin A deficiency on ultimobranchial cysts in the thyroid gland: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Ultimobranchial cysts in the thyroid glands of rats receiving a diet adequate in vitamin A are lined with stratified squamous epithelium and contain non-keratinized cellular debris. The epithelium of these cysts in vitamin A deficient animals is keratinized, and their lumina contain keratinized cellular strands surrounding a core of cellular debris. Upon return to a diet adequate in vitamin A the epithelium returns to a non-keratinized state, and the lumina contain keratinized strands surrounded by cell fragments and desquamated whole cells. Occasionally these cysts have an epithelium that is highly irregular in appearance. The relationship of alterations in this tissue to possible subsequent development of neoplasias is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of vitamin A deficiency on ultimobranchial cysts in the thyroid gland: an electron microscopic study. Ultimobranchial cysts in the thyroid glands of rats receiving a diet adequate in vitamin A are lined with stratified squamous epithelium and contain non-keratinized cellular debris. The epithelium of these cysts in vitamin A deficient animals is keratinized, and their lumina contain keratinized cellular strands surrounding a core of cellular debris. Upon return to a diet adequate in vitamin A the epithelium returns to a non-keratinized state, and the lumina contain keratinized strands surrounded by cell fragments and desquamated whole cells. Occasionally these cysts have an epithelium that is highly irregular in appearance. The relationship of alterations in this tissue to possible subsequent development of neoplasias is discussed.", "PMID": 688333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7973", "title": "Ultrastructure and segmentation of microdissected kidney tubules in the marine flounder, Pleuronectes platessa.", "content": "A new method combining electron microscopy with microdissection was used to study the segmental variation along the tubule of a marine flounder. Two different nephron types were present. One type had long tubules with the glomeruli located close to the kidney surface. The other type had shorter and more coiled tubules with the glomeruli located close to the terminal end of the same nephron. Five different segments were present: (1) neck segment, (2) first proximal segment, (3) second proximal segment, (4) third proximal segment, and (5) collecting tubule. The third proximal segment was not present in all tubules. An extensive system of infoldings from the plasma membrane was present in all segments, except the neck segment and the collecting tubule. Tight junctions impermeable to lanthanum were present in all segments. The collecting duct cells also had extensive infoldings from the plasma membrane and tight junctions impermeable to lanthanum were also present here.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and segmentation of microdissected kidney tubules in the marine flounder, Pleuronectes platessa. A new method combining electron microscopy with microdissection was used to study the segmental variation along the tubule of a marine flounder. Two different nephron types were present. One type had long tubules with the glomeruli located close to the kidney surface. The other type had shorter and more coiled tubules with the glomeruli located close to the terminal end of the same nephron. Five different segments were present: (1) neck segment, (2) first proximal segment, (3) second proximal segment, (4) third proximal segment, and (5) collecting tubule. The third proximal segment was not present in all tubules. An extensive system of infoldings from the plasma membrane was present in all segments, except the neck segment and the collecting tubule. Tight junctions impermeable to lanthanum were present in all segments. The collecting duct cells also had extensive infoldings from the plasma membrane and tight junctions impermeable to lanthanum were also present here.", "PMID": 688334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7974", "title": "The effects of various stimuli on the cellular composition of peritoneal exudates in the mouse.", "content": "A comparative study on the composition of cell populations collected from the unstimulated mouse peritoneal cavity and at various intervals after the intraperitoneal injection of glycerol trioleate, casein, paraffin oil, glycogen, sodium chloride, and proteose peptone, was carried out. The cellular composition of the peritoneal exudates, especially with respect to the ratio of monocytes to resident macrophages, was shown to be dependent on the nature of the stimulus and interval after stimulation.", "contents": "The effects of various stimuli on the cellular composition of peritoneal exudates in the mouse. A comparative study on the composition of cell populations collected from the unstimulated mouse peritoneal cavity and at various intervals after the intraperitoneal injection of glycerol trioleate, casein, paraffin oil, glycogen, sodium chloride, and proteose peptone, was carried out. The cellular composition of the peritoneal exudates, especially with respect to the ratio of monocytes to resident macrophages, was shown to be dependent on the nature of the stimulus and interval after stimulation.", "PMID": 688335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7975", "title": "Kinetics of gametogenesis. II. Comparative autoradiographic studies of oogonia and multiplying prospermatogonia of the Wistar rat.", "content": "In the rat the last generation of oogonia and multiplying prospermatogonia (M-prospermatogonia), frequently arranged in synchronized clusters, enters mitosis on about day 17 post conception (p.c.). The duration of the S-phase D-S-Duration and the minimal generation time Tmin of both kinds of \"gonia\" were determined by the method of labeled mitoses (22 female and 22 male fetuses derived from 11 pregnant rats were sacrificed from 2 to 22 h after a single i.p. injection of 3H-thymidine on day 17 p.c.). Three curves, derived from the labeled prophases, metaphases and the postmitotic descendents of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia--oocytes and primary transitional prospermatogonia (T1-prospermatogonia)--were evaluated. It was demonstrated that the curves as well as the calculated values of D-S-Duration and Tmin are very similar for oogonia and M-prospermatogonia. D-S-Duration ranged from about 10 to 12.5h (10 h read off from the curves of labeled metaphases), Tmin from 16.5 to 18 h (16.5 h read off from the curves of labeled metaphases).", "contents": "Kinetics of gametogenesis. II. Comparative autoradiographic studies of oogonia and multiplying prospermatogonia of the Wistar rat. In the rat the last generation of oogonia and multiplying prospermatogonia (M-prospermatogonia), frequently arranged in synchronized clusters, enters mitosis on about day 17 post conception (p.c.). The duration of the S-phase D-S-Duration and the minimal generation time Tmin of both kinds of \"gonia\" were determined by the method of labeled mitoses (22 female and 22 male fetuses derived from 11 pregnant rats were sacrificed from 2 to 22 h after a single i.p. injection of 3H-thymidine on day 17 p.c.). Three curves, derived from the labeled prophases, metaphases and the postmitotic descendents of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia--oocytes and primary transitional prospermatogonia (T1-prospermatogonia)--were evaluated. It was demonstrated that the curves as well as the calculated values of D-S-Duration and Tmin are very similar for oogonia and M-prospermatogonia. D-S-Duration ranged from about 10 to 12.5h (10 h read off from the curves of labeled metaphases), Tmin from 16.5 to 18 h (16.5 h read off from the curves of labeled metaphases).", "PMID": 688336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7976", "title": "Penetration of spermatozoon into the ovum and transformation of the sperm nucleus into the male pronucleus in the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus.", "content": "The apex of the sperm head which has undergone the acrosome reaction comes in contact with the plasma membrane of the ovum. After the entire surface of the inner acrosomal membrane has come into close contact with the plasma membrane of the ovum, the two membranes fuse to form a continuous membrane. All parts of the spermatozoon that are devoid of plasma membrane penetrate into the ooplasm. As the head of the spermatozoon moves deeper into the ooplasm, the chromatin begins to disperse, and the head of spermatozoon is transformed into a large spherical nucleus with low electron density. At a later stage of the transformation, many small vesicles appear around the nucleus and subsequently fuse to form two continuous membranes. These membranes represent the male pronuclear envelope. The condensation of the chromatin occurs in places in the nucleus, so that the male pronucleus is formed. During the course of the formation of the male pronucleus, the subacrosomal rod and tail become detached from the head and disintegrate.", "contents": "Penetration of spermatozoon into the ovum and transformation of the sperm nucleus into the male pronucleus in the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus. The apex of the sperm head which has undergone the acrosome reaction comes in contact with the plasma membrane of the ovum. After the entire surface of the inner acrosomal membrane has come into close contact with the plasma membrane of the ovum, the two membranes fuse to form a continuous membrane. All parts of the spermatozoon that are devoid of plasma membrane penetrate into the ooplasm. As the head of the spermatozoon moves deeper into the ooplasm, the chromatin begins to disperse, and the head of spermatozoon is transformed into a large spherical nucleus with low electron density. At a later stage of the transformation, many small vesicles appear around the nucleus and subsequently fuse to form two continuous membranes. These membranes represent the male pronuclear envelope. The condensation of the chromatin occurs in places in the nucleus, so that the male pronucleus is formed. During the course of the formation of the male pronucleus, the subacrosomal rod and tail become detached from the head and disintegrate.", "PMID": 688337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7977", "title": "Lateral ocellar nerve projections in the dragonfly brain.", "content": "The central projections of the lateral ocellar neurons of the dragonfly were examined using whole nerve cobalt iontophoresis, supplemented by sectioning of the nerve and brain for inspection in the light and electron microscopes. At E.M. level the presence of cobalt in filled axon profiles and cell bodies was confirmed by analysis of X-ray energy spectra in the microscope. The pathways, cell body sites and terminal arborizations of four large (7--25 micrometer diameter) lateral ocellar neurons are described. Two of these fibers arborize in the ipsilateral posterior neuropil of the protocerebrum and two cross the brain and arborize in the contralateral posterior neuropil. Within each half of the posterior neuropil, two spatially separated regions of ocellar input have been identified. These regions receive median ocellar input plus input from either the ipsi- or contralateral ocellus, but not both. The arborizations of the contralateral fibers are more extensive than those of the ipsilateral fibers. One of the contralateral neurons crosses the brain in the region of the protocerebral bridge giving off a collateral in that region before descending to the posterior neuropil. This collateral arborizes almost immediately in a region receiving input from arborizations of a number of small ocellar neurons (those less than 5 micrometer in diameter) from the ipsilateral ocellar nerve, together with small neurons from the median ocellar nerve, forming a region in each half of the brain which receives input from all three ocelli. The small lateral ocellar neurons associated with these arborizations have cell bodies adjacent to the lateral ocellar tracts.", "contents": "Lateral ocellar nerve projections in the dragonfly brain. The central projections of the lateral ocellar neurons of the dragonfly were examined using whole nerve cobalt iontophoresis, supplemented by sectioning of the nerve and brain for inspection in the light and electron microscopes. At E.M. level the presence of cobalt in filled axon profiles and cell bodies was confirmed by analysis of X-ray energy spectra in the microscope. The pathways, cell body sites and terminal arborizations of four large (7--25 micrometer diameter) lateral ocellar neurons are described. Two of these fibers arborize in the ipsilateral posterior neuropil of the protocerebrum and two cross the brain and arborize in the contralateral posterior neuropil. Within each half of the posterior neuropil, two spatially separated regions of ocellar input have been identified. These regions receive median ocellar input plus input from either the ipsi- or contralateral ocellus, but not both. The arborizations of the contralateral fibers are more extensive than those of the ipsilateral fibers. One of the contralateral neurons crosses the brain in the region of the protocerebral bridge giving off a collateral in that region before descending to the posterior neuropil. This collateral arborizes almost immediately in a region receiving input from arborizations of a number of small ocellar neurons (those less than 5 micrometer in diameter) from the ipsilateral ocellar nerve, together with small neurons from the median ocellar nerve, forming a region in each half of the brain which receives input from all three ocelli. The small lateral ocellar neurons associated with these arborizations have cell bodies adjacent to the lateral ocellar tracts.", "PMID": 688338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7978", "title": "Dopamine and noradrenaline neurons projecting to the septal area in the rat.", "content": "The organisation of the catecholamine innervation of the rat spetal area was investigated by means of the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method in combination with dopamine uptake studies, lesions and retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase. The following catecholamine systems to the septum could be established: 1. The Locus Coreuleus Noradrenergic System. These axons are widespread in the septum forming a moderately dense innervation in the anterior hippocampus, the medial septal nucleus, the nucleus of the diagonal band, and the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, and a sparse innervation in the lateral septal nucleus and the septofimbrial nucleus. 2. The Medulla Oblongata Noradrenergic System. This system originates in the A1, A2 or A3 cell groups, the axons forming a very dense innervation in the ventral part of the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, a moderately dense innervation in the nucleus of the diagonal band and lateral septal nucleus, and a sparse innervation in the medial septal nucleus, the septofimbrial nucleus and the dorsal part of the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis. 3. The Mesencephalic Dopaminergic System. This system originates in the medial part of the A10 cell group, the axons forming two distinct terminal patterns. In the first type, smooth axons form pericellular arrangements around non-fluorscent neurons in the lateral septal nucleus. The second type is formed by fine-varicose axons which form a dense band around the fornix in the medial part of the lateral septal nucleus. 4. The Incerto-Hypothalamic Dopaminergic System. These axons most probably originate in cell bodies of the diencephalic A11, A13 and A14 cell groups, and are found in the lateral septal nucleus at the level of the anterior commissure.", "contents": "Dopamine and noradrenaline neurons projecting to the septal area in the rat. The organisation of the catecholamine innervation of the rat spetal area was investigated by means of the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method in combination with dopamine uptake studies, lesions and retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase. The following catecholamine systems to the septum could be established: 1. The Locus Coreuleus Noradrenergic System. These axons are widespread in the septum forming a moderately dense innervation in the anterior hippocampus, the medial septal nucleus, the nucleus of the diagonal band, and the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, and a sparse innervation in the lateral septal nucleus and the septofimbrial nucleus. 2. The Medulla Oblongata Noradrenergic System. This system originates in the A1, A2 or A3 cell groups, the axons forming a very dense innervation in the ventral part of the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, a moderately dense innervation in the nucleus of the diagonal band and lateral septal nucleus, and a sparse innervation in the medial septal nucleus, the septofimbrial nucleus and the dorsal part of the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis. 3. The Mesencephalic Dopaminergic System. This system originates in the medial part of the A10 cell group, the axons forming two distinct terminal patterns. In the first type, smooth axons form pericellular arrangements around non-fluorscent neurons in the lateral septal nucleus. The second type is formed by fine-varicose axons which form a dense band around the fornix in the medial part of the lateral septal nucleus. 4. The Incerto-Hypothalamic Dopaminergic System. These axons most probably originate in cell bodies of the diencephalic A11, A13 and A14 cell groups, and are found in the lateral septal nucleus at the level of the anterior commissure.", "PMID": 688339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7979", "title": "Localization of monoamines in the forebrain of two salmonid species, with special reference to the hypothalamo-hypophysial system.", "content": "In the salmon and trout aminergic cell bodies were found in the nucleus recessus lateralis (NRL) and the nucleus recessus posterioris (NRP), both of which are situated near the third ventricle. Three cell types could be distinguished. Type 1 produces a green and type 2 a yellow fluorescence. The former type probably contains dopamine and the later 5-hydroxytryptamine. Both types possess intraventricular protrusions in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid. The third cell type produces a less intense blue-green fluorescence; relatively few cells of this type have thick processes in contact with the ventricle. In addition, large fluorescent cells were found in the salmon, dorsal from the caudal part of the NRL. The various parts of the NRL and NRP are interconnected by thick bundles of nerve fibers; tracts leaving the nuclei could be traced for short distances only. The cells of the nucleus praeopticus (NPO), those of the medial part and to a much lesser extent also of the lateral part of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) have an aminergic innervation which probably originates form the NRL and/or NRP. All parts of the neurohypophysis contain many monoaminergic fibers, with aminergic material concentrated at the neuro-adenohypophysial interface. Fibers were not observed to penetrate the basal lamina. In the salmon and trout the fibers have a similar distribution, but differ in the intensity of fluorescence, being high in the salmon and low in the trout. Only in the trout have fluorescent cells been found in the adenohypophysis and very occasionally in the neurohypophysis. A number of these cells are basophilic and show a PAS-positive reaction.", "contents": "Localization of monoamines in the forebrain of two salmonid species, with special reference to the hypothalamo-hypophysial system. In the salmon and trout aminergic cell bodies were found in the nucleus recessus lateralis (NRL) and the nucleus recessus posterioris (NRP), both of which are situated near the third ventricle. Three cell types could be distinguished. Type 1 produces a green and type 2 a yellow fluorescence. The former type probably contains dopamine and the later 5-hydroxytryptamine. Both types possess intraventricular protrusions in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid. The third cell type produces a less intense blue-green fluorescence; relatively few cells of this type have thick processes in contact with the ventricle. In addition, large fluorescent cells were found in the salmon, dorsal from the caudal part of the NRL. The various parts of the NRL and NRP are interconnected by thick bundles of nerve fibers; tracts leaving the nuclei could be traced for short distances only. The cells of the nucleus praeopticus (NPO), those of the medial part and to a much lesser extent also of the lateral part of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) have an aminergic innervation which probably originates form the NRL and/or NRP. All parts of the neurohypophysis contain many monoaminergic fibers, with aminergic material concentrated at the neuro-adenohypophysial interface. Fibers were not observed to penetrate the basal lamina. In the salmon and trout the fibers have a similar distribution, but differ in the intensity of fluorescence, being high in the salmon and low in the trout. Only in the trout have fluorescent cells been found in the adenohypophysis and very occasionally in the neurohypophysis. A number of these cells are basophilic and show a PAS-positive reaction.", "PMID": 688340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7980", "title": "Neuronal connectivity patterns in the compound eyes of Artemia salina and Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Branchiopoda).", "content": "The neuronal types and patterns in the visual system of the species Artemia salina and Daphina magna have been studied with the Golgi method and electron microscopy. The lamina contains five classes of neurons: photoreceptor axons, monopolar, centrifugal, tangential and amacrine neurons. The terminals of the receptor axons are distributed in two (A. salina) or three (D. magna) layers. The dilated terminals have an extensive and wide array of fine branches. One axon from each ommatidium bypasses the lamina and terminates in the medula in A. salina. A. salina has four types of monopolar neurons, two of which are stratified, whereas in D. magna only two types are found, one of which is bistratified. Tangential T-neurons connect the lamina with the protocerebrum. D. magna has in addition one tangential T-neuron connecting both the lamina and the medulla with the protocerebrum. In both species monopolar-type centrifugal neurons connect the medulla and the lamina, whereas that of A. salina has a wide laminar distribution. Both species also have amacrine cells in the lamina. The medulla contains, besides those shared with the lamina, transmedullary neurons (two types in A. salina), amacrine cells and neurons originating in the protocerebrum. \"Cartridge\"-type synaptic compartments are lacking in the investigated species, although a periodic arrangement is discernible in the distal portion of the lamina of A. salina. The receptors from three types of specialized contacts in Artemia, one of which involves a dyad. D. magna has only one-to-one synapses. Neurosecretory fibres are absent in A. salina.", "contents": "Neuronal connectivity patterns in the compound eyes of Artemia salina and Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). The neuronal types and patterns in the visual system of the species Artemia salina and Daphina magna have been studied with the Golgi method and electron microscopy. The lamina contains five classes of neurons: photoreceptor axons, monopolar, centrifugal, tangential and amacrine neurons. The terminals of the receptor axons are distributed in two (A. salina) or three (D. magna) layers. The dilated terminals have an extensive and wide array of fine branches. One axon from each ommatidium bypasses the lamina and terminates in the medula in A. salina. A. salina has four types of monopolar neurons, two of which are stratified, whereas in D. magna only two types are found, one of which is bistratified. Tangential T-neurons connect the lamina with the protocerebrum. D. magna has in addition one tangential T-neuron connecting both the lamina and the medulla with the protocerebrum. In both species monopolar-type centrifugal neurons connect the medulla and the lamina, whereas that of A. salina has a wide laminar distribution. Both species also have amacrine cells in the lamina. The medulla contains, besides those shared with the lamina, transmedullary neurons (two types in A. salina), amacrine cells and neurons originating in the protocerebrum. \"Cartridge\"-type synaptic compartments are lacking in the investigated species, although a periodic arrangement is discernible in the distal portion of the lamina of A. salina. The receptors from three types of specialized contacts in Artemia, one of which involves a dyad. D. magna has only one-to-one synapses. Neurosecretory fibres are absent in A. salina.", "PMID": 688341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7981", "title": "The effect of haemorrhage on the cell populations of the thymus and bone marrow in wild starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).", "content": "Following the withdrawal of blood from the brachial vein of adult wild starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) changes in the cell populations within the bone marrow and thymus were observed over an eight day period. The packed cell volume, haemoglobin content and reticulocyte count of the peripheral blood was determined before and after haemorrhage. The maximum effect of the haemorrhage was observed in the bone marrow after four days when the population of small lymphocytes, and basophilic erythroid precursors were reduced to less than 1%. At the same time the percentage of another line of erythroid cells increased to 68%. This second erythroid lineage was the major erythroid line in the thymus, and again maximum representation occurred at 4 days post haemorrhage. After this the thymus became predominantly lymphoid and started to increase in size. The two erythroid lines are described and their status with regard to avian thrombocytes is also discussed. The peripheral blood had not attained the pre-haemorrhagic values for reticulocyte counts by eight days although the packed cell volumes and haemoglobin contents were similar.", "contents": "The effect of haemorrhage on the cell populations of the thymus and bone marrow in wild starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Following the withdrawal of blood from the brachial vein of adult wild starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) changes in the cell populations within the bone marrow and thymus were observed over an eight day period. The packed cell volume, haemoglobin content and reticulocyte count of the peripheral blood was determined before and after haemorrhage. The maximum effect of the haemorrhage was observed in the bone marrow after four days when the population of small lymphocytes, and basophilic erythroid precursors were reduced to less than 1%. At the same time the percentage of another line of erythroid cells increased to 68%. This second erythroid lineage was the major erythroid line in the thymus, and again maximum representation occurred at 4 days post haemorrhage. After this the thymus became predominantly lymphoid and started to increase in size. The two erythroid lines are described and their status with regard to avian thrombocytes is also discussed. The peripheral blood had not attained the pre-haemorrhagic values for reticulocyte counts by eight days although the packed cell volumes and haemoglobin contents were similar.", "PMID": 688342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7982", "title": "An ultrastructural study of regeneration of minced smooth muscle in the vas deferens of the guinea-pig.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies were made of the regeneration of minced smooth muscle of the vas deferens of the guinea-pig 3 days to 15 weeks after operation. At 3--5 days the mince contained degenerating smooth muscle cells and dedifferentiating cells showing characteristics of embryonic smooth muscle cells: numerous free ribosomes, well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus with few peripherally placed myofilaments associated with dense bodies. During the first two weeks of regeneration, scattered cells surrounded by debris and collagen were separated by a large extra-cellular space. After three weeks, extracellular space was reduced to near normal values. Regenerating cells had a shorter length than normal cells, but during later stages of regeneration they showed an increase in diameter. Muscle effector bundles began to form after 2 to 3 weeks. Initially there were large gaps between the muscle cells, but at later stages of bundle formation, the extracellular space between the muscle cells was much reduced. From 3 weeks, arterioles appeared between the smooth muscle bundles in the regenerating areas. Regeneration of individual smooth muscle cells was complete by 15 weeks after the operation.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of regeneration of minced smooth muscle in the vas deferens of the guinea-pig. Electron microscopic studies were made of the regeneration of minced smooth muscle of the vas deferens of the guinea-pig 3 days to 15 weeks after operation. At 3--5 days the mince contained degenerating smooth muscle cells and dedifferentiating cells showing characteristics of embryonic smooth muscle cells: numerous free ribosomes, well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus with few peripherally placed myofilaments associated with dense bodies. During the first two weeks of regeneration, scattered cells surrounded by debris and collagen were separated by a large extra-cellular space. After three weeks, extracellular space was reduced to near normal values. Regenerating cells had a shorter length than normal cells, but during later stages of regeneration they showed an increase in diameter. Muscle effector bundles began to form after 2 to 3 weeks. Initially there were large gaps between the muscle cells, but at later stages of bundle formation, the extracellular space between the muscle cells was much reduced. From 3 weeks, arterioles appeared between the smooth muscle bundles in the regenerating areas. Regeneration of individual smooth muscle cells was complete by 15 weeks after the operation.", "PMID": 688343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7983", "title": "Reinnervation of regenerating smooth muscle cells in minced vas deferens of the guinea-pig.", "content": "In adult guinea-pigs, a portion of the wall of the vas deferens was removed, minced and replaced. This caused muslce cells to dedifferentiate, divide and redifferentiate. Reinnervation of redifferentiating cells was followed using electron microscopy and histochemistry. Adrenergic nerves were first observed to re-enter the regenerating area 5 days after operation, and close contacts (within 20 nm) with muscle cells were first seen at 10 days. The total number of adrenergic nerves per 100 muscle cells reached contol values by 5 weeks, and by 15 weeks was higher than control levels. Cholinergic nerves first appeared in the regenerating area about 3--4 weeks after the operation. The total number of cholinergic nerves present had not reached control values even at 15 weeks, and no nerve muscle contacts within 20 nm were observed. The ratio of adrenergic to cholinergic nerves in the regenerating area was higher at 15 weeks than in control tissue.", "contents": "Reinnervation of regenerating smooth muscle cells in minced vas deferens of the guinea-pig. In adult guinea-pigs, a portion of the wall of the vas deferens was removed, minced and replaced. This caused muslce cells to dedifferentiate, divide and redifferentiate. Reinnervation of redifferentiating cells was followed using electron microscopy and histochemistry. Adrenergic nerves were first observed to re-enter the regenerating area 5 days after operation, and close contacts (within 20 nm) with muscle cells were first seen at 10 days. The total number of adrenergic nerves per 100 muscle cells reached contol values by 5 weeks, and by 15 weeks was higher than control levels. Cholinergic nerves first appeared in the regenerating area about 3--4 weeks after the operation. The total number of cholinergic nerves present had not reached control values even at 15 weeks, and no nerve muscle contacts within 20 nm were observed. The ratio of adrenergic to cholinergic nerves in the regenerating area was higher at 15 weeks than in control tissue.", "PMID": 688344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7984", "title": "The ultrastructure of the male and female prostate of Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. I. Normal, castrated and ovariectomised animals.", "content": "Male ventral and female prostates of Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis were examined with the electron microscope. The findings support and add to information obtained with the light microscope on tissues from normal, castrated and ovariectomised animals. Our results indicate that although the female prostate may be considered a homologue of the male ventral ventral prostate anatomically and histologically, there are differences in sub-cellular morphology and hormone dependence. Cells of the intact ventral prostate of the male are characterised by prominent dilated Golgi vesicles and electron-dense \"mature secretory granules\" seen in the apical region of the cell. In the cells of the female prostate these features are absent. These morphological differences reflect the influence of hormones upon the cells, as shown by the reduction of the dilated Golgi vesicles in the castrated male and conversely, their occasional presence in the cells of the oestrous female. Comparison of castrated and ovariectomised animals shows that the male ventral prostate is much more dependent on androgens than the female is on ovarian hormones. There are several modes of secretion in the male ventral and the female prostate. These are by acellular and cellular blebbing, by a variety of secretory vesicles into the acinar lumina, and by a system of \"double walled\" vesicles not previously described.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the male and female prostate of Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. I. Normal, castrated and ovariectomised animals. Male ventral and female prostates of Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis were examined with the electron microscope. The findings support and add to information obtained with the light microscope on tissues from normal, castrated and ovariectomised animals. Our results indicate that although the female prostate may be considered a homologue of the male ventral ventral prostate anatomically and histologically, there are differences in sub-cellular morphology and hormone dependence. Cells of the intact ventral prostate of the male are characterised by prominent dilated Golgi vesicles and electron-dense \"mature secretory granules\" seen in the apical region of the cell. In the cells of the female prostate these features are absent. These morphological differences reflect the influence of hormones upon the cells, as shown by the reduction of the dilated Golgi vesicles in the castrated male and conversely, their occasional presence in the cells of the oestrous female. Comparison of castrated and ovariectomised animals shows that the male ventral prostate is much more dependent on androgens than the female is on ovarian hormones. There are several modes of secretion in the male ventral and the female prostate. These are by acellular and cellular blebbing, by a variety of secretory vesicles into the acinar lumina, and by a system of \"double walled\" vesicles not previously described.", "PMID": 688345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7985", "title": "Podocytes in the blood vessel linings of Phoronis muelleri (Phoronida, Tentaculata).", "content": "In several metasomal blood vessels of Phoronis muelleri myofilament-containing podocytes are the predominatnt cell-type. In some regions the podocytes can build a labyrinth resembling e.g. the glomerular epithelium of Enteropneusta and the axial organ of Asteroidea.", "contents": "Podocytes in the blood vessel linings of Phoronis muelleri (Phoronida, Tentaculata). In several metasomal blood vessels of Phoronis muelleri myofilament-containing podocytes are the predominatnt cell-type. In some regions the podocytes can build a labyrinth resembling e.g. the glomerular epithelium of Enteropneusta and the axial organ of Asteroidea.", "PMID": 688346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7986", "title": "On the chromaffin cells in dog adrenal medulla; with special reference to the small granule chromaffin cells (SGC cells).", "content": "Small granule chromaffin cells (SGC cells) were identified in the adrenal medulla of adult dogs. They were small in size and usually showed a high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. Cytoplasmic projections were occasionally observed in some of these cells. They contained a variable number of small secretory granules with diameters ranging from 70 to 300 nm, but mostly from 100 to 200 nm. The densities of the secretory granules were variable, ranging from highly dense to less dense. These adrenal SGC cells were rich in free ribosomes and polysomes, but were relatively poor in other cell organelles. Chromaffin cells which were intermediate in their characteristics (IM cells) between the SGC cells and the typical A and N cells were also identified. These IM cells contained both highly electron dense and less dense granules in various proportions. The IM cells were classified into two subgroups, according to the proportions of adrenaline type granules and noradrenaline type granules. One group resembled A cells (IM-A cells) and the other resembled N cells (IM-N cells). Light microscopic histochemical studies of A cells stained with the ammoniacal silver solution demonstrated that they contained a small number of darkly stained granules. Electron microscopic cytochemistry revealed that the electron dense granuls in the SGC cells, IM cells and A cells reacted positively with both the potassium dichromate solution at pH 4.1 and the ammoniacal silver solution.", "contents": "On the chromaffin cells in dog adrenal medulla; with special reference to the small granule chromaffin cells (SGC cells). Small granule chromaffin cells (SGC cells) were identified in the adrenal medulla of adult dogs. They were small in size and usually showed a high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. Cytoplasmic projections were occasionally observed in some of these cells. They contained a variable number of small secretory granules with diameters ranging from 70 to 300 nm, but mostly from 100 to 200 nm. The densities of the secretory granules were variable, ranging from highly dense to less dense. These adrenal SGC cells were rich in free ribosomes and polysomes, but were relatively poor in other cell organelles. Chromaffin cells which were intermediate in their characteristics (IM cells) between the SGC cells and the typical A and N cells were also identified. These IM cells contained both highly electron dense and less dense granules in various proportions. The IM cells were classified into two subgroups, according to the proportions of adrenaline type granules and noradrenaline type granules. One group resembled A cells (IM-A cells) and the other resembled N cells (IM-N cells). Light microscopic histochemical studies of A cells stained with the ammoniacal silver solution demonstrated that they contained a small number of darkly stained granules. Electron microscopic cytochemistry revealed that the electron dense granuls in the SGC cells, IM cells and A cells reacted positively with both the potassium dichromate solution at pH 4.1 and the ammoniacal silver solution.", "PMID": 688347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7987", "title": "The uterovaginal sperm host glands of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica): an ultrastructural and ultracytochemical study.", "content": "Ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical studies were performed on the uterovaginal sperm host glands of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The proximal parts of the glandular necks are lined by a pseudostratified epithelium, consisting of high columnar ciliated cells and small, irregular shaped, basal cells. The true glandular epithelium is composed only of columnar cells with microvilli on their luminal end. A characteristic luminal feature is a large lipid droplet in the perinuclear region. In the subplasmalemmal region numberous tubular profiles are seen which could represent a cellular resorption system. To evaluate the absorptive capacity of the uterovaginal sperm host glands, tracer studies with HRP, ferritin, lanthanum and ruthenium red were undertaken. Since between 5 min and 3 h after injection no absorption could be found with the techniques mentioned, it is suggested that phagocytosis of spermatozoa by the glandular epithelium is not likely to occur.", "contents": "The uterovaginal sperm host glands of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica): an ultrastructural and ultracytochemical study. Ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical studies were performed on the uterovaginal sperm host glands of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The proximal parts of the glandular necks are lined by a pseudostratified epithelium, consisting of high columnar ciliated cells and small, irregular shaped, basal cells. The true glandular epithelium is composed only of columnar cells with microvilli on their luminal end. A characteristic luminal feature is a large lipid droplet in the perinuclear region. In the subplasmalemmal region numberous tubular profiles are seen which could represent a cellular resorption system. To evaluate the absorptive capacity of the uterovaginal sperm host glands, tracer studies with HRP, ferritin, lanthanum and ruthenium red were undertaken. Since between 5 min and 3 h after injection no absorption could be found with the techniques mentioned, it is suggested that phagocytosis of spermatozoa by the glandular epithelium is not likely to occur.", "PMID": 688348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7988", "title": "Desmosomes: their occurrence between adjacent primary oocytes in polyovular follicles in the rabbit.", "content": "In polyovular, primordial follicles in the rabbit, desmosomes are found between apposing oocyte surfaces. Morphologically these desmosomes correspond closely to those described in epithelia of vertebrates. The desmosomes alternate with other junctions which are probably gap junctions.", "contents": "Desmosomes: their occurrence between adjacent primary oocytes in polyovular follicles in the rabbit. In polyovular, primordial follicles in the rabbit, desmosomes are found between apposing oocyte surfaces. Morphologically these desmosomes correspond closely to those described in epithelia of vertebrates. The desmosomes alternate with other junctions which are probably gap junctions.", "PMID": 688349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7989", "title": "Antennal sensory system of Periplaneta americana L.: distribution and frequency of morphologic types of sensilla and their sex-specific changes during postembryonic development.", "content": "The morphology of the antennal hair-sensilla of Periplaneta americana, their distribution and frequency on the antennal flagellum have been examined by transmission- and scanning-electron microscopy. The types of sensilla were distinguished with respect to physiologically relevant criteria such as wall structure and number of sensory cells. Among the sensilla of the antenna of the adult male, long, single-walled sensilla with four sensory cells (types sw B), Probably responsible for reception of sexual pheromones, are most frequent, representing about 54% of the antennal sensilla. About half of these sensilla are newly-formed at the imaginal ecdysis; the other half are derived from the shorter type sw B sensilla of the nymphal antenna. Short type sw B sensilla are present in all larval stages of both sexes and in adult females as well. During the imaginal ecdysis of males, however, the length of these sensilla increases to double that found in nymphs. Dendritic branches also increase in number. During postembryonic development, the number of sensory fibers in the antennal flagellum increases nearly 20-fold, from 14,000 in the first larval instar to about 270,000 in the adult male. The greatest increase, approximately 90%, occurs during the last developmental stage.", "contents": "Antennal sensory system of Periplaneta americana L.: distribution and frequency of morphologic types of sensilla and their sex-specific changes during postembryonic development. The morphology of the antennal hair-sensilla of Periplaneta americana, their distribution and frequency on the antennal flagellum have been examined by transmission- and scanning-electron microscopy. The types of sensilla were distinguished with respect to physiologically relevant criteria such as wall structure and number of sensory cells. Among the sensilla of the antenna of the adult male, long, single-walled sensilla with four sensory cells (types sw B), Probably responsible for reception of sexual pheromones, are most frequent, representing about 54% of the antennal sensilla. About half of these sensilla are newly-formed at the imaginal ecdysis; the other half are derived from the shorter type sw B sensilla of the nymphal antenna. Short type sw B sensilla are present in all larval stages of both sexes and in adult females as well. During the imaginal ecdysis of males, however, the length of these sensilla increases to double that found in nymphs. Dendritic branches also increase in number. During postembryonic development, the number of sensory fibers in the antennal flagellum increases nearly 20-fold, from 14,000 in the first larval instar to about 270,000 in the adult male. The greatest increase, approximately 90%, occurs during the last developmental stage.", "PMID": 688350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7990", "title": "Extracellular microtubule-like structures in the retina of the rainbow trout: development, intercellular connectivity and reaction to vincristine.", "content": "Extracellular microtubule-like structures (MLS) are described in the retina of the rainbow trout. They appear about 30 to 40 days after hatching, when the yolk-sac is consumed and the animal begins to swim and to nourish actively. They fill a widely branched system of extracellular clefts and spaces, and connect different cells and cell types, especially outer horizontal cells and bipolar cells. The MLS are not affected by the vinca alcaloid vincristine, although this drug penetrates into the MLS-filled space, as has been shown by the formation of intracellular, vincristine-induced tubulin paracrystals. The MLS are compared with other extracellular tubular structures described in other animal tissues. Their functional significance remains unclear.", "contents": "Extracellular microtubule-like structures in the retina of the rainbow trout: development, intercellular connectivity and reaction to vincristine. Extracellular microtubule-like structures (MLS) are described in the retina of the rainbow trout. They appear about 30 to 40 days after hatching, when the yolk-sac is consumed and the animal begins to swim and to nourish actively. They fill a widely branched system of extracellular clefts and spaces, and connect different cells and cell types, especially outer horizontal cells and bipolar cells. The MLS are not affected by the vinca alcaloid vincristine, although this drug penetrates into the MLS-filled space, as has been shown by the formation of intracellular, vincristine-induced tubulin paracrystals. The MLS are compared with other extracellular tubular structures described in other animal tissues. Their functional significance remains unclear.", "PMID": 688351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7991", "title": "Ultrastructural dynamics of the corpus allatum of Choleva angustata Fab. (Coleoptera, Catopidae).", "content": "The ultrastructure of the corpora allata (CA) during postembryonic stages of Choleva angustata Fab. shows cyclic changes, in particular regarding the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. During the last larval instar, at the short transitory period which follows the cessation of alimentation, we observed a highly unusual appearance of the CA, characterized by intensive vacuolization. After this transitory period, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser) disappears until the imago emerges. These observations along with our experimental data permit a physiological interpretation.", "contents": "Ultrastructural dynamics of the corpus allatum of Choleva angustata Fab. (Coleoptera, Catopidae). The ultrastructure of the corpora allata (CA) during postembryonic stages of Choleva angustata Fab. shows cyclic changes, in particular regarding the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. During the last larval instar, at the short transitory period which follows the cessation of alimentation, we observed a highly unusual appearance of the CA, characterized by intensive vacuolization. After this transitory period, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser) disappears until the imago emerges. These observations along with our experimental data permit a physiological interpretation.", "PMID": 688352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7992", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on prolactin and growth hormone cells in Anguilla pituitaries in long term cultures.", "content": "Eel hemi-pituitaries were cultured in vitro on high or low sodium media, previously shown to affect differentially prolactin and growth hormone release. After 6 days culture, there were marked differences in the ultrastructure or both prolactin and growth hormone cells from the two groups. Morphometric data on the prolactin cells from SW-adapted eels showed a greater abundance of RER and paucity of secretory granules in cells from the low sodium medium. The size of the Golgi apparatus and the number of exocytosed secretory granules did not differ markedly between experimental groups, in contrast to previous findings on short-term cultures. Differences in the profile diameters of secretory granules are recorded between the experimental groups and the pattern differs markedly from that previously recorded for short-term cultures. The growth hormone cells from low sodium media were characterised by abundant, vesiculated RER, a prominent Golgi apparatus (in SW-adapted animals) and relatively few secretory granules. The activity of these growth hormone cells is in marked contrast to previous findings relating to short-term cultures. The shape and size of the non-granulated (stellate) cells of the RPD was again affected by the osmotic pressure of the medium.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on prolactin and growth hormone cells in Anguilla pituitaries in long term cultures. Eel hemi-pituitaries were cultured in vitro on high or low sodium media, previously shown to affect differentially prolactin and growth hormone release. After 6 days culture, there were marked differences in the ultrastructure or both prolactin and growth hormone cells from the two groups. Morphometric data on the prolactin cells from SW-adapted eels showed a greater abundance of RER and paucity of secretory granules in cells from the low sodium medium. The size of the Golgi apparatus and the number of exocytosed secretory granules did not differ markedly between experimental groups, in contrast to previous findings on short-term cultures. Differences in the profile diameters of secretory granules are recorded between the experimental groups and the pattern differs markedly from that previously recorded for short-term cultures. The growth hormone cells from low sodium media were characterised by abundant, vesiculated RER, a prominent Golgi apparatus (in SW-adapted animals) and relatively few secretory granules. The activity of these growth hormone cells is in marked contrast to previous findings relating to short-term cultures. The shape and size of the non-granulated (stellate) cells of the RPD was again affected by the osmotic pressure of the medium.", "PMID": 688353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7993", "title": "The frontal ganglion of Periplaneta americana L. (Insecta): an electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study.", "content": "The frontal ganglion, part of the stomatogastric nervous system, contains about 60 to 80 neurons, 25 to 30 micron in diameter. A well developed Golgi system, producing dense-core vesicles, lysosomes, multivesicular bodies and dense bodies are abundant. Glia elements are sparsely distributed. Many nerve fibres contain granules of different size and electron density. Five groups of fibres can be distinguished: Fibres with granules of about 200 nm (type A), fibres with granules of about 160 to 170 nm (type B), fibres with granules of about 80 to 100 nm (type C) and those with synaptic vesicles of 50 nm (type D) respectively. A fifth very small type contains neither vesicles nor granules. Special attention was paid to synaptic contacts. The divergent dyad seems to be the main type in the frontal ganglion. Frequently, neurosecretory endings are observed in presynaptic position. Immunocytochemical \"staining\" of neurosecretory material closely corresponds to the distribution of type A fibres, as observed electron microscopically. Immunoelectrophoresis of extracts from frontal ganglia with polyspecific anti-neurosecretion-serum reveals a single precipitation line, indicating that the immunocytochemical localization of neurosecretory material is due to reaction with a specific as well as a cross-reagent anitbody.", "contents": "The frontal ganglion of Periplaneta americana L. (Insecta): an electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study. The frontal ganglion, part of the stomatogastric nervous system, contains about 60 to 80 neurons, 25 to 30 micron in diameter. A well developed Golgi system, producing dense-core vesicles, lysosomes, multivesicular bodies and dense bodies are abundant. Glia elements are sparsely distributed. Many nerve fibres contain granules of different size and electron density. Five groups of fibres can be distinguished: Fibres with granules of about 200 nm (type A), fibres with granules of about 160 to 170 nm (type B), fibres with granules of about 80 to 100 nm (type C) and those with synaptic vesicles of 50 nm (type D) respectively. A fifth very small type contains neither vesicles nor granules. Special attention was paid to synaptic contacts. The divergent dyad seems to be the main type in the frontal ganglion. Frequently, neurosecretory endings are observed in presynaptic position. Immunocytochemical \"staining\" of neurosecretory material closely corresponds to the distribution of type A fibres, as observed electron microscopically. Immunoelectrophoresis of extracts from frontal ganglia with polyspecific anti-neurosecretion-serum reveals a single precipitation line, indicating that the immunocytochemical localization of neurosecretory material is due to reaction with a specific as well as a cross-reagent anitbody.", "PMID": 688354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7994", "title": "Evidence for amygdaloid projections to the contralateral hypothalamus and the ipsilateral midbrain in the rat.", "content": "Light microscopic autoradiography was performed subsequent to injection of tritiated amino acids into various parts of the amygdaloid body of the rat. Evidence is provided for two hitherto unreported projections of the amygdala: from the medial amygdaloid nucleus to the contralateral premamillary nuclei and from the central amygdaloid nucleus to the mesencephalic central grey. The functional implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for amygdaloid projections to the contralateral hypothalamus and the ipsilateral midbrain in the rat. Light microscopic autoradiography was performed subsequent to injection of tritiated amino acids into various parts of the amygdaloid body of the rat. Evidence is provided for two hitherto unreported projections of the amygdala: from the medial amygdaloid nucleus to the contralateral premamillary nuclei and from the central amygdaloid nucleus to the mesencephalic central grey. The functional implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 688355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7995", "title": "The spermatozoon of Oikopleura dioica Fol (Larvacea, Tunicata).", "content": "The spermatozoon of Oikopleura dioica is about 30 micron long, with a spherical head, about 1 micron wide, a 3 micron long and 1 micron wide midpiece, and a 25 micron long tail with a tapered end piece. The head contains a nucleus with the chromatin volume limited to about 0.1 micron3. A small acrosome is found in an anterior inpocketing, and a flagellar basal body in a posterior inpocketing of the nucleus. The midpiece contains a single mitochondrion with the flagellar axoneme embedded in a grove along its medial surface. The flagellar axoneme has the typical 9 + 2 substructure, and the basal body the typical 9 + 0 substructure. A second centriole and special anchoring fibres are absent.", "contents": "The spermatozoon of Oikopleura dioica Fol (Larvacea, Tunicata). The spermatozoon of Oikopleura dioica is about 30 micron long, with a spherical head, about 1 micron wide, a 3 micron long and 1 micron wide midpiece, and a 25 micron long tail with a tapered end piece. The head contains a nucleus with the chromatin volume limited to about 0.1 micron3. A small acrosome is found in an anterior inpocketing, and a flagellar basal body in a posterior inpocketing of the nucleus. The midpiece contains a single mitochondrion with the flagellar axoneme embedded in a grove along its medial surface. The flagellar axoneme has the typical 9 + 2 substructure, and the basal body the typical 9 + 0 substructure. A second centriole and special anchoring fibres are absent.", "PMID": 688356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7996", "title": "Ultrastructure and migration of screening pigments in the retina of Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera, Pieridae).", "content": "The retinal morphology of the butterfly, Pieris rapae L., was investigated using light and electron microscopy with special emphasis on the morphology and distribution of its screening pigments. Pigment migration in pigment- and retinula cells was analysed after light-dark adaptation and after different selective chromatic adaptations. The primary pigment cells with white- to yellow-green pigments symmetrically surround the cone process and the distal half of the crystalline cone, whilst the six secondary pigment cells, around each ommatidium, contain dark brown pigment granules. The nine retinula cells in one ommatidium can be categorised into four types. Receptor cells 1-4, which have microvilli in the distal half of the ommatidium only, contain numerous dark brown pigment granules. On the basis of the pigment content and morphology of their pigment granules, two groups of cells, cells 1, 2 and cells 3, 4 can be distinguished. The four diagonally arranged cells (5-8), with rhabdomeric structures and pigments in the proximal half of the cells, contain small red pigment granules of irregular shape. The ninth cell, which has only a small number of microvilli, lacks pigment. Chromatic adaptation experiments in which the location of retinula cell pigment granules was used as a criterium reveal two UV-receptors (cells 1 and 2), two green receptors (cells 3 and 4) and four cells (5-8) containing the red screening pigment, with a yellow-green sensitivity.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and migration of screening pigments in the retina of Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). The retinal morphology of the butterfly, Pieris rapae L., was investigated using light and electron microscopy with special emphasis on the morphology and distribution of its screening pigments. Pigment migration in pigment- and retinula cells was analysed after light-dark adaptation and after different selective chromatic adaptations. The primary pigment cells with white- to yellow-green pigments symmetrically surround the cone process and the distal half of the crystalline cone, whilst the six secondary pigment cells, around each ommatidium, contain dark brown pigment granules. The nine retinula cells in one ommatidium can be categorised into four types. Receptor cells 1-4, which have microvilli in the distal half of the ommatidium only, contain numerous dark brown pigment granules. On the basis of the pigment content and morphology of their pigment granules, two groups of cells, cells 1, 2 and cells 3, 4 can be distinguished. The four diagonally arranged cells (5-8), with rhabdomeric structures and pigments in the proximal half of the cells, contain small red pigment granules of irregular shape. The ninth cell, which has only a small number of microvilli, lacks pigment. Chromatic adaptation experiments in which the location of retinula cell pigment granules was used as a criterium reveal two UV-receptors (cells 1 and 2), two green receptors (cells 3 and 4) and four cells (5-8) containing the red screening pigment, with a yellow-green sensitivity.", "PMID": 688357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7997", "title": "Induction of paracrystalline arrays by vincristine in the synaptic formations of the teleost retina.", "content": "After injection of 10 microliter 10(-3) M vincristine into the vitreous body of the eye of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson), paracrystalline arrays in cell bodies, cell processes and presynaptic formations of the retina cells were observed. The structures resemble the paracrystalline lattice identified by several authors as microtubular protein. The paracrystals in both microtubule-rich cell processes and in synaptic areas, which show only a few or no microtubules, appear to be equivalent. The synaptic paracrystals are suggested to arise from both soluble tubulin and synaptic vesicles, indicating a functional role of tubulin in synaptic transmission.", "contents": "Induction of paracrystalline arrays by vincristine in the synaptic formations of the teleost retina. After injection of 10 microliter 10(-3) M vincristine into the vitreous body of the eye of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson), paracrystalline arrays in cell bodies, cell processes and presynaptic formations of the retina cells were observed. The structures resemble the paracrystalline lattice identified by several authors as microtubular protein. The paracrystals in both microtubule-rich cell processes and in synaptic areas, which show only a few or no microtubules, appear to be equivalent. The synaptic paracrystals are suggested to arise from both soluble tubulin and synaptic vesicles, indicating a functional role of tubulin in synaptic transmission.", "PMID": 688358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7998", "title": "The influence of activation, removal or denervation of the pineal on the fine structure of the Leydig cell and seminal vesicle epithelium in golden hamsters.", "content": "Fine structural changes of testicular interstitial cells of Leydig and secretory cells of seminal vesicles were studied in golden hamsters under different functional states of the pineal gland. Experiments were performed in the reproductive season (summer months). In the hamsters blinded for 8 weeks the testes and the seminal vesicles were markedly atrophic, and the Leydig cells and the secretory cells of seminal vesicles were extremely involuted. By contrast, both types of cells in the pinealectomized or superior cervical ganglionectomized hamsters exhibited cytological features suggestive of an enhanced secretory activity. This study shows that functional activity of Leydig cells as well as secretory cells of seminal vesicles in the hamster may be depressed or augmented by stimulating of inhibiting the pineal antigonadal function, respectively, without performing hypophysectomy or hormonal administration.", "contents": "The influence of activation, removal or denervation of the pineal on the fine structure of the Leydig cell and seminal vesicle epithelium in golden hamsters. Fine structural changes of testicular interstitial cells of Leydig and secretory cells of seminal vesicles were studied in golden hamsters under different functional states of the pineal gland. Experiments were performed in the reproductive season (summer months). In the hamsters blinded for 8 weeks the testes and the seminal vesicles were markedly atrophic, and the Leydig cells and the secretory cells of seminal vesicles were extremely involuted. By contrast, both types of cells in the pinealectomized or superior cervical ganglionectomized hamsters exhibited cytological features suggestive of an enhanced secretory activity. This study shows that functional activity of Leydig cells as well as secretory cells of seminal vesicles in the hamster may be depressed or augmented by stimulating of inhibiting the pineal antigonadal function, respectively, without performing hypophysectomy or hormonal administration.", "PMID": 688359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_7999", "title": "Culture of human pituitary prolactin and growth hormone cells.", "content": "Fragments of pituitary tissue obtained from a total of 37 patients with either breast cancer, diabetic retinopathy, galactorrhea, or acromegaly were dissociated into single cell suspensions prior to cell culture. Release of human growth hormone (hGH) and human prolactin (hPRL) into the culture medium was measured by radioimmunoassay. During a 3-week culture period, prolactin cells released 9--13 times the intracellular levels of hPRL at the time of seeding, whereas hGH release from growth hormone cells was only 1--2 times that of their initial intracellular level during this same time. Both growth hormone and prolactin cells retained distinctive ultrastructural features during culture. The prolactin cells responded to TRH stimulation by elevated release of PRL into the medium. No evidence for mitotic division of prolactin cells in vitro was found.", "contents": "Culture of human pituitary prolactin and growth hormone cells. Fragments of pituitary tissue obtained from a total of 37 patients with either breast cancer, diabetic retinopathy, galactorrhea, or acromegaly were dissociated into single cell suspensions prior to cell culture. Release of human growth hormone (hGH) and human prolactin (hPRL) into the culture medium was measured by radioimmunoassay. During a 3-week culture period, prolactin cells released 9--13 times the intracellular levels of hPRL at the time of seeding, whereas hGH release from growth hormone cells was only 1--2 times that of their initial intracellular level during this same time. Both growth hormone and prolactin cells retained distinctive ultrastructural features during culture. The prolactin cells responded to TRH stimulation by elevated release of PRL into the medium. No evidence for mitotic division of prolactin cells in vitro was found.", "PMID": 688360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8000", "title": "Surface fine structure of the subfornical organ in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.", "content": "The surface ultrastructure of the subfornical organ (SFO) was investigated in the Japanese quail. The SFO consists of a body and a stalk. The body of the SFO can be divided into rostral and caudal parts. On the rostral part, each ependymal cell possesses a short central solitary cilium; clustered cilia are also occasionally seen. Microvilli are abundant. On the caudal part, cells with a solitary cilium are fewer in number, and clustered cilia are rarely found. Microvilli are not as abundant as on the rostral part. In addition, large bulbous protrusions, tufts of small protrusions, deep funnel-shaped hollows, small pinocytotic invaginations and possible cerebrospinal fluid-contacting axons are sporadically observed on the surface of various regions of the body. Each ependymal cell of the stalk has a wide apical surface. A central solitary cilium, microvilli and other structures are observed more rarely on the stalk than on the body, while clustered cilia are not seen on the stalk. These structures are compared with those of the mammalian SFO and further discussed in relation to the possible dipsogenic receptor function for angiotensin II.", "contents": "Surface fine structure of the subfornical organ in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. The surface ultrastructure of the subfornical organ (SFO) was investigated in the Japanese quail. The SFO consists of a body and a stalk. The body of the SFO can be divided into rostral and caudal parts. On the rostral part, each ependymal cell possesses a short central solitary cilium; clustered cilia are also occasionally seen. Microvilli are abundant. On the caudal part, cells with a solitary cilium are fewer in number, and clustered cilia are rarely found. Microvilli are not as abundant as on the rostral part. In addition, large bulbous protrusions, tufts of small protrusions, deep funnel-shaped hollows, small pinocytotic invaginations and possible cerebrospinal fluid-contacting axons are sporadically observed on the surface of various regions of the body. Each ependymal cell of the stalk has a wide apical surface. A central solitary cilium, microvilli and other structures are observed more rarely on the stalk than on the body, while clustered cilia are not seen on the stalk. These structures are compared with those of the mammalian SFO and further discussed in relation to the possible dipsogenic receptor function for angiotensin II.", "PMID": 688361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8001", "title": "Parenchymal fine structure of the subfornical organ in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.", "content": "The parenchyma of the subfornical organ (SFO) of the Japanese quail was studied by light and electron microscopy. The SFO consists of ependymal, intermediate, and basal (perimeningeal) layers. In the intermediate layer, neurons, glial cells, and their processes are found. Axons containing dense core granules approximately 80 nm in diameter are numerous, some of which make synaptic contact with the neuronal perikarya or dendrites. Synaptic vesicles in some axons contain a dense dot in the interior after treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine. The activity of the SFO, which is probably concerned with elicitation of drinking by angiotensin II, may be regulated at least partly by afferent monoaminergic axons. Capillaries with a non-fenestrated endothelium are occasionally found in the parenchyma. The basal layer is occupied by glial processes abutting on the digitating layer of perivascular connective tissue of meningeal vessels. The endothelium of these vessels is occasionally fenestrated. Trypan blue injected systemically accumulated in the SFO, but not in the deeper areas of the brain. The absence of a blood-brain barrier is suggested in the SFO.", "contents": "Parenchymal fine structure of the subfornical organ in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. The parenchyma of the subfornical organ (SFO) of the Japanese quail was studied by light and electron microscopy. The SFO consists of ependymal, intermediate, and basal (perimeningeal) layers. In the intermediate layer, neurons, glial cells, and their processes are found. Axons containing dense core granules approximately 80 nm in diameter are numerous, some of which make synaptic contact with the neuronal perikarya or dendrites. Synaptic vesicles in some axons contain a dense dot in the interior after treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine. The activity of the SFO, which is probably concerned with elicitation of drinking by angiotensin II, may be regulated at least partly by afferent monoaminergic axons. Capillaries with a non-fenestrated endothelium are occasionally found in the parenchyma. The basal layer is occupied by glial processes abutting on the digitating layer of perivascular connective tissue of meningeal vessels. The endothelium of these vessels is occasionally fenestrated. Trypan blue injected systemically accumulated in the SFO, but not in the deeper areas of the brain. The absence of a blood-brain barrier is suggested in the SFO.", "PMID": 688362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8002", "title": "Direct connections between mitochondria and catecholamine-storage vesicles demonstrated by high voltage electron microscopy in rat adrenal medulla.", "content": "Tubular channels from mitochondria to catecholamine-storage vesicles have been demonstrated in thick sections of adrenal medullary tissue from hypoglycemia-stressed rats by the use of the high voltage electron microscope. The function of these connections is not presently known although they may serve as channels for the transport of materials such as high-energy nucleotides from one organelle to the other. The present study has examined only the adrenal medulla, but it should be considered that such connections may also exist in other neural cells and possibly other cells in which there is intracellular transport of ATP.", "contents": "Direct connections between mitochondria and catecholamine-storage vesicles demonstrated by high voltage electron microscopy in rat adrenal medulla. Tubular channels from mitochondria to catecholamine-storage vesicles have been demonstrated in thick sections of adrenal medullary tissue from hypoglycemia-stressed rats by the use of the high voltage electron microscope. The function of these connections is not presently known although they may serve as channels for the transport of materials such as high-energy nucleotides from one organelle to the other. The present study has examined only the adrenal medulla, but it should be considered that such connections may also exist in other neural cells and possibly other cells in which there is intracellular transport of ATP.", "PMID": 688363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8003", "title": "Structure of occluding junctions in ileal epithelial cells of suckling rats.", "content": "Two kinds of occluding junctions are found between ileal epithelial cells of suckling rats: apical zonulae occludentes (ZO) and fasciae occludentes (FO) which are associated with the lateral plasma membranes of many epithelial cells. In unfixed preparations, glycerol treatment induces the further proliferation of extensive fasciae occludentes. Both kinds of junction have identical structural elements when visualized in freeze fracture replicas, although the arrangement of these elements differs. Zonulae occludentes consist of networks of branching and anastomosing linear ridges or rows of approximately 10 nm particles with 20--30 nm spaces between the rows which form narrow belt-like structures around the apical region of adjacent cells. Fasciae occludentes, on the other hand, consist of similar linear ridges or rows of particles but the junction strands are often discontinuous, open ended and only occasionally intersect with each other. Several different fracture planes through the plasma membrane in the region of the occluding junctions have been observed and these provide further evidence that two components, one from each membrane, fused at the level of the extracellular space, form the junction sealing element. Furthermore, we present evidence which indicates a staggered rather than an in-register arrangement of these two components.", "contents": "Structure of occluding junctions in ileal epithelial cells of suckling rats. Two kinds of occluding junctions are found between ileal epithelial cells of suckling rats: apical zonulae occludentes (ZO) and fasciae occludentes (FO) which are associated with the lateral plasma membranes of many epithelial cells. In unfixed preparations, glycerol treatment induces the further proliferation of extensive fasciae occludentes. Both kinds of junction have identical structural elements when visualized in freeze fracture replicas, although the arrangement of these elements differs. Zonulae occludentes consist of networks of branching and anastomosing linear ridges or rows of approximately 10 nm particles with 20--30 nm spaces between the rows which form narrow belt-like structures around the apical region of adjacent cells. Fasciae occludentes, on the other hand, consist of similar linear ridges or rows of particles but the junction strands are often discontinuous, open ended and only occasionally intersect with each other. Several different fracture planes through the plasma membrane in the region of the occluding junctions have been observed and these provide further evidence that two components, one from each membrane, fused at the level of the extracellular space, form the junction sealing element. Furthermore, we present evidence which indicates a staggered rather than an in-register arrangement of these two components.", "PMID": 688364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8004", "title": "Transient occurrence of chloride cells in the abdominal epidermis of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, adapted to sea water.", "content": "Chloride cells are characterized by a great number of mitochondria and a uniquely proliferated agranular endoplasmic reticulum through which ions are transported to an apical pit for secretion to the environment. Chloride cells are extremely rare in the epidermis of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, adapted to fresh water. They are frequent in the epidermis of guppies adapted to sea water three weeks after adaptation, but have disappeared in fish that were kept in sea water for approximately one year. The fine structure of epidermal chloride cells and the influence of prolactin treatment on their number are described. The significance of these cells with respect to the possible roles of the epidermis and the pituitary hormone prolactin in teleost osmoregulation is discussed.", "contents": "Transient occurrence of chloride cells in the abdominal epidermis of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, adapted to sea water. Chloride cells are characterized by a great number of mitochondria and a uniquely proliferated agranular endoplasmic reticulum through which ions are transported to an apical pit for secretion to the environment. Chloride cells are extremely rare in the epidermis of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, adapted to fresh water. They are frequent in the epidermis of guppies adapted to sea water three weeks after adaptation, but have disappeared in fish that were kept in sea water for approximately one year. The fine structure of epidermal chloride cells and the influence of prolactin treatment on their number are described. The significance of these cells with respect to the possible roles of the epidermis and the pituitary hormone prolactin in teleost osmoregulation is discussed.", "PMID": 688365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8005", "title": "Cytological observations on the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus.", "content": "Two sorts of neurons are recognized in Golgi impregnations of the rat ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (HVM). The two cell types, category I and II neurons, are differentiated on the basis of their somatic, dendritic, and axonal characteristics. Category  I neurons form most of the neuronal population and are located throughout HVM. The small number of category II neurons that have been studied occur in lateral HVM. Two varieties of neuronal profile, \"common\" and \"uncommon cells\", are seen in thin sections of HVM. The \"uncommon cells\", in comparison with the \"common ones\", appear to have a larger soma, a more electron-dense cytoplasmic matrix, an abundance of Nissl bodies, and a population of dense-cored vesicles (100--130 nm in diameter). Some of the somata and proximal dendrites of \"common\", but not \"uncommon\" cells, are wrapped in multiple layers of astrocytic processes. Although the correlation is tentative, it is argued that category I neurons correspond to \"common cells\" and category II, to \"uncommon cells\". One possible implication of this correspondence is discussed regarding neuronal alteration in response to change in the endocrinological environment of the brain.", "contents": "Cytological observations on the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Two sorts of neurons are recognized in Golgi impregnations of the rat ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (HVM). The two cell types, category I and II neurons, are differentiated on the basis of their somatic, dendritic, and axonal characteristics. Category  I neurons form most of the neuronal population and are located throughout HVM. The small number of category II neurons that have been studied occur in lateral HVM. Two varieties of neuronal profile, \"common\" and \"uncommon cells\", are seen in thin sections of HVM. The \"uncommon cells\", in comparison with the \"common ones\", appear to have a larger soma, a more electron-dense cytoplasmic matrix, an abundance of Nissl bodies, and a population of dense-cored vesicles (100--130 nm in diameter). Some of the somata and proximal dendrites of \"common\", but not \"uncommon\" cells, are wrapped in multiple layers of astrocytic processes. Although the correlation is tentative, it is argued that category I neurons correspond to \"common cells\" and category II, to \"uncommon cells\". One possible implication of this correspondence is discussed regarding neuronal alteration in response to change in the endocrinological environment of the brain.", "PMID": 688366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8006", "title": "Effects of hormone-releasing stimuli on the area of the perivascular space in the neural lobe of the rat.", "content": "Neural lobes from rats subjected to neurohypophysial hormone-releasing stimuli were examined electron microscopically following fixation in 4% tannic acid in 2.5% glutaraldehyde. This fixation allowed the delineation of the perivascular space in the neural lobe tissue. Measurement of the area of the perivascular space showed that it was significantly increased in the rats subjected to vagal stimulation and intraarterial calcium ions compared to the control rats. The rats which had been subjected to haemorrhage as a hormone-releasing stimulus did not show any significant change in the area of the perivascular space. The significance of these findings in relation to hormone release is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of hormone-releasing stimuli on the area of the perivascular space in the neural lobe of the rat. Neural lobes from rats subjected to neurohypophysial hormone-releasing stimuli were examined electron microscopically following fixation in 4% tannic acid in 2.5% glutaraldehyde. This fixation allowed the delineation of the perivascular space in the neural lobe tissue. Measurement of the area of the perivascular space showed that it was significantly increased in the rats subjected to vagal stimulation and intraarterial calcium ions compared to the control rats. The rats which had been subjected to haemorrhage as a hormone-releasing stimulus did not show any significant change in the area of the perivascular space. The significance of these findings in relation to hormone release is discussed.", "PMID": 688367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8007", "title": "Fine structure of the palisade zone of the rat median eminence as revealed by freeze-fracturing.", "content": "Nerve terminals in the palisade zone of the rat median eminence were investigated with freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Fracture face P of the specific terminals showed two populations of intramembranous particles (IMP): a large and a small variety. The large IMP-s often formed small irregular clusters. In nerve terminals the total number of both populations of IMP-s was considerably less than that found on P membrane faces of ependymal feet. On fracture face E of the nerve terminals, the number of IMP-s was about a quarter of that seen on fracture face P. On both fracture faces of most terminals a few small round impressions (or elevations respectively) were found which may be interpreted as broken necks of either exo- or endocytotic vesicles. Neither gap nor tight junctions occurred at lateral membranes of the specific axon terminals. Similarly, no membrane specializations were observed with freeze-fracturing on membrane areas adjacent to the basement membrane. The findings are discussed in relation to a possible exocytosis mechanism of the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones.", "contents": "Fine structure of the palisade zone of the rat median eminence as revealed by freeze-fracturing. Nerve terminals in the palisade zone of the rat median eminence were investigated with freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Fracture face P of the specific terminals showed two populations of intramembranous particles (IMP): a large and a small variety. The large IMP-s often formed small irregular clusters. In nerve terminals the total number of both populations of IMP-s was considerably less than that found on P membrane faces of ependymal feet. On fracture face E of the nerve terminals, the number of IMP-s was about a quarter of that seen on fracture face P. On both fracture faces of most terminals a few small round impressions (or elevations respectively) were found which may be interpreted as broken necks of either exo- or endocytotic vesicles. Neither gap nor tight junctions occurred at lateral membranes of the specific axon terminals. Similarly, no membrane specializations were observed with freeze-fracturing on membrane areas adjacent to the basement membrane. The findings are discussed in relation to a possible exocytosis mechanism of the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones.", "PMID": 688368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8008", "title": "The origin, structure and occurrence of corpora amylacea in the bovine mammary gland and in milk.", "content": "Corpora amylacea were present in variable numbers in the mammary glands of 8 lactating cows but they were not observed in the glands of pregnant or virgin heifers. In primiparous cows they were relatively simple bodies composed of 2--3 concentric layers but in multiparous animals, more complex multilayered structures were also noted. Corpora amylacea were formed in alveoli lined with actively secreting cells. The initial stage of their formation involved the aggregation, fusion and compaction of casein micelles in the alveolar milk. The resulting structure acted as a nucleus for further growth which occurred by the addition of material of micellar origin to its surface. Bodies containing a large proportion of crystalline material were common. Contact of corpora amylacea with the alveolar epithelium often caused flattening or irreversible damage to the secretory cells. The corpora amylacea recovered from milk corresponded in appearance to various stages in their growth seen in the mammary gland. They were usually present in the colostrum of multiparous cows but never in that from primiparous animals. In only 1 cow was the colostrum and milk found to be consistently free of corpora amylacea.", "contents": "The origin, structure and occurrence of corpora amylacea in the bovine mammary gland and in milk. Corpora amylacea were present in variable numbers in the mammary glands of 8 lactating cows but they were not observed in the glands of pregnant or virgin heifers. In primiparous cows they were relatively simple bodies composed of 2--3 concentric layers but in multiparous animals, more complex multilayered structures were also noted. Corpora amylacea were formed in alveoli lined with actively secreting cells. The initial stage of their formation involved the aggregation, fusion and compaction of casein micelles in the alveolar milk. The resulting structure acted as a nucleus for further growth which occurred by the addition of material of micellar origin to its surface. Bodies containing a large proportion of crystalline material were common. Contact of corpora amylacea with the alveolar epithelium often caused flattening or irreversible damage to the secretory cells. The corpora amylacea recovered from milk corresponded in appearance to various stages in their growth seen in the mammary gland. They were usually present in the colostrum of multiparous cows but never in that from primiparous animals. In only 1 cow was the colostrum and milk found to be consistently free of corpora amylacea.", "PMID": 688369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8009", "title": "Lymph node macrophages and reticulum cells in the immune response. I. The primary response to paratyphoid vaccine.", "content": "The reactivity of rat lymph node macrophages and reticulum cells has been studied in relation to the course of the immune response. Special attention was paid to the interdigitating cells (IDC) in the paracortex and the dendritic reticulum cells (DRC) in the germinal centre. Different types of macrophage predominate in the three different phases of the immune response. In the induction phase exudate macrophages predominate. They transform their morphology depending on the micro-environment in which they settle. These cells may contain Birbeck granules. Our experiments suggest, that these granules are immunologically specific organelles, associated with the induction of a primary humoral response. In the proliferation phase transitional cells between newly arrived macrophages and IDC predominate in the paracortex and the number of IDC decreases. In the memory phase IDC repopulate this thymus dependent area, indicating that the characteristic morphology of these cells results from the immune response in the T cell environment. The DRC are specifically related to the germinal centre, the morphological transformation of this peculiar reticulum cell occurs under the influence of the germinal centre reaction. The germinal centre reaction originates by tingible body macrophages (TBM).", "contents": "Lymph node macrophages and reticulum cells in the immune response. I. The primary response to paratyphoid vaccine. The reactivity of rat lymph node macrophages and reticulum cells has been studied in relation to the course of the immune response. Special attention was paid to the interdigitating cells (IDC) in the paracortex and the dendritic reticulum cells (DRC) in the germinal centre. Different types of macrophage predominate in the three different phases of the immune response. In the induction phase exudate macrophages predominate. They transform their morphology depending on the micro-environment in which they settle. These cells may contain Birbeck granules. Our experiments suggest, that these granules are immunologically specific organelles, associated with the induction of a primary humoral response. In the proliferation phase transitional cells between newly arrived macrophages and IDC predominate in the paracortex and the number of IDC decreases. In the memory phase IDC repopulate this thymus dependent area, indicating that the characteristic morphology of these cells results from the immune response in the T cell environment. The DRC are specifically related to the germinal centre, the morphological transformation of this peculiar reticulum cell occurs under the influence of the germinal centre reaction. The germinal centre reaction originates by tingible body macrophages (TBM).", "PMID": 688370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8010", "title": "Ultrastructural analysis of the action of reserpine on the brain neuroendocrine system of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella L., Lepidoptera.", "content": "This study concerns the influence of reserpine on the fine structure of peptidergic neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis of Galleria mellonella, and of neurons containing smaller dense-cored vesicles (presumed to be aminergic) localized in the same area of the brain. The drug, administered in doses of 125 microgram and 250 microgram per g of insect body weight, reduces both the amount and the electron opacity of the dense-cored vesicles with a diameter of 60--80 nm in the neuronal perikarya as well as their terminals. Simultaneously, this treatment evokes an abnormal accumulation of secretory granules within the perikarya of peptidergic neurosecretory cells belonging to three types. This accumulation of secretory material is followed by some changes in the fine structure of these cells. One (fourth) type of neurosecretory cells seems to be insensitive to reserpine action. Participation of the aminergic system in the regulation of the secretory activity of some populations of peptidergic neurosecretory neurons of the insect brain is postulated.", "contents": "Ultrastructural analysis of the action of reserpine on the brain neuroendocrine system of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella L., Lepidoptera. This study concerns the influence of reserpine on the fine structure of peptidergic neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis of Galleria mellonella, and of neurons containing smaller dense-cored vesicles (presumed to be aminergic) localized in the same area of the brain. The drug, administered in doses of 125 microgram and 250 microgram per g of insect body weight, reduces both the amount and the electron opacity of the dense-cored vesicles with a diameter of 60--80 nm in the neuronal perikarya as well as their terminals. Simultaneously, this treatment evokes an abnormal accumulation of secretory granules within the perikarya of peptidergic neurosecretory cells belonging to three types. This accumulation of secretory material is followed by some changes in the fine structure of these cells. One (fourth) type of neurosecretory cells seems to be insensitive to reserpine action. Participation of the aminergic system in the regulation of the secretory activity of some populations of peptidergic neurosecretory neurons of the insect brain is postulated.", "PMID": 688371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8011", "title": "Kinetics of functional and morphological changes during decoupling and recoupling induced by glycerol in isolated muscle fibres of the crayfish.", "content": "The development of ultrastructural changes in the T-system of isolated muscle fibres of the crayfish by the glycerol procedure is described in correlation with the dissociation of excitation-contraction (E--C) coupling as well as with recoupling of the E--C link. The sequence of events in the process of disconnection of the tubules is as follows: dilation of the T-system tubules, disconnection of the constricted tubular segments from the surface membrane and from the T-system vesicle, disappearance of the lumen and its disintegration. The decoupled state is characterised by the presence of round vesicles uniformly distributed in the entire volume of the fibre. The volume of vesicles accounts well for the residual postglycerol volume increase (15%) of the muscle fibres. Functional and structural recovery can be induced by reapplication of glycerol to fibres decoupled and vesiculated with concentrations of glycerol less than or equal to 300mmol.l(-1) in crayfish saline. The restitution starts with the organisation of the material of the disintegrated connecting segment of the T-system tubule into small vesicles which coalesce to form the tubule from the vesicular site. At the same time the surface membrane is invaginated toward the vesicle, thus forming the tubule from the surface membrane site. Recovery starts already in the first minute after application of glycerol and is completed within approximately 15 min.", "contents": "Kinetics of functional and morphological changes during decoupling and recoupling induced by glycerol in isolated muscle fibres of the crayfish. The development of ultrastructural changes in the T-system of isolated muscle fibres of the crayfish by the glycerol procedure is described in correlation with the dissociation of excitation-contraction (E--C) coupling as well as with recoupling of the E--C link. The sequence of events in the process of disconnection of the tubules is as follows: dilation of the T-system tubules, disconnection of the constricted tubular segments from the surface membrane and from the T-system vesicle, disappearance of the lumen and its disintegration. The decoupled state is characterised by the presence of round vesicles uniformly distributed in the entire volume of the fibre. The volume of vesicles accounts well for the residual postglycerol volume increase (15%) of the muscle fibres. Functional and structural recovery can be induced by reapplication of glycerol to fibres decoupled and vesiculated with concentrations of glycerol less than or equal to 300mmol.l(-1) in crayfish saline. The restitution starts with the organisation of the material of the disintegrated connecting segment of the T-system tubule into small vesicles which coalesce to form the tubule from the vesicular site. At the same time the surface membrane is invaginated toward the vesicle, thus forming the tubule from the surface membrane site. Recovery starts already in the first minute after application of glycerol and is completed within approximately 15 min.", "PMID": 688372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8012", "title": "A dividing granule-containing cell in the pelvic ganglion of the guinea-pig.", "content": "A dividing granule-containing cell is described in the pelvic ganglion of the guinea-pig two days after pelvic nerve section. This appears to be the first report of a dividing granule-containing cell in adult tissue.", "contents": "A dividing granule-containing cell in the pelvic ganglion of the guinea-pig. A dividing granule-containing cell is described in the pelvic ganglion of the guinea-pig two days after pelvic nerve section. This appears to be the first report of a dividing granule-containing cell in adult tissue.", "PMID": 688373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8013", "title": "Morphological changes in the esophageal epithelium of the eel, Anguilla japonica, during adaptation to seawater.", "content": "The esophageal epithelium of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, was studied by light and electron microscopy. In freshwater-adapted eels, longitudinal folds of the mucosal surface are simple in form and lined by a stratified epithelium composed of mucous cells, filament- and ribosome-rich cells. Mucous cells are numerous. The filament-rich cells form the outermost and the basal layers of the stratified epithelium and are scattered in the middle zone among the mucous cells. They are firmly bound to one another by many desmosomes and prominent interdigitations of plasma membrane. The distal free surface of the filament-rich cell has a fingerprint-like pattern of microridges. A small number of columnar cells occur at the apices of the folds. They are rich in mitochondria and their distal surfaces bear short microvilli. In seawater-adapted eels, irregularly meandering folds increase the surface area of the mucosa. The stratified epithelium is extensively replaced by a simple columnar epithelium free of mucous cells. The columnar cells resemble in many respects those found in freshwater-adapted eels. They are rich in mitochondria and their distal free surface were provided with short microvilli. However, prominent lateral intercellular spaces and elaborate interdigitations of cytoplasmic processes in the distal zone distinguish the former from the latter. Results are considered in connection with the changes in ion and water permeability of the epithelium after seawater adaptation.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the esophageal epithelium of the eel, Anguilla japonica, during adaptation to seawater. The esophageal epithelium of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, was studied by light and electron microscopy. In freshwater-adapted eels, longitudinal folds of the mucosal surface are simple in form and lined by a stratified epithelium composed of mucous cells, filament- and ribosome-rich cells. Mucous cells are numerous. The filament-rich cells form the outermost and the basal layers of the stratified epithelium and are scattered in the middle zone among the mucous cells. They are firmly bound to one another by many desmosomes and prominent interdigitations of plasma membrane. The distal free surface of the filament-rich cell has a fingerprint-like pattern of microridges. A small number of columnar cells occur at the apices of the folds. They are rich in mitochondria and their distal surfaces bear short microvilli. In seawater-adapted eels, irregularly meandering folds increase the surface area of the mucosa. The stratified epithelium is extensively replaced by a simple columnar epithelium free of mucous cells. The columnar cells resemble in many respects those found in freshwater-adapted eels. They are rich in mitochondria and their distal free surface were provided with short microvilli. However, prominent lateral intercellular spaces and elaborate interdigitations of cytoplasmic processes in the distal zone distinguish the former from the latter. Results are considered in connection with the changes in ion and water permeability of the epithelium after seawater adaptation.", "PMID": 688374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8014", "title": "Ultrastructure of capillaries in the conduction system of the heart in various mammals.", "content": "The capillaries in the atrioventricular node and atriventricular bundle of the heart (mammals) were investigated by thin sections and freeze-etch replicas. Fenestrated endothelial cells were found to occur in all mammals examined in this study. These fenestrations (500 +/- 50 A diameter) are bridged by a diaphragm and occur in relatively small sieve areas. In contrast to the AV-node and AV-bundle, the non-specialized myocardium is supplied by continuous capillaries. The presence of the fenestrated capillary in the conduction system of the heart may serve to increase both permeability and passive transport capacity.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of capillaries in the conduction system of the heart in various mammals. The capillaries in the atrioventricular node and atriventricular bundle of the heart (mammals) were investigated by thin sections and freeze-etch replicas. Fenestrated endothelial cells were found to occur in all mammals examined in this study. These fenestrations (500 +/- 50 A diameter) are bridged by a diaphragm and occur in relatively small sieve areas. In contrast to the AV-node and AV-bundle, the non-specialized myocardium is supplied by continuous capillaries. The presence of the fenestrated capillary in the conduction system of the heart may serve to increase both permeability and passive transport capacity.", "PMID": 688375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8015", "title": "Endoneurial mast cells in peripheral nerves of the armadillo dermis.", "content": "Electron microscopy of the dermis of the 9-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, reveals an intimate relationship of mast cells to peripheral nerves. Mast cells are routinely found in the dermis in close proximity to nerves, and mast cells are also present within the perineurial cell sheath in the endoneurial space proper. These cells contain electron opaque granules and exhibit numerous surface folds as is characteristic of other species. The degranulation of the mast cells by injection of 0.5% aqueous trypan blue reveals sequential exocytosis of granules, similar to that described for the rat. Degranulation occurs in most dermal and endoneurial mast cells following a single intradermal injection of trypan blue. A small number of mast cells partially degranulate and a few exhibit no degranulation, suggesting a heterogeneous population. It is also noted that mitochondrial morphology differs in degranulating cells, in that they become swollen and vacuolated. The results of this study are discussed in light of previous results reported for other species, mainly at the light microscope level.", "contents": "Endoneurial mast cells in peripheral nerves of the armadillo dermis. Electron microscopy of the dermis of the 9-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, reveals an intimate relationship of mast cells to peripheral nerves. Mast cells are routinely found in the dermis in close proximity to nerves, and mast cells are also present within the perineurial cell sheath in the endoneurial space proper. These cells contain electron opaque granules and exhibit numerous surface folds as is characteristic of other species. The degranulation of the mast cells by injection of 0.5% aqueous trypan blue reveals sequential exocytosis of granules, similar to that described for the rat. Degranulation occurs in most dermal and endoneurial mast cells following a single intradermal injection of trypan blue. A small number of mast cells partially degranulate and a few exhibit no degranulation, suggesting a heterogeneous population. It is also noted that mitochondrial morphology differs in degranulating cells, in that they become swollen and vacuolated. The results of this study are discussed in light of previous results reported for other species, mainly at the light microscope level.", "PMID": 688376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8016", "title": "The structural organization of DNA packaged within the heads of T4 wild-type, isometric and giant bacteriophages.", "content": "We present electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction evidence concerning the structural organization of condensed DNA within a series of T4 bacteriophage with the following head morphologies: prolate (wild-type), isometric and giant (with greatly increased axial ratio). In all cases, the DNA helix segments are locally parallel and 27 A apart. For the giant particles, we show that the DNA forms a large coil whose axis is perpendicular to the axis of the phage tail. This evidence, combined with previous results from a series of isometric bacteriophages (Earnshaw and Harrison, 1977), leads to a model for the organization of condensed DNA that may apply to most dsDNA-containing bacteriophages.", "contents": "The structural organization of DNA packaged within the heads of T4 wild-type, isometric and giant bacteriophages. We present electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction evidence concerning the structural organization of condensed DNA within a series of T4 bacteriophage with the following head morphologies: prolate (wild-type), isometric and giant (with greatly increased axial ratio). In all cases, the DNA helix segments are locally parallel and 27 A apart. For the giant particles, we show that the DNA forms a large coil whose axis is perpendicular to the axis of the phage tail. This evidence, combined with previous results from a series of isometric bacteriophages (Earnshaw and Harrison, 1977), leads to a model for the organization of condensed DNA that may apply to most dsDNA-containing bacteriophages.", "PMID": 688382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8017", "title": "Patterns of integration of viral DNA sequences in the genomes of adenovirus type 12-transformed hamster cells.", "content": "The patterns of integration of the viral genome have been analyzed in four hamster cell lines transformed by adenovirus type 12 (Ad12). It has previously been shown that in each of the cell lines HA12/7, T637, A2497-2 and A2497-3, the viral genome persists in multiple copies, and that different parts of the viral DNA are represented non-stoichiometrically (Fanning and Doerfler, 1976). All four cell lines are oncogenic when injected into hamsters. The DNA from each of the cell lines was extracted and cleaved in different experiments with restriction endonucleases Bam HI, Bgl II, Eco RI, Hind III, Hpa II or Sma I. The DNA fragments were separated on 1% agarose slab gels and transferred to nitrocellulose filters by the Southern technique. Ad12 DNA sequences were detected by hybridization to Ad12 DNA, which was 32 P-labeled by nick translation, and by subsequent autoradiography. In some experiments, the 32P-labeled Eco RI restriction endonuclease fragments of Ad12 DNA were used to investigate the distribution of specific segments of the viral genome in the cellular DNA. For each cell line, a distinct and specific pattern of integrated viral DNA sequences is observed for each of the restriction endonucleases used. Moreover, viral sequences complementary to the isolated Eco RI restriction endonuclease fragments are also distributed in patterns specific for each cell line. There are striking differences in integration patterns among the four different lines; there are also similarities. Because the organization of cellular genes in virus-transformed as compared to normal cells has not yet been determined, conclusions about the existence or absence of specific integration sites for adenovirus DNA appear premature. Analysis of the integration patterns of Ad12 DNA in the four hamster lines investigated reveals that some of the viral DNA molecules are fragmented prior to or during integration. Analysis with specific restriction endonuclease fragments demonstrates that the Eco RI B, D and E fragments, comprising a contiguous segment from 0.17-0.62 fractional length units of the viral DNA, remain intact during integration in a portion of the viral DNA molecules. Although each cell line carries multiple copies of Ad12 DNA, the viral DNA sequences are concentrated in a small number of distinct size classes of fragments. This finding is compatible with, but does not prove, the notion that at least a portion of the viral DNA sequences, is integrated into repetitive sequences, or else that the integrated viral sequences have been amplified after integration. In the three cell lines which were tested, the integration pattern is stable over many generations, with continuous passage-twice weekly-of cells for 6-7 months. In the three cell lines which were examined, the integration pattern is identical in a number of randomly isolated clones. Hence it can be concluded that the patterns of integration are identical among all cells in a population of a given line of transformed cells.", "contents": "Patterns of integration of viral DNA sequences in the genomes of adenovirus type 12-transformed hamster cells. The patterns of integration of the viral genome have been analyzed in four hamster cell lines transformed by adenovirus type 12 (Ad12). It has previously been shown that in each of the cell lines HA12/7, T637, A2497-2 and A2497-3, the viral genome persists in multiple copies, and that different parts of the viral DNA are represented non-stoichiometrically (Fanning and Doerfler, 1976). All four cell lines are oncogenic when injected into hamsters. The DNA from each of the cell lines was extracted and cleaved in different experiments with restriction endonucleases Bam HI, Bgl II, Eco RI, Hind III, Hpa II or Sma I. The DNA fragments were separated on 1% agarose slab gels and transferred to nitrocellulose filters by the Southern technique. Ad12 DNA sequences were detected by hybridization to Ad12 DNA, which was 32 P-labeled by nick translation, and by subsequent autoradiography. In some experiments, the 32P-labeled Eco RI restriction endonuclease fragments of Ad12 DNA were used to investigate the distribution of specific segments of the viral genome in the cellular DNA. For each cell line, a distinct and specific pattern of integrated viral DNA sequences is observed for each of the restriction endonucleases used. Moreover, viral sequences complementary to the isolated Eco RI restriction endonuclease fragments are also distributed in patterns specific for each cell line. There are striking differences in integration patterns among the four different lines; there are also similarities. Because the organization of cellular genes in virus-transformed as compared to normal cells has not yet been determined, conclusions about the existence or absence of specific integration sites for adenovirus DNA appear premature. Analysis of the integration patterns of Ad12 DNA in the four hamster lines investigated reveals that some of the viral DNA molecules are fragmented prior to or during integration. Analysis with specific restriction endonuclease fragments demonstrates that the Eco RI B, D and E fragments, comprising a contiguous segment from 0.17-0.62 fractional length units of the viral DNA, remain intact during integration in a portion of the viral DNA molecules. Although each cell line carries multiple copies of Ad12 DNA, the viral DNA sequences are concentrated in a small number of distinct size classes of fragments. This finding is compatible with, but does not prove, the notion that at least a portion of the viral DNA sequences, is integrated into repetitive sequences, or else that the integrated viral sequences have been amplified after integration. In the three cell lines which were tested, the integration pattern is stable over many generations, with continuous passage-twice weekly-of cells for 6-7 months. In the three cell lines which were examined, the integration pattern is identical in a number of randomly isolated clones. Hence it can be concluded that the patterns of integration are identical among all cells in a population of a given line of transformed cells.", "PMID": 688383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8018", "title": "DNAase I, DNAase II and staphylococcal nuclease cut at different, yet symmetrically located, sites in the nucleosome core.", "content": "We have determined the relative location of pancreatic DNAase (DNAase I), spleen acid DNAase (DNAase II) and staphylococcal nuclease cleavage sites in the nucleosome core. Each of these three enzymes cleaves the DNA of chromatin at 10.n nucleotide intervals (n integer); this specificity presumably reflects the internal structure of the nucleosome. We have already reported that DNAase I cleaves nucleosomal DNA so that nearest adjacent cuts on opposite strands are staggered by 2 nucleotides, 3' end extending (Sollner-Webb and Felsenfeld, 1977). Here we show that the nearest cuts made by DNAase II in nucleosomal DNA are staggered by 4 nucleotides, 3' end extending, while cuts made by staphylococcal nuclease have a stagger of 2 nucleotides, 5' end extending. The cutting sites of the three enzymes thus do not coincide. Each pair of staggered cuts, however, is symmetrically located about a common axis-that is, the \"dyad axes\" that bisect nearest pairs of cutting sites coincide for all three enzymes. This result is consistent with the presence of a true dyad axis in the nucleosome core. Our results support the conclusion that a structural feature of the nucleosome, having a 10 nucleotide periodicity, is the common recognition site for all three nucleases. The position of the cut is determined, however, by the individual characteristics of each enzyme. Sites potentially available to nuclease cleavage span a region of 4 nucleotides out of this 10 nucleotide repeat, and a large fraction of these sites are actually cut. Thus much of the nucleosomal DNA must in some sense be accessible to the environment.", "contents": "DNAase I, DNAase II and staphylococcal nuclease cut at different, yet symmetrically located, sites in the nucleosome core. We have determined the relative location of pancreatic DNAase (DNAase I), spleen acid DNAase (DNAase II) and staphylococcal nuclease cleavage sites in the nucleosome core. Each of these three enzymes cleaves the DNA of chromatin at 10.n nucleotide intervals (n integer); this specificity presumably reflects the internal structure of the nucleosome. We have already reported that DNAase I cleaves nucleosomal DNA so that nearest adjacent cuts on opposite strands are staggered by 2 nucleotides, 3' end extending (Sollner-Webb and Felsenfeld, 1977). Here we show that the nearest cuts made by DNAase II in nucleosomal DNA are staggered by 4 nucleotides, 3' end extending, while cuts made by staphylococcal nuclease have a stagger of 2 nucleotides, 5' end extending. The cutting sites of the three enzymes thus do not coincide. Each pair of staggered cuts, however, is symmetrically located about a common axis-that is, the \"dyad axes\" that bisect nearest pairs of cutting sites coincide for all three enzymes. This result is consistent with the presence of a true dyad axis in the nucleosome core. Our results support the conclusion that a structural feature of the nucleosome, having a 10 nucleotide periodicity, is the common recognition site for all three nucleases. The position of the cut is determined, however, by the individual characteristics of each enzyme. Sites potentially available to nuclease cleavage span a region of 4 nucleotides out of this 10 nucleotide repeat, and a large fraction of these sites are actually cut. Thus much of the nucleosomal DNA must in some sense be accessible to the environment.", "PMID": 688384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8019", "title": "Electron microscopy and restriction enzyme mapping reveal additional intervening sequences in the chicken ovalbumin split gene.", "content": "The Eco RI fragment \"b\" of chicken DNA (Breathnach, Mandel and Chambon, 1977), which contains the sequences coding for the 5' quarter of ovalbumin mRNA (ov mRNA), has been isolated by molecular cloning using a \"shotgun\" approach. Electron microscopy and restriction enzyme analysis have revealed that the sequences coding for the 5' quarter (approximately 500 nucleotides) of ov mRNA are split into four regions separated by three intervening sequences. The cloning procedure seems to be reliable, since the restriction enzyme pattern of the cloned Econ RI fragment \"b\" is similar to that of the corresponding chromosomal DNA fragment. There is no evidence supporting the existence of a 150-200 nucleotide long sequence at the 5' end of the ov mRNA similar to the \"leader\" sequences found at the 5' end of some adenovirus and SV40 mRNAs.", "contents": "Electron microscopy and restriction enzyme mapping reveal additional intervening sequences in the chicken ovalbumin split gene. The Eco RI fragment \"b\" of chicken DNA (Breathnach, Mandel and Chambon, 1977), which contains the sequences coding for the 5' quarter of ovalbumin mRNA (ov mRNA), has been isolated by molecular cloning using a \"shotgun\" approach. Electron microscopy and restriction enzyme analysis have revealed that the sequences coding for the 5' quarter (approximately 500 nucleotides) of ov mRNA are split into four regions separated by three intervening sequences. The cloning procedure seems to be reliable, since the restriction enzyme pattern of the cloned Econ RI fragment \"b\" is similar to that of the corresponding chromosomal DNA fragment. There is no evidence supporting the existence of a 150-200 nucleotide long sequence at the 5' end of the ov mRNA similar to the \"leader\" sequences found at the 5' end of some adenovirus and SV40 mRNAs.", "PMID": 688385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8020", "title": "Organization of coding and intervening sequences in the chicken ovalbumin split gene.", "content": "The interruptions in the chicken ovalbumin gene which were reported previously (Breathnach, Mandel and Chambon, 1977) are shown to be due to the presence of intervening sequences which separate the messenger-coding sequences. We present evidence for an additional interruption of the gene, which, together with those reported earlier and by Garapin et al. (1978b), make a total of six intervening sequences. All of these intervening sequences are located in the DNA region that corresponds to the part of the ov mRNA which codes for amino acids. The seven coding fragments of the split ovalbumin gene are arranged in the same order and relative orientation as in the ovalbumin double-stranded cDNA. All the sequences coding for ov mRNA are contained in a chromosomal DNA region of 6000 bp, which is more than 3 times longer than ov mRNA. The general organization of the ovalbumin split gene is discussed.", "contents": "Organization of coding and intervening sequences in the chicken ovalbumin split gene. The interruptions in the chicken ovalbumin gene which were reported previously (Breathnach, Mandel and Chambon, 1977) are shown to be due to the presence of intervening sequences which separate the messenger-coding sequences. We present evidence for an additional interruption of the gene, which, together with those reported earlier and by Garapin et al. (1978b), make a total of six intervening sequences. All of these intervening sequences are located in the DNA region that corresponds to the part of the ov mRNA which codes for amino acids. The seven coding fragments of the split ovalbumin gene are arranged in the same order and relative orientation as in the ovalbumin double-stranded cDNA. All the sequences coding for ov mRNA are contained in a chromosomal DNA region of 6000 bp, which is more than 3 times longer than ov mRNA. The general organization of the ovalbumin split gene is discussed.", "PMID": 688386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8021", "title": "Genes and spacers of cloned sea urchin histone DNA analyzed by sequencing.", "content": "A cloned histone gene cluster of the highly reiterated type from the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris was analyzed by DNA sequencing. More than half of the 6 kb repeat was sequenced, including coding regions of all five histones, some prelude and trailing sequences lying adjacent to the structural gense, and segments of the AT-rich spacer DNA. The gene cluster does not code for gonad-specific histone variants but may instead be active in early sea urchin development, as indicated by comparison to reference histones. The encoded histones seem not to be derived from longer precursor proteins, not is there any evidence for insert sequences within the coding regions. Sequence similarities exist among the putative ribosome-binding sites adjacent to the initiator codons of individual genes. The AT-rich spacer segments between the genes differ from each other, are made up from relatively simple nucleotide arrangements, but are not repetitious, and apparently do not code for additional large proteins.", "contents": "Genes and spacers of cloned sea urchin histone DNA analyzed by sequencing. A cloned histone gene cluster of the highly reiterated type from the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris was analyzed by DNA sequencing. More than half of the 6 kb repeat was sequenced, including coding regions of all five histones, some prelude and trailing sequences lying adjacent to the structural gense, and segments of the AT-rich spacer DNA. The gene cluster does not code for gonad-specific histone variants but may instead be active in early sea urchin development, as indicated by comparison to reference histones. The encoded histones seem not to be derived from longer precursor proteins, not is there any evidence for insert sequences within the coding regions. Sequence similarities exist among the putative ribosome-binding sites adjacent to the initiator codons of individual genes. The AT-rich spacer segments between the genes differ from each other, are made up from relatively simple nucleotide arrangements, but are not repetitious, and apparently do not code for additional large proteins.", "PMID": 688387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8022", "title": "The precursor of mouse beta-globin messenger RNA contains two intervening RNA sequences.", "content": "We have investigated the locations of the poly(A), the mRNA-specific sequences and the RNA sequences that are eventually cleaved from the 1860 nucleotide precursor of mouse beta-globin mRNA. Biochemical and electron microscopic data demonstrate that there are two intervening RNA moieties in the precursor which separate the beta-globin mRNA sequences into three portions containing 480, 205 and 155 nucleotides. One of the two intervening RNA moieties contains 780 nucleotides. The size of the smaller intervening RNA has not been determined precisely, but it is 125 nucleotides or less. The largest mRNA-specific fragment is derived from the 3' terminus of the precursor, and contains the 3' terminal poly (A) and 330 mRNA-specific transcribed nucleotides. At least one, and probably both, intervening RNAs occur within the coding portion of the mRNA sequences. The larger of the intervening RNAs is located next to the 480 nucleotide mRNA-specific fragment, and the smaller intervening RNA is located between the 205 and 155 nucleotide mRNA-specific fragments. These experiments are consistent with the notion that the intervening sequences in the DNA of mouse beta-globin genes are transcribed into the mRNA precursor and are excised from the RNA by post-transcriptional events.", "contents": "The precursor of mouse beta-globin messenger RNA contains two intervening RNA sequences. We have investigated the locations of the poly(A), the mRNA-specific sequences and the RNA sequences that are eventually cleaved from the 1860 nucleotide precursor of mouse beta-globin mRNA. Biochemical and electron microscopic data demonstrate that there are two intervening RNA moieties in the precursor which separate the beta-globin mRNA sequences into three portions containing 480, 205 and 155 nucleotides. One of the two intervening RNA moieties contains 780 nucleotides. The size of the smaller intervening RNA has not been determined precisely, but it is 125 nucleotides or less. The largest mRNA-specific fragment is derived from the 3' terminus of the precursor, and contains the 3' terminal poly (A) and 330 mRNA-specific transcribed nucleotides. At least one, and probably both, intervening RNAs occur within the coding portion of the mRNA sequences. The larger of the intervening RNAs is located next to the 480 nucleotide mRNA-specific fragment, and the smaller intervening RNA is located between the 205 and 155 nucleotide mRNA-specific fragments. These experiments are consistent with the notion that the intervening sequences in the DNA of mouse beta-globin genes are transcribed into the mRNA precursor and are excised from the RNA by post-transcriptional events.", "PMID": 688388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8023", "title": "Structure of the adenovirus 2 early mRNAs.", "content": "We have defined the structure of adenovirus 2 (Ad2) cytoplasmic RNAs produced during the early phase of infection. Hybrids between cytoplasmic RNA and DNA restriction fragments of the viral genome were digested with endonuclease S1 or exonuclease VII, and the products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Seven abundant cytoplasmic RNAs (assumed to be mRNAs) were identified, and all have a spliced structure. Different mRNAs produced from a single transcriptional unit contain extensively overlapping sequences, and differ from each other by the pattern in which genome sequences are spliced together. The structures of the early Ad2 mRNAs are consistent with a model for mRNA biosynthesis in which an initial transcript is processed into a mature mRNA by \"splicing out\" internal sequences. The pattern of spliced mRNAs produced from the early region responsible for the transforming activity of Ad2 resembles the splicing pattern of the oncogenic early mRNAs of simian virus 40 (SV40). This fact, in conjunction with recent DNA sequencing results, leads us to suggest that, like the SV40 tumor antigens, the polypeptides encoded by these Ad2 mRNAs have an identical amino acid sequence at their N terminal ends, but have different C terminal sequences.", "contents": "Structure of the adenovirus 2 early mRNAs. We have defined the structure of adenovirus 2 (Ad2) cytoplasmic RNAs produced during the early phase of infection. Hybrids between cytoplasmic RNA and DNA restriction fragments of the viral genome were digested with endonuclease S1 or exonuclease VII, and the products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Seven abundant cytoplasmic RNAs (assumed to be mRNAs) were identified, and all have a spliced structure. Different mRNAs produced from a single transcriptional unit contain extensively overlapping sequences, and differ from each other by the pattern in which genome sequences are spliced together. The structures of the early Ad2 mRNAs are consistent with a model for mRNA biosynthesis in which an initial transcript is processed into a mature mRNA by \"splicing out\" internal sequences. The pattern of spliced mRNAs produced from the early region responsible for the transforming activity of Ad2 resembles the splicing pattern of the oncogenic early mRNAs of simian virus 40 (SV40). This fact, in conjunction with recent DNA sequencing results, leads us to suggest that, like the SV40 tumor antigens, the polypeptides encoded by these Ad2 mRNAs have an identical amino acid sequence at their N terminal ends, but have different C terminal sequences.", "PMID": 688389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8024", "title": "Sequence organization of a cloned tDNA met fragment from Xenopus laevis.", "content": "3.18 kb fragments of X. laevis DNA coding for tRNA 1 met have been inserted into a lambda vector via Hind III termini and cloned in E. coli. The organization of one cloned fragment has been analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestion and RNA-DNA hybridization. From the distribution of sites for three enzymes, this fragment appears to be typical of the majority of X. laevis tandem tDNA 1 met repeat units. Evidence is presented to suggest that it contains two genes coding for tRNA 1 met and at least one gene coding for a second as yet unidentified 4S RNA species. The two tRNA 1 met genes are located on the same DNA strand 0.96 and 1.38 kb from one end of the repeat unit. A detailed restriction map for 19 enzymes reveals that the spacers between these genes are not identical, and it provides no indication of short repetitive sequence elements within the spacers.", "contents": "Sequence organization of a cloned tDNA met fragment from Xenopus laevis. 3.18 kb fragments of X. laevis DNA coding for tRNA 1 met have been inserted into a lambda vector via Hind III termini and cloned in E. coli. The organization of one cloned fragment has been analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestion and RNA-DNA hybridization. From the distribution of sites for three enzymes, this fragment appears to be typical of the majority of X. laevis tandem tDNA 1 met repeat units. Evidence is presented to suggest that it contains two genes coding for tRNA 1 met and at least one gene coding for a second as yet unidentified 4S RNA species. The two tRNA 1 met genes are located on the same DNA strand 0.96 and 1.38 kb from one end of the repeat unit. A detailed restriction map for 19 enzymes reveals that the spacers between these genes are not identical, and it provides no indication of short repetitive sequence elements within the spacers.", "PMID": 688390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8025", "title": "Evidence for functional hemizygosity at the Emtr locus in CHO cells through segregation analysis.", "content": "The hypothesis of functional hemizygostiy at the emetine-resistant (Emtr, a non-X-linked recessive marker) locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been examined by segregation analysis. The frequencies and the rates of segregation of the Emtr and Thgr (thioguanine-resistant, an X-linked recessive mutation) markers were determined from hybrids constructed between an Emtr-Thgr CHO cell line and various other Chinese hamster lines (V79, M3-1, CHO, GM7S, CHW and CHL). Thgr segregants were obtained at similar frequencies (10(-2)-10(-3)) from all the hybrids. The frequency of segregation of the Emtr marker, however, was similar to that of Thgr only in the CHO x CHO hybrids and was much lower (10(-4)-10(-6)) than the CHO x other Chinese hamster hybrids. Similar results were obtained when the segregation rates for the two markers from various hybrids were determined. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that in CHO cells, the gene responsible for Emtr is present in a single (functional) copy, whereas two copies of this gene are present in other Chinese hamster lines examined.", "contents": "Evidence for functional hemizygosity at the Emtr locus in CHO cells through segregation analysis. The hypothesis of functional hemizygostiy at the emetine-resistant (Emtr, a non-X-linked recessive marker) locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been examined by segregation analysis. The frequencies and the rates of segregation of the Emtr and Thgr (thioguanine-resistant, an X-linked recessive mutation) markers were determined from hybrids constructed between an Emtr-Thgr CHO cell line and various other Chinese hamster lines (V79, M3-1, CHO, GM7S, CHW and CHL). Thgr segregants were obtained at similar frequencies (10(-2)-10(-3)) from all the hybrids. The frequency of segregation of the Emtr marker, however, was similar to that of Thgr only in the CHO x CHO hybrids and was much lower (10(-4)-10(-6)) than the CHO x other Chinese hamster hybrids. Similar results were obtained when the segregation rates for the two markers from various hybrids were determined. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that in CHO cells, the gene responsible for Emtr is present in a single (functional) copy, whereas two copies of this gene are present in other Chinese hamster lines examined.", "PMID": 688393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8026", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for tubulin: a quantitative comparison of the tubulin content of different established tissue culture cells and tissues.", "content": "A quantitative estimate of the cellular tubulin concentration can be obtained by the use of a radioimmunoassay based upon the competition between tubulin in cell extracts and a known amount of radioactively labeled homogeneous tubulin during binding to a limited amount of anti-tubulin antibodies. This assay shows that a variety of widely used tissue culture cells (mouse L cells, mouse 3T3 cells, chick embryo fibroblasts) have a tubulin content which corresponds to approximately 2.5--3.3% of their total protein. Transformation of mouse 3T3 cells by the DNA virus SV40, and of chick embryo cells by the RNA Rous sarcoma virus, does not change the intracellular tubulin concentration. Transformed cells of brain origin, such as some glia tumor cell lines and some neuroblastoma cell lines, have a much lower tubulin content than does normal brain tissue. The intracellular concentration of tubulin in mouse 3T3 cells is discussed in relation to the number of microtubules detected during interphase by immunofluorescence microscopy. These results are also discussed in view of a mechanism of microtubule elongation in vivo driven by self-assembly.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for tubulin: a quantitative comparison of the tubulin content of different established tissue culture cells and tissues. A quantitative estimate of the cellular tubulin concentration can be obtained by the use of a radioimmunoassay based upon the competition between tubulin in cell extracts and a known amount of radioactively labeled homogeneous tubulin during binding to a limited amount of anti-tubulin antibodies. This assay shows that a variety of widely used tissue culture cells (mouse L cells, mouse 3T3 cells, chick embryo fibroblasts) have a tubulin content which corresponds to approximately 2.5--3.3% of their total protein. Transformation of mouse 3T3 cells by the DNA virus SV40, and of chick embryo cells by the RNA Rous sarcoma virus, does not change the intracellular tubulin concentration. Transformed cells of brain origin, such as some glia tumor cell lines and some neuroblastoma cell lines, have a much lower tubulin content than does normal brain tissue. The intracellular concentration of tubulin in mouse 3T3 cells is discussed in relation to the number of microtubules detected during interphase by immunofluorescence microscopy. These results are also discussed in view of a mechanism of microtubule elongation in vivo driven by self-assembly.", "PMID": 688394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8027", "title": "Cell surface action of thrombin is sufficient to initiate division of chick cells.", "content": "Thrombin covalently linked to carboxylate-modified polystyrene beads initiated division of quiescent chick embryo (CE) cells either in medium containing low levels of serum or in serum-free medium. Release of thrombin was monitored by measuring acid-precipitable radioactivity released from 125I-thrombin beads into the medium during incubation with cells. Even if all of the acid-precipitable material released from the beads were active thrombin, it was not sufficient to account for any of the observed cell division, and was 10-30 fold less than the amount necessary to produce the increase in cell number caused by the thrombin beads. Two other kinds of experiments also showed that material released into the medium did not account for the observed initiation of cell division. First, medium taken from cultures incubated with thrombin beads did not initiate cell division when added to new quiescent cultures. Second, in coverslip experiments where populations of cells with an without thrombin feads shared the same medium, only bead-contacted cells divided. Several results suggested that the material which was released from the thrombin beads resulted from cell-associated proteolysis rather than from \"leakage\" of intact thrombin from the beads. For example, after incubating 125I-thrombin beads with or without CE cells, we were unable to detect any intact thrombin released into the medium. In addition, most of the material released from the beads was acid-soluble and was only released in the presence of CE cells. A few thrombin beads were endocytosed by CE cells, but they were surrounded by an intact plasma membrane. Thus they did not directly interact with the cytoplasm. The close association of many of the beads with the cell surface and the presence of a few beads in endocytic vesicles made it important to consider the possibility that thrombin might be released from the beads directly into the cells. This possibility was explored using ultrastructural (EM) autoradiography. With this technique (where one grain represented 700--900 thrombin molecules), we found that beads inside the cells had approximately the same number of grains as beads not in contact with cells. This suggested that little, if any, additional radioactive material had been released from the beads which were in contact with the cells. In addition, we were unable to detect any grains in the cytoplasm which could be attributed to released thrombin, even using an amount of 125I-thrombin beads which was 8 fold greater than the amount which produced maximal cell division. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that thrombin action at the cell surface is sufficient to initiate division of CE cells.", "contents": "Cell surface action of thrombin is sufficient to initiate division of chick cells. Thrombin covalently linked to carboxylate-modified polystyrene beads initiated division of quiescent chick embryo (CE) cells either in medium containing low levels of serum or in serum-free medium. Release of thrombin was monitored by measuring acid-precipitable radioactivity released from 125I-thrombin beads into the medium during incubation with cells. Even if all of the acid-precipitable material released from the beads were active thrombin, it was not sufficient to account for any of the observed cell division, and was 10-30 fold less than the amount necessary to produce the increase in cell number caused by the thrombin beads. Two other kinds of experiments also showed that material released into the medium did not account for the observed initiation of cell division. First, medium taken from cultures incubated with thrombin beads did not initiate cell division when added to new quiescent cultures. Second, in coverslip experiments where populations of cells with an without thrombin feads shared the same medium, only bead-contacted cells divided. Several results suggested that the material which was released from the thrombin beads resulted from cell-associated proteolysis rather than from \"leakage\" of intact thrombin from the beads. For example, after incubating 125I-thrombin beads with or without CE cells, we were unable to detect any intact thrombin released into the medium. In addition, most of the material released from the beads was acid-soluble and was only released in the presence of CE cells. A few thrombin beads were endocytosed by CE cells, but they were surrounded by an intact plasma membrane. Thus they did not directly interact with the cytoplasm. The close association of many of the beads with the cell surface and the presence of a few beads in endocytic vesicles made it important to consider the possibility that thrombin might be released from the beads directly into the cells. This possibility was explored using ultrastructural (EM) autoradiography. With this technique (where one grain represented 700--900 thrombin molecules), we found that beads inside the cells had approximately the same number of grains as beads not in contact with cells. This suggested that little, if any, additional radioactive material had been released from the beads which were in contact with the cells. In addition, we were unable to detect any grains in the cytoplasm which could be attributed to released thrombin, even using an amount of 125I-thrombin beads which was 8 fold greater than the amount which produced maximal cell division. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that thrombin action at the cell surface is sufficient to initiate division of CE cells.", "PMID": 688395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8028", "title": "Interferon-associated, dsRNA-dependent enzyme activities in a mutant 3T6 cell engaged in the semiconstitutive synthesis of interferon.", "content": "Cytoplasmic extracts of untreated cultures of a virus-resistant mutant of mouse 3T6 cells, designated 3T6-VrB2, contain two double-stranded, RNA-activated enzyme activities associated with interferon action. These are the synthesis of a low molecular weight oligonucleotide inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis from ATP, and the phosphorylation of a 67,000 dalton polypeptide by transfer of the gamma phosphate of ATP. Basal levels of both enzyme activities are detectable in extracts of untreated parental 3T6 cells, and are greatly enhanced upon interferon pretreatment. A procedure was developed, using a nonionic detergent to effect cell lysis, which allowed the analysis of the protein kinase activity from as few as 2 x 10(7) cells. Using this procedure, direct proportionalities were demonstrated between the concentration of interferon to which 3T6 cells were exposed, and both the level of protein kinase activity and the magnitude of the antiviral state were established in these cells. Furthermore, untreated cultures of 3T6-VrB2 exhibited both an antiviral state and an intracellular protein kinase activity equal to that of cultures of the parental 3T6 cells pretreated with a single concentration of mouse interferon.", "contents": "Interferon-associated, dsRNA-dependent enzyme activities in a mutant 3T6 cell engaged in the semiconstitutive synthesis of interferon. Cytoplasmic extracts of untreated cultures of a virus-resistant mutant of mouse 3T6 cells, designated 3T6-VrB2, contain two double-stranded, RNA-activated enzyme activities associated with interferon action. These are the synthesis of a low molecular weight oligonucleotide inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis from ATP, and the phosphorylation of a 67,000 dalton polypeptide by transfer of the gamma phosphate of ATP. Basal levels of both enzyme activities are detectable in extracts of untreated parental 3T6 cells, and are greatly enhanced upon interferon pretreatment. A procedure was developed, using a nonionic detergent to effect cell lysis, which allowed the analysis of the protein kinase activity from as few as 2 x 10(7) cells. Using this procedure, direct proportionalities were demonstrated between the concentration of interferon to which 3T6 cells were exposed, and both the level of protein kinase activity and the magnitude of the antiviral state were established in these cells. Furthermore, untreated cultures of 3T6-VrB2 exhibited both an antiviral state and an intracellular protein kinase activity equal to that of cultures of the parental 3T6 cells pretreated with a single concentration of mouse interferon.", "PMID": 688397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8029", "title": "Characteristics of individual repetitive sequence families in the sea urchin genome studied with cloned repeats.", "content": "Cloned repetitive sequences from the S. purpuratus genome a few hundred to approximately 1000 nucleotides long were used to investigate the characteristics of individual repetitive sequence families. They wer terminally labeled by the kinase procedure and reacted with sheared S. purpuratus DNA. Repetition frequencies were measured for 26 individual families and were found to vary from a few to several thousand copies per genome. Estimates of sequence divergence were made for 18 cloned repeat families by measuring thermal stability of the heteroduplexes formed between the genomic DNA and the cloned fragments, compared with that of the renatured cloned fragments. The difference was less than 4 degrees C for three of the 18 families, and less than 10 degress C for 13 of the 18 families. These 13 repetitive sequence families lack any detectable highly divergent sequence relatives, and the results reported are shown not to change when the renaturation criterion is lowered below 55 degrees C in 0.18 M Na+. Five of the 18 cloned families displayed greater sequence divergence. The average sequence divergence of the total short repetitive sequence fraction of S. purpuratus DNA was found to match closely the average of the divergences of the cloned repeat sequences.", "contents": "Characteristics of individual repetitive sequence families in the sea urchin genome studied with cloned repeats. Cloned repetitive sequences from the S. purpuratus genome a few hundred to approximately 1000 nucleotides long were used to investigate the characteristics of individual repetitive sequence families. They wer terminally labeled by the kinase procedure and reacted with sheared S. purpuratus DNA. Repetition frequencies were measured for 26 individual families and were found to vary from a few to several thousand copies per genome. Estimates of sequence divergence were made for 18 cloned repeat families by measuring thermal stability of the heteroduplexes formed between the genomic DNA and the cloned fragments, compared with that of the renatured cloned fragments. The difference was less than 4 degrees C for three of the 18 families, and less than 10 degress C for 13 of the 18 families. These 13 repetitive sequence families lack any detectable highly divergent sequence relatives, and the results reported are shown not to change when the renaturation criterion is lowered below 55 degrees C in 0.18 M Na+. Five of the 18 cloned families displayed greater sequence divergence. The average sequence divergence of the total short repetitive sequence fraction of S. purpuratus DNA was found to match closely the average of the divergences of the cloned repeat sequences.", "PMID": 688398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8030", "title": "[Aortic valve stenosis with calcification].", "content": "A group of 52 patients was studied with a view to defining the characteristic features of aortic valve stenosis with calcification. There is no uniform aetiopathogenesis to explain the condition. 3 basic types could be distinguished--post-rheumatic, senile, and due to congenital malformation of the valve; all were represented about equally.", "contents": "[Aortic valve stenosis with calcification]. A group of 52 patients was studied with a view to defining the characteristic features of aortic valve stenosis with calcification. There is no uniform aetiopathogenesis to explain the condition. 3 basic types could be distinguished--post-rheumatic, senile, and due to congenital malformation of the valve; all were represented about equally.", "PMID": 688474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8031", "title": "[The proportion of potassium and calcium in the vitreous body in relation to the time of death].", "content": "The method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry was employed to estimate the proportion of potassium and calcium in vitreous humour in 47 deceased persons. The amount of both was found to increase in linear proportion to the time elapsed from death. The correlation can be expressed in the form of equations. The simultaneous estimation of the proportion of potassium and calcium in vitreous humour enables a more precise ascertainment of the time of death than the estimation of merely one of the two elements. In persons who died of brain injuries, strangulation or who had suffered from conditions associated with metabolic breakdown, the time of death should not be determined according to the amount of calcium in vitreous humour; in such cases only the proportion of potassium should be exploited.", "contents": "[The proportion of potassium and calcium in the vitreous body in relation to the time of death]. The method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry was employed to estimate the proportion of potassium and calcium in vitreous humour in 47 deceased persons. The amount of both was found to increase in linear proportion to the time elapsed from death. The correlation can be expressed in the form of equations. The simultaneous estimation of the proportion of potassium and calcium in vitreous humour enables a more precise ascertainment of the time of death than the estimation of merely one of the two elements. In persons who died of brain injuries, strangulation or who had suffered from conditions associated with metabolic breakdown, the time of death should not be determined according to the amount of calcium in vitreous humour; in such cases only the proportion of potassium should be exploited.", "PMID": 688475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8032", "title": "[Nature of the pigment in multilayer neurofibromas].", "content": "Two cases of storiform neurofibroma were examined electronmicroscopically. Their pigment was identified as melanin both by histochemical methods and by the presence of melanosomes. In one case moreover another pigment of lysosomal location was found.", "contents": "[Nature of the pigment in multilayer neurofibromas]. Two cases of storiform neurofibroma were examined electronmicroscopically. Their pigment was identified as melanin both by histochemical methods and by the presence of melanosomes. In one case moreover another pigment of lysosomal location was found.", "PMID": 688477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8033", "title": "[Cellular irregularities in nasal polyps].", "content": "50 patients of different ages were found to have irregular multinuclear cells lodged in their inflammatory hyperplastic nasal mucosa. In only isolated cases were they numerous enough to give the tissue a sarcomatoid appearance. Most of those could clearly be described as proliferating endothelial cells. Mechanical irritation seemed to be the obvious explanation of their pathogenetic relationships.", "contents": "[Cellular irregularities in nasal polyps]. 50 patients of different ages were found to have irregular multinuclear cells lodged in their inflammatory hyperplastic nasal mucosa. In only isolated cases were they numerous enough to give the tissue a sarcomatoid appearance. Most of those could clearly be described as proliferating endothelial cells. Mechanical irritation seemed to be the obvious explanation of their pathogenetic relationships.", "PMID": 688478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8034", "title": "[Unusual trabeculra material in the fine structure of intercellular matter in pulmonary hamartoma].", "content": "Numerous fibrous structures stainable with resorcin--fuchsin were found by light microscopy in five pulmonary hamartomas. Their electronoptic correlates were granular dense trabecular formations reminiscent of oxytalan fibres whereas trabeculae typical of elastica were rare. The trabecular material orientation according to collagenous fibrils as well as its occasional transverse striation suggest a special form of collagen to be involved.", "contents": "[Unusual trabeculra material in the fine structure of intercellular matter in pulmonary hamartoma]. Numerous fibrous structures stainable with resorcin--fuchsin were found by light microscopy in five pulmonary hamartomas. Their electronoptic correlates were granular dense trabecular formations reminiscent of oxytalan fibres whereas trabeculae typical of elastica were rare. The trabecular material orientation according to collagenous fibrils as well as its occasional transverse striation suggest a special form of collagen to be involved.", "PMID": 688479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8035", "title": "[Adenomatoid hamartoma of the lung].", "content": "The right lung of a stillborn premature infant was found to have a growth occupying most of the pleural cavity and displacing the mediastinum. It was predominantly solid with minor cysts and with structure reminiscent of a clusters of primitive alveoli and bronchioles, or else it contained major gaps with papillomatous proliferating cylindrical cells.", "contents": "[Adenomatoid hamartoma of the lung]. The right lung of a stillborn premature infant was found to have a growth occupying most of the pleural cavity and displacing the mediastinum. It was predominantly solid with minor cysts and with structure reminiscent of a clusters of primitive alveoli and bronchioles, or else it contained major gaps with papillomatous proliferating cylindrical cells.", "PMID": 688480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8036", "title": "[Intrapulmonary thymoma].", "content": "A 53-year old woman had for 14 years been under clinical observation for a right-sided intrapulmonary thymoma. As a terminal development, metastases appeared in the liver. The tumour was not classified until necropsy, and that with the assistance of electronoptic proof of the epithelial squamous appearance of large tumour cells.", "contents": "[Intrapulmonary thymoma]. A 53-year old woman had for 14 years been under clinical observation for a right-sided intrapulmonary thymoma. As a terminal development, metastases appeared in the liver. The tumour was not classified until necropsy, and that with the assistance of electronoptic proof of the epithelial squamous appearance of large tumour cells.", "PMID": 688481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8037", "title": "[Echinococcal cysts in the liver].", "content": "A report on 2 cases of hydatid cysts in the liver accidentally detected in an autopsy and on one case found in a biopsy. A brief list is given of the macro- and microscopic findings in correlation with clinical tests.", "contents": "[Echinococcal cysts in the liver]. A report on 2 cases of hydatid cysts in the liver accidentally detected in an autopsy and on one case found in a biopsy. A brief list is given of the macro- and microscopic findings in correlation with clinical tests.", "PMID": 688482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8038", "title": "[Dysontogenic cyst of the tongue lined with heterotopic gastrointestinal mucosa].", "content": "A dysontogenetic cyst in the edge of the tongue in 1-year old boy was found lined with gastric, duodenal, and intestinal mucosa with its own lamina muscularis mucosae, with a thin layer of submucous connective tissue encircled by bundles of smooths muscle imprecisely separated from the striated lingual muscle.", "contents": "[Dysontogenic cyst of the tongue lined with heterotopic gastrointestinal mucosa]. A dysontogenetic cyst in the edge of the tongue in 1-year old boy was found lined with gastric, duodenal, and intestinal mucosa with its own lamina muscularis mucosae, with a thin layer of submucous connective tissue encircled by bundles of smooths muscle imprecisely separated from the striated lingual muscle.", "PMID": 688483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8039", "title": "[Immunohistologic demonstration of hepatitis B antigen].", "content": "A description is presented of the results of immunohistological reaction to HBAg, using home-prepared sera, in bioptical material routinely processed in the department by standard methods. The results are essentially in agreement with literary data. One conspicuous feature was the substantially reduced quantity of positive elements in comparison with the results of staining with aldehydefuchsine and orceine.", "contents": "[Immunohistologic demonstration of hepatitis B antigen]. A description is presented of the results of immunohistological reaction to HBAg, using home-prepared sera, in bioptical material routinely processed in the department by standard methods. The results are essentially in agreement with literary data. One conspicuous feature was the substantially reduced quantity of positive elements in comparison with the results of staining with aldehydefuchsine and orceine.", "PMID": 688484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8040", "title": "[Immunoglobulins in sudden and violent death].", "content": "In the blood serum of 65 subjects (33 sudden deaths and 32 deaths due to injury) immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA and IgD were examined using the method of simple radial diffusion. The average values in the whole series of infants, children and adults were as follows: IgG 104, IgM 147, IgA 91, IgD 37 international units per 1 ml. In sudden deaths the immunoglobulin levels were found to be higher.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulins in sudden and violent death]. In the blood serum of 65 subjects (33 sudden deaths and 32 deaths due to injury) immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA and IgD were examined using the method of simple radial diffusion. The average values in the whole series of infants, children and adults were as follows: IgG 104, IgM 147, IgA 91, IgD 37 international units per 1 ml. In sudden deaths the immunoglobulin levels were found to be higher.", "PMID": 688485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8041", "title": "Glucuronidation of benzo[a]pyrene in hamster embryo cells.", "content": "The formation of water-soluble metabolites of tritium-labeled benzo[a]pyrene (BP) by cultured hamster embryo cells was studied. The ratio of the radioactivity in the aqueous phase to that in the organic phase increased with the incubation period. After incubation for 48 h with 3.75 nmol/ml of [3H] BP in the medium more than 90% of the 3H-radioactivity was found in the aqueous phase, whereas with 10-fold more BP about half the radioactivity remained in the organic phase. The main metabolites extracted from the medium at 37.5 nmol/ml BP with ethyl acetate by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) were 9,10-diol and 7,8-diol; but after treatment of the medium with beta-glucuronidase the main oxygenated metabolites were phenols, the amount of 9-OH BP being more than that of 3-OH BP. beta-Glucuronidase also released 9,10-diol and 7,8-diol, but most of these diols were in the free form in the medium. The medium from cells treated with 3.75 nmol/ml BP has a quantitatively different profile, and most of the radioactivity obtained by extraction with organic solvent and digestion with beta-glucuronidase was eluted in the regions of phenols. These results show that in hamster embryo cells BP is mainly metabolised to conjugates of phenols with glucuronic acid.", "contents": "Glucuronidation of benzo[a]pyrene in hamster embryo cells. The formation of water-soluble metabolites of tritium-labeled benzo[a]pyrene (BP) by cultured hamster embryo cells was studied. The ratio of the radioactivity in the aqueous phase to that in the organic phase increased with the incubation period. After incubation for 48 h with 3.75 nmol/ml of [3H] BP in the medium more than 90% of the 3H-radioactivity was found in the aqueous phase, whereas with 10-fold more BP about half the radioactivity remained in the organic phase. The main metabolites extracted from the medium at 37.5 nmol/ml BP with ethyl acetate by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) were 9,10-diol and 7,8-diol; but after treatment of the medium with beta-glucuronidase the main oxygenated metabolites were phenols, the amount of 9-OH BP being more than that of 3-OH BP. beta-Glucuronidase also released 9,10-diol and 7,8-diol, but most of these diols were in the free form in the medium. The medium from cells treated with 3.75 nmol/ml BP has a quantitatively different profile, and most of the radioactivity obtained by extraction with organic solvent and digestion with beta-glucuronidase was eluted in the regions of phenols. These results show that in hamster embryo cells BP is mainly metabolised to conjugates of phenols with glucuronic acid.", "PMID": 688521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8042", "title": "Pyruvate metabolism after in vivo exposure to oral arsenic.", "content": "This study investigated altered pyruvate metabolism after prolonged oral arsenic exposure. Male rats were given access to deionized drinking water containing 0, 40 or 85 ppm sodium arsenate (As5+) for 3 weeks. Respiration studies with mitochondria isolated from treated animals indicated decreased state 3 respiration (with ADP) and decreased respiratory control ratios (RCR) for pyruvate/malate-mediated respiration, but not for succinate-mediated respiration, as compared to control respiration values. In addition, pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was measured, in both liver and intestine, before and after Mg-activation in vitro. After 3 weeks, the effects of arsenic at the highest dose level were pronounced on the basal pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (before activation) as well as the total pyruvate dehydrogenase (after activation). The inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity both before and after Mg-activation suggests an arsenic effect on mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism which, in part, involves inhibition of pyruvate decarboxylase. Evidence is also presented which may indicate an arsenic effect on the kinase and/or phosphatase which regulate pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.", "contents": "Pyruvate metabolism after in vivo exposure to oral arsenic. This study investigated altered pyruvate metabolism after prolonged oral arsenic exposure. Male rats were given access to deionized drinking water containing 0, 40 or 85 ppm sodium arsenate (As5+) for 3 weeks. Respiration studies with mitochondria isolated from treated animals indicated decreased state 3 respiration (with ADP) and decreased respiratory control ratios (RCR) for pyruvate/malate-mediated respiration, but not for succinate-mediated respiration, as compared to control respiration values. In addition, pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was measured, in both liver and intestine, before and after Mg-activation in vitro. After 3 weeks, the effects of arsenic at the highest dose level were pronounced on the basal pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (before activation) as well as the total pyruvate dehydrogenase (after activation). The inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity both before and after Mg-activation suggests an arsenic effect on mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism which, in part, involves inhibition of pyruvate decarboxylase. Evidence is also presented which may indicate an arsenic effect on the kinase and/or phosphatase which regulate pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.", "PMID": 688523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8043", "title": "Binding of benzo[a]pyrene at the 1,3,6 positions to nucleic acids in vivo on mouse skin and in vitro with rat liver microsomes and nuclei.", "content": "Loss of tritium from specific positions in [3H,14C] aromatic hydrocarbons can elucidate their binding site(s) to DNA and RNA and indicate the mechanism of activation. Studies of tritium loss from [6-3H,14C]benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), [1,3-3H,14C]B[a]P, [1,3,6-3H,14C]B[a]P, [6,7-3H,14C]B[a]P, and [7-3H,14C]B[a]P were conducted in vitro using liver nuclei and microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced Sprague-Dawley rats and in vivo on the skin of Charles River CD-1 mice. The relative loss of tritium from [3H, 14C]B[a]P was measured after binding to skin DNA and RNA, to nuclear DNA, and to native and denatured calf thymus and rat liver DNA's and poly(G) by microsomal activation. In skin, nuclei, and microsomes plus native DNA, virtually all B[a]P binding occurred at positions 1,3 and 6; while with microsomes plus denatured DNA or poly(G), B[a]P showed no binding at the 6 position and a small amount at the 1 and 3 positions. In vivo and with nuclei, binding at the 6 position predominated. Little loss of tritium from the 7 position was seen; this was expected because binding at this position is not thought to occur. This confirms the interpretation of loss of tritium as an indication of binding at a given position. These results demonstrate that the use of microsomes to activate B[a]P is not a valid model system for delineating the in vivo mechanism of B[a]P activation, and support previous evidence for one-electron oxidation as the mechanism of activation of hydrocarbons in binding to nucleic acids.", "contents": "Binding of benzo[a]pyrene at the 1,3,6 positions to nucleic acids in vivo on mouse skin and in vitro with rat liver microsomes and nuclei. Loss of tritium from specific positions in [3H,14C] aromatic hydrocarbons can elucidate their binding site(s) to DNA and RNA and indicate the mechanism of activation. Studies of tritium loss from [6-3H,14C]benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), [1,3-3H,14C]B[a]P, [1,3,6-3H,14C]B[a]P, [6,7-3H,14C]B[a]P, and [7-3H,14C]B[a]P were conducted in vitro using liver nuclei and microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced Sprague-Dawley rats and in vivo on the skin of Charles River CD-1 mice. The relative loss of tritium from [3H, 14C]B[a]P was measured after binding to skin DNA and RNA, to nuclear DNA, and to native and denatured calf thymus and rat liver DNA's and poly(G) by microsomal activation. In skin, nuclei, and microsomes plus native DNA, virtually all B[a]P binding occurred at positions 1,3 and 6; while with microsomes plus denatured DNA or poly(G), B[a]P showed no binding at the 6 position and a small amount at the 1 and 3 positions. In vivo and with nuclei, binding at the 6 position predominated. Little loss of tritium from the 7 position was seen; this was expected because binding at this position is not thought to occur. This confirms the interpretation of loss of tritium as an indication of binding at a given position. These results demonstrate that the use of microsomes to activate B[a]P is not a valid model system for delineating the in vivo mechanism of B[a]P activation, and support previous evidence for one-electron oxidation as the mechanism of activation of hydrocarbons in binding to nucleic acids.", "PMID": 688524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8044", "title": "Carcinogenicity and metabolic profiles of 6-substituted benzo[a]pyrene derivatives on mouse skin.", "content": "The ability was tested of appropriate substituents of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) at C-6 to decrease or suppress the carcinogenic activity for these BP derivatives relative to the parent compound. 8-week-old female Swiss mice in 9 groups of 30 were treated on the back with 0.2 mumol of compound in acetone 4 times weekly for 20 weeks. The following compounds were administered: BP, 6-methylbenzo[a]pyrene (BP-6-CH3), 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene (BP-6-CH2OH), benzo[a]pyrene-6-carboxaldehyde (BP-6-CHO), benzo[a]pyrene-6-carboxylic acid, 6-methoxybenzo[a]pyrene, 6-acetoxybenzo[a]pyrene, 6-bromobenzo[a]pyrene, and 6-iodobenzo[a]pyrene. Two additional groups received BP or BP-6-CH3 twice weekly for 20 weeks at a total dose 25% of that above. In addition, the metabolism of selected 6-substituted BP derivatives was studied, using mouse skin homogenates in vitro and mouse skin in vivo. Only four compounds were carcinogenic; the order of potency was BP greater than BP-6-CH3 greater than BP-6-CH2OH and BP-6-CHO. The difference in carcinogenicity between BP-6-CH2OH and BP-6-CHO could not be assessed by this experiment. In a further tumorigenesis experiment the carcinogenicity of BP-6-CH2OH was compared to that of BP-6 CHO, BP-6-CH3 and 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrere sulfate ester (BP-6-CH2OSO3Na) on mouse skin. 9-week-old female Swiss mice in groups of 28 were treated at three dose levels with 0.8, 0.2 and 0.05 mumol of compounds in dioxane--dimethyl sulfoxide (75 : 25) twice weekly for 40 weeks. After 40 experimental weeks BP-6-CH2OSO3Na proved to be a more potent carcinogen than BP-6-CH2OH, which, in turn was more active than BP-6-CHO. The greater carcinogenicity of BP-6-CH3 relative to BP-6-CH2OH and BP-6-CHO is confirmed, suggesting that BP-6-CH2OH is not a proximate carcinogenic metabolite for BP-6-CH3. Since BP-6-CHO is a weaker carcinogen than BP-6-CH2OH and is efficiently reduced metabolically to BP-6-CH2OH, the latter compound may be a common proximal carcinogenic metabolite. The stronger potency of BP-6-CH2OSO3Na, compared to its alcohol, suggests that an ester of BP-6-CH2OH might be the ultimate alkylating compound reacting with cellular nucleophiles.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity and metabolic profiles of 6-substituted benzo[a]pyrene derivatives on mouse skin. The ability was tested of appropriate substituents of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) at C-6 to decrease or suppress the carcinogenic activity for these BP derivatives relative to the parent compound. 8-week-old female Swiss mice in 9 groups of 30 were treated on the back with 0.2 mumol of compound in acetone 4 times weekly for 20 weeks. The following compounds were administered: BP, 6-methylbenzo[a]pyrene (BP-6-CH3), 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene (BP-6-CH2OH), benzo[a]pyrene-6-carboxaldehyde (BP-6-CHO), benzo[a]pyrene-6-carboxylic acid, 6-methoxybenzo[a]pyrene, 6-acetoxybenzo[a]pyrene, 6-bromobenzo[a]pyrene, and 6-iodobenzo[a]pyrene. Two additional groups received BP or BP-6-CH3 twice weekly for 20 weeks at a total dose 25% of that above. In addition, the metabolism of selected 6-substituted BP derivatives was studied, using mouse skin homogenates in vitro and mouse skin in vivo. Only four compounds were carcinogenic; the order of potency was BP greater than BP-6-CH3 greater than BP-6-CH2OH and BP-6-CHO. The difference in carcinogenicity between BP-6-CH2OH and BP-6-CHO could not be assessed by this experiment. In a further tumorigenesis experiment the carcinogenicity of BP-6-CH2OH was compared to that of BP-6 CHO, BP-6-CH3 and 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrere sulfate ester (BP-6-CH2OSO3Na) on mouse skin. 9-week-old female Swiss mice in groups of 28 were treated at three dose levels with 0.8, 0.2 and 0.05 mumol of compounds in dioxane--dimethyl sulfoxide (75 : 25) twice weekly for 40 weeks. After 40 experimental weeks BP-6-CH2OSO3Na proved to be a more potent carcinogen than BP-6-CH2OH, which, in turn was more active than BP-6-CHO. The greater carcinogenicity of BP-6-CH3 relative to BP-6-CH2OH and BP-6-CHO is confirmed, suggesting that BP-6-CH2OH is not a proximate carcinogenic metabolite for BP-6-CH3. Since BP-6-CHO is a weaker carcinogen than BP-6-CH2OH and is efficiently reduced metabolically to BP-6-CH2OH, the latter compound may be a common proximal carcinogenic metabolite. The stronger potency of BP-6-CH2OSO3Na, compared to its alcohol, suggests that an ester of BP-6-CH2OH might be the ultimate alkylating compound reacting with cellular nucleophiles.", "PMID": 688525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8045", "title": "Carcinogenicity and metabolic profiles of 3-methylcholanthrene oxygenated derivatives at the 1 and 2 positions.", "content": "Trapping of 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) radical cation by nucleophilic compounds occurs specifically at the 1-carbon atom. With the purpose of providing more evidence for the hypothesis that the critical mechanism of activation of MC is one-electron oxidation, the carcinogenicity of MC was compared to that of 1-hydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene (MC-1-OH), 3-methylcholanthrene-1-one (MC-1-one), 2-hydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene (MC-2-OH), 3-methylcholanthrene-2-one (MC-2-one) and 3-methylcholanthrylene (MCL) by repeated application on mouse skin. Seven-week-old female Swiss mice in 6 groups of 30 were treated on the back with 0.2 mumol of compound in acetone twice weekly for 20 weeks. In addition, the metabolism of MC and its derivatives was studied using mouse skin homogenates. The compounds tested were classified according to carcinogenicity in 4 groups: MC and MC-2-OH, the strongest carcinogens; MC-2-one and MCL, weaker than MC and MC-2-OH; MC-1-OH, the weakest carcinogen; and MC-1-one, non-carcinogenic. These results support the hypothesis that one-electron oxidation for MC, MC-2-OH and MC-1-one might be the critical mechanism of carcinogenic activation, with C-1 the binding site to cellular nucleophiles. The carcinogenic effect of MC-1-OH is speculated to be the formation of an ester bearing a good leaving group, which might be the ultimate alkylating compound in the in vivo reaction. The lack of carcinogenic activity for MC-1-one may be attributed to absence of nucleophilic trapping at C-1 via the radical cation pathway as well as the inability of mouse skin to reduce MC-1-one to the carcinogenic MC-1-OH.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity and metabolic profiles of 3-methylcholanthrene oxygenated derivatives at the 1 and 2 positions. Trapping of 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) radical cation by nucleophilic compounds occurs specifically at the 1-carbon atom. With the purpose of providing more evidence for the hypothesis that the critical mechanism of activation of MC is one-electron oxidation, the carcinogenicity of MC was compared to that of 1-hydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene (MC-1-OH), 3-methylcholanthrene-1-one (MC-1-one), 2-hydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene (MC-2-OH), 3-methylcholanthrene-2-one (MC-2-one) and 3-methylcholanthrylene (MCL) by repeated application on mouse skin. Seven-week-old female Swiss mice in 6 groups of 30 were treated on the back with 0.2 mumol of compound in acetone twice weekly for 20 weeks. In addition, the metabolism of MC and its derivatives was studied using mouse skin homogenates. The compounds tested were classified according to carcinogenicity in 4 groups: MC and MC-2-OH, the strongest carcinogens; MC-2-one and MCL, weaker than MC and MC-2-OH; MC-1-OH, the weakest carcinogen; and MC-1-one, non-carcinogenic. These results support the hypothesis that one-electron oxidation for MC, MC-2-OH and MC-1-one might be the critical mechanism of carcinogenic activation, with C-1 the binding site to cellular nucleophiles. The carcinogenic effect of MC-1-OH is speculated to be the formation of an ester bearing a good leaving group, which might be the ultimate alkylating compound in the in vivo reaction. The lack of carcinogenic activity for MC-1-one may be attributed to absence of nucleophilic trapping at C-1 via the radical cation pathway as well as the inability of mouse skin to reduce MC-1-one to the carcinogenic MC-1-OH.", "PMID": 688526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8046", "title": "Microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine: formation of products resulting from alpha- and beta-oxidation.", "content": "We have identified propionaldehyde, n-propranolo, isopropanol and N-nitroso-2-hydroxy-propylpropylamine following incubation of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine with a microsomal fraction from rat liver. Based on the yields of the various products, we have shown that beta-oxidation occurs at about 15% of the level of alpha-oxidation, beta- as well as alpha-oxidation was shown to be carried out by the microsomal mixed function oxidase system. N-nitroso-2-hydroxy-propylpropylamine is further oxidized by the microsomal preparation to yield N-nitroso-2-oxopropylpropylamine.", "contents": "Microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine: formation of products resulting from alpha- and beta-oxidation. We have identified propionaldehyde, n-propranolo, isopropanol and N-nitroso-2-hydroxy-propylpropylamine following incubation of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine with a microsomal fraction from rat liver. Based on the yields of the various products, we have shown that beta-oxidation occurs at about 15% of the level of alpha-oxidation, beta- as well as alpha-oxidation was shown to be carried out by the microsomal mixed function oxidase system. N-nitroso-2-hydroxy-propylpropylamine is further oxidized by the microsomal preparation to yield N-nitroso-2-oxopropylpropylamine.", "PMID": 688527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8047", "title": "Membrane lipid modifications: biosynthesis and identification of phosphatidyl-N-methyl-N-isopropylethanolamine in rat liver microsomes.", "content": "In previous studies on the modification of polar head groups of membrane phospholipids with the unnatural base analog, N-isopropylethanolamine, we reported an unidentified phospholipid in addition to phosphatidyl-N-isopropylethanolamine in the various membrane fractions of rat liver. The structure of this phospholipid has now been identified as phosphatidyl-N-methyl-N-isopropylethanolamine by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and by chromatographic and enzymic analysis. In addition, we found that when rats were injected intraperitoneally with the N-methyl-N-isopropylethanolamine, 19% of the liver microsomal phospholipid was phosphatidyl-N-methyl-N-isopropylethanolamine.", "contents": "Membrane lipid modifications: biosynthesis and identification of phosphatidyl-N-methyl-N-isopropylethanolamine in rat liver microsomes. In previous studies on the modification of polar head groups of membrane phospholipids with the unnatural base analog, N-isopropylethanolamine, we reported an unidentified phospholipid in addition to phosphatidyl-N-isopropylethanolamine in the various membrane fractions of rat liver. The structure of this phospholipid has now been identified as phosphatidyl-N-methyl-N-isopropylethanolamine by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and by chromatographic and enzymic analysis. In addition, we found that when rats were injected intraperitoneally with the N-methyl-N-isopropylethanolamine, 19% of the liver microsomal phospholipid was phosphatidyl-N-methyl-N-isopropylethanolamine.", "PMID": 688537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8048", "title": "Cross-linking of membrane phospholipid and protein using putative monofunctional imidoesters.", "content": "The reaction of methyl acetimidate or isethionyl acetimidate with mitoplasts at pH 8.5 yields two derivatives of phosphatidylethanolamine. These derivatives are shown to be the mono-amidine derivative and the bis-derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine. The bis-derivative represents one phosphatidylethanolamine cross-linked to another phosphatidylethanolamine. Similar derivatives are formed by the reaction of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine with these imidoesters in organic solution with the exception that much more monoderivative is produced. Methyl picolinimidate reacts with phosphatidylethanolamine of mitoplasts to form primarily the mono-derivative. The bis-derivative was not detected. The reaction of bovine rod outer segment discs with methyl acetimidate causes cross-linking of 30% of the membrane rhodospin as dimers. Putative monofunctional imidoesters cause considerable cross-linking of both phospholipids and proteins in cell membranes. Cross-linking can be minimized at pH 9.0.", "contents": "Cross-linking of membrane phospholipid and protein using putative monofunctional imidoesters. The reaction of methyl acetimidate or isethionyl acetimidate with mitoplasts at pH 8.5 yields two derivatives of phosphatidylethanolamine. These derivatives are shown to be the mono-amidine derivative and the bis-derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine. The bis-derivative represents one phosphatidylethanolamine cross-linked to another phosphatidylethanolamine. Similar derivatives are formed by the reaction of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine with these imidoesters in organic solution with the exception that much more monoderivative is produced. Methyl picolinimidate reacts with phosphatidylethanolamine of mitoplasts to form primarily the mono-derivative. The bis-derivative was not detected. The reaction of bovine rod outer segment discs with methyl acetimidate causes cross-linking of 30% of the membrane rhodospin as dimers. Putative monofunctional imidoesters cause considerable cross-linking of both phospholipids and proteins in cell membranes. Cross-linking can be minimized at pH 9.0.", "PMID": 688538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8049", "title": "[Bronchogenic cyst of the lung and pulmonary tuberculosis. Presentation of a case].", "content": "The paper considers a clinical case of multiple bronchogenic cysts associated with a pneumonitic process of TB character, operated successfully by means of an upper right and middle bilobectomy. No similar case was found in literature. The malformations were of congenital origin, characterised histologically by a cavity, the walls of which contain elements proper to the bronchus: cartilage and ciliate columnar epithelium. The squamous metaplasia is rare, and the neoplastic transformation very rare. From the clinical point of view a distinction is made between asymptomatic cysts, in which the clinical picture is dominated by compressive phenomena affecting the surrounding structures, or sometimes by infection due to supervening bacterial, mycotic or--as in our case--tubercular contamination. The therapeutic indication is exclusively surgical, with methods of exeresis varying according to the extent and location of the morbid process.", "contents": "[Bronchogenic cyst of the lung and pulmonary tuberculosis. Presentation of a case]. The paper considers a clinical case of multiple bronchogenic cysts associated with a pneumonitic process of TB character, operated successfully by means of an upper right and middle bilobectomy. No similar case was found in literature. The malformations were of congenital origin, characterised histologically by a cavity, the walls of which contain elements proper to the bronchus: cartilage and ciliate columnar epithelium. The squamous metaplasia is rare, and the neoplastic transformation very rare. From the clinical point of view a distinction is made between asymptomatic cysts, in which the clinical picture is dominated by compressive phenomena affecting the surrounding structures, or sometimes by infection due to supervening bacterial, mycotic or--as in our case--tubercular contamination. The therapeutic indication is exclusively surgical, with methods of exeresis varying according to the extent and location of the morbid process.", "PMID": 688540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8050", "title": "[Physiopathology of the gastrectomized patient].", "content": "The Authors re-examined 50 cases of various ages and both sexes subjected to total gastrectomy for neoplasia, without any other chemotherapic or radiant collateral treatmente, and analyse the sequelae following total removal of the stomach. On the basis of the data collected, they conclude on the importance of an adequate reconstructive technique, in particular stressing the utility of preservation of the duodenal transit and the need for suitable dietetic-pharmacological conduct in the years following the operation.", "contents": "[Physiopathology of the gastrectomized patient]. The Authors re-examined 50 cases of various ages and both sexes subjected to total gastrectomy for neoplasia, without any other chemotherapic or radiant collateral treatmente, and analyse the sequelae following total removal of the stomach. On the basis of the data collected, they conclude on the importance of an adequate reconstructive technique, in particular stressing the utility of preservation of the duodenal transit and the need for suitable dietetic-pharmacological conduct in the years following the operation.", "PMID": 688541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8051", "title": "[Gardner's syndrome in familial popyposis: clinical contribution and etiopathogenetic, therapeutic and prognostic considerations].", "content": "Starting from one case of Gardner's syndrome of their own observation, and in light of Watne's results, the authors argue that in the syndrome just named--and in familial polyposis in a broader sense--genetic factors do not play a predominant role; rather, polyps seem to result from the prolonged action of noxious agents. At any rate, said action can be neutralized, and possibly prevented either with a surgical modification of the distal gut or by treatment with a chemical substance identified as ascorbic acid. In view of these considerations, the authors recommend preventive medical therapy.", "contents": "[Gardner's syndrome in familial popyposis: clinical contribution and etiopathogenetic, therapeutic and prognostic considerations]. Starting from one case of Gardner's syndrome of their own observation, and in light of Watne's results, the authors argue that in the syndrome just named--and in familial polyposis in a broader sense--genetic factors do not play a predominant role; rather, polyps seem to result from the prolonged action of noxious agents. At any rate, said action can be neutralized, and possibly prevented either with a surgical modification of the distal gut or by treatment with a chemical substance identified as ascorbic acid. In view of these considerations, the authors recommend preventive medical therapy.", "PMID": 688542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8052", "title": "[Acute pancreatitis in surgery of the common bile duct].", "content": "After commeting on the importance of acute postoperative pancreatiti (APP) as a complication of surgery involving the main biliary passages, the authors give a detailed account of the 5 cases of this complication seen in their own clinical material over the last 5 years. In their summation, they identify the presence of pathological conditions of the papilla and the manipulation of the terminal segment of the choledochus as factors conducive to APP in the short-term postoperative period. In their discussion of therapeutic guidelines in the event of APP they call attention to the need for a careful assessment of pancreatic function before surgery.", "contents": "[Acute pancreatitis in surgery of the common bile duct]. After commeting on the importance of acute postoperative pancreatiti (APP) as a complication of surgery involving the main biliary passages, the authors give a detailed account of the 5 cases of this complication seen in their own clinical material over the last 5 years. In their summation, they identify the presence of pathological conditions of the papilla and the manipulation of the terminal segment of the choledochus as factors conducive to APP in the short-term postoperative period. In their discussion of therapeutic guidelines in the event of APP they call attention to the need for a careful assessment of pancreatic function before surgery.", "PMID": 688546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8053", "title": "[Primary carcinoid of the testis. Clinical case].", "content": "A very rare case of carcinoid of the testicle combined with teratoma is illustrated. In fact the literature of the last twenty years reports only eleven cases of carcinoid of the testicle, of which only four combined with teratoma. It is stressed that it is possible that these neoplasias arise on already existing teratomas which may be very small and hence not always evidenced.", "contents": "[Primary carcinoid of the testis. Clinical case]. A very rare case of carcinoid of the testicle combined with teratoma is illustrated. In fact the literature of the last twenty years reports only eleven cases of carcinoid of the testicle, of which only four combined with teratoma. It is stressed that it is possible that these neoplasias arise on already existing teratomas which may be very small and hence not always evidenced.", "PMID": 688552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8054", "title": "The effects of intra-arterial and intraportal injections of vasopressin on the simultaneously perfused hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog.", "content": "The hepatic arterial and hepatic portal venous vascular beds of the chloralose-urethane anesthetized dog were perfused simultaneously in situ. Vasopressin (10 mU = 1 unit) was injected in graded increasing doses into the hepatic artery and into the portal vein. Both intra-arterial and intraportal vasopressin elicited both hepatic arterial vasoconstriction and hepatic venous dilation; the delay in onset of both hepatic vascular effects was significantly shorter than that for any succeeding systemic effects (a rise in systemic arterial pressure and fall in heart rate), showing that they were not attributable to recirculation or to arterial baroreceptor reflexes. Injections of vasopressin into the inferior vena cava at the level of the hepatic veins consistently produced smaller hepatic vascular effects than either intra-arterial or intraportal injections of the same doses. The results are discussed in the context of the therapeutic role of vasopressin in controlling gastrointestinal bleeding and portal hypertension.", "contents": "The effects of intra-arterial and intraportal injections of vasopressin on the simultaneously perfused hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog. The hepatic arterial and hepatic portal venous vascular beds of the chloralose-urethane anesthetized dog were perfused simultaneously in situ. Vasopressin (10 mU = 1 unit) was injected in graded increasing doses into the hepatic artery and into the portal vein. Both intra-arterial and intraportal vasopressin elicited both hepatic arterial vasoconstriction and hepatic venous dilation; the delay in onset of both hepatic vascular effects was significantly shorter than that for any succeeding systemic effects (a rise in systemic arterial pressure and fall in heart rate), showing that they were not attributable to recirculation or to arterial baroreceptor reflexes. Injections of vasopressin into the inferior vena cava at the level of the hepatic veins consistently produced smaller hepatic vascular effects than either intra-arterial or intraportal injections of the same doses. The results are discussed in the context of the therapeutic role of vasopressin in controlling gastrointestinal bleeding and portal hypertension.", "PMID": 688553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8055", "title": "Subpressor angiotensin infusion, renal sodium handling, and salt-induced hypertension in the dog.", "content": "We studied the combined effect of subpressor amounts of angiotensin and long-term sodium chloride infusion on arterial pressure in 16 dogs for periods of 2--8 weeks. In dogs receiving 3.5 liters of isotonic NaCl daily, but no angiotensin, the arterial pressure increased an average of only 3 mm Hg. When angiotensin was infused continuously at a rate of 5 ng/kg per min (a rate too small to cause an observable immediate increase in pressure, subsequent infusion of 3.5 liters of saline daily then increased the pressure by 39 mm Hg. The urinary output of sodium increased to the same extent in both instances, that is, there was no extra sodium loss because of the elevated pressure. This suggests that the angiotensin significantly blocked the normal \"pressure natriuresis\" usually seen with such large increases in pressure. However, the plasma aldosterone levels during angiotensin infusion were not found to be different from those in the absence of angiotensin. Therefore, we have suggested that the tendency of the kidneys to retain sodium under the influence of angiotensin was probably caused mainly by a direct effect of angiotensin on the kidney itself. Such a direct renal sodium-retaining effect also could be a contributing factor in the marked hypertension that results from salt administration in the presence of small amounts of angiotensin.", "contents": "Subpressor angiotensin infusion, renal sodium handling, and salt-induced hypertension in the dog. We studied the combined effect of subpressor amounts of angiotensin and long-term sodium chloride infusion on arterial pressure in 16 dogs for periods of 2--8 weeks. In dogs receiving 3.5 liters of isotonic NaCl daily, but no angiotensin, the arterial pressure increased an average of only 3 mm Hg. When angiotensin was infused continuously at a rate of 5 ng/kg per min (a rate too small to cause an observable immediate increase in pressure, subsequent infusion of 3.5 liters of saline daily then increased the pressure by 39 mm Hg. The urinary output of sodium increased to the same extent in both instances, that is, there was no extra sodium loss because of the elevated pressure. This suggests that the angiotensin significantly blocked the normal \"pressure natriuresis\" usually seen with such large increases in pressure. However, the plasma aldosterone levels during angiotensin infusion were not found to be different from those in the absence of angiotensin. Therefore, we have suggested that the tendency of the kidneys to retain sodium under the influence of angiotensin was probably caused mainly by a direct effect of angiotensin on the kidney itself. Such a direct renal sodium-retaining effect also could be a contributing factor in the marked hypertension that results from salt administration in the presence of small amounts of angiotensin.", "PMID": 688554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8056", "title": "Preferential distribution of inhibitory cardiac receptors with vagal afferents to the inferoposterior wall of the left ventricle activated during coronary occlusion in the dog.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the relative magnitudes of the reflex effects mediated by cardiac receptors during anterior as opposed to inferoposterior ischemia of the left ventricle of the dog. Cessation of perfusion (coronary \"occlusion\") of the circumflex coronary artery (Cx) in 29 chloralose-anesthetized dogs with common carotids ligated (group I) resulted in significant bradycardia and hypotension, but in no significant change in perfusion pressure in the gracilis muscle perfused at constant flow. Occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) produced less hypotension, no change in heart rate, and vasoconstriction in the gracilis. After vagotomy and aortic nerve section, no significant change in heart rate or gracilis perfusion pressure was observed during lad or Cx occlusion, and the blood pressure responses to LAD and Cx occlusion were not different. In nine dogs with sinoaortic denervation (group II), brief Cx occlusion resulted in bradycardia, hypotension, and vasodilation in the gracilis muscle. LAD occlusion in group II dogs caused less hypotension and no change in heart rate or gracilis perfusion pressure. After vagotomy, the bradycardia and vasodilation resulting from Cx occlusion were abolished and the blood pressure responses to LAD and Cx occlusion were not different. The weights of left ventricle perfused by each occluded vessel were not different. These data show that left ventricular receptors with vagal afferents which are activated during coronary occlusion and which mediate cardioinhibitory and vasodepressor responses are located mainly in the inferoposterior left ventricle of the dog heart.", "contents": "Preferential distribution of inhibitory cardiac receptors with vagal afferents to the inferoposterior wall of the left ventricle activated during coronary occlusion in the dog. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative magnitudes of the reflex effects mediated by cardiac receptors during anterior as opposed to inferoposterior ischemia of the left ventricle of the dog. Cessation of perfusion (coronary \"occlusion\") of the circumflex coronary artery (Cx) in 29 chloralose-anesthetized dogs with common carotids ligated (group I) resulted in significant bradycardia and hypotension, but in no significant change in perfusion pressure in the gracilis muscle perfused at constant flow. Occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) produced less hypotension, no change in heart rate, and vasoconstriction in the gracilis. After vagotomy and aortic nerve section, no significant change in heart rate or gracilis perfusion pressure was observed during lad or Cx occlusion, and the blood pressure responses to LAD and Cx occlusion were not different. In nine dogs with sinoaortic denervation (group II), brief Cx occlusion resulted in bradycardia, hypotension, and vasodilation in the gracilis muscle. LAD occlusion in group II dogs caused less hypotension and no change in heart rate or gracilis perfusion pressure. After vagotomy, the bradycardia and vasodilation resulting from Cx occlusion were abolished and the blood pressure responses to LAD and Cx occlusion were not different. The weights of left ventricle perfused by each occluded vessel were not different. These data show that left ventricular receptors with vagal afferents which are activated during coronary occlusion and which mediate cardioinhibitory and vasodepressor responses are located mainly in the inferoposterior left ventricle of the dog heart.", "PMID": 688555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8057", "title": "Renal chemoreceptors in the rat.", "content": "There are afferent nerve fibers responsive to alterations of the kidney's chemical environment in the renal nerves of the rat. In anesthetized, artificially ventilated, male Sprague-Dawley rats, single unit recordings were prepared by dissection of the centrally cut nerves of the right kidney. The stimuli used included occlusion of the renal artery, systemic asphyxia, changes in renal arterial and venous pressures, changes in ureteral pressure, and cyanide infusion. We found a population of sensory nerve fibers whose endings are activated only during markedly impaired renal blood flow (produced by clamping the renal artery, severe hypotension below 40 mm Hg, and prolonged occlusion of the renal vein), and during systemic asphyxia. The same units are not responsive to increases and decreases in systemic arterial pressure (range: 40--190 mm Hg), to ureteral pressure (range: 0--50 mm Hg), or to changes in renal venous pressure. None of the 40 single units studied was spontaneously active; their pattern of activation during renal ischemia always was characterized by trains of impulses. These sensory units have functional properties distinctly different from those of known renal mechanoreceptors. They appear to be a homogeneous group of sensory elements, and we have termed them renal (\"R\") chemoreceptors. Evidence also is presented which is consistent with the concept that a chemical substance released by or accumulated within the kidney might be the agent activating these chemoreceptors during renal ischemia.", "contents": "Renal chemoreceptors in the rat. There are afferent nerve fibers responsive to alterations of the kidney's chemical environment in the renal nerves of the rat. In anesthetized, artificially ventilated, male Sprague-Dawley rats, single unit recordings were prepared by dissection of the centrally cut nerves of the right kidney. The stimuli used included occlusion of the renal artery, systemic asphyxia, changes in renal arterial and venous pressures, changes in ureteral pressure, and cyanide infusion. We found a population of sensory nerve fibers whose endings are activated only during markedly impaired renal blood flow (produced by clamping the renal artery, severe hypotension below 40 mm Hg, and prolonged occlusion of the renal vein), and during systemic asphyxia. The same units are not responsive to increases and decreases in systemic arterial pressure (range: 40--190 mm Hg), to ureteral pressure (range: 0--50 mm Hg), or to changes in renal venous pressure. None of the 40 single units studied was spontaneously active; their pattern of activation during renal ischemia always was characterized by trains of impulses. These sensory units have functional properties distinctly different from those of known renal mechanoreceptors. They appear to be a homogeneous group of sensory elements, and we have termed them renal (\"R\") chemoreceptors. Evidence also is presented which is consistent with the concept that a chemical substance released by or accumulated within the kidney might be the agent activating these chemoreceptors during renal ischemia.", "PMID": 688556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8058", "title": "Increased renal vascular reactivity to angiotensin II but not to nerve stimulation or exogenous norepinephrine in renal hypertensive rats.", "content": "We isolated and perfused both the \"clipped\" and \"contralateral\" kidneys from Goldblatt renal hypertensive and sham-operated control rats, 1--104 days postoperatively. Responses to renal nerve stimulation were depressed in clipped kidneys from hypertensive rats (1 day postoperative), and these kidneys were supersensitive to exogenous norepinephrine (1--31 day) when compared with the contralateral organ of the same animal. Similar alterations were found between clipped and contralateral kidneys from sham-operated control rats. There was no difference in responses to renal nerve stimulation of norepinephrine between clipped kidneys from hypertensive and control rats, but clipped kidneys from hypertensive rats were supersensitive to angiotensin II (17 and 31 days). Comparison of contralateral kidneys from hypertensive and control rats revealed no change in norepinephrine sensitivity or in responses to renal nerve stimulation, but there was a reduction in the slope of the dose-response curve to norepinephrine and of the maximal effect of the catecholamine (104 days) and a pronounced supersensitivity to angiotensin II (17--104 days) in the hypertensive rats. These results indicate that (1) renal nerve function and norepinephrine sensitivity of the isolated renal vasculature are unchanged in renal hypertension, but clipping partially denervates the kidney causing depressed nerve function and unilateral norepinephrine supersensitivity, unrelated to hypertension; (2) the prolonged high pressure load on the contralateral kidney may impair the function of the vascular smooth muscle; and (3) bilateral supersensitivity to angiotensin II is associated with hypertension but is not solely a consequence of the high pressure.", "contents": "Increased renal vascular reactivity to angiotensin II but not to nerve stimulation or exogenous norepinephrine in renal hypertensive rats. We isolated and perfused both the \"clipped\" and \"contralateral\" kidneys from Goldblatt renal hypertensive and sham-operated control rats, 1--104 days postoperatively. Responses to renal nerve stimulation were depressed in clipped kidneys from hypertensive rats (1 day postoperative), and these kidneys were supersensitive to exogenous norepinephrine (1--31 day) when compared with the contralateral organ of the same animal. Similar alterations were found between clipped and contralateral kidneys from sham-operated control rats. There was no difference in responses to renal nerve stimulation of norepinephrine between clipped kidneys from hypertensive and control rats, but clipped kidneys from hypertensive rats were supersensitive to angiotensin II (17 and 31 days). Comparison of contralateral kidneys from hypertensive and control rats revealed no change in norepinephrine sensitivity or in responses to renal nerve stimulation, but there was a reduction in the slope of the dose-response curve to norepinephrine and of the maximal effect of the catecholamine (104 days) and a pronounced supersensitivity to angiotensin II (17--104 days) in the hypertensive rats. These results indicate that (1) renal nerve function and norepinephrine sensitivity of the isolated renal vasculature are unchanged in renal hypertension, but clipping partially denervates the kidney causing depressed nerve function and unilateral norepinephrine supersensitivity, unrelated to hypertension; (2) the prolonged high pressure load on the contralateral kidney may impair the function of the vascular smooth muscle; and (3) bilateral supersensitivity to angiotensin II is associated with hypertension but is not solely a consequence of the high pressure.", "PMID": 688557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8059", "title": "The effect of changing interpulse intervals on the negative chronotropic response to repetitive bursts of vagal stimuli in the dog.", "content": "The chronotropic responses to repetitive bursts of vagal stimulation were determined in open-chest, anesthetized dogs. Either 5 or 10 electrical pulses were included in each stimulus burst, and the interpulse interval (deltat) was varied over the range of 5 to 150 msec. As the frequency of the stimulus bursts was progressively changed, the sinoatrial (SA) nodal pacemaker cells became synchronized with the repetitive bursts of stimuli over a certain range of burst frequencies. The magnitude of this frequency range varied with deltat. For 5 and 10 pulses/burst, the values of deltat that produced the greatest magnitude of this frequency range were 30.2 and 24.3 msec, respectively. Also, over the range of values of deltat from 5 to 50 msec, the magnitude of the negative chronotropic effect of the vagal stimulus burst varied directly with deltat. It is likely that, as the interpulse interval is increased within the range of values, either more acetylcholine is released from the vagal nerve endings per pulse or there is less saturation of the receptors on the pacemaker cell membranes during each burst.", "contents": "The effect of changing interpulse intervals on the negative chronotropic response to repetitive bursts of vagal stimuli in the dog. The chronotropic responses to repetitive bursts of vagal stimulation were determined in open-chest, anesthetized dogs. Either 5 or 10 electrical pulses were included in each stimulus burst, and the interpulse interval (deltat) was varied over the range of 5 to 150 msec. As the frequency of the stimulus bursts was progressively changed, the sinoatrial (SA) nodal pacemaker cells became synchronized with the repetitive bursts of stimuli over a certain range of burst frequencies. The magnitude of this frequency range varied with deltat. For 5 and 10 pulses/burst, the values of deltat that produced the greatest magnitude of this frequency range were 30.2 and 24.3 msec, respectively. Also, over the range of values of deltat from 5 to 50 msec, the magnitude of the negative chronotropic effect of the vagal stimulus burst varied directly with deltat. It is likely that, as the interpulse interval is increased within the range of values, either more acetylcholine is released from the vagal nerve endings per pulse or there is less saturation of the receptors on the pacemaker cell membranes during each burst.", "PMID": 688558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8060", "title": "Contribution of systemic venous hypertension to the development of pulmonary edema in dogs.", "content": "Systemic venous hypertension (SVH) is a frequent finding in pulmonary edema. To study the possible contributory or even causal role of SVH in pulmonary edema, a dog model was developed in which balloon catheters were placed in the left and right atria. Inflation of the left atrial balloon produced a tendency to pulmonary edema by causing pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH) (pulmonary artery wedge pressure of 20 mmHg). Inflation of the right atrial balloon produced SVH (central venous pressure of 15 mm Hg). After 2 hours, dogs with SVH with or without PVH demonstrated a greater amount of lung fluid accumulation (P less than 0.01) compared to controls or PVH alone. There was no significant difference in lung water in SVH dogs with or without PVH. Pulmonary blood flow was not significantly different between the experimental groups, each of which was less than control. Impairment of pulmonary lymphatic flow is one possible mechanism producing the worsening edema; however, bronchial venous hypertension or neurogenic reflexes cannot be excluded. We conclude that the contribution of systemic venous hypertension to the development of pulmonary edema may have therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Contribution of systemic venous hypertension to the development of pulmonary edema in dogs. Systemic venous hypertension (SVH) is a frequent finding in pulmonary edema. To study the possible contributory or even causal role of SVH in pulmonary edema, a dog model was developed in which balloon catheters were placed in the left and right atria. Inflation of the left atrial balloon produced a tendency to pulmonary edema by causing pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH) (pulmonary artery wedge pressure of 20 mmHg). Inflation of the right atrial balloon produced SVH (central venous pressure of 15 mm Hg). After 2 hours, dogs with SVH with or without PVH demonstrated a greater amount of lung fluid accumulation (P less than 0.01) compared to controls or PVH alone. There was no significant difference in lung water in SVH dogs with or without PVH. Pulmonary blood flow was not significantly different between the experimental groups, each of which was less than control. Impairment of pulmonary lymphatic flow is one possible mechanism producing the worsening edema; however, bronchial venous hypertension or neurogenic reflexes cannot be excluded. We conclude that the contribution of systemic venous hypertension to the development of pulmonary edema may have therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 688559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8061", "title": "Experimental evaluation of streamline patterns and separated flows in a series of branching vessels with implications for atherosclerosis and thrombosis.", "content": "Flow conditions in four models representing the aortic bifurcation, iliac bifuraction, and a renal artery branch were investigated at volumetric flow rates corresponding to Reynolds numbers from 1000 to 4000 over the complete range of flow division between daughter vessels. Qualitative flow streamline patterns and quantitative definition of those flow conditions leading to disturbed flow (flow separation ) were determined primarily at steady flow with a limited set of pulsatie experiments. Under conditions of no flow separation, common characteristic streamline patterns not parallel to the center lines of parent or daughter tubes were found for all models. These effects were accentuated with increasing Reynolds number. Flow separation was inducible through alteration of flow division between daughter vessels or by an increase in flow rate. Each of the four models had distinct combinations of flow division ratio and flow rate which gave: (1) no flow separation, (2) flow separation at the outside of the right daughter tube, and (3) flow separation at the outside of the left daughter tube. Models representing the renal artery also had regions of simultaneous left- and righthand separation on the outside of their daughter tubes. The separated flows observed here displayed streamlines forming an open vortex with flows entering and leaving. These regions, which occur only at distinct combinations of flow rate and flow division, may be key centers where platelet aggregates may form, release constituents, and cause vessel injury.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of streamline patterns and separated flows in a series of branching vessels with implications for atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Flow conditions in four models representing the aortic bifurcation, iliac bifuraction, and a renal artery branch were investigated at volumetric flow rates corresponding to Reynolds numbers from 1000 to 4000 over the complete range of flow division between daughter vessels. Qualitative flow streamline patterns and quantitative definition of those flow conditions leading to disturbed flow (flow separation ) were determined primarily at steady flow with a limited set of pulsatie experiments. Under conditions of no flow separation, common characteristic streamline patterns not parallel to the center lines of parent or daughter tubes were found for all models. These effects were accentuated with increasing Reynolds number. Flow separation was inducible through alteration of flow division between daughter vessels or by an increase in flow rate. Each of the four models had distinct combinations of flow division ratio and flow rate which gave: (1) no flow separation, (2) flow separation at the outside of the right daughter tube, and (3) flow separation at the outside of the left daughter tube. Models representing the renal artery also had regions of simultaneous left- and righthand separation on the outside of their daughter tubes. The separated flows observed here displayed streamlines forming an open vortex with flows entering and leaving. These regions, which occur only at distinct combinations of flow rate and flow division, may be key centers where platelet aggregates may form, release constituents, and cause vessel injury.", "PMID": 688561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8062", "title": "Sites of action and active forms of lidocaine and some derivatives on cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "We have compared the effects of lidocaine (L) to those of several derivatives in an attempt to determine the sites of action and active forms of the molecules. We studied cardiac Purkinje fibers with intracellular microelectrodes, and drugs were administered by superfusion or by iontophoretic intracellular injection. We compared to L the effects of QX-314 and QX-572, two quaternary derivatives, and also compound 6603, a tertiary analogue with a pKa of 9.81. When administered by superfusion in concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) M, all four agents exerted qualitatively similar effects on the transmembrane action potential. The rate of onset of action of the quaternary derivatives was considerably slower than that of L and their actions were not reversed by superfusion for 1 hour with drug-free solution. Comparison of effects of L and QX-314 after intracellular injection showed that attenuation of Vmax, and thus of the fast inward current, results from interaction of the charged form acting form acting from the inner surface of the sarcolemma. After intracellular injection, QX-314 diffused readily along the long axis of fiber bundles, and it was thus possible to expose the inner surface of a large number of contiguous cells to drug. Comparison of results of extracellular and intracellular application suggests that effects on the voltate during phase 2 result from the charged form acting from the inner surface, but effects on total action potential duration result only from drug acting from the outer surface of the sarcolemma. Unlike L, the three derivatives did not decrease the slope of normal phase 4 depolarization. The results may help relate antiarrhythmic action to specific effects on transmembrane potentials.", "contents": "Sites of action and active forms of lidocaine and some derivatives on cardiac Purkinje fibers. We have compared the effects of lidocaine (L) to those of several derivatives in an attempt to determine the sites of action and active forms of the molecules. We studied cardiac Purkinje fibers with intracellular microelectrodes, and drugs were administered by superfusion or by iontophoretic intracellular injection. We compared to L the effects of QX-314 and QX-572, two quaternary derivatives, and also compound 6603, a tertiary analogue with a pKa of 9.81. When administered by superfusion in concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) M, all four agents exerted qualitatively similar effects on the transmembrane action potential. The rate of onset of action of the quaternary derivatives was considerably slower than that of L and their actions were not reversed by superfusion for 1 hour with drug-free solution. Comparison of effects of L and QX-314 after intracellular injection showed that attenuation of Vmax, and thus of the fast inward current, results from interaction of the charged form acting form acting from the inner surface of the sarcolemma. After intracellular injection, QX-314 diffused readily along the long axis of fiber bundles, and it was thus possible to expose the inner surface of a large number of contiguous cells to drug. Comparison of results of extracellular and intracellular application suggests that effects on the voltate during phase 2 result from the charged form acting from the inner surface, but effects on total action potential duration result only from drug acting from the outer surface of the sarcolemma. Unlike L, the three derivatives did not decrease the slope of normal phase 4 depolarization. The results may help relate antiarrhythmic action to specific effects on transmembrane potentials.", "PMID": 688563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8063", "title": "Valve replacement in patients with active infective endocarditis.", "content": "Eleven of 138 patients with infective endocarditis (IE) who underwent cardiac valve replacement for IE during a 12 1/2-year period had active IE. Eight of the 11 (all with aortic IE) had positive blood cultures within 48 hours preoperatively; six of the eight had positive Gram stains and cultures of the excised cardiac tissue. All 11 patients had Class IV cardiac functional disability (New York Heart Association classification) at the time of surgery. Staphylococci (three patients with Staphylococcus aureus and one with S. epidermidis) were the most frequent isolates. Three patients died; two of these three deaths occurred in patients who had a sudden onset preoperatively of severe aortic regurgitation and heart failure. In one patient (S. epidermidis infection) prosthetic valve endocarditis developed. Cardiac valve replacement may be performed successfully in patients with active IE even when blood cultures are positive in the immediate perioperative period. The hemodynamic status of patients with IE should be the determining factor in the timing of cardiac valve replacement, rather than the activity of the infection or the length of preoperative antimicrobial therapy. A radical surgical procedure may be necessary in patients with myocardial or aortic abscesses in whom conventional aortic valve replacement is not possible.", "contents": "Valve replacement in patients with active infective endocarditis. Eleven of 138 patients with infective endocarditis (IE) who underwent cardiac valve replacement for IE during a 12 1/2-year period had active IE. Eight of the 11 (all with aortic IE) had positive blood cultures within 48 hours preoperatively; six of the eight had positive Gram stains and cultures of the excised cardiac tissue. All 11 patients had Class IV cardiac functional disability (New York Heart Association classification) at the time of surgery. Staphylococci (three patients with Staphylococcus aureus and one with S. epidermidis) were the most frequent isolates. Three patients died; two of these three deaths occurred in patients who had a sudden onset preoperatively of severe aortic regurgitation and heart failure. In one patient (S. epidermidis infection) prosthetic valve endocarditis developed. Cardiac valve replacement may be performed successfully in patients with active IE even when blood cultures are positive in the immediate perioperative period. The hemodynamic status of patients with IE should be the determining factor in the timing of cardiac valve replacement, rather than the activity of the infection or the length of preoperative antimicrobial therapy. A radical surgical procedure may be necessary in patients with myocardial or aortic abscesses in whom conventional aortic valve replacement is not possible.", "PMID": 688566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8064", "title": "Treatment of infective endocarditis: a 10-year comparative analysis.", "content": "The results of surgical and non-surgical treatment of active infective endocarditis in 182 patients over a 10-year period were analyzed. Heart failure, annular and myocardial abscesses, heart block, and coronary embolism, seen most frequently with staphylococcal and fungal endocarditis, were the primary causes of death in both native valve endocarditis (NVE) and prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). In NVE, surgery significantly improved the survival in patients with moderate or severe heart failure (P less than 0.05) and in all patients with staphylococcal endocarditis (P less than 0.03). In PVE, surgery significantly influenced survival in patients with moderate or severe heart failure (P less than 0.05) and in the entire group with late PVE (P less than 0.01). Early surgery is recommended for patients with native valve endocarditis and moderate or severe heart failure; those patients with staphylococcal NVE, regardless of hemodynamic state, should undergo early valve replacement. Early surgery is recommended for PVE patients with moderate or severe heart failure. We also recommend early valve replacement for early and late staphylococcal PVE.", "contents": "Treatment of infective endocarditis: a 10-year comparative analysis. The results of surgical and non-surgical treatment of active infective endocarditis in 182 patients over a 10-year period were analyzed. Heart failure, annular and myocardial abscesses, heart block, and coronary embolism, seen most frequently with staphylococcal and fungal endocarditis, were the primary causes of death in both native valve endocarditis (NVE) and prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). In NVE, surgery significantly improved the survival in patients with moderate or severe heart failure (P less than 0.05) and in all patients with staphylococcal endocarditis (P less than 0.03). In PVE, surgery significantly influenced survival in patients with moderate or severe heart failure (P less than 0.05) and in the entire group with late PVE (P less than 0.01). Early surgery is recommended for patients with native valve endocarditis and moderate or severe heart failure; those patients with staphylococcal NVE, regardless of hemodynamic state, should undergo early valve replacement. Early surgery is recommended for PVE patients with moderate or severe heart failure. We also recommend early valve replacement for early and late staphylococcal PVE.", "PMID": 688567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8065", "title": "Clinical use of blade atrial septostomy.", "content": "A cardiac catheter enclosing an extensible blade was used to enlarge the interatrial opening in seven patients. Two patients with transposition of the great arteries who had balloon atrial septostomy as newborns subsequently presented with clinical evidence of a restrictive interatrial opening at 1 and 4 months of age. Cardiac catheterization confirmed restenosis of the interatrial opening and inadequate intracardiac mixing. After blade atrial septostomy the systemic arterial oxygen saturation increased by 20% and 30%, respectively. Five patients with mitral atresia complex, ages 2 months-9 1/2 years, had a restrictive interatrial communication and severe pulmonary venous hypertension (mean left atrial pressures ranged from 20-38 mm Hg). Following blade atrial septostomy, the pressure gradient between the atria was almost completely abolished and prompt clinical improvement was observed in each patient. All patients tolerated the procedure without complications. Blade atrial septostomy was a safe, effective procedure for enlarging the interatrial communication in this limited series of patients with an interatrial septum too thick to permit adequate rupture by conventional balloon atrial septostomy.", "contents": "Clinical use of blade atrial septostomy. A cardiac catheter enclosing an extensible blade was used to enlarge the interatrial opening in seven patients. Two patients with transposition of the great arteries who had balloon atrial septostomy as newborns subsequently presented with clinical evidence of a restrictive interatrial opening at 1 and 4 months of age. Cardiac catheterization confirmed restenosis of the interatrial opening and inadequate intracardiac mixing. After blade atrial septostomy the systemic arterial oxygen saturation increased by 20% and 30%, respectively. Five patients with mitral atresia complex, ages 2 months-9 1/2 years, had a restrictive interatrial communication and severe pulmonary venous hypertension (mean left atrial pressures ranged from 20-38 mm Hg). Following blade atrial septostomy, the pressure gradient between the atria was almost completely abolished and prompt clinical improvement was observed in each patient. All patients tolerated the procedure without complications. Blade atrial septostomy was a safe, effective procedure for enlarging the interatrial communication in this limited series of patients with an interatrial septum too thick to permit adequate rupture by conventional balloon atrial septostomy.", "PMID": 688569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8066", "title": "Association between coronary heart disease and the C3F-gene in essential hypertension.", "content": "The occurrence of the C3F allele was investigated in the following three groups: 69 consecutive referred patients with untreated essential hypertension, including borderline hypertension; 70 patients with established and treated essential hypertension, already attending the same outpatient clinic, and 62 age- and sex-matched normotensive healthy subjects without clinical signs of atherosclerosis or familial predisposition to hypertension. In the three groups the C3F allele was found in 38.2%, 29% and 20%, respectively. Among the treated hypertensive patients with C3F gene, 40% had coronary heart disease (CHD) compared to 6.1% among the C3F negative (P less than 0.005), and the relative risk of CHD among the treated hypertensive patients with this allele was found to be 10.2 (P less than 0.002). The C3F gene was present in 72.7% of the treated patients with CHD. In the untreated patients the occurrence of CHD was low, and no differences between C3F positive and negative patients could be demonstrated. No association of the C3F allele with familial predisposition to hypertension was found. This study provides further evidence of a positive association of the C3F allele with atherosclerosis, and it is concluded that this allele in a hypertensive patient might accelerate the atherosclerotic process, with subsequent premature development of vascular complications.", "contents": "Association between coronary heart disease and the C3F-gene in essential hypertension. The occurrence of the C3F allele was investigated in the following three groups: 69 consecutive referred patients with untreated essential hypertension, including borderline hypertension; 70 patients with established and treated essential hypertension, already attending the same outpatient clinic, and 62 age- and sex-matched normotensive healthy subjects without clinical signs of atherosclerosis or familial predisposition to hypertension. In the three groups the C3F allele was found in 38.2%, 29% and 20%, respectively. Among the treated hypertensive patients with C3F gene, 40% had coronary heart disease (CHD) compared to 6.1% among the C3F negative (P less than 0.005), and the relative risk of CHD among the treated hypertensive patients with this allele was found to be 10.2 (P less than 0.002). The C3F gene was present in 72.7% of the treated patients with CHD. In the untreated patients the occurrence of CHD was low, and no differences between C3F positive and negative patients could be demonstrated. No association of the C3F allele with familial predisposition to hypertension was found. This study provides further evidence of a positive association of the C3F allele with atherosclerosis, and it is concluded that this allele in a hypertensive patient might accelerate the atherosclerotic process, with subsequent premature development of vascular complications.", "PMID": 688571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8067", "title": "Tracking of blood lipids and blood pressures in school age children: the Muscatine study.", "content": "In four cross sectional school screens, the Muscatine Study has sampled 8,909 school children; 820 have been studied repeatedly over a six-year period. Tracking of measurements described by the relationship between repeated observations and the relationship between peer rank orderings over the six-year period has been studied. For height and weight, correlations between observations six years apart were approximately 0.74 and about 60% of children initially in the upper quintile were there again six years later. Six-year correlations were 0.65 for skinfold and 0.61 for cholesterol. Four-year correlation for fasting triglyceride was 0.40. Six-year correlations were 0.30 for casual systolic blood pressure and 0.18 for diastolic blood pressure. Peer rank orderings for both blood pressures were highly variable. Height and weight track well, and thus routine measurement of these variables are useful in identifying children with growth perturbing disorders. Cholesterol and, to a lesser degree, triglycerides also track, and a significant proportion of children with initially high values demonstrated consistently high values throughout the study period. Blood pressures do not track as well; consistently high blood pressures are unusual, thus indicating the need for repeated blood pressure measurements to identify children with persistent elevated levels. The future significance of transient blood pressure elevations has yet to be established.", "contents": "Tracking of blood lipids and blood pressures in school age children: the Muscatine study. In four cross sectional school screens, the Muscatine Study has sampled 8,909 school children; 820 have been studied repeatedly over a six-year period. Tracking of measurements described by the relationship between repeated observations and the relationship between peer rank orderings over the six-year period has been studied. For height and weight, correlations between observations six years apart were approximately 0.74 and about 60% of children initially in the upper quintile were there again six years later. Six-year correlations were 0.65 for skinfold and 0.61 for cholesterol. Four-year correlation for fasting triglyceride was 0.40. Six-year correlations were 0.30 for casual systolic blood pressure and 0.18 for diastolic blood pressure. Peer rank orderings for both blood pressures were highly variable. Height and weight track well, and thus routine measurement of these variables are useful in identifying children with growth perturbing disorders. Cholesterol and, to a lesser degree, triglycerides also track, and a significant proportion of children with initially high values demonstrated consistently high values throughout the study period. Blood pressures do not track as well; consistently high blood pressures are unusual, thus indicating the need for repeated blood pressure measurements to identify children with persistent elevated levels. The future significance of transient blood pressure elevations has yet to be established.", "PMID": 688572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8068", "title": "Type A behavior pattern and coronary atherosclerosis.", "content": "Previous research has demonstrated an increased rate of clinical coronary heart disease (CHD) events among people who exhibit a \"coronary prone\" (Type A) behavior pattern. This study was undertaken to determine whether the association between behavior pattern Type A and CHD might be extended beyond clinical CHD events to include also the coronary atherosclerotic process. In addition to usual clinical evaluation, 156 consecutive patients referred for diagnostic coronary angiography were independently assessed on the basis of a structured interview and assigned a rating of Type A, Type B, or Type X (indeterminate). Traditional physiologic factors--age, sex, cholesterol and cigarette smoking--were found to correlate with atherosclerotic disease. Type A patients were found in increasing proportions among groups of patients with coronary occlusions of moderate to severe degree compared with patients with only mild occlusions. This increasing proportion of Type A patients with increasing disease severity remained significant, even when age, sex, blood pressure, serum cholesterol level and cigarette smoking history were all simultaneously covaried. These findings suggest that, independently of traditional risk factors, behavior pattern Type A may contribute to the risk of clinical CHD events via effects on the atherosclerotic process.", "contents": "Type A behavior pattern and coronary atherosclerosis. Previous research has demonstrated an increased rate of clinical coronary heart disease (CHD) events among people who exhibit a \"coronary prone\" (Type A) behavior pattern. This study was undertaken to determine whether the association between behavior pattern Type A and CHD might be extended beyond clinical CHD events to include also the coronary atherosclerotic process. In addition to usual clinical evaluation, 156 consecutive patients referred for diagnostic coronary angiography were independently assessed on the basis of a structured interview and assigned a rating of Type A, Type B, or Type X (indeterminate). Traditional physiologic factors--age, sex, cholesterol and cigarette smoking--were found to correlate with atherosclerotic disease. Type A patients were found in increasing proportions among groups of patients with coronary occlusions of moderate to severe degree compared with patients with only mild occlusions. This increasing proportion of Type A patients with increasing disease severity remained significant, even when age, sex, blood pressure, serum cholesterol level and cigarette smoking history were all simultaneously covaried. These findings suggest that, independently of traditional risk factors, behavior pattern Type A may contribute to the risk of clinical CHD events via effects on the atherosclerotic process.", "PMID": 688573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8069", "title": "Beneficial actions of N-dimethyl propranolol on myocardial oxygen balance and transmural perfusion gradients distal to a severe coronary artery stenosis in the canine heart.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of N-dimethyl propranolol (DMP), the quaternary derivative of propranolol, and propranolol on the transmural distribution (endo/epi) of coronary blood flow in normal and ischemic regions of the myocardium. The distribution of blood flow between subendocardium and subepicardium of a nonischemic region and one distal to a severe left circumflex coronary artery stenosis was determined by use of tracer microspheres (15 microgram) in intact dog hearts. DMP (1,5 and 10 mg/kg I.V.) produced a small dose-related increase in endo/epi of the nonischemic region (1.15 +/- 0.04--1.24 +/- 0.05), whereas a larger increase was observed in the ischemic region (0.61 +/- 0.08--1.09 +/- 0.10). DMP also produced a significant increase in ischemic subendocardial blood flow (0.59 +/- 0.12--0.76 +/- 0.11 ml/min/g). Similarly, propranolol (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg I.V.) produced a small increase in endo/epi of the nonischemic region (1.18 +/- 0.08--1.30 +/- 0.07) and a larger increase in the ischemic region (0.72 +/- 0.17--1.18 +/- 0.09). However, propranolol did not increase ischemic subendocardial blood flow. It is concluded that DMP may be an alternative to propranolol in certain types of acute myocardial ischemia when beta-adrenergic blockade is undesirable.", "contents": "Beneficial actions of N-dimethyl propranolol on myocardial oxygen balance and transmural perfusion gradients distal to a severe coronary artery stenosis in the canine heart. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of N-dimethyl propranolol (DMP), the quaternary derivative of propranolol, and propranolol on the transmural distribution (endo/epi) of coronary blood flow in normal and ischemic regions of the myocardium. The distribution of blood flow between subendocardium and subepicardium of a nonischemic region and one distal to a severe left circumflex coronary artery stenosis was determined by use of tracer microspheres (15 microgram) in intact dog hearts. DMP (1,5 and 10 mg/kg I.V.) produced a small dose-related increase in endo/epi of the nonischemic region (1.15 +/- 0.04--1.24 +/- 0.05), whereas a larger increase was observed in the ischemic region (0.61 +/- 0.08--1.09 +/- 0.10). DMP also produced a significant increase in ischemic subendocardial blood flow (0.59 +/- 0.12--0.76 +/- 0.11 ml/min/g). Similarly, propranolol (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg I.V.) produced a small increase in endo/epi of the nonischemic region (1.18 +/- 0.08--1.30 +/- 0.07) and a larger increase in the ischemic region (0.72 +/- 0.17--1.18 +/- 0.09). However, propranolol did not increase ischemic subendocardial blood flow. It is concluded that DMP may be an alternative to propranolol in certain types of acute myocardial ischemia when beta-adrenergic blockade is undesirable.", "PMID": 688577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8070", "title": "Electrophysiologic effects of partial coronary flow reduction in the exposed canine heart. Effects of ischemia and ischemic-induced regional hypothermia on refractoriness and conduction delay.", "content": "In the open-chested dog, coronary flow reduction results in a decrese of regional myocardial temperature (T). We assessed the contribution of T decrease to changes in refractoriness and conduction delay attributed to ischemia. The independent effect of regional hypothermia on effective refractory period (ERP) was a linear function of the temperature (ERP = -b T +a) with a -r = 0.97 0.02 in 11 dogs. The effect on conduction time of a ventricular premature beat was a linear function of the dog T at both endocardium (-r = 0.95 +/- 0.02) and epicardium (-r = 0.96 +/- 0.01). A 75% reduction in coronary flow resulted in a mean T decrease of 1.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C. The T decrease was sufficient to mask the effects of ischemia on shortening of the ERP. Furthermore, the conduction delay of ventricular premature beats during 75% coronary flow reduction could be accounted for by the decrease in T alone in five of seven dogs. We conclude that changes in refractoriness and conduction during acute coronary flow reduction in the open-chested dog are due to the composite effects of ischemia and the decrease in regional temperature. The open-chested model may have important limitations in understanding the electrophysiologic effects of acute coronary insufficiency. However, it may have important applications in defining the electrophysiologic environment at the time of coronary artery surgery.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic effects of partial coronary flow reduction in the exposed canine heart. Effects of ischemia and ischemic-induced regional hypothermia on refractoriness and conduction delay. In the open-chested dog, coronary flow reduction results in a decrese of regional myocardial temperature (T). We assessed the contribution of T decrease to changes in refractoriness and conduction delay attributed to ischemia. The independent effect of regional hypothermia on effective refractory period (ERP) was a linear function of the temperature (ERP = -b T +a) with a -r = 0.97 0.02 in 11 dogs. The effect on conduction time of a ventricular premature beat was a linear function of the dog T at both endocardium (-r = 0.95 +/- 0.02) and epicardium (-r = 0.96 +/- 0.01). A 75% reduction in coronary flow resulted in a mean T decrease of 1.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C. The T decrease was sufficient to mask the effects of ischemia on shortening of the ERP. Furthermore, the conduction delay of ventricular premature beats during 75% coronary flow reduction could be accounted for by the decrease in T alone in five of seven dogs. We conclude that changes in refractoriness and conduction during acute coronary flow reduction in the open-chested dog are due to the composite effects of ischemia and the decrease in regional temperature. The open-chested model may have important limitations in understanding the electrophysiologic effects of acute coronary insufficiency. However, it may have important applications in defining the electrophysiologic environment at the time of coronary artery surgery.", "PMID": 688578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8071", "title": "The clinical significance of bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. 1. Clinical characteristics, hospital mortality, and one-year follow-up.", "content": "To provide an understanding of the clinical characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and bundle branch block, experience from five centers was accumulated. Patients in whom bundle branch block first appeared after the onset of cardiogenic shock were excluded. In 432 patients, the most common types of block were left (38%) and right with left anterior fascicular block (34%). In 42% of the patients, bundle branch block was new. Progression to high degree (second or third degree) atrioventricular (AV) block via a Type II pattern occurred in 22% of the patients. Hospital and first year follow-up mortality rates were 28% and 28%, respectively. Only 46% of the patients developed pulmonary edema or shock (Killip Class III or IV), and hospital mortality was related to the amount of heart failure (8%, 7%, 27%, 83% for Killip Classes I-IV, respectively). Patients with progression to second degree or third degree AV block via a Type II pattern had increased hospital mortality compared with patients without this complication (47% vs 23%, P less than 0.001). In the absence of pulmonary edema or shock, patients with Type II second degree or third degree AV block still had a higher mortality rate than patients without advanced AV block (31% vs 2%, P less than 0.005), with nearly all the deaths due to abrupt development of AV block. Thus, in many patients MI with bundle branch block is associated with severe heart failure. However, this was not true for a majority of the patients, in whom therapy aimed at preventing morbidity and mortality due to the bradyarrhythmia of advanced AV block might be beneficial.", "contents": "The clinical significance of bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. 1. Clinical characteristics, hospital mortality, and one-year follow-up. To provide an understanding of the clinical characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and bundle branch block, experience from five centers was accumulated. Patients in whom bundle branch block first appeared after the onset of cardiogenic shock were excluded. In 432 patients, the most common types of block were left (38%) and right with left anterior fascicular block (34%). In 42% of the patients, bundle branch block was new. Progression to high degree (second or third degree) atrioventricular (AV) block via a Type II pattern occurred in 22% of the patients. Hospital and first year follow-up mortality rates were 28% and 28%, respectively. Only 46% of the patients developed pulmonary edema or shock (Killip Class III or IV), and hospital mortality was related to the amount of heart failure (8%, 7%, 27%, 83% for Killip Classes I-IV, respectively). Patients with progression to second degree or third degree AV block via a Type II pattern had increased hospital mortality compared with patients without this complication (47% vs 23%, P less than 0.001). In the absence of pulmonary edema or shock, patients with Type II second degree or third degree AV block still had a higher mortality rate than patients without advanced AV block (31% vs 2%, P less than 0.005), with nearly all the deaths due to abrupt development of AV block. Thus, in many patients MI with bundle branch block is associated with severe heart failure. However, this was not true for a majority of the patients, in whom therapy aimed at preventing morbidity and mortality due to the bradyarrhythmia of advanced AV block might be beneficial.", "PMID": 688579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8072", "title": "The clinical significance of bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. 2. Indications for temporary and permanent pacemaker insertion.", "content": "The indication for prophylactic temporary and permanent pacing during acute myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by bundle branch block is high risk of progression via a Type II pattern to second or third degree (high degree) AV block during hospitalization or follow-up. In this study, determinants of high degree AV block during hospitalization and sudden death or recurrent high degree block during the first year of follow-up were examined in 432 patients with MI and bundle branch block. Timing of onset of bundle branch block, the involved fascicles, and the PR interval were examined as determinants of risk of progression to high degree AV block during MI. At highest risk were 186 patients with blocks involving the right bundle and at least one fascicle of the left bundle which were not documented on prior electrocardiograms. Risk was similar with (38%) or without (31%) accompanying first degree AV block. Patients with transient high degree AV block during MI had a 28% incidence of sudden death or recurrent high degree block during the first year of follow-up. Patients not continuously paced had a higher incidence of sudden death or recurrent high degree block than patients continuously paced (65% vs 10%, P less than 0.001). Sudden death during follow-up also occurred in 13% of patients without high degree block during MI. A subgroup with 1) documented prior MI, 2) anterior or indeterminant acute MI, and 3) no symptoms of cardiac failure had a 35% risk of sudden death. The role of permanent pacing in this group is unknown. Thus, patients at high risk of high degree AV block should receive prophylactic temporary pacing. Patients who survive high degree block with MI should receive temporary and then permanent pacing. Patients without high degree AV block during MI who nervertheless have a high risk of sudden death may benefit from permanent pacing.", "contents": "The clinical significance of bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. 2. Indications for temporary and permanent pacemaker insertion. The indication for prophylactic temporary and permanent pacing during acute myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by bundle branch block is high risk of progression via a Type II pattern to second or third degree (high degree) AV block during hospitalization or follow-up. In this study, determinants of high degree AV block during hospitalization and sudden death or recurrent high degree block during the first year of follow-up were examined in 432 patients with MI and bundle branch block. Timing of onset of bundle branch block, the involved fascicles, and the PR interval were examined as determinants of risk of progression to high degree AV block during MI. At highest risk were 186 patients with blocks involving the right bundle and at least one fascicle of the left bundle which were not documented on prior electrocardiograms. Risk was similar with (38%) or without (31%) accompanying first degree AV block. Patients with transient high degree AV block during MI had a 28% incidence of sudden death or recurrent high degree block during the first year of follow-up. Patients not continuously paced had a higher incidence of sudden death or recurrent high degree block than patients continuously paced (65% vs 10%, P less than 0.001). Sudden death during follow-up also occurred in 13% of patients without high degree block during MI. A subgroup with 1) documented prior MI, 2) anterior or indeterminant acute MI, and 3) no symptoms of cardiac failure had a 35% risk of sudden death. The role of permanent pacing in this group is unknown. Thus, patients at high risk of high degree AV block should receive prophylactic temporary pacing. Patients who survive high degree block with MI should receive temporary and then permanent pacing. Patients without high degree AV block during MI who nervertheless have a high risk of sudden death may benefit from permanent pacing.", "PMID": 688580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8073", "title": "A new method for measurement of sinoatrial conduction time.", "content": "This study describes a new method (NM) for estimation of sinoatrial conduction time (SACT), which utilizes constant atrial pacing (AP) instead of the premature atrial beats (PABs) used in the method reported in 1973 by Strauss et al. The SACTs were obtained by both methods in 20 patients. The SACT by the Strauss method (SM) was calculated as A2A3 minus A1A1. The NM consists of high right AP for a train of eight consecutive beats at rates less than or equal to 10 beats/min faster than the sinus rhythm. The interval between the last paced atrial electrogram (Ap) and the first escape atrial electrogram (A) of sinus origin (Ap-A) was measured along with several post pacing sinus cycles. The SACT by the NM was calculated as follows: SACT = Ap-A minus A1A1. The effect of AP at higher rates was also analyzed. In two patients, the SACT with the SM could not be defined, as all the A2A3 intervals were fully compensatory; with the NM the SACT was 217 and 320 msec. In the remaining 18 patients the SACT was obtainable by both methods. With SM, the SACT ranged 105--452 msec (mean 219 +/- 102 SD) and with the NM it was 85--492 msec (mean 201 +/- 112 SD), and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0162). The coefficient of correlation between the two methods was r = 0.97. During AP at faster rates, a rate related increment in Ap-A intervals and also post pacing sinus cycles was noted. This study describes a new and simple method for measurement of SACT in man.", "contents": "A new method for measurement of sinoatrial conduction time. This study describes a new method (NM) for estimation of sinoatrial conduction time (SACT), which utilizes constant atrial pacing (AP) instead of the premature atrial beats (PABs) used in the method reported in 1973 by Strauss et al. The SACTs were obtained by both methods in 20 patients. The SACT by the Strauss method (SM) was calculated as A2A3 minus A1A1. The NM consists of high right AP for a train of eight consecutive beats at rates less than or equal to 10 beats/min faster than the sinus rhythm. The interval between the last paced atrial electrogram (Ap) and the first escape atrial electrogram (A) of sinus origin (Ap-A) was measured along with several post pacing sinus cycles. The SACT by the NM was calculated as follows: SACT = Ap-A minus A1A1. The effect of AP at higher rates was also analyzed. In two patients, the SACT with the SM could not be defined, as all the A2A3 intervals were fully compensatory; with the NM the SACT was 217 and 320 msec. In the remaining 18 patients the SACT was obtainable by both methods. With SM, the SACT ranged 105--452 msec (mean 219 +/- 102 SD) and with the NM it was 85--492 msec (mean 201 +/- 112 SD), and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0162). The coefficient of correlation between the two methods was r = 0.97. During AP at faster rates, a rate related increment in Ap-A intervals and also post pacing sinus cycles was noted. This study describes a new and simple method for measurement of SACT in man.", "PMID": 688581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8074", "title": "Left ventricular volume during maximal supine exercise: a study using metallic epicardial markers.", "content": "Changes in left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction between rest and maximal supine exercise were evaluated in 11 patients who had had four epicardial markers placed during coronary artery surgery. After calibrating marker distances with respect to volume (r = 0.92--0.99) over one cardiac cycle for each patient, regression equations were used to compute LV volume from marker measurements for beats before and during exercise. The response of the left ventricle to exercise and the extent of revascularization could not be predicted from resting LV volume or ejection fraction. Ten patients had normal resting end-diastolic volumes and eight had normal resting ejection fractions. With exercise, three had a rise in end-diastolic volume and four had a fall in ejection fraction. Graft patency was greater in the group with an unchanged or increased ejection fraction (86 vs 50%, P less than 0.05). Epicardial clip motion can be used to determine LV volumes and ejection fraction during supine maximal exercise in man. The revascularized ventricle with normal or nearly normal performance in studies done at rest responds by decreasing end-diastolic and end-systolic volume and by increasing the ejection fraction. Increases in volumes or decreases in ejection fraction reflect old myocardial damage from infarction, fibrosis or ischemia from incomplete revascularization.", "contents": "Left ventricular volume during maximal supine exercise: a study using metallic epicardial markers. Changes in left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction between rest and maximal supine exercise were evaluated in 11 patients who had had four epicardial markers placed during coronary artery surgery. After calibrating marker distances with respect to volume (r = 0.92--0.99) over one cardiac cycle for each patient, regression equations were used to compute LV volume from marker measurements for beats before and during exercise. The response of the left ventricle to exercise and the extent of revascularization could not be predicted from resting LV volume or ejection fraction. Ten patients had normal resting end-diastolic volumes and eight had normal resting ejection fractions. With exercise, three had a rise in end-diastolic volume and four had a fall in ejection fraction. Graft patency was greater in the group with an unchanged or increased ejection fraction (86 vs 50%, P less than 0.05). Epicardial clip motion can be used to determine LV volumes and ejection fraction during supine maximal exercise in man. The revascularized ventricle with normal or nearly normal performance in studies done at rest responds by decreasing end-diastolic and end-systolic volume and by increasing the ejection fraction. Increases in volumes or decreases in ejection fraction reflect old myocardial damage from infarction, fibrosis or ischemia from incomplete revascularization.", "PMID": 688582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8075", "title": "Correlation of angiographic and autopsy left ventricular dimensions in children.", "content": "To evaluate controlled pressure coronary artery perfusion fixation of hearts as a means of obtaining meaningful cardiac measurements at autopsy, left ventricular (LV) autopsy measurements were correlated with in vivo end-diastolic (D) and end-systolic (S) angiographic (angio) values from biplane cineangiograms in the same patients. Mitral (MV) and aortic valve (AV) circumferences, LV equatorial circumference (Circ), spatial inflow and outflow lengths, wall thickness (W) and LV volume (Vol) were measured in 34 children with congenital heart disease. All dimensions showed significant correlation of angiographic and autopsy data from which linear regression equations were derived. The r values obtained were: MV 0.74; AV 0.85; D Circ 0.83; S Circ 0.82; D inflow 0.92; S inflow 0.90; D and S outflow 0.96; W 0.78; D Vol 0.92; S Vol 0.86. Mean angio and autopsy values were not significantly different for AV, S inflow, and S Vol. Autopsy values were lower than all D angio values and MV (P less than 0.001 for all), and higher than angio W and S outflow (P less than 0.001 for both). The data show that changes of LV morphology with this fixation method are predictable, making estimation of in vivo values from autopsy measurements possible using the derived linear regression equations.", "contents": "Correlation of angiographic and autopsy left ventricular dimensions in children. To evaluate controlled pressure coronary artery perfusion fixation of hearts as a means of obtaining meaningful cardiac measurements at autopsy, left ventricular (LV) autopsy measurements were correlated with in vivo end-diastolic (D) and end-systolic (S) angiographic (angio) values from biplane cineangiograms in the same patients. Mitral (MV) and aortic valve (AV) circumferences, LV equatorial circumference (Circ), spatial inflow and outflow lengths, wall thickness (W) and LV volume (Vol) were measured in 34 children with congenital heart disease. All dimensions showed significant correlation of angiographic and autopsy data from which linear regression equations were derived. The r values obtained were: MV 0.74; AV 0.85; D Circ 0.83; S Circ 0.82; D inflow 0.92; S inflow 0.90; D and S outflow 0.96; W 0.78; D Vol 0.92; S Vol 0.86. Mean angio and autopsy values were not significantly different for AV, S inflow, and S Vol. Autopsy values were lower than all D angio values and MV (P less than 0.001 for all), and higher than angio W and S outflow (P less than 0.001 for both). The data show that changes of LV morphology with this fixation method are predictable, making estimation of in vivo values from autopsy measurements possible using the derived linear regression equations.", "PMID": 688583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8076", "title": "The genesis of the diastolic murmur of complete heart block. Phono-echocardiographic observations.", "content": "A 72-year-old man with calcific aortic stenosis and complete heart block was noted to have an intermittent diastolic murmur. Using combined echocardiography and phonocardiography, it was demonstrated that the murmur occurred while the mitral valve was closing. This suggested that antegrade flow across a closing mitral orifice is of etiologic importance in the production of the murmur. Atrial sounds were also recorded and probably have a similar etiology. It is postulated that reduced ventricular compliance resulting in a more rapid rate of mitral valve closure was of etiologic importance in the genesis of the murmur.", "contents": "The genesis of the diastolic murmur of complete heart block. Phono-echocardiographic observations. A 72-year-old man with calcific aortic stenosis and complete heart block was noted to have an intermittent diastolic murmur. Using combined echocardiography and phonocardiography, it was demonstrated that the murmur occurred while the mitral valve was closing. This suggested that antegrade flow across a closing mitral orifice is of etiologic importance in the production of the murmur. Atrial sounds were also recorded and probably have a similar etiology. It is postulated that reduced ventricular compliance resulting in a more rapid rate of mitral valve closure was of etiologic importance in the genesis of the murmur.", "PMID": 688584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8077", "title": "Isolated drainage of the superior vena cava into the left atrium in a 52-year-old man: a rare congenital malformation in the adult presenting with cyanosis, polycythemia, and an unsuccessful lung scan.", "content": "This report describes a 52-year-old black male with the isolated finding of an anomalous superior vena cava draining into the left atrium. The patient presented with dizziness, mild cyanosis, polycythemia and normal cardiac and pulmonary findings. The first major diagnostic clue in this confusing clinical presentation was an unsuccessful lung perfusion scan in which intravenous tracer consistently bypassed the lungs. This appears to be the first adult presenting with this rare anomaly. This condition should be suspected if cyanosis, clubbing, and a \"normal\" cardiac examination coexist and if the more common pulmonary and hematological causes of this triad have been excluded.", "contents": "Isolated drainage of the superior vena cava into the left atrium in a 52-year-old man: a rare congenital malformation in the adult presenting with cyanosis, polycythemia, and an unsuccessful lung scan. This report describes a 52-year-old black male with the isolated finding of an anomalous superior vena cava draining into the left atrium. The patient presented with dizziness, mild cyanosis, polycythemia and normal cardiac and pulmonary findings. The first major diagnostic clue in this confusing clinical presentation was an unsuccessful lung perfusion scan in which intravenous tracer consistently bypassed the lungs. This appears to be the first adult presenting with this rare anomaly. This condition should be suspected if cyanosis, clubbing, and a \"normal\" cardiac examination coexist and if the more common pulmonary and hematological causes of this triad have been excluded.", "PMID": 688585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8078", "title": "Determination of drugs of abuse in body fluids by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Only recently has radioimmunoassay been used for the detection of drugs of abuse in body fluids. The radioimmunoassay method is rapid, sensitive, specific, and can be performed with a minimum of sample, while conventional assay methods are time-consuming, relatively insensitive, and require a larger sample volume. Performance of individual radioimmunoassays is identical, and requires about one hour to complete. The radioimmunoassays which have been developed for measurement of drugs of abuse in humans are reviewed in this paper. These new techniques are of importance in individual and/or emergency testing, in screening, and in further research into the effect of these drugs on the functions of the human body.", "contents": "Determination of drugs of abuse in body fluids by radioimmunoassay. Only recently has radioimmunoassay been used for the detection of drugs of abuse in body fluids. The radioimmunoassay method is rapid, sensitive, specific, and can be performed with a minimum of sample, while conventional assay methods are time-consuming, relatively insensitive, and require a larger sample volume. Performance of individual radioimmunoassays is identical, and requires about one hour to complete. The radioimmunoassays which have been developed for measurement of drugs of abuse in humans are reviewed in this paper. These new techniques are of importance in individual and/or emergency testing, in screening, and in further research into the effect of these drugs on the functions of the human body.", "PMID": 688590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8079", "title": "A rapid, sensitive method for accurate analysis of individual bile acids in biological fluids by high performance thin-layer chromatography and densitometry.", "content": "1. A rapid new micromethod for quantitative analysis of individual bile acids in duodenal juice by high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and densitometry is described and evaluated by comparison with standard TLC and spectrophotometry. 2. Advantages of HPTLC over TLC include more rapid separation, better resolution and more sensitive detection (5 - 10 fold), without the need for prior extraction. Densitometry provides simple, direct and rapid quantitation. 3. The method is accurate and reliable over a range of bile acid concentrations. In the 0.5 mM range, recovery was greater than 89%, and coefficients of variation for within-day analysis were 2 - 12% and for between-day analysis were 6 - 18% for the individual bile acids. Twenty analyses can be performed by one worker in a single day. 4. We conclude that the method offers several advantages over most currently described techniques, is suitable for routine use and is deserving of wider application.", "contents": "A rapid, sensitive method for accurate analysis of individual bile acids in biological fluids by high performance thin-layer chromatography and densitometry. 1. A rapid new micromethod for quantitative analysis of individual bile acids in duodenal juice by high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and densitometry is described and evaluated by comparison with standard TLC and spectrophotometry. 2. Advantages of HPTLC over TLC include more rapid separation, better resolution and more sensitive detection (5 - 10 fold), without the need for prior extraction. Densitometry provides simple, direct and rapid quantitation. 3. The method is accurate and reliable over a range of bile acid concentrations. In the 0.5 mM range, recovery was greater than 89%, and coefficients of variation for within-day analysis were 2 - 12% and for between-day analysis were 6 - 18% for the individual bile acids. Twenty analyses can be performed by one worker in a single day. 4. We conclude that the method offers several advantages over most currently described techniques, is suitable for routine use and is deserving of wider application.", "PMID": 688591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8080", "title": "Nanogram-range determination of plasma imipramine by gas-liquid chromatography using a selective nitrogen/phosphorus detector.", "content": "A sensitive and specific gas chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of plasma concentrations resulting from a single normal therapeutic dose of imipramine has been developed and is descriged. After extraction into a mixture of n-heptane/isoamyl alcohol (98.5:1.5), imipramine is well separated from its main metabolite, desmethylimipramine, and both compounds are detected using a selective detector operating in the N/P mode. The procedure permits the rapid routine quantitative analysis of relatively small plasma volumes (1-2 ml) containing as little as 1-2 ng of imipramine. No interference from the biological matrix is apparent. The suitability of the method for the analysis of biological samples was tested by studying the time of course of imipramine plasma concentrations in normal human volunteers, after administration of a single therapeutic dose.", "contents": "Nanogram-range determination of plasma imipramine by gas-liquid chromatography using a selective nitrogen/phosphorus detector. A sensitive and specific gas chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of plasma concentrations resulting from a single normal therapeutic dose of imipramine has been developed and is descriged. After extraction into a mixture of n-heptane/isoamyl alcohol (98.5:1.5), imipramine is well separated from its main metabolite, desmethylimipramine, and both compounds are detected using a selective detector operating in the N/P mode. The procedure permits the rapid routine quantitative analysis of relatively small plasma volumes (1-2 ml) containing as little as 1-2 ng of imipramine. No interference from the biological matrix is apparent. The suitability of the method for the analysis of biological samples was tested by studying the time of course of imipramine plasma concentrations in normal human volunteers, after administration of a single therapeutic dose.", "PMID": 688592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8081", "title": "The contribution of propranolol metabolites to the fluorometric assay of propranolol in human plasma.", "content": "1. Studies were undertaken to determine the fluorescent properties of several propranolol metabolites under the conditions of the fluorometric propranolol assay. Of the metabolites studied, propranolol glycol and N-desisopropylpropranolol had significant molar fluorescent coefficients relative to propranolol (72 and 79% respectively). N-desisopropylpropranolol was extracted with the same efficiency as propranolol (greater than 90%) wheras the glycol metabolite had only 34% extraction efficiency. Addition of each metabolite to samples of human plasma containing propranolol produced the predicted increase in fluorescent intensity. 2. Gas chromatographic analysis of plasma collected from 22 hypertensive patients chronically receiving oral propranolol revealed low concentrations of propranolol glycol and N-desisopropylpropranolol relative to propranolol. The results of these studies indicate that fluorescent metabolites of propranolol are not present in sufficient concentration to significantly interfere with the fluorometric assay of propranolol.", "contents": "The contribution of propranolol metabolites to the fluorometric assay of propranolol in human plasma. 1. Studies were undertaken to determine the fluorescent properties of several propranolol metabolites under the conditions of the fluorometric propranolol assay. Of the metabolites studied, propranolol glycol and N-desisopropylpropranolol had significant molar fluorescent coefficients relative to propranolol (72 and 79% respectively). N-desisopropylpropranolol was extracted with the same efficiency as propranolol (greater than 90%) wheras the glycol metabolite had only 34% extraction efficiency. Addition of each metabolite to samples of human plasma containing propranolol produced the predicted increase in fluorescent intensity. 2. Gas chromatographic analysis of plasma collected from 22 hypertensive patients chronically receiving oral propranolol revealed low concentrations of propranolol glycol and N-desisopropylpropranolol relative to propranolol. The results of these studies indicate that fluorescent metabolites of propranolol are not present in sufficient concentration to significantly interfere with the fluorometric assay of propranolol.", "PMID": 688593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8082", "title": "Evaluation of continuous solvent extraction of organic acids from biological fluids.", "content": "We evaluated the efficiency of continuous solvent extraction with ether for the analysis of organic acids by gas chromatography using a representative group of organic acids and urine from several normal children. Variables examined were the time of extraction, volume of sample, and the quantity and chemical class of acid present. In terms of the decreased time required and invariant extraction of acids of pathologic significnace continuous solvent extraction compares favorably with the more time consuming albeit less discriminatory ion-exchange procedure. Continuous solvent extraction appears especially well suited for analysis of short chain aliphatic acids by gas chromatography.", "contents": "Evaluation of continuous solvent extraction of organic acids from biological fluids. We evaluated the efficiency of continuous solvent extraction with ether for the analysis of organic acids by gas chromatography using a representative group of organic acids and urine from several normal children. Variables examined were the time of extraction, volume of sample, and the quantity and chemical class of acid present. In terms of the decreased time required and invariant extraction of acids of pathologic significnace continuous solvent extraction compares favorably with the more time consuming albeit less discriminatory ion-exchange procedure. Continuous solvent extraction appears especially well suited for analysis of short chain aliphatic acids by gas chromatography.", "PMID": 688594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8083", "title": "Interferences in an emergency acetaminophen method and its modification.", "content": "A quick simple method for emergency acetaminophen estimation is that of Glynn and Kendall (1975). Apart from the known interference of salicylate, sera from uremic patients was shown to give falsely high results. A modified method is presented, with a scanning check to identify the presence of such non-specific chromogens.", "contents": "Interferences in an emergency acetaminophen method and its modification. A quick simple method for emergency acetaminophen estimation is that of Glynn and Kendall (1975). Apart from the known interference of salicylate, sera from uremic patients was shown to give falsely high results. A modified method is presented, with a scanning check to identify the presence of such non-specific chromogens.", "PMID": 688595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8084", "title": "Effect of specimen storage and preservation on toxicological analyses of urine.", "content": "1. The stability of nineteen classes of drugs or their metabolites in urine specimens, for the purpose of toxicological screening has been studied for periods of up to thirty-six weeks. 2. The effect of specimen preservation by refrigation and by the addition of boric acid, chloroform, sodium fluoride, mercuric chloride, and buffers, has been assessed. 3. With the exception of flurazepam, glutethimide, and secobarbital, specimens may be retained at room temperature for periods in excess of six weeks without deterioration. 4. Preservation by the addition of sodium fluoride (5 g/l) followed by freezing, thawing, and filtration significantly prevents specimen deterioration, and may be used as the method of choice.", "contents": "Effect of specimen storage and preservation on toxicological analyses of urine. 1. The stability of nineteen classes of drugs or their metabolites in urine specimens, for the purpose of toxicological screening has been studied for periods of up to thirty-six weeks. 2. The effect of specimen preservation by refrigation and by the addition of boric acid, chloroform, sodium fluoride, mercuric chloride, and buffers, has been assessed. 3. With the exception of flurazepam, glutethimide, and secobarbital, specimens may be retained at room temperature for periods in excess of six weeks without deterioration. 4. Preservation by the addition of sodium fluoride (5 g/l) followed by freezing, thawing, and filtration significantly prevents specimen deterioration, and may be used as the method of choice.", "PMID": 688597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8085", "title": "A computer model in the selection of multiple channel analysers.", "content": "1. A simple computer model is described which was used to study possible test combinations on automated multichannel analysers. Specific objectives were minimisation of manpower and maximisation of throughput of the specimen preparation process. 2. In our case, by appropriate test combination selection, a staff saving of 50% in the aliquotting process is predicted. For tests that are available on multichannel analysers, a reduction from 198 to 121 aliquots per 100 patient specimens is expected on an 18 channel machine. With the use of filter separation systems, manual aliquotting would be required for 21 specimens per 100.", "contents": "A computer model in the selection of multiple channel analysers. 1. A simple computer model is described which was used to study possible test combinations on automated multichannel analysers. Specific objectives were minimisation of manpower and maximisation of throughput of the specimen preparation process. 2. In our case, by appropriate test combination selection, a staff saving of 50% in the aliquotting process is predicted. For tests that are available on multichannel analysers, a reduction from 198 to 121 aliquots per 100 patient specimens is expected on an 18 channel machine. With the use of filter separation systems, manual aliquotting would be required for 21 specimens per 100.", "PMID": 688599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8086", "title": "A convenient method for the determination of non-specific binding in commercially available solid phase iodine labeled radioimmunoassay kits.", "content": "57Co-cyanocobalamin is substituted for iodine labeled antigen in three commercially available solid phase radioimmunoassay kits to evaluate the extent of non-specific binding by determination of the supernatant and residual fraction of unbound ligand and thus obtain a value for corrected binding throughout the range of the calibrated standard curve. In the present state of technology correction appears to have a trifling effect on the overall accuracy of the assay; however, the method as described allows the laboratorian to confirm for himself when testing a new product.", "contents": "A convenient method for the determination of non-specific binding in commercially available solid phase iodine labeled radioimmunoassay kits. 57Co-cyanocobalamin is substituted for iodine labeled antigen in three commercially available solid phase radioimmunoassay kits to evaluate the extent of non-specific binding by determination of the supernatant and residual fraction of unbound ligand and thus obtain a value for corrected binding throughout the range of the calibrated standard curve. In the present state of technology correction appears to have a trifling effect on the overall accuracy of the assay; however, the method as described allows the laboratorian to confirm for himself when testing a new product.", "PMID": 688600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8087", "title": "Micro-scale extractive alkylation procedure for the gas-chromatographic measurement of theophylline in serum and saliva, with use of a nitrogen detector.", "content": "In this 10-min gas-chromatographic assay for theophylline, a 25-microliter portion of serum or saliva sample, 100 microliter of extraction reagent, and 1.0 ml of solvent were mixed, the solvent separated and evaporated, and an aliquot of the reconstituted extract injected into the gas chromatograph. At a concentration of 11 mg/liter, within-run precision (CV) was 3.6% and run-to-run 2.9%. At 22 mg/liter, within-run precision was 2.8%. Concentration and instrument response are linearly related between 2 and 40 mg/liter. The limit of detection was 0.4 mg/liter. Results correlated well (r = 0.98) with those by another micro-scale gas-chromatographic procedure. Analytical recovery was estimated to exceed 90%, and no interferences from other xanthines or related drugs were observed.", "contents": "Micro-scale extractive alkylation procedure for the gas-chromatographic measurement of theophylline in serum and saliva, with use of a nitrogen detector. In this 10-min gas-chromatographic assay for theophylline, a 25-microliter portion of serum or saliva sample, 100 microliter of extraction reagent, and 1.0 ml of solvent were mixed, the solvent separated and evaporated, and an aliquot of the reconstituted extract injected into the gas chromatograph. At a concentration of 11 mg/liter, within-run precision (CV) was 3.6% and run-to-run 2.9%. At 22 mg/liter, within-run precision was 2.8%. Concentration and instrument response are linearly related between 2 and 40 mg/liter. The limit of detection was 0.4 mg/liter. Results correlated well (r = 0.98) with those by another micro-scale gas-chromatographic procedure. Analytical recovery was estimated to exceed 90%, and no interferences from other xanthines or related drugs were observed.", "PMID": 688601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8088", "title": "Adrenal status assessed by direct radioimmunoassay of cortisol in whole saliva or parotid saliva.", "content": "We describe a direct radioimmunoassay for cortisol in 10-microliter volumes of parotid saliva or whole saliva. Binding proteins are absent from these fluids, as demonstrated by the excellent correlation between results for samples assayed directly and by a comparison procedure involving extraction with 1,2-dichloroethane. The direct assay is specific, precise, and had a lower limit of sensitivity of 4 pg per assay tube. Comparison of cortisol concentrations in plasma, parotid saliva, and whole saliva in persons undergoing investigations for assessing adrenal function, including stimulation with cosyntropin (Synacthen) and suppression with dexamethasone, indicated that changes in plasma cortisol concentration were accurately and immediately reflected in saliva from either the parotidgland or whole saliva. A marked circadian rhythm has also been demonstrated for cortisol in parotid-gland saliva and whole saliva. We had to modify the 1,2-dichloroethane extraction procedure for accurate determination of cortisol in parotid saliva and whole saliva of patients undergoing treatment with metyrapone.", "contents": "Adrenal status assessed by direct radioimmunoassay of cortisol in whole saliva or parotid saliva. We describe a direct radioimmunoassay for cortisol in 10-microliter volumes of parotid saliva or whole saliva. Binding proteins are absent from these fluids, as demonstrated by the excellent correlation between results for samples assayed directly and by a comparison procedure involving extraction with 1,2-dichloroethane. The direct assay is specific, precise, and had a lower limit of sensitivity of 4 pg per assay tube. Comparison of cortisol concentrations in plasma, parotid saliva, and whole saliva in persons undergoing investigations for assessing adrenal function, including stimulation with cosyntropin (Synacthen) and suppression with dexamethasone, indicated that changes in plasma cortisol concentration were accurately and immediately reflected in saliva from either the parotidgland or whole saliva. A marked circadian rhythm has also been demonstrated for cortisol in parotid-gland saliva and whole saliva. We had to modify the 1,2-dichloroethane extraction procedure for accurate determination of cortisol in parotid saliva and whole saliva of patients undergoing treatment with metyrapone.", "PMID": 688602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8089", "title": "Simple radioimmunoassay of cortisol in diluted samples of human plasma.", "content": "We describe a simple radioimmunoassay of plasma cortisol, which can be performed in 3 h and which requires no purification, heating, or refrigeration steps. The plasma proteins are inhibited through direct competition between them and the antiserum at room temperature, at which the antiserum's affinity exceeds that of the binding proteins. Plasma, diluted with water, is incubated for 3 h at room temperature with [3H]cortisol and the antiserum. We compared results with those by the usual extraction method. The correlation between methods on evaluating normal samples with one antiserum. We compared results with those by the usual extraction method. The correlation between methods on evaluating normal samples with one antiserum was r = 0.954 (P less than 0.001), and the slope was 0.661. With three other antisera it was r = 0.922 (P less than 0.001) and slope 0.644. Plasmas with abnormal protein concentrations (i.e., from preganant women, and after corticotropin administration), tested to examine the validity of the method for routine use, and to define the role of the protein carriers, showed r = 0.859 (P less than 0.001) and slope 0.726 for the four antisera used. Additional samples, assayed with diluted standards plus stripped plasma, showed a correlation with the usual extraction method of r = 0.945 (P less than 0.001) and slope 1.026.", "contents": "Simple radioimmunoassay of cortisol in diluted samples of human plasma. We describe a simple radioimmunoassay of plasma cortisol, which can be performed in 3 h and which requires no purification, heating, or refrigeration steps. The plasma proteins are inhibited through direct competition between them and the antiserum at room temperature, at which the antiserum's affinity exceeds that of the binding proteins. Plasma, diluted with water, is incubated for 3 h at room temperature with [3H]cortisol and the antiserum. We compared results with those by the usual extraction method. The correlation between methods on evaluating normal samples with one antiserum. We compared results with those by the usual extraction method. The correlation between methods on evaluating normal samples with one antiserum was r = 0.954 (P less than 0.001), and the slope was 0.661. With three other antisera it was r = 0.922 (P less than 0.001) and slope 0.644. Plasmas with abnormal protein concentrations (i.e., from preganant women, and after corticotropin administration), tested to examine the validity of the method for routine use, and to define the role of the protein carriers, showed r = 0.859 (P less than 0.001) and slope 0.726 for the four antisera used. Additional samples, assayed with diluted standards plus stripped plasma, showed a correlation with the usual extraction method of r = 0.945 (P less than 0.001) and slope 1.026.", "PMID": 688603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8090", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of methaqualone in human urine compared with chromatographic methods.", "content": "The 125I-radioimmunoassay for methaqualone in human urine was evaluated by a comparison with newly modified gas-liquid chromatographic and thin-layer chromatographic methods. The statistically significant sensitivity value for the radioimmunoassay was at 2 microgram of methaqualone per liter of urine. The coefficient of variation was 2.88 +/- 0.39% interassay and 2.71 +/- 0.16% intraassay. There was cross-reactivity only with metabolites of methaqualone, 4'-hydroxymethaqualone being twice as sensitively measured as methaqualone. There was complete agreement between results by radioimmunoassay and by gas-liquid chromatography in 96.7% of the samples analyzed. Only 1.2% of the radioimmunoassay values were false positives, and 2.1% false negatives (phi = 0.8917, P less than 0.001). Comparisons between the thin-layer chromatographic data and the gas-liquid chromatographic or radioimmunoassay data showed less agreement because of the 50- to 200-fold higher sensitivity of the latter two techniques. Gas-liquid chromatography therefore appears to represent the best reference method for the evaluation of the radioimmunoassay, which appears to be a very sensitive and reliable technique for detecting methaqualone and its metabolites in human urine.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of methaqualone in human urine compared with chromatographic methods. The 125I-radioimmunoassay for methaqualone in human urine was evaluated by a comparison with newly modified gas-liquid chromatographic and thin-layer chromatographic methods. The statistically significant sensitivity value for the radioimmunoassay was at 2 microgram of methaqualone per liter of urine. The coefficient of variation was 2.88 +/- 0.39% interassay and 2.71 +/- 0.16% intraassay. There was cross-reactivity only with metabolites of methaqualone, 4'-hydroxymethaqualone being twice as sensitively measured as methaqualone. There was complete agreement between results by radioimmunoassay and by gas-liquid chromatography in 96.7% of the samples analyzed. Only 1.2% of the radioimmunoassay values were false positives, and 2.1% false negatives (phi = 0.8917, P less than 0.001). Comparisons between the thin-layer chromatographic data and the gas-liquid chromatographic or radioimmunoassay data showed less agreement because of the 50- to 200-fold higher sensitivity of the latter two techniques. Gas-liquid chromatography therefore appears to represent the best reference method for the evaluation of the radioimmunoassay, which appears to be a very sensitive and reliable technique for detecting methaqualone and its metabolites in human urine.", "PMID": 688604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8091", "title": "External quality-control survey of cholesterol analyses performed by 12 lipid research clinics.", "content": "We report accuracy and precision achieved in the automated analysis for cholesterol in a long-term multilaboratory study, presenting and evaluating the significance of data accumulated by 12 Lipid Research Clinics (LRC's) in the analysis of 18 unknown surveillance pools during three years. The average bias for all pools and for 13 autoAnalyzer II (Technicon Instruments Corp., Tarrytown, N.Y. 10591) instruments in the 12 clinics was -0.41% (range -1.2 to +0.3%), as compared to values established by reference methodology. The regression equation relating observed cholesterol values (y) to reference values (x) was: y = 0.35 + 0.977x. The bias varied from pool to pool (-2.3 to +5.3%), positive biases being observed for pools with cholesterol concentrations less than 1.4 g/liter, and negative biases for those pools with higher concentrations. Total standard deviations ranged between 25 and 75 mg/liter, and total CV's for most individual instruments were between 1 and 3%. Of the variability for a particular pool, less than 20% was due to differences among instruments, and within- and between-run variabilities were approximately equal. These trends were the same as those previously observed [Clin. Chem. 23, 1744 (1977)] in the analysis of bench control pools of known cholesterol concentration.", "contents": "External quality-control survey of cholesterol analyses performed by 12 lipid research clinics. We report accuracy and precision achieved in the automated analysis for cholesterol in a long-term multilaboratory study, presenting and evaluating the significance of data accumulated by 12 Lipid Research Clinics (LRC's) in the analysis of 18 unknown surveillance pools during three years. The average bias for all pools and for 13 autoAnalyzer II (Technicon Instruments Corp., Tarrytown, N.Y. 10591) instruments in the 12 clinics was -0.41% (range -1.2 to +0.3%), as compared to values established by reference methodology. The regression equation relating observed cholesterol values (y) to reference values (x) was: y = 0.35 + 0.977x. The bias varied from pool to pool (-2.3 to +5.3%), positive biases being observed for pools with cholesterol concentrations less than 1.4 g/liter, and negative biases for those pools with higher concentrations. Total standard deviations ranged between 25 and 75 mg/liter, and total CV's for most individual instruments were between 1 and 3%. Of the variability for a particular pool, less than 20% was due to differences among instruments, and within- and between-run variabilities were approximately equal. These trends were the same as those previously observed [Clin. Chem. 23, 1744 (1977)] in the analysis of bench control pools of known cholesterol concentration.", "PMID": 688605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8092", "title": "Determination of aluminum in biological samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a graphite furnace.", "content": "Aluminum, generally considered non-essential and non-toxic, may accumulate in toxic amounts in the brain in cases of chronic renal failure. We describe a procedure for its analysis in biological fluids by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a graphite furnace. No sample preparation is required and the procedure is sensitive at the appropriate concentrations. A sample of serum or urine is pipetted into the interior of the graphite tube, where it is sequentially dried, charred, and atomized. Precautions for sample handling are discussed and instrument settings are defined. Precision and accuracy of the method are evaluated, as are the effects of salts, protein content of serum, and specific gravity of urine. Serum of 23 persons who were not consuming aluminum-containing antacids contained 28 +/- 9 (SD) microgram of Al per liter (1.02 +/- 0.33 mumol/liter).", "contents": "Determination of aluminum in biological samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a graphite furnace. Aluminum, generally considered non-essential and non-toxic, may accumulate in toxic amounts in the brain in cases of chronic renal failure. We describe a procedure for its analysis in biological fluids by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a graphite furnace. No sample preparation is required and the procedure is sensitive at the appropriate concentrations. A sample of serum or urine is pipetted into the interior of the graphite tube, where it is sequentially dried, charred, and atomized. Precautions for sample handling are discussed and instrument settings are defined. Precision and accuracy of the method are evaluated, as are the effects of salts, protein content of serum, and specific gravity of urine. Serum of 23 persons who were not consuming aluminum-containing antacids contained 28 +/- 9 (SD) microgram of Al per liter (1.02 +/- 0.33 mumol/liter).", "PMID": 688606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8093", "title": "Bilirubin-protein interactions monitored by difference spectroscopy.", "content": "Difference spectroscopy is used to monitor bilirubin-protein interactions, to assess the residual binding capacity of proteins for bilirubin. A change in the difference spectra monitored at 482 nm is directly proportional to bound bilirubin up to a molar ratio of bilirubin to albumin of approximately 1; increasing bilirubin beyond the 1:1 molar ratio does not further change the difference spectra. After excess free bilirubin is added, the change in the difference spectrum is proportional to the residual binding capacity of the serum for bilirubin. The risk of kernicterus among neonates may be assessed by monitoring the residual bilirubin binding capacity of serum. This report summarizes our research effort leading to an assay method which requires only 40 microliter of serum and can be completed in less than 10 min.", "contents": "Bilirubin-protein interactions monitored by difference spectroscopy. Difference spectroscopy is used to monitor bilirubin-protein interactions, to assess the residual binding capacity of proteins for bilirubin. A change in the difference spectra monitored at 482 nm is directly proportional to bound bilirubin up to a molar ratio of bilirubin to albumin of approximately 1; increasing bilirubin beyond the 1:1 molar ratio does not further change the difference spectra. After excess free bilirubin is added, the change in the difference spectrum is proportional to the residual binding capacity of the serum for bilirubin. The risk of kernicterus among neonates may be assessed by monitoring the residual bilirubin binding capacity of serum. This report summarizes our research effort leading to an assay method which requires only 40 microliter of serum and can be completed in less than 10 min.", "PMID": 688607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8094", "title": "Spectrodensitometry of nanogram quantities of cholesterol.", "content": "In studies of hydrolysis and synthesis of cholesterol esters by aortic enzymes, conventional methods (aside from isotope methodology) are too insensitive to measure reaction products when few aortas are used. High-performance thin-layer chromatography coupled with spectrodensitometry of plates charred after spraying with a cupric acetate-phosphoric acid reagent permitted quantitation of 10-ng amounts of cholesterol, cholesterol oleate oleate, and oleic acid. Linear calibration curves were obtained after spectrodensitometry of chromatograms containing 10-200 ng of lipid. The results were verified by radioassay.", "contents": "Spectrodensitometry of nanogram quantities of cholesterol. In studies of hydrolysis and synthesis of cholesterol esters by aortic enzymes, conventional methods (aside from isotope methodology) are too insensitive to measure reaction products when few aortas are used. High-performance thin-layer chromatography coupled with spectrodensitometry of plates charred after spraying with a cupric acetate-phosphoric acid reagent permitted quantitation of 10-ng amounts of cholesterol, cholesterol oleate oleate, and oleic acid. Linear calibration curves were obtained after spectrodensitometry of chromatograms containing 10-200 ng of lipid. The results were verified by radioassay.", "PMID": 688608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8095", "title": "Liquid-chromatographic determination of serotonin in serum and plasma.", "content": "Using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, we determined serotonin in plasma from parkinsonian patients being treated with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine or N-(DL-seryl)-N'(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl)hydrochloride plus L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (\"Sinemet\") and in serum from a blood bank, from \"normal\" persons, and a pooled specimen from a hospital clinical laboratory. The values obtained for the two groups of Parkinson's disease patients showed no significant difference. Long-term storage on solid CO2 was xhown to be an adequate technique for preserving samples. The mean (+/-SEAM) normal value obtained for serotonin in serum was 146 +/- 46 microgram/liter (n = 23), a result in harmony with that previously obtained [Clin. Chem. 20, 812 (1974)] by fluorometry. In comparison to other methods for measurement of serotonin in serum or plasma, we believe that the present scheme offers greater selectivity, sensitivity, and precision.", "contents": "Liquid-chromatographic determination of serotonin in serum and plasma. Using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, we determined serotonin in plasma from parkinsonian patients being treated with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine or N-(DL-seryl)-N'(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl)hydrochloride plus L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (\"Sinemet\") and in serum from a blood bank, from \"normal\" persons, and a pooled specimen from a hospital clinical laboratory. The values obtained for the two groups of Parkinson's disease patients showed no significant difference. Long-term storage on solid CO2 was xhown to be an adequate technique for preserving samples. The mean (+/-SEAM) normal value obtained for serotonin in serum was 146 +/- 46 microgram/liter (n = 23), a result in harmony with that previously obtained [Clin. Chem. 20, 812 (1974)] by fluorometry. In comparison to other methods for measurement of serotonin in serum or plasma, we believe that the present scheme offers greater selectivity, sensitivity, and precision.", "PMID": 688609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8096", "title": "Fluorometric determination of erythrocyte protoporphyrin in blood, a comparison between direct (hematofluorometric) and indirect (extraction) methods.", "content": "We measured the concentration of erythrocyte protoporphyrin in 43 blood samples by two fluorometric methods. In the indirect method, protoporphyrin was extracted from blood and the fluorescence of the free acid in the extract was determined with a filter-fluorometer. These results were compared with results of direct determination of protoporphyrin in the same samples. In the direct assay the fluorescence of protoporphyrin, present in blood as the zinc salt, was measured without extraction, with the use of a hematofluorometer. Comparison of the results of the direct and indirect methods showed an excellent correlation (r = 0.986), but the hematofluorometric values (y) were approximately 9% lower than the fluorometric values (y = 0.911x). The slope of the regression line (0.911) is likely to be different for each hematofluorometer-fluorometer combination. Therefore, hematofluorometric values can only be compared with fluorometric values if the slope of the regression line is known and is used as a correction factor.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of erythrocyte protoporphyrin in blood, a comparison between direct (hematofluorometric) and indirect (extraction) methods. We measured the concentration of erythrocyte protoporphyrin in 43 blood samples by two fluorometric methods. In the indirect method, protoporphyrin was extracted from blood and the fluorescence of the free acid in the extract was determined with a filter-fluorometer. These results were compared with results of direct determination of protoporphyrin in the same samples. In the direct assay the fluorescence of protoporphyrin, present in blood as the zinc salt, was measured without extraction, with the use of a hematofluorometer. Comparison of the results of the direct and indirect methods showed an excellent correlation (r = 0.986), but the hematofluorometric values (y) were approximately 9% lower than the fluorometric values (y = 0.911x). The slope of the regression line (0.911) is likely to be different for each hematofluorometer-fluorometer combination. Therefore, hematofluorometric values can only be compared with fluorometric values if the slope of the regression line is known and is used as a correction factor.", "PMID": 688610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8097", "title": "Clinical analysis of tamoxifen, an anti-neoplastic agent, in plasma.", "content": "Tamoxifen, a phenylstilbene derivative, is currently being used to treat metastatic breast cancer. We describe an analytical method for monitoring the parent drug and its 4-hydroxylated derivative in whole blood and plasma. After extraction from biological media, the analytes are converted to highly fluorescent products by ultraviolet irradiation, and then separated by liquid-chromatography on a muBondapak CN column, with spectrofluorometric detection of components. Detection limits for tamoxifen and its 4-hydroxy derivative are 1 and 2 microgram/liter of biological fluid, respectively. Conditions have been optimized so that the reaction proceeds fast enough for convenient sample handling without jeopardizing fluorescence yield due to the photocatalyzed degradation of the fluorescent product. Evidence suggests that the fluorophore being monitored is a phenanthrene derivative.", "contents": "Clinical analysis of tamoxifen, an anti-neoplastic agent, in plasma. Tamoxifen, a phenylstilbene derivative, is currently being used to treat metastatic breast cancer. We describe an analytical method for monitoring the parent drug and its 4-hydroxylated derivative in whole blood and plasma. After extraction from biological media, the analytes are converted to highly fluorescent products by ultraviolet irradiation, and then separated by liquid-chromatography on a muBondapak CN column, with spectrofluorometric detection of components. Detection limits for tamoxifen and its 4-hydroxy derivative are 1 and 2 microgram/liter of biological fluid, respectively. Conditions have been optimized so that the reaction proceeds fast enough for convenient sample handling without jeopardizing fluorescence yield due to the photocatalyzed degradation of the fluorescent product. Evidence suggests that the fluorophore being monitored is a phenanthrene derivative.", "PMID": 688611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8098", "title": "Selective purification of tartrate-inhibitable acid phosphatases: rapid and efficient purification (to homogeneity) of human and canine prostatic acid phosphatases.", "content": "We describe the synthesis of a long-chain monoamide derivative of L(+)-tartaric acid and its attachment to Sepharose 4B. Procedures are then described for use of this material in purifying human prostatic and (for the first time) canine prostatic acid phosphatases to constant specific activity and electrophoretic homogeneity. Depending on sample size, such purification is possible in one step, and is clearly faster and more efficient than are previously described methods. These materials and procedures have significant potential in studies of the comparative biochemistry and clinical chemistry of tartrateinhibitable acid phosphatases.", "contents": "Selective purification of tartrate-inhibitable acid phosphatases: rapid and efficient purification (to homogeneity) of human and canine prostatic acid phosphatases. We describe the synthesis of a long-chain monoamide derivative of L(+)-tartaric acid and its attachment to Sepharose 4B. Procedures are then described for use of this material in purifying human prostatic and (for the first time) canine prostatic acid phosphatases to constant specific activity and electrophoretic homogeneity. Depending on sample size, such purification is possible in one step, and is clearly faster and more efficient than are previously described methods. These materials and procedures have significant potential in studies of the comparative biochemistry and clinical chemistry of tartrateinhibitable acid phosphatases.", "PMID": 688612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8099", "title": "Direct non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay of aldosterone: validation of a commercially available kit and observations on age-related changes in concentrations in plasma.", "content": "Human plasma aldosterone can be rapidly, directly, and reliably measured by radioimmunoassay with use of a commercially available anti-aldosterone antibody. With this method, we show that values tend to decrease with advancing age, especially after the sixth decade.", "contents": "Direct non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay of aldosterone: validation of a commercially available kit and observations on age-related changes in concentrations in plasma. Human plasma aldosterone can be rapidly, directly, and reliably measured by radioimmunoassay with use of a commercially available anti-aldosterone antibody. With this method, we show that values tend to decrease with advancing age, especially after the sixth decade.", "PMID": 688613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8100", "title": "Comparison of three radioligands, selenium-75, lodine-125, and tritium, in the radioimmunoassay of methotrexate.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays for methotrexate are described, involving use of a rabbit antiserum to a conjugate of the drug and bovine serum albumin and the drug labeled with tritium, selenium-75, or iodine-125. Of the two gamma emitters, the 75Se-labeled drug was prepared by the Radiochemical Centre, Amersham, England and the 125I-labeled drug in the laboratory, by the Chloramine T iodination technique. The stability of labels with both methods allows use of the faster, cheaper, and simpler gamma-counting techniques, with results available after 3 h. All three methods have acceptable sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and reproducibility, and are specific for methotrexate, with no significant interference from naturally occurring folates or leucovorin. The assays in which the gamma emitters are used have significant practical advantages over the beta emitter and are much better suited to automation and clinical application. The main advantage of 75Se=labeled methotrexate is its longer half-life, 121 days, as compared with 60 days for 125I.", "contents": "Comparison of three radioligands, selenium-75, lodine-125, and tritium, in the radioimmunoassay of methotrexate. Radioimmunoassays for methotrexate are described, involving use of a rabbit antiserum to a conjugate of the drug and bovine serum albumin and the drug labeled with tritium, selenium-75, or iodine-125. Of the two gamma emitters, the 75Se-labeled drug was prepared by the Radiochemical Centre, Amersham, England and the 125I-labeled drug in the laboratory, by the Chloramine T iodination technique. The stability of labels with both methods allows use of the faster, cheaper, and simpler gamma-counting techniques, with results available after 3 h. All three methods have acceptable sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and reproducibility, and are specific for methotrexate, with no significant interference from naturally occurring folates or leucovorin. The assays in which the gamma emitters are used have significant practical advantages over the beta emitter and are much better suited to automation and clinical application. The main advantage of 75Se=labeled methotrexate is its longer half-life, 121 days, as compared with 60 days for 125I.", "PMID": 688614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8101", "title": "Analysis for salicylic acid in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "We report a specific and sensitive quantitative assay for salicylate in serum or plasma. As little as 3 microliter of sample can be analyzed by an external standard procedure and larger volumes by diluting with the internal standard (o-methoxybenzoic acid). No extraction or derivatization is necessary and salicylic acid and the internal standard elute in 6 and 3.75 min, respectively. Peak-height ratios are linearly related to concentrations between 10 and 500 mg/liter. By comparison with an existing fluorometric method, our procedure is faster, more specific, and more sensitive.", "contents": "Analysis for salicylic acid in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. We report a specific and sensitive quantitative assay for salicylate in serum or plasma. As little as 3 microliter of sample can be analyzed by an external standard procedure and larger volumes by diluting with the internal standard (o-methoxybenzoic acid). No extraction or derivatization is necessary and salicylic acid and the internal standard elute in 6 and 3.75 min, respectively. Peak-height ratios are linearly related to concentrations between 10 and 500 mg/liter. By comparison with an existing fluorometric method, our procedure is faster, more specific, and more sensitive.", "PMID": 688615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8102", "title": "Plasma calcium, copper, magnesium, and zinc concentrations in patients with the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.", "content": "We determined zinc, copper, magnesium, and calcium concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the plasma of 30 patients hospitalized for treatment of seizures during a period of alcohol withdrawal. Those patients who developed delirium tremens or a prolonged hallucinatory state had significantly higher plasma copper concentrations (P = 0.026), significantly lower zinc concentrations (P = 0.004), and significantly higher copper/zinc ratios (P = 0.001) than the patients who recovered uneventfully. Zinc deficiency may be one of the factors that contribute to the neurologic complications of alcoholism. A determination of the plasma copper/zinc ratio early in the course of alcohol withdrawal could be of value in indicating which patients have the most substantial underlying disease or metabolic imbalance and therefore may be at greatest risk of developing delirium tremens or prolonged hallucinosis.", "contents": "Plasma calcium, copper, magnesium, and zinc concentrations in patients with the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. We determined zinc, copper, magnesium, and calcium concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the plasma of 30 patients hospitalized for treatment of seizures during a period of alcohol withdrawal. Those patients who developed delirium tremens or a prolonged hallucinatory state had significantly higher plasma copper concentrations (P = 0.026), significantly lower zinc concentrations (P = 0.004), and significantly higher copper/zinc ratios (P = 0.001) than the patients who recovered uneventfully. Zinc deficiency may be one of the factors that contribute to the neurologic complications of alcoholism. A determination of the plasma copper/zinc ratio early in the course of alcohol withdrawal could be of value in indicating which patients have the most substantial underlying disease or metabolic imbalance and therefore may be at greatest risk of developing delirium tremens or prolonged hallucinosis.", "PMID": 688616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8103", "title": "Creatine kinase in serum: 5. Effect of thiols on isoenzyme activity during storage at various temperatures.", "content": "We studied changes in the activity of human creatine kinase isoenzymes (native MM in serum, MM, MB, and BB preparations in serum matrix) on storage in the presence of 0, 10, 20, and 50 mmol of N-acetyl cysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol, and 1-thioglycerol per liter of serum at 37, 30, 25, 4, and -20 degrees C. We also assessed the stability of the thiols under the same conditions. We generally confirmed increasing stability in the sequence: BB, MB, and MM isoenzyme. Above 30 degrees C irreversible inactivation is very rapid, even in the presence of thiols. At lower temperatures endogenous MM is sufficiently stable; thus, the use of protective thiols can be restricted to sera expected to contain isoenzymes MB or BB. Our studies lead us to prefer use of 50 mmol of N-acetyl cysteine per liter of serum. The other thiols cause turbidity to develop earlier and their decomposittion products diminish the activity more. The initial activity of the MB and BB preparations increased by as much as 2.3- and 1.8-fold on storage with thiols. This effect was not observed with either endogenous MB and MM or with the MM prepartion.", "contents": "Creatine kinase in serum: 5. Effect of thiols on isoenzyme activity during storage at various temperatures. We studied changes in the activity of human creatine kinase isoenzymes (native MM in serum, MM, MB, and BB preparations in serum matrix) on storage in the presence of 0, 10, 20, and 50 mmol of N-acetyl cysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol, and 1-thioglycerol per liter of serum at 37, 30, 25, 4, and -20 degrees C. We also assessed the stability of the thiols under the same conditions. We generally confirmed increasing stability in the sequence: BB, MB, and MM isoenzyme. Above 30 degrees C irreversible inactivation is very rapid, even in the presence of thiols. At lower temperatures endogenous MM is sufficiently stable; thus, the use of protective thiols can be restricted to sera expected to contain isoenzymes MB or BB. Our studies lead us to prefer use of 50 mmol of N-acetyl cysteine per liter of serum. The other thiols cause turbidity to develop earlier and their decomposittion products diminish the activity more. The initial activity of the MB and BB preparations increased by as much as 2.3- and 1.8-fold on storage with thiols. This effect was not observed with either endogenous MB and MM or with the MM prepartion.", "PMID": 688617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8104", "title": "Emergency procedure for digoxin radioassay.", "content": "A rapid but precise radioassay for digoxin has been developed by optimizing the conditions for antigen-antibody interaction and for separation of bound and free fractions. This new procedure involves incubation of radioactively labeled antigen, antibody, and standard or sample at 3 degrees C for 10 min. Charcoal is then added, the mixture centrifuged for 5 min, and the radioactivity of the supernate counted. Results are available in less than 1 h after receipt of the specimens, making the procedure suitable for emergency determinations. Results correlate well with those by our routine procedure (Becton Dickinson) (r = 0.9739, y = 0.0356 + 0.9915x, n = 49). Analytical recovery of added pure digoxin exceeds 94%, both within and between assay CV's are less than 8%.", "contents": "Emergency procedure for digoxin radioassay. A rapid but precise radioassay for digoxin has been developed by optimizing the conditions for antigen-antibody interaction and for separation of bound and free fractions. This new procedure involves incubation of radioactively labeled antigen, antibody, and standard or sample at 3 degrees C for 10 min. Charcoal is then added, the mixture centrifuged for 5 min, and the radioactivity of the supernate counted. Results are available in less than 1 h after receipt of the specimens, making the procedure suitable for emergency determinations. Results correlate well with those by our routine procedure (Becton Dickinson) (r = 0.9739, y = 0.0356 + 0.9915x, n = 49). Analytical recovery of added pure digoxin exceeds 94%, both within and between assay CV's are less than 8%.", "PMID": 688618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8105", "title": "Blood intermediary metabolite and insulin concentrations after an overnight fast: reference ranges for adults, and interrelations.", "content": "Concentrations of several metabolites in deproteinized blood and plasma were determined in 100 subjects after an overnight fast, to establish reference ranges. Blood glycerol, nonesterified fatty acids, and ketone body concentrations and the 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio increased with age while blood alanine concentrations delined. Serum insulin and blood alanine concentrations were also related to weight. No marked sex-related differences were found, although blood glycerol concentration was slightly higher in women. Distribution of all metabolite concentrations was positively skewed, except for glucose, but skewness could be corrected by logarithmic transformation. Skew was particularly marked for blood ketone body concentrations. Concentrations of all metabolites in plasma exceeded those in whole blood, but this was significant for only lactate and pyruvate when concentrations in plasma were compared with calculated concentrations in erythrocyte water.", "contents": "Blood intermediary metabolite and insulin concentrations after an overnight fast: reference ranges for adults, and interrelations. Concentrations of several metabolites in deproteinized blood and plasma were determined in 100 subjects after an overnight fast, to establish reference ranges. Blood glycerol, nonesterified fatty acids, and ketone body concentrations and the 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio increased with age while blood alanine concentrations delined. Serum insulin and blood alanine concentrations were also related to weight. No marked sex-related differences were found, although blood glycerol concentration was slightly higher in women. Distribution of all metabolite concentrations was positively skewed, except for glucose, but skewness could be corrected by logarithmic transformation. Skew was particularly marked for blood ketone body concentrations. Concentrations of all metabolites in plasma exceeded those in whole blood, but this was significant for only lactate and pyruvate when concentrations in plasma were compared with calculated concentrations in erythrocyte water.", "PMID": 688619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8106", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of bupivacaine and lidocaine in plasma.", "content": "A modified gas-liquid chromatographic method for determining plasma concentrations of bupivacaine and lidocaine is described, with cyclizine as an internal standard. The extraction procedure requires no solvent evaporation, thus overcoming the problem of drug volatility. Concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/liter can be determined. The plasma sample is made alkaline and extracted into n-hexane, re-extracted into a small volume of an aqueous acid phase, and finally extracted into 50 microliter of methylene chloride after alkalinization. The final extract is assayed by gas chromatography on a 5% OV-17 column. The extraction scheme of the present method eliminates interferences by endogenous plasma constituents.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of bupivacaine and lidocaine in plasma. A modified gas-liquid chromatographic method for determining plasma concentrations of bupivacaine and lidocaine is described, with cyclizine as an internal standard. The extraction procedure requires no solvent evaporation, thus overcoming the problem of drug volatility. Concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/liter can be determined. The plasma sample is made alkaline and extracted into n-hexane, re-extracted into a small volume of an aqueous acid phase, and finally extracted into 50 microliter of methylene chloride after alkalinization. The final extract is assayed by gas chromatography on a 5% OV-17 column. The extraction scheme of the present method eliminates interferences by endogenous plasma constituents.", "PMID": 688620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8107", "title": "Improved thin-layer chromatographic method in the diagnosis of mannosidosis.", "content": "An improved thin-layer chromatographic method is described for the facile separation of neutral oligosaccharides excreted in the urine of patients with mannosidosis. The urine sample is treated with mixed-bed ion-exchange resin to remove charged species. The eluate is then chromatographed on silica gel thin-layer plates with n-propanol water as the developer. Eleven unique orcinol-positive components can thus be resolved. The advantages of this method over previously described techniques are the ease and rapidity of assay, better resolution of components, and clarity of resolution. It should be applicable to other disease states in which distinctive neutral carbohydrate products are produced.", "contents": "Improved thin-layer chromatographic method in the diagnosis of mannosidosis. An improved thin-layer chromatographic method is described for the facile separation of neutral oligosaccharides excreted in the urine of patients with mannosidosis. The urine sample is treated with mixed-bed ion-exchange resin to remove charged species. The eluate is then chromatographed on silica gel thin-layer plates with n-propanol water as the developer. Eleven unique orcinol-positive components can thus be resolved. The advantages of this method over previously described techniques are the ease and rapidity of assay, better resolution of components, and clarity of resolution. It should be applicable to other disease states in which distinctive neutral carbohydrate products are produced.", "PMID": 688621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8108", "title": "New continuous-flow analysis for simultaneous determination of creatinine and uric acid in 200 microliters of serum without use of a dialyzer.", "content": "We present a new method for direct continuous-flow (AutoAnalyzer II) measurement of serum creatinine and uric acid. The manifold is simple, inexpensive, and can be constructed in the laboratory. Only 200 microliters of serum is needed; analysis rate is 60 samples per hour. The incorporation of sodium dodecyl sulfate and the simultaneous provision of blank subtraction make it possible to omit the dialysis step. Our method does not require the linearizer, since instrument response and concentration of creatinine and uric acid are linearly related to 200 and 120 mg/liter, respectively. The percentages of steady state, interaction, and recovery are acceptable, Precision is excellent and the results obtained from the new method correlate well with those obtained by the comparison methods. Interferences are few and, when encountered, are generally smaller than in the modified Technicon method. Marked hemolysis interferes only with the uric acid assay; marked turbidity has no effect on results for creatinine. Icteric serum with total bilirubin of 50 and 100 mg/liter interferes significantly with results for creatinine and uric acid, respectively, by the new method.", "contents": "New continuous-flow analysis for simultaneous determination of creatinine and uric acid in 200 microliters of serum without use of a dialyzer. We present a new method for direct continuous-flow (AutoAnalyzer II) measurement of serum creatinine and uric acid. The manifold is simple, inexpensive, and can be constructed in the laboratory. Only 200 microliters of serum is needed; analysis rate is 60 samples per hour. The incorporation of sodium dodecyl sulfate and the simultaneous provision of blank subtraction make it possible to omit the dialysis step. Our method does not require the linearizer, since instrument response and concentration of creatinine and uric acid are linearly related to 200 and 120 mg/liter, respectively. The percentages of steady state, interaction, and recovery are acceptable, Precision is excellent and the results obtained from the new method correlate well with those obtained by the comparison methods. Interferences are few and, when encountered, are generally smaller than in the modified Technicon method. Marked hemolysis interferes only with the uric acid assay; marked turbidity has no effect on results for creatinine. Icteric serum with total bilirubin of 50 and 100 mg/liter interferes significantly with results for creatinine and uric acid, respectively, by the new method.", "PMID": 688622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8109", "title": "Direct solid-phase 125I radioimmunoassay of serum cortisol.", "content": "We report a solid-phase iodine- 125 radioimmunoassay for serum cortisol in which the interfering binding proteins are inactivated by a combination of reaction pH and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid. The procedure is easy to perform and gives accurate and reliable results. The shift in pH for optimum binding of an antibody resulting from immobilization on a solid support, used to decrease cortisol binding competition in the present test, is potentially exploitable in other antibody and enzyme systems.", "contents": "Direct solid-phase 125I radioimmunoassay of serum cortisol. We report a solid-phase iodine- 125 radioimmunoassay for serum cortisol in which the interfering binding proteins are inactivated by a combination of reaction pH and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid. The procedure is easy to perform and gives accurate and reliable results. The shift in pH for optimum binding of an antibody resulting from immobilization on a solid support, used to decrease cortisol binding competition in the present test, is potentially exploitable in other antibody and enzyme systems.", "PMID": 688623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8110", "title": "Measurement of chloroprocaine and procaine in plasma by flame ionization gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe an isothermal gas-liquid chromatographic procedure developed for measuring procaine and chloroprocaine in plasma. The unchanged drug is extracted into toluene from alkalinized plasma, together with an internal standard. The solvent is removed, the residue redissolved in methanol, and aliquots are injected into a 91.5-cm gas-liquid chromatographic column containing 3% OV-210. Sensitivity of detection is in the nanogram range.", "contents": "Measurement of chloroprocaine and procaine in plasma by flame ionization gas-liquid chromatography. We describe an isothermal gas-liquid chromatographic procedure developed for measuring procaine and chloroprocaine in plasma. The unchanged drug is extracted into toluene from alkalinized plasma, together with an internal standard. The solvent is removed, the residue redissolved in methanol, and aliquots are injected into a 91.5-cm gas-liquid chromatographic column containing 3% OV-210. Sensitivity of detection is in the nanogram range.", "PMID": 688624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8111", "title": "Use of the vertical rotor to facilitate estrogen and progesterone receptor analysis.", "content": "Sucrose density-gradient analysis is one method of identifying specific estrogen and progesterone receptors in mammary tumor tissue. Use of the vertical rotor makes this practical for routine applications in the clinical laboratory by increasing the number of samples that can be run at one time and shortening the centrifuge time from 18 to less than 2 h. The separations and reproducibility compare favorably with those obtained with a swinging-bucket rotor.", "contents": "Use of the vertical rotor to facilitate estrogen and progesterone receptor analysis. Sucrose density-gradient analysis is one method of identifying specific estrogen and progesterone receptors in mammary tumor tissue. Use of the vertical rotor makes this practical for routine applications in the clinical laboratory by increasing the number of samples that can be run at one time and shortening the centrifuge time from 18 to less than 2 h. The separations and reproducibility compare favorably with those obtained with a swinging-bucket rotor.", "PMID": 688625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8112", "title": "An impurity in the buffer 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, which correlates with depression of measured alkaline phosphatase activity.", "content": "Recent findings indicate that the buffer 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, widely used in clinical measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity, contains an impurity that inhibits the activity of the enzyme. Analysis of several lots of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol has demonstrated the presence of a material, the concentration of which correlates well with alkaline phosphatase activity. Mass spectral analysis of this material indicates that it is a substituted ethylenediamine compound. Zinc chelation is discussed as a possible mode of its inhibition. Further work is in progress to separate and characterize this and other compounds in the buffer and to determine their modes and degrees of alkaline phosphatase inhibition.", "contents": "An impurity in the buffer 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, which correlates with depression of measured alkaline phosphatase activity. Recent findings indicate that the buffer 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, widely used in clinical measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity, contains an impurity that inhibits the activity of the enzyme. Analysis of several lots of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol has demonstrated the presence of a material, the concentration of which correlates well with alkaline phosphatase activity. Mass spectral analysis of this material indicates that it is a substituted ethylenediamine compound. Zinc chelation is discussed as a possible mode of its inhibition. Further work is in progress to separate and characterize this and other compounds in the buffer and to determine their modes and degrees of alkaline phosphatase inhibition.", "PMID": 688626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8113", "title": "Semi-automated micro-scale extraction apparatus for assay of free fatty acids in plasma.", "content": "We describe the use of a semi-automated micro-scale extraction apparatus as applied to the assay of free fatty acids in plasma. With it, a smaller plasma sample is required, disposable glassware can replace acid-washed glassware, and the number of samples that one technican can assay per day is increased fivefold. Theroretically, this apparatus can be applied to all assay procedures requiring one or more extraction steps.", "contents": "Semi-automated micro-scale extraction apparatus for assay of free fatty acids in plasma. We describe the use of a semi-automated micro-scale extraction apparatus as applied to the assay of free fatty acids in plasma. With it, a smaller plasma sample is required, disposable glassware can replace acid-washed glassware, and the number of samples that one technican can assay per day is increased fivefold. Theroretically, this apparatus can be applied to all assay procedures requiring one or more extraction steps.", "PMID": 688627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8114", "title": "Enzymic serum cholesterol measurement with a basic autoanalyzer and Du Pont aca method.", "content": "I compared enzymic methods for total serum cholesterol as used with discrete (Du Pont aca and reagent packs) and continuous-flow (Boehringer Mannheim reagents and the Technicon AuotAnalyzer I) analysis of normal, icteric, and lipemic sera. The regression equation for 24 clear, non-icteric sera was: y (continuous flow) = 0.944x (aca) + 10.69; r = 0.971, Syx +/- 53.7 mg of cholesterol per liter. The continuous-flow system indicated no significant interference when as much as 350 mg of bilirubin was added per liter. Results with the aca method indicated a decrease in apparent cholesterol of about 5 mg/liter per milligram of added bilirubin. Serial diluting of lipemic sera resulted in falsely higher values with the aca method but no clinically significant effect on results with the AutoAnalyzer procedure. Apparent cholesterol as measured with the aca became proportionately greater than AutoAnalyzer values with increasing serum triglyceride concentration.", "contents": "Enzymic serum cholesterol measurement with a basic autoanalyzer and Du Pont aca method. I compared enzymic methods for total serum cholesterol as used with discrete (Du Pont aca and reagent packs) and continuous-flow (Boehringer Mannheim reagents and the Technicon AuotAnalyzer I) analysis of normal, icteric, and lipemic sera. The regression equation for 24 clear, non-icteric sera was: y (continuous flow) = 0.944x (aca) + 10.69; r = 0.971, Syx +/- 53.7 mg of cholesterol per liter. The continuous-flow system indicated no significant interference when as much as 350 mg of bilirubin was added per liter. Results with the aca method indicated a decrease in apparent cholesterol of about 5 mg/liter per milligram of added bilirubin. Serial diluting of lipemic sera resulted in falsely higher values with the aca method but no clinically significant effect on results with the AutoAnalyzer procedure. Apparent cholesterol as measured with the aca became proportionately greater than AutoAnalyzer values with increasing serum triglyceride concentration.", "PMID": 688628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8115", "title": "Detection of hemophilia A carriers by use of frozen plasma samples.", "content": "The efficacy of using promptly frozen plasma samples in the diagnosis of the carrier state for hemophilia A was evaluated by simultaneous measurement of factor VIII acitivity and antigen in 20 normal women and 20 obligate carriers. Factor VIII antigen was measured by two methods, electroimmunoassay and immunoradiometric assay. When the factor VIII activity and antigen data were evaluated by regression analysis, 94% of the carriers were correctly identified at the 95% confidence level.", "contents": "Detection of hemophilia A carriers by use of frozen plasma samples. The efficacy of using promptly frozen plasma samples in the diagnosis of the carrier state for hemophilia A was evaluated by simultaneous measurement of factor VIII acitivity and antigen in 20 normal women and 20 obligate carriers. Factor VIII antigen was measured by two methods, electroimmunoassay and immunoradiometric assay. When the factor VIII activity and antigen data were evaluated by regression analysis, 94% of the carriers were correctly identified at the 95% confidence level.", "PMID": 688629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8116", "title": "Emergency gas-chromatographic assay of phenobarbital and phenytoin and liquid-chromatographic assay of theophylline.", "content": "Phenobarbital and phenytoin are extracted and concentrated in a single step, without solvent evaporation, followed by on-column methylation and gas-chromatographic quanitation. A similar extraction step for the assay of theophylline by high-pressure liquid chromatography is described. The extraction step can be completed in less than 2 min, the chromatographic step in less than 8 min. This extraction method yields clean chromatograms, avoids evaporating health-hazardous solvents, and is applicable to other drugs.", "contents": "Emergency gas-chromatographic assay of phenobarbital and phenytoin and liquid-chromatographic assay of theophylline. Phenobarbital and phenytoin are extracted and concentrated in a single step, without solvent evaporation, followed by on-column methylation and gas-chromatographic quanitation. A similar extraction step for the assay of theophylline by high-pressure liquid chromatography is described. The extraction step can be completed in less than 2 min, the chromatographic step in less than 8 min. This extraction method yields clean chromatograms, avoids evaporating health-hazardous solvents, and is applicable to other drugs.", "PMID": 688630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8117", "title": "Performance comparison of the Corning thin-film agarose and the Hyland thick-film agar methods for immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Many clinical laboratories do immunoelectrophoresis for qualitative assessment of proteins in biological fluids. Commercial kits are available that supply some or all of the necessary components, but the nature of these components varies. Seeking a reliable method for most easily preserving the original immunoelectrophoresis pattern as a permanent record, we compared a thick-film agar method to a thin-film agarose method in immunoelectrophoresis of a total of 70 serum and urine samples. For each sample, either method resulted in the same interpretation. The thin-film agarose method not only yields a stained, permanent record in about the same time that the thick film agar is ready for interpretation but not preservation, but also requires less antiserum, a smaller sample, and may not require purchase of additional hardware.", "contents": "Performance comparison of the Corning thin-film agarose and the Hyland thick-film agar methods for immunoelectrophoresis. Many clinical laboratories do immunoelectrophoresis for qualitative assessment of proteins in biological fluids. Commercial kits are available that supply some or all of the necessary components, but the nature of these components varies. Seeking a reliable method for most easily preserving the original immunoelectrophoresis pattern as a permanent record, we compared a thick-film agar method to a thin-film agarose method in immunoelectrophoresis of a total of 70 serum and urine samples. For each sample, either method resulted in the same interpretation. The thin-film agarose method not only yields a stained, permanent record in about the same time that the thick film agar is ready for interpretation but not preservation, but also requires less antiserum, a smaller sample, and may not require purchase of additional hardware.", "PMID": 688631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8118", "title": "Emergency determination of acetaminophen.", "content": "I describe a senstive colorimetric micromethod in which a pH 11.0 carbonate buffer is used to induce acetaminophen to react with Folin-Ciocalteau reagent at room temperature. These reagents and a simple solvent extraction favor formation of a stable indophenol dye with acetaminophen, giving this procedure a good degree of specificity. Results correlate well with those by liquid-chromatographic procedures, and day-to-day precision is less than 8%.", "contents": "Emergency determination of acetaminophen. I describe a senstive colorimetric micromethod in which a pH 11.0 carbonate buffer is used to induce acetaminophen to react with Folin-Ciocalteau reagent at room temperature. These reagents and a simple solvent extraction favor formation of a stable indophenol dye with acetaminophen, giving this procedure a good degree of specificity. Results correlate well with those by liquid-chromatographic procedures, and day-to-day precision is less than 8%.", "PMID": 688632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8119", "title": "Endocrine effects of alcohol.", "content": "A variety of effects of alcohol on endocrine function are now well documented. Clinically, the most important of these are alcohol-induced 'pseudo-Cushing's syndrome' and a syndrome of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical unresponsiveness, both of which result from long-term over-indulgence, and impairment of testosterone secretion which may occur following relatively short-term drinking. Evidence indicates that a number of different mechanisms are responsible for mediating the effects of alcohol on endocrine function. In a few instances (e.g. inhibition of vasopressin secretion and impairment of steroidogenesis resulting in a fall in testosterone production rate), alcohol appears to influence directly the release or synthesis of individual hormones. However, the majority of the endocrine effects of alcohol are probably indirect, resulting from either the stress of intoxication (stimulation of cortisol, catecholamines and possibly GH and prolactin), changes in the level of intermediary metabolites (e.g. a fall in circulating FFA stimulating GH secretion) or changes in the metabolism of hormones (e.g. catecholamines, oestrogens, androgens) resulting from alteration in intracellular redox state or tissue damage.", "contents": "Endocrine effects of alcohol. A variety of effects of alcohol on endocrine function are now well documented. Clinically, the most important of these are alcohol-induced 'pseudo-Cushing's syndrome' and a syndrome of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical unresponsiveness, both of which result from long-term over-indulgence, and impairment of testosterone secretion which may occur following relatively short-term drinking. Evidence indicates that a number of different mechanisms are responsible for mediating the effects of alcohol on endocrine function. In a few instances (e.g. inhibition of vasopressin secretion and impairment of steroidogenesis resulting in a fall in testosterone production rate), alcohol appears to influence directly the release or synthesis of individual hormones. However, the majority of the endocrine effects of alcohol are probably indirect, resulting from either the stress of intoxication (stimulation of cortisol, catecholamines and possibly GH and prolactin), changes in the level of intermediary metabolites (e.g. a fall in circulating FFA stimulating GH secretion) or changes in the metabolism of hormones (e.g. catecholamines, oestrogens, androgens) resulting from alteration in intracellular redox state or tissue damage.", "PMID": 688683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8120", "title": "Alcohol and nutrition.", "content": "Alcoholic patients frequently have evidence of nutritional deficiency the consequences of which may be seen in all systems of the body. Alcoholism is theoretically a completely preventable disorder which requires more attention by the general public, practising physicians and research workers. Rehabilitation of the established alcoholic will sometimes be limited by failure to modify behaviour or because of nutritionally induced brain damage but we are beginning to understand some of the mechanisms by which malnutrition evolves (Figure 2). Better methods must be developed to limit alcohol-induced tissue injury in patients whose drinking cannot be controlled. The final mechanisms of liver injury remain to be established. Cirrhosis may be induced in animals ingesting a good diet but this does not ensure adequate delivery and utilization of nutrients at the subcellular level. Cirrhosis takes a long time to evolve and the natural history, including longitudinal nutritional profiles in man, has not been established. Therefore, although normal liver morphology is sometimes seen in alcoholics with gross stigmata of malnutrition suggesting that factors other than malnutrition are important, it may be that critical nutrients have not been deficient for long enough in these individuals or severe depletion has been intermittent. Whether or not malnutrition is of decisive importance in the toxicity of alcoholic liver injury in man, adequate replacement is essential for protection and repair of liver cells. Established daily minimal requirements are not adequate for patients with active liver disease. Hepatocyte injury reduces the capacity of this major storage site and causes release of vitamins (co-enzymes) into the circulation in the form of holoenzymes. Liver damage reduces the conversion of nutrients into their metabolically useful forms required for catabolic processes and to meet increased needs for DNA/RNA synthesis necessary for repair of damaged cells and to replace necrotic cells. The choice and route of therapy must take account of the patient's metabolic needs and their absorptive defects. The effects of alcohol and maternal undernutrition on the fetus/neonate may cause intra-uterine death or varying degrees of brain damage, thus limiting the potential of the next generation.", "contents": "Alcohol and nutrition. Alcoholic patients frequently have evidence of nutritional deficiency the consequences of which may be seen in all systems of the body. Alcoholism is theoretically a completely preventable disorder which requires more attention by the general public, practising physicians and research workers. Rehabilitation of the established alcoholic will sometimes be limited by failure to modify behaviour or because of nutritionally induced brain damage but we are beginning to understand some of the mechanisms by which malnutrition evolves (Figure 2). Better methods must be developed to limit alcohol-induced tissue injury in patients whose drinking cannot be controlled. The final mechanisms of liver injury remain to be established. Cirrhosis may be induced in animals ingesting a good diet but this does not ensure adequate delivery and utilization of nutrients at the subcellular level. Cirrhosis takes a long time to evolve and the natural history, including longitudinal nutritional profiles in man, has not been established. Therefore, although normal liver morphology is sometimes seen in alcoholics with gross stigmata of malnutrition suggesting that factors other than malnutrition are important, it may be that critical nutrients have not been deficient for long enough in these individuals or severe depletion has been intermittent. Whether or not malnutrition is of decisive importance in the toxicity of alcoholic liver injury in man, adequate replacement is essential for protection and repair of liver cells. Established daily minimal requirements are not adequate for patients with active liver disease. Hepatocyte injury reduces the capacity of this major storage site and causes release of vitamins (co-enzymes) into the circulation in the form of holoenzymes. Liver damage reduces the conversion of nutrients into their metabolically useful forms required for catabolic processes and to meet increased needs for DNA/RNA synthesis necessary for repair of damaged cells and to replace necrotic cells. The choice and route of therapy must take account of the patient's metabolic needs and their absorptive defects. The effects of alcohol and maternal undernutrition on the fetus/neonate may cause intra-uterine death or varying degrees of brain damage, thus limiting the potential of the next generation.", "PMID": 688685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8121", "title": "Mosaicism and the trisomy 8 syndrome.", "content": "Three new cases of trisomy 8 mosaicism are presented; two have features corresponding with those usually found in this syndrome, whereas one is highly atypical. In view of the almost universal mosaicism of these patients, the literature is reviewed with an emphasis on the patterns of mosaicism found. There is little correlation between degree of mosaicism and extent of clinical abnormality. The degree of mosaicism differs in different tissues, fibroblasts being more informative of aneuploidy than lymphocytes, and there is some evidence that the degree of mosaicism varies with time. The reasons for these findings are discussed, with particular reference to the raised paternal age found in a proportion of the reported cases.", "contents": "Mosaicism and the trisomy 8 syndrome. Three new cases of trisomy 8 mosaicism are presented; two have features corresponding with those usually found in this syndrome, whereas one is highly atypical. In view of the almost universal mosaicism of these patients, the literature is reviewed with an emphasis on the patterns of mosaicism found. There is little correlation between degree of mosaicism and extent of clinical abnormality. The degree of mosaicism differs in different tissues, fibroblasts being more informative of aneuploidy than lymphocytes, and there is some evidence that the degree of mosaicism varies with time. The reasons for these findings are discussed, with particular reference to the raised paternal age found in a proportion of the reported cases.", "PMID": 688687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8122", "title": "In vitro studies of the interaction of calcium ions and other divalent cations with the Lp(a) lipoprotein and other isolated serum lipoproteins.", "content": "The interaction of isolated Lp(a) lipoprotein with different divalent cations was studied and compared to that of other isolated lipoprotein classes. Purified Lp(a) lipoprotein was found to be most sensitive to the metal ions tested, and the Lp(a) lipoprotein was the only lipoprotein which was precipitated by calcium ions alone. The precipitation apparently depends on the ionic radii of the cations used as well as on the lipoprotein class tested. The precipitation reaction between calcium ions and the Lp(a) lipoprotein, and the interaction between calcium ions and LDL (without precipitation) seem to follow the known rules for small ion-macromolecule interaction reasonably well. The calcium ion - Lp(a) lipoprotein interaction results in a small aggregate. The binding is of ionic type and the precipitation reaction is initially reversible. It was estimated that LDL particles have a mean of 290 equivalent and non-interacting binding sites for calcium ions. The above observations concerning the Lp(a) lipoprotein may be of interest in view of the significantly higher frequency of early coronary heart disease in Lp(a+) than in Lp(a-) individuals, and in view of the previously reported biochemical differences between individuals of different Lp phenotype.", "contents": "In vitro studies of the interaction of calcium ions and other divalent cations with the Lp(a) lipoprotein and other isolated serum lipoproteins. The interaction of isolated Lp(a) lipoprotein with different divalent cations was studied and compared to that of other isolated lipoprotein classes. Purified Lp(a) lipoprotein was found to be most sensitive to the metal ions tested, and the Lp(a) lipoprotein was the only lipoprotein which was precipitated by calcium ions alone. The precipitation apparently depends on the ionic radii of the cations used as well as on the lipoprotein class tested. The precipitation reaction between calcium ions and the Lp(a) lipoprotein, and the interaction between calcium ions and LDL (without precipitation) seem to follow the known rules for small ion-macromolecule interaction reasonably well. The calcium ion - Lp(a) lipoprotein interaction results in a small aggregate. The binding is of ionic type and the precipitation reaction is initially reversible. It was estimated that LDL particles have a mean of 290 equivalent and non-interacting binding sites for calcium ions. The above observations concerning the Lp(a) lipoprotein may be of interest in view of the significantly higher frequency of early coronary heart disease in Lp(a+) than in Lp(a-) individuals, and in view of the previously reported biochemical differences between individuals of different Lp phenotype.", "PMID": 688688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8123", "title": "Expression of \"adult\" polycystic renal disease in the fetus and newborn.", "content": "The manifestations of \"adult\" polycystic disease of the kidneys are reported in fetal life and during infancy. At the time of diagnosis, the patients in whom the disorder was detected were a stillborn fetus, a liveborn baby immediately after birth, a neonate at 3 weeks of age, and three infants between 2 1/2 and 4 months of life. In all six cases, who were unrelated, similar implication of other family members was elicited, and in four, parental disease was documented. As expected, the disorder in these families was transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion. Apart from the youngsters reported here, all the other known patients in the respective families were of adult age. The disease was fatal in all of our patients, with death ensuing (except, of course, in the stillbirth) from hours to weeks after the diagnosis. This report underlines the variability in the age of expression and the mode of presentation of \"adult\" polycystic kidney disease.", "contents": "Expression of \"adult\" polycystic renal disease in the fetus and newborn. The manifestations of \"adult\" polycystic disease of the kidneys are reported in fetal life and during infancy. At the time of diagnosis, the patients in whom the disorder was detected were a stillborn fetus, a liveborn baby immediately after birth, a neonate at 3 weeks of age, and three infants between 2 1/2 and 4 months of life. In all six cases, who were unrelated, similar implication of other family members was elicited, and in four, parental disease was documented. As expected, the disorder in these families was transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion. Apart from the youngsters reported here, all the other known patients in the respective families were of adult age. The disease was fatal in all of our patients, with death ensuing (except, of course, in the stillbirth) from hours to weeks after the diagnosis. This report underlines the variability in the age of expression and the mode of presentation of \"adult\" polycystic kidney disease.", "PMID": 688689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8124", "title": "Cluster of cystic fibrosis cases in a limited area of Brittany (France).", "content": "Cystic fibrosis in the northern sector of the French \"d\u00e9partement\" of Finist\u00e8re is 1:1787 live births. Within this sector a concentration of the disease was found in a small area. The minimal frequency in this area, from 1946 to 1972, was calculated as 1 per 377 live births, the gene frequency being 0.0515. Genealogic analysis, going back to the beginning of the 18th century, showed a relationship between 8 of the 10 families to which the patients belonged. The origin of the deleterious genes may be explained by a least five primary ancestral couples living in the 18th century. Random drift is the most probable explanation for the concentration of cystic fibrosis in this region.", "contents": "Cluster of cystic fibrosis cases in a limited area of Brittany (France). Cystic fibrosis in the northern sector of the French \"d\u00e9partement\" of Finist\u00e8re is 1:1787 live births. Within this sector a concentration of the disease was found in a small area. The minimal frequency in this area, from 1946 to 1972, was calculated as 1 per 377 live births, the gene frequency being 0.0515. Genealogic analysis, going back to the beginning of the 18th century, showed a relationship between 8 of the 10 families to which the patients belonged. The origin of the deleterious genes may be explained by a least five primary ancestral couples living in the 18th century. Random drift is the most probable explanation for the concentration of cystic fibrosis in this region.", "PMID": 688690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8125", "title": "Influence of continuous-flow blood separator leucophoresis on in vitro functions of human lymphocytes.", "content": "The influence of continuous-flow blood separator leucophoresis on these in vitro functions of human lymphocytes was studied. In ten separation experiments, lymphocyte functions were examined in the presence and absence of mononuclear phagocytes before, during and at the end of continuous flow leucophoresis. Cell surface markers and effector functions in spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays did not change significantly under the conditions of leucophoresis. By contrast, separator lymphocytes exhibited a significantly increased mitogenic response to pokeweed mitogen and PPD. Removal of mononuclear phagocytes corrected for this phenomenon. PHA and Con A responses were not affected by leucophoresis, nor was the number of circulating haemopoietic stem cells (CFU-C) significantly altered during a 4 hr continuous flow blood separator run.", "contents": "Influence of continuous-flow blood separator leucophoresis on in vitro functions of human lymphocytes. The influence of continuous-flow blood separator leucophoresis on these in vitro functions of human lymphocytes was studied. In ten separation experiments, lymphocyte functions were examined in the presence and absence of mononuclear phagocytes before, during and at the end of continuous flow leucophoresis. Cell surface markers and effector functions in spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays did not change significantly under the conditions of leucophoresis. By contrast, separator lymphocytes exhibited a significantly increased mitogenic response to pokeweed mitogen and PPD. Removal of mononuclear phagocytes corrected for this phenomenon. PHA and Con A responses were not affected by leucophoresis, nor was the number of circulating haemopoietic stem cells (CFU-C) significantly altered during a 4 hr continuous flow blood separator run.", "PMID": 688693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8126", "title": "Immune complexes in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes of malignant melanoma patients.", "content": "Immune complexes in PMN cells of sixty-five patients with malignant melanoma were studied by scoring the cells for IgG and complement inclusions. Group (a), consisting of thirty-four patients free from tumour after surgical therapy, showed a median IgG score of 17, which was not statistically different from the control group (n = 11), with a median score of 10. However, the tumour-bearing group (b) (n = 31) showed a significantly higher median score of 22. When group (a) was subidivided, it was shown that the patients who had an invasive growing melanoma with a bad prognosis (n = 11) showed a significantly higher median score of 25, while the patients who had a superficial melanoma with good prognosis were not different from the controls. After subdividing group (b), it was shown that patients with localized disease (n = 13) had a median score of 12, which not different from that of the controls. However, the patients with regional lymphnode involvement (n = 9) or distant metastases (n = 9) showed significantly higher median scores of 69 and 24 respectively. Six out of sixteen patients showed a significant drop in PMN inclusions after surgery. Complement scores gave similar patterns.", "contents": "Immune complexes in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes of malignant melanoma patients. Immune complexes in PMN cells of sixty-five patients with malignant melanoma were studied by scoring the cells for IgG and complement inclusions. Group (a), consisting of thirty-four patients free from tumour after surgical therapy, showed a median IgG score of 17, which was not statistically different from the control group (n = 11), with a median score of 10. However, the tumour-bearing group (b) (n = 31) showed a significantly higher median score of 22. When group (a) was subidivided, it was shown that the patients who had an invasive growing melanoma with a bad prognosis (n = 11) showed a significantly higher median score of 25, while the patients who had a superficial melanoma with good prognosis were not different from the controls. After subdividing group (b), it was shown that patients with localized disease (n = 13) had a median score of 12, which not different from that of the controls. However, the patients with regional lymphnode involvement (n = 9) or distant metastases (n = 9) showed significantly higher median scores of 69 and 24 respectively. Six out of sixteen patients showed a significant drop in PMN inclusions after surgery. Complement scores gave similar patterns.", "PMID": 688694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8127", "title": "Circulating antigens and immune complexes in Schistosoma mansoni-infected rats. Characterization by radioimmunoprecipitation-PEG assay (RIPEGA).", "content": "Circulating schistosome antigens (CSA) and circulating immune complexes (CLC) were investigated in rats infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The radioimmunoprecipitation-polyethylene glycol (PEG) assay (RIPEGA), with 125I-labelled anti-S. mansoni anti-serum, detected CSA during two distinct periods of the infection; the first between the 11th and the 14th week of infection and the second between the 11th and 14th week after infection. The CH50 deviation test revealed the presence of CIC in sera from infected rats, approximately at the two periods when CSA were detected. At 6 weeks of infection, the levels of CIC in infected rats were not different from those in control rats. However, a more sensitive method characterized IgG2a in C1q-binding C1C from infected rats. At weeks 5 and 6, IgE immune complexes were also detected in the serum from infected rats. In fact, the use of RIPEGA on the material eluted from infected rat serum after passage through an anti-IgE immunosorbent showed the presence of schistosome antigen at week 4, and at higher levels at week 6. Levels of 50% haemolytic complement in infected rat serum were lowered between the 2nd and the 4th week, the 5th and the 8th week and after the 12th week of infection. The possible role played by CIC in the protective mechanisms to a S. mansoni challenge infection in rats is discussed.", "contents": "Circulating antigens and immune complexes in Schistosoma mansoni-infected rats. Characterization by radioimmunoprecipitation-PEG assay (RIPEGA). Circulating schistosome antigens (CSA) and circulating immune complexes (CLC) were investigated in rats infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The radioimmunoprecipitation-polyethylene glycol (PEG) assay (RIPEGA), with 125I-labelled anti-S. mansoni anti-serum, detected CSA during two distinct periods of the infection; the first between the 11th and the 14th week of infection and the second between the 11th and 14th week after infection. The CH50 deviation test revealed the presence of CIC in sera from infected rats, approximately at the two periods when CSA were detected. At 6 weeks of infection, the levels of CIC in infected rats were not different from those in control rats. However, a more sensitive method characterized IgG2a in C1q-binding C1C from infected rats. At weeks 5 and 6, IgE immune complexes were also detected in the serum from infected rats. In fact, the use of RIPEGA on the material eluted from infected rat serum after passage through an anti-IgE immunosorbent showed the presence of schistosome antigen at week 4, and at higher levels at week 6. Levels of 50% haemolytic complement in infected rat serum were lowered between the 2nd and the 4th week, the 5th and the 8th week and after the 12th week of infection. The possible role played by CIC in the protective mechanisms to a S. mansoni challenge infection in rats is discussed.", "PMID": 688695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8128", "title": "Interferon production and lymphocyte stimulation in human leucocyte cultures stimulated by Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "Killed C. parvum organisms stimulated a lymphoproliferative response in human peripheral leucocyte cultures of both adult and cord blood origin. They also induced high titres of interferon in cultures of adult leucocytes, but there was no correlation between the degree of lymphocyte stimulation and of interferon production. A considerable variability between donors was seen in both assays. The amount of interferon produced in C. parvum-stimulated cultures was considerably higher than that stimulated by the T-cell mitogens PHA and Con A and that induced by LPS. The anti-viral protein induced by C. parvum fulfilled the criteria of interferon and appeared to represent type II interferon.", "contents": "Interferon production and lymphocyte stimulation in human leucocyte cultures stimulated by Corynebacterium parvum. Killed C. parvum organisms stimulated a lymphoproliferative response in human peripheral leucocyte cultures of both adult and cord blood origin. They also induced high titres of interferon in cultures of adult leucocytes, but there was no correlation between the degree of lymphocyte stimulation and of interferon production. A considerable variability between donors was seen in both assays. The amount of interferon produced in C. parvum-stimulated cultures was considerably higher than that stimulated by the T-cell mitogens PHA and Con A and that induced by LPS. The anti-viral protein induced by C. parvum fulfilled the criteria of interferon and appeared to represent type II interferon.", "PMID": 688696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8129", "title": "Immunological recovery after measles.", "content": "Twenty-two children with measles were studied at the stage of the rash and 6 weeks later, and results compared with matched controls. The total lymphocyte count and lymphocyte subpopulations with T- and B-cell markers and those with absence of both markers (null cells) were significantly below control levels in the acute phase. At 6 weeks the B-cell and null-cell counts were still significantly diminished. The function of T cells assessed by 14C uptake of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes and the delayed skin hypersensitivity reaction to dinitrochlorobenzene was impaired during the acute stage, and this persisted for 6 weeks. Over the 6 weeks of study there was a small but significant rise in serum IgG, IgM and complement factors.", "contents": "Immunological recovery after measles. Twenty-two children with measles were studied at the stage of the rash and 6 weeks later, and results compared with matched controls. The total lymphocyte count and lymphocyte subpopulations with T- and B-cell markers and those with absence of both markers (null cells) were significantly below control levels in the acute phase. At 6 weeks the B-cell and null-cell counts were still significantly diminished. The function of T cells assessed by 14C uptake of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes and the delayed skin hypersensitivity reaction to dinitrochlorobenzene was impaired during the acute stage, and this persisted for 6 weeks. Over the 6 weeks of study there was a small but significant rise in serum IgG, IgM and complement factors.", "PMID": 688697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8130", "title": "Effect of corticosteroids on committed lymphocytes.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured for 48 hr with concanavalin A. The amount of [3H]thymidine incorporated during the last 4 hr of culture, as well as the percentage of rosettes of activated lymphocytes generated, were assayed at the 48th hr. Adding 0.1 M alpha-methyl-D-mannoside (MAM) at progressively later times after the initiation of culture caused progressively less suppression because of the commitment phenomenon. This suppression was not exceeded by the addition of 10(-4) M preparations of corticosteroids and was statistically the same as that induced by a combination of both corticosteroids and MAM. The addition of PGE2 alone and in combination with methylprednisolone also failed to affect [3H]thymidine incorporation by committed lymphocytes.", "contents": "Effect of corticosteroids on committed lymphocytes. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured for 48 hr with concanavalin A. The amount of [3H]thymidine incorporated during the last 4 hr of culture, as well as the percentage of rosettes of activated lymphocytes generated, were assayed at the 48th hr. Adding 0.1 M alpha-methyl-D-mannoside (MAM) at progressively later times after the initiation of culture caused progressively less suppression because of the commitment phenomenon. This suppression was not exceeded by the addition of 10(-4) M preparations of corticosteroids and was statistically the same as that induced by a combination of both corticosteroids and MAM. The addition of PGE2 alone and in combination with methylprednisolone also failed to affect [3H]thymidine incorporation by committed lymphocytes.", "PMID": 688698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8131", "title": "Microvascular anastomosis and its application on the replantation of amputated digits and hands.", "content": "Successful microvascular anastomosis depends upon the applications of magnifications, special instruments and fine suture materials, and the surgeon's skill in the technique. The key points of one millimeter vessel anastomosis are the wall-to-wall coaptation of the vessel ends, the fewer number of interrupted stitches with relatively loose knot. To gain good coaptation, an oblique insertion of a needle through the vessel wall must be used. In a thin-walled vein repair, the lumen should always be kept open with frequent irrigations. Between July 1965 and December 1976, 150 digits out of 168 in 111 cases and 11 hands in 11 patients were successfully replanted. All tissues must be repaired primarily. The repair of artery is performed first, recirculation is allowed with systemic heparinization, followed by vein anastomosis. The rehabilitation is commenced from the first day. To gain good function, several reconstructive surgeries may be necessary on the replanted digit or hand.", "contents": "Microvascular anastomosis and its application on the replantation of amputated digits and hands. Successful microvascular anastomosis depends upon the applications of magnifications, special instruments and fine suture materials, and the surgeon's skill in the technique. The key points of one millimeter vessel anastomosis are the wall-to-wall coaptation of the vessel ends, the fewer number of interrupted stitches with relatively loose knot. To gain good coaptation, an oblique insertion of a needle through the vessel wall must be used. In a thin-walled vein repair, the lumen should always be kept open with frequent irrigations. Between July 1965 and December 1976, 150 digits out of 168 in 111 cases and 11 hands in 11 patients were successfully replanted. All tissues must be repaired primarily. The repair of artery is performed first, recirculation is allowed with systemic heparinization, followed by vein anastomosis. The rehabilitation is commenced from the first day. To gain good function, several reconstructive surgeries may be necessary on the replanted digit or hand.", "PMID": 688702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8132", "title": "Common problems in clinical replantation and revascularization in the upper extremity.", "content": "The restoration of viability to damaged or amputated tissues may be associated with a variety of unique situational and technical problems. The replantation surgeon must be aware of the many pitfalls which can occur in the care of these serious injuries in order to make appropriate decisions and execute the techniques of microsurgery effectively. The care of these patients begins with an accurate assessment of the injury and the potential functional restoration which can be achieved. It ends following a long rehabilitative and reconstructive effort to maximize ultimate function. All phases of this care are the responsibility of the replantation surgeon who must identify and attempt to solve these unique problems as they arise.", "contents": "Common problems in clinical replantation and revascularization in the upper extremity. The restoration of viability to damaged or amputated tissues may be associated with a variety of unique situational and technical problems. The replantation surgeon must be aware of the many pitfalls which can occur in the care of these serious injuries in order to make appropriate decisions and execute the techniques of microsurgery effectively. The care of these patients begins with an accurate assessment of the injury and the potential functional restoration which can be achieved. It ends following a long rehabilitative and reconstructive effort to maximize ultimate function. All phases of this care are the responsibility of the replantation surgeon who must identify and attempt to solve these unique problems as they arise.", "PMID": 688703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8133", "title": "Great toe to hand free tissue transfer.", "content": "Thumb reconstruction is a complex subject and the method selected for each patient deserves individual consideration. The method of free toe-to-hand transfer for thumb replacement should be chosen only when the surgeon is familiar with all alternative methods of thumb reconstruction and feels that this technique represents the most reasonable method available. For the surgeon a clear understanding of the anatomic similarities and differences between the normal thumb and great toe are mandatory. In well selected adults and children the failure rate for free toe-to-hand transfer should be very small. The advantages of a single staged thumb replacement from tissue of similar character and quality without local tissue sacrifice are tremendous. With improvement in techniques, experience and case selectiion, much free tissue transfers will actively compete with well established methods of thumb reconstruction. Surely the free toe-to-hand transfer for thumb replacement of today is a forerunner of thumb and hand transplantation of tomorrow.", "contents": "Great toe to hand free tissue transfer. Thumb reconstruction is a complex subject and the method selected for each patient deserves individual consideration. The method of free toe-to-hand transfer for thumb replacement should be chosen only when the surgeon is familiar with all alternative methods of thumb reconstruction and feels that this technique represents the most reasonable method available. For the surgeon a clear understanding of the anatomic similarities and differences between the normal thumb and great toe are mandatory. In well selected adults and children the failure rate for free toe-to-hand transfer should be very small. The advantages of a single staged thumb replacement from tissue of similar character and quality without local tissue sacrifice are tremendous. With improvement in techniques, experience and case selectiion, much free tissue transfers will actively compete with well established methods of thumb reconstruction. Surely the free toe-to-hand transfer for thumb replacement of today is a forerunner of thumb and hand transplantation of tomorrow.", "PMID": 688704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8134", "title": "Techniques of bone fixation and clinical experience in replanted extremities.", "content": "Bone is shortened only enough to obtain skin closure or to remove excessive local comminution. Shortening is never done solely for the purpose of obtaining vessel apposition since vascular damage may extend beyond the zone of general soft tissue involvement. Fixation should be rapidly accomplished and be reasonably stable. Techniques are described. Following bony fixation, repair of flexor tendons and then nerves is carried out. Vessel repair using vein grafts to make up defects is then accomplished followed by loose skin closure.", "contents": "Techniques of bone fixation and clinical experience in replanted extremities. Bone is shortened only enough to obtain skin closure or to remove excessive local comminution. Shortening is never done solely for the purpose of obtaining vessel apposition since vascular damage may extend beyond the zone of general soft tissue involvement. Fixation should be rapidly accomplished and be reasonably stable. Techniques are described. Following bony fixation, repair of flexor tendons and then nerves is carried out. Vessel repair using vein grafts to make up defects is then accomplished followed by loose skin closure.", "PMID": 688705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8135", "title": "Method of bone fixation in reattachment of amputations in the upper extremities.", "content": "The object of secure bone fixation in the reattachment of amputated fingers is early motion. The use of specially designed screws and Kirschner wires is essential for this objective. This becomes even more important in the reattachment of fingers than the upper arm or forearm. If there should be non-union of the bone, an autologous bone graft should be applied as a secondary procedure.", "contents": "Method of bone fixation in reattachment of amputations in the upper extremities. The object of secure bone fixation in the reattachment of amputated fingers is early motion. The use of specially designed screws and Kirschner wires is essential for this objective. This becomes even more important in the reattachment of fingers than the upper arm or forearm. If there should be non-union of the bone, an autologous bone graft should be applied as a secondary procedure.", "PMID": 688706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8136", "title": "Stabilization of bone in replantation surgery of the upper limb.", "content": "The principles of sound osteosynthesis of the skeleton of the hand are the same as in internal fixation of other bones. Small implants and instruments are essential. In replantation surgery healing of microvascular anastomoses and nerve sutures as well as repaired tendons is possible when the skeleton is stabilized. Only the minimum metal should be implanted to avoid interference with joint and tendon function. A small implant can provide an adequate stability, when it is applied correctly. Replantation should be performed only by surgeons with extensive experience in the field.", "contents": "Stabilization of bone in replantation surgery of the upper limb. The principles of sound osteosynthesis of the skeleton of the hand are the same as in internal fixation of other bones. Small implants and instruments are essential. In replantation surgery healing of microvascular anastomoses and nerve sutures as well as repaired tendons is possible when the skeleton is stabilized. Only the minimum metal should be implanted to avoid interference with joint and tendon function. A small implant can provide an adequate stability, when it is applied correctly. Replantation should be performed only by surgeons with extensive experience in the field.", "PMID": 688707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8137", "title": "Replantation and revascularization of amputated parts of extremities: a three-year report from the Viennese replantation team.", "content": "A Replantation Team was instituted in Vienna 3 years ago. This team is the oldest in Europe. One hundred and eighty-one complete and incomplete amputated parts of 118 patients were replanted during this period. A survival rate of 86% and a useful functional result (\"integrated parts\") in 78% of the cases was obtained. Appropriate preparation of the amputated parts, the right timing, a 24 hour service and a clear indication with intensive postoperative physicotherapeutical treatment are the fundamental points for this result.", "contents": "Replantation and revascularization of amputated parts of extremities: a three-year report from the Viennese replantation team. A Replantation Team was instituted in Vienna 3 years ago. This team is the oldest in Europe. One hundred and eighty-one complete and incomplete amputated parts of 118 patients were replanted during this period. A survival rate of 86% and a useful functional result (\"integrated parts\") in 78% of the cases was obtained. Appropriate preparation of the amputated parts, the right timing, a 24 hour service and a clear indication with intensive postoperative physicotherapeutical treatment are the fundamental points for this result.", "PMID": 688710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8138", "title": "Transverse bayonet dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint.", "content": "Complete dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint with complete rupture of both the collateral ligaments and volar plate was seen in 8 patients. We call this, \"transverse bayonet dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint.\" When treated early, closed manipulation resulted in stable reduction. After a brief period of immobilization of 3 to 5 days with a dorsal aluminum splint, sustained active range of motion exercises were begun by strapping the injured finger to the adjacent finger obtaining good end results in all cases. An untreated dislocation of 5 weeks duration needed operative reduction. This was achieved with good result by release of all the retaining ligaments around the proximal interphalangeal joint including both the collateral ligaments, the volar plate, the transverse retinacular ligaments, and extensor tenolysis.", "contents": "Transverse bayonet dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint. Complete dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint with complete rupture of both the collateral ligaments and volar plate was seen in 8 patients. We call this, \"transverse bayonet dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint.\" When treated early, closed manipulation resulted in stable reduction. After a brief period of immobilization of 3 to 5 days with a dorsal aluminum splint, sustained active range of motion exercises were begun by strapping the injured finger to the adjacent finger obtaining good end results in all cases. An untreated dislocation of 5 weeks duration needed operative reduction. This was achieved with good result by release of all the retaining ligaments around the proximal interphalangeal joint including both the collateral ligaments, the volar plate, the transverse retinacular ligaments, and extensor tenolysis.", "PMID": 688711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8139", "title": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the popliteal artery associated with a closed subtrochanteric fracture: report of a case.", "content": "Major vascular injuries associated with closed fractures of the femur are rare. A 35-year-old man incurred a subtrochanteric fracture associated with an arterial injury distally. The femoral fracture type most likely to be associated with a major vascular injury is one near the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the bone. The mechanism involves tethering of the artery in the adductor hiatus. The location of the arterial injury is usually at the fracture site.", "contents": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the popliteal artery associated with a closed subtrochanteric fracture: report of a case. Major vascular injuries associated with closed fractures of the femur are rare. A 35-year-old man incurred a subtrochanteric fracture associated with an arterial injury distally. The femoral fracture type most likely to be associated with a major vascular injury is one near the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the bone. The mechanism involves tethering of the artery in the adductor hiatus. The location of the arterial injury is usually at the fracture site.", "PMID": 688712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8140", "title": "Epiphysiolysis as a method of limb lengthening.", "content": "Epiphysiolysis followed by distraction was performed at the proximal tibial growth plates in 18 young rabbits. Union across the distracted plate occurred in all animals. In 12 rabbits skeletally immature at operation, premature fusion of the separated plate resulted in growth arrest of the operated limb. The contralateral control limb was longer at maturity by an average 1.10 cm. In 6 rabbits near skeletal maturity at epiphysiolysis, the operated limb was the longer at maturity by the amount distracted, an average of 0.62 cm. In all animals a permanent loss of joint motion resulted. Epiphyseal distraction in the very young rabbit does not appear to be practical due to consistent premature fusion of the distracted growth plate. It is possible to lengthen the limbs of rabbits near skeletal maturity with this procedure. An added advantage is that union between the epiphysis and the metaphysis always occurred, eliminated the problem of delayed ana non union found in diaphyseal lengthening. However, at this time, until the effects of distraction and compression on the adjacent joint can be minimized, epiphysiolysis as a method of limb lengthening is not recommended in children.", "contents": "Epiphysiolysis as a method of limb lengthening. Epiphysiolysis followed by distraction was performed at the proximal tibial growth plates in 18 young rabbits. Union across the distracted plate occurred in all animals. In 12 rabbits skeletally immature at operation, premature fusion of the separated plate resulted in growth arrest of the operated limb. The contralateral control limb was longer at maturity by an average 1.10 cm. In 6 rabbits near skeletal maturity at epiphysiolysis, the operated limb was the longer at maturity by the amount distracted, an average of 0.62 cm. In all animals a permanent loss of joint motion resulted. Epiphyseal distraction in the very young rabbit does not appear to be practical due to consistent premature fusion of the distracted growth plate. It is possible to lengthen the limbs of rabbits near skeletal maturity with this procedure. An added advantage is that union between the epiphysis and the metaphysis always occurred, eliminated the problem of delayed ana non union found in diaphyseal lengthening. However, at this time, until the effects of distraction and compression on the adjacent joint can be minimized, epiphysiolysis as a method of limb lengthening is not recommended in children.", "PMID": 688713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8141", "title": "Ultrastructure of chondrogenetic interactions between bone matrix gelatin and mesenchymal cells.", "content": "The ultrastructure of post fetal chondrogenesis was investigated in chondrogenetic implants and explants of bone matrix gelatin: (A) in direct contact with living cells; (B) separated from living cells by cellulose acetate membranes; (C) in serum or in a culture medium with no contact with living cells. Ruthenium red (RR) staining coarse granules free of interconnecting filaments aggregated in interstitial fluid and inside the surface of the bone matrix gelatin within 72 hours in systems with either direct or indirect contact with living connective tissue cells. No RR granules formed when control denatured or autolysed bone matrix gelatin were substituted for undenatured bone matrix gelatin. No RR granules formed in bone matrix gelatin incubated in serums or media in the absence of living cells in the system. These observations suggest the possibility that 4 days before overt transmembrane cartilage cell differentiation, covert (presumptive) chondroblasts synthesize and secrete precursor substance for aggregation of filament-free RR granules. The relationship between chondromorphogenesis and filament-free RR granules requires further investigation.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of chondrogenetic interactions between bone matrix gelatin and mesenchymal cells. The ultrastructure of post fetal chondrogenesis was investigated in chondrogenetic implants and explants of bone matrix gelatin: (A) in direct contact with living cells; (B) separated from living cells by cellulose acetate membranes; (C) in serum or in a culture medium with no contact with living cells. Ruthenium red (RR) staining coarse granules free of interconnecting filaments aggregated in interstitial fluid and inside the surface of the bone matrix gelatin within 72 hours in systems with either direct or indirect contact with living connective tissue cells. No RR granules formed when control denatured or autolysed bone matrix gelatin were substituted for undenatured bone matrix gelatin. No RR granules formed in bone matrix gelatin incubated in serums or media in the absence of living cells in the system. These observations suggest the possibility that 4 days before overt transmembrane cartilage cell differentiation, covert (presumptive) chondroblasts synthesize and secrete precursor substance for aggregation of filament-free RR granules. The relationship between chondromorphogenesis and filament-free RR granules requires further investigation.", "PMID": 688714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8142", "title": "Digital replantation: clinical experiences.", "content": "In a series of 130 digital replantations successful revascularization has been obtained in 74% of cases. Arterial thrombosis is the most common cause (65%) of all failures. A useful digit can be obtained following replantation and the surgery is particularly indicated for amputated thumbs and in hands suffering multiple injuries. Precautionary measures against bleeding are absolutely essential. Primary tendon and nerve repairs are advocated. Vascular occlusion may be corrected by revisional surgery and secondary surgery can improve tendon nerve or joint function.", "contents": "Digital replantation: clinical experiences. In a series of 130 digital replantations successful revascularization has been obtained in 74% of cases. Arterial thrombosis is the most common cause (65%) of all failures. A useful digit can be obtained following replantation and the surgery is particularly indicated for amputated thumbs and in hands suffering multiple injuries. Precautionary measures against bleeding are absolutely essential. Primary tendon and nerve repairs are advocated. Vascular occlusion may be corrected by revisional surgery and secondary surgery can improve tendon nerve or joint function.", "PMID": 688715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8143", "title": "Replantation of digits.", "content": "Replanted digital survivals range between 85% to over 90% at established microsurgery centers around the world. The time has come that all surgeons engaged in this activity must utilize the basic principles of reconstructive hand surgery in order to achieve the maximum functional return of the replanted parts. The vascular repair is only one step in the road toward functional restoration of the replanted part.", "contents": "Replantation of digits. Replanted digital survivals range between 85% to over 90% at established microsurgery centers around the world. The time has come that all surgeons engaged in this activity must utilize the basic principles of reconstructive hand surgery in order to achieve the maximum functional return of the replanted parts. The vascular repair is only one step in the road toward functional restoration of the replanted part.", "PMID": 688716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8144", "title": "Nerve grafting.", "content": "By avoiding tension and securing anatomical neurorrhaphy, regeneration of nerve is obtainable. When the gap exceeds a certain limit, the only way to avoid tension is the use of grafts. Experience in animal experiments and clinical practice has demonstrated that regenerating axons can cross 2 optimal suture lines much more easily than one sub-standard one. For bridging a gap autografts are used, because in autografts the fascicular pattern is preserved and its Swann cells survive. With the interfascicular technique the dissection of the nerve stumps proceeds from normal to abnormal tissues and the epineurium is resected. The coaptation must be exact so that the grafts cover the whole cross sectional area of the fascicle. All this can be achieved by the use of one 10--0 or 11--0 nylon suture. The clinical results show that in the median nerve 82%, in the ulnar 80% and in the radial nerve 92% of good functional results can be obtained. Also in brachial plexus injuries the interfascicular nerve grafting procedure opened new ways. Therefore interfascicular nerve grafting, using autografts in cases of nerve repair, where a gap may occur, currently is the method of choice.", "contents": "Nerve grafting. By avoiding tension and securing anatomical neurorrhaphy, regeneration of nerve is obtainable. When the gap exceeds a certain limit, the only way to avoid tension is the use of grafts. Experience in animal experiments and clinical practice has demonstrated that regenerating axons can cross 2 optimal suture lines much more easily than one sub-standard one. For bridging a gap autografts are used, because in autografts the fascicular pattern is preserved and its Swann cells survive. With the interfascicular technique the dissection of the nerve stumps proceeds from normal to abnormal tissues and the epineurium is resected. The coaptation must be exact so that the grafts cover the whole cross sectional area of the fascicle. All this can be achieved by the use of one 10--0 or 11--0 nylon suture. The clinical results show that in the median nerve 82%, in the ulnar 80% and in the radial nerve 92% of good functional results can be obtained. Also in brachial plexus injuries the interfascicular nerve grafting procedure opened new ways. Therefore interfascicular nerve grafting, using autografts in cases of nerve repair, where a gap may occur, currently is the method of choice.", "PMID": 688717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8145", "title": "Nerve grafting with simultaneous microvascular reconstruction.", "content": "A new method of nerve grafting is described that introduces the one stage distant transfer of a living nerve graft by microvascular techniques. The development of this operation is outlined and the first clinical application of this technique is presented together with the preliminary reports of 2 new cases. The blood supply of peripheral nerves is examined, and consequently a neurovascular bundle is defined as the best graft for free transfer. Donor sites are suggested for both normal and unusual circumstances, and a sequence of preoperative investigations and intraoperative precautionary steps is recommended, which can also be used as a basis for microvascular free transfer of other tissues. This technique of nerve grafting is designed primarily to ensure viability of the nerve graft. Because the procedure is exacting and time consuming, it is recommended only when conventional techniques carry high risk of graft necrosis, situations in which the nerve gap is large, the recipient bed is scarred, or the free transfer of a thick nerve is desired. There are disadvantages as well as advantages of the free vascularized nerve grafts. Important new developments in the field may depend upon advances in immunology.", "contents": "Nerve grafting with simultaneous microvascular reconstruction. A new method of nerve grafting is described that introduces the one stage distant transfer of a living nerve graft by microvascular techniques. The development of this operation is outlined and the first clinical application of this technique is presented together with the preliminary reports of 2 new cases. The blood supply of peripheral nerves is examined, and consequently a neurovascular bundle is defined as the best graft for free transfer. Donor sites are suggested for both normal and unusual circumstances, and a sequence of preoperative investigations and intraoperative precautionary steps is recommended, which can also be used as a basis for microvascular free transfer of other tissues. This technique of nerve grafting is designed primarily to ensure viability of the nerve graft. Because the procedure is exacting and time consuming, it is recommended only when conventional techniques carry high risk of graft necrosis, situations in which the nerve gap is large, the recipient bed is scarred, or the free transfer of a thick nerve is desired. There are disadvantages as well as advantages of the free vascularized nerve grafts. Important new developments in the field may depend upon advances in immunology.", "PMID": 688718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8146", "title": "Surgical treatment of traction injuries of the brachial plexus.", "content": "A series of 508 patients with traction injuries of the brachial plexus (birth trauma excluded) has been investigated over a period of 11 years. Severe cases with root avulsions, ruptures of nervous pathways or severe disorganization of funiculi do not heal spontaneously or heal poorly. Whether these patients can benefit from modern microsurgical techniques (neurolyses, autologous nerve grafts and neurotizations with intercostal or other nerves) is presently under investigation. Operations were performed on 164 patients of whom 114 had root avulsions and 16 had 2 level injuries. Surgical treatment was planned according to the severity of the lesion. In about 10% no reconstruction was possible, or was of doubtful value. There is a striking difference in results of supraclavicular and distal, infraclavicular lesions. Only 55% positive of 58 patients of the first group were improved while 85% of 20 patients of the second group were benefited to some extent. None of the patients belonging to the first or second group recovered hand intrinsic function if pathways coming from C8 and T1 were injures. None recovered tactile gnosis. The effect on pain was sometimes ameliorative, but generally unpredictable.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of traction injuries of the brachial plexus. A series of 508 patients with traction injuries of the brachial plexus (birth trauma excluded) has been investigated over a period of 11 years. Severe cases with root avulsions, ruptures of nervous pathways or severe disorganization of funiculi do not heal spontaneously or heal poorly. Whether these patients can benefit from modern microsurgical techniques (neurolyses, autologous nerve grafts and neurotizations with intercostal or other nerves) is presently under investigation. Operations were performed on 164 patients of whom 114 had root avulsions and 16 had 2 level injuries. Surgical treatment was planned according to the severity of the lesion. In about 10% no reconstruction was possible, or was of doubtful value. There is a striking difference in results of supraclavicular and distal, infraclavicular lesions. Only 55% positive of 58 patients of the first group were improved while 85% of 20 patients of the second group were benefited to some extent. None of the patients belonging to the first or second group recovered hand intrinsic function if pathways coming from C8 and T1 were injures. None recovered tactile gnosis. The effect on pain was sometimes ameliorative, but generally unpredictable.", "PMID": 688719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8147", "title": "Effect of procainamide on induced ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Ventricular extrastimulation was performed in 11 patients evaluated for chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia, before and after a 1-gm procainamide infusion. Extrastimulation caused only nonsustained extra beats (less than 4) in 3 patients. Sustained tachycardia was induced in 7 patients in the basal state, of which 6 continued to have inducible tachycardia after procainamide was given (5.2 to 9.8 mg/L). The zone of coupling intervals that initiated tachycardia was unchanged or widened in these 6 patients because ventricular refractoriness was unchanged or because the tachycardia zone shifted to later diastole by an interval at least equivalent to the prolongation of ventricular refractoriness. Post-procainamide tachycardia cycle length was prolonged in all patients, by an average 51 msec. The one patient who responded to procainamide had a shortened ventricular refractory period, but the greatest slowing of tachycardia. Finally, sustained ventricular tachycardia could be induced in the eleventh patient only following procainamide administration, consistent with his clinical history. These results suggest that procainamide often may be ineffective in preventing sustained ventricular tachycardia, and that slowed conduction, rather than prolonged refractoriness, is the basis for the procainamide antiarrhythmic effect. Our data emphasize that antiarrhythmic drug effectiveness be evaluated in terms of effect on sustained arrhythmia rather than suppression of isolated ectopic beats.", "contents": "Effect of procainamide on induced ventricular tachycardia. Ventricular extrastimulation was performed in 11 patients evaluated for chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia, before and after a 1-gm procainamide infusion. Extrastimulation caused only nonsustained extra beats (less than 4) in 3 patients. Sustained tachycardia was induced in 7 patients in the basal state, of which 6 continued to have inducible tachycardia after procainamide was given (5.2 to 9.8 mg/L). The zone of coupling intervals that initiated tachycardia was unchanged or widened in these 6 patients because ventricular refractoriness was unchanged or because the tachycardia zone shifted to later diastole by an interval at least equivalent to the prolongation of ventricular refractoriness. Post-procainamide tachycardia cycle length was prolonged in all patients, by an average 51 msec. The one patient who responded to procainamide had a shortened ventricular refractory period, but the greatest slowing of tachycardia. Finally, sustained ventricular tachycardia could be induced in the eleventh patient only following procainamide administration, consistent with his clinical history. These results suggest that procainamide often may be ineffective in preventing sustained ventricular tachycardia, and that slowed conduction, rather than prolonged refractoriness, is the basis for the procainamide antiarrhythmic effect. Our data emphasize that antiarrhythmic drug effectiveness be evaluated in terms of effect on sustained arrhythmia rather than suppression of isolated ectopic beats.", "PMID": 688720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8148", "title": "Racial differences in drug metabolizing ability: a study with antipyrine in the Sudan.", "content": "The kinetic disposition of antipyrine following oral administration of 1,200 mg has been investigated in 11 normal Sudanese subjects living in Sudan, 9 Sudanese subjects living in England for at least 2 yr, and 19 normal English subjects living in England. Sudanese subjects living in Sudan had significantly lower mean antipyrine clearance and higher volume of distribution than the English group (-28% and +30%, respectively). There was no significant difference for antipyrine clearance between English and Sudanese subjects living in England, but the volume of distribution of antipyrine was higher (16%) in the Sudanese subjects. The mean half-lives of the three groups differed significantly. We conclude that differences in disposition of antipyrine between native English and Sudanese populations was predominantly due to environmental factors.", "contents": "Racial differences in drug metabolizing ability: a study with antipyrine in the Sudan. The kinetic disposition of antipyrine following oral administration of 1,200 mg has been investigated in 11 normal Sudanese subjects living in Sudan, 9 Sudanese subjects living in England for at least 2 yr, and 19 normal English subjects living in England. Sudanese subjects living in Sudan had significantly lower mean antipyrine clearance and higher volume of distribution than the English group (-28% and +30%, respectively). There was no significant difference for antipyrine clearance between English and Sudanese subjects living in England, but the volume of distribution of antipyrine was higher (16%) in the Sudanese subjects. The mean half-lives of the three groups differed significantly. We conclude that differences in disposition of antipyrine between native English and Sudanese populations was predominantly due to environmental factors.", "PMID": 688721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8149", "title": "Formation of a thiomethyl metabolite of phenacetin and acetaminophen in dogs and man.", "content": "Conjugates of 3-methylthio-4-hydroxyactanilide were found in the urine of dogs and humans treated with phenacetin (4-ethoxyacetanilide) or acetaminophen (4-hydroxyacetanilide). About 1% to 3% of the administered dose was excreted as this thiomethyl metabolite after administration of phenacetin or acetaminophen to dogs. An average of 0.39% of the dose was excreted in the urine as 3-methylthio-4-hydroxyacetanilide conjugates after administration of phenacetin to several subjects, and an average of 0.66% of the dose was excreted as this metabolite in the urine after administration of acetaminophen to humans. The possibility that the thiomethyl metabolite is derived from a mercapturic acid conjugate or an N-hydroxy derivative of phenacetin or acetaminophen is discussed.", "contents": "Formation of a thiomethyl metabolite of phenacetin and acetaminophen in dogs and man. Conjugates of 3-methylthio-4-hydroxyactanilide were found in the urine of dogs and humans treated with phenacetin (4-ethoxyacetanilide) or acetaminophen (4-hydroxyacetanilide). About 1% to 3% of the administered dose was excreted as this thiomethyl metabolite after administration of phenacetin or acetaminophen to dogs. An average of 0.39% of the dose was excreted in the urine as 3-methylthio-4-hydroxyacetanilide conjugates after administration of phenacetin to several subjects, and an average of 0.66% of the dose was excreted as this metabolite in the urine after administration of acetaminophen to humans. The possibility that the thiomethyl metabolite is derived from a mercapturic acid conjugate or an N-hydroxy derivative of phenacetin or acetaminophen is discussed.", "PMID": 688722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8150", "title": "Effects of folic acid on phenytoin kinetics in healthy subjects.", "content": "Phenytoin (DPH) disposition was studied in normal subjects before and after treatment with folic acid for 14 days. Our results suggest that folic acid lowers (DPH) serum levels without significantly modifying its bound fraction and increases the rate of DPH and meta-hydroxydiphenylhydantoin excretion in urine.", "contents": "Effects of folic acid on phenytoin kinetics in healthy subjects. Phenytoin (DPH) disposition was studied in normal subjects before and after treatment with folic acid for 14 days. Our results suggest that folic acid lowers (DPH) serum levels without significantly modifying its bound fraction and increases the rate of DPH and meta-hydroxydiphenylhydantoin excretion in urine.", "PMID": 688723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8151", "title": "The interaction between indomethacin and probenecid. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study.", "content": "The interaction between indomethacin and probenecid has been studied in 17 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with the use of a specific gas-liquid chromatographic method for the assay of indomethacin in plasma and urine. Probenecid in a dose of 0.5 gm twice daily improved the therapeutic response to indomethacin administered in a dose of 25 mg 3 times daily for a 3-wk period. There was an increase in the mean AUC of indomethacin in plasma from 2,553 +/- 213 hr ng/ml to 4,181 +/- 384 hr ng/ml when probenecid was given, but there was no change in the plasma half-life of indomethacin. There was a reduction in the mean plasma clearance of indomethacin from 174 +/- 21 ml/kg/hr to 107 +/- 14 ml/kg/hr when probenecid was added to the indomethacin therapy and a decrease in the apparent volume of distribution from 0,927 +/- 0.16 L/kg to 0.613 +/- 0.13 L/kg. There was no change in the amount of free indomethacin excreted in the urine during probenecid therapy but there was a reduction in the urinary excretion of free plus glucuronide conjugate of indomethacin from 8,967 +/- 867 microgram/day to 4,760 +/- 674 microgram/day, with a fall in the mean renal clearance of indomethacin glucuronide from 271 +/- 48 ml/min to 126 +/- 57.0 ml/min. The changes in the plasma indomethacin concentration profile during probenecid therapy are due to a decrease in the nonrenal clearance of indomethacin possibly because of reduced biliary clearance.", "contents": "The interaction between indomethacin and probenecid. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study. The interaction between indomethacin and probenecid has been studied in 17 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with the use of a specific gas-liquid chromatographic method for the assay of indomethacin in plasma and urine. Probenecid in a dose of 0.5 gm twice daily improved the therapeutic response to indomethacin administered in a dose of 25 mg 3 times daily for a 3-wk period. There was an increase in the mean AUC of indomethacin in plasma from 2,553 +/- 213 hr ng/ml to 4,181 +/- 384 hr ng/ml when probenecid was given, but there was no change in the plasma half-life of indomethacin. There was a reduction in the mean plasma clearance of indomethacin from 174 +/- 21 ml/kg/hr to 107 +/- 14 ml/kg/hr when probenecid was added to the indomethacin therapy and a decrease in the apparent volume of distribution from 0,927 +/- 0.16 L/kg to 0.613 +/- 0.13 L/kg. There was no change in the amount of free indomethacin excreted in the urine during probenecid therapy but there was a reduction in the urinary excretion of free plus glucuronide conjugate of indomethacin from 8,967 +/- 867 microgram/day to 4,760 +/- 674 microgram/day, with a fall in the mean renal clearance of indomethacin glucuronide from 271 +/- 48 ml/min to 126 +/- 57.0 ml/min. The changes in the plasma indomethacin concentration profile during probenecid therapy are due to a decrease in the nonrenal clearance of indomethacin possibly because of reduced biliary clearance.", "PMID": 688724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8152", "title": "Time-course of interaction between carbamazepine and clonazepam in normal man.", "content": "The applicability of a pharmacokinetic model for drug interactions by enzyme induction was tested by chronic dosing situation using carbamazepine (Tegretol) as the inducer and clonazepam (Clonopin) as the drug affected. Seven healthy subjects received one 1.0 mg clonazepam tablet once a day for 29 days and one 200 mg carbamazepine tablet once a day from days 8 to 29. Plasma levels of clonazepam were measured by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography and those of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite by gas chromatographic-chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Clonazepam plasma levels reached an initial steady-state by day 7 and declined to a lower steady-state over 5 to 15 days after additions of carbamazepine. The decrease in clonazepam levels ranged between 19% and 37%. Autoinduction of carbamazepine metabolism was also evident. Urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid increased 2- to 4-fold following carbamazepine administration (p less than 0.005). This increase provided additional evidence that the present interaction was due to enzyme induction. Experimental clonazepam levels were fitted to an induction pharmacokinetic model for multiple dosing with an exponentially increasing clearance. Induced half-lives of clonazepam (mean = 22.5 +/- 11.5 hr) were shorter (p less than 0.005) than control values (32.1 +/- 16.6 hr). Apparent enzyme(s) turnover half-lives ranged between 1 and 6 days.", "contents": "Time-course of interaction between carbamazepine and clonazepam in normal man. The applicability of a pharmacokinetic model for drug interactions by enzyme induction was tested by chronic dosing situation using carbamazepine (Tegretol) as the inducer and clonazepam (Clonopin) as the drug affected. Seven healthy subjects received one 1.0 mg clonazepam tablet once a day for 29 days and one 200 mg carbamazepine tablet once a day from days 8 to 29. Plasma levels of clonazepam were measured by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography and those of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite by gas chromatographic-chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Clonazepam plasma levels reached an initial steady-state by day 7 and declined to a lower steady-state over 5 to 15 days after additions of carbamazepine. The decrease in clonazepam levels ranged between 19% and 37%. Autoinduction of carbamazepine metabolism was also evident. Urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid increased 2- to 4-fold following carbamazepine administration (p less than 0.005). This increase provided additional evidence that the present interaction was due to enzyme induction. Experimental clonazepam levels were fitted to an induction pharmacokinetic model for multiple dosing with an exponentially increasing clearance. Induced half-lives of clonazepam (mean = 22.5 +/- 11.5 hr) were shorter (p less than 0.005) than control values (32.1 +/- 16.6 hr). Apparent enzyme(s) turnover half-lives ranged between 1 and 6 days.", "PMID": 688725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8153", "title": "Prediction of in vivo red cell/plasma Li+ ratios by in vitro methods.", "content": "Two incubation procedures were used for the determination, in vitro, of the steady-state Li+ ratio between red cells and external media. The Li+ ratio in vitro determined prior to Li+ therapy correlates significantly with the subsequent ratio in vivo between red cells and plasma in patients treated with Li+. The Li+ ratio determined in vitro in patients during Li+ therapy was significantly higher than the value determined during the pretreatment, drug-free period that correlated significantly with Li+ ratios in vivo. The in vitro procedure used thus could be applied in the prediction of the in vivo Li+ ratio, and possibly of the response to Li+, in patients before treatment is begun. It also could be used for studies on abnormalities and on the genetics of Li+ transport in affective illness.", "contents": "Prediction of in vivo red cell/plasma Li+ ratios by in vitro methods. Two incubation procedures were used for the determination, in vitro, of the steady-state Li+ ratio between red cells and external media. The Li+ ratio in vitro determined prior to Li+ therapy correlates significantly with the subsequent ratio in vivo between red cells and plasma in patients treated with Li+. The Li+ ratio determined in vitro in patients during Li+ therapy was significantly higher than the value determined during the pretreatment, drug-free period that correlated significantly with Li+ ratios in vivo. The in vitro procedure used thus could be applied in the prediction of the in vivo Li+ ratio, and possibly of the response to Li+, in patients before treatment is begun. It also could be used for studies on abnormalities and on the genetics of Li+ transport in affective illness.", "PMID": 688727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8154", "title": "Adjustment of smokers to dilution of tobacco smoke by ventilated cigarette holders.", "content": "This study was designed to examine the extent to which smokers would compensate for the dilution of smoke produced by ventilated cigarette holders. Peak plasma nicotine and carboxyhemoglobin levels were measured in 18 smokers when they had been smoking normally and when they had been using holders which dilute the smoke by about 20% (holder 1) and 60% (holder 2) for periods of 2 days and 7 days. Comparison of the observed blood levels with the \"expected\" levels estimated from the dilution factors of the holders showed that subjects partially compensated on holder 2 but showed little or no compensation on holder 1. There were no changes in the number of cigarettes smoked when using the holders so any compensation achieved must have been due to increasing the intake from each cigarette. There was wide individual variation in the amount of compensation with about 50% of subjects compensating fairly consistently on both holders. Degree of compensation was not significantly associated with usual cigarette consumption, plasma nicotine and carboxyhemoglobin levels when smoking without a holder, the nicotine yields of the subjects' cigarettes, or the experience of withdrawal symptoms and the degree of satisfaction when using the holders. It cannot be determined from this study whether the compensation observed was mediated by a need to regulate the intake of nicotine rather than some other factor.", "contents": "Adjustment of smokers to dilution of tobacco smoke by ventilated cigarette holders. This study was designed to examine the extent to which smokers would compensate for the dilution of smoke produced by ventilated cigarette holders. Peak plasma nicotine and carboxyhemoglobin levels were measured in 18 smokers when they had been smoking normally and when they had been using holders which dilute the smoke by about 20% (holder 1) and 60% (holder 2) for periods of 2 days and 7 days. Comparison of the observed blood levels with the \"expected\" levels estimated from the dilution factors of the holders showed that subjects partially compensated on holder 2 but showed little or no compensation on holder 1. There were no changes in the number of cigarettes smoked when using the holders so any compensation achieved must have been due to increasing the intake from each cigarette. There was wide individual variation in the amount of compensation with about 50% of subjects compensating fairly consistently on both holders. Degree of compensation was not significantly associated with usual cigarette consumption, plasma nicotine and carboxyhemoglobin levels when smoking without a holder, the nicotine yields of the subjects' cigarettes, or the experience of withdrawal symptoms and the degree of satisfaction when using the holders. It cannot be determined from this study whether the compensation observed was mediated by a need to regulate the intake of nicotine rather than some other factor.", "PMID": 688730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8155", "title": "Enhanced biotransformation of theophylline in marihuana and tobacco smokers.", "content": "Single oral doses of theophylline were administered to 7 chronic marihuana smokers, to 7 chronic users of both marihuana and tobacco, and to 43 appropriate control subjects. Theophylline was cleared from the blood more rapidly in both marihuana and tobacco smokers with a mean increase in total clearance from 52 ml/kg/hr in nonsmokers to 74 ml/kg/hr in subjects who smoked either material alone. There was an additive increase in clearance to 93 ml/kg/hr in those who smoked both substances. Concern over enhanced metabolism of other drugs is probably warranted in tobacco and cannabis smokers.", "contents": "Enhanced biotransformation of theophylline in marihuana and tobacco smokers. Single oral doses of theophylline were administered to 7 chronic marihuana smokers, to 7 chronic users of both marihuana and tobacco, and to 43 appropriate control subjects. Theophylline was cleared from the blood more rapidly in both marihuana and tobacco smokers with a mean increase in total clearance from 52 ml/kg/hr in nonsmokers to 74 ml/kg/hr in subjects who smoked either material alone. There was an additive increase in clearance to 93 ml/kg/hr in those who smoked both substances. Concern over enhanced metabolism of other drugs is probably warranted in tobacco and cannabis smokers.", "PMID": 688731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8156", "title": "Kinetics of acetaminophen absorption and gastric emptying in man.", "content": "Eight healthy male volunteers ingested an aqueous solution containing acetaminophen (20 mg/kg) and a nonabsorbable isotopic marker. The concentrations of unconjugated acetaminophen in samples of blood plasma taken at frequent intervals were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The data points followed a smooth curve in most cases and were fitted to the classical two-compartment pharmacokinetic model to obtain KA, the apparent first-order rate constant for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Gastric emptying was measured simultaneously from serial scintiscans of the subject's abdomen. The subjects were also studied after intramuscular injection of meperidine (150 mg) and pentazocine (60 mg) with and without naloxone (1.2 mg). The acetaminophen absorption curves and gastric emptying patterns were consistent with negligible absorption from the stomach. A new model is proposed in which the conventional single compartment used to represent the gastrointestinal tract is replaced by two compartments: one represents the stomach and the other the small intestine, from which absorption occurs rapidly. Pharmacokinetic analysis using this model showed good agreement in all cases, and provided an estimate of KA, the first-order rate constant for drug transfer from the intestinal lumen into the systemic circulation. The mean half-time for transfer was 6.8 +/- 0.9 min. As expected, KA was greater than KG (the first-order rate constant for gastric emptying), showing that gastric emptying was rate-limiting in the absorption of acetaminophen. The value of KA was greater than KA and the two were not related. The value of KA was not equal to KG in most studies because gastric emptying was not a single exponential process.", "contents": "Kinetics of acetaminophen absorption and gastric emptying in man. Eight healthy male volunteers ingested an aqueous solution containing acetaminophen (20 mg/kg) and a nonabsorbable isotopic marker. The concentrations of unconjugated acetaminophen in samples of blood plasma taken at frequent intervals were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The data points followed a smooth curve in most cases and were fitted to the classical two-compartment pharmacokinetic model to obtain KA, the apparent first-order rate constant for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Gastric emptying was measured simultaneously from serial scintiscans of the subject's abdomen. The subjects were also studied after intramuscular injection of meperidine (150 mg) and pentazocine (60 mg) with and without naloxone (1.2 mg). The acetaminophen absorption curves and gastric emptying patterns were consistent with negligible absorption from the stomach. A new model is proposed in which the conventional single compartment used to represent the gastrointestinal tract is replaced by two compartments: one represents the stomach and the other the small intestine, from which absorption occurs rapidly. Pharmacokinetic analysis using this model showed good agreement in all cases, and provided an estimate of KA, the first-order rate constant for drug transfer from the intestinal lumen into the systemic circulation. The mean half-time for transfer was 6.8 +/- 0.9 min. As expected, KA was greater than KG (the first-order rate constant for gastric emptying), showing that gastric emptying was rate-limiting in the absorption of acetaminophen. The value of KA was greater than KA and the two were not related. The value of KA was not equal to KG in most studies because gastric emptying was not a single exponential process.", "PMID": 688732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8157", "title": "Clofibrate kinetics after single and multiple doses.", "content": "The kinetics of chlorphenoxyisobutyric acid (CPIB) were studied in 5 healthy subjects after single 500-mg, 1,000-mg, and 2,000-mg doses of clofibrate, and in steady-state after 8 days' treatment with 1,000 mg twice daily. Maximum plasma concentrations of CPIB were observed 4 to 6 hr after dosing. A mean plasma half-life of 16.7 hr was recorded which was independent of dose and duration of treatment. Total plasma clearance (-Cl) calculated from area under the curve with the use of the total plasma concentration was 5.6 ml/min for the 500-and the 1,000-mg doses but increased to 6.8 ml/min for the 2,000-mg dose and was even higher (8.1 ml/min) in steady-state. This change in -Cl is a consequence of progressive reduction in the plasma protein binding of clofibrate at plasma concentrations above 50 microgram/ml, since -Cl rises in association with reduced protein binding at the high plasma concentrations measured after the 2,000-mg single dose and in steady-state. -Cl and apparent volume of distribution were identical for all doses tested when calculations were based on the nonprotein-bound CPIB concentrations only. Due to the inconsistant protein binding of CPIB, total steady-state concentrations could not be predicted from the single dose kinetic data.", "contents": "Clofibrate kinetics after single and multiple doses. The kinetics of chlorphenoxyisobutyric acid (CPIB) were studied in 5 healthy subjects after single 500-mg, 1,000-mg, and 2,000-mg doses of clofibrate, and in steady-state after 8 days' treatment with 1,000 mg twice daily. Maximum plasma concentrations of CPIB were observed 4 to 6 hr after dosing. A mean plasma half-life of 16.7 hr was recorded which was independent of dose and duration of treatment. Total plasma clearance (-Cl) calculated from area under the curve with the use of the total plasma concentration was 5.6 ml/min for the 500-and the 1,000-mg doses but increased to 6.8 ml/min for the 2,000-mg dose and was even higher (8.1 ml/min) in steady-state. This change in -Cl is a consequence of progressive reduction in the plasma protein binding of clofibrate at plasma concentrations above 50 microgram/ml, since -Cl rises in association with reduced protein binding at the high plasma concentrations measured after the 2,000-mg single dose and in steady-state. -Cl and apparent volume of distribution were identical for all doses tested when calculations were based on the nonprotein-bound CPIB concentrations only. Due to the inconsistant protein binding of CPIB, total steady-state concentrations could not be predicted from the single dose kinetic data.", "PMID": 688733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8158", "title": "Digoxin concentration in choroid plexus, brain, and myocardium in old age.", "content": "Thirteen aged persons receiving digoxin until the time of death were examined by autopsy, and digoxin concentrations were determined in samples from various tissues (the choroid plexus, grey and white brain matter, left and right ventricular and left and atrial myocardium, diaphragm, and musculus psoas major).  These concentrations were related to the digoxin dose and duration of treatment. No significant difference was found between the concentration of digoxin in the choroid plexus and left ventricular myocardium, whereas there were significantly lower concentrations in the right ventricular myocardium and still lower concentrations in the other tissues analyzed. Independent of the digoxin dose, the digoxin concentrations in the choroid plexus tended to be lower in persons treated for a short time before death than in those treated for longer periods of time. Similar differences were not observed in the other tissues, suggesting a slower rate of digoxin uptake in the chroid plexus compared with the myocardium and other tissues. The implications of these findings for the effects of digoxin treatment on the production of cerebrospinal fluid are discussed.", "contents": "Digoxin concentration in choroid plexus, brain, and myocardium in old age. Thirteen aged persons receiving digoxin until the time of death were examined by autopsy, and digoxin concentrations were determined in samples from various tissues (the choroid plexus, grey and white brain matter, left and right ventricular and left and atrial myocardium, diaphragm, and musculus psoas major).  These concentrations were related to the digoxin dose and duration of treatment. No significant difference was found between the concentration of digoxin in the choroid plexus and left ventricular myocardium, whereas there were significantly lower concentrations in the right ventricular myocardium and still lower concentrations in the other tissues analyzed. Independent of the digoxin dose, the digoxin concentrations in the choroid plexus tended to be lower in persons treated for a short time before death than in those treated for longer periods of time. Similar differences were not observed in the other tissues, suggesting a slower rate of digoxin uptake in the chroid plexus compared with the myocardium and other tissues. The implications of these findings for the effects of digoxin treatment on the production of cerebrospinal fluid are discussed.", "PMID": 688735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8159", "title": "Alterations in state in apneic pre-term infants receiving theophylline.", "content": "The present study is a report on 9 premature infants treated with aminophylline for relief of apnea. With serum theophylline levels of 2 to 10 microgram/ml, all infants experienced significant decrease of apneic episodes in association with increased wakefulness and increased amounts of active (REM) sleep. These effects may occur independently, but it is possible that the alteration of sleep states may be partially responsible for the decrease in apneic episodes in these infants.", "contents": "Alterations in state in apneic pre-term infants receiving theophylline. The present study is a report on 9 premature infants treated with aminophylline for relief of apnea. With serum theophylline levels of 2 to 10 microgram/ml, all infants experienced significant decrease of apneic episodes in association with increased wakefulness and increased amounts of active (REM) sleep. These effects may occur independently, but it is possible that the alteration of sleep states may be partially responsible for the decrease in apneic episodes in these infants.", "PMID": 688737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8160", "title": "Functional and dysfunctional uterine bleeding.", "content": "The patient who comes to the physician with abnormal bleeding represents an enormous responsibility. The various causative factors represent defects in numerous physiologic systems. The diagnosis of DUB still requires further investigation of the hormonal imbalance. Only when specific causes are known can the treatment be tailored to the particular patient. Recent scientific advances regarding possible cellular mechanisms for DUB make it mandatory that the primary physician be aware of available tests that may indicate the relative appropriateness of and prognosis for a particular therapy. The treatment is substitutional. If progesterone is missing, therefore,the treatment should replace it. Progesterone may be obtained endogenously by ovulation induction or exogenously by oral or parenteral progestogens.", "contents": "Functional and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. The patient who comes to the physician with abnormal bleeding represents an enormous responsibility. The various causative factors represent defects in numerous physiologic systems. The diagnosis of DUB still requires further investigation of the hormonal imbalance. Only when specific causes are known can the treatment be tailored to the particular patient. Recent scientific advances regarding possible cellular mechanisms for DUB make it mandatory that the primary physician be aware of available tests that may indicate the relative appropriateness of and prognosis for a particular therapy. The treatment is substitutional. If progesterone is missing, therefore,the treatment should replace it. Progesterone may be obtained endogenously by ovulation induction or exogenously by oral or parenteral progestogens.", "PMID": 688741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8161", "title": "Radiographic evaluation of renal masses.", "content": "Radiologic evaluation of a renal mass involves two phases. Initial detection of the mass depends on high-quality excretory urography. Once detected, a number of diagnostic modalities are available to further evaluate the mass. The studies needed for any given mass can be kept limited, and, with careful use of the scheme presented, a diagnosis can be made with minimal invasiveness and expense.", "contents": "Radiographic evaluation of renal masses. Radiologic evaluation of a renal mass involves two phases. Initial detection of the mass depends on high-quality excretory urography. Once detected, a number of diagnostic modalities are available to further evaluate the mass. The studies needed for any given mass can be kept limited, and, with careful use of the scheme presented, a diagnosis can be made with minimal invasiveness and expense.", "PMID": 688746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8162", "title": "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of procainamide given intermittently intravenously in patients with severe ventricular arrhytmias.", "content": "In 15 patients with coronary heart disease and ventricular arrhythmias 100 mg of procainamide was given intravenously every 5 min until arrhythmia was abolished, or the patient received 1000 mg of the drug, or side-effects appeared. Then patients were placed on oral maintenance therapy 3 or 4 g daily according to their weight. In 13 out of 15 patients arrhythmia was completely suppressed after intravenous injections of the drug. Plasma procainamide concentrations, including N-acetylprocainamide levels in some patients, were monitored and a therapeutic range of 6.3--10.3 microgram/ml for intravenous therapy was found. ECG intervals changes, slowing of heart rate and decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were seen but no serious side-effects were observed. The significance of monitoring plasma drug concentrations, including levels of N-acetylprocainamide during prolonged maintenance therapy, have been discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of procainamide given intermittently intravenously in patients with severe ventricular arrhytmias. In 15 patients with coronary heart disease and ventricular arrhythmias 100 mg of procainamide was given intravenously every 5 min until arrhythmia was abolished, or the patient received 1000 mg of the drug, or side-effects appeared. Then patients were placed on oral maintenance therapy 3 or 4 g daily according to their weight. In 13 out of 15 patients arrhythmia was completely suppressed after intravenous injections of the drug. Plasma procainamide concentrations, including N-acetylprocainamide levels in some patients, were monitored and a therapeutic range of 6.3--10.3 microgram/ml for intravenous therapy was found. ECG intervals changes, slowing of heart rate and decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were seen but no serious side-effects were observed. The significance of monitoring plasma drug concentrations, including levels of N-acetylprocainamide during prolonged maintenance therapy, have been discussed.", "PMID": 688755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8163", "title": "Plasma volume in men with low-, normal- and high-renin essential hypertension.", "content": "Plasma volume [PV] and plasma renin activity [PRA] were measured in 51 men with untreated borderline and mild essential hypertension [I and II degree according to W.H.O. classification]. PV in low- and normal-renin hypertension was not significantly different from normal values. Groups of patients with low- and high-renin hypertension differed significatly from each other not only br PRA after stimulation, but also by PRA at rest, PV and age.", "contents": "Plasma volume in men with low-, normal- and high-renin essential hypertension. Plasma volume [PV] and plasma renin activity [PRA] were measured in 51 men with untreated borderline and mild essential hypertension [I and II degree according to W.H.O. classification]. PV in low- and normal-renin hypertension was not significantly different from normal values. Groups of patients with low- and high-renin hypertension differed significatly from each other not only br PRA after stimulation, but also by PRA at rest, PV and age.", "PMID": 688756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8164", "title": "The triglyceride fatty acid pattern in arterial wall, adipose tissue and serum of amputated diabetic subjects.", "content": "The triglyceride fatty acid pattern [TFAP] in arterial wall, adipose tissue and serum has been estimated in diabetic subjects by gas-liquid chromatography simultaneously. The samples were taken shortly before or during femoral amputation performed under halothane anaesthesia. In addition, in some probands the fatty acids of cholesterol esters of vascular walls have been obtained. The following differences in the TFAP of the tissues under study were discovered. In arterial wall compared to serum, lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linolenic acid were increased; palmitic and linoleic acid were decreased, whereas eicosatrienoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid were at the same level. In arterial wall compared to adipose tissue, myristic, palmitic and nervonic acid were decreased; eicosatrienoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid were increased. Most differences concern the TFAP of adipose tissue compared to serum: lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, oleic, linolenic, lignoceric and nervonic acid were elevated in the former; palmitic, linoleic, eicosatrienoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid were increased in the latter. In consideration of different content of fatty acids in the tissues studied the authors conclude that certain fatty acids have distinct metabolic positions such as depot fatty acids and precursors of prostaglandins.", "contents": "The triglyceride fatty acid pattern in arterial wall, adipose tissue and serum of amputated diabetic subjects. The triglyceride fatty acid pattern [TFAP] in arterial wall, adipose tissue and serum has been estimated in diabetic subjects by gas-liquid chromatography simultaneously. The samples were taken shortly before or during femoral amputation performed under halothane anaesthesia. In addition, in some probands the fatty acids of cholesterol esters of vascular walls have been obtained. The following differences in the TFAP of the tissues under study were discovered. In arterial wall compared to serum, lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linolenic acid were increased; palmitic and linoleic acid were decreased, whereas eicosatrienoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid were at the same level. In arterial wall compared to adipose tissue, myristic, palmitic and nervonic acid were decreased; eicosatrienoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid were increased. Most differences concern the TFAP of adipose tissue compared to serum: lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, oleic, linolenic, lignoceric and nervonic acid were elevated in the former; palmitic, linoleic, eicosatrienoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid were increased in the latter. In consideration of different content of fatty acids in the tissues studied the authors conclude that certain fatty acids have distinct metabolic positions such as depot fatty acids and precursors of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 688757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8165", "title": "Diagnostic significance of some accessory systems of electrocardiographic leads in early diagnosis of myocardial infarction on the basis of vector analysis.", "content": "With a view to facilitating early diagnosis of myocardial infarction, the diagnostic significance was studied of 12 standard electrocardiographic leads and of accessory leads according to Nehb, Gurevich, and Slapak-Partilla. Attention was paid to the deflexion of the pathological vector from the positions of active electrodes in the above systems on the basis of vectorcardiographic findings. There were examined 300 patients with extensive myocardial infarction [84.7% of them already within 24 h after infarction] and 80 healthy control persons. Vectorcardiographic analysis showed that the Gurevich leads CKL, and the Slapak-Partilla leads S2(-4), and partially also S1, reflected lesions in posterobasal, and the Nehb leads, in lateral and posterolateral segments of left ventricular myocardium. Application of Gurevich leads and of Slapak-Partilla leads in combination with standard leads makes possible the recognition of lesions in both basal and septal segments of the posterior wall. Extensive necroses of this type should be termed extensive infractions of left ventricular posterior wall.", "contents": "Diagnostic significance of some accessory systems of electrocardiographic leads in early diagnosis of myocardial infarction on the basis of vector analysis. With a view to facilitating early diagnosis of myocardial infarction, the diagnostic significance was studied of 12 standard electrocardiographic leads and of accessory leads according to Nehb, Gurevich, and Slapak-Partilla. Attention was paid to the deflexion of the pathological vector from the positions of active electrodes in the above systems on the basis of vectorcardiographic findings. There were examined 300 patients with extensive myocardial infarction [84.7% of them already within 24 h after infarction] and 80 healthy control persons. Vectorcardiographic analysis showed that the Gurevich leads CKL, and the Slapak-Partilla leads S2(-4), and partially also S1, reflected lesions in posterobasal, and the Nehb leads, in lateral and posterolateral segments of left ventricular myocardium. Application of Gurevich leads and of Slapak-Partilla leads in combination with standard leads makes possible the recognition of lesions in both basal and septal segments of the posterior wall. Extensive necroses of this type should be termed extensive infractions of left ventricular posterior wall.", "PMID": 688758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8166", "title": "Reaction types of regional redistribution of blood.", "content": "Changes are described in relative contents of blood in tissues and organs, usable for evaluation of regional redistribution of blood caused by various factors influencing the organism. Despite specific characters of such changes, several basic types were identified which may represent several phases of a general nonspecfic reation, whose character varies in dependence on the actual degree of stimulation or lesion. In the first phase the relative contents of blood increase in the brain, heart, lungs, and in the muscle and bone tissues of the head, neck , and thorax. The second phase is characterized by increased blood content in the liver. In the third phase blood is mobilized from the liver and redistributed into tissues exposed to functional loads, with marked anaemization of the liver. In the fourth phase the regional redistribution becomes pathological. Experiments were made in male albino rats exposed to various stresses [blood loss, confinement in a tight box, treadmill running, various types of general anaesthesia, and others].", "contents": "Reaction types of regional redistribution of blood. Changes are described in relative contents of blood in tissues and organs, usable for evaluation of regional redistribution of blood caused by various factors influencing the organism. Despite specific characters of such changes, several basic types were identified which may represent several phases of a general nonspecfic reation, whose character varies in dependence on the actual degree of stimulation or lesion. In the first phase the relative contents of blood increase in the brain, heart, lungs, and in the muscle and bone tissues of the head, neck , and thorax. The second phase is characterized by increased blood content in the liver. In the third phase blood is mobilized from the liver and redistributed into tissues exposed to functional loads, with marked anaemization of the liver. In the fourth phase the regional redistribution becomes pathological. Experiments were made in male albino rats exposed to various stresses [blood loss, confinement in a tight box, treadmill running, various types of general anaesthesia, and others].", "PMID": 688759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8167", "title": "Diffuse hair loss in women.", "content": "In summary, the presenting signs of diffuse hair loss was thinning of the scalp hair with associated receding of frontal and temporal hairlines. The majority of patients experienced telogen efflivium between the ages of twenty and sixty years. The hair loss could be classified according to the multiple presumptive etiologic factors; hereditary, hormonal, or systemic disorders, drugs, nutritional deficits, neoplasms, physical and chemical trauma, and psychological disorders. Of the 129 women evaluated, 30 percent had concomitant systemic disorders or precipitating causes. This report stresses the importance of a full hiar loss evaluation and an attempt to identify the etiologic factors or disease states that may precipitate or exacerbate an existing condition such as androgenic alopecia. It is hoped that the outlines for the initial history and examination presented in this report will help to direct the physician's evaluation of hair loss problems in women.", "contents": "Diffuse hair loss in women. In summary, the presenting signs of diffuse hair loss was thinning of the scalp hair with associated receding of frontal and temporal hairlines. The majority of patients experienced telogen efflivium between the ages of twenty and sixty years. The hair loss could be classified according to the multiple presumptive etiologic factors; hereditary, hormonal, or systemic disorders, drugs, nutritional deficits, neoplasms, physical and chemical trauma, and psychological disorders. Of the 129 women evaluated, 30 percent had concomitant systemic disorders or precipitating causes. This report stresses the importance of a full hiar loss evaluation and an attempt to identify the etiologic factors or disease states that may precipitate or exacerbate an existing condition such as androgenic alopecia. It is hoped that the outlines for the initial history and examination presented in this report will help to direct the physician's evaluation of hair loss problems in women.", "PMID": 688766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8168", "title": "Treatment of \"tinea pedis\" with griseofulvin and topical antifungal cream.", "content": "A protocol for determining the antifungal efficacy of systemic or topical drugs in tinea pedis is presented. In this study, (1) no patient had concomitant onychomycosis; (2) the clinical types were separated into (a) plantar scaling, (b) intertriginous, and (c) vesicular instep; (3) the soles were treated for three months (time related to the shedding of all stratum corneum); (4) the follow-up period for soles was three months (related to characteristics of the drug and its depot effect on the target area, the horny layer); (5) the final evaluation related to the percentage of patients \"clinically and mycologically cured\" at the end of the follow-up period. With this protocol, ultramicrosize griseofulvin (Gris-PEG) alone, topical clotrimazole (Lotrimin) alone, and a combination of the two were tested in seventy-three patients with tinea pedis. The results were as follows: for plantar scaling type of tinea pedis, the combination was not better than griseofulvin alone; for intertriginous tinea pedis, the combination was definitely better than griseofulvin alone; and topical 1 percent clotrimazole was much less effective than griseofulvin.", "contents": "Treatment of \"tinea pedis\" with griseofulvin and topical antifungal cream. A protocol for determining the antifungal efficacy of systemic or topical drugs in tinea pedis is presented. In this study, (1) no patient had concomitant onychomycosis; (2) the clinical types were separated into (a) plantar scaling, (b) intertriginous, and (c) vesicular instep; (3) the soles were treated for three months (time related to the shedding of all stratum corneum); (4) the follow-up period for soles was three months (related to characteristics of the drug and its depot effect on the target area, the horny layer); (5) the final evaluation related to the percentage of patients \"clinically and mycologically cured\" at the end of the follow-up period. With this protocol, ultramicrosize griseofulvin (Gris-PEG) alone, topical clotrimazole (Lotrimin) alone, and a combination of the two were tested in seventy-three patients with tinea pedis. The results were as follows: for plantar scaling type of tinea pedis, the combination was not better than griseofulvin alone; for intertriginous tinea pedis, the combination was definitely better than griseofulvin alone; and topical 1 percent clotrimazole was much less effective than griseofulvin.", "PMID": 688767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8169", "title": "Timing of sessions in hair transplantation.", "content": "The issue of timing between hair transplantation sessions is explored. An interval of three to four months between the second and third and third and fourth sessions of transplanting is recommended. This allows the physician to see the pattern of hair growth in all previously placed grafts and enables him to completely fill the spaces left between transplanted hairs rather than between graft edges. Unsightly gaps can be minimized and the need for \"fillers\" can be markedly reduced if this course is followed.", "contents": "Timing of sessions in hair transplantation. The issue of timing between hair transplantation sessions is explored. An interval of three to four months between the second and third and third and fourth sessions of transplanting is recommended. This allows the physician to see the pattern of hair growth in all previously placed grafts and enables him to completely fill the spaces left between transplanted hairs rather than between graft edges. Unsightly gaps can be minimized and the need for \"fillers\" can be markedly reduced if this course is followed.", "PMID": 688768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8170", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of smoking cigarettes of high and low nicotine content.", "content": "We studied the hemodynamic effects of smoking cigarettes with high and low contents of nicotine in young smokers free of coronary arterial disease. The smoking of one cigarette with a high content of nicotine produced a peak rise in cardiac output of 32 percent above baseline values, and the effect persisted for one hour. Smoking a cigarette with a low content of nicotine produced a peak rise of 13 percent above baseline values, with a duration of five minutes. The rise in cardiac output was almost entirely attributable to tachycardia, since stroke volume remained relatively constant. The smoking of a cigarette with high nicotine content also caused greater and more sustained elevation in systemic blood pressure than smoking a cigarette with low nicotine content. Thus, there was a responsiveness to the dose of nicotine in cigarettes smoked by young smokers free of coronary arterial disease.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of smoking cigarettes of high and low nicotine content. We studied the hemodynamic effects of smoking cigarettes with high and low contents of nicotine in young smokers free of coronary arterial disease. The smoking of one cigarette with a high content of nicotine produced a peak rise in cardiac output of 32 percent above baseline values, and the effect persisted for one hour. Smoking a cigarette with a low content of nicotine produced a peak rise of 13 percent above baseline values, with a duration of five minutes. The rise in cardiac output was almost entirely attributable to tachycardia, since stroke volume remained relatively constant. The smoking of a cigarette with high nicotine content also caused greater and more sustained elevation in systemic blood pressure than smoking a cigarette with low nicotine content. Thus, there was a responsiveness to the dose of nicotine in cigarettes smoked by young smokers free of coronary arterial disease.", "PMID": 688779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8171", "title": "Pulmonary function following the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Fifteen patients (range of ages, 18 to 35 years) who survived an acute episole of the adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by mechanical or thermal injuries, sepsis, and shock were studied during 1 to 30 months after recovery. The patients had had no previous pulmonary diseases, and only two had been smokers. All of the patients were asymptomatic, and their chest x-ray films were normal on follow-up examination. Tests of pulmonary function revealed mild abnormalities which consisted of reduction of pulmonary volumes, decreased carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, and a mild increase of alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure gradients in the early stage ofter recovery. Improvement was noted after a few months, but eight patients still had mild reduction of pulmonary volume after one to two years. No correlation could be established between the severity of the adult respiratory distress syndrome, therapy with mechanically assisted ventilation, the duration of exposure to supplemental oxygen, the fractional concentration of oxygen in the inspired gas, and the degree of residual functional defect.", "contents": "Pulmonary function following the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Fifteen patients (range of ages, 18 to 35 years) who survived an acute episole of the adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by mechanical or thermal injuries, sepsis, and shock were studied during 1 to 30 months after recovery. The patients had had no previous pulmonary diseases, and only two had been smokers. All of the patients were asymptomatic, and their chest x-ray films were normal on follow-up examination. Tests of pulmonary function revealed mild abnormalities which consisted of reduction of pulmonary volumes, decreased carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, and a mild increase of alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure gradients in the early stage ofter recovery. Improvement was noted after a few months, but eight patients still had mild reduction of pulmonary volume after one to two years. No correlation could be established between the severity of the adult respiratory distress syndrome, therapy with mechanically assisted ventilation, the duration of exposure to supplemental oxygen, the fractional concentration of oxygen in the inspired gas, and the degree of residual functional defect.", "PMID": 688780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8172", "title": "Immune complexes in sarcoidosis: a correlation with activity and duration of disease.", "content": "Samples of serum from patients with sarcoidosis were examined for the presence of immune complexes, using the Raji cell line. An indirect immunofluorescent technique was used to detect the binding of immune complexes to the complement receptors of Raji cells. Preliminary studies indicated that the method was sensitive and specific. We studied 44 patients with sarcoidosis who were separable into the following three distinct clinical groups: (1) acute disease (one year or less); (2) chronic active disease (five years or more); and (3) resolved disease (five years or more). In the 26 patients with acute disease, 12 had circulating immune complexes; immune complexes were present in two of the ten patients with chronic active disease. In contrast, immune complexes were absent in patients with resolved disease and normal control subjects. In patients with active disease, there was no apparent correlation between the presence of immune complexes and the stage of disease; however, immune complexes were present in five of the 11 patients with extrapulmonary disease, in seven of 12 patients with elevated concentrations of gamma-globulin, and in four of five of those patients with autoantibodies to lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immune complexes in sarcoidosis: a correlation with activity and duration of disease. Samples of serum from patients with sarcoidosis were examined for the presence of immune complexes, using the Raji cell line. An indirect immunofluorescent technique was used to detect the binding of immune complexes to the complement receptors of Raji cells. Preliminary studies indicated that the method was sensitive and specific. We studied 44 patients with sarcoidosis who were separable into the following three distinct clinical groups: (1) acute disease (one year or less); (2) chronic active disease (five years or more); and (3) resolved disease (five years or more). In the 26 patients with acute disease, 12 had circulating immune complexes; immune complexes were present in two of the ten patients with chronic active disease. In contrast, immune complexes were absent in patients with resolved disease and normal control subjects. In patients with active disease, there was no apparent correlation between the presence of immune complexes and the stage of disease; however, immune complexes were present in five of the 11 patients with extrapulmonary disease, in seven of 12 patients with elevated concentrations of gamma-globulin, and in four of five of those patients with autoantibodies to lymphocytes.", "PMID": 688781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8173", "title": "Cardiac response during uninterrupted treadmill exercise and recovery: measurement by systolic time intervals.", "content": "In 12 normal subjects, use of ear densitography permitted measurement of systolic time intervals (STI) during uninterrupted treadmill exercise to over 90 percent maximal heart rate on a modified Bruce protocol. Results for control (sitting leads to standing) leads to end-exercise at 18 minutes leads to 10 minutes' sitting recovery were--heart rate (HR): (77 leads to 861 leads to 171 leads to 98 beats per minute; preejection period (PEP): (106 leads to 111) leads to 49 leads to 110 msec; ejection time index (ETI) (351 leads to 330) leads to 380 leads to 366 msec; PEP/LVET (0.42 leads to 0.49) leads to 0.29 leads to 0.45. Heart rate increased steadily to 18 minutes. In contrast, the PEP/LVET decrease was almost complete by three minutes and both ETI and PEP responses were bimodal with respective plateaus between three and six minutes and three and nine minutes. All STI and HR curves showed rapid restitution during early recovery. The changes during treadmill exercise were numerically comparable to those during bicycle exercise at a common heart rate. The results indicate that it is technically feasible to measure systolic time intervals with precision during uninterrupted treadmill exercise; responses to treadmill exercise were in the direction expected and quantitatively comparable to bicycle exercise at comparable stress level. These obervations provide the technical and physiologic bases for applying this method in clinical treadmill exercise testing.", "contents": "Cardiac response during uninterrupted treadmill exercise and recovery: measurement by systolic time intervals. In 12 normal subjects, use of ear densitography permitted measurement of systolic time intervals (STI) during uninterrupted treadmill exercise to over 90 percent maximal heart rate on a modified Bruce protocol. Results for control (sitting leads to standing) leads to end-exercise at 18 minutes leads to 10 minutes' sitting recovery were--heart rate (HR): (77 leads to 861 leads to 171 leads to 98 beats per minute; preejection period (PEP): (106 leads to 111) leads to 49 leads to 110 msec; ejection time index (ETI) (351 leads to 330) leads to 380 leads to 366 msec; PEP/LVET (0.42 leads to 0.49) leads to 0.29 leads to 0.45. Heart rate increased steadily to 18 minutes. In contrast, the PEP/LVET decrease was almost complete by three minutes and both ETI and PEP responses were bimodal with respective plateaus between three and six minutes and three and nine minutes. All STI and HR curves showed rapid restitution during early recovery. The changes during treadmill exercise were numerically comparable to those during bicycle exercise at a common heart rate. The results indicate that it is technically feasible to measure systolic time intervals with precision during uninterrupted treadmill exercise; responses to treadmill exercise were in the direction expected and quantitatively comparable to bicycle exercise at comparable stress level. These obervations provide the technical and physiologic bases for applying this method in clinical treadmill exercise testing.", "PMID": 688782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8174", "title": "The diagnosis of sarcoidosis by conjunctival biopsy.", "content": "A prospective study of 21 patients with presumed sarcoidosis was performed to determine the value of conjunctival biopsy in diagnosing the disease. Conjunctival lesions were seen in 15 patients on slit-lamp examination, with eight of these showing noncaseating granulomas on biopsy. The abnormalities were seen by the unaided eye in only two cases. All eight biopsies showing noncaseating granulomas occured in the 14 black patients. No clinical, biochemical, or radiographic characteristics identified those patients who would prove to have a biopsy showing such granulomas. This simple, frequently productive procedure may be helpful in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.", "contents": "The diagnosis of sarcoidosis by conjunctival biopsy. A prospective study of 21 patients with presumed sarcoidosis was performed to determine the value of conjunctival biopsy in diagnosing the disease. Conjunctival lesions were seen in 15 patients on slit-lamp examination, with eight of these showing noncaseating granulomas on biopsy. The abnormalities were seen by the unaided eye in only two cases. All eight biopsies showing noncaseating granulomas occured in the 14 black patients. No clinical, biochemical, or radiographic characteristics identified those patients who would prove to have a biopsy showing such granulomas. This simple, frequently productive procedure may be helpful in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 688783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8175", "title": "His bundle recordings in atrioventricular nodal alternating Wenchebach periods ending in 5:1 atrioventricular block coexisting with paroxysmal atrioventricular nodal block.", "content": "Atrioventricular nodal alternating Wenckebach periods ending in 5:1 atrioventricular block occurring during rapid atrial rhythms were explained by postulating the presence of block in three levels of the atrioventricular node. This pattern of conduction occurred in ten of 11 patients who either had received ouabain or verapamil (nine patients) or who had organic atrioventricular nodal disease (two patients). In contrast, this pattern of conduction occurred in only one of eight nonmedicated patients without organic atrioventricular nodal disease. The frequent association of this pattern with paroxysmal, tachycardia-dependent atrioventtricular nodal block suggested a similar, but not necessarily identical, mechanism. In conclusion, atrioventricular nodal alternating Wenckebach periods ending in 5:1 atrioventricular block, as well as paroxysmal atrioventricular nodal block, were only rarely the result of rapid atrial rates per se their occurrence indicating organic or pharmacologic effects on the atrioventricular node. Since both can be produced by carotid sinus pressure, further studies appear to be necessary to determine the role that vagal effects can have in their genesis.", "contents": "His bundle recordings in atrioventricular nodal alternating Wenchebach periods ending in 5:1 atrioventricular block coexisting with paroxysmal atrioventricular nodal block. Atrioventricular nodal alternating Wenckebach periods ending in 5:1 atrioventricular block occurring during rapid atrial rhythms were explained by postulating the presence of block in three levels of the atrioventricular node. This pattern of conduction occurred in ten of 11 patients who either had received ouabain or verapamil (nine patients) or who had organic atrioventricular nodal disease (two patients). In contrast, this pattern of conduction occurred in only one of eight nonmedicated patients without organic atrioventricular nodal disease. The frequent association of this pattern with paroxysmal, tachycardia-dependent atrioventtricular nodal block suggested a similar, but not necessarily identical, mechanism. In conclusion, atrioventricular nodal alternating Wenckebach periods ending in 5:1 atrioventricular block, as well as paroxysmal atrioventricular nodal block, were only rarely the result of rapid atrial rates per se their occurrence indicating organic or pharmacologic effects on the atrioventricular node. Since both can be produced by carotid sinus pressure, further studies appear to be necessary to determine the role that vagal effects can have in their genesis.", "PMID": 688784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8176", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of long and multiple coronary arterial narrowings.", "content": "The coronary hemodynamic influence of a series of coronary arterial narrowings was compared with single narrowings of the same total length and reduction in diameter in 12 dogs. Compared with single narrowings, two or three sequential narrowings had no significant effect on restng coronary blood flow. Small but significant mean pressure gradients were found for series of two and three 1-mm narrowings but not for single narrowings of the same total length. During reactive hyperemia, repayment of the debt in flow decreased significantly for single 2-mm and 3-mm narrowings, compared with 1-mm single narrowings. An additional decrease in repayment of the debt in flow occurred for two and three separate narrowings, compared with single narrowings. Our findings imply that when the reduction in the diameter of the coronary artery is fixed, an increase in the length or number of narrowings in series reduces the responses of coronary blood flow during reactive hyperemia.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of long and multiple coronary arterial narrowings. The coronary hemodynamic influence of a series of coronary arterial narrowings was compared with single narrowings of the same total length and reduction in diameter in 12 dogs. Compared with single narrowings, two or three sequential narrowings had no significant effect on restng coronary blood flow. Small but significant mean pressure gradients were found for series of two and three 1-mm narrowings but not for single narrowings of the same total length. During reactive hyperemia, repayment of the debt in flow decreased significantly for single 2-mm and 3-mm narrowings, compared with 1-mm single narrowings. An additional decrease in repayment of the debt in flow occurred for two and three separate narrowings, compared with single narrowings. Our findings imply that when the reduction in the diameter of the coronary artery is fixed, an increase in the length or number of narrowings in series reduces the responses of coronary blood flow during reactive hyperemia.", "PMID": 688785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8177", "title": "Left ventricular function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "The presence or absence of left ventricular dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been debated for decades. I have reviewed the following evidence pertaining to this topic: (1) left ventricular pathologic abnormalities; (2) the methods used to determine left ventricular performance; (3) specific abnormalities of left ventricular function as revealed by systolic time intervals, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, ejection fraction, isovolumic indices, and left ventricular function curves; and (4) pertinent experimental data. The bulk of the evidence indicates that the clinical symtoms of left-sided failure are unreliable in those with obstructive disease of the airways and that the great majority of patients have normal left ventricular function, once other causes are excluded. A small group of patients have some abnormalities in left ventricular performance, but these have not been clinically significant. The ultimate importance of such abnormalities awaits future investigation.", "contents": "Left ventricular function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The presence or absence of left ventricular dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been debated for decades. I have reviewed the following evidence pertaining to this topic: (1) left ventricular pathologic abnormalities; (2) the methods used to determine left ventricular performance; (3) specific abnormalities of left ventricular function as revealed by systolic time intervals, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, ejection fraction, isovolumic indices, and left ventricular function curves; and (4) pertinent experimental data. The bulk of the evidence indicates that the clinical symtoms of left-sided failure are unreliable in those with obstructive disease of the airways and that the great majority of patients have normal left ventricular function, once other causes are excluded. A small group of patients have some abnormalities in left ventricular performance, but these have not been clinically significant. The ultimate importance of such abnormalities awaits future investigation.", "PMID": 688786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8178", "title": "Longterm favorable effect of oxygen administration on a patient with primary pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "A 17-year-old girl with primary pulmonary hypertension was treated with longterm administration of oxygen. Oxygen was delivered only at night for eight hours daily. Her clinical status has been improved for more than 17 months. Cardiac catheterization revealed almost 50 percent reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance. This is the first known report of successful treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension with oxygen administration.", "contents": "Longterm favorable effect of oxygen administration on a patient with primary pulmonary hypertension. A 17-year-old girl with primary pulmonary hypertension was treated with longterm administration of oxygen. Oxygen was delivered only at night for eight hours daily. Her clinical status has been improved for more than 17 months. Cardiac catheterization revealed almost 50 percent reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance. This is the first known report of successful treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension with oxygen administration.", "PMID": 688790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8179", "title": "Massive intrabronchial aspiration of contents of pulmonary abscess after fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "A patient with a putrid pulmonary abscess that did not resolve developed massive aspiration of the contents of the cavity following a fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedure. Precautions for before and after a bronchoscopic procedure are suggested to prevent this catastrophic complication in patients with pulmonary abscesses.", "contents": "Massive intrabronchial aspiration of contents of pulmonary abscess after fiberoptic bronchoscopy. A patient with a putrid pulmonary abscess that did not resolve developed massive aspiration of the contents of the cavity following a fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedure. Precautions for before and after a bronchoscopic procedure are suggested to prevent this catastrophic complication in patients with pulmonary abscesses.", "PMID": 688791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8180", "title": "Progressive development of a left ventricular thrombus.", "content": "In a patient with ischemic heart disease and terminal left ventricular failure, echocardiographic techniques (single-crystal M-mode echocardiograms and bidimensional, linear, dynamically focussed multiscan recordings) allowed the detection and follow-up of a left ventricular thrombus, later documented at autopsy.", "contents": "Progressive development of a left ventricular thrombus. In a patient with ischemic heart disease and terminal left ventricular failure, echocardiographic techniques (single-crystal M-mode echocardiograms and bidimensional, linear, dynamically focussed multiscan recordings) allowed the detection and follow-up of a left ventricular thrombus, later documented at autopsy.", "PMID": 688792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8181", "title": "Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema following blood transfusion.", "content": "Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and acute respiratory failure were found to develop after blood transfusion. Pulmonary antiographic studies and hemodynamic measurements were performed in the presence of pulmonary edema. Normal wedge pressure was observed at the time of angiographic studies, and contrast material appeared to extravasate across the alveolocapillary membrane into the alveoli. The mechanisms of acute injury to the alveolocapillary membranes and of pulmonary edema secondary to reactions to transfusion are discussed.", "contents": "Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema following blood transfusion. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and acute respiratory failure were found to develop after blood transfusion. Pulmonary antiographic studies and hemodynamic measurements were performed in the presence of pulmonary edema. Normal wedge pressure was observed at the time of angiographic studies, and contrast material appeared to extravasate across the alveolocapillary membrane into the alveoli. The mechanisms of acute injury to the alveolocapillary membranes and of pulmonary edema secondary to reactions to transfusion are discussed.", "PMID": 688793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8182", "title": "Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva: cause of dynamic coronary constriction after aortic valvular replacement and bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "A patient who had endocarditis on a prosthetic aortic valve and who had undergone two aortic valvular replacements developed classic angina pectoris. Cardiac catheterization revealed an aneurysm of the left sinus of Valsalva, which constricted a proximal segment of the left circumflex coronary artery during systole. This type of dynamic coronary arterial narrowing has not been previously described secondary to an aneurysm of a sinus of Valsalva and may be responsible for this patient's manifestations of ischemia.", "contents": "Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva: cause of dynamic coronary constriction after aortic valvular replacement and bacterial endocarditis. A patient who had endocarditis on a prosthetic aortic valve and who had undergone two aortic valvular replacements developed classic angina pectoris. Cardiac catheterization revealed an aneurysm of the left sinus of Valsalva, which constricted a proximal segment of the left circumflex coronary artery during systole. This type of dynamic coronary arterial narrowing has not been previously described secondary to an aneurysm of a sinus of Valsalva and may be responsible for this patient's manifestations of ischemia.", "PMID": 688794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8183", "title": "An electrophysiologic study of swallowing-induced tachycardia.", "content": "Electrophysiologic studies were performed on a 73-year-old man with swallowing-induced supraventricular tachycardia, in order to define the characteristics of this unique dysrhythmia in this patient. Swallowing reliably provoked an automatic atrial focus type of atrial tachycardia, which usually changed into an atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia when a critical delay in atrioventricular nodal conduction (atrio-His interval greater than or equal to 340 msec) was achieved. The atrioventricular nodal reentrant form of tachycardia did not occur spontaneously. The ease of induction and the duration of the episodes of supraventricular tachycardia were facilitated with the intravenous administration of atropine and ouabain and were decreased with administration of procainamide hydrochloride.", "contents": "An electrophysiologic study of swallowing-induced tachycardia. Electrophysiologic studies were performed on a 73-year-old man with swallowing-induced supraventricular tachycardia, in order to define the characteristics of this unique dysrhythmia in this patient. Swallowing reliably provoked an automatic atrial focus type of atrial tachycardia, which usually changed into an atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia when a critical delay in atrioventricular nodal conduction (atrio-His interval greater than or equal to 340 msec) was achieved. The atrioventricular nodal reentrant form of tachycardia did not occur spontaneously. The ease of induction and the duration of the episodes of supraventricular tachycardia were facilitated with the intravenous administration of atropine and ouabain and were decreased with administration of procainamide hydrochloride.", "PMID": 688795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8184", "title": "Cleft tongue and ulceration of hard palate: complications of oral intubation.", "content": "In a prospective study of the complications of endotracheal intubation and tracheotomy, we encountered an unusual complication of oral intubation. This report describes a 32-year-old man who sustained laceration and cleft of the tongue and ulceration of the hard palate as a result of the use of an oral airway in conjunction with oral intubation.", "contents": "Cleft tongue and ulceration of hard palate: complications of oral intubation. In a prospective study of the complications of endotracheal intubation and tracheotomy, we encountered an unusual complication of oral intubation. This report describes a 32-year-old man who sustained laceration and cleft of the tongue and ulceration of the hard palate as a result of the use of an oral airway in conjunction with oral intubation.", "PMID": 688796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8185", "title": "Administrative issues in child and adult psychiatry training programs.", "content": "Child psychiatry training programs have encountered a number of administrative problems resulting from efforts to recognize, without isolating or submerging, the unique aspects of child psychiatry within existing departments of psychiatry. This paper questions the validity of the concept of general psychiatry, which may be responsible for many of these administrative dilemmas. The thesis is advanced that adult and child psychiatry actually represent distinct fields of practice, however, training programs for each should be integrated within departments of psychiatry through both adult and child divisional administrative lines.", "contents": "Administrative issues in child and adult psychiatry training programs. Child psychiatry training programs have encountered a number of administrative problems resulting from efforts to recognize, without isolating or submerging, the unique aspects of child psychiatry within existing departments of psychiatry. This paper questions the validity of the concept of general psychiatry, which may be responsible for many of these administrative dilemmas. The thesis is advanced that adult and child psychiatry actually represent distinct fields of practice, however, training programs for each should be integrated within departments of psychiatry through both adult and child divisional administrative lines.", "PMID": 688803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8186", "title": "Help-seeking mothers and their children.", "content": "Forty-three mothers sought help with management of childhood behaviors. Presenting complaints in half or more of the families included stubbornness, talking back to parents, disobedience and other traits indicative of parent-child interaction difficulties. Pretreatment behavioral observations revealed that mothers shared common characteristics of being low in positive warmth and high in negative and oppositional responses. The children were observed to share common traits of little independent play, frequent frustration, and either ignored their mothers or were verbally and physically oppositional. Behavioral counselling and monitored rehearsal served to reverse many of the behaviors. Almost all mothers reported reduction in problem behaviors. Mothers varied widely in attributing usefulness to different program components.", "contents": "Help-seeking mothers and their children. Forty-three mothers sought help with management of childhood behaviors. Presenting complaints in half or more of the families included stubbornness, talking back to parents, disobedience and other traits indicative of parent-child interaction difficulties. Pretreatment behavioral observations revealed that mothers shared common characteristics of being low in positive warmth and high in negative and oppositional responses. The children were observed to share common traits of little independent play, frequent frustration, and either ignored their mothers or were verbally and physically oppositional. Behavioral counselling and monitored rehearsal served to reverse many of the behaviors. Almost all mothers reported reduction in problem behaviors. Mothers varied widely in attributing usefulness to different program components.", "PMID": 688804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8187", "title": "Shapes and sounds as self-objects in learning geography.", "content": "The pleasure which some children find in maps and map reading is manifold in origin. Children cathect patterns of configuration and color and derive joy from the visual mastery of these. This gratification is enhanced by the child's knowledge that the map represents something bigger than and external to itself. Likewise, some children take pleasure in the pronunciation of names themselves. The phonetic transcription of multisyllabic names is often a plearurable challenge. The vocalized name has its origin in the self, becomes barely external to self, and is self-monitored. Thus, in children both the configurations and the vocalizations associated with map reading have the properties of \"self=objects\" (Kohut, 1971). From the author's observation the delight which some children take in sounding out geographic names on a map may, in some instances, indicate pre-existing gratifying sound associations. Childish amusement in punning on cognomens may be an even greater stimulant for learning than visual configurations or artificial cognitive devices.", "contents": "Shapes and sounds as self-objects in learning geography. The pleasure which some children find in maps and map reading is manifold in origin. Children cathect patterns of configuration and color and derive joy from the visual mastery of these. This gratification is enhanced by the child's knowledge that the map represents something bigger than and external to itself. Likewise, some children take pleasure in the pronunciation of names themselves. The phonetic transcription of multisyllabic names is often a plearurable challenge. The vocalized name has its origin in the self, becomes barely external to self, and is self-monitored. Thus, in children both the configurations and the vocalizations associated with map reading have the properties of \"self=objects\" (Kohut, 1971). From the author's observation the delight which some children take in sounding out geographic names on a map may, in some instances, indicate pre-existing gratifying sound associations. Childish amusement in punning on cognomens may be an even greater stimulant for learning than visual configurations or artificial cognitive devices.", "PMID": 688805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8188", "title": "A new approach to teaching normal human growth and development. The role of clinical simulations as a teaching and evaluation device for preclinical medical students.", "content": "A new approach to teaching Normal Growth and Development to preclinical medical students is described. By using specially constructed multidisciplinary clinical simulations as training and evaluation devices, students were gradually and simultaneously exposed to: (1) subject matter; (2) the concept of multidisciplinary health care delivery; and (3) the objectives, strategies, and techniques of problem solving and diagnostic reasoning that characterize experienced physicians. The course, designed by a child psychiatrist and medical educators, was taught by a multidisciplinary teaching team drawn from faculty and health care representatives. Student evaluations of the course were favorable.", "contents": "A new approach to teaching normal human growth and development. The role of clinical simulations as a teaching and evaluation device for preclinical medical students. A new approach to teaching Normal Growth and Development to preclinical medical students is described. By using specially constructed multidisciplinary clinical simulations as training and evaluation devices, students were gradually and simultaneously exposed to: (1) subject matter; (2) the concept of multidisciplinary health care delivery; and (3) the objectives, strategies, and techniques of problem solving and diagnostic reasoning that characterize experienced physicians. The course, designed by a child psychiatrist and medical educators, was taught by a multidisciplinary teaching team drawn from faculty and health care representatives. Student evaluations of the course were favorable.", "PMID": 688806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8189", "title": "Consistent caretakers in the premature nursery.", "content": "Consistent caretakers for premature neonates in the nursery become involved emotionally with them during their lengthy stay. This is apparent in the mourning reaction they have when the infants are discharged. This should augur well for the infants since the caretakers offer many modes of stimulation necessary to the infants' optimal development. If there is deficient caretakers' involvement, it may contribute to a lag in development or emotional difficulties in the infants. These data suggest that a positive involvement by consistent caretakers may be a decisive contribution to developmental progress in premature infants.", "contents": "Consistent caretakers in the premature nursery. Consistent caretakers for premature neonates in the nursery become involved emotionally with them during their lengthy stay. This is apparent in the mourning reaction they have when the infants are discharged. This should augur well for the infants since the caretakers offer many modes of stimulation necessary to the infants' optimal development. If there is deficient caretakers' involvement, it may contribute to a lag in development or emotional difficulties in the infants. These data suggest that a positive involvement by consistent caretakers may be a decisive contribution to developmental progress in premature infants.", "PMID": 688807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8190", "title": "What next in child abuse policy? Improving the knowledge base.", "content": "A serious lack of reliable data and adequate theory hampers effective service and decision making in the area of child abuse.", "contents": "What next in child abuse policy? Improving the knowledge base. A serious lack of reliable data and adequate theory hampers effective service and decision making in the area of child abuse.", "PMID": 688811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8191", "title": "The uses and misuses of central registries in child protective services.", "content": "A national survey questions the effectiveness of computerized central registry systems, as now operated, in acheiving goals. The potential for abuse of individual civil rights indicates the need for further study.", "contents": "The uses and misuses of central registries in child protective services. A national survey questions the effectiveness of computerized central registry systems, as now operated, in acheiving goals. The potential for abuse of individual civil rights indicates the need for further study.", "PMID": 688810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8192", "title": "Some guidelines for the use of behavioral change techniques.", "content": "In using behavior modification methods, an approach employing gradual stages is suggested, beginning with the enhancement of positive behavior.", "contents": "Some guidelines for the use of behavioral change techniques. In using behavior modification methods, an approach employing gradual stages is suggested, beginning with the enhancement of positive behavior.", "PMID": 688812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8193", "title": "[Computerized tomography and its significance in preoperative abdominal diagnosis].", "content": "Computerized tomography (CT) has considerably improved preoperative radiological diagnosis. Localization and extension of pathological findings are determined reliably with CT. Measurements of density in regions of interest enable a differential diagnosis. Moreover the questions about the advisability of surgery and the likehood of cure or palliation can be better answered by CT than by any other noninvasive procedure. With the use of CT in the abdominal region increasing indications for conventional radiological methods have decreased considerably. In this paper, some examples are given of CT diagnoses of the liver, the pancreas, the kidneys, and the retroperitoneal space. As the techniques involved are improved, computerized tomography is certain to replace conventional diagnosis methods.", "contents": "[Computerized tomography and its significance in preoperative abdominal diagnosis]. Computerized tomography (CT) has considerably improved preoperative radiological diagnosis. Localization and extension of pathological findings are determined reliably with CT. Measurements of density in regions of interest enable a differential diagnosis. Moreover the questions about the advisability of surgery and the likehood of cure or palliation can be better answered by CT than by any other noninvasive procedure. With the use of CT in the abdominal region increasing indications for conventional radiological methods have decreased considerably. In this paper, some examples are given of CT diagnoses of the liver, the pancreas, the kidneys, and the retroperitoneal space. As the techniques involved are improved, computerized tomography is certain to replace conventional diagnosis methods.", "PMID": 688826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8194", "title": "[Results of enteral antibiotic preparation prior to colon surgery].", "content": "Of the 108 patients explored, all received four days preoperatively dietary and mechanical preparation and were given one of the two antibiotic combinations according to their date of birth (58 patients, group I--Neomycin-Bacitracin; 50 patients, group II--Cephaloridin-Colistinsulfate). Bacteriologic studies of stools from the day before beginning of preparation, preoperatively and from the day of operation (intestinal mucous membrane of 70 patients) revealed that the fecal flora of the majority of the patients was abnormal. After antibiotic treatment the bacteriologic studies of stools showed a significant reduction of bacteria. In group II, full asepsis was reached in 42.4% of patients, in group I, in only 13.5%. The price of antibiotics and the preoperative intestinal bacteria should be used as criteria in choosing the preparation for colon operations.", "contents": "[Results of enteral antibiotic preparation prior to colon surgery]. Of the 108 patients explored, all received four days preoperatively dietary and mechanical preparation and were given one of the two antibiotic combinations according to their date of birth (58 patients, group I--Neomycin-Bacitracin; 50 patients, group II--Cephaloridin-Colistinsulfate). Bacteriologic studies of stools from the day before beginning of preparation, preoperatively and from the day of operation (intestinal mucous membrane of 70 patients) revealed that the fecal flora of the majority of the patients was abnormal. After antibiotic treatment the bacteriologic studies of stools showed a significant reduction of bacteria. In group II, full asepsis was reached in 42.4% of patients, in group I, in only 13.5%. The price of antibiotics and the preoperative intestinal bacteria should be used as criteria in choosing the preparation for colon operations.", "PMID": 688827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8195", "title": "[Height of rectum amputation. Management, complications, disease significance].", "content": "Management of the pelvic space after rectal excision is still problematic. Two methods have to be preferred: (1) closed suction lavage drainage and (2) open wound plugging; then the pelvic floor best remains unsutured. Plugging is always indicated in difficult pelveoperitoneal suture, unsatisfactory hemostasis and fecal contamination of the pelvic space. Retardation of wound healing is compensated for by more comfort for the patient and elimination of late complications, compared with those with partially closed or secondary opened wounds. The sacroperineal scar is the origin of a lot of complaints and morbidity. The most important are: infectious complications and persistent fistula (17.3%), pseudosinus perinealis (10%), perineal hernia and genital prolapses (16%), urologic complications (recidivating infections [26.9%], changes of the position of the urinary bladder [56%], secondary retroperitoneal fibrosis with urinary restriction [19.2%] or hydronephrosis [3.8%], disturbances of bladder emptying [36.5%], frequently combined with neurogenic lesions because of intraoperatively dissected autonomous pelvic nerves), local recurrence of carcinoma (17.3% in reexamination, but still much more important), and pain, often of unknown origin (34%).", "contents": "[Height of rectum amputation. Management, complications, disease significance]. Management of the pelvic space after rectal excision is still problematic. Two methods have to be preferred: (1) closed suction lavage drainage and (2) open wound plugging; then the pelvic floor best remains unsutured. Plugging is always indicated in difficult pelveoperitoneal suture, unsatisfactory hemostasis and fecal contamination of the pelvic space. Retardation of wound healing is compensated for by more comfort for the patient and elimination of late complications, compared with those with partially closed or secondary opened wounds. The sacroperineal scar is the origin of a lot of complaints and morbidity. The most important are: infectious complications and persistent fistula (17.3%), pseudosinus perinealis (10%), perineal hernia and genital prolapses (16%), urologic complications (recidivating infections [26.9%], changes of the position of the urinary bladder [56%], secondary retroperitoneal fibrosis with urinary restriction [19.2%] or hydronephrosis [3.8%], disturbances of bladder emptying [36.5%], frequently combined with neurogenic lesions because of intraoperatively dissected autonomous pelvic nerves), local recurrence of carcinoma (17.3% in reexamination, but still much more important), and pain, often of unknown origin (34%).", "PMID": 688828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8196", "title": "[Parathyroid neoplasm associated with hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "Over a 25-year period, two carcinomas of the parathyroid were observed in 67 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. The most important signs and symptoms were bone disease, palpable neck metastases, renal stones, and hypercalceamia with high blood levels of parathyroid hormone. Histology revealed that in principle parathyroid carcinoma can be distinguished from adenoma by a trabecular pattern and thick fibrous bands. The presence of cellular atypia and variation or mitotic figures (regressive polymorphia) was not a useful criteria for carcinoma. Local recurrence occurred in both cases.", "contents": "[Parathyroid neoplasm associated with hyperparathyroidism]. Over a 25-year period, two carcinomas of the parathyroid were observed in 67 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. The most important signs and symptoms were bone disease, palpable neck metastases, renal stones, and hypercalceamia with high blood levels of parathyroid hormone. Histology revealed that in principle parathyroid carcinoma can be distinguished from adenoma by a trabecular pattern and thick fibrous bands. The presence of cellular atypia and variation or mitotic figures (regressive polymorphia) was not a useful criteria for carcinoma. Local recurrence occurred in both cases.", "PMID": 688829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8197", "title": "[Transposition of the jejunum and selective proximal vagotomy following duodenopancreatectomy].", "content": "We report the use of a new surgical procedure following pancreaticoduodenectomy in nine patients with chronic relapsing pancreatitis and its complications. The modification of the Whipple reconstruction following resection of the head of the pancreas consists in selective proximal vagotomy, transposition of a jejunal loop for bile duct, and pancreatic anastomosis. The longest follow up period has been 18 months. In agreement with reports on other procedures for resection of the head of pancreas, the patients who had been operated on suffered few symptoms. With one exception they had no pain at all; they all gained weight. The results of early follow-up examinations of the patients treated by to these procedures encourage continued use of duodenopancreatectomy.", "contents": "[Transposition of the jejunum and selective proximal vagotomy following duodenopancreatectomy]. We report the use of a new surgical procedure following pancreaticoduodenectomy in nine patients with chronic relapsing pancreatitis and its complications. The modification of the Whipple reconstruction following resection of the head of the pancreas consists in selective proximal vagotomy, transposition of a jejunal loop for bile duct, and pancreatic anastomosis. The longest follow up period has been 18 months. In agreement with reports on other procedures for resection of the head of pancreas, the patients who had been operated on suffered few symptoms. With one exception they had no pain at all; they all gained weight. The results of early follow-up examinations of the patients treated by to these procedures encourage continued use of duodenopancreatectomy.", "PMID": 688836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8198", "title": "[Reflux-preventing gastric resection. An animal experiment study].", "content": "In 30 pigs the prevention of duodenogastric reflux following distal gastrectomy through different types of jejunal transposition or Roux-en-Y-gastroenterostomy was studied. The reflux was measured by determination of the intragastric amounts of bile acids and lysolecithin, and by the total number of glycerophosphatids. After distal gastrectomy and proximal selective vagotomy, isoperistaltic jejunal segments of different lengths were transposed between gastric remnant and duodenum. The reflux was normalized by 25-cm segments. Shorter segments led to no significant decrease of the reflux. The jejunal invagination of additional isoperistaltic valve did not have a significant effect. The same protection as from 25-cm segments was obtained by Roux-en-Y-gastrojejunostomy. The role of the duodenogastric reflux following gastrectomy for the gastric mucosa is disucssed. The necessity of the reparation of the pyloric function is shown.", "contents": "[Reflux-preventing gastric resection. An animal experiment study]. In 30 pigs the prevention of duodenogastric reflux following distal gastrectomy through different types of jejunal transposition or Roux-en-Y-gastroenterostomy was studied. The reflux was measured by determination of the intragastric amounts of bile acids and lysolecithin, and by the total number of glycerophosphatids. After distal gastrectomy and proximal selective vagotomy, isoperistaltic jejunal segments of different lengths were transposed between gastric remnant and duodenum. The reflux was normalized by 25-cm segments. Shorter segments led to no significant decrease of the reflux. The jejunal invagination of additional isoperistaltic valve did not have a significant effect. The same protection as from 25-cm segments was obtained by Roux-en-Y-gastrojejunostomy. The role of the duodenogastric reflux following gastrectomy for the gastric mucosa is disucssed. The necessity of the reparation of the pyloric function is shown.", "PMID": 688837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8199", "title": "[Experimental studies on the effect of pyloroplasty on gastric emptying, serum gastrin and duodenogastric reflux in selective proximal vagotomy (SPV)].", "content": "The influence of selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) and of an additional pyloroplasty (Heineke-Mikulicz) on gastric emptying, acid and gastrin secretion, and duodenogastric reflux was examined experimentally. After SPV, gastric emptying of fluids and a solid meal was significantly faster than before surgery. An additional pyloroplasty did not influence gastric emptying time significantly. Gastrin secretion after stimulation with a protein-rich meal increased significantly after SPV and did not change much after pyloroplasty was added. It can be concluded that increased gastrin secretion after SPV is not a result of delayed emptying. Pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion was reduced by 70% after SPV and after additional pyloroplasty as well. The results show that reduced acid secretion after SPV causes the rise in serum gastrin levels. After SPV no duodenogastric reflux occurred. An additional pyloroplasty led to a significant rise of bromsulphaleine used as a marker for bile in gastric aspirate. Obviously destruction of the pylorus leads to a loss of its antireflux function. This leads to an antral gastritis which after 3 months is of chronic-atrophic type. A stimulation of gastrin output by bile could not be demonstrated. It can be concluded that after SPV gastric emptying is not delayed. A pyloroplasty does not affect gastrin release and acid secretion. Drainage procedures together with SPV should be avoided to prevent duodenogastric reflux and antral gastritis.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the effect of pyloroplasty on gastric emptying, serum gastrin and duodenogastric reflux in selective proximal vagotomy (SPV)]. The influence of selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) and of an additional pyloroplasty (Heineke-Mikulicz) on gastric emptying, acid and gastrin secretion, and duodenogastric reflux was examined experimentally. After SPV, gastric emptying of fluids and a solid meal was significantly faster than before surgery. An additional pyloroplasty did not influence gastric emptying time significantly. Gastrin secretion after stimulation with a protein-rich meal increased significantly after SPV and did not change much after pyloroplasty was added. It can be concluded that increased gastrin secretion after SPV is not a result of delayed emptying. Pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion was reduced by 70% after SPV and after additional pyloroplasty as well. The results show that reduced acid secretion after SPV causes the rise in serum gastrin levels. After SPV no duodenogastric reflux occurred. An additional pyloroplasty led to a significant rise of bromsulphaleine used as a marker for bile in gastric aspirate. Obviously destruction of the pylorus leads to a loss of its antireflux function. This leads to an antral gastritis which after 3 months is of chronic-atrophic type. A stimulation of gastrin output by bile could not be demonstrated. It can be concluded that after SPV gastric emptying is not delayed. A pyloroplasty does not affect gastrin release and acid secretion. Drainage procedures together with SPV should be avoided to prevent duodenogastric reflux and antral gastritis.", "PMID": 688838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8200", "title": "[Dysphonia following strumectomy. Laryngeal and vocal cord changes as sequelae of thyroid surgery].", "content": "In 142 patients function and morphology of the larynx were clinically assessed before and after strumectomy. The postoperative incidence of irreversible recurrent nerve pareses amounted to 2.1% whereas incidence of pareses of the n. laryngeus superior was 1.4%. The rather high number of laryngeal asymmetries (49.3%) is, in most cases, reversible after strumectomy. The number of intubation injuries does not significantly differ from the figures obtained after intubation anesthetics based on other indications. Hyperkinetic dysphonia is partly reversible after strumectomy, an unspecific recuperation effect probably playing the most important role. In 3% of the cases the enlarged thyroid gland caused a venous congestion in the endolarynx. Dysphonia following strumectomy is, in most cases, not to be attributed to a lesion of the laryngeal nerves, although the diagnosis dysphonia should under no circumstances lead to an expectant, conservative \"wait and see\" attitude whenever such a dysphonia (paraphonia) occurs. On the contrary, an otorhinolaryngologic diagnosis and, if need be, therapy are mandatory in all such cases.", "contents": "[Dysphonia following strumectomy. Laryngeal and vocal cord changes as sequelae of thyroid surgery]. In 142 patients function and morphology of the larynx were clinically assessed before and after strumectomy. The postoperative incidence of irreversible recurrent nerve pareses amounted to 2.1% whereas incidence of pareses of the n. laryngeus superior was 1.4%. The rather high number of laryngeal asymmetries (49.3%) is, in most cases, reversible after strumectomy. The number of intubation injuries does not significantly differ from the figures obtained after intubation anesthetics based on other indications. Hyperkinetic dysphonia is partly reversible after strumectomy, an unspecific recuperation effect probably playing the most important role. In 3% of the cases the enlarged thyroid gland caused a venous congestion in the endolarynx. Dysphonia following strumectomy is, in most cases, not to be attributed to a lesion of the laryngeal nerves, although the diagnosis dysphonia should under no circumstances lead to an expectant, conservative \"wait and see\" attitude whenever such a dysphonia (paraphonia) occurs. On the contrary, an otorhinolaryngologic diagnosis and, if need be, therapy are mandatory in all such cases.", "PMID": 688839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8201", "title": "[Arterial involvement in elbow-proximal injuries].", "content": "Nine cases of distal brachial artery injury were discussed. We refer to case No. 7 in which a complete dorsal displacement of the artery occurred through the fracture-line of the epicondyle. Trauma caused dislocation, laceration, or spasm of the artery, with or without intravascular thrombosis. Vascular spasm should not be diagnosed unless an arteriogram is available. If not done preoperatively, it can be done during operation. In this case inspection of the vessel during operation seems essential. Venous interposition is satisfactory for bridging defects of the distal brachial artery even in the elbow region.", "contents": "[Arterial involvement in elbow-proximal injuries]. Nine cases of distal brachial artery injury were discussed. We refer to case No. 7 in which a complete dorsal displacement of the artery occurred through the fracture-line of the epicondyle. Trauma caused dislocation, laceration, or spasm of the artery, with or without intravascular thrombosis. Vascular spasm should not be diagnosed unless an arteriogram is available. If not done preoperatively, it can be done during operation. In this case inspection of the vessel during operation seems essential. Venous interposition is satisfactory for bridging defects of the distal brachial artery even in the elbow region.", "PMID": 688840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8202", "title": "Differences in the number of nucleolus organizers in Chironomus tepperi shown by in situ hybridization.", "content": "Two stocks of Chironomus tepperi could be isolated. One stock, N(IV)+, contains nucleolus organizers in chromosome I and IV, whereas the other one, N(IV)-, shows only one nucleolus in chromosome I. It is demonstrated by in situ hybridization with radioactive rRNA that the absence of the nucleolus in chromosome IV of stock N(IV)- is not related to an inactivation of the nucleolar DNA, as might have been suggested, but is due to the lack of ribosomal cistrons.", "contents": "Differences in the number of nucleolus organizers in Chironomus tepperi shown by in situ hybridization. Two stocks of Chironomus tepperi could be isolated. One stock, N(IV)+, contains nucleolus organizers in chromosome I and IV, whereas the other one, N(IV)-, shows only one nucleolus in chromosome I. It is demonstrated by in situ hybridization with radioactive rRNA that the absence of the nucleolus in chromosome IV of stock N(IV)- is not related to an inactivation of the nucleolar DNA, as might have been suggested, but is due to the lack of ribosomal cistrons.", "PMID": 688844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8203", "title": "Patterns of RNA synthesis in early meiotic prophase oocytes from fetal mouse ovaries.", "content": "In a study of the early meiotic prophase stages of mouse oogenesis from d12 of gestation to 10d post-partum the patterns of RNA synthesis during these stages of oogenesis using H3-uridine incorporation as visualized by light microscope autoradiography are reported. We find that chromosomal RNA synthesis occurs in all stages except early to mid-pachytene, the time of maximum chromosome condensation. Diplotene and dictyate nuclei are the most heavily labelled stages. Nucleolar labelling ceases before leptotene and reappears in late pachytene or early diplotene, even though nucleoli can be identified in all stages except early to mid-pachytene.", "contents": "Patterns of RNA synthesis in early meiotic prophase oocytes from fetal mouse ovaries. In a study of the early meiotic prophase stages of mouse oogenesis from d12 of gestation to 10d post-partum the patterns of RNA synthesis during these stages of oogenesis using H3-uridine incorporation as visualized by light microscope autoradiography are reported. We find that chromosomal RNA synthesis occurs in all stages except early to mid-pachytene, the time of maximum chromosome condensation. Diplotene and dictyate nuclei are the most heavily labelled stages. Nucleolar labelling ceases before leptotene and reappears in late pachytene or early diplotene, even though nucleoli can be identified in all stages except early to mid-pachytene.", "PMID": 688843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8204", "title": "Higher corticosterone values at a fixed single timepoint in serum from mice \"trained\" by prior handling.", "content": "Results of \"training\" rodents for bioassay of synthetic corticosteroids are not consistent with expectations presumably based upon earlier implied claims stemming, perhaps, from over behavioral patterns displayed by handled as compared to nonhandled rodents (or the observer's wishful thinking?). At the timepoints investigated, \"habituation\" of mature mice and rats by exposure to handling, injection and killing procedures results in statistically significantly increased corticosterone concentrations. For younger animals the elevation in corticosterone concentration may also be applicable; although, it is not known to what extent we are dealing with an effect of \"habituation\" and/or age. Lowest hormone concentration occurred in the groups of mice housed undisturbed in an animal chamber separate from the room housing mice subjected to habituation. The results of this study suggest that for certain rodents kept in L from 0600 to 1800 \"habituation\" for 1 week, at least at the circadian stage corresponding to 0800, is not only ineffectual (in eliminating the rise in serum corticosterone associated with handling) but detrimental to the evaluation of synthetic corticosteroid potency by bioassay (to the extent that such a rise in exaggerated rather than reduced). In these acute experiments, methylprednisolone was more suppressive than dexamethasone and the water soluble ester-salts less suppressive than the 21-hydroxy bases. These results suggest the possibility of important differences in the distributive stage and/or the metabolism of these compounds--factors affecting the speed of onset of the desired as well as undesired effects.", "contents": "Higher corticosterone values at a fixed single timepoint in serum from mice \"trained\" by prior handling. Results of \"training\" rodents for bioassay of synthetic corticosteroids are not consistent with expectations presumably based upon earlier implied claims stemming, perhaps, from over behavioral patterns displayed by handled as compared to nonhandled rodents (or the observer's wishful thinking?). At the timepoints investigated, \"habituation\" of mature mice and rats by exposure to handling, injection and killing procedures results in statistically significantly increased corticosterone concentrations. For younger animals the elevation in corticosterone concentration may also be applicable; although, it is not known to what extent we are dealing with an effect of \"habituation\" and/or age. Lowest hormone concentration occurred in the groups of mice housed undisturbed in an animal chamber separate from the room housing mice subjected to habituation. The results of this study suggest that for certain rodents kept in L from 0600 to 1800 \"habituation\" for 1 week, at least at the circadian stage corresponding to 0800, is not only ineffectual (in eliminating the rise in serum corticosterone associated with handling) but detrimental to the evaluation of synthetic corticosteroid potency by bioassay (to the extent that such a rise in exaggerated rather than reduced). In these acute experiments, methylprednisolone was more suppressive than dexamethasone and the water soluble ester-salts less suppressive than the 21-hydroxy bases. These results suggest the possibility of important differences in the distributive stage and/or the metabolism of these compounds--factors affecting the speed of onset of the desired as well as undesired effects.", "PMID": 688845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8205", "title": "Circadian rhythms of self-selected lighting in golden hamsters: relation to gonadal condition.", "content": "Golden hamster (20 males, 8 females) were maintained in isolation boxes for 4-7 weeks. The animals had access to wheels and selected their own lighting by pressing one bar to turn light-on and another bar to turn the light-off. All hamsters maintained circadian rhythms of wheel-running activity. Seventeen of 28 hamsters selected lighting with a circadian periodicty. For 9 hamsters, there was a significant positive correlation between wheel-running activity and self-selected darkness, while this correlation was significantly negative for 10 hamsters. Four hamsters had regressed testes at the end of the experiment. These 4 had significant positive correlations between activity and self-selected darkness, while none of the  hamsters with significant negative correlations between activity and self-selected darkness had regressed testes. Light in phase with activity seems to be more important to the prevention of testicular regression than is the total daily amount of light.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of self-selected lighting in golden hamsters: relation to gonadal condition. Golden hamster (20 males, 8 females) were maintained in isolation boxes for 4-7 weeks. The animals had access to wheels and selected their own lighting by pressing one bar to turn light-on and another bar to turn the light-off. All hamsters maintained circadian rhythms of wheel-running activity. Seventeen of 28 hamsters selected lighting with a circadian periodicty. For 9 hamsters, there was a significant positive correlation between wheel-running activity and self-selected darkness, while this correlation was significantly negative for 10 hamsters. Four hamsters had regressed testes at the end of the experiment. These 4 had significant positive correlations between activity and self-selected darkness, while none of the  hamsters with significant negative correlations between activity and self-selected darkness had regressed testes. Light in phase with activity seems to be more important to the prevention of testicular regression than is the total daily amount of light.", "PMID": 688847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8206", "title": "The effect of sleep upon human circadian rhythms.", "content": "Subjects who slept for 4 h from 0000, and for a second 4 h variously distributed over the day, have provided values for rectal temperature and for urinary excretion of water, potassium, sodium, chloride, phosphate, creatinine, calcium and urate in the sleeping subject at all hours of the 24. These are compared with similar values in the wakeful subject. Temperature was lower during sleep at all hours except 1000 and 1200, and the difference was maximal shortly before 0000. At all hours potassium excretion was lower and phosphate excretion higher during sleep. Cosinor analysis of the different variables in the sleeping subject is compared with that in subjects following nycthemeral habits, and the interaction between endogenous rhythms and external influences such as sleep is discussed. The phasing of the temperature and urinary rhythms was essentially normal by the end of the observations. By contrast in a subject who slept at irregular hours mimicking the habits of an air pilot a free-running rhythm unrelated to the habits of sleep emerged. When he was finally living again on normal time his temperature and urinary acrophases had moved to the middle of the night. Phosphate excretion was largely exogenous, falling consistently when subjects rose after 8 h, but not after 4 h of sleep.", "contents": "The effect of sleep upon human circadian rhythms. Subjects who slept for 4 h from 0000, and for a second 4 h variously distributed over the day, have provided values for rectal temperature and for urinary excretion of water, potassium, sodium, chloride, phosphate, creatinine, calcium and urate in the sleeping subject at all hours of the 24. These are compared with similar values in the wakeful subject. Temperature was lower during sleep at all hours except 1000 and 1200, and the difference was maximal shortly before 0000. At all hours potassium excretion was lower and phosphate excretion higher during sleep. Cosinor analysis of the different variables in the sleeping subject is compared with that in subjects following nycthemeral habits, and the interaction between endogenous rhythms and external influences such as sleep is discussed. The phasing of the temperature and urinary rhythms was essentially normal by the end of the observations. By contrast in a subject who slept at irregular hours mimicking the habits of an air pilot a free-running rhythm unrelated to the habits of sleep emerged. When he was finally living again on normal time his temperature and urinary acrophases had moved to the middle of the night. Phosphate excretion was largely exogenous, falling consistently when subjects rose after 8 h, but not after 4 h of sleep.", "PMID": 688846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8207", "title": "Circadian susceptibility rhythms to some organophosphate compounds in the rat.", "content": "LD50 values after i.p. doses of phenitrotion (PH), dichlorvos (D) and methyl parathion (MP) were established at 0600, 1200, 1800 and 0000 and plasma corticosterone was determined in male rats. The PH toxicity was significantly higher at 0600 than at 1800. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the PH toxicity at 1200 (lower) and 0000 (higher). The D toxicity differed significantly only between 1200 (higher). There was however a lack of circadian susceptibility, rhythm to MP. The results differ according to the metabolic fate and the solubility of the tested compounds.", "contents": "Circadian susceptibility rhythms to some organophosphate compounds in the rat. LD50 values after i.p. doses of phenitrotion (PH), dichlorvos (D) and methyl parathion (MP) were established at 0600, 1200, 1800 and 0000 and plasma corticosterone was determined in male rats. The PH toxicity was significantly higher at 0600 than at 1800. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the PH toxicity at 1200 (lower) and 0000 (higher). The D toxicity differed significantly only between 1200 (higher). There was however a lack of circadian susceptibility, rhythm to MP. The results differ according to the metabolic fate and the solubility of the tested compounds.", "PMID": 688848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8208", "title": "The development of the angle of the anterior chamber in vertebrate eyes.", "content": "The development of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye in chick embryos (avian eye), in new born rats (rodents), in calf fetuses (ungulates) and in humans (primates) has been studied. The main determinant in the configuration of the angle is the two-layered structure of the mesoderm of the ciliary body: the external muscular layer inserted into the spur and growing with same growth rate as that of the corneoscleral mesoderm and internal fibrovascular layer giving rise to the ciliary processes and growing with same growth rate as that of the neural ciliary and iris epithelium. First the neural epithelium grows faster than the corneoscleral mesoderm and the ciliary processes appear anteriorly positioned and later the corneoscleral mesoderm grows faster than the neuroepithelium and the ciliary processes appear posteriorly positioned. The eyes of premature and low birth weight babies present the different stages of normal embryological development of the angel. The angle in eyes of various embryopathies and developmental diseases presents aspects similar to those of the premature and low birth weight babies. The etiopathogenic mechanism in cause is the same in both groups: arrest of development. During the first post-natal years, the corneoscleral mesoderm grows at a greater rate than the inner neuro-epithelium and the region of the most active growth is located at the ora serrata. That is why, during this period, the ora serrata recedes, giving rise to the formation of retinal teeth, the angle despens and makes a recess and the Lange fold disappears.", "contents": "The development of the angle of the anterior chamber in vertebrate eyes. The development of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye in chick embryos (avian eye), in new born rats (rodents), in calf fetuses (ungulates) and in humans (primates) has been studied. The main determinant in the configuration of the angle is the two-layered structure of the mesoderm of the ciliary body: the external muscular layer inserted into the spur and growing with same growth rate as that of the corneoscleral mesoderm and internal fibrovascular layer giving rise to the ciliary processes and growing with same growth rate as that of the neural ciliary and iris epithelium. First the neural epithelium grows faster than the corneoscleral mesoderm and the ciliary processes appear anteriorly positioned and later the corneoscleral mesoderm grows faster than the neuroepithelium and the ciliary processes appear posteriorly positioned. The eyes of premature and low birth weight babies present the different stages of normal embryological development of the angel. The angle in eyes of various embryopathies and developmental diseases presents aspects similar to those of the premature and low birth weight babies. The etiopathogenic mechanism in cause is the same in both groups: arrest of development. During the first post-natal years, the corneoscleral mesoderm grows at a greater rate than the inner neuro-epithelium and the region of the most active growth is located at the ora serrata. That is why, during this period, the ora serrata recedes, giving rise to the formation of retinal teeth, the angle despens and makes a recess and the Lange fold disappears.", "PMID": 688852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8209", "title": "The oscillatory network of glycolysis: a model for multiple phase output derived from a single master oscillator.", "content": "In oscillatory glycolysing yeast cells the reaction rates of 11 enzymic steps are almost completely in phase whereas the concentrations of intermediates fluctuate with highly different phases. Metabolite concentrations depend on the amplitudes of reaction rates even more than on their phases. In this way almost, synchronized enzymes can given rise to a variety of phases, resembling a \"master oscillatory\" which controls a series of peripheric event with different phases.", "contents": "The oscillatory network of glycolysis: a model for multiple phase output derived from a single master oscillator. In oscillatory glycolysing yeast cells the reaction rates of 11 enzymic steps are almost completely in phase whereas the concentrations of intermediates fluctuate with highly different phases. Metabolite concentrations depend on the amplitudes of reaction rates even more than on their phases. In this way almost, synchronized enzymes can given rise to a variety of phases, resembling a \"master oscillatory\" which controls a series of peripheric event with different phases.", "PMID": 688849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8210", "title": "Mathematical optimization of glaucoma visual field screening protocols.", "content": "There is potential for significantly shortening the time required for visual field screening protocols by a precise specification of the number, exact location, and sequence of points to be tested. Through statistical and mathematical methods, protocols have been developed for maximizing the probability of detecting at least one visual field defect in a subject who is a risk for early glaucomatous field loss. The mathematical formulation was derived in a generalized manner so that it could be applied to most kinetically or statically determined visual field screening methods.", "contents": "Mathematical optimization of glaucoma visual field screening protocols. There is potential for significantly shortening the time required for visual field screening protocols by a precise specification of the number, exact location, and sequence of points to be tested. Through statistical and mathematical methods, protocols have been developed for maximizing the probability of detecting at least one visual field defect in a subject who is a risk for early glaucomatous field loss. The mathematical formulation was derived in a generalized manner so that it could be applied to most kinetically or statically determined visual field screening methods.", "PMID": 688853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8211", "title": "A simulation study of oscillating glycolysis: a comparison between a model and experiments.", "content": "Glycolysis is the best known biochemical oscillator and suitable for the exploration of the basic features of biological rhythms on a biochemical and mathematical level. Because of our detailed knowledge of its component structure (enzyme kinetics, metabolite pattern) glycolysis can be described by a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations of first order with respect to time, whose individual terms consist of enzyme velocities assuming a steady state hypothesis for the enzymatic forms. Due to the feedback control of PFK by the adenylates the system is able to oscillate. The outcomes of a simplified model, containing only the basic elements of glycolysis, show good agreements with experimental results.", "contents": "A simulation study of oscillating glycolysis: a comparison between a model and experiments. Glycolysis is the best known biochemical oscillator and suitable for the exploration of the basic features of biological rhythms on a biochemical and mathematical level. Because of our detailed knowledge of its component structure (enzyme kinetics, metabolite pattern) glycolysis can be described by a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations of first order with respect to time, whose individual terms consist of enzyme velocities assuming a steady state hypothesis for the enzymatic forms. Due to the feedback control of PFK by the adenylates the system is able to oscillate. The outcomes of a simplified model, containing only the basic elements of glycolysis, show good agreements with experimental results.", "PMID": 688850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8212", "title": "Retinal receptive field-like properties and Stiles-Crawford effect in a patient with a traumatic choroidal rupture.", "content": "Simple psychophysical techniques were used in order to assess layer-by-layer retinal functions in a patient with sub-retinal fluid due to a choroidal rupture following ocular trauma. A substained-like and a transient-like function believed to reflect retinal receptive-field-like properties, and an indicator of retinal receptor orientation (the Stiles-Crawford effect) have been followed in time. Central visual acuity was also measured. Initially all measured functions provided anomalous responses in affected retinal areas. Of interest here is the nature and order of recovery of the measured response functions. Most notable was the rapid rate of recovery of receptor orientation and the slower rate of recovery of the transient-like function.", "contents": "Retinal receptive field-like properties and Stiles-Crawford effect in a patient with a traumatic choroidal rupture. Simple psychophysical techniques were used in order to assess layer-by-layer retinal functions in a patient with sub-retinal fluid due to a choroidal rupture following ocular trauma. A substained-like and a transient-like function believed to reflect retinal receptive-field-like properties, and an indicator of retinal receptor orientation (the Stiles-Crawford effect) have been followed in time. Central visual acuity was also measured. Initially all measured functions provided anomalous responses in affected retinal areas. Of interest here is the nature and order of recovery of the measured response functions. Most notable was the rapid rate of recovery of receptor orientation and the slower rate of recovery of the transient-like function.", "PMID": 688854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8213", "title": "Food, water and ethanol consumption by rats under a fixed-interval schedule of food presentation.", "content": "Rats could lever press 24 hours a day for 97 mg food pellets under a fixed-interval (FI) 90 second schedule. During the first 4 days, an ethanol solution was the only available fluid, after which both water and ethanol solutions were available. At ethanol concentrations (w/v) of 5%, 7.5% and l0%, total caloric intake and total fluid intake remained constant, while ethanol consumption was inversely proportional to the concentration of the solution. When the FI 90s schedule was changed to FI 45 s, or to FI 180 s, there were only small changes in total caloric intake, total fluid intake and in percentages of total fluid consumption and total caloric intake as ethanol. The data suggest that the intake of ethanol under this fixed-interval schedule depends more on the ethanol concentration than on the calories obtained from ethanol drinking.", "contents": "Food, water and ethanol consumption by rats under a fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. Rats could lever press 24 hours a day for 97 mg food pellets under a fixed-interval (FI) 90 second schedule. During the first 4 days, an ethanol solution was the only available fluid, after which both water and ethanol solutions were available. At ethanol concentrations (w/v) of 5%, 7.5% and l0%, total caloric intake and total fluid intake remained constant, while ethanol consumption was inversely proportional to the concentration of the solution. When the FI 90s schedule was changed to FI 45 s, or to FI 180 s, there were only small changes in total caloric intake, total fluid intake and in percentages of total fluid consumption and total caloric intake as ethanol. The data suggest that the intake of ethanol under this fixed-interval schedule depends more on the ethanol concentration than on the calories obtained from ethanol drinking.", "PMID": 688856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8214", "title": "Psychosocial correlates of chronic cannabis use.", "content": "The psychosocial effects of chronic heavy use of cannabis were studied in a rural population of males in north India. The user group comprised thirty persons who had been taking only cannabis at least 11 times a month over a period of five years or more. The controls were fifty subjects selected from among the general population to which the users belonged. The controls had not been using any drugs. The subjects had similar age distribution, occupation, socioeconomic status, and educational background. Psychosocial adaptation was assessed by enquiries into such areas as self-aspiration, present occupation, occupational satisfaction, marital status, marital relationships, sexual behaviour, self-reported deviant behaviour, and future planning for children. On no variable were the present users found to be different from the non-user control group.", "contents": "Psychosocial correlates of chronic cannabis use. The psychosocial effects of chronic heavy use of cannabis were studied in a rural population of males in north India. The user group comprised thirty persons who had been taking only cannabis at least 11 times a month over a period of five years or more. The controls were fifty subjects selected from among the general population to which the users belonged. The controls had not been using any drugs. The subjects had similar age distribution, occupation, socioeconomic status, and educational background. Psychosocial adaptation was assessed by enquiries into such areas as self-aspiration, present occupation, occupational satisfaction, marital status, marital relationships, sexual behaviour, self-reported deviant behaviour, and future planning for children. On no variable were the present users found to be different from the non-user control group.", "PMID": 688857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8215", "title": "Test-retest reliability and validity information for a high school drug use questionnaire.", "content": "This study reports test--retest reliability and validity information for an anonymous high school drug use questionnaire. All drug use items were highly reliable in testings on the same students eight weeks apart. Composite drug scores were also highly reliable. A nine-item lie scale gave virtually identical results on the two testings. The majority of students regardless of the frequency of their drug use stated that they would honestly report their cannabis and opium/heroin use. There was little evidence of defensiveness judging by the lie scores.", "contents": "Test-retest reliability and validity information for a high school drug use questionnaire. This study reports test--retest reliability and validity information for an anonymous high school drug use questionnaire. All drug use items were highly reliable in testings on the same students eight weeks apart. Composite drug scores were also highly reliable. A nine-item lie scale gave virtually identical results on the two testings. The majority of students regardless of the frequency of their drug use stated that they would honestly report their cannabis and opium/heroin use. There was little evidence of defensiveness judging by the lie scores.", "PMID": 688858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8216", "title": "Factors contributing to self-reported drug use among London undergraduates 1971-72.", "content": "A questionnaire study of drug taking by 1113 London University undergraduates has been undertaken. This paper sets out to relate drug taking to student life. The variables which discriminate those who have tried illicit drugs from those who have not are conceptualised as representing alienation from study, distance from authority, and separation from parents. These variables are consistent with a general factor best labelled \"non-conformity\". The variables which seem to discriminate between degrees of involvement in psychoactive substances are ease of obtaining cannabis, estimated percentage of friends who use drugs, use of tobacco, seeing someone inject themselves, operational use of substances (i.e. use for purposes other than recreation or pleasure), and choice of future career. These variables represent four overlapping factors which affect involvement with psychoactive substances: contact with drugs, contact with drug users, identification with the user class, and within-class deviance. While non-conformity appears to be the factor in student life predisposing students to try illicit drugs, the factors which affect the degree of involvement with such substances seem relatively independent of student status.", "contents": "Factors contributing to self-reported drug use among London undergraduates 1971-72. A questionnaire study of drug taking by 1113 London University undergraduates has been undertaken. This paper sets out to relate drug taking to student life. The variables which discriminate those who have tried illicit drugs from those who have not are conceptualised as representing alienation from study, distance from authority, and separation from parents. These variables are consistent with a general factor best labelled \"non-conformity\". The variables which seem to discriminate between degrees of involvement in psychoactive substances are ease of obtaining cannabis, estimated percentage of friends who use drugs, use of tobacco, seeing someone inject themselves, operational use of substances (i.e. use for purposes other than recreation or pleasure), and choice of future career. These variables represent four overlapping factors which affect involvement with psychoactive substances: contact with drugs, contact with drug users, identification with the user class, and within-class deviance. While non-conformity appears to be the factor in student life predisposing students to try illicit drugs, the factors which affect the degree of involvement with such substances seem relatively independent of student status.", "PMID": 688859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8217", "title": "[Risk to patients with latent or manifest hyperthyroidism through iodine-containing contrast media and drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe iodine-induced hyperthyroidism occurred in 25 patients with, at the time not yet fully diagnosed thyroid function after administration of iodine-containing contrast media, disinfectants or drugs, in four of them precipitating a thyrotoxic crisis. As iodine-induced hyperthyroidism is often resistant to the usual antithyroid treatment, thyroid function should be checked whenever the use of iodine-containing contrast media is indicated.", "contents": "[Risk to patients with latent or manifest hyperthyroidism through iodine-containing contrast media and drugs (author's transl)]. Severe iodine-induced hyperthyroidism occurred in 25 patients with, at the time not yet fully diagnosed thyroid function after administration of iodine-containing contrast media, disinfectants or drugs, in four of them precipitating a thyrotoxic crisis. As iodine-induced hyperthyroidism is often resistant to the usual antithyroid treatment, thyroid function should be checked whenever the use of iodine-containing contrast media is indicated.", "PMID": 688870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8218", "title": "[Reye's syndrome in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture of Reye's syndrome, characterized by an acute severe disease of brain and liver, initially has nonspecific generalized symptoms with cough, myalgia, and fever. The prognosis is poor. The disease starts with an infection, quickly followed by vomiting and loss of consciousness. In this phase the serum bilirubin is moderately raised, the transaminases markedly so. In addition to gastro-intestinal bleeding there may be hypoventilation, hypoglycaemia and seizures. Morbid anatomically there is a small-drop fatty infiltration of the liver and other organs with cerebral oedema. Aetiology and pathogenesis remain uncertain. Numerous therapeutic measures have been proposed.", "contents": "[Reye's syndrome in adults (author's transl)]. The clinical picture of Reye's syndrome, characterized by an acute severe disease of brain and liver, initially has nonspecific generalized symptoms with cough, myalgia, and fever. The prognosis is poor. The disease starts with an infection, quickly followed by vomiting and loss of consciousness. In this phase the serum bilirubin is moderately raised, the transaminases markedly so. In addition to gastro-intestinal bleeding there may be hypoventilation, hypoglycaemia and seizures. Morbid anatomically there is a small-drop fatty infiltration of the liver and other organs with cerebral oedema. Aetiology and pathogenesis remain uncertain. Numerous therapeutic measures have been proposed.", "PMID": 688869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8219", "title": "[The Bayesian theorem in clinical differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "New (a posteriori) probablities of medical diagnosis can be calculated by the Bayesian formula from a priori probabilities of the diagnosis or diagnoses under consideration and from the probabilities of a given test result occurring with each disease. Using sequential iteration, the Bayesian formula is applicable to the calculation of a posteriori probabilities after multiple tests have been performed. When this iterative process has been programmed for a pocket calculator it can easily be used in clinical practice. As a consequence, medical knowledge can be applied more rationally. Many inconsistent data can be more easily interpreted as a result. Furthermore, results of diagnostic tests can be used more extensively and normal test results given their full weight.", "contents": "[The Bayesian theorem in clinical differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. New (a posteriori) probablities of medical diagnosis can be calculated by the Bayesian formula from a priori probabilities of the diagnosis or diagnoses under consideration and from the probabilities of a given test result occurring with each disease. Using sequential iteration, the Bayesian formula is applicable to the calculation of a posteriori probabilities after multiple tests have been performed. When this iterative process has been programmed for a pocket calculator it can easily be used in clinical practice. As a consequence, medical knowledge can be applied more rationally. Many inconsistent data can be more easily interpreted as a result. Furthermore, results of diagnostic tests can be used more extensively and normal test results given their full weight.", "PMID": 688871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8220", "title": "[Ergometry in the assessment of antihypertensive treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A standardized ergometric test, suitable for recognizing abnormally high exercise blood pressures as well as the influence of hypotensive drugs on blood pressure, was employed in 13 of 28 hypertensives being treated with a combination of beta-receptor blockers (oxprenolol, 80 mg), a diuretic (chlortalidone, 10 mg), and a vasodilator (hydralazine, 25 mg). This combination was an effective antihypertensive measure with few side effects, particularly so in reducing elevated exercise blood pressures.", "contents": "[Ergometry in the assessment of antihypertensive treatment (author's transl)]. A standardized ergometric test, suitable for recognizing abnormally high exercise blood pressures as well as the influence of hypotensive drugs on blood pressure, was employed in 13 of 28 hypertensives being treated with a combination of beta-receptor blockers (oxprenolol, 80 mg), a diuretic (chlortalidone, 10 mg), and a vasodilator (hydralazine, 25 mg). This combination was an effective antihypertensive measure with few side effects, particularly so in reducing elevated exercise blood pressures.", "PMID": 688878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8221", "title": "[Age-dependent mechanical properties of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "Capacity resistance breaking and volume resistance breaking were determined in normal subjects divided into three groups according to their age. There was a statistically significant age dependence with regard to both values. At a higher age, capacity resistance breaking increases in the respiratory tract already above the end-expiratory intrathoracic gas volume. There is a clear-cut age-dependent narrowing of the ventilatory reserve. This points to a relationship to \"senile emphysema\". It is probable that the premature loss of individual bronchi is a factor in the abnormal clearing mechanism of the elderly lung.", "contents": "[Age-dependent mechanical properties of the lung (author's transl)]. Capacity resistance breaking and volume resistance breaking were determined in normal subjects divided into three groups according to their age. There was a statistically significant age dependence with regard to both values. At a higher age, capacity resistance breaking increases in the respiratory tract already above the end-expiratory intrathoracic gas volume. There is a clear-cut age-dependent narrowing of the ventilatory reserve. This points to a relationship to \"senile emphysema\". It is probable that the premature loss of individual bronchi is a factor in the abnormal clearing mechanism of the elderly lung.", "PMID": 688879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8222", "title": "[The Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture of the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is characterized by mental retardation, broad thumb and large toe, beaky nose, antimongloid lid axis and numerous morphological signs. The patients resemble one another so that in many instances the diagnosis can be made on sight. Three cases are described. The exact differentiation from other abnormalities with mental retardation is important, especially  in genetic counselling of the affected families.", "contents": "[The Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (author's transl)]. The clinical picture of the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is characterized by mental retardation, broad thumb and large toe, beaky nose, antimongloid lid axis and numerous morphological signs. The patients resemble one another so that in many instances the diagnosis can be made on sight. Three cases are described. The exact differentiation from other abnormalities with mental retardation is important, especially  in genetic counselling of the affected families.", "PMID": 688891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8223", "title": "[Cardiac side-effects of oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy in relation to premedication (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrocardiogram was monitored in 100 patients undergoing oesphago-gastro-duodenoscopy. Premedication differed: 25 patients each were given either (Group I) atropine 0.5 mg, hyoscine-N-butylbromide 20 mg, and diazepam 5 mg, or (Group II) hyoscine-N-butyl-bromide 20 mg and diazepam 5 mg, or (Group II) diazepam 5 mg and glucagon 0.2 mg, or (Group IV) only diazepam 5 mg intravenously. After injection of the parasympatholytic drugs (Groups I and II) there was a significantly higher heart rate duringthe entire length of the examination than in groups III and IV. Nine of the ten cases of ascending S-T depression were found in Groups I and II, while descending (ischaemic) S-T changes occurred equally frequently in patients of all four groups. Two of the three more serious arrhythmias were registered after atropine. Since parasympatholytic drugs fail to inhibit arrhythmias and ST-T changes, while accentuating the rise in heart rate, it is recommended that premedication for oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy should not include such drugs.", "contents": "[Cardiac side-effects of oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy in relation to premedication (author's transl)]. The electrocardiogram was monitored in 100 patients undergoing oesphago-gastro-duodenoscopy. Premedication differed: 25 patients each were given either (Group I) atropine 0.5 mg, hyoscine-N-butylbromide 20 mg, and diazepam 5 mg, or (Group II) hyoscine-N-butyl-bromide 20 mg and diazepam 5 mg, or (Group II) diazepam 5 mg and glucagon 0.2 mg, or (Group IV) only diazepam 5 mg intravenously. After injection of the parasympatholytic drugs (Groups I and II) there was a significantly higher heart rate duringthe entire length of the examination than in groups III and IV. Nine of the ten cases of ascending S-T depression were found in Groups I and II, while descending (ischaemic) S-T changes occurred equally frequently in patients of all four groups. Two of the three more serious arrhythmias were registered after atropine. Since parasympatholytic drugs fail to inhibit arrhythmias and ST-T changes, while accentuating the rise in heart rate, it is recommended that premedication for oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy should not include such drugs.", "PMID": 688892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8224", "title": "[Importance of bromocriptine in dysthymic schizophrenia].", "content": "The authors report two observations of excited schizophrenics treated by Bromocriptin. To this point, they debate on the biochemical mechanisms of this dopaminergic agonist.", "contents": "[Importance of bromocriptine in dysthymic schizophrenia]. The authors report two observations of excited schizophrenics treated by Bromocriptin. To this point, they debate on the biochemical mechanisms of this dopaminergic agonist.", "PMID": 688970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8225", "title": "[Use of evaluation scales in psychopharmacology].", "content": "Rating scales are used to assess the intensity of psychiatric attributes such as anxiety and depression: they are generally composed of several items to be rated. They postulate: the continuity of the \"measured\" attribute; a monotonic attribute-item scores relationship; and the cancellation, within the final score of \"parasitic\" factors due to other features than the one which it is desired to measure. The main metrologic qualities are: sensitivity to states of different intensities, reliability in respect to time and rater, validity: relative to an external clinical classification, to another rating scale, or to known efficacy of a treament on the studied attribute. Self-rating scales avoid an intermediate rater and are easy to use. But they allow for no interpretation from external information, and cannot be used in patients with linguistic difficulties, or severely impaired. Scales rated by a rater consist of codification of a well-conducted interview. They allow for correction of erroneous answers from the patients. They may be affected by certain systematic rater errors (attenuation, central or extreme tendency, halo effect, etc...) which are decreased by training. The global score can be obtained by summing item scores, or from a factor analysis. Construction of a rating scale is a difficult task which implies a series of approximations to obtain, from an initial collection of items, satisfactory metrologic qualities. Translation and adaptation of a rating scale are difficult manoeuvres, which may jeopardize its validity.", "contents": "[Use of evaluation scales in psychopharmacology]. Rating scales are used to assess the intensity of psychiatric attributes such as anxiety and depression: they are generally composed of several items to be rated. They postulate: the continuity of the \"measured\" attribute; a monotonic attribute-item scores relationship; and the cancellation, within the final score of \"parasitic\" factors due to other features than the one which it is desired to measure. The main metrologic qualities are: sensitivity to states of different intensities, reliability in respect to time and rater, validity: relative to an external clinical classification, to another rating scale, or to known efficacy of a treament on the studied attribute. Self-rating scales avoid an intermediate rater and are easy to use. But they allow for no interpretation from external information, and cannot be used in patients with linguistic difficulties, or severely impaired. Scales rated by a rater consist of codification of a well-conducted interview. They allow for correction of erroneous answers from the patients. They may be affected by certain systematic rater errors (attenuation, central or extreme tendency, halo effect, etc...) which are decreased by training. The global score can be obtained by summing item scores, or from a factor analysis. Construction of a rating scale is a difficult task which implies a series of approximations to obtain, from an initial collection of items, satisfactory metrologic qualities. Translation and adaptation of a rating scale are difficult manoeuvres, which may jeopardize its validity.", "PMID": 688971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8226", "title": "[Objective evaluation of the effectiveness of amineptine in the treatment of severe depressive states using the Hamilton depression scale].", "content": "The Amineptine antidepressive action is proved in cases of neurotic, psychotic or reactive depression. The Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale is used. The target symptoms statistically improved by Amineptine are: depressed mood, guilt, suicide, work, and interests, and retardation. Amineptine has no anticholinergic or cardio-vascular effects.", "contents": "[Objective evaluation of the effectiveness of amineptine in the treatment of severe depressive states using the Hamilton depression scale]. The Amineptine antidepressive action is proved in cases of neurotic, psychotic or reactive depression. The Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale is used. The target symptoms statistically improved by Amineptine are: depressed mood, guilt, suicide, work, and interests, and retardation. Amineptine has no anticholinergic or cardio-vascular effects.", "PMID": 688972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8227", "title": "[Schizophrenia and histocompatibility antigens].", "content": "Schizophrenias have a genetical support as it is now proved by the study of twins born from schizophrenic parents and of the adopted children of schizophrenics. The HLA typing brings an additional argument in favour of this hypothesis. After a recall of data concerning the system of tissular histocompatibility, the results are given of the HLA typing of a population of 65 schizophrenics (59 men, 6 women) including 27 hebephrenics and 38 parano\u00efds. The parano\u00efd group is clearly individualized from a genetic point of view. If 40% of the schizophrenics carry the A9 antigen versus 21,2% found in the normal population, 47,4 % of the parano\u00efd schizophrenics present this antigen (X2) = 12,16 p less than 0,001). The association of the two antigens A9 and CW4 is even more significant: 14,3 % of the total schizophrenic population, as opposed to 2,7 % in the normal population (X2) = 13,3 p less than 0,0005). The paranoid group reached a rate of 24,3% (x(2) = 27,3 p less than 0,0005). A subject carrier of both antigens A9 + CW4 has 11,5 times more the risk of being a parano\u00efd schizophrenic than a subject not possessing these two antigens.", "contents": "[Schizophrenia and histocompatibility antigens]. Schizophrenias have a genetical support as it is now proved by the study of twins born from schizophrenic parents and of the adopted children of schizophrenics. The HLA typing brings an additional argument in favour of this hypothesis. After a recall of data concerning the system of tissular histocompatibility, the results are given of the HLA typing of a population of 65 schizophrenics (59 men, 6 women) including 27 hebephrenics and 38 parano\u00efds. The parano\u00efd group is clearly individualized from a genetic point of view. If 40% of the schizophrenics carry the A9 antigen versus 21,2% found in the normal population, 47,4 % of the parano\u00efd schizophrenics present this antigen (X2) = 12,16 p less than 0,001). The association of the two antigens A9 and CW4 is even more significant: 14,3 % of the total schizophrenic population, as opposed to 2,7 % in the normal population (X2) = 13,3 p less than 0,0005). The paranoid group reached a rate of 24,3% (x(2) = 27,3 p less than 0,0005). A subject carrier of both antigens A9 + CW4 has 11,5 times more the risk of being a parano\u00efd schizophrenic than a subject not possessing these two antigens.", "PMID": 688973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8228", "title": "A case of pituitary apoplexy with spontaneous recovery.", "content": "A patient, 38-year-old man, with hemorrhage into a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma, or pituitary apoplexy, is reported. On his admission, clinical examinations revealed typical stigmata indicating that he suffered from an acute attack of pituitary apoplexy probably induced by acute meningitis. He survived the acute attack and recovered spontaneously without an urgent operation. Although there was no suspicious sign and symptom of hypopituitarism, the first study performed immediately after the attack suggested strongly that hypopituitarism might acutely developed during the hemorrhage into the tumor. Moreover, the follow-up studies indicated that TSH, LH and ADH recovered spontaneously from the initial damage following the resorption of hemorrhage for the next 3 months.", "contents": "A case of pituitary apoplexy with spontaneous recovery. A patient, 38-year-old man, with hemorrhage into a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma, or pituitary apoplexy, is reported. On his admission, clinical examinations revealed typical stigmata indicating that he suffered from an acute attack of pituitary apoplexy probably induced by acute meningitis. He survived the acute attack and recovered spontaneously without an urgent operation. Although there was no suspicious sign and symptom of hypopituitarism, the first study performed immediately after the attack suggested strongly that hypopituitarism might acutely developed during the hemorrhage into the tumor. Moreover, the follow-up studies indicated that TSH, LH and ADH recovered spontaneously from the initial damage following the resorption of hemorrhage for the next 3 months.", "PMID": 688974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8229", "title": "Accumulation and binding of 3H-estradiol-17beta by lymphoid tissues of castrated mice.", "content": "The in vivo uptake of 3H-estradiol-17beta by the various lymphoid tissues, fat tissue, skeletal muscle and circulating blood of castrated male and female mice of C57BL strain was studied after an intravenous injection of the hormone. In both sexes the highest uptake was by the bone marrow and fat tissue, followed by the spleen, thymus and mesenteric lymph node. The lowest was by the muscle and the blood serum. The lymphoid tissues in the female took up a slightly more amount of radioactivity than those in the male until 1 hr after the injection, but thereafter the uptake was at almost the same level between both sexes. The lymphoid tissues showed a relative and long-term retention of the radioactivity, as compared with that in the muscle and blood serum. The binding of 3H-estradiol-17beta by the lymphoid tissue cytosol and their binding specificity for the hormone were examined in vitro by  Sephadex G-100 column analysis. All the tissue cytosols tested contained estradiol-binding component(-s). Among those the thymic cytosol showed to contain the component(-s) which is fairly specific to this hormone. These results suggest that there is a relatively high uptake and retention of estrogen in the lymphoid tissues in which it is bound to cytoplasmic binding component(-s).", "contents": "Accumulation and binding of 3H-estradiol-17beta by lymphoid tissues of castrated mice. The in vivo uptake of 3H-estradiol-17beta by the various lymphoid tissues, fat tissue, skeletal muscle and circulating blood of castrated male and female mice of C57BL strain was studied after an intravenous injection of the hormone. In both sexes the highest uptake was by the bone marrow and fat tissue, followed by the spleen, thymus and mesenteric lymph node. The lowest was by the muscle and the blood serum. The lymphoid tissues in the female took up a slightly more amount of radioactivity than those in the male until 1 hr after the injection, but thereafter the uptake was at almost the same level between both sexes. The lymphoid tissues showed a relative and long-term retention of the radioactivity, as compared with that in the muscle and blood serum. The binding of 3H-estradiol-17beta by the lymphoid tissue cytosol and their binding specificity for the hormone were examined in vitro by  Sephadex G-100 column analysis. All the tissue cytosols tested contained estradiol-binding component(-s). Among those the thymic cytosol showed to contain the component(-s) which is fairly specific to this hormone. These results suggest that there is a relatively high uptake and retention of estrogen in the lymphoid tissues in which it is bound to cytoplasmic binding component(-s).", "PMID": 688975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8230", "title": "Changes in serum 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone levels during periovulatory phase in women.", "content": "In order to investigate a physiological role of 17alpha-hydroxyprogestone (17-OHP) during the periovulatory phase, serum levels of LH, FSH, estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and 17-OHP were determined by the radioimmunoassay daily throught the menstrual cycle and during the treatment for induction of ovulation. In 5 ovulatory women serum, values of these hormones were also examined every 8 hr during the periovulatory phase. By average data on five cases whose blood samples were taken every eight hr, the first significant rise in 17-OHP began 8 hr after the time of the E2 peak and the initial rise of LH levels, and the 17-OHP levels increased steeply as E2 falled down from the peak. But in 2 cases among 4, 17-OHP values increased 8 hr prior to or simultaneously with the initial rise of LH and the remaining 2 cases, 17-OHP values started to increase on 16 hr after the initial rose of LH. These results suggest that the mid cycle 17-OHP peak is not a reflection of increased E2 synthesis but that 17-OHP may have a physiological role in inducing and/or facilitating LH release. But this role of 17-OHP in LH release should be further investigated.", "contents": "Changes in serum 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone levels during periovulatory phase in women. In order to investigate a physiological role of 17alpha-hydroxyprogestone (17-OHP) during the periovulatory phase, serum levels of LH, FSH, estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and 17-OHP were determined by the radioimmunoassay daily throught the menstrual cycle and during the treatment for induction of ovulation. In 5 ovulatory women serum, values of these hormones were also examined every 8 hr during the periovulatory phase. By average data on five cases whose blood samples were taken every eight hr, the first significant rise in 17-OHP began 8 hr after the time of the E2 peak and the initial rise of LH levels, and the 17-OHP levels increased steeply as E2 falled down from the peak. But in 2 cases among 4, 17-OHP values increased 8 hr prior to or simultaneously with the initial rise of LH and the remaining 2 cases, 17-OHP values started to increase on 16 hr after the initial rose of LH. These results suggest that the mid cycle 17-OHP peak is not a reflection of increased E2 synthesis but that 17-OHP may have a physiological role in inducing and/or facilitating LH release. But this role of 17-OHP in LH release should be further investigated.", "PMID": 688976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8231", "title": "Influence of 3-methylether of ethinylestradiol (Mestranol) on oviductal egg transport in rats.", "content": "The development of fertilized eggs and their transport through the oviduct were studied in rats treated orally with 3-methylether of ethinylestradiol (mestranol) at a single administration in different doses. The ED50 values were in the same range (0.11--0.34 mg mestranol/kg b.w.) as well in postcoital pregnancy inhibition test as in the experiments on tubal egg contents on day 3 as in implantation sites in niagara blue test on day 6. This suggests that the uniform cause of pregnancy inhibition of postcoital mestranol treatment on day 1 in rats is the acceleration of tubal egg transport. The ED50 of mestranol given on day 1 shortened the stay of eggs in tubes to 24 hours. Mestranol dosage above the ED50 reduced the tubal stay towards two days in comparison to five days in control animals. The number of eggs prematurely expelled from the tubes into the uterus was relatively high on day 2 and 3 in animals treated with mestranol in high dosage and with ligated cervix, compared with animals without ligation. But on day 4 on blastocysts were found. This result shows that the prevention of pregnancy is caused by the expulsion of blastocysts from uterus and/or the degeneration of zygotes in utero. Blastocysts or morulae recovered from treated rats in high dosage were transferred to the uteri of pseudopregnant recipients: 29% developed into normal term foetuses compared to 29 or 30% for both untreated control groups.", "contents": "Influence of 3-methylether of ethinylestradiol (Mestranol) on oviductal egg transport in rats. The development of fertilized eggs and their transport through the oviduct were studied in rats treated orally with 3-methylether of ethinylestradiol (mestranol) at a single administration in different doses. The ED50 values were in the same range (0.11--0.34 mg mestranol/kg b.w.) as well in postcoital pregnancy inhibition test as in the experiments on tubal egg contents on day 3 as in implantation sites in niagara blue test on day 6. This suggests that the uniform cause of pregnancy inhibition of postcoital mestranol treatment on day 1 in rats is the acceleration of tubal egg transport. The ED50 of mestranol given on day 1 shortened the stay of eggs in tubes to 24 hours. Mestranol dosage above the ED50 reduced the tubal stay towards two days in comparison to five days in control animals. The number of eggs prematurely expelled from the tubes into the uterus was relatively high on day 2 and 3 in animals treated with mestranol in high dosage and with ligated cervix, compared with animals without ligation. But on day 4 on blastocysts were found. This result shows that the prevention of pregnancy is caused by the expulsion of blastocysts from uterus and/or the degeneration of zygotes in utero. Blastocysts or morulae recovered from treated rats in high dosage were transferred to the uteri of pseudopregnant recipients: 29% developed into normal term foetuses compared to 29 or 30% for both untreated control groups.", "PMID": 688977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8232", "title": "The response to insulin by adipose tissue of insulin-dependent diabetics in vitro.", "content": "Subcutaneous adipose tissue was removed by surgical biopsy from 10 normal subjects and 4 insulin-dependent diabetics under exact intracutaneous anaesthesia. The adipose tissue fragments or isolated fat cells were incubated with a tracer amount of labeled glucose. In the presence of insulin (62.5 muU/ml) the production of carbon dioxide from glucose by adipose tissue fragments of nonobese controls as well as diabetics increased up to 286 +/- 62% and 198 +/- 14.7%, respectively. Furthermore, triglyceride synthesis was raised to 257 +/- 30% and 267 +/- 34%, respectively. There were no differences in the sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin of healthy volunteers and juvenile diabetics.", "contents": "The response to insulin by adipose tissue of insulin-dependent diabetics in vitro. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was removed by surgical biopsy from 10 normal subjects and 4 insulin-dependent diabetics under exact intracutaneous anaesthesia. The adipose tissue fragments or isolated fat cells were incubated with a tracer amount of labeled glucose. In the presence of insulin (62.5 muU/ml) the production of carbon dioxide from glucose by adipose tissue fragments of nonobese controls as well as diabetics increased up to 286 +/- 62% and 198 +/- 14.7%, respectively. Furthermore, triglyceride synthesis was raised to 257 +/- 30% and 267 +/- 34%, respectively. There were no differences in the sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin of healthy volunteers and juvenile diabetics.", "PMID": 688978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8233", "title": "Influence of diet composition on insulin output, carbohydrate tolerance and lipid values in primary hypertriglyceridemia (HT).", "content": "Hypertriglyceridemic patients generally show a post-challenge hyperinsulinemia. In patients where carbohydrate intolerance coexists, increasing of reactive insulin is relatively diminished and delayed. In a group of 31 hypertriglyceridemic patients these characteristics of insulin increments in peripheral blood during a 50 g OGTT were constant: neither a low-fat (carbohydrate-rich) nor a high-fat (low carbohydrate) isocaloric, weight-maintaining diet had a significant influence on this parameter when compared with a standard diet (protein content unaltered throughout all diet periods). Glucose tolerance was significantly improved after the low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. The results were neither correlated with the type of dietary inducibility of fasting triglyceride levels in individual cases nor with the sequence of diet periods prescribed. Hyperinsulinemia in hypertriglyceridemic patients is not believed to be the direct consequence of abnormal composition of the antecedent diet.", "contents": "Influence of diet composition on insulin output, carbohydrate tolerance and lipid values in primary hypertriglyceridemia (HT). Hypertriglyceridemic patients generally show a post-challenge hyperinsulinemia. In patients where carbohydrate intolerance coexists, increasing of reactive insulin is relatively diminished and delayed. In a group of 31 hypertriglyceridemic patients these characteristics of insulin increments in peripheral blood during a 50 g OGTT were constant: neither a low-fat (carbohydrate-rich) nor a high-fat (low carbohydrate) isocaloric, weight-maintaining diet had a significant influence on this parameter when compared with a standard diet (protein content unaltered throughout all diet periods). Glucose tolerance was significantly improved after the low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. The results were neither correlated with the type of dietary inducibility of fasting triglyceride levels in individual cases nor with the sequence of diet periods prescribed. Hyperinsulinemia in hypertriglyceridemic patients is not believed to be the direct consequence of abnormal composition of the antecedent diet.", "PMID": 688979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8234", "title": "Morphological differentation of limbic nuclei during sexual maturation of female rats.", "content": "Cell nuclear volumes were measured in the central parts of the medial amygdaloid nucleus (MAN), cortical amygdaloid nucleus (CAN) and basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BLAN), the anterior part of the ventral hippocampus (VHPC) and, for control, in the parietal cortex of immature female rats at 21, 26, 32, or 36 days of age, or at the onset of puberty. The cortical cell nuclei did not show any variation of their volumes during the period of development under investigation. In all limbic regions studied, a significant increase of cell nuclear size was found from day 21 to day 26 indicating that a general maturation process runs off in the limbic system during the fourth week of life. Cell nuclei were significantly smaller in 32-day-old rats as compared to 26-day-old females in the MAN, CAN and VHPC, but not in the BLAN. From day 32 to day 36, nuclear volumes had distinctively increased in the MAN and BLAN, not changed in the CAN, and further decreased in the VHPC. The first ovulatory oestrus was associated with diminution of nuclear sizes in the MAN and BLAN, and with enlargement of cell nuclei in the CAN and VHPC. The results which suggest a specific development of different limbic nuclei are discussed with regard to recent findings on the gonadotrophin-controlling function of the limbic system in immature and cyclic female rats.", "contents": "Morphological differentation of limbic nuclei during sexual maturation of female rats. Cell nuclear volumes were measured in the central parts of the medial amygdaloid nucleus (MAN), cortical amygdaloid nucleus (CAN) and basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BLAN), the anterior part of the ventral hippocampus (VHPC) and, for control, in the parietal cortex of immature female rats at 21, 26, 32, or 36 days of age, or at the onset of puberty. The cortical cell nuclei did not show any variation of their volumes during the period of development under investigation. In all limbic regions studied, a significant increase of cell nuclear size was found from day 21 to day 26 indicating that a general maturation process runs off in the limbic system during the fourth week of life. Cell nuclei were significantly smaller in 32-day-old rats as compared to 26-day-old females in the MAN, CAN and VHPC, but not in the BLAN. From day 32 to day 36, nuclear volumes had distinctively increased in the MAN and BLAN, not changed in the CAN, and further decreased in the VHPC. The first ovulatory oestrus was associated with diminution of nuclear sizes in the MAN and BLAN, and with enlargement of cell nuclei in the CAN and VHPC. The results which suggest a specific development of different limbic nuclei are discussed with regard to recent findings on the gonadotrophin-controlling function of the limbic system in immature and cyclic female rats.", "PMID": 688980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8235", "title": "Effect of follicle stimulating hormone on the testes of Puntius ticto (Ham.).", "content": "Histomorphological study of the testes reveals that 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do not show any marked effect on the spermatogenesis of Puntius ticto except that the production of primary germ cells and primary spermatogonia is slightly stimulated. A dose of 0.6 mg of FSH initiates the formation of primary spermatocytes, and with 0.8 mg the secondary spermatocytes and spermatids appear. With 1.0 mg of FSH the testes attain full maturation. By an administration of a further dose of 0.2 mg of FSH the commencement of oozing is initiated. Each addition of 0.2 mg of FSH from now onwards up to 2.0 mg gradually increases the number of primary germ cells and primary spermatogonia and decreases the number of spermatozoa which reveals uninterrupted oozing of the latter.", "contents": "Effect of follicle stimulating hormone on the testes of Puntius ticto (Ham.). Histomorphological study of the testes reveals that 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do not show any marked effect on the spermatogenesis of Puntius ticto except that the production of primary germ cells and primary spermatogonia is slightly stimulated. A dose of 0.6 mg of FSH initiates the formation of primary spermatocytes, and with 0.8 mg the secondary spermatocytes and spermatids appear. With 1.0 mg of FSH the testes attain full maturation. By an administration of a further dose of 0.2 mg of FSH the commencement of oozing is initiated. Each addition of 0.2 mg of FSH from now onwards up to 2.0 mg gradually increases the number of primary germ cells and primary spermatogonia and decreases the number of spermatozoa which reveals uninterrupted oozing of the latter.", "PMID": 688981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8236", "title": "Sex differences in adrenocortical structure and function. IV. Effects of postpubertal gonadectomy and sex hormones on adrenal steroid 5alpha-reductase activity in the rat.", "content": "Studies on the effects of gonadectomy and gonadal hormones on adrenal 5alpha-reductase activity in the rat were performed. In rats of both sexes postpubertal gonadectomy is followed by an increase in adrenal 5alpha-reductase activity. The enzyme activity gradually increases during 6 postoperative weeks. Replacement of testosterone or estradiol to gonadectomized rats within 5 days lowers the enzyme activity to the level observed in intact control rats. Likewise, testosterone injected to ovariectomized rats and estradiol administered to orchiectomized animals within 5 days reversed the effect of gonadectomy on 5alpha-reductase. In all experiments the temporal changes in 5alpha-reductase activity were similar. By contrast, the weight of seminal vesicles of gonadectomized rats was normalized after 7 days of testosterone action whereas the highest uterine weight was found 3 days post depot-estradiol injection. Regarding temporal changes in 5alpha-reductase activity the experiments revealed similar inhibitory action of testosterone and estradiol. This action probably depends on the inhibition of enzyme synthesis by gonadal hormones. Moreover, greater sensitivity of adrenals of gonadectomized rats to testosterone, if compared with seminal vesicles, was observed.", "contents": "Sex differences in adrenocortical structure and function. IV. Effects of postpubertal gonadectomy and sex hormones on adrenal steroid 5alpha-reductase activity in the rat. Studies on the effects of gonadectomy and gonadal hormones on adrenal 5alpha-reductase activity in the rat were performed. In rats of both sexes postpubertal gonadectomy is followed by an increase in adrenal 5alpha-reductase activity. The enzyme activity gradually increases during 6 postoperative weeks. Replacement of testosterone or estradiol to gonadectomized rats within 5 days lowers the enzyme activity to the level observed in intact control rats. Likewise, testosterone injected to ovariectomized rats and estradiol administered to orchiectomized animals within 5 days reversed the effect of gonadectomy on 5alpha-reductase. In all experiments the temporal changes in 5alpha-reductase activity were similar. By contrast, the weight of seminal vesicles of gonadectomized rats was normalized after 7 days of testosterone action whereas the highest uterine weight was found 3 days post depot-estradiol injection. Regarding temporal changes in 5alpha-reductase activity the experiments revealed similar inhibitory action of testosterone and estradiol. This action probably depends on the inhibition of enzyme synthesis by gonadal hormones. Moreover, greater sensitivity of adrenals of gonadectomized rats to testosterone, if compared with seminal vesicles, was observed.", "PMID": 688982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8237", "title": "Regulation of plasma aldosterone by glucose-induced paradoxical hyperkalemia in the presence of suppressed renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "In a hyperkalemic patient with stable chronic renal failure and suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose induced a paradoxical transitory rise in serum potassium accompanied by a similar change in plasma aldosterone. The close significant correlation indicated a prominent role for serum potassium in the acute regulation of plasma aldosterone when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was suppressed. However, when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was stimulated by sodium depletion the glucose-induced paradoxical hyperkalemia was abolished and the governing role of potassium became less evident. The results support the concept of an equal and supplementary role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and potassium in the acute regulation of aldosterone production.", "contents": "Regulation of plasma aldosterone by glucose-induced paradoxical hyperkalemia in the presence of suppressed renin-angiotensin system. In a hyperkalemic patient with stable chronic renal failure and suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose induced a paradoxical transitory rise in serum potassium accompanied by a similar change in plasma aldosterone. The close significant correlation indicated a prominent role for serum potassium in the acute regulation of plasma aldosterone when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was suppressed. However, when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was stimulated by sodium depletion the glucose-induced paradoxical hyperkalemia was abolished and the governing role of potassium became less evident. The results support the concept of an equal and supplementary role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and potassium in the acute regulation of aldosterone production.", "PMID": 688983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8238", "title": "Histochemical investigation of aldosterone-secreting cells adenoma of the adrenal cortex.", "content": "Two cases of adenomas of adrenal cortex were examined. Both cases presented clinical symptoms of autonomic hyperaldosteronism. Histologically one adenoma had a benign structure, the other a malignant one. An ultrastructural and cytochemical assay of the benign form suggests that it is composed of so called \"hybrid cells\". Histochemically the cells of both adenomas were characterized by a 3-beta hydroxysteroid and succinic dehydrogenase reaction, the presence of MAO and nonspecific esterases and in some single cells 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Histochemical investigation of aldosterone-secreting cells adenoma of the adrenal cortex. Two cases of adenomas of adrenal cortex were examined. Both cases presented clinical symptoms of autonomic hyperaldosteronism. Histologically one adenoma had a benign structure, the other a malignant one. An ultrastructural and cytochemical assay of the benign form suggests that it is composed of so called \"hybrid cells\". Histochemically the cells of both adenomas were characterized by a 3-beta hydroxysteroid and succinic dehydrogenase reaction, the presence of MAO and nonspecific esterases and in some single cells 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 688984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8239", "title": "[Effect of diet and thyroxine on body composition in rats].", "content": "In young male Wistar rats the influence of different fat content of the diet (7 or 25 or 50 weight percent of fat) and of thyroxine (5 or 50 microgram/100 g body mass, 2 times/week, sc.) on body composition was investigated by carcass analysis. After high doses of thyroxine the percentage body fat decreases and protein and water content increases within the same diet group (7 or 25 or 50% fat diet). Smaller doses of thyroxine have only the same effect as high thyroxine doses in the 7% fat diet group; the body composition is unchanged in the 25% fat diet group, and in rats after 50% fat diet thyroxine even brings about an increase in body fat. It is concluded that the fat content of the diet makes thyroxine partly ineffective. A comparison of the different diet groups, also with or without thyroxine treatment, brings the result of significantly increased percentage body fat after 25 and 50% fat diet; body protein and body water decreases respectively. It appears from the present study that controversial results in literature concerning body composition after thyroxine treatment, may be caused by different diets, especially the fat content of the diets.", "contents": "[Effect of diet and thyroxine on body composition in rats]. In young male Wistar rats the influence of different fat content of the diet (7 or 25 or 50 weight percent of fat) and of thyroxine (5 or 50 microgram/100 g body mass, 2 times/week, sc.) on body composition was investigated by carcass analysis. After high doses of thyroxine the percentage body fat decreases and protein and water content increases within the same diet group (7 or 25 or 50% fat diet). Smaller doses of thyroxine have only the same effect as high thyroxine doses in the 7% fat diet group; the body composition is unchanged in the 25% fat diet group, and in rats after 50% fat diet thyroxine even brings about an increase in body fat. It is concluded that the fat content of the diet makes thyroxine partly ineffective. A comparison of the different diet groups, also with or without thyroxine treatment, brings the result of significantly increased percentage body fat after 25 and 50% fat diet; body protein and body water decreases respectively. It appears from the present study that controversial results in literature concerning body composition after thyroxine treatment, may be caused by different diets, especially the fat content of the diets.", "PMID": 688985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8240", "title": "Experimental and seasonal changes in the pituitary of the Teleost Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).", "content": "The pituitary of Heteropneustes fossilis is composed of a glandular adenohypophysis and a neurohypophysis (NH). The adenohypophysis is divided into three regions namely: rostral and proximal pars distalis (RPD and PPD) and pars intermedia (PI) consisting of seven different cell types. The RPD is made up of two cell types, the erythrosinophilic acidophils which form the major component of this region and H. Pb positive cells which border the NH. The latter exhibited hypertrophy during spawning and in radiothyroidectomised fishes. The erythrosinophils and H. Pb positive cells can be compared to the lactotrophs and corticotrophs described in the literature. The PPD is composed of three cell types: thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs and acidophils. The gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs readily take up the PAS, aldehyde fuchsin and anilin blue. The gnadotrophs show a marked numerical increase and hypertrophy in the breeding season, whereas they are small and comparatively few in nonbreeding season. In radiothyroidectomised fish the thyrotrophs show hypertrophy and degranulation and tendency to migrate into all the component parts, reaching upto the stalk region. In the control only few cells compared to thyrotrophs are seen in the NH and PI. The PI consists of H. Pb and PAS positive cells. They may be involved in the secretion of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and osmoregulation as suggested in the literature.", "contents": "Experimental and seasonal changes in the pituitary of the Teleost Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). The pituitary of Heteropneustes fossilis is composed of a glandular adenohypophysis and a neurohypophysis (NH). The adenohypophysis is divided into three regions namely: rostral and proximal pars distalis (RPD and PPD) and pars intermedia (PI) consisting of seven different cell types. The RPD is made up of two cell types, the erythrosinophilic acidophils which form the major component of this region and H. Pb positive cells which border the NH. The latter exhibited hypertrophy during spawning and in radiothyroidectomised fishes. The erythrosinophils and H. Pb positive cells can be compared to the lactotrophs and corticotrophs described in the literature. The PPD is composed of three cell types: thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs and acidophils. The gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs readily take up the PAS, aldehyde fuchsin and anilin blue. The gnadotrophs show a marked numerical increase and hypertrophy in the breeding season, whereas they are small and comparatively few in nonbreeding season. In radiothyroidectomised fish the thyrotrophs show hypertrophy and degranulation and tendency to migrate into all the component parts, reaching upto the stalk region. In the control only few cells compared to thyrotrophs are seen in the NH and PI. The PI consists of H. Pb and PAS positive cells. They may be involved in the secretion of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and osmoregulation as suggested in the literature.", "PMID": 688986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8241", "title": "The course of serum antibody development in two ponies experimentally infected with contagious metritis.", "content": "Serum agglutination tests, anti-globulin tests, and complement fixation tests were carried out on sera taken over a period of 98 days from two fillies experimentally infected with the contagious equine metritis organism. The pattern, and significance in diagnosis, of these results is discussed. All 3 tests showed positive titres in the acute phase of experimental disease; reactions in the complement fixation test persisted longest.", "contents": "The course of serum antibody development in two ponies experimentally infected with contagious metritis. Serum agglutination tests, anti-globulin tests, and complement fixation tests were carried out on sera taken over a period of 98 days from two fillies experimentally infected with the contagious equine metritis organism. The pattern, and significance in diagnosis, of these results is discussed. All 3 tests showed positive titres in the acute phase of experimental disease; reactions in the complement fixation test persisted longest.", "PMID": 688995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8242", "title": "The experimental infection of ponies with contagious equine metritis.", "content": "Four pony mares were readily infected with the organism of contagious equine metritis by intracervical inoculation and one by coitus with an infected stallion. Infected mares developed an acute endometritis with local destruction of the endometrial epithelium. In 2 experimentally infected mares, infection appeared to have been spontaneously eliminated from the genital tract within 3 to 4 weeks. A third mare however remained persistently infected in the clitoral fossa over a long period and was a symptomless carrier. Four pony stallions were readily infected in the urethral fossa and the organism survived for varying periods without giving rise to any signs of infection. From 2 of these animals it appeared eventually to have been eliminated spontaneously. An experimentally infected stallion transmitted infection to a healthy mare by coitus. Bacteriological examination of infected pony stallions may occassionally give false negative results and fail to reveal the organism in the external genitalia. Repeated bacteriological examinations need to be undertaken before it can be concluded that a stallion is free of infection.", "contents": "The experimental infection of ponies with contagious equine metritis. Four pony mares were readily infected with the organism of contagious equine metritis by intracervical inoculation and one by coitus with an infected stallion. Infected mares developed an acute endometritis with local destruction of the endometrial epithelium. In 2 experimentally infected mares, infection appeared to have been spontaneously eliminated from the genital tract within 3 to 4 weeks. A third mare however remained persistently infected in the clitoral fossa over a long period and was a symptomless carrier. Four pony stallions were readily infected in the urethral fossa and the organism survived for varying periods without giving rise to any signs of infection. From 2 of these animals it appeared eventually to have been eliminated spontaneously. An experimentally infected stallion transmitted infection to a healthy mare by coitus. Bacteriological examination of infected pony stallions may occassionally give false negative results and fail to reveal the organism in the external genitalia. Repeated bacteriological examinations need to be undertaken before it can be concluded that a stallion is free of infection.", "PMID": 688996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8243", "title": "Absorption of sodium benzylpenicillin from the equine uterus after local Lugol's lodine treatment, compared with absorption after intramuscular injection.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of sodium benzylpenicillin following intrauterine infusion were increased by reducing the volume of solution and expelling air from the vagina after infusion. Instillation of 10 per cent Lugol's iodine solution into the uterus before penicillin infusion further increased the absorption rate, although peak plasma levels of penicillin were less than half those which resulted from intramuscular injection of the same dose.", "contents": "Absorption of sodium benzylpenicillin from the equine uterus after local Lugol's lodine treatment, compared with absorption after intramuscular injection. Plasma concentrations of sodium benzylpenicillin following intrauterine infusion were increased by reducing the volume of solution and expelling air from the vagina after infusion. Instillation of 10 per cent Lugol's iodine solution into the uterus before penicillin infusion further increased the absorption rate, although peak plasma levels of penicillin were less than half those which resulted from intramuscular injection of the same dose.", "PMID": 688998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8244", "title": "Respiratory sounds recorded by radio-stethoscope from normal horses at exercise.", "content": "A graphic representation is presented of respiratory sounds recorded by a radio-stethoscope from normal horses exercised at the walk, trot, canter and gallop. Methods whereby inspiratory and expiratory sounds were distinguished are discussed. The form of amplitude envelopes of the sounds recorded at different gaits are compared. Certain measurements of relative amplitudes and the form of amplitude envelopes of the recorded respiratory sounds can be recognised as typical of normal horses when exercised at the canter and gallop. The influence of some physiological events (e.g. deglutition on the rhythm of normal respiration at the canter and gallop) is indicated.", "contents": "Respiratory sounds recorded by radio-stethoscope from normal horses at exercise. A graphic representation is presented of respiratory sounds recorded by a radio-stethoscope from normal horses exercised at the walk, trot, canter and gallop. Methods whereby inspiratory and expiratory sounds were distinguished are discussed. The form of amplitude envelopes of the sounds recorded at different gaits are compared. Certain measurements of relative amplitudes and the form of amplitude envelopes of the recorded respiratory sounds can be recognised as typical of normal horses when exercised at the canter and gallop. The influence of some physiological events (e.g. deglutition on the rhythm of normal respiration at the canter and gallop) is indicated.", "PMID": 688999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8245", "title": "Limb skin thermometry in racehorses.", "content": "Skin temperature measurements were recorded of the legs of 13 racehorses between 2 and 5 years old. The normal limb temperature patterns are described. In over 90 per cent of the normal horses the difference between contralateral limbs was less than 1 degree C, but in the remainder differences of up to 8 degree C were recorded due to the excessive cooling of one limb. One horse had a constant temperature elevation of one foreleg, but it remained in training for 7 weeks without any obvious ill effects. Because of the small numbers of horses in the survey and their freedom from tendon injuries it was not possible to draw any conclusions about the efficacy of thermometric screening in the early diagnosis of tendon injuries.", "contents": "Limb skin thermometry in racehorses. Skin temperature measurements were recorded of the legs of 13 racehorses between 2 and 5 years old. The normal limb temperature patterns are described. In over 90 per cent of the normal horses the difference between contralateral limbs was less than 1 degree C, but in the remainder differences of up to 8 degree C were recorded due to the excessive cooling of one limb. One horse had a constant temperature elevation of one foreleg, but it remained in training for 7 weeks without any obvious ill effects. Because of the small numbers of horses in the survey and their freedom from tendon injuries it was not possible to draw any conclusions about the efficacy of thermometric screening in the early diagnosis of tendon injuries.", "PMID": 689000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8246", "title": "Tetralogy of Fallot and cranial mesenteric arteritis in a foal.", "content": "A 5 month old colt foal with recurrent pyrexia and a loud pansystolic murmur later developed signs of cardiac failure. Peritoneal fluid and blood samples both demonstrated an extreme leucocytosis and neutrophilia. At post-mortem both a cranial mesenteric arteritis and the congenital cardiac anomaly, Tetralogy of Fallot were found. The detailed clinical and post-mortem findings contributing to the case are described.", "contents": "Tetralogy of Fallot and cranial mesenteric arteritis in a foal. A 5 month old colt foal with recurrent pyrexia and a loud pansystolic murmur later developed signs of cardiac failure. Peritoneal fluid and blood samples both demonstrated an extreme leucocytosis and neutrophilia. At post-mortem both a cranial mesenteric arteritis and the congenital cardiac anomaly, Tetralogy of Fallot were found. The detailed clinical and post-mortem findings contributing to the case are described.", "PMID": 689001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8247", "title": "Haemodynamics in the horse: 1. Pressure pulse contours.", "content": "Using a catheter with 2 transducers, one mounted at the tip and one 9 cm proximal to it, enabled transvalval pressure waveforms to be recorded in 8 horses. A simultaneous electrocardiogram acted as a time base. The changing waveforms produced in the chambers of the heart and great vessels are described and related to the events of the cardiac cycle. The effect of second degree AV block, ectopic beats, a pan diastolic murmur and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are described.", "contents": "Haemodynamics in the horse: 1. Pressure pulse contours. Using a catheter with 2 transducers, one mounted at the tip and one 9 cm proximal to it, enabled transvalval pressure waveforms to be recorded in 8 horses. A simultaneous electrocardiogram acted as a time base. The changing waveforms produced in the chambers of the heart and great vessels are described and related to the events of the cardiac cycle. The effect of second degree AV block, ectopic beats, a pan diastolic murmur and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are described.", "PMID": 689002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8248", "title": "Calcium uptake in skeletal muscle mitochondria. II. The effects of long-term chronic and acute exercise.", "content": "In order to ascertain the effects of long-term exercise training and long-term exhaustive exercise on mitochondrial 45Ca2+ uptake and related variables in rat skeletal muscle, female rats were randomly divided into three groups: sedentary-rested (SR), trained-rested (TR), and trained-exhausted (TE). The trained groups were exercised five times per week on a treadmill for 22 weeks. At the conclusion of the training period, the TE group was exercised to exhaustion following their daily 1 h run. The 45Ca2+ uptake and endogenous mitochodrial Ca2+ content of skeletal muscle followed stepwise increases of approximately 25% and 50%, respectively, across the groups, suggesting that long-term exercise induces the mitochondria to play an important role as a Ca2+ uptake buffer. A 75--83% reduction in 45Ca2+ binding  in the TE group suggests a selective loss and partial saturation of membrane phospholipids with exhaustive exercise. The TE group had a two-fold greater content of mitochondrial Mg2+ than did the rested groups. It is speculated that the mitochondria accumulate Mg2+ during acute exercise to maintain the functional integrity of the membrane, thus offsetting the deleterious effects of excessive Ca2+ uptake", "contents": "Calcium uptake in skeletal muscle mitochondria. II. The effects of long-term chronic and acute exercise. In order to ascertain the effects of long-term exercise training and long-term exhaustive exercise on mitochondrial 45Ca2+ uptake and related variables in rat skeletal muscle, female rats were randomly divided into three groups: sedentary-rested (SR), trained-rested (TR), and trained-exhausted (TE). The trained groups were exercised five times per week on a treadmill for 22 weeks. At the conclusion of the training period, the TE group was exercised to exhaustion following their daily 1 h run. The 45Ca2+ uptake and endogenous mitochodrial Ca2+ content of skeletal muscle followed stepwise increases of approximately 25% and 50%, respectively, across the groups, suggesting that long-term exercise induces the mitochondria to play an important role as a Ca2+ uptake buffer. A 75--83% reduction in 45Ca2+ binding  in the TE group suggests a selective loss and partial saturation of membrane phospholipids with exhaustive exercise. The TE group had a two-fold greater content of mitochondrial Mg2+ than did the rested groups. It is speculated that the mitochondria accumulate Mg2+ during acute exercise to maintain the functional integrity of the membrane, thus offsetting the deleterious effects of excessive Ca2+ uptake", "PMID": 689007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8249", "title": "Lactate kinetics after short strenuous exercise in man.", "content": "Arterial blood lactate was measured at 10 s time intervals after a 3 min strenuous exercise for six athletes pedaling a bicycle ergometer in the sitting position. Recovery curves were fitted to the equation: Y(t) = A1(1-e-gamma1t)+A2(1-e-gamma2t)(0). The evolution of arterial lactate concentrations during recovery can accurately be represented by this equation. The values of the coefficients A and gamma found were used for a numerical application to an open two-compartment model: the \"working muscle space\" (1) and the \"lactate space\" (2). Intramuscular concentrations, the transfer coefficients from compartment 1 to compartment 2 and from compartment 2 to compartment 1 and the fractional turnover and basal turnover rate were calculated. Computed intramuscular lactate concentrations at the end of exercise compare favorably with those found earlier by muscular biopsic samplings. The turnover data are higher than those previously reported. This discrepancy may possibly be attributed to the method of mathematical analysis.", "contents": "Lactate kinetics after short strenuous exercise in man. Arterial blood lactate was measured at 10 s time intervals after a 3 min strenuous exercise for six athletes pedaling a bicycle ergometer in the sitting position. Recovery curves were fitted to the equation: Y(t) = A1(1-e-gamma1t)+A2(1-e-gamma2t)(0). The evolution of arterial lactate concentrations during recovery can accurately be represented by this equation. The values of the coefficients A and gamma found were used for a numerical application to an open two-compartment model: the \"working muscle space\" (1) and the \"lactate space\" (2). Intramuscular concentrations, the transfer coefficients from compartment 1 to compartment 2 and from compartment 2 to compartment 1 and the fractional turnover and basal turnover rate were calculated. Computed intramuscular lactate concentrations at the end of exercise compare favorably with those found earlier by muscular biopsic samplings. The turnover data are higher than those previously reported. This discrepancy may possibly be attributed to the method of mathematical analysis.", "PMID": 689008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8250", "title": "Skeletal muscle enzyme activity, fiber composition and VO2 max in relation to distance running performance.", "content": "Muscle biopsy samples were obtained from the gastrocnemius of 26 well-trained runners of widely varying ability. Portions of the sample were analyzed for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and for muscle fiber composition. VO2 max was determined during uphill treadmill running. Mean values for muscle SDH activity (14.6 U/g), fiber composition (55% slow twitch) and VO2 max (60.9 ml/kg x min(-1)) were lower than reported previously for groups of elite and sub-elite runners. The physiological data were consistent with the performance ability of the sample [5 : 12,11 : 20 and 36 : 40 (min :s) for 1, 2 and 6 miles, respectively]. Within the sample, performance was most strongly related to VO2 max (r=-0.84,-0.87 and -0.88 for 1, 2, and 6 miles). There was little relationship between muscle SDH activity and either performance (r=-0.11, -0.14, -0.20 for 1,2, and 6 miles) or VO2 max (r=0.23). The relationship between muscle fiber composition and performance was only modestly strong (r=-0.52,-0.54, -0.55 for 1,2, and 6 miles). The results indicate that the primary determinant of cross-sectional differences in running performance is VO2 max. Skeletal muscle metabolism apparently contributes little to these cross-sectional differences and may be of much greater importance to variations in performance within an individual.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle enzyme activity, fiber composition and VO2 max in relation to distance running performance. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained from the gastrocnemius of 26 well-trained runners of widely varying ability. Portions of the sample were analyzed for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and for muscle fiber composition. VO2 max was determined during uphill treadmill running. Mean values for muscle SDH activity (14.6 U/g), fiber composition (55% slow twitch) and VO2 max (60.9 ml/kg x min(-1)) were lower than reported previously for groups of elite and sub-elite runners. The physiological data were consistent with the performance ability of the sample [5 : 12,11 : 20 and 36 : 40 (min :s) for 1, 2 and 6 miles, respectively]. Within the sample, performance was most strongly related to VO2 max (r=-0.84,-0.87 and -0.88 for 1, 2, and 6 miles). There was little relationship between muscle SDH activity and either performance (r=-0.11, -0.14, -0.20 for 1,2, and 6 miles) or VO2 max (r=0.23). The relationship between muscle fiber composition and performance was only modestly strong (r=-0.52,-0.54, -0.55 for 1,2, and 6 miles). The results indicate that the primary determinant of cross-sectional differences in running performance is VO2 max. Skeletal muscle metabolism apparently contributes little to these cross-sectional differences and may be of much greater importance to variations in performance within an individual.", "PMID": 689010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8251", "title": "The microvibrations of the body, an index for examination stress.", "content": "Changes of whole-body microvibrations (MV) were quantitatively analyzed in 123 voluntary subjects during two examination situations and compared with the results obtained during the ensuing vacation. The force oscillations in the three space directions were measured during quiet bipedal standing and simultaneously recorded as a time function with the rectified and integrated force-time function (= rectified impulse). The rectified impulses related to body weight were used as a measure for the MV. Immediately before the examinations, all the subjects showed high values. These decreased significantly in the control measurement if the subjects passed the exams, but remained relatively high in the subjects who failed. In all three measurements, smokers and candidates who took tranquilizers before the exams show higher MV values than do the other subjects. Females are less tense than males, a difference particularly significant in the vertical (z) direction. The rectified impulse in this direction correlates positively with the estimated cardiac output. Body weight and body length show a positive correlation with the MV values in the horizontal forward-backward (x) and vertical (z) direction. The measurement of the whole-body MV enables quantitative evaluation of the complex load due to an examination situation. The hypothesis that different types of stress or personality affect given directions in space requires further investigation.", "contents": "The microvibrations of the body, an index for examination stress. Changes of whole-body microvibrations (MV) were quantitatively analyzed in 123 voluntary subjects during two examination situations and compared with the results obtained during the ensuing vacation. The force oscillations in the three space directions were measured during quiet bipedal standing and simultaneously recorded as a time function with the rectified and integrated force-time function (= rectified impulse). The rectified impulses related to body weight were used as a measure for the MV. Immediately before the examinations, all the subjects showed high values. These decreased significantly in the control measurement if the subjects passed the exams, but remained relatively high in the subjects who failed. In all three measurements, smokers and candidates who took tranquilizers before the exams show higher MV values than do the other subjects. Females are less tense than males, a difference particularly significant in the vertical (z) direction. The rectified impulse in this direction correlates positively with the estimated cardiac output. Body weight and body length show a positive correlation with the MV values in the horizontal forward-backward (x) and vertical (z) direction. The measurement of the whole-body MV enables quantitative evaluation of the complex load due to an examination situation. The hypothesis that different types of stress or personality affect given directions in space requires further investigation.", "PMID": 689013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8252", "title": "Activity pattern, smoking habits, and somatometric variables of the Czechoslovakian population.", "content": "A total of 3762 subjects of both sexes, natives of Czechoslovakia, ranging in age from 12--55 years, were examined. Both anamnestic data and selected anthropometric variables were evaluated. The proportion of non-smokers for adult males was 47--56%, and for adult females was 54--74% of the population. The proportion of subjects not engaged in any type of physical activity decreases in boys between 12 and 18 years from 28 to 16%, in girls between 12 and 15 years from 25 to 22%; from then on the trend reverses and the percentages rises up to 42% in men and 65% in women. The number of subjects participating in competitive sporting activity reaches its peak at 18 years, when 46% of boys annd 43% of girls compete, but then decreases quickly. 12 year old girls are taller and heavier than boys but at 15 years the relationship is reversed. The LBM at the age of 12 is equal in boys and girls, but from then till 18 years the increase is larger in boys. The LBM weight in adults remains steady, women attaining 77% of the value found in men. The skinfold increases with age similarly in both sexes, except for an interval between 12 and 18 years, when girls show a steeper increase. Adult women attain 121--160% of the values characteristic for men. The grip strength of the right hand equals about 50 kp in adult men and 30 kp in adult women. Within the age range followed, it remains unaffected by age.", "contents": "Activity pattern, smoking habits, and somatometric variables of the Czechoslovakian population. A total of 3762 subjects of both sexes, natives of Czechoslovakia, ranging in age from 12--55 years, were examined. Both anamnestic data and selected anthropometric variables were evaluated. The proportion of non-smokers for adult males was 47--56%, and for adult females was 54--74% of the population. The proportion of subjects not engaged in any type of physical activity decreases in boys between 12 and 18 years from 28 to 16%, in girls between 12 and 15 years from 25 to 22%; from then on the trend reverses and the percentages rises up to 42% in men and 65% in women. The number of subjects participating in competitive sporting activity reaches its peak at 18 years, when 46% of boys annd 43% of girls compete, but then decreases quickly. 12 year old girls are taller and heavier than boys but at 15 years the relationship is reversed. The LBM at the age of 12 is equal in boys and girls, but from then till 18 years the increase is larger in boys. The LBM weight in adults remains steady, women attaining 77% of the value found in men. The skinfold increases with age similarly in both sexes, except for an interval between 12 and 18 years, when girls show a steeper increase. Adult women attain 121--160% of the values characteristic for men. The grip strength of the right hand equals about 50 kp in adult men and 30 kp in adult women. Within the age range followed, it remains unaffected by age.", "PMID": 689016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8253", "title": "Resting values of left ventricular work to coronary blood flow ratio in rats exposed to intermittent high altitude hypoxia and swimming.", "content": "Total hemodynamic values and left ventricular blood flow were studied using Sapirstein's method of 86Rb uptake in female rats 24 h after a last exposure to high altitude. A stimulated altitude of 1350 m was used, initial exposure being for 30 min, gradually increased by 30 min daily up to 330 min daily for 5 days a week; the total number of exposures was 32. In another animal group the hypobaric exposure was combined with swimming in water at 37 degrees C. In both experimental groups the cardiac output and stroke volume increased, and in rats undergoing swimming the total peripheral resistance decreased as well. In the rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia only, left ventricular blood flow increased by about the same proportion as the cardiac output. The ratio of left ventricular work to coronary blood flow was significantly increased. In rats exposed to the combined influence of hypoxia and swimming, the increase in left ventricular blood flow did not match either the increase in cardiac output, or the weight gain of the left ventricle. The ventricular work to coronary blood flow ratio was the same as in controls.", "contents": "Resting values of left ventricular work to coronary blood flow ratio in rats exposed to intermittent high altitude hypoxia and swimming. Total hemodynamic values and left ventricular blood flow were studied using Sapirstein's method of 86Rb uptake in female rats 24 h after a last exposure to high altitude. A stimulated altitude of 1350 m was used, initial exposure being for 30 min, gradually increased by 30 min daily up to 330 min daily for 5 days a week; the total number of exposures was 32. In another animal group the hypobaric exposure was combined with swimming in water at 37 degrees C. In both experimental groups the cardiac output and stroke volume increased, and in rats undergoing swimming the total peripheral resistance decreased as well. In the rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia only, left ventricular blood flow increased by about the same proportion as the cardiac output. The ratio of left ventricular work to coronary blood flow was significantly increased. In rats exposed to the combined influence of hypoxia and swimming, the increase in left ventricular blood flow did not match either the increase in cardiac output, or the weight gain of the left ventricle. The ventricular work to coronary blood flow ratio was the same as in controls.", "PMID": 689017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8254", "title": "Comparison of the potential elastic energy stored and used by two antagonistic muscular groups.", "content": "The potential elastic energy stored and used by the flexors is compared to that of the elbow extensors in man. This comparison is made during a series of isolated and to-and-fro movements. The integrated EMG-work relationships are established for the isolated movements of flexion and extension and for the to-and-fro movements. For a same integrated EMG value: 1. The work done by the flexors or the extensors during to-and-fro movements is superior to that done during isolated movements. 2. In comparison to isolated movements the energy saved in to-and-fro movements is greater in the case of the extensors than in the case of the flexors. It appears that: 1. The extra work supplied during to-and-fro movements comes only from the extra positive work done after stretching. 2. The best performance of the extensors can be explained by the comparative study on the one hand of the potential elastic energy-force relationships and on the other hand the lever arm-elbow angle relationships for the Equivalent Flexor Muscle and the Equivalent Extensor Muscle.", "contents": "Comparison of the potential elastic energy stored and used by two antagonistic muscular groups. The potential elastic energy stored and used by the flexors is compared to that of the elbow extensors in man. This comparison is made during a series of isolated and to-and-fro movements. The integrated EMG-work relationships are established for the isolated movements of flexion and extension and for the to-and-fro movements. For a same integrated EMG value: 1. The work done by the flexors or the extensors during to-and-fro movements is superior to that done during isolated movements. 2. In comparison to isolated movements the energy saved in to-and-fro movements is greater in the case of the extensors than in the case of the flexors. It appears that: 1. The extra work supplied during to-and-fro movements comes only from the extra positive work done after stretching. 2. The best performance of the extensors can be explained by the comparative study on the one hand of the potential elastic energy-force relationships and on the other hand the lever arm-elbow angle relationships for the Equivalent Flexor Muscle and the Equivalent Extensor Muscle.", "PMID": 689018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8255", "title": "Changes in serum creatine kinase and hexose phosphate isomerase activity with exercise duration.", "content": "In 18 groups of trained healthy male subjects (n = 166; age 17--42 years) the influence of type and duration of long-lasting exercise on the changes of creatine kinase (CPK) and hexose phosphate isomerase (PHI) activity in serum was studied. Above 65--70% of maximal aerobic capacity, a serum enzyme activity increase proportional to the exercise time was found with a different slope in each of the three exercise types examined [a) bicycle ergometer; b) ski race; c) impact-type exertion]. Work duration of more than 300 min induced in the third type of exertion an accelerated increase in serum CPK. A third degree equation best describes the changes in serum CPK for nine of our groups and five others from the literature. To ascertain the possible influence of intravascular hemolysis, sera were mixed with autologous erythrocyte hemolysates and enzyme activity measured. The findings are discussed with reference to critical aspects of the analytical methods, possible causes of serum enzyme changes, and possible use of enzyme measurements in evaluating adaptation of the organism to prolonged exercise.", "contents": "Changes in serum creatine kinase and hexose phosphate isomerase activity with exercise duration. In 18 groups of trained healthy male subjects (n = 166; age 17--42 years) the influence of type and duration of long-lasting exercise on the changes of creatine kinase (CPK) and hexose phosphate isomerase (PHI) activity in serum was studied. Above 65--70% of maximal aerobic capacity, a serum enzyme activity increase proportional to the exercise time was found with a different slope in each of the three exercise types examined [a) bicycle ergometer; b) ski race; c) impact-type exertion]. Work duration of more than 300 min induced in the third type of exertion an accelerated increase in serum CPK. A third degree equation best describes the changes in serum CPK for nine of our groups and five others from the literature. To ascertain the possible influence of intravascular hemolysis, sera were mixed with autologous erythrocyte hemolysates and enzyme activity measured. The findings are discussed with reference to critical aspects of the analytical methods, possible causes of serum enzyme changes, and possible use of enzyme measurements in evaluating adaptation of the organism to prolonged exercise.", "PMID": 689019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8256", "title": "A method for the measurement of tremor, and a comparison of the effects of tocolytic beta-mimetics.", "content": "A method permitting measurement of finger tremor as a displacement-time curve is described, using a test system with simple amplitude calibration. The coordinates of the inversion points of the displacement-time curves were transferred through graphical input equipment to punched tape. By means of a computer program, periods and amplitudes of tremor oscillations were calculated and classified. The event frequency for each class of periods and amplitudes was determined. The actions of fenoterol-hydrobromide, ritodrin-HCl and placebo given to 10 healthy subjects by intravenous infusion in a double-blind crossover study were tested by this method. At therapeutic doses both substances raised the mean tremor amplitude to about three times the control level. At the same time, the mean period within each class of amplitudes shortened by 10--20 ms, whereas the mean periods calculated from all oscillations together did not change significantly. After the end of fenoterol-hydrobromide infusion, tremor amplitudes decreased significantly faster than those following ritodrin-HCl infusion.", "contents": "A method for the measurement of tremor, and a comparison of the effects of tocolytic beta-mimetics. A method permitting measurement of finger tremor as a displacement-time curve is described, using a test system with simple amplitude calibration. The coordinates of the inversion points of the displacement-time curves were transferred through graphical input equipment to punched tape. By means of a computer program, periods and amplitudes of tremor oscillations were calculated and classified. The event frequency for each class of periods and amplitudes was determined. The actions of fenoterol-hydrobromide, ritodrin-HCl and placebo given to 10 healthy subjects by intravenous infusion in a double-blind crossover study were tested by this method. At therapeutic doses both substances raised the mean tremor amplitude to about three times the control level. At the same time, the mean period within each class of amplitudes shortened by 10--20 ms, whereas the mean periods calculated from all oscillations together did not change significantly. After the end of fenoterol-hydrobromide infusion, tremor amplitudes decreased significantly faster than those following ritodrin-HCl infusion.", "PMID": 689020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8257", "title": "The conformation of histone H5. Isolation and characterisation of the globular segment.", "content": "Treatment of chicken erythrocyte histone H5 with trypsin in a high-ionic-strength medium results in very rapid initial digestion and the formation of a 'limiting' resistant product peptide. Under these solution conditions the H5 molecule is maximally folded by spectroscopic criteria and it is concluded that the resistant peptide, GH5, represents a globular folded region of the molecule whilst the rapidly digested parts are disordered. The peptide GH5 is shown to comprise the sequence 22-100. In support of this conclusion it is shown that whilst intact histone H5 is hydrodynamically far from being a compact globular shape, peptide GH5 is approximately spherical by hydrodynamic and scattering criteria. Further more, peptide GH5 retains all the alpha-helical structure of intact H5 (circular dichroism) and appears to also maintain all the tertiary structure (nuclear magnetic resonance). It follows that in solution at high ionic strength, histone H5 consists of three domains: an N-terminal disordered region 1-21, a compact globular central domain 22-100 and a long disordered C-terminal chain 101-185. Structural parallels are drawn with the three-domain structure of the histone H1 molecule.", "contents": "The conformation of histone H5. Isolation and characterisation of the globular segment. Treatment of chicken erythrocyte histone H5 with trypsin in a high-ionic-strength medium results in very rapid initial digestion and the formation of a 'limiting' resistant product peptide. Under these solution conditions the H5 molecule is maximally folded by spectroscopic criteria and it is concluded that the resistant peptide, GH5, represents a globular folded region of the molecule whilst the rapidly digested parts are disordered. The peptide GH5 is shown to comprise the sequence 22-100. In support of this conclusion it is shown that whilst intact histone H5 is hydrodynamically far from being a compact globular shape, peptide GH5 is approximately spherical by hydrodynamic and scattering criteria. Further more, peptide GH5 retains all the alpha-helical structure of intact H5 (circular dichroism) and appears to also maintain all the tertiary structure (nuclear magnetic resonance). It follows that in solution at high ionic strength, histone H5 consists of three domains: an N-terminal disordered region 1-21, a compact globular central domain 22-100 and a long disordered C-terminal chain 101-185. Structural parallels are drawn with the three-domain structure of the histone H1 molecule.", "PMID": 689022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8258", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the hemoglobin from the lanceolate fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum.", "content": "The hemoglobin of the flatworm Dicrocoelium dendriticum, a lanceolate fluke which infests the hepatic ducts of certain mammals, has been isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of the denatured protein was found to be 15500, a value in the same range as hemoglobin subunits. The fact that the native hemoglobin has an apparent molecular weight of 22000 in 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, suggests limited aggregation. The protein contains, as all other myoglobins and hemoglobins, one molecule of non-covalently associated ferroprotoporphyrin IX per polypeptide chain. It forms the same ligand derivatives with very similar spectral properties as vertebrate hemoglobins. The high oxygen affinity (p50 is 0.07--0.1 mmHg or 9.3--13.3 Pa at 20 degrees C and pH 7.0) and the absence of heme-heme interaction of (Hill coefficient nH=1.0) are properties which this heme protein shares with other monomeric hemoglobins from invertebrate and lower vertebrate organisms. The native hemoglobin exists in two forms, having isoelectric points of 4.51 and 4.53, which do not differ in their amino-acid compositions. Dansylation indicated that the amino-terminal amino-acid residue is alanine. The carboxy-terminal sequence, determined by carboxypeptidase A digestion of the globin, is -His-Ala-Leu.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the hemoglobin from the lanceolate fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum. The hemoglobin of the flatworm Dicrocoelium dendriticum, a lanceolate fluke which infests the hepatic ducts of certain mammals, has been isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of the denatured protein was found to be 15500, a value in the same range as hemoglobin subunits. The fact that the native hemoglobin has an apparent molecular weight of 22000 in 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, suggests limited aggregation. The protein contains, as all other myoglobins and hemoglobins, one molecule of non-covalently associated ferroprotoporphyrin IX per polypeptide chain. It forms the same ligand derivatives with very similar spectral properties as vertebrate hemoglobins. The high oxygen affinity (p50 is 0.07--0.1 mmHg or 9.3--13.3 Pa at 20 degrees C and pH 7.0) and the absence of heme-heme interaction of (Hill coefficient nH=1.0) are properties which this heme protein shares with other monomeric hemoglobins from invertebrate and lower vertebrate organisms. The native hemoglobin exists in two forms, having isoelectric points of 4.51 and 4.53, which do not differ in their amino-acid compositions. Dansylation indicated that the amino-terminal amino-acid residue is alanine. The carboxy-terminal sequence, determined by carboxypeptidase A digestion of the globin, is -His-Ala-Leu.", "PMID": 689024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8259", "title": "Stability of polyadenylated RNA in differentiating myogenic cells.", "content": "Three independent methods of measurement showed that cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA from the differentiating myogenic cell line L8 consists of two main populations with regard to stability, one with a half-life of less than 4 h and the other with a half-life of 17--54 h. Similar results were obtained in the presence and absence of actinomycin D. During the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts into multinucleated fibers, there was an increase in both the steady-state pool of the more stable polyadenylated RNA and the proportion of stable polyadenylated RNA synthesized in pulse labelling.", "contents": "Stability of polyadenylated RNA in differentiating myogenic cells. Three independent methods of measurement showed that cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA from the differentiating myogenic cell line L8 consists of two main populations with regard to stability, one with a half-life of less than 4 h and the other with a half-life of 17--54 h. Similar results were obtained in the presence and absence of actinomycin D. During the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts into multinucleated fibers, there was an increase in both the steady-state pool of the more stable polyadenylated RNA and the proportion of stable polyadenylated RNA synthesized in pulse labelling.", "PMID": 689025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8260", "title": "The capacity of polyadenylated RNA from myogenic cells treated with actinomycin D to direct protein synthesis in a cell-free system.", "content": "Cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA of myogenic cells was shown to decay with biphasic kinetics, suggesting the existence of two main populations of mRNA with respect to stability. In the present study, the stability of mRNA extracted from actinomycin-D-treated cultures of a myogenic cell line was tested by its capacity to direct protein synthesis in the wheat germ cell-free system. The products were analyzed by dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All major radioactive bands found in gels used for analyzing the products of the cell-free system directed by polyadenylated RNA extracted from untreated cultures were also found in similar gels containing products of RNA extracted after many hours of application of actinomycin D. The capacity to code for specific protein bands decays with a half-life ranging between 11 and 40 h. No fast-decaying translatable mRNA could be detected by this method. Instead, it was found that during the first 4--6 h following application of actinomycin D, the capacity of RNA to stimulate incorporation of amino acids into total acid-insoluble material increased by 20--30%. The synthesis of specific products increased by up to 100%. The possibility that the fast-decaying polyadenylated RNA or part of it is nontranslatable RNA is discussed.", "contents": "The capacity of polyadenylated RNA from myogenic cells treated with actinomycin D to direct protein synthesis in a cell-free system. Cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA of myogenic cells was shown to decay with biphasic kinetics, suggesting the existence of two main populations of mRNA with respect to stability. In the present study, the stability of mRNA extracted from actinomycin-D-treated cultures of a myogenic cell line was tested by its capacity to direct protein synthesis in the wheat germ cell-free system. The products were analyzed by dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All major radioactive bands found in gels used for analyzing the products of the cell-free system directed by polyadenylated RNA extracted from untreated cultures were also found in similar gels containing products of RNA extracted after many hours of application of actinomycin D. The capacity to code for specific protein bands decays with a half-life ranging between 11 and 40 h. No fast-decaying translatable mRNA could be detected by this method. Instead, it was found that during the first 4--6 h following application of actinomycin D, the capacity of RNA to stimulate incorporation of amino acids into total acid-insoluble material increased by 20--30%. The synthesis of specific products increased by up to 100%. The possibility that the fast-decaying polyadenylated RNA or part of it is nontranslatable RNA is discussed.", "PMID": 689026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8261", "title": "Study of tropomyosin labelled with a fluorescent probe by pulse fluorimetry in polarized light. Interaction of that protein with troponin and actin.", "content": "Tropomyosin has been labelled with a fluorescent probe N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine which is presumed to bind preferentially to the unique reactive cysteine residue of the alpha chain. Anisotropy decay measurements show that tropomyosin monomer and polymer are flexible molecules. This flexibility decreases when troponin interacts with tropomyosin, and is partially restored by a micromolar concentration of Ca2+.", "contents": "Study of tropomyosin labelled with a fluorescent probe by pulse fluorimetry in polarized light. Interaction of that protein with troponin and actin. Tropomyosin has been labelled with a fluorescent probe N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine which is presumed to bind preferentially to the unique reactive cysteine residue of the alpha chain. Anisotropy decay measurements show that tropomyosin monomer and polymer are flexible molecules. This flexibility decreases when troponin interacts with tropomyosin, and is partially restored by a micromolar concentration of Ca2+.", "PMID": 689027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8262", "title": "The purification and properties of pig-liver catechol-O-methyl transferase.", "content": "A procedure utilising affinity chromatography is described for the large-scale purification of pig-liver catechol-O-methyl transferase. The enzyme prepared by this method appears to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic criteria and gel chromatography. It is stable for prolonged periods when stored at -5 degrees C in 20% (v/v) glycerol. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 23000 and does not appear to be a compound of subunits, or to associate to any appreciable degree. The pH optimum of the enzyme's activity is approximately pH 7.1--7.4, it does not catalyse the methylation of benzimidazole and has a Km of 0.64 mM and 0.056 mM towards 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and S-adenosyl-L-methionine, respectively. Amino acid analysis showed the presence of five cysteine residues.", "contents": "The purification and properties of pig-liver catechol-O-methyl transferase. A procedure utilising affinity chromatography is described for the large-scale purification of pig-liver catechol-O-methyl transferase. The enzyme prepared by this method appears to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic criteria and gel chromatography. It is stable for prolonged periods when stored at -5 degrees C in 20% (v/v) glycerol. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 23000 and does not appear to be a compound of subunits, or to associate to any appreciable degree. The pH optimum of the enzyme's activity is approximately pH 7.1--7.4, it does not catalyse the methylation of benzimidazole and has a Km of 0.64 mM and 0.056 mM towards 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and S-adenosyl-L-methionine, respectively. Amino acid analysis showed the presence of five cysteine residues.", "PMID": 689028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8263", "title": "Enzymatic attack on immobilized substrates. 2. Diffusional limitations in the alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of polyacrylamide-bound l-phenylalanine 4-nitroanilide.", "content": "1. The chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of polyacrylamide-bound L-phenylalanine 4-nitroanilide was studied. As a spacer, one or two 6-aminohexanoyl residues were inserted between the matrix and ligand. 2. In the course of the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyacrylamide-bound substrates, enzyme adsorption by the gel substrates was observed. A quasi equilibrium of enzyme partitioning was reached after approximately 20-min incubation time. The enzyme adsorption could be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. 3. The substrates attached via spacers to the matrix were completely hydrolyzed. 4. The initial course of the product vs time curves, as well as the dependence of the initial hydrolysis rates on enzyme concentration or substrate concentration, have been interpreted by the Nernst reaction theory. From the results obtained it has been concluded that the inital rate of the hydrolysis of polyacrylamide-bound L-phenylalanine 4-nitroanilide depends on the velocity of enzyme diffusion into the matrix.", "contents": "Enzymatic attack on immobilized substrates. 2. Diffusional limitations in the alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of polyacrylamide-bound l-phenylalanine 4-nitroanilide. 1. The chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of polyacrylamide-bound L-phenylalanine 4-nitroanilide was studied. As a spacer, one or two 6-aminohexanoyl residues were inserted between the matrix and ligand. 2. In the course of the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyacrylamide-bound substrates, enzyme adsorption by the gel substrates was observed. A quasi equilibrium of enzyme partitioning was reached after approximately 20-min incubation time. The enzyme adsorption could be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. 3. The substrates attached via spacers to the matrix were completely hydrolyzed. 4. The initial course of the product vs time curves, as well as the dependence of the initial hydrolysis rates on enzyme concentration or substrate concentration, have been interpreted by the Nernst reaction theory. From the results obtained it has been concluded that the inital rate of the hydrolysis of polyacrylamide-bound L-phenylalanine 4-nitroanilide depends on the velocity of enzyme diffusion into the matrix.", "PMID": 689030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8264", "title": "Immobilization of reticulocyte elongation factor EF-2.", "content": "Conditions are described whereby the ADP-ribosylation (from NAD+) of reticulocyte elongation factor EF-2, catalyzed by diphtheria toxin, is essentially complete and whereby the reverse of this process may be carried out with recovery of 60--70% of the original EF-2 activity. Both reactions proceed well at room temperature. The reverse reaction is much slower than the ADP-ribosylation process and requires high nicotinamide concentrations. For the reverse reaction to occur at a significant rate it is necessary to lower the pH to 6.5 (from the 7.5 used for the forward reaction). NAD+ covalently linked to agarose may replace NAD+ in the diphtheria toxin reaction. The characteristics of this reaction are similar to those of the reaction employing free NAD+ except that the velocity is reduced and the concentration of NAD+ moieties greatly increased. NAD+ immobilized on agarose through the C-8 of the adenine ring is a superior substrate compared with NAD+ linked to agarose via its periodate-oxidized ribose moieties. Preliminary experiments indicate that reversal of this latter reaction with recovery of biological activity may be possible.", "contents": "Immobilization of reticulocyte elongation factor EF-2. Conditions are described whereby the ADP-ribosylation (from NAD+) of reticulocyte elongation factor EF-2, catalyzed by diphtheria toxin, is essentially complete and whereby the reverse of this process may be carried out with recovery of 60--70% of the original EF-2 activity. Both reactions proceed well at room temperature. The reverse reaction is much slower than the ADP-ribosylation process and requires high nicotinamide concentrations. For the reverse reaction to occur at a significant rate it is necessary to lower the pH to 6.5 (from the 7.5 used for the forward reaction). NAD+ covalently linked to agarose may replace NAD+ in the diphtheria toxin reaction. The characteristics of this reaction are similar to those of the reaction employing free NAD+ except that the velocity is reduced and the concentration of NAD+ moieties greatly increased. NAD+ immobilized on agarose through the C-8 of the adenine ring is a superior substrate compared with NAD+ linked to agarose via its periodate-oxidized ribose moieties. Preliminary experiments indicate that reversal of this latter reaction with recovery of biological activity may be possible.", "PMID": 689031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8265", "title": "Incorporation rates of [1-14C]glycerol into the molecular species of alkyl ether phospholipids of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo.", "content": "[1-14C]Glycerol was injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and the lipids were extracted from the cells after selected periods. 1-O-Alkyl-2-acyl-3-acetyl-glycerols and 1,2-diacyl-3-acetylglycerols were prepared from the ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides and fractionated by AgNO3-impregnated thin-layer chromatography into seven molecular species. Bands 1--7 obtained in this way can be designed as saturated, monoene, diene (11), diene (02), triene, tetraene and pentaene + hexaene species, respectively. Band 7, composed mainly of hexaene species, was predominant among those derived from ether phospholipids. The predominant species was band 4 (saturated/linoleate) in both diacyl ethanolamine and choline phospholipids. The specific radioactivities of the fractionated species were determined. In diacyl or alkyl ether compounds of ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides, disaturated species turned over very rapidly, while in alkyl ether ethanolamine phosphglyceride, hexaene + pentaene molecular species turned over rapidly. In diacyl compounds of the ethanolamine phosphoglyceride, hexaene molecular species also turned over at a high rate. In diacyl ethanolamine or choline phosphoglycerides, dienoic species turned over rather slowly.", "contents": "Incorporation rates of [1-14C]glycerol into the molecular species of alkyl ether phospholipids of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo. [1-14C]Glycerol was injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and the lipids were extracted from the cells after selected periods. 1-O-Alkyl-2-acyl-3-acetyl-glycerols and 1,2-diacyl-3-acetylglycerols were prepared from the ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides and fractionated by AgNO3-impregnated thin-layer chromatography into seven molecular species. Bands 1--7 obtained in this way can be designed as saturated, monoene, diene (11), diene (02), triene, tetraene and pentaene + hexaene species, respectively. Band 7, composed mainly of hexaene species, was predominant among those derived from ether phospholipids. The predominant species was band 4 (saturated/linoleate) in both diacyl ethanolamine and choline phospholipids. The specific radioactivities of the fractionated species were determined. In diacyl or alkyl ether compounds of ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides, disaturated species turned over very rapidly, while in alkyl ether ethanolamine phosphglyceride, hexaene + pentaene molecular species turned over rapidly. In diacyl compounds of the ethanolamine phosphoglyceride, hexaene molecular species also turned over at a high rate. In diacyl ethanolamine or choline phosphoglycerides, dienoic species turned over rather slowly.", "PMID": 689034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8266", "title": "Evidence for multiple reactive forms of papain.", "content": "The pH-dependence of the second-order rate constants of acylation and alkylation reactions of the -SH group of papain were determined by using neutral and charged reactants under identical conditions. From these pH rate profiles, in contrast to previous claims, different pKa values were obtained with different groups of reactants. In the case of charged reactants, like chloroacetate (pKa = 3.6) and arginine derivatives (pKa = 4.3), the pKa differences can be attributed to electrostatic effects. However, the fact that a pKa of 3.25 was found with methyl and ethyl bromoacetate, and a pKa of 4.0 was obtained with bromoacetamide and a number of neutral substrates, is inconsistent with the theories put forth hitherto for the meaning of such pKa values, because they all consider only one reactive enzyme form. The different pKa values obtained here with neutral reactants are explained in terms of various reactive papain forms. The perturbation of pKa by electrostatic effects was examined by reacting simple thiol compounds containing different charges, like 2-mercaptoacetate, 2-mercaptoethylamine, 2-mercaptoethanol and glutathione, with the neutral chloroacetamide and with the negatively charged chloroacetate. Differences in pKa can be interpreted in terms of intramolecular and intermolecular electrostatic interactions.", "contents": "Evidence for multiple reactive forms of papain. The pH-dependence of the second-order rate constants of acylation and alkylation reactions of the -SH group of papain were determined by using neutral and charged reactants under identical conditions. From these pH rate profiles, in contrast to previous claims, different pKa values were obtained with different groups of reactants. In the case of charged reactants, like chloroacetate (pKa = 3.6) and arginine derivatives (pKa = 4.3), the pKa differences can be attributed to electrostatic effects. However, the fact that a pKa of 3.25 was found with methyl and ethyl bromoacetate, and a pKa of 4.0 was obtained with bromoacetamide and a number of neutral substrates, is inconsistent with the theories put forth hitherto for the meaning of such pKa values, because they all consider only one reactive enzyme form. The different pKa values obtained here with neutral reactants are explained in terms of various reactive papain forms. The perturbation of pKa by electrostatic effects was examined by reacting simple thiol compounds containing different charges, like 2-mercaptoacetate, 2-mercaptoethylamine, 2-mercaptoethanol and glutathione, with the neutral chloroacetamide and with the negatively charged chloroacetate. Differences in pKa can be interpreted in terms of intramolecular and intermolecular electrostatic interactions.", "PMID": 689035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8267", "title": "Lipid-bound oligosaccharides in insects.", "content": "Membrane preparations from immature stages of the fruit fly Ceratitis capitata catalyze the transfer of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides. These compounds behave as polyprenyl derivatives and their formation is stimulated by the addition of an acidic glycolipid fraction isolated from insects. The mannose-labeled oligosaccharides are attached to the poly-isoprenol by a pyrophosphoryl linkage and can be released by mild acid hydrolysis. The trisaccharide lipid has been partially characterized. The results indicate that the compound is polyprenyl-pyrophosphate-N,N'-diacetylchitobiose-mannose. Incubation of dolichyl phosphate [14C]mannose or lower 14C-labeled oligosaccharide lipids with unlabeled GDP-mannose and the insect enzyme leads to the labeling of a higher lipid-bound oligosaccharide. When UDP-N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine was incubated with insect membranes a 14C-labeled chitobiosyl lipid was synthesized. If unlabeled GDP-mannose was also present, the 14C label appeared in the trisaccharide and higher oligosaccharide lipids. Preliminary evidence indicates that the insect polyprenyl oligosaccharides described here might participate in glycoprotein biosynthesis.", "contents": "Lipid-bound oligosaccharides in insects. Membrane preparations from immature stages of the fruit fly Ceratitis capitata catalyze the transfer of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides. These compounds behave as polyprenyl derivatives and their formation is stimulated by the addition of an acidic glycolipid fraction isolated from insects. The mannose-labeled oligosaccharides are attached to the poly-isoprenol by a pyrophosphoryl linkage and can be released by mild acid hydrolysis. The trisaccharide lipid has been partially characterized. The results indicate that the compound is polyprenyl-pyrophosphate-N,N'-diacetylchitobiose-mannose. Incubation of dolichyl phosphate [14C]mannose or lower 14C-labeled oligosaccharide lipids with unlabeled GDP-mannose and the insect enzyme leads to the labeling of a higher lipid-bound oligosaccharide. When UDP-N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine was incubated with insect membranes a 14C-labeled chitobiosyl lipid was synthesized. If unlabeled GDP-mannose was also present, the 14C label appeared in the trisaccharide and higher oligosaccharide lipids. Preliminary evidence indicates that the insect polyprenyl oligosaccharides described here might participate in glycoprotein biosynthesis.", "PMID": 689036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8268", "title": "Interaction of human blood platelets with the 2',3'-dialdehyde and 2',3'-dialcohol derivatives of adenosine 5'-diphosphate and adenosine 5'-triphosphate.", "content": "1. The 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of ADP (oADP) at concentrations approaching the millimolar range induces human blood platelets to undergo the transition from discoid to globular morphology (the 'shape change') but is incapable of inducing aggregation. 2. When incubated with platelets for 1 min before addition of the agonist, oADP acts as a competitive inhibitor of shape change and aggregation induced by ADP. Under these conditions secretion and hence aggregation induced by low concentrations of collagen; and secretion and hence secondary aggregation induced by adrenaline, thrombin and vasopressin are also inhibited by this analogue. In addition, oADP stimulates the rate of primary aggregation induced by adrenaline and causes partial inhibition of primary aggregation induced by thrombin or vasopressin. When longer preincubation times are employed the extent of inhibition with respect to all agonists, except for high concentrations of collagen, is increased and the competitive character of the inhibition with respect to ADP is no longer apparent. 3. Incubation of human platelets with the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of ATP (oATP) causes effects similar to those described for oADP except that the analogue neither induces platelet shape change, nor stimulates the rate of primary aggregation induced by adrenaline. In addition oATP fails to cause significant inhibition of platelet shape change induced by serotonin. The extent and character of inhibition caused by addition of oATP is not a function of the time of incubation. 4. The 2',3'-dialcohol derivatives of ADP and ATP and orATP) effect the aggregation properties of human blood platelets in a manner generally resembling those observed for the 2',3'-dialdehyde analogues. However, orADP is only weakly effective in causing platelet shape change and stimulating the rate of primary aggregation induced by adrenaline and does not inhibit secretion induced by adrenaline, collagen, thrombin and vasopressin. The extent of inhibition by orADP increases only slightly with increased time of incubation. 5. The data suggest that oADP acts as a partial agonist, and oATP as an antagonist, at the platelet ADP receptor, but that platelet membrane stabilisation also results from interaction with these dialdehyde analogues. Such membrane stabilisation does not complicate the interaction of platelets with orADP, which appears to act as a classical antagonist for the ADP receptor.", "contents": "Interaction of human blood platelets with the 2',3'-dialdehyde and 2',3'-dialcohol derivatives of adenosine 5'-diphosphate and adenosine 5'-triphosphate. 1. The 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of ADP (oADP) at concentrations approaching the millimolar range induces human blood platelets to undergo the transition from discoid to globular morphology (the 'shape change') but is incapable of inducing aggregation. 2. When incubated with platelets for 1 min before addition of the agonist, oADP acts as a competitive inhibitor of shape change and aggregation induced by ADP. Under these conditions secretion and hence aggregation induced by low concentrations of collagen; and secretion and hence secondary aggregation induced by adrenaline, thrombin and vasopressin are also inhibited by this analogue. In addition, oADP stimulates the rate of primary aggregation induced by adrenaline and causes partial inhibition of primary aggregation induced by thrombin or vasopressin. When longer preincubation times are employed the extent of inhibition with respect to all agonists, except for high concentrations of collagen, is increased and the competitive character of the inhibition with respect to ADP is no longer apparent. 3. Incubation of human platelets with the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of ATP (oATP) causes effects similar to those described for oADP except that the analogue neither induces platelet shape change, nor stimulates the rate of primary aggregation induced by adrenaline. In addition oATP fails to cause significant inhibition of platelet shape change induced by serotonin. The extent and character of inhibition caused by addition of oATP is not a function of the time of incubation. 4. The 2',3'-dialcohol derivatives of ADP and ATP and orATP) effect the aggregation properties of human blood platelets in a manner generally resembling those observed for the 2',3'-dialdehyde analogues. However, orADP is only weakly effective in causing platelet shape change and stimulating the rate of primary aggregation induced by adrenaline and does not inhibit secretion induced by adrenaline, collagen, thrombin and vasopressin. The extent of inhibition by orADP increases only slightly with increased time of incubation. 5. The data suggest that oADP acts as a partial agonist, and oATP as an antagonist, at the platelet ADP receptor, but that platelet membrane stabilisation also results from interaction with these dialdehyde analogues. Such membrane stabilisation does not complicate the interaction of platelets with orADP, which appears to act as a classical antagonist for the ADP receptor.", "PMID": 689037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8269", "title": "Phosphorylase b covalently bound to glycogen: properties of the complex.", "content": "Rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase b was covalently bound to oyster glycogen by means of cyanogen bromide. Removal of the unbound enzyme was achieved, using DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. Glycogen-bound phosphorylase b showed a higher affinity toward glucose 1-phosphate but a lower homotropic cooperativity, with respect to AMP activation, than the native enzyme. However, at low AMP concentrations conjugated phosphorylase b was as efficient as the free enzyme. It is of interest that glycogen-bound phosphorylase b exhibited catalytic activity upon its polysaccharide carrier. Kinetics of heat and cold inactivation indicated that the bound enzyme was considerably more resistant toward heat inactivation but less stable upon exposure to cold. It was shown also that both conjugated and native enzymes had identical pH optima, similar activity/temperature dependencies and the same resistance against trypsin inactivation.", "contents": "Phosphorylase b covalently bound to glycogen: properties of the complex. Rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase b was covalently bound to oyster glycogen by means of cyanogen bromide. Removal of the unbound enzyme was achieved, using DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. Glycogen-bound phosphorylase b showed a higher affinity toward glucose 1-phosphate but a lower homotropic cooperativity, with respect to AMP activation, than the native enzyme. However, at low AMP concentrations conjugated phosphorylase b was as efficient as the free enzyme. It is of interest that glycogen-bound phosphorylase b exhibited catalytic activity upon its polysaccharide carrier. Kinetics of heat and cold inactivation indicated that the bound enzyme was considerably more resistant toward heat inactivation but less stable upon exposure to cold. It was shown also that both conjugated and native enzymes had identical pH optima, similar activity/temperature dependencies and the same resistance against trypsin inactivation.", "PMID": 689038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8270", "title": "Presence of non-histone proteins in nucleosomes.", "content": "It has been established that nucleosomes are made of histones and DNA fragments. The purpose of this work to establish whether some non-histone proteins are also present in these chromatin subunits. We have found that nucleosome preparations contain phosphorylated non-histone proteins and protein kinases by sucrose gradient analysis. In order to establish whether these proteins are actually bound to nucleosomes or if they represent unbound or aggregated proteins, the following experiments were performed. (a) Free non-histone proteins and proteins released from chromatin by DNase overdigestion were analyzed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. No phosphoproteins but some phosvitin kinase activity was found in the part of the gradient which contained the nucleosomes. It could be assumed that part of the phosphoproteins are bound to nucleosomes. (b) A digestion of nucleosomes with DNase I suppressed the phosvitin kinase activity in the 11-S region of the gradient. (c) High ionic strength, which extracted non-histone proteins, suppressed the phosvitin kinase activity in the nucleosome region. Part of phosvitin kinase and of nuclear phosphoproteins are therefore bound to nucleosomes and are released by nuclease digestion and by high ionic strength.", "contents": "Presence of non-histone proteins in nucleosomes. It has been established that nucleosomes are made of histones and DNA fragments. The purpose of this work to establish whether some non-histone proteins are also present in these chromatin subunits. We have found that nucleosome preparations contain phosphorylated non-histone proteins and protein kinases by sucrose gradient analysis. In order to establish whether these proteins are actually bound to nucleosomes or if they represent unbound or aggregated proteins, the following experiments were performed. (a) Free non-histone proteins and proteins released from chromatin by DNase overdigestion were analyzed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. No phosphoproteins but some phosvitin kinase activity was found in the part of the gradient which contained the nucleosomes. It could be assumed that part of the phosphoproteins are bound to nucleosomes. (b) A digestion of nucleosomes with DNase I suppressed the phosvitin kinase activity in the 11-S region of the gradient. (c) High ionic strength, which extracted non-histone proteins, suppressed the phosvitin kinase activity in the nucleosome region. Part of phosvitin kinase and of nuclear phosphoproteins are therefore bound to nucleosomes and are released by nuclease digestion and by high ionic strength.", "PMID": 689039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8271", "title": "Ribosomal genes in Physarum polycephalum:  transcribed and non-transcribed sequences have similar base compositions.", "content": "The transcribed and non-transcribed sequences in Physarum polycephalum ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were separated by restriction nuclease digestion of pure rDNA and the products fractionated by zone sedimentation in sucrose gradients. The base compositions of the fragments were determined by analytical centrifugation in CsCl or in CsCl with netropsin. All the fragments had dA + dT contents in the range 44-48%. From the known sequence arrangement and transcription pattern of Physarum rDNA it was concluded that coding sequences, transcribed but non-coding sequences, and non-transcribed sequences all possess similar base compositions, contrary to the situation in many other systems. The thermal denaturation profile of Physarum rDNA is reported. It suggests the rDNA sequence is complex and supports the above conclusion of limited heterogeneity of base composition.", "contents": "Ribosomal genes in Physarum polycephalum:  transcribed and non-transcribed sequences have similar base compositions. The transcribed and non-transcribed sequences in Physarum polycephalum ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were separated by restriction nuclease digestion of pure rDNA and the products fractionated by zone sedimentation in sucrose gradients. The base compositions of the fragments were determined by analytical centrifugation in CsCl or in CsCl with netropsin. All the fragments had dA + dT contents in the range 44-48%. From the known sequence arrangement and transcription pattern of Physarum rDNA it was concluded that coding sequences, transcribed but non-coding sequences, and non-transcribed sequences all possess similar base compositions, contrary to the situation in many other systems. The thermal denaturation profile of Physarum rDNA is reported. It suggests the rDNA sequence is complex and supports the above conclusion of limited heterogeneity of base composition.", "PMID": 689040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8272", "title": "Role of virus for the induction of myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Virus has been suggested as an etiological agent in myasthenia gravis. In this investigation 36 patients with the clinical diagnosis of myasthenia gravis were tested for antibodies against ornithosis, mycoplasma pneumoniae and 16 viral antigens. Rabbits with experimentally induced autoimmune myasthenia gravis were similarly tested. There was no overall correlation to any microorganism, which might have suggested the involvement of a viral infection in the pathogenesis of the disease. Neither was there any difference in incidence of antibodies in female patients carrying the HLA B8 antigen, an antigen which is associated with myasthenia gravis, as compared to HLA B8 negative individuals.", "contents": "Role of virus for the induction of myasthenia gravis. Virus has been suggested as an etiological agent in myasthenia gravis. In this investigation 36 patients with the clinical diagnosis of myasthenia gravis were tested for antibodies against ornithosis, mycoplasma pneumoniae and 16 viral antigens. Rabbits with experimentally induced autoimmune myasthenia gravis were similarly tested. There was no overall correlation to any microorganism, which might have suggested the involvement of a viral infection in the pathogenesis of the disease. Neither was there any difference in incidence of antibodies in female patients carrying the HLA B8 antigen, an antigen which is associated with myasthenia gravis, as compared to HLA B8 negative individuals.", "PMID": 689042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8273", "title": "Cerebrovascular permeability in acute arterial hypertension. Effect of unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery.", "content": "Ligation of the right common carotid artery prevented protein extravasation in the homolateral cerebral hemisphere when a blood pressure increase was induced by bicuculline or amphetamine. In addition to a blood pressure increase these two drugs induce a vasodilatation, which makes the resistance vessels particularly vulnerable to the mechanical stress of high intravascular pressure. The ratio between the mean arterial blood pressure in the femoral artery and the carotid artery distal to the ligation was approximately 0.5; slightly higher after than prior to the pressure increase.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular permeability in acute arterial hypertension. Effect of unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery. Ligation of the right common carotid artery prevented protein extravasation in the homolateral cerebral hemisphere when a blood pressure increase was induced by bicuculline or amphetamine. In addition to a blood pressure increase these two drugs induce a vasodilatation, which makes the resistance vessels particularly vulnerable to the mechanical stress of high intravascular pressure. The ratio between the mean arterial blood pressure in the femoral artery and the carotid artery distal to the ligation was approximately 0.5; slightly higher after than prior to the pressure increase.", "PMID": 689044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8274", "title": "Origin and localization of Evans blue extravasations in acutely-induced hypertension in cats.", "content": "An intravital-microscopic study on cat pial vessels for the localization of Evans blue extravasation during acute hypertension was performed. The onset of extravasation was seen 10 sec to 2 min after the beginning of hypertension. The localization of initial extravasation turned out to be little venules, not arterioles. Venular congestion by an overload of venous outflow seemed to be the origin of extravasation.", "contents": "Origin and localization of Evans blue extravasations in acutely-induced hypertension in cats. An intravital-microscopic study on cat pial vessels for the localization of Evans blue extravasation during acute hypertension was performed. The onset of extravasation was seen 10 sec to 2 min after the beginning of hypertension. The localization of initial extravasation turned out to be little venules, not arterioles. Venular congestion by an overload of venous outflow seemed to be the origin of extravasation.", "PMID": 689045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8275", "title": "Influences of phasic changes in systemic blood pressure on intracranial pressure.", "content": "In acute experiments on lambs, the effects of short-lasting induced modifications in arterial and venous systemic blood pressure on intracranial pressure have been studied. Haemodynamic changes have been provoked by increasing the cardiac venous return, by increasing or decreasing the arterial resistance and by stimulating the vagus nerve. Intracranial pressure modifications have been demonstrated to depend essentially on arterial influences. A direct venous influence is apparent only when the central venous pressure is increased, as occurs in the case of increased venous cardiac return.", "contents": "Influences of phasic changes in systemic blood pressure on intracranial pressure. In acute experiments on lambs, the effects of short-lasting induced modifications in arterial and venous systemic blood pressure on intracranial pressure have been studied. Haemodynamic changes have been provoked by increasing the cardiac venous return, by increasing or decreasing the arterial resistance and by stimulating the vagus nerve. Intracranial pressure modifications have been demonstrated to depend essentially on arterial influences. A direct venous influence is apparent only when the central venous pressure is increased, as occurs in the case of increased venous cardiac return.", "PMID": 689046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8276", "title": "Frontal dynamic thermometry. Improvement in diagnosis of carotid stenosis.", "content": "This new method of frontal thermometry is based on a recording of the spontaneous reheating curve of the skin after cooling it to 25 degrees C. In cases of carotid stenosis, a thermal asymmetry of one of the three following kinds can be observed: thermal asymmetry from the start; asymmetry only during the reheating, or asymmetry during reheating and remaining afterwards. The reduction of the blood flow and a vaso-motor factor explain this asymmetry. This method allows better detection of clinical latent carotid stenosis.", "contents": "Frontal dynamic thermometry. Improvement in diagnosis of carotid stenosis. This new method of frontal thermometry is based on a recording of the spontaneous reheating curve of the skin after cooling it to 25 degrees C. In cases of carotid stenosis, a thermal asymmetry of one of the three following kinds can be observed: thermal asymmetry from the start; asymmetry only during the reheating, or asymmetry during reheating and remaining afterwards. The reduction of the blood flow and a vaso-motor factor explain this asymmetry. This method allows better detection of clinical latent carotid stenosis.", "PMID": 689047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8277", "title": "Atypical juvenile neurolipidosis. Ultrastructural study of a cerebral biopsy.", "content": "The description is given of a structural and ultrastructural aspect of a cerebral biopsy specimen collected from a 17-year-old patient, with very frequent convulsive seizures, dementia, motor aphasia and spastic tetraparesis. The disease started at the age of 9 years and evolved very slowly. The morphologic diagnosis was neurolopidosis, the ultrastructural one was atypical juvenile lipofuscinosis, the electron microscopic aspect being identical to that of another 3 cases published in the literature: highly polymorphous membranogranulovesicular cytosomes.", "contents": "Atypical juvenile neurolipidosis. Ultrastructural study of a cerebral biopsy. The description is given of a structural and ultrastructural aspect of a cerebral biopsy specimen collected from a 17-year-old patient, with very frequent convulsive seizures, dementia, motor aphasia and spastic tetraparesis. The disease started at the age of 9 years and evolved very slowly. The morphologic diagnosis was neurolopidosis, the ultrastructural one was atypical juvenile lipofuscinosis, the electron microscopic aspect being identical to that of another 3 cases published in the literature: highly polymorphous membranogranulovesicular cytosomes.", "PMID": 689048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8278", "title": "Pneumatosis cystoides coli recurs after oxygen treatment. A clue to the pathogenesis?", "content": "Two patients with pneumatosis cystoides coli associated with chronic pulmonary disease are described. In both patients, cysts and symptoms recurred after successful treatment with O2. Both patients had exceptionally high expiratory H2 fasting values. On the basis of these and other observations a new hypothesis is proposed for the pathogenesis of the cysts and for their frequent association with chronic pulmonary disease. It is suggested that the cysts result from excessive colonic gas production in a patient unable to excrete this excess gas via the lungs.", "contents": "Pneumatosis cystoides coli recurs after oxygen treatment. A clue to the pathogenesis? Two patients with pneumatosis cystoides coli associated with chronic pulmonary disease are described. In both patients, cysts and symptoms recurred after successful treatment with O2. Both patients had exceptionally high expiratory H2 fasting values. On the basis of these and other observations a new hypothesis is proposed for the pathogenesis of the cysts and for their frequent association with chronic pulmonary disease. It is suggested that the cysts result from excessive colonic gas production in a patient unable to excrete this excess gas via the lungs.", "PMID": 689049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8279", "title": "Cellulr restitution after 3 h of complete tourniquet ischemia.", "content": "The refinement of techniques for extremity surgery makes it urgent to get more information at cell level of the effects of tourniquet times exceeding the usually accepted 90--120 min. Therefore, in the present experiments, the cellular metabolic and functional restitution of canine skeletal muscle after 3 h of complete tourniquet ischemia was studied. During the ischemia and after recirculation, repeated skeletal muscle samples were taken for ATP, CP and lactate analyses. At the same time periods, blood from a regional vein and vena cava was drawn for pH, pyruvate and lactate analyses. Cellular function was evaluated from repeated measurements of transmembrane potentials. The tourniquet ischemia resulted in a rapid decrease of CP to 40% of the initial level within 1 h and a continuous decrease of ATP. The lactate levels increased continuously. The transmembrane potentials decreased from an initial level of --90 to --54 mV. The release of the tourniquet resulted in a hyperemic reaction and a rapid regain of tissue CP and ATP levels within 5 min of recirculation. There was a continuous washout of lactate up to about 1 h after the release and the transmembrane potentials were normalized after about the same time period. The latter parameters indicate that areas of no-reflow persisted for up to 1 h after restored circulation. The results indicate that after a 3-hour tourniquet ischema, the cellular energy metabolism as well as the membrane function are completely normalized after about 1 h of recirculation.", "contents": "Cellulr restitution after 3 h of complete tourniquet ischemia. The refinement of techniques for extremity surgery makes it urgent to get more information at cell level of the effects of tourniquet times exceeding the usually accepted 90--120 min. Therefore, in the present experiments, the cellular metabolic and functional restitution of canine skeletal muscle after 3 h of complete tourniquet ischemia was studied. During the ischemia and after recirculation, repeated skeletal muscle samples were taken for ATP, CP and lactate analyses. At the same time periods, blood from a regional vein and vena cava was drawn for pH, pyruvate and lactate analyses. Cellular function was evaluated from repeated measurements of transmembrane potentials. The tourniquet ischemia resulted in a rapid decrease of CP to 40% of the initial level within 1 h and a continuous decrease of ATP. The lactate levels increased continuously. The transmembrane potentials decreased from an initial level of --90 to --54 mV. The release of the tourniquet resulted in a hyperemic reaction and a rapid regain of tissue CP and ATP levels within 5 min of recirculation. There was a continuous washout of lactate up to about 1 h after the release and the transmembrane potentials were normalized after about the same time period. The latter parameters indicate that areas of no-reflow persisted for up to 1 h after restored circulation. The results indicate that after a 3-hour tourniquet ischema, the cellular energy metabolism as well as the membrane function are completely normalized after about 1 h of recirculation.", "PMID": 689050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8280", "title": "Distribution of microspheres with different diameters in the small bowel wall of the cat.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to investigate the distribution in the small bowel wall of intracardially injected microspheres with different diameters, and to find a sphere size that could be used for determination of blood flow to the different layers of the bowel wall. Microspheres were injected into the left ventricle of the hearts of cats in the following order of succession, 8--10, 15 +/- 5, 25 +/- 5 and 50 +/- 5 micrometer. Samples of the proximal part of the jejunum and the distal part of the ileum were examined microscopically, and the size and the location of the spheres recorded. The following distribution of the microspheres was found: villi 6--16 micrometer, crypt layer 6--20 micrometer, propria below the crypts and the muscularis mucosa 11--24 micrometer, submucosa 9--66 micrometer and muscularis 6--30 micrometer. Spheres between 8 and 13 micrometer appeared to be fairly uniformly distributed in the different layers of the intestinal wall.", "contents": "Distribution of microspheres with different diameters in the small bowel wall of the cat. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the distribution in the small bowel wall of intracardially injected microspheres with different diameters, and to find a sphere size that could be used for determination of blood flow to the different layers of the bowel wall. Microspheres were injected into the left ventricle of the hearts of cats in the following order of succession, 8--10, 15 +/- 5, 25 +/- 5 and 50 +/- 5 micrometer. Samples of the proximal part of the jejunum and the distal part of the ileum were examined microscopically, and the size and the location of the spheres recorded. The following distribution of the microspheres was found: villi 6--16 micrometer, crypt layer 6--20 micrometer, propria below the crypts and the muscularis mucosa 11--24 micrometer, submucosa 9--66 micrometer and muscularis 6--30 micrometer. Spheres between 8 and 13 micrometer appeared to be fairly uniformly distributed in the different layers of the intestinal wall.", "PMID": 689051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8281", "title": "Regional and central hemodyanamics during segmental ischemia of the small intestine in the rat.", "content": "The influence of segmental small intestinal ischemia on the central circulation and on the regional blood flow to consecutive segments of the small intestine in the rat was investigated with the microscphere method. Ischemia was established by ligating 11 arterial mesenteric end arcades, corresponding to one quarter of the total length of the small intestine. The blood supply to different organs and central circulatory variables were determined before, and 10 min, 30 min, 2 h and 14 days after the establishment of the ischemia. After 10 min of ischemia, there was an increase of the blood flow to the segments distal to the ischemic region but after 30 min, this blood flow was the same as the control flow. The central circulatory variables weere not affected. After 2 h of ischemia, the blood supply to both the ischemic and the non-ischemic part of the small intestine had deteriorated considerably. Thus, the vascular resistance in the ischemic segments and the segments surrounding it was increased. Cardiac output was reduced by about 50%. In the experimental group investigated 14 days after establishment of the ischemia, the mortality rate was about 50%. In the survivors, the intestinal blood supply had returned to normal.", "contents": "Regional and central hemodyanamics during segmental ischemia of the small intestine in the rat. The influence of segmental small intestinal ischemia on the central circulation and on the regional blood flow to consecutive segments of the small intestine in the rat was investigated with the microscphere method. Ischemia was established by ligating 11 arterial mesenteric end arcades, corresponding to one quarter of the total length of the small intestine. The blood supply to different organs and central circulatory variables were determined before, and 10 min, 30 min, 2 h and 14 days after the establishment of the ischemia. After 10 min of ischemia, there was an increase of the blood flow to the segments distal to the ischemic region but after 30 min, this blood flow was the same as the control flow. The central circulatory variables weere not affected. After 2 h of ischemia, the blood supply to both the ischemic and the non-ischemic part of the small intestine had deteriorated considerably. Thus, the vascular resistance in the ischemic segments and the segments surrounding it was increased. Cardiac output was reduced by about 50%. In the experimental group investigated 14 days after establishment of the ischemia, the mortality rate was about 50%. In the survivors, the intestinal blood supply had returned to normal.", "PMID": 689052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8282", "title": "Propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents after laparotomy in rat.", "content": "Radioactive test substances were infused slowly into the duodenum of conscious rats via a permanent catheter starting 2, 12 and 24 h after a standardized laparotomy. Two differently labelled but otherwise identical test substances were used. The first test substance (125I-PVP) was infused for 4 h, the second (131I-PVP) for the remaining 1 h of the 5-hour infusion period. Immediately after the infusion the animals were killed, and the radioactivity emanating from each isotope was recorded from the excised bowel specimen. The bowel length passed by the border zone and the degree of overlap between the labels in this zone were taken as measures of propulsion and mixing, respectively. Propulsion and mixing were uninfluenced by laparotomy as measured 2--17, 12--17 and 24--29 h after laparotomy. The present findings indicate that laparotomy is not followed by a disturbance in the capability of the small bowel to transport and mix chyme, at least when no high demands with respect to chyme volume are required.", "contents": "Propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents after laparotomy in rat. Radioactive test substances were infused slowly into the duodenum of conscious rats via a permanent catheter starting 2, 12 and 24 h after a standardized laparotomy. Two differently labelled but otherwise identical test substances were used. The first test substance (125I-PVP) was infused for 4 h, the second (131I-PVP) for the remaining 1 h of the 5-hour infusion period. Immediately after the infusion the animals were killed, and the radioactivity emanating from each isotope was recorded from the excised bowel specimen. The bowel length passed by the border zone and the degree of overlap between the labels in this zone were taken as measures of propulsion and mixing, respectively. Propulsion and mixing were uninfluenced by laparotomy as measured 2--17, 12--17 and 24--29 h after laparotomy. The present findings indicate that laparotomy is not followed by a disturbance in the capability of the small bowel to transport and mix chyme, at least when no high demands with respect to chyme volume are required.", "PMID": 689053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8283", "title": "Accelerated healing of gastric ulcer after removal of the greater omentum in rats.", "content": "Standardized ulcers were produced in rats by local application of acetic acid to the serosal surface of the stomach. Ulcers induced at the lesser curvature, the greater curvature or the posterior wall were found to be of similar size after 2 and 4 weeks. In a group of animals the greater omentum was excised just before the application of acid. Omentectomized animals and control animals were examined 24 h, 1, 3 and 6 weeks after ulcer induction. In omentectomized animals, the ulcers were usually healed or very small after 3 and 6 weeks, while in the control animals most of the ulcers were still large. It is concluded that omentectomy leads to a marked acceleration in the healing of gastric ulcers in rats.", "contents": "Accelerated healing of gastric ulcer after removal of the greater omentum in rats. Standardized ulcers were produced in rats by local application of acetic acid to the serosal surface of the stomach. Ulcers induced at the lesser curvature, the greater curvature or the posterior wall were found to be of similar size after 2 and 4 weeks. In a group of animals the greater omentum was excised just before the application of acid. Omentectomized animals and control animals were examined 24 h, 1, 3 and 6 weeks after ulcer induction. In omentectomized animals, the ulcers were usually healed or very small after 3 and 6 weeks, while in the control animals most of the ulcers were still large. It is concluded that omentectomy leads to a marked acceleration in the healing of gastric ulcers in rats.", "PMID": 689054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8284", "title": "The calcium paradox: metabolic, electrophysiological, contractile and ultrastructural characteristics in four species.", "content": "The effect of transient depletion and repletion of calcium upon the electrophysiological activity, contractile activity, coronary flow, tissue energy metabolism and the cellular leakage of metabolites and creatine kinase has been characterized in the rat heart and now has been compared with the mouse, guinea pig and rabbit heart. The sudden and massive damage (the calcium paradox) which occurred in the rat was observed in all species studied. While fine differences between species were detectable, the basic principles and damaging effects of sudden transmembrane calcium fluxes would appear to be common to all species.", "contents": "The calcium paradox: metabolic, electrophysiological, contractile and ultrastructural characteristics in four species. The effect of transient depletion and repletion of calcium upon the electrophysiological activity, contractile activity, coronary flow, tissue energy metabolism and the cellular leakage of metabolites and creatine kinase has been characterized in the rat heart and now has been compared with the mouse, guinea pig and rabbit heart. The sudden and massive damage (the calcium paradox) which occurred in the rat was observed in all species studied. While fine differences between species were detectable, the basic principles and damaging effects of sudden transmembrane calcium fluxes would appear to be common to all species.", "PMID": 689059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8285", "title": "Tetralogy of Fallot. Occlusion of the ventricular septal defect due to accessory tricuspid valve leaflet and an associated membranous aneurysm.", "content": "A unique case of tetralogy of Fallot is presented in a 3 7/12-yr-old white female. At surgical repair, a ventricular septal defect smaller than usual was demonstrated in the usual infracristal position. The ventricular septal defect was partially obstructed from the right side of the ventricular septum by adherence of an accessory tricuspid leaflet. An associated membranous aneurysm, presumably acquired, was occluding the ventricular septal defect at its outlet almost completely. The literature has been reviewed and the pathophysiology of this lesion is discussed, underlining the nature and plausible development of the membranous aneurysm.", "contents": "Tetralogy of Fallot. Occlusion of the ventricular septal defect due to accessory tricuspid valve leaflet and an associated membranous aneurysm. A unique case of tetralogy of Fallot is presented in a 3 7/12-yr-old white female. At surgical repair, a ventricular septal defect smaller than usual was demonstrated in the usual infracristal position. The ventricular septal defect was partially obstructed from the right side of the ventricular septum by adherence of an accessory tricuspid leaflet. An associated membranous aneurysm, presumably acquired, was occluding the ventricular septal defect at its outlet almost completely. The literature has been reviewed and the pathophysiology of this lesion is discussed, underlining the nature and plausible development of the membranous aneurysm.", "PMID": 689060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8286", "title": "Use of electromagnetic flow probes to assess myocardial performance in man.", "content": "Aortic blood flow was measured in 14 patients by means of an electromagnetic flow probe placed around the ascending aorta during cardiac surgery. High fidelity left ventricular pressure was monitored directly, 8 different indices of left ventricular function were derived from these measurements, and compared. Peak aortic blood flow correlated with the conventional indices of left ventricular function derived from left ventricular pressure, but better correlations were obtained for the maximum rate of change of power with respect to time. The clinical advantage of the derivation of this index is small and for clinical purposes peak aortic blood flow and the maximum rate of change of flow provide indices of myocardial performance which are directly available from the instrument.", "contents": "Use of electromagnetic flow probes to assess myocardial performance in man. Aortic blood flow was measured in 14 patients by means of an electromagnetic flow probe placed around the ascending aorta during cardiac surgery. High fidelity left ventricular pressure was monitored directly, 8 different indices of left ventricular function were derived from these measurements, and compared. Peak aortic blood flow correlated with the conventional indices of left ventricular function derived from left ventricular pressure, but better correlations were obtained for the maximum rate of change of power with respect to time. The clinical advantage of the derivation of this index is small and for clinical purposes peak aortic blood flow and the maximum rate of change of flow provide indices of myocardial performance which are directly available from the instrument.", "PMID": 689061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8287", "title": "Congenital absence of the right superior vena cava: report of two cases.", "content": "Absence of the right superior vena cava with persistence of the left superior vena cava is an uncommon cardiac malformation. 2 patients with this anomaly are presented, and the importance of recognizing this condition is emphasized. Although associated with other cardiac malformations, there is no characteristic type.", "contents": "Congenital absence of the right superior vena cava: report of two cases. Absence of the right superior vena cava with persistence of the left superior vena cava is an uncommon cardiac malformation. 2 patients with this anomaly are presented, and the importance of recognizing this condition is emphasized. Although associated with other cardiac malformations, there is no characteristic type.", "PMID": 689062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8288", "title": "Effects of acute ethanol on the contractile state of normal and failing cat papillary muscles.", "content": "The direct effects of 100, 300 and 500 mg/100 ml ethanol on contractility of isolated, supported right ventricular papillary muscles were evaluated from 10 normal or failing cat hearts. In isometrically contracting muscles, 500 mg% ethanol decreased maximum tension in normal and failing hearts from 7.1 to 4.3 g/mm2 (P less than 0.001) and 3.4 to 2.3 (P less than 0.01) respectively, and lowered maximum tension rise from 30.4 to 20.2 g/mm2/sec (P less than 0.001) and 10.2 to 0.8 (P less than 0.01), without alterations of time to peak tension. In isotonically contracting muscles, 500 mg% ethanol reduced contractile element velocity at 0.5 g/mm2 load in normal and failing ventricles from 1.27 to 0.97 L/sec (P less than 0.001) and 0.59 to 0.39 (P less than 0.001) respectively. Thus, clinically meaningful doses of ethanol clearly, exerted dose-related negative inotropic actions on both normal and failing myocardium, thereby indicating that ethanol ingestion may exacerbate heart failure in diseased hearts.", "contents": "Effects of acute ethanol on the contractile state of normal and failing cat papillary muscles. The direct effects of 100, 300 and 500 mg/100 ml ethanol on contractility of isolated, supported right ventricular papillary muscles were evaluated from 10 normal or failing cat hearts. In isometrically contracting muscles, 500 mg% ethanol decreased maximum tension in normal and failing hearts from 7.1 to 4.3 g/mm2 (P less than 0.001) and 3.4 to 2.3 (P less than 0.01) respectively, and lowered maximum tension rise from 30.4 to 20.2 g/mm2/sec (P less than 0.001) and 10.2 to 0.8 (P less than 0.01), without alterations of time to peak tension. In isotonically contracting muscles, 500 mg% ethanol reduced contractile element velocity at 0.5 g/mm2 load in normal and failing ventricles from 1.27 to 0.97 L/sec (P less than 0.001) and 0.59 to 0.39 (P less than 0.001) respectively. Thus, clinically meaningful doses of ethanol clearly, exerted dose-related negative inotropic actions on both normal and failing myocardium, thereby indicating that ethanol ingestion may exacerbate heart failure in diseased hearts.", "PMID": 689063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8289", "title": "Effect of beta-blockade by metoprolol on global and regional left ventricular myocardial perfusion in coronary heart disease.", "content": "Utilizing semiselective 133Xenon injections and gamma camera recording, global and regional left ventricular myocardial perfusion were recorded under the influence of beta-blockade by metoprolol in 9 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. Metoprolol reduced the rate--pressure variable in every patient, the mean reduction amounting to 24% (P less than 0.01). With one exception, the global left ventricular myocardial flow followed the change in the rate-pressure variable. No significant differences were detected in the flow responses of areas distal to only moderate coronary obstructions (less than 75%) and areas distal to significant (less than 75%) obstructions. The same was true when areas of asynergic contractions were compared with areas of normal contractions, or when areas supplied by collaterals were compared with areas devoid of collateral vessels. It is concluded that the reduction in myocardial flow after metoprolol is due to the reduction of the myocardial oxygen consumption, and no redistribution of flow occurs.", "contents": "Effect of beta-blockade by metoprolol on global and regional left ventricular myocardial perfusion in coronary heart disease. Utilizing semiselective 133Xenon injections and gamma camera recording, global and regional left ventricular myocardial perfusion were recorded under the influence of beta-blockade by metoprolol in 9 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. Metoprolol reduced the rate--pressure variable in every patient, the mean reduction amounting to 24% (P less than 0.01). With one exception, the global left ventricular myocardial flow followed the change in the rate-pressure variable. No significant differences were detected in the flow responses of areas distal to only moderate coronary obstructions (less than 75%) and areas distal to significant (less than 75%) obstructions. The same was true when areas of asynergic contractions were compared with areas of normal contractions, or when areas supplied by collaterals were compared with areas devoid of collateral vessels. It is concluded that the reduction in myocardial flow after metoprolol is due to the reduction of the myocardial oxygen consumption, and no redistribution of flow occurs.", "PMID": 689064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8290", "title": "Mechanical failure causing current leakage with unipolar pacemakers: significance and detection.", "content": "Pacemaker malfunction caused by mechanical failure at the site of electrode generator connection has been observed in 5 patients fitted with unipolar pacemakers. Intermittent failure to capture occurred in one patient. The fault was the same in each case and resulted from fracture of a plastic screw designed to hold an insulating cap in place over the electrode generator connection. Changes in impulse amplitude, relative pacing threshold, and distortion of the shape of the pacemaker impulse (overshoot of the leading and trailing limbs and prolongation of the plateau length) occurred in each case, and are helpful in making the diagnosis. In contrast no significant change occurred in the frontal plane axis of the pacemaker impulse. It is concluded that current leaks in unipolar pacemakers can be of sufficient magnitude to cause failure to capture. Early detection is important and is best achieved by examination of the pacemaker signal for amplitude and shape, and assessment of pacing threshold where possible.", "contents": "Mechanical failure causing current leakage with unipolar pacemakers: significance and detection. Pacemaker malfunction caused by mechanical failure at the site of electrode generator connection has been observed in 5 patients fitted with unipolar pacemakers. Intermittent failure to capture occurred in one patient. The fault was the same in each case and resulted from fracture of a plastic screw designed to hold an insulating cap in place over the electrode generator connection. Changes in impulse amplitude, relative pacing threshold, and distortion of the shape of the pacemaker impulse (overshoot of the leading and trailing limbs and prolongation of the plateau length) occurred in each case, and are helpful in making the diagnosis. In contrast no significant change occurred in the frontal plane axis of the pacemaker impulse. It is concluded that current leaks in unipolar pacemakers can be of sufficient magnitude to cause failure to capture. Early detection is important and is best achieved by examination of the pacemaker signal for amplitude and shape, and assessment of pacing threshold where possible.", "PMID": 689065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8291", "title": "Ambulatory ECG monitoring and bicycle ergometry: correlation with findings on coronary arteriography.", "content": "Ambulatory ECG monitoring during everyday activities (AEM) and a multistage submaximal bicycle ergometric test (BET) was performed on a series of 48 patients suffering from precordial symptoms or pain. The results of these tests were compared with the results of coronary arteriography. In 20 subjects with a negative AEM and BET the coronary arteriography was normal in 18, moderately pathological (30-60% narrowing) in 1, and severely pathological (greater than 60% narrowing) in another. In 23 subjects in whom both AEM and BET disclosed ST-T alterations, 20 had severely pathological and 1 moderately pathological coronary arteriograms; normal coronary arteries were found in only 2 subjects. Only 5 of the total of 48 patients of the series showed a discrepancy between the results of AEM and BET. The findings on coronary arteriography confirmed that patients with a normal AEM and BET have a very high probability of having normal coronary arteries, while if both tests are positive the patient will most likely have advanced coronary pathology. When the two tests were concordant, the number of false positive and false negative results were slightly less than if ergometry was performed alone. Although AEM does not provide the quantitative aspect of effort testing, it does have the advantage of avoiding the risk of unusual physical effort for the patient.", "contents": "Ambulatory ECG monitoring and bicycle ergometry: correlation with findings on coronary arteriography. Ambulatory ECG monitoring during everyday activities (AEM) and a multistage submaximal bicycle ergometric test (BET) was performed on a series of 48 patients suffering from precordial symptoms or pain. The results of these tests were compared with the results of coronary arteriography. In 20 subjects with a negative AEM and BET the coronary arteriography was normal in 18, moderately pathological (30-60% narrowing) in 1, and severely pathological (greater than 60% narrowing) in another. In 23 subjects in whom both AEM and BET disclosed ST-T alterations, 20 had severely pathological and 1 moderately pathological coronary arteriograms; normal coronary arteries were found in only 2 subjects. Only 5 of the total of 48 patients of the series showed a discrepancy between the results of AEM and BET. The findings on coronary arteriography confirmed that patients with a normal AEM and BET have a very high probability of having normal coronary arteries, while if both tests are positive the patient will most likely have advanced coronary pathology. When the two tests were concordant, the number of false positive and false negative results were slightly less than if ergometry was performed alone. Although AEM does not provide the quantitative aspect of effort testing, it does have the advantage of avoiding the risk of unusual physical effort for the patient.", "PMID": 689068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8292", "title": "The straddling mitral valve: morphological observations and clinical implications.", "content": "The morphological features of 23 patients with straddling or overriding mitral valve are presented. Levocardia was present in 20 of 23; visceroatrial situs solitisu in 20 of 23, with 3 patients, 2 with asplenia and 1 with polysplenia, having visceral heterotaxia. A concordant D-ventricular loop was present in the 20 patients with visceroatrial situs solitus. Six of these had double outlet right ventricle; 2 had asplenia syndrome; 1 had D-transposition of the great arteries, ventricular defect and pulmonary atresia; 1 with tricuspid atresia and double outlet-outlet chamber; 1 with polysplenia syndrome; and 12 had endocardial cushion defect with marked underdevelopment of the left ventricle, and normally related great arteries. Left ventricular size was related to the amount of mitral valve (or left-sided component of a common atrioventricular valve) connected to it. In those patients in whom little effective mitral orifice was connected to the left ventricle, the left ventricle was diminutive. Endocardial fibroelastosis of the left ventricle was noted in only a single patient. Six of the 7 patients with double outlet right ventricle (including one with double outlet bulbus) had subpulmonary obstruction, and in one of these, this was related in part to the straddling mitral valve. In 1 patient with double outlet right ventricle, there was a double orifice mitral valve, and it was the accessory mitral orifice that straddled. The diagnosis of overriding mitral valve should be suspected in any patient with significant conotruncal anomalies and underdeveloped left ventricle, especially the patient with double outlet right ventricle, and in the patient with endocardial cushion defect, hypoplasia of the left ventricle, and obstructive anomalies of the aortic arch. In certain patients, selective left atriography, left ventriculography, and single and two dimensional echocardiography may be diagnostic of this condition.", "contents": "The straddling mitral valve: morphological observations and clinical implications. The morphological features of 23 patients with straddling or overriding mitral valve are presented. Levocardia was present in 20 of 23; visceroatrial situs solitisu in 20 of 23, with 3 patients, 2 with asplenia and 1 with polysplenia, having visceral heterotaxia. A concordant D-ventricular loop was present in the 20 patients with visceroatrial situs solitus. Six of these had double outlet right ventricle; 2 had asplenia syndrome; 1 had D-transposition of the great arteries, ventricular defect and pulmonary atresia; 1 with tricuspid atresia and double outlet-outlet chamber; 1 with polysplenia syndrome; and 12 had endocardial cushion defect with marked underdevelopment of the left ventricle, and normally related great arteries. Left ventricular size was related to the amount of mitral valve (or left-sided component of a common atrioventricular valve) connected to it. In those patients in whom little effective mitral orifice was connected to the left ventricle, the left ventricle was diminutive. Endocardial fibroelastosis of the left ventricle was noted in only a single patient. Six of the 7 patients with double outlet right ventricle (including one with double outlet bulbus) had subpulmonary obstruction, and in one of these, this was related in part to the straddling mitral valve. In 1 patient with double outlet right ventricle, there was a double orifice mitral valve, and it was the accessory mitral orifice that straddled. The diagnosis of overriding mitral valve should be suspected in any patient with significant conotruncal anomalies and underdeveloped left ventricle, especially the patient with double outlet right ventricle, and in the patient with endocardial cushion defect, hypoplasia of the left ventricle, and obstructive anomalies of the aortic arch. In certain patients, selective left atriography, left ventriculography, and single and two dimensional echocardiography may be diagnostic of this condition.", "PMID": 689069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8293", "title": "Electrophysiologic testing in patients with sinus pauses and/or sinoatrial exit block.", "content": "28 symptomatic patients with documented episodes of sinus pauses and/or sinoatrial exit block underwent electrophysiologic study. Abnormal responses to electrophysiologic testing were observed in 23/28 patients (82%). Abnormal prolongation of the maximum sinus node recovery time (SNRT max) occurred in 17/28 (61%) patients, of postpacing cycles 2.10 (secondary pauses) occurred in 21/28 (75%), and of estimated sinoatrial conduction time occured in 15/28 (54%). The incidence of abnormal responses to rapid atrial pacing (prolonged SNRT max or secondary pauses) (22/28, 79%) was higher than the incidence of abnormal responses to premature atrial stimulation (15/28, 54%) (P less than 0.005). Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias were observed, prior to electrophysiologic study, in 5 out of 28 (18%) patients. Symptomatic patients with sinus pauses and/or sinoatrial exit block frequently (23/28, 82%) showed abnormal responses to electrophysiologic testing and have a relatively high incidence of life-threatening arrhythmias.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic testing in patients with sinus pauses and/or sinoatrial exit block. 28 symptomatic patients with documented episodes of sinus pauses and/or sinoatrial exit block underwent electrophysiologic study. Abnormal responses to electrophysiologic testing were observed in 23/28 patients (82%). Abnormal prolongation of the maximum sinus node recovery time (SNRT max) occurred in 17/28 (61%) patients, of postpacing cycles 2.10 (secondary pauses) occurred in 21/28 (75%), and of estimated sinoatrial conduction time occured in 15/28 (54%). The incidence of abnormal responses to rapid atrial pacing (prolonged SNRT max or secondary pauses) (22/28, 79%) was higher than the incidence of abnormal responses to premature atrial stimulation (15/28, 54%) (P less than 0.005). Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias were observed, prior to electrophysiologic study, in 5 out of 28 (18%) patients. Symptomatic patients with sinus pauses and/or sinoatrial exit block frequently (23/28, 82%) showed abnormal responses to electrophysiologic testing and have a relatively high incidence of life-threatening arrhythmias.", "PMID": 689070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8294", "title": "Dynamic ventriculography with K-strophantin.", "content": "Dynamic ventriculography, before and after K-strophantin, was performed in 14 patients with coronary artery disease. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of hemodynamic and angiographic data has been assessed. Digitalis was found to have different action on asynergic areas--that is improvement in some areas and worsening in others--and little or no action on normokynetic areas. After administration of K-strophantin (0.008 mg/kg), 54% of the examined asynergic zones improved their segmental systolic shortening while 34% worsened or appeared diskynetic. Improvement of asynergic zones could be related to the presence of viable myocardium, while paradoxical systolic motion would suggest the presence of frank fibrosis. Therefore 2 different behaviors of global ventricular function were observed in CAD patients. When ventricular function improves, the values of ejection fraction at midejection show that the improvement is obtained mostly in the first half of ejection. Since heart rate was fixed, enddiastolic volume unchanged and left ventricular systolic pressure increased, it seems likely that the observed changes could be due to a direct inotropic effect of K-strophantin. The author's opinion is that 'strophantin test' could be useful to test whether ventricular function would be enhanced using maintenance digitalis therapy in CAD patients and to determine residual contractile reserve; in addition potential worsening of ejection fraction can be elicited and then a more complete pattern of ventricular function can be provided.", "contents": "Dynamic ventriculography with K-strophantin. Dynamic ventriculography, before and after K-strophantin, was performed in 14 patients with coronary artery disease. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of hemodynamic and angiographic data has been assessed. Digitalis was found to have different action on asynergic areas--that is improvement in some areas and worsening in others--and little or no action on normokynetic areas. After administration of K-strophantin (0.008 mg/kg), 54% of the examined asynergic zones improved their segmental systolic shortening while 34% worsened or appeared diskynetic. Improvement of asynergic zones could be related to the presence of viable myocardium, while paradoxical systolic motion would suggest the presence of frank fibrosis. Therefore 2 different behaviors of global ventricular function were observed in CAD patients. When ventricular function improves, the values of ejection fraction at midejection show that the improvement is obtained mostly in the first half of ejection. Since heart rate was fixed, enddiastolic volume unchanged and left ventricular systolic pressure increased, it seems likely that the observed changes could be due to a direct inotropic effect of K-strophantin. The author's opinion is that 'strophantin test' could be useful to test whether ventricular function would be enhanced using maintenance digitalis therapy in CAD patients and to determine residual contractile reserve; in addition potential worsening of ejection fraction can be elicited and then a more complete pattern of ventricular function can be provided.", "PMID": 689071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8295", "title": "Twelfth Edgar Mannheimer lecture. Competition between aortic isthmus and ductus arteriosus; reciprocal influence of structure and flow.", "content": "The family of juxtaductal coarctation includes pseudocoarctation, local stenosis and hypoplasia, atresia or interruption of aortic arch or isthmus. The cause is usually VSD with LV outflow obstruction. Abnormal length of the preductal aorta is characteristic. VSD closure makes infantile hypoplasia evolve into adult stenosis, sometimes before  birth. Normal subclavian 'migration' is interrupted in 2 out of 3 cases. So-called typical coarctation is either stenosis of the isthmic orifice or the isthmus in toto. Ductus wall tissue radiates too far into the descending aortic wall. Juxtaductal coarctation is displaced from a pre- into a postductal position by flow and secondary tissue formation. A straddling ductus does not straddle the stenosis but a circular fold in the descending aortic wall, caused by ductus tissue. Patent ductus arteriosus is too frequent a complication, prolonged as well as persistent. Ductus closure causes loss of femoral pulse pressure in different ways. Infantile hypoplasia is treated by promoting its development into adult stenosis, then resection.", "contents": "Twelfth Edgar Mannheimer lecture. Competition between aortic isthmus and ductus arteriosus; reciprocal influence of structure and flow. The family of juxtaductal coarctation includes pseudocoarctation, local stenosis and hypoplasia, atresia or interruption of aortic arch or isthmus. The cause is usually VSD with LV outflow obstruction. Abnormal length of the preductal aorta is characteristic. VSD closure makes infantile hypoplasia evolve into adult stenosis, sometimes before  birth. Normal subclavian 'migration' is interrupted in 2 out of 3 cases. So-called typical coarctation is either stenosis of the isthmic orifice or the isthmus in toto. Ductus wall tissue radiates too far into the descending aortic wall. Juxtaductal coarctation is displaced from a pre- into a postductal position by flow and secondary tissue formation. A straddling ductus does not straddle the stenosis but a circular fold in the descending aortic wall, caused by ductus tissue. Patent ductus arteriosus is too frequent a complication, prolonged as well as persistent. Ductus closure causes loss of femoral pulse pressure in different ways. Infantile hypoplasia is treated by promoting its development into adult stenosis, then resection.", "PMID": 689072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8296", "title": "Effect of verapamil on coronary hemodynamics in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "The effect of verapamil (Isoptin) on coronary hemodynamics was studied in 18 patients with coronary heart disease. The continuous infusion thermodilution technique was used to measure cardiac venous blood flow. At rest, verapamil produced a 13% decrease in coronary arteriolar resistance, a 5% decrease in coronary arteriovenous oxygen difference and a 19% increase in left ventricular efficiency index. No significant effect was noted on myocardial blood flow, oxygen consumption or oxygen consumption per unit of left ventricular pressure work. No change occurred in any of the measured parameters during a submaximal stress test after drug administration. The findings are discussed in relation to the general hemodynamic effects of the drug. It is concluded that verapamil is a mild coronary vasodilator and that myocardial oxygen consumption, in relation to performed left ventricular work, is unaltered by the drug up to a near-maximal work-load.", "contents": "Effect of verapamil on coronary hemodynamics in patients with coronary heart disease. The effect of verapamil (Isoptin) on coronary hemodynamics was studied in 18 patients with coronary heart disease. The continuous infusion thermodilution technique was used to measure cardiac venous blood flow. At rest, verapamil produced a 13% decrease in coronary arteriolar resistance, a 5% decrease in coronary arteriovenous oxygen difference and a 19% increase in left ventricular efficiency index. No significant effect was noted on myocardial blood flow, oxygen consumption or oxygen consumption per unit of left ventricular pressure work. No change occurred in any of the measured parameters during a submaximal stress test after drug administration. The findings are discussed in relation to the general hemodynamic effects of the drug. It is concluded that verapamil is a mild coronary vasodilator and that myocardial oxygen consumption, in relation to performed left ventricular work, is unaltered by the drug up to a near-maximal work-load.", "PMID": 689073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8297", "title": "Primary in vitro antibody formation in the rat: partial characterization and properties of an inhibitor cell present in normal spleen.", "content": "Rat spleen cells are shown to be unresponsive to sheep red cells (SRBC) in vitro under conditions in which thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) respond very well. By adding unresponsive spleen cells to responsive TDL cultures, the spleen cells are shown to contain an inhibitor capable of preventing the response to SRBC. The inhibitory activity is a property of live cells; it is sensitive to radiation doses as low as 100 R x rays and to mitomycin C. It can be completely removed from spleen cell suspensions by extraction with large amounts of carbonyl iron or by filtration through nylon wool columns. It is less efficiently removed by filtration through Sephades G-10 columns, and is completely resistant to the cytotoxic effects of silica. From a practical point of view, extraction of a spleen cell suspension with carbonyl iron is a useful method of obtaining fully responsive lymphocyte populations from rat spleen.", "contents": "Primary in vitro antibody formation in the rat: partial characterization and properties of an inhibitor cell present in normal spleen. Rat spleen cells are shown to be unresponsive to sheep red cells (SRBC) in vitro under conditions in which thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) respond very well. By adding unresponsive spleen cells to responsive TDL cultures, the spleen cells are shown to contain an inhibitor capable of preventing the response to SRBC. The inhibitory activity is a property of live cells; it is sensitive to radiation doses as low as 100 R x rays and to mitomycin C. It can be completely removed from spleen cell suspensions by extraction with large amounts of carbonyl iron or by filtration through nylon wool columns. It is less efficiently removed by filtration through Sephades G-10 columns, and is completely resistant to the cytotoxic effects of silica. From a practical point of view, extraction of a spleen cell suspension with carbonyl iron is a useful method of obtaining fully responsive lymphocyte populations from rat spleen.", "PMID": 689074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8298", "title": "Analysis of the diversity of murine antibodies to dextran B1355. III. Idiotypic and spectrotypic correlations.", "content": "Examination of 19 S and 7 S anti-alpha(1 leads to 3) dextran (Dex) antibodies by serological assays and isoelectric focusing (IEF) has revealed substantial variation of idiotypic and spectrotypic expression between individuals of the same genotype. 7 S antibodies appeared to be more heterogeneous than 19 S by both methods. A strong, but complex, association was found between the IEF patterns of 19 S and 7 S anti-Dex antibodies and their expression of the idiotypic determinant(s) common to both the M104 and J558 dextran-binding myeloma proteins. However, no such relationship was found between the IEF pattern and the expression of idiotypic determinant(s) unique to the M104 myeloma protein. Rather, indistinguishable spectrotypes from different individuals have widely differing levels of expression of the determinant. In addition, this determinant(s) may be present on different spectrotypes of the same isotype. Both the M104 and J558-specific idiotypes were found on antibodies of the IgG3 subclass as well as in pools containing predominantly the IgG2a subclass. These data confirm and extend the picture of substantial structural variation among the antibodies comprising a response of restricted heterogeneity.", "contents": "Analysis of the diversity of murine antibodies to dextran B1355. III. Idiotypic and spectrotypic correlations. Examination of 19 S and 7 S anti-alpha(1 leads to 3) dextran (Dex) antibodies by serological assays and isoelectric focusing (IEF) has revealed substantial variation of idiotypic and spectrotypic expression between individuals of the same genotype. 7 S antibodies appeared to be more heterogeneous than 19 S by both methods. A strong, but complex, association was found between the IEF patterns of 19 S and 7 S anti-Dex antibodies and their expression of the idiotypic determinant(s) common to both the M104 and J558 dextran-binding myeloma proteins. However, no such relationship was found between the IEF pattern and the expression of idiotypic determinant(s) unique to the M104 myeloma protein. Rather, indistinguishable spectrotypes from different individuals have widely differing levels of expression of the determinant. In addition, this determinant(s) may be present on different spectrotypes of the same isotype. Both the M104 and J558-specific idiotypes were found on antibodies of the IgG3 subclass as well as in pools containing predominantly the IgG2a subclass. These data confirm and extend the picture of substantial structural variation among the antibodies comprising a response of restricted heterogeneity.", "PMID": 689075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8299", "title": "Microinjection of kainic acid into the rat hippocampus.", "content": "The effects of unilateral injection of kainic acid into the rate hippocampus have been examined in terms of morphologic, neurochemical and behavioral sequelae. Infusion of 10 nmoles if kainate causes a rapid and complete degeneration of neuronal perikarya in the entire hippocampal formation followed by gliosis and atrophy of the region. This unilateral neuronal loss is accompanied by a 50% decrease in the specific activity of the biochemical markers for GABAergic neurons including glutamic acid decarboxylase, endogenous GABA and synaptosomal uptake of [3H]GABA. The extrinsic hippocampal cholinergic and noradrenergic afferents also exhibit significant alteration. Although the specific activity of choline acetyltransferase is unaffected and the specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase is significantly increased in the injected hippocampus, the synaptosomal high affinity uptake process for [3H]choline and [3H]norepinephrine are significantly reduced at 10 days after injection. Whereas the level of endogenous acetylcholine is elevated in the lesioned hippocampus at 2 days after injection, the level of endogenous norepinephrine is reduced. For several hours after intrahippocampal injections of 5 nmoles or more of kainate, rats exhibit epileptiform behavior. Intrahippocampal injection of kainate may be a useful rodent model for temporal lobe seizure disorders.", "contents": "Microinjection of kainic acid into the rat hippocampus. The effects of unilateral injection of kainic acid into the rate hippocampus have been examined in terms of morphologic, neurochemical and behavioral sequelae. Infusion of 10 nmoles if kainate causes a rapid and complete degeneration of neuronal perikarya in the entire hippocampal formation followed by gliosis and atrophy of the region. This unilateral neuronal loss is accompanied by a 50% decrease in the specific activity of the biochemical markers for GABAergic neurons including glutamic acid decarboxylase, endogenous GABA and synaptosomal uptake of [3H]GABA. The extrinsic hippocampal cholinergic and noradrenergic afferents also exhibit significant alteration. Although the specific activity of choline acetyltransferase is unaffected and the specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase is significantly increased in the injected hippocampus, the synaptosomal high affinity uptake process for [3H]choline and [3H]norepinephrine are significantly reduced at 10 days after injection. Whereas the level of endogenous acetylcholine is elevated in the lesioned hippocampus at 2 days after injection, the level of endogenous norepinephrine is reduced. For several hours after intrahippocampal injections of 5 nmoles or more of kainate, rats exhibit epileptiform behavior. Intrahippocampal injection of kainate may be a useful rodent model for temporal lobe seizure disorders.", "PMID": 689077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8300", "title": "The effects of elevating gamma-amino butyrate content in the substantia nigra on the behaviour of rats.", "content": "Gabaculine, a specific inhibitor of GABA transaminase, was injected bilaterally into the substantia nigra of rats. One day after injection, GABA was increased 11-fold in the nigra, 6-fold in thalamus and pons-medulla, and 2-fold in pallidum. 5 h after operation, rats showed continuous sniffing and head movement. This behaviour was blocked by a small dose of picrotoxin injected bilaterally into the nigra, but haloperidol (i.p.) was less effective. One day after injection, rats showed high ambulation and this ambulation was blocked by high doses of picrotoxin. On the second day, GABA contents in all regions were less than twice the control level and behaviour had returned to normal. Rats with gabaculine injected into the pallidum or medulla did not show changes of behaviour as seen in rats with injections into the substantia nigra at any of the times. Striatum dopamine turnover was slightly but significantly decreased at 5 h but not at 24 h after intra-nigral injection with gabaculine. The results suggest that gabaculine-induced sniffing and head movement were mediated by nigral GABAergic synapses and were independent of any dopaminergic system, and that the high ambulation at 24 h after operation may have been due to a non-specific effect of abnormal GABA elevation in thalamus and/or nigra.", "contents": "The effects of elevating gamma-amino butyrate content in the substantia nigra on the behaviour of rats. Gabaculine, a specific inhibitor of GABA transaminase, was injected bilaterally into the substantia nigra of rats. One day after injection, GABA was increased 11-fold in the nigra, 6-fold in thalamus and pons-medulla, and 2-fold in pallidum. 5 h after operation, rats showed continuous sniffing and head movement. This behaviour was blocked by a small dose of picrotoxin injected bilaterally into the nigra, but haloperidol (i.p.) was less effective. One day after injection, rats showed high ambulation and this ambulation was blocked by high doses of picrotoxin. On the second day, GABA contents in all regions were less than twice the control level and behaviour had returned to normal. Rats with gabaculine injected into the pallidum or medulla did not show changes of behaviour as seen in rats with injections into the substantia nigra at any of the times. Striatum dopamine turnover was slightly but significantly decreased at 5 h but not at 24 h after intra-nigral injection with gabaculine. The results suggest that gabaculine-induced sniffing and head movement were mediated by nigral GABAergic synapses and were independent of any dopaminergic system, and that the high ambulation at 24 h after operation may have been due to a non-specific effect of abnormal GABA elevation in thalamus and/or nigra.", "PMID": 689078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8301", "title": "Morphine and met-enkephalin effects on sural Adelta afferent terminal excitability.", "content": "Morphine (30--80 nA) and met-enkephalin (30--80 nA) decreased the excitability of single sural Adelta afferent terminals and potentiated the enhancement of the terminal excitability produced by superficial peroneal nerve stimulation, in mid-collicular decerebrate and spinalized cats. Naloxone (20--40 nA) antagonized the actions of both substances on the unconditioned and the conditioned terminal excitabilities. These results indicate that morphine and met-enkephalin hyperpolarize Adelta sural afferent terminals and facilitate the terminal depolarization during presynaptic inhibition. This enhancement of presynaptic inhibition may be, at least partly, responsible for the analgesic action of these agents.", "contents": "Morphine and met-enkephalin effects on sural Adelta afferent terminal excitability. Morphine (30--80 nA) and met-enkephalin (30--80 nA) decreased the excitability of single sural Adelta afferent terminals and potentiated the enhancement of the terminal excitability produced by superficial peroneal nerve stimulation, in mid-collicular decerebrate and spinalized cats. Naloxone (20--40 nA) antagonized the actions of both substances on the unconditioned and the conditioned terminal excitabilities. These results indicate that morphine and met-enkephalin hyperpolarize Adelta sural afferent terminals and facilitate the terminal depolarization during presynaptic inhibition. This enhancement of presynaptic inhibition may be, at least partly, responsible for the analgesic action of these agents.", "PMID": 689079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8302", "title": "Baroreceptor-induced decrease in muscle blood flow upon propranolol administration.", "content": "The acute effects of propranolol, 1 mg/kg i.v., were studied in chloralosed, vagotomized cats. The vascularly isolated but innervated calf muscles were perfused from another animal. In one group of experiments, the carotid baroreceptors were exposed to ambient arterial pressure. Here, propranolol caused a fall in heart rate and an increase in resistance of the isolated muscle bed. In other experiments, the carotid sinuses were perfused at a constant pressure. In these animals, no increase in muscle flow resistance was observed after the drug. It is concluded that the increase in total peripheral resistance, seen initially upon propranolol administration, may be reflexly induced via the baroreceptors.", "contents": "Baroreceptor-induced decrease in muscle blood flow upon propranolol administration. The acute effects of propranolol, 1 mg/kg i.v., were studied in chloralosed, vagotomized cats. The vascularly isolated but innervated calf muscles were perfused from another animal. In one group of experiments, the carotid baroreceptors were exposed to ambient arterial pressure. Here, propranolol caused a fall in heart rate and an increase in resistance of the isolated muscle bed. In other experiments, the carotid sinuses were perfused at a constant pressure. In these animals, no increase in muscle flow resistance was observed after the drug. It is concluded that the increase in total peripheral resistance, seen initially upon propranolol administration, may be reflexly induced via the baroreceptors.", "PMID": 689080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8303", "title": "Evaluation of the effect of p-chloroamphetamine on individual catecholaminergic nuclei in the rat brain.", "content": "Short and long term effects of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on levels of catecholamines (CA) in discrete CA cell body and axon terminal areas were investigated. The levels were unaffected, except for a transient fall in dopamine in the arcuate nucleus. These results do not support the suggestion that PCA is neurotoxic to CA cells.", "contents": "Evaluation of the effect of p-chloroamphetamine on individual catecholaminergic nuclei in the rat brain. Short and long term effects of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on levels of catecholamines (CA) in discrete CA cell body and axon terminal areas were investigated. The levels were unaffected, except for a transient fall in dopamine in the arcuate nucleus. These results do not support the suggestion that PCA is neurotoxic to CA cells.", "PMID": 689081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8304", "title": "Technical comments on the bioassay of erythropoietin.", "content": "Quantitative erythropoietin determinations can only be obtained after the examination of both Standard and Test materials in a multiple dose parallel line bioassay with appropriate statistical control. The expression of results in erythropoietin units (implying quantitation) in the absence of similar dose-response relationships for Standard and Test materials can lead to errors in the estimated potency which differ markedly from the true potency. Results obtained from one-dose test systems cannot therefore be considered quantitative. Criteria which allow valid quantitation of bioassay results are discussed. Where these cannot be fulfilled, it is suggested that the results should be expressed only in terms of the measured parameter, e.g. 59Fe uptake, per constant volume of test solution.", "contents": "Technical comments on the bioassay of erythropoietin. Quantitative erythropoietin determinations can only be obtained after the examination of both Standard and Test materials in a multiple dose parallel line bioassay with appropriate statistical control. The expression of results in erythropoietin units (implying quantitation) in the absence of similar dose-response relationships for Standard and Test materials can lead to errors in the estimated potency which differ markedly from the true potency. Results obtained from one-dose test systems cannot therefore be considered quantitative. Criteria which allow valid quantitation of bioassay results are discussed. Where these cannot be fulfilled, it is suggested that the results should be expressed only in terms of the measured parameter, e.g. 59Fe uptake, per constant volume of test solution.", "PMID": 689123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8305", "title": "Suppression of CFU-s activity by rabbit-anti-mouse brain serum can be overcome by treatment with papain.", "content": "The suppression of CFU-s activity which is observed after incubation with rabbit-anti-mouse brain sera (RAMB) can be reversed by incubating the antibody coated cells with papain. Papain treatment does not alter the CFU-s membrane since pre-treatment with the enzyme does not protect CFU-s from the lethal effect of RAMB. This technique should allow the use of fluoresceinated or otherwise labelled RAMB for the selection of CFU-s.", "contents": "Suppression of CFU-s activity by rabbit-anti-mouse brain serum can be overcome by treatment with papain. The suppression of CFU-s activity which is observed after incubation with rabbit-anti-mouse brain sera (RAMB) can be reversed by incubating the antibody coated cells with papain. Papain treatment does not alter the CFU-s membrane since pre-treatment with the enzyme does not protect CFU-s from the lethal effect of RAMB. This technique should allow the use of fluoresceinated or otherwise labelled RAMB for the selection of CFU-s.", "PMID": 689124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8306", "title": "Erythroid \"bursts\" in semi-solid agar diffusion chambers: effect of cyclophosphamide administration to host and of hydroxyurea to donor animals.", "content": "Growth of erythroid bursts was induced in peritoneal diffusion chambers in a semi-solid agar medium. Mice of the \"Sabra\" strain received single i.p. injections of cyclophosphamide (45 mg/kg) 24 h prior to implantation of chambers. Rats of the Hebrew University strain, used as donors, received single i.p. injections of hydroxyurea (400 mg/kg), 9 h prior to being killed. Ten to fourteen days after chamber implantation, several erythroid colonies of ten to several hundred cells developed in the semi-solid agar medium. The erythroid cells in the colonies were benzidine-positive and at various stages of maturation. We suggest that growth of erythroid \"bursts\" in diffusion chambers, in hosts which had not received any specific erythropoietic stimuli, was made possible by a high concentration of BFU-E in the door marrow. The BFU-E enriched rat bone marrow resulted from administration of hydroxyurea which, after preferentially killing erythroblasts in cycle, stimulated mobilization of stem cells for the replenishment of the depleted compartment.", "contents": "Erythroid \"bursts\" in semi-solid agar diffusion chambers: effect of cyclophosphamide administration to host and of hydroxyurea to donor animals. Growth of erythroid bursts was induced in peritoneal diffusion chambers in a semi-solid agar medium. Mice of the \"Sabra\" strain received single i.p. injections of cyclophosphamide (45 mg/kg) 24 h prior to implantation of chambers. Rats of the Hebrew University strain, used as donors, received single i.p. injections of hydroxyurea (400 mg/kg), 9 h prior to being killed. Ten to fourteen days after chamber implantation, several erythroid colonies of ten to several hundred cells developed in the semi-solid agar medium. The erythroid cells in the colonies were benzidine-positive and at various stages of maturation. We suggest that growth of erythroid \"bursts\" in diffusion chambers, in hosts which had not received any specific erythropoietic stimuli, was made possible by a high concentration of BFU-E in the door marrow. The BFU-E enriched rat bone marrow resulted from administration of hydroxyurea which, after preferentially killing erythroblasts in cycle, stimulated mobilization of stem cells for the replenishment of the depleted compartment.", "PMID": 689125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8307", "title": "Reticulospinal excitation and inhibition of neck motoneurons.", "content": "Responses of neck motoneurons to electrical stimulation of the pontomedullary reticular formation were recorded intracellularly in cerebellectomized cats anesthetized with chloralose. Stimulation of nucleus reticularis (n.r.) ventralis and the dorsal part of n.r. gigantocellularis evoked short latency, monosynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in the majority of motoneurons supplying the ipsilateral splenius, biventer cervicis and complexus muscles and in 25% of motoneurons projecting in the ipsilateral spinal accessory nerve. Monosynaptic IPSPs were also evoked by stimulating the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) but lesion and collision experiments indicated that these IPSPs were independent of those evoked by reticular stimulation. Monosynaptic IPSPs were also occasionally observed following stimulation of the contralateral reticular formation, especially of the dorsal part of n.r. gigantocellularis. Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were evoked in all classes of neck motoneurons studied by stimulation of n.r. pontis caudalis, gigantocellularis and ventralis. Each reticular nucleus appeared to contribute to this excitation. The excitation was bilateral but large monosynaptic EPSPs were most often seen in motoneurons ipsilateral to the stimulus site. Data indicated that pontine EPSPs were mediated by ventromedial reticulospinal fibers while medullary EPSPs were mediated by ventrolateral reticulospinal fibers. Neck motoneurons thus receive at least three distinct direct reticulospinal inputs, two excitatory and one inhibitory.", "contents": "Reticulospinal excitation and inhibition of neck motoneurons. Responses of neck motoneurons to electrical stimulation of the pontomedullary reticular formation were recorded intracellularly in cerebellectomized cats anesthetized with chloralose. Stimulation of nucleus reticularis (n.r.) ventralis and the dorsal part of n.r. gigantocellularis evoked short latency, monosynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in the majority of motoneurons supplying the ipsilateral splenius, biventer cervicis and complexus muscles and in 25% of motoneurons projecting in the ipsilateral spinal accessory nerve. Monosynaptic IPSPs were also evoked by stimulating the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) but lesion and collision experiments indicated that these IPSPs were independent of those evoked by reticular stimulation. Monosynaptic IPSPs were also occasionally observed following stimulation of the contralateral reticular formation, especially of the dorsal part of n.r. gigantocellularis. Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were evoked in all classes of neck motoneurons studied by stimulation of n.r. pontis caudalis, gigantocellularis and ventralis. Each reticular nucleus appeared to contribute to this excitation. The excitation was bilateral but large monosynaptic EPSPs were most often seen in motoneurons ipsilateral to the stimulus site. Data indicated that pontine EPSPs were mediated by ventromedial reticulospinal fibers while medullary EPSPs were mediated by ventrolateral reticulospinal fibers. Neck motoneurons thus receive at least three distinct direct reticulospinal inputs, two excitatory and one inhibitory.", "PMID": 689126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8308", "title": "Amygdaloid projections to the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata in the cat.", "content": "Amygdalotegmental projections were studied in 26 cats after injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the diencephalon, midbrain and lower brain stem and in 6 cats after injection of 3H-leucine in the amygdala. Following HRP injections in the posterior hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray (PAG) and tegmentum many retrogradely labeled neurons were present in the central nucleus (CE) of the amygdala, primarily ipsilaterally. Injections of HRP in the posterior hypothalamus and mesencephalon also resulted in the labeling of neurons in the basal nucleus, pars magnocellularis. Following 3H-leucine injections in CE and adjacent structures autoradiographically labeled fibers were present in the stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathways. In the mesencephalon heavily labeled fiber bundles were located lateral to the red nucleus. Labeled fibers and terminals were distributed to the mesencephalic reticular formation, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and PAG. In the pontine and medullary tegmentum the bulk of passing fibers was located laterally in the reticular formation. Many labeled fibers and terminals were distributed to the parabrachial nuclei, locus coeruleus, nucleus subcoeruleus and lateral tegmental fields. Many terminals were also present in the solitary nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. The location of the cells of origin and the distribution of the terminals of the amygdalotegmental projection suggest that this pathway plays an important role in the integration of somatic and autonomic responses associated with affective defense.", "contents": "Amygdaloid projections to the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata in the cat. Amygdalotegmental projections were studied in 26 cats after injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the diencephalon, midbrain and lower brain stem and in 6 cats after injection of 3H-leucine in the amygdala. Following HRP injections in the posterior hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray (PAG) and tegmentum many retrogradely labeled neurons were present in the central nucleus (CE) of the amygdala, primarily ipsilaterally. Injections of HRP in the posterior hypothalamus and mesencephalon also resulted in the labeling of neurons in the basal nucleus, pars magnocellularis. Following 3H-leucine injections in CE and adjacent structures autoradiographically labeled fibers were present in the stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathways. In the mesencephalon heavily labeled fiber bundles were located lateral to the red nucleus. Labeled fibers and terminals were distributed to the mesencephalic reticular formation, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and PAG. In the pontine and medullary tegmentum the bulk of passing fibers was located laterally in the reticular formation. Many labeled fibers and terminals were distributed to the parabrachial nuclei, locus coeruleus, nucleus subcoeruleus and lateral tegmental fields. Many terminals were also present in the solitary nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. The location of the cells of origin and the distribution of the terminals of the amygdalotegmental projection suggest that this pathway plays an important role in the integration of somatic and autonomic responses associated with affective defense.", "PMID": 689127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8309", "title": "Projections to lateral vestibular nucleus from cerebellar climbing fiber zones.", "content": "1. The olivary projections to the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN), direct and excitatory through climbing fiber collaterals and indirect and inhibitory through climbing fiber activated Purkinje cells, were investigated in cats with the spinal cord transected at C3 sparing only the contralateral ventral funiculus. In this preparation all spinocerebellar paths are interrupted except the ventral spino-olivocerebellar paths (VF-SOCPs). Three FV-SOCPs responding with different latencies and receptive fields on limb nerve stimulation project to different sagittal zones in the anterior lobe vermis: the a-zone medially and the b-zone laterally in the vermis and the c1-zone in the extreme lateral part of the vermis and the medial part of the pars intermedia. 2. The EPSPs evoked through climbing fiber collaterals and the following IPSPs evoked through climbing fiber activated Purkinje cells were recorded intracellularly from LVN neurons on limb nerve stimulation. Simultaneously the climbing fiber responses evoked in Purkinje cells located in the a-, b- and c1-zones were recorded as positive potentials from the cerebellar surface. 3. Three groups of LVN neurons were distinguished: X neurons (about 20%) which did not receive excitation or inhibition from the olivary paths, aCF neurons (about 5%) which received excitation and inhibition from the olivary path projecting to the a-zone, and bCF neurons (about 75%) which received excitation and inhibition from the olivary path projecting to the b-zone. No LVN neurons were related to the c1-zone. 4. The aCF and bCF neurons occurred intermingled throughout the LVN. The X neurons occurred predominantly in its ventral part. 5. The findings are discussed in relation to a hypothesis of cerebellar organization.", "contents": "Projections to lateral vestibular nucleus from cerebellar climbing fiber zones. 1. The olivary projections to the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN), direct and excitatory through climbing fiber collaterals and indirect and inhibitory through climbing fiber activated Purkinje cells, were investigated in cats with the spinal cord transected at C3 sparing only the contralateral ventral funiculus. In this preparation all spinocerebellar paths are interrupted except the ventral spino-olivocerebellar paths (VF-SOCPs). Three FV-SOCPs responding with different latencies and receptive fields on limb nerve stimulation project to different sagittal zones in the anterior lobe vermis: the a-zone medially and the b-zone laterally in the vermis and the c1-zone in the extreme lateral part of the vermis and the medial part of the pars intermedia. 2. The EPSPs evoked through climbing fiber collaterals and the following IPSPs evoked through climbing fiber activated Purkinje cells were recorded intracellularly from LVN neurons on limb nerve stimulation. Simultaneously the climbing fiber responses evoked in Purkinje cells located in the a-, b- and c1-zones were recorded as positive potentials from the cerebellar surface. 3. Three groups of LVN neurons were distinguished: X neurons (about 20%) which did not receive excitation or inhibition from the olivary paths, aCF neurons (about 5%) which received excitation and inhibition from the olivary path projecting to the a-zone, and bCF neurons (about 75%) which received excitation and inhibition from the olivary path projecting to the b-zone. No LVN neurons were related to the c1-zone. 4. The aCF and bCF neurons occurred intermingled throughout the LVN. The X neurons occurred predominantly in its ventral part. 5. The findings are discussed in relation to a hypothesis of cerebellar organization.", "PMID": 689128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8310", "title": "Climbing fiber microzones in cerebellar vermis and their projection to different groups of cells in the lateral vestibular nucleus.", "content": "1. The projections from one of the paths (b-VF-SOCP) in the ventral spino-olivocerebellar system to the cortical b-zone located in the lateral part of the anterior lobe vermis and to the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) have been studied in cats with the spinal cord transected at C3 sparing only the contralateral ventral funiculus. The projection to the b-zone was studied by recording climbing fiber responses in single Purkinje cells on stimulation of limb nerves. The projections to the LVN, direct through climbing fiber collaterals and indirect through Purkinje cells, were studied by recordings EPSPs and IPSPs in LVN neurons. 2. The Purkinje cells in the b-zone were arbitrarily divided into five groups with different inputs and occupying different microzones each with a width of about 200 micron. On passing medially across the b-zone the microzones had the following input characteristics: 1. activation exclusively from hindlimb nerves, 2. short-latency activation from hindlimb and long-latency activation from forelimb nerves, 3. short-latency activation from hindlimb and forelimb nerves, 4. short-latency activation from forelimb and long-latency activation from hindlimb nerves, and 5. activation exclusively from forelimb nerves. 3. The five microzones projected to different groups of LVN neurons which occurred intermingled throughout the nucleus. The LVN neurons inhibited from a certain microzone were activated by the collaterals of the climbing fibers projecting to that microzone. 4. The organization of the spino-olivo-cerebello-vestibulo-spinal path is discussed. It is suggested that the microzone and collection of subcortical neurons represent the basic computational unit of the cerebellum.", "contents": "Climbing fiber microzones in cerebellar vermis and their projection to different groups of cells in the lateral vestibular nucleus. 1. The projections from one of the paths (b-VF-SOCP) in the ventral spino-olivocerebellar system to the cortical b-zone located in the lateral part of the anterior lobe vermis and to the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) have been studied in cats with the spinal cord transected at C3 sparing only the contralateral ventral funiculus. The projection to the b-zone was studied by recording climbing fiber responses in single Purkinje cells on stimulation of limb nerves. The projections to the LVN, direct through climbing fiber collaterals and indirect through Purkinje cells, were studied by recordings EPSPs and IPSPs in LVN neurons. 2. The Purkinje cells in the b-zone were arbitrarily divided into five groups with different inputs and occupying different microzones each with a width of about 200 micron. On passing medially across the b-zone the microzones had the following input characteristics: 1. activation exclusively from hindlimb nerves, 2. short-latency activation from hindlimb and long-latency activation from forelimb nerves, 3. short-latency activation from hindlimb and forelimb nerves, 4. short-latency activation from forelimb and long-latency activation from hindlimb nerves, and 5. activation exclusively from forelimb nerves. 3. The five microzones projected to different groups of LVN neurons which occurred intermingled throughout the nucleus. The LVN neurons inhibited from a certain microzone were activated by the collaterals of the climbing fibers projecting to that microzone. 4. The organization of the spino-olivo-cerebello-vestibulo-spinal path is discussed. It is suggested that the microzone and collection of subcortical neurons represent the basic computational unit of the cerebellum.", "PMID": 689129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8311", "title": "Persistence of visual response in vestibular nucleus neurons in cerebellectomized cat.", "content": "Responses to pure visual stimuli and visual-vestibular interactions similar to those reported in other vertebrates were found in single vestibular nucleus neurons in cat. Contrary to prevailing hypotheses, the cerebellum is not an essential part of the pathway mediating these visual responses.", "contents": "Persistence of visual response in vestibular nucleus neurons in cerebellectomized cat. Responses to pure visual stimuli and visual-vestibular interactions similar to those reported in other vertebrates were found in single vestibular nucleus neurons in cat. Contrary to prevailing hypotheses, the cerebellum is not an essential part of the pathway mediating these visual responses.", "PMID": 689130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8312", "title": "Studies on the formative mechanism of mesangiolytic changes of renal glomerulus induced by a low calcium diet breeding.", "content": "Mucopolysaccharides (MPS) are widely distributed in the connective tissues throughout the animal body. There are a lot of MPS classified both chemically and immunochemically and solutions of these various polysaccharides are characterized physicochemically by their high viscosity. In this study guinea pigs were bred on a low calcium diet of 0.2% for 13 weeks and the mesangiolytic changes of renal glomerulus--the partial cystic dilatation of the glomerular tufts with edematous loosening of the mesangial tissue were shown light microscopically. The less dense mesangial matrix with prominence of mesangial fibrils and small cytoplasmic projections of the mesangial cells were demonstrated electron microscopically. The formative mechanism of these mesangiolytic changes of renal glomerulus induced by a low calcium diet breeding will be discussed in this paper.", "contents": "Studies on the formative mechanism of mesangiolytic changes of renal glomerulus induced by a low calcium diet breeding. Mucopolysaccharides (MPS) are widely distributed in the connective tissues throughout the animal body. There are a lot of MPS classified both chemically and immunochemically and solutions of these various polysaccharides are characterized physicochemically by their high viscosity. In this study guinea pigs were bred on a low calcium diet of 0.2% for 13 weeks and the mesangiolytic changes of renal glomerulus--the partial cystic dilatation of the glomerular tufts with edematous loosening of the mesangial tissue were shown light microscopically. The less dense mesangial matrix with prominence of mesangial fibrils and small cytoplasmic projections of the mesangial cells were demonstrated electron microscopically. The formative mechanism of these mesangiolytic changes of renal glomerulus induced by a low calcium diet breeding will be discussed in this paper.", "PMID": 689131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8313", "title": "Influence of an acute renal insufficiency on the acinar cell of the rat pancreas.", "content": "The exocrine pancreases of 25 male inbred rats of a Wistar strain were investigated by electron zymogen granules: enzyme proteins: pancreas; ultrastructure; rat microscopy and histochemistry 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days after 5/6-nephrectomy, which was performed in order to produce a uremia. Sham-operated and normal animals were used as controls. Under the influence of the acute uremia, a complex impairment of the pancreatic acinar cell appeared with destruction, in the form of focal cytoplasmatic degradation and the formation of cytolysosomes, and with a temporary disturbance of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which led, until the end of the second day of the experiment, to an extensive stoppage, and latter to a reduction, in the synthesis of exportable enzymes. The function of the Golgi-apparatus and thereby the formation of zymogen granules is discontinued until at least the end of the third day of the experiment. Afterwards the production of zymogen granules is disturbed qualitatively and quantitatively. Here a deficiency in energy with mitochondria damage and a subsequent disturbance of intracellular transport in connection with an inhibition in membrane formation might be taken into consideration as pathogenetical factors. The following are discussed as possible causes of the metabolic-toxic damage of the acinar cell during uremia: lowmolecular toxic proteins, depletion of amino acids, intracellular pH-displacement and a deficit of phosphates rich in energy.", "contents": "Influence of an acute renal insufficiency on the acinar cell of the rat pancreas. The exocrine pancreases of 25 male inbred rats of a Wistar strain were investigated by electron zymogen granules: enzyme proteins: pancreas; ultrastructure; rat microscopy and histochemistry 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days after 5/6-nephrectomy, which was performed in order to produce a uremia. Sham-operated and normal animals were used as controls. Under the influence of the acute uremia, a complex impairment of the pancreatic acinar cell appeared with destruction, in the form of focal cytoplasmatic degradation and the formation of cytolysosomes, and with a temporary disturbance of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which led, until the end of the second day of the experiment, to an extensive stoppage, and latter to a reduction, in the synthesis of exportable enzymes. The function of the Golgi-apparatus and thereby the formation of zymogen granules is discontinued until at least the end of the third day of the experiment. Afterwards the production of zymogen granules is disturbed qualitatively and quantitatively. Here a deficiency in energy with mitochondria damage and a subsequent disturbance of intracellular transport in connection with an inhibition in membrane formation might be taken into consideration as pathogenetical factors. The following are discussed as possible causes of the metabolic-toxic damage of the acinar cell during uremia: lowmolecular toxic proteins, depletion of amino acids, intracellular pH-displacement and a deficit of phosphates rich in energy.", "PMID": 689132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8314", "title": "Degeneration of cardiac muscle followed by cell transformation, regeneration and fibrogenesis in rheumatic fever.", "content": "In acute rheumatic fever, various types of myocardial degeneration and subsequent transformation of the damaged muscle fibers into a variety of cells, classified and unclassified, are described from microscopic examination of autopsy specimens. This study suggests that in the origin of Aschoff bodies, the diagnostic feature of rheumatic fever, there are three different pathways (Types A, B and C) for cytogenesis of Aschoff cells from altered muscle fibers. Type A cytogenesis takes place through the stage of Anitschkow myocytes of cardiac muscle origin (McDONALD 1963), and the Type B pathway, through the stage of dedifferentiated cells arising in lysing cardiac muscle fibers. These dedifferentiated cells with capacity for regeneration of regular cardiac muscle fibers (McDONALD 1975), show abortive or atypical development of muscle cells through the Aschoff cell stage. The Type C cytogenesis of Aschoff cells takes place through direct transformation of cardiac muscle fibers which show central hyalinization of myoplasm and changes in nuclei from normal to single or multinucleated large vesicular forms. The fibrinoid material of Aschoff bodies is shown to be the product of muscle origin. The mechanism of formation of fibrous scars in the myocardium and fibrous thickening of subendocardium are explained on the basis of fibrous transformation of cardiac muscle. Altered muscle fibers have been shown to give rise to cells which simulate inflammatory cells and others which cannot be classified.", "contents": "Degeneration of cardiac muscle followed by cell transformation, regeneration and fibrogenesis in rheumatic fever. In acute rheumatic fever, various types of myocardial degeneration and subsequent transformation of the damaged muscle fibers into a variety of cells, classified and unclassified, are described from microscopic examination of autopsy specimens. This study suggests that in the origin of Aschoff bodies, the diagnostic feature of rheumatic fever, there are three different pathways (Types A, B and C) for cytogenesis of Aschoff cells from altered muscle fibers. Type A cytogenesis takes place through the stage of Anitschkow myocytes of cardiac muscle origin (McDONALD 1963), and the Type B pathway, through the stage of dedifferentiated cells arising in lysing cardiac muscle fibers. These dedifferentiated cells with capacity for regeneration of regular cardiac muscle fibers (McDONALD 1975), show abortive or atypical development of muscle cells through the Aschoff cell stage. The Type C cytogenesis of Aschoff cells takes place through direct transformation of cardiac muscle fibers which show central hyalinization of myoplasm and changes in nuclei from normal to single or multinucleated large vesicular forms. The fibrinoid material of Aschoff bodies is shown to be the product of muscle origin. The mechanism of formation of fibrous scars in the myocardium and fibrous thickening of subendocardium are explained on the basis of fibrous transformation of cardiac muscle. Altered muscle fibers have been shown to give rise to cells which simulate inflammatory cells and others which cannot be classified.", "PMID": 689133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8315", "title": "Histological and histochemical investigations of the epiphyseal cartilage in rats after administration of heparin, coumarin as well as coumarin and diphosphonate (EHDP).", "content": "Heparin and coumarin (Marcumar) as well as coumarin combined with a diphosphonate (EHDP) were examined histologically and histochemically with regard to their effect on the structure of the epiphyseal cartilage in rats. Topo-optical reactions were used to assess the submicroscopic structural changes in the developing trabeculae of metaphysis. The zone of resting cartilage and the zone of young proliferation cartilage in epiphyseal plates revealed a reduced cell count due to the influence of anticoagulants. With regard to the matrix of the epiphyseal plate, it may be stated that its ultrastructure appeared partly regular and that, on the other hand, large areas of degeneration were detected in the connective-tissue. The negative effect of anticoagulants on the ground substance could not be reduced definitely by means of a diphosphonate (EHDP) in conjunction with Marcumar which was administered simultaneously.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical investigations of the epiphyseal cartilage in rats after administration of heparin, coumarin as well as coumarin and diphosphonate (EHDP). Heparin and coumarin (Marcumar) as well as coumarin combined with a diphosphonate (EHDP) were examined histologically and histochemically with regard to their effect on the structure of the epiphyseal cartilage in rats. Topo-optical reactions were used to assess the submicroscopic structural changes in the developing trabeculae of metaphysis. The zone of resting cartilage and the zone of young proliferation cartilage in epiphyseal plates revealed a reduced cell count due to the influence of anticoagulants. With regard to the matrix of the epiphyseal plate, it may be stated that its ultrastructure appeared partly regular and that, on the other hand, large areas of degeneration were detected in the connective-tissue. The negative effect of anticoagulants on the ground substance could not be reduced definitely by means of a diphosphonate (EHDP) in conjunction with Marcumar which was administered simultaneously.", "PMID": 689134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8316", "title": "Image processing in pathology. IV. Internal structure of mitochondria.", "content": "For extensive recording of mitochondrial membrane lengths hitherto statistical methods were applied which only provide mean values. Conventional measurements of the lengths by means of curvimetry or by intersection counts are required for estimating size distributions and secondary parameters. The former method requires expenditure in time, the latter yields only very rough values for single organelles. Automatic image processing is a possible way to obtain more informations. A method for an automatic definition of the internal mitochondria structure is given in this paper and preliminary results are discussed.", "contents": "Image processing in pathology. IV. Internal structure of mitochondria. For extensive recording of mitochondrial membrane lengths hitherto statistical methods were applied which only provide mean values. Conventional measurements of the lengths by means of curvimetry or by intersection counts are required for estimating size distributions and secondary parameters. The former method requires expenditure in time, the latter yields only very rough values for single organelles. Automatic image processing is a possible way to obtain more informations. A method for an automatic definition of the internal mitochondria structure is given in this paper and preliminary results are discussed.", "PMID": 689135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8317", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the lungs after chronic experimental intoxication with benzine and ethyline vapour.", "content": "In the group of rabbits chronically intoxicated with petrol vapour slight changes in the dust cells of lungs in the form of cytoplasmic vacuolisation and accumulation of collagen almost completely disappeared 3 months after intoxication. Changes in animals intoxicated with ethyline were much more severe. Besides the accumulation of collagen, appearance of elastin areas, cytolysosomes, changes in the nucleus, widening of ergastoplasm, swelling and cristolysis of mitochondria were observed. Three months after intoxication the decrease of previously observed changes was noted.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the lungs after chronic experimental intoxication with benzine and ethyline vapour. In the group of rabbits chronically intoxicated with petrol vapour slight changes in the dust cells of lungs in the form of cytoplasmic vacuolisation and accumulation of collagen almost completely disappeared 3 months after intoxication. Changes in animals intoxicated with ethyline were much more severe. Besides the accumulation of collagen, appearance of elastin areas, cytolysosomes, changes in the nucleus, widening of ergastoplasm, swelling and cristolysis of mitochondria were observed. Three months after intoxication the decrease of previously observed changes was noted.", "PMID": 689136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8318", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the liver following chronic experimental intoxication with benzine and ethyline vapour.", "content": "The livers of two groups of rabbits exposed to longer lasting intoxication, one with benzine vapours and the other one with ethyline vapours, were subjected to examination in an electron microscope twice; immediately after the completion of intoxication and then 3 months later. In both groups there were found: dilatation of the perinuclear spaces, a symptom of nucleolus segregation, dilatation of the ergastoplasm, features of cristolysis of mitochondria and the absence of glycogen. These changes were more intensive in the animals intoxicated with ethyline. 3 months after the completion of the process of petrol intoxication the following was observed: persistence of the majority of the changes as well as accumulation of glycogen and hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum. These changes were more intensified in animals intoxicated with ethyline.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the liver following chronic experimental intoxication with benzine and ethyline vapour. The livers of two groups of rabbits exposed to longer lasting intoxication, one with benzine vapours and the other one with ethyline vapours, were subjected to examination in an electron microscope twice; immediately after the completion of intoxication and then 3 months later. In both groups there were found: dilatation of the perinuclear spaces, a symptom of nucleolus segregation, dilatation of the ergastoplasm, features of cristolysis of mitochondria and the absence of glycogen. These changes were more intensive in the animals intoxicated with ethyline. 3 months after the completion of the process of petrol intoxication the following was observed: persistence of the majority of the changes as well as accumulation of glycogen and hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum. These changes were more intensified in animals intoxicated with ethyline.", "PMID": 689137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8319", "title": "[Descending vasoconstrictor fibers in the thoracic region of the spinal cord].", "content": "Analysis of the arterial pressure responses to electric stimulation of the spinal cord structures at T1 to L3 showed two zones of the maximal pressure activity in the lateral and medial parts of the lateral funiculus. After destruction of the lateral part at T1-T2 level, a decrease in the systemic arterial pressure occurred after stimulation of the pressor zone of the vasomotor center and structures of the spinal cord at the levels of C5 and ischiatic nerve. These and previously obtained data suggest that the pressor responses to stimulation of the lateral part of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord are of the reticulospinal origin. Participation of the propriospinal fibers in the pressor responses to stimulation of the medial zone of the lateral funiculus is discussed.", "contents": "[Descending vasoconstrictor fibers in the thoracic region of the spinal cord]. Analysis of the arterial pressure responses to electric stimulation of the spinal cord structures at T1 to L3 showed two zones of the maximal pressure activity in the lateral and medial parts of the lateral funiculus. After destruction of the lateral part at T1-T2 level, a decrease in the systemic arterial pressure occurred after stimulation of the pressor zone of the vasomotor center and structures of the spinal cord at the levels of C5 and ischiatic nerve. These and previously obtained data suggest that the pressor responses to stimulation of the lateral part of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord are of the reticulospinal origin. Participation of the propriospinal fibers in the pressor responses to stimulation of the medial zone of the lateral funiculus is discussed.", "PMID": 689198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8320", "title": "[Effect of GABA on the synthesis, uptake and release of noradrenaline-H3 from brain slices].", "content": "The data obtained showed that GABA exerted no effect on the synthesis and putake of H3-NE while increasing its loss from slices preincubated for 5 min before incubation for 30 min with H3-NE for uptake. When slices were preincubated for 30 before the addition of H3-NE the effect of GABA on NE content in the slices was reversed. A similar reversal of the GABA effect occurred when varying the preincubation period of slices subjected to prolonged electrical stimulation. The uptake and release of H3-NE were not affected by the duration of the preincubation period. The reversal of the GABA effect on H3-NE did not correlate with the depletion of endogenous stores of NE and may be due to the changes in the ionic composition of slices in the course of the prolonged incubation.", "contents": "[Effect of GABA on the synthesis, uptake and release of noradrenaline-H3 from brain slices]. The data obtained showed that GABA exerted no effect on the synthesis and putake of H3-NE while increasing its loss from slices preincubated for 5 min before incubation for 30 min with H3-NE for uptake. When slices were preincubated for 30 before the addition of H3-NE the effect of GABA on NE content in the slices was reversed. A similar reversal of the GABA effect occurred when varying the preincubation period of slices subjected to prolonged electrical stimulation. The uptake and release of H3-NE were not affected by the duration of the preincubation period. The reversal of the GABA effect on H3-NE did not correlate with the depletion of endogenous stores of NE and may be due to the changes in the ionic composition of slices in the course of the prolonged incubation.", "PMID": 689199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8321", "title": "[Modulation of the activity of neurons of Deiter's nucleus upon electric stimulation of the hypothalamus and limbic structures of the brain].", "content": "In immobilized cats, stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus facilitates the activity of vestibular neurons; stimulation of the hypothalamic ventro-medial nucleus and dorsal hippocampus suppresses the unit activity, mainly. The effects of stimulation of the basolateral amygdalar nucleus were excitatory as well as inhibitory. Prevalence of the long-latency tonic responses indicates that the modulating effects of the hypothalamus and limbic structures are fulfilled through either mesencephalic RF or thalamic nuclei.", "contents": "[Modulation of the activity of neurons of Deiter's nucleus upon electric stimulation of the hypothalamus and limbic structures of the brain]. In immobilized cats, stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus facilitates the activity of vestibular neurons; stimulation of the hypothalamic ventro-medial nucleus and dorsal hippocampus suppresses the unit activity, mainly. The effects of stimulation of the basolateral amygdalar nucleus were excitatory as well as inhibitory. Prevalence of the long-latency tonic responses indicates that the modulating effects of the hypothalamus and limbic structures are fulfilled through either mesencephalic RF or thalamic nuclei.", "PMID": 689200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8322", "title": "[Effect of oxygen metabolism in kidney tissue on the development of plasma erythropoietic properties].", "content": "The oxygen metabolism (pO2, the constant of the oxygen rate consumption, the coefficient of the oxygen distribution), the activity of oxid-reduced and hydrolytic enzymes, the blood supply of the kidney cortex and medulla, were recorded. These data were compared with the erythropoietin activity of plasma in the rats with phenylhydrazine anemia and posttransfusion polycytemia. An obvious reverse interrelationship existed between plasma erythropoietin activity and value of pO2 and blood supply of the cortex. The activity of the above enzymes was practically unchanged. The data obtained suggest that erythropoietin is formed in the cortex of the kidney and its production is controlled by the degree of oxygen supply of the kidney tissue.", "contents": "[Effect of oxygen metabolism in kidney tissue on the development of plasma erythropoietic properties]. The oxygen metabolism (pO2, the constant of the oxygen rate consumption, the coefficient of the oxygen distribution), the activity of oxid-reduced and hydrolytic enzymes, the blood supply of the kidney cortex and medulla, were recorded. These data were compared with the erythropoietin activity of plasma in the rats with phenylhydrazine anemia and posttransfusion polycytemia. An obvious reverse interrelationship existed between plasma erythropoietin activity and value of pO2 and blood supply of the cortex. The activity of the above enzymes was practically unchanged. The data obtained suggest that erythropoietin is formed in the cortex of the kidney and its production is controlled by the degree of oxygen supply of the kidney tissue.", "PMID": 689201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8323", "title": "[Changes in the properties of fast and slow rat muscles following cross-reinnervation].", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative histochemical and morphometrical studies in intact white and red muscles of Wistar rats revealed different types of cross-section areas, LDH isozymes spectra of muscle fibers, number of nuclei in neuro-muscle junction. Conformation of red muscle to white and partial conversion of white muscle to red occurred after cross-innervation, and alien white fibers appeared in the m. soleus. Activity of LDH3 and LDH4+5 isozymes of heart type spectrum increased after cross-innervation of the m. soleus. An increase in activity of LDH1 and LDH2 isozymes of muscle type spectrum accurred after cross-innervation of white muscle.", "contents": "[Changes in the properties of fast and slow rat muscles following cross-reinnervation]. Qualitative and quantitative histochemical and morphometrical studies in intact white and red muscles of Wistar rats revealed different types of cross-section areas, LDH isozymes spectra of muscle fibers, number of nuclei in neuro-muscle junction. Conformation of red muscle to white and partial conversion of white muscle to red occurred after cross-innervation, and alien white fibers appeared in the m. soleus. Activity of LDH3 and LDH4+5 isozymes of heart type spectrum increased after cross-innervation of the m. soleus. An increase in activity of LDH1 and LDH2 isozymes of muscle type spectrum accurred after cross-innervation of white muscle.", "PMID": 689202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8324", "title": "[Effect of thyroxine and noradrenaline on the energetics of muscle contraction].", "content": "The highly sensitive thermometric method (1.10(-5) degrees C/mm) revealed that the heat production of single contraction of the isolated rat diaphragmal muscle with artificial hyperthyrosis (HD) is nearly double of that of the normal muscle (ND). Noradrenaline added to the inculation solution entailed a greater increase of heat production of the muscle contraction in HD and had no significant effect on ND. However, calorific effect of thyroid hormone was about twice and a half as great as that of noradrenaline. These data suggest that thyroxin acts independently in the energy regulation during the cold acclimation of the organism, and the calorific effects of both hormones can be more effectively realized just at the moment of muscle contraction.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroxine and noradrenaline on the energetics of muscle contraction]. The highly sensitive thermometric method (1.10(-5) degrees C/mm) revealed that the heat production of single contraction of the isolated rat diaphragmal muscle with artificial hyperthyrosis (HD) is nearly double of that of the normal muscle (ND). Noradrenaline added to the inculation solution entailed a greater increase of heat production of the muscle contraction in HD and had no significant effect on ND. However, calorific effect of thyroid hormone was about twice and a half as great as that of noradrenaline. These data suggest that thyroxin acts independently in the energy regulation during the cold acclimation of the organism, and the calorific effects of both hormones can be more effectively realized just at the moment of muscle contraction.", "PMID": 689203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8325", "title": "[Effect of hypokinesia on the contractile function and nervous regulation of the heart].", "content": "Prolonged hypokinesia caused cardiac deadaptation in rabbits which resulted in diminishing of the left ventricle speed of contraction and relaxation joined later by a decreased vascular resistance. As a result, the ejection velocity as well as the stroke volume and the cardiac output were normal. The decrease of the relaxation speed became more obvious at a high heart rate and resulted in shortening of the diastolic pause and diminishing of cardiac output. Hearts of the hypokinetic animals were characterized by normal maximal pressure developed by a unit of myocardial mass at aorta clamping, decrease adrenoreactivity, and increased cholinoreactivity. This complex of changes is contrary to changes observed in adaptation to exercise, but is similar to changes observed in the compensatory hypertrophy of the heart.", "contents": "[Effect of hypokinesia on the contractile function and nervous regulation of the heart]. Prolonged hypokinesia caused cardiac deadaptation in rabbits which resulted in diminishing of the left ventricle speed of contraction and relaxation joined later by a decreased vascular resistance. As a result, the ejection velocity as well as the stroke volume and the cardiac output were normal. The decrease of the relaxation speed became more obvious at a high heart rate and resulted in shortening of the diastolic pause and diminishing of cardiac output. Hearts of the hypokinetic animals were characterized by normal maximal pressure developed by a unit of myocardial mass at aorta clamping, decrease adrenoreactivity, and increased cholinoreactivity. This complex of changes is contrary to changes observed in adaptation to exercise, but is similar to changes observed in the compensatory hypertrophy of the heart.", "PMID": 689205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8326", "title": "[Information content of the rheoencephalogram and rheoencephaloplethysmogram for assessing cerebral hemodynamics].", "content": "In acute experiments in cats, separate measurement of impedance of extra and intracranial tissues and skull bones was carried out by passing 30-150 kHz electrical current. Extra and intracranaial tissue impedances are approximately equal and one order less than that of skull bones which excludes electrical current penetration into the cranial cavity directly through the bone. The changes on electroplethysmograms recorded with extra and intracranial electrodes during simultaneous clipping of both common carotids or external and internal jugular veins were compared. In part of experiments jugular veins were clipped before and after switching off extracranial blood flow. Intracranial impedance changes thus achieved are several times greater than extracranial ones and are not registered in extracranial bitemporal electrode location. The only way to register them without intracranial electrode insertion is by use of ocular-occipital lead. Yet in this case the intracranial component makes only about 30% of the registered signal. This value increases significantly with artifical stabilization of extracranial hemodynamics.", "contents": "[Information content of the rheoencephalogram and rheoencephaloplethysmogram for assessing cerebral hemodynamics]. In acute experiments in cats, separate measurement of impedance of extra and intracranial tissues and skull bones was carried out by passing 30-150 kHz electrical current. Extra and intracranaial tissue impedances are approximately equal and one order less than that of skull bones which excludes electrical current penetration into the cranial cavity directly through the bone. The changes on electroplethysmograms recorded with extra and intracranial electrodes during simultaneous clipping of both common carotids or external and internal jugular veins were compared. In part of experiments jugular veins were clipped before and after switching off extracranial blood flow. Intracranial impedance changes thus achieved are several times greater than extracranial ones and are not registered in extracranial bitemporal electrode location. The only way to register them without intracranial electrode insertion is by use of ocular-occipital lead. Yet in this case the intracranial component makes only about 30% of the registered signal. This value increases significantly with artifical stabilization of extracranial hemodynamics.", "PMID": 689206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8327", "title": "[Criteria for quantitative assessment of respiratory system reactions].", "content": "In anesthetized cats and in healthy humans, lung ventilation, activity of diaphragmal motoneurons and intercostal muscles, shift of the intrathoracic pressure, inspiratory occlusional pressure, and maximal rate of the initial increase in inspiratory pressure, were studied. Depending on conditions of the respiratory system functioning, any one from among the above parameters can reflect the efferent output of the respiratory center. Each of them, however, has limitations of its own.", "contents": "[Criteria for quantitative assessment of respiratory system reactions]. In anesthetized cats and in healthy humans, lung ventilation, activity of diaphragmal motoneurons and intercostal muscles, shift of the intrathoracic pressure, inspiratory occlusional pressure, and maximal rate of the initial increase in inspiratory pressure, were studied. Depending on conditions of the respiratory system functioning, any one from among the above parameters can reflect the efferent output of the respiratory center. Each of them, however, has limitations of its own.", "PMID": 689207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8328", "title": "[The treatment of patients with diabetes insipidus by a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, DDAVP (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, DDAVP (1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin) were investigated in 98 patients with cranial diabetes insipidus. In all patients, intranasal administration of DDAVP one to three times daily, usually twice daily, was found to be satisfactory in the control of diabetes insipidus. Thus, by DDAVP administration, daily urinary volume changed from 3520 +/- 2150 ml to 1620 +/- 830 ml (mean +/- SD), and urinary osmolarity changed from 126 +/- 75 mOsm/kgH2O to 446 +/- 194 mOsm/kgH2O (mean +/- SD). A daily dose of DDAVP ranged from 2.0 to 20 microgram in children (average dose 12.8 microgram), while 10 to 20 microgram of DDAVP was usually required in adult patients (average dose 14.2 microgram). No serious side effects have been observed. It is concluded that DDAVP is safe and effective in the treatment of cranial diabetes insipidus.", "contents": "[The treatment of patients with diabetes insipidus by a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, DDAVP (author's transl)]. The effects of a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, DDAVP (1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin) were investigated in 98 patients with cranial diabetes insipidus. In all patients, intranasal administration of DDAVP one to three times daily, usually twice daily, was found to be satisfactory in the control of diabetes insipidus. Thus, by DDAVP administration, daily urinary volume changed from 3520 +/- 2150 ml to 1620 +/- 830 ml (mean +/- SD), and urinary osmolarity changed from 126 +/- 75 mOsm/kgH2O to 446 +/- 194 mOsm/kgH2O (mean +/- SD). A daily dose of DDAVP ranged from 2.0 to 20 microgram in children (average dose 12.8 microgram), while 10 to 20 microgram of DDAVP was usually required in adult patients (average dose 14.2 microgram). No serious side effects have been observed. It is concluded that DDAVP is safe and effective in the treatment of cranial diabetes insipidus.", "PMID": 689212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8329", "title": "[Studies on the biological action of uterine RNA in rat implantation (author's transl)].", "content": "With a view to investigating the mechanism of the action of estrogen involved in nidation, the biologically active rat uterine RNA thereby derived was extracted and then administered in the uterine cavity of castrated rats to observe the ensuing morphological changes in the endometrium and compare them with those resulting from the administration of decidual RNA which is non-estrogenised. There was a tendency toward increasing proliferation noted in the endometrial epithelium of the castrated rats 48 hours after the administration of the biologically active uterine RNA, as in the endometrial epithelium of animals receiving estradiol-17beta. There was also an increase in the number of 3H-thymidine-labelled cells present in the endometrial epithelium of animals so treated. On the other hand, no such changes were observed following the administration of the RNA pretreated with RNase. In the case of castrated rats administered with the RNA in the uterine cavity under progesterone priming, the endometrial epithelium as the site of increase in the number of the radio-labelled cells at 24 hours was found to be superseded by the stromal cells at 48 hours. A similar phenomenon of transfer was seen with regard to the site of an increase in the mitosis index caused by pretreatment with colchicine. An observation of the endometrium of castrated rats 72 hours after the administration of decidual RNA disclosed that the stroma was mildly edematous with the stromal cells somewhat swollen, but without any such changes in the endometrial epithelium as seen following the administration of the biologically active uterine RNA. These findings led us to administer such biologically active substances as uterine RNA, decidual high molecular RNA, human chorionic RNA, rat placental RNA (L15) and early pregnant rat uterine RNA (L4) separately in the uterine cavity of delayed implantation rats to determine whether any one or more of these RNAs had a nidation promoting effect just like estrogen. As a result, nidation was found to be induced in animals administered with 1 approximately 100 microgram of the biologically active uterine RNA or 100 microgram of early pregnant rat uterine RNA. No nidation was provoked by other specimens of RNA. A study was then made of blastocysts recovered by the flush-out technique from the uterus of animals receiving 1 approximately 10microgram of human chorionic RNA or 10microgram of rat placental RNA, which failed to induce nidation. It was shown that these blastocysts were dormant morphologically. From these results it is apparent that both biologically active uterine RNA and early pregnant rat uterine RNA are effective in promoting nidation. It is also suggested that, in the process of implantation of fertilized eggs, nidatory estrogen may first promote RNA synthesis in the endometrium and then exhibit its action through the medium of RNA thus synthesized.", "contents": "[Studies on the biological action of uterine RNA in rat implantation (author's transl)]. With a view to investigating the mechanism of the action of estrogen involved in nidation, the biologically active rat uterine RNA thereby derived was extracted and then administered in the uterine cavity of castrated rats to observe the ensuing morphological changes in the endometrium and compare them with those resulting from the administration of decidual RNA which is non-estrogenised. There was a tendency toward increasing proliferation noted in the endometrial epithelium of the castrated rats 48 hours after the administration of the biologically active uterine RNA, as in the endometrial epithelium of animals receiving estradiol-17beta. There was also an increase in the number of 3H-thymidine-labelled cells present in the endometrial epithelium of animals so treated. On the other hand, no such changes were observed following the administration of the RNA pretreated with RNase. In the case of castrated rats administered with the RNA in the uterine cavity under progesterone priming, the endometrial epithelium as the site of increase in the number of the radio-labelled cells at 24 hours was found to be superseded by the stromal cells at 48 hours. A similar phenomenon of transfer was seen with regard to the site of an increase in the mitosis index caused by pretreatment with colchicine. An observation of the endometrium of castrated rats 72 hours after the administration of decidual RNA disclosed that the stroma was mildly edematous with the stromal cells somewhat swollen, but without any such changes in the endometrial epithelium as seen following the administration of the biologically active uterine RNA. These findings led us to administer such biologically active substances as uterine RNA, decidual high molecular RNA, human chorionic RNA, rat placental RNA (L15) and early pregnant rat uterine RNA (L4) separately in the uterine cavity of delayed implantation rats to determine whether any one or more of these RNAs had a nidation promoting effect just like estrogen. As a result, nidation was found to be induced in animals administered with 1 approximately 100 microgram of the biologically active uterine RNA or 100 microgram of early pregnant rat uterine RNA. No nidation was provoked by other specimens of RNA. A study was then made of blastocysts recovered by the flush-out technique from the uterus of animals receiving 1 approximately 10microgram of human chorionic RNA or 10microgram of rat placental RNA, which failed to induce nidation. It was shown that these blastocysts were dormant morphologically. From these results it is apparent that both biologically active uterine RNA and early pregnant rat uterine RNA are effective in promoting nidation. It is also suggested that, in the process of implantation of fertilized eggs, nidatory estrogen may first promote RNA synthesis in the endometrium and then exhibit its action through the medium of RNA thus synthesized.", "PMID": 689213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8330", "title": "[Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis (author's transl)].", "content": "'Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis\", first described by Ofuji and co-workers in 1970, is obviously a new entity, not only confined to Japan. Recently, there was a case reported from Sweden; we present here the first observation in the FRG. The disease is characterized by eruptions of aggregated pustules, containing numerous eosinophils, and by blood eosinophilia. In our patient the disease first appeared on the scalp, leading to scarring alopecia. Since in our and in some other patients the lesions were not limited to the follicles, we feel that the term 'sterile eosinophilic pustulosis\" is more appropriate to reflect the clinical picture. For differential diagnosis Morbus Duhring and M. Sneddon-Wilkinson have to be considered. \"Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis\" differs from these mainly because of the eosinophilic infiltrations deep in the dermis. Immunofluorescence tests are negative. Treatment with DADPS may be helpful.", "contents": "[Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis (author's transl)]. 'Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis\", first described by Ofuji and co-workers in 1970, is obviously a new entity, not only confined to Japan. Recently, there was a case reported from Sweden; we present here the first observation in the FRG. The disease is characterized by eruptions of aggregated pustules, containing numerous eosinophils, and by blood eosinophilia. In our patient the disease first appeared on the scalp, leading to scarring alopecia. Since in our and in some other patients the lesions were not limited to the follicles, we feel that the term 'sterile eosinophilic pustulosis\" is more appropriate to reflect the clinical picture. For differential diagnosis Morbus Duhring and M. Sneddon-Wilkinson have to be considered. \"Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis\" differs from these mainly because of the eosinophilic infiltrations deep in the dermis. Immunofluorescence tests are negative. Treatment with DADPS may be helpful.", "PMID": 689230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8331", "title": "[Evaluation of prognostic factors in malignant melanoma according to the actuarial method: report of 75 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The survival rate of 75 patients with malignant melanomas has been calculated according to the actuarial method. Various parameters have been evaluated such as sex and site distribution, histologic data and levels of invasion. The actuarial method appeared to be the more accurate way to appreciate the percentage of survivors in a high-mortality group. Thus, although the incidence of melanoma was higher among females, their prognoses were better than those of males. The localisations on the trunk and the lower extremities were those with the poorest prognosis, nodular melanomas had a survival rate below those of superficially spreading melanomas. Level III of invasion should be regarded as a hinge in terms of lymph node metastasis and survival.", "contents": "[Evaluation of prognostic factors in malignant melanoma according to the actuarial method: report of 75 cases (author's transl)]. The survival rate of 75 patients with malignant melanomas has been calculated according to the actuarial method. Various parameters have been evaluated such as sex and site distribution, histologic data and levels of invasion. The actuarial method appeared to be the more accurate way to appreciate the percentage of survivors in a high-mortality group. Thus, although the incidence of melanoma was higher among females, their prognoses were better than those of males. The localisations on the trunk and the lower extremities were those with the poorest prognosis, nodular melanomas had a survival rate below those of superficially spreading melanomas. Level III of invasion should be regarded as a hinge in terms of lymph node metastasis and survival.", "PMID": 689232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8332", "title": "HLA-antigens and psoriasiform napkin dermatitis.", "content": "HLA typing was performed in 14 patients with psoriasiform napkin dermatitis (PND). Only 2 patients carried one of the three antigens (HLA-B13, B17, Bw37) associated with psoriasis vulgaris. The frequency of these antigens in PND corresponds to that in healthy controls, but differs significantly (p less than 0.01) from that in a population of psoriatics. Our results indicate that patients with PND are not true psoriatics, and that PND and psoriasis are different etiological entities.", "contents": "HLA-antigens and psoriasiform napkin dermatitis. HLA typing was performed in 14 patients with psoriasiform napkin dermatitis (PND). Only 2 patients carried one of the three antigens (HLA-B13, B17, Bw37) associated with psoriasis vulgaris. The frequency of these antigens in PND corresponds to that in healthy controls, but differs significantly (p less than 0.01) from that in a population of psoriatics. Our results indicate that patients with PND are not true psoriatics, and that PND and psoriasis are different etiological entities.", "PMID": 689234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8333", "title": "Phylogenetic origins of immune recognition: naturally occurring DNP-binding molecules in chordate sera and hemolymph.", "content": "A method is described which allows the isolation of small quantities of DNP-binding antibodies of both high- and low-molecular-weight classes. The only detectable DNP-binding protein in the serum of placoderm-derived vertebrates was immunoglobulin in nature, and of the order of less than or equal to 1% total serum immunoglobulin. Proteins in the serum of the urochordate Pyura stolonifera, which bind to both DNP and erythrocyte antigens, showed charge heterogeneity and an apparent subunit molecular weight of approximately 65,000 to 70,000 daltons.", "contents": "Phylogenetic origins of immune recognition: naturally occurring DNP-binding molecules in chordate sera and hemolymph. A method is described which allows the isolation of small quantities of DNP-binding antibodies of both high- and low-molecular-weight classes. The only detectable DNP-binding protein in the serum of placoderm-derived vertebrates was immunoglobulin in nature, and of the order of less than or equal to 1% total serum immunoglobulin. Proteins in the serum of the urochordate Pyura stolonifera, which bind to both DNP and erythrocyte antigens, showed charge heterogeneity and an apparent subunit molecular weight of approximately 65,000 to 70,000 daltons.", "PMID": 689241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8334", "title": "Effect of seasonal variation on lymphoid tissues of the lizards, Mabuya quinquetaeniata Licht. and Uromastyx aegyptia Forsk.", "content": "The thymus in the lizards Mabuya quinquetaeniata and Uromastyx aegyptia is highly involuted in winter but exhibits in the other seasons a rich lymphoepithelial organization. The splenic white pulp is severely depleted in winter but is extensively developed in spring, summer and autumn. In these seasons, the splenic lymphoid tissue of Mabuya occurs in a continuous phase throughout the organ obscuring the red pulp, whereas in Uromastyx the white pulp remains localized as periarteriolar aggregates and the red pulp is always clearly delineated. In both lizard species, gut-associated lymphoid tissue is well represented, especially in the large intestines and in Mabuya it is almost similar in different seasons. In Uromastyx, in winter, lymphoid nodules are only found in the caecum and the colon, but during warm seasons, inumerable nodules are distributed throughout the gut. The findings are important for a clearer understanding of immunologic competence in reptiles.", "contents": "Effect of seasonal variation on lymphoid tissues of the lizards, Mabuya quinquetaeniata Licht. and Uromastyx aegyptia Forsk. The thymus in the lizards Mabuya quinquetaeniata and Uromastyx aegyptia is highly involuted in winter but exhibits in the other seasons a rich lymphoepithelial organization. The splenic white pulp is severely depleted in winter but is extensively developed in spring, summer and autumn. In these seasons, the splenic lymphoid tissue of Mabuya occurs in a continuous phase throughout the organ obscuring the red pulp, whereas in Uromastyx the white pulp remains localized as periarteriolar aggregates and the red pulp is always clearly delineated. In both lizard species, gut-associated lymphoid tissue is well represented, especially in the large intestines and in Mabuya it is almost similar in different seasons. In Uromastyx, in winter, lymphoid nodules are only found in the caecum and the colon, but during warm seasons, inumerable nodules are distributed throughout the gut. The findings are important for a clearer understanding of immunologic competence in reptiles.", "PMID": 689242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8335", "title": "Ontogeny of this immuno-neuro-endocrine relationship. Changes in lymphoid tissue of chick embryos surgically decapitated at 33-38 hours of incubation.", "content": "The prosencephalon, and primordium of the hypophysis were surgically removed from chick embryos at 33-38 hours of incubation. The thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, bone marrown and liver were examined cytomorphologically on day 15, 17 and 19. T marker-bearing and Bu marker-bearing lymphocytes were identified by immunofluorescence. Decapitated embryos tended to be smaller than sham-decapitated controls of the same age, and exhibited retarded development of the thymus, bursa, spleen and liver. Decapitation particularly affected the cellular composition of the bursa and spleen, induced a decrease in the number of lymphocytes, and caused a striking depletion of lymphocytes bearing Bu antigen. This experiment showed an interdependence between lymphoid (immune), nervous and endocrine centers in the chick embryo.", "contents": "Ontogeny of this immuno-neuro-endocrine relationship. Changes in lymphoid tissue of chick embryos surgically decapitated at 33-38 hours of incubation. The prosencephalon, and primordium of the hypophysis were surgically removed from chick embryos at 33-38 hours of incubation. The thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, bone marrown and liver were examined cytomorphologically on day 15, 17 and 19. T marker-bearing and Bu marker-bearing lymphocytes were identified by immunofluorescence. Decapitated embryos tended to be smaller than sham-decapitated controls of the same age, and exhibited retarded development of the thymus, bursa, spleen and liver. Decapitation particularly affected the cellular composition of the bursa and spleen, induced a decrease in the number of lymphocytes, and caused a striking depletion of lymphocytes bearing Bu antigen. This experiment showed an interdependence between lymphoid (immune), nervous and endocrine centers in the chick embryo.", "PMID": 689243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8336", "title": "The structure of a periodic cell wall component (HPI-layer of Micrococcus radiodurans).", "content": "The hexagonally packed interlayer (HPI-layer) from Micrococcus radiodurans cell walls has been studied by electron microscopy and subsequent digital image processing. The most prominent feature in the average images is a \"complex\" shaped like a \"toothed wheel\", which is perforated by a central pore and interconnected by fine spokes. This basic structural element is tentatively interpreted to represent the bulk of HPI-layer protein, intercalated by the other constituents: lipids, carotenoids and carbohydrates. It is suggested that the \"toothed wheel\" structure is a quite common element of periodic bacterial surface layers and that the different spacings observed with various species are due to variable amounts of intercalating material.", "contents": "The structure of a periodic cell wall component (HPI-layer of Micrococcus radiodurans). The hexagonally packed interlayer (HPI-layer) from Micrococcus radiodurans cell walls has been studied by electron microscopy and subsequent digital image processing. The most prominent feature in the average images is a \"complex\" shaped like a \"toothed wheel\", which is perforated by a central pore and interconnected by fine spokes. This basic structural element is tentatively interpreted to represent the bulk of HPI-layer protein, intercalated by the other constituents: lipids, carotenoids and carbohydrates. It is suggested that the \"toothed wheel\" structure is a quite common element of periodic bacterial surface layers and that the different spacings observed with various species are due to variable amounts of intercalating material.", "PMID": 689244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8337", "title": "Effects of cytochalasin A on the morphology of plasmodia and sclerotia of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Cytochalasin A (CA) at 1.6 X 10(-5)M and lower concentrations produced disruptive effects upon plasmodia, sclerotia, and spherule forms of Physarum polycephalum. CA effects upon either micro- or macroplasmodia included: cytoplasmic condensation, plasmodial contraction, and scission at the plasma membrane. The latter manifestation was most dramatically observed by scanning electron microscopy. Electron microscopy of drug-treated palsmodia confirmed the above phase contrast light-microscopic results and revealed, in addition, vacuolar enlargement, decreased membrane invaginations, and the presence of condensed particles within the plasmodium and at the plasma membrane. These results of drug action were not reversed by washing of exposed plasmodia. Germination of the slcerotial and spherule forms of Physarum was CA-delayed by 12 and 96 hours, respectively. Approximately 10% of drug-treated sclerotia were found to have been burst apart. These dramatic CA effects were nullified by preincubation of the drug either with L-cysteine or with beta-mercaptoethanol; however, iodoacetamide (10(-6)M) gave no such morphologic consequences. Cytochalasins B or D at comparable concentrations were without activity. It is concluded therefore that CA effects upon the myoxomycete reflect specific acceptor responses.", "contents": "Effects of cytochalasin A on the morphology of plasmodia and sclerotia of Physarum polycephalum. Cytochalasin A (CA) at 1.6 X 10(-5)M and lower concentrations produced disruptive effects upon plasmodia, sclerotia, and spherule forms of Physarum polycephalum. CA effects upon either micro- or macroplasmodia included: cytoplasmic condensation, plasmodial contraction, and scission at the plasma membrane. The latter manifestation was most dramatically observed by scanning electron microscopy. Electron microscopy of drug-treated palsmodia confirmed the above phase contrast light-microscopic results and revealed, in addition, vacuolar enlargement, decreased membrane invaginations, and the presence of condensed particles within the plasmodium and at the plasma membrane. These results of drug action were not reversed by washing of exposed plasmodia. Germination of the slcerotial and spherule forms of Physarum was CA-delayed by 12 and 96 hours, respectively. Approximately 10% of drug-treated sclerotia were found to have been burst apart. These dramatic CA effects were nullified by preincubation of the drug either with L-cysteine or with beta-mercaptoethanol; however, iodoacetamide (10(-6)M) gave no such morphologic consequences. Cytochalasins B or D at comparable concentrations were without activity. It is concluded therefore that CA effects upon the myoxomycete reflect specific acceptor responses.", "PMID": 689245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8338", "title": "Membranous sacs associated with cilia of Paramecium.", "content": "A membranous system associated with the cortical cilia of Paramecium putrinum is described. A sac lies below the cortical kinetosomes and extensions from it pass along the kinetodesmal fibre to lie near, or make contact with, the parsomal sac and also pass deep into the cytoplasm to pass close to a mitochondrion. Because of its widespread occurrence in this and other species it is suggested that the system plays a physiologically active role.", "contents": "Membranous sacs associated with cilia of Paramecium. A membranous system associated with the cortical cilia of Paramecium putrinum is described. A sac lies below the cortical kinetosomes and extensions from it pass along the kinetodesmal fibre to lie near, or make contact with, the parsomal sac and also pass deep into the cytoplasm to pass close to a mitochondrion. Because of its widespread occurrence in this and other species it is suggested that the system plays a physiologically active role.", "PMID": 689246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8339", "title": "[Electron microscopical and autoradiographical studies on the so-called yolk-nuclei in the oocytes of Nemacheilus barbatulus (L.) and Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) (Pisces, Teleostei) (author's transl)].", "content": "The yolk-nuclei in the oocytes of the teleosts Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.) and Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) were investigated by electron microscopy, autoradiography and ultrahistochemistry. Yolk-nuclei were only found in stage I. They consist of mitochondria, an osmiophilic material and in Noemacheilus partly of dictyosomes. It was demonstrated by marking with [3H]-uridine, that the osmiophilic material contains RNA. The osmiophilic material gets into the juxtanuclear cytoplasm. There it is surrounded by mitochondria. The oocytes of Noemacheilus and Phoxinus contain up to 40 yolk-nuclei, which are only visible by electron microscopy. The yolk-nuclei of both species dissolve in early stage II. Their components disperse in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "[Electron microscopical and autoradiographical studies on the so-called yolk-nuclei in the oocytes of Nemacheilus barbatulus (L.) and Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) (Pisces, Teleostei) (author's transl)]. The yolk-nuclei in the oocytes of the teleosts Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.) and Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) were investigated by electron microscopy, autoradiography and ultrahistochemistry. Yolk-nuclei were only found in stage I. They consist of mitochondria, an osmiophilic material and in Noemacheilus partly of dictyosomes. It was demonstrated by marking with [3H]-uridine, that the osmiophilic material contains RNA. The osmiophilic material gets into the juxtanuclear cytoplasm. There it is surrounded by mitochondria. The oocytes of Noemacheilus and Phoxinus contain up to 40 yolk-nuclei, which are only visible by electron microscopy. The yolk-nuclei of both species dissolve in early stage II. Their components disperse in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 689247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8340", "title": "Studies on nucleoli of pigeon erythroid cells.", "content": "In order to provide more information on nucleolar changes occurring during cell differentiation and maturation, pigeon erythroid cells have been studied by means of a simple light microscopic cytochemical procedure for the demonstration of the RNA containing structures and with conventional transmission electron microscopy. Nucleoli with more or less distinct nucleolonemata present in early erythroblasts were replaced by ring-shaped nucleoli and, finally, by micronucleoli in more mature erythroid cells. In contrast to the previously studied chick embryos, chickens and hens which possess micronucleoli in almost all mature erythrocytes, mature pigeon erythrocytes are mostly without any nucleoli. The ultrastructural organization of nucleoli with more or less distinct nucleolonemata and ring-shaped nucleoli do not show differences, in comparison with such forms of nucleoli in other cells. Micronucleoli in pigeon erythroblasts are characterized by degranulation, suggesting the inhibition of the formation of the nucleolar granular components. Some nucleoli show a segregation of the nucleolar components, indicating the inactivation of the nucleolar RNA polymerase, and occasionally chromatin retraction from the nucleolar body, suggesting the loss of the template. In mature erythrocytes, micronucleoli consist mainly of fibrillar components, and the perinucleolar chromatin is partially retracted from the nucleolar body of such nucleoli.", "contents": "Studies on nucleoli of pigeon erythroid cells. In order to provide more information on nucleolar changes occurring during cell differentiation and maturation, pigeon erythroid cells have been studied by means of a simple light microscopic cytochemical procedure for the demonstration of the RNA containing structures and with conventional transmission electron microscopy. Nucleoli with more or less distinct nucleolonemata present in early erythroblasts were replaced by ring-shaped nucleoli and, finally, by micronucleoli in more mature erythroid cells. In contrast to the previously studied chick embryos, chickens and hens which possess micronucleoli in almost all mature erythrocytes, mature pigeon erythrocytes are mostly without any nucleoli. The ultrastructural organization of nucleoli with more or less distinct nucleolonemata and ring-shaped nucleoli do not show differences, in comparison with such forms of nucleoli in other cells. Micronucleoli in pigeon erythroblasts are characterized by degranulation, suggesting the inhibition of the formation of the nucleolar granular components. Some nucleoli show a segregation of the nucleolar components, indicating the inactivation of the nucleolar RNA polymerase, and occasionally chromatin retraction from the nucleolar body, suggesting the loss of the template. In mature erythrocytes, micronucleoli consist mainly of fibrillar components, and the perinucleolar chromatin is partially retracted from the nucleolar body of such nucleoli.", "PMID": 689248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8341", "title": "Differential growth of sister nuclei in binucleate microspores of Tradescantia paludosa.", "content": "Binucleate microspores were induced in Tradescantia paludosa with heat shocks. Nuclear and cell volumes were determined from early G1 to G2. Volumes of sister nuceli, present in a single cell, were rarely the same. It is suggested that, at least in part, nuclear volume is controlled by factors that are 1) present in nuclei, 2) not distributed equally at anaphase, and 3) not rapidly exchanged.", "contents": "Differential growth of sister nuclei in binucleate microspores of Tradescantia paludosa. Binucleate microspores were induced in Tradescantia paludosa with heat shocks. Nuclear and cell volumes were determined from early G1 to G2. Volumes of sister nuceli, present in a single cell, were rarely the same. It is suggested that, at least in part, nuclear volume is controlled by factors that are 1) present in nuclei, 2) not distributed equally at anaphase, and 3) not rapidly exchanged.", "PMID": 689249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8342", "title": "Penetration and entrapment of large particles in erythrocytes by electrical breakdown techniques.", "content": "Human erythrocytes suspended in isotonic solutions were subjected to haemolysis by application of an electric field pulse to the cell suspension. The field strengths used were 12 and 16kV/cm, respectively; the pulse duration 40 microseconds. The lysed cells showed resealing properties. The permeability change of the membrane generated by the field pulse and by the subsequent osmotic processes were large enough to facilitate the penetration and entrapment of ferritin and Latex particles (diameter: 0.091 and 0.176 micron, respectively) as revealed by electron microscopy. Correct identification of the Latex particles in the electron-micrographs indicated that LOYTER et al. [J. Cell Biol. 66, 292 (1975)], who recently demonstrated the entrapment of Latex spheres in erythrocytes prepared by osmotic haemolysis mistook electron-dense bodies probably consisting of denaturated protein for Latex particles. Under conditions of osmotic haemolysis, carried out according to BODEMANN and PASSOW, particles could only occasionally be detected within the membrane itself and never within the cell interior, suggesting that the electrical haemolysis method is much more effective in the generation of large holes in the membrane.", "contents": "Penetration and entrapment of large particles in erythrocytes by electrical breakdown techniques. Human erythrocytes suspended in isotonic solutions were subjected to haemolysis by application of an electric field pulse to the cell suspension. The field strengths used were 12 and 16kV/cm, respectively; the pulse duration 40 microseconds. The lysed cells showed resealing properties. The permeability change of the membrane generated by the field pulse and by the subsequent osmotic processes were large enough to facilitate the penetration and entrapment of ferritin and Latex particles (diameter: 0.091 and 0.176 micron, respectively) as revealed by electron microscopy. Correct identification of the Latex particles in the electron-micrographs indicated that LOYTER et al. [J. Cell Biol. 66, 292 (1975)], who recently demonstrated the entrapment of Latex spheres in erythrocytes prepared by osmotic haemolysis mistook electron-dense bodies probably consisting of denaturated protein for Latex particles. Under conditions of osmotic haemolysis, carried out according to BODEMANN and PASSOW, particles could only occasionally be detected within the membrane itself and never within the cell interior, suggesting that the electrical haemolysis method is much more effective in the generation of large holes in the membrane.", "PMID": 689250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8343", "title": "Architecture and cell structures in the distal nephron of the rat kidney.", "content": "Using semi-thin sections of marked tubules of the rat kidney, the distal part of the nephron is represented in toto for the first time and reconstructed in its course from the thick part of HENLE's loop to its junction with another collecting tubule. The shape of the model accords well with observations in vivo. On the basis of observations with light and electron microscopy, four types of cells are differentiated: Type 1 (Mittelst\u00fcck) cell; type 2 (intermediate) cell; type 3 (light) cell and type 4 (intercalated) cell. According to the distribution of these different types of cells, the distal nephron is divided in the following way: Pars recta and pars convoluta of the distal nephron consist of type 1 (Mittelst\u00fcck) cells; pars arcuata and pars recta of the cortical collecting duct exhibit type 3 (light) and type 4 (intercalated) cells; in the connecting portion of the distal tubule all four types are represented, type 2 (intermediate) and type 4 (intercalated) being the most frequent. The demarcation of the connecting portion according to our definition points to a dynamic relationship of the cell structures of the distal nephron, which gains clarity when conditions are experimentally varied. Hence the question for a morphological proof of where exactly the two nephrogenic blastemata join gives place to the more important question of what these cell structures and their variability mean as signs of functional adaptation-reactions.--The existence of the connecting portion, contested until now, is affirmed; a cytological characterization of it is given and a definition is recommended.", "contents": "Architecture and cell structures in the distal nephron of the rat kidney. Using semi-thin sections of marked tubules of the rat kidney, the distal part of the nephron is represented in toto for the first time and reconstructed in its course from the thick part of HENLE's loop to its junction with another collecting tubule. The shape of the model accords well with observations in vivo. On the basis of observations with light and electron microscopy, four types of cells are differentiated: Type 1 (Mittelst\u00fcck) cell; type 2 (intermediate) cell; type 3 (light) cell and type 4 (intercalated) cell. According to the distribution of these different types of cells, the distal nephron is divided in the following way: Pars recta and pars convoluta of the distal nephron consist of type 1 (Mittelst\u00fcck) cells; pars arcuata and pars recta of the cortical collecting duct exhibit type 3 (light) and type 4 (intercalated) cells; in the connecting portion of the distal tubule all four types are represented, type 2 (intermediate) and type 4 (intercalated) being the most frequent. The demarcation of the connecting portion according to our definition points to a dynamic relationship of the cell structures of the distal nephron, which gains clarity when conditions are experimentally varied. Hence the question for a morphological proof of where exactly the two nephrogenic blastemata join gives place to the more important question of what these cell structures and their variability mean as signs of functional adaptation-reactions.--The existence of the connecting portion, contested until now, is affirmed; a cytological characterization of it is given and a definition is recommended.", "PMID": 689251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8344", "title": "Electronmicroscopical and electrophysiological investigations on polyethylene glycol induced cell fusion.", "content": "Cells of monolayer cultures are fused by high concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a molecular weight of approximately 1500. This process is independent of extracellular ca++ions. PEG changes transiently the surface membrane and leads to fusion only after replacing it by normal medium. Before the final fusion of two cells, the onset of ionic coupling via longer lasting pseudopodial contact can be measured. Only cells that are synchronous in the secretory and pseudopodial response to PEG may fuse with each other.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopical and electrophysiological investigations on polyethylene glycol induced cell fusion. Cells of monolayer cultures are fused by high concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a molecular weight of approximately 1500. This process is independent of extracellular ca++ions. PEG changes transiently the surface membrane and leads to fusion only after replacing it by normal medium. Before the final fusion of two cells, the onset of ionic coupling via longer lasting pseudopodial contact can be measured. Only cells that are synchronous in the secretory and pseudopodial response to PEG may fuse with each other.", "PMID": 689255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8345", "title": "Ultrastructure of the frontal cap of monotactic forms of Amoeba proteus.", "content": "The frontal cap of the monotactic form of Amoeba proteus is separated from other cell components by a continuous structure defined as the \"membrane-like envelope\" (MLE). It originates from the membranes of cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles. The border zone between the cap and the cytoplasm is strongly vacuolized. Structural differences between frontal caps, depending on the degree of their development, indicate that the growing cap gradually fills up the whole tip of an advancing pseudopodium, and at the front it reduces the cortical layer in the interstice between the MLE and the outer cell membrane, up to its eventual disrupture. This is probably the efficient cause of the specific morphological and motory pattern of monotactic amoebae. These results and conclusions are supported by an ultrastructural analysis of the artificial frontal caps obtained by injecting oil droplets into polytactic cells, a procedure transforming polytactic forms into forms morphodynamically analogous to the natural monotactic amoebae.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the frontal cap of monotactic forms of Amoeba proteus. The frontal cap of the monotactic form of Amoeba proteus is separated from other cell components by a continuous structure defined as the \"membrane-like envelope\" (MLE). It originates from the membranes of cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles. The border zone between the cap and the cytoplasm is strongly vacuolized. Structural differences between frontal caps, depending on the degree of their development, indicate that the growing cap gradually fills up the whole tip of an advancing pseudopodium, and at the front it reduces the cortical layer in the interstice between the MLE and the outer cell membrane, up to its eventual disrupture. This is probably the efficient cause of the specific morphological and motory pattern of monotactic amoebae. These results and conclusions are supported by an ultrastructural analysis of the artificial frontal caps obtained by injecting oil droplets into polytactic cells, a procedure transforming polytactic forms into forms morphodynamically analogous to the natural monotactic amoebae.", "PMID": 689256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8346", "title": "[Effects of phalloidin in liver cells: binding, morphological changes, and elimination (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The uptake, binding and elimination of phalloidin in liver is compared in adult (180 to 240 g) and \"baby\" (17 to 19 days old) rats in vivo and in vitro. 2. In both groups there is no relation between the concentration of the poison in the liver and the toxicity. 3. Although baby rats show a significantly higher tolerance against phalloidin than the adult animals, the concentration of the poison in the liver of baby rats is higher, and the elimination is significantly slower than in adult rats. 4. The very tight binding and concentration of phalloidin in the liver is explained by an extremely low dissociation constant. 5. Furthermore, the morphological differences between the poisoning of the liver cells in the entire organ and of isolated liver cells are discussed.", "contents": "[Effects of phalloidin in liver cells: binding, morphological changes, and elimination (author's transl)]. 1. The uptake, binding and elimination of phalloidin in liver is compared in adult (180 to 240 g) and \"baby\" (17 to 19 days old) rats in vivo and in vitro. 2. In both groups there is no relation between the concentration of the poison in the liver and the toxicity. 3. Although baby rats show a significantly higher tolerance against phalloidin than the adult animals, the concentration of the poison in the liver of baby rats is higher, and the elimination is significantly slower than in adult rats. 4. The very tight binding and concentration of phalloidin in the liver is explained by an extremely low dissociation constant. 5. Furthermore, the morphological differences between the poisoning of the liver cells in the entire organ and of isolated liver cells are discussed.", "PMID": 689257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8347", "title": "[Somatotropin, antidot against phalloidin (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Somatotropin protects rats against a lethal dose of phalloidin (1.3 mg/kg). 2. Scanning electron microscopy has shown that 2 hours after phalloidin injection the liver from a somatotropin-pretreated rat is not significantly different to that from an untreated rat. Phalloidin alone caused complete destruction of the structure of the liver lobules. 3. Somatotropin does not prevent phalloidin uptake by the liver but slows down elimination. 4. The findings are discussed with respect to their therapeutic possibilities as somatropin protects rats against death also after phalloidin poisoning.", "contents": "[Somatotropin, antidot against phalloidin (author's transl)]. 1. Somatotropin protects rats against a lethal dose of phalloidin (1.3 mg/kg). 2. Scanning electron microscopy has shown that 2 hours after phalloidin injection the liver from a somatotropin-pretreated rat is not significantly different to that from an untreated rat. Phalloidin alone caused complete destruction of the structure of the liver lobules. 3. Somatotropin does not prevent phalloidin uptake by the liver but slows down elimination. 4. The findings are discussed with respect to their therapeutic possibilities as somatropin protects rats against death also after phalloidin poisoning.", "PMID": 689258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8348", "title": "Spatio-temporal relationships between protoplasmic streaming and contraction activities in plasmodial veins of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Plasmodial veins of Physarum polycephalum were investigated by combining cinematographical, morphological, and tensiometrical techniques. Translucent and nontranslucent (thicker) strands remaining in their original position on filter paper were analyzed in respect to their radial contraction cycles and the resulting streaming activity of the endoplasm. A new technique for measuring the flow intensity by a microbalance method allowed testing of the influence of radial contraction on actual streaming processes within a strand. Stationary ectoplasm and flowing endoplasm are involved in a mutual transformation process: thereia an exchange of ectoplasm and endoplasm in the form of protoplasmic streamlets crossing the borderline between the endoplasmic stream and the ectoplasmic tube. Radial contraction cycles show the same time periodicity as the endoplasmic shuttle streaming. Relationships between radial contractions, streaming rates of endoplasm and streamlets between ectoplasm and endoplasm were analyzed. The participation of the ectoplasmic walls in motive force generation and their function in control of streaming throughput is discussed.", "contents": "Spatio-temporal relationships between protoplasmic streaming and contraction activities in plasmodial veins of Physarum polycephalum. Plasmodial veins of Physarum polycephalum were investigated by combining cinematographical, morphological, and tensiometrical techniques. Translucent and nontranslucent (thicker) strands remaining in their original position on filter paper were analyzed in respect to their radial contraction cycles and the resulting streaming activity of the endoplasm. A new technique for measuring the flow intensity by a microbalance method allowed testing of the influence of radial contraction on actual streaming processes within a strand. Stationary ectoplasm and flowing endoplasm are involved in a mutual transformation process: thereia an exchange of ectoplasm and endoplasm in the form of protoplasmic streamlets crossing the borderline between the endoplasmic stream and the ectoplasmic tube. Radial contraction cycles show the same time periodicity as the endoplasmic shuttle streaming. Relationships between radial contractions, streaming rates of endoplasm and streamlets between ectoplasm and endoplasm were analyzed. The participation of the ectoplasmic walls in motive force generation and their function in control of streaming throughput is discussed.", "PMID": 689259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8349", "title": "Plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum as a synchronous contractile system.", "content": "The contractile activity of veins and the rhythmicity of the frontal progress were photometrically recorded from cine-film, at numerous points across the whole plasmodium. Graphic analysis of the obtained curves demonstrates the existence of common contraction rhythm over the entire network, coincident to the expansion rhythm of the advancing front. It is suggested that the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum represents an imperfectly synchronized monorhythmic contractile system.", "contents": "Plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum as a synchronous contractile system. The contractile activity of veins and the rhythmicity of the frontal progress were photometrically recorded from cine-film, at numerous points across the whole plasmodium. Graphic analysis of the obtained curves demonstrates the existence of common contraction rhythm over the entire network, coincident to the expansion rhythm of the advancing front. It is suggested that the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum represents an imperfectly synchronized monorhythmic contractile system.", "PMID": 689260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8350", "title": "Response to light-shade difference in anucleate and polynucleate specimens of Amoeba proteus.", "content": "The enucleated specimens of Amoeba proteus, the anucleate fragments, and the polynucleate individuals which all are capable of cortical contraction but not of locomotion, may be reactivated by the light-shade difference established across their body. Individual cells or fragments migrate toward the shade. The motory polarity and coordinated movement disappear immediately after cessation of the stimulus. The results are interpreted according to the earlier hypothesis that the necessary to maintain the motory polarity of amoebae. It is suggested that the anucleate and polynucleate specimens are incapable of coordinated movements when non-stimulated, because of a deficiency or an excess, respectively, of the regulatory relaxing factor secreted by the nucleus of Amoeba proteus.", "contents": "Response to light-shade difference in anucleate and polynucleate specimens of Amoeba proteus. The enucleated specimens of Amoeba proteus, the anucleate fragments, and the polynucleate individuals which all are capable of cortical contraction but not of locomotion, may be reactivated by the light-shade difference established across their body. Individual cells or fragments migrate toward the shade. The motory polarity and coordinated movement disappear immediately after cessation of the stimulus. The results are interpreted according to the earlier hypothesis that the necessary to maintain the motory polarity of amoebae. It is suggested that the anucleate and polynucleate specimens are incapable of coordinated movements when non-stimulated, because of a deficiency or an excess, respectively, of the regulatory relaxing factor secreted by the nucleus of Amoeba proteus.", "PMID": 689261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8351", "title": "Cell multiplication following partial enzymatic removal of surface coat.", "content": "Treatment of Paramecium aurelia with trypsin or pronase (1 mg per 10(5) cells, at 0 to 4 degrees C) partially removes the surface coat and modifies significantly multiplication of cells. The division rate after 24 hours of cultivation is diminished approximately twice in the case of pronase-treated cells and 1.5 for tyrpsin-digested ciliates as compared with the control. On the second day the division rate increases rapidly and number of cell divisions exceeds the values observed in the control. After 72 hours of cultivation the division rate in both untreated and enzyme-treated cells is almost the same. It is concluded that the observed inhibition of cell fission results from the enzymatic removal of the surface coat--the integrity of this surface coat seems to be necessary in the process of cell division. The influence of environmental factors on the rate of growth is presented.", "contents": "Cell multiplication following partial enzymatic removal of surface coat. Treatment of Paramecium aurelia with trypsin or pronase (1 mg per 10(5) cells, at 0 to 4 degrees C) partially removes the surface coat and modifies significantly multiplication of cells. The division rate after 24 hours of cultivation is diminished approximately twice in the case of pronase-treated cells and 1.5 for tyrpsin-digested ciliates as compared with the control. On the second day the division rate increases rapidly and number of cell divisions exceeds the values observed in the control. After 72 hours of cultivation the division rate in both untreated and enzyme-treated cells is almost the same. It is concluded that the observed inhibition of cell fission results from the enzymatic removal of the surface coat--the integrity of this surface coat seems to be necessary in the process of cell division. The influence of environmental factors on the rate of growth is presented.", "PMID": 689262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8352", "title": "The occurrence of enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism in the tapetum fraction of anthers.", "content": "The contents of another loculus were separated in a pollen and tapetum fraction. The following enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism were present in the tapetum fraction: shikimate dehydrogenase; phenylalanine ammonialyase; cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase; SAM (S-adenosylmethionine): caffeate 3-O-methyltransferase; hydroxycinnamate: CoA ligase; \"flavanone synthase\"; chalcone-flavanone isomerase; SAM: 3',4'-dihydroxyflavonoid 3'-O-methyltransferase; O-glucosyltransferase. It is postulated, that these enzymes derived from the tapetum catalyze the different steps of phenylpropanoid metabolism at or in cavities of the exine after their transfer into the loculus.", "contents": "The occurrence of enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism in the tapetum fraction of anthers. The contents of another loculus were separated in a pollen and tapetum fraction. The following enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism were present in the tapetum fraction: shikimate dehydrogenase; phenylalanine ammonialyase; cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase; SAM (S-adenosylmethionine): caffeate 3-O-methyltransferase; hydroxycinnamate: CoA ligase; \"flavanone synthase\"; chalcone-flavanone isomerase; SAM: 3',4'-dihydroxyflavonoid 3'-O-methyltransferase; O-glucosyltransferase. It is postulated, that these enzymes derived from the tapetum catalyze the different steps of phenylpropanoid metabolism at or in cavities of the exine after their transfer into the loculus.", "PMID": 689263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8353", "title": "[Comparative analysis of ultrastructure and lipid composition of plastids from sun and shade plants (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure and lipid composition of chloroplasts, isolated from various shade and sun plants, were compared. Depending on the origin of the plastid, significant differences were observed in the percentage of appressed thylakoids. Accordingly, plastids could be classified into three different types: Type I chloroplasts, from mesophyll cells of sun plants (barley, corn, spinach, bean), display well-developed grana and intergrana thylakoid membranes. Type II chloroplasts, typical of shade plant (Arum), show giant grana stacks with few interconnecting thylakoids. Type III chloroplasts, from bundle sheath cells of leaves from C4-plants (corn), are characterized by an extensive development of stroma thylakoids with only occasional rudimentary grana. The percentages of appressed membranes are in the ranges of 50 to 60%, 80% and 2% for type I, II and III plastids respectively. Striking differences are observed in the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylglycerol molecules. Trans-delta3-hexadecenoic acid is found only in this phospholipid and amounts to 30 to 40%, 50% and less than 8% of total fatty acids in type I, II and III plastids respectively. The comparison of ultrastructural and biochemical data suggests a strong correlation between the amounts of phosphatidylglycerol molecules containing trans-delta3-hexadecenoic acid and the percentages of appressed membranes (grana stacks) within plastid stroma.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of ultrastructure and lipid composition of plastids from sun and shade plants (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure and lipid composition of chloroplasts, isolated from various shade and sun plants, were compared. Depending on the origin of the plastid, significant differences were observed in the percentage of appressed thylakoids. Accordingly, plastids could be classified into three different types: Type I chloroplasts, from mesophyll cells of sun plants (barley, corn, spinach, bean), display well-developed grana and intergrana thylakoid membranes. Type II chloroplasts, typical of shade plant (Arum), show giant grana stacks with few interconnecting thylakoids. Type III chloroplasts, from bundle sheath cells of leaves from C4-plants (corn), are characterized by an extensive development of stroma thylakoids with only occasional rudimentary grana. The percentages of appressed membranes are in the ranges of 50 to 60%, 80% and 2% for type I, II and III plastids respectively. Striking differences are observed in the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylglycerol molecules. Trans-delta3-hexadecenoic acid is found only in this phospholipid and amounts to 30 to 40%, 50% and less than 8% of total fatty acids in type I, II and III plastids respectively. The comparison of ultrastructural and biochemical data suggests a strong correlation between the amounts of phosphatidylglycerol molecules containing trans-delta3-hexadecenoic acid and the percentages of appressed membranes (grana stacks) within plastid stroma.", "PMID": 689264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8354", "title": "Fine structure of Sertoli cells in the rat testis after hypophysectomy, testosterone treatment and re-involution.", "content": "Using thin sections and freeze-etch replicas the fine structure of the Sertoli cells of the rat testis was investigated after hypophysectomy, testosterone treatment and re-involution. 41 days after hypophysectomy the Sertoli cells contain numerous dense bodies and remnants of degenerating spermatocytes and spermatids. The Sertoli cell junctions are most prominent. The membranes of neighbouring cells are folded into several layers. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal a normal arrangement of Sertoli cell tight junctions with linear array of membrane particles preferentially on the B-face and complementary grooves on the A-face. The geometric pattern of the ridges is varying with respect to the basal, intermediate and apical portions of the lateral Sertoli cell membranes. Since no major changes of the size, distribution and localization of the Sertoli cell junctions were observed in the different experimental groups these junctions, once formed, are inferred to be independent from hypophyseal hormones.", "contents": "Fine structure of Sertoli cells in the rat testis after hypophysectomy, testosterone treatment and re-involution. Using thin sections and freeze-etch replicas the fine structure of the Sertoli cells of the rat testis was investigated after hypophysectomy, testosterone treatment and re-involution. 41 days after hypophysectomy the Sertoli cells contain numerous dense bodies and remnants of degenerating spermatocytes and spermatids. The Sertoli cell junctions are most prominent. The membranes of neighbouring cells are folded into several layers. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal a normal arrangement of Sertoli cell tight junctions with linear array of membrane particles preferentially on the B-face and complementary grooves on the A-face. The geometric pattern of the ridges is varying with respect to the basal, intermediate and apical portions of the lateral Sertoli cell membranes. Since no major changes of the size, distribution and localization of the Sertoli cell junctions were observed in the different experimental groups these junctions, once formed, are inferred to be independent from hypophyseal hormones.", "PMID": 689265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8355", "title": "Acute intermittent porphyria on withdrawal of oral contraceptives.", "content": "A rare presentation of acute Intermittent Porphyria is described, in which withdrawal of an oral contraceptive (Gynovlar 21) provoked the first acute attack.", "contents": "Acute intermittent porphyria on withdrawal of oral contraceptives. A rare presentation of acute Intermittent Porphyria is described, in which withdrawal of an oral contraceptive (Gynovlar 21) provoked the first acute attack.", "PMID": 689289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8356", "title": "Rifampicin in cutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "A study is described which aimed at assessing the efficacy of rifampicin in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. A total of thirteen patients suffering from this condition were admitted to the study and were given rifampicin 600 mg daily. Three patients dropped out due to reasons unconnected with the trial and one patient left when the lesions improved appreciably and continued treatment abroad. The remaining patients continued under treatment until clinical resolution was attained, and this occurred in a period of one to four months. The author was impressed by the marked clinical resolution and the lack of scarring and side-effects, and recommends that further trials be carried out in the endemic areas where more cases can readily be found, treated and ovserved for longer periods of time than in this study.", "contents": "Rifampicin in cutaneous leishmaniasis. A study is described which aimed at assessing the efficacy of rifampicin in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. A total of thirteen patients suffering from this condition were admitted to the study and were given rifampicin 600 mg daily. Three patients dropped out due to reasons unconnected with the trial and one patient left when the lesions improved appreciably and continued treatment abroad. The remaining patients continued under treatment until clinical resolution was attained, and this occurred in a period of one to four months. The author was impressed by the marked clinical resolution and the lack of scarring and side-effects, and recommends that further trials be carried out in the endemic areas where more cases can readily be found, treated and ovserved for longer periods of time than in this study.", "PMID": 689290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8357", "title": "Management of constipation in terminally ill patients.", "content": "This small study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of lactulose syrup (Duphalac) in the management of constipation in forty-six patients with terminal illnesses. The daily dose of lactulose was titrated to meet the individual patients requirements and was found to be in the region of 20 to 30 mls twice daily, despite the almost universal administration of opiates as analgesics. The study lasted 21 days in each patient capable of completing the assessment. Constipation was relieved within a an average of 3 to 4 days, and of the 512 days observed, there were 203 days in which a bowel movement occurred. Of these motions 71% were recorded as easy to move, rather than hard (21%)  of loose (8%). Faecal incontinence and nausea attributable to lactulose treatment were extremely rare. Therefore, lactulose appeared to be a useful treatment for constipation in the terminally ill patient.", "contents": "Management of constipation in terminally ill patients. This small study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of lactulose syrup (Duphalac) in the management of constipation in forty-six patients with terminal illnesses. The daily dose of lactulose was titrated to meet the individual patients requirements and was found to be in the region of 20 to 30 mls twice daily, despite the almost universal administration of opiates as analgesics. The study lasted 21 days in each patient capable of completing the assessment. Constipation was relieved within a an average of 3 to 4 days, and of the 512 days observed, there were 203 days in which a bowel movement occurred. Of these motions 71% were recorded as easy to move, rather than hard (21%)  of loose (8%). Faecal incontinence and nausea attributable to lactulose treatment were extremely rare. Therefore, lactulose appeared to be a useful treatment for constipation in the terminally ill patient.", "PMID": 689292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8358", "title": "The interstimulus interval in classical autonomic conditioning of young infants.", "content": "Conditioned auditory discrimination and extinction of the skin potential response were attempted in 4-month-old infants using interstimulus intervals of 1500, 3500, 5500, and 7500 msec. Half of the infants in each of the interstimulus interval groups were defined as high magnitude orienters and half were low magnitude orienters. Conditioning was successful with the 5500- and 7500-msec interstimulus intervals, but not with the 1500- and 3500-msec intervals. Analysis of individual subject data indicated that individual subject data indicated that individual differences in conditionability were related to interstimulus interval and orienting response magnitude. Also, those subjects discriminating at the longer intervals tended to be high magnitude orienters. In other words, longer interstimulus intervals interacted with a high magnitude or orienting to facilitate conditioning. The results were taken as evidence that individual differences in the magnitude of the orienting response reflect different individual needs in stimulus information processing time.", "contents": "The interstimulus interval in classical autonomic conditioning of young infants. Conditioned auditory discrimination and extinction of the skin potential response were attempted in 4-month-old infants using interstimulus intervals of 1500, 3500, 5500, and 7500 msec. Half of the infants in each of the interstimulus interval groups were defined as high magnitude orienters and half were low magnitude orienters. Conditioning was successful with the 5500- and 7500-msec interstimulus intervals, but not with the 1500- and 3500-msec intervals. Analysis of individual subject data indicated that individual subject data indicated that individual differences in conditionability were related to interstimulus interval and orienting response magnitude. Also, those subjects discriminating at the longer intervals tended to be high magnitude orienters. In other words, longer interstimulus intervals interacted with a high magnitude or orienting to facilitate conditioning. The results were taken as evidence that individual differences in the magnitude of the orienting response reflect different individual needs in stimulus information processing time.", "PMID": 689293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8359", "title": "The interrelationship between thermal and olfactory stimulation in the development of home orientation in newborn kittens.", "content": "The presence of a thermal gradient in the home cage and its use in home orientation was studied in kittens from shortly after birth to 2 weeks. Responses on a thermal gradient outside the home cage were also studied. With the home region and a freshly washed cage floor either cooled or warmer, kittens were placed in the adjacent corner or the home. In one study kittens chose between a cooled home and a warmed diagonal region. On a thermal gradient kittens exhibited thermotaxic turning and thermokinetic response. Kittens initially used either thermal or olfactory cues to reach the home but began to use only olfactory cues towards the end of the 1st week. Similarly, warmth in the home region caused \"settling\" during the 1st week but thereafter warmth and olfactory cues were most effective. Kittens chose the cooled home region more often than the warmed diagonal corner responding to olfactory over thermal cues.", "contents": "The interrelationship between thermal and olfactory stimulation in the development of home orientation in newborn kittens. The presence of a thermal gradient in the home cage and its use in home orientation was studied in kittens from shortly after birth to 2 weeks. Responses on a thermal gradient outside the home cage were also studied. With the home region and a freshly washed cage floor either cooled or warmer, kittens were placed in the adjacent corner or the home. In one study kittens chose between a cooled home and a warmed diagonal region. On a thermal gradient kittens exhibited thermotaxic turning and thermokinetic response. Kittens initially used either thermal or olfactory cues to reach the home but began to use only olfactory cues towards the end of the 1st week. Similarly, warmth in the home region caused \"settling\" during the 1st week but thereafter warmth and olfactory cues were most effective. Kittens chose the cooled home region more often than the warmed diagonal corner responding to olfactory over thermal cues.", "PMID": 689294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8360", "title": "Specificity of litter odors in the control of home orientation among kittens.", "content": "The specificity of maternal-home cage odors governing home orientation was tested in 8- to 11-day-old kittens. Kittens were first tested for home orientation from the adjacent corner in their own home cages and cages of other mothers with litters of the same age. The majority of kittens oriented successfully in their own cages but not in strange mothers' cages. They then lived for 48 hr in the strange mothers' cages. At the end of this time they showed no improvement in orientation in their own home cages. Moreover, after an additional 24 hr in their own home cages they showed no improvement in their own home cages. Home orientation involves 2 odor components: 1 general to different mothers and 1 specific to each mother.", "contents": "Specificity of litter odors in the control of home orientation among kittens. The specificity of maternal-home cage odors governing home orientation was tested in 8- to 11-day-old kittens. Kittens were first tested for home orientation from the adjacent corner in their own home cages and cages of other mothers with litters of the same age. The majority of kittens oriented successfully in their own cages but not in strange mothers' cages. They then lived for 48 hr in the strange mothers' cages. At the end of this time they showed no improvement in orientation in their own home cages. Moreover, after an additional 24 hr in their own home cages they showed no improvement in their own home cages. Home orientation involves 2 odor components: 1 general to different mothers and 1 specific to each mother.", "PMID": 689295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8361", "title": "Response of the infant rat to light prior to eyelid opening: mediation by the superior colliculus.", "content": "Although the influence of light on the infant rat before Day 14, when its eyelids open, are presumed to be minimal, we have shown that as early as postnatal Day 6, male and female albino rats demonstrate negative phototaxis. Bilateral enucleation eliminates negative phototaxis, whereas unilateral enucleation does not. Rearing in the dark does not prevent the expression of the behavior. Knife cuts on postnatal Day 5, which undercut the dorsal midbrain involving the superior colliculus, prevent the expression of this response to light. Unilateral dorsal midbrain knife cuts and posterior cortex lesions have no effect. These results call attention to an early period in the postnatal development of the rat when it is capable of exhibiting negative phototaxis. The superior colliculus in the dorsal midbrain appears to be crucial for demonstrating this behavior.", "contents": "Response of the infant rat to light prior to eyelid opening: mediation by the superior colliculus. Although the influence of light on the infant rat before Day 14, when its eyelids open, are presumed to be minimal, we have shown that as early as postnatal Day 6, male and female albino rats demonstrate negative phototaxis. Bilateral enucleation eliminates negative phototaxis, whereas unilateral enucleation does not. Rearing in the dark does not prevent the expression of the behavior. Knife cuts on postnatal Day 5, which undercut the dorsal midbrain involving the superior colliculus, prevent the expression of this response to light. Unilateral dorsal midbrain knife cuts and posterior cortex lesions have no effect. These results call attention to an early period in the postnatal development of the rat when it is capable of exhibiting negative phototaxis. The superior colliculus in the dorsal midbrain appears to be crucial for demonstrating this behavior.", "PMID": 689296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8362", "title": "The effect of neonatal oil administration on brain weight of inbred and heterogeneous mice.", "content": "A single injection of sesame oil on postnatal Day 4 reduced adult bain weight in male and female mice of the C3H/HeJ strain. The same neonatal treatment had no effect on brain weight of heterogeneous mice derived from a cross of 8 inbred strains. In agreement with previous findings in inbred strains, C3H/HeJ females were found to have larger brains than males. This difference between the genders was not seen in heterogeneous mice. The effect of neonatal oil administration on adult brain weight provides an additional example of the effect of neonatal manipulations on the adult organism and underscores the importance of adherence to appropriate control procedures in studies involving administration of hormones in early life, particularly when infant strains are used  as experimental subjects.", "contents": "The effect of neonatal oil administration on brain weight of inbred and heterogeneous mice. A single injection of sesame oil on postnatal Day 4 reduced adult bain weight in male and female mice of the C3H/HeJ strain. The same neonatal treatment had no effect on brain weight of heterogeneous mice derived from a cross of 8 inbred strains. In agreement with previous findings in inbred strains, C3H/HeJ females were found to have larger brains than males. This difference between the genders was not seen in heterogeneous mice. The effect of neonatal oil administration on adult brain weight provides an additional example of the effect of neonatal manipulations on the adult organism and underscores the importance of adherence to appropriate control procedures in studies involving administration of hormones in early life, particularly when infant strains are used  as experimental subjects.", "PMID": 689297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8363", "title": "Ultrasonic vocalization during social interaction and isolation in 2-weeek-old rats.", "content": "Two-week-old rats were found to emit very little ultrasound in their cage except during arrivals and departures of the mother, when average peak rates of approximately 1 ultrasonic pulse/rat/min were detected. However, when all pups except one were removed from the home cage, the remaining isolated pup emitted ultrasound at a mean rate of 12 pulses/min for at least 30 min. When young rats of this age were placed alone in an unfamiliar test area, the ultrasound pulse rate was approximately 25/min, whereas groups of 4 littermates in the same situation emitted only occasional ultrasonic pulses. If an isolated pup in the novel environment was allowed access to a single anesthetized littermate or mother this also significantly reduced the rate of ultrasound emission, whereas a warm clay model did not.", "contents": "Ultrasonic vocalization during social interaction and isolation in 2-weeek-old rats. Two-week-old rats were found to emit very little ultrasound in their cage except during arrivals and departures of the mother, when average peak rates of approximately 1 ultrasonic pulse/rat/min were detected. However, when all pups except one were removed from the home cage, the remaining isolated pup emitted ultrasound at a mean rate of 12 pulses/min for at least 30 min. When young rats of this age were placed alone in an unfamiliar test area, the ultrasound pulse rate was approximately 25/min, whereas groups of 4 littermates in the same situation emitted only occasional ultrasonic pulses. If an isolated pup in the novel environment was allowed access to a single anesthetized littermate or mother this also significantly reduced the rate of ultrasound emission, whereas a warm clay model did not.", "PMID": 689298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8364", "title": "Directional responses by kittens to an auditory stimulus.", "content": "Six kittens were tested in a 2-choice maze to determine if they would execute directional approach responses to an auditory stimulus. Tests were done at various postnatal ages (4-10, 11-17, 18-24, and 25-31 days) and comparison was made with responses of 5 kittens tested without auditory stimulation. At the earliest ages no evidence was seen for auditory approach responses but by 18-24 days consistent approch responses were found.", "contents": "Directional responses by kittens to an auditory stimulus. Six kittens were tested in a 2-choice maze to determine if they would execute directional approach responses to an auditory stimulus. Tests were done at various postnatal ages (4-10, 11-17, 18-24, and 25-31 days) and comparison was made with responses of 5 kittens tested without auditory stimulation. At the earliest ages no evidence was seen for auditory approach responses but by 18-24 days consistent approch responses were found.", "PMID": 689299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8365", "title": "Impairment of glucose-induced insulin secretion and glucose tolerance during colchicine treatment.", "content": "The effect of acute and chronic colchicine treatment on glucose-induced immunoreactive insulin secretion and glucose tolerance was examined in fasting, unanesthetized, and unrestrained rats with indwelling jugular vein and aortic catheters. In the first study, intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed by rapidly administering a glucose pulse (150 mg. intravenously) one hour after acute treatment with colchicine (0.5 mg. per kilogram of body weight, intravenously) or vehicle (control). Acute colchicine treatment caused significant suppression of glucose-induced insulin secretion and also markedly impaired glucose disappearance rates. In the second study, chronic colchicine treatment (in the lower dose of 0.2 mg. per kilogram of body weight, intraperitoneally, daily for 10 days) caused significant suppression of biphasic insulin secretion in response to a primed-constant glucose infusion (150 mg. of glucose pulse followed by 6 mg. per minute constant glucose infusion for 60 minutes) as compared with control rats (vehicle injection, intraperitoneally, daily for 10 days). Due to this marked decrease in biphasic insulin secretion, serum glucose concentrations were significantly higher between 10 and 45 minutes in the colchicine-treated rats than in the control rats. Therefore, acute and chronic colchicine treatment causes marked inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion and impairment of glucose tolerance in the intact rat. These observations suggest there is a need to evaluate carbohydrate metabolism in patients receiving colchicine treatment.", "contents": "Impairment of glucose-induced insulin secretion and glucose tolerance during colchicine treatment. The effect of acute and chronic colchicine treatment on glucose-induced immunoreactive insulin secretion and glucose tolerance was examined in fasting, unanesthetized, and unrestrained rats with indwelling jugular vein and aortic catheters. In the first study, intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed by rapidly administering a glucose pulse (150 mg. intravenously) one hour after acute treatment with colchicine (0.5 mg. per kilogram of body weight, intravenously) or vehicle (control). Acute colchicine treatment caused significant suppression of glucose-induced insulin secretion and also markedly impaired glucose disappearance rates. In the second study, chronic colchicine treatment (in the lower dose of 0.2 mg. per kilogram of body weight, intraperitoneally, daily for 10 days) caused significant suppression of biphasic insulin secretion in response to a primed-constant glucose infusion (150 mg. of glucose pulse followed by 6 mg. per minute constant glucose infusion for 60 minutes) as compared with control rats (vehicle injection, intraperitoneally, daily for 10 days). Due to this marked decrease in biphasic insulin secretion, serum glucose concentrations were significantly higher between 10 and 45 minutes in the colchicine-treated rats than in the control rats. Therefore, acute and chronic colchicine treatment causes marked inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion and impairment of glucose tolerance in the intact rat. These observations suggest there is a need to evaluate carbohydrate metabolism in patients receiving colchicine treatment.", "PMID": 689303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8366", "title": "Effects of anti-insulin receptor autoantibodies on the metabolism of human adipocytes.", "content": "We studied the effect of sera from two patients who had an unusual form of diabetic syndrome with extreme insulin resistance on the metabolism of human adipocytes in vitro. The IgG fractions from sera A and B, which were obtained from two patients (1 and 2) with insulin-resistant diabetes, inhibited [125I] insulin binding to human adipocytes and, at the same time, stimulated glucose oxidation and inhibited the lipolysis induced by levarterenol in human adipocytes. On the other hand, the IgG fraction from the C serum, which was obtained from patient 2 after her diabetic syndrome had completely disappeared as a result of immunosuppressive therapy, did not inhibit [125I] insulin binding to human adipocytes, stimulate glucose oxidation, or inhibit lipolysis in human adipocytes. These facts suggest that these IgG fractions bind to or near the insulin receptor of human adipocytes, that they exhibit their insulin-like effect by binding to the insulin receptor in vitro, and, furthermore, that they are responsible for the extremely insulin-resistant diabetes. However, the apparent discrepancy between the effects of these IgG fractions on man in vitro and in vivo is puzzling and needs to be explained.", "contents": "Effects of anti-insulin receptor autoantibodies on the metabolism of human adipocytes. We studied the effect of sera from two patients who had an unusual form of diabetic syndrome with extreme insulin resistance on the metabolism of human adipocytes in vitro. The IgG fractions from sera A and B, which were obtained from two patients (1 and 2) with insulin-resistant diabetes, inhibited [125I] insulin binding to human adipocytes and, at the same time, stimulated glucose oxidation and inhibited the lipolysis induced by levarterenol in human adipocytes. On the other hand, the IgG fraction from the C serum, which was obtained from patient 2 after her diabetic syndrome had completely disappeared as a result of immunosuppressive therapy, did not inhibit [125I] insulin binding to human adipocytes, stimulate glucose oxidation, or inhibit lipolysis in human adipocytes. These facts suggest that these IgG fractions bind to or near the insulin receptor of human adipocytes, that they exhibit their insulin-like effect by binding to the insulin receptor in vitro, and, furthermore, that they are responsible for the extremely insulin-resistant diabetes. However, the apparent discrepancy between the effects of these IgG fractions on man in vitro and in vivo is puzzling and needs to be explained.", "PMID": 689305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8367", "title": "Fine morphology of the secretory mode of the tetragastrin-stimulated chief cells of human and dog gastric mucosa.", "content": "The chief cells of the gastrin-stimulated gastric mucosa of human and dog were observed under a light and electron microscope. Four microgram/kg AOC-tetragastrin were given parenterally by a single shot to a man and three dogs respectively. Pepsinogen in the gastric mucosa increased at the wash-out stage and at the following dynamic equibrium stage of the chief cell secretion cycle after the administration of AOC-tetragastrin. During those stages, the chief cells released zymogen granules intensively. As the main ultrastructural process for releasing the zymogen granules, the emiocytosis in man and the apical cytoplasm dissociation in dog were discussed.", "contents": "Fine morphology of the secretory mode of the tetragastrin-stimulated chief cells of human and dog gastric mucosa. The chief cells of the gastrin-stimulated gastric mucosa of human and dog were observed under a light and electron microscope. Four microgram/kg AOC-tetragastrin were given parenterally by a single shot to a man and three dogs respectively. Pepsinogen in the gastric mucosa increased at the wash-out stage and at the following dynamic equibrium stage of the chief cell secretion cycle after the administration of AOC-tetragastrin. During those stages, the chief cells released zymogen granules intensively. As the main ultrastructural process for releasing the zymogen granules, the emiocytosis in man and the apical cytoplasm dissociation in dog were discussed.", "PMID": 689336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8368", "title": "Effect of bile acids and dietary fat on large bowel carcinogenesis in animal models.", "content": "Epidemiologic and laboratory studies suggest that dietary fk actors, particularly high intake of fat and animal protein, and high concentration of bile acids and neutral sterols of the large bowel lumen are strongly associated with large bowel carcinogenesis. Such concepts guided our studies on animal models. Rats fed diets high in fat and/or protein had a higher incidence of DMH-induced large bowel tumors than rats fed standard diets. The source of fat and protein, animal vs. vegetable, had no major influence. High fat intake was associated with an increased excretion of fecal bile acids, particularly secondary bile acids, and neutral sterols. The repeated intrarectal doses of lithocholic acid or deoxycholic acid enhanced the development of MNNG-induced large bowel tumors in rats. Colostomized rats treated with intrarectal dose of MNNG had no tumors in the excluded segment. It suggests that luminal contents play a significant role in the induction of large bowel cancer. The results show that higher levels of bile acids in the large bowel lumen, resulting from high fat intake, exert a promoting effect on the development of large bowel cancer.", "contents": "Effect of bile acids and dietary fat on large bowel carcinogenesis in animal models. Epidemiologic and laboratory studies suggest that dietary fk actors, particularly high intake of fat and animal protein, and high concentration of bile acids and neutral sterols of the large bowel lumen are strongly associated with large bowel carcinogenesis. Such concepts guided our studies on animal models. Rats fed diets high in fat and/or protein had a higher incidence of DMH-induced large bowel tumors than rats fed standard diets. The source of fat and protein, animal vs. vegetable, had no major influence. High fat intake was associated with an increased excretion of fecal bile acids, particularly secondary bile acids, and neutral sterols. The repeated intrarectal doses of lithocholic acid or deoxycholic acid enhanced the development of MNNG-induced large bowel tumors in rats. Colostomized rats treated with intrarectal dose of MNNG had no tumors in the excluded segment. It suggests that luminal contents play a significant role in the induction of large bowel cancer. The results show that higher levels of bile acids in the large bowel lumen, resulting from high fat intake, exert a promoting effect on the development of large bowel cancer.", "PMID": 689337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8369", "title": "Studies on pancreatic duct system. I) The fine structure of the major pancreatic ducts of normal and chronic pancreas injury dogs.", "content": "The major pancreatic ducts of normal dogs, and experimental dogs with chronic pancreas injury following adjuvant injection have been studied ultrastructurally and histochemically. The ducts are lined by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells. They possess many short microvilli with a fuzzy surface coat and apical sulfomucin droplets, suggesting that they are acting not only as a protective barrier, but also facilitating the transport of the pancreatic juice. Apart from these ordinary epithelial cells, multivesicular cells and some few endocrine cells have been detected between the duct epithelia. Because of a rich cellular network lining the major pancreatic ducts, it is hardly believed that they have no important function except for passive transport of pancreatic juice. In the diseased dogs, the lumina were irregularly dilated and the epithelial cells were flattened with the loss of microvilli. These changes may be a predisposition of inspissated secretion.", "contents": "Studies on pancreatic duct system. I) The fine structure of the major pancreatic ducts of normal and chronic pancreas injury dogs. The major pancreatic ducts of normal dogs, and experimental dogs with chronic pancreas injury following adjuvant injection have been studied ultrastructurally and histochemically. The ducts are lined by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells. They possess many short microvilli with a fuzzy surface coat and apical sulfomucin droplets, suggesting that they are acting not only as a protective barrier, but also facilitating the transport of the pancreatic juice. Apart from these ordinary epithelial cells, multivesicular cells and some few endocrine cells have been detected between the duct epithelia. Because of a rich cellular network lining the major pancreatic ducts, it is hardly believed that they have no important function except for passive transport of pancreatic juice. In the diseased dogs, the lumina were irregularly dilated and the epithelial cells were flattened with the loss of microvilli. These changes may be a predisposition of inspissated secretion.", "PMID": 689338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8370", "title": "Postbulbar duodenal ulcer occurring in a patient of diabetic coma.", "content": "Duodenal ulcer beyond the bulb occurred in a diabetic patient when he was in ketoacidotic coma causing serious anemia. Early investigation of the stomach and duodenum by endoscope was quite valuable for evaluating this bleeding complication and the healing process of the lesion was serially recorded. Since several cases of diabetic coma have been reported to die from gastrointestinal bleeding, this report presents the important aspect in the management of diabetic coma, and usefulness of emergency endoscope.", "contents": "Postbulbar duodenal ulcer occurring in a patient of diabetic coma. Duodenal ulcer beyond the bulb occurred in a diabetic patient when he was in ketoacidotic coma causing serious anemia. Early investigation of the stomach and duodenum by endoscope was quite valuable for evaluating this bleeding complication and the healing process of the lesion was serially recorded. Since several cases of diabetic coma have been reported to die from gastrointestinal bleeding, this report presents the important aspect in the management of diabetic coma, and usefulness of emergency endoscope.", "PMID": 689339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8371", "title": "[The posterior opening of the pterygopalatine fossa and the position of the pterygopalatine ganglion].", "content": "Our material consisted of 100 adult skulls and 50 adult half-head sections where the posterior opening of the pterygopalatinate fossa and the position of the pterygopalatinate ganglion were investigated. The report contains the following specifics: 1. Course and contents of the pterygoidal canal as well as the topographical relations of the canal to the sphenoid sinus. 2. Positioning of the axis of the foramen rotundum to the various planes of the head and its contents. 3. Course of the vomerovaginal canal and its contents. 4. Distances of the pterygopalatinate ganglion to important reference points of the head and to the median-sagittal line.", "contents": "[The posterior opening of the pterygopalatine fossa and the position of the pterygopalatine ganglion]. Our material consisted of 100 adult skulls and 50 adult half-head sections where the posterior opening of the pterygopalatinate fossa and the position of the pterygopalatinate ganglion were investigated. The report contains the following specifics: 1. Course and contents of the pterygoidal canal as well as the topographical relations of the canal to the sphenoid sinus. 2. Positioning of the axis of the foramen rotundum to the various planes of the head and its contents. 3. Course of the vomerovaginal canal and its contents. 4. Distances of the pterygopalatinate ganglion to important reference points of the head and to the median-sagittal line.", "PMID": 689340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8372", "title": "[Asymmetry in the structure of the middle part of the facial skull].", "content": "The results of study of the middle third of the facial region, performed on a total of 412 skulls of male individuals, lead to the following conclusions: 1. In the investigated upper section, the zygomatic bone inclusive, downwards to its lower section along the alveolar process of the maxillary bone, a complete and approximative symmetry displayed by the width values is more frequently met with, whilst asymmetry is rather rarely. In the same direction, from above downwards, the number of skulls with differences in favour of the right side decrease, whereas the number in favour of the left side increase, with the rarely observed asymmetry in the lowermost section usually involving the leftside. 2. The height of the upper jaw-bone region near the sagittal line shows more frequently symmetry (complete and approximative), and rather rarely asymmetry, whilst insofar as the zygomatic bone is concerned the opposite is observed; therefore, in the direction from medial to lateral-wards the incidence of asymmetry increases, whereas that of the symmetry decreases. In the same direction the number of skulls with differences in favour of the right side increases, while the number in favour of the left side decreases. 3. The coincidence of absolute differences recorded in 69%, respectively 61.6%, between right and left side of closely positioned dimensions (20 and 31, resp. 20 and 42) proves that the data about these dimensions are apt to determine symmetry and asymmetry manifestations with a sufficient reliability. 4. The individual values of the pairs of breadth dimensions of one and the same region of the studies craniofacial portion show a higher degree of correlation than those of different regions which is due to the differences between the latter in terms of incidence of symmetry and asymmetry in their build up. 5. The width of the middle third of the median craniofacial portion and the lateral distance of the skull Zygomaxillare--Porion do not correlate, i.e. there is no parallelism between the fluctuations of their individual values. 6. In most of the cases the bones of the external nose are symmetrical, and hence its asymmetry is attributed to the soft parts as cartilage and skin.", "contents": "[Asymmetry in the structure of the middle part of the facial skull]. The results of study of the middle third of the facial region, performed on a total of 412 skulls of male individuals, lead to the following conclusions: 1. In the investigated upper section, the zygomatic bone inclusive, downwards to its lower section along the alveolar process of the maxillary bone, a complete and approximative symmetry displayed by the width values is more frequently met with, whilst asymmetry is rather rarely. In the same direction, from above downwards, the number of skulls with differences in favour of the right side decrease, whereas the number in favour of the left side increase, with the rarely observed asymmetry in the lowermost section usually involving the leftside. 2. The height of the upper jaw-bone region near the sagittal line shows more frequently symmetry (complete and approximative), and rather rarely asymmetry, whilst insofar as the zygomatic bone is concerned the opposite is observed; therefore, in the direction from medial to lateral-wards the incidence of asymmetry increases, whereas that of the symmetry decreases. In the same direction the number of skulls with differences in favour of the right side increases, while the number in favour of the left side decreases. 3. The coincidence of absolute differences recorded in 69%, respectively 61.6%, between right and left side of closely positioned dimensions (20 and 31, resp. 20 and 42) proves that the data about these dimensions are apt to determine symmetry and asymmetry manifestations with a sufficient reliability. 4. The individual values of the pairs of breadth dimensions of one and the same region of the studies craniofacial portion show a higher degree of correlation than those of different regions which is due to the differences between the latter in terms of incidence of symmetry and asymmetry in their build up. 5. The width of the middle third of the median craniofacial portion and the lateral distance of the skull Zygomaxillare--Porion do not correlate, i.e. there is no parallelism between the fluctuations of their individual values. 6. In most of the cases the bones of the external nose are symmetrical, and hence its asymmetry is attributed to the soft parts as cartilage and skin.", "PMID": 689343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8373", "title": "[Quantitative-morphometric and functional-anatomical studies on the locomotor apparatus of athletes. IV. Discussion, resume and literature].", "content": "The locomotor system of 155 athletes from 3 athletic disciplines was examined, and the data of 20 anthropometrical measurements and the results for the corresponding disciplines were recorded subjected to a multivariate morphometrical analysis with the following aim: 1. To evaluate the morphological and functional-anatomical criteria of the locomotor system which quantified the variation differences in the body composition of the athletic groups, and which indicated a quantifiable functional-anatomical relationship between the variation in the body composition and the result in the corresponding disciplines. 2. To show the bivariate relationship between the morphological parameter and the results in the corresponding disciplines, and furthermore to evaluate the amount of result-increasing or result-decreasing components in a morphological variable. 3. To analyse the morphological variation of the 20 body composition variables and the corresponding results in the disciplines by means of factor analysis. This is achieved by the use of multivariate methods to analyse the variation in the athlete's body composition and the result-influencing-components. The following results were obtained: 1. There are partly pronounced morphological differences between the 3 athletic groups, quantified by discriminant functions. The differences in the locomotor system were reduced to 2 independent axes of variation, with one axis being identified as the general size variation between the 3 groups, and the other as the difference in the variation of the degree of strength of the musculature of the trunk and the limbs by considering the length and breadth measurements. For both canonical axes, the shotputters have above-average high canonical numbers compared to the other 2 groups. The sprinters and long jumpers show conformity in the general size variation of the locomotor system, but they differ in the second axis. Whilst in both groups the lower limbs are similarly constituted in form, shape and size, the canonical values of the trunk and the upper limbs of the sprinters are higher. In this respect, they tend more towards the shot-putter group. The morphological differences obtained for the athlete's locomotor system are functional-anatomically related to the corresponding athletic disciplines. 2. In almost every case, the regression functions for the shot-putters show an approximately linear relationship between the morphological variables and the result of the shot-putt. The quadratic and cubic regression functions only deviate slightly from the linearity, i.e. the result will be altered depending on the height and size of the body composition (within the possible range of biological variation). On the other hand, the sprinting result, either increased or decreased, is determined by a limited morphological variation of the parameter of the locomotor system...", "contents": "[Quantitative-morphometric and functional-anatomical studies on the locomotor apparatus of athletes. IV. Discussion, resume and literature]. The locomotor system of 155 athletes from 3 athletic disciplines was examined, and the data of 20 anthropometrical measurements and the results for the corresponding disciplines were recorded subjected to a multivariate morphometrical analysis with the following aim: 1. To evaluate the morphological and functional-anatomical criteria of the locomotor system which quantified the variation differences in the body composition of the athletic groups, and which indicated a quantifiable functional-anatomical relationship between the variation in the body composition and the result in the corresponding disciplines. 2. To show the bivariate relationship between the morphological parameter and the results in the corresponding disciplines, and furthermore to evaluate the amount of result-increasing or result-decreasing components in a morphological variable. 3. To analyse the morphological variation of the 20 body composition variables and the corresponding results in the disciplines by means of factor analysis. This is achieved by the use of multivariate methods to analyse the variation in the athlete's body composition and the result-influencing-components. The following results were obtained: 1. There are partly pronounced morphological differences between the 3 athletic groups, quantified by discriminant functions. The differences in the locomotor system were reduced to 2 independent axes of variation, with one axis being identified as the general size variation between the 3 groups, and the other as the difference in the variation of the degree of strength of the musculature of the trunk and the limbs by considering the length and breadth measurements. For both canonical axes, the shotputters have above-average high canonical numbers compared to the other 2 groups. The sprinters and long jumpers show conformity in the general size variation of the locomotor system, but they differ in the second axis. Whilst in both groups the lower limbs are similarly constituted in form, shape and size, the canonical values of the trunk and the upper limbs of the sprinters are higher. In this respect, they tend more towards the shot-putter group. The morphological differences obtained for the athlete's locomotor system are functional-anatomically related to the corresponding athletic disciplines. 2. In almost every case, the regression functions for the shot-putters show an approximately linear relationship between the morphological variables and the result of the shot-putt. The quadratic and cubic regression functions only deviate slightly from the linearity, i.e. the result will be altered depending on the height and size of the body composition (within the possible range of biological variation). On the other hand, the sprinting result, either increased or decreased, is determined by a limited morphological variation of the parameter of the locomotor system...", "PMID": 689344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8374", "title": "[The central branches of the anterior and median cerebral artery].", "content": "1. In our examined subjects, the A. recurrens anterior was found to be more frequently doubled than as has been reported. 2. The number of central rami arising from the A. cerebri media varies between 3 and 13. 10% of these already divide extracerebrally so that the number of small asts actually present lies between 4 and 20. The count presented by Lazorthes appears to be based on the former method and by Jain on the latter. The ramifications arise from the main artery as well as from its insular branches. Arterial trunks are likewise often present that give off a large portion of the asts. When operating aneurysms of the A. cerebri media, these facts are of importance to the neurosurgeon who must sprare these vessels whenever possible. Should more of these branches or one of these arterial trunks be bound with a clip, serious neurological deficits will occur.", "contents": "[The central branches of the anterior and median cerebral artery]. 1. In our examined subjects, the A. recurrens anterior was found to be more frequently doubled than as has been reported. 2. The number of central rami arising from the A. cerebri media varies between 3 and 13. 10% of these already divide extracerebrally so that the number of small asts actually present lies between 4 and 20. The count presented by Lazorthes appears to be based on the former method and by Jain on the latter. The ramifications arise from the main artery as well as from its insular branches. Arterial trunks are likewise often present that give off a large portion of the asts. When operating aneurysms of the A. cerebri media, these facts are of importance to the neurosurgeon who must sprare these vessels whenever possible. Should more of these branches or one of these arterial trunks be bound with a clip, serious neurological deficits will occur.", "PMID": 689346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8375", "title": "[The facial muscles of insectivora. I. Erinaceus europaeus and Talpa europaea].", "content": "This investigation includes the area of n. facialis in Erinaceus europaeus and Talpa europaea. It is indicated that the topography of muscles diverges considerably from the equally conditions in Rodentia, Carnivora, and Ungulata. The dorsal length musculature thus is an almost undivided mass of muscles in the 2 investigated species as also the laterally and ventrally situated musculature at certain points diverges from the conditions within other above mentioned animal groups.", "contents": "[The facial muscles of insectivora. I. Erinaceus europaeus and Talpa europaea]. This investigation includes the area of n. facialis in Erinaceus europaeus and Talpa europaea. It is indicated that the topography of muscles diverges considerably from the equally conditions in Rodentia, Carnivora, and Ungulata. The dorsal length musculature thus is an almost undivided mass of muscles in the 2 investigated species as also the laterally and ventrally situated musculature at certain points diverges from the conditions within other above mentioned animal groups.", "PMID": 689348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8376", "title": "[Quantitative morphological studies on the variability of the epithelial height of the human Fallopian tube mucosa].", "content": "Analysing statistically the parameters of the own morphometric observations, quantitative-morphologic investigations of tube epithelium of 47 women, distributed in various age groups, indicate following results: In the oviducts of younger fertile women a cyclic changes of the height of the epithelium is characteristical of the structure of the human oviduct. Cyclic changes of the epithelial height exist also in the uterine tube of aging women of premenopausal age, while the follicle growth and the development of corpus luteum take place in the ovarium. In the oviducts of aging women the height of the epithelium is average greater than the one of organs of younger individuals. In the oviduct a flattened epithelium results by ovarian atrophy, postmenopausally.", "contents": "[Quantitative morphological studies on the variability of the epithelial height of the human Fallopian tube mucosa]. Analysing statistically the parameters of the own morphometric observations, quantitative-morphologic investigations of tube epithelium of 47 women, distributed in various age groups, indicate following results: In the oviducts of younger fertile women a cyclic changes of the height of the epithelium is characteristical of the structure of the human oviduct. Cyclic changes of the epithelial height exist also in the uterine tube of aging women of premenopausal age, while the follicle growth and the development of corpus luteum take place in the ovarium. In the oviducts of aging women the height of the epithelium is average greater than the one of organs of younger individuals. In the oviduct a flattened epithelium results by ovarian atrophy, postmenopausally.", "PMID": 689349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8377", "title": "The comparative feeding mechanism of gadidae and macrouridae. I. Functional morphology of the feeding apparatus.", "content": "The comparative feeding apparatus of Gadidae and Macrouridae has been studied from a functional point of view. Some important modifications in macrourid species in comparison with the gadid ones were found: rostral end of the cranium, rostral ligaments and disposition of the jaw muscles. Anyways, all the modifications seem secondary, motivated by the habitat. That is true in the case of the beak, in relation with the swimming system which had been already observed by Marshall and Bourne (1964). The question of the rostral ligaments modification would be related with the protraction of the upper jaw, but a further analysis is required. Also discussed are two schemes of possible changes in the jaw musculature.", "contents": "The comparative feeding mechanism of gadidae and macrouridae. I. Functional morphology of the feeding apparatus. The comparative feeding apparatus of Gadidae and Macrouridae has been studied from a functional point of view. Some important modifications in macrourid species in comparison with the gadid ones were found: rostral end of the cranium, rostral ligaments and disposition of the jaw muscles. Anyways, all the modifications seem secondary, motivated by the habitat. That is true in the case of the beak, in relation with the swimming system which had been already observed by Marshall and Bourne (1964). The question of the rostral ligaments modification would be related with the protraction of the upper jaw, but a further analysis is required. Also discussed are two schemes of possible changes in the jaw musculature.", "PMID": 689350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8378", "title": "Development of myodomes and the position of eye muscles in Rasbora daniconius (ham. buch).", "content": "1. In Rasbora the anterior myodome for the oblique eye muscles is absent. 2. The attachment of M. obliquus inferior and superior closely follow the teleostean pattern. 3. The posterior myodome is well developed and both the anterior and posterior recti muscles arise from it.", "contents": "Development of myodomes and the position of eye muscles in Rasbora daniconius (ham. buch). 1. In Rasbora the anterior myodome for the oblique eye muscles is absent. 2. The attachment of M. obliquus inferior and superior closely follow the teleostean pattern. 3. The posterior myodome is well developed and both the anterior and posterior recti muscles arise from it.", "PMID": 689351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8379", "title": "[Definition of the organell concept].", "content": "Since the essential cytological functions are endergonic processes, the organelle cannot be defind without considering the necessary energy transfer. Therefore, a sensible definition may read: The Organelle is a cytoplasmatic structure capable of funtional energy consumption (Frey-Wyssling 1977).", "contents": "[Definition of the organell concept]. Since the essential cytological functions are endergonic processes, the organelle cannot be defind without considering the necessary energy transfer. Therefore, a sensible definition may read: The Organelle is a cytoplasmatic structure capable of funtional energy consumption (Frey-Wyssling 1977).", "PMID": 689352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8380", "title": "Maternal affect-allowance and limit-setting appropriateness as predictors of child adjustment.", "content": "This study sought to determine whether social competence in children is related to maternal ability to (a) respond differentially to child compliance and noncompliance; and (b) be tolerant of child affect. The study sought to validate aspects of the \"reflective\" view of personality socialization. One hundred and ninety-five 4-year-olds were rated on the Kohn social competence scale. Mothers were asked to role-play typical responses to childrearing vignettes. The vignettes portrayed child compliance or noncompliance and child affect or no affect. Maternal responses were scored on control level and affect acceptance. The results generally supported the hypotheses. Mothers of high socially competent children were more likely to gear their limit-setting efforts to the fact of noncompliance, regardless of whether affect was expressed. Furthermore, they were more likely to make comments supporting the expression of affect. The results, in addition to supporting a reflective approach to discipline, suggest the need for socialization researchers to adopt a more differentiated approach to the measurement of parental \"control\" than has been the case in previous investigations.", "contents": "Maternal affect-allowance and limit-setting appropriateness as predictors of child adjustment. This study sought to determine whether social competence in children is related to maternal ability to (a) respond differentially to child compliance and noncompliance; and (b) be tolerant of child affect. The study sought to validate aspects of the \"reflective\" view of personality socialization. One hundred and ninety-five 4-year-olds were rated on the Kohn social competence scale. Mothers were asked to role-play typical responses to childrearing vignettes. The vignettes portrayed child compliance or noncompliance and child affect or no affect. Maternal responses were scored on control level and affect acceptance. The results generally supported the hypotheses. Mothers of high socially competent children were more likely to gear their limit-setting efforts to the fact of noncompliance, regardless of whether affect was expressed. Furthermore, they were more likely to make comments supporting the expression of affect. The results, in addition to supporting a reflective approach to discipline, suggest the need for socialization researchers to adopt a more differentiated approach to the measurement of parental \"control\" than has been the case in previous investigations.", "PMID": 689365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8381", "title": "Induced resistance to 6-methylpurine and cycloheximide in tetrahymena. I. Germ line mutants of T. thermophila.", "content": "Two new mutant lines of Tetrahymena thermophila (T. pyriformis, syngen 1), each conferring resistance to a different agent, are described. Resistance to cycloheximide and 6-methylpurine are each determined by dominant genes, ChxA2 and Mpr; the traits show phenotypic assortment. The method used to select these mutations, the critical importance of backcrossing to wild type following mutagenesis, and the utility of these marker genes in further mutagenic selection schemes and studies of the sexual cycle of Tetrahymena are noted.", "contents": "Induced resistance to 6-methylpurine and cycloheximide in tetrahymena. I. Germ line mutants of T. thermophila. Two new mutant lines of Tetrahymena thermophila (T. pyriformis, syngen 1), each conferring resistance to a different agent, are described. Resistance to cycloheximide and 6-methylpurine are each determined by dominant genes, ChxA2 and Mpr; the traits show phenotypic assortment. The method used to select these mutations, the critical importance of backcrossing to wild type following mutagenesis, and the utility of these marker genes in further mutagenic selection schemes and studies of the sexual cycle of Tetrahymena are noted.", "PMID": 689366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8382", "title": "Induced resistance to 6-methylpurine and cycloheximide in Tetrahymena. II. Variation within vegetative cultures of micronucleate T. thermophila and amicronucleate T. pyriformis.", "content": "Resistance to 6-methylpurine and cycloheximide has been induced in both the micronucleate species Tetrahymena thermophila and the amicronucleate species T. pyriformis. Resistance follows only after mutagen treatment and vegetative growth. The frequencies with which resistant variants are induced and the independence of mutagenesis and selection are demonstrated. All evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that macronuclear subunits are assorting in both species during vegetative growth to produce new phenotypes among subclones.", "contents": "Induced resistance to 6-methylpurine and cycloheximide in Tetrahymena. II. Variation within vegetative cultures of micronucleate T. thermophila and amicronucleate T. pyriformis. Resistance to 6-methylpurine and cycloheximide has been induced in both the micronucleate species Tetrahymena thermophila and the amicronucleate species T. pyriformis. Resistance follows only after mutagen treatment and vegetative growth. The frequencies with which resistant variants are induced and the independence of mutagenesis and selection are demonstrated. All evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that macronuclear subunits are assorting in both species during vegetative growth to produce new phenotypes among subclones.", "PMID": 689367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8383", "title": "[Possible role of protein damage in the development of UV-induced isochromatid breaks].", "content": "The rate of structural chromosome mutations at the second K-mitosis was studied in the primary culture of embryonic fibroblasts from BALB mice, after treating these cells with UV-rays at various wavelength during G2-phase. The action spectrum of UV-rays for chromatid aberrations, determined at 254, 265, 280 and 302 nm, was found to be closely similar to the absorption spectra of thymidine and to the spectrum of the formation of DNA crosslinks. The action spectrum for isochromatid breaks, determined at the same wavelength, was similar to the spectra of protein absorption. Caffeine (1.37 mM) increases the rate of UV-induced chromatid breaks, when the cells were treated at the S-period of the second mitotic cycle after irradiation and had no effect on other aberration types. It is suggested that various primary damages are responsible for chromatid aberrations and isochromatid breaks. Transversal DNA-DNA crosslinks, formed as a result of thymine dimerization, underlie chromatid aberrations. Chromophor of protein nature is of importance in the origin of isochromatid breaks.", "contents": "[Possible role of protein damage in the development of UV-induced isochromatid breaks]. The rate of structural chromosome mutations at the second K-mitosis was studied in the primary culture of embryonic fibroblasts from BALB mice, after treating these cells with UV-rays at various wavelength during G2-phase. The action spectrum of UV-rays for chromatid aberrations, determined at 254, 265, 280 and 302 nm, was found to be closely similar to the absorption spectra of thymidine and to the spectrum of the formation of DNA crosslinks. The action spectrum for isochromatid breaks, determined at the same wavelength, was similar to the spectra of protein absorption. Caffeine (1.37 mM) increases the rate of UV-induced chromatid breaks, when the cells were treated at the S-period of the second mitotic cycle after irradiation and had no effect on other aberration types. It is suggested that various primary damages are responsible for chromatid aberrations and isochromatid breaks. Transversal DNA-DNA crosslinks, formed as a result of thymine dimerization, underlie chromatid aberrations. Chromophor of protein nature is of importance in the origin of isochromatid breaks.", "PMID": 689368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8384", "title": "[Effect of genotype on the angiotensin-forming system of plasma and the hypothalamus].", "content": "It is shown that hypothalamic renin-like enzyme of mice (lines C57B1/6 and BALB/c) consists of two forms differing from one another in their molecular weight. The allele AY determines the absence of the heavy form of renin-like hypothalamic enzyme (RLHE) and a relatively low level of activity of the blood plasma renin in intact animals. The heavy form of RLHE disappears in mice in case of a considerable dehydration.", "contents": "[Effect of genotype on the angiotensin-forming system of plasma and the hypothalamus]. It is shown that hypothalamic renin-like enzyme of mice (lines C57B1/6 and BALB/c) consists of two forms differing from one another in their molecular weight. The allele AY determines the absence of the heavy form of renin-like hypothalamic enzyme (RLHE) and a relatively low level of activity of the blood plasma renin in intact animals. The heavy form of RLHE disappears in mice in case of a considerable dehydration.", "PMID": 689369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8385", "title": "[Temperature-sensitive mutations as a possible cause of human embryo fatalities].", "content": "Mutations to temperature sensitivity (ts') are suggested to be a casue of the embryo death. In the course of investigation of 102 cases of spontaneous abortions (sporadic and habitual) in 5 cases it was found, that cells propagate badly at 37 degrees C and die at 40 degrees C. Such cell strains could be successfully maintained only at 32 degrees C. Thus the possibility of direct identification of human embryolethals is proved. A hypothesis is advanced that ts' mutations can be a cause not only of spontaneous abortions, but of congenital malformations as well.", "contents": "[Temperature-sensitive mutations as a possible cause of human embryo fatalities]. Mutations to temperature sensitivity (ts') are suggested to be a casue of the embryo death. In the course of investigation of 102 cases of spontaneous abortions (sporadic and habitual) in 5 cases it was found, that cells propagate badly at 37 degrees C and die at 40 degrees C. Such cell strains could be successfully maintained only at 32 degrees C. Thus the possibility of direct identification of human embryolethals is proved. A hypothesis is advanced that ts' mutations can be a cause not only of spontaneous abortions, but of congenital malformations as well.", "PMID": 689371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8386", "title": "Lysosomal N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase activities from arterial wall. Variations with aging.", "content": "Properties of two hydrolases: beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase were studied in lysosomal fractions of media-intima from arterial wall. These enzymatic activities change significantly with aging. In the arterial wall, the decrease in activities of beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase between young and old rats was highly significant while there no notable change in the activities of acid phosphatase. These data are in agreement with the metabolic slow-down and the modifications of the glycosaminoglycan distribution in the media-intima of arterial wall with aging.", "contents": "Lysosomal N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase activities from arterial wall. Variations with aging. Properties of two hydrolases: beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase were studied in lysosomal fractions of media-intima from arterial wall. These enzymatic activities change significantly with aging. In the arterial wall, the decrease in activities of beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase between young and old rats was highly significant while there no notable change in the activities of acid phosphatase. These data are in agreement with the metabolic slow-down and the modifications of the glycosaminoglycan distribution in the media-intima of arterial wall with aging.", "PMID": 689375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8387", "title": "Test of some aging hypotheses using two-dimensional protein mapping.", "content": "We have compared the proteins from superior cervical sympathetic ganglia (SCSG) in young and old male Fischer rats. We have searched for the kinds of changes in protein size or charge which are predicted by such cellular aging theories as the error catastrophe theory, the somatic mutation theory, the cross-linkage theory, translational aging, the deamidation theory, and the autoimmune theory. SCSG from young (2 months to 1 year) and old (21-24 months) rats were labeled in vitro for 1 h with 14C-leucine prior to protein extraction for analysis. Protein analysis was on high-resolution, two dimensional polyacrylamide gels using O'Farrell's technique, with some modifications. Proteins were separated according to isoelectric point in one dimension and molecular weight in the second dimension. The changes predicted by the above aging theories were detected neither in the staining pattern, showing protein amounts, nor in the labeling pattern on autoradiographs of dried gels, showing newly synthesized proteins. The results suggest the possibility that, at least for rat, some other mechanisms for aging are present.", "contents": "Test of some aging hypotheses using two-dimensional protein mapping. We have compared the proteins from superior cervical sympathetic ganglia (SCSG) in young and old male Fischer rats. We have searched for the kinds of changes in protein size or charge which are predicted by such cellular aging theories as the error catastrophe theory, the somatic mutation theory, the cross-linkage theory, translational aging, the deamidation theory, and the autoimmune theory. SCSG from young (2 months to 1 year) and old (21-24 months) rats were labeled in vitro for 1 h with 14C-leucine prior to protein extraction for analysis. Protein analysis was on high-resolution, two dimensional polyacrylamide gels using O'Farrell's technique, with some modifications. Proteins were separated according to isoelectric point in one dimension and molecular weight in the second dimension. The changes predicted by the above aging theories were detected neither in the staining pattern, showing protein amounts, nor in the labeling pattern on autoradiographs of dried gels, showing newly synthesized proteins. The results suggest the possibility that, at least for rat, some other mechanisms for aging are present.", "PMID": 689377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8388", "title": "Hypothalamic neuron number of old female rats.", "content": "Neuron density, volume of the area and total neuron number were measured in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), supraoptic nucleus (SO), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), ventromedial nucleus (VMN), dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) and arcuate nucleus (ARN) of the hypothalamus in young adult female rats (3.5-5 months old) and in old female rats (over 24 months old). As age advances there is a tendency to increase in the volume of hypothalamic area and consequently decrease in the neuron density. However, loss of neuron due to aging occurs only in MPOA, AHA and ARN. The decrease in neuron number due to aging in these three areas ranged from 23 to 50%. No neuron loss due to aging was observed in SO, PVN, VMN and DMN. The physiological significance of neuron loss in MPOA, AHA and ARN is discussed.", "contents": "Hypothalamic neuron number of old female rats. Neuron density, volume of the area and total neuron number were measured in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), supraoptic nucleus (SO), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), ventromedial nucleus (VMN), dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) and arcuate nucleus (ARN) of the hypothalamus in young adult female rats (3.5-5 months old) and in old female rats (over 24 months old). As age advances there is a tendency to increase in the volume of hypothalamic area and consequently decrease in the neuron density. However, loss of neuron due to aging occurs only in MPOA, AHA and ARN. The decrease in neuron number due to aging in these three areas ranged from 23 to 50%. No neuron loss due to aging was observed in SO, PVN, VMN and DMN. The physiological significance of neuron loss in MPOA, AHA and ARN is discussed.", "PMID": 689378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8389", "title": "Bidder's hypothesis revisited. Solution to some key problems associated with general molecular theory of ageing.", "content": "In this paper I consider three major difficulties associated with the general molecular theory of ageing, namely: (1) How can molecular damage accumulate in the face of the constellation of repair mechanisms that is found in cells? (2) How can the obvious programmatic nature of ageing be reconciled with underlying stochastic processes? (3) How do some organisms avoid ageing? As a solution to points 1 and 2, I propose that the repair mechanisms themselves deteriorate in a programmed fashion with age. However, I argue that this programming is unlikely to be a result of direct selection for life-shortening but, rather, is more likely to be a result of an indirect selection for other characters. This idea is very similar to the theory of senescence first formulated by Bidder. The solution to point 3 is that the repair mechanisms in systems which avoid ageing, in particular cellular and molecular turnover, are not impaired with age. The rejuvenating capacities of sexual and asexual reproduction are also discussed.", "contents": "Bidder's hypothesis revisited. Solution to some key problems associated with general molecular theory of ageing. In this paper I consider three major difficulties associated with the general molecular theory of ageing, namely: (1) How can molecular damage accumulate in the face of the constellation of repair mechanisms that is found in cells? (2) How can the obvious programmatic nature of ageing be reconciled with underlying stochastic processes? (3) How do some organisms avoid ageing? As a solution to points 1 and 2, I propose that the repair mechanisms themselves deteriorate in a programmed fashion with age. However, I argue that this programming is unlikely to be a result of direct selection for life-shortening but, rather, is more likely to be a result of an indirect selection for other characters. This idea is very similar to the theory of senescence first formulated by Bidder. The solution to point 3 is that the repair mechanisms in systems which avoid ageing, in particular cellular and molecular turnover, are not impaired with age. The rejuvenating capacities of sexual and asexual reproduction are also discussed.", "PMID": 689379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8390", "title": "Some unusual features of Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "The usual features of Paget's disease of bone, e.g. large head, deafness due to involvement of the 8th cranial nerve and bowing of the legs are all well described in text books of medicine. However, some features such as platybasia with neurological deficit, involvement of the 2nd, 5th and 7th cranial nerves, hydrocephalus, dementia, dysphasia, corrugation of the skull, bone pain (with or without associated osteo-arthrosis of hips and knees), heart failure, triradiate deformity of the pelvis have either had an inadequate or no description in books. These features are unusual, but it is important to recognise them, as the advances made since the introduction of the very promising new drugs in recent years have not only provided increasing insight into the disease, but also have improved management of patients with Paget's disease of bone.", "contents": "Some unusual features of Paget's disease of bone. The usual features of Paget's disease of bone, e.g. large head, deafness due to involvement of the 8th cranial nerve and bowing of the legs are all well described in text books of medicine. However, some features such as platybasia with neurological deficit, involvement of the 2nd, 5th and 7th cranial nerves, hydrocephalus, dementia, dysphasia, corrugation of the skull, bone pain (with or without associated osteo-arthrosis of hips and knees), heart failure, triradiate deformity of the pelvis have either had an inadequate or no description in books. These features are unusual, but it is important to recognise them, as the advances made since the introduction of the very promising new drugs in recent years have not only provided increasing insight into the disease, but also have improved management of patients with Paget's disease of bone.", "PMID": 689380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8391", "title": "Adrenal function and ascorbic acid concentrations in elderly women.", "content": "Tetracosactrin (Synacthen) tests were performed on 19 elderly women who had leucocyte ascorbic acid (LAA) levels of less than 15 microgram/108 WBC. 9 were then given a daily dose of 200 mg ascorbic acid orally for 2 weeks while the other 10 were left untreated. Following this, tetracosactrin tests were repeated in both groups. All initial plasm cortisol responses to tetracosactrin were within normal limits. Treatment with ascorbic acid produced no changes in these. This suggests that the low LAA levels often found in old people do not result in adrenal insufficiency.", "contents": "Adrenal function and ascorbic acid concentrations in elderly women. Tetracosactrin (Synacthen) tests were performed on 19 elderly women who had leucocyte ascorbic acid (LAA) levels of less than 15 microgram/108 WBC. 9 were then given a daily dose of 200 mg ascorbic acid orally for 2 weeks while the other 10 were left untreated. Following this, tetracosactrin tests were repeated in both groups. All initial plasm cortisol responses to tetracosactrin were within normal limits. Treatment with ascorbic acid produced no changes in these. This suggests that the low LAA levels often found in old people do not result in adrenal insufficiency.", "PMID": 689381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8392", "title": "Acquired antithrombin III deficiency in patients with glomerular proteinuria.", "content": "Antithrombin III (AT II/III) was determined immunologically and by means of a heparin cofactor assay in plasma samples and 24-hour urine of 15 patients with various degrees of proteinuria, being predominantly of glomerular origin. In urine the AT II/III concentrations were significantly correlated to the concentrations of albumin, plasminogen and IgG. One third of the patients had AT II/III plasma levels below the normal range. The plasma levels showed a significant inverse correlation to the AT II/III and albumin clearance rates. Similarily, the plasminogen concentrations in plasma were decreased in two thirds of the patients, being inversely correlated to the renal plasminogen clearance values. It is proposed that AT II/III deficiency in the nephrotic syndrome is an important pathogenetic factor in venous thrombosis.", "contents": "Acquired antithrombin III deficiency in patients with glomerular proteinuria. Antithrombin III (AT II/III) was determined immunologically and by means of a heparin cofactor assay in plasma samples and 24-hour urine of 15 patients with various degrees of proteinuria, being predominantly of glomerular origin. In urine the AT II/III concentrations were significantly correlated to the concentrations of albumin, plasminogen and IgG. One third of the patients had AT II/III plasma levels below the normal range. The plasma levels showed a significant inverse correlation to the AT II/III and albumin clearance rates. Similarily, the plasminogen concentrations in plasma were decreased in two thirds of the patients, being inversely correlated to the renal plasminogen clearance values. It is proposed that AT II/III deficiency in the nephrotic syndrome is an important pathogenetic factor in venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 689489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8393", "title": "Soluble plasma fibrin and platelet prostaglandin endoperoxides following myocardial infarction.", "content": "Following myocardial infarction, soluble fibrin in plasma is often elevated as a sign of an activated plasmatic coagulation system. Soluble fibrin in plasma is most pronounced in shock patients under catecholamine administration. With the improvement of the clinical situation the fibrin concentration declines to normal. Following incubation with N-ethylmaleimide an increased production of prostaglandin endoperoxides is observed in the platelets of patients after myocardial infarction compared to normal platelets. Plasma of patients exhibits an endoperoxide-producing effect on normal platelets. The stimulating effect of patient plasma diminishes together with the fall of soluble plasma fibrin. These phenomena may be considered as signs of a relation between the plasmatic and thrombocytic coagulation system.", "contents": "Soluble plasma fibrin and platelet prostaglandin endoperoxides following myocardial infarction. Following myocardial infarction, soluble fibrin in plasma is often elevated as a sign of an activated plasmatic coagulation system. Soluble fibrin in plasma is most pronounced in shock patients under catecholamine administration. With the improvement of the clinical situation the fibrin concentration declines to normal. Following incubation with N-ethylmaleimide an increased production of prostaglandin endoperoxides is observed in the platelets of patients after myocardial infarction compared to normal platelets. Plasma of patients exhibits an endoperoxide-producing effect on normal platelets. The stimulating effect of patient plasma diminishes together with the fall of soluble plasma fibrin. These phenomena may be considered as signs of a relation between the plasmatic and thrombocytic coagulation system.", "PMID": 689490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8394", "title": "Comparison of antithrombotic activity of heparin, ASA, sulfinpyrazone and VK 744 in a rat model of arterial thrombosis.", "content": "Rat carotid arteries were injured electrically (350 V, 2 mA DC for 5 min) before and after the intravenous administration of heparin (1,000 U/kg), VK 744 (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) ASA (100, 200 mg/kg) and sulfinpyrazone (50, 100, 150, 200 mg/kg). Thrombus growth was quantified by recording arterial temperature change distal to the injury. Heparin completely blocked thrombus formation in most experiments. All other agents exhibited antithrombotic activity with sulfinpyrazone being most potent. None was as effective as heparin. This model may be a useful tool for screening antithrombotic drugs.", "contents": "Comparison of antithrombotic activity of heparin, ASA, sulfinpyrazone and VK 744 in a rat model of arterial thrombosis. Rat carotid arteries were injured electrically (350 V, 2 mA DC for 5 min) before and after the intravenous administration of heparin (1,000 U/kg), VK 744 (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) ASA (100, 200 mg/kg) and sulfinpyrazone (50, 100, 150, 200 mg/kg). Thrombus growth was quantified by recording arterial temperature change distal to the injury. Heparin completely blocked thrombus formation in most experiments. All other agents exhibited antithrombotic activity with sulfinpyrazone being most potent. None was as effective as heparin. This model may be a useful tool for screening antithrombotic drugs.", "PMID": 689491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8395", "title": "Acetylsalicylic acid and the cardiovascular effects of ADP in the rat.", "content": "Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) did not prevent the arrhythmias induced in rats by a bolus intravenous injection of ADP, an effect independent of platelets. ASA was also unable to protect the rats from the platelet-mediated cardiovascular effects and myocardial ischaemia induced by a prolonged ADP infusion. It is suggested that the release of vasoactive substances inhibited by ASA does not play a major role in the cardiovascular effects of ADP in rats.", "contents": "Acetylsalicylic acid and the cardiovascular effects of ADP in the rat. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) did not prevent the arrhythmias induced in rats by a bolus intravenous injection of ADP, an effect independent of platelets. ASA was also unable to protect the rats from the platelet-mediated cardiovascular effects and myocardial ischaemia induced by a prolonged ADP infusion. It is suggested that the release of vasoactive substances inhibited by ASA does not play a major role in the cardiovascular effects of ADP in rats.", "PMID": 689492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8396", "title": "Rigidity of red cells in essential hypertension.", "content": "Both viscosity of blood and the rigidity of red cells are of consequence in the mechanism of hypertension. While the details of this mechanism are still elusive, the evidence presented might open the way for a wider inquiry into the role of blood rheology in hypertension.", "contents": "Rigidity of red cells in essential hypertension. Both viscosity of blood and the rigidity of red cells are of consequence in the mechanism of hypertension. While the details of this mechanism are still elusive, the evidence presented might open the way for a wider inquiry into the role of blood rheology in hypertension.", "PMID": 689493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8397", "title": "[Solitary cyst of the distal radius].", "content": "One case of an aneurysmal bone cyst in the distal end of the radius of a 10 year old boy is described. These bone cysts probably develop from local hemodynamic disturbance and should be treated by evacuation and cancellous bone packing. Their propensity for recurrence is confirmed in the literature.", "contents": "[Solitary cyst of the distal radius]. One case of an aneurysmal bone cyst in the distal end of the radius of a 10 year old boy is described. These bone cysts probably develop from local hemodynamic disturbance and should be treated by evacuation and cancellous bone packing. Their propensity for recurrence is confirmed in the literature.", "PMID": 689494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8398", "title": "[Gout - a surgical problem].", "content": "The incidence of gout has increased in recent years. For effective treatment an interdisciplinary approach is necessary. Medical therapy can be effectively supported by surgical removal of the tophi. This way normalisation of the uric-acid-pool can be achieved more quickly without additional harmful effects on the kidneys. Especially in the area of the hand surgical extirpation of the tophi can be gratifying, though it may be a difficult task. Severe restrictions in function of the hand can be corrected. This is demonstrated by the case of a 56 year old patient.", "contents": "[Gout - a surgical problem]. The incidence of gout has increased in recent years. For effective treatment an interdisciplinary approach is necessary. Medical therapy can be effectively supported by surgical removal of the tophi. This way normalisation of the uric-acid-pool can be achieved more quickly without additional harmful effects on the kidneys. Especially in the area of the hand surgical extirpation of the tophi can be gratifying, though it may be a difficult task. Severe restrictions in function of the hand can be corrected. This is demonstrated by the case of a 56 year old patient.", "PMID": 689495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8399", "title": "Arterial patterns in the hand and pollicisation.", "content": "The arterial pattern of the human hand shows remarkable variations in so called normal individuals. In patients with congenital deformities of the hand there are also be variations based on embryonic disturbances. Therefore, the total pattern is complex. Successful transfer of fingers depends on an adequate blood supply. In some individuals there are variations in the patterns of blood supply which make a finger transfer more risky. Modern angiography makes the study of the arterial patterns of the hand possible. The authors state that angiography is essential in the pre-operative examination of a candidate for finger transfer. Three case histories illustrate this statement.", "contents": "Arterial patterns in the hand and pollicisation. The arterial pattern of the human hand shows remarkable variations in so called normal individuals. In patients with congenital deformities of the hand there are also be variations based on embryonic disturbances. Therefore, the total pattern is complex. Successful transfer of fingers depends on an adequate blood supply. In some individuals there are variations in the patterns of blood supply which make a finger transfer more risky. Modern angiography makes the study of the arterial patterns of the hand possible. The authors state that angiography is essential in the pre-operative examination of a candidate for finger transfer. Three case histories illustrate this statement.", "PMID": 689497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8400", "title": "[Perilunar, transscaphoid, transcapital, transstyloid fracture-dislocation of the wrist. Operative reconstruction].", "content": "Report of a new type of fracture dislocation of the wrist and the intercarpal joints, which has not been published until now. A perilunar dislocation was associated with fractures of the scaphoid and capitate bones as well as a fracture of the radialstyloid. Open reduction and internal fixation was followed by fracture healing and slight posttraumatic arthritis. Loss of function was minimal and working capacity not reduced.", "contents": "[Perilunar, transscaphoid, transcapital, transstyloid fracture-dislocation of the wrist. Operative reconstruction]. Report of a new type of fracture dislocation of the wrist and the intercarpal joints, which has not been published until now. A perilunar dislocation was associated with fractures of the scaphoid and capitate bones as well as a fracture of the radialstyloid. Open reduction and internal fixation was followed by fracture healing and slight posttraumatic arthritis. Loss of function was minimal and working capacity not reduced.", "PMID": 689499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8401", "title": "[Biomechanical aspects of arthrosis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb and its treatment with a special endoprosthesis].", "content": "The joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal is anatomically like a saddle. In function, however, it is used like a ball and socket joint with the following possible movements: 1. Flexion - extension, 2. abduction - adduction, 3. opposition and circumduction. The movements in the two first planes are completely congruent, whereas in the third an incongruent motion of the joint is created by the rotation of the metacarpal on the trapezium. In this situation there is joint contact at one point only, being - biomechanically - a prearthrotic deformity as described by HACKENBROCH. Accordingly, the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb in normal use is exposed to special stress which can end in degeneration. When in arthrosis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb conservative measures fail, we replace the deformed joint by prosthesis having the construction of a ball and socket joint. The prosthesis (designed by FRANCOBAL) has a metallic part with body, neck and a sphereshaped head, and a polyethylene socket, which can be coupled to the head by a snap mechanism. Both parts are inserted with polymethylmetacrylate cement into the prepared bone of the trapezium and the first metacarpal. The advantages of this method are: no pain, stability of grip, and motion similar to that of a ball and socket joint. Because this motion is physiological, loosening of the implants and their insertions are avoided. The first 8 patients treated with this method show satisfying functional results. The longer follow-up time is 6 years.", "contents": "[Biomechanical aspects of arthrosis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb and its treatment with a special endoprosthesis]. The joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal is anatomically like a saddle. In function, however, it is used like a ball and socket joint with the following possible movements: 1. Flexion - extension, 2. abduction - adduction, 3. opposition and circumduction. The movements in the two first planes are completely congruent, whereas in the third an incongruent motion of the joint is created by the rotation of the metacarpal on the trapezium. In this situation there is joint contact at one point only, being - biomechanically - a prearthrotic deformity as described by HACKENBROCH. Accordingly, the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb in normal use is exposed to special stress which can end in degeneration. When in arthrosis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb conservative measures fail, we replace the deformed joint by prosthesis having the construction of a ball and socket joint. The prosthesis (designed by FRANCOBAL) has a metallic part with body, neck and a sphereshaped head, and a polyethylene socket, which can be coupled to the head by a snap mechanism. Both parts are inserted with polymethylmetacrylate cement into the prepared bone of the trapezium and the first metacarpal. The advantages of this method are: no pain, stability of grip, and motion similar to that of a ball and socket joint. Because this motion is physiological, loosening of the implants and their insertions are avoided. The first 8 patients treated with this method show satisfying functional results. The longer follow-up time is 6 years.", "PMID": 689500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8402", "title": "[Treatment results in fractures and pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid bone].", "content": "In 258 patients with fractures and pseudarthroses of the carpal scaphoid the cause and type are given and the results of treatment are presented. It is verified that the majority of fresh fractures are united by plaster immobilisation. In fractures with delayed healing and in cases with non-union the best results are achieved by autologous bone grafting.", "contents": "[Treatment results in fractures and pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid bone]. In 258 patients with fractures and pseudarthroses of the carpal scaphoid the cause and type are given and the results of treatment are presented. It is verified that the majority of fresh fractures are united by plaster immobilisation. In fractures with delayed healing and in cases with non-union the best results are achieved by autologous bone grafting.", "PMID": 689506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8403", "title": "Group treatment of epileptics.", "content": "Contrary to popular belief, in most cases epilepsy need not be a major handicap to the individual. However, epileptic patients usually have a variety of psychosocial problems, largely because of the pressures and frustrations with which they are often confronted in society and at home. The authors describe an interdisciplinary approach to the health care of these patients in which group treatment was a primary component.", "contents": "Group treatment of epileptics. Contrary to popular belief, in most cases epilepsy need not be a major handicap to the individual. However, epileptic patients usually have a variety of psychosocial problems, largely because of the pressures and frustrations with which they are often confronted in society and at home. The authors describe an interdisciplinary approach to the health care of these patients in which group treatment was a primary component.", "PMID": 689543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8404", "title": "Reflections for Rosalynn: mental health policy and time lag.", "content": "By establishing the President's Commission on Mental Health early in his Administration and by ordering the final report to be presented by mid-1978, President Carter appears to have insured that this commission will have direct impact on mental health legislation. The authors point out how the work of previous commissions was delayed to the point of being negated by changes in the sociopolitical climate.", "contents": "Reflections for Rosalynn: mental health policy and time lag. By establishing the President's Commission on Mental Health early in his Administration and by ordering the final report to be presented by mid-1978, President Carter appears to have insured that this commission will have direct impact on mental health legislation. The authors point out how the work of previous commissions was delayed to the point of being negated by changes in the sociopolitical climate.", "PMID": 689544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8405", "title": "Medical problems of the alcoholic in nonmedical treatment.", "content": "The ambivalence about chronic alcohol abuse among health and related professionals can result in their failure to appreciate medical complications frequently associated with this disorder. Data from 81 male alcoholics are presented in this article to illustrate their increased risk of physical illness and premature death. The authors point to the need for more effective screening and monitoring procedures in alcoholism programs as well as improved training of professionals.", "contents": "Medical problems of the alcoholic in nonmedical treatment. The ambivalence about chronic alcohol abuse among health and related professionals can result in their failure to appreciate medical complications frequently associated with this disorder. Data from 81 male alcoholics are presented in this article to illustrate their increased risk of physical illness and premature death. The authors point to the need for more effective screening and monitoring procedures in alcoholism programs as well as improved training of professionals.", "PMID": 689545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8406", "title": "Managing the psychosocial factor in disaster programs.", "content": "In developing disaster plans, hospital administrators are not always aware that the psychosocial needs of victims and their families can be greater than their medical needs. The author outlines a program to deal with the psychosocial factor in disasters, emphasizing the role of the social work department.", "contents": "Managing the psychosocial factor in disaster programs. In developing disaster plans, hospital administrators are not always aware that the psychosocial needs of victims and their families can be greater than their medical needs. The author outlines a program to deal with the psychosocial factor in disasters, emphasizing the role of the social work department.", "PMID": 689546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8407", "title": "Visiting aides training program.", "content": "This article describes a hospital-sponsored service program in which mature members of the community are given a course of supervised field training in the home care of recently discharged patients. The program benefits the trainee, the patient, and the general taxpayer.", "contents": "Visiting aides training program. This article describes a hospital-sponsored service program in which mature members of the community are given a course of supervised field training in the home care of recently discharged patients. The program benefits the trainee, the patient, and the general taxpayer.", "PMID": 689547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8408", "title": "Innovative roles for social workers in home-care programs.", "content": "Home care has become recognized as an effective means of preventing or postponing costly institutionalization. In order to provide more comprehensive programs, home health agencies will require the services of professionally trained social workers. The author describes several roles for social workers trained in clinical services, administration, and planning.", "contents": "Innovative roles for social workers in home-care programs. Home care has become recognized as an effective means of preventing or postponing costly institutionalization. In order to provide more comprehensive programs, home health agencies will require the services of professionally trained social workers. The author describes several roles for social workers trained in clinical services, administration, and planning.", "PMID": 689555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8409", "title": "Attitudes toward elderly clients.", "content": "Many studies have found that social workers often have negative feelings about the elderly. The authors review research findings in this area, offer explanations for the negative feelings of professionals, and provide suggestions for insuring appropriate attitudes among those who work with elderly clients.", "contents": "Attitudes toward elderly clients. Many studies have found that social workers often have negative feelings about the elderly. The authors review research findings in this area, offer explanations for the negative feelings of professionals, and provide suggestions for insuring appropriate attitudes among those who work with elderly clients.", "PMID": 689556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8410", "title": "Latex reaction with toxoplasma antigen.", "content": "The technique of latex reaction with toxoplasma antigen is briefly described. The results of latex reaction are compared with those obtained by complement-fixation test, indirect fluorescence reaction and microprecipitation in gel.", "contents": "Latex reaction with toxoplasma antigen. The technique of latex reaction with toxoplasma antigen is briefly described. The results of latex reaction are compared with those obtained by complement-fixation test, indirect fluorescence reaction and microprecipitation in gel.", "PMID": 689557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8411", "title": "Redescription of the nematode Philometra obturans (Prenant, 1886) with a key to the philometrid nematodes parasitic in European freshwater fishes.", "content": "A redescription of the nematode Ph. obturans (Prenant, 1886), based on specimens from pike (Esox lucius L.) from the R. Elbe basin in Czechoslovakia, is presented. In addition to gravid, subgravid and mature females from the blood system also the male and mature female, found for the first time in the host's eye, are described. The paper is supplemented by a key for the identification of the philometrid nematodes parasitizing freshwater fishes of Europe.", "contents": "Redescription of the nematode Philometra obturans (Prenant, 1886) with a key to the philometrid nematodes parasitic in European freshwater fishes. A redescription of the nematode Ph. obturans (Prenant, 1886), based on specimens from pike (Esox lucius L.) from the R. Elbe basin in Czechoslovakia, is presented. In addition to gravid, subgravid and mature females from the blood system also the male and mature female, found for the first time in the host's eye, are described. The paper is supplemented by a key for the identification of the philometrid nematodes parasitizing freshwater fishes of Europe.", "PMID": 689558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8412", "title": "On some theoretical and practical aspects of population variability in helminths.", "content": "Possibilities of studies of some microevolutionary processes in helminths on the basis of knowledge of their variability are presented. The practical aspects of the study of helminth variability are also referred to. In conclusion the author states that the investigation of non-morphological characters of helminths, in relation to various morphological structures of phenotypes in the populations of parasite and host, represents a sphere in which the interests of theoretical and practical helminthology meet with one another.", "contents": "On some theoretical and practical aspects of population variability in helminths. Possibilities of studies of some microevolutionary processes in helminths on the basis of knowledge of their variability are presented. The practical aspects of the study of helminth variability are also referred to. In conclusion the author states that the investigation of non-morphological characters of helminths, in relation to various morphological structures of phenotypes in the populations of parasite and host, represents a sphere in which the interests of theoretical and practical helminthology meet with one another.", "PMID": 689559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8413", "title": "Some aspects of monogenean existence.", "content": "This paper deals with some ecology and evolution problems of monogeneans--gill parasites of fishes, such as congeneric simultaneous doublets, spatial distribution of species on the gills, interspecific restrictions of biotopes etc. The author proves competitive character of site selection in monogeneans. The role of hermaphroditism in the evolution and biology of monogeneans, and morphological adaptations (mainly androgynous) directed to increasing of mating chance are discussed. The author concentrates on analyzing the cases of monoxenous distribution and speciation and also on examining the concept of symxenity and alloxenity. He attaches great importance to ecological and evolutionary investigations of Monogenoidea.", "contents": "Some aspects of monogenean existence. This paper deals with some ecology and evolution problems of monogeneans--gill parasites of fishes, such as congeneric simultaneous doublets, spatial distribution of species on the gills, interspecific restrictions of biotopes etc. The author proves competitive character of site selection in monogeneans. The role of hermaphroditism in the evolution and biology of monogeneans, and morphological adaptations (mainly androgynous) directed to increasing of mating chance are discussed. The author concentrates on analyzing the cases of monoxenous distribution and speciation and also on examining the concept of symxenity and alloxenity. He attaches great importance to ecological and evolutionary investigations of Monogenoidea.", "PMID": 689560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8414", "title": "Tissue reaction of the liver of cattle to an artificial or natural infection with Cysticercus bovis.", "content": "An evaluation of the tissue reaction to Cysticercus bovis in the liver of calves with an artificial infection and that of oxen with a natural infection provided evidence for the fact that the liver of these animals responded to an infection with C. bovis with an extensive granulomatous reaction. A comparison of tissue reaction to cysticerci at an identical stage of development showed that the reaction of the liver parenchyma was much more intensive than that of the heart and the skeletal muscles. In the described cases, this intensive reaction caused the death of the cysticerci before the completion of their development. Evidence was obtained for the first time that also in the liver C. bovis was located in the lymphatic vessels.", "contents": "Tissue reaction of the liver of cattle to an artificial or natural infection with Cysticercus bovis. An evaluation of the tissue reaction to Cysticercus bovis in the liver of calves with an artificial infection and that of oxen with a natural infection provided evidence for the fact that the liver of these animals responded to an infection with C. bovis with an extensive granulomatous reaction. A comparison of tissue reaction to cysticerci at an identical stage of development showed that the reaction of the liver parenchyma was much more intensive than that of the heart and the skeletal muscles. In the described cases, this intensive reaction caused the death of the cysticerci before the completion of their development. Evidence was obtained for the first time that also in the liver C. bovis was located in the lymphatic vessels.", "PMID": 689562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8415", "title": "Investigations on the fauna of beds in flats, children's sanatoria and old-age homes.", "content": "An analysis was carried of the fauna found in 338 beds from two old-age homes and from flats inhabited by asthmatic children. During hospitalization of these children the fauna in the flats was compared with that found in beds used by them in sanatoria. The most abundant species proved to be Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus that is also widely spread in other countries of Europe. The bed fauna in the sanatoria is very poor, corresponding to the improved state of health of patients during hospitalization. The authors assume that the low population density of fauna is influenced by constant airing of rooms and by strict separation of bedrooms from dining halls and other premises. Also the number of mites in different padding material used in mattresses was evaluated and an analysis of the general fauna per bed was carried out.", "contents": "Investigations on the fauna of beds in flats, children's sanatoria and old-age homes. An analysis was carried of the fauna found in 338 beds from two old-age homes and from flats inhabited by asthmatic children. During hospitalization of these children the fauna in the flats was compared with that found in beds used by them in sanatoria. The most abundant species proved to be Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus that is also widely spread in other countries of Europe. The bed fauna in the sanatoria is very poor, corresponding to the improved state of health of patients during hospitalization. The authors assume that the low population density of fauna is influenced by constant airing of rooms and by strict separation of bedrooms from dining halls and other premises. Also the number of mites in different padding material used in mattresses was evaluated and an analysis of the general fauna per bed was carried out.", "PMID": 689564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8416", "title": "Natural infection of the tick Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabr.) with the microsporidian Nosema slovaca Weiser et Reh\u00e1cek in Slovakia.", "content": "A total of 6,199 adult ticks (Haemaphysalis intermis, Dermacentor reticulatus, D. marginatus and Ixodes ricinus) collected in three localities in Slovakia were examined for microsporidian infection. The spores of Nosema slovaca were found in six D. reticulatus (0.097%). The microsporidian experimentally inoculated into the hemocele of half-engorged females of D. reticulatus caused acute infection and death of the host. The infection can be transmitted also to other tick species from the same region. The yield of spores from one tick ranges from 3 X 10(5) to 52 X 10(7) depending on the infection dose and tick species. Peroral infection of some butterfly larvae with the microsporidian pores was unsuccessful. The importance of Nosema infection in ticks in nature is discussed.", "contents": "Natural infection of the tick Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabr.) with the microsporidian Nosema slovaca Weiser et Reh\u00e1cek in Slovakia. A total of 6,199 adult ticks (Haemaphysalis intermis, Dermacentor reticulatus, D. marginatus and Ixodes ricinus) collected in three localities in Slovakia were examined for microsporidian infection. The spores of Nosema slovaca were found in six D. reticulatus (0.097%). The microsporidian experimentally inoculated into the hemocele of half-engorged females of D. reticulatus caused acute infection and death of the host. The infection can be transmitted also to other tick species from the same region. The yield of spores from one tick ranges from 3 X 10(5) to 52 X 10(7) depending on the infection dose and tick species. Peroral infection of some butterfly larvae with the microsporidian pores was unsuccessful. The importance of Nosema infection in ticks in nature is discussed.", "PMID": 689565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8417", "title": "Microscopical anatomy of larva of cheladonta costulata (Acarina: Trombiculidae) II. Body tegument and digestive system.", "content": "The cuticle of gnathosoma of Cheladonta costulata larva consists of a smooth and firm epicuticle and sclerotized procuticle. The cuticle of the idiosoma is elastic. The wall of the digestive system is formed by cells lying on the basal membrane. During the process of sucking, however, the intestinal cells, which were originally spherical, get an appearance of a club reaching up to the lumen of intestine. In a fully engorged larva the intestine appears to be united and fill the major part of body. The lumen of the intestine is filled with eosinophilic granules of various size, among which are minute granules with basophilic tinge. The excretory bladder is located between posterior lobes of the intestine. In an unengorged larva, the excretory bladder is conical and possesses a conspicuous wall of a cellular structure. Its lumen is empty. In a fully engorged larva, the excretory bladder is oval, covered with a thin membrane, and its lumen is filled with guanine crystals.", "contents": "Microscopical anatomy of larva of cheladonta costulata (Acarina: Trombiculidae) II. Body tegument and digestive system. The cuticle of gnathosoma of Cheladonta costulata larva consists of a smooth and firm epicuticle and sclerotized procuticle. The cuticle of the idiosoma is elastic. The wall of the digestive system is formed by cells lying on the basal membrane. During the process of sucking, however, the intestinal cells, which were originally spherical, get an appearance of a club reaching up to the lumen of intestine. In a fully engorged larva the intestine appears to be united and fill the major part of body. The lumen of the intestine is filled with eosinophilic granules of various size, among which are minute granules with basophilic tinge. The excretory bladder is located between posterior lobes of the intestine. In an unengorged larva, the excretory bladder is conical and possesses a conspicuous wall of a cellular structure. Its lumen is empty. In a fully engorged larva, the excretory bladder is oval, covered with a thin membrane, and its lumen is filled with guanine crystals.", "PMID": 689567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8418", "title": "Improved yields of daunomycinone glycosides in developmental mutants of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus.", "content": "When improving Streptomyces coeruleorubidus JA 10092, a producer of antibiotics of the daunomycinone complex, the most active variants were found among isolates of morphological types bld-1 (with a suppressed production of the aerial mycelium on organic media containing glucose) and whi (with an asporogenic aerial mycelium on glucose media and with the bald phenotype on media containing starch). Submerged cultures of the whi mutants produced increased quantities of daunomycinone glycosides in the antibiotic complex, the amount of free anthracyclinones being simultaneously decreased. The whi strains differed from the wild type also in higher demands for aeration, concentration of glucose and in an increased production capacity in starch media. The overall antibiotic activity increased more than 40 times after a six-step selection (application of UV light, gamma-radiation, nitrous acid and natural spreads) combined with an altered fermentation technology.", "contents": "Improved yields of daunomycinone glycosides in developmental mutants of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus. When improving Streptomyces coeruleorubidus JA 10092, a producer of antibiotics of the daunomycinone complex, the most active variants were found among isolates of morphological types bld-1 (with a suppressed production of the aerial mycelium on organic media containing glucose) and whi (with an asporogenic aerial mycelium on glucose media and with the bald phenotype on media containing starch). Submerged cultures of the whi mutants produced increased quantities of daunomycinone glycosides in the antibiotic complex, the amount of free anthracyclinones being simultaneously decreased. The whi strains differed from the wild type also in higher demands for aeration, concentration of glucose and in an increased production capacity in starch media. The overall antibiotic activity increased more than 40 times after a six-step selection (application of UV light, gamma-radiation, nitrous acid and natural spreads) combined with an altered fermentation technology.", "PMID": 689569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8419", "title": "Mutants of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus impaired in the biosynthesis of daunomycinone glycosides and related metabolites.", "content": "Mutants of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus, blocked in the biosynthesis of anthracycline antibiotics of the daunomycine complex, were isolated from the production strains after treatment with UV light, gamma-radiation, nitrous acid, and after natural selection; according to their different biosynthetic activity the mutants were divided into five phenotypic groups. Mutants of two of these groups produced compounds that had not yet been described in Streptomyces coeruleorubidus (aklavinone, 7-deoxyaklavinone, zeta-rhodomycinone and glycosides of epsilon-rhodomycinone). The mutants differed from the parent strains and also mutually in morphological characteristics but no direct correlation between these changes and the biosynthetic activity could be observed in most cases.", "contents": "Mutants of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus impaired in the biosynthesis of daunomycinone glycosides and related metabolites. Mutants of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus, blocked in the biosynthesis of anthracycline antibiotics of the daunomycine complex, were isolated from the production strains after treatment with UV light, gamma-radiation, nitrous acid, and after natural selection; according to their different biosynthetic activity the mutants were divided into five phenotypic groups. Mutants of two of these groups produced compounds that had not yet been described in Streptomyces coeruleorubidus (aklavinone, 7-deoxyaklavinone, zeta-rhodomycinone and glycosides of epsilon-rhodomycinone). The mutants differed from the parent strains and also mutually in morphological characteristics but no direct correlation between these changes and the biosynthetic activity could be observed in most cases.", "PMID": 689570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8420", "title": "The replication map of the chromosome of Mycobacterium phlei.", "content": "It was the aim of the present work to construct the replication map of the chromosome of Mycobacterium phlei. The method of mutagenesis of the replication point by N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine in synchronously dividing populations and the method of analysis of gene frequency were applied. The order of replication of 19 genes on the chromosome was determined by means of induction of back mutations and forward mutations in auxotrophic mutants PA leu and PA met and in double auxotrophic mutants with methionine as a reference marker.", "contents": "The replication map of the chromosome of Mycobacterium phlei. It was the aim of the present work to construct the replication map of the chromosome of Mycobacterium phlei. The method of mutagenesis of the replication point by N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine in synchronously dividing populations and the method of analysis of gene frequency were applied. The order of replication of 19 genes on the chromosome was determined by means of induction of back mutations and forward mutations in auxotrophic mutants PA leu and PA met and in double auxotrophic mutants with methionine as a reference marker.", "PMID": 689571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8421", "title": "The cytotoxic and cytocidal effect of colicin E3 on mammalian tissue cells.", "content": "The plasma membrane of mammalian cells can mediate the cytotoxic and cytocidal effects of colicin E3. As little as 10(2) lethal units of purified colicin E3 per cell exert a pronounced cytocidal effect on human epithelial HeLa cells and as little as 10(4) lethal units per cell also on line L mouse fibroblasts in tissue culture. Cells in complete monolayers are rapidly killed, become spherical and shrink, they are detached from the support and finally autolyzed. The percentage of killed cells in both lines is directly proportional to the multiplicity of colicin used. The LD50 for HeLa cells is about 30 times lower than for L cells. At the multiplicity of 10(5) I.u., usually 100% HeLa and 90% L cells are killed in 2--3 days. Purified colicins E2 and D have no demonstrable cytological effect on HeLa cells, although DNA synthesis in L cells appears to be partly inhibited by colicin E2. The profound effect of colicin E3 on mammalian cells could be interpreted in a similar way as in bacteria, viz. as a specific cleavage of rRNA.", "contents": "The cytotoxic and cytocidal effect of colicin E3 on mammalian tissue cells. The plasma membrane of mammalian cells can mediate the cytotoxic and cytocidal effects of colicin E3. As little as 10(2) lethal units of purified colicin E3 per cell exert a pronounced cytocidal effect on human epithelial HeLa cells and as little as 10(4) lethal units per cell also on line L mouse fibroblasts in tissue culture. Cells in complete monolayers are rapidly killed, become spherical and shrink, they are detached from the support and finally autolyzed. The percentage of killed cells in both lines is directly proportional to the multiplicity of colicin used. The LD50 for HeLa cells is about 30 times lower than for L cells. At the multiplicity of 10(5) I.u., usually 100% HeLa and 90% L cells are killed in 2--3 days. Purified colicins E2 and D have no demonstrable cytological effect on HeLa cells, although DNA synthesis in L cells appears to be partly inhibited by colicin E2. The profound effect of colicin E3 on mammalian cells could be interpreted in a similar way as in bacteria, viz. as a specific cleavage of rRNA.", "PMID": 689572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8422", "title": "Glucose-2-oxidase activity and accumulation of D-arabino-2-hexosulose in cultures of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida.", "content": "Submerged cultures of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida, strain III, accumulate D-arabino-2-hexosulose. The maximum yields during cultivations in shaker flasks or in a laboratory fermentor are 6--12 and 15 mg/ml, respectively (20--50% conversion of substrate glucose). The accumulation is transient, the aldoketose being again utilized after glucose exhaustion. Its production is stimulated by fluoride ions. The enzyme responsible for the C(2)-specific oxidation of D-glucose acts as an intracellular oxidase with a maximum activity in the exponential phase of growth. D-arabino-2-Hexosulose was also detected in the cultivation medium of the wood-rotting fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Phellinus abietis.", "contents": "Glucose-2-oxidase activity and accumulation of D-arabino-2-hexosulose in cultures of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida. Submerged cultures of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida, strain III, accumulate D-arabino-2-hexosulose. The maximum yields during cultivations in shaker flasks or in a laboratory fermentor are 6--12 and 15 mg/ml, respectively (20--50% conversion of substrate glucose). The accumulation is transient, the aldoketose being again utilized after glucose exhaustion. Its production is stimulated by fluoride ions. The enzyme responsible for the C(2)-specific oxidation of D-glucose acts as an intracellular oxidase with a maximum activity in the exponential phase of growth. D-arabino-2-Hexosulose was also detected in the cultivation medium of the wood-rotting fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Phellinus abietis.", "PMID": 689573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8423", "title": "Studies on xylan hydrolases from different strains of Streptomyces and their mutual influences in the breakdown of xylan.", "content": "A good proportion of Sreptomyces isolates from natural sources produced extracellular xylan hydrolase. Nineteen isolated showing high activity were able to completely or partially degrade wheat bran in the growth medium. Chromatographic analysis of commercial xylan degradation products suggested that the isolates produced either endo- or exo-xylan hydrolases or their mixtures. Mixed additions of culture fluids showed a highly synergistic effect, up to an increase by 200%. In a few cases antagonism was seen which, however, could be removed by dialysis of the culture fluid.", "contents": "Studies on xylan hydrolases from different strains of Streptomyces and their mutual influences in the breakdown of xylan. A good proportion of Sreptomyces isolates from natural sources produced extracellular xylan hydrolase. Nineteen isolated showing high activity were able to completely or partially degrade wheat bran in the growth medium. Chromatographic analysis of commercial xylan degradation products suggested that the isolates produced either endo- or exo-xylan hydrolases or their mixtures. Mixed additions of culture fluids showed a highly synergistic effect, up to an increase by 200%. In a few cases antagonism was seen which, however, could be removed by dialysis of the culture fluid.", "PMID": 689574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8424", "title": "Management of innovation and change in mental health services.", "content": "In recent years the mental health field has been characterized by innovation and change. All changes are not sound or necessary, and the most common approach to implementing change, that of power, can have unfortunate consequences. However, the incidence of innovation and change and the growing technology on planning for the adoption of innovations indicates that change can be managed more effectively. One approach to managing change is the decision determinants analysis model, a group of eight factors that influence whether a change will be successfully adopted; they are ability, values, information, circumstances, timing, obligation, resistance, and yield. The author discusses the factors and gives suggestions related to each for increasing the probability of successful adoption of a change.", "contents": "Management of innovation and change in mental health services. In recent years the mental health field has been characterized by innovation and change. All changes are not sound or necessary, and the most common approach to implementing change, that of power, can have unfortunate consequences. However, the incidence of innovation and change and the growing technology on planning for the adoption of innovations indicates that change can be managed more effectively. One approach to managing change is the decision determinants analysis model, a group of eight factors that influence whether a change will be successfully adopted; they are ability, values, information, circumstances, timing, obligation, resistance, and yield. The author discusses the factors and gives suggestions related to each for increasing the probability of successful adoption of a change.", "PMID": 689592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8425", "title": "Gold award: mental health services for the deaf--St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D.C.", "content": "The mental health program for the deaf at St. Elizabeths Hospital offers comprehensive services to adolescents and adults who were born deaf or who became deaf early in life. A staff of 49, six of whom have impaired hearing, provide services to about 33 inpatients and about 71 outpatients. Activity therapies that do not require oral communication, such as occupational therapy, art therapy, dance therapy, and psychodrama, play an important role in the program, as does group psychotherapy. The program provides training, field experience, and consultation for workers throughout the U.S. and from foreign countries. Some guidelines for communicating with the deaf are given.", "contents": "Gold award: mental health services for the deaf--St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D.C. The mental health program for the deaf at St. Elizabeths Hospital offers comprehensive services to adolescents and adults who were born deaf or who became deaf early in life. A staff of 49, six of whom have impaired hearing, provide services to about 33 inpatients and about 71 outpatients. Activity therapies that do not require oral communication, such as occupational therapy, art therapy, dance therapy, and psychodrama, play an important role in the program, as does group psychotherapy. The program provides training, field experience, and consultation for workers throughout the U.S. and from foreign countries. Some guidelines for communicating with the deaf are given.", "PMID": 689595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8426", "title": "Gold award: providing psychiatric care and consultation in remote Indian villages--Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.", "content": "Faculty of the University of Toronto department of psychiatry take several trips a year to remote Indian villages in northwestern Ontario to deliver care to the Cree and Ojibway people and to provide consultation and training to the service delivery providers in the area. The program is part of a larger medical program operated by the university and financed by the Canadian government. Psychiatrists face numerous cultural and language obstacles in addition to harsh weather conditions and limited means of communication in the vast Sioux Lookout zone. When they are back in Toronto, they keep in touch via two-way radio with professional staff in the zone for ongoing consultations.", "contents": "Gold award: providing psychiatric care and consultation in remote Indian villages--Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Faculty of the University of Toronto department of psychiatry take several trips a year to remote Indian villages in northwestern Ontario to deliver care to the Cree and Ojibway people and to provide consultation and training to the service delivery providers in the area. The program is part of a larger medical program operated by the university and financed by the Canadian government. Psychiatrists face numerous cultural and language obstacles in addition to harsh weather conditions and limited means of communication in the vast Sioux Lookout zone. When they are back in Toronto, they keep in touch via two-way radio with professional staff in the zone for ongoing consultations.", "PMID": 689596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8427", "title": "Hospital policies and procedures: even 'the system' needs a system.", "content": "Hospitals need effective systems for recommending, coordinating, writing, distributing, and implementing policies and procedures. Some features of an effective system include use of a coordinator, interdepartmental cooperation, and well designed forms and manuals. Some of the benefits include better management and better coordination with regulatory bodies and requirements.", "contents": "Hospital policies and procedures: even 'the system' needs a system. Hospitals need effective systems for recommending, coordinating, writing, distributing, and implementing policies and procedures. Some features of an effective system include use of a coordinator, interdepartmental cooperation, and well designed forms and manuals. Some of the benefits include better management and better coordination with regulatory bodies and requirements.", "PMID": 689601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8428", "title": "Community health education fostered by hospital program.", "content": "A small, acute care hospital in Massachusetts develops its community outreach program by offering health care services to area schools and industries. The Clinton Hospital Industrial Program (CHIP) offers special first aid courses, testing and rehabilitation services, and employee health plans to the town's numerous small industries. The School Nurses Program and CPR training for high school teachers are two services the hospital offers Clinton public schools.", "contents": "Community health education fostered by hospital program. A small, acute care hospital in Massachusetts develops its community outreach program by offering health care services to area schools and industries. The Clinton Hospital Industrial Program (CHIP) offers special first aid courses, testing and rehabilitation services, and employee health plans to the town's numerous small industries. The School Nurses Program and CPR training for high school teachers are two services the hospital offers Clinton public schools.", "PMID": 689602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8429", "title": "Day care complements hospitalization.", "content": "A program of day care for psychiatric patients can reduce costs and provide a more suitable environment for the treatment program. Such programs hold considerable promise for other types of programs in various types of hospitals.", "contents": "Day care complements hospitalization. A program of day care for psychiatric patients can reduce costs and provide a more suitable environment for the treatment program. Such programs hold considerable promise for other types of programs in various types of hospitals.", "PMID": 689603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8430", "title": "Patient transfer form provides continuity of care.", "content": "General Hospital of Everett (WA) took the initiative in developing a new patient transfer form that has been adopted for statewide use. By using suggestions from a wide variety of sources, a hospital committee, which consisted of professionals from local extended care facilities and nursing homes, as well as from the hospital's staff, was able to develop a useful and effective patient transfer system.", "contents": "Patient transfer form provides continuity of care. General Hospital of Everett (WA) took the initiative in developing a new patient transfer form that has been adopted for statewide use. By using suggestions from a wide variety of sources, a hospital committee, which consisted of professionals from local extended care facilities and nursing homes, as well as from the hospital's staff, was able to develop a useful and effective patient transfer system.", "PMID": 689604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8431", "title": "Food services merge to contain costs and enhance menu.", "content": "A sharing of food service facilities between two institutions has cut costs and has benefited patients and dietary staff. It was aided by a standardization of menus, which increased the variety to the patient but simplified menu tabulation and production for the food service operation. The program's success has enhanced the image of many of the hospital's other programs.", "contents": "Food services merge to contain costs and enhance menu. A sharing of food service facilities between two institutions has cut costs and has benefited patients and dietary staff. It was aided by a standardization of menus, which increased the variety to the patient but simplified menu tabulation and production for the food service operation. The program's success has enhanced the image of many of the hospital's other programs.", "PMID": 689605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8432", "title": "Controlled substances registration for nonlicensed physicians.", "content": "Changes in drug laws and the addition of many formerly uncontrolled drugs to the controlled substances list has caused some concern about the registration of nonlicensed physicians. The question is, how does the recent medical school graduate obtain authorization to use the controlled substances he may need in the course of his postgraduate training at the hospital? The University of Alabama Hospitals, Birmingham, have answered the question with an effective system for hospital registration of nonlicensed physicians.", "contents": "Controlled substances registration for nonlicensed physicians. Changes in drug laws and the addition of many formerly uncontrolled drugs to the controlled substances list has caused some concern about the registration of nonlicensed physicians. The question is, how does the recent medical school graduate obtain authorization to use the controlled substances he may need in the course of his postgraduate training at the hospital? The University of Alabama Hospitals, Birmingham, have answered the question with an effective system for hospital registration of nonlicensed physicians.", "PMID": 689606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8433", "title": "Survey shows increase in hospital training programs.", "content": "A 1976 AHA survey has determined that the extent of hospital-based training programs for the allied professions has increased since 1973, when the previous survey was conducted. Both surveys depict the wide range of types of such programs offered by hospitals.", "contents": "Survey shows increase in hospital training programs. A 1976 AHA survey has determined that the extent of hospital-based training programs for the allied professions has increased since 1973, when the previous survey was conducted. Both surveys depict the wide range of types of such programs offered by hospitals.", "PMID": 689608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8434", "title": "System for control, monitoring ensures efficient linen use.", "content": "By implementing recommendations from a short-term consulting program, a hospital regained control over the use, costs, and quality of its linen service. Long-term measures, such as use of rescheduled distribution, appropriate quotas, consistent policies, a hospital linen manager, and reports for measuring performance, have cut the costs and improved the service of the linen department.", "contents": "System for control, monitoring ensures efficient linen use. By implementing recommendations from a short-term consulting program, a hospital regained control over the use, costs, and quality of its linen service. Long-term measures, such as use of rescheduled distribution, appropriate quotas, consistent policies, a hospital linen manager, and reports for measuring performance, have cut the costs and improved the service of the linen department.", "PMID": 689610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8435", "title": "Planning: simplistic guidelines won't work.", "content": "The controversy over the national guidelines for health planning and appropriateness review is well-founded. There is no question that planning tools are required if the planning process is to have validity, but simplistic rules will only make planning chaotic. There must be room for input from the grass roots.", "contents": "Planning: simplistic guidelines won't work. The controversy over the national guidelines for health planning and appropriateness review is well-founded. There is no question that planning tools are required if the planning process is to have validity, but simplistic rules will only make planning chaotic. There must be room for input from the grass roots.", "PMID": 689620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8436", "title": "Study of malpractice panels notes advantages, problems, gaps in data.", "content": "A special study on malpractice panel systems in four states identified the currently limited participation of non-physician hospital personnel and 14 factors that determine the effectiveness of such systems. However, more data are needed to determine whether such systems resolve cases fairly and quickly and stabilize malpractice insurance premiums.", "contents": "Study of malpractice panels notes advantages, problems, gaps in data. A special study on malpractice panel systems in four states identified the currently limited participation of non-physician hospital personnel and 14 factors that determine the effectiveness of such systems. However, more data are needed to determine whether such systems resolve cases fairly and quickly and stabilize malpractice insurance premiums.", "PMID": 689621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8437", "title": "Hospital system works to ensure risk management, quality of care.", "content": "A health care corporation that includes several hospitals and other related health services conducts a wide variety of institutional and corporate activities and programs of risk management and quality assurance. Some of these efforts include board review of medical staff organization and privileges, medical and nursing audits, patient care evaluation, a risk manager and steering committee, patient education, equipment maintenance, and safety programs.", "contents": "Hospital system works to ensure risk management, quality of care. A health care corporation that includes several hospitals and other related health services conducts a wide variety of institutional and corporate activities and programs of risk management and quality assurance. Some of these efforts include board review of medical staff organization and privileges, medical and nursing audits, patient care evaluation, a risk manager and steering committee, patient education, equipment maintenance, and safety programs.", "PMID": 689622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8438", "title": "Creativity and hospital costs: it's all in the approach.", "content": "Although most hospitals do consider costs before deciding to fund a new undertaking, many of them fall short of the necessary inventiveness when it comes to developing low-cost alternatives in problem-solving situations. Thus, too often, solutions to problems are found in a climate of crisis that overshadows considerations of cost. If hospitals would take a creative approach to cost containment and regard it as a philosophy or an attitude rather than a program, they might find that they have less trouble in slowing down cost increases to the annual rate of inflation.", "contents": "Creativity and hospital costs: it's all in the approach. Although most hospitals do consider costs before deciding to fund a new undertaking, many of them fall short of the necessary inventiveness when it comes to developing low-cost alternatives in problem-solving situations. Thus, too often, solutions to problems are found in a climate of crisis that overshadows considerations of cost. If hospitals would take a creative approach to cost containment and regard it as a philosophy or an attitude rather than a program, they might find that they have less trouble in slowing down cost increases to the annual rate of inflation.", "PMID": 689623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8439", "title": "Ambulatory surgical center lowers costs, not services.", "content": "The development of ambulatory surgical centers is a recent development in the health care delivery system. This article reflects the experience of one hospital in developing and implementing an ambulatory surgical program.", "contents": "Ambulatory surgical center lowers costs, not services. The development of ambulatory surgical centers is a recent development in the health care delivery system. This article reflects the experience of one hospital in developing and implementing an ambulatory surgical program.", "PMID": 689624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8440", "title": "The all-RN staff: why not?", "content": "The emphasis on cost containment and consumer satisfaction has spurred a new upsurge in interest in all-RN nursing. Data are mounting that show that an all-RN staff doesn't necessarily cost more and that its use markedly improves the quality of patient care. Although obstacles to implementation exist, they are not insurmountable, and nurse leaders are asking, \"Why not?\"", "contents": "The all-RN staff: why not? The emphasis on cost containment and consumer satisfaction has spurred a new upsurge in interest in all-RN nursing. Data are mounting that show that an all-RN staff doesn't necessarily cost more and that its use markedly improves the quality of patient care. Although obstacles to implementation exist, they are not insurmountable, and nurse leaders are asking, \"Why not?\"", "PMID": 689625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8441", "title": "We only have to ask.", "content": "As a group, hospital trustees have great potential for effecting positive change in the hospital industry. Hospital administrators and hospital associations must recognize this potential, focus the commitment trustees are willing to make, and put that commitment to constructive use. Without their help, the author says, the process of making positive changes will be difficult, if not impossible.", "contents": "We only have to ask. As a group, hospital trustees have great potential for effecting positive change in the hospital industry. Hospital administrators and hospital associations must recognize this potential, focus the commitment trustees are willing to make, and put that commitment to constructive use. Without their help, the author says, the process of making positive changes will be difficult, if not impossible.", "PMID": 689626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8442", "title": "Hospital administrators face stiff competition in job market.", "content": "Career opportunities in health administration will broaden, but the career ladder will be harder to climb, according to the president of the American College of Hospital Administrators.", "contents": "Hospital administrators face stiff competition in job market. Career opportunities in health administration will broaden, but the career ladder will be harder to climb, according to the president of the American College of Hospital Administrators.", "PMID": 689634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8443", "title": "Landscaped campus site humanizes life for the elderly.", "content": "Conceptual planning and architectural design have enabled the elderly residents at Maple Knoll Village, Springdale, OH, to live somewhat independent lives and to receive essential medical and nursing care. The landscaped campus and linked residential and health care facilities generate a community spirit, an opportunity for social interaction and individual pursuits, and a personal sense of security and physical and emotional well-being.", "contents": "Landscaped campus site humanizes life for the elderly. Conceptual planning and architectural design have enabled the elderly residents at Maple Knoll Village, Springdale, OH, to live somewhat independent lives and to receive essential medical and nursing care. The landscaped campus and linked residential and health care facilities generate a community spirit, an opportunity for social interaction and individual pursuits, and a personal sense of security and physical and emotional well-being.", "PMID": 689636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8444", "title": "Program rehabilitates alcoholics, alleviates personnel problems.", "content": "By establishing an employee's alcoholism program, Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center (MHMC) has reduced absenteeism, increased productivity, improved the supervisory process, and, in most instances, enabled rehabilitated alcoholics to satisfactorily perform their jobs. The rationale, policy, components, and administration of this program can be replicated in any health care institution that is committed to the personal well-being of its employees and to the quality of its services.", "contents": "Program rehabilitates alcoholics, alleviates personnel problems. By establishing an employee's alcoholism program, Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center (MHMC) has reduced absenteeism, increased productivity, improved the supervisory process, and, in most instances, enabled rehabilitated alcoholics to satisfactorily perform their jobs. The rationale, policy, components, and administration of this program can be replicated in any health care institution that is committed to the personal well-being of its employees and to the quality of its services.", "PMID": 689637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8445", "title": "Clinical engineering from the administrator's perspective.", "content": "Based on the results of a survey, investigators infer that hospital administrators have a \"diverse, and, at times, inaccurate understanding of clinical engineering.\". For instance, most hospitals would integrate their perceived clinical engineering function into their general maintenance operation. Among other things, results indicate that administrators have not fully accepted the need to have a professional person to provide these services.", "contents": "Clinical engineering from the administrator's perspective. Based on the results of a survey, investigators infer that hospital administrators have a \"diverse, and, at times, inaccurate understanding of clinical engineering.\". For instance, most hospitals would integrate their perceived clinical engineering function into their general maintenance operation. Among other things, results indicate that administrators have not fully accepted the need to have a professional person to provide these services.", "PMID": 689638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8446", "title": "Group purchasing of food items maintains quality, cuts costs.", "content": "Hospital food group purchasing programs face problems that other kinds of group purchasing programs don't have. HARICOMP, a not-for-profit hospital shared services corporation, helped a group of Rhode Island hospitals solve some of these problems by using computers. The computers eliminate much of the time-consuming effort involved in making price comparisons, holding sales meetings, and doing paperwork.", "contents": "Group purchasing of food items maintains quality, cuts costs. Hospital food group purchasing programs face problems that other kinds of group purchasing programs don't have. HARICOMP, a not-for-profit hospital shared services corporation, helped a group of Rhode Island hospitals solve some of these problems by using computers. The computers eliminate much of the time-consuming effort involved in making price comparisons, holding sales meetings, and doing paperwork.", "PMID": 689639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8447", "title": "Rx for health care economics: competition, not rigid NHI.", "content": "While competition may serve consumers well in the production of many goods and services, it does not function equally well in all of the nation's economic sectors. And the health services sector does not fit the competitive model at all well. The market for medical care services might be restructured, however, so competition might yield more of the benefits it yields in other markets.", "contents": "Rx for health care economics: competition, not rigid NHI. While competition may serve consumers well in the production of many goods and services, it does not function equally well in all of the nation's economic sectors. And the health services sector does not fit the competitive model at all well. The market for medical care services might be restructured, however, so competition might yield more of the benefits it yields in other markets.", "PMID": 689654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8448", "title": "Sponsorship: the uneasy question.", "content": "The Sisters of Mercy of the Union, as part of a more general concern that their ministry meet its objectives of prophecy and service, set up a committee to investigate the issue of sponsorship. This committee defined a sponsored activity, drew up criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of such an activity, and developed an instrument for establishing whether an activity meets the criteria for Mercy sponsorship.", "contents": "Sponsorship: the uneasy question. The Sisters of Mercy of the Union, as part of a more general concern that their ministry meet its objectives of prophecy and service, set up a committee to investigate the issue of sponsorship. This committee defined a sponsored activity, drew up criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of such an activity, and developed an instrument for establishing whether an activity meets the criteria for Mercy sponsorship.", "PMID": 689655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8449", "title": "Dealing confidently with IRS, Part I: Preparing for IRS audits.", "content": "With the IRS apparently making health care institutions the focus of a nationwide audit emphasis, hospital administrators will want to prepare themselves for confident handling of audits. Four types of audit procedures are explained, suggestions are made for getting a hospital ready for an audit, and strategies are suggested for maintaining control over the audit's progress.", "contents": "Dealing confidently with IRS, Part I: Preparing for IRS audits. With the IRS apparently making health care institutions the focus of a nationwide audit emphasis, hospital administrators will want to prepare themselves for confident handling of audits. Four types of audit procedures are explained, suggestions are made for getting a hospital ready for an audit, and strategies are suggested for maintaining control over the audit's progress.", "PMID": 689656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8450", "title": "Guidelines for evaluating department managers.", "content": "A format is suggested for administrators' difficult, important task of evaluating hospital department managers' relationships within the department and with other departments and personnel; official relationships with personnel outside the hospital; creativity and initiative; dependability; level of supervision required; sense of loyalty and understanding of the hospital's interest; and performance as outlined in the job description.", "contents": "Guidelines for evaluating department managers. A format is suggested for administrators' difficult, important task of evaluating hospital department managers' relationships within the department and with other departments and personnel; official relationships with personnel outside the hospital; creativity and initiative; dependability; level of supervision required; sense of loyalty and understanding of the hospital's interest; and performance as outlined in the job description.", "PMID": 689658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8451", "title": "The health care market audit.", "content": "With marketing increasingly being accepted as a mechanism by which hospitals can more effectively meet community needs, a hospital can begin a marketing program by auditing its markets. This involves identifying, collecting, and evaluating information.", "contents": "The health care market audit. With marketing increasingly being accepted as a mechanism by which hospitals can more effectively meet community needs, a hospital can begin a marketing program by auditing its markets. This involves identifying, collecting, and evaluating information.", "PMID": 689659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8452", "title": "St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Topeka, KS. A fast-track project: keeping going while growing.", "content": "St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Topeka, used careful planning, good communication, and the fast-track design and construction method in a $20-million project to nearly double the facility's size. Although keeping the hospital going while building this addition involved inconvenient trade-offs, the facility's administration \"would do it again.\"", "contents": "St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Topeka, KS. A fast-track project: keeping going while growing. St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Topeka, used careful planning, good communication, and the fast-track design and construction method in a $20-million project to nearly double the facility's size. Although keeping the hospital going while building this addition involved inconvenient trade-offs, the facility's administration \"would do it again.\"", "PMID": 689660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8453", "title": "Developmental abnormalities of the kidney in children.", "content": "The prognosis for infants and newborns with anomalies of the kidney and lower urinary tract can be improved by differentiating the disorders according to etiology and gearing treatment accordingly. In this second article of a new series on renal function in health and disease, congenital and hereditary anomalies are characterized in terms of their physiologic consequences, and guidelines for therapy are provided.", "contents": "Developmental abnormalities of the kidney in children. The prognosis for infants and newborns with anomalies of the kidney and lower urinary tract can be improved by differentiating the disorders according to etiology and gearing treatment accordingly. In this second article of a new series on renal function in health and disease, congenital and hereditary anomalies are characterized in terms of their physiologic consequences, and guidelines for therapy are provided.", "PMID": 689661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8454", "title": "When cholecystectomy?", "content": "The crux of the matter is to avoid being forced into cholecystectomy when the patient is acutely ill and has an increased risk of operative mortality. The rationale for performing surgery on an elective basis in patients with chronic gallbladder disease and for early medical management in most patiens with acute disease is discussed, along with the specifics of diagnosis and special considerations in the handling of problem cases.", "contents": "When cholecystectomy? The crux of the matter is to avoid being forced into cholecystectomy when the patient is acutely ill and has an increased risk of operative mortality. The rationale for performing surgery on an elective basis in patients with chronic gallbladder disease and for early medical management in most patiens with acute disease is discussed, along with the specifics of diagnosis and special considerations in the handling of problem cases.", "PMID": 689662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8455", "title": "Asthma in adults III: occupational asthma.", "content": "Recognition of the disease may be difficult, since symptoms may be atypical and a temporal association with exposure is often obscure. Attention is given to the ways of differentiating the truly allergic in origin from other types of occupational asthma.", "contents": "Asthma in adults III: occupational asthma. Recognition of the disease may be difficult, since symptoms may be atypical and a temporal association with exposure is often obscure. Attention is given to the ways of differentiating the truly allergic in origin from other types of occupational asthma.", "PMID": 689664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8456", "title": "The ischemic myocardium: mechanism of early pump failure.", "content": "The rapid loss of myocardial contractility that occurs after coronary occlusion may result from the absence of some critical substrate for cellular metabolism or from accumulation of toxic metabolites. In any event, for a few hours the portion of the myocardium affected by the interruption of blood flow retains its viability. Research into the mechanisms operating during this early period may open the way to reversal of the cellular changes.", "contents": "The ischemic myocardium: mechanism of early pump failure. The rapid loss of myocardial contractility that occurs after coronary occlusion may result from the absence of some critical substrate for cellular metabolism or from accumulation of toxic metabolites. In any event, for a few hours the portion of the myocardium affected by the interruption of blood flow retains its viability. Research into the mechanisms operating during this early period may open the way to reversal of the cellular changes.", "PMID": 689672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8457", "title": "Assignment of peptidase S (PEPS) to chromosome 4 in man using somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "A starch gel electrophoretic procedure is described that resolves peptidase S (PEPS) as well as the peptidases A, B, and C in man-rodent, rodent-rodent, and primate-rodent interspecific somatic cell hybrids. The interspecific PEPS cell hybrid phenotype can be resolved into a pattern which suggests that PEPS is composed of five or six identical subunits. Results are presented supporting assignment of the PEPS locus to chromosome 4 in man using man-mouse and man-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. Human genes coding for peptidases A, B, C, and D were assigned to chromosome 18, 12, 1, and 19, respectively, confirming previous assignments. These somatic cell genetic data demonstrate the independent genetic control of the several human peptidases.", "contents": "Assignment of peptidase S (PEPS) to chromosome 4 in man using somatic cell hybrids. A starch gel electrophoretic procedure is described that resolves peptidase S (PEPS) as well as the peptidases A, B, and C in man-rodent, rodent-rodent, and primate-rodent interspecific somatic cell hybrids. The interspecific PEPS cell hybrid phenotype can be resolved into a pattern which suggests that PEPS is composed of five or six identical subunits. Results are presented supporting assignment of the PEPS locus to chromosome 4 in man using man-mouse and man-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. Human genes coding for peptidases A, B, C, and D were assigned to chromosome 18, 12, 1, and 19, respectively, confirming previous assignments. These somatic cell genetic data demonstrate the independent genetic control of the several human peptidases.", "PMID": 689684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8458", "title": "Analysis of DNA replication patterns of human fibroblast chromosomes: the replication map.", "content": "A replication map of human fibroblast chromosomes from two diploid human female fibroblast lines, 46,XX and 46,X, del (X)(q13), was determined using the 'fluorescent plus Giemsa' (FPG) technique. Each chromosome was found to stain homogeneously dark when thymidine was incorporated for the entire S phase of that particular cell. As the duration of exposure to thymidine progressively decreased by increasing the incubation time in bromodeoxyuridine, the staining intensity of chromosomes decreased and, concurrently, gaps in the staining began to appear. These gaps coincide with R bands and represent the earliest areas to complete DNA synthesis. As these areas widen and increase in frequency, first Q and G bands appear, and finally C bands. Homologous X chromosomes were easily differentiated by either a comparison of the bands present or their staining intensity. The replication kinetics of the structurally abnormal heterocyclic X chromosome were very similar to those of the normal heterocyclic X chromosome. The X chromosome with deletion of a portion of the long arm was consistently late in replication.", "contents": "Analysis of DNA replication patterns of human fibroblast chromosomes: the replication map. A replication map of human fibroblast chromosomes from two diploid human female fibroblast lines, 46,XX and 46,X, del (X)(q13), was determined using the 'fluorescent plus Giemsa' (FPG) technique. Each chromosome was found to stain homogeneously dark when thymidine was incorporated for the entire S phase of that particular cell. As the duration of exposure to thymidine progressively decreased by increasing the incubation time in bromodeoxyuridine, the staining intensity of chromosomes decreased and, concurrently, gaps in the staining began to appear. These gaps coincide with R bands and represent the earliest areas to complete DNA synthesis. As these areas widen and increase in frequency, first Q and G bands appear, and finally C bands. Homologous X chromosomes were easily differentiated by either a comparison of the bands present or their staining intensity. The replication kinetics of the structurally abnormal heterocyclic X chromosome were very similar to those of the normal heterocyclic X chromosome. The X chromosome with deletion of a portion of the long arm was consistently late in replication.", "PMID": 689685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8459", "title": "Mutation rates from rare variants of proteins in Indian tribes.", "content": "Recent attempts to estimate mutation rates in man have resulted in some theoretical developments. Recently, Nei (1977) provided a new formula for estimating mutation rates from electrophoretically detected rare protein variants. His formula is applied here to estimated mutation rates from such variants among the Kadars of Kerala and five tribes of Andhra Pradesh in India. The estimates seem to differ from Nei's estimate on South American Indians by an order of magnitude, although the standard errors associated with such estimates are rather large.", "contents": "Mutation rates from rare variants of proteins in Indian tribes. Recent attempts to estimate mutation rates in man have resulted in some theoretical developments. Recently, Nei (1977) provided a new formula for estimating mutation rates from electrophoretically detected rare protein variants. His formula is applied here to estimated mutation rates from such variants among the Kadars of Kerala and five tribes of Andhra Pradesh in India. The estimates seem to differ from Nei's estimate on South American Indians by an order of magnitude, although the standard errors associated with such estimates are rather large.", "PMID": 689686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8460", "title": "Incidence of 47,XYY karyotype in a consecutive series of newborn males in Tokyo.", "content": "A series of 3545 newborn males, born consecutively at a maternity hospital in the western suburbs of Tokyo and with no detectable physical abnormalities, were studied for fluorescent Y-chromatin. Buccal cell smears from each infant were screened. Cases with ambiguous results were subjected to a second test by blood smears, which were found to be more reliable. After the second test, chromosomal analysis was carried out in five infants: three had a 47,XYY karyotype; one, the karyotype 46,XY-D,t(D:Y) (Iijima et al., in preparation); and one, a normal male karyotype. The XYY karyotype occurred in 0.11% of newborn males in this series.", "contents": "Incidence of 47,XYY karyotype in a consecutive series of newborn males in Tokyo. A series of 3545 newborn males, born consecutively at a maternity hospital in the western suburbs of Tokyo and with no detectable physical abnormalities, were studied for fluorescent Y-chromatin. Buccal cell smears from each infant were screened. Cases with ambiguous results were subjected to a second test by blood smears, which were found to be more reliable. After the second test, chromosomal analysis was carried out in five infants: three had a 47,XYY karyotype; one, the karyotype 46,XY-D,t(D:Y) (Iijima et al., in preparation); and one, a normal male karyotype. The XYY karyotype occurred in 0.11% of newborn males in this series.", "PMID": 689687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8461", "title": "Refined mapping of the gene for glutathione reductase on human chromosome 8.", "content": "Activity of the enzyme glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) in erythrocytes and fibroblasts of a patient with karyotype 46, XY, del(8) (pter-p212:) was found to be in the normal range. With results from other laboratories, this allowed a more precise mapping of the gene for this enzyme in the region 8p2100-8p212.", "contents": "Refined mapping of the gene for glutathione reductase on human chromosome 8. Activity of the enzyme glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) in erythrocytes and fibroblasts of a patient with karyotype 46, XY, del(8) (pter-p212:) was found to be in the normal range. With results from other laboratories, this allowed a more precise mapping of the gene for this enzyme in the region 8p2100-8p212.", "PMID": 689688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8462", "title": "Partial trisomy-5p.", "content": "Two sibs with partial trisomy-5p are reported. Their father is the carrier of a balanced translocation 46,XY,t(4q+;5p-). Twelve cases of partial trisomy-5p--including our two patients--have been reported. The most common abnormalities found were mental retardation, short stature, dolichocephaly, prominent nasal bridge, prognathism, seizures, hypotonia, ear abnormalities, increased ulnar loops on the fingertips, and cryptorchidism in affected males.", "contents": "Partial trisomy-5p. Two sibs with partial trisomy-5p are reported. Their father is the carrier of a balanced translocation 46,XY,t(4q+;5p-). Twelve cases of partial trisomy-5p--including our two patients--have been reported. The most common abnormalities found were mental retardation, short stature, dolichocephaly, prominent nasal bridge, prognathism, seizures, hypotonia, ear abnormalities, increased ulnar loops on the fingertips, and cryptorchidism in affected males.", "PMID": 689689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8463", "title": "Human semen as a source of epithelial cells for culture.", "content": "When washed cells from human semen samples were plated out, epithelial cultures were obtained. The human ejaculates used as starting material contained, in addition to spermatazoa, 10(3) to 10(7) cells of other types, including granulocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, spermatocytes and epithelial cells. Although no fractionation of cell types was attempted, semen samples yielded epithelial cultures uncontaminated by fibroblasts. The cultured cells appeared characteristically epithelial with a polygonal shape, interdigitating cell membranes, and desmosomes. ABH blood-group antigenic determinants of the donor were expressed with variable frequency as a surface antigen on these cells. About half the trials gave some cell attachment. Most cultures remained as small, tight colonies, but a few reached confluency in about 5 weeks and could be subcultured successfully. Cell proliferation, as monitored by (3H) thymidine incorporation into nuclear macromolecules, ceased in less than 2 months.", "contents": "Human semen as a source of epithelial cells for culture. When washed cells from human semen samples were plated out, epithelial cultures were obtained. The human ejaculates used as starting material contained, in addition to spermatazoa, 10(3) to 10(7) cells of other types, including granulocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, spermatocytes and epithelial cells. Although no fractionation of cell types was attempted, semen samples yielded epithelial cultures uncontaminated by fibroblasts. The cultured cells appeared characteristically epithelial with a polygonal shape, interdigitating cell membranes, and desmosomes. ABH blood-group antigenic determinants of the donor were expressed with variable frequency as a surface antigen on these cells. About half the trials gave some cell attachment. Most cultures remained as small, tight colonies, but a few reached confluency in about 5 weeks and could be subcultured successfully. Cell proliferation, as monitored by (3H) thymidine incorporation into nuclear macromolecules, ceased in less than 2 months.", "PMID": 689703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8464", "title": "Normal human endometrium in cell culture. I. Separation and characterization of epithelial and stromal components in vitro.", "content": "Separation of human endometrium into its epithelial and stromal components has been achieved through collagenase digestion and has permitted a study of these two cell populations under specific experimental culture conditions. The stromal cell populations showed a progesterone response, were easily handled in culture, and displayed a limited in vitro life span typical of human diploid fibroblasts. In contrast, epithelium only survived in short-term primary culture and showed no clear hormone response. High-density epithelial cultures remained viable for longer periods in culture. Comparisons between resurfacing endometrial epithelial cells in vivo and epithelial cells migrating from explants in vitro suggested that this initial epithelial migration in vitro was the counterpart of the repair response in vivo.", "contents": "Normal human endometrium in cell culture. I. Separation and characterization of epithelial and stromal components in vitro. Separation of human endometrium into its epithelial and stromal components has been achieved through collagenase digestion and has permitted a study of these two cell populations under specific experimental culture conditions. The stromal cell populations showed a progesterone response, were easily handled in culture, and displayed a limited in vitro life span typical of human diploid fibroblasts. In contrast, epithelium only survived in short-term primary culture and showed no clear hormone response. High-density epithelial cultures remained viable for longer periods in culture. Comparisons between resurfacing endometrial epithelial cells in vivo and epithelial cells migrating from explants in vitro suggested that this initial epithelial migration in vitro was the counterpart of the repair response in vivo.", "PMID": 689704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8465", "title": "Cartilage tissue differentiation from mesenchymal cells derived from mature muscle in tissue culture.", "content": "Under the influence of biochemical components of bone matrix gelatin (BMG), cartilage differentiates in tissue culture from the connective tissue cell outgrowths of mature muscle. Proliferation and differentiation begin within 24 hr with synthesis of hyaluronate, continue with high levels of synthesis of DNA and hyaluronidase, and culminate in production of large quantities of chondroitin sulfate. The addition of hyaluronic acid to the culture medium during the first 48 hr of culture depresses, whereas chondroitin sulfate enhances, subsequent production of cartilage. These observations on the cell biosynthetic products prior to the appearance of mature cartilage suggest that the BMG--modified connective tissue outgrowths of mature muscle exhibit the developmental potential of embryonic axial mesenchyme. Whether muscle harbors embryonic cells in a programmed but not yet activated readiness (protodifferentiated state) to differentiate into cartilage, or simply contributes a population of temporarily dedifferentiated fibroblasts, is not known, but in any event, BMG switches the pathway of further development from fibrous connective tissue to cartilage.", "contents": "Cartilage tissue differentiation from mesenchymal cells derived from mature muscle in tissue culture. Under the influence of biochemical components of bone matrix gelatin (BMG), cartilage differentiates in tissue culture from the connective tissue cell outgrowths of mature muscle. Proliferation and differentiation begin within 24 hr with synthesis of hyaluronate, continue with high levels of synthesis of DNA and hyaluronidase, and culminate in production of large quantities of chondroitin sulfate. The addition of hyaluronic acid to the culture medium during the first 48 hr of culture depresses, whereas chondroitin sulfate enhances, subsequent production of cartilage. These observations on the cell biosynthetic products prior to the appearance of mature cartilage suggest that the BMG--modified connective tissue outgrowths of mature muscle exhibit the developmental potential of embryonic axial mesenchyme. Whether muscle harbors embryonic cells in a programmed but not yet activated readiness (protodifferentiated state) to differentiate into cartilage, or simply contributes a population of temporarily dedifferentiated fibroblasts, is not known, but in any event, BMG switches the pathway of further development from fibrous connective tissue to cartilage.", "PMID": 689705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8466", "title": "Spontaneous 51Cr release by isolated rat hepatocytes: an indicator of membrane damage.", "content": "Radiochromium uptake and release by isolated rat hepatocytes in suspension was monitored under continuous-labeling conditions. Cell protein remained unchanged during the absorption phase, whereas the release of 51Cr correlated well with the loss of cell viability and release of cytoplasmic protein. The results suggest that under equilibrium conditions, 51Cr release represents an efflux of label from damaged or dying preparations and not an elution of radioisotope from intact cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous 51Cr release by isolated rat hepatocytes: an indicator of membrane damage. Radiochromium uptake and release by isolated rat hepatocytes in suspension was monitored under continuous-labeling conditions. Cell protein remained unchanged during the absorption phase, whereas the release of 51Cr correlated well with the loss of cell viability and release of cytoplasmic protein. The results suggest that under equilibrium conditions, 51Cr release represents an efflux of label from damaged or dying preparations and not an elution of radioisotope from intact cells.", "PMID": 689706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8467", "title": "Identification of hydrogen peroxide as a photoproduct toxic to human cells in tissue-culture medium irradiated with \"daylight\" fluorescent light.", "content": "Hydrogen peroxide, lethal for human cells, is produced in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's tissue culture medium when exposed to \"daylight\" fluorescent light. Addition of pure H2O2 and use of the enzyme catalase demonstrate that about 40% of the toxicity in irradiated medium is due to generated peroxide. Riboflavin and tryptophan, or riboflavin and tyrosine, are the components necessary for formation of lethal levels of H2O2 during light exposure.", "contents": "Identification of hydrogen peroxide as a photoproduct toxic to human cells in tissue-culture medium irradiated with \"daylight\" fluorescent light. Hydrogen peroxide, lethal for human cells, is produced in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's tissue culture medium when exposed to \"daylight\" fluorescent light. Addition of pure H2O2 and use of the enzyme catalase demonstrate that about 40% of the toxicity in irradiated medium is due to generated peroxide. Riboflavin and tryptophan, or riboflavin and tyrosine, are the components necessary for formation of lethal levels of H2O2 during light exposure.", "PMID": 689707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8468", "title": "Protein synthesis in imaginal disks of Plodia interpunctella during development in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Wing imaginal disks were dissected from larvae of Plodia interpunctella (H\u00fcbner) at various stages during the larval-pupal transformation. The wing-disk proteins separated by electrophoresis and scanned with a densitometer changed quantitatively but not qualitatively during development in vivo. Treatment of wing disks in vitro with beta-ecdysone resulted in a 2-fold increase in synthesis of proteins after only 2 hr incubation. The maximum rate of protein synthesis was reached 16 hr after treatment with hormone. The pattern of proteins separated by electrophoresis of wing disks that were incubated in vitro with beta-ecdysone did not change qualitatively. The major features of protein synthesis during wing-disk development in vivo were similar to those observed during beta-ecdysone-induced development in vitro.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in imaginal disks of Plodia interpunctella during development in vivo and in vitro. Wing imaginal disks were dissected from larvae of Plodia interpunctella (H\u00fcbner) at various stages during the larval-pupal transformation. The wing-disk proteins separated by electrophoresis and scanned with a densitometer changed quantitatively but not qualitatively during development in vivo. Treatment of wing disks in vitro with beta-ecdysone resulted in a 2-fold increase in synthesis of proteins after only 2 hr incubation. The maximum rate of protein synthesis was reached 16 hr after treatment with hormone. The pattern of proteins separated by electrophoresis of wing disks that were incubated in vitro with beta-ecdysone did not change qualitatively. The major features of protein synthesis during wing-disk development in vivo were similar to those observed during beta-ecdysone-induced development in vitro.", "PMID": 689708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8469", "title": "Ischemic myocardial injury in cultured heart cells: leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes from injured cells.", "content": "An in vitro model of myocardial ischemia has been established with primary monolayer cultures of postnatal rat myocardial cells. Ischemic conditions were simulated in vitro by subjecting the myocardial cell cultures to various levels of oxygen and glucose deprivation. The experimental protocol consisted of treatment with 20% or 0% O2 and 1000, 500 or 0 mg glucose per 1 of medium for 4 or 24 hr. Control cultures were treated with 20% O2 and 1000 mg glucose. After the ischemic treatments, cultures of beating muscle (M) cells were evaluated for signs of injury, i.e. leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes into the culture medium. Differences were found in leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) from the cultures that were exposed to partial ischemia of glucose deprivation and from those cultures that were exposed to total ischemia of oxygen and glucose deprivation. Glucose deprivation along resulted in a slight-to-moderate loss of LDH and CPK from the cells, whereas total ischemia resulted in a significant release of the two cytoplasmic enzymes. When the cultures were allowed to recover after ischemic treatment in complete medium (1000 mg glucose) and a normal atmosphere of 20% O2, they had levels of LDH leakage comparable to those of control cultures. Cell viability and total protein content of the ischemic cultures did not differ significantly from controls.", "contents": "Ischemic myocardial injury in cultured heart cells: leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes from injured cells. An in vitro model of myocardial ischemia has been established with primary monolayer cultures of postnatal rat myocardial cells. Ischemic conditions were simulated in vitro by subjecting the myocardial cell cultures to various levels of oxygen and glucose deprivation. The experimental protocol consisted of treatment with 20% or 0% O2 and 1000, 500 or 0 mg glucose per 1 of medium for 4 or 24 hr. Control cultures were treated with 20% O2 and 1000 mg glucose. After the ischemic treatments, cultures of beating muscle (M) cells were evaluated for signs of injury, i.e. leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes into the culture medium. Differences were found in leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) from the cultures that were exposed to partial ischemia of glucose deprivation and from those cultures that were exposed to total ischemia of oxygen and glucose deprivation. Glucose deprivation along resulted in a slight-to-moderate loss of LDH and CPK from the cells, whereas total ischemia resulted in a significant release of the two cytoplasmic enzymes. When the cultures were allowed to recover after ischemic treatment in complete medium (1000 mg glucose) and a normal atmosphere of 20% O2, they had levels of LDH leakage comparable to those of control cultures. Cell viability and total protein content of the ischemic cultures did not differ significantly from controls.", "PMID": 689709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8470", "title": "Isolation of specific and common antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins A and E by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Specific and common antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins A and E (SEA and SEE) were isolated from anti-SEA and anti-SEE antisera by affinity chromatography. Anti-SEA and anti-SEE antisera were passed through a column with the cross-reacting enterotoxin coupled to a CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B matrix. Specifically bound common antibodies were eluted with NaSCN. The isolated specific antibodies reacted only with the homologous enterotoxin, whereas the common antibodies gave a reaction of identify with both enterotoxins in double gel diffusion plates. The common antibodies had a higher titer against SEE than against SEA. The significance of the isolation of antibodies common to two separate protein molecules is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of specific and common antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins A and E by affinity chromatography. Specific and common antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins A and E (SEA and SEE) were isolated from anti-SEA and anti-SEE antisera by affinity chromatography. Anti-SEA and anti-SEE antisera were passed through a column with the cross-reacting enterotoxin coupled to a CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B matrix. Specifically bound common antibodies were eluted with NaSCN. The isolated specific antibodies reacted only with the homologous enterotoxin, whereas the common antibodies gave a reaction of identify with both enterotoxins in double gel diffusion plates. The common antibodies had a higher titer against SEE than against SEA. The significance of the isolation of antibodies common to two separate protein molecules is discussed.", "PMID": 689729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8471", "title": "Passive transfer of resistance to frambesial infection in hamsters.", "content": "The immune mechanism by which hamsters acquire resistance to infection with Treponema pertenue, the causative agent of frambesia, or yaws, has not been elucidated. Serum or cells (spleen or lymph node) obtained from hamsters resistant to frambesial infection were transferred to normal syngenic recipients, who are subsequently infected with T. pertenue. The following parameters were used to measure the ability of immune serum of cells to confer resistance on recipient hamsters to frambesial infection: inhibition of the development of cutaneous lesions, decreased weight, and number of treponemes in the inguinal lymph nodes. This investigation demonstrated that immune serum conferred protection on recipient hamsters infected with T. pertenue. Discontinuation of the administration of immune serum (18 days after frambesial infection) did not result in the development of cutaneous lesions. Since the inguinal lymph nodes contained a sizeable number of treponemes (2.6 X 10(5)), immune serum failed to prevent frambesial infection. Recipients of immune spleen or lymph node cells initially developed frambesial lesions 9 days after infection. The frambesial lesions began to resolve 12 to 14 days after infection and by day 21 had completely regressed. These results illustrated that humoral factors and cells are involved in resistance of the hamster to frambesial infection.", "contents": "Passive transfer of resistance to frambesial infection in hamsters. The immune mechanism by which hamsters acquire resistance to infection with Treponema pertenue, the causative agent of frambesia, or yaws, has not been elucidated. Serum or cells (spleen or lymph node) obtained from hamsters resistant to frambesial infection were transferred to normal syngenic recipients, who are subsequently infected with T. pertenue. The following parameters were used to measure the ability of immune serum of cells to confer resistance on recipient hamsters to frambesial infection: inhibition of the development of cutaneous lesions, decreased weight, and number of treponemes in the inguinal lymph nodes. This investigation demonstrated that immune serum conferred protection on recipient hamsters infected with T. pertenue. Discontinuation of the administration of immune serum (18 days after frambesial infection) did not result in the development of cutaneous lesions. Since the inguinal lymph nodes contained a sizeable number of treponemes (2.6 X 10(5)), immune serum failed to prevent frambesial infection. Recipients of immune spleen or lymph node cells initially developed frambesial lesions 9 days after infection. The frambesial lesions began to resolve 12 to 14 days after infection and by day 21 had completely regressed. These results illustrated that humoral factors and cells are involved in resistance of the hamster to frambesial infection.", "PMID": 689730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8472", "title": "Distribution of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) in the tissues of lipopolysaccharide-responsive and -unresponsive mice.", "content": "We examined the distribution of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in LPS-responsive (C3H/St) and LPS-unresponsive (C3H/HeJ) mice. The results reported here demonstrate that the rates of removal of an immunological or a toxic dose of LPS from the circulation are the same in both strains of mice. C3H/St spleens accumulated significantly more LPS than C3H/HeJ spleens after the intravenous injection of either an immunogenic or a toxic dose of LPS. There was also a greater amount of LPS associated with cells teased from C3H/St spleens compared to those from C3H/HeJ spleens. After a toxic dose of LPS, there was more LPS in C3H/St lymph nodes, adrenals, lungs, kidneys, and heart than in the corresponding C3H/HeJ tissues. The accumulation of more LPS in tissues from C3H/St mice compared to C3H/HeJ mice suggests that these tissues are involved in the pathophysiological and, ultimately, the toxic effects of LPS. The differential accumulation of LPS in the tissues of these two strains may be the reason for the decreased responses of C3H/HeJ mice to LPS.", "contents": "Distribution of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) in the tissues of lipopolysaccharide-responsive and -unresponsive mice. We examined the distribution of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in LPS-responsive (C3H/St) and LPS-unresponsive (C3H/HeJ) mice. The results reported here demonstrate that the rates of removal of an immunological or a toxic dose of LPS from the circulation are the same in both strains of mice. C3H/St spleens accumulated significantly more LPS than C3H/HeJ spleens after the intravenous injection of either an immunogenic or a toxic dose of LPS. There was also a greater amount of LPS associated with cells teased from C3H/St spleens compared to those from C3H/HeJ spleens. After a toxic dose of LPS, there was more LPS in C3H/St lymph nodes, adrenals, lungs, kidneys, and heart than in the corresponding C3H/HeJ tissues. The accumulation of more LPS in tissues from C3H/St mice compared to C3H/HeJ mice suggests that these tissues are involved in the pathophysiological and, ultimately, the toxic effects of LPS. The differential accumulation of LPS in the tissues of these two strains may be the reason for the decreased responses of C3H/HeJ mice to LPS.", "PMID": 689731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8473", "title": "Antibody-mediated recovery from subcutaneous herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.", "content": "Young adult mice infected with 3 X 10(6) plaque-forming units of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) died within 9 to 12 days after spread of the virus from the sites of infection to the spinal cord and brain. Administration of HSV-2-neutralizing antisera prepared in syngenic mice or in rabbits inhibited spread of the virus from the footpad of infected animals and prevented death. A single intraperitoneal inoculum of antiserum (virus-neutralizing titer of 1:128) was effective in protecting mice when the antiserum was given at 8 to 48 h, but not at 72 h, after virus inoculation. Immune sera absorbed with HSV-2-infected cells no longer protected mice from subcutaneous infection, whereas absorption with noninfected cells had no effect. Thus, HSV-2-specific antibodies appeared to be responsible for the protection observed. If the mice were given a sublethal dose of irradiation (390 rads) at 24 h before antibody transfer, protection was no longer obtained. This suggested that the mechanism of protection probably was not solely due to in vivo neutralization of virus, but required the participation of a radiosensitive component which has not yet been defined.", "contents": "Antibody-mediated recovery from subcutaneous herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Young adult mice infected with 3 X 10(6) plaque-forming units of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) died within 9 to 12 days after spread of the virus from the sites of infection to the spinal cord and brain. Administration of HSV-2-neutralizing antisera prepared in syngenic mice or in rabbits inhibited spread of the virus from the footpad of infected animals and prevented death. A single intraperitoneal inoculum of antiserum (virus-neutralizing titer of 1:128) was effective in protecting mice when the antiserum was given at 8 to 48 h, but not at 72 h, after virus inoculation. Immune sera absorbed with HSV-2-infected cells no longer protected mice from subcutaneous infection, whereas absorption with noninfected cells had no effect. Thus, HSV-2-specific antibodies appeared to be responsible for the protection observed. If the mice were given a sublethal dose of irradiation (390 rads) at 24 h before antibody transfer, protection was no longer obtained. This suggested that the mechanism of protection probably was not solely due to in vivo neutralization of virus, but required the participation of a radiosensitive component which has not yet been defined.", "PMID": 689732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8474", "title": "Structural analysis of the cellular constituents of a fresh clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus, and their role in the interaction between the organisms and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of serum factors.", "content": "The in vitro interaction of a fresh clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus and polymorphonuclear leukocytes was investigated. The importance of the various cellular constituents as host immunological factors was analyzed, and the results suggested that two components, namely, an acidic polysaccharide consisting of a predominance of aminogalacturonic acid and a strain-specific mucopeptide complex, may be involved in impeding in vitro opsonization of the organism by leukocytes. Immunochemical analysis indicated that the acidic polysaccharide possessed the same immunodominant aminogalacturonic acid residues as the antiphagocytic acidic antigen of the encapsulated prototype Scott strain. Antisera derived from rabbits immunized with strain D contained two types of opsonins, those with acidic polymer specificity and those with mucopeptide complex specificity.", "contents": "Structural analysis of the cellular constituents of a fresh clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus, and their role in the interaction between the organisms and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of serum factors. The in vitro interaction of a fresh clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus and polymorphonuclear leukocytes was investigated. The importance of the various cellular constituents as host immunological factors was analyzed, and the results suggested that two components, namely, an acidic polysaccharide consisting of a predominance of aminogalacturonic acid and a strain-specific mucopeptide complex, may be involved in impeding in vitro opsonization of the organism by leukocytes. Immunochemical analysis indicated that the acidic polysaccharide possessed the same immunodominant aminogalacturonic acid residues as the antiphagocytic acidic antigen of the encapsulated prototype Scott strain. Antisera derived from rabbits immunized with strain D contained two types of opsonins, those with acidic polymer specificity and those with mucopeptide complex specificity.", "PMID": 689733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8475", "title": "Intestinal distribution of Vibrio cholerae in orally infected infant mice: kinetics of recovery of radiolabel and viable cells.", "content": "Kinetics of distribution of Vibrio cholerae in the gastrointestinal tract of orally challenged infant mice were examined by determining recovery of input dose from the whole gut and from individual segments of stomach, upper bowel, and lower bowel. The strains studied were 569B, CA401, and VB12 (a rough CA401). Recovery was determined as a percentage of either input radiolabel using 35S-labeled cells or input colony-forming units. We found clearance of radiolabel and viable cells from the stomach into the intestines by 2 h. Early whole-gut clearance of label was greater for 569B and heat-killed CA401 than for CA401, VB12, or Formalinized CA401. At early times postchallenge, significant differences occurred between strains in the upper bowel, with greater recovery of label and viable cells for CA401 than for 569B or VB12. Beginning at 8 h postchallenge, radiolabel accumulated in the lower bowel with all experimental groups except CA401-challenged mice, where diarrhea was noted and label disappeared from the intestines. In vitro evaluation of mucosal association of these strains with bowel sections was also done. CA401 and VB12 associated to a greater extent than 569B or heat-killed or Formalin-killed CA401.", "contents": "Intestinal distribution of Vibrio cholerae in orally infected infant mice: kinetics of recovery of radiolabel and viable cells. Kinetics of distribution of Vibrio cholerae in the gastrointestinal tract of orally challenged infant mice were examined by determining recovery of input dose from the whole gut and from individual segments of stomach, upper bowel, and lower bowel. The strains studied were 569B, CA401, and VB12 (a rough CA401). Recovery was determined as a percentage of either input radiolabel using 35S-labeled cells or input colony-forming units. We found clearance of radiolabel and viable cells from the stomach into the intestines by 2 h. Early whole-gut clearance of label was greater for 569B and heat-killed CA401 than for CA401, VB12, or Formalinized CA401. At early times postchallenge, significant differences occurred between strains in the upper bowel, with greater recovery of label and viable cells for CA401 than for 569B or VB12. Beginning at 8 h postchallenge, radiolabel accumulated in the lower bowel with all experimental groups except CA401-challenged mice, where diarrhea was noted and label disappeared from the intestines. In vitro evaluation of mucosal association of these strains with bowel sections was also done. CA401 and VB12 associated to a greater extent than 569B or heat-killed or Formalin-killed CA401.", "PMID": 689734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8476", "title": "Influence of iron on Corynebacterium renale-induced pyelonephritis in a rat experimental model.", "content": "Growth of Corynebacterium renale in vitro on low-iron medium (1.34 micron) was only slightly less than that on high-iron media (7.16 and 9.85 micron). However, studies on C. renale-induced pyelonephritis using the rat as an experimental model revealed that C. renale cultivated in high-iron media was capable of producing pyelonephritis, but when grown on low-iron medium, these bacteria were noninfective. This apparent avirulence of the bacteria cultivated on low levels of iron could be reversed by injecting the rats intramuscularly with ferric ammonium citrate.", "contents": "Influence of iron on Corynebacterium renale-induced pyelonephritis in a rat experimental model. Growth of Corynebacterium renale in vitro on low-iron medium (1.34 micron) was only slightly less than that on high-iron media (7.16 and 9.85 micron). However, studies on C. renale-induced pyelonephritis using the rat as an experimental model revealed that C. renale cultivated in high-iron media was capable of producing pyelonephritis, but when grown on low-iron medium, these bacteria were noninfective. This apparent avirulence of the bacteria cultivated on low levels of iron could be reversed by injecting the rats intramuscularly with ferric ammonium citrate.", "PMID": 689735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8477", "title": "Inhibitory effects of extracellular products from oral bacteria on human fibroblasts and stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Extracellular products of 12 strains of Streptococcus mutans and 5 additional species of oral bacteria were analyzed for their ability to inhibit proliferation of fibroblastoid cells (HeLa and AV3) and blast transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from normal individuals. Products from S. mutans strains AHT and BHT, Streptococcus intermedius, and Actinomyces viscosus inhibited [3H]thymidine uptake by fibroblastoid cells and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. Products from S. mutans E49, Streptococcus salivarius, and Actinomyces naeslundii inhibited blast transformation of human lymphocytes but did not significantly inhibit the growth of fibroblastoid cells. Preparations from S. intermedius gave the greatest inhibitory activity against both target cell types; initial characterization of this preparation suggested a single factor active in both assays, in that the heat lability and Sephadex G-200 elution profile were similar for the inhibitory activity seen with the two cell types. The molecular weight of the inhibitor, estimated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and Ultragel AcA34, was approximately 160,000. The results strongly suggest that oral bacteria produce heat-labile substances that interfere with fibroblast proliferation and alter the lymphocytic immunological response.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of extracellular products from oral bacteria on human fibroblasts and stimulated lymphocytes. Extracellular products of 12 strains of Streptococcus mutans and 5 additional species of oral bacteria were analyzed for their ability to inhibit proliferation of fibroblastoid cells (HeLa and AV3) and blast transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from normal individuals. Products from S. mutans strains AHT and BHT, Streptococcus intermedius, and Actinomyces viscosus inhibited [3H]thymidine uptake by fibroblastoid cells and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. Products from S. mutans E49, Streptococcus salivarius, and Actinomyces naeslundii inhibited blast transformation of human lymphocytes but did not significantly inhibit the growth of fibroblastoid cells. Preparations from S. intermedius gave the greatest inhibitory activity against both target cell types; initial characterization of this preparation suggested a single factor active in both assays, in that the heat lability and Sephadex G-200 elution profile were similar for the inhibitory activity seen with the two cell types. The molecular weight of the inhibitor, estimated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and Ultragel AcA34, was approximately 160,000. The results strongly suggest that oral bacteria produce heat-labile substances that interfere with fibroblast proliferation and alter the lymphocytic immunological response.", "PMID": 689736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8478", "title": "Interaction of inflammatory cells and oral microorganisms. VII. In vitro polymorphonuclear responses to viable bacteria and to subcellular components of avirulent and virulent strains of Actinomyces viscosus.", "content": "Both virulent (V) and avirulent (AV) strains of Actinomyces viscosus T14 are capable of colonizing the oral cavity of gnotobiotic rats, but only T14-V causes destructive periodontal disease. The basis for this difference in in vivo pathogenicity has not been adequately defined. In the present study we compared the capacities of T14-AV and T14-V to provoke in vitro extracellular release of lysosomal constituents from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). In serum-free cultures, viable T14-V but not T14-AV stimulated discharge of PMN lysosomes. The release response was correlated with PMN phagocytic activity; thus, PMNs readily ingested T14-V but not T14-AV. To explain these differences in PMN-bacteria interactions, subcellular fractions of T14-AV or T14-V were incubated with PMNs. A crude, insoluble sonic extract derived from T14-V caused PMN lysosome release, but a similar fraction from T14-AV was inactive. However, following extensive washing and treatment with deoxyribonuclease or sodium dodecyl sulfate, cell wall fractions of T14-AV stimulated lysosome release. These procedures apparently removed an extracellular polysaccharide slime which is synthesized by T14-AV but not by T14-V. There was a significant reduction in the capacities of viable T14-V or cell wall fractions of T14-V or T14-AV to provoke PMN lysosome release when these agents were preincubated with a slime material isolated from T14-AV. This inhibitory influence of slime was overcome by the addition of fresh or heated (56 degrees C, 30 min) serum to the PMN-bacteria cultures. The data suggest a relationship between the abilities of the avirulent and virulent strains of A. viscosus T14 to act as periodontal pathogens in vivo and to serve as stimuli for PMN lysosome release in vitro.", "contents": "Interaction of inflammatory cells and oral microorganisms. VII. In vitro polymorphonuclear responses to viable bacteria and to subcellular components of avirulent and virulent strains of Actinomyces viscosus. Both virulent (V) and avirulent (AV) strains of Actinomyces viscosus T14 are capable of colonizing the oral cavity of gnotobiotic rats, but only T14-V causes destructive periodontal disease. The basis for this difference in in vivo pathogenicity has not been adequately defined. In the present study we compared the capacities of T14-AV and T14-V to provoke in vitro extracellular release of lysosomal constituents from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). In serum-free cultures, viable T14-V but not T14-AV stimulated discharge of PMN lysosomes. The release response was correlated with PMN phagocytic activity; thus, PMNs readily ingested T14-V but not T14-AV. To explain these differences in PMN-bacteria interactions, subcellular fractions of T14-AV or T14-V were incubated with PMNs. A crude, insoluble sonic extract derived from T14-V caused PMN lysosome release, but a similar fraction from T14-AV was inactive. However, following extensive washing and treatment with deoxyribonuclease or sodium dodecyl sulfate, cell wall fractions of T14-AV stimulated lysosome release. These procedures apparently removed an extracellular polysaccharide slime which is synthesized by T14-AV but not by T14-V. There was a significant reduction in the capacities of viable T14-V or cell wall fractions of T14-V or T14-AV to provoke PMN lysosome release when these agents were preincubated with a slime material isolated from T14-AV. This inhibitory influence of slime was overcome by the addition of fresh or heated (56 degrees C, 30 min) serum to the PMN-bacteria cultures. The data suggest a relationship between the abilities of the avirulent and virulent strains of A. viscosus T14 to act as periodontal pathogens in vivo and to serve as stimuli for PMN lysosome release in vitro.", "PMID": 689737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8479", "title": "Purification of tritium-labeled cholera toxin.", "content": "Cholera toxin was labeled with tritium by the Wilzbach technique, and highly purified radiolabeled toxin was obtained by Sephadex column chromatography and disc gel electrophoresis. 3H-labeled cholera toxin retained its biological activity and chemical stability and had a specific activity of 405.9 muCi/mumol. The methods utilized in extraction and purification of 3H-labeled toxin may be advantageous for preparation of other biologically active radiolabeled proteins.", "contents": "Purification of tritium-labeled cholera toxin. Cholera toxin was labeled with tritium by the Wilzbach technique, and highly purified radiolabeled toxin was obtained by Sephadex column chromatography and disc gel electrophoresis. 3H-labeled cholera toxin retained its biological activity and chemical stability and had a specific activity of 405.9 muCi/mumol. The methods utilized in extraction and purification of 3H-labeled toxin may be advantageous for preparation of other biologically active radiolabeled proteins.", "PMID": 689738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8480", "title": "Disruption of the permeability barrier (zonula occludens) between intestinal epithelial cells by lethal doses of endotoxin.", "content": "A freeze-fracture technique was used to examine the most apical intercellular junctional complex between intestinal epithelial cells (the tight or occluding junction) in mice after challenge with endotoxin. Some of these junctions were disrupted after challenge and may be a site for leakage of microbial agents from the lumen.", "contents": "Disruption of the permeability barrier (zonula occludens) between intestinal epithelial cells by lethal doses of endotoxin. A freeze-fracture technique was used to examine the most apical intercellular junctional complex between intestinal epithelial cells (the tight or occluding junction) in mice after challenge with endotoxin. Some of these junctions were disrupted after challenge and may be a site for leakage of microbial agents from the lumen.", "PMID": 689739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8481", "title": "Effect of phorbol myristate acetate on cellular metabolism and lysozyme release from alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Phorbol myristate acetate stimulated oxidative metabolism in alveolar macrophages and blood neutrophils. This compound also stimulated lysozyme release from neutrophils but not from alveolar macrophages. These findings suggest that the regulation of lysozyme release from alveolar macrophages is different than for polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "Effect of phorbol myristate acetate on cellular metabolism and lysozyme release from alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Phorbol myristate acetate stimulated oxidative metabolism in alveolar macrophages and blood neutrophils. This compound also stimulated lysozyme release from neutrophils but not from alveolar macrophages. These findings suggest that the regulation of lysozyme release from alveolar macrophages is different than for polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "PMID": 689740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8482", "title": "Cyclophosphamide effects on murine cryptococcosis.", "content": "BALB/c mice were given cyclophosphamide and challenged with Cryptococcus neoformans. Delayed-type hypersensitivity was transiently depressed, and survival was either unaffected or shortened by cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide effects on murine cryptococcosis. BALB/c mice were given cyclophosphamide and challenged with Cryptococcus neoformans. Delayed-type hypersensitivity was transiently depressed, and survival was either unaffected or shortened by cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 689741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8483", "title": "Ability of Streptococcus mutans and a glucosyltransferase-defective mutant to colonize rodents and attach to hydroxyapatite surfaces.", "content": "A mutant of Streptococcus mutans forming little or no cell-associated glucosyltransferase attached to the teeth of rats and to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite comparably to its parent.", "contents": "Ability of Streptococcus mutans and a glucosyltransferase-defective mutant to colonize rodents and attach to hydroxyapatite surfaces. A mutant of Streptococcus mutans forming little or no cell-associated glucosyltransferase attached to the teeth of rats and to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite comparably to its parent.", "PMID": 689742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8484", "title": "Protection of mice against tick-borne encephalitis by different classes of immunoglobulins.", "content": "The protective capacities of IgM and IgG immunoglobulins from fractionated human or mouse sera were investigated in tests with tick-borne encephalitis virus. Mice were resistant to challenge with tick-borne encephalitis virus if previously inoculated with specific immunoglobulins but not nonspecific immunoglobulins. The protective ability of IgM, whether derived from mouse or human sera, was only about 1/40 of that of IgG preparations adjusted to the same haemagglutination inhibition or neutralising titres.", "contents": "Protection of mice against tick-borne encephalitis by different classes of immunoglobulins. The protective capacities of IgM and IgG immunoglobulins from fractionated human or mouse sera were investigated in tests with tick-borne encephalitis virus. Mice were resistant to challenge with tick-borne encephalitis virus if previously inoculated with specific immunoglobulins but not nonspecific immunoglobulins. The protective ability of IgM, whether derived from mouse or human sera, was only about 1/40 of that of IgG preparations adjusted to the same haemagglutination inhibition or neutralising titres.", "PMID": 689743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8485", "title": "Binding of sisomicin and streptomycin to human albumin.", "content": "The aminoglycosides of the kanamycin and neomycin series are displaced from their protein binding by very low Ca++ ion concentrations, whereas streptomycin is displaced only by very high Ca++ ion concentrations. For streptomycin, therefore, the binding mechanism must differ from that for the other aminoglycosides. The displacing reaction cannot be described by the law of mass action, combining the binding equations. Several possible reasons, such as complex formation and changes in the conformation of albumin, are discussed. Complex formation between sisomicin and the lanthanide ion Nd+++, which has the same ionic radius as the Ca++ ion, could be excluded by recording the difference absorption spectrum. The displacement of the aminoglycosides from their protein binding by Ca++ ions (as well as the pH dependence of the protein binding) suggests that ionic bonds are involved in the interactions between aminoglycosides and serum proteins.", "contents": "Binding of sisomicin and streptomycin to human albumin. The aminoglycosides of the kanamycin and neomycin series are displaced from their protein binding by very low Ca++ ion concentrations, whereas streptomycin is displaced only by very high Ca++ ion concentrations. For streptomycin, therefore, the binding mechanism must differ from that for the other aminoglycosides. The displacing reaction cannot be described by the law of mass action, combining the binding equations. Several possible reasons, such as complex formation and changes in the conformation of albumin, are discussed. Complex formation between sisomicin and the lanthanide ion Nd+++, which has the same ionic radius as the Ca++ ion, could be excluded by recording the difference absorption spectrum. The displacement of the aminoglycosides from their protein binding by Ca++ ions (as well as the pH dependence of the protein binding) suggests that ionic bonds are involved in the interactions between aminoglycosides and serum proteins.", "PMID": 689744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8486", "title": "The concentration of thiamphenicol in severely diseased human kidneys.", "content": "The concentration of thiamphenicol in serum and renal tissue was determined in 17 patients with severly diseased kidneys after an intravenous injection of 1000 mg of the drug. Two hours after the administration the renal tissue concentrations ranged in patients with hydronephrotic kidneys from 38.0-63.5 microgram/g, in patients with cirrhotic kidneys from 17.9-42.7 microgram/g, in patients with pyonephrosis from 9.8-17.6 microgram/g and in patients with renal carcinoma from 37.7-64.2 microgram/g. The patient with the renal sarcoma had a level of 138.7 microgram/g. At the same time the serum concentration ranged from 4.6-15.2 microgram/ml. The highest renal tissue/serum concentration ratios of thiamphenicol were observed in patients with hydronephrotic kidneys and renal tumours, the lowest in cases of pyonephrosis. The influence of severe renal disease on the renal tissue/serum concentration ratios of thiamphenicol is discussed. The high renal tissue levels of thiamphenicol in patients with severely diseased kidneys fulfill an important condition for the antibacterial chemotherapy of kidney infections.", "contents": "The concentration of thiamphenicol in severely diseased human kidneys. The concentration of thiamphenicol in serum and renal tissue was determined in 17 patients with severly diseased kidneys after an intravenous injection of 1000 mg of the drug. Two hours after the administration the renal tissue concentrations ranged in patients with hydronephrotic kidneys from 38.0-63.5 microgram/g, in patients with cirrhotic kidneys from 17.9-42.7 microgram/g, in patients with pyonephrosis from 9.8-17.6 microgram/g and in patients with renal carcinoma from 37.7-64.2 microgram/g. The patient with the renal sarcoma had a level of 138.7 microgram/g. At the same time the serum concentration ranged from 4.6-15.2 microgram/ml. The highest renal tissue/serum concentration ratios of thiamphenicol were observed in patients with hydronephrotic kidneys and renal tumours, the lowest in cases of pyonephrosis. The influence of severe renal disease on the renal tissue/serum concentration ratios of thiamphenicol is discussed. The high renal tissue levels of thiamphenicol in patients with severely diseased kidneys fulfill an important condition for the antibacterial chemotherapy of kidney infections.", "PMID": 689745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8487", "title": "Protective isolation and antimicrobial decontamination in patients with high susceptibility to infection. A prospective cooperative study of gnotobiotic care in acute leukaemia patients. III: The quality of isolation and decontamination.", "content": "In a cooperative study, the quality of protective isolation and of antibiotic decontamination of the digestive tract was studied in patients with acute leukaemia by (bio)-typing of Enterobacteriaceae species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from oral washings and faecal samples. These samples were collected before and during treatment of 82 patients who were either isolated and decontaminated for which latter purposes a combination of neomycin, polymyxin, bacitracin and nystatin was used (group A); isolated without decontamination (Group B) or treated on the ward without decontamination (Group C). The results indicated that protective isolation had only been completely successful during the entire (remission induction) treatment period in one of the 32 patients in Group B. In Group A patients, who underwent antibiotic decontamination in addition, successful isolation was achieved in 57% of 28 patients. Successful antibiotic decontamination of the digestive tract for the entire treatment period as far as all potentially pathogenic species are concerned, was realized in 4 (14%) of the 28 patients of Group A. Bacteriologically confirmed infections occurred in 50% of Group A patients, in 59% Group B patients and in 64% of Group C patients. It is concluded that the quality of isolation had in general been insufficient but that it was improved by oral nonabsorbable antibiotics and, furthermore, that the antibiotic decontamination procedure also requires improvement.", "contents": "Protective isolation and antimicrobial decontamination in patients with high susceptibility to infection. A prospective cooperative study of gnotobiotic care in acute leukaemia patients. III: The quality of isolation and decontamination. In a cooperative study, the quality of protective isolation and of antibiotic decontamination of the digestive tract was studied in patients with acute leukaemia by (bio)-typing of Enterobacteriaceae species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from oral washings and faecal samples. These samples were collected before and during treatment of 82 patients who were either isolated and decontaminated for which latter purposes a combination of neomycin, polymyxin, bacitracin and nystatin was used (group A); isolated without decontamination (Group B) or treated on the ward without decontamination (Group C). The results indicated that protective isolation had only been completely successful during the entire (remission induction) treatment period in one of the 32 patients in Group B. In Group A patients, who underwent antibiotic decontamination in addition, successful isolation was achieved in 57% of 28 patients. Successful antibiotic decontamination of the digestive tract for the entire treatment period as far as all potentially pathogenic species are concerned, was realized in 4 (14%) of the 28 patients of Group A. Bacteriologically confirmed infections occurred in 50% of Group A patients, in 59% Group B patients and in 64% of Group C patients. It is concluded that the quality of isolation had in general been insufficient but that it was improved by oral nonabsorbable antibiotics and, furthermore, that the antibiotic decontamination procedure also requires improvement.", "PMID": 689746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8488", "title": "The use of an in vitro haemoperfusion circuit to evaluate the blood compatibility of albumin-coated Amberlite XAD-7 resin.", "content": "We have developed an in vitro haemoperfusion circuit, which closely simulates the conditions encountered in a clinical haemoperfusion, for testing the blood compatibility of new adsorbent materials. Fresh heparinised human blood is perfused for 2 hours over two model columns arranged in parallel closed circuits. The present study was performed to investigate the blood compatibility of human serum albumin-coated Amberlite XAD-7 resin. Mean platelet losses over 2 hours were greater following perfusion of the uncoated resin (44 +/- SE 5.6%) than the albumin-coated resin (17 +/- SE 2.2%) (p less than 0.01). Mean white cell losses were similar (55%) for both resins. No rises in Swank screen filtration pressure, which detects the presence of cellular aggregates in blood, were observed. Coating of XAD-7 resin with HSA therefore improves its blood compatibility with respect to platelet losses and we thus intend to use this preparation in a clinical trial of resin haemoperfusion in fulminant hepatic failure.", "contents": "The use of an in vitro haemoperfusion circuit to evaluate the blood compatibility of albumin-coated Amberlite XAD-7 resin. We have developed an in vitro haemoperfusion circuit, which closely simulates the conditions encountered in a clinical haemoperfusion, for testing the blood compatibility of new adsorbent materials. Fresh heparinised human blood is perfused for 2 hours over two model columns arranged in parallel closed circuits. The present study was performed to investigate the blood compatibility of human serum albumin-coated Amberlite XAD-7 resin. Mean platelet losses over 2 hours were greater following perfusion of the uncoated resin (44 +/- SE 5.6%) than the albumin-coated resin (17 +/- SE 2.2%) (p less than 0.01). Mean white cell losses were similar (55%) for both resins. No rises in Swank screen filtration pressure, which detects the presence of cellular aggregates in blood, were observed. Coating of XAD-7 resin with HSA therefore improves its blood compatibility with respect to platelet losses and we thus intend to use this preparation in a clinical trial of resin haemoperfusion in fulminant hepatic failure.", "PMID": 689755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8489", "title": "Bile acid clearance and biocompatibility of XAD-4 haemoperfusion.", "content": "The clearance of bile acids from human blood or human albumin solutions obtained by perfusion through 100 g XAD-4 at 100 ml/min was (in ml/min): 21 for taurocholic acid, 3 for taurochenodeoxycholic acid, 18 for glycholic acid and 2 for glychenodeoxycholic acid. Saturation effects were absent up to 7 mumole bile acid bound per gram XAD-4. Haemoperfusion (100 g XAD-4, 100 ml/min) of cholestatic dogs resulted in the removal of up to 400 mumole bile acid in 3 hours. The calculated amount of bile acid stored in tissue depots was large with respect to the amount present in the circulation. A steady state between the mobilization of the tissue pool of bile acids and the removal of bile acids from the blood was established during the perfusion. Measurements of electrolytes enzyme activities and cellular elements showed severe losses of thrombocytes and leucocytes only. Contact with XAD-4 was the cause of the platelet loss where as omission of the resin from the perfusion system did not effect the leucocyte loss. The thrombocyte loss was reduced by the addition of citrate. Differentiation of the leucocytes showed that primarily the segmental granulocytes were sequestrated.", "contents": "Bile acid clearance and biocompatibility of XAD-4 haemoperfusion. The clearance of bile acids from human blood or human albumin solutions obtained by perfusion through 100 g XAD-4 at 100 ml/min was (in ml/min): 21 for taurocholic acid, 3 for taurochenodeoxycholic acid, 18 for glycholic acid and 2 for glychenodeoxycholic acid. Saturation effects were absent up to 7 mumole bile acid bound per gram XAD-4. Haemoperfusion (100 g XAD-4, 100 ml/min) of cholestatic dogs resulted in the removal of up to 400 mumole bile acid in 3 hours. The calculated amount of bile acid stored in tissue depots was large with respect to the amount present in the circulation. A steady state between the mobilization of the tissue pool of bile acids and the removal of bile acids from the blood was established during the perfusion. Measurements of electrolytes enzyme activities and cellular elements showed severe losses of thrombocytes and leucocytes only. Contact with XAD-4 was the cause of the platelet loss where as omission of the resin from the perfusion system did not effect the leucocyte loss. The thrombocyte loss was reduced by the addition of citrate. Differentiation of the leucocytes showed that primarily the segmental granulocytes were sequestrated.", "PMID": 689756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8490", "title": "Coated charcoal hemoperfusion for the removal galactose in rats.", "content": "Microencapsulated activated charcoal has been used in this report to remove galactose from aqueous solution in-vitro and from blood of galactosemic rats. Coconut charcoal is not effective in removing galactose, whereas petroleum-based activated charcoal is very effective.", "contents": "Coated charcoal hemoperfusion for the removal galactose in rats. Microencapsulated activated charcoal has been used in this report to remove galactose from aqueous solution in-vitro and from blood of galactosemic rats. Coconut charcoal is not effective in removing galactose, whereas petroleum-based activated charcoal is very effective.", "PMID": 689757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8491", "title": "Activated carbon for haemoperfusion.", "content": "Some features of activated carbon are consisted and the grades of the adsorbent used in haemoperfusion are examined. Aspects of the activation process and the properties of the resultant carbons are discussed.", "contents": "Activated carbon for haemoperfusion. Some features of activated carbon are consisted and the grades of the adsorbent used in haemoperfusion are examined. Aspects of the activation process and the properties of the resultant carbons are discussed.", "PMID": 689758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8492", "title": "Serum chromatographic pattern in different dialysis strategies.", "content": "In different dialysis strategies (hemodialysis with Gambro 1.5 m2, RP6 1 m2, Vita 2 1.2 m2), sequential ultrafiltration with RP 6 (1 hour ultrafiltration followed by 3 hours of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion with Absorba 300 C) serum chromatographic pattern and medium size molecules were studied with Sephadex G 15 chromatography. The removal of the studied medium size molecules is not different from one dialyzer to another. Serum levels were generally halved by the dialysis. In the ultrafiltration fluid a considerable amount of medium size molecules was found. There is no difference between RP 6 in open or in closed system. The absorbing capacity of the Absorba 300 C was blocked after one hour for medium size molecules in the patient under study.", "contents": "Serum chromatographic pattern in different dialysis strategies. In different dialysis strategies (hemodialysis with Gambro 1.5 m2, RP6 1 m2, Vita 2 1.2 m2), sequential ultrafiltration with RP 6 (1 hour ultrafiltration followed by 3 hours of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion with Absorba 300 C) serum chromatographic pattern and medium size molecules were studied with Sephadex G 15 chromatography. The removal of the studied medium size molecules is not different from one dialyzer to another. Serum levels were generally halved by the dialysis. In the ultrafiltration fluid a considerable amount of medium size molecules was found. There is no difference between RP 6 in open or in closed system. The absorbing capacity of the Absorba 300 C was blocked after one hour for medium size molecules in the patient under study.", "PMID": 689764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8493", "title": "MIST: a medical information storage system.", "content": "A simple but flexible storage and retrieval system for medical data is described. It functions by providing the user with a proven set of FORTRAN IV subroutines. It has been found that for a wide range of clinical data processing the user only needs to apply three FORTRAN subroutines.", "contents": "MIST: a medical information storage system. A simple but flexible storage and retrieval system for medical data is described. It functions by providing the user with a proven set of FORTRAN IV subroutines. It has been found that for a wide range of clinical data processing the user only needs to apply three FORTRAN subroutines.", "PMID": 689767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8494", "title": "Logic-based program system for predicting drug interactions.", "content": "This paper deals with the application of an AI language, based on mechanical theorem prover (PROLOG), to deduce drug interactions. One hundred and thirty-one drug interactions were predicted by logical deduction with a program system comprising about 52 drugs in practice and 32 independent possibilities of deduction. The database of the system contains the chemical and pharmaceutical characteristics of the active components of the drug preparations, and the deductions are based on general pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic or other biochemical relationships concerning interactions.", "contents": "Logic-based program system for predicting drug interactions. This paper deals with the application of an AI language, based on mechanical theorem prover (PROLOG), to deduce drug interactions. One hundred and thirty-one drug interactions were predicted by logical deduction with a program system comprising about 52 drugs in practice and 32 independent possibilities of deduction. The database of the system contains the chemical and pharmaceutical characteristics of the active components of the drug preparations, and the deductions are based on general pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic or other biochemical relationships concerning interactions.", "PMID": 689768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8495", "title": "A preprocessor for less basic BASIC.", "content": "BASIC, originally developed primarily as a teaching tool, has many extensions to allow its application to regular production programming. Naming restrictions of variables and line number references, however, are less satisfactory for longer programs making a program more difficult to read and maintain. The solution described is a program code preprocessor which accepts, long, meaningful variable names and line labels and converts the code to executable BASIC code. In addition, automatic library inclusions and a means of isolating sections of code for variable and label resolution facilitate creation and use of general purpose routines. Use of the preprocessor does not interfere with the capability to debug programs interactively which is one of the most helpful characteristics of interpretive implementations of BASIC.", "contents": "A preprocessor for less basic BASIC. BASIC, originally developed primarily as a teaching tool, has many extensions to allow its application to regular production programming. Naming restrictions of variables and line number references, however, are less satisfactory for longer programs making a program more difficult to read and maintain. The solution described is a program code preprocessor which accepts, long, meaningful variable names and line labels and converts the code to executable BASIC code. In addition, automatic library inclusions and a means of isolating sections of code for variable and label resolution facilitate creation and use of general purpose routines. Use of the preprocessor does not interfere with the capability to debug programs interactively which is one of the most helpful characteristics of interpretive implementations of BASIC.", "PMID": 689769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8496", "title": "[Pulmonary gas exchange model: influence of the heterogeneity of distribution on the ventilation-perfusion and diffusion-perfusion ratios of oxygen transfer].", "content": "The purpose of this pulmonary gas exchange model is to study the effect produced by an inhomogeneous distribution of the ventilation-perfusion (V A/Q) and diffusion-perfusion (D/Q) ratios on the oxygen transfer. We calculate partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in venous blood, in capillary blood and alveolar gas of each element as the unique solution of a non-linear system, the parameters of which are the local values of ventilation, perfusion and diffusion. We show that an inhomogeneous distribution of any ratio leads to a decrease of the mixed arterial concentration of oxygen and that the greater the inhomogeneity, the greater the decrease. We show by numerical stimulation that if two inhomogeneities (V A/Q) and (D/Q) are associated, the oxygen arterial concentration decrease is rather less important if the diffusion-ventilation ratio has a distribution almost homogeneous, i.e. if the V A/Q and D/Q inhomogeneities are almost identical.", "contents": "[Pulmonary gas exchange model: influence of the heterogeneity of distribution on the ventilation-perfusion and diffusion-perfusion ratios of oxygen transfer]. The purpose of this pulmonary gas exchange model is to study the effect produced by an inhomogeneous distribution of the ventilation-perfusion (V A/Q) and diffusion-perfusion (D/Q) ratios on the oxygen transfer. We calculate partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in venous blood, in capillary blood and alveolar gas of each element as the unique solution of a non-linear system, the parameters of which are the local values of ventilation, perfusion and diffusion. We show that an inhomogeneous distribution of any ratio leads to a decrease of the mixed arterial concentration of oxygen and that the greater the inhomogeneity, the greater the decrease. We show by numerical stimulation that if two inhomogeneities (V A/Q) and (D/Q) are associated, the oxygen arterial concentration decrease is rather less important if the diffusion-ventilation ratio has a distribution almost homogeneous, i.e. if the V A/Q and D/Q inhomogeneities are almost identical.", "PMID": 689770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8497", "title": "Quantification of EEG variability.", "content": "This paper presents a method of segmenting the EEG based on the well-known power spectrum analysis. This procedure is applied to the EEG recordings of two normal subjects in order to determine the temporal EEG variability. These results are compared with a more classical approach.", "contents": "Quantification of EEG variability. This paper presents a method of segmenting the EEG based on the well-known power spectrum analysis. This procedure is applied to the EEG recordings of two normal subjects in order to determine the temporal EEG variability. These results are compared with a more classical approach.", "PMID": 689771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8498", "title": "Demonstration of segmentation techniques for EEG records.", "content": "In this paper three different techniques for segmenting EEG's are presented. The principles of these techniques (the Kalman filter approach, the power spectrum analysis and the texture matrix approach) are explained and the results obtained summarised. The segmentation is used in an interactive EEG interpretation system.", "contents": "Demonstration of segmentation techniques for EEG records. In this paper three different techniques for segmenting EEG's are presented. The principles of these techniques (the Kalman filter approach, the power spectrum analysis and the texture matrix approach) are explained and the results obtained summarised. The segmentation is used in an interactive EEG interpretation system.", "PMID": 689772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8499", "title": "Effect of photoperiod reversal on twenty-four hour patterns for GABA levels in rat brain.", "content": "GABA levels were measured in various areas of rat brain at 3 or 6 hour intervals for a period of 24 hours in animals adapted for 3 weeks to a programmed-lighting schedule. On the normal cycle rats were illuminated from 08 to 20 hours; on the reverse cycle, from 20 to 08 hours. The cerebellar pattern is unimodal with a peak in the dark at 06 hours and a trough in the light at 18 hours which coincides with maxima and minima of motor activity in the nocturnal rat. The cortical pattern also peaks in the dark at 06 hours but is less well-defined. On the reverse illumination cycle both patterns peak significantly in the dark at 18 hours. Only the cerebellum displays significant differences when averaged GABA levels for light and dark phases are compared. A circadian pattern peaking in the dark described for GABA levels of the corpora quadrigemina which is partly-reversed by reversing the photoperiod. The rhythm in thalamus-hypothalamus which peaks in the dark is complex, consisting of an ultradian rhythm super-imposed on a circadian one. The former rhythm appears to be endogenous and unaltered by a change in the illumination cycle; the latter exogenous since it varies with the illumination cycle. Lower GABA levels in rat brain were found after photoperiod reversal.", "contents": "Effect of photoperiod reversal on twenty-four hour patterns for GABA levels in rat brain. GABA levels were measured in various areas of rat brain at 3 or 6 hour intervals for a period of 24 hours in animals adapted for 3 weeks to a programmed-lighting schedule. On the normal cycle rats were illuminated from 08 to 20 hours; on the reverse cycle, from 20 to 08 hours. The cerebellar pattern is unimodal with a peak in the dark at 06 hours and a trough in the light at 18 hours which coincides with maxima and minima of motor activity in the nocturnal rat. The cortical pattern also peaks in the dark at 06 hours but is less well-defined. On the reverse illumination cycle both patterns peak significantly in the dark at 18 hours. Only the cerebellum displays significant differences when averaged GABA levels for light and dark phases are compared. A circadian pattern peaking in the dark described for GABA levels of the corpora quadrigemina which is partly-reversed by reversing the photoperiod. The rhythm in thalamus-hypothalamus which peaks in the dark is complex, consisting of an ultradian rhythm super-imposed on a circadian one. The former rhythm appears to be endogenous and unaltered by a change in the illumination cycle; the latter exogenous since it varies with the illumination cycle. Lower GABA levels in rat brain were found after photoperiod reversal.", "PMID": 689773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8500", "title": "On temporal structure of human hiccups: ethology and chronobiology.", "content": "During a study on the phylogeny and ontogeny of human hiccups, essentially all hiccups to occur over continuous periods of 3m - lly were recorded from 20 healthy people of either sex and various ages. Hiccups displayed considerable structure in time. If more than a few occurred together, they became \"established\" and a hiccup bout ensued, which did not stop until a certain \"minimum\" number of hiccups had occurred. For many subjects, two or more bouts frequently occurred on the same hiccup day, even though days on which bouts occurred were weeks apart. Number of hiccups was correlated with age, sex, reproductive status and stage of menstrual cycle, time of day, length of time since previous hiccup day, length of time since previous hiccup bout, and length of hiccup-hiccup intervals within a bout. Findings support the hypothesis that human hiccup is a \"fixed action pattern\" (FAP)--a central theoretical concept in ethology--and provide leads for further studies aimed at learning the biological function(s) of human hiccup and its possible homologues in other species.", "contents": "On temporal structure of human hiccups: ethology and chronobiology. During a study on the phylogeny and ontogeny of human hiccups, essentially all hiccups to occur over continuous periods of 3m - lly were recorded from 20 healthy people of either sex and various ages. Hiccups displayed considerable structure in time. If more than a few occurred together, they became \"established\" and a hiccup bout ensued, which did not stop until a certain \"minimum\" number of hiccups had occurred. For many subjects, two or more bouts frequently occurred on the same hiccup day, even though days on which bouts occurred were weeks apart. Number of hiccups was correlated with age, sex, reproductive status and stage of menstrual cycle, time of day, length of time since previous hiccup day, length of time since previous hiccup bout, and length of hiccup-hiccup intervals within a bout. Findings support the hypothesis that human hiccup is a \"fixed action pattern\" (FAP)--a central theoretical concept in ethology--and provide leads for further studies aimed at learning the biological function(s) of human hiccup and its possible homologues in other species.", "PMID": 689774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8501", "title": "Contingency contracting with heroin addicts.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare three conditions in a single-subject reversal design: no contract and no contingencies, a contract without contingencies, and a contract with contingencies. There were eight subjects who remained long enough in the halfway house environment to provide sufficient data for comparison across conditions. The results indicate that managerial behaviors (such as keeping a daily log and using a sign-in sheet) came under experimental control only during the \"contract with contingencies\" condition. Drug use did not come under control during any condition, apparently because adequate competing reinforcers were unavailable in this study.", "contents": "Contingency contracting with heroin addicts. The purpose of this study was to compare three conditions in a single-subject reversal design: no contract and no contingencies, a contract without contingencies, and a contract with contingencies. There were eight subjects who remained long enough in the halfway house environment to provide sufficient data for comparison across conditions. The results indicate that managerial behaviors (such as keeping a daily log and using a sign-in sheet) came under experimental control only during the \"contract with contingencies\" condition. Drug use did not come under control during any condition, apparently because adequate competing reinforcers were unavailable in this study.", "PMID": 689782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8502", "title": "Admission characteristics of Indian and white alcoholic patients in a rural mental hospital.", "content": "A group of 58 American Indian alcoholic admissions and a group of 211 White alcoholic admissions to a California State Mental Hospital were interviewed utilizing a 141-item interview scale. The two groups were compared as to their responses to the interview items by a series of one-way analyses of variance. Statistically significant differences were found on demographic, socioeconomic, hospitalization, drinking and friendship pattern variables. The results are discussed with reference to data reliability, and socioeconomic and cultural factors. The study's findings are also related to an apparent need for the education of police and native Americans in the area concerning treatment resources available to native American problem drinkers.", "contents": "Admission characteristics of Indian and white alcoholic patients in a rural mental hospital. A group of 58 American Indian alcoholic admissions and a group of 211 White alcoholic admissions to a California State Mental Hospital were interviewed utilizing a 141-item interview scale. The two groups were compared as to their responses to the interview items by a series of one-way analyses of variance. Statistically significant differences were found on demographic, socioeconomic, hospitalization, drinking and friendship pattern variables. The results are discussed with reference to data reliability, and socioeconomic and cultural factors. The study's findings are also related to an apparent need for the education of police and native Americans in the area concerning treatment resources available to native American problem drinkers.", "PMID": 689784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8503", "title": "Occupation and alcoholism: cause or effect? A controlled study of recruits to the drink trade.", "content": "Some occupations have higher alcoholism rates than others. It is unknown whether \"high risk\" occupations attract problem drinkers or create them through job pressures. One hundred and fifty male manual recruits to Scottish breweries and distilleries were interviewed and compared with similar men in lower risk jobs. The alcohol producers reported poorer employment records and were significantly heavier drinkers than the controls. The alcohol producers were also more likely than the controls to have drunk more since recruitment. These results suggest that the drink trade attracts a disproportionate number of people likely to develop alcohol-related problems and indicates that drinking habits may be strongly influenced by work environment.", "contents": "Occupation and alcoholism: cause or effect? A controlled study of recruits to the drink trade. Some occupations have higher alcoholism rates than others. It is unknown whether \"high risk\" occupations attract problem drinkers or create them through job pressures. One hundred and fifty male manual recruits to Scottish breweries and distilleries were interviewed and compared with similar men in lower risk jobs. The alcohol producers reported poorer employment records and were significantly heavier drinkers than the controls. The alcohol producers were also more likely than the controls to have drunk more since recruitment. These results suggest that the drink trade attracts a disproportionate number of people likely to develop alcohol-related problems and indicates that drinking habits may be strongly influenced by work environment.", "PMID": 689785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8504", "title": "Behavioral correlates of age at first marijuana use.", "content": "Relationships between age at initial marijuana use and selected behavioral measures representing education, arrests, employment, alcohol use, and other drug use were examined for a sample of 370 male veterans. Younger age at marijuana use was found to be associated with less education, more arrests, and more other drug use prior to entering the service. A factor analysis of the correlates of age at initial marijiana use suggested three factors of delinquent activities: drug use, school delinquency, and other propensities for delinquency.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates of age at first marijuana use. Relationships between age at initial marijuana use and selected behavioral measures representing education, arrests, employment, alcohol use, and other drug use were examined for a sample of 370 male veterans. Younger age at marijuana use was found to be associated with less education, more arrests, and more other drug use prior to entering the service. A factor analysis of the correlates of age at initial marijiana use suggested three factors of delinquent activities: drug use, school delinquency, and other propensities for delinquency.", "PMID": 689786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8505", "title": "Rehabilitation experiences of women ex-addicts in methadone treatment.", "content": "In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 female \"hard-core\" heroin addicts on a methadone maintenance treatment program 1 year or longer to learn what the rehabilitation process is like for women and how their life-styles had changed since being in treatment. The paper describes the adjustments and special difficulties experienced by women through patients' own accounts. Behavioral changes were verified by clinic records and staff. Cessation of criminal behaviors, regulation of daily living patterns on methadone, increased social productivity, and adoption of new social values were noted. Persisting problems include loneliness, motivational difficulties, and an incomplete transition to ordinary society.", "contents": "Rehabilitation experiences of women ex-addicts in methadone treatment. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 female \"hard-core\" heroin addicts on a methadone maintenance treatment program 1 year or longer to learn what the rehabilitation process is like for women and how their life-styles had changed since being in treatment. The paper describes the adjustments and special difficulties experienced by women through patients' own accounts. Behavioral changes were verified by clinic records and staff. Cessation of criminal behaviors, regulation of daily living patterns on methadone, increased social productivity, and adoption of new social values were noted. Persisting problems include loneliness, motivational difficulties, and an incomplete transition to ordinary society.", "PMID": 689787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8506", "title": "Pre- and posthospitalization alcoholic arrests in a rural state.", "content": "Arrest rates of 180 male alcoholics admitted to the Wyoming State Hospital in 1969 were compared with the general Wyoming population during 1965--1973. Results indicated: (1) 67% of the alcoholics had no arrests before or after hospitalization; (2) prehospitalization arrest rates of alcoholics were higher than the general population for robbery, assault, sex offenses, theft, public intoxication, drunk driving, traffic offenses, and vagrancy; (3) following hospitalization, alcoholic arrest rates were reduced significantly in all categories except robbery and embezzlement and fraud; and (4) posthospitalization alcoholic arrest rates were lower than the general population for all offenses except robbery, public intoxication, and DWI.", "contents": "Pre- and posthospitalization alcoholic arrests in a rural state. Arrest rates of 180 male alcoholics admitted to the Wyoming State Hospital in 1969 were compared with the general Wyoming population during 1965--1973. Results indicated: (1) 67% of the alcoholics had no arrests before or after hospitalization; (2) prehospitalization arrest rates of alcoholics were higher than the general population for robbery, assault, sex offenses, theft, public intoxication, drunk driving, traffic offenses, and vagrancy; (3) following hospitalization, alcoholic arrest rates were reduced significantly in all categories except robbery and embezzlement and fraud; and (4) posthospitalization alcoholic arrest rates were lower than the general population for all offenses except robbery, public intoxication, and DWI.", "PMID": 689788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8507", "title": "The use of computers in pharmacokinetics.", "content": "A review of computer applications is presented, and several examples of the use of analog and digital computers are given. Special attention is given to fitting the time concentration data to the one, two or more exponential equations, for estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters, for dosage regimen of drugs and for evaluation of bioavailability.", "contents": "The use of computers in pharmacokinetics. A review of computer applications is presented, and several examples of the use of analog and digital computers are given. Special attention is given to fitting the time concentration data to the one, two or more exponential equations, for estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters, for dosage regimen of drugs and for evaluation of bioavailability.", "PMID": 689793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8508", "title": "Hepatic activity in the generation of somatomedins: effects of administration of a liver extract.", "content": "The problem of the generation of growth factors (somatomedins) (SM) is at present a matter of investigation. The liver has been proposed as the primary site of production of SM. In order to verify this hypothesis, SM activity has been assayed in patients with impairment of liver function. The subjects have been divided into three groups according to the severity of the hepatic damage, assessed with conventional diagnostic tests. In every group, somatomedin A (ASM) has been assayed by means of a biological procedure, in basal conditions and after treatment with a liver extract. The results show that the ASM activity is reduced in proportion to the degree of hepatic damage. The administration of liver extract restores the production of the ASM in the first two groups of patients, i.e. in those with mild and moderate hepatic involvement.", "contents": "Hepatic activity in the generation of somatomedins: effects of administration of a liver extract. The problem of the generation of growth factors (somatomedins) (SM) is at present a matter of investigation. The liver has been proposed as the primary site of production of SM. In order to verify this hypothesis, SM activity has been assayed in patients with impairment of liver function. The subjects have been divided into three groups according to the severity of the hepatic damage, assessed with conventional diagnostic tests. In every group, somatomedin A (ASM) has been assayed by means of a biological procedure, in basal conditions and after treatment with a liver extract. The results show that the ASM activity is reduced in proportion to the degree of hepatic damage. The administration of liver extract restores the production of the ASM in the first two groups of patients, i.e. in those with mild and moderate hepatic involvement.", "PMID": 689794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8509", "title": "The distribution of sodium salicylate in the human fetus.", "content": "The distribution of sodium salicylate was investigated in the fetuses of 18 mothers in the fifth or sixth month of pregnancy which had to be interrupted for medical reasons. Ninety-six min after drug administration, the salicylic acid levels in mother and fetus blood are almost equal. The highest drug levels in fetus tissue were found in the kidney, the lowest in the brain. In amniotic fluid, only traces of salicylic acid were estimated. A limited number of suitable cases made the exact statistical evaluation impossible.", "contents": "The distribution of sodium salicylate in the human fetus. The distribution of sodium salicylate was investigated in the fetuses of 18 mothers in the fifth or sixth month of pregnancy which had to be interrupted for medical reasons. Ninety-six min after drug administration, the salicylic acid levels in mother and fetus blood are almost equal. The highest drug levels in fetus tissue were found in the kidney, the lowest in the brain. In amniotic fluid, only traces of salicylic acid were estimated. A limited number of suitable cases made the exact statistical evaluation impossible.", "PMID": 689795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8510", "title": "Individualization of drug dosage during long-term treatment with phenprocoumon (Falithrom).", "content": "Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out with 3H-phenprocoumon (3H-PPC) during long-term treatment with phenprocoumon (PPC, Falithrom) in 10 female and male patients with thromboembolic diseases. Additionally, 12 mg 3H-PPC were administered per os to 6 male volunteers. Half-life and pattern of urine metabolites were measured and compared with those in patients. The radioactivity decreased independently of the total PPC plasma concentration, which was estimated fluorometrically. An exponential regression with a high coefficient of determination was found between the mean maintenance dose (PPC) and the area under plasma concentration curve of radioactivity. This procedure is considered to be a method to improve long-term treatment with PPC.", "contents": "Individualization of drug dosage during long-term treatment with phenprocoumon (Falithrom). Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out with 3H-phenprocoumon (3H-PPC) during long-term treatment with phenprocoumon (PPC, Falithrom) in 10 female and male patients with thromboembolic diseases. Additionally, 12 mg 3H-PPC were administered per os to 6 male volunteers. Half-life and pattern of urine metabolites were measured and compared with those in patients. The radioactivity decreased independently of the total PPC plasma concentration, which was estimated fluorometrically. An exponential regression with a high coefficient of determination was found between the mean maintenance dose (PPC) and the area under plasma concentration curve of radioactivity. This procedure is considered to be a method to improve long-term treatment with PPC.", "PMID": 689796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8511", "title": "The relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine.", "content": "Differences in the bioavailability after administration of two pure carbamazepine samples that were different in particle sizes have been found. Carbamazepine was given to each of 3 healthy male volunteers in a single oral dose of 400 mg in gelatin capsules. The other carbamazepine sample was administered after a three-week time interval. Plasma was collected during the following 96 hr. Quantitative determination of carbamazepine was performed by gas liquid chromatography. By comparing the areas under the various curves for each volunteer, the relative bioavailability of one of the carbamazepines in relation to the other one was found of approximately 70%. There were no differences in the half-life time.", "contents": "The relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine. Differences in the bioavailability after administration of two pure carbamazepine samples that were different in particle sizes have been found. Carbamazepine was given to each of 3 healthy male volunteers in a single oral dose of 400 mg in gelatin capsules. The other carbamazepine sample was administered after a three-week time interval. Plasma was collected during the following 96 hr. Quantitative determination of carbamazepine was performed by gas liquid chromatography. By comparing the areas under the various curves for each volunteer, the relative bioavailability of one of the carbamazepines in relation to the other one was found of approximately 70%. There were no differences in the half-life time.", "PMID": 689797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8512", "title": "On the problem of optimum digitlaization in man.", "content": "The low therapeutic index of cardiac glycoside requires an optimum individual digitalization. This is also a difficulty in the case of known serum glycoside concentrations because individual differences of biochemical and physiological factors (which influence both therapeutic and side effects) are important. As a rule the physician's criterion for an optimum digitalization is that side effects are avoided. This investigation attempted to find a measure for the effect of glycosides by noninvasive recording of parameters of myocardial contractility (systolic time intervals, STI). The measurements were made under oral digitalization with digoxin (Dilanacin). The serum glycoside concentration was determined by the radioimmunoassay method. The changes in STI were investigated in the rage of 1 to 3 ng digoxin per ml serum. In this concentration a significant correlation was demonstrated between STI shortening and glycoside level. It was found that the shortening of STI was maximum at the lowest concentration (1 ng/ml). It appears that the control of STI is for the physician a useful aid for an optimum digitalization in man.", "contents": "On the problem of optimum digitlaization in man. The low therapeutic index of cardiac glycoside requires an optimum individual digitalization. This is also a difficulty in the case of known serum glycoside concentrations because individual differences of biochemical and physiological factors (which influence both therapeutic and side effects) are important. As a rule the physician's criterion for an optimum digitalization is that side effects are avoided. This investigation attempted to find a measure for the effect of glycosides by noninvasive recording of parameters of myocardial contractility (systolic time intervals, STI). The measurements were made under oral digitalization with digoxin (Dilanacin). The serum glycoside concentration was determined by the radioimmunoassay method. The changes in STI were investigated in the rage of 1 to 3 ng digoxin per ml serum. In this concentration a significant correlation was demonstrated between STI shortening and glycoside level. It was found that the shortening of STI was maximum at the lowest concentration (1 ng/ml). It appears that the control of STI is for the physician a useful aid for an optimum digitalization in man.", "PMID": 689798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8513", "title": "Dosage monitoring through measurement of serum level--a task of clinical pharmacology.", "content": "Dosage monitoring or \"pharmacokinetic therapy service\", respectively, covers blood level governed therapy schedule or blood level controlled dosage for certain types of therapy. It is also advantageous in applying drugs of a small therapeutic range or in \"risk\" patients such as children, old men and patients suffering from elimination disturbances. With the blood level data known, physicians can follow an optimum therapy schedule. The principle of this service is detailed using therapy with antiepileptics as an example. Through substantiation is given.", "contents": "Dosage monitoring through measurement of serum level--a task of clinical pharmacology. Dosage monitoring or \"pharmacokinetic therapy service\", respectively, covers blood level governed therapy schedule or blood level controlled dosage for certain types of therapy. It is also advantageous in applying drugs of a small therapeutic range or in \"risk\" patients such as children, old men and patients suffering from elimination disturbances. With the blood level data known, physicians can follow an optimum therapy schedule. The principle of this service is detailed using therapy with antiepileptics as an example. Through substantiation is given.", "PMID": 689799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8514", "title": "Keloidal blastomycosis (Lobo's disease) in Panama.", "content": "A 58-year-old Panamanian man had diagnosis of keliodal blastomycosis (Lobo's disease) by the scarring nodules on his ears and the fungi seen on histologic section.", "contents": "Keloidal blastomycosis (Lobo's disease) in Panama. A 58-year-old Panamanian man had diagnosis of keliodal blastomycosis (Lobo's disease) by the scarring nodules on his ears and the fungi seen on histologic section.", "PMID": 689802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8515", "title": "[Serum carotenoids and vitamin A in melanodermic and albino subjects in Cameroon].", "content": "Vitamin A nutritional status as assessed by carotenoid and vitamin A assays in sera collected in various parts of Cameroon prooved to be of good value. Palm oil rich diets lead to high seric carotenoid concentrations and tissular accumulation which is particularly visible on the palms and soles of melanodermic and albinos subjects.", "contents": "[Serum carotenoids and vitamin A in melanodermic and albino subjects in Cameroon]. Vitamin A nutritional status as assessed by carotenoid and vitamin A assays in sera collected in various parts of Cameroon prooved to be of good value. Palm oil rich diets lead to high seric carotenoid concentrations and tissular accumulation which is particularly visible on the palms and soles of melanodermic and albinos subjects.", "PMID": 689805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8516", "title": "Vitamin D status of elderly at home and institutionalised in hospital.", "content": "In a study of institutionalised and non-institutionalised aged requiring medical care, the biochemical deficiency of vitamin D was noted in over 40 per cent of the subjects, while osteomalacia was diagnosed biochemically in only 5.2 per cent. The vitamin D status demonstrated no relationship to bone density.", "contents": "Vitamin D status of elderly at home and institutionalised in hospital. In a study of institutionalised and non-institutionalised aged requiring medical care, the biochemical deficiency of vitamin D was noted in over 40 per cent of the subjects, while osteomalacia was diagnosed biochemically in only 5.2 per cent. The vitamin D status demonstrated no relationship to bone density.", "PMID": 689806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8517", "title": "Stereobiochemical aspects of warfarin isomers for inhibition of enzymatic alkylation of menaquinone-0 to menaquinone-4 in chick liver.", "content": "The inhibition of enzymatic activity by the isomers of warfarin for alkylation of menaquinone-0 to menaquinone-4 has been studied in chick liver. Injection of (6,7--3H2)-menaquinone-0 into chicks resulted in the biosynthesis of menaquinone-4 within 3 h. Microsomes of control chicks contained 78 per cent of the total menaquinone-4. (S) (-)-Warfarin and (R) (+)-warfarin isomers inhibited the biosynthesis of menaquinone-4 of about 67 and 17 per cent respectively. Fractionation of soluble microsomal proteins lead to the the isolation of a menaquinone-4 binding protein.", "contents": "Stereobiochemical aspects of warfarin isomers for inhibition of enzymatic alkylation of menaquinone-0 to menaquinone-4 in chick liver. The inhibition of enzymatic activity by the isomers of warfarin for alkylation of menaquinone-0 to menaquinone-4 has been studied in chick liver. Injection of (6,7--3H2)-menaquinone-0 into chicks resulted in the biosynthesis of menaquinone-4 within 3 h. Microsomes of control chicks contained 78 per cent of the total menaquinone-4. (S) (-)-Warfarin and (R) (+)-warfarin isomers inhibited the biosynthesis of menaquinone-4 of about 67 and 17 per cent respectively. Fractionation of soluble microsomal proteins lead to the the isolation of a menaquinone-4 binding protein.", "PMID": 689807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8518", "title": "Metabolism and biological activity of a thiamine new salt. I. Urinary excretion and tissue content of vitamin B1 in rats treated with thiamine chloride ester monophosphate of Bis-glucosamine.", "content": "Research has been carried out on the metabolism of thiamine chloride ester monophosphate of bis-D-glucosamine (TCMPG) evaluating the urinary excretion, the blood and the hepatic content of thiamine in the rat after intraperitoneal injection of this compound. The results obtained have shown a greater retention of vitamin B1 when it is administered as glucosamine salt. In fact, the amount of thiamine excreted by the rats which have received the TCMPG is lower while the blood and liver levels of vitamin are higher, compared with the control rats treated with thiamine monophosphate only, or with thiamine and glucosamine. These results permit the conclusion that glucosamine increases the utilization of the vitamin and its penetration into the cells.", "contents": "Metabolism and biological activity of a thiamine new salt. I. Urinary excretion and tissue content of vitamin B1 in rats treated with thiamine chloride ester monophosphate of Bis-glucosamine. Research has been carried out on the metabolism of thiamine chloride ester monophosphate of bis-D-glucosamine (TCMPG) evaluating the urinary excretion, the blood and the hepatic content of thiamine in the rat after intraperitoneal injection of this compound. The results obtained have shown a greater retention of vitamin B1 when it is administered as glucosamine salt. In fact, the amount of thiamine excreted by the rats which have received the TCMPG is lower while the blood and liver levels of vitamin are higher, compared with the control rats treated with thiamine monophosphate only, or with thiamine and glucosamine. These results permit the conclusion that glucosamine increases the utilization of the vitamin and its penetration into the cells.", "PMID": 689808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8519", "title": "Some studies on ascorbic acid metabolism in hydrazine-treated rats.", "content": "The metabolism of ascorbic acid was studied in hydrazine-treated rats. Hydrazine was administered i.p. at a dose of 1.28 mg/day (20% LD50) for each 100 g body weight for 7 days. Hydrazine administration at the present dose did not appear to have an effect on the total ascorbic acid level of liver, kidney, spleen and testis. The adrenal and plasma total ascorbic acid levels were, however, elevated. The activity of liver D-glucuronoreductase and that of liver and kidney dehydroascorbatases were diminished after hydrazine administration. The changes in the activities of liver enzymes were accompanied by a fall in the reduced ascorbic acid level and an elevation in the dehydroascorbic acid level. The uronolactonase activity of liver, on the other hand, remained independent of hydrazine treatment. It has been suggested that hydrazine treatment at the present dose reduced the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid from D-glucuronolactone as substrate. In spite of diminished synthesis, the normal level of total ascorbic acid in the liver of hydrazine-treated rats was maintained by reducing the degradation of L-ascorbic acid. The rise in the plasma total ascorbic acid level after hydrazine treatment was ascribed to reduced catabolism and urinary excretion of ascorbic acid, while the elevation in adrenal total ascorbic acid level might result from increased uptake of ascorbic acid by the gland from blood or from nonfunctional accumulation.", "contents": "Some studies on ascorbic acid metabolism in hydrazine-treated rats. The metabolism of ascorbic acid was studied in hydrazine-treated rats. Hydrazine was administered i.p. at a dose of 1.28 mg/day (20% LD50) for each 100 g body weight for 7 days. Hydrazine administration at the present dose did not appear to have an effect on the total ascorbic acid level of liver, kidney, spleen and testis. The adrenal and plasma total ascorbic acid levels were, however, elevated. The activity of liver D-glucuronoreductase and that of liver and kidney dehydroascorbatases were diminished after hydrazine administration. The changes in the activities of liver enzymes were accompanied by a fall in the reduced ascorbic acid level and an elevation in the dehydroascorbic acid level. The uronolactonase activity of liver, on the other hand, remained independent of hydrazine treatment. It has been suggested that hydrazine treatment at the present dose reduced the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid from D-glucuronolactone as substrate. In spite of diminished synthesis, the normal level of total ascorbic acid in the liver of hydrazine-treated rats was maintained by reducing the degradation of L-ascorbic acid. The rise in the plasma total ascorbic acid level after hydrazine treatment was ascribed to reduced catabolism and urinary excretion of ascorbic acid, while the elevation in adrenal total ascorbic acid level might result from increased uptake of ascorbic acid by the gland from blood or from nonfunctional accumulation.", "PMID": 689810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8520", "title": "Carnitine and acetylcarnitine in skeletal and cardiac muscle.", "content": "The acetylcarnitine/carnitine ratio has been found significantly increased in tibial muscles of swimming rats in comparison with normal rats. Analogous increase occurred in electrically stimulated tibial muscle in comparison with the unstimulated controlateral muscle of the same animal. Swimming also induced a statistically significant increase of the acetylcarnitine/carnitine ratio in heart, while norepinephrine administration resulted in a decrease of carnitine not accompanied by a corresponding increase in acetylcarnitine in a severe carnitine depletion of cardiac muscle. These results are discussed in terms of carnitine function in the acetyl metabolism, assuming the acetylcarnitine as a possible acetyl reservoir in the working muscle.", "contents": "Carnitine and acetylcarnitine in skeletal and cardiac muscle. The acetylcarnitine/carnitine ratio has been found significantly increased in tibial muscles of swimming rats in comparison with normal rats. Analogous increase occurred in electrically stimulated tibial muscle in comparison with the unstimulated controlateral muscle of the same animal. Swimming also induced a statistically significant increase of the acetylcarnitine/carnitine ratio in heart, while norepinephrine administration resulted in a decrease of carnitine not accompanied by a corresponding increase in acetylcarnitine in a severe carnitine depletion of cardiac muscle. These results are discussed in terms of carnitine function in the acetyl metabolism, assuming the acetylcarnitine as a possible acetyl reservoir in the working muscle.", "PMID": 689811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8521", "title": "Liver arginase activity and plasma urea-nitrogen in steers fed diets containing different levels of protein.", "content": "Seventeen Charolais-Hereford crossbred steers averaging 220.0 kg in weight initially were randomly allotted to three treatments and fed diets containing (A) 9%, (B) 11%, or (C) 13% protein ad libitum in individual pens for 238 days. Liver samples were taken by aspiration biopsy on days 47 (sampling I) and 238 (sampling II) for arginase assay. Blood samples were taken by jugular puncture at these same times for plasma urea-nitrogen analysis. Mean hepatic arginase activities (mumole urea/mg protein/hr) of steers fed the three diets at sampling I were: (A) 224.8, (B) 327.8 and (C) 333.3. The activities of B and C were significantly (P less than .05) higher than A. Plasma urea-N levels at this same time averaged: (A) 4.44, (B) 8.55 and (C) 12.22 mg/100 ml, and were significantly different (P less than .01) from each other. Arginase activities at sampling II were: (A) 240.6, (B) 305.2 and (C) 353.0. A differed significantly (P less than .05) from C. Plasma urea-N at this time averaged: (A) 8.69, (B) 10.72 and (C) 15.00 mg/100 ml, and C was significantly (P less than 5.0) higher than A and B. These data suggest that in the bovine hepatic arginase activity levels increase with increases in dietary protein and that similar patterns in activity are maintained after feeding for an extended period of time. The increased arginase activity was accompanied by increased plasma urea-nitrogen.", "contents": "Liver arginase activity and plasma urea-nitrogen in steers fed diets containing different levels of protein. Seventeen Charolais-Hereford crossbred steers averaging 220.0 kg in weight initially were randomly allotted to three treatments and fed diets containing (A) 9%, (B) 11%, or (C) 13% protein ad libitum in individual pens for 238 days. Liver samples were taken by aspiration biopsy on days 47 (sampling I) and 238 (sampling II) for arginase assay. Blood samples were taken by jugular puncture at these same times for plasma urea-nitrogen analysis. Mean hepatic arginase activities (mumole urea/mg protein/hr) of steers fed the three diets at sampling I were: (A) 224.8, (B) 327.8 and (C) 333.3. The activities of B and C were significantly (P less than .05) higher than A. Plasma urea-N levels at this same time averaged: (A) 4.44, (B) 8.55 and (C) 12.22 mg/100 ml, and were significantly different (P less than .01) from each other. Arginase activities at sampling II were: (A) 240.6, (B) 305.2 and (C) 353.0. A differed significantly (P less than .05) from C. Plasma urea-N at this time averaged: (A) 8.69, (B) 10.72 and (C) 15.00 mg/100 ml, and C was significantly (P less than 5.0) higher than A and B. These data suggest that in the bovine hepatic arginase activity levels increase with increases in dietary protein and that similar patterns in activity are maintained after feeding for an extended period of time. The increased arginase activity was accompanied by increased plasma urea-nitrogen.", "PMID": 689812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8522", "title": "Classification (staging) of renal parenchymal tumours.", "content": "The different classification systems (clinical, microscopic, descriptive) of renal cell tumours provide useful clues to the evaluation and prognosis of these tumours. The prognostic reliability of clinical staging as recommended by UICC is, however, questionable because the clinical parameters are not clearly defined and even the radiological features are of equivocal prognostic significance. Descriptive classification on the basis of the complete surgical specimen is regarded as fundamental to the understanding of the evolution, thus also of the prognosis, of renal cell tumours. The author describes his original staging system of renal cell tumours set forth in 1956 and its modifications in accordance with the recommendations of UICC, taking the stages of evolution (P), involvement of the regional lymph nodes (N+ or N-) and generalization ((M + or M-) into account. The significance of the intracapsular stage (\"Stage A\") of the tumour is stressed. Renal vein involvement (V+ or V-) is regarded as a less reliable prognostic parameter. For lymph node involvement subdivision into Stages N1-N4 is proposed. The prognostic implications of the descriptive staging system are illustrated in terms of survival figures in a series of 250 cases.", "contents": "Classification (staging) of renal parenchymal tumours. The different classification systems (clinical, microscopic, descriptive) of renal cell tumours provide useful clues to the evaluation and prognosis of these tumours. The prognostic reliability of clinical staging as recommended by UICC is, however, questionable because the clinical parameters are not clearly defined and even the radiological features are of equivocal prognostic significance. Descriptive classification on the basis of the complete surgical specimen is regarded as fundamental to the understanding of the evolution, thus also of the prognosis, of renal cell tumours. The author describes his original staging system of renal cell tumours set forth in 1956 and its modifications in accordance with the recommendations of UICC, taking the stages of evolution (P), involvement of the regional lymph nodes (N+ or N-) and generalization ((M + or M-) into account. The significance of the intracapsular stage (\"Stage A\") of the tumour is stressed. Renal vein involvement (V+ or V-) is regarded as a less reliable prognostic parameter. For lymph node involvement subdivision into Stages N1-N4 is proposed. The prognostic implications of the descriptive staging system are illustrated in terms of survival figures in a series of 250 cases.", "PMID": 689813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8523", "title": "A hitherto undescribed case of \"collision\" tumour: liposarcoma of the seminal vesicle and prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "A hitherto undescribed type of the rare \"collision\" tumours is reported: necropsy in a 77-year-old male patient revealed liposarcoma of the right seminal vesicle in association with anaplastic carcinoma of the prostate. The carcinoma was fused with the liposarcoma as a result of its invasive local growth and had formed deposits in the lymph nodes, bones and lungs. The left seminal vesicle showed localized amyloidosis. A review of the published cases of mesenchymal tumours of the seminal vesicles is presented.", "contents": "A hitherto undescribed case of \"collision\" tumour: liposarcoma of the seminal vesicle and prostatic carcinoma. A hitherto undescribed type of the rare \"collision\" tumours is reported: necropsy in a 77-year-old male patient revealed liposarcoma of the right seminal vesicle in association with anaplastic carcinoma of the prostate. The carcinoma was fused with the liposarcoma as a result of its invasive local growth and had formed deposits in the lymph nodes, bones and lungs. The left seminal vesicle showed localized amyloidosis. A review of the published cases of mesenchymal tumours of the seminal vesicles is presented.", "PMID": 689814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8524", "title": "Involuntary ureteral micturition resulting from the ectopic opening of the single ureter into the urethra.", "content": "The ectopic opening of the single ureter is a rare developmental defect of the urinary system. The authors present a case of the opening displacement of the single ureter to the urethra resulting in ureteral micturition. The successful treatment is a result of the transplantation of the ureter into the bladder.", "contents": "Involuntary ureteral micturition resulting from the ectopic opening of the single ureter into the urethra. The ectopic opening of the single ureter is a rare developmental defect of the urinary system. The authors present a case of the opening displacement of the single ureter to the urethra resulting in ureteral micturition. The successful treatment is a result of the transplantation of the ureter into the bladder.", "PMID": 689815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8525", "title": "A contribution to the study of kinetics of ureteral urine passage in children.", "content": "For the assessment of ureteral urine passage in children sequential scintigraphy with an analyzing system was used. Through the proper division of the time of examination into short time intervals the information on the areal distribution of urine was obtained, dependent on time. After demarcation of the spheres of interest by light-pen, the level of radioactivity was followed continually in a form of curves. Information for the assessment of etiopathogenesis of the disease was selected from the memory system of the device. Through the radioisotope examination also the dynamic changes have been recorded, not visible in excretion urograms, or only presumable from them. The method of examination described can help to assess the functional importance of morphological findings.", "contents": "A contribution to the study of kinetics of ureteral urine passage in children. For the assessment of ureteral urine passage in children sequential scintigraphy with an analyzing system was used. Through the proper division of the time of examination into short time intervals the information on the areal distribution of urine was obtained, dependent on time. After demarcation of the spheres of interest by light-pen, the level of radioactivity was followed continually in a form of curves. Information for the assessment of etiopathogenesis of the disease was selected from the memory system of the device. Through the radioisotope examination also the dynamic changes have been recorded, not visible in excretion urograms, or only presumable from them. The method of examination described can help to assess the functional importance of morphological findings.", "PMID": 689816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8526", "title": "Cavernospongiosum shunt in management of priapism: is it a reliable method?", "content": "The efficiency of cavernospongiosum shunt in the management of priapism was evaluated in 10 patients. Technical details such as the \"Z\" perineal incision and the opening followed by closure of the contralateral corpus cavernosum, at the time of corpora evacuation, can improve the local exposure and permits a more complete drainage of the corpus cavernosum, but did not improve our results when they were compared with other techniques for treatment of priapism. Penile flaccidity and preservation of sexual potency occurred in 6 (60%) and 5 (50%) patients, respectively, and no surgical complications were observed. Immediate penile flaccidity and regaining of physiologic erection were, however, not complete even in the successfully treated patients. The cavernospongiosum shunt does not seem to represent the definitive form of treating priapism. New knowledge about mechanisms involved in priapism has to be obtained, in order to improve the approach and the prognosis of this disabling condition.", "contents": "Cavernospongiosum shunt in management of priapism: is it a reliable method? The efficiency of cavernospongiosum shunt in the management of priapism was evaluated in 10 patients. Technical details such as the \"Z\" perineal incision and the opening followed by closure of the contralateral corpus cavernosum, at the time of corpora evacuation, can improve the local exposure and permits a more complete drainage of the corpus cavernosum, but did not improve our results when they were compared with other techniques for treatment of priapism. Penile flaccidity and preservation of sexual potency occurred in 6 (60%) and 5 (50%) patients, respectively, and no surgical complications were observed. Immediate penile flaccidity and regaining of physiologic erection were, however, not complete even in the successfully treated patients. The cavernospongiosum shunt does not seem to represent the definitive form of treating priapism. New knowledge about mechanisms involved in priapism has to be obtained, in order to improve the approach and the prognosis of this disabling condition.", "PMID": 689817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8527", "title": "Mesterolone treatment of patients with pathospermia.", "content": "The response to Mesterolone, in doses of 25 mg/day, was examined in 42 pathospermic patients. Treatment lasted for 100 days. The pronounced response to the Mesterolone treatment was observed in hypozoo- and oligozoospermia with low initial fructose content in the ejaculate. Fructose content attained its normal range after the treatment. During the therapeutic period 11 wives became pregnant. The authors conclude that Mesterolone does not influence plasma FSH, LH and testosterone levels, it has only peripheral effects.", "contents": "Mesterolone treatment of patients with pathospermia. The response to Mesterolone, in doses of 25 mg/day, was examined in 42 pathospermic patients. Treatment lasted for 100 days. The pronounced response to the Mesterolone treatment was observed in hypozoo- and oligozoospermia with low initial fructose content in the ejaculate. Fructose content attained its normal range after the treatment. During the therapeutic period 11 wives became pregnant. The authors conclude that Mesterolone does not influence plasma FSH, LH and testosterone levels, it has only peripheral effects.", "PMID": 689818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8528", "title": "The pediatric tracheostomy: III). An appraisal of xerography.", "content": "Comparatively new in the roentgen evaluation of infants and children, xerography would appear to be ideal for portraying the pediatric airway. Since the radiation dose of xerography is higher than conventional radiography, its image quality is the subject of careful scrutiny in a pediatric setting here described in 23 infants and children with tracheostomies. In this appraisal three pediatric radiologists independently compared each child's xeroradiograph with an accepted control, conventional radiography. The principal conclusion: the xerographic image of the pediatric airway is slightly superior to standard radiography in most studies (40 of 47 paired studies, 85.1%). In all but two comparisons, however, the tracheal morphology is correctly perceived, described, and interpreted in both the standard radiograph and the xeroradiograph. The main role of xerography, then, is its verification of tracheal detail as first depicted by the preliminary radiography. This confirmation is important in this particular pediatric problem, the tracheostomy, which has inherent difficulties in correct roentgen diagnosis.", "contents": "The pediatric tracheostomy: III). An appraisal of xerography. Comparatively new in the roentgen evaluation of infants and children, xerography would appear to be ideal for portraying the pediatric airway. Since the radiation dose of xerography is higher than conventional radiography, its image quality is the subject of careful scrutiny in a pediatric setting here described in 23 infants and children with tracheostomies. In this appraisal three pediatric radiologists independently compared each child's xeroradiograph with an accepted control, conventional radiography. The principal conclusion: the xerographic image of the pediatric airway is slightly superior to standard radiography in most studies (40 of 47 paired studies, 85.1%). In all but two comparisons, however, the tracheal morphology is correctly perceived, described, and interpreted in both the standard radiograph and the xeroradiograph. The main role of xerography, then, is its verification of tracheal detail as first depicted by the preliminary radiography. This confirmation is important in this particular pediatric problem, the tracheostomy, which has inherent difficulties in correct roentgen diagnosis.", "PMID": 689820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8529", "title": "Epinephrine enhanced knee arthrography.", "content": "The effect of .3 cc of 1:1000 epinephrine on iodine concentration, total iodine content, fluid volume and radiographic quality was evaluated in knee arthrograms in dogs. With the addition of epinephrine the iodine concentration and total iodine content were significantly higher initially and remained significantly higher than in controls over a one hour period. The fluid volume in the knee was significantly lower with epinephrine. Initially both contrast absorption and dilution have major effects in decreasing iodine concentration. With increasing time the effect of contrast absorption becomes the major factor, having a two of three times greater effect on decreasing iodine concentration. With epinephrine radiographs were judged significantly better early and while the quality deteriorated rapidly in the controls the enhanced quality with epinephrine persisted up to one hour. Epinephrine is a very useful adjunct in enhancing the quality of knee arthrography.", "contents": "Epinephrine enhanced knee arthrography. The effect of .3 cc of 1:1000 epinephrine on iodine concentration, total iodine content, fluid volume and radiographic quality was evaluated in knee arthrograms in dogs. With the addition of epinephrine the iodine concentration and total iodine content were significantly higher initially and remained significantly higher than in controls over a one hour period. The fluid volume in the knee was significantly lower with epinephrine. Initially both contrast absorption and dilution have major effects in decreasing iodine concentration. With increasing time the effect of contrast absorption becomes the major factor, having a two of three times greater effect on decreasing iodine concentration. With epinephrine radiographs were judged significantly better early and while the quality deteriorated rapidly in the controls the enhanced quality with epinephrine persisted up to one hour. Epinephrine is a very useful adjunct in enhancing the quality of knee arthrography.", "PMID": 689821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8530", "title": "A breast phantom method for evaluating mammography technique.", "content": "A new breast phantom has been designed for use in evaluating mammographic system performance. This phantom incorporates simulated calcifications and fibrillar objects in fat, of graded size, to permit measurements of detail visibility. A special methodology has been developed for measuring visible object size to achieve reproducible and clinically relevant results. Materials and construction of the phantom also permit carrying out dosimetry with an appropriate ionization chamber. Dosage and detail visibility measurements are reported for the Xerox 125, Min-R and Xonics systems. In addition to providing information regarding technique and image receptors, these results demonstrate the usefulness of the basic phantom design, and suggest possible improvements.", "contents": "A breast phantom method for evaluating mammography technique. A new breast phantom has been designed for use in evaluating mammographic system performance. This phantom incorporates simulated calcifications and fibrillar objects in fat, of graded size, to permit measurements of detail visibility. A special methodology has been developed for measuring visible object size to achieve reproducible and clinically relevant results. Materials and construction of the phantom also permit carrying out dosimetry with an appropriate ionization chamber. Dosage and detail visibility measurements are reported for the Xerox 125, Min-R and Xonics systems. In addition to providing information regarding technique and image receptors, these results demonstrate the usefulness of the basic phantom design, and suggest possible improvements.", "PMID": 689822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8531", "title": "Diameter of arterial microvessels trapping 8--10 micron, 15 micron and 25 micron microspheres as determined by vital microscopy of the hamster cheek pouch.", "content": "An assumption inherent in the use of microsphere methodology for measuring regional blood flow is that microspheres are removed from the circulation by impacting in arterial vessels of approximately their own diameter. We investigated the in vivo relationship between the diameter of varying size microspheres and the calibre of trapping microvessels within the hamster cheek pouch. Intracardiac injection of 8-10, 15 +/- 5, 25 +/- 5 micron carbonized microspheres with diversion of the cardiac output into the bracheocephalic trunk provided direct, in vivo visualization of the impaction sites of these various size microspheres within the cheek pouch microvasculature. Fifteen micron microspheres usually impacted at the orifice or neck of small arterioles and protruded into the lumen of the parent vessel. Eight to ten micron microspheres lodged in vessels with a mean diameter of 11.5 +/- SD 3.4 micron indicating that they usually impacted primarily in terminal arterioles.", "contents": "Diameter of arterial microvessels trapping 8--10 micron, 15 micron and 25 micron microspheres as determined by vital microscopy of the hamster cheek pouch. An assumption inherent in the use of microsphere methodology for measuring regional blood flow is that microspheres are removed from the circulation by impacting in arterial vessels of approximately their own diameter. We investigated the in vivo relationship between the diameter of varying size microspheres and the calibre of trapping microvessels within the hamster cheek pouch. Intracardiac injection of 8-10, 15 +/- 5, 25 +/- 5 micron carbonized microspheres with diversion of the cardiac output into the bracheocephalic trunk provided direct, in vivo visualization of the impaction sites of these various size microspheres within the cheek pouch microvasculature. Fifteen micron microspheres usually impacted at the orifice or neck of small arterioles and protruded into the lumen of the parent vessel. Eight to ten micron microspheres lodged in vessels with a mean diameter of 11.5 +/- SD 3.4 micron indicating that they usually impacted primarily in terminal arterioles.", "PMID": 689824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8532", "title": "Microradiography of the collecting ducts in the perfusion fixed rabbit kidney: suggestions for the anatomic basis for the radiographic appearance of cortical striations and intrarenal reflux.", "content": "Perfusion fixation was used to preserve the rabbit kidney, in its in vivo state (open tubules). Barium sulfate was either injected through the renal artery at a pressure sufficient to cause postulated microruptures in the glomerular tufts and opacify the tubules, or refluxed via the ureter to opacify the collecting ducts and tubules to the level of Bowman's capsule. The anatomy of the collecting ducts and their relationships to the nephrons were demonstrated, allowing suggestions for the anatomical basis for the radiographic appearances of cortical striations and intrarenal reflux.", "contents": "Microradiography of the collecting ducts in the perfusion fixed rabbit kidney: suggestions for the anatomic basis for the radiographic appearance of cortical striations and intrarenal reflux. Perfusion fixation was used to preserve the rabbit kidney, in its in vivo state (open tubules). Barium sulfate was either injected through the renal artery at a pressure sufficient to cause postulated microruptures in the glomerular tufts and opacify the tubules, or refluxed via the ureter to opacify the collecting ducts and tubules to the level of Bowman's capsule. The anatomy of the collecting ducts and their relationships to the nephrons were demonstrated, allowing suggestions for the anatomical basis for the radiographic appearances of cortical striations and intrarenal reflux.", "PMID": 689825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8533", "title": "Urographic excretion studies: preliminary results with a six-iodine, singly-ionizing sodium salt--P.286.", "content": "Preliminary results of comparative studies with a new water-soluble contrast agent are described. The new agent, with the code P.286, is a molecule with 6 iodine atoms attached and only one ionizing group. The sodium salt of the new agent has been compared with sodium iothalamate and metrizamide in dogs. The results suggest that the sodium salt of P.286 is superior in terms of urinary iodine concentration to both sodium iothalamate and metrizamide.", "contents": "Urographic excretion studies: preliminary results with a six-iodine, singly-ionizing sodium salt--P.286. Preliminary results of comparative studies with a new water-soluble contrast agent are described. The new agent, with the code P.286, is a molecule with 6 iodine atoms attached and only one ionizing group. The sodium salt of the new agent has been compared with sodium iothalamate and metrizamide in dogs. The results suggest that the sodium salt of P.286 is superior in terms of urinary iodine concentration to both sodium iothalamate and metrizamide.", "PMID": 689826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8534", "title": "Time-related contrast enhancement of blood, normal muscle, and V2 carcinoma in the rabbit as determined by CT scanning.", "content": "After a bolus of intravenous Renografin, the delivery and washout of contrast in malignant V2 carcinoma, normal muscle, and blood using CT scanning was evaluated over a two-hour period. Diagnostically useful differences in enhancement between V2 carcinoma and muscle predictably lasted one hour, but in selected rabbits lasted longer. Delivery and washout was greater in tumor than in normal muscle, and it was these differences which accounted for the diagnostically useful differences in enhancement. After two hours, attenuation in V2 and normal muscle remained elevated, while blood returned to nearly control levels, suggesting a large amount of contrast distributed throughout the extravascular space and probably in equilibrium with excretion.", "contents": "Time-related contrast enhancement of blood, normal muscle, and V2 carcinoma in the rabbit as determined by CT scanning. After a bolus of intravenous Renografin, the delivery and washout of contrast in malignant V2 carcinoma, normal muscle, and blood using CT scanning was evaluated over a two-hour period. Diagnostically useful differences in enhancement between V2 carcinoma and muscle predictably lasted one hour, but in selected rabbits lasted longer. Delivery and washout was greater in tumor than in normal muscle, and it was these differences which accounted for the diagnostically useful differences in enhancement. After two hours, attenuation in V2 and normal muscle remained elevated, while blood returned to nearly control levels, suggesting a large amount of contrast distributed throughout the extravascular space and probably in equilibrium with excretion.", "PMID": 689827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8535", "title": "Evaluation and characteristics of currently available inulin.", "content": "Inulin was not available for clinical testing in the United States between February 1973 and July 1975 because the raw material received in the United States differed from previously manufactured lots in molecular weight, glucose content, optical rotation, melting point, and water solubility. The comparability of the \"new\" and \"old\" inulin preparations was assessed in 12 adult male spinal cord injury patients, seven with normal renal function and five with compromised function. The \"new\" inulin proved to be as accurate and safe an agent for the determination of glomerular filtration rate as the previously available material in both groups of patients, and was made available for general clinical use in the United States in July 1975.", "contents": "Evaluation and characteristics of currently available inulin. Inulin was not available for clinical testing in the United States between February 1973 and July 1975 because the raw material received in the United States differed from previously manufactured lots in molecular weight, glucose content, optical rotation, melting point, and water solubility. The comparability of the \"new\" and \"old\" inulin preparations was assessed in 12 adult male spinal cord injury patients, seven with normal renal function and five with compromised function. The \"new\" inulin proved to be as accurate and safe an agent for the determination of glomerular filtration rate as the previously available material in both groups of patients, and was made available for general clinical use in the United States in July 1975.", "PMID": 689832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8536", "title": "Elevated rate of 3H-uridine incorporation in regressing rat ventral prostate.", "content": "Ventral prostates from adult Sprague-Dawley rats were removed at intervals during the first 2 weeks postcastration. Incubation of tissue with 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine was performed to determine the incorporation rate of radioactivity into the RNA and protein fractions respectively. Prostatic wet weight and 3H-leucine incorporation rate into prostate protein diminished postcastration, whereas 3H-uridine incorporation rate remained relatively high. The data suggest that RNA synthesis is relatively active in comparison with other parameters during regression.", "contents": "Elevated rate of 3H-uridine incorporation in regressing rat ventral prostate. Ventral prostates from adult Sprague-Dawley rats were removed at intervals during the first 2 weeks postcastration. Incubation of tissue with 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine was performed to determine the incorporation rate of radioactivity into the RNA and protein fractions respectively. Prostatic wet weight and 3H-leucine incorporation rate into prostate protein diminished postcastration, whereas 3H-uridine incorporation rate remained relatively high. The data suggest that RNA synthesis is relatively active in comparison with other parameters during regression.", "PMID": 689833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8537", "title": "Partial inhibition of castration induced ventral prostate regression with actinomycin D and cycloheximide.", "content": "Sprague Dawley male rats were injected subcutaneously with either actinomycin D or cycloheximide in saline immediately after castration. Control animals received saline only. Treatment was repeated daily for 4 subsequent days, and 24 hr after the last injection rats were sacrificed by decapitation. Ventral prostates were dissected and weighed. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide administration significantly reduced the rate of prostatic weight loss in castrated rats; serum testosterone levels in the control and drug treated animals were comparable. Histologic studies of the prostates indicated that drug treated animals had more active epithelial cells than saline injected controls. These results indicate that the rate of prostatic regression induced by castration can be modified by drugs such as actinomycin D and cycloheximide.", "contents": "Partial inhibition of castration induced ventral prostate regression with actinomycin D and cycloheximide. Sprague Dawley male rats were injected subcutaneously with either actinomycin D or cycloheximide in saline immediately after castration. Control animals received saline only. Treatment was repeated daily for 4 subsequent days, and 24 hr after the last injection rats were sacrificed by decapitation. Ventral prostates were dissected and weighed. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide administration significantly reduced the rate of prostatic weight loss in castrated rats; serum testosterone levels in the control and drug treated animals were comparable. Histologic studies of the prostates indicated that drug treated animals had more active epithelial cells than saline injected controls. These results indicate that the rate of prostatic regression induced by castration can be modified by drugs such as actinomycin D and cycloheximide.", "PMID": 689834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8538", "title": "Deleterious synergism of a cardiac glycoside and sodium diatrizoate.", "content": "Studies were performed in mice to determine if the cardiac glycoside, Strophanthin-K, and the contrast medium, sodium diatrizoate, interact synergistically to produce death. Intravenous injections of lethal and near lethal doses of the two agents produced a significantly greater mortality than the individual agents alone. Low or near clinical doses of Strophanthin-K, when given with doses of diatrizoate in the lethal range, produced mortalities significantly greater than did the diatrizoate alone. Similarly, low or near clinical doses of diatrizoate given with doses of Strophanthin-K in the lethal range produced mortalities significantly greater than for the Strophanthin-K alone. Isotonic or hypertonic saline, when substituted for diatrizoate or Strophanthin-K did not produce synergistic increases in mortality. Thus neither the injection volume, nor agent hypertonicity or ionic strength, seem to be the primary factors in the synergism to produce death. The diatrizoate anion appears to be an important factor. Until more information is available from other animal models it appears that patients receiving cardiac glycoside should be considered to have a higher than normal risk of serious reactions to contrast media in intravenous urography.", "contents": "Deleterious synergism of a cardiac glycoside and sodium diatrizoate. Studies were performed in mice to determine if the cardiac glycoside, Strophanthin-K, and the contrast medium, sodium diatrizoate, interact synergistically to produce death. Intravenous injections of lethal and near lethal doses of the two agents produced a significantly greater mortality than the individual agents alone. Low or near clinical doses of Strophanthin-K, when given with doses of diatrizoate in the lethal range, produced mortalities significantly greater than did the diatrizoate alone. Similarly, low or near clinical doses of diatrizoate given with doses of Strophanthin-K in the lethal range produced mortalities significantly greater than for the Strophanthin-K alone. Isotonic or hypertonic saline, when substituted for diatrizoate or Strophanthin-K did not produce synergistic increases in mortality. Thus neither the injection volume, nor agent hypertonicity or ionic strength, seem to be the primary factors in the synergism to produce death. The diatrizoate anion appears to be an important factor. Until more information is available from other animal models it appears that patients receiving cardiac glycoside should be considered to have a higher than normal risk of serious reactions to contrast media in intravenous urography.", "PMID": 689829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8539", "title": "Effect of retinoic acid on organ-cultured transitional epithelium.", "content": "In view of the correlation shown in vivo between vitamin A deficiency and increased transitional cell proliferation, the ability of retinoic acid to block hyperplasia in organ-cultured bladder epithelium was investigated. Retinoic acid, at concentrations shown to block hyperplasia in other in vitro systems, was ineffective in blocking hyperplasia in bladder epithelium. The data suggest the possibility that, in vivo, vitamin A may not act directly on the transitional epithelium to control cell proliferation. The cytoplasmic volume, which normally decreases during the period of hyperplasia in vitro, was increased by retinoic acid. The increase in cytoplasmic volume stimulated by 0.3 micrometer retinoic acid was sufficient to maintain normal nuclear:cytoplasmic ratios during the hyperplastic response. The increase in cytoplasmic volume could not be correlated with increased protein, mucin, or glycogen synthesis. The data suggest that retinoic acid may have increased the permeability of the luminal membrane to water, possibly by interfering with the synthesis of the keratin component of the membrane.", "contents": "Effect of retinoic acid on organ-cultured transitional epithelium. In view of the correlation shown in vivo between vitamin A deficiency and increased transitional cell proliferation, the ability of retinoic acid to block hyperplasia in organ-cultured bladder epithelium was investigated. Retinoic acid, at concentrations shown to block hyperplasia in other in vitro systems, was ineffective in blocking hyperplasia in bladder epithelium. The data suggest the possibility that, in vivo, vitamin A may not act directly on the transitional epithelium to control cell proliferation. The cytoplasmic volume, which normally decreases during the period of hyperplasia in vitro, was increased by retinoic acid. The increase in cytoplasmic volume stimulated by 0.3 micrometer retinoic acid was sufficient to maintain normal nuclear:cytoplasmic ratios during the hyperplastic response. The increase in cytoplasmic volume could not be correlated with increased protein, mucin, or glycogen synthesis. The data suggest that retinoic acid may have increased the permeability of the luminal membrane to water, possibly by interfering with the synthesis of the keratin component of the membrane.", "PMID": 689835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8540", "title": "Uptake of contrast materials by experimental acute myocardial infarctions: a preliminary report.", "content": "The concentration of iodine within infarcted and normal myocardium after intravenous administration of contrast material was determined by fluorescence excitation analysis in seven dogs at 48 hours after coronary arterial ligation. The iodine concentration of infarcted myocardial tissue was several times greater than normal myocardium after administration of meglumine/sodium diatrizoate, iodipamide, and an experimental polymer of iothalamic acid.", "contents": "Uptake of contrast materials by experimental acute myocardial infarctions: a preliminary report. The concentration of iodine within infarcted and normal myocardium after intravenous administration of contrast material was determined by fluorescence excitation analysis in seven dogs at 48 hours after coronary arterial ligation. The iodine concentration of infarcted myocardial tissue was several times greater than normal myocardium after administration of meglumine/sodium diatrizoate, iodipamide, and an experimental polymer of iothalamic acid.", "PMID": 689828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8541", "title": "Isocitrate uptake and citrate production by rat ventral prostate fragments.", "content": "Prostatic aconitase was investigated utilizing fragments of rat ventral prostate. The rate of citrate formation from isocitrate was used as an index of aconitase activity. Inhibition of citrate formation from isocitrate by fluorocitrate indicated that aconitase activity was being measured. The results indicated that whereas both kidney and prostate formed citrate from isocitrate, the aconitase activity of prostate was independent of both medium isocitrate and citrate concentration. In addition the aconitase activity of prostate seemed to favor citrate formation to a much greater degree than kidney. The results showed that the aconitase catalyzed conversion of citrate to isocitrate is limited in prostate and suggested that the deficient citrate oxidation observed in prostate is the result of a unique aconitase activity.", "contents": "Isocitrate uptake and citrate production by rat ventral prostate fragments. Prostatic aconitase was investigated utilizing fragments of rat ventral prostate. The rate of citrate formation from isocitrate was used as an index of aconitase activity. Inhibition of citrate formation from isocitrate by fluorocitrate indicated that aconitase activity was being measured. The results indicated that whereas both kidney and prostate formed citrate from isocitrate, the aconitase activity of prostate was independent of both medium isocitrate and citrate concentration. In addition the aconitase activity of prostate seemed to favor citrate formation to a much greater degree than kidney. The results showed that the aconitase catalyzed conversion of citrate to isocitrate is limited in prostate and suggested that the deficient citrate oxidation observed in prostate is the result of a unique aconitase activity.", "PMID": 689836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8542", "title": "A study of o-cresolphthalexon and its analogs as cholescintigraphic 111In carriers.", "content": "111In has been complexed to a series of metal-complexing phthaleins and sulfonphthaleins, and the hepatobiliary excretion of the compounds were compared in rats. The highest biliary excretion was obtained with 111In-o-cresolphthalexon. In a normal human subject, sequential imaging with 111In-o-cresolphthalexon visualized his gallbladder, common bile duct, and the bowel from jejunum to rectum. The potential utility and limitation of this biliary scanning agent is discussed.", "contents": "A study of o-cresolphthalexon and its analogs as cholescintigraphic 111In carriers. 111In has been complexed to a series of metal-complexing phthaleins and sulfonphthaleins, and the hepatobiliary excretion of the compounds were compared in rats. The highest biliary excretion was obtained with 111In-o-cresolphthalexon. In a normal human subject, sequential imaging with 111In-o-cresolphthalexon visualized his gallbladder, common bile duct, and the bowel from jejunum to rectum. The potential utility and limitation of this biliary scanning agent is discussed.", "PMID": 689831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8543", "title": "Biodegradable ureteral grafts in dogs.", "content": "In six dogs, a segment of the right ureter was replaced by a tubular segment of poly [L(-) lactic acid], a new absorbable biomaterial, with the hope that the foreign body would be absorbed or dissolved after a new mucosally lined channel had formed. The dogs were followed with excretory urograms, blood urea nitrogens, and serum creatinines. Postoperatively, four of the six dogs had deteriorating or total loss of function of the right kidney by 8 months attributable to obstruction of the ureter by disintegrating implant.", "contents": "Biodegradable ureteral grafts in dogs. In six dogs, a segment of the right ureter was replaced by a tubular segment of poly [L(-) lactic acid], a new absorbable biomaterial, with the hope that the foreign body would be absorbed or dissolved after a new mucosally lined channel had formed. The dogs were followed with excretory urograms, blood urea nitrogens, and serum creatinines. Postoperatively, four of the six dogs had deteriorating or total loss of function of the right kidney by 8 months attributable to obstruction of the ureter by disintegrating implant.", "PMID": 689837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8544", "title": "The initiation, progress, and diagnosis of dog bladder cancer induced by 4-aminobiphenyl.", "content": "Twenty-four beagles received 4-aminobiphenyl orally 5 days a week for 3 years. The dogs were examined cytoscopically at frequent intervals. Biopsy and surgery were performed according to predetermined criteria. Three basic patterns of carcinogen responses were seen. Negative or minimal disease was seen in four dogs. Of these, two remained completely free of neoplasia. Eleven dogs progressed slowly in their development of neoplasia with minor fluctuations in development. A rapidly progressive pattern was observed in the remaining nine dogs. A large variance in the time of onset of the first positive diagnosis of neoplasia was seen. Eleven dogs underwent surgery ranging from tumor sampling to cystectomy plus ureterosigmoidostomy. Histologic types and grades and patterns of metastasis as well as several other characteristics seemed to parallel closely human bladder cancer.", "contents": "The initiation, progress, and diagnosis of dog bladder cancer induced by 4-aminobiphenyl. Twenty-four beagles received 4-aminobiphenyl orally 5 days a week for 3 years. The dogs were examined cytoscopically at frequent intervals. Biopsy and surgery were performed according to predetermined criteria. Three basic patterns of carcinogen responses were seen. Negative or minimal disease was seen in four dogs. Of these, two remained completely free of neoplasia. Eleven dogs progressed slowly in their development of neoplasia with minor fluctuations in development. A rapidly progressive pattern was observed in the remaining nine dogs. A large variance in the time of onset of the first positive diagnosis of neoplasia was seen. Eleven dogs underwent surgery ranging from tumor sampling to cystectomy plus ureterosigmoidostomy. Histologic types and grades and patterns of metastasis as well as several other characteristics seemed to parallel closely human bladder cancer.", "PMID": 689839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8545", "title": "Comparison of arteriography, venography, and pyelography in experimental renal trauma.", "content": "Experimentally produced renal injuries are shown by arteriography, venography, and retrograde pyelography using geometric magnification techniques. Arteriography is the most satisfactory modality examined. Venography is technically more difficult and generally less sensitive than arteriography, although extravasation of contrast material was shown with equal frequency. Retrograde pyelography is inferior to arteriography and correlates closely with the venographic findings.", "contents": "Comparison of arteriography, venography, and pyelography in experimental renal trauma. Experimentally produced renal injuries are shown by arteriography, venography, and retrograde pyelography using geometric magnification techniques. Arteriography is the most satisfactory modality examined. Venography is technically more difficult and generally less sensitive than arteriography, although extravasation of contrast material was shown with equal frequency. Retrograde pyelography is inferior to arteriography and correlates closely with the venographic findings.", "PMID": 689840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8546", "title": "Experimental closure of urinary bladders with surgical staples.", "content": "The auto stapler, an instrument proven to be effective in other surgical procedures, was utilized to close the canine urinary bladder. The procedure was found to be simple. Anticipated postoperative complications, particularly leak, infection, or stone formation were not experienced.", "contents": "Experimental closure of urinary bladders with surgical staples. The auto stapler, an instrument proven to be effective in other surgical procedures, was utilized to close the canine urinary bladder. The procedure was found to be simple. Anticipated postoperative complications, particularly leak, infection, or stone formation were not experienced.", "PMID": 689841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8547", "title": "The importance of renal prostaglandin synthesis in maintaining renal blood flow and glomerular filtration after renal artery stenosis in the conscious dog.", "content": "We studied the effects of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis on the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate of four conscious dogs with chronic unilateral renal artery stenosis. Dogs were prepared by exteriorizing the bladder trigone to allow repeated split renal function studies. Renal artery stenosis was produced with a Goldblatt clamp on one renal artery. Each of ten studies determined the function of each kidney in the conscious dog before and after indomethacin treatment. Administration of indomethacin resulted in a 90 per cent reduction of urinary prostaglandin E excretion, but no functional changes were produced in the kidney with the stenotic artery. These studies indicate that renal prostaglandins are not responsible for maintenance of creatinine and para-aminohippuric acid clearances after renal artery stenosis in the dog. However, the concentration gradient for creatinine between the stenotic and non-stenotic kidney was enhanced by indomethacin.", "contents": "The importance of renal prostaglandin synthesis in maintaining renal blood flow and glomerular filtration after renal artery stenosis in the conscious dog. We studied the effects of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis on the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate of four conscious dogs with chronic unilateral renal artery stenosis. Dogs were prepared by exteriorizing the bladder trigone to allow repeated split renal function studies. Renal artery stenosis was produced with a Goldblatt clamp on one renal artery. Each of ten studies determined the function of each kidney in the conscious dog before and after indomethacin treatment. Administration of indomethacin resulted in a 90 per cent reduction of urinary prostaglandin E excretion, but no functional changes were produced in the kidney with the stenotic artery. These studies indicate that renal prostaglandins are not responsible for maintenance of creatinine and para-aminohippuric acid clearances after renal artery stenosis in the dog. However, the concentration gradient for creatinine between the stenotic and non-stenotic kidney was enhanced by indomethacin.", "PMID": 689842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8548", "title": "[Clinical aspects of pelvic stenosis syndrome (Schneider-Fischer)].", "content": "Six cases with posthrombotic obstruction of the pelvic veins are reported. These case reports demonstrate the variability of the clinical symptomatology. In addition relationships between the postthrombotic obstruction of the pelvic veins and hemorrhoids and varicocele are discussed. Therapeutical aspects are reviewed.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of pelvic stenosis syndrome (Schneider-Fischer)]. Six cases with posthrombotic obstruction of the pelvic veins are reported. These case reports demonstrate the variability of the clinical symptomatology. In addition relationships between the postthrombotic obstruction of the pelvic veins and hemorrhoids and varicocele are discussed. Therapeutical aspects are reviewed.", "PMID": 689879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8549", "title": "[Juvenile dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans].", "content": "Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is observed in younger or middle-aged patients after the transformation from the initial stage of a chronic fibrous plaque into a rapidly growing, sometimes painful or bleeding tumor. First manifestation in early childhood is considered in about 10 per cent of the reported patients. In the case that we observed the neoplasma was present at birth and increased to a multinodular tumor between three and four years of age. Repeated local recurrences in the scar were observed after the surgical removal. The clinical behavior of the tumor in childhood is comparable to those of adults. Because of its malignant potential extended early excision should be undertaken despite of the risk of widespread scarring.", "contents": "[Juvenile dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is observed in younger or middle-aged patients after the transformation from the initial stage of a chronic fibrous plaque into a rapidly growing, sometimes painful or bleeding tumor. First manifestation in early childhood is considered in about 10 per cent of the reported patients. In the case that we observed the neoplasma was present at birth and increased to a multinodular tumor between three and four years of age. Repeated local recurrences in the scar were observed after the surgical removal. The clinical behavior of the tumor in childhood is comparable to those of adults. Because of its malignant potential extended early excision should be undertaken despite of the risk of widespread scarring.", "PMID": 689880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8550", "title": "[Triggering of immunologic reactions by Strehler's pressure wave therapy in patients with chronic venous insufficiency].", "content": "Thirteen patients with chronic venous insufficiency of the legs, mostly with ulcerations, were treated during four weeks by pressure wave therapy following the method of Strehler. Some parameters of circulation, blood, and immunology were controlled at the beginning, at the third, tenth, twentieth and fourtieth day. There was a tendency to normalization of hypo- and hypertension, of the blood calcium and kalium, and especially, there was a significant increase of IgG and C'4 during the treatment with decrease of the IgM. Other parameters did not show specific alterations. The mobilisation of edema by pressure wave therapy seems to arise an immunologic reaction, probably by activating antigens or antigen-antibody complexes.", "contents": "[Triggering of immunologic reactions by Strehler's pressure wave therapy in patients with chronic venous insufficiency]. Thirteen patients with chronic venous insufficiency of the legs, mostly with ulcerations, were treated during four weeks by pressure wave therapy following the method of Strehler. Some parameters of circulation, blood, and immunology were controlled at the beginning, at the third, tenth, twentieth and fourtieth day. There was a tendency to normalization of hypo- and hypertension, of the blood calcium and kalium, and especially, there was a significant increase of IgG and C'4 during the treatment with decrease of the IgM. Other parameters did not show specific alterations. The mobilisation of edema by pressure wave therapy seems to arise an immunologic reaction, probably by activating antigens or antigen-antibody complexes.", "PMID": 689881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8551", "title": "[Contact sensitivity to lead].", "content": "A case of contact sensitization to lead is described which presented as an acute bullous contact dermatitis after application of an ointment containing lead oxide (unguentum diachylon Hebra). In patch testing, the patient reacted strongly to lead oxide and lead acetate. Further examination revealed a chronic lead intoxication with neurologic and labyrinthine involvement. As a painter, the patient had had professional contact with the lead paints up to 25 years ago for a period of 30 years. He had never noticed any contact allergies to his working materials.", "contents": "[Contact sensitivity to lead]. A case of contact sensitization to lead is described which presented as an acute bullous contact dermatitis after application of an ointment containing lead oxide (unguentum diachylon Hebra). In patch testing, the patient reacted strongly to lead oxide and lead acetate. Further examination revealed a chronic lead intoxication with neurologic and labyrinthine involvement. As a painter, the patient had had professional contact with the lead paints up to 25 years ago for a period of 30 years. He had never noticed any contact allergies to his working materials.", "PMID": 689883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8552", "title": "Locus of control and the intention to lose weight.", "content": "The relative importance of personal attitudes toward losing weight and the social pressures for weight loss in determining intentions to lose weight was compared for locus of control internals and externals who valued health and/or physical appearance highly. Findings consistent with the hypothesized differential importance of these two predictors of behavior intention for individuals designated internal and external by a behavior-specific locus of control scale are presented. Theoretical and practical applications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Locus of control and the intention to lose weight. The relative importance of personal attitudes toward losing weight and the social pressures for weight loss in determining intentions to lose weight was compared for locus of control internals and externals who valued health and/or physical appearance highly. Findings consistent with the hypothesized differential importance of these two predictors of behavior intention for individuals designated internal and external by a behavior-specific locus of control scale are presented. Theoretical and practical applications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 689886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8553", "title": "Health locus of control and health value in the prediction of smoking reduction.", "content": "Thirty-five participants in a smoking cessation program met weekly for seven weeks in small groups and then were assigned to one of four follow-up procedures for an additional eight weeks. Information on smoking levels was obtained at the beginning of the program, at the end of the seven-week treatment period, at the end of the two-moth follow-up period, and during an additional five-month extended follow-up period. As hypothesized from social learning theory, individuals who held internally-oriented health locus of control beliefs and who valued health highly were most successful in achieving and maintaining changes in their smoking behavior. Thes results are discussed in terms of their implications for the problem of maintenance of behavior changes achieved by smoking cessation programs.", "contents": "Health locus of control and health value in the prediction of smoking reduction. Thirty-five participants in a smoking cessation program met weekly for seven weeks in small groups and then were assigned to one of four follow-up procedures for an additional eight weeks. Information on smoking levels was obtained at the beginning of the program, at the end of the seven-week treatment period, at the end of the two-moth follow-up period, and during an additional five-month extended follow-up period. As hypothesized from social learning theory, individuals who held internally-oriented health locus of control beliefs and who valued health highly were most successful in achieving and maintaining changes in their smoking behavior. Thes results are discussed in terms of their implications for the problem of maintenance of behavior changes achieved by smoking cessation programs.", "PMID": 689887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8554", "title": "A test of the construct validity of health locus of control: effects on self-reported compliance for hypertensive patients.", "content": "A test of the construct validity of the Health Locus of Control (HLC) scale is presented within the larger framework of Rotter's social learning theory. Self-reported compliance behavior was predicted to relate to the subject's HLC orientation, value toward health, and level of perceived home assistance. In a sample of ambulatory hypertensive patients, a significant two-way interaction effect was calculated between the perceived level of home assistance and the patient's HLC orientation (p = .02). The more internally oriented the patient and the higher the level of perceived home assistance in complying with the prescribed medical regimen, the greater the level of self-reported compliance behavior.", "contents": "A test of the construct validity of health locus of control: effects on self-reported compliance for hypertensive patients. A test of the construct validity of the Health Locus of Control (HLC) scale is presented within the larger framework of Rotter's social learning theory. Self-reported compliance behavior was predicted to relate to the subject's HLC orientation, value toward health, and level of perceived home assistance. In a sample of ambulatory hypertensive patients, a significant two-way interaction effect was calculated between the perceived level of home assistance and the patient's HLC orientation (p = .02). The more internally oriented the patient and the higher the level of perceived home assistance in complying with the prescribed medical regimen, the greater the level of self-reported compliance behavior.", "PMID": 689888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8555", "title": "Development of an instrument to measure children's health locus of control.", "content": "Studies were conducted with children ages 7 to 12 years to develop an instrument to measure children's health locus of control. Findings provide evidence that the Children's Health Locus of Control scale has acceptable levels of reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity. Item analysis and factor analysis were performed to determine item effectiveness and existence of significant subscales. Implications of this research for health education of children are disscussed. Links between the theoretical basis for the locus of control construct and a more comprehensive explanation of health behavior are outlined.", "contents": "Development of an instrument to measure children's health locus of control. Studies were conducted with children ages 7 to 12 years to develop an instrument to measure children's health locus of control. Findings provide evidence that the Children's Health Locus of Control scale has acceptable levels of reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity. Item analysis and factor analysis were performed to determine item effectiveness and existence of significant subscales. Implications of this research for health education of children are disscussed. Links between the theoretical basis for the locus of control construct and a more comprehensive explanation of health behavior are outlined.", "PMID": 689889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8556", "title": "Development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales.", "content": "The development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scales is described. Scales have been developed to tap beliefs that the source of reinforcements for health-related behaviors is primarily internal, a matter of chance, or under the control of powerful others. These scales are based on earlier work with a general Health Locus of Control Scale, which, in turn, was developed from Rotter's social learning theory. Equivalent forms of the scales are presented along with initial internal consistency and validity data. Possible means of utilizing these scales are provided.", "contents": "Development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales. The development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scales is described. Scales have been developed to tap beliefs that the source of reinforcements for health-related behaviors is primarily internal, a matter of chance, or under the control of powerful others. These scales are based on earlier work with a general Health Locus of Control Scale, which, in turn, was developed from Rotter's social learning theory. Equivalent forms of the scales are presented along with initial internal consistency and validity data. Possible means of utilizing these scales are provided.", "PMID": 689890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8557", "title": "The evolution and distribution of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human foetal skin throughout gestation.", "content": "Specimens of skin from human foetuses from 6--41 weeks gestation were incubated to demonstrate the presence of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) by histochemical methods. When present HSDs were noted only within the acini of the sebaceous glands and in the secretory duct. Seventeen-beta-HSD activity was first demonstrated at 16 weeks gestation, co-incident with full function in the glands. Three-beta- and 16beta-HSD activity did not appear until 22--24 weeks. There were differences between the foetal pattern of distribution of the enzymes within gland acini and that already known in skin from subjects in extrauterine life. The time of changeover to the latter pattern has been established as 38 weeks gestation. No correlation was noted between HSD activity and the sex of the foetus or body site. It is concluded that foetal skin is involved in steroid metabolism, and possible physiological roles for this activity are discussed, with speculation over skin as an excretory route or detoxication centre for steroids and the role of steriod metabolic activity in the local stimulation and functional control of foetal sebaceous glands.", "contents": "The evolution and distribution of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human foetal skin throughout gestation. Specimens of skin from human foetuses from 6--41 weeks gestation were incubated to demonstrate the presence of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) by histochemical methods. When present HSDs were noted only within the acini of the sebaceous glands and in the secretory duct. Seventeen-beta-HSD activity was first demonstrated at 16 weeks gestation, co-incident with full function in the glands. Three-beta- and 16beta-HSD activity did not appear until 22--24 weeks. There were differences between the foetal pattern of distribution of the enzymes within gland acini and that already known in skin from subjects in extrauterine life. The time of changeover to the latter pattern has been established as 38 weeks gestation. No correlation was noted between HSD activity and the sex of the foetus or body site. It is concluded that foetal skin is involved in steroid metabolism, and possible physiological roles for this activity are discussed, with speculation over skin as an excretory route or detoxication centre for steroids and the role of steriod metabolic activity in the local stimulation and functional control of foetal sebaceous glands.", "PMID": 689910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8558", "title": "Variations in sialomucins in the mucosa of the large intestine in malignancy: a quantimet and statistical analysis.", "content": "The periodate-borohydride/saponification/PAS (PB/KOH/PAS) method, for the identification of sialic acid derivatives, was used to investigate possible changes in human colonic epithelium associated with carcinogenesis. The material was obtained from specimens of the large intestine resected for carcinoma and compared with normal control mucosa from biopsies of patients with no known gastro-intestinal diseases, using a Quantimet Image Analyser Densitometer to measure these staining reactions. An ordination or segregation analysis of the results revealed a marked discrimination between tumours and the normal control mucosa, with the values for the 'transitional' mucosa and mucosa remote from the tumour graded in between. Paired t-tests also showed statistically significant differences between the various types of mucosa. The fact that changes in the staining densities of the sialic acid derivatives are observed in mucosa which is normal by conventional histological criteria raises the hypothesis that malignancy in the colonic epithelium is accompanied by modifications in the sialic acid composition of the mucus secretion. Thus the PB/KOH/PAS method may be of value in the early detection of cancer in colo-rectal biopsies.", "contents": "Variations in sialomucins in the mucosa of the large intestine in malignancy: a quantimet and statistical analysis. The periodate-borohydride/saponification/PAS (PB/KOH/PAS) method, for the identification of sialic acid derivatives, was used to investigate possible changes in human colonic epithelium associated with carcinogenesis. The material was obtained from specimens of the large intestine resected for carcinoma and compared with normal control mucosa from biopsies of patients with no known gastro-intestinal diseases, using a Quantimet Image Analyser Densitometer to measure these staining reactions. An ordination or segregation analysis of the results revealed a marked discrimination between tumours and the normal control mucosa, with the values for the 'transitional' mucosa and mucosa remote from the tumour graded in between. Paired t-tests also showed statistically significant differences between the various types of mucosa. The fact that changes in the staining densities of the sialic acid derivatives are observed in mucosa which is normal by conventional histological criteria raises the hypothesis that malignancy in the colonic epithelium is accompanied by modifications in the sialic acid composition of the mucus secretion. Thus the PB/KOH/PAS method may be of value in the early detection of cancer in colo-rectal biopsies.", "PMID": 689911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8559", "title": "Demonstration of phosphates in calcium deposits: a modification of von Kossa's reaction.", "content": "It has been suggested that in von K\u00f3ss'as technic silver cations replace calcium bound to phosphate or carbonate groups and are then reduced to black metallic silver during exposure to light. However, in test tube experiments silver phosphate retains its yellow color for days. These differences between reactions of pure calcium phosphates and calcium deposits in tissues were emphasized already by von K\u00f3ssa; he regarded only the initial yellow coloration of calcium diagnostic for calcium phosphates and deplored the subsequent blackening caused by organic compounds. Von K\u00f3ssa's experiments were easily reproducible. A review of the literature showed that reduction of silver nitrate by organic compounds was well known in the 19th century. For histochemical studies of phosphates it was deemed desirable to avoid the formation of black by-products. Sections of paraffin-embedded human tissues were exposed to solutions of silver nitrate in subdued light or darkness then treated with sodium thiosulfate. Silver phosphate was yellow to yellowish brown; other tissue structures remained colorless. No darkening was observed in sections stored for eight years. Other compounds which form yellow silver salts, e.g. iodides and periodates, are unlikely to occur in paraffin sections of human tissues.", "contents": "Demonstration of phosphates in calcium deposits: a modification of von Kossa's reaction. It has been suggested that in von K\u00f3ss'as technic silver cations replace calcium bound to phosphate or carbonate groups and are then reduced to black metallic silver during exposure to light. However, in test tube experiments silver phosphate retains its yellow color for days. These differences between reactions of pure calcium phosphates and calcium deposits in tissues were emphasized already by von K\u00f3ssa; he regarded only the initial yellow coloration of calcium diagnostic for calcium phosphates and deplored the subsequent blackening caused by organic compounds. Von K\u00f3ssa's experiments were easily reproducible. A review of the literature showed that reduction of silver nitrate by organic compounds was well known in the 19th century. For histochemical studies of phosphates it was deemed desirable to avoid the formation of black by-products. Sections of paraffin-embedded human tissues were exposed to solutions of silver nitrate in subdued light or darkness then treated with sodium thiosulfate. Silver phosphate was yellow to yellowish brown; other tissue structures remained colorless. No darkening was observed in sections stored for eight years. Other compounds which form yellow silver salts, e.g. iodides and periodates, are unlikely to occur in paraffin sections of human tissues.", "PMID": 689915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8560", "title": "Calcium in isolated mitochondria from the left ventricular wall.", "content": "The content of calcium per mg mitochondrial protein has been measured by conventional biochemical methods in myocardial tissue of some mammalian species. In addition, a method is presented for (1) the analysis of mitochondrial volumes in the same tissues and (2) calculating the amount of calcium in units of 10(6) mitochondria. It appears that a highly significant correlation exists between the calcium content and the number of mitochondria, with a positive correlation coefficient of 0.92. The mean mitochondrial volume in fractions of the rabbit myocardium was found to be 1.3386 micron3. Electron microscopic studies demonstrate pure mitochondrial fractions and only moderate structural alterations. The method described may represent a useful supplement for the estimation of calcium fluxes in mitochondria and of alterations in their volume, number and structure under conditions of myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Calcium in isolated mitochondria from the left ventricular wall. The content of calcium per mg mitochondrial protein has been measured by conventional biochemical methods in myocardial tissue of some mammalian species. In addition, a method is presented for (1) the analysis of mitochondrial volumes in the same tissues and (2) calculating the amount of calcium in units of 10(6) mitochondria. It appears that a highly significant correlation exists between the calcium content and the number of mitochondria, with a positive correlation coefficient of 0.92. The mean mitochondrial volume in fractions of the rabbit myocardium was found to be 1.3386 micron3. Electron microscopic studies demonstrate pure mitochondrial fractions and only moderate structural alterations. The method described may represent a useful supplement for the estimation of calcium fluxes in mitochondria and of alterations in their volume, number and structure under conditions of myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 689916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8561", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of the trapping reaction of copperthiocholine histochemical procedures for localization of cholinesterases.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the trapping reaction of the histochemical procedure for the localization of ChE of Koelle and Friedenwald (1949) and its modification by Brzin and Pucihar (1976) proceeds quantitatively. The weight of the precipitate formed in the tissue sample during the histochemical procedure was compared with enzyme activity of an equal sample. The differential magnetic microbalance was used for measurements of reduced weight and for previous determination of density of the precipitate. The evidence for the composition of the final product was drawn from the quantitative analysis of copper and iodine and from the infrared spectra. Tsuji's statement (1974) that cuprous copper thiocholine iodide is the final product of histochemical procedures investigated was confirmed. It was found that the trapping reaction of the original as well as of the modified procedure under our experimental conditions in tissue sections proceeds quantitatively which means that one of the basic conditions for reliable localization is fulfilled.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of the trapping reaction of copperthiocholine histochemical procedures for localization of cholinesterases. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the trapping reaction of the histochemical procedure for the localization of ChE of Koelle and Friedenwald (1949) and its modification by Brzin and Pucihar (1976) proceeds quantitatively. The weight of the precipitate formed in the tissue sample during the histochemical procedure was compared with enzyme activity of an equal sample. The differential magnetic microbalance was used for measurements of reduced weight and for previous determination of density of the precipitate. The evidence for the composition of the final product was drawn from the quantitative analysis of copper and iodine and from the infrared spectra. Tsuji's statement (1974) that cuprous copper thiocholine iodide is the final product of histochemical procedures investigated was confirmed. It was found that the trapping reaction of the original as well as of the modified procedure under our experimental conditions in tissue sections proceeds quantitatively which means that one of the basic conditions for reliable localization is fulfilled.", "PMID": 689917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8562", "title": "Fluorescence histochemistry of peptide hormone-producing cells: observations on the phenanthrenequinone method for the demonstration of arginine residues.", "content": "Phenanthrenequinone is a sensitive and specific fluorescence histochemical reagent for monosubstituted guanidines. It is probable that it selectively demonstrates the guanidino group of arginine residues of proteins and peptides. Phenanthrenequinone induces moderate to intense fluorescence in gastric chief cells, parenchymal cells of the pancreas, and certain peptide hormone-producing cell types such as the GH cells of the adenohypophysis and the glucagon cells of the pancreatic islets. Similar fluorescence spectra were obtained from an arginine-containing peptide in a histochemical model and from the GH cells of the adenohypophysis following exposure to phenanthrenequinone. We conclude that the cells demonstrated with this reagent store peptides or proteins rich in arginine.", "contents": "Fluorescence histochemistry of peptide hormone-producing cells: observations on the phenanthrenequinone method for the demonstration of arginine residues. Phenanthrenequinone is a sensitive and specific fluorescence histochemical reagent for monosubstituted guanidines. It is probable that it selectively demonstrates the guanidino group of arginine residues of proteins and peptides. Phenanthrenequinone induces moderate to intense fluorescence in gastric chief cells, parenchymal cells of the pancreas, and certain peptide hormone-producing cell types such as the GH cells of the adenohypophysis and the glucagon cells of the pancreatic islets. Similar fluorescence spectra were obtained from an arginine-containing peptide in a histochemical model and from the GH cells of the adenohypophysis following exposure to phenanthrenequinone. We conclude that the cells demonstrated with this reagent store peptides or proteins rich in arginine.", "PMID": 689918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8563", "title": "Histochemical studies of mucosubstances in metaplastic epithelium of the stomach, with special reference to the development of intestinal metaplasia.", "content": "Processes in the development of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach were investigated from the morphological and histochemical approaches using light and electron microscopic techniques. The specimens taken from 38 gastric carcinomas and 15 gastric and/or duodenal ulcers were subjected to this study. Morphological appearances of the intestinal metaplasia observed in routine examination with hematoxylin and eosin staining was able to divided into complete and incomplete metaplasia by the light and electron microscope histochemical stainings of the mucosubstances. The columnar cells at the area of the incomplete metaplasia had both the properties of the intestinal epithelia and the gastric foveolar epithelia. The incomplete as well as the complete metaplasia arose from the generative cells at the isthmus of the gland. The generative cells, however, sometimes gradually transformed to produce the complete metaplastic cells. The two processes of the development of the intestinal metaplasia were proposed and discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical studies of mucosubstances in metaplastic epithelium of the stomach, with special reference to the development of intestinal metaplasia. Processes in the development of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach were investigated from the morphological and histochemical approaches using light and electron microscopic techniques. The specimens taken from 38 gastric carcinomas and 15 gastric and/or duodenal ulcers were subjected to this study. Morphological appearances of the intestinal metaplasia observed in routine examination with hematoxylin and eosin staining was able to divided into complete and incomplete metaplasia by the light and electron microscope histochemical stainings of the mucosubstances. The columnar cells at the area of the incomplete metaplasia had both the properties of the intestinal epithelia and the gastric foveolar epithelia. The incomplete as well as the complete metaplasia arose from the generative cells at the isthmus of the gland. The generative cells, however, sometimes gradually transformed to produce the complete metaplastic cells. The two processes of the development of the intestinal metaplasia were proposed and discussed.", "PMID": 689919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8564", "title": "The localization of calcium by X-ray microanalysis in myopathic muscle fibers.", "content": "An electron histochemical study was undertaken to localize calcium with ammonium oxalate precipitation technique in soleus muscle of rat in normal cases and in myopathy induced experimentally by a prolonged treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). The calcium content of precipitates was detected by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. In normal cases, the electron dense precipitates containing calcium were mainly found in the vesicles of sarcoplasmic reticulum, whereas in 2,4-D induced myopathy the deposits were shifted near the Z line into the myofibrils. Calcium, because the uptake into sarcoplasmic vesicles was inhibited by 2,4-D, could attach to other binding sites, such as to the troponin-C.A long-lasting binding of calcium might lead to a prolonged activation of the actin-myosin system.", "contents": "The localization of calcium by X-ray microanalysis in myopathic muscle fibers. An electron histochemical study was undertaken to localize calcium with ammonium oxalate precipitation technique in soleus muscle of rat in normal cases and in myopathy induced experimentally by a prolonged treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). The calcium content of precipitates was detected by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. In normal cases, the electron dense precipitates containing calcium were mainly found in the vesicles of sarcoplasmic reticulum, whereas in 2,4-D induced myopathy the deposits were shifted near the Z line into the myofibrils. Calcium, because the uptake into sarcoplasmic vesicles was inhibited by 2,4-D, could attach to other binding sites, such as to the troponin-C.A long-lasting binding of calcium might lead to a prolonged activation of the actin-myosin system.", "PMID": 689920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8565", "title": "Electron cytochemical demonstration of four hydrolytic enzymes in the rat corpora lutea at second half of gestation.", "content": "Corpora lutea from rat ovaries at mid pregnancy were fixed by perfusion and studied by electron cytochemistry for localisation of four hydrolytic enzymes. Using the metal-salt methods for acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatases activity was localised in small and large lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, Golgi complex and within cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The azo-dye coupling method for Beta-glucuronidase was less satisfactory and gave positive results in lysosomes, lipids and in the globules within the mitochondrial matrix. The latter two localisation were probably associated with affinity of the naphthol AS-BI for lipid material. In addition to plasma membranes, the reaction product for alkaline phosphatase with the lead-salt method was seen in lysosomelike bodies, in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in occasional Golgi elements of granulosa lutein and endothelial cells. Increased activity of lysosomal acid hydrolases occurs when regressive changes of lutein cells start at the end of gestation and this might probably reflect the initiation of lytic processes.", "contents": "Electron cytochemical demonstration of four hydrolytic enzymes in the rat corpora lutea at second half of gestation. Corpora lutea from rat ovaries at mid pregnancy were fixed by perfusion and studied by electron cytochemistry for localisation of four hydrolytic enzymes. Using the metal-salt methods for acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatases activity was localised in small and large lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, Golgi complex and within cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The azo-dye coupling method for Beta-glucuronidase was less satisfactory and gave positive results in lysosomes, lipids and in the globules within the mitochondrial matrix. The latter two localisation were probably associated with affinity of the naphthol AS-BI for lipid material. In addition to plasma membranes, the reaction product for alkaline phosphatase with the lead-salt method was seen in lysosomelike bodies, in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in occasional Golgi elements of granulosa lutein and endothelial cells. Increased activity of lysosomal acid hydrolases occurs when regressive changes of lutein cells start at the end of gestation and this might probably reflect the initiation of lytic processes.", "PMID": 689922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8566", "title": "Oxygen and the production of formazan from neotetrazolium chloride.", "content": "Electrons, generated from dehydrogenase reactions, are transferred to oxygen in preference to neotetrazolium chloride. In model systems in solution the presence of a small amount of oxygen drastically reduces the rate of formazan production. The rate of reaction in tissue sections has been followed using scanning and integrating microdensitometry. As in solution, electrons are transferred preferentially to oxygen. However, oxygen seems unable to diffuse through the incubation medium and thus the supply of oxygen at the site of the enzyme activity becomes exhausted; the time taken to use up the oxygen will depend on the rate of the enzyme activity. It is only then that electrons are passed to the tetrazolium salt and formazan is precipitated.", "contents": "Oxygen and the production of formazan from neotetrazolium chloride. Electrons, generated from dehydrogenase reactions, are transferred to oxygen in preference to neotetrazolium chloride. In model systems in solution the presence of a small amount of oxygen drastically reduces the rate of formazan production. The rate of reaction in tissue sections has been followed using scanning and integrating microdensitometry. As in solution, electrons are transferred preferentially to oxygen. However, oxygen seems unable to diffuse through the incubation medium and thus the supply of oxygen at the site of the enzyme activity becomes exhausted; the time taken to use up the oxygen will depend on the rate of the enzyme activity. It is only then that electrons are passed to the tetrazolium salt and formazan is precipitated.", "PMID": 689923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8567", "title": "Electron probe X-ray microanalysis of human skeletal muscle involved in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Electron probe X-ray microanalysis in the scanning microscope was used to determine the elemental composition of muscle fibres from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Quantitative data concerning phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and potassium were correlated to the fibre type by a routine method based on serial cryosectioning and histochemical staining of adjacent sections. Significantly lowered sulphur values were found in type II A and II B muscle fibres of RA patients as compared to those of healthy controls. Traces of gold were detected in muscles of two patients treated with gold salts. The basis and mechanism for the decreased sulphur content in RA muscles are so far unknown, but may depend on the decreased amount of sulphur-rich potein(s).", "contents": "Electron probe X-ray microanalysis of human skeletal muscle involved in rheumatoid arthritis. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis in the scanning microscope was used to determine the elemental composition of muscle fibres from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Quantitative data concerning phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and potassium were correlated to the fibre type by a routine method based on serial cryosectioning and histochemical staining of adjacent sections. Significantly lowered sulphur values were found in type II A and II B muscle fibres of RA patients as compared to those of healthy controls. Traces of gold were detected in muscles of two patients treated with gold salts. The basis and mechanism for the decreased sulphur content in RA muscles are so far unknown, but may depend on the decreased amount of sulphur-rich potein(s).", "PMID": 689924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8568", "title": "Studies on the optimalisation and standardisation of the light microscopical succinate dehydrogenase histochemistry.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken in order to establish an optimal tissue pretreatment and an optimal incubation medium for the histochemical demonstration of succinate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.3.99.1). The investigations were performed on steroid producing (testicle, adrenal gland) and steroid dependent (Fallopian tube) tissues. We studied the influences fo formalin fixation, acetone, magnesium ions, cyanides, electron carries (phenazine methosulfate, menadione coenzyme Q10), osmolarity, substrate concentration and inhibitors (oxalacetate, oxalate, malonate, 4-chloromercuribenzoic acid). The following procedure yields blameless morphological integrity and enzyme localization as well as optimal SDH-activity: Freezing of tissue cubes (diameter less than 5 mm) in propane cooled with liquid nitrogen or in melting freon. Incubation of 5 micrometer cryostat sections in narrow jars in the following medium (38.5 ml):--10 ml of 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.6 (52 mM).--18 mg tetranitro-BT in 0.5 ml dimethylformamide and aqua bidest. ad 10 ml (0.5 mM).--2.6 mg KCN in 16 ml aqua bidest. (1 mM).--540 mg succinate (disodium salt, hexahydrate) in 2 ml aqua bidest. (52 mM).--3 mg PMS (phenazine methosulfate) in 0.5 ml aqua bidest. (0.25 mM). The incubation medium has an osmolarity of 440 mosm. The incubation is carried out for 10 min at 37 degree C in darkness. To avoid non specific formazan deposits in lipid containing tissues a preincubation of the cryostat sections in 100% acetone at--22 degree C or--40 degree C for 7--10 min and an incubation time of 20--30 min is recommended. Control incubations adduced proof at the specificity of the SDH demonstration. Parallel incubation without PMS in order to determine indirectly the content of endogenous CoQ10 is further recommended.", "contents": "Studies on the optimalisation and standardisation of the light microscopical succinate dehydrogenase histochemistry. The present investigation was undertaken in order to establish an optimal tissue pretreatment and an optimal incubation medium for the histochemical demonstration of succinate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.3.99.1). The investigations were performed on steroid producing (testicle, adrenal gland) and steroid dependent (Fallopian tube) tissues. We studied the influences fo formalin fixation, acetone, magnesium ions, cyanides, electron carries (phenazine methosulfate, menadione coenzyme Q10), osmolarity, substrate concentration and inhibitors (oxalacetate, oxalate, malonate, 4-chloromercuribenzoic acid). The following procedure yields blameless morphological integrity and enzyme localization as well as optimal SDH-activity: Freezing of tissue cubes (diameter less than 5 mm) in propane cooled with liquid nitrogen or in melting freon. Incubation of 5 micrometer cryostat sections in narrow jars in the following medium (38.5 ml):--10 ml of 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.6 (52 mM).--18 mg tetranitro-BT in 0.5 ml dimethylformamide and aqua bidest. ad 10 ml (0.5 mM).--2.6 mg KCN in 16 ml aqua bidest. (1 mM).--540 mg succinate (disodium salt, hexahydrate) in 2 ml aqua bidest. (52 mM).--3 mg PMS (phenazine methosulfate) in 0.5 ml aqua bidest. (0.25 mM). The incubation medium has an osmolarity of 440 mosm. The incubation is carried out for 10 min at 37 degree C in darkness. To avoid non specific formazan deposits in lipid containing tissues a preincubation of the cryostat sections in 100% acetone at--22 degree C or--40 degree C for 7--10 min and an incubation time of 20--30 min is recommended. Control incubations adduced proof at the specificity of the SDH demonstration. Parallel incubation without PMS in order to determine indirectly the content of endogenous CoQ10 is further recommended.", "PMID": 689925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8569", "title": "Cytospectrophotometric study of the kinetics of histochemical reaction of GABA-transaminase in cryostat sections of rat cerebellar cortex.", "content": "A modification of the histochemical method for demonstration of GABA-transaminase is proposed. Substrate and cofactor concentrations are chosen on the basis of kinetic investigation in cryostat sections of the rat cerebellar cortex. Enzymatic reactions were measured by quantitative microspectrophotometry. Michaelis constants for alpha-oxoglutarate in the Purkinje cell layer and granular layer (Km 1.7 x 10(-3) M) and white matter (Km 3.8 x 10(-3) M) are found. It is shown that alpha-oxoglutarate in concentrations higher than 5.2 x 10(-3) M (1 mg/ml) suppresses the reaction in sections by competitive inhibition. The advisability of addition of malonate, PMS and cyanide to the incubation medium is confirmed. It is suggested that there are some isoenzymes of GABA-transaminase with predominant localization either in neurons or glia.", "contents": "Cytospectrophotometric study of the kinetics of histochemical reaction of GABA-transaminase in cryostat sections of rat cerebellar cortex. A modification of the histochemical method for demonstration of GABA-transaminase is proposed. Substrate and cofactor concentrations are chosen on the basis of kinetic investigation in cryostat sections of the rat cerebellar cortex. Enzymatic reactions were measured by quantitative microspectrophotometry. Michaelis constants for alpha-oxoglutarate in the Purkinje cell layer and granular layer (Km 1.7 x 10(-3) M) and white matter (Km 3.8 x 10(-3) M) are found. It is shown that alpha-oxoglutarate in concentrations higher than 5.2 x 10(-3) M (1 mg/ml) suppresses the reaction in sections by competitive inhibition. The advisability of addition of malonate, PMS and cyanide to the incubation medium is confirmed. It is suggested that there are some isoenzymes of GABA-transaminase with predominant localization either in neurons or glia.", "PMID": 689926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8570", "title": "Morphology of nuclear ribonucleoproteins in the early period of liver regeneration.", "content": "A cytochemical study on the nuclei of hepatocytes in the regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy by the method of Higgins and Anderson was carried out. The behaviour of the ribonucleoprotein components of the nucleus, using EDTA according to Bernhard, revealed altered proportions of the fibrillar and granular components of the nucleoli in the early phase of regeneration and morphologic changes in nuclear RNP, especially in perichromatin fibrils. At 6 h after hepatectomy, the reaction with perichromatin fibrils (FP) was intense, localized around fields of condensed chromatin, which suggests intense transcription of extranucleolar RNA. The behaviour of the remaining nuclear ribonucleoproteins was uncharacteristic.", "contents": "Morphology of nuclear ribonucleoproteins in the early period of liver regeneration. A cytochemical study on the nuclei of hepatocytes in the regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy by the method of Higgins and Anderson was carried out. The behaviour of the ribonucleoprotein components of the nucleus, using EDTA according to Bernhard, revealed altered proportions of the fibrillar and granular components of the nucleoli in the early phase of regeneration and morphologic changes in nuclear RNP, especially in perichromatin fibrils. At 6 h after hepatectomy, the reaction with perichromatin fibrils (FP) was intense, localized around fields of condensed chromatin, which suggests intense transcription of extranucleolar RNA. The behaviour of the remaining nuclear ribonucleoproteins was uncharacteristic.", "PMID": 689927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8571", "title": "A modified wire-loop method for quantitative electron microscopic radioautography.", "content": "A simplified method of emulsion coating and development for quantitative electron microscopic radioautography without any special instrument in introduced. Seven grids carrying ultrathin sections are attached to a glass block with double-coated Scotch tape. They are coated with a wire-loop, 2.5 cm in diameter. Ten glass blocks are then stuck on a slide, exposed, developed, fixed and stained simultaneously. Employing this method, the emulsion coating and the following procedures are easily accomplished under an identical condition.", "contents": "A modified wire-loop method for quantitative electron microscopic radioautography. A simplified method of emulsion coating and development for quantitative electron microscopic radioautography without any special instrument in introduced. Seven grids carrying ultrathin sections are attached to a glass block with double-coated Scotch tape. They are coated with a wire-loop, 2.5 cm in diameter. Ten glass blocks are then stuck on a slide, exposed, developed, fixed and stained simultaneously. Employing this method, the emulsion coating and the following procedures are easily accomplished under an identical condition.", "PMID": 689928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8572", "title": "Cytophotometric study of nuclear differentiation during pollen development in Tradescantia paludosa.", "content": "During pollen development the dry weight, total protein, histone, DNA, arginine, and lysine content were analysed by cytophotometric methods in partially isolated nuclei. The amount of analysed substances increased from the end of the meiosis to the mitosis of the microspores to the double of the initial values. After mitosis the ratio histone/DNA remained almost unchanged in both vegetative and generative nuclei. On the other hand a large difference in the ratio non-histone protein/DNA could be observed, the vegetative nucleus containing more non-histone protein than the generative nucleus. The rate of RNA synthesis being higher in the vegetative nuclei, these non-histone proteins may have some function in nuclear activation. The DNA of the generative nucleus is duplicated before anthesis, whilst in the vegetative nucleus the DNA content remains constant.", "contents": "Cytophotometric study of nuclear differentiation during pollen development in Tradescantia paludosa. During pollen development the dry weight, total protein, histone, DNA, arginine, and lysine content were analysed by cytophotometric methods in partially isolated nuclei. The amount of analysed substances increased from the end of the meiosis to the mitosis of the microspores to the double of the initial values. After mitosis the ratio histone/DNA remained almost unchanged in both vegetative and generative nuclei. On the other hand a large difference in the ratio non-histone protein/DNA could be observed, the vegetative nucleus containing more non-histone protein than the generative nucleus. The rate of RNA synthesis being higher in the vegetative nuclei, these non-histone proteins may have some function in nuclear activation. The DNA of the generative nucleus is duplicated before anthesis, whilst in the vegetative nucleus the DNA content remains constant.", "PMID": 689929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8573", "title": "Separation and purification of immunoglobulins M,A and G from small volumes of human sera by a continuous, inline chromatographic process.", "content": "A continuous, in-line chromatographic process for the separation of immunoglobulins M, A and G from small volumes of human sera is described. The process involves the sequential and uninterrupted application of molecular sieve, ion-exchange, immunoadsorbent-affinity and de-saltin-concentrating chromatographic methodologies. From 1-3 ml of starting serum it yields 45-55%, by weight, of the three classes of immunoglobulins in 36 h. Each immunoglobulin fraction is free of contamination by immunoglobulins of the other two classes and retains full biological activity as measured by a sensitive immune lysis assay.", "contents": "Separation and purification of immunoglobulins M,A and G from small volumes of human sera by a continuous, inline chromatographic process. A continuous, in-line chromatographic process for the separation of immunoglobulins M, A and G from small volumes of human sera is described. The process involves the sequential and uninterrupted application of molecular sieve, ion-exchange, immunoadsorbent-affinity and de-saltin-concentrating chromatographic methodologies. From 1-3 ml of starting serum it yields 45-55%, by weight, of the three classes of immunoglobulins in 36 h. Each immunoglobulin fraction is free of contamination by immunoglobulins of the other two classes and retains full biological activity as measured by a sensitive immune lysis assay.", "PMID": 689954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8574", "title": "Studies of microhigh-performance liquid chromatography. IV. Application of the micro pre-column method to the analysis of corticosteroids in serum.", "content": "The micro pre-column method, which is a useful method for the pre-treatment of samples, was applied to the analysis of corticosteroids in serum. Corticosteroids were concentrated in a micro pre-column packed with porous styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer particles and separated in a micro separation column packed with porous silica particles. Concentrations of corticosterone, cortisone and cortisol in the 20-130 ppb range were determined individually by pre-treatment of only 0.2 ml of serum.", "contents": "Studies of microhigh-performance liquid chromatography. IV. Application of the micro pre-column method to the analysis of corticosteroids in serum. The micro pre-column method, which is a useful method for the pre-treatment of samples, was applied to the analysis of corticosteroids in serum. Corticosteroids were concentrated in a micro pre-column packed with porous styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer particles and separated in a micro separation column packed with porous silica particles. Concentrations of corticosterone, cortisone and cortisol in the 20-130 ppb range were determined individually by pre-treatment of only 0.2 ml of serum.", "PMID": 689955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8575", "title": "Quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of plasma and tissue levels of 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (metoprine) and its application to the measurement of brain capillary permeability coefficients.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for metoprine levels in aqueous media, serum, and tissue extracts has been developed that can measure concentrations of the drug in the 25-100 ng range with accuracy, reproducibility, and ease. The half-time for metoprine disappearance from rat plasma and capillary permeability coefficients for metroprine in rate brain tissue determined with this method are in excellent agreement with values determined for related drugs using labeled compounds.", "contents": "Quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of plasma and tissue levels of 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (metoprine) and its application to the measurement of brain capillary permeability coefficients. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for metoprine levels in aqueous media, serum, and tissue extracts has been developed that can measure concentrations of the drug in the 25-100 ng range with accuracy, reproducibility, and ease. The half-time for metoprine disappearance from rat plasma and capillary permeability coefficients for metroprine in rate brain tissue determined with this method are in excellent agreement with values determined for related drugs using labeled compounds.", "PMID": 689956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8576", "title": "Detection of estrogen-like compounds by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "There are different national food regulations concerning the use of hormoneactive substances in the breeding of domestic animals that serve as human food. This situation requires specific and sensitive methods for the detection of any residues in food. The hormones used in practice can be determined with improved sensitivity by coupling to the diazonium compound Fast Dark Blue R Salt. After thin-layer chromatography on high-performance thin-layer chromatographic plates with two different solvent mixtures, zeranol, estradiol, estriol and estrone are analysed as azo dyestuffs. The detection limit of these hormones is below 10 ng.", "contents": "Detection of estrogen-like compounds by thin-layer chromatography. There are different national food regulations concerning the use of hormoneactive substances in the breeding of domestic animals that serve as human food. This situation requires specific and sensitive methods for the detection of any residues in food. The hormones used in practice can be determined with improved sensitivity by coupling to the diazonium compound Fast Dark Blue R Salt. After thin-layer chromatography on high-performance thin-layer chromatographic plates with two different solvent mixtures, zeranol, estradiol, estriol and estrone are analysed as azo dyestuffs. The detection limit of these hormones is below 10 ng.", "PMID": 689957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8577", "title": "Detection of preservatives in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products using agar gel electrophoresis.", "content": "A method is described using high voltage agar gel electrophoresis for the separation and microbiological detection of preservatives in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The positions of the preservatives were detected as zones of inhibition of a test organism within the nutrient agar gel and can be characterised by their migration, shape and presence of a halo. A wide range of preservatives commonly used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations could be detected in low concentrations. The method however was not suitable for certain volatile preservatives and many primarily antifungal compounds could be detected above their use concentration.", "contents": "Detection of preservatives in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products using agar gel electrophoresis. A method is described using high voltage agar gel electrophoresis for the separation and microbiological detection of preservatives in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The positions of the preservatives were detected as zones of inhibition of a test organism within the nutrient agar gel and can be characterised by their migration, shape and presence of a halo. A wide range of preservatives commonly used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations could be detected in low concentrations. The method however was not suitable for certain volatile preservatives and many primarily antifungal compounds could be detected above their use concentration.", "PMID": 689958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8578", "title": "Protein-losing enteropathy secondary to intestinal lymphangiectasia in a dog.", "content": "Protein-losing enteropathy secondary to intestinal lymphangiectasia was diagnosed in a 1 1/2 -year-old female Doberman Pinscher. Poor growth rate, intermittent diarrhea, ascites, edema, hypoproteinemia, grossly dilated intestinal lymphatics, and impaired fat absorption characterized the disease. There was histopathologic evidence of dilatation of lacteals and excessive chromium (51Cr)-labeled human albumin in the feces following its intravenous administration. Sixteen weeks of a special diet (high in carbohydrates and medium-chain triglycerides; low in long-chain triglycerides) led to remission of clinical signs. Serum albumin increased over its initial value of 1.09 to 1.7 g/dl, while serum globulin increased from 1.71 to 1.9 g/dl. Following 9 months of dietary therapy, serum albumin increased to 2.1 g/dl and serum globulin increased to 2.6 g/dl.", "contents": "Protein-losing enteropathy secondary to intestinal lymphangiectasia in a dog. Protein-losing enteropathy secondary to intestinal lymphangiectasia was diagnosed in a 1 1/2 -year-old female Doberman Pinscher. Poor growth rate, intermittent diarrhea, ascites, edema, hypoproteinemia, grossly dilated intestinal lymphatics, and impaired fat absorption characterized the disease. There was histopathologic evidence of dilatation of lacteals and excessive chromium (51Cr)-labeled human albumin in the feces following its intravenous administration. Sixteen weeks of a special diet (high in carbohydrates and medium-chain triglycerides; low in long-chain triglycerides) led to remission of clinical signs. Serum albumin increased over its initial value of 1.09 to 1.7 g/dl, while serum globulin increased from 1.71 to 1.9 g/dl. Following 9 months of dietary therapy, serum albumin increased to 2.1 g/dl and serum globulin increased to 2.6 g/dl.", "PMID": 689969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8579", "title": "Diskospondylitis in the dog: 27 cases.", "content": "A retrospective study was undertaken to provide information about diskospondylitis in the dog. This disease has not been well recognized and documented in the veterinary literature. Diskospondylitic lesions were confirmed radiographically in 27 dogs (20 males and 7 females). Pain, inappetence, and recurring fever were the prominent signs in animals that had failed to respond to short-term therapy by referring clinicians. Clinical pathology did not yield consistently diagnostic results. Radiography, which was regarded as essential, revealed typical involvement of adjacent vertebral bodies, their end plates, and the joint space represented by their intervertebral disks. Diskospondylitis occurred as multiple and solitary lesions; it was also associated with myelopathy.", "contents": "Diskospondylitis in the dog: 27 cases. A retrospective study was undertaken to provide information about diskospondylitis in the dog. This disease has not been well recognized and documented in the veterinary literature. Diskospondylitic lesions were confirmed radiographically in 27 dogs (20 males and 7 females). Pain, inappetence, and recurring fever were the prominent signs in animals that had failed to respond to short-term therapy by referring clinicians. Clinical pathology did not yield consistently diagnostic results. Radiography, which was regarded as essential, revealed typical involvement of adjacent vertebral bodies, their end plates, and the joint space represented by their intervertebral disks. Diskospondylitis occurred as multiple and solitary lesions; it was also associated with myelopathy.", "PMID": 689970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8580", "title": "Fleabite allergic dermatitis: a review and survey of 330 cases.", "content": "Clinical signs of acute fleabite allergic dermatitis (FAD) in dogs included intense pruritus and erythema. Dogs with chronic FAD had diminished pruritus. The primary lesion of FAD was a papule. Secondary lesions (hyperkeratosis and hyerpigmentation) were common. Diagnosis of FAD was based on history of flea infestation and on type and location of lesions. Intradermal testing with glycerinated flea antigen was of little diagnostic value. Treatment of FAD included (1) breaking the flea life cycle in the indoor and kennel environment by vacuuming and washing bedding as well as by the use of aerosol insecticides for fumigation, (2) minimizing flea infestation on the dogs by using insecticidal dips, baths, and flea collars, and (3) hyposensitization with flea antigen.", "contents": "Fleabite allergic dermatitis: a review and survey of 330 cases. Clinical signs of acute fleabite allergic dermatitis (FAD) in dogs included intense pruritus and erythema. Dogs with chronic FAD had diminished pruritus. The primary lesion of FAD was a papule. Secondary lesions (hyperkeratosis and hyerpigmentation) were common. Diagnosis of FAD was based on history of flea infestation and on type and location of lesions. Intradermal testing with glycerinated flea antigen was of little diagnostic value. Treatment of FAD included (1) breaking the flea life cycle in the indoor and kennel environment by vacuuming and washing bedding as well as by the use of aerosol insecticides for fumigation, (2) minimizing flea infestation on the dogs by using insecticidal dips, baths, and flea collars, and (3) hyposensitization with flea antigen.", "PMID": 689971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8581", "title": "Acute necrotizing myelopathy from nucleus pulposus embolism in dogs with intervertebral disk degeneration.", "content": "Two dogs that suddenly developed neurologic signs indicating a severe cervical spinal cord lesion were found at necropsy to have necrotizing myelopathy secondary to nucleus pulposus embolism. One dog had embolism of arteries and veins; in the other dog, veins alone were embolized. Each dog had early degeneration and extrusion of the C6--7 disk, from which emboli originated. In one dog, arterial emboli apparently entered inflammatory vasculature in the anulus fibrosus and were forced by extrusion back through the arterial system to the radicular artery and then to the cord. Venous embolism occurred secondarily to arterial embolism. In the other dog, venous embolism resulted from direct herniation of nucleus pulposus into the longitudinal venous sinus. A comparison of the pathogenesis of embolization in each case and a survey of other reported cases suggested that necrotizing myelopathy is a complication of early degeneration of intervertebral disks in large dogs.", "contents": "Acute necrotizing myelopathy from nucleus pulposus embolism in dogs with intervertebral disk degeneration. Two dogs that suddenly developed neurologic signs indicating a severe cervical spinal cord lesion were found at necropsy to have necrotizing myelopathy secondary to nucleus pulposus embolism. One dog had embolism of arteries and veins; in the other dog, veins alone were embolized. Each dog had early degeneration and extrusion of the C6--7 disk, from which emboli originated. In one dog, arterial emboli apparently entered inflammatory vasculature in the anulus fibrosus and were forced by extrusion back through the arterial system to the radicular artery and then to the cord. Venous embolism occurred secondarily to arterial embolism. In the other dog, venous embolism resulted from direct herniation of nucleus pulposus into the longitudinal venous sinus. A comparison of the pathogenesis of embolization in each case and a survey of other reported cases suggested that necrotizing myelopathy is a complication of early degeneration of intervertebral disks in large dogs.", "PMID": 689972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8582", "title": "Comparison of collection techniques for quantitative urine culture in dogs.", "content": "The degree of bacterial contamination of 75 urine samples collected by voluntary voiding, catheterization, and cystocentesis was studied in 25 clinically normal dogs (14 females and 11 males) to evaluate the suitability of quantitative urine culture for diagnosis or urinary tract infection. Significant bacteriuria (greater than 100,000/ml) was not observed. Insignificant bacteriuria presumably caused by urethrogenital contaminants was detected in 44% of the urine samples collected by voluntary voiding, in 20% of the samples collected by catheterization, and in 12% of the samples collected by cystocentesis. The urine was sterile in 40% of the samples collected by voluntary voiding, in 80% of the samples collected by catheterization, and in 84% of the samples collected by cystocentesis. A bacteria count suggestive of bacteriuria (10,000--100,000/ml) was obtained in 1 sample collected by cystocentesis but was attributed to inadvertent penetration of a loop of intestine. Low bacteria counts were obtained in 4 (16%) samples collected by voluntary voiding, presumably as a result of urethrogenital and integumentary bacterial contaminants. It was concluded that urine samples properly collected from dogs by voluntary voiding, catheterization, or cystocentesis are suitable for detection of significant bacteriuria.", "contents": "Comparison of collection techniques for quantitative urine culture in dogs. The degree of bacterial contamination of 75 urine samples collected by voluntary voiding, catheterization, and cystocentesis was studied in 25 clinically normal dogs (14 females and 11 males) to evaluate the suitability of quantitative urine culture for diagnosis or urinary tract infection. Significant bacteriuria (greater than 100,000/ml) was not observed. Insignificant bacteriuria presumably caused by urethrogenital contaminants was detected in 44% of the urine samples collected by voluntary voiding, in 20% of the samples collected by catheterization, and in 12% of the samples collected by cystocentesis. The urine was sterile in 40% of the samples collected by voluntary voiding, in 80% of the samples collected by catheterization, and in 84% of the samples collected by cystocentesis. A bacteria count suggestive of bacteriuria (10,000--100,000/ml) was obtained in 1 sample collected by cystocentesis but was attributed to inadvertent penetration of a loop of intestine. Low bacteria counts were obtained in 4 (16%) samples collected by voluntary voiding, presumably as a result of urethrogenital and integumentary bacterial contaminants. It was concluded that urine samples properly collected from dogs by voluntary voiding, catheterization, or cystocentesis are suitable for detection of significant bacteriuria.", "PMID": 689973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8583", "title": "Features of cystic calculi in cats in a hospital population.", "content": "The case records of 131 cats undergoing surgery for cystic calculi at The Animal Medical Center during the period of June 1969 to January 1975 were reviewed. Data for 16 intact females, 63 spayed females, 14 intact males, and 38 castrated males were analyzed. The mean age of first occurrence was 4.9 years. Meaningful conclusions regarding breed predisposition could not be made. Phosphate calculi were the predominant (124/128 analyzed) type. Swab specimens were taken from the bladder wall at time of surgery in 86 cases; only 28 (32.8%) were positive for bacteria.", "contents": "Features of cystic calculi in cats in a hospital population. The case records of 131 cats undergoing surgery for cystic calculi at The Animal Medical Center during the period of June 1969 to January 1975 were reviewed. Data for 16 intact females, 63 spayed females, 14 intact males, and 38 castrated males were analyzed. The mean age of first occurrence was 4.9 years. Meaningful conclusions regarding breed predisposition could not be made. Phosphate calculi were the predominant (124/128 analyzed) type. Swab specimens were taken from the bladder wall at time of surgery in 86 cases; only 28 (32.8%) were positive for bacteria.", "PMID": 689975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8584", "title": "Ammonia tolerance test in clinically normal dogs and in dogs with portosystemic shunts.", "content": "The oral ammonia tolerance test was investigated in 20 clinically normal dogs and in 6 dogs with naturally occurring portosystemic shunts. The dogs with portosystemic shunting had a marked rise in venous blood ammonia following the administration of ammonium chloride, as compared with the control dogs. Fasting venous blood ammonia content was not uniformly reliable in separating the dogs with portosystemic shunting from the clinically normal dogs.", "contents": "Ammonia tolerance test in clinically normal dogs and in dogs with portosystemic shunts. The oral ammonia tolerance test was investigated in 20 clinically normal dogs and in 6 dogs with naturally occurring portosystemic shunts. The dogs with portosystemic shunting had a marked rise in venous blood ammonia following the administration of ammonium chloride, as compared with the control dogs. Fasting venous blood ammonia content was not uniformly reliable in separating the dogs with portosystemic shunting from the clinically normal dogs.", "PMID": 689979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8585", "title": "Cold-agglutinin hemolytic anemia and Haemobartonella canis infection in a dog.", "content": "Cold-agglutinin hemolytic anemia in a dog was manifested by weakness, progressive hemolytic anemia, hematuria, and hemoglobinuria. Corticosteroid therapy failed to alleviate the anemia. The condition became complicated by Haemobartonella canis infection berminally. Prominent postmortem findings included disseminated thrombosis and infarction, glomerulonephritis, and thickened alveolar membranes.", "contents": "Cold-agglutinin hemolytic anemia and Haemobartonella canis infection in a dog. Cold-agglutinin hemolytic anemia in a dog was manifested by weakness, progressive hemolytic anemia, hematuria, and hemoglobinuria. Corticosteroid therapy failed to alleviate the anemia. The condition became complicated by Haemobartonella canis infection berminally. Prominent postmortem findings included disseminated thrombosis and infarction, glomerulonephritis, and thickened alveolar membranes.", "PMID": 689983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8586", "title": "Contagious equine metritis: clinical description of experimentally induced infection.", "content": "Contagious equine metritis was reproduced experimentally in 6 pony mares. The disease was characterized by rapidly developing cervicitis and by varying amounts of exudate. The exudate, apparent as early as 48 hours after inoculation, drained from the cervix as a tenacious, mucopurulent discharge for several days, then rapidly disappeared. In all mares, the clinical disease cleared within several weeks of inoculation, without treatment.", "contents": "Contagious equine metritis: clinical description of experimentally induced infection. Contagious equine metritis was reproduced experimentally in 6 pony mares. The disease was characterized by rapidly developing cervicitis and by varying amounts of exudate. The exudate, apparent as early as 48 hours after inoculation, drained from the cervix as a tenacious, mucopurulent discharge for several days, then rapidly disappeared. In all mares, the clinical disease cleared within several weeks of inoculation, without treatment.", "PMID": 689984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8587", "title": "Geometric anatomy of the aortic--common iliac bifurcation.", "content": "Increased haemodynamic forces in the arterial wall may be among the factors responsible for atherogenesis and for determining the severity of the pathological process at a particular site. The present work was designed to help explain apparent asymmetries in the distribution of atheroma at the aorto-iliac bifurcation. A technique was devised for the quantitative evaluation of the geometric anatomy of this region. Measurements were made on 12 female and 14 male cadavers. In all cases there was an asymmetrical left lateral orientation of the abdominal aorta which resulted in a longer right common iliac artery, smaller left common iliac take-off angle and larger left radius of curvature at the aortic-common illiac bifurcation. These differences may explain, through variations in the local haemodynamics, the predilection of the disease for the left iliac artery, particularly in males with their relatively narrow pelvis. Knowledge of both the exact and the average numerical values associated with the local geometry are essential for a detailed haemodynamic study of the effect of these variations on atherogenesis.", "contents": "Geometric anatomy of the aortic--common iliac bifurcation. Increased haemodynamic forces in the arterial wall may be among the factors responsible for atherogenesis and for determining the severity of the pathological process at a particular site. The present work was designed to help explain apparent asymmetries in the distribution of atheroma at the aorto-iliac bifurcation. A technique was devised for the quantitative evaluation of the geometric anatomy of this region. Measurements were made on 12 female and 14 male cadavers. In all cases there was an asymmetrical left lateral orientation of the abdominal aorta which resulted in a longer right common iliac artery, smaller left common iliac take-off angle and larger left radius of curvature at the aortic-common illiac bifurcation. These differences may explain, through variations in the local haemodynamics, the predilection of the disease for the left iliac artery, particularly in males with their relatively narrow pelvis. Knowledge of both the exact and the average numerical values associated with the local geometry are essential for a detailed haemodynamic study of the effect of these variations on atherogenesis.", "PMID": 689986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8588", "title": "The organization of neocortical projections from the ventroposterior thalamic complex in the marsupial brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula: a horseradish peroxidase study.", "content": "Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to determine the extent and some of the organizational details of the cortical projection of the ventroposterior thalamic complex (VP) in the marsupial brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. The cortical projection field of VP is coincident with SI as determined by electrophysiological methods, and would appear not to overlap fully the primary motor cortex. Thus, in Trichosurus it appears that the motor and somatic sensory cortical regions are not fully congruent, unlike those of the American opossum, Didelphis, which are. Each division of VP projects discretely, in a non-overlapping manner, to various regions within SI. The ventrolateral subdivision or VPL projects medially and in a strict homotypic manner, though the proportion of VPL cells projecting to cortex is subject to a large amount of variation. The dorsomedial division of VP or VPM projects uniformly to cortex from all areas of that subnucleus, but the strict homotypy characteristic of VPL's projection was not as apparent. VPM also projects to two distinct regions within its cortical field. The posteromedial division of VP or VPP projects to an area of cortex that receives no other VP input but, on the basis of cortical mapping studies, appears to belong to SI. Projections from VPL (and presumably from VPM) to a small area of cortex in the extreme posterolateral part of the VP field correspond to the position expected for, and electrophysiologically confirmed to be, SII.", "contents": "The organization of neocortical projections from the ventroposterior thalamic complex in the marsupial brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula: a horseradish peroxidase study. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to determine the extent and some of the organizational details of the cortical projection of the ventroposterior thalamic complex (VP) in the marsupial brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. The cortical projection field of VP is coincident with SI as determined by electrophysiological methods, and would appear not to overlap fully the primary motor cortex. Thus, in Trichosurus it appears that the motor and somatic sensory cortical regions are not fully congruent, unlike those of the American opossum, Didelphis, which are. Each division of VP projects discretely, in a non-overlapping manner, to various regions within SI. The ventrolateral subdivision or VPL projects medially and in a strict homotypic manner, though the proportion of VPL cells projecting to cortex is subject to a large amount of variation. The dorsomedial division of VP or VPM projects uniformly to cortex from all areas of that subnucleus, but the strict homotypy characteristic of VPL's projection was not as apparent. VPM also projects to two distinct regions within its cortical field. The posteromedial division of VP or VPP projects to an area of cortex that receives no other VP input but, on the basis of cortical mapping studies, appears to belong to SI. Projections from VPL (and presumably from VPM) to a small area of cortex in the extreme posterolateral part of the VP field correspond to the position expected for, and electrophysiologically confirmed to be, SII.", "PMID": 689987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8589", "title": "Ultrastructure of the filiform papillae on the tongue of the hamster.", "content": "The fine structure of the filiform papillae on the hamster tongue is described level by level from the basal layer to the surface. We did not observe two distinct types of cells with different morphology or components which could be held responsible for the production of two different types of keratin as have been described in other animals, but rather a uniformity of cell structures in each layer and only the so-called \"smooth\" type of keratin. However, keratin granules were more abundant in the anterior part of the papilla.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the filiform papillae on the tongue of the hamster. The fine structure of the filiform papillae on the hamster tongue is described level by level from the basal layer to the surface. We did not observe two distinct types of cells with different morphology or components which could be held responsible for the production of two different types of keratin as have been described in other animals, but rather a uniformity of cell structures in each layer and only the so-called \"smooth\" type of keratin. However, keratin granules were more abundant in the anterior part of the papilla.", "PMID": 689988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8590", "title": "Effects of blood, bile and starch in the peritoneal cavity of the rat.", "content": "The reaction of rat peritoneum to the intraperitoneal injection of rat blood, human bile, starch glove powder, and a suspension of starch in blood or bile was examined by histological section and en face microscopy of the peritoneal surface (H\u00e4utchen technique). Haemoperitoneum causes little destruction of the peritoneum, but bile produces some peritonitis with a purulent exudate and destruction of subperitoneal muscle. Starch granulomas form following intraperitoneal injection of glove powder, though 0.1 g is insufficient to produce adhesions. The addition of starch to blood or bile enhances the peritonitis and delays healing. These results indicate that bile and starch should not be left in the peritoneal cavity at the end of surgical procedure.", "contents": "Effects of blood, bile and starch in the peritoneal cavity of the rat. The reaction of rat peritoneum to the intraperitoneal injection of rat blood, human bile, starch glove powder, and a suspension of starch in blood or bile was examined by histological section and en face microscopy of the peritoneal surface (H\u00e4utchen technique). Haemoperitoneum causes little destruction of the peritoneum, but bile produces some peritonitis with a purulent exudate and destruction of subperitoneal muscle. Starch granulomas form following intraperitoneal injection of glove powder, though 0.1 g is insufficient to produce adhesions. The addition of starch to blood or bile enhances the peritonitis and delays healing. These results indicate that bile and starch should not be left in the peritoneal cavity at the end of surgical procedure.", "PMID": 689989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8591", "title": "Quantitative studies on the maturation of central and peripheral parts of individual ventral motoneuron axons. I. Myelin sheath and axon calibre.", "content": "The entire lengths of central and peripheral myelin sheaths on the same ventral motoneuron axons of young rats were studied during the rapid early phase of myelination which occurs during the first 2 weeks after birth. Sheath thickness varied along central internodes at all ages, though this variation was less in the more mature sheaths. Usually there was a single level of maximum thickness, most often near the middle of the internode, but frequently close to one end. Some sheaths varied little in thickness along their lengths; a few were bimodal. The number of turns decreased on either side of the maximum as the sheath was traced towards the bounding nodes. Comparison of serially adjacent sheaths along the same axon showed no relationship between their mean thickness or patterns of longitudinal thickness variation. Patterns of thickness variation in peripheral sheaths were very similar to those found centrally. At a given age, however, peripheral sheaths were less variable along more than twice that of central internodes belonging to the same fibre. At first, the unrolled glial unit was oval in outline while the unrolled Schwann cell was trapezoidal. Subsequently, both eventually became trapezoidal. The calibre of central and peripheral stretches of the same ventral motoneuron axons were also compared with one another in young rats during the first 2 weeks after birth. At each age, the great majority of axons were thicker peripherally than centrally. The mean circumference of the peripheral segment exceeded that of the central by a factor which averaged 1.3 over the period studied. Circumference varied from one level to another along both central and perpheral stretches of the same axons. The degree of this variation differed considerably from one axon to another. In many central fibres, and in all peripheral stretches of fibres, calibre variation followed no particular pattern. However, the calibre of some central axon segments gradually increased as the fibre was traced distally towards the cord surface. A proportion of axons was dilated just deep to the cord surface. These dilatations were frequently myelinated. No association was found between patterns of longitudinal variation in axon calibre and in sheath thickness along the same fibre.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on the maturation of central and peripheral parts of individual ventral motoneuron axons. I. Myelin sheath and axon calibre. The entire lengths of central and peripheral myelin sheaths on the same ventral motoneuron axons of young rats were studied during the rapid early phase of myelination which occurs during the first 2 weeks after birth. Sheath thickness varied along central internodes at all ages, though this variation was less in the more mature sheaths. Usually there was a single level of maximum thickness, most often near the middle of the internode, but frequently close to one end. Some sheaths varied little in thickness along their lengths; a few were bimodal. The number of turns decreased on either side of the maximum as the sheath was traced towards the bounding nodes. Comparison of serially adjacent sheaths along the same axon showed no relationship between their mean thickness or patterns of longitudinal thickness variation. Patterns of thickness variation in peripheral sheaths were very similar to those found centrally. At a given age, however, peripheral sheaths were less variable along more than twice that of central internodes belonging to the same fibre. At first, the unrolled glial unit was oval in outline while the unrolled Schwann cell was trapezoidal. Subsequently, both eventually became trapezoidal. The calibre of central and peripheral stretches of the same ventral motoneuron axons were also compared with one another in young rats during the first 2 weeks after birth. At each age, the great majority of axons were thicker peripherally than centrally. The mean circumference of the peripheral segment exceeded that of the central by a factor which averaged 1.3 over the period studied. Circumference varied from one level to another along both central and perpheral stretches of the same axons. The degree of this variation differed considerably from one axon to another. In many central fibres, and in all peripheral stretches of fibres, calibre variation followed no particular pattern. However, the calibre of some central axon segments gradually increased as the fibre was traced distally towards the cord surface. A proportion of axons was dilated just deep to the cord surface. These dilatations were frequently myelinated. No association was found between patterns of longitudinal variation in axon calibre and in sheath thickness along the same fibre.", "PMID": 689990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8592", "title": "The topographical anatomy and blood supply of the carotid body region of the domestic fowl.", "content": "The topographical anatomy of the carotid body region was investigated on both sides in 30 adult domestic fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus). On each side of the body the two parathyroid glands always adhered to each other, the caudal gland being the smaller. The right cranial parathyroid usually touched the thyroid gland, but on the left side the two glands were nearly always separate. The ultimobranchial gland was usually attached to the parathyroid glands on the left side, but was always well separated on the right side. The carotid body, the identity of which was checked by light and electron microscopy, was ovoid in shape, whitish in colour, and about 0.8 x 0.6 x 0.5 mm in size. It was almost always in direct contact with the medial surface of one or both parathyroid glands have commonly been portrayed astopographically separate from each other. The oesophagotracheobronchial artery, the artery to the carotid body, and the caudal thyroid artery arose close together, though in variable positions, from the lateral aspect of the common carotid artery. The artery to the carotid body was always the middle of the three. The venous drainage of the carotid body was associated with the veins of the parathyroid and ultimobranchial glands. The carotid body was innervated by a filament from the distal vagal ganglion. The topographical observations on the carotid body region have been compared with those of other authors. The cranial and caudal parathyroid glands have commonly been portrayed as topographically separate from each other. The carotid body has seldom been depicted in direct contact with the parathyroid glands. The size of the carotid body has invariably been shown far too large. These discrepancies are discussed and are attributed largely to the reliance by other authors on serial reconstruction rather than microdissection.", "contents": "The topographical anatomy and blood supply of the carotid body region of the domestic fowl. The topographical anatomy of the carotid body region was investigated on both sides in 30 adult domestic fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus). On each side of the body the two parathyroid glands always adhered to each other, the caudal gland being the smaller. The right cranial parathyroid usually touched the thyroid gland, but on the left side the two glands were nearly always separate. The ultimobranchial gland was usually attached to the parathyroid glands on the left side, but was always well separated on the right side. The carotid body, the identity of which was checked by light and electron microscopy, was ovoid in shape, whitish in colour, and about 0.8 x 0.6 x 0.5 mm in size. It was almost always in direct contact with the medial surface of one or both parathyroid glands have commonly been portrayed astopographically separate from each other. The oesophagotracheobronchial artery, the artery to the carotid body, and the caudal thyroid artery arose close together, though in variable positions, from the lateral aspect of the common carotid artery. The artery to the carotid body was always the middle of the three. The venous drainage of the carotid body was associated with the veins of the parathyroid and ultimobranchial glands. The carotid body was innervated by a filament from the distal vagal ganglion. The topographical observations on the carotid body region have been compared with those of other authors. The cranial and caudal parathyroid glands have commonly been portrayed as topographically separate from each other. The carotid body has seldom been depicted in direct contact with the parathyroid glands. The size of the carotid body has invariably been shown far too large. These discrepancies are discussed and are attributed largely to the reliance by other authors on serial reconstruction rather than microdissection.", "PMID": 689991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8593", "title": "The fibrous growth plate of the rat tibia: tritiated thymidine autoradiographic study.", "content": "Tritiated thymidine autoradiographic studies have demonstrated that the intermediate fibrogenic zone of the fibrous growth plate at the upper end of the rat tibia is a site of intense cellular proliferation, the resulting cells differentiating into osteoblasts which manufacture the bundle bone at the distal end of the growth plate.", "contents": "The fibrous growth plate of the rat tibia: tritiated thymidine autoradiographic study. Tritiated thymidine autoradiographic studies have demonstrated that the intermediate fibrogenic zone of the fibrous growth plate at the upper end of the rat tibia is a site of intense cellular proliferation, the resulting cells differentiating into osteoblasts which manufacture the bundle bone at the distal end of the growth plate.", "PMID": 689992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8594", "title": "The velocity field of growing ear cartilage.", "content": "The velocity vector field of the growing rabbit ear cartilage has been investigated between 12 and 299 days. Empirical curves have been computed for path lines and for velocities between 12 and 87 days. The tissue movement has been found to behave as an irrotational flow of material. Stream lines and velocity equipotential lines have been calculated and provide akinematic description of the changes during growth. The importance of a knowledge of the velocity vector in physical descriptions of growth and morphological differentiation at the tissue and cellular levels is emphasized.", "contents": "The velocity field of growing ear cartilage. The velocity vector field of the growing rabbit ear cartilage has been investigated between 12 and 299 days. Empirical curves have been computed for path lines and for velocities between 12 and 87 days. The tissue movement has been found to behave as an irrotational flow of material. Stream lines and velocity equipotential lines have been calculated and provide akinematic description of the changes during growth. The importance of a knowledge of the velocity vector in physical descriptions of growth and morphological differentiation at the tissue and cellular levels is emphasized.", "PMID": 689993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8595", "title": "Electron microscope observations on human fetal striated muscle.", "content": "The superior rectus oculi muscle from human fetuses of 5, 9.2, 12 and 24 cm crown--rump length (of ages estimated to be 10, 12, 15 and 23 weeks respectively) have been examined by electron microscopy. \"Myotube satellite cells\" closely associated with myotubes and myocytes were present in all specimens, but their relative numbers declined with advancing age. Some were small with scanty cytoplasm containing few organelles. Others were rich in organelles, including Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, comma and dumb-bell shaped dense bodies and centriole or basal body: these cells were numerous in the three smaller specimens but almost absent from the largest. Seemingly active \"myotube satellite cells\" often extended cytoplasmic processes beyond their confining basal laminae into the endomysial space to contact freelying cells of similar appearance, as well as axon-associated Schwann cells, often to form an extensive network. These \"myotube satellite cells\" resembled Schwann cells in all respects save association with axons, and it is suggested that they are, indeed, Schwann cells so disposed as to promote axonal growth towards differentiating, but as yet uninnervated, myocytes. Neuromuscular contacts were increasingly numerous with advancing age, usually where several or many axonal terminals contacted a relatively mature (myofilament-rich) muscle cell. Immature myotubes seldom made contact with axonal terminals, even when a closely adjacent (and \"coupled\") mature muscle cell did so. A sequence of axonal growth and retraction has been proposed which reconciles accounts of early but temporary polyneuronal innervation with commonly accepted ideas regarding the scattered distribution of the muscle components of motor units.", "contents": "Electron microscope observations on human fetal striated muscle. The superior rectus oculi muscle from human fetuses of 5, 9.2, 12 and 24 cm crown--rump length (of ages estimated to be 10, 12, 15 and 23 weeks respectively) have been examined by electron microscopy. \"Myotube satellite cells\" closely associated with myotubes and myocytes were present in all specimens, but their relative numbers declined with advancing age. Some were small with scanty cytoplasm containing few organelles. Others were rich in organelles, including Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, comma and dumb-bell shaped dense bodies and centriole or basal body: these cells were numerous in the three smaller specimens but almost absent from the largest. Seemingly active \"myotube satellite cells\" often extended cytoplasmic processes beyond their confining basal laminae into the endomysial space to contact freelying cells of similar appearance, as well as axon-associated Schwann cells, often to form an extensive network. These \"myotube satellite cells\" resembled Schwann cells in all respects save association with axons, and it is suggested that they are, indeed, Schwann cells so disposed as to promote axonal growth towards differentiating, but as yet uninnervated, myocytes. Neuromuscular contacts were increasingly numerous with advancing age, usually where several or many axonal terminals contacted a relatively mature (myofilament-rich) muscle cell. Immature myotubes seldom made contact with axonal terminals, even when a closely adjacent (and \"coupled\") mature muscle cell did so. A sequence of axonal growth and retraction has been proposed which reconciles accounts of early but temporary polyneuronal innervation with commonly accepted ideas regarding the scattered distribution of the muscle components of motor units.", "PMID": 689994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8596", "title": "Stereological analysis of the duct system of the rabbit parotid gland.", "content": "The duct system of the rabbit parotid gland constitutes about 5% of gland tissue volume and is divisible into intercalated and striated ducts in a volumetric ratio of about 3:2. The intercalated duct consists of low cuboidal epithelial cells (375 micrometer 2) surrounded by a myoepithlium, and the cells contain a few small secretion granules, particularly at the proximal end of the duct. The cells of the striated duct are larger (531 micrometer 3), columnal in shape, and show a mitochondrial compartment three times that of intercalated duct cells (16.5% of cell volume). These mitochondria are concentrated in a basal and perinuclear position, but they are largely absent from the apical cytoplasm, which is permeated with microfilaments and contains numerous small smooth membraned vesicles, but no clearly recognisable secretion granules. The lateral plasmalemma of these cells is complexly folded, and basal processes interdigitate with those of adjacent cells. This results in an increase in the ratio of apical to lateral/basal plasmalemma from 1:5 in intercalated cells to 1:24 in striated cells. Some slight changes in cell morphology were detected following isoprenaline-induced secretion of the gland in vivo. These included a small increase in the volume fraction of nuclei and mitochondria in intercalated duct cells, and depletion of their secretion granules. Change in striated cells was confirmed to a small increase in the volume of smooth membraned cytoplasmic vesicles. The structure of the duct and changes wrought by isoprenaline are discussed in the context of the role of the duct in the production of saliva.", "contents": "Stereological analysis of the duct system of the rabbit parotid gland. The duct system of the rabbit parotid gland constitutes about 5% of gland tissue volume and is divisible into intercalated and striated ducts in a volumetric ratio of about 3:2. The intercalated duct consists of low cuboidal epithelial cells (375 micrometer 2) surrounded by a myoepithlium, and the cells contain a few small secretion granules, particularly at the proximal end of the duct. The cells of the striated duct are larger (531 micrometer 3), columnal in shape, and show a mitochondrial compartment three times that of intercalated duct cells (16.5% of cell volume). These mitochondria are concentrated in a basal and perinuclear position, but they are largely absent from the apical cytoplasm, which is permeated with microfilaments and contains numerous small smooth membraned vesicles, but no clearly recognisable secretion granules. The lateral plasmalemma of these cells is complexly folded, and basal processes interdigitate with those of adjacent cells. This results in an increase in the ratio of apical to lateral/basal plasmalemma from 1:5 in intercalated cells to 1:24 in striated cells. Some slight changes in cell morphology were detected following isoprenaline-induced secretion of the gland in vivo. These included a small increase in the volume fraction of nuclei and mitochondria in intercalated duct cells, and depletion of their secretion granules. Change in striated cells was confirmed to a small increase in the volume of smooth membraned cytoplasmic vesicles. The structure of the duct and changes wrought by isoprenaline are discussed in the context of the role of the duct in the production of saliva.", "PMID": 689995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8597", "title": "The structure of aminoglycoside antibiotic 66-40G produced by Micromonospora inyoensis.", "content": "Aminoglycoside antibiotic 66-40G is a minor component produced in the fermentation of Micromonospora inyoensis. Its structure has been established as 3''-de-N-methyl-sisomicin (4) by spectroscopic means and by direct comparison with an authentic sample obtained from photochemical oxidative de-N-methylation of sisomicin (1).", "contents": "The structure of aminoglycoside antibiotic 66-40G produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. Aminoglycoside antibiotic 66-40G is a minor component produced in the fermentation of Micromonospora inyoensis. Its structure has been established as 3''-de-N-methyl-sisomicin (4) by spectroscopic means and by direct comparison with an authentic sample obtained from photochemical oxidative de-N-methylation of sisomicin (1).", "PMID": 689999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8598", "title": "Isolation of tridecaptins A, B and C (studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. XXIII).", "content": "Three new antibiotics, tridecaptins A, B and C, were isolated from culture broths of strains of Bacillus polymyxa AR-110, B-2 and E-23, respectively. All are acyl tridecapeptides differing from each other in the fatty acid components and amino acid residues. They are weakly active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Isolation of tridecaptins A, B and C (studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. XXIII). Three new antibiotics, tridecaptins A, B and C, were isolated from culture broths of strains of Bacillus polymyxa AR-110, B-2 and E-23, respectively. All are acyl tridecapeptides differing from each other in the fatty acid components and amino acid residues. They are weakly active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 690000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8599", "title": "The structure of tridecaptin A (studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. XXIV).", "content": "On examining the structure of the antibiotic tridecaptin A, the constituent amino acids were determined to be: 2,4-diaminobutyric acid(2D, 1L), Ser(1D, 1L), Glu(1L), Gly(1), Ala(1L), Val(1D, 1L), aIle(1D), Phe(1L) and Trp(1D). The constituent fatty acid was identified as beta-hydroxy anteisononanoic acid by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Cleavage reaction with N-bromosuccinimide, sequential analysis by EDMAN degradation, partial acid hydrolysis and some additional evidences clarified the structure of tridecaptin A.", "contents": "The structure of tridecaptin A (studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. XXIV). On examining the structure of the antibiotic tridecaptin A, the constituent amino acids were determined to be: 2,4-diaminobutyric acid(2D, 1L), Ser(1D, 1L), Glu(1L), Gly(1), Ala(1L), Val(1D, 1L), aIle(1D), Phe(1L) and Trp(1D). The constituent fatty acid was identified as beta-hydroxy anteisononanoic acid by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Cleavage reaction with N-bromosuccinimide, sequential analysis by EDMAN degradation, partial acid hydrolysis and some additional evidences clarified the structure of tridecaptin A.", "PMID": 690001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8600", "title": "Aminoglycoside antibiotics. XII. Effect of N-alkylation in kanamycin antibiotics.", "content": "Four N-ethyl derivatives of kanamycin A and five N-ethyl derivatives of kanamycin B were synthesized. The antimicrobial activity of N-ethyl kanamycin derivatives was determined against aminoglycoside-sensitive and resistant organisms. The structure-activity relationship of these compounds is discussed with reference to the activity of N-acyl kanamycin derivatives.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside antibiotics. XII. Effect of N-alkylation in kanamycin antibiotics. Four N-ethyl derivatives of kanamycin A and five N-ethyl derivatives of kanamycin B were synthesized. The antimicrobial activity of N-ethyl kanamycin derivatives was determined against aminoglycoside-sensitive and resistant organisms. The structure-activity relationship of these compounds is discussed with reference to the activity of N-acyl kanamycin derivatives.", "PMID": 690002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8601", "title": "The syntheses and biological properties of 1-N-(S-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl)-gentamicin B and 1-N-(S-3-amino-2-hydroxypropionyl)-gentamicin B.", "content": "The syntheses of 1-N-(S-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl)-gentamicin B and 1-N-(S-3-amino-2-hydroxypropionyl)-gentamicin B, designated sch 20287 and Sch 21420, respectively, by procedures similar to those developed by KAWAGUCHI and co-workers for the transformation of kanamycin A to amikacin are described. The in vitro microbiological properties of Sch 20287 and Sch 21420 are compared with amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin.", "contents": "The syntheses and biological properties of 1-N-(S-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl)-gentamicin B and 1-N-(S-3-amino-2-hydroxypropionyl)-gentamicin B. The syntheses of 1-N-(S-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl)-gentamicin B and 1-N-(S-3-amino-2-hydroxypropionyl)-gentamicin B, designated sch 20287 and Sch 21420, respectively, by procedures similar to those developed by KAWAGUCHI and co-workers for the transformation of kanamycin A to amikacin are described. The in vitro microbiological properties of Sch 20287 and Sch 21420 are compared with amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin.", "PMID": 690003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8602", "title": "Biological activity of SCH 21420, the 1-N-S-alpha-hydroxy-beta-aminopropionyl derivative of gentamicin B.", "content": "Sch 21420, the 1-N-HAPA derivative of gentamicin B, has been compared to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin in a variety of in vitro and in vivo tests. Based on studies with a large number of sensitive and resistant bacteria, it was shown that Sch 21420 has a spectrum and potency essentially the same as that of amikacin. Serum levels in mice, rats, and dogs are similar to those of other aminoglycosides. Sch 21420 was found to be markedly less toxic than amikacin in chronic renal function tests in rats and thus appears to have an advantageously improved therapeutic index compared to amikacin.", "contents": "Biological activity of SCH 21420, the 1-N-S-alpha-hydroxy-beta-aminopropionyl derivative of gentamicin B. Sch 21420, the 1-N-HAPA derivative of gentamicin B, has been compared to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin in a variety of in vitro and in vivo tests. Based on studies with a large number of sensitive and resistant bacteria, it was shown that Sch 21420 has a spectrum and potency essentially the same as that of amikacin. Serum levels in mice, rats, and dogs are similar to those of other aminoglycosides. Sch 21420 was found to be markedly less toxic than amikacin in chronic renal function tests in rats and thus appears to have an advantageously improved therapeutic index compared to amikacin.", "PMID": 690004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8603", "title": "Studies on the ionophorous antibiotics. XV The monovalent cation selective ionophorous activities of carriomycin, lonomycin and etheromycin.", "content": "The cations selectivity profiles of the carboxylic ionophores, carriomycin, lonomycin and etheromycin, have been investigated by measuring the complexation affinities for metal cations and the cation transport activity through an organic barrier. In a two-phase partition study, carriomycin and lonomycin formed complexes more readily with K+ than with NH4+, Rb+ or Na+, but not with Li+ or Cs+. On the other hand, etheromycin exhibited a great preference for K+ or NH4+ over Na+, Li+ or Rb+, but displayed no binding affinity for Cs+. The alklaine degradation product of lonomycin exhibited a preference for K+ or Na+, but its complexation affinities were much lower than those of the parent compound. Carriomycin, lonomycin and etheromycin efficiently transported K+, Rb+ and Na+ through a CCl4 barrier. But did not carry Ca2+. These antibiotics caused a massive release of K+, Rb+ or Na+, but not of Li+ and Cs+, from mitochondria previously loaded with these cations by valinomycin or monazomycin. Thus, it is concluded that carriomycin, lonomycin and etheromycin are monovalent cation selective ionophores.", "contents": "Studies on the ionophorous antibiotics. XV The monovalent cation selective ionophorous activities of carriomycin, lonomycin and etheromycin. The cations selectivity profiles of the carboxylic ionophores, carriomycin, lonomycin and etheromycin, have been investigated by measuring the complexation affinities for metal cations and the cation transport activity through an organic barrier. In a two-phase partition study, carriomycin and lonomycin formed complexes more readily with K+ than with NH4+, Rb+ or Na+, but not with Li+ or Cs+. On the other hand, etheromycin exhibited a great preference for K+ or NH4+ over Na+, Li+ or Rb+, but displayed no binding affinity for Cs+. The alklaine degradation product of lonomycin exhibited a preference for K+ or Na+, but its complexation affinities were much lower than those of the parent compound. Carriomycin, lonomycin and etheromycin efficiently transported K+, Rb+ and Na+ through a CCl4 barrier. But did not carry Ca2+. These antibiotics caused a massive release of K+, Rb+ or Na+, but not of Li+ and Cs+, from mitochondria previously loaded with these cations by valinomycin or monazomycin. Thus, it is concluded that carriomycin, lonomycin and etheromycin are monovalent cation selective ionophores.", "PMID": 690008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8604", "title": "In vitro activity of tiamulin (81.723 HFU), a new pleuromulin derivative, against clinically significant anaerobes.", "content": "The susceptibility of more than 40 strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive anaerobes to tiamulin (Sandoz 81.723 hfu), a new pleuromulin (pleuromutilin) derivative, was determined by broth dilution and agar dilution tests. The influences of density of the inoculum upon MICs was studied by a specially designed pour plate-technique. Bacteroides fragilis, B. vulgatus, B. splanchnicus, B. oralis, B. asaccharolyticus, B. melaninogenicus, Fusobacterium fusiforme (F. nucleatum), Sphaerophorus necrophorus, Clostridium perfringens, C. fallax, Propionibacterium acnes and several species of Peptococcaceae showed broth dilution MICs of 0.03 similar to 1 microgram/ml. Members of B. thetaiotaomicron, B. distasonis and S. freundii (F. mortiferum) were inhibited by 8 similar to 32 microgram/ml and 2 strains of S. varius had a broth dilution MIC of 256 microgram/ml. With most strains, the agar dilution MICs were 2 similar to 4 similar to 8 times the broth dilution MICs. In pour plate-tests, the MICs were not considerably influenced influenced by varying initial concentrations of viable cells. With most anaerobes, the MBCs of tiamulin were more than 100-fold higher than the MICs. The results obtained indicated that, apart from S. varius, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. distasonis and S. freundii (F. mortiferum), members of 16 other anaerobic species including B. fragilis were without exception sensitive to tiamulin.", "contents": "In vitro activity of tiamulin (81.723 HFU), a new pleuromulin derivative, against clinically significant anaerobes. The susceptibility of more than 40 strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive anaerobes to tiamulin (Sandoz 81.723 hfu), a new pleuromulin (pleuromutilin) derivative, was determined by broth dilution and agar dilution tests. The influences of density of the inoculum upon MICs was studied by a specially designed pour plate-technique. Bacteroides fragilis, B. vulgatus, B. splanchnicus, B. oralis, B. asaccharolyticus, B. melaninogenicus, Fusobacterium fusiforme (F. nucleatum), Sphaerophorus necrophorus, Clostridium perfringens, C. fallax, Propionibacterium acnes and several species of Peptococcaceae showed broth dilution MICs of 0.03 similar to 1 microgram/ml. Members of B. thetaiotaomicron, B. distasonis and S. freundii (F. mortiferum) were inhibited by 8 similar to 32 microgram/ml and 2 strains of S. varius had a broth dilution MIC of 256 microgram/ml. With most strains, the agar dilution MICs were 2 similar to 4 similar to 8 times the broth dilution MICs. In pour plate-tests, the MICs were not considerably influenced influenced by varying initial concentrations of viable cells. With most anaerobes, the MBCs of tiamulin were more than 100-fold higher than the MICs. The results obtained indicated that, apart from S. varius, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. distasonis and S. freundii (F. mortiferum), members of 16 other anaerobic species including B. fragilis were without exception sensitive to tiamulin.", "PMID": 690009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8605", "title": "High speed liquid chromatographic determination of cephalexin in human plasma and urine.", "content": "A rapid and accurate high speed liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of cephalexin in human plasma and urine. The method involves micropore filtration of urine specimens and methanol extraction of plasma samples followed by HSLC separation on a bonded reverse phase column utilizing a mobile phase of methanol-water containing acetic acid. The quantitativity of UV response at 254 nm covered a wide range of cephalexin concentrations down to 0.5 microgram/ml, and no metabolite peaks were detected. The time courses of plasma level and urinary excretion were determined until 6 hours after oral administration of cephalexin capsules to healthy volunteers. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a two compartment open model.", "contents": "High speed liquid chromatographic determination of cephalexin in human plasma and urine. A rapid and accurate high speed liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of cephalexin in human plasma and urine. The method involves micropore filtration of urine specimens and methanol extraction of plasma samples followed by HSLC separation on a bonded reverse phase column utilizing a mobile phase of methanol-water containing acetic acid. The quantitativity of UV response at 254 nm covered a wide range of cephalexin concentrations down to 0.5 microgram/ml, and no metabolite peaks were detected. The time courses of plasma level and urinary excretion were determined until 6 hours after oral administration of cephalexin capsules to healthy volunteers. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a two compartment open model.", "PMID": 690010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8606", "title": "A simultaneous comparison of three methods for language training with an autistic child: an experimental single case analysis.", "content": "In a single-case, simultaneous-treatment design, three methods for experimental language acquisition in one autistic child were compared using a Latin square design and trend-line analysis. Results showed a total communication approach to be significantly superior to sign-based and verbalization approaches. The verbalization treatment resulted in decreased performance. Results indicate that use of a cross-modality inhibitory process to explain the alleged superiority of the sign-based approach is questionable. Variation among autistic children indicates a need for further research and for caution against premature acceptance of a given treatment approach or theoretical explanation.", "contents": "A simultaneous comparison of three methods for language training with an autistic child: an experimental single case analysis. In a single-case, simultaneous-treatment design, three methods for experimental language acquisition in one autistic child were compared using a Latin square design and trend-line analysis. Results showed a total communication approach to be significantly superior to sign-based and verbalization approaches. The verbalization treatment resulted in decreased performance. Results indicate that use of a cross-modality inhibitory process to explain the alleged superiority of the sign-based approach is questionable. Variation among autistic children indicates a need for further research and for caution against premature acceptance of a given treatment approach or theoretical explanation.", "PMID": 690063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8607", "title": "Sensorimotor functioning and communication in mute autistic children.", "content": "There were two purposes underlying this study: to describe the sensorimotor functioning of mute autistic children and to relate their sensorimotor performance to nonverbal communication. Twelve mute children, diagnosed autistic, ranging from 4 years 9 months to 12 years of age, were administered four scales of sensorimotor development from the Uzgiris and Hunt (1975) series: object permanence, gestural imitation, means for obtaining environmental events, and causality. Subjects performed most poorly on the imitation scale with 9 of 12 performing below Piaget's fifth sensorimotor stage. In contrast, performance was highest on the object permanence scale: No child scored below Stage V. Regarding the subjects' non-scales and Stage III on the imitation scale appeared to form minimal prerequisites for intentional communication in a variety of situations. Finally, none of the subjects, even those with relatively complete sensorimotor development, spontaneously used what Bates (1976) has called \"protodeclarative\" gestures to point out or show objects to adults. The absence of protodeclarative gestures may represent a qualitatively distinct pattern of prelinguistic development in certain autistic children.", "contents": "Sensorimotor functioning and communication in mute autistic children. There were two purposes underlying this study: to describe the sensorimotor functioning of mute autistic children and to relate their sensorimotor performance to nonverbal communication. Twelve mute children, diagnosed autistic, ranging from 4 years 9 months to 12 years of age, were administered four scales of sensorimotor development from the Uzgiris and Hunt (1975) series: object permanence, gestural imitation, means for obtaining environmental events, and causality. Subjects performed most poorly on the imitation scale with 9 of 12 performing below Piaget's fifth sensorimotor stage. In contrast, performance was highest on the object permanence scale: No child scored below Stage V. Regarding the subjects' non-scales and Stage III on the imitation scale appeared to form minimal prerequisites for intentional communication in a variety of situations. Finally, none of the subjects, even those with relatively complete sensorimotor development, spontaneously used what Bates (1976) has called \"protodeclarative\" gestures to point out or show objects to adults. The absence of protodeclarative gestures may represent a qualitatively distinct pattern of prelinguistic development in certain autistic children.", "PMID": 690064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8608", "title": "Behavior, language, and development in three-year-old children.", "content": "An epidemiological study of 3-year-old children showed there to be a marked association between behavior problems and language delay. Behavior problems were present in 14% of a random sample of 705 children, whereas 59% of 22 children with language delay had such problems. Data obtained from a battery of developmental tests were analyzed to examine the differences between children with behavior problems, matched controls, and children with language delay. It was found that children with behavior problems scored significantly lower on these tests, particularly those concerned with language. There were no significant differences in test scores between children with language delay only and those with combined behavior problems and language delay.", "contents": "Behavior, language, and development in three-year-old children. An epidemiological study of 3-year-old children showed there to be a marked association between behavior problems and language delay. Behavior problems were present in 14% of a random sample of 705 children, whereas 59% of 22 children with language delay had such problems. Data obtained from a battery of developmental tests were analyzed to examine the differences between children with behavior problems, matched controls, and children with language delay. It was found that children with behavior problems scored significantly lower on these tests, particularly those concerned with language. There were no significant differences in test scores between children with language delay only and those with combined behavior problems and language delay.", "PMID": 690065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8609", "title": "Handedness in autistics, retardates, and normals of a wide age range.", "content": "Tests of handedness were carried out with 34 autistic children aged from 4 years 10 months to 18 years 11 months, and with sex-, age-, and IQ-matched retardates and sex- and age-matched normals. There were no significant differences between the groups on frequency of handedness, degree of righthand usage, or degree of dominant-hand usage. There was however a significant increase in the variance of dominant-hand usage from normals and retardates to autistics. These results were taken to indicate that earlier reports of handedness differences in young autistic children may reflect a developmental lag rather than a specific etiology of autism. Some support for this hypothesis was found from a comparison of age-trends between the groups. The relationship of such a developmental delay to the etiology of autism was discussed.", "contents": "Handedness in autistics, retardates, and normals of a wide age range. Tests of handedness were carried out with 34 autistic children aged from 4 years 10 months to 18 years 11 months, and with sex-, age-, and IQ-matched retardates and sex- and age-matched normals. There were no significant differences between the groups on frequency of handedness, degree of righthand usage, or degree of dominant-hand usage. There was however a significant increase in the variance of dominant-hand usage from normals and retardates to autistics. These results were taken to indicate that earlier reports of handedness differences in young autistic children may reflect a developmental lag rather than a specific etiology of autism. Some support for this hypothesis was found from a comparison of age-trends between the groups. The relationship of such a developmental delay to the etiology of autism was discussed.", "PMID": 690066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8610", "title": "Disruptive behavior: a dietary approach.", "content": "The effect of particular foods on levels of hyperactivity, uncontrolled laughter, and disruptive behaviors was studied in an 8-year-old autistic boy. The floor of the child's room was taped off into six equal-sized rectangles to measure general activity level. Frequency data were recorded on screaming, biting, scratching, and object throwing. A time-sample technique was used to record data on laughing. Data were gathered during four phases. During an initial 4-day period the child was fed a normal American diet. A 6-day fasting period followed, during which time only spring water was allowed. The third phase lasted 18 days and involved the presentation of individual foods. During the final phase of the study the child was given only foods that had not provoked a reaction in the third phase. Results showed that foods such as wheat, corn, tomatoes, sugar, mushrooms, and dairy products were instrumental in producing behavioral disorders with this child.", "contents": "Disruptive behavior: a dietary approach. The effect of particular foods on levels of hyperactivity, uncontrolled laughter, and disruptive behaviors was studied in an 8-year-old autistic boy. The floor of the child's room was taped off into six equal-sized rectangles to measure general activity level. Frequency data were recorded on screaming, biting, scratching, and object throwing. A time-sample technique was used to record data on laughing. Data were gathered during four phases. During an initial 4-day period the child was fed a normal American diet. A 6-day fasting period followed, during which time only spring water was allowed. The third phase lasted 18 days and involved the presentation of individual foods. During the final phase of the study the child was given only foods that had not provoked a reaction in the third phase. Results showed that foods such as wheat, corn, tomatoes, sugar, mushrooms, and dairy products were instrumental in producing behavioral disorders with this child.", "PMID": 690067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8611", "title": "Cerebral asymmetry and the development of early infantile autism.", "content": "Two experiments involving listening preferences of autistic and normal subjects were conducted to test the hypothesis that the right cerebral hemisphere is more active than the left hemisphere in autistic children. Results showed that when given a choice between verbal and musical material, the autistic children preferred music, while normal children showed no preference. Secondly, autistic children listened to both types of material predominantly with the left ear. Although normal subjects showed greater variation among themselves, they tended to listen to music more often with the left ear and to listen to verbal material more often with the right. These results support the notion that some autistic children are predominantly right-hemisphere processors.", "contents": "Cerebral asymmetry and the development of early infantile autism. Two experiments involving listening preferences of autistic and normal subjects were conducted to test the hypothesis that the right cerebral hemisphere is more active than the left hemisphere in autistic children. Results showed that when given a choice between verbal and musical material, the autistic children preferred music, while normal children showed no preference. Secondly, autistic children listened to both types of material predominantly with the left ear. Although normal subjects showed greater variation among themselves, they tended to listen to music more often with the left ear and to listen to verbal material more often with the right. These results support the notion that some autistic children are predominantly right-hemisphere processors.", "PMID": 690068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8612", "title": "Using self-stimulation as reinforcement for autistic children.", "content": "This experiment examined the effects of using self-stimulatory behavior as reinforcement for spontaneous appropriate sentences in two autistic children. The children were put on a token system and always received one token for every spontaneous appropriate sentence they made. An ABABA design was employed. In condition A, the opportunity to self-stimulate was contingent on the payment of tokens (two tokens for 2 minutes of self-stimulation). In condition B, no tokens were required for self-stimulation. The results showed that both subjects exhibited a much higher rate of spontaneous appropriate sentences during the contingent self-stimulation (A) condition, demonstrating that self-stimulation functioned as an effective reinforcement. The possibility of using self-stimulation as reinforcement in the treatment of autistic children is discussed.", "contents": "Using self-stimulation as reinforcement for autistic children. This experiment examined the effects of using self-stimulatory behavior as reinforcement for spontaneous appropriate sentences in two autistic children. The children were put on a token system and always received one token for every spontaneous appropriate sentence they made. An ABABA design was employed. In condition A, the opportunity to self-stimulate was contingent on the payment of tokens (two tokens for 2 minutes of self-stimulation). In condition B, no tokens were required for self-stimulation. The results showed that both subjects exhibited a much higher rate of spontaneous appropriate sentences during the contingent self-stimulation (A) condition, demonstrating that self-stimulation functioned as an effective reinforcement. The possibility of using self-stimulation as reinforcement in the treatment of autistic children is discussed.", "PMID": 690069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8613", "title": "Caulobacter flagellar organelle: synthesis, compartmentation, and assembly.", "content": "In Caulobacter crescentus biogenesis of the flagellar organelle occurs during one stage of its complex life cycle. Thus in synchronous cultures it is possible to assay the sequential synthesis and assembly of the flagellum and hook in vivo with a combination of biochemical and radioimmunological techniques. The periodicity of synthesis and the subcellular compartmentation of the basal hook and filament subunits were determined by radioimmune assay procedures. Unassembled 27,000-dalton (27K) flagellin was preferentially located in isolated membrane fractions, whereas the 25K flagellin was distributed between the membrane and cytoplasm. The synthesis of hook began before that of flagellin, although appreciable overlap of the two processes occurred. Initiation of filament assembly coincided with the association of newly synthesized hook and flagellin subunits. Caulobacter flagella are unusual in that they contain two different flagellin subunits. Data are presented which suggest that the ratio of the two flagellin subunits changes along the length of the filament. Only the newly synthesized 25K flagellin subunit is detected in filaments assembled during the swarmer cell stage. By monitoring the appearance of flagellar hooks in the culture medium, the time at which flagella are released was determined.", "contents": "Caulobacter flagellar organelle: synthesis, compartmentation, and assembly. In Caulobacter crescentus biogenesis of the flagellar organelle occurs during one stage of its complex life cycle. Thus in synchronous cultures it is possible to assay the sequential synthesis and assembly of the flagellum and hook in vivo with a combination of biochemical and radioimmunological techniques. The periodicity of synthesis and the subcellular compartmentation of the basal hook and filament subunits were determined by radioimmune assay procedures. Unassembled 27,000-dalton (27K) flagellin was preferentially located in isolated membrane fractions, whereas the 25K flagellin was distributed between the membrane and cytoplasm. The synthesis of hook began before that of flagellin, although appreciable overlap of the two processes occurred. Initiation of filament assembly coincided with the association of newly synthesized hook and flagellin subunits. Caulobacter flagella are unusual in that they contain two different flagellin subunits. Data are presented which suggest that the ratio of the two flagellin subunits changes along the length of the filament. Only the newly synthesized 25K flagellin subunit is detected in filaments assembled during the swarmer cell stage. By monitoring the appearance of flagellar hooks in the culture medium, the time at which flagella are released was determined.", "PMID": 690070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8614", "title": "Membrane phospholipid composition of Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "The phospholipid composition of Caulobacter crescentus CB13 and CB15 was determined. The acidic phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, comprise approximately 87% of the total phospholipids. Neither phosphatidylethanolamine nor its precursor phosphatidylserine was detected. The outer and inner membranes of C. crescentus CB13 were separated, and phospholipid analysis revealed heterogeneity with respect to the relative amounts of phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin in the two membranes. As has been shown to be the case for other bacterial membranes, the concentration of cardiolipin increases and phosphatidylglycerol decreases as cell cultures enter stationary phase.", "contents": "Membrane phospholipid composition of Caulobacter crescentus. The phospholipid composition of Caulobacter crescentus CB13 and CB15 was determined. The acidic phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, comprise approximately 87% of the total phospholipids. Neither phosphatidylethanolamine nor its precursor phosphatidylserine was detected. The outer and inner membranes of C. crescentus CB13 were separated, and phospholipid analysis revealed heterogeneity with respect to the relative amounts of phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin in the two membranes. As has been shown to be the case for other bacterial membranes, the concentration of cardiolipin increases and phosphatidylglycerol decreases as cell cultures enter stationary phase.", "PMID": 690071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8615", "title": "Selection for nonbuoyant morphological mutants of Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "Morphological mutants of Caulobacter crescentus were isolated by selecting for cells that did not possess normal, buoyancy-conferring stalks. The most prevalent phenotype enriched by the selection was structurally deficient stalks (designated \"Cds\"), observable as crumpled or flattened stalks. The second phenotype (\"Abs\") was observed as spontaneous shedding of normal-appearing stalks. Third, one mutant (\"Ecs\") was isolated that sheds not only stalks, but also miniature stalked and nonstalked cells.", "contents": "Selection for nonbuoyant morphological mutants of Caulobacter crescentus. Morphological mutants of Caulobacter crescentus were isolated by selecting for cells that did not possess normal, buoyancy-conferring stalks. The most prevalent phenotype enriched by the selection was structurally deficient stalks (designated \"Cds\"), observable as crumpled or flattened stalks. The second phenotype (\"Abs\") was observed as spontaneous shedding of normal-appearing stalks. Third, one mutant (\"Ecs\") was isolated that sheds not only stalks, but also miniature stalked and nonstalked cells.", "PMID": 690072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8616", "title": "Effect of growth temperature on membrane fatty acid composition and susceptibility to cold shock of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.", "content": "We investigated the fatty acid composition of the membrane of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens grown at different temperatures. A decrease in growth temperature was accompanied by an increase in the ratio of branched- to straight-chain fatty acids and a marked increase in the level of unsaturation of branched-chain fatty acids. When cells of this organism grown at 30 degrees C were cold shocked, viability and ability to secrete extracellular protease were lost. Growth of this organism at lower temperatures or addition of Tween 80 to cells caused the critical temperature zone for cold shocking to be lowered significantly. These results suggest a direct correlation between membrane fluidity and the susceptibility to cold shock.", "contents": "Effect of growth temperature on membrane fatty acid composition and susceptibility to cold shock of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. We investigated the fatty acid composition of the membrane of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens grown at different temperatures. A decrease in growth temperature was accompanied by an increase in the ratio of branched- to straight-chain fatty acids and a marked increase in the level of unsaturation of branched-chain fatty acids. When cells of this organism grown at 30 degrees C were cold shocked, viability and ability to secrete extracellular protease were lost. Growth of this organism at lower temperatures or addition of Tween 80 to cells caused the critical temperature zone for cold shocking to be lowered significantly. These results suggest a direct correlation between membrane fluidity and the susceptibility to cold shock.", "PMID": 690073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8617", "title": "Stimulation of tetrapyrrole formation in Rhizobium japonicum by restricted aeration.", "content": "Cultures of Rhizobium japonicum were grown with vigorous aeration to stationary phase and were then incubated under restricted aeration for several days. Under these \"microaerobic\" conditions, cellular heme content increased 10-fold, and visible amounts of porphyrins were released into the culture medium. The two predominant porphyrins produced were identified, on the basis of their spectrophotometric and chromatographic properties, as protoporphyrin and coproporphyrin. The cytochrome complement of microaerobic cells partially resembled that of the symbiotic bacteria in that cytochromes alpha-alpha3 were absent and a CO-binding cytochrome 552 was present. During the period of restricted aeration, at the time that the heme content was increasing, there was a similar 10-fold increase in the activities of the first two enzymes of heme biosynthesis, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase. However, during the same period, the activity of succinyl thiokinase (an enzyme that is required in large amounts whether or not heme is being produced) increased only twofold. These results suggest that reduced oxygen tension may play a role in inducing heme synthesis necessary for leghemoglobin formation and bacterial differentiation in soybean root nodules.", "contents": "Stimulation of tetrapyrrole formation in Rhizobium japonicum by restricted aeration. Cultures of Rhizobium japonicum were grown with vigorous aeration to stationary phase and were then incubated under restricted aeration for several days. Under these \"microaerobic\" conditions, cellular heme content increased 10-fold, and visible amounts of porphyrins were released into the culture medium. The two predominant porphyrins produced were identified, on the basis of their spectrophotometric and chromatographic properties, as protoporphyrin and coproporphyrin. The cytochrome complement of microaerobic cells partially resembled that of the symbiotic bacteria in that cytochromes alpha-alpha3 were absent and a CO-binding cytochrome 552 was present. During the period of restricted aeration, at the time that the heme content was increasing, there was a similar 10-fold increase in the activities of the first two enzymes of heme biosynthesis, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase. However, during the same period, the activity of succinyl thiokinase (an enzyme that is required in large amounts whether or not heme is being produced) increased only twofold. These results suggest that reduced oxygen tension may play a role in inducing heme synthesis necessary for leghemoglobin formation and bacterial differentiation in soybean root nodules.", "PMID": 690074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8618", "title": "Ligninolytic enzyme system of Phanaerochaete chrysosporium: synthesized in the absence of lignin in response to nitrogen starvation.", "content": "The relationship between growth, nutrient nitrogen assimilation, and the appearance of ligninolytic activity was examined in stationary batch cultures of the wood-destroying hymenomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds. grown under conditions optimized for lignin metabolism. A reproducible sequence of events followed inoculation: 0 to 24 h, germination, linear growth, and depletion of nutrient nitrogen; 24 to 48 h, cessation of linear growth and derepression of ammonium permease activity (demonstrating nitrogen starvation); 72 to 96 h, appearance of ligninolytic activity (synthetic 14C-lignin leads to 14CO2). Experiments with cycloheximide demonstrated that appearance of ligninolytic activity occurs irrespective of the presence of lignin; lignin did not induce additional activity. Addition of NH4+ to cultures immediately prior to the time of appearance of the ligninolytic system delayed its appearance, suggesting that the NH4+ led to interference with synthesis of the enzyme system. Addition of NH4+ to ligninolytic cultures resulted in an eventual, temporary decrease in ligninolytic activity. The results suggest that all or essential protein components of the ligninolytic enzyme system are synthesized as part of a series of physiological (\"secondary metabolic\") events that are initiated by nutrient nitrogen starvation.", "contents": "Ligninolytic enzyme system of Phanaerochaete chrysosporium: synthesized in the absence of lignin in response to nitrogen starvation. The relationship between growth, nutrient nitrogen assimilation, and the appearance of ligninolytic activity was examined in stationary batch cultures of the wood-destroying hymenomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds. grown under conditions optimized for lignin metabolism. A reproducible sequence of events followed inoculation: 0 to 24 h, germination, linear growth, and depletion of nutrient nitrogen; 24 to 48 h, cessation of linear growth and derepression of ammonium permease activity (demonstrating nitrogen starvation); 72 to 96 h, appearance of ligninolytic activity (synthetic 14C-lignin leads to 14CO2). Experiments with cycloheximide demonstrated that appearance of ligninolytic activity occurs irrespective of the presence of lignin; lignin did not induce additional activity. Addition of NH4+ to cultures immediately prior to the time of appearance of the ligninolytic system delayed its appearance, suggesting that the NH4+ led to interference with synthesis of the enzyme system. Addition of NH4+ to ligninolytic cultures resulted in an eventual, temporary decrease in ligninolytic activity. The results suggest that all or essential protein components of the ligninolytic enzyme system are synthesized as part of a series of physiological (\"secondary metabolic\") events that are initiated by nutrient nitrogen starvation.", "PMID": 690075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8619", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the pesticide-degrading plasmid pJP1 from Alcaligenes paradoxus.", "content": "A strain of Alcaligenes paradoxus, unable to degrade phenoxyacetic acid, was shown to degrade two synthetic derivatives of this molecule, the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. The ability to degrade these pesticides is encoded by a 58-megadalton conjugal plasmid, pJP1.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the pesticide-degrading plasmid pJP1 from Alcaligenes paradoxus. A strain of Alcaligenes paradoxus, unable to degrade phenoxyacetic acid, was shown to degrade two synthetic derivatives of this molecule, the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. The ability to degrade these pesticides is encoded by a 58-megadalton conjugal plasmid, pJP1.", "PMID": 690076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8620", "title": "Newly discovered polyamine, 2-hydroxyspermidine, in Pseudomonas acidovorans.", "content": "A previously unknown hydroxylated polyamine has been recovered from Pseudomonas acidovorans 29. It has been identified as 2-hydroxyspermidine, N4-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane-2-ol, by its chromatographic behavior, electrophoretic mobility, and reaction with metaperiodate. It can be synthesized enzymatically from 2-hydroxyputrescine by cell-free preparations from Escherichia coli or P. acidovorans 29 which contain propylamine transferase. It is interesting to note that the naturally occurring compound is the 2-hydroxyspermidine and not the 3-hydroxyspermidine, N1-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane-2-ol, indicating that the propylamine transferase reacts preferentially with the amine distal to the hydroxyl group. A mixture of 2- and 3-hydroxyspermidines and hydroxyspermine was synthesized by reacting acrylonitrile with 2-hydroxyspermidine and catalytic reduction of the products with hydrogen. N-(gamma-aminopropyl)-beta-alanine, used to help identify the hydroxyspermidines, was synthesized from N-(3-aminopropyl)-3-aminopropanenitrile by hydrolysis with 10% NaOH.", "contents": "Newly discovered polyamine, 2-hydroxyspermidine, in Pseudomonas acidovorans. A previously unknown hydroxylated polyamine has been recovered from Pseudomonas acidovorans 29. It has been identified as 2-hydroxyspermidine, N4-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane-2-ol, by its chromatographic behavior, electrophoretic mobility, and reaction with metaperiodate. It can be synthesized enzymatically from 2-hydroxyputrescine by cell-free preparations from Escherichia coli or P. acidovorans 29 which contain propylamine transferase. It is interesting to note that the naturally occurring compound is the 2-hydroxyspermidine and not the 3-hydroxyspermidine, N1-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane-2-ol, indicating that the propylamine transferase reacts preferentially with the amine distal to the hydroxyl group. A mixture of 2- and 3-hydroxyspermidines and hydroxyspermine was synthesized by reacting acrylonitrile with 2-hydroxyspermidine and catalytic reduction of the products with hydrogen. N-(gamma-aminopropyl)-beta-alanine, used to help identify the hydroxyspermidines, was synthesized from N-(3-aminopropyl)-3-aminopropanenitrile by hydrolysis with 10% NaOH.", "PMID": 690077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8621", "title": "Mycoplasma growth factors in bovine serum fraction.", "content": "Mycoplasma growth factors in bovine serum fraction were separated by Sephadex G150 column chromatography and density ultracentrifugation. The major growth factor of bovine serum fraction eluted from the Sephadex column in the void volume. Its growth-supporting activity was greatly enhanced by the presence of bovine serum albumin in the mycoplasma culture media. Other investigators had previously identified the major growth factor in serum as an alpha-lipoprotein. Although density ultracentrifugation revealed the presence of traces of a high-density lipoprotein in bovine serum fraction, another, less dense component, isolated by ultracentrifugation (component 3) and containing cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and protein, but no lipoprotein, exhibited considerably more growth-supporting activity than did the high-density lipoprotein, thus indicating that at least two mycoplasma species do not require intact serum lipoprotein for growth. Both the high-density lipoprotein and component 3 exhibited maximum activity only in the presence of bovine serum albumin. A chloroform extract containing component 3 lipids combined with bovine serum albumin to form an effective, partially defined, less complex substitute for serum in mycoplasma culture media.", "contents": "Mycoplasma growth factors in bovine serum fraction. Mycoplasma growth factors in bovine serum fraction were separated by Sephadex G150 column chromatography and density ultracentrifugation. The major growth factor of bovine serum fraction eluted from the Sephadex column in the void volume. Its growth-supporting activity was greatly enhanced by the presence of bovine serum albumin in the mycoplasma culture media. Other investigators had previously identified the major growth factor in serum as an alpha-lipoprotein. Although density ultracentrifugation revealed the presence of traces of a high-density lipoprotein in bovine serum fraction, another, less dense component, isolated by ultracentrifugation (component 3) and containing cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and protein, but no lipoprotein, exhibited considerably more growth-supporting activity than did the high-density lipoprotein, thus indicating that at least two mycoplasma species do not require intact serum lipoprotein for growth. Both the high-density lipoprotein and component 3 exhibited maximum activity only in the presence of bovine serum albumin. A chloroform extract containing component 3 lipids combined with bovine serum albumin to form an effective, partially defined, less complex substitute for serum in mycoplasma culture media.", "PMID": 690078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8622", "title": "Evidence for a functional glyoxylate cycle in the leishmaniae.", "content": "Isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1) and malate synthase (EC 4.1.3.2), the two enzymes characteristic of the glyoxylate cycle, were demonstrated in promastigotes of five species of Leishmania (L. brasiliensis, L. donovani, L. mexicana, L. tarentolae, and L. tropica). Both enzymes were present in cells grown in a medium containing 10 mM glucose. Substitution of glucose with 20 mM acetate did not enhance enzyme levels. Acetate was readily taken up and metabolized by the cells. The distribution of label from acetate into various intermediary metabolites indicates a functional glyoxylate cycle and its role in gluconeogenesis/glyconeogenesis. The glyoxylate cycle in conjunction with alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase and glyoxylate-aspartate aminotransferase could also be important in providing glyoxylate, the precursor for glycine biosynthesis.", "contents": "Evidence for a functional glyoxylate cycle in the leishmaniae. Isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1) and malate synthase (EC 4.1.3.2), the two enzymes characteristic of the glyoxylate cycle, were demonstrated in promastigotes of five species of Leishmania (L. brasiliensis, L. donovani, L. mexicana, L. tarentolae, and L. tropica). Both enzymes were present in cells grown in a medium containing 10 mM glucose. Substitution of glucose with 20 mM acetate did not enhance enzyme levels. Acetate was readily taken up and metabolized by the cells. The distribution of label from acetate into various intermediary metabolites indicates a functional glyoxylate cycle and its role in gluconeogenesis/glyconeogenesis. The glyoxylate cycle in conjunction with alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase and glyoxylate-aspartate aminotransferase could also be important in providing glyoxylate, the precursor for glycine biosynthesis.", "PMID": 690079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8623", "title": "Inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis at a postcytoplasmic reaction in a stable L-phase variant of Streptococcus faecium.", "content": "Cultures of a stable L-phase variant of Streptococcus faecium F24 produced and retained peptidoglycan precursors intracellularly over the entire growth cycle in a chemically defined medium. The identity of the most abundant precursor, UDP N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine (UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide), was confirmed by demonstrating in vitro the presence of enzymes required for the cytoplasmic stage of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The initial membrane-bound reaction in peptidoglycan biosynthesis involving phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase and undecaprenyl-phosphate membrane carrier was catalyzed by protoplast membrane preparations but not by L-phase membrane preparations. However, both protoplast and L-phase membranes incorporated radioactivity from dTDP-L-[14C]rhamnose, the presumed precursor to a non-peptidoglycan cell surface component, into high-molecular-weight material. dTDP-L-rhamnose did not accumulate in growing cultures but was synthesized from D-glucose-1-phosphate and dTTP by cell-free extracts of the streptococcus and L-phase variant. Neither rhamnose- nor muramic acid-containing compounds were detected in culture fluids. It is suggested that continued inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis in this stable L-phase variant is the result of a defect expressed at the membrane stage of peptidoglycan biosynthesis specifically involving the translocation step.", "contents": "Inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis at a postcytoplasmic reaction in a stable L-phase variant of Streptococcus faecium. Cultures of a stable L-phase variant of Streptococcus faecium F24 produced and retained peptidoglycan precursors intracellularly over the entire growth cycle in a chemically defined medium. The identity of the most abundant precursor, UDP N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine (UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide), was confirmed by demonstrating in vitro the presence of enzymes required for the cytoplasmic stage of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The initial membrane-bound reaction in peptidoglycan biosynthesis involving phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase and undecaprenyl-phosphate membrane carrier was catalyzed by protoplast membrane preparations but not by L-phase membrane preparations. However, both protoplast and L-phase membranes incorporated radioactivity from dTDP-L-[14C]rhamnose, the presumed precursor to a non-peptidoglycan cell surface component, into high-molecular-weight material. dTDP-L-rhamnose did not accumulate in growing cultures but was synthesized from D-glucose-1-phosphate and dTTP by cell-free extracts of the streptococcus and L-phase variant. Neither rhamnose- nor muramic acid-containing compounds were detected in culture fluids. It is suggested that continued inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis in this stable L-phase variant is the result of a defect expressed at the membrane stage of peptidoglycan biosynthesis specifically involving the translocation step.", "PMID": 690080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8624", "title": "Oxygen and nitrate in utilization by Bacillus licheniformis of the arginase and arginine deiminase routes of arginine catabolism and other factors affecting their syntheses.", "content": "Bacillus licheniformis has two pathways of arginine catabolism. In well-aerated cultures, the arginase route is present, and levels of catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase were low. An arginase pathway-deficient mutant, BL196, failed to grow on arginine as a nitrogen source under these conditions. In anaerobiosis, the wild type contained very low levels of arginase and ornithine transaminase. BL196 grew normally on glucose plus arginine in anaerobiosis and, like the wild type, had appreciable levels of catabolic transferase. Nitrate, like oxygen, repressed ornithine carbamoyltransferase and stimulated arginase synthesis. In aerobic cultures, arginase was repressed by glutamine in the presence of glucose, but not when the carbon-energy source was poor. In anaerobic cultures, ammonia repressed catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase, but glutamate and glutamine stimulated its synthesis. A second mutant, derived from BL196, retained the low arginase and ornithine transaminase levels of BL196 but produced high levels of deiminase pathway enzymes in the presence of oxygen.", "contents": "Oxygen and nitrate in utilization by Bacillus licheniformis of the arginase and arginine deiminase routes of arginine catabolism and other factors affecting their syntheses. Bacillus licheniformis has two pathways of arginine catabolism. In well-aerated cultures, the arginase route is present, and levels of catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase were low. An arginase pathway-deficient mutant, BL196, failed to grow on arginine as a nitrogen source under these conditions. In anaerobiosis, the wild type contained very low levels of arginase and ornithine transaminase. BL196 grew normally on glucose plus arginine in anaerobiosis and, like the wild type, had appreciable levels of catabolic transferase. Nitrate, like oxygen, repressed ornithine carbamoyltransferase and stimulated arginase synthesis. In aerobic cultures, arginase was repressed by glutamine in the presence of glucose, but not when the carbon-energy source was poor. In anaerobic cultures, ammonia repressed catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase, but glutamate and glutamine stimulated its synthesis. A second mutant, derived from BL196, retained the low arginase and ornithine transaminase levels of BL196 but produced high levels of deiminase pathway enzymes in the presence of oxygen.", "PMID": 690081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8625", "title": "Amine dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas putida: properties of the heme-prosthetic group.", "content": "There was approximately five times more hemoprotein (amine dehydrogenase) in crude extracts obtained from Pseudomonas putida grown on benzylamine than present in extracts from succinate-grown cells. The difference (reduced minus oxidized) spectrum of the purified enzyme possessed alpha,beta, and gamma bands at 550, 523, and 416 nm, respectively. The difference spectrum of the pyridine hemochrome derivative had absorption maxima at 416, 520, and 550 nm. These results, together with the fact that the heme group was covalently bound to the enzyme, indicated that the amine dehydrogenase from P. putida was a hemoprotein which contained heme c. The heme content was calculated at 2.01 mol/mol of enzyme. The enzyme was composed of two nonidentical subunits, but heme was present solely in the heavier unit. Carbon monoxide did not inhibit enzymatic activity, nor would it combine with the reduced or oxidized form of the enzyme. Amine dehydrogenase activity was inhibited by carbonyl agents with semicarbazide and cuprizone acting noncompetitively, whereas KCN and isoniazid inhibited by competitive and uncompetitive mechanisms, respectively. Spectral observations suggested that inhibition by these reagents was not due to an interaction with the heme moiety.", "contents": "Amine dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas putida: properties of the heme-prosthetic group. There was approximately five times more hemoprotein (amine dehydrogenase) in crude extracts obtained from Pseudomonas putida grown on benzylamine than present in extracts from succinate-grown cells. The difference (reduced minus oxidized) spectrum of the purified enzyme possessed alpha,beta, and gamma bands at 550, 523, and 416 nm, respectively. The difference spectrum of the pyridine hemochrome derivative had absorption maxima at 416, 520, and 550 nm. These results, together with the fact that the heme group was covalently bound to the enzyme, indicated that the amine dehydrogenase from P. putida was a hemoprotein which contained heme c. The heme content was calculated at 2.01 mol/mol of enzyme. The enzyme was composed of two nonidentical subunits, but heme was present solely in the heavier unit. Carbon monoxide did not inhibit enzymatic activity, nor would it combine with the reduced or oxidized form of the enzyme. Amine dehydrogenase activity was inhibited by carbonyl agents with semicarbazide and cuprizone acting noncompetitively, whereas KCN and isoniazid inhibited by competitive and uncompetitive mechanisms, respectively. Spectral observations suggested that inhibition by these reagents was not due to an interaction with the heme moiety.", "PMID": 690082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8626", "title": "A study of the effect of computer feedback on polypharmacy.", "content": "Between July 1973 and February 1976, clinicians in the DMH Institutions of a midwestern state received regular, computer generated information about those of their patients who had been prescribed more than 4 psychotropic drugs during the preceding month. The effect of this feedback on prescribing habits was assessed, using information derived from monthly itemized billing record returns. The results showed that, while a highly significant reduction in polypharmacy did take place, it antedated the circulation of the specific feedback, coinciding instead with the discussions between the computer project staff and institution superintendents at the planning stage of the project.", "contents": "A study of the effect of computer feedback on polypharmacy. Between July 1973 and February 1976, clinicians in the DMH Institutions of a midwestern state received regular, computer generated information about those of their patients who had been prescribed more than 4 psychotropic drugs during the preceding month. The effect of this feedback on prescribing habits was assessed, using information derived from monthly itemized billing record returns. The results showed that, while a highly significant reduction in polypharmacy did take place, it antedated the circulation of the specific feedback, coinciding instead with the discussions between the computer project staff and institution superintendents at the planning stage of the project.", "PMID": 690084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8627", "title": "Restless legs, anxiety and caffeinism.", "content": "This clinical study of 62 patients with restless legs syndrome and associated anxious-depressed and other clinical states seems to indicate that caffeine is the major etiological factor in the causation of the restless legs syndrome. Anxiety, while modifying the subjective experience of the dysphoric sensation of restless legs, is not a causative factor. Caffeine is responsible for the increased nervous system arousal as well as for the direct peripheral contractile effect on the striated muscle. This arousal is often reflected psychologically in anxiety and sometimes depressive manifestations, insomnia, heightened proprioceptive awareness and physiologically in the toxic sensory experience of restless legs associated with increased neuromuscular reactivity which may include myoclonus and myokomia.", "contents": "Restless legs, anxiety and caffeinism. This clinical study of 62 patients with restless legs syndrome and associated anxious-depressed and other clinical states seems to indicate that caffeine is the major etiological factor in the causation of the restless legs syndrome. Anxiety, while modifying the subjective experience of the dysphoric sensation of restless legs, is not a causative factor. Caffeine is responsible for the increased nervous system arousal as well as for the direct peripheral contractile effect on the striated muscle. This arousal is often reflected psychologically in anxiety and sometimes depressive manifestations, insomnia, heightened proprioceptive awareness and physiologically in the toxic sensory experience of restless legs associated with increased neuromuscular reactivity which may include myoclonus and myokomia.", "PMID": 690085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8628", "title": "Bleuler, Schneider and schizophrenia.", "content": "Three important elements in Bleuler's work are described and criticized: the fundamental-accessory dichotomy, the primary-secondary dichotomy, and question of diagnosis. The major influences on Schneider's thinking are outlined and his general approach to psychopathology, criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia, and approach to clinical evaluation are described. The work of Mayer-Gross and Langfeldt, whose diagnostic formulations integrate the thinking of Bleuler and Schneider is briefly described. Finally, the contributions of these 4 authors are compared and contrasted, and their respective impact on the current study of schizophrenia is assessed.", "contents": "Bleuler, Schneider and schizophrenia. Three important elements in Bleuler's work are described and criticized: the fundamental-accessory dichotomy, the primary-secondary dichotomy, and question of diagnosis. The major influences on Schneider's thinking are outlined and his general approach to psychopathology, criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia, and approach to clinical evaluation are described. The work of Mayer-Gross and Langfeldt, whose diagnostic formulations integrate the thinking of Bleuler and Schneider is briefly described. Finally, the contributions of these 4 authors are compared and contrasted, and their respective impact on the current study of schizophrenia is assessed.", "PMID": 690087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8629", "title": "The hypertensive psychiatric patient: pharmacologic problems.", "content": "Psychiatric symptoms secondary to antihypertensive drugs and adverse drug interactions between antihypertensive and psychotropic drugs are described. Recommendations are made concerning the drug therapy of the hypertensive psychiatric patient.", "contents": "The hypertensive psychiatric patient: pharmacologic problems. Psychiatric symptoms secondary to antihypertensive drugs and adverse drug interactions between antihypertensive and psychotropic drugs are described. Recommendations are made concerning the drug therapy of the hypertensive psychiatric patient.", "PMID": 690086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8630", "title": "Lithium and hypothyroidism.", "content": "There is general agreement that hypothyroidism is a possible consequence of lithium treatment but there is little agreement as to what the incidence of lithium related hypothyroidism is, or what clinical and laboratory tests could best be used to evaluate thyroid function. This study involved a survey of 70 clinicians, a chart review of 2,590 patients and a review of the pathophysiology of lithium-induced hypothyroidism. The major finding of this investigation is that lithium related thyroid dysfunction is not a common problem. Goiter during lithium therapy is 0.3%, clinical hypothyroidism is 1-2%, and TSH is the most specific laboratory test for evaluating thyroid function.", "contents": "Lithium and hypothyroidism. There is general agreement that hypothyroidism is a possible consequence of lithium treatment but there is little agreement as to what the incidence of lithium related hypothyroidism is, or what clinical and laboratory tests could best be used to evaluate thyroid function. This study involved a survey of 70 clinicians, a chart review of 2,590 patients and a review of the pathophysiology of lithium-induced hypothyroidism. The major finding of this investigation is that lithium related thyroid dysfunction is not a common problem. Goiter during lithium therapy is 0.3%, clinical hypothyroidism is 1-2%, and TSH is the most specific laboratory test for evaluating thyroid function.", "PMID": 690088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8631", "title": "Sex and values.", "content": "Concerned professionals in the United States warn that sexuality is in danger of being dehumanized by a new frankness in the mass media as well as in sex therapy. However, with sensitivity and common sense responsible physicians realize that sexuality and moral values are inextricably interwoven for self as for patients, mandating that excellence of care take this fact into careful account. Sexual ignorance is neither innocence nor bliss. Physicians of all disciplines may make significant contributions by providing understanding leadership and sane sex education to patients as well as to communities in search of information and direction.", "contents": "Sex and values. Concerned professionals in the United States warn that sexuality is in danger of being dehumanized by a new frankness in the mass media as well as in sex therapy. However, with sensitivity and common sense responsible physicians realize that sexuality and moral values are inextricably interwoven for self as for patients, mandating that excellence of care take this fact into careful account. Sexual ignorance is neither innocence nor bliss. Physicians of all disciplines may make significant contributions by providing understanding leadership and sane sex education to patients as well as to communities in search of information and direction.", "PMID": 690090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8632", "title": "Screening for cognitive impairment among inpatients.", "content": "Screening hospital patients for cognitive impairment is often required for effective treatment planning. Awareness of cognitive deficit is particularly important in working with patients who have drinking problems because of the relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive impairment. Trail-Making Test is examined as an economic, quick, and accurate indicator of cognitive impairment in non-neurological sample of patients in a Veterans Administration Hospital. Results show that performance discriminates between normal and deficient cognitive function as assessed by established IQ and neuropsychological tests--the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale and the Halstead Reitan Battery. Nonsignificant correlations with personality variables suggest discriminant validity for the Trail-Making Test as an indicator of cognitive impairment.", "contents": "Screening for cognitive impairment among inpatients. Screening hospital patients for cognitive impairment is often required for effective treatment planning. Awareness of cognitive deficit is particularly important in working with patients who have drinking problems because of the relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive impairment. Trail-Making Test is examined as an economic, quick, and accurate indicator of cognitive impairment in non-neurological sample of patients in a Veterans Administration Hospital. Results show that performance discriminates between normal and deficient cognitive function as assessed by established IQ and neuropsychological tests--the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale and the Halstead Reitan Battery. Nonsignificant correlations with personality variables suggest discriminant validity for the Trail-Making Test as an indicator of cognitive impairment.", "PMID": 690089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8633", "title": "Jaundice and eosinophilia associated with amitriptyline.", "content": "Eosinophilia and jaundice occured in a depressed patient treated with amitriptyline, an association which is previously unreported. These complications cleared with withdrawal of the drug. This clinical picture should be added to the known hepatic complications of amitriptyline.", "contents": "Jaundice and eosinophilia associated with amitriptyline. Eosinophilia and jaundice occured in a depressed patient treated with amitriptyline, an association which is previously unreported. These complications cleared with withdrawal of the drug. This clinical picture should be added to the known hepatic complications of amitriptyline.", "PMID": 690091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8634", "title": "Caffeine and schizophrenia.", "content": "Two cases are described in which markedly increased consumption of caffeine led to an exacerbation of a schizophrenic process. The original description of this phenomenon and the clinical and basic science literature regarding the psychotropic effects of caffeine are reviewed. The cases are discussed in light of the clinical and research implications.", "contents": "Caffeine and schizophrenia. Two cases are described in which markedly increased consumption of caffeine led to an exacerbation of a schizophrenic process. The original description of this phenomenon and the clinical and basic science literature regarding the psychotropic effects of caffeine are reviewed. The cases are discussed in light of the clinical and research implications.", "PMID": 690092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8635", "title": "Cadmium toxicity and liver mitochondria. I. Different effects of cadmium administered in vivo to adult, young, and ethionine-fed rats.", "content": "The changes in liver mitochondrial respiratory activities and cytochrome concentrations were investigated when cadmium chloride was administered orally to adult, young, and ethionine-fed rats. Following a seven-day administration of 30 ppm cadmium in drinking water, adult rats showed no change, while young rats and ethionine-fed rats exhibited a marked increase in mitochondrial respiration with concomitant decrease of respiratory control index and P/O ratio. The concentrations of cytochromes aa3, b, and c + c1 in liver mitochondria were unchanged in adult rats, but increased significantly in ethionine-fed rats. In young rats receiving cadmium the liver mitochondrial protein increased with a slight change in the cytochrome concentration in mitochondria. It was further found that in adult rats a higher concentration (300 ppm) of cadmium in drinking water was toxic to the liver mitochondrial functions. Thus, the effect of oral administration of cadmium on the liver mitochondrial function depends on the condition of the animals.", "contents": "Cadmium toxicity and liver mitochondria. I. Different effects of cadmium administered in vivo to adult, young, and ethionine-fed rats. The changes in liver mitochondrial respiratory activities and cytochrome concentrations were investigated when cadmium chloride was administered orally to adult, young, and ethionine-fed rats. Following a seven-day administration of 30 ppm cadmium in drinking water, adult rats showed no change, while young rats and ethionine-fed rats exhibited a marked increase in mitochondrial respiration with concomitant decrease of respiratory control index and P/O ratio. The concentrations of cytochromes aa3, b, and c + c1 in liver mitochondria were unchanged in adult rats, but increased significantly in ethionine-fed rats. In young rats receiving cadmium the liver mitochondrial protein increased with a slight change in the cytochrome concentration in mitochondria. It was further found that in adult rats a higher concentration (300 ppm) of cadmium in drinking water was toxic to the liver mitochondrial functions. Thus, the effect of oral administration of cadmium on the liver mitochondrial function depends on the condition of the animals.", "PMID": 690095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8636", "title": "Increase in the susceptibility of hemoglobin to proteases upon treatment with p-mercuribenzoate.", "content": "Native human oxyhemoglobin, which has a rigid conformation resistant to proteases such as trypsin and subtilisin, could be hydrolyzed by these proteases at pH 7.0 after treatment with p-chloromercuribenzoate. The digestion curve of hemoglobin as a function of concentration of the mercurial was essentially parallel to the titration curve of hemoglobin with the mercurial, indicating that a relationship exists between susceptibility to proteases and modification of thiol groups of the protein. On the other hand, when myoglobin was used as a substrate, the degree of proteolysis did not increase after treatment with the mercurial. Circular dichroism measurements and gel-filtration experiments showed that the observed increase in susceptibility of hemoglobin to proteases was not due to a conformational change involving unfolding of alpha-helical structure, but was due to the dissociation of the tetrameric hemoglobin molecule into dimer and monomer after treatment with the mercurial.", "contents": "Increase in the susceptibility of hemoglobin to proteases upon treatment with p-mercuribenzoate. Native human oxyhemoglobin, which has a rigid conformation resistant to proteases such as trypsin and subtilisin, could be hydrolyzed by these proteases at pH 7.0 after treatment with p-chloromercuribenzoate. The digestion curve of hemoglobin as a function of concentration of the mercurial was essentially parallel to the titration curve of hemoglobin with the mercurial, indicating that a relationship exists between susceptibility to proteases and modification of thiol groups of the protein. On the other hand, when myoglobin was used as a substrate, the degree of proteolysis did not increase after treatment with the mercurial. Circular dichroism measurements and gel-filtration experiments showed that the observed increase in susceptibility of hemoglobin to proteases was not due to a conformational change involving unfolding of alpha-helical structure, but was due to the dissociation of the tetrameric hemoglobin molecule into dimer and monomer after treatment with the mercurial.", "PMID": 690099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8637", "title": "The terminal bases of ribonucleic acid from Caulobacter RNA phage phiCp2.", "content": "The terminal bases of the viral ribonucleic acid from the Caulobacter ribonucleic acid phage phiCp2 were examined. The viral ribonucleic acid contained guanosine triphosphate (pppG) at the 5'-terminus and adenosine (AOH) at the 3'-terminus.", "contents": "The terminal bases of ribonucleic acid from Caulobacter RNA phage phiCp2. The terminal bases of the viral ribonucleic acid from the Caulobacter ribonucleic acid phage phiCp2 were examined. The viral ribonucleic acid contained guanosine triphosphate (pppG) at the 5'-terminus and adenosine (AOH) at the 3'-terminus.", "PMID": 690100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8638", "title": "Is there a third type of filament in striated muscles?", "content": "Using glycerinated rabbit psoas myofibrils we demonstrate by electron microscopy that there is a filamentous material which remains after extraction of the fibrils with a modified Hasselbach-Schneider solution (containing 1.0 M KCl) followed by extraction with 0.6 M KI. The fibrils were visualized by conventional negative staining techniques using either 2% ammonium molybdate or 1% uranyl acetate. The appearance of the extracted fibrils together with their solubility properties strongly suggests that the extraction-resistant filamentous material is composed of connectin, an elastic protein recently characterized from muscle tissues.", "contents": "Is there a third type of filament in striated muscles? Using glycerinated rabbit psoas myofibrils we demonstrate by electron microscopy that there is a filamentous material which remains after extraction of the fibrils with a modified Hasselbach-Schneider solution (containing 1.0 M KCl) followed by extraction with 0.6 M KI. The fibrils were visualized by conventional negative staining techniques using either 2% ammonium molybdate or 1% uranyl acetate. The appearance of the extracted fibrils together with their solubility properties strongly suggests that the extraction-resistant filamentous material is composed of connectin, an elastic protein recently characterized from muscle tissues.", "PMID": 690101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8639", "title": "Fine structure of connectin nets in cardiac myofibrils.", "content": "A net-like structure extending through Z lines of myofibrils in frog cardiac muscle was clearly demonstrated under an electron microscope after the removal of myosin and actin. The diameter of the very thin filaments forming the nets was approximately 2 nm; this width was thinner than that of the actin filament. The net structure is ascribed to connectin, an elastic protein of muscle.", "contents": "Fine structure of connectin nets in cardiac myofibrils. A net-like structure extending through Z lines of myofibrils in frog cardiac muscle was clearly demonstrated under an electron microscope after the removal of myosin and actin. The diameter of the very thin filaments forming the nets was approximately 2 nm; this width was thinner than that of the actin filament. The net structure is ascribed to connectin, an elastic protein of muscle.", "PMID": 690102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8640", "title": "Prehospital burn care for emergency medical technicians.", "content": "The development, objectives, content, and evaluation of a unique, 60-minute synchronized slide/tape program on prehospital burn care for Emergency Medical Technicians is described. A design for valid content-referenced formative evaluation is presented.", "contents": "Prehospital burn care for emergency medical technicians. The development, objectives, content, and evaluation of a unique, 60-minute synchronized slide/tape program on prehospital burn care for Emergency Medical Technicians is described. A design for valid content-referenced formative evaluation is presented.", "PMID": 690106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8641", "title": "Conception and construction of a teaching simulator (umbilical vessel catheterization).", "content": "Difficult medical procedures, such as umbilical vessel catheterization, are more easily and safely taught with a simulator than with the actual patient. The need, conception, design, and construction of such a simulator is presented in the hope that others may recognize its value and be encouraged to design their own teaching simulators for their particular needs.", "contents": "Conception and construction of a teaching simulator (umbilical vessel catheterization). Difficult medical procedures, such as umbilical vessel catheterization, are more easily and safely taught with a simulator than with the actual patient. The need, conception, design, and construction of such a simulator is presented in the hope that others may recognize its value and be encouraged to design their own teaching simulators for their particular needs.", "PMID": 690107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8642", "title": "'Communication in American medical centers' revisited.", "content": "... The university medical centers are the principal foci of research and education; so are they also the proper foci for medical communication. Each school complex can and will organize departments of medical communication which will bring together the many proficiencies and equipment complexes of modern communication technology. Thus, medical research, education, care, administration, and information may all be served with the speed, facility, and precision which the times demand.", "contents": "'Communication in American medical centers' revisited. ... The university medical centers are the principal foci of research and education; so are they also the proper foci for medical communication. Each school complex can and will organize departments of medical communication which will bring together the many proficiencies and equipment complexes of modern communication technology. Thus, medical research, education, care, administration, and information may all be served with the speed, facility, and precision which the times demand.", "PMID": 690108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8643", "title": "Biomedical communications units and their parent organizations: a survey.", "content": "A survey of the 89 biomedical communications units in U.S. institutions offering baccalaureate or higher level programs in the health sciences shows 32 units assigned to the headquarters of academic health centers, 39 assigned to constituent schools within centers, and 18 assigned to single schools not in centers. Sixty-five of the units are perceived to have a high level of importance by their parent organizations. Approximately 50% of the parent organizations authorize some physical decentralization of unit activities. Instructional development support is provided by 81% of the parent organizations, and biomedical communications units are delegated this responsibility twice as frequently as are other units within these organizations.", "contents": "Biomedical communications units and their parent organizations: a survey. A survey of the 89 biomedical communications units in U.S. institutions offering baccalaureate or higher level programs in the health sciences shows 32 units assigned to the headquarters of academic health centers, 39 assigned to constituent schools within centers, and 18 assigned to single schools not in centers. Sixty-five of the units are perceived to have a high level of importance by their parent organizations. Approximately 50% of the parent organizations authorize some physical decentralization of unit activities. Instructional development support is provided by 81% of the parent organizations, and biomedical communications units are delegated this responsibility twice as frequently as are other units within these organizations.", "PMID": 690110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8644", "title": "Magnesium but not calcium accumulation is inhibited by beta-adrenergic stimulation in S49 lymphoma cells.", "content": "The uptake of 28Mg and 45Ca was measured in S49 lymphoma cells. The beta-adrenergic agonist (-)-isoproterenol markedly inhibited the rate of 28Mg accumulation but had no effect on 45Ca accumulation. The effect of (-)-isoproterenol was blocked by (-)-propranolol. In variants of the S49 cell line deficient in adenylate cyclase activity (cyc-) or in hormone receptor-adenylate cyclase coupling (unc), (-)-isoproterenol had no effect on 28Mg accumulation. The S49 lymphoma cells also possess prostaglandin E1 receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase, and, like (-)-isoproterenol, prostaglandin E1 decreased the rate of 28Mg uptake. Experiments with the mouse erythroleukemia cell line GM86 also showed a beta-adrenergic-mediated decrease in the rate of accumulation of 28Mg. Previous work has shown that Mg2+ increases the affinity of agonists for the beta-adrenergic receptor (Bird, S.J., and Maguire, M.E. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, in press). In view of these effects of Mg2+, it is suggested that Mg2+, but not Ca2+, may regulate the sensitivity of S49 cell adenylate cyclase to stimulation by catecholamines.", "contents": "Magnesium but not calcium accumulation is inhibited by beta-adrenergic stimulation in S49 lymphoma cells. The uptake of 28Mg and 45Ca was measured in S49 lymphoma cells. The beta-adrenergic agonist (-)-isoproterenol markedly inhibited the rate of 28Mg accumulation but had no effect on 45Ca accumulation. The effect of (-)-isoproterenol was blocked by (-)-propranolol. In variants of the S49 cell line deficient in adenylate cyclase activity (cyc-) or in hormone receptor-adenylate cyclase coupling (unc), (-)-isoproterenol had no effect on 28Mg accumulation. The S49 lymphoma cells also possess prostaglandin E1 receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase, and, like (-)-isoproterenol, prostaglandin E1 decreased the rate of 28Mg uptake. Experiments with the mouse erythroleukemia cell line GM86 also showed a beta-adrenergic-mediated decrease in the rate of accumulation of 28Mg. Previous work has shown that Mg2+ increases the affinity of agonists for the beta-adrenergic receptor (Bird, S.J., and Maguire, M.E. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, in press). In view of these effects of Mg2+, it is suggested that Mg2+, but not Ca2+, may regulate the sensitivity of S49 cell adenylate cyclase to stimulation by catecholamines.", "PMID": 690111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8645", "title": "Demonstration of a delay time during aggregation of diluted solutions of deoxyhemoglobin S and hemoglobin CHarlem in concentrated phosphate buffer.", "content": "Diluted solutions (less than 100 mg/dl) of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) and Hb CHarlem were found to aggregate with a clear demonstration of a delay time when dissolved in concentrated phosphate buffer. The delay time could be shortened by increasing the concentration of either hemoglobin or phosphate. Upon cooling or bubbling with carbon monoxide, the aggregates melted quickly. The logarithmic plot of reciprocal delay time versus hemoglobin or phosphate concentration shows a linear line with a slope of 2.7 for hemoglobin and 44 for phosphate. This suggests that diluted solutions of Hb S aggregate by the nucleation mechanism which is similar to that reported in the gelation of concentrated Hb S solution.", "contents": "Demonstration of a delay time during aggregation of diluted solutions of deoxyhemoglobin S and hemoglobin CHarlem in concentrated phosphate buffer. Diluted solutions (less than 100 mg/dl) of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) and Hb CHarlem were found to aggregate with a clear demonstration of a delay time when dissolved in concentrated phosphate buffer. The delay time could be shortened by increasing the concentration of either hemoglobin or phosphate. Upon cooling or bubbling with carbon monoxide, the aggregates melted quickly. The logarithmic plot of reciprocal delay time versus hemoglobin or phosphate concentration shows a linear line with a slope of 2.7 for hemoglobin and 44 for phosphate. This suggests that diluted solutions of Hb S aggregate by the nucleation mechanism which is similar to that reported in the gelation of concentrated Hb S solution.", "PMID": 690112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8646", "title": "A new affinity label for guanosine nucleotide sites in proteins.", "content": "A new guanosine analogue has been synthesized, 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl guanosine, which has an electrophilic moiety capable of reacting covalently with several classes of amino acid side chains found in proteins. This compound reacts with bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase to desensitize it irreversibly to inhibition by GTP, without affecting its intrinsic catalytic activity. The specific addition of GTP or GTP and TPNH to the reaction mixture prevents the loss of sensitivity to GTP inhibition. The corporation of approximately 1 mol of 5'-p-sulfonylbenzoyl guanosine/enzyme subunit is associated with the decreased responsiveness of the enzyme to regulation by GTP. It is proposed that 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl guanosine may be reacting within the allosteric GTP site of glutamate dehydrogenase and that this compound may have general applicability in the affinity labeling of regulatory and catalytic sites of proteins which normally bind guanosine nucleotides.", "contents": "A new affinity label for guanosine nucleotide sites in proteins. A new guanosine analogue has been synthesized, 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl guanosine, which has an electrophilic moiety capable of reacting covalently with several classes of amino acid side chains found in proteins. This compound reacts with bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase to desensitize it irreversibly to inhibition by GTP, without affecting its intrinsic catalytic activity. The specific addition of GTP or GTP and TPNH to the reaction mixture prevents the loss of sensitivity to GTP inhibition. The corporation of approximately 1 mol of 5'-p-sulfonylbenzoyl guanosine/enzyme subunit is associated with the decreased responsiveness of the enzyme to regulation by GTP. It is proposed that 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl guanosine may be reacting within the allosteric GTP site of glutamate dehydrogenase and that this compound may have general applicability in the affinity labeling of regulatory and catalytic sites of proteins which normally bind guanosine nucleotides.", "PMID": 690113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8647", "title": "Identification of a wheat germ ribosome dissociation factor distinct from initiation factor eIF-3.", "content": "A ribosome dissociation factor(s) has been partially purified from extracts of wheat germ. This factor can be detected by its ability to prevent the reassociation of ribosomal subunits when the magnesium concentration is raised from 1 mM to 5 mN. The majority of the dissociation factor activity is found in the postribosomal supernatant of the cell and can be precipitated between 0 and 40% ammonium sulfate. Chromatography of this material on DEAE-cellulose yields a fraction which contains both the dissociation factor activity and initiation factor eLF-3. However, the majority of the dissociation factor activity can be readily separated from eIF-3 by chromatography on phosphocellulose. The dissociation factor appears to be distinct from any of the othe known wheat germ initiation factors.", "contents": "Identification of a wheat germ ribosome dissociation factor distinct from initiation factor eIF-3. A ribosome dissociation factor(s) has been partially purified from extracts of wheat germ. This factor can be detected by its ability to prevent the reassociation of ribosomal subunits when the magnesium concentration is raised from 1 mM to 5 mN. The majority of the dissociation factor activity is found in the postribosomal supernatant of the cell and can be precipitated between 0 and 40% ammonium sulfate. Chromatography of this material on DEAE-cellulose yields a fraction which contains both the dissociation factor activity and initiation factor eLF-3. However, the majority of the dissociation factor activity can be readily separated from eIF-3 by chromatography on phosphocellulose. The dissociation factor appears to be distinct from any of the othe known wheat germ initiation factors.", "PMID": 690114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8648", "title": "Glucagon stimulation of rat hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase through phosphorylation in vivo.", "content": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase activities in extracts of livers from rats pretreated with glucagon are higher than in controls. This time-dependent activation is seen when the hydroxylase is assayed in the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin, but not in the presence of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyltetrahydropterin. A maximum 4-fold stimulation of hydroxylase activity was correlated with a conversion of the multiple forms of the enzyme to a single form. This form is characterized by an increased extent of phosphorylation compared to the unactivated enzyme. Incorporation of radioactive inorganic phosphate into phenylalanine hydroxylase following administration of glucagon was determined after specific immunoprecipitation of the enzyme from partially purified preparations. Sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis showed that stimulation of enzyme activity is accompanied by incorporation of 32Pi into the protein to the extent of 0.7 mol/mol of hydroxylase subunit. These results demonstrate the phosphorylation of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase in vivo and strongly support the idea that the activity of this enzyme can be hormonally regulated through a phosphorylation mechanism.", "contents": "Glucagon stimulation of rat hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase through phosphorylation in vivo. Phenylalanine hydroxylase activities in extracts of livers from rats pretreated with glucagon are higher than in controls. This time-dependent activation is seen when the hydroxylase is assayed in the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin, but not in the presence of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyltetrahydropterin. A maximum 4-fold stimulation of hydroxylase activity was correlated with a conversion of the multiple forms of the enzyme to a single form. This form is characterized by an increased extent of phosphorylation compared to the unactivated enzyme. Incorporation of radioactive inorganic phosphate into phenylalanine hydroxylase following administration of glucagon was determined after specific immunoprecipitation of the enzyme from partially purified preparations. Sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis showed that stimulation of enzyme activity is accompanied by incorporation of 32Pi into the protein to the extent of 0.7 mol/mol of hydroxylase subunit. These results demonstrate the phosphorylation of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase in vivo and strongly support the idea that the activity of this enzyme can be hormonally regulated through a phosphorylation mechanism.", "PMID": 690116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8649", "title": "Mechanism of phosphatidylinostiol stimulation of lysosomal bis (monoacylglyceryl)phosphate synthesis.", "content": "A soluble enzyme preparation obtained from rat liver lysosomes catalyzed the conversion of phosphatidyl-[1',3'-14C]glyceryol to [14C]bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate. When this preparation was delipidated with n-butyl alcohol, very low activity was observed when incubated with phosphatidyl[1',3'-14C]glycerol alone. The activity could be restored by incubating with aqueous dispersions of lysosomal phospholipids; lysosomal neutral lipid and glycolipid fractions were inactive. When the pospholipid fraction was separated into individual classes, activity was found only in phosphatidylinositol. With a more extensively delipidated soluble enzyme preparation from lysosomes, bis-(monoacylglyceryl)P synthesis without added lipid was 0.05 nmol mg-1 h-1 versus 5.9 nmol-1 h-1 at the optimal phosphatidylinositol concentation. The mechanism of this marked stimulation of bis(monoacylglyceryl)P synthesis by phosphatidylinostiol was examined. Evidence is presented which demonstrates the incorporation of 3H-labeled fatty acids from [3H]phosphatidylinositol into bis(monoacylglyceryl)P. Phosphatidylinositol stimulates the reaction by serving as an acyl donor to phosphatidylglycerol or lysophosphatidylglycerol, the substrates for bis(monoacylglyceryl)Psynthesis.", "contents": "Mechanism of phosphatidylinostiol stimulation of lysosomal bis (monoacylglyceryl)phosphate synthesis. A soluble enzyme preparation obtained from rat liver lysosomes catalyzed the conversion of phosphatidyl-[1',3'-14C]glyceryol to [14C]bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate. When this preparation was delipidated with n-butyl alcohol, very low activity was observed when incubated with phosphatidyl[1',3'-14C]glycerol alone. The activity could be restored by incubating with aqueous dispersions of lysosomal phospholipids; lysosomal neutral lipid and glycolipid fractions were inactive. When the pospholipid fraction was separated into individual classes, activity was found only in phosphatidylinositol. With a more extensively delipidated soluble enzyme preparation from lysosomes, bis-(monoacylglyceryl)P synthesis without added lipid was 0.05 nmol mg-1 h-1 versus 5.9 nmol-1 h-1 at the optimal phosphatidylinositol concentation. The mechanism of this marked stimulation of bis(monoacylglyceryl)P synthesis by phosphatidylinostiol was examined. Evidence is presented which demonstrates the incorporation of 3H-labeled fatty acids from [3H]phosphatidylinositol into bis(monoacylglyceryl)P. Phosphatidylinositol stimulates the reaction by serving as an acyl donor to phosphatidylglycerol or lysophosphatidylglycerol, the substrates for bis(monoacylglyceryl)Psynthesis.", "PMID": 690115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8650", "title": "Reconstitution of carbamylcholine-dependent sodium ion flux and desensitization of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica.", "content": "Membranes rich in acetylcholine receptor were isolated from Torpedo californica by a modification of the procedure of Sobel et al. (Sobel, A., Weber, M., and Changeux, J.-P. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 80, 215-224). The receptor was extracted with 2% potassium cholate in the presence of 2.5% soybean phospholipids. After reconstitution by the cholate dialysis procedure, the vesicles exhibited a rapid, carbamylcholine-dependent uptake of 22Na+, which was inhibited by alpha-bungarotoxin and several other known inhibitors. At concentrations above 5 x 10(-5) M carbamylcholine, the fast phase of Na+ influx lasted less than 10 sec. At 5 x 10(-6)M, it lasted 30 sec but was only about 50% of the maximal total uptake observed at optimal agonist concentration. The phenomenon of desensitization was exhibited by the reconstituted vesicles. When 2 x 10(-4)M carbamylcholine was added, 15 sec before 22Na+, the rapid Na+ influx phase was no longer observed.", "contents": "Reconstitution of carbamylcholine-dependent sodium ion flux and desensitization of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica. Membranes rich in acetylcholine receptor were isolated from Torpedo californica by a modification of the procedure of Sobel et al. (Sobel, A., Weber, M., and Changeux, J.-P. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 80, 215-224). The receptor was extracted with 2% potassium cholate in the presence of 2.5% soybean phospholipids. After reconstitution by the cholate dialysis procedure, the vesicles exhibited a rapid, carbamylcholine-dependent uptake of 22Na+, which was inhibited by alpha-bungarotoxin and several other known inhibitors. At concentrations above 5 x 10(-5) M carbamylcholine, the fast phase of Na+ influx lasted less than 10 sec. At 5 x 10(-6)M, it lasted 30 sec but was only about 50% of the maximal total uptake observed at optimal agonist concentration. The phenomenon of desensitization was exhibited by the reconstituted vesicles. When 2 x 10(-4)M carbamylcholine was added, 15 sec before 22Na+, the rapid Na+ influx phase was no longer observed.", "PMID": 690117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8651", "title": "Solubilization of the O2(-)-forming activity responsible for the respiratory burst in human neutrophils.", "content": "On exposure to suitable activating agents, neutrophils sharply alter their oxygen metabolism, showing large increases in oxygen uptake, O2 and H2O2 production, and glucose consumption via the hexose monophosphate shunt. These metabolic alterations, which together are designated the \"respiratory burst,\" are due to the activation of a system which catalyzes the reaction: 2O2 + NADPH leads to 2O2(-) + NADP. This O2(-)-forming system is found in a particulate fraction isolated from neutrophils which had been activated with opsonized zymosan. When these particles were treated with detergent under suitable conditions, the O2(-)-forming activity was released in a form which passed through a membrane filter capable of retaining species of Mr greater than 3000,000. Soluble O2(-)-forming activity was obtained from normal activated neutrophils, but not from normal resting neutrophils or from activated neutrophils obtained from patients with chronic granulomatous disease, an inherited condition in which the respiratory burst is defective. O2(-)production by the soluble system required a reduced pyridine nucleotide as electron donor, and showed a quadratic dependence on the concentration of the solubilized preparation.", "contents": "Solubilization of the O2(-)-forming activity responsible for the respiratory burst in human neutrophils. On exposure to suitable activating agents, neutrophils sharply alter their oxygen metabolism, showing large increases in oxygen uptake, O2 and H2O2 production, and glucose consumption via the hexose monophosphate shunt. These metabolic alterations, which together are designated the \"respiratory burst,\" are due to the activation of a system which catalyzes the reaction: 2O2 + NADPH leads to 2O2(-) + NADP. This O2(-)-forming system is found in a particulate fraction isolated from neutrophils which had been activated with opsonized zymosan. When these particles were treated with detergent under suitable conditions, the O2(-)-forming activity was released in a form which passed through a membrane filter capable of retaining species of Mr greater than 3000,000. Soluble O2(-)-forming activity was obtained from normal activated neutrophils, but not from normal resting neutrophils or from activated neutrophils obtained from patients with chronic granulomatous disease, an inherited condition in which the respiratory burst is defective. O2(-)production by the soluble system required a reduced pyridine nucleotide as electron donor, and showed a quadratic dependence on the concentration of the solubilized preparation.", "PMID": 690118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8652", "title": "Cooperative functioning between antifreeze glycoproteins.", "content": "Antifreeze glycoproteins from polar fish bloods are a mixture of closely related components which differ structurally by size and by the presence of proline in the smaller components. Although the smaller components containing proline exist in higher amounts than do the larger ones, their presence puzzled investigators because they had very weak antifreeze activity. A very important function for these smaller components has now been found. These smaller antifreeze glycoproteins (10 to 25 mg/ml) have now been tested as mixtures with the larger active antifreeze glycoproteins (2 to 4 mg/ml) and a very large (2- to 8-fold) potentiation of antifreeze activity has been observed. There appears to be a cooperative functioning between the larger and smaller components.", "contents": "Cooperative functioning between antifreeze glycoproteins. Antifreeze glycoproteins from polar fish bloods are a mixture of closely related components which differ structurally by size and by the presence of proline in the smaller components. Although the smaller components containing proline exist in higher amounts than do the larger ones, their presence puzzled investigators because they had very weak antifreeze activity. A very important function for these smaller components has now been found. These smaller antifreeze glycoproteins (10 to 25 mg/ml) have now been tested as mixtures with the larger active antifreeze glycoproteins (2 to 4 mg/ml) and a very large (2- to 8-fold) potentiation of antifreeze activity has been observed. There appears to be a cooperative functioning between the larger and smaller components.", "PMID": 690119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8653", "title": "Purification and characterization of tetrahydrofolate.protein complex in bovine liver.", "content": "Gel filtration of bovine liver extract on a Sephadex G-200 column resolved three macromolecular fractions with dihydropteridine reductase-dependent cytochrome c reducing activity. One of the active fractions was purified from the extract through the steps of solvent fractionation, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, and gel filtration. Biochemical and microbiological analyses showed that the purified complex consists of a Mr = 70,000 protein and tetrahydropteroyldiglutamate. In contrast to the extreme lability of free tetrahydropteridines the complex was quite stable against autooxidation under aerobic conditions.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of tetrahydrofolate.protein complex in bovine liver. Gel filtration of bovine liver extract on a Sephadex G-200 column resolved three macromolecular fractions with dihydropteridine reductase-dependent cytochrome c reducing activity. One of the active fractions was purified from the extract through the steps of solvent fractionation, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, and gel filtration. Biochemical and microbiological analyses showed that the purified complex consists of a Mr = 70,000 protein and tetrahydropteroyldiglutamate. In contrast to the extreme lability of free tetrahydropteridines the complex was quite stable against autooxidation under aerobic conditions.", "PMID": 690120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8654", "title": "Photosynthetic pigments of green sulfur bacteria. The esterifying alcohols of bacteriochlorophylls c from Chlorobium limicola.", "content": "Bacteriochlorophyll c, the light-harvesting pigment from the green sulfur bacteria Chlorobium limicola, has been resolved into over a dozen chemically similar components by a new high pressure reversed-phase chromatographic procedure based on a stationary phase of polyethylene power. Detailed spectroscopic characterization of the resolved components has resulted in the identification of four different chlorins and six different esterifying alcohols. The major esterifying alcohol is trans, trans-farnesol, but smaller amounts of geranylgeraniol, tetrahydrogeranylgeraniol, phytol, cis-9-hexadecen-1-ol and 4-undecyl-2-furanmethanol are also observed. The high information content intrinsic in the compositional analyses of the complex pigment mixtures found in green sulfur bacteria appears to provide a new probe of the mechanisms of pigment biosynthesis in these organisms.", "contents": "Photosynthetic pigments of green sulfur bacteria. The esterifying alcohols of bacteriochlorophylls c from Chlorobium limicola. Bacteriochlorophyll c, the light-harvesting pigment from the green sulfur bacteria Chlorobium limicola, has been resolved into over a dozen chemically similar components by a new high pressure reversed-phase chromatographic procedure based on a stationary phase of polyethylene power. Detailed spectroscopic characterization of the resolved components has resulted in the identification of four different chlorins and six different esterifying alcohols. The major esterifying alcohol is trans, trans-farnesol, but smaller amounts of geranylgeraniol, tetrahydrogeranylgeraniol, phytol, cis-9-hexadecen-1-ol and 4-undecyl-2-furanmethanol are also observed. The high information content intrinsic in the compositional analyses of the complex pigment mixtures found in green sulfur bacteria appears to provide a new probe of the mechanisms of pigment biosynthesis in these organisms.", "PMID": 690124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8655", "title": "The binding of metal ions to bovine factor IX.", "content": "The binding isotherms of Ca2+ and Mn2+ to bovine factor IX have been determined at pH 6.5 and pH 7.4, at 25 degrees C. At pH 7.4, at least 2 strong Ca2+ sites, with an average KDISS of 0.1 +/- 0.02 mM, are found. An additional 10 to 11 weaker Ca2+ binding sites, with an average KDISS of 1.3 +/- 0.2 mM are noted, at high levels of Ca2+. At pH 6.5, again at least 2 strong Ca2+ sites on factor IX are evident, with an average KDISS of 0.11 +/- 0.02 mM; but slightly fewer (7 to 8) weaker sites, with an average KDISS of 1.9 +/- 0.3 mM, are obtained. Qualitatively, the binding of Mn2+ to bovine factor IX appears similar to that of Ca2+. At pH 6.5, approximately 2 strong Mn2+ binding sites, with an average KDISS of 13 +/- 1.5 micrometer, and an additional 5 to 6 weak sites, with an average KDISS of 160 +/- 15 micrometer, are present. Manganese does not completely displace Ca2+; and Ca2+ does not completely displace Mn2+ from their respective binding sites. On the other hand, Tb3+ and Sm3+ readily displace Ca2+, at pH 6.5, from its sites on factor IX. The rate and extent of activation of bovine factor IX, by bovine factor XIa, is dependent on the Ca2+ concentration, up to concentrations of Ca2+ which saturate its effect on the system. Substitution of Sr2+ for Ca2+ leads to approximately 50% of the maximum rate of factor IXa formation, and final yield of factor IXa, in this activation system. Manganese does not substitute for Ca2+ in this activation, but does inhibit the stimulatory effect of Ca2+. Both Tb3+ and Sm3+ are effective inhibitors of Ca2+ in factor IX activation by factor XIa.", "contents": "The binding of metal ions to bovine factor IX. The binding isotherms of Ca2+ and Mn2+ to bovine factor IX have been determined at pH 6.5 and pH 7.4, at 25 degrees C. At pH 7.4, at least 2 strong Ca2+ sites, with an average KDISS of 0.1 +/- 0.02 mM, are found. An additional 10 to 11 weaker Ca2+ binding sites, with an average KDISS of 1.3 +/- 0.2 mM are noted, at high levels of Ca2+. At pH 6.5, again at least 2 strong Ca2+ sites on factor IX are evident, with an average KDISS of 0.11 +/- 0.02 mM; but slightly fewer (7 to 8) weaker sites, with an average KDISS of 1.9 +/- 0.3 mM, are obtained. Qualitatively, the binding of Mn2+ to bovine factor IX appears similar to that of Ca2+. At pH 6.5, approximately 2 strong Mn2+ binding sites, with an average KDISS of 13 +/- 1.5 micrometer, and an additional 5 to 6 weak sites, with an average KDISS of 160 +/- 15 micrometer, are present. Manganese does not completely displace Ca2+; and Ca2+ does not completely displace Mn2+ from their respective binding sites. On the other hand, Tb3+ and Sm3+ readily displace Ca2+, at pH 6.5, from its sites on factor IX. The rate and extent of activation of bovine factor IX, by bovine factor XIa, is dependent on the Ca2+ concentration, up to concentrations of Ca2+ which saturate its effect on the system. Substitution of Sr2+ for Ca2+ leads to approximately 50% of the maximum rate of factor IXa formation, and final yield of factor IXa, in this activation system. Manganese does not substitute for Ca2+ in this activation, but does inhibit the stimulatory effect of Ca2+. Both Tb3+ and Sm3+ are effective inhibitors of Ca2+ in factor IX activation by factor XIa.", "PMID": 690125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8656", "title": "Demonstration of diphtheria toxin receptors on surface membranes from both toxin-sensitive and toxin-resistant species.", "content": "A detailed binding study of 125I-labeled diphtheria toxin to isolated cell surface membrane-enriched fractions is reported. The study was undertaken to determine if toxin-resistant species exhibit a defet in either the binding step or the transport step of the intoxication process. Surface membrane fractions were obtained from liver and mammary glands of toxin-sensitive species, rabbit and giunea pig, and toxin-resistant species, rat mouse. All membrane fractions exhibited reversible binding of 125I-toxin which was competitively inhibited by unlabeled toxin. Toxin receptors from liver co-purified with plasma membranes and the plasma membrane marker 5'-nucleotidase. One-half saturation of all receptors occurred between 5 x 10(-8) and 1.8 x 10(-7) M. Scatchard plots were nonlinear and concave upwards. Total receptor sites ranged from 3.4 to 16 pmol/mg of membrane protein, tissue differences being more pronounced than difference between sensitive and nonsensitive species. Over 95% of the toxin specific binding was inhibited by removal of divalent cation from the medium or by the inclusion of 1 mM ATP, procedures which have been shown to protect sensitive cells from intoxication by diphtheria toxin. We conclude that the rat and mouse have surface membrane receptors for diphtheria toxin and that the toxin insensitivity of these species results from a defect in or a lack of the transport process.", "contents": "Demonstration of diphtheria toxin receptors on surface membranes from both toxin-sensitive and toxin-resistant species. A detailed binding study of 125I-labeled diphtheria toxin to isolated cell surface membrane-enriched fractions is reported. The study was undertaken to determine if toxin-resistant species exhibit a defet in either the binding step or the transport step of the intoxication process. Surface membrane fractions were obtained from liver and mammary glands of toxin-sensitive species, rabbit and giunea pig, and toxin-resistant species, rat mouse. All membrane fractions exhibited reversible binding of 125I-toxin which was competitively inhibited by unlabeled toxin. Toxin receptors from liver co-purified with plasma membranes and the plasma membrane marker 5'-nucleotidase. One-half saturation of all receptors occurred between 5 x 10(-8) and 1.8 x 10(-7) M. Scatchard plots were nonlinear and concave upwards. Total receptor sites ranged from 3.4 to 16 pmol/mg of membrane protein, tissue differences being more pronounced than difference between sensitive and nonsensitive species. Over 95% of the toxin specific binding was inhibited by removal of divalent cation from the medium or by the inclusion of 1 mM ATP, procedures which have been shown to protect sensitive cells from intoxication by diphtheria toxin. We conclude that the rat and mouse have surface membrane receptors for diphtheria toxin and that the toxin insensitivity of these species results from a defect in or a lack of the transport process.", "PMID": 690129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8657", "title": "Effect of diet on adenylosuccinase activity in various organs of rat and chicken.", "content": "Adenylosuccinase activity of rat liver is depressed by prolonged starvation, cortisol administration, high protein diets, and alloxan diabetes. The loss of activity is not due to the accumulation of a dissociable inhibitor or loss of a cofactor. Starvation produces no loss in activity for 1 day; thereafter the activities of the liver and spleen enzyme decay with a half-life of about 0.9 day. Starvation produces no change in the activity of the kidney, brain, and skeletal muscle enzyme. Refeeding restores the activity of the liver enzyme to the fed level, with only a slight overshoot. The recovery of adenylosuccinase activity is equally rapid after refeeding a balanced diet, or corn oil, or glucose, and is not inhibited by injection of glucagon, in contrast to malic enzyme activity. Recovery is inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating the involvement of protein synthesis. Althouth adenylosuccinase is depressed in liver of starving rat it is elevated in liver of starving chicken. Starvation depresses malic enzyme activity and elevates alanine aminotransferase activity in both species. When rats are starved, the rate of de novo synthesis of adenine mononucleotide decreases in spleen and liver but not in kidney, suggesting a regulatory role for adenylosuccinase in purine biosynthesis. The low activity of adenylosuccinase in liver of severely starved rats is inconsistent with the proposal (Moss, K. M., and McGivan, J.D. (1975) Biochem. J. 150, 275-283) that the purine nucleotide cycle plays a major role in ammonia production for urea synthesis, at least under these conditions.", "contents": "Effect of diet on adenylosuccinase activity in various organs of rat and chicken. Adenylosuccinase activity of rat liver is depressed by prolonged starvation, cortisol administration, high protein diets, and alloxan diabetes. The loss of activity is not due to the accumulation of a dissociable inhibitor or loss of a cofactor. Starvation produces no loss in activity for 1 day; thereafter the activities of the liver and spleen enzyme decay with a half-life of about 0.9 day. Starvation produces no change in the activity of the kidney, brain, and skeletal muscle enzyme. Refeeding restores the activity of the liver enzyme to the fed level, with only a slight overshoot. The recovery of adenylosuccinase activity is equally rapid after refeeding a balanced diet, or corn oil, or glucose, and is not inhibited by injection of glucagon, in contrast to malic enzyme activity. Recovery is inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating the involvement of protein synthesis. Althouth adenylosuccinase is depressed in liver of starving rat it is elevated in liver of starving chicken. Starvation depresses malic enzyme activity and elevates alanine aminotransferase activity in both species. When rats are starved, the rate of de novo synthesis of adenine mononucleotide decreases in spleen and liver but not in kidney, suggesting a regulatory role for adenylosuccinase in purine biosynthesis. The low activity of adenylosuccinase in liver of severely starved rats is inconsistent with the proposal (Moss, K. M., and McGivan, J.D. (1975) Biochem. J. 150, 275-283) that the purine nucleotide cycle plays a major role in ammonia production for urea synthesis, at least under these conditions.", "PMID": 690130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8658", "title": "Properties of the factor Xa binding site on human platelets.", "content": "The affinity (Ka) of human coagulation Factor Xa for thrombin-treated (to stimulate the release reaction) platelets has been determined to be 3 to 4 x 10(10) M-1 by equilibrium binding studies using 125I-labeled Xa. The binding of Factor Xa to platelets results in an increase of 300,000-fold in the apparent enzymatic activity of Xa in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. The activity of platelet surface Xa is approximately 15-fold greater than that observed with optimum concentrations of bovine Factor V and phospholipids in place of platelets. Ca2+ is required for the Xa-platelet interaction; the optimum concentration is 2.5 mM. Related coagulation factors, including Factor X, Factor IXa, diisopropylphosphoryl Factor Xa, and prothrombin do not complete with Factor Xa for the Xa binding sites. The rate of thrombim formation at saturating amounts of Xa is directly proportional to the number of platelets from 1 x 10(7) to 5 x 10(8) platelets/ml. Factor Xa bound to platelets is not inactivated by antithrombin III. An antibody that inhibits both human and bovine coagulation Factor V activity blocks both Xa binding to released platelets and the rapid thrombin formation associated with this binding, suggesting that Factor V from platelets is involved in the Xa-platelet interaction.", "contents": "Properties of the factor Xa binding site on human platelets. The affinity (Ka) of human coagulation Factor Xa for thrombin-treated (to stimulate the release reaction) platelets has been determined to be 3 to 4 x 10(10) M-1 by equilibrium binding studies using 125I-labeled Xa. The binding of Factor Xa to platelets results in an increase of 300,000-fold in the apparent enzymatic activity of Xa in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. The activity of platelet surface Xa is approximately 15-fold greater than that observed with optimum concentrations of bovine Factor V and phospholipids in place of platelets. Ca2+ is required for the Xa-platelet interaction; the optimum concentration is 2.5 mM. Related coagulation factors, including Factor X, Factor IXa, diisopropylphosphoryl Factor Xa, and prothrombin do not complete with Factor Xa for the Xa binding sites. The rate of thrombim formation at saturating amounts of Xa is directly proportional to the number of platelets from 1 x 10(7) to 5 x 10(8) platelets/ml. Factor Xa bound to platelets is not inactivated by antithrombin III. An antibody that inhibits both human and bovine coagulation Factor V activity blocks both Xa binding to released platelets and the rapid thrombin formation associated with this binding, suggesting that Factor V from platelets is involved in the Xa-platelet interaction.", "PMID": 690132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8659", "title": "Primary structural analysis of the polypeptide portion of human C5a anaphylatoxin. Polypeptide sequence determination and assignment of the oligosaccharide attachment site in C5a.", "content": "The C5a molecule is one of two spasmogenic fragments (i.e. C3a and C5a) released from serum components C3 and C5 during complement activation. These fragments are called anaphylatoxins because their ability to stimulate mast cell histamine release, smooth muscle contraction, and increased vascular permeability may lead to a fatal reaction resembling anaphylactic shock in experimental animals. In addition, the C5a molecule, which is a glycoprotein, is perhaps the most potent of all humoral chemoattractants for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Most of the structural analyses in this study were performed on the desArg 74 form of human C5a (C5adesArg). C5adesArg represents a natural form of C5a that is recovered from activated serum when no inhibitors are added to block the action of serum carboxypeptidase. The complete primary structure of the human C5a polypeptide portion is reported here. A partial characterization of intact human C5a has been previously reported (Fernandez, H. N., and Hugli, T. E. (1976) J. Immunol. 117, 1688--1694). The polypeptide portion of C5a contains 74 amino acids, accounting for a molecular weight of 8,200 while the carbohydrate portion accounts for approximately 3,000. The carbohydrate portion of C5a exists as a single complex oligosaccharide unit attached to an asparagine at position 64. An unusual feature of the C5a molecule is its large content of half-cystine, which accounts for more than 9% of its total residues. Two repeating Cys sequences occur in the linear structure and 6 of the 7 half-cystines in C5a are located at nearly identical positions to those in the human C3a molecule. In fact, sequence similarities between C3a and C5a indicate their common genetic ancestry. The role of C5a and C5adesArg as chemotactic factors prompted comparisons of their structural features with those of the chemotactically active formyl-Met peptides (Schiffman E., Corcoran, B. A., and Wahl, S. M. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 1059--1062). Removal of the COOH-terminal arginyl residue from C5a reduces chemotactic activity; therefore, the terminal portion of this molecule appears to play an active role in stimulating leukocyte migration. Hence the COOH-terminal sequence of C5a was examined for structural similarities to that of the formyl-Met peptides. Since methionine assumes a special functional importance in the formyl-Met peptides, attention is focused on the single methionyl residue in C5a. This methionyl residue, located near the COOH terminus of the molecule, may play an active role in the functional expression of C5a as a chemotactic factor. Although human and pig C3a show a close structural and functional relationship to C5a they lack the ability to excite leukotaxis, and this difference may correlate with the absence of a methionyl residue near the COOH terminus of C3a.", "contents": "Primary structural analysis of the polypeptide portion of human C5a anaphylatoxin. Polypeptide sequence determination and assignment of the oligosaccharide attachment site in C5a. The C5a molecule is one of two spasmogenic fragments (i.e. C3a and C5a) released from serum components C3 and C5 during complement activation. These fragments are called anaphylatoxins because their ability to stimulate mast cell histamine release, smooth muscle contraction, and increased vascular permeability may lead to a fatal reaction resembling anaphylactic shock in experimental animals. In addition, the C5a molecule, which is a glycoprotein, is perhaps the most potent of all humoral chemoattractants for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Most of the structural analyses in this study were performed on the desArg 74 form of human C5a (C5adesArg). C5adesArg represents a natural form of C5a that is recovered from activated serum when no inhibitors are added to block the action of serum carboxypeptidase. The complete primary structure of the human C5a polypeptide portion is reported here. A partial characterization of intact human C5a has been previously reported (Fernandez, H. N., and Hugli, T. E. (1976) J. Immunol. 117, 1688--1694). The polypeptide portion of C5a contains 74 amino acids, accounting for a molecular weight of 8,200 while the carbohydrate portion accounts for approximately 3,000. The carbohydrate portion of C5a exists as a single complex oligosaccharide unit attached to an asparagine at position 64. An unusual feature of the C5a molecule is its large content of half-cystine, which accounts for more than 9% of its total residues. Two repeating Cys sequences occur in the linear structure and 6 of the 7 half-cystines in C5a are located at nearly identical positions to those in the human C3a molecule. In fact, sequence similarities between C3a and C5a indicate their common genetic ancestry. The role of C5a and C5adesArg as chemotactic factors prompted comparisons of their structural features with those of the chemotactically active formyl-Met peptides (Schiffman E., Corcoran, B. A., and Wahl, S. M. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 1059--1062). Removal of the COOH-terminal arginyl residue from C5a reduces chemotactic activity; therefore, the terminal portion of this molecule appears to play an active role in stimulating leukocyte migration. Hence the COOH-terminal sequence of C5a was examined for structural similarities to that of the formyl-Met peptides. Since methionine assumes a special functional importance in the formyl-Met peptides, attention is focused on the single methionyl residue in C5a. This methionyl residue, located near the COOH terminus of the molecule, may play an active role in the functional expression of C5a as a chemotactic factor. Although human and pig C3a show a close structural and functional relationship to C5a they lack the ability to excite leukotaxis, and this difference may correlate with the absence of a methionyl residue near the COOH terminus of C3a.", "PMID": 690134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8660", "title": "Covalent interaction of L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic acid with rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase. Evidence for a specific glutamate binding site and of subunit heterogeneity.", "content": "Rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase is rapidly inactivated by incubating with L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic scid. Concentrations of phosphate, which increase the glutaminase activity, decrease the rate of inactivation by chloroketone. In addition, inactivation is not blocked by glutamine. Instead, glutamate was shown to specifically reduce the rate of chloroketone inactivation. Upon sodium lauryl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified glutaminase preparation exhibits at least five protein staining bands which range in molecular weight from 57,000 to 75,000. Studies with 14C-labeled chloroketone indicate that this reagent reacts with each of these peptides. The mean stoichiometry of binding was calculated to be 1.3 mol/mol of enzyme. Therefore, these results indicate that the glutaminase may contain a specific site for binding glutamate and that the purified enzyme consists of a series of related peptides which may have resulted from partial proteolysis.", "contents": "Covalent interaction of L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic acid with rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase. Evidence for a specific glutamate binding site and of subunit heterogeneity. Rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase is rapidly inactivated by incubating with L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic scid. Concentrations of phosphate, which increase the glutaminase activity, decrease the rate of inactivation by chloroketone. In addition, inactivation is not blocked by glutamine. Instead, glutamate was shown to specifically reduce the rate of chloroketone inactivation. Upon sodium lauryl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified glutaminase preparation exhibits at least five protein staining bands which range in molecular weight from 57,000 to 75,000. Studies with 14C-labeled chloroketone indicate that this reagent reacts with each of these peptides. The mean stoichiometry of binding was calculated to be 1.3 mol/mol of enzyme. Therefore, these results indicate that the glutaminase may contain a specific site for binding glutamate and that the purified enzyme consists of a series of related peptides which may have resulted from partial proteolysis.", "PMID": 690141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8661", "title": "Neurofilament protein is phosphorylated in the squid giant axon.", "content": "We have observed the phosphorylation of neurofilament protein from squid axoplasm. Phosphorylation is demonstrated by 32P labeling of protein during incubation of axoplasm with [gamma-32P]ATP. When the labeled proteins are separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two bands, at 2.0 x 10(5) daltons and greater than 4 x 10(5) daltons, contain the bulk of the 32P. The 2.0 x 10(5)-dalton phosphorylated polypeptide comigrates on SDS-PAGE with one of the subunits of squid neurofilament protein. Both major phosphorylated polypeptides co-fractionate with neurofilaments in discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation and on gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The protein-phosphate bond behaves like a phospho-ester, and labeled phospho-serine is identified in an acid hydrolysate of the protein. The generality of this phenomenon in various species and its possible physiological significance are discussed.", "contents": "Neurofilament protein is phosphorylated in the squid giant axon. We have observed the phosphorylation of neurofilament protein from squid axoplasm. Phosphorylation is demonstrated by 32P labeling of protein during incubation of axoplasm with [gamma-32P]ATP. When the labeled proteins are separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two bands, at 2.0 x 10(5) daltons and greater than 4 x 10(5) daltons, contain the bulk of the 32P. The 2.0 x 10(5)-dalton phosphorylated polypeptide comigrates on SDS-PAGE with one of the subunits of squid neurofilament protein. Both major phosphorylated polypeptides co-fractionate with neurofilaments in discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation and on gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The protein-phosphate bond behaves like a phospho-ester, and labeled phospho-serine is identified in an acid hydrolysate of the protein. The generality of this phenomenon in various species and its possible physiological significance are discussed.", "PMID": 690167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8662", "title": "Integrated stereological and biochemical studies on hepatocytic membranes. III. Relative surface of endoplasmic reticulum membranes in microsomal fractions estimated on freeze-fracture preparations.", "content": "New methods are required for identifying membranes in subcellular fractions with respect to their origin, if such preparations are to be evaluated morphometrically. One method is freeze-fracturing which reveals intramembrane particles whose size, pattern, and numerical density differ for various membrane types. The question is examined whether the differences in numerical particle density per square micrometer of membrane (alpha) can be used to differentiate membrane vesicles found in microsomal fractions from liver cells with respect to their origin in the hepatocytes. It is found that the range of alpha for the protoplasmic face (PF) of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (1,900 less than alpha less than 3,250) is intermediate between those for plasma and mitochondrial membranes. Since PF(ER) should appear in the outer leaflet of microsomal vesicles, alpha was estimated on concave profiles of freeze-fracture preparations; the numerical frequency distribution of vesicles with respect to alpha was trimodal, with a major peak around 2,900/micrometer2 and 66% of the vesicles in the range determined for PF(ER). Using a new stereological method, it was calculated that 63% of the membrane surface in these microsomal fractions was of ER origin by this criterion. On the same preparations, an attempt was made to label the ER-derived membranes cytochemically for glucose-6-phosphatase. A line intersection count revealed 62% of the membrane surface to be of ER origin on the basis of marker enzyme labeling. These findings indicate a smaller part of ER membranes in microsomal fractions than would be predicted from biochemical data (77%). The possible reasons for such discrepancies are discussed; shifts in particle densities due to the preparation procedure could lead to an underestimate by freeze-fracturing, whereas the prediction from biochemical data could be overestimates if marker enzymes were not homogeneously distributed.", "contents": "Integrated stereological and biochemical studies on hepatocytic membranes. III. Relative surface of endoplasmic reticulum membranes in microsomal fractions estimated on freeze-fracture preparations. New methods are required for identifying membranes in subcellular fractions with respect to their origin, if such preparations are to be evaluated morphometrically. One method is freeze-fracturing which reveals intramembrane particles whose size, pattern, and numerical density differ for various membrane types. The question is examined whether the differences in numerical particle density per square micrometer of membrane (alpha) can be used to differentiate membrane vesicles found in microsomal fractions from liver cells with respect to their origin in the hepatocytes. It is found that the range of alpha for the protoplasmic face (PF) of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (1,900 less than alpha less than 3,250) is intermediate between those for plasma and mitochondrial membranes. Since PF(ER) should appear in the outer leaflet of microsomal vesicles, alpha was estimated on concave profiles of freeze-fracture preparations; the numerical frequency distribution of vesicles with respect to alpha was trimodal, with a major peak around 2,900/micrometer2 and 66% of the vesicles in the range determined for PF(ER). Using a new stereological method, it was calculated that 63% of the membrane surface in these microsomal fractions was of ER origin by this criterion. On the same preparations, an attempt was made to label the ER-derived membranes cytochemically for glucose-6-phosphatase. A line intersection count revealed 62% of the membrane surface to be of ER origin on the basis of marker enzyme labeling. These findings indicate a smaller part of ER membranes in microsomal fractions than would be predicted from biochemical data (77%). The possible reasons for such discrepancies are discussed; shifts in particle densities due to the preparation procedure could lead to an underestimate by freeze-fracturing, whereas the prediction from biochemical data could be overestimates if marker enzymes were not homogeneously distributed.", "PMID": 690168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8663", "title": "Stereological analysis of hepatic fine structure in the Fischer 344 rat. Influence of sublobular location and animal age.", "content": "Stereological analysis of hepatic fine structure in Fischer 344 male rats at 1, 6, 10, 16, 20, 25, and 30 mo of age revealed differences in the amounts and distributions of hepatocellular organelles as a function of sublobular location or animal age. Between 1 and 16 mo of age, both the centrolobular and periportal hepatocytes increased in volume by 65 and 35%, respectively. Subsequently, the cell volumes declined until the hepatocytes of 30-mo-old rats approached the size of those found in the youngest animals. Regardless of animal age, the centrolobular cells were consistently larger than the corresponding periportal hepatocytes. The cytoplasmic and ground substance compartments reflected similar changes in their volumes, although there was no significant alteration in the nuclear volume. The volumes of the mitochondrial and microbody compartments increased and decreased concomitant with the changes in average hepatocyte size. Both lobular zones in the 30-mo-old rats contained significantly smaller relative volumes of mitochondria than similar parenchyma in 16-mo-old animals. The volume density of the dense bodies (lysosomes) increased markedly in both lobular zones between 1 and 30 mo of age, confirming reports of an age-dependent increase in this organelle. The surface area of the endoplasmic reticulum in the centrolobular and periportal hepatocytes reached its maximum level in the 10-mo-old rats and subsequently declined to amounts which approximated those measured in the 1-mo-old animals. This age-related loss of intracellular membrane is attributable to a significant reduction in the surface area of the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in animals beyond 16 mo of age. The amount of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in the periportal parenchymal cells was unaffected by aging, but the centrolobular hepatocytes of 30-mo-old animals contained 90% more RER than similar cells in the youngest rats. The centrolobular parenchyma contained more SER and the portal zones more RER throughout the age span studied. These quantitative data suggest that (a) certain hepatic fine structural parameters undergo marked changes as a function of animal age, (b) there exists a gradient in hepatocellular fine structure across the entire liver lobule, and (c) there are remarkable similarities in hepatocyte ultrastructure between very young and senescent animals, including cell size and the amount of SER.", "contents": "Stereological analysis of hepatic fine structure in the Fischer 344 rat. Influence of sublobular location and animal age. Stereological analysis of hepatic fine structure in Fischer 344 male rats at 1, 6, 10, 16, 20, 25, and 30 mo of age revealed differences in the amounts and distributions of hepatocellular organelles as a function of sublobular location or animal age. Between 1 and 16 mo of age, both the centrolobular and periportal hepatocytes increased in volume by 65 and 35%, respectively. Subsequently, the cell volumes declined until the hepatocytes of 30-mo-old rats approached the size of those found in the youngest animals. Regardless of animal age, the centrolobular cells were consistently larger than the corresponding periportal hepatocytes. The cytoplasmic and ground substance compartments reflected similar changes in their volumes, although there was no significant alteration in the nuclear volume. The volumes of the mitochondrial and microbody compartments increased and decreased concomitant with the changes in average hepatocyte size. Both lobular zones in the 30-mo-old rats contained significantly smaller relative volumes of mitochondria than similar parenchyma in 16-mo-old animals. The volume density of the dense bodies (lysosomes) increased markedly in both lobular zones between 1 and 30 mo of age, confirming reports of an age-dependent increase in this organelle. The surface area of the endoplasmic reticulum in the centrolobular and periportal hepatocytes reached its maximum level in the 10-mo-old rats and subsequently declined to amounts which approximated those measured in the 1-mo-old animals. This age-related loss of intracellular membrane is attributable to a significant reduction in the surface area of the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in animals beyond 16 mo of age. The amount of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in the periportal parenchymal cells was unaffected by aging, but the centrolobular hepatocytes of 30-mo-old animals contained 90% more RER than similar cells in the youngest rats. The centrolobular parenchyma contained more SER and the portal zones more RER throughout the age span studied. These quantitative data suggest that (a) certain hepatic fine structural parameters undergo marked changes as a function of animal age, (b) there exists a gradient in hepatocellular fine structure across the entire liver lobule, and (c) there are remarkable similarities in hepatocyte ultrastructure between very young and senescent animals, including cell size and the amount of SER.", "PMID": 690169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8664", "title": "Formation of gap junctions by treatment in vitro with potassium conductance blockers.", "content": "Gap junctions were regularly seen in thin sections of canine tracheal smooth muscle incubated in vitro. Their number was increased in tissued exposed in vitro to either of two potassium conductance blockers, tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), and at the same time the muscles became mechanically active, with spontaneous contractions. The presence of gap junctions in this smooth muscle may provide one basis for cell-to-cell coupling, and their increase after TEA- and 4-AP-treatment could account for a decreased junctional resistance between cells, contributing to a longer space constant. However, an increase in gap junctions was not sufficient to change the behavior of trachealis smooth muscle from multiunit to single-unit type. Gap junctions in increased numbers persisted after washout of 4-AP, which caused inhibition of spontaneous contractions, and despite inhibition of the contractile effects of 4-AP by atropine. The rapid induction of gap junction formation was not dependent on de novo synthesis of protein. The fact that the number of gap junctions can be increased by chemical agents has important implications for control of their formation and provides a tool for analysis fo their role in cell-to-cell coupling.", "contents": "Formation of gap junctions by treatment in vitro with potassium conductance blockers. Gap junctions were regularly seen in thin sections of canine tracheal smooth muscle incubated in vitro. Their number was increased in tissued exposed in vitro to either of two potassium conductance blockers, tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), and at the same time the muscles became mechanically active, with spontaneous contractions. The presence of gap junctions in this smooth muscle may provide one basis for cell-to-cell coupling, and their increase after TEA- and 4-AP-treatment could account for a decreased junctional resistance between cells, contributing to a longer space constant. However, an increase in gap junctions was not sufficient to change the behavior of trachealis smooth muscle from multiunit to single-unit type. Gap junctions in increased numbers persisted after washout of 4-AP, which caused inhibition of spontaneous contractions, and despite inhibition of the contractile effects of 4-AP by atropine. The rapid induction of gap junction formation was not dependent on de novo synthesis of protein. The fact that the number of gap junctions can be increased by chemical agents has important implications for control of their formation and provides a tool for analysis fo their role in cell-to-cell coupling.", "PMID": 690170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8665", "title": "Chemical and structural changes of neurofilaments in transected rat sciatic nerve.", "content": "The sequence of changes occurring in transected rat sciatic nerve was examined by electron microscopy and by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Representative segments of transected nerves were processed for ultrastructural examinations between 0 and 34 days after the transection of sciatic nerves immediately below the sacro-sciatic notch. The remainder of the transected nerves and the intact portions of sciatic nerves were desheathed and immediately homogenized in 1 percent SDS containing 8 M urea and 50 mM dithioerythritol. Solubilized proteins were analyzed on 12 percent gels at pH 8.3 in a discontinuous electrophoretic system. Initial changes were limited to the axons of transected nerve fibers and were characterized by the loss of microtubules and neurofilaments and their replacement by an amorphous floccular material. These changes became widespread between 24 and 48 h after transection. The disruption of neurofilaments during this interval occurred in parallel with a selective loss of 69,000, 150,000 and 200,000 mol wt proteins from nerve homogenates, thus corroborating the view that these proteins represent component subunits of mammalian neurofilaments. Furthermore, the selective changes of neurofilament proteins in transected nerves indicate their inherent lability and suggest their susceptibility to calcium-mediated alterations. Electrophoretic profiles of nerve proteins during the 4-34-day interval after nerve transection reflected the breakdown and removal of myelin, the proliferation of Schwann cells and the deposition of endoneurial collagen. A marked increase of intermediate-sized filaments within proliferating Schwann cell processes was not accompanied by the appearance of neurofilamentlike proteins in gels of nerve homogenates.", "contents": "Chemical and structural changes of neurofilaments in transected rat sciatic nerve. The sequence of changes occurring in transected rat sciatic nerve was examined by electron microscopy and by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Representative segments of transected nerves were processed for ultrastructural examinations between 0 and 34 days after the transection of sciatic nerves immediately below the sacro-sciatic notch. The remainder of the transected nerves and the intact portions of sciatic nerves were desheathed and immediately homogenized in 1 percent SDS containing 8 M urea and 50 mM dithioerythritol. Solubilized proteins were analyzed on 12 percent gels at pH 8.3 in a discontinuous electrophoretic system. Initial changes were limited to the axons of transected nerve fibers and were characterized by the loss of microtubules and neurofilaments and their replacement by an amorphous floccular material. These changes became widespread between 24 and 48 h after transection. The disruption of neurofilaments during this interval occurred in parallel with a selective loss of 69,000, 150,000 and 200,000 mol wt proteins from nerve homogenates, thus corroborating the view that these proteins represent component subunits of mammalian neurofilaments. Furthermore, the selective changes of neurofilament proteins in transected nerves indicate their inherent lability and suggest their susceptibility to calcium-mediated alterations. Electrophoretic profiles of nerve proteins during the 4-34-day interval after nerve transection reflected the breakdown and removal of myelin, the proliferation of Schwann cells and the deposition of endoneurial collagen. A marked increase of intermediate-sized filaments within proliferating Schwann cell processes was not accompanied by the appearance of neurofilamentlike proteins in gels of nerve homogenates.", "PMID": 690171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8666", "title": "Oxygen-sensitive stages of the cell cycle of human diploid cells.", "content": "We had established that growth of human diploid WI-38 cells is reversibly inhibited by elevated partial pressures of oxygen (PO2) and we were interested in determining where in the cell cycle growth was delayed. A technique combining cytospectrophotometry and autoradiography was used to determine cell cycle parameters. Confluent cells that were subcultivated and exposed to a PO2 of 365 +/- 8 mm Hg were delayed primarily after DNA synthesis but before metaphase. At a PO2 of 590 +/- 35 mm Hg, most cells did not initiate DNA synthesis, and the few that did, failed to complete the process. When exponentially growing cells that had already begun DNA synthesis were exposed to a PO2 of 590 p 35 mm Hg, they accumulated after completing DNA synthesis but before initiating mitosis. The rate at which (3H)thymidine was incorporated into DNA was inversely correlated with oxygen tension (PO2 of 135--590 mm Hg). These results suggest that the process most sensitive to oxygen causes cells to be delayed after DNA synthesis but before metaphase. Slightly higher PO2's were needed to inhibit the initiation of DNA synthesis. Further, the rate of DNA synthesis is decreased by elevated oxygen tensions.", "contents": "Oxygen-sensitive stages of the cell cycle of human diploid cells. We had established that growth of human diploid WI-38 cells is reversibly inhibited by elevated partial pressures of oxygen (PO2) and we were interested in determining where in the cell cycle growth was delayed. A technique combining cytospectrophotometry and autoradiography was used to determine cell cycle parameters. Confluent cells that were subcultivated and exposed to a PO2 of 365 +/- 8 mm Hg were delayed primarily after DNA synthesis but before metaphase. At a PO2 of 590 +/- 35 mm Hg, most cells did not initiate DNA synthesis, and the few that did, failed to complete the process. When exponentially growing cells that had already begun DNA synthesis were exposed to a PO2 of 590 p 35 mm Hg, they accumulated after completing DNA synthesis but before initiating mitosis. The rate at which (3H)thymidine was incorporated into DNA was inversely correlated with oxygen tension (PO2 of 135--590 mm Hg). These results suggest that the process most sensitive to oxygen causes cells to be delayed after DNA synthesis but before metaphase. Slightly higher PO2's were needed to inhibit the initiation of DNA synthesis. Further, the rate of DNA synthesis is decreased by elevated oxygen tensions.", "PMID": 690172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8667", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of a large intrinsic membrane protein to the incisures and margins of frog rod outer segment disks.", "content": "Immunocytochemical techniques have localized a large protein which is an intrinsic membrane component of isolated frog rod outer segments (ROS). This large protein whose apparent mol wt is 290,000 daltons comprises about 1--3% of the ROS membrane mass. Its molar ratio to opsin is between 1:300 and 1:900. Adequate immune responses were obtained with less than 30 microgram (100 pmol) of antigen per rabbit. Antibodies to the large protein were used for its localization on thin sections of frog retina embedded in glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine serum albumin (BSA). Specifically bound antibodies were detected by an indirect sequence with ferritin-conjugated antibodies. This technique detected the protein which is represented by 1,000--3,000 molecules per disk. This indicates that the procedure is sufficiently sensitive for analysis of membrane components in low molar proportions. The large protein was specifically localized to the incisures of ROS disks which divide the disks into lobes and to the disk margin. Thus, opsin is mobile within the membrane of the disk while the large protein is apparently constrained to the disk edges. This finding raises the possibility that special functions are also localized ot his unusual region of high curvature, and that collisions of bleached opsin with these edges are physiologically important in couter segment function.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of a large intrinsic membrane protein to the incisures and margins of frog rod outer segment disks. Immunocytochemical techniques have localized a large protein which is an intrinsic membrane component of isolated frog rod outer segments (ROS). This large protein whose apparent mol wt is 290,000 daltons comprises about 1--3% of the ROS membrane mass. Its molar ratio to opsin is between 1:300 and 1:900. Adequate immune responses were obtained with less than 30 microgram (100 pmol) of antigen per rabbit. Antibodies to the large protein were used for its localization on thin sections of frog retina embedded in glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine serum albumin (BSA). Specifically bound antibodies were detected by an indirect sequence with ferritin-conjugated antibodies. This technique detected the protein which is represented by 1,000--3,000 molecules per disk. This indicates that the procedure is sufficiently sensitive for analysis of membrane components in low molar proportions. The large protein was specifically localized to the incisures of ROS disks which divide the disks into lobes and to the disk margin. Thus, opsin is mobile within the membrane of the disk while the large protein is apparently constrained to the disk edges. This finding raises the possibility that special functions are also localized ot his unusual region of high curvature, and that collisions of bleached opsin with these edges are physiologically important in couter segment function.", "PMID": 690173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8668", "title": "Isolation and characterization of glial filaments from human brain.", "content": "Intermediate (8--9 nm) filaments of human central nervous system astrocytes were isolated from the gliosed white matter of cases of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). This hereditary lipidosis is characterized pathologically by demyelination, loss of axons, and replacement of the white matter of the caudal cerebrum by a glial scar. Glial filaments were composed largely of a single protein component with a mol wt of about 49,000 daltons. Smaller components (44,000--39,000 daltons) were detected in some samples, and appear to represent degradation products of the filament protein. Human neurofilaments were isolated from the normal frontal white matter of ALD cases by the standard myelin-free axon technique. Isolated glial and neurofilament proteins comigrated during acrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS. Polypeptides resulting from cyanogen bromide cleavage of the two filament proteins were the same. Both proteins reacted with rabbit antisera raised against isolated bovine neurofilament protein and human glial fibrillary acidic protein.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of glial filaments from human brain. Intermediate (8--9 nm) filaments of human central nervous system astrocytes were isolated from the gliosed white matter of cases of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). This hereditary lipidosis is characterized pathologically by demyelination, loss of axons, and replacement of the white matter of the caudal cerebrum by a glial scar. Glial filaments were composed largely of a single protein component with a mol wt of about 49,000 daltons. Smaller components (44,000--39,000 daltons) were detected in some samples, and appear to represent degradation products of the filament protein. Human neurofilaments were isolated from the normal frontal white matter of ALD cases by the standard myelin-free axon technique. Isolated glial and neurofilament proteins comigrated during acrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS. Polypeptides resulting from cyanogen bromide cleavage of the two filament proteins were the same. Both proteins reacted with rabbit antisera raised against isolated bovine neurofilament protein and human glial fibrillary acidic protein.", "PMID": 690174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8669", "title": "Ultrastructure of the proximal region of somatic cilia in Paramecium tetraurelia.", "content": "The morphology of the transition zone between the terminal plate of the basal body and the 9 + 2 region of the somatic (non-oral) cilium has been examined in Paramecium tetraurelia. Freeze-fracture and thin-section techniques disclosed both membrane specializations and various internal structural linkages. Freeze-fracture material revealed sets of particles interrupting the unit membrane. The more distal of these form plaquelike arrays while the proximal set of particles forms the ciliary \"necklace.\" The plaque regions correspond to anionic sites on the outer membrane surface as revealed by binding of polycationic ferritin. Both the plaque particles and the necklace particles appear to be in contact with outer doublet microtubules via a complex of connecting structures. In the interior of the transition zone an axosomal plate supports an axosome surrounded by a ring of lightly packed material. Only one of the two central tubules of the axoneme reaches and penetrates the axosome. Below the axosomal plate four rings, each approx. 20 nm wide, connect adjacent outer doublets. An intermediate plate lies proximal to these rings, and a terminal plate marks the proximal boundary of this zone. Nine transitional fibers extend from the region of the terminal plate to the plasmalemma. The observations described above have been used to construct a three-dimensional model of the transition region of \"wild-type\" Paramecium somatic cilia. It is anticipated that this model will be useful in future studies concerning possible function of transition-zone specializations, since Paramecium may be examined in both normal and reversed ciliary beating modes, and since mutants incapable of reverse beating are available.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the proximal region of somatic cilia in Paramecium tetraurelia. The morphology of the transition zone between the terminal plate of the basal body and the 9 + 2 region of the somatic (non-oral) cilium has been examined in Paramecium tetraurelia. Freeze-fracture and thin-section techniques disclosed both membrane specializations and various internal structural linkages. Freeze-fracture material revealed sets of particles interrupting the unit membrane. The more distal of these form plaquelike arrays while the proximal set of particles forms the ciliary \"necklace.\" The plaque regions correspond to anionic sites on the outer membrane surface as revealed by binding of polycationic ferritin. Both the plaque particles and the necklace particles appear to be in contact with outer doublet microtubules via a complex of connecting structures. In the interior of the transition zone an axosomal plate supports an axosome surrounded by a ring of lightly packed material. Only one of the two central tubules of the axoneme reaches and penetrates the axosome. Below the axosomal plate four rings, each approx. 20 nm wide, connect adjacent outer doublets. An intermediate plate lies proximal to these rings, and a terminal plate marks the proximal boundary of this zone. Nine transitional fibers extend from the region of the terminal plate to the plasmalemma. The observations described above have been used to construct a three-dimensional model of the transition region of \"wild-type\" Paramecium somatic cilia. It is anticipated that this model will be useful in future studies concerning possible function of transition-zone specializations, since Paramecium may be examined in both normal and reversed ciliary beating modes, and since mutants incapable of reverse beating are available.", "PMID": 690175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8670", "title": "Intracellular transport of proteins in active and resting secretory cells of the venom gland of Vipera palaestinae.", "content": "The intracellular transport of venom proteins has been studied in active and resting venom glands of the snake Vipera palaestinae by electron microscope radioautography after an intra-arterial injection of [3H]leucine. In the active gland, most of the label is initially (10 min) found over the RER. By 30 min, the relative grain density of the Golgi complex reaches its maximum, with concomitant increase in the labeling of the condensing vacuoles. Later on, a steep increase in radioactivity of the secretory granules is observed. At 3 h, these granules, which comprise about 2% of the cell volume, contain 22% of the total grains. At the following hour, their labeling declines and at the same time the radioactivity of the secreted venom is increased. It is concluded that, in the active cell, venom proteins are transported via the Golgi apparatus into membrane-bounded granules which are the immediate source of the secreted venom. An alternative pathway, which involves the RER cisternae as a storage compartment, seems unlikely, since incorporated label does not accumulate in this compartment after prolonged postpulse intervals. The route of intracellular transport of proteins in the resting glands is similar to that of the active ones, but the rate of synthesis and transport is much slower. The present results and earlier data, thus, show that the increase in the rate of secretion after initiation of a new venom regeneration cycle is the result of accelerated rates of both synthesis and transport.", "contents": "Intracellular transport of proteins in active and resting secretory cells of the venom gland of Vipera palaestinae. The intracellular transport of venom proteins has been studied in active and resting venom glands of the snake Vipera palaestinae by electron microscope radioautography after an intra-arterial injection of [3H]leucine. In the active gland, most of the label is initially (10 min) found over the RER. By 30 min, the relative grain density of the Golgi complex reaches its maximum, with concomitant increase in the labeling of the condensing vacuoles. Later on, a steep increase in radioactivity of the secretory granules is observed. At 3 h, these granules, which comprise about 2% of the cell volume, contain 22% of the total grains. At the following hour, their labeling declines and at the same time the radioactivity of the secreted venom is increased. It is concluded that, in the active cell, venom proteins are transported via the Golgi apparatus into membrane-bounded granules which are the immediate source of the secreted venom. An alternative pathway, which involves the RER cisternae as a storage compartment, seems unlikely, since incorporated label does not accumulate in this compartment after prolonged postpulse intervals. The route of intracellular transport of proteins in the resting glands is similar to that of the active ones, but the rate of synthesis and transport is much slower. The present results and earlier data, thus, show that the increase in the rate of secretion after initiation of a new venom regeneration cycle is the result of accelerated rates of both synthesis and transport.", "PMID": 690176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8671", "title": "Immunoelectron microscope localization of cytochrome P-450 on microsomes and other membrane structures of rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Localization of cytochrome P-450 on various membrane fractions of rat liver cells was studied by direct immunoelectron microscopy using ferritin-conjugated antibody to the cytochrome. The outer surfaces of almost all the microsomal vesicles were labeled with ferritin particles. The distribution of the particles on each microsomal vesicle was usually heterogeneous, indicating clustering of the cytochrome, and phenobarbital treatment markedly increased the labeled regions of the microsomal membranes. The outer nuclear envelopes were also labeled with ferritin particles, while on the surface of other membrane structures such as Golgi complexes, outer mitochondrial membranes and plasma membranes the labeling was scanty and at the control level. The present observation indicates that cytochrome P-450 molecules are localized exclusively on endoplasmic reticulum membranes and outer nuclear envelopes where they are probably distributed not uniformly but heterogeneously, forming clusters or patches. The physiological significance of such microheterogeneity in the distribution of the cytochrome on endoplasmic reticulum membranes is discussed.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscope localization of cytochrome P-450 on microsomes and other membrane structures of rat hepatocytes. Localization of cytochrome P-450 on various membrane fractions of rat liver cells was studied by direct immunoelectron microscopy using ferritin-conjugated antibody to the cytochrome. The outer surfaces of almost all the microsomal vesicles were labeled with ferritin particles. The distribution of the particles on each microsomal vesicle was usually heterogeneous, indicating clustering of the cytochrome, and phenobarbital treatment markedly increased the labeled regions of the microsomal membranes. The outer nuclear envelopes were also labeled with ferritin particles, while on the surface of other membrane structures such as Golgi complexes, outer mitochondrial membranes and plasma membranes the labeling was scanty and at the control level. The present observation indicates that cytochrome P-450 molecules are localized exclusively on endoplasmic reticulum membranes and outer nuclear envelopes where they are probably distributed not uniformly but heterogeneously, forming clusters or patches. The physiological significance of such microheterogeneity in the distribution of the cytochrome on endoplasmic reticulum membranes is discussed.", "PMID": 690177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8672", "title": "A freeze-fracture study of membrane events during neurohypophysial secretion.", "content": "Freeze-fracture was used to study the membrane events taking place during neurosecretory granule discharge (exocytosis) and subsequent membrane internalization (endocytosis) in axons of neurohypophyses from control and water-deprived rats. En face views of the cytoplasmic leaflet (P face) of the split axolemma reveal circular depressions that represent the secretory granule membranes fused with the plasma membrane during exocytosis. These depressions often contain granule core material in the process of extrusion into the extracellular space. The membrane surrounding some of the exocytotic openings shows a decreased number of intramembrane particles (mean diameter, 8 nm) which are elsewhere more numerous and evenly distrubuted on the fracture face. Endocytotic sites appear as smaller plasma membrane invaginations, with associated intramembrane particles. Moreover, such invaginations often contain large particles (mean diameter, 12 nm) that appear as clusters on en face views of the membrane leaflet. Quantitative analysis indicates that the number of exocytotic images increases significantly in glands from water-deprived rats. Concomitantly, the number of endocytotic figures per unit area of membrane is raised as is the number of clusters of large particles. The observations demonstrate that, in the neurohypophysis, it is possible to distinguish exocytosis morphologically from endocytosis and that the two events can be assessed quantitatively.", "contents": "A freeze-fracture study of membrane events during neurohypophysial secretion. Freeze-fracture was used to study the membrane events taking place during neurosecretory granule discharge (exocytosis) and subsequent membrane internalization (endocytosis) in axons of neurohypophyses from control and water-deprived rats. En face views of the cytoplasmic leaflet (P face) of the split axolemma reveal circular depressions that represent the secretory granule membranes fused with the plasma membrane during exocytosis. These depressions often contain granule core material in the process of extrusion into the extracellular space. The membrane surrounding some of the exocytotic openings shows a decreased number of intramembrane particles (mean diameter, 8 nm) which are elsewhere more numerous and evenly distrubuted on the fracture face. Endocytotic sites appear as smaller plasma membrane invaginations, with associated intramembrane particles. Moreover, such invaginations often contain large particles (mean diameter, 12 nm) that appear as clusters on en face views of the membrane leaflet. Quantitative analysis indicates that the number of exocytotic images increases significantly in glands from water-deprived rats. Concomitantly, the number of endocytotic figures per unit area of membrane is raised as is the number of clusters of large particles. The observations demonstrate that, in the neurohypophysis, it is possible to distinguish exocytosis morphologically from endocytosis and that the two events can be assessed quantitatively.", "PMID": 690178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8673", "title": "Loss and reappearance of gap junctions in regenerating liver.", "content": "Changes in intercellular junctional morphology associated with rat liver regeneration were examined in a freeze-fracture study. After a two-thirds partial hepatectomy, both gap junctions and zonulae occludentes were drastically altered. Between 0 and 20 h after partial hepatectomy, the junctions appeared virtually unchanged. 28 h after partial hepatectomy, however, the large gap junctions usually located close to the bile canaliculi and the small gap junctions enmeshed within the strands of the zonulae occudentes completely disappeared. Although the zonulae occludentes bordering the bile canaliculi apparently remained intact, numerous strands could now be found oriented perpendicular to the canaliculi. In some instances, the membrane outside the canaliculi was extensively filled with isolated junctional strands, often forming very complex configurations. About 40 h after partial hepatectomy, very many small gap junctions reappeared in close association with the zonulae occludentes. Subsequently, gap junctions increased in size and decreased in number until about 48 h after partial hepatectomy when gap junctions were indistinguishable in size and number from those of control animals. The zonulae occludentes were again predominantly located around the canalicular margins. These studies provide further evidence for the growth of gap junctions by the accretion of particles and of small gap junctions to form large maculae.", "contents": "Loss and reappearance of gap junctions in regenerating liver. Changes in intercellular junctional morphology associated with rat liver regeneration were examined in a freeze-fracture study. After a two-thirds partial hepatectomy, both gap junctions and zonulae occludentes were drastically altered. Between 0 and 20 h after partial hepatectomy, the junctions appeared virtually unchanged. 28 h after partial hepatectomy, however, the large gap junctions usually located close to the bile canaliculi and the small gap junctions enmeshed within the strands of the zonulae occudentes completely disappeared. Although the zonulae occludentes bordering the bile canaliculi apparently remained intact, numerous strands could now be found oriented perpendicular to the canaliculi. In some instances, the membrane outside the canaliculi was extensively filled with isolated junctional strands, often forming very complex configurations. About 40 h after partial hepatectomy, very many small gap junctions reappeared in close association with the zonulae occludentes. Subsequently, gap junctions increased in size and decreased in number until about 48 h after partial hepatectomy when gap junctions were indistinguishable in size and number from those of control animals. The zonulae occludentes were again predominantly located around the canalicular margins. These studies provide further evidence for the growth of gap junctions by the accretion of particles and of small gap junctions to form large maculae.", "PMID": 690179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8674", "title": "Freeze-fracture identification of sterol-digitonin complexes in cell and liposome membranes.", "content": "To advance our understanding of the organization of cholesterol within cell membranes, we used digitonin in freeze-fracture investigations of model lipid vesicles and tissues. Cholesterol suspensions or multilamellar liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine with and without cholesterol were exposed to digitonin. Freeze-fracture replicas of those multilamellar liposomes containing cholesterol displayed either 50--60-nm wide intramembrane corrugations or extramembrane tubular complexes. Comparable intramembrane hemitubular scallops and extra-cellular free tubular complexes were observed in thin sections. Exposure of sperm, erythrocytes (whole and ghosts), and intact tissues (skin, liver, adrenal gland, epididymis) to digitonin produced the same types of intra- and extramembrane complexes or furrows as were formed in liposomes. The plasma membrane of guinea pig serum tail had two unfurrowed regions: the annulus and the zipper. Incubating erythrocyte membranes with digitonin resulted in rapid displacement of cholesterol, accompanied by intramembrane particle clustering and membrane faceting, a feature which we did not see in the intact epithelia studied. In freeze-fractured epithelia, we found that plasma membranes, lysosomes, and some vesicular organelles commonly furrowed, but that mitochondrial membranes and nuclear envelopes were generally spared, correlating well with their known cholesterol content. Finally, plasma membrane corrugations approached but did not impinge on either gap or tight junctions, or on coated vesicles. We conclude that freeze-fracture of membranes exposed to digitonin: (a) reveals distinctive cholesterol-digitonin structural complexes; (b) distinguishes cholesterol-rich and -poor organelle membranes; and (c) demonstrates membrane domains rich or poor in cholesterol.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture identification of sterol-digitonin complexes in cell and liposome membranes. To advance our understanding of the organization of cholesterol within cell membranes, we used digitonin in freeze-fracture investigations of model lipid vesicles and tissues. Cholesterol suspensions or multilamellar liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine with and without cholesterol were exposed to digitonin. Freeze-fracture replicas of those multilamellar liposomes containing cholesterol displayed either 50--60-nm wide intramembrane corrugations or extramembrane tubular complexes. Comparable intramembrane hemitubular scallops and extra-cellular free tubular complexes were observed in thin sections. Exposure of sperm, erythrocytes (whole and ghosts), and intact tissues (skin, liver, adrenal gland, epididymis) to digitonin produced the same types of intra- and extramembrane complexes or furrows as were formed in liposomes. The plasma membrane of guinea pig serum tail had two unfurrowed regions: the annulus and the zipper. Incubating erythrocyte membranes with digitonin resulted in rapid displacement of cholesterol, accompanied by intramembrane particle clustering and membrane faceting, a feature which we did not see in the intact epithelia studied. In freeze-fractured epithelia, we found that plasma membranes, lysosomes, and some vesicular organelles commonly furrowed, but that mitochondrial membranes and nuclear envelopes were generally spared, correlating well with their known cholesterol content. Finally, plasma membrane corrugations approached but did not impinge on either gap or tight junctions, or on coated vesicles. We conclude that freeze-fracture of membranes exposed to digitonin: (a) reveals distinctive cholesterol-digitonin structural complexes; (b) distinguishes cholesterol-rich and -poor organelle membranes; and (c) demonstrates membrane domains rich or poor in cholesterol.", "PMID": 690180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8675", "title": "Subaxolemmal filamentous network in the giant nerve fiber of the squid (Loligo pealei L.) and its possible role in excitability.", "content": "A new technique utilizing the squid giant nerve fiber has been developed which permits direct examination of the inner face of the axolemma by scanning electron microscopy. The axoplasm was removed sequentially in a 15-mm long segment of the fiber by intracellular perfusion with a solution of KF, KCl, Ca++-containing seawater, or with pronase. The action potential of the fibers was monitored during these treatments. After brief prefixation in 1% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde, the perfused segment was opened by a lne could be related to information on the detailed morphology of the cytoplasmic face of the axolemma and the ectoplasm. The results obtained by scanning electron microscopy were further substantiated by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections. In addition, living axons were studied with polarized light during axoplasm removal, and the identification of actin by heavy meromyosin labeling and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was accomplished. These observations demonstrate that a three-dimensional network of interwoven filaments, consisting partly of an actinlike protein, is firmly attached to the axolemma. The axoplasmic face of fibers in which the filaments have been removed partially after perfusion with pronase displays smooth membranous blebs and large profiles which sppose the axolemma. In fibers where the excitability has been suppressed by pronase perfusion, approximately one-third of the inner face of the axolemma in the perfusion zone is free of filaments. It is hypothesized that the attachment of axoplasm filaments to the axolemma may have a role in the maintenance of the normal morphology of the axolemma, and, thus, in some aspect of excitability.", "contents": "Subaxolemmal filamentous network in the giant nerve fiber of the squid (Loligo pealei L.) and its possible role in excitability. A new technique utilizing the squid giant nerve fiber has been developed which permits direct examination of the inner face of the axolemma by scanning electron microscopy. The axoplasm was removed sequentially in a 15-mm long segment of the fiber by intracellular perfusion with a solution of KF, KCl, Ca++-containing seawater, or with pronase. The action potential of the fibers was monitored during these treatments. After brief prefixation in 1% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde, the perfused segment was opened by a lne could be related to information on the detailed morphology of the cytoplasmic face of the axolemma and the ectoplasm. The results obtained by scanning electron microscopy were further substantiated by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections. In addition, living axons were studied with polarized light during axoplasm removal, and the identification of actin by heavy meromyosin labeling and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was accomplished. These observations demonstrate that a three-dimensional network of interwoven filaments, consisting partly of an actinlike protein, is firmly attached to the axolemma. The axoplasmic face of fibers in which the filaments have been removed partially after perfusion with pronase displays smooth membranous blebs and large profiles which sppose the axolemma. In fibers where the excitability has been suppressed by pronase perfusion, approximately one-third of the inner face of the axolemma in the perfusion zone is free of filaments. It is hypothesized that the attachment of axoplasm filaments to the axolemma may have a role in the maintenance of the normal morphology of the axolemma, and, thus, in some aspect of excitability.", "PMID": 690181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8676", "title": "Promotion of human adipocyte precursor replication by 17beta-estradiol in culture.", "content": "The influence of 17beta-estradiol and 17alpha-estradiol on adult human omental adipocyte precursors grown in a propagating culture system was studied. Cells were grown in subculture in the presence or absence of hormone. 17beta-estradiol resulted in significant promotion of adipocyte precursor replication, as determined by cell counting and incorporation of radioactive thymidine into DNA. The hormone stimulated cell multiplication in the concentration range 0.5--500 ng/ml growth medium. The highest level tested was 500 ng/ml. The maximal effects were obtained at 50 ng/ml (P less than 0.001 by paired t test, 48 h after hormone addition). All 10 cell strains (five were derived from men and five from women) that were tested responded similarly to the hormone. 17beta-estradiol did not affect cell size. 17alpha-estradiol did not promote the replication of adipocyte precursors, nor did it influence cell size. Thus, 17beta-estradiol, which is the active isomer in known target tissues, stimulates the multiplication of human adipocyte precursors in culture.", "contents": "Promotion of human adipocyte precursor replication by 17beta-estradiol in culture. The influence of 17beta-estradiol and 17alpha-estradiol on adult human omental adipocyte precursors grown in a propagating culture system was studied. Cells were grown in subculture in the presence or absence of hormone. 17beta-estradiol resulted in significant promotion of adipocyte precursor replication, as determined by cell counting and incorporation of radioactive thymidine into DNA. The hormone stimulated cell multiplication in the concentration range 0.5--500 ng/ml growth medium. The highest level tested was 500 ng/ml. The maximal effects were obtained at 50 ng/ml (P less than 0.001 by paired t test, 48 h after hormone addition). All 10 cell strains (five were derived from men and five from women) that were tested responded similarly to the hormone. 17beta-estradiol did not affect cell size. 17alpha-estradiol did not promote the replication of adipocyte precursors, nor did it influence cell size. Thus, 17beta-estradiol, which is the active isomer in known target tissues, stimulates the multiplication of human adipocyte precursors in culture.", "PMID": 690182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8677", "title": "Pancreatic and gastric somatostatin release in response to intragastric and intraduodenal nutrients and HCl in the dog.", "content": "The effects of the instillation of glucose, fat, casein hydrolysate, and HCl into the gastrointestinal tract upon plasma levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the venous effluent of the pancreas, fundus and antrum of the stomach, and in the inferior vena cava (IVC) were determined in normal laparotomized dogs. Fasting SLI levels in the effluent plasma from these sites were significantly greater than IVC levels. The intragastric administration of glucose elicited a prompt and significant rise in SLI levels in pancreatic, fundic and antral venous plasma, and in IVC plasma; intraduodenal glucose elicited smaller increments. After intragastric fat, a smaller, more gradual increase in the pancreatic and fundic effluents was observed, whereas the rise in antral SLI was minute, and IVC SLI did not rise significantly. Intraduodenal fat elicited a prompt increase in the pancreatic and antral vein SLI levels, and a small but significant increase in fundic and IVC plasma which suggests faster release of enteric factors that influence SLI secretion in the pancreas and antrum. Intragastric casein hydrolysate elicited a prompt increase in SLI in both the pancreatic and fundic veins, the latter being marked, but the antral SLI response was small; IVC SLI rose significantly within 15 min. Intragastric HCl provoked a prompt and marked rise in pancreaticoduodenal and antral vein SLI but no increase in fundic vein SLI; IVC SLI levels rose significantly within 20 min. Intraduodenal HCl elicited an even more prompt and marked pancreatic SLI response, and SLI rose significantly in both the fundic and antral venous effluents; IVC SLI also rose more promptly. In dogs with a gastric fistula that prevented intraduodenal entry of HCl, intragastric HCl elicited only a very small and transient rise in pancreaticoduodenal vein SLI, markedly stimulated the antral SLI response, but completely suppressed fundic venous SLI levels. The results indicate that all three nutrients stimulate SLI release from the pancreas and stomach. The greater SLI response to intragastric, as opposed to intraduodenal, glucose suggests that unidentified local factors are of importance. The responses to the intraduodenal instillation of HCl and fat suggest a role of enteric hormones in the release of SLI from the pancreas and fundus and antrum of the stomach. Additionally, there is evidence of direct effects of HCl upon gastric SLI release.", "contents": "Pancreatic and gastric somatostatin release in response to intragastric and intraduodenal nutrients and HCl in the dog. The effects of the instillation of glucose, fat, casein hydrolysate, and HCl into the gastrointestinal tract upon plasma levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the venous effluent of the pancreas, fundus and antrum of the stomach, and in the inferior vena cava (IVC) were determined in normal laparotomized dogs. Fasting SLI levels in the effluent plasma from these sites were significantly greater than IVC levels. The intragastric administration of glucose elicited a prompt and significant rise in SLI levels in pancreatic, fundic and antral venous plasma, and in IVC plasma; intraduodenal glucose elicited smaller increments. After intragastric fat, a smaller, more gradual increase in the pancreatic and fundic effluents was observed, whereas the rise in antral SLI was minute, and IVC SLI did not rise significantly. Intraduodenal fat elicited a prompt increase in the pancreatic and antral vein SLI levels, and a small but significant increase in fundic and IVC plasma which suggests faster release of enteric factors that influence SLI secretion in the pancreas and antrum. Intragastric casein hydrolysate elicited a prompt increase in SLI in both the pancreatic and fundic veins, the latter being marked, but the antral SLI response was small; IVC SLI rose significantly within 15 min. Intragastric HCl provoked a prompt and marked rise in pancreaticoduodenal and antral vein SLI but no increase in fundic vein SLI; IVC SLI levels rose significantly within 20 min. Intraduodenal HCl elicited an even more prompt and marked pancreatic SLI response, and SLI rose significantly in both the fundic and antral venous effluents; IVC SLI also rose more promptly. In dogs with a gastric fistula that prevented intraduodenal entry of HCl, intragastric HCl elicited only a very small and transient rise in pancreaticoduodenal vein SLI, markedly stimulated the antral SLI response, but completely suppressed fundic venous SLI levels. The results indicate that all three nutrients stimulate SLI release from the pancreas and stomach. The greater SLI response to intragastric, as opposed to intraduodenal, glucose suggests that unidentified local factors are of importance. The responses to the intraduodenal instillation of HCl and fat suggest a role of enteric hormones in the release of SLI from the pancreas and fundus and antrum of the stomach. Additionally, there is evidence of direct effects of HCl upon gastric SLI release.", "PMID": 690183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8678", "title": "Biosynthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid in man: stereospecific side-chain hydroxylations of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol.", "content": "Stereospecific side-chain hydroxylations of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol were studied in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of human liver. Incubation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol resulted in hydroxylations at C-12, C-24, C-25, and C-26. Hydroxylations at C-24 and C-26 were accompanied by the introduction of additional asymmetric carbon atoms at C-24 and C-25 respectively, that led to the formation of two distinct pairs of diastereoisomers, namely 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha,24-triols (24R and 24S) and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha,26-triols (25R and 25S). A sensitive and reproducible radioactive assay to measure the formation of the different biosynthetic 5beta-cholestanetriols was developed. Optimal assay conditions for human mitochondrial and microsomal systems were tentatively established.The mitochondrial fraction was found to predominantly catalyze the 26-hydroxylation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol with the formation of the 25R-diastereoisomer of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha,26-triol as the major product. In the microsomal fraction, on the other hand, 25-hydroxylation was more efficient than 26-hydroxylation and accounted for 6.4% of the total hydroxylations. The microsomes catalyzed the formation of both diastereoisomers of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha,26-triol (25R and 25S, 4.2 and 1.6% respectively). These experiments suggest that the initial step in the degradation of the steroid side chain during the biosynthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid in man is mediated by the mitochondria, and involves the formation of the 25R-diastereoisomer of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha,26-triol. The role of the microsomal 25- and 26-hydroxylated intermediates requires further exploration.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid in man: stereospecific side-chain hydroxylations of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol. Stereospecific side-chain hydroxylations of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol were studied in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of human liver. Incubation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol resulted in hydroxylations at C-12, C-24, C-25, and C-26. Hydroxylations at C-24 and C-26 were accompanied by the introduction of additional asymmetric carbon atoms at C-24 and C-25 respectively, that led to the formation of two distinct pairs of diastereoisomers, namely 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha,24-triols (24R and 24S) and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha,26-triols (25R and 25S). A sensitive and reproducible radioactive assay to measure the formation of the different biosynthetic 5beta-cholestanetriols was developed. Optimal assay conditions for human mitochondrial and microsomal systems were tentatively established.The mitochondrial fraction was found to predominantly catalyze the 26-hydroxylation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol with the formation of the 25R-diastereoisomer of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha,26-triol as the major product. In the microsomal fraction, on the other hand, 25-hydroxylation was more efficient than 26-hydroxylation and accounted for 6.4% of the total hydroxylations. The microsomes catalyzed the formation of both diastereoisomers of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha,26-triol (25R and 25S, 4.2 and 1.6% respectively). These experiments suggest that the initial step in the degradation of the steroid side chain during the biosynthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid in man is mediated by the mitochondria, and involves the formation of the 25R-diastereoisomer of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha,26-triol. The role of the microsomal 25- and 26-hydroxylated intermediates requires further exploration.", "PMID": 690184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8679", "title": "Accumulation of lysophosphoglycerides with arrhythmogenic properties in ischemic myocardium.", "content": "Lysophosphoglycerides, products of membrane phospholipid catabolism known to influence membrane function in several systems, appeared in the effluents of anoxic isolated rabbit hearts perfused at low flow and accumulated in perfused hearts and myocardium rendered ischemic in situ. Comparable concentrations of lysophosphoglycerides bound to albumin markedly and reversibly altered action potentials of isolated canine Purkinje fibers in vitro. Changes induced included diminution of the maximum diastolic potential, peak dV/dt of phase zero, amplitude, and action potential duration--alterations resembling those seen in ischemic myocardium in vivo. These electrophysiological alterations are compatible with changes implicated in predisposing to dysrhythmia dependent on reentry, a phenomenon potentiated by the presence of zones of decreased conduction. Thus, accumulation of lysophosphoglycerides induced by ischemia may contribute to the genesis of malignant dysrhythmia early after its onset.", "contents": "Accumulation of lysophosphoglycerides with arrhythmogenic properties in ischemic myocardium. Lysophosphoglycerides, products of membrane phospholipid catabolism known to influence membrane function in several systems, appeared in the effluents of anoxic isolated rabbit hearts perfused at low flow and accumulated in perfused hearts and myocardium rendered ischemic in situ. Comparable concentrations of lysophosphoglycerides bound to albumin markedly and reversibly altered action potentials of isolated canine Purkinje fibers in vitro. Changes induced included diminution of the maximum diastolic potential, peak dV/dt of phase zero, amplitude, and action potential duration--alterations resembling those seen in ischemic myocardium in vivo. These electrophysiological alterations are compatible with changes implicated in predisposing to dysrhythmia dependent on reentry, a phenomenon potentiated by the presence of zones of decreased conduction. Thus, accumulation of lysophosphoglycerides induced by ischemia may contribute to the genesis of malignant dysrhythmia early after its onset.", "PMID": 690185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8680", "title": "L-triiodothyronine and L-reverse-triiodothyronine generation in the human polymorphonuclear leukocyte.", "content": "Extrathyroidal monodeiodination of l-thyroxine (T(4)) is the principal source of l-triiodothyronine (T(3)) and l-reverse-triiodothyronine (rT(3)) production. To define some of the cellular factors involved, we examined T(3) and rT(3) generation from added nonradioactive T(4) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, using radioimmunoassays to quantify the T(3) and rT(3) generated. Under optimum incubation conditions which included a pH of 6.5 in sucrose-acetate buffer, the presence of dithiothreitol as a sulfhydryl-group protector, and incubation in an hypoxic atmosphere, significant net generation of T(3) and rT(3) was observed. Of the several subcellular fractions studied, the particulate fraction obtained by centrifugation at 27,000 g was found to possess the highest T(3)- and rT(3)-generating activities per unit quantity of protein. With respect to T(3) generation from substrate T(4), the K(m) was 5 muM and the V(max) was 7.2 pmol/min per mg protein. Propylthiouracil, methimazole, and prior induction of phagocytosis inhibited both T(3) and rT(3) generation, but T(3) generation was inhibited to a greater extent. rT(3), in a concentration equimolar to that of substrate T(4), did not alter T(3) generation, but inhibited T(3) generation when the molar ratio of rT(3) to T(4) approached 10:1. Under the incubation conditions employed, particulate fractions of leukocytes obtained from five cord blood samples displayed an essentially normal relationship between T(3)- and rT(3)-generating activities, despite the distinctly divergent serum T(3) and rT(3) concentrations in these samples. From our findings, we draw the following conclusions: (a) the human polymorphonuclear leukocyte possesses the ability to generate T(3) and rT(3) from substrate T(4); (b) the T(3)- and rT(3)-generating activities are associated principally with the 27,000 g particulate fraction and display enzymic characteristics with a sulfhydryl-group requirement; (c) T(3)-generating activity appears to be more susceptible to inhibitory influences than rT(3)-generating activity; and (d) in cord blood leukocytes, the putative enzymes catalyzing T(3) and rT(3) generation appear to be functionally intact under the experimental conditions employed.", "contents": "L-triiodothyronine and L-reverse-triiodothyronine generation in the human polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Extrathyroidal monodeiodination of l-thyroxine (T(4)) is the principal source of l-triiodothyronine (T(3)) and l-reverse-triiodothyronine (rT(3)) production. To define some of the cellular factors involved, we examined T(3) and rT(3) generation from added nonradioactive T(4) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, using radioimmunoassays to quantify the T(3) and rT(3) generated. Under optimum incubation conditions which included a pH of 6.5 in sucrose-acetate buffer, the presence of dithiothreitol as a sulfhydryl-group protector, and incubation in an hypoxic atmosphere, significant net generation of T(3) and rT(3) was observed. Of the several subcellular fractions studied, the particulate fraction obtained by centrifugation at 27,000 g was found to possess the highest T(3)- and rT(3)-generating activities per unit quantity of protein. With respect to T(3) generation from substrate T(4), the K(m) was 5 muM and the V(max) was 7.2 pmol/min per mg protein. Propylthiouracil, methimazole, and prior induction of phagocytosis inhibited both T(3) and rT(3) generation, but T(3) generation was inhibited to a greater extent. rT(3), in a concentration equimolar to that of substrate T(4), did not alter T(3) generation, but inhibited T(3) generation when the molar ratio of rT(3) to T(4) approached 10:1. Under the incubation conditions employed, particulate fractions of leukocytes obtained from five cord blood samples displayed an essentially normal relationship between T(3)- and rT(3)-generating activities, despite the distinctly divergent serum T(3) and rT(3) concentrations in these samples. From our findings, we draw the following conclusions: (a) the human polymorphonuclear leukocyte possesses the ability to generate T(3) and rT(3) from substrate T(4); (b) the T(3)- and rT(3)-generating activities are associated principally with the 27,000 g particulate fraction and display enzymic characteristics with a sulfhydryl-group requirement; (c) T(3)-generating activity appears to be more susceptible to inhibitory influences than rT(3)-generating activity; and (d) in cord blood leukocytes, the putative enzymes catalyzing T(3) and rT(3) generation appear to be functionally intact under the experimental conditions employed.", "PMID": 690186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8681", "title": "Decreased pulmonary transvascular fluid filtration in awake newborn lambs after intravenous furosemide.", "content": "We studied the effect of furosemide on pulmonary transvascular filtration of fluid and microvascular permeability to plasma proteins by measuring steady-state lung lymph flow and protein flow, pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures in nine 1-wk-old unanesthetized lambs before and after rapid intravenous infusion of furosemide, 1 mg/kg in 10 experiments and 8 mg/kg in 5 experiments. With rapid diuresis induced by furosemide (an eightfold increase in urine flow), lung vascular pressures decreased, protein concentrations of lymph and plasma increased, and there was a consistent decrease in lymph flow and lymph protein flow, more pronounced after the larger dose. Five additional lambs received 8 mg/kg of furosemide intravenously in the presence of saline-induced pulmonary edema; in these experiments, the decrease in vascular pressures, increase in transvascular protein gradient, and decrease in lymph flow were greater than in lambs without pulmonary edema. These findings suggest that furosemide decreases transvascular filtration of fluid in the lung by diminishing the transvascular hydraulic pressure gradient and increasing the transvascular gradient for protein osmotic pressure. In five acute experiments on anesthetized lambs with kidneys removed, 8 mg/kg of intravenous furosemide decreased lymph flow one-half as much as it did in the presence of kidneys, with no change in lung vascular pressures or protein concentrations. The results of experiments in lambs without kidneys are consistent with a reduction in the vascular surface area for exchange of fluid and protein in the lung.", "contents": "Decreased pulmonary transvascular fluid filtration in awake newborn lambs after intravenous furosemide. We studied the effect of furosemide on pulmonary transvascular filtration of fluid and microvascular permeability to plasma proteins by measuring steady-state lung lymph flow and protein flow, pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures in nine 1-wk-old unanesthetized lambs before and after rapid intravenous infusion of furosemide, 1 mg/kg in 10 experiments and 8 mg/kg in 5 experiments. With rapid diuresis induced by furosemide (an eightfold increase in urine flow), lung vascular pressures decreased, protein concentrations of lymph and plasma increased, and there was a consistent decrease in lymph flow and lymph protein flow, more pronounced after the larger dose. Five additional lambs received 8 mg/kg of furosemide intravenously in the presence of saline-induced pulmonary edema; in these experiments, the decrease in vascular pressures, increase in transvascular protein gradient, and decrease in lymph flow were greater than in lambs without pulmonary edema. These findings suggest that furosemide decreases transvascular filtration of fluid in the lung by diminishing the transvascular hydraulic pressure gradient and increasing the transvascular gradient for protein osmotic pressure. In five acute experiments on anesthetized lambs with kidneys removed, 8 mg/kg of intravenous furosemide decreased lymph flow one-half as much as it did in the presence of kidneys, with no change in lung vascular pressures or protein concentrations. The results of experiments in lambs without kidneys are consistent with a reduction in the vascular surface area for exchange of fluid and protein in the lung.", "PMID": 690187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8682", "title": "Skeletal muscle protein and amino acid metabolism in experimental chronic uremia in the rat: accelerated alanine and glutamine formation and release.", "content": "The kinetics and factors regulating alanine and glutamine formation and release were investigated in skeletal muscle preparations from control and experimentally uremic rats. These preparations maintained phosphocreatine and ATP levels in vitro which closely approximated levels found in vivo. Alanine and glutamine release from uremic muscle were increased 45.8 and 36.0%, respectively, but tissue levels were unaltered. The increased release of alanine by uremic muscle was not accounted for by decreased rates of medium alanine reutilization via oxidation to CO(2) or incorporation into muscle protein. The maximal capacity of added amino acids such as aspartate, cysteine, leucine, and valine to stimulate net alanine and glutamine formation was the same in uremic and control muscle. Epitrochlearis preparations were partially labeled in vivo with [guanido-(14)C]-arginine. On incubation, preparations from uremic animals showed a 54.6% increase in the rate of loss of (14)C-label in acid precipitable protein. Correspondingly, these same uremic preparations showed a 62.7% increase in (14)C-label appearance in the acid-soluble fraction of muscle and in the incubation media. Insulin decreased alanine and glutamine release to an extent threefold greater in uremic than in control preparations, and increased muscle glucose uptake approximately threefold in all preparations. Although basal rates of [4,5-(3)H]leucine incorporation into protein were decreased 25% in uremic muscles as compared with control muscles, insulin stimulated [(3)H]leucine incorporation nearly equally in both preparations. These data demonstrate increased alanine and glutamine production and release from skeletal muscle of chronically uremic rats. This increase appears to derive in part from an enhancement of net protein degradation which could be caused by an acceleration in the breakdown of one or more groups of muscle proteins, or by an inhibition of protein synthesis, or by both processes. The increased alanine and glutamine formation and release in uremia appears not to result from an insensitivity to insulin action. The implications of these findings for an understanding of the abnormal carbohydrate metabolism of uremia are discussed.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle protein and amino acid metabolism in experimental chronic uremia in the rat: accelerated alanine and glutamine formation and release. The kinetics and factors regulating alanine and glutamine formation and release were investigated in skeletal muscle preparations from control and experimentally uremic rats. These preparations maintained phosphocreatine and ATP levels in vitro which closely approximated levels found in vivo. Alanine and glutamine release from uremic muscle were increased 45.8 and 36.0%, respectively, but tissue levels were unaltered. The increased release of alanine by uremic muscle was not accounted for by decreased rates of medium alanine reutilization via oxidation to CO(2) or incorporation into muscle protein. The maximal capacity of added amino acids such as aspartate, cysteine, leucine, and valine to stimulate net alanine and glutamine formation was the same in uremic and control muscle. Epitrochlearis preparations were partially labeled in vivo with [guanido-(14)C]-arginine. On incubation, preparations from uremic animals showed a 54.6% increase in the rate of loss of (14)C-label in acid precipitable protein. Correspondingly, these same uremic preparations showed a 62.7% increase in (14)C-label appearance in the acid-soluble fraction of muscle and in the incubation media. Insulin decreased alanine and glutamine release to an extent threefold greater in uremic than in control preparations, and increased muscle glucose uptake approximately threefold in all preparations. Although basal rates of [4,5-(3)H]leucine incorporation into protein were decreased 25% in uremic muscles as compared with control muscles, insulin stimulated [(3)H]leucine incorporation nearly equally in both preparations. These data demonstrate increased alanine and glutamine production and release from skeletal muscle of chronically uremic rats. This increase appears to derive in part from an enhancement of net protein degradation which could be caused by an acceleration in the breakdown of one or more groups of muscle proteins, or by an inhibition of protein synthesis, or by both processes. The increased alanine and glutamine formation and release in uremia appears not to result from an insensitivity to insulin action. The implications of these findings for an understanding of the abnormal carbohydrate metabolism of uremia are discussed.", "PMID": 690188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8683", "title": "Sympathetic hyperactivity during hypothalamic stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "To determine whether sympathetic hyperactivity of hypothalamic origin contributes to keep blood pressures high in spontaneous hypertension, aortic pressures and sympathetic nerve spike potentials were recorded during electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus in urethane-anesthetized normotensive or hypertensive rats. Basal sympathetic nerve activity was higher in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in either normotensive or deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive ones even before stimulation began. Blood pressure elevations produced by hypothalamic stimulation were always preceded by substantial increases in amplitude and rate of neural firing. Changes in amplitude could not be quantified, but rates of neural firing accelerated much more in spontaneous hypertensives than in normotensives during stimulation with 50- and 100-muA currents. Similar differences between deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensives and either normotensives or spontaneous hypertensives were not statistically significant. Nerve activity invariably became quiescent immediately after hypothalamic stimulation was discontinued, and recovery from this poststimulatory inhibition was faster in spontaneously hypertensive than in normotensive rats. Although spontaneous hypertensives generally also had stronger pressor responses to various sympathomimetic stimuli, responses to hypothalamic stimulation were enhanced to a greater extent than those to either norepinephrine or sympathetic nerve stimulation. Because this selectivity indicates participation of mechanisms other than augmented cardiovascular reactivity, further enhancement of responsiveness to hypothalamic stimuli was attributed to the associated increase in sympathetic nerve firing. These results are in accord with the hypothesis that the blood pressure elevation in rats with established spontaneous hypertension is a result, at least in part, of sympathetic hyperactivity emanating from the posterior hypothalamus.", "contents": "Sympathetic hyperactivity during hypothalamic stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. To determine whether sympathetic hyperactivity of hypothalamic origin contributes to keep blood pressures high in spontaneous hypertension, aortic pressures and sympathetic nerve spike potentials were recorded during electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus in urethane-anesthetized normotensive or hypertensive rats. Basal sympathetic nerve activity was higher in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in either normotensive or deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive ones even before stimulation began. Blood pressure elevations produced by hypothalamic stimulation were always preceded by substantial increases in amplitude and rate of neural firing. Changes in amplitude could not be quantified, but rates of neural firing accelerated much more in spontaneous hypertensives than in normotensives during stimulation with 50- and 100-muA currents. Similar differences between deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensives and either normotensives or spontaneous hypertensives were not statistically significant. Nerve activity invariably became quiescent immediately after hypothalamic stimulation was discontinued, and recovery from this poststimulatory inhibition was faster in spontaneously hypertensive than in normotensive rats. Although spontaneous hypertensives generally also had stronger pressor responses to various sympathomimetic stimuli, responses to hypothalamic stimulation were enhanced to a greater extent than those to either norepinephrine or sympathetic nerve stimulation. Because this selectivity indicates participation of mechanisms other than augmented cardiovascular reactivity, further enhancement of responsiveness to hypothalamic stimuli was attributed to the associated increase in sympathetic nerve firing. These results are in accord with the hypothesis that the blood pressure elevation in rats with established spontaneous hypertension is a result, at least in part, of sympathetic hyperactivity emanating from the posterior hypothalamus.", "PMID": 690189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8684", "title": "Effect of glucagon on glucose production during insulin deficiency in the dog.", "content": "The aim of the present experiments was to determine the effects of basal glucagon on glucose production after induction of prolonged insulin lack in normal conscious dogs fasted overnight. A selective deficiency of insulin or a combined deficiency of both pancreatic hormones was created by infusing somatostatin alone or in combination with an intraportal replacement infusion of glucagon. Glucose production (GP) was measured by a primed constant infusion of [3H-3]glucose, and gluconeogenesis (GNG) was assessed by determining the conversion rate of circulating [14C]alanine and [14C]lactate into [14C]glucose. When insulin deficiency was induced in the presence of basal glucagon the latter hormone caused GP to double and then to decline so that after 4 h it had returned to the conrol rate. The conversion of alanine and lactate into glucose, on the other hand, increased throughout the period of insulin lack. Withdrawal of glucagon after GP had normalized resulted in a 40% fall in GP, a 37% decrease in GNG, and a marked decrease in the plasma glucose concentration. Induction of insulin deficiency in the absence of basal glucagon resulted in an initial (30%) drop in GP followed by a restoration of normal GP after 2--3 h and moderately enhanced glucose formation from alanine and lactate. It can be concluded that (a) the effect of relative hyperglucagonemia on GP is short-lived; (b) the waning of the effect of glucagon is attributable solely to a diminution of glycogenolysis because GNG remains stimulated; (c) basal glucagon markedly enhances the GNG stimulation apparent after induction of insulin deficiency; and (d) basal glucagon worsens the hyperglycemia pursuant on the induction of insulin deficiency both by triggering an initial overproduction of glucose and by maintaining the basal production rate thereafter.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon on glucose production during insulin deficiency in the dog. The aim of the present experiments was to determine the effects of basal glucagon on glucose production after induction of prolonged insulin lack in normal conscious dogs fasted overnight. A selective deficiency of insulin or a combined deficiency of both pancreatic hormones was created by infusing somatostatin alone or in combination with an intraportal replacement infusion of glucagon. Glucose production (GP) was measured by a primed constant infusion of [3H-3]glucose, and gluconeogenesis (GNG) was assessed by determining the conversion rate of circulating [14C]alanine and [14C]lactate into [14C]glucose. When insulin deficiency was induced in the presence of basal glucagon the latter hormone caused GP to double and then to decline so that after 4 h it had returned to the conrol rate. The conversion of alanine and lactate into glucose, on the other hand, increased throughout the period of insulin lack. Withdrawal of glucagon after GP had normalized resulted in a 40% fall in GP, a 37% decrease in GNG, and a marked decrease in the plasma glucose concentration. Induction of insulin deficiency in the absence of basal glucagon resulted in an initial (30%) drop in GP followed by a restoration of normal GP after 2--3 h and moderately enhanced glucose formation from alanine and lactate. It can be concluded that (a) the effect of relative hyperglucagonemia on GP is short-lived; (b) the waning of the effect of glucagon is attributable solely to a diminution of glycogenolysis because GNG remains stimulated; (c) basal glucagon markedly enhances the GNG stimulation apparent after induction of insulin deficiency; and (d) basal glucagon worsens the hyperglycemia pursuant on the induction of insulin deficiency both by triggering an initial overproduction of glucose and by maintaining the basal production rate thereafter.", "PMID": 690190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8685", "title": "Absence of the platelet receptor for drug-dependent antibodies in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome.", "content": "The platelet membrane receptor for quinidine- and quinine-dependent antibodies was studied in three patients with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS) and in normal subjects with immunologic techniques based on the release of 51Cr from labeled platelets. The receptor could not be detected on BSS platelets but was present on platelets from each of 180 normal subjects. BSS platelets reacted normally with other allo- and autoantibodies. In confirmation of previous reports, BSS platelets were found to be deficient in glycoproteins Ib and Is. However, after apparently total cleavage of these proteins from the membrane of normal platelets by controlled hydrolysis with trypsin or chymotrypsin, 80% of the drug-dependent antibody receptor activity was retained. These observations suggest the existence of an additional, hitherto unrecognized membrane defect in Bernard-Soulier platelets.", "contents": "Absence of the platelet receptor for drug-dependent antibodies in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome. The platelet membrane receptor for quinidine- and quinine-dependent antibodies was studied in three patients with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS) and in normal subjects with immunologic techniques based on the release of 51Cr from labeled platelets. The receptor could not be detected on BSS platelets but was present on platelets from each of 180 normal subjects. BSS platelets reacted normally with other allo- and autoantibodies. In confirmation of previous reports, BSS platelets were found to be deficient in glycoproteins Ib and Is. However, after apparently total cleavage of these proteins from the membrane of normal platelets by controlled hydrolysis with trypsin or chymotrypsin, 80% of the drug-dependent antibody receptor activity was retained. These observations suggest the existence of an additional, hitherto unrecognized membrane defect in Bernard-Soulier platelets.", "PMID": 690191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8686", "title": "Validity and usefulness in four WIST studies recently reported in the journal.", "content": "Four articles that reported studies that used the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) were published in the Journal of Clinical Psychology in early 1977. These articles are reviewed by the WIST's author in terms of necessary conditions for valid and useful studies of schizophrenic thinking. Two of the studies reported used the MMPI Sc Scale: one of them failed to note its limitations and used the WIST incorrectly; the other resulted in some useful data. The other two articles report ground-breaking investigations of schizophrenic thinking as conceptual rule-learning inability. They are viewed as providing a valuable new orientation in the study of schizophrenic thinking because they investigate the phenomena first-hand instead of relying simply on ordinary psychiatric diagnosis for a criterion. Some previously unpublished data on the WIST and intelligence relevant to all four studies are reported.", "contents": "Validity and usefulness in four WIST studies recently reported in the journal. Four articles that reported studies that used the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) were published in the Journal of Clinical Psychology in early 1977. These articles are reviewed by the WIST's author in terms of necessary conditions for valid and useful studies of schizophrenic thinking. Two of the studies reported used the MMPI Sc Scale: one of them failed to note its limitations and used the WIST incorrectly; the other resulted in some useful data. The other two articles report ground-breaking investigations of schizophrenic thinking as conceptual rule-learning inability. They are viewed as providing a valuable new orientation in the study of schizophrenic thinking because they investigate the phenomena first-hand instead of relying simply on ordinary psychiatric diagnosis for a criterion. Some previously unpublished data on the WIST and intelligence relevant to all four studies are reported.", "PMID": 690192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8687", "title": "Binocular locus of prior time information effect in schizophrenia.", "content": "Schizophrenics and alcoholic controls estimated the duration of a single dark dot, which followed an auditory warning signal of variable duration that functioned as foreperiod duration. The effect of foreperiod duration on time estimation was an increasing one for both schizophrenics and alcoholics alike. Elimination of such foreperiod effect by prior time information in terms of correlation between pitch of the warning signal and foreperiod duration, was shown to be unique to schizophrenics. However, this prior time information effect was demonstrated only when the dot was viewed binocularly, not when viewed monocularly. This binocular locus of time expectancy in schizophrenia reflects the tendency toward spatialization of prior time information.", "contents": "Binocular locus of prior time information effect in schizophrenia. Schizophrenics and alcoholic controls estimated the duration of a single dark dot, which followed an auditory warning signal of variable duration that functioned as foreperiod duration. The effect of foreperiod duration on time estimation was an increasing one for both schizophrenics and alcoholics alike. Elimination of such foreperiod effect by prior time information in terms of correlation between pitch of the warning signal and foreperiod duration, was shown to be unique to schizophrenics. However, this prior time information effect was demonstrated only when the dot was viewed binocularly, not when viewed monocularly. This binocular locus of time expectancy in schizophrenia reflects the tendency toward spatialization of prior time information.", "PMID": 690193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8688", "title": "The relative accuracy of U.S. British, and Mexican raters in judging the emotional displays of schizophrenic and normal U.S. women.", "content": "Asked U.S., British, and Mexican male students of college age to discriminate among three affective displays presented by 10 schizophrenic and 10 normal U.S. women. Significant main effects for diagnostic category, nationality of judge and for the interaction of nationality and diagnostic category were obtained. Furthermore, U.S. judges did significantly better in judging normals as compared to schizophrenics, British judges tended in the same direction, and Mexican judges did not. Co-nationality and national similarity confer an advantage in judging normals as compared to schizophrenics. The data have relevance for questions about the effects of sending and receiving nonverbal emotional messages on communications or miscommunications between doctor and patient, doctors from different cultures and people including conference negotiators, from different national backgrounds.", "contents": "The relative accuracy of U.S. British, and Mexican raters in judging the emotional displays of schizophrenic and normal U.S. women. Asked U.S., British, and Mexican male students of college age to discriminate among three affective displays presented by 10 schizophrenic and 10 normal U.S. women. Significant main effects for diagnostic category, nationality of judge and for the interaction of nationality and diagnostic category were obtained. Furthermore, U.S. judges did significantly better in judging normals as compared to schizophrenics, British judges tended in the same direction, and Mexican judges did not. Co-nationality and national similarity confer an advantage in judging normals as compared to schizophrenics. The data have relevance for questions about the effects of sending and receiving nonverbal emotional messages on communications or miscommunications between doctor and patient, doctors from different cultures and people including conference negotiators, from different national backgrounds.", "PMID": 690194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8689", "title": "Reductions in experienced control and depression in psychiatric inpatients: a test of the learned helplessness model.", "content": "Used a measure of reduction in experienced control to investigate two aspects of the learned helplessness model of depression. Consistent with this model, psychiatric inpatients who reported reduced control over life events prior to hospitalization were significantly more depressed than individuals who reported no such reductions. Locus of control (IE) was not related to depression scores, and it was suggested, in light of previous research, that future research on the antecedents of depression employ more specific measures of control rather than measures of generalized expectancies. Additionally, depressive as a diagnostic group reported greated reduced control than chronic schizophrenics, paranoid schizophrenics, and patients with personality disorder diagnoses. These results were interpreted as supporting the specificity of learned helplessness to depression. It was suggested that research on learned helplessness and depression, which has relied on college student analogues, can be complemented profitably by studies of reduced experience control within clinical populations.", "contents": "Reductions in experienced control and depression in psychiatric inpatients: a test of the learned helplessness model. Used a measure of reduction in experienced control to investigate two aspects of the learned helplessness model of depression. Consistent with this model, psychiatric inpatients who reported reduced control over life events prior to hospitalization were significantly more depressed than individuals who reported no such reductions. Locus of control (IE) was not related to depression scores, and it was suggested, in light of previous research, that future research on the antecedents of depression employ more specific measures of control rather than measures of generalized expectancies. Additionally, depressive as a diagnostic group reported greated reduced control than chronic schizophrenics, paranoid schizophrenics, and patients with personality disorder diagnoses. These results were interpreted as supporting the specificity of learned helplessness to depression. It was suggested that research on learned helplessness and depression, which has relied on college student analogues, can be complemented profitably by studies of reduced experience control within clinical populations.", "PMID": 690195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8690", "title": "A critique of the clinical-personological approach to idiographic personality study.", "content": "Idiographic research occupies an accepted position in personological study and clinical psychology. This review critically examines one such method of investigation, the clinical-personological approach, which relies on inductive inference and attempts to provide description at the level of the \"whole person.\" The data base is essentially clinical, psychosocial and psychometric, and information integration is achieved through \"convergent validation.\" The approach was criticized on three grounds: (a) level of description is only at a single level, ie., the general; (b) the data base is limited to grosser system attributes and is typically of low reliability and validity; and (c) inductive inference formulation is unduly susceptible to influence by chance factors, and attempts to validate the hypothesis are rare. Of the alternative approaches, Personal Construct Theory appears a promising avenue, but is also open to criticism.", "contents": "A critique of the clinical-personological approach to idiographic personality study. Idiographic research occupies an accepted position in personological study and clinical psychology. This review critically examines one such method of investigation, the clinical-personological approach, which relies on inductive inference and attempts to provide description at the level of the \"whole person.\" The data base is essentially clinical, psychosocial and psychometric, and information integration is achieved through \"convergent validation.\" The approach was criticized on three grounds: (a) level of description is only at a single level, ie., the general; (b) the data base is limited to grosser system attributes and is typically of low reliability and validity; and (c) inductive inference formulation is unduly susceptible to influence by chance factors, and attempts to validate the hypothesis are rare. Of the alternative approaches, Personal Construct Theory appears a promising avenue, but is also open to criticism.", "PMID": 690196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8691", "title": "Primary affective disorder: anxiety in unipolar and bipolar depressed groups.", "content": "A group of 50 patients (29 bipolar and 21 unipolar) hospitalized for depression were compared on the IPAT Anxiety Scale. The bipolar depressed group reported significantly less anxiety than the unipolar  group. This finding supports the results of other studies that reported relatively less psychopathology in bipolar groups during the acute depressive state. It is suggested that test-taking defensiveness, especially denial, might account for relatively lower anxiety and MMPI scores in bipolar groups.", "contents": "Primary affective disorder: anxiety in unipolar and bipolar depressed groups. A group of 50 patients (29 bipolar and 21 unipolar) hospitalized for depression were compared on the IPAT Anxiety Scale. The bipolar depressed group reported significantly less anxiety than the unipolar  group. This finding supports the results of other studies that reported relatively less psychopathology in bipolar groups during the acute depressive state. It is suggested that test-taking defensiveness, especially denial, might account for relatively lower anxiety and MMPI scores in bipolar groups.", "PMID": 690197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8692", "title": "The effect of motivation on loose thinking in schizophrenics as measured by the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test.", "content": "Administered the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder to 40 male schizophrenics. Half of them received a monetary reward for their performance, and half did not. The efficacy of this motivation-enhancing manipulation was verified by the fact that the group that was working for the money completed a card sorting task significantly faster than the group that received no compensation. However, the former group also exhibited more thought disorder on the grid test. The results were interpreted in terms of drive theory. It was argued that the rewarded group was more motivated and therefore more highly aroused and that this high arousal level disrupted performance on the more complex task. The findings do not support the hypothesis that lack of motivation contributes to schizophrenic cognitive deficit.", "contents": "The effect of motivation on loose thinking in schizophrenics as measured by the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test. Administered the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder to 40 male schizophrenics. Half of them received a monetary reward for their performance, and half did not. The efficacy of this motivation-enhancing manipulation was verified by the fact that the group that was working for the money completed a card sorting task significantly faster than the group that received no compensation. However, the former group also exhibited more thought disorder on the grid test. The results were interpreted in terms of drive theory. It was argued that the rewarded group was more motivated and therefore more highly aroused and that this high arousal level disrupted performance on the more complex task. The findings do not support the hypothesis that lack of motivation contributes to schizophrenic cognitive deficit.", "PMID": 690198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8693", "title": "Sensory perception and motoric reactivity in schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Explored the effect of non-signal and signal stimuli conditions upon skin conductance (SC) and finger pulse amplitude (FPA) of 8 schizophrenic patients and 6 normal controls. Both groups were assessed on a reaction time (RT) task that consisted of visual, auditory and tactile stimuli. Schizophrenics were significantly slower in the perception and reaction to visual, auditory and tactile stimuli than the normal volunteers. The autonomic reactivity of schizophrenics and normals was nonsignificant during the relaxation and non-signal stimuli conditions. However, when schizophrenics were asked to respond to signal stimuli or when an interfering stimulus was introduced, an autonomic imbalance was observed. The concept of directional fractionation provides the theoretical framework for the discussion of the autonomic results.", "contents": "Sensory perception and motoric reactivity in schizophrenic patients. Explored the effect of non-signal and signal stimuli conditions upon skin conductance (SC) and finger pulse amplitude (FPA) of 8 schizophrenic patients and 6 normal controls. Both groups were assessed on a reaction time (RT) task that consisted of visual, auditory and tactile stimuli. Schizophrenics were significantly slower in the perception and reaction to visual, auditory and tactile stimuli than the normal volunteers. The autonomic reactivity of schizophrenics and normals was nonsignificant during the relaxation and non-signal stimuli conditions. However, when schizophrenics were asked to respond to signal stimuli or when an interfering stimulus was introduced, an autonomic imbalance was observed. The concept of directional fractionation provides the theoretical framework for the discussion of the autonomic results.", "PMID": 690199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8694", "title": "Sex differences in birth patterns of schizophrenics.", "content": "Birth patterns of non-aboriginal, first admission, Western Australian psychiatric patients born between 1920 and 1950 were compared statistically with those of the general population. Three I. C. D. categories were examined: schizophrenia, anxiety neurosis, and depressive neurosis. For both categories of neurosis no deviations from normal birth patterns were observed. For males, marked excesses in schizophrenic births were observed in June, and for females a similar excess occurred in September. Possible explanations for this sex difference are examined.", "contents": "Sex differences in birth patterns of schizophrenics. Birth patterns of non-aboriginal, first admission, Western Australian psychiatric patients born between 1920 and 1950 were compared statistically with those of the general population. Three I. C. D. categories were examined: schizophrenia, anxiety neurosis, and depressive neurosis. For both categories of neurosis no deviations from normal birth patterns were observed. For males, marked excesses in schizophrenic births were observed in June, and for females a similar excess occurred in September. Possible explanations for this sex difference are examined.", "PMID": 690200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8695", "title": "Further evidence that M-F is bipolar and multidimensional.", "content": "Conducted a study to identify a set of cognitive skills tests on which there are significant sex differences. The main study determined the comparability of several bipolar M-F scales and the relations between the full range of scores on each of those bipolar M-F scales and self-rated sexual orientation;  110 females and 113 males completed six cognitive tests, the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Kinsey Sexual Orientation scale (KSO). Correlations in the combined-sex group were substantially higher than in either of the single-sex groups. Each of the several M-F measures was related significantly to sexual orientation in the combined-sex group, and the combination of the MMPI Mf scale and the Bem Androgyny Score accounted for a small but significantly greater portion of the variance in self-rated sexual orientation than did the MMPI Mf scale alone. The data support the view that M-F may be considered to be a bipolar and probably multidimensional variable.", "contents": "Further evidence that M-F is bipolar and multidimensional. Conducted a study to identify a set of cognitive skills tests on which there are significant sex differences. The main study determined the comparability of several bipolar M-F scales and the relations between the full range of scores on each of those bipolar M-F scales and self-rated sexual orientation;  110 females and 113 males completed six cognitive tests, the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Kinsey Sexual Orientation scale (KSO). Correlations in the combined-sex group were substantially higher than in either of the single-sex groups. Each of the several M-F measures was related significantly to sexual orientation in the combined-sex group, and the combination of the MMPI Mf scale and the Bem Androgyny Score accounted for a small but significantly greater portion of the variance in self-rated sexual orientation than did the MMPI Mf scale alone. The data support the view that M-F may be considered to be a bipolar and probably multidimensional variable.", "PMID": 690201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8696", "title": "Correlates of depressive mood among normals.", "content": "In order to determine the correlates of depressive mood, members of a women's volunteer organization were surveyed by a mailed questionnaire that included the Depression Adjective Check List (DACL) Form E and 14 depression-related measures. Correlations are presented and discussed. Highest correlations are with measures whose relationship to depressive mood are most clear.", "contents": "Correlates of depressive mood among normals. In order to determine the correlates of depressive mood, members of a women's volunteer organization were surveyed by a mailed questionnaire that included the Depression Adjective Check List (DACL) Form E and 14 depression-related measures. Correlations are presented and discussed. Highest correlations are with measures whose relationship to depressive mood are most clear.", "PMID": 690202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8697", "title": "The relationship between depression and self-concept discrepancy among different generations of Japanese-American women.", "content": "Investigated the relationship between real-ideal self-concept discrepancy and depression among different generations and age groups of Japanese-American women in Hawaii. In contrast to the numerous results with Caucasian Ss, the present findings revealed that self-concept discrepancy and depression are related positively for certain generations (i.e., Nisel, young Sansei), but not others (i.e., old Sansei, Yonsei). It was speculated that the differences were due to acculturative and historical experiences that mediated personality pattern development. The findings also point out the ethnocentricity of one of the most supported notions in Western psychology (i.e., the relationship between self-concept discrepancy and maladjustment).", "contents": "The relationship between depression and self-concept discrepancy among different generations of Japanese-American women. Investigated the relationship between real-ideal self-concept discrepancy and depression among different generations and age groups of Japanese-American women in Hawaii. In contrast to the numerous results with Caucasian Ss, the present findings revealed that self-concept discrepancy and depression are related positively for certain generations (i.e., Nisel, young Sansei), but not others (i.e., old Sansei, Yonsei). It was speculated that the differences were due to acculturative and historical experiences that mediated personality pattern development. The findings also point out the ethnocentricity of one of the most supported notions in Western psychology (i.e., the relationship between self-concept discrepancy and maladjustment).", "PMID": 690203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8698", "title": "Machiavellianism and clinical depression in a geriatric sample.", "content": "Administered a test of Machiavellianism to 20 clinically depressed psychogeriatric and 20 non-depressed psychogeriatric patients. Non-depressed males were significantly more Machiavellian than were non-depressed females. Depression in males, then, may be of a more self-aggressive, self-destructive nature, whereas depression in females may be expressed in more emotionally detached attitudes and manipulative behaviors.", "contents": "Machiavellianism and clinical depression in a geriatric sample. Administered a test of Machiavellianism to 20 clinically depressed psychogeriatric and 20 non-depressed psychogeriatric patients. Non-depressed males were significantly more Machiavellian than were non-depressed females. Depression in males, then, may be of a more self-aggressive, self-destructive nature, whereas depression in females may be expressed in more emotionally detached attitudes and manipulative behaviors.", "PMID": 690204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8699", "title": "Personality correlates of attitude toward death.", "content": "Examined the interrelationships of two scales of attitudes toward death with four measures of personality: the Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Novelty Experiencing Scale, the Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and the Internal-External Orientation Scale. Ss were 142 volunteer males enrolled in introductory psychology courses. A correlation of .72 was found between the Death Concern Scale and the Death Anxiety Scale. In addition, both scales showed the same pattern of correlations with the four personality measures. The highest correlations were found between death attitude and the manifest anxiety scores and the external-internal orientation scores. The importance of including these factors when one is interpreting death attitude scores was stressed, as well as the need for research to establish that these scales measures an anxiety or concern above and beyond general anxiety.", "contents": "Personality correlates of attitude toward death. Examined the interrelationships of two scales of attitudes toward death with four measures of personality: the Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Novelty Experiencing Scale, the Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and the Internal-External Orientation Scale. Ss were 142 volunteer males enrolled in introductory psychology courses. A correlation of .72 was found between the Death Concern Scale and the Death Anxiety Scale. In addition, both scales showed the same pattern of correlations with the four personality measures. The highest correlations were found between death attitude and the manifest anxiety scores and the external-internal orientation scores. The importance of including these factors when one is interpreting death attitude scores was stressed, as well as the need for research to establish that these scales measures an anxiety or concern above and beyond general anxiety.", "PMID": 690205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8700", "title": "Use of the Leiter International Performance Scale with adult aphasics.", "content": "Considered whether the Leiter International Performances Scales (LIPS), a general intelligence test used successfully with Ss age 2-18, can be adapted for use with aphasic adults. Six aphasic adults and 6 matched controls were given the Reitan Indians Screening Test of Aphasia and the LIPS. Results showed that the aphasic sample had total test scores comparable with the control group; however, the aphasic group required approximately 66% more time than the controls to complete the test. It was concluded that further work is merited based on the following results: (1) the test provided a sufficient range of difficulty so that each S errored on  at least one-fourth of the test items; (2) the test could be given to the adult aphasics within a feasible time frame; (3) the aphasic adults were able to work with the test materials despite visual defects and hemiparesis of the dominant side; (4) feasible modifications can be made in the test.", "contents": "Use of the Leiter International Performance Scale with adult aphasics. Considered whether the Leiter International Performances Scales (LIPS), a general intelligence test used successfully with Ss age 2-18, can be adapted for use with aphasic adults. Six aphasic adults and 6 matched controls were given the Reitan Indians Screening Test of Aphasia and the LIPS. Results showed that the aphasic sample had total test scores comparable with the control group; however, the aphasic group required approximately 66% more time than the controls to complete the test. It was concluded that further work is merited based on the following results: (1) the test provided a sufficient range of difficulty so that each S errored on  at least one-fourth of the test items; (2) the test could be given to the adult aphasics within a feasible time frame; (3) the aphasic adults were able to work with the test materials despite visual defects and hemiparesis of the dominant side; (4) feasible modifications can be made in the test.", "PMID": 690206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8701", "title": "Personaltiy correlates of the joy of life.", "content": "Hypothesized that greater diversity of joy and more intense levels of joy would be associated with low hopelessness, high sensation seeking the perception of the world as just, and high sensitization as compared with high repression. It also was predicted that female Ss would score higher in sources of joy and in intensity as compared to males. One hundred and thirty-four college students were administered the Joy of Life Scale, Hopelessness Scale, Sensation Seeking Scale, Just World Scale, and Revised Repression-Sensitization Scale. The hypothesis was supported for sensation seeking in that High Sensation Seekers assigned significantly (p less than .05) higher mean intensity ratings to experiences that produced joy of life, than did Low Sensation Seekers. Contrary to expectation, there was a nonsignificant trend for sensitizers, when compared with repressors, to select fewer joy-related experiences and to evaluate these experiences as less joyful. The experiences that most often led to high levels of joy were those referrable to positive emotional events.", "contents": "Personaltiy correlates of the joy of life. Hypothesized that greater diversity of joy and more intense levels of joy would be associated with low hopelessness, high sensation seeking the perception of the world as just, and high sensitization as compared with high repression. It also was predicted that female Ss would score higher in sources of joy and in intensity as compared to males. One hundred and thirty-four college students were administered the Joy of Life Scale, Hopelessness Scale, Sensation Seeking Scale, Just World Scale, and Revised Repression-Sensitization Scale. The hypothesis was supported for sensation seeking in that High Sensation Seekers assigned significantly (p less than .05) higher mean intensity ratings to experiences that produced joy of life, than did Low Sensation Seekers. Contrary to expectation, there was a nonsignificant trend for sensitizers, when compared with repressors, to select fewer joy-related experiences and to evaluate these experiences as less joyful. The experiences that most often led to high levels of joy were those referrable to positive emotional events.", "PMID": 690207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8702", "title": "The measurement of psychological states by use of factors derived from a combination of items from mood and symptom checklists.", "content": "The similarities in structure and usage of two widely used adjective checklists, the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Symptom Checklist (SCL), suggested the feasibility of pooling the items from the two scales into a single factor analysis. This procedure was clinically appealing, statistically sound, and provided an efficient method to reduce and refine assessments of psychopathology. Data from 413 Miami Symptomatic Volunteers were used in this factor analysis. Nine factor dimensions were found to meet the dual criteria of statistical salience and clinical meaningfulness. The results demonstrated the factorial stability of the SCL and the POMS and identified the dimensions of psychopathology in which items from the two scales tended to complement each other in factor structure. Some factors were found to be unique to each scale. In addition, it was found that pooling the items from both scales yielded two new factor dimensions that were not previously available from either of the individual scales.", "contents": "The measurement of psychological states by use of factors derived from a combination of items from mood and symptom checklists. The similarities in structure and usage of two widely used adjective checklists, the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Symptom Checklist (SCL), suggested the feasibility of pooling the items from the two scales into a single factor analysis. This procedure was clinically appealing, statistically sound, and provided an efficient method to reduce and refine assessments of psychopathology. Data from 413 Miami Symptomatic Volunteers were used in this factor analysis. Nine factor dimensions were found to meet the dual criteria of statistical salience and clinical meaningfulness. The results demonstrated the factorial stability of the SCL and the POMS and identified the dimensions of psychopathology in which items from the two scales tended to complement each other in factor structure. Some factors were found to be unique to each scale. In addition, it was found that pooling the items from both scales yielded two new factor dimensions that were not previously available from either of the individual scales.", "PMID": 690208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8703", "title": "Personality measurement in parents of retarded and emotionally disturbed children: a replication.", "content": "Replicated Erickson's (1968, 1969) studies that compared MMPI profiles of parents of emotionally and behaviorally disturbed (ED), mentally retarded (MR), and non-clinic (N) children. In general, Erickson's findings that the MR and ED parents did not differ, but that both showed elevated profiles relative to N, were confirmed. The results were interpreted to provide partial supporter for Erickson's \"stress reaction hypothesis,\" whereby the well-known clinic parent MMPI elevations presumably reflect the parents' stress as a result of having a disturbed or handicapped child.", "contents": "Personality measurement in parents of retarded and emotionally disturbed children: a replication. Replicated Erickson's (1968, 1969) studies that compared MMPI profiles of parents of emotionally and behaviorally disturbed (ED), mentally retarded (MR), and non-clinic (N) children. In general, Erickson's findings that the MR and ED parents did not differ, but that both showed elevated profiles relative to N, were confirmed. The results were interpreted to provide partial supporter for Erickson's \"stress reaction hypothesis,\" whereby the well-known clinic parent MMPI elevations presumably reflect the parents' stress as a result of having a disturbed or handicapped child.", "PMID": 690209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8704", "title": "Trait and state anxiety in Israeli student athletes.", "content": "Examined trait anxiety in three groups of Israeli physical education students (N=251): competitors in individual sports, in team sports, and noncompetitors. The measure was the Spielberger, Gorsuch, and Lushene Trait Anxiety Scale (1970). Both groups of competitive athletes were lower in trait anxiety than noncompetitors. In addition, the two groups of competitive athletes were compared on State Anxiety as measured by the Spielberger scale and a physiological measure of heart rate. There were no differences in state anxiety among competitive athletes. Women competitive athletes were higher in trait, but not in state, anxiety. A high correlation was found between the psychometric and physiological measures of state anxiety.", "contents": "Trait and state anxiety in Israeli student athletes. Examined trait anxiety in three groups of Israeli physical education students (N=251): competitors in individual sports, in team sports, and noncompetitors. The measure was the Spielberger, Gorsuch, and Lushene Trait Anxiety Scale (1970). Both groups of competitive athletes were lower in trait anxiety than noncompetitors. In addition, the two groups of competitive athletes were compared on State Anxiety as measured by the Spielberger scale and a physiological measure of heart rate. There were no differences in state anxiety among competitive athletes. Women competitive athletes were higher in trait, but not in state, anxiety. A high correlation was found between the psychometric and physiological measures of state anxiety.", "PMID": 690210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8705", "title": "Common factors in two methods for assessing psychiatric inpatients.", "content": "Repeated measures were collected on 99 patients by use of two assessment instruments, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, based on an interview, and the Psychotic Inpatient Profile, based on observations of ward behavior. For each S, scores from the two instruments were matched for day of rating and intercorrelated. Factor analysis revealed two factors, each with substantial contributions from both rating instruments. The first factor, interpreted as measuring thought disorder, accounted for 19% of the total varlance. The second factor, termed mood disorder, accounted for 12% of the variance. A third factor accounted for an additional 9% of variance, but had high loadings only on scales of the BPRS.", "contents": "Common factors in two methods for assessing psychiatric inpatients. Repeated measures were collected on 99 patients by use of two assessment instruments, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, based on an interview, and the Psychotic Inpatient Profile, based on observations of ward behavior. For each S, scores from the two instruments were matched for day of rating and intercorrelated. Factor analysis revealed two factors, each with substantial contributions from both rating instruments. The first factor, interpreted as measuring thought disorder, accounted for 19% of the total varlance. The second factor, termed mood disorder, accounted for 12% of the variance. A third factor accounted for an additional 9% of variance, but had high loadings only on scales of the BPRS.", "PMID": 690211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8706", "title": "Behavioral correlates for within-normal-limit MMPI profiles with and without elevated K in students at a university  mental health center.", "content": "Young adults who were attending a college student mental health center and who obtained MMPI profiles with clinical scales within normal limits with and without elevated K were compared to all other patients at the center on 175 descriptors obtained from intake interviews. Those items that discriminated (x2, p less than .05) students who obtained these profile types from others are reported as tentative MMPI interpretive correlates for patients in similar settings. Correlates ranged from those indicative of situational difficulties to serious psychopathology, and clear sex differences were present. It is concluded that within-normal-limit profiles do not indicate psychological normality when they occur in such a setting and that useful interpretive information can be identified for these, as well as clinically elevated profile types.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates for within-normal-limit MMPI profiles with and without elevated K in students at a university  mental health center. Young adults who were attending a college student mental health center and who obtained MMPI profiles with clinical scales within normal limits with and without elevated K were compared to all other patients at the center on 175 descriptors obtained from intake interviews. Those items that discriminated (x2, p less than .05) students who obtained these profile types from others are reported as tentative MMPI interpretive correlates for patients in similar settings. Correlates ranged from those indicative of situational difficulties to serious psychopathology, and clear sex differences were present. It is concluded that within-normal-limit profiles do not indicate psychological normality when they occur in such a setting and that useful interpretive information can be identified for these, as well as clinically elevated profile types.", "PMID": 690212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8707", "title": "Application of the Process Scoring System to waking, dream and therapy reports.", "content": "Extended the Process Scoring System, originally developed for measuring dream dynamics and content, to waking and therapy experiences and applied it in a study of 5 new and 5 experienced Ss in an intensive outpatient psychotherapy. Two areas were examined: First, differences on process and content variables related to length of time in therapy and, second, the parallel relationship in these variables between waking, dream, and therapy experiences. The Process Scoring System proved useful in measuring these variables in all three types of experiences. The results indicated significant differences between the new and experienced patients and measurable interaction between the waking, dream, and therapy areas.", "contents": "Application of the Process Scoring System to waking, dream and therapy reports. Extended the Process Scoring System, originally developed for measuring dream dynamics and content, to waking and therapy experiences and applied it in a study of 5 new and 5 experienced Ss in an intensive outpatient psychotherapy. Two areas were examined: First, differences on process and content variables related to length of time in therapy and, second, the parallel relationship in these variables between waking, dream, and therapy experiences. The Process Scoring System proved useful in measuring these variables in all three types of experiences. The results indicated significant differences between the new and experienced patients and measurable interaction between the waking, dream, and therapy areas.", "PMID": 690213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8708", "title": "The effects of videotape feedback on self-concept, role-playing ability, and growth in a leaderless therapy group.", "content": "Thirty-two male and female college students participated in six 90-minute leaderless encounter groups in which they received videotape feedback, leader-facilitated videotape feedback, or verbal feedback. Statistical analysis indicated that feedback through a visual medium had no effect on self-concept, role-playing ability, or group coherence. Groups within the experimental conditions were initially different in their ratings on the dependent measures. These differences were maintained throughout the experiment.", "contents": "The effects of videotape feedback on self-concept, role-playing ability, and growth in a leaderless therapy group. Thirty-two male and female college students participated in six 90-minute leaderless encounter groups in which they received videotape feedback, leader-facilitated videotape feedback, or verbal feedback. Statistical analysis indicated that feedback through a visual medium had no effect on self-concept, role-playing ability, or group coherence. Groups within the experimental conditions were initially different in their ratings on the dependent measures. These differences were maintained throughout the experiment.", "PMID": 690214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8709", "title": "Individual differences in self-reported sleep variable correlations among nightmare sufferers.", "content": "Previous research has suggested relationships between anxiety and nightmares and between nightmares and other sleep difficulties by relating measures across Ss. In the present experiment, students who reported two or more nightmares per week and who were participating in a treatment study recorded anxiety ratings and sleep observations for 8 weeks. Correlational analyses of the diurnal measures revealed within-S support for both relationships. Individual differences in the pattern of significant correlations and their treatment implications are discussed.", "contents": "Individual differences in self-reported sleep variable correlations among nightmare sufferers. Previous research has suggested relationships between anxiety and nightmares and between nightmares and other sleep difficulties by relating measures across Ss. In the present experiment, students who reported two or more nightmares per week and who were participating in a treatment study recorded anxiety ratings and sleep observations for 8 weeks. Correlational analyses of the diurnal measures revealed within-S support for both relationships. Individual differences in the pattern of significant correlations and their treatment implications are discussed.", "PMID": 690215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8710", "title": "Success of cathartic therapy as a function of patient variables.", "content": "Treated sample of 42 patients with cathartic psychotherapy and evaluated differential effectiveness on types of patients. Patients without mental disorders experienced more emotional catharsis than all others, and those with obsessive compulsive personality disorders improved more than all others as a result of emotive treatment. Contrary to popular notions, neither women nor hysterics experienced more catharsis or improved more in cathartic therapy. Although women and hysterics may cry more easily in daily life, obsessives are apparently more able to maintain focus on unhappy experiences and are therefore able to express more emotion in cathartic therapy. Furthermore, it seems that cathartic treatment is beneficial by disrupting long-standing defenses against emotional experiences, rather than by releasing stored-up affects.", "contents": "Success of cathartic therapy as a function of patient variables. Treated sample of 42 patients with cathartic psychotherapy and evaluated differential effectiveness on types of patients. Patients without mental disorders experienced more emotional catharsis than all others, and those with obsessive compulsive personality disorders improved more than all others as a result of emotive treatment. Contrary to popular notions, neither women nor hysterics experienced more catharsis or improved more in cathartic therapy. Although women and hysterics may cry more easily in daily life, obsessives are apparently more able to maintain focus on unhappy experiences and are therefore able to express more emotion in cathartic therapy. Furthermore, it seems that cathartic treatment is beneficial by disrupting long-standing defenses against emotional experiences, rather than by releasing stored-up affects.", "PMID": 690216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8711", "title": "Early memories and dream recall.", "content": "Investigated the relationship of very early memories and current dream recall. Data on early memories--for the first 3 years of life and for ages 4 through 6--were obtained by questionnaire. Dream reports were recorded at home over a 9-night period. A positive relationship was found between the number of nights for which dreams were recorded and memories reported for ages 4 through 6. Dream report was unrelated to memories reported for the first 3 years of life.", "contents": "Early memories and dream recall. Investigated the relationship of very early memories and current dream recall. Data on early memories--for the first 3 years of life and for ages 4 through 6--were obtained by questionnaire. Dream reports were recorded at home over a 9-night period. A positive relationship was found between the number of nights for which dreams were recorded and memories reported for ages 4 through 6. Dream report was unrelated to memories reported for the first 3 years of life.", "PMID": 690217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8712", "title": "The use of Goal Attainment Scaling to evaluate a ward treatment program for disturbed children.", "content": "Goal Attainment Scaling was used with behaviorally disturbed inpatient children. Staff generally underpredicted success of outcome, but were overly optimistic with four types of presenting problems and three types of goal areas. The evaluation procedure made important contributions to the processes of diagnosis and treatment planning.", "contents": "The use of Goal Attainment Scaling to evaluate a ward treatment program for disturbed children. Goal Attainment Scaling was used with behaviorally disturbed inpatient children. Staff generally underpredicted success of outcome, but were overly optimistic with four types of presenting problems and three types of goal areas. The evaluation procedure made important contributions to the processes of diagnosis and treatment planning.", "PMID": 690218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8713", "title": "Goal clarity as a component of assertive behavior and a result of assertion training.", "content": "Eighty Ss were given the Rathus assertion schedule and a separate test in which their clarity of goals in various interpersonal situation was assessed. It was found that there was a direct relationship between assertion and goal clarity scores; more assertive Ss had greater goal clarity. The Rathus assertion schedule and half of the goal clarity test were administered to 24 Ss, who then were assigned randomly to 10 sessions of either an assertion training group or an insight therapy group. After treatment, the Rathus assertion schedule and the other half of the goal clarity test were administered to the 24 Ss. While there was no difference between the two groups prior to treatment, after treatment the assertion group demonstrated significantly greater goal clarity and significantly greater change on the Rathus assertion schedule than did the insight group.", "contents": "Goal clarity as a component of assertive behavior and a result of assertion training. Eighty Ss were given the Rathus assertion schedule and a separate test in which their clarity of goals in various interpersonal situation was assessed. It was found that there was a direct relationship between assertion and goal clarity scores; more assertive Ss had greater goal clarity. The Rathus assertion schedule and half of the goal clarity test were administered to 24 Ss, who then were assigned randomly to 10 sessions of either an assertion training group or an insight therapy group. After treatment, the Rathus assertion schedule and the other half of the goal clarity test were administered to the 24 Ss. While there was no difference between the two groups prior to treatment, after treatment the assertion group demonstrated significantly greater goal clarity and significantly greater change on the Rathus assertion schedule than did the insight group.", "PMID": 690219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8714", "title": "Psychotherapy preferences as a function of Ss' conceptual systems.", "content": "Examined the relationship between conceptual systems and preferences for behavioral or client-centered approaches to therapy. One hundred and forty college students were administered measures of their conceptual systems and of their therapy preferences; the latter included descriptions of the two therapies. Two weeks later, they were exposed to audiotaped excerpts of one of the two therapies and afterward indicated again their preferences between the two therapies. It was hypothesized that therapy preferences would be distributed nonrandomly across conceptual systems, with a greater proportion of persons in the more abstract systems who preferred client-centered approaches than in the more concrete conceptual systems. This hypothesis was supported at the .001 level. It also was found that therapy preferences were relatively stable, with very few Ss who actually changed their perferences after they had listened to the demonstration tapes.", "contents": "Psychotherapy preferences as a function of Ss' conceptual systems. Examined the relationship between conceptual systems and preferences for behavioral or client-centered approaches to therapy. One hundred and forty college students were administered measures of their conceptual systems and of their therapy preferences; the latter included descriptions of the two therapies. Two weeks later, they were exposed to audiotaped excerpts of one of the two therapies and afterward indicated again their preferences between the two therapies. It was hypothesized that therapy preferences would be distributed nonrandomly across conceptual systems, with a greater proportion of persons in the more abstract systems who preferred client-centered approaches than in the more concrete conceptual systems. This hypothesis was supported at the .001 level. It also was found that therapy preferences were relatively stable, with very few Ss who actually changed their perferences after they had listened to the demonstration tapes.", "PMID": 690220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8715", "title": "Simplified use of the semantic differential to measure psychotherapy outcome.", "content": "To initially establish the validity and utility of a simplified use of the Semantic Differential to measure psychotherapy outcome, 14 clients were administered, before and after 15 sessions of individual psychotherapy, the Semantic Differential and a symptom checklist. As predicted, results indicated that change of clients' self-constructs in a positive direction was associated with symptom reduction. Implications for psychotherapy research are discussed.", "contents": "Simplified use of the semantic differential to measure psychotherapy outcome. To initially establish the validity and utility of a simplified use of the Semantic Differential to measure psychotherapy outcome, 14 clients were administered, before and after 15 sessions of individual psychotherapy, the Semantic Differential and a symptom checklist. As predicted, results indicated that change of clients' self-constructs in a positive direction was associated with symptom reduction. Implications for psychotherapy research are discussed.", "PMID": 690221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8716", "title": "Rorschach suicide predictors: a crossvalidational study.", "content": "Attempted to replicate previously reported findings that individuals who commit suicide give a greater number of transparency and cross-sectional responses on the Rorschach than matched nonsuicidal Ss. In addition, a variety of other scoring categories reported in the literature as being more frequent in suicidal Ss were compared for suicidal individuals and their matched controls. However, neither the transparency and cross-sectional category nor the other response classifications differentiated the groups. Social class and/or IQ differences in the samples used were suggested as a reason for the failure to replicate the earlier study on cross-sectional and transparency scores.", "contents": "Rorschach suicide predictors: a crossvalidational study. Attempted to replicate previously reported findings that individuals who commit suicide give a greater number of transparency and cross-sectional responses on the Rorschach than matched nonsuicidal Ss. In addition, a variety of other scoring categories reported in the literature as being more frequent in suicidal Ss were compared for suicidal individuals and their matched controls. However, neither the transparency and cross-sectional category nor the other response classifications differentiated the groups. Social class and/or IQ differences in the samples used were suggested as a reason for the failure to replicate the earlier study on cross-sectional and transparency scores.", "PMID": 690222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8717", "title": "Psychological and physiological changes during tobacco-abstinence in habitual smokers.", "content": "Effects of 4 days of abstinence from tobacco smoking were examined in 11 habitual smokers at their usual place of work and related to smoking habits and attitudes toward smoking as studied with the aid of a questionnaire. Results showed that adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion decreased, while performance on cognitive tests was unaffected. Irritation, disturbances in social relations and activities, and lack of needed social support were shown and reported frequently.", "contents": "Psychological and physiological changes during tobacco-abstinence in habitual smokers. Effects of 4 days of abstinence from tobacco smoking were examined in 11 habitual smokers at their usual place of work and related to smoking habits and attitudes toward smoking as studied with the aid of a questionnaire. Results showed that adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion decreased, while performance on cognitive tests was unaffected. Irritation, disturbances in social relations and activities, and lack of needed social support were shown and reported frequently.", "PMID": 690223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8718", "title": "Alpha biofeedback therapy in alcoholics: an 18-month follow-up.", "content": "In an earlier study on patients with alcohol problems, an experimental group given 10 hour-long alpha biofeedback training sessions showed greater improvement on State and Trait Anxiety scores than did a control sample. In the present study an 18-month follow-up was done on those Ss. The differences between the experimentals and controls in State and Trait Anxiety after 18 months were essentially identical to the differences between them immediately after treatment, which indicates that alpha training had long-range therapeutic effects. A difference between the groups on the Alcohol Rehabilitation Followup Questionnaire also suggested that alpha training may have been associated with some reduction in alcohol consumption as well.", "contents": "Alpha biofeedback therapy in alcoholics: an 18-month follow-up. In an earlier study on patients with alcohol problems, an experimental group given 10 hour-long alpha biofeedback training sessions showed greater improvement on State and Trait Anxiety scores than did a control sample. In the present study an 18-month follow-up was done on those Ss. The differences between the experimentals and controls in State and Trait Anxiety after 18 months were essentially identical to the differences between them immediately after treatment, which indicates that alpha training had long-range therapeutic effects. A difference between the groups on the Alcohol Rehabilitation Followup Questionnaire also suggested that alpha training may have been associated with some reduction in alcohol consumption as well.", "PMID": 690224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8719", "title": "Systems releasing action therapy with alcoholics: an experimental evaluation.", "content": "Described Systems Releasing Action Therapy (SRAT) and a controlled study that evaluated its effectiveness. The therapy combines physical and fantasy exercises and has its roots in the Bioenergetic and Gestalt traditions. To evaluate its effectiveness, 56 patients who were receiving treatment for alcoholism were assigned randomly to therapy and control groups. On 3-week follow-up, the therapy sample showed significantly more improvement than the controls on measures of blood pressure, physical symptoms, anxiety, hysteroid tendencies, disturbed feelings and self-image. Suggestive differences (interactions significant only at the .20 level) in favor of the therapy group also appeared on measures of vital capacity withdrawal, excessive drinking, anhedonia and four neurosis-oriented MMPI scales. However, 6-month follow-up data were relatively unimpressive. The results suggest this type of therapy is an effective one, at least for the short term.", "contents": "Systems releasing action therapy with alcoholics: an experimental evaluation. Described Systems Releasing Action Therapy (SRAT) and a controlled study that evaluated its effectiveness. The therapy combines physical and fantasy exercises and has its roots in the Bioenergetic and Gestalt traditions. To evaluate its effectiveness, 56 patients who were receiving treatment for alcoholism were assigned randomly to therapy and control groups. On 3-week follow-up, the therapy sample showed significantly more improvement than the controls on measures of blood pressure, physical symptoms, anxiety, hysteroid tendencies, disturbed feelings and self-image. Suggestive differences (interactions significant only at the .20 level) in favor of the therapy group also appeared on measures of vital capacity withdrawal, excessive drinking, anhedonia and four neurosis-oriented MMPI scales. However, 6-month follow-up data were relatively unimpressive. The results suggest this type of therapy is an effective one, at least for the short term.", "PMID": 690225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8720", "title": "Odor and marijuana intoxication.", "content": "Assigned 48 volunteer adult males to four groups: a marijuana high dose, a marijuana low dose, a placebo, and a coltsfoot group. Each S participated in two 80-minute sessions; one involved listening to music, socializing, and smoking the drug, and the second was identical to the first with the addition of two extra placebo cigarettes which contained finely cut amounts of human hair. The odor of burning hair was rated previously as quite aversive by non-intoxicated Ss. Contrary to expectation, Ss in the odor condition indicated on self-ratings that they became significantly more intoxicated after the smoking of the hair cigarette. The opposite effect was found with a pulse rate measure. An additional 24 Ss were divided into high and low dose marijuana groups and run in an odor session, in which they were informed prior to smoking of the hair content. Heart rate for these Ss decreased significantly more than for the comparable uninformed Ss, although self-ratings continued to reflect increased intoxication.", "contents": "Odor and marijuana intoxication. Assigned 48 volunteer adult males to four groups: a marijuana high dose, a marijuana low dose, a placebo, and a coltsfoot group. Each S participated in two 80-minute sessions; one involved listening to music, socializing, and smoking the drug, and the second was identical to the first with the addition of two extra placebo cigarettes which contained finely cut amounts of human hair. The odor of burning hair was rated previously as quite aversive by non-intoxicated Ss. Contrary to expectation, Ss in the odor condition indicated on self-ratings that they became significantly more intoxicated after the smoking of the hair cigarette. The opposite effect was found with a pulse rate measure. An additional 24 Ss were divided into high and low dose marijuana groups and run in an odor session, in which they were informed prior to smoking of the hair content. Heart rate for these Ss decreased significantly more than for the comparable uninformed Ss, although self-ratings continued to reflect increased intoxication.", "PMID": 690226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8721", "title": "A further look at the Institutionalized Chronic Alcoholic Scale.", "content": "Investigated a newly developed MMPI scale--the Institutionalized Chronic Alcohol Scale (ICAS)--designed to separate alcoholics from neurotics. With a sample of 75 alcoholic and 50 neurotic male Veterans Administration Hospital inpatients, the ICAS was found to separate the two groups, correctly identifying 78%, but was slightly less effective than two other previously used alcoholism scales by MacAndrew (Amac) and Holmes (Am). Data from 30 male Veterans Administration Hospital heroin addicts lend some support to the statement, which appears in the original article, that the ICAS should not be used to distinguish between alcoholics and people other than neurotics.", "contents": "A further look at the Institutionalized Chronic Alcoholic Scale. Investigated a newly developed MMPI scale--the Institutionalized Chronic Alcohol Scale (ICAS)--designed to separate alcoholics from neurotics. With a sample of 75 alcoholic and 50 neurotic male Veterans Administration Hospital inpatients, the ICAS was found to separate the two groups, correctly identifying 78%, but was slightly less effective than two other previously used alcoholism scales by MacAndrew (Amac) and Holmes (Am). Data from 30 male Veterans Administration Hospital heroin addicts lend some support to the statement, which appears in the original article, that the ICAS should not be used to distinguish between alcoholics and people other than neurotics.", "PMID": 690227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8722", "title": "Goal choice of alcoholics: a comparison of those who choose total abstinence vs. those who choose responsible, controlled drinking.", "content": "Examined possible pre-treatment differences between alcoholic veterans who choose total abstinence and those who choose responsible drinking as their drinking goal. The two groups were compared on a variety of behavioral, cognitive, affective, and demographic characteristics. It was found that those who choose responsible drinking had a significantly shorter history of abusive drinking (6.5 years vs. 11.5 years) and more education (12.5 years vs. 10.8 years). In addition, the responsible drinking group showed a stronger belief that their chance for success was 100%.", "contents": "Goal choice of alcoholics: a comparison of those who choose total abstinence vs. those who choose responsible, controlled drinking. Examined possible pre-treatment differences between alcoholic veterans who choose total abstinence and those who choose responsible drinking as their drinking goal. The two groups were compared on a variety of behavioral, cognitive, affective, and demographic characteristics. It was found that those who choose responsible drinking had a significantly shorter history of abusive drinking (6.5 years vs. 11.5 years) and more education (12.5 years vs. 10.8 years). In addition, the responsible drinking group showed a stronger belief that their chance for success was 100%.", "PMID": 690228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8723", "title": "Comparison of two alcoholism scales with alcoholics and their wives.", "content": "Both partners in 36 alcoholic marriages responded to two different alcoholism scales, the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale. Multiple regression analysis determined that each scale was predicted differentially, but that characteristics of the wives accounted for considerable variance of the husbands' test scores and vice versa.", "contents": "Comparison of two alcoholism scales with alcoholics and their wives. Both partners in 36 alcoholic marriages responded to two different alcoholism scales, the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale. Multiple regression analysis determined that each scale was predicted differentially, but that characteristics of the wives accounted for considerable variance of the husbands' test scores and vice versa.", "PMID": 690229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8724", "title": "A comparison of moral reasoning in drug addicts and nonaddicts.", "content": "Assessed moral reasoning of 20 male addict patients and 17 nonprofessional male hospital employees by Kohlberg's methods. The mean level of moral reasoning of the drug addict group (2.97) was not found to differ significantly from that of the nonaddict comparison group (2.88). Furthermore, moral reasoning in addicts was not found to be related significantly to a number of background and personality characteristics. The findings, therefore, indicated that moral reasoning and moral behavior are not related significantly in drug addicts. It was concluded that the deviant behavior of this group is more likely the result of a deficiency in ego controls.", "contents": "A comparison of moral reasoning in drug addicts and nonaddicts. Assessed moral reasoning of 20 male addict patients and 17 nonprofessional male hospital employees by Kohlberg's methods. The mean level of moral reasoning of the drug addict group (2.97) was not found to differ significantly from that of the nonaddict comparison group (2.88). Furthermore, moral reasoning in addicts was not found to be related significantly to a number of background and personality characteristics. The findings, therefore, indicated that moral reasoning and moral behavior are not related significantly in drug addicts. It was concluded that the deviant behavior of this group is more likely the result of a deficiency in ego controls.", "PMID": 690230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8725", "title": "Will clinical psychology survive in the Soviet Union?", "content": "Sovient psychologists who are working in clinics and psychiatric dispensaries call themselves \"pathopsychologists,\" and they are, at present, in a rather difficult position. This paper will attempt to outline the position of clinical psychologists in the Soviet Union (USSR) and the nature of their problems and, also, to give an impression of (1) the tasks of clinical psychologists; (2) their struggle to regain the status of an independent profession; and (3) their struggle to keep clinical psychology an independent science.", "contents": "Will clinical psychology survive in the Soviet Union? Sovient psychologists who are working in clinics and psychiatric dispensaries call themselves \"pathopsychologists,\" and they are, at present, in a rather difficult position. This paper will attempt to outline the position of clinical psychologists in the Soviet Union (USSR) and the nature of their problems and, also, to give an impression of (1) the tasks of clinical psychologists; (2) their struggle to regain the status of an independent profession; and (3) their struggle to keep clinical psychology an independent science.", "PMID": 690231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8726", "title": "Utilization of offender case information by \"lenient\" vs. \"punitive\" clinicians.", "content": "Presentence evaluations conducted by psychologists and psychiatrists (clinicians) and correctional counselors (caseworkers) were subjected to multiple regression analyses in order to specify the relative contribution of inmate characteristics (offense severity and recidivism probability) and decision-maker response biases to sentencing recommendations. Although both groups of decision-makers showed a response bias effect for cases that were difficult to discriminate, the effect was generally larger for clinicians than for caseworkers. Response bias (lenient vs. punitive) was not associated with type of clinical judgment model (linear vs. configural) or predictability of recommendation, although it was associated with the degree of relative weighting of the two independent variables and, in the case of extremely punitive decision-makers, with the tendency to utilize only one evaluative dimension (offense severity) to the exclusion of the other. Furthermore, it was found that inmates who committed the most serious offenses were exposed selectively to those decision-makers most likely both to place exclusive emphasis on offense severity and to recommend relatively punitive case dispositions. The need for an accountability system designed to minimize the effects of the response biases of correctional decision-makers was discussed.", "contents": "Utilization of offender case information by \"lenient\" vs. \"punitive\" clinicians. Presentence evaluations conducted by psychologists and psychiatrists (clinicians) and correctional counselors (caseworkers) were subjected to multiple regression analyses in order to specify the relative contribution of inmate characteristics (offense severity and recidivism probability) and decision-maker response biases to sentencing recommendations. Although both groups of decision-makers showed a response bias effect for cases that were difficult to discriminate, the effect was generally larger for clinicians than for caseworkers. Response bias (lenient vs. punitive) was not associated with type of clinical judgment model (linear vs. configural) or predictability of recommendation, although it was associated with the degree of relative weighting of the two independent variables and, in the case of extremely punitive decision-makers, with the tendency to utilize only one evaluative dimension (offense severity) to the exclusion of the other. Furthermore, it was found that inmates who committed the most serious offenses were exposed selectively to those decision-makers most likely both to place exclusive emphasis on offense severity and to recommend relatively punitive case dispositions. The need for an accountability system designed to minimize the effects of the response biases of correctional decision-makers was discussed.", "PMID": 690232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8727", "title": "Flucloxacillin in bone.", "content": "Ten patients undergoing total hip replacement for osteoarthritis were each given intramuscular flucloxacillin about two hours preoperatively; bone and serum were sampled simultaneously at operation. Trabecular and compact bone were separated, partly dried, reduced to powders, and then extracted with buffer. The concentration of flucloxacillin in bone washings and serum was determined by well-diffusion assay. The mean concentration of flucloxacillin in serum was 8.9 mg/l, in trabecular bone washings, 1.3 mg/l, and in compact bone washings 0.9 mg/l. The amount of blood contaminating the bone washings was measured, and was calculated to account for at most 26% of the flucloxacillin present. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the prophylactic use of flucloxacillin in hip replacement surgery.", "contents": "Flucloxacillin in bone. Ten patients undergoing total hip replacement for osteoarthritis were each given intramuscular flucloxacillin about two hours preoperatively; bone and serum were sampled simultaneously at operation. Trabecular and compact bone were separated, partly dried, reduced to powders, and then extracted with buffer. The concentration of flucloxacillin in bone washings and serum was determined by well-diffusion assay. The mean concentration of flucloxacillin in serum was 8.9 mg/l, in trabecular bone washings, 1.3 mg/l, and in compact bone washings 0.9 mg/l. The amount of blood contaminating the bone washings was measured, and was calculated to account for at most 26% of the flucloxacillin present. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the prophylactic use of flucloxacillin in hip replacement surgery.", "PMID": 690233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8728", "title": "Quantitative histology in giardiasis.", "content": "The Weibel graticule was used to assess quantitatively histological changes in proximal jejunal mucosal biopsies from patients with Giardia lamblia infections. Most had malabsorption. A group of patients who had mild abdominal symptoms but no intestinal infection and normal absorption were the controls. There were significant differences in mean surface area (SA) measurements between patients with giardiasis and severe malabsorption and controls (P less than 0.001) and infected patients with normal absorption (P less than 0.05). SA measurements correlated significantly with D-xylose excretion results (r = 0.55; P less than 0.01) and daily facal fat output (r = -0.61; P less than 0.001). Significant correlations between duration of symptoms and SA measurements (r = 0.43; P less than 0.05) and D-xylose excretion (r = 0.43; P less than 0.05) in giardiasis suggest that histological and functional impairment are maximal soon after infection and resolve in time. Treatment with metronidazole or mepacrine was associated with a significant increase in SA (P less than 0.05) in patients with severe malabsorption but there was little change in SA in a similar group of patients who received tetracycline. The Weibel graticule was found to be useful in assessing the severity of histological changes and in following changes after treatment.", "contents": "Quantitative histology in giardiasis. The Weibel graticule was used to assess quantitatively histological changes in proximal jejunal mucosal biopsies from patients with Giardia lamblia infections. Most had malabsorption. A group of patients who had mild abdominal symptoms but no intestinal infection and normal absorption were the controls. There were significant differences in mean surface area (SA) measurements between patients with giardiasis and severe malabsorption and controls (P less than 0.001) and infected patients with normal absorption (P less than 0.05). SA measurements correlated significantly with D-xylose excretion results (r = 0.55; P less than 0.01) and daily facal fat output (r = -0.61; P less than 0.001). Significant correlations between duration of symptoms and SA measurements (r = 0.43; P less than 0.05) and D-xylose excretion (r = 0.43; P less than 0.05) in giardiasis suggest that histological and functional impairment are maximal soon after infection and resolve in time. Treatment with metronidazole or mepacrine was associated with a significant increase in SA (P less than 0.05) in patients with severe malabsorption but there was little change in SA in a similar group of patients who received tetracycline. The Weibel graticule was found to be useful in assessing the severity of histological changes and in following changes after treatment.", "PMID": 690234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8729", "title": "Upper respiratory tract and aural flora of saturation divers.", "content": "The conditions of helium saturation diving promote the proliferation of Gram-negative bacterial species in the external auditory meatus of divers. These changes in flora occurred in the absence of operational diving, that is, no contact with water. The colonising bacteria were autogenous in origin and cross-colonisation was observed between divers. On return to normal atmospheric conditions the aural flora became predominantly Gram-positive again within 48 hours.", "contents": "Upper respiratory tract and aural flora of saturation divers. The conditions of helium saturation diving promote the proliferation of Gram-negative bacterial species in the external auditory meatus of divers. These changes in flora occurred in the absence of operational diving, that is, no contact with water. The colonising bacteria were autogenous in origin and cross-colonisation was observed between divers. On return to normal atmospheric conditions the aural flora became predominantly Gram-positive again within 48 hours.", "PMID": 690235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8730", "title": "Detection of rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) and virus-specific IgM antibody using trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes in the HAI test.", "content": "The modification of the standard rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test using trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes instead of chick erythrocytes was evaluated. In a comparative study we found that, of 816 samples tested by both methods, the titres of 807 (98.9%) sera were in close agreement within an acceptable twofold difference. Trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes usually provided titres that were twofold higher than those obtained with chick erythrocytes. In general, a very good correlation between the two methods was obtained. Data are presented that emphasise the importance of trypsin treatment of human group O erythrocytes before use in the HAI method. Furthermore, we found that trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes can be stored for periods of up to 30 days and used in the HAI test without any appreciable loss of sensitivity or specificity. Moreover, we replaced chick erythrocytes with trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes in the sucrose density gradient/HAI method used for the detection of rubella virus-specific IgM and found it to be a very satisfactory method. In view of these findings we recommend that trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes should replace chick erythrocytes in the standard rubella HAI test since the former provided not only a more sensitive, more economic, and less time-consuming method but also a technique which is as specific as that using chick erythrocytes.", "contents": "Detection of rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) and virus-specific IgM antibody using trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes in the HAI test. The modification of the standard rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test using trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes instead of chick erythrocytes was evaluated. In a comparative study we found that, of 816 samples tested by both methods, the titres of 807 (98.9%) sera were in close agreement within an acceptable twofold difference. Trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes usually provided titres that were twofold higher than those obtained with chick erythrocytes. In general, a very good correlation between the two methods was obtained. Data are presented that emphasise the importance of trypsin treatment of human group O erythrocytes before use in the HAI method. Furthermore, we found that trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes can be stored for periods of up to 30 days and used in the HAI test without any appreciable loss of sensitivity or specificity. Moreover, we replaced chick erythrocytes with trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes in the sucrose density gradient/HAI method used for the detection of rubella virus-specific IgM and found it to be a very satisfactory method. In view of these findings we recommend that trypsin-treated human group O erythrocytes should replace chick erythrocytes in the standard rubella HAI test since the former provided not only a more sensitive, more economic, and less time-consuming method but also a technique which is as specific as that using chick erythrocytes.", "PMID": 690236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8731", "title": "Measurement of ferritin in serum by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A method for the measurement of circulating ferritin concentrations by direct radioimmunoassay is presented. The method described is simple to operate, precise, and sensitive and is suitable for the routine diagnostic measurement of ferritin in either plasma or serum.", "contents": "Measurement of ferritin in serum by radioimmunoassay. A method for the measurement of circulating ferritin concentrations by direct radioimmunoassay is presented. The method described is simple to operate, precise, and sensitive and is suitable for the routine diagnostic measurement of ferritin in either plasma or serum.", "PMID": 690237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8732", "title": "Bone marrow cellularity assessed by point-counting.", "content": "A simple method for rapid point-counting of bone marrow biopsies is described; the method gave an accurate assessment of cellularity in 100 aspiration biopsy specimens. Measurements of marrow cellularity by the visual point-counting technique correlated well with those obtained with a Quantimet 720 image-analysing computer.", "contents": "Bone marrow cellularity assessed by point-counting. A simple method for rapid point-counting of bone marrow biopsies is described; the method gave an accurate assessment of cellularity in 100 aspiration biopsy specimens. Measurements of marrow cellularity by the visual point-counting technique correlated well with those obtained with a Quantimet 720 image-analysing computer.", "PMID": 690238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8733", "title": "Giant lymph node hyperplasia of the mediastinum and refractory anaemia.", "content": "An example is described of the syndrome of refractory anaemia in association with the plasma cell variant of giant lymph node hyperplasia of the mediastinum; the anaemia responded to removal of the lymphoid mass. The entity of giant lymph node hyperplasia is discussed and its relationship to the haematological syndrome is considered.", "contents": "Giant lymph node hyperplasia of the mediastinum and refractory anaemia. An example is described of the syndrome of refractory anaemia in association with the plasma cell variant of giant lymph node hyperplasia of the mediastinum; the anaemia responded to removal of the lymphoid mass. The entity of giant lymph node hyperplasia is discussed and its relationship to the haematological syndrome is considered.", "PMID": 690239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8734", "title": "A pseudolymphomatous reaction in soft tissue associated with phenytoin sodium.", "content": "A pseudolymphomatous reaction involving subcutaneous tissue and underlying skeletal muscle is described in a woman who was receiving phenytoin sodium and phenobarbitone. The histological appearance was of nodular, densely cellular tissue composed of histiocytes, plasma cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and occasional polymorphonuclear cells. The significance of this finding is briefly considered in relation to the existing literature.", "contents": "A pseudolymphomatous reaction in soft tissue associated with phenytoin sodium. A pseudolymphomatous reaction involving subcutaneous tissue and underlying skeletal muscle is described in a woman who was receiving phenytoin sodium and phenobarbitone. The histological appearance was of nodular, densely cellular tissue composed of histiocytes, plasma cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and occasional polymorphonuclear cells. The significance of this finding is briefly considered in relation to the existing literature.", "PMID": 690240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8735", "title": "Splenic lipidosis after administration of intravenous fat emulsions.", "content": "Spleens showing fatty infiltration and necrosis of the pulp were found at necropsy on several patients who had received intravenous fat emulsions during their terminal illnesses. The postmortem findings are described and the clinicopathological correlation is discussed with special reference to the phenomenon of creaming of the emulsion.", "contents": "Splenic lipidosis after administration of intravenous fat emulsions. Spleens showing fatty infiltration and necrosis of the pulp were found at necropsy on several patients who had received intravenous fat emulsions during their terminal illnesses. The postmortem findings are described and the clinicopathological correlation is discussed with special reference to the phenomenon of creaming of the emulsion.", "PMID": 690241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8736", "title": "A clinicopathological study of liver disease in haemophiliacs.", "content": "Chronic liver disease is not often reported in patients with haemophilia. Although a high incidence of abnormal liver function tests has been reported, the clinical significance of these findings and their relation to chronic liver disease cannot be established without a liver biopsy. The results of this procedure, carried out in 11 patients with severe haemophilia A and B, in whom SGOT had been persistently raised for three years, are reported. Five patients had chronic active hepatitis, four had chronic persistent hepatitis, one had cirrhosis, and one alcoholic hepatitis. No haemorrhagic complication followed the biopsy procedure, which was carried out in patients given prophylactic clotting factor concentrates. These results suggest that duration of abnormal liver function tests is likely to represent liver disease in haemophiliacs, and that biopsy should be considered to establish the diagnosis and plan a suitable therapeutic programme.", "contents": "A clinicopathological study of liver disease in haemophiliacs. Chronic liver disease is not often reported in patients with haemophilia. Although a high incidence of abnormal liver function tests has been reported, the clinical significance of these findings and their relation to chronic liver disease cannot be established without a liver biopsy. The results of this procedure, carried out in 11 patients with severe haemophilia A and B, in whom SGOT had been persistently raised for three years, are reported. Five patients had chronic active hepatitis, four had chronic persistent hepatitis, one had cirrhosis, and one alcoholic hepatitis. No haemorrhagic complication followed the biopsy procedure, which was carried out in patients given prophylactic clotting factor concentrates. These results suggest that duration of abnormal liver function tests is likely to represent liver disease in haemophiliacs, and that biopsy should be considered to establish the diagnosis and plan a suitable therapeutic programme.", "PMID": 690243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8737", "title": "Serum total lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A in acute viral hepatitis and chronic liver disease.", "content": "Serum total lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A (Apo A), and liver function tests have been investigated in patients with acute viral hepatitis and chronic liver disease. Hypertriglyceridaemia, absence of alpha and pre beta bands on the lipoprotein electrophoresis pattern, low level of Apo A, and presence of abnormal lipoproteins (beta-VLDL and beta2-LP) were observed in the early phase of acute hepatitis. A positive correlation was found between Apo A and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a negative one between Apo A and triglyceride, bile acids, total bilirubin, and serum alanine aminotransferase. Lipoprotein abnormalities found in the early phase of acute hepatitis are probably due to low lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity. The reappearance of alpha lipoprotein and the increase of Apo A are sensitive indices of improvement of liver function. In chronic liver disease low levels of cholesterol and Apo A indicate the severity of liver cell injury.", "contents": "Serum total lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A in acute viral hepatitis and chronic liver disease. Serum total lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A (Apo A), and liver function tests have been investigated in patients with acute viral hepatitis and chronic liver disease. Hypertriglyceridaemia, absence of alpha and pre beta bands on the lipoprotein electrophoresis pattern, low level of Apo A, and presence of abnormal lipoproteins (beta-VLDL and beta2-LP) were observed in the early phase of acute hepatitis. A positive correlation was found between Apo A and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a negative one between Apo A and triglyceride, bile acids, total bilirubin, and serum alanine aminotransferase. Lipoprotein abnormalities found in the early phase of acute hepatitis are probably due to low lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity. The reappearance of alpha lipoprotein and the increase of Apo A are sensitive indices of improvement of liver function. In chronic liver disease low levels of cholesterol and Apo A indicate the severity of liver cell injury.", "PMID": 690242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8738", "title": "The liver and pancreas in acute necrotising pancreatitis.", "content": "Pancreatic fibrosis was found in 23 of 31 cases of acute necrotising and haemorrhagic pancreatitis; however, in the cases with a history of six days or less neither the extent nor the frequency of fibrosis differed significantly from those in controls. There was no histological evidence that duct or vascular lesions are necessary for the disease to occur. The liver was examined in 26 cases and showed cholestasis in 12, including 10 of 20 cases without a biliary aetiology and only two of six cases with biliary tract disease. In no case did the liver show specific features of alcoholic damage.", "contents": "The liver and pancreas in acute necrotising pancreatitis. Pancreatic fibrosis was found in 23 of 31 cases of acute necrotising and haemorrhagic pancreatitis; however, in the cases with a history of six days or less neither the extent nor the frequency of fibrosis differed significantly from those in controls. There was no histological evidence that duct or vascular lesions are necessary for the disease to occur. The liver was examined in 26 cases and showed cholestasis in 12, including 10 of 20 cases without a biliary aetiology and only two of six cases with biliary tract disease. In no case did the liver show specific features of alcoholic damage.", "PMID": 690244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8739", "title": "Remote metastases from intracranial tumours.", "content": "A review of the primary tumours of the nervous system encountered over the past 16 years from the population of the west of Scotland uncovered only three tumours in which remote extracranial metastases had developed. In all three, there had been surgical intervention before the appearance of metastases. The findings in these patients are compared with those in other published accounts of this unusual complication.", "contents": "Remote metastases from intracranial tumours. A review of the primary tumours of the nervous system encountered over the past 16 years from the population of the west of Scotland uncovered only three tumours in which remote extracranial metastases had developed. In all three, there had been surgical intervention before the appearance of metastases. The findings in these patients are compared with those in other published accounts of this unusual complication.", "PMID": 690245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8740", "title": "Comparative effects of chronic ethanol and acetaldehyde exposure on myocardial function in rats.", "content": "This study was conducted to compare separately the chronic effects of high blood levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the metabolism of the heart. Levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde were altered by administration of either 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), a potent alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, or pargyline (PAR), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor that markedly increases acetaldehyde levels in the blood following ethanol administration. Measurements were made in rats consuming ethanol for three to four weeks. Mitochondrial respiration, in vitro contractility of glycerinated heart muscle fibers, and myocardial protein synthesis were determined. As compared to animals receiving only ethanol, administration of either-4-methyl-pyrazole or pargyline plus ethanol resulted in more severe damage to mitochondrial respiration and myocardial protein synthesis. The data illustrate that both acetaldehyde and ethanol in high concentrations can cause severe damage to myocardial metabolism.", "contents": "Comparative effects of chronic ethanol and acetaldehyde exposure on myocardial function in rats. This study was conducted to compare separately the chronic effects of high blood levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the metabolism of the heart. Levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde were altered by administration of either 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), a potent alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, or pargyline (PAR), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor that markedly increases acetaldehyde levels in the blood following ethanol administration. Measurements were made in rats consuming ethanol for three to four weeks. Mitochondrial respiration, in vitro contractility of glycerinated heart muscle fibers, and myocardial protein synthesis were determined. As compared to animals receiving only ethanol, administration of either-4-methyl-pyrazole or pargyline plus ethanol resulted in more severe damage to mitochondrial respiration and myocardial protein synthesis. The data illustrate that both acetaldehyde and ethanol in high concentrations can cause severe damage to myocardial metabolism.", "PMID": 690249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8741", "title": "Procainamide accumulation kinetics in the immediate postmyocardial infarction period.", "content": "The rate of change of plasma procainamide concentration during 36 hours of constant-rate intravenous infusion was examined in five acute myocardial infarction patients. It was observed that a steady-state plasma concentration was established in about 16 hours, which is consistent with simulations of plasma concentrations based on pharmacokinetic constants obtained from studies in young healthy volunteers. However, the steady-state level that was attained in these patients was markedly higher than that which the simulations predicted. Thus, on the average, acute myocardial infarction patients have lower total body clearances of procainamide than normal volunteers.", "contents": "Procainamide accumulation kinetics in the immediate postmyocardial infarction period. The rate of change of plasma procainamide concentration during 36 hours of constant-rate intravenous infusion was examined in five acute myocardial infarction patients. It was observed that a steady-state plasma concentration was established in about 16 hours, which is consistent with simulations of plasma concentrations based on pharmacokinetic constants obtained from studies in young healthy volunteers. However, the steady-state level that was attained in these patients was markedly higher than that which the simulations predicted. Thus, on the average, acute myocardial infarction patients have lower total body clearances of procainamide than normal volunteers.", "PMID": 690250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8742", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of prazosin in man.", "content": "Prazosin was administered orally to 24 normotensive human subjects in the form of capsules or as a solution. Plasma concentrations indicate that drug is almost completely bioavailable from the capsules, although levels peak more slowly than from drug in solution. Drug leaves plasma with a half-life of approximately 2.3 hours. Examination of data from each subject on repeated dosing indicates considerable intrasubject consistency in pharmacokinetic response despite intersubject variability. The absence of the pharmacologically active metabolites in plasma suggests that the hypotensive response derives from drug only. Prazosin is bound to human plasma proteins to the extent of 97%.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of prazosin in man. Prazosin was administered orally to 24 normotensive human subjects in the form of capsules or as a solution. Plasma concentrations indicate that drug is almost completely bioavailable from the capsules, although levels peak more slowly than from drug in solution. Drug leaves plasma with a half-life of approximately 2.3 hours. Examination of data from each subject on repeated dosing indicates considerable intrasubject consistency in pharmacokinetic response despite intersubject variability. The absence of the pharmacologically active metabolites in plasma suggests that the hypotensive response derives from drug only. Prazosin is bound to human plasma proteins to the extent of 97%.", "PMID": 690251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8743", "title": "The diuretic response in normal volunteers to a new benzylamine, 2-aminomethyl-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol HCl.", "content": "A phase I dose-response study of 2-aminomethyl-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol HCl (MK-447) was performed with the following oral doses: 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg. Each volunteer served as his own control. The study was carried out in double-blind fashion on a 5-Gm Na and K diet with a minimum 2000 ml fluid intake. Urine was fractionated and analyzed for sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, uric acid, and volume. Comparisons (MK-447 minus control values) of the 24-hour total sodium, calcium, potassium, and volume excretion rates at 6.25, 25 and 100 mg MK-447 were as follows: sodium, 195, 345, and 528 muEq/min; chloride, 191, 365, and 756 muEq/min; potassium, 77, -3, and 65 muEq/min; and volumes, 1, 3.4 and 11.7 ml/min. MK-447 did not alter calcium excretion. Uric acid excretion was observed to decrease as the dose of MK-447 was increased, however, the serum uric acid level always remained within normal limits. MK-447 did not alter the physiologic parameters but did produce symptoms of volume contraction at 100 mg. Because no further dose increase was attempted, a plateau in the dose-response curve was not reached. Comparison of 100 mg MK-447 with 80 mg oral furosemide revealed similar potency and a somewhat longer duration of action for MK-447.", "contents": "The diuretic response in normal volunteers to a new benzylamine, 2-aminomethyl-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol HCl. A phase I dose-response study of 2-aminomethyl-4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-iodophenol HCl (MK-447) was performed with the following oral doses: 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg. Each volunteer served as his own control. The study was carried out in double-blind fashion on a 5-Gm Na and K diet with a minimum 2000 ml fluid intake. Urine was fractionated and analyzed for sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, uric acid, and volume. Comparisons (MK-447 minus control values) of the 24-hour total sodium, calcium, potassium, and volume excretion rates at 6.25, 25 and 100 mg MK-447 were as follows: sodium, 195, 345, and 528 muEq/min; chloride, 191, 365, and 756 muEq/min; potassium, 77, -3, and 65 muEq/min; and volumes, 1, 3.4 and 11.7 ml/min. MK-447 did not alter calcium excretion. Uric acid excretion was observed to decrease as the dose of MK-447 was increased, however, the serum uric acid level always remained within normal limits. MK-447 did not alter the physiologic parameters but did produce symptoms of volume contraction at 100 mg. Because no further dose increase was attempted, a plateau in the dose-response curve was not reached. Comparison of 100 mg MK-447 with 80 mg oral furosemide revealed similar potency and a somewhat longer duration of action for MK-447.", "PMID": 690252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8744", "title": "Serum concentrations and inhibitory ratios during amikacin therapy of gram-negative infections.", "content": "The ratio of the peak serum concentration after a 500-mg dose of amikacin to the pathogen minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for 95 patients under treatment for serious Gram-negative infections. There were 113 such ratios. The relationship of this inhibitory ratio to the clinical effectiveness and side effects of treatment with this new aminoglycoside was also studied. Mean peak serum concentration of drug was 25.8 microgram/ml, and mean inhibitory ratio was 13.0. Ninety-six per cent of inhibitory ratios were greater than or equal to 1.0. Therapy was rated totally effective in 85% of patients clinically evaluated and partially effective in 3%. Signs of renal or eighth cranial nerve impairment attributable to drug administration were confined to only two patients, and there were no other side effects. The reliability of amikacin therapy appears to be related to dependable serum levels and high inhibitory ratios.", "contents": "Serum concentrations and inhibitory ratios during amikacin therapy of gram-negative infections. The ratio of the peak serum concentration after a 500-mg dose of amikacin to the pathogen minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for 95 patients under treatment for serious Gram-negative infections. There were 113 such ratios. The relationship of this inhibitory ratio to the clinical effectiveness and side effects of treatment with this new aminoglycoside was also studied. Mean peak serum concentration of drug was 25.8 microgram/ml, and mean inhibitory ratio was 13.0. Ninety-six per cent of inhibitory ratios were greater than or equal to 1.0. Therapy was rated totally effective in 85% of patients clinically evaluated and partially effective in 3%. Signs of renal or eighth cranial nerve impairment attributable to drug administration were confined to only two patients, and there were no other side effects. The reliability of amikacin therapy appears to be related to dependable serum levels and high inhibitory ratios.", "PMID": 690253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8745", "title": "Health maintenance organizations, 1971--1977: issues and answers.", "content": "Promoting HMOs as part of a national health strategy began in 1971. An analysis of the data that have been accumulated in the intervening years sheds new light on the issues raised during the legislative hearings prior to the HMO Act of 1973. It describes the developmental process of the HMO program and suggests procedural modifications. It illustrates the difficulty of determining HMO viability during the early stages of operation, examines the varied hospital utilization rates of prepaid group practices and individual practice models, and suggests a hypothesis based on the dynamics of group process and peer pressure for HMO provider behavior.", "contents": "Health maintenance organizations, 1971--1977: issues and answers. Promoting HMOs as part of a national health strategy began in 1971. An analysis of the data that have been accumulated in the intervening years sheds new light on the issues raised during the legislative hearings prior to the HMO Act of 1973. It describes the developmental process of the HMO program and suggests procedural modifications. It illustrates the difficulty of determining HMO viability during the early stages of operation, examines the varied hospital utilization rates of prepaid group practices and individual practice models, and suggests a hypothesis based on the dynamics of group process and peer pressure for HMO provider behavior.", "PMID": 690261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8746", "title": "The influence of training level and practice setting on patterns of primary care provided by nursing personnel.", "content": "The influence that the level of training and practice setting have on the patterns of primary care provided by nurses at the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) is assessed. The Frontier Nursing Service is the only available source the residents of Leslie County, Kentucky have for primary care; it utilizes nurses for the management of approximately 80% of its primary care patients. Patterns of care given by family nurse practitioners and registered nurses at FNS during 1974 were analyzed according to two tracer conditions, otitis media and urinary tract infection. Data were obtained from the encounter forms that are filled out for all primary care visits to FNS. Computerized routines were developed to group the relevant encounters into episodes of care for the two tracer conditions. Results indicate that the practice setting, rather than the level of training, has the strongest effect on the patterns of primary care rendered by nurses in a rural environment such as FNS.", "contents": "The influence of training level and practice setting on patterns of primary care provided by nursing personnel. The influence that the level of training and practice setting have on the patterns of primary care provided by nurses at the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) is assessed. The Frontier Nursing Service is the only available source the residents of Leslie County, Kentucky have for primary care; it utilizes nurses for the management of approximately 80% of its primary care patients. Patterns of care given by family nurse practitioners and registered nurses at FNS during 1974 were analyzed according to two tracer conditions, otitis media and urinary tract infection. Data were obtained from the encounter forms that are filled out for all primary care visits to FNS. Computerized routines were developed to group the relevant encounters into episodes of care for the two tracer conditions. Results indicate that the practice setting, rather than the level of training, has the strongest effect on the patterns of primary care rendered by nurses in a rural environment such as FNS.", "PMID": 690262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8747", "title": "The future of home health agencies.", "content": "A multidisciplinary, multi-institutional, volunteer task force was convened by the Visiting Nurse Association (VNA) of Los Angeles to perform an evaluation of the agency and, on the basis of the evaluation, to make recommendations regarding the future potential of home health service agencies in the United States. For the VNA of Los Angeles, this use of a voluntary task force as a planning mechanism was successful; we strongly recommend its application to other agencies. The recommendations made were specific to the VNA of Los Angeles, but many are applicable to home health agencies in general. They called for an expansion of the types of services currently offered, with an emphasis on the coordinated team approach to health problems, an increased emphasis on preventive and health education services, and a movement toward providing services to groups as well as individual home care patients. The task force also urged willingness to expand services to include primary care. Modern management techniques were recommended as tools to increase the efficiency of home health service agencies. Potential new sources of revenue were proposed.", "contents": "The future of home health agencies. A multidisciplinary, multi-institutional, volunteer task force was convened by the Visiting Nurse Association (VNA) of Los Angeles to perform an evaluation of the agency and, on the basis of the evaluation, to make recommendations regarding the future potential of home health service agencies in the United States. For the VNA of Los Angeles, this use of a voluntary task force as a planning mechanism was successful; we strongly recommend its application to other agencies. The recommendations made were specific to the VNA of Los Angeles, but many are applicable to home health agencies in general. They called for an expansion of the types of services currently offered, with an emphasis on the coordinated team approach to health problems, an increased emphasis on preventive and health education services, and a movement toward providing services to groups as well as individual home care patients. The task force also urged willingness to expand services to include primary care. Modern management techniques were recommended as tools to increase the efficiency of home health service agencies. Potential new sources of revenue were proposed.", "PMID": 690263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8748", "title": "Screening for hypertension: a rational approach.", "content": "A strategy for the control of hypertension in communities is presented as a staged program. Stage I consists of the evaluation and improvement of hypertension management in health care facilities. Stage II entails case-finding in health care facilities. Finally, Stage III involves targeted screening in the community. While isolated screening programs have been justly labeled \"irrational\", such a sequential strategy represents a highly rational approach to the community control of hypertension.", "contents": "Screening for hypertension: a rational approach. A strategy for the control of hypertension in communities is presented as a staged program. Stage I consists of the evaluation and improvement of hypertension management in health care facilities. Stage II entails case-finding in health care facilities. Finally, Stage III involves targeted screening in the community. While isolated screening programs have been justly labeled \"irrational\", such a sequential strategy represents a highly rational approach to the community control of hypertension.", "PMID": 690264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8749", "title": "Consolidation of community hospitals.", "content": "The largest component of U.S. health care expenditures is the cost of hospital care. Evidence seems to indicate that community hospital costs can be reduced through the consolidation of some, or even all, hospital services. Although no discernible set of relevant minimal costs for the hospital industry has been established as yet, significant economies of scale can be attributed to the consolidation process. In addition to potential economic benefits, medical benefits can also accure to the community as well when inefficient, low-volume services are combined to provide more attractive resources to highly qualified specialists. Many independent community hospitals operate autonomously, often to the detriment of community health needs and economy. Those hospitals that fail to take advantage of the opportunities offered by consolidation may not be keeping faith with the population they claim to serve.", "contents": "Consolidation of community hospitals. The largest component of U.S. health care expenditures is the cost of hospital care. Evidence seems to indicate that community hospital costs can be reduced through the consolidation of some, or even all, hospital services. Although no discernible set of relevant minimal costs for the hospital industry has been established as yet, significant economies of scale can be attributed to the consolidation process. In addition to potential economic benefits, medical benefits can also accure to the community as well when inefficient, low-volume services are combined to provide more attractive resources to highly qualified specialists. Many independent community hospitals operate autonomously, often to the detriment of community health needs and economy. Those hospitals that fail to take advantage of the opportunities offered by consolidation may not be keeping faith with the population they claim to serve.", "PMID": 690265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8750", "title": "The afferent connections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb formations in the rat: an experimental HRP-study.", "content": "The afferent connections of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the rat were examined by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into one or the other of these structures either by microelectrophoresis or by hydraulic pressure. Alternate sections were stained with newly developed HRP-procedures using either benzidine dihydrochloride (de Olmos and Heimer, '77) or tetramethyl-benzidine. Eighteen to twenty-four hours after unilateral HRP injections confined to the main olfactory bulb, a large number of HRP-labeled perikaria appeared in the following telencephalic structures on the ipsilateral side: All portions of the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) except its external part, the lateral transitional field (LT) between AON and the paleocortex, the whole extent of the primary olfactory cortex (POC); the medial forebrain bundle area deep to the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (NHDB) and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (NLOT). A moderate to small number of labeled cells, furthermore, were seen in the dorsal (DT) and medial (MT) transition fields, the ventral praecommissural hippocampus (tt2), the ventral superficial part of the nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band (NVDB), the sublenticular part of the substantia innominata (SI), the anterior amygdaloid area, the posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus (C2) and the transition region (28 L') between the olfactory cortex and the lateral entorhinal area proper. On the contralateral side a large number of labeled cells were found in all parts of the AON, with especially heavy labeling in its external part. A moderate number of labeled cells could also be detected in the lateral transition  field (LT) and the NLOT. In the diencephalon and the brain stem a moderate number of HRP-labeled perikaria were observed in the dorsal, perifornical, and lateral hypothalamus, as well as in locus coeruleus and the dorsal and medial raphae nuclei. Following large HRP injections in the main olfactory bulb a moderate to small number of labeled cells were seen also in the posterior and premammillary hypothalamus and in field CA1 of the retrocommissural hippocampus on the ipsilateral side, as well as in POC on the contralateral side. It is possible, however, that the uptake of label took place in an undetected pool of HRP in the very rostal part of AON rather than in the olfactory bulb. HRP injections in the accessory olfactory bulb resulted in labeled neurons in the posterior ventro-lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the rostrodorsal portions of the medial amygdaloid nucleus, and the whole extent of the posteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus (C3) on the ipsilateral side. A few lightly labeled cells were seen also in the contralateral C3.", "contents": "The afferent connections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb formations in the rat: an experimental HRP-study. The afferent connections of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the rat were examined by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into one or the other of these structures either by microelectrophoresis or by hydraulic pressure. Alternate sections were stained with newly developed HRP-procedures using either benzidine dihydrochloride (de Olmos and Heimer, '77) or tetramethyl-benzidine. Eighteen to twenty-four hours after unilateral HRP injections confined to the main olfactory bulb, a large number of HRP-labeled perikaria appeared in the following telencephalic structures on the ipsilateral side: All portions of the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) except its external part, the lateral transitional field (LT) between AON and the paleocortex, the whole extent of the primary olfactory cortex (POC); the medial forebrain bundle area deep to the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (NHDB) and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (NLOT). A moderate to small number of labeled cells, furthermore, were seen in the dorsal (DT) and medial (MT) transition fields, the ventral praecommissural hippocampus (tt2), the ventral superficial part of the nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band (NVDB), the sublenticular part of the substantia innominata (SI), the anterior amygdaloid area, the posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus (C2) and the transition region (28 L') between the olfactory cortex and the lateral entorhinal area proper. On the contralateral side a large number of labeled cells were found in all parts of the AON, with especially heavy labeling in its external part. A moderate number of labeled cells could also be detected in the lateral transition  field (LT) and the NLOT. In the diencephalon and the brain stem a moderate number of HRP-labeled perikaria were observed in the dorsal, perifornical, and lateral hypothalamus, as well as in locus coeruleus and the dorsal and medial raphae nuclei. Following large HRP injections in the main olfactory bulb a moderate to small number of labeled cells were seen also in the posterior and premammillary hypothalamus and in field CA1 of the retrocommissural hippocampus on the ipsilateral side, as well as in POC on the contralateral side. It is possible, however, that the uptake of label took place in an undetected pool of HRP in the very rostal part of AON rather than in the olfactory bulb. HRP injections in the accessory olfactory bulb resulted in labeled neurons in the posterior ventro-lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the rostrodorsal portions of the medial amygdaloid nucleus, and the whole extent of the posteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus (C3) on the ipsilateral side. A few lightly labeled cells were seen also in the contralateral C3.", "PMID": 690266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8751", "title": "Histology and ultrastructure of the carotid sinus in experimental hypertension.", "content": "Histological studies including electron microscopy were performed on the carotid sinuses of dogs with renal hypertension of 17 to 82 days duration or hypertension of two years secondary to aortic coarctation. Physiological abnormalities in the baroreceptors including resetting had been demonstrated before death. Histologically there were no qualitative or quantitative differences in the intrasinus nerve fibers of the hypertensive animals compared tp controls with normal blood pressures, and there was no evidence that baroreceptor degeneration occurred as a consequence of the hypertension. Structural lesions confined to the intima were evident in the sinus walls of some of the renal hypertensive animals whereas the dogs with coarctation showed more advanced sinus wall changes including medial calcification and enlargement of the vascular lumen.", "contents": "Histology and ultrastructure of the carotid sinus in experimental hypertension. Histological studies including electron microscopy were performed on the carotid sinuses of dogs with renal hypertension of 17 to 82 days duration or hypertension of two years secondary to aortic coarctation. Physiological abnormalities in the baroreceptors including resetting had been demonstrated before death. Histologically there were no qualitative or quantitative differences in the intrasinus nerve fibers of the hypertensive animals compared tp controls with normal blood pressures, and there was no evidence that baroreceptor degeneration occurred as a consequence of the hypertension. Structural lesions confined to the intima were evident in the sinus walls of some of the renal hypertensive animals whereas the dogs with coarctation showed more advanced sinus wall changes including medial calcification and enlargement of the vascular lumen.", "PMID": 690267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8752", "title": "Observations on the development of brainstem-spinal systems in the North American oppossum.", "content": "The North American oppossum is born 12 to 13 days after conception and and is available for 90 days or more in an external pouch where it can be observed and experimentally manipulated. It is of particular interest that the hindlimbs of the newborn opossum are very immature and remain immobile for a week or more after birth. Degeneration techniques reveal that immature brainstem axons are present within the marginal zone of the lumbosacral cord before hindlimb movements begin (our state I) and material processed for formaldehyde induced fluorescence shows that some of them transport monoamines. Several lines of evidence suggest that part of the fluorescent axons arise within the nucleus locus coeruleus. At this early stage the electron microscope reveals that all brainstem-spinal axons are small (0.1--0.4 micrometer in diameter) and unmyelinated. By the time random hindlimb movements can be observed (stage II), brainstem axons, including those transporting monoamines, can be demonstrated to have grown into limited areas of the intermediate zone of the lumbosacral cord and to arise from most of the areas contributing to them in the adult animal (horseradish peroxidase technique). Such axons are still immature and it is not yet clear that they have formed synaptic terminals. Brainstem axons continue to grow into the intermediate zone of the lumbosacral cord for some time and come to occupy all of their adult territories before thoracic transection produces obvious change in hindlimb motility (beginning of stage III). It is still another 20 days or so before thoracic transection produces spinal shock comparable to that in the adult animal. The relatively mature use of the hindlimbs and the full expression of spinal shock correlate with changes in the technique and survival time needed to demonstrate degenerating brainstem axons in experimental material.", "contents": "Observations on the development of brainstem-spinal systems in the North American oppossum. The North American oppossum is born 12 to 13 days after conception and and is available for 90 days or more in an external pouch where it can be observed and experimentally manipulated. It is of particular interest that the hindlimbs of the newborn opossum are very immature and remain immobile for a week or more after birth. Degeneration techniques reveal that immature brainstem axons are present within the marginal zone of the lumbosacral cord before hindlimb movements begin (our state I) and material processed for formaldehyde induced fluorescence shows that some of them transport monoamines. Several lines of evidence suggest that part of the fluorescent axons arise within the nucleus locus coeruleus. At this early stage the electron microscope reveals that all brainstem-spinal axons are small (0.1--0.4 micrometer in diameter) and unmyelinated. By the time random hindlimb movements can be observed (stage II), brainstem axons, including those transporting monoamines, can be demonstrated to have grown into limited areas of the intermediate zone of the lumbosacral cord and to arise from most of the areas contributing to them in the adult animal (horseradish peroxidase technique). Such axons are still immature and it is not yet clear that they have formed synaptic terminals. Brainstem axons continue to grow into the intermediate zone of the lumbosacral cord for some time and come to occupy all of their adult territories before thoracic transection produces obvious change in hindlimb motility (beginning of stage III). It is still another 20 days or so before thoracic transection produces spinal shock comparable to that in the adult animal. The relatively mature use of the hindlimbs and the full expression of spinal shock correlate with changes in the technique and survival time needed to demonstrate degenerating brainstem axons in experimental material.", "PMID": 690268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8753", "title": "Categories of axons in mammalian rami communicantes. Part II.", "content": "The mammalian rami communicantes consist of preganglionic, postganglionic and sensory axons. The present study focusses on the number of sensory axons in the midthoracic rami communicantes in the cat. The conclusions are that the white rami contain approximately 250 myelinated and 200 unmyelinated sensory axons and the grey rami 4 to 5 myelinated and 20 to 25 unmyelinated sensory axons. A previous study determined the numbers of pre- and postganglionic fibers in these same rami. Thus the total number of axons in these rami are as follows: for the grey rami there are: (1) 3,000 to 5,000 unmyelinated postganglionic axons, (2) 25 myelinated postganglionic axons, (3) 20 to 25 unmyelinated sensory axons and; (4) 4 to 5 myelinated sensory axons; and for the white rami there are approximately: (1) 1,000 unmyelinated preganglionic axons, (2) 1,500 myelinated preganglionic axons, (3) 2,000 unmyelinated postganglionic axons, (4) 250 unmyelinated sensory axons and (5) 200 myelinated sensory axons. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Categories of axons in mammalian rami communicantes. Part II. The mammalian rami communicantes consist of preganglionic, postganglionic and sensory axons. The present study focusses on the number of sensory axons in the midthoracic rami communicantes in the cat. The conclusions are that the white rami contain approximately 250 myelinated and 200 unmyelinated sensory axons and the grey rami 4 to 5 myelinated and 20 to 25 unmyelinated sensory axons. A previous study determined the numbers of pre- and postganglionic fibers in these same rami. Thus the total number of axons in these rami are as follows: for the grey rami there are: (1) 3,000 to 5,000 unmyelinated postganglionic axons, (2) 25 myelinated postganglionic axons, (3) 20 to 25 unmyelinated sensory axons and; (4) 4 to 5 myelinated sensory axons; and for the white rami there are approximately: (1) 1,000 unmyelinated preganglionic axons, (2) 1,500 myelinated preganglionic axons, (3) 2,000 unmyelinated postganglionic axons, (4) 250 unmyelinated sensory axons and (5) 200 myelinated sensory axons. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 690269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8754", "title": "The ultrastructure of the basilar papilla of the chick.", "content": "The basilar papilla of the chicken was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It is composed of two distinct types of hair cells, a tall hair cell (THC) and a short hair cell (SHC). Gradual transitions exist between these two forms. The THC occurs mainly in the anterior part of the neuroepithelium and is situated on the superior fibro-cartilagenous plate, while the SHC dominates in the posterior part and is found on the free basilar membrane. The THC is a tall columnar cell with an elongated hexagonal apical surface. One kinocilium and 150 to 220 stereocilia protrude from the center of its surface. The THC makes synaptic contact with several large afferent nerve terminals and with small bouton-shaped efferent terminals. The SHC is short and thick, having a much wider surface area than the THC. From the inferior part of the surface of the SHC 90 to 120 stereocilia protrude, whereas the kinocilium is lacking. The nucleus is located near the base of the cell. Small afferent nerve terminals and extremely large efferent nerve endings synapse with the SHC.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the basilar papilla of the chick. The basilar papilla of the chicken was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It is composed of two distinct types of hair cells, a tall hair cell (THC) and a short hair cell (SHC). Gradual transitions exist between these two forms. The THC occurs mainly in the anterior part of the neuroepithelium and is situated on the superior fibro-cartilagenous plate, while the SHC dominates in the posterior part and is found on the free basilar membrane. The THC is a tall columnar cell with an elongated hexagonal apical surface. One kinocilium and 150 to 220 stereocilia protrude from the center of its surface. The THC makes synaptic contact with several large afferent nerve terminals and with small bouton-shaped efferent terminals. The SHC is short and thick, having a much wider surface area than the THC. From the inferior part of the surface of the SHC 90 to 120 stereocilia protrude, whereas the kinocilium is lacking. The nucleus is located near the base of the cell. Small afferent nerve terminals and extremely large efferent nerve endings synapse with the SHC.", "PMID": 690270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8755", "title": "Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of projection neurons in the nucleus interpositus of the cat cerebellum.", "content": "The populations of neurons in the nucleus interpositus (IP) of the cat cerebellum which project to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL), the red nucleus (RN), the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), the pontine nuclei (PN), the inferior olive (IO), and the cerebellar cortex were identified by intracellular and extracellular injections of HRP and studied electrophysiologically. When HRP was simultaneously injected into the VL, RN, and IO, over 95% of the neurons in the IP nuclei were labeled; indicating that there are few, if any, local circuit neurons. The vast majority (86%) of the larger IP neurons (soma length greater than or equal to 20 micrometer) project rostrally to the RN and thalamus. These neurons typically have long, relatively spine free dendrites and axons which in a few cases gave rise to recurrent collaterals. Two intracellularly stained projection neurons which had exceptionally long spiny dendrites had axons which gave rise to nucleocortical collaterals in addition to several local collaterals. IP neurons projecting to the NRTP and PN were located primarily in the lateral aspect of the nucleus interpositus anterior. Electrophysiological experiments established that neurons projecting to the NRTP also project to the VL. The IP neurons projecting to the IO have small fusiform or multipolar somata, long thin dendrites, and receive excitatory inputs from the IO. At least 73% of the small neurons in the IP project to the IO, and some of these, in addition, project to the VL. There are at least three morphologically distinguishable populations of projection neurons, small IO projections neurons, and neurons with nucleocortical collaterals. The projection of the IP to diverse regions of the brain is accomplished mainly by axon collateralization, but regional and morphological specialization also play a role in the organization of the output of the IP.", "contents": "Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of projection neurons in the nucleus interpositus of the cat cerebellum. The populations of neurons in the nucleus interpositus (IP) of the cat cerebellum which project to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL), the red nucleus (RN), the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), the pontine nuclei (PN), the inferior olive (IO), and the cerebellar cortex were identified by intracellular and extracellular injections of HRP and studied electrophysiologically. When HRP was simultaneously injected into the VL, RN, and IO, over 95% of the neurons in the IP nuclei were labeled; indicating that there are few, if any, local circuit neurons. The vast majority (86%) of the larger IP neurons (soma length greater than or equal to 20 micrometer) project rostrally to the RN and thalamus. These neurons typically have long, relatively spine free dendrites and axons which in a few cases gave rise to recurrent collaterals. Two intracellularly stained projection neurons which had exceptionally long spiny dendrites had axons which gave rise to nucleocortical collaterals in addition to several local collaterals. IP neurons projecting to the NRTP and PN were located primarily in the lateral aspect of the nucleus interpositus anterior. Electrophysiological experiments established that neurons projecting to the NRTP also project to the VL. The IP neurons projecting to the IO have small fusiform or multipolar somata, long thin dendrites, and receive excitatory inputs from the IO. At least 73% of the small neurons in the IP project to the IO, and some of these, in addition, project to the VL. There are at least three morphologically distinguishable populations of projection neurons, small IO projections neurons, and neurons with nucleocortical collaterals. The projection of the IP to diverse regions of the brain is accomplished mainly by axon collateralization, but regional and morphological specialization also play a role in the organization of the output of the IP.", "PMID": 690271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8756", "title": "Nuclei of the solitary tract: efferent projections to the lower brain stem and spinal cord of the cat.", "content": "The efferent projections from the solitary complex to the lower brain stem and spinal cord were studied in the cat with the autoradiographic anterograde axonal transport and retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques. A revised cytoarchitectonic description of the caudal two-thirds of the complex is presented in which the complex was subdivided into six nuclei: lateral, ventrolateral, intermediate, medial, parvocellular, and commissural solitary tract nuclei. Following injections of 3H amino acids into electrophysiologically defined regions of the complex in which cardiac or respiratory units were recorded, labeled fibers could be traced to a number of sites in the caudal brain stem including the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, K\u00f6lliker-Fuse nucleus and the area ventral to this nucleus, lateral periaqueductal gray matter, ambiguus complex, which consists of the retrofacial, ambiguus and retroambiguus nuclei, ventrolateral reticular nucleus (in an area equivalent to the A1 cell group of Dahlstr\u00f6m and Fuxe, '64), medial accessory olive, paramedian reticular formation, and lateral cuneate nucleus. Descending solitario-spinal projections have been traced bilaterally, but predominantly to the contralateral side, to the region of the phrenic motor neurons in the C4-C6 ventral horn, to the thoracic ventral horn, and intermediolateral cell column. Confirmatory evidence of some of these projections was obtained from a series of HRP experiments. Mainly small neurons of the parvocellular, medial and commissural solitary tract nuclei project to the region of the parabrachial and K\u00f6lliker-Fuse nuclei. The lateral solitary nucleus projects almost exclusively to the ipsilateral medial accessory olive. It was not possible to interpret conclusively the labeling seen in the medium and large neurons of the ventrolateral solitary nucleus after HRP injections made in the region of the ambiguus-retroambiguus complex due to the problem of fibers of passage. Following injections of HRP into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spinal cord, retrograde cell labeling was seen in the solitary complex. Cells in the intermediate and commissural nuclei were labeled after all four types of experiments. In the ventrolateral nucleus, medium sized neurons were predominantly labeled after the cervical spinal cord experiments, while large sized neurons were labeled mainly after the thoracic spinal cord injections. The potential physiological significance of these connections is discussed in terms of central control of cardiovascular and respiratory functions.", "contents": "Nuclei of the solitary tract: efferent projections to the lower brain stem and spinal cord of the cat. The efferent projections from the solitary complex to the lower brain stem and spinal cord were studied in the cat with the autoradiographic anterograde axonal transport and retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques. A revised cytoarchitectonic description of the caudal two-thirds of the complex is presented in which the complex was subdivided into six nuclei: lateral, ventrolateral, intermediate, medial, parvocellular, and commissural solitary tract nuclei. Following injections of 3H amino acids into electrophysiologically defined regions of the complex in which cardiac or respiratory units were recorded, labeled fibers could be traced to a number of sites in the caudal brain stem including the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, K\u00f6lliker-Fuse nucleus and the area ventral to this nucleus, lateral periaqueductal gray matter, ambiguus complex, which consists of the retrofacial, ambiguus and retroambiguus nuclei, ventrolateral reticular nucleus (in an area equivalent to the A1 cell group of Dahlstr\u00f6m and Fuxe, '64), medial accessory olive, paramedian reticular formation, and lateral cuneate nucleus. Descending solitario-spinal projections have been traced bilaterally, but predominantly to the contralateral side, to the region of the phrenic motor neurons in the C4-C6 ventral horn, to the thoracic ventral horn, and intermediolateral cell column. Confirmatory evidence of some of these projections was obtained from a series of HRP experiments. Mainly small neurons of the parvocellular, medial and commissural solitary tract nuclei project to the region of the parabrachial and K\u00f6lliker-Fuse nuclei. The lateral solitary nucleus projects almost exclusively to the ipsilateral medial accessory olive. It was not possible to interpret conclusively the labeling seen in the medium and large neurons of the ventrolateral solitary nucleus after HRP injections made in the region of the ambiguus-retroambiguus complex due to the problem of fibers of passage. Following injections of HRP into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spinal cord, retrograde cell labeling was seen in the solitary complex. Cells in the intermediate and commissural nuclei were labeled after all four types of experiments. In the ventrolateral nucleus, medium sized neurons were predominantly labeled after the cervical spinal cord experiments, while large sized neurons were labeled mainly after the thoracic spinal cord injections. The potential physiological significance of these connections is discussed in terms of central control of cardiovascular and respiratory functions.", "PMID": 690272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8757", "title": "Distribution of motoneurones to the neck muscles, biventer cervicis, splenius and complexus in the cat.", "content": "The distribution of motoneurones to the cat dorsal neck muscles biventer cervicis, splenius and complexus has been examined using the technique of retrograde horseradish peroxidase transport. A comparison was initially made of HRP uptake into motoneurones produced either by injecting HRP solution directly into a single neck muscle or by exposing the cut ends of motor nerves to an HRP solution. The injection of HRP into single neck muscles was found to produce widespread labelling of motoneurones presumably due to diffusion of HRP into adjacent muscles. For the examination of individual motoneurone pools the technique of cut nerve exposure was therefore used. Labelled neck muscle motoneurones ranged from 10-70 mu in diameter, but the majority of cells had diameters which were less than 40 mu. Most cells were located in the ventromedial nucleus and along the medial border of the ventral horn. In these regions there was considerable overlap between the motoneurone pools of the three neck muscles examined. In addition, some splenius motoneurones were located in the nucleus of the spinal accessory nerve. Labelled neck muscle motoneurones were also located in areas not usually considered to contain motoneurones such as the commissural and centrodorsal nuclei and in the ventral commissure.", "contents": "Distribution of motoneurones to the neck muscles, biventer cervicis, splenius and complexus in the cat. The distribution of motoneurones to the cat dorsal neck muscles biventer cervicis, splenius and complexus has been examined using the technique of retrograde horseradish peroxidase transport. A comparison was initially made of HRP uptake into motoneurones produced either by injecting HRP solution directly into a single neck muscle or by exposing the cut ends of motor nerves to an HRP solution. The injection of HRP into single neck muscles was found to produce widespread labelling of motoneurones presumably due to diffusion of HRP into adjacent muscles. For the examination of individual motoneurone pools the technique of cut nerve exposure was therefore used. Labelled neck muscle motoneurones ranged from 10-70 mu in diameter, but the majority of cells had diameters which were less than 40 mu. Most cells were located in the ventromedial nucleus and along the medial border of the ventral horn. In these regions there was considerable overlap between the motoneurone pools of the three neck muscles examined. In addition, some splenius motoneurones were located in the nucleus of the spinal accessory nerve. Labelled neck muscle motoneurones were also located in areas not usually considered to contain motoneurones such as the commissural and centrodorsal nuclei and in the ventral commissure.", "PMID": 690273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8758", "title": "Afferent and efferent fiber connections of the carp torus longitudinalis.", "content": "The efferent and afferent pathways of the carp torus longitudinalis were studied by means of degeneration and retrograde HRP methods. Efferent projections were only seen in the most superficial layer of the ipsilateral optic tectum (stratum fibrosum marginale). Afferent pathways to the torus longitudinalis were found to originate mainly in the valvula cerebelli. Degenerating fibers course in the tractus mesencephalocerebellaris posterior within the valvula, and join the tractus mesencephalocerebellaris anterior in the tegmentum. The fibers which ascend in the tract gradually invade the optic tectum through which they are distributed to the torus longitudinalis. The remaining fibers pass through the posterior commissure and terminate in the torus longitudinalis at the rostral end of the tract. Degenerating terminals were also seen in the torus longitudinalis when lesions were made in the optic tectum, tectal commissure, torus semicircularis, and in the area between the valvula and the corpus cerebelli. The possibility of projections from these areas is discussed depending upon the results of the retrograde HRP method.", "contents": "Afferent and efferent fiber connections of the carp torus longitudinalis. The efferent and afferent pathways of the carp torus longitudinalis were studied by means of degeneration and retrograde HRP methods. Efferent projections were only seen in the most superficial layer of the ipsilateral optic tectum (stratum fibrosum marginale). Afferent pathways to the torus longitudinalis were found to originate mainly in the valvula cerebelli. Degenerating fibers course in the tractus mesencephalocerebellaris posterior within the valvula, and join the tractus mesencephalocerebellaris anterior in the tegmentum. The fibers which ascend in the tract gradually invade the optic tectum through which they are distributed to the torus longitudinalis. The remaining fibers pass through the posterior commissure and terminate in the torus longitudinalis at the rostral end of the tract. Degenerating terminals were also seen in the torus longitudinalis when lesions were made in the optic tectum, tectal commissure, torus semicircularis, and in the area between the valvula and the corpus cerebelli. The possibility of projections from these areas is discussed depending upon the results of the retrograde HRP method.", "PMID": 690274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8759", "title": "Connections of striate cortex in the prosimian, Galago senegalensis.", "content": "Efferent and afferent connections of primary visual cortex, Area 17, were determined in a prosimian, Galago senegalensis, by autoradiographic methods after injections of 3H-proline or 3H-HRP. The cortical connections of Area 17 with Areas 18 and MT were homotopic and reciprocal. Projections from Area 17 terminated largely in layer IV and somewhat in layer III of both Areas 18 and MT. Most of the cells projecting to Area 17 were located in layer V of Area 18 and layer VI of MT. Subcortical projections included the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, where columns of label corresponding to injection sites were found in the caudal fourth of the nucleus. Projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus were along lines of isorepresentation and were in register with the cells projecting back to the injection site. The parvocellular layers were less densely labeled than other layers by the transport of 3H-proline, while concentrations of label were noted on the dorsal and ventral margins of the nucleus and in interlaminar regions between the internal parvocellular and magnocellular layers and between the two magnocellular layers. The pattern of terminations in the pulvinar complex suggested functional subdivisions. We have divided the inferior pulvinar into a large central nucleus, IPc, with topologically organized input from Area 17; a smaller medial nucleus, IPm, with a second pattern of input from Area 17; and a dorso-posterior nucleus, IPp, without input from striate cortex. The superior pulvinar likewise appears to have several subdivisions. One of these, a \"central\" nucleus of the superior pulvinar, SPc, receives topologically organized projections from Area 17. SPc is about the same size as IPc and is organized as a mirror image of IPc. Thus, both IPc and SPc represent the lower visual quadrant medially and the upper visual quadrant laterally; central vision is represented along the common border for both nuclei, while peripheral vision is represented dorsorostrally in SPc and ventrocaudally in IPc. Finally, the superficial grey of the superior colliculus receives topologically organized input from Area 17.", "contents": "Connections of striate cortex in the prosimian, Galago senegalensis. Efferent and afferent connections of primary visual cortex, Area 17, were determined in a prosimian, Galago senegalensis, by autoradiographic methods after injections of 3H-proline or 3H-HRP. The cortical connections of Area 17 with Areas 18 and MT were homotopic and reciprocal. Projections from Area 17 terminated largely in layer IV and somewhat in layer III of both Areas 18 and MT. Most of the cells projecting to Area 17 were located in layer V of Area 18 and layer VI of MT. Subcortical projections included the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, where columns of label corresponding to injection sites were found in the caudal fourth of the nucleus. Projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus were along lines of isorepresentation and were in register with the cells projecting back to the injection site. The parvocellular layers were less densely labeled than other layers by the transport of 3H-proline, while concentrations of label were noted on the dorsal and ventral margins of the nucleus and in interlaminar regions between the internal parvocellular and magnocellular layers and between the two magnocellular layers. The pattern of terminations in the pulvinar complex suggested functional subdivisions. We have divided the inferior pulvinar into a large central nucleus, IPc, with topologically organized input from Area 17; a smaller medial nucleus, IPm, with a second pattern of input from Area 17; and a dorso-posterior nucleus, IPp, without input from striate cortex. The superior pulvinar likewise appears to have several subdivisions. One of these, a \"central\" nucleus of the superior pulvinar, SPc, receives topologically organized projections from Area 17. SPc is about the same size as IPc and is organized as a mirror image of IPc. Thus, both IPc and SPc represent the lower visual quadrant medially and the upper visual quadrant laterally; central vision is represented along the common border for both nuclei, while peripheral vision is represented dorsorostrally in SPc and ventrocaudally in IPc. Finally, the superficial grey of the superior colliculus receives topologically organized input from Area 17.", "PMID": 690275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8760", "title": "Organization of corticocortical connections in the parietal cortex of the rat.", "content": "An analysis based on Nissl, anterograde degeneration, and succinic dehydrogenase histochemical techniques reveals that there are two distinct regions of parietal cortex which are characterized by different cytoarchitectonic features and anatomical connections. The \"granular\" cortical zone possesses a well-defined fourth layer composed of small, densely-packed cells, receives dense projections from the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and is essentially free of callosal inputs. \"Agranular\" cortical areas which surround or lie embedded within the granular zone lack a well-defined fourth layer, receive sparse projection from the ventral posterior nucleus, but send and receive extensive callosal projections. These findings suggest that thalamic and callosal projections to the parietal cortex maintain a pattern of areal segregation. The granular cortical zone, which apparently corresponds to SmI, projects ipsilaterally to motor cortex, SmII, and adjacent agranular areas. The superficial layers of the granular cortex also project heavily upon the underlying layer V. This intracortical projection is not organized in discrete clusters within the \"barrel field\" cortex. This suggests that the specialized organization of thalamic afferents and granule cells within the \"barrel field\" is not maintained in the intracortical circuitry of this region.", "contents": "Organization of corticocortical connections in the parietal cortex of the rat. An analysis based on Nissl, anterograde degeneration, and succinic dehydrogenase histochemical techniques reveals that there are two distinct regions of parietal cortex which are characterized by different cytoarchitectonic features and anatomical connections. The \"granular\" cortical zone possesses a well-defined fourth layer composed of small, densely-packed cells, receives dense projections from the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and is essentially free of callosal inputs. \"Agranular\" cortical areas which surround or lie embedded within the granular zone lack a well-defined fourth layer, receive sparse projection from the ventral posterior nucleus, but send and receive extensive callosal projections. These findings suggest that thalamic and callosal projections to the parietal cortex maintain a pattern of areal segregation. The granular cortical zone, which apparently corresponds to SmI, projects ipsilaterally to motor cortex, SmII, and adjacent agranular areas. The superficial layers of the granular cortex also project heavily upon the underlying layer V. This intracortical projection is not organized in discrete clusters within the \"barrel field\" cortex. This suggests that the specialized organization of thalamic afferents and granule cells within the \"barrel field\" is not maintained in the intracortical circuitry of this region.", "PMID": 690276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8761", "title": "Effects of early monocular lid suture upon neurons in the cat's medial interlaminar nucleus.", "content": "Single unit extracellular recordings, cell size measurements, and cell packing density measurements were made in the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN) of nine adult cats that had been monocularly deprived by lid suture prior to natural eye opening. The electrophysiological properties of neurons in the nondeprived regions of MIN (areas receiving input from the non-deprived eye) remained unaffected by monocular lid suture. The latencies to optic chiasm stimulation and receptive field properties, including receptive field center size, were essentially the same as those found for MIN neurons of normal adult cats. In contrast, cells in the deprived regions were severely affected by monocular deprivation. We encountered in the deprived regions of MIN only about one half as many active neurons per mm of electrode penetration as we did in the nondeprived regions. Of the physiologically active cells remaining, about one half had abnormal receptive field and/or response properties. This resulted in a sampling density of 5.1 normal Y-cells per mm of penetration in nondeprived regions of MIN compared to 1.0 normal Y-cell per mm in deprived regions of MIN. Histological effects of deprivation were also seen. Deprived regions of MIN were distinguished from nondeprived regions in four cats by autoradiography following intravitreal injection of tritiated proline into the deprived or non-deprived eye (2 cats each). The mean cell size of deprived regions of MIN was 34% smaller than that of nondeprived regions. We did not find a difference in cell packing density between these two regions. It appears that the effects of monocular lid suture upon MIN are in most respects similar to the effects of monocular lid suture previously reported for the A laminae. Since MIN is composed solely of Y-cells, these data support the idea that the Y-pathways are more severely affected by visual deprivation than are the X-pathways. Further, since MIN projects largely outside the striate cortex, these data give the first demonstration of a primary effect of early lid suture upon extrastriate visual pathways.", "contents": "Effects of early monocular lid suture upon neurons in the cat's medial interlaminar nucleus. Single unit extracellular recordings, cell size measurements, and cell packing density measurements were made in the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN) of nine adult cats that had been monocularly deprived by lid suture prior to natural eye opening. The electrophysiological properties of neurons in the nondeprived regions of MIN (areas receiving input from the non-deprived eye) remained unaffected by monocular lid suture. The latencies to optic chiasm stimulation and receptive field properties, including receptive field center size, were essentially the same as those found for MIN neurons of normal adult cats. In contrast, cells in the deprived regions were severely affected by monocular deprivation. We encountered in the deprived regions of MIN only about one half as many active neurons per mm of electrode penetration as we did in the nondeprived regions. Of the physiologically active cells remaining, about one half had abnormal receptive field and/or response properties. This resulted in a sampling density of 5.1 normal Y-cells per mm of penetration in nondeprived regions of MIN compared to 1.0 normal Y-cell per mm in deprived regions of MIN. Histological effects of deprivation were also seen. Deprived regions of MIN were distinguished from nondeprived regions in four cats by autoradiography following intravitreal injection of tritiated proline into the deprived or non-deprived eye (2 cats each). The mean cell size of deprived regions of MIN was 34% smaller than that of nondeprived regions. We did not find a difference in cell packing density between these two regions. It appears that the effects of monocular lid suture upon MIN are in most respects similar to the effects of monocular lid suture previously reported for the A laminae. Since MIN is composed solely of Y-cells, these data support the idea that the Y-pathways are more severely affected by visual deprivation than are the X-pathways. Further, since MIN projects largely outside the striate cortex, these data give the first demonstration of a primary effect of early lid suture upon extrastriate visual pathways.", "PMID": 690278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8762", "title": "Somatotopic organization of mechanosensory projections to SII cerebral neocortex in the raccoon (Procyon lotor).", "content": "The pattern of projections of peripheral receptors to the neocortex in the second somesthetic receiving area (SII) was mapped in raccoons. The purpose was to determine if the projection area of peripheral receptors to the forepaw area in the SII region is disproportionally enlarged as it is in SI. Tungsten microelectrode recording procedures were used to map thoroughly the inferior wall of the suprasylvian sulcus for regions responsive to mechanical stimulation of peripheral receptors. The results show that: 1. The forepaw area in SII shows an enlargement commensurate with that found in the SI. This suggests that those factors that are selective for tactile acuity of the raccoon forepaw were operating in the evolution of SII as they were in SI. 2. The somatotopic organization of mechanoreceptive projections to SII is reversed mediolaterally compared to previous descriptions of this arrangement in other mammals: projections form axial structures lie medially and those from apical structures lie laterally along the inferior bank of the suprasylvian sulcus in the raccoon.", "contents": "Somatotopic organization of mechanosensory projections to SII cerebral neocortex in the raccoon (Procyon lotor). The pattern of projections of peripheral receptors to the neocortex in the second somesthetic receiving area (SII) was mapped in raccoons. The purpose was to determine if the projection area of peripheral receptors to the forepaw area in the SII region is disproportionally enlarged as it is in SI. Tungsten microelectrode recording procedures were used to map thoroughly the inferior wall of the suprasylvian sulcus for regions responsive to mechanical stimulation of peripheral receptors. The results show that: 1. The forepaw area in SII shows an enlargement commensurate with that found in the SI. This suggests that those factors that are selective for tactile acuity of the raccoon forepaw were operating in the evolution of SII as they were in SI. 2. The somatotopic organization of mechanoreceptive projections to SII is reversed mediolaterally compared to previous descriptions of this arrangement in other mammals: projections form axial structures lie medially and those from apical structures lie laterally along the inferior bank of the suprasylvian sulcus in the raccoon.", "PMID": 690281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8763", "title": "Spinal and medullary input to the lateral cervical nucleus.", "content": "The distributions of spinal and medullary cells projecting to the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) have been investigated in young cats and dogs using the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. Labeled spinal cells, whose axons contribute to the spinocervical tract (SCT), were found at all levels of the spinal cord ipsilateral to the injection sites. No significant differences were found between cat and dog, nor between cases with single injections at different levels of the LCN. SCT cells were found predominantly, if not exclusively, within lamina IV, with some extension into medial lamina V. No apparent mediolateral or dorsoventral density gradient was observed within lamina IV; cells of all sizes were labeled. Cells in cervical laminae I and V-VII were occasionally labeled; these, however, were considered to be propriospinal, supplying afferent fibers to the C1-2 dorsal horn. Cells of origin of spinocerebellar fibers consistently remained unlabeled in cases with restricted HRP injections and minimal fiber damage in the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) around the injection sites. These results, therefore, corroborate and refine the findings of electrophysiological studies of the SCT and the LCN. Labeled medullary cells were located in the caudoventral and rostral portions of the dorsal column nuclei (DCN; stellate and fusiform cells), the underlying n. medullae oblongatae centralis, subnucleus dorsalis (parvicellular medullary reticular formation), the marginal and magnocellular layers (both large and small cells) of the n. trigeminalis spinalis pars caudalis and also in pars interpolaris; a cluster of cells was also consistently labeled in the lateral reticular formation just ventral to pars caudalis. The projection from the DCN to the LCN was confirmed with the anterograde Nauta technique. Fiber degeneration was observed in the entire ipsilateral LCN, although it was less abundant than that observed in the adjacent C1-2 dorsal horn. These results indicate that neurons in the rostral portions of the DCN not only may affect the input to the LCN (at the level of the dorsal horn), but also the output of the LCN itself. These data also suggest the possibility of both noxious and non-noxious facial input to the LCN.", "contents": "Spinal and medullary input to the lateral cervical nucleus. The distributions of spinal and medullary cells projecting to the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) have been investigated in young cats and dogs using the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. Labeled spinal cells, whose axons contribute to the spinocervical tract (SCT), were found at all levels of the spinal cord ipsilateral to the injection sites. No significant differences were found between cat and dog, nor between cases with single injections at different levels of the LCN. SCT cells were found predominantly, if not exclusively, within lamina IV, with some extension into medial lamina V. No apparent mediolateral or dorsoventral density gradient was observed within lamina IV; cells of all sizes were labeled. Cells in cervical laminae I and V-VII were occasionally labeled; these, however, were considered to be propriospinal, supplying afferent fibers to the C1-2 dorsal horn. Cells of origin of spinocerebellar fibers consistently remained unlabeled in cases with restricted HRP injections and minimal fiber damage in the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) around the injection sites. These results, therefore, corroborate and refine the findings of electrophysiological studies of the SCT and the LCN. Labeled medullary cells were located in the caudoventral and rostral portions of the dorsal column nuclei (DCN; stellate and fusiform cells), the underlying n. medullae oblongatae centralis, subnucleus dorsalis (parvicellular medullary reticular formation), the marginal and magnocellular layers (both large and small cells) of the n. trigeminalis spinalis pars caudalis and also in pars interpolaris; a cluster of cells was also consistently labeled in the lateral reticular formation just ventral to pars caudalis. The projection from the DCN to the LCN was confirmed with the anterograde Nauta technique. Fiber degeneration was observed in the entire ipsilateral LCN, although it was less abundant than that observed in the adjacent C1-2 dorsal horn. These results indicate that neurons in the rostral portions of the DCN not only may affect the input to the LCN (at the level of the dorsal horn), but also the output of the LCN itself. These data also suggest the possibility of both noxious and non-noxious facial input to the LCN.", "PMID": 690282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8764", "title": "The localization of the motor neurons innervating the extraocular muscles in the oculomotor nuclei of the cat and rabbit, using horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The localization of the motor neurons innervating the extraocular muscles in the oculomotor nuclei of adult cats and rabbits was investigated by means of retrograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The groups consisting of the motor neurons innervating an individual muscle lay in the nucleus as elongated columns extending in a longitudinal direction. The position of each group in the transverse section varied according to the rostro-caudal level of the nucleus. In the cat and rabbit, entire contralateral innervation of the superior rectus and entire ipsilateral innervation of three muscles of the inferior rectus, medial rectus and inferior oblique were similarly observed. However, the arrangement of individual motor groups differed considerably in both animals except for the group innervating the inferior rectus which was generally found in the ventral position running through the rostral two-thirds of the oculomotor nucleus. In the case of cats, the central caudal nucleus bilaterally innervated the levator palpebrae superioris. The motor neurons innervating this muscle in the rabbit (which lacks the central caudal nucleus) formed a rostro-caudal club-shaped column close to the group innervating the superior rectus. The aberrant cellular mass in the adjoining medial longitudinal fasciculus which belongs to the medial rectus appears to play an important role in the eye movement, because it commonly appears in various animals.", "contents": "The localization of the motor neurons innervating the extraocular muscles in the oculomotor nuclei of the cat and rabbit, using horseradish peroxidase. The localization of the motor neurons innervating the extraocular muscles in the oculomotor nuclei of adult cats and rabbits was investigated by means of retrograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The groups consisting of the motor neurons innervating an individual muscle lay in the nucleus as elongated columns extending in a longitudinal direction. The position of each group in the transverse section varied according to the rostro-caudal level of the nucleus. In the cat and rabbit, entire contralateral innervation of the superior rectus and entire ipsilateral innervation of three muscles of the inferior rectus, medial rectus and inferior oblique were similarly observed. However, the arrangement of individual motor groups differed considerably in both animals except for the group innervating the inferior rectus which was generally found in the ventral position running through the rostral two-thirds of the oculomotor nucleus. In the case of cats, the central caudal nucleus bilaterally innervated the levator palpebrae superioris. The motor neurons innervating this muscle in the rabbit (which lacks the central caudal nucleus) formed a rostro-caudal club-shaped column close to the group innervating the superior rectus. The aberrant cellular mass in the adjoining medial longitudinal fasciculus which belongs to the medial rectus appears to play an important role in the eye movement, because it commonly appears in various animals.", "PMID": 690283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8765", "title": "A comparison of projections of entopeduncular neurons to the thalamus, the midbrain and the habenula in the cat.", "content": "Anatomical studies have demonstrated that the output of the striopallidal system is distributed to two areas of the thalamus: the ventrolateral-ventroanterior and the centromedian nuclei. The two areas are involved in different ways in the control of somatic motor activity. Pallidal efferents are also distributed to a still obscure tegmental area in the midbrain, the pedunculopontine nucleus, and to the lateral habenular nucleus, a structure of the limbic system. The present study compares the projections of entopeduncular neurons to the four sites in cats. The comparison is based on an estimation of the number of entopeduncular neurons sending fibers to each site and branching to more than one site. The four projection sites were stimulated electrically in anesthetized cats and the number of entopeduncular neurons excited antidromically were counted. At least 68% of entopeduncular neurons were excited antidromically by stimulation of the ventrolateral nucleus, an equal number were excited antidromically by stimulation of the nucleus centromedian and slightly fewer but still more than 50% by stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus. The three sites gave rise to antidromic responses of the same entopeduncular neuron in at least 33% of the cases. Only 25% of entopeduncular neurons responded antidromically to stimulation of the lateral habenular nucleus exclusively (one-third) or not (two-thirds). Some neurons recorded incidentally in the globus pallidus responded antidromically to the stimulation sites. Neurons were also recorded in the preoptico-hypothalamic area and 67% responded antidromically exclusively to the stimulation of the lateral habenular nucleus.", "contents": "A comparison of projections of entopeduncular neurons to the thalamus, the midbrain and the habenula in the cat. Anatomical studies have demonstrated that the output of the striopallidal system is distributed to two areas of the thalamus: the ventrolateral-ventroanterior and the centromedian nuclei. The two areas are involved in different ways in the control of somatic motor activity. Pallidal efferents are also distributed to a still obscure tegmental area in the midbrain, the pedunculopontine nucleus, and to the lateral habenular nucleus, a structure of the limbic system. The present study compares the projections of entopeduncular neurons to the four sites in cats. The comparison is based on an estimation of the number of entopeduncular neurons sending fibers to each site and branching to more than one site. The four projection sites were stimulated electrically in anesthetized cats and the number of entopeduncular neurons excited antidromically were counted. At least 68% of entopeduncular neurons were excited antidromically by stimulation of the ventrolateral nucleus, an equal number were excited antidromically by stimulation of the nucleus centromedian and slightly fewer but still more than 50% by stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus. The three sites gave rise to antidromic responses of the same entopeduncular neuron in at least 33% of the cases. Only 25% of entopeduncular neurons responded antidromically to stimulation of the lateral habenular nucleus exclusively (one-third) or not (two-thirds). Some neurons recorded incidentally in the globus pallidus responded antidromically to the stimulation sites. Neurons were also recorded in the preoptico-hypothalamic area and 67% responded antidromically exclusively to the stimulation of the lateral habenular nucleus.", "PMID": 690284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8766", "title": "Poison-based taste aversion learning in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi).", "content": "A series of experiments tested the ability of mice of the native genus Peromyscus to form learned taste aversions. It was found that (a) the mice acquired a strong aversion after a single flavor/toxicosis pairing, (b) naive mice drinking a LiCl solution apparently began to experience toxic effects within 90 sec after the beginning of consumption, (c) the mice acquired a total aversion after a single flavor/delayed illness pairing when high doses of toxin were employed, and (d) the aversion produced by a single flavor/delayed-illness pairing was specific to the flavor paired with illness and was dependent on the contingency between the flavor and illness. Although these responses are qualitatively similar to those reported for domestic rats, the mice formed considerably weaker aversions than those previously reported for laboratory rats tested with the same weight-specific doses of LiCl.", "contents": "Poison-based taste aversion learning in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi). A series of experiments tested the ability of mice of the native genus Peromyscus to form learned taste aversions. It was found that (a) the mice acquired a strong aversion after a single flavor/toxicosis pairing, (b) naive mice drinking a LiCl solution apparently began to experience toxic effects within 90 sec after the beginning of consumption, (c) the mice acquired a total aversion after a single flavor/delayed illness pairing when high doses of toxin were employed, and (d) the aversion produced by a single flavor/delayed-illness pairing was specific to the flavor paired with illness and was dependent on the contingency between the flavor and illness. Although these responses are qualitatively similar to those reported for domestic rats, the mice formed considerably weaker aversions than those previously reported for laboratory rats tested with the same weight-specific doses of LiCl.", "PMID": 690287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8767", "title": "Schedule-induced polydipsia in rats: adrenocortical and hippocampal modulation.", "content": "Onset of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) is related to adrenal gland weight. Adrenalectomy, but not demedullation, hastened the emergence of SIP, and exogenous corticosterone administration tended to reverse this effect. Hippocampal lesions were followed by a rapid and uniform release of SIP. None of the above manipulations influenced normal (home-cage) drinking. A synthesis of present findings with the literature suggests that the hippocampus and the adrenal cortex interact and that the equilibrium established within this system is reflected, for any particular rat, in its adjunctive behavior.", "contents": "Schedule-induced polydipsia in rats: adrenocortical and hippocampal modulation. Onset of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) is related to adrenal gland weight. Adrenalectomy, but not demedullation, hastened the emergence of SIP, and exogenous corticosterone administration tended to reverse this effect. Hippocampal lesions were followed by a rapid and uniform release of SIP. None of the above manipulations influenced normal (home-cage) drinking. A synthesis of present findings with the literature suggests that the hippocampus and the adrenal cortex interact and that the equilibrium established within this system is reflected, for any particular rat, in its adjunctive behavior.", "PMID": 690288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8768", "title": "Exploration and avoidance in rats with lesions in amygdala and piriform cortex.", "content": "Lesions localized to specific areas of the amygdala and overlying cortex in rats produced differential effects in several behavioral tasks. Three different types of lesions were tested: central, basolateral, and cortex lateral to the amygdala. Lesions restricted to the central nucleus produced increased activity on all parameters studied in an open-field test, but the other two groups were not changed. In one-way active avoidance all three groups with lesions showed deficits. The most pronounced change was observed in the central group. All groups showed the same degree of retention loss, but in forced extinction of one-way active avoidance after retraining, the cortical and basolateral groups were most defective. A fear-reduction hypothesis is proposed for the central lesion. The basolateral and cortical areas may be more specifically involved in passive avoidance behavior.", "contents": "Exploration and avoidance in rats with lesions in amygdala and piriform cortex. Lesions localized to specific areas of the amygdala and overlying cortex in rats produced differential effects in several behavioral tasks. Three different types of lesions were tested: central, basolateral, and cortex lateral to the amygdala. Lesions restricted to the central nucleus produced increased activity on all parameters studied in an open-field test, but the other two groups were not changed. In one-way active avoidance all three groups with lesions showed deficits. The most pronounced change was observed in the central group. All groups showed the same degree of retention loss, but in forced extinction of one-way active avoidance after retraining, the cortical and basolateral groups were most defective. A fear-reduction hypothesis is proposed for the central lesion. The basolateral and cortical areas may be more specifically involved in passive avoidance behavior.", "PMID": 690289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8769", "title": "Effect of cholecystokinin on meal size and intermeal interval in the sham-feeding rat.", "content": "After 3-hr food deprivation, rats with gastric fistulas ate liquid food with the fistula closed (normal feeding) or open (sham feeding). Meal size (MS) was larger, latency to rest (LR) after a meal was longer, and intermeal interval (IMI) was shorter during sham feeding than during normal feeding. The putative satiety signal cholecystokinin (CCK, 20% pure) decreased MS and LR and increased IMI during sham feeding. After CCK (30 U/kg) the MS, LR, and IMI were the same during sham feeding as during normal feeding. The synthetic octapeptide (OCT) of CCK, which has the known biological actions of the complete hormone, reproduced the effects of CCK (30 U/kg) on MS and LR but not on IMI. Ingestive behavior was not nonspecifically suppressed by CCK or OCT because water drinking was not inhibited by CCK or OCT. The CCK and OCT were also tested for their ability to serve as unconditioned stimuli (UCS) for the formation of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in the 3-hr food-deprived sham-feeding rat. The OCT (30 U/kg) did not serve as a UCS for a CTA in the same sham-feeding conditions in which OCT produced normal MS and LR. Impure CCK (30 U/kg), however, did serve as a UCS for a CTA under these conditions. The differential effectiveness of CCK and OCT for IMI and CTA may be due to non-CCK factors in the impure extract of CCK. These experiments demonstrate that the preabsorptive food-contingent stimuli of sham feeding plus exogenous CCK are sufficient for normal short-term satiety under certain conditions, and they provide further evidence consistent with the hypothesis that cholecystokinin produces satiety in rats.", "contents": "Effect of cholecystokinin on meal size and intermeal interval in the sham-feeding rat. After 3-hr food deprivation, rats with gastric fistulas ate liquid food with the fistula closed (normal feeding) or open (sham feeding). Meal size (MS) was larger, latency to rest (LR) after a meal was longer, and intermeal interval (IMI) was shorter during sham feeding than during normal feeding. The putative satiety signal cholecystokinin (CCK, 20% pure) decreased MS and LR and increased IMI during sham feeding. After CCK (30 U/kg) the MS, LR, and IMI were the same during sham feeding as during normal feeding. The synthetic octapeptide (OCT) of CCK, which has the known biological actions of the complete hormone, reproduced the effects of CCK (30 U/kg) on MS and LR but not on IMI. Ingestive behavior was not nonspecifically suppressed by CCK or OCT because water drinking was not inhibited by CCK or OCT. The CCK and OCT were also tested for their ability to serve as unconditioned stimuli (UCS) for the formation of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in the 3-hr food-deprived sham-feeding rat. The OCT (30 U/kg) did not serve as a UCS for a CTA in the same sham-feeding conditions in which OCT produced normal MS and LR. Impure CCK (30 U/kg), however, did serve as a UCS for a CTA under these conditions. The differential effectiveness of CCK and OCT for IMI and CTA may be due to non-CCK factors in the impure extract of CCK. These experiments demonstrate that the preabsorptive food-contingent stimuli of sham feeding plus exogenous CCK are sufficient for normal short-term satiety under certain conditions, and they provide further evidence consistent with the hypothesis that cholecystokinin produces satiety in rats.", "PMID": 690290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8770", "title": "Environmental events that modify the catecholamine fluorescence of the A2 cell bodies in nucleus tractus solitarii.", "content": "The fluorescence intensity of the catecholamine cell bodies of the A2 group--as determined by microfluorimetry--increased significantly due to exposure of the rats to the following environmental events: placement of a rat from the colony cage into a cold (4 degree C) room for a period of 10 min, isolation of a rat from the colony for 6--7 days, and satiation of gouped rats by allowing them access to sweetened milk for 15 min. The following events failed to affect the intensity of the cells of A2: reduction of the group colony size from eight to three rats per colony for 6--7 days and presentation of water instead of milk after the rats had experienced 6--7 days of milk satiation. These results indicate that aversive as well as rewarding environmental events activate the catecholamine cells of A2.", "contents": "Environmental events that modify the catecholamine fluorescence of the A2 cell bodies in nucleus tractus solitarii. The fluorescence intensity of the catecholamine cell bodies of the A2 group--as determined by microfluorimetry--increased significantly due to exposure of the rats to the following environmental events: placement of a rat from the colony cage into a cold (4 degree C) room for a period of 10 min, isolation of a rat from the colony for 6--7 days, and satiation of gouped rats by allowing them access to sweetened milk for 15 min. The following events failed to affect the intensity of the cells of A2: reduction of the group colony size from eight to three rats per colony for 6--7 days and presentation of water instead of milk after the rats had experienced 6--7 days of milk satiation. These results indicate that aversive as well as rewarding environmental events activate the catecholamine cells of A2.", "PMID": 690291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8771", "title": "Two types of aphagia and two types of sensorimotor impairment after lateral hypothalamic lesions: observations in normal weight, dieted, and fattened rats.", "content": "In two experiments, reactions to food and to tactile stimuli were examined in rats whose body weights were normal, reduced by restricted feeding (dieted), or raised by having access to palatable foods (fattened) prior to receiving bilateral lesions in the lateral hypothalamic (LH) area. Postoperative aphagia and sensorimotor impairments were less prolonged than normal in the dieted rats and more prolonged than normal in the fattened rats. The LH lesions produced a transient hyperthermia which was attenuated by dieting and facilitated by fattening. Certain motor impairments (which accompanied more posterior lesion placements), hypokinesia, and a lesion-induced exaggerated aphagia to novel foods were relatively unaffected by preoperative body weight. Depending importantly upon lesion placement, there appeared to be at least two types of aphagia and two types of sensorimotor impairment. Animals with more posterior LH lesions displayed a passive kind of aphagia and sensory neglect. These animals did not react to food or to sensory stimuli presented externally, but they chewed and appeared to swallow food placed in the mouth. Animals with more anterior LH lesions displayed an active kind of aphagia and sensory rejection. These latter animals briskly turned their heads toward food or a light touch; however, they also showed simple stereotyped withdrawal or reactions of aversion to the food, to a light touch, and to a variety of sensory stimuli. Animals with intermediately placed lesions showed symptoms common to passive and active aphagia and to sensory neglect and sensory rejection. The effects of preoperative weight manipulation on the specific types of aphagia and sensorimotor impairments are discussed.", "contents": "Two types of aphagia and two types of sensorimotor impairment after lateral hypothalamic lesions: observations in normal weight, dieted, and fattened rats. In two experiments, reactions to food and to tactile stimuli were examined in rats whose body weights were normal, reduced by restricted feeding (dieted), or raised by having access to palatable foods (fattened) prior to receiving bilateral lesions in the lateral hypothalamic (LH) area. Postoperative aphagia and sensorimotor impairments were less prolonged than normal in the dieted rats and more prolonged than normal in the fattened rats. The LH lesions produced a transient hyperthermia which was attenuated by dieting and facilitated by fattening. Certain motor impairments (which accompanied more posterior lesion placements), hypokinesia, and a lesion-induced exaggerated aphagia to novel foods were relatively unaffected by preoperative body weight. Depending importantly upon lesion placement, there appeared to be at least two types of aphagia and two types of sensorimotor impairment. Animals with more posterior LH lesions displayed a passive kind of aphagia and sensory neglect. These animals did not react to food or to sensory stimuli presented externally, but they chewed and appeared to swallow food placed in the mouth. Animals with more anterior LH lesions displayed an active kind of aphagia and sensory rejection. These latter animals briskly turned their heads toward food or a light touch; however, they also showed simple stereotyped withdrawal or reactions of aversion to the food, to a light touch, and to a variety of sensory stimuli. Animals with intermediately placed lesions showed symptoms common to passive and active aphagia and to sensory neglect and sensory rejection. The effects of preoperative weight manipulation on the specific types of aphagia and sensorimotor impairments are discussed.", "PMID": 690292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8772", "title": "Subamnesic cycloheximide treatment delays consolidation in mice.", "content": "In the first experiment, groups of C57 BL/6J mice were given passive avoidance training and then administered different doses of cycloheximide (CYC) immediately, 30 min, or 1 hr after training. Only the highest dose (150 mg/kg) administered immediately or 30 min after training impaired memory when the mice were tested 72 hr after training. In the second experiment, mice were given a nonamnesic administration of CYC (30 mg/kg) or saline immediately after training and another injection of CYC (15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, or 75 mg/kg) or saline 1 hr after training. Single injections of CYC and the combination of 30 mg/kg + 15 mg/kg did not impair memory, but the combinations of 30 mg/kg + 30 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg + 75 mg/kg did impair memory. The third experiment demonstrated that brief carbon dioxide anesthetization initiated immediately after training impairs memory. In the fourth experiment, mice were given either saline or 30 mg/kg CYC immediately after training and then subjected to either air or CO2 anesthetization 30 min after training. Only the group given 30 mg/kg CYC + CO2 was amnesic when tested 72 hr after training. The results of these experiments indicate that the administration of a nonamnesic dose of CYC immediately after training renders the memory susceptible to disruption by additional doses of CYC or other amnesic treatments for a longer period of time than normal. It is suggested that CYC delays consolidation and prolongs the labile period of memory formation.", "contents": "Subamnesic cycloheximide treatment delays consolidation in mice. In the first experiment, groups of C57 BL/6J mice were given passive avoidance training and then administered different doses of cycloheximide (CYC) immediately, 30 min, or 1 hr after training. Only the highest dose (150 mg/kg) administered immediately or 30 min after training impaired memory when the mice were tested 72 hr after training. In the second experiment, mice were given a nonamnesic administration of CYC (30 mg/kg) or saline immediately after training and another injection of CYC (15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, or 75 mg/kg) or saline 1 hr after training. Single injections of CYC and the combination of 30 mg/kg + 15 mg/kg did not impair memory, but the combinations of 30 mg/kg + 30 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg + 75 mg/kg did impair memory. The third experiment demonstrated that brief carbon dioxide anesthetization initiated immediately after training impairs memory. In the fourth experiment, mice were given either saline or 30 mg/kg CYC immediately after training and then subjected to either air or CO2 anesthetization 30 min after training. Only the group given 30 mg/kg CYC + CO2 was amnesic when tested 72 hr after training. The results of these experiments indicate that the administration of a nonamnesic dose of CYC immediately after training renders the memory susceptible to disruption by additional doses of CYC or other amnesic treatments for a longer period of time than normal. It is suggested that CYC delays consolidation and prolongs the labile period of memory formation.", "PMID": 690293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8773", "title": "Task-dependent genetic influences on behavioral response of mice (Mus musculus) to acetaldehyde.", "content": "Acetaldehyde was employed as a pharmacological agent in behavioral tests designed to assess genetic influences upon response to the drug. When used as a poison in a conditioned taste aversion study, acetaldehyde was more effective at inducing aversions in DBA/2J mice than in C57BL/6J mice. In another experiment, however, C57 mice were more affected than were DBA mice by acetaldehyde effects on loss of righting reflex. Implications for postulated genetic control of ethanol preference and neurosensitivity are discussed.", "contents": "Task-dependent genetic influences on behavioral response of mice (Mus musculus) to acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde was employed as a pharmacological agent in behavioral tests designed to assess genetic influences upon response to the drug. When used as a poison in a conditioned taste aversion study, acetaldehyde was more effective at inducing aversions in DBA/2J mice than in C57BL/6J mice. In another experiment, however, C57 mice were more affected than were DBA mice by acetaldehyde effects on loss of righting reflex. Implications for postulated genetic control of ethanol preference and neurosensitivity are discussed.", "PMID": 690294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8774", "title": "Interaction between penile reflexes and copulation in male rats.", "content": "Intact, unanesthetized male rats were place in a supine position, with the penile sheath continuously retracted. Three forms of penile reflex were displayed: erections, cups, and flips. The reciprocal relation between copulation and the penile reflexes occurring in supine tests was explored in four experiments. In Experiment 1, sexual exhaustion depressed all penile reflexes, but the reflexes returned to baseline levels within 8 hr, long before copulatory potential. In Experiment 2, reflexes were depressed to exhaustion levels after fewer ejaculations than were required for sexual exhaustion, an indication that reflexes are more readily evoked during copulation than in supine tests. Experiment 3 determined that a rat's penile-reflex potential may be enhanced by placing the rat in a copulation-test cage, by allowing the male a few antecedent intromissions, or by allowing an antecedent ejaculation. The display of penile reflexes within 1 min after ejaculation suggests that the period of reduced sexual arousability following ejaculation is not due to reduced excitability in the spinal mechanisms controlling penile reflexes. In Experiment 4, 1 hr of penile-reflex elicitation had no effect on subsequent copulatory behavior. Thus, sexual stimulation may increase or decrease penile-reflex potential, but a reciprocal influence was not detectable.", "contents": "Interaction between penile reflexes and copulation in male rats. Intact, unanesthetized male rats were place in a supine position, with the penile sheath continuously retracted. Three forms of penile reflex were displayed: erections, cups, and flips. The reciprocal relation between copulation and the penile reflexes occurring in supine tests was explored in four experiments. In Experiment 1, sexual exhaustion depressed all penile reflexes, but the reflexes returned to baseline levels within 8 hr, long before copulatory potential. In Experiment 2, reflexes were depressed to exhaustion levels after fewer ejaculations than were required for sexual exhaustion, an indication that reflexes are more readily evoked during copulation than in supine tests. Experiment 3 determined that a rat's penile-reflex potential may be enhanced by placing the rat in a copulation-test cage, by allowing the male a few antecedent intromissions, or by allowing an antecedent ejaculation. The display of penile reflexes within 1 min after ejaculation suggests that the period of reduced sexual arousability following ejaculation is not due to reduced excitability in the spinal mechanisms controlling penile reflexes. In Experiment 4, 1 hr of penile-reflex elicitation had no effect on subsequent copulatory behavior. Thus, sexual stimulation may increase or decrease penile-reflex potential, but a reciprocal influence was not detectable.", "PMID": 690295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8775", "title": "Extent of recovery of function after early sensory deprivation in the rat.", "content": "In two experiments the performances of 90- and 150-day-old light-reared and dark-reared rats were compared on rigorous tests of depth and form discriminative abilities. Significant differences due to rearing and age were found. Exposure to a normal light environment for 60 days was found to partially alter the effects of an early 90-day period of visual deprivation in the case of depth discrimination but to have little impact in the case of form discrimination. The implications of the results are discussed with regard to the proposition that the initial deficits in the performance of the dark-reared rats and the extent of recovery of function after exposure to a normal environment are related to the kind of perceptual ability being measured and to the sensitivity of the test.", "contents": "Extent of recovery of function after early sensory deprivation in the rat. In two experiments the performances of 90- and 150-day-old light-reared and dark-reared rats were compared on rigorous tests of depth and form discriminative abilities. Significant differences due to rearing and age were found. Exposure to a normal light environment for 60 days was found to partially alter the effects of an early 90-day period of visual deprivation in the case of depth discrimination but to have little impact in the case of form discrimination. The implications of the results are discussed with regard to the proposition that the initial deficits in the performance of the dark-reared rats and the extent of recovery of function after exposure to a normal environment are related to the kind of perceptual ability being measured and to the sensitivity of the test.", "PMID": 690296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8776", "title": "Purification and characterization of rat alpha-lactalbumins: apparent genetic variants.", "content": "Rat alpha-lactalbumin, from the milk of Fischer 344 (CDF) rats, was isolated and purified by a combination of gel filtration and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. Three electrophoretically distinct proteins had alpha-lactalbumin activity. Staining for carbohydrate indicated that at least two of the three forms were glycoproteins. The low molecular weight protein fraction from the wheys of two additional strains of laboratory rat were compared to ascertain whether the composition of this fraction was common in the divergent strains. Outbred Wistar and Long-Evans dams yielded wheys containing up to six forms of alpha-lactalbumin. Either one or both of two groups of three alpha-lactalbumins were in a given milk sample. The two groups of three alpha-lactalbumins appear to represent two genetic variants upon which is imposed a polymorphic character. All forms of alpha-lactalbumin, within and between strains, were immunologically identical.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of rat alpha-lactalbumins: apparent genetic variants. Rat alpha-lactalbumin, from the milk of Fischer 344 (CDF) rats, was isolated and purified by a combination of gel filtration and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. Three electrophoretically distinct proteins had alpha-lactalbumin activity. Staining for carbohydrate indicated that at least two of the three forms were glycoproteins. The low molecular weight protein fraction from the wheys of two additional strains of laboratory rat were compared to ascertain whether the composition of this fraction was common in the divergent strains. Outbred Wistar and Long-Evans dams yielded wheys containing up to six forms of alpha-lactalbumin. Either one or both of two groups of three alpha-lactalbumins were in a given milk sample. The two groups of three alpha-lactalbumins appear to represent two genetic variants upon which is imposed a polymorphic character. All forms of alpha-lactalbumin, within and between strains, were immunologically identical.", "PMID": 690297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8777", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of a unique group of phosphoproteins from rat milk whey.", "content": "A group of four electrophoretically distinct but related proteins has been isolated from rat milk whey. These have been classified as P.1 to P.4 in order of their decreasing electrophoretic mobility in an alkaline buffer system. All four members of this group of proteins are immunologically identical apparently constitute a single protein which is differentially phosphorylated in the ratio of 3:2:1:0. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis yielded constant estimates of molecular weight of approximately 20,700. Enzymatic dephosphorylation of purified P.1 generated the other three members of the group, demonstrating the commonality of the peptide component. This group of proteins in total makes a significant contribution of the total whey proteins being approximately 5 mg/ml in whole rat milk in the approximate proportion of 1:1.5:2:1.5. The P.1, P.2, and P.3 were isolated in sufficient quantities to permit further characterization. The partial amino acid analyses of each of the three forms were similar. They had commonextinction coefficients, E1(1)% cm A280, of 4.9 and A280/A290 ratio of about 1.36.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of a unique group of phosphoproteins from rat milk whey. A group of four electrophoretically distinct but related proteins has been isolated from rat milk whey. These have been classified as P.1 to P.4 in order of their decreasing electrophoretic mobility in an alkaline buffer system. All four members of this group of proteins are immunologically identical apparently constitute a single protein which is differentially phosphorylated in the ratio of 3:2:1:0. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis yielded constant estimates of molecular weight of approximately 20,700. Enzymatic dephosphorylation of purified P.1 generated the other three members of the group, demonstrating the commonality of the peptide component. This group of proteins in total makes a significant contribution of the total whey proteins being approximately 5 mg/ml in whole rat milk in the approximate proportion of 1:1.5:2:1.5. The P.1, P.2, and P.3 were isolated in sufficient quantities to permit further characterization. The partial amino acid analyses of each of the three forms were similar. They had commonextinction coefficients, E1(1)% cm A280, of 4.9 and A280/A290 ratio of about 1.36.", "PMID": 690298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8778", "title": "Secretion of casein in cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells on floating collagen gels.", "content": "To study the effect of hormones on the secretion of casein, mammary epithelial cells were obtained from mid-pregnant mice and cultured on floating collagen gels in the presence of combinations of insulin, cortisol, and prolactin in serum-free culture medium. After labeling with phosphorus-32 labeled orthophosphate, the cells which had been cultured in the presence of all three hormones secreted hot-trichloroacetic acid precipitable radioactivity into the medium. The secreted materials were identified as three major mouse caseins by sodium dodecyl sulphate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. The floating collagen gel culture method allows mouse mammary epithelial cells to differentiate and secrete all species of caseins in the presence of hormones. The present culture method and the phosphorus-32 labeling method will be applicable to the study of differentiation of mammary epithelial cells from a variety of mammalian species.", "contents": "Secretion of casein in cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells on floating collagen gels. To study the effect of hormones on the secretion of casein, mammary epithelial cells were obtained from mid-pregnant mice and cultured on floating collagen gels in the presence of combinations of insulin, cortisol, and prolactin in serum-free culture medium. After labeling with phosphorus-32 labeled orthophosphate, the cells which had been cultured in the presence of all three hormones secreted hot-trichloroacetic acid precipitable radioactivity into the medium. The secreted materials were identified as three major mouse caseins by sodium dodecyl sulphate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. The floating collagen gel culture method allows mouse mammary epithelial cells to differentiate and secrete all species of caseins in the presence of hormones. The present culture method and the phosphorus-32 labeling method will be applicable to the study of differentiation of mammary epithelial cells from a variety of mammalian species.", "PMID": 690299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8779", "title": "Relationship between milk yield and mammary gland development in mice.", "content": "Female mice from four lines exhibiting different nursing ability (as measured by mean 12-day weight of eight offspring within a nursed litter) were used to examine milk yield, body size, feed intake, and cellular development of mammary glands and liver. Three selected lines exceeded the control line in milk yield and mammary gland and liver weights. They had more total deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein contents in both mammary gland and liver tissues than the control. Phenotypic correlations between milk yield and deoxyribonucleic acid contents of mammary glands and liver were .39 and .35, while correlations between milk yield and protein to deoxyribonucleic acid ratio of mammary glands and livers were .04 and .11. Milk yield was correlated closely with body size .57 and with feed intake .55. Milk yield was related more to cell number than to cell size of the mammary glands and liver, and large amounts of milk were produced by heavy dams with substantial feed intake.", "contents": "Relationship between milk yield and mammary gland development in mice. Female mice from four lines exhibiting different nursing ability (as measured by mean 12-day weight of eight offspring within a nursed litter) were used to examine milk yield, body size, feed intake, and cellular development of mammary glands and liver. Three selected lines exceeded the control line in milk yield and mammary gland and liver weights. They had more total deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein contents in both mammary gland and liver tissues than the control. Phenotypic correlations between milk yield and deoxyribonucleic acid contents of mammary glands and liver were .39 and .35, while correlations between milk yield and protein to deoxyribonucleic acid ratio of mammary glands and livers were .04 and .11. Milk yield was correlated closely with body size .57 and with feed intake .55. Milk yield was related more to cell number than to cell size of the mammary glands and liver, and large amounts of milk were produced by heavy dams with substantial feed intake.", "PMID": 690300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8780", "title": "Potassium requirement of dairy cows in early and midlactation.", "content": "Two trials with lactating Holstein cows were to determine the percent potassium required in the ration. A midlactation study compared three potassium percentages (.46, .69, and .97% of dry matter) for five cows assigned to each treatment for a 10-wk experimental period. In an early lactation study, 15 cows were assigned at 2 wk postpartum to one of three treatments (.51, .75, and .99%) for an 8-wk experimental period. Feed intake was changed by treatment from a control period (all cows fed the high K ration) +1.3, -.3, and +.1 kg for the .46, .69, and .97 treatments and +3.4, +1.0, and +.5 kg for the .51, .75, and .99 treatments. Milk production and change in body weight differed significantly in the first trial but not in the second trial. Blood serum potassium was significantly different due to treatment in the second trial with changes in percent potassium of -.6, -.4 and +1.1 for the three treatments. A potassium content of .7% appears to be adequate for cows in mid to late lactation; however, the feed intake and potassium in serum indicate that .7% may not be optimal for high producing cows in early lactation.", "contents": "Potassium requirement of dairy cows in early and midlactation. Two trials with lactating Holstein cows were to determine the percent potassium required in the ration. A midlactation study compared three potassium percentages (.46, .69, and .97% of dry matter) for five cows assigned to each treatment for a 10-wk experimental period. In an early lactation study, 15 cows were assigned at 2 wk postpartum to one of three treatments (.51, .75, and .99%) for an 8-wk experimental period. Feed intake was changed by treatment from a control period (all cows fed the high K ration) +1.3, -.3, and +.1 kg for the .46, .69, and .97 treatments and +3.4, +1.0, and +.5 kg for the .51, .75, and .99 treatments. Milk production and change in body weight differed significantly in the first trial but not in the second trial. Blood serum potassium was significantly different due to treatment in the second trial with changes in percent potassium of -.6, -.4 and +1.1 for the three treatments. A potassium content of .7% appears to be adequate for cows in mid to late lactation; however, the feed intake and potassium in serum indicate that .7% may not be optimal for high producing cows in early lactation.", "PMID": 690302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8781", "title": "Milk iodine as influenced by an iodophor teat dip.", "content": "We quantitated the increase of iodine in milk from iodophor teat dips and determined the mode by which that iodine entered the milk. In one trial with teat dipping for 1 wk, iodine in milk increased 8.8 microgram/100 ml. In another trial, only right udder halves were dipped with the iodophor. Samples of milk from the left udder half increased in iodine corresponding to the right udder half only slightly less. Tincture of iodine was applied to the skin between the vulva and the point of udder attachment of cows. Samples of milk from the group with tincture increased markedly in iodine content over the control group. Iodophor teat dips increased the iodine in milk by 8 to 10 microgram/100 ml. The primary mode of increased iodine appears to be absorption through the skin and entry into the milk by the milk synthesis process rather than by contamination from the teat's surface.", "contents": "Milk iodine as influenced by an iodophor teat dip. We quantitated the increase of iodine in milk from iodophor teat dips and determined the mode by which that iodine entered the milk. In one trial with teat dipping for 1 wk, iodine in milk increased 8.8 microgram/100 ml. In another trial, only right udder halves were dipped with the iodophor. Samples of milk from the left udder half increased in iodine corresponding to the right udder half only slightly less. Tincture of iodine was applied to the skin between the vulva and the point of udder attachment of cows. Samples of milk from the group with tincture increased markedly in iodine content over the control group. Iodophor teat dips increased the iodine in milk by 8 to 10 microgram/100 ml. The primary mode of increased iodine appears to be absorption through the skin and entry into the milk by the milk synthesis process rather than by contamination from the teat's surface.", "PMID": 690303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8782", "title": "Radiotherapy of cutaneous cancers and some other malignancies.", "content": "The principles of radiotherapy for the common cutaneous carcinomas of the skin are discussed and results illustrated. Shorter accounts of X-ray therapy of other, less common malignancies are also presented.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of cutaneous cancers and some other malignancies. The principles of radiotherapy for the common cutaneous carcinomas of the skin are discussed and results illustrated. Shorter accounts of X-ray therapy of other, less common malignancies are also presented.", "PMID": 690308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8783", "title": "Efficacy, simplicity, and safety of X-ray therapy of basal-cell carcinomas on periocular skin.", "content": "X-ray therapy of basal-cell carcinomas of periocular skin is highly successful, easy to carry out, safe, and attended by cosmetic results that are good to excellent.", "contents": "Efficacy, simplicity, and safety of X-ray therapy of basal-cell carcinomas on periocular skin. X-ray therapy of basal-cell carcinomas of periocular skin is highly successful, easy to carry out, safe, and attended by cosmetic results that are good to excellent.", "PMID": 690309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8784", "title": "Teleroentgen therapy for mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Different techniques of teleroentgen therapy with soft X rays for total body treatment of cutaneous lymphomas are described. Therapeutic results in 26 patients with mycosis fungoides are reported.", "contents": "Teleroentgen therapy for mycosis fungoides. Different techniques of teleroentgen therapy with soft X rays for total body treatment of cutaneous lymphomas are described. Therapeutic results in 26 patients with mycosis fungoides are reported.", "PMID": 690310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8785", "title": "Radiotherapy of mycosis fungoides: twenty years of experience with teleroentgen and low-voltage X-ray therapy.", "content": "Of 98 patients with mycosis fungoides, 55 have been treated with teleroentgen therapy and 43 with low voltage radiation at a shorter distance. Teleroentgen therapy is indicated in the stage of generalized eczematous lesions or superficial infiltration. According to the Hamburg method, a dose of 300 R was delivered to eight fields at a target distance of 120 cm. After a series of one to three treatments, 300 R, administered at three-week intervals, all lesions usually cleared. Small patches and deeply infiltrated lesions and tumors were treated with the same doses and intervals of low voltage X rays, the half-value depth corresponding to the depth of infiltration. After five years, 54% of all patients were still alive and after 10 years, 29% were still living.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of mycosis fungoides: twenty years of experience with teleroentgen and low-voltage X-ray therapy. Of 98 patients with mycosis fungoides, 55 have been treated with teleroentgen therapy and 43 with low voltage radiation at a shorter distance. Teleroentgen therapy is indicated in the stage of generalized eczematous lesions or superficial infiltration. According to the Hamburg method, a dose of 300 R was delivered to eight fields at a target distance of 120 cm. After a series of one to three treatments, 300 R, administered at three-week intervals, all lesions usually cleared. Small patches and deeply infiltrated lesions and tumors were treated with the same doses and intervals of low voltage X rays, the half-value depth corresponding to the depth of infiltration. After five years, 54% of all patients were still alive and after 10 years, 29% were still living.", "PMID": 690311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8786", "title": "The worth of radiotherapy in malignant melanomas.", "content": "A new approach for the evaluation of the effectiveness of various forms of treatment of malignant melanomas is presented. Factors influencing the survival time from initiation of therapy until death were statistically analyzed in 548 patients who died from malignant melanoma. In slowly developing malignancies X-ray therapy was found to be superior to therapeutic methods.", "contents": "The worth of radiotherapy in malignant melanomas. A new approach for the evaluation of the effectiveness of various forms of treatment of malignant melanomas is presented. Factors influencing the survival time from initiation of therapy until death were statistically analyzed in 548 patients who died from malignant melanoma. In slowly developing malignancies X-ray therapy was found to be superior to therapeutic methods.", "PMID": 690312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8787", "title": "Adverse effects of superficial X-ray therapy and recommendations for safe use in benign dermatoses.", "content": "The danger of superficial radiotherapy for benign dermatoses has been exaggerated. It is safe if certain precautions are observed. The permissible life time maximum cumulative dose of conventional superficial X rays generated at 50 kV given to any area of skin is 1000 R, and of grenz rays, 5000 R.", "contents": "Adverse effects of superficial X-ray therapy and recommendations for safe use in benign dermatoses. The danger of superficial radiotherapy for benign dermatoses has been exaggerated. It is safe if certain precautions are observed. The permissible life time maximum cumulative dose of conventional superficial X rays generated at 50 kV given to any area of skin is 1000 R, and of grenz rays, 5000 R.", "PMID": 690314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8788", "title": "Radiation therapy for plantar warts.", "content": "Follow-up examinations were done on 598 plantar wart sites treated by radiation 3 to 28 years earlier. In 45 cases, minor skin changes were detectable. There were no frank radiation sequelae. Of three X-ray schedules used, a one-dose method is recommended because of its simplicity, efficacy and safety.", "contents": "Radiation therapy for plantar warts. Follow-up examinations were done on 598 plantar wart sites treated by radiation 3 to 28 years earlier. In 45 cases, minor skin changes were detectable. There were no frank radiation sequelae. Of three X-ray schedules used, a one-dose method is recommended because of its simplicity, efficacy and safety.", "PMID": 690315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8789", "title": "Cardiovascular nuclear medicine and intensive care.", "content": "The clinical application of cardiovascular nuclear imaging techniques to intensive care medicine holds great promise for improved non-invasive assessment of the patient. With the development of new radiopharmaceutical agents and better instrument resolution, it is now possible to provide quantitative information concerning myocardial perfusion, acute myocardial ischaemia, left ventricular function, thromboembolic pulmonary disease and analysis of the patient's respiratory function. The patient can be studied during various phases of his disease, with these techniques furnishing objective guidelines of the therapy and prognosis.", "contents": "Cardiovascular nuclear medicine and intensive care. The clinical application of cardiovascular nuclear imaging techniques to intensive care medicine holds great promise for improved non-invasive assessment of the patient. With the development of new radiopharmaceutical agents and better instrument resolution, it is now possible to provide quantitative information concerning myocardial perfusion, acute myocardial ischaemia, left ventricular function, thromboembolic pulmonary disease and analysis of the patient's respiratory function. The patient can be studied during various phases of his disease, with these techniques furnishing objective guidelines of the therapy and prognosis.", "PMID": 690319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8790", "title": "Left ventricular function in tetanus: influence of therapy.", "content": "Nine patients hospitalized for tetanus were studied under the same protocol which included two haemodynamic studies with a preload trial (PLT). The first being made during therapy (diazepam barbiturate association), on the sixth day of hospitalisation, and the second one after recovery. The comparison of the results shows that before PLT the mean arterial pressuure (MAP) is significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in patients after recovery in comparison to the same patients undergoing therapy. After PLT there is no significant difference between the two groups. Lastly, the variation of the left ventricular function points under PLT shows no significant difference between patients during therapy and after recovery. These results suggest that the diazepamphenobarbital combination does not alter the left ventricular function of the patients undergoing this therapy during tetanus.", "contents": "Left ventricular function in tetanus: influence of therapy. Nine patients hospitalized for tetanus were studied under the same protocol which included two haemodynamic studies with a preload trial (PLT). The first being made during therapy (diazepam barbiturate association), on the sixth day of hospitalisation, and the second one after recovery. The comparison of the results shows that before PLT the mean arterial pressuure (MAP) is significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in patients after recovery in comparison to the same patients undergoing therapy. After PLT there is no significant difference between the two groups. Lastly, the variation of the left ventricular function points under PLT shows no significant difference between patients during therapy and after recovery. These results suggest that the diazepamphenobarbital combination does not alter the left ventricular function of the patients undergoing this therapy during tetanus.", "PMID": 690320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8791", "title": "Haemodynamic study of patients with severe sepsis during haemodialysis.", "content": "A study was performed in order to observe haemodynamic changes induced by haemodialysis in 14 patients with acute renal failure and severe sepsis. Left ventricular function, as assessed by changes in pulmonary wedge pressure and left ventricular stroke work index through plasma volume expansion, did not change during haemodialysis. Ultrafiltration-induced decreases in cardiac index provoked in 8 patients, with nearly normal initial systemic arteriolar resistance, had adequate and constant increase in their resistance (p less than 0.001), whereas 6 patients with low initial systemic arteriolar resistance did not increase their resistance and had a frequent (9/13 measurements) and significant (p less than 0.001) fall in mean aortic pressure. This abnormality of vascular tone is probably due to severe sepsis and explains why hypotension is a frequent occurrence during haemodialysis in such patients.", "contents": "Haemodynamic study of patients with severe sepsis during haemodialysis. A study was performed in order to observe haemodynamic changes induced by haemodialysis in 14 patients with acute renal failure and severe sepsis. Left ventricular function, as assessed by changes in pulmonary wedge pressure and left ventricular stroke work index through plasma volume expansion, did not change during haemodialysis. Ultrafiltration-induced decreases in cardiac index provoked in 8 patients, with nearly normal initial systemic arteriolar resistance, had adequate and constant increase in their resistance (p less than 0.001), whereas 6 patients with low initial systemic arteriolar resistance did not increase their resistance and had a frequent (9/13 measurements) and significant (p less than 0.001) fall in mean aortic pressure. This abnormality of vascular tone is probably due to severe sepsis and explains why hypotension is a frequent occurrence during haemodialysis in such patients.", "PMID": 690321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8792", "title": "The effects of insulin glucose administration in fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "Insulin glucose therapy can correct hyponatraemia and renal sodium retention in burns, sepsis and circulatory failure. A case of fulminant hepatic failure (F.H.F.) is described in which the same effect was observed. Insulin was thought to have corrected abnormal cell membrane permeability. The actions of insulin are discussed in relation to its possible role in the management of F.H.F.", "contents": "The effects of insulin glucose administration in fulminant hepatic failure. Insulin glucose therapy can correct hyponatraemia and renal sodium retention in burns, sepsis and circulatory failure. A case of fulminant hepatic failure (F.H.F.) is described in which the same effect was observed. Insulin was thought to have corrected abnormal cell membrane permeability. The actions of insulin are discussed in relation to its possible role in the management of F.H.F.", "PMID": 690322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8793", "title": "Movement of the critically ill within hospital.", "content": "Critically ill patients can be safely moved within hospital using a mobile intensive care unit (MICU). The MICU allows the critically ill to benefit from specialised investigation and treatment they might otherwise be denied. The MICU in use at the Western Infirmary, Glasgow is described and its merits outline in the light of clinical experience gained over a twelve month period.", "contents": "Movement of the critically ill within hospital. Critically ill patients can be safely moved within hospital using a mobile intensive care unit (MICU). The MICU allows the critically ill to benefit from specialised investigation and treatment they might otherwise be denied. The MICU in use at the Western Infirmary, Glasgow is described and its merits outline in the light of clinical experience gained over a twelve month period.", "PMID": 690323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8794", "title": "Do fat emulsions protect against infusion thrombophlebitis? An experimental study.", "content": "The clinical experience that a fat emulsion (Intralipid) protects the vein against infusion thrombophlebitis caused by an amino acid solution (Aminosol) was controlled by an experimental method based on a quantitative histological analysis of the inflammatory changes observed in the veins of rabbit ears after infusions. In a controlled blind study, sequential analysis failed to reveal any difference in the histological changes which developed after infusion of Aminosol alone and Aminosol plus Intralipid. In a second series of experiments in which Intralipid was compared with 0.9% NaCl it was demonstrated that the fat emulsion alone gave rise to considerable inflammatory changes in the veins.", "contents": "Do fat emulsions protect against infusion thrombophlebitis? An experimental study. The clinical experience that a fat emulsion (Intralipid) protects the vein against infusion thrombophlebitis caused by an amino acid solution (Aminosol) was controlled by an experimental method based on a quantitative histological analysis of the inflammatory changes observed in the veins of rabbit ears after infusions. In a controlled blind study, sequential analysis failed to reveal any difference in the histological changes which developed after infusion of Aminosol alone and Aminosol plus Intralipid. In a second series of experiments in which Intralipid was compared with 0.9% NaCl it was demonstrated that the fat emulsion alone gave rise to considerable inflammatory changes in the veins.", "PMID": 690324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8795", "title": "Hypovolaemic shock with oedema due to increased capillary permeability.", "content": "A case of severe hypovolaemic shock related to idiopathic oedema was observed in a 37 year old woman. Large plasma volume expansion (nearly 12 1 over 9 hours) did not change the clinical status. Haemodynamic studies showed low cardiac index (1.1 1/min/m2), decreased left ventricular stroke work index (6.7 gm/m2), and high systemic arterial resistance (52 mmHg/1/min/m2). Dopamine infusion improved the haemodynamic condition which returned to normal 30 hours after the beginning of shock. After recovery, capillary permeability measured by a modification of Landis' method was markedly increased. A study of albumin metabolism showed a normal intravascular pool and a rapid exchange compartment with a twofold increase in slow exchange compartment. Hormonal levels and complement fractions were within normal limits. Serum protein immuno-electrophoresis showed an abnormal IgG. These results clearly demonstrate that hypovolaemia is related to increased capillary permeability and leakage of albumin out of the vascular space. When large infusions fail, inotropic agents, especially Dopamine, should be used in such cases.", "contents": "Hypovolaemic shock with oedema due to increased capillary permeability. A case of severe hypovolaemic shock related to idiopathic oedema was observed in a 37 year old woman. Large plasma volume expansion (nearly 12 1 over 9 hours) did not change the clinical status. Haemodynamic studies showed low cardiac index (1.1 1/min/m2), decreased left ventricular stroke work index (6.7 gm/m2), and high systemic arterial resistance (52 mmHg/1/min/m2). Dopamine infusion improved the haemodynamic condition which returned to normal 30 hours after the beginning of shock. After recovery, capillary permeability measured by a modification of Landis' method was markedly increased. A study of albumin metabolism showed a normal intravascular pool and a rapid exchange compartment with a twofold increase in slow exchange compartment. Hormonal levels and complement fractions were within normal limits. Serum protein immuno-electrophoresis showed an abnormal IgG. These results clearly demonstrate that hypovolaemia is related to increased capillary permeability and leakage of albumin out of the vascular space. When large infusions fail, inotropic agents, especially Dopamine, should be used in such cases.", "PMID": 690325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8796", "title": "Modeling of the cat eardrum as a thin shell using the finite-element method.", "content": "A finite-element model of the cat eardrum is presented which includes the effects of the three-dimensional curved conical shape of the drum. The model is valid at low frequencies (below 1-2 kHz) and within the range of linear vibration amplitudes. The material properties used are based on a review of the literature. The critical material parameters are the stiffness (2 times 10(8) dyn cm(-2)) and thickness (40 micrometer) of the pars tensa. The model exhibits a vibration pattern and amplitude very similar to those observed experimentally using laser holography. A number of parameters are varied in order to study their relative importance in the model.", "contents": "Modeling of the cat eardrum as a thin shell using the finite-element method. A finite-element model of the cat eardrum is presented which includes the effects of the three-dimensional curved conical shape of the drum. The model is valid at low frequencies (below 1-2 kHz) and within the range of linear vibration amplitudes. The material properties used are based on a review of the literature. The critical material parameters are the stiffness (2 times 10(8) dyn cm(-2)) and thickness (40 micrometer) of the pars tensa. The model exhibits a vibration pattern and amplitude very similar to those observed experimentally using laser holography. A number of parameters are varied in order to study their relative importance in the model.", "PMID": 690327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8797", "title": "Acute pulmonary oedema in a patient with phaeochromocytoma.", "content": "A young patient with a phaeochromocytoma who presented as an acute non cardiogenic pulmonary oedema is described. Phaeochromocytoma should be considered as a possible cause of the \"adult respiratory distress syndrome.\"", "contents": "Acute pulmonary oedema in a patient with phaeochromocytoma. A young patient with a phaeochromocytoma who presented as an acute non cardiogenic pulmonary oedema is described. Phaeochromocytoma should be considered as a possible cause of the \"adult respiratory distress syndrome.\"", "PMID": 690326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8798", "title": "Method for computing motion in a two-dimensional cochlear model.", "content": "We describe an effective technique for computing the steady-state motion in a two-dimensional cochlear model. With the cochlear fluid assumed incompressible and inviscid, the problem reduces to solving Laplace's equation for a region with a yielding boundary (corresponding to the basilar membrane). From an integral equation representation of this solution, a pair of second-order differential equations is derived. The solution of these differential equations gives the velocity of the basilar membrane and hence other related quantities, e.g., displacement, pressure, driving-point impedance at the stapes. Higher-order approximations, as well as extensions to nonlinear membranes are discussed.", "contents": "Method for computing motion in a two-dimensional cochlear model. We describe an effective technique for computing the steady-state motion in a two-dimensional cochlear model. With the cochlear fluid assumed incompressible and inviscid, the problem reduces to solving Laplace's equation for a region with a yielding boundary (corresponding to the basilar membrane). From an integral equation representation of this solution, a pair of second-order differential equations is derived. The solution of these differential equations gives the velocity of the basilar membrane and hence other related quantities, e.g., displacement, pressure, driving-point impedance at the stapes. Higher-order approximations, as well as extensions to nonlinear membranes are discussed.", "PMID": 690328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8799", "title": "Revised estimate of minimum audible pressure: where is the \"missing 6 dB\"?", "content": "Eardrum pressures at hearing threshold have been calculated from both earphone data (ISO R389-1964 and ANSI S3.6-1969) and free-field data (ISO R226-1961). When head diffraction, external-ear resonance, and an apparent flaw in ISO R226 are accounted for in the free-field data, and real-ear versus coupler differences and physiological noise are accounted for in the earphone data, the agreement between the two derivations is good. At the audiometric frequencies of 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz, the estimated eardrum pressures at absolute threshold are 30, 19, 12, 9, 15, 13, and 14 dB SPL, respectively. Except for the effects of physiological noise at low frequencies, no evidence of the \"missing 6 dB\" is seen, an observation consistent with the experimental results of several recent studies.", "contents": "Revised estimate of minimum audible pressure: where is the \"missing 6 dB\"? Eardrum pressures at hearing threshold have been calculated from both earphone data (ISO R389-1964 and ANSI S3.6-1969) and free-field data (ISO R226-1961). When head diffraction, external-ear resonance, and an apparent flaw in ISO R226 are accounted for in the free-field data, and real-ear versus coupler differences and physiological noise are accounted for in the earphone data, the agreement between the two derivations is good. At the audiometric frequencies of 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz, the estimated eardrum pressures at absolute threshold are 30, 19, 12, 9, 15, 13, and 14 dB SPL, respectively. Except for the effects of physiological noise at low frequencies, no evidence of the \"missing 6 dB\" is seen, an observation consistent with the experimental results of several recent studies.", "PMID": 690329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8800", "title": "Simultaneous pure-tone masking: the dependence of masking asymmetries on intensity.", "content": "Phase locking between probe and masker was used in a series of pure-tone masking experiments. The masker was a stationary sine wave of variable frequency; the probe a fixed-frequency tone burst. We have observed that for small frequency separation the masking behaves asymmetrically around the probe frequency. This asymmetry depends on intensity. For a 1-kHz probe at low stimulus levels there is a maximum masking effect at about 60 Hz above the probe frequency, whereas at high levels maximum masking is produced at a frequency definitely below the probe frequency. These results are discussed in relation to current neurophysiological and psychophysical data. For the high-level assymetry possible interpretations are suggested in terms of two changes in the excitation pattern of the basilar membrane, (a) a shift of the top and/or (b) a slope asymmetry, both increasing with level. The low-level asymmetry will be treated in a second paper [Vogten, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 1521-1528 (1978)].", "contents": "Simultaneous pure-tone masking: the dependence of masking asymmetries on intensity. Phase locking between probe and masker was used in a series of pure-tone masking experiments. The masker was a stationary sine wave of variable frequency; the probe a fixed-frequency tone burst. We have observed that for small frequency separation the masking behaves asymmetrically around the probe frequency. This asymmetry depends on intensity. For a 1-kHz probe at low stimulus levels there is a maximum masking effect at about 60 Hz above the probe frequency, whereas at high levels maximum masking is produced at a frequency definitely below the probe frequency. These results are discussed in relation to current neurophysiological and psychophysical data. For the high-level assymetry possible interpretations are suggested in terms of two changes in the excitation pattern of the basilar membrane, (a) a shift of the top and/or (b) a slope asymmetry, both increasing with level. The low-level asymmetry will be treated in a second paper [Vogten, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 1521-1528 (1978)].", "PMID": 690330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8801", "title": "Perception of speech sounds with alternate formants presented to opposite ears.", "content": "The perception of speech syllables with alternate formants presented to opposite ears has been investigated. Using synthesized speech and normal-hearing subjects, it was found that this mode of presentation reduced the recognition scores with stop consonants by about 6%, semivowels by about 4%, and fricatives by about 5%, compared with binaural presentation. Vowel recognition, on the other hand, was not significantly reduced.", "contents": "Perception of speech sounds with alternate formants presented to opposite ears. The perception of speech syllables with alternate formants presented to opposite ears has been investigated. Using synthesized speech and normal-hearing subjects, it was found that this mode of presentation reduced the recognition scores with stop consonants by about 6%, semivowels by about 4%, and fricatives by about 5%, compared with binaural presentation. Vowel recognition, on the other hand, was not significantly reduced.", "PMID": 690332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8802", "title": "Inversion of articulatory-to-acoustic transformation in the vocal tract by a computer-sorting technique.", "content": "We present numerical methods for studying the relationship between the shape of the vocal tract and its acoustic output. For a stationary vocal tract, the articulatory-acoustic relationship can be represented as a multidimensional function of a multidimensional argument: y=f(x), where x, y are vectors describing the vocal-tract shape and the resulting acoustic output, respectively. Assuming that y may be computed for any x, we develop a procedure for inverting f(x). Inversion by computer sorting consists of computing y for many values of x and sorting the resulting (y,x) pairs into a convenient order according to y; x for a given y is then obtained by looking up y in the sorted data. Application of this method for determining parameters of an articulatory model corresponding to a given set of formant frequencies is presented. A method is also described for finding articulatory regions (fibers) which map into a single point in the acoustic space. The local nature of f(x) is determined by linearization in a small neighborhood. Larger regions are explored by extending the linear neighborhoods in small steps. This method was applied for the study of compensatory articulation. Sounds produced by various articulations along a fiber were synthesized and were compared by informal listening tests. These tests show that, in many cases of interest, a given sound could be produced by many different vocal-tract shapes.", "contents": "Inversion of articulatory-to-acoustic transformation in the vocal tract by a computer-sorting technique. We present numerical methods for studying the relationship between the shape of the vocal tract and its acoustic output. For a stationary vocal tract, the articulatory-acoustic relationship can be represented as a multidimensional function of a multidimensional argument: y=f(x), where x, y are vectors describing the vocal-tract shape and the resulting acoustic output, respectively. Assuming that y may be computed for any x, we develop a procedure for inverting f(x). Inversion by computer sorting consists of computing y for many values of x and sorting the resulting (y,x) pairs into a convenient order according to y; x for a given y is then obtained by looking up y in the sorted data. Application of this method for determining parameters of an articulatory model corresponding to a given set of formant frequencies is presented. A method is also described for finding articulatory regions (fibers) which map into a single point in the acoustic space. The local nature of f(x) is determined by linearization in a small neighborhood. Larger regions are explored by extending the linear neighborhoods in small steps. This method was applied for the study of compensatory articulation. Sounds produced by various articulations along a fiber were synthesized and were compared by informal listening tests. These tests show that, in many cases of interest, a given sound could be produced by many different vocal-tract shapes.", "PMID": 690333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8803", "title": "Range effect in the perception of voicing.", "content": "The location of the voicing boundary in the perception of initial stop consonants is shown to vary according to the range of voice-onset times used in a block of trials and according to the order in which blocks covering different ranges are presented. Although these range effects introduce methodological complications into the interpretation of adaptation experiments, they appear to be qualitatively different from adaptation effects and, it is suggested, may provide a metric for assessing the auditory tolerance of phonological categories.", "contents": "Range effect in the perception of voicing. The location of the voicing boundary in the perception of initial stop consonants is shown to vary according to the range of voice-onset times used in a block of trials and according to the order in which blocks covering different ranges are presented. Although these range effects introduce methodological complications into the interpretation of adaptation experiments, they appear to be qualitatively different from adaptation effects and, it is suggested, may provide a metric for assessing the auditory tolerance of phonological categories.", "PMID": 690334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8804", "title": "Computer model to characterize the air volume displaced by the vibrating vocal cords.", "content": "We use a vocal-cord/vocal-tract model devised earlier to study acoustic effects of the air volume displaced by the vibrating vocal cords. We consider both lateral and longitudinal motion of the cords. We make computer simulations to establish quantitatively the contribution of the displacement current to the total glottal volume velocity (and hence to the total sound excitation for voiced sounds). The displacement current from both lateral and longitudinal motion is found to be second-order by comparison to the total glottal flow. The displacement contribution can, however, be identified in the time waveforms and spectra of the glottal and mouth volume velocities. We use the computer formulation to synthesize speech sounds with and without the displacement current. Auditory observations and spectral calculations on the synthetic output show the displacement current to be discriminable only in close differential comparisons.", "contents": "Computer model to characterize the air volume displaced by the vibrating vocal cords. We use a vocal-cord/vocal-tract model devised earlier to study acoustic effects of the air volume displaced by the vibrating vocal cords. We consider both lateral and longitudinal motion of the cords. We make computer simulations to establish quantitatively the contribution of the displacement current to the total glottal volume velocity (and hence to the total sound excitation for voiced sounds). The displacement current from both lateral and longitudinal motion is found to be second-order by comparison to the total glottal flow. The displacement contribution can, however, be identified in the time waveforms and spectra of the glottal and mouth volume velocities. We use the computer formulation to synthesize speech sounds with and without the displacement current. Auditory observations and spectral calculations on the synthetic output show the displacement current to be discriminable only in close differential comparisons.", "PMID": 690335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8805", "title": "Acoustical properties of the human skull.", "content": "The acoustical properties insertion loss, reflection loss, and sound speed were measured on a series of fresh and subsequently formalin immersed human skulls. Measurements were made in the frequency range from 0.25 to 6 MHz. Most studies were restricted to an upper frequency limit of 2.2 MHz. An axisymmetric focused beam configuration was used as the sound source for the measurements and the receivers were small disk-type (3-mm-diam) piezoelectric ceramics. The geometric and temporal character of the focused beam was studied as a consequence of passage through the skull sections. Some skulls were sectioned so that their individual layer components could be studied. A simple three-layer analytical model seems to explain the major aspects of insertion and reflection loss. The dominant feature in determining human adult skull losses is the middle layer (diploe) of cancellous bone. This study corroborates previous work on insertion loss as a function of frequency for composite skull. The study provides new quantitative information on the acoustic scattering properties of diploe, sound velocity, and dispersion in composite skull and its components, attenuation coefficients in skull components and sound-beam distortion and shifts after transmission through composite skull. We conclude that with selection of appropriate frequencies (0.5-1.0 MHz) and beam configuration it will be possible to perform clinically significant transkull diagnostic imaging and interrogation in the adult human brain.", "contents": "Acoustical properties of the human skull. The acoustical properties insertion loss, reflection loss, and sound speed were measured on a series of fresh and subsequently formalin immersed human skulls. Measurements were made in the frequency range from 0.25 to 6 MHz. Most studies were restricted to an upper frequency limit of 2.2 MHz. An axisymmetric focused beam configuration was used as the sound source for the measurements and the receivers were small disk-type (3-mm-diam) piezoelectric ceramics. The geometric and temporal character of the focused beam was studied as a consequence of passage through the skull sections. Some skulls were sectioned so that their individual layer components could be studied. A simple three-layer analytical model seems to explain the major aspects of insertion and reflection loss. The dominant feature in determining human adult skull losses is the middle layer (diploe) of cancellous bone. This study corroborates previous work on insertion loss as a function of frequency for composite skull. The study provides new quantitative information on the acoustic scattering properties of diploe, sound velocity, and dispersion in composite skull and its components, attenuation coefficients in skull components and sound-beam distortion and shifts after transmission through composite skull. We conclude that with selection of appropriate frequencies (0.5-1.0 MHz) and beam configuration it will be possible to perform clinically significant transkull diagnostic imaging and interrogation in the adult human brain.", "PMID": 690336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8806", "title": "Auditory duration discrimination in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus).", "content": "Two parakeets were trained by a method of avoidance conditioning to respond to duration differences in successively occurring tone bursts. Difference limens for duration were obtained at six durations (20-160 ms) of a 2.86-kHz tone presented at a sensation level of 60 dB. Calculations of the Weber fractions at each duration showed threshold values which compare favorably to similar measures for man ranging between 0.10 and 0.20.", "contents": "Auditory duration discrimination in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus). Two parakeets were trained by a method of avoidance conditioning to respond to duration differences in successively occurring tone bursts. Difference limens for duration were obtained at six durations (20-160 ms) of a 2.86-kHz tone presented at a sensation level of 60 dB. Calculations of the Weber fractions at each duration showed threshold values which compare favorably to similar measures for man ranging between 0.10 and 0.20.", "PMID": 690338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8807", "title": "Gonioscopy using the Brandreth-Saladin goniochamber.", "content": "The Brandreth-Saladin Goniochamber is a new diagnostic instrument available to the optometric profession. In this paper, a description of the instrument and technique is given and the results obtainable with the Goniochamber are compared to those obtainable with existing gonioscopic instruments.", "contents": "Gonioscopy using the Brandreth-Saladin goniochamber. The Brandreth-Saladin Goniochamber is a new diagnostic instrument available to the optometric profession. In this paper, a description of the instrument and technique is given and the results obtainable with the Goniochamber are compared to those obtainable with existing gonioscopic instruments.", "PMID": 690369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8808", "title": "Hollenhorst plaques--II.", "content": "Detection of Hollenhorst plaques in the retinal circulation of the asymptomatic patient should be considered to be indicative of atherosclerotic disease. Such patients should be referred for medical evaluation and amelioration of risk factors.", "contents": "Hollenhorst plaques--II. Detection of Hollenhorst plaques in the retinal circulation of the asymptomatic patient should be considered to be indicative of atherosclerotic disease. Such patients should be referred for medical evaluation and amelioration of risk factors.", "PMID": 690370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8809", "title": "Identification of the patient at risk: an optometric role in the prevention of stroke.", "content": "Identification of patients at risk for stroke and institution of medical management to reduce risk are the essentials of preventing stroke. Optometrists can play a role in the prevention by identifying patients at risk and directing them to appropriate medical care. The paper reviews the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of thrombotic, embolic and hemorrhagic stroke. The profile of potential victims is outlined with emphasis upon risk factors which may present in optometric patients; hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, unruptured aneurysm, retinal emboli, and transient ischemic attacks.", "contents": "Identification of the patient at risk: an optometric role in the prevention of stroke. Identification of patients at risk for stroke and institution of medical management to reduce risk are the essentials of preventing stroke. Optometrists can play a role in the prevention by identifying patients at risk and directing them to appropriate medical care. The paper reviews the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of thrombotic, embolic and hemorrhagic stroke. The profile of potential victims is outlined with emphasis upon risk factors which may present in optometric patients; hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, unruptured aneurysm, retinal emboli, and transient ischemic attacks.", "PMID": 690372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8810", "title": "Interdisciplinary health care: part I.", "content": "The development of the Health Care delivery system has been unorganized and fragmented. A need to integrate the various health care components is essential and a discussion of interdisciplinary health teams is presented as one model to alleviate these problems. Part I will discuss the historical parameters and the philosophical components of health care. Part II will present the problems and inherent possibilities of health teams. Part III will include a review of the Interdisciplinary Health Teams course at the University of Houston, College of Optometry.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary health care: part I. The development of the Health Care delivery system has been unorganized and fragmented. A need to integrate the various health care components is essential and a discussion of interdisciplinary health teams is presented as one model to alleviate these problems. Part I will discuss the historical parameters and the philosophical components of health care. Part II will present the problems and inherent possibilities of health teams. Part III will include a review of the Interdisciplinary Health Teams course at the University of Houston, College of Optometry.", "PMID": 690373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8811", "title": "The contact lens--part 3.", "content": "The patient adapting to contacts, the overwearing syndrome, the lens surface and edges, the foreign body, the traumatized eye, the ocular/lid infection, and the allergy can all exhibit many similar symptoms. The innocent contact lens is often held accountable for problems that have their etiology in diametrically opposed areas.", "contents": "The contact lens--part 3. The patient adapting to contacts, the overwearing syndrome, the lens surface and edges, the foreign body, the traumatized eye, the ocular/lid infection, and the allergy can all exhibit many similar symptoms. The innocent contact lens is often held accountable for problems that have their etiology in diametrically opposed areas.", "PMID": 690374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8812", "title": "Complications of the Austin-type bunionectomy.", "content": "The California College of Podiatric Medicine has evaluated the complications encountered in the Austin-type bunionectomy and compiled the following list of possible causes: 1) improper preoperative criteria, 2) incorrect angle between arms of the V-osteotomy, 3) incorrect direction of the osteotomy on the transverse plane, 4) removal of too little or too much bone medially in a bi-correctional procedure, 5) transposition of capital fragment too far laterally, 6) failure to remove medial wedge at least 80% through the head, 7) placement of V-osteotomy in cystic or osteoporotic bone, and 8) improper instrumentation. Dr. Gerbert believes that the use of templates preoperatively will minimize the number of complications.", "contents": "Complications of the Austin-type bunionectomy. The California College of Podiatric Medicine has evaluated the complications encountered in the Austin-type bunionectomy and compiled the following list of possible causes: 1) improper preoperative criteria, 2) incorrect angle between arms of the V-osteotomy, 3) incorrect direction of the osteotomy on the transverse plane, 4) removal of too little or too much bone medially in a bi-correctional procedure, 5) transposition of capital fragment too far laterally, 6) failure to remove medial wedge at least 80% through the head, 7) placement of V-osteotomy in cystic or osteoporotic bone, and 8) improper instrumentation. Dr. Gerbert believes that the use of templates preoperatively will minimize the number of complications.", "PMID": 690393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8813", "title": "Liposarcoma of the foot: a case report.", "content": "A 56-year-old black, apparently healthy female presented with a rapidly growing mass on the medial aspect of her left hallux. The mass was seen on x-ray examination, and did not appear locally invasive. Excision revealed the mass to be a well differentiated liposarcoma, and after further consultation, the left hallux was amputated. Although the incidence of differentiated liposarcoma in the foot is rare, the preceding case should reiterate to all the need for closer investigation of soft tissue masses which may appear in the foot. Prompt excision of malignant tumors results in a good prognosis for the patients, whereas misdiagnosis based on the apparently benign appearance may lead to unnecessary delay and a less fortuitous prognosis for the patient.", "contents": "Liposarcoma of the foot: a case report. A 56-year-old black, apparently healthy female presented with a rapidly growing mass on the medial aspect of her left hallux. The mass was seen on x-ray examination, and did not appear locally invasive. Excision revealed the mass to be a well differentiated liposarcoma, and after further consultation, the left hallux was amputated. Although the incidence of differentiated liposarcoma in the foot is rare, the preceding case should reiterate to all the need for closer investigation of soft tissue masses which may appear in the foot. Prompt excision of malignant tumors results in a good prognosis for the patients, whereas misdiagnosis based on the apparently benign appearance may lead to unnecessary delay and a less fortuitous prognosis for the patient.", "PMID": 690396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8814", "title": "Hypoglycemia: clinical significance and management during foot surgery.", "content": "Hypoglycemia, an abnormally low level of glucose in the circulating blood, is discussed in this paper. Dr. Kaner describes the clinical significance, signs, symptoms, and etiology, as well as the evaluation and management during pre- and postoperative foot surgery. Although there is no direct relationship between hypoglycemia and foot pathology and it is not generally a contraindication to elective foot surgery, the disease must be correctly evaluated preoperatively and properly managed before, during, and after the surgical procedure.", "contents": "Hypoglycemia: clinical significance and management during foot surgery. Hypoglycemia, an abnormally low level of glucose in the circulating blood, is discussed in this paper. Dr. Kaner describes the clinical significance, signs, symptoms, and etiology, as well as the evaluation and management during pre- and postoperative foot surgery. Although there is no direct relationship between hypoglycemia and foot pathology and it is not generally a contraindication to elective foot surgery, the disease must be correctly evaluated preoperatively and properly managed before, during, and after the surgical procedure.", "PMID": 690400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8815", "title": "Policy, politics, and child health: four decades of federal initiative and state response.", "content": "This paper analyzes the continuity and change in the relationship between federal and state governments in the formation and implementation of child-health programs. After reviewing developments in federal child-health policy since the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1923, methods of implementation and changes in state laws and administrative organization in Vermont and Connecticut are compared with a focus on the major programs authorized by Title V of the Social Security Act. Four broad interactive areas of comparison--governmental relations, program delivery systems, expenditure patterns, and private interests--serve as vantage points for exploring, understanding and explaining the process of policy implementation. Specific conclusions are drawn regarding each area and the overall conclusion is that federal efforts under Title V have not lessened the general neglect of child health in state legislation; nor have they greatly expanded the volume of direct services for child care. They have been sufficiently ambiguous and diffuse to leave the providers dominant, treating diseases and existing conditions rather than focusing energy on preventive measures. Federal resources have been absorbed by expanding administrative overhead, state bureaucracies have been inflated rather than motivated.", "contents": "Policy, politics, and child health: four decades of federal initiative and state response. This paper analyzes the continuity and change in the relationship between federal and state governments in the formation and implementation of child-health programs. After reviewing developments in federal child-health policy since the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1923, methods of implementation and changes in state laws and administrative organization in Vermont and Connecticut are compared with a focus on the major programs authorized by Title V of the Social Security Act. Four broad interactive areas of comparison--governmental relations, program delivery systems, expenditure patterns, and private interests--serve as vantage points for exploring, understanding and explaining the process of policy implementation. Specific conclusions are drawn regarding each area and the overall conclusion is that federal efforts under Title V have not lessened the general neglect of child health in state legislation; nor have they greatly expanded the volume of direct services for child care. They have been sufficiently ambiguous and diffuse to leave the providers dominant, treating diseases and existing conditions rather than focusing energy on preventive measures. Federal resources have been absorbed by expanding administrative overhead, state bureaucracies have been inflated rather than motivated.", "PMID": 690401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8816", "title": "A model for the coordination of international donor activities with national government health services.", "content": "This study is a descriptive analysis of an attempt to coordinate donor agency and government activities in the national leprosy control program of the Philippine Islands. A twofold strategy is employed to realize this purpose: (1) the evolution of the present coordinated program as recorded in both published and unpublished documents is described, and (2) an opinion survey of Philippine personnel active in the present leprosy control program is reported. The most significant finding, in terms of relating the Philippine experience to other areas of donor-recipient exchange, is the emergence of a model of coordinated effort where a donor agency's assistance to a foreign national government is transmitted through a third indigenous and intermediary organization. By advancing the interests of both donor and recipient organizations, this approach has the potential of promoting a successful coordination of activities which might not otherwise be attained.", "contents": "A model for the coordination of international donor activities with national government health services. This study is a descriptive analysis of an attempt to coordinate donor agency and government activities in the national leprosy control program of the Philippine Islands. A twofold strategy is employed to realize this purpose: (1) the evolution of the present coordinated program as recorded in both published and unpublished documents is described, and (2) an opinion survey of Philippine personnel active in the present leprosy control program is reported. The most significant finding, in terms of relating the Philippine experience to other areas of donor-recipient exchange, is the emergence of a model of coordinated effort where a donor agency's assistance to a foreign national government is transmitted through a third indigenous and intermediary organization. By advancing the interests of both donor and recipient organizations, this approach has the potential of promoting a successful coordination of activities which might not otherwise be attained.", "PMID": 690402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8817", "title": "Chromium concentration by proximal renal tubule cells: an ultrastructural, microanalytical and cytochemical study.", "content": "After treating rats with potassium bichromate, x-ray microanalysis of the proximal renal tubule cells demonstrated the presence of chromium in intracellular vacuoles. The lysosomal nature of these vacuoles is shown by the visualization of acid phosphatase activity. Chromium is concentrated both in the autolytic vacuoles and in their residual forms. The metal is eliminated quite late, concomitant with cellular necrosis.", "contents": "Chromium concentration by proximal renal tubule cells: an ultrastructural, microanalytical and cytochemical study. After treating rats with potassium bichromate, x-ray microanalysis of the proximal renal tubule cells demonstrated the presence of chromium in intracellular vacuoles. The lysosomal nature of these vacuoles is shown by the visualization of acid phosphatase activity. Chromium is concentrated both in the autolytic vacuoles and in their residual forms. The metal is eliminated quite late, concomitant with cellular necrosis.", "PMID": 690404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8818", "title": "An improved acriflavine-Feulgen reagent for quantitative DNA cytofluorometry.", "content": "We have modified the acriflavine-Feulgen histochemical method for the quantitative determination of DNA by performing the staining of hydrolyzed cells affixed to cover slips with acriflavine dissolved in 90% ethanol. Compared to conventional techniques, in which the acriflavine is dissolved in aqueous HCl plus potassium metabisulfite, this method not only decreased non-Feulgen (background) staining in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, but also increased the fluorescent intensity of Feulgen stained nuclei more than four-fold. Cells stained by our modified method exhibited a fluorescence maximum of 507 nm, which is similar to the 500 nm fluorescence maximum obtained with acriflavine bound to apurinic acid solution by a modification of the acriflavine-Feulgen method. These fluorescence maxima are in contrast to the 510 nm to 625 nm fluorescence maxima which are obtained when cells are stained according to conventional protocols. The fluorescence intensities of nuclei of synchronized cells stained by the modified method were proportional to DNA content. Thus, by the criteria of staining specificity, in situ and in solution fluorescence spectra agreement and quantitative staining, we conclude that our modified acriflavine-Feulgen method is more satisfactory for quantitatively measuring DNA in situ by cytofluorometry than the usual acriflavine-Feulgen method.", "contents": "An improved acriflavine-Feulgen reagent for quantitative DNA cytofluorometry. We have modified the acriflavine-Feulgen histochemical method for the quantitative determination of DNA by performing the staining of hydrolyzed cells affixed to cover slips with acriflavine dissolved in 90% ethanol. Compared to conventional techniques, in which the acriflavine is dissolved in aqueous HCl plus potassium metabisulfite, this method not only decreased non-Feulgen (background) staining in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, but also increased the fluorescent intensity of Feulgen stained nuclei more than four-fold. Cells stained by our modified method exhibited a fluorescence maximum of 507 nm, which is similar to the 500 nm fluorescence maximum obtained with acriflavine bound to apurinic acid solution by a modification of the acriflavine-Feulgen method. These fluorescence maxima are in contrast to the 510 nm to 625 nm fluorescence maxima which are obtained when cells are stained according to conventional protocols. The fluorescence intensities of nuclei of synchronized cells stained by the modified method were proportional to DNA content. Thus, by the criteria of staining specificity, in situ and in solution fluorescence spectra agreement and quantitative staining, we conclude that our modified acriflavine-Feulgen method is more satisfactory for quantitatively measuring DNA in situ by cytofluorometry than the usual acriflavine-Feulgen method.", "PMID": 690406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8819", "title": "The use of polyethyleneimine for demonstration of anionic sites in basement membranes and collagen fibrils.", "content": "Strong cationic polyethyleneimine (PEI) is used to trace anionic sites in lung, choroid plexus, glomeruli, blood vessels and also on collagen fibrils. In the mentioned tissues, PEI is found in the basement membranes with a spacing identical to that found on collagen fibrils. It is assumed that the acid endgroups of tropocollagen molecules are responsible for the binding of PEI.", "contents": "The use of polyethyleneimine for demonstration of anionic sites in basement membranes and collagen fibrils. Strong cationic polyethyleneimine (PEI) is used to trace anionic sites in lung, choroid plexus, glomeruli, blood vessels and also on collagen fibrils. In the mentioned tissues, PEI is found in the basement membranes with a spacing identical to that found on collagen fibrils. It is assumed that the acid endgroups of tropocollagen molecules are responsible for the binding of PEI.", "PMID": 690407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8820", "title": "[Fluorescence histochemistry and neurohistologic studies of the adrenergic innervation of the pyriform cortex in the rat].", "content": "The pyriform region of normal adult rats was investigated by fluorescence histochemistry and Golgi-rapid-impregnation technique. Fluorescence microscopically noradrenaline and dopamine fibers could be described in typical arrangement and distribution. It is suggested that various Golgi-\"beaded\" -axons in the cortex pyriformis may be equivalent to the fluorescence histochemically demonstrated varicose  catecholamine axons. This would raise the possibility of interpreting, in the Golgi impregnation technique, kinds of axons in a functional manner.", "contents": "[Fluorescence histochemistry and neurohistologic studies of the adrenergic innervation of the pyriform cortex in the rat]. The pyriform region of normal adult rats was investigated by fluorescence histochemistry and Golgi-rapid-impregnation technique. Fluorescence microscopically noradrenaline and dopamine fibers could be described in typical arrangement and distribution. It is suggested that various Golgi-\"beaded\" -axons in the cortex pyriformis may be equivalent to the fluorescence histochemically demonstrated varicose  catecholamine axons. This would raise the possibility of interpreting, in the Golgi impregnation technique, kinds of axons in a functional manner.", "PMID": 690408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8821", "title": "The tectum opticum of Pantodactylus schreiberii Wiegmann (Teiidae, Lacertilia, Reptilia).", "content": "We study the histology of the optic lobe of Pantodactylus schreiberii Wiegmann. It has 14 layers with characteristic cells in each of them. We study with emphasis the elements of the superficial layers, discussing some physiologic implications. We described four strata of optic terminals. To the strata 1 and 3 reach fibres from layer 14. To the stratum 4, from the layer 12 and to the stratum 2, fibres from both layers 14 and 12. Some optic fibres from layer 12 send collaterals which reach the stratum 4 of optic terminals.", "contents": "The tectum opticum of Pantodactylus schreiberii Wiegmann (Teiidae, Lacertilia, Reptilia). We study the histology of the optic lobe of Pantodactylus schreiberii Wiegmann. It has 14 layers with characteristic cells in each of them. We study with emphasis the elements of the superficial layers, discussing some physiologic implications. We described four strata of optic terminals. To the strata 1 and 3 reach fibres from layer 14. To the stratum 4, from the layer 12 and to the stratum 2, fibres from both layers 14 and 12. Some optic fibres from layer 12 send collaterals which reach the stratum 4 of optic terminals.", "PMID": 690409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8822", "title": "The distribution of axon terminals with flattened vesicles in the nuclei of the amygdaloid body of the cat.", "content": "The morphology of synapses in the amygdaloid nuclei was studied in 10 cats. On the basis of the percentage of axon terminals with flattened vesicles (F-type) nuclei were distinguished, in which these terminals are as sparsely distributed as in most areas of the central nervous system, from other nuclei in which they are abundant (about one-third to one-half of all synaptic boutons). The lateral, basal dorsal and basal ventral nuclei belong to the first, the medial and central nucleus and the anterior amygdaloid area--to the second group. The cortical nucleus, which generally has a small number of boutons of F-type has some parts seemingly belonging to the first, and others to the second group. In all amygdaloid nuclei axon terminals of F-type form symmetrical synaptic contacts. In nuclei with a low percentage of F-type terminals these boutons are predominantly small and synapse either with perikarya or with large dendrites. The amygdaloid nuclei having numerous F-type terminals contain not only small but also larger terminals with flattened vesicles. Both, the larger and smaller axon terminals form in these nuclei synaptic contacts with various parts of dendrites even with very small ones and with dendritic spines. The subdivision of amygdala into two parts, one with a low and another with a high number of F-type boutons would seem to support the hypothesis that amygdala may be subdivided physiologically into a dorsomedial--\"excitatory\" and basolateral--\"inhibitory\" portion.", "contents": "The distribution of axon terminals with flattened vesicles in the nuclei of the amygdaloid body of the cat. The morphology of synapses in the amygdaloid nuclei was studied in 10 cats. On the basis of the percentage of axon terminals with flattened vesicles (F-type) nuclei were distinguished, in which these terminals are as sparsely distributed as in most areas of the central nervous system, from other nuclei in which they are abundant (about one-third to one-half of all synaptic boutons). The lateral, basal dorsal and basal ventral nuclei belong to the first, the medial and central nucleus and the anterior amygdaloid area--to the second group. The cortical nucleus, which generally has a small number of boutons of F-type has some parts seemingly belonging to the first, and others to the second group. In all amygdaloid nuclei axon terminals of F-type form symmetrical synaptic contacts. In nuclei with a low percentage of F-type terminals these boutons are predominantly small and synapse either with perikarya or with large dendrites. The amygdaloid nuclei having numerous F-type terminals contain not only small but also larger terminals with flattened vesicles. Both, the larger and smaller axon terminals form in these nuclei synaptic contacts with various parts of dendrites even with very small ones and with dendritic spines. The subdivision of amygdala into two parts, one with a low and another with a high number of F-type boutons would seem to support the hypothesis that amygdala may be subdivided physiologically into a dorsomedial--\"excitatory\" and basolateral--\"inhibitory\" portion.", "PMID": 690410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8823", "title": "Quantitative histological studies on the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. I. Measurements on Golgi material.", "content": "Numerical data of neuron and fiber elements were observed and measured on Golgi preparations. The aim of the quantitative Golgi analysis was to obtain data on the spatial arrangement of arely neurons, their relations to the interneurons, on the spatial architecture of the arborizations of optic fibers and their relations to the main neuron types. The quantitative data on arely neurons include numbers of dendrites, of their chief points of ramification as the main targets of the optic afferents, geometric data on the \"specific active sphere\" of the dendritic tree; on the arborization of initial collaterals. The data on interneurons refer both to numeric and geometric parameters of their axonal arborizations, and to those of various characteristics of their dendritic processes. The data on optic fibers include the size of their arborization space, the numbers of bouton clusters and preterminal bouquets per arborization.", "contents": "Quantitative histological studies on the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. I. Measurements on Golgi material. Numerical data of neuron and fiber elements were observed and measured on Golgi preparations. The aim of the quantitative Golgi analysis was to obtain data on the spatial arrangement of arely neurons, their relations to the interneurons, on the spatial architecture of the arborizations of optic fibers and their relations to the main neuron types. The quantitative data on arely neurons include numbers of dendrites, of their chief points of ramification as the main targets of the optic afferents, geometric data on the \"specific active sphere\" of the dendritic tree; on the arborization of initial collaterals. The data on interneurons refer both to numeric and geometric parameters of their axonal arborizations, and to those of various characteristics of their dendritic processes. The data on optic fibers include the size of their arborization space, the numbers of bouton clusters and preterminal bouquets per arborization.", "PMID": 690411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8824", "title": "Quantitative histological studies on the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. II. Cell numbers and densities in the several layers.", "content": "In the cat lateral geniculate nucleus all cells of all types were counted: their absolute numbers, their densities and their relative distribution. The nuclear volume and the volume of each layer was measured. The data of volume was applied on living material. The average densities of cells were calculated from the volume of LGN. The density of the cells was combined with the \"specific active dendritic sphere\" of relay neurons and it could be estimated that there may be a large number of spatially overlaping of ramification points around the cell body of relay neurons.", "contents": "Quantitative histological studies on the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. II. Cell numbers and densities in the several layers. In the cat lateral geniculate nucleus all cells of all types were counted: their absolute numbers, their densities and their relative distribution. The nuclear volume and the volume of each layer was measured. The data of volume was applied on living material. The average densities of cells were calculated from the volume of LGN. The density of the cells was combined with the \"specific active dendritic sphere\" of relay neurons and it could be estimated that there may be a large number of spatially overlaping of ramification points around the cell body of relay neurons.", "PMID": 690412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8825", "title": "Organization and projections of the neurons in the dorsal tegmental area of the rat.", "content": "The organization and projection of the neurons in the dorsal tegmental area at the locus coeruleus level of the rat have been investigated by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method, combined with monoamine oxidase staining to identify the noradrenaline (NA) neurons. Judging from the anatomical aspects elucidated in this study, this area is composed of various different cell groups. Although the functional role of these neuronal groups remains to be determined, the present study strongly suggests that the dorsal tegmental area participates in important regulation of several brain functions.", "contents": "Organization and projections of the neurons in the dorsal tegmental area of the rat. The organization and projection of the neurons in the dorsal tegmental area at the locus coeruleus level of the rat have been investigated by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method, combined with monoamine oxidase staining to identify the noradrenaline (NA) neurons. Judging from the anatomical aspects elucidated in this study, this area is composed of various different cell groups. Although the functional role of these neuronal groups remains to be determined, the present study strongly suggests that the dorsal tegmental area participates in important regulation of several brain functions.", "PMID": 690413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8826", "title": "Phylogenetical changes and functional specializations in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of mammals.", "content": "Depending on their visual specialization and their place in the zoological system the mammalian species show some peculiarities in the morphology of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). The lamination of dLGN can be find in mammals with a highly developed visual system and a proportionally big part of ipsilaterally projecting retinogeniculate fibres. Number and sequence of ipsi- and contralaterally innervated laminae varies between species of different taxonomical categories. Hence these features depend on phylogenetical trends which could traced back to the beginning of the \"mammalian radiation\" in the cretaceous period and the earliest tertiary. Ancestral conditions may be found in mammals with an unlaminated dLGN and a medially located ipsilaterally innervated part. It may be registrated that a cytoarchitectonical separation of laminae (concerning the ipsi- and contralateral innervation) is the secondary step after fibre anatomical separation. The most primitive status may be realized in mammals having a zone of mixed ipsi- and contralateral fibre input. Some conclusions are made with regard to the suitability of lab mammals for generalization of results in the dLGN morphology.", "contents": "Phylogenetical changes and functional specializations in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of mammals. Depending on their visual specialization and their place in the zoological system the mammalian species show some peculiarities in the morphology of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). The lamination of dLGN can be find in mammals with a highly developed visual system and a proportionally big part of ipsilaterally projecting retinogeniculate fibres. Number and sequence of ipsi- and contralaterally innervated laminae varies between species of different taxonomical categories. Hence these features depend on phylogenetical trends which could traced back to the beginning of the \"mammalian radiation\" in the cretaceous period and the earliest tertiary. Ancestral conditions may be found in mammals with an unlaminated dLGN and a medially located ipsilaterally innervated part. It may be registrated that a cytoarchitectonical separation of laminae (concerning the ipsi- and contralateral innervation) is the secondary step after fibre anatomical separation. The most primitive status may be realized in mammals having a zone of mixed ipsi- and contralateral fibre input. Some conclusions are made with regard to the suitability of lab mammals for generalization of results in the dLGN morphology.", "PMID": 690414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8827", "title": "Chronic, intractable, benign pain: a syndrome and its treatment with intensive short-term group psychotherapy.", "content": "There is sufficient reason to classify some ongoing pain problems as syndromes. Patients who suffer with chronic, intractable, benign pain syndromes (CIBPS) have truly functional biopsychosocial disorders. There is no longer any current pathophysiology operative, and the pain syndrome persists with its psychosocially perpetuating and disrupting features. An intense group psychotherapy approach in the therapeutic milieu of a medical-surgical setting fosters and evokes affect expression and understanding. This encourages the formation of cognitive patterns that are therapeutically useful in that they extend coping abilities and, hence, diminish the pain and suffering experience and life problems attendant to it.", "contents": "Chronic, intractable, benign pain: a syndrome and its treatment with intensive short-term group psychotherapy. There is sufficient reason to classify some ongoing pain problems as syndromes. Patients who suffer with chronic, intractable, benign pain syndromes (CIBPS) have truly functional biopsychosocial disorders. There is no longer any current pathophysiology operative, and the pain syndrome persists with its psychosocially perpetuating and disrupting features. An intense group psychotherapy approach in the therapeutic milieu of a medical-surgical setting fosters and evokes affect expression and understanding. This encourages the formation of cognitive patterns that are therapeutically useful in that they extend coping abilities and, hence, diminish the pain and suffering experience and life problems attendant to it.", "PMID": 690415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8828", "title": "Studies on the activity of the sympathetic nervous system in essential hypertension.", "content": "Plasma catecholamine and norepinephrine concentrations have been measured in carefully characterized ambulatory patients with essential hypertension under basal conditions and following experimental procedures known to enhance sympathetic activity. The studies have demonstrated increased levels of plasma catecholamines in patients with mild hypertension as compared with matched controls following 70 degree upright tilt or cold pressor testing. Considerable heterogeneity was apparent in the population of patients with essential hypertension with respect to their plasma norepinephrine concentrations. Significantly greater levels of plasma norepinephrine were present in patients with high plasma renin activity and lesser levels in patients with low renin activity than in normal renin or labile hypertensives. Blood pressure correlated significantly with plasma norepinephrine in male patients with normal renin essential hypertension but not in females. Administration of the diuretic furosemide produced an increase in plasma norepinephrine in almost all hypertensive subjects studied. These studies suggest that peripheral sympathetic activity is abnormal in certain patients with essential hypertension. The results underscore the need to differentiate between subgroups of essential hypertension in studies relating to the role of the adrenergic system in the hypertension. The findings also suggest that the recently developed sensitive techniques for measuring plasma catecholamines of plasma norepinephrine are of value in assessing changes in peripheral sympathetic activity but that enzymatic assays of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity are probably not useful for this purpose.", "contents": "Studies on the activity of the sympathetic nervous system in essential hypertension. Plasma catecholamine and norepinephrine concentrations have been measured in carefully characterized ambulatory patients with essential hypertension under basal conditions and following experimental procedures known to enhance sympathetic activity. The studies have demonstrated increased levels of plasma catecholamines in patients with mild hypertension as compared with matched controls following 70 degree upright tilt or cold pressor testing. Considerable heterogeneity was apparent in the population of patients with essential hypertension with respect to their plasma norepinephrine concentrations. Significantly greater levels of plasma norepinephrine were present in patients with high plasma renin activity and lesser levels in patients with low renin activity than in normal renin or labile hypertensives. Blood pressure correlated significantly with plasma norepinephrine in male patients with normal renin essential hypertension but not in females. Administration of the diuretic furosemide produced an increase in plasma norepinephrine in almost all hypertensive subjects studied. These studies suggest that peripheral sympathetic activity is abnormal in certain patients with essential hypertension. The results underscore the need to differentiate between subgroups of essential hypertension in studies relating to the role of the adrenergic system in the hypertension. The findings also suggest that the recently developed sensitive techniques for measuring plasma catecholamines of plasma norepinephrine are of value in assessing changes in peripheral sympathetic activity but that enzymatic assays of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity are probably not useful for this purpose.", "PMID": 690418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8829", "title": "Stress, the sympathetic nervous system and hypertension.", "content": "Stress may be an important contributor to the pathogenesis of idiopathic (essential) hypertension. The probable pathway involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system and thereby an increase in peripheral resistance. This paper reviews the hemodynamics of early hypertension and attempts to relate them to stress-mediated overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Attention is also given the relations between obesity, race, sex and geography to hypertension.", "contents": "Stress, the sympathetic nervous system and hypertension. Stress may be an important contributor to the pathogenesis of idiopathic (essential) hypertension. The probable pathway involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system and thereby an increase in peripheral resistance. This paper reviews the hemodynamics of early hypertension and attempts to relate them to stress-mediated overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Attention is also given the relations between obesity, race, sex and geography to hypertension.", "PMID": 690419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8830", "title": "A strategy for research on psychological and social factors in hypertension.", "content": "Stress-related research has thus far failed to provide an adequate understanding of hypertension and other psychosomatic ailments for three main reasons: First, there has been a continual failure to view stress as a relational phenomenon, that is, as a particular kind of transaction between person and environment. Second, there has been much confusion about the social, psychological and physiological levels of stress analysis; each is to some extent independent of the other, so that what happens at one level cannot stand for what happens at another. Third, the predominant research model has been structural and static. That is, the researcher looks at some environmental or personality characteristic, treating it as a stable property, and attempts to relate it to the risk of hypertension across persons or groups. Such an approach overlooks the key social, psychological and physiological mediating processes (e.g., social supports, cognitive appraisals, and coping) that are concurrent with and have causal significance in blood pressure elevation or change. Structural research models need to be supplemented with process-oriented ones in which the same persons are observed across various adaptational encounters and over time.", "contents": "A strategy for research on psychological and social factors in hypertension. Stress-related research has thus far failed to provide an adequate understanding of hypertension and other psychosomatic ailments for three main reasons: First, there has been a continual failure to view stress as a relational phenomenon, that is, as a particular kind of transaction between person and environment. Second, there has been much confusion about the social, psychological and physiological levels of stress analysis; each is to some extent independent of the other, so that what happens at one level cannot stand for what happens at another. Third, the predominant research model has been structural and static. That is, the researcher looks at some environmental or personality characteristic, treating it as a stable property, and attempts to relate it to the risk of hypertension across persons or groups. Such an approach overlooks the key social, psychological and physiological mediating processes (e.g., social supports, cognitive appraisals, and coping) that are concurrent with and have causal significance in blood pressure elevation or change. Structural research models need to be supplemented with process-oriented ones in which the same persons are observed across various adaptational encounters and over time.", "PMID": 690420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8831", "title": "Antibiotic resistant staphylococci acquired during the first year of life.", "content": "Nasal swabs were taken from 492 babies born consecutively to residents of two South Wales towns soon after their discharge from maternity hospitals. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 352 babies (72%) and in 79 (22%) of these it was resistant to at least one antibiotic. By the time these babies were a year old the prevalence of both sensitive and resistant strains had fallen, so that only 12% still carried nasal staphylococci, but 64% of these organisms were then resistant to penicillin. Administration of penicillin to the baby seemed to be a more important factor in selecting resistant organisms than other antibiotics given to the baby, any antibiotic treatment to other members of the household, or discharge from hospital.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistant staphylococci acquired during the first year of life. Nasal swabs were taken from 492 babies born consecutively to residents of two South Wales towns soon after their discharge from maternity hospitals. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 352 babies (72%) and in 79 (22%) of these it was resistant to at least one antibiotic. By the time these babies were a year old the prevalence of both sensitive and resistant strains had fallen, so that only 12% still carried nasal staphylococci, but 64% of these organisms were then resistant to penicillin. Administration of penicillin to the baby seemed to be a more important factor in selecting resistant organisms than other antibiotics given to the baby, any antibiotic treatment to other members of the household, or discharge from hospital.", "PMID": 690421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8832", "title": "Enumeration of micro-organisms in food: a comparative study of five methods.", "content": "Five methods for the enumeration of micro-organisms in food (pour plate, surface spread plate, surface drop, agar droplet, and microdilution) were used in parallel to examine 100 samples selected from a wide range of food products. Statistical analyses of the results showed that the regression and correlation coefficients between the methods were highly significant; the lowest correlation coefficient derived for any pair of methods was 0.979. A variation in count between the methods of less than 0.5 log10 cycles was given by 98% of the samples. Analysis of the operation times and material requirements of each method showed that substantial savings in cost, time, space and support labour were achieved with the microdilution and agar droplet techniques as compared with the conventional pour plate and spread plate methods.", "contents": "Enumeration of micro-organisms in food: a comparative study of five methods. Five methods for the enumeration of micro-organisms in food (pour plate, surface spread plate, surface drop, agar droplet, and microdilution) were used in parallel to examine 100 samples selected from a wide range of food products. Statistical analyses of the results showed that the regression and correlation coefficients between the methods were highly significant; the lowest correlation coefficient derived for any pair of methods was 0.979. A variation in count between the methods of less than 0.5 log10 cycles was given by 98% of the samples. Analysis of the operation times and material requirements of each method showed that substantial savings in cost, time, space and support labour were achieved with the microdilution and agar droplet techniques as compared with the conventional pour plate and spread plate methods.", "PMID": 690422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8833", "title": "The serology of experimental Salmonella dublin infections of cattle.", "content": "Agglutinating antibodies to somatic \"O\" and flagellar \"H\" antigens of S. dublin were measured in the serum of 43 pregnant heifers before intravenous or oral infection with S. dublin and in the serum of 21 uninfected control animals. The data from these animals were analysed statistically and a titre of 1/80, to both antigens, has been interpreted as of doubtful significance and a titre of 1/160 to both antigens, has been interpreted as significantly raised. Animals in which fetal infection occurred after challenge by either the intravenous or oral route developed significant increases in \"H\" and \"O\" titres indicating the value of measure \"H\" titres in the diagnosis of S. dublin abortion. In animals which were infected orally and in which infection appeared to be confined to the alimentary tract the \"H\" titre did not become significantly raised. Lack of correlation between antibody titres and faecal excretion of S. dublin and persistence of infection in carcasses confirms that the serum agglutination test is of no value in detecting latent carriers.", "contents": "The serology of experimental Salmonella dublin infections of cattle. Agglutinating antibodies to somatic \"O\" and flagellar \"H\" antigens of S. dublin were measured in the serum of 43 pregnant heifers before intravenous or oral infection with S. dublin and in the serum of 21 uninfected control animals. The data from these animals were analysed statistically and a titre of 1/80, to both antigens, has been interpreted as of doubtful significance and a titre of 1/160 to both antigens, has been interpreted as significantly raised. Animals in which fetal infection occurred after challenge by either the intravenous or oral route developed significant increases in \"H\" and \"O\" titres indicating the value of measure \"H\" titres in the diagnosis of S. dublin abortion. In animals which were infected orally and in which infection appeared to be confined to the alimentary tract the \"H\" titre did not become significantly raised. Lack of correlation between antibody titres and faecal excretion of S. dublin and persistence of infection in carcasses confirms that the serum agglutination test is of no value in detecting latent carriers.", "PMID": 690423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8834", "title": "Salmonellosis in wild birds feeding at sewage treatment works.", "content": "Between June 1976 and August 1977 faeces were collected from 599 wild British birds caught during ringing operations at two sewage treatment works in south-east England. Samples were incubated with selenite-F broth to detect the presence of Salmonella. Salm. anatum was isolated from one bird, a Dunnock Prunella modularis an incidence of 0.17% of the total birds examined and 3.23% of the Dunnocks. Comparisons are drawn with previously reported studies and it is suggested that sewage treatment works play little part in the transmission of Salmonella infections to wild birds feeding there.", "contents": "Salmonellosis in wild birds feeding at sewage treatment works. Between June 1976 and August 1977 faeces were collected from 599 wild British birds caught during ringing operations at two sewage treatment works in south-east England. Samples were incubated with selenite-F broth to detect the presence of Salmonella. Salm. anatum was isolated from one bird, a Dunnock Prunella modularis an incidence of 0.17% of the total birds examined and 3.23% of the Dunnocks. Comparisons are drawn with previously reported studies and it is suggested that sewage treatment works play little part in the transmission of Salmonella infections to wild birds feeding there.", "PMID": 690424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8835", "title": "A study of acute respiratory disease in the community of Port Chalmers. II. Influenza A/Port Chalmers/1/73: intrafamilial spread and the effect of antibodies to the surface antigens.", "content": "During the first year of a study of respiratory disease in the semi-isolated community of Port Chalmers, New Zealand, an epidemic of clinical influenza occurred from which the variant influenza A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) was isolated. Within a selected group of 26 families, 59 (46%) members had clinical or laboratory evidence of infection. During intrafamilial spread the infection frequency was highest for school-aged children (77%),  followed by female adults (67%), infants (64%) and male adults (41%). The index infection in each family was a school-age child on 10 occasions, suggesting the role of this age group in the transmission of influenza A in this community. The secondary attack rate (SAR) of 58.3% was higher than expected. In sera taken before the 1973 epidemic, 59% of family members had detectable HI antibody and 25% NI antibody to A/England/42/72 while 38% had detectable HI antibody and 8% NI antibody to A/Port Chalmers/1/73. The relation between pre-existing antibody and infection frequency is discussed.", "contents": "A study of acute respiratory disease in the community of Port Chalmers. II. Influenza A/Port Chalmers/1/73: intrafamilial spread and the effect of antibodies to the surface antigens. During the first year of a study of respiratory disease in the semi-isolated community of Port Chalmers, New Zealand, an epidemic of clinical influenza occurred from which the variant influenza A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) was isolated. Within a selected group of 26 families, 59 (46%) members had clinical or laboratory evidence of infection. During intrafamilial spread the infection frequency was highest for school-aged children (77%),  followed by female adults (67%), infants (64%) and male adults (41%). The index infection in each family was a school-age child on 10 occasions, suggesting the role of this age group in the transmission of influenza A in this community. The secondary attack rate (SAR) of 58.3% was higher than expected. In sera taken before the 1973 epidemic, 59% of family members had detectable HI antibody and 25% NI antibody to A/England/42/72 while 38% had detectable HI antibody and 8% NI antibody to A/Port Chalmers/1/73. The relation between pre-existing antibody and infection frequency is discussed.", "PMID": 690425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8836", "title": "The distribution of Bacteroides fragilis serotypes amongst clinical strains.", "content": "Three hundred and twenty-two strains of Bacteroides fragilis isolated from infected patients at three different hospitals were tested against 20 type specific B. fragilis antisera using the tube agglutination technique. Of these strains 41.3% were assigned to a single O-serotype, a further 20.5% were agglutinated by several antisera and could not be classified and the remainder showed no reactions. Three different serotypes were prevalent in the three hospitals and minor geographical variation was observed. No correlation was found between serotypes and the origin of infection, but those from the blood were the most readily typable strains. No correlation was found between serotypes and biotypes of B. fragilis.", "contents": "The distribution of Bacteroides fragilis serotypes amongst clinical strains. Three hundred and twenty-two strains of Bacteroides fragilis isolated from infected patients at three different hospitals were tested against 20 type specific B. fragilis antisera using the tube agglutination technique. Of these strains 41.3% were assigned to a single O-serotype, a further 20.5% were agglutinated by several antisera and could not be classified and the remainder showed no reactions. Three different serotypes were prevalent in the three hospitals and minor geographical variation was observed. No correlation was found between serotypes and the origin of infection, but those from the blood were the most readily typable strains. No correlation was found between serotypes and biotypes of B. fragilis.", "PMID": 690426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8837", "title": "Shedding of bacteria and skin squames after handwashing.", "content": "Particles released into the air by wringing the hands together were collected in a slit sampler before and after washing with bar soap, with three surgical scrubs, and after rubbing them with a spirit-based lotion. The particles were identified, their number estimated, those that bore bacteria counted, and the bacteria themselves classified. It was found that there was a significant increase, averaging 17-fold, in the number of particles carrying viable bacteria released after washing with soap. The increase in bacterial dissemination was suppressed if a surgical scrub was used in place of soap, or when the lotion was used without washing. The number of skin squames released increased by 18-fold or more after washing with soap or a surgical scrub, but not after using the lotion. This suggests that a surgical scrub should be used more widely in clinical practice, and that a spirit-based hand lotion might with advantage become a partial substitute for handwashing, particularly in areas where handwashing is frequent and iatrogenic coagulase-negative staphylococcal infection common.", "contents": "Shedding of bacteria and skin squames after handwashing. Particles released into the air by wringing the hands together were collected in a slit sampler before and after washing with bar soap, with three surgical scrubs, and after rubbing them with a spirit-based lotion. The particles were identified, their number estimated, those that bore bacteria counted, and the bacteria themselves classified. It was found that there was a significant increase, averaging 17-fold, in the number of particles carrying viable bacteria released after washing with soap. The increase in bacterial dissemination was suppressed if a surgical scrub was used in place of soap, or when the lotion was used without washing. The number of skin squames released increased by 18-fold or more after washing with soap or a surgical scrub, but not after using the lotion. This suggests that a surgical scrub should be used more widely in clinical practice, and that a spirit-based hand lotion might with advantage become a partial substitute for handwashing, particularly in areas where handwashing is frequent and iatrogenic coagulase-negative staphylococcal infection common.", "PMID": 690427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8838", "title": "Structural studies on protein products of murine chromosome 17. III. Partial amino acid sequence of an H-2Kq molecule.", "content": "Twenty-one of the amino terminal twenty-seven amino acid residues have been assigned in the murine H-2Kq molecule and several additional assignments and corrections have been made in both the H-2Kk and H-2Kb molecules. The study shows that 1) H-2Kk and H-Kq, which are serologically related, have an identical amino acid sequence for all twenty positions that can be compared, 2) the H-2Kk and H-2Kq molecules differ from H-2Kb at only two positions--9 and 22, and 3) the additional sequence data on the H-2Kk, -Kb, and -Kq molecules increases the already striking homology between murine and human transplantation antigens.", "contents": "Structural studies on protein products of murine chromosome 17. III. Partial amino acid sequence of an H-2Kq molecule. Twenty-one of the amino terminal twenty-seven amino acid residues have been assigned in the murine H-2Kq molecule and several additional assignments and corrections have been made in both the H-2Kk and H-2Kb molecules. The study shows that 1) H-2Kk and H-Kq, which are serologically related, have an identical amino acid sequence for all twenty positions that can be compared, 2) the H-2Kk and H-2Kq molecules differ from H-2Kb at only two positions--9 and 22, and 3) the additional sequence data on the H-2Kk, -Kb, and -Kq molecules increases the already striking homology between murine and human transplantation antigens.", "PMID": 690429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8839", "title": "Quantitative analysis of spleen cell and immunoglobulin allotype composition of (CBAxCBA/H-T6) in equilibrium C57BL/6 allophenic mice.", "content": "Fifteen (CBAxCBA/H-T6) in equilibrium C57BL/6 allophenic mice were analyzed for the parental composition of their spleen white blood cells and serum immunoglobulin allotypes. The spleen compositions, assessed by a microcytotoxicity test, showed that the animals covered a range of parental cell mixtures. The allotype compositions of the IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses were determined by a solid phase radioimmunoassay. Although the absolute amount of IgG2a and IgG2b varied markedly from animal to animal, the percentage of the two allotypes in each subclass was remarkably constant. This suggests that the synthesis of IgG2a and IgG2b may be under a coordinate control system. Also, the spleen cell compositons were in excellent agreement with both the IgG2a and IgG2b subclass compositions. The quantitative analysis of the immune systems of allophenic mice may be first step toward the understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance of histoincompatible cells in allophenic mice.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of spleen cell and immunoglobulin allotype composition of (CBAxCBA/H-T6) in equilibrium C57BL/6 allophenic mice. Fifteen (CBAxCBA/H-T6) in equilibrium C57BL/6 allophenic mice were analyzed for the parental composition of their spleen white blood cells and serum immunoglobulin allotypes. The spleen compositions, assessed by a microcytotoxicity test, showed that the animals covered a range of parental cell mixtures. The allotype compositions of the IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses were determined by a solid phase radioimmunoassay. Although the absolute amount of IgG2a and IgG2b varied markedly from animal to animal, the percentage of the two allotypes in each subclass was remarkably constant. This suggests that the synthesis of IgG2a and IgG2b may be under a coordinate control system. Also, the spleen cell compositons were in excellent agreement with both the IgG2a and IgG2b subclass compositions. The quantitative analysis of the immune systems of allophenic mice may be first step toward the understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance of histoincompatible cells in allophenic mice.", "PMID": 690430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8840", "title": "Idiotypic analysis of anti-GAT antibodies. I. Presence of common idiotypic specificities in both responder and nonresponder mice.", "content": "The synthetic terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) induced anti-GAT antibodies in D1.LP mice. Some of these antibodies shared common idiotypic specificities. The interaction between idiotypic antibody and anti-idiotypic antiserum was specifically inhibited by GAT and the closely related polymer of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT) but not by the copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine (GA). The binding of labeled GAT by the anti-GAT antibodies was also specifically inhibited by the anti-idiotypic antiserum. These results indicated a close association of idiotypic determinants with the antibody-combining sites. Furthermore, such active site-related common idiotypic specificities were found in individual sera of both responder mice (D1.LP) and nonresponder mice (DBA/1) immunized with GAT and GAT-MBSA, respectively, indicating that both responder and nonresponder mice carry B cells with common clonotypes.", "contents": "Idiotypic analysis of anti-GAT antibodies. I. Presence of common idiotypic specificities in both responder and nonresponder mice. The synthetic terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) induced anti-GAT antibodies in D1.LP mice. Some of these antibodies shared common idiotypic specificities. The interaction between idiotypic antibody and anti-idiotypic antiserum was specifically inhibited by GAT and the closely related polymer of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT) but not by the copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine (GA). The binding of labeled GAT by the anti-GAT antibodies was also specifically inhibited by the anti-idiotypic antiserum. These results indicated a close association of idiotypic determinants with the antibody-combining sites. Furthermore, such active site-related common idiotypic specificities were found in individual sera of both responder mice (D1.LP) and nonresponder mice (DBA/1) immunized with GAT and GAT-MBSA, respectively, indicating that both responder and nonresponder mice carry B cells with common clonotypes.", "PMID": 690432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8841", "title": "The primary structure of a human immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) pFc' fragment.", "content": "Amino acid sequence analysis of the pFc' fragment obtained by pepsin digestion of a human IgG2 myeloma protein PIG Gm (n or 23) negative shows it to consist of 112 residues. It starts at position 334 (gamma1 numbering) and contains eight residues from the Cgamma2 region, and the whole Cgamma3 domain. Comparison with the sequence of gamma1 shows two differences at positions 339 and 397. Each of them can be explained by a single base substitution. This high degree of homology among gamma-chain subclasses suggests a recent diversification.", "contents": "The primary structure of a human immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) pFc' fragment. Amino acid sequence analysis of the pFc' fragment obtained by pepsin digestion of a human IgG2 myeloma protein PIG Gm (n or 23) negative shows it to consist of 112 residues. It starts at position 334 (gamma1 numbering) and contains eight residues from the Cgamma2 region, and the whole Cgamma3 domain. Comparison with the sequence of gamma1 shows two differences at positions 339 and 397. Each of them can be explained by a single base substitution. This high degree of homology among gamma-chain subclasses suggests a recent diversification.", "PMID": 690433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8842", "title": "Cytotoxic activities of gut mucosal lymphoid cells in guinea pigs.", "content": "Populations of lymphoid cells were obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of guinea pigs and compared with splenic cells for effector cell activity in assays of spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC), mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC), and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Lymphoid cells were isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), Peyer's patches (PP), and the small intestinal mucosa. Mucosal lymphoid cells were separated into a population of cells containing intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and a second population of cells containing intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and a second population of cells containing lamina propria (LP) lymphocytes by a combination of physical and enzymatic methods. All populations of lymphoid cells from the gastrointestinal tract were capable of mediating MICC. Relative to spleen cells, IEL possessed more MICC effector cell activity whereas cells from MLN, PP, and LP possessed less activity. In contrast, SCMC and ADCC effector cell activities were present only in the IEL population and these cytotoxic activities were comparable to that of splenic cells. These results demonstrate that mucosal lymphoid cells possess cytotoxic effector cell activities that may contribute to local mucosal immunologic reactivity.", "contents": "Cytotoxic activities of gut mucosal lymphoid cells in guinea pigs. Populations of lymphoid cells were obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of guinea pigs and compared with splenic cells for effector cell activity in assays of spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC), mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC), and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Lymphoid cells were isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), Peyer's patches (PP), and the small intestinal mucosa. Mucosal lymphoid cells were separated into a population of cells containing intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and a second population of cells containing intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and a second population of cells containing lamina propria (LP) lymphocytes by a combination of physical and enzymatic methods. All populations of lymphoid cells from the gastrointestinal tract were capable of mediating MICC. Relative to spleen cells, IEL possessed more MICC effector cell activity whereas cells from MLN, PP, and LP possessed less activity. In contrast, SCMC and ADCC effector cell activities were present only in the IEL population and these cytotoxic activities were comparable to that of splenic cells. These results demonstrate that mucosal lymphoid cells possess cytotoxic effector cell activities that may contribute to local mucosal immunologic reactivity.", "PMID": 690435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8843", "title": "Structural studies of the H-2D products of the mouse mutant BALB/c-H-2Ddb and the parental strain BALB/cKh-H-2Dd.", "content": "The tryptic peptide profile characteristics of the H-2D glycoprotein, isolated by immunoprecipitation from the MHC mutant mouse strain BALB/c-H-2Ddb, were compared with those of the H-2D molecule from the parent strain BALB/cKh-H-2Dd. At each stage of purification these molecules exhibited identical biochemical properties and on peptide mapping we observed that the Ddb molecule showed no detectable peptide differences from the Dd molecule of the nonmutant parent. These data thus support the concept that the site of mutation in this mutant strain, although located in the D region of the MHC, is distinct from the gene coding for molecules bearing the H-2.4 private specificity.", "contents": "Structural studies of the H-2D products of the mouse mutant BALB/c-H-2Ddb and the parental strain BALB/cKh-H-2Dd. The tryptic peptide profile characteristics of the H-2D glycoprotein, isolated by immunoprecipitation from the MHC mutant mouse strain BALB/c-H-2Ddb, were compared with those of the H-2D molecule from the parent strain BALB/cKh-H-2Dd. At each stage of purification these molecules exhibited identical biochemical properties and on peptide mapping we observed that the Ddb molecule showed no detectable peptide differences from the Dd molecule of the nonmutant parent. These data thus support the concept that the site of mutation in this mutant strain, although located in the D region of the MHC, is distinct from the gene coding for molecules bearing the H-2.4 private specificity.", "PMID": 690440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8844", "title": "Amplification of the activity of human leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) by the generation of a low molecular weight inhibitor of PMN leukocyte chemotaxis.", "content": "Leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF), which was derived from human peripheral blood lymphocytes by stimulation with concanavalin A ad partially purified by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, inhibited the in vitro spontaneous migration and chemotaxis of human PMN leukocytes as assessed in a Boyden chamber micropore filter assay. The inhibitory activity was attributed to LIF, a principle defined in terms of its inhibition of PMN leukocyte migration from glass capillary tubes since it was preferentially directed to PMN leukocytes as compared to mononuclear leukocytes, exhibited a size comparable to LIF by gel filtration, and was inactivated by diisopropyl fluorophosphate in parallel with LIF. Incubation of PMN leukocytes with LIF released additional inhibitory activity, distinct from LIF, which resembled the neutrophil-immobilizing factor (NIF) by virtue of its approximate m.w. of 4000 by filtration on Sephadex G-25, inactivation by trypsin digestion, and preferential noncytotoxic inhibition of spontaneous migration and chemotaxis of PMN leukocytes as compared to mononuclear leukocytes. Thus LIF inhibits PMN leukocyte migration both by a direct action on the cells and by an amplification pathway that is mediated by low m.w. chemotactic inhibitors similar to NIF.", "contents": "Amplification of the activity of human leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) by the generation of a low molecular weight inhibitor of PMN leukocyte chemotaxis. Leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF), which was derived from human peripheral blood lymphocytes by stimulation with concanavalin A ad partially purified by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, inhibited the in vitro spontaneous migration and chemotaxis of human PMN leukocytes as assessed in a Boyden chamber micropore filter assay. The inhibitory activity was attributed to LIF, a principle defined in terms of its inhibition of PMN leukocyte migration from glass capillary tubes since it was preferentially directed to PMN leukocytes as compared to mononuclear leukocytes, exhibited a size comparable to LIF by gel filtration, and was inactivated by diisopropyl fluorophosphate in parallel with LIF. Incubation of PMN leukocytes with LIF released additional inhibitory activity, distinct from LIF, which resembled the neutrophil-immobilizing factor (NIF) by virtue of its approximate m.w. of 4000 by filtration on Sephadex G-25, inactivation by trypsin digestion, and preferential noncytotoxic inhibition of spontaneous migration and chemotaxis of PMN leukocytes as compared to mononuclear leukocytes. Thus LIF inhibits PMN leukocyte migration both by a direct action on the cells and by an amplification pathway that is mediated by low m.w. chemotactic inhibitors similar to NIF.", "PMID": 690441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8845", "title": "Concanavalin A increases glyoxalase enzyme activities in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes.", "content": "Glyoxalase I converts methylglyoxal and glutathione to S-lactoylglutathione and glyoxalase II converts this compound to D-lactic acid, regenerating glutathione in the process. A recent study from my laboratory has provided evidence that S-lactoylglutathione modulates microtubule assembly in vitro whereas concanavalin A (Con A) has been shown to increase microtubule occurrence in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). The present report describes the dose-dependent activation by Con A of both glyoxalase I and II in PMN and lymphocytes. In nine experiments with PMN, Con A (100 microgram/ml) increased glyoxalase I and II activities by 19 +/- 8% and 12 +/- 10% (mean +/- S.D.). In 17 experiments with lymphocytes, activation of the two enzymes by 10 microgram/ml Con A was 30 +/- 14% and 28 +/- 8%. Changes occurred after a 1-min incubation with Con A and persisted for at least 60 min. Since both enzyme activities are increased it is not clear if S-lactoylglutathione levels are increased or decreased but presumably they change. The present findings are compatible with the hypothesis that Con A increases microtubule occurrence in PMN by affecting the glyoxalase enzymes. They also represent a newly described early biochemical change caused by Con A in lymphocytes.", "contents": "Concanavalin A increases glyoxalase enzyme activities in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes. Glyoxalase I converts methylglyoxal and glutathione to S-lactoylglutathione and glyoxalase II converts this compound to D-lactic acid, regenerating glutathione in the process. A recent study from my laboratory has provided evidence that S-lactoylglutathione modulates microtubule assembly in vitro whereas concanavalin A (Con A) has been shown to increase microtubule occurrence in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). The present report describes the dose-dependent activation by Con A of both glyoxalase I and II in PMN and lymphocytes. In nine experiments with PMN, Con A (100 microgram/ml) increased glyoxalase I and II activities by 19 +/- 8% and 12 +/- 10% (mean +/- S.D.). In 17 experiments with lymphocytes, activation of the two enzymes by 10 microgram/ml Con A was 30 +/- 14% and 28 +/- 8%. Changes occurred after a 1-min incubation with Con A and persisted for at least 60 min. Since both enzyme activities are increased it is not clear if S-lactoylglutathione levels are increased or decreased but presumably they change. The present findings are compatible with the hypothesis that Con A increases microtubule occurrence in PMN by affecting the glyoxalase enzymes. They also represent a newly described early biochemical change caused by Con A in lymphocytes.", "PMID": 690442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8846", "title": "Immunologic block against antigen absorption from isolated perfused rabbit lungs.", "content": "In previous studies with isolated perfused rabbit lungs, we observed that inhaled human serum albumin (HSA) or ovalbumin (OA) entered the pulmonary circulation antigenically intact. The inhaled proteins were also metabolized in the lung. Immunization reduced the amount of intact protein and increased the amount of metabolites absorbed. In the present study, we have begun to characterize the immune mechanisms responsible for reduced antigen absorption. A humoral immune mechanism appeared to be involved because the phenomenon could be passively transferred to normal animals by administering immune serum either 18 hr or immediately before antigen inhalation. The reduction was also observed when lungs from immunized rabbits were perfused with normal rabbit blood, indicating that antibodies in both lung and blood may be involved. Experiments, in which lungs from immunized rabbits were simultaneously insufflated with the immunizing antigen and with a nonspecific protein, demonstrated that the block against antigen absorption was specific for the immunizing antigen and was not due to some antigen-induced nonspecific changes in lung physiology.", "contents": "Immunologic block against antigen absorption from isolated perfused rabbit lungs. In previous studies with isolated perfused rabbit lungs, we observed that inhaled human serum albumin (HSA) or ovalbumin (OA) entered the pulmonary circulation antigenically intact. The inhaled proteins were also metabolized in the lung. Immunization reduced the amount of intact protein and increased the amount of metabolites absorbed. In the present study, we have begun to characterize the immune mechanisms responsible for reduced antigen absorption. A humoral immune mechanism appeared to be involved because the phenomenon could be passively transferred to normal animals by administering immune serum either 18 hr or immediately before antigen inhalation. The reduction was also observed when lungs from immunized rabbits were perfused with normal rabbit blood, indicating that antibodies in both lung and blood may be involved. Experiments, in which lungs from immunized rabbits were simultaneously insufflated with the immunizing antigen and with a nonspecific protein, demonstrated that the block against antigen absorption was specific for the immunizing antigen and was not due to some antigen-induced nonspecific changes in lung physiology.", "PMID": 690443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8847", "title": "Lung injury produced by immune complexes of varying composition.", "content": "Immune complexes consisting of rabbit antibody to bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been made up at 1X, 3X, 6X, 8X, and 20X antigen equivalence. The complement fixing activity of these complexes is inversely proportional to the amount of antigen present in the complexes, and, as expected, solubility of the complexes progressively increases with increasing amounts of antigen. The ability of these complexes to induce acute pulmonary injury and inflammatory responses has been quantitatively assessed. Complexes preformed at antigen equivalence are the most damaging to lung, correlating with their complement fixing activity. When the antigen concentration in the complexes is increased 3 to 6 times beyond the point of equivalence, the phlogistic activity of the complexes drops off rapidly, as demonstrated by a sharp decline in the changes in vascular permeability, hemorrhage, and morphologic evidence of inflammation. These studies provide the first evidence that changing the physicochemical parameters of preformed immune complexes by simply altering the ratio of antigen to antibody can dramatically alter the phlogistic properties of immune complexes for pulmonary tissue.", "contents": "Lung injury produced by immune complexes of varying composition. Immune complexes consisting of rabbit antibody to bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been made up at 1X, 3X, 6X, 8X, and 20X antigen equivalence. The complement fixing activity of these complexes is inversely proportional to the amount of antigen present in the complexes, and, as expected, solubility of the complexes progressively increases with increasing amounts of antigen. The ability of these complexes to induce acute pulmonary injury and inflammatory responses has been quantitatively assessed. Complexes preformed at antigen equivalence are the most damaging to lung, correlating with their complement fixing activity. When the antigen concentration in the complexes is increased 3 to 6 times beyond the point of equivalence, the phlogistic activity of the complexes drops off rapidly, as demonstrated by a sharp decline in the changes in vascular permeability, hemorrhage, and morphologic evidence of inflammation. These studies provide the first evidence that changing the physicochemical parameters of preformed immune complexes by simply altering the ratio of antigen to antibody can dramatically alter the phlogistic properties of immune complexes for pulmonary tissue.", "PMID": 690444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8848", "title": "H-2 linked Ir gene control of antibody responses to porcine insulin. I. Development of insulin-specific antibodies in some but not all nonresponder strains injected with proinsulin.", "content": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to heterologous insulins in mice are controlled by H-2 linked, dominant, immune response (Ir) genes. For example, mice bearing the H-2d haplotype develop T cell proliferative responses and produce antibody after injection with porcine insulin, whereas mice bearing other H-2 haplotypes do not. Data presented in this communication demonstrate that homozygous and heterozygous H-2d mice produce insulin-binding antibodies when immunized with porcine insulin or proinsulin. Some (H-2b,k,s) insulin-nonresponder mice produce insulin-binding antibodies after injection of proinsulin, whereas other insulin-nonresponder strains (H-2q) do not. All strains, except homozygous H-2q mice, produce antibodies specific for proinsulin, suggesting that the response to porcine proinsulin is also controlled by H-2-linked Ir genes. More importantly, F1 hybrids between insulin-nonresponder C57BL/10 (H-2b) and DBA/1 (H-2q) produce no insulin-binding antibodies when injected with proinsulin, despite the fact that proinsulin-binding antibodies are produced by these mice.", "contents": "H-2 linked Ir gene control of antibody responses to porcine insulin. I. Development of insulin-specific antibodies in some but not all nonresponder strains injected with proinsulin. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to heterologous insulins in mice are controlled by H-2 linked, dominant, immune response (Ir) genes. For example, mice bearing the H-2d haplotype develop T cell proliferative responses and produce antibody after injection with porcine insulin, whereas mice bearing other H-2 haplotypes do not. Data presented in this communication demonstrate that homozygous and heterozygous H-2d mice produce insulin-binding antibodies when immunized with porcine insulin or proinsulin. Some (H-2b,k,s) insulin-nonresponder mice produce insulin-binding antibodies after injection of proinsulin, whereas other insulin-nonresponder strains (H-2q) do not. All strains, except homozygous H-2q mice, produce antibodies specific for proinsulin, suggesting that the response to porcine proinsulin is also controlled by H-2-linked Ir genes. More importantly, F1 hybrids between insulin-nonresponder C57BL/10 (H-2b) and DBA/1 (H-2q) produce no insulin-binding antibodies when injected with proinsulin, despite the fact that proinsulin-binding antibodies are produced by these mice.", "PMID": 690445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8849", "title": "Effect of tunicamycin on IgM, IgA, and IgG secretion by mouse plasmacytoma cells.", "content": "Tunicamycin, an antibiotic that prevents glycosylation of glycoproteins by blocking the formation of N-acetylglucosamine-lipid intermediates, was used to study the importance of glycosylation for the secretion of immunoglobulins by mouse plasmacytoma lines that produce immunoglobulins of different classes. Biosynthetically labeled secreted and intracellular immunoglobulins were measured by immunoprecipitation assays. Tunicamycin, at a concentration of 0.5 mug/ml produced an 81% inhibition of IgM secretion by MOPC 104E plasma cells without significantly affecting the initial rate of synthesis of intracellular IgM. No increase in the intracellular degradation of nonglycosylated IgM could be demonstrated. Tunicamycin also produced a 64% average inhibition of IgA secretion by several mouse IgA-secreting plasmacytoma lines. In contrast, despite inhibiting the incorporation of D-[14C] glucosamine into newly synthesized IgG, tunicamycin only produced a 28% average inhibition of IgG secretion, which was only slightly more than the nonspecific inhibition of secretion of the normally nonglycosylated lambda2 light chains by variant MOPC 315 plasmacytomas. These data indicate that the extent of inhibition of immunoglobulin secretion produced by tunicamycin depends on the immunoglobulin class produced by the plasma cell.", "contents": "Effect of tunicamycin on IgM, IgA, and IgG secretion by mouse plasmacytoma cells. Tunicamycin, an antibiotic that prevents glycosylation of glycoproteins by blocking the formation of N-acetylglucosamine-lipid intermediates, was used to study the importance of glycosylation for the secretion of immunoglobulins by mouse plasmacytoma lines that produce immunoglobulins of different classes. Biosynthetically labeled secreted and intracellular immunoglobulins were measured by immunoprecipitation assays. Tunicamycin, at a concentration of 0.5 mug/ml produced an 81% inhibition of IgM secretion by MOPC 104E plasma cells without significantly affecting the initial rate of synthesis of intracellular IgM. No increase in the intracellular degradation of nonglycosylated IgM could be demonstrated. Tunicamycin also produced a 64% average inhibition of IgA secretion by several mouse IgA-secreting plasmacytoma lines. In contrast, despite inhibiting the incorporation of D-[14C] glucosamine into newly synthesized IgG, tunicamycin only produced a 28% average inhibition of IgG secretion, which was only slightly more than the nonspecific inhibition of secretion of the normally nonglycosylated lambda2 light chains by variant MOPC 315 plasmacytomas. These data indicate that the extent of inhibition of immunoglobulin secretion produced by tunicamycin depends on the immunoglobulin class produced by the plasma cell.", "PMID": 690446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8850", "title": "Relationship between trinitrophenol and H-2 antigens on trinitrophenyl-modified spleen cells. III. Quantitative aspects of trinitrophenol binding on cells treated with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid.", "content": "Splenic lymphoblasts or normal spleen cells were treated with varying concentrations of TNBS in order to assess whether cell membrane H-2 molecules were derivatized with TNP. Cells treated with high concentrations of TNBS had their cell membrane H-2 molecules derivatized and functioned antigenically as inhibitors in a cold target TNP-CML competition assay. In contrast, cells derivatized with lower concentrations of TNBS had a significant proportion of their membrane proteins derivatized with TNP but did not have their H-2 molecules derivatized. These latter cells were unable to block anti-TNP cytotoxic effector cells in the competition assay. When cells were treated with 3H-TNBS, it was observed that TNP couples to cell membrane H-2, Ia and Ig molecules, and an estimate of the number of TNP molecules bound per cell at varying concentrations of TNBS was determined. The data obtained are consistent with there being a requirement for TNP to directly derivatize H-2 molecules on the cell membrane in order to create antigenic determinants that can be recognized by cytotoxic anti-TNP effector cells. As an alternative, there may be a requirement for the presence of a high density of TNP molecules per cell rather than direct H-2 derivatization by TNP in order to account for activity.", "contents": "Relationship between trinitrophenol and H-2 antigens on trinitrophenyl-modified spleen cells. III. Quantitative aspects of trinitrophenol binding on cells treated with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Splenic lymphoblasts or normal spleen cells were treated with varying concentrations of TNBS in order to assess whether cell membrane H-2 molecules were derivatized with TNP. Cells treated with high concentrations of TNBS had their cell membrane H-2 molecules derivatized and functioned antigenically as inhibitors in a cold target TNP-CML competition assay. In contrast, cells derivatized with lower concentrations of TNBS had a significant proportion of their membrane proteins derivatized with TNP but did not have their H-2 molecules derivatized. These latter cells were unable to block anti-TNP cytotoxic effector cells in the competition assay. When cells were treated with 3H-TNBS, it was observed that TNP couples to cell membrane H-2, Ia and Ig molecules, and an estimate of the number of TNP molecules bound per cell at varying concentrations of TNBS was determined. The data obtained are consistent with there being a requirement for TNP to directly derivatize H-2 molecules on the cell membrane in order to create antigenic determinants that can be recognized by cytotoxic anti-TNP effector cells. As an alternative, there may be a requirement for the presence of a high density of TNP molecules per cell rather than direct H-2 derivatization by TNP in order to account for activity.", "PMID": 690447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8851", "title": "Immunoglobulin allotypes in African populations. I. Gm--Am haplotypes in a Nigerian population.", "content": "The study of immunoglobulin allotypes in various Negro populations has shown that their polymorphism is different from that in other populations. This particularly true for the alleles of the gamma3 and alpha2 locus. Numerous investigations have been made in which a limited number of markers were determined. It seems to be of importance to compare the results of the determination of all markers known at present in different tribes from various African countries. Such information may ultimately lead to additional support for theories on the origin and migration of early African inhabitants. In this paper we resent the results of the study of the first of a series of studies on African populations.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin allotypes in African populations. I. Gm--Am haplotypes in a Nigerian population. The study of immunoglobulin allotypes in various Negro populations has shown that their polymorphism is different from that in other populations. This particularly true for the alleles of the gamma3 and alpha2 locus. Numerous investigations have been made in which a limited number of markers were determined. It seems to be of importance to compare the results of the determination of all markers known at present in different tribes from various African countries. Such information may ultimately lead to additional support for theories on the origin and migration of early African inhabitants. In this paper we resent the results of the study of the first of a series of studies on African populations.", "PMID": 690471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8852", "title": "X chromosome complement and serum levels of IgM in man and mouse.", "content": "The levels of IgM were measured in sera from mice with different chromosome complements, including 39,XO mice and phenotypically male mice bearing the sex-reversed gene (Sxr) (XX,Sxr/+ and XY,Sxr/+). The mean values of IgM were found to be higher in normal female mice than in the males belonging to two different strains. This is in agreement with the higher mean serum levels of IgM observed in two groups of sera from normal human females and males. However, while we could confirm that the mean level of IgM was lower in 45,XO women than in normal females and comparable to the mean value of normal males, the same effect was not seen in 39,XO mice. In fact, the mean concentration of serum IgM in 39,XO mice was similar to that in normal females. Furthermore, it was observed that the mean values of serum IgM in the two groups of sex-reversed male mice (XX,Sxr/+ and XY,Sxr/+) were also not statistically different from those in normal males. Thus the role that the number of X chromosomes plays in the control of the serum levels of IgM is different in man and the mouse, in agreement with the observed different phenotypic manifestations, and in particular with the hormonal situations existing in X chromosome abnormalities in these two species.", "contents": "X chromosome complement and serum levels of IgM in man and mouse. The levels of IgM were measured in sera from mice with different chromosome complements, including 39,XO mice and phenotypically male mice bearing the sex-reversed gene (Sxr) (XX,Sxr/+ and XY,Sxr/+). The mean values of IgM were found to be higher in normal female mice than in the males belonging to two different strains. This is in agreement with the higher mean serum levels of IgM observed in two groups of sera from normal human females and males. However, while we could confirm that the mean level of IgM was lower in 45,XO women than in normal females and comparable to the mean value of normal males, the same effect was not seen in 39,XO mice. In fact, the mean concentration of serum IgM in 39,XO mice was similar to that in normal females. Furthermore, it was observed that the mean values of serum IgM in the two groups of sex-reversed male mice (XX,Sxr/+ and XY,Sxr/+) were also not statistically different from those in normal males. Thus the role that the number of X chromosomes plays in the control of the serum levels of IgM is different in man and the mouse, in agreement with the observed different phenotypic manifestations, and in particular with the hormonal situations existing in X chromosome abnormalities in these two species.", "PMID": 690472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8853", "title": "Inherited structural variation and linkage relationships of C7.", "content": "Three structural forms of C7 have been distinguished by isoelectric focusing. They are the products of three co-dominantly expressed alleles at an autosomal locus. The C7 locus is close to that for C6, but is not close to the HLA complex.", "contents": "Inherited structural variation and linkage relationships of C7. Three structural forms of C7 have been distinguished by isoelectric focusing. They are the products of three co-dominantly expressed alleles at an autosomal locus. The C7 locus is close to that for C6, but is not close to the HLA complex.", "PMID": 690473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8854", "title": "HLA antigens as possible markers of heterogeneity in schizophrenia.", "content": "The distribution of HLA-A-, B- -and -C-locus antigens was tested in 200 male patients with final diagnosis of schizophrenia. A significant increase of HLA-A28 and HLA-Cw4 antigens and haplotype A10--B18 was found. Indications were obtained for the increase of HLA-A1 in hebephrenic patients. It was presumed that the increase of CW4 represents the common denominator of the diverse findings on paranoid schizophrenia. The increase of CW4 indicates that the paranoid schizophrenia disease susceptibility locus is either the C locus itself or another closely linked locus (or loci). This would stress the importance of the HLA 'central' regions for HLA and disease associations. A hypothesis is presented which points to the possibility that HLA antigens could be genetic markers of three ethiopathogenetic subgroups of schizophrenia. The possible tests of this hypothesis are also suggested.", "contents": "HLA antigens as possible markers of heterogeneity in schizophrenia. The distribution of HLA-A-, B- -and -C-locus antigens was tested in 200 male patients with final diagnosis of schizophrenia. A significant increase of HLA-A28 and HLA-Cw4 antigens and haplotype A10--B18 was found. Indications were obtained for the increase of HLA-A1 in hebephrenic patients. It was presumed that the increase of CW4 represents the common denominator of the diverse findings on paranoid schizophrenia. The increase of CW4 indicates that the paranoid schizophrenia disease susceptibility locus is either the C locus itself or another closely linked locus (or loci). This would stress the importance of the HLA 'central' regions for HLA and disease associations. A hypothesis is presented which points to the possibility that HLA antigens could be genetic markers of three ethiopathogenetic subgroups of schizophrenia. The possible tests of this hypothesis are also suggested.", "PMID": 690474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8855", "title": "Temperature stress and immunity in mice: effects of environmental temperature on the antibody response to human immunoglobulin of mice, differing in age and strain.", "content": "Physiological responses at different ambient temperatures and temperature-dependent changes in immune responsiveness are polymorphic. At 4 degrees C, the antigen elimination from the bodies of SJL and C57Bl/6 mice is accelerated. In SJL, but not in C57Bl/mice, the half-life of antigen elimination decreased between the ages of 3 and 11 weeks. Parental mice and their F1 hybrids showed a fall in rectal temperature, which was greatest in young animals. Hypothermia was greater in C57Bl/6 than in SJL and F1 hybrids; in 3 week old C57Bl/6 it resulted in high mortality. The response to aggregated human immunoglobulin (HGG) was evaluated by (a) the number of animals with detectable antibody, (b) the minimal dose of antigen eliciting detectable antibody, and (c) the mean titre of haemagglutinating antibody. SJL mice were more responsive than C57Bl/6 mice. Low antibody formation in the secondary response was dominant, i.e. the amount of antibody produced by (SJL X C57Bl/6)F1 mice was the same as that produced by the parental C57Bl/6 strain. In a primary response, the quantity of antibody varied with the age of the immunized animal; 18 week old mice responded to lower minimal doses of antigen and produced more haemagglutinating antibody than 3 week old animals. After a second injection with HGG, SJL but not C57Bl/6 mice produced more antibody when kept at 14 degrees C rather than at 22 degrees C or 30 degrees C, and produced the lowest antibody titres when kept at 4 degrees C. The relation between ambient temperature and the response of the SJL mice was dominant over that of the C57Bl/6strain. Primary differed from secondary responsiveness in that neither strain produced significantly lower titres when ambient temperature fell to 4 degrees C; only 18 week old SJL mice responded with a marginal decrease in peak antibody production. The described polymorphism may affect both the individual capacity to cope with low temperatures and the evolutionary adaptation of a species to climatic extremes.", "contents": "Temperature stress and immunity in mice: effects of environmental temperature on the antibody response to human immunoglobulin of mice, differing in age and strain. Physiological responses at different ambient temperatures and temperature-dependent changes in immune responsiveness are polymorphic. At 4 degrees C, the antigen elimination from the bodies of SJL and C57Bl/6 mice is accelerated. In SJL, but not in C57Bl/mice, the half-life of antigen elimination decreased between the ages of 3 and 11 weeks. Parental mice and their F1 hybrids showed a fall in rectal temperature, which was greatest in young animals. Hypothermia was greater in C57Bl/6 than in SJL and F1 hybrids; in 3 week old C57Bl/6 it resulted in high mortality. The response to aggregated human immunoglobulin (HGG) was evaluated by (a) the number of animals with detectable antibody, (b) the minimal dose of antigen eliciting detectable antibody, and (c) the mean titre of haemagglutinating antibody. SJL mice were more responsive than C57Bl/6 mice. Low antibody formation in the secondary response was dominant, i.e. the amount of antibody produced by (SJL X C57Bl/6)F1 mice was the same as that produced by the parental C57Bl/6 strain. In a primary response, the quantity of antibody varied with the age of the immunized animal; 18 week old mice responded to lower minimal doses of antigen and produced more haemagglutinating antibody than 3 week old animals. After a second injection with HGG, SJL but not C57Bl/6 mice produced more antibody when kept at 14 degrees C rather than at 22 degrees C or 30 degrees C, and produced the lowest antibody titres when kept at 4 degrees C. The relation between ambient temperature and the response of the SJL mice was dominant over that of the C57Bl/6strain. Primary differed from secondary responsiveness in that neither strain produced significantly lower titres when ambient temperature fell to 4 degrees C; only 18 week old SJL mice responded with a marginal decrease in peak antibody production. The described polymorphism may affect both the individual capacity to cope with low temperatures and the evolutionary adaptation of a species to climatic extremes.", "PMID": 690475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8856", "title": "Inhibition of connective tissue proliferation by dermal extract.", "content": "Following the subcutaneous injection of a water soluble dermal extract (DE) of neonatal rat skin into young adult male rats, depression of nuclear labeling (DNA synthesis) was observed in proliferating connective tissue in several wound sites. At 16--20 hr following DE injection, DNA synthesis was depressed most in back wounds (57--87%) and maxillary palatal wounds (45--68%), and least in ear wounds (24--29%). Epithelium in the wound margins of back, ear and palate did not show a similar depression in DE-injected animals. This study suggests that a chalone-like negative feedback mechanism may be partially responsible for in vivo control of fibroblastic proliferation in wound healing.", "contents": "Inhibition of connective tissue proliferation by dermal extract. Following the subcutaneous injection of a water soluble dermal extract (DE) of neonatal rat skin into young adult male rats, depression of nuclear labeling (DNA synthesis) was observed in proliferating connective tissue in several wound sites. At 16--20 hr following DE injection, DNA synthesis was depressed most in back wounds (57--87%) and maxillary palatal wounds (45--68%), and least in ear wounds (24--29%). Epithelium in the wound margins of back, ear and palate did not show a similar depression in DE-injected animals. This study suggests that a chalone-like negative feedback mechanism may be partially responsible for in vivo control of fibroblastic proliferation in wound healing.", "PMID": 690479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8857", "title": "Inflammatory and immune cell function in psoriasis--a subtle disorder I. In vivo and in vitro survey.", "content": "Intradermal skin testing of normal and psoriatic subjects with common antigens, SKSD, Derm-O and PPD, reveals psoriatic subjects to have a decrease in both the amount (not incidence) of erythema (p less than 0.005) and in-duration (p less 0.005) to SKSD. Among all subjects having more than 10 mm erythema to Derm-O and SKSD, 49% of psoriatic and 77% of normal subjects have more than 10 mm induration (p less than 0.001). After sensitization, the response to 30 microgram challenge dose of dinitrochlorobenzene is positive in 50% of psoriatic and 88% of normal subjects (p less than 0.02). Uptake of (3)H thymidine by mitogen stimulated lymphocytes from psoriatic subjects is suppressed at each point of the linear component of a dose response curve. The mitogen dose to produce peak responses in psoriatics was 125% greater than that for normal subjects. In one-way mixed lymphocyte responses to pooled allogeneic stimulator lymphocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from psoriatic subjects show suppression, the mean stimulation index was 55% of that of normal (p less than 0.01). Finally, in vitro polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and NBT reduction) appear to be within normal limits. When the foregoing parameters were compared with disease activity, there was no correlation.", "contents": "Inflammatory and immune cell function in psoriasis--a subtle disorder I. In vivo and in vitro survey. Intradermal skin testing of normal and psoriatic subjects with common antigens, SKSD, Derm-O and PPD, reveals psoriatic subjects to have a decrease in both the amount (not incidence) of erythema (p less than 0.005) and in-duration (p less 0.005) to SKSD. Among all subjects having more than 10 mm erythema to Derm-O and SKSD, 49% of psoriatic and 77% of normal subjects have more than 10 mm induration (p less than 0.001). After sensitization, the response to 30 microgram challenge dose of dinitrochlorobenzene is positive in 50% of psoriatic and 88% of normal subjects (p less than 0.02). Uptake of (3)H thymidine by mitogen stimulated lymphocytes from psoriatic subjects is suppressed at each point of the linear component of a dose response curve. The mitogen dose to produce peak responses in psoriatics was 125% greater than that for normal subjects. In one-way mixed lymphocyte responses to pooled allogeneic stimulator lymphocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from psoriatic subjects show suppression, the mean stimulation index was 55% of that of normal (p less than 0.01). Finally, in vitro polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and NBT reduction) appear to be within normal limits. When the foregoing parameters were compared with disease activity, there was no correlation.", "PMID": 690482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8858", "title": "Inflammatory and immune cell function in psoriasis: II. Monocyte function, lymphokine production.", "content": "We have previously confirmed that subjects with psoriasis have an alteration of cell-mediated immune responses. We now report a possible in vitro corollary; the amount of lymphokine (lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor) released by both antigen-stimulated and control lymphocytes is decreased in psoriatic subjects; 61% of similar values for normal subjects. Monocyte migration to complement-derived chemotactic factors is reported to directly correlate to skin tests; however, in psoriasis the relation is inverse, i.e., a 200% increase in complement factors and 136% increase to lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor in monocyte migration is noted in psoriatic subjects when compared with normal subjects. This increased migration does not correlate with amount of disease and is still present in \"disease-free\" subjects. Culturing monocytes from psoriatic subjects in media alone demonstrates they reduce more (205%) nitroblue tetrazolium than do monocytes of normal subjects. These data demonstrate that monocytes from subjects with psoriasis are altered and suggest an apparent inherent metabolic disorder.", "contents": "Inflammatory and immune cell function in psoriasis: II. Monocyte function, lymphokine production. We have previously confirmed that subjects with psoriasis have an alteration of cell-mediated immune responses. We now report a possible in vitro corollary; the amount of lymphokine (lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor) released by both antigen-stimulated and control lymphocytes is decreased in psoriatic subjects; 61% of similar values for normal subjects. Monocyte migration to complement-derived chemotactic factors is reported to directly correlate to skin tests; however, in psoriasis the relation is inverse, i.e., a 200% increase in complement factors and 136% increase to lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor in monocyte migration is noted in psoriatic subjects when compared with normal subjects. This increased migration does not correlate with amount of disease and is still present in \"disease-free\" subjects. Culturing monocytes from psoriatic subjects in media alone demonstrates they reduce more (205%) nitroblue tetrazolium than do monocytes of normal subjects. These data demonstrate that monocytes from subjects with psoriasis are altered and suggest an apparent inherent metabolic disorder.", "PMID": 690483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8859", "title": "In vitro responses of the epidermis to triiodothyronine.", "content": "The effect of exogenous triiodothyronine on replication and anabolic activity in human epidermis has been studied in vitro. Measurements of epidermal replication, as estimated by a labeling index technique and by thymidine incorporation into skin sheets, were increased (p less than 0.005) from the control value by exogenous triiodothyronine at twice its physiological unbound concentration. Higher concentrations of triiodothyronine did not alter these elevated values significantly. Epidermal anabolism, measured by the rates of incorporation of tritiated proline and histidine, and by histidine uptake assessed autoradiographically, responded similarly with increased values (p less than 0.005) compared to controls in specimens incubated with twice physiological concentrations of the hormone. Further increases in the hormone concentration failed to change these measurements significantly. These observations indicate that the epidermis does respond to exogenous triiodothyronine in vitro, and support the concept that there are receptors for triiodothyronine associated with epidermal cells.", "contents": "In vitro responses of the epidermis to triiodothyronine. The effect of exogenous triiodothyronine on replication and anabolic activity in human epidermis has been studied in vitro. Measurements of epidermal replication, as estimated by a labeling index technique and by thymidine incorporation into skin sheets, were increased (p less than 0.005) from the control value by exogenous triiodothyronine at twice its physiological unbound concentration. Higher concentrations of triiodothyronine did not alter these elevated values significantly. Epidermal anabolism, measured by the rates of incorporation of tritiated proline and histidine, and by histidine uptake assessed autoradiographically, responded similarly with increased values (p less than 0.005) compared to controls in specimens incubated with twice physiological concentrations of the hormone. Further increases in the hormone concentration failed to change these measurements significantly. These observations indicate that the epidermis does respond to exogenous triiodothyronine in vitro, and support the concept that there are receptors for triiodothyronine associated with epidermal cells.", "PMID": 690484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8860", "title": "Physical forces in blister formation. The role of colloid osmotic pressure and of total osmolality in fluid migration into the rising blister.", "content": "The physical forces operative in the fluid migration from the interstitial spaces into the blister cleft have not been directly measured until now. The colloid osmotic pressure and the total osmolality were determined in suction blister fluid after mild suction blister production by a modified \"Dermovac\" and in blister fluid of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous allergic contact dermatitis and pemphigus vulgaris and in the sera of healthy persons. The colloid osmotic pressure was measured by means of a recently developed osmometer with a semipermeable membrane between 2 chambers, one of them filled with Ringer solution, the other with the blister fluid or serum sample. The negative pressure in the first chamber was determined. The colloid osmotic pressure of suction blister fluid averages approximately 7 cm H2O, the values reach about 20 cm H2O in bullous diseases and about 38 cm H2O in the normal sera. The blister fluid colloid osmotic pressure has to rise to about 15 cm H2O or more to cause the fluid transport from the interstitial spaces of the surrounding tissue into the blister because of the negative interstitial fluid pressure and the colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid. Otherwise the blister fluid is reabsorbed back into the interstitial spaces. The total osmolality does not differ in the serum and in the blister fluid. It does not seem to be etiologically connected with the fluid transport into the rising blister.", "contents": "Physical forces in blister formation. The role of colloid osmotic pressure and of total osmolality in fluid migration into the rising blister. The physical forces operative in the fluid migration from the interstitial spaces into the blister cleft have not been directly measured until now. The colloid osmotic pressure and the total osmolality were determined in suction blister fluid after mild suction blister production by a modified \"Dermovac\" and in blister fluid of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous allergic contact dermatitis and pemphigus vulgaris and in the sera of healthy persons. The colloid osmotic pressure was measured by means of a recently developed osmometer with a semipermeable membrane between 2 chambers, one of them filled with Ringer solution, the other with the blister fluid or serum sample. The negative pressure in the first chamber was determined. The colloid osmotic pressure of suction blister fluid averages approximately 7 cm H2O, the values reach about 20 cm H2O in bullous diseases and about 38 cm H2O in the normal sera. The blister fluid colloid osmotic pressure has to rise to about 15 cm H2O or more to cause the fluid transport from the interstitial spaces of the surrounding tissue into the blister because of the negative interstitial fluid pressure and the colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid. Otherwise the blister fluid is reabsorbed back into the interstitial spaces. The total osmolality does not differ in the serum and in the blister fluid. It does not seem to be etiologically connected with the fluid transport into the rising blister.", "PMID": 690485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8861", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin E in pemphigus.", "content": "Immunoglobulin E levels in the sera of patients with pemphigus (12 with Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus (BPF) and 11 with pemphigus vulgaris (PV)) were determined by means of a solid phase radioimmunoassay. A significant increase in IgE level was observed in BPF patients compared to the level of IgE in PV patients and healthy adults. The implications of an elevated level of IgE with respect to other aberrations of immunologic responsiveness and the suggested infectious etiology of BPF are considered.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin E in pemphigus. Immunoglobulin E levels in the sera of patients with pemphigus (12 with Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus (BPF) and 11 with pemphigus vulgaris (PV)) were determined by means of a solid phase radioimmunoassay. A significant increase in IgE level was observed in BPF patients compared to the level of IgE in PV patients and healthy adults. The implications of an elevated level of IgE with respect to other aberrations of immunologic responsiveness and the suggested infectious etiology of BPF are considered.", "PMID": 690486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8862", "title": "Metabolism of cholesterol-enriched chylomicrons. Catabolism of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase of perfused heart and adipose tissues.", "content": "The chemical and biochemical properties of cholesterol-enriched and cholesterol-poor chylomicrons from rat lymph have been compared. The enriched particles, prepared from cholesterol-containing lipid dispersions, passed into the duodenum, had four to ten times the cholesteryl ester content of the control chylomicrons but had the same content of total \"core\" (cholesteryl ester + triglyceride) lipid. Both chylomicron species had the same protein composition, the same phospholipid composition, and the same composition of triglyceride fatty acids. The rate of hydrolysis of chylomicron triglyceride for enriched and control particles was determined using both soluble and membrane-supported lipoprotein lipase (LPL) species from heart and adipose tissues. The lipase that was functional in the isolated perfused heart showed no significant difference in initial catabolic rate with cholesterol-enriched and control chylomicrons. The same result was obtained with this isolated LPL species in vitro. The lipase that was functional in isolated perfused epididymal adipose tissue showed a slightly lower catabolic rate with cholesterol-enriched particles (84% of that obtained with control chylomicrons). The same result was obtained with isolated adipose tissue LPL. It is concluded that cholesteryl ester content of chylomicrons under these conditions neither affects their protein composition nor has a major effect on their rate of reaction with lipoprotein lipase.", "contents": "Metabolism of cholesterol-enriched chylomicrons. Catabolism of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase of perfused heart and adipose tissues. The chemical and biochemical properties of cholesterol-enriched and cholesterol-poor chylomicrons from rat lymph have been compared. The enriched particles, prepared from cholesterol-containing lipid dispersions, passed into the duodenum, had four to ten times the cholesteryl ester content of the control chylomicrons but had the same content of total \"core\" (cholesteryl ester + triglyceride) lipid. Both chylomicron species had the same protein composition, the same phospholipid composition, and the same composition of triglyceride fatty acids. The rate of hydrolysis of chylomicron triglyceride for enriched and control particles was determined using both soluble and membrane-supported lipoprotein lipase (LPL) species from heart and adipose tissues. The lipase that was functional in the isolated perfused heart showed no significant difference in initial catabolic rate with cholesterol-enriched and control chylomicrons. The same result was obtained with this isolated LPL species in vitro. The lipase that was functional in isolated perfused epididymal adipose tissue showed a slightly lower catabolic rate with cholesterol-enriched particles (84% of that obtained with control chylomicrons). The same result was obtained with isolated adipose tissue LPL. It is concluded that cholesteryl ester content of chylomicrons under these conditions neither affects their protein composition nor has a major effect on their rate of reaction with lipoprotein lipase.", "PMID": 690510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8863", "title": "Composition of proteins of mesenteric lymph chylomicrons in the rat and alterations produced upon exposure of chylomicrons to blood serum and serum proteins.", "content": "Protein composition was determined in mesenteric lymph chylomicrons from fat-fed rats. Among the proteins of intermediate molecular weight, apoproteins A-I and the arginine-rich apoprotein accounted for 31% and 4% of the total protein mass, respectively. Apoprotein B and apoprotein A-IV each accounted for about 10% and proteins of low molecular weight (C apoproteins and apoprotein A-II) accounted for most of the remainder. Apoprotein A-I also accounted for more than 30% of the protein mass of mesenteric lymph lipoproteins of density less than 1.006 g/ml (\"small chylomicrons\") obtained from rats fed glucose. Aproprotein A-I was partially dissociated from chylomicrons during brief ultracentrifugation. Both the arginine-rich apoprotein and the C apoproteins in rat blood serum were transferred to lymph chylomicrons from fat-fed rats during incubation in vitro. Content of arginine-rich apoprotein, determined immunochemically, increased six-fold when chylomicrons were diluted to a final concentration of 500 mg/dl in blood serum. Upon incubation of chylomicrons in equivalent volumes of ultracentrifugal fractions of serum, the increase of the arginine-rich apoprotein was: very low density lipoproteins, 1.5-fold; high density lipoproteins, 1.8-fold; density fraction greater than 1.006 g/ml, 5.0-fold; density fraction greater than 1.21 g/ml, 11-fold. Content of apoprotein A-I, also determined immunochemically, was not altered appreciably by exposure to serum or its ultracentrifugal fractions, whereas content of C apoproteins, estimated from intensity of staining of the low molecular weight protein component in polyacrylamide gel electropherograms, increased in all cases except for the density fraction greater than 1.21 g/ml. The fractional content of apoprotein A-I in the protein of chylomicrons fell after incubation, whereas that of the arginine-rich apoprotein remained constant or rose substantially. The fractional content of apoprotein A-IV in chylomicron-protein tended to follow that of apoprotein A-I, as judged from polyacrylamide gel electropherograms. Transfer of the arginine-rich and C apoproteins to chylomicrons from blood serum was directly related to the volume of serum in which the chylomicrons were diluted and occurred rapidly at room temperature or at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "Composition of proteins of mesenteric lymph chylomicrons in the rat and alterations produced upon exposure of chylomicrons to blood serum and serum proteins. Protein composition was determined in mesenteric lymph chylomicrons from fat-fed rats. Among the proteins of intermediate molecular weight, apoproteins A-I and the arginine-rich apoprotein accounted for 31% and 4% of the total protein mass, respectively. Apoprotein B and apoprotein A-IV each accounted for about 10% and proteins of low molecular weight (C apoproteins and apoprotein A-II) accounted for most of the remainder. Apoprotein A-I also accounted for more than 30% of the protein mass of mesenteric lymph lipoproteins of density less than 1.006 g/ml (\"small chylomicrons\") obtained from rats fed glucose. Aproprotein A-I was partially dissociated from chylomicrons during brief ultracentrifugation. Both the arginine-rich apoprotein and the C apoproteins in rat blood serum were transferred to lymph chylomicrons from fat-fed rats during incubation in vitro. Content of arginine-rich apoprotein, determined immunochemically, increased six-fold when chylomicrons were diluted to a final concentration of 500 mg/dl in blood serum. Upon incubation of chylomicrons in equivalent volumes of ultracentrifugal fractions of serum, the increase of the arginine-rich apoprotein was: very low density lipoproteins, 1.5-fold; high density lipoproteins, 1.8-fold; density fraction greater than 1.006 g/ml, 5.0-fold; density fraction greater than 1.21 g/ml, 11-fold. Content of apoprotein A-I, also determined immunochemically, was not altered appreciably by exposure to serum or its ultracentrifugal fractions, whereas content of C apoproteins, estimated from intensity of staining of the low molecular weight protein component in polyacrylamide gel electropherograms, increased in all cases except for the density fraction greater than 1.21 g/ml. The fractional content of apoprotein A-I in the protein of chylomicrons fell after incubation, whereas that of the arginine-rich apoprotein remained constant or rose substantially. The fractional content of apoprotein A-IV in chylomicron-protein tended to follow that of apoprotein A-I, as judged from polyacrylamide gel electropherograms. Transfer of the arginine-rich and C apoproteins to chylomicrons from blood serum was directly related to the volume of serum in which the chylomicrons were diluted and occurred rapidly at room temperature or at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 690511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8864", "title": "Changes in biliary lipid and biliary bile acid composition in patients after administration of ursodeoxycholic acid.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with gallstones were treated with two dosage levels of ursodeoxycholic acid, 600 mg/day and 150 mg/day. Two to three months after the treatment, the molar percentage of cholesterol in bile significantly decreased (from 7.4 to 4.5 mole % in the 600 mg group and from 7.6 to 4.0 mole % in the 150 mg group), so that bile became unsaturated in most patients in both treatment groups. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Biliary ursodeoxycholate increased in proportion to dose, and the sum of ursodeoxycholic acid plus chenodeoxycholic acid in biliary bile acids was over 70%. The was no significant increase in the proportion of lithocholate in bile. The major fecal bile acid of patients receiving ursodeoxycholic acid was lithocholic acid. Serum bile acid concentration rose slightly after 3 months of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment, and the major circulating bile acid became ursodeoxycholic acid. Ursodeoxycholic acid is well absorbed from intestine, undergoes little biotransformation during hepatic passage, and is 7-dehydroxylated by colonic bacteria. The litholytic activity of ursodeoxycholic acid was demonstrated in two patients receiving 450 mg and 150 mg, respectively, of the bile acid per day.", "contents": "Changes in biliary lipid and biliary bile acid composition in patients after administration of ursodeoxycholic acid. Twenty-three patients with gallstones were treated with two dosage levels of ursodeoxycholic acid, 600 mg/day and 150 mg/day. Two to three months after the treatment, the molar percentage of cholesterol in bile significantly decreased (from 7.4 to 4.5 mole % in the 600 mg group and from 7.6 to 4.0 mole % in the 150 mg group), so that bile became unsaturated in most patients in both treatment groups. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Biliary ursodeoxycholate increased in proportion to dose, and the sum of ursodeoxycholic acid plus chenodeoxycholic acid in biliary bile acids was over 70%. The was no significant increase in the proportion of lithocholate in bile. The major fecal bile acid of patients receiving ursodeoxycholic acid was lithocholic acid. Serum bile acid concentration rose slightly after 3 months of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment, and the major circulating bile acid became ursodeoxycholic acid. Ursodeoxycholic acid is well absorbed from intestine, undergoes little biotransformation during hepatic passage, and is 7-dehydroxylated by colonic bacteria. The litholytic activity of ursodeoxycholic acid was demonstrated in two patients receiving 450 mg and 150 mg, respectively, of the bile acid per day.", "PMID": 690512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8865", "title": "Effects of acetate, acetaldehyde, and ethanol on lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes.", "content": "The effects of different concentrations of acetate, acetaldehyde, and ethanol, alone or in combination, on the lipolysis rate, measured as glycerol release, were studied in isolated adipocytes from fed or fasted rats, in the basal state and at various levels of norepinephrine stimulation. Acetate inhibited the glycerol release in a dose-dependent manner (congruent to 10% inhibition at 2 mM, 25--70% at 10 mM) with the most marked effects at low to moderate norepinephrine concentratione and at maximal (100 ng/ml) hormone stimulation. Ethanol, up to 100 mM concentration, had no effect on the lipolysis rate. Acetaldehyde, up to 1 mM concentration, had no reproducible effect. Ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate in combination inhibited glycerol release to an extent similar to that of acetate alone.", "contents": "Effects of acetate, acetaldehyde, and ethanol on lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes. The effects of different concentrations of acetate, acetaldehyde, and ethanol, alone or in combination, on the lipolysis rate, measured as glycerol release, were studied in isolated adipocytes from fed or fasted rats, in the basal state and at various levels of norepinephrine stimulation. Acetate inhibited the glycerol release in a dose-dependent manner (congruent to 10% inhibition at 2 mM, 25--70% at 10 mM) with the most marked effects at low to moderate norepinephrine concentratione and at maximal (100 ng/ml) hormone stimulation. Ethanol, up to 100 mM concentration, had no effect on the lipolysis rate. Acetaldehyde, up to 1 mM concentration, had no reproducible effect. Ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate in combination inhibited glycerol release to an extent similar to that of acetate alone.", "PMID": 690513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8866", "title": "Resolution of desmosterol, cholesterol, and other sterol intermediates by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A highly efficient technique has been developed for the resolution of several sterols that are intermediates in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and that differ only by one carbon-carbon double bond or by one methyl group. The technique described utilizes reverse-phase high-pressue liquid chromatography on a micronBondapak-C18 column with acetonitrile as eluting solvent. This procedure is capable of measuring the enzymatic conversion of desmosterol to cholesterol. This chromatographic separation can be conducted by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography in approximately 10 min, whereas other procedures can require several days.", "contents": "Resolution of desmosterol, cholesterol, and other sterol intermediates by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. A highly efficient technique has been developed for the resolution of several sterols that are intermediates in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and that differ only by one carbon-carbon double bond or by one methyl group. The technique described utilizes reverse-phase high-pressue liquid chromatography on a micronBondapak-C18 column with acetonitrile as eluting solvent. This procedure is capable of measuring the enzymatic conversion of desmosterol to cholesterol. This chromatographic separation can be conducted by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography in approximately 10 min, whereas other procedures can require several days.", "PMID": 690514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8867", "title": "Effects of small amounts of pentadecan-2-one on the growth of Clostridium butyricum.", "content": "Primary alcohols occur as trace lipids and are the only long-chain alcohol species present in Clostridium butyricum. Secondary alcohols do not occur physiologically in this microorganism. Exposure of these cells to the methyl ketone, pentadecan-2-one, results in a marked decrease in the primary alcohol content with the secondary alcohol, pentadadecan-2-ol, becoming the major alcohol present. This change in lipid composition is associated with a significant decrease in growth rate that is proportional to the log of the pentadecan 2-one concentration of the incubation medium. When these cells are incubated with pentadecan-2-ol alone, growth is unaffected. Simultaneous exposure of the bacteria to pentadecan-2-one and a mixture of primary alcohols results in a partial relief of the growth inhibition observed with the ketone alone. These observations indicate that pentadecan-2-one inhibits the formation of primary alcohols that are important for normal growth of this bacterium.", "contents": "Effects of small amounts of pentadecan-2-one on the growth of Clostridium butyricum. Primary alcohols occur as trace lipids and are the only long-chain alcohol species present in Clostridium butyricum. Secondary alcohols do not occur physiologically in this microorganism. Exposure of these cells to the methyl ketone, pentadecan-2-one, results in a marked decrease in the primary alcohol content with the secondary alcohol, pentadadecan-2-ol, becoming the major alcohol present. This change in lipid composition is associated with a significant decrease in growth rate that is proportional to the log of the pentadecan 2-one concentration of the incubation medium. When these cells are incubated with pentadecan-2-ol alone, growth is unaffected. Simultaneous exposure of the bacteria to pentadecan-2-one and a mixture of primary alcohols results in a partial relief of the growth inhibition observed with the ketone alone. These observations indicate that pentadecan-2-one inhibits the formation of primary alcohols that are important for normal growth of this bacterium.", "PMID": 690515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8868", "title": "Analysis of bile acids in serum and bile by capillary gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Various liquid phases for glass capillary columns have been evaluated for gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of methyl ester trimethylsilylether derivatives of bile acids from serum and bile. Bile acid analysis is rapid and exhibits high separation efficiency with a 20 X 0.3 mm glass capillary column whose internal surface is covered with a crystal layer of barium carbonate and coated with polyethyleneglycol 20000 as liquid phase according to Grob et al.", "contents": "Analysis of bile acids in serum and bile by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Various liquid phases for glass capillary columns have been evaluated for gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of methyl ester trimethylsilylether derivatives of bile acids from serum and bile. Bile acid analysis is rapid and exhibits high separation efficiency with a 20 X 0.3 mm glass capillary column whose internal surface is covered with a crystal layer of barium carbonate and coated with polyethyleneglycol 20000 as liquid phase according to Grob et al.", "PMID": 690516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8869", "title": "Quantification of adipocyte free and esterified cholesterol using liquid gel chromatography.", "content": "A reliable method for the separation of free and esterified cholesterol in adipocyte extracts is described. The procedure uses Sephadex LH-20, a lipophilic dextran gel, with a solvent system of chloroform-hexane 55:45 (v/v). Interference by excess triglyceride, such as that encountered in adipocyte total lipid extracts, was not observed, and overall recovery of both sterols exceeded 98%.", "contents": "Quantification of adipocyte free and esterified cholesterol using liquid gel chromatography. A reliable method for the separation of free and esterified cholesterol in adipocyte extracts is described. The procedure uses Sephadex LH-20, a lipophilic dextran gel, with a solvent system of chloroform-hexane 55:45 (v/v). Interference by excess triglyceride, such as that encountered in adipocyte total lipid extracts, was not observed, and overall recovery of both sterols exceeded 98%.", "PMID": 690517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8870", "title": "A rapid biosynthetic method for the preparation of radioactive phosphatidyl-CMP(CDP-diacylglycerol) of high specific activity.", "content": "A procedrue is described for the preparation of [32P]phosphatidyl-CMP(CDP-diacylglycerol) from rat pineal glands incubated with [32P]orthophosphate and DL-propranolol. The product is 95% radiopure and a high specific acitivity. The yield of liponucleotide is 0.4--0.9 micron Ci/mCi of [32P]orthophosphate in the medium. The same method can also be used for the biosynthesis and purification of [3H]phosphatidyl-CMP when [3H]cytidine is the precursor.", "contents": "A rapid biosynthetic method for the preparation of radioactive phosphatidyl-CMP(CDP-diacylglycerol) of high specific activity. A procedrue is described for the preparation of [32P]phosphatidyl-CMP(CDP-diacylglycerol) from rat pineal glands incubated with [32P]orthophosphate and DL-propranolol. The product is 95% radiopure and a high specific acitivity. The yield of liponucleotide is 0.4--0.9 micron Ci/mCi of [32P]orthophosphate in the medium. The same method can also be used for the biosynthesis and purification of [3H]phosphatidyl-CMP when [3H]cytidine is the precursor.", "PMID": 690518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8871", "title": "Bile acids. OV. 2,2-Dimethoxypropane: an esterifying agent preferred to diazomethane for chenodeoxycholic acid.", "content": "Artifacts formed by methylation of chenodeoxycholic acid with diazomethane are identical to the synthetic 3alpha- and 7 alpha-monomethyl ethers of methyl chenodeoxycholate. The extent of formation of these artifacts with time has been studied. No detectable artifacts were found with 2,2-dimethoxypropane as the methylating agent.", "contents": "Bile acids. OV. 2,2-Dimethoxypropane: an esterifying agent preferred to diazomethane for chenodeoxycholic acid. Artifacts formed by methylation of chenodeoxycholic acid with diazomethane are identical to the synthetic 3alpha- and 7 alpha-monomethyl ethers of methyl chenodeoxycholate. The extent of formation of these artifacts with time has been studied. No detectable artifacts were found with 2,2-dimethoxypropane as the methylating agent.", "PMID": 690519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8872", "title": "Alternation of atrial cycle length in supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Nine cases of alternation of the atrial cycles during supraventricular tachycardia are presented, three of which were manifestly due to digitalis toxicity. They presented the following features: absence of 1/1 conduction, upright P waves in Lead II, atrial rates of 156-218. When alternation disappeared, the atrium adopted the longest of the previously inscribed cycles. A ventriculophasic cause was excluded. The possible mechanisms are discussed in terms of the known functional anatomy of the various forms of SVT.", "contents": "Alternation of atrial cycle length in supraventricular tachycardia. Nine cases of alternation of the atrial cycles during supraventricular tachycardia are presented, three of which were manifestly due to digitalis toxicity. They presented the following features: absence of 1/1 conduction, upright P waves in Lead II, atrial rates of 156-218. When alternation disappeared, the atrium adopted the longest of the previously inscribed cycles. A ventriculophasic cause was excluded. The possible mechanisms are discussed in terms of the known functional anatomy of the various forms of SVT.", "PMID": 690547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8873", "title": "A paucity of chronic electrocardiographic changes with adriamycin therapy.", "content": "Serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 49 patients receiving adriamycin were analyzed for the development of persistent changes. The ECG changes were compared with those of a control group of 20 patients receiving other chemotherapeutic drugs, which were comparable to the additional chemotherapy received by the adriamycin patients. The only chronic ECG changes noted with adriamycin over control were the loss of P wave amplitude in the greater than 500 mg/m2 dose subgroup and the clockwise rotation of the precordial QRS in the 250-500 mg/m2 dose subgroup. In contrast, systolic time intervals demonstrated a gradual diminution in left ventricular function at increasing doses of adriamycin. The electrocardiogram itself appears to be of limited value in the assessment of cardiac toxicity with adriamycin therapy.", "contents": "A paucity of chronic electrocardiographic changes with adriamycin therapy. Serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 49 patients receiving adriamycin were analyzed for the development of persistent changes. The ECG changes were compared with those of a control group of 20 patients receiving other chemotherapeutic drugs, which were comparable to the additional chemotherapy received by the adriamycin patients. The only chronic ECG changes noted with adriamycin over control were the loss of P wave amplitude in the greater than 500 mg/m2 dose subgroup and the clockwise rotation of the precordial QRS in the 250-500 mg/m2 dose subgroup. In contrast, systolic time intervals demonstrated a gradual diminution in left ventricular function at increasing doses of adriamycin. The electrocardiogram itself appears to be of limited value in the assessment of cardiac toxicity with adriamycin therapy.", "PMID": 690550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8874", "title": "A quantitative technical quality assay method for electrocardiograms.", "content": "A method is presented for quantitative assessment of ECG technical quality to permit sensitive detection of performance trends of individual technicians or entire ECG laboratories. The common flaws in ECG recording technic are those which introduce ultra-low frequency artifact or baseline shift, powerline artifact, myographic and intermediate frequency artifact, clipping of waveforms, disconnection or reversal of electrodes and general faults of protocol adherence. Procedures for quantitating these attributes are presented and explained in order to arrive at a mean figure of merit for each ECG recording. Use of such a method can aid ECG technicians' understanding of the important features of tracing quality and provide an objective basis for the recognition of outstanding performance, on one hand, or the need for remedial training, on the other.", "contents": "A quantitative technical quality assay method for electrocardiograms. A method is presented for quantitative assessment of ECG technical quality to permit sensitive detection of performance trends of individual technicians or entire ECG laboratories. The common flaws in ECG recording technic are those which introduce ultra-low frequency artifact or baseline shift, powerline artifact, myographic and intermediate frequency artifact, clipping of waveforms, disconnection or reversal of electrodes and general faults of protocol adherence. Procedures for quantitating these attributes are presented and explained in order to arrive at a mean figure of merit for each ECG recording. Use of such a method can aid ECG technicians' understanding of the important features of tracing quality and provide an objective basis for the recognition of outstanding performance, on one hand, or the need for remedial training, on the other.", "PMID": 690553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8875", "title": "A controlled study of a new ECG electrode system.", "content": "A newly marketed resting ECG electrode system was compared with conventional metal suction and plate electrodes, electrode cream and patient cable. Two experienced technicians were given special training in the use of the new electrode, electrolyte and patient cable system and alternated daily in using new and conventional equipment. Nearly equal numbers of perfect-scoring ECGs were recorded with each system, attesting to the impartiality of the technicians. A total of 1,062 ECGs were evaluated, 554 with the new system and 508 with the conventional one. ECG tracings were evaluated by electrocardiographers unaware of which system was used for each. A quantitative scoring system was used to measure the technical quality of each tracing in terms of baseline drift, powerline artifact and myographic plus miscellaneous artifacts. The new system received mean scores of 2.33, 3.08, and 2.72, respectively, while the conventional electrodes received scores of 2.56, 3.03 and 2.79. We concluded that the two types of electrodes produced ECGs of essentially equal quality.", "contents": "A controlled study of a new ECG electrode system. A newly marketed resting ECG electrode system was compared with conventional metal suction and plate electrodes, electrode cream and patient cable. Two experienced technicians were given special training in the use of the new electrode, electrolyte and patient cable system and alternated daily in using new and conventional equipment. Nearly equal numbers of perfect-scoring ECGs were recorded with each system, attesting to the impartiality of the technicians. A total of 1,062 ECGs were evaluated, 554 with the new system and 508 with the conventional one. ECG tracings were evaluated by electrocardiographers unaware of which system was used for each. A quantitative scoring system was used to measure the technical quality of each tracing in terms of baseline drift, powerline artifact and myographic plus miscellaneous artifacts. The new system received mean scores of 2.33, 3.08, and 2.72, respectively, while the conventional electrodes received scores of 2.56, 3.03 and 2.79. We concluded that the two types of electrodes produced ECGs of essentially equal quality.", "PMID": 690554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8876", "title": "Metastatic atrial tumor: case report with electrocardiographic-pathologic correlation.", "content": "This report describes a case in which the pre-mortem diagnosis of a right atrial metastasis from a bronchogenic carcinoma was made on the basis of distinctive PR segment (atrial repolarization) changes and atrial arrhythmias. The differential diagnosis of such PR segment deviations also includes functional changes, pericarditis, atrial infarction, and other types of atrial injury.", "contents": "Metastatic atrial tumor: case report with electrocardiographic-pathologic correlation. This report describes a case in which the pre-mortem diagnosis of a right atrial metastasis from a bronchogenic carcinoma was made on the basis of distinctive PR segment (atrial repolarization) changes and atrial arrhythmias. The differential diagnosis of such PR segment deviations also includes functional changes, pericarditis, atrial infarction, and other types of atrial injury.", "PMID": 690555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8877", "title": "Concealed atrial electrical activity.", "content": "In the following paragraphs we describe a case diagnosed clinically and haemodynamically as a cardiomyopathy. Atrial flutter which was not in evidence in the standard ECG was diagnosed by the use of a new technique of amplification and filtering of special surface leads (T.A.F.). The diagnosis was later confirmed by means of special internal techniques (intra-atrial ECG and His bundle recording). The existence of a subpraventricular rhythm, probably sinusal, and also unapparent in the standard ECG, was observed by using the same method after electrical defibrillation. We comment on the extreme rareness of discovering concealed atrial rhythms and their possible explanation, and we emphasize the usefulness of the T.A.F. technique in their diagnosis.", "contents": "Concealed atrial electrical activity. In the following paragraphs we describe a case diagnosed clinically and haemodynamically as a cardiomyopathy. Atrial flutter which was not in evidence in the standard ECG was diagnosed by the use of a new technique of amplification and filtering of special surface leads (T.A.F.). The diagnosis was later confirmed by means of special internal techniques (intra-atrial ECG and His bundle recording). The existence of a subpraventricular rhythm, probably sinusal, and also unapparent in the standard ECG, was observed by using the same method after electrical defibrillation. We comment on the extreme rareness of discovering concealed atrial rhythms and their possible explanation, and we emphasize the usefulness of the T.A.F. technique in their diagnosis.", "PMID": 690556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8878", "title": "[Influence of specimen withdrawal on the results of chemical analyses of blood, plasma and serum in patients with stable or centralized circulation (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of circulatory conditions, point of blood withdrawal (arterial, central or peripheral venous) and the plasma-serum relation on 29 clinical chemical and hematological parameters were studied with 22 polytraumatized patients. The conditions studied significantly affect the results, and must be taken into consideration in evaluating the results and their comparison to reference values. This is especially important for the determination of the catalytic activities of creatine kinase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, and alkaline phosphatase in centralized-circulatory patients, for the total protein the electrophoretic fractions and analyses of blood gas as a function of the point of blood withdrawal, and for the total protein, gamma-globulins and potassium when plasma is analysed instead of serum.", "contents": "[Influence of specimen withdrawal on the results of chemical analyses of blood, plasma and serum in patients with stable or centralized circulation (author's transl)]. The influence of circulatory conditions, point of blood withdrawal (arterial, central or peripheral venous) and the plasma-serum relation on 29 clinical chemical and hematological parameters were studied with 22 polytraumatized patients. The conditions studied significantly affect the results, and must be taken into consideration in evaluating the results and their comparison to reference values. This is especially important for the determination of the catalytic activities of creatine kinase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, and alkaline phosphatase in centralized-circulatory patients, for the total protein the electrophoretic fractions and analyses of blood gas as a function of the point of blood withdrawal, and for the total protein, gamma-globulins and potassium when plasma is analysed instead of serum.", "PMID": 690567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8879", "title": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for pig pancreatic kallikrein.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the determination of pig pancreatic kallikrein was developed. The chloramine-T method was employed for the labelling of the antigen with 125I. The assay allows the determination of kallikrein in concentrations as low as 0.4 microgram/l. Pig urinary and pig submandibular kallikreins are indistinguishable from pig pancreatic kallikrein by the assay. No cross reactivity was observed for bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin, porcine trypsin and kallikreins of guinea pig submandibular glands and guinea pig coagulation glands. Because of the high specificity of the assay, which is not attainable with conventional assays based on the enzymatic activity, the radioimmunoassay is highly suited for investigations into the physiological role and the pharmacological mechanism of action of pig glandular kallikreins.", "contents": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for pig pancreatic kallikrein. A radioimmunoassay for the determination of pig pancreatic kallikrein was developed. The chloramine-T method was employed for the labelling of the antigen with 125I. The assay allows the determination of kallikrein in concentrations as low as 0.4 microgram/l. Pig urinary and pig submandibular kallikreins are indistinguishable from pig pancreatic kallikrein by the assay. No cross reactivity was observed for bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin, porcine trypsin and kallikreins of guinea pig submandibular glands and guinea pig coagulation glands. Because of the high specificity of the assay, which is not attainable with conventional assays based on the enzymatic activity, the radioimmunoassay is highly suited for investigations into the physiological role and the pharmacological mechanism of action of pig glandular kallikreins.", "PMID": 690568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8880", "title": "[Determination of the serum protein concentration based on the measurement of density by the mechanical oscillator technique (author's transl)].", "content": "A linear relation is well established between the density and protein concentration of the serum. The measurement of protein concentration by a new technique for the determination of the absolute density, the mechanical oscillator technique, was investigated. The method is based on the determination of the resonant frequency of a mechanical bending-type, U-shaped glass tube oscillator filled with the sample. The shift in the resonant frequency of the oscillator caused by the mass of the defined volume of the sample taking part in the vibration can be used to calculate the density or protein concentration of the sample. In spite of the low specificity of the method, the interference of substances like glucose, urea or triglycerides is small. Simplicity and rapid results of high accuracy recommend the mechanical oscillator technique for the routine laboratory.", "contents": "[Determination of the serum protein concentration based on the measurement of density by the mechanical oscillator technique (author's transl)]. A linear relation is well established between the density and protein concentration of the serum. The measurement of protein concentration by a new technique for the determination of the absolute density, the mechanical oscillator technique, was investigated. The method is based on the determination of the resonant frequency of a mechanical bending-type, U-shaped glass tube oscillator filled with the sample. The shift in the resonant frequency of the oscillator caused by the mass of the defined volume of the sample taking part in the vibration can be used to calculate the density or protein concentration of the sample. In spite of the low specificity of the method, the interference of substances like glucose, urea or triglycerides is small. Simplicity and rapid results of high accuracy recommend the mechanical oscillator technique for the routine laboratory.", "PMID": 690569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8881", "title": "[Quantitative determination of serum proteins using a new laser nephelometer (author's transl)].", "content": "Methodological aspects of quantitative serum protein determinations, using a newly developed laser nephelometer (PDQTM laser nephelometer, Hyland), are reported. For within-day precision, determination of the four serum proteins IgG, IgA, IgM and C'3, showed coefficients of variation between 2.5% and 4.6%. For precision from day to day, the average variation coefficient was 8%, the lowest value being 5%. Provisional normal values for the four proteins were ascertained from a small group of 60 healthy individuals. These results, as well as those obtained in states of disease, correlate with values obtained by radial immunodiffusion. It is concluded that the method is reliable, and has a number of important advantages compared to radial immunodiffusion; namely, the much higher precision, better sensitivity, particularly in lower concentration ranges, and availability of results within two hours.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of serum proteins using a new laser nephelometer (author's transl)]. Methodological aspects of quantitative serum protein determinations, using a newly developed laser nephelometer (PDQTM laser nephelometer, Hyland), are reported. For within-day precision, determination of the four serum proteins IgG, IgA, IgM and C'3, showed coefficients of variation between 2.5% and 4.6%. For precision from day to day, the average variation coefficient was 8%, the lowest value being 5%. Provisional normal values for the four proteins were ascertained from a small group of 60 healthy individuals. These results, as well as those obtained in states of disease, correlate with values obtained by radial immunodiffusion. It is concluded that the method is reliable, and has a number of important advantages compared to radial immunodiffusion; namely, the much higher precision, better sensitivity, particularly in lower concentration ranges, and availability of results within two hours.", "PMID": 690570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8882", "title": "Evaluation of a micromethod for the determination of glucose in skin-puncture blood for the DuPont aca.", "content": "A micromethod is described for the determination of glucose in 20 microliter of skin-puncture blood for the DuPont aca. For the determination of glucose we prefer whole blood which is deproteinised with uranyl acetate. Some modification of test conditions are programmed into the computer II. The emergency analysis of supernatant on the aca then gives the same values as the Technicon Autoanalyzer II, using glucose dehydrogenase for routine analyses. The aca readout is linearly related to glucose concentrations up to 60 mmol/l.", "contents": "Evaluation of a micromethod for the determination of glucose in skin-puncture blood for the DuPont aca. A micromethod is described for the determination of glucose in 20 microliter of skin-puncture blood for the DuPont aca. For the determination of glucose we prefer whole blood which is deproteinised with uranyl acetate. Some modification of test conditions are programmed into the computer II. The emergency analysis of supernatant on the aca then gives the same values as the Technicon Autoanalyzer II, using glucose dehydrogenase for routine analyses. The aca readout is linearly related to glucose concentrations up to 60 mmol/l.", "PMID": 690571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8883", "title": "[Investigation of the interaction of carbamazepine or promazine with bovine serum albumin, using a new dialysis device (author's transl)].", "content": "The construction and operation of a new dialysis device are described. The unbound fraction of a drug in a buffered solution of albumin can be determined after 10-15 minutes. The usefullness of this device was demonstrated by the determination of the unbound fraction of Carbamazepine or Promazine in buffered solutions of bovine serum albumin. The results agreed with those obtained by control methods (equilibrium dialysis and gel filtration). Furthermore, the binding of Carbamazepine to bovine serum albumin was characterised by determining the overall binding constant (K1), the apparent binding constant (k+), the number of binding sites per molecule of albumin (n), the free reaction energy deltaFdegrees, and the unbound fraction of the drug.", "contents": "[Investigation of the interaction of carbamazepine or promazine with bovine serum albumin, using a new dialysis device (author's transl)]. The construction and operation of a new dialysis device are described. The unbound fraction of a drug in a buffered solution of albumin can be determined after 10-15 minutes. The usefullness of this device was demonstrated by the determination of the unbound fraction of Carbamazepine or Promazine in buffered solutions of bovine serum albumin. The results agreed with those obtained by control methods (equilibrium dialysis and gel filtration). Furthermore, the binding of Carbamazepine to bovine serum albumin was characterised by determining the overall binding constant (K1), the apparent binding constant (k+), the number of binding sites per molecule of albumin (n), the free reaction energy deltaFdegrees, and the unbound fraction of the drug.", "PMID": 690572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8884", "title": "Limulus psychophysics: temporal summation in the ventral eye.", "content": "Physiological experiments on the properties of temporal summation in single cells of the peripheral visual system of Limulus have shown that the type of temporal summation and the value of the critical duration depend on the way in which the investigator arbitrarily chooses to analyze the same physiological response. The behavioral expression of temporal summation should therefore depend upon the way in which the central nervous system actually analyzes responses transmitted by peripheral structures as well as upon the nature of these peripheral responses. Accordingly, the present two behavioral experiments investigated the analysis of temporal summation carried out by the central nervous system of Limulus by investigating the psychophysics of temporal summation mediated by the ventral eye. Supersummation occurred in both psychophysical experiments up to critical durations near 4.5 sec, which was approximately the same as the reaction times or latencies of the behavioral responses at threshold. The degree of supersummation was extreme; a fourfold change in stimulus duration required an almost 40,000-fold change in stimulus intensity to remain at threshold. Even though some features of physiologically recorded receptor potentials have critical durations less than 10 msec, these findings suggest that the central nervous system of Limulus can integrate peripheral signals over intervals of many seconds. Since the source of the supersummation is the nonlinearity of the receptor transfer function at high levels, these results also indicate that a behavior at threshold can be mediated by a strong neural response.", "contents": "Limulus psychophysics: temporal summation in the ventral eye. Physiological experiments on the properties of temporal summation in single cells of the peripheral visual system of Limulus have shown that the type of temporal summation and the value of the critical duration depend on the way in which the investigator arbitrarily chooses to analyze the same physiological response. The behavioral expression of temporal summation should therefore depend upon the way in which the central nervous system actually analyzes responses transmitted by peripheral structures as well as upon the nature of these peripheral responses. Accordingly, the present two behavioral experiments investigated the analysis of temporal summation carried out by the central nervous system of Limulus by investigating the psychophysics of temporal summation mediated by the ventral eye. Supersummation occurred in both psychophysical experiments up to critical durations near 4.5 sec, which was approximately the same as the reaction times or latencies of the behavioral responses at threshold. The degree of supersummation was extreme; a fourfold change in stimulus duration required an almost 40,000-fold change in stimulus intensity to remain at threshold. Even though some features of physiologically recorded receptor potentials have critical durations less than 10 msec, these findings suggest that the central nervous system of Limulus can integrate peripheral signals over intervals of many seconds. Since the source of the supersummation is the nonlinearity of the receptor transfer function at high levels, these results also indicate that a behavior at threshold can be mediated by a strong neural response.", "PMID": 690573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8885", "title": "Recognition failure of recallable words and recognizable words.", "content": "Three experiments are reported introducing variations in testing mode and cuing context into the general procedures used to demonstrate recognition failure of recallable words. Recognition failure of recognizable words can be demonstrated when a cued recognition test replaces the cued recall test in these general procedures. Also, recall failure of recallable words can be demonstrated if an uncued recall test replaces the initial uncued recognition test. If the initial recognition test involves cued recognition, then both the recognition failure of recallable words and the recognition failure of recognizable words are attenuated. Recognition failure of recognizable words was also present when distractors were not used in recognition testing. It was concluded that recognition-failure phenomena represent a special class of context effects; that is, they simply result from removing original study cues from one testing context and restoring them in a second testing context. It was suggested that theories of memory that recognize that memory performance may be sensitive to testing context are not contraindicated by the demonstration of recognition failure of recallable words.", "contents": "Recognition failure of recallable words and recognizable words. Three experiments are reported introducing variations in testing mode and cuing context into the general procedures used to demonstrate recognition failure of recallable words. Recognition failure of recognizable words can be demonstrated when a cued recognition test replaces the cued recall test in these general procedures. Also, recall failure of recallable words can be demonstrated if an uncued recall test replaces the initial uncued recognition test. If the initial recognition test involves cued recognition, then both the recognition failure of recallable words and the recognition failure of recognizable words are attenuated. Recognition failure of recognizable words was also present when distractors were not used in recognition testing. It was concluded that recognition-failure phenomena represent a special class of context effects; that is, they simply result from removing original study cues from one testing context and restoring them in a second testing context. It was suggested that theories of memory that recognize that memory performance may be sensitive to testing context are not contraindicated by the demonstration of recognition failure of recallable words.", "PMID": 690576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8886", "title": "Chronic granulomatous disease in the adult.", "content": "Chronic granulomatous disease is a rare, inherited disease occasionally found in adults. It is characterized by repeated infections of the skin, lymph nodes, and viscera. The underlying cause is a metabolic inability of the leukocyte to destroy certain ingested bacteria and fungi that normally are saprophytes. The diagnois should be suspected in children and adults who present with repeated episodes of infection without an apparent underlying cause. The diagnosis can be established by the nitroblue tetrazolium test. Treatment is nonspecific and directed towards the underlying bacterial or mycotic infection rather than the genetically related deficiency of the leukocyte.", "contents": "Chronic granulomatous disease in the adult. Chronic granulomatous disease is a rare, inherited disease occasionally found in adults. It is characterized by repeated infections of the skin, lymph nodes, and viscera. The underlying cause is a metabolic inability of the leukocyte to destroy certain ingested bacteria and fungi that normally are saprophytes. The diagnois should be suspected in children and adults who present with repeated episodes of infection without an apparent underlying cause. The diagnosis can be established by the nitroblue tetrazolium test. Treatment is nonspecific and directed towards the underlying bacterial or mycotic infection rather than the genetically related deficiency of the leukocyte.", "PMID": 690579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8887", "title": "Polio immunization: benefits and risks.", "content": "There are epidemiological as well as legal risks to polio immunization. The physician should compare the risks of vaccination with the risks which attend nonvaccination. Another view of the incidence of paralysis following oral poliovaccine (OPV) shows that the risk is about 1.6 cases per 10(6) nonimmune children given OPV and that this rises to about ten cases per 10(6) nonimmune adults exposed to OPV. There is little evidence of reversion to virulence of the virus and it is proposed that susceptibility of vaccinees and contacts to OPV is genetic. The risk of contracting poliomyelitis from either vaccine or wild virus rises about tenfold from the age of about three years to about ten years and thereafter remains constant. The risk of vaccinating children must be balanced against a tenfold risk of vaccinating when older and against a very much higher risk of paralysis or death from a wild virus. Present vaccination policies have virtually eliminated wild virus from the United States but have left many nonimmunes. The consequences of reintroduction of wild virus are examined, and the legal implications of genetic susceptibility are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Polio immunization: benefits and risks. There are epidemiological as well as legal risks to polio immunization. The physician should compare the risks of vaccination with the risks which attend nonvaccination. Another view of the incidence of paralysis following oral poliovaccine (OPV) shows that the risk is about 1.6 cases per 10(6) nonimmune children given OPV and that this rises to about ten cases per 10(6) nonimmune adults exposed to OPV. There is little evidence of reversion to virulence of the virus and it is proposed that susceptibility of vaccinees and contacts to OPV is genetic. The risk of contracting poliomyelitis from either vaccine or wild virus rises about tenfold from the age of about three years to about ten years and thereafter remains constant. The risk of vaccinating children must be balanced against a tenfold risk of vaccinating when older and against a very much higher risk of paralysis or death from a wild virus. Present vaccination policies have virtually eliminated wild virus from the United States but have left many nonimmunes. The consequences of reintroduction of wild virus are examined, and the legal implications of genetic susceptibility are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 690580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8888", "title": "Quality of life and factors affecting the response to hysterectomy .", "content": "Hysterectomy is the most commonly performed major surgery in the United States. A hysterectomy does not produce significant psychopathology in a psychologically mature woman. Yet a mourning process occurs as a woman reintegrates her gender identity. Organic pathology, age, socioeconomic class, types of significant relationships, meaning given menses, coitus, childbearing, children, and vocational and avocational involvements are variables affecting every woman's attitudes toward, decision to have, and reactions to a hysterectomy. Each woman's characteristic coping pattern in a personally threatening situation is apparent during her hospitalization. In the process of reorganizing her gender identity, other interests (vocational and avocational) and intimate interpersonal relationships will assume new significance. The most frequent psychopathological reaction is depression. A woman's potential for depression is increased with malignancy, predisposing personality features, a history of depressive responses to stress, and concurrent marital disruption. Data support a higher incidence of depression in posthysterectomy than in other postsurgical female patients.", "contents": "Quality of life and factors affecting the response to hysterectomy . Hysterectomy is the most commonly performed major surgery in the United States. A hysterectomy does not produce significant psychopathology in a psychologically mature woman. Yet a mourning process occurs as a woman reintegrates her gender identity. Organic pathology, age, socioeconomic class, types of significant relationships, meaning given menses, coitus, childbearing, children, and vocational and avocational involvements are variables affecting every woman's attitudes toward, decision to have, and reactions to a hysterectomy. Each woman's characteristic coping pattern in a personally threatening situation is apparent during her hospitalization. In the process of reorganizing her gender identity, other interests (vocational and avocational) and intimate interpersonal relationships will assume new significance. The most frequent psychopathological reaction is depression. A woman's potential for depression is increased with malignancy, predisposing personality features, a history of depressive responses to stress, and concurrent marital disruption. Data support a higher incidence of depression in posthysterectomy than in other postsurgical female patients.", "PMID": 690581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8889", "title": "Group therapy in family medicine: part 4: a case report.", "content": "This paper is the last of a four-part series and presents a case report of a patient who attended a 20-week course of group therapy in a family practice. She was a patient who identified herself as medically, but not psychiatrically, sick. She was appropriately investigated and referred within the practice for assessment of her suitability for group therapy. Her course of treatment is described and explained. The satisfactory outcome of this case suggests that there may be a place in a busy family practice for referral of this type of patient.", "contents": "Group therapy in family medicine: part 4: a case report. This paper is the last of a four-part series and presents a case report of a patient who attended a 20-week course of group therapy in a family practice. She was a patient who identified herself as medically, but not psychiatrically, sick. She was appropriately investigated and referred within the practice for assessment of her suitability for group therapy. Her course of treatment is described and explained. The satisfactory outcome of this case suggests that there may be a place in a busy family practice for referral of this type of patient.", "PMID": 690582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8890", "title": "Recognition of depression by family medicine residents: the impact of screening.", "content": "Psychiatric problems are often encountered in general medical settings, yet physicians frequently fail to identify such problems. Validated questionnaires assessing psychiatric symptoms have been shown to be more sensitive than physicians in detecting cases of psychiatric morbidity. This study deals with depression, the psychiatric problem most frequently seen in primary care settings. A self-administered depression questionnaire was used to alert residents to possible cases of depression. Relay of information from the questionnaire significantly increased resident recognition of depression.", "contents": "Recognition of depression by family medicine residents: the impact of screening. Psychiatric problems are often encountered in general medical settings, yet physicians frequently fail to identify such problems. Validated questionnaires assessing psychiatric symptoms have been shown to be more sensitive than physicians in detecting cases of psychiatric morbidity. This study deals with depression, the psychiatric problem most frequently seen in primary care settings. A self-administered depression questionnaire was used to alert residents to possible cases of depression. Relay of information from the questionnaire significantly increased resident recognition of depression.", "PMID": 690583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8891", "title": "Experience of family practice residents as athletic team physicians.", "content": "Providing exposure for family practice residence to all aspects of community medicine is a common goal of training programs. The Antelope Valley Hospital Medical Center Family Practice Program has initiated an innovative project which involves residents serving as team physicians for local college athletic teams. This provides a valuable opportunity for residents to learn skills they can be expected to need in their future practice. The team physician's role offers educational potential for family practice residents through experience with acute orthopedic problems as well as the preventive and psychological aspects of sports medicine. This role also serves as an example of physician responsibility for health-related activities in the acommunity.", "contents": "Experience of family practice residents as athletic team physicians. Providing exposure for family practice residence to all aspects of community medicine is a common goal of training programs. The Antelope Valley Hospital Medical Center Family Practice Program has initiated an innovative project which involves residents serving as team physicians for local college athletic teams. This provides a valuable opportunity for residents to learn skills they can be expected to need in their future practice. The team physician's role offers educational potential for family practice residents through experience with acute orthopedic problems as well as the preventive and psychological aspects of sports medicine. This role also serves as an example of physician responsibility for health-related activities in the acommunity.", "PMID": 690584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8892", "title": "Family medicine in the undergraduate medical curriculum.", "content": "Family medicine has become an integral part of the under-graduate medical curriculum in many schools. The process of developing this important segment of the curriculum has encountered many difficulties which have centered around the particular phase in which family medicine is introduced in the student's development. The student must recognize family medicine as an academic discipline comparable to, and as important as, other traditional specialties. Through the use of the model practice unit, the development of cognitive behavioral objectives, and the provision of continuity of care experiences during the undergraduate medical curriculum, the student can grow to understand that family medicine is, in fact, as academically strong as other more traditional specialties. This article describes the experience, problems, and the development of these components in one medical school.", "contents": "Family medicine in the undergraduate medical curriculum. Family medicine has become an integral part of the under-graduate medical curriculum in many schools. The process of developing this important segment of the curriculum has encountered many difficulties which have centered around the particular phase in which family medicine is introduced in the student's development. The student must recognize family medicine as an academic discipline comparable to, and as important as, other traditional specialties. Through the use of the model practice unit, the development of cognitive behavioral objectives, and the provision of continuity of care experiences during the undergraduate medical curriculum, the student can grow to understand that family medicine is, in fact, as academically strong as other more traditional specialties. This article describes the experience, problems, and the development of these components in one medical school.", "PMID": 690585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8893", "title": "Pilot experience of a family practice-based combined clerkship.", "content": "In order to explore alternatives in clinical undergraduate medical education, an experimental Combined Clerkship was developed and implemented on the Grand Rapids campus of Michigan State University. Two third-year medical students spent three half-days per week for 36 weeks seeing patients in the family practice office, of a facluty member. Hospitalized patients from this practice were worked-up and used as the source of inpatient specialty learning. The students attended lectures and took oral and written examinations of all required clerkships, but had no specific hospital assignment during this  time. Two hundred nineteen patients were followed by these students, compared to 174 required by the clerkships. All written and oral examinations were passed. In addition to meeting all clerkship objectives, the students cared for 680 outpatients presenting 1,035 ICHPPC-coded problems. The top ten diagnoses were identified collectively and individually, and were compared to other published studies for corroboration of representative patient problems. This project demonstrates that the objectives of required clerkships can be met in an alternative setting that allows the addition of other important experiences.", "contents": "Pilot experience of a family practice-based combined clerkship. In order to explore alternatives in clinical undergraduate medical education, an experimental Combined Clerkship was developed and implemented on the Grand Rapids campus of Michigan State University. Two third-year medical students spent three half-days per week for 36 weeks seeing patients in the family practice office, of a facluty member. Hospitalized patients from this practice were worked-up and used as the source of inpatient specialty learning. The students attended lectures and took oral and written examinations of all required clerkships, but had no specific hospital assignment during this  time. Two hundred nineteen patients were followed by these students, compared to 174 required by the clerkships. All written and oral examinations were passed. In addition to meeting all clerkship objectives, the students cared for 680 outpatients presenting 1,035 ICHPPC-coded problems. The top ten diagnoses were identified collectively and individually, and were compared to other published studies for corroboration of representative patient problems. This project demonstrates that the objectives of required clerkships can be met in an alternative setting that allows the addition of other important experiences.", "PMID": 690586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8894", "title": "Hospital problems cared for by one family physician.", "content": "Most family physicians provide regular care in the community hospital setting. The North American literature is quite deficient in documenting this aspect of family practice. The purpose of this paper is to present the content of problems cared for in a small community hospital. The study population consisted of all inpatients care for principally by the author during the first year in practice. The hospital is a 100-bed facility in a representative midwestern community of 15,000. Data analyzed included age, sex, discharge diagnoses, and outcome. Diagnoses were coded and organized according to the ICHPPC code. During the one-year study period, 509 hospital problems were cared for. Primary responsibility for 235 hospitalizations was assumed, for an average of 19.6 patients hospitalized per month. The age/sex profile, when corrected for newborns and obstetric patients, showed peaks in the 75+ age category for both sexes. By major ICHPPC category, circulatory system diseases ranked first and respiratory diseases ranked second. Most frequent specific diagnoses were: (1) newborn care, (2) vaginal delivery, (3) congestive heart failure, (4) diabetes, and (5) chronic lung disease. There were eight deaths of 3.4 percent of the hospitalizations.", "contents": "Hospital problems cared for by one family physician. Most family physicians provide regular care in the community hospital setting. The North American literature is quite deficient in documenting this aspect of family practice. The purpose of this paper is to present the content of problems cared for in a small community hospital. The study population consisted of all inpatients care for principally by the author during the first year in practice. The hospital is a 100-bed facility in a representative midwestern community of 15,000. Data analyzed included age, sex, discharge diagnoses, and outcome. Diagnoses were coded and organized according to the ICHPPC code. During the one-year study period, 509 hospital problems were cared for. Primary responsibility for 235 hospitalizations was assumed, for an average of 19.6 patients hospitalized per month. The age/sex profile, when corrected for newborns and obstetric patients, showed peaks in the 75+ age category for both sexes. By major ICHPPC category, circulatory system diseases ranked first and respiratory diseases ranked second. Most frequent specific diagnoses were: (1) newborn care, (2) vaginal delivery, (3) congestive heart failure, (4) diabetes, and (5) chronic lung disease. There were eight deaths of 3.4 percent of the hospitalizations.", "PMID": 690587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8895", "title": "Process and outcome: lack of correlation in a primary care model.", "content": "Records of 87 hypertensive patients in a group family practice were reviewed to assess the validity of the process audit in determining medical care quality. Although a significant reduction in mean diastolic blood pressures was found at two follow-up intervals, physician performance scores showed no significant correlation with this outcome. Nor could an association between medical process and outcome be demonstrated when control of blood pressure to less than 95 mmHg was used as an outcome measure. The reliability between two chart auditors was poor, with complete agreement being achieved in only 29 percent of cases. Accurate quality assessment will require more practical methods of review which relate directly to patient outcomes.", "contents": "Process and outcome: lack of correlation in a primary care model. Records of 87 hypertensive patients in a group family practice were reviewed to assess the validity of the process audit in determining medical care quality. Although a significant reduction in mean diastolic blood pressures was found at two follow-up intervals, physician performance scores showed no significant correlation with this outcome. Nor could an association between medical process and outcome be demonstrated when control of blood pressure to less than 95 mmHg was used as an outcome measure. The reliability between two chart auditors was poor, with complete agreement being achieved in only 29 percent of cases. Accurate quality assessment will require more practical methods of review which relate directly to patient outcomes.", "PMID": 690588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8896", "title": "Cervical cytology: use and follow-up.", "content": "The Pat smear was introduced to clinical medicine 35 years ago. It is the most practical means of screening for precancerous lesions of the cervix. Endocervical and ectocervical samples improve detection. Colposcopy and colposcopically directed biopsy will document the most advanced lesion in almost all cases. The need for conization has been greatly reduced. Treatment of intraepithelial neoplasia will prevent the development of invasive cancer of the cervix.", "contents": "Cervical cytology: use and follow-up. The Pat smear was introduced to clinical medicine 35 years ago. It is the most practical means of screening for precancerous lesions of the cervix. Endocervical and ectocervical samples improve detection. Colposcopy and colposcopically directed biopsy will document the most advanced lesion in almost all cases. The need for conization has been greatly reduced. Treatment of intraepithelial neoplasia will prevent the development of invasive cancer of the cervix.", "PMID": 690590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8897", "title": "Incidence of asymptomatic gonorrhea in women.", "content": "Sixty-six of 70 consecutive cases of gonorrhea in women were reviewed retrospectively for presenting symptoms. Forty-four (44) percent were asymptomatic while an additional 48 percent mentioned only a vaginal discharge. The importance of taking routine gonorrhea cultures on all sexually active women is stressed. In medical settings where experience has shown a low yield of positive cultures, the Pennsylvania Health Department's priorities can be used to select the patients at highest risk of disease.", "contents": "Incidence of asymptomatic gonorrhea in women. Sixty-six of 70 consecutive cases of gonorrhea in women were reviewed retrospectively for presenting symptoms. Forty-four (44) percent were asymptomatic while an additional 48 percent mentioned only a vaginal discharge. The importance of taking routine gonorrhea cultures on all sexually active women is stressed. In medical settings where experience has shown a low yield of positive cultures, the Pennsylvania Health Department's priorities can be used to select the patients at highest risk of disease.", "PMID": 690592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8898", "title": "The response of the Limulus retina to moving stimuli: a prediction by Fourier synthesis.", "content": "The Limulus retina responds as a linear system to light stimuli which vary moderately about a mean level. The dynamics of such a system may conveniently be summarized by means of a spatiotemporal transfer function, which describes the response of the system to moving sinusoidal gratings. The response of the system to an arbitrary stimulus may then be calculated by adding together the system's responses to suitably weighted sinusoidal stimuli. We have measured such a spatiotemporal transfer function for the Limulus eye. We have then accurately predicted, in a parameter-free calculation, the eye's response to various stimulus patterns which move across it at several different velocities.", "contents": "The response of the Limulus retina to moving stimuli: a prediction by Fourier synthesis. The Limulus retina responds as a linear system to light stimuli which vary moderately about a mean level. The dynamics of such a system may conveniently be summarized by means of a spatiotemporal transfer function, which describes the response of the system to moving sinusoidal gratings. The response of the system to an arbitrary stimulus may then be calculated by adding together the system's responses to suitably weighted sinusoidal stimuli. We have measured such a spatiotemporal transfer function for the Limulus eye. We have then accurately predicted, in a parameter-free calculation, the eye's response to various stimulus patterns which move across it at several different velocities.", "PMID": 690594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8899", "title": "Potassium transference in Nitella.", "content": "Transmembrane movements of K+ and Cl- were studied under a variety of experimental conditions. Potassium was found to carry more than 50% of an externally applied inward positive current. The increase in K+ influx was much greater than that predicted by the purely passive model. The increase in Cl- efflux accounted for less than 10% of the applied current, in agreement with the value predicted for passive movement. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) caused an 80% reduction in K+ transference and a corresponding increase in the measured electrical resistance of the membrane. DNP also reduced the isotopically measured resting K+ influx and caused a substantial increase in both Cl- influx and efflux. Lowering of the pH from 5.7 to 4.7 also reduced the net K+ influx but without drastically altering the membrane resistance. It appears the major portion of an externally applied current does not travel through passive channels, but rather is shunted through a different membrane component. In conjunction with evidence previously establishing the H+ pump as the primary ion pump in Nitella, the data presented here are consistent with a K+/H+ exchange mechanism which can account for the observed net K+ accumulation and maintenance of the membrane potential above the electrochemical equilibrium potential of the major ions. This mechanism appears to be a likely candidate for the current shunt.", "contents": "Potassium transference in Nitella. Transmembrane movements of K+ and Cl- were studied under a variety of experimental conditions. Potassium was found to carry more than 50% of an externally applied inward positive current. The increase in K+ influx was much greater than that predicted by the purely passive model. The increase in Cl- efflux accounted for less than 10% of the applied current, in agreement with the value predicted for passive movement. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) caused an 80% reduction in K+ transference and a corresponding increase in the measured electrical resistance of the membrane. DNP also reduced the isotopically measured resting K+ influx and caused a substantial increase in both Cl- influx and efflux. Lowering of the pH from 5.7 to 4.7 also reduced the net K+ influx but without drastically altering the membrane resistance. It appears the major portion of an externally applied current does not travel through passive channels, but rather is shunted through a different membrane component. In conjunction with evidence previously establishing the H+ pump as the primary ion pump in Nitella, the data presented here are consistent with a K+/H+ exchange mechanism which can account for the observed net K+ accumulation and maintenance of the membrane potential above the electrochemical equilibrium potential of the major ions. This mechanism appears to be a likely candidate for the current shunt.", "PMID": 690595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8900", "title": "Alteration of sensitivity and time scale in invertebrate photoreceptors exposed to anoxia, dinitrophenol, and carbon dioxide.", "content": "The effects of anoxia, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), and carbon dioxide (CO2) on the late receptor potential of Balanus lateral ocelli, Limulus ventral eyes, and the retinular cells of Linulus lateral eyes have been studied. Either anoxia, DNP, or exposure to 100% CO2 causes a depolarization of 5-30 mV and a gradual reduction and eventually abolition of the late receptor potential and an increase in the latency and time to peak of the response. This lengthening of the time scale is in contrast to the response obtained in photoreceptors that have been light-adapted or injected with calcium. In that case a loss in sensitivity is associated with a decrease in latency and time to peak. Because of these observed differences, the effects of metabolic inhibition cannot be attributed merely to a loss in regulation of intracellular free calcium. Rather, because alteration of intracellular pH (pHi) by using either (NH4)2SO4 or CO2 produced changes in the photoresponse similar to those caused by metabolic inhibition, it is suggested that changes in pHi during metabolic inhibition can account in part for the lengthening of the time scale. In addition to the changes in pHi and internal Ca++ concentration due to metabolic inhibition, the possible role of other consequences of metabolism in the transduction mechanism is also discussed.", "contents": "Alteration of sensitivity and time scale in invertebrate photoreceptors exposed to anoxia, dinitrophenol, and carbon dioxide. The effects of anoxia, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), and carbon dioxide (CO2) on the late receptor potential of Balanus lateral ocelli, Limulus ventral eyes, and the retinular cells of Linulus lateral eyes have been studied. Either anoxia, DNP, or exposure to 100% CO2 causes a depolarization of 5-30 mV and a gradual reduction and eventually abolition of the late receptor potential and an increase in the latency and time to peak of the response. This lengthening of the time scale is in contrast to the response obtained in photoreceptors that have been light-adapted or injected with calcium. In that case a loss in sensitivity is associated with a decrease in latency and time to peak. Because of these observed differences, the effects of metabolic inhibition cannot be attributed merely to a loss in regulation of intracellular free calcium. Rather, because alteration of intracellular pH (pHi) by using either (NH4)2SO4 or CO2 produced changes in the photoresponse similar to those caused by metabolic inhibition, it is suggested that changes in pHi during metabolic inhibition can account in part for the lengthening of the time scale. In addition to the changes in pHi and internal Ca++ concentration due to metabolic inhibition, the possible role of other consequences of metabolism in the transduction mechanism is also discussed.", "PMID": 690596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8901", "title": "Lithium transport pathways in human red blood cells.", "content": "In human red cells, Li is extruded against its own concentration gradient if the external medium contains Na as a dominant cation. This uphill net Li extrusion occurs in the presence of external Na but not K, Rb, Cs, choline, Mg, or Ca, is ouabain-insensitive, inhibited by phloretin, and does not require the presence of cellular ATP. Li influx into human red cells has a ouabain-sensitive and a ouabain-insensitive but phloretin-sensitive component. Ouabain-sensitive Li influx is competitively inhibited by external K and Na and probably involves the site on which the Na-K pump normally transports K into red cells. Ouabain does not inhibit Li efflux from red cells containing Li concentrations below 10 mM in the presence of high internal Na or K, whereas a ouabain-sensitive Li efflux can be measured in cells loaded to contain 140 mM Li in the presence of little or no internal Na or K. Ouabain-insensitive Li efflux is stimulated by external Na and not by K, Rb, Cs, choline, Mg, or Ca ions. Na-dependent Li efflux does not require the presence of cellular ATP and is inhibited by phloretin, furosemide, quinine, and quinidine. Experiments carried out in cells loaded in the presence of nystatin to contain either only K or only Na show that the ouabain-insensitive, phloretin-inhibited Li movements into or out of human red cells are stimulated by Na on the trans side and inhibited by Na on the cis side of the red cell membrane. The characteristics of the Na-dependent unidirectional Li fluxes and uphill Li extrusion are similar, suggesting that they are mediated by the same Na-Li countertransport system.", "contents": "Lithium transport pathways in human red blood cells. In human red cells, Li is extruded against its own concentration gradient if the external medium contains Na as a dominant cation. This uphill net Li extrusion occurs in the presence of external Na but not K, Rb, Cs, choline, Mg, or Ca, is ouabain-insensitive, inhibited by phloretin, and does not require the presence of cellular ATP. Li influx into human red cells has a ouabain-sensitive and a ouabain-insensitive but phloretin-sensitive component. Ouabain-sensitive Li influx is competitively inhibited by external K and Na and probably involves the site on which the Na-K pump normally transports K into red cells. Ouabain does not inhibit Li efflux from red cells containing Li concentrations below 10 mM in the presence of high internal Na or K, whereas a ouabain-sensitive Li efflux can be measured in cells loaded to contain 140 mM Li in the presence of little or no internal Na or K. Ouabain-insensitive Li efflux is stimulated by external Na and not by K, Rb, Cs, choline, Mg, or Ca ions. Na-dependent Li efflux does not require the presence of cellular ATP and is inhibited by phloretin, furosemide, quinine, and quinidine. Experiments carried out in cells loaded in the presence of nystatin to contain either only K or only Na show that the ouabain-insensitive, phloretin-inhibited Li movements into or out of human red cells are stimulated by Na on the trans side and inhibited by Na on the cis side of the red cell membrane. The characteristics of the Na-dependent unidirectional Li fluxes and uphill Li extrusion are similar, suggesting that they are mediated by the same Na-Li countertransport system.", "PMID": 690597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8902", "title": "Kinetics and stoichiometry of Na-dependent Li transport in human red blood cells.", "content": "This paper describes the kinetics and stoichiometry of a tightly coupled Na-Li exchange transport system in human red cells. The system is inhibited by phloretin and furosemide but not by ouabain. Li influx by this system increases and saturates with increasing concentrations of external Li and internal Na and is inhibited competitively by external Na. Comparable functions relate Li efflux and Na efflux to internal and external Li and Na concentrations. Analysis of these relations yields the following values for the ion concentrations required to half-maximally activate the transport system: internal Na and Li 9.0 and 0.5 mM, respectively, external Na and Li 25 and 1.5 mM, respectively. The system performs a 1:1 exchange of Na and Li moving in opposite directions across the red cell membrane. We found no evidence for a simultaneous transport of more than one Na and Li by the system. The maximum transport rate of Na-dependent Li transport varied between 0.1 and 0.37 mmol/(liter of cells X h) in the red cells of the five normal male subjects studied. No significant variations between individual subjects were observed for bicarbonate-stimulated Li transport and for the residual Li fluxes which occur in the absence of bicarbonate and in the presence of ouabain plus phloretin.", "contents": "Kinetics and stoichiometry of Na-dependent Li transport in human red blood cells. This paper describes the kinetics and stoichiometry of a tightly coupled Na-Li exchange transport system in human red cells. The system is inhibited by phloretin and furosemide but not by ouabain. Li influx by this system increases and saturates with increasing concentrations of external Li and internal Na and is inhibited competitively by external Na. Comparable functions relate Li efflux and Na efflux to internal and external Li and Na concentrations. Analysis of these relations yields the following values for the ion concentrations required to half-maximally activate the transport system: internal Na and Li 9.0 and 0.5 mM, respectively, external Na and Li 25 and 1.5 mM, respectively. The system performs a 1:1 exchange of Na and Li moving in opposite directions across the red cell membrane. We found no evidence for a simultaneous transport of more than one Na and Li by the system. The maximum transport rate of Na-dependent Li transport varied between 0.1 and 0.37 mmol/(liter of cells X h) in the red cells of the five normal male subjects studied. No significant variations between individual subjects were observed for bicarbonate-stimulated Li transport and for the residual Li fluxes which occur in the absence of bicarbonate and in the presence of ouabain plus phloretin.", "PMID": 690598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8903", "title": "The chemotactic response of plasmodia of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum to sugars and related compounds.", "content": "A new technique, the double strip method, for studying the chemotaxis of myxomycete plasmodia is described. Physarum polycephalum was attracted by the aldohexoses D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannose and their derivatives 2-deoxy-D-glucose and maltose, thresholds ranging from 0.25 mM (D-glucose) to 5 mM (D-mannose). These sugars competed with each other, a uniform background of one of them inhibiting taxis to the others. Other attractants were N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and mannitol, with thresholds at 1 mM, and fucose (6-deoxy-D-galactose). Although in general only those carbohydrates which could support growth were attractants, there were exceptions such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose; hence metabolism of a compound was not necessary for attraction. In addition, some compounds, such as fructose, could be metabolized but did not attract. At high concentrations (about 100 mM) all the compounds tested, including attractants, could under appropriate conditions cause repulsion, probably through osmotic effects.", "contents": "The chemotactic response of plasmodia of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum to sugars and related compounds. A new technique, the double strip method, for studying the chemotaxis of myxomycete plasmodia is described. Physarum polycephalum was attracted by the aldohexoses D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannose and their derivatives 2-deoxy-D-glucose and maltose, thresholds ranging from 0.25 mM (D-glucose) to 5 mM (D-mannose). These sugars competed with each other, a uniform background of one of them inhibiting taxis to the others. Other attractants were N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and mannitol, with thresholds at 1 mM, and fucose (6-deoxy-D-galactose). Although in general only those carbohydrates which could support growth were attractants, there were exceptions such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose; hence metabolism of a compound was not necessary for attraction. In addition, some compounds, such as fructose, could be metabolized but did not attract. At high concentrations (about 100 mM) all the compounds tested, including attractants, could under appropriate conditions cause repulsion, probably through osmotic effects.", "PMID": 690601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8904", "title": "Kinetics of net RNA degradation during development in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Based on dry weight, first-order kinetics adequately describe the net decrease of RNA in Dictyostelium discoideum NC-4 until culmination, when a cessation of RNA degradation occurs. Between aggregation and sorocarp formation, the cells lose 40% of their RNA, or 19 mM-glucose equivalents expressed in terms of cell volume at aggregation. In sorocarps the spores contain a disproportionately large amount of RNA. Net RNA contents in sorocarps and in spores are unaffected by the availability of exogenous glucose. The relationship of dry weight, cell number and packed cell volume during differentiation is given.", "contents": "Kinetics of net RNA degradation during development in Dictyostelium discoideum. Based on dry weight, first-order kinetics adequately describe the net decrease of RNA in Dictyostelium discoideum NC-4 until culmination, when a cessation of RNA degradation occurs. Between aggregation and sorocarp formation, the cells lose 40% of their RNA, or 19 mM-glucose equivalents expressed in terms of cell volume at aggregation. In sorocarps the spores contain a disproportionately large amount of RNA. Net RNA contents in sorocarps and in spores are unaffected by the availability of exogenous glucose. The relationship of dry weight, cell number and packed cell volume during differentiation is given.", "PMID": 690602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8905", "title": "Growth and migration of plasmodia of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum: the effect of carbohydrates, including agar.", "content": "A method for studying the growth and migration of myxomycete plasmodia on the surface of agar and other gels was devised. The migration rate of plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum was greatly reduced when nutrients that permit rapid growth were present, and slightly reduced by most sugars tested at 56 mM, including some that were not utilized. The carbohydrate requirement of the myxomycete could be satisfied by a range of sugars and derivatives, including mannitol and agar, utilization of the latter being slight but definite. Fructose could be utilized as long as it was not the sole carbohydrate present.", "contents": "Growth and migration of plasmodia of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum: the effect of carbohydrates, including agar. A method for studying the growth and migration of myxomycete plasmodia on the surface of agar and other gels was devised. The migration rate of plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum was greatly reduced when nutrients that permit rapid growth were present, and slightly reduced by most sugars tested at 56 mM, including some that were not utilized. The carbohydrate requirement of the myxomycete could be satisfied by a range of sugars and derivatives, including mannitol and agar, utilization of the latter being slight but definite. Fructose could be utilized as long as it was not the sole carbohydrate present.", "PMID": 690603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8906", "title": "Morphological conversion of 'immature' Rauscher leukaemia virus cores to a 'mature' form after addition of the P65-70 (gag gene product) proteolytic factor.", "content": "When the partially purified P65-70 proteolytic factor was added at increasing concentrations to 'immature' core sub-particles of Rauscher leukaemia virus (RLV), we observed an increased cleavage of P65-70 (the gag gene product) and P40 (an intermediate cleavage product containing p30) to p30, the major group specific antigen. When examined by electron microscopy the immature cores exhibited a linear decrease in number, with a concomitant increase in the number of mature cores after treatment. Various intermediate structures retaining elements of both immature and mature forms were also observed, suggesting that the in vitro conversion from immature cores to mature cores can occur on a I:I basis.", "contents": "Morphological conversion of 'immature' Rauscher leukaemia virus cores to a 'mature' form after addition of the P65-70 (gag gene product) proteolytic factor. When the partially purified P65-70 proteolytic factor was added at increasing concentrations to 'immature' core sub-particles of Rauscher leukaemia virus (RLV), we observed an increased cleavage of P65-70 (the gag gene product) and P40 (an intermediate cleavage product containing p30) to p30, the major group specific antigen. When examined by electron microscopy the immature cores exhibited a linear decrease in number, with a concomitant increase in the number of mature cores after treatment. Various intermediate structures retaining elements of both immature and mature forms were also observed, suggesting that the in vitro conversion from immature cores to mature cores can occur on a I:I basis.", "PMID": 690604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8907", "title": "Synthesis of transfer ribonucleic acid in KB cells infected with adenovirus type 2.", "content": "The synthesis of low mol. wt. RNA has been studied in KB cells infected with adenovirus type 2 after labelling with 3H-uridine or 32P. An increasing amount of virus-coded VA RNA is detected from 8 h after infection onward. The rate of synthesis of tRNA is unchanged up to 16 h after infection and thereafter decreases; from 24 to 48 h after infection, the specific activity of tRNA is about 60% of the control value. The specific activity of cellular 5S RNA increases from 12 h after infection. When the tRNA is analysed by a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system resolving the tRNA into 42 to 47 spots, changes in synthesis of tRNA in individual spots are seen. From 8 to 12 h after infection, an increase in the relative rate of incorporation into RNA is observed in 7 spots, while a significant decrease is detected in 8 spots. From 12 to 16 h after infection, incorporation into RNA is increased in 6 spots, but is most marked (sevenfold) in 1 spot. A decrease of incorporation into RNA in 6 spots is observed at the same time. From 24 to 34 h after infection, an increase in synthesis of RNA in 8 spots is observed and a decrease also in 8 spots. Incorporation into RNA in 2 spots is virtually shut off.", "contents": "Synthesis of transfer ribonucleic acid in KB cells infected with adenovirus type 2. The synthesis of low mol. wt. RNA has been studied in KB cells infected with adenovirus type 2 after labelling with 3H-uridine or 32P. An increasing amount of virus-coded VA RNA is detected from 8 h after infection onward. The rate of synthesis of tRNA is unchanged up to 16 h after infection and thereafter decreases; from 24 to 48 h after infection, the specific activity of tRNA is about 60% of the control value. The specific activity of cellular 5S RNA increases from 12 h after infection. When the tRNA is analysed by a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system resolving the tRNA into 42 to 47 spots, changes in synthesis of tRNA in individual spots are seen. From 8 to 12 h after infection, an increase in the relative rate of incorporation into RNA is observed in 7 spots, while a significant decrease is detected in 8 spots. From 12 to 16 h after infection, incorporation into RNA is increased in 6 spots, but is most marked (sevenfold) in 1 spot. A decrease of incorporation into RNA in 6 spots is observed at the same time. From 24 to 34 h after infection, an increase in synthesis of RNA in 8 spots is observed and a decrease also in 8 spots. Incorporation into RNA in 2 spots is virtually shut off.", "PMID": 690605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8908", "title": "Effect of temperature on the order of electrophoretic migration of influenza virus neuraminidase and nucleoprotein genes in acrylamide gels lacking denaturing agents.", "content": "When subjected to electrophoresis at 33 degrees C in 3% polyacrylamide gels with no urea added, the nucleoprotein and neuraminidase genes of an H2N2 and H3N2 virus migrate as RNA bands 5 and 6 respectively. If the temperature of electrophoresis is increased to 46 degrees C, however, this order of migration is reversed.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on the order of electrophoretic migration of influenza virus neuraminidase and nucleoprotein genes in acrylamide gels lacking denaturing agents. When subjected to electrophoresis at 33 degrees C in 3% polyacrylamide gels with no urea added, the nucleoprotein and neuraminidase genes of an H2N2 and H3N2 virus migrate as RNA bands 5 and 6 respectively. If the temperature of electrophoresis is increased to 46 degrees C, however, this order of migration is reversed.", "PMID": 690606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8909", "title": "Localization of simian adenovirus 7 (SA 7) transcription and replication in lytic infection. An ultracytochemical and autoradiographical study.", "content": "We have studied SA7 (simian adenovirus 7) lytic infection at the ultrastruct level. The use of cytochemical techniques which specifically stain DNA or preferentially stain ribonucleoproteins permitted the analysis of the structure of the virus-induced nuclear inclusions, and revealed presumed virus DNA before the appearance of other nuclear alterations. Correlation of these findings with high resolution autoradiography enabled the functions of virus DNA replication and transcription to be ascribed to a defined nuclear inclusion. We demonstrate that the nucleolus remains distinct from the inclusion body, contrary to the situation in other adenovirus-infected cells. The functional role of host cell chromatin and of the nucleolus are discussed.", "contents": "Localization of simian adenovirus 7 (SA 7) transcription and replication in lytic infection. An ultracytochemical and autoradiographical study. We have studied SA7 (simian adenovirus 7) lytic infection at the ultrastruct level. The use of cytochemical techniques which specifically stain DNA or preferentially stain ribonucleoproteins permitted the analysis of the structure of the virus-induced nuclear inclusions, and revealed presumed virus DNA before the appearance of other nuclear alterations. Correlation of these findings with high resolution autoradiography enabled the functions of virus DNA replication and transcription to be ascribed to a defined nuclear inclusion. We demonstrate that the nucleolus remains distinct from the inclusion body, contrary to the situation in other adenovirus-infected cells. The functional role of host cell chromatin and of the nucleolus are discussed.", "PMID": 690607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8910", "title": "Biochemical study of certain enzymes and metabolites of the carbohydrate metabolism in the skeletal muscle of the dengue virus-infected mice.", "content": "Changes in enzymes and metabolites of the carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscles were studied in mice after intracerebral inoculation of dengue type 2 virus. It was noted that lactic dehydrogenase, aldolase, phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphoglucomutase, GO-T and GP-T activity were enhanced initially by two- to three-fold, reaching a peak on day 5. As the illness appeared in mice, all the enzyme activities were lowered and were about three times less in the paralytic stage on the 8th day as compared to controls. Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activity was increased on the 4th and 5th days but decreased later. Acid phosphatase increased abruptly from the 6th day while alkaline phosphatase activity was irregular. Creatine increased on the 4th and 5th days but diminished later. Glycogen decreased from the beginning and was lowest on the 5th day, but the levels increased later and were maximum in paralysed muscles. On the other hand, lactic acid began accumulating in the muscles and was maximum on the 5th day, then declined. Dengue virus was detected in the muscles from the 2nd day but higher titres were seen from the 6th day. Changes similar to the preparalytic stage of mice may occur in human beings, causing myalgia.", "contents": "Biochemical study of certain enzymes and metabolites of the carbohydrate metabolism in the skeletal muscle of the dengue virus-infected mice. Changes in enzymes and metabolites of the carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscles were studied in mice after intracerebral inoculation of dengue type 2 virus. It was noted that lactic dehydrogenase, aldolase, phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphoglucomutase, GO-T and GP-T activity were enhanced initially by two- to three-fold, reaching a peak on day 5. As the illness appeared in mice, all the enzyme activities were lowered and were about three times less in the paralytic stage on the 8th day as compared to controls. Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activity was increased on the 4th and 5th days but decreased later. Acid phosphatase increased abruptly from the 6th day while alkaline phosphatase activity was irregular. Creatine increased on the 4th and 5th days but diminished later. Glycogen decreased from the beginning and was lowest on the 5th day, but the levels increased later and were maximum in paralysed muscles. On the other hand, lactic acid began accumulating in the muscles and was maximum on the 5th day, then declined. Dengue virus was detected in the muscles from the 2nd day but higher titres were seen from the 6th day. Changes similar to the preparalytic stage of mice may occur in human beings, causing myalgia.", "PMID": 690608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8911", "title": "A semi-continuous system for the production of human interferon in lymphoblastoid cell cultures.", "content": "The simultaneous occurrence of virus replication and of interferon production in Namalva lymphoblastoid cell cultures infected with measles virus has allowed the development of a semi-continuous production system yielding about 10(4) units of interferon for each 10(6) cells.", "contents": "A semi-continuous system for the production of human interferon in lymphoblastoid cell cultures. The simultaneous occurrence of virus replication and of interferon production in Namalva lymphoblastoid cell cultures infected with measles virus has allowed the development of a semi-continuous production system yielding about 10(4) units of interferon for each 10(6) cells.", "PMID": 690609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8912", "title": "Isolation of a Singh's Aedes albopictus cell clone sensitive to Dengue and Chikungunya viruses.", "content": "Twenty clones were isolated from cultured Aedes albopictus (Singh) cells in the presence of anti-Chikungunya (CHIK) virus serum. Each clone was tested for its yields of Dengue (DEN) viruses, types 1, 2, 3 and 4, and also CHIK virus. Clone C6 showed the highest yield of each virus tested. Forty-three clones obtained by recloning C6 in the presence of anti-DEN sera showed almost the same virus yields as C6. One of the clones, C6/36, showed mild to extensive cytopathic effects several days after virus infection, in contrast to the original uncloned (SAAR) cells. Fluorescent antibody staining revealed that the amount of virus antigen accumulated in the cytoplasm was almost the same in every cell in the case of clone C6/36, while it was highly heterogeneous for uncloned SAAR cells. Growth curves of the viruses indicated that clone C6/36 gave a significantly higher yield for each virus than uncloned SAAR cells up to 7 days after infection. Virus sensitivity of the C6/36 clone did not change by growing the cells with the medium used for uncloned SAAR cells, nor did the virus sensitivity of uncloned cells increase in medium used for clone C6/36. However, the C6/36 clone became resistant to CHIK virus, but not to DEN or Sindbis viruses, after incubation with the medium used for another A. albopictus cell line (SAAK). The transfer of the specific resistance to CHIK may be mediated by some latent virus related to CHIK.", "contents": "Isolation of a Singh's Aedes albopictus cell clone sensitive to Dengue and Chikungunya viruses. Twenty clones were isolated from cultured Aedes albopictus (Singh) cells in the presence of anti-Chikungunya (CHIK) virus serum. Each clone was tested for its yields of Dengue (DEN) viruses, types 1, 2, 3 and 4, and also CHIK virus. Clone C6 showed the highest yield of each virus tested. Forty-three clones obtained by recloning C6 in the presence of anti-DEN sera showed almost the same virus yields as C6. One of the clones, C6/36, showed mild to extensive cytopathic effects several days after virus infection, in contrast to the original uncloned (SAAR) cells. Fluorescent antibody staining revealed that the amount of virus antigen accumulated in the cytoplasm was almost the same in every cell in the case of clone C6/36, while it was highly heterogeneous for uncloned SAAR cells. Growth curves of the viruses indicated that clone C6/36 gave a significantly higher yield for each virus than uncloned SAAR cells up to 7 days after infection. Virus sensitivity of the C6/36 clone did not change by growing the cells with the medium used for uncloned SAAR cells, nor did the virus sensitivity of uncloned cells increase in medium used for clone C6/36. However, the C6/36 clone became resistant to CHIK virus, but not to DEN or Sindbis viruses, after incubation with the medium used for another A. albopictus cell line (SAAK). The transfer of the specific resistance to CHIK may be mediated by some latent virus related to CHIK.", "PMID": 690610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8913", "title": "Immunoglobulin (IgG) and (IgM) antibody responses to rabies vaccine.", "content": "IgM and IgG neutralizing antibody responses were estimated in the sera of rabbits and mice immunized with different doses of Semple, duck embryo and cell culture rabies vaccines. IgM synthesis was prolonged in animals immunized with multiple doses of either Semple or duck embryo vaccines but not those immunized with cell culture vaccine. Mice were passively protected by IgG antibody against subsequent challenge but not by IgM of equivalent neutralizing titre. Mice challenged when the antibody response was solely IgM were not protected if the transition to IgG synthesis was prevented by cyclophosphamide treatment.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin (IgG) and (IgM) antibody responses to rabies vaccine. IgM and IgG neutralizing antibody responses were estimated in the sera of rabbits and mice immunized with different doses of Semple, duck embryo and cell culture rabies vaccines. IgM synthesis was prolonged in animals immunized with multiple doses of either Semple or duck embryo vaccines but not those immunized with cell culture vaccine. Mice were passively protected by IgG antibody against subsequent challenge but not by IgM of equivalent neutralizing titre. Mice challenged when the antibody response was solely IgM were not protected if the transition to IgG synthesis was prevented by cyclophosphamide treatment.", "PMID": 690611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8914", "title": "Morphological revertants of adenovirus type 12-transformed hamster cells.", "content": "Morphological revertants have been isolated from one line of adenovirus type 12-transformed hamster cells. This line, T637, is oncogenic in hamsters and contains multiple copies of the virus genome per cell. Different parts of the virus genome are represented in non-stoichiometric amounts and the virus DNA persists in the cells in an integrated form. The pattern of integrated virus genomes has been determined by the blotting technique. In the T637 line, morphological revertants arise spontaneously at relatively high frequency. Two of these revertants have been cloned. In contrast to the T637 line, the revertants F10 and G12 exhibit fibroblastic morphology. The patterns of integrated virus genomes in the revertants differs markedly from that of the T637 line; one of the revertant cell lines, F10, appears to have lost all virus DNA sequences. The morphological revertants continue to express the oncogenic phenotype, although the time required to produce tumours in animals appears to be prolonged compared to the parental BHK21 and the T637 cell lines. A number of biological parameters of the revertant lines have also been investigated.", "contents": "Morphological revertants of adenovirus type 12-transformed hamster cells. Morphological revertants have been isolated from one line of adenovirus type 12-transformed hamster cells. This line, T637, is oncogenic in hamsters and contains multiple copies of the virus genome per cell. Different parts of the virus genome are represented in non-stoichiometric amounts and the virus DNA persists in the cells in an integrated form. The pattern of integrated virus genomes has been determined by the blotting technique. In the T637 line, morphological revertants arise spontaneously at relatively high frequency. Two of these revertants have been cloned. In contrast to the T637 line, the revertants F10 and G12 exhibit fibroblastic morphology. The patterns of integrated virus genomes in the revertants differs markedly from that of the T637 line; one of the revertant cell lines, F10, appears to have lost all virus DNA sequences. The morphological revertants continue to express the oncogenic phenotype, although the time required to produce tumours in animals appears to be prolonged compared to the parental BHK21 and the T637 cell lines. A number of biological parameters of the revertant lines have also been investigated.", "PMID": 690612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8915", "title": "Inhibition of rabies virus in vitro by the ammonium-5-tungsto-2-antimoniate.", "content": "In vitro multiplication of rabies virus was inhibited by a condensed mineral ion, ammonium-5-tungsto-2-antimoniate (HPA 23). The inhibitory effect was evaluated by two different methods, plaque reduction and one step virus growth. Plaquing showed 50% inhibition with 4.5 microgram/ml of HPA 23 and complete inhibition with 12.5 microgram/ml. A reduction of two logs in virus yield was obtained in BHK21C13S cells in suspension treated with 50 microgram/ml of HPA 23. Inhibition also occurred when treatment with HPA 23 was started 18 to 24 h after infection in the plaque assay but no effect was seen when HPA 23 was added 48 h after virus inoculation. All these inhibitory effects of HPA 23 on rabies virus multiplication were observed at non cytotoxic doses. Therefore HPA 23 contrasts with other antiviral drugs which do not inhibit rabies virus multiplication without affecting the viability of cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of rabies virus in vitro by the ammonium-5-tungsto-2-antimoniate. In vitro multiplication of rabies virus was inhibited by a condensed mineral ion, ammonium-5-tungsto-2-antimoniate (HPA 23). The inhibitory effect was evaluated by two different methods, plaque reduction and one step virus growth. Plaquing showed 50% inhibition with 4.5 microgram/ml of HPA 23 and complete inhibition with 12.5 microgram/ml. A reduction of two logs in virus yield was obtained in BHK21C13S cells in suspension treated with 50 microgram/ml of HPA 23. Inhibition also occurred when treatment with HPA 23 was started 18 to 24 h after infection in the plaque assay but no effect was seen when HPA 23 was added 48 h after virus inoculation. All these inhibitory effects of HPA 23 on rabies virus multiplication were observed at non cytotoxic doses. Therefore HPA 23 contrasts with other antiviral drugs which do not inhibit rabies virus multiplication without affecting the viability of cells.", "PMID": 690613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8916", "title": "Intranuclear crystalline zebra structures induced in human tumour cells by adenovirus type 5.", "content": "Intranuclear crystalline inclusions with leaf-like striated appearance, i.e. zebra structures, were observed by electron microscopy in adenovirus type 5-infected human cervical and bladder carcinoma cells at 4 to 6 days after infection.", "contents": "Intranuclear crystalline zebra structures induced in human tumour cells by adenovirus type 5. Intranuclear crystalline inclusions with leaf-like striated appearance, i.e. zebra structures, were observed by electron microscopy in adenovirus type 5-infected human cervical and bladder carcinoma cells at 4 to 6 days after infection.", "PMID": 690614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8917", "title": "Preparation of 125iodine-labelled human fibroblast interferon.", "content": "Human fibroblast interferon has been labelled with 125iodine using the Bolton-Hunter reagent. Purification of the interferon after iodination gave a product which had stable biological activity for 1 month and had a specific radioactivity of 2 to 4 micronCi/microgram.", "contents": "Preparation of 125iodine-labelled human fibroblast interferon. Human fibroblast interferon has been labelled with 125iodine using the Bolton-Hunter reagent. Purification of the interferon after iodination gave a product which had stable biological activity for 1 month and had a specific radioactivity of 2 to 4 micronCi/microgram.", "PMID": 690615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8918", "title": "A variant of adenovirus 12 producing cytoplasmic accumulation of capsid proteins.", "content": "A variant of adenovirus type 12 (R-Ad12) has been isolated by infecting a clonal line of normal rat kidney cells (NRK) with wild-type adenovirus 12. Although R-Ad12 failed to produce infectious progeny virions when cycled a second time through NRK cells, it nevertheless retained the ability to code for virus structural proteins that accumulated in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "A variant of adenovirus 12 producing cytoplasmic accumulation of capsid proteins. A variant of adenovirus type 12 (R-Ad12) has been isolated by infecting a clonal line of normal rat kidney cells (NRK) with wild-type adenovirus 12. Although R-Ad12 failed to produce infectious progeny virions when cycled a second time through NRK cells, it nevertheless retained the ability to code for virus structural proteins that accumulated in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 690616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8919", "title": "Minor nucleic acids in influenza virus.", "content": "A nucleic acid fraction consisting of RNA and DNA sequences with an apparent mol. wt. of 1.4 to 1.5 x 10(6) is present in minor amounts in purified influenza virus. The RNA is virus-specific and in the case of fowl plague virus (FPV) contains sequences of genes 2 and 7 which code for one of the proteins constituting the polymerase complex and for the matrix protein respectively.", "contents": "Minor nucleic acids in influenza virus. A nucleic acid fraction consisting of RNA and DNA sequences with an apparent mol. wt. of 1.4 to 1.5 x 10(6) is present in minor amounts in purified influenza virus. The RNA is virus-specific and in the case of fowl plague virus (FPV) contains sequences of genes 2 and 7 which code for one of the proteins constituting the polymerase complex and for the matrix protein respectively.", "PMID": 690617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8920", "title": "Formation of vaccinia virus DNA-protein complex in the presence of isatin beta thiosemicarbazone (IBT).", "content": "The association of newly synthesized vaccinia virus DNA with proteins in infected HeLa cells was followed. A shift from a high density to a low density complex occurred between 3 and 6 h after infection. This process was not affected by isatin beta thiosemicarbazone (IBT), an inhibitor of pox virus growth. At 22 h after infection in the absence of IBT, mature virions of high density were observed; however, in the presence of the drug, high density DNA-protein complexes, which lack the two main virus core polypeptides, were formed.", "contents": "Formation of vaccinia virus DNA-protein complex in the presence of isatin beta thiosemicarbazone (IBT). The association of newly synthesized vaccinia virus DNA with proteins in infected HeLa cells was followed. A shift from a high density to a low density complex occurred between 3 and 6 h after infection. This process was not affected by isatin beta thiosemicarbazone (IBT), an inhibitor of pox virus growth. At 22 h after infection in the absence of IBT, mature virions of high density were observed; however, in the presence of the drug, high density DNA-protein complexes, which lack the two main virus core polypeptides, were formed.", "PMID": 690618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8921", "title": "Specificity of partial exclusion of bacteriophage T2 in crosses with T4.", "content": "An attempt was made to isolate a bacteriophage T4 mutant generally disturbed in its ability to exclude the localized exclusion sensitivity determinants of T2 from the progeny of crosses. The method used was a modification of that used previously, which revealed T4 mutants unable to exclude more than one of the T2 sensitive sites specifically. One out of 1000 isolates from a mutagenized T4 am56:am32 stock was found to be mutated in its exclusion properties. However, the mutant was not generally exclusion deficient. Its properties were similar to those of a double mutant T4 ex 56:ex32, specifically unable to exclude the T2 sensitive sites near gene 56 and gene 32. The failure to isolate a generally excluding mutant at a frequency down to 10(-3) renders the occurrence of a general exclusion locus unlikely.", "contents": "Specificity of partial exclusion of bacteriophage T2 in crosses with T4. An attempt was made to isolate a bacteriophage T4 mutant generally disturbed in its ability to exclude the localized exclusion sensitivity determinants of T2 from the progeny of crosses. The method used was a modification of that used previously, which revealed T4 mutants unable to exclude more than one of the T2 sensitive sites specifically. One out of 1000 isolates from a mutagenized T4 am56:am32 stock was found to be mutated in its exclusion properties. However, the mutant was not generally exclusion deficient. Its properties were similar to those of a double mutant T4 ex 56:ex32, specifically unable to exclude the T2 sensitive sites near gene 56 and gene 32. The failure to isolate a generally excluding mutant at a frequency down to 10(-3) renders the occurrence of a general exclusion locus unlikely.", "PMID": 690619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8922", "title": "A re-examination of the relationship between locus of control and voluntary heart rate change.", "content": "The present study was an attempt to resolve some of the inconsistencies and discrepancies in previous studies examining the relationship between Rotter's locus control construct and voluntary heart rate (HR) change. Twelve internals and 12 externals received two sessions (one week apart) of bidirectional HR control trials with or without feedback. Internals, relative to externals, were better able to increase their HR and showed more improved performance with feedback. Neither group was able to lower their HR significantly during any decrease phase of either session. It was suggested that (a) HR slowing may involve different psychophysiological processes than HR speeding, and/or (b) HR slowing may have been perceived to be a task involving chance rather than skill, in which case no difference between groups would be expected in light of the locus of control literature.", "contents": "A re-examination of the relationship between locus of control and voluntary heart rate change. The present study was an attempt to resolve some of the inconsistencies and discrepancies in previous studies examining the relationship between Rotter's locus control construct and voluntary heart rate (HR) change. Twelve internals and 12 externals received two sessions (one week apart) of bidirectional HR control trials with or without feedback. Internals, relative to externals, were better able to increase their HR and showed more improved performance with feedback. Neither group was able to lower their HR significantly during any decrease phase of either session. It was suggested that (a) HR slowing may involve different psychophysiological processes than HR speeding, and/or (b) HR slowing may have been perceived to be a task involving chance rather than skill, in which case no difference between groups would be expected in light of the locus of control literature.", "PMID": 690621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8923", "title": "Patterns of disorder in first admission psychiatric patients.", "content": "Are there patterns of characteristics in psychiatric patients, different from traditional diagnostic considerations, that could provide important information for understanding, treatment, and research? To pursue this question, this report describes an investigation of clinical and demographic characteristics in a representative sample of first admissions for functional psychiatric disorder. Analyzing the patterns of these characteristics showed that social class had a particularly key role relating to a larger number of characteristics than did symptom and functioning measures. Symptoms when analyzed together revealed replicated factors not corresponding to diagnostic types. The implications of these and other findings for considering a broad perspective in conceptualizing, studying, and treating psychiatric disorder are discussed.", "contents": "Patterns of disorder in first admission psychiatric patients. Are there patterns of characteristics in psychiatric patients, different from traditional diagnostic considerations, that could provide important information for understanding, treatment, and research? To pursue this question, this report describes an investigation of clinical and demographic characteristics in a representative sample of first admissions for functional psychiatric disorder. Analyzing the patterns of these characteristics showed that social class had a particularly key role relating to a larger number of characteristics than did symptom and functioning measures. Symptoms when analyzed together revealed replicated factors not corresponding to diagnostic types. The implications of these and other findings for considering a broad perspective in conceptualizing, studying, and treating psychiatric disorder are discussed.", "PMID": 690622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8924", "title": "Attitudes toward respiratory illness and hospitalization in asthma. Relationships with personality, symptomatology, and treatment response.", "content": "A previous study described the development of the Respiratory Illness Opinion Survey (RIOS) which measures six categories describing attitudes toward respiratory illness and its treatment: Optimism, Negative Staff Regard, Specific Internal Awareness, External Control, Psychological Stigma, and Authoritarian Attitudes. In the present study these attitudes were found: a) to relate more clearly to general personality characteristics than to illness-specific subjective symptomatology; b) to enable types of asthmatic patients to be described on the basis of the patterns of attitude category scores; and c) to provide some information about treatment outcome in asthma as indexed by length of hospitalization during long term, intensive therapy, the need for prescribed oral corticosteroids, and rates of rehospitalization and judged severity following discharge from treatment.", "contents": "Attitudes toward respiratory illness and hospitalization in asthma. Relationships with personality, symptomatology, and treatment response. A previous study described the development of the Respiratory Illness Opinion Survey (RIOS) which measures six categories describing attitudes toward respiratory illness and its treatment: Optimism, Negative Staff Regard, Specific Internal Awareness, External Control, Psychological Stigma, and Authoritarian Attitudes. In the present study these attitudes were found: a) to relate more clearly to general personality characteristics than to illness-specific subjective symptomatology; b) to enable types of asthmatic patients to be described on the basis of the patterns of attitude category scores; and c) to provide some information about treatment outcome in asthma as indexed by length of hospitalization during long term, intensive therapy, the need for prescribed oral corticosteroids, and rates of rehospitalization and judged severity following discharge from treatment.", "PMID": 690623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8925", "title": "The meaning of silent pauses in the initial interview.", "content": "It is usually assumed that anxiety arousal has a disruptive effect on speech and that it is associated with an increase in the frequency and the duration of silent pauses. Evidence is presented that anxiety arousal per se is associated with a reduction in silent pauses and an acceleration of speech rate, unless the speech task involves complex decision making. It is proposed that silent pauses in speech, including those pauses which are a result of anxiety-related defensiveness, are most parsimoniously explained in terms of information processing which is taking place at the time of the pauses.", "contents": "The meaning of silent pauses in the initial interview. It is usually assumed that anxiety arousal has a disruptive effect on speech and that it is associated with an increase in the frequency and the duration of silent pauses. Evidence is presented that anxiety arousal per se is associated with a reduction in silent pauses and an acceleration of speech rate, unless the speech task involves complex decision making. It is proposed that silent pauses in speech, including those pauses which are a result of anxiety-related defensiveness, are most parsimoniously explained in terms of information processing which is taking place at the time of the pauses.", "PMID": 690624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8926", "title": "Multiple sclerosis masquerading as lithium toxicity.", "content": "The author presents a case report of a manic-depressive patient who developed dysarthria and ataxia while on lithium maintenance. These symptoms were erroneously attributed to lithium toxicity occurring at therapeutic serum levels. However, the symptoms persisted despite diminution in lithium dosage and a neurological consultation revealed the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The author concludes that lithium therapy is effective with manic-depressive patients, that adverse side effects are infrequent and can occur at toxic or therapeutic serum lithium levels, and that the exceptional patient may have a second illness incorrectly attributed to lithium toxicity.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis masquerading as lithium toxicity. The author presents a case report of a manic-depressive patient who developed dysarthria and ataxia while on lithium maintenance. These symptoms were erroneously attributed to lithium toxicity occurring at therapeutic serum levels. However, the symptoms persisted despite diminution in lithium dosage and a neurological consultation revealed the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The author concludes that lithium therapy is effective with manic-depressive patients, that adverse side effects are infrequent and can occur at toxic or therapeutic serum lithium levels, and that the exceptional patient may have a second illness incorrectly attributed to lithium toxicity.", "PMID": 690625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8927", "title": "Amobarbital treatment of multiple personality. Use of structured video tape interviews as a basis for intensive psychotherapy.", "content": "The case of a 30-year-old woman with five distinct personalities is presented. The patient was treated, using a system of structured video taped sodium amobarbital interviews, in which areas to be explored were developed in psychotherapy. Tapes were played for the patient after each session. The taped material was used as the basis for psychotherapeutic investigation. The patient evidenced many of the features previously reported in cases of multiple personality, specifically: being the product of an unwanted pregnancy in a repressively rigid family; emotional distancing by one parent; strong sibling rivalry with an adopted sib; family history of mental illness; a traumatic first sexual experience (rape); a marriage to a maladjusted individual in an attempt to escape the parental home; a high internalized standard of performance and an inability to display anger or negative feelings toward the parents. In the course of treatment, the patient's personalties fused and she was able to accept each component as part of herself. No further fragmentation has occurred during the year following discharge. The therapy technique minimized dependency, and the possiblity of addiction to amobarbital interviews permitted more active patient therapy involvement, and set clear-cut goals and expectations for improvement before further amobarbital interviews could be conducted.", "contents": "Amobarbital treatment of multiple personality. Use of structured video tape interviews as a basis for intensive psychotherapy. The case of a 30-year-old woman with five distinct personalities is presented. The patient was treated, using a system of structured video taped sodium amobarbital interviews, in which areas to be explored were developed in psychotherapy. Tapes were played for the patient after each session. The taped material was used as the basis for psychotherapeutic investigation. The patient evidenced many of the features previously reported in cases of multiple personality, specifically: being the product of an unwanted pregnancy in a repressively rigid family; emotional distancing by one parent; strong sibling rivalry with an adopted sib; family history of mental illness; a traumatic first sexual experience (rape); a marriage to a maladjusted individual in an attempt to escape the parental home; a high internalized standard of performance and an inability to display anger or negative feelings toward the parents. In the course of treatment, the patient's personalties fused and she was able to accept each component as part of herself. No further fragmentation has occurred during the year following discharge. The therapy technique minimized dependency, and the possiblity of addiction to amobarbital interviews permitted more active patient therapy involvement, and set clear-cut goals and expectations for improvement before further amobarbital interviews could be conducted.", "PMID": 690626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8928", "title": "Antagonism of morphine-induced central stimulation in mice by small doses of catecholamine-receptor agonists.", "content": "The morphine (75 mg/kg i.p.) induced stimulation of motor activity in mice was significantly suppressed by small doses of central catecholamine (CA) receptor agonists, apomorphine (0.2 mg/kg) and clonidine (0.05 mg/kg). In the same dose, and at the same time interval as the behavioural stimulation was obtained, morphine did not significantly affect the in vivo rate of tyrosine hydroxylation in two dopamine (DA)-rich mouse brain regions, the corpus striatum and in the limbic system, or in the noradrenaline (NA)-rich, but DA-poor hemispheres, measured as the Dopa-accumulation during 30 min after inhibition of aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase by 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD 1015) 150 mg/kg. The apomorphine induced reduction in Dopa accumulation in the DA-rich brain regions was not significantly affected by morphine. The disappearance rate of brain NA after inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by alpha-methyltyrosine methylester (250 mg/kg), the utilization of NA, was accelerated by morphine, whereas that of DA was not affected. Clonidine (0.05 mg/kg) retarded selectively brain NA utilization, and also suppressed the morphine-induced increase in NA utilization. In conclusion, morphine's stimulation of motor activity in mice, an effect which previously has been found to be correlated with its dependence producing action, could be inhibited by apomorphine or clonidine in small doses which inhibit brain DA- and NA-neurons, respectively. Thus, we have now shown the psychomtor stimulation by two euphoriant and dependence-producing drugs, ethanol and morphine, to be suppressed by CA \"autoreceptor\" activation.", "contents": "Antagonism of morphine-induced central stimulation in mice by small doses of catecholamine-receptor agonists. The morphine (75 mg/kg i.p.) induced stimulation of motor activity in mice was significantly suppressed by small doses of central catecholamine (CA) receptor agonists, apomorphine (0.2 mg/kg) and clonidine (0.05 mg/kg). In the same dose, and at the same time interval as the behavioural stimulation was obtained, morphine did not significantly affect the in vivo rate of tyrosine hydroxylation in two dopamine (DA)-rich mouse brain regions, the corpus striatum and in the limbic system, or in the noradrenaline (NA)-rich, but DA-poor hemispheres, measured as the Dopa-accumulation during 30 min after inhibition of aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase by 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD 1015) 150 mg/kg. The apomorphine induced reduction in Dopa accumulation in the DA-rich brain regions was not significantly affected by morphine. The disappearance rate of brain NA after inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by alpha-methyltyrosine methylester (250 mg/kg), the utilization of NA, was accelerated by morphine, whereas that of DA was not affected. Clonidine (0.05 mg/kg) retarded selectively brain NA utilization, and also suppressed the morphine-induced increase in NA utilization. In conclusion, morphine's stimulation of motor activity in mice, an effect which previously has been found to be correlated with its dependence producing action, could be inhibited by apomorphine or clonidine in small doses which inhibit brain DA- and NA-neurons, respectively. Thus, we have now shown the psychomtor stimulation by two euphoriant and dependence-producing drugs, ethanol and morphine, to be suppressed by CA \"autoreceptor\" activation.", "PMID": 690627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8929", "title": "Localization of the site of the haloperidol-induced, prolactin-mediated increase of dopamine turnover in the median eminence: studies in rats with complete hypothalamic deafferentations.", "content": "Complete hypothalamic deafferentations were made in male rats with a modified Hal\u00e1sz knife to isolate tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons from the rest of the brain. A radioenzymatic procedure was employed to quantify dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations in various regions of the hypothalamus. Dopamine concentrations were unaltered while norepinephrine concentrations were reduced 50% in the median eminence and hypothalamic island 16-33 days after surgery. Basal serum prolactin concentrations were unaltered in these rats but were elevated 16 hours after the injection of haloperidol and 1 hour after alpha-methyltyrosine. The isolation of tuberoinfundibular neurons from the rest of the brain did not alter the ability of haloperidol to increase the rate of alpha-methyltyrosine-induced decline of dopamine in the median eminence. These results indicate that the haloperidol-induced, prolactin-mediated increase of dopamine turnover in the median eminence results from a direct action of this hormone on neurons within the medial basal hypothalamus.", "contents": "Localization of the site of the haloperidol-induced, prolactin-mediated increase of dopamine turnover in the median eminence: studies in rats with complete hypothalamic deafferentations. Complete hypothalamic deafferentations were made in male rats with a modified Hal\u00e1sz knife to isolate tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons from the rest of the brain. A radioenzymatic procedure was employed to quantify dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations in various regions of the hypothalamus. Dopamine concentrations were unaltered while norepinephrine concentrations were reduced 50% in the median eminence and hypothalamic island 16-33 days after surgery. Basal serum prolactin concentrations were unaltered in these rats but were elevated 16 hours after the injection of haloperidol and 1 hour after alpha-methyltyrosine. The isolation of tuberoinfundibular neurons from the rest of the brain did not alter the ability of haloperidol to increase the rate of alpha-methyltyrosine-induced decline of dopamine in the median eminence. These results indicate that the haloperidol-induced, prolactin-mediated increase of dopamine turnover in the median eminence results from a direct action of this hormone on neurons within the medial basal hypothalamus.", "PMID": 690628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8930", "title": "Electron microscopic observations on neuron-like cells in the ground squirrel pineal gland.", "content": "Ultrastructural details of neuron-like cells as well as synaptic nerve endings in the pineal gland of the ground squirrel are described. The neuron-like cells are situated mainly in the distal portion of the gland. Since the neuron-like cells differ considerably from the pinealocytes and exhibit cytological features characteristic of nerve cells, they are presumably true neurons. The cell bodies or processes of the neuron-like cells receive many synapses. The nerve endings synapsing on these cells contain numerous small non-granulated and some large granulated vesicles but no small granulated vesicles. These synaptic nerve endings are rather abundant within the parenchyma but they are also found in perivascular spaces ensheathed completely or partially by the Schwann cell cytoplasm. Similar nerve endings occasionally make typical synaptic contacts with the cell bodies or processes of the pinealocytes. Since the adrenergic nerve endings do not form synapses on the pinealocytes in the ground squirrel, it is clear that nerve endings other than adrenergic ones also distribute within the pineal gland of this animal. These synaptic nerve endings may contribute, at least to some extent, to the innervation of the ground squirrel pineal gland, whether they are derived from the nerve fibers penetrating the pineal gland or from the neuron-like cells.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations on neuron-like cells in the ground squirrel pineal gland. Ultrastructural details of neuron-like cells as well as synaptic nerve endings in the pineal gland of the ground squirrel are described. The neuron-like cells are situated mainly in the distal portion of the gland. Since the neuron-like cells differ considerably from the pinealocytes and exhibit cytological features characteristic of nerve cells, they are presumably true neurons. The cell bodies or processes of the neuron-like cells receive many synapses. The nerve endings synapsing on these cells contain numerous small non-granulated and some large granulated vesicles but no small granulated vesicles. These synaptic nerve endings are rather abundant within the parenchyma but they are also found in perivascular spaces ensheathed completely or partially by the Schwann cell cytoplasm. Similar nerve endings occasionally make typical synaptic contacts with the cell bodies or processes of the pinealocytes. Since the adrenergic nerve endings do not form synapses on the pinealocytes in the ground squirrel, it is clear that nerve endings other than adrenergic ones also distribute within the pineal gland of this animal. These synaptic nerve endings may contribute, at least to some extent, to the innervation of the ground squirrel pineal gland, whether they are derived from the nerve fibers penetrating the pineal gland or from the neuron-like cells.", "PMID": 690629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8931", "title": "Effects of pimozide and bromocriptine on anterior pituitary cell proliferation.", "content": "The effects of pimozide (a dopamine receptor blocker) and bromocriptine (a dopamine receptor agonist) on the mitotic incidence in the anterior pituitary in male rats was investigated. It was shown that pimozide enhanced anterior pituitary mitotic activity in male rats. Bromocriptine, in turn, suppressed anterior pituitary cell proliferation in estradiol-treated male rats. A dopaminergic control of anterior pituitary mitotic activity is suggested.", "contents": "Effects of pimozide and bromocriptine on anterior pituitary cell proliferation. The effects of pimozide (a dopamine receptor blocker) and bromocriptine (a dopamine receptor agonist) on the mitotic incidence in the anterior pituitary in male rats was investigated. It was shown that pimozide enhanced anterior pituitary mitotic activity in male rats. Bromocriptine, in turn, suppressed anterior pituitary cell proliferation in estradiol-treated male rats. A dopaminergic control of anterior pituitary mitotic activity is suggested.", "PMID": 690630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8932", "title": "The pathophysiology of dystonia.", "content": "Dystonia occurs frequently following administration of neuroleptic or antiemetic drugs. This acute manifestation is not likely to be a simple consequence of reduced dopaminergic activity, because it was never reported to occur following the use of drugs which deplete dopamine stores, like reserpine and tetrabenazine. Based on the fact that dopamine-beta-hydroxylase levels are frequently elevated in patients with the dominant form of torsion dystonia it is suggested that dystonia results from impairment of a normal dopaminergic-noradrenergic balance, in which noradrenergic tone preponderates. A relative norepinephrine hyperactivity may be caused by dopaminergic blockade (as occurs in drug-induced dystonia) or from enhanced release of norepinephrine (in idiopathic torsion dystonia).", "contents": "The pathophysiology of dystonia. Dystonia occurs frequently following administration of neuroleptic or antiemetic drugs. This acute manifestation is not likely to be a simple consequence of reduced dopaminergic activity, because it was never reported to occur following the use of drugs which deplete dopamine stores, like reserpine and tetrabenazine. Based on the fact that dopamine-beta-hydroxylase levels are frequently elevated in patients with the dominant form of torsion dystonia it is suggested that dystonia results from impairment of a normal dopaminergic-noradrenergic balance, in which noradrenergic tone preponderates. A relative norepinephrine hyperactivity may be caused by dopaminergic blockade (as occurs in drug-induced dystonia) or from enhanced release of norepinephrine (in idiopathic torsion dystonia).", "PMID": 690631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8933", "title": "Differential changes of blood and urinary indoleamines following intravenous ethanol administration in alcoholic and non-drinker women.", "content": "Total blood serotonin (5-HT) and the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL) were measured before and after intravenous administration of 0.65 g/kg ethanol to nine chronic alcoholic female patients. Changes were compared to those obtained in twelve age-matched non-drinker neurotic or hysteric women. The two groups showed different pattern of indoleamine response to ethanol: alcoholics reacted by a reduction of 5-HIAA ouput in the urine, while controls showed no change in the 5-HIAA excretion but a marked fall of blood serotonin. Urinary 5-HTOL excretion increased equally in both groups. Despite these biochemical variations, behavioral responses to ethanol were indistinguishable in the two groups. The results indicate that chronic alcoholism leads to permanent changes of the biogenic amine metabolism.", "contents": "Differential changes of blood and urinary indoleamines following intravenous ethanol administration in alcoholic and non-drinker women. Total blood serotonin (5-HT) and the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL) were measured before and after intravenous administration of 0.65 g/kg ethanol to nine chronic alcoholic female patients. Changes were compared to those obtained in twelve age-matched non-drinker neurotic or hysteric women. The two groups showed different pattern of indoleamine response to ethanol: alcoholics reacted by a reduction of 5-HIAA ouput in the urine, while controls showed no change in the 5-HIAA excretion but a marked fall of blood serotonin. Urinary 5-HTOL excretion increased equally in both groups. Despite these biochemical variations, behavioral responses to ethanol were indistinguishable in the two groups. The results indicate that chronic alcoholism leads to permanent changes of the biogenic amine metabolism.", "PMID": 690632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8934", "title": "The influence of temperature on neuromuscular performance.", "content": "The influence of lowering the temperature, by 10 degrees C increments, from 37 decrees C to 17 degrees C on the twitch )Pt) and tetanic (Po) tension during direct and indirect stimulation, on presynaptic acetylcholine (ACh) release and on muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity were investigated in vitro on the rat's phrenic-nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. Decreasing the temperature from 37 degrees C to 17 decrees C caused a progressive increase of the isometric Pt to 195.8 +/- 9.6 (S.E. of mean) and 169.6 +/- 2.9% of control with direct and indirect stimulation respectively. This change in temperature also increased twitch duration and time to peak Pt by factors of about 4 and 6 respectively with both direct and indirect stimulation. The Po/Pt ratio did not change significantly between 37 degrees C and 27 degrees C, but dropped sharply between 27 degrees C and 17 degrees C. With direct stimulation tetanus was only maintained in 50% of the experiments at 37 degrees C and in none at 27 degrees C or 17 degrees C. With indirect stimulation tetanus was maintained in all experiments at 37 degrees C and 27 degress C and in none at 17 degrees C. Post-tetanic facilitation was greater with indirect than direct stimulation and at higher than at lower temperatures. Post-tetanic exhaustion, with both direct and indirect stimulation, was only observed at 37 degrees C. Presynaptic ACh release (pmol . g-1 . min-1) at rest and with stimulation rates of 0.1 to 50 Hz decreased by more than 60% as temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C to 17 degrees C. Cooling from 37 degrees C to 17 degrees C caused a similar decrease in the volley output (pmol . g-1 . volley-1) of ACh. Muscle-AChE and BuChE activities decreased by 34 and 52% respectively when the temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C to 17 degrees C. The findings presented indicate that the site of the facilitating effect of cooling on Pt is the muscle fiber. The facilitation is caused by the delay of the relaxation of the contracted muscle, causing prolongation of the active state and increased tension development. The decreased speed of nerve conduction and ACh release caused by cooling adversely affects neuromuscular transmission. This, however, is partially counteracted by decreased muscle-ChE activity and increased sensitivity of the postjunctional membrane to ACh caused by cooling.", "contents": "The influence of temperature on neuromuscular performance. The influence of lowering the temperature, by 10 degrees C increments, from 37 decrees C to 17 degrees C on the twitch )Pt) and tetanic (Po) tension during direct and indirect stimulation, on presynaptic acetylcholine (ACh) release and on muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity were investigated in vitro on the rat's phrenic-nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. Decreasing the temperature from 37 degrees C to 17 decrees C caused a progressive increase of the isometric Pt to 195.8 +/- 9.6 (S.E. of mean) and 169.6 +/- 2.9% of control with direct and indirect stimulation respectively. This change in temperature also increased twitch duration and time to peak Pt by factors of about 4 and 6 respectively with both direct and indirect stimulation. The Po/Pt ratio did not change significantly between 37 degrees C and 27 degrees C, but dropped sharply between 27 degrees C and 17 degrees C. With direct stimulation tetanus was only maintained in 50% of the experiments at 37 degrees C and in none at 27 degrees C or 17 degrees C. With indirect stimulation tetanus was maintained in all experiments at 37 degrees C and 27 degress C and in none at 17 degrees C. Post-tetanic facilitation was greater with indirect than direct stimulation and at higher than at lower temperatures. Post-tetanic exhaustion, with both direct and indirect stimulation, was only observed at 37 degrees C. Presynaptic ACh release (pmol . g-1 . min-1) at rest and with stimulation rates of 0.1 to 50 Hz decreased by more than 60% as temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C to 17 degrees C. Cooling from 37 degrees C to 17 degrees C caused a similar decrease in the volley output (pmol . g-1 . volley-1) of ACh. Muscle-AChE and BuChE activities decreased by 34 and 52% respectively when the temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C to 17 degrees C. The findings presented indicate that the site of the facilitating effect of cooling on Pt is the muscle fiber. The facilitation is caused by the delay of the relaxation of the contracted muscle, causing prolongation of the active state and increased tension development. The decreased speed of nerve conduction and ACh release caused by cooling adversely affects neuromuscular transmission. This, however, is partially counteracted by decreased muscle-ChE activity and increased sensitivity of the postjunctional membrane to ACh caused by cooling.", "PMID": 690633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8935", "title": "Membrane-potential-sensitive dyes for optical monitoring of activity in Aplysia neurons.", "content": "Two membrane-associated dyes (WW375 and NK2367) which change their absorption of light when the membrane potential changes have been studied using several preparations form Aplysia. Action potentials are easily observed in nerve trunks (from a number of axons), in bag cell clusters, in some of the larger single cells of the parietovisceral ganglion, and in the optic nerve. Physiological effects of the dyes on the circadian rhythm of activity in the eye are described.", "contents": "Membrane-potential-sensitive dyes for optical monitoring of activity in Aplysia neurons. Two membrane-associated dyes (WW375 and NK2367) which change their absorption of light when the membrane potential changes have been studied using several preparations form Aplysia. Action potentials are easily observed in nerve trunks (from a number of axons), in bag cell clusters, in some of the larger single cells of the parietovisceral ganglion, and in the optic nerve. Physiological effects of the dyes on the circadian rhythm of activity in the eye are described.", "PMID": 690634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8936", "title": "Uptake of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine by platelets of patients with Parkinsonism.", "content": "The uptake of tritiated dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine by platelets from 11 patients with Parkinsonism who were not receiving any medication, and from 11 control subjects matched for sex and for age within a decade was compared. No significant differences were found in the uptake of either amine. Our findings, therefore, provide no support for the belief that there is a generalised defect of dopamine systems in Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Uptake of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine by platelets of patients with Parkinsonism. The uptake of tritiated dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine by platelets from 11 patients with Parkinsonism who were not receiving any medication, and from 11 control subjects matched for sex and for age within a decade was compared. No significant differences were found in the uptake of either amine. Our findings, therefore, provide no support for the belief that there is a generalised defect of dopamine systems in Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 690635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8937", "title": "Treatment of myoclonus with pheneturide.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with various forms of myoclonus are presented. Phenacemide was given to five patients with considerable benefit to three, but with serious toxic effects in two. Another acetylurea derivative, pheneturide, was given to 19 patients and was well tolerated. Myoclonus was completely or substantially controlled in 12 patients.", "contents": "Treatment of myoclonus with pheneturide. Twenty-one patients with various forms of myoclonus are presented. Phenacemide was given to five patients with considerable benefit to three, but with serious toxic effects in two. Another acetylurea derivative, pheneturide, was given to 19 patients and was well tolerated. Myoclonus was completely or substantially controlled in 12 patients.", "PMID": 690636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8938", "title": "Observer variability in assessing impaired consciousness and coma.", "content": "Head-injured patients were examined by a number of observers whose assessments were compared. Considerable discrepancies occurred when overall \"levels\" of consciousness and coma were used, and also with some terms which are in common use. More consistent assessments were obtained by employing the \"Glasgow Coma Scale,\" which describes eye opening, verbal behaviour, and motor responsiveness. Nurses and general surgeons were as consistent as neurosurgeons when using this scale, and it was relatively resistant to language or cultural differences between observers. The practical reliability of the Glasgow scale enhances its value, both for monitoring individual cases and for making meaningful comparisons between series of patients with acute brain damage.", "contents": "Observer variability in assessing impaired consciousness and coma. Head-injured patients were examined by a number of observers whose assessments were compared. Considerable discrepancies occurred when overall \"levels\" of consciousness and coma were used, and also with some terms which are in common use. More consistent assessments were obtained by employing the \"Glasgow Coma Scale,\" which describes eye opening, verbal behaviour, and motor responsiveness. Nurses and general surgeons were as consistent as neurosurgeons when using this scale, and it was relatively resistant to language or cultural differences between observers. The practical reliability of the Glasgow scale enhances its value, both for monitoring individual cases and for making meaningful comparisons between series of patients with acute brain damage.", "PMID": 690637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8939", "title": "Subjective impairment and social recovery after closed head injury.", "content": "The level of social recovery achieved by a representative series of 50 young adults was assessed six months after a severe closed head injury (post-traumatic amnesia greater than 24 hours). Work, leisure activities, and contact with friends were the areas of life most affected, whereas family life and marital relationships appeared to withstand changes at this stage in the recovery process. Many patients were still suffering from subjective symptoms, but these appeared to have relatively minor effects on ability to resume normal activities. Physical disability was a much more important factor at this stage. A control group of patients with limb injuries suffered similar disruption of their lives, but reported few subjective complaints.", "contents": "Subjective impairment and social recovery after closed head injury. The level of social recovery achieved by a representative series of 50 young adults was assessed six months after a severe closed head injury (post-traumatic amnesia greater than 24 hours). Work, leisure activities, and contact with friends were the areas of life most affected, whereas family life and marital relationships appeared to withstand changes at this stage in the recovery process. Many patients were still suffering from subjective symptoms, but these appeared to have relatively minor effects on ability to resume normal activities. Physical disability was a much more important factor at this stage. A control group of patients with limb injuries suffered similar disruption of their lives, but reported few subjective complaints.", "PMID": 690638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8940", "title": "Incidence and characteristics of voluntary nystagmus.", "content": "A survey of a college age population revealed that 8% could produce voluntary nystagmus. Seventy-nine per cent of this sample had relatives who could also produce it. A systematic investigation of the characteristics of voluntary nystagmus under a number of stimulus conditions showed that it resembles pendular nystagmus in waveform, and certain ocular oscillations, such as ocular flutter and opsoclonus, in frequency. The results indicate that voluntary nystagmus can be differentiated from other forms of nystagmus by its frequency, duration, and occurrence in individuals whose neuro-ophthalmological examination is normal. Voluntary nystagmus probably involves the \"hold\" mechanism of the cerebellar nuclei because of its frequency correspondence to ocular oscillations which result from a dysfunction in this anatomical area.", "contents": "Incidence and characteristics of voluntary nystagmus. A survey of a college age population revealed that 8% could produce voluntary nystagmus. Seventy-nine per cent of this sample had relatives who could also produce it. A systematic investigation of the characteristics of voluntary nystagmus under a number of stimulus conditions showed that it resembles pendular nystagmus in waveform, and certain ocular oscillations, such as ocular flutter and opsoclonus, in frequency. The results indicate that voluntary nystagmus can be differentiated from other forms of nystagmus by its frequency, duration, and occurrence in individuals whose neuro-ophthalmological examination is normal. Voluntary nystagmus probably involves the \"hold\" mechanism of the cerebellar nuclei because of its frequency correspondence to ocular oscillations which result from a dysfunction in this anatomical area.", "PMID": 690639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8941", "title": "Electrophysiological appraisal of relative segmental motoneurone pool excitability in flexor and extensor.", "content": "F responses recorded from flexor and extensor muscles were analysed in 18 normal subjects and in 16 patients with motor system abnormalities. The prominence of the F responses was evaluated quantitatively by determining the persistence--that is, the fraction of measurable F responses which actually occur after a series of supramaximal stimuli--and average amplitude of the F responses. In the normal resting state, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the \"central excitatory states\" of motoneurones is greater in the antigravity muscles than in those muscles not stretched by gravity. This pattern was disrupted in eight of the 16 patients with motor system abnormalities caused by central nervous system lesions. These changes reflect a clinically testable aspect of the pathophysiology of certain motor system disorders.", "contents": "Electrophysiological appraisal of relative segmental motoneurone pool excitability in flexor and extensor. F responses recorded from flexor and extensor muscles were analysed in 18 normal subjects and in 16 patients with motor system abnormalities. The prominence of the F responses was evaluated quantitatively by determining the persistence--that is, the fraction of measurable F responses which actually occur after a series of supramaximal stimuli--and average amplitude of the F responses. In the normal resting state, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the \"central excitatory states\" of motoneurones is greater in the antigravity muscles than in those muscles not stretched by gravity. This pattern was disrupted in eight of the 16 patients with motor system abnormalities caused by central nervous system lesions. These changes reflect a clinically testable aspect of the pathophysiology of certain motor system disorders.", "PMID": 690640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8942", "title": "Excitability relationships between lower limb myotatic arcs in spasticity.", "content": "The excitability of a lower limb myotatic reflex arc is modulated by the antecedent activation of another myotatic arc in the same limb; the changes can be represented by heteronymous excitability curves. This work compares heteronymous excitability curves in spastic and normal subjects. Eighteen patients who showed clear signs of pyramidal tract lesions at a chronic stage were studied. Three myotatic arcs of the lower limb (soleus, quadriceps, and short biceps) were activated either by mechanical percussion (T Sol-T Quad-TSBi) or by electrical stimulation of the afferent nerve (H Sol-H Quad). They were used as conditioning and test responses in six different combinations, and the results compared to those obtained previously in normal volunteers. In spastic patients, heteronymous excitability curves are more obviously modified than homonymous ones. The changes are most prominent in the thigh muscles and less marked when the soleus reflex is conditioned by activation of quadriceps and biceps femoris myotatic reflex arcs.", "contents": "Excitability relationships between lower limb myotatic arcs in spasticity. The excitability of a lower limb myotatic reflex arc is modulated by the antecedent activation of another myotatic arc in the same limb; the changes can be represented by heteronymous excitability curves. This work compares heteronymous excitability curves in spastic and normal subjects. Eighteen patients who showed clear signs of pyramidal tract lesions at a chronic stage were studied. Three myotatic arcs of the lower limb (soleus, quadriceps, and short biceps) were activated either by mechanical percussion (T Sol-T Quad-TSBi) or by electrical stimulation of the afferent nerve (H Sol-H Quad). They were used as conditioning and test responses in six different combinations, and the results compared to those obtained previously in normal volunteers. In spastic patients, heteronymous excitability curves are more obviously modified than homonymous ones. The changes are most prominent in the thigh muscles and less marked when the soleus reflex is conditioned by activation of quadriceps and biceps femoris myotatic reflex arcs.", "PMID": 690641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8943", "title": "Human nerve excitability.", "content": "The excitabilities of separate fibre populations were examined in the ulnar nerve in 74 healthy subjects, and in the posterior tibial, peroneal, and sural nerves in 23 of these subjects. Square wave electric stimuli of varying duration were applied to the nerve in different locations, while recording the evoked muscle or nerve action potential. \"Threshold\" strengthduration curves were derived for motor, sensory, and mixed nerve fibre populations. These curves did not vary significantly one from another, in upper versus extremity, or over time. No correlations between excitability and other measures of peripheral nerve function were observed. Excitability appears to reflect some element of nerve structure or function other than myelin.", "contents": "Human nerve excitability. The excitabilities of separate fibre populations were examined in the ulnar nerve in 74 healthy subjects, and in the posterior tibial, peroneal, and sural nerves in 23 of these subjects. Square wave electric stimuli of varying duration were applied to the nerve in different locations, while recording the evoked muscle or nerve action potential. \"Threshold\" strengthduration curves were derived for motor, sensory, and mixed nerve fibre populations. These curves did not vary significantly one from another, in upper versus extremity, or over time. No correlations between excitability and other measures of peripheral nerve function were observed. Excitability appears to reflect some element of nerve structure or function other than myelin.", "PMID": 690642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8944", "title": "Prognostic value of minimal excitability of facial nerve in Bell's palsy.", "content": "Nerve excitability is useful for prognosis in Bell's palsy. Minimal excitability values (MEV) were obtained by stimulating the facial nerve and recording the effective current (mA) required to evoke a minimal visible contraction of frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, and mentalis muscles respectively. Serial MEVs were performed on 100 patients with facial palsy, of whom 87 were followed for six months or to complete recovery; 61 patients were treated with steroids of whom 57 had good recovery. Serial MEVs were not only useful for prognosis, but also helpful in regulating the dosage of prednisone.", "contents": "Prognostic value of minimal excitability of facial nerve in Bell's palsy. Nerve excitability is useful for prognosis in Bell's palsy. Minimal excitability values (MEV) were obtained by stimulating the facial nerve and recording the effective current (mA) required to evoke a minimal visible contraction of frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, and mentalis muscles respectively. Serial MEVs were performed on 100 patients with facial palsy, of whom 87 were followed for six months or to complete recovery; 61 patients were treated with steroids of whom 57 had good recovery. Serial MEVs were not only useful for prognosis, but also helpful in regulating the dosage of prednisone.", "PMID": 690643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8945", "title": "Distal chronic spinal muscular atrophy involving the hands.", "content": "Six patients are described with a history of slowly progressive wasting of the muscle of the hands and forearms extending over periods of up to 20 years. The clinical, radiological, and electrophysiological findings were consistent with a diagnosis of chronic anterior horn cell degeneration. It is suggested that the patients are affected by a form of distal chronic spinal muscular atrophy affecting the hands.", "contents": "Distal chronic spinal muscular atrophy involving the hands. Six patients are described with a history of slowly progressive wasting of the muscle of the hands and forearms extending over periods of up to 20 years. The clinical, radiological, and electrophysiological findings were consistent with a diagnosis of chronic anterior horn cell degeneration. It is suggested that the patients are affected by a form of distal chronic spinal muscular atrophy affecting the hands.", "PMID": 690644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8946", "title": "Painful peripheral states and sympathetic blocks.", "content": "In various chronic painful states, the sympathetic nerve supply was blocked either by injecting the sympathetic chain and ganglia with local anaesthesia or by the injection of guanethidine during occlusion of the circulation. There was a striking relation between the presence of hyperpathia and the relief of pain by the blocks. The sympathetic block was unlikely to relieve the pain unless hyperpathia accompanied the pain; when hyperpathia was present, a sympathetic block relieved both the constant pain and the hyperpathia. The effectiveness of the guanethidine blocks shows that the pain and the hyperpathia are maintained by the emission of noradrenaline in the periphery. The facts related to the sympathetic system and sensibility are discussed.", "contents": "Painful peripheral states and sympathetic blocks. In various chronic painful states, the sympathetic nerve supply was blocked either by injecting the sympathetic chain and ganglia with local anaesthesia or by the injection of guanethidine during occlusion of the circulation. There was a striking relation between the presence of hyperpathia and the relief of pain by the blocks. The sympathetic block was unlikely to relieve the pain unless hyperpathia accompanied the pain; when hyperpathia was present, a sympathetic block relieved both the constant pain and the hyperpathia. The effectiveness of the guanethidine blocks shows that the pain and the hyperpathia are maintained by the emission of noradrenaline in the periphery. The facts related to the sympathetic system and sensibility are discussed.", "PMID": 690645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8947", "title": "Cryptococcal meningitis complicating remote skull fracture.", "content": "A patient in whom cryptococcal meningitis complicated a nine year old depressed frontal skull fracture, an association which has not been reported previously, is recorded. This is also the first case of cryptococcal meningitis recognised in Ethiopia.", "contents": "Cryptococcal meningitis complicating remote skull fracture. A patient in whom cryptococcal meningitis complicated a nine year old depressed frontal skull fracture, an association which has not been reported previously, is recorded. This is also the first case of cryptococcal meningitis recognised in Ethiopia.", "PMID": 690646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8948", "title": "A quantitative electrophysiological study of motor neurone disease.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with motor neurone disease were investigated using quantitative electrophysiological techniques. Estimates of the number of surviving motor units in the extensor digitorum brevis muscle and measurements of the electrophysiological parameters of these units are present along with the values for motor nerve conduction velocities. The results indicate that reinnervation in motor neurone disease is sufficient to compensate completely for the loss of up to 50% of the motor neurone pool supplying the muscle. The capacity for reinnervation is greater than we have found in a number of neuropathies but the efficiency of reinnervation decreases as the number of surviving motor units falls. Reinnervation appears to cease when 5% or less of the motor units remain viable. There is no electrophysiological evidence of a preferential loss of fast conducting axons, of pathological slowing of conduction nor of a dying-back process affecting the motor axon. Comparison of the electrophysiological parameters in progressive muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis shows no significant differences. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed in terms of the results.", "contents": "A quantitative electrophysiological study of motor neurone disease. Thirty-two patients with motor neurone disease were investigated using quantitative electrophysiological techniques. Estimates of the number of surviving motor units in the extensor digitorum brevis muscle and measurements of the electrophysiological parameters of these units are present along with the values for motor nerve conduction velocities. The results indicate that reinnervation in motor neurone disease is sufficient to compensate completely for the loss of up to 50% of the motor neurone pool supplying the muscle. The capacity for reinnervation is greater than we have found in a number of neuropathies but the efficiency of reinnervation decreases as the number of surviving motor units falls. Reinnervation appears to cease when 5% or less of the motor units remain viable. There is no electrophysiological evidence of a preferential loss of fast conducting axons, of pathological slowing of conduction nor of a dying-back process affecting the motor axon. Comparison of the electrophysiological parameters in progressive muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis shows no significant differences. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed in terms of the results.", "PMID": 690647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8949", "title": "Refractory period of human motor nerve fibres.", "content": "Using a collision technique, the ulnar nerve was made refractory for a shorter distance normally covered in 0.5 ms or a longer distance covered in 1.5 ms. Studying the shorter refractory segment with paired shocks of maximal intensity, the test response first appeared (more than 5% of unconditioned response) at an interstimulus interval of 1.16 +/- 0.18 ms (mean +/- SD in 20 ulnar nerves). The conduction velocity of the test impulse then was 55.3% +/- 19.2% of normal. Recovery in amplitude of the test response was nearly complete (more than 95%) at 2.11 +/- 0.50 ms, when it was conducting at a speed of 81.2 +/- 17.4% of normal. The conduction velocity recovered to a level above 95% of normal at 2.65 +/- 0.65 ms. Whereas recovery in amplitude of the test response was unrelated to the length of the refractory segment, change in latency was greater with the longer refractory segment, although not in proportion to the distance.", "contents": "Refractory period of human motor nerve fibres. Using a collision technique, the ulnar nerve was made refractory for a shorter distance normally covered in 0.5 ms or a longer distance covered in 1.5 ms. Studying the shorter refractory segment with paired shocks of maximal intensity, the test response first appeared (more than 5% of unconditioned response) at an interstimulus interval of 1.16 +/- 0.18 ms (mean +/- SD in 20 ulnar nerves). The conduction velocity of the test impulse then was 55.3% +/- 19.2% of normal. Recovery in amplitude of the test response was nearly complete (more than 95%) at 2.11 +/- 0.50 ms, when it was conducting at a speed of 81.2 +/- 17.4% of normal. The conduction velocity recovered to a level above 95% of normal at 2.65 +/- 0.65 ms. Whereas recovery in amplitude of the test response was unrelated to the length of the refractory segment, change in latency was greater with the longer refractory segment, although not in proportion to the distance.", "PMID": 690648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8950", "title": "Nerve fibre refractory period in patients treated with rubidium and lithium.", "content": "Nerve fibre refractory period distributions have been measured on the median nerves of six manic-depressive patients controlled with lithium carbonate, three chronic patients (two manic-depressives and one catatonic schizophrenic) controlled with rubidium chloride, and eight normal volunteers. Rubidium prolonged the refractory periods of all nerve fibres while lithium increased only the longer refractory periods.", "contents": "Nerve fibre refractory period in patients treated with rubidium and lithium. Nerve fibre refractory period distributions have been measured on the median nerves of six manic-depressive patients controlled with lithium carbonate, three chronic patients (two manic-depressives and one catatonic schizophrenic) controlled with rubidium chloride, and eight normal volunteers. Rubidium prolonged the refractory periods of all nerve fibres while lithium increased only the longer refractory periods.", "PMID": 690649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8951", "title": "Motor unit estimation in a muscle supplied by the radial nerve.", "content": "The number of motor units in a muscle, the abductor pollicis longus (APL), supplied by the radial nerve was estimated. In 40 APL muscles of control subjects, the mean number of motor units was found to be 421 +/- 99 (SD). Ten patients underwent conventional EMG examination to confirm the clinical suspicion of denervation in radial nerve territory. All presented a significant reduction in the number of motor units in the APL muscle. These results show that this method is useful in the evaluation of muscles supplied by the radial nerve.", "contents": "Motor unit estimation in a muscle supplied by the radial nerve. The number of motor units in a muscle, the abductor pollicis longus (APL), supplied by the radial nerve was estimated. In 40 APL muscles of control subjects, the mean number of motor units was found to be 421 +/- 99 (SD). Ten patients underwent conventional EMG examination to confirm the clinical suspicion of denervation in radial nerve territory. All presented a significant reduction in the number of motor units in the APL muscle. These results show that this method is useful in the evaluation of muscles supplied by the radial nerve.", "PMID": 690650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8952", "title": "Inverse activity of masticatory muscles with and without trismus: a brainstem syndrome.", "content": "Clinical and EMG findings in 10 cases of intrinsic brainstem lesions are reported with paradoxical activity of jaw closing muscles during jaw opening, with and without trismus. In five cases with trigeminal anaesthesia, the inverse activity of jaw closers is interpreted as a manifestation of disturbance in the central programming of mastication in the motor trigeminal area of the brainstem. Stretch reflex mechanisms and disinhibition of the trigeminal motor neurones play no part in the origin of inverse activity. The distinct brainstem syndrome can only be detected by EMG and the special clinical features.", "contents": "Inverse activity of masticatory muscles with and without trismus: a brainstem syndrome. Clinical and EMG findings in 10 cases of intrinsic brainstem lesions are reported with paradoxical activity of jaw closing muscles during jaw opening, with and without trismus. In five cases with trigeminal anaesthesia, the inverse activity of jaw closers is interpreted as a manifestation of disturbance in the central programming of mastication in the motor trigeminal area of the brainstem. Stretch reflex mechanisms and disinhibition of the trigeminal motor neurones play no part in the origin of inverse activity. The distinct brainstem syndrome can only be detected by EMG and the special clinical features.", "PMID": 690651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8953", "title": "Human anal reflexes.", "content": "By perianal electrical stimulation and EMG recording from the external anal sphincter the anal reflex was constantly present in normal subjects. The latency decreased within certain limits with increasing stimulation to an average minimum latency of 50 ms (SD 10.5). There was no difference between the minimum latency in normal subjects and patients with suprasegmental lesions of the CNS. The latency may be prolonged in patients with lesion of the reflex arc. By stimulation over the posterior tibial nerve behind the medial malleolus a reflex reaction could be picked up constantly from the anal sphincter in normal subjects. This reflex had a longer latency but a lower threshold than the reflex reaction from the tibialis anterior muscle. The average minimum latency from the anal sphincter was 93 ms (SD 21.1) and from the tibialis anterior muscle 64 ms (SD 7.9). In the absence of the anal reflex it may be possible to localise the defect to the afferent or efferent parts of the reflex by using types of stimulation. Preliminary studies of spinal shock revealed a perianally elicited anal reflex in all cases, but also a response to peripheral stimulation in some of the cases, more frequently found in the anal sphincter than in the tibialis anterior muscle.", "contents": "Human anal reflexes. By perianal electrical stimulation and EMG recording from the external anal sphincter the anal reflex was constantly present in normal subjects. The latency decreased within certain limits with increasing stimulation to an average minimum latency of 50 ms (SD 10.5). There was no difference between the minimum latency in normal subjects and patients with suprasegmental lesions of the CNS. The latency may be prolonged in patients with lesion of the reflex arc. By stimulation over the posterior tibial nerve behind the medial malleolus a reflex reaction could be picked up constantly from the anal sphincter in normal subjects. This reflex had a longer latency but a lower threshold than the reflex reaction from the tibialis anterior muscle. The average minimum latency from the anal sphincter was 93 ms (SD 21.1) and from the tibialis anterior muscle 64 ms (SD 7.9). In the absence of the anal reflex it may be possible to localise the defect to the afferent or efferent parts of the reflex by using types of stimulation. Preliminary studies of spinal shock revealed a perianally elicited anal reflex in all cases, but also a response to peripheral stimulation in some of the cases, more frequently found in the anal sphincter than in the tibialis anterior muscle.", "PMID": 690652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8954", "title": "Electrical study of jaw and orbicularis oculi reflexes after trigeminal nerve surgery.", "content": "Trigeminal nerve ophthalmic and motor division function was assessed clinically and electrically in 32 patients who had undergone various surgical procedures for trigeminal neuralgia. Using known electrophysiological techniques, the orbicularis oculi and jaw reflexes were tested in all subjects. Abnormalities of the orbicularis oculi reflex were anticipated on the basis of ophthalmic division anaesthesia. However, jaw reflex abnormalities appeared in operated cases with no clinical or electromyographic evidence of masseter denervation. These results were unexpected, and imply that the proprioceptive fibres of the jaw reflex are mediated by a sensory and not a motor root as previously believed.", "contents": "Electrical study of jaw and orbicularis oculi reflexes after trigeminal nerve surgery. Trigeminal nerve ophthalmic and motor division function was assessed clinically and electrically in 32 patients who had undergone various surgical procedures for trigeminal neuralgia. Using known electrophysiological techniques, the orbicularis oculi and jaw reflexes were tested in all subjects. Abnormalities of the orbicularis oculi reflex were anticipated on the basis of ophthalmic division anaesthesia. However, jaw reflex abnormalities appeared in operated cases with no clinical or electromyographic evidence of masseter denervation. These results were unexpected, and imply that the proprioceptive fibres of the jaw reflex are mediated by a sensory and not a motor root as previously believed.", "PMID": 690653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8955", "title": "Hemifacial spasm: treatment by posterior fossa surgery.", "content": "Nine cases of hemifacial spasm have been treated by posterior fossa exploration without mortality or significant morbidity. In only three was definite pathology found, but the hemifacial spasm was abolished in eight patients and markedly diminished in the remaining patient. The condition has reccurred in one patient. Microsurgical techniques make the operation safe and accurate. We suggest that this procedure is the best approach for hemifacial spasm requiring treatment. Where no definite pathology is found, the effectiveness of the procedure is probably due to fibrosis and hence mild trauma to the facial nerve induced by the sponge wrapped around the nerve.", "contents": "Hemifacial spasm: treatment by posterior fossa surgery. Nine cases of hemifacial spasm have been treated by posterior fossa exploration without mortality or significant morbidity. In only three was definite pathology found, but the hemifacial spasm was abolished in eight patients and markedly diminished in the remaining patient. The condition has reccurred in one patient. Microsurgical techniques make the operation safe and accurate. We suggest that this procedure is the best approach for hemifacial spasm requiring treatment. Where no definite pathology is found, the effectiveness of the procedure is probably due to fibrosis and hence mild trauma to the facial nerve induced by the sponge wrapped around the nerve.", "PMID": 690654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8956", "title": "Chronic subdural haematoma: a review of 114 cases.", "content": "One hundred and fourteen consecutive adult patients treated surgically for chronic subdural haematoma are described and their clinical features presented in detail. The diagnostic investigations are evaluated and a regime of surgical management is described. The three main modes of clinical presentation and the diagnostic role of carotid angiography are emphasised. It is suggested that the neurological state at the time of operation has no bearing on the prognosis and that, in particular, patients presenting in coma have a much better prognosis than might be expected. The average follow-up period was two years and the longest 11 years.", "contents": "Chronic subdural haematoma: a review of 114 cases. One hundred and fourteen consecutive adult patients treated surgically for chronic subdural haematoma are described and their clinical features presented in detail. The diagnostic investigations are evaluated and a regime of surgical management is described. The three main modes of clinical presentation and the diagnostic role of carotid angiography are emphasised. It is suggested that the neurological state at the time of operation has no bearing on the prognosis and that, in particular, patients presenting in coma have a much better prognosis than might be expected. The average follow-up period was two years and the longest 11 years.", "PMID": 690655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8957", "title": "Prognostic significance of alpha frequency EEG rhythm in coma after cardiac arrest.", "content": "Sixty-five patients who remained in coma for more than 24 hours after resuscitation from cardiac arrest were divided into two groups according to their EEGs. Thirteen patients were found to have rhythm of alpha frequency while 52 had the usual EEG findings after cerebral anoxia. Three patients from the group with alpha frequency EEG rhythms regained full consciousness but showed severe sequelae. Our results suggest that the prognosis of comatose patients with EEG rhythm of alpha frequency is no poorer than that of other individuals who are comatose after cardiac arrest.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of alpha frequency EEG rhythm in coma after cardiac arrest. Sixty-five patients who remained in coma for more than 24 hours after resuscitation from cardiac arrest were divided into two groups according to their EEGs. Thirteen patients were found to have rhythm of alpha frequency while 52 had the usual EEG findings after cerebral anoxia. Three patients from the group with alpha frequency EEG rhythms regained full consciousness but showed severe sequelae. Our results suggest that the prognosis of comatose patients with EEG rhythm of alpha frequency is no poorer than that of other individuals who are comatose after cardiac arrest.", "PMID": 690656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8958", "title": "Global hemianaesthesia: a parietal perceptual distortion suggesting non-organic illness.", "content": "In two patients, lesions in the non-dominant parietal lobe were associated with global anaesthesia to all sensory modalities affecting the opposite half of the body. A striking inconsistency existed between the complaints of limb anaesthesia and the grossly preserved motor and postural control of the involved limb. The gross discrepancy between complaint and functional ability prompted early consideration of a \"non-organic\" diagnosis. It is suggested that this unusual sensory deficit may be due to distorted perception of somatosensory stimuli, representing another disorder of body schema associated with parietal lobe lesions. The diagnosis of non-organic illness may then be avoided by focusing on a search for parietal disease.", "contents": "Global hemianaesthesia: a parietal perceptual distortion suggesting non-organic illness. In two patients, lesions in the non-dominant parietal lobe were associated with global anaesthesia to all sensory modalities affecting the opposite half of the body. A striking inconsistency existed between the complaints of limb anaesthesia and the grossly preserved motor and postural control of the involved limb. The gross discrepancy between complaint and functional ability prompted early consideration of a \"non-organic\" diagnosis. It is suggested that this unusual sensory deficit may be due to distorted perception of somatosensory stimuli, representing another disorder of body schema associated with parietal lobe lesions. The diagnosis of non-organic illness may then be avoided by focusing on a search for parietal disease.", "PMID": 690657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8959", "title": "Electroneurophysiological studies in familial amyloid polyneuropathy--Portuguese type.", "content": "Electroneurophysiological studies were performed in 15 patients with familial amyloid neuropathy (ages 29 to 67 years) and in 16 symptom-free members of affected families (ages 9 to 64 years). These studies included needle EMG, motor conduction velocities of deep peroneal and median nerves, sensory conduction velocities, sensory potentials, and nerve potentials of the sural and medium nerves. Results support the view that familial amyloid neuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy with predominantly axonal damage, which affects first the distal segments of the sensory fibres and then the motor fibres. It is suggested that, in some respects, this condition is akin to the dying-back neuropathies. Results also show that it is possible to detect the disease before it becomes obvious clinically, and this has important implications for genetic counseling.", "contents": "Electroneurophysiological studies in familial amyloid polyneuropathy--Portuguese type. Electroneurophysiological studies were performed in 15 patients with familial amyloid neuropathy (ages 29 to 67 years) and in 16 symptom-free members of affected families (ages 9 to 64 years). These studies included needle EMG, motor conduction velocities of deep peroneal and median nerves, sensory conduction velocities, sensory potentials, and nerve potentials of the sural and medium nerves. Results support the view that familial amyloid neuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy with predominantly axonal damage, which affects first the distal segments of the sensory fibres and then the motor fibres. It is suggested that, in some respects, this condition is akin to the dying-back neuropathies. Results also show that it is possible to detect the disease before it becomes obvious clinically, and this has important implications for genetic counseling.", "PMID": 690658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8960", "title": "Ganser syndrome: the aetiological argument.", "content": "In this case history, which shows the clinical features of the Ganser syndrome, there was abundant evidence to support both an organic and an hysterical aetiology. The aetiological dilemma is discussed, and the case illustrates some of the problems of nosology, clinical presentation, and psychopathology that this syndrome raises.", "contents": "Ganser syndrome: the aetiological argument. In this case history, which shows the clinical features of the Ganser syndrome, there was abundant evidence to support both an organic and an hysterical aetiology. The aetiological dilemma is discussed, and the case illustrates some of the problems of nosology, clinical presentation, and psychopathology that this syndrome raises.", "PMID": 690659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8961", "title": "Polyradiculoneuropathy associated with heroin abuse.", "content": "Neurological complications of heroin addiction have occurred only sporadically in the United Kingdom. We report the case of a young female patient who developed an acute polyradiculoneuropathy when she recommended intravenous heroin after four years abstinence. Another possible aetiological factor was a preceding flu-like illness but, after full investigations, we concluded that heroin abuse was the most likely cause of the neurological symptoms.", "contents": "Polyradiculoneuropathy associated with heroin abuse. Neurological complications of heroin addiction have occurred only sporadically in the United Kingdom. We report the case of a young female patient who developed an acute polyradiculoneuropathy when she recommended intravenous heroin after four years abstinence. Another possible aetiological factor was a preceding flu-like illness but, after full investigations, we concluded that heroin abuse was the most likely cause of the neurological symptoms.", "PMID": 690660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8962", "title": "Effect of diphenylhydantoin on the reproductive function of the male rat.", "content": "Male rats were injected with 5, 10, and 20 mg diphenylhydantoin daily for two months and then caged for five days with cyclic females. Thereafter the males underwent necropsy, the organs of the genital tract were examined, and found to be unaffected. Blood testosterone and Leydig cell counts were normal. A significant reduction of fertility was observed which appears to be loss of libido on behavioural grounds. Except for similar behavioural changes described in human epileptics no further reports are available concerning anticonvulsants and fertility. Our findings indicate that there is no reason to suspect that diphenylhydantoin had endocrine-mediated effects on male fertility in the rat.", "contents": "Effect of diphenylhydantoin on the reproductive function of the male rat. Male rats were injected with 5, 10, and 20 mg diphenylhydantoin daily for two months and then caged for five days with cyclic females. Thereafter the males underwent necropsy, the organs of the genital tract were examined, and found to be unaffected. Blood testosterone and Leydig cell counts were normal. A significant reduction of fertility was observed which appears to be loss of libido on behavioural grounds. Except for similar behavioural changes described in human epileptics no further reports are available concerning anticonvulsants and fertility. Our findings indicate that there is no reason to suspect that diphenylhydantoin had endocrine-mediated effects on male fertility in the rat.", "PMID": 690661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8963", "title": "Hypokalemic periodic paralysis. A single fiber electromyographic study.", "content": "The neurophysiological findings obtained with standard electromyography (EMG) and single fiber EMG (SFEMG) in a case of hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HoPP) are reported. During the period between paralytic attacks the only abnormalities consisted of scanty fibrillation potentials and, with SFEMG, a fiber density increase. In the first stage of an induced paralytic attack the most striking feature was decrease in fiber density, slight increase in jitter with several blocks. These results indicate a failure of the membrane surface to propagate an action potential. In some fibers the block is likely to be permanent, thus explaining the decrease in fiber density. The jitter increase is due to a slight abnormality at the synaptic site or to a variation in the propagation velocity of the muscle fiber.", "contents": "Hypokalemic periodic paralysis. A single fiber electromyographic study. The neurophysiological findings obtained with standard electromyography (EMG) and single fiber EMG (SFEMG) in a case of hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HoPP) are reported. During the period between paralytic attacks the only abnormalities consisted of scanty fibrillation potentials and, with SFEMG, a fiber density increase. In the first stage of an induced paralytic attack the most striking feature was decrease in fiber density, slight increase in jitter with several blocks. These results indicate a failure of the membrane surface to propagate an action potential. In some fibers the block is likely to be permanent, thus explaining the decrease in fiber density. The jitter increase is due to a slight abnormality at the synaptic site or to a variation in the propagation velocity of the muscle fiber.", "PMID": 690662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8964", "title": "Clinical features of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "In a country-wide search for patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) in Israel, 89 patients were found between 1969 and 1972 who met standardized diagnostic criteria. These cases, derived from a well defined population, were analyzed to provide a more accurate picture of the full range of clinical signs than is available from selected case series in the literature. Preceding illnesses, presenting symptoms, maximal neurological deficit, reflex changes, sensory deficit, cranial nerve, sphincter, respiratory, autonomic disturbances and spinal fluid changes were determined. Mortality was 5.6% which is lower than in many series. Alternatives to account for the apparent benignity of GBS in Israel were offered.", "contents": "Clinical features of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. In a country-wide search for patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) in Israel, 89 patients were found between 1969 and 1972 who met standardized diagnostic criteria. These cases, derived from a well defined population, were analyzed to provide a more accurate picture of the full range of clinical signs than is available from selected case series in the literature. Preceding illnesses, presenting symptoms, maximal neurological deficit, reflex changes, sensory deficit, cranial nerve, sphincter, respiratory, autonomic disturbances and spinal fluid changes were determined. Mortality was 5.6% which is lower than in many series. Alternatives to account for the apparent benignity of GBS in Israel were offered.", "PMID": 690663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8965", "title": "Cortical slow potentials and the occipital EEG in congenital blindness.", "content": "In a group of 7 congenitally blind adults, electroencephalographic occipital alpha rhythms were absent, but slow negative cortical potentials (CNV) were recorded over the visual cortex and were similar to those of normally sighted controls. Frontal and central CNV amplitudes, but not auditory evoked potentials or reaction times, were decreased significantly in the blind. The results confirm the presence of a developmental EEG abnormality following early blindness, and demonstrate the independance of slow potential generation from rhythmic 8--12 c/sec EEG activity in deafferented visual cortex. Non-sensory specific, event-related potentials such as the Contingent Negative Variation may prove to be useful psychophysiological probes of residual cortical function in brain regions which are deprived of primary sensory input.", "contents": "Cortical slow potentials and the occipital EEG in congenital blindness. In a group of 7 congenitally blind adults, electroencephalographic occipital alpha rhythms were absent, but slow negative cortical potentials (CNV) were recorded over the visual cortex and were similar to those of normally sighted controls. Frontal and central CNV amplitudes, but not auditory evoked potentials or reaction times, were decreased significantly in the blind. The results confirm the presence of a developmental EEG abnormality following early blindness, and demonstrate the independance of slow potential generation from rhythmic 8--12 c/sec EEG activity in deafferented visual cortex. Non-sensory specific, event-related potentials such as the Contingent Negative Variation may prove to be useful psychophysiological probes of residual cortical function in brain regions which are deprived of primary sensory input.", "PMID": 690664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8966", "title": "The relationship between lipofuscin pigment and ageing in the human nervous system.", "content": "The cytoplasmic RNA content, nucleolar volume and lipofuscin content of nerve cells of the inferior olivary and dentate nuclei, Purkinje cells and pyramidal cells of the hippocampus has been measured in 82 persons of age range 2--91 years, who were free from overt neurological disease at the time of death. All 4 cell types accumulate lipofuscin in a linear manner throughout life, but to markedly differing extents. Both the RNA content and nucleolar volume of dentate, olivary and hippocampal cells decrease, with advancing age, in a similar way in all of these 3 cell types, despite the widely differing extents of pigment accumulation, with losses of RNA and nucleolar volume at 90 years of age of 15 and 30% respectively. Olivary cells which contain most pigment show a different pattern of change with losses of RNA and nucleolar volume of about 60%. It seems, therefore, that, if there is a causal relationship between lipofuscin accumulation and reductions in RNA and nucleolar volume, it is rather obscure. It cannot simply be a matter of the absolute amounts of pigment present in any one cell type, but rather might be that there is a critical concentration of such material in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "The relationship between lipofuscin pigment and ageing in the human nervous system. The cytoplasmic RNA content, nucleolar volume and lipofuscin content of nerve cells of the inferior olivary and dentate nuclei, Purkinje cells and pyramidal cells of the hippocampus has been measured in 82 persons of age range 2--91 years, who were free from overt neurological disease at the time of death. All 4 cell types accumulate lipofuscin in a linear manner throughout life, but to markedly differing extents. Both the RNA content and nucleolar volume of dentate, olivary and hippocampal cells decrease, with advancing age, in a similar way in all of these 3 cell types, despite the widely differing extents of pigment accumulation, with losses of RNA and nucleolar volume at 90 years of age of 15 and 30% respectively. Olivary cells which contain most pigment show a different pattern of change with losses of RNA and nucleolar volume of about 60%. It seems, therefore, that, if there is a causal relationship between lipofuscin accumulation and reductions in RNA and nucleolar volume, it is rather obscure. It cannot simply be a matter of the absolute amounts of pigment present in any one cell type, but rather might be that there is a critical concentration of such material in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 690665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8967", "title": "Serum protein binding of lead in vitro in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and controls.", "content": "The binding of lead to serum proteins was studied in vitro in ALS-patients and controls. Serum was incubated with 210Pb, the proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing and the radioactivity in the different protein fractions was determined by liquid scintillation counting. The activity was concentrated in the orosomucoid (acid alpha1-glycoprotein) fraction both in ALS-patients and controls under the present experimental conditions and the capacity of this protein to bind lead was demonstrated in a control experiment. The findings are discussed in relation to our earlier observations on increased concentrations of lead in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in ALS-patients and the hypothetical role of the retrograde axonal transport in motoneurons in the pathogenesis of ALS. The present observations do not lend support to the idea that the increased plasma concentrations of lead in the disease would be related to qualitative differences in serum protein binding.", "contents": "Serum protein binding of lead in vitro in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and controls. The binding of lead to serum proteins was studied in vitro in ALS-patients and controls. Serum was incubated with 210Pb, the proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing and the radioactivity in the different protein fractions was determined by liquid scintillation counting. The activity was concentrated in the orosomucoid (acid alpha1-glycoprotein) fraction both in ALS-patients and controls under the present experimental conditions and the capacity of this protein to bind lead was demonstrated in a control experiment. The findings are discussed in relation to our earlier observations on increased concentrations of lead in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in ALS-patients and the hypothetical role of the retrograde axonal transport in motoneurons in the pathogenesis of ALS. The present observations do not lend support to the idea that the increased plasma concentrations of lead in the disease would be related to qualitative differences in serum protein binding.", "PMID": 690666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8968", "title": "Mixed mesenchymal tumors: meningioma and nerve sheath tumor.", "content": "Two spinal tumors are reported which consisted  of an admixture of meningiomatous and nerve sheath tumor tissues. The former was represented by whorled tissues in both cases, syncytial areas in one and psammoma bodies in the other. The latter was represented by cells with parallel oriented, elongated nuclei and intercellular connective tissue fibers, which contained neurons and myelinated axons. Each of the tumors contained anaplastic areas of increased cellularity and atypism, in addition to the well differentiated areas. On tumor was at cervical levels in a 55 year old man; he has survived for 7 years post-operatively, but with continued pain and motor difficulties. The other was at lumber levels in a 68 year old man; died 6 weeks after operation. No autopsy was obtained. There were no stigmata of von Recklinghausen's disease in either patient. It is suggested that these tumors should not be viewed as teratoid, i.e. of mixed mesenchymal and neurectodermal character. If Schwann cells are considered mesenchymal, as is suggested in other studies, the tumors would represent mixed mesenchymal tumors, like those frequently observed elsewhere, e.g. the angiomyolipomas.", "contents": "Mixed mesenchymal tumors: meningioma and nerve sheath tumor. Two spinal tumors are reported which consisted  of an admixture of meningiomatous and nerve sheath tumor tissues. The former was represented by whorled tissues in both cases, syncytial areas in one and psammoma bodies in the other. The latter was represented by cells with parallel oriented, elongated nuclei and intercellular connective tissue fibers, which contained neurons and myelinated axons. Each of the tumors contained anaplastic areas of increased cellularity and atypism, in addition to the well differentiated areas. On tumor was at cervical levels in a 55 year old man; he has survived for 7 years post-operatively, but with continued pain and motor difficulties. The other was at lumber levels in a 68 year old man; died 6 weeks after operation. No autopsy was obtained. There were no stigmata of von Recklinghausen's disease in either patient. It is suggested that these tumors should not be viewed as teratoid, i.e. of mixed mesenchymal and neurectodermal character. If Schwann cells are considered mesenchymal, as is suggested in other studies, the tumors would represent mixed mesenchymal tumors, like those frequently observed elsewhere, e.g. the angiomyolipomas.", "PMID": 690667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8969", "title": "Lymphocytic inflammation produced by intracerebral implantation of zinc and other metals.", "content": "Sxteen pure metals were implanted as pellets of powder or as wires into the brains of rats. Al, Be, Cr, Fe, Pb, Sn, and W were relatively innocuous. Mg and Mn produced local necrosis. Bi, Cd, Co, Cu and Ni produced more severe local necrosis. Viable tissue adjacent to Co and Ni necrotic lesions had some perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates. Zn implants caused very little necrosis but adjacent areas had prominent perivascular lymphocytic cuffs. The infiltrates persisted for at least 4 weeks but disappeared as soon as the zinc was removed. Some compounds of zinc were also capable of inducing infiltrates. The perivascular infiltrates resembled the lesions of allergic encephalomyelitis, but there was no correlation between the ability of metal powders to induce lymphocytic infiltrates after intracerebral implantation and their adjuvancy after intraperitoneal injection with neural antigen.", "contents": "Lymphocytic inflammation produced by intracerebral implantation of zinc and other metals. Sxteen pure metals were implanted as pellets of powder or as wires into the brains of rats. Al, Be, Cr, Fe, Pb, Sn, and W were relatively innocuous. Mg and Mn produced local necrosis. Bi, Cd, Co, Cu and Ni produced more severe local necrosis. Viable tissue adjacent to Co and Ni necrotic lesions had some perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates. Zn implants caused very little necrosis but adjacent areas had prominent perivascular lymphocytic cuffs. The infiltrates persisted for at least 4 weeks but disappeared as soon as the zinc was removed. Some compounds of zinc were also capable of inducing infiltrates. The perivascular infiltrates resembled the lesions of allergic encephalomyelitis, but there was no correlation between the ability of metal powders to induce lymphocytic infiltrates after intracerebral implantation and their adjuvancy after intraperitoneal injection with neural antigen.", "PMID": 690668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8970", "title": "Transneuronal changes in the optic tectum following eye enucleation in the newborn rat.", "content": "Following unilateral eye enucleation, degenerated neurons were observed in the affected tectum. However, dead cells also were present in the ipsilateral tectum, i.e., on the side which does not receive input from the enucleated eye. Further, the degeneration pattern observed in the experimental animals was similar to that observed in control unoperated animals. From these results we concluded that within the period studied, eye enucleation does not cause cell death to the neurons onto which the optic tract projects. Rather, the dead cells observed in the tectum are due to normal cell death that occurs in embryological development. The reduction in volume that occurs to the affected tectum following eye enucleation is attributed to an absence of the optic tract rather than to a neuronal loss.", "contents": "Transneuronal changes in the optic tectum following eye enucleation in the newborn rat. Following unilateral eye enucleation, degenerated neurons were observed in the affected tectum. However, dead cells also were present in the ipsilateral tectum, i.e., on the side which does not receive input from the enucleated eye. Further, the degeneration pattern observed in the experimental animals was similar to that observed in control unoperated animals. From these results we concluded that within the period studied, eye enucleation does not cause cell death to the neurons onto which the optic tract projects. Rather, the dead cells observed in the tectum are due to normal cell death that occurs in embryological development. The reduction in volume that occurs to the affected tectum following eye enucleation is attributed to an absence of the optic tract rather than to a neuronal loss.", "PMID": 690669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8971", "title": "RNA content and volume of nerve cell bodies in human brain. I. Prefrontal cortex in aging normal and demented patients.", "content": "The age-related change in the neuronal RNA content, volume, and the RNA concentration of 2,160 single cell bodies was examined from the prefrontal cortex. Human brains from 15 normal and 3 demented patients of ages ranging from 8 months to 94 years were obtained at post-mortem examination. The neuronal RNA showed an adult level at age 9 years and remained unchanged until age 66; the mean RNA content was 27.15 pg during this period of time. A decline in the RNA content followed with increasing ages, but it leveled off to an average of 17.97 pg after the age of 80 years. A comparative observation of morphological changes of normal and demented patients reveal the quantitative spectrum of senile plaques. In spite of the presence of significantly more senile plaques, patients with senile dementia showed the RNA content and the volume of the cell body like those of normal patients of similar age. There seems to be no criterion which is characteristic of senile dementia in terms of the RNA content in cortical cell bodies.", "contents": "RNA content and volume of nerve cell bodies in human brain. I. Prefrontal cortex in aging normal and demented patients. The age-related change in the neuronal RNA content, volume, and the RNA concentration of 2,160 single cell bodies was examined from the prefrontal cortex. Human brains from 15 normal and 3 demented patients of ages ranging from 8 months to 94 years were obtained at post-mortem examination. The neuronal RNA showed an adult level at age 9 years and remained unchanged until age 66; the mean RNA content was 27.15 pg during this period of time. A decline in the RNA content followed with increasing ages, but it leveled off to an average of 17.97 pg after the age of 80 years. A comparative observation of morphological changes of normal and demented patients reveal the quantitative spectrum of senile plaques. In spite of the presence of significantly more senile plaques, patients with senile dementia showed the RNA content and the volume of the cell body like those of normal patients of similar age. There seems to be no criterion which is characteristic of senile dementia in terms of the RNA content in cortical cell bodies.", "PMID": 690670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8972", "title": "Oncornavirus particles in neurons of guinea pig trigeminal ganglion.", "content": "Virus-like particles morphologically similar to oncornaviruses were observed in trigeminal ganglion neurons of two normal, random-bred, adult Hartley guinea pigs. Only a few neurons showed virus particles, but the particles were numerous in the cells in which they were present. Extracellular virus particles were not observed. Similar oncornavirus particles were observed in trigeminal ganglion explant cultures derived from normal guinea pigs after treatment with bromodeoxyuridine. Both intracellular and extracellular particles were frequently observed in and around supporting cells. Intracytoplasmic oncornavirus-like particles were occasionally observed within neurons. These results support consideration that trigeminal ganglion and other sensory ganglion neurons may be primary sites for latent oncornavirus infection of the nervous system.", "contents": "Oncornavirus particles in neurons of guinea pig trigeminal ganglion. Virus-like particles morphologically similar to oncornaviruses were observed in trigeminal ganglion neurons of two normal, random-bred, adult Hartley guinea pigs. Only a few neurons showed virus particles, but the particles were numerous in the cells in which they were present. Extracellular virus particles were not observed. Similar oncornavirus particles were observed in trigeminal ganglion explant cultures derived from normal guinea pigs after treatment with bromodeoxyuridine. Both intracellular and extracellular particles were frequently observed in and around supporting cells. Intracytoplasmic oncornavirus-like particles were occasionally observed within neurons. These results support consideration that trigeminal ganglion and other sensory ganglion neurons may be primary sites for latent oncornavirus infection of the nervous system.", "PMID": 690671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8973", "title": "Melanotic medulloblastoma. Report of a case with ultrastructural findings.", "content": "A pigmented neoplasm of the cerebellar vermis in a four year old child was typical of differentiating medulloblastoma with islands of epithelial-like cells containing melanin pigment. There have been several previous reports of such melanotic cerebellar neoplasms. Reported cases have had a clinically malignant behavior with dissemination in the central nervous system. They appear to be variants of medulloblastoma and not pigmented neuroectodermal tumors of infancy (melanotic prognomas or retinal anlage tumors). Ultrastructurally the neoplasm was compatible with medulloblastoma with focal poorly differentiated cells which contained melanin pigment. The pigment resembled neural crest (cutaneous or ocular) melanin rather than neuromelanin.", "contents": "Melanotic medulloblastoma. Report of a case with ultrastructural findings. A pigmented neoplasm of the cerebellar vermis in a four year old child was typical of differentiating medulloblastoma with islands of epithelial-like cells containing melanin pigment. There have been several previous reports of such melanotic cerebellar neoplasms. Reported cases have had a clinically malignant behavior with dissemination in the central nervous system. They appear to be variants of medulloblastoma and not pigmented neuroectodermal tumors of infancy (melanotic prognomas or retinal anlage tumors). Ultrastructurally the neoplasm was compatible with medulloblastoma with focal poorly differentiated cells which contained melanin pigment. The pigment resembled neural crest (cutaneous or ocular) melanin rather than neuromelanin.", "PMID": 690672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8974", "title": "Aspinous and sparsely-spinous stellate neurons in the visual cortex of rats contain glutamic acid decarboxylase.", "content": "Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), has been localized in the rat visual cortex by immunocytochemical methods with both light and electron microscopy. In both colchicine-injected and non-injected preparations of the visual cortex, GAD-positive reaction product was observed in somata, proximal dendrites and axon terminals of non-pyramidal neurons. The GAD-positive terminals were observed to form symmetric synaptic junctions most commonly with dendritic shafts and somata of pyramidal and stellate neurons and less frequently with initial axon segments of pyramidal neurons and dendritic spines. In colchicine-injected preparations, GAD-positive somata were located in all cortical layers including the immediately subjacent white matter. In contrast, sections from non-injected rats displayed GAD-positive somata within a superficial and a deep cortical band. The GAD-positive somata observed in both types of preparations received both symmetric and asymmetric synaptic junctions, lacked apical dendrites, and had radially oriented dendrites of small diameter. These characteristics of GAD-positive neurons indicate that they are aspinous and sparsely-spinous stellate neurons. The localization of GAD within these neurons in combination with physiological and pharmacological data indicate that these local circuit neurons mediate GABA-ergic inhibition in the neocortex.", "contents": "Aspinous and sparsely-spinous stellate neurons in the visual cortex of rats contain glutamic acid decarboxylase. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), has been localized in the rat visual cortex by immunocytochemical methods with both light and electron microscopy. In both colchicine-injected and non-injected preparations of the visual cortex, GAD-positive reaction product was observed in somata, proximal dendrites and axon terminals of non-pyramidal neurons. The GAD-positive terminals were observed to form symmetric synaptic junctions most commonly with dendritic shafts and somata of pyramidal and stellate neurons and less frequently with initial axon segments of pyramidal neurons and dendritic spines. In colchicine-injected preparations, GAD-positive somata were located in all cortical layers including the immediately subjacent white matter. In contrast, sections from non-injected rats displayed GAD-positive somata within a superficial and a deep cortical band. The GAD-positive somata observed in both types of preparations received both symmetric and asymmetric synaptic junctions, lacked apical dendrites, and had radially oriented dendrites of small diameter. These characteristics of GAD-positive neurons indicate that they are aspinous and sparsely-spinous stellate neurons. The localization of GAD within these neurons in combination with physiological and pharmacological data indicate that these local circuit neurons mediate GABA-ergic inhibition in the neocortex.", "PMID": 690673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8975", "title": "Glycoprotein transport in the rat cerebellum.", "content": "The fate of tritiated fucose in rat cerebellum has been followed using autoradiographic techniques for a period up to one week after intraventricular injection. At intervals of up to three hours after injection, Purkinje and granule cell bodies were found to be most heavily labelled. Subsequently this labelling declined and the highest grain density was observed over the molecular layer. The data is interpreted in terms of fucose incorporation into glycoproteins in nerve cell bodies followed by rapid dendritic transport in the Purkinje cell and fast transport in granule cells along ascending axons and parallel fibres.", "contents": "Glycoprotein transport in the rat cerebellum. The fate of tritiated fucose in rat cerebellum has been followed using autoradiographic techniques for a period up to one week after intraventricular injection. At intervals of up to three hours after injection, Purkinje and granule cell bodies were found to be most heavily labelled. Subsequently this labelling declined and the highest grain density was observed over the molecular layer. The data is interpreted in terms of fucose incorporation into glycoproteins in nerve cell bodies followed by rapid dendritic transport in the Purkinje cell and fast transport in granule cells along ascending axons and parallel fibres.", "PMID": 690674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8976", "title": "An experimental analysis of interlamellar tight junctions in amphibian and mammalian C.N.S. myelin.", "content": "The distribution of interlamellar tight junctions was examined in myelin sheaths of Xenopus tadpole optic nerve and rabbit epiretinal tissue fixed with aldehydes, postfixed with osmium ferrocyanide and embedded in a water-soluble medium, Durcupan. Intramyelinic zonulae occludentes were clearly formed by fusion of adjacent intraperiod lines which corresponded to the external leaflets of oligodendrocytes. These occurred in register with other tight junctions present within successive lamellae and appeared as a series of radial lines extending either partially or totally across the thickness of the myelin sheath. This distribution of zonulae occludentes corresponded with that of tight junctional particle strands observed in freeze-fracture replicas. Analysis of intramyelinic vacuolation induced by hexachlorophene (HCP) intoxication indicated that lamellar splitting was frequently limited by the tight junctions. The intramyelinic zonulae occludentes also restricted the diffusion of colloidal lanthanum which had penetrated the myelin intraperiod gap following in vivo perineural injection. The results of this study provide evidence favouring a correspondence between interlamellar tight junctions and the 'radial component' of myelin described earlier by other investigators. Furthermore, observations of swollen myelin sheaths, resulting from HCP intoxication, suggest that these junctions may play a major role in maintaining myelin sheath integrity and limiting the extent of breakdown during certain pathological conditions.", "contents": "An experimental analysis of interlamellar tight junctions in amphibian and mammalian C.N.S. myelin. The distribution of interlamellar tight junctions was examined in myelin sheaths of Xenopus tadpole optic nerve and rabbit epiretinal tissue fixed with aldehydes, postfixed with osmium ferrocyanide and embedded in a water-soluble medium, Durcupan. Intramyelinic zonulae occludentes were clearly formed by fusion of adjacent intraperiod lines which corresponded to the external leaflets of oligodendrocytes. These occurred in register with other tight junctions present within successive lamellae and appeared as a series of radial lines extending either partially or totally across the thickness of the myelin sheath. This distribution of zonulae occludentes corresponded with that of tight junctional particle strands observed in freeze-fracture replicas. Analysis of intramyelinic vacuolation induced by hexachlorophene (HCP) intoxication indicated that lamellar splitting was frequently limited by the tight junctions. The intramyelinic zonulae occludentes also restricted the diffusion of colloidal lanthanum which had penetrated the myelin intraperiod gap following in vivo perineural injection. The results of this study provide evidence favouring a correspondence between interlamellar tight junctions and the 'radial component' of myelin described earlier by other investigators. Furthermore, observations of swollen myelin sheaths, resulting from HCP intoxication, suggest that these junctions may play a major role in maintaining myelin sheath integrity and limiting the extent of breakdown during certain pathological conditions.", "PMID": 690675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8977", "title": "Fine structure of the rat carotid body transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye.", "content": "Rat carotid bodies transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye were studied by electron microscopy. Chief and sustentacular cells and a few ganglion cells survived for 3 months and maintained cytological characteristics similar to those in the intact carotid body. The transplant contained many fenestrated capillaries. Chief cells at the periphery of the cell cluster had long cytoplasmic processes which projected into the stroma of the iris. The cell processes became incorporated into bundles containing nerve fibres, which were enveloped by a perineurial sheath. Three types of nerve fibres were identified in the explant. Type I and type II nerve fibres (presumptive cholinergic and adrenergic, respectively) were enclosed by sustentacular and satellite cells. Most of the nerve fibres were completely separated from chief cells and ganglion cells by sustentacular and satellite cells. A few nerve fibres made direct apposition to chief cells and ganglion cells, where some nerves were presynaptic to them. Type III nerve fibres derived from myelinated nerve fibres were also enclosed by sustentacular and satellite cells.", "contents": "Fine structure of the rat carotid body transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye. Rat carotid bodies transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye were studied by electron microscopy. Chief and sustentacular cells and a few ganglion cells survived for 3 months and maintained cytological characteristics similar to those in the intact carotid body. The transplant contained many fenestrated capillaries. Chief cells at the periphery of the cell cluster had long cytoplasmic processes which projected into the stroma of the iris. The cell processes became incorporated into bundles containing nerve fibres, which were enveloped by a perineurial sheath. Three types of nerve fibres were identified in the explant. Type I and type II nerve fibres (presumptive cholinergic and adrenergic, respectively) were enclosed by sustentacular and satellite cells. Most of the nerve fibres were completely separated from chief cells and ganglion cells by sustentacular and satellite cells. A few nerve fibres made direct apposition to chief cells and ganglion cells, where some nerves were presynaptic to them. Type III nerve fibres derived from myelinated nerve fibres were also enclosed by sustentacular and satellite cells.", "PMID": 690676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8978", "title": "Pulmonary edema following fatal aneurysm rupture.", "content": "A retrospective clinico-pathological analysis of 78 cases of fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was carried out: 71% had a pathological diagnosis of pulmonary edema (PE), and of these 31% had a clinical diagnosis of PE. Patients with pathological PE were younger and died sooner after their SAH than those without. The incidence of PE fell with the passage of time following SAH, while the occurrence of pneumonia and embolism increased. There were hypoxemia and hypocapnia in both groups, more severe in the group that had pathological PE. The pathophysiology of neurogenic PE is discussed and possible therapeutic approaches indicated.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema following fatal aneurysm rupture. A retrospective clinico-pathological analysis of 78 cases of fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was carried out: 71% had a pathological diagnosis of pulmonary edema (PE), and of these 31% had a clinical diagnosis of PE. Patients with pathological PE were younger and died sooner after their SAH than those without. The incidence of PE fell with the passage of time following SAH, while the occurrence of pneumonia and embolism increased. There were hypoxemia and hypocapnia in both groups, more severe in the group that had pathological PE. The pathophysiology of neurogenic PE is discussed and possible therapeutic approaches indicated.", "PMID": 690677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8979", "title": "Protective effects of methyl prednisolone and dimethyl sulfoxide in experimental middle cerebral artery embolectomy.", "content": "Acute arterial embolism continues to be a major cause of stroke morbidity in children and young adults. Potential therapy modalities include medical management and/or cerebral revascularization. The canine middle cerebral artery (MCA) was embolized by means of a pliable cylinder, 8 mm long by 1.6 mm in diameter, via the internal carotid artery. Control and experimental embolectomies were performed 6 hours following embolization. The experimental animals were treated with either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or methyl prednisolone. In the control animals, the average area of infarction in the brain was 1.45 cu cm. The animals treated with methyl prednisolone (2 mg/kg) or DMSO (2 gm/kg) showed no infarction of the brain, whereas methyl prednisolone (30 mg/kg) did not prevent infarction.", "contents": "Protective effects of methyl prednisolone and dimethyl sulfoxide in experimental middle cerebral artery embolectomy. Acute arterial embolism continues to be a major cause of stroke morbidity in children and young adults. Potential therapy modalities include medical management and/or cerebral revascularization. The canine middle cerebral artery (MCA) was embolized by means of a pliable cylinder, 8 mm long by 1.6 mm in diameter, via the internal carotid artery. Control and experimental embolectomies were performed 6 hours following embolization. The experimental animals were treated with either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or methyl prednisolone. In the control animals, the average area of infarction in the brain was 1.45 cu cm. The animals treated with methyl prednisolone (2 mg/kg) or DMSO (2 gm/kg) showed no infarction of the brain, whereas methyl prednisolone (30 mg/kg) did not prevent infarction.", "PMID": 690678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8980", "title": "Modification of acute focal ischemia by treatment with mannitol and high-dose dexamethasone.", "content": "A simple implanted device was used to occlude the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) of 50 conscious cats. In the acute experiments, 10 cats were given mannitol (1.2 gm/kg intravenously) and 10 cats were untreated. The neurological status of the treated cats improved. Perfusion with a mixture of colloidal carbon and buffered paraformaldehyde was carried out from 30 minutes to 12 hours following MCA occlusion. Results of the morphological examination of the brains demonstrated that mannitol delayed the development of neuronal alterations and edema. Measurement of capillary luminal diameters in the ischemic cortex of the untreated cats revealed progressive narrowing with microcirculatory obstruction occurring at 6 hours. Capillary narrowing was absent or minimal in the treated cats during the initial 6 hours. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier also was delayed by treatment. In the 30 subacute experiments, 10 cats were untreated, 10 cats received mannitol (1.2 gm/kg intravenously), and 10 cats were given a combination of mannitol and high-dose dexamethasone. Although early transient clinical improvement occurred in the treated animals, morphological findings in the brains of the treated and untreated cats following 48 hours of ischemia were not significantly different. Despite the finding that the beneficial effects of mannitol were relatively short-lived (6 to 12 hours), the delay in the development of irreversible changes probably is important as it would allow a longer period of time for the institution of a more definitive form of therapy.", "contents": "Modification of acute focal ischemia by treatment with mannitol and high-dose dexamethasone. A simple implanted device was used to occlude the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) of 50 conscious cats. In the acute experiments, 10 cats were given mannitol (1.2 gm/kg intravenously) and 10 cats were untreated. The neurological status of the treated cats improved. Perfusion with a mixture of colloidal carbon and buffered paraformaldehyde was carried out from 30 minutes to 12 hours following MCA occlusion. Results of the morphological examination of the brains demonstrated that mannitol delayed the development of neuronal alterations and edema. Measurement of capillary luminal diameters in the ischemic cortex of the untreated cats revealed progressive narrowing with microcirculatory obstruction occurring at 6 hours. Capillary narrowing was absent or minimal in the treated cats during the initial 6 hours. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier also was delayed by treatment. In the 30 subacute experiments, 10 cats were untreated, 10 cats received mannitol (1.2 gm/kg intravenously), and 10 cats were given a combination of mannitol and high-dose dexamethasone. Although early transient clinical improvement occurred in the treated animals, morphological findings in the brains of the treated and untreated cats following 48 hours of ischemia were not significantly different. Despite the finding that the beneficial effects of mannitol were relatively short-lived (6 to 12 hours), the delay in the development of irreversible changes probably is important as it would allow a longer period of time for the institution of a more definitive form of therapy.", "PMID": 690679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8981", "title": "Treatment of aneurysmal hemiplegia with dopamine and mannitol.", "content": "Three patients with severe postoperative hemiplegia and one with hemiplegia following a subarachnoid hemorrhage are presented. None had hematomas. All were treated with dopamine-induced hypertension, mannitol, and large quantities of intravascular fluids. All showed a remarkable degree of clinical improvement, presumably secondary to an increase in cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "Treatment of aneurysmal hemiplegia with dopamine and mannitol. Three patients with severe postoperative hemiplegia and one with hemiplegia following a subarachnoid hemorrhage are presented. None had hematomas. All were treated with dopamine-induced hypertension, mannitol, and large quantities of intravascular fluids. All showed a remarkable degree of clinical improvement, presumably secondary to an increase in cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 690680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8982", "title": "A simple gravimetric technique for measurement of cerebral edema.", "content": "A simple method was developed for the laboratory preparation of gradient columns of specific gravity used in measurement of brain-tissue water. By this automated technique, virtually linear and repeatable density gradients were obtained from which values of tissue specific gravity could be determined. The specific gravity of both solid and fresh cortex and white matter from adult cats was measured and converted to units of percent water per gram tissue using conversion factors derived for this purpose and applicable to studies of brain edema.", "contents": "A simple gravimetric technique for measurement of cerebral edema. A simple method was developed for the laboratory preparation of gradient columns of specific gravity used in measurement of brain-tissue water. By this automated technique, virtually linear and repeatable density gradients were obtained from which values of tissue specific gravity could be determined. The specific gravity of both solid and fresh cortex and white matter from adult cats was measured and converted to units of percent water per gram tissue using conversion factors derived for this purpose and applicable to studies of brain edema.", "PMID": 690681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8983", "title": "Unmyelinated fibers in the trigeminal motor root. Possible relationship to the results of trigeminal rhizotomy.", "content": "Spinal ventral roots have been shown by electron microscopy to contain a substantial number of unmyelinated fibers. Physiological studies have confirmed that many of these subserve a sensory function. In this investigation the fiber spectrum of the human trigeminal motor root was studied by electron microscopy and it was determined that up to 20% of fibers were unmyelinated. This accounted for approximately 300 to 1000 fibers per root. Since visceral efferent fibers are thought not to occur in the trigeminal root, it appears likely that these unmyelinated fibers may be afferent in nature. It is believed that the presence of a substantial number of unmyelinated fibers in the trigeminal motor root may account for residual sensation or failure of pain relief after rhizotomy of the trigeminal portio major root.", "contents": "Unmyelinated fibers in the trigeminal motor root. Possible relationship to the results of trigeminal rhizotomy. Spinal ventral roots have been shown by electron microscopy to contain a substantial number of unmyelinated fibers. Physiological studies have confirmed that many of these subserve a sensory function. In this investigation the fiber spectrum of the human trigeminal motor root was studied by electron microscopy and it was determined that up to 20% of fibers were unmyelinated. This accounted for approximately 300 to 1000 fibers per root. Since visceral efferent fibers are thought not to occur in the trigeminal root, it appears likely that these unmyelinated fibers may be afferent in nature. It is believed that the presence of a substantial number of unmyelinated fibers in the trigeminal motor root may account for residual sensation or failure of pain relief after rhizotomy of the trigeminal portio major root.", "PMID": 690682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8984", "title": "Lumbar phlebography in the diagnosis of disc herniations.", "content": "The authors report their experience with 240 cases with lumbar phlebography in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniations. The normal radiological anatomy and the radiological signs of disc herniations are described. Indications for phlebography are given, and the reliability of this test is compared with that of myelography performed with water-soluble agents.", "contents": "Lumbar phlebography in the diagnosis of disc herniations. The authors report their experience with 240 cases with lumbar phlebography in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniations. The normal radiological anatomy and the radiological signs of disc herniations are described. Indications for phlebography are given, and the reliability of this test is compared with that of myelography performed with water-soluble agents.", "PMID": 690683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8985", "title": "Spinal evoked potentials in the primate: neural substrate.", "content": "Summated responses evoked by peripheral nerve stimulation were recorded from electrodes located in the epidural and subdural spaces anterior and posterior to the monkey spinal cord. Segmental microsurgical resection of the dorsal columns both at the thoracic and cervical levels resulted in total obliteration of the response recorded rostral to these lesions. Isolated segmental dorsal column preservation did not significantly alter response latency or wave form recorded at the rostral electrodes. Bilateral cervical dorsolateral column resection also resulted in no discernible alterations of these responses. These data indicate that spinal evoked potentials recorded from levels rostral to their root entry zones arise almost exclusively from the dorsal columns.", "contents": "Spinal evoked potentials in the primate: neural substrate. Summated responses evoked by peripheral nerve stimulation were recorded from electrodes located in the epidural and subdural spaces anterior and posterior to the monkey spinal cord. Segmental microsurgical resection of the dorsal columns both at the thoracic and cervical levels resulted in total obliteration of the response recorded rostral to these lesions. Isolated segmental dorsal column preservation did not significantly alter response latency or wave form recorded at the rostral electrodes. Bilateral cervical dorsolateral column resection also resulted in no discernible alterations of these responses. These data indicate that spinal evoked potentials recorded from levels rostral to their root entry zones arise almost exclusively from the dorsal columns.", "PMID": 690684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8986", "title": "Studies of experimental cervical spinal cord transection. Part I: Hemodynamic changes after acute cervical spinal cord transection.", "content": "Two distinct and sequential patterns of hemodynamic alteration were observed after acute cervical spinal cord transection in anesthetized dogs. Interruption of the cord initially caused a 45% increase in mean arterial pressure (p less than 0.01), a 34% increase in systemic vascular resistance (p less than 0.05), and a 92% increase in left ventricular dp/dt (p less than 0.01), reflecting a generalized sympathetic response to trauma. Concomitant bradycardia and escape arrhythmias suggested relative parasympathetic hyperactivity. Resolution of the brief pressor response was followed by a second, more prolonged, period characterized by a fall in arterial pressure to 71% of control levels (p less than 0.05), a 16% decrease in systemic vascular resistance, and a 58.5% decrease in left ventricular dp/dt (p less than 0.01). These latter hemodynamic changes are consistent with sympathetic denervation and failure of regulatory mechanisms mediated by both alpha- and beta-adrenergic peripheral vascular and myocardial receptors.", "contents": "Studies of experimental cervical spinal cord transection. Part I: Hemodynamic changes after acute cervical spinal cord transection. Two distinct and sequential patterns of hemodynamic alteration were observed after acute cervical spinal cord transection in anesthetized dogs. Interruption of the cord initially caused a 45% increase in mean arterial pressure (p less than 0.01), a 34% increase in systemic vascular resistance (p less than 0.05), and a 92% increase in left ventricular dp/dt (p less than 0.01), reflecting a generalized sympathetic response to trauma. Concomitant bradycardia and escape arrhythmias suggested relative parasympathetic hyperactivity. Resolution of the brief pressor response was followed by a second, more prolonged, period characterized by a fall in arterial pressure to 71% of control levels (p less than 0.05), a 16% decrease in systemic vascular resistance, and a 58.5% decrease in left ventricular dp/dt (p less than 0.01). These latter hemodynamic changes are consistent with sympathetic denervation and failure of regulatory mechanisms mediated by both alpha- and beta-adrenergic peripheral vascular and myocardial receptors.", "PMID": 690685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8987", "title": "Altered blood flow and secondary injury in experimental spinal cord trauma.", "content": "A modification of the hydrogen clearance technique was used to study blood flow in the dorsolateral funiculus of traumatized thoracic spinal cord in cats. The result of this study show that ischemia occurred in all animals both at the level of trauma, and 1 cm below the site of trauma. There was, however, a period of over 1 hour after trauma during which blood flow was maintained at both sites. This investigation not only confirms the presence of ischemia in the lateral funiculus of the injured spinal cord but suggests that a period of time exists in the posttraumatic period during which pharmacological intervention may alter the ischemic response and possibly prevent secondary injury resulting from the ischemia.", "contents": "Altered blood flow and secondary injury in experimental spinal cord trauma. A modification of the hydrogen clearance technique was used to study blood flow in the dorsolateral funiculus of traumatized thoracic spinal cord in cats. The result of this study show that ischemia occurred in all animals both at the level of trauma, and 1 cm below the site of trauma. There was, however, a period of over 1 hour after trauma during which blood flow was maintained at both sites. This investigation not only confirms the presence of ischemia in the lateral funiculus of the injured spinal cord but suggests that a period of time exists in the posttraumatic period during which pharmacological intervention may alter the ischemic response and possibly prevent secondary injury resulting from the ischemia.", "PMID": 690686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8988", "title": "The effect of amphotericin B on the survival of brain-tumor-bearing mice treated with CCNU.", "content": "The membrane-active polyene, amphotericin B (AMB) has been shown to enhance or potentiate the effects of various chemotherapeutic agents against tumor cells in tissue culture. Because of the need to increase the efficacy of the nitrosoureas in brain-tumor chemotherapy, we have studied the effect of the nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), with or without AMB pretreatment. The intraperitoneal administration of 25 mg/kg of AMB 24 hours before 5, 10, 20 or 30 mg/kg of intraperitoneal CCNU did not result in a significant improvement in survival. The failure of intraperitoneal AMB to potentiate the effect of CCNU was likely a failure in drug delivery, since AMB crosses the blood-brain barrier very poorly. To circumvent the drug-delivery problem, AMB was administered intracerebrally directly into the tumor-bearing hemisphere. With 0.5 mg/kg of intracerebral AMB administered 24 hours before 10 mg/kg CCNU was given intraperitoneally, the life-span was significantly increased over the control group. The same dose of CCNU alone did not significantly increase survival. When 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg AMB was administered intracerebrally 24 hours before 20 mg/kg of interaperitoneal CCNU, survival was significantly increased over those groups receiving the same dose of CCNU alone. It is concluded that direct intracerebral administration of AMB enhances or potentiates the therapeutic effect of CCNU in this brain-tumor model.", "contents": "The effect of amphotericin B on the survival of brain-tumor-bearing mice treated with CCNU. The membrane-active polyene, amphotericin B (AMB) has been shown to enhance or potentiate the effects of various chemotherapeutic agents against tumor cells in tissue culture. Because of the need to increase the efficacy of the nitrosoureas in brain-tumor chemotherapy, we have studied the effect of the nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), with or without AMB pretreatment. The intraperitoneal administration of 25 mg/kg of AMB 24 hours before 5, 10, 20 or 30 mg/kg of intraperitoneal CCNU did not result in a significant improvement in survival. The failure of intraperitoneal AMB to potentiate the effect of CCNU was likely a failure in drug delivery, since AMB crosses the blood-brain barrier very poorly. To circumvent the drug-delivery problem, AMB was administered intracerebrally directly into the tumor-bearing hemisphere. With 0.5 mg/kg of intracerebral AMB administered 24 hours before 10 mg/kg CCNU was given intraperitoneally, the life-span was significantly increased over the control group. The same dose of CCNU alone did not significantly increase survival. When 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg AMB was administered intracerebrally 24 hours before 20 mg/kg of interaperitoneal CCNU, survival was significantly increased over those groups receiving the same dose of CCNU alone. It is concluded that direct intracerebral administration of AMB enhances or potentiates the therapeutic effect of CCNU in this brain-tumor model.", "PMID": 690687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8989", "title": "Chemotherapy of recurrent medulloblastoma with combined procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine.", "content": "Seventeen patients with recurrent medulloblastoma were treated with a combination of three drugs: procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine (PCV). Tumor recurrence was documented at varying periods following surgery and radiotherapy. Among 16 evaluable patients, ten showed a response to PCV on the basis of subjective neurological improvement and a decrease in tumor size by radiological criteria. Five patients were designated as having stable disease on the basis of no change in neurological status and tumor size. One patient showed uninterrupted progression of disease. The median time to progression for all patients was 45 weeks. Significnat myelotoxicity, exacerbated by prior spinal irradiation, compromised therapy. After an initial response, it was often necessary to reduce the higher doses of CCNU and procarbazine that caused concomitant bone-marrow toxicity; as a consequence of the lowered doses, tumor progression was then frequently observed. The authors conclude that PCV is an effective form of palliative therapy for recurrent medulloblastoma.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of recurrent medulloblastoma with combined procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine. Seventeen patients with recurrent medulloblastoma were treated with a combination of three drugs: procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine (PCV). Tumor recurrence was documented at varying periods following surgery and radiotherapy. Among 16 evaluable patients, ten showed a response to PCV on the basis of subjective neurological improvement and a decrease in tumor size by radiological criteria. Five patients were designated as having stable disease on the basis of no change in neurological status and tumor size. One patient showed uninterrupted progression of disease. The median time to progression for all patients was 45 weeks. Significnat myelotoxicity, exacerbated by prior spinal irradiation, compromised therapy. After an initial response, it was often necessary to reduce the higher doses of CCNU and procarbazine that caused concomitant bone-marrow toxicity; as a consequence of the lowered doses, tumor progression was then frequently observed. The authors conclude that PCV is an effective form of palliative therapy for recurrent medulloblastoma.", "PMID": 690688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8990", "title": "Myopathy associated with epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) therapy. Report of two cases.", "content": "The association of myopathy with epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) treatment after subarachnoid hemorrhage in two cases is reported. Clinical and laboratory findings and possible mechanisms are discussed in light of the known pharmacology of the drug. Recovery ensues if EACA treatment is terminated as soon as myopathy appears.", "contents": "Myopathy associated with epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) therapy. Report of two cases. The association of myopathy with epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) treatment after subarachnoid hemorrhage in two cases is reported. Clinical and laboratory findings and possible mechanisms are discussed in light of the known pharmacology of the drug. Recovery ensues if EACA treatment is terminated as soon as myopathy appears.", "PMID": 690689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8991", "title": "Acoustic neurinoma presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Case report.", "content": "A case of an acoustic neurinoma presenting as a subarachnoid hemorrhage is described. This is the second such case in the literature.", "contents": "Acoustic neurinoma presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Case report. A case of an acoustic neurinoma presenting as a subarachnoid hemorrhage is described. This is the second such case in the literature.", "PMID": 690690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8992", "title": "Spinal epidural venous angioma causing foraminal enlargement and erosion of vertebral body. Case report.", "content": "A case history of a segmental epidural venous angioma is presented. Findings included foraminal enlargement and vertebral body erosion. Routine computerized tomography with contrast enhancement should be helpful in diagnosis of vascular anomalies in patients with radicular symptoms.", "contents": "Spinal epidural venous angioma causing foraminal enlargement and erosion of vertebral body. Case report. A case history of a segmental epidural venous angioma is presented. Findings included foraminal enlargement and vertebral body erosion. Routine computerized tomography with contrast enhancement should be helpful in diagnosis of vascular anomalies in patients with radicular symptoms.", "PMID": 690691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8993", "title": "Hematoma of the quadrigeminal plate. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case in which a hematoma of the quadrigeminal plate resulted from the rupture of a \"cryptic\" arteriovascular malformation (AVM) fed by the artery of the quadrigeminal plate. The AVM was symptomatic before rupturing and this clinical feature, associated with the lack of angiographic demonstration, led to the erroneous preoperative diagnosis of a tumor. In retrospect, the only finding that might have suggested the correct diagnosis was the beaded appearance on the ventriculogram of the aqueduct due to blood clots into this fluid space.", "contents": "Hematoma of the quadrigeminal plate. Case report. The authors report a case in which a hematoma of the quadrigeminal plate resulted from the rupture of a \"cryptic\" arteriovascular malformation (AVM) fed by the artery of the quadrigeminal plate. The AVM was symptomatic before rupturing and this clinical feature, associated with the lack of angiographic demonstration, led to the erroneous preoperative diagnosis of a tumor. In retrospect, the only finding that might have suggested the correct diagnosis was the beaded appearance on the ventriculogram of the aqueduct due to blood clots into this fluid space.", "PMID": 690693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8994", "title": "Persistent hypoglossal artery and persistent trigeminal artery presenting with posterior fossa transient ischemic attacks. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients, one with a persistent hypoglossal artery and the other with a persistent trigeminal artery, presented with transient ischemic attacks in the distribution of the posterior fossa. Both had stenosis and ulcerative plaques at the carotid bifurcation. Their symptoms were successfully relieved after carotid endarterectomy.", "contents": "Persistent hypoglossal artery and persistent trigeminal artery presenting with posterior fossa transient ischemic attacks. Report of two cases. Two patients, one with a persistent hypoglossal artery and the other with a persistent trigeminal artery, presented with transient ischemic attacks in the distribution of the posterior fossa. Both had stenosis and ulcerative plaques at the carotid bifurcation. Their symptoms were successfully relieved after carotid endarterectomy.", "PMID": 690694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8995", "title": "[99mTc] pertechnetate radionuclide venography--large-volume injection without tourniquet.", "content": "Radionuclide venography was performed in patients who were suspected clinically to have thromboembolic disease of the lower extremities and/or pelvis. A moderately large volume of pertechnetate was administered in the dorsal vein of each foot without the benefit of applied tourniquets at the time of injection. Sixty-five (27.2%) of 242 studies were abnormal; the majority revealed defect(s) and collaterals, some collaterals only, and a few defects only. In 140 normal patients only the deep venous system was outlined in 74.5%, while the remainder defined one or both sides of the superficial venous system (great saphenous vein). The merits and apparent advantages derived from radionuclide venographic procedure are discussed. The method is simple, reproducible, and useful in assessing thromboembolic disease, particularly in the deep venous system of the lower extremities and pelvis.", "contents": "[99mTc] pertechnetate radionuclide venography--large-volume injection without tourniquet. Radionuclide venography was performed in patients who were suspected clinically to have thromboembolic disease of the lower extremities and/or pelvis. A moderately large volume of pertechnetate was administered in the dorsal vein of each foot without the benefit of applied tourniquets at the time of injection. Sixty-five (27.2%) of 242 studies were abnormal; the majority revealed defect(s) and collaterals, some collaterals only, and a few defects only. In 140 normal patients only the deep venous system was outlined in 74.5%, while the remainder defined one or both sides of the superficial venous system (great saphenous vein). The merits and apparent advantages derived from radionuclide venographic procedure are discussed. The method is simple, reproducible, and useful in assessing thromboembolic disease, particularly in the deep venous system of the lower extremities and pelvis.", "PMID": 690699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8996", "title": "Occlusion of inferior vena cava--features by radionuclide venography.", "content": "Six adults with inferior vena caval obstruction are presented. Three were the results of surgical intervention, two were secondary to large thrombi, and one was due to pressure from a large renal-cell carcinoma and adjacent nodes. All underwent a modified approach of radionuclide venography, using a moderately large volume of sodium pertechnetate. Features characteristic of inferior vena caval obstruction were demonstrated in five of the six patients, and these various features are described and discussed.", "contents": "Occlusion of inferior vena cava--features by radionuclide venography. Six adults with inferior vena caval obstruction are presented. Three were the results of surgical intervention, two were secondary to large thrombi, and one was due to pressure from a large renal-cell carcinoma and adjacent nodes. All underwent a modified approach of radionuclide venography, using a moderately large volume of sodium pertechnetate. Features characteristic of inferior vena caval obstruction were demonstrated in five of the six patients, and these various features are described and discussed.", "PMID": 690700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8997", "title": "Ga-67 citrate imaging in malignant lymphoma: final report of cooperative group.", "content": "In a large cooperative study of Ga-67 uptake in non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma, 76% of untreated patients showed positive uptake in one or more lesions. The percentage of known individual lesions seen on scan was significantly lower; thus, negative findings at any one site may have much less significance than positive findings. After treatment, the number of lesions seen decreases sharply, but the role of Ga-67 in evaluating response to therapy is uncertain, especially in view of the fairly large number of lesions undetectable before therapy. Histologic type plays a role in Ga-67 uptake. Large lesions are much more effectively detected than small ones. In spite of numerous false-negative results, Ga-67 scanning is a useful method in evaluating the extent of untreated disease and the presence of lesions posttherapy.", "contents": "Ga-67 citrate imaging in malignant lymphoma: final report of cooperative group. In a large cooperative study of Ga-67 uptake in non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma, 76% of untreated patients showed positive uptake in one or more lesions. The percentage of known individual lesions seen on scan was significantly lower; thus, negative findings at any one site may have much less significance than positive findings. After treatment, the number of lesions seen decreases sharply, but the role of Ga-67 in evaluating response to therapy is uncertain, especially in view of the fairly large number of lesions undetectable before therapy. Histologic type plays a role in Ga-67 uptake. Large lesions are much more effectively detected than small ones. In spite of numerous false-negative results, Ga-67 scanning is a useful method in evaluating the extent of untreated disease and the presence of lesions posttherapy.", "PMID": 690701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8998", "title": "Myocardial blood flow as measured by fractional uptake of rubidium-84 and microspheres.", "content": "Under conditions of varying flow rates, total myocardial blood flow, measured by fractional uptake of rubidium-84, using a coincidence counting system, was compared with myocardial flow measured by microspheres (15 +/- 5 micrometer). The methods were compared, open-chested, in 47 dogs: 17 during control, ten following 5 min of ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery, five following i.v. isoproterenol, six following ligation and isoproterenol, and nine after ligation plus dipyridamole. Regional flows by Rb-84 and by either Ce-141 or Cr-51 microspheres were also compared for left ventricle, as well as for nonischemic posterior wall, which served as a reference area, and for anterior wall with ligation of left anterior descending artery in the same preparations. There were no significant differences in total or regional flow measured by the two methods, nor in the estimate of ischemic area size. The data indicate that measurement of myocardial blood flow by fractional uptake of a potassium analog is a reliable method in the presence of ischemia and drug intervention. It is suggested that the inequalities of extraction ratio that occur with differing flow rates do not invalidate fractional-uptake methods over the flow ranges examined.", "contents": "Myocardial blood flow as measured by fractional uptake of rubidium-84 and microspheres. Under conditions of varying flow rates, total myocardial blood flow, measured by fractional uptake of rubidium-84, using a coincidence counting system, was compared with myocardial flow measured by microspheres (15 +/- 5 micrometer). The methods were compared, open-chested, in 47 dogs: 17 during control, ten following 5 min of ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery, five following i.v. isoproterenol, six following ligation and isoproterenol, and nine after ligation plus dipyridamole. Regional flows by Rb-84 and by either Ce-141 or Cr-51 microspheres were also compared for left ventricle, as well as for nonischemic posterior wall, which served as a reference area, and for anterior wall with ligation of left anterior descending artery in the same preparations. There were no significant differences in total or regional flow measured by the two methods, nor in the estimate of ischemic area size. The data indicate that measurement of myocardial blood flow by fractional uptake of a potassium analog is a reliable method in the presence of ischemia and drug intervention. It is suggested that the inequalities of extraction ratio that occur with differing flow rates do not invalidate fractional-uptake methods over the flow ranges examined.", "PMID": 690702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_8999", "title": "Uptake of Tc-99m monophosphate complexes in bone and myocardial necrosis in animals.", "content": "Bidentate monophosphates--phosphonoacetate (PAA), 2-phosphonoproprionate (PPA), 2-methyl-2-phosphonoproprionate (MPPA), and carbamyl phosphate (CAP)--which are pyrophosphate analogs, were successfully labeled with Sn(II)-reduced [99mTc] pertechnetate in high yield (greater than 95%). Biodistribution studies show that these Tc-99m-labeled monophosphates do localize in bone. At 2 hr after injection, Tc-99m CAP has average femur uptakes of 1.9% in rats and 2.9% in rabbits, which correspond to calculated total-bone uptakes of 38% and 58%, respectively. These are comparable with the femur uptakes for Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP), which are 1.8% in rats and 2.7% in rabbits. However, the blood clearance rate for Tc-99m CAP was slower than that observed for Tc-99m MDP making the former less desirable for use as a bone-scanning agent. The femur uptakes for Tc99m PAA are 0.9% in rats and 1.2% in rabbits, corresponding to 18% and 24% in total bone, respectively. The PAA derivatives PPA and MPPA have much lower bone uptake. Technetium-99m CAP also concentrates in necrotic myocardium in rats, in amounts comparable to Tc-99m pyrophosphate.", "contents": "Uptake of Tc-99m monophosphate complexes in bone and myocardial necrosis in animals. Bidentate monophosphates--phosphonoacetate (PAA), 2-phosphonoproprionate (PPA), 2-methyl-2-phosphonoproprionate (MPPA), and carbamyl phosphate (CAP)--which are pyrophosphate analogs, were successfully labeled with Sn(II)-reduced [99mTc] pertechnetate in high yield (greater than 95%). Biodistribution studies show that these Tc-99m-labeled monophosphates do localize in bone. At 2 hr after injection, Tc-99m CAP has average femur uptakes of 1.9% in rats and 2.9% in rabbits, which correspond to calculated total-bone uptakes of 38% and 58%, respectively. These are comparable with the femur uptakes for Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP), which are 1.8% in rats and 2.7% in rabbits. However, the blood clearance rate for Tc-99m CAP was slower than that observed for Tc-99m MDP making the former less desirable for use as a bone-scanning agent. The femur uptakes for Tc99m PAA are 0.9% in rats and 1.2% in rabbits, corresponding to 18% and 24% in total bone, respectively. The PAA derivatives PPA and MPPA have much lower bone uptake. Technetium-99m CAP also concentrates in necrotic myocardium in rats, in amounts comparable to Tc-99m pyrophosphate.", "PMID": 690703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9000", "title": "Demonstration of improved myocardial perfusion following aortic implantation of anomalous left coronary artery.", "content": "An adult with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (originating from the pulmonary artery) had implantation of the anomalous vessel into the aorta. Exercise myocardial perfusion imaging with thallium-201, performed before and after the operation, disclosed a marked improvement in anterior-wall Tl-201 uptake. Postoperative isotope ventriculogram showed improved regional contraction in the revascularized anterolateral wall of the left ventricle. Thus, it has been demonstrated that implantation of an anomalous left coronary into the aorta improves regional myocardial perfusion and regional left-ventricular motion.", "contents": "Demonstration of improved myocardial perfusion following aortic implantation of anomalous left coronary artery. An adult with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (originating from the pulmonary artery) had implantation of the anomalous vessel into the aorta. Exercise myocardial perfusion imaging with thallium-201, performed before and after the operation, disclosed a marked improvement in anterior-wall Tl-201 uptake. Postoperative isotope ventriculogram showed improved regional contraction in the revascularized anterolateral wall of the left ventricle. Thus, it has been demonstrated that implantation of an anomalous left coronary into the aorta improves regional myocardial perfusion and regional left-ventricular motion.", "PMID": 690704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9001", "title": "Rapid assay for total unbound Tc-99m in preparations of Tc-99m in macroaggregated albumin: concise communication.", "content": "A rapid economic filter-paper assay for determining total unbound Tc-99m in preparations of Tc-99m macroaggregated albumin (Tc-99m MAA) is described. The procedure uses Whatman 542 filter-papter discs and aqueous 0.009% NaCl as wash solution. The principal radiochemical impurities found in Tc-99m MAA kits are not significantly adsorbed to the filter matrix. The procedure can be completed in 1--2 min and gives results comparable to those obtained by the centrifuge assay (USP XIX).", "contents": "Rapid assay for total unbound Tc-99m in preparations of Tc-99m in macroaggregated albumin: concise communication. A rapid economic filter-paper assay for determining total unbound Tc-99m in preparations of Tc-99m macroaggregated albumin (Tc-99m MAA) is described. The procedure uses Whatman 542 filter-papter discs and aqueous 0.009% NaCl as wash solution. The principal radiochemical impurities found in Tc-99m MAA kits are not significantly adsorbed to the filter matrix. The procedure can be completed in 1--2 min and gives results comparable to those obtained by the centrifuge assay (USP XIX).", "PMID": 690705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9002", "title": "Possible tumor localization of Tc-99m-labeled liposomes: effects of lipid composition, charge, and liposome size.", "content": "The possible in vivo distribution of liposomes after they have been directly labeled with Tc-99m has been studied in rats bearing the Walker 256 carcinoma. The importance of lipid composition, charge, and size of liposome were studied with respect to possible tumor-localizing properties. Tumor uptake was best with small, fluid-membrane, negatively charged liposomes, as indicated by the distribution of the Tc-99m label. The uptake was visualized on scintigrams.", "contents": "Possible tumor localization of Tc-99m-labeled liposomes: effects of lipid composition, charge, and liposome size. The possible in vivo distribution of liposomes after they have been directly labeled with Tc-99m has been studied in rats bearing the Walker 256 carcinoma. The importance of lipid composition, charge, and size of liposome were studied with respect to possible tumor-localizing properties. Tumor uptake was best with small, fluid-membrane, negatively charged liposomes, as indicated by the distribution of the Tc-99m label. The uptake was visualized on scintigrams.", "PMID": 690706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9003", "title": "A rapid method for the labeling of albumin microspheres with In-113 and In-111: concise communication.", "content": "A rapid and simple method for preparing microspheres labeled with In-113m or In-111 is described. The procedure requires 10 min and gives labeling yields approaching 100%. Biodistribution studies in rats, mice, and dogs show the product to be biologically stable, with approximately 90% of the injected dose localized in the lung at 1 hr postinjection. The convenient production of In-113m or In-111 albumin microspheres provides an alternate radiopharmaceutical to complement or substitute for Tc-99m microspheres in lung perfusion imaging and other circulation studies.", "contents": "A rapid method for the labeling of albumin microspheres with In-113 and In-111: concise communication. A rapid and simple method for preparing microspheres labeled with In-113m or In-111 is described. The procedure requires 10 min and gives labeling yields approaching 100%. Biodistribution studies in rats, mice, and dogs show the product to be biologically stable, with approximately 90% of the injected dose localized in the lung at 1 hr postinjection. The convenient production of In-113m or In-111 albumin microspheres provides an alternate radiopharmaceutical to complement or substitute for Tc-99m microspheres in lung perfusion imaging and other circulation studies.", "PMID": 690707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9004", "title": "Optimization of analog-circuit motion correction for liver scintigraphy.", "content": "Respiratory motion customarily degrades the resolution of a routine hepatic scintigram. We have analyzed four analog motion-correction methods and have measured their abilities to maintain good spatial resolution over a broad range of liver scintigraphy parameters. The analog circuit described can maintain the spatial resolution of the scintillation camera within 2 mm of the full width at half maximum of the stationary point-sread function. Experiments show that clinicians require about 50% greater film-density contrast to detect a 2-cm-diam. lesion if motion correction is not used. In 14% of the cases studied, the addition of a motion-corrected anterior view to the usual four-view liver study (performed without motion correction) resulted in a changed clinical interpretation. We conclude that analog motion correction should be provided in all scintillation cameras used for liver scintigraphy.", "contents": "Optimization of analog-circuit motion correction for liver scintigraphy. Respiratory motion customarily degrades the resolution of a routine hepatic scintigram. We have analyzed four analog motion-correction methods and have measured their abilities to maintain good spatial resolution over a broad range of liver scintigraphy parameters. The analog circuit described can maintain the spatial resolution of the scintillation camera within 2 mm of the full width at half maximum of the stationary point-sread function. Experiments show that clinicians require about 50% greater film-density contrast to detect a 2-cm-diam. lesion if motion correction is not used. In 14% of the cases studied, the addition of a motion-corrected anterior view to the usual four-view liver study (performed without motion correction) resulted in a changed clinical interpretation. We conclude that analog motion correction should be provided in all scintillation cameras used for liver scintigraphy.", "PMID": 690708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9005", "title": "Collimator evaluation for Tl-201 myocardial imaging.", "content": "Three collimators--high-resolutions, converging, and pinhole--were evaluated for Tl-201 myocardial imaging. Line spread function, sensitivity measurements, and phantom and animal studies were used. Features common to all the collimators were: a) better resolution at a closer distance with higher count density, and b) higher infarct detection rate in the tangenital projection than in the en face view relative to the lesion. Furthermore, an infarct in the epicardial location was better visualized than one in the endocardial location. In terms of resolution and sensitivity, the high-resolution collimator was found to be satisfactory in most clinical imagings, but for visualization of an infarct, its size by weight must be over 10--12 g. The pinhole collimator could resolve an infarct as small as 7 g, and use of the pinhole yielded a diagnostic accuracy of over 90%, compared with 75-80% for the high-resolution collimator. Although the low sensitivity of the pinhole collimator precludes its routine clinical use, the selected view would increase diagnostic accuracy. The converging collimator performed poorly in terms of lesion detectability, and its routine clinical use is not encouraged. The conclusion drawn here is valid in the system we have studied, but the variety of converging collimators must be evaluated further for their specific purposes.", "contents": "Collimator evaluation for Tl-201 myocardial imaging. Three collimators--high-resolutions, converging, and pinhole--were evaluated for Tl-201 myocardial imaging. Line spread function, sensitivity measurements, and phantom and animal studies were used. Features common to all the collimators were: a) better resolution at a closer distance with higher count density, and b) higher infarct detection rate in the tangenital projection than in the en face view relative to the lesion. Furthermore, an infarct in the epicardial location was better visualized than one in the endocardial location. In terms of resolution and sensitivity, the high-resolution collimator was found to be satisfactory in most clinical imagings, but for visualization of an infarct, its size by weight must be over 10--12 g. The pinhole collimator could resolve an infarct as small as 7 g, and use of the pinhole yielded a diagnostic accuracy of over 90%, compared with 75-80% for the high-resolution collimator. Although the low sensitivity of the pinhole collimator precludes its routine clinical use, the selected view would increase diagnostic accuracy. The converging collimator performed poorly in terms of lesion detectability, and its routine clinical use is not encouraged. The conclusion drawn here is valid in the system we have studied, but the variety of converging collimators must be evaluated further for their specific purposes.", "PMID": 690709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9006", "title": "Comparison of the Anger tomographic scanner and the 15-in. scintillation camera for gallium imaging.", "content": "The Anger longitudinal emission multiplane tomoscanner and a 15-in. Anger camera with multipeak spectroscopic capability were compared in a series of 51 patients. The tomoscanner was preferred in 49%, the camera in 12%, and 39% were equivalent. The tomoscanner preference is statistically significant (p less than .025). These data support the conclusion that the Anger multiplane tomographic scanner is the instrument of choice for gallium-67 imaging.", "contents": "Comparison of the Anger tomographic scanner and the 15-in. scintillation camera for gallium imaging. The Anger longitudinal emission multiplane tomoscanner and a 15-in. Anger camera with multipeak spectroscopic capability were compared in a series of 51 patients. The tomoscanner was preferred in 49%, the camera in 12%, and 39% were equivalent. The tomoscanner preference is statistically significant (p less than .025). These data support the conclusion that the Anger multiplane tomographic scanner is the instrument of choice for gallium-67 imaging.", "PMID": 690710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9007", "title": "Airborne concentration of I-131 in a nuclear medicine laboratory.", "content": "This study measures the airborne radioactivity during the handling of millicurie quantities of I-131 in the liquid and capsule form. The data indicate there is significant airborne activity when bottles containing 100--145 mCi of liquid I-131 are opened, and that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission level for airborne activity of I-131 in restricted areas (9 X 10(-9) muCi/ml) is exceeded. However, the airborne activity of I-131 is below the Nuclear Regulatory Commission level for restricted areas when 100-mCi quantities of I-131 in the capsule form are used, or during handling of liquid I-131 in the 20- to 30-mCi range. Thyroid counting is a better method than film badge for monitoring the personnel.", "contents": "Airborne concentration of I-131 in a nuclear medicine laboratory. This study measures the airborne radioactivity during the handling of millicurie quantities of I-131 in the liquid and capsule form. The data indicate there is significant airborne activity when bottles containing 100--145 mCi of liquid I-131 are opened, and that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission level for airborne activity of I-131 in restricted areas (9 X 10(-9) muCi/ml) is exceeded. However, the airborne activity of I-131 is below the Nuclear Regulatory Commission level for restricted areas when 100-mCi quantities of I-131 in the capsule form are used, or during handling of liquid I-131 in the 20- to 30-mCi range. Thyroid counting is a better method than film badge for monitoring the personnel.", "PMID": 690711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9008", "title": "Use of I-123 in early radioiodide uptake and its suppression in children and adolescents with hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Absolute activity measurement of I-123 by coincidence counting was used to study the early thyroidal iodide uptake in 20 hyperthyroid children. Patients were pretreated either with methimazole or propylthiouracil before injection of Na123I. The usual method of analysis of the early uptake was modified to account for a rapidly equilibrating compartment, to give thyroidal iodide trapping rate constant (K1) and absolute iodide uptake (AIU). The suppressibility of the early uptake by triiodothyronine (T3) was evaluated in some patients. The upper limit of normal for K1 was 0.03 min-1 and for AIU was 0.04 microgram/min. In the hyperthyroid subjects, K1 and AIU were in the hyperthyroid range before and after T3 suppression. For patients with suppressible uptake, remission from hyperthyroidism was maintained for 6 mo to 2 1/2 yr. Only two patients with nonsuppressible uptake achieved remission from hyperthyroidism, perhaps because of coexistence of thyroiditis.", "contents": "Use of I-123 in early radioiodide uptake and its suppression in children and adolescents with hyperthyroidism. Absolute activity measurement of I-123 by coincidence counting was used to study the early thyroidal iodide uptake in 20 hyperthyroid children. Patients were pretreated either with methimazole or propylthiouracil before injection of Na123I. The usual method of analysis of the early uptake was modified to account for a rapidly equilibrating compartment, to give thyroidal iodide trapping rate constant (K1) and absolute iodide uptake (AIU). The suppressibility of the early uptake by triiodothyronine (T3) was evaluated in some patients. The upper limit of normal for K1 was 0.03 min-1 and for AIU was 0.04 microgram/min. In the hyperthyroid subjects, K1 and AIU were in the hyperthyroid range before and after T3 suppression. For patients with suppressible uptake, remission from hyperthyroidism was maintained for 6 mo to 2 1/2 yr. Only two patients with nonsuppressible uptake achieved remission from hyperthyroidism, perhaps because of coexistence of thyroiditis.", "PMID": 690722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9009", "title": "Effect of different levels of dietary alpha-tocopherol and linoleate on plasma and liver lipids in rats.", "content": "The influences of dietary alpha-tocopherol, in combination with three different levels of linoleate (low, moderate or high levels), on the concentrations of plasma and liver lipids in rats were examined. Male Wister rats were fed diets ad libitum for 2 weeks. dl-alpha-Tocopheryl acetate was added to the diets in 0, 20 or 200 mg tocopherol/100 g diet. The following results were obtained. (1) Higher dietary levels of alpha-tocopherol tended to cause higher plasma lipid levels in proportion to the amounts added. This phenomenon is most remarkable in rats fed a diet containing cholesterol and low linoleate (0.8% of calorie). (2) The concentrations of plasma lipids were influenced significantly than those of liver lipids by the levels of alpha-tocopherol under the conditions of this experiment.", "contents": "Effect of different levels of dietary alpha-tocopherol and linoleate on plasma and liver lipids in rats. The influences of dietary alpha-tocopherol, in combination with three different levels of linoleate (low, moderate or high levels), on the concentrations of plasma and liver lipids in rats were examined. Male Wister rats were fed diets ad libitum for 2 weeks. dl-alpha-Tocopheryl acetate was added to the diets in 0, 20 or 200 mg tocopherol/100 g diet. The following results were obtained. (1) Higher dietary levels of alpha-tocopherol tended to cause higher plasma lipid levels in proportion to the amounts added. This phenomenon is most remarkable in rats fed a diet containing cholesterol and low linoleate (0.8% of calorie). (2) The concentrations of plasma lipids were influenced significantly than those of liver lipids by the levels of alpha-tocopherol under the conditions of this experiment.", "PMID": 690724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9010", "title": "Vitamin B6 biosynthesis and nucleoside effect in the resting cell system of Flavobacterium sp. 238-7.", "content": "As one of the attempts to find clues on precursors or intermediates of the vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathway, the resting cell system of Flavobacterium sp. 238-7, a bacterium producing a high amount of the vitamin, was employed. Among various compounds tested as an additive to the reaction mixture, L-glutamate and nucleoside derivatives increased the formation of vitamin B6, respectively. The possible mechanism of the participation of these compounds in vitamin B6 biosynthesis is discussed. The identification of vitamin B6 formed in the reaction mixture was done using column chromatography.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 biosynthesis and nucleoside effect in the resting cell system of Flavobacterium sp. 238-7. As one of the attempts to find clues on precursors or intermediates of the vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathway, the resting cell system of Flavobacterium sp. 238-7, a bacterium producing a high amount of the vitamin, was employed. Among various compounds tested as an additive to the reaction mixture, L-glutamate and nucleoside derivatives increased the formation of vitamin B6, respectively. The possible mechanism of the participation of these compounds in vitamin B6 biosynthesis is discussed. The identification of vitamin B6 formed in the reaction mixture was done using column chromatography.", "PMID": 690725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9011", "title": "Effect of pyridoxal administration on the contents of pyridoxal phosphate and gamma-aminobutyric acid in mouse brain.", "content": "Many mice treated with a high single dose of PL died in convulsions. The convulsions were very similar to those induced with some anti B6 in several ways: (1) a long latent period occurs betfore convulsions; (2) PLP levels in brain decrease; (3) GABA levels in brain, especially in synaptosomal fraction, decrease. The possibility that a deranged GABA metabolism in nerve ending may be a major cause of the convulsions is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of pyridoxal administration on the contents of pyridoxal phosphate and gamma-aminobutyric acid in mouse brain. Many mice treated with a high single dose of PL died in convulsions. The convulsions were very similar to those induced with some anti B6 in several ways: (1) a long latent period occurs betfore convulsions; (2) PLP levels in brain decrease; (3) GABA levels in brain, especially in synaptosomal fraction, decrease. The possibility that a deranged GABA metabolism in nerve ending may be a major cause of the convulsions is discussed.", "PMID": 690726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9012", "title": "Breaking action of reductones related to ascorbic acid on nucleic acids.", "content": "The action of two types of ascorbate-related reductones on nucleic acids was investigated by comparison with that of ascorbic acid (AsA). Amino reductone (ScA) and thiol reductone (MHC) caused strandscissions in nucleic acids. This was confirmed by the fact that reductones lowered the viscosity of DNA solution and shifted the peaks of DNA and RNA to the low molecular side in centrifugal profile. Cu2+ strengthened their action as in the case of enediol reductones. The braking activity of thiol reductone is relatively wesk compared with those of amino and enediol reductones. The preferential degradation of spurinic acid was caused with amino and thiol reductones, suggesting that pyrimidine clusters in nucleic acids were susceptible to breakage.", "contents": "Breaking action of reductones related to ascorbic acid on nucleic acids. The action of two types of ascorbate-related reductones on nucleic acids was investigated by comparison with that of ascorbic acid (AsA). Amino reductone (ScA) and thiol reductone (MHC) caused strandscissions in nucleic acids. This was confirmed by the fact that reductones lowered the viscosity of DNA solution and shifted the peaks of DNA and RNA to the low molecular side in centrifugal profile. Cu2+ strengthened their action as in the case of enediol reductones. The braking activity of thiol reductone is relatively wesk compared with those of amino and enediol reductones. The preferential degradation of spurinic acid was caused with amino and thiol reductones, suggesting that pyrimidine clusters in nucleic acids were susceptible to breakage.", "PMID": 690727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9013", "title": "Effect of various sugars on the induction of chick embryonic intestinal disaccharidases in the organ culture system.", "content": "Disaccharidases activities in 20-day-old chick embryonic intestine were induced by the addition of sucrose, maltose, fructose and glucose to the culture medium. However, maltitol, which cannot be digested by intestinal enzymes, showed no effect on the induction of disaccharidase activity. Kinetic study of the enzymes demonstrated that the maximum velocity (Vmax) and the Michaelis constant (Km) of sucrose induced disaccharidases activities of the explants showed changes similar to those observed in the chick of same developmental stage in vivo. Namely, Vmax values of sucrase and maltase were increased. Km values of sucrase did not change, but that of maltase showed a significant decrease during development.", "contents": "Effect of various sugars on the induction of chick embryonic intestinal disaccharidases in the organ culture system. Disaccharidases activities in 20-day-old chick embryonic intestine were induced by the addition of sucrose, maltose, fructose and glucose to the culture medium. However, maltitol, which cannot be digested by intestinal enzymes, showed no effect on the induction of disaccharidase activity. Kinetic study of the enzymes demonstrated that the maximum velocity (Vmax) and the Michaelis constant (Km) of sucrose induced disaccharidases activities of the explants showed changes similar to those observed in the chick of same developmental stage in vivo. Namely, Vmax values of sucrase and maltase were increased. Km values of sucrase did not change, but that of maltase showed a significant decrease during development.", "PMID": 690728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9014", "title": "Effect of dietary methionine level on anserine and carnosine contents in the gastrocnemius muscle of rat.", "content": "Anserine and carnosine in the muscle of growing rats were measured to explore the effect of dietary methionine. Carnosine was reduced in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats fed on a methionine-free diet. After refeeding on methionine for one week, carnosine in the muscle approached to the normal level. In contrast, anserine increased in the muscle of rats fed on a methionine-free diet. Anserine also increased in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats fed on a methionine-excess diet, whereas carnosine did not vary. Npi-Methylhistidine was detected in the muscle of rats fed on a methionine-excess diet. Moreover, Npi-methylhistindine and Ntau-methylhistine in the urine increased in the rats fed on both methionine-excess and methionine-free diets. Carnosine in the gastrocnemius muscle was not affected by a ethionine diet nor by a orotic acid diet which induced fatty liver. However, anserine increased in the muscle of rats fed on a ethionine diet.", "contents": "Effect of dietary methionine level on anserine and carnosine contents in the gastrocnemius muscle of rat. Anserine and carnosine in the muscle of growing rats were measured to explore the effect of dietary methionine. Carnosine was reduced in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats fed on a methionine-free diet. After refeeding on methionine for one week, carnosine in the muscle approached to the normal level. In contrast, anserine increased in the muscle of rats fed on a methionine-free diet. Anserine also increased in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats fed on a methionine-excess diet, whereas carnosine did not vary. Npi-Methylhistidine was detected in the muscle of rats fed on a methionine-excess diet. Moreover, Npi-methylhistindine and Ntau-methylhistine in the urine increased in the rats fed on both methionine-excess and methionine-free diets. Carnosine in the gastrocnemius muscle was not affected by a ethionine diet nor by a orotic acid diet which induced fatty liver. However, anserine increased in the muscle of rats fed on a ethionine diet.", "PMID": 690729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9015", "title": "Serum lipid pattern in urban and rural Thai population.", "content": "Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, total lipid and weight to height ratio were studied in 172 individuals from Bangkok, mainly university staff, and in 247 individuals from rural areas of northeast Thailand. Total lipid and phospholipid levels were statistically significant higher and triglyceride lower in the Bangkok group compared with the group from the rural areas. A cholesterol level did not differ significantly between the groups. The results are discussed in respect of a possible difference in the nutritional status between the individuals from the urban and rural area.", "contents": "Serum lipid pattern in urban and rural Thai population. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, total lipid and weight to height ratio were studied in 172 individuals from Bangkok, mainly university staff, and in 247 individuals from rural areas of northeast Thailand. Total lipid and phospholipid levels were statistically significant higher and triglyceride lower in the Bangkok group compared with the group from the rural areas. A cholesterol level did not differ significantly between the groups. The results are discussed in respect of a possible difference in the nutritional status between the individuals from the urban and rural area.", "PMID": 690730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9016", "title": "Influence of restricted diet on epithelial renewal and maturation in the mice jejunum.", "content": "It has been known that the intestinal epithelial cell is characterized by a rapid cell turnover and by a gradient of differentiation from crypt to villus. The present study was undertaken to clarity the effect of diet on the migration and the maturation of the intestinal epithelial cells. The transit time from the crypt to the extrusion zone at the villus tip was determined with tritiated thymidine. To study the maturation of the cells the distribution of the terminal digestive enzymes, maltase [EC 3.2.1.20] and leucylnaphthylamidase E1EC 3.4.1.1], along the villus and crypt was analyzed quantitatively. And total activities of the same enzymes were assayed also in the mucosal homogenates. It was observed that the decrease in the migrating speed of villus cells was brought by energy restriction and the decrease in the migrating speed was associated with an increase of the enzyme activities in the upper zone of villus. And the result was that the intestinal epithelial cells which decrease in migrating speed by dietary restriction become more mature on the upper villus than those with unrestriced control.", "contents": "Influence of restricted diet on epithelial renewal and maturation in the mice jejunum. It has been known that the intestinal epithelial cell is characterized by a rapid cell turnover and by a gradient of differentiation from crypt to villus. The present study was undertaken to clarity the effect of diet on the migration and the maturation of the intestinal epithelial cells. The transit time from the crypt to the extrusion zone at the villus tip was determined with tritiated thymidine. To study the maturation of the cells the distribution of the terminal digestive enzymes, maltase [EC 3.2.1.20] and leucylnaphthylamidase E1EC 3.4.1.1], along the villus and crypt was analyzed quantitatively. And total activities of the same enzymes were assayed also in the mucosal homogenates. It was observed that the decrease in the migrating speed of villus cells was brought by energy restriction and the decrease in the migrating speed was associated with an increase of the enzyme activities in the upper zone of villus. And the result was that the intestinal epithelial cells which decrease in migrating speed by dietary restriction become more mature on the upper villus than those with unrestriced control.", "PMID": 690732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9017", "title": "Influence of dietary protein on the properties of the red cell membrane in intact and splenectomized rats.", "content": "The possibility that there is some common factor in protein deprivation and splenectomy affecting the properties of red cells was examined by measuring the lipid contents of the plasma and red cells, the surgace area and spherical index of red cells, and the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity of the plasma in intact and splenectomized rats on diets with various levels of protein. Results showed that splenectomy markedly reduced the osmotic fragility and increased the lipid content and surface area of the red cells of all dietary groups, and that decrease in the protein content of the diet gradually reduced the osmotic fragility and increased the lipid content of the red cells. A significant linear correlation was observed between osmotic fragility and the lipid content of red cells. LCAT did not influence the cholesterol level in red cell membranes because its activity in the plasma was not affected by either splenectomy or the protein content of the diet. A protein-free diet induced normaocytic anemia, but increased the lipid content and reduced the osmotic fragility of red cells. Therefore, the effect of cholesterol in increasing the surface area of red cells was not proportional in the red cells of rats on a protein-free diet. The present studies suggest that the mechanism of accumulation of cholesterol in red cells is different in protein deprivation and splenectomy. That is, in protein deprivation, increase in red cell cholesterol may result from decreased esterification of cholesterol in the plasma because of the low concentration of the substrate of LCAT, high density lipoprotein; and in splenectomized rats, the cholesterol level of the cells may not be reduced because the red cells are not exposed to the red pulp of the spleen where the pH is very low. These possibilities are supported by the finding that the osmotic fragility of the red cells decreased most and the lipid content of the cells increased most in splenectomized rats on a protein-free diet.", "contents": "Influence of dietary protein on the properties of the red cell membrane in intact and splenectomized rats. The possibility that there is some common factor in protein deprivation and splenectomy affecting the properties of red cells was examined by measuring the lipid contents of the plasma and red cells, the surgace area and spherical index of red cells, and the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity of the plasma in intact and splenectomized rats on diets with various levels of protein. Results showed that splenectomy markedly reduced the osmotic fragility and increased the lipid content and surface area of the red cells of all dietary groups, and that decrease in the protein content of the diet gradually reduced the osmotic fragility and increased the lipid content of the red cells. A significant linear correlation was observed between osmotic fragility and the lipid content of red cells. LCAT did not influence the cholesterol level in red cell membranes because its activity in the plasma was not affected by either splenectomy or the protein content of the diet. A protein-free diet induced normaocytic anemia, but increased the lipid content and reduced the osmotic fragility of red cells. Therefore, the effect of cholesterol in increasing the surface area of red cells was not proportional in the red cells of rats on a protein-free diet. The present studies suggest that the mechanism of accumulation of cholesterol in red cells is different in protein deprivation and splenectomy. That is, in protein deprivation, increase in red cell cholesterol may result from decreased esterification of cholesterol in the plasma because of the low concentration of the substrate of LCAT, high density lipoprotein; and in splenectomized rats, the cholesterol level of the cells may not be reduced because the red cells are not exposed to the red pulp of the spleen where the pH is very low. These possibilities are supported by the finding that the osmotic fragility of the red cells decreased most and the lipid content of the cells increased most in splenectomized rats on a protein-free diet.", "PMID": 690731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9018", "title": "A program of heart disease intervention for public employees. A five year report.", "content": "The five-year experience involving over 800 employees has effected reduced coronary risk factors, improved physical work capacity and maximal oxygen uptake and reduced employee absenteeism from personal sick leave. As in all instances where the self-selection process confounds the nature of the results, the extent of extrapolation from these data must be guarded. Nevertheless, the results support and further extend previous studies suggesting a reduction of CVD following formal behavior and life-style modification. It is the opinion of the authors that similar programs can be implemented where health services, flexible hours, agency cooperation and salaried coordinators can be assembled.", "contents": "A program of heart disease intervention for public employees. A five year report. The five-year experience involving over 800 employees has effected reduced coronary risk factors, improved physical work capacity and maximal oxygen uptake and reduced employee absenteeism from personal sick leave. As in all instances where the self-selection process confounds the nature of the results, the extent of extrapolation from these data must be guarded. Nevertheless, the results support and further extend previous studies suggesting a reduction of CVD following formal behavior and life-style modification. It is the opinion of the authors that similar programs can be implemented where health services, flexible hours, agency cooperation and salaried coordinators can be assembled.", "PMID": 690735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9019", "title": "Chronic mercury poisoning from a single brief exposure.", "content": "For a number of years we have observed six patients whose illness began after inhaling high concentrations of mercury vapor in a single exposure. They all had symptoms of acute mercury poisoning with fever, chills, chest pain, and weakness. Three men had diffuse pulmonary infiltrates on chest x-ray suggesting chemical pneumonitis. Two of the men excreted large amounts of mercury in their urine two days after exposure following BAL therapy. Their chronic symptoms differed somewhat, but many complained of nervousness, irritability, lack of ambition, and loss of sexual desire. Chronic mercury poisoning is generally felt to follow only long periods of exposure. Although thess patients had symptoms which are not pathognomonic of chronic mercury poisoning, we feel the events described strongly suggest their relationship to a single brief exposure and represent a form of chronic mercurialism.", "contents": "Chronic mercury poisoning from a single brief exposure. For a number of years we have observed six patients whose illness began after inhaling high concentrations of mercury vapor in a single exposure. They all had symptoms of acute mercury poisoning with fever, chills, chest pain, and weakness. Three men had diffuse pulmonary infiltrates on chest x-ray suggesting chemical pneumonitis. Two of the men excreted large amounts of mercury in their urine two days after exposure following BAL therapy. Their chronic symptoms differed somewhat, but many complained of nervousness, irritability, lack of ambition, and loss of sexual desire. Chronic mercury poisoning is generally felt to follow only long periods of exposure. Although thess patients had symptoms which are not pathognomonic of chronic mercury poisoning, we feel the events described strongly suggest their relationship to a single brief exposure and represent a form of chronic mercurialism.", "PMID": 690736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9020", "title": "Manufacturing exposure to coolant-lubricants. A preliminary report.", "content": "A high speed automated machining process on gray iron has been functioning over a period of 70 months with a variety of coolant-lubricant-additives used. The author followed 118 employees for variable lengths of time, with 12 having a 70-month exposure period. To date, no significant chest x-ray, pulmonary function, lung cytology, or liver function abnormalities have been discovered. Any respiratory symptomatology seems to be related to either smoking or preexisting respiratory pathology. This is the initial report of an on-going surveillance program.", "contents": "Manufacturing exposure to coolant-lubricants. A preliminary report. A high speed automated machining process on gray iron has been functioning over a period of 70 months with a variety of coolant-lubricant-additives used. The author followed 118 employees for variable lengths of time, with 12 having a 70-month exposure period. To date, no significant chest x-ray, pulmonary function, lung cytology, or liver function abnormalities have been discovered. Any respiratory symptomatology seems to be related to either smoking or preexisting respiratory pathology. This is the initial report of an on-going surveillance program.", "PMID": 690737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9021", "title": "Effects of chronic occupational exposure to measured concentrations of benzene.", "content": "All ten employees have a history of exposure to benzene which exceeded a 25 ppm, eight-hour TWA for several years. For five of these employees this exposure level started over 20 years ago. One employee's high exposure level started over 35 years ago. All ten employees had their initial high exposure to benzene more than 16 years ago. At one period (late 1963 and early 1964) all ten employees had alterations in their peripheral blood studies, evidenced by an increase in MCV. Some of the employees had slight reduction of hemoglobin levels. No other significant blood or bone marrow abnormalities were evident. A mortality study, for the years 1940 to 1973, of 594 employees chronically exposed to benzene at the Midland, Mich., Dow location has recently been accepted for publication. This study was followed by a morbidity study of 282 employees, which were a subset of the employees in the mortality study. The morbidity study was based on health data obtained between 1967 and 1974. The ten employees described in this article were included in both the mortality study population of 594 employees and the morbidity study of the 282 employees.", "contents": "Effects of chronic occupational exposure to measured concentrations of benzene. All ten employees have a history of exposure to benzene which exceeded a 25 ppm, eight-hour TWA for several years. For five of these employees this exposure level started over 20 years ago. One employee's high exposure level started over 35 years ago. All ten employees had their initial high exposure to benzene more than 16 years ago. At one period (late 1963 and early 1964) all ten employees had alterations in their peripheral blood studies, evidenced by an increase in MCV. Some of the employees had slight reduction of hemoglobin levels. No other significant blood or bone marrow abnormalities were evident. A mortality study, for the years 1940 to 1973, of 594 employees chronically exposed to benzene at the Midland, Mich., Dow location has recently been accepted for publication. This study was followed by a morbidity study of 282 employees, which were a subset of the employees in the mortality study. The morbidity study was based on health data obtained between 1967 and 1974. The ten employees described in this article were included in both the mortality study population of 594 employees and the morbidity study of the 282 employees.", "PMID": 690738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9022", "title": "Health exam findings among individuals occupationally exposed to benzene.", "content": "We previously conducted a cohort mortality study of 594 individuals occupationally exposed to measured concentrations of benzene. This report presents health examination findings for a subset of 282 men from the larger group. Although slight decreases in mean total bilirubin and RBC values were detected statistically in comparing the exposed group to controls, these changes were not regarded as clinically significant. No correlations were found between peripheral blood counts and latency, duration or intensity of benzene exposure. Presently we have no indication from our data of adverse effects of benzene having occurred in our subset. Variation in latency among individuals and the possibility of subtle changes effecting an eventual pattern contribute to the need for continued surveillance.", "contents": "Health exam findings among individuals occupationally exposed to benzene. We previously conducted a cohort mortality study of 594 individuals occupationally exposed to measured concentrations of benzene. This report presents health examination findings for a subset of 282 men from the larger group. Although slight decreases in mean total bilirubin and RBC values were detected statistically in comparing the exposed group to controls, these changes were not regarded as clinically significant. No correlations were found between peripheral blood counts and latency, duration or intensity of benzene exposure. Presently we have no indication from our data of adverse effects of benzene having occurred in our subset. Variation in latency among individuals and the possibility of subtle changes effecting an eventual pattern contribute to the need for continued surveillance.", "PMID": 690739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9023", "title": "Stress and success in dentistry. Some personality characteristics of successful dentists.", "content": "This article describes a study of relationships between a selected set of personality characteristics, as measured by the 16PF, and the success outcomes of a group of 109 dentists. Results indicate that Factor C (high ego strength), Factor F (liveliness and enthusiasm), Factor H (venturesomeness), Factor Q1 (experimenting), Factor Q3 (high self-concept integration), Factor Q4 (tenseness), Factor QII (anxiety) are significantly related to one or more index of success (satisfaction, size of practice, income and professional advancement). Findings are compared to results of earlier research concerning relationships between personality and stress related illness. Implications of findings are discussed in terms of the influence of personality on individuals' capacity to cope with occupational stress.", "contents": "Stress and success in dentistry. Some personality characteristics of successful dentists. This article describes a study of relationships between a selected set of personality characteristics, as measured by the 16PF, and the success outcomes of a group of 109 dentists. Results indicate that Factor C (high ego strength), Factor F (liveliness and enthusiasm), Factor H (venturesomeness), Factor Q1 (experimenting), Factor Q3 (high self-concept integration), Factor Q4 (tenseness), Factor QII (anxiety) are significantly related to one or more index of success (satisfaction, size of practice, income and professional advancement). Findings are compared to results of earlier research concerning relationships between personality and stress related illness. Implications of findings are discussed in terms of the influence of personality on individuals' capacity to cope with occupational stress.", "PMID": 690740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9024", "title": "Epidemiological requirements for medical-environmental data management.", "content": "In establishing a system to provide data for epidemiological research in occupational health, it should be recognized that such studies require more information than what usually becomes available routinely in occupational health programs. Additional types of data that may have to be put into the system include supplementary diagnostic information, level and duration of exposure to potentially hazardous substances, demographic information related to socioeconomic status and fertility, population census statistics for the entire company and various company installations, and follow-up-data on retired employees. The quality of the data is especially important for epidemiologic research. Therefore, data validation procedures need to be established whereby the information that goes into the system is reviewed for precision, completeness, and reliability.", "contents": "Epidemiological requirements for medical-environmental data management. In establishing a system to provide data for epidemiological research in occupational health, it should be recognized that such studies require more information than what usually becomes available routinely in occupational health programs. Additional types of data that may have to be put into the system include supplementary diagnostic information, level and duration of exposure to potentially hazardous substances, demographic information related to socioeconomic status and fertility, population census statistics for the entire company and various company installations, and follow-up-data on retired employees. The quality of the data is especially important for epidemiologic research. Therefore, data validation procedures need to be established whereby the information that goes into the system is reviewed for precision, completeness, and reliability.", "PMID": 690741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9025", "title": "Hemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia in 43 children.", "content": "Using positive blood, lung, or pleural fluid cultures as definitive criteria for bacterial infection, 43 examples of Hemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia were identified in a 43-month period. The mean age of the patients was 26 months; 12% were older than 5 years of age. Associated infections were found in 34 patients and included upper respiratory infections, otitis media, epiglottitis, and meningitis. Positive nasopharyngeal cultures were observed in only 33%. Radiologically, segmental or lobar infiltrates accounted for 85% of the pneumonias. In two cases, death was attributed to the pneumonia alone. Treatment with penicillin G or ampicillin was equally effective. Our data suggest that H. influenzae pneumonia is commonly a serious infection that cannot be distinguished clinically or radiologically from other pneumonias.", "contents": "Hemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia in 43 children. Using positive blood, lung, or pleural fluid cultures as definitive criteria for bacterial infection, 43 examples of Hemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia were identified in a 43-month period. The mean age of the patients was 26 months; 12% were older than 5 years of age. Associated infections were found in 34 patients and included upper respiratory infections, otitis media, epiglottitis, and meningitis. Positive nasopharyngeal cultures were observed in only 33%. Radiologically, segmental or lobar infiltrates accounted for 85% of the pneumonias. In two cases, death was attributed to the pneumonia alone. Treatment with penicillin G or ampicillin was equally effective. Our data suggest that H. influenzae pneumonia is commonly a serious infection that cannot be distinguished clinically or radiologically from other pneumonias.", "PMID": 690752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9026", "title": "Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis mimicking Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura.", "content": "Two children with acute glomerulonephritis, cutaneous vasculitis, and abdominal pain are reported. One child also had transient arthralgia and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Although the clinical presentation mimicked many of the features of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura, both patients had unusual variants of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis mimicking Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. Two children with acute glomerulonephritis, cutaneous vasculitis, and abdominal pain are reported. One child also had transient arthralgia and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Although the clinical presentation mimicked many of the features of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura, both patients had unusual variants of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 690753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9027", "title": "Diagnostic significance of antibody to native deoxyribonucleic acid in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases.", "content": "Sera of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases were tested for antibodies to native DNA by a radiolabeled-binding assay. Normal values were obtained in 130 children with JRA, including 28 with uveitis and 14 with selective IgA deficiency. Normal values were also found in sera from children with dermatomyositis, scleroderma, polyarteritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and a variety of other nonconnective tissue diseases. The only sera with elevated DNA-binding assays were from children with systemic lupus erythematosus. On the basis of these data, increased levels of antibodies to native DNA distinguished patients with active SLE from children with JRA.", "contents": "Diagnostic significance of antibody to native deoxyribonucleic acid in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases. Sera of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases were tested for antibodies to native DNA by a radiolabeled-binding assay. Normal values were obtained in 130 children with JRA, including 28 with uveitis and 14 with selective IgA deficiency. Normal values were also found in sera from children with dermatomyositis, scleroderma, polyarteritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and a variety of other nonconnective tissue diseases. The only sera with elevated DNA-binding assays were from children with systemic lupus erythematosus. On the basis of these data, increased levels of antibodies to native DNA distinguished patients with active SLE from children with JRA.", "PMID": 690754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9028", "title": "Treatment of complete ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency with nitrogen-free analogues of essential amino acids.", "content": "A male infant with complete hereditary deficiency of hepatic ornithine transcarbamylase was fed a low-protein diet (1 gm/kg/day) supplemented with nitrogen-free analogues of essential amino acids from the age of 2 days until his death at 5 months. Blood ammonia and plasma acid concentrations were maintained in the near normal range during most of his lifetime. Growth and development were entirely normal. Abrupt, unprecipitated hyperammonemia, which could not be reversed by intensive treatment, led to his death. To our knowledge, this child lived longer than any previously reported infant with OTC deficiency of this severity.", "contents": "Treatment of complete ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency with nitrogen-free analogues of essential amino acids. A male infant with complete hereditary deficiency of hepatic ornithine transcarbamylase was fed a low-protein diet (1 gm/kg/day) supplemented with nitrogen-free analogues of essential amino acids from the age of 2 days until his death at 5 months. Blood ammonia and plasma acid concentrations were maintained in the near normal range during most of his lifetime. Growth and development were entirely normal. Abrupt, unprecipitated hyperammonemia, which could not be reversed by intensive treatment, led to his death. To our knowledge, this child lived longer than any previously reported infant with OTC deficiency of this severity.", "PMID": 690755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9029", "title": "Congenital hypothyroidism and IQ increase: a quarter century follow-up.", "content": "Ten patients with a history of congenital hypothyroidism were recalled for IQ evaluation 16 to 26 years after an original IQ test at age 5 to 6. From childhood through adulthood, the IQ (Wechsler) increased (mean full scale IQ increase = 21; range = -5 to 43 points). Serial testing in three instances showed the timing of the increase to be sudden and unpredictable. Life achievements, mental health, and sexual adjustment were concordant with the IQ attained. The data suggest that in hypothyroidism intellectual growth may not occur in equal annual increments; with effective hormonal replacement and educational experience it may be subject to spurts of growth, with a resultant improved prognosis.", "contents": "Congenital hypothyroidism and IQ increase: a quarter century follow-up. Ten patients with a history of congenital hypothyroidism were recalled for IQ evaluation 16 to 26 years after an original IQ test at age 5 to 6. From childhood through adulthood, the IQ (Wechsler) increased (mean full scale IQ increase = 21; range = -5 to 43 points). Serial testing in three instances showed the timing of the increase to be sudden and unpredictable. Life achievements, mental health, and sexual adjustment were concordant with the IQ attained. The data suggest that in hypothyroidism intellectual growth may not occur in equal annual increments; with effective hormonal replacement and educational experience it may be subject to spurts of growth, with a resultant improved prognosis.", "PMID": 690756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9030", "title": "Standard growth curves for achondroplasia.", "content": "Standard growth curves for achondroplasia, the most common form of short-limbed dwarfism, have been constructed based on measurements of height, growth velocity, upper and lower segment, and head circumference in 400 achondroplastic dwarfs. These standard curves provide the basis to assess normal growth in these individuals, to aid in the determination of superimposed disorders, and to assess any growth accelerating therapy.", "contents": "Standard growth curves for achondroplasia. Standard growth curves for achondroplasia, the most common form of short-limbed dwarfism, have been constructed based on measurements of height, growth velocity, upper and lower segment, and head circumference in 400 achondroplastic dwarfs. These standard curves provide the basis to assess normal growth in these individuals, to aid in the determination of superimposed disorders, and to assess any growth accelerating therapy.", "PMID": 690757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9031", "title": "Administration of prostaglandin E1 in neonates with critical congenital cardiac defects.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1 was administered to 12 neonates and young infants in whom pulmonary or systemic blood flow was entirely or significantly dependent upon persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. Nine neonates responded favorably to PGE1 infusion; their mean age was 2.8 days. Three infants who failed to respond were 10 days, 14 days, and 9 weeks of age, respectively. Six neonates with right ventricular outflow obstruction had a mean increase in arterial PO2 of 136% following administration of PGE1. In three patients in whom systemic flow was ductus dependent, PGE1 infusion was followed by improvement in arterial blood pressure, peripheral perfusion, and urine output. Complications included pyrexia, vasodilatation, and myoclonic jerks (or focal seizures). Three side effects were easily reversible by decreasing the infusion rate or altering the site of administration. PGE1 is a highly effective agent in stabilizing critically ill neonates with ductus dependent congenital cardiac lesions.", "contents": "Administration of prostaglandin E1 in neonates with critical congenital cardiac defects. Prostaglandin E1 was administered to 12 neonates and young infants in whom pulmonary or systemic blood flow was entirely or significantly dependent upon persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. Nine neonates responded favorably to PGE1 infusion; their mean age was 2.8 days. Three infants who failed to respond were 10 days, 14 days, and 9 weeks of age, respectively. Six neonates with right ventricular outflow obstruction had a mean increase in arterial PO2 of 136% following administration of PGE1. In three patients in whom systemic flow was ductus dependent, PGE1 infusion was followed by improvement in arterial blood pressure, peripheral perfusion, and urine output. Complications included pyrexia, vasodilatation, and myoclonic jerks (or focal seizures). Three side effects were easily reversible by decreasing the infusion rate or altering the site of administration. PGE1 is a highly effective agent in stabilizing critically ill neonates with ductus dependent congenital cardiac lesions.", "PMID": 690772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9032", "title": "Intracerebellar hematoma in the neonate.", "content": "The early diagnosis of posterior fossa hematoma in three term infants by computed tomography is described. The clinical findings included difficult labor and delivery, sudden onset of apnea during the first 24 hours of life, tense bulging fontanel, falling hematocrit, bloody cerebrospinal fluid, and cerebral obtundation. Rapid operative removal of the clot resulted in good recovery in two of the infants.", "contents": "Intracerebellar hematoma in the neonate. The early diagnosis of posterior fossa hematoma in three term infants by computed tomography is described. The clinical findings included difficult labor and delivery, sudden onset of apnea during the first 24 hours of life, tense bulging fontanel, falling hematocrit, bloody cerebrospinal fluid, and cerebral obtundation. Rapid operative removal of the clot resulted in good recovery in two of the infants.", "PMID": 690773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9033", "title": "Pharmacokinetic disposition and protein binding of furosemide in newborn infants.", "content": "Using a one-compartment model, the pharmacokinetic disposition of furosemide was studied in eight premature and term neonates with fluid overload. Following a single intravenous injection of furosemide (1 to 1.5 mg/kg), multiple blood samples were obtained from a heelstick or an arterial catheter and analyzed for furosemide by gas liquid chromatography. The mean (+/- SE) apparent volume of distribution was 829.2 +/- 118.9 ml/kg; t1/2 was 7.7 +/- 1.0 hour; elimination rate constant was 0.102 +/- 0.013/hour and plasma clearance was 81.61 +/- 14.98 ml/kg/hour. Compared to the disposition of furosemide in normal adults. AVd is almost fourfold greater in the neonate with an eightfold prolongation in plasma t1/2, an eightfold decrease in Ke1, and a twofold decrease in plasma clearance. Neither gestational and postnatal age nor birth weight correlated with the pharmacokinetic variables. No significant change in reserve bilirubin-binding capacity after an intravenous dose of furosemide was noted. Slow elimination of furosemide may partly explain the prolonged diuretic and saluretic effect of furosemide in the neonate.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic disposition and protein binding of furosemide in newborn infants. Using a one-compartment model, the pharmacokinetic disposition of furosemide was studied in eight premature and term neonates with fluid overload. Following a single intravenous injection of furosemide (1 to 1.5 mg/kg), multiple blood samples were obtained from a heelstick or an arterial catheter and analyzed for furosemide by gas liquid chromatography. The mean (+/- SE) apparent volume of distribution was 829.2 +/- 118.9 ml/kg; t1/2 was 7.7 +/- 1.0 hour; elimination rate constant was 0.102 +/- 0.013/hour and plasma clearance was 81.61 +/- 14.98 ml/kg/hour. Compared to the disposition of furosemide in normal adults. AVd is almost fourfold greater in the neonate with an eightfold prolongation in plasma t1/2, an eightfold decrease in Ke1, and a twofold decrease in plasma clearance. Neither gestational and postnatal age nor birth weight correlated with the pharmacokinetic variables. No significant change in reserve bilirubin-binding capacity after an intravenous dose of furosemide was noted. Slow elimination of furosemide may partly explain the prolonged diuretic and saluretic effect of furosemide in the neonate.", "PMID": 690779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9034", "title": "Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E following the administration of furosemide and indomethacin to sick low-birth-weight infants.", "content": "Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E was measured in seven sick low-birth-weight infants. Four had severe hyaline membrane disease and one had chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia; all received furosemide. Two infants had patent ductus arteriosus and received indomethacin. Following administration of furosemide, urine volume and the excretion rates of sodium and calcium were significantly increased; such changes were not seen following the administration of indomethacin. Prostaglandin E excretion rate was increased from 0.4 +/- 0.04 to 1.3 +/- 0.2 ng/mg Cr (mean +/- SEM) following administration of furosemide, but decreased in two patients following administration of indomethacin. The present results demonstrate that furosemide enhances urinary excretion of prostaglandin E by mechanisms which may reflect an increase in prostaglandin synthesis, a decrease in prostaglandin renal metabolism, or both. Indomethacin, which is a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, decreases the urinary excretion of prostaglandin E. These observations suggest that furosemide therapy in patients receiving indomethacin may be ineffective.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E following the administration of furosemide and indomethacin to sick low-birth-weight infants. Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E was measured in seven sick low-birth-weight infants. Four had severe hyaline membrane disease and one had chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia; all received furosemide. Two infants had patent ductus arteriosus and received indomethacin. Following administration of furosemide, urine volume and the excretion rates of sodium and calcium were significantly increased; such changes were not seen following the administration of indomethacin. Prostaglandin E excretion rate was increased from 0.4 +/- 0.04 to 1.3 +/- 0.2 ng/mg Cr (mean +/- SEM) following administration of furosemide, but decreased in two patients following administration of indomethacin. The present results demonstrate that furosemide enhances urinary excretion of prostaglandin E by mechanisms which may reflect an increase in prostaglandin synthesis, a decrease in prostaglandin renal metabolism, or both. Indomethacin, which is a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, decreases the urinary excretion of prostaglandin E. These observations suggest that furosemide therapy in patients receiving indomethacin may be ineffective.", "PMID": 690780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9035", "title": "A computerized single entry system for recording and reporting data on high-risk newborn infants.", "content": "A computer-assisted system for data collection in an intensive care nursery is described. Maternal history, infant history, diagnoses, and treatment are sequentially identified on a single form and then entered in batches into a computer at the time of patient discharge. Computer production of a discharge summary and letters to referring and follow-up physicians from a single data-entry form account for an approximately 80% savings in physician record-keeping time per patient. Accuracy of the data is approximately two and one-half times greater than with existing methods of data gathering. Survey of disease occurrence and case fatality rates are rapidly available.", "contents": "A computerized single entry system for recording and reporting data on high-risk newborn infants. A computer-assisted system for data collection in an intensive care nursery is described. Maternal history, infant history, diagnoses, and treatment are sequentially identified on a single form and then entered in batches into a computer at the time of patient discharge. Computer production of a discharge summary and letters to referring and follow-up physicians from a single data-entry form account for an approximately 80% savings in physician record-keeping time per patient. Accuracy of the data is approximately two and one-half times greater than with existing methods of data gathering. Survey of disease occurrence and case fatality rates are rapidly available.", "PMID": 690783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9036", "title": "The use of developmental screening tests by primary-care pediatricians.", "content": "Two-hundred-twenty-two pediatricians were surveyed to determine the use of developmental screening tests in primary-care pediatrics. Sixty-three percent of the 121 primary care pediatricians responding to this survey reported that they use developmental screening tests, but only 15 to 20% screen more than 10% of their patients with these tests. Factors associated with the use of developmental screening tests included the year of graduation from medical school, level of postinternship training, duration of current practice, training in the use of tests as a house officer or fellow or at postgraduate seminars, and belief that the use of developmental screening is a necessary part of routine health maintenance. Pediatricians use developmental screening tests infrequently and, probably, only after evidence of developmental delay has been established by other criteria.", "contents": "The use of developmental screening tests by primary-care pediatricians. Two-hundred-twenty-two pediatricians were surveyed to determine the use of developmental screening tests in primary-care pediatrics. Sixty-three percent of the 121 primary care pediatricians responding to this survey reported that they use developmental screening tests, but only 15 to 20% screen more than 10% of their patients with these tests. Factors associated with the use of developmental screening tests included the year of graduation from medical school, level of postinternship training, duration of current practice, training in the use of tests as a house officer or fellow or at postgraduate seminars, and belief that the use of developmental screening is a necessary part of routine health maintenance. Pediatricians use developmental screening tests infrequently and, probably, only after evidence of developmental delay has been established by other criteria.", "PMID": 690784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9037", "title": "MMPI criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia.", "content": "An attempt was made to find a combination of MMPI scale relationships which were highly discriminating of schizophrenia. Through the use of a standardized structured interview and a diagnostic system for schizophrenia based on the use of discriminant function analysis with nonpathognomonic symptom combinations, a reliable and valid system was used to establish the criterion diagnosis. Approximately 72% of patients reliably diagnosed as schizophrenics were detected on the MMPI via a set of standard criteria (T score on Sc greater than or equal to 80 less than or equal to 100; total raw score on Sc consisted of no more than 35% K items; T score on F greater than or equal to 75 less than or equal to 95; T score on Pt less than or equal to Sc). Only 5.5% of nonschizophrenics obtained all these standard criteria on the MMPI. The assets and liabilities of these MMPI criteria to diagnose schizophrenia are discussed.", "contents": "MMPI criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia. An attempt was made to find a combination of MMPI scale relationships which were highly discriminating of schizophrenia. Through the use of a standardized structured interview and a diagnostic system for schizophrenia based on the use of discriminant function analysis with nonpathognomonic symptom combinations, a reliable and valid system was used to establish the criterion diagnosis. Approximately 72% of patients reliably diagnosed as schizophrenics were detected on the MMPI via a set of standard criteria (T score on Sc greater than or equal to 80 less than or equal to 100; total raw score on Sc consisted of no more than 35% K items; T score on F greater than or equal to 75 less than or equal to 95; T score on Pt less than or equal to Sc). Only 5.5% of nonschizophrenics obtained all these standard criteria on the MMPI. The assets and liabilities of these MMPI criteria to diagnose schizophrenia are discussed.", "PMID": 690801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9038", "title": "Overinclusion and transactional thinking on the Object Sorting Test of schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients.", "content": "Two aspects of \"disordered thinking\", overinclusion and transactional thinking were studied on the Object Sorting Test responses of 20 young schizophrenic patients and 20 comparable nonschizophrenic patients. Patients' parents were also studied for comparison. In addition, idiosyncratic responses from WAIS Comprehension items were assessed for comparison of another measure on another test. Transactional thinking and idiosyncratic responses were greater in schizophrenic patients. Conceptual overinclusion and bizarre responses also tended to be more frequent in schizophrenics, but behavioral overinclusion showed no differences. Conceptual overinclusion was consistently correlated with transactional thinking and idiosyncratic responses, while behavioral overinclusion showed an inconsistent pattern. The differences were attributed to the differences in the specificity of measures of disordered thinking.", "contents": "Overinclusion and transactional thinking on the Object Sorting Test of schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients. Two aspects of \"disordered thinking\", overinclusion and transactional thinking were studied on the Object Sorting Test responses of 20 young schizophrenic patients and 20 comparable nonschizophrenic patients. Patients' parents were also studied for comparison. In addition, idiosyncratic responses from WAIS Comprehension items were assessed for comparison of another measure on another test. Transactional thinking and idiosyncratic responses were greater in schizophrenic patients. Conceptual overinclusion and bizarre responses also tended to be more frequent in schizophrenics, but behavioral overinclusion showed no differences. Conceptual overinclusion was consistently correlated with transactional thinking and idiosyncratic responses, while behavioral overinclusion showed an inconsistent pattern. The differences were attributed to the differences in the specificity of measures of disordered thinking.", "PMID": 690802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9039", "title": "Some personality patterns and dimensions of male alcoholics: a multivariate description.", "content": "The assumption that alcoholics form a homogeneous population has been found to be questionable. Recent research has been done to empirically define possible personality subtypes of alcoholics. This study extended the typological work done previously by Goldstein and Linden (1969a) and Whitelock, Overall, and Patrick (1971). They each found four alcoholic subtypes, three of which replicated across studies. For this research, MMPI profiles of 208 male alcoholics were submitted to a hierarchical clustering procedure. Seven subtypes were found. These results were compared to the results of the prior two studies, in addition to actuarial MMPI types previously delineated in clinical settings. Using a hierarchical factor analysis, these data were analyzed to determine the higher order interrelationships among MMPI scales for this alcoholic sample. These results were discussed, especially in terms of the implications for treatment and further research in alcoholism.", "contents": "Some personality patterns and dimensions of male alcoholics: a multivariate description. The assumption that alcoholics form a homogeneous population has been found to be questionable. Recent research has been done to empirically define possible personality subtypes of alcoholics. This study extended the typological work done previously by Goldstein and Linden (1969a) and Whitelock, Overall, and Patrick (1971). They each found four alcoholic subtypes, three of which replicated across studies. For this research, MMPI profiles of 208 male alcoholics were submitted to a hierarchical clustering procedure. Seven subtypes were found. These results were compared to the results of the prior two studies, in addition to actuarial MMPI types previously delineated in clinical settings. Using a hierarchical factor analysis, these data were analyzed to determine the higher order interrelationships among MMPI scales for this alcoholic sample. These results were discussed, especially in terms of the implications for treatment and further research in alcoholism.", "PMID": 690803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9040", "title": "Similar Rorschach patterning in three cases of anorexia nervosa.", "content": "The Rorschachs of three cases of ambulatory anorexia nervosa patients showed striking quantitative and qualitative similarities. Analysis of the patterning prompted a diagnosis of conversion hysteria with repressed orality as the suspected dynamism. It was suggested that the Rorschach might prove useful for diagnosing this hysteroid subgroup of patients for the purpose of differential treatment.", "contents": "Similar Rorschach patterning in three cases of anorexia nervosa. The Rorschachs of three cases of ambulatory anorexia nervosa patients showed striking quantitative and qualitative similarities. Analysis of the patterning prompted a diagnosis of conversion hysteria with repressed orality as the suspected dynamism. It was suggested that the Rorschach might prove useful for diagnosing this hysteroid subgroup of patients for the purpose of differential treatment.", "PMID": 690804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9041", "title": "Social modeling influences on sensory decision theory and psychophysiological indexes of pain.", "content": "Subjects exposed to social models dissimulating tolerance or intolerance generally exhibit matching behavior in their verbal ratings of painful stimulation. It has been unclear, however, whether these changes reflect voluntary alteration of evidence or genuine changes in distress. This study used alternative measures and controlled for methodological limitations of earlier studies by examining nonpalmar skin potential in addition to palmar skin conductance and heart rate indexes of psychophysiological response to electric shock, and by evaluating verbal expressions of pain with sensory decision theory methodology. Of 20 female volunteer subjects, half served as controls, and half were exposed to a tolerant female model. Both the subject and the model verbalized ratings of discomfort provoked by a series of electric shocks of increasing intensity. Subjects then underwent a series of preselected random shocks. Sensory decision theory analyses revealed lower discriminability of the shocks among subjects exposed to a tolerant model. Several indexes of nonpalmar skin potential and heart rate reactivity exhibited lower reactivity in the tolerant group. Tolerant modeling was also associated with decreases in subjective stress. The results were consistent with the position that changes in pain indexes associated with exposure to a tolerant model represented variations in fundamental characteristics of painful experiences as opposed to suppression of information.", "contents": "Social modeling influences on sensory decision theory and psychophysiological indexes of pain. Subjects exposed to social models dissimulating tolerance or intolerance generally exhibit matching behavior in their verbal ratings of painful stimulation. It has been unclear, however, whether these changes reflect voluntary alteration of evidence or genuine changes in distress. This study used alternative measures and controlled for methodological limitations of earlier studies by examining nonpalmar skin potential in addition to palmar skin conductance and heart rate indexes of psychophysiological response to electric shock, and by evaluating verbal expressions of pain with sensory decision theory methodology. Of 20 female volunteer subjects, half served as controls, and half were exposed to a tolerant female model. Both the subject and the model verbalized ratings of discomfort provoked by a series of electric shocks of increasing intensity. Subjects then underwent a series of preselected random shocks. Sensory decision theory analyses revealed lower discriminability of the shocks among subjects exposed to a tolerant model. Several indexes of nonpalmar skin potential and heart rate reactivity exhibited lower reactivity in the tolerant group. Tolerant modeling was also associated with decreases in subjective stress. The results were consistent with the position that changes in pain indexes associated with exposure to a tolerant model represented variations in fundamental characteristics of painful experiences as opposed to suppression of information.", "PMID": 690805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9042", "title": "Lottery winners and accident victims: is happiness relative?", "content": "Adaptation level theory suggests that both contrast and habituation will operate to prevent the winning of a fortune from elevating happiness as much as might be expected. Contrast with the peak experience of winning should lessen the impact of ordinary pleasures, while habituation should eventually reduce the value of new pleasures made possible by winning. Study 1 compared a sample of 22 major lottery winners with 22 controls and also with a group of 29 paralyzed accident victims who had been interviewed previously. As predicted, lottery winners were not happier than controls and took significantly less pleasure from a series of mundane events. Study 2 indicated that these effects were not due to preexisting differences between people who buy or do not buy lottery tickets or between interviews that made or did not make the lottery salient. Paraplegics also demonstrated a contrast effect, not by enhancing minor pleasures but by idealizing their past, which did not help their present happiness.", "contents": "Lottery winners and accident victims: is happiness relative? Adaptation level theory suggests that both contrast and habituation will operate to prevent the winning of a fortune from elevating happiness as much as might be expected. Contrast with the peak experience of winning should lessen the impact of ordinary pleasures, while habituation should eventually reduce the value of new pleasures made possible by winning. Study 1 compared a sample of 22 major lottery winners with 22 controls and also with a group of 29 paralyzed accident victims who had been interviewed previously. As predicted, lottery winners were not happier than controls and took significantly less pleasure from a series of mundane events. Study 2 indicated that these effects were not due to preexisting differences between people who buy or do not buy lottery tickets or between interviews that made or did not make the lottery salient. Paraplegics also demonstrated a contrast effect, not by enhancing minor pleasures but by idealizing their past, which did not help their present happiness.", "PMID": 690806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9043", "title": "Dequaternization of curare bases with sodium thiophenoxide and ethanolamine.", "content": "To prepare (+)-tubocurine and O,O-dimethyl-(+)-tubocurine, the commonly used dequaternization procedures with sodium theophenoxide and ethanolamine were investigated. The quaternary compounds were (+)-tubocurarine chloride and the chloride and iodide salts of O,O-dimethyl-(+)-chondocurarine. The results obtained with ethanolamine indicate that Hofmann elimination is a major pathway and that N-demethylation is minor. The elimination products of O,O-dimethyl-(+)-chondocurarine iodide with ethanolamine were identified as O,O-dimethyltubocurinemethine, O,O-dimethyltubocurineisomethine, and O,O-dimethyltubocurinedimethine. N-Demethylation was the primary reaction with sodium thiophenoxide. Thus, dequaternization of (+)-tubocurarine chloride with sodium thiophenoxide provided (+)-tubocurine which, on diazomethylation, yielded O,O-dimethyl-(+)-tubocurine, identical to the compound obtained by N-demethylation of O,O-dimethyl-(+)-chondocurarine chloride with the same reagent.", "contents": "Dequaternization of curare bases with sodium thiophenoxide and ethanolamine. To prepare (+)-tubocurine and O,O-dimethyl-(+)-tubocurine, the commonly used dequaternization procedures with sodium theophenoxide and ethanolamine were investigated. The quaternary compounds were (+)-tubocurarine chloride and the chloride and iodide salts of O,O-dimethyl-(+)-chondocurarine. The results obtained with ethanolamine indicate that Hofmann elimination is a major pathway and that N-demethylation is minor. The elimination products of O,O-dimethyl-(+)-chondocurarine iodide with ethanolamine were identified as O,O-dimethyltubocurinemethine, O,O-dimethyltubocurineisomethine, and O,O-dimethyltubocurinedimethine. N-Demethylation was the primary reaction with sodium thiophenoxide. Thus, dequaternization of (+)-tubocurarine chloride with sodium thiophenoxide provided (+)-tubocurine which, on diazomethylation, yielded O,O-dimethyl-(+)-tubocurine, identical to the compound obtained by N-demethylation of O,O-dimethyl-(+)-chondocurarine chloride with the same reagent.", "PMID": 690820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9044", "title": "Stereospecificity of esterases hydrolyzing oxazepam acetate.", "content": "Esterases hydrolyzing the racemic acetate ester of the centrally acting drug oxazepam in mice were examined. Radiolabeled ester administered intravenously was hydrolyzed rapidly in the liver, kidneys, and brain. The distribution of the enzyme activity of liver and brain subcellular fractions was measured. Kinetic data and structure investigation of partially hydrolyzed racemic ester pointed to the stereoselectivity of liver and brain esterases. The preferred hydrolysis of the (R)-(-)-isomer in liver homogenates was attributed mainly to microsomal enzymes, while that of the (S)-(+)-isomer in brain was considered to be due to the mitochondrial fraction. This phenomenon was a common property of all species tested.", "contents": "Stereospecificity of esterases hydrolyzing oxazepam acetate. Esterases hydrolyzing the racemic acetate ester of the centrally acting drug oxazepam in mice were examined. Radiolabeled ester administered intravenously was hydrolyzed rapidly in the liver, kidneys, and brain. The distribution of the enzyme activity of liver and brain subcellular fractions was measured. Kinetic data and structure investigation of partially hydrolyzed racemic ester pointed to the stereoselectivity of liver and brain esterases. The preferred hydrolysis of the (R)-(-)-isomer in liver homogenates was attributed mainly to microsomal enzymes, while that of the (S)-(+)-isomer in brain was considered to be due to the mitochondrial fraction. This phenomenon was a common property of all species tested.", "PMID": 690821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9045", "title": "Effects of short and medium chain fatty acids on absorption of lipophilic drugs from perfused rat intestine.", "content": "The absorption rates of griseofulvin and prednisolone were measured from solutions that were recirculated through a segment of in situ rat jejunum. When premicellar concentrations of butyric, octanoic, or dodecanoic acid were present in the perfusate, the griseofulvin absorption rate decreased while that of prednisolone increased. The fatty acids also increased the absorption rate of water from the perfusate, and the effect of butyric acid was attributed primarily to this increase. The absorption-altering effects of octanoic and dodecanoic acids could not be attributed solely to their effects on water absorption nor to their effects on the surface tension of the perfusate. The effects of octanoic and dodecanoic acids were explained by postulating different rate-limiting barriers to the absorption of prednisolone and griseofulvin.", "contents": "Effects of short and medium chain fatty acids on absorption of lipophilic drugs from perfused rat intestine. The absorption rates of griseofulvin and prednisolone were measured from solutions that were recirculated through a segment of in situ rat jejunum. When premicellar concentrations of butyric, octanoic, or dodecanoic acid were present in the perfusate, the griseofulvin absorption rate decreased while that of prednisolone increased. The fatty acids also increased the absorption rate of water from the perfusate, and the effect of butyric acid was attributed primarily to this increase. The absorption-altering effects of octanoic and dodecanoic acids could not be attributed solely to their effects on water absorption nor to their effects on the surface tension of the perfusate. The effects of octanoic and dodecanoic acids were explained by postulating different rate-limiting barriers to the absorption of prednisolone and griseofulvin.", "PMID": 690822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9046", "title": "Synthesis and preliminary anti-inflammatory evaluation of 17beta-amino-3beta-methoxy-5-androstene hydrochloride and related derivatives.", "content": "To study the anti-inflammatory properties of 17beta-amino-steroids, some 17beta-aminoandrostene hydrochlorides based on the 3beta-methoxy-5-androstene nucleus were prepared. The syntheses were accomplished via a two-stage amination of 3beta-methoxy-5-androsten-17-one, involving reduction of an intermediate 17-imine or, for the synthesis of 17beta-amino-3beta-methoxy-5-androstene, the 17-oxime. The compounds were examined for anti-inflammatory activity in the rat cotton pellet model of inflammation. All tested aminosteroids displayed significant activity. Two compounds also were screened in an adjuvant-induced arthritis model of inflammation and displayed activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and preliminary anti-inflammatory evaluation of 17beta-amino-3beta-methoxy-5-androstene hydrochloride and related derivatives. To study the anti-inflammatory properties of 17beta-amino-steroids, some 17beta-aminoandrostene hydrochlorides based on the 3beta-methoxy-5-androstene nucleus were prepared. The syntheses were accomplished via a two-stage amination of 3beta-methoxy-5-androsten-17-one, involving reduction of an intermediate 17-imine or, for the synthesis of 17beta-amino-3beta-methoxy-5-androstene, the 17-oxime. The compounds were examined for anti-inflammatory activity in the rat cotton pellet model of inflammation. All tested aminosteroids displayed significant activity. Two compounds also were screened in an adjuvant-induced arthritis model of inflammation and displayed activity.", "PMID": 690823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9047", "title": "Antitumor agents XXX: Evaluation of alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone-containing agents for inhibition of tumor growth, respiration, and nucleic acid synthesis.", "content": "Evidence is presented that a number of sesquiterpene lactones isolated from plants and synthesized pyrimidines containing the alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone moiety are potent inhibitors of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and Ehrlich ascites tumor growth and marginal inhibitors of P-388 lymphocytic leukemia and Lewis lung tumor growth. In vitro aerobic basal respiration and oxidative phosphorylation processes of Ehrlich ascites cells were inhibited by these agents as well as deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase and thymidylate synthetase enzymatic activities. These studies indicate that the alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone moiety, the beta-unsubstituted cyclopentenone ring, and the alpha-epoxycyclopentanone system are the essential moieties for inhibition of these biochemical parameters.", "contents": "Antitumor agents XXX: Evaluation of alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone-containing agents for inhibition of tumor growth, respiration, and nucleic acid synthesis. Evidence is presented that a number of sesquiterpene lactones isolated from plants and synthesized pyrimidines containing the alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone moiety are potent inhibitors of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and Ehrlich ascites tumor growth and marginal inhibitors of P-388 lymphocytic leukemia and Lewis lung tumor growth. In vitro aerobic basal respiration and oxidative phosphorylation processes of Ehrlich ascites cells were inhibited by these agents as well as deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase and thymidylate synthetase enzymatic activities. These studies indicate that the alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone moiety, the beta-unsubstituted cyclopentenone ring, and the alpha-epoxycyclopentanone system are the essential moieties for inhibition of these biochemical parameters.", "PMID": 690826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9048", "title": "Lyophilization of sincalide and correlation of headspace relative humidity with product stability.", "content": "An optimum freeze-drying cycle was developed for use with industrial equipment in the processing in vials of a product degraded by traces of moisture. The relative humidity of the headspace gas of the vials, which contained only 5 microgram of active ingredient, was monitored by a GC method and was then correlated with product stability.", "contents": "Lyophilization of sincalide and correlation of headspace relative humidity with product stability. An optimum freeze-drying cycle was developed for use with industrial equipment in the processing in vials of a product degraded by traces of moisture. The relative humidity of the headspace gas of the vials, which contained only 5 microgram of active ingredient, was monitored by a GC method and was then correlated with product stability.", "PMID": 690827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9049", "title": "GLC--mass spectrometry of several important anticancer drugs I: pertrimethylsilylation and O-methoxime formation.", "content": "Procedures are reported for the formation of pertrimethylsilyl and pertrimethylsilyl methoxime derivatives of the aglycones of doxorubicin, daunorubicin, carminomycin, chromomycin A3, and mithramycin. The mass spectra are consistent with the formation of these derivatives. Fragmentation patterns highly specific for these derivatives are proposed, and the potential application for the identification of metabolites of these compounds is discussed.", "contents": "GLC--mass spectrometry of several important anticancer drugs I: pertrimethylsilylation and O-methoxime formation. Procedures are reported for the formation of pertrimethylsilyl and pertrimethylsilyl methoxime derivatives of the aglycones of doxorubicin, daunorubicin, carminomycin, chromomycin A3, and mithramycin. The mass spectra are consistent with the formation of these derivatives. Fragmentation patterns highly specific for these derivatives are proposed, and the potential application for the identification of metabolites of these compounds is discussed.", "PMID": 690828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9050", "title": "Applications of paired ion high-pressure liquid chromatography to catecholamines and phenylephrine.", "content": "Paired ion high-pressure liquid chromatography was useful for separating intact catecholamines (epinephrine, isoproterenol, levodopa, and methyldopa) and phenylephrine from some of their decomposition products. Furthermore, methyldopa was separated from either hydrochlorothiazide of levodopa. Under identical conditions without 1-heptanesulfonic acid (a counterion for paired ion chromatography) in the mobile phase, these separations were not possible. Paired ion chromatography also was tried successfully for the quantitative determinations of isoproterenol, levodopa, methyldopa, and phenylephrine in some dosage forms. The results were compared with the results obtained using some literature methods.", "contents": "Applications of paired ion high-pressure liquid chromatography to catecholamines and phenylephrine. Paired ion high-pressure liquid chromatography was useful for separating intact catecholamines (epinephrine, isoproterenol, levodopa, and methyldopa) and phenylephrine from some of their decomposition products. Furthermore, methyldopa was separated from either hydrochlorothiazide of levodopa. Under identical conditions without 1-heptanesulfonic acid (a counterion for paired ion chromatography) in the mobile phase, these separations were not possible. Paired ion chromatography also was tried successfully for the quantitative determinations of isoproterenol, levodopa, methyldopa, and phenylephrine in some dosage forms. The results were compared with the results obtained using some literature methods.", "PMID": 690829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9051", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of sulfapyridine and acetylsulfapyridine in biological fluids.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the sensitive, rapid, and specific determination of sulfapyridine and its N-acetyl derivative in plasma and saliva was developed. A cyano-bonded, reversed-phase, high efficiency column was used. The system detected these sulfonamides in serum to 0.25 mg/liter and within only 6 min. Sulfapyridine was separated from its acetyl derivative with little interference from other drugs. The assay reproducibility was within 3%. The assay was highly useful for routine monitoring of patients receiving sulfasalazine for inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of sulfapyridine and acetylsulfapyridine in biological fluids. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the sensitive, rapid, and specific determination of sulfapyridine and its N-acetyl derivative in plasma and saliva was developed. A cyano-bonded, reversed-phase, high efficiency column was used. The system detected these sulfonamides in serum to 0.25 mg/liter and within only 6 min. Sulfapyridine was separated from its acetyl derivative with little interference from other drugs. The assay reproducibility was within 3%. The assay was highly useful for routine monitoring of patients receiving sulfasalazine for inflammatory bowel disease.", "PMID": 690830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9052", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic assays for clindamycin, clindamycin phosphate, and clindamycin palmitate.", "content": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic procedures are described for clindamycin, clindamycin palmitate, and clindamycin phosphate as bulk drugs and in formulations. All three procedures utilize a C18 reversed-phase chromatographic column with refractive index detection. The mobile phases are hydroalcoholic solutions containing dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate or disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Separations of related impurities or degradation products also are discussed. The relative standard deviations of the methods range from 0.8 to 1.8%.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic assays for clindamycin, clindamycin phosphate, and clindamycin palmitate. High-pressure liquid chromatographic procedures are described for clindamycin, clindamycin palmitate, and clindamycin phosphate as bulk drugs and in formulations. All three procedures utilize a C18 reversed-phase chromatographic column with refractive index detection. The mobile phases are hydroalcoholic solutions containing dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate or disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Separations of related impurities or degradation products also are discussed. The relative standard deviations of the methods range from 0.8 to 1.8%.", "PMID": 690831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9053", "title": "Preservation of solubilized and emulsified systems II: Theoretical development of capacity and its role in antimicrobial activity of chlorocresol in cetomacrogol-stabilized systems.", "content": "The preservation of solublized and emulsified disperse systems against microbial spoilage depends on the free (unbound) preservative concentration in the aqueous phase and the capacity of the system. The capacity may be defined as the system's ability to resist losses in free preservative concentration. The theory of capacity is developed quantitatively for solubilized and emulsified systems containing the preservative chlorocresol stabilized by the nonionic surfactant cetomacrogol. Equations are derived for solubilized systems that relate capacity to surfactant concentration and the interaction between the surfactant and the preservative. Additional terms are included in the equations to account for the effects of the oil phase on the capacity of oil-in-water emulsions.", "contents": "Preservation of solubilized and emulsified systems II: Theoretical development of capacity and its role in antimicrobial activity of chlorocresol in cetomacrogol-stabilized systems. The preservation of solublized and emulsified disperse systems against microbial spoilage depends on the free (unbound) preservative concentration in the aqueous phase and the capacity of the system. The capacity may be defined as the system's ability to resist losses in free preservative concentration. The theory of capacity is developed quantitatively for solubilized and emulsified systems containing the preservative chlorocresol stabilized by the nonionic surfactant cetomacrogol. Equations are derived for solubilized systems that relate capacity to surfactant concentration and the interaction between the surfactant and the preservative. Additional terms are included in the equations to account for the effects of the oil phase on the capacity of oil-in-water emulsions.", "PMID": 690832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9054", "title": "Effect of surfactants on percutaneous absorption of naproxen I: comparisons of rabbit, rat, and human excised skin.", "content": "The in vitro skin penetration model using excised skin from rats, rabbits, and humans was examined to evaluate the relative effect of surfactants on percutaneous absorption of naproxen. Differences in the magnitude of the effect of surfactants in promoting percutaneous absorption of naproxen through skins of different species were observed. For comparative evaluations of the formulation effects on percutaneous absorption, such as the effect of surfactants, in vitro studies with animal skin may not provide information in agreement with in vitro human skin.", "contents": "Effect of surfactants on percutaneous absorption of naproxen I: comparisons of rabbit, rat, and human excised skin. The in vitro skin penetration model using excised skin from rats, rabbits, and humans was examined to evaluate the relative effect of surfactants on percutaneous absorption of naproxen. Differences in the magnitude of the effect of surfactants in promoting percutaneous absorption of naproxen through skins of different species were observed. For comparative evaluations of the formulation effects on percutaneous absorption, such as the effect of surfactants, in vitro studies with animal skin may not provide information in agreement with in vitro human skin.", "PMID": 690833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9055", "title": "Inlfuence of high-viscosity vehicles on miotic effect of pilocarpine.", "content": "Gel formulations containing 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride were prepared from ethylene maleic anhydride, carbomer, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyacrylamide, ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and poly(methylvinyl ether--maleic anhydride). The viscosity characteristics of each formulation were evaluated from rheograms developed at 37 degrees using a cone and plate viscometer. Single-point viscosities were determined at room temperature using a single-point rotational viscometer. Plastic viscosity parameters correlated to miosis durations in the rabbit following ophthalmic dosing of 50 microliters. Carbomer formulations varying in concentration between 0.9 and 5.0% (w/w) showed a discontinuous relationship when either yield value or plastic viscosity was plotted against miosis durations. At carbomer concentrations above 3%, miosis durations increased 1.5-fold. Above and below this range, plastic parameters did not correlate to miosis duration. It was reasoned that the increased duration was a consequence of the gel's increased yield value such that appreciable in vivo thinning of the gel does not take place with eyelid and/or eyeball movements. As a result, the residence time of the drug in the eye would be expected to increase, thus promoting an increased duration.", "contents": "Inlfuence of high-viscosity vehicles on miotic effect of pilocarpine. Gel formulations containing 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride were prepared from ethylene maleic anhydride, carbomer, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyacrylamide, ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and poly(methylvinyl ether--maleic anhydride). The viscosity characteristics of each formulation were evaluated from rheograms developed at 37 degrees using a cone and plate viscometer. Single-point viscosities were determined at room temperature using a single-point rotational viscometer. Plastic viscosity parameters correlated to miosis durations in the rabbit following ophthalmic dosing of 50 microliters. Carbomer formulations varying in concentration between 0.9 and 5.0% (w/w) showed a discontinuous relationship when either yield value or plastic viscosity was plotted against miosis durations. At carbomer concentrations above 3%, miosis durations increased 1.5-fold. Above and below this range, plastic parameters did not correlate to miosis duration. It was reasoned that the increased duration was a consequence of the gel's increased yield value such that appreciable in vivo thinning of the gel does not take place with eyelid and/or eyeball movements. As a result, the residence time of the drug in the eye would be expected to increase, thus promoting an increased duration.", "PMID": 690834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9056", "title": "Comparative bioavailability of a lipophilic steroid.", "content": "17beta-Acetoxy-2alpha-chloro-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)imino-5alpha-androstane (I) is a lipophilic steroid with postimplantive antifertility activity in laboratory animals. The bioavailability of micronized I from solutions and suspensions was compared in four groups of adult female Wistar rats. Each group received varying concentrations of micronized 3H-I (specific activity of 0.38--8.94 muCi/mg) in sesame oil by oral gavage. Samples of whole blood and urine collected following drug administration were assayed for radioactive content. Calculation of the mean area under the blood radioactivity versus time curve, when corrected for the quantity of drug administered, indicated that a substantially larger fraction of the dose was absorbed in the two instances where I was present only in solution. A linear relationship between the amount of I absorbed based on whole blood radioactivity and urinary excretion and the administered dose was found primarily for groups receiving the drug in solution. Preliminary results in humans indicate that 3H-I was absorbed to a much greater extent following oral administration of the drug in sesame oil than when admixed with lactose.", "contents": "Comparative bioavailability of a lipophilic steroid. 17beta-Acetoxy-2alpha-chloro-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)imino-5alpha-androstane (I) is a lipophilic steroid with postimplantive antifertility activity in laboratory animals. The bioavailability of micronized I from solutions and suspensions was compared in four groups of adult female Wistar rats. Each group received varying concentrations of micronized 3H-I (specific activity of 0.38--8.94 muCi/mg) in sesame oil by oral gavage. Samples of whole blood and urine collected following drug administration were assayed for radioactive content. Calculation of the mean area under the blood radioactivity versus time curve, when corrected for the quantity of drug administered, indicated that a substantially larger fraction of the dose was absorbed in the two instances where I was present only in solution. A linear relationship between the amount of I absorbed based on whole blood radioactivity and urinary excretion and the administered dose was found primarily for groups receiving the drug in solution. Preliminary results in humans indicate that 3H-I was absorbed to a much greater extent following oral administration of the drug in sesame oil than when admixed with lactose.", "PMID": 690835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9057", "title": "Relative bioavailability of meprobamate tablets in humans.", "content": "The relative bioavailability of 400-mg meprobamate tablets manufactured by 11 different firms was evaluated in two groups of healthy male subjects. Each group of six subjects received a reference standard product and five test products given at 1-week intervals. Plasma meprobamate concentrations at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, and 32 hr after dosing were determined using a GLC assay. Analysis of variance of the plasma level--time profiles revealed no statistically significant differences between any of the products in terms of plasma levels at the various sample times, time of peak plasma level, peak plasma level, and area under the plasma level--time curve. It was concluded that the 11 400-mg products could be considered bioequivalent.", "contents": "Relative bioavailability of meprobamate tablets in humans. The relative bioavailability of 400-mg meprobamate tablets manufactured by 11 different firms was evaluated in two groups of healthy male subjects. Each group of six subjects received a reference standard product and five test products given at 1-week intervals. Plasma meprobamate concentrations at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, and 32 hr after dosing were determined using a GLC assay. Analysis of variance of the plasma level--time profiles revealed no statistically significant differences between any of the products in terms of plasma levels at the various sample times, time of peak plasma level, peak plasma level, and area under the plasma level--time curve. It was concluded that the 11 400-mg products could be considered bioequivalent.", "PMID": 690836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9058", "title": "New drug metabolism inhibitor of marine origin.", "content": "Dactylyne, an acetylenic dibromochloro ether, was isolated from the sea hare Aplysia dactylomela and characterized pharmacologically. It had no direct effect on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems of mice, rats, and guinea pigs. However, a 25-mg/kg ip dose of dactylyne prolonged pentobarbital sleep time in mice by more than 10 hr. This potentiation was subsequently determined to be due to the inhibition of pentobarbital metabolism by dactylyne since the elimination half-life of pentobarbital in the dactylyne-treated mice increased several folds. Dactylyne was nontoxic up to 200 mg/kg iv. The unique structure, high potency, and relatively nontoxic nature of dactylyne make it an interesting pharmacological substance of marine origin.", "contents": "New drug metabolism inhibitor of marine origin. Dactylyne, an acetylenic dibromochloro ether, was isolated from the sea hare Aplysia dactylomela and characterized pharmacologically. It had no direct effect on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems of mice, rats, and guinea pigs. However, a 25-mg/kg ip dose of dactylyne prolonged pentobarbital sleep time in mice by more than 10 hr. This potentiation was subsequently determined to be due to the inhibition of pentobarbital metabolism by dactylyne since the elimination half-life of pentobarbital in the dactylyne-treated mice increased several folds. Dactylyne was nontoxic up to 200 mg/kg iv. The unique structure, high potency, and relatively nontoxic nature of dactylyne make it an interesting pharmacological substance of marine origin.", "PMID": 690837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9059", "title": "Effect of amitriptyline on polarography of chlordiazepoxide.", "content": "With increasing amounts of electroinactive amitriptyline, each of the three chlordiazepoxide reduction waves shifted to more cathodic half-wave potentials and decreased in limiting current. The shift was most pronounced up the 1:1 mole ratio but continued up to ratios of 200:1. This behavior was observed in several supporting electrolytes and was not due to change in pH since this factor was maintained constant as the amitriptyline concentration was increased. Shifts in E1/2 and reductions in limiting current may arise in several ways, such as complex formation between the two drugs or adsorption of the amitriptyline onto the surface of the dropping mercury electrode hindering chlordiazepoxide reduction. Most data point to adsorption as the cause.", "contents": "Effect of amitriptyline on polarography of chlordiazepoxide. With increasing amounts of electroinactive amitriptyline, each of the three chlordiazepoxide reduction waves shifted to more cathodic half-wave potentials and decreased in limiting current. The shift was most pronounced up the 1:1 mole ratio but continued up to ratios of 200:1. This behavior was observed in several supporting electrolytes and was not due to change in pH since this factor was maintained constant as the amitriptyline concentration was increased. Shifts in E1/2 and reductions in limiting current may arise in several ways, such as complex formation between the two drugs or adsorption of the amitriptyline onto the surface of the dropping mercury electrode hindering chlordiazepoxide reduction. Most data point to adsorption as the cause.", "PMID": 690838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9060", "title": "USP dissolution IV: comparison of methods.", "content": "The hydrodynamics of four dissolution apparatus--viz., the USP basket, the USP paddle, the stationary basket-spinning filter, and the USP disintegration apparatus, were characterized. At higher velocities, the relationship between the intrinsic dissolution rate constant and linear velocity was parabolic rather than linear.", "contents": "USP dissolution IV: comparison of methods. The hydrodynamics of four dissolution apparatus--viz., the USP basket, the USP paddle, the stationary basket-spinning filter, and the USP disintegration apparatus, were characterized. At higher velocities, the relationship between the intrinsic dissolution rate constant and linear velocity was parabolic rather than linear.", "PMID": 690839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9061", "title": "Quantitative TLC determination of propranolol in human plasma.", "content": "A spectrodensitometric assay was developed for propranolol based on measurement of the absorbance of the drug on silica gel plates irradiated at 822 nm. Quantities as low as 0.10 microgram can be detected, and a linear relationship was obtained between 0.010 and 0.400 microgram. The percent recovery from plasma spiked with known amounts of the drug was 90.0--102.0. This procedure was used to determine propranolol in the  plasma of patients receiving therapeutic doses of the drug.", "contents": "Quantitative TLC determination of propranolol in human plasma. A spectrodensitometric assay was developed for propranolol based on measurement of the absorbance of the drug on silica gel plates irradiated at 822 nm. Quantities as low as 0.10 microgram can be detected, and a linear relationship was obtained between 0.010 and 0.400 microgram. The percent recovery from plasma spiked with known amounts of the drug was 90.0--102.0. This procedure was used to determine propranolol in the  plasma of patients receiving therapeutic doses of the drug.", "PMID": 690840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9062", "title": "Substituent constant for drug design studies based on properties of organic electron donor--acceptor complexes.", "content": "A new model chemical system based on organic electron donor--aceptor complexes is described. From values of equilibrium constants measured by an NMR technique, a predictable parameter for use in quantitative structure--activity relationship techiques is discussed.", "contents": "Substituent constant for drug design studies based on properties of organic electron donor--acceptor complexes. A new model chemical system based on organic electron donor--aceptor complexes is described. From values of equilibrium constants measured by an NMR technique, a predictable parameter for use in quantitative structure--activity relationship techiques is discussed.", "PMID": 690841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9063", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic and TLC determinations of desacetylvinblastine amide (vindesine) and its monosulfate salt.", "content": "High-performance liquid chromatographic and TLC methods were developed for the determination of desacetylvinblastine amide base (vindesine), a chemically modified Catharanthus alkaloid presently in clinical evaluation. Both methods permit the detection of 6,7-dihydrovindesine and vindesine Nb'-oxide, the principal by-product in the chemical conversion of vinblastine to vindesine. The methods are applicable to both the sulfate salts and the free bases of the chemical substances described.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic and TLC determinations of desacetylvinblastine amide (vindesine) and its monosulfate salt. High-performance liquid chromatographic and TLC methods were developed for the determination of desacetylvinblastine amide base (vindesine), a chemically modified Catharanthus alkaloid presently in clinical evaluation. Both methods permit the detection of 6,7-dihydrovindesine and vindesine Nb'-oxide, the principal by-product in the chemical conversion of vinblastine to vindesine. The methods are applicable to both the sulfate salts and the free bases of the chemical substances described.", "PMID": 690842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9064", "title": "Selective demethylation of polymethoxyxanthones with aqueous piperidine.", "content": "Data are presented for selective demethylation of eight polymethoxyxanthones with aqueous piperdine. Clarification and rationalization of the present and previous observations are made. The mechanism is defined in terms of both resonance effects and steric factors.", "contents": "Selective demethylation of polymethoxyxanthones with aqueous piperidine. Data are presented for selective demethylation of eight polymethoxyxanthones with aqueous piperdine. Clarification and rationalization of the present and previous observations are made. The mechanism is defined in terms of both resonance effects and steric factors.", "PMID": 690843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9065", "title": "South American plants III: Isolation of fulvoplumierin from Himatanthus sucuuba (M. Arg.) Woodson (Apocynaceae).", "content": "The bark of Himatanthus sucuuba was screened for pharmacological and anticancer activities. The lactone, fulvoplumierin (C14H12O4), was isolated from the n-hexane fraction. The identity was proven by elemental analysis and IR, mass spectral, and melting-point determinations. Reference samples were used for comparison.", "contents": "South American plants III: Isolation of fulvoplumierin from Himatanthus sucuuba (M. Arg.) Woodson (Apocynaceae). The bark of Himatanthus sucuuba was screened for pharmacological and anticancer activities. The lactone, fulvoplumierin (C14H12O4), was isolated from the n-hexane fraction. The identity was proven by elemental analysis and IR, mass spectral, and melting-point determinations. Reference samples were used for comparison.", "PMID": 690844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9066", "title": "Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of 3-substituted 1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxides.", "content": "Twenty aromatic alcohols and thiols were derivatized by reaction with 3-chloro-1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxide. The resulting 3-substituted 1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxides were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhosa, and Aspergillus niger, and their activities were compared with the activities of the precursors.", "contents": "Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of 3-substituted 1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxides. Twenty aromatic alcohols and thiols were derivatized by reaction with 3-chloro-1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxide. The resulting 3-substituted 1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxides were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhosa, and Aspergillus niger, and their activities were compared with the activities of the precursors.", "PMID": 690845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9067", "title": "Constituents of Spartina cynosuroides: isolation and 13C-NMR analysis of tricin.", "content": "Tricin was isoalted from the aerial parts of the marsh plant Spartina cynosuroides, which yielded a fraction enriched in antiluekemic activity. The 13C-NMR spectrum of tricin is discussed.", "contents": "Constituents of Spartina cynosuroides: isolation and 13C-NMR analysis of tricin. Tricin was isoalted from the aerial parts of the marsh plant Spartina cynosuroides, which yielded a fraction enriched in antiluekemic activity. The 13C-NMR spectrum of tricin is discussed.", "PMID": 690846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9068", "title": "Sex differences in plasma half-life of dextrorphan in rats administered dextromethorphan.", "content": "Male and female rats exhibited striking differences in their ability to metabolize dextromethorphan. Upon oral administration of this drug, the plasma half-life of dextrorphan, a major biotransformation product formed by O-demethylation, was 40 min in the female rat and 18.5 min in the male.", "contents": "Sex differences in plasma half-life of dextrorphan in rats administered dextromethorphan. Male and female rats exhibited striking differences in their ability to metabolize dextromethorphan. Upon oral administration of this drug, the plasma half-life of dextrorphan, a major biotransformation product formed by O-demethylation, was 40 min in the female rat and 18.5 min in the male.", "PMID": 690847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9069", "title": "Comparison of in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability of methaqualone tablets in humans.", "content": "Two methaqualone tablets that exhibited different in vitro dissolution rates were administered to 11 normal healthy male volunteers. Serial blood samples were withdrawn following administration of each tablet, and plasma methaqualone concentrations were determined by an established spectrophotofluormetric assay. Both tablets produced virtually identical plasma concentration versus time profiles in humans, and no statistically significant differences in either the rate or extent of drug absorbed were detected. The results indicate that there is no correlation between in vivo bioavailability and the modified NF in vitro dissolution test used.", "contents": "Comparison of in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability of methaqualone tablets in humans. Two methaqualone tablets that exhibited different in vitro dissolution rates were administered to 11 normal healthy male volunteers. Serial blood samples were withdrawn following administration of each tablet, and plasma methaqualone concentrations were determined by an established spectrophotofluormetric assay. Both tablets produced virtually identical plasma concentration versus time profiles in humans, and no statistically significant differences in either the rate or extent of drug absorbed were detected. The results indicate that there is no correlation between in vivo bioavailability and the modified NF in vitro dissolution test used.", "PMID": 690848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9070", "title": "Binding of drugs to ion-exchange resins in simulated gastric fluid.", "content": "The binding of 13 frequently abused drugs to two ion-exchange resins was studied in simulated gastric fluid. The results were compared with those previously obtained with activated charcoal as the adsorbent. The ion-exchange resins adsorbed the drugs more slowly than activated charcoal, and the binding capacities of the resins were inferior. These ion-exchange resins are unlikely to be very useful in removing drugs from the stomach.", "contents": "Binding of drugs to ion-exchange resins in simulated gastric fluid. The binding of 13 frequently abused drugs to two ion-exchange resins was studied in simulated gastric fluid. The results were compared with those previously obtained with activated charcoal as the adsorbent. The ion-exchange resins adsorbed the drugs more slowly than activated charcoal, and the binding capacities of the resins were inferior. These ion-exchange resins are unlikely to be very useful in removing drugs from the stomach.", "PMID": 690849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9071", "title": "Rapid determination of gold in whole blood of arthritis patients using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "content": "An assay for gold in whole blood of arthritis patients was developed using the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This method involves no pretreatment of the whole blood except for simple dilution, thereby eliminating some variables and saving laboratory time and expense.", "contents": "Rapid determination of gold in whole blood of arthritis patients using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. An assay for gold in whole blood of arthritis patients was developed using the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This method involves no pretreatment of the whole blood except for simple dilution, thereby eliminating some variables and saving laboratory time and expense.", "PMID": 690850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9072", "title": "Selenium heterocycles XXII: Synthesis and antibacterial antifungal activities of arylsulfonyl-1,2,3-selenadiazoles.", "content": "Series of 4-arylsulfonylmethyl-1,2,3-selenadiazoles, 4-(1-arylsulfonylethyl)-1,2,3-selenadiazoles, and 4-alkyl (or aryl)-5-arylsulfonyl-1,2,3-selenadiazoles were synthesized. 4-(3-Pyridyl)-5-phenylsulfonyl-1,2,3-selenadiazole exhibited the highest activity of growth inhibition against some bacteria and fungi.", "contents": "Selenium heterocycles XXII: Synthesis and antibacterial antifungal activities of arylsulfonyl-1,2,3-selenadiazoles. Series of 4-arylsulfonylmethyl-1,2,3-selenadiazoles, 4-(1-arylsulfonylethyl)-1,2,3-selenadiazoles, and 4-alkyl (or aryl)-5-arylsulfonyl-1,2,3-selenadiazoles were synthesized. 4-(3-Pyridyl)-5-phenylsulfonyl-1,2,3-selenadiazole exhibited the highest activity of growth inhibition against some bacteria and fungi.", "PMID": 690851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9073", "title": "Effect of dissolved oxygen levels on oxidative degradation of pyrogallol.", "content": "Pyrogallol decomposition in aqueous systems with various dissolved oxygen levels was studied. The reduced dissolved oxygen levels were produced by deaeration via gas permeation. Dissolved oxygen levels were determined using a dropping mercury electrode polarograph. Degradation rates, T90, and relative protection indexes are discussed. Even at dissolved oxygen levels of less than 0.05 ppm, some decomposition of pyrogallol occurred, indicating nonoxidative pathways or the necessity of total removal of dissolved oxygen to afford complete protection. Apparently, reducing the level of dissolved oxygen is a viable alternative to stabilization of aqueous pyrogallol solutions, since the T90 was increased from 1.9 days in water with dissolved oxygen levels of 9.05 ppm to 114.4 days in water with dissolved oxygen levels of less than 0.05 ppm.", "contents": "Effect of dissolved oxygen levels on oxidative degradation of pyrogallol. Pyrogallol decomposition in aqueous systems with various dissolved oxygen levels was studied. The reduced dissolved oxygen levels were produced by deaeration via gas permeation. Dissolved oxygen levels were determined using a dropping mercury electrode polarograph. Degradation rates, T90, and relative protection indexes are discussed. Even at dissolved oxygen levels of less than 0.05 ppm, some decomposition of pyrogallol occurred, indicating nonoxidative pathways or the necessity of total removal of dissolved oxygen to afford complete protection. Apparently, reducing the level of dissolved oxygen is a viable alternative to stabilization of aqueous pyrogallol solutions, since the T90 was increased from 1.9 days in water with dissolved oxygen levels of 9.05 ppm to 114.4 days in water with dissolved oxygen levels of less than 0.05 ppm.", "PMID": 690852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9074", "title": "New compounds: antitumor activity of 3beta-hydroxy-13alpha-amino-13,17-seco-5alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17-lactam 4-[p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]butyrate.", "content": "3beta-Hydroxy-13alpha-amino-13,17-seco-5alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17-lactam 4-[p[bis(2chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]butyrate was prepared by reacting 4-[p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]butyryl chloride hydrochloride with 3beta-hydroxy-13alpha-amino-13,17-seco-5alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17-lactam. They cytostatic action of the ester was investigated on two tumor systems (B16 melanoma on C57 b1 mice and T8-Guerin on rats).", "contents": "New compounds: antitumor activity of 3beta-hydroxy-13alpha-amino-13,17-seco-5alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17-lactam 4-[p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]butyrate. 3beta-Hydroxy-13alpha-amino-13,17-seco-5alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17-lactam 4-[p[bis(2chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]butyrate was prepared by reacting 4-[p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]butyryl chloride hydrochloride with 3beta-hydroxy-13alpha-amino-13,17-seco-5alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17-lactam. They cytostatic action of the ester was investigated on two tumor systems (B16 melanoma on C57 b1 mice and T8-Guerin on rats).", "PMID": 690853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9075", "title": "Volume changes in cells of the outer medulla during perfusion of the rat kidney.", "content": "1. A method is described for the perfusion of the rat kidney with a medium resembling rat plasma in its ionic constituents but with 3% polyvinylpyrrolidone (mol.wt. 44,000) replacing the plasma proteins. 2. In the early stages of perfusion, there was rapid swelling of the tubular cells in the outer medulla, a low glomerular filtration rate and a low filtration fraction. 3. After 30 min perfusion, the tubular cell volume in the outer medulla was normal and filtration had increased and stabilised. 4. Cell swelling and the low initial filtration fraction were prevented by (a) adding 50 mM-mannitol to the basic medium, (b) replacing 50 mM-NaCl with 50 mM-choline chloride, or (c) adding 5% human serum to the basic medium. 5. The addition of human serum to the perfusion medium depressed the fractional reabsorption of sodium and potassium; sodium from 0.94 +/- 0.01 (S.E. of mean) with the basic medium to 0.79 +/- 0.02 with basic medium +5% serum after 35 min perfusion; and potassium from 0.73 +/- 0.04 with the basic medium to 0.37 +/- 0.05 with the basic medium +5% serum after 35 min perfusion. 6. Two conclusions are drawn from the observations: first, that at the start of perfusion the effective internal osmolality of tubular cells of the outer medulla is greater than that of cortical cells and of the basic medium; and second, that the presence of small amounts of plasma proteins in the perfusion medium has a marked effect on the properties of plasma cell membranes.", "contents": "Volume changes in cells of the outer medulla during perfusion of the rat kidney. 1. A method is described for the perfusion of the rat kidney with a medium resembling rat plasma in its ionic constituents but with 3% polyvinylpyrrolidone (mol.wt. 44,000) replacing the plasma proteins. 2. In the early stages of perfusion, there was rapid swelling of the tubular cells in the outer medulla, a low glomerular filtration rate and a low filtration fraction. 3. After 30 min perfusion, the tubular cell volume in the outer medulla was normal and filtration had increased and stabilised. 4. Cell swelling and the low initial filtration fraction were prevented by (a) adding 50 mM-mannitol to the basic medium, (b) replacing 50 mM-NaCl with 50 mM-choline chloride, or (c) adding 5% human serum to the basic medium. 5. The addition of human serum to the perfusion medium depressed the fractional reabsorption of sodium and potassium; sodium from 0.94 +/- 0.01 (S.E. of mean) with the basic medium to 0.79 +/- 0.02 with basic medium +5% serum after 35 min perfusion; and potassium from 0.73 +/- 0.04 with the basic medium to 0.37 +/- 0.05 with the basic medium +5% serum after 35 min perfusion. 6. Two conclusions are drawn from the observations: first, that at the start of perfusion the effective internal osmolality of tubular cells of the outer medulla is greater than that of cortical cells and of the basic medium; and second, that the presence of small amounts of plasma proteins in the perfusion medium has a marked effect on the properties of plasma cell membranes.", "PMID": 690857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9076", "title": "Autoregulation of plasma flow in the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "1. Autoregulation of renal plasma flow, by which flow remains constant despite changes in perfusion pressure, was studied in the isolated, perfused kidney of the rat. 2. Autoregulation did not occur in preparations perfused with a protein-free medium consisting of a balanced ionic solution resembling rat plasma in which 3% polyvinylpyrrolidone replaced the plasma proteins, changes in perfusion pressure over the normal autoregulatory range 100-150 mmHg produced a corresponding and linear change in venous outflow and no consistent change in renal vascular resistance. 3. Addition of human serum (5%, v/v) to the medium restored autoregulation; changes in perfusion pressure in the range 100-150 mmHg resulted in a stable plasma flow and a linear change in renal vascular resistance. The addition of bovine serum albumin (3 g/1.) to the protein-free medium restored autoregulation to a similar degree. 4. In kidneys perfused with the protein-free medium, the sensitivity of the renal vasculature to the vasoconstrictor drugs epinephrine and angiotensin II was only 1/40 the level seen in those kidneys perfused with media containing serum or albumin. 5. The experiments show that in the isolated, perfused kidney, autoregulation of plasma flow is not dependent on the presence of the globulin, angiotensinogen, in the perfusion medium; and suggest that failure of autoregulation in kidneys perfused with a protein-free medium could be attributed to the rapid decline in the sensitivity of the vascular smooth muscle to constrictor stimuli.", "contents": "Autoregulation of plasma flow in the isolated perfused rat kidney. 1. Autoregulation of renal plasma flow, by which flow remains constant despite changes in perfusion pressure, was studied in the isolated, perfused kidney of the rat. 2. Autoregulation did not occur in preparations perfused with a protein-free medium consisting of a balanced ionic solution resembling rat plasma in which 3% polyvinylpyrrolidone replaced the plasma proteins, changes in perfusion pressure over the normal autoregulatory range 100-150 mmHg produced a corresponding and linear change in venous outflow and no consistent change in renal vascular resistance. 3. Addition of human serum (5%, v/v) to the medium restored autoregulation; changes in perfusion pressure in the range 100-150 mmHg resulted in a stable plasma flow and a linear change in renal vascular resistance. The addition of bovine serum albumin (3 g/1.) to the protein-free medium restored autoregulation to a similar degree. 4. In kidneys perfused with the protein-free medium, the sensitivity of the renal vasculature to the vasoconstrictor drugs epinephrine and angiotensin II was only 1/40 the level seen in those kidneys perfused with media containing serum or albumin. 5. The experiments show that in the isolated, perfused kidney, autoregulation of plasma flow is not dependent on the presence of the globulin, angiotensinogen, in the perfusion medium; and suggest that failure of autoregulation in kidneys perfused with a protein-free medium could be attributed to the rapid decline in the sensitivity of the vascular smooth muscle to constrictor stimuli.", "PMID": 690860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9077", "title": "The action of adrenaline on pace-maker activity in cardiac Purkinje fibres.", "content": "1. Adrenaline is known to shift the activation curve for iK2 (s infinite curve) in a positive direction on the voltage axis. This should cause an increase in the slope of diastolic depolarization, but cannot account for the experimentally observed increase in the maximum diastolic potential (MDP). 2. On application of adrenaline, in voltage clamp studies on short sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres there is a consistent 5-15 mV negative shift of the reversal potential for the pace-maker current, iK2. This shift is not reversed on application of the beta-blockers sotalol or propranolol, or on washout for up to one hour. 3. A computer simulation, including this effect of adrenaline, shows that it can shift the maximum diastolic potential in the hyperpolarizing or depolarizing direction depending on the initial value of [K+]o. In both cases it will add to the increase in rate caused by the positive shift of the activation curve for iK2 (the s infinite shift). 4. Studies of the effects of adrenaline on the MDP and rate in long sheep Purkinje fibres show a slower reversibility of the MDP than the rate, consistent with a slower reversal of the shift in the iK2 reversal potential than the shift in s infinite. 5. Possible mechanisms of the shift in reversal potential are discussed with respect to K+ balance in the intercellular clefts of the Purkinje fibre, including a a stimulation of the Na+- K+ pump. The possible sources of voltage clamp artifact are also discussed.", "contents": "The action of adrenaline on pace-maker activity in cardiac Purkinje fibres. 1. Adrenaline is known to shift the activation curve for iK2 (s infinite curve) in a positive direction on the voltage axis. This should cause an increase in the slope of diastolic depolarization, but cannot account for the experimentally observed increase in the maximum diastolic potential (MDP). 2. On application of adrenaline, in voltage clamp studies on short sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres there is a consistent 5-15 mV negative shift of the reversal potential for the pace-maker current, iK2. This shift is not reversed on application of the beta-blockers sotalol or propranolol, or on washout for up to one hour. 3. A computer simulation, including this effect of adrenaline, shows that it can shift the maximum diastolic potential in the hyperpolarizing or depolarizing direction depending on the initial value of [K+]o. In both cases it will add to the increase in rate caused by the positive shift of the activation curve for iK2 (the s infinite shift). 4. Studies of the effects of adrenaline on the MDP and rate in long sheep Purkinje fibres show a slower reversibility of the MDP than the rate, consistent with a slower reversal of the shift in the iK2 reversal potential than the shift in s infinite. 5. Possible mechanisms of the shift in reversal potential are discussed with respect to K+ balance in the intercellular clefts of the Purkinje fibre, including a a stimulation of the Na+- K+ pump. The possible sources of voltage clamp artifact are also discussed.", "PMID": 690862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9078", "title": "On the transmission of the stimulating effects of carbon dioxide to the muscles of respiration.", "content": "1. Electromyography was used to measure the response of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to CO2 in artificially ventilated decerebrate cats. 2. Hypocapnia produced tonic activity in either inspiratory or expiratory muscles or both, according to the preparation. 3. A graded effect of CO2 on both rhythmic and tonic activity was observed and for the latter this could be seen at as low as 10 torr PA,CO2. 4. In one human subject tonic firing of expiratory motoneurones was also induced by hypocapnia and this activity showed a graded increase with increasing (CO2. 5. A saggital incision of the medulla aimed at interrupting inspiratory bulbospinal axons abolished activity in inspiratory muscles and at eupnoeic levels of CO2 converted the activity of expiratory muscles from a periodic to a topic firing pattern. 6. Following such lesions the threshold for rhythmic excitation of expiratory muscles was elevated and this revealed that the graded effect of CO2 on tonic expiratory activity extends to as high as 60 torr. 7. The tonic activation of respiratory muscles in response to CO2 ceased after cervical cord transection or when the saggital incision in the medulla was extended caudally to the first cervical segment. 8. It is concluded that the CO2 dependent activation of spinal respiratory motoneurones is conveyed by bulbospinal axons which decussate in the vicinity of the obex and that this activation can be rhythmic or tonic. 9. It is suggested that the rhythmic excitation of expiratory muscles derives from a periodic inhibition of expiratory bulbospinal neurones which are subjected to a tonic CO2 dependent excitation which is continuously variable over the physiological range.", "contents": "On the transmission of the stimulating effects of carbon dioxide to the muscles of respiration. 1. Electromyography was used to measure the response of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to CO2 in artificially ventilated decerebrate cats. 2. Hypocapnia produced tonic activity in either inspiratory or expiratory muscles or both, according to the preparation. 3. A graded effect of CO2 on both rhythmic and tonic activity was observed and for the latter this could be seen at as low as 10 torr PA,CO2. 4. In one human subject tonic firing of expiratory motoneurones was also induced by hypocapnia and this activity showed a graded increase with increasing (CO2. 5. A saggital incision of the medulla aimed at interrupting inspiratory bulbospinal axons abolished activity in inspiratory muscles and at eupnoeic levels of CO2 converted the activity of expiratory muscles from a periodic to a topic firing pattern. 6. Following such lesions the threshold for rhythmic excitation of expiratory muscles was elevated and this revealed that the graded effect of CO2 on tonic expiratory activity extends to as high as 60 torr. 7. The tonic activation of respiratory muscles in response to CO2 ceased after cervical cord transection or when the saggital incision in the medulla was extended caudally to the first cervical segment. 8. It is concluded that the CO2 dependent activation of spinal respiratory motoneurones is conveyed by bulbospinal axons which decussate in the vicinity of the obex and that this activation can be rhythmic or tonic. 9. It is suggested that the rhythmic excitation of expiratory muscles derives from a periodic inhibition of expiratory bulbospinal neurones which are subjected to a tonic CO2 dependent excitation which is continuously variable over the physiological range.", "PMID": 690872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9079", "title": "Certain pharmacological characteristics of the release of pancreatic glucagon in response to stimulation of the splanchnic nerves.", "content": "1. The effect of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blockade on the release of pancreatic glucagon, in response to stimulation of the peripheral ends of the splanchnic nerves has been examined in adrenalectomized calves 3-5 weeks after birth. In addition, the effects of insulin, atropine and somatostatin on the glucagon response to splanchnic nerve stimulation have been assessed in adrenalectomized dogs. 2. In calves release of pancreatic glucagon in response to splanchnic nerve stimulation was not suppressed by phentolamine at a dose that effectively abolished alpha-adrenergic inhibition of insulin release, or by propranolol, at a dose that completely eliminated the chronotropic action of the cardiac sympathetic innervation. 3. In dogs release of pancreatic glucagon in response to splanchnic nerve stimulation was not suppressed by atropine (0.2 mg/kg) or somatostatin, at a dose that caused a steady fall in the concentration of gastrin in the circulating plasma (0.5 microgram-kg-1 min-1). Glucagon release was apparently potentiated by exogenous insulin (4.0 u./kg). 4. The results are discussed in relation to the findings of other workers and it is concluded that the precise mechanism whereby stimulation of the sympathetic innervation to the pancreas leads to secretion of glucagon merits more detailed investigation.", "contents": "Certain pharmacological characteristics of the release of pancreatic glucagon in response to stimulation of the splanchnic nerves. 1. The effect of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blockade on the release of pancreatic glucagon, in response to stimulation of the peripheral ends of the splanchnic nerves has been examined in adrenalectomized calves 3-5 weeks after birth. In addition, the effects of insulin, atropine and somatostatin on the glucagon response to splanchnic nerve stimulation have been assessed in adrenalectomized dogs. 2. In calves release of pancreatic glucagon in response to splanchnic nerve stimulation was not suppressed by phentolamine at a dose that effectively abolished alpha-adrenergic inhibition of insulin release, or by propranolol, at a dose that completely eliminated the chronotropic action of the cardiac sympathetic innervation. 3. In dogs release of pancreatic glucagon in response to splanchnic nerve stimulation was not suppressed by atropine (0.2 mg/kg) or somatostatin, at a dose that caused a steady fall in the concentration of gastrin in the circulating plasma (0.5 microgram-kg-1 min-1). Glucagon release was apparently potentiated by exogenous insulin (4.0 u./kg). 4. The results are discussed in relation to the findings of other workers and it is concluded that the precise mechanism whereby stimulation of the sympathetic innervation to the pancreas leads to secretion of glucagon merits more detailed investigation.", "PMID": 690873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9080", "title": "The internodal axon membrane: electrical excitability and continuous conduction in segmental demyelination.", "content": "1. Longitudinal action currents were recorded from single undissected myelinated nerve fibres in intact, perfused ventral roots of normal rats and ones treated with diphtheria toxin to produce demyelination. 2. Closely spaced recording electrodes (120 micron), signal averaging and the use of a calibrating current throught the root permitted membrane currents to be determined over 240 micron lengths of nerve. Contour plotting was used to plot membrane current density as a function of space and time. 3. The previous result of Rasminsky & Sears (1972) of delayed saltation in demyelinated nerve fibres was confirmed. 4. In addition a new phenomenon of continuous conduction was observed, along distances of up to 1 1/2 times the afferent internodal distance. The continuous spatial distribution of inward current in these cases showed that electrical excitability was distributed along the internodes. 5. Internodal excitability was also revealed in demyelinated fibres by extra foci of inward current judged to be internodal on the basis of the spacing of the other (nodal) foci. 6. Continuous conduction occurred at velocities in the range of 1.1-2.3 m/sec or roughly 1/20th-1/40th of the velocities expected for normal stretches of the same fibres. 7. The continuous conduction was attributed to conduction along lengths of demyelinated axon. This was supported by estimates of 0.86 and 1.5 muF/cm2 for membrane capacity from the foot of a continuously conducted action potential. 8. The implications of internodal electrical excitability in demyelinated nerve fibres are discussed in relation to (a) recent estimates of the density of sodium channels in intact and homogenized normal nerves, (b) the pathophysiology of demyelinating disease.", "contents": "The internodal axon membrane: electrical excitability and continuous conduction in segmental demyelination. 1. Longitudinal action currents were recorded from single undissected myelinated nerve fibres in intact, perfused ventral roots of normal rats and ones treated with diphtheria toxin to produce demyelination. 2. Closely spaced recording electrodes (120 micron), signal averaging and the use of a calibrating current throught the root permitted membrane currents to be determined over 240 micron lengths of nerve. Contour plotting was used to plot membrane current density as a function of space and time. 3. The previous result of Rasminsky & Sears (1972) of delayed saltation in demyelinated nerve fibres was confirmed. 4. In addition a new phenomenon of continuous conduction was observed, along distances of up to 1 1/2 times the afferent internodal distance. The continuous spatial distribution of inward current in these cases showed that electrical excitability was distributed along the internodes. 5. Internodal excitability was also revealed in demyelinated fibres by extra foci of inward current judged to be internodal on the basis of the spacing of the other (nodal) foci. 6. Continuous conduction occurred at velocities in the range of 1.1-2.3 m/sec or roughly 1/20th-1/40th of the velocities expected for normal stretches of the same fibres. 7. The continuous conduction was attributed to conduction along lengths of demyelinated axon. This was supported by estimates of 0.86 and 1.5 muF/cm2 for membrane capacity from the foot of a continuously conducted action potential. 8. The implications of internodal electrical excitability in demyelinated nerve fibres are discussed in relation to (a) recent estimates of the density of sodium channels in intact and homogenized normal nerves, (b) the pathophysiology of demyelinating disease.", "PMID": 690876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9081", "title": "Type A atrial receptors in the cat: effects of changes in atrial volume and contractility.", "content": "1. Action potentials were recorded from filaments of the right cervical vagus in anaesthetized, paralysed cats. Right atrial receptors with type A (twelve units) and Intermediate type (two units) patterns of spontaneous discharge were selected and their responses to changes in atrial volume were analysed. 2. Changes in atrial volume of similar magnitude were produced under four different conditions: a, innervated hearts; b, denervated hearts; c, depression of atrial muscle contractility induced after cardiac denervation and d, non-beating hearts. 3. In innervated hearts the systolic discharge of each receptor showed a characteristic response to changes in atrial volume. Cardiac denervation and depression of atrial contractility markedly altered this response in terms of frequency of discharge threshold and 'sensitivity'. 4. During increments in atrial volume all the receptors but one assumed an Intermediate pattern of discharge. The diastolic firing rate was, however, higher for any given atrial pressure, in innervated hearts than under conditions b, c and d. 5. In innervated hearts the response of the receptors to atrial systole was characterized by a higher frequency of discharge and a lower threshold with respect to the responses of the same receptors to atrial filling. These differences were minimized at high atrial volumes and during depression of atrial contractility. 6. The results indicate that the responses of the receptors to atrial systole are mainly dependent upon the state of contraction of atrial muscle and that the differences between systolic and diastolic discharge are mainly due to the high dynamic component of the stretch during atrial contraction.", "contents": "Type A atrial receptors in the cat: effects of changes in atrial volume and contractility. 1. Action potentials were recorded from filaments of the right cervical vagus in anaesthetized, paralysed cats. Right atrial receptors with type A (twelve units) and Intermediate type (two units) patterns of spontaneous discharge were selected and their responses to changes in atrial volume were analysed. 2. Changes in atrial volume of similar magnitude were produced under four different conditions: a, innervated hearts; b, denervated hearts; c, depression of atrial muscle contractility induced after cardiac denervation and d, non-beating hearts. 3. In innervated hearts the systolic discharge of each receptor showed a characteristic response to changes in atrial volume. Cardiac denervation and depression of atrial contractility markedly altered this response in terms of frequency of discharge threshold and 'sensitivity'. 4. During increments in atrial volume all the receptors but one assumed an Intermediate pattern of discharge. The diastolic firing rate was, however, higher for any given atrial pressure, in innervated hearts than under conditions b, c and d. 5. In innervated hearts the response of the receptors to atrial systole was characterized by a higher frequency of discharge and a lower threshold with respect to the responses of the same receptors to atrial filling. These differences were minimized at high atrial volumes and during depression of atrial contractility. 6. The results indicate that the responses of the receptors to atrial systole are mainly dependent upon the state of contraction of atrial muscle and that the differences between systolic and diastolic discharge are mainly due to the high dynamic component of the stretch during atrial contraction.", "PMID": 690881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9082", "title": "Ouabain-sensitive fluid accumulation and ion transport by rabbit blastocysts.", "content": "1. By incubating 6-day post-coitum (p.c.) blastocysts in medium supplemented with either 20 mM-sucrose or 10 mM-KCl it was possible to show that the trophectoderm of the blastocyst prevents the concentration of K in the blastocoele fluid rising to external concentrations. 2. The concentrations of K in the blastocoele fluid are maintained predominantly by leakage of K from the trophoblast cells into the blastocoele and by ouabain-sensitive transport of K into the trophoblast cells from the blastocoele fluid. 3. Exposure of blastocysts to ouabain on the juxtacoelic, but not abcoelic, surface of the trophectoderm may inhibit blastocoele fluid accumulation.", "contents": "Ouabain-sensitive fluid accumulation and ion transport by rabbit blastocysts. 1. By incubating 6-day post-coitum (p.c.) blastocysts in medium supplemented with either 20 mM-sucrose or 10 mM-KCl it was possible to show that the trophectoderm of the blastocyst prevents the concentration of K in the blastocoele fluid rising to external concentrations. 2. The concentrations of K in the blastocoele fluid are maintained predominantly by leakage of K from the trophoblast cells into the blastocoele and by ouabain-sensitive transport of K into the trophoblast cells from the blastocoele fluid. 3. Exposure of blastocysts to ouabain on the juxtacoelic, but not abcoelic, surface of the trophectoderm may inhibit blastocoele fluid accumulation.", "PMID": 690882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9083", "title": "Amino acid pharmacology of mammalian central neurones grown in tissue culture.", "content": "1. Spinal and cerebellar-brainstem areas of fetal mouse were dissociated and grown in tissue culture until large enough to permit stable intracellular recording. 2. The tissue-cultured neurones, growing as a monolayer and accessible under direct vision using phase contrast optics, allowed precise placement of intracellular recording and extracellular ionophoretic pipettes. 3. Ionophoresis of GABA and glutamate revealed a non-uniform distribution of responses over the cell surface, with a lack of spatial coincidence in sensitivity between the two. GABA inhibited and glutamate excited all cells tested. 4. GABA responses evoked at the cell body and on nearby process membrane were almost uniformly hyperpolarizing, while those at some peripheral process membrane were either hyperpolarizing, depolarizing or a combination of both events. All responses were associated with an increase in membrane slope conductance. 5. Membrane polarization showed that all hyperpolarizing events extrapolated to about the same inversion potential, which averaged about 9 mV more negative than resting potential (n = 95 cells). The depolarizing phases of responses evoked at peripheral membranes extrapolated to about 0 mV (n = 5 cells). 6. The hyperpolarization and increase in membrane conductance of GABA responses at the cell body were dependent on Cl- ions and the inversion potential of the response was dependent on the Cl- ion concentration gradient. The inversion potentials of GABA, glycine and beta-alanine responses were identical. 7. When matched in magnitude for evoked conductance increase, glycine responses decayed more rapidly than GABA. Glycine and beta-alanine voltage responses both decayed faster than GABA responses of comparable size. 8. In about half the cells tested sustained or rapidly repeated application of GABA and glycine transformed hyperpolarizing responses into depolarizations which were associated with a maintained conductance increase. Results from conditioning-test experiments with pairs of GABA and glycine responses suggest that the reversal of response polarity is due to a rapid redistribution of Cl- ions. 9. The limiting slope of log-log dose-response curves for GABA-induced conductance averaged about 2, while those for glutamate-induced depolarizations averaged about 1. The results suggest that two molecules of GABA and one molecule of glutamate participate in the respective post-synaptic responses. 10. The observation indicate that mammalian C.N.S. tissue grown in culture is a suitable model to study C.N.S. membrane pharmacology with increasing precision.", "contents": "Amino acid pharmacology of mammalian central neurones grown in tissue culture. 1. Spinal and cerebellar-brainstem areas of fetal mouse were dissociated and grown in tissue culture until large enough to permit stable intracellular recording. 2. The tissue-cultured neurones, growing as a monolayer and accessible under direct vision using phase contrast optics, allowed precise placement of intracellular recording and extracellular ionophoretic pipettes. 3. Ionophoresis of GABA and glutamate revealed a non-uniform distribution of responses over the cell surface, with a lack of spatial coincidence in sensitivity between the two. GABA inhibited and glutamate excited all cells tested. 4. GABA responses evoked at the cell body and on nearby process membrane were almost uniformly hyperpolarizing, while those at some peripheral process membrane were either hyperpolarizing, depolarizing or a combination of both events. All responses were associated with an increase in membrane slope conductance. 5. Membrane polarization showed that all hyperpolarizing events extrapolated to about the same inversion potential, which averaged about 9 mV more negative than resting potential (n = 95 cells). The depolarizing phases of responses evoked at peripheral membranes extrapolated to about 0 mV (n = 5 cells). 6. The hyperpolarization and increase in membrane conductance of GABA responses at the cell body were dependent on Cl- ions and the inversion potential of the response was dependent on the Cl- ion concentration gradient. The inversion potentials of GABA, glycine and beta-alanine responses were identical. 7. When matched in magnitude for evoked conductance increase, glycine responses decayed more rapidly than GABA. Glycine and beta-alanine voltage responses both decayed faster than GABA responses of comparable size. 8. In about half the cells tested sustained or rapidly repeated application of GABA and glycine transformed hyperpolarizing responses into depolarizations which were associated with a maintained conductance increase. Results from conditioning-test experiments with pairs of GABA and glycine responses suggest that the reversal of response polarity is due to a rapid redistribution of Cl- ions. 9. The limiting slope of log-log dose-response curves for GABA-induced conductance averaged about 2, while those for glutamate-induced depolarizations averaged about 1. The results suggest that two molecules of GABA and one molecule of glutamate participate in the respective post-synaptic responses. 10. The observation indicate that mammalian C.N.S. tissue grown in culture is a suitable model to study C.N.S. membrane pharmacology with increasing precision.", "PMID": 690884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9084", "title": "Pentobarbitone pharmacology of mammalian central neurones grown in tissue culture.", "content": "1. The effects of the barbiturate anaesthetic pentobarbitone on the membrane properties and amino acid pharmacology of mammalian C.N.S. neurones grown in tissue culture were studied using intracellular recording coupled with bath application, extracellular ionophoresis, or focal diffusion. 2. The addition of an anaesthetic concentration of pentobarbitone to the bathing medium abolished all spontaneous synaptic activity, but did not render individual cells electrically inexcitable nor prevent evoked synaptic acitivity. 3. Focal ionophoresis of pentobarbitone or diffusion from blunt micropipettes reversibly increased membrane conductance, effectively dampening excitability without directly affecting individual action potential characteristics. 4. Pentobarbitone-induced membrane conductance was reversibly blocked by picrotoxin. The inversion potential of the pentobarbitone voltage response depended on Cl- ion gradients and was similar to that of GABA. 5. Pentobarbitone reversibly enhanced the conductance increase produced by GABA with a variable slowing of response kinetics, shifting GABA dose-response curves to the left. Responses to glycine and beta-alanine were not affected. 6. Higher ionophoretic currents of pentobarbitone, which measurably increased membrane conductance, attenuated and markedly slowed GABA responses. Similar effects on GABA responses were observed by superimposing GABA pulses on low level GABA currents. 7. Pentobarbitone, in the absence of an increase in membrane conductance, reversibly depressed depolarizing responses to glutamate without changing response kinetics. Slower responses to acetylcholine which were associated with an apparent decrease in membrane conductance were not affected by the drug. 8. Analysis of double-reciprocal plot data suggested a non-competitive type of antagonism between pentobarbitone and glutamate. Pentobarbitone depression of glutamate was not affected by picrotoxin. 9. Both GABA and glutamate responses appeared to be equally sensitive to pentobarbitone. Specific interaction of the drug with amino acid receptor-coupled events is indicated by the requirement for pentobarbitone pipette placement close to the amino acid response site. 10. The results suggest that pentobarbitone depresses neuronal excitability by (1) directly activating post-synaptic GABA-receptor coupled Cl- conductance, (2) potentiating post-synaptic GABA-induced conductance events, probably at the level of the GABA receptor, and (3) depressing post-synaptic glutamate-induced excitation, probably at the level of the conductance mechanism.", "contents": "Pentobarbitone pharmacology of mammalian central neurones grown in tissue culture. 1. The effects of the barbiturate anaesthetic pentobarbitone on the membrane properties and amino acid pharmacology of mammalian C.N.S. neurones grown in tissue culture were studied using intracellular recording coupled with bath application, extracellular ionophoresis, or focal diffusion. 2. The addition of an anaesthetic concentration of pentobarbitone to the bathing medium abolished all spontaneous synaptic activity, but did not render individual cells electrically inexcitable nor prevent evoked synaptic acitivity. 3. Focal ionophoresis of pentobarbitone or diffusion from blunt micropipettes reversibly increased membrane conductance, effectively dampening excitability without directly affecting individual action potential characteristics. 4. Pentobarbitone-induced membrane conductance was reversibly blocked by picrotoxin. The inversion potential of the pentobarbitone voltage response depended on Cl- ion gradients and was similar to that of GABA. 5. Pentobarbitone reversibly enhanced the conductance increase produced by GABA with a variable slowing of response kinetics, shifting GABA dose-response curves to the left. Responses to glycine and beta-alanine were not affected. 6. Higher ionophoretic currents of pentobarbitone, which measurably increased membrane conductance, attenuated and markedly slowed GABA responses. Similar effects on GABA responses were observed by superimposing GABA pulses on low level GABA currents. 7. Pentobarbitone, in the absence of an increase in membrane conductance, reversibly depressed depolarizing responses to glutamate without changing response kinetics. Slower responses to acetylcholine which were associated with an apparent decrease in membrane conductance were not affected by the drug. 8. Analysis of double-reciprocal plot data suggested a non-competitive type of antagonism between pentobarbitone and glutamate. Pentobarbitone depression of glutamate was not affected by picrotoxin. 9. Both GABA and glutamate responses appeared to be equally sensitive to pentobarbitone. Specific interaction of the drug with amino acid receptor-coupled events is indicated by the requirement for pentobarbitone pipette placement close to the amino acid response site. 10. The results suggest that pentobarbitone depresses neuronal excitability by (1) directly activating post-synaptic GABA-receptor coupled Cl- conductance, (2) potentiating post-synaptic GABA-induced conductance events, probably at the level of the GABA receptor, and (3) depressing post-synaptic glutamate-induced excitation, probably at the level of the conductance mechanism.", "PMID": 690885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9085", "title": "The role of the autonomic nervous system in the control of pancreatic endocrine responses to milk ingestion in the calf.", "content": "1. Pancreatic endocrine responses to ingestion of milk have been investigated in conscious unweaned calves, 3-5 weeks after birth. Passage of gastric content from abomasum to small intestine was prevented by means of a cannula placed in the duodenum adjacent to the pylorus and food was witheld for at least 22 h in order to deplete liver glycogen. 2. Under these conditions ingestion of milk was followed by a prompt rise in the concentrations of pancreatic glucagon, PP and gastrin in the arterial plasma but the usual rises in plasma glucose and insulin concentration were absent. 3. Evidence was obtained to show that absorption of glucose from the small intestine occurs sufficiently rapidly to account for the initial rise in plasma glucose concentration after feeding in normal animals. However, the rise in plasma glucagon concentration was sufficient to contribute to alimentary hyperglycaemia by promoting hepatic glycogenolysis in calves with abundant liver glycogen. 4. None of the neuroendocrine responses to ingestion of milk was affected by prior section of the splanchnic nerves whereas each was blocked by atropine (0.2 mg/kg), showing that all depend upon muscarinic, parasympathetic rather than sympathetic activity, in the absence of extraneous stress.", "contents": "The role of the autonomic nervous system in the control of pancreatic endocrine responses to milk ingestion in the calf. 1. Pancreatic endocrine responses to ingestion of milk have been investigated in conscious unweaned calves, 3-5 weeks after birth. Passage of gastric content from abomasum to small intestine was prevented by means of a cannula placed in the duodenum adjacent to the pylorus and food was witheld for at least 22 h in order to deplete liver glycogen. 2. Under these conditions ingestion of milk was followed by a prompt rise in the concentrations of pancreatic glucagon, PP and gastrin in the arterial plasma but the usual rises in plasma glucose and insulin concentration were absent. 3. Evidence was obtained to show that absorption of glucose from the small intestine occurs sufficiently rapidly to account for the initial rise in plasma glucose concentration after feeding in normal animals. However, the rise in plasma glucagon concentration was sufficient to contribute to alimentary hyperglycaemia by promoting hepatic glycogenolysis in calves with abundant liver glycogen. 4. None of the neuroendocrine responses to ingestion of milk was affected by prior section of the splanchnic nerves whereas each was blocked by atropine (0.2 mg/kg), showing that all depend upon muscarinic, parasympathetic rather than sympathetic activity, in the absence of extraneous stress.", "PMID": 690886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9086", "title": "Functional distinction between two transport mechanisms in rabbit gall-bladder epithelium by use of ouabain, ethacrynic acid and metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "1. Net fluid transport rate, transepithelial p.d. and resistance, and unidirectional Na+-fluxes were measured in rabbit gall-bladder preparations exposed on both sides to bicarbonate-Ringer solution in vitro. 2. Both ouabain and ethacrynic acid (ETCA) caused dose-dependent decreases of net fluid transport rate; ouabain inhibited fluid transport predominantly from the serosal side, whereas the inhibitory effect of ETCA was elicited mainly from the mucosal (luminal) side. Applied bilaterally, the ID50 for ouabain was 2.5 X 10(-6) M, and for ETCA 2.3 X 10(-4) M. After maximal inhibition at each concentration level of the two inhibitors fluid transport could not be reversed. 3. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) (2 X 10(-4) M) or substitution of O2 by N2 caused an 80% reversible decrease of net fluid transport. 4. The spontaneous p.d. across the rabbit gall-bladder was about 2.7 mV, mucosal side positive. 2,4-DNP, N2 and serosal application of ouabain depressed the p.d. after an initial hyperpolarization. This decrease was reversible during recovery from 2,4-DNP and N2, but irreversible after removal of ouabain at concentrations greater than or equal to 10(-4) M. Mucosal application of ETCA (10(-3) M) caused no decrease in p.d., which actually increased slightly. 5. Calculated passive serosal-to-mucosal Na+-fluxes changed in the same direction as did changes in conductance. 6. It is concluded that ETCA does not interfere primarily with the Na-K-ATPase or cellular oxidative metabolism. The data support the proposal that the pump responsible for isosmotic transepithelial fluid transfer is located in the luminal end of the cells. This pump is ETCA-sensitive. The ATPase-dependent Na-K pump, which can be inhibited by ouabain, is localized in the serosa-facing cell membrane. The data suggest that the inhibition of net fluid transport by ouabain is indirect and mediated by changes in intracellular ion concentrations. 7. The results support the concept that the transepithelial fluid transport mechanism is electroneutral, and suggest that the mucosa positive transepithelial p.d. is due to differences in electromotive forces arising from ion (mainly K+) diffusion across the mucosal and serosal cell membranes.", "contents": "Functional distinction between two transport mechanisms in rabbit gall-bladder epithelium by use of ouabain, ethacrynic acid and metabolic inhibitors. 1. Net fluid transport rate, transepithelial p.d. and resistance, and unidirectional Na+-fluxes were measured in rabbit gall-bladder preparations exposed on both sides to bicarbonate-Ringer solution in vitro. 2. Both ouabain and ethacrynic acid (ETCA) caused dose-dependent decreases of net fluid transport rate; ouabain inhibited fluid transport predominantly from the serosal side, whereas the inhibitory effect of ETCA was elicited mainly from the mucosal (luminal) side. Applied bilaterally, the ID50 for ouabain was 2.5 X 10(-6) M, and for ETCA 2.3 X 10(-4) M. After maximal inhibition at each concentration level of the two inhibitors fluid transport could not be reversed. 3. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) (2 X 10(-4) M) or substitution of O2 by N2 caused an 80% reversible decrease of net fluid transport. 4. The spontaneous p.d. across the rabbit gall-bladder was about 2.7 mV, mucosal side positive. 2,4-DNP, N2 and serosal application of ouabain depressed the p.d. after an initial hyperpolarization. This decrease was reversible during recovery from 2,4-DNP and N2, but irreversible after removal of ouabain at concentrations greater than or equal to 10(-4) M. Mucosal application of ETCA (10(-3) M) caused no decrease in p.d., which actually increased slightly. 5. Calculated passive serosal-to-mucosal Na+-fluxes changed in the same direction as did changes in conductance. 6. It is concluded that ETCA does not interfere primarily with the Na-K-ATPase or cellular oxidative metabolism. The data support the proposal that the pump responsible for isosmotic transepithelial fluid transfer is located in the luminal end of the cells. This pump is ETCA-sensitive. The ATPase-dependent Na-K pump, which can be inhibited by ouabain, is localized in the serosa-facing cell membrane. The data suggest that the inhibition of net fluid transport by ouabain is indirect and mediated by changes in intracellular ion concentrations. 7. The results support the concept that the transepithelial fluid transport mechanism is electroneutral, and suggest that the mucosa positive transepithelial p.d. is due to differences in electromotive forces arising from ion (mainly K+) diffusion across the mucosal and serosal cell membranes.", "PMID": 690888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9087", "title": "The metabolism of [14C]histamine during pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in the cat.", "content": "1. The metabolism of exogenous [14C]histamine has been examined in cats during gastric secretion. The appearance of 14C-labelled metabolites has been measured chromatographically in urine and gastric juice under non-secreting and pentagastrin-stimulated conditions, and in gastric mucosa after pentagastrin stimulation. 2. The main metabolites detected were (i) an acidic product, presumed to be methylimidazoleacetic acid, (ii) Ntau-methylhistamine, and (iii) an unidentified metabolite, moving rapidly in the chromatographic systems used, and designated 'preacetylhistamine'. No evidence was found for the presence of side chain (i.e. Nalpha)-methylated histamines, either in the non-stimulated or pentagastric-stimulated state. 3. During a 3 hr non-stimulated period, followed by 3 hr of pentagastrin administration, the relative proportions of 14C-labelled metabolites excreted in urine remained unchanged. During acid secretion there was an increase in the proportion of 'pre-acetylhistamine' in gastric juice, which occurred at the expense of the acidic metabolites. It is suggested however that this effect is more likely to be the result of a slow adaptation to the administration of exogenous [14C]histamine than the result of acid secretion. 4. The results of the present work do not appear to support the hypothesis of Code (1970), that a local control mechanism for acid secretion might involve the formation Nalpha-methylated histamine metabolites in gastric mucosa.", "contents": "The metabolism of [14C]histamine during pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in the cat. 1. The metabolism of exogenous [14C]histamine has been examined in cats during gastric secretion. The appearance of 14C-labelled metabolites has been measured chromatographically in urine and gastric juice under non-secreting and pentagastrin-stimulated conditions, and in gastric mucosa after pentagastrin stimulation. 2. The main metabolites detected were (i) an acidic product, presumed to be methylimidazoleacetic acid, (ii) Ntau-methylhistamine, and (iii) an unidentified metabolite, moving rapidly in the chromatographic systems used, and designated 'preacetylhistamine'. No evidence was found for the presence of side chain (i.e. Nalpha)-methylated histamines, either in the non-stimulated or pentagastric-stimulated state. 3. During a 3 hr non-stimulated period, followed by 3 hr of pentagastrin administration, the relative proportions of 14C-labelled metabolites excreted in urine remained unchanged. During acid secretion there was an increase in the proportion of 'pre-acetylhistamine' in gastric juice, which occurred at the expense of the acidic metabolites. It is suggested however that this effect is more likely to be the result of a slow adaptation to the administration of exogenous [14C]histamine than the result of acid secretion. 4. The results of the present work do not appear to support the hypothesis of Code (1970), that a local control mechanism for acid secretion might involve the formation Nalpha-methylated histamine metabolites in gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 690890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9088", "title": "Influence of the autonomic nervous system on the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from the porcine gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "1. The release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from the gastrointestinal tract in response to stimulation of the vagus nerves, the splanchnic nerves and to intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine (ACh) was examined in pigs. 2. Stimulation of the vagus nerves caused an abrupt increase in the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The amount of the peptide released depended on the frequency at which the nerves were stimulated. Maximum release was obtained at 8 Hz. 3. Atropine and beta-adrenergic blocking agents failed to diminish the vagally induced release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, while the response was completely blocked by hexamethonium and increased after alpha-adrenergic blockade and after splanchnicotomy. 4. Intra-arterial infusion of ACh closely imitated the response to vagal stimulation, but the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induced by ACh was abolished by atropine. 5. Stimulation of the splanchnic nerves caused a decrease in the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, an action which was annulled by alpha-adrenergic blockade, but still present after the adrenal glands were isolated from the circulation. The inhibitory effect of splanchnic stimulation significantly diminished the vagally induced release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. 6. The results demonstrate a dual innervation with opposing effects on the neurones containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptides. The possible physiologic implication of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of the autonomic nervous system on the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from the porcine gastrointestinal tract. 1. The release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from the gastrointestinal tract in response to stimulation of the vagus nerves, the splanchnic nerves and to intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine (ACh) was examined in pigs. 2. Stimulation of the vagus nerves caused an abrupt increase in the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The amount of the peptide released depended on the frequency at which the nerves were stimulated. Maximum release was obtained at 8 Hz. 3. Atropine and beta-adrenergic blocking agents failed to diminish the vagally induced release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, while the response was completely blocked by hexamethonium and increased after alpha-adrenergic blockade and after splanchnicotomy. 4. Intra-arterial infusion of ACh closely imitated the response to vagal stimulation, but the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induced by ACh was abolished by atropine. 5. Stimulation of the splanchnic nerves caused a decrease in the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, an action which was annulled by alpha-adrenergic blockade, but still present after the adrenal glands were isolated from the circulation. The inhibitory effect of splanchnic stimulation significantly diminished the vagally induced release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. 6. The results demonstrate a dual innervation with opposing effects on the neurones containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptides. The possible physiologic implication of this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 690895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9089", "title": "A study of the routes by which protein passes from the pericardial cavity to the blood in rabbits.", "content": "The routes by which radioiodinated serum albumin placed in the pericardial cavity gains access to the circulation have been investigated in rabbits. 1. Eighty per cent of pericardial cavity protein passes through the parietal pericardium and into the circulation through the thoracic duct. 2. A small amount of protein is drained through the right lymph duct; this is probably derived from protein passing from the pericardial cavity into the pleural cavity. 3. There is no apparent movement of protein directly into blood vessels of the parietal pericardium. For theoretical reasons movement of protein across the visceral pericardium and into the blood vessels of the myocardium is also unlikely. 4. A small amount of protein enters the circulation when both major lymphatics are ligated. It is proposed that lymphatic uptake may continue and secondary lymphovenous junctions will open as a result of raised intralymphatic pressure.", "contents": "A study of the routes by which protein passes from the pericardial cavity to the blood in rabbits. The routes by which radioiodinated serum albumin placed in the pericardial cavity gains access to the circulation have been investigated in rabbits. 1. Eighty per cent of pericardial cavity protein passes through the parietal pericardium and into the circulation through the thoracic duct. 2. A small amount of protein is drained through the right lymph duct; this is probably derived from protein passing from the pericardial cavity into the pleural cavity. 3. There is no apparent movement of protein directly into blood vessels of the parietal pericardium. For theoretical reasons movement of protein across the visceral pericardium and into the blood vessels of the myocardium is also unlikely. 4. A small amount of protein enters the circulation when both major lymphatics are ligated. It is proposed that lymphatic uptake may continue and secondary lymphovenous junctions will open as a result of raised intralymphatic pressure.", "PMID": 690898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9090", "title": "Non-parallel enzyme secretion from rat pancreas: in vivo studies.", "content": "The secretion of amylase, lipase and chymotrypsinogen was measured in the pancreatic juice of anaesthetized rats. 1. Stimulation of the protein secretion by I.V. cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (8 IDU kg-1) given together with secretin (5 CU kg-1) resulted in a change in the enzyme proportions in pancreatic juice, characterized by decreases in the amylase to chymotrypsinogen and amylase to lipase ratios. 2. The same phenomenon was elicited by pilocarpine (15 mg kg-1) associated with secretin (5 CU kg-1) but not by secretin alone. 3. Blockade of protein synthesis by cycloheximide did not suppress the induction of non-parallelism by stimulation. 4. It was concluded that the exocrine proteins are stored in two pools in which the proportions of enzymes are different. 5. With the help of a mathematical model it is proposed that one pool which corresponds to less than 0.35% of total enzyme storage, is responsible for basal secretion and is not sensitive to stimulation. The second (preponderant) pool provides secretion with a protein output increasing with stimulation.", "contents": "Non-parallel enzyme secretion from rat pancreas: in vivo studies. The secretion of amylase, lipase and chymotrypsinogen was measured in the pancreatic juice of anaesthetized rats. 1. Stimulation of the protein secretion by I.V. cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (8 IDU kg-1) given together with secretin (5 CU kg-1) resulted in a change in the enzyme proportions in pancreatic juice, characterized by decreases in the amylase to chymotrypsinogen and amylase to lipase ratios. 2. The same phenomenon was elicited by pilocarpine (15 mg kg-1) associated with secretin (5 CU kg-1) but not by secretin alone. 3. Blockade of protein synthesis by cycloheximide did not suppress the induction of non-parallelism by stimulation. 4. It was concluded that the exocrine proteins are stored in two pools in which the proportions of enzymes are different. 5. With the help of a mathematical model it is proposed that one pool which corresponds to less than 0.35% of total enzyme storage, is responsible for basal secretion and is not sensitive to stimulation. The second (preponderant) pool provides secretion with a protein output increasing with stimulation.", "PMID": 690900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9091", "title": "The influx of amino acids into the heart of the rat.", "content": "1. The influx of nineteen amino acids into the heart of the living rat was studied by a method specially devised for experiments under controlled conditions in vivo. 2. When, in separate experiments, the concentration of each amino acid in turn was artificially raised in the circulation, the influx of that amino acid into the heart increased. 3. Our data indicate that at least ten of these amino acids enter the heart in vivo by means of saturable carrier-mediated transport systems. The transport rates conform, at least approximately, to Michaelis kinetics and the transport systems are clearly, in the cases of many amino acids, active, i.e. energy-dependent. 4. The amino acids which were studied had rates of influx into the heart which differed from each other over a range of more than 10 to 1, even when allowances were made for the difference in their concentration in the circulating blood. These differences in influx were not related to such factors as the molecular size of the individual amino acids. 5. The amino acids which have a high influx into the heart are mainly those which are needed either to re-synthesize contractile protein or as oxidizable substrates.", "contents": "The influx of amino acids into the heart of the rat. 1. The influx of nineteen amino acids into the heart of the living rat was studied by a method specially devised for experiments under controlled conditions in vivo. 2. When, in separate experiments, the concentration of each amino acid in turn was artificially raised in the circulation, the influx of that amino acid into the heart increased. 3. Our data indicate that at least ten of these amino acids enter the heart in vivo by means of saturable carrier-mediated transport systems. The transport rates conform, at least approximately, to Michaelis kinetics and the transport systems are clearly, in the cases of many amino acids, active, i.e. energy-dependent. 4. The amino acids which were studied had rates of influx into the heart which differed from each other over a range of more than 10 to 1, even when allowances were made for the difference in their concentration in the circulating blood. These differences in influx were not related to such factors as the molecular size of the individual amino acids. 5. The amino acids which have a high influx into the heart are mainly those which are needed either to re-synthesize contractile protein or as oxidizable substrates.", "PMID": 690905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9092", "title": "Free water clearance curves during saline, mannitol, glucose and urea diuresis in the rat.", "content": "1. Free water clearances were measured during infusion of hypotonic saline, glucose, urea, and mannitol in Brattleboro rats. For each solute the free water clearances were plotted using either V or (C(H2O) + C(Na)) as the distal tubular delivery term.2. In all cases the use of (C(H2O) + C(Na)) as distal delivery term yielded a steeper relationship than when V was used. There were no significant differences in the C(H2O) to V relationship when saline, glucose and mannitol was the solute infused. Urea, however, resulted in a curve with a slope significantly less than that for the other solutes.3. When C(H2O) was plotted against (C(H2O) + C(Na)) there was still no significant difference between the slopes of the curves during saline or mannitol infusion. Use of this delivery term, however, resulted in a slope during glucose infusion which was significantly greater than that during saline or mannitol infusion. The slope for urea infusion remained lower than that for any other solute.4. Regardless of the delivery term used, there was no significant difference in the slopes of the curves for awake Wistar and awake Brattleboro rats during mannitol infusion. This indicates that the awake rat is a suitable model for free water clearance studies.5. The results indicate that NaCl and mannitol are both adequate for free water clearance and that (C(H2O) + C(Na)) is a better index of distal delivery than V.", "contents": "Free water clearance curves during saline, mannitol, glucose and urea diuresis in the rat. 1. Free water clearances were measured during infusion of hypotonic saline, glucose, urea, and mannitol in Brattleboro rats. For each solute the free water clearances were plotted using either V or (C(H2O) + C(Na)) as the distal tubular delivery term.2. In all cases the use of (C(H2O) + C(Na)) as distal delivery term yielded a steeper relationship than when V was used. There were no significant differences in the C(H2O) to V relationship when saline, glucose and mannitol was the solute infused. Urea, however, resulted in a curve with a slope significantly less than that for the other solutes.3. When C(H2O) was plotted against (C(H2O) + C(Na)) there was still no significant difference between the slopes of the curves during saline or mannitol infusion. Use of this delivery term, however, resulted in a slope during glucose infusion which was significantly greater than that during saline or mannitol infusion. The slope for urea infusion remained lower than that for any other solute.4. Regardless of the delivery term used, there was no significant difference in the slopes of the curves for awake Wistar and awake Brattleboro rats during mannitol infusion. This indicates that the awake rat is a suitable model for free water clearance studies.5. The results indicate that NaCl and mannitol are both adequate for free water clearance and that (C(H2O) + C(Na)) is a better index of distal delivery than V.", "PMID": 690907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9093", "title": "Acetylcholine noise in cultured chick myoballs: a voltage clamp analysis.", "content": "1. Large spherical muscle cells were grown in vitro by allowing dissociated chick myoblasts to fuse in suspension culture. 2. Myoball membranes could be adequately voltage clamped even in the face of large inward currents (ca. 100 nA) induced by ACh. 3. The single channel conductance, gamma, estimated from the ratio of the mean to the variance of ACh currents was 25-40 pmho at temperatures between 25 degrees and 37 degrees C. 4. Spectra of ACh current fluctuations declined with 1/f2. The mean channel open time (tau) estimated from the half-power frequency was 2 msec at 37 degrees C and -90 mV holding potential. At lower membrane potentials tau was decreased and on hyperpolarization tau was prolonged.", "contents": "Acetylcholine noise in cultured chick myoballs: a voltage clamp analysis. 1. Large spherical muscle cells were grown in vitro by allowing dissociated chick myoblasts to fuse in suspension culture. 2. Myoball membranes could be adequately voltage clamped even in the face of large inward currents (ca. 100 nA) induced by ACh. 3. The single channel conductance, gamma, estimated from the ratio of the mean to the variance of ACh currents was 25-40 pmho at temperatures between 25 degrees and 37 degrees C. 4. Spectra of ACh current fluctuations declined with 1/f2. The mean channel open time (tau) estimated from the half-power frequency was 2 msec at 37 degrees C and -90 mV holding potential. At lower membrane potentials tau was decreased and on hyperpolarization tau was prolonged.", "PMID": 690913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9094", "title": "A transition temperature for acetylcholine channel conductance in chick myoballs.", "content": "1. The temperature dependence of ACh channel conductance (gamma) and channel open time (tau) was determined by analysing ACh induced membrane current fluctuations in voltage clamped chick myoballs. 2. gamma decreased from 25-30 pmho at 37 degrees C to less than 5 phmo at 10 degrees C. An Arrhenius plot of gamma vs. temperature exhibited a clear break or 'transition temperature' at 20 degrees C. 3. tau increased from 2 msec at 37 degrees C to 16 msec at 10 degrees C. The Arrhenius plot of tau vs. temperature was linear. No transition temperature was detected. 4. Submicellar concentrations of the non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100 reversibly blocked ACh respnses. The effect was all-or-none at the molecular level. 5. These results are consistent with the possibility that the fluidity of membrane lipids in the ACh receptor micro-environment may influence the degree to which the channel can open.", "contents": "A transition temperature for acetylcholine channel conductance in chick myoballs. 1. The temperature dependence of ACh channel conductance (gamma) and channel open time (tau) was determined by analysing ACh induced membrane current fluctuations in voltage clamped chick myoballs. 2. gamma decreased from 25-30 pmho at 37 degrees C to less than 5 phmo at 10 degrees C. An Arrhenius plot of gamma vs. temperature exhibited a clear break or 'transition temperature' at 20 degrees C. 3. tau increased from 2 msec at 37 degrees C to 16 msec at 10 degrees C. The Arrhenius plot of tau vs. temperature was linear. No transition temperature was detected. 4. Submicellar concentrations of the non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100 reversibly blocked ACh respnses. The effect was all-or-none at the molecular level. 5. These results are consistent with the possibility that the fluidity of membrane lipids in the ACh receptor micro-environment may influence the degree to which the channel can open.", "PMID": 690915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9095", "title": "Changes in pigeon cone photocurrent caused by reduction in extracellular calcium activity.", "content": "1. Photocurrents have been recorded from the red spot of the isolated superfused pigeon retina. The technique used was to record photovoltage gradients and extracellular fluid resistivity in a direction parallel with the long axes of the receptors. 2. Cone and rod responses were identified, and experiments designed so that only the former were elicited. 3. In the outer portion of the receptor layer, the wave form of the cone photoresponse lacks the initial transient (the 'nose') seen in the portions of the receptor layer nearer the synapses. It is argued that this observation permits the use of a simple equivalent circuit for the generation of the extracellular photocurrent, to infer membrane properties from extracellular recordings. 4. When the superfusing Ringer is changed to one which has a very low calcium activity (2 X 10(-7)M) the first result is that photoresponses increase in magnitude (X 7.7) but the relationship between light intensity and response amplitude and the light intensity (sigma) required to produce a half maximal response remains unchanged. 5. This increase in photocurrent in low calcium also occurs if the superfusing fluid is cooled to 10 degrees. 6. After 2--3 min, the photoresponses in low calcium begin to decrease in amplitude, and the value of sigma is progressively reduced, tenfold in 10 min. 7. During this time, the wave form of the photocurrent alters, the rate of increase and decrease of the responses being slowed. 8. The relationship between peak photocurrent and duration of light flash is modified. 9. The response to a step of light is not well maintained in higher calcium, but is well maintained in low calcium. 10. In higher calcium, the current overshoots during recovery from a flash to below the previous dark level. This does not happen in low calcium. 11. In low calcium, a light adapting background illumination desensitizes the cones. All changes in wave form of the response can be accounted for in terms of the membrane non-linearities. The calculated time course of the change in concentration of the 'internal transmitter' is unaffected. The same is true of desensitization, in the dark, following exposure to intense illumination.", "contents": "Changes in pigeon cone photocurrent caused by reduction in extracellular calcium activity. 1. Photocurrents have been recorded from the red spot of the isolated superfused pigeon retina. The technique used was to record photovoltage gradients and extracellular fluid resistivity in a direction parallel with the long axes of the receptors. 2. Cone and rod responses were identified, and experiments designed so that only the former were elicited. 3. In the outer portion of the receptor layer, the wave form of the cone photoresponse lacks the initial transient (the 'nose') seen in the portions of the receptor layer nearer the synapses. It is argued that this observation permits the use of a simple equivalent circuit for the generation of the extracellular photocurrent, to infer membrane properties from extracellular recordings. 4. When the superfusing Ringer is changed to one which has a very low calcium activity (2 X 10(-7)M) the first result is that photoresponses increase in magnitude (X 7.7) but the relationship between light intensity and response amplitude and the light intensity (sigma) required to produce a half maximal response remains unchanged. 5. This increase in photocurrent in low calcium also occurs if the superfusing fluid is cooled to 10 degrees. 6. After 2--3 min, the photoresponses in low calcium begin to decrease in amplitude, and the value of sigma is progressively reduced, tenfold in 10 min. 7. During this time, the wave form of the photocurrent alters, the rate of increase and decrease of the responses being slowed. 8. The relationship between peak photocurrent and duration of light flash is modified. 9. The response to a step of light is not well maintained in higher calcium, but is well maintained in low calcium. 10. In higher calcium, the current overshoots during recovery from a flash to below the previous dark level. This does not happen in low calcium. 11. In low calcium, a light adapting background illumination desensitizes the cones. All changes in wave form of the response can be accounted for in terms of the membrane non-linearities. The calculated time course of the change in concentration of the 'internal transmitter' is unaffected. The same is true of desensitization, in the dark, following exposure to intense illumination.", "PMID": 690918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9096", "title": "The effect of intravenous infusion of angiotensin II on drinking in the Australian marsupial Trichosurus vulpecula.", "content": "1. When marsupial brush-tailed possums were maintained on a normal fruit and vegetable diet with access to water ad libitum, I.V. infusion of synthetic angiotensin II at rates of 0.035-3.5 mug/kg. min caused short-latency drinking in up to seven of eleven animals tested. These rates also had significant pressor effects.2. There was a positive correlation between the rate of angiotensin infusion and the percentage of tested animals which responded by drinking, as well as the amount of water drunk by such animals. The amount drunk during a second infusion 1 hr later was reduced. There was a negative correlation between the rate of infusion and the latency to drinking.3. Of six animals given access to both water and 1.8% sodium chloride solutions, five drank some saline during maintenance and control periods and all responded with short-latency drinking of water to infusion of angiotensin II at 0.35 mug/kg. min.4. Withdrawal of 10% of blood volume, known to stimulate renin production in the possum, caused an increase in water intake in only one of six possums.5. Infusion of isoprenaline I.V. at 20 mug/kg. min, which caused a profound fall in B.P., had no effect on drinking by all six possums.6. It is concluded that these marsupials share with eutherian mammals responsiveness to a dipsogenic action of angiotensin II, which appears to be inhibited by preceding ingestion of water and potentiated by preceding ingestion of hypertonic saline. The physiological significance of this effect is uncertain.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous infusion of angiotensin II on drinking in the Australian marsupial Trichosurus vulpecula. 1. When marsupial brush-tailed possums were maintained on a normal fruit and vegetable diet with access to water ad libitum, I.V. infusion of synthetic angiotensin II at rates of 0.035-3.5 mug/kg. min caused short-latency drinking in up to seven of eleven animals tested. These rates also had significant pressor effects.2. There was a positive correlation between the rate of angiotensin infusion and the percentage of tested animals which responded by drinking, as well as the amount of water drunk by such animals. The amount drunk during a second infusion 1 hr later was reduced. There was a negative correlation between the rate of infusion and the latency to drinking.3. Of six animals given access to both water and 1.8% sodium chloride solutions, five drank some saline during maintenance and control periods and all responded with short-latency drinking of water to infusion of angiotensin II at 0.35 mug/kg. min.4. Withdrawal of 10% of blood volume, known to stimulate renin production in the possum, caused an increase in water intake in only one of six possums.5. Infusion of isoprenaline I.V. at 20 mug/kg. min, which caused a profound fall in B.P., had no effect on drinking by all six possums.6. It is concluded that these marsupials share with eutherian mammals responsiveness to a dipsogenic action of angiotensin II, which appears to be inhibited by preceding ingestion of water and potentiated by preceding ingestion of hypertonic saline. The physiological significance of this effect is uncertain.", "PMID": 690940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9097", "title": "An analysis of excitatory junctional potentials recorded from arterioles.", "content": "1. Arterioles were impaled with two independent micro-electrodes, one to pass current and the other to record membrane potential. 2. When current was injected into one branch of an arteriole, a membrane potential change could be detected either in the same branch or in an adjoining branch indicating that the arteriolar smooth muscle cells were electrically connected. 3. Fine dissection of the arteriolar tree gave short segments of arteriole which appeared to behave electrically as short cables with sealed ends. 4. Analysis of the electrotonic potentials recorded from isolated segments of arterioles allowed a determination of the arteriole cable properties. 5. Using the data from the cable analyses it was concluded that the junctional current underlying an excitatory junction potential has a duration that is brief when compared with that of the potential.", "contents": "An analysis of excitatory junctional potentials recorded from arterioles. 1. Arterioles were impaled with two independent micro-electrodes, one to pass current and the other to record membrane potential. 2. When current was injected into one branch of an arteriole, a membrane potential change could be detected either in the same branch or in an adjoining branch indicating that the arteriolar smooth muscle cells were electrically connected. 3. Fine dissection of the arteriolar tree gave short segments of arteriole which appeared to behave electrically as short cables with sealed ends. 4. Analysis of the electrotonic potentials recorded from isolated segments of arterioles allowed a determination of the arteriole cable properties. 5. Using the data from the cable analyses it was concluded that the junctional current underlying an excitatory junction potential has a duration that is brief when compared with that of the potential.", "PMID": 690942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9098", "title": "The role of the autonomic nervous system in the control of glucagon, insulin and pancreatic polypeptide release from the pancreas.", "content": "1. The mechanisms of release of pancreatic glucagon, insulin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in response to hypoxia and to 2-deoxyglucose have been investigated in conscious calves 3-5 weeks after birth. 2. A single injection of 2-deoxyglucose (200 mg/kg I.V.) produced an abrupt rise in the concentrations of pancreatic glucagon, insulin and PP in the arterial plasma. The changes in plasma insulin and PP concentration were unaffected by prior section of the splanchnic nerves but were effectively abolished by atropine (0-2 mg/kg I.V.). The rise in plasma pancreatic glucagon concentration was prevented in calves with cut splanchnic nerves that were given atropine but neither procedure alone suppressed the response. 3. 2-deoxyglucose also caused a substantial increase in the output of glucocorticoids from the right adrenal gland together with a pronounced rise in adrenal blood flow. There was also a small but significant increase in catecholamine output from the adrenal medullae in these animals. 4. Intense hypoxia caused a pronounced increase in the concentration of PP in the arterial plasma. This was found to resemble the glucagon response to intense hypoxia in that it persisted in animals with cut splanchnic nerves that were given atropine. Less intense hypoxia caused a rise in plasma pancreatic glucagon concentration (but not PP) that was abolished by section of the splanchnic nerves. The changes in plasma insulin concentration in these experiments were consistent with the conclusion that they were secondary to changes in plasma glucose concentration. 5. It is concluded that pancreatic endocrine responses to both moderate hypoxia and 2-deoxyglucose are mediated by the autonomic innervation.", "contents": "The role of the autonomic nervous system in the control of glucagon, insulin and pancreatic polypeptide release from the pancreas. 1. The mechanisms of release of pancreatic glucagon, insulin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in response to hypoxia and to 2-deoxyglucose have been investigated in conscious calves 3-5 weeks after birth. 2. A single injection of 2-deoxyglucose (200 mg/kg I.V.) produced an abrupt rise in the concentrations of pancreatic glucagon, insulin and PP in the arterial plasma. The changes in plasma insulin and PP concentration were unaffected by prior section of the splanchnic nerves but were effectively abolished by atropine (0-2 mg/kg I.V.). The rise in plasma pancreatic glucagon concentration was prevented in calves with cut splanchnic nerves that were given atropine but neither procedure alone suppressed the response. 3. 2-deoxyglucose also caused a substantial increase in the output of glucocorticoids from the right adrenal gland together with a pronounced rise in adrenal blood flow. There was also a small but significant increase in catecholamine output from the adrenal medullae in these animals. 4. Intense hypoxia caused a pronounced increase in the concentration of PP in the arterial plasma. This was found to resemble the glucagon response to intense hypoxia in that it persisted in animals with cut splanchnic nerves that were given atropine. Less intense hypoxia caused a rise in plasma pancreatic glucagon concentration (but not PP) that was abolished by section of the splanchnic nerves. The changes in plasma insulin concentration in these experiments were consistent with the conclusion that they were secondary to changes in plasma glucose concentration. 5. It is concluded that pancreatic endocrine responses to both moderate hypoxia and 2-deoxyglucose are mediated by the autonomic innervation.", "PMID": 690943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9099", "title": "Slow inward and outward currents of rat ventricular fibers under anoxia.", "content": "Voltage and current clamp experiments were performed on rat ventricular strips under anoxia. 1. Under the influence of anoxia the membrane depolarized by 5 to 10 mV and the action potential amplitude decreased by 15 mV. The plateau disappeared and the duration of the action potential was shortened. 2. The slow inward current was reduced by 50 to 80% and its reversal potential became more negative by about 31 mV. The conductance of the slow inward channel decreased by 26%. 3. The net outward current was slightly depressed.", "contents": "Slow inward and outward currents of rat ventricular fibers under anoxia. Voltage and current clamp experiments were performed on rat ventricular strips under anoxia. 1. Under the influence of anoxia the membrane depolarized by 5 to 10 mV and the action potential amplitude decreased by 15 mV. The plateau disappeared and the duration of the action potential was shortened. 2. The slow inward current was reduced by 50 to 80% and its reversal potential became more negative by about 31 mV. The conductance of the slow inward channel decreased by 26%. 3. The net outward current was slightly depressed.", "PMID": 690945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9100", "title": "[Comparative study of the activity of medullary respiratory neurones during polypnea triggered by hypothalamic electrical stimulation or by hypothalamic heating (author's transl)].", "content": "We have compared in \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 bas\" cats the activity of medullary respiratory neurones during polypnea triggered by electrical stimulation (PSt) or by heating (PTh) of the hypothalamus. The medullary respiratory neurones are classified according to:--their anatomical localization (dorsal or ventral respiratory nucleus);--their axon destination (spinal : bulbo-spinal respiratory neurones; non spinal : propriobulbar neurones);--their discharge pattern;--the correlation coefficient between the number of spikes delivered in each burst and the duration of the corresponding respiratory phase (HILAIRE et MONTEAU, 1975). 1. During the two polypneas (PSt and PTh), we observe:--a reduction of activity that preferentially affects some groups of neurones (propriobulbar neurones) (fig. 3);--an inversion of the discharge firing rate, which increases during inspiration in normopnea and decreases in polypnea (fig. 1; fig. 6);--a decrease of the maximal discharge firing rate for the neurones of different groups (Table V). 2. However, two differences exist : during PSt, the maximal discharge firing rate increases for the inspiratory bulbo-spinal neurones of the dorsal nucleus and for the early-burster inspiratory propriobulbar neurones. The recruitment of the bulbo-spinal inspiratory neurones seems to be different; they are activated earlier during PSt than during PTh (Table VI). 3. Some of the observed differences are probably quantitative and we think that polypnea triggered by hypothalamic electrical stimulation is a good model for thermal polypnea.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the activity of medullary respiratory neurones during polypnea triggered by hypothalamic electrical stimulation or by hypothalamic heating (author's transl)]. We have compared in \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 bas\" cats the activity of medullary respiratory neurones during polypnea triggered by electrical stimulation (PSt) or by heating (PTh) of the hypothalamus. The medullary respiratory neurones are classified according to:--their anatomical localization (dorsal or ventral respiratory nucleus);--their axon destination (spinal : bulbo-spinal respiratory neurones; non spinal : propriobulbar neurones);--their discharge pattern;--the correlation coefficient between the number of spikes delivered in each burst and the duration of the corresponding respiratory phase (HILAIRE et MONTEAU, 1975). 1. During the two polypneas (PSt and PTh), we observe:--a reduction of activity that preferentially affects some groups of neurones (propriobulbar neurones) (fig. 3);--an inversion of the discharge firing rate, which increases during inspiration in normopnea and decreases in polypnea (fig. 1; fig. 6);--a decrease of the maximal discharge firing rate for the neurones of different groups (Table V). 2. However, two differences exist : during PSt, the maximal discharge firing rate increases for the inspiratory bulbo-spinal neurones of the dorsal nucleus and for the early-burster inspiratory propriobulbar neurones. The recruitment of the bulbo-spinal inspiratory neurones seems to be different; they are activated earlier during PSt than during PTh (Table VI). 3. Some of the observed differences are probably quantitative and we think that polypnea triggered by hypothalamic electrical stimulation is a good model for thermal polypnea.", "PMID": 690947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9101", "title": "Measuring fear of death: a reliability study.", "content": "An increase in interest in death education among helping professionals and a concern for a lack of reliability and validity data on some instruments measuring attitudes about death is reviewed. The Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale and the Lester Attitude Toward Death Scale were administered twice to 20 graduate level male and female counselor trainees over a six-week interval. Test-retest reliability coefficients on all scales and subscales were significant but low to moderate only.", "contents": "Measuring fear of death: a reliability study. An increase in interest in death education among helping professionals and a concern for a lack of reliability and validity data on some instruments measuring attitudes about death is reviewed. The Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale and the Lester Attitude Toward Death Scale were administered twice to 20 graduate level male and female counselor trainees over a six-week interval. Test-retest reliability coefficients on all scales and subscales were significant but low to moderate only.", "PMID": 690949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9102", "title": "Effects of extraversion, anxiety, and sex on children's verbal fluency and coding task performance.", "content": "Seventy-eight boys and 71 girls (ages eight to 18 years) were assigned to one of eight groups on the basis of scores on the Junior Esysenck Personality Inventory, the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and sex of the S. The Ss were administered a simple and a complex verbal fluency task and the coding subtest of the WISC. It was found that extraverted children of both sexes did better than introverted children on both measures of verbal fluency and the nonverbal coding task. Anxiety influenced girl's performance on the more complex verbal fluency task, but did not alter boys' performance. The present findings were discussed in relation to the adult literature relating extraversion, anxiety, and verbal fluency.", "contents": "Effects of extraversion, anxiety, and sex on children's verbal fluency and coding task performance. Seventy-eight boys and 71 girls (ages eight to 18 years) were assigned to one of eight groups on the basis of scores on the Junior Esysenck Personality Inventory, the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and sex of the S. The Ss were administered a simple and a complex verbal fluency task and the coding subtest of the WISC. It was found that extraverted children of both sexes did better than introverted children on both measures of verbal fluency and the nonverbal coding task. Anxiety influenced girl's performance on the more complex verbal fluency task, but did not alter boys' performance. The present findings were discussed in relation to the adult literature relating extraversion, anxiety, and verbal fluency.", "PMID": 690950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9103", "title": "The abilities of retarded students: further evidence concerning the stimulus trace factor.", "content": "A Wherry-Wherry hierarchical factor solution was obtained on the correlations among 11 WISC-R subtests for a sample of 79 mentally retarded boys and girls. The findings were not only congruent with Vernon's ability paradigm but also suggest that the ability structure for retardates may well be more complex than the structure for normals. The ability hierarchy for the present sample included a general (g) factor defined by positive loadings from all 11 subtests and factors corresponding to the verbal-educational (v:ed) and spatial-perceptual (k:m) parameters. In addition, a stimulus trace (ST) factor corresponding to the ability dimension described by Baumeister and Bartlett was obtained.", "contents": "The abilities of retarded students: further evidence concerning the stimulus trace factor. A Wherry-Wherry hierarchical factor solution was obtained on the correlations among 11 WISC-R subtests for a sample of 79 mentally retarded boys and girls. The findings were not only congruent with Vernon's ability paradigm but also suggest that the ability structure for retardates may well be more complex than the structure for normals. The ability hierarchy for the present sample included a general (g) factor defined by positive loadings from all 11 subtests and factors corresponding to the verbal-educational (v:ed) and spatial-perceptual (k:m) parameters. In addition, a stimulus trace (ST) factor corresponding to the ability dimension described by Baumeister and Bartlett was obtained.", "PMID": 690951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9104", "title": "Memory development in learning disabled children: evidence from nonverbal tasks.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to test the developmental lag hypothesis with learning disabled children on two and three dimensional nonverbal task. Twenty-two learning disabled boys in two age groups of 11 each were tested on a probe memory recall procedure. In contrast to generalization of a developmental lag hypothesis, age-equivalent recall in primacy and recency positions reflected patterns similar to those of normal children. Further, a developmental analysis of nonverbal recall revealed constant age-related differences. Results suggested the developmental memory lag interpretation has been confounded with learning disabled children's generalized verbal deficits.", "contents": "Memory development in learning disabled children: evidence from nonverbal tasks. The purpose of the present study was to test the developmental lag hypothesis with learning disabled children on two and three dimensional nonverbal task. Twenty-two learning disabled boys in two age groups of 11 each were tested on a probe memory recall procedure. In contrast to generalization of a developmental lag hypothesis, age-equivalent recall in primacy and recency positions reflected patterns similar to those of normal children. Further, a developmental analysis of nonverbal recall revealed constant age-related differences. Results suggested the developmental memory lag interpretation has been confounded with learning disabled children's generalized verbal deficits.", "PMID": 690952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9105", "title": "The occurrence of amphizoic Amebae in domestic animals.", "content": "Random examination of domestic animals revealed the frequent presence of free-living amebae in their bodies. In diseased or dead cows, dogs, pigs, rabbits, pigeons, and turkeys 15 strains of amebae were found, belonging to the genera Acanthamoeba (A. polyphaga), Hartmannella (H. vermiformis), and Vahlkampfia (V. avara, V. enterica, V. inornata). They were usually accompanied by other infectious agents in different parts of the host bodies. Pathogenicity of 3 isolates could not be demonstrated by inoculation of laboratory animals. Some features of the isolates differed from those previously known for members of these genera. These strains may be considered amphizoic amebae according to Page (1974).", "contents": "The occurrence of amphizoic Amebae in domestic animals. Random examination of domestic animals revealed the frequent presence of free-living amebae in their bodies. In diseased or dead cows, dogs, pigs, rabbits, pigeons, and turkeys 15 strains of amebae were found, belonging to the genera Acanthamoeba (A. polyphaga), Hartmannella (H. vermiformis), and Vahlkampfia (V. avara, V. enterica, V. inornata). They were usually accompanied by other infectious agents in different parts of the host bodies. Pathogenicity of 3 isolates could not be demonstrated by inoculation of laboratory animals. Some features of the isolates differed from those previously known for members of these genera. These strains may be considered amphizoic amebae according to Page (1974).", "PMID": 690954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9106", "title": "Binding of Trypanosoma congolense to the walls of small blood vessels.", "content": "The mesenteric microvasculature was studied in rats and rabbits infected with Trypanosoma congolense. By examining vessels in the living animals, trypanosomes were observed to adhere to vessel walls by their anterior ends. It was evident from stained preparations of the vessels that the microcirculation contained 4-1400 times as many trypanosomes as were free in the cardiac blood. Parasites were more numerous in very small vessels than in larger vessels, and they were clustered in groups within the small vessels. The localization of T. congolense in the microvasculature is demonstrated and it is shown that this localization is established by attachment of the organism to the vessel wall.", "contents": "Binding of Trypanosoma congolense to the walls of small blood vessels. The mesenteric microvasculature was studied in rats and rabbits infected with Trypanosoma congolense. By examining vessels in the living animals, trypanosomes were observed to adhere to vessel walls by their anterior ends. It was evident from stained preparations of the vessels that the microcirculation contained 4-1400 times as many trypanosomes as were free in the cardiac blood. Parasites were more numerous in very small vessels than in larger vessels, and they were clustered in groups within the small vessels. The localization of T. congolense in the microvasculature is demonstrated and it is shown that this localization is established by attachment of the organism to the vessel wall.", "PMID": 690955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9107", "title": "[Radiological and surgical treatment of cancer of the thoracic oesophagus: a report on 143 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "It would appear that pre-operative radiotherapy early in the treatment of oesophageal cancer has avoided in many cases (especially those in an advanced stage), the appearance of local recurrences, which cause death very rapidly during the first year in those patients having surgical treatment only. This treatment, however, which is only localized to the mediastinum, has not prevented the appearance of metastases at a later date. It is obvious, therefore, that though we have improved local prognosis by localized and regional treatment, and the association of radiotherapy and surgery, we have not been able to act on the residual cancerous disease, and something else is needed. This \"something else\" must be chemotherapy, but at the present time we do not know which product, at which dose, and at which moment, this chemotherapy should be applied to be most effective.", "contents": "[Radiological and surgical treatment of cancer of the thoracic oesophagus: a report on 143 cases (author's transl)]. It would appear that pre-operative radiotherapy early in the treatment of oesophageal cancer has avoided in many cases (especially those in an advanced stage), the appearance of local recurrences, which cause death very rapidly during the first year in those patients having surgical treatment only. This treatment, however, which is only localized to the mediastinum, has not prevented the appearance of metastases at a later date. It is obvious, therefore, that though we have improved local prognosis by localized and regional treatment, and the association of radiotherapy and surgery, we have not been able to act on the residual cancerous disease, and something else is needed. This \"something else\" must be chemotherapy, but at the present time we do not know which product, at which dose, and at which moment, this chemotherapy should be applied to be most effective.", "PMID": 690958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9108", "title": "[The use of disposable vascular catheters in interstitial brachytherapy of skin cancers (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present technical improvements dealing with interstitial brachytherapy (Ir192) of skin cancers. They use fine disposable plastic tubes fitted with mandril, which allow loading of light radioactive material in any case. Short term results are discussed according to 101 applications.", "contents": "[The use of disposable vascular catheters in interstitial brachytherapy of skin cancers (author's transl)]. Authors present technical improvements dealing with interstitial brachytherapy (Ir192) of skin cancers. They use fine disposable plastic tubes fitted with mandril, which allow loading of light radioactive material in any case. Short term results are discussed according to 101 applications.", "PMID": 690960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9109", "title": "The relationship of sperm viability and concentration to serum-induced head-to-head agglutination of bovine spermatozoa.", "content": "Individual samples of bull semen were treated by filtration to remove immotile spermatozoa and by the addition of 10% heifer serum. There was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater serum-induced agglutination in the filtered than in the unfiltered samples. Head-to-head agglutination was also greater (P less than 0.01) in dilute sperm suspensions when compared to concentrated sperm suspensions.", "contents": "The relationship of sperm viability and concentration to serum-induced head-to-head agglutination of bovine spermatozoa. Individual samples of bull semen were treated by filtration to remove immotile spermatozoa and by the addition of 10% heifer serum. There was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater serum-induced agglutination in the filtered than in the unfiltered samples. Head-to-head agglutination was also greater (P less than 0.01) in dilute sperm suspensions when compared to concentrated sperm suspensions.", "PMID": 690963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9110", "title": "Fertility studies of complementing genotypes at the albino locus of the mouse.", "content": "Mice doubly heterozygous for two radiation-induced lethal alleles at the albino locus (C3H and C6H) show partial complementation: they are viable but runted and sterile. In C3H/C6H females oogenesis and mating are normal, but nearly all of their fetuses, even when genotypically normal (+/C3H or +/C6H), fail to survive beyond midgestation. Abnormalities of spermatogenesis, i.e. morphological defects in head condensation and a deficiency in numbers of maturing spermatids, are histologically detectable in the testes of C3H/C6H males. Spermatozoa from the vasa deferentia of such males are predominantly nonviable, immotile, and grossly abnormal in morphology.", "contents": "Fertility studies of complementing genotypes at the albino locus of the mouse. Mice doubly heterozygous for two radiation-induced lethal alleles at the albino locus (C3H and C6H) show partial complementation: they are viable but runted and sterile. In C3H/C6H females oogenesis and mating are normal, but nearly all of their fetuses, even when genotypically normal (+/C3H or +/C6H), fail to survive beyond midgestation. Abnormalities of spermatogenesis, i.e. morphological defects in head condensation and a deficiency in numbers of maturing spermatids, are histologically detectable in the testes of C3H/C6H males. Spermatozoa from the vasa deferentia of such males are predominantly nonviable, immotile, and grossly abnormal in morphology.", "PMID": 690964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9111", "title": "Study of the motility of the avian oviduct with chronically implanted electrodes.", "content": "Electrical activity was recorded in conscious hens from chronically implanted electrodes in the smooth muscle layers of the oviduct. Transport of the egg through the magnum resulted from an inhibition of the electrical activity in the oviduct cranial to the egg and an increased spiking activity caudally. During an ovulatory cycle the progression of the egg was related to four different patterns of the uterine motility: within a sequence, the ovulatory cycles varied according to the duration of Phases 3 and 4.", "contents": "Study of the motility of the avian oviduct with chronically implanted electrodes. Electrical activity was recorded in conscious hens from chronically implanted electrodes in the smooth muscle layers of the oviduct. Transport of the egg through the magnum resulted from an inhibition of the electrical activity in the oviduct cranial to the egg and an increased spiking activity caudally. During an ovulatory cycle the progression of the egg was related to four different patterns of the uterine motility: within a sequence, the ovulatory cycles varied according to the duration of Phases 3 and 4.", "PMID": 690966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9112", "title": "Electrical activity of the oviduct of the laying hen during egg transport.", "content": "Electrical activity in the oviduct wall of the laying hen was studied. The frequency of spike discharges increased in the magnum and isthmus when the egg approached close to the recording sites. The frequency of discharge remained high in the magnum until the egg had passed, but it decreased in the isthmus during the stay of the egg. In the uterus, a relatively high activity was found immediately after oviposition and this was followed by low activity for about 5 h. Electrical activity began to increase again and reached maximum 1-2 h after the egg entered the uterus. The direction of propagation of electrical activity in the magnum was determined by using two electrodes and was towards the ovary or towards the uterus for periods of several minutes.", "contents": "Electrical activity of the oviduct of the laying hen during egg transport. Electrical activity in the oviduct wall of the laying hen was studied. The frequency of spike discharges increased in the magnum and isthmus when the egg approached close to the recording sites. The frequency of discharge remained high in the magnum until the egg had passed, but it decreased in the isthmus during the stay of the egg. In the uterus, a relatively high activity was found immediately after oviposition and this was followed by low activity for about 5 h. Electrical activity began to increase again and reached maximum 1-2 h after the egg entered the uterus. The direction of propagation of electrical activity in the magnum was determined by using two electrodes and was towards the ovary or towards the uterus for periods of several minutes.", "PMID": 690967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9113", "title": "Patterns of oestrogen and testosterone excretion during pregnancy in a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla).", "content": "Oestrogen and testosterone concentrations in the urine were determined by radioimmunoassay. Total oestrogen concentrations rose from 25 ng/mg creatinine in the non-pregnant animal to a mean of about 2 microgram/mg creatinine in the 50 days before term. There was a significant (P less than 0.001) correlation between oestrogen and testosterone concentrations until 11 days before parturition.", "contents": "Patterns of oestrogen and testosterone excretion during pregnancy in a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla). Oestrogen and testosterone concentrations in the urine were determined by radioimmunoassay. Total oestrogen concentrations rose from 25 ng/mg creatinine in the non-pregnant animal to a mean of about 2 microgram/mg creatinine in the 50 days before term. There was a significant (P less than 0.001) correlation between oestrogen and testosterone concentrations until 11 days before parturition.", "PMID": 690968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9114", "title": "Effect of oestrogen on fetal survival in the rabbit.", "content": "Pregnant rabbits (Day 18) were treated i.m. for 3 days with 10 microgram oestradiol 17beta/kg. The number of dead fetuses was significantly greater than in the control animals but corpus luteum weight and peripheral progesterone concentrations were not affected. Fetal death was therefore not due to luteolysis.", "contents": "Effect of oestrogen on fetal survival in the rabbit. Pregnant rabbits (Day 18) were treated i.m. for 3 days with 10 microgram oestradiol 17beta/kg. The number of dead fetuses was significantly greater than in the control animals but corpus luteum weight and peripheral progesterone concentrations were not affected. Fetal death was therefore not due to luteolysis.", "PMID": 690969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9115", "title": "Effect of active immunization against oestrogens on plasma gonadotrophins in the ewe and the response to synthetic oestrogen or LH.", "content": "Immunization against oestrogen resulted in elevated LH concentrations, in the form of a pulsatile release, which rose from 3 to as much as 41 ng/ml approximately every 1.5 h, even in the presence of high plasma progesterone concentrations. Elevated FSH concentrations showed only minor oscillations without consistent synchrony to the LH pulses. Injection of 250 microgram stilboestrol did not abolish the LH pulses but in 2 out of 8 ewes FSH was initially lowered. Injection of 1 mg stilboestrol abolished the LH pulses within 11 h and decreased FSH values in 2 out of 4 ewes. Between 16 and 35 h after injection there was a large increase in LH and FSH concentrations. Thus, in the ewe, the tonic secretion of LH and FSH is controlled by a negative feedback action of oestrogen, and diethylstilboestrol will exert both dose. Infusion of LH was unable to alter the frequency or height of the LH pulses, thereby excluding regulation of the LH pulses by a short feedback mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of active immunization against oestrogens on plasma gonadotrophins in the ewe and the response to synthetic oestrogen or LH. Immunization against oestrogen resulted in elevated LH concentrations, in the form of a pulsatile release, which rose from 3 to as much as 41 ng/ml approximately every 1.5 h, even in the presence of high plasma progesterone concentrations. Elevated FSH concentrations showed only minor oscillations without consistent synchrony to the LH pulses. Injection of 250 microgram stilboestrol did not abolish the LH pulses but in 2 out of 8 ewes FSH was initially lowered. Injection of 1 mg stilboestrol abolished the LH pulses within 11 h and decreased FSH values in 2 out of 4 ewes. Between 16 and 35 h after injection there was a large increase in LH and FSH concentrations. Thus, in the ewe, the tonic secretion of LH and FSH is controlled by a negative feedback action of oestrogen, and diethylstilboestrol will exert both dose. Infusion of LH was unable to alter the frequency or height of the LH pulses, thereby excluding regulation of the LH pulses by a short feedback mechanism.", "PMID": 690970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9116", "title": "The movement of human spermatozoa in cervical mucus.", "content": "Movement characteristics of freely swimming spermatozoa were studied with high-speed cinemicrography. At 21 degrees C, flagellar beat frequency was higher in midcycle human cervical mucus than in native semen or Tyrode's solution; the beat shape differed, possessing diminished amplitude and wavelength. Although the spermatozoa swam straighter in the mucus, the progressive swimming speeds did not differ in the three media. Swimming speed and beat frequency were linearly related in semen and in Tyrode, but in mucus the linearity was less certain. In midcycle cervical mucus at 37 degrees C, beat frequencies and swimming speeds were greater than at 21 degrees C, but the trajectories were equally straight, and the distances swum per beat (kinetic efficiencies) did not differ.", "contents": "The movement of human spermatozoa in cervical mucus. Movement characteristics of freely swimming spermatozoa were studied with high-speed cinemicrography. At 21 degrees C, flagellar beat frequency was higher in midcycle human cervical mucus than in native semen or Tyrode's solution; the beat shape differed, possessing diminished amplitude and wavelength. Although the spermatozoa swam straighter in the mucus, the progressive swimming speeds did not differ in the three media. Swimming speed and beat frequency were linearly related in semen and in Tyrode, but in mucus the linearity was less certain. In midcycle cervical mucus at 37 degrees C, beat frequencies and swimming speeds were greater than at 21 degrees C, but the trajectories were equally straight, and the distances swum per beat (kinetic efficiencies) did not differ.", "PMID": 690971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9117", "title": "Effect of various hexoses on sperm capacitation and penetration of rat eggs in vitro.", "content": "Fertilization of rat eggs in vitro could not be achieved when epididymal spermatozoa were preincubated and eggs in clots incubated in a chemically defined medium without D-glucose. Very high proportions (84-100%) of eggs examined were undergoing fertilization when 2.78-8.34 mM-D-glucose were included in the medium. The substitution of D-fructose or D-galactose for D-glucose resulted in very poor penetration rates (0-4%), but D-mannose was effective for fertilization (59-99% penetration). Incubations for sperm capacitation and egg fertilization in different media containing the various hexoses showed that rat epididymal spermatozoa could be partly capacitated without hexose, that D-glucose, D-mannose or D-galactose but not D-fructose is effective for sperm capacitation and that only D-glucose and D-mannose supported penetration of eggs in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of various hexoses on sperm capacitation and penetration of rat eggs in vitro. Fertilization of rat eggs in vitro could not be achieved when epididymal spermatozoa were preincubated and eggs in clots incubated in a chemically defined medium without D-glucose. Very high proportions (84-100%) of eggs examined were undergoing fertilization when 2.78-8.34 mM-D-glucose were included in the medium. The substitution of D-fructose or D-galactose for D-glucose resulted in very poor penetration rates (0-4%), but D-mannose was effective for fertilization (59-99% penetration). Incubations for sperm capacitation and egg fertilization in different media containing the various hexoses showed that rat epididymal spermatozoa could be partly capacitated without hexose, that D-glucose, D-mannose or D-galactose but not D-fructose is effective for sperm capacitation and that only D-glucose and D-mannose supported penetration of eggs in vitro.", "PMID": 690972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9118", "title": "Peripheral metabolism of testosterone during puberty in the male guinea-pig.", "content": "Variations in the metabolic clearance rate and the production rate of testosterone during puberty in the male guinea-pig were established by single injection and constant infusion methods. Similar results were obtained; MCR (1/24h) increases from Day 20 to Day 70 and then stabilizes between Days 70 and 90 to levels comparable to those of a 6-month-old adult. MCR as 1/24 h/100 g decreases steadily between Days 20 and 60. The evolution of the testosterone production rate (PR: ng/24 h) is characterized by a marked rise between Days 20 and 70, and then a decrease up to Day 90, continuing until 6 months. PR as ng/24 h/100 g increases between Days 20 and 40, remains stable until Day 70, then decreases. Testosterone half-life is stable throughout the pubertal period. The rate of conversion of testosterone to androstenedione remains stable except for a rise between Days 50 and 60. We conclude that the increase in testosterone concentrations during puberty is due to a rise in the production rate and not to a decrease of clearance rate.", "contents": "Peripheral metabolism of testosterone during puberty in the male guinea-pig. Variations in the metabolic clearance rate and the production rate of testosterone during puberty in the male guinea-pig were established by single injection and constant infusion methods. Similar results were obtained; MCR (1/24h) increases from Day 20 to Day 70 and then stabilizes between Days 70 and 90 to levels comparable to those of a 6-month-old adult. MCR as 1/24 h/100 g decreases steadily between Days 20 and 60. The evolution of the testosterone production rate (PR: ng/24 h) is characterized by a marked rise between Days 20 and 70, and then a decrease up to Day 90, continuing until 6 months. PR as ng/24 h/100 g increases between Days 20 and 40, remains stable until Day 70, then decreases. Testosterone half-life is stable throughout the pubertal period. The rate of conversion of testosterone to androstenedione remains stable except for a rise between Days 50 and 60. We conclude that the increase in testosterone concentrations during puberty is due to a rise in the production rate and not to a decrease of clearance rate.", "PMID": 690973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9119", "title": "Detection of cell-mediated immunity to spermatozoa in mice and man by the leucocyte adherence-inhibition test.", "content": "A modification of the leucocyte adherence-inhibition test was developed to study cell-mediated immunity to spermatozoa. The test is highly reproducible and requires very low numbers of leucocytes. Deposition of spermatozoa in the genital tract of the female mouse by one normal mating is sufficient to sensitize the female to sperm antigens and the degree of sensitization is independent of the number of matings and the strain of male, and is not enhanced by subsequent pregnancy.", "contents": "Detection of cell-mediated immunity to spermatozoa in mice and man by the leucocyte adherence-inhibition test. A modification of the leucocyte adherence-inhibition test was developed to study cell-mediated immunity to spermatozoa. The test is highly reproducible and requires very low numbers of leucocytes. Deposition of spermatozoa in the genital tract of the female mouse by one normal mating is sufficient to sensitize the female to sperm antigens and the degree of sensitization is independent of the number of matings and the strain of male, and is not enhanced by subsequent pregnancy.", "PMID": 690974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9120", "title": "Patterns of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes during gonadogenesis in the rat.", "content": "The isoenzymes of LDH were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The M and H LDH subunits were present in gonads of both sexes from Day 14 1/2 p.c. and there was some variation with increased gestation. From Day 20 after birth two specific LDH-X bands (X1 and X2) were evident in the spermatocyte-rich fraction, but not in those of the Sertoli and Leydig cell fractions or those of the ovary.", "contents": "Patterns of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes during gonadogenesis in the rat. The isoenzymes of LDH were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The M and H LDH subunits were present in gonads of both sexes from Day 14 1/2 p.c. and there was some variation with increased gestation. From Day 20 after birth two specific LDH-X bands (X1 and X2) were evident in the spermatocyte-rich fraction, but not in those of the Sertoli and Leydig cell fractions or those of the ovary.", "PMID": 690975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9121", "title": "Effect of a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device on the milk progesterone levels, vaginal flora, milk yield and fertility of cyclic and non-cyclic dairy cows.", "content": "A progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) was inserted for 14 days into 10 lactating dairy cows at least 50 days after calving. Synchronization of oestrus was good and 5 of the cows conceived to a double insemination 48 and 72 h after PRID removal. In 9 cows vaginal infection was present when the PRID was removed but resolved spontaneously. The level of progesterone in the milk and the milk yield were similar to those in the 10 control animals. PRID treatment of 9 cows whose ovaries had remained inactive for at least 50 days after calving was followed by ovulation, as judged by the milk progesterone profile, in 8 animals after removal of the device.", "contents": "Effect of a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device on the milk progesterone levels, vaginal flora, milk yield and fertility of cyclic and non-cyclic dairy cows. A progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) was inserted for 14 days into 10 lactating dairy cows at least 50 days after calving. Synchronization of oestrus was good and 5 of the cows conceived to a double insemination 48 and 72 h after PRID removal. In 9 cows vaginal infection was present when the PRID was removed but resolved spontaneously. The level of progesterone in the milk and the milk yield were similar to those in the 10 control animals. PRID treatment of 9 cows whose ovaries had remained inactive for at least 50 days after calving was followed by ovulation, as judged by the milk progesterone profile, in 8 animals after removal of the device.", "PMID": 690976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9122", "title": "The metabolism and motility of human spermatozoa in the presence of steroid hormones and synthetic progestagens.", "content": "The metabolism and motility of human ejaculated spermatozoa incubated in vitro with steroids were studied. Progesterone and norethynodrel depressed the respiration, glycolytic metabolism and the motility of washed spermatozoa. Lynoestrenol did not affect the respiration or glycolysis of the spermatozoa, but did inhibit motility. Oestradiol did not cause any consistent alteration of the sperm metabolism, and did not affect the motility. Progesterone and norethynodrel appeared to act on the plasma membrane of human spermatozoa to increase its permeability and hence to facilitate the loss of essential cofactors required for the glycolytic and oxidative processes.", "contents": "The metabolism and motility of human spermatozoa in the presence of steroid hormones and synthetic progestagens. The metabolism and motility of human ejaculated spermatozoa incubated in vitro with steroids were studied. Progesterone and norethynodrel depressed the respiration, glycolytic metabolism and the motility of washed spermatozoa. Lynoestrenol did not affect the respiration or glycolysis of the spermatozoa, but did inhibit motility. Oestradiol did not cause any consistent alteration of the sperm metabolism, and did not affect the motility. Progesterone and norethynodrel appeared to act on the plasma membrane of human spermatozoa to increase its permeability and hence to facilitate the loss of essential cofactors required for the glycolytic and oxidative processes.", "PMID": 690978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9123", "title": "Luteotrophic effect of the rabbit blastocyst.", "content": "Progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma of 27 rabbits were determined by radioimmunoassay daily from Days 1 to 7. The rate of increase was significantly higher in pregnant than in pseudopregnant rabbits from Days 5 to 7 (P less than 0.02), but not before Day 5. Transfer of Day-4 or -5 blastocysts to synchronous, pseudo-pregnant recipients resulted in a significant rise in progesterone levels in comparison with those in sham-operated controls (P less than 0.01) or pseudopregnant does (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Luteotrophic effect of the rabbit blastocyst. Progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma of 27 rabbits were determined by radioimmunoassay daily from Days 1 to 7. The rate of increase was significantly higher in pregnant than in pseudopregnant rabbits from Days 5 to 7 (P less than 0.02), but not before Day 5. Transfer of Day-4 or -5 blastocysts to synchronous, pseudo-pregnant recipients resulted in a significant rise in progesterone levels in comparison with those in sham-operated controls (P less than 0.01) or pseudopregnant does (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 690979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9124", "title": "Albumin protection of mouse morulae and early blastocysts against the toxic effects of cuprous and cupric ions during development in vitro.", "content": "Concentrations of cuprous and cupric chloride of 50 micrometer or greater completely inhibited the development of mouse morulae and early blastocysts into blastocysts in vitro. The zona pellucida was completely dissolved at concentrations of 250 micrometer cupric and 500 micrometer cuprous ions. No significant difference in toxicity was found between the cuprous and cupric ion at 0-50 micrometer. The addition of protein, as BSA, to the culture medium partly protected the embryos against the toxic effect of both copper ions. At a concentration of 25 micrometer a significantly higher level of BSA was required to protect against the cupric than the cuprous ion. Increasing the concentration of either ion increased the level of BSA required to exert a protective effect.", "contents": "Albumin protection of mouse morulae and early blastocysts against the toxic effects of cuprous and cupric ions during development in vitro. Concentrations of cuprous and cupric chloride of 50 micrometer or greater completely inhibited the development of mouse morulae and early blastocysts into blastocysts in vitro. The zona pellucida was completely dissolved at concentrations of 250 micrometer cupric and 500 micrometer cuprous ions. No significant difference in toxicity was found between the cuprous and cupric ion at 0-50 micrometer. The addition of protein, as BSA, to the culture medium partly protected the embryos against the toxic effect of both copper ions. At a concentration of 25 micrometer a significantly higher level of BSA was required to protect against the cupric than the cuprous ion. Increasing the concentration of either ion increased the level of BSA required to exert a protective effect.", "PMID": 690980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9125", "title": "An unusual abnormality of human spermatozoa.", "content": "A defect affecting 90% of the spermatozoa of an infertile man consisted of round heads and a loss of tails, probably caused by a developmental abnormality at the spermatid stage.", "contents": "An unusual abnormality of human spermatozoa. A defect affecting 90% of the spermatozoa of an infertile man consisted of round heads and a loss of tails, probably caused by a developmental abnormality at the spermatid stage.", "PMID": 690981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9126", "title": "Protein patterns of human uterine flushings collected at various stages of the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Uterine flushings and plasma collected from normal, parous women at various stages of the menstrual cycle were subjected to gel electrophoresis. The protein profiles of the flushings differed in many instances from the plasma pattern by the presence of between one and eleven non-plasma proteins. The distribution of the major non-plasma proteins during the menstrual cycle was not statistically significant but that of a pretransferrin, observed in uterine flushings and in peritoneal fluid, was significant. However, the appearance of this protein band could not be related to a particular phase of the cycle, and hence to a specific hormonal condition.", "contents": "Protein patterns of human uterine flushings collected at various stages of the menstrual cycle. Uterine flushings and plasma collected from normal, parous women at various stages of the menstrual cycle were subjected to gel electrophoresis. The protein profiles of the flushings differed in many instances from the plasma pattern by the presence of between one and eleven non-plasma proteins. The distribution of the major non-plasma proteins during the menstrual cycle was not statistically significant but that of a pretransferrin, observed in uterine flushings and in peritoneal fluid, was significant. However, the appearance of this protein band could not be related to a particular phase of the cycle, and hence to a specific hormonal condition.", "PMID": 690982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9127", "title": "Post-ovulatory changes in the water content and inulin space of the rabbit oviduct.", "content": "Measurement of the water content and inulin space of the tissues of the ampulla, ampullary-isthmic junction and proximal isthmus showed that the loss of oedema was related to the position of the ova, whether this was normal (after hCG), delayed (by oestrogen treatment) or accelerated (by progesterone treatment).", "contents": "Post-ovulatory changes in the water content and inulin space of the rabbit oviduct. Measurement of the water content and inulin space of the tissues of the ampulla, ampullary-isthmic junction and proximal isthmus showed that the loss of oedema was related to the position of the ova, whether this was normal (after hCG), delayed (by oestrogen treatment) or accelerated (by progesterone treatment).", "PMID": 690983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9128", "title": "Chiasma counts and non-disjunction frequencies in a normal ram and in rams carrying the Massey I (t1) Robertsonian translocation.", "content": "Testicular material from a normal ram (54XY), three rams heterozygous (53XYt1) and one ram homozygous (52XYt1t1) for the Massey I (t1) translocation was examined. The autosomal non-disjunction in the normal ram was 2.0% compared to a mean of 6.1% in the heterozygous animals. In the homozygous animal there were adhesions of the tunica vaginalis to the cauda epididymidis and extensive spermatogenic arrest.", "contents": "Chiasma counts and non-disjunction frequencies in a normal ram and in rams carrying the Massey I (t1) Robertsonian translocation. Testicular material from a normal ram (54XY), three rams heterozygous (53XYt1) and one ram homozygous (52XYt1t1) for the Massey I (t1) translocation was examined. The autosomal non-disjunction in the normal ram was 2.0% compared to a mean of 6.1% in the heterozygous animals. In the homozygous animal there were adhesions of the tunica vaginalis to the cauda epididymidis and extensive spermatogenic arrest.", "PMID": 690984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9129", "title": "Association of exogenous phospholipids with spermatozoa.", "content": "Boar, bull and ram spermatozoa were studied after incubation in a medium containing phospholipids. Autoradiography and birefringent examination of spermatozoa after incubation with labelled phosphatidylcholine indicated that liposomes of this phospholipid associated with spermatozoa. The association was almost instantaneous. The large multilayer liposomes formed during the experimental procedure resulted in a few of the spermatozoa acquiring most of the phosphatidylcholine. Little phosphatidylcholine was observed unassociated with spermatozoa although measurements of the partition between spermatozoa and medium showed that only boar spermatozoa associated with almost all the phospholipid. No evidence was obtained that phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylinositol associated with the spermatozoa.", "contents": "Association of exogenous phospholipids with spermatozoa. Boar, bull and ram spermatozoa were studied after incubation in a medium containing phospholipids. Autoradiography and birefringent examination of spermatozoa after incubation with labelled phosphatidylcholine indicated that liposomes of this phospholipid associated with spermatozoa. The association was almost instantaneous. The large multilayer liposomes formed during the experimental procedure resulted in a few of the spermatozoa acquiring most of the phosphatidylcholine. Little phosphatidylcholine was observed unassociated with spermatozoa although measurements of the partition between spermatozoa and medium showed that only boar spermatozoa associated with almost all the phospholipid. No evidence was obtained that phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylinositol associated with the spermatozoa.", "PMID": 690985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9130", "title": "Changes in serum testosterone concentrations in the male pig during development.", "content": "Serum testosterone concentrations were elevated between 40 and 60 days p.c. but were low between 60 and 100 days p.c. when the testis descends. Elevated concentrations occurred in the perinatal period and from the 18th week after birth. Between 60 days p.c. and 16 weeks after birth the changes in serum testosterone concentrations parallel those of testicular development, as determined by morphology and steroid histochemistry, and peripheral LH concentrations.", "contents": "Changes in serum testosterone concentrations in the male pig during development. Serum testosterone concentrations were elevated between 40 and 60 days p.c. but were low between 60 and 100 days p.c. when the testis descends. Elevated concentrations occurred in the perinatal period and from the 18th week after birth. Between 60 days p.c. and 16 weeks after birth the changes in serum testosterone concentrations parallel those of testicular development, as determined by morphology and steroid histochemistry, and peripheral LH concentrations.", "PMID": 690987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9131", "title": "CL regression in the pseudopregnant rabbit and the effects of treatment with prostaglandin F-2alpha and arachidonic acid.", "content": "During pseudopregnancy in the rabbit, plasma progesterone levels in the posterior vena cava fell rapidly from maximal concentrations of 9.8 +/- 0.7 (s.e.m.) ng/ml on Day 13 of pseudopregnancy to 2.0 +/- 0.6 ng/ml on Day 15. There was no significant increase in PGF levels at this time, although administration of indomethacin to a similar group of does delayed functional regression for over 7 days. Subcutaneous injection of 1 mg PGF-2alpha or 35 mg arachidonic acid on Day 9 of pseudopregnancy resulted in loss of luteal function as plasma progesterone levels fell significantly from about 6 to less than 1 ng/ml within 24 h. These findings indicate that the uterine factor responsible for luteolysis in the pseudopregnant rabbit may not be released in the form of PGF-2alpha.", "contents": "CL regression in the pseudopregnant rabbit and the effects of treatment with prostaglandin F-2alpha and arachidonic acid. During pseudopregnancy in the rabbit, plasma progesterone levels in the posterior vena cava fell rapidly from maximal concentrations of 9.8 +/- 0.7 (s.e.m.) ng/ml on Day 13 of pseudopregnancy to 2.0 +/- 0.6 ng/ml on Day 15. There was no significant increase in PGF levels at this time, although administration of indomethacin to a similar group of does delayed functional regression for over 7 days. Subcutaneous injection of 1 mg PGF-2alpha or 35 mg arachidonic acid on Day 9 of pseudopregnancy resulted in loss of luteal function as plasma progesterone levels fell significantly from about 6 to less than 1 ng/ml within 24 h. These findings indicate that the uterine factor responsible for luteolysis in the pseudopregnant rabbit may not be released in the form of PGF-2alpha.", "PMID": 690988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9132", "title": "A reciprocal translocation, t(6p+; 14q-), in the pig.", "content": "A reciprocal translocation, identified as t(6p+; 14q-), is described in a 38,XX intersex pig. It is the fourth reciprocal translocation to be reported for this species, whereas Robertsonian translocations, of frequent occurrence in cattle and sheep, are so far unknown in domestic pig breeds.", "contents": "A reciprocal translocation, t(6p+; 14q-), in the pig. A reciprocal translocation, identified as t(6p+; 14q-), is described in a 38,XX intersex pig. It is the fourth reciprocal translocation to be reported for this species, whereas Robertsonian translocations, of frequent occurrence in cattle and sheep, are so far unknown in domestic pig breeds.", "PMID": 690989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9133", "title": "Correlation between cytological and morphogenetic effects of acute X-irradiation of preimplantation mouse embryos cultured in vitro.", "content": "Inhibition of cavitation by acute X-irradiation of 2-cell stage eggs was due to the early killing of the cells. Eggs in which cavitation did take place had a smaller number of cells due mainly to mitotic delay, leading to lack of inner cell mass (ICM) and its derivatives in further development. A similar effect is responsible for the inhibition of ICM formation after irradiation of morulae.", "contents": "Correlation between cytological and morphogenetic effects of acute X-irradiation of preimplantation mouse embryos cultured in vitro. Inhibition of cavitation by acute X-irradiation of 2-cell stage eggs was due to the early killing of the cells. Eggs in which cavitation did take place had a smaller number of cells due mainly to mitotic delay, leading to lack of inner cell mass (ICM) and its derivatives in further development. A similar effect is responsible for the inhibition of ICM formation after irradiation of morulae.", "PMID": 690990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9134", "title": "Use of dithiothreitol for improved visibility of the F body in human Y-bearing spermatozoa.", "content": "Dithiothreitol was used to decondense the nuclear chromatin before staining human spermatozoa with quinacrine for the F body present in Y-bearing spermatozoa. In unseparated fractions and those enriched in X- or Y-bearing spermatozoa, the number of spermatozoa with F bodies increased by 2-9% after dithiothreitol treatment.", "contents": "Use of dithiothreitol for improved visibility of the F body in human Y-bearing spermatozoa. Dithiothreitol was used to decondense the nuclear chromatin before staining human spermatozoa with quinacrine for the F body present in Y-bearing spermatozoa. In unseparated fractions and those enriched in X- or Y-bearing spermatozoa, the number of spermatozoa with F bodies increased by 2-9% after dithiothreitol treatment.", "PMID": 690991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9135", "title": "Elimination of fetal mice with sporadic malformations by spontaneous resorption in pregnancies of older females.", "content": "The frequency of offspring with sporadic spontaneous malformations in A/JKt mice was significantly smaller in litters from older mothers than in litters from younger mothers. Simultaneously the fetal resorption rate was significantly larger in the older group apparently accounted for most, if not all, of the reduced malformation rate in their surviving offspring. It therefore seems that the aged uterus and the abnormal fetus are involved in the process by which such offspring are eliminated.", "contents": "Elimination of fetal mice with sporadic malformations by spontaneous resorption in pregnancies of older females. The frequency of offspring with sporadic spontaneous malformations in A/JKt mice was significantly smaller in litters from older mothers than in litters from younger mothers. Simultaneously the fetal resorption rate was significantly larger in the older group apparently accounted for most, if not all, of the reduced malformation rate in their surviving offspring. It therefore seems that the aged uterus and the abnormal fetus are involved in the process by which such offspring are eliminated.", "PMID": 690992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9136", "title": "N-Hydroxyamide metabolites of lidocaine. Synthesis, characterization, quantitation, and mutagenic potential.", "content": "Two possible N-hydroxyamide metabolites of lidocaine were synthesized and characterized. A combined technique utilizing chemical-ionization mass spectrometry and stable isotope labeling demonstrated that these potentially carcinogenic N-hydroxyamides were neither present in human urine after oral lidocaine administration nor during intravenous infusion of lidocaine for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. However, small amounts of 2,6-dimethylphenylhydroxylamine were detected in the urine of all subjects. Mutagenesis assays using the Ames test showed that neither the N-hydroxyamides nor the N-hydroxyarylamine produced revertant colonies above background levels using the Salmonella tester strain TA-1538.", "contents": "N-Hydroxyamide metabolites of lidocaine. Synthesis, characterization, quantitation, and mutagenic potential. Two possible N-hydroxyamide metabolites of lidocaine were synthesized and characterized. A combined technique utilizing chemical-ionization mass spectrometry and stable isotope labeling demonstrated that these potentially carcinogenic N-hydroxyamides were neither present in human urine after oral lidocaine administration nor during intravenous infusion of lidocaine for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. However, small amounts of 2,6-dimethylphenylhydroxylamine were detected in the urine of all subjects. Mutagenesis assays using the Ames test showed that neither the N-hydroxyamides nor the N-hydroxyarylamine produced revertant colonies above background levels using the Salmonella tester strain TA-1538.", "PMID": 690997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9137", "title": "Metabolic fate of tolazamide in man and in the rat.", "content": "The metabolic fate of tolazamide, 1-(hexahydroazepin-1-yl)-3-p-tolylsulfonylurea (1), was studied in man and in the rat using tritium-labeled 1. The metabolites were isolated in crystalline form from urine for structure determination. The crystal structure and final molecular structure of one of these, 1-(4-hydroxyhexahydroazepin-1-yl)-3-p-tolylsulfonylurea (5), were determined using single-crystal X-ray techniques. Following oral administration of tritiated tolazamide to male humans, 85% of the radioactivity was excreted in urine during a 5-day period. In addition to being excreted in urine unchanged, tolazamide was metabolized to 1-(hexahydroazepin-1-yl)-3-p-(carboxyphenyl)sulfonylurea (2), p-toluenesulfonamide (3), 1-(hexahydroazepin-1-yl)-3-p-(hydroxymethylphenyl)sulfonylurea (4), 1-(4-hydroxyhexahydroazepin-1-yl)-3-p-tolylsulfonylurea (5) and a labile, unidentified metabolite 6 by man. The relative amounts of these materials excreted in 0-24-h urine collections from eight subjects averaged 7, 17, 26, 10, 25, and 15% for 1-6, respectively. In the female rat, 79% of an orally administered dose of tritiated tolazamide was excreted in urine during a 5-day period as 1-4. The relative amounts of these materials excreted during the 24-h period following administration of tolazamide were 10, 5, 5, and 80% for 1-4, respectively.", "contents": "Metabolic fate of tolazamide in man and in the rat. The metabolic fate of tolazamide, 1-(hexahydroazepin-1-yl)-3-p-tolylsulfonylurea (1), was studied in man and in the rat using tritium-labeled 1. The metabolites were isolated in crystalline form from urine for structure determination. The crystal structure and final molecular structure of one of these, 1-(4-hydroxyhexahydroazepin-1-yl)-3-p-tolylsulfonylurea (5), were determined using single-crystal X-ray techniques. Following oral administration of tritiated tolazamide to male humans, 85% of the radioactivity was excreted in urine during a 5-day period. In addition to being excreted in urine unchanged, tolazamide was metabolized to 1-(hexahydroazepin-1-yl)-3-p-(carboxyphenyl)sulfonylurea (2), p-toluenesulfonamide (3), 1-(hexahydroazepin-1-yl)-3-p-(hydroxymethylphenyl)sulfonylurea (4), 1-(4-hydroxyhexahydroazepin-1-yl)-3-p-tolylsulfonylurea (5) and a labile, unidentified metabolite 6 by man. The relative amounts of these materials excreted in 0-24-h urine collections from eight subjects averaged 7, 17, 26, 10, 25, and 15% for 1-6, respectively. In the female rat, 79% of an orally administered dose of tritiated tolazamide was excreted in urine during a 5-day period as 1-4. The relative amounts of these materials excreted during the 24-h period following administration of tolazamide were 10, 5, 5, and 80% for 1-4, respectively.", "PMID": 690998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9138", "title": "Antitumor anthracycline antibiotics. Structure-activity and structure-cardiotoxicity relationships of rubidazone analogues.", "content": "A series of rubidazone analogues (4-14) with varying phenyl group substituents was prepared. The effect of these compounds on inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in cultured cells, on in vivo antitumor properties, and on cardiotoxicity was examined. Substituent effects on drug-DNA binding as indicated by DNA melting temperature measurements were also investigated. Substituent effects were essentially absent among the rubidazone analogues in in vivo and in vitro test systems which measure cytotoxic characteristics; however, the rubidazone analogues varied substantially in their cardiotoxic effects and this variation was closely correlated with the electronic character of the phenyl substituent.", "contents": "Antitumor anthracycline antibiotics. Structure-activity and structure-cardiotoxicity relationships of rubidazone analogues. A series of rubidazone analogues (4-14) with varying phenyl group substituents was prepared. The effect of these compounds on inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in cultured cells, on in vivo antitumor properties, and on cardiotoxicity was examined. Substituent effects on drug-DNA binding as indicated by DNA melting temperature measurements were also investigated. Substituent effects were essentially absent among the rubidazone analogues in in vivo and in vitro test systems which measure cytotoxic characteristics; however, the rubidazone analogues varied substantially in their cardiotoxic effects and this variation was closely correlated with the electronic character of the phenyl substituent.", "PMID": 690999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9139", "title": "Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of some ester progenitors of methyldopa.", "content": "A variety of esters of methyldopa was synthesized with the objective of obtaining derivatives that would be more efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract than the free amino acid and would undergo conversion to methyldopa readily in the blood or target tissues. Two of the esters, alpha-pivaloyloxyethyl (4u) and alpha-succinimidoethyl (4w), were found to be more potent antihypertensive agents than methyldopa in animal models and were selected for further study in man. The amino esters were prepared by three different methods, including direct esterification of methyldopa without the use of N- or O-protecting groups.", "contents": "Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of some ester progenitors of methyldopa. A variety of esters of methyldopa was synthesized with the objective of obtaining derivatives that would be more efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract than the free amino acid and would undergo conversion to methyldopa readily in the blood or target tissues. Two of the esters, alpha-pivaloyloxyethyl (4u) and alpha-succinimidoethyl (4w), were found to be more potent antihypertensive agents than methyldopa in animal models and were selected for further study in man. The amino esters were prepared by three different methods, including direct esterification of methyldopa without the use of N- or O-protecting groups.", "PMID": 691000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9140", "title": "Synthesis and analgetic activity of some 5-aryl-2azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes.", "content": "A series of 5-aryl-2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes II has been synthesized and evaluated for analgetic agonist-antagonist activity. These compounds can be regarded as five-membered, conformationally more rigid analogues of the potent agonist-antagonist (-)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylmorphan (I). Several of these compounds have demonstrated marked analgesic potency comparable to morphine in the mouse writhing assay. Structure-activity correlations, generated by varying N-substitution and O-acetylation of the phenolic function, seem to indicate that optimum activity is associated with an arylethyl side chain attached to the basic nitrogen. Among the most interesting compounds in this series are the phenethyl analogue 31 and its O-acetate 39; the former shows the profile of a well-balanced analgetic-antagonist virtually devoid of physical dependence liability as demonstrated in the rat infusion test.", "contents": "Synthesis and analgetic activity of some 5-aryl-2azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. A series of 5-aryl-2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes II has been synthesized and evaluated for analgetic agonist-antagonist activity. These compounds can be regarded as five-membered, conformationally more rigid analogues of the potent agonist-antagonist (-)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylmorphan (I). Several of these compounds have demonstrated marked analgesic potency comparable to morphine in the mouse writhing assay. Structure-activity correlations, generated by varying N-substitution and O-acetylation of the phenolic function, seem to indicate that optimum activity is associated with an arylethyl side chain attached to the basic nitrogen. Among the most interesting compounds in this series are the phenethyl analogue 31 and its O-acetate 39; the former shows the profile of a well-balanced analgetic-antagonist virtually devoid of physical dependence liability as demonstrated in the rat infusion test.", "PMID": 691001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9141", "title": "Diuretic activity of Mannich base derivatives of ethacrynic acid and certain ethacrynic acid analogues.", "content": "Various Mannich base derivatives of selected phenoxyacetic acid type diuretics were synthesized and their diuretic potency was evaluated in dogs. It is concluded that the Mannich bases possess little, if any, diuretic activity of their own. Those Mannich bases that do possess diuretic activity undoubtedly do so as a consequence of an elimination reaction (a retro-Michael type reaction) which yields the corresponding pharmacologically active alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone.", "contents": "Diuretic activity of Mannich base derivatives of ethacrynic acid and certain ethacrynic acid analogues. Various Mannich base derivatives of selected phenoxyacetic acid type diuretics were synthesized and their diuretic potency was evaluated in dogs. It is concluded that the Mannich bases possess little, if any, diuretic activity of their own. Those Mannich bases that do possess diuretic activity undoubtedly do so as a consequence of an elimination reaction (a retro-Michael type reaction) which yields the corresponding pharmacologically active alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone.", "PMID": 691002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9142", "title": "Synthesis and hypotensive activity of N-alkyl-N\"-cyano-N'-pyridylguanidines.", "content": "A variety of N-alkyl-N'-pyridyl-N\"-cyanoguanidines III was prepared as potential bioisosteres of hypotensive N-alkyl-N'-pyridylthioureas Ia. Optimal activity of the N,N'-disubstituted cyanoguanidines III was assoicated with the presence of four to seven carbon branched alkyl and 3- or 4-pyridyl groups. Maximum potency was displayed by N-tert-pentyl-N'-3 pyridyl-N\"-cyanoguanidine (20). This compound proved to be 200 times more potent than the corresponding thiourea in hypertensive rats and dogs. In comparison with guancydine, which is the de-3-pyridyl analogue of 20, a 150-fold increase of potency in spontaneously hypertensive rats was obtained with 20 and its tert-butyl analogue 19. The observed activity appears to be due to direct vascular relaxation. On a weight basis compounds 19, 20, 50, and 101 compared favorably with hydralazine.", "contents": "Synthesis and hypotensive activity of N-alkyl-N\"-cyano-N'-pyridylguanidines. A variety of N-alkyl-N'-pyridyl-N\"-cyanoguanidines III was prepared as potential bioisosteres of hypotensive N-alkyl-N'-pyridylthioureas Ia. Optimal activity of the N,N'-disubstituted cyanoguanidines III was assoicated with the presence of four to seven carbon branched alkyl and 3- or 4-pyridyl groups. Maximum potency was displayed by N-tert-pentyl-N'-3 pyridyl-N\"-cyanoguanidine (20). This compound proved to be 200 times more potent than the corresponding thiourea in hypertensive rats and dogs. In comparison with guancydine, which is the de-3-pyridyl analogue of 20, a 150-fold increase of potency in spontaneously hypertensive rats was obtained with 20 and its tert-butyl analogue 19. The observed activity appears to be due to direct vascular relaxation. On a weight basis compounds 19, 20, 50, and 101 compared favorably with hydralazine.", "PMID": 691003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9143", "title": "Peptidyl transferase substrate specificity with nonaromatic aminoacyl analogues of puromycin.", "content": "A series of puromycin analogues, 3'-N-(S-substituted L-cysteinyl) puromycin aminonuleosides, has been prepared and examined as substrates for ribosomal peptidyl transferase. S-Substituted N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-cysteines were coupled with puromycin aminonucleoside using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide. Removal of the t-Boc blocking group with anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid gave the desired puromycin analogues. Kinetic studies indicate that the nonaromatic aminoacyl analogues of puromycin are effective substrates for the peptidyl transferase reaction. In addition, the discovery of the existence of hydrophilic character beyond the region normally occupied by hydrophobic amino acid R groups of the aminoacyladenyl termini of tRNA molecules, and the proper exploitation of this information, has provided the first active purmoycin analogue possessing a hydrophilic amino acid.", "contents": "Peptidyl transferase substrate specificity with nonaromatic aminoacyl analogues of puromycin. A series of puromycin analogues, 3'-N-(S-substituted L-cysteinyl) puromycin aminonuleosides, has been prepared and examined as substrates for ribosomal peptidyl transferase. S-Substituted N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-cysteines were coupled with puromycin aminonucleoside using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide. Removal of the t-Boc blocking group with anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid gave the desired puromycin analogues. Kinetic studies indicate that the nonaromatic aminoacyl analogues of puromycin are effective substrates for the peptidyl transferase reaction. In addition, the discovery of the existence of hydrophilic character beyond the region normally occupied by hydrophobic amino acid R groups of the aminoacyladenyl termini of tRNA molecules, and the proper exploitation of this information, has provided the first active purmoycin analogue possessing a hydrophilic amino acid.", "PMID": 691004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9144", "title": "Comparative analysis of the cytotoxicity of substituted [phenylglyoxal bis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone)] copper(II) chelates. 2. Parabolic correlations and their implications for selective toxicity.", "content": "The synthesis of an extended series of para-substituted [phenylglyoxal bis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone)] copper(II) chelates is reported. Subsequent biological evaluation and regression analysis have been performed, correlating pI50 with extrathermodynamic substituent parameters. Parabolic correlations with pi have resulted which predict optimum lipophilic character of the para substituent with respect to Ehrlich ascites cytotoxicity (pi0 = -2.13) and with respect to ascites vs. liver slice cytotoxicity (pi0 = -1.31). Results indicated clearly that the chelate most toxic to the tumor cell model may not be the most selective.", "contents": "Comparative analysis of the cytotoxicity of substituted [phenylglyoxal bis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone)] copper(II) chelates. 2. Parabolic correlations and their implications for selective toxicity. The synthesis of an extended series of para-substituted [phenylglyoxal bis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone)] copper(II) chelates is reported. Subsequent biological evaluation and regression analysis have been performed, correlating pI50 with extrathermodynamic substituent parameters. Parabolic correlations with pi have resulted which predict optimum lipophilic character of the para substituent with respect to Ehrlich ascites cytotoxicity (pi0 = -2.13) and with respect to ascites vs. liver slice cytotoxicity (pi0 = -1.31). Results indicated clearly that the chelate most toxic to the tumor cell model may not be the most selective.", "PMID": 691005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9145", "title": "Drugs derived from cannabinoids. 7. Tachycardia and analgesia structure-activity relationships in delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and some synthetic analogues.", "content": "delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and eight other synthetic analogues were found to induce a dose-related increase in heart rate in the conscious Wistar rat. Ina comparison of tachycardia with analgesic activity (mouse hot-plate and antiwrithing tests) it was found that the water-soluble ester derivatives of 2a, 1-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-octyl)-6,6,9-trimethyl-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran (DMHP), had the least potency for tachycardia and the greatest potency for analgesia. These findings suggest that these compounds may have promise as therapeutic agents.", "contents": "Drugs derived from cannabinoids. 7. Tachycardia and analgesia structure-activity relationships in delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and some synthetic analogues. delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and eight other synthetic analogues were found to induce a dose-related increase in heart rate in the conscious Wistar rat. Ina comparison of tachycardia with analgesic activity (mouse hot-plate and antiwrithing tests) it was found that the water-soluble ester derivatives of 2a, 1-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-octyl)-6,6,9-trimethyl-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran (DMHP), had the least potency for tachycardia and the greatest potency for analgesia. These findings suggest that these compounds may have promise as therapeutic agents.", "PMID": 691006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9146", "title": "Potential antitumor agents. Synthesis, reactivity, and cytoxicity of alpha-methylene carbonyl compounds.", "content": "The alpha-methylene lactones 9, 12, 21, and 24 were prepared by a mild, convenient alpha-methylenation process using the alpha-ethyloxalyl derivatives in nonoptimized yields ranging from 23 to 90%. The rates of reaction of these and several other lactones with cysteine at pH 7.4 and their KB toxicities were measured. These studies showed that neither the strained trans-fused alpha-methylene lactone 12 nor the hydroxy-alpha-methylene lactones 5 and 6 reacted with cysteine with rates comparable to elephantopin. Based on these limited studies, the rate of cysteine addition appears to be relatively insensitive to changes in strain energy and neighboring groups. In addition, the rate constant for reaction with cysteine did not correlate with cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents. Synthesis, reactivity, and cytoxicity of alpha-methylene carbonyl compounds. The alpha-methylene lactones 9, 12, 21, and 24 were prepared by a mild, convenient alpha-methylenation process using the alpha-ethyloxalyl derivatives in nonoptimized yields ranging from 23 to 90%. The rates of reaction of these and several other lactones with cysteine at pH 7.4 and their KB toxicities were measured. These studies showed that neither the strained trans-fused alpha-methylene lactone 12 nor the hydroxy-alpha-methylene lactones 5 and 6 reacted with cysteine with rates comparable to elephantopin. Based on these limited studies, the rate of cysteine addition appears to be relatively insensitive to changes in strain energy and neighboring groups. In addition, the rate constant for reaction with cysteine did not correlate with cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 691007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9147", "title": "Antitumor agents 32. Synthesis and antitumor activity of cyclopentenone derivatives related to helenalin.", "content": "Several new cyclopentenones related to helenalin have been synthesized as potential alkylating antitumor agents. The procedure involved the transformation of 2-methyl-2-carbethoxycyclopentanone (2) to an ethylene ketal 3, bromination of 3 followed by dehydrobromination to yield a ketal olefin 5, reduction of 5 to the alcohol 6, conversion of 6 to the corresponding hydroxycyclopentenone 7, and estrification of 7 to afford the cyclopentenone esters 8--11. Biological assays indicated that only cyclopentenones possessing a conjugated ester side chain, such as 9 and 10, demonstrated significant in vitro cytotoxicity against the growth of tissue culture cells originating from human epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx (H.Ep.-2) as well as in vivo antitumor activity in Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats and P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice.", "contents": "Antitumor agents 32. Synthesis and antitumor activity of cyclopentenone derivatives related to helenalin. Several new cyclopentenones related to helenalin have been synthesized as potential alkylating antitumor agents. The procedure involved the transformation of 2-methyl-2-carbethoxycyclopentanone (2) to an ethylene ketal 3, bromination of 3 followed by dehydrobromination to yield a ketal olefin 5, reduction of 5 to the alcohol 6, conversion of 6 to the corresponding hydroxycyclopentenone 7, and estrification of 7 to afford the cyclopentenone esters 8--11. Biological assays indicated that only cyclopentenones possessing a conjugated ester side chain, such as 9 and 10, demonstrated significant in vitro cytotoxicity against the growth of tissue culture cells originating from human epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx (H.Ep.-2) as well as in vivo antitumor activity in Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats and P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice.", "PMID": 691008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9148", "title": "In vitro antiplaque properties of a series of alkyl bis(biguanides).", "content": "A series of eight alkyl bis(biguanide) analogues of alexidine, N,N''''-1,6-hexanediyl bis[N'-(2-ethylhexyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide] (1), was prepared. Five of these analogues constituted a series isolipophilic with 1 but with varying bridge length between biguanide moieties. The compounds were evaluated in vitro for antibacterial and antiplaque properties against Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces viscosus, and Actinomyces naesludii. One analogue, N N,''''-1,6-hexanediyl bis[N'(n-octyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide], appeared to be more effective than either 1 or chlorhexidine against this spectrum of dental plaque forming microorganisms.", "contents": "In vitro antiplaque properties of a series of alkyl bis(biguanides). A series of eight alkyl bis(biguanide) analogues of alexidine, N,N''''-1,6-hexanediyl bis[N'-(2-ethylhexyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide] (1), was prepared. Five of these analogues constituted a series isolipophilic with 1 but with varying bridge length between biguanide moieties. The compounds were evaluated in vitro for antibacterial and antiplaque properties against Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces viscosus, and Actinomyces naesludii. One analogue, N N,''''-1,6-hexanediyl bis[N'(n-octyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide], appeared to be more effective than either 1 or chlorhexidine against this spectrum of dental plaque forming microorganisms.", "PMID": 691009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9149", "title": "8-Carboxy-6-sulfamyldibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepines and -thiazepines as potential high-ceiling diuretics.", "content": "The synthesis of several 8-carboxy-6-sulfamyldibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepines and -thiazepines is described. The results of diuretic screening lend support to the thesis that activity is strongly dependent on the conformational mobility of 4-substituents in the 3-amino-5-sulfamylbenzoic acids.", "contents": "8-Carboxy-6-sulfamyldibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepines and -thiazepines as potential high-ceiling diuretics. The synthesis of several 8-carboxy-6-sulfamyldibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepines and -thiazepines is described. The results of diuretic screening lend support to the thesis that activity is strongly dependent on the conformational mobility of 4-substituents in the 3-amino-5-sulfamylbenzoic acids.", "PMID": 691010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9150", "title": "The assessment of pain in advanced cancer.", "content": "This is one of a group of papers read at the London Medical Group conference of \"Pain: a necessity?\",' which was held in Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, London in February 1978. Dr Twycross argues that complete assessment implies the ability not only to make a diagnosis but also to initiate appropriate treatment. Describing the site, severity and quality of the pain is only the first step. A doctor needs to: 1) Be aware of the range of diagnostic possibilities 2) Appreciate the influences of non-physical factors such as mood and morale 3) Be aware of the range of treatemnt options 4) Establish realistic objectives with the patient 5) Reassess at appropriate intervals to review treatment, monitor side-effects, and develop and maintain a good working relationship with the patient.", "contents": "The assessment of pain in advanced cancer. This is one of a group of papers read at the London Medical Group conference of \"Pain: a necessity?\",' which was held in Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, London in February 1978. Dr Twycross argues that complete assessment implies the ability not only to make a diagnosis but also to initiate appropriate treatment. Describing the site, severity and quality of the pain is only the first step. A doctor needs to: 1) Be aware of the range of diagnostic possibilities 2) Appreciate the influences of non-physical factors such as mood and morale 3) Be aware of the range of treatemnt options 4) Establish realistic objectives with the patient 5) Reassess at appropriate intervals to review treatment, monitor side-effects, and develop and maintain a good working relationship with the patient.", "PMID": 691013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9151", "title": "The value of clinics for the relief of chronic pain.", "content": "This paper is another of the papers presented at a conference on Pain organised under the auspices of the London Medical Group. Mark Swerdlow deals with the work of pain relief clinics and explores their value. He gives the background as to what these clinics are, describes who is treated, how they are staffed and finally offers his opinion as to their effectiveness.", "contents": "The value of clinics for the relief of chronic pain. This paper is another of the papers presented at a conference on Pain organised under the auspices of the London Medical Group. Mark Swerdlow deals with the work of pain relief clinics and explores their value. He gives the background as to what these clinics are, describes who is treated, how they are staffed and finally offers his opinion as to their effectiveness.", "PMID": 691014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9152", "title": "The place of pain in human experience.", "content": "In this last of our selection of papers from the London Medical Group Conference on Pain, Gilbert Lewis, through his experiences of living in New Guinea describes to us the various rites, rituals and uses of pain in societies other than our own. He outlines, by example, how what often seems the natural behaviour to us for helping a sufferer in fact, can make matters far worse for other peoples. Although different societies approach the problem of pain from many routes the aim of all is to relieve pain for the sufferers. If the sufferer says he feels relief then that is surely what counts.", "contents": "The place of pain in human experience. In this last of our selection of papers from the London Medical Group Conference on Pain, Gilbert Lewis, through his experiences of living in New Guinea describes to us the various rites, rituals and uses of pain in societies other than our own. He outlines, by example, how what often seems the natural behaviour to us for helping a sufferer in fact, can make matters far worse for other peoples. Although different societies approach the problem of pain from many routes the aim of all is to relieve pain for the sufferers. If the sufferer says he feels relief then that is surely what counts.", "PMID": 691015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9153", "title": "Psychiatry as ideology in the USSR.", "content": "This paper was given as a talk at the Venice Biennale on 9 December 1977. It was part of a symposium on \"The Freedom of Science--Problems of Science of Scientists in Eastern Europe\". Dr Bloch details some of the problems of psychiatry and its vulnerability to improper use and thus the dilemmas which must ensue in day to day practice. He looks at psychiatry in the USSR and the system within which Soviet psychiatrists must work. The Communist Party and career advancement for psychiatrists would appear to be closely related and it is suggested that, in all probability, the majority of psychiatrists are as perturbed at the misuse of their profession as their Western colleagues, but act compliantly out of fear. Severe punishments have been imposed on those psychiatrists who have dared to speak out against the r\u00e9gime and the system as operated. Dr Bloch concludes by urging Western psychiatrists to do all they can to help their Soviet colleagues to initiate a return to an independent and automous psychiatric profession.", "contents": "Psychiatry as ideology in the USSR. This paper was given as a talk at the Venice Biennale on 9 December 1977. It was part of a symposium on \"The Freedom of Science--Problems of Science of Scientists in Eastern Europe\". Dr Bloch details some of the problems of psychiatry and its vulnerability to improper use and thus the dilemmas which must ensue in day to day practice. He looks at psychiatry in the USSR and the system within which Soviet psychiatrists must work. The Communist Party and career advancement for psychiatrists would appear to be closely related and it is suggested that, in all probability, the majority of psychiatrists are as perturbed at the misuse of their profession as their Western colleagues, but act compliantly out of fear. Severe punishments have been imposed on those psychiatrists who have dared to speak out against the r\u00e9gime and the system as operated. Dr Bloch concludes by urging Western psychiatrists to do all they can to help their Soviet colleagues to initiate a return to an independent and automous psychiatric profession.", "PMID": 691016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9154", "title": "Bisexuality and the problem of its social acceptance.", "content": "Professor Austin explores four main areas in this paper. First of all he outlines the physical development of sex differentiation in the embryo. He develops this by describing the clinical manifestations of abnormality which can appear at that stage. Professor Austin points out that there are relatively few people with abnormalities and that those who do show homosexual tendencies are not noticeably different from the norm in terms of their sexual equipment and hormone levels. It is much more likely that their psychological and social development has a greater influence in differentiating them sexually. The last section of the paper is a synopsis of society's reactions to homosexuality or bisexuality which term in Professor Austin's opinion is more accurate and descriptive of the condition.", "contents": "Bisexuality and the problem of its social acceptance. Professor Austin explores four main areas in this paper. First of all he outlines the physical development of sex differentiation in the embryo. He develops this by describing the clinical manifestations of abnormality which can appear at that stage. Professor Austin points out that there are relatively few people with abnormalities and that those who do show homosexual tendencies are not noticeably different from the norm in terms of their sexual equipment and hormone levels. It is much more likely that their psychological and social development has a greater influence in differentiating them sexually. The last section of the paper is a synopsis of society's reactions to homosexuality or bisexuality which term in Professor Austin's opinion is more accurate and descriptive of the condition.", "PMID": 691017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9155", "title": "On children and proxy consent.", "content": "The meaning of valid proxy consent for children has recently been the subject of an important debate between Richard McCormick and Paul Ramsey on the ethics of experimenting with children. Ramsey is willing to agree with McCormick that parental consent for a child to undergo some medical procedure is valid only if parents consider what the child would consent to if he could. But beyond this, Ramsey has a fundamentally different conception of the child from McCormick, and therefore gives a very different interpretation to this standard for valid proxy consent. In Ramsey's view, McCormick's basic mistake is to think of the child as a small adult, thereby overlooking the child's peculiar vulnerabilities and needs. In particular, McCormick fails to attend to the child's needs for \"preservation in life and healthful growth\". In this paper, the author pursues Ramsey's suggestion that a correct analysis of valid proxy consent for children would replace the \"language of consent\" with the \"language of need\". He does this by sketching a theory of parenthood that rests on two central notions: that of primary goods, as found in the writing of John Rawls, and that of autonomy.", "contents": "On children and proxy consent. The meaning of valid proxy consent for children has recently been the subject of an important debate between Richard McCormick and Paul Ramsey on the ethics of experimenting with children. Ramsey is willing to agree with McCormick that parental consent for a child to undergo some medical procedure is valid only if parents consider what the child would consent to if he could. But beyond this, Ramsey has a fundamentally different conception of the child from McCormick, and therefore gives a very different interpretation to this standard for valid proxy consent. In Ramsey's view, McCormick's basic mistake is to think of the child as a small adult, thereby overlooking the child's peculiar vulnerabilities and needs. In particular, McCormick fails to attend to the child's needs for \"preservation in life and healthful growth\". In this paper, the author pursues Ramsey's suggestion that a correct analysis of valid proxy consent for children would replace the \"language of consent\" with the \"language of need\". He does this by sketching a theory of parenthood that rests on two central notions: that of primary goods, as found in the writing of John Rawls, and that of autonomy.", "PMID": 691018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9156", "title": "Academic and personal predictors of clinical success in medical school.", "content": "Admissions interview data and college academic credentials of five classes of University of Missouri-Columbia medical students were evaluated as possible predictors of clinical success. Those students who were judged by admissions  interviewers to have high levels of maturity, nonacademic achievement motivation or rapport were approximately two to three times as likely to receive outstanding internship recommendations as those without such personal characteristics. Under-graduate grade-point average had a smaller but nevertheless significant relationship with clinical success as measured by internship letters. These data suggest that additional emphasis during selection upon applicants' personal characteristics would have enhanced the clinical success of these students.", "contents": "Academic and personal predictors of clinical success in medical school. Admissions interview data and college academic credentials of five classes of University of Missouri-Columbia medical students were evaluated as possible predictors of clinical success. Those students who were judged by admissions  interviewers to have high levels of maturity, nonacademic achievement motivation or rapport were approximately two to three times as likely to receive outstanding internship recommendations as those without such personal characteristics. Under-graduate grade-point average had a smaller but nevertheless significant relationship with clinical success as measured by internship letters. These data suggest that additional emphasis during selection upon applicants' personal characteristics would have enhanced the clinical success of these students.", "PMID": 691024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9157", "title": "A problem-based criterion-referenced examination of clinical competence.", "content": "A model has been developed for a problem-based criterion-referenced test of clinical competence. The model, designed to increase the reliability and validity of traditional final year examinations for medical students, aims to provide a profile of student performance over a range of defined competence categories. The level of competence has been referenced to that expected of an intern. Both the content of the examination and the selection of test methods are based on patient problem blueprints which identify key areas that require testing. The content and test methods were incorporated, as appropriate, into either th;e written section or the practical section of the examination. The approach was found to be feasible and acceptable to staff and students.", "contents": "A problem-based criterion-referenced examination of clinical competence. A model has been developed for a problem-based criterion-referenced test of clinical competence. The model, designed to increase the reliability and validity of traditional final year examinations for medical students, aims to provide a profile of student performance over a range of defined competence categories. The level of competence has been referenced to that expected of an intern. Both the content of the examination and the selection of test methods are based on patient problem blueprints which identify key areas that require testing. The content and test methods were incorporated, as appropriate, into either th;e written section or the practical section of the examination. The approach was found to be feasible and acceptable to staff and students.", "PMID": 691025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9158", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of academic frustration syndrome.", "content": "A random sample of medical students was compared with others who were unable to cope with unanticipated academic frustration. The noncoping students demonstrated higher levels of debilitating anxiety and lower levels of facilitating anxiety while their perceptions of locus of control tended to be more extreme. No difference was found in study habits and attitudes. Techniques of attribution therapy and desensitization in the counseling of these students proved to be effective in improving coping behavior in six of seven cases.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of academic frustration syndrome. A random sample of medical students was compared with others who were unable to cope with unanticipated academic frustration. The noncoping students demonstrated higher levels of debilitating anxiety and lower levels of facilitating anxiety while their perceptions of locus of control tended to be more extreme. No difference was found in study habits and attitudes. Techniques of attribution therapy and desensitization in the counseling of these students proved to be effective in improving coping behavior in six of seven cases.", "PMID": 691026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9159", "title": "French medical education: years of change.", "content": "In the 1960s medical education in France underwent major changes after nearly a quarter-century of efforts by a few leaders. The reforms were supported by students, externs, and interns but generally were opposed by hospital staff and administration and by those in organized medicine. Following student unrest in the late 1960s and evolving medical education in France and elsewhere in the western world, a new series of changes was introduced, several perhaps of more far-reaching consequence than those of the prior decade. Reviewed here is the impact on French medical education of the expansion in numbers of medical schools and students, introduction of a competitive examination to select students whose numbers are a function of the number of teaching hospital beds available, and governmental plans to effect a 20 percent reduction in the number of medical students by 1980.", "contents": "French medical education: years of change. In the 1960s medical education in France underwent major changes after nearly a quarter-century of efforts by a few leaders. The reforms were supported by students, externs, and interns but generally were opposed by hospital staff and administration and by those in organized medicine. Following student unrest in the late 1960s and evolving medical education in France and elsewhere in the western world, a new series of changes was introduced, several perhaps of more far-reaching consequence than those of the prior decade. Reviewed here is the impact on French medical education of the expansion in numbers of medical schools and students, introduction of a competitive examination to select students whose numbers are a function of the number of teaching hospital beds available, and governmental plans to effect a 20 percent reduction in the number of medical students by 1980.", "PMID": 691027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9160", "title": "Teaching occupational health to physicians.", "content": "A comprehensive training program for physicians interested in occupational health is presented. The objectives are to prepare students to identify and prevent occupational disease, with an emphasis on the development of a public health perspective. Seven content areas are described: epidemiology and biostatistics, toxicology, industrial hygiene, safety and ergonomics, policy issues, administration, and clinical aspects. These are organized in a matrix to provide appropriate levels of training for medical students, resident physicians, and general practioners as well as physicians seeking specialty training.", "contents": "Teaching occupational health to physicians. A comprehensive training program for physicians interested in occupational health is presented. The objectives are to prepare students to identify and prevent occupational disease, with an emphasis on the development of a public health perspective. Seven content areas are described: epidemiology and biostatistics, toxicology, industrial hygiene, safety and ergonomics, policy issues, administration, and clinical aspects. These are organized in a matrix to provide appropriate levels of training for medical students, resident physicians, and general practioners as well as physicians seeking specialty training.", "PMID": 691028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9161", "title": "Utilization of psychiatry in a primary care center.", "content": "The pattern of use of psychiatry over a 12-month period in a university-based primary care center is reported. Interest in pursuing careers in family practice and amount of time spent in the center were related to seeking consultation. All nurse practitioners and social workers sought psychiatric consultations. The majority of patients received care for their psychiatric problems by their primary care clinicians after consultation rather than being referred to a traditional psychiatric clinic.", "contents": "Utilization of psychiatry in a primary care center. The pattern of use of psychiatry over a 12-month period in a university-based primary care center is reported. Interest in pursuing careers in family practice and amount of time spent in the center were related to seeking consultation. All nurse practitioners and social workers sought psychiatric consultations. The majority of patients received care for their psychiatric problems by their primary care clinicians after consultation rather than being referred to a traditional psychiatric clinic.", "PMID": 691029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9162", "title": "The community mental health center as a setting for a psychiatry junior clerkship.", "content": "The implementation of a psychiatric outpatient experience for a first class of junior medical students in a nonmedical model community mental health clinic is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of exposing students to a community-oriented, rather than a medical-center-oriented, treatment system are discussed in some detail. Differences between the two settings of particular import were the stress placed by the clinic upon team decision-making, diffuse responsibility for client care, a somewhat antimedical orientation, and treatment of clients whose complaints are more often \"problems of living\" rather than of psychiatric illness. It is felt that the positive aspects of such an exposure outweigh the negative ones and that by careful planning many of the potential drawbacks of such a setting for a psychiatric outpatient rotation can be successfully avoided.", "contents": "The community mental health center as a setting for a psychiatry junior clerkship. The implementation of a psychiatric outpatient experience for a first class of junior medical students in a nonmedical model community mental health clinic is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of exposing students to a community-oriented, rather than a medical-center-oriented, treatment system are discussed in some detail. Differences between the two settings of particular import were the stress placed by the clinic upon team decision-making, diffuse responsibility for client care, a somewhat antimedical orientation, and treatment of clients whose complaints are more often \"problems of living\" rather than of psychiatric illness. It is felt that the positive aspects of such an exposure outweigh the negative ones and that by careful planning many of the potential drawbacks of such a setting for a psychiatric outpatient rotation can be successfully avoided.", "PMID": 691030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9163", "title": "Ionic permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles measured by light scattering method.", "content": "The volume change of sarcoplasmic retriculum vesicles was followed by measuring the light scattering intensity. When the salt concentration of the suspension of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was increased by using a stopped flow apparatus, the light scattering intensity rapidly increased at the beginning and then decreased. The fast increase in the light scattering intensity is caused by the decrease of the volume of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles due to the outflow of water. The following decrease in the light scattering intensity is caused by the increase of the volume due to the inflow of the solutes and water. From the former and the latter rates, the permeation times of water and the solutes could be calculated, respectively. According to the same method, permeation times of various salts were determined. The rate of the inflow of the salts was dependent on the movement of the slower ions, that is, ions move as a pair. In the case of potassium salts, an increase in the permeation rate of the salts was observed when valinomycin was added to the membrane suspensions. From these experiments, as a measure of permeability, half permeation times of various ions and molecules were determined. The following are typical results: water 0.1, Li+ 36, Na+ 26, K+20, Rb+ 16, Cl- 0.4, methanesulfonate 20, phosphate 10.5, oxalate 40 in seconds at room temperature. As a whole, sarcoplasmic reticulum was found to be an anion permeable membrane.", "contents": "Ionic permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles measured by light scattering method. The volume change of sarcoplasmic retriculum vesicles was followed by measuring the light scattering intensity. When the salt concentration of the suspension of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was increased by using a stopped flow apparatus, the light scattering intensity rapidly increased at the beginning and then decreased. The fast increase in the light scattering intensity is caused by the decrease of the volume of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles due to the outflow of water. The following decrease in the light scattering intensity is caused by the increase of the volume due to the inflow of the solutes and water. From the former and the latter rates, the permeation times of water and the solutes could be calculated, respectively. According to the same method, permeation times of various salts were determined. The rate of the inflow of the salts was dependent on the movement of the slower ions, that is, ions move as a pair. In the case of potassium salts, an increase in the permeation rate of the salts was observed when valinomycin was added to the membrane suspensions. From these experiments, as a measure of permeability, half permeation times of various ions and molecules were determined. The following are typical results: water 0.1, Li+ 36, Na+ 26, K+20, Rb+ 16, Cl- 0.4, methanesulfonate 20, phosphate 10.5, oxalate 40 in seconds at room temperature. As a whole, sarcoplasmic reticulum was found to be an anion permeable membrane.", "PMID": 691039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9164", "title": "On the red blood cell Ca2+-pump: an estimate of stoichiometry.", "content": "Efflux of Ca2+ from reversibly hemolyzed human red blood cells ghosts was determined by a Ca2+ selective electrode, by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and by the use of 45Ca. Hydrolysis of ATP was determined by measurement of inorganic phosphate (Pi). At 25 degrees C, ghosts loaded with CaCl2, MgCl2, Na2ATP, and Tris buffer (pH 7.4) extruded Ca2+, with mean rates ranging from 58.8 +/- 3.5 (SD) to 74.7 +/- 8.2 (SD) mumoles.liter ghosts -1.min-1 depending on the method of Ca2+ determination. The ratio of Ca2+ transport to Pi released in the presence of ouabain without correction for background ATP splitting was 0.83, 0.83, and 0.80, respectively, for the three methods of Ca2+ determination. Correction for the ATPase activity not associated with Ca2+ transport resulted in a ratio of 0.91:1. In other experiments, the use of La3+ to inhibit the Ca2+-pump allowed an estimate of the ATPase activity associated with Ca2+ extrusion. In the presence of various concentrations of La3+, the ratio of Ca2+ pumped to Pi liberated was 0.86 or 1.02, depending on the method of Ca2+ determination. It is concluded that the stoichiometry of the Ca2+-pump of the RBC plasma membrane is one Ca2+ pumped per ATP hydrolyzed.", "contents": "On the red blood cell Ca2+-pump: an estimate of stoichiometry. Efflux of Ca2+ from reversibly hemolyzed human red blood cells ghosts was determined by a Ca2+ selective electrode, by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and by the use of 45Ca. Hydrolysis of ATP was determined by measurement of inorganic phosphate (Pi). At 25 degrees C, ghosts loaded with CaCl2, MgCl2, Na2ATP, and Tris buffer (pH 7.4) extruded Ca2+, with mean rates ranging from 58.8 +/- 3.5 (SD) to 74.7 +/- 8.2 (SD) mumoles.liter ghosts -1.min-1 depending on the method of Ca2+ determination. The ratio of Ca2+ transport to Pi released in the presence of ouabain without correction for background ATP splitting was 0.83, 0.83, and 0.80, respectively, for the three methods of Ca2+ determination. Correction for the ATPase activity not associated with Ca2+ transport resulted in a ratio of 0.91:1. In other experiments, the use of La3+ to inhibit the Ca2+-pump allowed an estimate of the ATPase activity associated with Ca2+ extrusion. In the presence of various concentrations of La3+, the ratio of Ca2+ pumped to Pi liberated was 0.86 or 1.02, depending on the method of Ca2+ determination. It is concluded that the stoichiometry of the Ca2+-pump of the RBC plasma membrane is one Ca2+ pumped per ATP hydrolyzed.", "PMID": 691040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9165", "title": "Freeze-fracturing of biological material with a new specimen table.", "content": "The freeze-fracturing of various biological material is described with the aid of a modified Balzers specimen table. The advantages of this table are easier and faster handling of the specimens and a better thermal contact between the specimen and the cold stage.", "contents": "Freeze-fracturing of biological material with a new specimen table. The freeze-fracturing of various biological material is described with the aid of a modified Balzers specimen table. The advantages of this table are easier and faster handling of the specimens and a better thermal contact between the specimen and the cold stage.", "PMID": 691041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9166", "title": "Distribution of membrane thickness determined by lineal analysis.", "content": "The expected statistical distributions of intercept length are derived in terms of geometrical probability density functions pertaining to plates with known thickness penetrated by lines with random orientation. These expressions provide arithmetic and graphical solutions for obtaining distributions of membrane thickness and reciprocal membrane thickness from empirical distributions of intercept lengths. Furthermore, general relationships between probability density functions of distributions of intercept length and membrane thickness are derived as well as those between their moments. Examples of the application of the method to biological samples are given, and estimated distributions of glomerular basement membrane thickness are compared to those obtained by an independent, direct method. Various sources of bias, which in practice may occur due to departures from the sample model, are discussed and the influence of some of them is estimated. The knowledge of the probability density function of reciprocal intercepts makes it possible to perform a correction of the distribution of measured intercept length, which to some extent eliminates bias.", "contents": "Distribution of membrane thickness determined by lineal analysis. The expected statistical distributions of intercept length are derived in terms of geometrical probability density functions pertaining to plates with known thickness penetrated by lines with random orientation. These expressions provide arithmetic and graphical solutions for obtaining distributions of membrane thickness and reciprocal membrane thickness from empirical distributions of intercept lengths. Furthermore, general relationships between probability density functions of distributions of intercept length and membrane thickness are derived as well as those between their moments. Examples of the application of the method to biological samples are given, and estimated distributions of glomerular basement membrane thickness are compared to those obtained by an independent, direct method. Various sources of bias, which in practice may occur due to departures from the sample model, are discussed and the influence of some of them is estimated. The knowledge of the probability density function of reciprocal intercepts makes it possible to perform a correction of the distribution of measured intercept length, which to some extent eliminates bias.", "PMID": 691043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9167", "title": "The relationship of a monoamine fiber system to a somatosensory tectal projection in the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum.", "content": "After hemisection of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata, a projection has been traced to the inner half of the tectal white of the tiger salamander, using Fink-Heimer degeneration staining. By microelectrode recording it was found that the tectal projection forms a topographic somatosensory map of the contralateral half of the body. This map is in register with the overlying retino-tectal visual projection. Using the Falck-Hillarp technique, it was found that the somatosensory tectal input is associated with yellow-fluorescing 5-hydroxytryptamine fibers.", "contents": "The relationship of a monoamine fiber system to a somatosensory tectal projection in the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. After hemisection of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata, a projection has been traced to the inner half of the tectal white of the tiger salamander, using Fink-Heimer degeneration staining. By microelectrode recording it was found that the tectal projection forms a topographic somatosensory map of the contralateral half of the body. This map is in register with the overlying retino-tectal visual projection. Using the Falck-Hillarp technique, it was found that the somatosensory tectal input is associated with yellow-fluorescing 5-hydroxytryptamine fibers.", "PMID": 691065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9168", "title": "Genetic code correlations: amino acids and their anticodon nucleotides.", "content": "The data here show direct correlations between both the hydrophobicity and the hydrophilicity of the homocodonic amino acids and their anticodon nucleotides. While the differences between properties of uracil and cytosine derivatives are small, further data show that uracil has an affinity for charged species. Although these data suggest that molecular relationships between amino acids and anticodons were responsible for the origin of the code, it is not clear what the mechanism of the origin might have been.", "contents": "Genetic code correlations: amino acids and their anticodon nucleotides. The data here show direct correlations between both the hydrophobicity and the hydrophilicity of the homocodonic amino acids and their anticodon nucleotides. While the differences between properties of uracil and cytosine derivatives are small, further data show that uracil has an affinity for charged species. Although these data suggest that molecular relationships between amino acids and anticodons were responsible for the origin of the code, it is not clear what the mechanism of the origin might have been.", "PMID": 691071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9169", "title": "The genetic code as a periodic table.", "content": "The contemporary genetic code is reflective of a significant correlation between the properties of amino acids and their anticodons in a periodic manner. Almost all properties of amino acids showed a greater correlation to anticondonic than to codonic dinucleoside monophosphate properties. The polarity and bulkiness of amino acid side chains can be used to predict the anticodon with considerable confidence. The results are most consistent with predictions of the \"direct interaction\" and \"ambiguity reduction\" hypotheses for the origin of the genetic code.", "contents": "The genetic code as a periodic table. The contemporary genetic code is reflective of a significant correlation between the properties of amino acids and their anticodons in a periodic manner. Almost all properties of amino acids showed a greater correlation to anticondonic than to codonic dinucleoside monophosphate properties. The polarity and bulkiness of amino acid side chains can be used to predict the anticodon with considerable confidence. The results are most consistent with predictions of the \"direct interaction\" and \"ambiguity reduction\" hypotheses for the origin of the genetic code.", "PMID": 691072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9170", "title": "A measure of the denseness of a phylogenetic network.", "content": "The concept of phylogenetic denseness bears critically on the accuracy of evolutionary pathways inferred from experimentally sequenced proteins isolated from extant species. In this paper I develop an objective measure, rho, of denseness to supplement previous intuitive concepts and which permits one to use this concept in comparing the quality of different evolutionary reconstructions. This measure is used to examine several published phylogenetic trees: insulin, alpha-hemoglobin, beta-hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome c, and the parvalbumin family. The paper emphasizes 1) the importance of denseness in accurately estimating the number of nucleotide replacements which separate homologous sequences when this estimation is made by the method of parsimony, 2) the value of this concept in assessing the quality of those estimates, and 3) the use of this concept as a biologically practical heuristic method for identifying poorly studied regions in a phylogenetic tree, whether or not the tree was obtained by the parsimony method.", "contents": "A measure of the denseness of a phylogenetic network. The concept of phylogenetic denseness bears critically on the accuracy of evolutionary pathways inferred from experimentally sequenced proteins isolated from extant species. In this paper I develop an objective measure, rho, of denseness to supplement previous intuitive concepts and which permits one to use this concept in comparing the quality of different evolutionary reconstructions. This measure is used to examine several published phylogenetic trees: insulin, alpha-hemoglobin, beta-hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome c, and the parvalbumin family. The paper emphasizes 1) the importance of denseness in accurately estimating the number of nucleotide replacements which separate homologous sequences when this estimation is made by the method of parsimony, 2) the value of this concept in assessing the quality of those estimates, and 3) the use of this concept as a biologically practical heuristic method for identifying poorly studied regions in a phylogenetic tree, whether or not the tree was obtained by the parsimony method.", "PMID": 691073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9171", "title": "The evolution of protein sequences by repetitious gene duplication: clostridial flavodoxin.", "content": "Internal regularities of amino acid sequences of flavodoxins, FMN-containing, low molecular weight flavoproteins, were statistically examined using the minimum mutation method. The sequence of Clostridium pasteurianum flavodoxin shows statistically significant evidence of repetitious internal gene duplications at different levels of structure. Peptide pairs with a low chance probabilitiy of occurrence were frequently observed at a shift of 5 residues. The pairs with the lowest chance probabilities are a pair of heptapeptides at positions39--45 vs. 44--50, a 5 residue shift (p = 9 x 10(-6)). Most of the related pairs are consistent and could best be explained by the repeating pentapeptide sequence: (Lys-Gly-Ala-Asp-Val-)n and appropriate gaps. Internal repetitions with longer shifts were also suggested for other flavodoxins. Repetitious gene duplication is proposed for the early stages of flavodoxin evolution.", "contents": "The evolution of protein sequences by repetitious gene duplication: clostridial flavodoxin. Internal regularities of amino acid sequences of flavodoxins, FMN-containing, low molecular weight flavoproteins, were statistically examined using the minimum mutation method. The sequence of Clostridium pasteurianum flavodoxin shows statistically significant evidence of repetitious internal gene duplications at different levels of structure. Peptide pairs with a low chance probabilitiy of occurrence were frequently observed at a shift of 5 residues. The pairs with the lowest chance probabilities are a pair of heptapeptides at positions39--45 vs. 44--50, a 5 residue shift (p = 9 x 10(-6)). Most of the related pairs are consistent and could best be explained by the repeating pentapeptide sequence: (Lys-Gly-Ala-Asp-Val-)n and appropriate gaps. Internal repetitions with longer shifts were also suggested for other flavodoxins. Repetitious gene duplication is proposed for the early stages of flavodoxin evolution.", "PMID": 691074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9172", "title": "Archaebacteria.", "content": "Experimental work published elsewhere has shown that the Archaebacteria encompass several distinct subgroups including methanogens, extreme halophiles, and various thermoacidophiles. The common characteristics of Archaebacteria known to date are these: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls, with in many cases, replacement by a largely proteinaceous coat; (3) the occurrence of ether linked lipids built from phytanyl chains and (4) in all cases known so far, their occurrence only in unusual habitats. These organisms contain a number of 'eucaryotic features' in addition to their many bacterial attributes. This is interpreted as a strong indication that the Archaebacteria, while not actually eucaryotic, do indeed represents a third separate, line of descent as originally proposed.", "contents": "Archaebacteria. Experimental work published elsewhere has shown that the Archaebacteria encompass several distinct subgroups including methanogens, extreme halophiles, and various thermoacidophiles. The common characteristics of Archaebacteria known to date are these: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls, with in many cases, replacement by a largely proteinaceous coat; (3) the occurrence of ether linked lipids built from phytanyl chains and (4) in all cases known so far, their occurrence only in unusual habitats. These organisms contain a number of 'eucaryotic features' in addition to their many bacterial attributes. This is interpreted as a strong indication that the Archaebacteria, while not actually eucaryotic, do indeed represents a third separate, line of descent as originally proposed.", "PMID": 691075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9173", "title": "Non-aerated cultivation of Halobacterium cutirubrum and its effect on cellular squalenes.", "content": "Halobacterium cutirubrum was successfully cultivated under aerobic and microaerobic conditions. The early stationary phase of growth was obtained at 2.2 days and 45--55 days for aerated and non-aerated cultures, respectively. The dry cell yields were 0.7--1.2 gm/1 in all preparations grown to early stationary growth phase. The cellular ratio of squalene to dihydro- and tetra-hydrosqualene decreased proportionately with decreased aeration rates.", "contents": "Non-aerated cultivation of Halobacterium cutirubrum and its effect on cellular squalenes. Halobacterium cutirubrum was successfully cultivated under aerobic and microaerobic conditions. The early stationary phase of growth was obtained at 2.2 days and 45--55 days for aerated and non-aerated cultures, respectively. The dry cell yields were 0.7--1.2 gm/1 in all preparations grown to early stationary growth phase. The cellular ratio of squalene to dihydro- and tetra-hydrosqualene decreased proportionately with decreased aeration rates.", "PMID": 691076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9174", "title": "Neutral changes during divergent evolution of hemoglobins.", "content": "A comparison of the mRNAs for rabbit and human beta-hemoglobins shows that synonymous changes in codons have accumulated three times as rapidly as nucleotide replacements that produced changes in amino acids. This agrees with predictions based on the so-called 'neutral theory'. In addition, seven codon changes that appear to be single-base changes (according to 'maximum parsimony') are actually two-base changes. This indicates that the construction of \"primordial sequences\" is of limited signficance when based on inferences that assume minimum base changes for amino acid replacements.", "contents": "Neutral changes during divergent evolution of hemoglobins. A comparison of the mRNAs for rabbit and human beta-hemoglobins shows that synonymous changes in codons have accumulated three times as rapidly as nucleotide replacements that produced changes in amino acids. This agrees with predictions based on the so-called 'neutral theory'. In addition, seven codon changes that appear to be single-base changes (according to 'maximum parsimony') are actually two-base changes. This indicates that the construction of \"primordial sequences\" is of limited signficance when based on inferences that assume minimum base changes for amino acid replacements.", "PMID": 691078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9175", "title": "Severe demyelinating diseases in childhood: a clinicopathological study.", "content": "Case reports of six children seen by the author were selected to emphasize that severe demyelinating diseases occur in childhood, even if rarely. Cases include measles encephalitis, acute and chronic, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, neuromyelitis optica, and multiple sclerosis, confirmed by pathologic findings, and, finally, a case of multiple sclerosis in a living child. Emphasis is directed to the clinical and pathological findings of demyelinating diseases associated with viral encephalitis caused by rubeola and vaccinia viruses. Photomicrographs illustrate the principal pathologic findings.", "contents": "Severe demyelinating diseases in childhood: a clinicopathological study. Case reports of six children seen by the author were selected to emphasize that severe demyelinating diseases occur in childhood, even if rarely. Cases include measles encephalitis, acute and chronic, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, neuromyelitis optica, and multiple sclerosis, confirmed by pathologic findings, and, finally, a case of multiple sclerosis in a living child. Emphasis is directed to the clinical and pathological findings of demyelinating diseases associated with viral encephalitis caused by rubeola and vaccinia viruses. Photomicrographs illustrate the principal pathologic findings.", "PMID": 691079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9176", "title": "Smoker's lump.", "content": "The purpose of this report is to review personal experience with digital palpation of the nasopharynx, particularly as it relates to an apparently reversible posterior pharyngeal mass commonly found in patients who are heavy smokers.", "contents": "Smoker's lump. The purpose of this report is to review personal experience with digital palpation of the nasopharynx, particularly as it relates to an apparently reversible posterior pharyngeal mass commonly found in patients who are heavy smokers.", "PMID": 691080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9177", "title": "Medical student attitudes about quality of care and training of minority persons.", "content": "Ninety-five first year medical students agreed that there was differential medical treatment of minority vs majority persons. Implicated reasons for this phenomenon were lack of personal treatment of members of minorities, distrust of medical workers by minority members, and majority perceptions that minority persons are not good patients. Integrated treatment and training facilities, preferential academic treatment, special training for majority students, and philosophy of medical care are discussed in terms of improving medical care for all.", "contents": "Medical student attitudes about quality of care and training of minority persons. Ninety-five first year medical students agreed that there was differential medical treatment of minority vs majority persons. Implicated reasons for this phenomenon were lack of personal treatment of members of minorities, distrust of medical workers by minority members, and majority perceptions that minority persons are not good patients. Integrated treatment and training facilities, preferential academic treatment, special training for majority students, and philosophy of medical care are discussed in terms of improving medical care for all.", "PMID": 691081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9178", "title": "Sarcoidosis: multiple chest manifestations.", "content": "The multiple roentgenographic appearances of pulmonary sarcoidosis, a well-known systemic granulomatous disease of undetermined etiology, are presented. The findings in the chests of 350 patients with diagnosis of Boeck sarcoid confirms the usual and unusual manifestations which have been described in the past.(1,2)", "contents": "Sarcoidosis: multiple chest manifestations. The multiple roentgenographic appearances of pulmonary sarcoidosis, a well-known systemic granulomatous disease of undetermined etiology, are presented. The findings in the chests of 350 patients with diagnosis of Boeck sarcoid confirms the usual and unusual manifestations which have been described in the past.(1,2)", "PMID": 691082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9179", "title": "Complications of groin hernia repair: their prevention and management.", "content": "An estimated overall complication rate of approximately ten percent is found in the half million patients who annually undergo groin hernia repair in the United States. Certain features in the operative technique are emphasized which should prevent many of these complications.Intraoperative complications during the groin hernia repair are primarily hemorrhage and injury to the vas deferens, the three nerves in the area, the vascular supply of the testis, and the abdominal and pelvic viscera. Miscellaneous intraoperative complications relate to problems associated with the repair of massive hernias, missed hernia, and the loss of strangulated bowel into the abdominal cavity.Early postoperative complications may be either systemic or local with cardiac and respiratory conditions comprising the former group. The early local complications are primarily wound problems of infection, hematoma formation, and scrotal swelling involving the skin and testis. High ligation in excision of the sac in all hernias, repair of the defect in the plane of its occurrence, and suture of fascia to fascia in the same plane without tension are the basic tenets of inguinal hernia repair which should result in a low incidence of recurrence.The most effective prophylactic measures necessary for the prevention of complications considered are a thorough knowledge of inguinofemoral anatomy, mature surgical judgment, and meticulous surgical technique.", "contents": "Complications of groin hernia repair: their prevention and management. An estimated overall complication rate of approximately ten percent is found in the half million patients who annually undergo groin hernia repair in the United States. Certain features in the operative technique are emphasized which should prevent many of these complications.Intraoperative complications during the groin hernia repair are primarily hemorrhage and injury to the vas deferens, the three nerves in the area, the vascular supply of the testis, and the abdominal and pelvic viscera. Miscellaneous intraoperative complications relate to problems associated with the repair of massive hernias, missed hernia, and the loss of strangulated bowel into the abdominal cavity.Early postoperative complications may be either systemic or local with cardiac and respiratory conditions comprising the former group. The early local complications are primarily wound problems of infection, hematoma formation, and scrotal swelling involving the skin and testis. High ligation in excision of the sac in all hernias, repair of the defect in the plane of its occurrence, and suture of fascia to fascia in the same plane without tension are the basic tenets of inguinal hernia repair which should result in a low incidence of recurrence.The most effective prophylactic measures necessary for the prevention of complications considered are a thorough knowledge of inguinofemoral anatomy, mature surgical judgment, and meticulous surgical technique.", "PMID": 691083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9180", "title": "Cancer of the tonsil--a retrospective study.", "content": "Treatment of cancer of the tonsil continues to be a controversial matter. A review of the otolaryngological literature and a study of 155 patients treated at the University of British Columbia reveals that the cure rate remains unsatisfactory, particularly in patients with large tumors. We have concluded that early carcinoma of the tonsil should be treated with a full course of radiotherapy reserving surgical treatment for residual or recurrent disease. Advanced carcinoma of the tonsil requires planned combined therapy. Early results indicate that the addition of chemotherapy may significantly improve results over the usual combination of radiotherapy and surgery.", "contents": "Cancer of the tonsil--a retrospective study. Treatment of cancer of the tonsil continues to be a controversial matter. A review of the otolaryngological literature and a study of 155 patients treated at the University of British Columbia reveals that the cure rate remains unsatisfactory, particularly in patients with large tumors. We have concluded that early carcinoma of the tonsil should be treated with a full course of radiotherapy reserving surgical treatment for residual or recurrent disease. Advanced carcinoma of the tonsil requires planned combined therapy. Early results indicate that the addition of chemotherapy may significantly improve results over the usual combination of radiotherapy and surgery.", "PMID": 691084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9181", "title": "Laryngeal granuloma secondary to gastro--esophageal reflux.", "content": "Approximately 60 per cent of patients with gastro-esophageal reflux have symptoms related to aspiration of acid and/or bile into the airway. Though many instances of lower airway involvement have been well documented, no mass lesion secondary to gastro-esophageal reflux involving the larynx has ever been demonstrated clinically. The purpose of this presentation is to define a recurrent granuloma of the posterior two-thirds of the left vocal cord, which appeared the result of gastro-esophageal reflux, including both bile and acid content. The relationship between the laryngeal granuloma and the gastro-esophageal reflux was both clinical and pathological; in particular, the histology of the lesion with its intact mucous membrane appeared virtually identical to that found in active reflux esophagitis.", "contents": "Laryngeal granuloma secondary to gastro--esophageal reflux. Approximately 60 per cent of patients with gastro-esophageal reflux have symptoms related to aspiration of acid and/or bile into the airway. Though many instances of lower airway involvement have been well documented, no mass lesion secondary to gastro-esophageal reflux involving the larynx has ever been demonstrated clinically. The purpose of this presentation is to define a recurrent granuloma of the posterior two-thirds of the left vocal cord, which appeared the result of gastro-esophageal reflux, including both bile and acid content. The relationship between the laryngeal granuloma and the gastro-esophageal reflux was both clinical and pathological; in particular, the histology of the lesion with its intact mucous membrane appeared virtually identical to that found in active reflux esophagitis.", "PMID": 691085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9182", "title": "The diagnosis of melanotic and other pigmented lesions of the lips and oral mucosa (dark spots in the mouth).", "content": "Pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa may be due to collections of blood, metallic particles of melanin. Any of these substances will appear of a blue tinge if at any depth in the tissues, while superficial collections may be red, black or brown respectively. Lesions associated with blood will be hematomas, dilated veins, hemangiomas or telangiectases. Metallic particles are found in amalgam tattoos. Melanotic pigmentation may occur as a normal variation, following hormonal disturbance and inflammation, and sometimes iatrogenically. Benign and malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is highly lethal. 25% of malignant melanomas in this site present as nondescript brown spots, and isolated broid overlooking an early malignant melanoma.", "contents": "The diagnosis of melanotic and other pigmented lesions of the lips and oral mucosa (dark spots in the mouth). Pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa may be due to collections of blood, metallic particles of melanin. Any of these substances will appear of a blue tinge if at any depth in the tissues, while superficial collections may be red, black or brown respectively. Lesions associated with blood will be hematomas, dilated veins, hemangiomas or telangiectases. Metallic particles are found in amalgam tattoos. Melanotic pigmentation may occur as a normal variation, following hormonal disturbance and inflammation, and sometimes iatrogenically. Benign and malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is highly lethal. 25% of malignant melanomas in this site present as nondescript brown spots, and isolated broid overlooking an early malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 691086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9183", "title": "Oncocytic lesions of the larynx.", "content": "Eight cases of laryngeal oncocytic lesions treated at Toronto Western Hospital between 1957 and 1977 are reviewed. The typical clinical course was of a benign lesion with prolonged dysphonia. A smaller number with bulkier lesions developed symptoms of airway obstruction. The lesions were supraglottic and cystic. They were excised either endoscopically or via a laryngofissure. The pathologic features support the concept that the lesion represents a metaplasiahyperplasia, and therefore the term 'oncocytic cyst' is preferred to terms which imply a neoplastic process. Three patients with oncocytic cysts had associated squamous dysplasia of the vocal cord. Pathologically this supports the theory of tissue response to chronic irritation, since all three were heavy smokers. Clincially the finding necessitates longterm follow-up with a view to possible squamous cell carcinoma that may arise on the true cords. Follow-up in this series showed no recurrence of symptoms in six of eight cases, two being lost to follow-up.", "contents": "Oncocytic lesions of the larynx. Eight cases of laryngeal oncocytic lesions treated at Toronto Western Hospital between 1957 and 1977 are reviewed. The typical clinical course was of a benign lesion with prolonged dysphonia. A smaller number with bulkier lesions developed symptoms of airway obstruction. The lesions were supraglottic and cystic. They were excised either endoscopically or via a laryngofissure. The pathologic features support the concept that the lesion represents a metaplasiahyperplasia, and therefore the term 'oncocytic cyst' is preferred to terms which imply a neoplastic process. Three patients with oncocytic cysts had associated squamous dysplasia of the vocal cord. Pathologically this supports the theory of tissue response to chronic irritation, since all three were heavy smokers. Clincially the finding necessitates longterm follow-up with a view to possible squamous cell carcinoma that may arise on the true cords. Follow-up in this series showed no recurrence of symptoms in six of eight cases, two being lost to follow-up.", "PMID": 691087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9184", "title": "Congenital tracheal web--a case report.", "content": "Congenital tracheal webs are rare. This report involves an eight year old girl presenting with a six year history of frequent colds, wheezing, and dyspnea in whom the tracheal web was successfully excised after failure of bronchoscopic dilation. Tracheal embryology is briefly reviewed and tracheal stenoses are classified. A history of recurrent chest infection and finding of stridor are the chief of recurrent chest infection and the finding of stridor are the chief features ot his lesion. Lateral chest roentgenogram, tracheal tomography, and bronchoscopy are useful in establishing the diagnosis.", "contents": "Congenital tracheal web--a case report. Congenital tracheal webs are rare. This report involves an eight year old girl presenting with a six year history of frequent colds, wheezing, and dyspnea in whom the tracheal web was successfully excised after failure of bronchoscopic dilation. Tracheal embryology is briefly reviewed and tracheal stenoses are classified. A history of recurrent chest infection and finding of stridor are the chief of recurrent chest infection and the finding of stridor are the chief features ot his lesion. Lateral chest roentgenogram, tracheal tomography, and bronchoscopy are useful in establishing the diagnosis.", "PMID": 691088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9185", "title": "[Nasotracheal intubation and tracheostomy in acute epiglottitis and laryngotracheal bronchitis].", "content": "Acute infectious respiratory distress in children has known different modalities of treatment during these past few years, but controversy remains between tracheostomy and naso-tracheal intubation as ways to cope with the problem. This study, which was undertaken at St. Justine's Hospital in Montreal, reports our complications with the two methods and shows that non-fatal complications are about the same but less serious with naso-tracheal intubation, whereas mortality was 3.2% with tracheostomy and 0% with naso-tracheal intubation. These results entitle us to think that naso-tracheal intubation is the treatment which should be used. This study also reviews different incidence in regards to age, sex, and seasonal prevalence between croup and epiglottitis and also compares the duration of hospital care between the two modalities.", "contents": "[Nasotracheal intubation and tracheostomy in acute epiglottitis and laryngotracheal bronchitis]. Acute infectious respiratory distress in children has known different modalities of treatment during these past few years, but controversy remains between tracheostomy and naso-tracheal intubation as ways to cope with the problem. This study, which was undertaken at St. Justine's Hospital in Montreal, reports our complications with the two methods and shows that non-fatal complications are about the same but less serious with naso-tracheal intubation, whereas mortality was 3.2% with tracheostomy and 0% with naso-tracheal intubation. These results entitle us to think that naso-tracheal intubation is the treatment which should be used. This study also reviews different incidence in regards to age, sex, and seasonal prevalence between croup and epiglottitis and also compares the duration of hospital care between the two modalities.", "PMID": 691089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9186", "title": "The ipsilateral acoustic impedance artifact and Rayleigh's radiation pressure.", "content": "This paper refutes the proposition that the ipsilateral acoustic impedance artifact is due to the effects of the radiation pressure of the stimulus sound field.", "contents": "The ipsilateral acoustic impedance artifact and Rayleigh's radiation pressure. This paper refutes the proposition that the ipsilateral acoustic impedance artifact is due to the effects of the radiation pressure of the stimulus sound field.", "PMID": 691090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9187", "title": "Surgery of the turbinates.", "content": "It appears that a variety of surgical techniques are available to safely decrease the size of hyperplastic inferior turbinates; when used properly in appropriate patients they can provide significant improvement in the symptoms of chronic nasal obstruction.", "contents": "Surgery of the turbinates. It appears that a variety of surgical techniques are available to safely decrease the size of hyperplastic inferior turbinates; when used properly in appropriate patients they can provide significant improvement in the symptoms of chronic nasal obstruction.", "PMID": 691091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9188", "title": "Pathology and correction of the stenosed nasal vestibule.", "content": "Stenosis of the nasal vestibule is a frequent cause of nasal obstruction. An anatomical study of the region will enable one to understand the physiopathology of the stenosis of the floor of the vestibule which frequently accompanies septal deformities in the premaxilla region, or which occurs after septal surgery. The correction of this circumferential stenosis has been handled satisfactorily by the use of a \"Z\" plasty of the floor of the vestibule. Pertinent anatomical material, schematic drawings, and clinical cases are presented.", "contents": "Pathology and correction of the stenosed nasal vestibule. Stenosis of the nasal vestibule is a frequent cause of nasal obstruction. An anatomical study of the region will enable one to understand the physiopathology of the stenosis of the floor of the vestibule which frequently accompanies septal deformities in the premaxilla region, or which occurs after septal surgery. The correction of this circumferential stenosis has been handled satisfactorily by the use of a \"Z\" plasty of the floor of the vestibule. Pertinent anatomical material, schematic drawings, and clinical cases are presented.", "PMID": 691092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9189", "title": "Tympanoplasty grafting and ossicular reconstruction.", "content": "Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure that has been used in various modifications for the last 25 years for chronic ear disease. The goals of tympanoplasty are to control the infection and at the same time to restore the ear to a more normal state with the hope of improving hearing.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty grafting and ossicular reconstruction. Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure that has been used in various modifications for the last 25 years for chronic ear disease. The goals of tympanoplasty are to control the infection and at the same time to restore the ear to a more normal state with the hope of improving hearing.", "PMID": 691093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9190", "title": "Malignant squamous papillomatosis of the mastoid.", "content": "Benign squamous papilloma of the external ear is rarely reported in the literature. This paper describes the occurrence of an extensive benign squamous papillomatosis of the mastoid that showed an apparent malignant transformation with fatal results to the patient.", "contents": "Malignant squamous papillomatosis of the mastoid. Benign squamous papilloma of the external ear is rarely reported in the literature. This paper describes the occurrence of an extensive benign squamous papillomatosis of the mastoid that showed an apparent malignant transformation with fatal results to the patient.", "PMID": 691094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9191", "title": "Sinogenic and otogenic brain abscesses--a review of 63 cases occurring at Toronto General Hospital, 1956-75.", "content": "Sixty-three cases of brain abscess resulting from ear and paranasal sinus infections were reviewed. These patients were seen at the Toronto General Hospital from 1956-1965 and from 1969-1975. Comparisons are made relating to site, age and sex incidence, mortality rates, bacteriology, and rate of associated meningitis. Modern diagnostic methods are reviewed with particular emphasis on the use of the C.T. scanner.", "contents": "Sinogenic and otogenic brain abscesses--a review of 63 cases occurring at Toronto General Hospital, 1956-75. Sixty-three cases of brain abscess resulting from ear and paranasal sinus infections were reviewed. These patients were seen at the Toronto General Hospital from 1956-1965 and from 1969-1975. Comparisons are made relating to site, age and sex incidence, mortality rates, bacteriology, and rate of associated meningitis. Modern diagnostic methods are reviewed with particular emphasis on the use of the C.T. scanner.", "PMID": 691095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9192", "title": "The pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of malignant otitis externa.", "content": "Three cases of malignant external otitis with varied clinical causes are presented. It is most important to suspect the condition in any diabetic who has external otitis refractory to the usual treatment. Once the diagnosis is made, aggressive medical management is imperative to prevent progression of the disease.", "contents": "The pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of malignant otitis externa. Three cases of malignant external otitis with varied clinical causes are presented. It is most important to suspect the condition in any diabetic who has external otitis refractory to the usual treatment. Once the diagnosis is made, aggressive medical management is imperative to prevent progression of the disease.", "PMID": 691096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9193", "title": "Sudden bilateral hearing loss and meningitis in adults.", "content": "Sudden profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss is a serious complication of bacterial meningitis. With high dosage Dexamethasone it is possible to halt, and, in some instances, to reverse the progression of the hearing loss. The efficacy of treatment depends upon early diagnosis. Hearing may worsen upon steroid cessation and low dosage oral steroid may be required for several months. The eventual hearing loss may be considerably worse than anticipated. Two cases illustrating differing aspects of the disease are described.", "contents": "Sudden bilateral hearing loss and meningitis in adults. Sudden profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss is a serious complication of bacterial meningitis. With high dosage Dexamethasone it is possible to halt, and, in some instances, to reverse the progression of the hearing loss. The efficacy of treatment depends upon early diagnosis. Hearing may worsen upon steroid cessation and low dosage oral steroid may be required for several months. The eventual hearing loss may be considerably worse than anticipated. Two cases illustrating differing aspects of the disease are described.", "PMID": 691097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9194", "title": "Paroxysmal positional vertigo--a study of 255 cases.", "content": "The clinical and electronystagmographic findings of 255 patients with paroxysmal positional vertigo are presented. We believe the disorder should be diagnosed on the basis of the history and clinical findings since we did not find any characteristic electronystagmographic findings other than the recording of an actual attack. Our observations lead us to believe that there is only one type of attack. We conclude that the nystagmus which occurs during the attack is generated by stimulation of the posterior semicircular canal of the lowermost ear.", "contents": "Paroxysmal positional vertigo--a study of 255 cases. The clinical and electronystagmographic findings of 255 patients with paroxysmal positional vertigo are presented. We believe the disorder should be diagnosed on the basis of the history and clinical findings since we did not find any characteristic electronystagmographic findings other than the recording of an actual attack. Our observations lead us to believe that there is only one type of attack. We conclude that the nystagmus which occurs during the attack is generated by stimulation of the posterior semicircular canal of the lowermost ear.", "PMID": 691098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9195", "title": "Surgery of the facial nerve.", "content": "Microsurgical technique and new temporal bone operative procedures have revolutionized surgery of the facial nerve. The purpose of this paper is to describe the diagnostic evaluation of the patient with a facial paralysis including topographic site of lesion studies. Surgical techniques for exposing the facial nerve from the internal auditory canal to the stylomastoid foramen are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Surgery of the facial nerve. Microsurgical technique and new temporal bone operative procedures have revolutionized surgery of the facial nerve. The purpose of this paper is to describe the diagnostic evaluation of the patient with a facial paralysis including topographic site of lesion studies. Surgical techniques for exposing the facial nerve from the internal auditory canal to the stylomastoid foramen are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 691099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9196", "title": "[Electrophysiological evaluation of facial paralysis].", "content": "The purpose of this article is to present a new electrophysiological evaluation method to study facial nerve function. This technique studies the afferent sensory pathways and the efferent motor fibres. The study of the various parameters of those two functions allows us to draw certain conclusions relating to the prognosis and localization of facial nerve lesions.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological evaluation of facial paralysis]. The purpose of this article is to present a new electrophysiological evaluation method to study facial nerve function. This technique studies the afferent sensory pathways and the efferent motor fibres. The study of the various parameters of those two functions allows us to draw certain conclusions relating to the prognosis and localization of facial nerve lesions.", "PMID": 691100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9197", "title": "Drawing: a universal language.", "content": "The authors insist on the importance of drawing through the centuries to recall ways of life. They try to pinpoint the utility of drawing in this day and age, making perioperative drawing reports concise and clear with a few lines. Basic sketches are explained and illustrated.", "contents": "Drawing: a universal language. The authors insist on the importance of drawing through the centuries to recall ways of life. They try to pinpoint the utility of drawing in this day and age, making perioperative drawing reports concise and clear with a few lines. Basic sketches are explained and illustrated.", "PMID": 691101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9198", "title": "Abnormal facial appearance and delayed diagnosis of congenital hearing loss.", "content": "Congenital hearing loss occurs in association with cranio-facial anomalies. Lay people and health professionals as well frequently regard individuals with cranio-facial anomalies as \"stupid\" or of lower than normal intelligence because of their odd appearance. Two case reports illustrate that this erroneous assumption will result in the delayed detection of significant hearing loss.", "contents": "Abnormal facial appearance and delayed diagnosis of congenital hearing loss. Congenital hearing loss occurs in association with cranio-facial anomalies. Lay people and health professionals as well frequently regard individuals with cranio-facial anomalies as \"stupid\" or of lower than normal intelligence because of their odd appearance. Two case reports illustrate that this erroneous assumption will result in the delayed detection of significant hearing loss.", "PMID": 691102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9199", "title": "Juvenile laryngeal papilloma displaying malignant degeneration--a spectrophotometric investigation.", "content": "Spontaneous malignant degeneration of juvenile laryngeal papilloma in the absence of radiotherapy is exceedingly rare, and few such cases have been reported. The patient reported here, now a woman of 48, has been suffering from recurrent juvenile laryngeal papilloma since she was 13. During the last six years the papillomas have displayed increasing atypia and have spread to the trachea and the bronchus of the right inferior lobe. Recent specimens from the trachea are strongly suggestive of micro-invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The slides from various periods have been reviewed and submitted to spectrophotometric examination to determine the nuclear DNA content and area. For the purpose of comparison, measurements have also been performed on normal squamous vocal cord epithelium, on two juvenile papillomas without atypia, and on one \"adult papilloma\" with severe atypia. The nuclear DNA absorbance recorded in the patient in question was initially comparable with those for the typical juvenile papillomas and the normal epithelium. The values for the later specimens with increasing atypia, especially those from trachea and bronchus, resemble more closely those for the \"adult papilloma\" with severe atypia. The results of the spectrophotometric examination are closely consistent with the histological findings.", "contents": "Juvenile laryngeal papilloma displaying malignant degeneration--a spectrophotometric investigation. Spontaneous malignant degeneration of juvenile laryngeal papilloma in the absence of radiotherapy is exceedingly rare, and few such cases have been reported. The patient reported here, now a woman of 48, has been suffering from recurrent juvenile laryngeal papilloma since she was 13. During the last six years the papillomas have displayed increasing atypia and have spread to the trachea and the bronchus of the right inferior lobe. Recent specimens from the trachea are strongly suggestive of micro-invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The slides from various periods have been reviewed and submitted to spectrophotometric examination to determine the nuclear DNA content and area. For the purpose of comparison, measurements have also been performed on normal squamous vocal cord epithelium, on two juvenile papillomas without atypia, and on one \"adult papilloma\" with severe atypia. The nuclear DNA absorbance recorded in the patient in question was initially comparable with those for the typical juvenile papillomas and the normal epithelium. The values for the later specimens with increasing atypia, especially those from trachea and bronchus, resemble more closely those for the \"adult papilloma\" with severe atypia. The results of the spectrophotometric examination are closely consistent with the histological findings.", "PMID": 691103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9200", "title": "Osteomas of the paranasal sinuses.", "content": "Twenty-eight cases of osteomas of the paranasal sinuses are reviewed. The most common localization was the frontal sinus, secondly the ethmoid sinus. Primary osteomas of the maxillary and sphenoid sinus are very rare. The most common complaint was pain. Clinical examination revealed deformity of the forehead and/or face in 13 patients, seven had dislocation of the eyeball as well. In eight cases x-ray, including tomography, and operation showed exposed dura. This gives a potential risk of intracranial complications, demonstrated by one of our patients who had a defect in the dura, and consequently meningitis. Osteomas encroaching on neighboring structures should be extirpated, while smaller osteomas can be left in place provided that they are controlled regularly. Recurrences are rare. When operating we feel that satisfactory cosmetic and functional conditions count more than radicality.", "contents": "Osteomas of the paranasal sinuses. Twenty-eight cases of osteomas of the paranasal sinuses are reviewed. The most common localization was the frontal sinus, secondly the ethmoid sinus. Primary osteomas of the maxillary and sphenoid sinus are very rare. The most common complaint was pain. Clinical examination revealed deformity of the forehead and/or face in 13 patients, seven had dislocation of the eyeball as well. In eight cases x-ray, including tomography, and operation showed exposed dura. This gives a potential risk of intracranial complications, demonstrated by one of our patients who had a defect in the dura, and consequently meningitis. Osteomas encroaching on neighboring structures should be extirpated, while smaller osteomas can be left in place provided that they are controlled regularly. Recurrences are rare. When operating we feel that satisfactory cosmetic and functional conditions count more than radicality.", "PMID": 691104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9201", "title": "Sphenoid mucocele presenting as a pre-pontine mass.", "content": "A patient with sphenoid sinus mucocele presented with destruction of the clivus and a pre-pontine mass mimicking a chordoma of the clivus.", "contents": "Sphenoid mucocele presenting as a pre-pontine mass. A patient with sphenoid sinus mucocele presented with destruction of the clivus and a pre-pontine mass mimicking a chordoma of the clivus.", "PMID": 691105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9202", "title": "New late gene, dar, involved in the replication of bacteriophage T4 DNA. III. DNA replicative intermediates of T4 dar and a gene 59 mutant suppressed by dar.", "content": "A mutation in the dar gene of phage T4 restored the arrested DNA synthesis caused by the gene 59 mutation. We have studied the DNA replicative intermediates in cells infected with a dar mutant and a dar-amC5 (gene 59) mutant by velocity sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients. In T4 dar-infected cells, compared to the wild type, three kinds of abnormalities were observed in DNA replication (i) There were unusually rapidly sedimenting  intermediates (800S). (ii) When centrifuged in alkaline gradients, there was less single-stranded DNA exceeding 1 phage unit. (iii) The rate of repair of DNA intermediates was slower. It has been proposed by others that the 200S DNA replicative intermediates are required for DNA packaging, but our results showed that the 800S DNA of dar does not have to be converted into the 200S form to undergo conversion to mature viral DNA. Therefore, 200S DNA may not be an obligatory intermediate for mature viral DNA formation. In amC5 (gene 59)-infected cells, the DNA was completely converted 2 to 3 min after intiation of replication to the biologically inactive 63S DNA, and DNA synthesis was concomitantly arrested. However, in dar-am-C5 (gene 59)-infected cells, the formation of abnormal 63S DNA did not occur and 200S DNA appeared instead. An endonucleolytic activity, normally associated with the cell membrane and capable of making double-stranded cuts, was found in the cytoplasm of T4 dar-infected cells. Because the total activity of this endonuclease is the same for both wild-type T4D and the dar mutant, it seems unlikely that the dar protein has endonucleolytic activity itself. However, the finding does explain the abnormal sedimentation of dar DNA intermediates (800S) as well as the proposed suppression mechanism of the gene 59 mutation.", "contents": "New late gene, dar, involved in the replication of bacteriophage T4 DNA. III. DNA replicative intermediates of T4 dar and a gene 59 mutant suppressed by dar. A mutation in the dar gene of phage T4 restored the arrested DNA synthesis caused by the gene 59 mutation. We have studied the DNA replicative intermediates in cells infected with a dar mutant and a dar-amC5 (gene 59) mutant by velocity sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients. In T4 dar-infected cells, compared to the wild type, three kinds of abnormalities were observed in DNA replication (i) There were unusually rapidly sedimenting  intermediates (800S). (ii) When centrifuged in alkaline gradients, there was less single-stranded DNA exceeding 1 phage unit. (iii) The rate of repair of DNA intermediates was slower. It has been proposed by others that the 200S DNA replicative intermediates are required for DNA packaging, but our results showed that the 800S DNA of dar does not have to be converted into the 200S form to undergo conversion to mature viral DNA. Therefore, 200S DNA may not be an obligatory intermediate for mature viral DNA formation. In amC5 (gene 59)-infected cells, the DNA was completely converted 2 to 3 min after intiation of replication to the biologically inactive 63S DNA, and DNA synthesis was concomitantly arrested. However, in dar-am-C5 (gene 59)-infected cells, the formation of abnormal 63S DNA did not occur and 200S DNA appeared instead. An endonucleolytic activity, normally associated with the cell membrane and capable of making double-stranded cuts, was found in the cytoplasm of T4 dar-infected cells. Because the total activity of this endonuclease is the same for both wild-type T4D and the dar mutant, it seems unlikely that the dar protein has endonucleolytic activity itself. However, the finding does explain the abnormal sedimentation of dar DNA intermediates (800S) as well as the proposed suppression mechanism of the gene 59 mutation.", "PMID": 691106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9203", "title": "RNA associated with murine intracisternal type A particles codes for the main particle protein.", "content": "Intracisternal type A particles were isolated from MOPC-104E myeloma grown subcutaneously and from N 4 neuroblastoma cells in culture. Polyadenylated RNA was prepared from the particles and tested in a cell-free translation system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. RNA from the two sources directed the synthesis of multiple polypeptides with similar distributions of electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing polyacrylamide gels, including one conponent of the same size as the major A-particle structural protein (73,000 daltons). Analysis of the RNAs by electrophoresis in methyl mercury-containing agarose gels revealed a 35S component common to A-particles from both cell types. This was a major component of the N4 preparations, whereas a 28S species predominated in the case of MOPC-104E. These two RNAs (35S from N4 cells and 28S from MOPC-104E), when isolated on isokinetic sucrose gradients, each directed the synthesis of a 73,000-molecular-weight polypeptide that comigrated on gels with authentic A-particle structural protein. Idnetity of the cell-free product was confirmed by two-dimensional analysis of the [35S]methionine-labeled tryptic peptides. The N4 RNA preparations also contained a major32S component which did not code effectively for the A-particle structural protein.", "contents": "RNA associated with murine intracisternal type A particles codes for the main particle protein. Intracisternal type A particles were isolated from MOPC-104E myeloma grown subcutaneously and from N 4 neuroblastoma cells in culture. Polyadenylated RNA was prepared from the particles and tested in a cell-free translation system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. RNA from the two sources directed the synthesis of multiple polypeptides with similar distributions of electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing polyacrylamide gels, including one conponent of the same size as the major A-particle structural protein (73,000 daltons). Analysis of the RNAs by electrophoresis in methyl mercury-containing agarose gels revealed a 35S component common to A-particles from both cell types. This was a major component of the N4 preparations, whereas a 28S species predominated in the case of MOPC-104E. These two RNAs (35S from N4 cells and 28S from MOPC-104E), when isolated on isokinetic sucrose gradients, each directed the synthesis of a 73,000-molecular-weight polypeptide that comigrated on gels with authentic A-particle structural protein. Idnetity of the cell-free product was confirmed by two-dimensional analysis of the [35S]methionine-labeled tryptic peptides. The N4 RNA preparations also contained a major32S component which did not code effectively for the A-particle structural protein.", "PMID": 691107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9204", "title": "Transcription of adenovirus RNA in permissive and nonpermissive infections.", "content": "The mechanism of blocked replication of human adenoviruses in monkey cells was examined. Previous experiments have placed the replicative block at the level of transcription of translation of adenovirus mRNA. Coinfection of the monkey cells with simian virus 40 enhances adenovirus replication in these cells. We compared the adenovirus mRNA transcribed during infection of permissive human cells and enhanced and unenhanced monkey cells. Adenovirus mRNA from enhanced monkey cells appeared to be identical to adenovirus mRNA from human cells. This indicated that simian virus 40 coinfection did not overcome the blocked replication by substituting for a missing adenovirus transcript. Comparison of adenovirus mRNA from enhanced and unenhanced monkey cell infection revealed two types of transcriptional discrepancies. There was a decrease in both the complexity and the relative abundance of several regions of the enhanced adenovirus mRNA. However, neigher of these transcriptional defects was sufficient to totally explain the difference in yield of infectious virus and viral protein seen in these two types of infection.", "contents": "Transcription of adenovirus RNA in permissive and nonpermissive infections. The mechanism of blocked replication of human adenoviruses in monkey cells was examined. Previous experiments have placed the replicative block at the level of transcription of translation of adenovirus mRNA. Coinfection of the monkey cells with simian virus 40 enhances adenovirus replication in these cells. We compared the adenovirus mRNA transcribed during infection of permissive human cells and enhanced and unenhanced monkey cells. Adenovirus mRNA from enhanced monkey cells appeared to be identical to adenovirus mRNA from human cells. This indicated that simian virus 40 coinfection did not overcome the blocked replication by substituting for a missing adenovirus transcript. Comparison of adenovirus mRNA from enhanced and unenhanced monkey cell infection revealed two types of transcriptional discrepancies. There was a decrease in both the complexity and the relative abundance of several regions of the enhanced adenovirus mRNA. However, neigher of these transcriptional defects was sufficient to totally explain the difference in yield of infectious virus and viral protein seen in these two types of infection.", "PMID": 691108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9205", "title": "In vitro packaging of bacteriophate T7 DNA synthesized in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro DNA packaging system was used to encapsulate T7 DNA that had been synthesized by extracts prepared from gently lysed Escherchia coli infected with bacteriophage T7 carrying amber mutations in gene 3 or in both genes 3 and 6. Isopycnic centrifugation of density-labeled wild-type DNA was employed in an effort to separate product from template; suppressor-free indicator bacteria were used to eliminate contributions from endogenous DNA or contaminating phage. Additional controls indicated that fragmented DNA is packaged in vitro only with very low efficiency and that the frequency of recombination during packaging is too low to affect interpretation of these experiments. T7 DNA replicated by extracts prepared using T7 mutants deficient in both genes 3 and 6 could be packaged in vitro with an efficiency comparable to that found when highly purified virion T7 DNA was used. When T7 deficient in the gene 3 endonuclease but with normal levels of the gene 6 exonuclease was used, fast-sedimentingconcatemer-like DNA structures were formed during in vitro DNA synthesis. Electron microscopy revealed many branched and highly complex DNA structures formed during this reaction. This concatemer-like DNA was encapsulated in vitro with an efficiency significantly greater than that found for DNA the length of a single T7 genome.", "contents": "In vitro packaging of bacteriophate T7 DNA synthesized in vitro. An in vitro DNA packaging system was used to encapsulate T7 DNA that had been synthesized by extracts prepared from gently lysed Escherchia coli infected with bacteriophage T7 carrying amber mutations in gene 3 or in both genes 3 and 6. Isopycnic centrifugation of density-labeled wild-type DNA was employed in an effort to separate product from template; suppressor-free indicator bacteria were used to eliminate contributions from endogenous DNA or contaminating phage. Additional controls indicated that fragmented DNA is packaged in vitro only with very low efficiency and that the frequency of recombination during packaging is too low to affect interpretation of these experiments. T7 DNA replicated by extracts prepared using T7 mutants deficient in both genes 3 and 6 could be packaged in vitro with an efficiency comparable to that found when highly purified virion T7 DNA was used. When T7 deficient in the gene 3 endonuclease but with normal levels of the gene 6 exonuclease was used, fast-sedimentingconcatemer-like DNA structures were formed during in vitro DNA synthesis. Electron microscopy revealed many branched and highly complex DNA structures formed during this reaction. This concatemer-like DNA was encapsulated in vitro with an efficiency significantly greater than that found for DNA the length of a single T7 genome.", "PMID": 691109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9206", "title": "Removal of carbohydrate from influenza A virus and its hemagglutinin and the effect on biological activities.", "content": "Treatment of influenza virus and its purified hemagglutining with glycosidases from Diplococcus pneumoniae, which included beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosminidase, and endoglycosidase D, released amino and neutral sugars from the virus and these as well as large oligosaccharides from the purified hemagglutinin. The released glucosamine-containing oligosaccharides were of one discrete size. Large oligosaccharides not removed by the glycosidases were found on the virus as well as the hemagglutinin. Some oligosaccharides on the virus were inaccessible to the enzymes, since they could be removed only from the purified hemagglutinin. Approximately 50% of the hemagglutinin carbohydrates could be removed without effect on hemagglutinating activity. Similarly, removal of 20 to 25% of the carbohydrates from intact virus particles did not alter infectivity.", "contents": "Removal of carbohydrate from influenza A virus and its hemagglutinin and the effect on biological activities. Treatment of influenza virus and its purified hemagglutining with glycosidases from Diplococcus pneumoniae, which included beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosminidase, and endoglycosidase D, released amino and neutral sugars from the virus and these as well as large oligosaccharides from the purified hemagglutinin. The released glucosamine-containing oligosaccharides were of one discrete size. Large oligosaccharides not removed by the glycosidases were found on the virus as well as the hemagglutinin. Some oligosaccharides on the virus were inaccessible to the enzymes, since they could be removed only from the purified hemagglutinin. Approximately 50% of the hemagglutinin carbohydrates could be removed without effect on hemagglutinating activity. Similarly, removal of 20 to 25% of the carbohydrates from intact virus particles did not alter infectivity.", "PMID": 691110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9207", "title": "Adsorption and penetration of enveloped and naked vaccinia virus particles.", "content": "The adsorption and penetration of intracellular naked vaccinia virus (INV) and extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus (EEV) were examined. The adsorption kinetics of INV and EEV were similar, but INV adsorption was found to be more sensitive to the adsorption environment than EEV. The PFU-to-particle ratio for the two virus particles indicated that EEV was approximately two times as infectious as INV. Kinetic studies at 37 degree C showed that EEV penetrated cells more rapidly than INV. Penetration of EEV was unaffected by incubation in phsophate-buffered saline, but was somewhat reduced by incubation at 22 degree C. In contrast, INV penetration was effectively eliminated by incubation in phosphate-buffered saline or by incubation at 22 degree C. In addition, INV but not EEV pentration was sensitive to treatment with sodium fluoride and cytochalasin. B. These results are discussed with regard to the mechanism of INV and EEV penetration.", "contents": "Adsorption and penetration of enveloped and naked vaccinia virus particles. The adsorption and penetration of intracellular naked vaccinia virus (INV) and extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus (EEV) were examined. The adsorption kinetics of INV and EEV were similar, but INV adsorption was found to be more sensitive to the adsorption environment than EEV. The PFU-to-particle ratio for the two virus particles indicated that EEV was approximately two times as infectious as INV. Kinetic studies at 37 degree C showed that EEV penetrated cells more rapidly than INV. Penetration of EEV was unaffected by incubation in phsophate-buffered saline, but was somewhat reduced by incubation at 22 degree C. In contrast, INV penetration was effectively eliminated by incubation in phosphate-buffered saline or by incubation at 22 degree C. In addition, INV but not EEV pentration was sensitive to treatment with sodium fluoride and cytochalasin. B. These results are discussed with regard to the mechanism of INV and EEV penetration.", "PMID": 691111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9208", "title": "Polypeptide composition of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus.", "content": "Extracellular enveloped vaccinia (EEV) virus grown in SIRC and in HeLa cells was purified by consecutive equilibrium centrifugations in sucrose and cesium chloride gradients. A higher degree of purity was obtained with virus material prepared in SIRC cells. The polypeptides of purified EEV and INV (intracellular naked vaccinia) virus were compared in polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Three proteins (200,000 molecular weight [200K], 95K, and 13K) detected in HeLa-derived INV were absent in EEV. In addition, two INV proteins (65K and 30K) occurred in reduced concentrations in EEV, white another INV protein (27K) was increased in EEV. INV from SIRC cells showed similar alterations of these proteins (with the exception of the 30K and 13K proteins). Detergent treatment, ether extraction, and Pronase treatment showed that these six proteins are located at the surface of INV and are not cecessary for infectivity. Eight proteins (210K, 110K, 89K, 42K, 37K, 21.5K, 21K, and 20K) were detected in EEV that were absent from inv. Brij-58 treatment was employed to remove the envelope from EEV, resulting in the formation of naked particles and an envelope fraction which were separated on cesium chloride gradients. The envelope fractions contained all eight  proteins. Seven of the eight proteins were glycoproteins, with the 37K protein being the only unglycosylated protein. It is concluded that a processing of surface INV particle proteins occurs during evelopment. The resultant EEV particle is comprised of an INV particle with a modified surface composition enclosed in an envelope containing virus-specific proteins unique to EEV.", "contents": "Polypeptide composition of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus. Extracellular enveloped vaccinia (EEV) virus grown in SIRC and in HeLa cells was purified by consecutive equilibrium centrifugations in sucrose and cesium chloride gradients. A higher degree of purity was obtained with virus material prepared in SIRC cells. The polypeptides of purified EEV and INV (intracellular naked vaccinia) virus were compared in polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Three proteins (200,000 molecular weight [200K], 95K, and 13K) detected in HeLa-derived INV were absent in EEV. In addition, two INV proteins (65K and 30K) occurred in reduced concentrations in EEV, white another INV protein (27K) was increased in EEV. INV from SIRC cells showed similar alterations of these proteins (with the exception of the 30K and 13K proteins). Detergent treatment, ether extraction, and Pronase treatment showed that these six proteins are located at the surface of INV and are not cecessary for infectivity. Eight proteins (210K, 110K, 89K, 42K, 37K, 21.5K, 21K, and 20K) were detected in EEV that were absent from inv. Brij-58 treatment was employed to remove the envelope from EEV, resulting in the formation of naked particles and an envelope fraction which were separated on cesium chloride gradients. The envelope fractions contained all eight  proteins. Seven of the eight proteins were glycoproteins, with the 37K protein being the only unglycosylated protein. It is concluded that a processing of surface INV particle proteins occurs during evelopment. The resultant EEV particle is comprised of an INV particle with a modified surface composition enclosed in an envelope containing virus-specific proteins unique to EEV.", "PMID": 691112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9209", "title": "Adenovirus core protein synthesis in the absence of viral DNA synthesis late in infection.", "content": "The acid extraction of the adenovirus type 5 core proteins V, VII, and pVII (the precursor to VII) from infected cells and the subsequent electrophoresis on a 15% acrylamide-2.5 M urea-0.9 N acetic acid (pH 2.7) gel, revealed that peptide VII has a similar electrophoretic mobility to that of histone H1. The core proteins, which are coded by late adenovirus mRNA, continued to be synthesized late in infection when viral DNA synthesis was inhibited either by cytosine arabinoside in wild-type infections or by shifting adenovirus H5 ts 125-infected cells to the nonpermissive temperature (40 degree C). Only the initiation, not the continuation, of viral DNA replication was essential for core protein synthesis. The synthesis of viral core proteins continued for over 8 h after the cassation of DNA synthesis. This was in contrast to the rapid shutdown of cellular histone synthesis in the absence of cellular DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Adenovirus core protein synthesis in the absence of viral DNA synthesis late in infection. The acid extraction of the adenovirus type 5 core proteins V, VII, and pVII (the precursor to VII) from infected cells and the subsequent electrophoresis on a 15% acrylamide-2.5 M urea-0.9 N acetic acid (pH 2.7) gel, revealed that peptide VII has a similar electrophoretic mobility to that of histone H1. The core proteins, which are coded by late adenovirus mRNA, continued to be synthesized late in infection when viral DNA synthesis was inhibited either by cytosine arabinoside in wild-type infections or by shifting adenovirus H5 ts 125-infected cells to the nonpermissive temperature (40 degree C). Only the initiation, not the continuation, of viral DNA replication was essential for core protein synthesis. The synthesis of viral core proteins continued for over 8 h after the cassation of DNA synthesis. This was in contrast to the rapid shutdown of cellular histone synthesis in the absence of cellular DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 691113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9210", "title": "Defective interfering particles of parvovirus H-1.", "content": "Defective interfering particles of the parvovirus H-1 were produced by serial propagation at high multiplicities of infection. Such particles interfere with the synthesis of capsid proteins and infectious virus of standard H-1. The interference is sensitive to UV irradiation, dependent on the multiplicity of the challenge virus, and is active in heterotypic infections against parvovirus H-3 or LuIII. Defective interfering particle genomes have alterations characterized by integral numbers (1 to 10 or more) of a 60-base-pair addition in the neighborhood of the origin of replicative-form DNA replication and deletions that are located primarily within two regions, 32 to 44 or 80 to 90 on the genome map. Some of the implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Defective interfering particles of parvovirus H-1. Defective interfering particles of the parvovirus H-1 were produced by serial propagation at high multiplicities of infection. Such particles interfere with the synthesis of capsid proteins and infectious virus of standard H-1. The interference is sensitive to UV irradiation, dependent on the multiplicity of the challenge virus, and is active in heterotypic infections against parvovirus H-3 or LuIII. Defective interfering particle genomes have alterations characterized by integral numbers (1 to 10 or more) of a 60-base-pair addition in the neighborhood of the origin of replicative-form DNA replication and deletions that are located primarily within two regions, 32 to 44 or 80 to 90 on the genome map. Some of the implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 691114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9211", "title": "Multiple roles for ATP in the synthesis and processing of mRNA by vaccinia virus: specific inhibitory effects of adenosine (beta,gamma-imido) triphosphate.", "content": "Adenosine (beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate (AMP-PNP) and guanosine (beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate (GMP-PNP) are analogs of ATP and GTP with non-hydrolyzable gamma-phosphates. Although both AMP-PNP and GMP-PNP were used in place of ATP and GTP by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to transcribe vaccinia virus DNA, only GMP-PNP was used by the transcriptase present within vaccinia virus cores. AMP-PNP specifically prevented initiation of transcription, since RNA initiated in the presence of ATP, GTP, and CTP was subsequently elongated by incubating the washed cores in the presence of AMP-PNP, GTP, CTP, and UTP. The RNA formed in this manner, however, was (i) several times longer than normal transcripts, indicating a defect in chain termination and/or cleavage of nascent RNA, (ii) was not polyadenylylated (although free polyadenylic acid formed), and (iii) was not extruded from the virus cores. Nearest neighbor analysis demonstrated that AMP-PNP was incorporated adjacent to all four nucleotides, and hybridization to restriction endonuclease fragments of vaccinia virus DNA indicated that the high-molecular-weight RNA was transcribed from representative fractions of the entire genome. The possibility of a block in processing rather than or in addition to a block in chain termination was suggested by the cleavage of the high-molecular-weight RNA within the core after replacement of AMP-PNP with ATP. Cleavage of purified high-molecular-weight RNA by a soluble endoribonuclease extracted from vaccinia virus cores, however, was not dependent upon ATP, nor was it inhibited by AMP-PNP. The latter results suggest that AMP-PNP blocks a step preceding cleavage.", "contents": "Multiple roles for ATP in the synthesis and processing of mRNA by vaccinia virus: specific inhibitory effects of adenosine (beta,gamma-imido) triphosphate. Adenosine (beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate (AMP-PNP) and guanosine (beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate (GMP-PNP) are analogs of ATP and GTP with non-hydrolyzable gamma-phosphates. Although both AMP-PNP and GMP-PNP were used in place of ATP and GTP by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to transcribe vaccinia virus DNA, only GMP-PNP was used by the transcriptase present within vaccinia virus cores. AMP-PNP specifically prevented initiation of transcription, since RNA initiated in the presence of ATP, GTP, and CTP was subsequently elongated by incubating the washed cores in the presence of AMP-PNP, GTP, CTP, and UTP. The RNA formed in this manner, however, was (i) several times longer than normal transcripts, indicating a defect in chain termination and/or cleavage of nascent RNA, (ii) was not polyadenylylated (although free polyadenylic acid formed), and (iii) was not extruded from the virus cores. Nearest neighbor analysis demonstrated that AMP-PNP was incorporated adjacent to all four nucleotides, and hybridization to restriction endonuclease fragments of vaccinia virus DNA indicated that the high-molecular-weight RNA was transcribed from representative fractions of the entire genome. The possibility of a block in processing rather than or in addition to a block in chain termination was suggested by the cleavage of the high-molecular-weight RNA within the core after replacement of AMP-PNP with ATP. Cleavage of purified high-molecular-weight RNA by a soluble endoribonuclease extracted from vaccinia virus cores, however, was not dependent upon ATP, nor was it inhibited by AMP-PNP. The latter results suggest that AMP-PNP blocks a step preceding cleavage.", "PMID": 691115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9212", "title": "Isolation and characterization of bacteriophage T4 mutant preheads.", "content": "To determine the function of individual gene products in the assembly and maturation of the T4 prehead, we have isolated and characterized aberrant preheads produced by mutations in three of the T4 head genes. Mutants in gene 21, which codes for the T4 maturation proteases, produce rather stable preheads whose morphology and protein composition are consistent with a wild-type prehead blocked in the maturation cleavages. Mutants in gene 24 produce similar structures which are unstable because they have gaps at all of their icosahedral vertices except the membrane attachment site. In addition, greatly elongated \"giant preheads\" are produced, suggesting that in the absence of P24 at the vertices, the distal cap of the prehead is unstable, allowing abnormal elongation of broth the prehead core and its shell. Vertex completion by P24 is required to allow the maturation cleavages to occur, and 24- preheads can be matured to capsids in vitro by the addition of P24. Preheads produced by a temperature-sensitive mutant in gene 23 are deficient in core proteins. We show that the shell of these preheads has the expanded lattice characteristic of the mature capsid as well as the binding sites for the proteins hoc and soc, even though none of the maturation cleavage takes place. We also show that 21- preheads composed of wild-type P23 can be expanded in vitro without cleavage.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of bacteriophage T4 mutant preheads. To determine the function of individual gene products in the assembly and maturation of the T4 prehead, we have isolated and characterized aberrant preheads produced by mutations in three of the T4 head genes. Mutants in gene 21, which codes for the T4 maturation proteases, produce rather stable preheads whose morphology and protein composition are consistent with a wild-type prehead blocked in the maturation cleavages. Mutants in gene 24 produce similar structures which are unstable because they have gaps at all of their icosahedral vertices except the membrane attachment site. In addition, greatly elongated \"giant preheads\" are produced, suggesting that in the absence of P24 at the vertices, the distal cap of the prehead is unstable, allowing abnormal elongation of broth the prehead core and its shell. Vertex completion by P24 is required to allow the maturation cleavages to occur, and 24- preheads can be matured to capsids in vitro by the addition of P24. Preheads produced by a temperature-sensitive mutant in gene 23 are deficient in core proteins. We show that the shell of these preheads has the expanded lattice characteristic of the mature capsid as well as the binding sites for the proteins hoc and soc, even though none of the maturation cleavage takes place. We also show that 21- preheads composed of wild-type P23 can be expanded in vitro without cleavage.", "PMID": 691116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9213", "title": "Structure of native and chloroform-methanol-treated mycobacteriophage R1.", "content": "The morphologies of native and chloroform-methanol-treated mycobacteriophage R1 were compared by electron microscopy, utilizing three negative stains. R1 was determined to be a complex phage. The head appears as an elongated cylinder with a pointed end (93 +/- 3 by 42 +/- 3 nm) constructed from an orderly arrangement of capsomeres. The phage tail measures 209 +/- 11 by 11 +/- 1 nm and possesses a striated surface with two base plates at its distal end. Treatment of R1 with chloroform-methanol resulted in disruption of both the head and tail structures and was accompanied by loss of infectivity. However, because no likely lipid-containing structure was observed in native phages, there is the possibility that the mechanism of chloroform-methanol inactivation is something other than lipid extraction.", "contents": "Structure of native and chloroform-methanol-treated mycobacteriophage R1. The morphologies of native and chloroform-methanol-treated mycobacteriophage R1 were compared by electron microscopy, utilizing three negative stains. R1 was determined to be a complex phage. The head appears as an elongated cylinder with a pointed end (93 +/- 3 by 42 +/- 3 nm) constructed from an orderly arrangement of capsomeres. The phage tail measures 209 +/- 11 by 11 +/- 1 nm and possesses a striated surface with two base plates at its distal end. Treatment of R1 with chloroform-methanol resulted in disruption of both the head and tail structures and was accompanied by loss of infectivity. However, because no likely lipid-containing structure was observed in native phages, there is the possibility that the mechanism of chloroform-methanol inactivation is something other than lipid extraction.", "PMID": 691117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9214", "title": "Virus-specific RNA synthesis in interferon-treated mouse cells productively infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus.", "content": "Mouse cells productively infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus were treated with interferon, and intracellular virus-specific RNA was studied by hybridization with complementary DNA. The steady-state concentration of virus-specific RNA in interferon-treated cells was somewhat greater than that in untreated cells, and the rates of virus-specific RNA synthesis were approximately equal in treated and untreated cells.", "contents": "Virus-specific RNA synthesis in interferon-treated mouse cells productively infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus. Mouse cells productively infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus were treated with interferon, and intracellular virus-specific RNA was studied by hybridization with complementary DNA. The steady-state concentration of virus-specific RNA in interferon-treated cells was somewhat greater than that in untreated cells, and the rates of virus-specific RNA synthesis were approximately equal in treated and untreated cells.", "PMID": 691118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9215", "title": "Synthesis of a mammalian parvovirus in Brij-58-lysed cells.", "content": "An in vitro system was developed, prepared by lysis of parvovirus LuIII-infected cells with Brij-58. In this subcellular system, DNA of viral genome size and synthesized and subsequently packaged into particles with physicochemical properties of mature LuIII virions.", "contents": "Synthesis of a mammalian parvovirus in Brij-58-lysed cells. An in vitro system was developed, prepared by lysis of parvovirus LuIII-infected cells with Brij-58. In this subcellular system, DNA of viral genome size and synthesized and subsequently packaged into particles with physicochemical properties of mature LuIII virions.", "PMID": 691119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9216", "title": "Pathology associated with Cryptobia infection in a summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus).", "content": "A laboratory-held summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) became moribund and presented gross ulcerative and hemorrhagic lesions, concomitant with a space-occupying lesion in the abdominal cavity and a prolapsed rectum. Edema, hemorrhage, and necrosis of the intestine and edema of the stomach wall were noted upon post-mortem examination. Microscopic examination revealed large numbers of Cryptobia in the submucosa of the gut and in the liver.", "contents": "Pathology associated with Cryptobia infection in a summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus). A laboratory-held summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) became moribund and presented gross ulcerative and hemorrhagic lesions, concomitant with a space-occupying lesion in the abdominal cavity and a prolapsed rectum. Edema, hemorrhage, and necrosis of the intestine and edema of the stomach wall were noted upon post-mortem examination. Microscopic examination revealed large numbers of Cryptobia in the submucosa of the gut and in the liver.", "PMID": 691120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9217", "title": "The prevalence of antibody of antibody to contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (Mycoplasma strain F38) in some wild herbivores and camels in Kenya.", "content": "Sera of 11 species of wild herbivores were tested for antibody to Mycoplasma strain F38 which causes contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Kenya. Antibodies were found in buffalo (Syncerus caffer) (32%), impala (Aepyceros melampus) (10%) and camels (Camelus dromedarius) (49%) but not in bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), eland (Taurotragus oryx), Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti), kongoni (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei), oryx (Oryx beisa), Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii), waterbuck (Kobus defassa) and wildebeest (Connochaetus taurinus).", "contents": "The prevalence of antibody of antibody to contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (Mycoplasma strain F38) in some wild herbivores and camels in Kenya. Sera of 11 species of wild herbivores were tested for antibody to Mycoplasma strain F38 which causes contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Kenya. Antibodies were found in buffalo (Syncerus caffer) (32%), impala (Aepyceros melampus) (10%) and camels (Camelus dromedarius) (49%) but not in bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), eland (Taurotragus oryx), Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti), kongoni (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei), oryx (Oryx beisa), Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii), waterbuck (Kobus defassa) and wildebeest (Connochaetus taurinus).", "PMID": 691121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9218", "title": "Lungworms in coyotes on the Great Plains.", "content": "A total of 395 coyotes (Canis latrans) was examined in the field for lungworms (Filaroides osleri and Capillaria aerophila) with 60 trachea and bronchial trees returned to the laboratory for detailed examination. Coyote carcasses were obtained from eight central states (Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming, Iowa, South Dakota, Nebraska, Texas, and three regions of Kansas). Cysts of F. osleri were present in the trachea or first division of bronchi of 68 (17%) of the coyotes examined. C. aerophila infections were identified during field examinations, primarily by the excess mucus in the bronchi, in 151 (38%) coyotes. Nearly 6% of the coyotes examined were infected with both lungworm species. A total of 195 (49%) coyotes had at least one species of lungworm. Filaroides was less frequent in Iowa and Kansas; Capillaria infections were present in at least 30% of the coyotes examined at all stations.", "contents": "Lungworms in coyotes on the Great Plains. A total of 395 coyotes (Canis latrans) was examined in the field for lungworms (Filaroides osleri and Capillaria aerophila) with 60 trachea and bronchial trees returned to the laboratory for detailed examination. Coyote carcasses were obtained from eight central states (Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming, Iowa, South Dakota, Nebraska, Texas, and three regions of Kansas). Cysts of F. osleri were present in the trachea or first division of bronchi of 68 (17%) of the coyotes examined. C. aerophila infections were identified during field examinations, primarily by the excess mucus in the bronchi, in 151 (38%) coyotes. Nearly 6% of the coyotes examined were infected with both lungworm species. A total of 195 (49%) coyotes had at least one species of lungworm. Filaroides was less frequent in Iowa and Kansas; Capillaria infections were present in at least 30% of the coyotes examined at all stations.", "PMID": 691122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9219", "title": "The January 1977 avian cholera epornitic in northwest California.", "content": "A total of 844 birds were observed dead at three sites in Humboldt County and an estimated 6750 birds died at three sites in Del Norte County, California. Coots were the primary species affected. The isolation of Pasteurella multocida from a snowy egret (Egretta thula) is the first reported case of avian cholera in this bird. There was evidence for a distinct sequence in the bird species dying at one site; American coots (Fulica americana) appeared to be the first species to die.", "contents": "The January 1977 avian cholera epornitic in northwest California. A total of 844 birds were observed dead at three sites in Humboldt County and an estimated 6750 birds died at three sites in Del Norte County, California. Coots were the primary species affected. The isolation of Pasteurella multocida from a snowy egret (Egretta thula) is the first reported case of avian cholera in this bird. There was evidence for a distinct sequence in the bird species dying at one site; American coots (Fulica americana) appeared to be the first species to die.", "PMID": 691123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9220", "title": "Paragonimus westermanni in tigers (Panthera tigris) in India.", "content": "Paragonimus westermanni was found in the lungs of two young tigers (Panthera tigris). Cysts were focally distributed in the lungs, initiating an emphysematous response together with extensive fibrosis in the vicinity of the cysts.", "contents": "Paragonimus westermanni in tigers (Panthera tigris) in India. Paragonimus westermanni was found in the lungs of two young tigers (Panthera tigris). Cysts were focally distributed in the lungs, initiating an emphysematous response together with extensive fibrosis in the vicinity of the cysts.", "PMID": 691124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9221", "title": "Tyzzer's disease in muskrats: occurrence in free-living animals.", "content": "Tyzzer's disease was diagnosed in four muskrats (Ondatra zibethica) found dead over a 2 month period in a single feed-house in a Saskatchewan marsh. No dead animals were found elsewhere in the marsh, although several hundred apparently healthy animals were trapped during this period. Similarities in the pathology and epizootiology of Tyzzer's and Errington's diseases of muskrats support an hypothesis that these diseases are a single entity.", "contents": "Tyzzer's disease in muskrats: occurrence in free-living animals. Tyzzer's disease was diagnosed in four muskrats (Ondatra zibethica) found dead over a 2 month period in a single feed-house in a Saskatchewan marsh. No dead animals were found elsewhere in the marsh, although several hundred apparently healthy animals were trapped during this period. Similarities in the pathology and epizootiology of Tyzzer's and Errington's diseases of muskrats support an hypothesis that these diseases are a single entity.", "PMID": 691125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9222", "title": "Parasites and diseases of bison in Canada IV. Serologic survey for brucellosis in bison in northern Canada.", "content": "Serum samples collected from 2,365 free-roaming hybrid bison (Bison bison bison x Bison bison athabascae) in Wood Buffalo National Park and adjacent areas in the Northwest Territories were tested for brucellosis during the period 1959 to 1974. A positive reaction was obtained in 739 (31.2%) of the animals tested. The overall effect of brucellosis on this free-roaming bison population is unknown. The authors also dealt with some of the actual and possible consequences of the disease in this population.", "contents": "Parasites and diseases of bison in Canada IV. Serologic survey for brucellosis in bison in northern Canada. Serum samples collected from 2,365 free-roaming hybrid bison (Bison bison bison x Bison bison athabascae) in Wood Buffalo National Park and adjacent areas in the Northwest Territories were tested for brucellosis during the period 1959 to 1974. A positive reaction was obtained in 739 (31.2%) of the animals tested. The overall effect of brucellosis on this free-roaming bison population is unknown. The authors also dealt with some of the actual and possible consequences of the disease in this population.", "PMID": 691126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9223", "title": "Mycobacteriosis in mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) from the Yakima River, Washington.", "content": "Mycobacteriosis was found in mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) taken from the Yakima River near Richland, Washington in 1975 and 1976. The disease appeared to affect about 8% of the population sampled. Gross lesions were present in most visceral organs, but were most common in the kidney, liver and pyloric caeca. Microscopically, the lesions consisted of large numbers of macrophages containing numerous intracellular bacilli. An organism was isolated and has been tentatively classified as Mycobacterium sp., Runyon group III.", "contents": "Mycobacteriosis in mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) from the Yakima River, Washington. Mycobacteriosis was found in mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) taken from the Yakima River near Richland, Washington in 1975 and 1976. The disease appeared to affect about 8% of the population sampled. Gross lesions were present in most visceral organs, but were most common in the kidney, liver and pyloric caeca. Microscopically, the lesions consisted of large numbers of macrophages containing numerous intracellular bacilli. An organism was isolated and has been tentatively classified as Mycobacterium sp., Runyon group III.", "PMID": 691127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9224", "title": "Isolation of Edwardsiella tarda from three Oregon sea mammals.", "content": "Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from the peritoneal exudate of a Steller's sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) with peritonitis resulting from a perforating colonic ulcer; from the liver of a harbor porpoise (Phocena phocena) with metritis and peritonitis sequela to dystocia; and from the liver of a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with peritonitis following fracture and necrosis of a lumbar vertebrae. These findings indicate E. tarda is a common opportunistic invader in sick or injured marine mammals.", "contents": "Isolation of Edwardsiella tarda from three Oregon sea mammals. Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from the peritoneal exudate of a Steller's sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) with peritonitis resulting from a perforating colonic ulcer; from the liver of a harbor porpoise (Phocena phocena) with metritis and peritonitis sequela to dystocia; and from the liver of a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with peritonitis following fracture and necrosis of a lumbar vertebrae. These findings indicate E. tarda is a common opportunistic invader in sick or injured marine mammals.", "PMID": 691128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9225", "title": "The serologic and cultural prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica in possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand.", "content": "In a serologic and cultural survey of 127 brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) occupying pasture land in New Zealand, leptospires of the Hebdomadis serogroup were obtained from 48 (38%) of the animals sampled. Eight isolates were identified by cross-absorption agglutin ation studies as being Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica. There was a marked age difference in prevalence with 41 positive cultures from 64 mature adults (64%) and no recoveries being made from juveniles. Isolation of leptospires was aided by the use of a new technique involving the homogenation of whole kidneys in gamma sterilized plastic bags in a \"Coleworth Stomacher\". The use of this apparatus allowed the processing of whole kidneys and the technique was efficient in both the recovery of leptospires and the prevention of contamination. In view of the fact that serovar balcanica has been recorded previously only in East Europe in man, cattle and pigs, the high prevalence of infection in a wild animal population in New Zealand is an interesting development in the world distribution of this serovar.", "contents": "The serologic and cultural prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica in possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand. In a serologic and cultural survey of 127 brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) occupying pasture land in New Zealand, leptospires of the Hebdomadis serogroup were obtained from 48 (38%) of the animals sampled. Eight isolates were identified by cross-absorption agglutin ation studies as being Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica. There was a marked age difference in prevalence with 41 positive cultures from 64 mature adults (64%) and no recoveries being made from juveniles. Isolation of leptospires was aided by the use of a new technique involving the homogenation of whole kidneys in gamma sterilized plastic bags in a \"Coleworth Stomacher\". The use of this apparatus allowed the processing of whole kidneys and the technique was efficient in both the recovery of leptospires and the prevention of contamination. In view of the fact that serovar balcanica has been recorded previously only in East Europe in man, cattle and pigs, the high prevalence of infection in a wild animal population in New Zealand is an interesting development in the world distribution of this serovar.", "PMID": 691129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9226", "title": "Crop impactions in bobwhite quail in Louisiana.", "content": "Crop impactions (solid, hard masses of seeds) caused by seeds of clammy weed (Cuphea carthagenensis) were found in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) killed during the 1965-71 hunting seasons in Louisiana. Emaciation and weakened condition were associated with the presence of crop impactions in two quail, suggesting that physical obstruction of the crop by impactions may be of significant pathologic consequence.", "contents": "Crop impactions in bobwhite quail in Louisiana. Crop impactions (solid, hard masses of seeds) caused by seeds of clammy weed (Cuphea carthagenensis) were found in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) killed during the 1965-71 hunting seasons in Louisiana. Emaciation and weakened condition were associated with the presence of crop impactions in two quail, suggesting that physical obstruction of the crop by impactions may be of significant pathologic consequence.", "PMID": 691130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9227", "title": "Capillaria hepatica in small mammals collected from Shoa Province, Ethiopia.", "content": "A total of 1,110 small mammals has been examined for Capillaria hepatica in Shoa Province, Ethiopa. Nineteen of 308 (6.2%) Rattus rattus and 1 of 212 (0.5%) Praomys albipes were infected. The data indicate that C. hepatica was essentially limited to commensal rats (R. rattus).", "contents": "Capillaria hepatica in small mammals collected from Shoa Province, Ethiopia. A total of 1,110 small mammals has been examined for Capillaria hepatica in Shoa Province, Ethiopa. Nineteen of 308 (6.2%) Rattus rattus and 1 of 212 (0.5%) Praomys albipes were infected. The data indicate that C. hepatica was essentially limited to commensal rats (R. rattus).", "PMID": 691131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9228", "title": "Parasites of red foxes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.", "content": "Sixty-one red foxes from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were examined for helminths. Alaria americana, A. arisaemoides, A. mustelae, Cryptocotyle lingua, Echinostoma revolution and Metorchis conjunctus, Capillaria aerophila, Crenosoma vulpis, Toxocara canis, Uncinaria stenocephala and Taenia crassiceps were found. Approximately 67% of the foxes examined were clinically affected with Sarcoptes scabiei mange.", "contents": "Parasites of red foxes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Sixty-one red foxes from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were examined for helminths. Alaria americana, A. arisaemoides, A. mustelae, Cryptocotyle lingua, Echinostoma revolution and Metorchis conjunctus, Capillaria aerophila, Crenosoma vulpis, Toxocara canis, Uncinaria stenocephala and Taenia crassiceps were found. Approximately 67% of the foxes examined were clinically affected with Sarcoptes scabiei mange.", "PMID": 691132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9229", "title": "Cholangitis associated with species of Progamotaenia (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) in the bile ducts of marsupials.", "content": "Gross and histopathologic changes due to infection with Progamotaenia festiva and P. effigia in the bile ducts of the marsupials, Macropus rufus, M. giganteus, M. fuliginosus, Lagorchestes conspicillatus, Vombatus ursinus and Lasiorhinus latifrons are described. The integrity of the bile duct mucosa was not impaired but varying degrees of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucosa and mucosal glands, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis were found. Portal fibrosis was the prominent reaction in Lasiorhinus latifrons. Reduced prevalence of cestode infection was recorded in two populations of M. giganteus in which Fasciola hepatica also was recovered.", "contents": "Cholangitis associated with species of Progamotaenia (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) in the bile ducts of marsupials. Gross and histopathologic changes due to infection with Progamotaenia festiva and P. effigia in the bile ducts of the marsupials, Macropus rufus, M. giganteus, M. fuliginosus, Lagorchestes conspicillatus, Vombatus ursinus and Lasiorhinus latifrons are described. The integrity of the bile duct mucosa was not impaired but varying degrees of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucosa and mucosal glands, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis were found. Portal fibrosis was the prominent reaction in Lasiorhinus latifrons. Reduced prevalence of cestode infection was recorded in two populations of M. giganteus in which Fasciola hepatica also was recovered.", "PMID": 691133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9230", "title": "Osteoarthrosis in a coyote x dog hybrid from Nebraska.", "content": "Osteoarthrosis is described in a wild, 14-year-old coyote (Canis latrans) x dog (C. familiaris) hybrid shot in southeastern Nebraska. There was ankylosis of five vertebrae, the head of the left femur was absent, and periarticular osteophytes occurred throughout the skeleton. The age is significant because wild coyotes seldom live beyond 6 years and coyote x dog hybrids are considered to be less fit for survival in the wild than coyotes.", "contents": "Osteoarthrosis in a coyote x dog hybrid from Nebraska. Osteoarthrosis is described in a wild, 14-year-old coyote (Canis latrans) x dog (C. familiaris) hybrid shot in southeastern Nebraska. There was ankylosis of five vertebrae, the head of the left femur was absent, and periarticular osteophytes occurred throughout the skeleton. The age is significant because wild coyotes seldom live beyond 6 years and coyote x dog hybrids are considered to be less fit for survival in the wild than coyotes.", "PMID": 691134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9231", "title": "Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Serial endomyocardial biopsies and systolic time intervals.", "content": "Doxorubicin, whose dose-limiting toxicity is cardiomyopathy, was given to four cancer patients. Endomyocardial biopsy specimens and test results of cardiac function were obtained  before, during, and after treatment. The biopsy specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy and were graded blindly. Evidence of specific doxorubicin injury was found in 3/4 patients with as little as 180 mg/sq m of the drug and became progressively more severe with higher doses. All test results of cardiac function, including systolic time intervals, remained normal. These data suggest that a specific, progressive subclinical injury to the heart occurs with doxorubicin therapy, which cannot be reliably detected by routine tests. This potential risk must be taken into account with the use of doxorubicin, especially when combined with synergistic agents.", "contents": "Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Serial endomyocardial biopsies and systolic time intervals. Doxorubicin, whose dose-limiting toxicity is cardiomyopathy, was given to four cancer patients. Endomyocardial biopsy specimens and test results of cardiac function were obtained  before, during, and after treatment. The biopsy specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy and were graded blindly. Evidence of specific doxorubicin injury was found in 3/4 patients with as little as 180 mg/sq m of the drug and became progressively more severe with higher doses. All test results of cardiac function, including systolic time intervals, remained normal. These data suggest that a specific, progressive subclinical injury to the heart occurs with doxorubicin therapy, which cannot be reliably detected by routine tests. This potential risk must be taken into account with the use of doxorubicin, especially when combined with synergistic agents.", "PMID": 691145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9232", "title": "Weight and blood pressure. Findings in hypertension screening of 1 million Americans.", "content": "In the nationwide Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinic screening of more than 1 million people, the group classifying itself as overweight had prevalence rates of hypertension 50% to 300% higher than other screenees. Frequency of hypertension in overweight persons aged 20 to 39 years was double that of normal weight and triple that of underweight persons. Among those aged 40 to 64 years, the overweight group had a 50% higher hypertension prevalence rate than the normal-weight group and 100% higher than the underweight group. With each higher degree of blood pressure elevation, relative frequency of hypertension with overweight was larger. Thus this study confirms, in the largest group surveyed to date, similar findings in previous cross-sectional surveys. It is also consistent with data from longitudinal and intervention studies on the importance of overweight in relation to hypertension.", "contents": "Weight and blood pressure. Findings in hypertension screening of 1 million Americans. In the nationwide Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinic screening of more than 1 million people, the group classifying itself as overweight had prevalence rates of hypertension 50% to 300% higher than other screenees. Frequency of hypertension in overweight persons aged 20 to 39 years was double that of normal weight and triple that of underweight persons. Among those aged 40 to 64 years, the overweight group had a 50% higher hypertension prevalence rate than the normal-weight group and 100% higher than the underweight group. With each higher degree of blood pressure elevation, relative frequency of hypertension with overweight was larger. Thus this study confirms, in the largest group surveyed to date, similar findings in previous cross-sectional surveys. It is also consistent with data from longitudinal and intervention studies on the importance of overweight in relation to hypertension.", "PMID": 691146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9233", "title": "Bioactivity of instant glucose. Failure of absorption through oral mucosa.", "content": "The efficacy of instant glucose as a potential treatment for hypoglycemia was studied in normal volunteers, with therapeutic doses administered in the buccal cavity. 2-Tritiated glucose (50 mu Ci) was homogenized into each dose before use. Mean blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were unaltered by instant glucose. Glucose absorption was less than 0.05 mg at any time, and total glucose absorbed was less than 0.1 mg. For comparison purposes, volunteers swallowed a dose of instant glucose. Approximately 88% of the dose was absorbed during a 30-minute interval. Blood glucose and insulin levels increased. Instant glucose appears to be of therapeutic value only if swallowed by fully conscious, hypoglycemic patients. It should not benefit unconscious patients because of its poor absorption through the buccal mucosa.", "contents": "Bioactivity of instant glucose. Failure of absorption through oral mucosa. The efficacy of instant glucose as a potential treatment for hypoglycemia was studied in normal volunteers, with therapeutic doses administered in the buccal cavity. 2-Tritiated glucose (50 mu Ci) was homogenized into each dose before use. Mean blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were unaltered by instant glucose. Glucose absorption was less than 0.05 mg at any time, and total glucose absorbed was less than 0.1 mg. For comparison purposes, volunteers swallowed a dose of instant glucose. Approximately 88% of the dose was absorbed during a 30-minute interval. Blood glucose and insulin levels increased. Instant glucose appears to be of therapeutic value only if swallowed by fully conscious, hypoglycemic patients. It should not benefit unconscious patients because of its poor absorption through the buccal mucosa.", "PMID": 691147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9234", "title": "SI units for clinical laboratory data.", "content": "The international System of Units (SI) has not yet been accepted by American physicians because of reluctance to convert to a new system and the corresponding need for relearning. The impetus to introduce the SI came from European laboratory scientists; the system was later accepted (not always enthusiastically) by physicians after the same objections now voiced by their US counterparts were overcome. Now that many American laboratory scientists are actively studying and assessing the benefits of SI, we may have begun the chain of events that will lead to general acceptance by physicians in the United States.", "contents": "SI units for clinical laboratory data. The international System of Units (SI) has not yet been accepted by American physicians because of reluctance to convert to a new system and the corresponding need for relearning. The impetus to introduce the SI came from European laboratory scientists; the system was later accepted (not always enthusiastically) by physicians after the same objections now voiced by their US counterparts were overcome. Now that many American laboratory scientists are actively studying and assessing the benefits of SI, we may have begun the chain of events that will lead to general acceptance by physicians in the United States.", "PMID": 691149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9235", "title": "Dermatopathic lymphadenitis presenting as lateral breast mass.", "content": "Two cases of dermatopathic lymphadenitis involved external mammary lymph nodes and presented clinically as breast masses. The variable position and number of external mammary lymph nodes account for the difficulty in  differentiating intrinsic breast pathological conditions of the lateral margin of  the breast from lymphadenitis. Recent publicity may account for a lower threshold for detection of such lesions by patients as well as physicians. Dermatopathic lymphadenitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of persistent solid masses involving the lateral margin of the breast and should be confirmed by excisional biopsy.", "contents": "Dermatopathic lymphadenitis presenting as lateral breast mass. Two cases of dermatopathic lymphadenitis involved external mammary lymph nodes and presented clinically as breast masses. The variable position and number of external mammary lymph nodes account for the difficulty in  differentiating intrinsic breast pathological conditions of the lateral margin of  the breast from lymphadenitis. Recent publicity may account for a lower threshold for detection of such lesions by patients as well as physicians. Dermatopathic lymphadenitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of persistent solid masses involving the lateral margin of the breast and should be confirmed by excisional biopsy.", "PMID": 691150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9236", "title": "Urticaria following intravenous doxorubicin administration.", "content": "Urticaria developed above the site of injection with doxorubicin hydrochloride in 11 patients with malignant neoplasms. Generalized urticaria without anaphylaxis developed in one patient, while only local reactions developed in the other ten. A reaction developed in two patients on their first exposure to doxorubicin. Two of the seven patients who received subsequent doxorubicin therapy had further reactions. Urticaria does not seem to be a contraindication to further treatment with doxorubicin if the patient is closely observed. The value of prophylactic antihistamines of corticosteroids is not clear.", "contents": "Urticaria following intravenous doxorubicin administration. Urticaria developed above the site of injection with doxorubicin hydrochloride in 11 patients with malignant neoplasms. Generalized urticaria without anaphylaxis developed in one patient, while only local reactions developed in the other ten. A reaction developed in two patients on their first exposure to doxorubicin. Two of the seven patients who received subsequent doxorubicin therapy had further reactions. Urticaria does not seem to be a contraindication to further treatment with doxorubicin if the patient is closely observed. The value of prophylactic antihistamines of corticosteroids is not clear.", "PMID": 691151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9237", "title": "Giant meningiomas of the posterior fossa.", "content": "Posterior fossa meningiomas ordinarily produce clinical signs appropriate to their location. Four cases of huge infratentorial meningiomas were associated with minimal clinical manifestations.", "contents": "Giant meningiomas of the posterior fossa. Posterior fossa meningiomas ordinarily produce clinical signs appropriate to their location. Four cases of huge infratentorial meningiomas were associated with minimal clinical manifestations.", "PMID": 691152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9238", "title": "Lack of transmission of hepatitis B after surgical exposure.", "content": "An orthopedic surgeon in whom hepatitis B subsequently developed participated in operations on 49 patients in the two months preceding his illness. Thirty of these patients were available for subsequent clinical and serologic follow-up: five had positive reactions for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and one had a positive reaction for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) at the initial examination an average of 77 days after surgery. No new patients had either clinical or serologic evidence of hepatitis B during four months of subsequent follow-up (mean of 6.7 months after surgery). A control group of 56 orthopedic patients had a 25% prevalence of positive reactions for anti-HBs and negative reactions for HBsAg- this was not significantly different from the exposed group. The risk to patients of acquiring hepatitis B after surgical exposure in this setting from a surgeon is low.", "contents": "Lack of transmission of hepatitis B after surgical exposure. An orthopedic surgeon in whom hepatitis B subsequently developed participated in operations on 49 patients in the two months preceding his illness. Thirty of these patients were available for subsequent clinical and serologic follow-up: five had positive reactions for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and one had a positive reaction for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) at the initial examination an average of 77 days after surgery. No new patients had either clinical or serologic evidence of hepatitis B during four months of subsequent follow-up (mean of 6.7 months after surgery). A control group of 56 orthopedic patients had a 25% prevalence of positive reactions for anti-HBs and negative reactions for HBsAg- this was not significantly different from the exposed group. The risk to patients of acquiring hepatitis B after surgical exposure in this setting from a surgeon is low.", "PMID": 691168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9239", "title": "Thrombophlebitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Thrombophlebitis occurred in 14 (12.2%) of 114 patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Abnormal clotting occurred despite the presence of thrombocytopenia or circulating anticoagulants in some of the patients, and the development of pulmonary emboli was verified in seven. Although infrequently reported, the association of thrombophlebitis with active SLE is apparently not uncommon. While there were no features that distinguished this group of patients from other groups of patients with SLE, there are some possible mechanisms. Recognition of this complication of SLE is important because of the frequent occurrence of SLE-induced pleuritis and its similarity to the pain of pulmonary emboli.", "contents": "Thrombophlebitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Thrombophlebitis occurred in 14 (12.2%) of 114 patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Abnormal clotting occurred despite the presence of thrombocytopenia or circulating anticoagulants in some of the patients, and the development of pulmonary emboli was verified in seven. Although infrequently reported, the association of thrombophlebitis with active SLE is apparently not uncommon. While there were no features that distinguished this group of patients from other groups of patients with SLE, there are some possible mechanisms. Recognition of this complication of SLE is important because of the frequent occurrence of SLE-induced pleuritis and its similarity to the pain of pulmonary emboli.", "PMID": 691169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9240", "title": "Direct transfer to operating room improves care of trauma patients. A simple, economically feasible plan for large hospitals.", "content": "As evidenced in a nine-year experience with more than 4,000 patients, the operating room is an ideal receiving area for severely injured patients. This system, which reduces mortality, morbidity, and suffering incurred by severely injured patients, is both feasible and economical for many large metropolitan hospitals.", "contents": "Direct transfer to operating room improves care of trauma patients. A simple, economically feasible plan for large hospitals. As evidenced in a nine-year experience with more than 4,000 patients, the operating room is an ideal receiving area for severely injured patients. This system, which reduces mortality, morbidity, and suffering incurred by severely injured patients, is both feasible and economical for many large metropolitan hospitals.", "PMID": 691170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9241", "title": "Estrogen and the postmenopausal breast. Mammographic considerations.", "content": "Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy may produce changes in the breast demonstrable as cystic or dysplastic by mammography. Following cessation of hormone therapy, radiological regression of these changes may be seen. We suggest that in certain patients estrogen replacement therapy be discontinued in an attempt to reverse these dysplastic changes. Reliable radiologic as well as clinical evaluation of the breasts may be enhanced thereby, and if the presence of an associated malignant neoplasm is marked, it will be clarified radiologically and clinically.", "contents": "Estrogen and the postmenopausal breast. Mammographic considerations. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy may produce changes in the breast demonstrable as cystic or dysplastic by mammography. Following cessation of hormone therapy, radiological regression of these changes may be seen. We suggest that in certain patients estrogen replacement therapy be discontinued in an attempt to reverse these dysplastic changes. Reliable radiologic as well as clinical evaluation of the breasts may be enhanced thereby, and if the presence of an associated malignant neoplasm is marked, it will be clarified radiologically and clinically.", "PMID": 691171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9242", "title": "Family physician pathway and medical student career choice. Ten years after curriculum change at the University of Washington.", "content": "In 1968 the University of Washington School of Medicine initiated a new curriculum that included a family physician pathway. Six of these classes have now graduated. Two thirds of the planned strategies for the pathway were actually implemented. Approximately half of the students in each second-year class now choose this pathway. Ninety percent of those graduating have done so in the traditional four years. Seventy-three percent of those in the pathway actually pursued family practice training on graduation. Approximately one third of all University of Washington graduates now enter training for family practice, one third enter internal medicine, 10% enter surgical fields, and 8% enter pediatrics. These rates represent significant increases in the proportion of students entering directly into family practice, internal medicine, and pediatrics training.", "contents": "Family physician pathway and medical student career choice. Ten years after curriculum change at the University of Washington. In 1968 the University of Washington School of Medicine initiated a new curriculum that included a family physician pathway. Six of these classes have now graduated. Two thirds of the planned strategies for the pathway were actually implemented. Approximately half of the students in each second-year class now choose this pathway. Ninety percent of those graduating have done so in the traditional four years. Seventy-three percent of those in the pathway actually pursued family practice training on graduation. Approximately one third of all University of Washington graduates now enter training for family practice, one third enter internal medicine, 10% enter surgical fields, and 8% enter pediatrics. These rates represent significant increases in the proportion of students entering directly into family practice, internal medicine, and pediatrics training.", "PMID": 691172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9243", "title": "Dysesthesia, witchcraft, and conversion reaction. A case successfully treated with psychotherapy.", "content": "An intelligent, well-educated black woman from the rural South, through an interaction of psychopathology and cultural background, experienced dysesthesia as a conversion reaction and came to believe that she was the victim of witchcraft. After neurological evaluation showed no abnormalities, she was successfully treated with conventional psychotherapy. Belief in hexing or root work is still alive today and should be inquired about in patients with unusual symptoms and an appropriate cultural background.", "contents": "Dysesthesia, witchcraft, and conversion reaction. A case successfully treated with psychotherapy. An intelligent, well-educated black woman from the rural South, through an interaction of psychopathology and cultural background, experienced dysesthesia as a conversion reaction and came to believe that she was the victim of witchcraft. After neurological evaluation showed no abnormalities, she was successfully treated with conventional psychotherapy. Belief in hexing or root work is still alive today and should be inquired about in patients with unusual symptoms and an appropriate cultural background.", "PMID": 691173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9244", "title": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in reconstructive arterial surgery. Preliminary report of the first 110 consecutive cases for limb salvage.", "content": "One hundred ten arterial reconstructions, including several new and extended bypasses, were performed with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts and were observed for three to 16 months. Patency rates were 100% with 15 bypasses to the femoral artery, 95% with 66 bypasses to the popliteal artery, and 76% with 29 bypasses to the arteries of the leg and foot. These encouraging preliminary results justify continued use and evaluation of PTFE as an arterial prosthesis.", "contents": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in reconstructive arterial surgery. Preliminary report of the first 110 consecutive cases for limb salvage. One hundred ten arterial reconstructions, including several new and extended bypasses, were performed with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts and were observed for three to 16 months. Patency rates were 100% with 15 bypasses to the femoral artery, 95% with 66 bypasses to the popliteal artery, and 76% with 29 bypasses to the arteries of the leg and foot. These encouraging preliminary results justify continued use and evaluation of PTFE as an arterial prosthesis.", "PMID": 691196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9245", "title": "Toxicity of penicillamine. A serious limitation to therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A retrospective study of penicillamine toxicity in 156 patients yielded a high incidence of toxic reaction (62%), necessitating discontinuation of the drug therapy in 36% of the patients. Of the total group, proteinuria occurred in 14%, hematologic toxic reaction in 11%, mucocutaneous toxic reaction in 28%, and gastrointestinal intolerance in 12%.", "contents": "Toxicity of penicillamine. A serious limitation to therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. A retrospective study of penicillamine toxicity in 156 patients yielded a high incidence of toxic reaction (62%), necessitating discontinuation of the drug therapy in 36% of the patients. Of the total group, proteinuria occurred in 14%, hematologic toxic reaction in 11%, mucocutaneous toxic reaction in 28%, and gastrointestinal intolerance in 12%.", "PMID": 691197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9246", "title": "Outcome and cost for stroke patients in academic and community hospitals. Comparison of two groups referred to a regional rehabilitation center.", "content": "Patients transferred to a regional stroke rehabilitation center from academic hospital centers (124 patients) and from community hospital centers (315 patients) were compared for outcome and cost of treatment. The two groups were matched for Amended International Classification of Diseases diagnostic category, age, sex, distribution of weakness, types of neurological deficits, time from the onset of the stroke symptoms to admission to the rehabilitation unit, and the concurrence of major medical problems thought to contribute to cerebrovascular disease. There was no statistically significant difference in functional outcome or length of stay, but acute health care costs for patients treated in community hospitals were about 50% less.", "contents": "Outcome and cost for stroke patients in academic and community hospitals. Comparison of two groups referred to a regional rehabilitation center. Patients transferred to a regional stroke rehabilitation center from academic hospital centers (124 patients) and from community hospital centers (315 patients) were compared for outcome and cost of treatment. The two groups were matched for Amended International Classification of Diseases diagnostic category, age, sex, distribution of weakness, types of neurological deficits, time from the onset of the stroke symptoms to admission to the rehabilitation unit, and the concurrence of major medical problems thought to contribute to cerebrovascular disease. There was no statistically significant difference in functional outcome or length of stay, but acute health care costs for patients treated in community hospitals were about 50% less.", "PMID": 691198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9247", "title": "Changes in theophylline clearance during acute illness.", "content": "Three patients demonstrated twofold to threefold changes in total-body theophylline clearance during the course of a single hospitalization for an acute illness. These changes paralleled the changes in the patients' clinical status. Theophylline clearance decreased in one patient with worsening airway obstruction, whereas clearance increased in one patient with resolving pneumonia and in one patient with improving congestive heart failure. Total-body theophylline clearance may be unstable in acute, severe illness. Close monitoring of plasma theophylline concentration in such situations will allow appropriate dose adjustments to be made and is, therefore, indicated.", "contents": "Changes in theophylline clearance during acute illness. Three patients demonstrated twofold to threefold changes in total-body theophylline clearance during the course of a single hospitalization for an acute illness. These changes paralleled the changes in the patients' clinical status. Theophylline clearance decreased in one patient with worsening airway obstruction, whereas clearance increased in one patient with resolving pneumonia and in one patient with improving congestive heart failure. Total-body theophylline clearance may be unstable in acute, severe illness. Close monitoring of plasma theophylline concentration in such situations will allow appropriate dose adjustments to be made and is, therefore, indicated.", "PMID": 691199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9248", "title": "Salmonellosis associated with homemade ice cream. An outbreak report and summary of outbreaks in the United States in 1966 to 1976.", "content": "During the period 1966 to 1976, 22 outbreaks with 292 individual cases of salmonellosis associated with the  consumption of homemade ice cream were reported to the Center for Disease Control. Salmonella typhimurium accounted for 45% of the outbreaks. The source of eggs used was known in 13 outbreaks, and all were ungraded farm- or home-produced eggs, a potential source of salmonellae. In 11 outbreaks, the method of preparation was known, and in all, the ice-cream custard had not been cooked before freezing.", "contents": "Salmonellosis associated with homemade ice cream. An outbreak report and summary of outbreaks in the United States in 1966 to 1976. During the period 1966 to 1976, 22 outbreaks with 292 individual cases of salmonellosis associated with the  consumption of homemade ice cream were reported to the Center for Disease Control. Salmonella typhimurium accounted for 45% of the outbreaks. The source of eggs used was known in 13 outbreaks, and all were ungraded farm- or home-produced eggs, a potential source of salmonellae. In 11 outbreaks, the method of preparation was known, and in all, the ice-cream custard had not been cooked before freezing.", "PMID": 691200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9249", "title": "Evaluation of a new antidiuretic agent, desmopressin acetate (DDAVP).", "content": "Desmopressin acetate is a synthetic vasopressin analogue administered by the intranasal route. It is long-acting and well tolerated and may be the agent of choice for treating central diabetes insipidus.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new antidiuretic agent, desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). Desmopressin acetate is a synthetic vasopressin analogue administered by the intranasal route. It is long-acting and well tolerated and may be the agent of choice for treating central diabetes insipidus.", "PMID": 691204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9250", "title": "Ultrasound aortic measurement and elective aneurysmectomy.", "content": "In a study of 53 cases, aneurysm size was measured with the use of preoperative physical examination, lateral abdominal roentgenography, and B-mode aortic ultrasonography for comparison with direct intraoperative measurement during aneurysmectomy. Mean aneurysm diameter on the basis of physical examination overestimated aortic size by 1 cm; physical examination measurement was within 0.5 cm of true aortic size in 38% of patients and within 1 cm in 58% of patients. The lateral roentgenogram also overestimated mean aortic diameter by 1 cm and was within 0.5 cm of true aortic size in 44% of patients and within 1 cm in 72% of patients. Measurement using B-mode aortic ultrasonography closely approximated intraoperative aneurysm measurement. Measurement was identical in 34% of patients and was within 0.5 cm and 1 cm in 75% and 92% of patients, respectively.", "contents": "Ultrasound aortic measurement and elective aneurysmectomy. In a study of 53 cases, aneurysm size was measured with the use of preoperative physical examination, lateral abdominal roentgenography, and B-mode aortic ultrasonography for comparison with direct intraoperative measurement during aneurysmectomy. Mean aneurysm diameter on the basis of physical examination overestimated aortic size by 1 cm; physical examination measurement was within 0.5 cm of true aortic size in 38% of patients and within 1 cm in 58% of patients. The lateral roentgenogram also overestimated mean aortic diameter by 1 cm and was within 0.5 cm of true aortic size in 44% of patients and within 1 cm in 72% of patients. Measurement using B-mode aortic ultrasonography closely approximated intraoperative aneurysm measurement. Measurement was identical in 34% of patients and was within 0.5 cm and 1 cm in 75% and 92% of patients, respectively.", "PMID": 691216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9251", "title": "Staffing pattern of a health maintenance organization. A systems approach.", "content": "A systems analysis approach was applied to a study of health provider jobs in a health maintenance organization to develop a proposal for an improved staffing pattern and an appropriate training curriculum for the provider. Physicians reported performing 512 ambulatory care tasks; health associates, 372; and health assistants, 284. Overlap was found among each group, especially in data-gathering tasks. This led to reallocation of tasks, with the most complex but smallest number assigned to the physician, and the least complex but highest number assigned to the assistant. In turn, a staffing pattern was suggested whereby a team of two physicians, four associates, and eight assistants would be able to manage the visits of 10,000 patients.", "contents": "Staffing pattern of a health maintenance organization. A systems approach. A systems analysis approach was applied to a study of health provider jobs in a health maintenance organization to develop a proposal for an improved staffing pattern and an appropriate training curriculum for the provider. Physicians reported performing 512 ambulatory care tasks; health associates, 372; and health assistants, 284. Overlap was found among each group, especially in data-gathering tasks. This led to reallocation of tasks, with the most complex but smallest number assigned to the physician, and the least complex but highest number assigned to the assistant. In turn, a staffing pattern was suggested whereby a team of two physicians, four associates, and eight assistants would be able to manage the visits of 10,000 patients.", "PMID": 691217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9252", "title": "Screening for hypertension in the emergency department.", "content": "Review of emergency department charts at three university-affiliated hospitals showed that less than half of all patients who had elevated blood pressure (BP) recorded were recognized by physicians to be hypertensive. At the primary teaching hospital, less than one third of patients with the greatest BP elevation (greater than 20 mm Hg above normal) were sent for some type of hypertension follow-up care.", "contents": "Screening for hypertension in the emergency department. Review of emergency department charts at three university-affiliated hospitals showed that less than half of all patients who had elevated blood pressure (BP) recorded were recognized by physicians to be hypertensive. At the primary teaching hospital, less than one third of patients with the greatest BP elevation (greater than 20 mm Hg above normal) were sent for some type of hypertension follow-up care.", "PMID": 691218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9253", "title": "Ligamentous laxity in secondary school athletes.", "content": "An increase in ligamentous laxity has been said to predispose athletes to injury of the joint. To evaluate the usefulness of testing ligamentous laxity to predict a predisposition to injury in secondary school athletes, 166 male football players, 84 female basketball players, and 32 male basketball players were tested. The results were compared with those for 167 males and 223 females in high school but not involved in interscholastic sports. No correlation could be found between ligamentous laxity and the occurrence or type of injury.", "contents": "Ligamentous laxity in secondary school athletes. An increase in ligamentous laxity has been said to predispose athletes to injury of the joint. To evaluate the usefulness of testing ligamentous laxity to predict a predisposition to injury in secondary school athletes, 166 male football players, 84 female basketball players, and 32 male basketball players were tested. The results were compared with those for 167 males and 223 females in high school but not involved in interscholastic sports. No correlation could be found between ligamentous laxity and the occurrence or type of injury.", "PMID": 691219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9254", "title": "Conjunctivitis and skin erythema. Outbreak caused by a damaged high-intensity lamp.", "content": "Eighty-one members of girls' basketball teams were exposed to ultraviolet light while sitting in the bleachers of a school gymnasium. A mercury high-intensity discharge lamp lighting the bleacher area had a hole in its outer envelope that allowed the emission of ultraviolet light. Sixty-nine (85%) of the 81 girls were affected; 49 (71%) had symptoms of conjunctivitis and 63 (91%) had symptoms of erythema.", "contents": "Conjunctivitis and skin erythema. Outbreak caused by a damaged high-intensity lamp. Eighty-one members of girls' basketball teams were exposed to ultraviolet light while sitting in the bleachers of a school gymnasium. A mercury high-intensity discharge lamp lighting the bleacher area had a hole in its outer envelope that allowed the emission of ultraviolet light. Sixty-nine (85%) of the 81 girls were affected; 49 (71%) had symptoms of conjunctivitis and 63 (91%) had symptoms of erythema.", "PMID": 691221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9255", "title": "Jaundice, choledocholithiasis, and a nondilated common duct.", "content": "In two cases of jaundice due to choledocholithiasis, the biliary tree was not dilated on skinny-needle transhepatic cholangiography. Visualization of the biliary tree before arriving at a diagnosis in certain cases of jaundice is needed.", "contents": "Jaundice, choledocholithiasis, and a nondilated common duct. In two cases of jaundice due to choledocholithiasis, the biliary tree was not dilated on skinny-needle transhepatic cholangiography. Visualization of the biliary tree before arriving at a diagnosis in certain cases of jaundice is needed.", "PMID": 691222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9256", "title": "Minoxidil treatment of malignant hypertension. Recovery of renal function.", "content": "We treated eight severely hypertensive, long-term hemodialysis patients who failed to respond to ultrafiltration or conventional medication with minoxidil rather than with bilateral nephrectomy. Control of blood pressure and relief of symptoms was achieved in all eight. In addition, three of the patients, who were all severely oliguric, recovered sufficient renal function to allow the discontinuation of dialysis. Two are presently doing well, while one died of causes unrelated to uremia or minoxidil therapy. We presently reserve bilateral nephrectomy for those hypertensive dialysis patients who are awaiting transplantation.", "contents": "Minoxidil treatment of malignant hypertension. Recovery of renal function. We treated eight severely hypertensive, long-term hemodialysis patients who failed to respond to ultrafiltration or conventional medication with minoxidil rather than with bilateral nephrectomy. Control of blood pressure and relief of symptoms was achieved in all eight. In addition, three of the patients, who were all severely oliguric, recovered sufficient renal function to allow the discontinuation of dialysis. Two are presently doing well, while one died of causes unrelated to uremia or minoxidil therapy. We presently reserve bilateral nephrectomy for those hypertensive dialysis patients who are awaiting transplantation.", "PMID": 691223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9257", "title": "Cystic fibrosis. Problems encountered with sweat testing.", "content": "The sweat test is the only practical and reliable laboratory test for confirmation of the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Among 234 patients referred to The Johns Hopkins Hospital for sweat testing, 62 had had a previous test; 29 tests had been reported as negative, and 33 tests had been reported as positive. Results of quantitative pilocarpine-iontophoresis sweat tests at this center led to a change in diagnosis in 27 (43.5%) of these 62 patients. Most of the errors were false-positive.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis. Problems encountered with sweat testing. The sweat test is the only practical and reliable laboratory test for confirmation of the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Among 234 patients referred to The Johns Hopkins Hospital for sweat testing, 62 had had a previous test; 29 tests had been reported as negative, and 33 tests had been reported as positive. Results of quantitative pilocarpine-iontophoresis sweat tests at this center led to a change in diagnosis in 27 (43.5%) of these 62 patients. Most of the errors were false-positive.", "PMID": 691224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9258", "title": "[Clinical experience with cefoxitin in the field of internal medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "1) Cefoxitin (CFX) was administered to seven patients: two with acute pneumonia, two with acute pyelonephritis, one with pyonephrosis complicated to pyelolithotomy, one with acute cystitis and one with CONN syndrome complicated to liver cirrhosis. 2) Response to the CFX treatment was excellent in three patients, good in three, and poor in one. 3) No side effect was observed in all cases. In two patients in whom CFX and furosemide were concomitantly administered, no aggravation of the renal function was observed.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with cefoxitin in the field of internal medicine (author's transl)]. 1) Cefoxitin (CFX) was administered to seven patients: two with acute pneumonia, two with acute pyelonephritis, one with pyonephrosis complicated to pyelolithotomy, one with acute cystitis and one with CONN syndrome complicated to liver cirrhosis. 2) Response to the CFX treatment was excellent in three patients, good in three, and poor in one. 3) No side effect was observed in all cases. In two patients in whom CFX and furosemide were concomitantly administered, no aggravation of the renal function was observed.", "PMID": 691257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9259", "title": "[A clinical study of PC-904 in pediatric field (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical study of PC-904 was performed and the following results were obtained. 1) PC-904 was intravenously administered at the daily dosage of 20 approximately 120 mg/kg to 13 children; urinary tract infection (10 cases), acute pneumonia (1 case), sepsis (1 case) and purulent meningitis (1 case). The overall efficacy rate was 46.2%. 2) As to adverse reaction, eosinophilia was noted only in 2 patients. One neonate was treated with this drug, but no side effects were observed. 3) It was considered that PC-904 was a useful antibiotic drug for the second choice rather than the first.", "contents": "[A clinical study of PC-904 in pediatric field (author's transl)]. A clinical study of PC-904 was performed and the following results were obtained. 1) PC-904 was intravenously administered at the daily dosage of 20 approximately 120 mg/kg to 13 children; urinary tract infection (10 cases), acute pneumonia (1 case), sepsis (1 case) and purulent meningitis (1 case). The overall efficacy rate was 46.2%. 2) As to adverse reaction, eosinophilia was noted only in 2 patients. One neonate was treated with this drug, but no side effects were observed. 3) It was considered that PC-904 was a useful antibiotic drug for the second choice rather than the first.", "PMID": 691259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9260", "title": "[Fundamental and clinical studies of PC-904 in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "The following studies were carried out in pediatric patients. 1. Serum levels of PC-904 were examined in 3 patients by 1 hour intravenous infusion of 20 mg/kg, reaching the peak of 22.5 approximately 25.5 microgram/ml at the end of infusion. Half life was 37 approximately 48 minutes. 2. Investigated in only 1 patient, the urinary excretion rate was 12.9% (0 approximately 6 hours). 3. The effect of PC-904 on blood pressure was examined in 1 patient, and no effect was observed. 4. Clinical effects of PC-904 were examined in 9 patients; urinary tract infection (6 cases) and Salmonella enteritis (3 cases). The daily dose was 32.6 approximately 93.0 mg/kg. The overall clinical effectiveness was 66.7%. As to causative organisms E. coli, Klebsiella and Salmonella were isolated. The clinical effects by the organisms were 100%, 0%, and 66.7%, respectively. 5. Slight elevation of GOT and GPT and eosinophilia were observed in each one case but these abnormalities rapidly returned to pre-treatment levels when the administration was discontinued. No other side effects were noticed.", "contents": "[Fundamental and clinical studies of PC-904 in pediatrics (author's transl)]. The following studies were carried out in pediatric patients. 1. Serum levels of PC-904 were examined in 3 patients by 1 hour intravenous infusion of 20 mg/kg, reaching the peak of 22.5 approximately 25.5 microgram/ml at the end of infusion. Half life was 37 approximately 48 minutes. 2. Investigated in only 1 patient, the urinary excretion rate was 12.9% (0 approximately 6 hours). 3. The effect of PC-904 on blood pressure was examined in 1 patient, and no effect was observed. 4. Clinical effects of PC-904 were examined in 9 patients; urinary tract infection (6 cases) and Salmonella enteritis (3 cases). The daily dose was 32.6 approximately 93.0 mg/kg. The overall clinical effectiveness was 66.7%. As to causative organisms E. coli, Klebsiella and Salmonella were isolated. The clinical effects by the organisms were 100%, 0%, and 66.7%, respectively. 5. Slight elevation of GOT and GPT and eosinophilia were observed in each one case but these abnormalities rapidly returned to pre-treatment levels when the administration was discontinued. No other side effects were noticed.", "PMID": 691260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9261", "title": "[Fundamental and clinical studies in pediatrics on PC-904, a penicillin with broad spectrum newly developed in Japan (author's transl)].", "content": "Fundamental and clinical studies of PC-904, a newly developed penicillin with a broad spectrum, were performed and the following results were obtained. (1) The serum levels of PC-904 after 1.5 hours drip infusion reached the peak at 1 hour or at the end of the infusion and the detectable levels of PC-904 were maintained up to 2 or 3 hours after the end of the infusion. (2) The urinary excretion rates up to 6 hours after the onset of the infusion were 19.2 approximately 25.5%. (3) Forty-one patients were treated with PC-904 and the majority of the diseases were acute respiratory infections. The treatment by the drip infusion of 50 approximately 100 mg/kg/day resulted in good responses to whooping cough, and lacunar tonsillitis, lymphadenitis and staphylococcal scald skin syndrome resistant to the treatment by ampicillin and cephalexin. The satisfactory results were also obtained by the treatment of almost the same dosage in the patients with acute bronchitis, bronchopneumonia and measles pneumonia. (4) Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from the sputum culture of the patients with bronchopneumonia and they responded well to the treatment with PC-904. (5) The drip infusion of 60 approximately 70 mg/kg/day for 5 approximately 6 days was shown to be useful in the treatment of urinary tract infection of which the causative organism was E. coli. (6) No side effects were observed except rubella-like eruption in one case. (7) Clinical evaluation was examined in all cases except one patient of which the medication was withdrawn due to eruption, and the overall clinical efficacy was excellent or good in all of 40 cases.", "contents": "[Fundamental and clinical studies in pediatrics on PC-904, a penicillin with broad spectrum newly developed in Japan (author's transl)]. Fundamental and clinical studies of PC-904, a newly developed penicillin with a broad spectrum, were performed and the following results were obtained. (1) The serum levels of PC-904 after 1.5 hours drip infusion reached the peak at 1 hour or at the end of the infusion and the detectable levels of PC-904 were maintained up to 2 or 3 hours after the end of the infusion. (2) The urinary excretion rates up to 6 hours after the onset of the infusion were 19.2 approximately 25.5%. (3) Forty-one patients were treated with PC-904 and the majority of the diseases were acute respiratory infections. The treatment by the drip infusion of 50 approximately 100 mg/kg/day resulted in good responses to whooping cough, and lacunar tonsillitis, lymphadenitis and staphylococcal scald skin syndrome resistant to the treatment by ampicillin and cephalexin. The satisfactory results were also obtained by the treatment of almost the same dosage in the patients with acute bronchitis, bronchopneumonia and measles pneumonia. (4) Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from the sputum culture of the patients with bronchopneumonia and they responded well to the treatment with PC-904. (5) The drip infusion of 60 approximately 70 mg/kg/day for 5 approximately 6 days was shown to be useful in the treatment of urinary tract infection of which the causative organism was E. coli. (6) No side effects were observed except rubella-like eruption in one case. (7) Clinical evaluation was examined in all cases except one patient of which the medication was withdrawn due to eruption, and the overall clinical efficacy was excellent or good in all of 40 cases.", "PMID": 691261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9262", "title": "[Clinical study of PC-904 in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical study of PC-904 was performed in 8 children with infectious diseases and the following results were obtained. 1) The patients treated with PC-904 were each one case of acute pharyngitis, lacunar tonsillitis, scarlet fever, phlegmone, acute bronchitis and lung abscess, and 2 cases of bronchopneumonia. 2) The administration methods were drip infusion, one-shot intravenous injection and the combined use of these administrations. The daily dosage varied from 30 to 49 mg/kg in 3 cases and from 50 to 70 mg/kg in 3 cases, and was 227 mg/kg in 1 case. 3) Clinical evaluation was examined in 7 cases and 57.1% of effectiveness was obtained. Out of 2 cases of pneumonia, one case with the causative organism of My. pneumoniae was excluded from the clinical evaluation. 4) No side effects were observed in all 8 cases treated with PC-904.", "contents": "[Clinical study of PC-904 in pediatrics (author's transl)]. Clinical study of PC-904 was performed in 8 children with infectious diseases and the following results were obtained. 1) The patients treated with PC-904 were each one case of acute pharyngitis, lacunar tonsillitis, scarlet fever, phlegmone, acute bronchitis and lung abscess, and 2 cases of bronchopneumonia. 2) The administration methods were drip infusion, one-shot intravenous injection and the combined use of these administrations. The daily dosage varied from 30 to 49 mg/kg in 3 cases and from 50 to 70 mg/kg in 3 cases, and was 227 mg/kg in 1 case. 3) Clinical evaluation was examined in 7 cases and 57.1% of effectiveness was obtained. Out of 2 cases of pneumonia, one case with the causative organism of My. pneumoniae was excluded from the clinical evaluation. 4) No side effects were observed in all 8 cases treated with PC-904.", "PMID": 691262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9263", "title": "[A clinical study of PC-904 in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical study of PC-904 was performed in children. The results were as follows; 1) Serum levels of PC-904 after single administration of 20 mg/kg were studied in patients by one-shot intravenous injection or drip infusion for 1 hour or 2 hours. The results obtained in this fundamental study led to the suggestion that the proper dosage in bacterial infections would be 50 approximately 100 mg/kg intravenously in 3 approximately 4 divided doses daily. 2) A clinical study of PC-904 was performed in 16 patients including acute pharyngitis and bronchitis (3 cases), acute bronchopneumonia (3 cases), pertussis pneumonia (1 case), lymphadenitis purulenta (2 cases), acute bronchopneumonia (3 cases), pertussis pneumonia (1 case), lymphadenitis purulenta (2 cases), abscess with chronic granuloma (2 cases) and urinary tract infection (5 cases). About 50 approximately 100 mg/kg of PC-904 were administered in 3 approximately 4 divided doses daily by one-shot intravenous injection. The clinical effects of 2 cases out of 16 were impossible to be evaluated, and thses cases were excluded from the clinical evaluation. Ten cases out of 14 showed excellent or good responses (efficacy rate: 71.4%). 3) The bacteriological examinations were performed and the causative or isolated organisms were determined in 11 cases. The responses were \"disappeared\" in 6 cases, \"decreased\" in 2 cases and \"not disappeared\" in 3 cases. 4) No side effects were observed. Abnormalities of laboratory findings were not also noticed.", "contents": "[A clinical study of PC-904 in pediatrics (author's transl)]. A clinical study of PC-904 was performed in children. The results were as follows; 1) Serum levels of PC-904 after single administration of 20 mg/kg were studied in patients by one-shot intravenous injection or drip infusion for 1 hour or 2 hours. The results obtained in this fundamental study led to the suggestion that the proper dosage in bacterial infections would be 50 approximately 100 mg/kg intravenously in 3 approximately 4 divided doses daily. 2) A clinical study of PC-904 was performed in 16 patients including acute pharyngitis and bronchitis (3 cases), acute bronchopneumonia (3 cases), pertussis pneumonia (1 case), lymphadenitis purulenta (2 cases), acute bronchopneumonia (3 cases), pertussis pneumonia (1 case), lymphadenitis purulenta (2 cases), abscess with chronic granuloma (2 cases) and urinary tract infection (5 cases). About 50 approximately 100 mg/kg of PC-904 were administered in 3 approximately 4 divided doses daily by one-shot intravenous injection. The clinical effects of 2 cases out of 16 were impossible to be evaluated, and thses cases were excluded from the clinical evaluation. Ten cases out of 14 showed excellent or good responses (efficacy rate: 71.4%). 3) The bacteriological examinations were performed and the causative or isolated organisms were determined in 11 cases. The responses were \"disappeared\" in 6 cases, \"decreased\" in 2 cases and \"not disappeared\" in 3 cases. 4) No side effects were observed. Abnormalities of laboratory findings were not also noticed.", "PMID": 691263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9264", "title": "[Clinical studies of PC 904 in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "PC-904 was administered to 3 pediatric patients with serious infections resistant clinically to other antibiotics (2 cases of sepsis and 1 case of pseudomonal pneumonia). Daily dosage was 100 approximately 150 mg/kg and intravenous infusions were carried out in 2 or 3 divided doses. This drug showed clinically and bacteriologically good response in these patients without any side effect, and was considered to be a useful drug or worthwhile to use in the treatment of the serious infectious diseases such as sepsis or pseudomonal infections.", "contents": "[Clinical studies of PC 904 in pediatrics (author's transl)]. PC-904 was administered to 3 pediatric patients with serious infections resistant clinically to other antibiotics (2 cases of sepsis and 1 case of pseudomonal pneumonia). Daily dosage was 100 approximately 150 mg/kg and intravenous infusions were carried out in 2 or 3 divided doses. This drug showed clinically and bacteriologically good response in these patients without any side effect, and was considered to be a useful drug or worthwhile to use in the treatment of the serious infectious diseases such as sepsis or pseudomonal infections.", "PMID": 691264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9265", "title": "[Basic and clinical studies on new semisynthetic penicillin, PC-904, in pediatric field (author's transl)].", "content": "PC-904 was administered to 16 pediatric patients and the following basic and clinical results were obtained. (1) PC-904 was administered 20 approximately 30 mg/kg. The serum peak level of PC-904 after drip intravenous infusion over 1 hour was 66.7 microgram/ml at 1 hour and T 1/2 of PC-904 was 67.8 minutes. PC-904 was administered 25 approximately 30 mg/kg intravenous one shot injection was 49.4 microgram/ml at 1 hour and T 1/2 of PC-904 was 52.2 minutes. (2) Urinary excretion rate was about 20% up to 6 hours after drip intravenous infusion of 20 mg/kg. In a case of intravenous one shot injection of 25 approximately 30 mg/kg, the excretion rate was 11.9 approximately 19.9%. (3) PC-904 was administered 60 approximately 120 mg/kg/day for 3 approximately 48 days to 5 cases of sepsis and bacterial endocarditis, 6 of pneumonia, 2 of sss syndrome (staphylococcal scald skin syndrome) and 3 of pyelonephritis. Clinical effects were excellent in 11 cases and good in 5 cases, effective ratio being 100%. (4) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus viridans, Acinetobacter anitratus and Hemophilus influenzae isolated from clinical specimens disappeared by the treatment of PC-904, and Hemophilus influenzae isolated from clinical specimens disappeared by the treatment of PC-904. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae reduced. (5) As to the side effect by PC-904, s-GOT and s-GPT were elevated in 2 cases. Anemia, rash and fever were observed in each 1 case out of 16 patients though the causal relation with the agent was unknown.", "contents": "[Basic and clinical studies on new semisynthetic penicillin, PC-904, in pediatric field (author's transl)]. PC-904 was administered to 16 pediatric patients and the following basic and clinical results were obtained. (1) PC-904 was administered 20 approximately 30 mg/kg. The serum peak level of PC-904 after drip intravenous infusion over 1 hour was 66.7 microgram/ml at 1 hour and T 1/2 of PC-904 was 67.8 minutes. PC-904 was administered 25 approximately 30 mg/kg intravenous one shot injection was 49.4 microgram/ml at 1 hour and T 1/2 of PC-904 was 52.2 minutes. (2) Urinary excretion rate was about 20% up to 6 hours after drip intravenous infusion of 20 mg/kg. In a case of intravenous one shot injection of 25 approximately 30 mg/kg, the excretion rate was 11.9 approximately 19.9%. (3) PC-904 was administered 60 approximately 120 mg/kg/day for 3 approximately 48 days to 5 cases of sepsis and bacterial endocarditis, 6 of pneumonia, 2 of sss syndrome (staphylococcal scald skin syndrome) and 3 of pyelonephritis. Clinical effects were excellent in 11 cases and good in 5 cases, effective ratio being 100%. (4) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus viridans, Acinetobacter anitratus and Hemophilus influenzae isolated from clinical specimens disappeared by the treatment of PC-904, and Hemophilus influenzae isolated from clinical specimens disappeared by the treatment of PC-904. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae reduced. (5) As to the side effect by PC-904, s-GOT and s-GPT were elevated in 2 cases. Anemia, rash and fever were observed in each 1 case out of 16 patients though the causal relation with the agent was unknown.", "PMID": 691265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9266", "title": "[Clinical studies of PC-904 in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "PC-904 was administered to 24 patients: urinary tract infections (7 cases), bronchitis (2 cases), pneumonia (3 cases), brain abscess (1 case), septicemia and the suspected cases (10 cases), and buttock abscess (1 case). The daily dosage varied from 60 to 223.4 mg/kg and averaged 86.9 mg/kg. The drug was administered three times a day by 1-hour drip infusion, and the duration of the treatment averaged 11 days. Clinical results were obtained as excellent responses in 5 cases, good in 13, poor in 4, and unknown in 2, giving 75% of the clinical effectiveness. Bacteriological responses were excellent in 7, good in 2, poor in 2, and unknown in 13, and the overall effectiveness was evaluated as excellent in 2, good in 17, and unknown in 5. Antibacterial activities against clinically isolated bacteria were examined. MIC values of PC-904 were over 100 mg/ml 1 strain of E. coli and 2 strains of Klebsiella, however excellent sensitivities were observed in 3 strains of Ps. aeruginosa and MIC values varied 1.56 to 3.12 microgram/ml at 10(8) of inoculum size and 0.78 to 1.56 microgram/ml at 10(8). As to side effects, diarrhea was observed in 1 case, rash in 2, lowering ob blood pressure in 2, elevation of GOT in 1, and elevation of LDH in 2. Abnormal elevations of GOT (10 cases), GPT (5 cases), A1-P (1 case), LDH (7 cases), and BUN (1 case) were noticed in other patients, but it was considered to be due to underlying diseases.", "contents": "[Clinical studies of PC-904 in pediatrics (author's transl)]. PC-904 was administered to 24 patients: urinary tract infections (7 cases), bronchitis (2 cases), pneumonia (3 cases), brain abscess (1 case), septicemia and the suspected cases (10 cases), and buttock abscess (1 case). The daily dosage varied from 60 to 223.4 mg/kg and averaged 86.9 mg/kg. The drug was administered three times a day by 1-hour drip infusion, and the duration of the treatment averaged 11 days. Clinical results were obtained as excellent responses in 5 cases, good in 13, poor in 4, and unknown in 2, giving 75% of the clinical effectiveness. Bacteriological responses were excellent in 7, good in 2, poor in 2, and unknown in 13, and the overall effectiveness was evaluated as excellent in 2, good in 17, and unknown in 5. Antibacterial activities against clinically isolated bacteria were examined. MIC values of PC-904 were over 100 mg/ml 1 strain of E. coli and 2 strains of Klebsiella, however excellent sensitivities were observed in 3 strains of Ps. aeruginosa and MIC values varied 1.56 to 3.12 microgram/ml at 10(8) of inoculum size and 0.78 to 1.56 microgram/ml at 10(8). As to side effects, diarrhea was observed in 1 case, rash in 2, lowering ob blood pressure in 2, elevation of GOT in 1, and elevation of LDH in 2. Abnormal elevations of GOT (10 cases), GPT (5 cases), A1-P (1 case), LDH (7 cases), and BUN (1 case) were noticed in other patients, but it was considered to be due to underlying diseases.", "PMID": 691266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9267", "title": "Association of atrioventricular valve atresia with single ventricle, truncus arteriosus communis and transposition. A basic reorientation in the approach to the definition of congenital heart defects.", "content": "A heart specimen is presented which showed a rare combination of atrioventricular valve atresia with single ventricle, truncus arteriosus communis with an anteriorly placed trunk, ie transposition. Because of the problems involved in the classification of this heart, the types of single ventricle are revised with particular attention to the rare cases of atrioventricular valve atresia and single ventricle reported in the literature. Also the rare type of truncus arteriosus communis with truncoatrioventricular valve discontinuity is excluded from the so-called transposition complexes, and properly classified as a form of truncus. The literal meaning of transposition is stressed and it is urged to approach congenital heart defects in a purely anatomic sense with definition of each segment as accurately as possible. Thus the present confusion in terminology and further plethora of new terms are avoided.", "contents": "Association of atrioventricular valve atresia with single ventricle, truncus arteriosus communis and transposition. A basic reorientation in the approach to the definition of congenital heart defects. A heart specimen is presented which showed a rare combination of atrioventricular valve atresia with single ventricle, truncus arteriosus communis with an anteriorly placed trunk, ie transposition. Because of the problems involved in the classification of this heart, the types of single ventricle are revised with particular attention to the rare cases of atrioventricular valve atresia and single ventricle reported in the literature. Also the rare type of truncus arteriosus communis with truncoatrioventricular valve discontinuity is excluded from the so-called transposition complexes, and properly classified as a form of truncus. The literal meaning of transposition is stressed and it is urged to approach congenital heart defects in a purely anatomic sense with definition of each segment as accurately as possible. Thus the present confusion in terminology and further plethora of new terms are avoided.", "PMID": 691270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9268", "title": "Pathological study of myocardial infarction and coronary atherosclerosis in lung cancer.", "content": "Pathological findings of coronary heart disease were compared between patients with lung cancer and with cancer in the other organs in male subjects over 55 years of age. Myocardial infarction was found in 13 of 58 subjects with lung cancer and in 5 of 79 subjects with cancer in the other organs (P less than 0.02). The subjects with severe stenoses of major coronary arteries were more frequent in lung cancer group (13 of 58) than in cancer group in the other organs (4 of 79 subjects: p less than 0.01). In 12 of 13 subjects with lung cancer and myocardial infarction the infarction seemed to occur due to coronary stenosis. The subjects with lung cancer had significant increase of heart weight in comparison with subjects with cancer in the other organs.", "contents": "Pathological study of myocardial infarction and coronary atherosclerosis in lung cancer. Pathological findings of coronary heart disease were compared between patients with lung cancer and with cancer in the other organs in male subjects over 55 years of age. Myocardial infarction was found in 13 of 58 subjects with lung cancer and in 5 of 79 subjects with cancer in the other organs (P less than 0.02). The subjects with severe stenoses of major coronary arteries were more frequent in lung cancer group (13 of 58) than in cancer group in the other organs (4 of 79 subjects: p less than 0.01). In 12 of 13 subjects with lung cancer and myocardial infarction the infarction seemed to occur due to coronary stenosis. The subjects with lung cancer had significant increase of heart weight in comparison with subjects with cancer in the other organs.", "PMID": 691272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9269", "title": "Metabolic effects of glucose-insulin-potassium in the ischemic myocardium.", "content": "This investigation was designed to explore the metabolic, hemodynamic, and electrocardiographic effects of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solution in a model of segmental myocardial ischemia with significant but incomplete restriction of coronary blood flow. An open-chest anesthetized canine model was utilized including 11 GIK and 6 saline control experiments. The anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was partially occluded causing an average 71% reduction in its blood flow. Thirty min following occlusion GIK or saline was infused for 30 min at 3 ml/min into a femoral vein. Statistically significant effects of GIK included: increased glucose uptake by the ischemic myocardium, reduced arterial free fatty acid (FFA) concentration, reduced myocardial FFA uptake, decreased coronary arterio-venous oxygen content difference, increased myocardial lactate extraction, decreased myocardial potassium egress, and reduced epicardial ST segment elevation. Heart rate, aortic and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures, and developed force in the ischemic area were unchanged. The results indicate a potentially favorable effect of GIK on the metabolism of the ischemic myocardium which may be due to the shift of substrate utilization from free fatty acids to glucose.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of glucose-insulin-potassium in the ischemic myocardium. This investigation was designed to explore the metabolic, hemodynamic, and electrocardiographic effects of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solution in a model of segmental myocardial ischemia with significant but incomplete restriction of coronary blood flow. An open-chest anesthetized canine model was utilized including 11 GIK and 6 saline control experiments. The anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was partially occluded causing an average 71% reduction in its blood flow. Thirty min following occlusion GIK or saline was infused for 30 min at 3 ml/min into a femoral vein. Statistically significant effects of GIK included: increased glucose uptake by the ischemic myocardium, reduced arterial free fatty acid (FFA) concentration, reduced myocardial FFA uptake, decreased coronary arterio-venous oxygen content difference, increased myocardial lactate extraction, decreased myocardial potassium egress, and reduced epicardial ST segment elevation. Heart rate, aortic and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures, and developed force in the ischemic area were unchanged. The results indicate a potentially favorable effect of GIK on the metabolism of the ischemic myocardium which may be due to the shift of substrate utilization from free fatty acids to glucose.", "PMID": 691273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9270", "title": "Experimental studies and clinical report on the electrical alternans of ST segment during myocardial ischemia.", "content": "During myocardial ischemia produced in 43 dogs by occlusion of left coronary artery, electrical alternans developed in 34 experiments. The most common was alternans of ST-T complex. Surface and intracellular electrograms were recorded simultaneously from contiguous sites in the ischemic area. The alternans of ST-T complex in the surface electrogram corresponded to that of the rate of repolarization of the membrane action potential. The development of this alternans is localized in 2 relatively small area and transient. This may be the reason why electrical alternans of ST-T is clinically rare. A clinical case showing electrocardiographic changes of electrical alternans of ST-T complex without any change in the QRS complex is reported. Myocardial infarction and hypokalemia is considered as a cause of the alternans. The present results support the hypothesis that the mechanism of electrical alternans will be an alternation of the rate and extent of the ions transported across the myocardial cell membrane.", "contents": "Experimental studies and clinical report on the electrical alternans of ST segment during myocardial ischemia. During myocardial ischemia produced in 43 dogs by occlusion of left coronary artery, electrical alternans developed in 34 experiments. The most common was alternans of ST-T complex. Surface and intracellular electrograms were recorded simultaneously from contiguous sites in the ischemic area. The alternans of ST-T complex in the surface electrogram corresponded to that of the rate of repolarization of the membrane action potential. The development of this alternans is localized in 2 relatively small area and transient. This may be the reason why electrical alternans of ST-T is clinically rare. A clinical case showing electrocardiographic changes of electrical alternans of ST-T complex without any change in the QRS complex is reported. Myocardial infarction and hypokalemia is considered as a cause of the alternans. The present results support the hypothesis that the mechanism of electrical alternans will be an alternation of the rate and extent of the ions transported across the myocardial cell membrane.", "PMID": 691274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9271", "title": "Effects of optical isomers of verapamil on SA nodal pacemaker activity and contractility of the isolated dog heart.", "content": "Using 10 isolated, blood-perfused canine atrial, and ventricular preparations, the effects of d- and l-verapamil on SA nodal pacemaker activity and contractility were investigated. l-verapamil and d-verapamil produced dose-related negative chronotropic and inotropic effects in all experiments. l-verapamil was approximately 10 time more potent than d-verapamil both in inotropism and chronotropism. Negative inotropism of either d- or l-verapamil can be reversed by injection of calcium chloride. Not only d-verapamil but also l-verapamil produced a stronger suppression at higher frequencies in both atrial and ventricular muscles.", "contents": "Effects of optical isomers of verapamil on SA nodal pacemaker activity and contractility of the isolated dog heart. Using 10 isolated, blood-perfused canine atrial, and ventricular preparations, the effects of d- and l-verapamil on SA nodal pacemaker activity and contractility were investigated. l-verapamil and d-verapamil produced dose-related negative chronotropic and inotropic effects in all experiments. l-verapamil was approximately 10 time more potent than d-verapamil both in inotropism and chronotropism. Negative inotropism of either d- or l-verapamil can be reversed by injection of calcium chloride. Not only d-verapamil but also l-verapamil produced a stronger suppression at higher frequencies in both atrial and ventricular muscles.", "PMID": 691275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9272", "title": "Changes in ventricular recovery properties during and after temporary coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "The sequence of localized changes in ventricular repolarization time during and after temporary coronary artery occlusion was studied in 10 open chest dogs. Immediately after the onset of coronary occlusion functional refractory periods (FRPs) prolonged slightly in the ischemic area, then shortened with continued occlusion. Within the first minute following release of occlusion, FRPs underwent a further brief decrease in duration. By varying the period of occlusion from 1 1/2 to 6 1/2 min, evidence was obtained that the post-release shortening of RFPs was temporally related to release of the clamp and not to the onset of occlusion. Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 2 dogs, in each instance soon after release of the coronary artery occlusion. The possible relationship of these experimental FRP changes to waveform abnormalities and arrhythmias in ischemic heart disease is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in ventricular recovery properties during and after temporary coronary artery occlusion. The sequence of localized changes in ventricular repolarization time during and after temporary coronary artery occlusion was studied in 10 open chest dogs. Immediately after the onset of coronary occlusion functional refractory periods (FRPs) prolonged slightly in the ischemic area, then shortened with continued occlusion. Within the first minute following release of occlusion, FRPs underwent a further brief decrease in duration. By varying the period of occlusion from 1 1/2 to 6 1/2 min, evidence was obtained that the post-release shortening of RFPs was temporally related to release of the clamp and not to the onset of occlusion. Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 2 dogs, in each instance soon after release of the coronary artery occlusion. The possible relationship of these experimental FRP changes to waveform abnormalities and arrhythmias in ischemic heart disease is discussed.", "PMID": 691276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9273", "title": "A case showing atrial dissociation and other various kinds of arrhythmias.", "content": "A case is reported in which atrial dissociation occurred after oral isoproterenol administration to increase the heart rate in the presence of complete atrioventricular block. Two types of P wave, one with small upward deflection and the other with deep downward spike-like deflection, were present. The latter wave appeared at a high rate of 300/min, suggesting the existence of atrial flutter in the left atrium alone.", "contents": "A case showing atrial dissociation and other various kinds of arrhythmias. A case is reported in which atrial dissociation occurred after oral isoproterenol administration to increase the heart rate in the presence of complete atrioventricular block. Two types of P wave, one with small upward deflection and the other with deep downward spike-like deflection, were present. The latter wave appeared at a high rate of 300/min, suggesting the existence of atrial flutter in the left atrium alone.", "PMID": 691277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9274", "title": "Isolated unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery. Review of the world literature and guidelines for surgical repair.", "content": "A 10-month-old boy is presented who had isolated unilateral absence of the right pulmonary artery. He suffered from hemoptysis and severe congestive heart failure. The patient underwent prosthetic anastomosis of the right to the main pulmonary artery. Although the hemodynamic response was favorable, his oxygenation did not improve due to diffuse pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae of the affected lung. The patient succumbed 3 months after operation due to massive uncontrollable hemoptysis from the right lung. Isolated unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery is a rare lesion. In our review of the world literature as of November 1976, 47 cases (including this report) of the unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery have been reported. Of these 25.5% had pulmonary hypertension and only 4 cases underwent successful repair of the lesion. Though repair of this defect can be carried out, the result may not be always gratifying. Our experience with this case has led us to consider a lung biopsy before proceeding to the surgical repair of the lesion. If the affected lung shows arteriovenous abnormalities the operation should not be recommended.", "contents": "Isolated unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery. Review of the world literature and guidelines for surgical repair. A 10-month-old boy is presented who had isolated unilateral absence of the right pulmonary artery. He suffered from hemoptysis and severe congestive heart failure. The patient underwent prosthetic anastomosis of the right to the main pulmonary artery. Although the hemodynamic response was favorable, his oxygenation did not improve due to diffuse pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae of the affected lung. The patient succumbed 3 months after operation due to massive uncontrollable hemoptysis from the right lung. Isolated unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery is a rare lesion. In our review of the world literature as of November 1976, 47 cases (including this report) of the unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery have been reported. Of these 25.5% had pulmonary hypertension and only 4 cases underwent successful repair of the lesion. Though repair of this defect can be carried out, the result may not be always gratifying. Our experience with this case has led us to consider a lung biopsy before proceeding to the surgical repair of the lesion. If the affected lung shows arteriovenous abnormalities the operation should not be recommended.", "PMID": 691278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9275", "title": "Simultaneous determination of circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature in the rat.", "content": "Stimultaneous determination of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature was carried out in the rat. Deep body temperature was monitored continuously using a telemetric device. The circadian rhythm of locomotor activity was characterized by clustering of several bursts of activity during the dark period. The circadian rhythm of body temperature was also characterized by bursts of small fluctuations which were well correlated with those of locomotor activity. Correlation between the two functions was such that the regression line expressing body temperature as a function of locomotor activity had approximately the same slope for dark and light periods, but a body temperature for a given amount of locomotor activity was significantly higher during the dark period than during the light one. After a prolonged exposure to constant light, the circadian rhythm disappeared in both functions. Both showed bursts of fluctuations which were correlated with each other. These results indicate that the bursts of body temperature increment were dependent on those of the locomotor activity. However, manifestation of the circadian rhythm per se of body temperature could not be explained as resulting exclusively from the circadian fluctuation of locomotor activity.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature in the rat. Stimultaneous determination of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature was carried out in the rat. Deep body temperature was monitored continuously using a telemetric device. The circadian rhythm of locomotor activity was characterized by clustering of several bursts of activity during the dark period. The circadian rhythm of body temperature was also characterized by bursts of small fluctuations which were well correlated with those of locomotor activity. Correlation between the two functions was such that the regression line expressing body temperature as a function of locomotor activity had approximately the same slope for dark and light periods, but a body temperature for a given amount of locomotor activity was significantly higher during the dark period than during the light one. After a prolonged exposure to constant light, the circadian rhythm disappeared in both functions. Both showed bursts of fluctuations which were correlated with each other. These results indicate that the bursts of body temperature increment were dependent on those of the locomotor activity. However, manifestation of the circadian rhythm per se of body temperature could not be explained as resulting exclusively from the circadian fluctuation of locomotor activity.", "PMID": 691862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9276", "title": "Scotopic retinal sensitivity in man as determined with visually evoked cortical potentials.", "content": "Scotopic properties of the peripheral retina in man was studied by recording visually evoked cortical potentials (VECPs). The intensity required for a criterion latency of the scotopic VECP was compared with the sensory threshold in a number of situations where the stimulating retinal site and the area of the stimulus were altered. With circular spot stimulation, the VECT amplitude attenuated greatly as the stimulus site moved to peripheral 10 degrees and was almost null when stimulation was made outside it. However, within the retinal area from the fovea to peripheral 10 degrees, the VECP sensitivity was found to vary according to the rod distribution, as suggested from the sensory threshold.  Stimulation with annular patterns revealed that the parallelism between the VECP sensitivity and the rod distribution holds good within up to 30 degrees from the fovea. A strong summation was proved to be operative for eliciting VECPs by stimulation of the peripheral retina.", "contents": "Scotopic retinal sensitivity in man as determined with visually evoked cortical potentials. Scotopic properties of the peripheral retina in man was studied by recording visually evoked cortical potentials (VECPs). The intensity required for a criterion latency of the scotopic VECP was compared with the sensory threshold in a number of situations where the stimulating retinal site and the area of the stimulus were altered. With circular spot stimulation, the VECT amplitude attenuated greatly as the stimulus site moved to peripheral 10 degrees and was almost null when stimulation was made outside it. However, within the retinal area from the fovea to peripheral 10 degrees, the VECP sensitivity was found to vary according to the rod distribution, as suggested from the sensory threshold.  Stimulation with annular patterns revealed that the parallelism between the VECP sensitivity and the rod distribution holds good within up to 30 degrees from the fovea. A strong summation was proved to be operative for eliciting VECPs by stimulation of the peripheral retina.", "PMID": 691863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9277", "title": "Electrophysiological comparison between the longitudinal and circular muscles of the rat uterus during the estrous cycle and pregnancy.", "content": "The membrane activities of the longitudinal and circular muscles bundle of rat uteri were recorded with a single sucrose gap method, using animals at various stages of the estrous cycle, pregnancy and after ovariectomy. In the longitudinal muscle during estrus, an initial plateau potential was followed by a slow potential. During diestrus and metestrus, an asynchronized action potential composed of plateau and a slow potential were exhibited. The action potential recorded in uteri taken out of an ovariectomized animal or during early pregnancy was similar to that of uteri during diestrus and metestrus. The circular muscle during estrus gave a plateau potential similar to that of the longitudinal muscle. During diestrus, metestrus, early pregnancy and in the ovariectomized uterus, the membrane activity of the circular muscle was decomposed to produced small plateaus. The spike activity took place in the longitudinal muscle after mid-pregnancy. The slow potential was dominant in the circular muscle during mid-pregnancy, while spikes were progressively generated toward term. Those differences of membrane activity between the longitudinal and circular muscle bundles were discussed in relation to the endogenous change in the sex steroid hormones.", "contents": "Electrophysiological comparison between the longitudinal and circular muscles of the rat uterus during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. The membrane activities of the longitudinal and circular muscles bundle of rat uteri were recorded with a single sucrose gap method, using animals at various stages of the estrous cycle, pregnancy and after ovariectomy. In the longitudinal muscle during estrus, an initial plateau potential was followed by a slow potential. During diestrus and metestrus, an asynchronized action potential composed of plateau and a slow potential were exhibited. The action potential recorded in uteri taken out of an ovariectomized animal or during early pregnancy was similar to that of uteri during diestrus and metestrus. The circular muscle during estrus gave a plateau potential similar to that of the longitudinal muscle. During diestrus, metestrus, early pregnancy and in the ovariectomized uterus, the membrane activity of the circular muscle was decomposed to produced small plateaus. The spike activity took place in the longitudinal muscle after mid-pregnancy. The slow potential was dominant in the circular muscle during mid-pregnancy, while spikes were progressively generated toward term. Those differences of membrane activity between the longitudinal and circular muscle bundles were discussed in relation to the endogenous change in the sex steroid hormones.", "PMID": 691864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9278", "title": "Atropine-resistant excitation of motility of the dog stomach and colon induced by stimulation of the extrinsic nerves and their centers.", "content": "The atropine-resistant contraction of the alimentary canal, first reported by CAMPBELL (1966) and subsequently confirmed by others, was examined in dog in vivo. The gastric and colonic motor excitations were examined by stimulating the extrinsic nerves, the medulla oblongata or the spinal cord and its roots. Prolonged stimulation of the vagus, medulla oblongata or splanchnic nerve, thoracic cord and its dorsal root produced excitation of the gastric motility even after intravenous injection of sufficient atropine, although the intensity and frequency of peristalsis were slightly reduced. Prolonged latent periods were characteristic of the atropine-resistant excitation in the stomach, the latency being 29.8--49.4 sec as compared to 2.3--14.5 sec in control (without atropine). On the other hand, the colonic excitation induced by the stimulation of the pelvic nerve, or sacral cord and its ventral root was not inhibited by atropine; no prolongation in latency and reduction of peristalsis was observed.", "contents": "Atropine-resistant excitation of motility of the dog stomach and colon induced by stimulation of the extrinsic nerves and their centers. The atropine-resistant contraction of the alimentary canal, first reported by CAMPBELL (1966) and subsequently confirmed by others, was examined in dog in vivo. The gastric and colonic motor excitations were examined by stimulating the extrinsic nerves, the medulla oblongata or the spinal cord and its roots. Prolonged stimulation of the vagus, medulla oblongata or splanchnic nerve, thoracic cord and its dorsal root produced excitation of the gastric motility even after intravenous injection of sufficient atropine, although the intensity and frequency of peristalsis were slightly reduced. Prolonged latent periods were characteristic of the atropine-resistant excitation in the stomach, the latency being 29.8--49.4 sec as compared to 2.3--14.5 sec in control (without atropine). On the other hand, the colonic excitation induced by the stimulation of the pelvic nerve, or sacral cord and its ventral root was not inhibited by atropine; no prolongation in latency and reduction of peristalsis was observed.", "PMID": 691865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9279", "title": "Antitumor agents. II. Effect of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide on immunological parameters and liver microsomes of tumor-bearing rats.", "content": "An attempt has been made to clarify immunosuppressive properties of anti-tumor agents by studying the effect of the agents on the thymus, the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) and hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activities of tumor (an ascites hepatoma, AH 130 cells)-bearing rats. A drastic decrease in the thymus weight and the total number of the lymphocytes and an enhanced activity of thymus alkaline phosphatase were detected by injecting either 5-fluorouracil (5FU) or cyclophosphamide (CP) (30 mg each/kg weight, i.p.) daily for 5 days to tumor-bearing rats. The agents, however, did not induce any conspicuous damage in microsomal mixed function oxidase system or the RES. The presence of 10-day-old tumor resulted in an extreme decrease in the weight and lymphocytes of thymus and a partial decrease in the microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme activities and the RES. Thus, these antitumor agents may lead to the decline of host-mediated immune mechanism. The multiplication of the tumor cells also appears to depress the immune functions and the host resistance.", "contents": "Antitumor agents. II. Effect of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide on immunological parameters and liver microsomes of tumor-bearing rats. An attempt has been made to clarify immunosuppressive properties of anti-tumor agents by studying the effect of the agents on the thymus, the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) and hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activities of tumor (an ascites hepatoma, AH 130 cells)-bearing rats. A drastic decrease in the thymus weight and the total number of the lymphocytes and an enhanced activity of thymus alkaline phosphatase were detected by injecting either 5-fluorouracil (5FU) or cyclophosphamide (CP) (30 mg each/kg weight, i.p.) daily for 5 days to tumor-bearing rats. The agents, however, did not induce any conspicuous damage in microsomal mixed function oxidase system or the RES. The presence of 10-day-old tumor resulted in an extreme decrease in the weight and lymphocytes of thymus and a partial decrease in the microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme activities and the RES. Thus, these antitumor agents may lead to the decline of host-mediated immune mechanism. The multiplication of the tumor cells also appears to depress the immune functions and the host resistance.", "PMID": 691866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9280", "title": "Pharmacological studies on experimental nephritic rats (2). Antinephritic effect of various drugs on Masugi's nephritis.", "content": "Masugi's nephritis was induced in rats by a single i.v. injection of antikidney serum from rabbits immunized with the homogenate of rat whole kidneys. The antinephritic effect of drugs was evaluated through determination of biochemical parameters such as contents of protein and enzymes excreted into the urine and serum cholesterol content by the preadministration and intermittent administration tests. In the preadministration test, of test drugs, betamethasone (0.2 mg/kg +/- 3 p.o.) and azathioprine (25 mg/kg +/- 3 p.o.) showed an antinephritic effect. Betamethasone in particular resulted in normalization of urine and serum parameters. In the intermittent test, all drugs tested were effective. Significant recovery effects were observed with betamethasone (0.1 mg/kg +/- 6 p.o.),, prednisolone (5 mg/kg +/- 6 p.o.), azathioprine (30 mg/kg +/- 6 p.o.), tranexamic acid (200 mg/kg +/- 6 i.p.) and cetraxate (100 mg/kg 6 i.p.) on urinary protein excretion and with all test drugs including indomethacin (5 mg/kg +/- 6 p.o.) and cyclophosphamide (2.5 mg/kg +/- 6 p.o.) on urinary exzyme excretions. Serum cholesterol levels reverted to normal levels after administration of betamethasone. Using this nephritic model, the antinephritic effect of drugs could be tentatively evaluated.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on experimental nephritic rats (2). Antinephritic effect of various drugs on Masugi's nephritis. Masugi's nephritis was induced in rats by a single i.v. injection of antikidney serum from rabbits immunized with the homogenate of rat whole kidneys. The antinephritic effect of drugs was evaluated through determination of biochemical parameters such as contents of protein and enzymes excreted into the urine and serum cholesterol content by the preadministration and intermittent administration tests. In the preadministration test, of test drugs, betamethasone (0.2 mg/kg +/- 3 p.o.) and azathioprine (25 mg/kg +/- 3 p.o.) showed an antinephritic effect. Betamethasone in particular resulted in normalization of urine and serum parameters. In the intermittent test, all drugs tested were effective. Significant recovery effects were observed with betamethasone (0.1 mg/kg +/- 6 p.o.),, prednisolone (5 mg/kg +/- 6 p.o.), azathioprine (30 mg/kg +/- 6 p.o.), tranexamic acid (200 mg/kg +/- 6 i.p.) and cetraxate (100 mg/kg 6 i.p.) on urinary protein excretion and with all test drugs including indomethacin (5 mg/kg +/- 6 p.o.) and cyclophosphamide (2.5 mg/kg +/- 6 p.o.) on urinary exzyme excretions. Serum cholesterol levels reverted to normal levels after administration of betamethasone. Using this nephritic model, the antinephritic effect of drugs could be tentatively evaluated.", "PMID": 691867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9281", "title": "Drug-induced adrenaline release and blood glucose in rats: DL-1-methyl-2-(beta-naphthyl)-aziridine.", "content": "Effects of 1-methyl-2-(beta-naphthyl)-aziridine (250059-S), which possesses characteristic tranquilizing actions on levels of blood glucose and liver glygogen, and on adrenaline release from the adrenal gland were studied in rats. While there was no elevation of blood glucose, a decrease of liver glycogen was detected after an s.c. injection of 250059-S (5 or 25 mg/kg). Marked decrease of adrenaline content in adrenal glands was observed 2 hours after subcutaneous administration of 50 mg/kg of this compound. This result is consistent with the marked adrenaline secretion from the adrenal gland into adrenal-venous blood after injection of 25 mg/kg or more of 250059-S. In splanchnicotomized rats, however, 250059-S-induced adrenaline release was not clearly observed. Pretreatment with 250059-S, prevented adrenaline-induced hyperglycemia. 250059-S, at doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg, elevated the plasma insulin level to about twice that of the control. The 250059-S-induced depletion of liver glycogen was not completely blocked by adrenal demedullation, although it completely disappeared with pretreatment with 10 mg/kg of propranolol. In conclusion, 250059-S causes hypersecretion of adrenaline from the adrenal glands through excitation of the splanchnic nerves, though it causes no elevation of blood glucose, mainly because of its direct or indirect blocking action on adrenaline hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Drug-induced adrenaline release and blood glucose in rats: DL-1-methyl-2-(beta-naphthyl)-aziridine. Effects of 1-methyl-2-(beta-naphthyl)-aziridine (250059-S), which possesses characteristic tranquilizing actions on levels of blood glucose and liver glygogen, and on adrenaline release from the adrenal gland were studied in rats. While there was no elevation of blood glucose, a decrease of liver glycogen was detected after an s.c. injection of 250059-S (5 or 25 mg/kg). Marked decrease of adrenaline content in adrenal glands was observed 2 hours after subcutaneous administration of 50 mg/kg of this compound. This result is consistent with the marked adrenaline secretion from the adrenal gland into adrenal-venous blood after injection of 25 mg/kg or more of 250059-S. In splanchnicotomized rats, however, 250059-S-induced adrenaline release was not clearly observed. Pretreatment with 250059-S, prevented adrenaline-induced hyperglycemia. 250059-S, at doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg, elevated the plasma insulin level to about twice that of the control. The 250059-S-induced depletion of liver glycogen was not completely blocked by adrenal demedullation, although it completely disappeared with pretreatment with 10 mg/kg of propranolol. In conclusion, 250059-S causes hypersecretion of adrenaline from the adrenal glands through excitation of the splanchnic nerves, though it causes no elevation of blood glucose, mainly because of its direct or indirect blocking action on adrenaline hyperglycemia.", "PMID": 691868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9282", "title": "Enhancement in vivo of drug oxidations following administration of benzphetamine, acetone, metyrapone and dimethylsulfoxide.", "content": "Effects of benzphetamine, acetone, metyrapone and dimethylsulfoxide administration to rats on the metabolism of drugs by liver 9,000 x g supernatant fraction were studied herein. Activities for aniline hydroxylation and phenacetin O-deethylation were increased while ethylmorphine and benzphetamine N-demethylations were unchanged by the single administration of acetone, metyrapone or dimethylsulfoxide. Increase in aniline hydroxylase activity by about 53.4% and in phenacetin O-deethylase activity by about 44.4% were observed at 30 min after the single administration of benzphetamine whereas ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity was slightly decreased. NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 content were unaltered until 12 hr after the single administration of benzphetamine. Aniline hydroxylation was increased by the addition of benzphetamine to the incubation mixture and the increase in aniline hydroxylation caused by benzphetamine could be reversed by washing the microsomes.", "contents": "Enhancement in vivo of drug oxidations following administration of benzphetamine, acetone, metyrapone and dimethylsulfoxide. Effects of benzphetamine, acetone, metyrapone and dimethylsulfoxide administration to rats on the metabolism of drugs by liver 9,000 x g supernatant fraction were studied herein. Activities for aniline hydroxylation and phenacetin O-deethylation were increased while ethylmorphine and benzphetamine N-demethylations were unchanged by the single administration of acetone, metyrapone or dimethylsulfoxide. Increase in aniline hydroxylase activity by about 53.4% and in phenacetin O-deethylase activity by about 44.4% were observed at 30 min after the single administration of benzphetamine whereas ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity was slightly decreased. NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 content were unaltered until 12 hr after the single administration of benzphetamine. Aniline hydroxylation was increased by the addition of benzphetamine to the incubation mixture and the increase in aniline hydroxylation caused by benzphetamine could be reversed by washing the microsomes.", "PMID": 691869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9283", "title": "A device for recording left ventricular contraction and electrocardiogram in nonworking isolated perfused rat heart.", "content": "Using the isolated Langendorff rat heart preparation perfused at a constant flow rate (about 6 ml.min-1 pro heart) with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution, methods for recording left ventricular cavity pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes were devised. Stable levels of mechanical activities were reached 60--90 min after start of perfusion and were maintained for at least 4 hr. When either norepinephrine (0.05--0.15 microgram) was injected into the aortic bulb of the heart, sensitive changes in the measurable cardiac parameters were observed and changes in ECG patterns were particularly characteristic. Our results indicate that this experimental model may be useful for evaluating numerous functions of the isolated heart.", "contents": "A device for recording left ventricular contraction and electrocardiogram in nonworking isolated perfused rat heart. Using the isolated Langendorff rat heart preparation perfused at a constant flow rate (about 6 ml.min-1 pro heart) with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution, methods for recording left ventricular cavity pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes were devised. Stable levels of mechanical activities were reached 60--90 min after start of perfusion and were maintained for at least 4 hr. When either norepinephrine (0.05--0.15 microgram) was injected into the aortic bulb of the heart, sensitive changes in the measurable cardiac parameters were observed and changes in ECG patterns were particularly characteristic. Our results indicate that this experimental model may be useful for evaluating numerous functions of the isolated heart.", "PMID": 691870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9284", "title": "A modulating role of taurine on release of acetylcholine and norepinephrine from neuronal tissues.", "content": "Effects of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) on the uptake and release of 14C-acetylcholine (14C-ACh) and 3H-norepinephrine (3H-NE) in the superior cervical ganglion and cerebral cortex of the rat were studied. Taurine suppressed high potassium evoked release of 14C-ACh and 3H-NE from the rat superior cervical ganglia and cerebral cortical slices, while the drug did not modify per se the uptake and unstimulated (spontaneous) release of 14C-ACh and 3H-NE in these tissues. Furthermore, taurine inhibited the release of 3H-NE from the crude synaptosomal (P2) fraction of the rat brain without affecting the uptake. These results suggest that taurine may act as a modulator of neuronal activity, possibly by stabilizing excitable membrane and by suppressing the release of neurotansmitter at synapses.", "contents": "A modulating role of taurine on release of acetylcholine and norepinephrine from neuronal tissues. Effects of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) on the uptake and release of 14C-acetylcholine (14C-ACh) and 3H-norepinephrine (3H-NE) in the superior cervical ganglion and cerebral cortex of the rat were studied. Taurine suppressed high potassium evoked release of 14C-ACh and 3H-NE from the rat superior cervical ganglia and cerebral cortical slices, while the drug did not modify per se the uptake and unstimulated (spontaneous) release of 14C-ACh and 3H-NE in these tissues. Furthermore, taurine inhibited the release of 3H-NE from the crude synaptosomal (P2) fraction of the rat brain without affecting the uptake. These results suggest that taurine may act as a modulator of neuronal activity, possibly by stabilizing excitable membrane and by suppressing the release of neurotansmitter at synapses.", "PMID": 691871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9285", "title": "Pharmacological studies on experimental nephritic rats (3). Changes in the connective tissue components of renal cortex in the modified type of Masugi's nephritis.", "content": "Using a modified type of Masugi's nephritis, quantitative changes in several connective tissue components of renal cortex during the process of nephritis were compared with those of the contents of urinary protein and serum cholesterol. Levels of urinary protein and serum cholesterol were highest 10 days after anti-kidney serum injection and nearly normal levels were reverted to on the 30th day. The levels of sialic acid, uronic acid and hydroxyproline in the renal cortex of the nephritic group significantly increased from the 1st, 5th and 10th days, respectively compared with the normal group. The sialic acid content reached a peak with an increase of approx. 40% on the 15th day, reverting to almost the normal level on the 30th day, while the uronic acid and hydroxyproline levels continued to increase slowly after the 15th day, reaching rates of approx. 70% and 40%, respectively on the 30th day. The hexosamine content reached a maximum of 20% on the 20th day. Quantitative changes in connective tissue components of the renal cortex due to nephritis appear to reflect the degree of the repair of injured renal tissue.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on experimental nephritic rats (3). Changes in the connective tissue components of renal cortex in the modified type of Masugi's nephritis. Using a modified type of Masugi's nephritis, quantitative changes in several connective tissue components of renal cortex during the process of nephritis were compared with those of the contents of urinary protein and serum cholesterol. Levels of urinary protein and serum cholesterol were highest 10 days after anti-kidney serum injection and nearly normal levels were reverted to on the 30th day. The levels of sialic acid, uronic acid and hydroxyproline in the renal cortex of the nephritic group significantly increased from the 1st, 5th and 10th days, respectively compared with the normal group. The sialic acid content reached a peak with an increase of approx. 40% on the 15th day, reverting to almost the normal level on the 30th day, while the uronic acid and hydroxyproline levels continued to increase slowly after the 15th day, reaching rates of approx. 70% and 40%, respectively on the 30th day. The hexosamine content reached a maximum of 20% on the 20th day. Quantitative changes in connective tissue components of the renal cortex due to nephritis appear to reflect the degree of the repair of injured renal tissue.", "PMID": 691872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9286", "title": "Relationship between cerebral energy failure and free fatty acid accumulation following prolonged brain ischemia.", "content": "Prolonged ischemia by bilateral carotid artery ligation in rats resulted in cerebral edema with a reduced energy state. Mitochondria isolated from the ischemic brain showed an impairment of oxidative phosphorylation. The ischemic brain was also characterized by remarkable accumulation of free fatty acids known to have properties as an uncoupling factor. The major components of increased free fatty acids were palmitic, stearic, oleic and arachidonic acids. The analysis of saponified myelin and mitochondrial lipids from the ischemic brain showed a decrease in fatty acid contents. The main components of decreased fatty acids in these subcellular fractions corresponded to those of free fatty acids accumulating in the ischemic brain. These results indicate that cerebral energy failure in the ischemic brain is related to the accumulation of free fatty acids, which are derived from endogenous brain lipids.", "contents": "Relationship between cerebral energy failure and free fatty acid accumulation following prolonged brain ischemia. Prolonged ischemia by bilateral carotid artery ligation in rats resulted in cerebral edema with a reduced energy state. Mitochondria isolated from the ischemic brain showed an impairment of oxidative phosphorylation. The ischemic brain was also characterized by remarkable accumulation of free fatty acids known to have properties as an uncoupling factor. The major components of increased free fatty acids were palmitic, stearic, oleic and arachidonic acids. The analysis of saponified myelin and mitochondrial lipids from the ischemic brain showed a decrease in fatty acid contents. The main components of decreased fatty acids in these subcellular fractions corresponded to those of free fatty acids accumulating in the ischemic brain. These results indicate that cerebral energy failure in the ischemic brain is related to the accumulation of free fatty acids, which are derived from endogenous brain lipids.", "PMID": 691873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9287", "title": "Influence of surgical sympathectomy on gastric secretion and ulceration in rats.", "content": "The influences of sympathectomy on gastrointestinal mucosa, gastric secretion, acute or chronic gastric ulcers were studied in rats. Uncer ether anesthesia, sympathectomy was performed by surgical removal of the celiac ganglion. Surgical sympathectomy per se produced no pathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract as determined by macroscopical observation 3, 10 or 20 days after operation. The volume of gastric juice and pepsin output were not influenced by the sympathectomy but gastric acid output was significantly increased in pylorus-ligated rats. The sympathectomy worsened the stress- and the indomethacin-induced ulcer and delayed the healing of chronic gastric ulcers a little but not significantly, and had no deteriorative influence on the reserpine-induced ulcers. In contrast, Shay ulcers, aspirin- or secrotonin-induced ulcers were significantly aggravated by sympathectomy. The loss of H+ ions and gain of Na+ ions in the gastric juice of pylorus-ligated and aspirin-treated rats were not affected by sympathectomy.", "contents": "Influence of surgical sympathectomy on gastric secretion and ulceration in rats. The influences of sympathectomy on gastrointestinal mucosa, gastric secretion, acute or chronic gastric ulcers were studied in rats. Uncer ether anesthesia, sympathectomy was performed by surgical removal of the celiac ganglion. Surgical sympathectomy per se produced no pathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract as determined by macroscopical observation 3, 10 or 20 days after operation. The volume of gastric juice and pepsin output were not influenced by the sympathectomy but gastric acid output was significantly increased in pylorus-ligated rats. The sympathectomy worsened the stress- and the indomethacin-induced ulcer and delayed the healing of chronic gastric ulcers a little but not significantly, and had no deteriorative influence on the reserpine-induced ulcers. In contrast, Shay ulcers, aspirin- or secrotonin-induced ulcers were significantly aggravated by sympathectomy. The loss of H+ ions and gain of Na+ ions in the gastric juice of pylorus-ligated and aspirin-treated rats were not affected by sympathectomy.", "PMID": 691874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9288", "title": "Treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis with cholestyramine resin.", "content": "Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) is an infrequent but serious complication of oral and intravenous antibiotic therapy. Twelve patients with antibiotic-associated PMC, documented by sigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy, were treated with cholestyramine resin. The mean time from the institution of therapy to cessation of diarrhea was 2.1 days. The response interval bore no relationship to the time symptoms were present prior to therapy. Complete resolution of sigmoidoscopic and histologic evidence of PMC usually accompanied or followed cessation of diarrhea. Obstipation was reported in 5 of 12 patients as a side effect of cholestyramine treatment. Therapy should be continued for up to five days after cessation of diarrhea to prevent recurrence of active PMC. Cholestyramine resin is shown to be an effective treatment for antibiotic-associated PMC.", "contents": "Treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis with cholestyramine resin. Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) is an infrequent but serious complication of oral and intravenous antibiotic therapy. Twelve patients with antibiotic-associated PMC, documented by sigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy, were treated with cholestyramine resin. The mean time from the institution of therapy to cessation of diarrhea was 2.1 days. The response interval bore no relationship to the time symptoms were present prior to therapy. Complete resolution of sigmoidoscopic and histologic evidence of PMC usually accompanied or followed cessation of diarrhea. Obstipation was reported in 5 of 12 patients as a side effect of cholestyramine treatment. Therapy should be continued for up to five days after cessation of diarrhea to prevent recurrence of active PMC. Cholestyramine resin is shown to be an effective treatment for antibiotic-associated PMC.", "PMID": 691920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9289", "title": "[Personality characteristics and the late prognosis of myocardial infarct (results of a 5-year follow-up)].", "content": "Prospective five-year follow-up of patients with ischemic heart disease who had suffered from macrofocal myocardial infarction between the age of 29 and 54 and who had been previously examined by a psychologist was conducted. Within the five-year period, myocardial infarction recurred in 29 patients (it was fatal in 10), sudden death occurred in 13 patients. Total mortality was 25.5%. The incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction, the frequency of sudden death, and the total mortality of ischemic heart disease were 3, 2.3 and 3 times higher, respectively, in patients classed according to the personality features as type I which is close to type A (63 persons) than in patients (27 persons) possessing premorbidly personality features close to type B (type II). The importance of premorbid personality features in the remote prognosis in myocardial infarction is suggested.", "contents": "[Personality characteristics and the late prognosis of myocardial infarct (results of a 5-year follow-up)]. Prospective five-year follow-up of patients with ischemic heart disease who had suffered from macrofocal myocardial infarction between the age of 29 and 54 and who had been previously examined by a psychologist was conducted. Within the five-year period, myocardial infarction recurred in 29 patients (it was fatal in 10), sudden death occurred in 13 patients. Total mortality was 25.5%. The incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction, the frequency of sudden death, and the total mortality of ischemic heart disease were 3, 2.3 and 3 times higher, respectively, in patients classed according to the personality features as type I which is close to type A (63 persons) than in patients (27 persons) possessing premorbidly personality features close to type B (type II). The importance of premorbid personality features in the remote prognosis in myocardial infarction is suggested.", "PMID": 691947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9290", "title": "[Changes in sinoatrial node function in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Seventy-nine patients with ischemic heart disease were examined. Weakness of the sinus node was suspected in 32 patients according to the clinical findings and the ECG; diagnostic atrial stimulation was conducted. Sinoatrial node potential was registered in the form of a spike in patients with ischemic heart disease. Direct stimulation from the region of the sinoatrial node was performed. The stimulator impulse was followed by a distinct potential of the sinoatrial node in the form of a spike which was continuous with the wave of atrial depolarization. The time of sinoatrial conduction (from the onset of the sinoatrial) node potential to the first atrial spike) was determined in 47 patients with ischemic heart disease. It was determined that under the effect of nitroglycerin the time of sinoatrial conduction becomes significantly shorter (reduced from 29 +/- 10.6 to 20 +/- 8.3 msec).", "contents": "[Changes in sinoatrial node function in ischemic heart disease]. Seventy-nine patients with ischemic heart disease were examined. Weakness of the sinus node was suspected in 32 patients according to the clinical findings and the ECG; diagnostic atrial stimulation was conducted. Sinoatrial node potential was registered in the form of a spike in patients with ischemic heart disease. Direct stimulation from the region of the sinoatrial node was performed. The stimulator impulse was followed by a distinct potential of the sinoatrial node in the form of a spike which was continuous with the wave of atrial depolarization. The time of sinoatrial conduction (from the onset of the sinoatrial) node potential to the first atrial spike) was determined in 47 patients with ischemic heart disease. It was determined that under the effect of nitroglycerin the time of sinoatrial conduction becomes significantly shorter (reduced from 29 +/- 10.6 to 20 +/- 8.3 msec).", "PMID": 691948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9291", "title": "[Surgical treatment of occlusive lesions of the aorta and major arteries].", "content": "Operations were performed on 262 patients with occlusive lesions of the abdominal aorta and major arteries. In 41 patients a lateral venous autograft was applied after endarterectomy, in 42 an autovenous shunt was created after open endarterectomy, 26 patients underwent eversion endarterectomy. Prosthetic alloplasty of the aorta and major arteries was conducted on 63 patients and an allograft shunt was formed in 41. Lumbar sympathectomy was carried out on all patients as a rule after reconstructive-restorative operations. Nineteen patients died after the operation. Complications developed in the postoperative period in 41 patients. Marked improvement or the disappearance of the symptoms of the disease was noted in the immediate postoperative period in 231 patients (95%).", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of occlusive lesions of the aorta and major arteries]. Operations were performed on 262 patients with occlusive lesions of the abdominal aorta and major arteries. In 41 patients a lateral venous autograft was applied after endarterectomy, in 42 an autovenous shunt was created after open endarterectomy, 26 patients underwent eversion endarterectomy. Prosthetic alloplasty of the aorta and major arteries was conducted on 63 patients and an allograft shunt was formed in 41. Lumbar sympathectomy was carried out on all patients as a rule after reconstructive-restorative operations. Nineteen patients died after the operation. Complications developed in the postoperative period in 41 patients. Marked improvement or the disappearance of the symptoms of the disease was noted in the immediate postoperative period in 231 patients (95%).", "PMID": 691949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9292", "title": "[Rheological properties of the blood in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The rheologic properties of blood were studied in 40 patients with ischemic heart disease both with affected and with intact cardiac coronary arteries (according to the findings of angiography) and in 13 persons with cardialgia due to vegetovascular dystonia. Significant hemorheologic pathology according to all values was revealed in patients with ischemic heart disease. It was noted that the growth of the fluidity threshold depends on the developing pathologic erythrocyte aggregation which is not associated with changes in the concentration of plasma fibrinogen. The importance of disorders in blood rheology in the origin of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction is discussed.", "contents": "[Rheological properties of the blood in ischemic heart disease]. The rheologic properties of blood were studied in 40 patients with ischemic heart disease both with affected and with intact cardiac coronary arteries (according to the findings of angiography) and in 13 persons with cardialgia due to vegetovascular dystonia. Significant hemorheologic pathology according to all values was revealed in patients with ischemic heart disease. It was noted that the growth of the fluidity threshold depends on the developing pathologic erythrocyte aggregation which is not associated with changes in the concentration of plasma fibrinogen. The importance of disorders in blood rheology in the origin of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction is discussed.", "PMID": 691950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9293", "title": "[Rheological properties of the blood and paroxysmal disorders of cardiac rhythm].", "content": "Blood viscosity, platelet and erythrocyte aggregation, venous hematocrit, and blood free fatty acid, fibrinogen, and glucose content were studied in dynamics in 63 patients with paroxysmal disorders of cardiac rhythm. During an attack of arrhythmia, the viscosity of blood, aggregation of erythrocytes, and the concentration of free fatty acids and glucose in blood were significantly increased, while the degree and rate of the reversibility of platelet aggregation were reduced. The reversibility of platelet aggregation increased after the attacks had been arrested with drugs and slightly decreased after electroimpulsive therapy. This may underlie the development of thromboembolic complications and postconversion arrhythmias after electropuls therapy. Increase in the rate of erythrocyte aggregation immediately after the arrest of an attack by an electric discharge was also revealed. The authors believe that deterioration of the blood rheologic properties is one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of cardiac arrhythmias.", "contents": "[Rheological properties of the blood and paroxysmal disorders of cardiac rhythm]. Blood viscosity, platelet and erythrocyte aggregation, venous hematocrit, and blood free fatty acid, fibrinogen, and glucose content were studied in dynamics in 63 patients with paroxysmal disorders of cardiac rhythm. During an attack of arrhythmia, the viscosity of blood, aggregation of erythrocytes, and the concentration of free fatty acids and glucose in blood were significantly increased, while the degree and rate of the reversibility of platelet aggregation were reduced. The reversibility of platelet aggregation increased after the attacks had been arrested with drugs and slightly decreased after electroimpulsive therapy. This may underlie the development of thromboembolic complications and postconversion arrhythmias after electropuls therapy. Increase in the rate of erythrocyte aggregation immediately after the arrest of an attack by an electric discharge was also revealed. The authors believe that deterioration of the blood rheologic properties is one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of cardiac arrhythmias.", "PMID": 691951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9294", "title": "[Effect of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation on regional blood circulation].", "content": "The effect of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) on the volume blood flow in the descending branch of the left coronary artery and in the vertebral, renal, and femoral arteries was studied in dog experiments by means of an electromagnetic flowmeter. Resistography was applied to appraise the regulatory changes in the resistance to the blood flow in the vascular regions mentioned during IABC. It is shown that the increase in the coronary and cerebral blood flow during IABC is not associated with the reflex dilation of the resistant vessels of the heart and brain and is mainly due to a rise of diastolic pressure in the aorta. The volume blood flow in the kidney and hind extremity is maintained during IABC at a level close to the initial level due to regulatory decrease of the resistance of the vessels of these organs.", "contents": "[Effect of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation on regional blood circulation]. The effect of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) on the volume blood flow in the descending branch of the left coronary artery and in the vertebral, renal, and femoral arteries was studied in dog experiments by means of an electromagnetic flowmeter. Resistography was applied to appraise the regulatory changes in the resistance to the blood flow in the vascular regions mentioned during IABC. It is shown that the increase in the coronary and cerebral blood flow during IABC is not associated with the reflex dilation of the resistant vessels of the heart and brain and is mainly due to a rise of diastolic pressure in the aorta. The volume blood flow in the kidney and hind extremity is maintained during IABC at a level close to the initial level due to regulatory decrease of the resistance of the vessels of these organs.", "PMID": 691952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9295", "title": "[Clinical aspects of circulatory disorders in the vertebral arteries and the possibilities for their surgical treatment].", "content": "Experience in the follow-up of 84 patients who underwent operation for transient cerebral vascular insufficiency in the vertebro-basilar bed is summarized. It was found that most patients with abnormally tortuous or anomalously branching vertebral arteries had transient disorders of the carciac rhythm or increased arterial pressure. Operative treatment of such patients contributes to correction of the neurologic symptoms and leads to normalization of the cardiac rhythm and arterial pressure.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of circulatory disorders in the vertebral arteries and the possibilities for their surgical treatment]. Experience in the follow-up of 84 patients who underwent operation for transient cerebral vascular insufficiency in the vertebro-basilar bed is summarized. It was found that most patients with abnormally tortuous or anomalously branching vertebral arteries had transient disorders of the carciac rhythm or increased arterial pressure. Operative treatment of such patients contributes to correction of the neurologic symptoms and leads to normalization of the cardiac rhythm and arterial pressure.", "PMID": 691960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9296", "title": "[Importance of radioisotope angiography in the diagnosis of vascular diseases].", "content": "Radioisotope angiography demonstrates successfully occlusion of the abdominal aorta, aneurysms of the thoracic and abdominal aorta, and occlusion of the iliac and femoral arteries. In occlusion of the renal artery this method supplements contrast vasography of the kidneys providing a quantitative concept of the functional peculiarities and dynamics of the renal blood flow. The results of radioisotope angiography were in full agreement with the clinical picture of the disease and the findings of contrast X-ray angiography in 81.7% of cases; in 11.3% they coincided partly and only in 7% of cases the results were dissimilar.", "contents": "[Importance of radioisotope angiography in the diagnosis of vascular diseases]. Radioisotope angiography demonstrates successfully occlusion of the abdominal aorta, aneurysms of the thoracic and abdominal aorta, and occlusion of the iliac and femoral arteries. In occlusion of the renal artery this method supplements contrast vasography of the kidneys providing a quantitative concept of the functional peculiarities and dynamics of the renal blood flow. The results of radioisotope angiography were in full agreement with the clinical picture of the disease and the findings of contrast X-ray angiography in 81.7% of cases; in 11.3% they coincided partly and only in 7% of cases the results were dissimilar.", "PMID": 691961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9297", "title": "[Diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolisms].", "content": "The article is concerned with the methods used in the diagnosis of thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery. It is based on the experience in the examination of 160 patients admitted to the clinic with suspected pulmonary embolism, in 134 of whom the diagnosis was confirmed. The diagnostic possibilities of noncontrast X-ray examination of the lungs, electrocardio- and rheopneumography, catheterization of the heart and angiopneumography, and perfusion scan of the lungs are appraised.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolisms]. The article is concerned with the methods used in the diagnosis of thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery. It is based on the experience in the examination of 160 patients admitted to the clinic with suspected pulmonary embolism, in 134 of whom the diagnosis was confirmed. The diagnostic possibilities of noncontrast X-ray examination of the lungs, electrocardio- and rheopneumography, catheterization of the heart and angiopneumography, and perfusion scan of the lungs are appraised.", "PMID": 691962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9298", "title": "[Pulmonary embolisms as a complication of acute arterial obstruction of the lower extremities].", "content": "This is an analysis of 130 cases with embolism of the pulmonary artery with a lethal outcome, which had developed in patients suffering from occlusion of the lower extremities. It is noted that the origin of embolism of the system of the pulmonary artery depends on the severity of ischemia of the tissues of the affected extremity and pointed out that this menacing complication develops both in the stage of ischemia and in the postischemic period. For the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with severe ischemia or gangrene of the lower extremities, it is recommended that operative treatment (corrective operations on the arteries or amputation) should be combined with inspection of the major veins.", "contents": "[Pulmonary embolisms as a complication of acute arterial obstruction of the lower extremities]. This is an analysis of 130 cases with embolism of the pulmonary artery with a lethal outcome, which had developed in patients suffering from occlusion of the lower extremities. It is noted that the origin of embolism of the system of the pulmonary artery depends on the severity of ischemia of the tissues of the affected extremity and pointed out that this menacing complication develops both in the stage of ischemia and in the postischemic period. For the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with severe ischemia or gangrene of the lower extremities, it is recommended that operative treatment (corrective operations on the arteries or amputation) should be combined with inspection of the major veins.", "PMID": 691963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9299", "title": "[Chronic abdominal ischemia syndrome].", "content": "The article analyses 303 cases with affection of the visceral branches of the abdominal aorta. In 210 cases it was caused by atherosclerosis, in 67 by nonspecific aorto-arteritis and in 26 by extravasal factors. In 190 cases there were no clinical manifestations of occlusive lesions. The abdominal syndrome was found in 113 patients. The main symptoms were abdominal pain (in 94 patients), intestinal dysfunction (in 84) associated with the intake of food, and in severe stages of ischemia, progressive loss of body weight (in 46 patients). On grounds of the case history, the presence of a murmur in the epigastrium, and symptoms of involvement of other arteries it may be assumed that the abdominal abnormalities are of vascular origin. The principal diagnostic method is angiography which makes it possible to identify and record the affection of visceral branches of the abdominal aorta.", "contents": "[Chronic abdominal ischemia syndrome]. The article analyses 303 cases with affection of the visceral branches of the abdominal aorta. In 210 cases it was caused by atherosclerosis, in 67 by nonspecific aorto-arteritis and in 26 by extravasal factors. In 190 cases there were no clinical manifestations of occlusive lesions. The abdominal syndrome was found in 113 patients. The main symptoms were abdominal pain (in 94 patients), intestinal dysfunction (in 84) associated with the intake of food, and in severe stages of ischemia, progressive loss of body weight (in 46 patients). On grounds of the case history, the presence of a murmur in the epigastrium, and symptoms of involvement of other arteries it may be assumed that the abdominal abnormalities are of vascular origin. The principal diagnostic method is angiography which makes it possible to identify and record the affection of visceral branches of the abdominal aorta.", "PMID": 691964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9300", "title": "[Current status of the diagnosis and surgical treatment of the postthrombophlebitic syndrome of the lower extremities and pelvis].", "content": "The clinical, phlebographic, and hemodynamic signs of the postthrombophlebitic syndrome were studied. In 99.3% of patients the disease was found to be attended with edema of the extremities, in 100%--with the pain syndrome, in 64.2%--with pigmentation, in 59.7%--with tissue induration, and in 53.6% of patients--with trophic ulcers. A study of microcirculation revealed a significant increase of the time of tissue resorption. The venous pressure proved to be increased; the degree of its normalization is an objective test for the success of the operation. The volume blood flow in the affected extremity was 1.8 times that in the normal extremity. Contrast X-ray examination of the veins showed phlebographic signs of the disease. Reconstructive operations on the deep veins were performed in 109 patients; 85.4% had good remote results. Linton's operation was performed on 29 patients, Cockett's operation--on 17, and Felder's operation--on 8 patients; good remote results were noted in 75.7% of cases. For determining the tactics of the treatment and its prognostication, a classification of the postthrombophlebitic syndrome is suggested.", "contents": "[Current status of the diagnosis and surgical treatment of the postthrombophlebitic syndrome of the lower extremities and pelvis]. The clinical, phlebographic, and hemodynamic signs of the postthrombophlebitic syndrome were studied. In 99.3% of patients the disease was found to be attended with edema of the extremities, in 100%--with the pain syndrome, in 64.2%--with pigmentation, in 59.7%--with tissue induration, and in 53.6% of patients--with trophic ulcers. A study of microcirculation revealed a significant increase of the time of tissue resorption. The venous pressure proved to be increased; the degree of its normalization is an objective test for the success of the operation. The volume blood flow in the affected extremity was 1.8 times that in the normal extremity. Contrast X-ray examination of the veins showed phlebographic signs of the disease. Reconstructive operations on the deep veins were performed in 109 patients; 85.4% had good remote results. Linton's operation was performed on 29 patients, Cockett's operation--on 17, and Felder's operation--on 8 patients; good remote results were noted in 75.7% of cases. For determining the tactics of the treatment and its prognostication, a classification of the postthrombophlebitic syndrome is suggested.", "PMID": 691966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9301", "title": "[\"Chronic thrombophlebitis\" and its modern problems].", "content": "The most urgent problems of the terminology, diagnosis and treatment of the post-thrombophlebitic syndrome are discussed. The author believes, in particular, that clinical tests and methods which do not require any special expensive equipment constitute a diagnostic complex that is quite sufficient in the practice of health care. Phlebography should be undertaken when there are definite indications. From experience in the performance of more than 500 operations by Linton's method, the author claims that this operation is most indicated in the post-thrombophlebitic syndrome of the lower extremities; in localization of the pathologic process in the ilio-femoral segment, plastic surgery is indicated, autovenous shunt of the type of Palm's operation in particular. In some cases Palm's and Linton's operations may be combined. Patients with the post-thrombophlebitic syndrome require rehabilitation after surgery.", "contents": "[\"Chronic thrombophlebitis\" and its modern problems]. The most urgent problems of the terminology, diagnosis and treatment of the post-thrombophlebitic syndrome are discussed. The author believes, in particular, that clinical tests and methods which do not require any special expensive equipment constitute a diagnostic complex that is quite sufficient in the practice of health care. Phlebography should be undertaken when there are definite indications. From experience in the performance of more than 500 operations by Linton's method, the author claims that this operation is most indicated in the post-thrombophlebitic syndrome of the lower extremities; in localization of the pathologic process in the ilio-femoral segment, plastic surgery is indicated, autovenous shunt of the type of Palm's operation in particular. In some cases Palm's and Linton's operations may be combined. Patients with the post-thrombophlebitic syndrome require rehabilitation after surgery.", "PMID": 691967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9302", "title": "[Restorative vascular operations in treating severe ischemia of the lower extremities in arteriosclerosis].", "content": "On the basis of their personal experience in the treatment of 266 patients with severe ischemia of the lower extremity the authors believe it to be expedient under threat of amputation to perform reconstructive vascular operations on the aorto-iliac and femoral-popliteal segments. Repeated revascularization of the extremity for reocclusion in the late periods after the first reconstructive operation was conducted on 116 patients. The frequency of amputations and mortality in vascular reconstructive operations are considerably lower than those in non-operative treatment and in primary amputation of the extremity.", "contents": "[Restorative vascular operations in treating severe ischemia of the lower extremities in arteriosclerosis]. On the basis of their personal experience in the treatment of 266 patients with severe ischemia of the lower extremity the authors believe it to be expedient under threat of amputation to perform reconstructive vascular operations on the aorto-iliac and femoral-popliteal segments. Repeated revascularization of the extremity for reocclusion in the late periods after the first reconstructive operation was conducted on 116 patients. The frequency of amputations and mortality in vascular reconstructive operations are considerably lower than those in non-operative treatment and in primary amputation of the extremity.", "PMID": 691968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9303", "title": "[Errors, hazards and complications in treating acute obstruction of the aorta and major arteries of the extremities].", "content": "Errors made at various stages of the treatment of patients with acute thrombosis and embolism of the aorta and major arteries of the extremities were determined from the analysis of 476 clinical observations. Insufficient orientation of physicians in the problems of acute pathologic conditions of the vessels was the main cause of the errors at the prehospital stage. At the stage of specialized treatment, assessment of the degree of ischemia of the extremity, the severity of the patient's condition, and the viability of the extremity proved most difficult.", "contents": "[Errors, hazards and complications in treating acute obstruction of the aorta and major arteries of the extremities]. Errors made at various stages of the treatment of patients with acute thrombosis and embolism of the aorta and major arteries of the extremities were determined from the analysis of 476 clinical observations. Insufficient orientation of physicians in the problems of acute pathologic conditions of the vessels was the main cause of the errors at the prehospital stage. At the stage of specialized treatment, assessment of the degree of ischemia of the extremity, the severity of the patient's condition, and the viability of the extremity proved most difficult.", "PMID": 691969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9304", "title": "[Surgical treatment of major vascular injuries].", "content": "The results of surgical management of persons suffering from injuries with damage to the major vessels are discussed on the basis of 155 cases with due account for the encountered difficulties and errors. With the accumulation of experience in the treatment of these patients, the authors were able to reduce mortality (from 8.7% in 1968--1969 to 2.4% in 1976--1977) and the number of limb amputations (from 21.7 to 2.4%, respectively). The outcome of the operation is greatly determined by the choice of the operative method which depends on the character, localization, and extent of damage of the vessel, contamination of the wound, the presence of concomitant injuries, the character of first aid applied at the place of the accident and during transportation, and the surgeon's skill.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of major vascular injuries]. The results of surgical management of persons suffering from injuries with damage to the major vessels are discussed on the basis of 155 cases with due account for the encountered difficulties and errors. With the accumulation of experience in the treatment of these patients, the authors were able to reduce mortality (from 8.7% in 1968--1969 to 2.4% in 1976--1977) and the number of limb amputations (from 21.7 to 2.4%, respectively). The outcome of the operation is greatly determined by the choice of the operative method which depends on the character, localization, and extent of damage of the vessel, contamination of the wound, the presence of concomitant injuries, the character of first aid applied at the place of the accident and during transportation, and the surgeon's skill.", "PMID": 691970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9305", "title": "[Mechanisms of the hemodynamic disorder in embolisms of the major arteries of the extremities and the ways for their correction].", "content": "The main mechanisms of hemodynamic disorders are discussed and the means of correcting disturbances in homeostasis developing in embolism of the major arteries of the extremities are planned. It is shown that activation of the sympathico-adrenal system is the principal trigger mechanism of homeostasis disorders during acute occlusion of the vessels. This leads to the development of cardiac and pulmonary insufficiency. The restoration of circulation in the affected extremities is attended with the progression of cardiac, vascular, and pulmonary insufficiency. The different outcomes in the correction of 6- and 12-hour occlusion of the terminal aorta are mostly due to the different functional state of the cardiovascular system prior to correction.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of the hemodynamic disorder in embolisms of the major arteries of the extremities and the ways for their correction]. The main mechanisms of hemodynamic disorders are discussed and the means of correcting disturbances in homeostasis developing in embolism of the major arteries of the extremities are planned. It is shown that activation of the sympathico-adrenal system is the principal trigger mechanism of homeostasis disorders during acute occlusion of the vessels. This leads to the development of cardiac and pulmonary insufficiency. The restoration of circulation in the affected extremities is attended with the progression of cardiac, vascular, and pulmonary insufficiency. The different outcomes in the correction of 6- and 12-hour occlusion of the terminal aorta are mostly due to the different functional state of the cardiovascular system prior to correction.", "PMID": 691971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9306", "title": "Pathogenic mechanisms in early norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure: functional and histological correlates of protection.", "content": "The present study investigated the protective effect of acute volume expansion (25%) with isotonic saline, isotonic mannitol, and hypertonic mannitol in a model of unilateral norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure (ARF). Three hours following a 40-min intrarenal infusion of norepinephrine (NE) (0.75 microgram/kg/min), inulin clearance had fallen from a control value of 54.1 +/- 6.5 to 1.3 +/- 1.3 ml/min in untreated dogs and fell similarly (P = NS) to 3.3 +/- 1.5 ml/min in animals preexpanded with 0.9% saline (0.75 ml/kg/min). In contrast, as compared to the untreated animals, inulin clearance 3 hr post NE infusion was significantly greater in dogs preexpanded with 5% mannitol (9.2 +/- 2.5 ml/min, P less than 0.01), or 20% mannitol (16.6 +/- 3.9 ml/min, P less than 0.01). The protective effects of 5% and 20% mannitol were not statistically different from each other. Recovery of renal excretory function in all groups, expressed as 3-hr post NE inulin clearance, correlated with the magnitude of pre NE solute excretion rate (r = 0.612, P less than 0.001) and osmolar clearance rate (r=0.593, P less than 0.001), but not with pre insult inulin clearance (r = 0.233, P = NS) or renal blood flow (r = 0.249, P = NS). In the presence of a profound fall in inulin clearance, proximal tubular (PT) pressures in untreated dogs 3 hr post NE infusion achieved a value equal to control (26 +/- 11 vs. 25 +/- 2 mm Hg). In contrast, pretreatment with isotonic mannitol produced a rise in PT pressure both before (45 +/- 4 mm Hg, P less than 0.05) and 3 hr post NE infusion (38 +/- 5 mm Hg, P less than 0.05). In all groups of animals, at both 3 and 24 hr post NE, tubular injury was observed but glomerular architecture remained normal by light and electron microscopy. Conclusion. the protective effect of mannitol in this reversible model of ARF did not correlate with inulin clearance, renal blood flow, extracellular fluid (ECF) volume, ECF hypertonicity, or renal histologic changes but did correlate with the solute excretion rate. The increased PT pressures with mannitol both before and after the NE insult could contribute to the protective effect of attenuating any relative intratubular obstruction.", "contents": "Pathogenic mechanisms in early norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure: functional and histological correlates of protection. The present study investigated the protective effect of acute volume expansion (25%) with isotonic saline, isotonic mannitol, and hypertonic mannitol in a model of unilateral norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure (ARF). Three hours following a 40-min intrarenal infusion of norepinephrine (NE) (0.75 microgram/kg/min), inulin clearance had fallen from a control value of 54.1 +/- 6.5 to 1.3 +/- 1.3 ml/min in untreated dogs and fell similarly (P = NS) to 3.3 +/- 1.5 ml/min in animals preexpanded with 0.9% saline (0.75 ml/kg/min). In contrast, as compared to the untreated animals, inulin clearance 3 hr post NE infusion was significantly greater in dogs preexpanded with 5% mannitol (9.2 +/- 2.5 ml/min, P less than 0.01), or 20% mannitol (16.6 +/- 3.9 ml/min, P less than 0.01). The protective effects of 5% and 20% mannitol were not statistically different from each other. Recovery of renal excretory function in all groups, expressed as 3-hr post NE inulin clearance, correlated with the magnitude of pre NE solute excretion rate (r = 0.612, P less than 0.001) and osmolar clearance rate (r=0.593, P less than 0.001), but not with pre insult inulin clearance (r = 0.233, P = NS) or renal blood flow (r = 0.249, P = NS). In the presence of a profound fall in inulin clearance, proximal tubular (PT) pressures in untreated dogs 3 hr post NE infusion achieved a value equal to control (26 +/- 11 vs. 25 +/- 2 mm Hg). In contrast, pretreatment with isotonic mannitol produced a rise in PT pressure both before (45 +/- 4 mm Hg, P less than 0.05) and 3 hr post NE infusion (38 +/- 5 mm Hg, P less than 0.05). In all groups of animals, at both 3 and 24 hr post NE, tubular injury was observed but glomerular architecture remained normal by light and electron microscopy. Conclusion. the protective effect of mannitol in this reversible model of ARF did not correlate with inulin clearance, renal blood flow, extracellular fluid (ECF) volume, ECF hypertonicity, or renal histologic changes but did correlate with the solute excretion rate. The increased PT pressures with mannitol both before and after the NE insult could contribute to the protective effect of attenuating any relative intratubular obstruction.", "PMID": 691972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9307", "title": "Hyperlipoproteinemia in experimental chronic renal insufficiency in the rat.", "content": "Lipid metabolism was studied in experimental uremia. Uremic (U) rats were compared with sham-operated, pair-fed (PF) controls and with ad-lib-fed (AL) controls. In U animals, fasting glucose concentrations were normal, immunoreactive serum insulin (IRI) levels were decreased, and immunoreactive glucagon levels were increased. A significant increase in the serum concentration of all lipid classes was observed: triglycerides were elevated 10-fold above the values in PF and AL controls; phospholipids, twofold; total cholesterol, threefold; and free cholesterol, sixfold. Cholesterol concentration was increased in beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteins and even more so in alpha- and pre-alpha-lipoproteins. There was an increase in the ratio of free cholesterol/total cholesterol. The fatty acid composition of serum lipoproteins was unchanged. Concomitantly, in liver tissue, there was no change in lipid content (triglyceride, cholesterol) and fatty acid composition. These findings argue against glucose- or insulin-mediated changes in hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis, chain elongation, or poly-desaturation. In U animals, the HMG-CoA-reductase activity of liver microsomes was slightly, but not significantly, reduced as was tritiated water incorporation into cholesterol in isolated perfused liver preparations. In adipose tissue, there was a decrease in triglyceride content. The results provide evidence against insulin-mediated hepatic overproduction as a major cause of hyperlipoproteinemia in this model of experimental renal insufficiency and point to peripheral under-utilization of lipoproteins.", "contents": "Hyperlipoproteinemia in experimental chronic renal insufficiency in the rat. Lipid metabolism was studied in experimental uremia. Uremic (U) rats were compared with sham-operated, pair-fed (PF) controls and with ad-lib-fed (AL) controls. In U animals, fasting glucose concentrations were normal, immunoreactive serum insulin (IRI) levels were decreased, and immunoreactive glucagon levels were increased. A significant increase in the serum concentration of all lipid classes was observed: triglycerides were elevated 10-fold above the values in PF and AL controls; phospholipids, twofold; total cholesterol, threefold; and free cholesterol, sixfold. Cholesterol concentration was increased in beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteins and even more so in alpha- and pre-alpha-lipoproteins. There was an increase in the ratio of free cholesterol/total cholesterol. The fatty acid composition of serum lipoproteins was unchanged. Concomitantly, in liver tissue, there was no change in lipid content (triglyceride, cholesterol) and fatty acid composition. These findings argue against glucose- or insulin-mediated changes in hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis, chain elongation, or poly-desaturation. In U animals, the HMG-CoA-reductase activity of liver microsomes was slightly, but not significantly, reduced as was tritiated water incorporation into cholesterol in isolated perfused liver preparations. In adipose tissue, there was a decrease in triglyceride content. The results provide evidence against insulin-mediated hepatic overproduction as a major cause of hyperlipoproteinemia in this model of experimental renal insufficiency and point to peripheral under-utilization of lipoproteins.", "PMID": 691973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9308", "title": "Prolonged lifespan and high incidence of neoplasms in NZB/NZW mice treated with hydrocortisone sodium succinate.", "content": "This study investigated the effects of prolonged corticosteroid therapy on the course of spontaneous autoimmune disease and oncogenesis in NZB/NZW mice, an animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Twenty young female NZB/NZW mice were treated until death with low-dose hydrocortisone sodium succinate (3.3 mg/kg/day), and 21 mice received high-dose hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg/day). Fifteen control mice were injected with saline. Long-term therapy with either dose of hydrocortisone effectively prevented renal disease and prolonged lifespans in NZB/NZW mice. Fifty-six percent of low-dose treated animals developed neoplasms, and 38% of mice in this treatment group died with renal disease. Neoplasms caused death in 76% of mice receiving high-dose treatment. Long-term hydrocortisone therapy was associated with a predominance of sarcomas, which appeared in aged mice after a long period of treatment. In earlier studies conducted in this laboratory, cyclophosphamide treatment prolonged life in NZB/NZW mice. Ninety-seven percent of cyclophosphamide-treated mice developed neoplasms; most tumors were lymphomas or carcinomas. It was concluded that neoplasms occur commonly in old NZB/NZW mice with lives prolonged by immunosuppressive or antiinflammatory drugs. Nevertheless, the specific therapeutic agent used in each study influenced the types of neoplasms appearing in treated mice.", "contents": "Prolonged lifespan and high incidence of neoplasms in NZB/NZW mice treated with hydrocortisone sodium succinate. This study investigated the effects of prolonged corticosteroid therapy on the course of spontaneous autoimmune disease and oncogenesis in NZB/NZW mice, an animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Twenty young female NZB/NZW mice were treated until death with low-dose hydrocortisone sodium succinate (3.3 mg/kg/day), and 21 mice received high-dose hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg/day). Fifteen control mice were injected with saline. Long-term therapy with either dose of hydrocortisone effectively prevented renal disease and prolonged lifespans in NZB/NZW mice. Fifty-six percent of low-dose treated animals developed neoplasms, and 38% of mice in this treatment group died with renal disease. Neoplasms caused death in 76% of mice receiving high-dose treatment. Long-term hydrocortisone therapy was associated with a predominance of sarcomas, which appeared in aged mice after a long period of treatment. In earlier studies conducted in this laboratory, cyclophosphamide treatment prolonged life in NZB/NZW mice. Ninety-seven percent of cyclophosphamide-treated mice developed neoplasms; most tumors were lymphomas or carcinomas. It was concluded that neoplasms occur commonly in old NZB/NZW mice with lives prolonged by immunosuppressive or antiinflammatory drugs. Nevertheless, the specific therapeutic agent used in each study influenced the types of neoplasms appearing in treated mice.", "PMID": 691974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9309", "title": "Phlorizin stimulation of p-aminohippurate uptake in rat kidney cortex slices.", "content": "Phlorizin, 0.5 mM, increases the uptake of tritiated p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) in rat kidney cortex slices in vitro. Phlorizin also diminishes the rate of 3H-PAH washout from preloaded slices into PAH-free medium. At higher concentrations, phlorizin (5.0 mM) reduces slice uptake of 3H-PAH following short incubations but increases 3H-PAH accumulation after more prolonged incubations. Section freeze-dry autoradiography demonstrates that phlorizin inhibits secretion of 3H-PAH from cell to lumen in proximal tubules. Consequently, the increased 3H-PAH uptake and delayed washout induced by phlorizin may be attributed to effects at the antiluminal cell membrane. Phlorizin stimulation of PAH uptake occurs despite inhibition of secretion across the luminal membrane. Intracellular accumulation of 3H-phlorizin, demonstrable by autoradiography, provides direct evidence that cellular accumulation affords the glycoside access to both the luminal and antiluminal membrane in proximal tubules. These interactions between phlorizin and PAH suggest shared features of the membrane transport systems for secretion and reabsorption of sugars and organic acids in kidney.", "contents": "Phlorizin stimulation of p-aminohippurate uptake in rat kidney cortex slices. Phlorizin, 0.5 mM, increases the uptake of tritiated p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) in rat kidney cortex slices in vitro. Phlorizin also diminishes the rate of 3H-PAH washout from preloaded slices into PAH-free medium. At higher concentrations, phlorizin (5.0 mM) reduces slice uptake of 3H-PAH following short incubations but increases 3H-PAH accumulation after more prolonged incubations. Section freeze-dry autoradiography demonstrates that phlorizin inhibits secretion of 3H-PAH from cell to lumen in proximal tubules. Consequently, the increased 3H-PAH uptake and delayed washout induced by phlorizin may be attributed to effects at the antiluminal cell membrane. Phlorizin stimulation of PAH uptake occurs despite inhibition of secretion across the luminal membrane. Intracellular accumulation of 3H-phlorizin, demonstrable by autoradiography, provides direct evidence that cellular accumulation affords the glycoside access to both the luminal and antiluminal membrane in proximal tubules. These interactions between phlorizin and PAH suggest shared features of the membrane transport systems for secretion and reabsorption of sugars and organic acids in kidney.", "PMID": 691975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9310", "title": "Norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure: a reversible ischemic model of acute renal failure.", "content": "The present study has defined conditions whereby a reversible form of ischemia-induced ARF can be produced in the dog. Unlike previous studies [9-11] which examined the acute phase of NE-induced ARF, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using the model for the longitudinal study of ARF. Such a model may be useful in studying the pathologic and physiologic changes which occur during different phases of ARF. Perhaps most important, this model should also provide a setting in which treatment measures, either prophylactic or therapeutic for ARF, can be examined.", "contents": "Norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure: a reversible ischemic model of acute renal failure. The present study has defined conditions whereby a reversible form of ischemia-induced ARF can be produced in the dog. Unlike previous studies [9-11] which examined the acute phase of NE-induced ARF, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using the model for the longitudinal study of ARF. Such a model may be useful in studying the pathologic and physiologic changes which occur during different phases of ARF. Perhaps most important, this model should also provide a setting in which treatment measures, either prophylactic or therapeutic for ARF, can be examined.", "PMID": 691976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9311", "title": "[Normosensorial essential late convergent strabismus, a clinical entity (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of 50 patients is presented to discuss this clinical entity. Late onset of squint. Sometimes accompanied by diplopia, normal retinal correspondence, absence of serious sensorial and refractional defects are the characteristics. Differential diagnosis is discussed. Early operation together with prisms is the treatment of choice. A real cure can be achieved in these cases.", "contents": "[Normosensorial essential late convergent strabismus, a clinical entity (author's transl)]. A group of 50 patients is presented to discuss this clinical entity. Late onset of squint. Sometimes accompanied by diplopia, normal retinal correspondence, absence of serious sensorial and refractional defects are the characteristics. Differential diagnosis is discussed. Early operation together with prisms is the treatment of choice. A real cure can be achieved in these cases.", "PMID": 692016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9312", "title": "[Examinations of aminoacids in aqueous humour after intravitreous injection of ascorbic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "The ascorbic acid concentration of the vitreous of rabbits was experimentally increased to about 20 times the normal value. 24 h after the intravitreal injection of ascorbic acid 13 out of 16 free amino acids were decreased, only Glutamicacid, Glycine and Alanine were increased. 48 h after the injection 13 amino acids were lowered. On the fourth day 8 amino acids were decreased in relation to normal values. After 4 weeks the concentrations of 5 amino acids were raised further compared to the normal values, but 10 amino acids were concentrated lower than the normal values. Also Glu-acid, Gly and Ala had fallen down to the range of the normal values. The total amino acids include the free amino acids and the amino acids, which we find after 6 h hydrolysis. On the first day 11 amino acids showed elevations, 7 amino acids were decreased. After 4 weeks Taurin, Lysine and Histidin were higher than the normal values, 15 amino acids were lower. In single cases the differences were statistically significant. We suppose, that the changes of amino acids are caused by the ascorbic acid or their derivates. There is an anterior drainage after intravitreal injection. We come to the conclusion, that there is a reversible disturbance of the diffusion and active transport of amino acids by ascorbic acid.", "contents": "[Examinations of aminoacids in aqueous humour after intravitreous injection of ascorbic acid (author's transl)]. The ascorbic acid concentration of the vitreous of rabbits was experimentally increased to about 20 times the normal value. 24 h after the intravitreal injection of ascorbic acid 13 out of 16 free amino acids were decreased, only Glutamicacid, Glycine and Alanine were increased. 48 h after the injection 13 amino acids were lowered. On the fourth day 8 amino acids were decreased in relation to normal values. After 4 weeks the concentrations of 5 amino acids were raised further compared to the normal values, but 10 amino acids were concentrated lower than the normal values. Also Glu-acid, Gly and Ala had fallen down to the range of the normal values. The total amino acids include the free amino acids and the amino acids, which we find after 6 h hydrolysis. On the first day 11 amino acids showed elevations, 7 amino acids were decreased. After 4 weeks Taurin, Lysine and Histidin were higher than the normal values, 15 amino acids were lower. In single cases the differences were statistically significant. We suppose, that the changes of amino acids are caused by the ascorbic acid or their derivates. There is an anterior drainage after intravitreal injection. We come to the conclusion, that there is a reversible disturbance of the diffusion and active transport of amino acids by ascorbic acid.", "PMID": 692017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9313", "title": "[Leber's optic atrophy - an interdisciplinary study (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical-neurological, electrocephalographic, ophthalmological and genetic observations of a family with related persons with Leber's optic atrophy is described. 6 male subjects of the altogether ca. 100 members of the family tree stretching over 4 generations were manifestly affected relatives - that is possible carriers, an unusually large number of EEG's were abnormal, and, less often, colour vision disturbances were seen. The results suggest that Leber's optic atrophy is a hereditary neuro-ophthalmological systemic condition, whose most striking symptom is the optic atrophy. The genetic factors of the condition are also discussed.", "contents": "[Leber's optic atrophy - an interdisciplinary study (author's transl)]. Clinical-neurological, electrocephalographic, ophthalmological and genetic observations of a family with related persons with Leber's optic atrophy is described. 6 male subjects of the altogether ca. 100 members of the family tree stretching over 4 generations were manifestly affected relatives - that is possible carriers, an unusually large number of EEG's were abnormal, and, less often, colour vision disturbances were seen. The results suggest that Leber's optic atrophy is a hereditary neuro-ophthalmological systemic condition, whose most striking symptom is the optic atrophy. The genetic factors of the condition are also discussed.", "PMID": 692018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9314", "title": "[On the proof of late sequelae of bulbal and orbital contusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Contusion cataracts may develop long time after injury, without visible lens changes in the interval. The lens opacities appear like those known in senile cataracts if the eye was injured after the 45th year of age. Demonstration of other traumatic changes becomes then very important for the evaluation of the role of the accident as a cataract cause. As late sequelae of eye (and orbit) contusion, enophthalmos and supersensitivity of the pupil to adrenergic drugs can be found. Ultrasound exophthalmometry proved to be more accurate for checking the former than Hertel's optical exophthalmometry alone. The pupil was studied by the reaction following local instillation of one drop of 1% adrenaline solution (comparison with other eye). The results found in 2 patients are described.", "contents": "[On the proof of late sequelae of bulbal and orbital contusion (author's transl)]. Contusion cataracts may develop long time after injury, without visible lens changes in the interval. The lens opacities appear like those known in senile cataracts if the eye was injured after the 45th year of age. Demonstration of other traumatic changes becomes then very important for the evaluation of the role of the accident as a cataract cause. As late sequelae of eye (and orbit) contusion, enophthalmos and supersensitivity of the pupil to adrenergic drugs can be found. Ultrasound exophthalmometry proved to be more accurate for checking the former than Hertel's optical exophthalmometry alone. The pupil was studied by the reaction following local instillation of one drop of 1% adrenaline solution (comparison with other eye). The results found in 2 patients are described.", "PMID": 692019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9315", "title": "[Oxyphil-cell adenoma (oncocytoma) of the caruncle (author's transl)].", "content": "By histological examination of 42 caruncle tumors we found 5 oncocytomas. All the patients were women older than 63 years. The clinical and histological findings are described and the pathogenesis of these tumors discussed.", "contents": "[Oxyphil-cell adenoma (oncocytoma) of the caruncle (author's transl)]. By histological examination of 42 caruncle tumors we found 5 oncocytomas. All the patients were women older than 63 years. The clinical and histological findings are described and the pathogenesis of these tumors discussed.", "PMID": 692020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9316", "title": "[Studies on the lymph drainage of the eye 5. Quantitative registration of the lymph drainage from the subconjunctival space with a radioactive tracer (author's transl)].", "content": "In 7 rabbits the drainage from the subconjunctival space to the cervical lymph nodes was observed after subconjunctival injection of 99mTc-micro-colloid. Measurements of the activity distribution were made in vivo with an Anger type camera (pho-Gamma-IV Hp, Searle Nuclear Chicago) and in vitro after dissection with a sodium iodine crystal well counter (Clinimat-200, Picker). 6 hours after the injection into the subconjunctival space of the right eye an average of 53.7% of the applied activity had drained off. A significant accumulation of activity could constantly be registrated in the cervical lymph nodes. Its amount was generally up to 2.08% of the applied total activity per animal, with a large individual spreading. In detail, activity was found in all 7 cases in the right superficial cervical lymph node, in 5 cases moreover in the right mandibular lymph node, additionally in 2 animals in the right or left deep cervical lymph node respectively and in one animal as well in the right as in the left deep cervical lymph node. Besides, in all cases high activity was registered in the right retrobulbar and subconjunctival spaces just as in the right eye. A small activity in the right optic nerve could be pointed out in three of our seven cases.", "contents": "[Studies on the lymph drainage of the eye 5. Quantitative registration of the lymph drainage from the subconjunctival space with a radioactive tracer (author's transl)]. In 7 rabbits the drainage from the subconjunctival space to the cervical lymph nodes was observed after subconjunctival injection of 99mTc-micro-colloid. Measurements of the activity distribution were made in vivo with an Anger type camera (pho-Gamma-IV Hp, Searle Nuclear Chicago) and in vitro after dissection with a sodium iodine crystal well counter (Clinimat-200, Picker). 6 hours after the injection into the subconjunctival space of the right eye an average of 53.7% of the applied activity had drained off. A significant accumulation of activity could constantly be registrated in the cervical lymph nodes. Its amount was generally up to 2.08% of the applied total activity per animal, with a large individual spreading. In detail, activity was found in all 7 cases in the right superficial cervical lymph node, in 5 cases moreover in the right mandibular lymph node, additionally in 2 animals in the right or left deep cervical lymph node respectively and in one animal as well in the right as in the left deep cervical lymph node. Besides, in all cases high activity was registered in the right retrobulbar and subconjunctival spaces just as in the right eye. A small activity in the right optic nerve could be pointed out in three of our seven cases.", "PMID": 692021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9317", "title": "[Cotton thread method for measuring lacrimation (author's transl)].", "content": "Instead of filter paper, a fine cotton thread was used. One test consists of 3 or more consecutive measurements. Six patients with Hunt's syndrome were tested with this new method. All of the six showed lacrimal deficiency on the involved side.", "contents": "[Cotton thread method for measuring lacrimation (author's transl)]. Instead of filter paper, a fine cotton thread was used. One test consists of 3 or more consecutive measurements. Six patients with Hunt's syndrome were tested with this new method. All of the six showed lacrimal deficiency on the involved side.", "PMID": 692022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9318", "title": "[The histological structure of peripheral cystoid degeneration in senile retinoschisis (author's transl)].", "content": "In peripheral cystoid degenerations as the precursor of senile retinoschisis basement membrane material and collagen fibrils are formed; after retinal splitting this newly formed material together with ruptured tissue columns build up a layer on the inner surface of the outer wall of the retinoschisis which tends to shrinkage. This mechanism leads to hole formation in the outer wall; the holes consequently enlarge by a curling inward of the edge of the defect.", "contents": "[The histological structure of peripheral cystoid degeneration in senile retinoschisis (author's transl)]. In peripheral cystoid degenerations as the precursor of senile retinoschisis basement membrane material and collagen fibrils are formed; after retinal splitting this newly formed material together with ruptured tissue columns build up a layer on the inner surface of the outer wall of the retinoschisis which tends to shrinkage. This mechanism leads to hole formation in the outer wall; the holes consequently enlarge by a curling inward of the edge of the defect.", "PMID": 692023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9319", "title": "[On the aetiology of coloboma of the lens (author's transl)].", "content": "The contrast is described between two different types of coloboma of the lens: congenital and traumatic origin. The former is combined with epicanthus, unilateral coloboma of iris, retina and choroid. There seems to be a close relation between coloboma of the lens and a defect of the zonule at least during growth of lens.", "contents": "[On the aetiology of coloboma of the lens (author's transl)]. The contrast is described between two different types of coloboma of the lens: congenital and traumatic origin. The former is combined with epicanthus, unilateral coloboma of iris, retina and choroid. There seems to be a close relation between coloboma of the lens and a defect of the zonule at least during growth of lens.", "PMID": 692024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9320", "title": "[Observations and results of photodocumentation of retinal thromboses treated with Colfarit (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on 41 patients (6 prethromboses, 14 central veinthromboses and 21 branch vein thromboses), who were treated with acetosalicylic acid (Colfarit). The retinal charges were continuously documented by Polaroid photographs. Comparison of over one thousand pictures resulted in the following findings: All 6 prethromboses and 7 of the central vein thromboses were reopened within 8 weeks, even in the most advanced cases. The age of the patient was not a factor. The highpoint of the Colfarit effect was clearly identified in the photographs as occurring in the 5th week. No results with Colfarit were noted in the branch vein thromboses, in fact bleeding recurred in almost every case in the fifth week, when Colfarit was given for longer than 4 weeks in the dosage of 3 times 0.5 g daily.", "contents": "[Observations and results of photodocumentation of retinal thromboses treated with Colfarit (author's transl)]. A report is given on 41 patients (6 prethromboses, 14 central veinthromboses and 21 branch vein thromboses), who were treated with acetosalicylic acid (Colfarit). The retinal charges were continuously documented by Polaroid photographs. Comparison of over one thousand pictures resulted in the following findings: All 6 prethromboses and 7 of the central vein thromboses were reopened within 8 weeks, even in the most advanced cases. The age of the patient was not a factor. The highpoint of the Colfarit effect was clearly identified in the photographs as occurring in the 5th week. No results with Colfarit were noted in the branch vein thromboses, in fact bleeding recurred in almost every case in the fifth week, when Colfarit was given for longer than 4 weeks in the dosage of 3 times 0.5 g daily.", "PMID": 692025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9321", "title": "[Fixing the time and date of photograph (author's transl)].", "content": "A system is described to obtain on photographs and slides an automatic printout of patient number, eye and time. The time is recorded in minutes, seconds and tenth of seconds or in minutes and seconds. The time-recording can be switched off if only patient and eye identification is needed.", "contents": "[Fixing the time and date of photograph (author's transl)]. A system is described to obtain on photographs and slides an automatic printout of patient number, eye and time. The time is recorded in minutes, seconds and tenth of seconds or in minutes and seconds. The time-recording can be switched off if only patient and eye identification is needed.", "PMID": 692027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9322", "title": "[Glaucoma surgery with insertion of silicone catheters. A study based on animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "10 rabbits have been submitted to thermosklerostomy and insertion of a silicone catheter. The tube exhibiting an inner diameter of 0.5 mm and an outer diameter of 0.94 mm, respectively the total length measuring 5 mm, and projecting about 1.5 mm in the anterior chamber. Fixation of the tube has been accomplished at its distal end to the underlying sclera by 2 X 10-0-nylon sutures, and of the proximal end with two more sutures to the corneal lip of the wound taking a bite through total corneal thickness. Within the observation period of 2-8 months no migration of the catheter has been detected; in addition no erosion of the conjunctiva, and no inflammatory reaction or occlusion of the catheter lumen occurred. In 5 cases the intraocular pressure has been measured between the 2nd and 4th postoperative month; in all cases a reduction of the intraocular tension compared to the non operated fellow eye has been found, hypotonic values were not encountered.", "contents": "[Glaucoma surgery with insertion of silicone catheters. A study based on animal experiments (author's transl)]. 10 rabbits have been submitted to thermosklerostomy and insertion of a silicone catheter. The tube exhibiting an inner diameter of 0.5 mm and an outer diameter of 0.94 mm, respectively the total length measuring 5 mm, and projecting about 1.5 mm in the anterior chamber. Fixation of the tube has been accomplished at its distal end to the underlying sclera by 2 X 10-0-nylon sutures, and of the proximal end with two more sutures to the corneal lip of the wound taking a bite through total corneal thickness. Within the observation period of 2-8 months no migration of the catheter has been detected; in addition no erosion of the conjunctiva, and no inflammatory reaction or occlusion of the catheter lumen occurred. In 5 cases the intraocular pressure has been measured between the 2nd and 4th postoperative month; in all cases a reduction of the intraocular tension compared to the non operated fellow eye has been found, hypotonic values were not encountered.", "PMID": 692028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9323", "title": "[Choice of technique in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "If not complicated by vitreous- or retinal traction the rhegmatogenous retinal detachment has an extraordinarily good chance to be healed surgically. The principle to safely seal the retinal hole by a circumscribed and controlled plombage from the outside of the eye - successfully developed as a surgical method by Custodis - appears now to be accepted everywhere. Nowadays the mayor modifications of this principle are widely used in retinal detachment surgery. The author outlines different clinical pictures patients may present with before surgery. He points to the surgical ways adequate to the given situation. The pros and cons of each approach are discussed. Generally spoken, the author prefers episcleral implants placed whether radially or circumferentially as the case may require. However, other techniques such as intrascleral implants are considered to have also their indications.", "contents": "[Choice of technique in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (author's transl)]. If not complicated by vitreous- or retinal traction the rhegmatogenous retinal detachment has an extraordinarily good chance to be healed surgically. The principle to safely seal the retinal hole by a circumscribed and controlled plombage from the outside of the eye - successfully developed as a surgical method by Custodis - appears now to be accepted everywhere. Nowadays the mayor modifications of this principle are widely used in retinal detachment surgery. The author outlines different clinical pictures patients may present with before surgery. He points to the surgical ways adequate to the given situation. The pros and cons of each approach are discussed. Generally spoken, the author prefers episcleral implants placed whether radially or circumferentially as the case may require. However, other techniques such as intrascleral implants are considered to have also their indications.", "PMID": 692029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9324", "title": "[The best spectacles for vehicle drivers (author's transl)].", "content": "Spectacles worn by vehicle drivers should fulfil the demands set down by DIN 58 216 standards and should furthermore be constructed in such a manner that the binocular field of vision is impaired as little as possible. In this connection, the nasal parts of the frame are particularly important. The external and internal rear-view mirrors of automobiles should be positioned within the binocular field of vision.", "contents": "[The best spectacles for vehicle drivers (author's transl)]. Spectacles worn by vehicle drivers should fulfil the demands set down by DIN 58 216 standards and should furthermore be constructed in such a manner that the binocular field of vision is impaired as little as possible. In this connection, the nasal parts of the frame are particularly important. The external and internal rear-view mirrors of automobiles should be positioned within the binocular field of vision.", "PMID": 692030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9325", "title": "[Forty years' contemporary retinal detachment surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey is given on the evolution of retinal detachment surgery during the past four decades. Contributions of the ophthalmological school of Vienna are particularly considered. The review includes simple diathermy-coagulation with subretinal drainage, the undermining operation of Lindner and his eye ball shortening procedure, the combined operation (sealing of retinal breaks by diathermy plus scleral resection), and vitreous tamponade using sodium hyaluronate. All these methodes have been widely replaced during the past years by cryopexy with plombage, and by encircling procedures. Though the rate of success could not be definitely increased, the introduction of the modern methods implies technical facilities for the eye surgeon, and advances for the treated patients. The evolution of retinal detachment surgery is not yet terminated, and further progress can be taken as granted. Retinal detachment surgery with very short hospitalization may become practicable in near future.", "contents": "[Forty years' contemporary retinal detachment surgery (author's transl)]. A survey is given on the evolution of retinal detachment surgery during the past four decades. Contributions of the ophthalmological school of Vienna are particularly considered. The review includes simple diathermy-coagulation with subretinal drainage, the undermining operation of Lindner and his eye ball shortening procedure, the combined operation (sealing of retinal breaks by diathermy plus scleral resection), and vitreous tamponade using sodium hyaluronate. All these methodes have been widely replaced during the past years by cryopexy with plombage, and by encircling procedures. Though the rate of success could not be definitely increased, the introduction of the modern methods implies technical facilities for the eye surgeon, and advances for the treated patients. The evolution of retinal detachment surgery is not yet terminated, and further progress can be taken as granted. Retinal detachment surgery with very short hospitalization may become practicable in near future.", "PMID": 692031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9326", "title": "[Therapy of retinal detachment with minimal intervention (author's transl)].", "content": "Two personal observations of a cure of retinal detachment with minimal intervention are presented: photocoagulation of a retinal tear and prolonged forced immobilization. As shown by E. Custodis, the closure of the retinal tear remains essential whereas the drainage of subretinal fluid is accessory.", "contents": "[Therapy of retinal detachment with minimal intervention (author's transl)]. Two personal observations of a cure of retinal detachment with minimal intervention are presented: photocoagulation of a retinal tear and prolonged forced immobilization. As shown by E. Custodis, the closure of the retinal tear remains essential whereas the drainage of subretinal fluid is accessory.", "PMID": 692032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9327", "title": "[The polyviol implant (author's transl)].", "content": "It can be confirmed still today the polyviol implant occupies an outstanding position as a kind of material for implants used within retinaoperations refering to Custodis. The polyviol implant sets an example that in ophthalmology it is the best way to test synthetic material on monkey's eye before really introducing them. As far as the sclera is concerned, the histologic cut of the conjunctival covering allows a conclusion on physiologic compatibility of the implant material.", "contents": "[The polyviol implant (author's transl)]. It can be confirmed still today the polyviol implant occupies an outstanding position as a kind of material for implants used within retinaoperations refering to Custodis. The polyviol implant sets an example that in ophthalmology it is the best way to test synthetic material on monkey's eye before really introducing them. As far as the sclera is concerned, the histologic cut of the conjunctival covering allows a conclusion on physiologic compatibility of the implant material.", "PMID": 692033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9328", "title": "[The surgical removal of epiretinal macular membranes (macular puckers) (author's transl)].", "content": "In 6 patients with macular puckers (3 spontaneous puckers and 3 puckers after retinal detachment procedures), the epiretinal tissue was surgically removed by pars plana vitrectomy and membrane peeling. 5 patients had visual improvement initially, 3 permanently. Cataract and retinal detachment were observed as complications. No recurrence of the macular pucker occured.", "contents": "[The surgical removal of epiretinal macular membranes (macular puckers) (author's transl)]. In 6 patients with macular puckers (3 spontaneous puckers and 3 puckers after retinal detachment procedures), the epiretinal tissue was surgically removed by pars plana vitrectomy and membrane peeling. 5 patients had visual improvement initially, 3 permanently. Cataract and retinal detachment were observed as complications. No recurrence of the macular pucker occured.", "PMID": 692034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9329", "title": "[On the binocular function after surgery for detached retina (author's transl)].", "content": "Oout of 380 patients operated on because of retinal detachments we have analyzed 106 unselected cases as to their binocular results. The check-up reveals that only 3% of the patients complained of diplopia. After a general analysis of the Custodis-procedure in retinal detachment operations the possible reasons for the stated binocular results are discussed.", "contents": "[On the binocular function after surgery for detached retina (author's transl)]. Oout of 380 patients operated on because of retinal detachments we have analyzed 106 unselected cases as to their binocular results. The check-up reveals that only 3% of the patients complained of diplopia. After a general analysis of the Custodis-procedure in retinal detachment operations the possible reasons for the stated binocular results are discussed.", "PMID": 692035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9330", "title": "[The transcutaneous electrostimulating anaesthesia--the results of patients with retinal and vitreous surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical results of 50 patients with retinal and vitreous surgery performed in combined electrostimulating anaesthesia are reported. Premedication consisted of a barbiturate such as medomin and of atosil, ordered the evening before surgery. 1/2 hour preoperatively 1.5--2 ml thalamonal and 0.5 mg atropine were administered intramusculary. All patients were intubated and controlled respirated; stimulation starting about 5 minutes following intubation procedure. During continuous intermittent relaxation anaesthesia was maintained by a mixture of nitrous oxide/oxygen 1:1 and electrical stimulation at the dermatoms of N. trigeminus I, II and Plexus cervicalis 3 and 4. For the first time stimulation of the dermatoms during anaesthesia was done by self adhesive electrodes. So we were able to eliminate the circumstantial and not even harmless invasivity of the needle technique. The main advantages of the new method we see in a good circulatory stability and in good postoperative cooperation of the patients. Especially in old and poor risk patients the results of transcutaneous electrostimulating anaesthesia are excellent.", "contents": "[The transcutaneous electrostimulating anaesthesia--the results of patients with retinal and vitreous surgery (author's transl)]. The clinical results of 50 patients with retinal and vitreous surgery performed in combined electrostimulating anaesthesia are reported. Premedication consisted of a barbiturate such as medomin and of atosil, ordered the evening before surgery. 1/2 hour preoperatively 1.5--2 ml thalamonal and 0.5 mg atropine were administered intramusculary. All patients were intubated and controlled respirated; stimulation starting about 5 minutes following intubation procedure. During continuous intermittent relaxation anaesthesia was maintained by a mixture of nitrous oxide/oxygen 1:1 and electrical stimulation at the dermatoms of N. trigeminus I, II and Plexus cervicalis 3 and 4. For the first time stimulation of the dermatoms during anaesthesia was done by self adhesive electrodes. So we were able to eliminate the circumstantial and not even harmless invasivity of the needle technique. The main advantages of the new method we see in a good circulatory stability and in good postoperative cooperation of the patients. Especially in old and poor risk patients the results of transcutaneous electrostimulating anaesthesia are excellent.", "PMID": 692036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9331", "title": "[Experience with the vitrector in the treatment of secondary cataract (author's transl)].", "content": "As a new method of surgical treatment of secondary cataract the excision with a vitrector by Kl\u00f6ti is recommended. This method avoids the disadvantages inevitable in discision with a knife or scissors. It proved to be successful in 36 eyes during the observation period. Three examples, chosen because of different indications, are discussed.", "contents": "[Experience with the vitrector in the treatment of secondary cataract (author's transl)]. As a new method of surgical treatment of secondary cataract the excision with a vitrector by Kl\u00f6ti is recommended. This method avoids the disadvantages inevitable in discision with a knife or scissors. It proved to be successful in 36 eyes during the observation period. Three examples, chosen because of different indications, are discussed.", "PMID": 692037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9332", "title": "[Management of the occluded pupil following intraocular lens implantation (author's transl)].", "content": "With the use of the artificial lens dense membranes are often formed in the pupil with subsequent occlusion. A technique for removal of these membranes by pars plana vitrectomy is described.", "contents": "[Management of the occluded pupil following intraocular lens implantation (author's transl)]. With the use of the artificial lens dense membranes are often formed in the pupil with subsequent occlusion. A technique for removal of these membranes by pars plana vitrectomy is described.", "PMID": 692038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9333", "title": "[The therapy of Mooren's rodent ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "Mooren's ulcer has not yet been treated successfully with drugs. Cautery, cryocoagulation, surgical diathermy, lamellar or perforating keratoplasty, and conjunctivoplasty usually have no or only little success. We have been able to cure our last five cases of Mooren's ulcer by an extensive and deep thermocoagulation both of the ulcer, the swollen corneal margins and the bordering conjunctiva. Then followed dilatation of the conjunctival vessels with Dionine and Priscol ointments.", "contents": "[The therapy of Mooren's rodent ulcer (author's transl)]. Mooren's ulcer has not yet been treated successfully with drugs. Cautery, cryocoagulation, surgical diathermy, lamellar or perforating keratoplasty, and conjunctivoplasty usually have no or only little success. We have been able to cure our last five cases of Mooren's ulcer by an extensive and deep thermocoagulation both of the ulcer, the swollen corneal margins and the bordering conjunctiva. Then followed dilatation of the conjunctival vessels with Dionine and Priscol ointments.", "PMID": 692039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9334", "title": "[Visual field defects and fluorescein angiography in acute anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Typical visual field defects were found in 86 acute anterior ischemic optic neuropathies occurring in 71 patients. These field defects suggest a separate vascular supply of the upper and lower half of the disc and of the maculo-papillar bundle. A sub-division into four sectors can be inferred in the upper half of the disc. Fluorescein angiography showed sectorial differences of the capillary filling and leakage in some cases. This pattern was however poorly correlated with the localisation of the field defects.", "contents": "[Visual field defects and fluorescein angiography in acute anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (author's transl)]. Typical visual field defects were found in 86 acute anterior ischemic optic neuropathies occurring in 71 patients. These field defects suggest a separate vascular supply of the upper and lower half of the disc and of the maculo-papillar bundle. A sub-division into four sectors can be inferred in the upper half of the disc. Fluorescein angiography showed sectorial differences of the capillary filling and leakage in some cases. This pattern was however poorly correlated with the localisation of the field defects.", "PMID": 692040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9335", "title": "[Experimental investigations on the mode of action of alcoholic liquor on the intra-ocular pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "The reasons for the decrease of intraocular pressure after drinking of alcohol were examined. The dose of alcohol was 2 ml 38% Weinbrand per kg body weight, which corresponds to 53 ml pure alcohol for a person of 70 kg body weight. The tonographic data gave no correlation between the blood-alcohol level and the changes of intraocular pressure. The antidiuretic hormon also had no correlation to the intraocular pressure changes. Tonometry with the same frequency as in this study but without alcohol showed no alteration of intraocular pressure. It is suggested that alcohol acts probably by a decrease of secretion of aqueous humour by central actions.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations on the mode of action of alcoholic liquor on the intra-ocular pressure (author's transl)]. The reasons for the decrease of intraocular pressure after drinking of alcohol were examined. The dose of alcohol was 2 ml 38% Weinbrand per kg body weight, which corresponds to 53 ml pure alcohol for a person of 70 kg body weight. The tonographic data gave no correlation between the blood-alcohol level and the changes of intraocular pressure. The antidiuretic hormon also had no correlation to the intraocular pressure changes. Tonometry with the same frequency as in this study but without alcohol showed no alteration of intraocular pressure. It is suggested that alcohol acts probably by a decrease of secretion of aqueous humour by central actions.", "PMID": 692041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9336", "title": "[Cyclofusion measurements for assessing the function of the oblique eye muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "In free space a random-dot-stereogramme for the determination of the extent of cyclofusion is used with the help of a haploscope. In the normal person orthophoria with regard to rolling to within +/- 1 degrees is found not only in the primary position but also in the secondary and tertiary positions and with head tilt. From the fact that with circular rotation of both eye images against each other pseudostereoscopic effects occur, it is deduced that the cyclofusion seen here occurred sensorially. The testing of the area of cyclofusion gives a very good basis for determining the indication for operation on the superior oblique muscle. It is shown with examples that simply tucking this muscle when old trochlear nerve paresis is present without provable excyclotropia is not favorable. Instead one must tuck the muscle asymmetrically in such cases--the fold should be markedly smaller at the anterior border of the muscle which acts more as a rotator, than at the posterior border.", "contents": "[Cyclofusion measurements for assessing the function of the oblique eye muscles (author's transl)]. In free space a random-dot-stereogramme for the determination of the extent of cyclofusion is used with the help of a haploscope. In the normal person orthophoria with regard to rolling to within +/- 1 degrees is found not only in the primary position but also in the secondary and tertiary positions and with head tilt. From the fact that with circular rotation of both eye images against each other pseudostereoscopic effects occur, it is deduced that the cyclofusion seen here occurred sensorially. The testing of the area of cyclofusion gives a very good basis for determining the indication for operation on the superior oblique muscle. It is shown with examples that simply tucking this muscle when old trochlear nerve paresis is present without provable excyclotropia is not favorable. Instead one must tuck the muscle asymmetrically in such cases--the fold should be markedly smaller at the anterior border of the muscle which acts more as a rotator, than at the posterior border.", "PMID": 692042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9337", "title": "[Epibulbar superficial spreading melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A report rarely a case of superficial spreading melanoma of the conjunctiva bulbi in a 40-year-old woman. As this kind of tumor is very found at this site, the unusual localisation rendered the differential diagnosis more difficult and delayed the radical operative therapy. After orbitectomy the patient has been free of local metastatic deposits for two years. She is fully rehabilitated by a good epithetis. The course of diagnosis in our case illustrates the necessity of uniform application of the nomenclature of cutaneous forms of melanomas and naevi in ophthalmology.", "contents": "[Epibulbar superficial spreading melanoma (author's transl)]. A report rarely a case of superficial spreading melanoma of the conjunctiva bulbi in a 40-year-old woman. As this kind of tumor is very found at this site, the unusual localisation rendered the differential diagnosis more difficult and delayed the radical operative therapy. After orbitectomy the patient has been free of local metastatic deposits for two years. She is fully rehabilitated by a good epithetis. The course of diagnosis in our case illustrates the necessity of uniform application of the nomenclature of cutaneous forms of melanomas and naevi in ophthalmology.", "PMID": 692043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9338", "title": "[Retinographic alterations in different forms of congenital cataracta (author's transl)].", "content": "In a follow-up study of patients suffering from congenital cataract, particular attention was paid to the electroretinogram. Besides hereditary lens opacifications and rubella embryopathy, galactosaemia and spontaneous idiopathic hypoglycemia occurring in children and infants were examined. The question, how much biochemical factors can influence the ERG, is becoming more important.", "contents": "[Retinographic alterations in different forms of congenital cataracta (author's transl)]. In a follow-up study of patients suffering from congenital cataract, particular attention was paid to the electroretinogram. Besides hereditary lens opacifications and rubella embryopathy, galactosaemia and spontaneous idiopathic hypoglycemia occurring in children and infants were examined. The question, how much biochemical factors can influence the ERG, is becoming more important.", "PMID": 692044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9339", "title": "[Computerized evaluation of cataract extractions (author's transl)].", "content": "The evaluation of large series of cataract extractions is most feasible using a computer. We have computerized the details of 7503 cataract extractions (performed in the years 1961-1975). The analysis is based on a new computerreadable form. Its application is shown in two examples for comparing surgical results: 1. cataract extractions by forceps, suction cup or cryoprobe, the surgeon wearing magnifying-goggles; 2. cataract extractions by cryoprobe using the surgical microscope. The evaluation of results had been done separately for residents and experienced surgeons. In experienced surgeons the percentage of uncomplicated extractions increased considerably with the cryoprobe (86.5%) as compared to 77% using the suction cup. The surgical microscope in that series have no significant increase of the success rate (cryoprobe 88.4%). Residents had more advantages from both technical aids: no microscope, suction cup: 73.5%, cryo: 82.5%, with microscope, cryo: 90.3%. Their results compare well with those of the experienced surgeons, since they are given straight-forward cases only and they operate under the strictest supervision of an experienced surgeon.", "contents": "[Computerized evaluation of cataract extractions (author's transl)]. The evaluation of large series of cataract extractions is most feasible using a computer. We have computerized the details of 7503 cataract extractions (performed in the years 1961-1975). The analysis is based on a new computerreadable form. Its application is shown in two examples for comparing surgical results: 1. cataract extractions by forceps, suction cup or cryoprobe, the surgeon wearing magnifying-goggles; 2. cataract extractions by cryoprobe using the surgical microscope. The evaluation of results had been done separately for residents and experienced surgeons. In experienced surgeons the percentage of uncomplicated extractions increased considerably with the cryoprobe (86.5%) as compared to 77% using the suction cup. The surgical microscope in that series have no significant increase of the success rate (cryoprobe 88.4%). Residents had more advantages from both technical aids: no microscope, suction cup: 73.5%, cryo: 82.5%, with microscope, cryo: 90.3%. Their results compare well with those of the experienced surgeons, since they are given straight-forward cases only and they operate under the strictest supervision of an experienced surgeon.", "PMID": 692045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9340", "title": "Streptokinase and concomitant oral anticoagulants in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "Fourty-four patients with deep venous thrombosis of the leg diagnosed by phlebography and not more than five days old were treated with streptokinase. Oral anticoagulant therapy was started at the same time. Complete lysis of thrombi was obtained in 6 cases and partial one in 25 cases. Lysis of proximal thrombi was better than that of distal ones. The age of the thrombi had no effect on the lysis. Urticaria and anaphylactic reactions occurred in 8 patients and treatment was discontinued. Haemorrhagic complications were present in 8 cases but remission was obtained by dicontinuing streptokinase infusion. Commencing oral anticoagulant therapy simultaneously with streptokinase reduces duration of treatment without increasing the risks and the results of lysis are equally good as with earlier studies. The use of streptokinase is recommended in the treatment of proximal deep venous thrombosis. This treatment offers a possibility of preventing a postthrombotic syndrome. The frequency of various complications should however be borne in mind.", "contents": "Streptokinase and concomitant oral anticoagulants in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis. Fourty-four patients with deep venous thrombosis of the leg diagnosed by phlebography and not more than five days old were treated with streptokinase. Oral anticoagulant therapy was started at the same time. Complete lysis of thrombi was obtained in 6 cases and partial one in 25 cases. Lysis of proximal thrombi was better than that of distal ones. The age of the thrombi had no effect on the lysis. Urticaria and anaphylactic reactions occurred in 8 patients and treatment was discontinued. Haemorrhagic complications were present in 8 cases but remission was obtained by dicontinuing streptokinase infusion. Commencing oral anticoagulant therapy simultaneously with streptokinase reduces duration of treatment without increasing the risks and the results of lysis are equally good as with earlier studies. The use of streptokinase is recommended in the treatment of proximal deep venous thrombosis. This treatment offers a possibility of preventing a postthrombotic syndrome. The frequency of various complications should however be borne in mind.", "PMID": 692059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9341", "title": "[Age dependence of immunological methods for detecting an immunodeficiency state (author's transl)].", "content": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were studied in 43 healthy volunteers aged between 15--77 years. Besides various skin tests with the antigens candida, trichophyton, mumps, streptokinase-streptodornase, tuberculin, DNCB and KLH  also in vitro experiments measuring the immunoglobulin- and complement concentrations, the antibody production to KLH, the lymphocyte transformation rate to PHA, Pokeweed, Con A, PPD were done nearly in all patients. The responsiveness of lymphocytes to PHA and Con A and the sensitization of the skin with DNCB declines in the aged humans, beginning already at the 4th-5th decade. The skin tests with candida, trichophyton were not significantly different in the various age groups. The number of persons with positive skin reactions to the antigens mumps and streptokinase-streptodornase decreased also with advancing age. Lymphocyte transformation and skin test with PPD or tuberkulin were markedly increased beyond the age of 30. Serum levels of immunoglobulins, complement components, the antibody production to KLH, and the lymphocyte transformation rate to Pokeweed were not significantly different in the age groups. Correlation between the tests within each person could not be detected. We made the experience that only a few tests are not enough for the evaluation of an immunodeficient state, but that several tests, a so called TEST BATtery\", are necessary.", "contents": "[Age dependence of immunological methods for detecting an immunodeficiency state (author's transl)]. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were studied in 43 healthy volunteers aged between 15--77 years. Besides various skin tests with the antigens candida, trichophyton, mumps, streptokinase-streptodornase, tuberculin, DNCB and KLH  also in vitro experiments measuring the immunoglobulin- and complement concentrations, the antibody production to KLH, the lymphocyte transformation rate to PHA, Pokeweed, Con A, PPD were done nearly in all patients. The responsiveness of lymphocytes to PHA and Con A and the sensitization of the skin with DNCB declines in the aged humans, beginning already at the 4th-5th decade. The skin tests with candida, trichophyton were not significantly different in the various age groups. The number of persons with positive skin reactions to the antigens mumps and streptokinase-streptodornase decreased also with advancing age. Lymphocyte transformation and skin test with PPD or tuberkulin were markedly increased beyond the age of 30. Serum levels of immunoglobulins, complement components, the antibody production to KLH, and the lymphocyte transformation rate to Pokeweed were not significantly different in the age groups. Correlation between the tests within each person could not be detected. We made the experience that only a few tests are not enough for the evaluation of an immunodeficient state, but that several tests, a so called TEST BATtery\", are necessary.", "PMID": 692060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9342", "title": "[Purine nucleotide synthesis in human liver an its influence by benzbromarone (author's transl)].", "content": "5-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate amidotransferase and the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferases (H-PRT, A-PRT) were assayed in human liver cells and some of the properties of these enzymes were determined. The Michaelis-Menten constants of both H-PRT and A-PRT for phosphoribosylpyrophosphate are at least an order of magnitude lower than for human PP-ribose-P amidotransferase. At the enzyme level the higher specific activities of phosphoribosyltransferases would, in effect, give precedence to purine salvage in human liver. In addition, no effect of benzbromaronum on enzyme activities could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Purine nucleotide synthesis in human liver an its influence by benzbromarone (author's transl)]. 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate amidotransferase and the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferases (H-PRT, A-PRT) were assayed in human liver cells and some of the properties of these enzymes were determined. The Michaelis-Menten constants of both H-PRT and A-PRT for phosphoribosylpyrophosphate are at least an order of magnitude lower than for human PP-ribose-P amidotransferase. At the enzyme level the higher specific activities of phosphoribosyltransferases would, in effect, give precedence to purine salvage in human liver. In addition, no effect of benzbromaronum on enzyme activities could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 692061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9343", "title": "[Protein fractions and their enzymatic activity in the rat myocardium after a flight on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite].", "content": "Gamma-irradiation of rats in the ground-based experiment decreased the activity of aspartate aminotransferase of sarcoplasmatic proteins of the myocardium and increased the activity of adenosine triphosphate of myosin of the myocardium 1 and 26 days post-test. Gamma-irradiation of flight rats also reduced the activity of aspartate aminotransferase of sarcoplasmatic proteins of the myocardium; however, the activity of ATPase of myosin of the myocardium was lowered both 1 and 26 days postflight. It is suggested that irradiation-induced inhibition of synthetic processes delayed the synthesis of myosin with a normal activity and diminished the protein content in the T fraction of myocardium on the 1st postflight day.", "contents": "[Protein fractions and their enzymatic activity in the rat myocardium after a flight on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite]. Gamma-irradiation of rats in the ground-based experiment decreased the activity of aspartate aminotransferase of sarcoplasmatic proteins of the myocardium and increased the activity of adenosine triphosphate of myosin of the myocardium 1 and 26 days post-test. Gamma-irradiation of flight rats also reduced the activity of aspartate aminotransferase of sarcoplasmatic proteins of the myocardium; however, the activity of ATPase of myosin of the myocardium was lowered both 1 and 26 days postflight. It is suggested that irradiation-induced inhibition of synthetic processes delayed the synthesis of myosin with a normal activity and diminished the protein content in the T fraction of myocardium on the 1st postflight day.", "PMID": 692062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9344", "title": "[Recovery of hemopoiesis in rats irradiated in space].", "content": "Repair regeneration of hemopoiesis of rats exposed to gamma irradiation with doses of 220 and 800 rad in space flight was studied. There was an insignificant difference in the dynamics of the most blood and bone marrow formed elements. It can be concluded that myelopoiesis in space flight was more active than on the Earth. Irradiation of animals with 800 rad aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 induced more pronounced hemopoietic changes than the ground-based exposure (on the 1st-2nd post-flight day the count of myelokaryocytes and lymphocytes in bone marrow decreased). The Most hematological parameters returned to the norm on the 36-37th post-irradiation day (on the 26th postflight day).", "contents": "[Recovery of hemopoiesis in rats irradiated in space]. Repair regeneration of hemopoiesis of rats exposed to gamma irradiation with doses of 220 and 800 rad in space flight was studied. There was an insignificant difference in the dynamics of the most blood and bone marrow formed elements. It can be concluded that myelopoiesis in space flight was more active than on the Earth. Irradiation of animals with 800 rad aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 induced more pronounced hemopoietic changes than the ground-based exposure (on the 1st-2nd post-flight day the count of myelokaryocytes and lymphocytes in bone marrow decreased). The Most hematological parameters returned to the norm on the 36-37th post-irradiation day (on the 26th postflight day).", "PMID": 692063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9345", "title": "[DNA radiation injuries in the liver of rats irradiated in flight on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite].", "content": "It was found that space flight factors enhanced radiation-induced DNA lesions in the liver of rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690. Two weeks after irradiation of animals at a dose of 200 rad characteristic viscosity of native and denatured DNA decreased by 17 and 38%, respectively, as compared with the control. The radiation effect was also increased after an exposure to 800 rad.", "contents": "[DNA radiation injuries in the liver of rats irradiated in flight on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite]. It was found that space flight factors enhanced radiation-induced DNA lesions in the liver of rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690. Two weeks after irradiation of animals at a dose of 200 rad characteristic viscosity of native and denatured DNA decreased by 17 and 38%, respectively, as compared with the control. The radiation effect was also increased after an exposure to 800 rad.", "PMID": 692064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9346", "title": "[State of spermatogenesis in rats exposed on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite].", "content": "A morphological examination of sex glands of 30 male rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 was carried out on the 1st-2nd and 26-27th postflight days. A combined exposure to the 20-day space flight and prolonged gamma-irradliation with doses of 220, 800 and 955 rad brought about a significant decrease of the weight of testes, postradiation death of spermatogonia and essential structural changes in the spermatogenic epithelium whose level depended on the radiation dose and the postirradiation time. A comparison of weights and histologies of testes from the flight and synchronous rats did not reveal a modifying effect of weightlessness since no statistically significant differences in the testicular weight, quantitative assay of the occurrence of individual elements of the spermatogenic epithelium and time of manifestation of reparative processes were observed.", "contents": "[State of spermatogenesis in rats exposed on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite]. A morphological examination of sex glands of 30 male rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 was carried out on the 1st-2nd and 26-27th postflight days. A combined exposure to the 20-day space flight and prolonged gamma-irradliation with doses of 220, 800 and 955 rad brought about a significant decrease of the weight of testes, postradiation death of spermatogonia and essential structural changes in the spermatogenic epithelium whose level depended on the radiation dose and the postirradiation time. A comparison of weights and histologies of testes from the flight and synchronous rats did not reveal a modifying effect of weightlessness since no statistically significant differences in the testicular weight, quantitative assay of the occurrence of individual elements of the spermatogenic epithelium and time of manifestation of reparative processes were observed.", "PMID": 692066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9347", "title": "[Histological and histochemical study of the liver of rats exposed on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite].", "content": "Liver samples of 12 rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 and irradiated with a dose of 800 rad and of 12 rats from the synchronous experiment were examined histologically and histochemically. On the 2nd and 27th postexperimental days the following morphological changes were detected; nuclear polymorphism of hepatocytes, a significant increase in the number of binuclear cells, and lipid accumulation in central lobes. The changes were more expressed on the 2nd day. These changes were induced by prolonged irradiation in space flight and synchronous experiment: they were not detected in the untreated animals.", "contents": "[Histological and histochemical study of the liver of rats exposed on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite]. Liver samples of 12 rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 and irradiated with a dose of 800 rad and of 12 rats from the synchronous experiment were examined histologically and histochemically. On the 2nd and 27th postexperimental days the following morphological changes were detected; nuclear polymorphism of hepatocytes, a significant increase in the number of binuclear cells, and lipid accumulation in central lobes. The changes were more expressed on the 2nd day. These changes were induced by prolonged irradiation in space flight and synchronous experiment: they were not detected in the untreated animals.", "PMID": 692065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9348", "title": "[Changes in the sugar content in the blood of dogs during 6 years of chronic gamma irradiation].", "content": "The paper presents the results of a many-year investigation of the sugar content in dogs irradiated with total doses of 125, 370, 720, 750, 1130 rad. During the first year the sugar content tended to increase and later to decrease. Irradiated and untreated animals showed different reactions to additional loads (running, thermal exposure, acute irradiation). The differences included the direction and level of changes in the sugar content. There was no correlation between the changes and the dose rate. The changes returned to normal after termination of the exposure.", "contents": "[Changes in the sugar content in the blood of dogs during 6 years of chronic gamma irradiation]. The paper presents the results of a many-year investigation of the sugar content in dogs irradiated with total doses of 125, 370, 720, 750, 1130 rad. During the first year the sugar content tended to increase and later to decrease. Irradiated and untreated animals showed different reactions to additional loads (running, thermal exposure, acute irradiation). The differences included the direction and level of changes in the sugar content. There was no correlation between the changes and the dose rate. The changes returned to normal after termination of the exposure.", "PMID": 692067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9349", "title": "[Compensatory reactions of the kidneys to orthostatic effects].", "content": "Studies of orthostatic effects on the renal hemodynamics and excretory function of the dog showed an increase in the heart rate, a fall in the arterial and venous pressure and a decline of the Na and K concentrations in the urine. The studies demonstrated that changes in the renal excretory function were a compensatory hemodynamic reaction to the gravity effect associated wtih an alteration of the body position in space.", "contents": "[Compensatory reactions of the kidneys to orthostatic effects]. Studies of orthostatic effects on the renal hemodynamics and excretory function of the dog showed an increase in the heart rate, a fall in the arterial and venous pressure and a decline of the Na and K concentrations in the urine. The studies demonstrated that changes in the renal excretory function were a compensatory hemodynamic reaction to the gravity effect associated wtih an alteration of the body position in space.", "PMID": 692069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9350", "title": "[Clinical immunological observations of persons in a period of prolonged hypokinesia and the readaptation thereafter].", "content": "In order to study the role of autoimmune processes in the origin of changes occurring during prolonged bed rest, 9 young male test subjects were examined during 30-day and 21--49 day bed rest experiments and recovery periods. No antibodies to antigens of the heart, liver, and kidneys were found. Ten out of 21 test subjects at the end of bed rest and 12 test subjects during recovery showed a high titer of the circulating cardiac antigen. Electro-, mechano, and polycardiographic stadies demonstrated that the subjects with the circulating cardiac antigen displayed more marked changes in the ECG T-wave and the contractile function of the myocardium. These changes were accompanied by activation of the enzymes ALT, ACT and LDH.", "contents": "[Clinical immunological observations of persons in a period of prolonged hypokinesia and the readaptation thereafter]. In order to study the role of autoimmune processes in the origin of changes occurring during prolonged bed rest, 9 young male test subjects were examined during 30-day and 21--49 day bed rest experiments and recovery periods. No antibodies to antigens of the heart, liver, and kidneys were found. Ten out of 21 test subjects at the end of bed rest and 12 test subjects during recovery showed a high titer of the circulating cardiac antigen. Electro-, mechano, and polycardiographic stadies demonstrated that the subjects with the circulating cardiac antigen displayed more marked changes in the ECG T-wave and the contractile function of the myocardium. These changes were accompanied by activation of the enzymes ALT, ACT and LDH.", "PMID": 692070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9351", "title": "[Effect of vibration and noise on the work capacity indices of the crews of the MI-4 helicopters].", "content": "The study of certain parameters of performance of crewmembers of MI-4 helicopters revealed their significant changes after a working day. The percentage of errors in the reproduction of a preassigned muscular tension increased, the percentage of precise reactions to the moving object decreased, the critical frequency of light flickering decreased, the number of contacts during static tremometry increased. In  the control group consisting of crewmembers of the aircraft Yak-40 these parameters varied insignificantly. This allowed the conclusion that the changes in the performance of MI-4 crewmembers were induced by vibration and noise. The intragroup analysis demonstrated more pronounced changes in the functions of commanders and flight engineers of MI-4 helicopters. This may be associated with a greater level of work and responsibility of these crewmembers.", "contents": "[Effect of vibration and noise on the work capacity indices of the crews of the MI-4 helicopters]. The study of certain parameters of performance of crewmembers of MI-4 helicopters revealed their significant changes after a working day. The percentage of errors in the reproduction of a preassigned muscular tension increased, the percentage of precise reactions to the moving object decreased, the critical frequency of light flickering decreased, the number of contacts during static tremometry increased. In  the control group consisting of crewmembers of the aircraft Yak-40 these parameters varied insignificantly. This allowed the conclusion that the changes in the performance of MI-4 crewmembers were induced by vibration and noise. The intragroup analysis demonstrated more pronounced changes in the functions of commanders and flight engineers of MI-4 helicopters. This may be associated with a greater level of work and responsibility of these crewmembers.", "PMID": 692071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9352", "title": "[Effect of endogenous factors on the process of gas bubble formation in the body in decompression].", "content": "Animal experiments were carried out to study the effects of a feeding regimen and diet composition on the intensity of post-decompression bubble formation as well as to establish a correlation between this process and previous decompression, increased and decreased muscle work, and physico-chemical and morphological blood parameters. There was a correlation between the rate of bubble formation during decompression and the above factors.", "contents": "[Effect of endogenous factors on the process of gas bubble formation in the body in decompression]. Animal experiments were carried out to study the effects of a feeding regimen and diet composition on the intensity of post-decompression bubble formation as well as to establish a correlation between this process and previous decompression, increased and decreased muscle work, and physico-chemical and morphological blood parameters. There was a correlation between the rate of bubble formation during decompression and the above factors.", "PMID": 692073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9353", "title": "[Brain tissue respiration after exposing rats in hyperoxic helium-oxygen mixtures at atmospheric and increased pressure].", "content": "Experiments on Wistar rats showed that their 5-hour exposure to He-O2 atmospheres (at comfortable temperature) did not affect metabolic rates in the mitochondria of the brain cortex. In this case the partial pressures of oxygen were 0.21 and 0.40 kg/cm2 at a normal and elevated (40 kg/cm2) total pressure. Further increase of pO2 to 0.60 kg/cm2 induced of mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. The rat exposure to 100% O2 atmosphere at a normal pressure resulted in a decrease of metabolic rates and uncoupling of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation processes. The rat exposure to He-O2 atmospheres at an elevated total pressure (40 kg/cm2) with the partial pressures of oxygen of 0.21 and 0.30 kg/cm2 did not alter mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. However, the exposure to higher partial pressures of oxygen--0.40 and especially 0.60 kg/cm2--inhibited the above processes.", "contents": "[Brain tissue respiration after exposing rats in hyperoxic helium-oxygen mixtures at atmospheric and increased pressure]. Experiments on Wistar rats showed that their 5-hour exposure to He-O2 atmospheres (at comfortable temperature) did not affect metabolic rates in the mitochondria of the brain cortex. In this case the partial pressures of oxygen were 0.21 and 0.40 kg/cm2 at a normal and elevated (40 kg/cm2) total pressure. Further increase of pO2 to 0.60 kg/cm2 induced of mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. The rat exposure to 100% O2 atmosphere at a normal pressure resulted in a decrease of metabolic rates and uncoupling of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation processes. The rat exposure to He-O2 atmospheres at an elevated total pressure (40 kg/cm2) with the partial pressures of oxygen of 0.21 and 0.30 kg/cm2 did not alter mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. However, the exposure to higher partial pressures of oxygen--0.40 and especially 0.60 kg/cm2--inhibited the above processes.", "PMID": 692072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9354", "title": "[Decreased activity of the palladium catalyst during the processing of vital activity wastes].", "content": "The effect of water vapors on the palladium catalyst activity during complete oxidation of organic compounds was studied. The catalyst activity was essentially unaltered when the vapor content in the vapor-gas mixture was below 50 mg/1. The effect of hydrogen sulphide on the palladium catalyst activity during oxidation of organic compounds was investigated. In order to reduce catalyst activity by 80%, 2 mg hydrogen sulphide in the oxidized gas mixture were needed. Catalyst activity was not restored after hydrogen sulphide removal from the gas mixture. It was also demonstrated that the use of a barium-alumovanadium catalyst as a forecontact eliminated the effect of palladium catalyst poisoning and provided a high degree of convesrion during oxidation on this contact.", "contents": "[Decreased activity of the palladium catalyst during the processing of vital activity wastes]. The effect of water vapors on the palladium catalyst activity during complete oxidation of organic compounds was studied. The catalyst activity was essentially unaltered when the vapor content in the vapor-gas mixture was below 50 mg/1. The effect of hydrogen sulphide on the palladium catalyst activity during oxidation of organic compounds was investigated. In order to reduce catalyst activity by 80%, 2 mg hydrogen sulphide in the oxidized gas mixture were needed. Catalyst activity was not restored after hydrogen sulphide removal from the gas mixture. It was also demonstrated that the use of a barium-alumovanadium catalyst as a forecontact eliminated the effect of palladium catalyst poisoning and provided a high degree of convesrion during oxidation on this contact.", "PMID": 692074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9355", "title": "EMG biofeedback in the treatment of hyperfunctional voice disorders.", "content": "In this study, six patients who were judged to produce speech with excessive laryngeal tension participated in 14 30-min biofeedback training sessions. The EMG signal, measured by bipolar surface electrodes placed over the cricothyroid region, was amplified, integrated, and used to control the output of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and a noise generator. A voltage comparator was used as a threshold device. Thus, the noise generator was activated when the EMG activity exceeded the value selected on the comparator, and the VCO was activated when the EMG signal was below threshold. The results demonstrated that three of the subjects reduced the laryngeal EMG activity used during speech production with a concomitant improvement in voice quality. The voice quality of the three remaining subjects was unchanged. Suggestions are made for modifying the equipment and procedures used in this study for routine clinical use of EMG biofeedback.", "contents": "EMG biofeedback in the treatment of hyperfunctional voice disorders. In this study, six patients who were judged to produce speech with excessive laryngeal tension participated in 14 30-min biofeedback training sessions. The EMG signal, measured by bipolar surface electrodes placed over the cricothyroid region, was amplified, integrated, and used to control the output of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and a noise generator. A voltage comparator was used as a threshold device. Thus, the noise generator was activated when the EMG activity exceeded the value selected on the comparator, and the VCO was activated when the EMG signal was below threshold. The results demonstrated that three of the subjects reduced the laryngeal EMG activity used during speech production with a concomitant improvement in voice quality. The voice quality of the three remaining subjects was unchanged. Suggestions are made for modifying the equipment and procedures used in this study for routine clinical use of EMG biofeedback.", "PMID": 692095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9356", "title": "A comparison of three methods for obtaining articulatory responses.", "content": "This study compared speech-sound productions of 18 children with articulation errors obtained with three different speech-sampling methods. The same 20 stimulus words were elicited by each of three sampling methods: (1) Continuous Speech Task, (2) Modeled Continuous Speech Task, and (3) Spontaneous Picture-Naming Task. Subjects performed differently on each of the speaking tasks. Statistical treatment of the mean score data revealed that significantly more errors were elicited with the Continuous Speech Task than with the Modeled Continuous Speech Task or the Spontaneous Picture-Naming Task. In addition, significantly more errors were elicited with the Modeled Continuous Speech Task than the Spontaneous Picture-Naming Task. The Continuous Speech Task required the greatest amount of time to administer, followed by the Modeled Continuous Speech Task, and finally the Spontaneous Picture-Naming Task.", "contents": "A comparison of three methods for obtaining articulatory responses. This study compared speech-sound productions of 18 children with articulation errors obtained with three different speech-sampling methods. The same 20 stimulus words were elicited by each of three sampling methods: (1) Continuous Speech Task, (2) Modeled Continuous Speech Task, and (3) Spontaneous Picture-Naming Task. Subjects performed differently on each of the speaking tasks. Statistical treatment of the mean score data revealed that significantly more errors were elicited with the Continuous Speech Task than with the Modeled Continuous Speech Task or the Spontaneous Picture-Naming Task. In addition, significantly more errors were elicited with the Modeled Continuous Speech Task than the Spontaneous Picture-Naming Task. The Continuous Speech Task required the greatest amount of time to administer, followed by the Modeled Continuous Speech Task, and finally the Spontaneous Picture-Naming Task.", "PMID": 692096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9357", "title": "Verbal information gathering strategies: the child's use of language to acquire language.", "content": "Recent investigations suggest that normally developing infants are active participants in a language-transmission partnership with the mature speakers in their environments. In a recent paper, (Snyder, McLean, 1977) we noted that available data suggest several specific language acquisition strategies exhibited by children in these interactions. While the earlier paper focused on a set of posited nonverbal strategies, this sequel focuses on two broad types of early verbal behavior that function as effective strategies for the language-learning child. These posited verbal acquisition strategies are referred to as selective imitation and metalinguistic utterance production. The conflicting theory and data on the role of early verbal imitation are reviewed, and it is concluded that selective imitation is most functional at specific stages of the language acquisition process. A hierarchy of metalinguistic utterance types is suggested, ranging from those reflecting the highest apparent intentionality (that is, interrogative utterances) to those reflecting the least (referred to as evocative utterances). Suggestions for future research are offered and implications for language intervention are discussed.", "contents": "Verbal information gathering strategies: the child's use of language to acquire language. Recent investigations suggest that normally developing infants are active participants in a language-transmission partnership with the mature speakers in their environments. In a recent paper, (Snyder, McLean, 1977) we noted that available data suggest several specific language acquisition strategies exhibited by children in these interactions. While the earlier paper focused on a set of posited nonverbal strategies, this sequel focuses on two broad types of early verbal behavior that function as effective strategies for the language-learning child. These posited verbal acquisition strategies are referred to as selective imitation and metalinguistic utterance production. The conflicting theory and data on the role of early verbal imitation are reviewed, and it is concluded that selective imitation is most functional at specific stages of the language acquisition process. A hierarchy of metalinguistic utterance types is suggested, ranging from those reflecting the highest apparent intentionality (that is, interrogative utterances) to those reflecting the least (referred to as evocative utterances). Suggestions for future research are offered and implications for language intervention are discussed.", "PMID": 692097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9358", "title": "Consonant errors and remediation in sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "An analysis of consonant errors for hearing-impaired subjects in a multiple-choice format revealed that about 14 consonants caused most of the difficulty in consonant recognition. For a given consonant, error probability was typically lower in the initial position of the stimulus word than in the final position. When errors were made, the substitutions were limited typically to two or three other consonants, with a greater variety occurring for consonants in the final position. Substitutions tended to be the same over a wide range of pure-tone configurations. Place errors were predominant, but manner errors also occurred. In only a few instances did specific relationships occur between particular stimulus consonants and pure-tone configurations. With knowledge of the error consonants and typical substitutions, auditory recognition of consonants can be improved by programmed instruction methods. Shaping can be accomplished by a manipulation of the response foils (choices). Since it has been shown that visual recognition of consonants can also be improved, advantage can be taken of both the visual and auditory modalities in remedial procedures. Frequency of usage in the language should be considered in the ordering of consonants for retraining purposes. Work in consonant recognition should be beneficial to the hearing-impaired patient as part of a total rehabilitation program.", "contents": "Consonant errors and remediation in sensorineural hearing loss. An analysis of consonant errors for hearing-impaired subjects in a multiple-choice format revealed that about 14 consonants caused most of the difficulty in consonant recognition. For a given consonant, error probability was typically lower in the initial position of the stimulus word than in the final position. When errors were made, the substitutions were limited typically to two or three other consonants, with a greater variety occurring for consonants in the final position. Substitutions tended to be the same over a wide range of pure-tone configurations. Place errors were predominant, but manner errors also occurred. In only a few instances did specific relationships occur between particular stimulus consonants and pure-tone configurations. With knowledge of the error consonants and typical substitutions, auditory recognition of consonants can be improved by programmed instruction methods. Shaping can be accomplished by a manipulation of the response foils (choices). Since it has been shown that visual recognition of consonants can also be improved, advantage can be taken of both the visual and auditory modalities in remedial procedures. Frequency of usage in the language should be considered in the ordering of consonants for retraining purposes. Work in consonant recognition should be beneficial to the hearing-impaired patient as part of a total rehabilitation program.", "PMID": 692099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9359", "title": "Relationship of acoustic gain to aided threshold improvement in children.", "content": "Aided threshold improvement obtained by 12 hearing-impaired children was compared to the acoustic gain of their hearing aids using both the traditional 2-cc coupler and a variable volume coupler designed to approximate real ear volume in children. Results indicated that acoustic gain determined in the 2-cc coupler underestimated aided threshold improvement by approximately 8.7 dB. Use of the variable volume coupler to determine acoustic gain, however, adequately predicted aided improvement at comfort setting. Use of the variable volume coupler in hearing-aid fittings for children is discussed with special emphasis on preventing over-amplification.", "contents": "Relationship of acoustic gain to aided threshold improvement in children. Aided threshold improvement obtained by 12 hearing-impaired children was compared to the acoustic gain of their hearing aids using both the traditional 2-cc coupler and a variable volume coupler designed to approximate real ear volume in children. Results indicated that acoustic gain determined in the 2-cc coupler underestimated aided threshold improvement by approximately 8.7 dB. Use of the variable volume coupler to determine acoustic gain, however, adequately predicted aided improvement at comfort setting. Use of the variable volume coupler in hearing-aid fittings for children is discussed with special emphasis on preventing over-amplification.", "PMID": 692100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9360", "title": "Articulatory abnormalities in athetoid cerebral palsy.", "content": "This report presents cinefluorographic data on the articulation of isolated vowels, VCV nonsense utterances, and short sentences by five subjects with athetoid cerebral palsy. Articulatory abnormalities were identified from tracings of vocal tract shapes and from displacement-by-time plots of articulatory events. The most frequent abnormalities were large ranges of jaw movement, inappropriate positioning of the tongue for various phonetic segments (especially because of a reduced range of tongue movement in the anteroposterior dimension), intermittency of velopharyngeal closure caused by an instability of velar elevation, prolonged transition times for articulatory movements, and retrusion of the lower lip. The speech disorder associated with athetosis is considered with respect to a model of motor learning.", "contents": "Articulatory abnormalities in athetoid cerebral palsy. This report presents cinefluorographic data on the articulation of isolated vowels, VCV nonsense utterances, and short sentences by five subjects with athetoid cerebral palsy. Articulatory abnormalities were identified from tracings of vocal tract shapes and from displacement-by-time plots of articulatory events. The most frequent abnormalities were large ranges of jaw movement, inappropriate positioning of the tongue for various phonetic segments (especially because of a reduced range of tongue movement in the anteroposterior dimension), intermittency of velopharyngeal closure caused by an instability of velar elevation, prolonged transition times for articulatory movements, and retrusion of the lower lip. The speech disorder associated with athetosis is considered with respect to a model of motor learning.", "PMID": 692101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9361", "title": "Speaking fundamental frequency characteristics associated with voice pathologies.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between pathologic and normal speaking fundamental frequency characteristics (SFF) in a group of 80 male subjects. The subjects were divided into four groups of 20 (1) vocal fold paralysis, (2) benign mass lesion, (3) cancer of the larynx, and (4) normal. The results of this study indicate that SFF standard deviation and semitone range of SFF are significantly reduced for patients with vocal fold paralysis as compared with normals. The parameters of mean SFF, number of frequency shifts, and age failed to separate the normals from the three groups of pathologic subjects.", "contents": "Speaking fundamental frequency characteristics associated with voice pathologies. This study investigated the relationship between pathologic and normal speaking fundamental frequency characteristics (SFF) in a group of 80 male subjects. The subjects were divided into four groups of 20 (1) vocal fold paralysis, (2) benign mass lesion, (3) cancer of the larynx, and (4) normal. The results of this study indicate that SFF standard deviation and semitone range of SFF are significantly reduced for patients with vocal fold paralysis as compared with normals. The parameters of mean SFF, number of frequency shifts, and age failed to separate the normals from the three groups of pathologic subjects.", "PMID": 692102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9362", "title": "Syntactic maturity of spontaneous speech and elicited imitations of hearing-impaired children.", "content": "Two language measures, designed for normal-hearing children, were applied to a sample of 52 severely and profoundly hearing-impaired children between four and 15 years of age. The Developmental Sentence Analysis (Lee, 1974) was used to assess their spontaneous language and the Carrow Elicited Languate Inventory (Carrow, 1974a) to assess imitated language. The correlation between scores on the two measures was similar to that found by Carrow (1974b) for normal children (r = .75). However, there was little relation between either measure and reading achievement in hearing-imparied children. A subsample of children retested one year later showed those who remained in a school for the deaf showed greater improvement in their ability to imitate while those who had been integrated into school with normal-hearing children improved most in spontaneous language. Over half of the hearing-impaired subjects scored below normal hearing three-year-olds on both measures. Caution is advised, however, in applying these norms to hearing-impaired children. The spontaneous language of these children differed from that of younger hearing children who received similar overall scores in the normative sample. The hearing-impaired subjects tended to use more mature constructions but used fewer correct structures per utterance.", "contents": "Syntactic maturity of spontaneous speech and elicited imitations of hearing-impaired children. Two language measures, designed for normal-hearing children, were applied to a sample of 52 severely and profoundly hearing-impaired children between four and 15 years of age. The Developmental Sentence Analysis (Lee, 1974) was used to assess their spontaneous language and the Carrow Elicited Languate Inventory (Carrow, 1974a) to assess imitated language. The correlation between scores on the two measures was similar to that found by Carrow (1974b) for normal children (r = .75). However, there was little relation between either measure and reading achievement in hearing-imparied children. A subsample of children retested one year later showed those who remained in a school for the deaf showed greater improvement in their ability to imitate while those who had been integrated into school with normal-hearing children improved most in spontaneous language. Over half of the hearing-impaired subjects scored below normal hearing three-year-olds on both measures. Caution is advised, however, in applying these norms to hearing-impaired children. The spontaneous language of these children differed from that of younger hearing children who received similar overall scores in the normative sample. The hearing-impaired subjects tended to use more mature constructions but used fewer correct structures per utterance.", "PMID": 692103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9363", "title": "Stuttering therapy: the relation between attitude change and long-term outcome.", "content": "Previous research has indicated that attitude change generally follows behavior change in operant stuttering therapy programs. This study sought to examine the longterm therapy outcome of stutterers whose communication attitudes were not substantially normalized after fluency establishment and generalization. Posttransfer attitude scores of 20 stutterers were used to classify them into one of two groups: those whose communication attitudes had been modified to show less abnormality than the mean level for normal speakers, and those whose attitudes had not. Follow-up interviews with the 20 stutterers one year later indicated that those whose posttransfer attitudes were not substantially normalized stuttered significantly more. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Stuttering therapy: the relation between attitude change and long-term outcome. Previous research has indicated that attitude change generally follows behavior change in operant stuttering therapy programs. This study sought to examine the longterm therapy outcome of stutterers whose communication attitudes were not substantially normalized after fluency establishment and generalization. Posttransfer attitude scores of 20 stutterers were used to classify them into one of two groups: those whose communication attitudes had been modified to show less abnormality than the mean level for normal speakers, and those whose attitudes had not. Follow-up interviews with the 20 stutterers one year later indicated that those whose posttransfer attitudes were not substantially normalized stuttered significantly more. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 692104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9364", "title": "Preliminary observations on the use of Corynebacterium parvum in patients with primary intracranial tumors: effect on intracranial pressure.", "content": "It has been observed that patients with metastatic brain lesions developed neurologic symptoms when given Corynebacterium parvum. To obtain more information in patients with intracranial mass lesions, intracranial pressures (ICP) were measured or observed in six patients undergoing C. parvum therapy. All patients except two (one previously shunted, one recently operated) demonstrated a profound increase in ICP. It is presumed that either edema is formed within brain and tumor tissue (inasmuch as neurologic deterioration has not been observed in patients without an intracranial lesion) or transient increases in cerebral blood flow adversely alter an already compromised intracranial volume. Surgical decompression of tumor volume or use of Lasix may abort this response to C. parvum infusion.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on the use of Corynebacterium parvum in patients with primary intracranial tumors: effect on intracranial pressure. It has been observed that patients with metastatic brain lesions developed neurologic symptoms when given Corynebacterium parvum. To obtain more information in patients with intracranial mass lesions, intracranial pressures (ICP) were measured or observed in six patients undergoing C. parvum therapy. All patients except two (one previously shunted, one recently operated) demonstrated a profound increase in ICP. It is presumed that either edema is formed within brain and tumor tissue (inasmuch as neurologic deterioration has not been observed in patients without an intracranial lesion) or transient increases in cerebral blood flow adversely alter an already compromised intracranial volume. Surgical decompression of tumor volume or use of Lasix may abort this response to C. parvum infusion.", "PMID": 692136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9365", "title": "Liver function tests after ligation of hepatic artery.", "content": "Nine patients with unresectable primary and secondary malignancy of the liver underwent ligation of the hepatic artery (HAL) distal to the gastroduodenal artery as a therapeutic measure. Another patient had a similar operation for hepatic artery aneurysm. Their postoperative liver function tests are studied in detail, and the patterns of change are compared with three other patients who had extensive resection of tissues but without HAL. It appears that liver function tests rarely became abnormal after major operations, whereas HAL produced an immediate rise of lactic dehydrogenase and transaminase (up to 5--60 times normal value), and creatine phosphokinase (4--15 times normal). All elevated enzymes returned to preoperative levels within a week. Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin rose mildly after HAL and returned to preoperative range in about one week. However, if the patient had repeated surgical stress, anoxic insult, or maximal loss of the hepatic parenchyma, serum enzymes rose only slightly after HAL.", "contents": "Liver function tests after ligation of hepatic artery. Nine patients with unresectable primary and secondary malignancy of the liver underwent ligation of the hepatic artery (HAL) distal to the gastroduodenal artery as a therapeutic measure. Another patient had a similar operation for hepatic artery aneurysm. Their postoperative liver function tests are studied in detail, and the patterns of change are compared with three other patients who had extensive resection of tissues but without HAL. It appears that liver function tests rarely became abnormal after major operations, whereas HAL produced an immediate rise of lactic dehydrogenase and transaminase (up to 5--60 times normal value), and creatine phosphokinase (4--15 times normal). All elevated enzymes returned to preoperative levels within a week. Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin rose mildly after HAL and returned to preoperative range in about one week. However, if the patient had repeated surgical stress, anoxic insult, or maximal loss of the hepatic parenchyma, serum enzymes rose only slightly after HAL.", "PMID": 692137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9366", "title": "Special problems in the evaluation of results in adjuvant trials of cancer treatment.", "content": "Adjuvant trials in cancer treatment present special problems in statistical analysis. When the primary treatment modality results in a relatively high cure rate and additional methods of treatment are being inserted in an effort to raise the figures to even higher levels, therapeutic benefit can be obscured unless all features of the study are carefully considered. Biologic benefit may easily be masked by the sizable number of patients randomized to receive adjuvant treatment who have no residual tumor and therefore could not possibly benefit therefrom. For example, 50% of patients undergoing \"curative\" resection for colon cancer survive without evidence of disease beyond the five-year postoperative period; thus at least half the patients randomized to receive adjuvant treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy) will be disease-free at the time of randomization and cannot benefit from adjuvant therapy. New methods of assessment of treatment must be developed; otherwise, substantial therapeutic effectiveness may go undetected.", "contents": "Special problems in the evaluation of results in adjuvant trials of cancer treatment. Adjuvant trials in cancer treatment present special problems in statistical analysis. When the primary treatment modality results in a relatively high cure rate and additional methods of treatment are being inserted in an effort to raise the figures to even higher levels, therapeutic benefit can be obscured unless all features of the study are carefully considered. Biologic benefit may easily be masked by the sizable number of patients randomized to receive adjuvant treatment who have no residual tumor and therefore could not possibly benefit therefrom. For example, 50% of patients undergoing \"curative\" resection for colon cancer survive without evidence of disease beyond the five-year postoperative period; thus at least half the patients randomized to receive adjuvant treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy) will be disease-free at the time of randomization and cannot benefit from adjuvant therapy. New methods of assessment of treatment must be developed; otherwise, substantial therapeutic effectiveness may go undetected.", "PMID": 692138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9367", "title": "Treatment of symptomatic metastatic cancer to the liver from primary colon and rectal cancer by the intraarterial administration of chemotherapy and radioactive isotopes.", "content": "Sixty-five patients were referred for treatment with symptoms resulting from metastatic cancer to the liver from the GI tract. Two groups of patients were analyzed. The first group of 40 patients were subjected to a laparotomy and insertion of a catheter into the hepatic artery and a second group had the catheter inserted percutaneously and a bolus of cancer chemotherapeutic agents injected into the catheter. In both groups, chemotherapy in the form of 5-fluorouracil was supplemented by internal irradiation delivered from the intraarterial administration of Yttrium 90 microspheres. Forty percent of the patients who had an indwelling catheter performed at celiotomy manifested an objective response and in 60% a significant subjective improvement occurred. In the 25 patients whose catheter was inserted percutaneously, the response rate was roughly similar, in that 35% demonstrated an objective response and 65% demonstrated a subjective response.", "contents": "Treatment of symptomatic metastatic cancer to the liver from primary colon and rectal cancer by the intraarterial administration of chemotherapy and radioactive isotopes. Sixty-five patients were referred for treatment with symptoms resulting from metastatic cancer to the liver from the GI tract. Two groups of patients were analyzed. The first group of 40 patients were subjected to a laparotomy and insertion of a catheter into the hepatic artery and a second group had the catheter inserted percutaneously and a bolus of cancer chemotherapeutic agents injected into the catheter. In both groups, chemotherapy in the form of 5-fluorouracil was supplemented by internal irradiation delivered from the intraarterial administration of Yttrium 90 microspheres. Forty percent of the patients who had an indwelling catheter performed at celiotomy manifested an objective response and in 60% a significant subjective improvement occurred. In the 25 patients whose catheter was inserted percutaneously, the response rate was roughly similar, in that 35% demonstrated an objective response and 65% demonstrated a subjective response.", "PMID": 692139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9368", "title": "\"Localized\" carcinoma of the mobile tongue and floor of the mouth--a lesion frequently misjudged and undertreated.", "content": "A retrospective study of 74 cases of cancer of the mobile tongue and floor of the mouth, diagnosed between 1949 and 1975, with a two-year minimum follow-up was undertaken. The lesions were TNM staged, stages I and II  accounting for 56 cases (76%) and stages III and IV  accounting for 18 cases (24%). The analysis was restricted to the \"localized\" stage I  and stage II lesions. In this group failure occurred in 31 patients, or 55% of the group. Failure at the primary site accounted for 10 of the failures, failure at both primary and cervical lymph nodes accounted for 14, and failure at cervical lymph nodes only accounted for 7 of the failures. The treatment for these \"localized\" lesions was then analyzed for modality, adequacy, presence or absence of planning failure, and survival. The results indicate the lethal nature of this lesion when inadequately treated and strongly suggest more extensive use of prophylactic therapy to the cervical lymph nodes.", "contents": "\"Localized\" carcinoma of the mobile tongue and floor of the mouth--a lesion frequently misjudged and undertreated. A retrospective study of 74 cases of cancer of the mobile tongue and floor of the mouth, diagnosed between 1949 and 1975, with a two-year minimum follow-up was undertaken. The lesions were TNM staged, stages I and II  accounting for 56 cases (76%) and stages III and IV  accounting for 18 cases (24%). The analysis was restricted to the \"localized\" stage I  and stage II lesions. In this group failure occurred in 31 patients, or 55% of the group. Failure at the primary site accounted for 10 of the failures, failure at both primary and cervical lymph nodes accounted for 14, and failure at cervical lymph nodes only accounted for 7 of the failures. The treatment for these \"localized\" lesions was then analyzed for modality, adequacy, presence or absence of planning failure, and survival. The results indicate the lethal nature of this lesion when inadequately treated and strongly suggest more extensive use of prophylactic therapy to the cervical lymph nodes.", "PMID": 692140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9369", "title": "Urinary etiocholanolone and prognosis in early carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Etiocholanolone levels have been measured in both premastectomy and postoperative urines from 86 women with early breast cancer. Levels did not differ between patients subsequently surviving five years following mastectomy and those dying from recurrent disease within this period.", "contents": "Urinary etiocholanolone and prognosis in early carcinoma of the breast. Etiocholanolone levels have been measured in both premastectomy and postoperative urines from 86 women with early breast cancer. Levels did not differ between patients subsequently surviving five years following mastectomy and those dying from recurrent disease within this period.", "PMID": 692141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9370", "title": "Three mice, two blind.", "content": "In a closed colony of approximately one million mice which had been rigidly pedigreed (brother to sister) from a few original mice, three unusual mice have appeared. These three have obviously deviated from what would be expected according to the accepted laws of inbreeding geneity. Thus three unexpected incidences of increased variability have occurred three times in addition to the occasional appearance of new mutations (approximately one in 26,000 mice). The first mouse developed a sudden increase in susceptibility to spontaneous tumors of mammary origin. She became the mother of the well-known C family used extensively in cancer research. The second mouse clearly exhibited, among clear-cut altered biological characteristics, several somatic mutations, thus indicating an unstable genetic condition. The third mouse developed a highly significant capacity to regress and eliminate spontaneous tumor tissue. The conclusion is reached that unstable biological states arise occasionally during the process of inbreeding.", "contents": "Three mice, two blind. In a closed colony of approximately one million mice which had been rigidly pedigreed (brother to sister) from a few original mice, three unusual mice have appeared. These three have obviously deviated from what would be expected according to the accepted laws of inbreeding geneity. Thus three unexpected incidences of increased variability have occurred three times in addition to the occasional appearance of new mutations (approximately one in 26,000 mice). The first mouse developed a sudden increase in susceptibility to spontaneous tumors of mammary origin. She became the mother of the well-known C family used extensively in cancer research. The second mouse clearly exhibited, among clear-cut altered biological characteristics, several somatic mutations, thus indicating an unstable genetic condition. The third mouse developed a highly significant capacity to regress and eliminate spontaneous tumor tissue. The conclusion is reached that unstable biological states arise occasionally during the process of inbreeding.", "PMID": 692142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9371", "title": "Understanding the adolescent patient.", "content": "The chapter has presented a frame of reference with which to approach adolescent patients with skin disease. To be most effective, the physician must understand the complexities of adolescent development and the various biological, social, and psychological circumstances and reactions with which young people must cope. Suggestions are made regarding approaches to the management of the adolescent skin patient, in the wish to maximize the usefulness of the physician--patient relationship as a resource for helping young people to health and happiness.", "contents": "Understanding the adolescent patient. The chapter has presented a frame of reference with which to approach adolescent patients with skin disease. To be most effective, the physician must understand the complexities of adolescent development and the various biological, social, and psychological circumstances and reactions with which young people must cope. Suggestions are made regarding approaches to the management of the adolescent skin patient, in the wish to maximize the usefulness of the physician--patient relationship as a resource for helping young people to health and happiness.", "PMID": 692163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9372", "title": "Senescence: a stochastic molecular control theory.", "content": "A theoretical model of transcriptional control, in a preliminary form, is presented. The model has a critical boundary between a region of values in which the system is stable and essentially self-perpetuating and a region in which the essential macromolecules tend to disappear and not to be regenerated. The possibility of the transition results from cell division. Variation in the values of kinetic parameters or fluctuation in the partition of the macromolecules between the daughter cells of a division subject some cells in the population to the instability. Cells on the wrong side of the critical boundary may accumulate in G2, and will eventually die, at rates and frequencies depending on the specific peculiarities of various cell types (e.g., tissues). Such phenomena, in association with the characteristic division patterns predicted by the theory, have been observed in vitro and in vivo. \"Programmed death\" in morphogenesis may be an instance. Problems in the future development of the theory are outlined. The significance of clonal selection for atherogenesis and perhaps oncogenesis is noted. The theory is briefly contrasted with \"damage\" and \"error\" theories; and the eventual possibility of constructive intervention in ageing at the molecular level is suggested.", "contents": "Senescence: a stochastic molecular control theory. A theoretical model of transcriptional control, in a preliminary form, is presented. The model has a critical boundary between a region of values in which the system is stable and essentially self-perpetuating and a region in which the essential macromolecules tend to disappear and not to be regenerated. The possibility of the transition results from cell division. Variation in the values of kinetic parameters or fluctuation in the partition of the macromolecules between the daughter cells of a division subject some cells in the population to the instability. Cells on the wrong side of the critical boundary may accumulate in G2, and will eventually die, at rates and frequencies depending on the specific peculiarities of various cell types (e.g., tissues). Such phenomena, in association with the characteristic division patterns predicted by the theory, have been observed in vitro and in vivo. \"Programmed death\" in morphogenesis may be an instance. Problems in the future development of the theory are outlined. The significance of clonal selection for atherogenesis and perhaps oncogenesis is noted. The theory is briefly contrasted with \"damage\" and \"error\" theories; and the eventual possibility of constructive intervention in ageing at the molecular level is suggested.", "PMID": 692173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9373", "title": "Tissue mosaics and clonal mechanisms of atherogenesis.", "content": "It is known that atherosclerotic lesions arising in aortae of females heterozygous for the A and B variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are frequently though not invariably of one enzyme type. The occurrence of heterotypic lesions rules out single-cell origin. However, it is possible to analyze the results of such studies in terms of multicellular atherogenic foci. The variance in enzyme proportions in the normal tissue mosaic permits an assessment of clump or patch size. Then an application of geometrical probability permits the derivation of a relation between the proportion of monotypic lesions and the size and cell number of the original atherogenic focus. Comparison with suitable experimental data gives reasonable estimates of these cell numbers. The influence of selection in the cell population on such estimates is considered.", "contents": "Tissue mosaics and clonal mechanisms of atherogenesis. It is known that atherosclerotic lesions arising in aortae of females heterozygous for the A and B variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are frequently though not invariably of one enzyme type. The occurrence of heterotypic lesions rules out single-cell origin. However, it is possible to analyze the results of such studies in terms of multicellular atherogenic foci. The variance in enzyme proportions in the normal tissue mosaic permits an assessment of clump or patch size. Then an application of geometrical probability permits the derivation of a relation between the proportion of monotypic lesions and the size and cell number of the original atherogenic focus. Comparison with suitable experimental data gives reasonable estimates of these cell numbers. The influence of selection in the cell population on such estimates is considered.", "PMID": 692174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9374", "title": "The waste-product theory of aging: waste dilution by cell division.", "content": "When cells divide, the quantity of waste material per cell decreases because the wastes are \"diluted\" by apportionment between the daughters which result from the division. The quantity of waste present in a symmetrically or asymmetrically dividing population of cells is governed by a first-order non-linear differential equation. In the derivation of the equation, it is assumed (a) that waste is created at a rate which is either constant or proportional to the amount of waste already formed, (b) that waste is neither destroyed nor transported across cell walls, and (c) that the rate of cell division at large values of time is inversely proportional to the amount of waste per cell raised to a power. Relations among the parameters of the differential equation specify conditions under which its solutions rise to a critical value. If the amount of waste per cell given by a solution of the differential equation exceeds this value, it is assumed that deleterious effects become evident and that cell death follows. Decreases in the cell division rate leading to a cessation of population growth may occur at lower levels of waste accumulation.", "contents": "The waste-product theory of aging: waste dilution by cell division. When cells divide, the quantity of waste material per cell decreases because the wastes are \"diluted\" by apportionment between the daughters which result from the division. The quantity of waste present in a symmetrically or asymmetrically dividing population of cells is governed by a first-order non-linear differential equation. In the derivation of the equation, it is assumed (a) that waste is created at a rate which is either constant or proportional to the amount of waste already formed, (b) that waste is neither destroyed nor transported across cell walls, and (c) that the rate of cell division at large values of time is inversely proportional to the amount of waste per cell raised to a power. Relations among the parameters of the differential equation specify conditions under which its solutions rise to a critical value. If the amount of waste per cell given by a solution of the differential equation exceeds this value, it is assumed that deleterious effects become evident and that cell death follows. Decreases in the cell division rate leading to a cessation of population growth may occur at lower levels of waste accumulation.", "PMID": 692175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9375", "title": "Evidence that transcription changes in ageing cultures are terminal events occurring after the expression of a reduced replicative potential.", "content": "There is a progressive decline in replicative capacity with increasing age as expressed in terms of percentage labelled nuclei with 3H-thymidine and altered saturation density at confluency. This expression of ageing in vitro is seen in three different lines of human embryo diploid fibroblasts, although the pattern and rate of decline is different in each case. Generalization about in vitro ageing from studies with one cell line should therefore be made with care or avoided. There was an increase in total cellular RNA content as cultures aged which was more pronounced as cells entered the senescent or terminal phase of their lifespan. This increase appeared to be accompanied by a slightly elevated uptake and incorporation of 3H-uridine per cell. Template activity of isolated nuclei was markedly reduced in very late passage or phase III cells, but did not show a progressive decline with increasing age. These studies show that there is a reduced replicative potential which is not accompanied by a detectable decline in transcription, and suggest that the altered template activity should be regarded as an effect of ageing in vitro.", "contents": "Evidence that transcription changes in ageing cultures are terminal events occurring after the expression of a reduced replicative potential. There is a progressive decline in replicative capacity with increasing age as expressed in terms of percentage labelled nuclei with 3H-thymidine and altered saturation density at confluency. This expression of ageing in vitro is seen in three different lines of human embryo diploid fibroblasts, although the pattern and rate of decline is different in each case. Generalization about in vitro ageing from studies with one cell line should therefore be made with care or avoided. There was an increase in total cellular RNA content as cultures aged which was more pronounced as cells entered the senescent or terminal phase of their lifespan. This increase appeared to be accompanied by a slightly elevated uptake and incorporation of 3H-uridine per cell. Template activity of isolated nuclei was markedly reduced in very late passage or phase III cells, but did not show a progressive decline with increasing age. These studies show that there is a reduced replicative potential which is not accompanied by a detectable decline in transcription, and suggest that the altered template activity should be regarded as an effect of ageing in vitro.", "PMID": 692177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9376", "title": "Alteration of the activity and molecular from of thymidine kinase during development and aging in the mouse cerebellum.", "content": "Protein, DNA and thymidine kinase levels were assayed during development and aging in the mouse cerebellum. A roughly parallel increase in protein and DNA content occurred from birth, reaching a plateau at 18 days; these adult levels increased by 30% in the 23 month-old cerebellum. Thymidine kinase activity reached a maximum at 6 postnatal days, then decreased steadily to reach, at 18 days, the low level that was maintained in the adult. The thymidine kinase synthesized in the aged cerebellum differed from that in the neonate by having (i) an increased specific activity, (ii) a faster migrating species upon electrophoresis, (iii) an inhibition by dCTP, and (iv) a lower affinity for the substrate thymidine (higher Km). Mathematical calculations indicated the appearance of a larger number of smaller sized cells in the aged cerebellum, when compared with the young adult. Histological analysis established that the newly synthesized cells were localized in the molecular layer of the old cerebellum. It appears that senescence in the mouse cerebellum may be associated with an increased synthesis of glial cells.", "contents": "Alteration of the activity and molecular from of thymidine kinase during development and aging in the mouse cerebellum. Protein, DNA and thymidine kinase levels were assayed during development and aging in the mouse cerebellum. A roughly parallel increase in protein and DNA content occurred from birth, reaching a plateau at 18 days; these adult levels increased by 30% in the 23 month-old cerebellum. Thymidine kinase activity reached a maximum at 6 postnatal days, then decreased steadily to reach, at 18 days, the low level that was maintained in the adult. The thymidine kinase synthesized in the aged cerebellum differed from that in the neonate by having (i) an increased specific activity, (ii) a faster migrating species upon electrophoresis, (iii) an inhibition by dCTP, and (iv) a lower affinity for the substrate thymidine (higher Km). Mathematical calculations indicated the appearance of a larger number of smaller sized cells in the aged cerebellum, when compared with the young adult. Histological analysis established that the newly synthesized cells were localized in the molecular layer of the old cerebellum. It appears that senescence in the mouse cerebellum may be associated with an increased synthesis of glial cells.", "PMID": 692178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9377", "title": "Development of the aging cell surface: concanavalin A-mediated intercellular binding and the distribution of binding sites with progressive subcultivation of human embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "External surfaces of early and late passage human embryo fibroblasts were reacted with concanavalin A to determine whether quantitative and qualitative variations in receptor sites develop with increased serial subcultivation. Comparative analyses of direct con A binding to cell surfaces; lectin-mediated cell-to-cell binding and agglutination; and ultrastructural distribution of con A receptor sites were made on the surfaces of both cell groups. Subtle variations were observed in the patterns of intercellular binding between early and late passage cells as assayed by both agglutination and the binding of cells in suspension to substrate-attached monolayers. However, no major differences in the total number of binding sites per cell were expressed on the external surfaces of either group. Hemocyanin-labeled binding sites tended to be more clustered on membranes of late passage cells in contrast to more homogeneous patterns of distribution in early passage specimens. These observations suggest that variations in binding patterns are not the result of changes in numbers of binding sites but may be the result of alterations in the concerted actions of numerous factors which include cell surface topography (e.g. villous projections) and the relative distribution of lectin binding sites on the cell periphery.", "contents": "Development of the aging cell surface: concanavalin A-mediated intercellular binding and the distribution of binding sites with progressive subcultivation of human embryo fibroblasts. External surfaces of early and late passage human embryo fibroblasts were reacted with concanavalin A to determine whether quantitative and qualitative variations in receptor sites develop with increased serial subcultivation. Comparative analyses of direct con A binding to cell surfaces; lectin-mediated cell-to-cell binding and agglutination; and ultrastructural distribution of con A receptor sites were made on the surfaces of both cell groups. Subtle variations were observed in the patterns of intercellular binding between early and late passage cells as assayed by both agglutination and the binding of cells in suspension to substrate-attached monolayers. However, no major differences in the total number of binding sites per cell were expressed on the external surfaces of either group. Hemocyanin-labeled binding sites tended to be more clustered on membranes of late passage cells in contrast to more homogeneous patterns of distribution in early passage specimens. These observations suggest that variations in binding patterns are not the result of changes in numbers of binding sites but may be the result of alterations in the concerted actions of numerous factors which include cell surface topography (e.g. villous projections) and the relative distribution of lectin binding sites on the cell periphery.", "PMID": 692179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9378", "title": "Effects of cold stress on rats fed different levels of docosenoic acids.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 4 weeks old, were subjected to an ambient temperature of 4 C for periods up to 24 days and fed a synthetic diet containing one of the following oils: peanut oil (PO), rapeseed oil (RO), low erucic acid rapeseed oil (LO), and partially hydrogenated marine oil (HO), each at 20% w/w. A parallel experiment using the same oils was performed at room temperature (23 C). During cold stress, animals on the RO diet showed higher mortality than all other groups; all 20 animals in this group died within 5 days. At room temperature, however, all animals survived. The lipid accumulation in the heart reached its peak in all groups after 3 days and then gradually declined. The accumulation was most pronounced in the RO animals and coincided with the high mortality at 4 C. The fatty acid composition of the cardiac triglycerides reflected that of the diet, while the composition of the cardiac lecithin was only marginally modified.", "contents": "Effects of cold stress on rats fed different levels of docosenoic acids. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 4 weeks old, were subjected to an ambient temperature of 4 C for periods up to 24 days and fed a synthetic diet containing one of the following oils: peanut oil (PO), rapeseed oil (RO), low erucic acid rapeseed oil (LO), and partially hydrogenated marine oil (HO), each at 20% w/w. A parallel experiment using the same oils was performed at room temperature (23 C). During cold stress, animals on the RO diet showed higher mortality than all other groups; all 20 animals in this group died within 5 days. At room temperature, however, all animals survived. The lipid accumulation in the heart reached its peak in all groups after 3 days and then gradually declined. The accumulation was most pronounced in the RO animals and coincided with the high mortality at 4 C. The fatty acid composition of the cardiac triglycerides reflected that of the diet, while the composition of the cardiac lecithin was only marginally modified.", "PMID": 692293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9379", "title": "Liver and thymus lipid composition in AKR mice with and without lymphomas.", "content": "Lipid composition of liver and thymus in controls, early stage lymphoma, and advanced stage lymphoma-bearing AKR mice was studied. There was a significant decrease in the liver total lipid content in mice with advanced lymphoma, whereas in the early stages, no quantitative change was seen. In livers of mice with advanced stage lymphoma, there was a significant decrease in the nonpolar fraction. The decrease was in triglyceride, whereas the cholesterol fractions were relatively increased though hig,ly variable. There was an increase in the polar lipid/nonpolar lipid ratio in the advanced lymphoma livers and a very large increase in the polar lipid/triglyceride ratio, indicating that the decrease in total lipid in these livers was largely in the triglyceride fraction. Similar changes were seen in the thymus, in which the lipid composition reflected the transformation from normal to malignant cells.", "contents": "Liver and thymus lipid composition in AKR mice with and without lymphomas. Lipid composition of liver and thymus in controls, early stage lymphoma, and advanced stage lymphoma-bearing AKR mice was studied. There was a significant decrease in the liver total lipid content in mice with advanced lymphoma, whereas in the early stages, no quantitative change was seen. In livers of mice with advanced stage lymphoma, there was a significant decrease in the nonpolar fraction. The decrease was in triglyceride, whereas the cholesterol fractions were relatively increased though hig,ly variable. There was an increase in the polar lipid/nonpolar lipid ratio in the advanced lymphoma livers and a very large increase in the polar lipid/triglyceride ratio, indicating that the decrease in total lipid in these livers was largely in the triglyceride fraction. Similar changes were seen in the thymus, in which the lipid composition reflected the transformation from normal to malignant cells.", "PMID": 692294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9380", "title": "Lipogenesis in iron-deficient adult rats.", "content": "Iron-deficient (5 ppm Fe) or control (307 ppm Fe) diets were fed ad libitum to female rats for 7 weeks, and then meal-fed for 4 weeks. Body weights, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrits were lower (p less than 0.01) in deficient group (184 +/- 7, 7.1 +/- 0.4, 32.7 +/- 0.6) than in the control group (220 +/- 10, 16.9 +/- 0.3, 51.8 +/- 0.8) at the end of the 11-week experiment. Animals were killed 4 hr after meal feeding, and liver slices, mesenteric adipose tissue, and segments of mid-jejunum were incubated in vitro with [U-14C] glucose or 3H2O. Adipose tissue from deficient rats had incorporation of [U-14C] glucose into triglycerides two to three times greater than control rats (p less than 0.01). Release of 14CO2 from glucose was greater in adipose tissue of deficient rats than controls (p less than 0.05). Incorporation of 3H2O into triglycerides was also two to three times greater in deficient adipose tissue than in controls (p less than 0.02). In liver slices, incorporation of glucose in polar lipids was slightly higher in deficient rats than in control rats (p less than 0.05). No significant differences were found in incorporation of 3H20 or [U-14C] glucose into lipids or CO2 in jejunum. Thus, iron- deficient adult rats have greater lipid synthesis from 3H2O and glucose in adipose tissue than rats fed adequate levels of iron.", "contents": "Lipogenesis in iron-deficient adult rats. Iron-deficient (5 ppm Fe) or control (307 ppm Fe) diets were fed ad libitum to female rats for 7 weeks, and then meal-fed for 4 weeks. Body weights, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrits were lower (p less than 0.01) in deficient group (184 +/- 7, 7.1 +/- 0.4, 32.7 +/- 0.6) than in the control group (220 +/- 10, 16.9 +/- 0.3, 51.8 +/- 0.8) at the end of the 11-week experiment. Animals were killed 4 hr after meal feeding, and liver slices, mesenteric adipose tissue, and segments of mid-jejunum were incubated in vitro with [U-14C] glucose or 3H2O. Adipose tissue from deficient rats had incorporation of [U-14C] glucose into triglycerides two to three times greater than control rats (p less than 0.01). Release of 14CO2 from glucose was greater in adipose tissue of deficient rats than controls (p less than 0.05). Incorporation of 3H2O into triglycerides was also two to three times greater in deficient adipose tissue than in controls (p less than 0.02). In liver slices, incorporation of glucose in polar lipids was slightly higher in deficient rats than in control rats (p less than 0.05). No significant differences were found in incorporation of 3H20 or [U-14C] glucose into lipids or CO2 in jejunum. Thus, iron- deficient adult rats have greater lipid synthesis from 3H2O and glucose in adipose tissue than rats fed adequate levels of iron.", "PMID": 692295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9381", "title": "The effects of clofibrate feeding on the metabolism of palmitate and erucate in isolated hepatocytes.", "content": "The metabolism of palmitate and erucate has been investigated in hepatocytes isolated from control rats and from rats fed 0.3% clofibrate. Clofibrate increased the oxidation of [1-14C]palmitate 1.5 to 2-fold while the esterification was decreased. At a high concentration of palmitate (1.5 mM), the total rate of fatty acid metabolism was stimulated. Clofibrate stimulated both the oxidation (3.5 to 5-fold) and the esterfication (1.7-fold) of [14-14C]erucate. Erucate undergoes chain-shortening in isolated liver cells. This chain-shortening was stimulated at least 2-fold by clofibrate feedings. The isolated mitochondrial fraction from clofibrate-fed rats showed an increased capacity for oxidation of short-chain acylcarnitines (including acetylcarnitine), while the oxidation of palmitoyl- and erucoylcarnitine showed little change. It is suggested that erucate is shortened by the recently detected beta-oxidation system of peroxisomes.", "contents": "The effects of clofibrate feeding on the metabolism of palmitate and erucate in isolated hepatocytes. The metabolism of palmitate and erucate has been investigated in hepatocytes isolated from control rats and from rats fed 0.3% clofibrate. Clofibrate increased the oxidation of [1-14C]palmitate 1.5 to 2-fold while the esterification was decreased. At a high concentration of palmitate (1.5 mM), the total rate of fatty acid metabolism was stimulated. Clofibrate stimulated both the oxidation (3.5 to 5-fold) and the esterfication (1.7-fold) of [14-14C]erucate. Erucate undergoes chain-shortening in isolated liver cells. This chain-shortening was stimulated at least 2-fold by clofibrate feedings. The isolated mitochondrial fraction from clofibrate-fed rats showed an increased capacity for oxidation of short-chain acylcarnitines (including acetylcarnitine), while the oxidation of palmitoyl- and erucoylcarnitine showed little change. It is suggested that erucate is shortened by the recently detected beta-oxidation system of peroxisomes.", "PMID": 692296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9382", "title": "Uropygial gland alkane diol diesters in the Kn mutation of the domestic chicken.", "content": "Uropygial glands from chickens which are known to have the Kn gene secrete qualitatively the same types of alkane diol diesters as the normal domestic chicken. However, there are many significant differences in the mole percent of individual fatty acids and diols within the diester between the two genetic types of chickens. In general, the mutant chickens have lesser amounts of the shorter chain fatty acids and diols and greater amounts of the longer chain fatty acids and diols. There is also a gene dosage effect with two mutant genes having a greater effect in many cases than a single mutant gene.", "contents": "Uropygial gland alkane diol diesters in the Kn mutation of the domestic chicken. Uropygial glands from chickens which are known to have the Kn gene secrete qualitatively the same types of alkane diol diesters as the normal domestic chicken. However, there are many significant differences in the mole percent of individual fatty acids and diols within the diester between the two genetic types of chickens. In general, the mutant chickens have lesser amounts of the shorter chain fatty acids and diols and greater amounts of the longer chain fatty acids and diols. There is also a gene dosage effect with two mutant genes having a greater effect in many cases than a single mutant gene.", "PMID": 692297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9383", "title": "Factors related to competitive stress among male youth sport participants.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine intrapersonal and situational factors related to the stress experienced by 11 and 12 year old boys participating in competitive youth sports. Potential stress related factors were assessed at preseason, pregame, and postgame periods. The indicant of stress was state anxiety measured by the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory for Children administered 30 minutes prior to and immediately following a competitive soccer game. Findings indicated that competitive trait anxiety, self esteem, basal state anxiety, and expectancies of self and team performance outcomes were significantly related to stress experienced when anticipating competition. As hypothesized, game win-loss was a highly significant predictor of post-game stress. Other predictors of postgame stress were the game win-loss x game closeness interaction, the amount of fun experienced during the game, basal state anxiety, and the perceived importance of a game win to the coach. The findings are discussed in terms of the child's actual and perceived response capabilities in meeting the performance demands of the highly evaluative sport competition process.", "contents": "Factors related to competitive stress among male youth sport participants. A study was conducted to determine intrapersonal and situational factors related to the stress experienced by 11 and 12 year old boys participating in competitive youth sports. Potential stress related factors were assessed at preseason, pregame, and postgame periods. The indicant of stress was state anxiety measured by the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory for Children administered 30 minutes prior to and immediately following a competitive soccer game. Findings indicated that competitive trait anxiety, self esteem, basal state anxiety, and expectancies of self and team performance outcomes were significantly related to stress experienced when anticipating competition. As hypothesized, game win-loss was a highly significant predictor of post-game stress. Other predictors of postgame stress were the game win-loss x game closeness interaction, the amount of fun experienced during the game, basal state anxiety, and the perceived importance of a game win to the coach. The findings are discussed in terms of the child's actual and perceived response capabilities in meeting the performance demands of the highly evaluative sport competition process.", "PMID": 692298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9384", "title": "Recovery of muscular endurance following submaximal, isometric exercise.", "content": "Each of 22 subjects squeezed a hand-gripping device for as long as possible at a tension of 50% of his maximum voluntary contraction. When the prescribed tension could no longer be maintained, the subject was given a predetermined rest period and at its conclusion again squeezed the hand dynamometer in a second all-out bout. The length of the interbout rest period was either 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, or 2560 sec. Each subject experienced every rest period with the order of administration assigned at random. At least three days intervened between successive testing sessions. The mean time the subjects persisted during the first bout was 120.25 sec. The percentage of recovery, calculated by dividing the holding time of the first bout into the time of the second, ranged from 20.3% after 5 sec of rest to 86.8% following the 2,560-sec rest interval. An analysis of the percentages of recovery at the various time periods revealed that the pattern of submaximal isometric endurance recovery folowed a three-component exponential curve.", "contents": "Recovery of muscular endurance following submaximal, isometric exercise. Each of 22 subjects squeezed a hand-gripping device for as long as possible at a tension of 50% of his maximum voluntary contraction. When the prescribed tension could no longer be maintained, the subject was given a predetermined rest period and at its conclusion again squeezed the hand dynamometer in a second all-out bout. The length of the interbout rest period was either 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, or 2560 sec. Each subject experienced every rest period with the order of administration assigned at random. At least three days intervened between successive testing sessions. The mean time the subjects persisted during the first bout was 120.25 sec. The percentage of recovery, calculated by dividing the holding time of the first bout into the time of the second, ranged from 20.3% after 5 sec of rest to 86.8% following the 2,560-sec rest interval. An analysis of the percentages of recovery at the various time periods revealed that the pattern of submaximal isometric endurance recovery folowed a three-component exponential curve.", "PMID": 692299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9385", "title": "The effect of blood infusion upon endurance capacity and ratings of perceived exertion.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of blood infusion upon maximal endurance capacity and ratings of perceived exertaion (RPE). Sixteen long-distance runners, 13 of whom were marathoners, undertook four trials (T1-T4) of a treadmill run to exhaustion over a five week period. Criterion measures were time to exhaustion (TE) and RPE during each T. Data on Hb, Hct and RBCs were collected prior to each trial. Based on TE at T1, Ss were matched and assigned to either the experimental (E) or control (C) group. One week after T1, all Ss had 460 ml blood withdrawn. T2 was undertaken 2 weeks postwithdrawal. One week after T2, or 21 days postwithdrawal, the E group was infused with their own RBCs while the C group received 460 ml normal saline. T3 was taken 2 hours postinfusion and T4 one week later. The results of the factorial repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences (p less than .05) between groups for either TE or RPE, even though the Hb level for the E group was significantly higher (P less than .01) than the C group at T3 and T4.", "contents": "The effect of blood infusion upon endurance capacity and ratings of perceived exertion. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of blood infusion upon maximal endurance capacity and ratings of perceived exertaion (RPE). Sixteen long-distance runners, 13 of whom were marathoners, undertook four trials (T1-T4) of a treadmill run to exhaustion over a five week period. Criterion measures were time to exhaustion (TE) and RPE during each T. Data on Hb, Hct and RBCs were collected prior to each trial. Based on TE at T1, Ss were matched and assigned to either the experimental (E) or control (C) group. One week after T1, all Ss had 460 ml blood withdrawn. T2 was undertaken 2 weeks postwithdrawal. One week after T2, or 21 days postwithdrawal, the E group was infused with their own RBCs while the C group received 460 ml normal saline. T3 was taken 2 hours postinfusion and T4 one week later. The results of the factorial repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences (p less than .05) between groups for either TE or RPE, even though the Hb level for the E group was significantly higher (P less than .01) than the C group at T3 and T4.", "PMID": 692300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9386", "title": "The effects of a collegiate wrestling season on body composition, cardiovascular fitness and muscular strength and endurance.", "content": "The purposes of this investigation were: (1) to study the body composition, cardiovascular fitness and muscular strength and endurance of collegiate wrestlers during the course of a season; (2) to determine if selected regression equations used to predict minimal wrestling weight were accurate; (3) to determine if the wrestlers who participated in the study had an accurate perception of their ideal minimal wrestling weights. Body composition (body densitometry), aerobic power (Vo2 max), and muscular strength and endurance (isokinetic) were measured during pre, peak, and post-seasons. The fact that very few significant changes occurred in these measurements during the course of the study appears to be the result of year-round training on the part of the athletes studied. Their peak-season percent body fat (8.36%) was very similar to that reported in other studies involving mature wrestlers. Rapid weight loss through dehydration appeared to be the preferred method of weight reduction among these athletes.", "contents": "The effects of a collegiate wrestling season on body composition, cardiovascular fitness and muscular strength and endurance. The purposes of this investigation were: (1) to study the body composition, cardiovascular fitness and muscular strength and endurance of collegiate wrestlers during the course of a season; (2) to determine if selected regression equations used to predict minimal wrestling weight were accurate; (3) to determine if the wrestlers who participated in the study had an accurate perception of their ideal minimal wrestling weights. Body composition (body densitometry), aerobic power (Vo2 max), and muscular strength and endurance (isokinetic) were measured during pre, peak, and post-seasons. The fact that very few significant changes occurred in these measurements during the course of the study appears to be the result of year-round training on the part of the athletes studied. Their peak-season percent body fat (8.36%) was very similar to that reported in other studies involving mature wrestlers. Rapid weight loss through dehydration appeared to be the preferred method of weight reduction among these athletes.", "PMID": 692301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9387", "title": "Caloric cost of walking and running.", "content": "Twenty-four young adult male subjects were used to study the relationship between total caloric costs (exercise and recovery costs) incurred and speed of movement over a distance of 1 mile. Caloric costs were determined at walking speeds of 3, 4, and 5 mph and at running speeds of 5, 7, and 9 mph. Energy costs were assessed every 20 sec during the activity and during the recovery until the caloric cost returned to pre-established resting levels. The fitness level of the subjects was considered as a moderating variable. 3regression equations to predict caloric cost from body weight, speed of movement, and VO2 max were also developed. Conclusions for the given speeds were: (1) running is more costly than walking, (2) the cost of walking a mile increases with speed of movement, and (3) for running speeds, total caloric cost and VO2 max are inversely related. The independent variables for the regression equation for walking included body weight and speed squared times body weight (R2 = .86). The independent variables for the running equation were identical to the ones used in the walking equation with the addition of speed times VO2 max (R2 = .62).", "contents": "Caloric cost of walking and running. Twenty-four young adult male subjects were used to study the relationship between total caloric costs (exercise and recovery costs) incurred and speed of movement over a distance of 1 mile. Caloric costs were determined at walking speeds of 3, 4, and 5 mph and at running speeds of 5, 7, and 9 mph. Energy costs were assessed every 20 sec during the activity and during the recovery until the caloric cost returned to pre-established resting levels. The fitness level of the subjects was considered as a moderating variable. 3regression equations to predict caloric cost from body weight, speed of movement, and VO2 max were also developed. Conclusions for the given speeds were: (1) running is more costly than walking, (2) the cost of walking a mile increases with speed of movement, and (3) for running speeds, total caloric cost and VO2 max are inversely related. The independent variables for the regression equation for walking included body weight and speed squared times body weight (R2 = .86). The independent variables for the running equation were identical to the ones used in the walking equation with the addition of speed times VO2 max (R2 = .62).", "PMID": 692303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9388", "title": "Effects of arm training on retention of training effects derived from leg training.", "content": "This study examined the effects of arm training on retention of training effects produced by leg training. Thirteen adult male subjects leg trained on bicycle ergometers for 8 weeks. During the subsequent 4 week control period group AT (N = 4) arm trained by cranking an ergometer, group DT (N = 4) discontinued training and group LT (N = 5) continued leg training. Metabolic response to maximal and submaximal (80% initial Vo2max) leg work was observed before (Test I) and after (Test II) the 8 week leg training program and at the conclusion of the control period (Test III). With the initial 8 weeks of leg training Vo2max and maximal Ve increased while Vo2, HR, Ve and blood lactate decreased during submaximal work (p less than .05). R was decreased during both maximal and submaximal work (p less than .05). Analysis of covariance of the Test III means (Test II as covariate) yielded significant (p less than .05)F-ratios for Vo2max and R at Vo2max. Post hoc testing indicated that Vo2max was greater in LT than in AT or DT but that there was no difference between AT and DT. R at Vo2max was greater in DT than in LT or AT. These data suggest that arm training does not significantly affect the deterioration in metabolic response to leg work which occurs with cessation of leg training.", "contents": "Effects of arm training on retention of training effects derived from leg training. This study examined the effects of arm training on retention of training effects produced by leg training. Thirteen adult male subjects leg trained on bicycle ergometers for 8 weeks. During the subsequent 4 week control period group AT (N = 4) arm trained by cranking an ergometer, group DT (N = 4) discontinued training and group LT (N = 5) continued leg training. Metabolic response to maximal and submaximal (80% initial Vo2max) leg work was observed before (Test I) and after (Test II) the 8 week leg training program and at the conclusion of the control period (Test III). With the initial 8 weeks of leg training Vo2max and maximal Ve increased while Vo2, HR, Ve and blood lactate decreased during submaximal work (p less than .05). R was decreased during both maximal and submaximal work (p less than .05). Analysis of covariance of the Test III means (Test II as covariate) yielded significant (p less than .05)F-ratios for Vo2max and R at Vo2max. Post hoc testing indicated that Vo2max was greater in LT than in AT or DT but that there was no difference between AT and DT. R at Vo2max was greater in DT than in LT or AT. These data suggest that arm training does not significantly affect the deterioration in metabolic response to leg work which occurs with cessation of leg training.", "PMID": 692304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9389", "title": "Energy cost of circuit weight training.", "content": "The metabolic cost of circuit weight training was determined in a group of 20 men and 20 women, 17 to 36 years of age, who volunteered to participate in this study. Performing 3 circuits (10 stations/circuit), using a work (30-sec) to rest (15-sec) ratio of 2:1, and a total exercise time of 22.5 min, the energy expenditure was found to be highly related to body weight (r = 0.84 and r = 0.67 for men and women respectively). The average gross energy expenditure was 539.7 and 367.5 kcal/hr. (9.0 and 6.1 kcal/min) for the men and women respectively, but was 7.0 and 6.0 kcal/kg-hr when expressed relative to body weight, and 8.1 and 8.2 kcal/kg(LBW)-min when expressed relative to lean body weight. Thus, when body composition was considered, there were essentially no differences in the energy expenditure for males and females.", "contents": "Energy cost of circuit weight training. The metabolic cost of circuit weight training was determined in a group of 20 men and 20 women, 17 to 36 years of age, who volunteered to participate in this study. Performing 3 circuits (10 stations/circuit), using a work (30-sec) to rest (15-sec) ratio of 2:1, and a total exercise time of 22.5 min, the energy expenditure was found to be highly related to body weight (r = 0.84 and r = 0.67 for men and women respectively). The average gross energy expenditure was 539.7 and 367.5 kcal/hr. (9.0 and 6.1 kcal/min) for the men and women respectively, but was 7.0 and 6.0 kcal/kg-hr when expressed relative to body weight, and 8.1 and 8.2 kcal/kg(LBW)-min when expressed relative to lean body weight. Thus, when body composition was considered, there were essentially no differences in the energy expenditure for males and females.", "PMID": 692305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9390", "title": "Physiological alterations consequent to circuit weight training.", "content": "The efficacy of a 10-week program of circuit weight training to elicit specific physiological alterations was evaluated in a group of men (n = 16) and a group of women (n = 12), with an additional group of men (n = 10) and a group of women (n = 11) serving as controls. The circuit consisted of 10 stations performed on a Universal Gym, 3 circuits per day (approximately 22.5 min/day), 3 days/week. The subjects exercised at 40-55% of 1-RM, executing as many repetitions as possible in 30 sec on each of the lifts, followed by a 15 sec rest as the subject moved to the next station. Following the training program, the experimental groups demonstrated significant increases in lean body weight, flexed biceps girth, treadmill endurance time, VEmax (women only), Vo2max in ml/kg-min (women only), flexibility and strength. Significant decreases were found in selected skinfold measurements, and in resting heart rate (control group showed similar decreases). No change was found in body weight or in relative or absolute body fat. Generally, the women exhibited equal or greater changes when compared to the men for all variables assessed, which could be a function of their lower initial starting levels, or a more intense training program. It was concluded that circuit weight training is a good general conditioning activity, i.e., attends to more than one component of fitness.", "contents": "Physiological alterations consequent to circuit weight training. The efficacy of a 10-week program of circuit weight training to elicit specific physiological alterations was evaluated in a group of men (n = 16) and a group of women (n = 12), with an additional group of men (n = 10) and a group of women (n = 11) serving as controls. The circuit consisted of 10 stations performed on a Universal Gym, 3 circuits per day (approximately 22.5 min/day), 3 days/week. The subjects exercised at 40-55% of 1-RM, executing as many repetitions as possible in 30 sec on each of the lifts, followed by a 15 sec rest as the subject moved to the next station. Following the training program, the experimental groups demonstrated significant increases in lean body weight, flexed biceps girth, treadmill endurance time, VEmax (women only), Vo2max in ml/kg-min (women only), flexibility and strength. Significant decreases were found in selected skinfold measurements, and in resting heart rate (control group showed similar decreases). No change was found in body weight or in relative or absolute body fat. Generally, the women exhibited equal or greater changes when compared to the men for all variables assessed, which could be a function of their lower initial starting levels, or a more intense training program. It was concluded that circuit weight training is a good general conditioning activity, i.e., attends to more than one component of fitness.", "PMID": 692306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9391", "title": "Muscle glycogen depletion and lactate concentration during downhill skiing.", "content": "Skilled and unskilled skiers were studied during downhill skiing. Muscle glycogen and muscle lactate concentrations in the vastus lateralis muscle were determined following different skiing conditions. Heavy glycogen utilization was found in the groups studied during a day of skiing. The skilled and unskilled skiers differed with respect to selective glycogen depletion pattern and the skilled subjects demonstrated greater depletion of slow twitch fibers than the unskilled subjects. Lactate concentrations ranged from approximately 5-26 mmoles x kg-1 wet muscle after approximately one minute of maximal skiing. This wide range was not found to be related to the level of skiing proficiency. However, skiing with varyingly angled boots, resulting in different knee angles, did affect lactate concentration. Lactate concentration was positively correlated to individual muscle fiber composition expressed as a percent of fast twitch fibers. The results suggest more pronounced involvement of aerobic energy metabolism in skilled skiers than in unskilled skiers.", "contents": "Muscle glycogen depletion and lactate concentration during downhill skiing. Skilled and unskilled skiers were studied during downhill skiing. Muscle glycogen and muscle lactate concentrations in the vastus lateralis muscle were determined following different skiing conditions. Heavy glycogen utilization was found in the groups studied during a day of skiing. The skilled and unskilled skiers differed with respect to selective glycogen depletion pattern and the skilled subjects demonstrated greater depletion of slow twitch fibers than the unskilled subjects. Lactate concentrations ranged from approximately 5-26 mmoles x kg-1 wet muscle after approximately one minute of maximal skiing. This wide range was not found to be related to the level of skiing proficiency. However, skiing with varyingly angled boots, resulting in different knee angles, did affect lactate concentration. Lactate concentration was positively correlated to individual muscle fiber composition expressed as a percent of fast twitch fibers. The results suggest more pronounced involvement of aerobic energy metabolism in skilled skiers than in unskilled skiers.", "PMID": 692307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9392", "title": "Performance and efficiency of intercollegiate cross-country skiers.", "content": "Ten male intercollegiate cross-country skiers were studied to identify factors influencing competitive performance and to estimate the efficiency of energy expenditure in skiing. The variables examined were maximum oxygen intake, as determined by both uphill treadmill running and by maximal level skiing, physical characteristics, strength and experience in cross-country skiing and racing. Multiple regression analysis showed that racing experience, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body fat percentage were significant factors in racing success. The net mechanical efficiency at this level of competition was estimated at 21.3%.", "contents": "Performance and efficiency of intercollegiate cross-country skiers. Ten male intercollegiate cross-country skiers were studied to identify factors influencing competitive performance and to estimate the efficiency of energy expenditure in skiing. The variables examined were maximum oxygen intake, as determined by both uphill treadmill running and by maximal level skiing, physical characteristics, strength and experience in cross-country skiing and racing. Multiple regression analysis showed that racing experience, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body fat percentage were significant factors in racing success. The net mechanical efficiency at this level of competition was estimated at 21.3%.", "PMID": 692308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9393", "title": "Football fatalities in actuarial perspective.", "content": "The relative risk of death among school and college varsity football players was calculated as a replication of a statistical exercise published a decade earlier. The purpose of the original exercise had been to demonstrate the epidemiological necessities and pitfalls in using fatality data to approach the hazardousness of sport. The purpose of this replication was to examine the stability of the findings of that exercise. In 1964, football was found not to constitute an additional risk of death to its participants compared to the overall mortality rate of young males adjusted for comparability by exposure to a football season. Further, compared to the automobile-related mortality rate of this population, football was much safer. In 1974 (and 1975), the frequency of football fatalities has declined, and the respective actuarial ratios consequently remained favorable to football. Fatality data, however, have limited utility in the search for preventive practices in sport. What is needed is continuous surveillance of all significant injuries and illnesses, using epidemiological principles.", "contents": "Football fatalities in actuarial perspective. The relative risk of death among school and college varsity football players was calculated as a replication of a statistical exercise published a decade earlier. The purpose of the original exercise had been to demonstrate the epidemiological necessities and pitfalls in using fatality data to approach the hazardousness of sport. The purpose of this replication was to examine the stability of the findings of that exercise. In 1964, football was found not to constitute an additional risk of death to its participants compared to the overall mortality rate of young males adjusted for comparability by exposure to a football season. Further, compared to the automobile-related mortality rate of this population, football was much safer. In 1974 (and 1975), the frequency of football fatalities has declined, and the respective actuarial ratios consequently remained favorable to football. Fatality data, however, have limited utility in the search for preventive practices in sport. What is needed is continuous surveillance of all significant injuries and illnesses, using epidemiological principles.", "PMID": 692309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9394", "title": "Physical estimation and attraction scales: rationale and research.", "content": "Rationale, development, and validation studies for the Physical Estimation and Attraction Scales (PEAS) are dicussed. A psychological model for physical activity participation is advanced which utilizes Estimation (self-perceptions of physical ability) and Attraction (measured interest in physical activity) as mediating variables in physical ability, physical activity participation, self-esteem relationships. Tests of the model have inferred physical ability from performance at motor fitness tests, participation from paper and pencil self-reports, and self-esteem from several of the more widely used measures of general self-esteem. Conclusions developed from studying these variables in male adolescent samples are presented.", "contents": "Physical estimation and attraction scales: rationale and research. Rationale, development, and validation studies for the Physical Estimation and Attraction Scales (PEAS) are dicussed. A psychological model for physical activity participation is advanced which utilizes Estimation (self-perceptions of physical ability) and Attraction (measured interest in physical activity) as mediating variables in physical ability, physical activity participation, self-esteem relationships. Tests of the model have inferred physical ability from performance at motor fitness tests, participation from paper and pencil self-reports, and self-esteem from several of the more widely used measures of general self-esteem. Conclusions developed from studying these variables in male adolescent samples are presented.", "PMID": 692310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9395", "title": "[Resistance of medical equipment to exposure to molds].", "content": "When operating biomedical equipment and instruments in areas with tropical climate there arises danger of their microbiological damage. All pieces of equipment and instruments that have to meet requirements as to their resistance to the action of moulds are subjected to testing for mould-resistance. The paper sets forth the results of such tests and their analysis. The resistance of the equipment and instruments depends on the physical and chemical properties and on the technology of manufacture of their materials. The results of the analysis of the results obtained served as a background for recommendations as to the use of resistant materials and effecting measures raising their quality. Such measures include the choice of resistent components, biocides, additives and admixtures to materials and coatings.", "contents": "[Resistance of medical equipment to exposure to molds]. When operating biomedical equipment and instruments in areas with tropical climate there arises danger of their microbiological damage. All pieces of equipment and instruments that have to meet requirements as to their resistance to the action of moulds are subjected to testing for mould-resistance. The paper sets forth the results of such tests and their analysis. The resistance of the equipment and instruments depends on the physical and chemical properties and on the technology of manufacture of their materials. The results of the analysis of the results obtained served as a background for recommendations as to the use of resistant materials and effecting measures raising their quality. Such measures include the choice of resistent components, biocides, additives and admixtures to materials and coatings.", "PMID": 692312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9396", "title": "[Foreign medical technology at the \"Optika-77\" exhibition].", "content": "An analytical review of technical means for medico-technical investigations exposed by foreign firms at the exhibition \"Optika-77\" in Moscow suggests the following trends in the development of technical means, viz. providing the researcher with a processes, readily comprehensible information; improving the macro- and microanalysis of morphological structure of the tissues; designing and construction of new analyzers of substances; automation of functional investigations and scrutiny of substances.", "contents": "[Foreign medical technology at the \"Optika-77\" exhibition]. An analytical review of technical means for medico-technical investigations exposed by foreign firms at the exhibition \"Optika-77\" in Moscow suggests the following trends in the development of technical means, viz. providing the researcher with a processes, readily comprehensible information; improving the macro- and microanalysis of morphological structure of the tissues; designing and construction of new analyzers of substances; automation of functional investigations and scrutiny of substances.", "PMID": 692316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9397", "title": "[Standardization of methods for testing the resistance of medical equipment to mechanical stress].", "content": "The existing methods and facilities for testing biomedical equipment for vibration resistence is adopted from technical standards prepared for manufactures of radio-industry and fail to take into consideration actual operation conditions and transportation of equipment and instruments of biomedical engineering. On the ground of experience gained by testing medical equipment proposals for elaborating rules and conditions for vibration resistance testing for medical equipment are offered.", "contents": "[Standardization of methods for testing the resistance of medical equipment to mechanical stress]. The existing methods and facilities for testing biomedical equipment for vibration resistence is adopted from technical standards prepared for manufactures of radio-industry and fail to take into consideration actual operation conditions and transportation of equipment and instruments of biomedical engineering. On the ground of experience gained by testing medical equipment proposals for elaborating rules and conditions for vibration resistance testing for medical equipment are offered.", "PMID": 692317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9398", "title": "[X-ray localizer for transthoracic puncture biopsy].", "content": "A spot-centring appliance whose purpose is to guide an instrument for transthoracic puncture biopsy with maximum precision into the spector of the thoracic cavity chosen during roentgenoscopy. The X-ray locator is made up of a centring device, depth gauge and a spotting device with roentgen-contrast orientation points which ensure all the spotting and centring manipulations. The transthoracic puncture biopsy is performed outside the range of the X-ray action.", "contents": "[X-ray localizer for transthoracic puncture biopsy]. A spot-centring appliance whose purpose is to guide an instrument for transthoracic puncture biopsy with maximum precision into the spector of the thoracic cavity chosen during roentgenoscopy. The X-ray locator is made up of a centring device, depth gauge and a spotting device with roentgen-contrast orientation points which ensure all the spotting and centring manipulations. The transthoracic puncture biopsy is performed outside the range of the X-ray action.", "PMID": 692322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9399", "title": "[Determination of the permissible error of a photoelectric concentration meter for an automatic biochemical analyzer].", "content": "On the ground results derived from an analysis of metrological characteristics of the biochemical automatic unit systems and of their influence on the end-result with due regard for actual operating conditions a formula for the automatic unit error was deduced. The specificity of technical requirements to be met by automatic meters is shown and a new complex set of metrological characteristics of the concentration meter are given. At the same time permissible values for metrological characteristics of the meter satisfying medical requirements are defined. The new complex set of metrological characteristics for the biochemical automatic unit concentration meter allows it to make a change from the absolute photometric scale of the device to the one in relative units.", "contents": "[Determination of the permissible error of a photoelectric concentration meter for an automatic biochemical analyzer]. On the ground results derived from an analysis of metrological characteristics of the biochemical automatic unit systems and of their influence on the end-result with due regard for actual operating conditions a formula for the automatic unit error was deduced. The specificity of technical requirements to be met by automatic meters is shown and a new complex set of metrological characteristics of the concentration meter are given. At the same time permissible values for metrological characteristics of the meter satisfying medical requirements are defined. The new complex set of metrological characteristics for the biochemical automatic unit concentration meter allows it to make a change from the absolute photometric scale of the device to the one in relative units.", "PMID": 692331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9400", "title": "Inhibition of prolactin release by serotonin antagonists in hyperprolactinemic subjects.", "content": "Metergoline (4 mg) and methysergide (3 mg), two serotonin antagonists known to inhibit prolactin secretion in normal subjects, and the dopaminergic agonist, bromocriptine (2.5 mg) were orally administered in hyperprolactinemic patients. Mean serum prolactin concentration was significantly decreased between 120 and 240 min following the ingestion of all three drugs in comparison with a placebo; a consistent reduction to below 50% of basal values occurred in 10 of 14 patients after metergoline, in 5 of 10 after methysergide, and in 11 of 14 after bromocriptine administration. These data indicate that serotonin antagonists may acutely lower serum prolactin levels in hyperprolactinemic patients similarly to bromocriptine, though their mechanism of action is most likely different.", "contents": "Inhibition of prolactin release by serotonin antagonists in hyperprolactinemic subjects. Metergoline (4 mg) and methysergide (3 mg), two serotonin antagonists known to inhibit prolactin secretion in normal subjects, and the dopaminergic agonist, bromocriptine (2.5 mg) were orally administered in hyperprolactinemic patients. Mean serum prolactin concentration was significantly decreased between 120 and 240 min following the ingestion of all three drugs in comparison with a placebo; a consistent reduction to below 50% of basal values occurred in 10 of 14 patients after metergoline, in 5 of 10 after methysergide, and in 11 of 14 after bromocriptine administration. These data indicate that serotonin antagonists may acutely lower serum prolactin levels in hyperprolactinemic patients similarly to bromocriptine, though their mechanism of action is most likely different.", "PMID": 692379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9401", "title": "Reticuloendothelial cell dysfunction in diabetes and hyperlipidemia.", "content": "Using clearances of microaggregated iodinated human serum albumin in a serial 'stress test,' defective phagocytosis by the Kupffer cells has been demonstrated in diabetic patients with K.W. nephropathy and proliferative retinopathy. This indicates a disturbance of phagocytic cell function that has implications for the cellular pathology of microangiopathy. The effect is not due to uremia, but could be due to T3 deficiency or lipid deposition. In hypothyroidism, there is defective RES phagocytosis, and alcoholics with hyperlipidemia can have impaired clearances. Hence, patients with advanced diabetes, hypothyroidism, and some alcoholics are at risk from infection.", "contents": "Reticuloendothelial cell dysfunction in diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Using clearances of microaggregated iodinated human serum albumin in a serial 'stress test,' defective phagocytosis by the Kupffer cells has been demonstrated in diabetic patients with K.W. nephropathy and proliferative retinopathy. This indicates a disturbance of phagocytic cell function that has implications for the cellular pathology of microangiopathy. The effect is not due to uremia, but could be due to T3 deficiency or lipid deposition. In hypothyroidism, there is defective RES phagocytosis, and alcoholics with hyperlipidemia can have impaired clearances. Hence, patients with advanced diabetes, hypothyroidism, and some alcoholics are at risk from infection.", "PMID": 692380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9402", "title": "Pharmacologic profile of methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate (McN-3716)--an orally effective hypoglycemic agent.", "content": "A specific inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate (McN-3716) has been found to produce a dose dependent hypoglycemic effect when administered orally to rats, mice, and dogs. In addition to being more potent than other inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation, McN-3716 was also found to be 15--20 times more potent than tolbutamide in lowering the blood glucose of fasting rats. Furthermore, evidence is presented that McN-3716 produces hypoglycemia by a mechanism which differs from that of other oral hypoglycemic agents, the biguanides and the sulfonylureas. As predicted by the Randle glucose-fatty acid cycle, McN-3716 lowered glucose concentrations only under conditions where fatty acids were being used as the major energy substrates (fasting, diabetes, and feeding of high fat diets) but not under conditions where energy was derived mainly from carbohydrate (fed state or following hypophysectomy). Administration of McN-3716 produced a remarkable lowering of the plasma glucose and the glycosuria of depancreatized dogs but did not result in complete normalization of glucose, especially the excursions of blood glucose following feeding. It did, however, produce virtually complete reversal of the ketoacidosis of alloxan diabetic rats and depancreatized dogs without worsening the plasma lipid profile. Thus, McN-3716 may have potential utility as an oral therapeutic agent for the treatment of ketosis-prone juvenile or maturity-onset diabetes.", "contents": "Pharmacologic profile of methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate (McN-3716)--an orally effective hypoglycemic agent. A specific inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate (McN-3716) has been found to produce a dose dependent hypoglycemic effect when administered orally to rats, mice, and dogs. In addition to being more potent than other inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation, McN-3716 was also found to be 15--20 times more potent than tolbutamide in lowering the blood glucose of fasting rats. Furthermore, evidence is presented that McN-3716 produces hypoglycemia by a mechanism which differs from that of other oral hypoglycemic agents, the biguanides and the sulfonylureas. As predicted by the Randle glucose-fatty acid cycle, McN-3716 lowered glucose concentrations only under conditions where fatty acids were being used as the major energy substrates (fasting, diabetes, and feeding of high fat diets) but not under conditions where energy was derived mainly from carbohydrate (fed state or following hypophysectomy). Administration of McN-3716 produced a remarkable lowering of the plasma glucose and the glycosuria of depancreatized dogs but did not result in complete normalization of glucose, especially the excursions of blood glucose following feeding. It did, however, produce virtually complete reversal of the ketoacidosis of alloxan diabetic rats and depancreatized dogs without worsening the plasma lipid profile. Thus, McN-3716 may have potential utility as an oral therapeutic agent for the treatment of ketosis-prone juvenile or maturity-onset diabetes.", "PMID": 692381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9403", "title": "Protein-free spreading technique for the electron microscopy of DNA and chromatin.", "content": "A new protein-free technique of preparation of DNA molecules for electron microscopy is described. The technique is based on the phenomenon of formation of a thin liquid film of a high concentration buffer on the surface of the hypophase of the lower concentration buffer on depositing a droplet of the high concentration buffer on the hypophase. We found that under certain specific conditions most of all frequently used buffers form films of such a type. We have chosen an ammonium acetate buffer for the preparation of DNA molecules for electron microscopy. The diameter of the molecules prepared in compliance with the described technique ranges from 2.5 to 3 nm (according to shadow measurements made after one direction shadowing), this being in agreement with the actual diameter of DNA molecules. It is shown that for chromatin preparation Tris-HCl buffer can be used to advantage. Suitable buffers can be selected for different objects under investigation.", "contents": "Protein-free spreading technique for the electron microscopy of DNA and chromatin. A new protein-free technique of preparation of DNA molecules for electron microscopy is described. The technique is based on the phenomenon of formation of a thin liquid film of a high concentration buffer on the surface of the hypophase of the lower concentration buffer on depositing a droplet of the high concentration buffer on the hypophase. We found that under certain specific conditions most of all frequently used buffers form films of such a type. We have chosen an ammonium acetate buffer for the preparation of DNA molecules for electron microscopy. The diameter of the molecules prepared in compliance with the described technique ranges from 2.5 to 3 nm (according to shadow measurements made after one direction shadowing), this being in agreement with the actual diameter of DNA molecules. It is shown that for chromatin preparation Tris-HCl buffer can be used to advantage. Suitable buffers can be selected for different objects under investigation.", "PMID": 692440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9404", "title": "Improvements of the electrophoretic mobility test to measure lymphocyte sensitization.", "content": "The Electrophoretic Mobility (EM)-test was performed in 316 children to examine their lymphocyte sensitization to a common antigen by measuring the mobility of special indicator cells. The results indicate that this test can serve as an additional help in differential diagnosis of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Measurements in the cytopherometer were facilitated by introducing several technical modifications: 1) The original method of timing with a stopwatch was replaced by two electric watches electrically combined with the cytopherometer. Thus individual faults were reduced. The next improvement of timing at the cytopherometer consisted in the construction of an electronic controller and stopwatch in combination with a minicomputer, data print out, and tape recorder in order to get more reliable results. 2) Further automatic recording of the data is time-sparing and useful for correct evaluation of the EM-test. That can be done now directly on-line in a calculator with a program developed in our laboratory. 3) By using a television monitor for the observation of the indicator particles an additional simplification is possible.", "contents": "Improvements of the electrophoretic mobility test to measure lymphocyte sensitization. The Electrophoretic Mobility (EM)-test was performed in 316 children to examine their lymphocyte sensitization to a common antigen by measuring the mobility of special indicator cells. The results indicate that this test can serve as an additional help in differential diagnosis of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Measurements in the cytopherometer were facilitated by introducing several technical modifications: 1) The original method of timing with a stopwatch was replaced by two electric watches electrically combined with the cytopherometer. Thus individual faults were reduced. The next improvement of timing at the cytopherometer consisted in the construction of an electronic controller and stopwatch in combination with a minicomputer, data print out, and tape recorder in order to get more reliable results. 2) Further automatic recording of the data is time-sparing and useful for correct evaluation of the EM-test. That can be done now directly on-line in a calculator with a program developed in our laboratory. 3) By using a television monitor for the observation of the indicator particles an additional simplification is possible.", "PMID": 692441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9405", "title": "Acquired immunity to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Pneumonia in hamsters.", "content": "An inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine was prepared from a culture in a liquid medium supplemented with water extract of egg yolk. Vaccinated Syrian hamsters were exposed to virulent M. pneumoniae aerosol and were examined for the retention of mycoplasmas and for histopathological changes in the respiratory tracts. When a vaccine prepared with strain FH was administered intramuscularly or by inhalation in aerosol, no significant resistance was shown with respect to mycoplasma proliferation. An increased resistance, however, was observed when an aluminium phosphate-adsorbed vaccine, and when a plain vaccine (although to a lesser degree) prepared with hamster 24-passaged strain FH, was administered intramuscularly. Histopathologically, lung lesions were markedly suppressed in groups showing high resistance. A correlation between the serum antibody titer and the resistance to infection was observed. Hamsters which received a hyperimmune rabbit antiserum intracordally showed a high resistance to M. pneumoniae infection. The suppression of histopathological changes also coincided with high complement-fixing antibody titers of either actively or passively immunized hamster serum. The results suggest that humoral immunity plays an important role in resistance to M. pneumoniae pneumonia in hamsters.", "contents": "Acquired immunity to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Pneumonia in hamsters. An inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine was prepared from a culture in a liquid medium supplemented with water extract of egg yolk. Vaccinated Syrian hamsters were exposed to virulent M. pneumoniae aerosol and were examined for the retention of mycoplasmas and for histopathological changes in the respiratory tracts. When a vaccine prepared with strain FH was administered intramuscularly or by inhalation in aerosol, no significant resistance was shown with respect to mycoplasma proliferation. An increased resistance, however, was observed when an aluminium phosphate-adsorbed vaccine, and when a plain vaccine (although to a lesser degree) prepared with hamster 24-passaged strain FH, was administered intramuscularly. Histopathologically, lung lesions were markedly suppressed in groups showing high resistance. A correlation between the serum antibody titer and the resistance to infection was observed. Hamsters which received a hyperimmune rabbit antiserum intracordally showed a high resistance to M. pneumoniae infection. The suppression of histopathological changes also coincided with high complement-fixing antibody titers of either actively or passively immunized hamster serum. The results suggest that humoral immunity plays an important role in resistance to M. pneumoniae pneumonia in hamsters.", "PMID": 692461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9406", "title": "Studies on the lipid components of endotoxin. II. Chemical analyses and biological properties of neutral, polar-I and polar-II subfractions.", "content": "Lipid components obtained from Salmonella typhosa O-901 endotoxin by acid hydrolysis were separated into neutral, polar-I and polar-II lipid fractions by silica gel column chromatography. These lipids were further separated by silica gel column and/or thin-layer chromatography. The subfractions were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry. Seven subfractions obtained from the neutral lipid fraction contained lauric, myristic, palmitic, 3-OH-myristic acid, artificial products of 3-OH-myristic acid, or a small amount of two unidentified fatty acids. These fatty acids and glucosamine were commonly detected in six subfractions obtained from the polar-I lipid fraction. Fatty acids, glucosamine, and O-phosphorylethanolamine were detected in all of the 13 subfractions obtained from the polar-II lipid fraction. Chick embryo lethal activity, rabbit pyrogenicity and in vitro interferon inducing activity were found in three polar-I lipid subfractions and five polar-II lipid subfractions, but not in neutral lipids. The activities were highest in a polar-II lipid subfraction which contained smaller amounts of O-phosphorylethanolamine and glucosamine than the other subfractions. However, no particular chemical constituent(s) related to the biological activities could be found. Prolonged acid hydrolysis of the polar-II lipids gave rise to neutral and polar-I lipids. Chemical and biological aspects of the lipid constituents of endotoxin are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the lipid components of endotoxin. II. Chemical analyses and biological properties of neutral, polar-I and polar-II subfractions. Lipid components obtained from Salmonella typhosa O-901 endotoxin by acid hydrolysis were separated into neutral, polar-I and polar-II lipid fractions by silica gel column chromatography. These lipids were further separated by silica gel column and/or thin-layer chromatography. The subfractions were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry. Seven subfractions obtained from the neutral lipid fraction contained lauric, myristic, palmitic, 3-OH-myristic acid, artificial products of 3-OH-myristic acid, or a small amount of two unidentified fatty acids. These fatty acids and glucosamine were commonly detected in six subfractions obtained from the polar-I lipid fraction. Fatty acids, glucosamine, and O-phosphorylethanolamine were detected in all of the 13 subfractions obtained from the polar-II lipid fraction. Chick embryo lethal activity, rabbit pyrogenicity and in vitro interferon inducing activity were found in three polar-I lipid subfractions and five polar-II lipid subfractions, but not in neutral lipids. The activities were highest in a polar-II lipid subfraction which contained smaller amounts of O-phosphorylethanolamine and glucosamine than the other subfractions. However, no particular chemical constituent(s) related to the biological activities could be found. Prolonged acid hydrolysis of the polar-II lipids gave rise to neutral and polar-I lipids. Chemical and biological aspects of the lipid constituents of endotoxin are discussed.", "PMID": 692464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9407", "title": "Dental caries induction in experimental animals by clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans isolated from Japanese children.", "content": "Oral implantation and the cariogenic activity of clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans which had been isolated from Japanese children and labeled with streptomycin-resistance were examined in specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats. All the seven strains tested were easily implanted and persisted during the experimental period. Extensive carious lesions were produced in rats inoculated with clinical strains of S. mutans belonging to serotypes c, d, e, and f, and maintained on caries-inducing diet no. 2000. Noninfected rats did not develop dental caries when fed diet no. 2000. Type d S. mutans preferentially induced smooth surface caries in the rats. Strains of other serotypes primarily developed caries of pit and fissure origin. Caries also developed in rats inoculated with reference S. mutans strains BHTR and FAIR (type b) that had been maintained in the laboratories for many years. However, the cariogenicity of the laboratory strains was found to have decreased markedly. All three S. sanguis strains could be implanted, but only one strain induced definite fissure caries. Two S. salivarius strains could not be implanted well in the rats and therefore they were not cariogenic. Four different species of lactobacilli also failed to induce dental caries in rats subjected to similar caries test regimen on diet no. 200. S. mutans strain MT6R (type c) also induce caries in golden hamsters and ICR mice, but of variable degrees.", "contents": "Dental caries induction in experimental animals by clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans isolated from Japanese children. Oral implantation and the cariogenic activity of clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans which had been isolated from Japanese children and labeled with streptomycin-resistance were examined in specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats. All the seven strains tested were easily implanted and persisted during the experimental period. Extensive carious lesions were produced in rats inoculated with clinical strains of S. mutans belonging to serotypes c, d, e, and f, and maintained on caries-inducing diet no. 2000. Noninfected rats did not develop dental caries when fed diet no. 2000. Type d S. mutans preferentially induced smooth surface caries in the rats. Strains of other serotypes primarily developed caries of pit and fissure origin. Caries also developed in rats inoculated with reference S. mutans strains BHTR and FAIR (type b) that had been maintained in the laboratories for many years. However, the cariogenicity of the laboratory strains was found to have decreased markedly. All three S. sanguis strains could be implanted, but only one strain induced definite fissure caries. Two S. salivarius strains could not be implanted well in the rats and therefore they were not cariogenic. Four different species of lactobacilli also failed to induce dental caries in rats subjected to similar caries test regimen on diet no. 200. S. mutans strain MT6R (type c) also induce caries in golden hamsters and ICR mice, but of variable degrees.", "PMID": 692465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9408", "title": "Effects of protamine sulfate on dengue type 1 viral activities.", "content": "Protamine treatment of type 1 dengue-infected mouse brain suspension resulted in precipitation of several viral specific activities. Complement-fixation activity was almost completely precipitated by protamine. The complement-fixation components recovered in the precipitate were comparable to a non-precipitated reference dengue 1 antigen in their homologous and heterologous reactions. Dengue hemagglutinin was also precipitated by the same treatment. The precipitated hemagglutinin was resolved into three components by buoyant density centrifugation, whose densities were 1.236, 1.215, and 1.178 g/ml, respectively. Three similar HA components were detected in non-protamine treated virus preparations. In both instances the highest-titered HA fraction possessed a buoyant density of 1.21--1.22 g/ml. These HA components were tested in the hemagglutination-inhibition reaction and were proved to be virus-specific. Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation was shown to be useful for removing possible inhibitor(s) of viral specific hemagglutinin.", "contents": "Effects of protamine sulfate on dengue type 1 viral activities. Protamine treatment of type 1 dengue-infected mouse brain suspension resulted in precipitation of several viral specific activities. Complement-fixation activity was almost completely precipitated by protamine. The complement-fixation components recovered in the precipitate were comparable to a non-precipitated reference dengue 1 antigen in their homologous and heterologous reactions. Dengue hemagglutinin was also precipitated by the same treatment. The precipitated hemagglutinin was resolved into three components by buoyant density centrifugation, whose densities were 1.236, 1.215, and 1.178 g/ml, respectively. Three similar HA components were detected in non-protamine treated virus preparations. In both instances the highest-titered HA fraction possessed a buoyant density of 1.21--1.22 g/ml. These HA components were tested in the hemagglutination-inhibition reaction and were proved to be virus-specific. Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation was shown to be useful for removing possible inhibitor(s) of viral specific hemagglutinin.", "PMID": 692466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9409", "title": "[Sport and cardiac risk factors in middle age (author's transl)].", "content": "1477 employees (868 males and 609 females) were examined for cardiac risk factors. The risk factor frequency was tested in relation to the amount of physical activity. Men and women active in sports are less subject to over-weight, diabetes, high blood pressure, and pathological ECG changes than are physically inactive; males who participate in sports also smoke less. On the other hand, a connection between risk factors and different levels of physical activity on the job could not be established. The mutual relations between risk factors, physical activity, weight, and social level imply that the lower number of risk factors in those who participate in sports is due largely to their consciously healthy way of living.", "contents": "[Sport and cardiac risk factors in middle age (author's transl)]. 1477 employees (868 males and 609 females) were examined for cardiac risk factors. The risk factor frequency was tested in relation to the amount of physical activity. Men and women active in sports are less subject to over-weight, diabetes, high blood pressure, and pathological ECG changes than are physically inactive; males who participate in sports also smoke less. On the other hand, a connection between risk factors and different levels of physical activity on the job could not be established. The mutual relations between risk factors, physical activity, weight, and social level imply that the lower number of risk factors in those who participate in sports is due largely to their consciously healthy way of living.", "PMID": 692474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9410", "title": "Advances in computer-based pharmacy systems.", "content": "This paper summarizes recent advances in computer-based pharmacy information systems for both hospitalized and ambulatory patients. It discusses the clinical pharmacy applications of: pharmacokinetic modeling (which allows for the optimization of patient-specific dosage regimens); drug interaction and adverse drug therapy monitoring (to decrease therapeutic problems); intravenous additive and hyperalimentation programs (to aid in formulating complex solutions); drug usage review (to develop and utilize guidelines for appropriate prescribing); drug information services; and drug distribution systems. Administrative and management control systems are briefly described. Automated label preparation and identification of patient noncompliance with physician-directed therapy are also described. The advantages of a computerized integrated hospital information system are also discussed.", "contents": "Advances in computer-based pharmacy systems. This paper summarizes recent advances in computer-based pharmacy information systems for both hospitalized and ambulatory patients. It discusses the clinical pharmacy applications of: pharmacokinetic modeling (which allows for the optimization of patient-specific dosage regimens); drug interaction and adverse drug therapy monitoring (to decrease therapeutic problems); intravenous additive and hyperalimentation programs (to aid in formulating complex solutions); drug usage review (to develop and utilize guidelines for appropriate prescribing); drug information services; and drug distribution systems. Administrative and management control systems are briefly described. Automated label preparation and identification of patient noncompliance with physician-directed therapy are also described. The advantages of a computerized integrated hospital information system are also discussed.", "PMID": 692469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9411", "title": "[Biochemical measures in cardiac patients: an analysis of change during rehabilitation (author's transl)].", "content": "210 male patients hospitalized for cardiac rehabilitation have been studied. As a result of age matching the sample was reduced to 190 patients: 72 patients with myocardial infarction, 90 patients with functional cardiovascular diseases, and 28 patients with angina pectoris. At the beginning and at the end of the 4 to 6 week rehabilitation program total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, phosphatides, GOT, GPT, LDH, HBDH, cholinesterase, aldolase, blood sugar, creatinine, electrolytes, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukozytes, and catecholamines were measured. In addition to the statistical comparison of the three groups and their specific change patterns, effects of body weight reduction and improvement of physical fitness were analyzed. The decrease of lipids is especially associated with weight reduction, whereas the decrease of enzyme activity and electrolyte concentration is accompanied as well with weight reduction as with the improvement of physical fitness.", "contents": "[Biochemical measures in cardiac patients: an analysis of change during rehabilitation (author's transl)]. 210 male patients hospitalized for cardiac rehabilitation have been studied. As a result of age matching the sample was reduced to 190 patients: 72 patients with myocardial infarction, 90 patients with functional cardiovascular diseases, and 28 patients with angina pectoris. At the beginning and at the end of the 4 to 6 week rehabilitation program total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, phosphatides, GOT, GPT, LDH, HBDH, cholinesterase, aldolase, blood sugar, creatinine, electrolytes, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukozytes, and catecholamines were measured. In addition to the statistical comparison of the three groups and their specific change patterns, effects of body weight reduction and improvement of physical fitness were analyzed. The decrease of lipids is especially associated with weight reduction, whereas the decrease of enzyme activity and electrolyte concentration is accompanied as well with weight reduction as with the improvement of physical fitness.", "PMID": 692475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9412", "title": "Medical information system, health records, and knowledge banks.", "content": "A medical decision system with the capability to answer questions in an interactive mode to assist clinical decisions is described. The system consists of four modules: (a) clinical case history bank, (b) pooled clinical experience bank, (c) clinical knowledge band, and (d) biomedical research bank. At the human/machine interface, an encoder transforms input natural language into codes and retransforms output into natural language. If properly authorized, the physician can request his patient's files, ask for clinical experience in similar cases, ask for related textbook knowledge, or browse among related research findings or speculations. All four modules have been tested as prototypes. Multidisciplinary cooperation is needed for the implementation of a national medical information network and for the reorientation of clinical and academic medicine.", "contents": "Medical information system, health records, and knowledge banks. A medical decision system with the capability to answer questions in an interactive mode to assist clinical decisions is described. The system consists of four modules: (a) clinical case history bank, (b) pooled clinical experience bank, (c) clinical knowledge band, and (d) biomedical research bank. At the human/machine interface, an encoder transforms input natural language into codes and retransforms output into natural language. If properly authorized, the physician can request his patient's files, ask for clinical experience in similar cases, ask for related textbook knowledge, or browse among related research findings or speculations. All four modules have been tested as prototypes. Multidisciplinary cooperation is needed for the implementation of a national medical information network and for the reorientation of clinical and academic medicine.", "PMID": 692470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9413", "title": "[Syncope on swallowing (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied a 71-year-old patient with sinusbradycardia due to ingestion of food. He had a history of two syncopes at lunch. Mechanical irritation of the esophagus close to the atrium as well as insufflation of air into the stomach caused bradycardia with a heart rate of 28 per minute. Bradycardia could be suppressed with atropin given intravenously. There were no abnormal roentgenographic and pathological findings regarding the esophagus and the stomach.", "contents": "[Syncope on swallowing (author's transl)]. We studied a 71-year-old patient with sinusbradycardia due to ingestion of food. He had a history of two syncopes at lunch. Mechanical irritation of the esophagus close to the atrium as well as insufflation of air into the stomach caused bradycardia with a heart rate of 28 per minute. Bradycardia could be suppressed with atropin given intravenously. There were no abnormal roentgenographic and pathological findings regarding the esophagus and the stomach.", "PMID": 692476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9414", "title": "Computerized food service as a patient support system.", "content": "This paper compares an operations support system with an information system in the area of clinical food service. The advantages of a computerized dietary system over a manual system are discussed. A flexible, data-independent information system facilitates inventory and production control and extends the benefits of nutritional analysis to more patients. Health professionals are freed from routine clerical duties, and labor costs are minimized through use of the system.", "contents": "Computerized food service as a patient support system. This paper compares an operations support system with an information system in the area of clinical food service. The advantages of a computerized dietary system over a manual system are discussed. A flexible, data-independent information system facilitates inventory and production control and extends the benefits of nutritional analysis to more patients. Health professionals are freed from routine clerical duties, and labor costs are minimized through use of the system.", "PMID": 692468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9415", "title": "[Clinical experiences with holoxan within the framework of sequential combination therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "153 patients with inoperable malignant tumors were treated by the so-called synchronization therapy with vincristine and ifosfamide. 13 complete remissions (8.5%) and 47 partial remissions (30.7%) were obtained. 5 times cessation of tumor growth occurred (3.3%). In 88 cases the therapy failed (57.5%), but in 11 cases a subjective improvement was noted. The most favourable results of treatment were obtained in cases of malignant lymphoma, small cell carcinoma of the lung and testicular carcinomas. Although the duration of remission was short in most cases, it could be demonstrated, that a targeted polychemotherapy is possible using the proliferation kinetic data in addition to the knowledge of the cell-phase-specific effect of cytostatic drugs. This therapy can succeed in causing a tumor regression even in metastatic carcinomas.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with holoxan within the framework of sequential combination therapy (author's transl)]. 153 patients with inoperable malignant tumors were treated by the so-called synchronization therapy with vincristine and ifosfamide. 13 complete remissions (8.5%) and 47 partial remissions (30.7%) were obtained. 5 times cessation of tumor growth occurred (3.3%). In 88 cases the therapy failed (57.5%), but in 11 cases a subjective improvement was noted. The most favourable results of treatment were obtained in cases of malignant lymphoma, small cell carcinoma of the lung and testicular carcinomas. Although the duration of remission was short in most cases, it could be demonstrated, that a targeted polychemotherapy is possible using the proliferation kinetic data in addition to the knowledge of the cell-phase-specific effect of cytostatic drugs. This therapy can succeed in causing a tumor regression even in metastatic carcinomas.", "PMID": 692477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9416", "title": "[Ureteral obstruction from metastases of a primary intestinal malignoma (author's transl)].", "content": "As of two own cases the authors refer about ureteral obstructions by paraureteral metastases of primary cancer within the intestinum. Diagnostic procedures within the digestive tract are strongly recommended, if within the urogenital region the etiology remains unclear. As often a causal therapy is not possible any more, recommendations for palliative urological procedures are given.", "contents": "[Ureteral obstruction from metastases of a primary intestinal malignoma (author's transl)]. As of two own cases the authors refer about ureteral obstructions by paraureteral metastases of primary cancer within the intestinum. Diagnostic procedures within the digestive tract are strongly recommended, if within the urogenital region the etiology remains unclear. As often a causal therapy is not possible any more, recommendations for palliative urological procedures are given.", "PMID": 692478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9417", "title": "Method for respiratory sound analysis.", "content": "A system is described for the analysis of respiratory sounds by means of a dual-channel sound envelope detector and a real-time spectrum analyzer. A three-dimensional spectral analyzer display for frequency, amplitude, and time has been utilized. Respiratory sounds have been observed with intensities up to 0.5 N/m2 and with normal frequencies in the range of 0 to 1.5 kHz. This system can extract useful information from the sounds of respiration, information which is not available by conventional auscultation.", "contents": "Method for respiratory sound analysis. A system is described for the analysis of respiratory sounds by means of a dual-channel sound envelope detector and a real-time spectrum analyzer. A three-dimensional spectral analyzer display for frequency, amplitude, and time has been utilized. Respiratory sounds have been observed with intensities up to 0.5 N/m2 and with normal frequencies in the range of 0 to 1.5 kHz. This system can extract useful information from the sounds of respiration, information which is not available by conventional auscultation.", "PMID": 692471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9418", "title": "Bovine coccidiosis. A review, including field safety studies with decoquinate for prevention.", "content": "Decoquinate (Deccox: Hess  & Clark) has been demonstrated in in-house and university studies to be an active coccidiostat when fed daily at 0.5 mg/kg body weight during periods of oocyst exposure, or when experience indicates coccidiosis is likely to be a hazard. For prevention, feeding should be continued for at least 28 days. In 6 feedlot trials with 1993 cattle in 5 geographic areas, decoquinate fed at this level for 90-120 days had no adverse effects. In 5 of these trials, treated cattle had equal or slightly improved average daily gains and feed conversion by comparison with controls.", "contents": "Bovine coccidiosis. A review, including field safety studies with decoquinate for prevention. Decoquinate (Deccox: Hess  & Clark) has been demonstrated in in-house and university studies to be an active coccidiostat when fed daily at 0.5 mg/kg body weight during periods of oocyst exposure, or when experience indicates coccidiosis is likely to be a hazard. For prevention, feeding should be continued for at least 28 days. In 6 feedlot trials with 1993 cattle in 5 geographic areas, decoquinate fed at this level for 90-120 days had no adverse effects. In 5 of these trials, treated cattle had equal or slightly improved average daily gains and feed conversion by comparison with controls.", "PMID": 692518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9419", "title": "[Hospital acquired infections in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of hospital-accquired infections in children as given in the literature varies between 0.3%--25%. The most frequent infections are those of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, skin, wounds, gastrointestinal tract, or septicemia, and meningitis, caused by staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, pseudomonas, proteus, fungi or virus. Besides the identification of the type of infectious agent it is most important for the prevention and therapy of hospital-acquired infections to wash and desinfect hands, to isolate affected children, especially those with low resistance, employment of trained staff, improvement of special nursing techniques, repeated training and motivation of staff personal, and the critical use of antibiotics.", "contents": "[Hospital acquired infections in children (author's transl)]. The incidence of hospital-accquired infections in children as given in the literature varies between 0.3%--25%. The most frequent infections are those of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, skin, wounds, gastrointestinal tract, or septicemia, and meningitis, caused by staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, pseudomonas, proteus, fungi or virus. Besides the identification of the type of infectious agent it is most important for the prevention and therapy of hospital-acquired infections to wash and desinfect hands, to isolate affected children, especially those with low resistance, employment of trained staff, improvement of special nursing techniques, repeated training and motivation of staff personal, and the critical use of antibiotics.", "PMID": 692524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9420", "title": "[On the calculation of the volume deficit in hypertonic dehydration (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been suggested in the literature than volume deficit in hypertonic dehydration can be calculated from actual osmolarity. But for an accurate estimation of volume deficit a number of factors must be given. The initial concentration and the loss of substance during the development of dehydration must be known, the distribution of the substance within the compartment must be homogeneous, and no shift between dissolved and undissolved compartments is allowed. For the osmotically active substances the second and the forth condition are not satisfied. Therefore, the calculation of volume deficit, based on actual osmolarity, can induce an error from 40 ml to as much as 100 ml per kg body weight.", "contents": "[On the calculation of the volume deficit in hypertonic dehydration (author's transl)]. It has been suggested in the literature than volume deficit in hypertonic dehydration can be calculated from actual osmolarity. But for an accurate estimation of volume deficit a number of factors must be given. The initial concentration and the loss of substance during the development of dehydration must be known, the distribution of the substance within the compartment must be homogeneous, and no shift between dissolved and undissolved compartments is allowed. For the osmotically active substances the second and the forth condition are not satisfied. Therefore, the calculation of volume deficit, based on actual osmolarity, can induce an error from 40 ml to as much as 100 ml per kg body weight.", "PMID": 692525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9421", "title": "[Intestinal lymphangiectasia in exudative enteropathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedures in a 12 1/2 years old girl with protein-losing enteropathy due to intestinal lymphangiectasia are reported. The child had suffered from intestinal protein loss, hypoproteinemia, hypocalcemia and lymphocytopenia. Dietary fat reduction and medium chain triglyceride formula diet made all the symptoms disappear.", "contents": "[Intestinal lymphangiectasia in exudative enteropathy (author's transl)]. Clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedures in a 12 1/2 years old girl with protein-losing enteropathy due to intestinal lymphangiectasia are reported. The child had suffered from intestinal protein loss, hypoproteinemia, hypocalcemia and lymphocytopenia. Dietary fat reduction and medium chain triglyceride formula diet made all the symptoms disappear.", "PMID": 692526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9422", "title": "[The EEC-syndrome. Case report and some suggestions about its pathogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical data of a boy with ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip and palate (EEC-syndrome) are presented. Until now about 80 case histories with this syndrome have been published, 30 of them having all 3 symptoms. The combination of defects in rather different organs of ectodermal as well as mesodermal origin is difficult to understand. Changes in ectodermal tissues may well be the key factor in explaining the pathogenesis of this syndrome. This is supported by evidence gained by ontogenetical research with animals.", "contents": "[The EEC-syndrome. Case report and some suggestions about its pathogenesis (author's transl)]. The clinical data of a boy with ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip and palate (EEC-syndrome) are presented. Until now about 80 case histories with this syndrome have been published, 30 of them having all 3 symptoms. The combination of defects in rather different organs of ectodermal as well as mesodermal origin is difficult to understand. Changes in ectodermal tissues may well be the key factor in explaining the pathogenesis of this syndrome. This is supported by evidence gained by ontogenetical research with animals.", "PMID": 692527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9423", "title": "Gamma-ray-induced dominant mutations that cause skeletal abnormalities in mice. II. Description of proved mutations.", "content": "In a mutation-rate experiment described earlier, 31 dominant skeletal mutations were confirmed by breeding tests. Skeletal abnormalities were detected in the skeletons of some of the sons of irradiated males, and for 31 of these sons the study of skeletons in subsequent generations showed that they transmitted abnormalities. The detailed descriptions of these mutations, together with descriptions of 6 presumed mutations found in a later paper, provide the basis for determining which mutations cause effects that would, if they occurred in humans, cause a serious handicap. Such a determination is necessary before these data can be used to estimate genetic hazard to humans. Furthermore, these descriptions of syndromes caused by individual dominant mutations should be useful to clinicians interested in skeletal defects. The statistical analysis of the frequency of each abnormality in the mutant line versus an approximation of the frequency of the malformation in the absence of new mutations is essential to be sure that a mutation is indeed the cause of each abnormality. These analyses, together with analyses of the correlation of abnormalities caused by individual mutations, clearly demonstrate that dominant mutations exhibit low penetrance for many of their effects. A few of the mutations also cause the death of some heterozygotes. No externally visible effects have been detected in heterozygotes for most of these mutations. Externally visible effects found in some of the heterozygotes for a few of the mutations include hydrocephalus, circling behavior, increased nervous activity, gray coat color, webbing of digits, and small size. Two coat-color mutations were found that caused no detected skeletal abnormalities. The data suggest that a few of the mutations may be reciprocal translocations. In most of the mutant lines tested cytologically, however, there was no indication of chromosomal aberrations.", "contents": "Gamma-ray-induced dominant mutations that cause skeletal abnormalities in mice. II. Description of proved mutations. In a mutation-rate experiment described earlier, 31 dominant skeletal mutations were confirmed by breeding tests. Skeletal abnormalities were detected in the skeletons of some of the sons of irradiated males, and for 31 of these sons the study of skeletons in subsequent generations showed that they transmitted abnormalities. The detailed descriptions of these mutations, together with descriptions of 6 presumed mutations found in a later paper, provide the basis for determining which mutations cause effects that would, if they occurred in humans, cause a serious handicap. Such a determination is necessary before these data can be used to estimate genetic hazard to humans. Furthermore, these descriptions of syndromes caused by individual dominant mutations should be useful to clinicians interested in skeletal defects. The statistical analysis of the frequency of each abnormality in the mutant line versus an approximation of the frequency of the malformation in the absence of new mutations is essential to be sure that a mutation is indeed the cause of each abnormality. These analyses, together with analyses of the correlation of abnormalities caused by individual mutations, clearly demonstrate that dominant mutations exhibit low penetrance for many of their effects. A few of the mutations also cause the death of some heterozygotes. No externally visible effects have been detected in heterozygotes for most of these mutations. Externally visible effects found in some of the heterozygotes for a few of the mutations include hydrocephalus, circling behavior, increased nervous activity, gray coat color, webbing of digits, and small size. Two coat-color mutations were found that caused no detected skeletal abnormalities. The data suggest that a few of the mutations may be reciprocal translocations. In most of the mutant lines tested cytologically, however, there was no indication of chromosomal aberrations.", "PMID": 692541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9424", "title": "Mutation to ouabain-resistance in Chinese hamster cells: induction by ethyl methanesulphonate and lack of induction by ionising radiation.", "content": "The spontaneous frequency of mutants resistant to growth inhibition by ouabain (OUAR mutants) was found to be about 5:10(-5) per viable cell in uncloned cultures of Chinese hamster V79-4 cells. In freshly-isolated clones or cultures started from a few cells this frequency was initially reduced to about 1.10(-6) in 1 mM ouabain. No increase in the frequency of OUAR mutants was found in cultures treated with gamma-rays despite exploration of such variables as radiation dose, ouabain concentration, post-treatment interval before selection, cell density in selective medium, and clonal state of the cells at the time of adding ouabain (in situ vs. respreading method). A similar negative result was found for accelerated helium ions, for which the mutagenic effectiveness per unit dose has been shown to be about 10 times higher than gamma-rays for the induction of thioguanine-resistant mutants in these cells. Some evidence was found for an interaction between cellular radiation damage and ouabain-resistance, which may lead to a reduction in the survival of OUAR mutants in irradiated populations, but this damage seemed insufficient to account for inability to detect radiation-induced OUAR mutants. Reproducibly large increases in the frequency of OUAR mutants were found in cultures treated with various concentrations of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) by respreading cells in 1 mM ouabain for up to 8 days after EMS treatment. The concentration-OUAR mutant induction curve was approximately linear with low EMS concentrations. Recent evidence is reviewed in support of the suggestion, made in earlier studies, that ionising radiation is unable to induce OUAR mutants because of the severity of the genetic damage it causes.", "contents": "Mutation to ouabain-resistance in Chinese hamster cells: induction by ethyl methanesulphonate and lack of induction by ionising radiation. The spontaneous frequency of mutants resistant to growth inhibition by ouabain (OUAR mutants) was found to be about 5:10(-5) per viable cell in uncloned cultures of Chinese hamster V79-4 cells. In freshly-isolated clones or cultures started from a few cells this frequency was initially reduced to about 1.10(-6) in 1 mM ouabain. No increase in the frequency of OUAR mutants was found in cultures treated with gamma-rays despite exploration of such variables as radiation dose, ouabain concentration, post-treatment interval before selection, cell density in selective medium, and clonal state of the cells at the time of adding ouabain (in situ vs. respreading method). A similar negative result was found for accelerated helium ions, for which the mutagenic effectiveness per unit dose has been shown to be about 10 times higher than gamma-rays for the induction of thioguanine-resistant mutants in these cells. Some evidence was found for an interaction between cellular radiation damage and ouabain-resistance, which may lead to a reduction in the survival of OUAR mutants in irradiated populations, but this damage seemed insufficient to account for inability to detect radiation-induced OUAR mutants. Reproducibly large increases in the frequency of OUAR mutants were found in cultures treated with various concentrations of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) by respreading cells in 1 mM ouabain for up to 8 days after EMS treatment. The concentration-OUAR mutant induction curve was approximately linear with low EMS concentrations. Recent evidence is reviewed in support of the suggestion, made in earlier studies, that ionising radiation is unable to induce OUAR mutants because of the severity of the genetic damage it causes.", "PMID": 692542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9425", "title": "[Effect of pinocembrin on the course of experimental candida infections in mice].", "content": "Pinocembrin (5,7-dihydroxy-flavanon)--a component of the bee product propolis--was tested for its in vivo activity against Candida albicans in mice. It was shown that the intravenous infection of AB-Jena mice with 2.5 X 10(5) Candida albicans cells was a very suitable model. Despite of treatment with pinocembrin at daily doses of 100 mg/kg body weight the animals as well as the controls died between the 6th and 24th day after beginning. On the other hand the animals treated with 5 mg/kg amphotericin B survived the test-period of 30 days. The question of effectiveness of pinocembrin in vivo should be cleared up in further pharmacokinetic investigations.", "contents": "[Effect of pinocembrin on the course of experimental candida infections in mice]. Pinocembrin (5,7-dihydroxy-flavanon)--a component of the bee product propolis--was tested for its in vivo activity against Candida albicans in mice. It was shown that the intravenous infection of AB-Jena mice with 2.5 X 10(5) Candida albicans cells was a very suitable model. Despite of treatment with pinocembrin at daily doses of 100 mg/kg body weight the animals as well as the controls died between the 6th and 24th day after beginning. On the other hand the animals treated with 5 mg/kg amphotericin B survived the test-period of 30 days. The question of effectiveness of pinocembrin in vivo should be cleared up in further pharmacokinetic investigations.", "PMID": 692545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9426", "title": "[The formation of immunoglobulins A, G, M and E in dermatomycoses].", "content": "According to current concepts in the first place T-lymphocytes have an important part in the defense mechanism against dermatomycosis. This theory is strengthened by investigations in which we were not able to demonstrate an increase of the immunoglobulins A, G and M in 36 patients suffering from this disease. To gather further information we determined the values of the immunoglobulin E in 16 cases of dermatomycosis. Taking into account a larger variation of the normal value in healthy persons, we found in at least 3 cases an increased amount of IgE. As we observe now and then an immediate reaction of Type I (according to COOMBS and GELL) after intracutaneous injection of trichophytin, it appears that IgE plays a role in certain fungal infections of the skin.", "contents": "[The formation of immunoglobulins A, G, M and E in dermatomycoses]. According to current concepts in the first place T-lymphocytes have an important part in the defense mechanism against dermatomycosis. This theory is strengthened by investigations in which we were not able to demonstrate an increase of the immunoglobulins A, G and M in 36 patients suffering from this disease. To gather further information we determined the values of the immunoglobulin E in 16 cases of dermatomycosis. Taking into account a larger variation of the normal value in healthy persons, we found in at least 3 cases an increased amount of IgE. As we observe now and then an immediate reaction of Type I (according to COOMBS and GELL) after intracutaneous injection of trichophytin, it appears that IgE plays a role in certain fungal infections of the skin.", "PMID": 692546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9427", "title": "The repetitive ventricular response in man. A predictor of sudden death.", "content": "We examined the value of cardiac pacing for assessing ventricular electrical instability and for predicting ventricular tachycardia and sudden death in 50 patients with refractory symptomatic ventricular tachycardia, 12 normal patients, and 48 survivors of a recent myocardial infarction. The repetitive ventricular response (two or more ventricular premature beats produced by a single ventricular pacing stimulus during control of heart rate with atrial pacing) was absent in all 12 normal patients but was present in 44 of the 50 patients (88 per cent) with recurrent ventricular tachycardia (P less than 0.001). Of the 48 survivors of myocardial infarction, 19 had repetitive ventricular responses. During the next 12 months 15 of these patients (79 per cent) had symptomatic ventricular tachycardia or sudden death, or both, as compared with four of 29 patients (14 per cent) who did not have repetitive ventricular responses (P less than 0.001). The repetitive ventricular response identifies patients with life-threatening ventricular instability, but it is still an investigational technic that should be used only with due precautions.", "contents": "The repetitive ventricular response in man. A predictor of sudden death. We examined the value of cardiac pacing for assessing ventricular electrical instability and for predicting ventricular tachycardia and sudden death in 50 patients with refractory symptomatic ventricular tachycardia, 12 normal patients, and 48 survivors of a recent myocardial infarction. The repetitive ventricular response (two or more ventricular premature beats produced by a single ventricular pacing stimulus during control of heart rate with atrial pacing) was absent in all 12 normal patients but was present in 44 of the 50 patients (88 per cent) with recurrent ventricular tachycardia (P less than 0.001). Of the 48 survivors of myocardial infarction, 19 had repetitive ventricular responses. During the next 12 months 15 of these patients (79 per cent) had symptomatic ventricular tachycardia or sudden death, or both, as compared with four of 29 patients (14 per cent) who did not have repetitive ventricular responses (P less than 0.001). The repetitive ventricular response identifies patients with life-threatening ventricular instability, but it is still an investigational technic that should be used only with due precautions.", "PMID": 692547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9428", "title": "Increased absenteeism from work after detection and labeling of hypertensive patients.", "content": "A study of hypertension in an industrial setting allowed us to confirm and explore an earlier retrospective finding that the labeling of patients as hypertensive resulted in increased absenteeism from work. After screening and referral, we found that absenteeism rose (mean +/- 1 S.E.) 5.2 +/- 2.3 days per year (P less than 0.025); this 80 per cent increase greatly exceeded the 9 per cent rise in absenteeism in the general employee population during this period. The main factors associated with increased absenteeism were becoming aware of the condition (P less than 0.01) and low compliance with treatment (P less than 0.001). Subsequent absenteeism among patients unaware of their hypertension before screening was not related to the degree of hypertension, whether the worker was started on therapy, the degree of blood-pressure control achieved or exposure to attempts to promote compliance. These results have major implications for hypertension screening programs, especially since absenteeism rose among those previously unaware of their condition, regardless of whether antihypertensive therapy was begun.", "contents": "Increased absenteeism from work after detection and labeling of hypertensive patients. A study of hypertension in an industrial setting allowed us to confirm and explore an earlier retrospective finding that the labeling of patients as hypertensive resulted in increased absenteeism from work. After screening and referral, we found that absenteeism rose (mean +/- 1 S.E.) 5.2 +/- 2.3 days per year (P less than 0.025); this 80 per cent increase greatly exceeded the 9 per cent rise in absenteeism in the general employee population during this period. The main factors associated with increased absenteeism were becoming aware of the condition (P less than 0.01) and low compliance with treatment (P less than 0.001). Subsequent absenteeism among patients unaware of their hypertension before screening was not related to the degree of hypertension, whether the worker was started on therapy, the degree of blood-pressure control achieved or exposure to attempts to promote compliance. These results have major implications for hypertension screening programs, especially since absenteeism rose among those previously unaware of their condition, regardless of whether antihypertensive therapy was begun.", "PMID": 692548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9429", "title": "Foreign medical graduates and the issue of substantial disruption of medical services.", "content": "Provisions of the 1976 Health Professions Educational Assistance Act may result in a substantial disruption of medical services provided by foreign medical graduates in United States residency training programs. Estimates of the effect of the Act indicate that between one third and two thirds of foreign graduates receiving visas annually will not qualify for admission, under the new provisions. Results of a recent study show, furthermore, that foreign medical graduates constitute a majority of the residents in 23 per cent of the hospitals with residency programs. Transition to a decreased dependence on foreign graduates may be facilitated through the waiver of two provisions relating to exchange visitors. Projected numbers of United States medical graduates and citizens receiving medical education abroad will not be enough to fill the gap created by the ultimate reduction in alien physicians. United States residency programs will have to develop alternative sources of residents to continue operating at current levels.", "contents": "Foreign medical graduates and the issue of substantial disruption of medical services. Provisions of the 1976 Health Professions Educational Assistance Act may result in a substantial disruption of medical services provided by foreign medical graduates in United States residency training programs. Estimates of the effect of the Act indicate that between one third and two thirds of foreign graduates receiving visas annually will not qualify for admission, under the new provisions. Results of a recent study show, furthermore, that foreign medical graduates constitute a majority of the residents in 23 per cent of the hospitals with residency programs. Transition to a decreased dependence on foreign graduates may be facilitated through the waiver of two provisions relating to exchange visitors. Projected numbers of United States medical graduates and citizens receiving medical education abroad will not be enough to fill the gap created by the ultimate reduction in alien physicians. United States residency programs will have to develop alternative sources of residents to continue operating at current levels.", "PMID": 692549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9430", "title": "The relation of product formulation to absorption of oral theophylline.", "content": "To assess the potential for therapeutic problems related to the bioavailability of oral theophylline preparations, we examined the rate and extent of absorption for various formulations in adult volunteers. Absorption of theophylline from a solution or from uncoated tablets was rapid and complete. Three of six sustained-release formulations were more slowly, but still completely and consistently, absorbed. Absorption of the other three sustained-release formulations appeared to be more erratic and less complete. Serum concentration-time curves during multiple eight-hour dosing were simulated for the bioavailable preparations. With three sustained-release formulations it was predicted that fluctuations in serum theophylline concentrations between doses would decrease, as compared with uncoated tablets, to a clinically important extent, particularly in children, in whom elimination of theophylline is generally rapid.", "contents": "The relation of product formulation to absorption of oral theophylline. To assess the potential for therapeutic problems related to the bioavailability of oral theophylline preparations, we examined the rate and extent of absorption for various formulations in adult volunteers. Absorption of theophylline from a solution or from uncoated tablets was rapid and complete. Three of six sustained-release formulations were more slowly, but still completely and consistently, absorbed. Absorption of the other three sustained-release formulations appeared to be more erratic and less complete. Serum concentration-time curves during multiple eight-hour dosing were simulated for the bioavailable preparations. With three sustained-release formulations it was predicted that fluctuations in serum theophylline concentrations between doses would decrease, as compared with uncoated tablets, to a clinically important extent, particularly in children, in whom elimination of theophylline is generally rapid.", "PMID": 692577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9431", "title": "Performance of United States citizens with foreign medical education on standardized medical examinations.", "content": "To enter the mainstream of American medicine, United States students who enroll in foreign medical schools must either transfer to a United States medical school (usually after passing Part I of the NMBE examination) or complete their studies abroad and then pass FLEX and usually ECFMG examinations. Half those applying for transfer fail Part I. Although virtually all who succeed in transferring subsequently pass Parts II and III, their scores are below the mean of the reference group, and their relative performance progressively deteriorates. Sixty per cent of USFMG's fail the medical portion of the ECFMG examination as compared to an expected failure rate for United States medical students of only 2 to 3 per cent. Thirty-eight per cent of USFMG's who take both ECFMG and FLEX examinations fail the latter. The mean weighted score for USFMG's on FLEX is 75.8, while that for United States graduates is 80.1 and for FMG's 74.7. These preliminary data suggest that United States students who go abroad, regardless of where they complete their studies, do not perform as well on standard tests after they return home as do those who have had their entire education in United States schools. This question needs more systematic study.", "contents": "Performance of United States citizens with foreign medical education on standardized medical examinations. To enter the mainstream of American medicine, United States students who enroll in foreign medical schools must either transfer to a United States medical school (usually after passing Part I of the NMBE examination) or complete their studies abroad and then pass FLEX and usually ECFMG examinations. Half those applying for transfer fail Part I. Although virtually all who succeed in transferring subsequently pass Parts II and III, their scores are below the mean of the reference group, and their relative performance progressively deteriorates. Sixty per cent of USFMG's fail the medical portion of the ECFMG examination as compared to an expected failure rate for United States medical students of only 2 to 3 per cent. Thirty-eight per cent of USFMG's who take both ECFMG and FLEX examinations fail the latter. The mean weighted score for USFMG's on FLEX is 75.8, while that for United States graduates is 80.1 and for FMG's 74.7. These preliminary data suggest that United States students who go abroad, regardless of where they complete their studies, do not perform as well on standard tests after they return home as do those who have had their entire education in United States schools. This question needs more systematic study.", "PMID": 692578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9432", "title": "Genetic mapping of the 21-hydroxylase-deficiency gene within the HLA linkage group.", "content": "To document further the proposed genetic linkage between congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and HLA, 34 unrelated families from New York and Zurich, with a total of 48 patients, 48 siblings and their parents, were studied. All patients were HLA genotypically different from the healthy sibs; when two or more children were affected in the same sibship they were always HLA-B identical. The gene for 21-hydroxylase deficiency was separated by genetic recombination from the HLA-A locus and from the locus for glyoxalase I-polymorphism. No HLA-A, HLA-B or HLA-C antigen was selectively increased among the 34 unrelated patients. Lod-score analysis for HLA-B:21-hydroxylase deficiency gave a peak for theta approximately 0.00 at 5.20 for females and 4.30 for males, giving a total peak lod score of 9.5 at theta approximately 0.00 when male and female lod scores were combined. Close genetic linkage between HLA-B and 21-hydroxylase deficiency was thus established.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of the 21-hydroxylase-deficiency gene within the HLA linkage group. To document further the proposed genetic linkage between congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and HLA, 34 unrelated families from New York and Zurich, with a total of 48 patients, 48 siblings and their parents, were studied. All patients were HLA genotypically different from the healthy sibs; when two or more children were affected in the same sibship they were always HLA-B identical. The gene for 21-hydroxylase deficiency was separated by genetic recombination from the HLA-A locus and from the locus for glyoxalase I-polymorphism. No HLA-A, HLA-B or HLA-C antigen was selectively increased among the 34 unrelated patients. Lod-score analysis for HLA-B:21-hydroxylase deficiency gave a peak for theta approximately 0.00 at 5.20 for females and 4.30 for males, giving a total peak lod score of 9.5 at theta approximately 0.00 when male and female lod scores were combined. Close genetic linkage between HLA-B and 21-hydroxylase deficiency was thus established.", "PMID": 692595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9433", "title": "Increased glomerular filtration rate in patients with major burns and its effect on the pharmacokinetics of tobramycin.", "content": "The clearance of endogenous creatinine in 20 burned patients, measured between the fourth and the 35th post-burn day, was a mean (+/- S.D.) of 172.1 p 48.4 ml per minute per 1.73 m2; in eight normal subjects the mean value was 125.4 g- 10.4 (P less than 0.02). Thirteen patients had values more than 2 S.D. above the normal mean. We confirmed this rise in glomerular filtration rate by measuring inulin or iothalamate clearance in nine patients. The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin were studied in 11 of the 20 patients and in eight normal subjects receiving continuous intravenous infusions of the drug. An inverse correlation was found between plasma half-life of the drug and creatinine clearance (r = 0.68, P less than 0.01). Increased creatinine clearances and shortened half-life of tobramycin occurred mainly in younger patients. Glomerular filtration rates in burned patients may rise to very high values and can be validly measured by creatinine clearance. The plasma half-lives of drugs with predominantly urinary excretion may decrease in patients with burns.", "contents": "Increased glomerular filtration rate in patients with major burns and its effect on the pharmacokinetics of tobramycin. The clearance of endogenous creatinine in 20 burned patients, measured between the fourth and the 35th post-burn day, was a mean (+/- S.D.) of 172.1 p 48.4 ml per minute per 1.73 m2; in eight normal subjects the mean value was 125.4 g- 10.4 (P less than 0.02). Thirteen patients had values more than 2 S.D. above the normal mean. We confirmed this rise in glomerular filtration rate by measuring inulin or iothalamate clearance in nine patients. The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin were studied in 11 of the 20 patients and in eight normal subjects receiving continuous intravenous infusions of the drug. An inverse correlation was found between plasma half-life of the drug and creatinine clearance (r = 0.68, P less than 0.01). Increased creatinine clearances and shortened half-life of tobramycin occurred mainly in younger patients. Glomerular filtration rates in burned patients may rise to very high values and can be validly measured by creatinine clearance. The plasma half-lives of drugs with predominantly urinary excretion may decrease in patients with burns.", "PMID": 692596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9434", "title": "Transient hyperammonemia of the preterm infant.", "content": "We report on five preterm infants (34 to 36 weeks' gestation) in whom an overwhelming illness developed within the first 48 hours of life. Each had mild respiratory distress that progressed within 48 hours to deep coma requiring ventilatory assistance. Ammonia concentrations in the plasma ranged from 844 to 7640 microgram per deciliter. Four received exchange transfusion and peritoneal dialysis; ammonia values returned to the normal range (less than 150 mug per deciliter) within 72 hours and remained there even after protein challenge. These four subsequently fed and developed normally. The fifth infant died without an attempt to lower plasma ammonia. In this infant (and two of the others) urea-cycle enzymes measured in liver tissue were in the normal range. Transient hyperammonemia of unknown cause may be a relatively common variety of neonatal hyperammonemia; it responds well to prompt diagnosis and aggressive therapy.", "contents": "Transient hyperammonemia of the preterm infant. We report on five preterm infants (34 to 36 weeks' gestation) in whom an overwhelming illness developed within the first 48 hours of life. Each had mild respiratory distress that progressed within 48 hours to deep coma requiring ventilatory assistance. Ammonia concentrations in the plasma ranged from 844 to 7640 microgram per deciliter. Four received exchange transfusion and peritoneal dialysis; ammonia values returned to the normal range (less than 150 mug per deciliter) within 72 hours and remained there even after protein challenge. These four subsequently fed and developed normally. The fifth infant died without an attempt to lower plasma ammonia. In this infant (and two of the others) urea-cycle enzymes measured in liver tissue were in the normal range. Transient hyperammonemia of unknown cause may be a relatively common variety of neonatal hyperammonemia; it responds well to prompt diagnosis and aggressive therapy.", "PMID": 692597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9435", "title": "Problems of spectrum and bias in evaluating the efficacy of diagnostic tests.", "content": "To determine why many diagnostic tests have proved to be valueless after optimistic introduction into medical practice, we reviewed a series of investigations and identified two major problems that can cause erroneous statistical results for the \"sensitivity\" and \"specificity\" indexes of diagnostic efficacy. Unless an appropriately broad spectrum is chosen for the diseased and nondiseased patients who comprise the study population, the diagnostic test may receive falsely high values for its \"rule-in\" and \"rule-out\" performances. Unless the interpretation of the test and the establishment of the true diagnosis are done independently, bias may falsely elevate the test's efficacy. Avoidance of these problems might have prevented the early optimism and subsequent disillusionment with the diagnostic value of two selected examples: the carcinoembryonic antigen and nitro-blue tetrazolium tests.", "contents": "Problems of spectrum and bias in evaluating the efficacy of diagnostic tests. To determine why many diagnostic tests have proved to be valueless after optimistic introduction into medical practice, we reviewed a series of investigations and identified two major problems that can cause erroneous statistical results for the \"sensitivity\" and \"specificity\" indexes of diagnostic efficacy. Unless an appropriately broad spectrum is chosen for the diseased and nondiseased patients who comprise the study population, the diagnostic test may receive falsely high values for its \"rule-in\" and \"rule-out\" performances. Unless the interpretation of the test and the establishment of the true diagnosis are done independently, bias may falsely elevate the test's efficacy. Avoidance of these problems might have prevented the early optimism and subsequent disillusionment with the diagnostic value of two selected examples: the carcinoembryonic antigen and nitro-blue tetrazolium tests.", "PMID": 692598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9436", "title": "Natural history of familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: effect of a program for early diagnosis.", "content": "To detect familial medullary thyroid carcinoma in a premetastatic stage, we administered tests provocative of calcitonin secretion (infusion of calcium or pentagastrin or both) each year for seven years to members of a pedigree now numbering 107. Since 1970, 21 patients converted from normal to abnormal secretory responses (two separate tests in which calcitonin levels exceeded 0.58 ng per milliliter). Twenty of 21 glands removed showed C-cell hyperplasia, and eight of the 20 also showed foci of carcinoma. As compared to the 12 patients with tumors detected during the first year of screening, all of whom had bilateral carcinoma (seven of 12 with local metastases), later carcinomas were smaller (mean diameter of 0.2 vs. 0.8 cm), were unilateral (in all but two cases) and occurred in younger patients (mean age of 14.9 vs. 36.4 years), and none had detectable metastases.", "contents": "Natural history of familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: effect of a program for early diagnosis. To detect familial medullary thyroid carcinoma in a premetastatic stage, we administered tests provocative of calcitonin secretion (infusion of calcium or pentagastrin or both) each year for seven years to members of a pedigree now numbering 107. Since 1970, 21 patients converted from normal to abnormal secretory responses (two separate tests in which calcitonin levels exceeded 0.58 ng per milliliter). Twenty of 21 glands removed showed C-cell hyperplasia, and eight of the 20 also showed foci of carcinoma. As compared to the 12 patients with tumors detected during the first year of screening, all of whom had bilateral carcinoma (seven of 12 with local metastases), later carcinomas were smaller (mean diameter of 0.2 vs. 0.8 cm), were unilateral (in all but two cases) and occurred in younger patients (mean age of 14.9 vs. 36.4 years), and none had detectable metastases.", "PMID": 692625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9437", "title": "[Study of the Sporothrix schenkii (yeast forms) extract. Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic analyses: characterization of enzymatic activities].", "content": "An extract from living yeast forms of S. schenckii was prepared. The yeasts originated from a shake culture in B.H.I. broth (Difco) incubated for 3 days at 35 degrees C in darkness; they were harvested, washed and disrupted with glass beads in a model MSK Braun mechanical cell homogenizer; a freezing-thawing was added to improve the extract. After electrophoretic separation in agarose gel, the extract's components were characterized by their enzymic activity; with this technique, 30 bands were revealed. These enzymic activities were also investigated on the antigenic fractions of the extract revealed by a rabbit hyperimmunserum: 16 among 22 immunoprecipitates are identified by their catalytic properties. Study of the earliest precipitating antibodies (appearing-order and enzymic caracterization) in rabbits just immunized completes this work. How to ameliorate the quality of the extract by culture and extraction conditions is also specified.", "contents": "[Study of the Sporothrix schenkii (yeast forms) extract. Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic analyses: characterization of enzymatic activities]. An extract from living yeast forms of S. schenckii was prepared. The yeasts originated from a shake culture in B.H.I. broth (Difco) incubated for 3 days at 35 degrees C in darkness; they were harvested, washed and disrupted with glass beads in a model MSK Braun mechanical cell homogenizer; a freezing-thawing was added to improve the extract. After electrophoretic separation in agarose gel, the extract's components were characterized by their enzymic activity; with this technique, 30 bands were revealed. These enzymic activities were also investigated on the antigenic fractions of the extract revealed by a rabbit hyperimmunserum: 16 among 22 immunoprecipitates are identified by their catalytic properties. Study of the earliest precipitating antibodies (appearing-order and enzymic caracterization) in rabbits just immunized completes this work. How to ameliorate the quality of the extract by culture and extraction conditions is also specified.", "PMID": 692628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9438", "title": "Atypical strains of Microsporum canis.", "content": "Four atypical isolates of Microsporum canis, three from humans and one from a cat, were obtained from North-West London. These and a further human isolate were compared with each other and with a typical isolate of the fungus. Immediately after isolation the atypical isolates were very labile, but were stabilised after a few subcultures from selected sectors. The stable forms differed from each other, but all had a tendency to brown rather than yellow pigmentation, to feathery submerged mycelium and to abnormal macroconidia. The macroscopic appearance and texture of the colonies depended on the density, orientation and branching pattern of the submerged mycelium. In recent years similar brown, feathery forms of M. canis have been reported from monkeys but not from cats. It is suggested that all such isolates may be culturally stable forms of a very unstable strains, probably feline in origin, which has yet to be described.", "contents": "Atypical strains of Microsporum canis. Four atypical isolates of Microsporum canis, three from humans and one from a cat, were obtained from North-West London. These and a further human isolate were compared with each other and with a typical isolate of the fungus. Immediately after isolation the atypical isolates were very labile, but were stabilised after a few subcultures from selected sectors. The stable forms differed from each other, but all had a tendency to brown rather than yellow pigmentation, to feathery submerged mycelium and to abnormal macroconidia. The macroscopic appearance and texture of the colonies depended on the density, orientation and branching pattern of the submerged mycelium. In recent years similar brown, feathery forms of M. canis have been reported from monkeys but not from cats. It is suggested that all such isolates may be culturally stable forms of a very unstable strains, probably feline in origin, which has yet to be described.", "PMID": 692629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9439", "title": "Red grain mycetoma of the scalp (Actinomadura pelletieri). A case report from India.", "content": "A case of red grain mycetoma on the scalp is described. The disease, caused by Actinomadura pelletieri, is extremely rare in this part of the world, and from India this is perhaps the first case with scalp involvement. The lesion showed satisfactory response to partial excision followed by chemotherapy with streptomycin.", "contents": "Red grain mycetoma of the scalp (Actinomadura pelletieri). A case report from India. A case of red grain mycetoma on the scalp is described. The disease, caused by Actinomadura pelletieri, is extremely rare in this part of the world, and from India this is perhaps the first case with scalp involvement. The lesion showed satisfactory response to partial excision followed by chemotherapy with streptomycin.", "PMID": 692630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9440", "title": "Epidemiologic study of dermatophyte infections in Nigeria (clinical survey and laboratory investigations).", "content": "The commonest dermatophyte infection among the referred dermatology cases in Nigeria is tinea pedis, whereas among the surveyed population of school children, the commonest fungal infection was tinea capitis. It was found that the most ubiquitous causative organism for tinea pedis was E. fluccosum, that for tinea capitis was M. audouinii, while that for tinea corporis was T. soudanese. The source of infection of tinea capitis among the school children was found to be most likely the local barber who serviced the schools in all the villages, and this might explain the high incidence rate of T. soudanese in tinea capitis. Tinea pedis infection is believed to be highly favoured by the wearing of shoes among the senior students. Animals were not a major source of transmission of dermatophytes in Nigeria. No new species of dermatophytes has been identified among the cultured organisms.", "contents": "Epidemiologic study of dermatophyte infections in Nigeria (clinical survey and laboratory investigations). The commonest dermatophyte infection among the referred dermatology cases in Nigeria is tinea pedis, whereas among the surveyed population of school children, the commonest fungal infection was tinea capitis. It was found that the most ubiquitous causative organism for tinea pedis was E. fluccosum, that for tinea capitis was M. audouinii, while that for tinea corporis was T. soudanese. The source of infection of tinea capitis among the school children was found to be most likely the local barber who serviced the schools in all the villages, and this might explain the high incidence rate of T. soudanese in tinea capitis. Tinea pedis infection is believed to be highly favoured by the wearing of shoes among the senior students. Animals were not a major source of transmission of dermatophytes in Nigeria. No new species of dermatophytes has been identified among the cultured organisms.", "PMID": 692632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9441", "title": "Estimation of Absidia ramosa infection in the brain and kidneys of cortisone-treated mice by chitin assay.", "content": "Chitin assay was used to measure Absidia ramosa infection in the brain and kidneys of cortisone-treated mice. Mice dying 3 days after challenge had brain and kidney infection but normal renal function as determined by measurement of blood urea levels. Mice dying 5 or 6 days after challenge had infection in the kidneys but not the brain and were uraemic.", "contents": "Estimation of Absidia ramosa infection in the brain and kidneys of cortisone-treated mice by chitin assay. Chitin assay was used to measure Absidia ramosa infection in the brain and kidneys of cortisone-treated mice. Mice dying 3 days after challenge had brain and kidney infection but normal renal function as determined by measurement of blood urea levels. Mice dying 5 or 6 days after challenge had infection in the kidneys but not the brain and were uraemic.", "PMID": 692633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9442", "title": "[Effects of insulin, glucagon and secretin on intestinal resorption of glucose].", "content": "The authors describe a versatile experimental procedure for the study of intestinal digestion and resorption in animals. This procedure is based on the principle of the continuous perfusion of a completely isolated intestinal segment. The results from experiments on glucose absorption from the jejunum of the rabbit serve to demonstrate the great reproducibility of this in vitro technique. No hormonal influence on monosaccharide resorption could be detected by means of this procedure, even in case of unphysiologic dosage of insulin, glucagon and secretin.", "contents": "[Effects of insulin, glucagon and secretin on intestinal resorption of glucose]. The authors describe a versatile experimental procedure for the study of intestinal digestion and resorption in animals. This procedure is based on the principle of the continuous perfusion of a completely isolated intestinal segment. The results from experiments on glucose absorption from the jejunum of the rabbit serve to demonstrate the great reproducibility of this in vitro technique. No hormonal influence on monosaccharide resorption could be detected by means of this procedure, even in case of unphysiologic dosage of insulin, glucagon and secretin.", "PMID": 692634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9443", "title": "[Biological value of wheat proteins as dependent on maturity of the wheat grain].", "content": "The authors studied the dependence of the change in biological protein value of the wheat grains upon the degree of maturity. The biological protein value (as calculated according to MITCHELL) decreases during the period of ripening and, at the time of full ripeness, it is significantly lower than in the initial stage. This decrease varies from 10.7 to 19.0%, according to wheat variety. In contrast to this, the essential amino-acid index changes but insignificantly with ripening. Virtually identical biological protein values were obtained with both methods from full-ripe wheat grains.", "contents": "[Biological value of wheat proteins as dependent on maturity of the wheat grain]. The authors studied the dependence of the change in biological protein value of the wheat grains upon the degree of maturity. The biological protein value (as calculated according to MITCHELL) decreases during the period of ripening and, at the time of full ripeness, it is significantly lower than in the initial stage. This decrease varies from 10.7 to 19.0%, according to wheat variety. In contrast to this, the essential amino-acid index changes but insignificantly with ripening. Virtually identical biological protein values were obtained with both methods from full-ripe wheat grains.", "PMID": 692635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9444", "title": "[Confirmatory reactions for the identification of patulin in apple juice by thin layer chromatography].", "content": "To avoid misinterpretations in identifying mycotoxins by means of thin-layer chromatography (silica gel), it is necessary to make use of a second method of identification. The reaction with phenylhydrazine and with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine on the plate is suited for patulin. The thus obtained hydrazones are transferred to a second thin-layer chromatographic plate and separated using toluene/acetic acid ethyl ester/85% formic acid (50 + 40 + 10, v/v) or chloroform/acetone (68 + 32, v/v). This method of identification may be used, for example, for apple juices with a patulin content equal or greater than 500 microgram/l.", "contents": "[Confirmatory reactions for the identification of patulin in apple juice by thin layer chromatography]. To avoid misinterpretations in identifying mycotoxins by means of thin-layer chromatography (silica gel), it is necessary to make use of a second method of identification. The reaction with phenylhydrazine and with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine on the plate is suited for patulin. The thus obtained hydrazones are transferred to a second thin-layer chromatographic plate and separated using toluene/acetic acid ethyl ester/85% formic acid (50 + 40 + 10, v/v) or chloroform/acetone (68 + 32, v/v). This method of identification may be used, for example, for apple juices with a patulin content equal or greater than 500 microgram/l.", "PMID": 692636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9445", "title": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in various organs of rats on high fat diets].", "content": "This paper deals with investigations on the activity of glucose-6-phosphat dehydrogenase (G6-P-GH), a key enzyme of HMP Shunt in erythrocytes, kidney, adrenal cortex, testes and adipose tissue of rats fed a high-fat diet (50% fat), in comparison with 3% fat diet as control animals. In erythrocytes, kidney and testes no significant differences of enzyme activity were observed. The number of erythrocytes and haematocrit value were also no different. The haemoglobin level was significantly elevated. In adrenal cortex and in mesenterial adipose tissue significantly lowered activity of G6P-DH is observed. These data are comparised with former studies in liver of high-fat diet rats and with literature data from adipose patients.", "contents": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in various organs of rats on high fat diets]. This paper deals with investigations on the activity of glucose-6-phosphat dehydrogenase (G6-P-GH), a key enzyme of HMP Shunt in erythrocytes, kidney, adrenal cortex, testes and adipose tissue of rats fed a high-fat diet (50% fat), in comparison with 3% fat diet as control animals. In erythrocytes, kidney and testes no significant differences of enzyme activity were observed. The number of erythrocytes and haematocrit value were also no different. The haemoglobin level was significantly elevated. In adrenal cortex and in mesenterial adipose tissue significantly lowered activity of G6P-DH is observed. These data are comparised with former studies in liver of high-fat diet rats and with literature data from adipose patients.", "PMID": 692637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9446", "title": "[Digestion and transport of carbohydrates and proteins].", "content": "Studies on the adaptive changes in the membrane hydrolysis and the carbohydrate and protein transport that occur when chickens are fed diets differing quantatively from each other with regard to their contents of major nutrients, yielded the following results: I. By increasing the protein content of the diet (up to 30%), the absorption of carbohydrates and proteins is inhibited. 2. A positive effect of a diet with increased fat content on the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins was observed solely with dietary lipids rich in unsaturated fatty acids (sunflower oil).", "contents": "[Digestion and transport of carbohydrates and proteins]. Studies on the adaptive changes in the membrane hydrolysis and the carbohydrate and protein transport that occur when chickens are fed diets differing quantatively from each other with regard to their contents of major nutrients, yielded the following results: I. By increasing the protein content of the diet (up to 30%), the absorption of carbohydrates and proteins is inhibited. 2. A positive effect of a diet with increased fat content on the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins was observed solely with dietary lipids rich in unsaturated fatty acids (sunflower oil).", "PMID": 692638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9447", "title": "[Food substitution and consumption development].", "content": "Though being sometimes less in evidence, the food consumption of the population is undergoing a continuous change in course of time. It can be considered as a matual substitution of foods. In most cases, the increase in consumption of certain foods is correlated with the decrease in consumption of other foods. The author points to the contents, principles and examples of food substitutions that had been revealed by studies using a linear optimization model.", "contents": "[Food substitution and consumption development]. Though being sometimes less in evidence, the food consumption of the population is undergoing a continuous change in course of time. It can be considered as a matual substitution of foods. In most cases, the increase in consumption of certain foods is correlated with the decrease in consumption of other foods. The author points to the contents, principles and examples of food substitutions that had been revealed by studies using a linear optimization model.", "PMID": 692639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9448", "title": "[Influence of a high fat diet on serum uric acid levels in rats].", "content": "In present paper the behaviour of uric acid is investigated in serum from rats fed with a 50% fat containing diet in comparison with 3% fat diet as control group. After feeding high-fat diet 5 resp. 52 weeks the level of uric acid is significantly elevated. In the same diet group heavier animals showed higher uric acid levels than lighter animals. In these experiments the age of animals is without influence of the uric acid level in serum.", "contents": "[Influence of a high fat diet on serum uric acid levels in rats]. In present paper the behaviour of uric acid is investigated in serum from rats fed with a 50% fat containing diet in comparison with 3% fat diet as control group. After feeding high-fat diet 5 resp. 52 weeks the level of uric acid is significantly elevated. In the same diet group heavier animals showed higher uric acid levels than lighter animals. In these experiments the age of animals is without influence of the uric acid level in serum.", "PMID": 692640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9449", "title": "[Mode of action and inhibition of polygalacturonase covalently bound to polysaccharide and glass carriers].", "content": "Endo-polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15.) from Aspergillus spec. is much changed as far as its mode of action and the interaction with vegetable inhibitors of pectinase (from green beans and cucumbers) are concerned when it is covalently bound to insoluble carriers (Sepharose, cellulose powder, macroporous glass and nonporous ballotinis). Whereas a 2% degradation of substrate by the soluble enzyme caused a 50% decrease of viscosity of citrus pectic acid, the comparable degradation of substrate was increased to a level of about 10% with the investigated polygalacturonase carrier complexes apparently independent of the properties of the carriers and the kind of binding of the enzyme. In contrast to this the higher degradation of substrate of 15 and 20% respectively which was further stated at a 50% decrease of viscosity is unambiguously connected with the carriers and is in direct correlation with the specific activity of the polygalacturonase carrier complexes. Contrary to the soluble enzyme the covalently bound enzyme produces more lower oligomerous galacturonic acids by an exo-mechanism or by multiple attack already at the beginning of the hydrolysis of pectic acid. During the final stage there is an enrichment of trigalacturonic acid besides mono- and digalacturonic acids independent of the state of solution of the enzyme. It could further be stated that the strong inhibition of the soluble endo-polygalacturonase by selected pectinase inhibitors which was described earlier is reduced by degrees with the enzyme covalently bound to the insoluble carriers.", "contents": "[Mode of action and inhibition of polygalacturonase covalently bound to polysaccharide and glass carriers]. Endo-polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15.) from Aspergillus spec. is much changed as far as its mode of action and the interaction with vegetable inhibitors of pectinase (from green beans and cucumbers) are concerned when it is covalently bound to insoluble carriers (Sepharose, cellulose powder, macroporous glass and nonporous ballotinis). Whereas a 2% degradation of substrate by the soluble enzyme caused a 50% decrease of viscosity of citrus pectic acid, the comparable degradation of substrate was increased to a level of about 10% with the investigated polygalacturonase carrier complexes apparently independent of the properties of the carriers and the kind of binding of the enzyme. In contrast to this the higher degradation of substrate of 15 and 20% respectively which was further stated at a 50% decrease of viscosity is unambiguously connected with the carriers and is in direct correlation with the specific activity of the polygalacturonase carrier complexes. Contrary to the soluble enzyme the covalently bound enzyme produces more lower oligomerous galacturonic acids by an exo-mechanism or by multiple attack already at the beginning of the hydrolysis of pectic acid. During the final stage there is an enrichment of trigalacturonic acid besides mono- and digalacturonic acids independent of the state of solution of the enzyme. It could further be stated that the strong inhibition of the soluble endo-polygalacturonase by selected pectinase inhibitors which was described earlier is reduced by degrees with the enzyme covalently bound to the insoluble carriers.", "PMID": 692641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9450", "title": "[Properties of adipocytes (diameter, volume, triglyceride content, cell number) of certain types of fatty tissue as a function of age in male Wistar rats].", "content": "The diameter, volume, triglyceride content and number of adipocytes were determined in male Wistar rats at the age of 6 weeks and 2, 3, 12 and 18 months, respectively. A standard diet and water were given ad libitum. The adipocytes were isolated by means of the method of RODBELL. The weight and fat content of the fatty tissues were determined gravimetrically. Age exerts no effect on the adipocyte parameter, nor on the weight and the fat content of the fatty tissue. In contrast to this, there are relationships between adipocyte diameter and the increases in body weight. In all age groups, the increase in size and number of the adipocytes was significantly greater in heavy animals than in light ones. Genetic, hormonal and dietarily-induced factors are discussed as a possible cause. The authors observed no difference in adipocyte size between epididymal and perirenal fatty tissues. As compared to this, the mesenteric adipocytes were smaller.", "contents": "[Properties of adipocytes (diameter, volume, triglyceride content, cell number) of certain types of fatty tissue as a function of age in male Wistar rats]. The diameter, volume, triglyceride content and number of adipocytes were determined in male Wistar rats at the age of 6 weeks and 2, 3, 12 and 18 months, respectively. A standard diet and water were given ad libitum. The adipocytes were isolated by means of the method of RODBELL. The weight and fat content of the fatty tissues were determined gravimetrically. Age exerts no effect on the adipocyte parameter, nor on the weight and the fat content of the fatty tissue. In contrast to this, there are relationships between adipocyte diameter and the increases in body weight. In all age groups, the increase in size and number of the adipocytes was significantly greater in heavy animals than in light ones. Genetic, hormonal and dietarily-induced factors are discussed as a possible cause. The authors observed no difference in adipocyte size between epididymal and perirenal fatty tissues. As compared to this, the mesenteric adipocytes were smaller.", "PMID": 692642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9451", "title": "[Effect of a high fat diet on the behavior of the diameter, volume, triglyceride content and number of the adipocytes in different types of fatty tissues in male Wistar rats].", "content": "The effect of a high-fat diet on the diameter, volume, triglyceride content and number of the adipocytes was studied in male Wistar rats at the age of 9 weeks and 6 months, respectively. The adipocytes were isolated by means of the method of RODBELL. The adipocyte diameters were measured using the microscopic method. The weight and the fat content of the fatty tissue were determined gravimetrically. A diet containing 50% fat increases the diameter, volume and triglyceride content of the adipocytes and also the weight and the fat content of the different types of fatty tissue. The fat content of the diet and the duration of feeding are of importance. The high-fat diet exerts no effect on the adipocyte number. However, in both age groups, the adipocyte numbers were sometimes greater in heavy animals than in light ones fed the same diet. Genetic, hormonal, and dietarily-induced factors are considered as a possible cause.", "contents": "[Effect of a high fat diet on the behavior of the diameter, volume, triglyceride content and number of the adipocytes in different types of fatty tissues in male Wistar rats]. The effect of a high-fat diet on the diameter, volume, triglyceride content and number of the adipocytes was studied in male Wistar rats at the age of 9 weeks and 6 months, respectively. The adipocytes were isolated by means of the method of RODBELL. The adipocyte diameters were measured using the microscopic method. The weight and the fat content of the fatty tissue were determined gravimetrically. A diet containing 50% fat increases the diameter, volume and triglyceride content of the adipocytes and also the weight and the fat content of the different types of fatty tissue. The fat content of the diet and the duration of feeding are of importance. The high-fat diet exerts no effect on the adipocyte number. However, in both age groups, the adipocyte numbers were sometimes greater in heavy animals than in light ones fed the same diet. Genetic, hormonal, and dietarily-induced factors are considered as a possible cause.", "PMID": 692643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9452", "title": "[Sensitivity of marine bacteria to several disinfectants used in the fish processing industry. I. Homologous and heterologous resistance of Pseudomonas and Moraxella ssp].", "content": "It was shown that ability of developing resistance to QAC by Moraxella ssp. is limited, while marine strains of Pseudomonas sp. are able to develop both homological and heterological resistance to Sterinol and Laurosept. Five months storage in medium without QAC caused partial loss of resistance of strains which previously gained resistance to this compound. None of the tested marine bacteria strains was able to get resistance against Chloramina T. Strains with developed resistance to Laurosept and Sterinol became more sensitive to Chloramina T. On the other hand, as a result of contact of the same bacteria with sublethal doses of Chloramina T increase of sensitivity to QAC was observed.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of marine bacteria to several disinfectants used in the fish processing industry. I. Homologous and heterologous resistance of Pseudomonas and Moraxella ssp]. It was shown that ability of developing resistance to QAC by Moraxella ssp. is limited, while marine strains of Pseudomonas sp. are able to develop both homological and heterological resistance to Sterinol and Laurosept. Five months storage in medium without QAC caused partial loss of resistance of strains which previously gained resistance to this compound. None of the tested marine bacteria strains was able to get resistance against Chloramina T. Strains with developed resistance to Laurosept and Sterinol became more sensitive to Chloramina T. On the other hand, as a result of contact of the same bacteria with sublethal doses of Chloramina T increase of sensitivity to QAC was observed.", "PMID": 692644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9453", "title": "The role of biogenic amines in foods.", "content": "Biologically active amines are normal constituents of many foods for example cheese, plant foods and wines. These low molecular weight organic based do not represent any hazard to individuals, unless large quantities are ingested or natural mechanism of their catabolism are inhibited. Investigations were performed concerning the histamine and tyramine content of the Hungarian made cheese, domestic vegetables, fruits and some other foods. In this paper we should like to draw the attention to the problems of amines from the point of view of food hygiene and food-drug interactions.", "contents": "The role of biogenic amines in foods. Biologically active amines are normal constituents of many foods for example cheese, plant foods and wines. These low molecular weight organic based do not represent any hazard to individuals, unless large quantities are ingested or natural mechanism of their catabolism are inhibited. Investigations were performed concerning the histamine and tyramine content of the Hungarian made cheese, domestic vegetables, fruits and some other foods. In this paper we should like to draw the attention to the problems of amines from the point of view of food hygiene and food-drug interactions.", "PMID": 692645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9454", "title": "[Effects of reduced diet and physical stress on liver lysosomes. Morphological and biochemical studies].", "content": "Groups of 15 rats each (I--non-reduced diet; II--non-reduced diet and physical stress; III--diet reduced by 40%; IV--reduced diet and physical stress) were examined after 20 and 140 days, respectively. The electron microscopic examination revealed that the most important changes had occurred in group III; there exists an excess of autophagolysosomes. The biochemical examinations show that the reduced diet (group III) also produces a considerable increase in activity of most of the lysosome enzymes in the liver. The occurrence of autophagy evidences that this is either physiologically induced or the manifestation of a beginning pathological process.", "contents": "[Effects of reduced diet and physical stress on liver lysosomes. Morphological and biochemical studies]. Groups of 15 rats each (I--non-reduced diet; II--non-reduced diet and physical stress; III--diet reduced by 40%; IV--reduced diet and physical stress) were examined after 20 and 140 days, respectively. The electron microscopic examination revealed that the most important changes had occurred in group III; there exists an excess of autophagolysosomes. The biochemical examinations show that the reduced diet (group III) also produces a considerable increase in activity of most of the lysosome enzymes in the liver. The occurrence of autophagy evidences that this is either physiologically induced or the manifestation of a beginning pathological process.", "PMID": 692646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9455", "title": "[Glyceride structure of fats. 11. Structure studies on selected nut fats using lipases].", "content": "Using pancreatic lipase of Geotrichum candidum, the authors determined the fatty acid pattern and the glyceride structure of peanut, filbert, walnut, Brazil nut and cashew-nut fats. Both the fatty acid pattern and the glyceride structure were comparable to those of other vegetable fats of corresponding total fatty acid composition.", "contents": "[Glyceride structure of fats. 11. Structure studies on selected nut fats using lipases]. Using pancreatic lipase of Geotrichum candidum, the authors determined the fatty acid pattern and the glyceride structure of peanut, filbert, walnut, Brazil nut and cashew-nut fats. Both the fatty acid pattern and the glyceride structure were comparable to those of other vegetable fats of corresponding total fatty acid composition.", "PMID": 692647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9456", "title": "[Residue determinations in milk following application of the fasciolicides rafoxanide and hexachloro-p-xylene].", "content": "The control of Fasciola hepatica in dairy cattle may lead to considerable residue problems in dairying. In the GDR, a hexachloro-p-xylene-based fasciolicide has been approved till recently, and another, rafoxanide-based fasciolicide has been on trial. The investigations have shown that the two active principles are excreted in the milk for a prolonged period, rafoxamide being found more suitable. Their marked lipophil behaviour leads to accumulation in the fat phase and, thus, in high-fat milk products.", "contents": "[Residue determinations in milk following application of the fasciolicides rafoxanide and hexachloro-p-xylene]. The control of Fasciola hepatica in dairy cattle may lead to considerable residue problems in dairying. In the GDR, a hexachloro-p-xylene-based fasciolicide has been approved till recently, and another, rafoxanide-based fasciolicide has been on trial. The investigations have shown that the two active principles are excreted in the milk for a prolonged period, rafoxamide being found more suitable. Their marked lipophil behaviour leads to accumulation in the fat phase and, thus, in high-fat milk products.", "PMID": 692648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9457", "title": "[Dietary proteins and deiodination in the liver].", "content": "The authors studied in male Wistar rats the effects of diets containing 66 and 2% (w/w) of protein on the one hand, and 18% (w/w) of protein on the other hand, on the deiodination of L-thyroxine in liver homogenate supernatants. The deiodase activity in the liver protein increased in case of low-protein diet, and decreased in case of high-protein diet; these differences were statistically significant. When the body weights of the animals were taken into account, the deiodinating power of the whole liver was significantly reduced in case of low-protein diet, but not significantly reduced in case of high-protein diet. Consequently, the reference value adopted for the calculation of the degree of deiodination is of paramount importance to validity.", "contents": "[Dietary proteins and deiodination in the liver]. The authors studied in male Wistar rats the effects of diets containing 66 and 2% (w/w) of protein on the one hand, and 18% (w/w) of protein on the other hand, on the deiodination of L-thyroxine in liver homogenate supernatants. The deiodase activity in the liver protein increased in case of low-protein diet, and decreased in case of high-protein diet; these differences were statistically significant. When the body weights of the animals were taken into account, the deiodinating power of the whole liver was significantly reduced in case of low-protein diet, but not significantly reduced in case of high-protein diet. Consequently, the reference value adopted for the calculation of the degree of deiodination is of paramount importance to validity.", "PMID": 692649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9458", "title": "Three-dimensional reconstruction of the fibres of sickle cell haemoglobin.", "content": "Three-dimensional reconstruction of electron micrographs of the 20-nm diameter fibres of HbS reveals an inner helical core of four strands surrounded by an outer helix of 10 strands to give a total of 14 strands. The strands are arranged with roughly hexagonal packing to produce an unusual helical structure which features a variety of intermolecular contacts and a non-circular cross section.", "contents": "Three-dimensional reconstruction of the fibres of sickle cell haemoglobin. Three-dimensional reconstruction of electron micrographs of the 20-nm diameter fibres of HbS reveals an inner helical core of four strands surrounded by an outer helix of 10 strands to give a total of 14 strands. The strands are arranged with roughly hexagonal packing to produce an unusual helical structure which features a variety of intermolecular contacts and a non-circular cross section.", "PMID": 692655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9459", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy and the surface morphology of human lymphocytes.", "content": "The surface of the human lymphocyte as seen by the scanning electron microscope shows variations which may reflect the functional state or environment of the cell. Preparative techniques and future developments in this area are reviewed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy and the surface morphology of human lymphocytes. The surface of the human lymphocyte as seen by the scanning electron microscope shows variations which may reflect the functional state or environment of the cell. Preparative techniques and future developments in this area are reviewed.", "PMID": 692665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9460", "title": "Plasmid incompatibility: cloning analysis of an incFII determinant of R6-5.", "content": "SalI and PstI restriction endonuclease-generated DNA fragments that specify an FII-type incompatibility function (incFII) of the low copy number antibiotic resistance plasmid R6-5 have been cloned in the high copy number pBR322 plasmid vector. A 1-kilobase DNA sequence that contains this incFII determinant has been identified and is shown to have coordinates of 95.5 and 96.5 kilobases on the R6-5 plasmid physical map. Expression of incompatibility by the cloned PstI fragment depends on its orientation within the vector molecule. The behaviour of pBR322-incFII hybrid plasmids suggests that plasmid replication control is not the only mechanism that can cause incompatibility between two plasmids.", "contents": "Plasmid incompatibility: cloning analysis of an incFII determinant of R6-5. SalI and PstI restriction endonuclease-generated DNA fragments that specify an FII-type incompatibility function (incFII) of the low copy number antibiotic resistance plasmid R6-5 have been cloned in the high copy number pBR322 plasmid vector. A 1-kilobase DNA sequence that contains this incFII determinant has been identified and is shown to have coordinates of 95.5 and 96.5 kilobases on the R6-5 plasmid physical map. Expression of incompatibility by the cloned PstI fragment depends on its orientation within the vector molecule. The behaviour of pBR322-incFII hybrid plasmids suggests that plasmid replication control is not the only mechanism that can cause incompatibility between two plasmids.", "PMID": 692666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9461", "title": "Nucleosomes are assembled by an acidic protein which binds histones and transfers them to DNA.", "content": "The nucleosome subunits of chromatin are assembled from histones and DNA by an acidic protein which binds histones. The nucleosome assembly protein has been identified and purified from eggs of Xenopus laevis.", "contents": "Nucleosomes are assembled by an acidic protein which binds histones and transfers them to DNA. The nucleosome subunits of chromatin are assembled from histones and DNA by an acidic protein which binds histones. The nucleosome assembly protein has been identified and purified from eggs of Xenopus laevis.", "PMID": 692721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9462", "title": "A two-step fibrinogen--fibrin transition in blood coagulation.", "content": "The kinetics of the thrombin-catalysed release of fibrino-peptides A and B from human fibrinogen have been investigated and a mechanism correlating the release of fibrinopeptides to fibrin formation is presented. The sequential release of fibrinopeptides results in sequential activation of two sets of polymerisation sites.", "contents": "A two-step fibrinogen--fibrin transition in blood coagulation. The kinetics of the thrombin-catalysed release of fibrino-peptides A and B from human fibrinogen have been investigated and a mechanism correlating the release of fibrinopeptides to fibrin formation is presented. The sequential release of fibrinopeptides results in sequential activation of two sets of polymerisation sites.", "PMID": 692730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9463", "title": "Nucleotide sequence homology at 12 intron--exon junctions in the chick ovalbumin gene.", "content": "A short partial sequence homology is present at all intron-exon junctions, or splice points, in the chick ovalbumin gene; it is probably a signal for a splicing enzyme. The significance of the junction sequences for splicing is discussed. We find no evidence of strong Watson-Crick base pairing between adjacent junctions.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence homology at 12 intron--exon junctions in the chick ovalbumin gene. A short partial sequence homology is present at all intron-exon junctions, or splice points, in the chick ovalbumin gene; it is probably a signal for a splicing enzyme. The significance of the junction sequences for splicing is discussed. We find no evidence of strong Watson-Crick base pairing between adjacent junctions.", "PMID": 692731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9464", "title": "[Cancer, what do we know, what can de do?].", "content": "Some epidemiologic data on the frequency of cancer and etiologic factors that especially concern the formation of malignant tumors are reported. The role of prevention and prophylaxis is discussed as well as prophylactic precautions. Regarding therapy, not only the progress of local high-frequency hyperthermia combined with bacterial oncolysis is explained, but also that of cytostatic chemotherapy. Last but not least, attention is directed to the importance of basic oncologic research.", "contents": "[Cancer, what do we know, what can de do?]. Some epidemiologic data on the frequency of cancer and etiologic factors that especially concern the formation of malignant tumors are reported. The role of prevention and prophylaxis is discussed as well as prophylactic precautions. Regarding therapy, not only the progress of local high-frequency hyperthermia combined with bacterial oncolysis is explained, but also that of cytostatic chemotherapy. Last but not least, attention is directed to the importance of basic oncologic research.", "PMID": 692737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9465", "title": "[Function of arginine in enzymes].", "content": "The average arginine content of proteins is 3.9%. Its frequency among the 20 amino acids of the proteins (13th position) is far lower than would be anticipated from the fact that 6 of the 61 codons for amino acids in the genetic code are arginine codons. Possible explanations for the relatively low frequency of arginine in proteins are discussed. The chemical and physicochemical properties of arginine, which are determined by the guanido group, and the method for chemical modification of arginine residues in proteins are described. The most important function of arginine residues in enzymes seems to be the recognition, binding, and orientation of anionic substrates and cofactors. This function is illustrated by numerous examples.", "contents": "[Function of arginine in enzymes]. The average arginine content of proteins is 3.9%. Its frequency among the 20 amino acids of the proteins (13th position) is far lower than would be anticipated from the fact that 6 of the 61 codons for amino acids in the genetic code are arginine codons. Possible explanations for the relatively low frequency of arginine in proteins are discussed. The chemical and physicochemical properties of arginine, which are determined by the guanido group, and the method for chemical modification of arginine residues in proteins are described. The most important function of arginine residues in enzymes seems to be the recognition, binding, and orientation of anionic substrates and cofactors. This function is illustrated by numerous examples.", "PMID": 692738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9466", "title": "A single radial hemolysis technique for the measurement of influenza virus antibody in  swine serum.", "content": "A single radial hemolysis technique was applied to the measurement of swine influenza virus antibody in swine serum. It was recognized to be useful for the detection of this antibody, although heating at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes was necessary to remove non--specific hemolysis from the test sample. The single radial hemolysis titer was correlative with the hemagglutination--inhibition titer in serum from pigs infected experimentally or naturally. This technique is simple, rapid and unaffected with non--specific inhibitors in swine serum. It does not require concentrated purified virus either. Therefore, it is applicable to the sero--epizootiologic surveillance of swine influenza on a large scale.", "contents": "A single radial hemolysis technique for the measurement of influenza virus antibody in  swine serum. A single radial hemolysis technique was applied to the measurement of swine influenza virus antibody in swine serum. It was recognized to be useful for the detection of this antibody, although heating at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes was necessary to remove non--specific hemolysis from the test sample. The single radial hemolysis titer was correlative with the hemagglutination--inhibition titer in serum from pigs infected experimentally or naturally. This technique is simple, rapid and unaffected with non--specific inhibitors in swine serum. It does not require concentrated purified virus either. Therefore, it is applicable to the sero--epizootiologic surveillance of swine influenza on a large scale.", "PMID": 692744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9467", "title": "Development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of clonidine in rats. Cross-tolerance to morphine.", "content": "The influence of chronic treatment with clonidine on analgesia produced by clonidine and morphine was studied in rats. Electrical stimuli were applied to the tail, and analgesia was measured as increase in the threshold voltage that elicited vocalisation. Twenty-two hours after the last of 14 injections of increasing doses of clonidine over 7 days, the acute analgesic effects of both clonidine and morphine were reduced, i.e. tolerance had developed. Pretest vocalisation thresholds (voltage) were unchanged by long-term treatment with clonidine, or, respectively, saline. Contrarywise, acute administration of clonidine enhanced the effect of morphine. The tolerance developed after long-term treatment with clonidine might be associated with changes in brain noradrenaline mechanisms.", "contents": "Development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of clonidine in rats. Cross-tolerance to morphine. The influence of chronic treatment with clonidine on analgesia produced by clonidine and morphine was studied in rats. Electrical stimuli were applied to the tail, and analgesia was measured as increase in the threshold voltage that elicited vocalisation. Twenty-two hours after the last of 14 injections of increasing doses of clonidine over 7 days, the acute analgesic effects of both clonidine and morphine were reduced, i.e. tolerance had developed. Pretest vocalisation thresholds (voltage) were unchanged by long-term treatment with clonidine, or, respectively, saline. Contrarywise, acute administration of clonidine enhanced the effect of morphine. The tolerance developed after long-term treatment with clonidine might be associated with changes in brain noradrenaline mechanisms.", "PMID": 692745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9468", "title": "The effect of thyroid hormone on serotonergic neurones: depletion of serotonin in discrete brain areas of developing hypothyroid rats.", "content": "A single intraperitoneal injection of 131I in a dose of 200muCi in 1-day-old rats induced hypothyroidism and decreased the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in mid-brain region. The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine also were reduced in cerebellum, mid-brain and striatum by 22%, 29% and 31%, respectively. By contrast, the levels of its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, were significantly increased in cerebellum, mid-brain and striatal region. To ascertain whether changes induced by neonatal radiothyroidectomy were specific, the effect of replacement thyroid hormone therapy was studied on 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. Daily administration of L-triiodothyronine (10 microgram/100g s.c.) for 25 days beginning from five days after radio-iodine treatment enhanced tryptophan hydroxylase activity, tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels to values seen in normal rats of the corresponding age group. The concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid decreased following L-triiodothyronine treatment. Furthermore, when replacement therapy with L-triiodothyronine was postponed until adulthood, no significant effects could be seen on various parameters related to 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. Our data demonstrate that deficiency of thyroid hormone in early life disrupts the normal upsurge of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in brain. A critical period exists in early life of rats during which thyroid hormone must be present for the optimal development of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolizing systems in maturing brain.", "contents": "The effect of thyroid hormone on serotonergic neurones: depletion of serotonin in discrete brain areas of developing hypothyroid rats. A single intraperitoneal injection of 131I in a dose of 200muCi in 1-day-old rats induced hypothyroidism and decreased the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in mid-brain region. The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine also were reduced in cerebellum, mid-brain and striatum by 22%, 29% and 31%, respectively. By contrast, the levels of its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, were significantly increased in cerebellum, mid-brain and striatal region. To ascertain whether changes induced by neonatal radiothyroidectomy were specific, the effect of replacement thyroid hormone therapy was studied on 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. Daily administration of L-triiodothyronine (10 microgram/100g s.c.) for 25 days beginning from five days after radio-iodine treatment enhanced tryptophan hydroxylase activity, tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels to values seen in normal rats of the corresponding age group. The concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid decreased following L-triiodothyronine treatment. Furthermore, when replacement therapy with L-triiodothyronine was postponed until adulthood, no significant effects could be seen on various parameters related to 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. Our data demonstrate that deficiency of thyroid hormone in early life disrupts the normal upsurge of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in brain. A critical period exists in early life of rats during which thyroid hormone must be present for the optimal development of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolizing systems in maturing brain.", "PMID": 692746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9469", "title": "Biochemistry of drugs. XXIV. Substances with antineoplastic effect. LXII. Pharmacokinetics of gamma,gamma-bis-4-ethylphenyl-alpha,beta-dibromoisocrotonic acid-3H (Edikron-3H) in experimental animals.", "content": "After oral administration of Edikron-3H to mice with mammary gland adenocarcinoma HK, within 24 h after ingestion almost 50% of administered radioactivity was excreted (16% in urine, 33% in faeces), and within 4 day it was almost 80% (27% in urine, 50% in faeces). Like in mice, also in dogs the faecal excretion preponderated. In mice, the levels in most tissues and blood culminated at hour 6 after administration of the substance. Relatively high levels were found in the liver, the levels in other tissues and blood being substantially lower in comparison. The levels in the tumor were initially low, later on they rose, and culminated at hour 24. Besides, it was found that the transfer of radioactivity by milk into the sucklings' bodies was relatively low, and radioactivity penetration into fetuses was negligible. In urine, unchanged parent substance was present in very slight amounts only.", "contents": "Biochemistry of drugs. XXIV. Substances with antineoplastic effect. LXII. Pharmacokinetics of gamma,gamma-bis-4-ethylphenyl-alpha,beta-dibromoisocrotonic acid-3H (Edikron-3H) in experimental animals. After oral administration of Edikron-3H to mice with mammary gland adenocarcinoma HK, within 24 h after ingestion almost 50% of administered radioactivity was excreted (16% in urine, 33% in faeces), and within 4 day it was almost 80% (27% in urine, 50% in faeces). Like in mice, also in dogs the faecal excretion preponderated. In mice, the levels in most tissues and blood culminated at hour 6 after administration of the substance. Relatively high levels were found in the liver, the levels in other tissues and blood being substantially lower in comparison. The levels in the tumor were initially low, later on they rose, and culminated at hour 24. Besides, it was found that the transfer of radioactivity by milk into the sucklings' bodies was relatively low, and radioactivity penetration into fetuses was negligible. In urine, unchanged parent substance was present in very slight amounts only.", "PMID": 692801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9470", "title": "Biochemistry of drugs. XXV. Substances with antineoplastic effect. LXIII. Pharmacokinetics of delta-/2-amino-6-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5--pyrimidinyl/valeric acid-14C (Damvar-14C) in experimental animals.", "content": "In experiments on H mice and Wistar rats it was found that radioactivity was excreted after subcutaneous injection of Damvar-14C preponderantly in urine, and after oral administration, in faeces. After subcutaneous injection the urinary excretion set on very fast. After subcutaneous injection of Damvar-14C to H mice with Crocker's ascitic sarcoma S 180, peak radioactivity values were found in the majority of organs, blood, and ascitic fluid at hour 1 after injection; in the kidneys the peak value appeared as late as at hour 6. The renal levels were conspicuously higher than the other ones. Relatively high radioactivity levels were found in the ascitic fluid, skin, and blood. After oral administration the radioactivity levels in all organs, blood, and ascitic fluid culminated at hour 3 after ingestion. The highest levels after oral administration were likewise found in the kidneys and ascitic fluid. With the exception of the kidneys, blood, and skin, the peak values of specific radioactivity in organs were equally high or even higher after oral than after subcutaneous administration of the labeled substance. Furthermore, it was found that after administration of Damvar-14C to rat mothers the transfer of radioactivity into the milk and then into the sucklings was very slight, and so was the penetration of radioactivity into fetuses.", "contents": "Biochemistry of drugs. XXV. Substances with antineoplastic effect. LXIII. Pharmacokinetics of delta-/2-amino-6-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5--pyrimidinyl/valeric acid-14C (Damvar-14C) in experimental animals. In experiments on H mice and Wistar rats it was found that radioactivity was excreted after subcutaneous injection of Damvar-14C preponderantly in urine, and after oral administration, in faeces. After subcutaneous injection the urinary excretion set on very fast. After subcutaneous injection of Damvar-14C to H mice with Crocker's ascitic sarcoma S 180, peak radioactivity values were found in the majority of organs, blood, and ascitic fluid at hour 1 after injection; in the kidneys the peak value appeared as late as at hour 6. The renal levels were conspicuously higher than the other ones. Relatively high radioactivity levels were found in the ascitic fluid, skin, and blood. After oral administration the radioactivity levels in all organs, blood, and ascitic fluid culminated at hour 3 after ingestion. The highest levels after oral administration were likewise found in the kidneys and ascitic fluid. With the exception of the kidneys, blood, and skin, the peak values of specific radioactivity in organs were equally high or even higher after oral than after subcutaneous administration of the labeled substance. Furthermore, it was found that after administration of Damvar-14C to rat mothers the transfer of radioactivity into the milk and then into the sucklings was very slight, and so was the penetration of radioactivity into fetuses.", "PMID": 692802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9471", "title": "Some cytostatic and pharmacological properties of 2,3-dihydro-1,3-6H-oxazine-2,6-dione (\"3-oxauracil\").", "content": "Cytostatic effects and some pharmacological properties of a new metabolic inhibitor \"3-oxauracil\" were studied. The cancerostatic effect was examined on 7 experimental tumors in mice and on two types of tumors in rats. After the i. p. application of 20 mg/kg, there was both a statistically significant decrease of tumor weight and increase of animals' survival time in NK lymphoma of mice. Significant changes in one of both parameters followed occured in all experimental tumors after the i. p. application but only in the Krebs ascitic carcinoma after the oral application of \"3-oxauracil\". The acute toxicity of the substance in water was 322 mg/kg i. p. and 850 mg/kg p. o. The ethanol solutions were more toxic. The distribution of the 3H- and 14C-labeled substance was followed up in blood, urine, liver, brain and kidney. After the p. o. application, the radioactivity peak was reached after 2 hr in blood and high radioactivity levels were found in kidney followed by brain and liver. 96 hr after the drug was applicated perorally, only 60% of radioactivity was found in urine.", "contents": "Some cytostatic and pharmacological properties of 2,3-dihydro-1,3-6H-oxazine-2,6-dione (\"3-oxauracil\"). Cytostatic effects and some pharmacological properties of a new metabolic inhibitor \"3-oxauracil\" were studied. The cancerostatic effect was examined on 7 experimental tumors in mice and on two types of tumors in rats. After the i. p. application of 20 mg/kg, there was both a statistically significant decrease of tumor weight and increase of animals' survival time in NK lymphoma of mice. Significant changes in one of both parameters followed occured in all experimental tumors after the i. p. application but only in the Krebs ascitic carcinoma after the oral application of \"3-oxauracil\". The acute toxicity of the substance in water was 322 mg/kg i. p. and 850 mg/kg p. o. The ethanol solutions were more toxic. The distribution of the 3H- and 14C-labeled substance was followed up in blood, urine, liver, brain and kidney. After the p. o. application, the radioactivity peak was reached after 2 hr in blood and high radioactivity levels were found in kidney followed by brain and liver. 96 hr after the drug was applicated perorally, only 60% of radioactivity was found in urine.", "PMID": 692803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9472", "title": "The significance of some modifying factors during transplacental blastomogenesis by ethylnitrosourea in rabbits.", "content": "The development of the transplacental blastomogenesis induced by ethylnitrosourea (ENU) was studied in rabbits under the influence of modifying factors (organospecific immunity, chronic irradiation of the peripheral nerve, injection of methylnitrosourea -- MNU). Statistical analysis of the results showed that the postnatal immunization by the antigen prepared from homologous tissue of the peripheral nerve or its chronic irritation always stimulates the frequency of the tumors development. The injection of MNU inhibits the tumorigenesis in the tested animals. According to the data different modifying factors distinctly act upon the transplacental blastomogenesis in rabbits.", "contents": "The significance of some modifying factors during transplacental blastomogenesis by ethylnitrosourea in rabbits. The development of the transplacental blastomogenesis induced by ethylnitrosourea (ENU) was studied in rabbits under the influence of modifying factors (organospecific immunity, chronic irradiation of the peripheral nerve, injection of methylnitrosourea -- MNU). Statistical analysis of the results showed that the postnatal immunization by the antigen prepared from homologous tissue of the peripheral nerve or its chronic irritation always stimulates the frequency of the tumors development. The injection of MNU inhibits the tumorigenesis in the tested animals. According to the data different modifying factors distinctly act upon the transplacental blastomogenesis in rabbits.", "PMID": 692804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9473", "title": "Further studies on liver glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. Activity in mice bearing sarcoma 180 and L1210 leukemia.", "content": "Determinations were made of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II acitivity in the liver of mice (BDF1 and DBA2 strains) bearing sarcoma 180 and L1210 leukemia in ascites form. A progressive decrease in the both glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II activities to about 40--60% of that of the control groups was observed within the developing period 8--9 days. Test results are interpreted in the light of the postulated role of this enzyme system in cell division and in the tumor development process.", "contents": "Further studies on liver glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. Activity in mice bearing sarcoma 180 and L1210 leukemia. Determinations were made of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II acitivity in the liver of mice (BDF1 and DBA2 strains) bearing sarcoma 180 and L1210 leukemia in ascites form. A progressive decrease in the both glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II activities to about 40--60% of that of the control groups was observed within the developing period 8--9 days. Test results are interpreted in the light of the postulated role of this enzyme system in cell division and in the tumor development process.", "PMID": 692805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9474", "title": "Activity of N-acetyltransferase in patients with malignant lymphomas.", "content": "Activity levels of N-acetyltransferase and acetylation types in patients with malignant lymphomas, following sulfadimidine loading, were established. The ratio of \"fast\" and \"slow\" acetylators among patients with malignant lymphomas is shown to be similar to that in control group. The rate of acetylation in \"slow\"-acetylating patients, however, was higher than in healthy controls. A relationship of N-acetyltransferase activity, tumor progression and, to a considerable extent, effectiveness of therapy was shown.", "contents": "Activity of N-acetyltransferase in patients with malignant lymphomas. Activity levels of N-acetyltransferase and acetylation types in patients with malignant lymphomas, following sulfadimidine loading, were established. The ratio of \"fast\" and \"slow\" acetylators among patients with malignant lymphomas is shown to be similar to that in control group. The rate of acetylation in \"slow\"-acetylating patients, however, was higher than in healthy controls. A relationship of N-acetyltransferase activity, tumor progression and, to a considerable extent, effectiveness of therapy was shown.", "PMID": 692806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9475", "title": "Anti-LH and FSH activity of melatonin-free pineal extract.", "content": "The influence of melatonin (MEL)-free pineal extract on luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was studied comparatively with that of MEL. Administration of pineal extract to rats, 3 days running, was found to induce a statistically significant decrease of serum LH and FSH. This effect was also demonstrated by the biological tests used, namely, a decrease in weight of both rat ventral prostate (anti-LH activity) and mouse uterus (anti-FSH activity). MEL administered for 3 days, in doses of 1 microgram/day in the ventral prostate weight test or of 10 microgram in the uterine weight test, failed to induce comparable effects. The identity of the pineal substances responsible for the anti-gonadotropic activity of the pineal gland is discussed.", "contents": "Anti-LH and FSH activity of melatonin-free pineal extract. The influence of melatonin (MEL)-free pineal extract on luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was studied comparatively with that of MEL. Administration of pineal extract to rats, 3 days running, was found to induce a statistically significant decrease of serum LH and FSH. This effect was also demonstrated by the biological tests used, namely, a decrease in weight of both rat ventral prostate (anti-LH activity) and mouse uterus (anti-FSH activity). MEL administered for 3 days, in doses of 1 microgram/day in the ventral prostate weight test or of 10 microgram in the uterine weight test, failed to induce comparable effects. The identity of the pineal substances responsible for the anti-gonadotropic activity of the pineal gland is discussed.", "PMID": 692807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9476", "title": "Impairments in lactation in the rat following destruction of the median raphe nucleus.", "content": "Lesions of the median raphe (MR) nucleus were placed in cycling female rats and their ability to lactate was evaluated following subsequent pregnancies. Pups from MR-lesioned (MRL) animals grew more slowly and had greatly impaired survival rates compared to pups from sham-lesioned animals. Chronic treatment of MRL mothers with oxytocin (Oxy; 1 IU, s.c., once or twice/day) did not increase the growth rates of their litters. Acute responses to exogenous Oxy (1 IU, i.p.) in MRL mothers, measured by the weight gain of litters during 1/2-h suckling intervals before and after injection, were marginally significant. Milk yield during the total hour suckling period (stomach contents of pups) was clearly less in the MRL animals (p less than 0.01). Treatment with either prolactin (Prl; 250 microgram, twice/day), Prl + GTC (4 mg/kg gorwth hormore, 30 microgram/kg thyroxine, 0.5 mg/rat cortisol, once/day), or 5-HTP (75 mg 5-hydroxytryptophan/kg, twice/day) did not improve the growth rates of litters from MRL animals. However, when milk yield (stomach contents after 1 h) following a 14-h non-suckling interval was measured, lactogenic hormones (Prl or Prl + GTC) restored milk yield in MRL animals to control levels. This response was clearly not dependent upon exogenous Oxy. These results suggest that deficits in the release of lactogenic hormones are involved in the impairments in lactation following lesions of the MR nucleus.", "contents": "Impairments in lactation in the rat following destruction of the median raphe nucleus. Lesions of the median raphe (MR) nucleus were placed in cycling female rats and their ability to lactate was evaluated following subsequent pregnancies. Pups from MR-lesioned (MRL) animals grew more slowly and had greatly impaired survival rates compared to pups from sham-lesioned animals. Chronic treatment of MRL mothers with oxytocin (Oxy; 1 IU, s.c., once or twice/day) did not increase the growth rates of their litters. Acute responses to exogenous Oxy (1 IU, i.p.) in MRL mothers, measured by the weight gain of litters during 1/2-h suckling intervals before and after injection, were marginally significant. Milk yield during the total hour suckling period (stomach contents of pups) was clearly less in the MRL animals (p less than 0.01). Treatment with either prolactin (Prl; 250 microgram, twice/day), Prl + GTC (4 mg/kg gorwth hormore, 30 microgram/kg thyroxine, 0.5 mg/rat cortisol, once/day), or 5-HTP (75 mg 5-hydroxytryptophan/kg, twice/day) did not improve the growth rates of litters from MRL animals. However, when milk yield (stomach contents after 1 h) following a 14-h non-suckling interval was measured, lactogenic hormones (Prl or Prl + GTC) restored milk yield in MRL animals to control levels. This response was clearly not dependent upon exogenous Oxy. These results suggest that deficits in the release of lactogenic hormones are involved in the impairments in lactation following lesions of the MR nucleus.", "PMID": 692808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9477", "title": "Neurophysiological study of 47, XYY and 47, XXY psychopaths: contingent negative variation, evoked potentials and motor nerve conduction.", "content": "Neurophysiological investigations-including sensory-evoked responses, contingent negative variation (CNV), and nerve conduction velocities-were done in 11 male polygonosomic patients and in comparison with a control group. Some significant data are reported pointing out differences which may be related to a hypovigil type (47, XYY) and a hypervigil type (47, XXY). The importance of the CNV and conduction velocity as an index of a constitutional minimal brain dysfunction is discussed.", "contents": "Neurophysiological study of 47, XYY and 47, XXY psychopaths: contingent negative variation, evoked potentials and motor nerve conduction. Neurophysiological investigations-including sensory-evoked responses, contingent negative variation (CNV), and nerve conduction velocities-were done in 11 male polygonosomic patients and in comparison with a control group. Some significant data are reported pointing out differences which may be related to a hypovigil type (47, XYY) and a hypervigil type (47, XXY). The importance of the CNV and conduction velocity as an index of a constitutional minimal brain dysfunction is discussed.", "PMID": 692833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9478", "title": "The role of plasma volume, plasma renin and the sympathetic nervous system in the posture-induced decline in renal lithium clearance in man.", "content": "Excretion of lithium in urine was studied in 2 healthy males while recumbent and while upright, either walking or standing quietly. An oral dose of 24.3 mmol of Lit was taken as three lithium carbonate tablets 13 h before clearance tests. Renal lithium clearance decreased and lithium fractional reabsorption increased while upright. Standing immersed to the neck in water, which prevents the fall in plasma volume upon changing posture from recumbent to upright, prevented the fall in renal lithium clearance as well as the rise in lithium fractional reabsorption while upright. Oral doses of guanethidine (total dose of 200 mg) or oxprenolol (total dose of 140 mg) taken to prevent high levels of sympathetic nervous system activity and plasma renin, respectively, failed to prevent the fall in renal lithium clearance or the rise in lithium fractional reabsorption upon changing posture from recumbent to upright. The findings indicate that the fall in renal lithium clearance and the rise in lithium fractional reabsorption upon changing posture from recumbent to upright is related to the fall in plasma volume but not to high levels of sympathetic nervous system activity or plasma renin activity.", "contents": "The role of plasma volume, plasma renin and the sympathetic nervous system in the posture-induced decline in renal lithium clearance in man. Excretion of lithium in urine was studied in 2 healthy males while recumbent and while upright, either walking or standing quietly. An oral dose of 24.3 mmol of Lit was taken as three lithium carbonate tablets 13 h before clearance tests. Renal lithium clearance decreased and lithium fractional reabsorption increased while upright. Standing immersed to the neck in water, which prevents the fall in plasma volume upon changing posture from recumbent to upright, prevented the fall in renal lithium clearance as well as the rise in lithium fractional reabsorption while upright. Oral doses of guanethidine (total dose of 200 mg) or oxprenolol (total dose of 140 mg) taken to prevent high levels of sympathetic nervous system activity and plasma renin, respectively, failed to prevent the fall in renal lithium clearance or the rise in lithium fractional reabsorption upon changing posture from recumbent to upright. The findings indicate that the fall in renal lithium clearance and the rise in lithium fractional reabsorption upon changing posture from recumbent to upright is related to the fall in plasma volume but not to high levels of sympathetic nervous system activity or plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 692834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9479", "title": "Baseline characteristics of pure depressive disease.", "content": "A chart review study of 86 females with pure depressive disorder (i.e., a diagnosis of depression plus a parental history of depression) is reported. Findings regarding family history of depressive illness are described. Clinically, the group is noted to be most homogeneous, various attempts at subdivision failing.", "contents": "Baseline characteristics of pure depressive disease. A chart review study of 86 females with pure depressive disorder (i.e., a diagnosis of depression plus a parental history of depression) is reported. Findings regarding family history of depressive illness are described. Clinically, the group is noted to be most homogeneous, various attempts at subdivision failing.", "PMID": 692835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9480", "title": "HLA typing and affective disorders: a study in the Italian population.", "content": "HLA phenotype distribution was investigated in 91 affective patients. Significant increases over those of the control population were found in HLA-A 29 and in Bw 22 frequencies, while A 10 and A 30 were decreased. No significant difference was shown between the two clinical subgroups (41 unipolar patients and 50 bipolar ones). On comparing our data with those from other authors, Bw 16 was significantly increased. However, a high degree of heterogeneity was also shown for this antigen. Of some interest is the finding that relapsed and non-relapsed patients during long-term lithium therapy display diverging HLA phenotype distributions, with B 5 increased among the non-relapsed subjects.", "contents": "HLA typing and affective disorders: a study in the Italian population. HLA phenotype distribution was investigated in 91 affective patients. Significant increases over those of the control population were found in HLA-A 29 and in Bw 22 frequencies, while A 10 and A 30 were decreased. No significant difference was shown between the two clinical subgroups (41 unipolar patients and 50 bipolar ones). On comparing our data with those from other authors, Bw 16 was significantly increased. However, a high degree of heterogeneity was also shown for this antigen. Of some interest is the finding that relapsed and non-relapsed patients during long-term lithium therapy display diverging HLA phenotype distributions, with B 5 increased among the non-relapsed subjects.", "PMID": 692836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9481", "title": "The Capgras phenomenon: cerebral dysfunction with psychosis.", "content": "A psychotic woman with Capgras symptoms is presented in whom evidence of cerebral dysfunction is documented both by neurophysiological and neurophysiological findings. The possible etiological aspects of these symptoms are discussed. The main conclusion arrived at is that Capgras symptoms cannot be explained either on the basis of cerebral dysfunction alone or on the basis of a psychosis alone. The simultaneous presence of cerebral dysfunction and psychosis is necessary for the development of symptoms.", "contents": "The Capgras phenomenon: cerebral dysfunction with psychosis. A psychotic woman with Capgras symptoms is presented in whom evidence of cerebral dysfunction is documented both by neurophysiological and neurophysiological findings. The possible etiological aspects of these symptoms are discussed. The main conclusion arrived at is that Capgras symptoms cannot be explained either on the basis of cerebral dysfunction alone or on the basis of a psychosis alone. The simultaneous presence of cerebral dysfunction and psychosis is necessary for the development of symptoms.", "PMID": 692837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9482", "title": "Fluphenazine decanoate and fluphenazine enanthate in the out-patient management of chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "39 chronic schizophrenic out-patients were given either fluphenazine decanoate or enanthate for a 1-year double-blind trial. Doses of 25 mg were given for the first 6 months and 37.5 mg for the last 6 months. For both agents the intervals between treatments lengthened significantly over the course of the trial. Fluphenazine decanoate showed a non-significant trend for a longer duration of action coupled with a significantly lower incidence of extrapyramidal side effects.", "contents": "Fluphenazine decanoate and fluphenazine enanthate in the out-patient management of chronic schizophrenia. 39 chronic schizophrenic out-patients were given either fluphenazine decanoate or enanthate for a 1-year double-blind trial. Doses of 25 mg were given for the first 6 months and 37.5 mg for the last 6 months. For both agents the intervals between treatments lengthened significantly over the course of the trial. Fluphenazine decanoate showed a non-significant trend for a longer duration of action coupled with a significantly lower incidence of extrapyramidal side effects.", "PMID": 692838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9483", "title": "Biogenic amines in 47, XYY syndrome.", "content": "47, XYYs represent a high percentage of patients admitted in security settings for aggressiveness. By using a polygraphic technique and amine metabolite estimation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), an attempt was made to evaluate the functional activity of the central aminergic system of these patients. No drastic change was observed in sleep patterns of XYYs. The estimation of CSF amine metabolites revealed a normal value for homovanillic acid, but a significant decrease of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid turnover.", "contents": "Biogenic amines in 47, XYY syndrome. 47, XYYs represent a high percentage of patients admitted in security settings for aggressiveness. By using a polygraphic technique and amine metabolite estimation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), an attempt was made to evaluate the functional activity of the central aminergic system of these patients. No drastic change was observed in sleep patterns of XYYs. The estimation of CSF amine metabolites revealed a normal value for homovanillic acid, but a significant decrease of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid turnover.", "PMID": 692839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9484", "title": "Angiography of the spinal cord after vertebral trauma.", "content": "Angiography of the spinal cord after trauma to the spine is reported in 14 new cases with neurological signs. Three types of angiographic signs are demonstrated: (1) arterial interruption of the anterior spinal artery, the ascending branch of the radiculomedullary arteries or the extravertebral arteries; (2) displacement of the anterior spinal artery without interruption; (3) hyperemia. The mechanism and significance of these signs are discussed.", "contents": "Angiography of the spinal cord after vertebral trauma. Angiography of the spinal cord after trauma to the spine is reported in 14 new cases with neurological signs. Three types of angiographic signs are demonstrated: (1) arterial interruption of the anterior spinal artery, the ascending branch of the radiculomedullary arteries or the extravertebral arteries; (2) displacement of the anterior spinal artery without interruption; (3) hyperemia. The mechanism and significance of these signs are discussed.", "PMID": 692866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9485", "title": "Normal and non-pathological variations in the angiographic aspects of the arteries of the middle ear.", "content": "After the demonstration of the basic arterial supply of the middle ear, the different types of aberrant arterial flux using tympanic anastomotic channels are presented.", "contents": "Normal and non-pathological variations in the angiographic aspects of the arteries of the middle ear. After the demonstration of the basic arterial supply of the middle ear, the different types of aberrant arterial flux using tympanic anastomotic channels are presented.", "PMID": 692867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9486", "title": "Plexiform neurofibroma (Rankenneurofibrom) of the cauda equina.", "content": "The clinical and neuroradiological findings in a rare case of plexiform neurofibroma with bone scintigraphy, myelography and selective spinal angiography are described. The difficulties with the preoperative differential diagnosis from other intraspinal space occupying lesions are discussed and the importance of intraoperative biopsy and electrical stimulation is stressed.", "contents": "Plexiform neurofibroma (Rankenneurofibrom) of the cauda equina. The clinical and neuroradiological findings in a rare case of plexiform neurofibroma with bone scintigraphy, myelography and selective spinal angiography are described. The difficulties with the preoperative differential diagnosis from other intraspinal space occupying lesions are discussed and the importance of intraoperative biopsy and electrical stimulation is stressed.", "PMID": 692868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9487", "title": "Angiographic changes in a case of herpes simplex encephalitis.", "content": "A case of herpes encephalitis predominating in the right temporal lobe with unusual angiographic changes is reported. Carotid angiography revealed a right temporal mass with vascular blush and early venous filling through irregular veins. Early venous filling and vascular blush have been known for a long time with cerebral inflammatory disease, but venous drainage through irregular veins is unusual.", "contents": "Angiographic changes in a case of herpes simplex encephalitis. A case of herpes encephalitis predominating in the right temporal lobe with unusual angiographic changes is reported. Carotid angiography revealed a right temporal mass with vascular blush and early venous filling through irregular veins. Early venous filling and vascular blush have been known for a long time with cerebral inflammatory disease, but venous drainage through irregular veins is unusual.", "PMID": 692869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9488", "title": "[Major complications of median sternotomy].", "content": "After examining the modalities of sternal perfusion and the techniques of median sternotomy, with special regard to closure techniques, personal experience of 1000 sternotomies is reviewed. Complications may be major or minor, incidence was 1,8% and total mortality two cases. After reviewing the various causes of sternal dehiscence, reported and personal experience of the various techniques for preventing and treating the complication is discussed.", "contents": "[Major complications of median sternotomy]. After examining the modalities of sternal perfusion and the techniques of median sternotomy, with special regard to closure techniques, personal experience of 1000 sternotomies is reviewed. Complications may be major or minor, incidence was 1,8% and total mortality two cases. After reviewing the various causes of sternal dehiscence, reported and personal experience of the various techniques for preventing and treating the complication is discussed.", "PMID": 692885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9489", "title": "[Role of surgical deobstruction in massive pulmonary emboli. Review of 12 operated cases].", "content": "A brief survey is made of a personal series of 12 embolectomies performed under varying clinical conditions for the management of massive pulmonary embolism. Four satisfactory results were achieved. This operation is carried out under CEC and is a sound procedure. Stress is laid on its fundamental importance in the treatment of cases of this kind. Its early choice should be made in the light of the clinical picture.", "contents": "[Role of surgical deobstruction in massive pulmonary emboli. Review of 12 operated cases]. A brief survey is made of a personal series of 12 embolectomies performed under varying clinical conditions for the management of massive pulmonary embolism. Four satisfactory results were achieved. This operation is carried out under CEC and is a sound procedure. Stress is laid on its fundamental importance in the treatment of cases of this kind. Its early choice should be made in the light of the clinical picture.", "PMID": 692886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9490", "title": "[The lower esophageal sphincter in gastrectomized patients. Manometric study].", "content": "New manometric techniques in for examining the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) were applied an investigation of the oesophago-gastric junction after partial gastric resection. Pressure and blood gastrin data are reported for eight cases examined before and after surgery, under basal conditions and after stimulation with a protein meal. It was found that gastric resection leads to a decrease in LOS performance (43.6% fall in maximum pressure) and length (-33.3%). There is also a 93.5% decrease in the pressure response to a protein meal, and hence a predisposition to gastroesophageal reflux.", "contents": "[The lower esophageal sphincter in gastrectomized patients. Manometric study]. New manometric techniques in for examining the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) were applied an investigation of the oesophago-gastric junction after partial gastric resection. Pressure and blood gastrin data are reported for eight cases examined before and after surgery, under basal conditions and after stimulation with a protein meal. It was found that gastric resection leads to a decrease in LOS performance (43.6% fall in maximum pressure) and length (-33.3%). There is also a 93.5% decrease in the pressure response to a protein meal, and hence a predisposition to gastroesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 692888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9491", "title": "[Association of gastric cancer and hepatitis. A theory to be verified].", "content": "The protective implications of transfusion hepatitis with respect to cancer are examined. It was observed that three patients suffering from advanced stomach cancer (IIIrd and IVth stage TNM), submitted to palliative surgery, contracted a probably transfusional hepatitis in the postoperative period and thereafter showed remission of the basic disease. Mechanisms of aspecific immunitary activation and/or a direct cytotoxic action on the part of the virus are postulated.", "contents": "[Association of gastric cancer and hepatitis. A theory to be verified]. The protective implications of transfusion hepatitis with respect to cancer are examined. It was observed that three patients suffering from advanced stomach cancer (IIIrd and IVth stage TNM), submitted to palliative surgery, contracted a probably transfusional hepatitis in the postoperative period and thereafter showed remission of the basic disease. Mechanisms of aspecific immunitary activation and/or a direct cytotoxic action on the part of the virus are postulated.", "PMID": 692889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9492", "title": "[Celioclysis in the treatment of purulent peritonitis].", "content": "The advantages and contraindications associated with peritoneal drainage are discussed. Reference is made to the advantages of drainage combined with continuous coelioclysis in accordance with a personal method, using doxicycline diluted in saline passed into the peritoneal cavity via a small catheter. A personal series of 79 cases treated in this way to back up surgical management is presented. There was only one death due to septic shock.", "contents": "[Celioclysis in the treatment of purulent peritonitis]. The advantages and contraindications associated with peritoneal drainage are discussed. Reference is made to the advantages of drainage combined with continuous coelioclysis in accordance with a personal method, using doxicycline diluted in saline passed into the peritoneal cavity via a small catheter. A personal series of 79 cases treated in this way to back up surgical management is presented. There was only one death due to septic shock.", "PMID": 692891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9493", "title": "[Peripheral arterial embolism. Considerations on 101 cases (121 emboli)].", "content": "The treatment of 101 patients with peripheral arterial embolism between 1970 and 1976 is discussed. Embolectomy was performed 98 times in 78 cases, antigoagulant and fibrinolytic management was employed in 19 cases, and primary amputation was necessary in the remaining four subjects. The limb was saved in 70% of those operated, while secondary amputation proved necessary in 14%. Overall mortality (after embolectomy and amputation) was 22%. Lastly, the therapeutic protocol used is discussed, together with the various factors that still prejudice the results of embolectomy.", "contents": "[Peripheral arterial embolism. Considerations on 101 cases (121 emboli)]. The treatment of 101 patients with peripheral arterial embolism between 1970 and 1976 is discussed. Embolectomy was performed 98 times in 78 cases, antigoagulant and fibrinolytic management was employed in 19 cases, and primary amputation was necessary in the remaining four subjects. The limb was saved in 70% of those operated, while secondary amputation proved necessary in 14%. Overall mortality (after embolectomy and amputation) was 22%. Lastly, the therapeutic protocol used is discussed, together with the various factors that still prejudice the results of embolectomy.", "PMID": 692892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9494", "title": "[Achalasia caused by infiltrating carcinoma of the esophagus. Clinical case and physiopathological considerations].", "content": "A case of symptomatic esophageal achalasia due to a slowly growing neoplastic infiltration of the esophageal wall by a mammary indifferentiated carcinoma operated ten years before is presented. At admission, the clinical history and the endoscopic appearance of the esophageal lumen and mucosa led to the diagnosis of idiopathic achalasia, while the esophageal manometry showed a rather long high pressure zone (6--8 cm), which did not relax with deglutition. Barium study confirmed the length of the achalasic tract. Only thoracotomy permitted a correct diagnosis. On the basis of this case achalasia is thus considered as a syndrome which can be either idiopathic or secondary to Trypanosoma cruzi, high troncular vagotomy, benign or malignant tumor infiltrating the esophageal wall. The difficult diagnosis of some cases from the clinical point of view is underlined. Stress is laid on the necessity that all findings (history, radiology, endoscopy, manometry) be carefully evaluated to reach a preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "[Achalasia caused by infiltrating carcinoma of the esophagus. Clinical case and physiopathological considerations]. A case of symptomatic esophageal achalasia due to a slowly growing neoplastic infiltration of the esophageal wall by a mammary indifferentiated carcinoma operated ten years before is presented. At admission, the clinical history and the endoscopic appearance of the esophageal lumen and mucosa led to the diagnosis of idiopathic achalasia, while the esophageal manometry showed a rather long high pressure zone (6--8 cm), which did not relax with deglutition. Barium study confirmed the length of the achalasic tract. Only thoracotomy permitted a correct diagnosis. On the basis of this case achalasia is thus considered as a syndrome which can be either idiopathic or secondary to Trypanosoma cruzi, high troncular vagotomy, benign or malignant tumor infiltrating the esophageal wall. The difficult diagnosis of some cases from the clinical point of view is underlined. Stress is laid on the necessity that all findings (history, radiology, endoscopy, manometry) be carefully evaluated to reach a preoperative diagnosis.", "PMID": 692894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9495", "title": "[Struma ovarii].", "content": "A case of struma ovarii in which the correct diagnosis was only suspected at the time of surgery is reported. A 131I scintiscan offers the only preoperative means of ensuring diagnosis. Indeed the condition itself is rare and its clinical signs resemble those of a small ovarian cyst, so that preoperative diagnosis may well be mistaken. Hyperthyroidism accompanied by a normally functioning cervical thyroid offers the sole reason for suspecting an adnexal mass or a struma ovarii.", "contents": "[Struma ovarii]. A case of struma ovarii in which the correct diagnosis was only suspected at the time of surgery is reported. A 131I scintiscan offers the only preoperative means of ensuring diagnosis. Indeed the condition itself is rare and its clinical signs resemble those of a small ovarian cyst, so that preoperative diagnosis may well be mistaken. Hyperthyroidism accompanied by a normally functioning cervical thyroid offers the sole reason for suspecting an adnexal mass or a struma ovarii.", "PMID": 692895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9496", "title": "[Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the pancreas].", "content": "Personal experience acquired in the use of radical and palliative techniques in the treatment of 18 cases of carcinoma of the pancreas and 1 of carcinoma of the ampulla hepatopancreatica is reported. The results show that duodenocephalo-pancreasectomy is a sound procedure, particularly in the absence of lymph node invasion. Operative mortality is low if the surgeon is experienced. In the even of serious and prolonged cholostasis, the operation can be preceded by a biliary shunt. According to the Authors there are not yet valid reasons as to the survival to prefer total pancreasectomy instead the partial pancreasectomy because of the high mortality of the former. Early diagnosis and the recognition of precancerous conditions still represent determining factors as far as operability and hence survival are concerned. The efficacy of chemotherapy is uncertain at present.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the pancreas]. Personal experience acquired in the use of radical and palliative techniques in the treatment of 18 cases of carcinoma of the pancreas and 1 of carcinoma of the ampulla hepatopancreatica is reported. The results show that duodenocephalo-pancreasectomy is a sound procedure, particularly in the absence of lymph node invasion. Operative mortality is low if the surgeon is experienced. In the even of serious and prolonged cholostasis, the operation can be preceded by a biliary shunt. According to the Authors there are not yet valid reasons as to the survival to prefer total pancreasectomy instead the partial pancreasectomy because of the high mortality of the former. Early diagnosis and the recognition of precancerous conditions still represent determining factors as far as operability and hence survival are concerned. The efficacy of chemotherapy is uncertain at present.", "PMID": 692898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9497", "title": "[Cancer of the gastric stump after duodeno-gastric resection].", "content": "Carcinoma of the gastric stump in patients who have undergone resection for duodenal and gastric ulcer represents a rare event which poses considerable diagnostic and therapeutic problems. 7 personal cases are examined, particular attention being paid to the utility of endoscopy, together with sampling for cytological and histological examinations, by comparison with radiology. Endoscopy in the present cases have confirmed the high positivity obtainable with transendoscopic cytological sampling using the brushing technique. The technique should therefore become routine in the study of patients undergoing gastric resection.", "contents": "[Cancer of the gastric stump after duodeno-gastric resection]. Carcinoma of the gastric stump in patients who have undergone resection for duodenal and gastric ulcer represents a rare event which poses considerable diagnostic and therapeutic problems. 7 personal cases are examined, particular attention being paid to the utility of endoscopy, together with sampling for cytological and histological examinations, by comparison with radiology. Endoscopy in the present cases have confirmed the high positivity obtainable with transendoscopic cytological sampling using the brushing technique. The technique should therefore become routine in the study of patients undergoing gastric resection.", "PMID": 692900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9498", "title": "[Cytological studies in diagnosis of cancer of the esophagus].", "content": "The importance of exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of cancer of the oesophagus is stressed. The examination uses a straightforward, economical technique and, in association with traditional investigations, offers diagnostic positivity of close to 100%. The interest in exfoliative oesophageal cytology does not derive solely from its confirmation of clinically certain oesophageal cancer, but from the fact that it offers early diagnosis outside of dysphagic symptomatology. Its field of use is thus extended and it proves to be a complementary but indubitably useful technique for diseases of the oesophago-gastric tract, particularly in those presenting high cancerization risk. Its use is therefore recommended for the screening of oesophageal cancer.", "contents": "[Cytological studies in diagnosis of cancer of the esophagus]. The importance of exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of cancer of the oesophagus is stressed. The examination uses a straightforward, economical technique and, in association with traditional investigations, offers diagnostic positivity of close to 100%. The interest in exfoliative oesophageal cytology does not derive solely from its confirmation of clinically certain oesophageal cancer, but from the fact that it offers early diagnosis outside of dysphagic symptomatology. Its field of use is thus extended and it proves to be a complementary but indubitably useful technique for diseases of the oesophago-gastric tract, particularly in those presenting high cancerization risk. Its use is therefore recommended for the screening of oesophageal cancer.", "PMID": 692903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9499", "title": "[Non-secreting malignant tumors of the adrenal cortex. Description of a case].", "content": "Non-secreting carcinoma of the suprarenal cortex is a rare from of neoplasia. A personal case, characterized by its large dimension (24 cm longitudinal diameter) is reported. Stress is laid on the need for early diagnosis although this is possible only in a limited number of patients owing to the disease's course. Only patients owing to the disease's course. Only early diagnosis, however, can enable the tumour to be removed before metastasis sets in. The malignity of these types is also pointed out, few patients surviving for longer than 5 years.", "contents": "[Non-secreting malignant tumors of the adrenal cortex. Description of a case]. Non-secreting carcinoma of the suprarenal cortex is a rare from of neoplasia. A personal case, characterized by its large dimension (24 cm longitudinal diameter) is reported. Stress is laid on the need for early diagnosis although this is possible only in a limited number of patients owing to the disease's course. Only patients owing to the disease's course. Only early diagnosis, however, can enable the tumour to be removed before metastasis sets in. The malignity of these types is also pointed out, few patients surviving for longer than 5 years.", "PMID": 692905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9500", "title": "[Experimental model of vascular microanastomosis applicable in neurosurgery].", "content": "A model for vascular microanastomosis is presented. Attention is drawn to problems involved in the technique for such operations and it is shown that results can be greatly improved by using a microscope. Six-month angiographic follow-up results in a personal series are illustrated and some clinical indications for this form of surgery are explained.", "contents": "[Experimental model of vascular microanastomosis applicable in neurosurgery]. A model for vascular microanastomosis is presented. Attention is drawn to problems involved in the technique for such operations and it is shown that results can be greatly improved by using a microscope. Six-month angiographic follow-up results in a personal series are illustrated and some clinical indications for this form of surgery are explained.", "PMID": 692908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9501", "title": "[Oxygenating intra-alveolar lavage (OAL) with the use of some new fluorinated compounds].", "content": "Certain fluorinated carbonate compounds can carry O2 and CO2 in a physiological manner. This faculty was exploited in the elaboration of an experimental intra-alveolar oxygenating washing protocol employing such compounds as intrapulmonary oxygenating liquids conveyed by transtracheal flooding of the alveoli in 20 rabbits. AP, PaP, CVP and EP were monitored in accordance with a 35' protocol, during which the positive oxygenation and negative emptying phases of the washing process were repeated at an average 2 cycles/min. A respiratory exchange capable of keeping all the animals alive until the recommencement of spontaneous ventilation was noted, along with only slight changes in lung structure. Once an in-depth study is made of certain fundamental phenomena related to structure and lung function, it is felt that this washing method can be used clinically for the treatment of hypoxaemic situations in which normal alveocapillary exchange is impeded by extraneous material, as in desquamative interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, etc.", "contents": "[Oxygenating intra-alveolar lavage (OAL) with the use of some new fluorinated compounds]. Certain fluorinated carbonate compounds can carry O2 and CO2 in a physiological manner. This faculty was exploited in the elaboration of an experimental intra-alveolar oxygenating washing protocol employing such compounds as intrapulmonary oxygenating liquids conveyed by transtracheal flooding of the alveoli in 20 rabbits. AP, PaP, CVP and EP were monitored in accordance with a 35' protocol, during which the positive oxygenation and negative emptying phases of the washing process were repeated at an average 2 cycles/min. A respiratory exchange capable of keeping all the animals alive until the recommencement of spontaneous ventilation was noted, along with only slight changes in lung structure. Once an in-depth study is made of certain fundamental phenomena related to structure and lung function, it is felt that this washing method can be used clinically for the treatment of hypoxaemic situations in which normal alveocapillary exchange is impeded by extraneous material, as in desquamative interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, etc.", "PMID": 692909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9502", "title": "[Degranulation of the mast cells of syngeneic rats induced with sera of rats treated with grafts of methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma].", "content": "The serum of rats immunized by MCA sarcoma graft may cause marked degranulation of the mast cells of syngeneic rats sensitized by a homogenate of cancer cells. The serum of immune rats has also caused more limited degranulation in syngeneic rats that have not been previously sensitized. This phenomenon would appear to be explained by a possible cross reaction of antibodies present in the immune sera with the normal histocompatibility antigens expressed on mast cell membranes.", "contents": "[Degranulation of the mast cells of syngeneic rats induced with sera of rats treated with grafts of methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma]. The serum of rats immunized by MCA sarcoma graft may cause marked degranulation of the mast cells of syngeneic rats sensitized by a homogenate of cancer cells. The serum of immune rats has also caused more limited degranulation in syngeneic rats that have not been previously sensitized. This phenomenon would appear to be explained by a possible cross reaction of antibodies present in the immune sera with the normal histocompatibility antigens expressed on mast cell membranes.", "PMID": 692910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9503", "title": "[A new technic of gastric resection in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer. I].", "content": "After reviewing the modifications that have been made to the gastroduodenal resection technique according to Billroth II, a comparatively original solution is put forward. This involves subtotal resection of the stomach with simultaneous removal of the large omentum, followed by gastro-jejunal anstomosis \"oralis inferior minima\" and suspension of the afferent ansa at the oesophago-cardial angle. Original diagrams illustrate the practical impossibility of reflow into the afferent ansa, demonstrated in practice by short- and long-term postoperative radiography. The other advantages of the technique lie in the absolute lack of postcibal and nutritional syndromes, in the increase in body weight and in a number of sero-haematic parameters and, finally, in the complete recovery of the patients.", "contents": "[A new technic of gastric resection in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer. I]. After reviewing the modifications that have been made to the gastroduodenal resection technique according to Billroth II, a comparatively original solution is put forward. This involves subtotal resection of the stomach with simultaneous removal of the large omentum, followed by gastro-jejunal anstomosis \"oralis inferior minima\" and suspension of the afferent ansa at the oesophago-cardial angle. Original diagrams illustrate the practical impossibility of reflow into the afferent ansa, demonstrated in practice by short- and long-term postoperative radiography. The other advantages of the technique lie in the absolute lack of postcibal and nutritional syndromes, in the increase in body weight and in a number of sero-haematic parameters and, finally, in the complete recovery of the patients.", "PMID": 692912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9504", "title": "[Late complications of latero-lateral choledocho-duodenostomy. Physiopathology, diagnosis and therapy. Apropos of 6 cases].", "content": "Laterolateral choledochoduodenostomy is commonly used in the treatment of lithiasis and both benign and malignant stenosis of the main bile duct, and is regarded on all sides as safe and free from late complications. The latter, however, were noted in 6 personal cases and consisted of pain (5/6 cases), fever (4/6 cases), and dyspepsia (3/6 cases, icterus (1/6 cases). Surgery revealed recurrent or residual lithiasis (4 cases) and stenosis (4 cases). It is felt that the reflux of duodenal material into the main bile duct after creation of the anastomosis led to ascending cholangitis, stagnation and hence stenosis of the opening. Closure of the opening and extensive papilloplasty is not followed by immediate postoperative sequelae.", "contents": "[Late complications of latero-lateral choledocho-duodenostomy. Physiopathology, diagnosis and therapy. Apropos of 6 cases]. Laterolateral choledochoduodenostomy is commonly used in the treatment of lithiasis and both benign and malignant stenosis of the main bile duct, and is regarded on all sides as safe and free from late complications. The latter, however, were noted in 6 personal cases and consisted of pain (5/6 cases), fever (4/6 cases), and dyspepsia (3/6 cases, icterus (1/6 cases). Surgery revealed recurrent or residual lithiasis (4 cases) and stenosis (4 cases). It is felt that the reflux of duodenal material into the main bile duct after creation of the anastomosis led to ascending cholangitis, stagnation and hence stenosis of the opening. Closure of the opening and extensive papilloplasty is not followed by immediate postoperative sequelae.", "PMID": 692914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9505", "title": "[Diagnosis of traumatic hernia of the right hemidiaphragm. Considerations on a case].", "content": "Rupture of the right hemidiaphragm is an unusual event and often misunderstood. Failure to diagnose this lesion in the acute stage, in addition to contributing to its high mortality, means that it frequently becomes apparent only months or even years after the event. Even at this late stage, diagnosis is not always easy, especially when the history is not correctly weighed and proper investigation is thus lacking. Pneumoperitoneum and liver scintiscanning are recommended in this respect. A recently observed case is presented as a more or less typical example of this rare disease.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of traumatic hernia of the right hemidiaphragm. Considerations on a case]. Rupture of the right hemidiaphragm is an unusual event and often misunderstood. Failure to diagnose this lesion in the acute stage, in addition to contributing to its high mortality, means that it frequently becomes apparent only months or even years after the event. Even at this late stage, diagnosis is not always easy, especially when the history is not correctly weighed and proper investigation is thus lacking. Pneumoperitoneum and liver scintiscanning are recommended in this respect. A recently observed case is presented as a more or less typical example of this rare disease.", "PMID": 692917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9506", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic role of so-called laparosplenectomy in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "Results obtained with laparosplenectomy in the diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin's disease are reported. The soundness of this method is asserted with regard to establishment of the anatomopathological stage, the improved tolerance of subsequent antiblastic management and the virtual absence of post-operative complications. The long-term progression of the disease, however, cannot be examined, since reliable data are not available. It will the tasks of the haematologists to follow these patients and record the clinical events observed.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic role of so-called laparosplenectomy in Hodgkin's disease]. Results obtained with laparosplenectomy in the diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin's disease are reported. The soundness of this method is asserted with regard to establishment of the anatomopathological stage, the improved tolerance of subsequent antiblastic management and the virtual absence of post-operative complications. The long-term progression of the disease, however, cannot be examined, since reliable data are not available. It will the tasks of the haematologists to follow these patients and record the clinical events observed.", "PMID": 692918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9507", "title": "[Temporary defunctionalizing colostomy, a non-indispensable corollary in the Dixon anterior resection of the rectum for treatment of recto-sigmoid carcinoma].", "content": "The frequency and sites of carcinoma of the sigmoid colon and rectum are discussed. The complications associated with Dixon's anterior resection of the rectum are described, with particular reference to factors affecting cicatrisation of the colic anastomoses, followed by dehiscences and their degree of seriousness. A personal serier for the years 1969 to 1975 is presented and the advantages and disadvantages of derivative colostomy are explained. Comparison with similar series in which colostomy was or was not employed is used to elicit the reasons why it may be regarded as superfluous.", "contents": "[Temporary defunctionalizing colostomy, a non-indispensable corollary in the Dixon anterior resection of the rectum for treatment of recto-sigmoid carcinoma]. The frequency and sites of carcinoma of the sigmoid colon and rectum are discussed. The complications associated with Dixon's anterior resection of the rectum are described, with particular reference to factors affecting cicatrisation of the colic anastomoses, followed by dehiscences and their degree of seriousness. A personal serier for the years 1969 to 1975 is presented and the advantages and disadvantages of derivative colostomy are explained. Comparison with similar series in which colostomy was or was not employed is used to elicit the reasons why it may be regarded as superfluous.", "PMID": 692919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9508", "title": "[Intraoperative peritoneal lavage in generalized acute peritonitis. Experience with 61 cases].", "content": "After wide preface about peritoneal anatomy, pathological, physiology and physiopatology and about the physiopatology of general acute peritonitis, a case records of 61 patients is produced. All the patients were shocked and urgently operated for general acute septic peritonitis and were abundantly washed with a polisaline solution during the operation. That washing technique is described and the authors remark its abundancy (at least 10-12 litres) and its systematicity. They also remark that the washing is the true and main moment of the reanimation and it is the most important salvage action in the general acute peritonitis. The antibiotical therapy, especially the topical one, and the drainage are only complementary elements in the treatment. Among 61 patients, with an average of 54 years, there were eight deaths (13%) in old patients, with an average of 71 years and they were all caused by cardiac and circulatory disease. No patient died for peritonitis or for toxic-infections causes. The postoperative morbility (eight patients-13%) was mainly caused by the infection of the laparotomy and it only prolonged some days the stay in hospital.", "contents": "[Intraoperative peritoneal lavage in generalized acute peritonitis. Experience with 61 cases]. After wide preface about peritoneal anatomy, pathological, physiology and physiopatology and about the physiopatology of general acute peritonitis, a case records of 61 patients is produced. All the patients were shocked and urgently operated for general acute septic peritonitis and were abundantly washed with a polisaline solution during the operation. That washing technique is described and the authors remark its abundancy (at least 10-12 litres) and its systematicity. They also remark that the washing is the true and main moment of the reanimation and it is the most important salvage action in the general acute peritonitis. The antibiotical therapy, especially the topical one, and the drainage are only complementary elements in the treatment. Among 61 patients, with an average of 54 years, there were eight deaths (13%) in old patients, with an average of 71 years and they were all caused by cardiac and circulatory disease. No patient died for peritonitis or for toxic-infections causes. The postoperative morbility (eight patients-13%) was mainly caused by the infection of the laparotomy and it only prolonged some days the stay in hospital.", "PMID": 692922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9509", "title": "[Pseudocyst of the pancreas fistulized into the right pleural cavity].", "content": "The development of a pancreatic pseudocyst which fistulized into the right pleural cavity through a lesion in the diaphragm is described. The case is the 2nd in Italian literature and the 5th in the world. The relationships between pancreatic and thoracic pathology are examined, particularly the various ways in which pancreatic enzymes are spread and transferred to the abdomen and thorax. Such a fistulization phenomenon is the ultimate expression of an erosive process of the pancreatic juice and is considered quite exceptional with respect to the more frequent cases of pleural exudation with high amylase content which are often encountered in concomitance with verified pancreatic pathology.", "contents": "[Pseudocyst of the pancreas fistulized into the right pleural cavity]. The development of a pancreatic pseudocyst which fistulized into the right pleural cavity through a lesion in the diaphragm is described. The case is the 2nd in Italian literature and the 5th in the world. The relationships between pancreatic and thoracic pathology are examined, particularly the various ways in which pancreatic enzymes are spread and transferred to the abdomen and thorax. Such a fistulization phenomenon is the ultimate expression of an erosive process of the pancreatic juice and is considered quite exceptional with respect to the more frequent cases of pleural exudation with high amylase content which are often encountered in concomitance with verified pancreatic pathology.", "PMID": 692923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9510", "title": "[Cryosurgery. Current status. Problems and future prospects].", "content": "As matters new stand, cryosurgery has certain definite indications in various fields, either alone or in association with other forms of treatment. It is probably the therapy of choice for 1st-stage haemorrhoids and a series of skin lesions. It is of palliative value in the treatment of tumours and/or an addition to conventional management. The same is true of neoplasm in various sites and stages. As far as the immunological response is concerned, the data available are inconclusive. Further investigation is therefore justified, both experimentally and in man, bearing in mind all the parameters that can be used to assess a possible immune response.", "contents": "[Cryosurgery. Current status. Problems and future prospects]. As matters new stand, cryosurgery has certain definite indications in various fields, either alone or in association with other forms of treatment. It is probably the therapy of choice for 1st-stage haemorrhoids and a series of skin lesions. It is of palliative value in the treatment of tumours and/or an addition to conventional management. The same is true of neoplasm in various sites and stages. As far as the immunological response is concerned, the data available are inconclusive. Further investigation is therefore justified, both experimentally and in man, bearing in mind all the parameters that can be used to assess a possible immune response.", "PMID": 692925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9511", "title": "[Familial Mediterranean fever. Evidence of its autoimmune pathogenesis].", "content": "Immunological disturbances in FMF have not been previously reported. In present case, positivity for RA and Waaler-Rose test as well as increase of plasma IgG and IgM immunoglobulins during an episode of acute peritonitis is described. These findings, in association with very high levels of urinary FDP, suggest an autoimmune pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "[Familial Mediterranean fever. Evidence of its autoimmune pathogenesis]. Immunological disturbances in FMF have not been previously reported. In present case, positivity for RA and Waaler-Rose test as well as increase of plasma IgG and IgM immunoglobulins during an episode of acute peritonitis is described. These findings, in association with very high levels of urinary FDP, suggest an autoimmune pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 692939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9512", "title": "[Regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Role of the prostaglandins].", "content": "PRA (in the supine and erect subject) and urinary sodium before and after acute treatment (100 mg i.m.) and chronic treatment (100 mg per os for 8 days) were examined in two groups of subjects with no signs of cardiovascular or renal disease. It was found that indomethacin, which is a well-known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, reduced PRA levels in basal conditions and as a result of postural stimulation, without causing any appreciable change in urinary sodium. Regulation of the PRA on the part of the renal prostaglandins is postulated and its probable mechanisms discussed.", "contents": "[Regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Role of the prostaglandins]. PRA (in the supine and erect subject) and urinary sodium before and after acute treatment (100 mg i.m.) and chronic treatment (100 mg per os for 8 days) were examined in two groups of subjects with no signs of cardiovascular or renal disease. It was found that indomethacin, which is a well-known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, reduced PRA levels in basal conditions and as a result of postural stimulation, without causing any appreciable change in urinary sodium. Regulation of the PRA on the part of the renal prostaglandins is postulated and its probable mechanisms discussed.", "PMID": 692940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9513", "title": "[Isolation and ways of acting of morphogenetic factors during early embryogenesis].", "content": "The attempts at isolation and characterization of the factors mediating the embryonic induction are summarized. A method is described in detail which allowed to isolate the purified form from the mixtures of chick embryonic tissues a vegetalizing protein factor which induces the mesoderm and endoderm in the ectoderm of amphibian gastrulae. Besides, its inhibitor was isolated which is also a protein; the inhibitors supposedly block the action of the most inducing factors but one or some of them. The isolation of the inducing factor in the pure form allowed to reinvestigate with the greatest precision the problem whether the induction is mediated by the contact of cell surfaces or the penetration of substances in the reacting cells and to show that the inducing factor penetrates in the cells upon the induction in the gastrula ectoderm. The effect of cyclic monophosphates and changes in potassium and sodium intracellular concentration as factors participating in the induction was also tested and it was shown that neither of these factors, contrary to the expectations, led to he induction phenomena. The importance of the vegetalizing factor concentration for the segregation of the primary ectodermal zone into ectodermal and mesodermal and, secondarily, nerve cellis discussed.", "contents": "[Isolation and ways of acting of morphogenetic factors during early embryogenesis]. The attempts at isolation and characterization of the factors mediating the embryonic induction are summarized. A method is described in detail which allowed to isolate the purified form from the mixtures of chick embryonic tissues a vegetalizing protein factor which induces the mesoderm and endoderm in the ectoderm of amphibian gastrulae. Besides, its inhibitor was isolated which is also a protein; the inhibitors supposedly block the action of the most inducing factors but one or some of them. The isolation of the inducing factor in the pure form allowed to reinvestigate with the greatest precision the problem whether the induction is mediated by the contact of cell surfaces or the penetration of substances in the reacting cells and to show that the inducing factor penetrates in the cells upon the induction in the gastrula ectoderm. The effect of cyclic monophosphates and changes in potassium and sodium intracellular concentration as factors participating in the induction was also tested and it was shown that neither of these factors, contrary to the expectations, led to he induction phenomena. The importance of the vegetalizing factor concentration for the segregation of the primary ectodermal zone into ectodermal and mesodermal and, secondarily, nerve cellis discussed.", "PMID": 692975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9514", "title": "[Inductive role of the edges of the bony defect in the process of regeneration of the bones of the cranial vault in adult rabbits].", "content": "In the process of regeneration of the skull vault bones in adult rabbits which proceeds spontaneously after trepanation, the destroyed and changing bone of the defect margins is an inductor of osteogenesis. Coming into the contact with the reacting material in the region of defect and in dura mater, it directs its differention along the path of osteogenesis. In the experiments where the inductor and reacting material were separated by the millipore (0.45 mcm) filter the pores of which did not prevent the penetration of macromolecules and cell processes, the bone regeneration in the region of defect slowed down, as compared with the control. The bone formation de novo was observed in these experiments at first in the places of contact of the millipore filter covering the destroyed bone margins with the reacting material, i. e. in the regions of dura mater adjacent to the filter and in the newly formed connective tissue covering the external surface of the filter. The separation of the defect margins from the reacting material by wax inhibited the bone regeneration. The region of defect was filled by connective tissue scar.", "contents": "[Inductive role of the edges of the bony defect in the process of regeneration of the bones of the cranial vault in adult rabbits]. In the process of regeneration of the skull vault bones in adult rabbits which proceeds spontaneously after trepanation, the destroyed and changing bone of the defect margins is an inductor of osteogenesis. Coming into the contact with the reacting material in the region of defect and in dura mater, it directs its differention along the path of osteogenesis. In the experiments where the inductor and reacting material were separated by the millipore (0.45 mcm) filter the pores of which did not prevent the penetration of macromolecules and cell processes, the bone regeneration in the region of defect slowed down, as compared with the control. The bone formation de novo was observed in these experiments at first in the places of contact of the millipore filter covering the destroyed bone margins with the reacting material, i. e. in the regions of dura mater adjacent to the filter and in the newly formed connective tissue covering the external surface of the filter. The separation of the defect margins from the reacting material by wax inhibited the bone regeneration. The region of defect was filled by connective tissue scar.", "PMID": 692976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9515", "title": "[Radioautographic study of the developmental period of the cells of the supraoptic nucleus during mouse embryogenesis].", "content": "To study the time of cell origin in the supraoptic nucleus, double labelling with 3H- and 14C-thymidine was applied to the matrix cells of embryonic ependyma with intervals of 12, 24 and 48 hrs from the 9th day of gestation. The localization of the labelled cells was studied in the brain of the offspring using autoradiography. The labelling allowed to determine the time of the last division of the matrix cells, prior to their differentiation into neurosecretory cells. The neurosecretory cells forming the supraoptic nucleus were shown to arise mainly on the 11--13th day of embryogenesis. The cells originated on the 11th day were located only in the dorso-caudal parts of the nucleus. The most neurosecretory cells arise in the second half of the 12th day and are distributed all over the nucleus with the dorso-ventral (caudo-rostral) gradient. From the 13th day on the migration of the neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus sharply reduces but still persits until the 17th day. The glioblasts begin to migrate in the supraoptic nucleus from the 14th day on.", "contents": "[Radioautographic study of the developmental period of the cells of the supraoptic nucleus during mouse embryogenesis]. To study the time of cell origin in the supraoptic nucleus, double labelling with 3H- and 14C-thymidine was applied to the matrix cells of embryonic ependyma with intervals of 12, 24 and 48 hrs from the 9th day of gestation. The localization of the labelled cells was studied in the brain of the offspring using autoradiography. The labelling allowed to determine the time of the last division of the matrix cells, prior to their differentiation into neurosecretory cells. The neurosecretory cells forming the supraoptic nucleus were shown to arise mainly on the 11--13th day of embryogenesis. The cells originated on the 11th day were located only in the dorso-caudal parts of the nucleus. The most neurosecretory cells arise in the second half of the 12th day and are distributed all over the nucleus with the dorso-ventral (caudo-rostral) gradient. From the 13th day on the migration of the neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus sharply reduces but still persits until the 17th day. The glioblasts begin to migrate in the supraoptic nucleus from the 14th day on.", "PMID": 692977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9516", "title": "[Duration of the cell cycles and mitotic phases during the cleavage period of the salmon Salmo salar L].", "content": "The temporal, parameters of the cell cycle in the Atlantic salmon embryos were studied at the temperature 4.8 +/- 0.1 degrees from 10.5 hrs after fertilization (end of interphase of the 1st cleavage division) till 93 hrs (beginning of blastulation). The period of cleavage comprises 11 cell cycles. The II--V cell cycles equal each other by their duration, then the divisions accelerate and the VII--X cell cycles are shorter than the former by 10%, on the average. The duration of some phases (pro-, ana- and telophase) in different cycles proved to be variable and all mitotic phases varied by their relative duration from cycle to cycle; however, in all cell cycles of the cleavage period the mitosis occupied 2/3 of each cycle. The synchroneous character of the passage of cell cycle phases by all the cells is preserved only up to 8-blastomere stage. Beginning from the 16-blastomere stage when two cell layers appear along the animal--vegetative axis, the gradient is initiated: the animal layer cells in the cycle phases leave behind the vegetative layer cells which border the yolk.", "contents": "[Duration of the cell cycles and mitotic phases during the cleavage period of the salmon Salmo salar L]. The temporal, parameters of the cell cycle in the Atlantic salmon embryos were studied at the temperature 4.8 +/- 0.1 degrees from 10.5 hrs after fertilization (end of interphase of the 1st cleavage division) till 93 hrs (beginning of blastulation). The period of cleavage comprises 11 cell cycles. The II--V cell cycles equal each other by their duration, then the divisions accelerate and the VII--X cell cycles are shorter than the former by 10%, on the average. The duration of some phases (pro-, ana- and telophase) in different cycles proved to be variable and all mitotic phases varied by their relative duration from cycle to cycle; however, in all cell cycles of the cleavage period the mitosis occupied 2/3 of each cycle. The synchroneous character of the passage of cell cycle phases by all the cells is preserved only up to 8-blastomere stage. Beginning from the 16-blastomere stage when two cell layers appear along the animal--vegetative axis, the gradient is initiated: the animal layer cells in the cycle phases leave behind the vegetative layer cells which border the yolk.", "PMID": 692979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9517", "title": "[Effect of 0.2--0.3M sodium chloride solutions on the properties of the chromatin of lymphocytes in different stages os maturation].", "content": "The response of lymph node lymphocytes stimulated to proliferation at different stages of maturation by cell seeding at the high cell density was studied. The binding of acridine orange (A3) and 3H-actinomycin D (3H-AMD) to the cell nuclei was used as a criterion of the functional state of lymphocyte chromatin. The \"crowding\" stimulation of the lymph node lumphocytes resulted in the increase of AO and 3H-AMD binding by the cells of different sizes, i.e. at different stages of maturation. The degree of binding differs in cells of different size and the increase is expressed to a greater extent in small lymphocytes. The cell treatment with 0.2--0.3M sodium chloride solutions eliminates the differences in AO and 3H-AMD binding between the activated an non-activated lymphocytes of all sizes what appears to be due to the removal of some weakly bound non-histone proteins from the activated cells. The differences in AO and 3H-AMD binding between the cells of different sizes are retained after this treatment. Hence, the proteins removed from the chromatin under the effect of such a treatment are not responsible for the chromatin changes accompanying the cell maturation.", "contents": "[Effect of 0.2--0.3M sodium chloride solutions on the properties of the chromatin of lymphocytes in different stages os maturation]. The response of lymph node lymphocytes stimulated to proliferation at different stages of maturation by cell seeding at the high cell density was studied. The binding of acridine orange (A3) and 3H-actinomycin D (3H-AMD) to the cell nuclei was used as a criterion of the functional state of lymphocyte chromatin. The \"crowding\" stimulation of the lymph node lumphocytes resulted in the increase of AO and 3H-AMD binding by the cells of different sizes, i.e. at different stages of maturation. The degree of binding differs in cells of different size and the increase is expressed to a greater extent in small lymphocytes. The cell treatment with 0.2--0.3M sodium chloride solutions eliminates the differences in AO and 3H-AMD binding between the activated an non-activated lymphocytes of all sizes what appears to be due to the removal of some weakly bound non-histone proteins from the activated cells. The differences in AO and 3H-AMD binding between the cells of different sizes are retained after this treatment. Hence, the proteins removed from the chromatin under the effect of such a treatment are not responsible for the chromatin changes accompanying the cell maturation.", "PMID": 692978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9518", "title": "[Organ specific spectra of the glutamate dehydrogenase of corn, Zea mays L].", "content": "The characteristic spectra of glutamate dehydrogenase in the endosperm, embryo and pericarp of the developing seed, in the organs of the seedling (scutellum, root, mesocotyle, coleoptyle, leaf and root parenchyma of stem and ear) appear to be due to the differential activity of the genes controlling the enzyme synthesis. The type of spectrum of the initial tissue is preserved in the in vitro culture. The nature of organ specificity is discussed with respect to supposed mechanism of the formation of GDH isozyme spectrum.", "contents": "[Organ specific spectra of the glutamate dehydrogenase of corn, Zea mays L]. The characteristic spectra of glutamate dehydrogenase in the endosperm, embryo and pericarp of the developing seed, in the organs of the seedling (scutellum, root, mesocotyle, coleoptyle, leaf and root parenchyma of stem and ear) appear to be due to the differential activity of the genes controlling the enzyme synthesis. The type of spectrum of the initial tissue is preserved in the in vitro culture. The nature of organ specificity is discussed with respect to supposed mechanism of the formation of GDH isozyme spectrum.", "PMID": 692980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9519", "title": "[Age and features of the suppressor activity of antigen primed spleen cells of CBA strain mice and regulation of the immune response in old age].", "content": "A study of primary immunological response to the ram erythrocytes and response of primed CBA mice of different age has shown a sharp fall of the primary immunological response in senility. The young animals responded to the priming by the decrease of formation of direct antibody-forming cells in the spleen what is connected with the activation of suppressor cells. The response of primed animals increased with the age and attained in old mice the values markedly exceeding that of primary immunological response. In the system of syngeneic adoptive transfer of the spleen cells from the primed mice of different age, the response of recipients of young animal's cells was lower that of recipients of old animal's cells. The data obtained suggest the devrease of the suppressor activity of the primed spleen cells with the age.", "contents": "[Age and features of the suppressor activity of antigen primed spleen cells of CBA strain mice and regulation of the immune response in old age]. A study of primary immunological response to the ram erythrocytes and response of primed CBA mice of different age has shown a sharp fall of the primary immunological response in senility. The young animals responded to the priming by the decrease of formation of direct antibody-forming cells in the spleen what is connected with the activation of suppressor cells. The response of primed animals increased with the age and attained in old mice the values markedly exceeding that of primary immunological response. In the system of syngeneic adoptive transfer of the spleen cells from the primed mice of different age, the response of recipients of young animal's cells was lower that of recipients of old animal's cells. The data obtained suggest the devrease of the suppressor activity of the primed spleen cells with the age.", "PMID": 692981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9520", "title": "Fluorographical findings in familial primary amyloidosis.", "content": "A 50-year-old man, diagnosed as having familial primary amyloidosis due to his systemic symptoms, family history, and to histological examination of biopsy specimens, was examined by fluorescein angiography. The following results were obtained: (1) The sheathing retinal artery showed a defect of dye filling in one region, but not in the other region. Dye leakage from the sheathing artery was observed. (2) The configuration of macular vessels was rough, a microaneurysma-like change and the leakage of dye were also recognized in the capillaries of this region. (3) It was speculated that vitreous opacity originated from vascular lesions.", "contents": "Fluorographical findings in familial primary amyloidosis. A 50-year-old man, diagnosed as having familial primary amyloidosis due to his systemic symptoms, family history, and to histological examination of biopsy specimens, was examined by fluorescein angiography. The following results were obtained: (1) The sheathing retinal artery showed a defect of dye filling in one region, but not in the other region. Dye leakage from the sheathing artery was observed. (2) The configuration of macular vessels was rough, a microaneurysma-like change and the leakage of dye were also recognized in the capillaries of this region. (3) It was speculated that vitreous opacity originated from vascular lesions.", "PMID": 692983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9521", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of the human retina.", "content": "The photoreceptors and their synapses, the amacrine cells and a vein the nerve fibre layer of the human retina are shown on the basis of scanning electron microscopic investigations.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of the human retina. The photoreceptors and their synapses, the amacrine cells and a vein the nerve fibre layer of the human retina are shown on the basis of scanning electron microscopic investigations.", "PMID": 692984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9522", "title": "Pathological-optic approach of cataract and lens.", "content": "By weighing cataractous lenses and by scanning lenses of patients with acute diabetes with an ultrasonic A scan, it is made probable that hypermetropization in those cases is to be atributed to alterations of the refractive index of the lens.", "contents": "Pathological-optic approach of cataract and lens. By weighing cataractous lenses and by scanning lenses of patients with acute diabetes with an ultrasonic A scan, it is made probable that hypermetropization in those cases is to be atributed to alterations of the refractive index of the lens.", "PMID": 692985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9523", "title": "[Photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy].", "content": "At the present time, photocoagulation is the treatment of choice of diabetic retinopathy. It is founded on well-defined principles. The results are better than in the non-treated cases, on the condition that the indications are well established and the techniques appropriate. Fluorescein angiography remains indispensable. The objective of the photocoagulation is the destruction of ischaemic and avascular zones by large coagulations (avascular retinal photocoagulation). Depending on the severity and the rapidity of the evolution of the retinopathy, more extensive coagulations have to be performed in non-ischaemic zones (vascular retinal photocoagulation). The association of these two techniques is the so-called panretinal photocoagulation. This step need not be taken at once, but is indicated in some well-defined cases. The newly formed vessels are not coagulated, except when they are intraretinal.", "contents": "[Photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy]. At the present time, photocoagulation is the treatment of choice of diabetic retinopathy. It is founded on well-defined principles. The results are better than in the non-treated cases, on the condition that the indications are well established and the techniques appropriate. Fluorescein angiography remains indispensable. The objective of the photocoagulation is the destruction of ischaemic and avascular zones by large coagulations (avascular retinal photocoagulation). Depending on the severity and the rapidity of the evolution of the retinopathy, more extensive coagulations have to be performed in non-ischaemic zones (vascular retinal photocoagulation). The association of these two techniques is the so-called panretinal photocoagulation. This step need not be taken at once, but is indicated in some well-defined cases. The newly formed vessels are not coagulated, except when they are intraretinal.", "PMID": 692986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9524", "title": "Current views and some suggestions about mutual influences of eye dipoles as revealed by EOG.", "content": "Electro-oculographic response is recorded from a number of normal subjects: one eye becomes adapted to light, while the contralateral one persists in its dark-adapted state. The viewing eye shows the expected light-induced amplification effect. The contralateral eye shows the expected \"paradoxical' curve in 12 cases; in addition, a flat curve is found in 4 cases, and a curve running parallel to that recorded from the light-exposed eye is found in 8 cases. In agreement with a previous report, found in the literature, cortical bio-electrical activity (on-going EEG) also shows a light-induced amplification after the onset of an adapting field. This latter finding is once more confirmed by us. This fact,  in conjunction with some recent psychophysical findings (Lansford and Baker effect) leads to infer that interocular EOG influences are mediated by other mechanisms, in addition to spread across facial tissues.", "contents": "Current views and some suggestions about mutual influences of eye dipoles as revealed by EOG. Electro-oculographic response is recorded from a number of normal subjects: one eye becomes adapted to light, while the contralateral one persists in its dark-adapted state. The viewing eye shows the expected light-induced amplification effect. The contralateral eye shows the expected \"paradoxical' curve in 12 cases; in addition, a flat curve is found in 4 cases, and a curve running parallel to that recorded from the light-exposed eye is found in 8 cases. In agreement with a previous report, found in the literature, cortical bio-electrical activity (on-going EEG) also shows a light-induced amplification after the onset of an adapting field. This latter finding is once more confirmed by us. This fact,  in conjunction with some recent psychophysical findings (Lansford and Baker effect) leads to infer that interocular EOG influences are mediated by other mechanisms, in addition to spread across facial tissues.", "PMID": 692987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9525", "title": "Inadequacy of nitrous oxide/oxygen mixtures for maintaining anaesthesia in cats: satisfactory alternatives.", "content": "Under carefully controlled conditions, nitrous oxide/oxygen mixtures alone, in concentrations up to 80% nitrous oxide, are shown to be unsuitable for maintaining anaesthesia during physiological recording in cats. An alternative technique is described, in which N2O/O2 (72.5% : 27.5%) is supplemented with minimal amounts of intravenous pentobarbitone (averaging 1 mg/kg/hr), following induction and surgical preparation under halothane. The technique is suitable for single unit recording from the CNS of cats in long-term acute experiments, especially those involving immobilisation with muscle relaxants. With appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis the technique is also suitable for shorter-term recording sessions in chronically implanted cats permitted to recover between sessions.", "contents": "Inadequacy of nitrous oxide/oxygen mixtures for maintaining anaesthesia in cats: satisfactory alternatives. Under carefully controlled conditions, nitrous oxide/oxygen mixtures alone, in concentrations up to 80% nitrous oxide, are shown to be unsuitable for maintaining anaesthesia during physiological recording in cats. An alternative technique is described, in which N2O/O2 (72.5% : 27.5%) is supplemented with minimal amounts of intravenous pentobarbitone (averaging 1 mg/kg/hr), following induction and surgical preparation under halothane. The technique is suitable for single unit recording from the CNS of cats in long-term acute experiments, especially those involving immobilisation with muscle relaxants. With appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis the technique is also suitable for shorter-term recording sessions in chronically implanted cats permitted to recover between sessions.", "PMID": 693069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9526", "title": "Endorphins in chronic pain. I. Differences in CSF endorphin levels between organic and psychogenic pain syndromes.", "content": "A series of 37 patients with chronic pain was investigated with regard to neurologic and psychiatric variables. Twenty of the patients were classified as having mainly organic (= somatogenic) pain syndromes while 17 patients were rather suffering from psychogenic pain syndromes. Samples of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were obtained from the patients and analyzed for the presence of opiate receptor-active material, here called endorphins. Patients classified as having mainly organic pain syndromes were found to have significantly lower endorphin levels than patients with predominantly psychogenic pain syndromes. In the total group of patients as well as in the two subgroups, there was a significant correlation between CSF endorphin levels and the depth of depressive symptomatology as reported by the patients. On the other hand, there was no correlation between CSF endorphin levels and extent of anxiety or motor retardation. It is concluded that CSF endorphins reflect central processes involved in chronic pain syndromes.", "contents": "Endorphins in chronic pain. I. Differences in CSF endorphin levels between organic and psychogenic pain syndromes. A series of 37 patients with chronic pain was investigated with regard to neurologic and psychiatric variables. Twenty of the patients were classified as having mainly organic (= somatogenic) pain syndromes while 17 patients were rather suffering from psychogenic pain syndromes. Samples of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were obtained from the patients and analyzed for the presence of opiate receptor-active material, here called endorphins. Patients classified as having mainly organic pain syndromes were found to have significantly lower endorphin levels than patients with predominantly psychogenic pain syndromes. In the total group of patients as well as in the two subgroups, there was a significant correlation between CSF endorphin levels and the depth of depressive symptomatology as reported by the patients. On the other hand, there was no correlation between CSF endorphin levels and extent of anxiety or motor retardation. It is concluded that CSF endorphins reflect central processes involved in chronic pain syndromes.", "PMID": 693070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9527", "title": "Emotional adjustment and chronic pain.", "content": "Previous work has suggested that patients with organic lesions causing pain may show as much emotional disturbance as patients with pain but without lesions. This study examined 141 chronic pain patients for their life experience, both currently and premorbidly, in terms of upbringing, neurotic traits and personality disturbance. Patients with an organic cause for pain reported significantly less family disturbance in childhood, less premorbid personality problems and less neurotic traits than patients who did not have any organic cause for their pain. The data provide support for the view that a significant proportion of the emotional disturbance associated with chronic pain is a secondary effect. Adjectives used to describe pain and factors causing exacerbation and relief of pain, although overlapping, also differed in the two groups.", "contents": "Emotional adjustment and chronic pain. Previous work has suggested that patients with organic lesions causing pain may show as much emotional disturbance as patients with pain but without lesions. This study examined 141 chronic pain patients for their life experience, both currently and premorbidly, in terms of upbringing, neurotic traits and personality disturbance. Patients with an organic cause for pain reported significantly less family disturbance in childhood, less premorbid personality problems and less neurotic traits than patients who did not have any organic cause for their pain. The data provide support for the view that a significant proportion of the emotional disturbance associated with chronic pain is a secondary effect. Adjectives used to describe pain and factors causing exacerbation and relief of pain, although overlapping, also differed in the two groups.", "PMID": 693071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9528", "title": "Abdominal pain and the emotions.", "content": "Sites in the gut that are related to pain are reviewed with respect to the special psychophysiological factors that operate locally. Topics considered are the irritable bowel, appendicitis and appendicectomy, duodenal ulceration and biliary disorders. Psychological states that promote the complaint or experience of abdominal pain are discussed. Possible psychological mechanisms are considered for abdominal pain with the reservation that we still do not know even the main physical mechanisms of pain related to gut disturbance.", "contents": "Abdominal pain and the emotions. Sites in the gut that are related to pain are reviewed with respect to the special psychophysiological factors that operate locally. Topics considered are the irritable bowel, appendicitis and appendicectomy, duodenal ulceration and biliary disorders. Psychological states that promote the complaint or experience of abdominal pain are discussed. Possible psychological mechanisms are considered for abdominal pain with the reservation that we still do not know even the main physical mechanisms of pain related to gut disturbance.", "PMID": 693072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9529", "title": "Neonatal thyroid screening.", "content": "Recent advances in science and technology have led to the capability of early screening of newborn infants for congenital hypothyroidism. Preliminary screening programs in North America have been established in Quebec and in the Northwestern and Northeastern United States. To date these programs have screened approximately 750,000 newborn infants and detected 163 with congenital hypothyroidism. Preliminary information suggests that the early diagnosis and screening does in fact prevent mental retardation. Such programs appear to be economically sound in that they minimize the impact of congenital hypothyroidism on public budgets for care and rehabilitation of the mentally handicapped.", "contents": "Neonatal thyroid screening. Recent advances in science and technology have led to the capability of early screening of newborn infants for congenital hypothyroidism. Preliminary screening programs in North America have been established in Quebec and in the Northwestern and Northeastern United States. To date these programs have screened approximately 750,000 newborn infants and detected 163 with congenital hypothyroidism. Preliminary information suggests that the early diagnosis and screening does in fact prevent mental retardation. Such programs appear to be economically sound in that they minimize the impact of congenital hypothyroidism on public budgets for care and rehabilitation of the mentally handicapped.", "PMID": 693080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9530", "title": "Neonatal dwarfism.", "content": "We have not attempted to discuss the many forms of dwarfism with onset in childhood or adolescence, nor has it been possible to examine the many other causes of the small for gestational age infant, recently the subject of a review in this series. The evaluation of a child with a skeletal dysplasia requires a multidisciplinary approach utilizing clinical, genetic, radiographic, and morphologic findings. Because of the marked heterogeneity of this group of disorders, genetic and prognostic counseling should not be given until the physician is confident that he has made a definitive diagnosis.", "contents": "Neonatal dwarfism. We have not attempted to discuss the many forms of dwarfism with onset in childhood or adolescence, nor has it been possible to examine the many other causes of the small for gestational age infant, recently the subject of a review in this series. The evaluation of a child with a skeletal dysplasia requires a multidisciplinary approach utilizing clinical, genetic, radiographic, and morphologic findings. Because of the marked heterogeneity of this group of disorders, genetic and prognostic counseling should not be given until the physician is confident that he has made a definitive diagnosis.", "PMID": 693081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9531", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies.", "content": "Techniques are currently available at a few specialized centers for the antenatal detection of hemoglobinopathies such as beta thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. The risks are not yet clearly defined, but it seems reasonable to suggest that about 90 per cent of families may obtain useful information about the genotype of their fetus. Obtaining fetal blood as well as analyzing the sample requires considerable experience and skill. These factors continue to limit the availability of this procedure.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies. Techniques are currently available at a few specialized centers for the antenatal detection of hemoglobinopathies such as beta thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. The risks are not yet clearly defined, but it seems reasonable to suggest that about 90 per cent of families may obtain useful information about the genotype of their fetus. Obtaining fetal blood as well as analyzing the sample requires considerable experience and skill. These factors continue to limit the availability of this procedure.", "PMID": 693083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9532", "title": "Effects of propranolol during pregnancy and development of rats. I. Adverse effects during pregnancy.", "content": "Pregnant rats, treated with high doses of propranolol, gave birth to small for dates neonates. Litter size was affected in daily doses of 100 and 150 mg/kg/day. Propranolol markedly influenced the gain in weight normally observed in pregnant rats. The placentas of the rats which received the higher doses of propranolol weighed about 30% less than normal placentas. Pregnant rats, treated with propranolol, gave birth to small for dates neonates. This effect is possibly the result of a drug-induced reduction in transport across cellular membranes, resulting in malnutrition. Since similar effects were reported in humans, treatment with propranolol during pregnancy should be further reevaluated in laboratory animals.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol during pregnancy and development of rats. I. Adverse effects during pregnancy. Pregnant rats, treated with high doses of propranolol, gave birth to small for dates neonates. Litter size was affected in daily doses of 100 and 150 mg/kg/day. Propranolol markedly influenced the gain in weight normally observed in pregnant rats. The placentas of the rats which received the higher doses of propranolol weighed about 30% less than normal placentas. Pregnant rats, treated with propranolol, gave birth to small for dates neonates. This effect is possibly the result of a drug-induced reduction in transport across cellular membranes, resulting in malnutrition. Since similar effects were reported in humans, treatment with propranolol during pregnancy should be further reevaluated in laboratory animals.", "PMID": 693116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9533", "title": "Polygraphic studies of normal infants and infants at risk for the sudden infant death syndrome: heart rate and variability as a function of state.", "content": "Spontaneous heart rate and variability were examined as a function of age and state from birth to 6 months of age in 10 normal infants and 10 infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The risk group showed a higher heart rate at 3 months of age, particularly in the waking state. The risk infants' heart rate also increased more markedly during the first month after birth in both quiet and active sleep. Heart rate in both groups declined after 2 months in every state; however, the risk infants lagged in the 2- to 3-month decline seen with the normal infants. In the awake state, heart rate variability in the risk group did not follow the increase seen with the normals during the 1-week to 2-month age period.", "contents": "Polygraphic studies of normal infants and infants at risk for the sudden infant death syndrome: heart rate and variability as a function of state. Spontaneous heart rate and variability were examined as a function of age and state from birth to 6 months of age in 10 normal infants and 10 infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The risk group showed a higher heart rate at 3 months of age, particularly in the waking state. The risk infants' heart rate also increased more markedly during the first month after birth in both quiet and active sleep. Heart rate in both groups declined after 2 months in every state; however, the risk infants lagged in the 2- to 3-month decline seen with the normal infants. In the awake state, heart rate variability in the risk group did not follow the increase seen with the normals during the 1-week to 2-month age period.", "PMID": 693119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9534", "title": "Evaluation of a patterning treatment for retarded children.", "content": "Three groups, each with 15 seriously retarded institutionalized children, were employed to evaluate a modification of the sensorimotor patterning treatment developed at the Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential (IAHP). The treatment group received a program modeled after the IAHP methods for approximately two hours per day, five days per week, for one year. For the same length of time, a matched motivational control group participated in activities with foster grandparents designed to create positive, success-oriented interactions to improve self-esteem and feelings of efficacy. A no treatment group continued to receive the standard care of the institution, which was enlightened and resident-oriented. A wide variety of behavioral measures were employed, including the IAHP Developmental Profile, IQ, motor and language development scales, and measures of affective, social, and maladaptive behaviors. On the majority of the measures there were no differences in posttest performance among any of the three groups. In no case did the pattern of change of the treatment group differ from that of its crucial comparison, the motivation group. However, all three groups showed some improvement in performance between the beginning and end of the study. It was concluded that the patterning treatment investigated in this study cannot be recommended for seriously retarded children.", "contents": "Evaluation of a patterning treatment for retarded children. Three groups, each with 15 seriously retarded institutionalized children, were employed to evaluate a modification of the sensorimotor patterning treatment developed at the Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential (IAHP). The treatment group received a program modeled after the IAHP methods for approximately two hours per day, five days per week, for one year. For the same length of time, a matched motivational control group participated in activities with foster grandparents designed to create positive, success-oriented interactions to improve self-esteem and feelings of efficacy. A no treatment group continued to receive the standard care of the institution, which was enlightened and resident-oriented. A wide variety of behavioral measures were employed, including the IAHP Developmental Profile, IQ, motor and language development scales, and measures of affective, social, and maladaptive behaviors. On the majority of the measures there were no differences in posttest performance among any of the three groups. In no case did the pattern of change of the treatment group differ from that of its crucial comparison, the motivation group. However, all three groups showed some improvement in performance between the beginning and end of the study. It was concluded that the patterning treatment investigated in this study cannot be recommended for seriously retarded children.", "PMID": 693151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9535", "title": "Computed tomography in child abuse and cerebral contusion.", "content": "Cerebral contusion is considered to be the lesion leading to neurological sequelae of mental retardation and cerebral palsy in abused children. This has been difficult to document other than at autopsy or craniotomy by previously available techniques. Acute contusion or hemorrhage presumably secondary to contusion is readily documented by computed tomography (CT). We are reporting the cases of four children with alleged or suspected abuse and CT evidence of cerebral contusion. The contusion has been found both with and without external evidence of head injury.", "contents": "Computed tomography in child abuse and cerebral contusion. Cerebral contusion is considered to be the lesion leading to neurological sequelae of mental retardation and cerebral palsy in abused children. This has been difficult to document other than at autopsy or craniotomy by previously available techniques. Acute contusion or hemorrhage presumably secondary to contusion is readily documented by computed tomography (CT). We are reporting the cases of four children with alleged or suspected abuse and CT evidence of cerebral contusion. The contusion has been found both with and without external evidence of head injury.", "PMID": 693152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9536", "title": "Cerebral white matter lesions in sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "In 21.6% of infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome, the cerebral white matter showed areas of leukomalacia. Of those infants with congenital heart disease, 24.8% had lesions, whereas 4.4% of infants who died from known acute causes had lesions. The sites of the cerebral white matter lesions, subcortical or periventricular, seem to be related to the age of the infant.", "contents": "Cerebral white matter lesions in sudden infant death syndrome. In 21.6% of infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome, the cerebral white matter showed areas of leukomalacia. Of those infants with congenital heart disease, 24.8% had lesions, whereas 4.4% of infants who died from known acute causes had lesions. The sites of the cerebral white matter lesions, subcortical or periventricular, seem to be related to the age of the infant.", "PMID": 693153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9537", "title": "Observations on immediate reactions of families to sudden infant death.", "content": "Many health professionals do not adequately support newly bereaved parents and may in fact ignore and abandon them at the time of bereavement. A possible reason for this lack of involvement may be the discomfort experienced by these individuals during such encounters and a misunderstanding of the normal grief reactions. From a two-year experience observing 351 families in whom an infant has died suddenly and unexpectedly, I have noted the most common immediate grief reactions. These reactions are discussed to increase the professional's awareness of the particular needs of these individuals. These immediate reactions include shock, disbelief, and denial; negativism, hostility, and anger; self-reproach and guilt; demonstration of former unresolved grief; verbalization of previous fears of loss; and sometimes, even, relief. Families are entitled to assistance during this distressing time from a warm, caring professional who is able to allow free expression of grief however it is manifested and answer accurately the disturbing questions about the death of their infant.", "contents": "Observations on immediate reactions of families to sudden infant death. Many health professionals do not adequately support newly bereaved parents and may in fact ignore and abandon them at the time of bereavement. A possible reason for this lack of involvement may be the discomfort experienced by these individuals during such encounters and a misunderstanding of the normal grief reactions. From a two-year experience observing 351 families in whom an infant has died suddenly and unexpectedly, I have noted the most common immediate grief reactions. These reactions are discussed to increase the professional's awareness of the particular needs of these individuals. These immediate reactions include shock, disbelief, and denial; negativism, hostility, and anger; self-reproach and guilt; demonstration of former unresolved grief; verbalization of previous fears of loss; and sometimes, even, relief. Families are entitled to assistance during this distressing time from a warm, caring professional who is able to allow free expression of grief however it is manifested and answer accurately the disturbing questions about the death of their infant.", "PMID": 693154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9538", "title": "Follow-up families who experience a perinatal death.", "content": "We conducted a retrospective study by telephone interview (10 to 22 months later) of 26 families who had experienced a perinatal death. Six of 26 mothers had a prolonged grief reaction (12 to 20 months). Those mothers with a surviving twin or subsequent pregnancy less than five months following the death were at higher risk for a prolonged grieving period than were those without subsequent pregnancy or one more than six months later. Half of the families obtained information about the cause of death and risk of recurrence only during hospitalization; subsequent contact, weeks to months later, provided additional information for the other half. Twenty-two of 26 mothers met predetermined criteria for having an adequate understanding of cause of death and risk of recurrence; four of 26 knew neither. Sixty percent of the mothers who had adequate understanding and who had no prolonged grief response felt totally dissatisfied or only partially satisfied with the information they received and the way they received it. Follow-up contact by phone or in person increased understanding significantly; mothers who had had in-person follow-up were more likely to be satisfied with the information they received.", "contents": "Follow-up families who experience a perinatal death. We conducted a retrospective study by telephone interview (10 to 22 months later) of 26 families who had experienced a perinatal death. Six of 26 mothers had a prolonged grief reaction (12 to 20 months). Those mothers with a surviving twin or subsequent pregnancy less than five months following the death were at higher risk for a prolonged grieving period than were those without subsequent pregnancy or one more than six months later. Half of the families obtained information about the cause of death and risk of recurrence only during hospitalization; subsequent contact, weeks to months later, provided additional information for the other half. Twenty-two of 26 mothers met predetermined criteria for having an adequate understanding of cause of death and risk of recurrence; four of 26 knew neither. Sixty percent of the mothers who had adequate understanding and who had no prolonged grief response felt totally dissatisfied or only partially satisfied with the information they received and the way they received it. Follow-up contact by phone or in person increased understanding significantly; mothers who had had in-person follow-up were more likely to be satisfied with the information they received.", "PMID": 693155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9539", "title": "Childhood cancer: Parental discord and divorce.", "content": "Parents of 191 children who were treated for cancer over a seven-year period completed and returned a questionnaire concerning marital status. Contrary to the prediction of a high divorce rate among these families, the study found a person-year divorce rate of 1.19%. This is slightly lower than the 2.03% person-year divorce rate among married couples with children in the states of Kansas and Missouri. The Arnold sign indicator analysis of the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory was used to measure marital stress in 38 intact couples whose children were treated for cancer. The study sample experienced more stress than a comparison group of 23 couples who had hemophilic children. Both of these populations had more stress than a normal standardization group but less than a standardization group of marriage counselees.", "contents": "Childhood cancer: Parental discord and divorce. Parents of 191 children who were treated for cancer over a seven-year period completed and returned a questionnaire concerning marital status. Contrary to the prediction of a high divorce rate among these families, the study found a person-year divorce rate of 1.19%. This is slightly lower than the 2.03% person-year divorce rate among married couples with children in the states of Kansas and Missouri. The Arnold sign indicator analysis of the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory was used to measure marital stress in 38 intact couples whose children were treated for cancer. The study sample experienced more stress than a comparison group of 23 couples who had hemophilic children. Both of these populations had more stress than a normal standardization group but less than a standardization group of marriage counselees.", "PMID": 693156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9540", "title": "Behcet's disease presenting as chronic aphthous stomatitis in a child.", "content": "Behcet's disease is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory disease of unknown cause that involves mucous surfaces, skin, eyes, joints, and the CNS. Although not reported in the pediatric literature, some cases start in childhood. This report describes a child whose chronic oral and genital ulcers preceded recognition of her gastrointestinal tract, eye, and CNS disease for nine years. The current knowledge of Behcet's disease in children is discussed.", "contents": "Behcet's disease presenting as chronic aphthous stomatitis in a child. Behcet's disease is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory disease of unknown cause that involves mucous surfaces, skin, eyes, joints, and the CNS. Although not reported in the pediatric literature, some cases start in childhood. This report describes a child whose chronic oral and genital ulcers preceded recognition of her gastrointestinal tract, eye, and CNS disease for nine years. The current knowledge of Behcet's disease in children is discussed.", "PMID": 693157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9541", "title": "On the capacity of directionally selective mechanisms to encode different dimensions of moving stimuli.", "content": "Direction-specific losses of contrast sensitivity for sinusoidal test gratings as a function of the contrast of a sinusoidal adapting grating were found to be similar to those measured previously with square-wave gratings. Furthermore, both relationships were similar to that between motion aftereffect duration and the contrast of sinusoidal adapting gratings, and all three sets of data can be fit by a single function. The function shows that the magnitude of direction-specific adaptation effects increases linearly with the logarithm of adapting contrast in the low contrast region, but is essentially independent of contrast once the contrast exceeds threshold by more than a factor of five-six. In addition, it was found that direction-specific losses of contrast sensitivity are restricted to limited ranges of spatial frequency.", "contents": "On the capacity of directionally selective mechanisms to encode different dimensions of moving stimuli. Direction-specific losses of contrast sensitivity for sinusoidal test gratings as a function of the contrast of a sinusoidal adapting grating were found to be similar to those measured previously with square-wave gratings. Furthermore, both relationships were similar to that between motion aftereffect duration and the contrast of sinusoidal adapting gratings, and all three sets of data can be fit by a single function. The function shows that the magnitude of direction-specific adaptation effects increases linearly with the logarithm of adapting contrast in the low contrast region, but is essentially independent of contrast once the contrast exceeds threshold by more than a factor of five-six. In addition, it was found that direction-specific losses of contrast sensitivity are restricted to limited ranges of spatial frequency.", "PMID": 693226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9542", "title": "Geometric transformations of pictured space.", "content": "In general, a picture can represent a specific environment of scene only when the picture is seen from a unique viewing point. The determination of this unique point and of the distortions that occur when the picture is viewed from other points is crucial to all aspects of pictorial perception. To clarify the effects of the point of observation on pictorial space, the present paper discusses how the correct point may be calculated, provides a geometric analysis of the effects of altering the viewing point, and briefly reviews the effects of such alterations on space perception.", "contents": "Geometric transformations of pictured space. In general, a picture can represent a specific environment of scene only when the picture is seen from a unique viewing point. The determination of this unique point and of the distortions that occur when the picture is viewed from other points is crucial to all aspects of pictorial perception. To clarify the effects of the point of observation on pictorial space, the present paper discusses how the correct point may be calculated, provides a geometric analysis of the effects of altering the viewing point, and briefly reviews the effects of such alterations on space perception.", "PMID": 693227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9543", "title": "The Penrose triangle and a family of related figures.", "content": "Starting from a study of the Penrose triangle, the theory is advanced that our perception of the relative spatial positions of parts of a figure is mediated by a set of significant directions (or axes). Illustration and exploration of the theory in this paper revolves around examples drawn mostly from a family of figures related to the Penrose triangle. This family is defined partly in terms of the common nature of its members' anomalies, and partly by the feature that they are seen as configurations of 'beams'. This feature and the conditions for it are also examined by the use of examples.", "contents": "The Penrose triangle and a family of related figures. Starting from a study of the Penrose triangle, the theory is advanced that our perception of the relative spatial positions of parts of a figure is mediated by a set of significant directions (or axes). Illustration and exploration of the theory in this paper revolves around examples drawn mostly from a family of figures related to the Penrose triangle. This family is defined partly in terms of the common nature of its members' anomalies, and partly by the feature that they are seen as configurations of 'beams'. This feature and the conditions for it are also examined by the use of examples.", "PMID": 693228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9544", "title": "Assimilation theory, attentive fields, and the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion.", "content": "The assimilation theory of geometric illusions was employed to predict changes in the outgoing and ingoing forms of the M\u00fbller-Lyer illusions as a function of attentive field size. It was found that the theory predicted correctly the form of the function relating amount of illusion and size of attentive field only for the outgoing M\u00fcller-Lyer. For the ingoing illusion the prediction was opposite to the empirically obtained results. The findings are seen as additional evidence for the untenability of a unitary theory, such as assimilation theory, for both versions of the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion as they fail to account for substantial difference between them.", "contents": "Assimilation theory, attentive fields, and the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion. The assimilation theory of geometric illusions was employed to predict changes in the outgoing and ingoing forms of the M\u00fbller-Lyer illusions as a function of attentive field size. It was found that the theory predicted correctly the form of the function relating amount of illusion and size of attentive field only for the outgoing M\u00fcller-Lyer. For the ingoing illusion the prediction was opposite to the empirically obtained results. The findings are seen as additional evidence for the untenability of a unitary theory, such as assimilation theory, for both versions of the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion as they fail to account for substantial difference between them.", "PMID": 693229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9545", "title": "Aftereffects of sustained vertical divergence: induced vertical phoria and illusory target height.", "content": "Maintaining vertical divergence of about 2 diopters for 6, 8, or 10 min was shown to yield an induced vertical phoria (IVP). IVP increased with the duration of the inducing period and decayed with time in the dark, though not completely. Decay of IVP decreased with duration of induction period and increased as a result of maintaining the normal fusional response for 30 s. Vertical eye movements in the dark, however, were ineffective in reducing IVP. Some evidence also was provided for eye-specific errors in the perception of elevation of a visible target that were appropriate to the direction of the induced phoria. It was proposed that IVP may be modulated by resetting the output of the system used to induce the original effect.", "contents": "Aftereffects of sustained vertical divergence: induced vertical phoria and illusory target height. Maintaining vertical divergence of about 2 diopters for 6, 8, or 10 min was shown to yield an induced vertical phoria (IVP). IVP increased with the duration of the inducing period and decayed with time in the dark, though not completely. Decay of IVP decreased with duration of induction period and increased as a result of maintaining the normal fusional response for 30 s. Vertical eye movements in the dark, however, were ineffective in reducing IVP. Some evidence also was provided for eye-specific errors in the perception of elevation of a visible target that were appropriate to the direction of the induced phoria. It was proposed that IVP may be modulated by resetting the output of the system used to induce the original effect.", "PMID": 693230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9546", "title": "Binocular utilization of monocular cues that are undetectable monocularly.", "content": "The latency time of tracking dynamic random-dot stereograms can be shortened by as much as 100 ms when monocular cues are added by introducing a difference in dot density between target and surround. It has been tacitly assumed that perception time will be reduced only if the added monocular cues are above the detection threshold for each eye. However, the experiments reported here clearly show that stereoscopic performance as measured by an eye tracking task can be greatly enhanced by added monocular cues that cannot be detected. Observers were instructed to track a suddenly displaced vertical bar (portrayed as a dynamic random-dot stereogram) while their eye movements were recorded by EOG. The bar had either a given binocular disparity or zero binocular disparity with respect to its surround. For the target with a disparity (in a wide range), the latency time of tracking decreased by more than 30 ms (10%) as density difference increased from 0 to 4%, whereas in the control conditions with no stereoscopic cues (zero disparity) subjects were unable to track the bar at all within that range of density difference. Thus stereopsis is greatly aided by minimal monocular cues that by themselves elude monocular detection.", "contents": "Binocular utilization of monocular cues that are undetectable monocularly. The latency time of tracking dynamic random-dot stereograms can be shortened by as much as 100 ms when monocular cues are added by introducing a difference in dot density between target and surround. It has been tacitly assumed that perception time will be reduced only if the added monocular cues are above the detection threshold for each eye. However, the experiments reported here clearly show that stereoscopic performance as measured by an eye tracking task can be greatly enhanced by added monocular cues that cannot be detected. Observers were instructed to track a suddenly displaced vertical bar (portrayed as a dynamic random-dot stereogram) while their eye movements were recorded by EOG. The bar had either a given binocular disparity or zero binocular disparity with respect to its surround. For the target with a disparity (in a wide range), the latency time of tracking decreased by more than 30 ms (10%) as density difference increased from 0 to 4%, whereas in the control conditions with no stereoscopic cues (zero disparity) subjects were unable to track the bar at all within that range of density difference. Thus stereopsis is greatly aided by minimal monocular cues that by themselves elude monocular detection.", "PMID": 693231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9547", "title": "Perception of contour in music reading.", "content": "Musicians and nonmusicians were required to make written reports of briefly presented displays of pitch symbols. Whilst musicians were not superior to nonmusicians at identifying individual notes they were superior at retaining information about the contour of note sequences. In addition, manipulation of task difficulty by requiring whole or partial report of the displays had a significant effect on performance only when global, rather than specific, response measures were taken. The results are in accordance with the theory that global analysis precedes detailed analysis in perceptual processing.", "contents": "Perception of contour in music reading. Musicians and nonmusicians were required to make written reports of briefly presented displays of pitch symbols. Whilst musicians were not superior to nonmusicians at identifying individual notes they were superior at retaining information about the contour of note sequences. In addition, manipulation of task difficulty by requiring whole or partial report of the displays had a significant effect on performance only when global, rather than specific, response measures were taken. The results are in accordance with the theory that global analysis precedes detailed analysis in perceptual processing.", "PMID": 693232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9548", "title": "Development of sensitivity to information provided by cast shadows in pictures.", "content": "The shadow cast by an object in a two-dimensional picture can specify for the observer the spatial relations between that object and its surroundings, and also the shape and size of the object itself. Some sensitivity to this information is present even in three-year-old children. Experiment 1 provided evidence that three- and four-year-old children can rely on the shape of the shadow cast by an object to judge the shape of the object. In experiment 2, with adults and three- and four-year-old children, the location of the shadow cast by an object influenced the perceived depth and height off the ground plane of the object. Although even the three-year-old children were sensitive to the location of the cast shadows, there was evidence of improvement with age in judging the distance and size of the object. The three-year-olds were not able to judge the object's size when the location of the cast shadow provided the only differential information for size. In contrast, they were significantly better in judging size when the location of the object, rather than the location of the shadow, was varied.", "contents": "Development of sensitivity to information provided by cast shadows in pictures. The shadow cast by an object in a two-dimensional picture can specify for the observer the spatial relations between that object and its surroundings, and also the shape and size of the object itself. Some sensitivity to this information is present even in three-year-old children. Experiment 1 provided evidence that three- and four-year-old children can rely on the shape of the shadow cast by an object to judge the shape of the object. In experiment 2, with adults and three- and four-year-old children, the location of the shadow cast by an object influenced the perceived depth and height off the ground plane of the object. Although even the three-year-old children were sensitive to the location of the cast shadows, there was evidence of improvement with age in judging the distance and size of the object. The three-year-olds were not able to judge the object's size when the location of the cast shadow provided the only differential information for size. In contrast, they were significantly better in judging size when the location of the object, rather than the location of the shadow, was varied.", "PMID": 693233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9549", "title": "Comparison of eye movements over faces in photographic positives and negatives.", "content": "Eye movements were recorded while subjects viewed ordinary portraits and photographic negatives of those portraits. Under both conditions they first studied sixteen portraits and then tried to decide which of forty-eight portraits they had just seen. They made more errors of recognition while viewing negatives, and their fixation patterns were significantly altered: there was a decrease in the percentage of fixations directed to the eyes, nose, and mouth, and an increase for such details as the ears, cheeks, chin, cap, and necktie. There was also a decrease in the ratio of fixations to the most fixated detail compared to the least fixated detail.", "contents": "Comparison of eye movements over faces in photographic positives and negatives. Eye movements were recorded while subjects viewed ordinary portraits and photographic negatives of those portraits. Under both conditions they first studied sixteen portraits and then tried to decide which of forty-eight portraits they had just seen. They made more errors of recognition while viewing negatives, and their fixation patterns were significantly altered: there was a decrease in the percentage of fixations directed to the eyes, nose, and mouth, and an increase for such details as the ears, cheeks, chin, cap, and necktie. There was also a decrease in the ratio of fixations to the most fixated detail compared to the least fixated detail.", "PMID": 693234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9550", "title": "Acid-base status of canine blood during storage.", "content": "The changes in pH, pCO2, pO2, based excess, standard bicarbonate and lactic acid during storage of canine blood 24 hours at different temperatures were measured (table I a, b) and illustrated (figs. 1 and 2). A correction table (table V) for determination of the initial acid-base data is constructed based upon regression equations (table IV) of the in vitro changes during storage of the blood. The changes in the acid-base values of canine blood differ from that of bovine and human blood (tables II and III).", "contents": "Acid-base status of canine blood during storage. The changes in pH, pCO2, pO2, based excess, standard bicarbonate and lactic acid during storage of canine blood 24 hours at different temperatures were measured (table I a, b) and illustrated (figs. 1 and 2). A correction table (table V) for determination of the initial acid-base data is constructed based upon regression equations (table IV) of the in vitro changes during storage of the blood. The changes in the acid-base values of canine blood differ from that of bovine and human blood (tables II and III).", "PMID": 693276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9551", "title": "Acid-base status of equine blood during storage.", "content": "The changes in pH, pCO2, pO2, BE, SBC, and lactic during storage of equine venous and arterial blood in 24 hours at different temperatures were measured (tables I, II), and illustrated (fig, 1, 2, 3). Correction tables (tables VI, VII) for determination of the initial acid-base data are constructed based on regression equations (tables IV, V) of the in vitro changes of the blood. The changes in the acid-base values of equine blood differ from that of bovine and canine blood (table III).", "contents": "Acid-base status of equine blood during storage. The changes in pH, pCO2, pO2, BE, SBC, and lactic during storage of equine venous and arterial blood in 24 hours at different temperatures were measured (tables I, II), and illustrated (fig, 1, 2, 3). Correction tables (tables VI, VII) for determination of the initial acid-base data are constructed based on regression equations (tables IV, V) of the in vitro changes of the blood. The changes in the acid-base values of equine blood differ from that of bovine and canine blood (table III).", "PMID": 693277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9552", "title": "[The background of the serological cross-reaction between Yersinia and Brucella and the possibility of differential diagnostics by the ELISA technique and the electroimmuno assay (rocket electrophoresis) (author's transl)].", "content": "A strong serological cross-reaction appears between different species of genus Brucella and Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) serotype 0--9, which seriously complicates the diagnostic works of brucellosis and yersiniosis both in humans and animals. This cross-reaction makes it impossible to perform a differential serological diagnosis using common routine procedures such as the agglutination test and the complement fixation test. By the use of immunological, immunochemical and structural chemical methods it has been shown that the common antigenic structures of Brucella and Yersinia are situated in the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the cellwalls. In order to do structure analysis gaschromatography in combination with mass spectrometry of LPS from Brucella and Yersinia bacteria has been achieved. The results show that two monosaccharides (glucose and galactose) constitute common components of the LPS-molecules. A discovered cross-reaction between Y.e. 0--9 and Salmonella urbana (0--30) confirms the hypothesis that glucose and galactose are responsible for the serological cross-reaction between Brucella and Y.e. 0--9. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed in order to be used as a differential routine test. The results show that by using ELISA, a differentiation between antibodies against Y.e. 0--9 and B. abortus can be done with high sensitivity and accuracy. Another differential diagnostic system has been developed by the use of electroimmuno assay (rocket electrophoresis). This method raises the possibility of a rapid and a simple qualitative differentiation of antibodies against Brucella and Yersinia.", "contents": "[The background of the serological cross-reaction between Yersinia and Brucella and the possibility of differential diagnostics by the ELISA technique and the electroimmuno assay (rocket electrophoresis) (author's transl)]. A strong serological cross-reaction appears between different species of genus Brucella and Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) serotype 0--9, which seriously complicates the diagnostic works of brucellosis and yersiniosis both in humans and animals. This cross-reaction makes it impossible to perform a differential serological diagnosis using common routine procedures such as the agglutination test and the complement fixation test. By the use of immunological, immunochemical and structural chemical methods it has been shown that the common antigenic structures of Brucella and Yersinia are situated in the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the cellwalls. In order to do structure analysis gaschromatography in combination with mass spectrometry of LPS from Brucella and Yersinia bacteria has been achieved. The results show that two monosaccharides (glucose and galactose) constitute common components of the LPS-molecules. A discovered cross-reaction between Y.e. 0--9 and Salmonella urbana (0--30) confirms the hypothesis that glucose and galactose are responsible for the serological cross-reaction between Brucella and Y.e. 0--9. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed in order to be used as a differential routine test. The results show that by using ELISA, a differentiation between antibodies against Y.e. 0--9 and B. abortus can be done with high sensitivity and accuracy. Another differential diagnostic system has been developed by the use of electroimmuno assay (rocket electrophoresis). This method raises the possibility of a rapid and a simple qualitative differentiation of antibodies against Brucella and Yersinia.", "PMID": 693273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9553", "title": "[Zoonotic aspects of Yersinia enterocolitica infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) is presented from taxonomic point of view. The increased accounts of isolates performed during the last years from both humans and animals are described. Y.e., which is of great interest both in human and veterinary medicine, has been isolated in an increased frequency, from domestic as well as wild animals, from different foods, and also from drinking waters. The modes of transmissions are in many parts unknown, but clinical and epidemiological data suggest that the majority of infections both in humans and animals occur through the digestive tract. From different countries reports have been presented on the assumption that swine are playing an important role as reservoirs for infections in man. Foods contaminated with Y.e. bacteria either, primarily or secondarily, seem to be an important source of infections in the occurrence of Y.e. outbreaks.", "contents": "[Zoonotic aspects of Yersinia enterocolitica infections (author's transl)]. Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) is presented from taxonomic point of view. The increased accounts of isolates performed during the last years from both humans and animals are described. Y.e., which is of great interest both in human and veterinary medicine, has been isolated in an increased frequency, from domestic as well as wild animals, from different foods, and also from drinking waters. The modes of transmissions are in many parts unknown, but clinical and epidemiological data suggest that the majority of infections both in humans and animals occur through the digestive tract. From different countries reports have been presented on the assumption that swine are playing an important role as reservoirs for infections in man. Foods contaminated with Y.e. bacteria either, primarily or secondarily, seem to be an important source of infections in the occurrence of Y.e. outbreaks.", "PMID": 693272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9554", "title": "Evaluation of the tuberculin test in Malawi.", "content": "In a trial involving 371 head of cattle, the results of using avian plus bovine tuberculin and avian plus mammaliam tuberculin were compared. One group of 185 cattle from areas of low tuberculosis incidence and another group of 186 cattle from areas of high incidence were tuberculin tested and examined for pathological lesions. Using the interpretation \"non-specific infection not established\" with avian plus mammaliam tuberculin on the readings from cattle from high incidence areas, the test detected 83% of the cattle with visible lesions, whereas the avian plus bovine tuberculin test only detected 63%. The avian plus mammaliam tuberculin test is therefore more accurate; however, it appears to be too sensitive as it produces a higher rate of inconclusive results from non-infected cattle, and is thus more difficult to interpret. Many cattle giving positive reactions were found to be free of tubercular lesions when examined post mortem; the possibility is discussed of their allergy to the test being caused by mycobacteria other than tuberculosis, as mycobacteria belonging to Runyons Group IV have been isolated from some of these cases.", "contents": "Evaluation of the tuberculin test in Malawi. In a trial involving 371 head of cattle, the results of using avian plus bovine tuberculin and avian plus mammaliam tuberculin were compared. One group of 185 cattle from areas of low tuberculosis incidence and another group of 186 cattle from areas of high incidence were tuberculin tested and examined for pathological lesions. Using the interpretation \"non-specific infection not established\" with avian plus mammaliam tuberculin on the readings from cattle from high incidence areas, the test detected 83% of the cattle with visible lesions, whereas the avian plus bovine tuberculin test only detected 63%. The avian plus mammaliam tuberculin test is therefore more accurate; however, it appears to be too sensitive as it produces a higher rate of inconclusive results from non-infected cattle, and is thus more difficult to interpret. Many cattle giving positive reactions were found to be free of tubercular lesions when examined post mortem; the possibility is discussed of their allergy to the test being caused by mycobacteria other than tuberculosis, as mycobacteria belonging to Runyons Group IV have been isolated from some of these cases.", "PMID": 693278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9555", "title": "Coxal dysplasia in a pig. A case report.", "content": "A deformed hip joint which was accidentally found in a test pig is described. On the grounds of radiological, macroscopic and microscopic examinations, this is considered to be caused by a congenital dysplasia of the hip joint.", "contents": "Coxal dysplasia in a pig. A case report. A deformed hip joint which was accidentally found in a test pig is described. On the grounds of radiological, macroscopic and microscopic examinations, this is considered to be caused by a congenital dysplasia of the hip joint.", "PMID": 693279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9556", "title": "Bacteriological examination of urine specimens from non-catheterized and catheterized dogs with symptoms of urinary tract infection.", "content": "A bacteriological investigation of 199 urinary specimens from dogs with symptoms of urinary tract infections is presented. No bacterial growth was detected in 55.7% of all specimens examined. Isolation rates from urine specimens from noncatheterized and catheterized dogs were 35.2 and 66.7%, respectively, thus emphazising the importance of the sampling method and also that urinary tract infections in dogs can not be diagnozed solely on the basis of clinical symptoms. Bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae were most common isolated. Ampicillin was the drug to which resistance was least common (16.2%) while 79.1% of the strains examined were resistant to sulphonamide.", "contents": "Bacteriological examination of urine specimens from non-catheterized and catheterized dogs with symptoms of urinary tract infection. A bacteriological investigation of 199 urinary specimens from dogs with symptoms of urinary tract infections is presented. No bacterial growth was detected in 55.7% of all specimens examined. Isolation rates from urine specimens from noncatheterized and catheterized dogs were 35.2 and 66.7%, respectively, thus emphazising the importance of the sampling method and also that urinary tract infections in dogs can not be diagnozed solely on the basis of clinical symptoms. Bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae were most common isolated. Ampicillin was the drug to which resistance was least common (16.2%) while 79.1% of the strains examined were resistant to sulphonamide.", "PMID": 693274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9557", "title": "[Lead poisoning in Norwegian waterfowl (author's transl)].", "content": "In connection with routine autopsy of wild birds, liver samples from 56 waterfowl, representing 12 species, were analyzed for the content of lead. The median value for the birds examined was 0.2 microgram Pb/g wet weight. Concentrations probably causing lead poisoning were found in 1 mallard (Anas platyrhychos) with 11 microgram Pb/g liver and in 8 whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) with 5.8--55 microgram Pb/g liver. Clinical observations and pathological findings of \"typical\" lead poisoning were found in 2 of the whooper swans with 25 and 55 microgram Pb/g liver, respectively. Lead was not detected (less than 0.1 microgram Pb/g liver) in 29% of the 34 whooper swans examined, while another 29% contained more than 1.0 microgram Pb/g liver. In some swans with a low liver lead concentration the autopsy findings strongly indicated an intoxication. The necessity of chemical analyses for the verification of lead poisoning is emphasized. The limited number of birds examined and the uneven selection among species prevent the drawing of general conclusions. This investigation indicates, however, that lead poisoning, especially in the whooper swan, may be a problem also in Norway, but hardly a so important one as in some other European countries and in the USA.", "contents": "[Lead poisoning in Norwegian waterfowl (author's transl)]. In connection with routine autopsy of wild birds, liver samples from 56 waterfowl, representing 12 species, were analyzed for the content of lead. The median value for the birds examined was 0.2 microgram Pb/g wet weight. Concentrations probably causing lead poisoning were found in 1 mallard (Anas platyrhychos) with 11 microgram Pb/g liver and in 8 whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) with 5.8--55 microgram Pb/g liver. Clinical observations and pathological findings of \"typical\" lead poisoning were found in 2 of the whooper swans with 25 and 55 microgram Pb/g liver, respectively. Lead was not detected (less than 0.1 microgram Pb/g liver) in 29% of the 34 whooper swans examined, while another 29% contained more than 1.0 microgram Pb/g liver. In some swans with a low liver lead concentration the autopsy findings strongly indicated an intoxication. The necessity of chemical analyses for the verification of lead poisoning is emphasized. The limited number of birds examined and the uneven selection among species prevent the drawing of general conclusions. This investigation indicates, however, that lead poisoning, especially in the whooper swan, may be a problem also in Norway, but hardly a so important one as in some other European countries and in the USA.", "PMID": 693280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9558", "title": "[Continuing and graduate veterinary education in the Scandinavian countries].", "content": "In all the Nordic countries the veterinary continuing education is organized in somewhat the same way. Short courses (1 to 5 days) are arranged in the different subjects of the professions at the teaching institutions or out in the regions. The veterinary medical associations are heavily involved in this education. In all the Nordic countries except Sweden, the doctor's degree is exclusively based on a research project. In Sweden a charge has taken place with formal course work in addition to the research project, more like for the Ph.D. degree. In Finland no formal graduate education is organized. Denmark and Norway have a licentiate degree in addition to the doctor's degree. The licentiate studies in both countries are a three years graduate course with a major subject and 2--3 minors and a research project.", "contents": "[Continuing and graduate veterinary education in the Scandinavian countries]. In all the Nordic countries the veterinary continuing education is organized in somewhat the same way. Short courses (1 to 5 days) are arranged in the different subjects of the professions at the teaching institutions or out in the regions. The veterinary medical associations are heavily involved in this education. In all the Nordic countries except Sweden, the doctor's degree is exclusively based on a research project. In Sweden a charge has taken place with formal course work in addition to the research project, more like for the Ph.D. degree. In Finland no formal graduate education is organized. Denmark and Norway have a licentiate degree in addition to the doctor's degree. The licentiate studies in both countries are a three years graduate course with a major subject and 2--3 minors and a research project.", "PMID": 693281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9559", "title": "Pasteurella multocida from canine and feline teeth, with a case report of glossitis calcinosa in a dog caused by P. multocida.", "content": "A case of glossitis calcinosa in a dog caused by Pasteurella multocida is reported. Swelling of the tongue and reduced appetite were the predominant clinical symptoms. Due to latent infections with P. multocida in many species there is a risk of bitewounds being infected with this microorganism. In order to find the carrier-rate of P. multocida samples in canines, teeth and gingiva of 121 dogs and 30 cats were examined bacteriologically, revealing a carrier rates of 55% and 80% respectively. The rate is significantly higher in dogs with poor oral hygiene (calcula), and there is a tendency towards small dogs being more at risk than large dogs and male cats more than females. The isolated strains of P. multocida were most sensitive to chloramphenicol and tetracycline whereas, many were resistent to penicillin and sulfa. The theory, that this pattern should be explained by the common use of the latter drugs in veterinary practice, is not valid under Danish conditions, where chloramphenicol and tetracycline are commonly used in the small animal clinic. Accordingly suspected P. multocida infections should be treated with chloramphenicol or tetracycline, until the result of a sensitivity test is available, and not with penicillin which today is the general routine.", "contents": "Pasteurella multocida from canine and feline teeth, with a case report of glossitis calcinosa in a dog caused by P. multocida. A case of glossitis calcinosa in a dog caused by Pasteurella multocida is reported. Swelling of the tongue and reduced appetite were the predominant clinical symptoms. Due to latent infections with P. multocida in many species there is a risk of bitewounds being infected with this microorganism. In order to find the carrier-rate of P. multocida samples in canines, teeth and gingiva of 121 dogs and 30 cats were examined bacteriologically, revealing a carrier rates of 55% and 80% respectively. The rate is significantly higher in dogs with poor oral hygiene (calcula), and there is a tendency towards small dogs being more at risk than large dogs and male cats more than females. The isolated strains of P. multocida were most sensitive to chloramphenicol and tetracycline whereas, many were resistent to penicillin and sulfa. The theory, that this pattern should be explained by the common use of the latter drugs in veterinary practice, is not valid under Danish conditions, where chloramphenicol and tetracycline are commonly used in the small animal clinic. Accordingly suspected P. multocida infections should be treated with chloramphenicol or tetracycline, until the result of a sensitivity test is available, and not with penicillin which today is the general routine.", "PMID": 693275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9560", "title": "[Arteriographic study of the hand in 52 cases of Raynaud's phenomenon of varying aetiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Digital occlusive arterial disease was demonstrated in all cases in which there was a precise aetiology and in many cases in which an aetiology could be suspected. However, the arteriogram was most often normal in cases of Raynaud's disease. Whilst the arterial lesions seen were not specific to a precise aetiology, their presence in a patient with Raynaud's phenomenon should lead to a search for a systemic disease, first and foremost scleroderma in view of the fact that it is the most common condition.", "contents": "[Arteriographic study of the hand in 52 cases of Raynaud's phenomenon of varying aetiology (author's transl)]. Digital occlusive arterial disease was demonstrated in all cases in which there was a precise aetiology and in many cases in which an aetiology could be suspected. However, the arteriogram was most often normal in cases of Raynaud's disease. Whilst the arterial lesions seen were not specific to a precise aetiology, their presence in a patient with Raynaud's phenomenon should lead to a search for a systemic disease, first and foremost scleroderma in view of the fact that it is the most common condition.", "PMID": 693297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9561", "title": "[Quantitative cytochemical study of local immunostimulation of the respiratory mucosae by mineral spa water (author's transl)].", "content": "After non-specific stimulation (by mineral spa water) of the secretion of IgA by the respiratory tract of rabbits, the animals were killed and a study made of the number of plasmocytes per 500 diameter field by phase contrast microscopy. The number of plasmocytes was markedly increased on the 15th day and remained 5 times higher than in control animals on the 100th day. Immunocytochemical labelling by the secretory anti-IgA Fab fraction confirmed these data electron microscopically.", "contents": "[Quantitative cytochemical study of local immunostimulation of the respiratory mucosae by mineral spa water (author's transl)]. After non-specific stimulation (by mineral spa water) of the secretion of IgA by the respiratory tract of rabbits, the animals were killed and a study made of the number of plasmocytes per 500 diameter field by phase contrast microscopy. The number of plasmocytes was markedly increased on the 15th day and remained 5 times higher than in control animals on the 100th day. Immunocytochemical labelling by the secretory anti-IgA Fab fraction confirmed these data electron microscopically.", "PMID": 693298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9562", "title": "[The economical use of methods employed in the diagnosis of jaundice: decisional attitude as opposed to diagnostic attitude (author's transl)].", "content": "For the diagnosis of jaundice, a comparison is established between a classical diagnostic attitude and a decisional attitude which consists in guiding and restricting the investigations according to the therapeutic possibilities. It appears from the comparative study of the two groups of patients that the decisional attitude is better, resulting in a treatment which occurs earlier, is less expensive and probably of a better quality.", "contents": "[The economical use of methods employed in the diagnosis of jaundice: decisional attitude as opposed to diagnostic attitude (author's transl)]. For the diagnosis of jaundice, a comparison is established between a classical diagnostic attitude and a decisional attitude which consists in guiding and restricting the investigations according to the therapeutic possibilities. It appears from the comparative study of the two groups of patients that the decisional attitude is better, resulting in a treatment which occurs earlier, is less expensive and probably of a better quality.", "PMID": 693299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9563", "title": "[Relationship between gastric acid secretion and plasma calcium, parathormone and calcitonin levels in patients with chronic renal failure on haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "In twelve patients on chronic haemodialysis, a relationship was established between gastric acid secretion on the one hand, and certain parameters of calcium metabolism on the other hand: in a multifactorial statistical analysis, plasma calcium before dialysis (p less than 0,05), plasma parathormone levels before dialysis (p less than 0,05) and plasma calcitonin before dialysis (p less than 0,05) were variable explicatives of basal gastric acid secretion according to a direct relationship, whilst plasma calcium (p less than 0,05) was the only explicative variable of maximal gastric acid secretion after pentagastrin, with an inverse relationship. These preliminary results suggest that gastric acid secretion in the haemodialysis patient must be interpreted in the light of the state of calcium metabolism. Thus hypocalcaemia may be accompanied by decreased basal acid secretion and by contrast by an increased maximal acid secretion. These results require confirmation in a larger number of patients.", "contents": "[Relationship between gastric acid secretion and plasma calcium, parathormone and calcitonin levels in patients with chronic renal failure on haemodialysis (author's transl)]. In twelve patients on chronic haemodialysis, a relationship was established between gastric acid secretion on the one hand, and certain parameters of calcium metabolism on the other hand: in a multifactorial statistical analysis, plasma calcium before dialysis (p less than 0,05), plasma parathormone levels before dialysis (p less than 0,05) and plasma calcitonin before dialysis (p less than 0,05) were variable explicatives of basal gastric acid secretion according to a direct relationship, whilst plasma calcium (p less than 0,05) was the only explicative variable of maximal gastric acid secretion after pentagastrin, with an inverse relationship. These preliminary results suggest that gastric acid secretion in the haemodialysis patient must be interpreted in the light of the state of calcium metabolism. Thus hypocalcaemia may be accompanied by decreased basal acid secretion and by contrast by an increased maximal acid secretion. These results require confirmation in a larger number of patients.", "PMID": 693300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9564", "title": "[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and Prurigo strophulus (author's transl)].", "content": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (A.I.L.) was classified as a special type of malignant lymphoma. However, the same morphologic features can be observed in non-malignant diseases. We report a case of A.I.L. associated with Prurigo Strophulus: pseudo-tumoral adenopathy and cutaneous involvement disappeared with parasiticide treatment.", "contents": "[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and Prurigo strophulus (author's transl)]. Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (A.I.L.) was classified as a special type of malignant lymphoma. However, the same morphologic features can be observed in non-malignant diseases. We report a case of A.I.L. associated with Prurigo Strophulus: pseudo-tumoral adenopathy and cutaneous involvement disappeared with parasiticide treatment.", "PMID": 693301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9565", "title": "A contribution to the functional morphology of articular surfaces.", "content": "The variations of the joint shape are first analyzed in the acetabulum and the ulnar trochlear notch of man. Then an attempt is made to explain the basic shape of the lunate surface and the types of articular surface diverging from it with regard to causal histogenesis and the general theory of joint stress (Pauwels), as well as the theoretical distribution of stress in the perfect ball and socket joint (Kummer). Certain statements are made about the position, size, changes in direction and course of the resultant forces at the joint, statements which seem very likely to be accurate when compared to facts already known about the hip joint in man. Under these preconditions, the various forms of the observed articulating surfaces may be theoretically reconstructed in every case. In this connection, it is first shown that the preservation of the joint cartilage is also dependent on the period of time during which the resultant force is effective in the various areas of the articular surface. The term \"relative constancy\" is used to express this time factor. Two functional explanations are given for the presence of incisions and divisions in the lunate surface and in the trochlear notch: 1. It is assumed that the \"relative constancy\" of the resultant forces is of varying magnitude in the different areas of the articular surface. The incisions and divisions in the joint cartilage are thus seen as areas in which the resultant joint stress does not rise above the minimum value for preservation of the articular cartilage. 2. The radius of the convex articular surface can be slightly larger than the radius of the concave articular surface. Because of this incongruity no pressure will be transmitted in an area of the lunate surface or of the trochlear notch because of the defective contact. It follows that the cartilage-preserving stimulating pressure is also absent from this area. According to Pauwels, the magnitude and distribution of the stresses arising in the articulating surfaces may be determined from the varying density distribution of the subchondral bony tissue, as seen in x-rays. The density distribution of the subchondral bone at the ulnar socket shows clear basic parallels to the extent of the surface covered by joint cartilage. The relatively low density in the area of the notch is seen as being the result of lower stress, in accordance with the functional explanation of division of the cartilage surfaces. In photoelastic model experiments, the dependence of the degree of relative stress on the form of the articular surface is illustrated by means of the number of isochromes. Here, the distribution of density of the subchondral bony tissue corresponds to the local magnitude of stress in the corresponding model joint. Functional analysis of the tangential fiber layer of the joint cartilage at the femoral head and the elbow joint, shows basic agreement between the split line patterns and the trajectoral pattern, as described in articulating surfaces examined by Pauwels, Konermann and Molzberger...", "contents": "A contribution to the functional morphology of articular surfaces. The variations of the joint shape are first analyzed in the acetabulum and the ulnar trochlear notch of man. Then an attempt is made to explain the basic shape of the lunate surface and the types of articular surface diverging from it with regard to causal histogenesis and the general theory of joint stress (Pauwels), as well as the theoretical distribution of stress in the perfect ball and socket joint (Kummer). Certain statements are made about the position, size, changes in direction and course of the resultant forces at the joint, statements which seem very likely to be accurate when compared to facts already known about the hip joint in man. Under these preconditions, the various forms of the observed articulating surfaces may be theoretically reconstructed in every case. In this connection, it is first shown that the preservation of the joint cartilage is also dependent on the period of time during which the resultant force is effective in the various areas of the articular surface. The term \"relative constancy\" is used to express this time factor. Two functional explanations are given for the presence of incisions and divisions in the lunate surface and in the trochlear notch: 1. It is assumed that the \"relative constancy\" of the resultant forces is of varying magnitude in the different areas of the articular surface. The incisions and divisions in the joint cartilage are thus seen as areas in which the resultant joint stress does not rise above the minimum value for preservation of the articular cartilage. 2. The radius of the convex articular surface can be slightly larger than the radius of the concave articular surface. Because of this incongruity no pressure will be transmitted in an area of the lunate surface or of the trochlear notch because of the defective contact. It follows that the cartilage-preserving stimulating pressure is also absent from this area. According to Pauwels, the magnitude and distribution of the stresses arising in the articulating surfaces may be determined from the varying density distribution of the subchondral bony tissue, as seen in x-rays. The density distribution of the subchondral bone at the ulnar socket shows clear basic parallels to the extent of the surface covered by joint cartilage. The relatively low density in the area of the notch is seen as being the result of lower stress, in accordance with the functional explanation of division of the cartilage surfaces. In photoelastic model experiments, the dependence of the degree of relative stress on the form of the articular surface is illustrated by means of the number of isochromes. Here, the distribution of density of the subchondral bony tissue corresponds to the local magnitude of stress in the corresponding model joint. Functional analysis of the tangential fiber layer of the joint cartilage at the femoral head and the elbow joint, shows basic agreement between the split line patterns and the trajectoral pattern, as described in articulating surfaces examined by Pauwels, Konermann and Molzberger...", "PMID": 693316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9566", "title": "Mass spectral studies of probe pyrolysis products of intact oligoribonucleotides.", "content": "Pyrolysis of underivatized homogeneous oligoribonucleotides in the source of a mass spectrometer leads to production of simple mass spectra which resemble the spectra of the bases themselves. It is proposed that pyrolysis occurs by hydrogen transfer to the base moiety followed by elimination of the neutral base. Ionization by electron impact gives rise to the observed spectra. Mixed oligoribonucleotides pyrolyze readily to give spectra of adenine and uracil, but evidence for the presence of guanine and cytosine in mixed polymers and native RNA's is difficult to obtain presumably because of their low vapor pressure. The method may be useful for detection of modified bases in tRNA and for studies of temperature effects on RNA pyrolysis.", "contents": "Mass spectral studies of probe pyrolysis products of intact oligoribonucleotides. Pyrolysis of underivatized homogeneous oligoribonucleotides in the source of a mass spectrometer leads to production of simple mass spectra which resemble the spectra of the bases themselves. It is proposed that pyrolysis occurs by hydrogen transfer to the base moiety followed by elimination of the neutral base. Ionization by electron impact gives rise to the observed spectra. Mixed oligoribonucleotides pyrolyze readily to give spectra of adenine and uracil, but evidence for the presence of guanine and cytosine in mixed polymers and native RNA's is difficult to obtain presumably because of their low vapor pressure. The method may be useful for detection of modified bases in tRNA and for studies of temperature effects on RNA pyrolysis.", "PMID": 693317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9567", "title": "'A' forms of RNAs in single strands, duplexes and RNA-DNA hybrids.", "content": "Helical parameters have been calculated for the 'A' form minimum energy conformations of ApA, CpC, GpG, UpU, GpC and UpA. The helix geometries are base sequence dependent. The single strands are narrower and more tightly wound than that duplex RNA-11 form. 9-12 kcal./mole are needed to convert these single strands to the RNA-11 conformation. However, in some sequences other 'A' type conformers capable of complementary base pairing may be formed at lower energetic cost. There is substantially more base stacking in the calculated single strands than in the RNA-11 conformation. Calculated intrastrand base stacking energies reflect these differences, and also are sequence dependent. The 'A' form RNA subunits differ from the analogous DNAs in possessing a larger rise per residue, needed to accomodate the 2'-OH. RNA-DNA hybrids are consequently more likely to be in the 'A-RNA than in the 'A'-DNA conformation, although the base sequence determines the extent of the preference.", "contents": "'A' forms of RNAs in single strands, duplexes and RNA-DNA hybrids. Helical parameters have been calculated for the 'A' form minimum energy conformations of ApA, CpC, GpG, UpU, GpC and UpA. The helix geometries are base sequence dependent. The single strands are narrower and more tightly wound than that duplex RNA-11 form. 9-12 kcal./mole are needed to convert these single strands to the RNA-11 conformation. However, in some sequences other 'A' type conformers capable of complementary base pairing may be formed at lower energetic cost. There is substantially more base stacking in the calculated single strands than in the RNA-11 conformation. Calculated intrastrand base stacking energies reflect these differences, and also are sequence dependent. The 'A' form RNA subunits differ from the analogous DNAs in possessing a larger rise per residue, needed to accomodate the 2'-OH. RNA-DNA hybrids are consequently more likely to be in the 'A-RNA than in the 'A'-DNA conformation, although the base sequence determines the extent of the preference.", "PMID": 693318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9568", "title": "Photochemical cross-linking of histones to DNA nucleosomes.", "content": "Ultraviolet (UV)-induced cross-linking was utilized in order to identify histone-DNA interacting regions in the chromatin repeating unit. Fractionated mononucleosomes which contained 185 base pairs of DNA and a full complement of the histones, including histone H1, were irradiated with light of lambda greater than 290nm in the presence of a photosensitizer. Equimolar amounts of histones H2A and H2B were found, by two independent labeling experiments, to be cross-linked to the DNA. Based on previous finding that the UV irradiation specifically cross-links residues which are in close proximity, irrespective of the nature of the amino acid side chain or the nucleotide involved, our results indicate that the four core histones are not positioned equivalently with respect to the DNA. This arrangement allows histones H2A and H2B to preferentially cross-link to the DNA. A water soluble covalent complex of DNA and histones was isolated. This complex was partially resistant to mild nuclease digestion, it exhibited a CD spectrum similar to that of chromatin, and was found to contain histone H1. These results are compatible with a model which suggests that histone H1, though anchored to the linker, is bound to the DNA at additional sites. By doing so it spans the whole length of the nucleosome and clamps together the DNA fold around the histone core.", "contents": "Photochemical cross-linking of histones to DNA nucleosomes. Ultraviolet (UV)-induced cross-linking was utilized in order to identify histone-DNA interacting regions in the chromatin repeating unit. Fractionated mononucleosomes which contained 185 base pairs of DNA and a full complement of the histones, including histone H1, were irradiated with light of lambda greater than 290nm in the presence of a photosensitizer. Equimolar amounts of histones H2A and H2B were found, by two independent labeling experiments, to be cross-linked to the DNA. Based on previous finding that the UV irradiation specifically cross-links residues which are in close proximity, irrespective of the nature of the amino acid side chain or the nucleotide involved, our results indicate that the four core histones are not positioned equivalently with respect to the DNA. This arrangement allows histones H2A and H2B to preferentially cross-link to the DNA. A water soluble covalent complex of DNA and histones was isolated. This complex was partially resistant to mild nuclease digestion, it exhibited a CD spectrum similar to that of chromatin, and was found to contain histone H1. These results are compatible with a model which suggests that histone H1, though anchored to the linker, is bound to the DNA at additional sites. By doing so it spans the whole length of the nucleosome and clamps together the DNA fold around the histone core.", "PMID": 693319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9569", "title": "Genetic organization of the ribosomal transcription units of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.", "content": "The genetic organization of the multiple ribosomal transcription units (RTUs) on the genome of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was studied by electron microscopy of purified ribosomal DNA hybridized to 26S rRNA using the R-loop technique (Thomas, M., White, R.L. and Davis, R.W. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 73, 2294-2298). Plasmid pBR 322, the molecular weight of which is known, was used as a standard for converting contour length of double-stranded DNA into molecular weight. The 140 yeast RTUs were found to be arrayed in tandem repeats, each repeat containing at most 0.4 X 10(6) D (about 6% of the length of the RTU) of non-transcribed spacer DNA. The repeats, in turn, are arranged in a number of clusters separated by much longer stretches of non-ribosomal DNA.", "contents": "Genetic organization of the ribosomal transcription units of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. The genetic organization of the multiple ribosomal transcription units (RTUs) on the genome of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was studied by electron microscopy of purified ribosomal DNA hybridized to 26S rRNA using the R-loop technique (Thomas, M., White, R.L. and Davis, R.W. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 73, 2294-2298). Plasmid pBR 322, the molecular weight of which is known, was used as a standard for converting contour length of double-stranded DNA into molecular weight. The 140 yeast RTUs were found to be arrayed in tandem repeats, each repeat containing at most 0.4 X 10(6) D (about 6% of the length of the RTU) of non-transcribed spacer DNA. The repeats, in turn, are arranged in a number of clusters separated by much longer stretches of non-ribosomal DNA.", "PMID": 693320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9570", "title": "Chemical synthesis of a self-complementary octanucleotide, dG-G-T-T-A-A-C-C by a modified triester method.", "content": "The synthesis of a self-complementary octanucleotide, d(G-G-T-T-A-A-C-C-), using a modified triester approach is described. The protected dinucleotides, d(Me2O)TribG(C1C6H4) ibG, d(Me2O)TrT(ClC6H4)T, d(Me2O)TrbzA(ClC6H4)bzA, and d(Me2O)TranC(ClC6H4)anC were synthesized by a one step triester procedure. After removal of the trityl group, the dinucleotides, dT(ClC6H4)T and danC (ClC6H4)anC were coupled to d(Me2O)TribG(ClC6H4)ibG and d(Me2O)TrbzA(ClC6H4)bzA, respectively to yield the respective tetranucleotides. The tetranucleotide, d(Me2O)TrbzA(ClC6H4)bzA(ClC6H4) and (ClC6H4)anC was detritylated and then coupled with d(Me2O)TribG(ClC6H4)ibG(ClC6H4)T(Cl6H4)T to give octanucleotide. The fully protected octanucleotide was deblocked by treatment with aqueous NH3 followed by acid and was characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis of a self-complementary octanucleotide, dG-G-T-T-A-A-C-C by a modified triester method. The synthesis of a self-complementary octanucleotide, d(G-G-T-T-A-A-C-C-), using a modified triester approach is described. The protected dinucleotides, d(Me2O)TribG(C1C6H4) ibG, d(Me2O)TrT(ClC6H4)T, d(Me2O)TrbzA(ClC6H4)bzA, and d(Me2O)TranC(ClC6H4)anC were synthesized by a one step triester procedure. After removal of the trityl group, the dinucleotides, dT(ClC6H4)T and danC (ClC6H4)anC were coupled to d(Me2O)TribG(ClC6H4)ibG and d(Me2O)TrbzA(ClC6H4)bzA, respectively to yield the respective tetranucleotides. The tetranucleotide, d(Me2O)TrbzA(ClC6H4)bzA(ClC6H4) and (ClC6H4)anC was detritylated and then coupled with d(Me2O)TribG(ClC6H4)ibG(ClC6H4)T(Cl6H4)T to give octanucleotide. The fully protected octanucleotide was deblocked by treatment with aqueous NH3 followed by acid and was characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis.", "PMID": 693321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9571", "title": "Expression of bacteriophage M13 DNA in vivo. Localization of the transcription initiation and termination signal of the mRNA coding for the major capsid protein.", "content": "During the infection cycle of the filamentous bacteriophage M13 a phage specific RNA species is made which selectively directs in vitro the synthesis of the precursor of the major capsid protein encoded by gene VIII. This RNA is unstable (its mean half-life is 11 min) and is made in amounts representing at least 2% of the newly synthesized RN. Nucleotide sequence analysis have indicated that the synthesis of this RNA species is initiated and terminated at the same promoter (G0.18) and termination signal (T0.25) of the M13 genome as the 8S RNA species made in vitro under the direction of M13 replicative form DNA.", "contents": "Expression of bacteriophage M13 DNA in vivo. Localization of the transcription initiation and termination signal of the mRNA coding for the major capsid protein. During the infection cycle of the filamentous bacteriophage M13 a phage specific RNA species is made which selectively directs in vitro the synthesis of the precursor of the major capsid protein encoded by gene VIII. This RNA is unstable (its mean half-life is 11 min) and is made in amounts representing at least 2% of the newly synthesized RN. Nucleotide sequence analysis have indicated that the synthesis of this RNA species is initiated and terminated at the same promoter (G0.18) and termination signal (T0.25) of the M13 genome as the 8S RNA species made in vitro under the direction of M13 replicative form DNA.", "PMID": 693322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9572", "title": "Studies on the single-stranded discontinuities of the cauliflower mosaic virus genome.", "content": "The Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) genome is a double-stranded DNA molecule of about 5 million daltons. Native DNA molecules appear heterogeneous when analysed by gel electrophoresis. We have examined the nature of this apparent heterogeneity. Besides, this genome is shown here to contain three single-stranded breaks, as revealed by different denaturation experiments: heating at 75 degrees C, treatment with NaOH or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Labelling with terminal transferase proves that the 3' ends at these interruptions all have free hydroxyl groups. Electron microscopy and alkaline gel electrophoresis indicate that these three discontinuities are shared by both strands, and that they are not randomly located. S1 nuclease is active on CaMV DNA and generates three fragments. The comparison between the sizes of these fragments and of the products of denaturation leads us to consider that S1 acts at the level of the interruptions. We have determined that two of them, distant by one third genome unit, are in the same strand; the other is in the opposite strand, distant by one sixth genome unit from the nearest other one. The combined use of restriction enzymes and S1 nuclease has enabled us to locate these three discontinuities on the restriction map of the CaMV genome that we have otherwise established.", "contents": "Studies on the single-stranded discontinuities of the cauliflower mosaic virus genome. The Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) genome is a double-stranded DNA molecule of about 5 million daltons. Native DNA molecules appear heterogeneous when analysed by gel electrophoresis. We have examined the nature of this apparent heterogeneity. Besides, this genome is shown here to contain three single-stranded breaks, as revealed by different denaturation experiments: heating at 75 degrees C, treatment with NaOH or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Labelling with terminal transferase proves that the 3' ends at these interruptions all have free hydroxyl groups. Electron microscopy and alkaline gel electrophoresis indicate that these three discontinuities are shared by both strands, and that they are not randomly located. S1 nuclease is active on CaMV DNA and generates three fragments. The comparison between the sizes of these fragments and of the products of denaturation leads us to consider that S1 acts at the level of the interruptions. We have determined that two of them, distant by one third genome unit, are in the same strand; the other is in the opposite strand, distant by one sixth genome unit from the nearest other one. The combined use of restriction enzymes and S1 nuclease has enabled us to locate these three discontinuities on the restriction map of the CaMV genome that we have otherwise established.", "PMID": 693323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9573", "title": "Biosynthesis and utilization of extensively undermethylated poly(A)+ RNA in CHO cells during a cycloleucine treatment.", "content": "The role of RNA methylations in the control of mRNA maturation and incorporation into polysomes has been investigated through a study of the effects in vivo of cycloleucine, a specific inhibitor of S-adenosyl-methionine mediated methylation. During the cycloleucine treatment, the rate of biosynthesis of hnRNA and its subsequent polyadenylation were only slightly reduced as compared with untreated cells. However a significant lag-time in the cytoplasmic appearance of poly(A)+ undermethylated molecules was observed, in parallel with a transient shift in the average size of hnRNA towards higher molecular weight. Nevertheless, the total amount of pulse-labelled poly(A)+ mRNA transferred to cytoplasm after a long chase time (3 h.) was approximately the same for both cycloleucine-treated and control cells. Extensively undermethylated poly(A)+ cytoplasmic RNAs, possessing a 5' terminal cap were incorporated into polysomes in proportions very similar to control messenger molecules. These results suggest that a normal level of methylation is not stringently required for the production of the functional mRNA molecules although it appears to be of importance for the kinetics of the maturational process.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and utilization of extensively undermethylated poly(A)+ RNA in CHO cells during a cycloleucine treatment. The role of RNA methylations in the control of mRNA maturation and incorporation into polysomes has been investigated through a study of the effects in vivo of cycloleucine, a specific inhibitor of S-adenosyl-methionine mediated methylation. During the cycloleucine treatment, the rate of biosynthesis of hnRNA and its subsequent polyadenylation were only slightly reduced as compared with untreated cells. However a significant lag-time in the cytoplasmic appearance of poly(A)+ undermethylated molecules was observed, in parallel with a transient shift in the average size of hnRNA towards higher molecular weight. Nevertheless, the total amount of pulse-labelled poly(A)+ mRNA transferred to cytoplasm after a long chase time (3 h.) was approximately the same for both cycloleucine-treated and control cells. Extensively undermethylated poly(A)+ cytoplasmic RNAs, possessing a 5' terminal cap were incorporated into polysomes in proportions very similar to control messenger molecules. These results suggest that a normal level of methylation is not stringently required for the production of the functional mRNA molecules although it appears to be of importance for the kinetics of the maturational process.", "PMID": 693324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9574", "title": "Transcription of nucleosomes from human chromatin.", "content": "Nucleosomes (chromatin subunits) prepared by micrococcal nuclease digestion of human nuclei are similar in histone content but substantially reduced in non-histone proteins as compared to undigested chromatin. Chromatin transcription experiments indicate that the DNA in the nucleosomes is accessible to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in vitro. The template capacities of chromatin and nucleosomes are 1.5 and 10%, respectively, relative to high molecular weight DNA, with intermediate values for oligonucleosomes. Three distinct sizes of transcripts, 150, 120 and 95 nucleotides in length, are obtained when nucleosomes are used as templates. However, when nucleosomal DNA is used as a template, the predominant size of transcripts is 150 nucleotides. When oligonucleosomes are used as templates longer transcripts are obtained. This indicates that RNA polymerase can transcribe the DNA contained in the nucleosomes.", "contents": "Transcription of nucleosomes from human chromatin. Nucleosomes (chromatin subunits) prepared by micrococcal nuclease digestion of human nuclei are similar in histone content but substantially reduced in non-histone proteins as compared to undigested chromatin. Chromatin transcription experiments indicate that the DNA in the nucleosomes is accessible to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in vitro. The template capacities of chromatin and nucleosomes are 1.5 and 10%, respectively, relative to high molecular weight DNA, with intermediate values for oligonucleosomes. Three distinct sizes of transcripts, 150, 120 and 95 nucleotides in length, are obtained when nucleosomes are used as templates. However, when nucleosomal DNA is used as a template, the predominant size of transcripts is 150 nucleotides. When oligonucleosomes are used as templates longer transcripts are obtained. This indicates that RNA polymerase can transcribe the DNA contained in the nucleosomes.", "PMID": 693325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9575", "title": "Excretion of newly synthesized DNA by tonsil lymphocytes.", "content": "The main part of newly synthesized DNA is preferentially released in vitro both by non-stimulated or phytohemagglutinin-stimulated tonsil lymphocytes. Freshly isolated cells excrete DNA faster than phytohemagglutinin-stimulated ones. The acid-precipitable 3H-thymidine lost can be accounted for in the culture medium as labeled, double stranded DNA isolated on hydroxyapatite column.", "contents": "Excretion of newly synthesized DNA by tonsil lymphocytes. The main part of newly synthesized DNA is preferentially released in vitro both by non-stimulated or phytohemagglutinin-stimulated tonsil lymphocytes. Freshly isolated cells excrete DNA faster than phytohemagglutinin-stimulated ones. The acid-precipitable 3H-thymidine lost can be accounted for in the culture medium as labeled, double stranded DNA isolated on hydroxyapatite column.", "PMID": 693326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9576", "title": "[Corticotropic testing during long-term beclomethasone dipropionate treatment in asthmatic children].", "content": "The authors looked for undesirable side-effects in prolonged treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDP) at the daily dose of 400 microgram in asthmatic children. Growth in height was not impaired, the height gain (5.35 +/- 4.06 cm) not being statistically different from the theoretical gain (5.46 +/- 2.94 cm) (t : 1.33 0.20 less than p less than 0.01). Testing the corticotropic chain at pituitary level by the L8VP test did not reveal any decrease in patients treated by BDP alone (delta of elevation of cortisolemia; 9.08 +/- 2.79 microgram/100 ml, not very different from the controls 9.79 +/- 4.32 microgram/100 ml). On the other hand, the results in patients with continuous or alternating conventional corticotherapy showed a corticotropic decrease (delta of elevation : 5.39 +/- 4.53 microgram/100 ml, a significant difference from the controls t : 7.54 p less than 0.001). In 5 of these observations, the repetition of L8VP testing revealed the progressive restauration of the corticotropic function together with the decrease and the stopping of conventional corticotherapy. The average cortisolemia of patients definitively off corticotherapy, before and after L8VP, was not significantly different from that of controls. The elevation delta of cortisolemia of deprived patients (9.30 +/- 4.92 microgram/100 ml) become comparable to that of normal controls (9.79 +/- 4.32 microgram/100 ml. The analysis of the main literature data, in agreement with the results presented here, showed that prolonged treatment with BDP had no harmful effect on height growth. There was no corticotropic decrease in a child unsubjected to previously conventional corticotherapy or after completely stopping the treatment.", "contents": "[Corticotropic testing during long-term beclomethasone dipropionate treatment in asthmatic children]. The authors looked for undesirable side-effects in prolonged treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDP) at the daily dose of 400 microgram in asthmatic children. Growth in height was not impaired, the height gain (5.35 +/- 4.06 cm) not being statistically different from the theoretical gain (5.46 +/- 2.94 cm) (t : 1.33 0.20 less than p less than 0.01). Testing the corticotropic chain at pituitary level by the L8VP test did not reveal any decrease in patients treated by BDP alone (delta of elevation of cortisolemia; 9.08 +/- 2.79 microgram/100 ml, not very different from the controls 9.79 +/- 4.32 microgram/100 ml). On the other hand, the results in patients with continuous or alternating conventional corticotherapy showed a corticotropic decrease (delta of elevation : 5.39 +/- 4.53 microgram/100 ml, a significant difference from the controls t : 7.54 p less than 0.001). In 5 of these observations, the repetition of L8VP testing revealed the progressive restauration of the corticotropic function together with the decrease and the stopping of conventional corticotherapy. The average cortisolemia of patients definitively off corticotherapy, before and after L8VP, was not significantly different from that of controls. The elevation delta of cortisolemia of deprived patients (9.30 +/- 4.92 microgram/100 ml) become comparable to that of normal controls (9.79 +/- 4.32 microgram/100 ml. The analysis of the main literature data, in agreement with the results presented here, showed that prolonged treatment with BDP had no harmful effect on height growth. There was no corticotropic decrease in a child unsubjected to previously conventional corticotherapy or after completely stopping the treatment.", "PMID": 693439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9577", "title": "[Short-term use of beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of spasmodic obstructive bronchopneumopathies].", "content": "Forty-two patients were treated with beclomethasone dipropionate in doses of 400 microgram daily for no longer than three months. There were three main indications : attempt to withdraw corticosteroids or sympathomimetics ; treatment prior to desensitization ; treatment of asthma with severe permanent dyspnea. In 8 patients, systemic steroids of sympathomimetic drugs could be withdrawn. Dosage could be reduced by 50% or more in 21 cases, and by less than 50% in 9 cases. There were 3 failures, and results were unassessable in one case. No major side-effects were observed.", "contents": "[Short-term use of beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of spasmodic obstructive bronchopneumopathies]. Forty-two patients were treated with beclomethasone dipropionate in doses of 400 microgram daily for no longer than three months. There were three main indications : attempt to withdraw corticosteroids or sympathomimetics ; treatment prior to desensitization ; treatment of asthma with severe permanent dyspnea. In 8 patients, systemic steroids of sympathomimetic drugs could be withdrawn. Dosage could be reduced by 50% or more in 21 cases, and by less than 50% in 9 cases. There were 3 failures, and results were unassessable in one case. No major side-effects were observed.", "PMID": 693440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9578", "title": "[Isolated cystic lymphangioma in the mediastinum].", "content": "Cystic lymphangioma localized only in the mediastinum is a rare type of primitive tumour (less than 1% of the mediastinum primitive tumours). These three new observations concern lymphangiomas with an anterior position ; therir anatomical connections with the lymphatic system are difficult to show. Treated by surgery these benign tumours have a good prognosis and only a few cases of local recurrences have been reported.", "contents": "[Isolated cystic lymphangioma in the mediastinum]. Cystic lymphangioma localized only in the mediastinum is a rare type of primitive tumour (less than 1% of the mediastinum primitive tumours). These three new observations concern lymphangiomas with an anterior position ; therir anatomical connections with the lymphatic system are difficult to show. Treated by surgery these benign tumours have a good prognosis and only a few cases of local recurrences have been reported.", "PMID": 693441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9579", "title": "[Elementary precautions necessary for the validity of ventilatory function measurements with electronic spirometers].", "content": "The increase of morbidity rate of chronic bronchitis demonstrates the interest of an early check-up, in the free symptom phase of illness, because obstruction of small bronchii may be reversible, as it has been pointed out by previous longitudinal studies. These finding involve the use of simple devices, easy to manage and rebrabld. The three apparatus have been tested : Ohio 842 spirograph, Oude Delft expirometer and Chemetron Corporation P.F.I., in 165 patients. All of them have been compared to Jaeger spirometer. No good agreement has been found between expirometer, P.F.I. and Jaeger spirometer. But Ohio 842 spirograph values were quiet close to those observed with Jaeger spirometer. Electronic spirometers present a digital display without graphic recording or calibration. It has been difficult to detect errors at a first glance. Mostly they came from non linearity of response of thermistance, irregular expiratory flow, insufficient cooperation of patients.", "contents": "[Elementary precautions necessary for the validity of ventilatory function measurements with electronic spirometers]. The increase of morbidity rate of chronic bronchitis demonstrates the interest of an early check-up, in the free symptom phase of illness, because obstruction of small bronchii may be reversible, as it has been pointed out by previous longitudinal studies. These finding involve the use of simple devices, easy to manage and rebrabld. The three apparatus have been tested : Ohio 842 spirograph, Oude Delft expirometer and Chemetron Corporation P.F.I., in 165 patients. All of them have been compared to Jaeger spirometer. No good agreement has been found between expirometer, P.F.I. and Jaeger spirometer. But Ohio 842 spirograph values were quiet close to those observed with Jaeger spirometer. Electronic spirometers present a digital display without graphic recording or calibration. It has been difficult to detect errors at a first glance. Mostly they came from non linearity of response of thermistance, irregular expiratory flow, insufficient cooperation of patients.", "PMID": 693442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9580", "title": "[Bronchofibroscopy. 6 questions, 6 fundamental answers].", "content": "The authors report the aims, methods, techniques of sampling and the tolerance of broncho-fibroscopy, correlating literature and their personal experience of  a thousand examinations. They consider it a very simple examination which without any inconvenience can be used in very serious cases as well as for out-patients. They insist on the technique of biopsy and directed aspiration and demonstrate that with experience the yield of the method can be improved. They conclude by saying that a histo-cytological diagnosis can be made in 95% of cases of bronchial cancers. In their experience, tolerance to this examination is always very good.", "contents": "[Bronchofibroscopy. 6 questions, 6 fundamental answers]. The authors report the aims, methods, techniques of sampling and the tolerance of broncho-fibroscopy, correlating literature and their personal experience of  a thousand examinations. They consider it a very simple examination which without any inconvenience can be used in very serious cases as well as for out-patients. They insist on the technique of biopsy and directed aspiration and demonstrate that with experience the yield of the method can be improved. They conclude by saying that a histo-cytological diagnosis can be made in 95% of cases of bronchial cancers. In their experience, tolerance to this examination is always very good.", "PMID": 693443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9581", "title": "[Our experience with bronchofibroscopy].", "content": "Five hundred and eighty three broncho-fibroscopies were performed by the authors. Tumoural pathology represents 60% of diagnostic indications. Histological samples have a satisfying yield : 72.4% for the whole tumoural pathology, 80% for primitive bronchial tumours. The comparison with the results of sampling done by bronchoscopy is in favour of broncho-fibroscopy, especially for distal localizations (62% of positive results against 47%). In respiratory intensive care, a place of its own should be given to bronchoaspiration, where this technique of tracheo-bronchial clearing seems well adapted.", "contents": "[Our experience with bronchofibroscopy]. Five hundred and eighty three broncho-fibroscopies were performed by the authors. Tumoural pathology represents 60% of diagnostic indications. Histological samples have a satisfying yield : 72.4% for the whole tumoural pathology, 80% for primitive bronchial tumours. The comparison with the results of sampling done by bronchoscopy is in favour of broncho-fibroscopy, especially for distal localizations (62% of positive results against 47%). In respiratory intensive care, a place of its own should be given to bronchoaspiration, where this technique of tracheo-bronchial clearing seems well adapted.", "PMID": 693444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9582", "title": "[Value of bronchopulmonary fibro-lavage in the treatment of severe suppurative pneumopathies].", "content": "The therapeutical use of bronchial fibroscopy is very promising. Already today it is much used in postsurgery atelectasies by obstruction or in suppurative atelectasies related to important infectious foci. It considerably improves the bronchial clearing previously done by blind aspiration or bronchoscopy. The coupling of this aspiration to a perfusion-lavage in severe suppurative bacterial pneumopathies yielded interesting results.", "contents": "[Value of bronchopulmonary fibro-lavage in the treatment of severe suppurative pneumopathies]. The therapeutical use of bronchial fibroscopy is very promising. Already today it is much used in postsurgery atelectasies by obstruction or in suppurative atelectasies related to important infectious foci. It considerably improves the bronchial clearing previously done by blind aspiration or bronchoscopy. The coupling of this aspiration to a perfusion-lavage in severe suppurative bacterial pneumopathies yielded interesting results.", "PMID": 693445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9583", "title": "[Value of selective pulmonary lavage under fibroscopic control in alveolar proteinosis].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 43 years old male with severe alveolar proteinosis : after failure of various treatments, they attempted a pulmonary lavage, using a fiberscope. The instrument was directed towards each lobar bronchus, one after the other, with a total of 20 lavages during a period of 4 months. A saline isotonic solution was imposed through the fiberscope then collected using air vacuum. The results were satisfactory, this patient living his normal life since july 1976. The clinical, radiological, biological data remain normal on April 1978.", "contents": "[Value of selective pulmonary lavage under fibroscopic control in alveolar proteinosis]. The authors report the case of a 43 years old male with severe alveolar proteinosis : after failure of various treatments, they attempted a pulmonary lavage, using a fiberscope. The instrument was directed towards each lobar bronchus, one after the other, with a total of 20 lavages during a period of 4 months. A saline isotonic solution was imposed through the fiberscope then collected using air vacuum. The results were satisfactory, this patient living his normal life since july 1976. The clinical, radiological, biological data remain normal on April 1978.", "PMID": 693446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9584", "title": "[Weaning a patient from the respirator (author's transl)].", "content": "Weaning a patient from the respirator should be started as early as possible. The right time when to stope artificial ventilation is determined by certain criteria. Pathological processes which might interfere with the weaning process should be corrected beforehand. Incipient septicaemia, peritonitis, circulatory instability and a marked postoperative or posttraumatic rise in intracranial pressure are extrapulmonary contraindications for weaning. Apart from conventional weaning, continuous positive airway pressure ventilation and intermittent mandatory ventilation are discussed.", "contents": "[Weaning a patient from the respirator (author's transl)]. Weaning a patient from the respirator should be started as early as possible. The right time when to stope artificial ventilation is determined by certain criteria. Pathological processes which might interfere with the weaning process should be corrected beforehand. Incipient septicaemia, peritonitis, circulatory instability and a marked postoperative or posttraumatic rise in intracranial pressure are extrapulmonary contraindications for weaning. Apart from conventional weaning, continuous positive airway pressure ventilation and intermittent mandatory ventilation are discussed.", "PMID": 693447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9585", "title": "[Postoperative changes of blood gases after uncomplicated abdominal surgery in geriatric patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In 34 elderly male and female patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia we investigated duration and degree of postoperative hypoxaemia. In this study only patients with no signs and symptoms of pulmonary or cardiac diseases, verified by normal lung function--vital capacity and FEV1, X-ray and electrocardiographic findings were considered. Postoperative development was free of complications and temperature rises in all cases. The investigations showed occurrence of arterial hypoxaemia during the postoperative period with values near the lower limit where the organism must fall back on cardio-circulatory reserve mechanisms in order to avoid general hypoxydosis. Regarding the restricted pulmonary and cardiac capacity for adaptation and compensation in geriatric patients, we recommend to prolong the practice of O2-application for two or three hours over a period of 24 to 48 hours, especially in patients with postoperative complications such as prolonged gastric atony, temperature, haemorrhage or cardiac and coronary insufficiency. This prolonged application of oxygen by mask or nasal tube should go parallel to other physiotherapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Postoperative changes of blood gases after uncomplicated abdominal surgery in geriatric patients (author's transl)]. In 34 elderly male and female patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia we investigated duration and degree of postoperative hypoxaemia. In this study only patients with no signs and symptoms of pulmonary or cardiac diseases, verified by normal lung function--vital capacity and FEV1, X-ray and electrocardiographic findings were considered. Postoperative development was free of complications and temperature rises in all cases. The investigations showed occurrence of arterial hypoxaemia during the postoperative period with values near the lower limit where the organism must fall back on cardio-circulatory reserve mechanisms in order to avoid general hypoxydosis. Regarding the restricted pulmonary and cardiac capacity for adaptation and compensation in geriatric patients, we recommend to prolong the practice of O2-application for two or three hours over a period of 24 to 48 hours, especially in patients with postoperative complications such as prolonged gastric atony, temperature, haemorrhage or cardiac and coronary insufficiency. This prolonged application of oxygen by mask or nasal tube should go parallel to other physiotherapeutic measures.", "PMID": 693448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9586", "title": "[Changes in pulmonary blood flow during surgery in the lateral position; a computer-scanning study (author's transl)].", "content": "The changes in blood flow in the pulmonary circulation arising from the lateral position during surgery were tested by means of 99mTc microspheres and a scanning camera computer system in 30 patients who had urological operations. Blood flow in the undermost lung increased by an average of 17% of the total pulmonary blood flow (SD = 8.0) in a group of 18 persons whose average age was 39.9 years. This redistribution occurred immediately after the patient was placed on his side and was more marked in younger persons than it was in older ones. Accompanying changes in O2 pressure showed no quantitative correlation with the changes in perfusion. The lateral position also affected ventilation by reducing ventilation of the undermost lung. This ventilatory disturbance which was demonstrable in more than 50% of the cases persisted for a short time after the operation whereas the pulmonary circulation returned to normal immediately after the patient resumed a normal position.", "contents": "[Changes in pulmonary blood flow during surgery in the lateral position; a computer-scanning study (author's transl)]. The changes in blood flow in the pulmonary circulation arising from the lateral position during surgery were tested by means of 99mTc microspheres and a scanning camera computer system in 30 patients who had urological operations. Blood flow in the undermost lung increased by an average of 17% of the total pulmonary blood flow (SD = 8.0) in a group of 18 persons whose average age was 39.9 years. This redistribution occurred immediately after the patient was placed on his side and was more marked in younger persons than it was in older ones. Accompanying changes in O2 pressure showed no quantitative correlation with the changes in perfusion. The lateral position also affected ventilation by reducing ventilation of the undermost lung. This ventilatory disturbance which was demonstrable in more than 50% of the cases persisted for a short time after the operation whereas the pulmonary circulation returned to normal immediately after the patient resumed a normal position.", "PMID": 693449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9587", "title": "[Physical fundamentals of pressure measurement (author's transl)].", "content": "The important role of pressure-measurement for many diagnostic, surgical, critical care and biomedical research problems should not be underestimated. For high accurancy the good knowledge of the underlying physical and mathematical principles seems to be necessary. On the other hand many users need some quick and easy methods for units of pressure measurements testing and calibration of their pressure-measurements system. In this survey a small introduction to the units is followed by basic considerations about fluid-mechanics. Fourier-analysis and theory of transmission. (The influence of terms like \"natural frequency\", \"damping\" and \"phase lag\" are shown). After the description of the commonly used pressure-transducers some hints are given to check the systems even in small laboratories.", "contents": "[Physical fundamentals of pressure measurement (author's transl)]. The important role of pressure-measurement for many diagnostic, surgical, critical care and biomedical research problems should not be underestimated. For high accurancy the good knowledge of the underlying physical and mathematical principles seems to be necessary. On the other hand many users need some quick and easy methods for units of pressure measurements testing and calibration of their pressure-measurements system. In this survey a small introduction to the units is followed by basic considerations about fluid-mechanics. Fourier-analysis and theory of transmission. (The influence of terms like \"natural frequency\", \"damping\" and \"phase lag\" are shown). After the description of the commonly used pressure-transducers some hints are given to check the systems even in small laboratories.", "PMID": 693450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9588", "title": "[Caval catheterization via the internal jugular vein (author's transl)].", "content": "Catheterization of the superior vena cava via the internal jugular vein with the indirect technique is practically always successful. The occurence of a pneumothorax is extremely rare. The special advantages of the indirect technique are: small puncture trauma, quick placement of the catheter in the superior vena cava and non-occurrence of false position. Heart irritations or even heart perforations are avoided because of standard catheter length respectively graduated catheters.", "contents": "[Caval catheterization via the internal jugular vein (author's transl)]. Catheterization of the superior vena cava via the internal jugular vein with the indirect technique is practically always successful. The occurence of a pneumothorax is extremely rare. The special advantages of the indirect technique are: small puncture trauma, quick placement of the catheter in the superior vena cava and non-occurrence of false position. Heart irritations or even heart perforations are avoided because of standard catheter length respectively graduated catheters.", "PMID": 693451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9589", "title": "[Epidemiological and socio-medical problems assoicated with respiratory disorders in Switzerland (author's transl)].", "content": "Disorders of the respiratory tract account for about 13 percent of overall mortality in Switzerland, for about 50 percent of all hospital admissions and for about 7 percent of the nursing days. Cases of obstructive respiratory disease, pneumonia and carcinoma of the lung predominate. Morbidity regarding newly discovered cases of tuberculos is still 0.5 percent and 40 percent of the population are still positive reactors. BCG vaccination of newborns and of all tuberculin-negative schoolchildren is the approved prophylactic procedure. Periodic mass radiography of adults on a voluntary basis, aimed at the early diagnosis of pulmonary disorders, shows an incidence of 0.4/1 000 and of 0.3/1 000 for new cases of tuberculosis and lung cancer respectively. Cases of chronic obstructive respiratory disease who require hospitalization for above-average length and are frequently on sick leave present special sociomedical problems.", "contents": "[Epidemiological and socio-medical problems assoicated with respiratory disorders in Switzerland (author's transl)]. Disorders of the respiratory tract account for about 13 percent of overall mortality in Switzerland, for about 50 percent of all hospital admissions and for about 7 percent of the nursing days. Cases of obstructive respiratory disease, pneumonia and carcinoma of the lung predominate. Morbidity regarding newly discovered cases of tuberculos is still 0.5 percent and 40 percent of the population are still positive reactors. BCG vaccination of newborns and of all tuberculin-negative schoolchildren is the approved prophylactic procedure. Periodic mass radiography of adults on a voluntary basis, aimed at the early diagnosis of pulmonary disorders, shows an incidence of 0.4/1 000 and of 0.3/1 000 for new cases of tuberculosis and lung cancer respectively. Cases of chronic obstructive respiratory disease who require hospitalization for above-average length and are frequently on sick leave present special sociomedical problems.", "PMID": 693452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9590", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in gastrectomized persons (author's transl)].", "content": "A laboratory method was developed whereby the presence of Rifampicin in the blood is determined microbiologically by means of a diffusion test. The organism used was Sarcina lutea. The tests established that the Rifampicin levels in the blood of pylorogastrectomized persons were significantly higher then they were in a normal control group. The daily changes in the Rifampicin levels were simulated and checked by analogue computer. The findings indicated that the increased absorption in gastrectomized persons cannot be due to accelerated passage and that it is presumably attributable to chemical and physical factors. The results are analysed statistically and summarized in graphs.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in gastrectomized persons (author's transl)]. A laboratory method was developed whereby the presence of Rifampicin in the blood is determined microbiologically by means of a diffusion test. The organism used was Sarcina lutea. The tests established that the Rifampicin levels in the blood of pylorogastrectomized persons were significantly higher then they were in a normal control group. The daily changes in the Rifampicin levels were simulated and checked by analogue computer. The findings indicated that the increased absorption in gastrectomized persons cannot be due to accelerated passage and that it is presumably attributable to chemical and physical factors. The results are analysed statistically and summarized in graphs.", "PMID": 693453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9591", "title": "[Aetiology and treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past 24 years 571 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax were observed in 408 persons. The aetiology of spontaneous pneumothorax is reviewed. Diagnostic thoracoscopy followed by suction drainage is recommended. Bilateral tension pneumothorax and recurrent pneumothorax were treated by surgery. The preferential method was local or partial parietal pleurectomy. In some cases the pneumothorax was sealed by a dura graft. There was no substantial functional impairment and no post-thoracotomy death. The average lenght of treatment was 20 days.", "contents": "[Aetiology and treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax (author's transl)]. During the past 24 years 571 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax were observed in 408 persons. The aetiology of spontaneous pneumothorax is reviewed. Diagnostic thoracoscopy followed by suction drainage is recommended. Bilateral tension pneumothorax and recurrent pneumothorax were treated by surgery. The preferential method was local or partial parietal pleurectomy. In some cases the pneumothorax was sealed by a dura graft. There was no substantial functional impairment and no post-thoracotomy death. The average lenght of treatment was 20 days.", "PMID": 693454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9592", "title": "Effects of alcohol on kindled seizure thresholds in rats.", "content": "Seizures were kindled in the amygdala and ventral hippocampus of rats until a stage 5 (clonic convulsion) was elicited. Stage 5 thresholds were than determined. Animals were then injected with either saline, or a 600 mg/kg, or 1600 mg/kg dose of 25% ethanol. The effect of each of these injections on seizure thresholds was assessed. The 1600 mg/kg dose caused a significant elevation in both AD and motor seizure thresholds, relative to the 600 mg/kg dose and saline, which did not differ. The elevation of seizure thresholds was significantly greater for animals with seizures kindled in the ventral hippocampus.", "contents": "Effects of alcohol on kindled seizure thresholds in rats. Seizures were kindled in the amygdala and ventral hippocampus of rats until a stage 5 (clonic convulsion) was elicited. Stage 5 thresholds were than determined. Animals were then injected with either saline, or a 600 mg/kg, or 1600 mg/kg dose of 25% ethanol. The effect of each of these injections on seizure thresholds was assessed. The 1600 mg/kg dose caused a significant elevation in both AD and motor seizure thresholds, relative to the 600 mg/kg dose and saline, which did not differ. The elevation of seizure thresholds was significantly greater for animals with seizures kindled in the ventral hippocampus.", "PMID": 693547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9593", "title": "Parameters of the dorsal bundle extinction effect: previous extinction experience.", "content": "Lesion to the dorsal noradrenergic bundle using the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine which depleted telencephalic noradrenaline to less than 5% of control values was found to cause prolonged responding in extinction of a continuously reinforced (CRF) operant lever pressing response (a further replication of the dorsal bundle extinction effect). The parameters involved in causing this effect). The parameters involved in causing this effect were investigated, particularly the role of previous extinction experience. Although resistance to extinction was seen the first time animals were placed in extinction, it disappeared when they were retrained on CRF and extinguished a second time. Experience of extinction as part of the acquisition process, brought about by training on a successive visual discrimination, also prevented the development of over-responding in subsequent extinction. These results are discussed in the context of related demonstrations of the absence of the dorsal bundle extinction effect after partially reinforced acquistion training.", "contents": "Parameters of the dorsal bundle extinction effect: previous extinction experience. Lesion to the dorsal noradrenergic bundle using the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine which depleted telencephalic noradrenaline to less than 5% of control values was found to cause prolonged responding in extinction of a continuously reinforced (CRF) operant lever pressing response (a further replication of the dorsal bundle extinction effect). The parameters involved in causing this effect). The parameters involved in causing this effect were investigated, particularly the role of previous extinction experience. Although resistance to extinction was seen the first time animals were placed in extinction, it disappeared when they were retrained on CRF and extinguished a second time. Experience of extinction as part of the acquisition process, brought about by training on a successive visual discrimination, also prevented the development of over-responding in subsequent extinction. These results are discussed in the context of related demonstrations of the absence of the dorsal bundle extinction effect after partially reinforced acquistion training.", "PMID": 693548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9594", "title": "Stress-produced analgesia and morphine-produced analgesia: lack of cross-tolerance.", "content": "Animals exposed to cold-water swims, rotation, inescapable shocks, abrupt food deprivation and other stressors display temporary analgesia. Since repeated exposures result in adaptation of this analgesia in much the same way that repeated administration of opiates results in tolerance, the possibility of cross-tolerance between cold-water stress-induced and morphine-induced analgesia was investigated. Flinch-jump thresholds were determined in ten experimental groups of six rats each. Three groups showed dose-dependent analgesia following single injections of morphine at 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg, respectively. A fourth group, subjected to a single cold-water swim at 2 degrees C for 3.5 min, displayed analgesia comparable to that produced by 10 mg/kg of morphine. Groups subjected either to 14 daily cold-water swims or to 14 daily morphine injections at 10 mg/kg showed normal thresholds on the 14th day indicating that adaptation and tolerance had developed, respectively. The cross-over groups were exposed to either 13 days of could-water swims followed by morphine or the reverse arrangement. Both groups showed profound analgesia instead of cross-tolerance, suggesting that a non-opiate neural mechanism may mediate stress-induced analgesia.", "contents": "Stress-produced analgesia and morphine-produced analgesia: lack of cross-tolerance. Animals exposed to cold-water swims, rotation, inescapable shocks, abrupt food deprivation and other stressors display temporary analgesia. Since repeated exposures result in adaptation of this analgesia in much the same way that repeated administration of opiates results in tolerance, the possibility of cross-tolerance between cold-water stress-induced and morphine-induced analgesia was investigated. Flinch-jump thresholds were determined in ten experimental groups of six rats each. Three groups showed dose-dependent analgesia following single injections of morphine at 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg, respectively. A fourth group, subjected to a single cold-water swim at 2 degrees C for 3.5 min, displayed analgesia comparable to that produced by 10 mg/kg of morphine. Groups subjected either to 14 daily cold-water swims or to 14 daily morphine injections at 10 mg/kg showed normal thresholds on the 14th day indicating that adaptation and tolerance had developed, respectively. The cross-over groups were exposed to either 13 days of could-water swims followed by morphine or the reverse arrangement. Both groups showed profound analgesia instead of cross-tolerance, suggesting that a non-opiate neural mechanism may mediate stress-induced analgesia.", "PMID": 693549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9595", "title": "Dose-dependent reductions by naloxone of analgesia induced by cold-water stress.", "content": "Animals exposed to cold-water swims, rotation, or inexcapable shocks, display analgesia comparable to that of 10 mg/kg of morphine. The present study investigated whether a narcotic antagonist would eliminate analgesia induced by cold-water swims. In one group of 12 rats, naloxone at 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg was administered at weekly intervals immediately preceding forced cold-water swims (2 degrees C for 3.5 min) and alterations in flinch-jump thresholds were determined 30 min thereafter. In a second group of six rats, the effects of the same dose range of naloxone were determined upon normal flinch-jump thresholds. Naloxone dose-dependently attenuated the cold-water swim-induced analgesia up to a maximal reduction of 50% at 20 mg/kg. In contrast, all doses of naloxone had no effects upon normal flinch-jump thresholds. Since low doses of naloxone completely abolish morphine-induced analgesia, the present data suggest that the analgesia induced by stress is not identical to that of opiates.", "contents": "Dose-dependent reductions by naloxone of analgesia induced by cold-water stress. Animals exposed to cold-water swims, rotation, or inexcapable shocks, display analgesia comparable to that of 10 mg/kg of morphine. The present study investigated whether a narcotic antagonist would eliminate analgesia induced by cold-water swims. In one group of 12 rats, naloxone at 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg was administered at weekly intervals immediately preceding forced cold-water swims (2 degrees C for 3.5 min) and alterations in flinch-jump thresholds were determined 30 min thereafter. In a second group of six rats, the effects of the same dose range of naloxone were determined upon normal flinch-jump thresholds. Naloxone dose-dependently attenuated the cold-water swim-induced analgesia up to a maximal reduction of 50% at 20 mg/kg. In contrast, all doses of naloxone had no effects upon normal flinch-jump thresholds. Since low doses of naloxone completely abolish morphine-induced analgesia, the present data suggest that the analgesia induced by stress is not identical to that of opiates.", "PMID": 693550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9596", "title": "Differential effects of ketamine on schedule-controlled responding and motility.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley reats were trained to bar press for food reinforcement on an FI-300 sec schedule. Ketamine (7.5 mg/kg, IP) significantly increased response rates of both drug-naive and drug-experienced rats for the first 10 min after injection. With a 15.0 mg/kg dose of ketamine, response rates decreased significantly during the first 10 min after injection, irrespective of prior drug experience, but increased significantly above control thereafter in drug-experienced animals. Both doses of ketamine enhanced spontaneous locomotor activity significantly, irrespective of prior drug experience. Differences in the time course and dose dependency of these effects suggest that ketamine stimulates schedule-controlled responding and spontaneous locomotor activity via different neuropharmacologic mechanisms.", "contents": "Differential effects of ketamine on schedule-controlled responding and motility. Male Sprague-Dawley reats were trained to bar press for food reinforcement on an FI-300 sec schedule. Ketamine (7.5 mg/kg, IP) significantly increased response rates of both drug-naive and drug-experienced rats for the first 10 min after injection. With a 15.0 mg/kg dose of ketamine, response rates decreased significantly during the first 10 min after injection, irrespective of prior drug experience, but increased significantly above control thereafter in drug-experienced animals. Both doses of ketamine enhanced spontaneous locomotor activity significantly, irrespective of prior drug experience. Differences in the time course and dose dependency of these effects suggest that ketamine stimulates schedule-controlled responding and spontaneous locomotor activity via different neuropharmacologic mechanisms.", "PMID": 693552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9597", "title": "Effects of atropine on conditioned taste aversion.", "content": "Atropine sulfate, which has a deleterious effect on various learning tasks, was found to have a similar effect on the acquisition of conditioned taste aversion. Thus, intraperitoneal injection of atropine sulfate shortly before tasting was found to interfere with conditioning of the aversion, but injection of atropine after tasting did not. The interference effect was also obtained with intraventricular administration of atropine sulfate, but not with intraperitoneal injection of the peripherally-acting atropine methylnitrate. These results show that central rather than peripheral mechanisms are involved in this effect, and suggest that conditioned taste aversion, like other kinds of learning, involves cholinergic mediation.", "contents": "Effects of atropine on conditioned taste aversion. Atropine sulfate, which has a deleterious effect on various learning tasks, was found to have a similar effect on the acquisition of conditioned taste aversion. Thus, intraperitoneal injection of atropine sulfate shortly before tasting was found to interfere with conditioning of the aversion, but injection of atropine after tasting did not. The interference effect was also obtained with intraventricular administration of atropine sulfate, but not with intraperitoneal injection of the peripherally-acting atropine methylnitrate. These results show that central rather than peripheral mechanisms are involved in this effect, and suggest that conditioned taste aversion, like other kinds of learning, involves cholinergic mediation.", "PMID": 693553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9598", "title": "Bimodal distributions of highest ethanol acceptance concentrations in two strains of rats.", "content": "Two groups of non-deprived male Wistar rats and one group of male Sprague-Dawley rats were offered a choice of water and daily-increasing concentrations of ethanol. Each group's distribution of highest ethanol acceptance concentrations approximated a bimodal distribution with respect to concentration. Further, rats in each group which drank ethanol at high concentrations maintained relatively constant intakes of pure ethanol. These results are discussed in terms of taste and olfaction, central nervous system sensitivity and emotionality.", "contents": "Bimodal distributions of highest ethanol acceptance concentrations in two strains of rats. Two groups of non-deprived male Wistar rats and one group of male Sprague-Dawley rats were offered a choice of water and daily-increasing concentrations of ethanol. Each group's distribution of highest ethanol acceptance concentrations approximated a bimodal distribution with respect to concentration. Further, rats in each group which drank ethanol at high concentrations maintained relatively constant intakes of pure ethanol. These results are discussed in terms of taste and olfaction, central nervous system sensitivity and emotionality.", "PMID": 693554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9599", "title": "Effects of cimetidine on stress ulcer and gastric acid secretion in the rat.", "content": "Cimetidine at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg significantly inhibited gastric acid secretion in rats with chronic gastric cannulas. Rats receiving either 50 or 100 mg/kg of cimetidine secreted significantly less gastric acid 3 hr after injection. Cimetidine failed to reduce the number or size of gastric lesions in rats exposed to the activity-stress procedure, but cimetidine at 100 mg/kg significantly reduced the number and size of gastric lesions in rats subjected to a supine restraint procedure.", "contents": "Effects of cimetidine on stress ulcer and gastric acid secretion in the rat. Cimetidine at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg significantly inhibited gastric acid secretion in rats with chronic gastric cannulas. Rats receiving either 50 or 100 mg/kg of cimetidine secreted significantly less gastric acid 3 hr after injection. Cimetidine failed to reduce the number or size of gastric lesions in rats exposed to the activity-stress procedure, but cimetidine at 100 mg/kg significantly reduced the number and size of gastric lesions in rats subjected to a supine restraint procedure.", "PMID": 693555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9600", "title": "Differential effects of convulsants on visually evoked responses in the albino rat.", "content": "Visually evoked responses (VERs) were recorded from primary visual cortex in unanesthetized albino rats during pharmacological modulation by one of the following convulsant agents: Physostigmine, picrotoxin, strychnine and Metrazol. The data were analyzed in terms of effects on VER components. The rat VER consists of six distinct waves constituted by three positive peaks (P1--P3) and three negative peaks (N1--N3). Results indicate a differential convulsant action on VER components. The administration of picrotoxin, resulted in a suppression of the peak amplitude of P1--N1 and delayed peak latencies of all components. Strychnine reliably shortened P1, N1 and P2 peak latencies, significantly increased N3 peak latency and only suppressed P3--N3 amplitude. Physostigmine essentially suppressed all component amplitudes but only increased peak latencies for P2 and P3 components. Metrazol, in general, was found to be relatively ineffective in the alteration of any VER component in a systematic manner. The data are discussed in terms of differential modes of convulsant action on the visual system. The results are likewise discussed with respect to their implications for convulsant modulation of photically evoked after-discharges.", "contents": "Differential effects of convulsants on visually evoked responses in the albino rat. Visually evoked responses (VERs) were recorded from primary visual cortex in unanesthetized albino rats during pharmacological modulation by one of the following convulsant agents: Physostigmine, picrotoxin, strychnine and Metrazol. The data were analyzed in terms of effects on VER components. The rat VER consists of six distinct waves constituted by three positive peaks (P1--P3) and three negative peaks (N1--N3). Results indicate a differential convulsant action on VER components. The administration of picrotoxin, resulted in a suppression of the peak amplitude of P1--N1 and delayed peak latencies of all components. Strychnine reliably shortened P1, N1 and P2 peak latencies, significantly increased N3 peak latency and only suppressed P3--N3 amplitude. Physostigmine essentially suppressed all component amplitudes but only increased peak latencies for P2 and P3 components. Metrazol, in general, was found to be relatively ineffective in the alteration of any VER component in a systematic manner. The data are discussed in terms of differential modes of convulsant action on the visual system. The results are likewise discussed with respect to their implications for convulsant modulation of photically evoked after-discharges.", "PMID": 693556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9601", "title": "levo-Alpha-acetylmethadol and metabolites: some effects on schedule-controlled behavior in the rat.", "content": "The behavioral effects of acute IP administration of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol, its metabolites, 1-alpha-noracetylmethadol and 1-alpha-dinoracetylmethadol, and morphine were studied in the rat using behavior controlled by a fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Administraiton of all compounds produced a dose-related decrease in response rate. The metabolites were approximately three to four times the potency of the parent compound which was approximately five times the potency of morphine. Data obtained from cumulative response records suggested that the onset of effects for the metabolites was more rapid than for the parent compound.", "contents": "levo-Alpha-acetylmethadol and metabolites: some effects on schedule-controlled behavior in the rat. The behavioral effects of acute IP administration of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol, its metabolites, 1-alpha-noracetylmethadol and 1-alpha-dinoracetylmethadol, and morphine were studied in the rat using behavior controlled by a fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Administraiton of all compounds produced a dose-related decrease in response rate. The metabolites were approximately three to four times the potency of the parent compound which was approximately five times the potency of morphine. Data obtained from cumulative response records suggested that the onset of effects for the metabolites was more rapid than for the parent compound.", "PMID": 693557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9602", "title": "Schedule induction and sweetness as factors in ethanol consumption and preference by rats.", "content": "The separate and joint effects of spaced feeding of small portions of the daily food ration (schedule induction) and sweetening of one or the other fluid by 0.2% sodium saccharin on the consumption and selection of water and a 5% ethanol solution were examined in three groups of four male, hooded rats. Fluids were available simultaneously throughout 50-min sessions during which 50 Noyes 45-mg pellets were available either altogether at the beginning of each session or singly at 60-sec intervals. Water was available in home cages. Each group experienced a different sequence of procedures that provided alternation and replication of critical conditions. Sweetening increased consumption of the sweetened fluid and suppressed consumption of the unsweetened fluid. Spaced feeding raised consumption of the preferred fluid. Exceptionally high levels of consumption were recorded when one or the other fluid was sweetened and food presentation was intermittent.", "contents": "Schedule induction and sweetness as factors in ethanol consumption and preference by rats. The separate and joint effects of spaced feeding of small portions of the daily food ration (schedule induction) and sweetening of one or the other fluid by 0.2% sodium saccharin on the consumption and selection of water and a 5% ethanol solution were examined in three groups of four male, hooded rats. Fluids were available simultaneously throughout 50-min sessions during which 50 Noyes 45-mg pellets were available either altogether at the beginning of each session or singly at 60-sec intervals. Water was available in home cages. Each group experienced a different sequence of procedures that provided alternation and replication of critical conditions. Sweetening increased consumption of the sweetened fluid and suppressed consumption of the unsweetened fluid. Spaced feeding raised consumption of the preferred fluid. Exceptionally high levels of consumption were recorded when one or the other fluid was sweetened and food presentation was intermittent.", "PMID": 693558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9603", "title": "Lead-produced changes in the relative rate of open field activity of laboratory rats.", "content": "Four groups of rats, continuously exposed to one of two lead acetate solutions, ad lib water or a limited amount of water, were tested for three daily 5 min periods on the open field. The effects of treatment on activity, relative to animals drinking ad lib water, depended upon the concentration of the lead acetate solution. Animals exposed to a 10(-4) M lead acetate solution showed increased overall activity while animals exposed to a 10(-2) M lead acetate solution showed changes in the relative rate of activity. Activity was not affected by limiting the amount of water consumed. These findings illustrate the importance of recording activity in a manner which allows assessment of changes in activity as well as absolute level.", "contents": "Lead-produced changes in the relative rate of open field activity of laboratory rats. Four groups of rats, continuously exposed to one of two lead acetate solutions, ad lib water or a limited amount of water, were tested for three daily 5 min periods on the open field. The effects of treatment on activity, relative to animals drinking ad lib water, depended upon the concentration of the lead acetate solution. Animals exposed to a 10(-4) M lead acetate solution showed increased overall activity while animals exposed to a 10(-2) M lead acetate solution showed changes in the relative rate of activity. Activity was not affected by limiting the amount of water consumed. These findings illustrate the importance of recording activity in a manner which allows assessment of changes in activity as well as absolute level.", "PMID": 693559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9604", "title": "Angiotensin-induced drinking: sexual differences.", "content": "The dipsogenic effect of Angiotensin-II (A-II) in relation to sexual variables was studied. It was found that Angiotensin-II administered SC constitutes a stimulus which induces more drinking in females than in males. Moreover, the adult females show maximum sensitivity to A-II during proestrus. The males and females castrated at birth, and females androgenized at birth, drink similar volumes of water after A-II SC injection. The pattern of stimulated intake is different in the two sexes, and appears to depend upon the development of the rats.", "contents": "Angiotensin-induced drinking: sexual differences. The dipsogenic effect of Angiotensin-II (A-II) in relation to sexual variables was studied. It was found that Angiotensin-II administered SC constitutes a stimulus which induces more drinking in females than in males. Moreover, the adult females show maximum sensitivity to A-II during proestrus. The males and females castrated at birth, and females androgenized at birth, drink similar volumes of water after A-II SC injection. The pattern of stimulated intake is different in the two sexes, and appears to depend upon the development of the rats.", "PMID": 693560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9605", "title": "Cocaine-induced conditioned taste aversions in rats.", "content": "In two separate studies cocaine hydrochloride at doses between 10--36 mg/kg was found to induce a dose-related conditioned taste aversion (C.T.A.) to saccharin, and to be an effective conditioning agent even when injections of the drug were delayed 90 min after saccharin intake. These data contrast with conditioning agent when unjectuons of the drug were delayed 90 min after saccharin intake. These data contrast with an earlier report [3] which suggested that cocaine was totally devoid of aversive properties. However, they do indicate that cocaine is only a weak aversion-inducing agent. In contrast to other drugs, the doses of cocaine which are required to induce a C.T.A. are very large relative to those commonly employed in behavioural studies. The weak potency of cocaine in inducing C.T.A. may be related to the drug's marked potency in the self-administration paradigm. Some possible determinants of cocaine's weak effects are discussed.", "contents": "Cocaine-induced conditioned taste aversions in rats. In two separate studies cocaine hydrochloride at doses between 10--36 mg/kg was found to induce a dose-related conditioned taste aversion (C.T.A.) to saccharin, and to be an effective conditioning agent even when injections of the drug were delayed 90 min after saccharin intake. These data contrast with conditioning agent when unjectuons of the drug were delayed 90 min after saccharin intake. These data contrast with an earlier report [3] which suggested that cocaine was totally devoid of aversive properties. However, they do indicate that cocaine is only a weak aversion-inducing agent. In contrast to other drugs, the doses of cocaine which are required to induce a C.T.A. are very large relative to those commonly employed in behavioural studies. The weak potency of cocaine in inducing C.T.A. may be related to the drug's marked potency in the self-administration paradigm. Some possible determinants of cocaine's weak effects are discussed.", "PMID": 693561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9606", "title": "Tetrahydrocannabinol and acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "Recent evidence suggests that the psychoactive effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), the major psychoactive constituent of marihuana, may be mediated through an alteration of cholinergic neurotransmission. One possible mechanism by which delta9-THC could have its effect is by affecting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and there is evidence that has suggested that this may be an important mechanism. The results reported in the present study have shown that there is no physiologically important interaction between AChE and delta9-THC or its metabolites that could explain its psychoactive effects or the profound clinical depression observed when human marihuana users are administered the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine.", "contents": "Tetrahydrocannabinol and acetylcholinesterase. Recent evidence suggests that the psychoactive effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), the major psychoactive constituent of marihuana, may be mediated through an alteration of cholinergic neurotransmission. One possible mechanism by which delta9-THC could have its effect is by affecting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and there is evidence that has suggested that this may be an important mechanism. The results reported in the present study have shown that there is no physiologically important interaction between AChE and delta9-THC or its metabolites that could explain its psychoactive effects or the profound clinical depression observed when human marihuana users are administered the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine.", "PMID": 693562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9607", "title": "Blockade of both pilocarpine and amphetamine-induced head-shaking with dopamine receptor antagonists.", "content": "The range of central dopaminergic mechanisms involved in both d-amphetamine- and pilocarpine-induced head-shaking was studied in 7--9 days old rats by means of two DA antagonists: pimozide and spiroperidol. Both blocking agents exert their effects on H--S following dose-response curves which are similar, whatever the drug used to evoke head-shaking. A complete blocking effect on H--S is reached with pimozide at a dose of 2 mg kg-1; with spiroperidol at 0.1 mg kg-1 (for pilocarpine-induced H--S) and at 0.2 mg kg-1 (for H--S evoked by d-amphetamine). These results, together with those previously reported, suggest that dopaminergic and cholinergic facilitatory influences on H--S seem to be organized in series.", "contents": "Blockade of both pilocarpine and amphetamine-induced head-shaking with dopamine receptor antagonists. The range of central dopaminergic mechanisms involved in both d-amphetamine- and pilocarpine-induced head-shaking was studied in 7--9 days old rats by means of two DA antagonists: pimozide and spiroperidol. Both blocking agents exert their effects on H--S following dose-response curves which are similar, whatever the drug used to evoke head-shaking. A complete blocking effect on H--S is reached with pimozide at a dose of 2 mg kg-1; with spiroperidol at 0.1 mg kg-1 (for pilocarpine-induced H--S) and at 0.2 mg kg-1 (for H--S evoked by d-amphetamine). These results, together with those previously reported, suggest that dopaminergic and cholinergic facilitatory influences on H--S seem to be organized in series.", "PMID": 693563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9608", "title": "Anti-endotoxin actions of methylprednisolone in the isolated perfused cat liver.", "content": "The efficacy of the synthetic glucocorticoid, methylprednisolone, was examined in vitro using an isolated cat liver perfused with a blood-free medium. Addition of endotoxin (75 microgram/g tissue) to the perfusate did not change perfusion pressure or total oxygen consumption. However, cellular integrity was severely compromised as reflected by increases in perfusate lactate dehydrogenase and cathepsin D activities, increases in tissue lysosomal fragility, and enlargement and vacuolization of lysosomes. Addition of methylprednisolone (1 x 10(-3) M) to the perfusion medium prevented the endotoxin-induced changes in hepatocyte integrity. It is suggested that a major action of endotoxin in the liver is to increase lysosomal fragility, and the protective action of methylprednisolone appears to be related to its lysosomal stabilizing action. The potent anti-endotoxin action of glucocorticoids in vivo may be due in part to the stabilization of lysosomal membranes in tissues such as the liver.", "contents": "Anti-endotoxin actions of methylprednisolone in the isolated perfused cat liver. The efficacy of the synthetic glucocorticoid, methylprednisolone, was examined in vitro using an isolated cat liver perfused with a blood-free medium. Addition of endotoxin (75 microgram/g tissue) to the perfusate did not change perfusion pressure or total oxygen consumption. However, cellular integrity was severely compromised as reflected by increases in perfusate lactate dehydrogenase and cathepsin D activities, increases in tissue lysosomal fragility, and enlargement and vacuolization of lysosomes. Addition of methylprednisolone (1 x 10(-3) M) to the perfusion medium prevented the endotoxin-induced changes in hepatocyte integrity. It is suggested that a major action of endotoxin in the liver is to increase lysosomal fragility, and the protective action of methylprednisolone appears to be related to its lysosomal stabilizing action. The potent anti-endotoxin action of glucocorticoids in vivo may be due in part to the stabilization of lysosomal membranes in tissues such as the liver.", "PMID": 693567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9609", "title": "Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism and plasma elimination rates of phenacetin, acetanilide and theophylline in man.", "content": "The plasma elimination rates of phenacetin, acetanilide and theophylline have been determined in 32 healthy subjects in an effort to find drugs resembling in their metabolism the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene. The plasma half-lives and metabolic clearance rates of the three drugs were correlated with the inducibilities of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and the plasma half-lives and metabolic clearance rates of antipyrine determined in previous studies. Statistically significant correlations were found between the half-lives and metabolic clearance rates of phenacetin, acetanilide and theophylline and the AHH ratios except for the metabolic clearance rates of phenacetin which did not correlate. The correlations of the three drugs with the half-lives and metabolic clearance rates of antipyrine were equally good. Of all the drugs tested thus far for similarity in metabolism to benzo(a)pyrene, antipyrine showed the best association followed closely by theophylline.", "contents": "Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism and plasma elimination rates of phenacetin, acetanilide and theophylline in man. The plasma elimination rates of phenacetin, acetanilide and theophylline have been determined in 32 healthy subjects in an effort to find drugs resembling in their metabolism the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene. The plasma half-lives and metabolic clearance rates of the three drugs were correlated with the inducibilities of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and the plasma half-lives and metabolic clearance rates of antipyrine determined in previous studies. Statistically significant correlations were found between the half-lives and metabolic clearance rates of phenacetin, acetanilide and theophylline and the AHH ratios except for the metabolic clearance rates of phenacetin which did not correlate. The correlations of the three drugs with the half-lives and metabolic clearance rates of antipyrine were equally good. Of all the drugs tested thus far for similarity in metabolism to benzo(a)pyrene, antipyrine showed the best association followed closely by theophylline.", "PMID": 693568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9610", "title": "Effects of chronic methadone treatment on maternal body weight and food and water consumption in rats.", "content": "Body weight gain and food and water consumption of female rats receiving daily methadone injections (5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally prior to mating and during gestation and lactation were studied. In contrast to saline-injected mothers, methadone-treated females had lower body weights throughout pregnancy, but gained weight during lactation; by postnatal day 21, both groups were of comparable body weight. No significant differences in food consumption throughout gestation or lactation were recorded. Total water consumption of methadone-treated rats was higher during the first 2 weeks of gestation and lactation, and lower during the 3rd week of lactation when compared to controls. These results demonstrate that methadone-treated rats have lower body weights throughout gestation and lactation, and that these weight deficits are not caused by insufficient food and water consumption.", "contents": "Effects of chronic methadone treatment on maternal body weight and food and water consumption in rats. Body weight gain and food and water consumption of female rats receiving daily methadone injections (5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally prior to mating and during gestation and lactation were studied. In contrast to saline-injected mothers, methadone-treated females had lower body weights throughout pregnancy, but gained weight during lactation; by postnatal day 21, both groups were of comparable body weight. No significant differences in food consumption throughout gestation or lactation were recorded. Total water consumption of methadone-treated rats was higher during the first 2 weeks of gestation and lactation, and lower during the 3rd week of lactation when compared to controls. These results demonstrate that methadone-treated rats have lower body weights throughout gestation and lactation, and that these weight deficits are not caused by insufficient food and water consumption.", "PMID": 693569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9611", "title": "Cardiac rehabilitation. An overview.", "content": "The paper is intended to acquaint physical therapists with the theory and practice of cardiac rehabilitation, which is often prescribed for patients who have coronary heart disease, and the therapists' responsibilities in this effort. The related exercise physiology literature is reviewed, and physiological, psychological, physical, and prognostic advantages of cardiac rehabilitation are described. Cardiac rehabilitation is presented in three phases: acute care, outpatient, and further conditioning programs. The protocols for exercise testing and programs of progressive activity are discussed, with emphasis upon the role of physical therapists. Data collected at Tufts New England Medical Center demonstrating the measurable effects of cardiovascular training for patients with coronary heart disease ar presented.", "contents": "Cardiac rehabilitation. An overview. The paper is intended to acquaint physical therapists with the theory and practice of cardiac rehabilitation, which is often prescribed for patients who have coronary heart disease, and the therapists' responsibilities in this effort. The related exercise physiology literature is reviewed, and physiological, psychological, physical, and prognostic advantages of cardiac rehabilitation are described. Cardiac rehabilitation is presented in three phases: acute care, outpatient, and further conditioning programs. The protocols for exercise testing and programs of progressive activity are discussed, with emphasis upon the role of physical therapists. Data collected at Tufts New England Medical Center demonstrating the measurable effects of cardiovascular training for patients with coronary heart disease ar presented.", "PMID": 693576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9612", "title": "Stretch reflex of the biceps and brachioradialis muscles in patients with upper motor neuron syndrome.", "content": "The position of elbow flexion commonly observed in patients with upper motor neuron lesions is attributed by many clinicians to hyperactive stretch reflexes. The purpose of this study was to examine the passive stretch reflexes of the biceps and brachioradialis muscles in order to assess their possible relative contributions to the flexion posture. Twenty-one patients with upper motor neuron lesions were tested, using an automated system to produce controlled passive movement strech reflexes. Ratios derived from the electromyographic activity elicited during passive movement were used for quantitative comparisons. The stretch reflex response of the brachioradialis muscle was larger and earlier than the biceps response. A surprising finding was reciprocal activity in these two synergists following phasic stretch.", "contents": "Stretch reflex of the biceps and brachioradialis muscles in patients with upper motor neuron syndrome. The position of elbow flexion commonly observed in patients with upper motor neuron lesions is attributed by many clinicians to hyperactive stretch reflexes. The purpose of this study was to examine the passive stretch reflexes of the biceps and brachioradialis muscles in order to assess their possible relative contributions to the flexion posture. Twenty-one patients with upper motor neuron lesions were tested, using an automated system to produce controlled passive movement strech reflexes. Ratios derived from the electromyographic activity elicited during passive movement were used for quantitative comparisons. The stretch reflex response of the brachioradialis muscle was larger and earlier than the biceps response. A surprising finding was reciprocal activity in these two synergists following phasic stretch.", "PMID": 693577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9613", "title": "Sensory dysfunction in children who toe walk.", "content": "In order to formulate a hypothesis regarding the etiology of toe walking, the sensory processing abilities of 17 mentally retarded children who toe walk were examined. A galvanic skin response was used to compare reactions of the mentally retarded children and a group of normal children to a variety of sensory stimuli. Galvanic skin response testing did not reveal significant differences between the two groups in processing sensory input. Scores of the mentally retarded children from a postrotary nystagmus test were compared to values for normal children of the same age, and the results indicated that vestibular dysfunction was present in all of the subjects. We hypothesize that children may toe walk to increase somatosensory input to the lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiter's) and the  lateral vestibulospinal tract to facilitate support tone in the lower extremities during walking.", "contents": "Sensory dysfunction in children who toe walk. In order to formulate a hypothesis regarding the etiology of toe walking, the sensory processing abilities of 17 mentally retarded children who toe walk were examined. A galvanic skin response was used to compare reactions of the mentally retarded children and a group of normal children to a variety of sensory stimuli. Galvanic skin response testing did not reveal significant differences between the two groups in processing sensory input. Scores of the mentally retarded children from a postrotary nystagmus test were compared to values for normal children of the same age, and the results indicated that vestibular dysfunction was present in all of the subjects. We hypothesize that children may toe walk to increase somatosensory input to the lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiter's) and the  lateral vestibulospinal tract to facilitate support tone in the lower extremities during walking.", "PMID": 693578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9614", "title": "Chest physical therapy procedures in open heart surgery.", "content": "Chest physical therapy is now widely used after open heart surgery to prevent secondary pathology in the lungs and to improve the phhysical condition of the patient. A brief overview of cardiac surgery is presented. Factors occurring before, during, and after surgery that contribute to postoperative respiratory insufficiency are outlined, and a comprehensive three-phase treatment program is described. Also, treatment guidelines, precautions, and contraindications are discussed.", "contents": "Chest physical therapy procedures in open heart surgery. Chest physical therapy is now widely used after open heart surgery to prevent secondary pathology in the lungs and to improve the phhysical condition of the patient. A brief overview of cardiac surgery is presented. Factors occurring before, during, and after surgery that contribute to postoperative respiratory insufficiency are outlined, and a comprehensive three-phase treatment program is described. Also, treatment guidelines, precautions, and contraindications are discussed.", "PMID": 693579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9615", "title": "Prevention of electrical shock hazards in physical therapy.", "content": "Basic electrical safety information for the physical therapist is presented, and the most hazardous areas in a physical therapy clinic are identified. Physical therapy modalities are no safer than the power receptacle (wall outlet) into which they are plugged. High frequency physical therapy equipment should never be operated without a three-prong polarized plug and a matching polarized wall receptacle. Three-to-two prong adapters must never be used. Hydrotherapy is an especially dangerous area and should be equipped with ground fault detector receptacles with ground fault interrupters that cut the current when the electrical ground is lost. Ultrasound leakage current measurements on many older ultrasound units may now exceed today's acceptable standards. An external isolation transformer may be required to modify older ultrasonic units before they meet present standards. Physical therapists must never assume that rountine electrical safety inspections are being conducted by hospital maintenance personnel. The physical therapist is responsible for ensuring that all hazardous areas are rountinely checked for electrical safety.", "contents": "Prevention of electrical shock hazards in physical therapy. Basic electrical safety information for the physical therapist is presented, and the most hazardous areas in a physical therapy clinic are identified. Physical therapy modalities are no safer than the power receptacle (wall outlet) into which they are plugged. High frequency physical therapy equipment should never be operated without a three-prong polarized plug and a matching polarized wall receptacle. Three-to-two prong adapters must never be used. Hydrotherapy is an especially dangerous area and should be equipped with ground fault detector receptacles with ground fault interrupters that cut the current when the electrical ground is lost. Ultrasound leakage current measurements on many older ultrasound units may now exceed today's acceptable standards. An external isolation transformer may be required to modify older ultrasonic units before they meet present standards. Physical therapists must never assume that rountine electrical safety inspections are being conducted by hospital maintenance personnel. The physical therapist is responsible for ensuring that all hazardous areas are rountinely checked for electrical safety.", "PMID": 693580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9616", "title": "[Blood flow in the venous system].", "content": "Return circulation is studied by describing observed flow solutions: --The direction of the flow is orthograde from the periphery to the right heart, but there ar some inversions. --This permanent flow allows numerous transitory interruptions. --This is a modulated flow, becoming oscillatory in the central veins, and therefore \"non-stationary\". --Its condition is not exactly laminar. Finally, the venous circulation could be called a \"slow-speed system\".", "contents": "[Blood flow in the venous system]. Return circulation is studied by describing observed flow solutions: --The direction of the flow is orthograde from the periphery to the right heart, but there ar some inversions. --This permanent flow allows numerous transitory interruptions. --This is a modulated flow, becoming oscillatory in the central veins, and therefore \"non-stationary\". --Its condition is not exactly laminar. Finally, the venous circulation could be called a \"slow-speed system\".", "PMID": 693584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9617", "title": "[Thermal test of reactive hyperemia: a propos of an objective study of pyridinol carbamate].", "content": "The thermal test of reactive hyperhemia (TTHR) gives a global and reliable appreciation of the cutaneous microcirculation, the importance of which is well known. In this study, sixty-one subjects were treated for from one month to one year with pyridinol-carbamate. The TTHR was modified in seventy-nine per cent of the cases, showing a considerable and lasting improvement. The clinical symptoms followed a comparable evolution.", "contents": "[Thermal test of reactive hyperemia: a propos of an objective study of pyridinol carbamate]. The thermal test of reactive hyperhemia (TTHR) gives a global and reliable appreciation of the cutaneous microcirculation, the importance of which is well known. In this study, sixty-one subjects were treated for from one month to one year with pyridinol-carbamate. The TTHR was modified in seventy-nine per cent of the cases, showing a considerable and lasting improvement. The clinical symptoms followed a comparable evolution.", "PMID": 693585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9618", "title": "[Cardiac causes of acute ischemia of lower limbs].", "content": "Acute ischemias of the legs of cardiac origin are almost always due to leg embolus caused by fragmentation of an endoauricular or left venticular thrombosis. The two main causes are easily recognized: mitral narrowing and ventricular aneurysm are seldom accompanied by seeding, because a prophylactic treatment with anti-vitamin K is started as soon as the diagnosis is made. Use of prosthetic valves, despite constant improvement in their manufacture and systematic administration of anticoagulant drugs, are always complicated by embolisms (4 to 7% of cases at present). On the other hand, two causes of leg embolisms should be carefully sought since they give rise to revealing seedings. Non-obstructive cardiomyopathy gives a picture of primitive cardiac insufficiency developing progressively. Paroxysmal supraventricular rhythm disorders may be completely overlooked, and only an electrocardiogram continued during 24 hours allows their detection. Embolisms which do not involve the legs, are secondary. Seeding of a chalky fragment from a stenotic aortic valve is very rare. On the other hand, embolisms of anauricular fragment of myxoma and especially membranous embolisms during infectious endocarditis, are not so rare.", "contents": "[Cardiac causes of acute ischemia of lower limbs]. Acute ischemias of the legs of cardiac origin are almost always due to leg embolus caused by fragmentation of an endoauricular or left venticular thrombosis. The two main causes are easily recognized: mitral narrowing and ventricular aneurysm are seldom accompanied by seeding, because a prophylactic treatment with anti-vitamin K is started as soon as the diagnosis is made. Use of prosthetic valves, despite constant improvement in their manufacture and systematic administration of anticoagulant drugs, are always complicated by embolisms (4 to 7% of cases at present). On the other hand, two causes of leg embolisms should be carefully sought since they give rise to revealing seedings. Non-obstructive cardiomyopathy gives a picture of primitive cardiac insufficiency developing progressively. Paroxysmal supraventricular rhythm disorders may be completely overlooked, and only an electrocardiogram continued during 24 hours allows their detection. Embolisms which do not involve the legs, are secondary. Seeding of a chalky fragment from a stenotic aortic valve is very rare. On the other hand, embolisms of anauricular fragment of myxoma and especially membranous embolisms during infectious endocarditis, are not so rare.", "PMID": 693586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9619", "title": "[Vascular emergencies in acute disease of the leg].", "content": "The author essentially studies the urgent surgical nature of embolism and thrombosis. As far as embolism is concerned, he insists on the importance of arteriography. When done during surgery, it makes it possible to determine the existence of unrecognized embolic clots, which would prevent a good distal reflux from being noted. As for thrombosis, the arterial system (common, superficial and deep) is considered as a whole. This system can be made visible only through arteriography, but it must also be explored by techniques which disclose the hemodynamic conditions of the distal sector.", "contents": "[Vascular emergencies in acute disease of the leg]. The author essentially studies the urgent surgical nature of embolism and thrombosis. As far as embolism is concerned, he insists on the importance of arteriography. When done during surgery, it makes it possible to determine the existence of unrecognized embolic clots, which would prevent a good distal reflux from being noted. As for thrombosis, the arterial system (common, superficial and deep) is considered as a whole. This system can be made visible only through arteriography, but it must also be explored by techniques which disclose the hemodynamic conditions of the distal sector.", "PMID": 693587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9620", "title": "[Considerations on the role of the so-called non-invasive investigations: Doppler effect, rheography and labeled fibrinogen testi in acute arterial and venous leg].", "content": "The author outlines the first results obtained with Doppler investigation in arterial and venous emergencies. He analyzed thereafter the Kakkar test, through which he can detect acute venous more easily than with Doppler. He insists on the difficulty of detecting through either one of these methods, some cases of thrombosis located in the abdominal veins.", "contents": "[Considerations on the role of the so-called non-invasive investigations: Doppler effect, rheography and labeled fibrinogen testi in acute arterial and venous leg]. The author outlines the first results obtained with Doppler investigation in arterial and venous emergencies. He analyzed thereafter the Kakkar test, through which he can detect acute venous more easily than with Doppler. He insists on the difficulty of detecting through either one of these methods, some cases of thrombosis located in the abdominal veins.", "PMID": 693591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9621", "title": "[Acute ischemic ulcer].", "content": "Acute ischemic ulcers are real superficial skin infarcts due to capillary thrombosis. The remainder of the limb has a satisfactory blood supply and healing may be obtained, whatever the eetent of the ulcers, by methods aimed at correcting the general disorders in question and by local treatments in preparation for skin grafts. The prognosis of these ulcers is not as bad as that of chronic arteritis ulcers, which are caused by an important hypovascularization of the limb.", "contents": "[Acute ischemic ulcer]. Acute ischemic ulcers are real superficial skin infarcts due to capillary thrombosis. The remainder of the limb has a satisfactory blood supply and healing may be obtained, whatever the eetent of the ulcers, by methods aimed at correcting the general disorders in question and by local treatments in preparation for skin grafts. The prognosis of these ulcers is not as bad as that of chronic arteritis ulcers, which are caused by an important hypovascularization of the limb.", "PMID": 693592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9622", "title": "[Irreversible acute muscular ischemia].", "content": "Between ischemias healing without sequelae and those requiring amputation, a place whould be reserved for the irreversible muscular ischemias of leg muscles, where the limb can still be preserved by excision of more or less large segments of muscles. These muscular necroses are mainly observed in the ischemias seen during the late stages, but sometimes also at an early stage following massive obstruction of poorly supplied or distal arteries. Treatment of these arterial obstructions with irreversible muscle ischemias is more complex than that of cases seen at an early stage and follows precise rules. It includes in particular muscular excisions most often in the anterior and external parts of the leg, which cause moderate functional sequelae. These excisions limit the risk of the septic or biological complications of revascularization in ischemias seen at a late stage.", "contents": "[Irreversible acute muscular ischemia]. Between ischemias healing without sequelae and those requiring amputation, a place whould be reserved for the irreversible muscular ischemias of leg muscles, where the limb can still be preserved by excision of more or less large segments of muscles. These muscular necroses are mainly observed in the ischemias seen during the late stages, but sometimes also at an early stage following massive obstruction of poorly supplied or distal arteries. Treatment of these arterial obstructions with irreversible muscle ischemias is more complex than that of cases seen at an early stage and follows precise rules. It includes in particular muscular excisions most often in the anterior and external parts of the leg, which cause moderate functional sequelae. These excisions limit the risk of the septic or biological complications of revascularization in ischemias seen at a late stage.", "PMID": 693589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9623", "title": "[Restless legs syndrome].", "content": "The restless legs syndrome is restlessness of the extremities, particularly the legs. It occurs mainly during the hours before going to sleep or during the sleep and it frequently causes a refractory insomnia. The patients feel a typical, almost indefinable, particuliar crawling sensation reminiscent of the movement of worms. The intensity of this feeling may vary from time to time. From literature and our experience we concluded that this syndrome is not a disease of itself but an early symptom of an intoxication or auto-intoxication process.", "contents": "[Restless legs syndrome]. The restless legs syndrome is restlessness of the extremities, particularly the legs. It occurs mainly during the hours before going to sleep or during the sleep and it frequently causes a refractory insomnia. The patients feel a typical, almost indefinable, particuliar crawling sensation reminiscent of the movement of worms. The intensity of this feeling may vary from time to time. From literature and our experience we concluded that this syndrome is not a disease of itself but an early symptom of an intoxication or auto-intoxication process.", "PMID": 693594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9624", "title": "[My experience with iodine].", "content": "Sclerosing therapy requires a perfect knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the various sclerosing substances, the best, for many people, being the one with which they have the most experience. The author, however, prefers to use an iodo-iodized solution because of its efficiency. It is painless when injected only within the lumen of the vein. Weak dilutions can be prepared with saline solutions, from 0.05 to 4 per cent, and can be used for large vessels as well as for varicosities. It is reliable and acts gradually without painful inflammation of the vein when the dose is correct. It has few disadvantages : over 25 years of use, no immediate shock was observed and secondary-type intolerance was rare and benign. The was one single counter-indication, namely hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "[My experience with iodine]. Sclerosing therapy requires a perfect knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the various sclerosing substances, the best, for many people, being the one with which they have the most experience. The author, however, prefers to use an iodo-iodized solution because of its efficiency. It is painless when injected only within the lumen of the vein. Weak dilutions can be prepared with saline solutions, from 0.05 to 4 per cent, and can be used for large vessels as well as for varicosities. It is reliable and acts gradually without painful inflammation of the vein when the dose is correct. It has few disadvantages : over 25 years of use, no immediate shock was observed and secondary-type intolerance was rare and benign. The was one single counter-indication, namely hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 693596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9625", "title": "[Acute primary lymphedema?].", "content": "The author studied the acute outset of edema in 6 out of 327 cases of chronic lymphedema and insists on the diagnostic relevance of such manifestations in cases of acute swelling of the legs.", "contents": "[Acute primary lymphedema?]. The author studied the acute outset of edema in 6 out of 327 cases of chronic lymphedema and insists on the diagnostic relevance of such manifestations in cases of acute swelling of the legs.", "PMID": 693593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9626", "title": "[Contribution of cryotherapy to phlebology].", "content": "Taking into account the results obtained by cryotherapy in proctology, the author has tried to apply this method in conjunction with microsclerosis in the treatment of telangiectasia. The results seem very encouraging on the whole, and could be considered an interesting contribution to the treatment of this obstinate and unattractive condition.", "contents": "[Contribution of cryotherapy to phlebology]. Taking into account the results obtained by cryotherapy in proctology, the author has tried to apply this method in conjunction with microsclerosis in the treatment of telangiectasia. The results seem very encouraging on the whole, and could be considered an interesting contribution to the treatment of this obstinate and unattractive condition.", "PMID": 693595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9627", "title": "[Aetoxisclerol: lst impressions].", "content": "Polydocanol is a sclerosing product recently introduced in France. It is less efficient in treating large or medium-sized varicose veins than iodine or trombovar. Because it is pleasant to use, it is mostly advised in the treatment of varicosities and telangiectasias. Like the other sclerosing products that have been used to date, polydocanol can induce allergic reactions in some individuals.", "contents": "[Aetoxisclerol: lst impressions]. Polydocanol is a sclerosing product recently introduced in France. It is less efficient in treating large or medium-sized varicose veins than iodine or trombovar. Because it is pleasant to use, it is mostly advised in the treatment of varicosities and telangiectasias. Like the other sclerosing products that have been used to date, polydocanol can induce allergic reactions in some individuals.", "PMID": 693599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9628", "title": "[Sclerotherapy of saphenous varicose veins: some technical points].", "content": "This article concerns sclerotherapy techniques. It deals with varicosity of the large or samll saphenous veins and their treatment using sclerosing injections in cases where, for various reasons, the decision not to undertake surgery is made. The following points are successively considered: --management of the treatment: from top to bottom, that is, from the proximal to the distal segment of the varicose vein; --the dose of the sclerosing drug utilized and the relation between the amount and the concentration of the injected doses; --the position of the patient and various movements aimed at injecting the solution in a patient when he is lying down, even if the needle is introduced when he is standing up; --the spasm-inducing capacity of certain sclerosing drugs and the possible utilization of provoked veinoconstriction during treatment for better contact between sclerosing drugs and endothelium; --finally, retention with straps: they are put in place immediately after treatment, maintained from 8 to 15 days without interruption, have little or no elasticity and are non-detachable.", "contents": "[Sclerotherapy of saphenous varicose veins: some technical points]. This article concerns sclerotherapy techniques. It deals with varicosity of the large or samll saphenous veins and their treatment using sclerosing injections in cases where, for various reasons, the decision not to undertake surgery is made. The following points are successively considered: --management of the treatment: from top to bottom, that is, from the proximal to the distal segment of the varicose vein; --the dose of the sclerosing drug utilized and the relation between the amount and the concentration of the injected doses; --the position of the patient and various movements aimed at injecting the solution in a patient when he is lying down, even if the needle is introduced when he is standing up; --the spasm-inducing capacity of certain sclerosing drugs and the possible utilization of provoked veinoconstriction during treatment for better contact between sclerosing drugs and endothelium; --finally, retention with straps: they are put in place immediately after treatment, maintained from 8 to 15 days without interruption, have little or no elasticity and are non-detachable.", "PMID": 693600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9629", "title": "[Experience with sclerosis of the perforating veins].", "content": "The problem of sclerosis of the perforating veins, a subject of heated debate, seems now unanimously accepted. Indeed, their suppression is considered as important as sclerosis of the arches in preventing early and complete relapses. Their investigation can be clinical (examination of staged tourniquet), phlebographic or instrumental (thermography or Doppler). Their treatment can be either surgical (excellent in long reflux, perforating veins that are large in size and few in number) or medical (sclerotherapy). The latter present many variations with either direct injections in the perforating veins, telesclerosis above or below the perforating veins, telesclerosis on open veins after thrombectomy or extirpation with a Bassi hook. But whatever the technique used we cannot neglect the suppresion of short reflux which is a condition of the quality and duration of the results obtained.", "contents": "[Experience with sclerosis of the perforating veins]. The problem of sclerosis of the perforating veins, a subject of heated debate, seems now unanimously accepted. Indeed, their suppression is considered as important as sclerosis of the arches in preventing early and complete relapses. Their investigation can be clinical (examination of staged tourniquet), phlebographic or instrumental (thermography or Doppler). Their treatment can be either surgical (excellent in long reflux, perforating veins that are large in size and few in number) or medical (sclerotherapy). The latter present many variations with either direct injections in the perforating veins, telesclerosis above or below the perforating veins, telesclerosis on open veins after thrombectomy or extirpation with a Bassi hook. But whatever the technique used we cannot neglect the suppresion of short reflux which is a condition of the quality and duration of the results obtained.", "PMID": 693598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9630", "title": "[Technic of sclerosing: faithfulness to principles: some variations in the management].", "content": "Sclerosis of the stem of the vessel is the essential goal of the sclerosing method. To achieve it, the sclerosing fluid should be in contact with all the endovenous surface. Sclerosis due to the extension of a provoked veinitis does not last very long. Contact with the sclerosing fluid is obtained: 1) Through a single injection in the stem, the motion of the fluid being directed with the impulsions created by the raising or lowering of the limb, depending on the site of the injection. 2) Fragmentation of the total dose in several injections over the total length of the stem of the vessel.", "contents": "[Technic of sclerosing: faithfulness to principles: some variations in the management]. Sclerosis of the stem of the vessel is the essential goal of the sclerosing method. To achieve it, the sclerosing fluid should be in contact with all the endovenous surface. Sclerosis due to the extension of a provoked veinitis does not last very long. Contact with the sclerosing fluid is obtained: 1) Through a single injection in the stem, the motion of the fluid being directed with the impulsions created by the raising or lowering of the limb, depending on the site of the injection. 2) Fragmentation of the total dose in several injections over the total length of the stem of the vessel.", "PMID": 693604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9631", "title": "[Current data on salicylates].", "content": "The best-known among the sclerosing products, sodium salicylate, should still be the most commonly used. It gives a large and reliable sclerosis with a flexible posology and a large margin of safety. The injection cramp may be relieved by adding to the concentrated product 60% of an equal amount of 2% Xylocaine. Practically speaking, the weakness of the sclerosing capacity necessitates, for large arches, the use of more powerful drugs. Salicylate, however, can completely sclerose 2 internal saphenous veins out of 10, and 3 external saphenous veins out of 10. After reduction of the long reflux, salicylate seems today to be the best product to use in all varicose vein cases.", "contents": "[Current data on salicylates]. The best-known among the sclerosing products, sodium salicylate, should still be the most commonly used. It gives a large and reliable sclerosis with a flexible posology and a large margin of safety. The injection cramp may be relieved by adding to the concentrated product 60% of an equal amount of 2% Xylocaine. Practically speaking, the weakness of the sclerosing capacity necessitates, for large arches, the use of more powerful drugs. Salicylate, however, can completely sclerose 2 internal saphenous veins out of 10, and 3 external saphenous veins out of 10. After reduction of the long reflux, salicylate seems today to be the best product to use in all varicose vein cases.", "PMID": 693603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9632", "title": "Early skeletal release in the infant with craniofacial dysostosis: the role of the sphenozygomatic suture.", "content": "We describe our experience with early skeletal release in 10 infants with craniofacial dysostosis. The cranial base is the key to the deformity, and we extend the release toward it as well as resecting strips from the calvarium. Three procedures are described. The early results are encouraging.", "contents": "Early skeletal release in the infant with craniofacial dysostosis: the role of the sphenozygomatic suture. We describe our experience with early skeletal release in 10 infants with craniofacial dysostosis. The cranial base is the key to the deformity, and we extend the release toward it as well as resecting strips from the calvarium. Three procedures are described. The early results are encouraging.", "PMID": 693662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9633", "title": "The tailor-tack mastopexy.", "content": "A simple method of dermal mastopexy is described which eliminates the need for patterns or complex preoperative measurements. The breast is shaped with the patient in the semi-sitting position after she is under anesthesia (local or general). The surgeon then has the chance to view the finished product before the cutting surgery beings. This method helps to eliminate errors in the nipple-areolar placement, and will be particularly helpful to the surgeon whose experience in mastopexy is limited.", "contents": "The tailor-tack mastopexy. A simple method of dermal mastopexy is described which eliminates the need for patterns or complex preoperative measurements. The breast is shaped with the patient in the semi-sitting position after she is under anesthesia (local or general). The surgeon then has the chance to view the finished product before the cutting surgery beings. This method helps to eliminate errors in the nipple-areolar placement, and will be particularly helpful to the surgeon whose experience in mastopexy is limited.", "PMID": 693663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9634", "title": "Radical operation to stop axillary odor and hyperhidrosis.", "content": "We have developed a subcutaneous tissue shaver for the radical treatment of hircismus and hyperhidrosis. With this shaver the sweat glands can be removed from the undersurface of the axillary skin through a small incision. We report 3,000 cases of hircismus and hyperhidrosis treated by our method. The postoperative scar has been minimal, healing has been quick, and good results were achieved by this method.", "contents": "Radical operation to stop axillary odor and hyperhidrosis. We have developed a subcutaneous tissue shaver for the radical treatment of hircismus and hyperhidrosis. With this shaver the sweat glands can be removed from the undersurface of the axillary skin through a small incision. We report 3,000 cases of hircismus and hyperhidrosis treated by our method. The postoperative scar has been minimal, healing has been quick, and good results were achieved by this method.", "PMID": 693664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9635", "title": "Surgical depilation for treatment of pseudofolliculitis or local hirsutism of the face.", "content": "By cutting away their roots, unwanted terminal hairs can be removed when they are in their active phase (anagen) by a method called surgical (subcutaneous) depilation. There can be recurrences when hirsutism is being treated in females, because of vellus hairs which have their roots in the dermis. The residual vellus hairs can be eradicated by electrical depilation, however. Recurrences in males (pseudofolliculitis) are usually due to terminal hairs in a resting place (telogen); these \"club hairs\" can also be removed by electrical depilation.", "contents": "Surgical depilation for treatment of pseudofolliculitis or local hirsutism of the face. By cutting away their roots, unwanted terminal hairs can be removed when they are in their active phase (anagen) by a method called surgical (subcutaneous) depilation. There can be recurrences when hirsutism is being treated in females, because of vellus hairs which have their roots in the dermis. The residual vellus hairs can be eradicated by electrical depilation, however. Recurrences in males (pseudofolliculitis) are usually due to terminal hairs in a resting place (telogen); these \"club hairs\" can also be removed by electrical depilation.", "PMID": 693666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9636", "title": "Pyoderma gangrenosum: recognition and management.", "content": "Pyoderma gangrenosum, a progressive necrotizing and ulcerative disease of the skin, presents serious problems in diagnosis and management to physicians not familar with the entity. The clinical basis of the diagnosis is outlined, and the possible etiological mechanisms are reviewed. Treatment is primarily nonsurgical, relying on oral administration of corticosteroids and conservative local care of the ulcers.", "contents": "Pyoderma gangrenosum: recognition and management. Pyoderma gangrenosum, a progressive necrotizing and ulcerative disease of the skin, presents serious problems in diagnosis and management to physicians not familar with the entity. The clinical basis of the diagnosis is outlined, and the possible etiological mechanisms are reviewed. Treatment is primarily nonsurgical, relying on oral administration of corticosteroids and conservative local care of the ulcers.", "PMID": 693669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9637", "title": "A new method of documenting hand cases.", "content": "A photocopier can be used as a helpful adjunct in the precise documentation of the condition of the hand. It is cheap and easy to use, and it provides a permanent and accurate record.", "contents": "A new method of documenting hand cases. A photocopier can be used as a helpful adjunct in the precise documentation of the condition of the hand. It is cheap and easy to use, and it provides a permanent and accurate record.", "PMID": 693677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9638", "title": "Cartilage regeneration from perichondrium. Experimental studies and clinical applications.", "content": "Animal experiments with flaps and free grafts of perichondrium have produced new cartilage. The presence of blood seems to promote the formation of new cartilage in such instances. These perichondrial grafts have been used to produce better contours of the auricular cartilage in congenital deformities, and to reconstruct missing parts of the human ear. They are also being used clinically in joint surgery in cases of traumatic arthrosis and rheumatic arthritis to obtain painless motion.", "contents": "Cartilage regeneration from perichondrium. Experimental studies and clinical applications. Animal experiments with flaps and free grafts of perichondrium have produced new cartilage. The presence of blood seems to promote the formation of new cartilage in such instances. These perichondrial grafts have been used to produce better contours of the auricular cartilage in congenital deformities, and to reconstruct missing parts of the human ear. They are also being used clinically in joint surgery in cases of traumatic arthrosis and rheumatic arthritis to obtain painless motion.", "PMID": 693679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9639", "title": "Treatment of uncontrolled drooling by bilateral excision of submaxillary glands and parotid duct ligations.", "content": "Fourteen patients with uncontrolled drooling were treated with bilateral excision of the submaxillary glands and either transfer or ligation of the parotid ducts. In this small series, all had good results but the duct ligation group was slightly better.", "contents": "Treatment of uncontrolled drooling by bilateral excision of submaxillary glands and parotid duct ligations. Fourteen patients with uncontrolled drooling were treated with bilateral excision of the submaxillary glands and either transfer or ligation of the parotid ducts. In this small series, all had good results but the duct ligation group was slightly better.", "PMID": 693680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9640", "title": "Early non-surgical closure of postoperative palatal fistulae.", "content": "Ten of 11 patients who developed oronasal fistulae subsequent to palatoplasty and/or pharyngeal flap operation obtained complete physiological closure of the fistula by using a vinyl palatal appliance for a two to three month period. All these fistulae were diagnosed within 10 days to two weeks after the surgery, and the appliance therapy was started immediately. We believe this treatment to be an effective, uncomplicated method for non-surgical closure of recent postoperative oronasal fistulae.", "contents": "Early non-surgical closure of postoperative palatal fistulae. Ten of 11 patients who developed oronasal fistulae subsequent to palatoplasty and/or pharyngeal flap operation obtained complete physiological closure of the fistula by using a vinyl palatal appliance for a two to three month period. All these fistulae were diagnosed within 10 days to two weeks after the surgery, and the appliance therapy was started immediately. We believe this treatment to be an effective, uncomplicated method for non-surgical closure of recent postoperative oronasal fistulae.", "PMID": 693681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9641", "title": "Use of a T-tube in management of a pharyngeal fistula after laryngectomy.", "content": "Pharyngocutaneous fistula is a frequent complication after total laryngectomy, and may cause the patient to remain hospitalized for long periods of time while efforts are made to close the defect. We describe a case in which a gallbladder T-tube was used to hasten closure of a recalcitrant fistula, and we have since used this often as an adjunct to the customary methods of management of this complication.", "contents": "Use of a T-tube in management of a pharyngeal fistula after laryngectomy. Pharyngocutaneous fistula is a frequent complication after total laryngectomy, and may cause the patient to remain hospitalized for long periods of time while efforts are made to close the defect. We describe a case in which a gallbladder T-tube was used to hasten closure of a recalcitrant fistula, and we have since used this often as an adjunct to the customary methods of management of this complication.", "PMID": 693682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9642", "title": "Pacinian neuroma, an unusual cause of finger pain.", "content": "Two cases of painful lesions of the fingers are presented. Both proved to be Pacinian neuromata, and they are the sixth and seventh such cases reported in the literature. This lesion is rare, but it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of painful lesions of the hand.", "contents": "Pacinian neuroma, an unusual cause of finger pain. Two cases of painful lesions of the fingers are presented. Both proved to be Pacinian neuromata, and they are the sixth and seventh such cases reported in the literature. This lesion is rare, but it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of painful lesions of the hand.", "PMID": 693683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9643", "title": "A safe anesthetic for rabbits, using methoxyflurane.", "content": "Methoxyflurane was given by inhalation as the sole anesthetic agent to 42 New Zealand white rabbits, with no mortality. The depth of respiration as well as the changes in the color of the ears were monitored constantly. A technique for administering methoxyflurane without intubation is described.", "contents": "A safe anesthetic for rabbits, using methoxyflurane. Methoxyflurane was given by inhalation as the sole anesthetic agent to 42 New Zealand white rabbits, with no mortality. The depth of respiration as well as the changes in the color of the ears were monitored constantly. A technique for administering methoxyflurane without intubation is described.", "PMID": 693684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9644", "title": "Correction of a long face. Case report.", "content": "We describe a case in which maxillary alveolar hyperplasia (the long face syndrome) was corrected by excising a 12 mm band of bone through the maxilla, \"down-fracturing\" it, and telescoping it up into a new position.", "contents": "Correction of a long face. Case report. We describe a case in which maxillary alveolar hyperplasia (the long face syndrome) was corrected by excising a 12 mm band of bone through the maxilla, \"down-fracturing\" it, and telescoping it up into a new position.", "PMID": 693693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9645", "title": "[Training in mutual communication of married couples addicted to alcohol (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on the planning and realization of a two-weeks' therapeutic recreation programme involving addicts and their partners. Twelve couples participated, of whom 10 men and 4 women were addicts (alcohol and drugs) who had just completed a successful four-months' withdrawal treatment course on an inpatient basis. The aim was to change partnership interaction patterns via systematic training of communication rules according to a sort of \"model\" design. Tape playback and group feedback techniques were used. The result of this communication training was greater mutual frankness of the partners. The positive results of this type of married-couple therapy encouraged the authors to institutionalize concomitant communication therapy in collaboration with the couples themselves during inpatient withdrawal treatment.", "contents": "[Training in mutual communication of married couples addicted to alcohol (author's transl)]. The article reports on the planning and realization of a two-weeks' therapeutic recreation programme involving addicts and their partners. Twelve couples participated, of whom 10 men and 4 women were addicts (alcohol and drugs) who had just completed a successful four-months' withdrawal treatment course on an inpatient basis. The aim was to change partnership interaction patterns via systematic training of communication rules according to a sort of \"model\" design. Tape playback and group feedback techniques were used. The result of this communication training was greater mutual frankness of the partners. The positive results of this type of married-couple therapy encouraged the authors to institutionalize concomitant communication therapy in collaboration with the couples themselves during inpatient withdrawal treatment.", "PMID": 693714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9646", "title": "[Rehabilitation training with chronic mental patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In a half-way house a behaviorally oriented rehabilitation training with chronic schicophrenics, hospitalized more than 12 years averagely, was conducted and evaluated. With interviews it was systematically investigated with what kind of difficult situations a patient is confronted at discharge and which behavioral competencies are therefore especially needed. Behavior therapy with the main components of instruction, behavior rehearsal and social reinforcement changed the behavior of the patients significantly. A general plan for diagnosis and training of competencies is developed that can be applied to structure the training of the staff in educational-therapeutic behavior as well as the training of the patients themselves.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation training with chronic mental patients (author's transl)]. In a half-way house a behaviorally oriented rehabilitation training with chronic schicophrenics, hospitalized more than 12 years averagely, was conducted and evaluated. With interviews it was systematically investigated with what kind of difficult situations a patient is confronted at discharge and which behavioral competencies are therefore especially needed. Behavior therapy with the main components of instruction, behavior rehearsal and social reinforcement changed the behavior of the patients significantly. A general plan for diagnosis and training of competencies is developed that can be applied to structure the training of the staff in educational-therapeutic behavior as well as the training of the patients themselves.", "PMID": 693716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9647", "title": "[Theory and practice of finding a therapeutic vacancy for addicts--demonstrated in the case of a female patient habituated to heroin (author's transl)].", "content": "This article tries to describe the problems, difficulties and setbacks experienced by patients, doctors, psychologists or social workers when looking for a public health insurance body competent to bear the cost, as well as for a vacancy in a suitable hospital or institution where appropriate therapy can be effected. The case history of a female heroin addict was chosen as a model example to show that the simultaneous activities by a variety of offices or bodies is rarely crowned with succes. The author surveys several other cases where similar protacted mechanisms of decision to be arrive at by bodies who might be requested to bear the cost interfered with the therapy in patients addicted to alcohol and/or drugs. A suggestion is presented aiming at arriving at a decision in minimum time and according to a compact pattern.", "contents": "[Theory and practice of finding a therapeutic vacancy for addicts--demonstrated in the case of a female patient habituated to heroin (author's transl)]. This article tries to describe the problems, difficulties and setbacks experienced by patients, doctors, psychologists or social workers when looking for a public health insurance body competent to bear the cost, as well as for a vacancy in a suitable hospital or institution where appropriate therapy can be effected. The case history of a female heroin addict was chosen as a model example to show that the simultaneous activities by a variety of offices or bodies is rarely crowned with succes. The author surveys several other cases where similar protacted mechanisms of decision to be arrive at by bodies who might be requested to bear the cost interfered with the therapy in patients addicted to alcohol and/or drugs. A suggestion is presented aiming at arriving at a decision in minimum time and according to a compact pattern.", "PMID": 693717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9648", "title": "The advent of guilt feelings as a common depressive symptom: a historical comparison on two continents.", "content": "Historical shifts in the symptomatology of mental disease are surprisingly overlooked but common phenomena that should cast considerable light on the relation between social and intrapsychic processes. The enormous increase in chronicity and mortality in mental hospitals during the second half of the 19th century, and the shift from the shell-shock of the first World War to the battle fatigue of the second are examples which have been well documented but not well explained. The advent of guilt feelings in depression or melancholia is a lesser known instance but one with perhaps greater theoretical significance. Melancholia has been known almost throughout recorded history, but until the 16th century the number of recorded cases exhibiting exaggerated guilt feelings and self-accusations was very small, and the old physicians did not include them in their descriptions of the condition. In Asia and in Africa, moreover, it is claimed that these symptoms are rare even today, except among the Westernized. If we fully understood the other features of the disease or if the symptoms had no relevance to course and treatment, these facts might be treated simply as curiosities; but neither is the case. Depression is still not adequately understood, and some theories on it derive largely from the exaggerated guilt feelings and the psychic structure which is supposed to produce the latter. Hence it could be instructive to examine under what conditions these symptoms first became common in different societies.", "contents": "The advent of guilt feelings as a common depressive symptom: a historical comparison on two continents. Historical shifts in the symptomatology of mental disease are surprisingly overlooked but common phenomena that should cast considerable light on the relation between social and intrapsychic processes. The enormous increase in chronicity and mortality in mental hospitals during the second half of the 19th century, and the shift from the shell-shock of the first World War to the battle fatigue of the second are examples which have been well documented but not well explained. The advent of guilt feelings in depression or melancholia is a lesser known instance but one with perhaps greater theoretical significance. Melancholia has been known almost throughout recorded history, but until the 16th century the number of recorded cases exhibiting exaggerated guilt feelings and self-accusations was very small, and the old physicians did not include them in their descriptions of the condition. In Asia and in Africa, moreover, it is claimed that these symptoms are rare even today, except among the Westernized. If we fully understood the other features of the disease or if the symptoms had no relevance to course and treatment, these facts might be treated simply as curiosities; but neither is the case. Depression is still not adequately understood, and some theories on it derive largely from the exaggerated guilt feelings and the psychic structure which is supposed to produce the latter. Hence it could be instructive to examine under what conditions these symptoms first became common in different societies.", "PMID": 693718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9649", "title": "Psychodynamics, homosexuality, and the question of pathology.", "content": "A persistent polarity has existed among theories concerning the origins and the nature of preferred homosexuality. One major group of theories, including most psychoanalytic approaches, stresses early developmental contributions and tends to view homosexuality as psychopathological--a deviation from healthy and fully mature living. The other major group of theories assumes homosexuality not to be psychopathological and views homosexuality as either a spontaneous expression of a natural, polymorphous sexuality, or as one possible outcome, among many equally healthy and rewarding outcomes, of social conditioning. Common to both groups of theories is the shared assumption that psychodynamic contributions and etiology imply pathology--a psychodynamic dimension is either accepted and pathology is assumed, or pathology is denied and any possible psychodynamic contribution is debunked. The notion that psychodynamic causes and contributions imply pathology is, as I will show, a historical artifiact deriving from Freud's original libidinal fixation theory of neurosis. Such an assumption is not only no longer necessary, but also is inconsistent with a more contemporary psychondynamic understanding of human experience and several important psychoanalytic principles. I will explore the manner in which this assumption has been responsible for polarization and miscommunication among various contributions in psychoanalytic, sociological and political literature on the nature of homosexuality--including the presumption of pathology that is built into the very language and choice of metaphors employed in psychoanalytic discussions of homosexuality. I will also suggest an alternative conceptual approach.", "contents": "Psychodynamics, homosexuality, and the question of pathology. A persistent polarity has existed among theories concerning the origins and the nature of preferred homosexuality. One major group of theories, including most psychoanalytic approaches, stresses early developmental contributions and tends to view homosexuality as psychopathological--a deviation from healthy and fully mature living. The other major group of theories assumes homosexuality not to be psychopathological and views homosexuality as either a spontaneous expression of a natural, polymorphous sexuality, or as one possible outcome, among many equally healthy and rewarding outcomes, of social conditioning. Common to both groups of theories is the shared assumption that psychodynamic contributions and etiology imply pathology--a psychodynamic dimension is either accepted and pathology is assumed, or pathology is denied and any possible psychodynamic contribution is debunked. The notion that psychodynamic causes and contributions imply pathology is, as I will show, a historical artifiact deriving from Freud's original libidinal fixation theory of neurosis. Such an assumption is not only no longer necessary, but also is inconsistent with a more contemporary psychondynamic understanding of human experience and several important psychoanalytic principles. I will explore the manner in which this assumption has been responsible for polarization and miscommunication among various contributions in psychoanalytic, sociological and political literature on the nature of homosexuality--including the presumption of pathology that is built into the very language and choice of metaphors employed in psychoanalytic discussions of homosexuality. I will also suggest an alternative conceptual approach.", "PMID": 693720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9650", "title": "The manipulative patient: an interactional approach.", "content": "The words manipulative or manipulation are used in the contemporary psychiatric literature to describe certain persons and their habitual modes of behavior. The terms represent an attempt to describe some essential quality of the patient's style of relating to others. In the following discussion, we will attempt to shift this perspective to a more interpersonal one, seeing the attribution of this label as part of a sequence of communication, mutual perception, and struggle between caretaker and patient. The accusation that a patient is manipulative signals the disruption of the helping process.", "contents": "The manipulative patient: an interactional approach. The words manipulative or manipulation are used in the contemporary psychiatric literature to describe certain persons and their habitual modes of behavior. The terms represent an attempt to describe some essential quality of the patient's style of relating to others. In the following discussion, we will attempt to shift this perspective to a more interpersonal one, seeing the attribution of this label as part of a sequence of communication, mutual perception, and struggle between caretaker and patient. The accusation that a patient is manipulative signals the disruption of the helping process.", "PMID": 693721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9651", "title": "Alcoholism and systems theory: building a better mousetrap.", "content": "A considerable body of research evidence has accumulated in the alcoholism field with respect to when persons who overly rely on alcohol modify their behavior and seek alternate ways of dealing with life. It is the purpose of this paper to identify a number of these factors and relate them to a theoretical perspective that, while not new, is of relatively recent vintage for alcoholism specialists. That perspective is General Behavior Systems Theory (GBST), and it will be contended that its basic postulates comprise a framework that is especially congruent with the findings related to when alcohol-dependent persons change. As such, it provides a set of ideas which offer more fruitful guidelines for assessment and intervention than those resulting from exclusive reliance on other extant models (see Siegler et al., 1968; Miller and Barlow, 1973), in particular, the traditional and predominant illness conception.", "contents": "Alcoholism and systems theory: building a better mousetrap. A considerable body of research evidence has accumulated in the alcoholism field with respect to when persons who overly rely on alcohol modify their behavior and seek alternate ways of dealing with life. It is the purpose of this paper to identify a number of these factors and relate them to a theoretical perspective that, while not new, is of relatively recent vintage for alcoholism specialists. That perspective is General Behavior Systems Theory (GBST), and it will be contended that its basic postulates comprise a framework that is especially congruent with the findings related to when alcohol-dependent persons change. As such, it provides a set of ideas which offer more fruitful guidelines for assessment and intervention than those resulting from exclusive reliance on other extant models (see Siegler et al., 1968; Miller and Barlow, 1973), in particular, the traditional and predominant illness conception.", "PMID": 693722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9652", "title": "Thoughts on computerized psychotherapy.", "content": "This essay looks at the eventuality of computerized psychotherapy and attempts a philosophical analysis of the value, limitations, and efficacy of such hypothetical computerized psychotherapy devices (CPDs). The essential thesis is that while computers may be 'intellectually' capable of performing certain skills that have up until now been associated wholly with the human mind, still other, affective responses, such as empathy, sympathy and compathy, are not within the CPD's ken. Thus, in cases where such affective potential is believed to be a therapeutic necessity, the possibility of the CPD as an effective therapeutic agent may be undesirable.", "contents": "Thoughts on computerized psychotherapy. This essay looks at the eventuality of computerized psychotherapy and attempts a philosophical analysis of the value, limitations, and efficacy of such hypothetical computerized psychotherapy devices (CPDs). The essential thesis is that while computers may be 'intellectually' capable of performing certain skills that have up until now been associated wholly with the human mind, still other, affective responses, such as empathy, sympathy and compathy, are not within the CPD's ken. Thus, in cases where such affective potential is believed to be a therapeutic necessity, the possibility of the CPD as an effective therapeutic agent may be undesirable.", "PMID": 693723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9653", "title": "Anorexia nervosa: reflections on theory and practice.", "content": "Psychodynamic theory provides a critical element in the conceptual framework necessary for a therapist's understanding of the abnormal behavior exhibited by patients with anorexia nervosa. A model of the syndrome is presented here which the author has found useful in the ongoing treatment of patients. The paper has arisen out of a desire to clarify thinking and practice in the course of treating patients manifesting the classic syndrome identified in those whose symptoms are not secondary to physical disease or psychosis.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa: reflections on theory and practice. Psychodynamic theory provides a critical element in the conceptual framework necessary for a therapist's understanding of the abnormal behavior exhibited by patients with anorexia nervosa. A model of the syndrome is presented here which the author has found useful in the ongoing treatment of patients. The paper has arisen out of a desire to clarify thinking and practice in the course of treating patients manifesting the classic syndrome identified in those whose symptoms are not secondary to physical disease or psychosis.", "PMID": 693725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9654", "title": "A study of former mental patients who returned to visit the ward on which they were hospitalized.", "content": "We have observed that former psychiatric inpatients often return to visit the ward after they have been discharged. Nothing has been written about this phenomenon, but it seemed to us that since not all discharged patients return to visit, a difference must exist between those who do visit and those who do not. The following report presents the results of our investigation into the distinguishing characteristics of the visiting ex-patients. Reider (1953) and Safirstein (1967, 1970) have described the phenomenon of institutional transference, which deals with patients' attachment to the institution rather than to an individual therapist. However, our data show that the phenomenon of former patients visiting goes beyond that, in some instances reflecting meaningful relationships with staff members and other patients, but in other instances indicating continuing treatment needs of various kinds.", "contents": "A study of former mental patients who returned to visit the ward on which they were hospitalized. We have observed that former psychiatric inpatients often return to visit the ward after they have been discharged. Nothing has been written about this phenomenon, but it seemed to us that since not all discharged patients return to visit, a difference must exist between those who do visit and those who do not. The following report presents the results of our investigation into the distinguishing characteristics of the visiting ex-patients. Reider (1953) and Safirstein (1967, 1970) have described the phenomenon of institutional transference, which deals with patients' attachment to the institution rather than to an individual therapist. However, our data show that the phenomenon of former patients visiting goes beyond that, in some instances reflecting meaningful relationships with staff members and other patients, but in other instances indicating continuing treatment needs of various kinds.", "PMID": 693726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9655", "title": "The interactional process in preadolescent friendships.", "content": "The study of friendship in children has long been a neglected area of human development. As Hartup (1975) pointed out, there is a paucity of data both with respect to the nature of the interactional process between friends and the language children use in conceptualizing friendship. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the interactional process in preadolescent friendships within the framework of Harry Stack Sullivan's social development theory.", "contents": "The interactional process in preadolescent friendships. The study of friendship in children has long been a neglected area of human development. As Hartup (1975) pointed out, there is a paucity of data both with respect to the nature of the interactional process between friends and the language children use in conceptualizing friendship. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the interactional process in preadolescent friendships within the framework of Harry Stack Sullivan's social development theory.", "PMID": 693727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9656", "title": "Defense mechanisms and coping behavior in terminal illness. An overview.", "content": "Psychosomatic medicine is increasingly concerned with illness behavior, a concept which includes defense mechanisms and coping styles. An attempt was made to compare defensive processes and social adaptation in a group of 31 patients suffering from a probable terminal illness of iatrogenic origin. The surprising degree of conformity between the defense profiles towards the illness and those towards general life stress was found. Reaction-formation and stoicism were the defense mechanisms most often associated with successful defense. Interdependence of several ego measures such as defense against general life stress, defense against illness and social adaptation could be shown in various evaluations. Surprisingly, however, aggravators of illness turned out to be psychologically more stable than minimizers, a result which is in contrast to behavior in nonterminal illness. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "Defense mechanisms and coping behavior in terminal illness. An overview. Psychosomatic medicine is increasingly concerned with illness behavior, a concept which includes defense mechanisms and coping styles. An attempt was made to compare defensive processes and social adaptation in a group of 31 patients suffering from a probable terminal illness of iatrogenic origin. The surprising degree of conformity between the defense profiles towards the illness and those towards general life stress was found. Reaction-formation and stoicism were the defense mechanisms most often associated with successful defense. Interdependence of several ego measures such as defense against general life stress, defense against illness and social adaptation could be shown in various evaluations. Surprisingly, however, aggravators of illness turned out to be psychologically more stable than minimizers, a result which is in contrast to behavior in nonterminal illness. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 693767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9657", "title": "Testing cooperation in parents with children destined for home dialysis.", "content": "Ten married couples with children in the dialysis department of the University's Children Hospital of Heidelberg are examined by means of different tests (Joint Rorschach, Simfam, Giessen Test, Bales scale, Expert rating) and compared with a group of ten psychologically 'extraordinary' as well as ten psychologically 'ordinary' couples. The problem was to find out whether the emotional family atmosphere is stable enough to provide the child with home dialysis or whether the parents need psychotherapeutic preparation.", "contents": "Testing cooperation in parents with children destined for home dialysis. Ten married couples with children in the dialysis department of the University's Children Hospital of Heidelberg are examined by means of different tests (Joint Rorschach, Simfam, Giessen Test, Bales scale, Expert rating) and compared with a group of ten psychologically 'extraordinary' as well as ten psychologically 'ordinary' couples. The problem was to find out whether the emotional family atmosphere is stable enough to provide the child with home dialysis or whether the parents need psychotherapeutic preparation.", "PMID": 693768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9658", "title": "Pathological primary identifications and their effects on the psychosomatic economy of the individual.", "content": "The paper deals with the problem of the unstable psychosomatic economy and the patient's consequent susceptibility to psychosomatic disturbances. This goes back to a primary psychobiological defect in the sphere of his earliest identifications, which comes to the surface in emotional crisis situations. The term \"Psychosomatic Phenomenon' is used to describe this basic disturbance in the patient's relationships, which can be observed in his interactions with the psychotherapist or interviewer, where it takes the form of a noticeable lack of fantasy, poor relationships and a reduced capacity for psychic experience and elaboration. The author's object-psychological approach has grown out of years of experience in the analytical treatment of hospitalized psychosomatic patients. A 'toxic environment' can be seen to have been a disturbing influence on the early development of the infant. A child whose mother herself knows no autonomy cannot develop its own fantasies through autoerotic activity and thus cannot build up a libidinal object in its inner world. The result is that such an individual is incapable of meeting the inevitable somatic disorganizations with differentiated reorganization processes and so has no defense against physical illness.", "contents": "Pathological primary identifications and their effects on the psychosomatic economy of the individual. The paper deals with the problem of the unstable psychosomatic economy and the patient's consequent susceptibility to psychosomatic disturbances. This goes back to a primary psychobiological defect in the sphere of his earliest identifications, which comes to the surface in emotional crisis situations. The term \"Psychosomatic Phenomenon' is used to describe this basic disturbance in the patient's relationships, which can be observed in his interactions with the psychotherapist or interviewer, where it takes the form of a noticeable lack of fantasy, poor relationships and a reduced capacity for psychic experience and elaboration. The author's object-psychological approach has grown out of years of experience in the analytical treatment of hospitalized psychosomatic patients. A 'toxic environment' can be seen to have been a disturbing influence on the early development of the infant. A child whose mother herself knows no autonomy cannot develop its own fantasies through autoerotic activity and thus cannot build up a libidinal object in its inner world. The result is that such an individual is incapable of meeting the inevitable somatic disorganizations with differentiated reorganization processes and so has no defense against physical illness.", "PMID": 693769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9659", "title": "Sending the patient home.", "content": "Some patients become grossly disorganized during a hospital stay for medical illness. In the midst of a confusing medical picture, the unpredictable behavior of such patients causes great consternation among the medical or surgical staff. Families also become particularly anxious; their concern about the medical problem shifts to concern about the altered mental state. Physicians and family members frequently agree that such patients should continue their hospital stay past the point where medical attention per se is needed in order to regain control over the disturbed mental functioning. This paper presents an alternative therapeutic approach, suggesting that sending the patient home to a more familiar environment may result in improved psychological functioning. A model for viewing the interaction between 'constancies' in the brain/mind environment (particulary the hospital milieu) is presented. This model takes into account the facts of the internal regulatory mechanisms of the brain, the facts of illness and lack of the more familiar orienting cues in the environment.", "contents": "Sending the patient home. Some patients become grossly disorganized during a hospital stay for medical illness. In the midst of a confusing medical picture, the unpredictable behavior of such patients causes great consternation among the medical or surgical staff. Families also become particularly anxious; their concern about the medical problem shifts to concern about the altered mental state. Physicians and family members frequently agree that such patients should continue their hospital stay past the point where medical attention per se is needed in order to regain control over the disturbed mental functioning. This paper presents an alternative therapeutic approach, suggesting that sending the patient home to a more familiar environment may result in improved psychological functioning. A model for viewing the interaction between 'constancies' in the brain/mind environment (particulary the hospital milieu) is presented. This model takes into account the facts of the internal regulatory mechanisms of the brain, the facts of illness and lack of the more familiar orienting cues in the environment.", "PMID": 693770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9660", "title": "Discussion groups for medical patients. A vehicle for improved coping.", "content": "Describing 14 professionally run discussion groups for multiple sclerosis patients, this paper delineates appropriate functions and goals of the medical discussion group. Such groups address coping activities related to affiliation with a social reference group, information seeking and, in a more limited way, consolidation of intrapsychic resources. The discussion describes the dynamic issues which arise in the groups and explores ways in which group dynamics interact with the medical format.", "contents": "Discussion groups for medical patients. A vehicle for improved coping. Describing 14 professionally run discussion groups for multiple sclerosis patients, this paper delineates appropriate functions and goals of the medical discussion group. Such groups address coping activities related to affiliation with a social reference group, information seeking and, in a more limited way, consolidation of intrapsychic resources. The discussion describes the dynamic issues which arise in the groups and explores ways in which group dynamics interact with the medical format.", "PMID": 693771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9661", "title": "Event-related slow brain potentials, cognitive processes, and alexithymia.", "content": "A psychophysiological approach to alexithymia involves the search for reliable neural correlates of cognitive and symbolic processes rendering meaningful indicators that can be entered as elements into the diagnostic process, framed within a theory, and tested against the clinical experience. Relevant work on event-related slow brain potentials is reviewed, and some recent data bearing on a psychophysiological differentiation between psychosomatic and psychoneurotic patients are presented and discussed within the framework of a modified concept of activation. In outlining certain research strategies and goals it is contended that they may provide an experimental data base complementing and expanding psychodynamically derived formulations.", "contents": "Event-related slow brain potentials, cognitive processes, and alexithymia. A psychophysiological approach to alexithymia involves the search for reliable neural correlates of cognitive and symbolic processes rendering meaningful indicators that can be entered as elements into the diagnostic process, framed within a theory, and tested against the clinical experience. Relevant work on event-related slow brain potentials is reviewed, and some recent data bearing on a psychophysiological differentiation between psychosomatic and psychoneurotic patients are presented and discussed within the framework of a modified concept of activation. In outlining certain research strategies and goals it is contended that they may provide an experimental data base complementing and expanding psychodynamically derived formulations.", "PMID": 693772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9662", "title": "Self-control, biofeedback, and change in 'psychosomatic' approach.", "content": "The new psychosomatic treatment modalities of biofeedback and relaxation techniques have in common an emphasis on self-control or self-regulation. The surging popularity of the self-control techniques at present may reflect a change in the self-image of medicine, which emphasizes its role as a collaborator of the patient in his self-control of disease processes. The modern concept of psychosomatic medicine emphasizes a systems or field approach to evaluation and treatment rather than 'psychogenic' causes of physical illness. The self-control treatment modalities form an important part of the armamentaria of a modern 'psychosomaticist'. We present preliminary data suggesting that 'potentiation' of biofeedback treatment may be useful. In borderline hypertensives, using pharmacologic means to reduce blood pressure during a biofeedback session may help subjects identify and re-create the 'low blood pressure states' without further aid of drugs. Hypertensives seeking biofeedback treatment are extremely internal in locus of control and tend to generalize their self-control to other areas of life to foster health and to prevent illness.", "contents": "Self-control, biofeedback, and change in 'psychosomatic' approach. The new psychosomatic treatment modalities of biofeedback and relaxation techniques have in common an emphasis on self-control or self-regulation. The surging popularity of the self-control techniques at present may reflect a change in the self-image of medicine, which emphasizes its role as a collaborator of the patient in his self-control of disease processes. The modern concept of psychosomatic medicine emphasizes a systems or field approach to evaluation and treatment rather than 'psychogenic' causes of physical illness. The self-control treatment modalities form an important part of the armamentaria of a modern 'psychosomaticist'. We present preliminary data suggesting that 'potentiation' of biofeedback treatment may be useful. In borderline hypertensives, using pharmacologic means to reduce blood pressure during a biofeedback session may help subjects identify and re-create the 'low blood pressure states' without further aid of drugs. Hypertensives seeking biofeedback treatment are extremely internal in locus of control and tend to generalize their self-control to other areas of life to foster health and to prevent illness.", "PMID": 693773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9663", "title": "The significance of certain dreams reported by psychosomatic patients.", "content": "Several types of dreams reported by psychosomatic patients with alexithymic characteristics are presented. Two special features of the dreams are noted: (1) the dreams contain events which are very traumatic and (2) the protagonists of the dreams failed to fully perceive their own feelings. It is postulated that the failure of the protagonists to fully perceive their own feelings played an important role in fostering the development of the traumatic events. Feelings such as anxiety and sadness are key signals which incite the ego of the dreamer to set protective operations into motion. The diminution of awareness of these feelings may, therefore, delay the implementation of protective operations to a point which allows the traumatic events to progress dangerously far. It is interesting to note that the few psychosomatic patients without alexithymic characteristics who were included in my series reported a type of dream which was identical to one of the types of dreams reported by patients with alexithymic characteristics. This concurrence suggests the possibility that the dreams form a link between the psychologies of these two sub-groups of psychosomatic patients.", "contents": "The significance of certain dreams reported by psychosomatic patients. Several types of dreams reported by psychosomatic patients with alexithymic characteristics are presented. Two special features of the dreams are noted: (1) the dreams contain events which are very traumatic and (2) the protagonists of the dreams failed to fully perceive their own feelings. It is postulated that the failure of the protagonists to fully perceive their own feelings played an important role in fostering the development of the traumatic events. Feelings such as anxiety and sadness are key signals which incite the ego of the dreamer to set protective operations into motion. The diminution of awareness of these feelings may, therefore, delay the implementation of protective operations to a point which allows the traumatic events to progress dangerously far. It is interesting to note that the few psychosomatic patients without alexithymic characteristics who were included in my series reported a type of dream which was identical to one of the types of dreams reported by patients with alexithymic characteristics. This concurrence suggests the possibility that the dreams form a link between the psychologies of these two sub-groups of psychosomatic patients.", "PMID": 693774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9664", "title": "The myofascial pain dysfunction: dental symptoms and psychological and muscular function. An overview. A preliminary study by team approach.", "content": "Patients with myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) are traditionally seen by dentists. No organic lesions are found, and there is accumulating evidence that psychological factors influence both the onset and the development of the disorder, thus calling for a multiprofessional investigation approach. This report presents a preliminary study by a team consisting of a psychiatrist, a dentist and a physiotherapist. 25 patients with MPD diagnosis were examined. Almost all of the patients had tense muscles in neck and back, indicating that muscular tension is not a local phenomenon in the masticatory muscles. It was possible to distinguish two main categories of MPD patients, the 'typical MPD patients' and the 'multiproblem patients'. Problems that need further investigation are pointed out.", "contents": "The myofascial pain dysfunction: dental symptoms and psychological and muscular function. An overview. A preliminary study by team approach. Patients with myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) are traditionally seen by dentists. No organic lesions are found, and there is accumulating evidence that psychological factors influence both the onset and the development of the disorder, thus calling for a multiprofessional investigation approach. This report presents a preliminary study by a team consisting of a psychiatrist, a dentist and a physiotherapist. 25 patients with MPD diagnosis were examined. Almost all of the patients had tense muscles in neck and back, indicating that muscular tension is not a local phenomenon in the masticatory muscles. It was possible to distinguish two main categories of MPD patients, the 'typical MPD patients' and the 'multiproblem patients'. Problems that need further investigation are pointed out.", "PMID": 693775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9665", "title": "Induced abortion and psychotherapy.", "content": "The modern women's emancipation movement, concerned with the right of women for self-determination in the question of abortion, embraces the assumption, borne out by most recent epidemiological studies, that abortion does not produce psychological damage in most women. However, an induced abortion is a stressing experience and may for some few susceptible women, even be a traumatic one. The psychotherapist who is overly influenced by statistics and the socio-political climate and/or his own insufficiently resolved inner conflicts, may unconsciously ignore or minimize the importance of an abortion experience for a specific patient in his care. As the case illustrations show, the focusing and through elaboration of this experience may determine the final successful outcome of treatment, especially in brief psychotherapies.", "contents": "Induced abortion and psychotherapy. The modern women's emancipation movement, concerned with the right of women for self-determination in the question of abortion, embraces the assumption, borne out by most recent epidemiological studies, that abortion does not produce psychological damage in most women. However, an induced abortion is a stressing experience and may for some few susceptible women, even be a traumatic one. The psychotherapist who is overly influenced by statistics and the socio-political climate and/or his own insufficiently resolved inner conflicts, may unconsciously ignore or minimize the importance of an abortion experience for a specific patient in his care. As the case illustrations show, the focusing and through elaboration of this experience may determine the final successful outcome of treatment, especially in brief psychotherapies.", "PMID": 693776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9666", "title": "Correlation of fluoroscopically detected coronary artery calcification with exercise stress testing in asymptomatic men.", "content": "Cardiac fluoroscopy followed by a submaximal exercise electrocardiogram was used to evaluate 129 healthy men (average age 49 p 6) for assessment of possible latent ischemic heart disease in an asymptomatic population. Of 108 subjects who completed the exercise protocol, 37 (34%) had at least one fluoroscopically detected calcified coronary artery. Of the 16 subjects with a positive exercise stress test, 13 (81%) had calcification of at least one coronary artery, Thirteen of 37 (35%) with calcification had a positive exercise test. Those with calcification of at least one coronary artery had a ninefold increased risk of a positive exercise stress test (p less than 0.0001). The location of a calcific deposit conferred greater risk of exercise-induced ischemic changes than did multivessel involvement. Forty-seven per cent of men with calcification in the left anterior descending coronary artery had an abnormal exercise electrocardiogram vs. 33% and 16% of persons with left circumflex and right coronary artery calcifications, respectively.", "contents": "Correlation of fluoroscopically detected coronary artery calcification with exercise stress testing in asymptomatic men. Cardiac fluoroscopy followed by a submaximal exercise electrocardiogram was used to evaluate 129 healthy men (average age 49 p 6) for assessment of possible latent ischemic heart disease in an asymptomatic population. Of 108 subjects who completed the exercise protocol, 37 (34%) had at least one fluoroscopically detected calcified coronary artery. Of the 16 subjects with a positive exercise stress test, 13 (81%) had calcification of at least one coronary artery, Thirteen of 37 (35%) with calcification had a positive exercise test. Those with calcification of at least one coronary artery had a ninefold increased risk of a positive exercise stress test (p less than 0.0001). The location of a calcific deposit conferred greater risk of exercise-induced ischemic changes than did multivessel involvement. Forty-seven per cent of men with calcification in the left anterior descending coronary artery had an abnormal exercise electrocardiogram vs. 33% and 16% of persons with left circumflex and right coronary artery calcifications, respectively.", "PMID": 693855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9667", "title": "Giant air cells of the petrous apex: tomographic features.", "content": "Sixteen hundred consecutive tomographic examinations of the temporal bones were reviewed and 15 patients with petrous apical air cells larger than 1.5 cm diameter were encountered. Familiarity with the normal tracts of pneumatization, and precise localization of atypical air cells by tomography are helpful in differentiating deformity of the internal auditory canals due to asymmetric pneumatization from the change caused by acoustic neurilemmomas. Characteristic radiographic and CT features differentiate petrous apical air cells from other destructive lesions in the region.", "contents": "Giant air cells of the petrous apex: tomographic features. Sixteen hundred consecutive tomographic examinations of the temporal bones were reviewed and 15 patients with petrous apical air cells larger than 1.5 cm diameter were encountered. Familiarity with the normal tracts of pneumatization, and precise localization of atypical air cells by tomography are helpful in differentiating deformity of the internal auditory canals due to asymmetric pneumatization from the change caused by acoustic neurilemmomas. Characteristic radiographic and CT features differentiate petrous apical air cells from other destructive lesions in the region.", "PMID": 693856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9668", "title": "Ventilation patterns mimicking COPD in patients with diaphragmatic pacing for Ondine's curse.", "content": "Ventilation was studied with 133Xe in 18 patients with central hypoventilation (Ondine's Curse) in whom diaphragmatic pacers were implanted. Three distinct patterns emerged: Type I, improvement in ventilation on the paced side (11 of 18 patients); Type II, improvement on both the paced and unpaced side (4 of 18); and Type III, no improvement (3 of 18). With the pacer off, many of these patients have patterns that mimic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and that revert to normal with pacing. This retention, clearly reversible, cannot reflect permanent airways or airspace disease.", "contents": "Ventilation patterns mimicking COPD in patients with diaphragmatic pacing for Ondine's curse. Ventilation was studied with 133Xe in 18 patients with central hypoventilation (Ondine's Curse) in whom diaphragmatic pacers were implanted. Three distinct patterns emerged: Type I, improvement in ventilation on the paced side (11 of 18 patients); Type II, improvement on both the paced and unpaced side (4 of 18); and Type III, no improvement (3 of 18). With the pacer off, many of these patients have patterns that mimic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and that revert to normal with pacing. This retention, clearly reversible, cannot reflect permanent airways or airspace disease.", "PMID": 693858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9669", "title": "Gallium-67 uptake in silent myocardial infarction: a case report.", "content": "Scintigrams obtained 24 and 48 hours after the injection of 67Ga in a patient undergoing evaluation for fever of unknown origin revealed positive myocardial uptake. The subsequent clinical course, electrocardiograms, radionuclear studies, and postmortem examination confirmed a silent myocardial infarction in the region of 67Ga localization. No other clinical reports were found of an acute myocardial infarction diagnosed by scintigraphy with 67Ga.", "contents": "Gallium-67 uptake in silent myocardial infarction: a case report. Scintigrams obtained 24 and 48 hours after the injection of 67Ga in a patient undergoing evaluation for fever of unknown origin revealed positive myocardial uptake. The subsequent clinical course, electrocardiograms, radionuclear studies, and postmortem examination confirmed a silent myocardial infarction in the region of 67Ga localization. No other clinical reports were found of an acute myocardial infarction diagnosed by scintigraphy with 67Ga.", "PMID": 693859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9670", "title": "The diagnosis of pneumothorax by ventilation-perfusion imaging.", "content": "Two patients with pneumothorax had ventilation-perfusion studies to rule out the possibility of pulmonary embolism; the presence of air in the pleural space was not known to the authors when the study was analyzed. A typical ventilatory pattern characterized by small volume difference at total lung capacity followed by disproportionately greater decrease of the volume of the affected lung at tidal breathing was observed. In one case, the routine chest radiograph failed to demonstrate air in the pleural space. A similar volume difference between the two lungs was noted on the perfusion images.", "contents": "The diagnosis of pneumothorax by ventilation-perfusion imaging. Two patients with pneumothorax had ventilation-perfusion studies to rule out the possibility of pulmonary embolism; the presence of air in the pleural space was not known to the authors when the study was analyzed. A typical ventilatory pattern characterized by small volume difference at total lung capacity followed by disproportionately greater decrease of the volume of the affected lung at tidal breathing was observed. In one case, the routine chest radiograph failed to demonstrate air in the pleural space. A similar volume difference between the two lungs was noted on the perfusion images.", "PMID": 693860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9671", "title": "Renovascular hypertension in children and adolescents.", "content": "Renovascular disease often leads to hypertension in children. The most frequent cause is fibromuscular dysplasia of focal type affecting main and peripheral arteries. Diastolic readings in excess of 110 mm Hg with normal serum creatinine and urinalysis are suggestive of renovascular disease. Excretory urography was positive in 65% of patients with unilateral disease. Radionuclide scans complement a positive excretory urogram but may be positive when the urogram is negative. Plasma renin activity was raised in the majority of patients; if the patient does not have peripheral branch stenosis, the renal vein renin ratio will lateralize in unilateral renal disease. The overall results of surgery are encouraging: 86% of surgical procedures alleviated hypertension in unilateral disease.", "contents": "Renovascular hypertension in children and adolescents. Renovascular disease often leads to hypertension in children. The most frequent cause is fibromuscular dysplasia of focal type affecting main and peripheral arteries. Diastolic readings in excess of 110 mm Hg with normal serum creatinine and urinalysis are suggestive of renovascular disease. Excretory urography was positive in 65% of patients with unilateral disease. Radionuclide scans complement a positive excretory urogram but may be positive when the urogram is negative. Plasma renin activity was raised in the majority of patients; if the patient does not have peripheral branch stenosis, the renal vein renin ratio will lateralize in unilateral renal disease. The overall results of surgery are encouraging: 86% of surgical procedures alleviated hypertension in unilateral disease.", "PMID": 693862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9672", "title": "The sphenoidal sinuses: radiographic patterns of normal development and abnormal findings in infants and children.", "content": "Developmental patterns of sphenoidal sinuses were determined from lateral radiographs of 1702 patients from newborn to 15 years of age. Pneumatization of the conchal sinuses was seen as early as 6 months of age; 90% showed sphenoidal sinus pneumatization by 4 years of age; 100% by 10 years of age. Extension of pneumatization into the basisphenoid may be evident after 4 years of age, and 95% showed basisphenoidal pneumatization after age 12. An apparent lack of pneumatization of the sphenoidal sinuses in patients over 10 should stimulate investigation for sphenoidal sinus disease. Although isolated sphenoidal sinus abnormalities were rare, sphenoidal sinus involvement was common (67--75%).", "contents": "The sphenoidal sinuses: radiographic patterns of normal development and abnormal findings in infants and children. Developmental patterns of sphenoidal sinuses were determined from lateral radiographs of 1702 patients from newborn to 15 years of age. Pneumatization of the conchal sinuses was seen as early as 6 months of age; 90% showed sphenoidal sinus pneumatization by 4 years of age; 100% by 10 years of age. Extension of pneumatization into the basisphenoid may be evident after 4 years of age, and 95% showed basisphenoidal pneumatization after age 12. An apparent lack of pneumatization of the sphenoidal sinuses in patients over 10 should stimulate investigation for sphenoidal sinus disease. Although isolated sphenoidal sinus abnormalities were rare, sphenoidal sinus involvement was common (67--75%).", "PMID": 693864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9673", "title": "Measurements on hand radiographs from 32 cri-du-chat probands.", "content": "Various measurements were performed on the hand radiographs of 32 Danish cri-du-chat probands. Mean pattern profiles were made for males, females, children, and adults. Metacarpal index and relative slenderness for metacarpals and proximal phalanges were calculated. The hands were smaller than in normal persons of the same sex and age. In most of the probands, the 3rd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals were disproportionately short, and the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th proximal phalanges were disproportionately long. Only 1 case had a positive metacarpal sign.", "contents": "Measurements on hand radiographs from 32 cri-du-chat probands. Various measurements were performed on the hand radiographs of 32 Danish cri-du-chat probands. Mean pattern profiles were made for males, females, children, and adults. Metacarpal index and relative slenderness for metacarpals and proximal phalanges were calculated. The hands were smaller than in normal persons of the same sex and age. In most of the probands, the 3rd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals were disproportionately short, and the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th proximal phalanges were disproportionately long. Only 1 case had a positive metacarpal sign.", "PMID": 693865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9674", "title": "The echographic characteristics of fatty tissues and tumors.", "content": "Fatty tissues and tumors have been described as characteristically cyst-like on ultrasound examination, with relatively few internal echoes. The authors offer several examples of lipomatous masses and tissues which are markedly echogenic. In vitro studies suggest that this is an inherent property of body fat and is not due to coexistent fibrous tissue or tumor vascularity. The echogenicity of fat has important implications for diagnostic ultrasound: (a) the presence of fat in tissues and masses may be demonstrated by ultrasound, and (b) because the high-level internal echoes blend with the echo pattern of bowel gas and retroperitoneal fat, lipomatous abdominal masses may easily be overlooked.", "contents": "The echographic characteristics of fatty tissues and tumors. Fatty tissues and tumors have been described as characteristically cyst-like on ultrasound examination, with relatively few internal echoes. The authors offer several examples of lipomatous masses and tissues which are markedly echogenic. In vitro studies suggest that this is an inherent property of body fat and is not due to coexistent fibrous tissue or tumor vascularity. The echogenicity of fat has important implications for diagnostic ultrasound: (a) the presence of fat in tissues and masses may be demonstrated by ultrasound, and (b) because the high-level internal echoes blend with the echo pattern of bowel gas and retroperitoneal fat, lipomatous abdominal masses may easily be overlooked.", "PMID": 693867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9675", "title": "Lipomatous tumors of the kidney and adrenal: apparent echographic specificity.", "content": "Several fatty tumors of the kidney and adrenal gland were evaluated by gray scale ultrasound. An extremely dense echogenic pattern was common to all lesions. There were three solitary angiomyolipomata (renal hamartoma), a presumed diffuse hamartomatous involvement of the kidney in a patient with tuberous sclerosis, and one myelolipoma of the adrenal gland. This marked echogenicity is thought to be a feature of fatty tumors and enables relatively specific preoperative diagnosis of these lesions, all of which are benign. With regard to renal angiomyolipoma, this assessment may allow conservative treatment and preservation of functioning renal tissue.", "contents": "Lipomatous tumors of the kidney and adrenal: apparent echographic specificity. Several fatty tumors of the kidney and adrenal gland were evaluated by gray scale ultrasound. An extremely dense echogenic pattern was common to all lesions. There were three solitary angiomyolipomata (renal hamartoma), a presumed diffuse hamartomatous involvement of the kidney in a patient with tuberous sclerosis, and one myelolipoma of the adrenal gland. This marked echogenicity is thought to be a feature of fatty tumors and enables relatively specific preoperative diagnosis of these lesions, all of which are benign. With regard to renal angiomyolipoma, this assessment may allow conservative treatment and preservation of functioning renal tissue.", "PMID": 693868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9676", "title": "Gray-scale echography of the pancreas. Re-evaluation of normal size.", "content": "One hundred ultrasonograms of patients without pancreatic disease were reviewed. The head, neck, and body of the pancreas were measured in the longitudinal and transverse/oblique planes. The mean thickness of the pancreatic head was 2.01 +/- 0.39 cm (standard deviation) in the longitudinal plane and 2.08 +/- 0.40 cm in the transverse/oblique plane. The same respective measurements were 1.18 +/- 0.36 cm and 1.16 +/- 0.29 cm for the body and 1.00 +/- 0.30 cm and 0.95 +/- 0.26 cm for the neck. The anatomy and consistency of the normal and diseased pancreas are discussed.", "contents": "Gray-scale echography of the pancreas. Re-evaluation of normal size. One hundred ultrasonograms of patients without pancreatic disease were reviewed. The head, neck, and body of the pancreas were measured in the longitudinal and transverse/oblique planes. The mean thickness of the pancreatic head was 2.01 +/- 0.39 cm (standard deviation) in the longitudinal plane and 2.08 +/- 0.40 cm in the transverse/oblique plane. The same respective measurements were 1.18 +/- 0.36 cm and 1.16 +/- 0.29 cm for the body and 1.00 +/- 0.30 cm and 0.95 +/- 0.26 cm for the neck. The anatomy and consistency of the normal and diseased pancreas are discussed.", "PMID": 693869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9677", "title": "Use of ultrasonography in planning intracavitary radiotherapy of endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "A diagnostic ultrasound examination is a simple and reliable method of obtaining anatomical information for intracavitary irradiation of endometrial carcinoma of the uterus. Scanning before treatment to determine uterine size and shape assists in choosing the most appropriate applicator. Scanning after insertion of an afterloading applicator facilitates calculation of radiation doses at critical points within and on the surface of the uterus. Poor applicator position can also be detected. Diagnostic ultrasound examinations should be adopted as a routine procedure in establishing intracavitary irradiation programs for adenocarcinoma of the uterine fundus.", "contents": "Use of ultrasonography in planning intracavitary radiotherapy of endometrial carcinoma. A diagnostic ultrasound examination is a simple and reliable method of obtaining anatomical information for intracavitary irradiation of endometrial carcinoma of the uterus. Scanning before treatment to determine uterine size and shape assists in choosing the most appropriate applicator. Scanning after insertion of an afterloading applicator facilitates calculation of radiation doses at critical points within and on the surface of the uterus. Poor applicator position can also be detected. Diagnostic ultrasound examinations should be adopted as a routine procedure in establishing intracavitary irradiation programs for adenocarcinoma of the uterine fundus.", "PMID": 693870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9678", "title": "Expectation of aplastic anemia following radiotherapy for malignancy.", "content": "In Japan after 1969, 11 cases of aplastic anemia following radiotherapy for malignant disease were detected. The population at risk in irradiated patients was estimated at 674, 664 man-years. The expected cases of aplastic anemia in this population were calculated as 10.1. There is no statistically significant difference between the expected and the observed values.", "contents": "Expectation of aplastic anemia following radiotherapy for malignancy. In Japan after 1969, 11 cases of aplastic anemia following radiotherapy for malignant disease were detected. The population at risk in irradiated patients was estimated at 674, 664 man-years. The expected cases of aplastic anemia in this population were calculated as 10.1. There is no statistically significant difference between the expected and the observed values.", "PMID": 693871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9679", "title": "Application of radiographic magnification technique with an ultra-high-speed rare-earth screen/film system to oral cholecystography.", "content": "2X magnification employing a 200-mu focal spot and an Alpha 8-XM screen/film system was applied to oral cholecystography and the results compared with those for the conventional contact technique with the Par-RP system. The basic imaging properties of the system, as well as phantom studies, indicated that the image quality obtained with magnification is comparable to or better than that for the conventional technique. In clinical studies on the detection of gallstones, the conventional technique revealed 5 true-positive and 17 true-negative cases and 1 false-positive and 2 false-negative cases, while the magnification technique provided 7 true-positive and 18 true-negative cases but no false cases. With the magnification technique the skin dose was reduced to approximately half that for the conventional contact technique.", "contents": "Application of radiographic magnification technique with an ultra-high-speed rare-earth screen/film system to oral cholecystography. 2X magnification employing a 200-mu focal spot and an Alpha 8-XM screen/film system was applied to oral cholecystography and the results compared with those for the conventional contact technique with the Par-RP system. The basic imaging properties of the system, as well as phantom studies, indicated that the image quality obtained with magnification is comparable to or better than that for the conventional technique. In clinical studies on the detection of gallstones, the conventional technique revealed 5 true-positive and 17 true-negative cases and 1 false-positive and 2 false-negative cases, while the magnification technique provided 7 true-positive and 18 true-negative cases but no false cases. With the magnification technique the skin dose was reduced to approximately half that for the conventional contact technique.", "PMID": 693872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9680", "title": "Evaluation of mammographic screen-film systems.", "content": "Four screen-film systems were evaluated for their imaging properties in mammography, Modulation-transfer functions were measured at 40 kVp. Absolute screen-film sensitivities in mR and entrance exposures were measured with tungsten and molybdenum target tubes. Five radiologists viewed radiographs of a phantom containing microgranules of SiC ranging in diameter from 590 to 120 micrometer. The Rarex-B screen--composed of yttrium oxysulfide--performed best, allowing phantom radiographs at 185 mR with image quality sufficient to demonstrate microgranules greater than 330 micrometer in dimension.", "contents": "Evaluation of mammographic screen-film systems. Four screen-film systems were evaluated for their imaging properties in mammography, Modulation-transfer functions were measured at 40 kVp. Absolute screen-film sensitivities in mR and entrance exposures were measured with tungsten and molybdenum target tubes. Five radiologists viewed radiographs of a phantom containing microgranules of SiC ranging in diameter from 590 to 120 micrometer. The Rarex-B screen--composed of yttrium oxysulfide--performed best, allowing phantom radiographs at 185 mR with image quality sufficient to demonstrate microgranules greater than 330 micrometer in dimension.", "PMID": 693873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9681", "title": "Hyperthermia and low dose-rate irradiation.", "content": "Hyperthermia combined with 60Co gamma irradiation was studied using V79 hamster cells cultured in vitro. Modest hyperthermia (41 degrees C for 6 hrs.) enhanced the cell killing produced by acute exposure to radiation. The same treatment enhanced the effect of low dose-rate irradiation (200 rads/hr.) even more. The sequence in which modest hyperthermia was combined with low dose-rate irradiation was important. Maximal enhancement was observed when hyperthermia was followed by irradiations. The probable explanation is that, by damaging the repair system, prior heat renders the cells unable to repair sublethal damage during subsequent low dose-rate irradiation.", "contents": "Hyperthermia and low dose-rate irradiation. Hyperthermia combined with 60Co gamma irradiation was studied using V79 hamster cells cultured in vitro. Modest hyperthermia (41 degrees C for 6 hrs.) enhanced the cell killing produced by acute exposure to radiation. The same treatment enhanced the effect of low dose-rate irradiation (200 rads/hr.) even more. The sequence in which modest hyperthermia was combined with low dose-rate irradiation was important. Maximal enhancement was observed when hyperthermia was followed by irradiations. The probable explanation is that, by damaging the repair system, prior heat renders the cells unable to repair sublethal damage during subsequent low dose-rate irradiation.", "PMID": 693874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9682", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of contrast media and triiodobenzoic acid derivatives in human lymphocytes.", "content": "Micronuclei counts in blood samples from 9 patients before and after angiocardiography have confirmed previous results suggesting the diatrizoate contrast medium was largely responsible for the observed cytogenetic damage. To discover the agents in the medium causing the cytogenetic damage, we exposed human lymphocyte cultures to diatrizoate and to the monoamino- and diamino-derivatives of triiodobenzoic acid. The results show the amino-derivatives are capable of inhibiting mitosis and inducing micronuclei and chromosome aberrations at lower concentrations than diatrizoate.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of contrast media and triiodobenzoic acid derivatives in human lymphocytes. Micronuclei counts in blood samples from 9 patients before and after angiocardiography have confirmed previous results suggesting the diatrizoate contrast medium was largely responsible for the observed cytogenetic damage. To discover the agents in the medium causing the cytogenetic damage, we exposed human lymphocyte cultures to diatrizoate and to the monoamino- and diamino-derivatives of triiodobenzoic acid. The results show the amino-derivatives are capable of inhibiting mitosis and inducing micronuclei and chromosome aberrations at lower concentrations than diatrizoate.", "PMID": 693875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9683", "title": "Dietary enhancement of intestinal radioresistance during fractionated irradiation.", "content": "Rats fed laboratory chow or elemental diet 3 were given fractions of 240 rads of 60Co gamma-radiation abdominally (1200 rads/week) until all animals had died. Changes in appetite, body weight, and mortality were monitored as a function of the cumulative dose received. More radiation was needed in the diet-fed group to achieve both 0 and 100% mortality, a difference of 37% at the mean lethal dose level. Both groups developed similar progressive anorexia but the diet-fed animals lost weight more slowly. Data indicate that basic intestinal radio-resistance is enhanced by feeding the elemental diet.", "contents": "Dietary enhancement of intestinal radioresistance during fractionated irradiation. Rats fed laboratory chow or elemental diet 3 were given fractions of 240 rads of 60Co gamma-radiation abdominally (1200 rads/week) until all animals had died. Changes in appetite, body weight, and mortality were monitored as a function of the cumulative dose received. More radiation was needed in the diet-fed group to achieve both 0 and 100% mortality, a difference of 37% at the mean lethal dose level. Both groups developed similar progressive anorexia but the diet-fed animals lost weight more slowly. Data indicate that basic intestinal radio-resistance is enhanced by feeding the elemental diet.", "PMID": 693876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9684", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis of potentially precancerous breast lesions by computed tomography breast scanner: preliminary study.", "content": "Eighteen cases of severe atypical epithelial hyperplasia of the breast were detected preoperatively by computed tomography breast scanner (CT/M) with contrast enhancement. The CT number before enhancement ranged from -17 to +31 and increased to 26 to 42 after enhancement (5.2-8.4% increase in attentuation). These data suggest that CT/M can differentiate these potentially precancerous lesions from benign fibrocystic disease.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis of potentially precancerous breast lesions by computed tomography breast scanner: preliminary study. Eighteen cases of severe atypical epithelial hyperplasia of the breast were detected preoperatively by computed tomography breast scanner (CT/M) with contrast enhancement. The CT number before enhancement ranged from -17 to +31 and increased to 26 to 42 after enhancement (5.2-8.4% increase in attentuation). These data suggest that CT/M can differentiate these potentially precancerous lesions from benign fibrocystic disease.", "PMID": 693877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9685", "title": "Clinical use of transcatheter electrocoagulation.", "content": "Transcatheter electrocoagulation is an effective method of experimental vessel occlusion even in the presence of thrombocytopenia and heparinization. This technique was used to occlude 13 arteries in 3 patients. In vitro testing suggests that intra-arterial bipolar platinum electrodes may achieve the therapeutic objectives more rapidly and with less risk, but more investigative work is required.", "contents": "Clinical use of transcatheter electrocoagulation. Transcatheter electrocoagulation is an effective method of experimental vessel occlusion even in the presence of thrombocytopenia and heparinization. This technique was used to occlude 13 arteries in 3 patients. In vitro testing suggests that intra-arterial bipolar platinum electrodes may achieve the therapeutic objectives more rapidly and with less risk, but more investigative work is required.", "PMID": 693879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9686", "title": "Contrast agents lower ventricular fibrillation threshold.", "content": "Ventricular fibrillation thresholds were measured in anesthetized, closed-chest dogs during the injection of Renografin 76 or Conray 400 into the left coronary artery. Both agents significantly lowered fibrillation threshold--Renografin to 58 +/- 7%; Conray to 20 +/- 5% of control, respectively. The experimental method estimates fibrillatory potential of contrast media more precisely than previous methods. The initial results parallel relative toxicities observed in clinical usage.", "contents": "Contrast agents lower ventricular fibrillation threshold. Ventricular fibrillation thresholds were measured in anesthetized, closed-chest dogs during the injection of Renografin 76 or Conray 400 into the left coronary artery. Both agents significantly lowered fibrillation threshold--Renografin to 58 +/- 7%; Conray to 20 +/- 5% of control, respectively. The experimental method estimates fibrillatory potential of contrast media more precisely than previous methods. The initial results parallel relative toxicities observed in clinical usage.", "PMID": 693880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9687", "title": "Imaging of canine tumors with 11C-methylputrescine.", "content": "The polyamines--putrescine, spermidine and spermine--are present in elevated concentrations in rapidly growing cell lines and in several neoplasms. Five dogs with benign or malignant tumors and one normal dog were imaged with a rectilinear scanner following I.V. administration of 2--8 mCi 11C-methylputrescine. High concentrations of 11C-methylputrescine were found in the liver, and in the kidneys and urine in the dogs with good renal function. Concentrations were higher in tumors than in skeletal muscle, blood or lung. The tumor/blood ratio varied from 2--21; tumors were demonstrated by imaging in four dogs in which the ratio exceeded 4.0. 11C-methylputrescine is a possible tumor imaging agent.", "contents": "Imaging of canine tumors with 11C-methylputrescine. The polyamines--putrescine, spermidine and spermine--are present in elevated concentrations in rapidly growing cell lines and in several neoplasms. Five dogs with benign or malignant tumors and one normal dog were imaged with a rectilinear scanner following I.V. administration of 2--8 mCi 11C-methylputrescine. High concentrations of 11C-methylputrescine were found in the liver, and in the kidneys and urine in the dogs with good renal function. Concentrations were higher in tumors than in skeletal muscle, blood or lung. The tumor/blood ratio varied from 2--21; tumors were demonstrated by imaging in four dogs in which the ratio exceeded 4.0. 11C-methylputrescine is a possible tumor imaging agent.", "PMID": 693881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9688", "title": "Multiple adjuvant therapy on a murine fibrosarcoma: actinomycin-D, X-irradiation and local tumor hyperthermia.", "content": "The tumoricidal activities of single dose x-irradiation (RAD) and concomitant Actinomycin D (AMD) with or without local tumor hyperthermia (LTH) on an in vivo Methylcholanthreme-induced fibrosarcoma (Meth-A) are described. The addition of LTH enhanced the actions of AMD, RAD and AMD + RAD; the trimodality treatment was most effective. Based on delay of tumor growth, the radiation dose reduction factors for AMD + RAD + LTH compared to RAD; AMD + RAD + LTH, were approximately 2.8, 2.1, and 1.8, respectively. The shape of the curves suggests a further decrease in the ability of the tumor cell to repair sublethal damage with AMD + RAD + LTH. The clinical relevance is not determined.", "contents": "Multiple adjuvant therapy on a murine fibrosarcoma: actinomycin-D, X-irradiation and local tumor hyperthermia. The tumoricidal activities of single dose x-irradiation (RAD) and concomitant Actinomycin D (AMD) with or without local tumor hyperthermia (LTH) on an in vivo Methylcholanthreme-induced fibrosarcoma (Meth-A) are described. The addition of LTH enhanced the actions of AMD, RAD and AMD + RAD; the trimodality treatment was most effective. Based on delay of tumor growth, the radiation dose reduction factors for AMD + RAD + LTH compared to RAD; AMD + RAD + LTH, were approximately 2.8, 2.1, and 1.8, respectively. The shape of the curves suggests a further decrease in the ability of the tumor cell to repair sublethal damage with AMD + RAD + LTH. The clinical relevance is not determined.", "PMID": 693882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9689", "title": "137Cs afterloading intrauterine packing for stage I and stage II adenocarcinoma of the endometrium.", "content": "Eleven patients with Stage I or Stage II adenocarcinoma of the endometrium were treated with 137Cs afterloading intrauterine packing. Treatment results and complications were similar to those obtained with radium afterloading tandems and colpostats (20 patients) and Heyman packing (2 patients). 137Cs is preferable in patients with roomy or irregular intrauterine cavities and also offers reduced radiation exposure to personnel.", "contents": "137Cs afterloading intrauterine packing for stage I and stage II adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Eleven patients with Stage I or Stage II adenocarcinoma of the endometrium were treated with 137Cs afterloading intrauterine packing. Treatment results and complications were similar to those obtained with radium afterloading tandems and colpostats (20 patients) and Heyman packing (2 patients). 137Cs is preferable in patients with roomy or irregular intrauterine cavities and also offers reduced radiation exposure to personnel.", "PMID": 693883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9690", "title": "The intravertebral vacuum cleft: a sign of ischemic vertebral collapse.", "content": "A gas-density cleft within a transverse separation of the vertebral body, appearing in extension and disappearing in flexion, was observed in 10 cases of vertebral collapse at the thoraco-lumbar junction. The patients were 55 to 83 years old (mean, 68) and 7 of them were on chronic corticosteroid therapy. Such an intravertebral cleft has not been found by the authors in vertebral collapse of tumoral, inflammatory, or traumatic origin and is thought to represent ischemic vertebral fracture. This sign could be helpful in the differential diagnosis of vertebral collapse in elderly patients.", "contents": "The intravertebral vacuum cleft: a sign of ischemic vertebral collapse. A gas-density cleft within a transverse separation of the vertebral body, appearing in extension and disappearing in flexion, was observed in 10 cases of vertebral collapse at the thoraco-lumbar junction. The patients were 55 to 83 years old (mean, 68) and 7 of them were on chronic corticosteroid therapy. Such an intravertebral cleft has not been found by the authors in vertebral collapse of tumoral, inflammatory, or traumatic origin and is thought to represent ischemic vertebral fracture. This sign could be helpful in the differential diagnosis of vertebral collapse in elderly patients.", "PMID": 693884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9691", "title": "Medical malpractice insurance. Part II. Some proposed solutions.", "content": "Organized groups of physicians should be considered potential initiators of any concerted effort to solve the medical malpractice problem. This may occur by a number of means, among them (a) establishment of malpractice review panels, (b) a patient's compensation board, (c) no-fault malpractice insurance, (d) substitution of claims-made insurance policies for the present-occurrence system now in use, and (e) malpractice insurance funds supported by insurance premiums and administered by panels composed in part of insured physicians. Cooperation between the insurance industry and the legal and medical professions might make it unnecessary for external agencies to impose regulations and policies at some future date.", "contents": "Medical malpractice insurance. Part II. Some proposed solutions. Organized groups of physicians should be considered potential initiators of any concerted effort to solve the medical malpractice problem. This may occur by a number of means, among them (a) establishment of malpractice review panels, (b) a patient's compensation board, (c) no-fault malpractice insurance, (d) substitution of claims-made insurance policies for the present-occurrence system now in use, and (e) malpractice insurance funds supported by insurance premiums and administered by panels composed in part of insured physicians. Cooperation between the insurance industry and the legal and medical professions might make it unnecessary for external agencies to impose regulations and policies at some future date.", "PMID": 693891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9692", "title": "Hand changes in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "The radiographic findings in the hands of 13 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis are described. Erosive arthritis was present in 12 of the 13 cases. Seven patients hand osteopenia due to hepatic osteodystrophy. Intraosseous lytic defects were present in 3 cases. Chondrocalcinosis, a previously unreported finding, was seen in 2 patients, and one exhibited hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. The significance of these radiographic findings is discussed.", "contents": "Hand changes in primary biliary cirrhosis. The radiographic findings in the hands of 13 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis are described. Erosive arthritis was present in 12 of the 13 cases. Seven patients hand osteopenia due to hepatic osteodystrophy. Intraosseous lytic defects were present in 3 cases. Chondrocalcinosis, a previously unreported finding, was seen in 2 patients, and one exhibited hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. The significance of these radiographic findings is discussed.", "PMID": 693893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9693", "title": "Chemical pneumonitis after the intravenous injection of hydrocarbon.", "content": "A case reported in which a man intravenously injected himself with a hydrocarbon insecticide. The radiographic findings and clinical course were typical for hydrocarbon pneumonia. Symptoms developed almost immediately and radiographic findings cleared within 72 hours. Because the hydrocarbon was introduced intravenously, the role of aspiration in the development of hydrocarbon pneumonitis is obviated.", "contents": "Chemical pneumonitis after the intravenous injection of hydrocarbon. A case reported in which a man intravenously injected himself with a hydrocarbon insecticide. The radiographic findings and clinical course were typical for hydrocarbon pneumonia. Symptoms developed almost immediately and radiographic findings cleared within 72 hours. Because the hydrocarbon was introduced intravenously, the role of aspiration in the development of hydrocarbon pneumonitis is obviated.", "PMID": 693894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9694", "title": "Radiographic characteristics of male breast cancer.", "content": "The authors studied 171 male breast tumors (20 cancers and 151 benign lesions) from 1969 to 1977. A proposed symptomatic triad can lead to an early radiological diagnosis of male breast cancer, even without evidence of advanced disease: small mass, well defined contours, and eccentric location in relation to the nipple.", "contents": "Radiographic characteristics of male breast cancer. The authors studied 171 male breast tumors (20 cancers and 151 benign lesions) from 1969 to 1977. A proposed symptomatic triad can lead to an early radiological diagnosis of male breast cancer, even without evidence of advanced disease: small mass, well defined contours, and eccentric location in relation to the nipple.", "PMID": 693895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9695", "title": "Thickness of the descending aortic wall: an unreliable angiographic sign for dissecting aneurysms.", "content": "A large fusiform atherosclerotic aneurysm of the aorta with a long, thick, laminated, calcified thrombus mimicked the angiographic appearance of a dissection of the descending aorta with a 20-mm wide thrombosed false channel. Therefore, an increase in the width of the aortic wall exceeding 10 mm may not be a uniformly reliable sign for dissecting aneurysms of the descending aorta.", "contents": "Thickness of the descending aortic wall: an unreliable angiographic sign for dissecting aneurysms. A large fusiform atherosclerotic aneurysm of the aorta with a long, thick, laminated, calcified thrombus mimicked the angiographic appearance of a dissection of the descending aorta with a 20-mm wide thrombosed false channel. Therefore, an increase in the width of the aortic wall exceeding 10 mm may not be a uniformly reliable sign for dissecting aneurysms of the descending aorta.", "PMID": 693896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9696", "title": "Experimental internal iliac artery embolization: evaluation of low viscosity silicone rubber, isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate, and carbon microspheres.", "content": "The angiographic, morphologic, and histologic effects of carbon microspheres, isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (IBC), and low viscosity silicone rubber (LVSR) were compared. Carbon spheres did not effectively occlude the internal iliac artery, but resulted in small vessel occlusions leading to the most frequent complications. IBC was effective in causing occlusion but resulted in significant inflammatory changes within the thrombus and vessel wall. LVSR gave satisfactory occlusion without inciting vessel wass inflammatory reaction. Two of 4 animals developed a hind extremity paralysis. None of these materials is approved for general intravascular usage.", "contents": "Experimental internal iliac artery embolization: evaluation of low viscosity silicone rubber, isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate, and carbon microspheres. The angiographic, morphologic, and histologic effects of carbon microspheres, isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (IBC), and low viscosity silicone rubber (LVSR) were compared. Carbon spheres did not effectively occlude the internal iliac artery, but resulted in small vessel occlusions leading to the most frequent complications. IBC was effective in causing occlusion but resulted in significant inflammatory changes within the thrombus and vessel wall. LVSR gave satisfactory occlusion without inciting vessel wass inflammatory reaction. Two of 4 animals developed a hind extremity paralysis. None of these materials is approved for general intravascular usage.", "PMID": 693897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9697", "title": "Transhepatic dilatation of choledochoenterostomy strictures.", "content": "During the last seven years percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (THD) was used in 13 patients to relieve obstructive jaundice caused by postsurgical stricture. Nine patients had internal drainage with dilatation, and external drainage alone was feasible or available in 4 patients. Of these 4, 2 had further reconstructive surgery without lasting results, jaundice was not completely relieved in 1 because of biliary cirrhosis, and 1 died in hepatic coma from sclerosing cholangitis. Eight patients treated with internal drainage and dilatation became asymptomatic with normal serum bilirubin values; the ninth patient, with biliary cirrhosis and portal hypertension, improved only moderately.", "contents": "Transhepatic dilatation of choledochoenterostomy strictures. During the last seven years percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (THD) was used in 13 patients to relieve obstructive jaundice caused by postsurgical stricture. Nine patients had internal drainage with dilatation, and external drainage alone was feasible or available in 4 patients. Of these 4, 2 had further reconstructive surgery without lasting results, jaundice was not completely relieved in 1 because of biliary cirrhosis, and 1 died in hepatic coma from sclerosing cholangitis. Eight patients treated with internal drainage and dilatation became asymptomatic with normal serum bilirubin values; the ninth patient, with biliary cirrhosis and portal hypertension, improved only moderately.", "PMID": 693898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9698", "title": "Computed tomographic brain scanning in patients with lymphoma.", "content": "A retrospective study of 118 lymphoma patients revealed the computed tomographic brain scan to be sensitive to involvement of the orbit and the brain parenchyma by lymphoma. Brain parenchymal lymphoma was seen only in diffuse histiocytic lymphoma; dural infiltration was less readily detected. Leptomeningeal lymphoma could not be directly demonstrated by the CT scan, even with the use of intravenous contrast medium. Serial CT scans contributed to patient care by differentiating the sometimes confusing nonlymphomatous brain lesions.", "contents": "Computed tomographic brain scanning in patients with lymphoma. A retrospective study of 118 lymphoma patients revealed the computed tomographic brain scan to be sensitive to involvement of the orbit and the brain parenchyma by lymphoma. Brain parenchymal lymphoma was seen only in diffuse histiocytic lymphoma; dural infiltration was less readily detected. Leptomeningeal lymphoma could not be directly demonstrated by the CT scan, even with the use of intravenous contrast medium. Serial CT scans contributed to patient care by differentiating the sometimes confusing nonlymphomatous brain lesions.", "PMID": 693900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9699", "title": "Chest film detection of coronary artery calcification. The value of the CAC triangle.", "content": "Eighty-six adult patients were studied by PA chest film and fluoroscopy for coronary artery calcification (CAC). A triangular area (CAC triangle) along the left mid-heart border of the PA chest film was used in identifying CAC. Of 57 patients, 24 (42%) with CAC observed fluoroscopically had a strongly suspected or positive CAC triangle. The CAC triangle in the PA chest film has proved useful in identifying coronary artery calcification on the plain film.", "contents": "Chest film detection of coronary artery calcification. The value of the CAC triangle. Eighty-six adult patients were studied by PA chest film and fluoroscopy for coronary artery calcification (CAC). A triangular area (CAC triangle) along the left mid-heart border of the PA chest film was used in identifying CAC. Of 57 patients, 24 (42%) with CAC observed fluoroscopically had a strongly suspected or positive CAC triangle. The CAC triangle in the PA chest film has proved useful in identifying coronary artery calcification on the plain film.", "PMID": 693901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9700", "title": "Computed tomography of intraorbital optic nerve gliomas in children.", "content": "Optic nerve gliomas were diagnosed with computed tomography (CT) in 10 children. CT: (A) provides the best radiographic means of demonstrating the orbital portion of the optic nerves; (b) can evaluate the clinically unsuspected optic nerve for bilateral gliomas; (c) demonstrates gross intracranial involvement; and (d) can be used to follow the course of a glioma. Gliomas can present on CT as (a) a uniform thickening of the entire nerve; (b) a solitary fusiform enlargement of the nerve; or (c) an irregular solid thickening along the nerve. The authors routinely use axial CT of optic nerves as the primary diagnostic scan.", "contents": "Computed tomography of intraorbital optic nerve gliomas in children. Optic nerve gliomas were diagnosed with computed tomography (CT) in 10 children. CT: (A) provides the best radiographic means of demonstrating the orbital portion of the optic nerves; (b) can evaluate the clinically unsuspected optic nerve for bilateral gliomas; (c) demonstrates gross intracranial involvement; and (d) can be used to follow the course of a glioma. Gliomas can present on CT as (a) a uniform thickening of the entire nerve; (b) a solitary fusiform enlargement of the nerve; or (c) an irregular solid thickening along the nerve. The authors routinely use axial CT of optic nerves as the primary diagnostic scan.", "PMID": 693902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9701", "title": "Direct sagittal computed tomographic scans of the face and paranasal sinuses.", "content": "Sagittal CT scans regenerated from the axial scan data have utilized multiple thin overlapping cuts to reduce noise level. Even with this technique, computer rearranged scans provide less than optimal delineation of the intracranial and facial structures. The authors obtained direct sagittal scans of the head using a special accessory table adapted for use in wide aperture whole body scanners. These positional or true sagittal scans have spatial and density resolution nearly equal to that achieved in the standard axial plane. The table configuration is described. Normal sagittal CT anatomy of the face is compared to gross anatomical sections, specimen radiographs, and plain film tomograms.", "contents": "Direct sagittal computed tomographic scans of the face and paranasal sinuses. Sagittal CT scans regenerated from the axial scan data have utilized multiple thin overlapping cuts to reduce noise level. Even with this technique, computer rearranged scans provide less than optimal delineation of the intracranial and facial structures. The authors obtained direct sagittal scans of the head using a special accessory table adapted for use in wide aperture whole body scanners. These positional or true sagittal scans have spatial and density resolution nearly equal to that achieved in the standard axial plane. The table configuration is described. Normal sagittal CT anatomy of the face is compared to gross anatomical sections, specimen radiographs, and plain film tomograms.", "PMID": 693904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9702", "title": "Comparison of computed tomography, ultrasonography, and gallium-67 scanning in the evaluation of suspected abdominal abscess.", "content": "A retrospective study was made of 29 consecutive patients who were evaluated for suspected abdominal abscess by at least two of three imaging modalities: gallium-67 scanning, ultrasonography, and computed tomography. No statistically significant difference in accuracy of the findings could be demonstrated. Consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of each imaging modality will often indicate which to use in an individual case. Findings from the three imaging techniques sometimes provided complementary rather than identical information.", "contents": "Comparison of computed tomography, ultrasonography, and gallium-67 scanning in the evaluation of suspected abdominal abscess. A retrospective study was made of 29 consecutive patients who were evaluated for suspected abdominal abscess by at least two of three imaging modalities: gallium-67 scanning, ultrasonography, and computed tomography. No statistically significant difference in accuracy of the findings could be demonstrated. Consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of each imaging modality will often indicate which to use in an individual case. Findings from the three imaging techniques sometimes provided complementary rather than identical information.", "PMID": 693905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9703", "title": "Progesterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone and PGF; interrelated hormonal changes during pseudo-pregnancy in the rat.", "content": "Ovarian and uterine tissue concentrations of progesterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20alphaOHP) and prostaglandin F (PGF) were measured during hormonally-induced pseudopregnancy, as were plasma levels of progesterone and 20alphaOHP, in hysterectomised and sham-operated rats. Elevated levels of PGF in uterine and ovarian tissues were coincident with declining concentrations of progesterone and increasing concentrations of 20alphaOHP in the sham-operated rats. Maximum PGF concentrations were apparent in uterine tissue 14 days after hCG injection, coincident with the plasma, ovarian and uterine nadir concentrations of progesterone. A small but statistically significant increase in ovarian PGF was apparent at this time in sham-operated rats. This elevation of ovarian PGF was abolished by hysterectomy.", "contents": "Progesterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone and PGF; interrelated hormonal changes during pseudo-pregnancy in the rat. Ovarian and uterine tissue concentrations of progesterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20alphaOHP) and prostaglandin F (PGF) were measured during hormonally-induced pseudopregnancy, as were plasma levels of progesterone and 20alphaOHP, in hysterectomised and sham-operated rats. Elevated levels of PGF in uterine and ovarian tissues were coincident with declining concentrations of progesterone and increasing concentrations of 20alphaOHP in the sham-operated rats. Maximum PGF concentrations were apparent in uterine tissue 14 days after hCG injection, coincident with the plasma, ovarian and uterine nadir concentrations of progesterone. A small but statistically significant increase in ovarian PGF was apparent at this time in sham-operated rats. This elevation of ovarian PGF was abolished by hysterectomy.", "PMID": 693916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9704", "title": "Effect of meclofenamate on renal vascular resistance in early Goldblatt hypertension in conscious and anesthetized dog.", "content": "Blood pressure and renal blood flow were monitored in conscious normotensive (N) and 2-kidney Goldblatt hypertensive (H) dogs. Plasma renin activity was signficantly increased 4--8 days after partial renal artery occlusion. At this time intravenous administration of meclofenamate, 5 mg/kg, had no effect on blood pressure in the N or H or on renal vascular resistance in the N or in the H (contralateral kidney). The renal vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin II was increased in duration by meclofenamate in both the N and H. In contrast to the absence of an effect of meclofenamate on renal vascular resistance in the conscious dog, the synthesis inhibitor caused a consistent increase in RVR in the N and H when they were anesthetized in the terminal experiment. These results suggest the lack of an influence of prostaglandins on renal vascular resistance in the unaffected kidney in Goldblatt hypertension.", "contents": "Effect of meclofenamate on renal vascular resistance in early Goldblatt hypertension in conscious and anesthetized dog. Blood pressure and renal blood flow were monitored in conscious normotensive (N) and 2-kidney Goldblatt hypertensive (H) dogs. Plasma renin activity was signficantly increased 4--8 days after partial renal artery occlusion. At this time intravenous administration of meclofenamate, 5 mg/kg, had no effect on blood pressure in the N or H or on renal vascular resistance in the N or in the H (contralateral kidney). The renal vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin II was increased in duration by meclofenamate in both the N and H. In contrast to the absence of an effect of meclofenamate on renal vascular resistance in the conscious dog, the synthesis inhibitor caused a consistent increase in RVR in the N and H when they were anesthetized in the terminal experiment. These results suggest the lack of an influence of prostaglandins on renal vascular resistance in the unaffected kidney in Goldblatt hypertension.", "PMID": 693917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9705", "title": "Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of PGE1, E2 and F2alpha on electrically induced convulsions in mice.", "content": "Intracerebroventricular administration of prostaglandins E1 or E2 was shown to block, while PGF2alpha increased the incidence of tonic convulsion due to electroshock in mice. The Prostaglandins were administered intracerebroventicularly (i.c.v.) to conscious mice by a modification of Haley and McCormick's method (1) prior to a transcorneal maximal electroshock (MES) or a transcorneal supra-maximal electroshock (SMES). PGE1 and PGE2 i.c.v. blocked the tonic hindlimb extension (THE) and protected the animals from death induced by MES with ED50's for PGE1 and PGE2 for inhibition of the THE of 6.6 (4.3--12.0) microgram/mouse i.c.v. and 13.3 (8.9--22.4) microgram/mouse i.c.v. respectively. When PGE2 was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) in doses as high as 4.0 mg/kg it did not block the THE. However, the duration of the THE as well as the mortality were reduced by doses of 0.5--4.0 mg/kg PGE2 i.p.. Both PGE1 and PGE2 were shown to cause a dose related significant (p less than .001) decrease in the duration of the THE with SMES in doses of 1--10 microgram/mouse i.c.v. for PGE1 and 2--40 microgram/mouse i.c.v. for PGE2. PGF2alpha, administered i.c.v. prior to a transcorneal electroshock equivalent to a current at the ED1 level, increased the incidence of the THE as well as the mortality in doses of 20--50 microgram/mouse.", "contents": "Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of PGE1, E2 and F2alpha on electrically induced convulsions in mice. Intracerebroventricular administration of prostaglandins E1 or E2 was shown to block, while PGF2alpha increased the incidence of tonic convulsion due to electroshock in mice. The Prostaglandins were administered intracerebroventicularly (i.c.v.) to conscious mice by a modification of Haley and McCormick's method (1) prior to a transcorneal maximal electroshock (MES) or a transcorneal supra-maximal electroshock (SMES). PGE1 and PGE2 i.c.v. blocked the tonic hindlimb extension (THE) and protected the animals from death induced by MES with ED50's for PGE1 and PGE2 for inhibition of the THE of 6.6 (4.3--12.0) microgram/mouse i.c.v. and 13.3 (8.9--22.4) microgram/mouse i.c.v. respectively. When PGE2 was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) in doses as high as 4.0 mg/kg it did not block the THE. However, the duration of the THE as well as the mortality were reduced by doses of 0.5--4.0 mg/kg PGE2 i.p.. Both PGE1 and PGE2 were shown to cause a dose related significant (p less than .001) decrease in the duration of the THE with SMES in doses of 1--10 microgram/mouse i.c.v. for PGE1 and 2--40 microgram/mouse i.c.v. for PGE2. PGF2alpha, administered i.c.v. prior to a transcorneal electroshock equivalent to a current at the ED1 level, increased the incidence of the THE as well as the mortality in doses of 20--50 microgram/mouse.", "PMID": 693918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9706", "title": "Prostaglandin D2, another renal prostaglandin?", "content": "Prostaglandin (PG) D2 was biosynthesized by rabbit renal papillae incubates in vitro. Quantification of the renal prostaglandins by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy demonstrated that the concentration of PGD2 generated by renal papillae was 1/6 to 1/10 the amount of PGE2 or about 1microgram/g tissue/30 min. Infusion of the sodium salt of PGD2 into the renal artery of the dog produced a dose related increase in renal blood flow and urine flow, free water clearance, sodium excretion and potassium excretion without changes in systemic hemodynamics. At low doses PGD2 increased renal blood flow to all cortical zones. Higher concentrations of PGD2 produced a shift in the intrarenal distribution of blood flow toward the juxtamedullary nephrons.", "contents": "Prostaglandin D2, another renal prostaglandin? Prostaglandin (PG) D2 was biosynthesized by rabbit renal papillae incubates in vitro. Quantification of the renal prostaglandins by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy demonstrated that the concentration of PGD2 generated by renal papillae was 1/6 to 1/10 the amount of PGE2 or about 1microgram/g tissue/30 min. Infusion of the sodium salt of PGD2 into the renal artery of the dog produced a dose related increase in renal blood flow and urine flow, free water clearance, sodium excretion and potassium excretion without changes in systemic hemodynamics. At low doses PGD2 increased renal blood flow to all cortical zones. Higher concentrations of PGD2 produced a shift in the intrarenal distribution of blood flow toward the juxtamedullary nephrons.", "PMID": 693919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9707", "title": "The effect of indomethacin on the biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandin F2alpha in man.", "content": "Healthy volunteers received 60 microgram of [8,10,10(-2)H3] PGF2alpha by intravenous infusion both before and during a course of treatment with indomethacin (200 mg/day). Excretion of deuterated 5alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-11-ketotetranor-prostane-1, 16-dioic acid in urine was quantified by GC-MS using a reverse stable isotope dilution procedure. Indomethacin was found to have no detectable effect on the metabolism of the labelled PGF2alpha whereas output of the endogenous metabolite was markedly reduced by the effect of the drug on prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin on the biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandin F2alpha in man. Healthy volunteers received 60 microgram of [8,10,10(-2)H3] PGF2alpha by intravenous infusion both before and during a course of treatment with indomethacin (200 mg/day). Excretion of deuterated 5alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-11-ketotetranor-prostane-1, 16-dioic acid in urine was quantified by GC-MS using a reverse stable isotope dilution procedure. Indomethacin was found to have no detectable effect on the metabolism of the labelled PGF2alpha whereas output of the endogenous metabolite was markedly reduced by the effect of the drug on prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 693920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9708", "title": "[Late results (10 years) after complete arterialization of the cirrhotic liver].", "content": "The authors present the results obtained after 10 years in two patients with hepatic cirrhosis in whom arterialization was carried out, of the liver, in association with a portocaval, or as an isolated intervention. These 2 cases represent the longest post-operative follow-ups of a group of 29 patients in whom hepatic arterilization was performed. The authors have used an original procedure of arterialization through the re-permeabilized ombilical vein. In the paper are given indications on the method on the basis of the experience acquired between 1965 and 1976.", "contents": "[Late results (10 years) after complete arterialization of the cirrhotic liver]. The authors present the results obtained after 10 years in two patients with hepatic cirrhosis in whom arterialization was carried out, of the liver, in association with a portocaval, or as an isolated intervention. These 2 cases represent the longest post-operative follow-ups of a group of 29 patients in whom hepatic arterilization was performed. The authors have used an original procedure of arterialization through the re-permeabilized ombilical vein. In the paper are given indications on the method on the basis of the experience acquired between 1965 and 1976.", "PMID": 694072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9709", "title": "[Ulcer on the presternal tube after esophagoplasty of the greater curvature of the stomach].", "content": "Two cases are discussed, of ulcerations that have developed on the pre-sternal tube following oesophagoplasty according to the D. Gavriliu procedure. In the first case the ulceration determined stenozing of the pre-sternal tube necessitating a by-pass at the lower end of the tube with iso-peristaltic transverse colon. In the second case an external fistula developed at the level of the ulceration. After excision and restoration of the tube continuity by suture two more ulcerative episodes were noted, that benefited from drug treatment and excision of the ulceration.", "contents": "[Ulcer on the presternal tube after esophagoplasty of the greater curvature of the stomach]. Two cases are discussed, of ulcerations that have developed on the pre-sternal tube following oesophagoplasty according to the D. Gavriliu procedure. In the first case the ulceration determined stenozing of the pre-sternal tube necessitating a by-pass at the lower end of the tube with iso-peristaltic transverse colon. In the second case an external fistula developed at the level of the ulceration. After excision and restoration of the tube continuity by suture two more ulcerative episodes were noted, that benefited from drug treatment and excision of the ulceration.", "PMID": 694073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9710", "title": "[Postoperative acute necrotizing enteritis].", "content": "The authors present a case of acute necrotizing enteritis, occuring after anexectomy and drainage that had been performed for ruptured pyosalpinx. There was difficulty in the macroscopic assessement of the lesions, and this made necessary resection of over 2 m of ileon. The diagnosis was established by histologic examination. Operatory recovery was obtained, in contrast with unfavourable results mentioned in the literature.", "contents": "[Postoperative acute necrotizing enteritis]. The authors present a case of acute necrotizing enteritis, occuring after anexectomy and drainage that had been performed for ruptured pyosalpinx. There was difficulty in the macroscopic assessement of the lesions, and this made necessary resection of over 2 m of ileon. The diagnosis was established by histologic examination. Operatory recovery was obtained, in contrast with unfavourable results mentioned in the literature.", "PMID": 694074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9711", "title": "[Surgical anatomy of the vagus nerve].", "content": "In the paper are reviewed the data from the literature and the personal observations of the authors which indicate that the vagus nerve trunks have a mixed fiber structure, different from that indicated by the classical descriptions of the vagus nerves. A series of details are presented, concerning the radius of distribution of vagal emanations in the sub-diaphragmatic territory. Special stress is laid on the innervation of the surgical aspects are mentioned, and of pathological physiology, with theoretical implications, as well of practical importance for troncular vagotomy.", "contents": "[Surgical anatomy of the vagus nerve]. In the paper are reviewed the data from the literature and the personal observations of the authors which indicate that the vagus nerve trunks have a mixed fiber structure, different from that indicated by the classical descriptions of the vagus nerves. A series of details are presented, concerning the radius of distribution of vagal emanations in the sub-diaphragmatic territory. Special stress is laid on the innervation of the surgical aspects are mentioned, and of pathological physiology, with theoretical implications, as well of practical importance for troncular vagotomy.", "PMID": 694077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9712", "title": "[Traumatic lesions of the stomach].", "content": "In 53 patients with traumatic lesions of the stomach hospitalized between 1967 and 1975 in the Emergency Hospital of Bucharest a death-rate of 17% was noted, determined by the complexity of visceral associated lesions. The etiology was the following: 34 wounds by knife, 3 due to ricocheted bolt and 16 by abdominal contusions. The authors stress the necessity for careful and accurate exploration of the abdominal cavity during surgery and the posterior aspect of the stomach should be visualized through the bursa omentalis. The technique should be individualized for each particular case.", "contents": "[Traumatic lesions of the stomach]. In 53 patients with traumatic lesions of the stomach hospitalized between 1967 and 1975 in the Emergency Hospital of Bucharest a death-rate of 17% was noted, determined by the complexity of visceral associated lesions. The etiology was the following: 34 wounds by knife, 3 due to ricocheted bolt and 16 by abdominal contusions. The authors stress the necessity for careful and accurate exploration of the abdominal cavity during surgery and the posterior aspect of the stomach should be visualized through the bursa omentalis. The technique should be individualized for each particular case.", "PMID": 694080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9713", "title": "[Role of the articular immobilization position in prevention of post-traumatic rigidity in humans].", "content": "The position in which the articulation is immobilized is in fact the pattern in which capsular fibrosis and of the connective tissue is settled. It will also determine the degree of remanent articular mobility. The author does not recommend immobilization in the so-called \"functional\" position since this does not prevent the developement of articular rigidity and is even responsible for their developement. In view of maintaining the articular function when the articulation itself is involved or when it is immobilized due to lesions in its vicinity, immobilization should be made in a position allowing for maximal elongation of the connective fibers in the area which depends from the vascular and nervous viewpoint from the traumatic lesion, or that which is involved by surgery, that is in positions which are quite different from those used at present.", "contents": "[Role of the articular immobilization position in prevention of post-traumatic rigidity in humans]. The position in which the articulation is immobilized is in fact the pattern in which capsular fibrosis and of the connective tissue is settled. It will also determine the degree of remanent articular mobility. The author does not recommend immobilization in the so-called \"functional\" position since this does not prevent the developement of articular rigidity and is even responsible for their developement. In view of maintaining the articular function when the articulation itself is involved or when it is immobilized due to lesions in its vicinity, immobilization should be made in a position allowing for maximal elongation of the connective fibers in the area which depends from the vascular and nervous viewpoint from the traumatic lesion, or that which is involved by surgery, that is in positions which are quite different from those used at present.", "PMID": 694082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9714", "title": "[Pott's puffy pseudotumor].", "content": "This exceptionally rare pseudotumor of the vessels of the cranium still generates diagnostic discussions and attempts at establishing therapeutic indications. The case presented here (the second one in the romanian medical literature) had forensic implications and necessitated careful appraisal of the relationship between aggression and previous lesions of the bone, that occured at the same time or that followed the trauma.", "contents": "[Pott's puffy pseudotumor]. This exceptionally rare pseudotumor of the vessels of the cranium still generates diagnostic discussions and attempts at establishing therapeutic indications. The case presented here (the second one in the romanian medical literature) had forensic implications and necessitated careful appraisal of the relationship between aggression and previous lesions of the bone, that occured at the same time or that followed the trauma.", "PMID": 694085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9715", "title": "[Postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis].", "content": "A statistic is discussed, concerning 88 cases of troncular vagotomies in which a total of 12 cases of reflux alcaline gastritis are mentioned. One of these necessitated a reintervention which is presented in detail. Reflux postoperative gastritis is a well defined entity in the group of disturbances occuring in patients with stomach surgical interventions. The cause is the bile reflux and that of alcaline duodenal fluids in the gastric stump. Short-circuiting of this reflux by a Roux-type anastomosis is the preferred procedure due to its simplicity and efficiency.", "contents": "[Postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis]. A statistic is discussed, concerning 88 cases of troncular vagotomies in which a total of 12 cases of reflux alcaline gastritis are mentioned. One of these necessitated a reintervention which is presented in detail. Reflux postoperative gastritis is a well defined entity in the group of disturbances occuring in patients with stomach surgical interventions. The cause is the bile reflux and that of alcaline duodenal fluids in the gastric stump. Short-circuiting of this reflux by a Roux-type anastomosis is the preferred procedure due to its simplicity and efficiency.", "PMID": 694084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9716", "title": "[Purification and properties of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Mytilus edulis L. gonads (author's transl)].", "content": "beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (beta-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase EC 3.2.1.30) from Mytilus edulis gonads and a homogenous protein was obtained from it by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and disc electrophoresis. The apparent molecular weight, determined by gel filtration was 140,000 +/- 5,000. Two subunits were identified. The molecular weights of both subunits calculated by disc-electrophoresis were 70,000 and 75,000 + 2,000. Maximal activity for pH was 4.2. At 50 degrees C the enzyme was still active; at 60 degrees C inactive. The values of the apparent Km's proved to be 0.57 mM and 0.076 mM for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminide as substrates. In the incubation of the enzyme with hyaluronic acid, chitin, deacetilated glycol-chitin and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid were not liberated. N-acetylgluconolactone and N-acetylgalactonolactone are competitive inhibitors for the enzyme.", "contents": "[Purification and properties of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Mytilus edulis L. gonads (author's transl)]. beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (beta-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase EC 3.2.1.30) from Mytilus edulis gonads and a homogenous protein was obtained from it by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and disc electrophoresis. The apparent molecular weight, determined by gel filtration was 140,000 +/- 5,000. Two subunits were identified. The molecular weights of both subunits calculated by disc-electrophoresis were 70,000 and 75,000 + 2,000. Maximal activity for pH was 4.2. At 50 degrees C the enzyme was still active; at 60 degrees C inactive. The values of the apparent Km's proved to be 0.57 mM and 0.076 mM for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminide as substrates. In the incubation of the enzyme with hyaluronic acid, chitin, deacetilated glycol-chitin and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid were not liberated. N-acetylgluconolactone and N-acetylgalactonolactone are competitive inhibitors for the enzyme.", "PMID": 694198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9717", "title": "Loss of immunological and biological activity of insulin with a human muscle extract.", "content": "The isolation of a human muscle extract that degrades insulin to products incapable of any immunological or biological activity is reported. The extract Km value for human insulin is 0.79, and 1.43 for porcine proinsulin. It does not degrade Human Growth Hormone at the concentrations tested, it is inactivated by N-ethyl-maleimide, Trasylol, and heat, and it does not require glutathione for its action. Human muscle, therefore can contain an enzyme similar to \"insulin-specific-protease\" present in rat muscle.", "contents": "Loss of immunological and biological activity of insulin with a human muscle extract. The isolation of a human muscle extract that degrades insulin to products incapable of any immunological or biological activity is reported. The extract Km value for human insulin is 0.79, and 1.43 for porcine proinsulin. It does not degrade Human Growth Hormone at the concentrations tested, it is inactivated by N-ethyl-maleimide, Trasylol, and heat, and it does not require glutathione for its action. Human muscle, therefore can contain an enzyme similar to \"insulin-specific-protease\" present in rat muscle.", "PMID": 694199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9718", "title": "H-2 typing of RBL-5, TLX/9 tumour cells and L929 fibroblast.", "content": "The H-2 specificities in two different H-2b tumour cells (TLX/9 and RBL-5) and a fibroblast line L929 (H-2k) have been studied. Tumour cells were passaged intraperitoneally in syngeneic mice and fibroblast was kept in vitro at 36 degrees C. The typing was performed by means of a postlabelling microradioassay for actively growing cells and 28 H-2 alloantisera of restricted specificity defining private H-2K, H-2D and public antigens. Unexpected reactions in disagreement with H-2 genetics were detected in both tumours but not in fibroblast line. The latter shed C-type particles whereas RBL-5 did not. The cytotoxicity of the alloantisera was quantitatively absorbed by normal lymphoid cells, although some extrareactivities were due to other antibodies present in the sera. RBL-5 grew in mice of different H-2 haplotypes with the same intensity as in syngeneic animals.", "contents": "H-2 typing of RBL-5, TLX/9 tumour cells and L929 fibroblast. The H-2 specificities in two different H-2b tumour cells (TLX/9 and RBL-5) and a fibroblast line L929 (H-2k) have been studied. Tumour cells were passaged intraperitoneally in syngeneic mice and fibroblast was kept in vitro at 36 degrees C. The typing was performed by means of a postlabelling microradioassay for actively growing cells and 28 H-2 alloantisera of restricted specificity defining private H-2K, H-2D and public antigens. Unexpected reactions in disagreement with H-2 genetics were detected in both tumours but not in fibroblast line. The latter shed C-type particles whereas RBL-5 did not. The cytotoxicity of the alloantisera was quantitatively absorbed by normal lymphoid cells, although some extrareactivities were due to other antibodies present in the sera. RBL-5 grew in mice of different H-2 haplotypes with the same intensity as in syngeneic animals.", "PMID": 694200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9719", "title": "[Specific protection by sulfhydryl groups against inhibition of urease by hypoglycaemic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of oral hypoglycaemic drugs, derivatives of sulphonylurea, upon urease has been studied. These compounds, structurally connected to urea, produce a competitive inhibition of enzyme activity with respect to substrate. Glutathion\u00e9 (reduced form) and cysteine prevent inactivation of enzyme by sulphonylurea, whereas-oxidated glutathione and cysteine do not. The same phenomenon occurs in enzyme preparations inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The role of sulfhydryl groups in the formation of enzyme-substrate complex is discussed.", "contents": "[Specific protection by sulfhydryl groups against inhibition of urease by hypoglycaemic drugs (author's transl)]. The effect of oral hypoglycaemic drugs, derivatives of sulphonylurea, upon urease has been studied. These compounds, structurally connected to urea, produce a competitive inhibition of enzyme activity with respect to substrate. Glutathion\u00e9 (reduced form) and cysteine prevent inactivation of enzyme by sulphonylurea, whereas-oxidated glutathione and cysteine do not. The same phenomenon occurs in enzyme preparations inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The role of sulfhydryl groups in the formation of enzyme-substrate complex is discussed.", "PMID": 694201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9720", "title": "[Effect of insulin on germination and ionic exchange in Raphanus sativus (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypoglycemic sulfamide BZ-55 activates or inhibits germination of Raphanus sativus, depending upon the dosis. Since this drug acts upon the glycemia by increasing the secretion and action of insulin, the influence of this hormone on germination and ionic changes (Na+-K+) between seeds and culture medium, were studied. Seeds were incubated during 72 h with different concentrations of insulin in 10 ml deionized water or in 10 ml 18 mM K+ (KCl) solutions at 37 degrees C in vapor saturated atmosphere. A solution of 0.125 IU insulin/ml in water increases the germination to 110% whereas 0.175 IU insulin/ml inhibits it to 40% against controls. Further increases in insulin concentration always inhibit germination. Similar results have been obtained with K+ containing media. Germination rate changes in a small concentration range suggest that insulin might affect an enzymatic activity in the seed.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin on germination and ionic exchange in Raphanus sativus (author's transl)]. Hypoglycemic sulfamide BZ-55 activates or inhibits germination of Raphanus sativus, depending upon the dosis. Since this drug acts upon the glycemia by increasing the secretion and action of insulin, the influence of this hormone on germination and ionic changes (Na+-K+) between seeds and culture medium, were studied. Seeds were incubated during 72 h with different concentrations of insulin in 10 ml deionized water or in 10 ml 18 mM K+ (KCl) solutions at 37 degrees C in vapor saturated atmosphere. A solution of 0.125 IU insulin/ml in water increases the germination to 110% whereas 0.175 IU insulin/ml inhibits it to 40% against controls. Further increases in insulin concentration always inhibit germination. Similar results have been obtained with K+ containing media. Germination rate changes in a small concentration range suggest that insulin might affect an enzymatic activity in the seed.", "PMID": 694202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9721", "title": "[Temperature effects on the EEG and evoked potentials in Reptilia (Lacerta galloti) (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of temperatures from 5 degrees to 40 degrees C on EEG amplitude, evoked potentials amplitudes to optical stimuli and latencies of components of evoked potential in lizard Lacerta galloti, have been studied, by means of chronically implanted electrodes in dorsal and medial telencephalic cortex. Evoked responses show with greater amplitude in the medial cortex, although latencies were closely similar for both regions.", "contents": "[Temperature effects on the EEG and evoked potentials in Reptilia (Lacerta galloti) (author's transl)]. The effect of temperatures from 5 degrees to 40 degrees C on EEG amplitude, evoked potentials amplitudes to optical stimuli and latencies of components of evoked potential in lizard Lacerta galloti, have been studied, by means of chronically implanted electrodes in dorsal and medial telencephalic cortex. Evoked responses show with greater amplitude in the medial cortex, although latencies were closely similar for both regions.", "PMID": 694203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9722", "title": "Stress simulation and iron metabolism: adrenaline administration.", "content": "The effect of stress simulation on Wistar male rats through adrenaline administration (subcutaneous injection, 0.5 mg/kg) was investigated. Parameters measured were: plasma iron, copper and zinc levels; caeruloplasmin concentration and total ferroxidasic activity in plasma; iron, copper, zinc and manganese levels in liver and iron; copper and zinc levels in spleen. No significant short term effect of adrenaline administration on any of these parameters was observed.", "contents": "Stress simulation and iron metabolism: adrenaline administration. The effect of stress simulation on Wistar male rats through adrenaline administration (subcutaneous injection, 0.5 mg/kg) was investigated. Parameters measured were: plasma iron, copper and zinc levels; caeruloplasmin concentration and total ferroxidasic activity in plasma; iron, copper, zinc and manganese levels in liver and iron; copper and zinc levels in spleen. No significant short term effect of adrenaline administration on any of these parameters was observed.", "PMID": 694204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9723", "title": "Effects of testosterone on splenic and bone marrow erythropoiesis of fasted mice.", "content": "Fasting in normal or erythropoietin treated mice results in parallel decrease of erythropoietic activity in spleen and bone marrow. In testosterone-treated animals, starvation only decreases the splenic fraction while the bone marrow erythropoiesis shows a marked increase above normal values.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone on splenic and bone marrow erythropoiesis of fasted mice. Fasting in normal or erythropoietin treated mice results in parallel decrease of erythropoietic activity in spleen and bone marrow. In testosterone-treated animals, starvation only decreases the splenic fraction while the bone marrow erythropoiesis shows a marked increase above normal values.", "PMID": 694205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9724", "title": "Effects of quinolinic acid and glucagon on gluconeogenesis in the perfused rat liver.", "content": "Previous findings that 2.5 mM quinolinic acid inhibits gluconeogenesis more strongly from alanine than from lactate have been confirmed. 15 mM quinolinic acid completely inhibited gluconeogenesis from lactate as well as from alanine whereas the formation of glucose from fructose and the production of urea from ammonia and lactose were not affected. The pattern of the gluconeogenic intermediates was the same in the presence of 15 mM quinolinic acid as with 2.5 mM of the inhibitor. It is concluded that high as well as low concentrations of quinolinic acid inhibit gluconeogenesis at the step between oxaloacetate and phosphoenolpyruvate. Furthermore, 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, an inhibitor of mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism, also completely blocked gluconeogenesis from lactate whereas glycerol conversion to glucose was only weakly inhibited. All these results do not support the concept of an alternate pathway of gluconeogenesis from lactate proposed by others. 2.5 mM quinolinic acid also partially blocked the formation of urea from alanine. It is suggested that quinolinic acid may have a second site of action causing an inhibition of the glutamate-pyruvate transamination owing to lack of 2-oxoglutarate in the cytosol. In the presence of quinolinic acid, glucagon caused about the same increase in aspartate and malate tissue levels in the absence of added substrates as in the presence of added lactate or alanine. Therefore, no additional effect of glucagon on gluconeogenesis from lactate or alanine prior to the block by quinolinic acid could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Effects of quinolinic acid and glucagon on gluconeogenesis in the perfused rat liver. Previous findings that 2.5 mM quinolinic acid inhibits gluconeogenesis more strongly from alanine than from lactate have been confirmed. 15 mM quinolinic acid completely inhibited gluconeogenesis from lactate as well as from alanine whereas the formation of glucose from fructose and the production of urea from ammonia and lactose were not affected. The pattern of the gluconeogenic intermediates was the same in the presence of 15 mM quinolinic acid as with 2.5 mM of the inhibitor. It is concluded that high as well as low concentrations of quinolinic acid inhibit gluconeogenesis at the step between oxaloacetate and phosphoenolpyruvate. Furthermore, 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, an inhibitor of mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism, also completely blocked gluconeogenesis from lactate whereas glycerol conversion to glucose was only weakly inhibited. All these results do not support the concept of an alternate pathway of gluconeogenesis from lactate proposed by others. 2.5 mM quinolinic acid also partially blocked the formation of urea from alanine. It is suggested that quinolinic acid may have a second site of action causing an inhibition of the glutamate-pyruvate transamination owing to lack of 2-oxoglutarate in the cytosol. In the presence of quinolinic acid, glucagon caused about the same increase in aspartate and malate tissue levels in the absence of added substrates as in the presence of added lactate or alanine. Therefore, no additional effect of glucagon on gluconeogenesis from lactate or alanine prior to the block by quinolinic acid could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 694206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9725", "title": "Serotoninergic stimulation of gastrin secretion.", "content": "The effect of serotonin (10 mg/kg weight) on the gastrin serum levels in rats has been studied. Serum concentrations of gastrin increase significantly from the 56.52 +/- 6.68 pg/ml basal value to 116.87 +/- 3.27 pg/ml at 105 minutes, whereas gastrin in control animals decreases progressively throughout that time. Serum concentration of serotonin was also measured at different times after its administration. An increase to 3.31 +/- 0.6 microgram/ml, maximum value, at 90 minutes was observed anteceding the gastrin peak by 15 minutes.", "contents": "Serotoninergic stimulation of gastrin secretion. The effect of serotonin (10 mg/kg weight) on the gastrin serum levels in rats has been studied. Serum concentrations of gastrin increase significantly from the 56.52 +/- 6.68 pg/ml basal value to 116.87 +/- 3.27 pg/ml at 105 minutes, whereas gastrin in control animals decreases progressively throughout that time. Serum concentration of serotonin was also measured at different times after its administration. An increase to 3.31 +/- 0.6 microgram/ml, maximum value, at 90 minutes was observed anteceding the gastrin peak by 15 minutes.", "PMID": 694207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9726", "title": "Effect of various concentrations of calcium on arginine-induced insulin and glucagon release in vitro.", "content": "The effect of extracellular calcium concentration on the insulin and glucagon release in response to arginine from the isolated perfused rat pancreas, has been studied. All the experiments were carried out in the absence of glucose in the perfusate. Arginine 10 mM elicited a biphasic glucagon release, and a monophasic insulin response. In the presence of calcium 2.5 mM an increase of total insulin and glucagon in response to arginine were obtained. The increase in glucagon release was only detectable during the second phase, while first phase was not modified by the concentration of calcium present in the perfusate. The results of this study show that extracellular calcium concentration influences positively insulin and glucagon responses to arginine in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of various concentrations of calcium on arginine-induced insulin and glucagon release in vitro. The effect of extracellular calcium concentration on the insulin and glucagon release in response to arginine from the isolated perfused rat pancreas, has been studied. All the experiments were carried out in the absence of glucose in the perfusate. Arginine 10 mM elicited a biphasic glucagon release, and a monophasic insulin response. In the presence of calcium 2.5 mM an increase of total insulin and glucagon in response to arginine were obtained. The increase in glucagon release was only detectable during the second phase, while first phase was not modified by the concentration of calcium present in the perfusate. The results of this study show that extracellular calcium concentration influences positively insulin and glucagon responses to arginine in vitro.", "PMID": 694208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9727", "title": "The tubular system of human endometrium.", "content": "The so-called \"intranuclear\" tubular system (TS) of human epithelial endometrial cells has been investigated in 50 specimens and has been found in some instances of secretory endometrium and in one case of hyperplastic endometrium with secretory change. The TS was found both in nucleus and cytoplasm. The intranuclear TS can be associated with the nucleolus, connected to the nuclear envelope or lying free in the karyoplasm. When it is connected with the nuclear envelope an intimately related cytoplasmic invagination containing many ribosomes is frequently found. The cytoplasmic TS is smaller than that found in the nucleus and is usually connected with rough endoplasmic reticulum profiles. These findings allow us to make the suggestion that the TS could have a cytoplasmic origin and subsequently migrate into the nucleus. The function of the TS is unknown.", "contents": "The tubular system of human endometrium. The so-called \"intranuclear\" tubular system (TS) of human epithelial endometrial cells has been investigated in 50 specimens and has been found in some instances of secretory endometrium and in one case of hyperplastic endometrium with secretory change. The TS was found both in nucleus and cytoplasm. The intranuclear TS can be associated with the nucleolus, connected to the nuclear envelope or lying free in the karyoplasm. When it is connected with the nuclear envelope an intimately related cytoplasmic invagination containing many ribosomes is frequently found. The cytoplasmic TS is smaller than that found in the nucleus and is usually connected with rough endoplasmic reticulum profiles. These findings allow us to make the suggestion that the TS could have a cytoplasmic origin and subsequently migrate into the nucleus. The function of the TS is unknown.", "PMID": 694209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9728", "title": "[Liver and brain guinea-pig guanine aminohydrolase (author's transl)].", "content": "Guinea-pig brain guanine aminohydrolase (E.C. 3.5.4.3) (M = 120,000 +/- 5,000 daltons) only exhibited one active electrophoretic band; its mobility is similar with that observed for the guinea-pig liver molecular form III. Both forms appear to have coincident activity with pH, as well as an analogous thermal stability and Km values with different substrates showing a different behaviour with the molecular form I of guinea-pig liver enzyme. Brain guanine aminohydrolase and liver molecular form III have similar pK'a values suggesting the participation of histidine and cysteine (-SH) in the enzymatic catalysis. The competitive inhibition by p-chloromercuribenzoate may corroborate the intervention of the last-one.", "contents": "[Liver and brain guinea-pig guanine aminohydrolase (author's transl)]. Guinea-pig brain guanine aminohydrolase (E.C. 3.5.4.3) (M = 120,000 +/- 5,000 daltons) only exhibited one active electrophoretic band; its mobility is similar with that observed for the guinea-pig liver molecular form III. Both forms appear to have coincident activity with pH, as well as an analogous thermal stability and Km values with different substrates showing a different behaviour with the molecular form I of guinea-pig liver enzyme. Brain guanine aminohydrolase and liver molecular form III have similar pK'a values suggesting the participation of histidine and cysteine (-SH) in the enzymatic catalysis. The competitive inhibition by p-chloromercuribenzoate may corroborate the intervention of the last-one.", "PMID": 694210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9729", "title": "[Kinetics of chicken liver mitochondrial and cytoplasmic glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrophoresis at pH 7.4, on cellulose polyacetate strips, and specific staining, show the occurrence of two molecular forms of the mitochondrial and soluble isoenzymes from chicken liver aspartate aminotransferase. The optimum pH of the cytoplasmic enzyme with L-aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate as substrats is approximately 7, while the mitochondrial one is practically unaffected in the interval 6-8. The kinetic reactional mechanism is of ping-pong bi-bi type for both enzymes, as confirmed by the method of Garces-Cleland, and their inhibitions by excess of the substrates L-aspartate and alpha-Ketoglutarate are competitive, in accordance with the proposed mechanism.", "contents": "[Kinetics of chicken liver mitochondrial and cytoplasmic glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (author's transl)]. Electrophoresis at pH 7.4, on cellulose polyacetate strips, and specific staining, show the occurrence of two molecular forms of the mitochondrial and soluble isoenzymes from chicken liver aspartate aminotransferase. The optimum pH of the cytoplasmic enzyme with L-aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate as substrats is approximately 7, while the mitochondrial one is practically unaffected in the interval 6-8. The kinetic reactional mechanism is of ping-pong bi-bi type for both enzymes, as confirmed by the method of Garces-Cleland, and their inhibitions by excess of the substrates L-aspartate and alpha-Ketoglutarate are competitive, in accordance with the proposed mechanism.", "PMID": 694211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9730", "title": "[Legal capacity to act and the sexual life of the mentally handicapped in Sweden (author's transl)].", "content": "In Sweden efforts are being made to integrate the mentally handicapped as much as possible into society. If these efforts are to be successful society must concede to them the same rights it does to its non-disabled citizens. On the basis of the terms \"legal status\" and \"legal capacity act\" the article examines the consequences which might arise for the mentally handicapped from their being granted these legal rights. As the Swedish society principally allows the mentally handicapped the right to sexual intercourse difficulties arise, in particular, if there is the possibility of procreation and, even more, if children are desired. The pros and cons of pregnancy and its consequences for mentally handicapped people are discussed. Old and modern countermeasures (marriage obstacles, sterilisation, abortion) and the alternatives (systematic sexual instruction, counselling as regards preventive measures and control of their use) are compared and examined in view of their applicability in accordance with the Swedish normalisation efforts. The study showed that mentally handicapped persons can live--also in the sexual area--according to the same principles that guide us all, if we help and advise them adequately and at the right time. Under these circumstances restrictions are no longer the rule, but the exception.", "contents": "[Legal capacity to act and the sexual life of the mentally handicapped in Sweden (author's transl)]. In Sweden efforts are being made to integrate the mentally handicapped as much as possible into society. If these efforts are to be successful society must concede to them the same rights it does to its non-disabled citizens. On the basis of the terms \"legal status\" and \"legal capacity act\" the article examines the consequences which might arise for the mentally handicapped from their being granted these legal rights. As the Swedish society principally allows the mentally handicapped the right to sexual intercourse difficulties arise, in particular, if there is the possibility of procreation and, even more, if children are desired. The pros and cons of pregnancy and its consequences for mentally handicapped people are discussed. Old and modern countermeasures (marriage obstacles, sterilisation, abortion) and the alternatives (systematic sexual instruction, counselling as regards preventive measures and control of their use) are compared and examined in view of their applicability in accordance with the Swedish normalisation efforts. The study showed that mentally handicapped persons can live--also in the sexual area--according to the same principles that guide us all, if we help and advise them adequately and at the right time. Under these circumstances restrictions are no longer the rule, but the exception.", "PMID": 694215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9731", "title": "[Vocational rehabilitation outcome in psychiatrically and mentally handicapped clients (1969/70--1977) (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on detailed statistical data--104 patients were studied--the article points out a success rate of 68% in connection with the vocational resettlement of psychiatric clients. The criteria used to determine success were at the time of discharge permanent employment in workshops for the disabled, competitive employment or part-time jobs. A follow-up study carried out about seven years later revealed a 39% success rate as regards the clients' stability in employment. These statistics demonstrate that of 37% rehabilitees who had formerly committed a criminal offence most probably only one percent was recidivious. Furthermore, the article reports on the methods considered to be causative factors for the therapeutic success: Adequate medicinal treatment, as well as an essential pre-requisite for rehabilitation, the creation of a therapeutic milieu. Also, particularly important for a lasting success is the continuing follow-up for which appropriate facilities, especially living accommodation, community living and homes must be provided.", "contents": "[Vocational rehabilitation outcome in psychiatrically and mentally handicapped clients (1969/70--1977) (author's transl)]. Based on detailed statistical data--104 patients were studied--the article points out a success rate of 68% in connection with the vocational resettlement of psychiatric clients. The criteria used to determine success were at the time of discharge permanent employment in workshops for the disabled, competitive employment or part-time jobs. A follow-up study carried out about seven years later revealed a 39% success rate as regards the clients' stability in employment. These statistics demonstrate that of 37% rehabilitees who had formerly committed a criminal offence most probably only one percent was recidivious. Furthermore, the article reports on the methods considered to be causative factors for the therapeutic success: Adequate medicinal treatment, as well as an essential pre-requisite for rehabilitation, the creation of a therapeutic milieu. Also, particularly important for a lasting success is the continuing follow-up for which appropriate facilities, especially living accommodation, community living and homes must be provided.", "PMID": 694216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9732", "title": "[Personality traits of patients under spa treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on psychodiagnostic examinations performed on clients under in-patient spa treatment. The groups studied--patients with psychosomatic and general internal diseases--were subjected to the Freiburg personality inventory, the colour pyramid test and the progressive matrices test. The results were compared with normal population standards and clinically diagnosed neurotic patients. Furthermore, the spa treatment results of the psychosomatic patients were recorded during the third and fifth week. The most important outcome was that both groups of patients presented a series of typically abnormal signs as regards clinically relevant factors, whereby the psychosomatic patients presented a very similar test picture to the in-patient clients receiving psychotherapy. In contrast to the patients with general internal diseases the psychosomatic patients showed more neurotic personality traits than the standard. The degree of severity of the clinically diagnosed neurotic disturbances is reflected in the neuroticism test values. In the psychosomatic patients the psychic complaints, in the narrow sense, were predominant. The complaints as a whole showed a regressive trend; of the individual complaints only physical fatigue diminished markedly. Periodically recurring symptoms were not observed.", "contents": "[Personality traits of patients under spa treatment (author's transl)]. The article reports on psychodiagnostic examinations performed on clients under in-patient spa treatment. The groups studied--patients with psychosomatic and general internal diseases--were subjected to the Freiburg personality inventory, the colour pyramid test and the progressive matrices test. The results were compared with normal population standards and clinically diagnosed neurotic patients. Furthermore, the spa treatment results of the psychosomatic patients were recorded during the third and fifth week. The most important outcome was that both groups of patients presented a series of typically abnormal signs as regards clinically relevant factors, whereby the psychosomatic patients presented a very similar test picture to the in-patient clients receiving psychotherapy. In contrast to the patients with general internal diseases the psychosomatic patients showed more neurotic personality traits than the standard. The degree of severity of the clinically diagnosed neurotic disturbances is reflected in the neuroticism test values. In the psychosomatic patients the psychic complaints, in the narrow sense, were predominant. The complaints as a whole showed a regressive trend; of the individual complaints only physical fatigue diminished markedly. Periodically recurring symptoms were not observed.", "PMID": 694217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9733", "title": "Potentiation of isoproterenol cardiotoxicity by corticoids.", "content": "In order to determine whether glucocorticoids share the ability of mineralocorticoids in sensitizing the myocardium to the arrhythmogenic property of isoproterenol, albino rats were implanted subcutaneously with prednisone or desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA). Water was compared with 1% saline as drinking fluid in order to assess the role of a high sodium intake in the development of myocardial sensitization. At predetermined intervals during corticoid exposure, unanesthetized animals were challenged with a single subcutaneous dose of isoproterenol. In DCA-saline pretreated rats the LD50 of isoproterenol was determined to be 14.5 ug/kg. At a dose of 150 ug/kg isoproterenol, ventricular fibrillation was elicited in all DCA-saline pretreated animals, but in only 50% of rats implanted with predisone, receiving saline as drinking fluid. Substitution of water for saline did not prevent the development of myocardial sensitization. It is concluded that predisone pretreatment also sensitizes the rat myocardium to isoproterenol though to a lesser extent than DCA and that high sodium intake is not an absolute requirement for the development of this phenomenon by either corticoid.", "contents": "Potentiation of isoproterenol cardiotoxicity by corticoids. In order to determine whether glucocorticoids share the ability of mineralocorticoids in sensitizing the myocardium to the arrhythmogenic property of isoproterenol, albino rats were implanted subcutaneously with prednisone or desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA). Water was compared with 1% saline as drinking fluid in order to assess the role of a high sodium intake in the development of myocardial sensitization. At predetermined intervals during corticoid exposure, unanesthetized animals were challenged with a single subcutaneous dose of isoproterenol. In DCA-saline pretreated rats the LD50 of isoproterenol was determined to be 14.5 ug/kg. At a dose of 150 ug/kg isoproterenol, ventricular fibrillation was elicited in all DCA-saline pretreated animals, but in only 50% of rats implanted with predisone, receiving saline as drinking fluid. Substitution of water for saline did not prevent the development of myocardial sensitization. It is concluded that predisone pretreatment also sensitizes the rat myocardium to isoproterenol though to a lesser extent than DCA and that high sodium intake is not an absolute requirement for the development of this phenomenon by either corticoid.", "PMID": 694221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9734", "title": "Regional uptake of endogenous corticosterone by rat brain following stress.", "content": "The stress-induced changes in the corticosteroid levels in four brain regions were studied in female Sprague-Dawley rats using the fluorometric assay following column chromatographic separation. Fifteen min after novelty stress, the corticosteroid levels increased 1.5-, 1.5- and 1.7-fold in hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex, respectively, compared to 6-fold increase in plasma (60 mug/d1). In the second study in which the animals were sacrificed 60 min after ethanol stress (I.P. injection of 2 g/kg in 20% solution with physiological saline), there were 2.5-, 3.5- and 4.7-fold increases in hypothalamus, hippocampus and cerebral cortex, respectively, compared to 4-fold increase in plasma (77 mug/d1). There were marked increases of corticosterone in the pituitaries after stress. The results confirm the differential regional distribution of corticosteroid in the brain and the stress-induced corticosteroid elevations. These results support the idea that the brain levels of corticosteroid are determined by the existing plasma levels and by the duration of the hormone elevation. The possible significance of the brain levels of corticosterone is discussed.", "contents": "Regional uptake of endogenous corticosterone by rat brain following stress. The stress-induced changes in the corticosteroid levels in four brain regions were studied in female Sprague-Dawley rats using the fluorometric assay following column chromatographic separation. Fifteen min after novelty stress, the corticosteroid levels increased 1.5-, 1.5- and 1.7-fold in hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex, respectively, compared to 6-fold increase in plasma (60 mug/d1). In the second study in which the animals were sacrificed 60 min after ethanol stress (I.P. injection of 2 g/kg in 20% solution with physiological saline), there were 2.5-, 3.5- and 4.7-fold increases in hypothalamus, hippocampus and cerebral cortex, respectively, compared to 4-fold increase in plasma (77 mug/d1). There were marked increases of corticosterone in the pituitaries after stress. The results confirm the differential regional distribution of corticosteroid in the brain and the stress-induced corticosteroid elevations. These results support the idea that the brain levels of corticosteroid are determined by the existing plasma levels and by the duration of the hormone elevation. The possible significance of the brain levels of corticosterone is discussed.", "PMID": 694222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9735", "title": "Effect of hyperbilirubinemia on the pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital in the rat.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered pentobarbitol have been studied in heterozygous (non-jaundiced) and homozygous (jaundiced) Gunn rats following single doses of 30 mg/Kg. Plasma pentobarbital concentration time course data from heterozygous animals were fitted to a biexponential equation while a triexponential equation was required to fit the data from homozygous animals. A  slower plasma clearance rate and longer elimination half-life were observed in homozygous animals as well as increased overall volumes of pentobarbital distribution. These results suggest a possible effect of bilirubin on the distribution and elimination of pentobarbital. The volume of pentobarbital plasma distribution, however, was approximately equal in heterozygous and homozygous data, suggesting no competition between bilirubin and pentobarbital for serum protein.", "contents": "Effect of hyperbilirubinemia on the pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital in the rat. The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered pentobarbitol have been studied in heterozygous (non-jaundiced) and homozygous (jaundiced) Gunn rats following single doses of 30 mg/Kg. Plasma pentobarbital concentration time course data from heterozygous animals were fitted to a biexponential equation while a triexponential equation was required to fit the data from homozygous animals. A  slower plasma clearance rate and longer elimination half-life were observed in homozygous animals as well as increased overall volumes of pentobarbital distribution. These results suggest a possible effect of bilirubin on the distribution and elimination of pentobarbital. The volume of pentobarbital plasma distribution, however, was approximately equal in heterozygous and homozygous data, suggesting no competition between bilirubin and pentobarbital for serum protein.", "PMID": 694223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9736", "title": "A comparison of the augmentation of H1 and H2 receptor agonist stimulation of rabbit atrial chronotropic response by two phosphodiesterase inhibitors, papaverine and theophylline.", "content": "Papaverine and theophylline both increase the chronotropic response of isolated rabbit atria, however, the maximum stimulation following papaverine is much smaller than that obtained with theophylline. When these phosphodiesterase inhibitors are used in conjunction with histamine (H1 and H2 receptor agonist), 2-(2-aminoethyl) pyrazole (H2 agonist) and 3-(2-aminoethyl) triazole (H1 agonist) the responses are all considerably more than additive. This suggests that both H1 and H2 histamine receptors can activate adenyl cyclase and therefore increase the formation of cyclic AMP in spite of reports that only H2 receptors stimulate adenyl cyclase.", "contents": "A comparison of the augmentation of H1 and H2 receptor agonist stimulation of rabbit atrial chronotropic response by two phosphodiesterase inhibitors, papaverine and theophylline. Papaverine and theophylline both increase the chronotropic response of isolated rabbit atria, however, the maximum stimulation following papaverine is much smaller than that obtained with theophylline. When these phosphodiesterase inhibitors are used in conjunction with histamine (H1 and H2 receptor agonist), 2-(2-aminoethyl) pyrazole (H2 agonist) and 3-(2-aminoethyl) triazole (H1 agonist) the responses are all considerably more than additive. This suggests that both H1 and H2 histamine receptors can activate adenyl cyclase and therefore increase the formation of cyclic AMP in spite of reports that only H2 receptors stimulate adenyl cyclase.", "PMID": 694224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9737", "title": "Evaluation of Dopram(R) and its effects on hexobarbital narcosis.", "content": "The effect of Dopram(R) on hexobarbital induced narcosis and hypothermia was determined. Sodium hexobarbital (70mg/kg, i.p.) sleeping times were assessed in saline, Dopram(R), 20 and 40 mg/kg, i.p., administered mice. A dose-response increase in sodium hexobarbital induced narcosis was produced by Dopram(R). The duration of Dopram(R) effect on hexobarbital narcosis was also assessed. Dopram(R) potentiated significantly hexobarbital sleeping times when administered two hours prior to sodium hexobarbital challenge. Dopram(R) also was observed to significantly increase the hypothermic response to hexobarbital. The effect of the individual components of Dopram(R) (doxapram hydrochloride and chlorobutanol) on hexobarbital narcosis and hypothermia was evaluated. It was found that doxapram hydrochloride (20 and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) and chlorobutanol (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) potentiated sodium hexobarbital narcosis and hypothermia. It seems that doxapram hydrochloride and chlorobutanol are both responsible for the potentiation of hexobarbital narcosis and hypothermia by Dopram(R).", "contents": "Evaluation of Dopram(R) and its effects on hexobarbital narcosis. The effect of Dopram(R) on hexobarbital induced narcosis and hypothermia was determined. Sodium hexobarbital (70mg/kg, i.p.) sleeping times were assessed in saline, Dopram(R), 20 and 40 mg/kg, i.p., administered mice. A dose-response increase in sodium hexobarbital induced narcosis was produced by Dopram(R). The duration of Dopram(R) effect on hexobarbital narcosis was also assessed. Dopram(R) potentiated significantly hexobarbital sleeping times when administered two hours prior to sodium hexobarbital challenge. Dopram(R) also was observed to significantly increase the hypothermic response to hexobarbital. The effect of the individual components of Dopram(R) (doxapram hydrochloride and chlorobutanol) on hexobarbital narcosis and hypothermia was evaluated. It was found that doxapram hydrochloride (20 and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) and chlorobutanol (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) potentiated sodium hexobarbital narcosis and hypothermia. It seems that doxapram hydrochloride and chlorobutanol are both responsible for the potentiation of hexobarbital narcosis and hypothermia by Dopram(R).", "PMID": 694225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9738", "title": "Inhibition of mitochondrial DNA synthesis by aflatoxin B1 and dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "The acute and subchronic effects of aflatoxin B1 and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) on in vitro incorporation of thymidine-3H into DNA (mt-DNA) from mouse liver mitochondria were studied after single injection or after one month or three months of weekly injection. Both carcinogens induced 50% decreases in mt-DNA synthesis acutely, with a 50% decrease in synthesis of high molecular weight mt-DNA. Subchronic administration of aflatoxin B1 inhibited mt-DNA synthesis by 54% with elution profiles similar to the controls. DMN showed only a 29% inhibition of mt-DNA synthesis at one month increasing to 55% at three months.", "contents": "Inhibition of mitochondrial DNA synthesis by aflatoxin B1 and dimethylnitrosamine. The acute and subchronic effects of aflatoxin B1 and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) on in vitro incorporation of thymidine-3H into DNA (mt-DNA) from mouse liver mitochondria were studied after single injection or after one month or three months of weekly injection. Both carcinogens induced 50% decreases in mt-DNA synthesis acutely, with a 50% decrease in synthesis of high molecular weight mt-DNA. Subchronic administration of aflatoxin B1 inhibited mt-DNA synthesis by 54% with elution profiles similar to the controls. DMN showed only a 29% inhibition of mt-DNA synthesis at one month increasing to 55% at three months.", "PMID": 694226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9739", "title": "Effect of acute and chronic paraquat on rat lung collagen content.", "content": "The effect of acute and chronic paraquat administration on rat lung collagen was studied. A single dose of paraquat (35 mg/kg, ip) produces a transient increase in lung collagen synthesis within the first several days. In animals sacrificed 18 days later, there is insignificant accumulation of collagen (9%). Three injections of paraquat (25 mg/kg) spaced at weekly intervals produces a 31% increase in lung collagen by the middle of the fourth week. In view of the technical difficulties involved with the use of paraquat as a pulmonary fibrotic agent in the rat, search for an alternative model is suggested.", "contents": "Effect of acute and chronic paraquat on rat lung collagen content. The effect of acute and chronic paraquat administration on rat lung collagen was studied. A single dose of paraquat (35 mg/kg, ip) produces a transient increase in lung collagen synthesis within the first several days. In animals sacrificed 18 days later, there is insignificant accumulation of collagen (9%). Three injections of paraquat (25 mg/kg) spaced at weekly intervals produces a 31% increase in lung collagen by the middle of the fourth week. In view of the technical difficulties involved with the use of paraquat as a pulmonary fibrotic agent in the rat, search for an alternative model is suggested.", "PMID": 694227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9740", "title": "Studies on the distribution of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and epinephrine in the rat.", "content": "Using two independent criteria, we have found the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) to be present in the adrenals, lungs, brain stem, spleen, heart and skeletal muscle of the rat. The lungs contained more activity than the brain stem or any other extra-adrenal organ. PNMT was not detectable, however, in the kidneys, stomach, liver and plasma. Trace amounts of epinephrine were found in brain stem, lung and heart; norepinephrine, however, was the predominant catecholamine in these tissues. Substantial quantities of epinephrine were found in the adrenal and plasma of decapitated animals, but the latter were essentially eliminated by adrenal demedullation. Our data indicate that although the adrenal is the principal tissue source of epinephrine and PNMT in the rat, small amounts of both substances are present in several body organs.", "contents": "Studies on the distribution of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and epinephrine in the rat. Using two independent criteria, we have found the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) to be present in the adrenals, lungs, brain stem, spleen, heart and skeletal muscle of the rat. The lungs contained more activity than the brain stem or any other extra-adrenal organ. PNMT was not detectable, however, in the kidneys, stomach, liver and plasma. Trace amounts of epinephrine were found in brain stem, lung and heart; norepinephrine, however, was the predominant catecholamine in these tissues. Substantial quantities of epinephrine were found in the adrenal and plasma of decapitated animals, but the latter were essentially eliminated by adrenal demedullation. Our data indicate that although the adrenal is the principal tissue source of epinephrine and PNMT in the rat, small amounts of both substances are present in several body organs.", "PMID": 694228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9741", "title": "Effect of platelet count and hematocrit on the coagulability of heparinized blood.", "content": "The coagulability of heparinized blood is shown to be a function of platelet and red cell concentrations. Thrombelastrographic tests were conducted on celite-activated fabricated whole blood samples with heparin concentrations ranging from zero to 1.46 units per ml of plasma, hematocrits from zero to 50% and platelet counts from zero to 300,000/mm3. The thrombelastograph provides three useful parameters of coagulability in native and heparinized blood: clot time, rate of clot stiffening and final clot stiffness. Of these, only the clot time is determined with the common clotting tests, while the rate and final clot stiffness are measures of clot quality that are found to be particularly sensitive to thrombocytopenia. The test results indicate (i) increases of platelet concentration produce the expected decrease in clot time, increase in rate of stiffening, and increase in final stiffness; (ii) increases of the red cell concentration from zero to 20% hematocrit, produce nonlinear increases in clotability, while further increases beyond 20% hematocrit produce no additional effects if the heparin concentration is less than 1.2 units/ml. Quantative relations are derived between the thrombelastographic variables, heparin concentration, and platelet concentration for those samples with hematocrits greater than 20%. These data indicate further experiments for the study of possible interaction between cellular blood elements and heparin.", "contents": "Effect of platelet count and hematocrit on the coagulability of heparinized blood. The coagulability of heparinized blood is shown to be a function of platelet and red cell concentrations. Thrombelastrographic tests were conducted on celite-activated fabricated whole blood samples with heparin concentrations ranging from zero to 1.46 units per ml of plasma, hematocrits from zero to 50% and platelet counts from zero to 300,000/mm3. The thrombelastograph provides three useful parameters of coagulability in native and heparinized blood: clot time, rate of clot stiffening and final clot stiffness. Of these, only the clot time is determined with the common clotting tests, while the rate and final clot stiffness are measures of clot quality that are found to be particularly sensitive to thrombocytopenia. The test results indicate (i) increases of platelet concentration produce the expected decrease in clot time, increase in rate of stiffening, and increase in final stiffness; (ii) increases of the red cell concentration from zero to 20% hematocrit, produce nonlinear increases in clotability, while further increases beyond 20% hematocrit produce no additional effects if the heparin concentration is less than 1.2 units/ml. Quantative relations are derived between the thrombelastographic variables, heparin concentration, and platelet concentration for those samples with hematocrits greater than 20%. These data indicate further experiments for the study of possible interaction between cellular blood elements and heparin.", "PMID": 694229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9742", "title": "Capacity-limited elimination of procainamide in man.", "content": "Procainamide (PA) pharmacokinetics were studied at steady state in 19 patients. The PA was given as 1.0 or 1.5 g eight hourly (L and H dose groups) and acetylator phenotype determined from sulphadimidine acetylation was classified as Slow or Fast (S or F). Thus, four groups were categorized, HF, LF, HS and LS with 7, 5, 3, and 4 patients in each respective group. Overall the mean steady state plasma concentration of PA (Cpss) expressed as a fraction of dose did not depend on dose or on acetylator status, but the HS group had significantly higher Cpss per gram dose (6.3 mug/ml) than LS (2.7 mug/ml) or the HF (2.3 mug/ml) groups. Clearance of PA be acetylation (C1A) was 23.8% of the total in fast acetylators and 16.5% in slow acetylators. C1A was not dose-dependent in the HF or LF groups (mean 177.9 ml/min and 168.4 ml/min) but was dose-dependent in the HS group (mean 74.6 ml/min) which differed significantly from the LS group (mean 113.4 ml/min).", "contents": "Capacity-limited elimination of procainamide in man. Procainamide (PA) pharmacokinetics were studied at steady state in 19 patients. The PA was given as 1.0 or 1.5 g eight hourly (L and H dose groups) and acetylator phenotype determined from sulphadimidine acetylation was classified as Slow or Fast (S or F). Thus, four groups were categorized, HF, LF, HS and LS with 7, 5, 3, and 4 patients in each respective group. Overall the mean steady state plasma concentration of PA (Cpss) expressed as a fraction of dose did not depend on dose or on acetylator status, but the HS group had significantly higher Cpss per gram dose (6.3 mug/ml) than LS (2.7 mug/ml) or the HF (2.3 mug/ml) groups. Clearance of PA be acetylation (C1A) was 23.8% of the total in fast acetylators and 16.5% in slow acetylators. C1A was not dose-dependent in the HF or LF groups (mean 177.9 ml/min and 168.4 ml/min) but was dose-dependent in the HS group (mean 74.6 ml/min) which differed significantly from the LS group (mean 113.4 ml/min).", "PMID": 694230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9743", "title": "The effect of ethanol on cerebral glycogen levels in the chick embryo.", "content": "Ethanol (10 to 50 micro-liters/egg) was injected into the albumen of the 13 day chick embryo. The control solution and ethanol carrier was bacteriostatic saline (0.1 ml). The KOH-alcohol-Anthrone colorimetric method was used for glycogen determination. Ethanol at 20 or 30 mul/egg lowered the mean cerebral glycogen (p less than 0.05). Higher dosages elevated cerebral glycogen over the same time period (p less than 0.05). The glycogen-depleting effect of 20 mul/egg and the glycogen increasing effect of 40 mul/egg were maintained through 168 hours of ethanol exposure (20 days incubation).", "contents": "The effect of ethanol on cerebral glycogen levels in the chick embryo. Ethanol (10 to 50 micro-liters/egg) was injected into the albumen of the 13 day chick embryo. The control solution and ethanol carrier was bacteriostatic saline (0.1 ml). The KOH-alcohol-Anthrone colorimetric method was used for glycogen determination. Ethanol at 20 or 30 mul/egg lowered the mean cerebral glycogen (p less than 0.05). Higher dosages elevated cerebral glycogen over the same time period (p less than 0.05). The glycogen-depleting effect of 20 mul/egg and the glycogen increasing effect of 40 mul/egg were maintained through 168 hours of ethanol exposure (20 days incubation).", "PMID": 694231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9744", "title": "The effects of chronic ethanol administration on acyl group composition of mitochondrial phospholipids from guinea pig adrenal.", "content": "The acyl groups of diacyl-glycerophosphocholine1 (GPC) and diacyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) in guinea pig adrenals are comprised mainly of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 20:4(n-6) with only trace amounts of the longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. There was an increase in the proportions of 18:2 and a decrease in the 20:4(n-6) of diacyl-GPC and diacyl-GPE with respect to chronic ethanol administration. Acyl group changes were more obvious in diacyl-GPC than in diacyl-GPE. It is conceivable that these changes may lead to an alteration of other membrane transport activities as well as functions of the adrenal gland.", "contents": "The effects of chronic ethanol administration on acyl group composition of mitochondrial phospholipids from guinea pig adrenal. The acyl groups of diacyl-glycerophosphocholine1 (GPC) and diacyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) in guinea pig adrenals are comprised mainly of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 20:4(n-6) with only trace amounts of the longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. There was an increase in the proportions of 18:2 and a decrease in the 20:4(n-6) of diacyl-GPC and diacyl-GPE with respect to chronic ethanol administration. Acyl group changes were more obvious in diacyl-GPC than in diacyl-GPE. It is conceivable that these changes may lead to an alteration of other membrane transport activities as well as functions of the adrenal gland.", "PMID": 694232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9745", "title": "Metabolism of an amino acid with antidepressant properties.", "content": "The amino acid D-phenylalanine exerts antidepressant properties which are believed to be due to its metabolism to brain phenylethylamine. We now show that in mice, the increase in brain phenylethylamine levels induced by L-phenylalanine, but not D-phenylalanine, is antagonized by drugs which block the stereospecific decarboxylase enzyme. Our results show that D-phenylalanine metabolism to phenylethylamine is independent of pathways involving L-phenylalanine.", "contents": "Metabolism of an amino acid with antidepressant properties. The amino acid D-phenylalanine exerts antidepressant properties which are believed to be due to its metabolism to brain phenylethylamine. We now show that in mice, the increase in brain phenylethylamine levels induced by L-phenylalanine, but not D-phenylalanine, is antagonized by drugs which block the stereospecific decarboxylase enzyme. Our results show that D-phenylalanine metabolism to phenylethylamine is independent of pathways involving L-phenylalanine.", "PMID": 694233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9746", "title": "DOPA stability in plasma and plasma extracts.", "content": "Unextracted heparinized plasma samples containing L-DOPA can be refrigerated or frozen with negligible losses in drug for at least two weeks. This stability of L-DOPA in the sample obviates difficulties in collection and processing of plasma samples within clinical settings which may be remote from the analytical laboratory facilities.", "contents": "DOPA stability in plasma and plasma extracts. Unextracted heparinized plasma samples containing L-DOPA can be refrigerated or frozen with negligible losses in drug for at least two weeks. This stability of L-DOPA in the sample obviates difficulties in collection and processing of plasma samples within clinical settings which may be remote from the analytical laboratory facilities.", "PMID": 694234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9747", "title": "Affinity chromatographic demonstration of a thrombin binding protein from the platelet plasma membrane.", "content": "Human platelet plasma membrane glycoprotein I with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 150,000 has been shown to be one of the proteins retained by thrombin immobilized on Sepharose 4B. The retained glycoprotein has been recovered by sodium dodecyl sulfate elution and characterized by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol.", "contents": "Affinity chromatographic demonstration of a thrombin binding protein from the platelet plasma membrane. Human platelet plasma membrane glycoprotein I with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 150,000 has been shown to be one of the proteins retained by thrombin immobilized on Sepharose 4B. The retained glycoprotein has been recovered by sodium dodecyl sulfate elution and characterized by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol.", "PMID": 694235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9748", "title": "CSF HCO3- regulation in isosmotic conditions: the role of brain PCO2 and plasma HCO3-.", "content": "We have studied in anesthetized cats the response of CSF HCO3- to (1) an increase in CSF PCO2, plasma HCO3- controlled at the normal value; (2) an increase in plasma HCO3-, CSF PCO2 controlled at the normal value; and (3) an increase in both CSF PCO2 and plasma HCO3-. Plasma HCO3- was controlled via HCO3-/Cl- exchange without altering plasma Na concentration or osmolarity using the technique of peritoneal dialysis. The results suggest that CSF HCO3- regulation in these conditions is dependent on (1) a PCO2-dependent process in which HCO3- ions are formed in brain cells or choroid plexus and (2) an ionic movement of HCO3- from plasma to CSF dependent on an increase in plasma HCO3-. The first process is largely completed by 3 hours; the second takes 6 hours or more. An analysis of plasma and CSF HCO3-, Cl- and unmeasured anions (UA), (Na+ + K+ -CL- -HCO3-), suggests that CSF HCO3- regulation may be complex involving ionic exchanges of three or more anions between brain extracellular fluid, plasma and brain cells.", "contents": "CSF HCO3- regulation in isosmotic conditions: the role of brain PCO2 and plasma HCO3-. We have studied in anesthetized cats the response of CSF HCO3- to (1) an increase in CSF PCO2, plasma HCO3- controlled at the normal value; (2) an increase in plasma HCO3-, CSF PCO2 controlled at the normal value; and (3) an increase in both CSF PCO2 and plasma HCO3-. Plasma HCO3- was controlled via HCO3-/Cl- exchange without altering plasma Na concentration or osmolarity using the technique of peritoneal dialysis. The results suggest that CSF HCO3- regulation in these conditions is dependent on (1) a PCO2-dependent process in which HCO3- ions are formed in brain cells or choroid plexus and (2) an ionic movement of HCO3- from plasma to CSF dependent on an increase in plasma HCO3-. The first process is largely completed by 3 hours; the second takes 6 hours or more. An analysis of plasma and CSF HCO3-, Cl- and unmeasured anions (UA), (Na+ + K+ -CL- -HCO3-), suggests that CSF HCO3- regulation may be complex involving ionic exchanges of three or more anions between brain extracellular fluid, plasma and brain cells.", "PMID": 694245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9749", "title": "Gas exchanges during exercise in normoxia and hyperoxia.", "content": "Exercises of constant workload (90 watt) have been carried out during normoxia or hyperoxia FIO2 = 0.45). It has been shown that, in spite of a significant dispersion in the values of O2 deficit and O2 debt calculated, these values are related to the increased blood lactate level which contributes to the marked acidosis observed in both conditions of oxygenation. Hyperoxia reduces lactate level as well as the O2 debt. In addition to the significant increase in arterial [H+] and PCO2, exercise provokes a slight decrease in PO2. It is suggested that the significant variations of these humoral factors might contribute to the control of ventilation during exercise in both conditions of oxygenation.", "contents": "Gas exchanges during exercise in normoxia and hyperoxia. Exercises of constant workload (90 watt) have been carried out during normoxia or hyperoxia FIO2 = 0.45). It has been shown that, in spite of a significant dispersion in the values of O2 deficit and O2 debt calculated, these values are related to the increased blood lactate level which contributes to the marked acidosis observed in both conditions of oxygenation. Hyperoxia reduces lactate level as well as the O2 debt. In addition to the significant increase in arterial [H+] and PCO2, exercise provokes a slight decrease in PO2. It is suggested that the significant variations of these humoral factors might contribute to the control of ventilation during exercise in both conditions of oxygenation.", "PMID": 694246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9750", "title": "Diameter, length and branching angles of the upper airways in the dog lung.", "content": "Polyester resin casts were made of the upper airways of 15 dog lungs. Diameter, length, and branching angles were measured, and the dimensions were normalized by dividing by cube root of body weight. The data are presented to facilitate experimental work on dog lungs, involving procedures such as intubation of individual lobar bronchi.", "contents": "Diameter, length and branching angles of the upper airways in the dog lung. Polyester resin casts were made of the upper airways of 15 dog lungs. Diameter, length, and branching angles were measured, and the dimensions were normalized by dividing by cube root of body weight. The data are presented to facilitate experimental work on dog lungs, involving procedures such as intubation of individual lobar bronchi.", "PMID": 694247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9751", "title": "A study of the effect of SO2 on pacing and intrapulmonary chemoreceptor discharge in the domestic fowl.", "content": "Kunz and Miller )1974) described a phenomenon called pacing in which FCO2 oscillations forced in the lungs of unanesthetized unidirectionally ventilated chickens cause one ventilatory movement per ECO2 oscillation. In the present study SO2 (0.08--0.32 vol%) added to the ventilating gas stream caused a loss of pacing in 11 of 12 birds. In 7 of the 11 birds in which SO2 was effective, pacing returned 3.2--7.0 min after removal of SO2. Intravenous infusion of a similar quantity of SO2 (dissolved in saline) did not block pacing. In a second series of experiments chickens were again unidirectionally ventilated and single nerve fiber recording was used to investigate the effect of SO2 on individual intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC). Of necessity, this work was done on birds which were anesthetized and paralyzed. Discharge was abolished in 10 of 12 IPC by doses of SO2 similar to those which blocked pacing. In 6 of the 10 fibers in which SO2 was effective, discharge resumed after a mean period of quiescence lasting 7 min. It is concluded that pacing is mediated by intrapulmonary rather than systemic chemoreceptors.", "contents": "A study of the effect of SO2 on pacing and intrapulmonary chemoreceptor discharge in the domestic fowl. Kunz and Miller )1974) described a phenomenon called pacing in which FCO2 oscillations forced in the lungs of unanesthetized unidirectionally ventilated chickens cause one ventilatory movement per ECO2 oscillation. In the present study SO2 (0.08--0.32 vol%) added to the ventilating gas stream caused a loss of pacing in 11 of 12 birds. In 7 of the 11 birds in which SO2 was effective, pacing returned 3.2--7.0 min after removal of SO2. Intravenous infusion of a similar quantity of SO2 (dissolved in saline) did not block pacing. In a second series of experiments chickens were again unidirectionally ventilated and single nerve fiber recording was used to investigate the effect of SO2 on individual intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC). Of necessity, this work was done on birds which were anesthetized and paralyzed. Discharge was abolished in 10 of 12 IPC by doses of SO2 similar to those which blocked pacing. In 6 of the 10 fibers in which SO2 was effective, discharge resumed after a mean period of quiescence lasting 7 min. It is concluded that pacing is mediated by intrapulmonary rather than systemic chemoreceptors.", "PMID": 694248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9752", "title": "The effect of hyperoxia, hypoxia and hypercapnia on FRC and occlusion pressure in human subjects.", "content": "The measurement of pressure in the mouth 0.1 sec after the initiation of an occluded inspiratory effort (P0.1) has been proposed as an index of activity of medullary inspiratory neurons. If changes in FRC can be interpreted as important changes in the length-tension curve of the diaphragm or the total respiratory musculature, then changes in FRC from one occlusion pressure measurement to another can complicate such an interpretation of the P0.1 measurement. Forty-five subjects divided into three different groups were seated in a variable volume body plethysmograph. They had their FRC, P0.1, VT and VE measured while breathing air, 100% oxygen, 11% oxygen balance nitrogen, and 4% carbon dioxide in 20% oxygen balance nigrogen. All 45 showed a decrease in FRC during hyperoxia (-12%); 40 of 43 showed increases in FRC during hypoxia (14%); 42 of 43 showed an increased FRC during hypercapnia (15%). Changes in VE were small as were changes in P0.1 values. These latter changes generally followed the same pattern of changes as FRC though the magnitude of the changes showed more variability. We were unable to demonstrate a significant correlation between changes in FRC and changes in P0.1 under the conditions of our experiments.", "contents": "The effect of hyperoxia, hypoxia and hypercapnia on FRC and occlusion pressure in human subjects. The measurement of pressure in the mouth 0.1 sec after the initiation of an occluded inspiratory effort (P0.1) has been proposed as an index of activity of medullary inspiratory neurons. If changes in FRC can be interpreted as important changes in the length-tension curve of the diaphragm or the total respiratory musculature, then changes in FRC from one occlusion pressure measurement to another can complicate such an interpretation of the P0.1 measurement. Forty-five subjects divided into three different groups were seated in a variable volume body plethysmograph. They had their FRC, P0.1, VT and VE measured while breathing air, 100% oxygen, 11% oxygen balance nitrogen, and 4% carbon dioxide in 20% oxygen balance nigrogen. All 45 showed a decrease in FRC during hyperoxia (-12%); 40 of 43 showed increases in FRC during hypoxia (14%); 42 of 43 showed an increased FRC during hypercapnia (15%). Changes in VE were small as were changes in P0.1 values. These latter changes generally followed the same pattern of changes as FRC though the magnitude of the changes showed more variability. We were unable to demonstrate a significant correlation between changes in FRC and changes in P0.1 under the conditions of our experiments.", "PMID": 694249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9753", "title": "Avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors: respiratory response to a step decrease in PCO2.", "content": "The contribution of intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC) to the respiratory response, following a step decrease in PICO2 was assessed in anesthetized and unidirectionally ventilated chickens. Step changes in the PCO2 of the ventilatory gas (PICO2) to a single lung were introduced with PICO2 to the contralateral lung held constant. Respiratory amplitude and frequency were monitored. Experimental series were conducted under conditions such that (I) both systemic chemoreceptors and IPC, (II) systemic chemoreceptors alone and (III) IPC alone contribute to the ventilatory response. The results indicate (1) that a rapid component of the transient response (complete in 25 sec) is eliminated by sectioning the pulmonary nerves (Series II), and (2) within the rapid component, a localized minimum in respiratory amplitude was observed which was not seen in either Series II or Series III experiments. We conclude that the rapid component of the transient response is due to the CO2-sensitive IPC and that intrapulmonary and systemic chemoreceptors are not simply additive in the generation of respiratory amplitude and frequency, but a more complex interaction must be involved.", "contents": "Avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors: respiratory response to a step decrease in PCO2. The contribution of intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC) to the respiratory response, following a step decrease in PICO2 was assessed in anesthetized and unidirectionally ventilated chickens. Step changes in the PCO2 of the ventilatory gas (PICO2) to a single lung were introduced with PICO2 to the contralateral lung held constant. Respiratory amplitude and frequency were monitored. Experimental series were conducted under conditions such that (I) both systemic chemoreceptors and IPC, (II) systemic chemoreceptors alone and (III) IPC alone contribute to the ventilatory response. The results indicate (1) that a rapid component of the transient response (complete in 25 sec) is eliminated by sectioning the pulmonary nerves (Series II), and (2) within the rapid component, a localized minimum in respiratory amplitude was observed which was not seen in either Series II or Series III experiments. We conclude that the rapid component of the transient response is due to the CO2-sensitive IPC and that intrapulmonary and systemic chemoreceptors are not simply additive in the generation of respiratory amplitude and frequency, but a more complex interaction must be involved.", "PMID": 694250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9754", "title": "[Action of vaso-active drugs on gasz of cerebral tissue. Experimental study by mass spectrometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a method for measuring cerebral tissue respiration by mass spectrometry. The first applications concern the action of vaso-active drugs on intracerebral PCO2 and PO2. The information gained with this method may prove of value in elucidating the mechanisms of drug action and the regulatory mechanisms of cerebral blood flow. Further prospects of experimentation offered by the method are mentioned.", "contents": "[Action of vaso-active drugs on gasz of cerebral tissue. Experimental study by mass spectrometry (author's transl)]. The authors describe a method for measuring cerebral tissue respiration by mass spectrometry. The first applications concern the action of vaso-active drugs on intracerebral PCO2 and PO2. The information gained with this method may prove of value in elucidating the mechanisms of drug action and the regulatory mechanisms of cerebral blood flow. Further prospects of experimentation offered by the method are mentioned.", "PMID": 694302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9755", "title": "[Dynamics of intestinal parasitic diseases in a students' hospital].", "content": "The present study, carried out in 1972-1975, extends, previous investigations on the dynamics of parasitic intestinal diseases. A number of 2723 Romanian and foreign students admitted to a students' hospital were investigated, finding 402 positive cases. Blood eosinophilia was likewis determined in 227 of these cases. There was a 3% decrease in the incidence of parasitic diseases, more marked among the foreign students. The most frequently encountered parasite was Tricocephalus; lambliasis showed a slight increase. The importance of coproparasitologic and haematologic examinations for the prevention, detection and treatment of parasitic diseases in the community investigated is emphasized.", "contents": "[Dynamics of intestinal parasitic diseases in a students' hospital]. The present study, carried out in 1972-1975, extends, previous investigations on the dynamics of parasitic intestinal diseases. A number of 2723 Romanian and foreign students admitted to a students' hospital were investigated, finding 402 positive cases. Blood eosinophilia was likewis determined in 227 of these cases. There was a 3% decrease in the incidence of parasitic diseases, more marked among the foreign students. The most frequently encountered parasite was Tricocephalus; lambliasis showed a slight increase. The importance of coproparasitologic and haematologic examinations for the prevention, detection and treatment of parasitic diseases in the community investigated is emphasized.", "PMID": 694329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9756", "title": "[Primary amebic meningoencephalitis and the pathogenic potential of limax amoebas].", "content": "During the last two decades it has been proved that free amoeba of the Naegleria and Acanthamoeba (Hartmanella) genera, formerly considered as inocuous protozoa, are the etiological agent of a newly described morbid entity: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. The clinical aspects of this disease, its clinical and laboratory diagnosis, the pathogenic potential of these amoebae, epidemiological data, prophylaxis and treatment, have promoted medical interest in this disease and in the possibility of a differential diagnosis with other meningoencephalitides.", "contents": "[Primary amebic meningoencephalitis and the pathogenic potential of limax amoebas]. During the last two decades it has been proved that free amoeba of the Naegleria and Acanthamoeba (Hartmanella) genera, formerly considered as inocuous protozoa, are the etiological agent of a newly described morbid entity: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. The clinical aspects of this disease, its clinical and laboratory diagnosis, the pathogenic potential of these amoebae, epidemiological data, prophylaxis and treatment, have promoted medical interest in this disease and in the possibility of a differential diagnosis with other meningoencephalitides.", "PMID": 694328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9757", "title": "[Comparative study of 2 serological methods of diagnosis of acute respiratory Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections].", "content": "Complement fixation (CF) and haemagglutination (HAP) with M. pneumoniae antigen have proved valuable methods for the etiological diagnosis of acute respiratory infections. Both methods are sensitive and specific, provided purified antigens are used, of the Kenny and Grayston lipid antigen type for CF and the antigen treated by ultrasound and purified by centrifugation for HAP. Concomitant and repeated use of both tests is recommended, following the taking of paired serum samples at 7 to 10 day intervals the first samples being taken within the first ten days of the disease. A single test can only be used for a presumptive serologic diagnosis of acute infection with M. pneumoniae and only if the minimal diagnostic titre is taken into consideration, i.e. 1/64 for CF and 1/160 for HAP.", "contents": "[Comparative study of 2 serological methods of diagnosis of acute respiratory Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections]. Complement fixation (CF) and haemagglutination (HAP) with M. pneumoniae antigen have proved valuable methods for the etiological diagnosis of acute respiratory infections. Both methods are sensitive and specific, provided purified antigens are used, of the Kenny and Grayston lipid antigen type for CF and the antigen treated by ultrasound and purified by centrifugation for HAP. Concomitant and repeated use of both tests is recommended, following the taking of paired serum samples at 7 to 10 day intervals the first samples being taken within the first ten days of the disease. A single test can only be used for a presumptive serologic diagnosis of acute infection with M. pneumoniae and only if the minimal diagnostic titre is taken into consideration, i.e. 1/64 for CF and 1/160 for HAP.", "PMID": 694331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9758", "title": "[Prospective evaluation of the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis. II. Further data on the immune response during pregnancy].", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescence test was carried out in 500 pregnant women in urban and rural areas, with a view to following conversion to seronegative values. The evolution of the immune background in infection with T. gondii was followed up by comparative analysis of the seroepidemiological data obtained in 1976 and 1977. It was found that:--Variations in the intensity of endogenous and exogenous factors bring about changes in the frequency and intensity of the immune response in toxoplasmosis.--Postnatal evolution of the child can be correlated with the age of pregnancy when seroconversion accurred and with the intensity of the latter.--The predominance of seroconversion in the 6th and 7th month of pregnancy and negativation of some of the responses during pregnancy suggest the need of an additional serological control during these months.--The effect of optimal conditions during springtime resulted in seasonal appearance of seroconversions, offering an additional orientation.--In the neonates of seropositive mothers no cases of manifest disease were observed; the presence of infection has to be subsequently confirmed or invalidated.", "contents": "[Prospective evaluation of the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis. II. Further data on the immune response during pregnancy]. The indirect immunofluorescence test was carried out in 500 pregnant women in urban and rural areas, with a view to following conversion to seronegative values. The evolution of the immune background in infection with T. gondii was followed up by comparative analysis of the seroepidemiological data obtained in 1976 and 1977. It was found that:--Variations in the intensity of endogenous and exogenous factors bring about changes in the frequency and intensity of the immune response in toxoplasmosis.--Postnatal evolution of the child can be correlated with the age of pregnancy when seroconversion accurred and with the intensity of the latter.--The predominance of seroconversion in the 6th and 7th month of pregnancy and negativation of some of the responses during pregnancy suggest the need of an additional serological control during these months.--The effect of optimal conditions during springtime resulted in seasonal appearance of seroconversions, offering an additional orientation.--In the neonates of seropositive mothers no cases of manifest disease were observed; the presence of infection has to be subsequently confirmed or invalidated.", "PMID": 694330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9759", "title": "[Antibiograms of Leptospira on solid media in Petri dishes].", "content": "The sensitivity of fowl leptospirae to antibiotics was tested by diffusiometry on solid media in Petri dishes. The method includes two stages: 1) visible leptospirae cultures are obtained by central seeding and incubation during 3--5 days at 28 or 37 degrees C; 2) antibiotic tablets are disposed at 2 cm from the visible edge of the multiplication zone of the leptospirae. The edge is marked with a pencil at the moment in which the antibiotics are applied. Incubation is continued at the same temperatures. The results are read after five days taking as reference the position of the marginal multiplication line. The sensitivity of leptospirae to antibiotics is expressed by arrested multiplication and resistance by advance of the marginal multiplication line up to or even beyond the antibiotic tablets. Fowl leptospirae are sensitive to penicillin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, novobiocin, polymixin, pristinamycin, neomycin, erythromycin, and resistant to mycostatin, septrin, rifampicin, optoquine, sulphatiazol.", "contents": "[Antibiograms of Leptospira on solid media in Petri dishes]. The sensitivity of fowl leptospirae to antibiotics was tested by diffusiometry on solid media in Petri dishes. The method includes two stages: 1) visible leptospirae cultures are obtained by central seeding and incubation during 3--5 days at 28 or 37 degrees C; 2) antibiotic tablets are disposed at 2 cm from the visible edge of the multiplication zone of the leptospirae. The edge is marked with a pencil at the moment in which the antibiotics are applied. Incubation is continued at the same temperatures. The results are read after five days taking as reference the position of the marginal multiplication line. The sensitivity of leptospirae to antibiotics is expressed by arrested multiplication and resistance by advance of the marginal multiplication line up to or even beyond the antibiotic tablets. Fowl leptospirae are sensitive to penicillin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, novobiocin, polymixin, pristinamycin, neomycin, erythromycin, and resistant to mycostatin, septrin, rifampicin, optoquine, sulphatiazol.", "PMID": 694333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9760", "title": "[Isolation by uroculture of bacterial flora from ambulatory patients].", "content": "In the out patients investigated between 1974 and 1977 a number of 14046 quantitative urocultures were performed; 2206 (15.5%) gave relevant results for a diagnosis of urinary infection. In 98.5% of the cases, infection was caused by Gram negative bacilli, particularly Enterobacteriaceae (98.14%). A set of 11 biochemical tests, performed in a single stage, was used, correctly establishing the genus and in most cases also the species, thus realizing marked economy of material and work. It is considered that the taxonomic listing by this set is sufficient for a diagnosis of urinary infection. In such cases the clinical interest and testing the sensitivity of the strains to antibiotics is of greater importance than determination of the serotype, lysotype or biotype, of prevalent interest in other types of infection produced by enterobacteria, particularly those known to be pathogens.", "contents": "[Isolation by uroculture of bacterial flora from ambulatory patients]. In the out patients investigated between 1974 and 1977 a number of 14046 quantitative urocultures were performed; 2206 (15.5%) gave relevant results for a diagnosis of urinary infection. In 98.5% of the cases, infection was caused by Gram negative bacilli, particularly Enterobacteriaceae (98.14%). A set of 11 biochemical tests, performed in a single stage, was used, correctly establishing the genus and in most cases also the species, thus realizing marked economy of material and work. It is considered that the taxonomic listing by this set is sufficient for a diagnosis of urinary infection. In such cases the clinical interest and testing the sensitivity of the strains to antibiotics is of greater importance than determination of the serotype, lysotype or biotype, of prevalent interest in other types of infection produced by enterobacteria, particularly those known to be pathogens.", "PMID": 694332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9761", "title": "[Cholangiocholecystitis, an acute attack with acarids in B bile].", "content": "The present paper reports on an acute febrile attack in a patient suffering from chronic non-lithiasis cholecystitis. Acarids and acarid eggs in various stages of development were found in bile B following duodenal intubation in the course of the attack. The administration of magnesium sulphate was followed by abundant biliary vomiting. Fever fell within 6 days and marked clinical improvement was obtained.", "contents": "[Cholangiocholecystitis, an acute attack with acarids in B bile]. The present paper reports on an acute febrile attack in a patient suffering from chronic non-lithiasis cholecystitis. Acarids and acarid eggs in various stages of development were found in bile B following duodenal intubation in the course of the attack. The administration of magnesium sulphate was followed by abundant biliary vomiting. Fever fell within 6 days and marked clinical improvement was obtained.", "PMID": 694335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9762", "title": "[Studies of the sensitivity to the usual domestic insecticides on insects of the Anopheles maculipennis group, and Musca domestica, Cimex lectularius and Blattella germanica species].", "content": "The present paper was designed to the study of the degree of sensitivity of mosquitoes, flies, bedbugs and cockroaches to organochloride and organophosphoric insecticides produced in Romania. Testing of the sensitivity to insecticides of these species, important as transmitters of human pathogens, showed the effectiveness of the products, which induced a high mortality rate in relatively small concentrations. Against Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus, the insecticides Detox, Carbetox and Lindatox proved efficient in concentrations of 1.0%, 0.5% and 1.0% respectively. Against Musca domestica Lindatox and Detox proved efficient in 1.0% concentration. Cimex lectularius responded with a mortality rate of 100% to 0.5% Lindatox, 1.5% Plotox and 1.0% Dipterex. Against Blattela germanica, 100% mortality was obtained after one hour exposure to Lindatox, Detox and Carbetox in 1.0% concentration, to 3.3% Plotox and 1% Piretrin.", "contents": "[Studies of the sensitivity to the usual domestic insecticides on insects of the Anopheles maculipennis group, and Musca domestica, Cimex lectularius and Blattella germanica species]. The present paper was designed to the study of the degree of sensitivity of mosquitoes, flies, bedbugs and cockroaches to organochloride and organophosphoric insecticides produced in Romania. Testing of the sensitivity to insecticides of these species, important as transmitters of human pathogens, showed the effectiveness of the products, which induced a high mortality rate in relatively small concentrations. Against Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus, the insecticides Detox, Carbetox and Lindatox proved efficient in concentrations of 1.0%, 0.5% and 1.0% respectively. Against Musca domestica Lindatox and Detox proved efficient in 1.0% concentration. Cimex lectularius responded with a mortality rate of 100% to 0.5% Lindatox, 1.5% Plotox and 1.0% Dipterex. Against Blattela germanica, 100% mortality was obtained after one hour exposure to Lindatox, Detox and Carbetox in 1.0% concentration, to 3.3% Plotox and 1% Piretrin.", "PMID": 694334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9763", "title": "[Angiotomography of the vertebrobasilar system technique-indication-results (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiotomography is a method which is particularly suitable for application in the diagnostics of the vertebrobasilar system on account of its ability to increase the selectivity of angiography, the definition of details, and spatial orientation. Available techniques include angioautomography with and without accessory device, and simultaneous angiotomography and its variations. Among the indications, those are predominant where disturbing vascular overshadowing should be eliminated and certain details emphasized. Angiotomography of the vertebrobasilar system visualizes important vascular structures without overshadowing, and hence also facilitates indirectly the assessment of certain neural structures. The visualization of the contours of vascularized tumors is also improved, and visualization of cystic processes becomes possible. The contrast of discrete tumor staining is enhanced, and, last but not least, visualization of the vessels themselves, as well as of important details, is increased.", "contents": "[Angiotomography of the vertebrobasilar system technique-indication-results (author's transl)]. Angiotomography is a method which is particularly suitable for application in the diagnostics of the vertebrobasilar system on account of its ability to increase the selectivity of angiography, the definition of details, and spatial orientation. Available techniques include angioautomography with and without accessory device, and simultaneous angiotomography and its variations. Among the indications, those are predominant where disturbing vascular overshadowing should be eliminated and certain details emphasized. Angiotomography of the vertebrobasilar system visualizes important vascular structures without overshadowing, and hence also facilitates indirectly the assessment of certain neural structures. The visualization of the contours of vascularized tumors is also improved, and visualization of cystic processes becomes possible. The contrast of discrete tumor staining is enhanced, and, last but not least, visualization of the vessels themselves, as well as of important details, is increased.", "PMID": 694368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9764", "title": "[Roentgenological differentiation characteristics in odontomata of the jaw (author's transl)].", "content": "Odontomata of the jaw are relatively rare. They can be easily diagnosed by means of special x-ray techniques provided they are composite odontomata. Difficulties are created by ameloblastofibromes and complex odontomata. Complete excochleation predominates in surgical therapy, first importance being given to sparing vital neighbouring teeth and vasomotor nerve bundles.", "contents": "[Roentgenological differentiation characteristics in odontomata of the jaw (author's transl)]. Odontomata of the jaw are relatively rare. They can be easily diagnosed by means of special x-ray techniques provided they are composite odontomata. Difficulties are created by ameloblastofibromes and complex odontomata. Complete excochleation predominates in surgical therapy, first importance being given to sparing vital neighbouring teeth and vasomotor nerve bundles.", "PMID": 694369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9765", "title": "[Optimal blurring in tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "The article discusses the effects on tomographic results exercised by uniform exposure distribution in linear direction, as well as by larger exposure fractions in the internal half of the pathway and outer pathway sections. Predominance of the interior exposure fraction may yield a tomogram which is equally significant as obtained with constant blurring, although the angle of the pendular movement must be considerably greater. Transferring the medium exposure to the outer pathway sections yields faulty images. Uniform exposure distribution produces the most favorable results. In multidirectional layers, spiral blurring with control-led intensity was found to be most appropriate. This requires the smallest pendular angle compared with other tomograms of equal contrast, and also avoids faulty images.", "contents": "[Optimal blurring in tomography (author's transl)]. The article discusses the effects on tomographic results exercised by uniform exposure distribution in linear direction, as well as by larger exposure fractions in the internal half of the pathway and outer pathway sections. Predominance of the interior exposure fraction may yield a tomogram which is equally significant as obtained with constant blurring, although the angle of the pendular movement must be considerably greater. Transferring the medium exposure to the outer pathway sections yields faulty images. Uniform exposure distribution produces the most favorable results. In multidirectional layers, spiral blurring with control-led intensity was found to be most appropriate. This requires the smallest pendular angle compared with other tomograms of equal contrast, and also avoids faulty images.", "PMID": 694370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9766", "title": "[Studies on the sensitivity of ionization chambers (author's transl)].", "content": "In spite of small geometrical dimensions of the ionization chambers, the sensitivity distribution throughout the entire chamber must be considered if conditions are extreme (small size of field, short distances). Various types of chambers were studied with regard to their response threshold along their axis. Taking the different wall thicknesses into consideration, different ionization chambers show good agreement with regard to the accumulation effect of Co-60 gamma radiation.", "contents": "[Studies on the sensitivity of ionization chambers (author's transl)]. In spite of small geometrical dimensions of the ionization chambers, the sensitivity distribution throughout the entire chamber must be considered if conditions are extreme (small size of field, short distances). Various types of chambers were studied with regard to their response threshold along their axis. Taking the different wall thicknesses into consideration, different ionization chambers show good agreement with regard to the accumulation effect of Co-60 gamma radiation.", "PMID": 694371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9767", "title": "[The value of 100-mm-spotfilm-technique for investigation of the colon (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic value of 100 mm-spotfilm-technique for investigations of the colon has been evaluated and compared to the conventional screen film technique. No difference has been found between the diagnostic value of the two methods, but the total number of exposures in the spotfilm technique has to be increased compared to the conventional method. There is a reduction of the x-ray dose, though not as big as expected.", "contents": "[The value of 100-mm-spotfilm-technique for investigation of the colon (author's transl)]. The diagnostic value of 100 mm-spotfilm-technique for investigations of the colon has been evaluated and compared to the conventional screen film technique. No difference has been found between the diagnostic value of the two methods, but the total number of exposures in the spotfilm technique has to be increased compared to the conventional method. There is a reduction of the x-ray dose, though not as big as expected.", "PMID": 694372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9768", "title": "[Epidemiology of mastocarcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Epidemiological examination of female patients with mastocarcinoma yields distinct differences in the rate of incidence among different groups of patients. In the industrial countries of the West, mastocarcinoma is 8 to 10 times more frequent than in the Far East and in some developing countries. In all groups under investigation, late primiparae are at an increased risk. Other risk factors are: previous familial history of mastocarcinoma, nulliparousness, women after a treated mastocarcinoma, as well as women with proliferating mastopathy. The setting up of risk groups enabled better on-target focussing of preliminary-care examinations.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of mastocarcinoma (author's transl)]. Epidemiological examination of female patients with mastocarcinoma yields distinct differences in the rate of incidence among different groups of patients. In the industrial countries of the West, mastocarcinoma is 8 to 10 times more frequent than in the Far East and in some developing countries. In all groups under investigation, late primiparae are at an increased risk. Other risk factors are: previous familial history of mastocarcinoma, nulliparousness, women after a treated mastocarcinoma, as well as women with proliferating mastopathy. The setting up of risk groups enabled better on-target focussing of preliminary-care examinations.", "PMID": 694373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9769", "title": "[Pretherapeutical diagnosis of metastases in carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "Conscientious pretherapeutic search for metastases is a prerequisite for every curative local therapy of breast carcinoma. This must be preceded by thorough physical checkup, supplemented by the usual blood tests, thoracic x-ray, and contralateral mammography. The axillary lymphatic nodes should be biopsied, since clinical assessment alone, unsupported by other examinations, yields false results in about one-third of the cases. Skeleton scintigraphy is recommended for routine skeleton diagnostics, possibly followed by specific roentgenography or tomography of individual skeleton sections. Bone marrow biopsy as well as individual biochemical examinations (discussed in this article in detail) are hardly useful in the search for hidden skeleton metastases, but they can be of importance in assessing the course of therapy. If there is the slightest clinical suspicion of metastases of the liver, brain or other organs, additional special examinations must be performed. Scintigraphy in combination with laparoscopy or ultrasound tomography is recommended in liver diagnostics. Brain metastases can be reliably detected by means of computer tomography.", "contents": "[Pretherapeutical diagnosis of metastases in carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)]. Conscientious pretherapeutic search for metastases is a prerequisite for every curative local therapy of breast carcinoma. This must be preceded by thorough physical checkup, supplemented by the usual blood tests, thoracic x-ray, and contralateral mammography. The axillary lymphatic nodes should be biopsied, since clinical assessment alone, unsupported by other examinations, yields false results in about one-third of the cases. Skeleton scintigraphy is recommended for routine skeleton diagnostics, possibly followed by specific roentgenography or tomography of individual skeleton sections. Bone marrow biopsy as well as individual biochemical examinations (discussed in this article in detail) are hardly useful in the search for hidden skeleton metastases, but they can be of importance in assessing the course of therapy. If there is the slightest clinical suspicion of metastases of the liver, brain or other organs, additional special examinations must be performed. Scintigraphy in combination with laparoscopy or ultrasound tomography is recommended in liver diagnostics. Brain metastases can be reliably detected by means of computer tomography.", "PMID": 694374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9770", "title": "[Therapy of carcinoma of the breast. Surgery. Present state of knowledge and problems (author's transl)].", "content": "For breast cancer of a limited size a tendency away from the radical Halsted-mastectomy can be noticed. A number of studies conducted during the last few years demonstrate that procedures less than radical mastectomy do not necessarily jeopardize the primary goal, namely maximal survival without recurrence. Lumpectomy, axillary staging and curative irradiation can be applied to small breast cancers without clinical evidence of diseased axillary nodes. The quality of the rather difficult radiation therapy and of the follow-up are of paramount importance.", "contents": "[Therapy of carcinoma of the breast. Surgery. Present state of knowledge and problems (author's transl)]. For breast cancer of a limited size a tendency away from the radical Halsted-mastectomy can be noticed. A number of studies conducted during the last few years demonstrate that procedures less than radical mastectomy do not necessarily jeopardize the primary goal, namely maximal survival without recurrence. Lumpectomy, axillary staging and curative irradiation can be applied to small breast cancers without clinical evidence of diseased axillary nodes. The quality of the rather difficult radiation therapy and of the follow-up are of paramount importance.", "PMID": 694375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9771", "title": "[Endocrinal and chemotherapy of the metastasising mastocarcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment of the metastasising mastocarcinoma is based on endocrinal and cytostatic treatment methods arranged systematically in parallel and in series. With endocrinal therapy alone, remission rates of around 30% are achieved, whereas with polychemotherapy the remission rates are 50 to 60%. For a large proportion of the patients, the systematic application of both methods leads to definite increase in life expectancy at a tolerable quality of life level. The determination of steroid hormone receptors in the tumorous tissue allows better selection of the patients and hence better on-target therapy.", "contents": "[Endocrinal and chemotherapy of the metastasising mastocarcinoma (author's transl)]. Treatment of the metastasising mastocarcinoma is based on endocrinal and cytostatic treatment methods arranged systematically in parallel and in series. With endocrinal therapy alone, remission rates of around 30% are achieved, whereas with polychemotherapy the remission rates are 50 to 60%. For a large proportion of the patients, the systematic application of both methods leads to definite increase in life expectancy at a tolerable quality of life level. The determination of steroid hormone receptors in the tumorous tissue allows better selection of the patients and hence better on-target therapy.", "PMID": 694376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9772", "title": "[Traumatic hemmorrhage of a kidney with three arteries: embolisation and development of intrarenally localised renorenal collaterals (author's transl)].", "content": "Successful embolisation with Gelfoam of renal hemorrhage caused by surgery. Embolisation was made easier by the fact that bleeding originated from the smaller of the three arteries for the right kidney. No persistence of hypertonia. Formation of intrarenally localised renorenal collaterals.", "contents": "[Traumatic hemmorrhage of a kidney with three arteries: embolisation and development of intrarenally localised renorenal collaterals (author's transl)]. Successful embolisation with Gelfoam of renal hemorrhage caused by surgery. Embolisation was made easier by the fact that bleeding originated from the smaller of the three arteries for the right kidney. No persistence of hypertonia. Formation of intrarenally localised renorenal collaterals.", "PMID": 694377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9773", "title": "[Urographic alterations after kidney stone operation (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative excretory urography revealed severe complications after kidney stone removal in 17 of 102 patients. In 11 cases stone fragments or remaining stones were detected. The high frequency of prognostically important postoperative alterations justifies the postulation to carry out control urography after every kidney stone operation. Control examinations demonstrate prognostically less important changes which must be known by the radiologist to differentiate them from tumorous or inflammatory processes.", "contents": "[Urographic alterations after kidney stone operation (author's transl)]. Postoperative excretory urography revealed severe complications after kidney stone removal in 17 of 102 patients. In 11 cases stone fragments or remaining stones were detected. The high frequency of prognostically important postoperative alterations justifies the postulation to carry out control urography after every kidney stone operation. Control examinations demonstrate prognostically less important changes which must be known by the radiologist to differentiate them from tumorous or inflammatory processes.", "PMID": 694378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9774", "title": "[Technique and use of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) with the CHIBA needle (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences with the modified percutaneous transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) with the CHIBA-needle (\"skinny-needle\") are evaluated and reported. The procedure is successul in almost all cases with dilated bile ducts. Therefore a failure to opacify the bile ducts with this method suggests an intrahepatic cause of cholestasis. No serious side effects have been observed in 45 cases.", "contents": "[Technique and use of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) with the CHIBA needle (author's transl)]. Experiences with the modified percutaneous transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) with the CHIBA-needle (\"skinny-needle\") are evaluated and reported. The procedure is successul in almost all cases with dilated bile ducts. Therefore a failure to opacify the bile ducts with this method suggests an intrahepatic cause of cholestasis. No serious side effects have been observed in 45 cases.", "PMID": 694379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9775", "title": "[Duodenogastric reflux in roentgenexaminations (author's transl)].", "content": "Duodenogastric reflux (DGR) favours gastritis, ulcer and carcinoma of the stomach, as well as bleeding from oesophagealvaricosis. DGR is seen regulary in roentgenexaminations of the operated stomach--with exception of selectiv proximal vagotomie--, and in approximately 30-50% in roentgenexaminations of the non operated stomach. Quantification of the DGR is possible by intraduodenal application of Barium or Jodcontaining substances via transpyloric tube, endoscope or intracholedochal T-tube, and cinematographical and electronic registration of the roentgenexamination.", "contents": "[Duodenogastric reflux in roentgenexaminations (author's transl)]. Duodenogastric reflux (DGR) favours gastritis, ulcer and carcinoma of the stomach, as well as bleeding from oesophagealvaricosis. DGR is seen regulary in roentgenexaminations of the operated stomach--with exception of selectiv proximal vagotomie--, and in approximately 30-50% in roentgenexaminations of the non operated stomach. Quantification of the DGR is possible by intraduodenal application of Barium or Jodcontaining substances via transpyloric tube, endoscope or intracholedochal T-tube, and cinematographical and electronic registration of the roentgenexamination.", "PMID": 694380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9776", "title": "[Theories on radiobiological effects (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiobiology has revealed two entirely different effects on irradiated cells. An early, interphase, death (alpha-effect) and also sublethal and potential lethal damage causing mitotic abnormalities leading to a delayed death (beta-effect). The alpha-effect, caused by relative great ion densities, is now interpreted as a double break of the DNA molecule in the cell nucleus. The beta-effect, caused by smaller ion densities might be due to adjacent single breaks of the DNA. The nonlinear dose dependent of the beta-effect can be explained by rapid repair processe having a limited repair capacity. Slow repair of damaged normal cells in G1-phase can be enhanced by medical means and this might be important for clinical radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Theories on radiobiological effects (author's transl)]. Radiobiology has revealed two entirely different effects on irradiated cells. An early, interphase, death (alpha-effect) and also sublethal and potential lethal damage causing mitotic abnormalities leading to a delayed death (beta-effect). The alpha-effect, caused by relative great ion densities, is now interpreted as a double break of the DNA molecule in the cell nucleus. The beta-effect, caused by smaller ion densities might be due to adjacent single breaks of the DNA. The nonlinear dose dependent of the beta-effect can be explained by rapid repair processe having a limited repair capacity. Slow repair of damaged normal cells in G1-phase can be enhanced by medical means and this might be important for clinical radiotherapy.", "PMID": 694381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9777", "title": "[Primary hyperparathyroidism as differential diagnosis of severe skeletal destructions (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a 45-year old female patient with primary hyperparathyroidism is described to show that this disease can occur under the principal sign of a destruction of the cervical vertebral column. The roentgenological changes associated with primary hyperparathyroidism are discussed and their differential diagnostic significance is emphasised. The radially located subperiostal absorptions are the first roentgenological changes seen in PHPT and represent signs which make it highly probably that this disease is present.", "contents": "[Primary hyperparathyroidism as differential diagnosis of severe skeletal destructions (author's transl)]. The case of a 45-year old female patient with primary hyperparathyroidism is described to show that this disease can occur under the principal sign of a destruction of the cervical vertebral column. The roentgenological changes associated with primary hyperparathyroidism are discussed and their differential diagnostic significance is emphasised. The radially located subperiostal absorptions are the first roentgenological changes seen in PHPT and represent signs which make it highly probably that this disease is present.", "PMID": 694382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9778", "title": "[Roentgen diagnosis of injuries of the ankle joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Lesions of the ankle joint affect the bone and/or ligaments. It will often be necessary to conduct additional radiological examinations besides the standard x-ray films. These additional examinations should include: 1. roentgenograms taken at an oblique angle; 2. x-ray films taken in forced extreme joint position in two planes; 3. roentgenograms comparing right and left; 4. arthrography. The article discusses the value and significance of the additional roentgenograms, with particular reference to the importance of the films of the forced extreme joint position.", "contents": "[Roentgen diagnosis of injuries of the ankle joint (author's transl)]. Lesions of the ankle joint affect the bone and/or ligaments. It will often be necessary to conduct additional radiological examinations besides the standard x-ray films. These additional examinations should include: 1. roentgenograms taken at an oblique angle; 2. x-ray films taken in forced extreme joint position in two planes; 3. roentgenograms comparing right and left; 4. arthrography. The article discusses the value and significance of the additional roentgenograms, with particular reference to the importance of the films of the forced extreme joint position.", "PMID": 694383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9779", "title": "[Radial aplasia and associated defects (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on a newborn with multiple malformations, especially of the extremities, known as VATERS-association symptom complex. The clinical and roentgenological findings are described and the differential diagnosis of the most frequent symptom of radial aplasia is explained.", "contents": "[Radial aplasia and associated defects (author's transl)]. The article reports on a newborn with multiple malformations, especially of the extremities, known as VATERS-association symptom complex. The clinical and roentgenological findings are described and the differential diagnosis of the most frequent symptom of radial aplasia is explained.", "PMID": 694384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9780", "title": "[Plain roentgenography findings of congenital heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Plain roentgenography of congenital heart disease in newborn is subject to narrow diagnostic limitations. The cardiac abnormalities should preferably be classified according to haemodynamic criteria. In most cases the diagnostic information is restricted to the statement whether the malformation detected plain roentgenography is associated with normal, increased or decreased pulmonary perfusion. Most cardiac abnormalities occur in conjunction with a more or less pronounced cardiomegaly, and only the tetralogy of Fallot, tricuspid atresia, and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage are associated with a heart of normal or only slightly enlarged size. Configurations which are considered as being typical of congenital heart disease are only seen in the tetralogy of Fallot and in tricuspid atresia (wooden shoe deformity) on the one hand, and in the transposition of the great arteries and the truncus arteriosus on the other eggshaped heart). Differentiation between these malformations of the heart is sometimes possible via the position of the aortic arch. The factors mainly responsible for the development of cardiac insufficiency during the first few days of life should be the coarctation of the aorta and the hypoplastic left-heart syndrome.", "contents": "[Plain roentgenography findings of congenital heart disease (author's transl)]. Plain roentgenography of congenital heart disease in newborn is subject to narrow diagnostic limitations. The cardiac abnormalities should preferably be classified according to haemodynamic criteria. In most cases the diagnostic information is restricted to the statement whether the malformation detected plain roentgenography is associated with normal, increased or decreased pulmonary perfusion. Most cardiac abnormalities occur in conjunction with a more or less pronounced cardiomegaly, and only the tetralogy of Fallot, tricuspid atresia, and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage are associated with a heart of normal or only slightly enlarged size. Configurations which are considered as being typical of congenital heart disease are only seen in the tetralogy of Fallot and in tricuspid atresia (wooden shoe deformity) on the one hand, and in the transposition of the great arteries and the truncus arteriosus on the other eggshaped heart). Differentiation between these malformations of the heart is sometimes possible via the position of the aortic arch. The factors mainly responsible for the development of cardiac insufficiency during the first few days of life should be the coarctation of the aorta and the hypoplastic left-heart syndrome.", "PMID": 694385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9781", "title": "[Exomphalos. A review of 23 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The omphalocele is very often combined with congenital malformations and is primarely to be looked at as a medical and surgical disease. The radiological examination possibly can help to decrease the rate of mortality by disclosing the malformations. These very often consist of malformations, complicating ileus and Bochdalek's hernia. We present 23 cases with omphalocele with special regard to the congenital malformations, complications postoperatively and the causes of death.", "contents": "[Exomphalos. A review of 23 cases (author's transl)]. The omphalocele is very often combined with congenital malformations and is primarely to be looked at as a medical and surgical disease. The radiological examination possibly can help to decrease the rate of mortality by disclosing the malformations. These very often consist of malformations, complicating ileus and Bochdalek's hernia. We present 23 cases with omphalocele with special regard to the congenital malformations, complications postoperatively and the causes of death.", "PMID": 694386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9782", "title": "[The use of nuclear medicine in the examination to liver and spleen (author's transl)].", "content": "The employment of scintigraphy in the examination of liver and spleen represents a simple and rapid diagnostic method which hardly burdens the patient since it is non-invasive. The accuracy ratings in respect of focal lesions show that it should not be over-estimated. When used in a meaningful and relevant manner within the spectrum of all available diagnostic measures, however, liver-spleen scintigraphy will often supply significant information.", "contents": "[The use of nuclear medicine in the examination to liver and spleen (author's transl)]. The employment of scintigraphy in the examination of liver and spleen represents a simple and rapid diagnostic method which hardly burdens the patient since it is non-invasive. The accuracy ratings in respect of focal lesions show that it should not be over-estimated. When used in a meaningful and relevant manner within the spectrum of all available diagnostic measures, however, liver-spleen scintigraphy will often supply significant information.", "PMID": 694387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9783", "title": "[Internistic diagnosis of the parenchymatous epigastric organs (author's transl)].", "content": "Since endoscopy became part of routine diagnostic measures in epigastric diseases, less weight has been attached to x-ray examinations, although the range of application of radiological diagnosis has widened rather than narrowed. In the first place this must be ascribed to the combined diagnostic methods of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography (ERCP), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and to a limited extent also to percutaneous transjugular cholangiography (PTJC). All three methods are typical examples of the increasing importance of teamwork between the internist engaged in gastroenterology and the radiologist. Other methods, too, the application of which is being practised both by internists and radiologists, are growing in importance, such as sonography and computerised tomography. However, the decisive factor is that today the indication for radiological examinations can be determined in a much more selective fashion than only a few years age: enzymological and serological laboratory and functional investigations are now being used as routine and screening methods and will enable the internist to direct pointed questions at the radiologist. X-ray diagnostics can hold its own within the framework of internistic general diagnostics only if it pays more attention to the more refined examination methods.", "contents": "[Internistic diagnosis of the parenchymatous epigastric organs (author's transl)]. Since endoscopy became part of routine diagnostic measures in epigastric diseases, less weight has been attached to x-ray examinations, although the range of application of radiological diagnosis has widened rather than narrowed. In the first place this must be ascribed to the combined diagnostic methods of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography (ERCP), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and to a limited extent also to percutaneous transjugular cholangiography (PTJC). All three methods are typical examples of the increasing importance of teamwork between the internist engaged in gastroenterology and the radiologist. Other methods, too, the application of which is being practised both by internists and radiologists, are growing in importance, such as sonography and computerised tomography. However, the decisive factor is that today the indication for radiological examinations can be determined in a much more selective fashion than only a few years age: enzymological and serological laboratory and functional investigations are now being used as routine and screening methods and will enable the internist to direct pointed questions at the radiologist. X-ray diagnostics can hold its own within the framework of internistic general diagnostics only if it pays more attention to the more refined examination methods.", "PMID": 694388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9784", "title": "Value of the electrocardiographic stress test by atrial pacing in the healing stages of experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "To check up the value of atrial pacing (AP) in estimating the degree of healing in myocardial necrosis, an ECG study was carried out in 20 dogs with experimental myocardial infarction induced by ligation of the left descending coronary artery. The main ECG changes recorded after ligation i.e., Q waves in 14 animals (73%), S-T segment elevation in 14 (74%) and decrease of QRS voltage in 12 (63%), disappeared within a 7-day interval. Anesthesia with Nembutal 56--57 days after ligation and before AP application induced the occurrence of Q waves in 6 animals, S-T segment depression in 18 and T wave inversion in 12. AP during 20 minutes, at a heart rate of 200 beats/min, produced the appearance or the increase of S-T segment depression in 14 animals and T wave inversion in 12. These findings support the assumption that the AP stress test can be used for the evaluation of the necrosis degree in the healing stages of experimental myocardial infarction, but a correct interpretation of the ECG changes induced by AP should also take into account the previous abnormalities due to anesthesia.", "contents": "Value of the electrocardiographic stress test by atrial pacing in the healing stages of experimental myocardial infarction. To check up the value of atrial pacing (AP) in estimating the degree of healing in myocardial necrosis, an ECG study was carried out in 20 dogs with experimental myocardial infarction induced by ligation of the left descending coronary artery. The main ECG changes recorded after ligation i.e., Q waves in 14 animals (73%), S-T segment elevation in 14 (74%) and decrease of QRS voltage in 12 (63%), disappeared within a 7-day interval. Anesthesia with Nembutal 56--57 days after ligation and before AP application induced the occurrence of Q waves in 6 animals, S-T segment depression in 18 and T wave inversion in 12. AP during 20 minutes, at a heart rate of 200 beats/min, produced the appearance or the increase of S-T segment depression in 14 animals and T wave inversion in 12. These findings support the assumption that the AP stress test can be used for the evaluation of the necrosis degree in the healing stages of experimental myocardial infarction, but a correct interpretation of the ECG changes induced by AP should also take into account the previous abnormalities due to anesthesia.", "PMID": 694392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9785", "title": "The methodology of cardiovascular disease epidemiology.", "content": "Chronic disease epidemiology emerged from a methodological necessity, namely to break the deadlock of the medical science faced with a sudden upsurge of these diseases, especially cardiovascular, after the Second World War. The author analyses the shortcomings of clinical investigation in contrast with the epidemiological approach, the qualitative and quantitative prerequisites of the latter, as well as its methodological instruments, pointing out misunderstandings and improper uses of some terms i.e., epidemiology is not one and the same thing as ecology; epidemiology precludes passive detection; the environmental agent is not identical to the risk factor; the risk factor is not diagnostic. It is worth making these distinctions in order to enhance the value of epidemiology as a first step toward prevention.", "contents": "The methodology of cardiovascular disease epidemiology. Chronic disease epidemiology emerged from a methodological necessity, namely to break the deadlock of the medical science faced with a sudden upsurge of these diseases, especially cardiovascular, after the Second World War. The author analyses the shortcomings of clinical investigation in contrast with the epidemiological approach, the qualitative and quantitative prerequisites of the latter, as well as its methodological instruments, pointing out misunderstandings and improper uses of some terms i.e., epidemiology is not one and the same thing as ecology; epidemiology precludes passive detection; the environmental agent is not identical to the risk factor; the risk factor is not diagnostic. It is worth making these distinctions in order to enhance the value of epidemiology as a first step toward prevention.", "PMID": 694394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9786", "title": "Separation and purification of LDH and alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes for the improvement of organo-specific diagnosis.", "content": "The LDH isoenzymes from mixed granulocytic populations and from homogenates of different organs, as well as alkaline phosphatase from human liver and intestine, were separated and purified by means of chromatography using ion exchangers (DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex A50). Comparison of purified LDH isoenzyme chromatograms with the zymograms in agar gel has allowed the determination of the isoenzymatic pattern of the respective tissues and its correlation with the predominant energetic processes. The purified extracts of alkaline phosphate have lead to the characterization of the main molecular forms of the enzyme thus enabling a more precise organo-specific diagnosis.", "contents": "Separation and purification of LDH and alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes for the improvement of organo-specific diagnosis. The LDH isoenzymes from mixed granulocytic populations and from homogenates of different organs, as well as alkaline phosphatase from human liver and intestine, were separated and purified by means of chromatography using ion exchangers (DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex A50). Comparison of purified LDH isoenzyme chromatograms with the zymograms in agar gel has allowed the determination of the isoenzymatic pattern of the respective tissues and its correlation with the predominant energetic processes. The purified extracts of alkaline phosphate have lead to the characterization of the main molecular forms of the enzyme thus enabling a more precise organo-specific diagnosis.", "PMID": 694395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9787", "title": "Experimental studies concerning the mechanism of the thyroid-pineal interrelationship. I. The action of the pineal peptides on the thyroid gland.", "content": "Subcutaneous administration of a pineal polypeptide extract, \"Crinofizin\", to adult male Wistar rats having the thyroid function inhibited by prolonged administration of MTU, has important effects on both the whole organism (slightly correcting the weight increase rate, loweri g cholesterolemia) and the thyroid gland (reducing thyroid hyperplasia and playing a part in various stages of thyroid hormones metabolism). Thus under pineal treatment one can observe a clear tendency to return to the normal values of the thyroid parameters strongly modified by MTU, as RIC, intrathyroid proteic iodine, tissue thyroid hormones distribution, blood PBI and total T4. It appears that these effects of pineal peptides are induced directly on the thyroid and/or via the hypophyso-thyroid axis which they intercept and equilibrate (moderate).", "contents": "Experimental studies concerning the mechanism of the thyroid-pineal interrelationship. I. The action of the pineal peptides on the thyroid gland. Subcutaneous administration of a pineal polypeptide extract, \"Crinofizin\", to adult male Wistar rats having the thyroid function inhibited by prolonged administration of MTU, has important effects on both the whole organism (slightly correcting the weight increase rate, loweri g cholesterolemia) and the thyroid gland (reducing thyroid hyperplasia and playing a part in various stages of thyroid hormones metabolism). Thus under pineal treatment one can observe a clear tendency to return to the normal values of the thyroid parameters strongly modified by MTU, as RIC, intrathyroid proteic iodine, tissue thyroid hormones distribution, blood PBI and total T4. It appears that these effects of pineal peptides are induced directly on the thyroid and/or via the hypophyso-thyroid axis which they intercept and equilibrate (moderate).", "PMID": 694396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9788", "title": "45Ca uptake in tooth germs: effects of parathormone, calcitonin and propranolol.", "content": "Tooth germs harvested from 6-day-old rats were incubated in a 45Ca-containing medium for 6 hours. The addition of PTH consistently stimulated the increase in 45Ca uptake, while calcitonin significantly reduced both the PTH-stimulated incorporation and the spontaneous one. Dibutyrul CAMP (3.5 mM) had no effects. Propranolol significantly inhibited the spontaneous and stimulated 45Ca uptake. Results obtained support the concept that the two hormones have a clear influence on calcium entering the tooth germs in full calcification process probably by early membrane effect.", "contents": "45Ca uptake in tooth germs: effects of parathormone, calcitonin and propranolol. Tooth germs harvested from 6-day-old rats were incubated in a 45Ca-containing medium for 6 hours. The addition of PTH consistently stimulated the increase in 45Ca uptake, while calcitonin significantly reduced both the PTH-stimulated incorporation and the spontaneous one. Dibutyrul CAMP (3.5 mM) had no effects. Propranolol significantly inhibited the spontaneous and stimulated 45Ca uptake. Results obtained support the concept that the two hormones have a clear influence on calcium entering the tooth germs in full calcification process probably by early membrane effect.", "PMID": 694399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9789", "title": "The thyroglobulin variations during the thyroid surgery for polynodular goiter, hyperthyroidism and cancer.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) double antibody system for human thyroglobulin (Tgl) was developed with a sensitivity of 2.5 ng/ml T3 and T4 did not interfere in the antibody Tgl binding. The blood was collected pre-, intra- and 24 hrs post-thyroidectomy from 50 females and 4 males diagnosed as polynodular goiter, hyperthyroidism, chronic thyroiditis and thyroid cancer. The ratios of the intra- and post-operatory values versus pre-operatory values were calculated. The basal values in the patients having thyroid troubles varied within very large limits (two orders of magnitude) and these values could not be clearly correlated to the thyroid pathology, However, in untreated hyperthyroid patients the basal values exceeded 100 ng/ml, while in medullary carcinoma they were near the sensitivity limit of the technique. The intra-operatory values varied within the percentual area (thyroid carcinoma), multiplicative area (polynodular goiter and some cases of hyperthyroidism) and the order of magnitude area (hyperthyroid patients and some of the polynodular goiters). The value of the RIA measurement of the Tgl in the serum as an adjuvant in the post-treatment follow up of thyroid patients is discussed.", "contents": "The thyroglobulin variations during the thyroid surgery for polynodular goiter, hyperthyroidism and cancer. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) double antibody system for human thyroglobulin (Tgl) was developed with a sensitivity of 2.5 ng/ml T3 and T4 did not interfere in the antibody Tgl binding. The blood was collected pre-, intra- and 24 hrs post-thyroidectomy from 50 females and 4 males diagnosed as polynodular goiter, hyperthyroidism, chronic thyroiditis and thyroid cancer. The ratios of the intra- and post-operatory values versus pre-operatory values were calculated. The basal values in the patients having thyroid troubles varied within very large limits (two orders of magnitude) and these values could not be clearly correlated to the thyroid pathology, However, in untreated hyperthyroid patients the basal values exceeded 100 ng/ml, while in medullary carcinoma they were near the sensitivity limit of the technique. The intra-operatory values varied within the percentual area (thyroid carcinoma), multiplicative area (polynodular goiter and some cases of hyperthyroidism) and the order of magnitude area (hyperthyroid patients and some of the polynodular goiters). The value of the RIA measurement of the Tgl in the serum as an adjuvant in the post-treatment follow up of thyroid patients is discussed.", "PMID": 694400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9790", "title": "The enteroendocrine cells during the normal development of the rat and in some human digestive diseases.", "content": "The enteroendocrine cells were studied in rats from one day to two years of age. A gradual increase in the number of argentaffin granules and cell volumes paralleling the ageing was observed. The volumes of argentaffin cells in rats reached a maximum at 9 months and decreased towards two years. The argentaffin cells of the intestine are significantly larger than the gastric ones. No significant correlation was found between argentaffin granules number and cell volumes and the gastric or duodenal ulcers. A slight hyperplasia of enteroendocrine cells around the gastric ulcers was noticed.", "contents": "The enteroendocrine cells during the normal development of the rat and in some human digestive diseases. The enteroendocrine cells were studied in rats from one day to two years of age. A gradual increase in the number of argentaffin granules and cell volumes paralleling the ageing was observed. The volumes of argentaffin cells in rats reached a maximum at 9 months and decreased towards two years. The argentaffin cells of the intestine are significantly larger than the gastric ones. No significant correlation was found between argentaffin granules number and cell volumes and the gastric or duodenal ulcers. A slight hyperplasia of enteroendocrine cells around the gastric ulcers was noticed.", "PMID": 694398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9791", "title": "Cardiovascular pathology in acromegaly and some effects of the 90 yttrium implant in the hypophysis.", "content": "Examination of the cardiovascular apparatus (cv) of 25 acromegalic patients revealed an increased incidence of cardiovascular pathology as against normal individuals. Acromegalic patients with arterial hypertension (AH) show a twice higher incidence of ischemic cardiopathy, cardiomegaly with obvious or latent cardiac failure, arrhythmias, which frequently lead to death. The uncertain pathogeny of cardiomyopathy implied: hypoxia due to heart hypertrophy (over 500 g and increased cross-section of the fibre to over 26/mu), adrenergic deficiency resulting from increased protein synthesis and decrease in thyrosine, a precursor of myocardic cathecolamines. The increased incidence of coronary pathology is favoured in acromegalic patients by diabetes, hyperlipoproteinemia, low endogenous heparin, increased ureic acid and platelet adhesivity. Hypophysectomy by hypophysolysis (20 cases) brings relief and cures cardiovascular pathology, reduces AH, corrects the coronary risk factors, cures hypophyseal diabetes. The existence of AH and cardiovascular pathology is an indication for surgical treatment in evolutive acromegaly.", "contents": "Cardiovascular pathology in acromegaly and some effects of the 90 yttrium implant in the hypophysis. Examination of the cardiovascular apparatus (cv) of 25 acromegalic patients revealed an increased incidence of cardiovascular pathology as against normal individuals. Acromegalic patients with arterial hypertension (AH) show a twice higher incidence of ischemic cardiopathy, cardiomegaly with obvious or latent cardiac failure, arrhythmias, which frequently lead to death. The uncertain pathogeny of cardiomyopathy implied: hypoxia due to heart hypertrophy (over 500 g and increased cross-section of the fibre to over 26/mu), adrenergic deficiency resulting from increased protein synthesis and decrease in thyrosine, a precursor of myocardic cathecolamines. The increased incidence of coronary pathology is favoured in acromegalic patients by diabetes, hyperlipoproteinemia, low endogenous heparin, increased ureic acid and platelet adhesivity. Hypophysectomy by hypophysolysis (20 cases) brings relief and cures cardiovascular pathology, reduces AH, corrects the coronary risk factors, cures hypophyseal diabetes. The existence of AH and cardiovascular pathology is an indication for surgical treatment in evolutive acromegaly.", "PMID": 694401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9792", "title": "Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography.", "content": "In 12 non-icteric patients, changes in the pancreatic duct indicative of carcinoma were found during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). Percutaneous fine-needle biopsy was positive for cancer in six cases. Nine of the 12 patients were later proved to have carcinoma of the pancreas. There was one falsely negative biopsy but no false positives. In two cases no pancreatic cells were found in the smear. It seems that percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy during ERCP is a feasible procedure and can be recommended in ductal changes indicative of carcinoma.", "contents": "Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography. In 12 non-icteric patients, changes in the pancreatic duct indicative of carcinoma were found during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). Percutaneous fine-needle biopsy was positive for cancer in six cases. Nine of the 12 patients were later proved to have carcinoma of the pancreas. There was one falsely negative biopsy but no false positives. In two cases no pancreatic cells were found in the smear. It seems that percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy during ERCP is a feasible procedure and can be recommended in ductal changes indicative of carcinoma.", "PMID": 694410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9793", "title": "Influence of repeated administration of cholecystokinin and secretin on the pancreas of the rat.", "content": "Repeated injections of cholecystokinin (CCK) during a period of up to 3 weeks significantly increased the weight of the pancreas in rats. This was associated with an increase in the amount of protein per unit weight of DNA, suggesting hypertrophy of the acinar cells, and with increase in the total amount of pancreatic DNA, indicating additional hyperplasia of the gland. CCK administration also increased the pancreatic content of amylase and trypsin, but the content of lipase remained unchanged. The rate of secretion of the two enzymes increased in the CCK-treated rats, although it appeared that the functional capacity of the individual pancreatic acinar cells was not increased. CCK injections had no effect on the insulin content of the pancreas or on the composition of the partoid glands. Repeated injections of secretin in the doses used in this study had no effect on the pancreas.", "contents": "Influence of repeated administration of cholecystokinin and secretin on the pancreas of the rat. Repeated injections of cholecystokinin (CCK) during a period of up to 3 weeks significantly increased the weight of the pancreas in rats. This was associated with an increase in the amount of protein per unit weight of DNA, suggesting hypertrophy of the acinar cells, and with increase in the total amount of pancreatic DNA, indicating additional hyperplasia of the gland. CCK administration also increased the pancreatic content of amylase and trypsin, but the content of lipase remained unchanged. The rate of secretion of the two enzymes increased in the CCK-treated rats, although it appeared that the functional capacity of the individual pancreatic acinar cells was not increased. CCK injections had no effect on the insulin content of the pancreas or on the composition of the partoid glands. Repeated injections of secretin in the doses used in this study had no effect on the pancreas.", "PMID": 694411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9794", "title": "Clinical studies of the utilization of an oligopeptide-containing synthetic diet. Preliminary communication.", "content": "In 12 patients comparative studies were carried out, to assess the therapeutic effect of synthetic diets containing either oligopeptides (Oligopep) or pure amino acids (Viva-sorb). Owing to side effects and failing therapeutic success it was possible to carry through nitrogen balance studies in only 7 patients. No difference could be shown between the two preparations with respect to nitrogen balance, stool mass and clinical effect. Four of the 7 patients had ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Clinical studies of the utilization of an oligopeptide-containing synthetic diet. Preliminary communication. In 12 patients comparative studies were carried out, to assess the therapeutic effect of synthetic diets containing either oligopeptides (Oligopep) or pure amino acids (Viva-sorb). Owing to side effects and failing therapeutic success it was possible to carry through nitrogen balance studies in only 7 patients. No difference could be shown between the two preparations with respect to nitrogen balance, stool mass and clinical effect. Four of the 7 patients had ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 694412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9795", "title": "Gastric emptying of a liquid meal in health and duodenal ulcer disease.", "content": "In the present investigation an extension of the method of George was used, which allows the rate of emptying of the gastric content (GC) to be assessed. The aim of the study was to find out whether ther is any difference in gastric emptying rate of a liquid meal of 750 ml 10% glucose (glucose monohydrate, mol. wt. 198) between healthy subjects and duodenal ulcer patients (DU). The straight numerical volume of GC, the logarithm and the square root of GC were related to time, and these functions were compared. The correlation coefficient for the regression line for these functions showed that data both for healthy subjects and DU gave a better fit to the GC/time and GC/relationship than to a semi-logarithmic function, when the starting point at time zero was excluded. Regardless of the type of transformation of the basic data, there was no difference between healthy controls and DU as regards the regression coefficient, indicating that from 20 min after the installation of the test volume the GC is decreasing at the same rate in the two groups. When the straight numerical volume of GC was used, there was a significant difference in the extrapolated Y-intercept for the regression lines between healthy subjects and the DU, indicating an increased initial emptying in the DU patients. This was further confirmed when the volume emptied during consecutive 20-min periods was estimated. Furthermore, there was a shorter emptying time in patients with duodenal ulcer than in healthy controls.", "contents": "Gastric emptying of a liquid meal in health and duodenal ulcer disease. In the present investigation an extension of the method of George was used, which allows the rate of emptying of the gastric content (GC) to be assessed. The aim of the study was to find out whether ther is any difference in gastric emptying rate of a liquid meal of 750 ml 10% glucose (glucose monohydrate, mol. wt. 198) between healthy subjects and duodenal ulcer patients (DU). The straight numerical volume of GC, the logarithm and the square root of GC were related to time, and these functions were compared. The correlation coefficient for the regression line for these functions showed that data both for healthy subjects and DU gave a better fit to the GC/time and GC/relationship than to a semi-logarithmic function, when the starting point at time zero was excluded. Regardless of the type of transformation of the basic data, there was no difference between healthy controls and DU as regards the regression coefficient, indicating that from 20 min after the installation of the test volume the GC is decreasing at the same rate in the two groups. When the straight numerical volume of GC was used, there was a significant difference in the extrapolated Y-intercept for the regression lines between healthy subjects and the DU, indicating an increased initial emptying in the DU patients. This was further confirmed when the volume emptied during consecutive 20-min periods was estimated. Furthermore, there was a shorter emptying time in patients with duodenal ulcer than in healthy controls.", "PMID": 694414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9796", "title": "Comparative effects of synthetic and natural vasoactive intestinal peptide on pancreatic and biliary secretion and on glucose and insulin blood levels in the dog.", "content": "The effects of synetic porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on pancreatic and biliary secretion and on glucose, insulin and calcium blood levels were examined in the dog and compared with the effects of natural porcine VIP. Synthetic VIP was a secretin-like partial agonist of pancreatic and biliary secretion with efficacies relative to secretin of 0.27 and 0.41, respectively. Consistent with its weak secretin-like action, synthetic VIP augmented the pancreatic response to CCK-OP and the submaximal but not the maximal response to secretin. Synthetic VIP also produced a dose-dependent increase in blood glucose levels and a synchronous and proportionate increase in blood insulin levels. A slight increase in total calcium levels was equivocal. The effects of antural VIP on pancreatic and biliary secretion and on glucose and insulin blood levels were identical to those of synthetic VIP. The identity of effects supports the validity of the postulated structure of porcine VIP. Although elicited at high doses, the effects of VIP on exocrine and endocrine secretion may be relevant physiologically in the context of a neurocrine or paracrine role for VIP.", "contents": "Comparative effects of synthetic and natural vasoactive intestinal peptide on pancreatic and biliary secretion and on glucose and insulin blood levels in the dog. The effects of synetic porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on pancreatic and biliary secretion and on glucose, insulin and calcium blood levels were examined in the dog and compared with the effects of natural porcine VIP. Synthetic VIP was a secretin-like partial agonist of pancreatic and biliary secretion with efficacies relative to secretin of 0.27 and 0.41, respectively. Consistent with its weak secretin-like action, synthetic VIP augmented the pancreatic response to CCK-OP and the submaximal but not the maximal response to secretin. Synthetic VIP also produced a dose-dependent increase in blood glucose levels and a synchronous and proportionate increase in blood insulin levels. A slight increase in total calcium levels was equivocal. The effects of antural VIP on pancreatic and biliary secretion and on glucose and insulin blood levels were identical to those of synthetic VIP. The identity of effects supports the validity of the postulated structure of porcine VIP. Although elicited at high doses, the effects of VIP on exocrine and endocrine secretion may be relevant physiologically in the context of a neurocrine or paracrine role for VIP.", "PMID": 694415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9797", "title": "In vitro medullary granulocytic progenitor (CFUc) cultures from 6 cases of granulocytopenias.", "content": "Medullary granulocyte progenitor (CFUc) cultures were grown in vitro from samples taken from 6 patients with toxic granulocytopenia caused by either thiamphenicol cephalothin or amidopyrine and who are now apparently cured. A decreased in the medullary concentration of CFUc has been observed and a calculated estimate shows that there was a decrease in their absolute number. A decrease in the number of CFUc per 10(5) metamyelocytes suggests a possible compensation by mitotic amplification between the stem cell and the differentiated cells. Two successive cultures have shown that the course of such medullary cultures is variable. The existence of medullary anomalies before drug toxicity as well as the practical consequences of the contrast between the apparent cure and the decrease in CFUc are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro medullary granulocytic progenitor (CFUc) cultures from 6 cases of granulocytopenias. Medullary granulocyte progenitor (CFUc) cultures were grown in vitro from samples taken from 6 patients with toxic granulocytopenia caused by either thiamphenicol cephalothin or amidopyrine and who are now apparently cured. A decreased in the medullary concentration of CFUc has been observed and a calculated estimate shows that there was a decrease in their absolute number. A decrease in the number of CFUc per 10(5) metamyelocytes suggests a possible compensation by mitotic amplification between the stem cell and the differentiated cells. Two successive cultures have shown that the course of such medullary cultures is variable. The existence of medullary anomalies before drug toxicity as well as the practical consequences of the contrast between the apparent cure and the decrease in CFUc are discussed.", "PMID": 694416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9798", "title": "Iron kinetics and erythropoiesis in Fanconi's anaemia.", "content": "Ferrokinetic studies were carried out in 4 patients with Fanconi's anaemia (FA). Experimental data were analysed by means of a mathematical model of iron kinetics in order to obtain a quantitative assessment of effective and ineffective erythropoietic activity, mean red cell lifespan, and non-erythroid iron turnover. The major pathogenetic mechanism of the anaemia appeared to be relative marrow failure, i.e. a reduction in the proliferative capacity of the erythroid marrow. The role of ineffective erythropoiesis was of minor importance. On the basis of the results obtained both the pathogenesis and the natural course of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "Iron kinetics and erythropoiesis in Fanconi's anaemia. Ferrokinetic studies were carried out in 4 patients with Fanconi's anaemia (FA). Experimental data were analysed by means of a mathematical model of iron kinetics in order to obtain a quantitative assessment of effective and ineffective erythropoietic activity, mean red cell lifespan, and non-erythroid iron turnover. The major pathogenetic mechanism of the anaemia appeared to be relative marrow failure, i.e. a reduction in the proliferative capacity of the erythroid marrow. The role of ineffective erythropoiesis was of minor importance. On the basis of the results obtained both the pathogenesis and the natural course of the disease are discussed.", "PMID": 694417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9799", "title": "Hairy cell leukaemia. Clinical features and effect of splenectomy.", "content": "Hairy-cell leukaemia (leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis) is a well-defined clinical entity. Most of the recent reports are almost entirely concerned with the pathological and functional aspects of the disease. In the present retrospective study the clinical features and laboratory data of 12 patients were analyzed together with a series of 123 adequately clinically documented cases from the literature. The Hb level and the sex of the patient proved to be the only parameters having some prognostic value for the survival time after diagnosis. The effect of splenectomy was assessed in two comparable groups of 24 splenectomized and 51 non-splenectomized patients. The operation seemed to be beneficial, but after 2 years the difference was not significant(.05 less than P less than .10). Analysis of subgroups showed that splenectomy was definitely beneficial in women, in patients with a Hb level over 8.0 g/dl or a platelet level above 50 X 10(9)/1, in patients with leucocytes below 3 X 10(9/1, , and also in patients with hepatomegaly (P less than .05 in all cases). These findings suggest that splenectomy is beneficial in cases where anaemia and thrombocytopenia are not very severe; in severe cytopenia the operation does not increase the life expectancy.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukaemia. Clinical features and effect of splenectomy. Hairy-cell leukaemia (leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis) is a well-defined clinical entity. Most of the recent reports are almost entirely concerned with the pathological and functional aspects of the disease. In the present retrospective study the clinical features and laboratory data of 12 patients were analyzed together with a series of 123 adequately clinically documented cases from the literature. The Hb level and the sex of the patient proved to be the only parameters having some prognostic value for the survival time after diagnosis. The effect of splenectomy was assessed in two comparable groups of 24 splenectomized and 51 non-splenectomized patients. The operation seemed to be beneficial, but after 2 years the difference was not significant(.05 less than P less than .10). Analysis of subgroups showed that splenectomy was definitely beneficial in women, in patients with a Hb level over 8.0 g/dl or a platelet level above 50 X 10(9)/1, in patients with leucocytes below 3 X 10(9/1, , and also in patients with hepatomegaly (P less than .05 in all cases). These findings suggest that splenectomy is beneficial in cases where anaemia and thrombocytopenia are not very severe; in severe cytopenia the operation does not increase the life expectancy.", "PMID": 694419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9800", "title": "Type I congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia with myelopoietic abnormalities and hand malformations.", "content": "Type I dyserythropoietic anaemia was diagnosed in an infant, who presented with respiratory distress and hepatosplenomegaly soon after birth. Anaemia became manifest during the neonatal period. The case clearly proves the congenital nature of the disease. Abnormalities of the myelopoietic series indicate that it might be a stem cell disease and the presence of skeletal anomalies of the hands suggests a genetic relationship to some cases of Fanconi and Diamond anaemia. No serum lipid or vitamin E deficiency was present as in type II congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia. Serial serum ferritin determinations indicated that iron stores are increased early in type I congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia despite no transfusion load.", "contents": "Type I congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia with myelopoietic abnormalities and hand malformations. Type I dyserythropoietic anaemia was diagnosed in an infant, who presented with respiratory distress and hepatosplenomegaly soon after birth. Anaemia became manifest during the neonatal period. The case clearly proves the congenital nature of the disease. Abnormalities of the myelopoietic series indicate that it might be a stem cell disease and the presence of skeletal anomalies of the hands suggests a genetic relationship to some cases of Fanconi and Diamond anaemia. No serum lipid or vitamin E deficiency was present as in type II congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia. Serial serum ferritin determinations indicated that iron stores are increased early in type I congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia despite no transfusion load.", "PMID": 694420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9801", "title": "Congenital factor V deficiency. A family study.", "content": "A 14-month-old girl suffering from a heavy bleeding tendency, caused by a severe isolated congenital factor V deficiency is described. In this study 56 family members were examined. 10 of them had a factor V level ranging 26-60% of the normal--these were classified as heterozygotes. The case histories of the heterozygotes did not reveal a bleeding tendency. The inheritance of this factor V deficiency is autosomal recessive, with varying expressivity in the heterozygotes.", "contents": "Congenital factor V deficiency. A family study. A 14-month-old girl suffering from a heavy bleeding tendency, caused by a severe isolated congenital factor V deficiency is described. In this study 56 family members were examined. 10 of them had a factor V level ranging 26-60% of the normal--these were classified as heterozygotes. The case histories of the heterozygotes did not reveal a bleeding tendency. The inheritance of this factor V deficiency is autosomal recessive, with varying expressivity in the heterozygotes.", "PMID": 694421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9802", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the lung, liver and spleen.", "content": "A female patient with lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) involving lung, liver and spleen is described. Our case presented with signs and laboratory data indicating severe hepatic failure. It is not clear if this disorder represents a distinct pathological or clinical entity. In this report the differences between LYG and the two disease groups which it most resembles, Wegener's granulomatosis and malignant lymphoma are discussed.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the lung, liver and spleen. A female patient with lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) involving lung, liver and spleen is described. Our case presented with signs and laboratory data indicating severe hepatic failure. It is not clear if this disorder represents a distinct pathological or clinical entity. In this report the differences between LYG and the two disease groups which it most resembles, Wegener's granulomatosis and malignant lymphoma are discussed.", "PMID": 694422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9803", "title": "Effect of tissue specific mitotic inhibitors on survival time of spontaneous and virus-induced murine leukaemia and influence on myocardial degeneration.", "content": "Treatment of adult AKR mice with tissue-specific mitotic inhibitor mol. wt. 1,000--20,000 extracted from the AKR thymus significantly delayed the onset of spontaneous thymus leukaemia, whereas extracts of other organs were without effect. A slight prolongation of survival time was found with spleen extract when administered to BALB/c mice infected with Rauscher virus, which causes leukaemia starting in the spleen. Thymus extracts of MW 100,000--300,000 caused myocardial degeneration in some leukaemic and nonleukaemic mice.", "contents": "Effect of tissue specific mitotic inhibitors on survival time of spontaneous and virus-induced murine leukaemia and influence on myocardial degeneration. Treatment of adult AKR mice with tissue-specific mitotic inhibitor mol. wt. 1,000--20,000 extracted from the AKR thymus significantly delayed the onset of spontaneous thymus leukaemia, whereas extracts of other organs were without effect. A slight prolongation of survival time was found with spleen extract when administered to BALB/c mice infected with Rauscher virus, which causes leukaemia starting in the spleen. Thymus extracts of MW 100,000--300,000 caused myocardial degeneration in some leukaemic and nonleukaemic mice.", "PMID": 694424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9804", "title": "Reversible severe anaemia and granulocytopenia caused by procainamide. A case report.", "content": "A 64-year-old male developed severe anaemia during procainamide therapy. At the same time granulocytopenia was found. Discontinuation of procainamide led to complete recovery. Severe anaemia due to the use of procainamide is not well known. The available data indicate a maturation block of the erythropoiesis as the possible cause of the anaemia, perhaps in combination with an autoimmune haemolysis.", "contents": "Reversible severe anaemia and granulocytopenia caused by procainamide. A case report. A 64-year-old male developed severe anaemia during procainamide therapy. At the same time granulocytopenia was found. Discontinuation of procainamide led to complete recovery. Severe anaemia due to the use of procainamide is not well known. The available data indicate a maturation block of the erythropoiesis as the possible cause of the anaemia, perhaps in combination with an autoimmune haemolysis.", "PMID": 694426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9805", "title": "Interpretation of measured red cell mass in the diagnosis of polycythaemia.", "content": "Expression of predicted and measured red cell mass (RCM) in terms of ml/kg body wt. lacks precision. The use of formulae for prediction of normal mean red cell mass derived from the blood volume prediction (BV) of Nadler et al (1962) has been examined. It is proposed that a more accurate determination of mean normal predicted red cell mass (MNRCM) is obtained by using: 0.47 X 0.91 X BV = MNRCM for males; 0.43 X 0.91 X BV = MNRCM for females. The MNRCMs given by these formulae agree with those given by predictions based on lean body mass and surface area. Examination of the '95% confidence limits' of the 'Nadler' prediction indicates that males with measured RCMs greater than 25% and females with measured RCMs greater than 30% above their MNRCM may be regarded as having polycythaemia.", "contents": "Interpretation of measured red cell mass in the diagnosis of polycythaemia. Expression of predicted and measured red cell mass (RCM) in terms of ml/kg body wt. lacks precision. The use of formulae for prediction of normal mean red cell mass derived from the blood volume prediction (BV) of Nadler et al (1962) has been examined. It is proposed that a more accurate determination of mean normal predicted red cell mass (MNRCM) is obtained by using: 0.47 X 0.91 X BV = MNRCM for males; 0.43 X 0.91 X BV = MNRCM for females. The MNRCMs given by these formulae agree with those given by predictions based on lean body mass and surface area. Examination of the '95% confidence limits' of the 'Nadler' prediction indicates that males with measured RCMs greater than 25% and females with measured RCMs greater than 30% above their MNRCM may be regarded as having polycythaemia.", "PMID": 694427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9806", "title": "Fletcher factor deficiency: report of a new family.", "content": "3 cases of Fletcher factor deficiency in a family not related to the 6 families already published (Hathaway et al 1965, Hattersley & Hayse 1970, Abildgaard & Harrison 1974) are studied. In the family described here, 3 of 4 siblings have a Fletcher factor level of less than 1% and the fourth has a level of 46%; the Fletcher factor level in the father is 48% and in the mother 38%. This suggests an autosomal recessive transmission. Clinically they do not present spontaneous bleedings and only one of the siblings required a unit of blood after an amygdalectomy. It is also of interest to emphasize that 3 of the siblings suffered from congenital multiple arthrogryposis and that 2 of them presented the arthrogryposis together with the Fletcher factor deficiency, a circumstance which could have been favored by the consanguinity of the parents. The fact that the family described here is white and of Mediterranean origin contradicts the idea that there exists a special predisposition among members of the black race for this disease.", "contents": "Fletcher factor deficiency: report of a new family. 3 cases of Fletcher factor deficiency in a family not related to the 6 families already published (Hathaway et al 1965, Hattersley & Hayse 1970, Abildgaard & Harrison 1974) are studied. In the family described here, 3 of 4 siblings have a Fletcher factor level of less than 1% and the fourth has a level of 46%; the Fletcher factor level in the father is 48% and in the mother 38%. This suggests an autosomal recessive transmission. Clinically they do not present spontaneous bleedings and only one of the siblings required a unit of blood after an amygdalectomy. It is also of interest to emphasize that 3 of the siblings suffered from congenital multiple arthrogryposis and that 2 of them presented the arthrogryposis together with the Fletcher factor deficiency, a circumstance which could have been favored by the consanguinity of the parents. The fact that the family described here is white and of Mediterranean origin contradicts the idea that there exists a special predisposition among members of the black race for this disease.", "PMID": 694428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9807", "title": "Healing of experimentally induced burn wounds. A comparative study of the healing of exposed burn wounds and burn wounds covered with adhesive zinc-tape and a scanning electron microscopic study of the microvasculature of wound healing in the rabbit ear.", "content": "A comparative study of the healing of experimentally induced burn wounds on the inner side of the rabbit ear treated with either adhesive zinc-tape or exposure to the air is presented. During tape treatment, tissue necroses were dissolved, thus exposing the granulation tissue surface. In wounds treated with zinc-tape, fewer and smaller perforations to the opposite side of the ear were found, compared with those in exposed wounds. It is suggested that the frequency of perforations can be used as a simple measure of extension of tissue necroses after burning in relation to different methods of wound treatment. A microangiographic method is also presented for three-dimensional visualization of vascular events during healing using scanning electron microscopy on vascular casts.", "contents": "Healing of experimentally induced burn wounds. A comparative study of the healing of exposed burn wounds and burn wounds covered with adhesive zinc-tape and a scanning electron microscopic study of the microvasculature of wound healing in the rabbit ear. A comparative study of the healing of experimentally induced burn wounds on the inner side of the rabbit ear treated with either adhesive zinc-tape or exposure to the air is presented. During tape treatment, tissue necroses were dissolved, thus exposing the granulation tissue surface. In wounds treated with zinc-tape, fewer and smaller perforations to the opposite side of the ear were found, compared with those in exposed wounds. It is suggested that the frequency of perforations can be used as a simple measure of extension of tissue necroses after burning in relation to different methods of wound treatment. A microangiographic method is also presented for three-dimensional visualization of vascular events during healing using scanning electron microscopy on vascular casts.", "PMID": 694429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9808", "title": "Absorption, retention and excretion of 65Zn in rats with wounds treated with 65Zn-labelled zinc tape.", "content": "Absorption, retention and excretion of 65Zn in rats from excisional wounds treated with 65Zn-labelled zinc tape were studied. The absorption of 65Zn was marked and indicates that the absorption of zinc from the tape is more than sufficient to account for the increases in zinc concentrations seen in several tissues. The distribution, retention and excretion of 65Zn from the zinc tape followed a pattern similar to that of 65Zn injected into non-operated and operated rats. This indicates that the zinc from the tape is present in the body not as zinc oxide, as it is in the adhesive substance of the tape, but as zinc in those forms which are originally found in the body and that zinc oxide is ionized before absorption. In tissues with a rapid uptake of zinc more than 50% of the total concentration of zinc derived from the zinc tape after eight days of treatment. In operated animals which were not treated with zinc tape a decline was seen in the serum zinc concentration and excretion of zinc with a concomitant increase in the liver concentration of zinc.", "contents": "Absorption, retention and excretion of 65Zn in rats with wounds treated with 65Zn-labelled zinc tape. Absorption, retention and excretion of 65Zn in rats from excisional wounds treated with 65Zn-labelled zinc tape were studied. The absorption of 65Zn was marked and indicates that the absorption of zinc from the tape is more than sufficient to account for the increases in zinc concentrations seen in several tissues. The distribution, retention and excretion of 65Zn from the zinc tape followed a pattern similar to that of 65Zn injected into non-operated and operated rats. This indicates that the zinc from the tape is present in the body not as zinc oxide, as it is in the adhesive substance of the tape, but as zinc in those forms which are originally found in the body and that zinc oxide is ionized before absorption. In tissues with a rapid uptake of zinc more than 50% of the total concentration of zinc derived from the zinc tape after eight days of treatment. In operated animals which were not treated with zinc tape a decline was seen in the serum zinc concentration and excretion of zinc with a concomitant increase in the liver concentration of zinc.", "PMID": 694430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9809", "title": "Perfusion and reimplantation of a free skin flap in a dog. A preliminary report.", "content": "This report describes perfusion and subsequent reimplantation of an isolated lower abdominal skin flap with an axial vascular pattern. Perfusion was maintained for 80 min at +8 degree C using a hemoglobin-free perfusate. Reimplantation was performed by microvascular anastomoses. Healing was complete.", "contents": "Perfusion and reimplantation of a free skin flap in a dog. A preliminary report. This report describes perfusion and subsequent reimplantation of an isolated lower abdominal skin flap with an axial vascular pattern. Perfusion was maintained for 80 min at +8 degree C using a hemoglobin-free perfusate. Reimplantation was performed by microvascular anastomoses. Healing was complete.", "PMID": 694431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9810", "title": "Midline cervical clefts. Case report.", "content": "Midline cervical cleft is a rare congenital deformity in the anterior portion of the neck. A skin lesion is present with an underlying fibrous cord-like formation that in severe cases caused contracture. Disagreement exists as to the pathogenesis. Treatment comprises excision and Z-plasty. A case is reported where the MCC coexisted with a thyreoglossal duct fistula.", "contents": "Midline cervical clefts. Case report. Midline cervical cleft is a rare congenital deformity in the anterior portion of the neck. A skin lesion is present with an underlying fibrous cord-like formation that in severe cases caused contracture. Disagreement exists as to the pathogenesis. Treatment comprises excision and Z-plasty. A case is reported where the MCC coexisted with a thyreoglossal duct fistula.", "PMID": 694433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9811", "title": "A new tongue flap for closure of a pharyngo-cutaneous fistula. Case report.", "content": "An apparently original version of the several available tongue flaps is presented for the reconstruction of a lateral pharyngo-cutaneous fistula in a patient where several reconstructive attempts after excision for a malignant tumour had failed.", "contents": "A new tongue flap for closure of a pharyngo-cutaneous fistula. Case report. An apparently original version of the several available tongue flaps is presented for the reconstruction of a lateral pharyngo-cutaneous fistula in a patient where several reconstructive attempts after excision for a malignant tumour had failed.", "PMID": 694434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9812", "title": "Treatment of prostatic carcinoma with cyproterone acetate.", "content": "Sixteen patients with prostatic carcinoma were treated with 200 mg of Cyproterone acetate daily. No other kind of hormonal treatment was administered. Increasing skeletal metastases were observed in 6 patients, whereas significant reduction of metastases took place in 2 patients. Objective relief of stranguria was observed only in 3 patients. The amount of residual urine increased in 3 patients and was reduced in 5. In about one third of the patients, the prostate gland became smaller and softer. The acidic phosphatases decreased from pathological to normal values in 7 patients. There were no observed hepatic, renal or haemotological side-effects. However, serious cardio-vascular complications occurred in 6 patients, while arterial hypertension developed in 4. It is suggested that Cyproterone acetate cannot be recommended as the only kind of hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Treatment of prostatic carcinoma with cyproterone acetate. Sixteen patients with prostatic carcinoma were treated with 200 mg of Cyproterone acetate daily. No other kind of hormonal treatment was administered. Increasing skeletal metastases were observed in 6 patients, whereas significant reduction of metastases took place in 2 patients. Objective relief of stranguria was observed only in 3 patients. The amount of residual urine increased in 3 patients and was reduced in 5. In about one third of the patients, the prostate gland became smaller and softer. The acidic phosphatases decreased from pathological to normal values in 7 patients. There were no observed hepatic, renal or haemotological side-effects. However, serious cardio-vascular complications occurred in 6 patients, while arterial hypertension developed in 4. It is suggested that Cyproterone acetate cannot be recommended as the only kind of hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 694435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9813", "title": "On gestagen treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Depostat treatment was found to reduce plasma testosterone and to have a gonadotrophin suppressive effect in males. In our study the clinical effect on prostatic cancer was, however, disappointing when compared to the well established effect of orchiectomy. The therapeutic failure of Depostat might be related to the incomplete suppression of plasma testosterone compared to that observed after orchiectomy.", "contents": "On gestagen treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma. Depostat treatment was found to reduce plasma testosterone and to have a gonadotrophin suppressive effect in males. In our study the clinical effect on prostatic cancer was, however, disappointing when compared to the well established effect of orchiectomy. The therapeutic failure of Depostat might be related to the incomplete suppression of plasma testosterone compared to that observed after orchiectomy.", "PMID": 694436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9814", "title": "Bladder function in healthy elderly males.", "content": "Bladder function was studied in 20 healthy elderly male volunteers using cystometry, uroflowmetry and voiding cystourethrography. Two persons were excluded from the study as neurological examination had shown evidence of organic neurological disease, and one person did not complete the study. 53% of the remaining 17 persons had detrusor hyperreflexia. Urinary flow rates were reduced and maximal intravesical pressures elevated in the persons studied, although they claimed to have a normal voiding pattern. No correlation was found between the reduction of urinary flow rate respectively increase in maximal intravesical pressure and the presence of detrusor hyperreflexia. The high incidence of detrusor reflex disturbances thus suggests that incipient infravesical obstruction in old age and possible subclinical impairment of the central nervous control of the micturition reflex are major etiological factors in detrusor hyperreflexia.", "contents": "Bladder function in healthy elderly males. Bladder function was studied in 20 healthy elderly male volunteers using cystometry, uroflowmetry and voiding cystourethrography. Two persons were excluded from the study as neurological examination had shown evidence of organic neurological disease, and one person did not complete the study. 53% of the remaining 17 persons had detrusor hyperreflexia. Urinary flow rates were reduced and maximal intravesical pressures elevated in the persons studied, although they claimed to have a normal voiding pattern. No correlation was found between the reduction of urinary flow rate respectively increase in maximal intravesical pressure and the presence of detrusor hyperreflexia. The high incidence of detrusor reflex disturbances thus suggests that incipient infravesical obstruction in old age and possible subclinical impairment of the central nervous control of the micturition reflex are major etiological factors in detrusor hyperreflexia.", "PMID": 694437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9815", "title": "Tissue adhesive in surgical and crush renal trauma. An experimental angiographic investigation in the rabbit.", "content": "Angiography and nephroangiography has been performed 3 and 6--10 weeks after induced trauma to 18 rabbit kidneys. The lesions, mimicking crush trauma or surgical ectomy, were repaired using a cyano-acrylate. Perinephric tissue was adhered to the wound and made repair easier in crush trauma. In the resected kidneys it constituted a new pelvic wall. The angiographies demonstrated that in essence only the directly traumatized arteries were abnormal, that the cortical lesions were very small and the venous drainage unimpaired. The function, assessed on urograms, was good. No ureteric obstruction was present.", "contents": "Tissue adhesive in surgical and crush renal trauma. An experimental angiographic investigation in the rabbit. Angiography and nephroangiography has been performed 3 and 6--10 weeks after induced trauma to 18 rabbit kidneys. The lesions, mimicking crush trauma or surgical ectomy, were repaired using a cyano-acrylate. Perinephric tissue was adhered to the wound and made repair easier in crush trauma. In the resected kidneys it constituted a new pelvic wall. The angiographies demonstrated that in essence only the directly traumatized arteries were abnormal, that the cortical lesions were very small and the venous drainage unimpaired. The function, assessed on urograms, was good. No ureteric obstruction was present.", "PMID": 694438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9816", "title": "HLA and kidney stone disease.", "content": "Normocalcemic patients with recurring kidney stones were HLA typed. 54 patients with an idiopathic high urinary excretion of calcium but without signs of renal tubular defect showed a B27 phenotype frequency which was more than twice that of the controls and a CW1 frequency that was doubled. After correction for the number of tested HLA specificities the increase was not significant. 35 patients with renal tubular acidosis and 16 patients with no metabolic diagnosis had no deviant HLA antigen distribution.", "contents": "HLA and kidney stone disease. Normocalcemic patients with recurring kidney stones were HLA typed. 54 patients with an idiopathic high urinary excretion of calcium but without signs of renal tubular defect showed a B27 phenotype frequency which was more than twice that of the controls and a CW1 frequency that was doubled. After correction for the number of tested HLA specificities the increase was not significant. 35 patients with renal tubular acidosis and 16 patients with no metabolic diagnosis had no deviant HLA antigen distribution.", "PMID": 694439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9817", "title": "Comparison of radiological measurement and actual size of ureteral calculi.", "content": "100 ureteral calculi were measured on X-ray films and directly on the stone after passage or removal. The largest diameters were compared. The size of the stone was radiologically overestimated for 59 stones, correct for 26 and underestimated for 15. 73 of the stones were radiologically measured within +/-25% of the actual size.", "contents": "Comparison of radiological measurement and actual size of ureteral calculi. 100 ureteral calculi were measured on X-ray films and directly on the stone after passage or removal. The largest diameters were compared. The size of the stone was radiologically overestimated for 59 stones, correct for 26 and underestimated for 15. 73 of the stones were radiologically measured within +/-25% of the actual size.", "PMID": 694440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9818", "title": "Transurethral extraction of ureteral stone guided by television fluoroscopy.", "content": "In 45 patients with ureteral calculi 2 to 8 mm in diameter, attempts were made to remove the stones transurethrally, using a Dormia extractor and television fluoroscopic monitoring. The procedure was successful in 34 patients. The success rate was 74% when the stones were 5 mm or less and 68% with the larger stones. In 10 patients when instrumental extraction failed, this was followed immediately by open surgery, for removal of stone. The reasons for failure of the transurethral procedure are presented. Great care in performance and preparedness for open surgery are always required, especially when the stone is large. Television facilities should be good and include image intensifier. There were no serious complications of instrumental or surgical removal of calculi.", "contents": "Transurethral extraction of ureteral stone guided by television fluoroscopy. In 45 patients with ureteral calculi 2 to 8 mm in diameter, attempts were made to remove the stones transurethrally, using a Dormia extractor and television fluoroscopic monitoring. The procedure was successful in 34 patients. The success rate was 74% when the stones were 5 mm or less and 68% with the larger stones. In 10 patients when instrumental extraction failed, this was followed immediately by open surgery, for removal of stone. The reasons for failure of the transurethral procedure are presented. Great care in performance and preparedness for open surgery are always required, especially when the stone is large. Television facilities should be good and include image intensifier. There were no serious complications of instrumental or surgical removal of calculi.", "PMID": 694441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9819", "title": "A longitudinal study of arterial blood pressure in chronic haemodialysis patients with different levels of plasma renin concentration.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to examine the value of regular measurements of plasma renin concentration (PRC) in selecting those chronic haemodialysis patients suitable for bilateral nephrectomy to prevent development of uncontrollable hypertension. Regular measurements of arterial blood pressure (BP) and PRC were performed during one year in 31 patients undergoing regular haemodialysis because of end-stage renal disease. Among 18 patients with PRC greater than or equal to 100 micro Goldblatt units per ml plasma (microGU/ml) systolic and/or diastolic hypertension persisted or developed in 12. In contrast, among 13 patients with PRC greater than 100microGU/ml, BP became normal in all but one, who had a slightly increased systolic BP. However, hypertension was mild and easily controlled by conventional therapy in all except one, who probably had an overlying volume-dependent hypertension. Therefore, bilateral nephrectomy was not necessary in any case. The results indicate that hypertension in the majority of chronic haemodialysis patients with high PRC can be adequately controlled without surgical intervention and that regular measurements of PRC have no practical value in forecasting the development of uncontrollable hypertension in chronic haemodialysis patients.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of arterial blood pressure in chronic haemodialysis patients with different levels of plasma renin concentration. The purpose of the study was to examine the value of regular measurements of plasma renin concentration (PRC) in selecting those chronic haemodialysis patients suitable for bilateral nephrectomy to prevent development of uncontrollable hypertension. Regular measurements of arterial blood pressure (BP) and PRC were performed during one year in 31 patients undergoing regular haemodialysis because of end-stage renal disease. Among 18 patients with PRC greater than or equal to 100 micro Goldblatt units per ml plasma (microGU/ml) systolic and/or diastolic hypertension persisted or developed in 12. In contrast, among 13 patients with PRC greater than 100microGU/ml, BP became normal in all but one, who had a slightly increased systolic BP. However, hypertension was mild and easily controlled by conventional therapy in all except one, who probably had an overlying volume-dependent hypertension. Therefore, bilateral nephrectomy was not necessary in any case. The results indicate that hypertension in the majority of chronic haemodialysis patients with high PRC can be adequately controlled without surgical intervention and that regular measurements of PRC have no practical value in forecasting the development of uncontrollable hypertension in chronic haemodialysis patients.", "PMID": 694442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9820", "title": "Mathematical and clinical investigation of the RP6-rhodial 75 system. Evaluation of high and low middle molecular clearance dialysis.", "content": "The clearance for \"middle molecules\" measured in vitro was considerably higher for a polyacrylonitrile than for a cuprophan membrane, even when the former had been used for patients three times. Using a two pool mathematical model, an adequate correlation was found between the calculated values and those measured during RP6-Rhodial 75 dialysis (RP6). The treatment time needed for dialysis of \"middle molecules\" with the Gambro 13.5mu in single pass (Gambro S. P.) was four times longer than with RP6. In a long-term clinical study, when RP6 and Gambro S. P. dialysis were compared, no difference in the clinical condition of the patients was found. Clinical condition was not affected by the urea or \"middle molecule\" levels. The ultrafiltration tolerance was improved during hemodialysis with systems resulting in a low urea clearance.", "contents": "Mathematical and clinical investigation of the RP6-rhodial 75 system. Evaluation of high and low middle molecular clearance dialysis. The clearance for \"middle molecules\" measured in vitro was considerably higher for a polyacrylonitrile than for a cuprophan membrane, even when the former had been used for patients three times. Using a two pool mathematical model, an adequate correlation was found between the calculated values and those measured during RP6-Rhodial 75 dialysis (RP6). The treatment time needed for dialysis of \"middle molecules\" with the Gambro 13.5mu in single pass (Gambro S. P.) was four times longer than with RP6. In a long-term clinical study, when RP6 and Gambro S. P. dialysis were compared, no difference in the clinical condition of the patients was found. Clinical condition was not affected by the urea or \"middle molecule\" levels. The ultrafiltration tolerance was improved during hemodialysis with systems resulting in a low urea clearance.", "PMID": 694443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9821", "title": "Refluxing ureteral stump.", "content": "Two cases are presented of reflux into a residual ureter causing recurrent urinary tract infection. A voiding cysto-urethrogram should be included in the investigative routines when nephrectomy for unilateral chronic pyelonephritis is planned. If severe reflux is seen, the entire ureter should be removed along with the kidney.", "contents": "Refluxing ureteral stump. Two cases are presented of reflux into a residual ureter causing recurrent urinary tract infection. A voiding cysto-urethrogram should be included in the investigative routines when nephrectomy for unilateral chronic pyelonephritis is planned. If severe reflux is seen, the entire ureter should be removed along with the kidney.", "PMID": 694444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9822", "title": "Secondary hyperparathyroidism combined with uremia and giant cell containing tumor of the cervical spine. A case report.", "content": "A 47-year-old woman with chronic pyelonephritis since 1950 was prepared for hemodialysis or kidney transplantation. Investigation disclosed secondary hyperparathyroidism and an osteolytic lesion in C VII and Th I causing a subluxation. There were minor neurological symptoms and apparent risk of luxation of the cervical spine with resulting injury to the spinal cord. Operation was performed with total parathyroidectomy and excision of the bone tumor, followed by fixation of the cervical spine with bone graft. There were no major complications during the postoperative period and the patient was mobilized four months after the operation.", "contents": "Secondary hyperparathyroidism combined with uremia and giant cell containing tumor of the cervical spine. A case report. A 47-year-old woman with chronic pyelonephritis since 1950 was prepared for hemodialysis or kidney transplantation. Investigation disclosed secondary hyperparathyroidism and an osteolytic lesion in C VII and Th I causing a subluxation. There were minor neurological symptoms and apparent risk of luxation of the cervical spine with resulting injury to the spinal cord. Operation was performed with total parathyroidectomy and excision of the bone tumor, followed by fixation of the cervical spine with bone graft. There were no major complications during the postoperative period and the patient was mobilized four months after the operation.", "PMID": 694445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9823", "title": "[Spinal surgery in peridural analgesia].", "content": "Epidural analgesia has an ideal application in laminectomies and explorations of the spinal column. It has a great number of advantages for the patient and the surgeon and a small amount of disadvantages, if the method of epidural analgesia is applied by a skilled hand, serious dangers of complications occur very seldom.", "contents": "[Spinal surgery in peridural analgesia]. Epidural analgesia has an ideal application in laminectomies and explorations of the spinal column. It has a great number of advantages for the patient and the surgeon and a small amount of disadvantages, if the method of epidural analgesia is applied by a skilled hand, serious dangers of complications occur very seldom.", "PMID": 694454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9824", "title": "[Case of compulsive-obsessive neurosis. Clinical observations].", "content": "The authors describe a clinical case of obsessive-compulsive neurosis, from eight years of evolution. The out-lined therapy was in agreement with the principles of \"behaviour therapy\" and had two main goals. The first one, was obtaining the emotional desinhibition of the patient and, the second one, preventing him from doing any ritual, 24 hours per day, using the method of \"response prevention\". By now he has more than a year after treatment and is maintaining without medicines and leading a professional, active life.", "contents": "[Case of compulsive-obsessive neurosis. Clinical observations]. The authors describe a clinical case of obsessive-compulsive neurosis, from eight years of evolution. The out-lined therapy was in agreement with the principles of \"behaviour therapy\" and had two main goals. The first one, was obtaining the emotional desinhibition of the patient and, the second one, preventing him from doing any ritual, 24 hours per day, using the method of \"response prevention\". By now he has more than a year after treatment and is maintaining without medicines and leading a professional, active life.", "PMID": 694455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9825", "title": "[Social psychiatry].", "content": "The author attempts an analysis of some of the socio-cultural elements which have marked the birth of (modern?) psychiatry and which have consequently influenced the education, identity and ethical values of the practitioner who choses to become a psychiatrist. The author draws attention to the problem of the psychiatrist's autonomy by stressing the important relationship between autonomy (or lack of autonomy) and the dominant political ideologies. Such relationship appears more clearly when the psychiatrist uncritically accepts to become \"the psychiatric expert\" in criminal and civil law, suicide, sex, death, etc., in other words, whenever accepting the role of \"managerial technician\". It is evident that the psychiatrist cannot renounce the social responsibilities which fall upon him because of his understanding and analysis of human behaviour, but it is also evident that a redefinition of the psychiatrist's role in society is called for. Such a re-definition will be possible only by the permanent exercise of self-criticism, honesty towards oneself, moral integrity and the capacity to differentiate between true autonomy and the illusion of autonomy when operating in the name of an official psychiatry which is often also a vehicle for the enforcement of a political ideology.", "contents": "[Social psychiatry]. The author attempts an analysis of some of the socio-cultural elements which have marked the birth of (modern?) psychiatry and which have consequently influenced the education, identity and ethical values of the practitioner who choses to become a psychiatrist. The author draws attention to the problem of the psychiatrist's autonomy by stressing the important relationship between autonomy (or lack of autonomy) and the dominant political ideologies. Such relationship appears more clearly when the psychiatrist uncritically accepts to become \"the psychiatric expert\" in criminal and civil law, suicide, sex, death, etc., in other words, whenever accepting the role of \"managerial technician\". It is evident that the psychiatrist cannot renounce the social responsibilities which fall upon him because of his understanding and analysis of human behaviour, but it is also evident that a redefinition of the psychiatrist's role in society is called for. Such a re-definition will be possible only by the permanent exercise of self-criticism, honesty towards oneself, moral integrity and the capacity to differentiate between true autonomy and the illusion of autonomy when operating in the name of an official psychiatry which is often also a vehicle for the enforcement of a political ideology.", "PMID": 694456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9826", "title": "[Social targets of psychiatry].", "content": "The challenge and political implications of public health problems invite psychiatrists to a better self declaration and explanation of what they do and what they want. The author discusses questions concerning the mandate, therapeutic goals, patients' selection and utilisation of therapeutic potentials in psychiatry.", "contents": "[Social targets of psychiatry]. The challenge and political implications of public health problems invite psychiatrists to a better self declaration and explanation of what they do and what they want. The author discusses questions concerning the mandate, therapeutic goals, patients' selection and utilisation of therapeutic potentials in psychiatry.", "PMID": 694457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9827", "title": "[Psychiatry and mental disorders].", "content": "The analysis of the relations between social order and mental disorder is first based on the social system considered as the order of the differences and of the significant disparities in a stratified and hierarchial society. As psychiatry belongs to the system, it received the monopoly of access to the symbolic and mental dimension which is included in the disorders. We intend to show by some examples how psychiatry applies in this way a specific social order. Then we analyse the results of the setting of this order, results which are different according to the social position of the patients and their status in the psychiatric system. The efficiency of symbolic domination is not only for patients with disorders but also and more basically for the whole social system and the maintaining of its order.", "contents": "[Psychiatry and mental disorders]. The analysis of the relations between social order and mental disorder is first based on the social system considered as the order of the differences and of the significant disparities in a stratified and hierarchial society. As psychiatry belongs to the system, it received the monopoly of access to the symbolic and mental dimension which is included in the disorders. We intend to show by some examples how psychiatry applies in this way a specific social order. Then we analyse the results of the setting of this order, results which are different according to the social position of the patients and their status in the psychiatric system. The efficiency of symbolic domination is not only for patients with disorders but also and more basically for the whole social system and the maintaining of its order.", "PMID": 694458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9828", "title": "[The unwisdom of reason and social injustice].", "content": "This paper attempts to show that in cases of conflict between a patient and any given agency (e.g. insurance company), the conclusions to which the expert will arrive at are often biassed by the spirit of the law. So when dealing with \"responsibility\" the law is often stressing a concept which is closer to that of \"guilt\" (the patient is guilty or the insurance company, or society are guilty). This then brings about an endless conflict where neither party is ready to accept fault. Thus, all measures which could lead to an adequate solution seem to be automatically excluded. Therefore, both parties find themselves in an inevitable deadlock due to the \"causal\" appreciation of the problem to be solved. The above situation could be avoided if the focus were shifted on results and the means to attain them, instead of trying to establish the origin of a given behaviour. In other words, a \"system theory\" approach appears to be the best frame of reference for the expert. Such an approach would not only have an impact on the spirit of the law, but also throw a new light on the role of the expert, who would no longer have to seek for more or less fair solutions, but would be able to propose constructive measures liable to solve the conflict.", "contents": "[The unwisdom of reason and social injustice]. This paper attempts to show that in cases of conflict between a patient and any given agency (e.g. insurance company), the conclusions to which the expert will arrive at are often biassed by the spirit of the law. So when dealing with \"responsibility\" the law is often stressing a concept which is closer to that of \"guilt\" (the patient is guilty or the insurance company, or society are guilty). This then brings about an endless conflict where neither party is ready to accept fault. Thus, all measures which could lead to an adequate solution seem to be automatically excluded. Therefore, both parties find themselves in an inevitable deadlock due to the \"causal\" appreciation of the problem to be solved. The above situation could be avoided if the focus were shifted on results and the means to attain them, instead of trying to establish the origin of a given behaviour. In other words, a \"system theory\" approach appears to be the best frame of reference for the expert. Such an approach would not only have an impact on the spirit of the law, but also throw a new light on the role of the expert, who would no longer have to seek for more or less fair solutions, but would be able to propose constructive measures liable to solve the conflict.", "PMID": 694460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9829", "title": "[Penal responsibility and the unconscious conflict].", "content": "Although the same model of the delinquent's penal responsibility still exists in law as well as in psychiatry, it is rapidly giving way to the concept of personality. Moreover, the psychoanalytical model is currently being used. The sole point of reference used by the psychiatrist is his relationship with the delinquent. He thus constructs a \"new history\" for the delinquent. This psycho-dynamic approach to the delinquent makes us formulate two fundamental objections: 1) It often is forgotten that the Freudian topical approach and its instances of personality are metaphorical. Out of context, that is of a relationship in time and space, it becomes void of meaning. Thus, the use of psychoanalytical concepts is epistemologically inacceptable. 2) Psychoanalytical theory, on a par with all systems of thought, has constituted its own system of values. Thus, neurotic structures, being nearer to that of the expert himself, take a privileged position. To summarize, it is the author's purpose to show that intra-psychic conflicts cannot be reduced to inter-personnel conflicts, most of all not in the field of crime.", "contents": "[Penal responsibility and the unconscious conflict]. Although the same model of the delinquent's penal responsibility still exists in law as well as in psychiatry, it is rapidly giving way to the concept of personality. Moreover, the psychoanalytical model is currently being used. The sole point of reference used by the psychiatrist is his relationship with the delinquent. He thus constructs a \"new history\" for the delinquent. This psycho-dynamic approach to the delinquent makes us formulate two fundamental objections: 1) It often is forgotten that the Freudian topical approach and its instances of personality are metaphorical. Out of context, that is of a relationship in time and space, it becomes void of meaning. Thus, the use of psychoanalytical concepts is epistemologically inacceptable. 2) Psychoanalytical theory, on a par with all systems of thought, has constituted its own system of values. Thus, neurotic structures, being nearer to that of the expert himself, take a privileged position. To summarize, it is the author's purpose to show that intra-psychic conflicts cannot be reduced to inter-personnel conflicts, most of all not in the field of crime.", "PMID": 694461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9830", "title": "[Psychiatry and ethics].", "content": "A certain contemporary anti-psychiatric movement denounces the violence of any form of psychiatry that could only repress, in what would be a sociopolitical gesture, the alleged mentally-ill's deviation. If such a risk cannot be excluded, it is nevertheless necessary to reveal the fallacious antinomy that underlies this controversy and consists in opposing an organic disorder, used as an alibi, to the claim of an utter liberty. The judiciary, on its part, can but escape with difficulty this dichotomy--that a certain psychiatric practice occasionally reinforces--of a mental \"disease\" and of a self-reliant responsibility. The only difference then is that what appeared to be an alibi on the one hand, is an excuse on the other. The question, in fact, is not so simple. One cannot associate, without further ado, a psycho-pathological disorder to one of organic origin. It is the essential being of man as a whole that is here implicated, a being of language, desire and meaning who must be heard and understood as such. But one cannot claim further that this meaning is in full and immediate possession of itself and expresses without restriction i.e. a political choice opposed to malicious and repressive machinations. The acknowledgement of this meaning certainly does not make the psychiatrist's job easier, especially when he must intervene on social grounds, there where the risk of suicide and aggression are prevalent. An irresponsible non-interference, far from being a liberator, could only lead to a much more unrelenting tightening of the circle of violence.", "contents": "[Psychiatry and ethics]. A certain contemporary anti-psychiatric movement denounces the violence of any form of psychiatry that could only repress, in what would be a sociopolitical gesture, the alleged mentally-ill's deviation. If such a risk cannot be excluded, it is nevertheless necessary to reveal the fallacious antinomy that underlies this controversy and consists in opposing an organic disorder, used as an alibi, to the claim of an utter liberty. The judiciary, on its part, can but escape with difficulty this dichotomy--that a certain psychiatric practice occasionally reinforces--of a mental \"disease\" and of a self-reliant responsibility. The only difference then is that what appeared to be an alibi on the one hand, is an excuse on the other. The question, in fact, is not so simple. One cannot associate, without further ado, a psycho-pathological disorder to one of organic origin. It is the essential being of man as a whole that is here implicated, a being of language, desire and meaning who must be heard and understood as such. But one cannot claim further that this meaning is in full and immediate possession of itself and expresses without restriction i.e. a political choice opposed to malicious and repressive machinations. The acknowledgement of this meaning certainly does not make the psychiatrist's job easier, especially when he must intervene on social grounds, there where the risk of suicide and aggression are prevalent. An irresponsible non-interference, far from being a liberator, could only lead to a much more unrelenting tightening of the circle of violence.", "PMID": 694462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9831", "title": "[Spontaneous intraorbital hematoma].", "content": "A case of spontaneous intraorbital Haematoma is reported.  A girl aged 13 years developed an acute unilateral Exophthalmos on the right side with disturbances of eye-motion, choked disc and nearly complete amaurosis within 3 days after onset.  The etiology of the bleeding remains unknown.  The diagnosis of orbital haematoma was made by the clinical picture and the computerized axial tomography (CAT) findings.  Through a lateral orbitotomy was the extraperiorbital haematoma evacuated, with a complete recovery within two weeks.  Twenty-two cases of the literature are reviewed.  The possible aetiologic causes are discussed: haemorrhagic diatheses, arterial, vasomotoric and toxic diseases, the congestive and traumatic causes mentioned.  The clinical picture and diagnositc procedures, especially the CAT, are reviewed.  The surgical treatment with stress on the lateral orbitotomy is discussed.", "contents": "[Spontaneous intraorbital hematoma]. A case of spontaneous intraorbital Haematoma is reported.  A girl aged 13 years developed an acute unilateral Exophthalmos on the right side with disturbances of eye-motion, choked disc and nearly complete amaurosis within 3 days after onset.  The etiology of the bleeding remains unknown.  The diagnosis of orbital haematoma was made by the clinical picture and the computerized axial tomography (CAT) findings.  Through a lateral orbitotomy was the extraperiorbital haematoma evacuated, with a complete recovery within two weeks.  Twenty-two cases of the literature are reviewed.  The possible aetiologic causes are discussed: haemorrhagic diatheses, arterial, vasomotoric and toxic diseases, the congestive and traumatic causes mentioned.  The clinical picture and diagnositc procedures, especially the CAT, are reviewed.  The surgical treatment with stress on the lateral orbitotomy is discussed.", "PMID": 694466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9832", "title": "[The 3 phases of schizophrenic psychosis and their phase-specific psychotherapy].", "content": "It is not the diagnostic evaluation but merely the phase in which we find our patient, that determines about the process of psychotherapy with schizophrenic patients.  There are three phases--or, more approximately, four phases (phase one to three plus \"phase zero\")--to be differentiated: Phase Zero: This phase precedes an obvious clinical appearance of psychosis.  Patients feel ridiculous in their anxiety and are not yet capable to create the symptomatology of psychosis.--Intensive participation in those strange perceptions and the attempt to witness the same experiences as the patient does, often help to prevent the formation of a severe psychosis. Phase One: Deep psychosis with common symptomatology. Verbal communication in the usual form is no more possible. Only answering the patient in his own language--speaking as he speaks and behaving as he does--helps to overcome his permanent isolation. Phase Two: Stage where the patient leaves his psychotic world and does not yet live in the world of his \"healthy\" surroundings.--In this phase psychotherapy intends to lead towards a confrontation with the previous psychotic experiences in order to integrate them into his personality. Phase Three: Phase of return towards a more adequate behaviour.--In this phase the therapist helps his patient to build up his \"narcissistic coat\" in order to create a shelter, where he can retreat; out of this \"cocoon\" he is able to observe what happens around him, without being thrown back into a severe psychotic crisis. On the other hand there may arise situations of \"relapses\" (so-called intermediary stages). These phases, which resemble common depression, can be understood as substitutes of the former psychotic situation. It is insight in its uttermost distinction that leads to secondary stages. Therefore psychotherapy will be most helpful, when the understanding of the circumstances that lead to such situations, is not evaded but promoted; the more intensely these promotions, the better the prognosis.", "contents": "[The 3 phases of schizophrenic psychosis and their phase-specific psychotherapy]. It is not the diagnostic evaluation but merely the phase in which we find our patient, that determines about the process of psychotherapy with schizophrenic patients.  There are three phases--or, more approximately, four phases (phase one to three plus \"phase zero\")--to be differentiated: Phase Zero: This phase precedes an obvious clinical appearance of psychosis.  Patients feel ridiculous in their anxiety and are not yet capable to create the symptomatology of psychosis.--Intensive participation in those strange perceptions and the attempt to witness the same experiences as the patient does, often help to prevent the formation of a severe psychosis. Phase One: Deep psychosis with common symptomatology. Verbal communication in the usual form is no more possible. Only answering the patient in his own language--speaking as he speaks and behaving as he does--helps to overcome his permanent isolation. Phase Two: Stage where the patient leaves his psychotic world and does not yet live in the world of his \"healthy\" surroundings.--In this phase psychotherapy intends to lead towards a confrontation with the previous psychotic experiences in order to integrate them into his personality. Phase Three: Phase of return towards a more adequate behaviour.--In this phase the therapist helps his patient to build up his \"narcissistic coat\" in order to create a shelter, where he can retreat; out of this \"cocoon\" he is able to observe what happens around him, without being thrown back into a severe psychotic crisis. On the other hand there may arise situations of \"relapses\" (so-called intermediary stages). These phases, which resemble common depression, can be understood as substitutes of the former psychotic situation. It is insight in its uttermost distinction that leads to secondary stages. Therefore psychotherapy will be most helpful, when the understanding of the circumstances that lead to such situations, is not evaded but promoted; the more intensely these promotions, the better the prognosis.", "PMID": 694467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9833", "title": "[Pallido-dentate calcifications (apropos of 7 anatomo-clinical case reports)].", "content": "\"Fahr's Disease\" is characterized by bilateral and symmetrical calcifications of the Globus Pallidus (systematically extending to the Commisura Anterior and the Capsula Interna, and less commonly to the Putamen, the Centrum Semi-Ovale and the Cerebral Cortex), and of the Cerebellar Nucleus Dentalus (with spreading to the White Matter and the Cortical Lamellae). Lesions or absence of Parathyroids are frequently related, with subsequent metabolic disorders of Phosphorus and Calcium, but idiopathic cases without hypoparathyroid disturbances are also found. A Morgagni-Morel Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna is often associated with \"Fahr's Disease\", and there could be a relationship between these two affections. We found in three cases the association between \"Fahr's Disease\" and Morel's Nodular Dysgenesis of the Frontal Cortex. Most of the cases are sporadic, but observations with a clear familial incidence are also found. Clinically, various Neurological Disorders (cerebellar, extrapyramidal, pyramidal, dysarthria, epileptic seizures) are often but not always observed; the Psychiatric Disorders found in some cases could be fortuitious associations (psychoses), connected to hypothyroidism (oligophrenia), and in aged patients, to unrelated cerebral vascular or degenerative lesions; very seldom, a dementing state could be connected to the spreading of calcifications to the Cerebral Cortex.", "contents": "[Pallido-dentate calcifications (apropos of 7 anatomo-clinical case reports)]. \"Fahr's Disease\" is characterized by bilateral and symmetrical calcifications of the Globus Pallidus (systematically extending to the Commisura Anterior and the Capsula Interna, and less commonly to the Putamen, the Centrum Semi-Ovale and the Cerebral Cortex), and of the Cerebellar Nucleus Dentalus (with spreading to the White Matter and the Cortical Lamellae). Lesions or absence of Parathyroids are frequently related, with subsequent metabolic disorders of Phosphorus and Calcium, but idiopathic cases without hypoparathyroid disturbances are also found. A Morgagni-Morel Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna is often associated with \"Fahr's Disease\", and there could be a relationship between these two affections. We found in three cases the association between \"Fahr's Disease\" and Morel's Nodular Dysgenesis of the Frontal Cortex. Most of the cases are sporadic, but observations with a clear familial incidence are also found. Clinically, various Neurological Disorders (cerebellar, extrapyramidal, pyramidal, dysarthria, epileptic seizures) are often but not always observed; the Psychiatric Disorders found in some cases could be fortuitious associations (psychoses), connected to hypothyroidism (oligophrenia), and in aged patients, to unrelated cerebral vascular or degenerative lesions; very seldom, a dementing state could be connected to the spreading of calcifications to the Cerebral Cortex.", "PMID": 694468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9834", "title": "[Social class and mental disorders (an empirical study in Zurich canton)].", "content": "The correlation of social class and diagnosis, therapy, mode of admission, frequency of hospitalization was tested in a population of 2103 inpatients of the two governmental and of two private mental hospitals of the Canton Zurich. The results fit to the correlations expected from the literature. The therapeutic procedures as far as reported in the case histories are mainly determined by the hospital type, not so clearly by the subject's social class. High educational status and psychotherapy are correlated. The correlation between social class and therapy is resulting of the class specific admission to one of the two hospital types. There was no sign that within one hospital patients of lower social class were placed at a disadvantage in regard to therapeutic procedures.", "contents": "[Social class and mental disorders (an empirical study in Zurich canton)]. The correlation of social class and diagnosis, therapy, mode of admission, frequency of hospitalization was tested in a population of 2103 inpatients of the two governmental and of two private mental hospitals of the Canton Zurich. The results fit to the correlations expected from the literature. The therapeutic procedures as far as reported in the case histories are mainly determined by the hospital type, not so clearly by the subject's social class. High educational status and psychotherapy are correlated. The correlation between social class and therapy is resulting of the class specific admission to one of the two hospital types. There was no sign that within one hospital patients of lower social class were placed at a disadvantage in regard to therapeutic procedures.", "PMID": 694469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9835", "title": "[Acute mental disturbances following gynaecological operations (author's transl)].", "content": "In the first part acute mental disturbances of more or less psychotic character following upon major gynaecological operations are described. In general there were only minor somatic findings to be made. The mental disturbances were predominantly psychoreactive. They usually disappear under psychopharmacological therapy supporting psychotherapy quickly and do not recur. In the second part the literature relevant to this theme is compared and discussed. The attempt is made to interpret such disturbances as model cases for psychic disorders arising from an interaction between physical and mental components.", "contents": "[Acute mental disturbances following gynaecological operations (author's transl)]. In the first part acute mental disturbances of more or less psychotic character following upon major gynaecological operations are described. In general there were only minor somatic findings to be made. The mental disturbances were predominantly psychoreactive. They usually disappear under psychopharmacological therapy supporting psychotherapy quickly and do not recur. In the second part the literature relevant to this theme is compared and discussed. The attempt is made to interpret such disturbances as model cases for psychic disorders arising from an interaction between physical and mental components.", "PMID": 694470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9836", "title": "[Activity and rehabilitation of senile dementia. Methodological suggestions for an ergotherapy in psychogeriatrics].", "content": "The aim of this study is to make clear the conditions of an ergotherapy particularly fit for the aged suffering from senile dementia. It should keep the intellectual instruments in working condition and, eventually, postpone their impairment. The general frame in which theory and experiment are inscribed is the Piaget's theory. Especially the part that concerns the different stages of childhood development of which, one thinks, can be observed the deterioration \"in reverse\" during the senile dementia impairment processes. Some special hypothesis concern:--the different parts of reality in which relations between patient and society are disturbed --the activities that are connected in a network of relations between the conceptual instruments required to realize these activities --the fact that the steadiness of a particular activity should help to recover another one, thought to be close in the way by which its realization puts into action the same cognitive processes. Thus, we have been able to fix the way of directing a first examination for the taking in charge in ergotherapy; examination that should point out the fields in which the patient can be mobilized (as well from the level where he is as from the investment one can expect in regard to the pleasure or the interest that he shows for a work rather than another). Besides, we tried to represent the channels of activities and their relations, starting from the most elementary one to reach the most complicated one, that is to say the ones that allow us to work on reality. It is in the network of these channels that the proposed activities should find their place in the ergotherapy workshop and their application should permit the readaptation to everyday actions in a progressive way.", "contents": "[Activity and rehabilitation of senile dementia. Methodological suggestions for an ergotherapy in psychogeriatrics]. The aim of this study is to make clear the conditions of an ergotherapy particularly fit for the aged suffering from senile dementia. It should keep the intellectual instruments in working condition and, eventually, postpone their impairment. The general frame in which theory and experiment are inscribed is the Piaget's theory. Especially the part that concerns the different stages of childhood development of which, one thinks, can be observed the deterioration \"in reverse\" during the senile dementia impairment processes. Some special hypothesis concern:--the different parts of reality in which relations between patient and society are disturbed --the activities that are connected in a network of relations between the conceptual instruments required to realize these activities --the fact that the steadiness of a particular activity should help to recover another one, thought to be close in the way by which its realization puts into action the same cognitive processes. Thus, we have been able to fix the way of directing a first examination for the taking in charge in ergotherapy; examination that should point out the fields in which the patient can be mobilized (as well from the level where he is as from the investment one can expect in regard to the pleasure or the interest that he shows for a work rather than another). Besides, we tried to represent the channels of activities and their relations, starting from the most elementary one to reach the most complicated one, that is to say the ones that allow us to work on reality. It is in the network of these channels that the proposed activities should find their place in the ergotherapy workshop and their application should permit the readaptation to everyday actions in a progressive way.", "PMID": 694471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9837", "title": "Radiographic appearance of mycoplasmal pneumonai.", "content": "As there are contradictory opinions on the radiographic appearance of mycoplasma pneumonai, the chest examination of 59 patients with at least a fourfold increase of the complement fixation titer were studied retrospectively. The investigation shows that there is a great variety of radiologic patterns from interstitial, disseminated infiltrates to total lobar consolidation. The alveolar pattern seems to be more common in women, but there is no relation to age, duration, season or bacterial superinfection. A development from interstitial infiltrates to alveolar changes or vice versa during the course of the illness was not confirmed in this study. The radiographic variability may be explained by the alveolar infiltrates being an inflammatory reaction to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and the interstitial densities being an immunologic response. No definite difference between bacterial and mycoplasmal pneumonias was observed, but a multitude of alveolar infiltrates speaks for a mycoplasmal origin.", "contents": "Radiographic appearance of mycoplasmal pneumonai. As there are contradictory opinions on the radiographic appearance of mycoplasma pneumonai, the chest examination of 59 patients with at least a fourfold increase of the complement fixation titer were studied retrospectively. The investigation shows that there is a great variety of radiologic patterns from interstitial, disseminated infiltrates to total lobar consolidation. The alveolar pattern seems to be more common in women, but there is no relation to age, duration, season or bacterial superinfection. A development from interstitial infiltrates to alveolar changes or vice versa during the course of the illness was not confirmed in this study. The radiographic variability may be explained by the alveolar infiltrates being an inflammatory reaction to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and the interstitial densities being an immunologic response. No definite difference between bacterial and mycoplasmal pneumonias was observed, but a multitude of alveolar infiltrates speaks for a mycoplasmal origin.", "PMID": 694473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9838", "title": "Radiographic patterns of pulmonary involvement in acute mycoplasmal infections.", "content": "The radiological appearances and the progress of the pulmonary manifestations of serologically-proven acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection were studied in 29 patients. The radiological changes seen at and after admission were not helpful in establishing an aetiological diagnosis except in three patients, in whom a \"classical\" pattern of mycoplasma pneumonia, based on the radiological appearnaces at different histopathological stages of the disease, could be recognised retrospectively. The patterns seen were varied and generally non-specific, and were not related to the age of the patient or to the duration of disease prior to admission. Specific anti-mycoplasma therapy may have prevented the progress of the disease after admission, although five of six patients in whom radiological deterioration occurred after admission were receiving such treatment.", "contents": "Radiographic patterns of pulmonary involvement in acute mycoplasmal infections. The radiological appearances and the progress of the pulmonary manifestations of serologically-proven acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection were studied in 29 patients. The radiological changes seen at and after admission were not helpful in establishing an aetiological diagnosis except in three patients, in whom a \"classical\" pattern of mycoplasma pneumonia, based on the radiological appearnaces at different histopathological stages of the disease, could be recognised retrospectively. The patterns seen were varied and generally non-specific, and were not related to the age of the patient or to the duration of disease prior to admission. Specific anti-mycoplasma therapy may have prevented the progress of the disease after admission, although five of six patients in whom radiological deterioration occurred after admission were receiving such treatment.", "PMID": 694474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9839", "title": "Acute phase of sarcoidosis with splenomegaly and hypercalcemia. Description of a case, including a report about splenectomy and the preparation and testing of a Kveim antigen from the spleen.", "content": "A young man had a mild, slightly progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis. After 4 years he developed an acute disease with splenomegaly, anemia, marked elevation of ESR, hypercalcemia and mild renal insufficiency. The anemia and ESR elevation disappeared after splenectomy, whereas the hypercalcemia still needs corticosteroid treatment. Attempts to withdraw this treatment resulted in recurrence of the hypercalcemia, but no other abnormalities. In contrast to other organs examined, the sarcoid tissue in the spleen revealed necrosis formation, consistent with a recent process. A Kveim antigen preparation from the spleen was less potent than antigen from mediastinal lymph nodes. It is suggested that the acute phase of the disease involved mainly the spleen. Speculations about the possible role of infectious agent(s) are put forward.", "contents": "Acute phase of sarcoidosis with splenomegaly and hypercalcemia. Description of a case, including a report about splenectomy and the preparation and testing of a Kveim antigen from the spleen. A young man had a mild, slightly progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis. After 4 years he developed an acute disease with splenomegaly, anemia, marked elevation of ESR, hypercalcemia and mild renal insufficiency. The anemia and ESR elevation disappeared after splenectomy, whereas the hypercalcemia still needs corticosteroid treatment. Attempts to withdraw this treatment resulted in recurrence of the hypercalcemia, but no other abnormalities. In contrast to other organs examined, the sarcoid tissue in the spleen revealed necrosis formation, consistent with a recent process. A Kveim antigen preparation from the spleen was less potent than antigen from mediastinal lymph nodes. It is suggested that the acute phase of the disease involved mainly the spleen. Speculations about the possible role of infectious agent(s) are put forward.", "PMID": 694475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9840", "title": "Fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products and fibrinopeptide A in pleural effusions. High turnover of fibrinogen in pleurisy.", "content": "Fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP) and fibrinopeptide A (FPA) were analysed in pleural fluids from 20 consecutive patients with major effusions of various aetiology. FPA is a short-lived polypeptide which is split off from fibrinogen, whereafter fibrin is formed. FDP are formed through lysis of fibrin or fibrinogen. In 18 patients no fibrinogen could be detected in pleural fluid, whereas two (both having malignant tumours) had detectable but low concentrations. High FPA concentrations, interpreted as reflecting very recent fibrin formation, were found in all pleural fluids except for one case of empyema and one transudate. Plasma concentrations were low in most cases. The same pattern was found with regard to FDP, i.e. exudates showed high concentrations, whereas plasma concentrations were low. The only patient with a transudate showed absence of fibrinogen and low concentrations of FDP and FPA. We interpret our findings as indicative of a high rate of fibrin formation and degradation in pleural exudates and have not found any differences between various types of pleural exudates. Consequently, the findings may illustrate the close association between the coagulation system and inflammatory reactions which may be common to most pleural diseases.", "contents": "Fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products and fibrinopeptide A in pleural effusions. High turnover of fibrinogen in pleurisy. Fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP) and fibrinopeptide A (FPA) were analysed in pleural fluids from 20 consecutive patients with major effusions of various aetiology. FPA is a short-lived polypeptide which is split off from fibrinogen, whereafter fibrin is formed. FDP are formed through lysis of fibrin or fibrinogen. In 18 patients no fibrinogen could be detected in pleural fluid, whereas two (both having malignant tumours) had detectable but low concentrations. High FPA concentrations, interpreted as reflecting very recent fibrin formation, were found in all pleural fluids except for one case of empyema and one transudate. Plasma concentrations were low in most cases. The same pattern was found with regard to FDP, i.e. exudates showed high concentrations, whereas plasma concentrations were low. The only patient with a transudate showed absence of fibrinogen and low concentrations of FDP and FPA. We interpret our findings as indicative of a high rate of fibrin formation and degradation in pleural exudates and have not found any differences between various types of pleural exudates. Consequently, the findings may illustrate the close association between the coagulation system and inflammatory reactions which may be common to most pleural diseases.", "PMID": 694476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9841", "title": "Rape pollen allergy.", "content": "Rape plants are cultivated in southern and central Sweden. These partly wind pollinated plants have an exceedingly rich blooming period with pollinating times (for rape and turnip rape) from 10 May to 24 June (+/- 1--2 weeks). In a patient material from southern Sweden with bronchial asthma and other allergic manifestations, rape pollen allergy was found to occur quite frequently. In 366 consecutive patients positive intracutaneous skin tests to rape pollen extracts were found in 85 patients (23%). 54 patients with positive i.c. skin tests for rape pollen were provocated: 81% of them had positive provocation tests. Patients with symptoms of hay fever and/or bronchial asthma during the pollinating season in regions where rape and related species are cultivated should be examined for rape pollen allergy with i.c. skin tests or RAST.", "contents": "Rape pollen allergy. Rape plants are cultivated in southern and central Sweden. These partly wind pollinated plants have an exceedingly rich blooming period with pollinating times (for rape and turnip rape) from 10 May to 24 June (+/- 1--2 weeks). In a patient material from southern Sweden with bronchial asthma and other allergic manifestations, rape pollen allergy was found to occur quite frequently. In 366 consecutive patients positive intracutaneous skin tests to rape pollen extracts were found in 85 patients (23%). 54 patients with positive i.c. skin tests for rape pollen were provocated: 81% of them had positive provocation tests. Patients with symptoms of hay fever and/or bronchial asthma during the pollinating season in regions where rape and related species are cultivated should be examined for rape pollen allergy with i.c. skin tests or RAST.", "PMID": 694477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9842", "title": "[Antibodies against nicotine-like acetylcholine receptors of central nervous system and muscles in epileptics with IgA deficiency].", "content": "Anti-muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAR) antibodies were sought in epileptic patients without clinical signs of myasthenia gravis. Low titers of such antibodies were found in 3 cases characterized by primary generalized seizures, IgA deficiency and HLA A1 and B8 antigens. These three patients also had anti-brain nAR antibodies. In the serum of one patient with myasthenia gravis, anti-brain nAR antibodies were also detected. The titer was low despite a high titer of anti-muscle nAR antibodies. This may reflect the fact that the immune reaction in the three epileptic patients is primarily directed against the brain nAR.", "contents": "[Antibodies against nicotine-like acetylcholine receptors of central nervous system and muscles in epileptics with IgA deficiency]. Anti-muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAR) antibodies were sought in epileptic patients without clinical signs of myasthenia gravis. Low titers of such antibodies were found in 3 cases characterized by primary generalized seizures, IgA deficiency and HLA A1 and B8 antigens. These three patients also had anti-brain nAR antibodies. In the serum of one patient with myasthenia gravis, anti-brain nAR antibodies were also detected. The titer was low despite a high titer of anti-muscle nAR antibodies. This may reflect the fact that the immune reaction in the three epileptic patients is primarily directed against the brain nAR.", "PMID": 694479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9843", "title": "[Amebiasis--retrospective analysis of 453 cases in the Z\u00fcrich region].", "content": "In a retrospective study 453 cases of amebiasis were analyzed with regard to duration, purpose, and location of the patients' stay abroad. Diarrhea and abdominal complaints were the predominating features of the history, but occasionally constipation was the only symptom. The patients usually had chronic intestinal amebiasis which was intermittently slightly dysenteric, rather than non-dysenteric as defined by the WHO. There were two cases each of ameboma and colonic stricture and three liver abscesses, one of which proved fatal after complicating peritonitis. Therapy with a tissue and a lumenal amebicide proved to be the most efficient combination, with a success rate exceeding 94% in the controlled cases.", "contents": "[Amebiasis--retrospective analysis of 453 cases in the Z\u00fcrich region]. In a retrospective study 453 cases of amebiasis were analyzed with regard to duration, purpose, and location of the patients' stay abroad. Diarrhea and abdominal complaints were the predominating features of the history, but occasionally constipation was the only symptom. The patients usually had chronic intestinal amebiasis which was intermittently slightly dysenteric, rather than non-dysenteric as defined by the WHO. There were two cases each of ameboma and colonic stricture and three liver abscesses, one of which proved fatal after complicating peritonitis. Therapy with a tissue and a lumenal amebicide proved to be the most efficient combination, with a success rate exceeding 94% in the controlled cases.", "PMID": 694480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9844", "title": "[Antiestrogens: a new endocrine treatment possibility in metastasizing breast neoplasms. Experiences of the Swiss Cooperative Cancer Study Group with tamoxifen].", "content": "The detection of specific hormone receptors in normal and tumor tissue has brought new insight into the mechanisms of action of hormones and anti-hormones. The Swiss Cooperative Cancer Study Group (SAKK) has evaluated the antitumor effect of the new antiestrogenic substance tamoxifen in metastatic breast cancer. 158 postmenopausal patients treated with 20 mg/d tamoxifen by mouth are evaluable at present time. Complete and good partial remissions were achieved in 39 patients (25%) largely with soft tissue but also lung and bone metastases. Tamoxifen was well tolerated and caused few serious complications such as thrombosis/pulmonary embolism and hypercalcemia. These results confirm already published experience with tamoxifen, which may replace the estrogens as the primary endocrine treatment in postmenopausal mammary carcinoma metastasizing to soft tissues, lung and bone.", "contents": "[Antiestrogens: a new endocrine treatment possibility in metastasizing breast neoplasms. Experiences of the Swiss Cooperative Cancer Study Group with tamoxifen]. The detection of specific hormone receptors in normal and tumor tissue has brought new insight into the mechanisms of action of hormones and anti-hormones. The Swiss Cooperative Cancer Study Group (SAKK) has evaluated the antitumor effect of the new antiestrogenic substance tamoxifen in metastatic breast cancer. 158 postmenopausal patients treated with 20 mg/d tamoxifen by mouth are evaluable at present time. Complete and good partial remissions were achieved in 39 patients (25%) largely with soft tissue but also lung and bone metastases. Tamoxifen was well tolerated and caused few serious complications such as thrombosis/pulmonary embolism and hypercalcemia. These results confirm already published experience with tamoxifen, which may replace the estrogens as the primary endocrine treatment in postmenopausal mammary carcinoma metastasizing to soft tissues, lung and bone.", "PMID": 694481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9845", "title": "[Human radiation leukemogenesis].", "content": "Quantitative data obtained from different groups of subjects are in agreement and make it possible to evaluate the risk of leukemia following total body irradiation with doses exceeding 100 rads of X-rays or lower doses of neutrons. Irradiations which are more localized or administered over a longer period of time retain their leukemogenic effect when the total dose exceeds a few hundred rads. The dose-effect relationship appears to be curvilinear and, from the scientific standpoint, linear extrapolation to predict a low dose effect is not justified. Such linear extrapolation is nevertheless legitimate on grounds of radioprotection but should not be used to evaluate the risk of small doses such as those given for radiodiagnostic purposes (doses in the range of one rad), or those received by a population in the vicinity of a nuclear power station (doses in the range of one rad), or those received by a population in the vicinity of a nuclear power station (doses in the range of a millirad). Combined radio-chemotherapy modalities, as used in cancer treatment and particularly for malignant lymphoma, carry a high risk of inducing secondary leukemias. These combined treatment regimens should be limited to cases for which radiotherapy alone would be insufficient.", "contents": "[Human radiation leukemogenesis]. Quantitative data obtained from different groups of subjects are in agreement and make it possible to evaluate the risk of leukemia following total body irradiation with doses exceeding 100 rads of X-rays or lower doses of neutrons. Irradiations which are more localized or administered over a longer period of time retain their leukemogenic effect when the total dose exceeds a few hundred rads. The dose-effect relationship appears to be curvilinear and, from the scientific standpoint, linear extrapolation to predict a low dose effect is not justified. Such linear extrapolation is nevertheless legitimate on grounds of radioprotection but should not be used to evaluate the risk of small doses such as those given for radiodiagnostic purposes (doses in the range of one rad), or those received by a population in the vicinity of a nuclear power station (doses in the range of one rad), or those received by a population in the vicinity of a nuclear power station (doses in the range of a millirad). Combined radio-chemotherapy modalities, as used in cancer treatment and particularly for malignant lymphoma, carry a high risk of inducing secondary leukemias. These combined treatment regimens should be limited to cases for which radiotherapy alone would be insufficient.", "PMID": 694482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9846", "title": "A new basis for treatment of multiple myeloma.", "content": "In order to get a better understanding of tumor biology, prognostic factors and approaches to treatment, total body tumor cell number, cell kinetics and drug sensitivity have been studied in a series of patients with multiple myeloma. We found that the presenting tumor mass stage was inversely proportional to survival, but did not predict drug sensitivity. Patients with both a high tumor cell mass and a large proliferative compartment of tumor cells had a particularly poor prognosis. Studies of myeloma stem cells in agar culture showed individual patterns of drug sensitivity with a correlation between in vitro sensitivity to melphalan, adriamycin, and BCNU, with in vivo sensitivity to these same classes of agents. Use of such measurements may permit selection of useful new drugs as well as an individualized basis for treatment of multiple myeloma.", "contents": "A new basis for treatment of multiple myeloma. In order to get a better understanding of tumor biology, prognostic factors and approaches to treatment, total body tumor cell number, cell kinetics and drug sensitivity have been studied in a series of patients with multiple myeloma. We found that the presenting tumor mass stage was inversely proportional to survival, but did not predict drug sensitivity. Patients with both a high tumor cell mass and a large proliferative compartment of tumor cells had a particularly poor prognosis. Studies of myeloma stem cells in agar culture showed individual patterns of drug sensitivity with a correlation between in vitro sensitivity to melphalan, adriamycin, and BCNU, with in vivo sensitivity to these same classes of agents. Use of such measurements may permit selection of useful new drugs as well as an individualized basis for treatment of multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 694483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9847", "title": "Congenital and acquired defects of neutrophil granulocytes.", "content": "It is now clear that deficiences of the production rate or function of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes can predispose to recurrent pyogenic infections. Well defined examples of such deficiences include congenital and acquired neutropenias, a dysfunction of neutrophil locomotion and a disorder of neutrophil oxygen metabolism, chronic granulomatous disease, in which affected neutrophils fail to kill catalase-positive microorganisms. The study of congenital and acquired defects of neutrophils has contributed greatly to understanding of normal neutrophil function. This understanding is beginning to permit investigators to exert a \"molecular attack\" on the difficult problems of neutrophil transfusion and preservation.", "contents": "Congenital and acquired defects of neutrophil granulocytes. It is now clear that deficiences of the production rate or function of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes can predispose to recurrent pyogenic infections. Well defined examples of such deficiences include congenital and acquired neutropenias, a dysfunction of neutrophil locomotion and a disorder of neutrophil oxygen metabolism, chronic granulomatous disease, in which affected neutrophils fail to kill catalase-positive microorganisms. The study of congenital and acquired defects of neutrophils has contributed greatly to understanding of normal neutrophil function. This understanding is beginning to permit investigators to exert a \"molecular attack\" on the difficult problems of neutrophil transfusion and preservation.", "PMID": 694484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9848", "title": "[Platelet aggregation during various phases of the menstrual cycle and after therapy with ovulation inhibitors].", "content": "Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was studied under well defined experimental conditions in female volunteers on the 6th and 20th days of the menstrual cycle. In addition, another group on long-term contraceptives was investigated. The two parameters studied were the maximum amount and velocity of aggregation. In these three groups no significant changes were found in the parameters studied, and influences of the menstrual cycle and contraceptives on platelet aggregation are therefore unlikely.", "contents": "[Platelet aggregation during various phases of the menstrual cycle and after therapy with ovulation inhibitors]. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was studied under well defined experimental conditions in female volunteers on the 6th and 20th days of the menstrual cycle. In addition, another group on long-term contraceptives was investigated. The two parameters studied were the maximum amount and velocity of aggregation. In these three groups no significant changes were found in the parameters studied, and influences of the menstrual cycle and contraceptives on platelet aggregation are therefore unlikely.", "PMID": 694485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9849", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of primary and secondary erythrocytosis by means of in vitro culture of hematopoietic stem cells].", "content": "Peripheral blood precursor cells from all of 12 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) formed hemoglobinized colonies in vitro without addition os was strictly epo-dependent in 30 normals and 8 patients with erythrocytosis of other origin. By addition of 1 U epo/ml to the cultures, colony formation was increased up to 5-fold in PV. Untreated patients with a short history had the highest numbers of such epo-responsive precursor cells. In 3 patients with concomitant myelofibrosis, erythroid in vitro growth was abundant, but scattered, single colonies could hardly be identified and their hemoglobinization was poor. This picture did not change with addition of epo, and hemoglobinization did not improve. In vitro grown colonies in PV had morphological abnormalities as compared to colonies grown from normal precursor cells: all stages of erythroid differentiation and up to 50% necrotic cells were found within single colonies. Scattered colonies contained an excess of large, immature, vacuolated erythroblasts. It is concluded that these functionaland morphological abnormalities of in-vitro erythropoiesis are a reliable indicator of PV. Further, transition to myelofibrosis is recognized by a characteristic growth pattern with decreased epo-responsiveness.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of primary and secondary erythrocytosis by means of in vitro culture of hematopoietic stem cells]. Peripheral blood precursor cells from all of 12 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) formed hemoglobinized colonies in vitro without addition os was strictly epo-dependent in 30 normals and 8 patients with erythrocytosis of other origin. By addition of 1 U epo/ml to the cultures, colony formation was increased up to 5-fold in PV. Untreated patients with a short history had the highest numbers of such epo-responsive precursor cells. In 3 patients with concomitant myelofibrosis, erythroid in vitro growth was abundant, but scattered, single colonies could hardly be identified and their hemoglobinization was poor. This picture did not change with addition of epo, and hemoglobinization did not improve. In vitro grown colonies in PV had morphological abnormalities as compared to colonies grown from normal precursor cells: all stages of erythroid differentiation and up to 50% necrotic cells were found within single colonies. Scattered colonies contained an excess of large, immature, vacuolated erythroblasts. It is concluded that these functionaland morphological abnormalities of in-vitro erythropoiesis are a reliable indicator of PV. Further, transition to myelofibrosis is recognized by a characteristic growth pattern with decreased epo-responsiveness.", "PMID": 694486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9850", "title": "[Granulocyte substitution in febrile leukemia patients with bone marrow aplasia. 1. Results of a prospective study].", "content": "A prospective, randomized study was performed in aplastic, granulocytopenic, infected patients with acute leukemia during induction therapy. 12 patients received antibiotics alone, and 13 received antibiotics plus 1.7-14.7 X 10(10) (MEAN 6.6 X 10(10) granulocytes by 1-5 (mean 2.7) daily transfusions. In 10 of 12 controls the infection resolved and remission was achieved with granulocyte counts greater than 500/mm3 15 +/- 9 days after randomization. In the transfused patients, infection was brought under control in 10 out of 13 and remission was achieved with granulocyte counts greater than 500/mm3 25+/- 11 days after randomization. Only one death due to infection was observed (6 days after randomization, control).", "contents": "[Granulocyte substitution in febrile leukemia patients with bone marrow aplasia. 1. Results of a prospective study]. A prospective, randomized study was performed in aplastic, granulocytopenic, infected patients with acute leukemia during induction therapy. 12 patients received antibiotics alone, and 13 received antibiotics plus 1.7-14.7 X 10(10) (MEAN 6.6 X 10(10) granulocytes by 1-5 (mean 2.7) daily transfusions. In 10 of 12 controls the infection resolved and remission was achieved with granulocyte counts greater than 500/mm3 15 +/- 9 days after randomization. In the transfused patients, infection was brought under control in 10 out of 13 and remission was achieved with granulocyte counts greater than 500/mm3 25+/- 11 days after randomization. Only one death due to infection was observed (6 days after randomization, control).", "PMID": 694487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9851", "title": "[Disorders in leukocyte function in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "A group of diabetic patients have been analyzed with regard to their defense against infection, i.e. chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bacterial killing. All three steps of leukocyte function are deteriorated in diabetes mellitus. However, no definitive statement on defense against infection can at present be made.", "contents": "[Disorders in leukocyte function in diabetes mellitus]. A group of diabetic patients have been analyzed with regard to their defense against infection, i.e. chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bacterial killing. All three steps of leukocyte function are deteriorated in diabetes mellitus. However, no definitive statement on defense against infection can at present be made.", "PMID": 694488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9852", "title": "[A safe alternative for the diagnosis of pernicious anemia--a contribution to medical economics (proceedings)].", "content": "Mucosal biopsies of corpus and antrum were performed in 17 patients with pernicious anemia. In all patients the corpus mucosa showed atrophic gastritis, while in 16 the antrum was normal or showed only superficial gastritis. This combination is conclusive for pernicious anemia. Over 80% of megaloblastic anemias are caused by pernicious anemia. It is therefore proposed that endoscopy and biopsy be performed as the first examination in these patients. In this way the diagnosis is simple, rapid and economical.", "contents": "[A safe alternative for the diagnosis of pernicious anemia--a contribution to medical economics (proceedings)]. Mucosal biopsies of corpus and antrum were performed in 17 patients with pernicious anemia. In all patients the corpus mucosa showed atrophic gastritis, while in 16 the antrum was normal or showed only superficial gastritis. This combination is conclusive for pernicious anemia. Over 80% of megaloblastic anemias are caused by pernicious anemia. It is therefore proposed that endoscopy and biopsy be performed as the first examination in these patients. In this way the diagnosis is simple, rapid and economical.", "PMID": 694492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9853", "title": "[Erythrocyte migration on filterpaper--a simple micromethod for the measurement of erythrocyte filtrability (proceedings)].", "content": "A micromethod for measurement of erythrocyte filtrability is described. The time is recorded for the spreading of drops (25 microliter) of an erythrocyte suspension in filter papers which are calibrated with the suspension solution. The spreading time for the erythrocytes in relation to a reference calibration time correlates well with the filtration time of a modified filtration technique according to TEITEL.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte migration on filterpaper--a simple micromethod for the measurement of erythrocyte filtrability (proceedings)]. A micromethod for measurement of erythrocyte filtrability is described. The time is recorded for the spreading of drops (25 microliter) of an erythrocyte suspension in filter papers which are calibrated with the suspension solution. The spreading time for the erythrocytes in relation to a reference calibration time correlates well with the filtration time of a modified filtration technique according to TEITEL.", "PMID": 694493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9854", "title": "[Human erythrocyte galactosyl transferase: importance in blood group biosynthesis and its absence in permanent mixed-field polyagglutinability (proceedings)].", "content": "Human erythrocyte membranes contain two different triton-activated galactosyltransferase activities, one of which is specific for ovalbumin and the other for sialic acid free ovine submaxillary mucin. This latter enzyme was absent in membranes obtained from a patient with permanent mixed-field polyagglutinability.", "contents": "[Human erythrocyte galactosyl transferase: importance in blood group biosynthesis and its absence in permanent mixed-field polyagglutinability (proceedings)]. Human erythrocyte membranes contain two different triton-activated galactosyltransferase activities, one of which is specific for ovalbumin and the other for sialic acid free ovine submaxillary mucin. This latter enzyme was absent in membranes obtained from a patient with permanent mixed-field polyagglutinability.", "PMID": 694494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9855", "title": "[Thrombocyte migration test as a sensitive tolerance test before platelet substitution (proceedings)].", "content": "Thrombocytopenic patients refractory to random-donor platelet support can usually be substituted by platelets obtained from donors identical with respect to HLA-A and -B antigens [1]. Since such \"full-house\" identity is rarely available, reliable cross-match tests (CM) are needed in order to pick out donors compatible in spite of HLA non-identity. By use of the thrombocyte migration test (TMT), DUQUESNOY et al. have shown that antiplatelet antibodies may exert an inhibitory effect on platelet migration. Therefore, we have explored this test system for its efficiency as CM compared with the \"long-time\" lymphocyte cytotoxicity test (LLT). Of 8 sera from polysensitized patients, serial dilutions were performed and simultaneously tested by TMT and LLT with cells obtained from the same control individuals. The sensitivity of TMT exceeded LLT by 2-4 dilution steps in all sera tested. Moreover, 9 patients with incompatible transfusion responses to single-donor platelets in spite of negative LLT had the following results in TMT with pre-transfusion sera: 5 positive (i.e. migration inhibition), 1 negative: enhanced migration was observed 3 times. This phenomenon of enhancement remains to be clarified, since low titers of anti-HLA-antibodies do not cause enhanced platelet migration. Repeated transfusion of platelets obtained from the same donor may cause antibody production against leukocytic antigen not shared by platelets, leading to \"false-positive\" LLT. 2 patients were successfully substituted with platelets from HLA/MLC-identical siblings in spite of positive LLT, but with negative TMT; in 2 cases with unrelated HLA-A and -B identical donors, TMT results were inconsistent.", "contents": "[Thrombocyte migration test as a sensitive tolerance test before platelet substitution (proceedings)]. Thrombocytopenic patients refractory to random-donor platelet support can usually be substituted by platelets obtained from donors identical with respect to HLA-A and -B antigens [1]. Since such \"full-house\" identity is rarely available, reliable cross-match tests (CM) are needed in order to pick out donors compatible in spite of HLA non-identity. By use of the thrombocyte migration test (TMT), DUQUESNOY et al. have shown that antiplatelet antibodies may exert an inhibitory effect on platelet migration. Therefore, we have explored this test system for its efficiency as CM compared with the \"long-time\" lymphocyte cytotoxicity test (LLT). Of 8 sera from polysensitized patients, serial dilutions were performed and simultaneously tested by TMT and LLT with cells obtained from the same control individuals. The sensitivity of TMT exceeded LLT by 2-4 dilution steps in all sera tested. Moreover, 9 patients with incompatible transfusion responses to single-donor platelets in spite of negative LLT had the following results in TMT with pre-transfusion sera: 5 positive (i.e. migration inhibition), 1 negative: enhanced migration was observed 3 times. This phenomenon of enhancement remains to be clarified, since low titers of anti-HLA-antibodies do not cause enhanced platelet migration. Repeated transfusion of platelets obtained from the same donor may cause antibody production against leukocytic antigen not shared by platelets, leading to \"false-positive\" LLT. 2 patients were successfully substituted with platelets from HLA/MLC-identical siblings in spite of positive LLT, but with negative TMT; in 2 cases with unrelated HLA-A and -B identical donors, TMT results were inconsistent.", "PMID": 694495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9856", "title": "[Missing thrombinemia in the so-called hypercoagulability following physical exertion (proceedings)].", "content": "A common topic of discussion for many years has been whether stress induces hypercoagulability and/or hyperfibrinolysis. Ten healthy volunteers were subjected to strenuous physical effort on a bicycle ergometer. Blood samples were collected 10 min before and immediately after exercise. The well-known activation of blood coagulation was demonstrated by significant shortening of the activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin and reptilase times. However, no fibrinopeptide A (FPA) was generated, nor did the ethanol gelatin test turn positive. A significant shortening of the euglobulin lysis time was indicative of fibrinolysis but no fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP) could be detected. These results show that the so-called hypercoagulability is not accompanied by thrombin-mediated release of fibrinopeptide A, and suggest that the activation of coagulation does not involve fibrinogen to fibrin conversion.", "contents": "[Missing thrombinemia in the so-called hypercoagulability following physical exertion (proceedings)]. A common topic of discussion for many years has been whether stress induces hypercoagulability and/or hyperfibrinolysis. Ten healthy volunteers were subjected to strenuous physical effort on a bicycle ergometer. Blood samples were collected 10 min before and immediately after exercise. The well-known activation of blood coagulation was demonstrated by significant shortening of the activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin and reptilase times. However, no fibrinopeptide A (FPA) was generated, nor did the ethanol gelatin test turn positive. A significant shortening of the euglobulin lysis time was indicative of fibrinolysis but no fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP) could be detected. These results show that the so-called hypercoagulability is not accompanied by thrombin-mediated release of fibrinopeptide A, and suggest that the activation of coagulation does not involve fibrinogen to fibrin conversion.", "PMID": 694496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9857", "title": "[Thrombin formation in factor IX concentrates and FEIBA (factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity) (proceedings)].", "content": "Having observed a marked increase of the fibrinopeptide A (FPA) level in vivo in 5 patients after the administration of factor IX concentrates, 8 factor IX concentrates (IX-K) and one FEIBA (factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity) fraction have been studied in vitro to ascertain whether thrombin was present or could be generated. Using fibrinogen as a substrate, the release of FPA under various conditions was measured by radioimmunoassay and it was found that (1) the addition of CaCl2 to the IX-K was necessary to produce FPA release; (2) the reaction was mainly dependent on the incubation time of the concentrate and the CaCl2 and (3) the release of FPA could be inhibited by heparin. The FEIBA fraction instantly produced FPA with or without the presence of CaCl2. It is therefore questioned whether the main effect of such products is due to a \"factor II bypassing activity\", i.e. thrombin.", "contents": "[Thrombin formation in factor IX concentrates and FEIBA (factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity) (proceedings)]. Having observed a marked increase of the fibrinopeptide A (FPA) level in vivo in 5 patients after the administration of factor IX concentrates, 8 factor IX concentrates (IX-K) and one FEIBA (factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity) fraction have been studied in vitro to ascertain whether thrombin was present or could be generated. Using fibrinogen as a substrate, the release of FPA under various conditions was measured by radioimmunoassay and it was found that (1) the addition of CaCl2 to the IX-K was necessary to produce FPA release; (2) the reaction was mainly dependent on the incubation time of the concentrate and the CaCl2 and (3) the release of FPA could be inhibited by heparin. The FEIBA fraction instantly produced FPA with or without the presence of CaCl2. It is therefore questioned whether the main effect of such products is due to a \"factor II bypassing activity\", i.e. thrombin.", "PMID": 694497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9858", "title": "[Immunopathology in a case of kala-azar (proceedings)].", "content": "A 33 year old woman was admitted to hospital for fever of unknown origin. Leishmania donovani was found in histological preparations from lymphnodes and by sternal puncture. Circulating immune complexes present in high concentration were isolated and characterized. The circulating immune complexes remained elevated two months after the disappearance of Leishmania from the bone marrow.", "contents": "[Immunopathology in a case of kala-azar (proceedings)]. A 33 year old woman was admitted to hospital for fever of unknown origin. Leishmania donovani was found in histological preparations from lymphnodes and by sternal puncture. Circulating immune complexes present in high concentration were isolated and characterized. The circulating immune complexes remained elevated two months after the disappearance of Leishmania from the bone marrow.", "PMID": 694498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9859", "title": "[Increase of unsaturated transcobalamine II in autoimmune diseases; effect of immunosuppressive therapy (proceedings)].", "content": "Transcobalamin II (TC II) is a serum protein responsible for transporting vitamin B12 to the cells. A previous observation of a child with congenital TC II deficiency and agammaglobulinemia suggested that this protein plays an important role in the immune response. Accordingly, TC II levels ere determined in 32 patients with autoimmune disease (AID) (i.e. 26 with lupus erythematosus, 4 with dermatomyositis, and 2 with autoimmune hemolytic anemia) and in 40 patients with acquired immunodeficiency due to chemotherapy. It was found that elevated TC II levels corresponded to active phases of AID. Changes in TC II levels correlated better with the clinical course of AID than complement, antinuclear antibody or native DNA binding capacity. This suggests that TC II could be a valuable parameter in following up activity of AID.", "contents": "[Increase of unsaturated transcobalamine II in autoimmune diseases; effect of immunosuppressive therapy (proceedings)]. Transcobalamin II (TC II) is a serum protein responsible for transporting vitamin B12 to the cells. A previous observation of a child with congenital TC II deficiency and agammaglobulinemia suggested that this protein plays an important role in the immune response. Accordingly, TC II levels ere determined in 32 patients with autoimmune disease (AID) (i.e. 26 with lupus erythematosus, 4 with dermatomyositis, and 2 with autoimmune hemolytic anemia) and in 40 patients with acquired immunodeficiency due to chemotherapy. It was found that elevated TC II levels corresponded to active phases of AID. Changes in TC II levels correlated better with the clinical course of AID than complement, antinuclear antibody or native DNA binding capacity. This suggests that TC II could be a valuable parameter in following up activity of AID.", "PMID": 694499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9860", "title": "[Lymphoproliferative diseases with small molecular (monomere) IgM paraproteinemia (proceedings)].", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin P, when used like an antiserum in immunoelectrophoresis, precipitates with pentameric IgM but not with monomeric IgM subunits. In a retrospective study this simple screening method was applied to 180 sera containing monoclonal IgM. Five cases were found to be of the monomeric type of IgM paraproteinemia. Four of these patients had lymphoproliferative diseases with lymphocytic infiltration of the bone marrow. The last case was complicated by acute myelomonocytic leukemia.", "contents": "[Lymphoproliferative diseases with small molecular (monomere) IgM paraproteinemia (proceedings)]. Phytohemagglutinin P, when used like an antiserum in immunoelectrophoresis, precipitates with pentameric IgM but not with monomeric IgM subunits. In a retrospective study this simple screening method was applied to 180 sera containing monoclonal IgM. Five cases were found to be of the monomeric type of IgM paraproteinemia. Four of these patients had lymphoproliferative diseases with lymphocytic infiltration of the bone marrow. The last case was complicated by acute myelomonocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 694500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9861", "title": "[Isolation of human tumor cells: conditions for in vitro diagnostic and therapeutic studies (proceedings)].", "content": "With a view to the possible use of human tumor cells for diagnostic and therapeutic tests (e.g. determination of hormone receptors, sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs, cytotoxicity tests), an attempt has been made to isolate and cultivate pure human tumor cell populations. 49 malignant effusions from 42 patients formed the starting material. The tumor cell isolation was carried out in three steps: 1. elimination of erythrocytes by density-gradient centrifugation or osmotic lysis with triple distilled water; 2. concentration of tumor cells by lg-sedimentation; 3. elimination of adherent cells by short term cultivation in plastic tissue culture flasks. This procedure yielded 95-98% tumor cells. From these suspensions of purified tumor cells, primary cultures were successfully established by supplementing the tissue culture media with autologous effusion fluid.", "contents": "[Isolation of human tumor cells: conditions for in vitro diagnostic and therapeutic studies (proceedings)]. With a view to the possible use of human tumor cells for diagnostic and therapeutic tests (e.g. determination of hormone receptors, sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs, cytotoxicity tests), an attempt has been made to isolate and cultivate pure human tumor cell populations. 49 malignant effusions from 42 patients formed the starting material. The tumor cell isolation was carried out in three steps: 1. elimination of erythrocytes by density-gradient centrifugation or osmotic lysis with triple distilled water; 2. concentration of tumor cells by lg-sedimentation; 3. elimination of adherent cells by short term cultivation in plastic tissue culture flasks. This procedure yielded 95-98% tumor cells. From these suspensions of purified tumor cells, primary cultures were successfully established by supplementing the tissue culture media with autologous effusion fluid.", "PMID": 694501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9862", "title": "Electrostatic effects in proteins.", "content": "Electrostatic effects dominate many aspects of protein behavior. When polypeptide chains fold up, most polar side chains seek the exterior, where they can be solvated. Water bound in the interior has been found between the domains of enzymes of the chymotrypsin family, and between the subunits of hemoglobin and tobacco mosaic virus protein. Assembly of this protein from disk to virus is triggered by electrostatic interactions between neighboring subunits. Lysozyme stabilizes the constellation of charges involved in the transition state of its substrate by both permanent and induced dipoles. All factors that lower the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin act by strengthening the salt bridges that constrain its quaternary deoxy (T) structure. Enzymes of thermophile bacteria owe their extra stability mostly to additional salt bridges. The rate of denaturation of hemoglobins by alkali is determined by the ionization of internal side chains with pK's of about 12.", "contents": "Electrostatic effects in proteins. Electrostatic effects dominate many aspects of protein behavior. When polypeptide chains fold up, most polar side chains seek the exterior, where they can be solvated. Water bound in the interior has been found between the domains of enzymes of the chymotrypsin family, and between the subunits of hemoglobin and tobacco mosaic virus protein. Assembly of this protein from disk to virus is triggered by electrostatic interactions between neighboring subunits. Lysozyme stabilizes the constellation of charges involved in the transition state of its substrate by both permanent and induced dipoles. All factors that lower the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin act by strengthening the salt bridges that constrain its quaternary deoxy (T) structure. Enzymes of thermophile bacteria owe their extra stability mostly to additional salt bridges. The rate of denaturation of hemoglobins by alkali is determined by the ionization of internal side chains with pK's of about 12.", "PMID": 694508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9863", "title": "Decrease of human serum fucosyltransferase as an indicator of successful tumor therapy.", "content": "Surgical removal of colon carcinomas leads to a decrease in the rate of incorporation of [14C]fucose into its endogenous acceptor in human serum; normal incorporation rates are attained within 14 days. A similar time course has been determined for alpha2- and alpha3-fucosyltransferase when either desialo- or desialodegalactofetuin are employed as exogenous acceptors. A correlation has also been seen between transferase activity and the therapeutic response of patients with breast cancer. These results indicate that the determination of fucosyltransferase activity can facilitate the diagnosis of neoplasia, and the success of surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.", "contents": "Decrease of human serum fucosyltransferase as an indicator of successful tumor therapy. Surgical removal of colon carcinomas leads to a decrease in the rate of incorporation of [14C]fucose into its endogenous acceptor in human serum; normal incorporation rates are attained within 14 days. A similar time course has been determined for alpha2- and alpha3-fucosyltransferase when either desialo- or desialodegalactofetuin are employed as exogenous acceptors. A correlation has also been seen between transferase activity and the therapeutic response of patients with breast cancer. These results indicate that the determination of fucosyltransferase activity can facilitate the diagnosis of neoplasia, and the success of surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.", "PMID": 694511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9864", "title": "Retention of an associative behavioral change in Hermissenda.", "content": "The nudibranch mollusk Hermissenda crassicornis is normally attracted to a test light. Three days of training consisting of 50 trials per day of light paired with a rotational stimulus led to a significant increase, lasting for days, in the animal's response latency to enter a test light. The group that received light associated with rotation was significantly different from groups subjected to nonassociative control procedures. Modifications of well-known sensory networks may be related to a behavioral change that shares several operational features with associative learning.", "contents": "Retention of an associative behavioral change in Hermissenda. The nudibranch mollusk Hermissenda crassicornis is normally attracted to a test light. Three days of training consisting of 50 trials per day of light paired with a rotational stimulus led to a significant increase, lasting for days, in the animal's response latency to enter a test light. The group that received light associated with rotation was significantly different from groups subjected to nonassociative control procedures. Modifications of well-known sensory networks may be related to a behavioral change that shares several operational features with associative learning.", "PMID": 694512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9865", "title": "Modification of attention in honey bees.", "content": "Honey bees were trained in two consecutive two-dimensional (color-position) problems with one dimension (color or position) relevant and the other irrelevant in each problem. As in analogous experiments on dimensional transfer in rats and monkeys, performance in the second problem was more accurate when the relevant and irrelevant dimensions were the same as in the first problem than when they were interchanged. The results of further experiments suggest that the transfer is mediated by different modes of responding that develop in color and position problems rather than by some special process of dimensional selection, such as has been assumed to operate in vertebrates.", "contents": "Modification of attention in honey bees. Honey bees were trained in two consecutive two-dimensional (color-position) problems with one dimension (color or position) relevant and the other irrelevant in each problem. As in analogous experiments on dimensional transfer in rats and monkeys, performance in the second problem was more accurate when the relevant and irrelevant dimensions were the same as in the first problem than when they were interchanged. The results of further experiments suggest that the transfer is mediated by different modes of responding that develop in color and position problems rather than by some special process of dimensional selection, such as has been assumed to operate in vertebrates.", "PMID": 694513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9866", "title": "Extreme myopia produced by modest change in early visual experience.", "content": "Chicks whose vision was restricted to the frontal visual field became extremely myopic (mean, -10 diopters; maximum, -24 diopters) and had eyes of increased axial length. Animals restricted to lateral field vision did not differ from normal animals. Monocular deprivation of form vision also produced myopia and eye enlargement and, in addition, produced increased anterior chamber depth.", "contents": "Extreme myopia produced by modest change in early visual experience. Chicks whose vision was restricted to the frontal visual field became extremely myopic (mean, -10 diopters; maximum, -24 diopters) and had eyes of increased axial length. Animals restricted to lateral field vision did not differ from normal animals. Monocular deprivation of form vision also produced myopia and eye enlargement and, in addition, produced increased anterior chamber depth.", "PMID": 694514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9867", "title": "Ethology of sleep studied with time-lapse photography: postural immobility and sleep-cycle phase in humans.", "content": "Human sleep is characterized by episodes of immobility punctuated by major postural shifts. The organization of this motor activity was shown with a combination of photographic and electroencephalographic recording to be periodic and related to the electroencephalographic sleep cycle. The amount of immobility as measured photographically was positively related to subjective estimates of the goodness of sleep.", "contents": "Ethology of sleep studied with time-lapse photography: postural immobility and sleep-cycle phase in humans. Human sleep is characterized by episodes of immobility punctuated by major postural shifts. The organization of this motor activity was shown with a combination of photographic and electroencephalographic recording to be periodic and related to the electroencephalographic sleep cycle. The amount of immobility as measured photographically was positively related to subjective estimates of the goodness of sleep.", "PMID": 694515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9868", "title": "Manufactured hexaparental mice show that adults are derived from three embyronic cells.", "content": "Two female chimeric mice have been produced by aggregates of three genetically marked eight-cell embryos. All three embryonic genotypes are clearly expressed in the pigment pattern of the adults. These hexaparental mice together with their littermates demonstrate that, in the 64-celled blastocyst, at least three cells, and probably only three, are the source of all adult tissues.", "contents": "Manufactured hexaparental mice show that adults are derived from three embyronic cells. Two female chimeric mice have been produced by aggregates of three genetically marked eight-cell embryos. All three embryonic genotypes are clearly expressed in the pigment pattern of the adults. These hexaparental mice together with their littermates demonstrate that, in the 64-celled blastocyst, at least three cells, and probably only three, are the source of all adult tissues.", "PMID": 694518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9869", "title": "Prevention of death from metastases by immune RNA therapy.", "content": "The effect of immune RNA treatment on the incidence of death from pulmonary metastases was studied in C57BL/6J mice after excision of a B16 murine melanoma. Immune RNA was extracted from the lymphoid tissues of guinea pigs immunized with B16 tumor and then incubated in vitro with normal C57BL/6J mouse splenocytes. Mice receiving intraperitoneal injections of these RNA-treated syngeneic splenocytes after the primary B16 isograft was resectioned showed significantly improved long-term survival (42 to 67 percent in three successive experiments) as compared to control mice (0 to 20 percent survival) receiving untreated splenocytes. The effect of RNA treatment was tumor-specific and ribonuclease sensitive. The results suggest that immunotherapy with immune RNA may be of benefit to certain patients after surgery for cancer.", "contents": "Prevention of death from metastases by immune RNA therapy. The effect of immune RNA treatment on the incidence of death from pulmonary metastases was studied in C57BL/6J mice after excision of a B16 murine melanoma. Immune RNA was extracted from the lymphoid tissues of guinea pigs immunized with B16 tumor and then incubated in vitro with normal C57BL/6J mouse splenocytes. Mice receiving intraperitoneal injections of these RNA-treated syngeneic splenocytes after the primary B16 isograft was resectioned showed significantly improved long-term survival (42 to 67 percent in three successive experiments) as compared to control mice (0 to 20 percent survival) receiving untreated splenocytes. The effect of RNA treatment was tumor-specific and ribonuclease sensitive. The results suggest that immunotherapy with immune RNA may be of benefit to certain patients after surgery for cancer.", "PMID": 694519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9870", "title": "Giemsa-11 staining of chromosome 1: a newly described heteromorphism.", "content": "Sequential Giemsa-11 and C-band staining of the heterochromatic region of chromosome 1 from 30 unrelated individuals revealed a high degree of variability within this region, more than was identifiable with either stain alone. The Giemsa-11 stained material usually appeared as a single band of only slightly varying size within the heterochromatic region. The position of this band ranged from a location immediately adjacent to the centromere, to one farther along the long arm or at the junction of the C-band heterochromatin and euchromatin. Two individuals had a chromosome 1 with no detectable Giemsa-11 band but an average-size C-band. Two others with a large heterochromatic segment by C-banding had two Giemsa-11 positive bands. Additional studies of five members of one family were consistent with transmission of these hetermorphisms in codominant Mendelian fashion.", "contents": "Giemsa-11 staining of chromosome 1: a newly described heteromorphism. Sequential Giemsa-11 and C-band staining of the heterochromatic region of chromosome 1 from 30 unrelated individuals revealed a high degree of variability within this region, more than was identifiable with either stain alone. The Giemsa-11 stained material usually appeared as a single band of only slightly varying size within the heterochromatic region. The position of this band ranged from a location immediately adjacent to the centromere, to one farther along the long arm or at the junction of the C-band heterochromatin and euchromatin. Two individuals had a chromosome 1 with no detectable Giemsa-11 band but an average-size C-band. Two others with a large heterochromatic segment by C-banding had two Giemsa-11 positive bands. Additional studies of five members of one family were consistent with transmission of these hetermorphisms in codominant Mendelian fashion.", "PMID": 694520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9871", "title": "Induction of ovalbumin synthesis in immature chicks by actinomycin D and thioacetamide.", "content": "Actinomycin D and thioacetamide induced ovalbumin synthesis and increased serum progesterone concentrations in immature chicks. The increase in progesterone induced by the carcinogens actinomycin D and thioacetamide may account for the induction of ovalbumin synthesis.", "contents": "Induction of ovalbumin synthesis in immature chicks by actinomycin D and thioacetamide. Actinomycin D and thioacetamide induced ovalbumin synthesis and increased serum progesterone concentrations in immature chicks. The increase in progesterone induced by the carcinogens actinomycin D and thioacetamide may account for the induction of ovalbumin synthesis.", "PMID": 694521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9872", "title": "Picosecond chemical and biological events.", "content": "Picosecond spectroscopy is a relatively new field of science that utilizes ultrashort laser pulses to monitor events taking place in the 10(-12) second regime. The continuing development of picosecond spectroscopy has made possible the detection and measurement of the primary events in many physical and tiological processes. This article describes a currently used picosecond spectroscopy system that is capable of reliably recording picosecond events. Two areas of picosecond research are discussed; one concerns the interaction of electrons in fluids, and the second the primary events in vision.", "contents": "Picosecond chemical and biological events. Picosecond spectroscopy is a relatively new field of science that utilizes ultrashort laser pulses to monitor events taking place in the 10(-12) second regime. The continuing development of picosecond spectroscopy has made possible the detection and measurement of the primary events in many physical and tiological processes. This article describes a currently used picosecond spectroscopy system that is capable of reliably recording picosecond events. Two areas of picosecond research are discussed; one concerns the interaction of electrons in fluids, and the second the primary events in vision.", "PMID": 694523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9873", "title": "Apparent saturation of blue-sensitive cones occurs at a color-opponent stage.", "content": "Response saturation of blue-sensitive cone pathways was studied by measuring increment thresholds for violet test flashes on flashed violet fields in the presence of a steady yellow \"auxiliary\" field of constant radiance. Adding intense yellow field flashes to the violet field flash could eliminate or reduce response saturation (greatly reduce threshold), whereas \"negative\" yellow field flashes drove the mechanism to further saturation. The response saturation is thus not, in general, controlled exclusively by independent blue-sensitive cones but by spectrally opponent mechanisms that receive opposite-signed signals from blue-sensitive cones and from green-or red-sensitive cones. These results add to a growing number of studies that demonstrate that detection of signals from blue-sensitive cones is largely through a color-opponent pathway.", "contents": "Apparent saturation of blue-sensitive cones occurs at a color-opponent stage. Response saturation of blue-sensitive cone pathways was studied by measuring increment thresholds for violet test flashes on flashed violet fields in the presence of a steady yellow \"auxiliary\" field of constant radiance. Adding intense yellow field flashes to the violet field flash could eliminate or reduce response saturation (greatly reduce threshold), whereas \"negative\" yellow field flashes drove the mechanism to further saturation. The response saturation is thus not, in general, controlled exclusively by independent blue-sensitive cones but by spectrally opponent mechanisms that receive opposite-signed signals from blue-sensitive cones and from green-or red-sensitive cones. These results add to a growing number of studies that demonstrate that detection of signals from blue-sensitive cones is largely through a color-opponent pathway.", "PMID": 694527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9874", "title": "Physiologically important stabilization of DNA by a prokaryotic histone-like protein.", "content": "The thermophilic mycoplasma Thermoplasma acidophilum has tightly bound to its DNA a protein that closely resembles the histones of eukaryotes. DNA associated with this protein is more stable than free DNA against thermal denaturation by about 40 degrees C, as shown in both native nucleoprotein and in hybrid nucleoprotein reconstituted in vitro with calf DNA. Since only about 20 percent of the DNA in this organism is associated with the histone-like protein, we suggest that its physiological function is to prevent complete separation of the DNA strands during brief exposures of the organism to denaturing conditions, and thus to facilitate rapid renaturation when normal environmental conditions return.", "contents": "Physiologically important stabilization of DNA by a prokaryotic histone-like protein. The thermophilic mycoplasma Thermoplasma acidophilum has tightly bound to its DNA a protein that closely resembles the histones of eukaryotes. DNA associated with this protein is more stable than free DNA against thermal denaturation by about 40 degrees C, as shown in both native nucleoprotein and in hybrid nucleoprotein reconstituted in vitro with calf DNA. Since only about 20 percent of the DNA in this organism is associated with the histone-like protein, we suggest that its physiological function is to prevent complete separation of the DNA strands during brief exposures of the organism to denaturing conditions, and thus to facilitate rapid renaturation when normal environmental conditions return.", "PMID": 694528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9875", "title": "Lecithin consumption increases acetylcholine concentrations in rat brain and adrenal gland.", "content": "Consumption of a single meal containing lecithin, the major source of choline occurring naturally in the diet, increased the concentrations of choline and acetylcholine in rat brain and adrenal gland. Hence, the concentration of acetylcholine in the tissues may normally be under direct, short-term nutritional control.", "contents": "Lecithin consumption increases acetylcholine concentrations in rat brain and adrenal gland. Consumption of a single meal containing lecithin, the major source of choline occurring naturally in the diet, increased the concentrations of choline and acetylcholine in rat brain and adrenal gland. Hence, the concentration of acetylcholine in the tissues may normally be under direct, short-term nutritional control.", "PMID": 694529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9876", "title": "Cocaine plasma concentration: relation to physiological and subjective effects in humans.", "content": "Volunteer subjects with previous histories of cocaine use were administered cocaine hydrochloride intravenously or intranasally. There was a positive relationship between peak plasma concentration, physiological and subjective responses, and dose administered. The rate of cocaine disappearance after intravenous administration paralleled the drop in physiological and subjective drug effects. After intranasal administration, blood levels remained elevated for a considerably longer period.", "contents": "Cocaine plasma concentration: relation to physiological and subjective effects in humans. Volunteer subjects with previous histories of cocaine use were administered cocaine hydrochloride intravenously or intranasally. There was a positive relationship between peak plasma concentration, physiological and subjective responses, and dose administered. The rate of cocaine disappearance after intravenous administration paralleled the drop in physiological and subjective drug effects. After intranasal administration, blood levels remained elevated for a considerably longer period.", "PMID": 694530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9877", "title": "Nucleosome arcs and helices.", "content": "Crystals and other regular arrangements of nucleosome cores have been obtained and analyzed in the electron microscope. Two types of regular structures have been studied in detail, the nucleosome arcs and cylinders. The latter are composed of concentric cylindrical layers of intertwined right-handed helices of nucleosome cores. These studies lead to the following conclusions and concepts. The overall structure of the nucleosome core is a short, wedge-shaped cylinder measuring about 110 by 110 by 60 angstroms. Nucleosome cores interact primarily between top and bottom planes. Nucleosome cores exhibit large conformational variability. A pivot allowing two degrees of rotational freedom is postulated in the region of the 70th base pair to account for this property of the nucleosome.", "contents": "Nucleosome arcs and helices. Crystals and other regular arrangements of nucleosome cores have been obtained and analyzed in the electron microscope. Two types of regular structures have been studied in detail, the nucleosome arcs and cylinders. The latter are composed of concentric cylindrical layers of intertwined right-handed helices of nucleosome cores. These studies lead to the following conclusions and concepts. The overall structure of the nucleosome core is a short, wedge-shaped cylinder measuring about 110 by 110 by 60 angstroms. Nucleosome cores interact primarily between top and bottom planes. Nucleosome cores exhibit large conformational variability. A pivot allowing two degrees of rotational freedom is postulated in the region of the 70th base pair to account for this property of the nucleosome.", "PMID": 694532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9878", "title": "Intraspecific evidence for the function of single and double cones in the teleost retina.", "content": "Retinal growth in young Sebastes diploproa involves the succession of three distinct cone patterns. Development of the final pattern with the loss of single cones occurs in close temporal association with a permanent migration from the surface to deep water. The results suggest that loss of single cones depends upon the change in environment and that the loss occurs through fusion to double elements.", "contents": "Intraspecific evidence for the function of single and double cones in the teleost retina. Retinal growth in young Sebastes diploproa involves the succession of three distinct cone patterns. Development of the final pattern with the loss of single cones occurs in close temporal association with a permanent migration from the surface to deep water. The results suggest that loss of single cones depends upon the change in environment and that the loss occurs through fusion to double elements.", "PMID": 694534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9879", "title": "Prolactin synthesis by human chorion-decidual tissue: a possible source of prolactin in the amniotic fluid.", "content": "Explants of human chorion-decidual tissue obtained at delivery from normal, full-term pregnancies synthesize and secrete prolactin. This hormone is indistinguishable from pituitary prolactin by chromatographic, electrophoretic, immunologic, and receptor assay techniques. These results suggest that chorion-decidua may be the source of the large quantities of prolactin in amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Prolactin synthesis by human chorion-decidual tissue: a possible source of prolactin in the amniotic fluid. Explants of human chorion-decidual tissue obtained at delivery from normal, full-term pregnancies synthesize and secrete prolactin. This hormone is indistinguishable from pituitary prolactin by chromatographic, electrophoretic, immunologic, and receptor assay techniques. These results suggest that chorion-decidua may be the source of the large quantities of prolactin in amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 694535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9880", "title": "The attention operating characteristic: examples from visual search.", "content": "Even in the absence of eye movements, we show that subjects are able, upon instruction, to selectively attend to certain kinds of targets and parts of visual arrays. The major mechanism of altering attention is the switching of attention from trial to trial, although intermediate states of shared attention do occur. Attention operating characteristics are shown to be a useful way of describing such data and of assessing the compatibility of tasks to be performed simultaneously.", "contents": "The attention operating characteristic: examples from visual search. Even in the absence of eye movements, we show that subjects are able, upon instruction, to selectively attend to certain kinds of targets and parts of visual arrays. The major mechanism of altering attention is the switching of attention from trial to trial, although intermediate states of shared attention do occur. Attention operating characteristics are shown to be a useful way of describing such data and of assessing the compatibility of tasks to be performed simultaneously.", "PMID": 694536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9881", "title": "Regulation of macrophage tumoricidal function: a role for prostaglandins of the E series.", "content": "Exogenously added prostaglandins E1 and E2, but not F2alpha, inhibited the tumoricidal activity of interferon-activated macrophages of mice. A role for adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in modulating macrophage functional activity was suggested because prostaglandins of the E series increase intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP in macrophages and because treatment of interferon-activated macrophages with dibutyryl cyclic AMP consistently inhibits expression of cytotoxicity. Since the activated macrophage releases high concentrations of prostaglandin E2, it is postulated that this prostaglandin could act locally in negative feedback inhibition to limit cell activities.", "contents": "Regulation of macrophage tumoricidal function: a role for prostaglandins of the E series. Exogenously added prostaglandins E1 and E2, but not F2alpha, inhibited the tumoricidal activity of interferon-activated macrophages of mice. A role for adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in modulating macrophage functional activity was suggested because prostaglandins of the E series increase intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP in macrophages and because treatment of interferon-activated macrophages with dibutyryl cyclic AMP consistently inhibits expression of cytotoxicity. Since the activated macrophage releases high concentrations of prostaglandin E2, it is postulated that this prostaglandin could act locally in negative feedback inhibition to limit cell activities.", "PMID": 694537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9882", "title": "Effects of the home environment on withholding behaviors and conditioning in infant and neonatal rats.", "content": "Rats 16 days old received passive-avoidance training in the presence or absence of home litter cues. Rats trained in the context of home litter cues learned the passive avoidance reliably faster than rats trained in isolation. In the presence of home litter cues, 16-day-old rats also exhibited more adultlike spontaneous alternation. Pavlovian conditioning of rats trained at 2 days of age was studied in the presence and absence of conspecifics. These experiments suggest that deficiencies in inhibitory behaviors and conditioning associated with immaturity can be alleviated when the testing environment is made more similar to the home environment.", "contents": "Effects of the home environment on withholding behaviors and conditioning in infant and neonatal rats. Rats 16 days old received passive-avoidance training in the presence or absence of home litter cues. Rats trained in the context of home litter cues learned the passive avoidance reliably faster than rats trained in isolation. In the presence of home litter cues, 16-day-old rats also exhibited more adultlike spontaneous alternation. Pavlovian conditioning of rats trained at 2 days of age was studied in the presence and absence of conspecifics. These experiments suggest that deficiencies in inhibitory behaviors and conditioning associated with immaturity can be alleviated when the testing environment is made more similar to the home environment.", "PMID": 694538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9883", "title": "Astigmatism in infants.", "content": "Compared with children of school age, infants show ten times the incidence and considerably greater amounts of clinically significant astigmatism. The amount begins to decrease in the second semester of life, and the incidence declines during the third year. The unanticipated results bear on both the etiology and the neural sequelae of astigmatism.", "contents": "Astigmatism in infants. Compared with children of school age, infants show ten times the incidence and considerably greater amounts of clinically significant astigmatism. The amount begins to decrease in the second semester of life, and the incidence declines during the third year. The unanticipated results bear on both the etiology and the neural sequelae of astigmatism.", "PMID": 694539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9884", "title": "Infant astigmatism measured by photorefraction.", "content": "Photorefraction of a sample of 93 infants of ages 1 day to 12 months showed that 63 percent of the subjects had astigmatism of 0.75 diopter or greater, and 12 percent greater than 2 diopters. Seventy percent of these astigmatisms were in the horizontal-vertical meridians. By comparison, only 8 percent of a sample of 26 adults tested by the same method showed astigmatism (all 0.75 to 1 diopter). The high incidence of infant astigmatism has implications for critical periods in human visual development and for infant acuity.", "contents": "Infant astigmatism measured by photorefraction. Photorefraction of a sample of 93 infants of ages 1 day to 12 months showed that 63 percent of the subjects had astigmatism of 0.75 diopter or greater, and 12 percent greater than 2 diopters. Seventy percent of these astigmatisms were in the horizontal-vertical meridians. By comparison, only 8 percent of a sample of 26 adults tested by the same method showed astigmatism (all 0.75 to 1 diopter). The high incidence of infant astigmatism has implications for critical periods in human visual development and for infant acuity.", "PMID": 694540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9885", "title": "When to investigate and when to treat hypertension.", "content": "When a raised blood pressure is found, a thorough clinical assessment and a few simple investigations are sufficient in the average patient. There are certain clear indications for treatment, but there is a grey zone where suggestions only can be offered. The importance of follow-up examinations, drug side-effects and associated risk factors is stressed.", "contents": "When to investigate and when to treat hypertension. When a raised blood pressure is found, a thorough clinical assessment and a few simple investigations are sufficient in the average patient. There are certain clear indications for treatment, but there is a grey zone where suggestions only can be offered. The importance of follow-up examinations, drug side-effects and associated risk factors is stressed.", "PMID": 694600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9886", "title": "The doctor as a humanist.", "content": "The education of the doctor, traditionally based on the classics, is now founded on the sciences. However, the practice of medicine on individual patients will remain an art. The problems of delivery of health care in the next millenium will be moral and ethical rather than scientific. A broad, liberal, humanistic education will be required.", "contents": "The doctor as a humanist. The education of the doctor, traditionally based on the classics, is now founded on the sciences. However, the practice of medicine on individual patients will remain an art. The problems of delivery of health care in the next millenium will be moral and ethical rather than scientific. A broad, liberal, humanistic education will be required.", "PMID": 694601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9887", "title": "A survey of admissions and deaths in a black paediatric department.", "content": "Patterns of paediatric illness in hospital were surveyed with a view to planning for improved community health services. High morbidity and early mortality from neonatal, nutritional, gastro-intestinal and respiratory disease reflected late referral to hospital of seriously ill children. Combined preventive, promotive and primary care clinics, health education and improved transport facilities for the sick are a high priority for the area.", "contents": "A survey of admissions and deaths in a black paediatric department. Patterns of paediatric illness in hospital were surveyed with a view to planning for improved community health services. High morbidity and early mortality from neonatal, nutritional, gastro-intestinal and respiratory disease reflected late referral to hospital of seriously ill children. Combined preventive, promotive and primary care clinics, health education and improved transport facilities for the sick are a high priority for the area.", "PMID": 694602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9888", "title": "The midwife obstetric unit.", "content": "The urgent need for an alternative to domiciliary delivery in Cape Town has been met by the development of midwife obstetric units (MOUs). These units are situated in suburbs with a high population density. They are staffed entirely by midwives and are linked by telephone to the base hospital. A flying squad service is available at the regional centre (the maternity block at Groote Schuur Hospital). Regular visits are made to the units by the medical staff. Strict criteria for delivery at the MOUs have resulted in a very low perinatal mortality rate, and the units have at the same time relieved the serious overcrowding in the teaching hospitals. The concept of the MOU is particularly suited to Africa and indeed to any developing country.", "contents": "The midwife obstetric unit. The urgent need for an alternative to domiciliary delivery in Cape Town has been met by the development of midwife obstetric units (MOUs). These units are situated in suburbs with a high population density. They are staffed entirely by midwives and are linked by telephone to the base hospital. A flying squad service is available at the regional centre (the maternity block at Groote Schuur Hospital). Regular visits are made to the units by the medical staff. Strict criteria for delivery at the MOUs have resulted in a very low perinatal mortality rate, and the units have at the same time relieved the serious overcrowding in the teaching hospitals. The concept of the MOU is particularly suited to Africa and indeed to any developing country.", "PMID": 694603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9889", "title": "Increased erythrocytic diphosphoglycerate in megaloblastic anaemia. A compensatory mechanism?", "content": "The levels of erythrocytic 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) in a group of patients with megaloblastic anaemia were compared with levels in an iron-deficient subject. The megaloblastic cells appeared to have 2 mumol more 2,3-DPG per g Hb than the iron-deficient cells, at the average haemoglobin level found in the megaloblastic group. The anticipated adaptive decrease in the oxygen affinity of the blood was not apparent when the relationship of P50 (7,4) to haemoglobin level was examined. This was shown to be due to a decreased mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), which counteracted the effect of the increased 2,3-DPG.", "contents": "Increased erythrocytic diphosphoglycerate in megaloblastic anaemia. A compensatory mechanism? The levels of erythrocytic 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) in a group of patients with megaloblastic anaemia were compared with levels in an iron-deficient subject. The megaloblastic cells appeared to have 2 mumol more 2,3-DPG per g Hb than the iron-deficient cells, at the average haemoglobin level found in the megaloblastic group. The anticipated adaptive decrease in the oxygen affinity of the blood was not apparent when the relationship of P50 (7,4) to haemoglobin level was examined. This was shown to be due to a decreased mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), which counteracted the effect of the increased 2,3-DPG.", "PMID": 694604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9890", "title": "The clinical and histological features of South West African cutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "The clinical and histological features of 18 cases of dermal leishmaniasis encountered in South West Africa are described and discussed. The anatomical distribution of the leishmanial lesions differs from that encountered elsewhere in Africa, but the histopathological changes follow a pattern similar to that of Oriental sore in other parts of the world.", "contents": "The clinical and histological features of South West African cutaneous leishmaniasis. The clinical and histological features of 18 cases of dermal leishmaniasis encountered in South West Africa are described and discussed. The anatomical distribution of the leishmanial lesions differs from that encountered elsewhere in Africa, but the histopathological changes follow a pattern similar to that of Oriental sore in other parts of the world.", "PMID": 694605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9891", "title": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southern Africa. A case report.", "content": "The microscopical findings in a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis from South West Africa are presented in order to highlight the pathology of this disease and facilitate its recognition, should unsuspected cases occur in the Republic of South Africa. In addition, the ultrastructural findings confirm the presence of typical Leishmania which occur in the cytoplasm of macrophages where they are undergoing destruction. This adds a further dimension to the characterization of this disease in southern Africa.", "contents": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southern Africa. A case report. The microscopical findings in a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis from South West Africa are presented in order to highlight the pathology of this disease and facilitate its recognition, should unsuspected cases occur in the Republic of South Africa. In addition, the ultrastructural findings confirm the presence of typical Leishmania which occur in the cytoplasm of macrophages where they are undergoing destruction. This adds a further dimension to the characterization of this disease in southern Africa.", "PMID": 694606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9892", "title": "Cystinosis with Fanconi's syndrome. A case report.", "content": "A 19-year-old girl suffering from the nephropathic form of cystinosis presented with the full clinical and biochemical picture of Fanconi's syndrome. Polyuria, polydipsia and photophobia associated with severe growth retardation and rickets were the main clinical features. The essential biochemical abnormalities consisted of hypophosphataemia, hypokalaemia and hypo-uricaemia together with a systemic acidosis and a reduced creatinine clearance rate. There was generalized amino-aciduria, glycosuria and bicarbonaturia. In addition, the fractional excretion of potassium, phosphate and uric acid was significantly increased. Slit-lamp examination of the cornea and histological examination of the conjuctiva, liver, bone marrow and kidney demonstrated cystine crystals.", "contents": "Cystinosis with Fanconi's syndrome. A case report. A 19-year-old girl suffering from the nephropathic form of cystinosis presented with the full clinical and biochemical picture of Fanconi's syndrome. Polyuria, polydipsia and photophobia associated with severe growth retardation and rickets were the main clinical features. The essential biochemical abnormalities consisted of hypophosphataemia, hypokalaemia and hypo-uricaemia together with a systemic acidosis and a reduced creatinine clearance rate. There was generalized amino-aciduria, glycosuria and bicarbonaturia. In addition, the fractional excretion of potassium, phosphate and uric acid was significantly increased. Slit-lamp examination of the cornea and histological examination of the conjuctiva, liver, bone marrow and kidney demonstrated cystine crystals.", "PMID": 694607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9893", "title": "Infective endocarditis complicating congenital heart disease.", "content": "The pathological alterations in 34 patients with infective endocarditis complicating congenital heart defects were studied. The overall incidence of infective endocarditis in patients with major congenital cardiac defects was 4,7%. Most patients were under 31 years of age and males predominated. The infection was associated with Fallot's tetralogy in 10 patients (17%), ventricular septal defect in 7 (4%), bicuspid aortic valve in 7 (16%), coarctation of the aorta in 6 (8%), atrial septal defects in 2 (1%), and patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary artery branch stenosis in 1 patient each. The causative micro-organisms were successfully cultured from only 29% of patients. Fourteen of the 34 patients had infection of an associated 'jet' lesion. Patients with isolated ventricular septal defect showed tricuspid valve endocarditis more commonly than did patients with Fallot's tetralogy. The infection had been missed clinically in 34,8% of patients, 50% of whom were aged 3 years or younger.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis complicating congenital heart disease. The pathological alterations in 34 patients with infective endocarditis complicating congenital heart defects were studied. The overall incidence of infective endocarditis in patients with major congenital cardiac defects was 4,7%. Most patients were under 31 years of age and males predominated. The infection was associated with Fallot's tetralogy in 10 patients (17%), ventricular septal defect in 7 (4%), bicuspid aortic valve in 7 (16%), coarctation of the aorta in 6 (8%), atrial septal defects in 2 (1%), and patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary artery branch stenosis in 1 patient each. The causative micro-organisms were successfully cultured from only 29% of patients. Fourteen of the 34 patients had infection of an associated 'jet' lesion. Patients with isolated ventricular septal defect showed tricuspid valve endocarditis more commonly than did patients with Fallot's tetralogy. The infection had been missed clinically in 34,8% of patients, 50% of whom were aged 3 years or younger.", "PMID": 694613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9894", "title": "Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in children.", "content": "Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations for Coloured children between the ages of 1 and 17 years are reported. No evidence of vitamin D deficiency was found. The problem of the interpretation of 'normal' alkaline phosphatase concentrations is highlighted.", "contents": "Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in children. Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations for Coloured children between the ages of 1 and 17 years are reported. No evidence of vitamin D deficiency was found. The problem of the interpretation of 'normal' alkaline phosphatase concentrations is highlighted.", "PMID": 694614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9895", "title": "The impact of renal failure on the South African black and his attitude towards haemodialysis.", "content": "Four years' experience with haemodialysis in South African Blacks has afforded an insight into their beliefs and superstitions about kidney function and kidney disease, the role of the extended family and the influence of traditional healers on the pattern of management of patients with chronic renal failure. Despite a vastly different cultural background and basic ignorance of biology, their reactions and adaptations to maintenance haemodialysis are closely similar to those reported from modern Western societies.", "contents": "The impact of renal failure on the South African black and his attitude towards haemodialysis. Four years' experience with haemodialysis in South African Blacks has afforded an insight into their beliefs and superstitions about kidney function and kidney disease, the role of the extended family and the influence of traditional healers on the pattern of management of patients with chronic renal failure. Despite a vastly different cultural background and basic ignorance of biology, their reactions and adaptations to maintenance haemodialysis are closely similar to those reported from modern Western societies.", "PMID": 694615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9896", "title": "Endogenous and exogenous heptadecapeptide gastrin transport across the pig liver.", "content": "In vivo studies in the pig showed no net loss or gain of endogenous porcine gastrin during transport across the liver in fasting animals. Infusion of synthetic human heptadecapeptide gastrin (G-17) in doses of 0,25, 0,5 and 1,0 microgram/kg/min raised circulating gastrin levels to those found in the postprandial state. At no time was there a loss or gain of immunologically determined gastrin across the liver. Changes in the molecular size of gastrin, however, suggested that qualitative but not quantitative effects followed the administration of G-17 in vivo. The disappearance of gastrin from the circulation was biphasic, with an initial half-life of 3 minutes and a slower phase suggesting recirculation or multicompartment equilibration. The distribution at equilibrium was +/- 20% of body weight calculated from arterial levels, but 30-40% if portal or hepatic venous values were used. The mean blood production rate was +/- 125 microgram/day but the portal contribution was only 30 microgram/day, suggesting an important alternative source of gastrin.", "contents": "Endogenous and exogenous heptadecapeptide gastrin transport across the pig liver. In vivo studies in the pig showed no net loss or gain of endogenous porcine gastrin during transport across the liver in fasting animals. Infusion of synthetic human heptadecapeptide gastrin (G-17) in doses of 0,25, 0,5 and 1,0 microgram/kg/min raised circulating gastrin levels to those found in the postprandial state. At no time was there a loss or gain of immunologically determined gastrin across the liver. Changes in the molecular size of gastrin, however, suggested that qualitative but not quantitative effects followed the administration of G-17 in vivo. The disappearance of gastrin from the circulation was biphasic, with an initial half-life of 3 minutes and a slower phase suggesting recirculation or multicompartment equilibration. The distribution at equilibrium was +/- 20% of body weight calculated from arterial levels, but 30-40% if portal or hepatic venous values were used. The mean blood production rate was +/- 125 microgram/day but the portal contribution was only 30 microgram/day, suggesting an important alternative source of gastrin.", "PMID": 694616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9897", "title": "Infantile apnoea due to profound hypocalcaemia associated with vitamin D deficiency. A case report.", "content": "In this report a 7-week-old infant with stage 1 rickets, profound hypocalcaemia and recurrent apnoea is described. The patient responded initially to calcium supplementation, and subsequently to therapy with vitamin D.", "contents": "Infantile apnoea due to profound hypocalcaemia associated with vitamin D deficiency. A case report. In this report a 7-week-old infant with stage 1 rickets, profound hypocalcaemia and recurrent apnoea is described. The patient responded initially to calcium supplementation, and subsequently to therapy with vitamin D.", "PMID": 694617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9898", "title": "Electrocardiographic and biochemical studies on marathon runners.", "content": "The electrocardiographic findings and certain biochemical observations in 48 male runners before and after participation in the Comrades Marathon race are presented. In 21 of the 48 runners electrocardiographic changes consistent with early ischaemic heart disease could be demonstrated before the race. In 2 runners who had normal tracings before the race, abnormalities could be shown after the race. The total serum creatine kinase activity was markedly elevated after the race in the majority of the 23 runners in whom this was measured. In 11 of these subjects, the Marsh-Bender (MB) fraction could be demonstrated after the race. It is concluded that an elevated MB fraction is probably not a reliable index of myocardial damage after strenuous exercise.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic and biochemical studies on marathon runners. The electrocardiographic findings and certain biochemical observations in 48 male runners before and after participation in the Comrades Marathon race are presented. In 21 of the 48 runners electrocardiographic changes consistent with early ischaemic heart disease could be demonstrated before the race. In 2 runners who had normal tracings before the race, abnormalities could be shown after the race. The total serum creatine kinase activity was markedly elevated after the race in the majority of the 23 runners in whom this was measured. In 11 of these subjects, the Marsh-Bender (MB) fraction could be demonstrated after the race. It is concluded that an elevated MB fraction is probably not a reliable index of myocardial damage after strenuous exercise.", "PMID": 694621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9899", "title": "The diagnosis and management of diverticular disease.", "content": "Diverticular disease is very common among elderly members of \"Western, civilized\" communities. The aetiopathogenesis is unknown, but may be related to diet and raised intracolonic pressure. Patients with diverticulosis are usually asymptomatic, but those with diverticulitis (which implies inflammation) often present with pain, pyrexia and changes in bowel habit. Careful differential diagnosis is necessary to permit appropriate treatment (medical or surgical), and to detect and treat potentially dangerous complications (abscess, peritonitis, haemorrhage, stenosis, fistula).", "contents": "The diagnosis and management of diverticular disease. Diverticular disease is very common among elderly members of \"Western, civilized\" communities. The aetiopathogenesis is unknown, but may be related to diet and raised intracolonic pressure. Patients with diverticulosis are usually asymptomatic, but those with diverticulitis (which implies inflammation) often present with pain, pyrexia and changes in bowel habit. Careful differential diagnosis is necessary to permit appropriate treatment (medical or surgical), and to detect and treat potentially dangerous complications (abscess, peritonitis, haemorrhage, stenosis, fistula).", "PMID": 694622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9900", "title": "Ligamentous injury of the cervical spine--two radiological signs.", "content": "The integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex is important for the stability of the cervical spine. Severe ligamentous injury may occur without radiological evidence of vertebral fracture or dislocation. If overlooked, ligamentous damage may result in vertebral instability with subsequent dislocation and spinal cord injury. Two radiological signs, acute kyphotic angulation and divergence of the spinous processes, which are indirect evidence of ligamentous damage, are described.", "contents": "Ligamentous injury of the cervical spine--two radiological signs. The integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex is important for the stability of the cervical spine. Severe ligamentous injury may occur without radiological evidence of vertebral fracture or dislocation. If overlooked, ligamentous damage may result in vertebral instability with subsequent dislocation and spinal cord injury. Two radiological signs, acute kyphotic angulation and divergence of the spinous processes, which are indirect evidence of ligamentous damage, are described.", "PMID": 694623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9901", "title": "The changing role of doctors in the Soweto clinics' health care teams.", "content": "Delegation of common health problems and their management to specially trained primary health care nurses allows the clinic doctor in a health care team to employ his own skills and time more effectively. He may become an expert in comprehensive community health care or develop related research interests, and thus help to promote optimal health services relevant to the local situation.", "contents": "The changing role of doctors in the Soweto clinics' health care teams. Delegation of common health problems and their management to specially trained primary health care nurses allows the clinic doctor in a health care team to employ his own skills and time more effectively. He may become an expert in comprehensive community health care or develop related research interests, and thus help to promote optimal health services relevant to the local situation.", "PMID": 694624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9902", "title": "[Malignant hyperthermia in a black child. A case report].", "content": "A case of malignant hyperthermia in a Black boy is presented. He developed this condition during repair of a cleft palate, with halothane as the triggering agent. The importance of the high incidence of malignant hyperthermia in patients with certain musculoskeletal abnormalities is stressed. Despite a cool and well air-conditioned theatre, the patient's temperature was 41 degree C when the condition was suspected. At that stage general muscle rigidity was present. The patient was successfully treated with procainamide, sodium bicarbonate and hydrocortisone; surface cooling (with ice packs) was instituted and the stomach was washed out with ice-cold Ringer's solution. Over a period of 14 days serum creatine phosphokinase values decreased from 630 IU (on the day of the incident) to 12 IU. A muscle biopsy showed variation in muscle fibre size. Electron microscopical studies showed myofibrillar disruption and folding of the basement membrane. A modified version of Denborough's technique was used for the in vitro exposure of muscle strips to halothane and suxamethonium. Isometric contraction was measured and recorded. A severe contraction followed the exposure of muscle strips to halothane, which confirmed the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Malignant hyperthermia in a black child. A case report]. A case of malignant hyperthermia in a Black boy is presented. He developed this condition during repair of a cleft palate, with halothane as the triggering agent. The importance of the high incidence of malignant hyperthermia in patients with certain musculoskeletal abnormalities is stressed. Despite a cool and well air-conditioned theatre, the patient's temperature was 41 degree C when the condition was suspected. At that stage general muscle rigidity was present. The patient was successfully treated with procainamide, sodium bicarbonate and hydrocortisone; surface cooling (with ice packs) was instituted and the stomach was washed out with ice-cold Ringer's solution. Over a period of 14 days serum creatine phosphokinase values decreased from 630 IU (on the day of the incident) to 12 IU. A muscle biopsy showed variation in muscle fibre size. Electron microscopical studies showed myofibrillar disruption and folding of the basement membrane. A modified version of Denborough's technique was used for the in vitro exposure of muscle strips to halothane and suxamethonium. Isometric contraction was measured and recorded. A severe contraction followed the exposure of muscle strips to halothane, which confirmed the diagnosis.", "PMID": 694625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9903", "title": "Maternal intensive care.", "content": "The evolution of a maternal intensive care unit (ICU) is described and the management of the patients treated over a 10-month period is outlined. The principles, practice and methods of intensive care for the parturient are discussed.", "contents": "Maternal intensive care. The evolution of a maternal intensive care unit (ICU) is described and the management of the patients treated over a 10-month period is outlined. The principles, practice and methods of intensive care for the parturient are discussed.", "PMID": 694637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9904", "title": "Efficacy and acceptability of injectable medroxyprogesterone. A comparison of 3-monthly and 6-monthly regimens.", "content": "Five hundred Black Rhodesian women given injections of 150 mg Depo-Provera every 3 months (group A) and 500 women given an injection of 450 mg Depo-Provera every 6 months (group B) were reviewed after 6 months. Group B had a significantly lower rate of defaulters. There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to weight gain, systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase, overall abnormal bleeding patterns and complaints of side-effects. Among those women who reported abnormal bleeding patterns, significantly more in group B had amenorrhoea. There was no significant increase of prolonged bleeding in group B. Among those women who complained of side-effects, significantly more in group B complained of headaches and a bloated abdomen. No pregnancies occurred in either group. The increased annual cost of the 450 mg injections, which was the main reason for women not accepting this regimen, is outweighed by convenience and reduced travel costs. Depo-Provera 450 mg given by 6-monthly injection is well tolerated and effective, and appears to be even more satisfactory as regards continued acceptance than 150 mg given every 3 months.", "contents": "Efficacy and acceptability of injectable medroxyprogesterone. A comparison of 3-monthly and 6-monthly regimens. Five hundred Black Rhodesian women given injections of 150 mg Depo-Provera every 3 months (group A) and 500 women given an injection of 450 mg Depo-Provera every 6 months (group B) were reviewed after 6 months. Group B had a significantly lower rate of defaulters. There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to weight gain, systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase, overall abnormal bleeding patterns and complaints of side-effects. Among those women who reported abnormal bleeding patterns, significantly more in group B had amenorrhoea. There was no significant increase of prolonged bleeding in group B. Among those women who complained of side-effects, significantly more in group B complained of headaches and a bloated abdomen. No pregnancies occurred in either group. The increased annual cost of the 450 mg injections, which was the main reason for women not accepting this regimen, is outweighed by convenience and reduced travel costs. Depo-Provera 450 mg given by 6-monthly injection is well tolerated and effective, and appears to be even more satisfactory as regards continued acceptance than 150 mg given every 3 months.", "PMID": 694638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9905", "title": "Evaluation of a combined oestrogen-progestogen injectable contraceptive.", "content": "A combined injection of 50 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate and 10 mg oestradiol cypionate (Cyclo-Provera; Upjohn) was administered monthly for periods ranging from 1 to 18 months, to 120 Black women of reproductive age. No major side-effects were noted, no pregnancies occurred in the 575 cycles studies, and the pattern of regular menstrual bleeding was acceptable. Amenorrhoea occurred in 15,8% of patients but only 2,5% requested a change of treatment. The incidence of amenorrhoea diminished with continued use. This contraceptive regimen appears to be a useful addition to the methods presently available. Certain aspects merit further study.", "contents": "Evaluation of a combined oestrogen-progestogen injectable contraceptive. A combined injection of 50 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate and 10 mg oestradiol cypionate (Cyclo-Provera; Upjohn) was administered monthly for periods ranging from 1 to 18 months, to 120 Black women of reproductive age. No major side-effects were noted, no pregnancies occurred in the 575 cycles studies, and the pattern of regular menstrual bleeding was acceptable. Amenorrhoea occurred in 15,8% of patients but only 2,5% requested a change of treatment. The incidence of amenorrhoea diminished with continued use. This contraceptive regimen appears to be a useful addition to the methods presently available. Certain aspects merit further study.", "PMID": 694639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9906", "title": "Intra-uterine extra-amniotic prostaglandin F2-alpha in the management of patients with intra-uterine fetal death.", "content": "The problems of a conservative approach to the management of patients with intra-uterine fetal death are presented, and the technique of intra-uterine, extra-amniotic infusion of prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2alpha) is described. This involves the repeated infusion of a solution of PGF2alpha into the extra-amniotic space to induce labour in patients in whom pregnancy is complicated by intra-uterine fetal death. Pregnancy was successfully terminated by this method in 9 patients with intra-uterine fetal death. The mean induction-delivery interval was 10,2 hours. There were no side-effects, and the results were similar to those reported by other authors who used a similar technique of inducing labour. Past and present methods of inducing labour in patients with intra-uterine fetal death are reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Intra-uterine extra-amniotic prostaglandin F2-alpha in the management of patients with intra-uterine fetal death. The problems of a conservative approach to the management of patients with intra-uterine fetal death are presented, and the technique of intra-uterine, extra-amniotic infusion of prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2alpha) is described. This involves the repeated infusion of a solution of PGF2alpha into the extra-amniotic space to induce labour in patients in whom pregnancy is complicated by intra-uterine fetal death. Pregnancy was successfully terminated by this method in 9 patients with intra-uterine fetal death. The mean induction-delivery interval was 10,2 hours. There were no side-effects, and the results were similar to those reported by other authors who used a similar technique of inducing labour. Past and present methods of inducing labour in patients with intra-uterine fetal death are reviewed and discussed.", "PMID": 694640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9907", "title": "An analysis of the first 200 legal abortions at the Johannesburg General Hospital.", "content": "A retrospective study was made of the first 200 terminations of pregnancy at the Johannesburg General Hospital since the promulgation of the Abortion and Sterilization Act of 1975. The indications for termination of pregnancy, the ages, marital status and parity of the patients, the procedures and their complications are analysed. Psychiatric factors were cited in 76% of cases. Further indications were rubella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, medical, genetic and legal factors. The use of intra- and extra-amniotic prostaglandin administration is compared.", "contents": "An analysis of the first 200 legal abortions at the Johannesburg General Hospital. A retrospective study was made of the first 200 terminations of pregnancy at the Johannesburg General Hospital since the promulgation of the Abortion and Sterilization Act of 1975. The indications for termination of pregnancy, the ages, marital status and parity of the patients, the procedures and their complications are analysed. Psychiatric factors were cited in 76% of cases. Further indications were rubella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, medical, genetic and legal factors. The use of intra- and extra-amniotic prostaglandin administration is compared.", "PMID": 694641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9908", "title": "The Abortion and Sterilization Act in 1975--experience of the Johannesburg Hospital Pregnancy Advisory Clinic.", "content": "The experience of a Pregnancy Advisory Service operating in terms of the Abortion and Sterilization Act of 1975 is reviewed. A total of 454 applications for abortion were considered, of which 198 (44%) were accepted and the abortions performed. The urgent need for sex education at schools, colleges and universities is stressed, in view of the large number of scholars and students under the age of 17 who seek an abortion. There are also patients who discontinue contraception for a variety of reasons, on medical advice or otherwise, without an alternative being suggested or sought. Motivation of patient, nurse and doctor needs urgent improvement.", "contents": "The Abortion and Sterilization Act in 1975--experience of the Johannesburg Hospital Pregnancy Advisory Clinic. The experience of a Pregnancy Advisory Service operating in terms of the Abortion and Sterilization Act of 1975 is reviewed. A total of 454 applications for abortion were considered, of which 198 (44%) were accepted and the abortions performed. The urgent need for sex education at schools, colleges and universities is stressed, in view of the large number of scholars and students under the age of 17 who seek an abortion. There are also patients who discontinue contraception for a variety of reasons, on medical advice or otherwise, without an alternative being suggested or sought. Motivation of patient, nurse and doctor needs urgent improvement.", "PMID": 694642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9909", "title": "The quantitative effect of lumbar analgesia on uterine work output.", "content": "The effect of lumbar epidural analgesia on uterine work output was studied in 36 women during labour. During the first 10 minutes after administration of the local anaesthetic agents there was a 46% loss of uterine activity. In 72% of patients uterine activity returned to normal within 30 minutes. Seventeen per cent of patients required additional oxytocic stimulation.", "contents": "The quantitative effect of lumbar analgesia on uterine work output. The effect of lumbar epidural analgesia on uterine work output was studied in 36 women during labour. During the first 10 minutes after administration of the local anaesthetic agents there was a 46% loss of uterine activity. In 72% of patients uterine activity returned to normal within 30 minutes. Seventeen per cent of patients required additional oxytocic stimulation.", "PMID": 694643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9910", "title": "Haemodialysis in pregnancy. A case report.", "content": "A successful outcome of haemodialysis in a pregnant patient with chronic glomerulonephritis is reported. After a stable period of 9 years, pregnancy resulted in a definite deterioration of renal function. The importance of establishing biological maturity in preference to gestational maturity is stressed.", "contents": "Haemodialysis in pregnancy. A case report. A successful outcome of haemodialysis in a pregnant patient with chronic glomerulonephritis is reported. After a stable period of 9 years, pregnancy resulted in a definite deterioration of renal function. The importance of establishing biological maturity in preference to gestational maturity is stressed.", "PMID": 694644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9911", "title": "The prevalence of hypertension in the urban Zulu.", "content": "In a random house-to-house study of 18000 urban Zulus the overall prevalence of essential hypertension was %25 (female 27%; males 23%).  Women between the ages of 35 and 40 years had a higher prevalence than men.  The mean arterial pressure according to age and sex was not as high as in the American Negro, West Indian or Nigerian, but certainly higher than in most Caucasian populations.  The mean arterial pressure rose with age, showing a greater rise in systolic than in diastolic blood pressure.  More effective screening and therapeutic programmes should be initiated in Blacks, since this study showed that 90% of the subjects who had hypertension were undiagnosed, undetected or inadequately treated.", "contents": "The prevalence of hypertension in the urban Zulu. In a random house-to-house study of 18000 urban Zulus the overall prevalence of essential hypertension was %25 (female 27%; males 23%).  Women between the ages of 35 and 40 years had a higher prevalence than men.  The mean arterial pressure according to age and sex was not as high as in the American Negro, West Indian or Nigerian, but certainly higher than in most Caucasian populations.  The mean arterial pressure rose with age, showing a greater rise in systolic than in diastolic blood pressure.  More effective screening and therapeutic programmes should be initiated in Blacks, since this study showed that 90% of the subjects who had hypertension were undiagnosed, undetected or inadequately treated.", "PMID": 694649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9912", "title": "Chronic illness in non-institutionalized persons.  Part II. Who cares?", "content": "A survey was conducted to evaluate the care being received by non-institutionalized chronically ill persons in the Black, Coloured  and White communities residing in the Municipality of Cape Town. Of the chronically ill persons identified, 170 (71%) of the Blacks, 188 (62%) of the Coloureds and 43 (86%) of the Whites were receiving care at the time of the survey, and the type, location and duration of this care are outlined.  Only 26% of the chronically ill persons were considered to be receiving optimal care, and new recommendations for care were made for 201 (84%) of the Blacks, 203 (67%) of the Coloureds and 36 (72%) of the Whites.  Of the patients for whom new recommendations were made, 37% were not currently receiving any care.  The financial and occupational repercussions of chronic illness are considered, and methods of improving the comprehensive care of chronically ill persons are discussed.", "contents": "Chronic illness in non-institutionalized persons.  Part II. Who cares? A survey was conducted to evaluate the care being received by non-institutionalized chronically ill persons in the Black, Coloured  and White communities residing in the Municipality of Cape Town. Of the chronically ill persons identified, 170 (71%) of the Blacks, 188 (62%) of the Coloureds and 43 (86%) of the Whites were receiving care at the time of the survey, and the type, location and duration of this care are outlined.  Only 26% of the chronically ill persons were considered to be receiving optimal care, and new recommendations for care were made for 201 (84%) of the Blacks, 203 (67%) of the Coloureds and 36 (72%) of the Whites.  Of the patients for whom new recommendations were made, 37% were not currently receiving any care.  The financial and occupational repercussions of chronic illness are considered, and methods of improving the comprehensive care of chronically ill persons are discussed.", "PMID": 694650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9913", "title": "Hypotension after lumbar epidural analgesia.", "content": "Despite preloading with fluid, a fall in the mean arterial pressure was recorded in 66% of patients after standard epidural analgesia.  In 83% of patients in whom blood pressure fell, hypotension was classified as moderate or severe.  In cases of severe hypotension the dermatome level of the block always surpassed T9. The maximal fall in blood pressure always occurred within the first 25 minutes after administration of the local anaesthetic agent.", "contents": "Hypotension after lumbar epidural analgesia. Despite preloading with fluid, a fall in the mean arterial pressure was recorded in 66% of patients after standard epidural analgesia.  In 83% of patients in whom blood pressure fell, hypotension was classified as moderate or severe.  In cases of severe hypotension the dermatome level of the block always surpassed T9. The maximal fall in blood pressure always occurred within the first 25 minutes after administration of the local anaesthetic agent.", "PMID": 694652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9914", "title": "Congenital tuberculosis. A report of a probable case.", "content": "Extensive miliary pulmonary tuberculosis in a 17-day-old infant born to a mother with pulmonary tuberculosis is described.  It was assumed that the patient probably had congental tuberculosis.  We report our findings to draw attention to a rare disease where a high index of suspicion, timely diagnosis and adequate management are essential if treatment is to be successful.", "contents": "Congenital tuberculosis. A report of a probable case. Extensive miliary pulmonary tuberculosis in a 17-day-old infant born to a mother with pulmonary tuberculosis is described.  It was assumed that the patient probably had congental tuberculosis.  We report our findings to draw attention to a rare disease where a high index of suspicion, timely diagnosis and adequate management are essential if treatment is to be successful.", "PMID": 694653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9915", "title": "Coronary heart disease diagnosed as cardiomyopathy in blacks. A report of four cases.", "content": "Four Black South Africans presented with cardiac failure which was diagnosed as being due to cardiomyopathy.  Necropsy examination revealed that all 4 patients had had severe coronary atheroma and myocardial infarction during life.", "contents": "Coronary heart disease diagnosed as cardiomyopathy in blacks. A report of four cases. Four Black South Africans presented with cardiac failure which was diagnosed as being due to cardiomyopathy.  Necropsy examination revealed that all 4 patients had had severe coronary atheroma and myocardial infarction during life.", "PMID": 694654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9916", "title": "The high rugby tackle--an avoidable cause of cervical spinal injury?", "content": "The type and circumstances of injury to 14 rugby players with cervical spinal cord damage sustained during a tackle have been analysed. Two specific mechanisms of injury were evident. Four players were injured when their heads collided with fixed objects while they were attempting to tackle an opponent. Ten players were injured while being tackled and 5 of them were tackled around the neck. The risk of trauma to the cervical spine caused by the force applied to the neck in a high tackle is discussed. The susceptibility of the ligaments of the cervical spine to the rotational force exerted during a high tackle is stressed. An amendment to the rules of rugby, which would reduce cervical trauma, is suggested.", "contents": "The high rugby tackle--an avoidable cause of cervical spinal injury? The type and circumstances of injury to 14 rugby players with cervical spinal cord damage sustained during a tackle have been analysed. Two specific mechanisms of injury were evident. Four players were injured when their heads collided with fixed objects while they were attempting to tackle an opponent. Ten players were injured while being tackled and 5 of them were tackled around the neck. The risk of trauma to the cervical spine caused by the force applied to the neck in a high tackle is discussed. The susceptibility of the ligaments of the cervical spine to the rotational force exerted during a high tackle is stressed. An amendment to the rules of rugby, which would reduce cervical trauma, is suggested.", "PMID": 694671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9917", "title": "Plasma lipids and hepatic lipid synthesis following portacaval shunt in the rat.", "content": "End-to-side portacaval shunt (PCS) in the rat exerted an antilipaemic effect which was most marked for esterified cholesterol and triglycerides. In vitro hepatic lipid synthesis did not correlate with serum lipid values and it is unlikely that decreased biosynthesis in the mechanism of the antilipaemic action of PCS in the rat.", "contents": "Plasma lipids and hepatic lipid synthesis following portacaval shunt in the rat. End-to-side portacaval shunt (PCS) in the rat exerted an antilipaemic effect which was most marked for esterified cholesterol and triglycerides. In vitro hepatic lipid synthesis did not correlate with serum lipid values and it is unlikely that decreased biosynthesis in the mechanism of the antilipaemic action of PCS in the rat.", "PMID": 694673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9918", "title": "The hyperviscosity syndrome in an IgA-2 myeloma patient.", "content": "We have compared serum viscosities in 2 patients with the IgA type of multiple myeloma. One patient had the rare condition of IgA-2 myeloma. We confirm that hyperviscosity is associated with higher polymers. It would appear that there is no barrier to polymer formation with the IgA-2 subclass.", "contents": "The hyperviscosity syndrome in an IgA-2 myeloma patient. We have compared serum viscosities in 2 patients with the IgA type of multiple myeloma. One patient had the rare condition of IgA-2 myeloma. We confirm that hyperviscosity is associated with higher polymers. It would appear that there is no barrier to polymer formation with the IgA-2 subclass.", "PMID": 694674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9919", "title": "Biliary ascariasis--endoscopic aspects. Report of 4 cases.", "content": "Retrograde cholangiography was carried out in 4 small children with suspected roundworm infestation of the biliary tree. An adult-sized side-viewing fibre-optic duodenoscope was employed, and a general anaesthetic was given in each case. Roundworms were frequently seen protruding from the papillary orifice when biliary infestation was present. Cannulation of the duodenal papilla was shown to be eminently feasible in these small children, whose average weight was 12,4 kg. The degree of infestation and the response to vermifuge therapy could be determined with precision by retrograde cholangiography. It is suggested that this procedure has a place in the management of the complicated case of biliary ascariasis, and that it should certainly be considered when surgery is contemplated.", "contents": "Biliary ascariasis--endoscopic aspects. Report of 4 cases. Retrograde cholangiography was carried out in 4 small children with suspected roundworm infestation of the biliary tree. An adult-sized side-viewing fibre-optic duodenoscope was employed, and a general anaesthetic was given in each case. Roundworms were frequently seen protruding from the papillary orifice when biliary infestation was present. Cannulation of the duodenal papilla was shown to be eminently feasible in these small children, whose average weight was 12,4 kg. The degree of infestation and the response to vermifuge therapy could be determined with precision by retrograde cholangiography. It is suggested that this procedure has a place in the management of the complicated case of biliary ascariasis, and that it should certainly be considered when surgery is contemplated.", "PMID": 694675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9920", "title": "Climate and disease.", "content": "A summary of the literature shows that there are well-marked seasonal variations in mortality for total deaths, for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and for diabetes, the mortality rate being higher in winter than in summer. These seasonal variations in mortality are seen in infants under 1 year of age and in older people but not in youths and young adults. The amplitude of the seasonal variation in mortality increases with increasing age because of the higher incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in older people. Seasonal variations in air temperature are a more important determinant of seasonal variations in respiratory and cardiovascular deaths than are fluctuations in air pollution; there is usually a time-lag of up to a week in the change in air temperature before the mortality rate for these diseases increases; a run of 4 - 5 days of stressful temperatures (either hot or cold) has more effect on mortality than an isolated hot or cold day. Examination of the seasonal variations in all causes of death of the four population groups in South Africa shows that Whites and Asians display the typical pattern of a winter high and a summer low mortality of populations in developed countries. The seasonal variation in mortality of Coloureds and Blacks is quite different. It shows two peaks, one in winter and one in summer. This bimodal pattern in the seasonal variation is due to the fact that one-third of all Coloured and Black deaths occur in infants under 1 year of age and most of these deaths occur in summer as a result of gastro-enteritis. Comparison was made of the seasonal variations in mortality rates for all causes of death and for respiratory and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) deaths of Whites over 40 years of age in Durban and Johannesburg. This showed that the seasonal variation for all causes of death is greater in Johannesburg than in Durban, i.e. proportionately more older Whites die during winter in Johannesburg than in Durban. The reason for this difference is that the seasonal variation in respiratory disease mortality is much greater in Johannesburg than it is in Durban, but the seasonal variation in IHD mortality is the same in the two cities.", "contents": "Climate and disease. A summary of the literature shows that there are well-marked seasonal variations in mortality for total deaths, for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and for diabetes, the mortality rate being higher in winter than in summer. These seasonal variations in mortality are seen in infants under 1 year of age and in older people but not in youths and young adults. The amplitude of the seasonal variation in mortality increases with increasing age because of the higher incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in older people. Seasonal variations in air temperature are a more important determinant of seasonal variations in respiratory and cardiovascular deaths than are fluctuations in air pollution; there is usually a time-lag of up to a week in the change in air temperature before the mortality rate for these diseases increases; a run of 4 - 5 days of stressful temperatures (either hot or cold) has more effect on mortality than an isolated hot or cold day. Examination of the seasonal variations in all causes of death of the four population groups in South Africa shows that Whites and Asians display the typical pattern of a winter high and a summer low mortality of populations in developed countries. The seasonal variation in mortality of Coloureds and Blacks is quite different. It shows two peaks, one in winter and one in summer. This bimodal pattern in the seasonal variation is due to the fact that one-third of all Coloured and Black deaths occur in infants under 1 year of age and most of these deaths occur in summer as a result of gastro-enteritis. Comparison was made of the seasonal variations in mortality rates for all causes of death and for respiratory and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) deaths of Whites over 40 years of age in Durban and Johannesburg. This showed that the seasonal variation for all causes of death is greater in Johannesburg than in Durban, i.e. proportionately more older Whites die during winter in Johannesburg than in Durban. The reason for this difference is that the seasonal variation in respiratory disease mortality is much greater in Johannesburg than it is in Durban, but the seasonal variation in IHD mortality is the same in the two cities.", "PMID": 694679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9921", "title": "Percutaneous embolization for post-traumatic renal haemorrhage.", "content": "Treatment of post-traumatic renal haemorrhage by percutaneous embolization in 9 patients is reported. Successful control of haematuria was achieved in 8 patients and 1 patient was referred for surgery. The arteriographic findings and technique are described. One patient developed hypertension but there were no other complications. Super-selective renal arterial embolism can provide definitive therapy in renal trauma, and major surgery may be avoided in most cases.", "contents": "Percutaneous embolization for post-traumatic renal haemorrhage. Treatment of post-traumatic renal haemorrhage by percutaneous embolization in 9 patients is reported. Successful control of haematuria was achieved in 8 patients and 1 patient was referred for surgery. The arteriographic findings and technique are described. One patient developed hypertension but there were no other complications. Super-selective renal arterial embolism can provide definitive therapy in renal trauma, and major surgery may be avoided in most cases.", "PMID": 694680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9922", "title": "The lumbar disc brace.", "content": "An inexpensive, light-weight and cosmetically acceptable brace for the lumbar spine has been submitted to clinical trial over a period of 16 months and has proved effective, both in averting surgery and in facilitating a quick return to duty.", "contents": "The lumbar disc brace. An inexpensive, light-weight and cosmetically acceptable brace for the lumbar spine has been submitted to clinical trial over a period of 16 months and has proved effective, both in averting surgery and in facilitating a quick return to duty.", "PMID": 694681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9923", "title": "Is the witchdoctor medically competent?", "content": "Any possible collaboration with indigenous healers presupposes a precise knowledge of what they do. Diviners are specialists in social relations and their expertise can be of benefit to medical practice. The medicines employed by herbalists are not usually therapeutic in the physical sense. They operate on a mystical and symbolic plane, which is foreign to the practice of \"Western\" medicine.", "contents": "Is the witchdoctor medically competent? Any possible collaboration with indigenous healers presupposes a precise knowledge of what they do. Diviners are specialists in social relations and their expertise can be of benefit to medical practice. The medicines employed by herbalists are not usually therapeutic in the physical sense. They operate on a mystical and symbolic plane, which is foreign to the practice of \"Western\" medicine.", "PMID": 694682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9924", "title": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two new cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the uterine cervix are presented. The first patient, a 45-year-old woman, died from probable pulmonary metastases 1 year after presentation. The second, a 73-year-old woman, was alive, without evidence of disease, 6 months after presentation. Review of the literature and assessment of these 2 cases suggest that this tumour is radiosensitive, and the therapy advocated is radiotherapy followed by wide local excision.", "contents": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A report of two cases. Two new cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the uterine cervix are presented. The first patient, a 45-year-old woman, died from probable pulmonary metastases 1 year after presentation. The second, a 73-year-old woman, was alive, without evidence of disease, 6 months after presentation. Review of the literature and assessment of these 2 cases suggest that this tumour is radiosensitive, and the therapy advocated is radiotherapy followed by wide local excision.", "PMID": 694683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9925", "title": "Acral lentiginous melanoma or Hutchinson's melanotic freckle of the extremities. A case report.", "content": "An additional category of malignant melanoma of the skin, i.e. acral lentiginous melanoma, has been proposed by some authors. The lesion occurs on the extremities, particularly the soles of the feet, the palms of the hands and the digits, but otherwise has the clinical, histological and prognostic features of Hutchinson's melanotic freckle with melanoma. A case conforming to the description of Hutchinson's melanotic freckle of the sole of the foot occurring in a White patient is described. Reference is also made to previous studies of malignant melanoma of the extremities in Black patients. In 15% of these the histogenetic pattern of Hutchinson's melanotic freckle could be observed in the epidermis, adjacent to the invasive melanoma. This pattern was associated with a very much better prognosis than was the superficial spreading or nodular type. The advisability of introducing a new category of acral lentiginous melanoma is therefore questioned.", "contents": "Acral lentiginous melanoma or Hutchinson's melanotic freckle of the extremities. A case report. An additional category of malignant melanoma of the skin, i.e. acral lentiginous melanoma, has been proposed by some authors. The lesion occurs on the extremities, particularly the soles of the feet, the palms of the hands and the digits, but otherwise has the clinical, histological and prognostic features of Hutchinson's melanotic freckle with melanoma. A case conforming to the description of Hutchinson's melanotic freckle of the sole of the foot occurring in a White patient is described. Reference is also made to previous studies of malignant melanoma of the extremities in Black patients. In 15% of these the histogenetic pattern of Hutchinson's melanotic freckle could be observed in the epidermis, adjacent to the invasive melanoma. This pattern was associated with a very much better prognosis than was the superficial spreading or nodular type. The advisability of introducing a new category of acral lentiginous melanoma is therefore questioned.", "PMID": 694684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9926", "title": "Pneumatosis coli secondary to colonic obstruction. A case report.", "content": "A case of pneumatosis coli of the caecum and ascending colon with a closed loop obstruction secondary to carcinoma of the descending colon is presented. The caecum was grossly distended and impending rupture was diagnosed. It is postulated that complete transmural rupture of the caecum was prevented by partial decompression of caecal air into the bowel wall.", "contents": "Pneumatosis coli secondary to colonic obstruction. A case report. A case of pneumatosis coli of the caecum and ascending colon with a closed loop obstruction secondary to carcinoma of the descending colon is presented. The caecum was grossly distended and impending rupture was diagnosed. It is postulated that complete transmural rupture of the caecum was prevented by partial decompression of caecal air into the bowel wall.", "PMID": 694685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9927", "title": "Isolated gastric varices -- a separate entity. Report of two cases.", "content": "Gastric varices may develop in the absence of oesophageal varices and in the absence of portal hypertension. Isolated gastric varices have only recently emerged as a separate entity. The condition is usually due to underlying pancreatic lesions. The diagnosis is made on endoscopy. Bleeding from the varices is best controlled by splenectomy, while the pancreatic lesion is dealt with on its own merits. Two cases are described to draw attention to this condition, and the salient features of this condition are summarized diagrammatically.", "contents": "Isolated gastric varices -- a separate entity. Report of two cases. Gastric varices may develop in the absence of oesophageal varices and in the absence of portal hypertension. Isolated gastric varices have only recently emerged as a separate entity. The condition is usually due to underlying pancreatic lesions. The diagnosis is made on endoscopy. Bleeding from the varices is best controlled by splenectomy, while the pancreatic lesion is dealt with on its own merits. Two cases are described to draw attention to this condition, and the salient features of this condition are summarized diagrammatically.", "PMID": 694686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9928", "title": "Carcinoma in situ in two wives of the same husband. A case report.", "content": "Two cases of carcinoma in situ in 2 wives (aged 25 and 27 years) of the same husband are reported, and attention is drawn to the high-risk male in the aetiology of carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "Carcinoma in situ in two wives of the same husband. A case report. Two cases of carcinoma in situ in 2 wives (aged 25 and 27 years) of the same husband are reported, and attention is drawn to the high-risk male in the aetiology of carcinoma of the cervix.", "PMID": 694687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9929", "title": "The prevalence of hypertension in the Indian population of Durban.", "content": "In a random house-to-house study of 1 000 Indians the prevalence of essential hypertension according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria was 19% (females 22%; males 15%). The study revealed that the prevalence of hypertension was higher than in published data from India. Ethnicity in our study caused a significant variation in prevalence. Prevalence was lower than in our urban Zulu study. Blood pressure rose with age, but there was a greater rise in systolic than in diastolic blood pressure. Prevalence in males and females under 40 years were equal. There was an association between hypertension and diabetes mellitus. More effective screening and therapeutic programmes should be initiated in the Indian population because of the high prevalence of hypertension which may lead to complications if untreated, and because 58% of the hypertensive subjects were untreated or had discontinued therapy.", "contents": "The prevalence of hypertension in the Indian population of Durban. In a random house-to-house study of 1 000 Indians the prevalence of essential hypertension according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria was 19% (females 22%; males 15%). The study revealed that the prevalence of hypertension was higher than in published data from India. Ethnicity in our study caused a significant variation in prevalence. Prevalence was lower than in our urban Zulu study. Blood pressure rose with age, but there was a greater rise in systolic than in diastolic blood pressure. Prevalence in males and females under 40 years were equal. There was an association between hypertension and diabetes mellitus. More effective screening and therapeutic programmes should be initiated in the Indian population because of the high prevalence of hypertension which may lead to complications if untreated, and because 58% of the hypertensive subjects were untreated or had discontinued therapy.", "PMID": 694688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9930", "title": "Correlation of the site of obstruction with the lesion by fine-needle percutaneous cholangiography.", "content": "The use of fine-needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is becoming a standard procedure for investigating jaundiced patients undergoing surgery. The results of this procedure in 40 patients investigated at the Johannesburg Hospital show the importance of correlating the site of obstruction with the nature of the lesion.", "contents": "Correlation of the site of obstruction with the lesion by fine-needle percutaneous cholangiography. The use of fine-needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is becoming a standard procedure for investigating jaundiced patients undergoing surgery. The results of this procedure in 40 patients investigated at the Johannesburg Hospital show the importance of correlating the site of obstruction with the nature of the lesion.", "PMID": 694689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9931", "title": "Chondrodysplasia punctata. Report of parent-to-child transmission.", "content": "A family with chondrodysplasia punctata of the Conradi-H\u00fcnermann type is presented. The diagnosis was not made on the affected child who died after orthopaedic surgery for the complications of the condition. The mother had undoubted stigmata of the disease, and a previous child, who died shortly after birth, might also have had the condition. Sound genetic counselling could only be offered after accurate diagnosis was made.", "contents": "Chondrodysplasia punctata. Report of parent-to-child transmission. A family with chondrodysplasia punctata of the Conradi-H\u00fcnermann type is presented. The diagnosis was not made on the affected child who died after orthopaedic surgery for the complications of the condition. The mother had undoubted stigmata of the disease, and a previous child, who died shortly after birth, might also have had the condition. Sound genetic counselling could only be offered after accurate diagnosis was made.", "PMID": 694691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9932", "title": "The first 100 patients in the Valkenberg Psychogeriatric Assessment Unit.", "content": "The Psychogeriatric Assessment Unit is a new development for the care of the psychiatrically ill geriatric patient. An analysis of the first 100 patients admitted to such a unit at Valkenberg Hospital, Cape Town, shows that the investigation and treatment of behavioural and psychiatric disturbances can be effectively done there. The unit is economical as regards staff and their time and achieves really surprising improvement for the majority of geriatric patients who would otherwise have had to be hospitalized for long periods or inadequately cared for by the community. Over 50% of the patients were suffering from depressive illnesses, many of which were associated with physical illness and isolation, and their response to therapy was excellent. The frequent concurrence of physical illness (in 20% of cases admission was for psychiatric symptoms) with rapid improvement after adequate medical treatment was noteworthy. It is essential to have a close association between physician and general medical services. The other finding worth commenting on is that 9 patients were admitted for confusion; in 7 of them this was due to drugs prescribed by medical practitioners.", "contents": "The first 100 patients in the Valkenberg Psychogeriatric Assessment Unit. The Psychogeriatric Assessment Unit is a new development for the care of the psychiatrically ill geriatric patient. An analysis of the first 100 patients admitted to such a unit at Valkenberg Hospital, Cape Town, shows that the investigation and treatment of behavioural and psychiatric disturbances can be effectively done there. The unit is economical as regards staff and their time and achieves really surprising improvement for the majority of geriatric patients who would otherwise have had to be hospitalized for long periods or inadequately cared for by the community. Over 50% of the patients were suffering from depressive illnesses, many of which were associated with physical illness and isolation, and their response to therapy was excellent. The frequent concurrence of physical illness (in 20% of cases admission was for psychiatric symptoms) with rapid improvement after adequate medical treatment was noteworthy. It is essential to have a close association between physician and general medical services. The other finding worth commenting on is that 9 patients were admitted for confusion; in 7 of them this was due to drugs prescribed by medical practitioners.", "PMID": 694698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9933", "title": "A report of three years' experience of a Balint group in Cape Town.", "content": "Three years' experience as members of a group composed predominantly of general practitioners, and constituted to discuss psychological problems encountered in general practice, is reported. Without exception, present and past members found the experience valuable, and particular mention was made of members' increased insight into their own reactions in the doctor-patient relationship. It is hoped that the experience of this group will encourage general practitioners in other centres which do not already have such a group to consider forming similar groups.", "contents": "A report of three years' experience of a Balint group in Cape Town. Three years' experience as members of a group composed predominantly of general practitioners, and constituted to discuss psychological problems encountered in general practice, is reported. Without exception, present and past members found the experience valuable, and particular mention was made of members' increased insight into their own reactions in the doctor-patient relationship. It is hoped that the experience of this group will encourage general practitioners in other centres which do not already have such a group to consider forming similar groups.", "PMID": 694699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9934", "title": "Sudden quadriparesis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. A case report.", "content": "A case of sudden quadriparesis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis is described. The aetiology of motor weakness in the rheumatoid patient is outlined. The natural history of the subluxated rheumatoid cervical spine is once again emphasized.", "contents": "Sudden quadriparesis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. A case report. A case of sudden quadriparesis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis is described. The aetiology of motor weakness in the rheumatoid patient is outlined. The natural history of the subluxated rheumatoid cervical spine is once again emphasized.", "PMID": 694700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9935", "title": "The rarity of coronary heart disease in South African blacks.", "content": "Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains an uncommon disorder in the South African Black population. It has been suggested that herein lies an enigma, since it is believed that these people are considerably exposed to the conventional risk factors for CHD. To test this belief I have assessed the exposure of Black people, in time and degree, to the following CHD risk factors: affluence, age, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, dietary excess, smoking, physical inactivity, diabetes, obesity, hyperuricaemia and hyperinsulinism. Among males only hypertension, and among females only hypertension and obesity, emerged as prominent factors. However, neither of these is significantly atherogenic in the social, nutritional and metabolic milieu in which Blacks generally live, and obesity is a doubtful atherogenic factor, even in westernized populations. It is therefore concluded that the rarity of CHD in Blacks is not enigmatic, but is appropriate to their environmental circumstances.", "contents": "The rarity of coronary heart disease in South African blacks. Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains an uncommon disorder in the South African Black population. It has been suggested that herein lies an enigma, since it is believed that these people are considerably exposed to the conventional risk factors for CHD. To test this belief I have assessed the exposure of Black people, in time and degree, to the following CHD risk factors: affluence, age, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, dietary excess, smoking, physical inactivity, diabetes, obesity, hyperuricaemia and hyperinsulinism. Among males only hypertension, and among females only hypertension and obesity, emerged as prominent factors. However, neither of these is significantly atherogenic in the social, nutritional and metabolic milieu in which Blacks generally live, and obesity is a doubtful atherogenic factor, even in westernized populations. It is therefore concluded that the rarity of CHD in Blacks is not enigmatic, but is appropriate to their environmental circumstances.", "PMID": 694706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9936", "title": "Circulating antibodies in diabetics treated with conventional and purified insulins.", "content": "Conventional insulins contain impurities which are immunogenic; these include pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucagon and somatostatin and intermediates of insulin synthesis co-extracted during purification. Monocomponent (MC) insulins are free of these contaminants. In 49 insulin-treated diabetic patients, antibodies were found to insulin (94%), pro-insulin (68%) and PP (68%). Antibodies to glucagon and somatostatin were not detected. There was a significantly lower mean maximum binding and titre of insulin and PP antibodies and total circulating insulin (i.e. antibody bound and free) in patients receiving MC insulin. In patients treated with MC insulins for longer than 2 years there was a significant fall in the mean maximum binding of insulin and total serum insulin, but no consistent change in diabetes control and daily insulin dose. It seems that except in the special instances of fat atrophy, insulin allergy and certain cases of insulin resistance, there is no need to resort to MC insulin.", "contents": "Circulating antibodies in diabetics treated with conventional and purified insulins. Conventional insulins contain impurities which are immunogenic; these include pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucagon and somatostatin and intermediates of insulin synthesis co-extracted during purification. Monocomponent (MC) insulins are free of these contaminants. In 49 insulin-treated diabetic patients, antibodies were found to insulin (94%), pro-insulin (68%) and PP (68%). Antibodies to glucagon and somatostatin were not detected. There was a significantly lower mean maximum binding and titre of insulin and PP antibodies and total circulating insulin (i.e. antibody bound and free) in patients receiving MC insulin. In patients treated with MC insulins for longer than 2 years there was a significant fall in the mean maximum binding of insulin and total serum insulin, but no consistent change in diabetes control and daily insulin dose. It seems that except in the special instances of fat atrophy, insulin allergy and certain cases of insulin resistance, there is no need to resort to MC insulin.", "PMID": 694712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9937", "title": "The role of the doctor in the changing health service.", "content": "During the last quarter of a century there has been a gradual change in the doctor's role from that of being the personal provider of medical care to that of the leader of a health care team which is placing increasing emphasis on promotive and preventive health. For the doctor this has necessitated learning additional skills, particularly in the delegation of specific tasks to nurses and other paramedical personnel, the co-ordination of the activities of the health care team, and in teaching and management. The new Health Act of 1977 will enable doctors to develop along these new lines by making closer liaison between hospital and community-based services possible. These new trends in medical care will in turn require urgent re-orientation in planning for new buildings and facilities in the health service; especially with a view to keeping expenditure within available resources so that health skills and knowledge can be made available to everyone.", "contents": "The role of the doctor in the changing health service. During the last quarter of a century there has been a gradual change in the doctor's role from that of being the personal provider of medical care to that of the leader of a health care team which is placing increasing emphasis on promotive and preventive health. For the doctor this has necessitated learning additional skills, particularly in the delegation of specific tasks to nurses and other paramedical personnel, the co-ordination of the activities of the health care team, and in teaching and management. The new Health Act of 1977 will enable doctors to develop along these new lines by making closer liaison between hospital and community-based services possible. These new trends in medical care will in turn require urgent re-orientation in planning for new buildings and facilities in the health service; especially with a view to keeping expenditure within available resources so that health skills and knowledge can be made available to everyone.", "PMID": 694713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9938", "title": "Severe aortic incompetence caused by systemic lupus erythematosus. A case report.", "content": "A patient with a 3-year history of serologically confirmed articular systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), who developed uncontrolled heart failure due to aortic incompetence and who was successfully treated by aortic valve replacement, is described.", "contents": "Severe aortic incompetence caused by systemic lupus erythematosus. A case report. A patient with a 3-year history of serologically confirmed articular systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), who developed uncontrolled heart failure due to aortic incompetence and who was successfully treated by aortic valve replacement, is described.", "PMID": 694714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9939", "title": "Observations on the localization of Absidia corymbifera in vivo.", "content": "The role of spore distribution and the presence of tissue-specific fungal growth stimulants and inhibitors in determining the in vivo localization of Absidia corymbifera were examined in experimentally infected mice. Intravenous inoculation resulted in generalized distribution of spores, with the highest concentrations accumulating in the liver and spleen. Active lesions containing developing mycelium were confined to the brain, kidneys and occasionally the myocardium. Fungal growth stimulating activity was present in all tissue examined, the liver and spleen being the most active. However at concentrations approaching those of whole tissues, the stimulatory activity of liver and spleen extracts drastically declined whereas that of brain and kidney preparations continued to increase. These effects, in conjunction with local variations in immune processes, were probably responsible for determining the distribution of A. corymbifera mycelial development in vivo.", "contents": "Observations on the localization of Absidia corymbifera in vivo. The role of spore distribution and the presence of tissue-specific fungal growth stimulants and inhibitors in determining the in vivo localization of Absidia corymbifera were examined in experimentally infected mice. Intravenous inoculation resulted in generalized distribution of spores, with the highest concentrations accumulating in the liver and spleen. Active lesions containing developing mycelium were confined to the brain, kidneys and occasionally the myocardium. Fungal growth stimulating activity was present in all tissue examined, the liver and spleen being the most active. However at concentrations approaching those of whole tissues, the stimulatory activity of liver and spleen extracts drastically declined whereas that of brain and kidney preparations continued to increase. These effects, in conjunction with local variations in immune processes, were probably responsible for determining the distribution of A. corymbifera mycelial development in vivo.", "PMID": 694715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9940", "title": "Immune responses in paracoccidioidomycosis. A controlled study of 16 patients before and after treatment.", "content": "Serum electrophoresis patterns and various measures of specific and non-specific immune competence were determined in 16 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis, at time of diagnosis and 6 months after therapy. The results were compared with those furnished by the study of 16 control subjects, matched by age and sex. Once treated, the patients approached normality in some parameters. Untreated patients had significantly diminished albumin levels with increased alpha 1, alpha 2 and gamma fractions. Immune gamma globulin G (IgG) was elevated and remained so during therapy. Both before and after treatment patients had diminished total numbers and decreased percentages of E rosettes; they also had depressed lymphocyte transformation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and paracoccidioidin (P). Also, untreated patients exhibited the lowest skin test responses to PHA, purified protein derivative (PPD), P and candidin (C); significant differences, however, were limited to the former 2 antigens. All untreated patients had detectable antibody titers against P. brasiliensis; these titers had a tendency to drop during treatment. No direct correlation was found between elevated serum fractions, presence of antibodies and depressed cellular immunity.", "contents": "Immune responses in paracoccidioidomycosis. A controlled study of 16 patients before and after treatment. Serum electrophoresis patterns and various measures of specific and non-specific immune competence were determined in 16 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis, at time of diagnosis and 6 months after therapy. The results were compared with those furnished by the study of 16 control subjects, matched by age and sex. Once treated, the patients approached normality in some parameters. Untreated patients had significantly diminished albumin levels with increased alpha 1, alpha 2 and gamma fractions. Immune gamma globulin G (IgG) was elevated and remained so during therapy. Both before and after treatment patients had diminished total numbers and decreased percentages of E rosettes; they also had depressed lymphocyte transformation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and paracoccidioidin (P). Also, untreated patients exhibited the lowest skin test responses to PHA, purified protein derivative (PPD), P and candidin (C); significant differences, however, were limited to the former 2 antigens. All untreated patients had detectable antibody titers against P. brasiliensis; these titers had a tendency to drop during treatment. No direct correlation was found between elevated serum fractions, presence of antibodies and depressed cellular immunity.", "PMID": 694716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9941", "title": "A simple low-cost restrainer for the intravenous injection of mice.", "content": "A plastic syringe has been modified to hold a mouse. The protruding tail is placed in hot water which causes the veins to dilate. The syringe is then clamped to a stand and injection of the vein is easy.", "contents": "A simple low-cost restrainer for the intravenous injection of mice. A plastic syringe has been modified to hold a mouse. The protruding tail is placed in hot water which causes the veins to dilate. The syringe is then clamped to a stand and injection of the vein is easy.", "PMID": 694717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9942", "title": "Purine reutilization and synthesis de novo in long-term human lymphocyte cell lines deficient in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity.", "content": "Clonal lines, with either partial or total deficiency of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) were derived from the WI-L2 long-term human lymphocyte line by selection for resistance to the adenine analogs 8-azaadenine or 2,6-diaminopurine. Resistance to 8-azaadenine also conferred resistance to 2,6 diaminopurine and vice versa. Cells with 30--40% of wild-type APRT activity were selected by resistance to 0.01 mM 2,6-diaminopurine or 1.40 mM 8-azaadenine. The APRT in the 8-azaadinine-resistant cells exhibited a four- to sevenfold increase in the apparent Km for adenine. Activities of three other purine reutilization and interconversion enzymes in the resistant cells, including hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), adenosine kinase, and adenosine deaminase, were within the range of wild-type activities. The doubling times of the APRT-deficient cells in purine-free medium was not different from wild-type cells. The APRT in the 8-azaadenine-resistant cells did not have an altered mobility in glycerol gradients as compared to wild-type cells. The rate of purine synthesis de novo and intracellular levels of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate were unchanged in the APRT-deficient cells as compared to WI-L2. The ability of the cells to reutilize exogenous adenine, however, was severely impaired.", "contents": "Purine reutilization and synthesis de novo in long-term human lymphocyte cell lines deficient in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity. Clonal lines, with either partial or total deficiency of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) were derived from the WI-L2 long-term human lymphocyte line by selection for resistance to the adenine analogs 8-azaadenine or 2,6-diaminopurine. Resistance to 8-azaadenine also conferred resistance to 2,6 diaminopurine and vice versa. Cells with 30--40% of wild-type APRT activity were selected by resistance to 0.01 mM 2,6-diaminopurine or 1.40 mM 8-azaadenine. The APRT in the 8-azaadinine-resistant cells exhibited a four- to sevenfold increase in the apparent Km for adenine. Activities of three other purine reutilization and interconversion enzymes in the resistant cells, including hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), adenosine kinase, and adenosine deaminase, were within the range of wild-type activities. The doubling times of the APRT-deficient cells in purine-free medium was not different from wild-type cells. The APRT in the 8-azaadenine-resistant cells did not have an altered mobility in glycerol gradients as compared to wild-type cells. The rate of purine synthesis de novo and intracellular levels of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate were unchanged in the APRT-deficient cells as compared to WI-L2. The ability of the cells to reutilize exogenous adenine, however, was severely impaired.", "PMID": 694720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9943", "title": "Evidence for a striking increase in acetylcholinesterase activity in cultured human fibroblasts which are trisomic for chromosome two.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) is reported to have a narrowly restricted distribution among human tissues. Three strains of human fibroblasts which are trisomic for chromosome 2 had an average level of AchE activity over 28 times higher than the average level in 19 control strains of human fibroblasts. In contrast, the mean pseudocholinesterase activity of the trisomy-2 strains did not differ appreciably, or significantly, from the mean for the control strains. The 19 control strains included 10 strains trisomic for autosomes other than 2, and 9 euploid strains. Our estimate of the mean AchE activity in the control strains did not differ significantly from zero and might, in any case, have originated from a minute amount of activity contributed to the cells by an esterase in our culture medium. Despite the striking elevation of AchE activity in fibroblasts trisomic for chromosome 2, extracts of these cells had only about 1.5% of the specific AchE activity (per microgram DNA) present in extracts of human cerebral cortex. None of the 22 strains studied had detectable activity for two other enzymes which, like AchE, have a restricted distribution among human tissues: xanthine oxidase and choline acetyltransferase.", "contents": "Evidence for a striking increase in acetylcholinesterase activity in cultured human fibroblasts which are trisomic for chromosome two. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) is reported to have a narrowly restricted distribution among human tissues. Three strains of human fibroblasts which are trisomic for chromosome 2 had an average level of AchE activity over 28 times higher than the average level in 19 control strains of human fibroblasts. In contrast, the mean pseudocholinesterase activity of the trisomy-2 strains did not differ appreciably, or significantly, from the mean for the control strains. The 19 control strains included 10 strains trisomic for autosomes other than 2, and 9 euploid strains. Our estimate of the mean AchE activity in the control strains did not differ significantly from zero and might, in any case, have originated from a minute amount of activity contributed to the cells by an esterase in our culture medium. Despite the striking elevation of AchE activity in fibroblasts trisomic for chromosome 2, extracts of these cells had only about 1.5% of the specific AchE activity (per microgram DNA) present in extracts of human cerebral cortex. None of the 22 strains studied had detectable activity for two other enzymes which, like AchE, have a restricted distribution among human tissues: xanthine oxidase and choline acetyltransferase.", "PMID": 694721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9944", "title": "Mutations in the structural genes of CHO cell histidyl-, valyl-, and leucyl-tRNA synthetases.", "content": "Forty-three temperature-sensitive mutants were isolated in the CHO cell line by selecting for noncycling cells using [3H]TdR and cytosine arabinoside. Cell division was extremely temperature sensitive in eight of the mutants, and these were studied in more detail. In seven of these eight mutants, the in vitro specific activity of a single aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase was greatly reduced; four had reduced levels of histidyl-tRNA synthetase, two of valyl-tRNA synthetase, and one of leucyl-tRNA synthetase. Cell hybridization studies showed that the mutants formed three complementation groups. In six of the seven mutants the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase which had reduced activity was also more thermolabile than the wild-type enzyme. The spontaneous reversion frequency was low for these mutants, and in most cases could be increased by treatment with a chemical mutagen. The isolation of the valyl-tRNA synthetase mutant reported here brings to eight the number of different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutants isolated in the CHO cell line.", "contents": "Mutations in the structural genes of CHO cell histidyl-, valyl-, and leucyl-tRNA synthetases. Forty-three temperature-sensitive mutants were isolated in the CHO cell line by selecting for noncycling cells using [3H]TdR and cytosine arabinoside. Cell division was extremely temperature sensitive in eight of the mutants, and these were studied in more detail. In seven of these eight mutants, the in vitro specific activity of a single aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase was greatly reduced; four had reduced levels of histidyl-tRNA synthetase, two of valyl-tRNA synthetase, and one of leucyl-tRNA synthetase. Cell hybridization studies showed that the mutants formed three complementation groups. In six of the seven mutants the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase which had reduced activity was also more thermolabile than the wild-type enzyme. The spontaneous reversion frequency was low for these mutants, and in most cases could be increased by treatment with a chemical mutagen. The isolation of the valyl-tRNA synthetase mutant reported here brings to eight the number of different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutants isolated in the CHO cell line.", "PMID": 694722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9945", "title": "Analysis of a method for selecting temperature-sensitive mutants of BHK cells.", "content": "A procedure for the isolation of temperature sensitive mutants of BHK cells is described. Mutagenized cells were synchronized in G1 by serum starvation at 33 degrees, and, following release, shifted to 37.5 degrees in the presence of FUdR, to kill cells entering the DNA synthetic phase. Eight independently mutagenized series of cells were carried through four cycles of this selection, and surviving cells were tested for ability to grow at 33 degrees and 39.5 degrees after each cycle. The results suggest that such procedure is effective in enriching for non-leaky ts mutants and favors the isolation of mutants which at 39.5 degrees are inhibited in the processes necessary for DNA synthesis and lose viability rapidly. The effectiveness of repeated selection cycles and the general characteristics of the ts mutants isolated by this method were also evaluated.", "contents": "Analysis of a method for selecting temperature-sensitive mutants of BHK cells. A procedure for the isolation of temperature sensitive mutants of BHK cells is described. Mutagenized cells were synchronized in G1 by serum starvation at 33 degrees, and, following release, shifted to 37.5 degrees in the presence of FUdR, to kill cells entering the DNA synthetic phase. Eight independently mutagenized series of cells were carried through four cycles of this selection, and surviving cells were tested for ability to grow at 33 degrees and 39.5 degrees after each cycle. The results suggest that such procedure is effective in enriching for non-leaky ts mutants and favors the isolation of mutants which at 39.5 degrees are inhibited in the processes necessary for DNA synthesis and lose viability rapidly. The effectiveness of repeated selection cycles and the general characteristics of the ts mutants isolated by this method were also evaluated.", "PMID": 694723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9946", "title": "Genetic and biochemical characterization of mutants of CHO cells resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitor trichodermin.", "content": "Mutants resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitor trichodermin have been selected in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The mutants vary in their stability from those which rapidly lose their resistance to others which are relatively stable after prolonged growth in nonselective medium. Protein synthesis in extracts from the latter class of mutants (Trir) is resistant to the inhibitory action of trichodermin as compared to similar extracts from wild-type cells. After dissociation into subunits, the ability of the 60S ribosomal subunits from Trir cells to function in a protein-synthesizing system is greatly diminished. This subunit also shows reduced binding of [acetyl-14C]TRICHODERMIN. The lesion in Trir mutants therefore seems to have affected this ribosomal subunit. Trir X Tris hybrids are sensitive to trichodermin indicating that the Trir mutation behaves recessively to Tris in hybrids. The Emtr and Trir markers segregate independently from hybrid cells showing that the Trir mutation is probably not linked to the Emtr locus, which as we have shown earlier affects the 40S ribosomal subunit.", "contents": "Genetic and biochemical characterization of mutants of CHO cells resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitor trichodermin. Mutants resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitor trichodermin have been selected in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The mutants vary in their stability from those which rapidly lose their resistance to others which are relatively stable after prolonged growth in nonselective medium. Protein synthesis in extracts from the latter class of mutants (Trir) is resistant to the inhibitory action of trichodermin as compared to similar extracts from wild-type cells. After dissociation into subunits, the ability of the 60S ribosomal subunits from Trir cells to function in a protein-synthesizing system is greatly diminished. This subunit also shows reduced binding of [acetyl-14C]TRICHODERMIN. The lesion in Trir mutants therefore seems to have affected this ribosomal subunit. Trir X Tris hybrids are sensitive to trichodermin indicating that the Trir mutation behaves recessively to Tris in hybrids. The Emtr and Trir markers segregate independently from hybrid cells showing that the Trir mutation is probably not linked to the Emtr locus, which as we have shown earlier affects the 40S ribosomal subunit.", "PMID": 694724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9947", "title": "Genetic analysis of tumorigenesis: I. Expression of tumor-forming ability in hamster hybrid cell lines.", "content": "Two new fibroblasts cell lines from a male Chinese hamster embryo are described: one tumorigenic in nude mice (CHEF 16-2) and the other not (CHEF 18-1). Both lines have a stable diploid mode and mean of 22 with 10 pairs of homologous autosomes. The cell lines differ unambiguously in cloning ability in methylcellulose, colony morphology, and tumorigenicity; the expression of these traits was examined in a set of 18-1 X 16-2 hybrid clones. The results show initial suppression of tumorigenicity and anchorage independence, followed by growth in the nude mouse of subsets of cells with chromosomes reduced to the diploid range. Further studies are in progress to establish whether ability to grow in methylcellulose and in the nude mouse segregate coordinately at the cellular level, and whether this segregation has an identifiable chromosomal basis.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of tumorigenesis: I. Expression of tumor-forming ability in hamster hybrid cell lines. Two new fibroblasts cell lines from a male Chinese hamster embryo are described: one tumorigenic in nude mice (CHEF 16-2) and the other not (CHEF 18-1). Both lines have a stable diploid mode and mean of 22 with 10 pairs of homologous autosomes. The cell lines differ unambiguously in cloning ability in methylcellulose, colony morphology, and tumorigenicity; the expression of these traits was examined in a set of 18-1 X 16-2 hybrid clones. The results show initial suppression of tumorigenicity and anchorage independence, followed by growth in the nude mouse of subsets of cells with chromosomes reduced to the diploid range. Further studies are in progress to establish whether ability to grow in methylcellulose and in the nude mouse segregate coordinately at the cellular level, and whether this segregation has an identifiable chromosomal basis.", "PMID": 694725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9948", "title": "Isolation and characterization of L-cell variants with altered sensitivity to glucocorticoids.", "content": "Stable glucocorticoid-resistant receptor-containing (R+) variants of L cells have been obtained and characterized. Five clones of such cells were obtained after chemical mutagenesis of the A9HT cell line. These clones and an additional, spontaneously resistant subclone of the LB82 cell line all contain glucocorticoid receptors which appear normal with regard to quantity, affinity for steroids, and in vivo localization in subcellular compartments. Somatic cell hybrids were formed between two of these R+-resistant clones, a previously isolated R-resistant clone, and three different sensitive L cell parents. In no case was steroid resistance dominant. Thus, these resistant L cells appear to be candidates for complementation analysis. The R+-resistant clones may be hindered in as yet undefined steps of glucocorticoid action.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of L-cell variants with altered sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Stable glucocorticoid-resistant receptor-containing (R+) variants of L cells have been obtained and characterized. Five clones of such cells were obtained after chemical mutagenesis of the A9HT cell line. These clones and an additional, spontaneously resistant subclone of the LB82 cell line all contain glucocorticoid receptors which appear normal with regard to quantity, affinity for steroids, and in vivo localization in subcellular compartments. Somatic cell hybrids were formed between two of these R+-resistant clones, a previously isolated R-resistant clone, and three different sensitive L cell parents. In no case was steroid resistance dominant. Thus, these resistant L cells appear to be candidates for complementation analysis. The R+-resistant clones may be hindered in as yet undefined steps of glucocorticoid action.", "PMID": 694726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9949", "title": "Gene expression in euploid human hybrid cells: ouabain resistance is codominant.", "content": "Single-step mutations to ouabain resistance have been induced in Lesch-Nyhan diploid fibroblasts carrying a variant G6PD isozyme (OuaR/HGPRT-/G6PDA). Two of these mutant strains, differing in the degree of ouabain resistance, were fused with wild-type human diploid fibroblasts (OuaS/HGPRT+/G6PDB) and hybrids isolated in doubly selective medium, ouabain + HAT (HOT). Four hybrids, identified by G6PD heteropolymers and stable tetraploid karyotypes, expressed ouabain resistance intermediate to that of the parents. The degree of ouabain resistance was influenced by the specific mutant allele of the OuaR parent, indicating both mutant and wild-type alleles are simultaneously expressed in hybrid cells. Intraspecific hybrids of this kind are especially suited to studies of gene regulation because all relevant genes present and the number of alleles at each locus is known.", "contents": "Gene expression in euploid human hybrid cells: ouabain resistance is codominant. Single-step mutations to ouabain resistance have been induced in Lesch-Nyhan diploid fibroblasts carrying a variant G6PD isozyme (OuaR/HGPRT-/G6PDA). Two of these mutant strains, differing in the degree of ouabain resistance, were fused with wild-type human diploid fibroblasts (OuaS/HGPRT+/G6PDB) and hybrids isolated in doubly selective medium, ouabain + HAT (HOT). Four hybrids, identified by G6PD heteropolymers and stable tetraploid karyotypes, expressed ouabain resistance intermediate to that of the parents. The degree of ouabain resistance was influenced by the specific mutant allele of the OuaR parent, indicating both mutant and wild-type alleles are simultaneously expressed in hybrid cells. Intraspecific hybrids of this kind are especially suited to studies of gene regulation because all relevant genes present and the number of alleles at each locus is known.", "PMID": 694727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9950", "title": "Effect of intercellular communication on the selection of intraspecific human hybrids in HAT and ouabain.", "content": "Optimal conditions have been determined for selection of hybrids in HAT and ouabain (HOT) from the PEG-mediated fusion of OUAR/HGPRT-/G6PDA and OUAS/HGPRT+/G6PDB human diploid fibroblasts. In addition to the OUARHGPRT+G6PDAB tetraploid hybrids, several other types of HOT-resistant colonies were obtained from these fusions and identified by G6PD isozyme analysis and karyotyping as (1) hybrids contaminated with diploid parental cells, (2) symbiotic mixtures of the two types of parental cells, or (3) spontaneous OUAR mutants. The mechanism for parental cell growth in HOT is most likely the transfer of HAT resistance and/or ouabain resistance through gap junctions formed between resistant and sensitive cells.", "contents": "Effect of intercellular communication on the selection of intraspecific human hybrids in HAT and ouabain. Optimal conditions have been determined for selection of hybrids in HAT and ouabain (HOT) from the PEG-mediated fusion of OUAR/HGPRT-/G6PDA and OUAS/HGPRT+/G6PDB human diploid fibroblasts. In addition to the OUARHGPRT+G6PDAB tetraploid hybrids, several other types of HOT-resistant colonies were obtained from these fusions and identified by G6PD isozyme analysis and karyotyping as (1) hybrids contaminated with diploid parental cells, (2) symbiotic mixtures of the two types of parental cells, or (3) spontaneous OUAR mutants. The mechanism for parental cell growth in HOT is most likely the transfer of HAT resistance and/or ouabain resistance through gap junctions formed between resistant and sensitive cells.", "PMID": 694728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9951", "title": "Diphtheria-toxin-resistant mutants of CHO cells affected in protein synthesis: a novel phenotype.", "content": "Stable mutants highly resistant to the protein-synthesis-inhibitor diphtheria toxin have been selected in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Protein synthesis in extracts of mutant cells is resistant to the inhibitory action of diphtheria toxin, indicating that the lesion has affected the protein-synthesis machinery. However, about 50% of the elongation factor-2 (EF-2) activity in the mutant cells can still be ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin, and this remaining EF-2 activity is similar to that present in the wild-type cells. We suggest that this result is best explained by assuming that our CHO cells contain two functional copies of the EF-2 gene, and that only one of the copies is altered in the mutants. According to this view, the mutated allele produces EF-2 resistant to ADP-ribosylation which is capable of supporting cell growth in the presence of diphtheria toxin. Although the Dipr marker seems to act dominantly in the parental CHO cells, its behavior in Dipr X Dips hybrids (CHO X CHO) is recessive as measured by cell survival in presence of the toxin. This paradoxical behavior may be due to a gene dosage effect. Segregation studies from hybrids show that the Dipr marker segregates independently of the Emtr and Thgr markers indicating that the Dipr locus is not linked to either the Emtr locus or to the X chromosome.", "contents": "Diphtheria-toxin-resistant mutants of CHO cells affected in protein synthesis: a novel phenotype. Stable mutants highly resistant to the protein-synthesis-inhibitor diphtheria toxin have been selected in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Protein synthesis in extracts of mutant cells is resistant to the inhibitory action of diphtheria toxin, indicating that the lesion has affected the protein-synthesis machinery. However, about 50% of the elongation factor-2 (EF-2) activity in the mutant cells can still be ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin, and this remaining EF-2 activity is similar to that present in the wild-type cells. We suggest that this result is best explained by assuming that our CHO cells contain two functional copies of the EF-2 gene, and that only one of the copies is altered in the mutants. According to this view, the mutated allele produces EF-2 resistant to ADP-ribosylation which is capable of supporting cell growth in the presence of diphtheria toxin. Although the Dipr marker seems to act dominantly in the parental CHO cells, its behavior in Dipr X Dips hybrids (CHO X CHO) is recessive as measured by cell survival in presence of the toxin. This paradoxical behavior may be due to a gene dosage effect. Segregation studies from hybrids show that the Dipr marker segregates independently of the Emtr and Thgr markers indicating that the Dipr locus is not linked to either the Emtr locus or to the X chromosome.", "PMID": 694729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9952", "title": "Biological and biochemical effects of bromodeoxyuridine and deoxycytidine on Syrian hamster melanoma cells.", "content": "The addition of deoxycytidine (dCyd) to the growth medium of cultured Syrian hamster melanoma cells causes a reversal of the toxic effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and a decrease in the extent of incorporation of BrdU into nuclear DNA. These effects of dCyd can be accounted for, in part, by the intracellular conversion of the exogenously supplied dCyd to thymidine (dThd) nucleotides which can compete with BrdU nucleotides for incorporation into DNA. To some extent, the conversion of dCyd to dThd nucleotides can be inhibited by increasing the concentration of BrdU in the growth medium. The conversion of dCyd to dThd nucleotides is inhibited completely by aminopterin (Apt), and Apt also prevents dCyd from reversing BrdU toxicity and from decreasing the level of BrdU incorporation into nuclear DNA. In a clone of Syrian hamster melanoma cells, increasing the concentration of dCyd in the growth medium from 1 micron to 1000 micron resulted in a progressive increase in the percentage of dThd residues in nuclear DNA being derived from the exogenous dCyd, until more than 90% of the dThd residues came from the exogenous dCyd. However, despite the increasing amount of dThd derived from exogenous dCyd, there was a plateau in the decrease in BrdU incorporation into nuclear DNA at concentrations of dCyd above 8 micron.", "contents": "Biological and biochemical effects of bromodeoxyuridine and deoxycytidine on Syrian hamster melanoma cells. The addition of deoxycytidine (dCyd) to the growth medium of cultured Syrian hamster melanoma cells causes a reversal of the toxic effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and a decrease in the extent of incorporation of BrdU into nuclear DNA. These effects of dCyd can be accounted for, in part, by the intracellular conversion of the exogenously supplied dCyd to thymidine (dThd) nucleotides which can compete with BrdU nucleotides for incorporation into DNA. To some extent, the conversion of dCyd to dThd nucleotides can be inhibited by increasing the concentration of BrdU in the growth medium. The conversion of dCyd to dThd nucleotides is inhibited completely by aminopterin (Apt), and Apt also prevents dCyd from reversing BrdU toxicity and from decreasing the level of BrdU incorporation into nuclear DNA. In a clone of Syrian hamster melanoma cells, increasing the concentration of dCyd in the growth medium from 1 micron to 1000 micron resulted in a progressive increase in the percentage of dThd residues in nuclear DNA being derived from the exogenous dCyd, until more than 90% of the dThd residues came from the exogenous dCyd. However, despite the increasing amount of dThd derived from exogenous dCyd, there was a plateau in the decrease in BrdU incorporation into nuclear DNA at concentrations of dCyd above 8 micron.", "PMID": 694730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9953", "title": "Detection of lateral asymmetry in the C band of human chromosomes by BrdU-DAPI fluorescence.", "content": "A lateral asymmetry in the C-band region of human chromosomes is revealed by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence in amniotic cells grown for one replication cycle in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Short-arm segments and satellites of acrocentric chromosomes fluoresce as brightly with quinacrine as the distal part of the long arm of the Y chromosome, and also show a lateral asymmetry. This asymmetry appears to be correlated with highly repetitious DNA, including satellite fractions responsible for C-band staining, and may reflect an unequal distribution of thymine residues between the two polynucleotide chains of the DNA in the C-band region. The C-band region of chromosome 9 fluoresces brightly in both sister chromatids and appears to be symmetrical. This may be the result of multiple inversions in the C-band heterochromatic region.", "contents": "Detection of lateral asymmetry in the C band of human chromosomes by BrdU-DAPI fluorescence. A lateral asymmetry in the C-band region of human chromosomes is revealed by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence in amniotic cells grown for one replication cycle in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Short-arm segments and satellites of acrocentric chromosomes fluoresce as brightly with quinacrine as the distal part of the long arm of the Y chromosome, and also show a lateral asymmetry. This asymmetry appears to be correlated with highly repetitious DNA, including satellite fractions responsible for C-band staining, and may reflect an unequal distribution of thymine residues between the two polynucleotide chains of the DNA in the C-band region. The C-band region of chromosome 9 fluoresces brightly in both sister chromatids and appears to be symmetrical. This may be the result of multiple inversions in the C-band heterochromatic region.", "PMID": 694731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9954", "title": "Isolation of amiloride-resistant clones from dog kidney epithelial cells.", "content": "The diuretic drug amiloride has been used to select variants from the dog kidney cell line MDCK which are partially resistant to killing by the drug. Evidence is presented suggesting that resistance to killing by amiloride is conferred by decreased uptake of amiloride, which reduces the intracellular drug concentration below the toxic level.", "contents": "Isolation of amiloride-resistant clones from dog kidney epithelial cells. The diuretic drug amiloride has been used to select variants from the dog kidney cell line MDCK which are partially resistant to killing by the drug. Evidence is presented suggesting that resistance to killing by amiloride is conferred by decreased uptake of amiloride, which reduces the intracellular drug concentration below the toxic level.", "PMID": 694732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9955", "title": "Changing attitudes in the management of cancer of the breast.", "content": "Opportunity to assess changes in the management of cancer of the breast over the past 7 years was afforded by analysis of responses to questionnaires that were part of an annual questionnaire course. Comparison of responses to questionnaires conducted in 1971 and 1977 identified important features of approaches to this disease and indicated the way in which changes have occurred. Diagnostic needle aspiration increased from 24% (1971) to 54% (1977). In both surveys surgeons reported employing mammography infrequently. Use of modified radical mastectomy increased from 15% (1971) to 60% (1977). Employment of classical radical mastectomy decreased from 83% (1971) to 37% (1977). Surgeons considering biopsy of the contralateral breast to be unnecessary decreased from 47% (1971) to 14% (1977). Skin grafting, after a mastectomy, decreased from 40% (1971) to 24% (1977). Though oophorectomy is still the preferred initial treatment for premenopausal patients with advanced disease, preference for chemotherapy in postmenopausal patients increased from 5% (1971) to 23% (1977). Surgeons approving of reconstruction with implants after mastectomy for carcinoma increased from 30% (1971) to 49% (1977). Following mastectomy in patients with positive axillary nodes, 58% of our respondents employ chemotherapy with several drugs and 34% prefer irradiation.", "contents": "Changing attitudes in the management of cancer of the breast. Opportunity to assess changes in the management of cancer of the breast over the past 7 years was afforded by analysis of responses to questionnaires that were part of an annual questionnaire course. Comparison of responses to questionnaires conducted in 1971 and 1977 identified important features of approaches to this disease and indicated the way in which changes have occurred. Diagnostic needle aspiration increased from 24% (1971) to 54% (1977). In both surveys surgeons reported employing mammography infrequently. Use of modified radical mastectomy increased from 15% (1971) to 60% (1977). Employment of classical radical mastectomy decreased from 83% (1971) to 37% (1977). Surgeons considering biopsy of the contralateral breast to be unnecessary decreased from 47% (1971) to 14% (1977). Skin grafting, after a mastectomy, decreased from 40% (1971) to 24% (1977). Though oophorectomy is still the preferred initial treatment for premenopausal patients with advanced disease, preference for chemotherapy in postmenopausal patients increased from 5% (1971) to 23% (1977). Surgeons approving of reconstruction with implants after mastectomy for carcinoma increased from 30% (1971) to 49% (1977). Following mastectomy in patients with positive axillary nodes, 58% of our respondents employ chemotherapy with several drugs and 34% prefer irradiation.", "PMID": 694733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9956", "title": "Vagal innervation of the bypassed stomach following gastric bypass.", "content": "Gastric bypass, a 90% gastric exclusion, has been used successfully for surgical treatment of morbid obesity since 1967. Early concern as to its ulcerogenic potential has not materialized, but the physiological activity of the excluded stomach has not been studied fully. To determine whether the excluded segment retained any vagal innervation, 25 patients underwent preoperative Hollander tests of their intact stomachs. The test was repeated after operation, after the patients had resumed normal oral intake. Postoperative specimens were collected from a gastrostomy placed in the excluded stomach at the time of the gastric bypass. Percentage changes in volume and total acid for both the intact and excluded stomachs followed the same pattern with insulin injection after 45 minutes at both testings, pH values were identical. These observations, which indicate vagal innervation of the excluded stomach, together with previously published histalog acid-response data and the observed marginal ulcer incidence of one per 193 years of patient follow-up, demonstrate that normal gastric physiology is maintained after bypass and confirm that it is not an ulcerogenic procedure.", "contents": "Vagal innervation of the bypassed stomach following gastric bypass. Gastric bypass, a 90% gastric exclusion, has been used successfully for surgical treatment of morbid obesity since 1967. Early concern as to its ulcerogenic potential has not materialized, but the physiological activity of the excluded stomach has not been studied fully. To determine whether the excluded segment retained any vagal innervation, 25 patients underwent preoperative Hollander tests of their intact stomachs. The test was repeated after operation, after the patients had resumed normal oral intake. Postoperative specimens were collected from a gastrostomy placed in the excluded stomach at the time of the gastric bypass. Percentage changes in volume and total acid for both the intact and excluded stomachs followed the same pattern with insulin injection after 45 minutes at both testings, pH values were identical. These observations, which indicate vagal innervation of the excluded stomach, together with previously published histalog acid-response data and the observed marginal ulcer incidence of one per 193 years of patient follow-up, demonstrate that normal gastric physiology is maintained after bypass and confirm that it is not an ulcerogenic procedure.", "PMID": 694734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9957", "title": "Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "Cardiovascular risk factors in 566 patients with peripheral arterial disease undergoing major vascular operations were analyzed by chi-square analysis. There were 37 postoperative deaths, for a mortality rate of 8.5%. Cardiovascular complications were responsible for 23 deaths (62%). Five risk factors--congestive heart failure, prior myocardial infarction, prior stroke, arrhythmia, and abnormal electrocardiogram--showed significant individual associations with postoperative cardiovascular complications. A multivariate analysis of these five risk factors and angina led to the development of an equation which predicts the probability of a postoperative cardiovascular complication. The number of complications observed corresponded closely to that predicted by the equation. There was a significantly higher incidence of complications in patients predicted to be at high risk than in those at low risk.", "contents": "Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Cardiovascular risk factors in 566 patients with peripheral arterial disease undergoing major vascular operations were analyzed by chi-square analysis. There were 37 postoperative deaths, for a mortality rate of 8.5%. Cardiovascular complications were responsible for 23 deaths (62%). Five risk factors--congestive heart failure, prior myocardial infarction, prior stroke, arrhythmia, and abnormal electrocardiogram--showed significant individual associations with postoperative cardiovascular complications. A multivariate analysis of these five risk factors and angina led to the development of an equation which predicts the probability of a postoperative cardiovascular complication. The number of complications observed corresponded closely to that predicted by the equation. There was a significantly higher incidence of complications in patients predicted to be at high risk than in those at low risk.", "PMID": 694738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9958", "title": "The effects of malnutrition on variables of host defense in the guinea pig.", "content": "Studies were conducted in young guinea pigs to determine the effects of malnutrition on selected variables of host resistance. Malnutrition was produced differently in two experiments. In the first the quantity of a standard, normal diet was reduced progressively so that test groups were fed 25% less each week over a 4 week period. Control groups were fed ad libitum. In the subsequent experiment, animals were fed defined guinea pig diets containing 5%, 30%, and 60% casein, respectively, which were similar in caloric content, vitamins, and minerals. Measurements of phagocytic bactericidal activity, serum opsonization, serum IgG and C3 levels, and mitogenic response of lymphocytes were made at weekly intervals. Results obtained from both experiments were comparable. There was a significant decline in phagocyte function by the third week in malnourished animals while the numbers of phagocytes per milliliter of peritoneal washings were similar to controls at all time periods. A depression of serum opsonization was observed when animals became moribund even though serum IgG levels remained unchanged. Serum C3 levels in malnourished animals were significantly lower than controls. Mitogenic response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin was 85% lower in the 5% casein group after the third week. These results indicated that a marasmus-like condition and protein malnutrition depress critical functions of resistance.", "contents": "The effects of malnutrition on variables of host defense in the guinea pig. Studies were conducted in young guinea pigs to determine the effects of malnutrition on selected variables of host resistance. Malnutrition was produced differently in two experiments. In the first the quantity of a standard, normal diet was reduced progressively so that test groups were fed 25% less each week over a 4 week period. Control groups were fed ad libitum. In the subsequent experiment, animals were fed defined guinea pig diets containing 5%, 30%, and 60% casein, respectively, which were similar in caloric content, vitamins, and minerals. Measurements of phagocytic bactericidal activity, serum opsonization, serum IgG and C3 levels, and mitogenic response of lymphocytes were made at weekly intervals. Results obtained from both experiments were comparable. There was a significant decline in phagocyte function by the third week in malnourished animals while the numbers of phagocytes per milliliter of peritoneal washings were similar to controls at all time periods. A depression of serum opsonization was observed when animals became moribund even though serum IgG levels remained unchanged. Serum C3 levels in malnourished animals were significantly lower than controls. Mitogenic response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin was 85% lower in the 5% casein group after the third week. These results indicated that a marasmus-like condition and protein malnutrition depress critical functions of resistance.", "PMID": 694739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9959", "title": "Aneurysms of the renal artery: problems of prognosis and surgical management.", "content": "The clinical course of 29 patients bearing 36 renal artery aneurysms was reviewed. The majority of the lesions (30 of 36 or 83%) were detected incidentally in the course of angiographic examination, mostly in the study of peripheral atherosclerotic arterial disease. Twenty-five lesions 2.0 cm or less in diameter, treated conservatively and observed during a period of time of from 1 to 17 years, remained clinically silent. In 10 patients (with 11 lesions) surgical treatment was employed. For eight patients the surgical treatment consisted of reconstructive excision and repair, with excellent results in all cases but one for a period of observation of from 1 to 17 years. In one patient aneurysmal dilatation of a vein bypass graft resulted in nephrectomy 2 years following operation. In the remaining two patients nephrectomy was required. Unless hypertension or pregnancy complicates the clinical picture, renal arterial aneurysms 1.5 cm or less in diameter can be observed safely by periodic angiography. Surgical repair of an aneurysm is recommended regardless of size if pregnancy cannot be avoided and hypertension is uncontrolled, and in aneurysms 1.5 cm or less in diameter which show an increase in size. A number of reconstructive vascular procedures have proved successful. Ex vivo repair may be an organ-saving technical aid.", "contents": "Aneurysms of the renal artery: problems of prognosis and surgical management. The clinical course of 29 patients bearing 36 renal artery aneurysms was reviewed. The majority of the lesions (30 of 36 or 83%) were detected incidentally in the course of angiographic examination, mostly in the study of peripheral atherosclerotic arterial disease. Twenty-five lesions 2.0 cm or less in diameter, treated conservatively and observed during a period of time of from 1 to 17 years, remained clinically silent. In 10 patients (with 11 lesions) surgical treatment was employed. For eight patients the surgical treatment consisted of reconstructive excision and repair, with excellent results in all cases but one for a period of observation of from 1 to 17 years. In one patient aneurysmal dilatation of a vein bypass graft resulted in nephrectomy 2 years following operation. In the remaining two patients nephrectomy was required. Unless hypertension or pregnancy complicates the clinical picture, renal arterial aneurysms 1.5 cm or less in diameter can be observed safely by periodic angiography. Surgical repair of an aneurysm is recommended regardless of size if pregnancy cannot be avoided and hypertension is uncontrolled, and in aneurysms 1.5 cm or less in diameter which show an increase in size. A number of reconstructive vascular procedures have proved successful. Ex vivo repair may be an organ-saving technical aid.", "PMID": 694742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9960", "title": "Investigation of the effect of hydroxyurea on the cell cycle and the development of necrosis in the embryonic CNS of mice.", "content": "On day 10 of gestation pregnant mice (strain NMRI) were given an intravenous injection of 500 mg/kg Hydroxyurea (HU). Simultaneously either 5 muCi/g or 10 muCi/g 3H-thymidine (3H-Tdr; specific activity 5Ci/mmol) was administered to the animals. At various times after treatment embryos and electron microscopy. Two hours after administration of HU condensations of the chromatin structure could be detected electron microscopically in some cells. Thirty minutes later the nucleolus became smaller and denser, the cytoplasm shrank, and the cell organelles moved closer together. Three hours after application of the drug break-down of the involved cells set in. As in the autoradiograms about 98% of the counted necroses were labelled, and since labelled thymidine is almost exclusively incorporated during the S-phase, it can be stated the HU influences only metabolic processes which take place during the S-phase. From the morphological findings it can be concluded that in the case of the S-phase-specific metabolic pathway, which is influenced by HU, we are primarily dealing with DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Investigation of the effect of hydroxyurea on the cell cycle and the development of necrosis in the embryonic CNS of mice. On day 10 of gestation pregnant mice (strain NMRI) were given an intravenous injection of 500 mg/kg Hydroxyurea (HU). Simultaneously either 5 muCi/g or 10 muCi/g 3H-thymidine (3H-Tdr; specific activity 5Ci/mmol) was administered to the animals. At various times after treatment embryos and electron microscopy. Two hours after administration of HU condensations of the chromatin structure could be detected electron microscopically in some cells. Thirty minutes later the nucleolus became smaller and denser, the cytoplasm shrank, and the cell organelles moved closer together. Three hours after application of the drug break-down of the involved cells set in. As in the autoradiograms about 98% of the counted necroses were labelled, and since labelled thymidine is almost exclusively incorporated during the S-phase, it can be stated the HU influences only metabolic processes which take place during the S-phase. From the morphological findings it can be concluded that in the case of the S-phase-specific metabolic pathway, which is influenced by HU, we are primarily dealing with DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 694773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9961", "title": "Effects of salicylamide and protein restriction on the skeletal development of the rat fetus.", "content": "Salicylamide has previously been shown to be teratogenic to the rat. Aims of the present study were to examine separate effects and interactions of salicylamide administration and protein restriction on development of the rat fetus. In experiments using Holtzman rats,the percentage of fetal resorptions was significantly increased by drug treatment and by protein restriction. Malformations were seen in fetuses from dams given the drug from the fifth to eleventh days of gestation; the inicdence of these malformations being independent of the diet. Factors affecting appearance of ossification centers included drug dosage, placental and fetal weight and litter size. Protein restriction had no significant effect on the development of centers of ossification. It is concluded that salicylamide, as well as protein restriction, produces adverse effects on pregnancy outcome in the rat.", "contents": "Effects of salicylamide and protein restriction on the skeletal development of the rat fetus. Salicylamide has previously been shown to be teratogenic to the rat. Aims of the present study were to examine separate effects and interactions of salicylamide administration and protein restriction on development of the rat fetus. In experiments using Holtzman rats,the percentage of fetal resorptions was significantly increased by drug treatment and by protein restriction. Malformations were seen in fetuses from dams given the drug from the fifth to eleventh days of gestation; the inicdence of these malformations being independent of the diet. Factors affecting appearance of ossification centers included drug dosage, placental and fetal weight and litter size. Protein restriction had no significant effect on the development of centers of ossification. It is concluded that salicylamide, as well as protein restriction, produces adverse effects on pregnancy outcome in the rat.", "PMID": 694775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9962", "title": "Aortic aneurysm associated with cardiac defects in theophyline stimulated chick embryos.", "content": "Theophylline(1 ml 0.02 M in 0.15 M saline) was administered to embryonic chicks (Hamburger-Hamilton developmental stages 24.27). The drug was topically applied to the surface of the chorioallantoic membrane in the vicinity of the embryonic heart. At necropsy, 63% (44/70) of the theophylline-exposed embryos demonstrated an aneurysm in the ascending aorta. Among the cases exhibiting aortic aneurysm, 48% (21/44) of the embryos demonstrated ventricular septal defects. Four cases of truncus arteriosus were also observed. The morphogenesis and mechanism of theophylline-induced cardiac defects with accompanying aortic aneurysm may be related to the development of the conotruncal region of the heart.", "contents": "Aortic aneurysm associated with cardiac defects in theophyline stimulated chick embryos. Theophylline(1 ml 0.02 M in 0.15 M saline) was administered to embryonic chicks (Hamburger-Hamilton developmental stages 24.27). The drug was topically applied to the surface of the chorioallantoic membrane in the vicinity of the embryonic heart. At necropsy, 63% (44/70) of the theophylline-exposed embryos demonstrated an aneurysm in the ascending aorta. Among the cases exhibiting aortic aneurysm, 48% (21/44) of the embryos demonstrated ventricular septal defects. Four cases of truncus arteriosus were also observed. The morphogenesis and mechanism of theophylline-induced cardiac defects with accompanying aortic aneurysm may be related to the development of the conotruncal region of the heart.", "PMID": 694776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9963", "title": "Teratogenic and cytogenetic effects of some plant-derived antitumor agents (vincristine, colchicine, maytansine, VP-16-213 and VM-26) in mice.", "content": "The teratogenic effects of three new plant-derived antitumor agents, maytansine, VP-16-213 and VM-26, were compared to the effects of vincristine and colchicine in pregnant Swiss albino mice that received a single ip injection of drug on day 6, 7 or 8 of gestation. Cytogenetic studies were also performed using maternal bone marrow and embryos obtained 48 hours after injection of maytansine, vincristine, VP-16-213, VM-26 and colchicine on day 6, 7 or 8 of gestation. A close correlation between teratogenic and cytogenetic effects was not noted among the compounds tested. Vincristine had greater embryotoxic and teratogenic activity than maytansine at equimolar doses (0.36 mu moles/kg), with the peak effects appearing after injection on day 7 of gestation. Colchicine, VP-16-213 and VM-26 were comparatively less potent than maytansine and vincristine, since doses of 2.5 mu moles/kg (colchicine and VP-16-213) and 1.5 mu moles/kg (VM-26) were required to elicit embryotoxic effects. At their teratogenic doses, all compounds induced various cranial abnormalities including exencephaly, hydrocephalus, anophthalmia and microtia, as well as major skeletal malformations. The teratogenic dose of vincristine is comparable to its effective antitumor dose in transplantable rodent tumor systems; in contrast, the teratogenic dose of maytansine in approximately 10-fold higher than its antitumor dose. Of the compounds studied, VP-16-213 and VM-26 exerted the most consistent cytogenetic effects in embryonic tissue. Alarge proportion of the structural chromosome aberrations induced in embryonic cells by VM-26 were stable and are most likely capable of surviving at least one cell division.", "contents": "Teratogenic and cytogenetic effects of some plant-derived antitumor agents (vincristine, colchicine, maytansine, VP-16-213 and VM-26) in mice. The teratogenic effects of three new plant-derived antitumor agents, maytansine, VP-16-213 and VM-26, were compared to the effects of vincristine and colchicine in pregnant Swiss albino mice that received a single ip injection of drug on day 6, 7 or 8 of gestation. Cytogenetic studies were also performed using maternal bone marrow and embryos obtained 48 hours after injection of maytansine, vincristine, VP-16-213, VM-26 and colchicine on day 6, 7 or 8 of gestation. A close correlation between teratogenic and cytogenetic effects was not noted among the compounds tested. Vincristine had greater embryotoxic and teratogenic activity than maytansine at equimolar doses (0.36 mu moles/kg), with the peak effects appearing after injection on day 7 of gestation. Colchicine, VP-16-213 and VM-26 were comparatively less potent than maytansine and vincristine, since doses of 2.5 mu moles/kg (colchicine and VP-16-213) and 1.5 mu moles/kg (VM-26) were required to elicit embryotoxic effects. At their teratogenic doses, all compounds induced various cranial abnormalities including exencephaly, hydrocephalus, anophthalmia and microtia, as well as major skeletal malformations. The teratogenic dose of vincristine is comparable to its effective antitumor dose in transplantable rodent tumor systems; in contrast, the teratogenic dose of maytansine in approximately 10-fold higher than its antitumor dose. Of the compounds studied, VP-16-213 and VM-26 exerted the most consistent cytogenetic effects in embryonic tissue. Alarge proportion of the structural chromosome aberrations induced in embryonic cells by VM-26 were stable and are most likely capable of surviving at least one cell division.", "PMID": 694777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9964", "title": "Teratogenic potential of blighted potato concentrate in rabbits, hamsters, and miniature swine.", "content": "Freeze-dried preparations of potatoes infected with phytophthora infestans or Alternaria solani were fed to pregnant hamsters, rabbits, and miniature swine. No evidence was observed that these diets or the extracts of respective blights were capable of producing teratologic effects in hamsters. Lesions of neurulation and anencephaly were noticed in rabbits and swine, respectively. The need for further pharmacological and toxicological evaluation in sensitive species is emphasized.", "contents": "Teratogenic potential of blighted potato concentrate in rabbits, hamsters, and miniature swine. Freeze-dried preparations of potatoes infected with phytophthora infestans or Alternaria solani were fed to pregnant hamsters, rabbits, and miniature swine. No evidence was observed that these diets or the extracts of respective blights were capable of producing teratologic effects in hamsters. Lesions of neurulation and anencephaly were noticed in rabbits and swine, respectively. The need for further pharmacological and toxicological evaluation in sensitive species is emphasized.", "PMID": 694778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9965", "title": "Limb anomalies produced by 2,2'-dipyridyl in rats.", "content": "The teratogenicity of 2,2'-dipyridyl (DIP), a chelator for ferrous iron, was investigated by administration of single dose of 60 or 75 mg/kg intraperitoneally to pregnant SD rats on days 11.5-14.5. Fetuses examined on day 21 were decreased in weight, and had defects chiefly in the limb. The type and incidence of limb defects differed according to day of treatment. Digital malformations in the forelimb and long-bone defects in the hindlimb were produced with high incidence by treatment on day 12.5, and the frequency of digital malformations in the hindlimb was increased by treatment on day 13.5. Light and electron microscopic examinations revealed the delay of mesenchymal condensation and destruction of mesenchymal cells in the forelimb bud in the early stage after day 12.5 treatment. The normal increase of DNA, protein, collagen and glycosaminoglycan contents in the forelimb bud was markedly inhibited by the treatment. The incorporation activities for [14C]proline and [14C]glucosamine of the forelimb bud were reduced to 50-60% of the control. These results indicate that DIP has potent teratogenic and cytotoxic effects on the development of the rat limb bud.", "contents": "Limb anomalies produced by 2,2'-dipyridyl in rats. The teratogenicity of 2,2'-dipyridyl (DIP), a chelator for ferrous iron, was investigated by administration of single dose of 60 or 75 mg/kg intraperitoneally to pregnant SD rats on days 11.5-14.5. Fetuses examined on day 21 were decreased in weight, and had defects chiefly in the limb. The type and incidence of limb defects differed according to day of treatment. Digital malformations in the forelimb and long-bone defects in the hindlimb were produced with high incidence by treatment on day 12.5, and the frequency of digital malformations in the hindlimb was increased by treatment on day 13.5. Light and electron microscopic examinations revealed the delay of mesenchymal condensation and destruction of mesenchymal cells in the forelimb bud in the early stage after day 12.5 treatment. The normal increase of DNA, protein, collagen and glycosaminoglycan contents in the forelimb bud was markedly inhibited by the treatment. The incorporation activities for [14C]proline and [14C]glucosamine of the forelimb bud were reduced to 50-60% of the control. These results indicate that DIP has potent teratogenic and cytotoxic effects on the development of the rat limb bud.", "PMID": 694779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9966", "title": "Limb development in mouse embryos. II. Reduction defects, cytotoxicity and inhibition of DNA synthesis produced by cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "Various morphological and biochemical parameters were used to study the mode of interference by cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) in critical phases of embryonic limb development. Inhibition of embryonic DNA synthesis occurred immediately after injection of Ara-C into the mother. The inhibition was dose-dependent and was substantial even after the nonteratogenic dose (2 mg/kg) of Arc-C. The pattern of limb bone deficiencies in Ara-C treated fetuses was specific for each developmental stage at which the treatment was given; the site of affect moved distalwards along the limb as the development advanced. The teratogenic dose was cytotoxic to mesenchymal cells with a high proliferation rate but did not affect others such as the future cartilage cells in which the rate of proliferation was lower. The existence of this differential susceptibility at each stage of development, together with information about the pattern of bone defects at the same stage, permitted us not only to define with some precision the cellular basis of origin of limb defects but also to infer the relative level of cell differentiation pertaining to each successive stage. Deoxycytidine, if injected simultaneously with and at doses eight times larger than Ara-C, afforded virtually complete protection against teratogenic effects. Deoxycytidine also prevented cell death in the  limbs of Ara-C treated embryos. However, a dramatic increase in the frequency of polydactyly was found in the protected fetuses. The fact that the frequency of ectrodactyly in the protected fetuses decreased in inverse proportion to the frequency of polydactyly strengthened the notion that there may be a common cellular basis underlying these two types of digital defects. Striking changes were found in the structure of AER at 24 hours after Ara-C treatment; it was abnormally thickened into a gland-like structure and its inner edge facing the mesenchyme thickened into a gland-like structure and its inner edge facing the mesenchyme was thrown into several folds. This may constitute a response to impairment in the underlying mesenchyme with which AFR has long been considered to have an interdependent relationship.", "contents": "Limb development in mouse embryos. II. Reduction defects, cytotoxicity and inhibition of DNA synthesis produced by cytosine arabinoside. Various morphological and biochemical parameters were used to study the mode of interference by cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) in critical phases of embryonic limb development. Inhibition of embryonic DNA synthesis occurred immediately after injection of Ara-C into the mother. The inhibition was dose-dependent and was substantial even after the nonteratogenic dose (2 mg/kg) of Arc-C. The pattern of limb bone deficiencies in Ara-C treated fetuses was specific for each developmental stage at which the treatment was given; the site of affect moved distalwards along the limb as the development advanced. The teratogenic dose was cytotoxic to mesenchymal cells with a high proliferation rate but did not affect others such as the future cartilage cells in which the rate of proliferation was lower. The existence of this differential susceptibility at each stage of development, together with information about the pattern of bone defects at the same stage, permitted us not only to define with some precision the cellular basis of origin of limb defects but also to infer the relative level of cell differentiation pertaining to each successive stage. Deoxycytidine, if injected simultaneously with and at doses eight times larger than Ara-C, afforded virtually complete protection against teratogenic effects. Deoxycytidine also prevented cell death in the  limbs of Ara-C treated embryos. However, a dramatic increase in the frequency of polydactyly was found in the protected fetuses. The fact that the frequency of ectrodactyly in the protected fetuses decreased in inverse proportion to the frequency of polydactyly strengthened the notion that there may be a common cellular basis underlying these two types of digital defects. Striking changes were found in the structure of AER at 24 hours after Ara-C treatment; it was abnormally thickened into a gland-like structure and its inner edge facing the mesenchyme thickened into a gland-like structure and its inner edge facing the mesenchyme was thrown into several folds. This may constitute a response to impairment in the underlying mesenchyme with which AFR has long been considered to have an interdependent relationship.", "PMID": 694780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9967", "title": "Anatomy of the coronary arteries in transposition of the great arteries and methods for their transfer in anatomical correction.", "content": "For the success of anatomical correction of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) it is essential to transfer the coronary ostia to the posterior vessel without undue tension, torsion, or kinking of the proximal coronary arteries or their early branches. This requires thorough understanding of the different modes of origin and early branching of the coronary arteries in TGA. Based on observations made during anatomical correction, a classification of the coronary arteries in TGA is suggested. In type A the right and left coronary ostia arise from the middle of the right and left posterior aortic sinuses and curve forwards to reach the right atrioventricular groove or anterior interventricular groove respectively. In type B both coronary arteries arise by a single ostium, while in type C the two coronary ostia are situated posteriorly, very close to each other, in a position similar to that in type B. The origin of the coronary arteries in type D is similar to that of type A. However, the right coronary artery gives origin to the circumflex coronary artery that curves round the posterior (pulmonary) vessel to reach the atrioventricular groove. In type E the right coronary artery arises in common with the left anterior descending artery from the left posterior sinus, while the circumflex artery arises separately from the right posterior sinus. Three techniques for the transfer of the different types of coronary arteries during anatomical correction are described.", "contents": "Anatomy of the coronary arteries in transposition of the great arteries and methods for their transfer in anatomical correction. For the success of anatomical correction of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) it is essential to transfer the coronary ostia to the posterior vessel without undue tension, torsion, or kinking of the proximal coronary arteries or their early branches. This requires thorough understanding of the different modes of origin and early branching of the coronary arteries in TGA. Based on observations made during anatomical correction, a classification of the coronary arteries in TGA is suggested. In type A the right and left coronary ostia arise from the middle of the right and left posterior aortic sinuses and curve forwards to reach the right atrioventricular groove or anterior interventricular groove respectively. In type B both coronary arteries arise by a single ostium, while in type C the two coronary ostia are situated posteriorly, very close to each other, in a position similar to that in type B. The origin of the coronary arteries in type D is similar to that of type A. However, the right coronary artery gives origin to the circumflex coronary artery that curves round the posterior (pulmonary) vessel to reach the atrioventricular groove. In type E the right coronary artery arises in common with the left anterior descending artery from the left posterior sinus, while the circumflex artery arises separately from the right posterior sinus. Three techniques for the transfer of the different types of coronary arteries during anatomical correction are described.", "PMID": 694795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9968", "title": "Is bird fancier's lung associated with coeliac disease?", "content": "Precipitin responses to different avian serum antigens occur in bird fancier's lung (BFL) and coeliac disease. Failure to distinguish between them could encourage an erroneous diagnosis of BFL in patients with coeliac disease, and the recent suggestion that these two disorders are strongly associated may be questioned, partly for this reason. In the present study small bowel biopsy specimens were obtained from 12 of a series of 14 patients proved to have BFL by inhalation provocation tests. None was suggestive of coeliac disease. Of a further 61 patients with biopsy-proved coeliac disease, seven were found to be exposed currently and 33 formerly to birds. As a result of clinical evaluation, BFL was considered a possible cause of undue breathlessness reported by three of the current bird fanciers only, and all underwent inhalation provocation tests. One alone gave positive results. We conclude that if a real association does exist between these two disorders, its clinical importance has been greatly exaggerated.", "contents": "Is bird fancier's lung associated with coeliac disease? Precipitin responses to different avian serum antigens occur in bird fancier's lung (BFL) and coeliac disease. Failure to distinguish between them could encourage an erroneous diagnosis of BFL in patients with coeliac disease, and the recent suggestion that these two disorders are strongly associated may be questioned, partly for this reason. In the present study small bowel biopsy specimens were obtained from 12 of a series of 14 patients proved to have BFL by inhalation provocation tests. None was suggestive of coeliac disease. Of a further 61 patients with biopsy-proved coeliac disease, seven were found to be exposed currently and 33 formerly to birds. As a result of clinical evaluation, BFL was considered a possible cause of undue breathlessness reported by three of the current bird fanciers only, and all underwent inhalation provocation tests. One alone gave positive results. We conclude that if a real association does exist between these two disorders, its clinical importance has been greatly exaggerated.", "PMID": 694796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9969", "title": "The cardiorespiratory response to exercise in thoracic scoliosis.", "content": "Twenty-six subjects with thoracic scoliosis due to various causes have been investigated. They all performed a progressive exercise test under standardised conditions, and their maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max), blood gases, and ventilatory and heart rate responses were observed. The VO2 max was significantly below normal and was proportional to the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and maximum exercise ventilation (VE max). Exercise was limited by ventilatory factors in 80% of the subjects who exercised maximally. VE max was diminished, but the dyspnoeic index was normal. The minute ventilation (VE) at any given VO2 was about 20% greater than normal. This hyperventilation taken with the low VE max explains why exercise is usually ventilation-limited in these subjects. Tidal volume (VT) increased linearly with ventilation until VT max was reached. The tidal volumes at any given ventilation were less than normal, but when expressed as a percentage of vital capacity (VC) they were above normal. The heart rate increased more rapidly than normal, but this appears to be a physiological result of the small muscle mass of these subjects and not a pathological response.", "contents": "The cardiorespiratory response to exercise in thoracic scoliosis. Twenty-six subjects with thoracic scoliosis due to various causes have been investigated. They all performed a progressive exercise test under standardised conditions, and their maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max), blood gases, and ventilatory and heart rate responses were observed. The VO2 max was significantly below normal and was proportional to the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and maximum exercise ventilation (VE max). Exercise was limited by ventilatory factors in 80% of the subjects who exercised maximally. VE max was diminished, but the dyspnoeic index was normal. The minute ventilation (VE) at any given VO2 was about 20% greater than normal. This hyperventilation taken with the low VE max explains why exercise is usually ventilation-limited in these subjects. Tidal volume (VT) increased linearly with ventilation until VT max was reached. The tidal volumes at any given ventilation were less than normal, but when expressed as a percentage of vital capacity (VC) they were above normal. The heart rate increased more rapidly than normal, but this appears to be a physiological result of the small muscle mass of these subjects and not a pathological response.", "PMID": 694797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9970", "title": "Hypercalcaemia and hypokalaemia in tuberculosis.", "content": "In two patients with extensive pulmonary tuberculosis who developed hypercalcaemia and hypokalaemia the hypercalcaemia appeared related to the use of small doses of vitamin D, which suggested patients with tuberculosis were hypersensitive to vitamin D. They were thus similar to patients with sarcoidosis, and it is interesting that the Kveim test result was positive in both cases. The hypercalcaemia was quickly suppressed with steroids. Hyperparathyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, Addison's disease, and multiple myeloma were excluded on clinical grounds and by the appropriate tests. The hypokalaemia was associated with increased renal excretion of potassium, and was probably due to distal tubular damage from hypercalcaemia.", "contents": "Hypercalcaemia and hypokalaemia in tuberculosis. In two patients with extensive pulmonary tuberculosis who developed hypercalcaemia and hypokalaemia the hypercalcaemia appeared related to the use of small doses of vitamin D, which suggested patients with tuberculosis were hypersensitive to vitamin D. They were thus similar to patients with sarcoidosis, and it is interesting that the Kveim test result was positive in both cases. The hypercalcaemia was quickly suppressed with steroids. Hyperparathyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, Addison's disease, and multiple myeloma were excluded on clinical grounds and by the appropriate tests. The hypokalaemia was associated with increased renal excretion of potassium, and was probably due to distal tubular damage from hypercalcaemia.", "PMID": 694798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9971", "title": "Management of penetrating stab wounds of the chest: an assessment of the indications for early operation.", "content": "Haemothorax, haemopneumothorax, and pneumothorax were the most common complications in 85 patients with penetrating stab injuries of the chest. These complications were amenable to conservative treatment by aspiration or drainage of the pleural space. Immediate operation was indicated in 30 cases. Indications for surgery were haemorrhage from a major systemic or pulmonary vessel or the heart, cardiac tamponade, diaphragmatic penetration, oesophageal and bronchial tears, and sucking chest wounds. The need for immediate operation was clinically obvious at presentation in most cases. It should have been suspected from the situation of the entry wound, the nature of the weapon used, the size of the haemothorax, and the clinical findings in the others. All 11 deaths occurred in that group in which early operation was indicated, and some could have been averted had the need for operation been suspected early. Seven patients developed an empyema; five were in the group that required immediate surgery and in the other two infection occurred in a clotted haemothorax. Early repair of the associated visceral injuries and complete evacuation of a haemothorax, either fluid or clotted, could reduce the incidence of empyema.", "contents": "Management of penetrating stab wounds of the chest: an assessment of the indications for early operation. Haemothorax, haemopneumothorax, and pneumothorax were the most common complications in 85 patients with penetrating stab injuries of the chest. These complications were amenable to conservative treatment by aspiration or drainage of the pleural space. Immediate operation was indicated in 30 cases. Indications for surgery were haemorrhage from a major systemic or pulmonary vessel or the heart, cardiac tamponade, diaphragmatic penetration, oesophageal and bronchial tears, and sucking chest wounds. The need for immediate operation was clinically obvious at presentation in most cases. It should have been suspected from the situation of the entry wound, the nature of the weapon used, the size of the haemothorax, and the clinical findings in the others. All 11 deaths occurred in that group in which early operation was indicated, and some could have been averted had the need for operation been suspected early. Seven patients developed an empyema; five were in the group that required immediate surgery and in the other two infection occurred in a clotted haemothorax. Early repair of the associated visceral injuries and complete evacuation of a haemothorax, either fluid or clotted, could reduce the incidence of empyema.", "PMID": 694799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9972", "title": "Bronchodilatation after inhalation of the antihistamine clemastine.", "content": "H1 receptor blocking antihistamines administered by mouth have not found a clear place in the management of bronchial asthma. We investigated the possibility that higher concentrations of these drugs, administered directly to the bronchial tree, might produce bronchodilatation. Twelve asthmatic patients inhaled aerosols generated from solutions of clemastine (0.05%), salbutamol (0.5%), and placebo. Bronchodilatation was assessed by changes in the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) over four hours. Both clemastine and salbutamol caused significant bronchodilatation. The mean maximum percentage increases in FEV1 for clemastine and salbutamol were 21.1% and 29.2% respectively. The mean maximum percentage increases in PEFR were 31.2% and 35.2% respectively. There was no significant difference in the maximum bronchodilatation produced by the two drugs. Clemastine, when administered by aerosol inhalation, appears to be an effective bronchodilator.", "contents": "Bronchodilatation after inhalation of the antihistamine clemastine. H1 receptor blocking antihistamines administered by mouth have not found a clear place in the management of bronchial asthma. We investigated the possibility that higher concentrations of these drugs, administered directly to the bronchial tree, might produce bronchodilatation. Twelve asthmatic patients inhaled aerosols generated from solutions of clemastine (0.05%), salbutamol (0.5%), and placebo. Bronchodilatation was assessed by changes in the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) over four hours. Both clemastine and salbutamol caused significant bronchodilatation. The mean maximum percentage increases in FEV1 for clemastine and salbutamol were 21.1% and 29.2% respectively. The mean maximum percentage increases in PEFR were 31.2% and 35.2% respectively. There was no significant difference in the maximum bronchodilatation produced by the two drugs. Clemastine, when administered by aerosol inhalation, appears to be an effective bronchodilator.", "PMID": 694800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9973", "title": "Diaphragm and body weight in emphysema.", "content": "The weight of the diaphragm has been investigated in 103 male patients and 81 female patients, and the relationship between body weight and emphysema has been assessed in 662 male and 431 female patients. Diaphragm weight is related to body weight in both male (r = + 0.76) and female patients (r = +0.77) and is relatively larger in the former. Dissecting the diaphragm free of fat or freeze drying it does not appreciably improve the relationship between body weight and diaphragm weight. Diaphragm weight is better related to body weight than body length and is diminished in emphysema. Patients with emphysema weigh less. This is apparent with only moderate grades of emphysema, and there is no further loss of body weight as emphysema in the lung becomes more severe. The loss of diaphragm weight not only reflects the loss of body weight that occurs in emphysema, but the diaphragm is also less in weight than predicted from body weight. The diaphragm also appears abnormal on gross inspection in some patients with emphysema. Heart weight and diaphragm weight are related, probably because both are related to body weight.", "contents": "Diaphragm and body weight in emphysema. The weight of the diaphragm has been investigated in 103 male patients and 81 female patients, and the relationship between body weight and emphysema has been assessed in 662 male and 431 female patients. Diaphragm weight is related to body weight in both male (r = + 0.76) and female patients (r = +0.77) and is relatively larger in the former. Dissecting the diaphragm free of fat or freeze drying it does not appreciably improve the relationship between body weight and diaphragm weight. Diaphragm weight is better related to body weight than body length and is diminished in emphysema. Patients with emphysema weigh less. This is apparent with only moderate grades of emphysema, and there is no further loss of body weight as emphysema in the lung becomes more severe. The loss of diaphragm weight not only reflects the loss of body weight that occurs in emphysema, but the diaphragm is also less in weight than predicted from body weight. The diaphragm also appears abnormal on gross inspection in some patients with emphysema. Heart weight and diaphragm weight are related, probably because both are related to body weight.", "PMID": 694801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9974", "title": "Closing volume during normal pregnancy.", "content": "Serial lung function studies were performed in ten healthy, primiparous women aged 21--28. Measurements were made at two-monthly intervals during pregnancy and included functional residual capacity (FRC), total lung capacity (TLC), vital capacity (VC), specific conductance (SGaw) and closing volume (CV) on each occasion. Closing volume expressed as formular: (see text), showed a progressive rise during pregnancy in all subjects with a linear relationship to time (P less than 0.001, P greater than 0.01, respectively). No consistent changes in lung volume could be shown during pregnancy over the study period. It is suggested that the increase in closing volume during pregnancy might result in abnormalities of distribution of ventilation sufficient to explain the maternal blood gas disturbances of pregnancy.", "contents": "Closing volume during normal pregnancy. Serial lung function studies were performed in ten healthy, primiparous women aged 21--28. Measurements were made at two-monthly intervals during pregnancy and included functional residual capacity (FRC), total lung capacity (TLC), vital capacity (VC), specific conductance (SGaw) and closing volume (CV) on each occasion. Closing volume expressed as formular: (see text), showed a progressive rise during pregnancy in all subjects with a linear relationship to time (P less than 0.001, P greater than 0.01, respectively). No consistent changes in lung volume could be shown during pregnancy over the study period. It is suggested that the increase in closing volume during pregnancy might result in abnormalities of distribution of ventilation sufficient to explain the maternal blood gas disturbances of pregnancy.", "PMID": 694802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9975", "title": "Pulmonary and systemic aneurysms in a case of widespread arteritis.", "content": "A patient in whom asthma preceded the development of multiple pulmonary and systemic artery aneurisms died after dissection of the aorta. At necropsy he was found to have widespread arteritis of unknown aetiology affecting many large and medium-sized pulmonary and systemic vessels as well as a few microscopic ones. Endarteritis obliterans was present in some of the vasa vasorum. The clinical and histopathological findings are discussed in relationship to other known causes of arteritis, and it is concluded that this condition has not previously been described.", "contents": "Pulmonary and systemic aneurysms in a case of widespread arteritis. A patient in whom asthma preceded the development of multiple pulmonary and systemic artery aneurisms died after dissection of the aorta. At necropsy he was found to have widespread arteritis of unknown aetiology affecting many large and medium-sized pulmonary and systemic vessels as well as a few microscopic ones. Endarteritis obliterans was present in some of the vasa vasorum. The clinical and histopathological findings are discussed in relationship to other known causes of arteritis, and it is concluded that this condition has not previously been described.", "PMID": 694803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9976", "title": "Prolonged circulatory support with the intra-aortic balloon pump after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Circulation was supported by intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation for 30 and 38 days respectively in two patients with cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. One was flown 1400 km to Cape Town for heart transplantation but died after being weaned from the pump while awaiting a suitable donor. The other underwent successful surgical closure of a ruptured ventricular septum on the 30th day, allowing time for the edges of the ventricular septal defect to fibrose. Neither significant damage to circulating blood elements nor infection occurred, confirming the feasibility of prolonged circulatory support.", "contents": "Prolonged circulatory support with the intra-aortic balloon pump after myocardial infarction. Circulation was supported by intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation for 30 and 38 days respectively in two patients with cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. One was flown 1400 km to Cape Town for heart transplantation but died after being weaned from the pump while awaiting a suitable donor. The other underwent successful surgical closure of a ruptured ventricular septum on the 30th day, allowing time for the edges of the ventricular septal defect to fibrose. Neither significant damage to circulating blood elements nor infection occurred, confirming the feasibility of prolonged circulatory support.", "PMID": 694804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9977", "title": "Staged bilateral lobectomy for synchronous bilateral squamous cell carcinoma of lung.", "content": "The history, diagnosis, and treatment by staged bilateral lobectomy of synchronous bilateral squamous cell carcinoma of the lung occurring in a 61-year-old man is presented. Histological diagnosis of pulmonary lesions suspected of being carcinomas should always be obtained, and extrathoracic metastasis should be excluded by all available means before planning treatment. The side showing evidence of greater malignancy on histology, or the one with the larger carcinoma, should be operated on first. Conservative, staged, bilateral resection is recommended.", "contents": "Staged bilateral lobectomy for synchronous bilateral squamous cell carcinoma of lung. The history, diagnosis, and treatment by staged bilateral lobectomy of synchronous bilateral squamous cell carcinoma of the lung occurring in a 61-year-old man is presented. Histological diagnosis of pulmonary lesions suspected of being carcinomas should always be obtained, and extrathoracic metastasis should be excluded by all available means before planning treatment. The side showing evidence of greater malignancy on histology, or the one with the larger carcinoma, should be operated on first. Conservative, staged, bilateral resection is recommended.", "PMID": 694806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9978", "title": "Adjunct treatment with yoga in chronic severe airways obstruction.", "content": "Eleven patients with severe chronic airways obstruction were given training in yogic breathing exercises and postures. A matched group of 11 patients were given physiotherapy breathing exercises. Both groups of patients were followed up at monthly intervals for nine months with pulmonary function tests, tests of exercise tolerance, and inquiry into their symptoms. After training in yoga the mean maximum work increased significantly by 60.55 kpm; whereas no such rise occurred after training in physiotherapy. This objective improvement was associated with symptomatic improvement in a significantly higher number of patients given training in yoga.", "contents": "Adjunct treatment with yoga in chronic severe airways obstruction. Eleven patients with severe chronic airways obstruction were given training in yogic breathing exercises and postures. A matched group of 11 patients were given physiotherapy breathing exercises. Both groups of patients were followed up at monthly intervals for nine months with pulmonary function tests, tests of exercise tolerance, and inquiry into their symptoms. After training in yoga the mean maximum work increased significantly by 60.55 kpm; whereas no such rise occurred after training in physiotherapy. This objective improvement was associated with symptomatic improvement in a significantly higher number of patients given training in yoga.", "PMID": 694807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9979", "title": "Excision of tricuspid valve with later replacement in endocarditis of drug addiction.", "content": "Staphylococcal endocarditis in a drug addict was controlled only after excision of the tricuspid valve. Total absence of the tricuspid valve was tolerated well for 18 months, at which time deteriorating liver function prompted the insertion of a bioprosthetic valve into the tricuspid ring. The haemodynamic and clinical results after two years of follow-up have been excellent.", "contents": "Excision of tricuspid valve with later replacement in endocarditis of drug addiction. Staphylococcal endocarditis in a drug addict was controlled only after excision of the tricuspid valve. Total absence of the tricuspid valve was tolerated well for 18 months, at which time deteriorating liver function prompted the insertion of a bioprosthetic valve into the tricuspid ring. The haemodynamic and clinical results after two years of follow-up have been excellent.", "PMID": 694808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9980", "title": "Giant fibromyxoma of the parietal pleura.", "content": "A 23-year-old Nigerian man with a giant (8.5 kg) benign intrathoracic fibromyxoma presented in respiratory distress with what looked clinically and radiologically like a massive left-sided pleural effusion. The correct preoperative diagnosis was suggested by an almost 'dry tap' together with a solid resistance to the aspiring needle at chest aspiration. Complete removal was successfully accomplished through an extended left thoracotomy. The pathology, clinical features, and treatment of localised pleural fibromas are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Giant fibromyxoma of the parietal pleura. A 23-year-old Nigerian man with a giant (8.5 kg) benign intrathoracic fibromyxoma presented in respiratory distress with what looked clinically and radiologically like a massive left-sided pleural effusion. The correct preoperative diagnosis was suggested by an almost 'dry tap' together with a solid resistance to the aspiring needle at chest aspiration. Complete removal was successfully accomplished through an extended left thoracotomy. The pathology, clinical features, and treatment of localised pleural fibromas are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 694809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9981", "title": "Aneurysm of internal mammary artery.", "content": "A fusiform non-sclerotic aneurysm of the left internal mammary artery was found in an otherwise healthy young woman. Aneurysms such as this seem to be extremely rare since no published case could be found.", "contents": "Aneurysm of internal mammary artery. A fusiform non-sclerotic aneurysm of the left internal mammary artery was found in an otherwise healthy young woman. Aneurysms such as this seem to be extremely rare since no published case could be found.", "PMID": 694811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9982", "title": "An original technique for surgical stabilisation of traumatic flail chest.", "content": "The treatment of chest wall injuries with severe paradoxical movement remains controversial. Intermittent positive-pressure respiration may be appropriate, but in some, especially those requiring exploratory thoracotomy for a visceral lesion, surgical fixation is desirable. We present a simple method using two or three stainless Kirschner wires placed in the chest wall. Results in five cases have been good.", "contents": "An original technique for surgical stabilisation of traumatic flail chest. The treatment of chest wall injuries with severe paradoxical movement remains controversial. Intermittent positive-pressure respiration may be appropriate, but in some, especially those requiring exploratory thoracotomy for a visceral lesion, surgical fixation is desirable. We present a simple method using two or three stainless Kirschner wires placed in the chest wall. Results in five cases have been good.", "PMID": 694812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9983", "title": "[Tissue antigens and bacterial infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Rejection of tissue- and organ-grafts is due to the existence of tissue- or transplantation-antigens which are present in principle on every nucleated body-cell. These tissue antigens represent the phenotypical expression of a complex system of genes which are localized on an autosomal chromosome: the histocompatibility system. These systems may usually be compared with bloodgroup systems. Besides the successful use of tissue typing in transplantation, it became apparent that histocompatibility systems may have another function. Among others, tissue typing may be correlated with resistance to and susceptibility to particular diseases. However, it is not clear so far whether tissue antigens play a role themselves or only serve as genetic markers in this regulation of the immune response. The two possibilities are introduced, together with some instances. Finally, on the basis of possible veterinary and economic importance, studies on histocompatibility systems in pets and farm animals are reviewed, a number of possible uses being suggested.", "contents": "[Tissue antigens and bacterial infection (author's transl)]. Rejection of tissue- and organ-grafts is due to the existence of tissue- or transplantation-antigens which are present in principle on every nucleated body-cell. These tissue antigens represent the phenotypical expression of a complex system of genes which are localized on an autosomal chromosome: the histocompatibility system. These systems may usually be compared with bloodgroup systems. Besides the successful use of tissue typing in transplantation, it became apparent that histocompatibility systems may have another function. Among others, tissue typing may be correlated with resistance to and susceptibility to particular diseases. However, it is not clear so far whether tissue antigens play a role themselves or only serve as genetic markers in this regulation of the immune response. The two possibilities are introduced, together with some instances. Finally, on the basis of possible veterinary and economic importance, studies on histocompatibility systems in pets and farm animals are reviewed, a number of possible uses being suggested.", "PMID": 694875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9984", "title": "[Nalidixic acid intoxication in two pregnant bitches (author's transl)].", "content": "To ensure prolonged survival, dogs with cyclic neutropenia should be protected against bacterial infection of exogenous or endogenous origin, particularly during the neutropenic episodes. One of the methods available to minimize the risk of infection in these dogs, is selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract by using antibiotics and/or chemotherapeutic agents, in conjunction with housing in a laminar-flow cabinet. Two pregnant bitches, some of the offspring of which were expected to be homozygous for the cyclic neutropenia allele, were decontaminated with nalidixic acid. Fourteen days after initiation of the antibacterial treatment, the two dogs died. Jaundice and seizures had been apparent in both animals prior to death. Histopathological examination revealed changes primarily in the liver, which were consistent with toxic hepatic necrosis and were characterized by severe centrilobular haemorrhage and disappearance of hepatocytes. Multiple haemorrhages were observed in other organs. Further clinical investigation in two other dogs strongly suggested that nalidixic acid was the cause of death in the two pregnant bitches.", "contents": "[Nalidixic acid intoxication in two pregnant bitches (author's transl)]. To ensure prolonged survival, dogs with cyclic neutropenia should be protected against bacterial infection of exogenous or endogenous origin, particularly during the neutropenic episodes. One of the methods available to minimize the risk of infection in these dogs, is selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract by using antibiotics and/or chemotherapeutic agents, in conjunction with housing in a laminar-flow cabinet. Two pregnant bitches, some of the offspring of which were expected to be homozygous for the cyclic neutropenia allele, were decontaminated with nalidixic acid. Fourteen days after initiation of the antibacterial treatment, the two dogs died. Jaundice and seizures had been apparent in both animals prior to death. Histopathological examination revealed changes primarily in the liver, which were consistent with toxic hepatic necrosis and were characterized by severe centrilobular haemorrhage and disappearance of hepatocytes. Multiple haemorrhages were observed in other organs. Further clinical investigation in two other dogs strongly suggested that nalidixic acid was the cause of death in the two pregnant bitches.", "PMID": 694876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9985", "title": "[Type B botulism in cattle, caused by feeding grass silage. Report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "An outbreak of type B botulism in cattle, caused by feeding grass silage, is reported. The clinical features were completely identical with those in cases of type B botulism, which occurred when abnormal brewers' grains were fed. 36.5 mouse LD50 type B toxin was found to be present in each gramme of grass silage, the bacterial count being 10(4) Cl. botulinum type B per gramme.", "contents": "[Type B botulism in cattle, caused by feeding grass silage. Report of a case (author's transl)]. An outbreak of type B botulism in cattle, caused by feeding grass silage, is reported. The clinical features were completely identical with those in cases of type B botulism, which occurred when abnormal brewers' grains were fed. 36.5 mouse LD50 type B toxin was found to be present in each gramme of grass silage, the bacterial count being 10(4) Cl. botulinum type B per gramme.", "PMID": 694878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9986", "title": "[Studies on the possibility of producing broilers free from Salmonella (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the present study show that the only method by which broilers could be reared free from Salmonella would be to adopt a number of radical measures at the same time. These measures include the production of Salmonella-free one-day chicks, decontaminating the feed, thorough cleansing and decontamination of the houses and preventing the introduction of Salmonella from the environment. Adopting separate measures was found to have a very slight effect.", "contents": "[Studies on the possibility of producing broilers free from Salmonella (author's transl)]. The results of the present study show that the only method by which broilers could be reared free from Salmonella would be to adopt a number of radical measures at the same time. These measures include the production of Salmonella-free one-day chicks, decontaminating the feed, thorough cleansing and decontamination of the houses and preventing the introduction of Salmonella from the environment. Adopting separate measures was found to have a very slight effect.", "PMID": 694880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9987", "title": "[Malformation of laminae omasi in cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten bovine omasa showing more or less deformed laminae omasi are described and classified into two groups: one group (I) without and one (II) with macroscopically perceptible inflammation. The possibility that groups II and I are two successive stages of the same process in which necrotizing inflammation plays an important role, is pointed out. The malformation of the bovine omasum described in the literature as aplasia or hypoplasia, bears a resemblance to the malformation in group I, and, in this case, necrotizing inflammation also was the probable cause.", "contents": "[Malformation of laminae omasi in cattle (author's transl)]. Ten bovine omasa showing more or less deformed laminae omasi are described and classified into two groups: one group (I) without and one (II) with macroscopically perceptible inflammation. The possibility that groups II and I are two successive stages of the same process in which necrotizing inflammation plays an important role, is pointed out. The malformation of the bovine omasum described in the literature as aplasia or hypoplasia, bears a resemblance to the malformation in group I, and, in this case, necrotizing inflammation also was the probable cause.", "PMID": 694881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9988", "title": "[Use of radiography in the diagnosis of atrophic rhinitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 126 gilts of the Netherlands Landrace breed and eighty-one gilts of the Large Yorkshire breed, slaughtered when they had attained a weight of 100 kg., radiography of the nasal cavities was carried out, followed by post-mortem studies of these cavities. Macrocopic examination of the transverse section at the level of the first premolar tooth showed that the incidence of atrophy as well as of hypertrophy of the turbinate bones was higher in pigs of the Large Yorkshire breed than it was in those of the Landrace breed. The ventral coils of the ventral conchae were most commonly affected in the two breeds. When the X-rays were assessed using the system suggested by Done (3), a discrepancy between the X-rays and the post-mortem findings was observed in a large number of cases. Possible causes of this discrepancy are discussed. The results do not warrant the development of a radiographic technique which can be used in field conditions in the Netherlands to examine the nasal cavities in establishing a diagnosis of atrophic rhinitis.", "contents": "[Use of radiography in the diagnosis of atrophic rhinitis (author's transl)]. In 126 gilts of the Netherlands Landrace breed and eighty-one gilts of the Large Yorkshire breed, slaughtered when they had attained a weight of 100 kg., radiography of the nasal cavities was carried out, followed by post-mortem studies of these cavities. Macrocopic examination of the transverse section at the level of the first premolar tooth showed that the incidence of atrophy as well as of hypertrophy of the turbinate bones was higher in pigs of the Large Yorkshire breed than it was in those of the Landrace breed. The ventral coils of the ventral conchae were most commonly affected in the two breeds. When the X-rays were assessed using the system suggested by Done (3), a discrepancy between the X-rays and the post-mortem findings was observed in a large number of cases. Possible causes of this discrepancy are discussed. The results do not warrant the development of a radiographic technique which can be used in field conditions in the Netherlands to examine the nasal cavities in establishing a diagnosis of atrophic rhinitis.", "PMID": 694885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9989", "title": "[Findings on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Findings on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) since this disease was diagnosed for the first time in the province of Gelderland in 1973, are reported. The clinical picture varies markedly, unmistakable symptoms are followed by a period of impaired health in a number of cases. There is no evidence to suggest that this impaired state of health is due to the causative virus of IBR. The number of infected herds is constantly increasing and is currently estimated at approximately 20 per cent. The disease also shows an increasing incidence in veal-calf herds. Intranasal vaccination will afford adequate protection of other members of the herd in the event of IBR but the immunity produced is short-lived.", "contents": "[Findings on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (author's transl)]. Findings on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) since this disease was diagnosed for the first time in the province of Gelderland in 1973, are reported. The clinical picture varies markedly, unmistakable symptoms are followed by a period of impaired health in a number of cases. There is no evidence to suggest that this impaired state of health is due to the causative virus of IBR. The number of infected herds is constantly increasing and is currently estimated at approximately 20 per cent. The disease also shows an increasing incidence in veal-calf herds. Intranasal vaccination will afford adequate protection of other members of the herd in the event of IBR but the immunity produced is short-lived.", "PMID": 694887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9990", "title": "[The purchaser's veterinarian and latent defects (author's transl)].", "content": "When the purchaser of an animal is dissatisfied with the animal bought, the question may arise whether the animal has any latent defect. The purchaser's veterinarian should see to it that he retains the initiative in this matter so that he can calmly and carefully decide whether a certificate of latent defect can or cannot be issued. The various possibilities are reviewed.", "contents": "[The purchaser's veterinarian and latent defects (author's transl)]. When the purchaser of an animal is dissatisfied with the animal bought, the question may arise whether the animal has any latent defect. The purchaser's veterinarian should see to it that he retains the initiative in this matter so that he can calmly and carefully decide whether a certificate of latent defect can or cannot be issued. The various possibilities are reviewed.", "PMID": 694888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9991", "title": "[Survey of the incidence of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi infections in donkeys in the Netherlands (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of an investigation into the incidence of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in donkeys in the Netherlands show that 51 per cent excrete larvae in the faeces. This infection was not detected in animals under five months. The proportion of infected animals did not increase with age. However, the level of excretion was found to increase with age. There was no correlation between the excretion of lungworm larvae and pulmonary symptoms.", "contents": "[Survey of the incidence of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi infections in donkeys in the Netherlands (author's transl)]. The results of an investigation into the incidence of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in donkeys in the Netherlands show that 51 per cent excrete larvae in the faeces. This infection was not detected in animals under five months. The proportion of infected animals did not increase with age. However, the level of excretion was found to increase with age. There was no correlation between the excretion of lungworm larvae and pulmonary symptoms.", "PMID": 694890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9992", "title": "[Coarctation of the aorta: surgical management in infancy--results in 72 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Early and late results of a total of 72 infants operated for coarctation of the aorta are reported. Operative repair included various methods (End-to-End, Vossschulte, Clagett, Shumaker, Waldhausen, Blalock). Isolated coarctation was present in 6 infants, 17 also had patent ductus arteriosus, 39 patients had additional associated cardiac anomalies, part of which were combined with PDA. Out of the 72 infants 17 died (early mortality: 11, late mortality: 6). The highest mortality rate was found among the 0 to 3 months age group (11 patients). Fourteen out of the 17 deceased patients had additional cardiac anomalies. Out of the 55 survivals, 37 patients showed good results, restenosis was found in 13 patients, 5 patients had to be reoperated due to severe restenosis.", "contents": "[Coarctation of the aorta: surgical management in infancy--results in 72 patients (author's transl)]. Early and late results of a total of 72 infants operated for coarctation of the aorta are reported. Operative repair included various methods (End-to-End, Vossschulte, Clagett, Shumaker, Waldhausen, Blalock). Isolated coarctation was present in 6 infants, 17 also had patent ductus arteriosus, 39 patients had additional associated cardiac anomalies, part of which were combined with PDA. Out of the 72 infants 17 died (early mortality: 11, late mortality: 6). The highest mortality rate was found among the 0 to 3 months age group (11 patients). Fourteen out of the 17 deceased patients had additional cardiac anomalies. Out of the 55 survivals, 37 patients showed good results, restenosis was found in 13 patients, 5 patients had to be reoperated due to severe restenosis.", "PMID": 694891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9993", "title": "[Corrected transposition of the great arteries: surgical treatment of associated cardiac defects (author's transl)].", "content": "Corrected transposition of the great arteries is often associated with other cardiac anomalies. We report our experience with the correction of the associated cardiac defects in 13 cases: ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension (5 cases), ventricular septal defect with obstruction of pulmonary outflow tract (5 cases), obstruction of pulmonary outflow tract (2 cases), ostium primum defect (1 case). The possible surgical approaches for repair of the cardiac anomalies are described and the results of the operative correction are communicated. Precise diagnosis, the knowledge of the unusual disposition of the conducting tissues and new surgical approaches are prerequisite for successful correction.", "contents": "[Corrected transposition of the great arteries: surgical treatment of associated cardiac defects (author's transl)]. Corrected transposition of the great arteries is often associated with other cardiac anomalies. We report our experience with the correction of the associated cardiac defects in 13 cases: ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension (5 cases), ventricular septal defect with obstruction of pulmonary outflow tract (5 cases), obstruction of pulmonary outflow tract (2 cases), ostium primum defect (1 case). The possible surgical approaches for repair of the cardiac anomalies are described and the results of the operative correction are communicated. Precise diagnosis, the knowledge of the unusual disposition of the conducting tissues and new surgical approaches are prerequisite for successful correction.", "PMID": 694892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9994", "title": "[Hemodynamic long-term evaluation after total correction of tetralogy of fallot operated upon as adults (author's transl)].", "content": "22 Fallot patients who had surgery after 21 years of age were thoroughly checked on an average of 11 years postoperatively. The mean functional classification according to the New York Heart Association was 1.5. Hemodynamic studies revealed excellent results. The mean systolic gradient across the pulmonary valve (delta p) was 14 mm Hg at rest and 31 mm Hg during exercise. The data assessed during exercise show that one cannot truly speak of a \"total correction\". Right ventricular systolic and enddiastolic pressures were elevated as well as the enddiastolic and endsystolic volumes. Right ventricular ejection fraction was significantly diminished (45%). Our results show that there was no significant difference between the patients with or without an outflow tract patch. Pulmonary insufficiency apparently bears no negative influence on long-term prognosis up to 11 years postoperatively in patients operated for tetralogy of Fallot.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic long-term evaluation after total correction of tetralogy of fallot operated upon as adults (author's transl)]. 22 Fallot patients who had surgery after 21 years of age were thoroughly checked on an average of 11 years postoperatively. The mean functional classification according to the New York Heart Association was 1.5. Hemodynamic studies revealed excellent results. The mean systolic gradient across the pulmonary valve (delta p) was 14 mm Hg at rest and 31 mm Hg during exercise. The data assessed during exercise show that one cannot truly speak of a \"total correction\". Right ventricular systolic and enddiastolic pressures were elevated as well as the enddiastolic and endsystolic volumes. Right ventricular ejection fraction was significantly diminished (45%). Our results show that there was no significant difference between the patients with or without an outflow tract patch. Pulmonary insufficiency apparently bears no negative influence on long-term prognosis up to 11 years postoperatively in patients operated for tetralogy of Fallot.", "PMID": 694893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9995", "title": "[Surgical treatment of active infective endocarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1965 and 1976 40 patients underwent valve replacement for active, infective endocarditis. The overall mortality rate was 32,5 per cent. Six patients died early (within 30 days) and 7 within the following 8 years. 11 patients developed paravalvular leckage. Eight of these 11 patients required reoperation. We suggest that all patients with active infective endocarditis who develop progressive heart failure, intractable sepsis or recurrent embolization should be subject to immediate valve replacement despite higher operative risk.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of active infective endocarditis (author's transl)]. Between 1965 and 1976 40 patients underwent valve replacement for active, infective endocarditis. The overall mortality rate was 32,5 per cent. Six patients died early (within 30 days) and 7 within the following 8 years. 11 patients developed paravalvular leckage. Eight of these 11 patients required reoperation. We suggest that all patients with active infective endocarditis who develop progressive heart failure, intractable sepsis or recurrent embolization should be subject to immediate valve replacement despite higher operative risk.", "PMID": 694894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9996", "title": "Long term clinical and haemodynamic evaluation of the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft heart valve.", "content": "The experience with the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft used for heart valve replacement over a period of 7 years has demonstrated, in both the aortic and atrioventricular position, excellent long term clinical and haemodynamic results. There were very few valve related complications and none occurred with valves manufactured since May 1976 by Shiley Laboratories. The long term durability of the glutaraldehyde stabilised pericardial xenografts was demonstrated by a rigorous and complete clinical follow-up as well as by histological and haemodynamic investigations. Valve thrombosis or calcification have not been encountered in this series. The embolic rate has been very low in both the aortic and mitral positions in the absence of long term anticoagulant treatment. The superior haemodynamic performance of this valve, even in very small sizes, represents an additional advantage and makes it particularly suitable for use in patients with narrow aortic root and in children. The very good results obtained with the pericardial xenograft fully justify its continued clinical use in the aortic, mitral and tricuspid positions.", "contents": "Long term clinical and haemodynamic evaluation of the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft heart valve. The experience with the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft used for heart valve replacement over a period of 7 years has demonstrated, in both the aortic and atrioventricular position, excellent long term clinical and haemodynamic results. There were very few valve related complications and none occurred with valves manufactured since May 1976 by Shiley Laboratories. The long term durability of the glutaraldehyde stabilised pericardial xenografts was demonstrated by a rigorous and complete clinical follow-up as well as by histological and haemodynamic investigations. Valve thrombosis or calcification have not been encountered in this series. The embolic rate has been very low in both the aortic and mitral positions in the absence of long term anticoagulant treatment. The superior haemodynamic performance of this valve, even in very small sizes, represents an additional advantage and makes it particularly suitable for use in patients with narrow aortic root and in children. The very good results obtained with the pericardial xenograft fully justify its continued clinical use in the aortic, mitral and tricuspid positions.", "PMID": 694896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9997", "title": "[Three years experience with biological heart valve prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "Increasing clinical experience has led to a world wide expansion of glutaraldehyde fixed aortic heterografts for valve replacement in patients. The distinct advantage of this valve is a very low rate of thrombembolic complications during the postoperative course. In our hospital 324 such prostheses of the types Hancock and Carpentier have been implanted in 290 patients. In 154 cases follow-up 6 months to 3 years after the operation have been obtained. Thrombembolic complications occured in 1,4%. Other postoperative complications were hepatitis (13,4%), and valvular endocarditis (1,5%). Postoperative control of patients after isolated mitral or aortic valve replacement revealed improved clinical conditions in 90,9%. Dysfunctions of the valve have not been observed. For aortic valve replacement prostheses of a diameter of 27 and 29 mm have been used. In mitral and tricuspid position generally size 31 mm and 33 mm valves were implanted. The decision to use glutaraldehyde fixed biological valves requires the observation of long time results demonstrating reliable mechanical stability of such valves for some decades.", "contents": "[Three years experience with biological heart valve prostheses (author's transl)]. Increasing clinical experience has led to a world wide expansion of glutaraldehyde fixed aortic heterografts for valve replacement in patients. The distinct advantage of this valve is a very low rate of thrombembolic complications during the postoperative course. In our hospital 324 such prostheses of the types Hancock and Carpentier have been implanted in 290 patients. In 154 cases follow-up 6 months to 3 years after the operation have been obtained. Thrombembolic complications occured in 1,4%. Other postoperative complications were hepatitis (13,4%), and valvular endocarditis (1,5%). Postoperative control of patients after isolated mitral or aortic valve replacement revealed improved clinical conditions in 90,9%. Dysfunctions of the valve have not been observed. For aortic valve replacement prostheses of a diameter of 27 and 29 mm have been used. In mitral and tricuspid position generally size 31 mm and 33 mm valves were implanted. The decision to use glutaraldehyde fixed biological valves requires the observation of long time results demonstrating reliable mechanical stability of such valves for some decades.", "PMID": 694895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9998", "title": "[Surgical treatment of massive pulmonary embolism. (Reported of 45 successful embolectomies inclusive 10 with Trendelenburg's technic) (author's transl)].", "content": "45 pulmonary embolectomies have been carried out successfully, 10 by Trendelenburg's procedure, 35 with extracorporeal circulation. The latter method gives satisfactory results (34 survivals out of 36 attempts since 1970) and appears to be the procedure of choice. Any pulmonary trauma should be avoided at operation; embolectomy is done by intra-vascular suction. The hemodynamic status was always abnormal: 5 initial cardiac arrests, 20 cases of severe shock (9 demonstrating cardiac arrest on the operating table) and 11 cases with less severe shock. In 9 cases cyanosis, respiratory distress and signs of acute cor pulmonale were the clinical features of the massive embolus. In 9 patients the operation was performed after an unsuccessful trial of thrombolysis. Preoperative pulmonary angiography could be performed in 30 cases and always showed extensive pulmonary vascular obstruction of 60 to 95 per cent. These data are important for diagnosis and for assessment of the prognosis. Despite of present medical treatment with fibrinolytics, surgery is still advisable in the treatment of massive pulmonary embolism. The indications are moribund patients, those in whom thrombolysis is contraindicated or unsuccessful and those with massive pulmonary obstruction (greater than 60 per cent). In this latter subset thrombolytic therapy carries a high level of mortality.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of massive pulmonary embolism. (Reported of 45 successful embolectomies inclusive 10 with Trendelenburg's technic) (author's transl)]. 45 pulmonary embolectomies have been carried out successfully, 10 by Trendelenburg's procedure, 35 with extracorporeal circulation. The latter method gives satisfactory results (34 survivals out of 36 attempts since 1970) and appears to be the procedure of choice. Any pulmonary trauma should be avoided at operation; embolectomy is done by intra-vascular suction. The hemodynamic status was always abnormal: 5 initial cardiac arrests, 20 cases of severe shock (9 demonstrating cardiac arrest on the operating table) and 11 cases with less severe shock. In 9 cases cyanosis, respiratory distress and signs of acute cor pulmonale were the clinical features of the massive embolus. In 9 patients the operation was performed after an unsuccessful trial of thrombolysis. Preoperative pulmonary angiography could be performed in 30 cases and always showed extensive pulmonary vascular obstruction of 60 to 95 per cent. These data are important for diagnosis and for assessment of the prognosis. Despite of present medical treatment with fibrinolytics, surgery is still advisable in the treatment of massive pulmonary embolism. The indications are moribund patients, those in whom thrombolysis is contraindicated or unsuccessful and those with massive pulmonary obstruction (greater than 60 per cent). In this latter subset thrombolytic therapy carries a high level of mortality.", "PMID": 694897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_9999", "title": "[Surgical therapy of postinfarct tachyarrhythmia (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirteen patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias after myocardial infarction underwent surgery at the heart wall or at the coronary vessels. Ten of these patients had an aneurysm of the anterior wall or akinesia of the anterior wall which in some cases was associated with stenosis of the right coronary artery or of the circumflex artery. One patient showed an isolated stenosis of the right coronary artery. One patient died from recurrent ventricular fibrillation during hospitalization, another patient died from reinfarction 4 months later. All the other patients could be discharged and were improved significantly.", "contents": "[Surgical therapy of postinfarct tachyarrhythmia (author's transl)]. Thirteen patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias after myocardial infarction underwent surgery at the heart wall or at the coronary vessels. Ten of these patients had an aneurysm of the anterior wall or akinesia of the anterior wall which in some cases was associated with stenosis of the right coronary artery or of the circumflex artery. One patient showed an isolated stenosis of the right coronary artery. One patient died from recurrent ventricular fibrillation during hospitalization, another patient died from reinfarction 4 months later. All the other patients could be discharged and were improved significantly.", "PMID": 694898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10000", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of stenoses of the large airways by means of lung function tests (author's transl)].", "content": "The different pathophysiological mechanisms involved in producing airflow obstruction at different sites in the tracheobronchial tree enable their differentiation by means of pulmonary function tests. These tests include volume-time measurements at forced in- and expiration, flow-volume measurements forced in- and expiration and flow-pressure measurements in the bodyplethysmograph during quiet breathing. In 23 patients with localized stenosis of the central tracheobronchial tree (12 with extra-thoracic tracheal stenosis, 4 with intrathoracic tracheal stenosis and 7 with main bronchus stenosis) the following parameters proved to be of diagnostic value: In the differential diagnosis of intra-extra-thoracic tracheal stenosis the forced in-expiratory flow-volume curve, in main bronchus stenosis the plethysmographically obtained flow-pressure curve with a large phase lag at zero flow (\"trapped air\"). In extreme cases the qualitative analysis of the spirogram in connection with the static lung volumes can be diagnostic.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of stenoses of the large airways by means of lung function tests (author's transl)]. The different pathophysiological mechanisms involved in producing airflow obstruction at different sites in the tracheobronchial tree enable their differentiation by means of pulmonary function tests. These tests include volume-time measurements at forced in- and expiration, flow-volume measurements forced in- and expiration and flow-pressure measurements in the bodyplethysmograph during quiet breathing. In 23 patients with localized stenosis of the central tracheobronchial tree (12 with extra-thoracic tracheal stenosis, 4 with intrathoracic tracheal stenosis and 7 with main bronchus stenosis) the following parameters proved to be of diagnostic value: In the differential diagnosis of intra-extra-thoracic tracheal stenosis the forced in-expiratory flow-volume curve, in main bronchus stenosis the plethysmographically obtained flow-pressure curve with a large phase lag at zero flow (\"trapped air\"). In extreme cases the qualitative analysis of the spirogram in connection with the static lung volumes can be diagnostic.", "PMID": 694899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10001", "title": "[Laryngeal release for tracheal resection (author's transl)].", "content": "Mobilization of the larynx resulting in a 2 to 2.5 cm gain of length can be used in tracheal resection as an alternative to more extensive procedures within the thorax with their specific complications. In the method of Dedo and Fishman the cranial insertions of the thyrohyoid muscle are resected, the thyrohyoid membrane is divided and the two horns of the thyrohyoid cartilage are cut. Difficulties in swallowing may persist for long periods of time but usually can be overcome. In the suprahyoideal method of Montgomery the cranial muscle-insertions at the hyoid are divided and the hyoid bone is transsected leaving the small and large horns. Disturbances of swallowing are not to be expected with this method. Likewise postoperative tube-feeding is not required. The suprahyoid method probably is to be preferred.", "contents": "[Laryngeal release for tracheal resection (author's transl)]. Mobilization of the larynx resulting in a 2 to 2.5 cm gain of length can be used in tracheal resection as an alternative to more extensive procedures within the thorax with their specific complications. In the method of Dedo and Fishman the cranial insertions of the thyrohyoid muscle are resected, the thyrohyoid membrane is divided and the two horns of the thyrohyoid cartilage are cut. Difficulties in swallowing may persist for long periods of time but usually can be overcome. In the suprahyoideal method of Montgomery the cranial muscle-insertions at the hyoid are divided and the hyoid bone is transsected leaving the small and large horns. Disturbances of swallowing are not to be expected with this method. Likewise postoperative tube-feeding is not required. The suprahyoid method probably is to be preferred.", "PMID": 694900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10002", "title": "[The transmediastinal pleurotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A new surgical method is presented, the transmediastinal pleurotomy. With this technique it is possible to explore the opposite lung from a standard thoracotomy and to perform diagnostic or therapeutic resections in suitable cases. So far we have performed 20 transmediastinal pleurotomies without any complications.", "contents": "[The transmediastinal pleurotomy (author's transl)]. A new surgical method is presented, the transmediastinal pleurotomy. With this technique it is possible to explore the opposite lung from a standard thoracotomy and to perform diagnostic or therapeutic resections in suitable cases. So far we have performed 20 transmediastinal pleurotomies without any complications.", "PMID": 694901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10003", "title": "[Assessment of preserving resections in broncho-pulmonary carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Postulating that sufficient radicality in operative treatment of all forms of broncho-pulmonary carcinoma is only guaranteed by lobectomy or pneumonectomy 80% of the patients will be inoperable due to anatomical or functional reasons. From the surgical and technical point of view this number can hardly be changed. However, functional limits could be overcome by the use of segmental or subsegmental methods of resection in adequate cases of tumor localization. 88 patients, who had segmental or subsegmental resection more than five years ago were reinvestigated. Out of these patients, one had died postoperatively, 43% had died of their primary tumor disease and 17% of other diseases. 40% had survived the follow-up period. 60% of our patients with tumor stage T1N0 were still alive after 3.5 years. Considering the lack of alternative treatment limited lung resection can be of real advantage when applied critically.", "contents": "[Assessment of preserving resections in broncho-pulmonary carcinoma (author's transl)]. Postulating that sufficient radicality in operative treatment of all forms of broncho-pulmonary carcinoma is only guaranteed by lobectomy or pneumonectomy 80% of the patients will be inoperable due to anatomical or functional reasons. From the surgical and technical point of view this number can hardly be changed. However, functional limits could be overcome by the use of segmental or subsegmental methods of resection in adequate cases of tumor localization. 88 patients, who had segmental or subsegmental resection more than five years ago were reinvestigated. Out of these patients, one had died postoperatively, 43% had died of their primary tumor disease and 17% of other diseases. 40% had survived the follow-up period. 60% of our patients with tumor stage T1N0 were still alive after 3.5 years. Considering the lack of alternative treatment limited lung resection can be of real advantage when applied critically.", "PMID": 694902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10004", "title": "[Behavior of ldh and its isoenzymes after cardiac surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The degree of intraoperative myocardial injury was determined in two groups undergoing different methods of myocardial protection by observing the LDH and its isoenzymes up to the 11th postoperative day. Both groups consisted of patients who underwent mitral- and aortic-valve replacement. In the first group myocardial protection consisted of Kirsch cardioplegia (2) combined with conventional coronary perfusion in cases of aortic-valve replacement. In the second group the same initial cardioplegic procedure was followed by the noncorpuscular, hypothermic and aerobic coronary perfusion by Bleese and D\u00f6ring (1). No difference was noted among the mitral valve patients. During the 11 days postoperative period, the aortic valve patients in the first group demonstrated a significantly higher LDH activity than the mitral-valve cases whereas LDH activity of aortic-valve patients in the second group resembled that of the mitral valve cases. Since the length of extracorporal circulation and ischemia did not vary significantly, the LDH behavior in the aortic-valve cases of the first group may be explained by the inferiority of the myocardial protection method used. In comparison with the other methods conventional coronary perfusion resulted in more myocardial injury.", "contents": "[Behavior of ldh and its isoenzymes after cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. The degree of intraoperative myocardial injury was determined in two groups undergoing different methods of myocardial protection by observing the LDH and its isoenzymes up to the 11th postoperative day. Both groups consisted of patients who underwent mitral- and aortic-valve replacement. In the first group myocardial protection consisted of Kirsch cardioplegia (2) combined with conventional coronary perfusion in cases of aortic-valve replacement. In the second group the same initial cardioplegic procedure was followed by the noncorpuscular, hypothermic and aerobic coronary perfusion by Bleese and D\u00f6ring (1). No difference was noted among the mitral valve patients. During the 11 days postoperative period, the aortic valve patients in the first group demonstrated a significantly higher LDH activity than the mitral-valve cases whereas LDH activity of aortic-valve patients in the second group resembled that of the mitral valve cases. Since the length of extracorporal circulation and ischemia did not vary significantly, the LDH behavior in the aortic-valve cases of the first group may be explained by the inferiority of the myocardial protection method used. In comparison with the other methods conventional coronary perfusion resulted in more myocardial injury.", "PMID": 694903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10005", "title": "Tuberculosis associated with HLA--B8, BfS in a Newfoundland community study.", "content": "In three adjacent Newfoundland communities comprising some 1500 people, 589 people have been HLA typed. Forty-six of the typed people gave a history of previous clinical tuberculosis which required treatment. Fifty-six percent of the TB patients carried HLA B8 compared with 20% of the remainder of the population. This is a highly significant difference (P less than 0.01). In each community the frequency of B8 as an epidemiological marker correlated with the incidence of tuberculosis. B8 is associated with TB in ths study with a relative risk of 5.2 which compares with combined relative risks in the literature for coeliac disease and Addison's disease of 9.5 and 6.4, respectively, and which is greater than the risks for all the other B8-related diseases. The factor B allele, Bf S, was found on all the B8 haplotypes, but the overall Bf gene frequencies in tuberculosis patients did not deviate from expected values.", "contents": "Tuberculosis associated with HLA--B8, BfS in a Newfoundland community study. In three adjacent Newfoundland communities comprising some 1500 people, 589 people have been HLA typed. Forty-six of the typed people gave a history of previous clinical tuberculosis which required treatment. Fifty-six percent of the TB patients carried HLA B8 compared with 20% of the remainder of the population. This is a highly significant difference (P less than 0.01). In each community the frequency of B8 as an epidemiological marker correlated with the incidence of tuberculosis. B8 is associated with TB in ths study with a relative risk of 5.2 which compares with combined relative risks in the literature for coeliac disease and Addison's disease of 9.5 and 6.4, respectively, and which is greater than the risks for all the other B8-related diseases. The factor B allele, Bf S, was found on all the B8 haplotypes, but the overall Bf gene frequencies in tuberculosis patients did not deviate from expected values.", "PMID": 694904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10006", "title": "HLA--Bw54 (Bw22-J, J-1) antigen in juvenile onset diabetes mellitus in Japan.", "content": "HLA--B8 and/or Bw15, associated with juvenile onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (JDM) in Caucasians, have a very low frequency in the Japanese population. Thus, we were interested in investigating the association between JDM and HLA antigen in a Japanese population. Eighty-nine patients with JDM and 128 unrelated random controls were HLA-typed by the microlymphocytotoxicity test. The data revealed a significant, positive association between this type of diabetes mellitus and HLA--Bw54 (Bw22-J, J-1) antigen (Japanese-specific split antigen of HLA--Bw22).", "contents": "HLA--Bw54 (Bw22-J, J-1) antigen in juvenile onset diabetes mellitus in Japan. HLA--B8 and/or Bw15, associated with juvenile onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (JDM) in Caucasians, have a very low frequency in the Japanese population. Thus, we were interested in investigating the association between JDM and HLA antigen in a Japanese population. Eighty-nine patients with JDM and 128 unrelated random controls were HLA-typed by the microlymphocytotoxicity test. The data revealed a significant, positive association between this type of diabetes mellitus and HLA--Bw54 (Bw22-J, J-1) antigen (Japanese-specific split antigen of HLA--Bw22).", "PMID": 694905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10007", "title": "HLA--D typing in 72 psoriasis vulgaris patients: distribution of seven HLA--D alleles.", "content": "The phenotype distribution of seven HLA--D alleles among 72 unrelated Psoriasis vulgaris patients was investigated. Statistically significant deviation from the antigen frequency in healthy donors was found for a new HLA--D allele, locally designated EI, with a relative risk value of 5.97. This observation indicates that Psoriasis vulgaris belongs to the group of diseases with associations to HLA--B as well as HLA--D alleles.", "contents": "HLA--D typing in 72 psoriasis vulgaris patients: distribution of seven HLA--D alleles. The phenotype distribution of seven HLA--D alleles among 72 unrelated Psoriasis vulgaris patients was investigated. Statistically significant deviation from the antigen frequency in healthy donors was found for a new HLA--D allele, locally designated EI, with a relative risk value of 5.97. This observation indicates that Psoriasis vulgaris belongs to the group of diseases with associations to HLA--B as well as HLA--D alleles.", "PMID": 694906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10008", "title": "HLA--B27 homozygosity in ankylosing spondylitis: relationship to risk and severity.", "content": "The observed frequency of apparent homozygotes for HLA--B27 (15.5%) was significantly greater than the estimated expected frequency (4.2%) among 58 B27-positive Caucasian patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (P less than 0.0005). Search of the literature uncovered four other studies in each of which the frequency of apparent homozygotes was shown by our analysis to be greater than expected. These analyses indicated that B27 homozygotes are more susceptible to developing AS than are B27 heterozygotes. Comparison of the clinical features of AS showed no differences between heterozygotes and apparent homozygotes except for a higher frequency of involvement of peripheral joints in the latter group.", "contents": "HLA--B27 homozygosity in ankylosing spondylitis: relationship to risk and severity. The observed frequency of apparent homozygotes for HLA--B27 (15.5%) was significantly greater than the estimated expected frequency (4.2%) among 58 B27-positive Caucasian patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (P less than 0.0005). Search of the literature uncovered four other studies in each of which the frequency of apparent homozygotes was shown by our analysis to be greater than expected. These analyses indicated that B27 homozygotes are more susceptible to developing AS than are B27 heterozygotes. Comparison of the clinical features of AS showed no differences between heterozygotes and apparent homozygotes except for a higher frequency of involvement of peripheral joints in the latter group.", "PMID": 694907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10009", "title": "Anti-H-2Dd antibodies cross-react with HLA--A11 and Aw31.", "content": "Significant correlation was found between the cytotoxicity scoring grade (CSG) of an alloimmune mouse anti--H--2Dd serum with the presence of HLA--A11 and HLA--Aw31 on human lymphocytes. The finding shows a new type of H--2/HLA cross-reactivity and a hitherto unknown relationship (XENO-CREG) between two HLA antigens.", "contents": "Anti-H-2Dd antibodies cross-react with HLA--A11 and Aw31. Significant correlation was found between the cytotoxicity scoring grade (CSG) of an alloimmune mouse anti--H--2Dd serum with the presence of HLA--A11 and HLA--Aw31 on human lymphocytes. The finding shows a new type of H--2/HLA cross-reactivity and a hitherto unknown relationship (XENO-CREG) between two HLA antigens.", "PMID": 694908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10010", "title": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis: linkage with HLA.", "content": "Forty-eight unrelated patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis were found to have a significantly higher frequency of three HLA antigens (A3, B7 and B14) than 591 healthy controls. A significant association between HLA haplotypes and disease segregations was demonstrated in 14 family studies. A recessive inheritance of a strongly A3-linked disease gene responsible for abnormal iron stores in the heterozygote state is postulated. The lod score value (4.415 for theta = 0.025) is compatible with this hypothesis. However, the excess of HLA-identical pairs of affected sibs does not exclude the possibility of a pseudo-recessiveness due to two codominant genes both HLA-linked. For the first time, a means of screening for high risk subjects is available and therefore offers the possibility of a preventive approach.", "contents": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis: linkage with HLA. Forty-eight unrelated patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis were found to have a significantly higher frequency of three HLA antigens (A3, B7 and B14) than 591 healthy controls. A significant association between HLA haplotypes and disease segregations was demonstrated in 14 family studies. A recessive inheritance of a strongly A3-linked disease gene responsible for abnormal iron stores in the heterozygote state is postulated. The lod score value (4.415 for theta = 0.025) is compatible with this hypothesis. However, the excess of HLA-identical pairs of affected sibs does not exclude the possibility of a pseudo-recessiveness due to two codominant genes both HLA-linked. For the first time, a means of screening for high risk subjects is available and therefore offers the possibility of a preventive approach.", "PMID": 694909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10011", "title": "HLA association studies in black sarcoidosis patients.", "content": "The frequencies of HLA antigens were determined in 32 black sarcoidosis patients and in 89 normal black controls. Aw23 was found in 23.6% of controls as compared with a lower frequency (6.2%) in patients (P = 0.06). No other associations were found.", "contents": "HLA association studies in black sarcoidosis patients. The frequencies of HLA antigens were determined in 32 black sarcoidosis patients and in 89 normal black controls. Aw23 was found in 23.6% of controls as compared with a lower frequency (6.2%) in patients (P = 0.06). No other associations were found.", "PMID": 694910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10012", "title": "The major histocompatibility complex of chimpanzees: identification of several new antigens controlled by the A and B loci of ChLa.", "content": "The serology and genetics of 17 serologically defined tissue antigens of chimpanzees is described. Analysis of their distribution in 200 unrelated chimpanzees and their segregation in a large number of chimp families suggests that 14 of the antigens are controlled by two closely linked loci: seven by the A and seven by the B locus of ChLA. Typing of chimpanzees with human alloantisera revealed that several of those A and B locus antigens of ChLA are the chimp's serological counterparts of A and B locus antigens of the human HLA system, respectively. One of the newly discovered chimp antigens may be defined by a \"third series\" of ChLA, most likely the chimp's analogue of the human HLA-C series. The probable existence of a ChLA-linked D locus of chimpanzees and similarities between D-locus and Ia-locus (DRw) antigens of chimpanzee and man, are also briefly discussed.", "contents": "The major histocompatibility complex of chimpanzees: identification of several new antigens controlled by the A and B loci of ChLa. The serology and genetics of 17 serologically defined tissue antigens of chimpanzees is described. Analysis of their distribution in 200 unrelated chimpanzees and their segregation in a large number of chimp families suggests that 14 of the antigens are controlled by two closely linked loci: seven by the A and seven by the B locus of ChLA. Typing of chimpanzees with human alloantisera revealed that several of those A and B locus antigens of ChLA are the chimp's serological counterparts of A and B locus antigens of the human HLA system, respectively. One of the newly discovered chimp antigens may be defined by a \"third series\" of ChLA, most likely the chimp's analogue of the human HLA-C series. The probable existence of a ChLA-linked D locus of chimpanzees and similarities between D-locus and Ia-locus (DRw) antigens of chimpanzee and man, are also briefly discussed.", "PMID": 694913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10013", "title": "HLA in systemic lupus erythematosus: influence on severity.", "content": "Forty-four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were classified as mild or more severe on the basis of renal biopsy changes and the degree of proteinuria. The HLA phenotype A2 plus B7 was associated with the mild cases, while A1 plus B8 was associated with more severe disease. These findings suggest that immunogenetic factors are important in determining the severity of SLE and that combinations of HLA-A and -B locus antigens may be significant in HLA disease associations.", "contents": "HLA in systemic lupus erythematosus: influence on severity. Forty-four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were classified as mild or more severe on the basis of renal biopsy changes and the degree of proteinuria. The HLA phenotype A2 plus B7 was associated with the mild cases, while A1 plus B8 was associated with more severe disease. These findings suggest that immunogenetic factors are important in determining the severity of SLE and that combinations of HLA-A and -B locus antigens may be significant in HLA disease associations.", "PMID": 694914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10014", "title": "Individual mice of one inbred strain produce anti-H-2 and anti-HLA antibodies of different specificities.", "content": "During the course of a routine H-2 alloimmunization, individual mice within a group of inbred animals produced anti-MHS antibodies of differing specificities. These different antibody populations were directed against various but probably cross-reacting components of complex HLA and H-2 gene products.", "contents": "Individual mice of one inbred strain produce anti-H-2 and anti-HLA antibodies of different specificities. During the course of a routine H-2 alloimmunization, individual mice within a group of inbred animals produced anti-MHS antibodies of differing specificities. These different antibody populations were directed against various but probably cross-reacting components of complex HLA and H-2 gene products.", "PMID": 694915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10015", "title": "Fragmentation of human albumin with proteolytic enzymes and its antigenicity with special reference to human-specificity.", "content": "Human albumin prepared by the trichloroacetic acid method was treated with bromelin, ficin, papain, pronase or trypsin. Pronase- or trypsin-treated albumin showed four fragments on polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. When rabbit antiserum to pronase-treated albumin was adsorbed with monkey albumin, antibody with human specificity was completely abolished, whereas anti-albumin serum adsorbed with pronase-treated albumin retained the antibody to human albumin. It was considered that antigenic site with human specificity in albumin structure was inactivated by pronase.", "contents": "Fragmentation of human albumin with proteolytic enzymes and its antigenicity with special reference to human-specificity. Human albumin prepared by the trichloroacetic acid method was treated with bromelin, ficin, papain, pronase or trypsin. Pronase- or trypsin-treated albumin showed four fragments on polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. When rabbit antiserum to pronase-treated albumin was adsorbed with monkey albumin, antibody with human specificity was completely abolished, whereas anti-albumin serum adsorbed with pronase-treated albumin retained the antibody to human albumin. It was considered that antigenic site with human specificity in albumin structure was inactivated by pronase.", "PMID": 694918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10016", "title": "Pathology of malignant nephrosclerosis with special reference to the difference between histologic manifestations of pure and exacerbated forms.", "content": "Fourteen autopsied cases of malignant nephrosclerosis were classified into 6 of pure form in which syndrome of malignant hypertension developed from the beginning of the disease, and 8 of exacerbated form with appearance of the syndrome in the course of essential hypertension. Pathohistological study of these cases elucidated the differences in histologic manifestations between pure and exacerbated forms of malignant nephrosclerosis as to which little had been known as yet. In the pure form arterioles and small arteries characteristically demonstrated acute or recent lesions such as fibrinoid necrosis and hemorrhage into intima, and intimal cellular hyperplasia of somewhat longer duration, whereas in the exacerbated form coexistence of vascular lesions of various intensities and durations, acute (fibrinoid necrosis and hemorrhage), intermediate (intimal cellular hyperplasia) to chronic (sclerosis and lamellar elastosis), and superposition of more recent vascular lesions on more advanced or older ones were noted. Superposition of vascular alterations was interpreted to be not necessarily specific for exacerbated form but histologic manifestation of recurrence which is liable to be the case more frequently in exacerbated form than in pure form in the longer course of essential hypertension or of malignant hypertension. Some other related problems were also considered and discussed.", "contents": "Pathology of malignant nephrosclerosis with special reference to the difference between histologic manifestations of pure and exacerbated forms. Fourteen autopsied cases of malignant nephrosclerosis were classified into 6 of pure form in which syndrome of malignant hypertension developed from the beginning of the disease, and 8 of exacerbated form with appearance of the syndrome in the course of essential hypertension. Pathohistological study of these cases elucidated the differences in histologic manifestations between pure and exacerbated forms of malignant nephrosclerosis as to which little had been known as yet. In the pure form arterioles and small arteries characteristically demonstrated acute or recent lesions such as fibrinoid necrosis and hemorrhage into intima, and intimal cellular hyperplasia of somewhat longer duration, whereas in the exacerbated form coexistence of vascular lesions of various intensities and durations, acute (fibrinoid necrosis and hemorrhage), intermediate (intimal cellular hyperplasia) to chronic (sclerosis and lamellar elastosis), and superposition of more recent vascular lesions on more advanced or older ones were noted. Superposition of vascular alterations was interpreted to be not necessarily specific for exacerbated form but histologic manifestation of recurrence which is liable to be the case more frequently in exacerbated form than in pure form in the longer course of essential hypertension or of malignant hypertension. Some other related problems were also considered and discussed.", "PMID": 694919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10017", "title": "Risk of systemic infections associated with umbilical vessel catheterization.", "content": "The purpose of the present study is to determine the risk of infections associated with umbilical vessel catheterization. During a period of recent four years, 97 catheters were inserted into the umbilical vessels of 94 newborn infants in a newborn nursery. Thirty percent of the catheter tips were colonized upon removal with pathogens (11%) and contaminants. The rate of catheter colonization was not dependent on sex, gestational age, birth weight and duration of catheterization. Bacteria were isolated from blood specimen drawn via the catheter upon removal in one patient, but blood sample from peripheral artery and catheter tip yielded no organisms in this patient. One patient (1%) was found to be septicemic while the catheter was in place. Culture of the catheter tip and blood drawn via the catheter proved unreliable in the diagnosis of subsequent systemic infection. Judicious surveillance for systemic infection by peripheral blood culture is necessary.", "contents": "Risk of systemic infections associated with umbilical vessel catheterization. The purpose of the present study is to determine the risk of infections associated with umbilical vessel catheterization. During a period of recent four years, 97 catheters were inserted into the umbilical vessels of 94 newborn infants in a newborn nursery. Thirty percent of the catheter tips were colonized upon removal with pathogens (11%) and contaminants. The rate of catheter colonization was not dependent on sex, gestational age, birth weight and duration of catheterization. Bacteria were isolated from blood specimen drawn via the catheter upon removal in one patient, but blood sample from peripheral artery and catheter tip yielded no organisms in this patient. One patient (1%) was found to be septicemic while the catheter was in place. Culture of the catheter tip and blood drawn via the catheter proved unreliable in the diagnosis of subsequent systemic infection. Judicious surveillance for systemic infection by peripheral blood culture is necessary.", "PMID": 694920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10018", "title": "Elevated plasma renin activity in patients with acute pyelonephritis.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with acute pyelonephritis were studied with regard to the changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) along the clinical course of the disease. 1) Abnormally high PRA was found in 64% of patients in the active stage of acute pyelonephritis; they showed a decrease in urinary output of sodium, a reduction in creatinine clearance, and high indices of inflammatory activity. 2) The changes of PRA in the course of acute pyelonephritis were negatively correlated to the urinary sodium excretion and creatinine clearance, but positively to the activity of inflammation, serum sodium concentration and the number of E. coli in the urine. PRA returned to normal with the improvement of pyelonephritis. 3) Concerning the mechanism of hyperreninemia in the active stage of the disease, the following three factors may be considered; renal ischemia, negative sodium balance in the body, and inflammation. Of these, the negative sodium balance seems to be the most important. The patients could not take enough foods to maintain their energy and sodium balance because of fever and pain. 4) The significance of resting PRA in acute pyelonephritis might be to reflect the sodium status in the body, but not to be related to hypertension.", "contents": "Elevated plasma renin activity in patients with acute pyelonephritis. Thirty-three patients with acute pyelonephritis were studied with regard to the changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) along the clinical course of the disease. 1) Abnormally high PRA was found in 64% of patients in the active stage of acute pyelonephritis; they showed a decrease in urinary output of sodium, a reduction in creatinine clearance, and high indices of inflammatory activity. 2) The changes of PRA in the course of acute pyelonephritis were negatively correlated to the urinary sodium excretion and creatinine clearance, but positively to the activity of inflammation, serum sodium concentration and the number of E. coli in the urine. PRA returned to normal with the improvement of pyelonephritis. 3) Concerning the mechanism of hyperreninemia in the active stage of the disease, the following three factors may be considered; renal ischemia, negative sodium balance in the body, and inflammation. Of these, the negative sodium balance seems to be the most important. The patients could not take enough foods to maintain their energy and sodium balance because of fever and pain. 4) The significance of resting PRA in acute pyelonephritis might be to reflect the sodium status in the body, but not to be related to hypertension.", "PMID": 694921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10019", "title": "Alterations in surface glycoproteins and level of sialyltransferase activity of human embryo kidney cells infected with oncogenic adenovirus type 12.", "content": "Human embryo kidney (HEK) cells infected with adenovirus type 12 and its cytocidal mutants (Cyt) synthesized different glycoproteins respectively on the cell surface at the early stage of infection. Furthermore, a less and a highly tumorigenic Cyt mutants synthesized different glycoproteins. The level of sialyltransferase activity in the microsomes of HEK cells was increased when cells were infected with adenovirus type 12. It was confirmed that there was a positive correlation between the sialyltransferase activity in the microsomes and tumorigenicity.", "contents": "Alterations in surface glycoproteins and level of sialyltransferase activity of human embryo kidney cells infected with oncogenic adenovirus type 12. Human embryo kidney (HEK) cells infected with adenovirus type 12 and its cytocidal mutants (Cyt) synthesized different glycoproteins respectively on the cell surface at the early stage of infection. Furthermore, a less and a highly tumorigenic Cyt mutants synthesized different glycoproteins. The level of sialyltransferase activity in the microsomes of HEK cells was increased when cells were infected with adenovirus type 12. It was confirmed that there was a positive correlation between the sialyltransferase activity in the microsomes and tumorigenicity.", "PMID": 694922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10020", "title": "Immediate changes of the electroencephalograms after intravenous injection of clonazepam and their relation to its effect on clinical fits in children with minor seizures.", "content": "Immediate EEG changes after intravenous administration of clonazepam and a correlation between the EEG changes and the effect of oral administration of the drug were studied in 21 children with minor seizures whose interictal EEG showed a paroxysmal abnormality. In 13 cases of infantile spasms whose EEG showed hypasrhythmia, paroxysmal discharges were completely or remarkably suppressed in 4 cases, partially suppressed in 3 cases, but not improved in 6 cases. Suppression bursts pattern was less improved. In 5 cases of Lennox syndrome, paroxysmal discharges were markedly improved in 3 cases. In a case of petit mal absence, parxoxysmal discharges were completely suppressed. In all 5 cases whose EEGs were completely improved, paroxysmal discharges reappeared 7 to 30 min after the intravenous injection. In 2 out of the 5 cases, paroxysmal discharges became severer at reappearance than before the injection. Among 12 cases whose EEG showed an improvement after the intravenous injection, their clinical seizures were improved in 9 cases, but the clinical effect was mostly transient. In the majority of the cases whose EEGs were not improved, no clinical effect was observed. There was a highly significant correlation between immediate EEG changes and clinical effect of clonazepam (p less than 0.02 by the chi-square test).", "contents": "Immediate changes of the electroencephalograms after intravenous injection of clonazepam and their relation to its effect on clinical fits in children with minor seizures. Immediate EEG changes after intravenous administration of clonazepam and a correlation between the EEG changes and the effect of oral administration of the drug were studied in 21 children with minor seizures whose interictal EEG showed a paroxysmal abnormality. In 13 cases of infantile spasms whose EEG showed hypasrhythmia, paroxysmal discharges were completely or remarkably suppressed in 4 cases, partially suppressed in 3 cases, but not improved in 6 cases. Suppression bursts pattern was less improved. In 5 cases of Lennox syndrome, paroxysmal discharges were markedly improved in 3 cases. In a case of petit mal absence, parxoxysmal discharges were completely suppressed. In all 5 cases whose EEGs were completely improved, paroxysmal discharges reappeared 7 to 30 min after the intravenous injection. In 2 out of the 5 cases, paroxysmal discharges became severer at reappearance than before the injection. Among 12 cases whose EEG showed an improvement after the intravenous injection, their clinical seizures were improved in 9 cases, but the clinical effect was mostly transient. In the majority of the cases whose EEGs were not improved, no clinical effect was observed. There was a highly significant correlation between immediate EEG changes and clinical effect of clonazepam (p less than 0.02 by the chi-square test).", "PMID": 694924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10021", "title": "Autopsy findings in a case of acute paraquat poisoning with extensive cerebral purpura.", "content": "An autopsy case of paraquat poisoning in an adult male died on the 6th day of intoxication was presented. Histological and electron microscopic observations demonstrated interstitial pneumonia with distinct interstitial fibrosis and the initial stage of alveolar fibrosis with coexisting edema and hyaline membrane formation. Striking hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy, i.e. 'purpura cerebri,' was noted throughout the central nervous system involving almost exclusively the white matter. It consisted of focal hemorrhages of various stages accompanied by demyelinating processes of various extent. Globular and/or amorphous proteinaceous materials of uncertain nature were demonstrated in the vascular lumina throughout the brain.", "contents": "Autopsy findings in a case of acute paraquat poisoning with extensive cerebral purpura. An autopsy case of paraquat poisoning in an adult male died on the 6th day of intoxication was presented. Histological and electron microscopic observations demonstrated interstitial pneumonia with distinct interstitial fibrosis and the initial stage of alveolar fibrosis with coexisting edema and hyaline membrane formation. Striking hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy, i.e. 'purpura cerebri,' was noted throughout the central nervous system involving almost exclusively the white matter. It consisted of focal hemorrhages of various stages accompanied by demyelinating processes of various extent. Globular and/or amorphous proteinaceous materials of uncertain nature were demonstrated in the vascular lumina throughout the brain.", "PMID": 694925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10022", "title": "Effect of anticonvulsant therapy on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level.", "content": "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in young patients receiving anticonvulsants were assayed. They had neither retardation of physical and psychomotor development nor malnutrition. The patients treated with phenobarbital alone revealed rather high levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D during 2 months after institution of the therapy, then they gradually returned to the normal level by the end of 3 to 5 months and thereafter decreased further, while a marked decrease of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels was observed in patients receiving combined anticonvulsant (phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin and others) therapy even during 1 to 2 months after initiation of the treatment. Our results suggest that the patients who have combined anticonvulsant therapy will have more tendency to suffer from osteomalacia than those who have phenobarbital alone.", "contents": "Effect of anticonvulsant therapy on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in young patients receiving anticonvulsants were assayed. They had neither retardation of physical and psychomotor development nor malnutrition. The patients treated with phenobarbital alone revealed rather high levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D during 2 months after institution of the therapy, then they gradually returned to the normal level by the end of 3 to 5 months and thereafter decreased further, while a marked decrease of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels was observed in patients receiving combined anticonvulsant (phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin and others) therapy even during 1 to 2 months after initiation of the treatment. Our results suggest that the patients who have combined anticonvulsant therapy will have more tendency to suffer from osteomalacia than those who have phenobarbital alone.", "PMID": 694926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10023", "title": "Inhibition of the electrical and mechanical activities of the intestinal smooth muscle by pentagastrin.", "content": "Spontaneous electrical activity of the intestine smooth muscle of the cat consisted of slow waves and spikes. The spike activity and the slow wave generation were inhibited by pentagastrin and tetragastrin. Phasic contraction corresponding with the electrical activity was also abolished by pentagastrin and tetragastrin. Adrenaline showed the inhibitory action on the spike activity and phasic contraction, but slow waves persisted against adrenaline. Propranolol depressed this inhibitory action produced by adrenaline, while it did not block the inhibitory action by pentagastrin. The inhibitory effect of pentagastrin was not influenced by caffeine or theophylline. Imidazole depressed slightly the inhibitory action of pentagastrin. Verapamil inhibited the spike activity. Additional application of pentagastrin after verapamil produced further inhibition of both slow wave generation and phasic contraction. These results suggest that the inhibitory action produced by pentagastrin on the electrical and mechanical activities is directly on the smooth muscle cell membrane mediated through a mechanism other than via beta-receptors. It is also suggested that the primary action of pentagastrin is to inhibit the generation of slow waves of the intestinal smooth muscle.", "contents": "Inhibition of the electrical and mechanical activities of the intestinal smooth muscle by pentagastrin. Spontaneous electrical activity of the intestine smooth muscle of the cat consisted of slow waves and spikes. The spike activity and the slow wave generation were inhibited by pentagastrin and tetragastrin. Phasic contraction corresponding with the electrical activity was also abolished by pentagastrin and tetragastrin. Adrenaline showed the inhibitory action on the spike activity and phasic contraction, but slow waves persisted against adrenaline. Propranolol depressed this inhibitory action produced by adrenaline, while it did not block the inhibitory action by pentagastrin. The inhibitory effect of pentagastrin was not influenced by caffeine or theophylline. Imidazole depressed slightly the inhibitory action of pentagastrin. Verapamil inhibited the spike activity. Additional application of pentagastrin after verapamil produced further inhibition of both slow wave generation and phasic contraction. These results suggest that the inhibitory action produced by pentagastrin on the electrical and mechanical activities is directly on the smooth muscle cell membrane mediated through a mechanism other than via beta-receptors. It is also suggested that the primary action of pentagastrin is to inhibit the generation of slow waves of the intestinal smooth muscle.", "PMID": 694927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10024", "title": "Serum vitamin B12 levels of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "To elucidate the role of vitamin B12 in the formation of anemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis serum B12 levels were investigated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, patients with osteoarthritis and normal subject. Serum B12 level in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was significantly higher than that in patients with osteoarthritis and normal subjects. Serum B12 level increased in proportion to Steinbrocker's stages, and was related more closely to hemoglobin concentration than to erythrocyte count and had a high correlation with alpha1- and alpha2-globulin.", "contents": "Serum vitamin B12 levels of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. To elucidate the role of vitamin B12 in the formation of anemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis serum B12 levels were investigated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, patients with osteoarthritis and normal subject. Serum B12 level in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was significantly higher than that in patients with osteoarthritis and normal subjects. Serum B12 level increased in proportion to Steinbrocker's stages, and was related more closely to hemoglobin concentration than to erythrocyte count and had a high correlation with alpha1- and alpha2-globulin.", "PMID": 694928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10025", "title": "Absorption of 5-fluorouracil through gastric epithelium.", "content": "We examined the amount of 5-Fu absorbed through the gastric epithelium after oral administration in both dogs and patients with bladder tumors. The concentrations of 5-Fu in the serum, bladder wall, tumor mass and regional lymphnodes were sufficiently high to suppress the growth of tumor cells.", "contents": "Absorption of 5-fluorouracil through gastric epithelium. We examined the amount of 5-Fu absorbed through the gastric epithelium after oral administration in both dogs and patients with bladder tumors. The concentrations of 5-Fu in the serum, bladder wall, tumor mass and regional lymphnodes were sufficiently high to suppress the growth of tumor cells.", "PMID": 694929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10026", "title": "The comparative short-term mammalian toxicology of phenarsazine oxide and phenoxarsine oxide.", "content": "Phenoxarsine oxide (PXO) and phenarsazine oxide (PZO) are organic arsenicals used as industrial biocides. The acute LD50 (in mg kg-1) for PZO was 83 (rat) and 77 (guinea pig) and for PXO 40 (rat) and 24 (guinea pig). PXO was more irritant to the gastrointestinal tract. Liver pathology did not occur in PZO-guinea pigs, but PZO was more hepatotoxic than PXO in rats. The acute inhalation L (ct)50 values were 12830 mg min m-3 for PXO and 13650 mg min m-3 for PZO in guinea pigs; death was due to asphyxia. The guinea pig acute L(ct)50 given as a divided dose over 30 days to guinea pigs and rats did not produce toxic signs, but mononuclear cell infiltration of the portal tracts occurred. PXO and PZO were found to be primary skin and eye irritants; PXO produced more severe effects. The no-effect concentration for keratitis with solutions was 0.25% PZO and 0.1% PXO; both compounds caused concentration dependant transient increases in intraocular pressure, the proportionate increases being significantly greater with PXO. Thus, although PXO and PZO are equitoxic by acute inhalation, PXO is more toxic orally and more irritant to the skin, eye and gastrointestinal tract but PZO is more hepatotoxic.", "contents": "The comparative short-term mammalian toxicology of phenarsazine oxide and phenoxarsine oxide. Phenoxarsine oxide (PXO) and phenarsazine oxide (PZO) are organic arsenicals used as industrial biocides. The acute LD50 (in mg kg-1) for PZO was 83 (rat) and 77 (guinea pig) and for PXO 40 (rat) and 24 (guinea pig). PXO was more irritant to the gastrointestinal tract. Liver pathology did not occur in PZO-guinea pigs, but PZO was more hepatotoxic than PXO in rats. The acute inhalation L (ct)50 values were 12830 mg min m-3 for PXO and 13650 mg min m-3 for PZO in guinea pigs; death was due to asphyxia. The guinea pig acute L(ct)50 given as a divided dose over 30 days to guinea pigs and rats did not produce toxic signs, but mononuclear cell infiltration of the portal tracts occurred. PXO and PZO were found to be primary skin and eye irritants; PXO produced more severe effects. The no-effect concentration for keratitis with solutions was 0.25% PZO and 0.1% PXO; both compounds caused concentration dependant transient increases in intraocular pressure, the proportionate increases being significantly greater with PXO. Thus, although PXO and PZO are equitoxic by acute inhalation, PXO is more toxic orally and more irritant to the skin, eye and gastrointestinal tract but PZO is more hepatotoxic.", "PMID": 694943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10027", "title": "A short term peroral study of the food colour, Ponceau 6R in pigs.", "content": "Ponceau 6R (the tetrasodium salt of 1-(4-sulpho-1-naphthyl-azo)-2-naphthol-3,6,8-trisulphonic acid) was fed to pigs at dietary levels of 0 (control), 100, 500 and 1500 mg/kg body wt./day for 102--105 days. In the 1500-mg group a decrease in weight gain and food utilization was seen, and 1 pig died with a hemolytic anaemia. Dose dependent discolouration was seen of the connective tissue in the groups given 1500 and 500 mg/kg body wt. For this effect the no-effect-level was 100 mg Ponceau 6R/kg body wt. per day.", "contents": "A short term peroral study of the food colour, Ponceau 6R in pigs. Ponceau 6R (the tetrasodium salt of 1-(4-sulpho-1-naphthyl-azo)-2-naphthol-3,6,8-trisulphonic acid) was fed to pigs at dietary levels of 0 (control), 100, 500 and 1500 mg/kg body wt./day for 102--105 days. In the 1500-mg group a decrease in weight gain and food utilization was seen, and 1 pig died with a hemolytic anaemia. Dose dependent discolouration was seen of the connective tissue in the groups given 1500 and 500 mg/kg body wt. For this effect the no-effect-level was 100 mg Ponceau 6R/kg body wt. per day.", "PMID": 694944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10028", "title": "Treatment and prothrombin responses during warfarin toxicosis in rats and mice.", "content": "Efficacy of whole blood, vitamin K-3 and vitamin K-1 treatment during warfarin feeding was investigated in rats and mice. Prolonged prothrombin times were observed in mice after 9--12 h of warfarin feeding. Prothrombin times greater than 300 sec were consistently observed in mice on continuous warfarin feeding and receiving whole blood or vitamin K-3 treatment. Withdrawal of warfarin resulted in normal prothrombin times after 96 h in mice receiving no treatment, 48--72 h on whole blood and 48 h in mice treated with 72 mg vitamin K-3/kg of body wt./day. Marked protection against warfarin induced hypoprothrombinemia and mortality occurred in mice treated with 5 mg vitamin K-1/kg/day. Treatment with 72 mg vitamin K-1/kg/day resulted in rapid alleviation of hypoprothrombinemia and prolonged protection against warfarin toxicosis. Intraperitoneal administration of 72 mg/kg/day of vitamin K-1 or vitamin K-3 were not toxic to mice. Mortality was consistently higher in mice given warfarin continually and in those receiving the greater number of treatments. Frequent handling appears to aggrevate warfarin toxicosis.", "contents": "Treatment and prothrombin responses during warfarin toxicosis in rats and mice. Efficacy of whole blood, vitamin K-3 and vitamin K-1 treatment during warfarin feeding was investigated in rats and mice. Prolonged prothrombin times were observed in mice after 9--12 h of warfarin feeding. Prothrombin times greater than 300 sec were consistently observed in mice on continuous warfarin feeding and receiving whole blood or vitamin K-3 treatment. Withdrawal of warfarin resulted in normal prothrombin times after 96 h in mice receiving no treatment, 48--72 h on whole blood and 48 h in mice treated with 72 mg vitamin K-3/kg of body wt./day. Marked protection against warfarin induced hypoprothrombinemia and mortality occurred in mice treated with 5 mg vitamin K-1/kg/day. Treatment with 72 mg vitamin K-1/kg/day resulted in rapid alleviation of hypoprothrombinemia and prolonged protection against warfarin toxicosis. Intraperitoneal administration of 72 mg/kg/day of vitamin K-1 or vitamin K-3 were not toxic to mice. Mortality was consistently higher in mice given warfarin continually and in those receiving the greater number of treatments. Frequent handling appears to aggrevate warfarin toxicosis.", "PMID": 694945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10029", "title": "Methods for precisely trimming block faces for ultramicrotomy.", "content": "Two devices are described to aid in trimming block faces of embedded tissue for ultramicrotomy. The first, a reticle to fit the ocular of a stereomicroscope, can be manufactured by the ultramicrotomist and is designed to outline the edges of the block face so that it can be trimmed to a standard size and shape with the area of interest centered in it. The second, a rectangular \"trimalign\" block mounted in the knife holder of the ultramicrotome, is, with the block face, aligned to the plane of sectioning, and aids in retrimming the top and bottom edges of the block face. This is the simplest trimming device yet described and the first which will, from any sort of embedded material, produce a block face with parallel top and bottom edges even if the block face is not perpendicular to the axis of the specimen holder. If the edge of the diamond knife used for sectioning is parallel to the axis of rotation of the knife holder, the block face has also been automatically aligned to the kinfe as a consequence of this aligning and trimming procedure. As a result, sectioning can begin immediately without further adjustments.", "contents": "Methods for precisely trimming block faces for ultramicrotomy. Two devices are described to aid in trimming block faces of embedded tissue for ultramicrotomy. The first, a reticle to fit the ocular of a stereomicroscope, can be manufactured by the ultramicrotomist and is designed to outline the edges of the block face so that it can be trimmed to a standard size and shape with the area of interest centered in it. The second, a rectangular \"trimalign\" block mounted in the knife holder of the ultramicrotome, is, with the block face, aligned to the plane of sectioning, and aids in retrimming the top and bottom edges of the block face. This is the simplest trimming device yet described and the first which will, from any sort of embedded material, produce a block face with parallel top and bottom edges even if the block face is not perpendicular to the axis of the specimen holder. If the edge of the diamond knife used for sectioning is parallel to the axis of rotation of the knife holder, the block face has also been automatically aligned to the kinfe as a consequence of this aligning and trimming procedure. As a result, sectioning can begin immediately without further adjustments.", "PMID": 694954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10030", "title": "Carotenoid and pterin pigment localization in fish chromatophores.", "content": "The classical sulfuric acid method for the histochemical detection of carotenoids has been adapted to give a reliable cytological localization of these compounds in fish chromatophores. This procedure consists mainly in fixing skin fragments in glutaraldehyde and dehydrating in a 50% solution of glycerin followed by exposure to air. It is essential that the preparation permit direct contact of the sulfuric acid with the pigment cells. Under these conditions, carotenoid containing cells stain green or blue. When associated with the extraction of the carotenoids by acetone, the procedure permits the distinction between pterin and carotenoid in fish chromatophores.", "contents": "Carotenoid and pterin pigment localization in fish chromatophores. The classical sulfuric acid method for the histochemical detection of carotenoids has been adapted to give a reliable cytological localization of these compounds in fish chromatophores. This procedure consists mainly in fixing skin fragments in glutaraldehyde and dehydrating in a 50% solution of glycerin followed by exposure to air. It is essential that the preparation permit direct contact of the sulfuric acid with the pigment cells. Under these conditions, carotenoid containing cells stain green or blue. When associated with the extraction of the carotenoids by acetone, the procedure permits the distinction between pterin and carotenoid in fish chromatophores.", "PMID": 694955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10031", "title": "[Causes and differences of recurrences in lymphogranulomatosis following primary radiation therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospectively explored group consisting of 62 patients with lymphogranulomatosis Stage I to III, who had undergone primary radiation therapy, revealed recurrences in 23 cases (37%). (he recurrences are more frequent in unfavorable histological subclassifications and in advanced stages. 76% appear during the first two years, almost 90% of them in the region of lymphatic chains, preferably in the cervical or mediastinal region, in the hili and the contiguous lung. 75% of the recurrences are attributed to insufficient dosage. Typical recurrences, therefore, develop at the border of irradiation fields and are due to an incorrect calculation of the dose when applicating extended fields and individually shaped lead blocks. Other 25% are found in nonirradiated lymphatic areas.", "contents": "[Causes and differences of recurrences in lymphogranulomatosis following primary radiation therapy (author's transl)]. A retrospectively explored group consisting of 62 patients with lymphogranulomatosis Stage I to III, who had undergone primary radiation therapy, revealed recurrences in 23 cases (37%). (he recurrences are more frequent in unfavorable histological subclassifications and in advanced stages. 76% appear during the first two years, almost 90% of them in the region of lymphatic chains, preferably in the cervical or mediastinal region, in the hili and the contiguous lung. 75% of the recurrences are attributed to insufficient dosage. Typical recurrences, therefore, develop at the border of irradiation fields and are due to an incorrect calculation of the dose when applicating extended fields and individually shaped lead blocks. Other 25% are found in nonirradiated lymphatic areas.", "PMID": 694956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10032", "title": "[Experimental demonstration of occult blood in the stool after sole abdominal irradiation or chemotherapy or a combination of both (author's transl)].", "content": "Using Heglostix-Ames test strips, it was possible with normally fed animals, to furnish evidence of occult blood in spontaneous droppings of mice. The mice were exposed either to partial irradiation encompassing the abdomen and using different exit doses between 100 R and 1100 R, or were injected intramuscularly with doses between 120 and 900 mg/kg Endoxan or, instead, 110 and 840 mg/kg Proreside. The moment of the beginning and also the duration of positive reactions could be proved to depend on the dose. In simultaneous as well as alternating radiation- and chemotherapy evidence was given of cumulation effects. Reactions were always negative in nontreated controls.", "contents": "[Experimental demonstration of occult blood in the stool after sole abdominal irradiation or chemotherapy or a combination of both (author's transl)]. Using Heglostix-Ames test strips, it was possible with normally fed animals, to furnish evidence of occult blood in spontaneous droppings of mice. The mice were exposed either to partial irradiation encompassing the abdomen and using different exit doses between 100 R and 1100 R, or were injected intramuscularly with doses between 120 and 900 mg/kg Endoxan or, instead, 110 and 840 mg/kg Proreside. The moment of the beginning and also the duration of positive reactions could be proved to depend on the dose. In simultaneous as well as alternating radiation- and chemotherapy evidence was given of cumulation effects. Reactions were always negative in nontreated controls.", "PMID": 694957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10033", "title": "[Measurement of the radiation load to bladder and rectum in gynecological brachytherapy with a mobile radiation source (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurement of the maximal radiation dose in bladder and rectum in intravaginal radiation therapy using a mobile source (afterloading technique) is only possible integrating with a multichannel dosimeter. For this purpose we apply a 5 mm plastic probe being equipped with five semiconductor dosimeter crystals; the latter are fixed within the probe at equidistances of 2 cm from each other. The dose maximum can be obtained by graphic interpolation using the five different values measured. The dosimeter employed is read immediately and permits observation of the doses delivered to the bladder and rectum during radiation therapy.", "contents": "[Measurement of the radiation load to bladder and rectum in gynecological brachytherapy with a mobile radiation source (author's transl)]. Measurement of the maximal radiation dose in bladder and rectum in intravaginal radiation therapy using a mobile source (afterloading technique) is only possible integrating with a multichannel dosimeter. For this purpose we apply a 5 mm plastic probe being equipped with five semiconductor dosimeter crystals; the latter are fixed within the probe at equidistances of 2 cm from each other. The dose maximum can be obtained by graphic interpolation using the five different values measured. The dosimeter employed is read immediately and permits observation of the doses delivered to the bladder and rectum during radiation therapy.", "PMID": 694958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10034", "title": "[Influence of serum content of the culture medium upon growth and microtubule-microfilament system of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in monolayer culture (author's transl)].", "content": "Withdrawal of serum from the medium of monolayer cultures of the Ehrlich ascites tumor within their phase of exponential growth resulted in a nearly complete inhibition of growth during a 25-hour incubation, but cells were not dying off. In the course of this serum-free incubation no significant alteration of the cellular glycolytic rate was seen. Addition of serum to cultures which previously had been incubated without serum led to a resumption of cell proliferation. The microtubule-microfilament system of cells cultivated without serum as compared to cells cultured in presence of serum was significantly reduced concerning the number and length of microtubules as well as the diffuse, bunchy or reticular arrangement of the microfilaments. The lesser development of the microtubule-microfilament system corresponds well to the reduced pinocytosis activity (ascertained by former studies) which is caused by a lack of serum. The present experiments altogether give support to the concept that serum factors as exogenous stimuli are necessary not only for cell growth but also for the probably closely interrelated development of the microtubule-microfilament system needed e.g. for the organization of cell surface structures and activities.", "contents": "[Influence of serum content of the culture medium upon growth and microtubule-microfilament system of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in monolayer culture (author's transl)]. Withdrawal of serum from the medium of monolayer cultures of the Ehrlich ascites tumor within their phase of exponential growth resulted in a nearly complete inhibition of growth during a 25-hour incubation, but cells were not dying off. In the course of this serum-free incubation no significant alteration of the cellular glycolytic rate was seen. Addition of serum to cultures which previously had been incubated without serum led to a resumption of cell proliferation. The microtubule-microfilament system of cells cultivated without serum as compared to cells cultured in presence of serum was significantly reduced concerning the number and length of microtubules as well as the diffuse, bunchy or reticular arrangement of the microfilaments. The lesser development of the microtubule-microfilament system corresponds well to the reduced pinocytosis activity (ascertained by former studies) which is caused by a lack of serum. The present experiments altogether give support to the concept that serum factors as exogenous stimuli are necessary not only for cell growth but also for the probably closely interrelated development of the microtubule-microfilament system needed e.g. for the organization of cell surface structures and activities.", "PMID": 694959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10035", "title": "[Study of membrane potentials in cells of human squamous cell carcinoma during exposition to ionizing radiation (author's transl)].", "content": "The individual membrane potentials have been studied in just excised cells of human squamous cell carcinoma (n = 16). The physiological level of the membrane potential amounted to 10.3 mV. The cellular tissue was excised at the region of the rectum. In another experimental group (n = 16), the tumorous tissue was exposed to ionizing radiation by Co-60, and the decreasing membrane potential of individual cells was recorded. The findings are discussed in view of experimental investigation technique for irradiated cells.", "contents": "[Study of membrane potentials in cells of human squamous cell carcinoma during exposition to ionizing radiation (author's transl)]. The individual membrane potentials have been studied in just excised cells of human squamous cell carcinoma (n = 16). The physiological level of the membrane potential amounted to 10.3 mV. The cellular tissue was excised at the region of the rectum. In another experimental group (n = 16), the tumorous tissue was exposed to ionizing radiation by Co-60, and the decreasing membrane potential of individual cells was recorded. The findings are discussed in view of experimental investigation technique for irradiated cells.", "PMID": 694960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10036", "title": "[Limits of exactness in dosing and sources of error with routine techniques in Co-60 teletherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The routine techniques of dosing in Co-60 teletherapy are critically examined in view of radiobiological requirements. A comparison was made between data from the manufacturer and our own measurement results, and also between different conceptions of the reference depth for base measuring.", "contents": "[Limits of exactness in dosing and sources of error with routine techniques in Co-60 teletherapy (author's transl)]. The routine techniques of dosing in Co-60 teletherapy are critically examined in view of radiobiological requirements. A comparison was made between data from the manufacturer and our own measurement results, and also between different conceptions of the reference depth for base measuring.", "PMID": 694961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10037", "title": "[Homogenization of the dose to the target volume in case of irregular body-surface by means of compensation (author's transl)].", "content": "Irregular body-surface contours in the treatment part of high-energetic photon fields are producing an inhomogeneous dose distribution within the target volume. Homogenization of the dose is necessary in order to avoid over- or underdosage. A technique of making compensators is described. These are individual compensation filters substituting tissue layers which are lacking, they are correctly scaled down and optimally corrected in view of absorption and scattering according to the actual irradiation conditions. A simple mechanical device makes possible the production of a mould for heavy-metal compensators immediately in the course of scanning of the body-surface. A universal semi-automatic version of this method is appropriate to clinical practice; it records optically, and therefore without contact and quickly, all body-contours desired. By means of the image of moir\u00e9 contour-lines thus obtained can be made the mould for the compensator in a second operation using an electronically controlled copy-milling machine.", "contents": "[Homogenization of the dose to the target volume in case of irregular body-surface by means of compensation (author's transl)]. Irregular body-surface contours in the treatment part of high-energetic photon fields are producing an inhomogeneous dose distribution within the target volume. Homogenization of the dose is necessary in order to avoid over- or underdosage. A technique of making compensators is described. These are individual compensation filters substituting tissue layers which are lacking, they are correctly scaled down and optimally corrected in view of absorption and scattering according to the actual irradiation conditions. A simple mechanical device makes possible the production of a mould for heavy-metal compensators immediately in the course of scanning of the body-surface. A universal semi-automatic version of this method is appropriate to clinical practice; it records optically, and therefore without contact and quickly, all body-contours desired. By means of the image of moir\u00e9 contour-lines thus obtained can be made the mould for the compensator in a second operation using an electronically controlled copy-milling machine.", "PMID": 694962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10038", "title": "Proposal for a practical dose calculation scheme for neutron irradiations.", "content": "Dose calculations for neutron therapy irradiations should be based on the dosimetrically best accessible parameters \"total absorbed Dose Dt\" and \"gamma ray absorbed dose Dgamma\". By adequate standardization it should be possible, that only one single reference parameter contains all deviations of calibration, while a table of relative factors, only once to be determined, gives all long-term constant dependencies for all field sizes and phantom depths. A standardization is proposed for the irradiation technique with fixed fields at a constant focus-skin distance, giving rise to especially simple equations for the absorbed doses Dt and Dgamma. It is as well easy to get by these doses and mean relative biological effectivenesses rn for neutrons and rgamma for gamma rays the \"total effective absorbed dose De\", being an opportune quantity for the biologically weighted absorbed dose. The practical application of equations and tables is demonstrated for an opposing field irradiation as example. Adequately standardized \"reference tissue air ratios\" and corresponding equations are given for isocentric fixed or rotating beam irradiations and used for the example of a dose calculation within a phantom at the isocentre.", "contents": "Proposal for a practical dose calculation scheme for neutron irradiations. Dose calculations for neutron therapy irradiations should be based on the dosimetrically best accessible parameters \"total absorbed Dose Dt\" and \"gamma ray absorbed dose Dgamma\". By adequate standardization it should be possible, that only one single reference parameter contains all deviations of calibration, while a table of relative factors, only once to be determined, gives all long-term constant dependencies for all field sizes and phantom depths. A standardization is proposed for the irradiation technique with fixed fields at a constant focus-skin distance, giving rise to especially simple equations for the absorbed doses Dt and Dgamma. It is as well easy to get by these doses and mean relative biological effectivenesses rn for neutrons and rgamma for gamma rays the \"total effective absorbed dose De\", being an opportune quantity for the biologically weighted absorbed dose. The practical application of equations and tables is demonstrated for an opposing field irradiation as example. Adequately standardized \"reference tissue air ratios\" and corresponding equations are given for isocentric fixed or rotating beam irradiations and used for the example of a dose calculation within a phantom at the isocentre.", "PMID": 694963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10039", "title": "[Possibilities of dose reduction in extramammographic xeroradiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The soft radiation within the inhomogeneous spectrum of bremsstrahlung, being unable to penetrate the object and not contributing to the build-up of the xeroradiographic picture, only being the cause of additional radiation exposure, is considerably reduced by means of added filters, copper filters in particular. This effect can be demonstrated qualitatively by means of the recorded X-ray spectra. In comparison with the standard record it is possible by hardening of the radiation to reduce the surface dose by a factor 8 at a tube voltage of 120 kV, and by a factor 10 at a tube voltage of 130 to 150 kV if a 0.5 mm thick copper filter is added. The surface dose measured with high-filtration in xeroradiography is within the same order of magnitude as the dose obtained with a conventional film-foil-combination (Cronex 4/Cawo high-definition foil, 75 kV, automatic exposure control, time of development 90 s) and amounts to circa 0.1 R. A loss of information in so-called high-filtration xerograms as compared to conventional xerograms could be excluded, at least with regard to the test object. The practicability of this method e.g. for angiography, particularly angiographic exploration of the limbs, needs further clinical examination.", "contents": "[Possibilities of dose reduction in extramammographic xeroradiography (author's transl)]. The soft radiation within the inhomogeneous spectrum of bremsstrahlung, being unable to penetrate the object and not contributing to the build-up of the xeroradiographic picture, only being the cause of additional radiation exposure, is considerably reduced by means of added filters, copper filters in particular. This effect can be demonstrated qualitatively by means of the recorded X-ray spectra. In comparison with the standard record it is possible by hardening of the radiation to reduce the surface dose by a factor 8 at a tube voltage of 120 kV, and by a factor 10 at a tube voltage of 130 to 150 kV if a 0.5 mm thick copper filter is added. The surface dose measured with high-filtration in xeroradiography is within the same order of magnitude as the dose obtained with a conventional film-foil-combination (Cronex 4/Cawo high-definition foil, 75 kV, automatic exposure control, time of development 90 s) and amounts to circa 0.1 R. A loss of information in so-called high-filtration xerograms as compared to conventional xerograms could be excluded, at least with regard to the test object. The practicability of this method e.g. for angiography, particularly angiographic exploration of the limbs, needs further clinical examination.", "PMID": 694964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10040", "title": "Influence of steroid aerosol treatments on the clearance of inhaled gold particles.", "content": "Female Long Evans rats were used to test the hypothesis that in haled triamcinolone acetonide accelerates the rate of clearance of particles from the lung. Three groups of animals inhaled a radioactive gold aerosol, which functioned as a tracer of respiratory tract clearance, and then were subjected to various inhalation treatments. The group treated with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol showed a significant acceleration in the rate of early clearance, but the total amount of tracer particles cleared in the first day was not significantly increased. Inhaled triamcinolone acetonide appears to accelerate the translocation of foriegn particles from small airways to larger ones, but stimulation of clearance does not appear to be a large effect.", "contents": "Influence of steroid aerosol treatments on the clearance of inhaled gold particles. Female Long Evans rats were used to test the hypothesis that in haled triamcinolone acetonide accelerates the rate of clearance of particles from the lung. Three groups of animals inhaled a radioactive gold aerosol, which functioned as a tracer of respiratory tract clearance, and then were subjected to various inhalation treatments. The group treated with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol showed a significant acceleration in the rate of early clearance, but the total amount of tracer particles cleared in the first day was not significantly increased. Inhaled triamcinolone acetonide appears to accelerate the translocation of foriegn particles from small airways to larger ones, but stimulation of clearance does not appear to be a large effect.", "PMID": 694965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10041", "title": "The effect of the administration of spironolactone on the concentration of plasma testosterone, estradiol and cortisol in male dogs (1).", "content": "The effect of the administration of spironolactone, deacetylspironolactone, aldadiene or soldactone on the concentration of plasma testosterone, estradiol, and cortisol was examined in male dogs. Decreases of 60 to 75% in plasma testosterone and estrodiol occur only at high doses (100 mg/kg) of spironolactone or deacetylspironolactone but not at low doses of spironolactone (5 to 10 mg/kg); they occur concomitantly with similar decreases of androgen formation by the testis. No decreases were detected with aldadiene or soldactone. Treatment of dogs with spironolactone (100 mg/kg) also lowered by 50 to 65% the concentration of cortisol in adrenal venous plasma.", "contents": "The effect of the administration of spironolactone on the concentration of plasma testosterone, estradiol and cortisol in male dogs (1). The effect of the administration of spironolactone, deacetylspironolactone, aldadiene or soldactone on the concentration of plasma testosterone, estradiol, and cortisol was examined in male dogs. Decreases of 60 to 75% in plasma testosterone and estrodiol occur only at high doses (100 mg/kg) of spironolactone or deacetylspironolactone but not at low doses of spironolactone (5 to 10 mg/kg); they occur concomitantly with similar decreases of androgen formation by the testis. No decreases were detected with aldadiene or soldactone. Treatment of dogs with spironolactone (100 mg/kg) also lowered by 50 to 65% the concentration of cortisol in adrenal venous plasma.", "PMID": 694966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10042", "title": "Solubilization and partial purification of steroid sulfatase of human placenta.", "content": "Steroid sulfatase of human placenta has been solubilized by treatment of the microsomal fraction with an amphoteric surface active agent, Miranol H2M and ultrasound. Criteria of solubility include non-sedimentation of the activity following centrifugation at 160,000 x g, its retention on Sepharose 6B and a single peak of activity after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enzyme activity was located in the same gel fractions for the two substrates tested; cholesterol sulfate and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. The addition of dithiothreitol was found necessary to maintain the stability of the enzyme indicating the presence of sulfhydryl groups in the molecule. A molecular weight of approximately 330,000 has been estimated from the elution volume of the enzyme system on a column of Sepharose 6B. It is believed that this protein represents a sulfatase enzyme complex composed of subunits with different specificities. From kinetic studies, a Km of 6.2 x 10(-5)M for the cleavage of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate and a Km of 2 x 10(-6)M for the cleavage of cholesterol sulfate have been calculated.", "contents": "Solubilization and partial purification of steroid sulfatase of human placenta. Steroid sulfatase of human placenta has been solubilized by treatment of the microsomal fraction with an amphoteric surface active agent, Miranol H2M and ultrasound. Criteria of solubility include non-sedimentation of the activity following centrifugation at 160,000 x g, its retention on Sepharose 6B and a single peak of activity after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enzyme activity was located in the same gel fractions for the two substrates tested; cholesterol sulfate and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. The addition of dithiothreitol was found necessary to maintain the stability of the enzyme indicating the presence of sulfhydryl groups in the molecule. A molecular weight of approximately 330,000 has been estimated from the elution volume of the enzyme system on a column of Sepharose 6B. It is believed that this protein represents a sulfatase enzyme complex composed of subunits with different specificities. From kinetic studies, a Km of 6.2 x 10(-5)M for the cleavage of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate and a Km of 2 x 10(-6)M for the cleavage of cholesterol sulfate have been calculated.", "PMID": 694967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10043", "title": "Bile acid and cholesterol excretion in the pregnant guinea pig: studies on the hypercholesterolemia of pregnancy.", "content": "The relationship of bile acid and cholesterol excretion to changes in plasma cholesterol during pregnancy were studied in guinea pigs. Plasma cholesterol level increased in the first trimester of pregnancy, reached to a peak during the second trimester and decreased in the third trimester reaching the lowest level at one week prior to parturition. Cholesterol level returned to the control level after parturition. Plasma triglyceride level followed a similar trend attaining peak values at second trimester and gradually returned to the control level at the third trimester of pregnancy. Bile acid and total sterol excretion were significantly higher in guinea pigs during the last phase of pregnanccy while they remained unchanged during early stage of pregnancy.", "contents": "Bile acid and cholesterol excretion in the pregnant guinea pig: studies on the hypercholesterolemia of pregnancy. The relationship of bile acid and cholesterol excretion to changes in plasma cholesterol during pregnancy were studied in guinea pigs. Plasma cholesterol level increased in the first trimester of pregnancy, reached to a peak during the second trimester and decreased in the third trimester reaching the lowest level at one week prior to parturition. Cholesterol level returned to the control level after parturition. Plasma triglyceride level followed a similar trend attaining peak values at second trimester and gradually returned to the control level at the third trimester of pregnancy. Bile acid and total sterol excretion were significantly higher in guinea pigs during the last phase of pregnanccy while they remained unchanged during early stage of pregnancy.", "PMID": 694968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10044", "title": "Effect of taurocholate on the conversion of 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid into cholic acid.", "content": "To determine if the conversion of the intermediate, 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (THCA), into cholic acid is influenced by taurocholate, two rats were infused intravenously with [3H] THCA until they reached a steady state. Taurocholate was then added and infused at a rate of 1 mumole/min/rat for 48 hours. The percentage of [3H] THCA recovered in the bile did not increase indicating that taurocholate does not suppress the conversion of THCA into cholic acid.", "contents": "Effect of taurocholate on the conversion of 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid into cholic acid. To determine if the conversion of the intermediate, 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (THCA), into cholic acid is influenced by taurocholate, two rats were infused intravenously with [3H] THCA until they reached a steady state. Taurocholate was then added and infused at a rate of 1 mumole/min/rat for 48 hours. The percentage of [3H] THCA recovered in the bile did not increase indicating that taurocholate does not suppress the conversion of THCA into cholic acid.", "PMID": 694969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10045", "title": "Minor and trace sterols in marine invertebrates V. Isolation, structure elucidation and synthesis of 3beta-hydroxy-26,27-bisnorcholest-5-en-24-one from the sponge Psammaplysilla purpurea.", "content": "The free sterol mixture of the sponge Psammaplysilla purpurea was shown to contain aplysterol as the major constituent. In addition to other sterols such as 5,7-cholestadien-3beta-ol, cholesterol, 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol, 24epsilon-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol, 24epsilon--methylcholesterol, 24epsilon-ethylcholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol and 24,28-dehydroaplysterol, a new minor sterol was isolated and shown by spectral analysis as well as partial synthesis to be 3beta-hydroxy-26,27-bisnorcholest-5-en-24-one. The sterol mixture contains no other short side chain or 24-keto sterols except for small amounts of 3beta-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one and 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one.", "contents": "Minor and trace sterols in marine invertebrates V. Isolation, structure elucidation and synthesis of 3beta-hydroxy-26,27-bisnorcholest-5-en-24-one from the sponge Psammaplysilla purpurea. The free sterol mixture of the sponge Psammaplysilla purpurea was shown to contain aplysterol as the major constituent. In addition to other sterols such as 5,7-cholestadien-3beta-ol, cholesterol, 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol, 24epsilon-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol, 24epsilon--methylcholesterol, 24epsilon-ethylcholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol and 24,28-dehydroaplysterol, a new minor sterol was isolated and shown by spectral analysis as well as partial synthesis to be 3beta-hydroxy-26,27-bisnorcholest-5-en-24-one. The sterol mixture contains no other short side chain or 24-keto sterols except for small amounts of 3beta-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one and 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one.", "PMID": 694970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10046", "title": "The effect of progesterone analogues, naturally occurring steroids, and contraceptive progestins on hypothalamic and anterior pituitary delta4-steroid (progesterone) 5alpha-reductase.", "content": "The effects of a number of steroids on the conversion of progesterone to 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone by hypothalamic and pituitary progesterone 5alpha-reductase have been investigated. Using enzyme preparations from female rats and 3H-progesterone as substrate, 5alpha-reduced products (5alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one) were analyzed by reverse isotopic dilution analysis. The amount of total 5alpha-reduced products formed was compared in the presence and absence of the test steroid. Derivatives lacking the delta4 and/or the 3-keto moiety were without effect. Corticosterone had no effect. 16beta-Methylprogesterone inhibited progesterone 5alpha-reduction in both tissues by at least 65%, while the 2alpha-, 6alpha-, and 7alpha-methylated derivatives had lesser effects. 3-Oxo-4-pregnene-20beta-carboxaldehyde and 21-fluoroprogesterone were potent inhibitors. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone was a competitive inhibitor (substrate) with Ki's of 0.27 micrometer (pituitary) and 0.29 micrometer (hypothalamus). Medroxyprogesterone exerted little inhibitory effect. Of the 19-nor-steroids examined, only norethindrone appreciably inhibited the 5alpha-reduction. These results suggest that some natural delta4-3-ketosteroids can modify enzymatic activity. Also, inhibitory analogues may be useful for studies on the role of this 5alpha-reduction of progesterone.", "contents": "The effect of progesterone analogues, naturally occurring steroids, and contraceptive progestins on hypothalamic and anterior pituitary delta4-steroid (progesterone) 5alpha-reductase. The effects of a number of steroids on the conversion of progesterone to 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone by hypothalamic and pituitary progesterone 5alpha-reductase have been investigated. Using enzyme preparations from female rats and 3H-progesterone as substrate, 5alpha-reduced products (5alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one) were analyzed by reverse isotopic dilution analysis. The amount of total 5alpha-reduced products formed was compared in the presence and absence of the test steroid. Derivatives lacking the delta4 and/or the 3-keto moiety were without effect. Corticosterone had no effect. 16beta-Methylprogesterone inhibited progesterone 5alpha-reduction in both tissues by at least 65%, while the 2alpha-, 6alpha-, and 7alpha-methylated derivatives had lesser effects. 3-Oxo-4-pregnene-20beta-carboxaldehyde and 21-fluoroprogesterone were potent inhibitors. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone was a competitive inhibitor (substrate) with Ki's of 0.27 micrometer (pituitary) and 0.29 micrometer (hypothalamus). Medroxyprogesterone exerted little inhibitory effect. Of the 19-nor-steroids examined, only norethindrone appreciably inhibited the 5alpha-reduction. These results suggest that some natural delta4-3-ketosteroids can modify enzymatic activity. Also, inhibitory analogues may be useful for studies on the role of this 5alpha-reduction of progesterone.", "PMID": 694971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10047", "title": "Stimulation by estradiol benzoate of hepatic beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase in normal and ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The effect of estradiol benzoate on beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and plasma cholesterol level has been studied in normal and ovariectomized rats. Daily administration of estradiol benzoate (25 microgram and 100 microgram) for 21 days resulted in a 1.7 and 2.5 fold increase in reductase activity in normal and ovariectomized rats, respectively. Plasma cholesterol levels were increased by 18% in normal rats and 38% in ovariectomized rats. The observed changes for the two treatment groups were similar even though the body weight for these groups were significantly different.", "contents": "Stimulation by estradiol benzoate of hepatic beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase in normal and ovariectomized rats. The effect of estradiol benzoate on beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and plasma cholesterol level has been studied in normal and ovariectomized rats. Daily administration of estradiol benzoate (25 microgram and 100 microgram) for 21 days resulted in a 1.7 and 2.5 fold increase in reductase activity in normal and ovariectomized rats, respectively. Plasma cholesterol levels were increased by 18% in normal rats and 38% in ovariectomized rats. The observed changes for the two treatment groups were similar even though the body weight for these groups were significantly different.", "PMID": 694972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10048", "title": "The suppressive effect of the catatoxic steroid, pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile, on liver microsomal cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxlyase.", "content": "The effect of the catatoxic steroid, 3beta-hydroxy-20-oxo-5-pregnene-16alpha-carbonitrile [pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN)] on hepatic microsomal cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase, the probable rate-limiting enzyme of bile acide biosynthesis, has been studied. Short term administration (3 days) of PCN in the diet of rats resulted in a significant decrease in the liver microsomal cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase activity, in contrast to a marked stimulation of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and ethylmorphine demethylase activity. PCN significantly depressed the cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase activity in the livers of rats with elevated levels of the enzyme produced by cholestyramine feeding. The results indicate the presence of separate control mechanisms in the regualtion of bile acid synthesis and drug metabolism.", "contents": "The suppressive effect of the catatoxic steroid, pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile, on liver microsomal cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxlyase. The effect of the catatoxic steroid, 3beta-hydroxy-20-oxo-5-pregnene-16alpha-carbonitrile [pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN)] on hepatic microsomal cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase, the probable rate-limiting enzyme of bile acide biosynthesis, has been studied. Short term administration (3 days) of PCN in the diet of rats resulted in a significant decrease in the liver microsomal cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase activity, in contrast to a marked stimulation of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and ethylmorphine demethylase activity. PCN significantly depressed the cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase activity in the livers of rats with elevated levels of the enzyme produced by cholestyramine feeding. The results indicate the presence of separate control mechanisms in the regualtion of bile acid synthesis and drug metabolism.", "PMID": 694973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10049", "title": "Estimating the effects of contraceptive use on fertility: techniques and findings from the 1974 Philippine National Acceptor Survey.", "content": "Survey data on contraceptive use-effectiveness and on the fertility of family planning acceptors can provide a useful basis for estimating the fertility effects of a family planning program. The 1974 Philippine National Acceptor Survey (NAS), a sample survey of nearly 3,000 family planning acceptors reported by clinics in 1970--72 and interviewed in 1974, provided data for such an evaluation of the Philippine family planning program. The program's effects on the fertility of acceptors were estimated utilizing a series of analytical techniques, which are described in this article. Data from the NAS on continuation, pregnancy, and fertility following acceptance, as well as estimates of fertility decline associated with acceptance and continuing use of contraception, are analyzed. Findings are presented for acceptors of the four major program methods--pills, and the IUD, rhythm, and condoms. An appendix presents special procedures employed in estimating fertility effects.", "contents": "Estimating the effects of contraceptive use on fertility: techniques and findings from the 1974 Philippine National Acceptor Survey. Survey data on contraceptive use-effectiveness and on the fertility of family planning acceptors can provide a useful basis for estimating the fertility effects of a family planning program. The 1974 Philippine National Acceptor Survey (NAS), a sample survey of nearly 3,000 family planning acceptors reported by clinics in 1970--72 and interviewed in 1974, provided data for such an evaluation of the Philippine family planning program. The program's effects on the fertility of acceptors were estimated utilizing a series of analytical techniques, which are described in this article. Data from the NAS on continuation, pregnancy, and fertility following acceptance, as well as estimates of fertility decline associated with acceptance and continuing use of contraception, are analyzed. Findings are presented for acceptors of the four major program methods--pills, and the IUD, rhythm, and condoms. An appendix presents special procedures employed in estimating fertility effects.", "PMID": 694975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10050", "title": "Improving management through evaluation: techniques and strategies for family planning programs.", "content": "Evaluation aimed at providing managers with the information needed for day-to-day decision making has generally received less emphasis in family planning programs than evaluation of long-term programmatic and demographic achievements. A series of evaluation techniques are reviewed that are applicable to the key management areas of operational target setting, administrative monitoring, measuring interim achievements, and cost concerns. Barriers to such evaluation inherent in the training of and relationship between managers and evaluators are reviewed, and means to ease the barriers are proposed.", "contents": "Improving management through evaluation: techniques and strategies for family planning programs. Evaluation aimed at providing managers with the information needed for day-to-day decision making has generally received less emphasis in family planning programs than evaluation of long-term programmatic and demographic achievements. A series of evaluation techniques are reviewed that are applicable to the key management areas of operational target setting, administrative monitoring, measuring interim achievements, and cost concerns. Barriers to such evaluation inherent in the training of and relationship between managers and evaluators are reviewed, and means to ease the barriers are proposed.", "PMID": 694976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10051", "title": "Correlates of contraceptive behavior among unmarried U.S. college students.", "content": "The contraceptive behavior of 213 sexually active never-married U.S. college students was examined using multiple regression analyses. The type of relationship--casual or steady--was a major determinant of contraceptive use: 77 percent of the respondents involved in steady relationships reported using condoms or the pill, compared with 58 percent of the respondents involved in casual relationships. Frequency of intercourse was the best predictor of contraceptive method used within steady relationships. Several variables emerged as predictors of contraceptive method used within casual relationships, including method used at first coital experience, age, and frequency of intercourse. Situational and background factors were found to have an important impact on adolescent contraceptive behavior and to warrant further research.", "contents": "Correlates of contraceptive behavior among unmarried U.S. college students. The contraceptive behavior of 213 sexually active never-married U.S. college students was examined using multiple regression analyses. The type of relationship--casual or steady--was a major determinant of contraceptive use: 77 percent of the respondents involved in steady relationships reported using condoms or the pill, compared with 58 percent of the respondents involved in casual relationships. Frequency of intercourse was the best predictor of contraceptive method used within steady relationships. Several variables emerged as predictors of contraceptive method used within casual relationships, including method used at first coital experience, age, and frequency of intercourse. Situational and background factors were found to have an important impact on adolescent contraceptive behavior and to warrant further research.", "PMID": 694977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10052", "title": "The certification of suicide in eleven western states: an inquiry into the validity of reported suicide rates.", "content": "From Durkheim's time to the present social researchers interested in the problem of suicide have relied upon officially reported rates of suicide to develop and test their theories. Despite the fact that the validity of any theory rests upon the accuracy of its underlying data, the relative accuracy of reported suicide rates have rarely been questioned or systematically evaluated. This paper investigates the process of death certification as practiced by a sample of 191 coroners in 11 western states. Findings indicate extensive variation in the backgrounds, professional resources, operating procedures, and governing statutes of coroners and coroners' offices and in policies concerning the use of the suicide mode. Since the coroner is generally charged with the official responsibility for certifying the mode of death when unnatural mode is suspect, the extent of variation found here calls into question the validity and comparability of reported suicide rates.", "contents": "The certification of suicide in eleven western states: an inquiry into the validity of reported suicide rates. From Durkheim's time to the present social researchers interested in the problem of suicide have relied upon officially reported rates of suicide to develop and test their theories. Despite the fact that the validity of any theory rests upon the accuracy of its underlying data, the relative accuracy of reported suicide rates have rarely been questioned or systematically evaluated. This paper investigates the process of death certification as practiced by a sample of 191 coroners in 11 western states. Findings indicate extensive variation in the backgrounds, professional resources, operating procedures, and governing statutes of coroners and coroners' offices and in policies concerning the use of the suicide mode. Since the coroner is generally charged with the official responsibility for certifying the mode of death when unnatural mode is suspect, the extent of variation found here calls into question the validity and comparability of reported suicide rates.", "PMID": 694978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10053", "title": "The confrontation with death and the renewal of life.", "content": "Several writers have argued that a majority of suicidal acts are \"gambles with death\". A distinction is made between cases where the gamble with death is merely consequential (i.e., arising from ignorance, apathy, indifference) and cases where it is the very essence of the act. Typically in these latter cases others are excluded from possible intervention. The individual is thus playing a game of \"pure\" chance. Death is summoned and challenged in order that life may continue. It is argued, from an interactionist perspective, that such acts are desperate efforts to confirm existance in situations of extreme uncertainty and represent a distinct form of what Shneidman has called \"egotic\" suicide.", "contents": "The confrontation with death and the renewal of life. Several writers have argued that a majority of suicidal acts are \"gambles with death\". A distinction is made between cases where the gamble with death is merely consequential (i.e., arising from ignorance, apathy, indifference) and cases where it is the very essence of the act. Typically in these latter cases others are excluded from possible intervention. The individual is thus playing a game of \"pure\" chance. Death is summoned and challenged in order that life may continue. It is argued, from an interactionist perspective, that such acts are desperate efforts to confirm existance in situations of extreme uncertainty and represent a distinct form of what Shneidman has called \"egotic\" suicide.", "PMID": 694979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10054", "title": "Suicide: the psychosocial dimension.", "content": "This paper explores the relationships among culture, character, and suicide. It draws on the author's research in Scandinavia and his studies of suicide among United States urban blacks and college students. The differences in motivation and significance of suicide in Sweden and Denmark are illustrated. The United States is an amalgam of subcultures which must be studied separately to identify the psychosocial determinants of behavior. The varying rates and motivations of suicide in different cultures and subcultures, the differences between men and women, between young and old, differences in ways of coping with love and loss, life and death make clear that suicide is part of a culture's possibilities. The varying psychodynamic ways in which the suicidal individual in differing cultures and subcultures conceives of, uses and absorbs death also has much to tell us about how we live.", "contents": "Suicide: the psychosocial dimension. This paper explores the relationships among culture, character, and suicide. It draws on the author's research in Scandinavia and his studies of suicide among United States urban blacks and college students. The differences in motivation and significance of suicide in Sweden and Denmark are illustrated. The United States is an amalgam of subcultures which must be studied separately to identify the psychosocial determinants of behavior. The varying rates and motivations of suicide in different cultures and subcultures, the differences between men and women, between young and old, differences in ways of coping with love and loss, life and death make clear that suicide is part of a culture's possibilities. The varying psychodynamic ways in which the suicidal individual in differing cultures and subcultures conceives of, uses and absorbs death also has much to tell us about how we live.", "PMID": 694980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10055", "title": "[DNA synthesis and mitotic division of myocytes of the ventricles, atria and conduction system of the heart during the myocardial development in mammals].", "content": "The degree of differentiation of various types of muscle and non-muscle cells that synthesize DNA in myocardia of mouse embryos and suckling rats was estimated by means of electron microscopic autoradiography with 3H-thymidine. No morphologically undifferentiated myoblasts were observed. DNA synthesizing capacity and mitotic activity are typical of numerous moderately differentiated myocytes in all myocardial compartments studied. As judged from proliferation kinetics studies, ventricular myocytes proliferate at embryonal stages and during the 1st postnatal week more actively than do atrial ones, specialized muscle cells from the conductive system replicating much less intensely as compared with both these kinds of myocytes. However, at the 2nd postnatal week, the withdrawal of myocytes from the mitotic cycle proceeds more rapidly in ventricles than in other heart compartments which results in a relatively more active proliferation of myocytes in atria and conductive system beginning from the end of the 2nd postnatal week. By the 17--18th days of the postnatal life, practically all the myocytes, irrespective of their topology, cease to proliferate. Nevertheless, even after this term, up to 0.1--0.5% of atrial and/or conductive system myocytes still go on entering periodically the mitotic cycle. The duration of S and G2 + 1/2 M periods is similar in both the ventricular and atrial myocytes of suckling rats. Probable causes and significance of the observed asynchrony of the myocyte proliferation rates in different heart compartments is discussed.", "contents": "[DNA synthesis and mitotic division of myocytes of the ventricles, atria and conduction system of the heart during the myocardial development in mammals]. The degree of differentiation of various types of muscle and non-muscle cells that synthesize DNA in myocardia of mouse embryos and suckling rats was estimated by means of electron microscopic autoradiography with 3H-thymidine. No morphologically undifferentiated myoblasts were observed. DNA synthesizing capacity and mitotic activity are typical of numerous moderately differentiated myocytes in all myocardial compartments studied. As judged from proliferation kinetics studies, ventricular myocytes proliferate at embryonal stages and during the 1st postnatal week more actively than do atrial ones, specialized muscle cells from the conductive system replicating much less intensely as compared with both these kinds of myocytes. However, at the 2nd postnatal week, the withdrawal of myocytes from the mitotic cycle proceeds more rapidly in ventricles than in other heart compartments which results in a relatively more active proliferation of myocytes in atria and conductive system beginning from the end of the 2nd postnatal week. By the 17--18th days of the postnatal life, practically all the myocytes, irrespective of their topology, cease to proliferate. Nevertheless, even after this term, up to 0.1--0.5% of atrial and/or conductive system myocytes still go on entering periodically the mitotic cycle. The duration of S and G2 + 1/2 M periods is similar in both the ventricular and atrial myocytes of suckling rats. Probable causes and significance of the observed asynchrony of the myocyte proliferation rates in different heart compartments is discussed.", "PMID": 694981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10056", "title": "[Effect of an erythrocyte inhibitor on the in vitro incorporation of thymidine into the DNA of bone marrow cells].", "content": "The effect of an erythrocytic inhibitor obtained from patients with second polycythaemia, on the synthesis of DNA in bone marrow cells has been studied in vitro. The erythrocytic inhibitor was shown to have a specific effect. The decrease of DNA synthesis under erythraemia occurred with the dose of the inhibitor 2-3 times higher than with the dose applied in norm or under anemia. According to the results of gel-filtration and disc-electrophoresis, the inhibitor in question is a component of fraction II of polycythaemia erythrolysate with a low molecular weight. The electrophoresis mobility of this fraction in respect to albumin lies between 0.5 and 0.7. It is supposed that the inhibitor is a physiological regulator (chalone) of the erythron's cell proliferation.", "contents": "[Effect of an erythrocyte inhibitor on the in vitro incorporation of thymidine into the DNA of bone marrow cells]. The effect of an erythrocytic inhibitor obtained from patients with second polycythaemia, on the synthesis of DNA in bone marrow cells has been studied in vitro. The erythrocytic inhibitor was shown to have a specific effect. The decrease of DNA synthesis under erythraemia occurred with the dose of the inhibitor 2-3 times higher than with the dose applied in norm or under anemia. According to the results of gel-filtration and disc-electrophoresis, the inhibitor in question is a component of fraction II of polycythaemia erythrolysate with a low molecular weight. The electrophoresis mobility of this fraction in respect to albumin lies between 0.5 and 0.7. It is supposed that the inhibitor is a physiological regulator (chalone) of the erythron's cell proliferation.", "PMID": 694982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10057", "title": "[Repair of damage to cells in an SPEV culture after exposure to mitomycin C].", "content": "The action of mitomycin C on a porcine embryo kidney culture (in dose of 0.5-1.5 mkg/ml in the course of 24-72 hours) is accompanied by significant changes in the ultrastructure and morphology of cells. Moreover, mitomycin C sharply inhibits DNA synthesis, mitotic activity and much more weakly suppresses protein and RNA syntheses. After a prolonged (48 hours) washing of the antibiotics only the mitochondrial ultrastructure is restored in the fresh cultural medium. DNA synthesis and mitotic activity remain suppressed, while protein and RNA syntheses increase sharply, which leads to protein accumulation in cells, and to the enlargement of nuclei, nucleoli and cells. Such changed cells are unable to keep on living and perish.", "contents": "[Repair of damage to cells in an SPEV culture after exposure to mitomycin C]. The action of mitomycin C on a porcine embryo kidney culture (in dose of 0.5-1.5 mkg/ml in the course of 24-72 hours) is accompanied by significant changes in the ultrastructure and morphology of cells. Moreover, mitomycin C sharply inhibits DNA synthesis, mitotic activity and much more weakly suppresses protein and RNA syntheses. After a prolonged (48 hours) washing of the antibiotics only the mitochondrial ultrastructure is restored in the fresh cultural medium. DNA synthesis and mitotic activity remain suppressed, while protein and RNA syntheses increase sharply, which leads to protein accumulation in cells, and to the enlargement of nuclei, nucleoli and cells. Such changed cells are unable to keep on living and perish.", "PMID": 694983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10058", "title": "[Changes in the mitotic activity of corneal epithelial cells under the influence of pyruvic acid].", "content": "92 specimens of rat's corneal epithelium were studied to estimate the effect of pyruvic acid on cell division characteristics. 0.1 M solution of pyruvic acid decreases the mitotic activity of rat corneal epithelium, the portion of prophase increasing the number of metaphase decreasing. These results support a hypothesis on the possible role of low molecular acceptors in the cell division regulation \"in vivo\", and suggests the effect of pyruvic acid both during the period prior to cell division, and the prophase-metaphase stage.", "contents": "[Changes in the mitotic activity of corneal epithelial cells under the influence of pyruvic acid]. 92 specimens of rat's corneal epithelium were studied to estimate the effect of pyruvic acid on cell division characteristics. 0.1 M solution of pyruvic acid decreases the mitotic activity of rat corneal epithelium, the portion of prophase increasing the number of metaphase decreasing. These results support a hypothesis on the possible role of low molecular acceptors in the cell division regulation \"in vivo\", and suggests the effect of pyruvic acid both during the period prior to cell division, and the prophase-metaphase stage.", "PMID": 694984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10059", "title": "[Procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity of fractions of a rat brain homogenate].", "content": "In all subcellular fractions the rat's brain homogenate active thromboplastin, activators and inhibitors of fibrinolysis were detected. Nuclear fraction contains factors II, VII, X, XIII. The mitochondrial fraction-factors II and VII, and postlysosomal supernatant demonstrated the presence of factor V of blood coagulation. The results obtained are of importance for the explanation of control mechanisms of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis.", "contents": "[Procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity of fractions of a rat brain homogenate]. In all subcellular fractions the rat's brain homogenate active thromboplastin, activators and inhibitors of fibrinolysis were detected. Nuclear fraction contains factors II, VII, X, XIII. The mitochondrial fraction-factors II and VII, and postlysosomal supernatant demonstrated the presence of factor V of blood coagulation. The results obtained are of importance for the explanation of control mechanisms of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis.", "PMID": 694986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10060", "title": "[Karyologic study of transplantable cell lines. II. Comparative analysis of lines HEp-2, FL and RH].", "content": "A comparative karyologic analysis of three continuous cell lines of different origin (HEp-2, FL and RH) has shown them differing from each other both in the number of chromosomes, and in marker chromosomes. In cultures HEp-2, the modal class consists of cells possessing 58-59 chromosomes, cells in cultures Fl and RH have 60 and 66 chromosomes, resp. Marker chromosomes both similar and not similar, i.e. characteristic of a given cell line only were found in all the investigated cell lines. The data obtained do not exclude a possibility of contamination of studied continuous cell cultires with HeLa cell line.", "contents": "[Karyologic study of transplantable cell lines. II. Comparative analysis of lines HEp-2, FL and RH]. A comparative karyologic analysis of three continuous cell lines of different origin (HEp-2, FL and RH) has shown them differing from each other both in the number of chromosomes, and in marker chromosomes. In cultures HEp-2, the modal class consists of cells possessing 58-59 chromosomes, cells in cultures Fl and RH have 60 and 66 chromosomes, resp. Marker chromosomes both similar and not similar, i.e. characteristic of a given cell line only were found in all the investigated cell lines. The data obtained do not exclude a possibility of contamination of studied continuous cell cultires with HeLa cell line.", "PMID": 694988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10061", "title": "[Mouse Lewis carcinoma cell population heterogeneity and sensitivity to cyclophosphamide].", "content": "Cell kinetics in the large Lewis carcinoma growing in mice subcutaneously was characterized by the following parameters: at the tumor periphery -tc=11.3 hr, tG2=1.4 hr, tS=8.8hr, tG1=1.1 hr, LI=47%, Pc=61.8%; at the tumour center - 20.7 hr, 2.9 hr, 16.0 hr, 1.8 hr,31.2%, resp. Injection of cyclophosphamide induced degeneration of all the cells in slowly growing central part of the tumour, and only of part of cells on the fast proliferating tumour periphery. It is suggested that in the central part of the tumour there are no stem cells, and that this region regenerates when the transition of cells from the tumour periphery is arrested by cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "[Mouse Lewis carcinoma cell population heterogeneity and sensitivity to cyclophosphamide]. Cell kinetics in the large Lewis carcinoma growing in mice subcutaneously was characterized by the following parameters: at the tumor periphery -tc=11.3 hr, tG2=1.4 hr, tS=8.8hr, tG1=1.1 hr, LI=47%, Pc=61.8%; at the tumour center - 20.7 hr, 2.9 hr, 16.0 hr, 1.8 hr,31.2%, resp. Injection of cyclophosphamide induced degeneration of all the cells in slowly growing central part of the tumour, and only of part of cells on the fast proliferating tumour periphery. It is suggested that in the central part of the tumour there are no stem cells, and that this region regenerates when the transition of cells from the tumour periphery is arrested by cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 694987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10062", "title": "[Localization of cholinesterases in structures of the alveolar portion of the mammary gland].", "content": "Cholinesterase (ChE) localization in the alveolar compartment of the mammary gland has been studied by light microscopy and ultrahistochemical methods. The product of reaction to ChE is associated with micropinocytotic vesicles of the capillar endothelium and myoepithelial cells, separate nerve terminals in interalveolar connective tissue and perivascular nerve terminals. In secretory cells, the ChE activity is revealed in the sites of fat droplet and on the membranes of endoplasmatic reticulum.", "contents": "[Localization of cholinesterases in structures of the alveolar portion of the mammary gland]. Cholinesterase (ChE) localization in the alveolar compartment of the mammary gland has been studied by light microscopy and ultrahistochemical methods. The product of reaction to ChE is associated with micropinocytotic vesicles of the capillar endothelium and myoepithelial cells, separate nerve terminals in interalveolar connective tissue and perivascular nerve terminals. In secretory cells, the ChE activity is revealed in the sites of fat droplet and on the membranes of endoplasmatic reticulum.", "PMID": 694991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10063", "title": "[Sister chromatid exchanges following incorporation of bromine into cytosine DNA nucleotides. I. Combined use of 5-bromdeoxycytidine and thymidine for the purpose of incorporating bromine into DNA cytosine].", "content": "In the cultured in vitro human blood lymphocytes treated with 5-bromodeoxycytidine (BrdC) plus thymidine (dT) in concentrations of 0.05 mM and 0.4 mM, respectively, metaphases of the second division, containing chromosomes with differentially stained sister chromatids appear after a 30 hours treatment, attaining 85 per cent at 36 hours. Under the treatment with BrdC or BrdU alone, the similar percentage of metaphases is observed at 28 hours. Similar results are obtained if, at 16--18 hours, the culture medium, containing BrdC plus dT is either replaced with a medium free of both the precursors, or supplied once more vith (0.05 mM) or dC(0.05 mM). The The observed slowing movement of cells through out the cell cycle, due to the treatment with BrdC plus dT, is explained by the inhibitory effect of dT on DNA synthesis which is manifested as BrdC catabolism. It is concluded that BrdC administered together with the cell cycle-slowing doses of thymidine is predominantly incorporated into cytosine of DNA.", "contents": "[Sister chromatid exchanges following incorporation of bromine into cytosine DNA nucleotides. I. Combined use of 5-bromdeoxycytidine and thymidine for the purpose of incorporating bromine into DNA cytosine]. In the cultured in vitro human blood lymphocytes treated with 5-bromodeoxycytidine (BrdC) plus thymidine (dT) in concentrations of 0.05 mM and 0.4 mM, respectively, metaphases of the second division, containing chromosomes with differentially stained sister chromatids appear after a 30 hours treatment, attaining 85 per cent at 36 hours. Under the treatment with BrdC or BrdU alone, the similar percentage of metaphases is observed at 28 hours. Similar results are obtained if, at 16--18 hours, the culture medium, containing BrdC plus dT is either replaced with a medium free of both the precursors, or supplied once more vith (0.05 mM) or dC(0.05 mM). The The observed slowing movement of cells through out the cell cycle, due to the treatment with BrdC plus dT, is explained by the inhibitory effect of dT on DNA synthesis which is manifested as BrdC catabolism. It is concluded that BrdC administered together with the cell cycle-slowing doses of thymidine is predominantly incorporated into cytosine of DNA.", "PMID": 694992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10064", "title": "[Polymorphism of a population of tumor cells and selective processes. I. Ehrlich-IChPh ascitic strain tumor cell subpopulation].", "content": "4 types of marker chromosomes and of their combination in mouse ascite Ehrlich-I. Ch. Ph. tumor cells are described. Two most frequently encountered subpopulations of cells are found in the tumor: one--with A+B+2C and A+D+2D markers, and the other--with A1+A2+2B+D1+C markers. The former population dominated during 8 days, to be gradually substituted with the former subpopulation. Changes in the number of cells with certain chromosome number in the near-diploid and near-tetraploid cell zones were followed within one passage.", "contents": "[Polymorphism of a population of tumor cells and selective processes. I. Ehrlich-IChPh ascitic strain tumor cell subpopulation]. 4 types of marker chromosomes and of their combination in mouse ascite Ehrlich-I. Ch. Ph. tumor cells are described. Two most frequently encountered subpopulations of cells are found in the tumor: one--with A+B+2C and A+D+2D markers, and the other--with A1+A2+2B+D1+C markers. The former population dominated during 8 days, to be gradually substituted with the former subpopulation. Changes in the number of cells with certain chromosome number in the near-diploid and near-tetraploid cell zones were followed within one passage.", "PMID": 694994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10065", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the specialized ependyma of the 3d cerebral ventricle in rats].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the specialized ependyma of the third cerebrals ventricle was studied in males of albino Wistar rats, 160--180 g of weight. The ependyma lining the inferolateral walls (alpha-tanycytes) was found to differ ultrastructurally from that of the floor of the third ventricle or of the median eminence (beta-tanycytes). These differences are assumed to reflect a specific functional differentiation of the different types of tanycytes. Various types of microvesicles and a system of peculiar membranous cavities are described in the alpha-and beta-tanycytes. These structures are supposed to be associated with the transport and secretory function of tanycytes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the specialized ependyma of the 3d cerebral ventricle in rats]. The ultrastructure of the specialized ependyma of the third cerebrals ventricle was studied in males of albino Wistar rats, 160--180 g of weight. The ependyma lining the inferolateral walls (alpha-tanycytes) was found to differ ultrastructurally from that of the floor of the third ventricle or of the median eminence (beta-tanycytes). These differences are assumed to reflect a specific functional differentiation of the different types of tanycytes. Various types of microvesicles and a system of peculiar membranous cavities are described in the alpha-and beta-tanycytes. These structures are supposed to be associated with the transport and secretory function of tanycytes.", "PMID": 694996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10066", "title": "[Curve of labeled mitoses with different states of cell proliferation kinetics. V. Effect of the circadian rhythm of cell proliferation on the shape of the labeled mitosis curve].", "content": "The influence of the diurnal rhythm in cell proliferation processes on the behavior of labeled mitoses curve (LMC) is under investigation. The mathematical model predicts that LMC observed following 3H-thymidine administration to experimental animals at different day-times can differ greatly even when temporal parameters of the mitotic cycle remain unchanged. The analysis of the experimental data on the hamster's cheek pouch epithelium suggests that diurnal differences in LMCs cannot be explained in certain cases by the influences of transient processes in cell kinetics only, and therefore the existence of a slight trend in prolongation of periods of the mitotic cycle cannot be completely excluded.", "contents": "[Curve of labeled mitoses with different states of cell proliferation kinetics. V. Effect of the circadian rhythm of cell proliferation on the shape of the labeled mitosis curve]. The influence of the diurnal rhythm in cell proliferation processes on the behavior of labeled mitoses curve (LMC) is under investigation. The mathematical model predicts that LMC observed following 3H-thymidine administration to experimental animals at different day-times can differ greatly even when temporal parameters of the mitotic cycle remain unchanged. The analysis of the experimental data on the hamster's cheek pouch epithelium suggests that diurnal differences in LMCs cannot be explained in certain cases by the influences of transient processes in cell kinetics only, and therefore the existence of a slight trend in prolongation of periods of the mitotic cycle cannot be completely excluded.", "PMID": 694998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10067", "title": "[Morphofunctional changes in the thyroid gland of golden hamsters during acclimatization to a temperature of 4 degrees C].", "content": "Morphological and physiological peculiarities of the thyroid gland have been studied in the golden hamster (Cricetus auratus W.) exposed to prolonged acclimation at +4 degrees C. These heterothermal rodents, kept constantly under laboratory conditions at +18-+20 degrees, show no distinct seasonal changes in the thyroid activity. As demonstrated by morphological findings, a relatively high activity of the gland persists throughout the whole year. At a prolonged acclimation to cold (up to 3 months, +4 degrees), the thyroid activity increases both in golden hamster, and in homothermal rats. Morphological indices of the hyperactivity are as follows: hypertrophy of the gland occurring by the 20th--30th days of exposure and increasing since then; hyperplasy of the granular tissue; colloid vacuolation; strong vessel hyperemy. However, the size of cells is not increased as are likely to retain a partial activity which is evidenced by the presence of tracks. Intensification of the thyroid function is also expressed by the increase in 131(uptake and output rates as well as by the increase in the protein bound iodine content in the blood of hamsters. Changes of the thyroid gland in acclimated animals occur independently of the season and photoperiod. It is shown that the degree of adaptation to prolonged action of cold, is more pronounced in golden hamsters than in rats. It has been also demonstrated that golden hamsters tend to hibernate after a prolonged cold acclimation.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional changes in the thyroid gland of golden hamsters during acclimatization to a temperature of 4 degrees C]. Morphological and physiological peculiarities of the thyroid gland have been studied in the golden hamster (Cricetus auratus W.) exposed to prolonged acclimation at +4 degrees C. These heterothermal rodents, kept constantly under laboratory conditions at +18-+20 degrees, show no distinct seasonal changes in the thyroid activity. As demonstrated by morphological findings, a relatively high activity of the gland persists throughout the whole year. At a prolonged acclimation to cold (up to 3 months, +4 degrees), the thyroid activity increases both in golden hamster, and in homothermal rats. Morphological indices of the hyperactivity are as follows: hypertrophy of the gland occurring by the 20th--30th days of exposure and increasing since then; hyperplasy of the granular tissue; colloid vacuolation; strong vessel hyperemy. However, the size of cells is not increased as are likely to retain a partial activity which is evidenced by the presence of tracks. Intensification of the thyroid function is also expressed by the increase in 131(uptake and output rates as well as by the increase in the protein bound iodine content in the blood of hamsters. Changes of the thyroid gland in acclimated animals occur independently of the season and photoperiod. It is shown that the degree of adaptation to prolonged action of cold, is more pronounced in golden hamsters than in rats. It has been also demonstrated that golden hamsters tend to hibernate after a prolonged cold acclimation.", "PMID": 694999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10068", "title": "[Number of Purkinje cells with an increased DNA content in rat cerebellum].", "content": "Using cytospectrophotometry, DNA quantities were measured in the Purkinje cells from a large number of animals. The Purkinje cells appeared to be either diploid or having hypercontent of DNA (HC). HC-nuclei were detected in the cerebellum of rats of different lines; the number of nuclei not depending of the animal's sex or age. No difference in the number of HC-nuclei was recorded in the animals of different litters. Out of 45 Wistar and non-inbred rats, HC-nuclei was found in 19 animals (0.5 to 7.0 per animal).", "contents": "[Number of Purkinje cells with an increased DNA content in rat cerebellum]. Using cytospectrophotometry, DNA quantities were measured in the Purkinje cells from a large number of animals. The Purkinje cells appeared to be either diploid or having hypercontent of DNA (HC). HC-nuclei were detected in the cerebellum of rats of different lines; the number of nuclei not depending of the animal's sex or age. No difference in the number of HC-nuclei was recorded in the animals of different litters. Out of 45 Wistar and non-inbred rats, HC-nuclei was found in 19 animals (0.5 to 7.0 per animal).", "PMID": 695000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10069", "title": "[Radioactivity of an acid-soluble liver fractions after administration of 3H-thymidine for the purpose of explaining the reasons for delayed DNA labeling].", "content": "When 3H-thymidine is injected 24 hours before a partial hepatectomy, the radio-activity of acid-soluble fraction in the mouse liver begins to rise after the operation. When 3H-thymidine is injected to animals immediately after the operation or to unoperated animals, no such a rise is recorded. The maximal radioactivity of acid-soluble fraction of the liver is observed 28 hours after hepatectomy, at the moment preceding the commencement of DNA synthesis in a great number of hepatocytes. This increase is in conformity with the subsequent rise of DNA radioactivity. It is suggested that cells of the regenerating liver reutilize the degradation products of labeled DNA which become a source of DNA late labeling.", "contents": "[Radioactivity of an acid-soluble liver fractions after administration of 3H-thymidine for the purpose of explaining the reasons for delayed DNA labeling]. When 3H-thymidine is injected 24 hours before a partial hepatectomy, the radio-activity of acid-soluble fraction in the mouse liver begins to rise after the operation. When 3H-thymidine is injected to animals immediately after the operation or to unoperated animals, no such a rise is recorded. The maximal radioactivity of acid-soluble fraction of the liver is observed 28 hours after hepatectomy, at the moment preceding the commencement of DNA synthesis in a great number of hepatocytes. This increase is in conformity with the subsequent rise of DNA radioactivity. It is suggested that cells of the regenerating liver reutilize the degradation products of labeled DNA which become a source of DNA late labeling.", "PMID": 695001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10070", "title": "[Histochemical study of the chemoreceptor function of the carotid body in comparison with the superior cervical ganglion].", "content": "The distribution and relative activities of some dehydrogenases and diaphorases in the rat's carotid body and ganglion cervicale superior were studied histochemically and cytophotometrically. The treatment of rats by the medium with decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide contents, a reliable rise of NAD--diaphorase activities was found in the interlobe tissue and (less expressed and late appearing) in the principal cells. In contrast, such changes were not observed in the ganglion cervicale superioir, that have not a special chemoreceptory function. It is supposed that these changes in enzyme activities in the carotid body is due to the chemoreceptory function of the intralobe tissue containing the IInd type cells and \"special\" cells of sensitive nerve terminals.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of the chemoreceptor function of the carotid body in comparison with the superior cervical ganglion]. The distribution and relative activities of some dehydrogenases and diaphorases in the rat's carotid body and ganglion cervicale superior were studied histochemically and cytophotometrically. The treatment of rats by the medium with decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide contents, a reliable rise of NAD--diaphorase activities was found in the interlobe tissue and (less expressed and late appearing) in the principal cells. In contrast, such changes were not observed in the ganglion cervicale superioir, that have not a special chemoreceptory function. It is supposed that these changes in enzyme activities in the carotid body is due to the chemoreceptory function of the intralobe tissue containing the IInd type cells and \"special\" cells of sensitive nerve terminals.", "PMID": 695002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10071", "title": "[Proliferation of bone marrow cells upon exposure to constant magnetic fields of ultra-high strength].", "content": "A study was made of the 0.5--24 hour effects of the stable magnetic field (SMF), with 9.9--42.4 kOe strength and 0.2--3.5 kOe/cm strength gradient, on the mitotic activity and bone marrow cell number in mice. Short-term treatments were shown to stimulate, and prolonged ones to inhibit mitotic activity, the degree of inhibition correlating with the strength and strenght gradient of SMF. The rate of mitotic index recovery was the smaller the longer the treatment and the higher the strength of SMF. With the most pronounced inhibition of the mitotic activity, the number of bone marrow cells was seen reduced. No increased frequency of aberrant mitoses in bone marrow cells has been noticed following the effect of SMF.", "contents": "[Proliferation of bone marrow cells upon exposure to constant magnetic fields of ultra-high strength]. A study was made of the 0.5--24 hour effects of the stable magnetic field (SMF), with 9.9--42.4 kOe strength and 0.2--3.5 kOe/cm strength gradient, on the mitotic activity and bone marrow cell number in mice. Short-term treatments were shown to stimulate, and prolonged ones to inhibit mitotic activity, the degree of inhibition correlating with the strength and strenght gradient of SMF. The rate of mitotic index recovery was the smaller the longer the treatment and the higher the strength of SMF. With the most pronounced inhibition of the mitotic activity, the number of bone marrow cells was seen reduced. No increased frequency of aberrant mitoses in bone marrow cells has been noticed following the effect of SMF.", "PMID": 695003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10072", "title": "[Use of albuminous standards in the quantitative cytochemistry of dehydrogenases].", "content": "A method for preparing albuminous standards with various concentrations of NBT formazans is proposed. Using these standards, the molar extinction coefficients for half and fully reduced formazans of NBT in the region from 450 to 650 nm were calculated. Since the absorption curves of half and fully reduced NBT formazans are identical either in vitro in the standards or enzymatically in tissues, the extinction coefficients calculated on the basis of these standards may be used for densitometrical estimation of cellular dehydrogenase activity.", "contents": "[Use of albuminous standards in the quantitative cytochemistry of dehydrogenases]. A method for preparing albuminous standards with various concentrations of NBT formazans is proposed. Using these standards, the molar extinction coefficients for half and fully reduced formazans of NBT in the region from 450 to 650 nm were calculated. Since the absorption curves of half and fully reduced NBT formazans are identical either in vitro in the standards or enzymatically in tissues, the extinction coefficients calculated on the basis of these standards may be used for densitometrical estimation of cellular dehydrogenase activity.", "PMID": 695004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10073", "title": "[Features of the development of the dendrites of differentiating pyriform cerebellar cortex neurons in mammals and man].", "content": "Pecularities of development of the differentiating piriform neuron cerebellum cortex dendrite system in the mammals and in man were studied with light and electron microscopy. Three consequent stages are involved in the process: the formation of a dilated portion of apical (supranuclear) cytoplasm with an increased amount of organelles; the formation of a temporary apical cytoplasmic mitre (cone); the development of the dendrite system occurring on the background of reduction of this temporary cytoplasmic formation. In the course of differentiation, a distinct change of the dendrite cytoplasm contents from reticular to tubular ones takes place.", "contents": "[Features of the development of the dendrites of differentiating pyriform cerebellar cortex neurons in mammals and man]. Pecularities of development of the differentiating piriform neuron cerebellum cortex dendrite system in the mammals and in man were studied with light and electron microscopy. Three consequent stages are involved in the process: the formation of a dilated portion of apical (supranuclear) cytoplasm with an increased amount of organelles; the formation of a temporary apical cytoplasmic mitre (cone); the development of the dendrite system occurring on the background of reduction of this temporary cytoplasmic formation. In the course of differentiation, a distinct change of the dendrite cytoplasm contents from reticular to tubular ones takes place.", "PMID": 695006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10074", "title": "[DNA degradation of cultured mammalian cells infected with herpes simplex virus].", "content": "In connection with a supposition concerning the role of nucleases in the production of chromosome breaks in the herpes simplex virus-infected cells, the stability of DNA of the infected cultured cells was studied. It was established that the infection of cells with herpes simplex virus resulted in a partial degradation of cellular DNA of permissive and non-permissive cells. In human embryo fibroblast culture products of hydrolysis of cellular DNA may be reutilized by the synthetising virus. In cells of clone M15, in which no mature virus is produced, products of hydrolysis of DNA are revealed in acid-soluble pool. The observed degradation of DNA apparently is not associated with the cell death. It cannot be excluded that a partial degradation of DNA in the cell due to viral infection may bring about a production of visible chromosome breaks.", "contents": "[DNA degradation of cultured mammalian cells infected with herpes simplex virus]. In connection with a supposition concerning the role of nucleases in the production of chromosome breaks in the herpes simplex virus-infected cells, the stability of DNA of the infected cultured cells was studied. It was established that the infection of cells with herpes simplex virus resulted in a partial degradation of cellular DNA of permissive and non-permissive cells. In human embryo fibroblast culture products of hydrolysis of cellular DNA may be reutilized by the synthetising virus. In cells of clone M15, in which no mature virus is produced, products of hydrolysis of DNA are revealed in acid-soluble pool. The observed degradation of DNA apparently is not associated with the cell death. It cannot be excluded that a partial degradation of DNA in the cell due to viral infection may bring about a production of visible chromosome breaks.", "PMID": 695007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10075", "title": "[Conditions for preserving glycogen in smears of isolated cells. II. Cytofluorimetric study of the effect of fixation on the glycogen content of cells].", "content": "The influence of fixation on the intensity and specificity of the fluorescence of PAS-reaction (F-PAS) in the rat's liver cells was examined. 1.4 types of fixatives, routinely used in polysacchride cyto- and histochemistry, were tried: 100% metanol, 100% and 80% ethanol, acetone, 10% neutral formalin, buffered neutral formalin, mixtures of various fluids: ethanol : acetone (1 : 1), ethanol : formalin (9 : 1), ethanol : acetic acid (3 : 1), formaline : ethanol : acetic acid (1.0 : 8.5 : 0.5), fixatives of Carnoy, Bouin, Rossman and Shabadash. The cell fluorescence intensity after F-PAS reaction with Schiff's reagent auramine--SO2 and the cell autofluorescence were measured cytofluorometrically. It was shown that all the fixatives, besides Bouin's and Shabadash's fluids provide rather good preservation of the cell glycogen. Results obtained from the cytofluorometry of F-PAS reaction, autofluorescence and from the morphological studies of F-Pas stained cells, suggested that the best fixatives were 100% metanol and 100% ethanol.", "contents": "[Conditions for preserving glycogen in smears of isolated cells. II. Cytofluorimetric study of the effect of fixation on the glycogen content of cells]. The influence of fixation on the intensity and specificity of the fluorescence of PAS-reaction (F-PAS) in the rat's liver cells was examined. 1.4 types of fixatives, routinely used in polysacchride cyto- and histochemistry, were tried: 100% metanol, 100% and 80% ethanol, acetone, 10% neutral formalin, buffered neutral formalin, mixtures of various fluids: ethanol : acetone (1 : 1), ethanol : formalin (9 : 1), ethanol : acetic acid (3 : 1), formaline : ethanol : acetic acid (1.0 : 8.5 : 0.5), fixatives of Carnoy, Bouin, Rossman and Shabadash. The cell fluorescence intensity after F-PAS reaction with Schiff's reagent auramine--SO2 and the cell autofluorescence were measured cytofluorometrically. It was shown that all the fixatives, besides Bouin's and Shabadash's fluids provide rather good preservation of the cell glycogen. Results obtained from the cytofluorometry of F-PAS reaction, autofluorescence and from the morphological studies of F-Pas stained cells, suggested that the best fixatives were 100% metanol and 100% ethanol.", "PMID": 695008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10076", "title": "[Accelerated measurement of the volume of condensed chromatin from electron microscopic photographs].", "content": "The fraction of condensed chromatin (C. C., %) in cell nuclei images was determined by the aid of the \"random step grid\". 100 random points were thrown on every electron microscopic images. The number of points in C. C. images was counted. Lymphocyte nuclei in spleen and lymph nodes of normal cows have a higher content of C. C. (61 +/- 1.6%) Than those of cows suffering from lympholeucosis in haematological (49 +/- 21%) and in tumor (44 +/- 1.1%) stages. The counting procedure takes about 2 hours for 90 images. The random step grid can be easily available in every day practice.", "contents": "[Accelerated measurement of the volume of condensed chromatin from electron microscopic photographs]. The fraction of condensed chromatin (C. C., %) in cell nuclei images was determined by the aid of the \"random step grid\". 100 random points were thrown on every electron microscopic images. The number of points in C. C. images was counted. Lymphocyte nuclei in spleen and lymph nodes of normal cows have a higher content of C. C. (61 +/- 1.6%) Than those of cows suffering from lympholeucosis in haematological (49 +/- 21%) and in tumor (44 +/- 1.1%) stages. The counting procedure takes about 2 hours for 90 images. The random step grid can be easily available in every day practice.", "PMID": 695009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10077", "title": "[Effect of cycloheximide on DNA replication. III. Results of autoradiography of the DNA of lysed cells].", "content": "With the help of DNA-fiber autoradiography on L cells, the question of mechanism of a rapid block of DNA replication by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, was examined. The presented data show that the elongation of labeled regions in replicating units is blocked. In non-treated cells the replication rate was 0.4 mcm/min; the mean size of replicon was 21 mcm. The difficulties encountered in the explanation of the data obtained are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of cycloheximide on DNA replication. III. Results of autoradiography of the DNA of lysed cells]. With the help of DNA-fiber autoradiography on L cells, the question of mechanism of a rapid block of DNA replication by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, was examined. The presented data show that the elongation of labeled regions in replicating units is blocked. In non-treated cells the replication rate was 0.4 mcm/min; the mean size of replicon was 21 mcm. The difficulties encountered in the explanation of the data obtained are discussed.", "PMID": 695010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10078", "title": "[Change in the concentration and non-homogeneity of RNA and SH-group distribution in pyramidal neurons of cat cerebral cortex following epileptiform activity].", "content": "Concentrations of RNA and SH-groups were determined in pyramidal neurons of somatosensory cortex of the intact cats and after epileptiform activity induced by electrical stimulation. The mean concentrations of RNA and of SH-groups and the Fisher information exponent were calculated in different zones of the pyramidal neuron cytoplasm zone of the apical dendrite and that of the axon departure. With epileptiform activity, RNA and SH-group contents and the information exponent were seen decreased. The most significant changes were localized in the axon departure zone.", "contents": "[Change in the concentration and non-homogeneity of RNA and SH-group distribution in pyramidal neurons of cat cerebral cortex following epileptiform activity]. Concentrations of RNA and SH-groups were determined in pyramidal neurons of somatosensory cortex of the intact cats and after epileptiform activity induced by electrical stimulation. The mean concentrations of RNA and of SH-groups and the Fisher information exponent were calculated in different zones of the pyramidal neuron cytoplasm zone of the apical dendrite and that of the axon departure. With epileptiform activity, RNA and SH-group contents and the information exponent were seen decreased. The most significant changes were localized in the axon departure zone.", "PMID": 695011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10079", "title": "[Device for simultaneous bilateral stretching of biological objects without displacing the site under study].", "content": "A mechanical device is offered for stretching biological objects by 2--6 mm. This is set on the microscope stage and allows simultaneous and independent stretching to the opposite sides, keeping the fixed position of any definite object point. The device and principles of operation are described taking for ellustration experiments with the crayfish receptor that involved an intercellular registration of electrical parametres of the mechanoreceptor neuron under adequate stimulation.", "contents": "[Device for simultaneous bilateral stretching of biological objects without displacing the site under study]. A mechanical device is offered for stretching biological objects by 2--6 mm. This is set on the microscope stage and allows simultaneous and independent stretching to the opposite sides, keeping the fixed position of any definite object point. The device and principles of operation are described taking for ellustration experiments with the crayfish receptor that involved an intercellular registration of electrical parametres of the mechanoreceptor neuron under adequate stimulation.", "PMID": 695013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10080", "title": "The use of electron energy loss spectroscopy for studying membrane architecture: a preliminary report.", "content": "Some initial measurements of interest with respect to the use of energy loss spectroscopy (ELS) in the electron microscope are reported. We have obtained energy loss spectra in the region less than 15 eV energy loss for three components of biological components; lecithin, cholesterol and spectrin. Some indications of the effect of electron beam damage on the cholesterol spectrum are shown. In addition, energy loss pictures of erythrocyte membrane fragments are demonstrated for various energy losses less than 40 eV (taken with 0.75 eV width window) and it is shown that an individual ferritin molecule can be identified on the basis of its iron MII-III excitation line. From the results of the preliminary data we have discussed the possibilities of ELS for studies of biological membranes.", "contents": "The use of electron energy loss spectroscopy for studying membrane architecture: a preliminary report. Some initial measurements of interest with respect to the use of energy loss spectroscopy (ELS) in the electron microscope are reported. We have obtained energy loss spectra in the region less than 15 eV energy loss for three components of biological components; lecithin, cholesterol and spectrin. Some indications of the effect of electron beam damage on the cholesterol spectrum are shown. In addition, energy loss pictures of erythrocyte membrane fragments are demonstrated for various energy losses less than 40 eV (taken with 0.75 eV width window) and it is shown that an individual ferritin molecule can be identified on the basis of its iron MII-III excitation line. From the results of the preliminary data we have discussed the possibilities of ELS for studies of biological membranes.", "PMID": 695127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10081", "title": "An integrated set of computer programs for processing electron micrographs of biological structures.", "content": "A set of computer programs is described which has been developed for processing electron micrographs of biological structures. The programs provide facilities for efficient image storage, enhancement and display. Extensive programs are available for analysis of images of structures with translational, rotational and helical symmetry, and for performing 3-dimensional reconstruction. The considerations which went into the design of the system are listed. A description is provided of the means of control of the main program, which performs the majority of the image processing operations, and an example is given to illustrate its use. These programs are compared with other program systems also developed for micrograph image processing.", "contents": "An integrated set of computer programs for processing electron micrographs of biological structures. A set of computer programs is described which has been developed for processing electron micrographs of biological structures. The programs provide facilities for efficient image storage, enhancement and display. Extensive programs are available for analysis of images of structures with translational, rotational and helical symmetry, and for performing 3-dimensional reconstruction. The considerations which went into the design of the system are listed. A description is provided of the means of control of the main program, which performs the majority of the image processing operations, and an example is given to illustrate its use. These programs are compared with other program systems also developed for micrograph image processing.", "PMID": 695129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10082", "title": "Contribution to the contamination problem in transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "The contamination of different supporting films is measured by irradiating a circular area of a few micron diameter and by using an electron probe of a few ten nm diameter. Contamination rings are generated by this method. They can be explained by diffusion of the hydrocarbon molecules on the specimen surface and by adsorption from the vacuum. The influence of specimen heating and charging are discussed. Some specimen cleaning methods have been examined. The best results were obtained by immersion of the specimen and the cartridge in methanol.", "contents": "Contribution to the contamination problem in transmission electron microscopy. The contamination of different supporting films is measured by irradiating a circular area of a few micron diameter and by using an electron probe of a few ten nm diameter. Contamination rings are generated by this method. They can be explained by diffusion of the hydrocarbon molecules on the specimen surface and by adsorption from the vacuum. The influence of specimen heating and charging are discussed. Some specimen cleaning methods have been examined. The best results were obtained by immersion of the specimen and the cartridge in methanol.", "PMID": 695130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10083", "title": "Quantitative electron probe microanalysis of biological thin sections: the use of stem for measurement of local mass thickness.", "content": "A method for performing quantitative electron probe microanalysis on ultrathin (less than 30 microgram/cm2) biological samples is described and evaluated. The technique is based on a measurement of the characteristic peak count rate and the degree of beam attenuation as the primary electron beam passes through the sample. Using this method it is possible to measure the concentration of a given element such as sodium in sections ranging in mass-thickness from several microgram/cm2 up to 30 microgram/cm2 with an accuracy of better than 10%. For sections having a mass thickness of approximately 11 microgram/cm2 the minimum detectable concentration for sodium was found to be 20 mmolar or 4 X 10(-2) wt.%. The interaction of the electron beam with the sample is also discussed with emphasis on characterizing the variation in sample mass with radiation dose.", "contents": "Quantitative electron probe microanalysis of biological thin sections: the use of stem for measurement of local mass thickness. A method for performing quantitative electron probe microanalysis on ultrathin (less than 30 microgram/cm2) biological samples is described and evaluated. The technique is based on a measurement of the characteristic peak count rate and the degree of beam attenuation as the primary electron beam passes through the sample. Using this method it is possible to measure the concentration of a given element such as sodium in sections ranging in mass-thickness from several microgram/cm2 up to 30 microgram/cm2 with an accuracy of better than 10%. For sections having a mass thickness of approximately 11 microgram/cm2 the minimum detectable concentration for sodium was found to be 20 mmolar or 4 X 10(-2) wt.%. The interaction of the electron beam with the sample is also discussed with emphasis on characterizing the variation in sample mass with radiation dose.", "PMID": 695131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10084", "title": "Radiation damage due to knock-on processes on carbon foils cooled to liquid helium temperature.", "content": "Radiation damage on a holey carbon foil was investigated in an electron microscope with a superconducting lens system, where the temperature of the specimen and its environment initially was 4 K. Due to an electron dose of 2 X 10(4) As/cm2 the diameter of a hole increased 5 nm. Rough calculations show that this increase can be ascribed to knock-on processes. Estimates of the rise in specimen temperature during the irradiation are given.", "contents": "Radiation damage due to knock-on processes on carbon foils cooled to liquid helium temperature. Radiation damage on a holey carbon foil was investigated in an electron microscope with a superconducting lens system, where the temperature of the specimen and its environment initially was 4 K. Due to an electron dose of 2 X 10(4) As/cm2 the diameter of a hole increased 5 nm. Rough calculations show that this increase can be ascribed to knock-on processes. Estimates of the rise in specimen temperature during the irradiation are given.", "PMID": 695132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10085", "title": "Radiation exposure and recognition of electron microscopic images of protamine at high resolution.", "content": "The effect of radiation exposure on visual recognition of individual macromolecules of the protein protamine was examined using high resolution electron microscopy in scanning transmission, fixed beam transmission, dark field and bright field, and recording of images on plates or via video imaging systems including image intensifiers and digital image storage. Loss of recognition of protamine, including its 5 A substructure, followed approximately three-hit kinetics with a Do on the exponential portion of the curve of about 470 e/A2. In spite of the inevitable chemical damage at high doses, virtually all molecules in orientations that exhibited the characteristic protamine structure could still be recognized in dark field scanning transmission or fixed beam bright field at 100-200 e/A2. Recognition fell from 30 to 6% when doses were increased from 1000 to 2000 e/A2 in fixed beam dark field. Exposure rates, varied over seven orders of magnitude from 0.15 e/A2-s to 3 X 10(6) e/A2-s, had no effect at all on the recognition of structures.", "contents": "Radiation exposure and recognition of electron microscopic images of protamine at high resolution. The effect of radiation exposure on visual recognition of individual macromolecules of the protein protamine was examined using high resolution electron microscopy in scanning transmission, fixed beam transmission, dark field and bright field, and recording of images on plates or via video imaging systems including image intensifiers and digital image storage. Loss of recognition of protamine, including its 5 A substructure, followed approximately three-hit kinetics with a Do on the exponential portion of the curve of about 470 e/A2. In spite of the inevitable chemical damage at high doses, virtually all molecules in orientations that exhibited the characteristic protamine structure could still be recognized in dark field scanning transmission or fixed beam bright field at 100-200 e/A2. Recognition fell from 30 to 6% when doses were increased from 1000 to 2000 e/A2 in fixed beam dark field. Exposure rates, varied over seven orders of magnitude from 0.15 e/A2-s to 3 X 10(6) e/A2-s, had no effect at all on the recognition of structures.", "PMID": 695133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10086", "title": "Discussion on the limitations of \"in situ\" deformation experiments in a high voltage electron microscope.", "content": "Radiation damage as well as surface effects are two possible limitations of the \"in situ\" straining experiment in a high voltage electron microscope. The optimum experimental conditions and a few approximate criteria to be fulfilled are described, using the data presently available. In these criteria are involved the operating conditions of the microscope, the temperature, the geometry and properties of the material investigated.", "contents": "Discussion on the limitations of \"in situ\" deformation experiments in a high voltage electron microscope. Radiation damage as well as surface effects are two possible limitations of the \"in situ\" straining experiment in a high voltage electron microscope. The optimum experimental conditions and a few approximate criteria to be fulfilled are described, using the data presently available. In these criteria are involved the operating conditions of the microscope, the temperature, the geometry and properties of the material investigated.", "PMID": 695134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10087", "title": "A TV system for image recording and processing in conventional transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "An image processing system for a CTEM is described which is particularly suited for the imaging of radiation-sensitive objects. It consists of an image intensifier device for single electron counting, a digital storage unit and a video recorder for intermediate storage of low-dose image series. During on-line operation the information can be transferred to a computer for further processing. The output can be transferred onto a second digital storage unit and observed on a monitor. The influence on the DQE of the pulse height distribution of the single electron video signals and of a multiple counting are eliminated by means of special electronic components. Various modes of operation and application possibilities of the image processing system are discussed.", "contents": "A TV system for image recording and processing in conventional transmission electron microscopy. An image processing system for a CTEM is described which is particularly suited for the imaging of radiation-sensitive objects. It consists of an image intensifier device for single electron counting, a digital storage unit and a video recorder for intermediate storage of low-dose image series. During on-line operation the information can be transferred to a computer for further processing. The output can be transferred onto a second digital storage unit and observed on a monitor. The influence on the DQE of the pulse height distribution of the single electron video signals and of a multiple counting are eliminated by means of special electronic components. Various modes of operation and application possibilities of the image processing system are discussed.", "PMID": 695135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10088", "title": "About the use of electron energy-loss spectroscopy for chemical mapping of thin foils with high spatial resolution.", "content": "Core-loss energy-filtered images have been suggested as a substantial contribution to the development of an analytical electron microscope with high spatial resolution. However, for many problems in complex materials, the characteristic signals can only be detected as slope variations of the continuously decreasing background. Therefore further data processing techniques are needed to extract satisfactorily the true chemical information. A discussion of the present limits and of the existing solutions clearly shows that the method can only be developed at the expense of more elaborate systems such as simultaneous detection channels (quite well suited to the STEM instruments). Typical numbers for realistic situations illustrate the field of application of the technique.", "contents": "About the use of electron energy-loss spectroscopy for chemical mapping of thin foils with high spatial resolution. Core-loss energy-filtered images have been suggested as a substantial contribution to the development of an analytical electron microscope with high spatial resolution. However, for many problems in complex materials, the characteristic signals can only be detected as slope variations of the continuously decreasing background. Therefore further data processing techniques are needed to extract satisfactorily the true chemical information. A discussion of the present limits and of the existing solutions clearly shows that the method can only be developed at the expense of more elaborate systems such as simultaneous detection channels (quite well suited to the STEM instruments). Typical numbers for realistic situations illustrate the field of application of the technique.", "PMID": 695136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10089", "title": "Formulae for light-element microanalysis by electron energy-loss spectrometry.", "content": "Simple expressions are derived for elemental concentration in terms of quantities measurable from the energy-loss spectrum and suitable cross sections for inner-shell excitation. The derivation takes into account the predominant scattering processes occurring in a thin sample: elastic and quasi-elastic scattering and valence-electron excitation. Consideration is given to the choice of specimen orientation and thickness, the detection angle and energy window, from the point of view of accuracy of the simple formulae and other factors. The requirements for displaying chemical information in an energy-filtered image are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Formulae for light-element microanalysis by electron energy-loss spectrometry. Simple expressions are derived for elemental concentration in terms of quantities measurable from the energy-loss spectrum and suitable cross sections for inner-shell excitation. The derivation takes into account the predominant scattering processes occurring in a thin sample: elastic and quasi-elastic scattering and valence-electron excitation. Consideration is given to the choice of specimen orientation and thickness, the detection angle and energy window, from the point of view of accuracy of the simple formulae and other factors. The requirements for displaying chemical information in an energy-filtered image are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 695137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10090", "title": "Getting started with a scanning transmission electron microscope coupled to a small computer.", "content": "A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) equipped with a laser-heated gun was coupled to a small computer. Several alterations to the commercially obtained parts of this system are described. On-line operation procedures were developed aiming to reduce the amount of radiation of the specimen area of interest. The resulting system is capable of recording information at the 1.0 to 1.5 nm resolution level by taking advantage of the efficiency of a STEM in recording the information and in controlling the irradiation conditions. These features are important in the study of biological material.", "contents": "Getting started with a scanning transmission electron microscope coupled to a small computer. A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) equipped with a laser-heated gun was coupled to a small computer. Several alterations to the commercially obtained parts of this system are described. On-line operation procedures were developed aiming to reduce the amount of radiation of the specimen area of interest. The resulting system is capable of recording information at the 1.0 to 1.5 nm resolution level by taking advantage of the efficiency of a STEM in recording the information and in controlling the irradiation conditions. These features are important in the study of biological material.", "PMID": 695141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10091", "title": "Transurethral incision of prostate. Seven-year follow-up.", "content": "The first transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) by the author was done in 1969. An analysis of 150 TUIPs performed thus far is given and compared with 150 concomitant patients with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Only 1 TUIP patient has required subsequent resection, whereas 8 patients in th TURP group have had reresection. There has been no contracture of the bladder neck, no incontinence of urine, fewer strictures, and less sexual changes associated with this new method.", "contents": "Transurethral incision of prostate. Seven-year follow-up. The first transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) by the author was done in 1969. An analysis of 150 TUIPs performed thus far is given and compared with 150 concomitant patients with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Only 1 TUIP patient has required subsequent resection, whereas 8 patients in th TURP group have had reresection. There has been no contracture of the bladder neck, no incontinence of urine, fewer strictures, and less sexual changes associated with this new method.", "PMID": 695146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10092", "title": "Hypertension and unilateral vascular occlusion. Diagnosis and surgical intervention.", "content": "Four hypertensive patients with unilateral atheromatous renal arterial occlusion have been studied. Each showed elevation of renal venous activity on the side of the vascular occlusion relative to the opposite side. Three of the patients underwent nephrectomy with amelioration of their hypertension. It is concluded that surgical treatment is valid therapy in patients with atheromatous unilateral renal vascular occlusion and ipsilateral elevation of renal venous renin activity.", "contents": "Hypertension and unilateral vascular occlusion. Diagnosis and surgical intervention. Four hypertensive patients with unilateral atheromatous renal arterial occlusion have been studied. Each showed elevation of renal venous activity on the side of the vascular occlusion relative to the opposite side. Three of the patients underwent nephrectomy with amelioration of their hypertension. It is concluded that surgical treatment is valid therapy in patients with atheromatous unilateral renal vascular occlusion and ipsilateral elevation of renal venous renin activity.", "PMID": 695147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10093", "title": "Ureteral contusion and delayed necrosis from gunshot injury.", "content": "The blast effect surrounding the path of a gunshot wound near the ureter can cause ureteral contusion with hematuria, no extravasation on the intravenous pyelogram, and an intact ureter found at laparotomy. Subsequent progression of the ureteral contusion to delayed necrosis and urine leakage can occur.", "contents": "Ureteral contusion and delayed necrosis from gunshot injury. The blast effect surrounding the path of a gunshot wound near the ureter can cause ureteral contusion with hematuria, no extravasation on the intravenous pyelogram, and an intact ureter found at laparotomy. Subsequent progression of the ureteral contusion to delayed necrosis and urine leakage can occur.", "PMID": 695148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10094", "title": "Operative technique for treatment of ureterocele of single ureter in children.", "content": "For treatment of simple ureterocele in children an operative technique is presented which is designed to eliminate the ureterocele and prevent future vesicoureteral reflux. This technique combines an intravesical with an extravesical approach to the distal ureter. The ureterocele is excised and the ureter reimplanted in the bladder at a different site. The exposure of the distal ureter allows tailoring to reduce its caliber, if needed, before reimplantation. During the last eight years 7 children with ureterocele of a single ureter have been treated with this technique. In each of the 7 children the objectives of the operation have been achieved, as proved by postoperative follow-up.", "contents": "Operative technique for treatment of ureterocele of single ureter in children. For treatment of simple ureterocele in children an operative technique is presented which is designed to eliminate the ureterocele and prevent future vesicoureteral reflux. This technique combines an intravesical with an extravesical approach to the distal ureter. The ureterocele is excised and the ureter reimplanted in the bladder at a different site. The exposure of the distal ureter allows tailoring to reduce its caliber, if needed, before reimplantation. During the last eight years 7 children with ureterocele of a single ureter have been treated with this technique. In each of the 7 children the objectives of the operation have been achieved, as proved by postoperative follow-up.", "PMID": 695149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10095", "title": "Priapism and multiple myeloma. Successful treatment with plasmapheresis.", "content": "Priapism was associated with multiple myeloma and hyperviscosity in a sixty-year-old black male. Plasmapheresis treatment of the hyperviscosity corrected his priapism, and chemotherapy for the underlying multiple myeloma prevented the recurrence of priapism after a chronic intermittent history of seventeen years.", "contents": "Priapism and multiple myeloma. Successful treatment with plasmapheresis. Priapism was associated with multiple myeloma and hyperviscosity in a sixty-year-old black male. Plasmapheresis treatment of the hyperviscosity corrected his priapism, and chemotherapy for the underlying multiple myeloma prevented the recurrence of priapism after a chronic intermittent history of seventeen years.", "PMID": 695150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10096", "title": "Survival after right radical nephrectomy and resection of suprarenal vena cava.", "content": "The problems relating to injury and the resection of the suprarenal vena cava during a right nephrectomy may well confront every urologic surgeon. Although such a procedure is compatible with survival, postoperative temporary renal dysfunction may occur and a plan to deal with this problem should be formulated.", "contents": "Survival after right radical nephrectomy and resection of suprarenal vena cava. The problems relating to injury and the resection of the suprarenal vena cava during a right nephrectomy may well confront every urologic surgeon. Although such a procedure is compatible with survival, postoperative temporary renal dysfunction may occur and a plan to deal with this problem should be formulated.", "PMID": 695151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10097", "title": "Endobronchial metastasis from prostatic cancer in patient with renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "A patient was seen with a right upper lobe endobronchial mass initially thought to be brochogenic carcinoma. There was a history of prostatic carcinoma, and subsequent investigation demonstrated a hypernephroma. Thoracotomy and special studies proved the endobronchial metastasis to be prostatic in origin, a rare cause of endobronchial metastasis.", "contents": "Endobronchial metastasis from prostatic cancer in patient with renal cell carcinoma. A patient was seen with a right upper lobe endobronchial mass initially thought to be brochogenic carcinoma. There was a history of prostatic carcinoma, and subsequent investigation demonstrated a hypernephroma. Thoracotomy and special studies proved the endobronchial metastasis to be prostatic in origin, a rare cause of endobronchial metastasis.", "PMID": 695152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10098", "title": "Reduction in urinary oxalate values by allopurinol.", "content": "A variety of substances have been used to prevent recurrence of stone disease. Recently there has been considerable interest in the ability of allopurinol to prevent stone recurrence. This article discusses the effect of allopurinol on the urinary oxalate in a group of stone formers. A significant reduction was obtained especially in subjects in whom the blood urate levels exceeded 300 mumol./L. Possible mechanisms explaining the mode of action of the drug are discussed.", "contents": "Reduction in urinary oxalate values by allopurinol. A variety of substances have been used to prevent recurrence of stone disease. Recently there has been considerable interest in the ability of allopurinol to prevent stone recurrence. This article discusses the effect of allopurinol on the urinary oxalate in a group of stone formers. A significant reduction was obtained especially in subjects in whom the blood urate levels exceeded 300 mumol./L. Possible mechanisms explaining the mode of action of the drug are discussed.", "PMID": 695155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10099", "title": "Ultrasound and nuclear medicine in evaluation of renal disease.", "content": "Multiple diagnostic imaging techniques are currently available to the clinician but the complementary nature of these techniques is frequently overlooked. A case is presented to illustrate the contributions of ultrasound, radiology, and nuclear medicine in evaluating renal disease.", "contents": "Ultrasound and nuclear medicine in evaluation of renal disease. Multiple diagnostic imaging techniques are currently available to the clinician but the complementary nature of these techniques is frequently overlooked. A case is presented to illustrate the contributions of ultrasound, radiology, and nuclear medicine in evaluating renal disease.", "PMID": 695158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10100", "title": "Hydrocele formation after sandwich irradiation therapy for testicular tumor.", "content": "Contralateral hydrocele formation secondary to irradiation, radical retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy, or both, in the treatment of tumor of the testis has, to our knowledge, never before been reported. Our experience with 8 patients in whom hydrocele occurred after the combined modalities of therapy prompted this report. Because these benign hydroceles cannot be differentiated from a second testicular neoplasm on the basis of symptom complex, duration, or time interval after therapy, high inguinal exploration is mandatory in every case.", "contents": "Hydrocele formation after sandwich irradiation therapy for testicular tumor. Contralateral hydrocele formation secondary to irradiation, radical retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy, or both, in the treatment of tumor of the testis has, to our knowledge, never before been reported. Our experience with 8 patients in whom hydrocele occurred after the combined modalities of therapy prompted this report. Because these benign hydroceles cannot be differentiated from a second testicular neoplasm on the basis of symptom complex, duration, or time interval after therapy, high inguinal exploration is mandatory in every case.", "PMID": 695159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10101", "title": "Uropharmacology: IX. Direct-acting smooth muscle stimulants and depressants.", "content": "Agents which exert their effect on the lower urinary tract by stimulating or depressing the activity of smooth muscle directly are discussed. Many of these drugs also exert other actions on the urinary tract mediated via the autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "Uropharmacology: IX. Direct-acting smooth muscle stimulants and depressants. Agents which exert their effect on the lower urinary tract by stimulating or depressing the activity of smooth muscle directly are discussed. Many of these drugs also exert other actions on the urinary tract mediated via the autonomic nervous system.", "PMID": 695160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10102", "title": "[Peripheral paralysis or \"bulbar threat\"? (Further comment on the pathogenesis of respiratory arrest and vascular collapse during cerebrospinal anesthesia)].", "content": "The study of 9776 cases of spinal anesthesia carried out in the clinic and the results of the experiments on dogs have lead to the conclusion that respiratory arrest and drop of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia result from the block of the peripheral conductors rather than from paralysis of bulbar centres. The artificial pulmonary ventilation constitutes the only effective means in combating respiratory depression in spinal anesthesia.", "contents": "[Peripheral paralysis or \"bulbar threat\"? (Further comment on the pathogenesis of respiratory arrest and vascular collapse during cerebrospinal anesthesia)]. The study of 9776 cases of spinal anesthesia carried out in the clinic and the results of the experiments on dogs have lead to the conclusion that respiratory arrest and drop of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia result from the block of the peripheral conductors rather than from paralysis of bulbar centres. The artificial pulmonary ventilation constitutes the only effective means in combating respiratory depression in spinal anesthesia.", "PMID": 695166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10103", "title": "[Diagnostic and prognostic importance of the intensity of the blood plasma superweak intrinsic luminescence in acute surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity organs].", "content": "The authors present the results of the studies of the intensity of plasma super-weak chemical luminescence for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis (35 cases) and various forms of cholecystitis (131 cases). The increase of the intensity level of the blood plasma chemical luminescence has been found in all the forms of cholecystitis and in appendicitis. With the improvement of the patients condition the indices of the luminescence intensity start to normalize. On the grounds of their observations the authors consider that the use of this method in surgical practice will provide information on an early development of complications before their evident clinical manifestations occur.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and prognostic importance of the intensity of the blood plasma superweak intrinsic luminescence in acute surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity organs]. The authors present the results of the studies of the intensity of plasma super-weak chemical luminescence for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis (35 cases) and various forms of cholecystitis (131 cases). The increase of the intensity level of the blood plasma chemical luminescence has been found in all the forms of cholecystitis and in appendicitis. With the improvement of the patients condition the indices of the luminescence intensity start to normalize. On the grounds of their observations the authors consider that the use of this method in surgical practice will provide information on an early development of complications before their evident clinical manifestations occur.", "PMID": 695172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10104", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of the surgical approaches in cancer of the right and left halves of the large intestine].", "content": "The most common approaches to the right and left halves of the colon were compared in the experiment on 193 human cadavers and in the clinic (114 cases). The evaluation of the approaches was based on the studies of spatial interrelations in the surgical wound following the A. Yu. Sozon-Yaroschevich method. On the grounds of comparative experimental and clinical findings the G. D. Vilyavin's methods of right- and left-side incisions (inferior-medial laparotomy with the prolongation of the incision to the cartilage of the tenth rib) are accepted as the best in hemicolectomy.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of the surgical approaches in cancer of the right and left halves of the large intestine]. The most common approaches to the right and left halves of the colon were compared in the experiment on 193 human cadavers and in the clinic (114 cases). The evaluation of the approaches was based on the studies of spatial interrelations in the surgical wound following the A. Yu. Sozon-Yaroschevich method. On the grounds of comparative experimental and clinical findings the G. D. Vilyavin's methods of right- and left-side incisions (inferior-medial laparotomy with the prolongation of the incision to the cartilage of the tenth rib) are accepted as the best in hemicolectomy.", "PMID": 695174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10105", "title": "[Surgical treatment of sarcoma of the soft tissues of the extremities].", "content": "The experience with radical operations carried out upon 281 patients with malignant tumors of the soft tissues of the extremities has proved that sparing operations are more common surgical interventions (62.2%) than amputations (38.8%). The rate of the five years' survival of the patients following amputations is lower (23.6%) than following sparing operations (62.6%), which most probably depends o, the character of a lesion influencing the choice of the volume of an operation.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of sarcoma of the soft tissues of the extremities]. The experience with radical operations carried out upon 281 patients with malignant tumors of the soft tissues of the extremities has proved that sparing operations are more common surgical interventions (62.2%) than amputations (38.8%). The rate of the five years' survival of the patients following amputations is lower (23.6%) than following sparing operations (62.6%), which most probably depends o, the character of a lesion influencing the choice of the volume of an operation.", "PMID": 695175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10106", "title": "[Symptom dynamics in the surgical treatment of posttraumatic arthrosis deformans of the knee joint].", "content": "288 cases of posttraumatic deforming arthrosis of the knee-joint were examined. The further postoperative periodic examinations and checking of the late results of the treatment of 171 patients have proved that the symptoms of the disease are mainly due to the disorders in the knee-joint stability. The obtained data suggest the possibility of a secondary inflammatory origin of pain in deforming arthrosis and witness an important role played by the surgical prevention and correction of the joint instability in clinical remission of th disease.", "contents": "[Symptom dynamics in the surgical treatment of posttraumatic arthrosis deformans of the knee joint]. 288 cases of posttraumatic deforming arthrosis of the knee-joint were examined. The further postoperative periodic examinations and checking of the late results of the treatment of 171 patients have proved that the symptoms of the disease are mainly due to the disorders in the knee-joint stability. The obtained data suggest the possibility of a secondary inflammatory origin of pain in deforming arthrosis and witness an important role played by the surgical prevention and correction of the joint instability in clinical remission of th disease.", "PMID": 695176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10107", "title": "[Transcutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein].", "content": "The anatomy of the internal jugular vein at different portions of the neck is described in the article. The description of three main methods of the puncture of the internal jugular vein is given. The authors present the own material consisting of 3000 catheterizations of the internal jugular vein. Indications, contraindications and characteristics of complications are set forth.", "contents": "[Transcutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein]. The anatomy of the internal jugular vein at different portions of the neck is described in the article. The description of three main methods of the puncture of the internal jugular vein is given. The authors present the own material consisting of 3000 catheterizations of the internal jugular vein. Indications, contraindications and characteristics of complications are set forth.", "PMID": 695177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10108", "title": "[Method of injection necrotherapy of benign tumors of the subcutaneous cellular tissue].", "content": "With the aim of exterminating small (up to 3--4 cm. in diameter), single or multiple subcutaneous fat tumors (lipoma etc.) the author suggests to use transcutaneous injections of solutions possessing necrotizing properties (10% calcium chloride, 96% alcohol, formalin) into the tumor instead of its surgical removal. The injection should be done under local anesthesia, slowly, the amount of solution not exceeding 0.5--1 of the volume of the tumor. The necrotherapy has been used for 4 years upon 14 patients (32 tumors); besides, the author made 12 self-injections. In 3 cases a repeated injection was required. There were no complications or recurrences.", "contents": "[Method of injection necrotherapy of benign tumors of the subcutaneous cellular tissue]. With the aim of exterminating small (up to 3--4 cm. in diameter), single or multiple subcutaneous fat tumors (lipoma etc.) the author suggests to use transcutaneous injections of solutions possessing necrotizing properties (10% calcium chloride, 96% alcohol, formalin) into the tumor instead of its surgical removal. The injection should be done under local anesthesia, slowly, the amount of solution not exceeding 0.5--1 of the volume of the tumor. The necrotherapy has been used for 4 years upon 14 patients (32 tumors); besides, the author made 12 self-injections. In 3 cases a repeated injection was required. There were no complications or recurrences.", "PMID": 695178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10109", "title": "[X-ray study of closed craniocerebral injury and fractures of the occipital bone].", "content": "The work is grounded on the study of 1560 case histories of a diagnosed closed craniocerebral injury. The X-ray examination showed fractures of the cranial vault only in 3.7% of cases. A comprehensive clinical analysis of 18 cases of occipital bone fractures is set forth. In case of an extremely severe condition of such patients surgical interventions have proved to be of a little effectiveness; their expediency is doubtful.", "contents": "[X-ray study of closed craniocerebral injury and fractures of the occipital bone]. The work is grounded on the study of 1560 case histories of a diagnosed closed craniocerebral injury. The X-ray examination showed fractures of the cranial vault only in 3.7% of cases. A comprehensive clinical analysis of 18 cases of occipital bone fractures is set forth. In case of an extremely severe condition of such patients surgical interventions have proved to be of a little effectiveness; their expediency is doubtful.", "PMID": 695181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10110", "title": "[Treatment of low fractures of the leg bones].", "content": "The reposition-fixation method was used successfully in 35 cases of low diaphyseal fractures of the bones of the crus. Reposition of the tibial fragments was carried out by means of four wires tightened in pairs in two stirrups. This was followed with the application of a circular plaster bandage. After X-ray checking of the fracture site the stirrups were removed, the ends of the wires were bent and plastered into the bandage. All the patients recovered and started working again. 2 patients, who had sustained open fractures, developed osteomyelitis, refracture occurred in 2 other patients, osteomyelitis in the site of the insertion of the wires--in 1 patient.", "contents": "[Treatment of low fractures of the leg bones]. The reposition-fixation method was used successfully in 35 cases of low diaphyseal fractures of the bones of the crus. Reposition of the tibial fragments was carried out by means of four wires tightened in pairs in two stirrups. This was followed with the application of a circular plaster bandage. After X-ray checking of the fracture site the stirrups were removed, the ends of the wires were bent and plastered into the bandage. All the patients recovered and started working again. 2 patients, who had sustained open fractures, developed osteomyelitis, refracture occurred in 2 other patients, osteomyelitis in the site of the insertion of the wires--in 1 patient.", "PMID": 695182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10111", "title": "[New variant in the surgical treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the forearm bones combined with dislocation in the radioulnar articulation].", "content": "Better anatomical and functional results in the treatment of malunion, ununited fractures and pseudoarthrosis are gained through the combination of compression osteosynthesis with bone plasty and open reduction of the dislocated capitellum with the formation of the ligamental system. Resection of the dislocated capitellum leads mostly to the dysfunction and disability.", "contents": "[New variant in the surgical treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the forearm bones combined with dislocation in the radioulnar articulation]. Better anatomical and functional results in the treatment of malunion, ununited fractures and pseudoarthrosis are gained through the combination of compression osteosynthesis with bone plasty and open reduction of the dislocated capitellum with the formation of the ligamental system. Resection of the dislocated capitellum leads mostly to the dysfunction and disability.", "PMID": 695184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10112", "title": "[Clinical x-ray diagnostic characteristics of intestinal perforation in newborn and nursing infants].", "content": "The authors described 49 neonates and infants with perforation of the intestine. The clinical picture of perforation, peculiarities of its diagnosis and the treatment are presented. A special emphasis is laid upon contrastless radiography providing quite a valuable information for the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Clinical x-ray diagnostic characteristics of intestinal perforation in newborn and nursing infants]. The authors described 49 neonates and infants with perforation of the intestine. The clinical picture of perforation, peculiarities of its diagnosis and the treatment are presented. A special emphasis is laid upon contrastless radiography providing quite a valuable information for the diagnosis.", "PMID": 695188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10113", "title": "[Characteristics of the course and treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis in children].", "content": "The results of clinico-laboratory studies on 510 children with acute hematogenic osteomyelitis are presented. Being a septic manifestation, acute osteomyelitis in children is characterized by a severe general reaction with a symptom complex of a \"septic schock\" which not infrequently leads to diagnostic errors (36%). So, therapeutic measures should be aimed first at the correction of disorders of homeostasis through the specific effect of thyrocalcitonine (TCT), purposeful use of antibiotics and sparing surgical intervention (intraosseous dialysis).", "contents": "[Characteristics of the course and treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]. The results of clinico-laboratory studies on 510 children with acute hematogenic osteomyelitis are presented. Being a septic manifestation, acute osteomyelitis in children is characterized by a severe general reaction with a symptom complex of a \"septic schock\" which not infrequently leads to diagnostic errors (36%). So, therapeutic measures should be aimed first at the correction of disorders of homeostasis through the specific effect of thyrocalcitonine (TCT), purposeful use of antibiotics and sparing surgical intervention (intraosseous dialysis).", "PMID": 695189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10114", "title": "[Importance and prospects of surgical study methods in lung cancer].", "content": "More than 20 years' experience with surgical exploration in cancer of the lung is generalized in this article. The use of prescalene biopsy allowed to find out metastases in 130 out of 308 patients (42.2%), mediastinoscopy helped to refine the degree of the propagation of the process in 36.2%, and parasternal mediastinotomy--in 49.5%. Due to laparoscopy and laparotomy metastases in the abdominal organs (liver, adrenal glands, retroperitoneal nodes) were found in 22 out of 162 patients. The diagnostic thoracotomy carried out upon 109 patients revealed tumors of the lungs in 50 patients, in 47 out of them it was an early stage of primary cancer.", "contents": "[Importance and prospects of surgical study methods in lung cancer]. More than 20 years' experience with surgical exploration in cancer of the lung is generalized in this article. The use of prescalene biopsy allowed to find out metastases in 130 out of 308 patients (42.2%), mediastinoscopy helped to refine the degree of the propagation of the process in 36.2%, and parasternal mediastinotomy--in 49.5%. Due to laparoscopy and laparotomy metastases in the abdominal organs (liver, adrenal glands, retroperitoneal nodes) were found in 22 out of 162 patients. The diagnostic thoracotomy carried out upon 109 patients revealed tumors of the lungs in 50 patients, in 47 out of them it was an early stage of primary cancer.", "PMID": 695191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10115", "title": "[Anesthesia characteristics in the surgical treatment of esophageal injuries].", "content": "On the grounds of the experience with 198 operations for esophageal injuries the author substantiates the importance and necessity of a perfect anesthesia in time of the operation. 95 patients were operated upon under general anesthesia and 103--under local narcosis. Peculiarities of the local and general anesthetization are emphasyzed and the indications for each type of narcosis are defined.", "contents": "[Anesthesia characteristics in the surgical treatment of esophageal injuries]. On the grounds of the experience with 198 operations for esophageal injuries the author substantiates the importance and necessity of a perfect anesthesia in time of the operation. 95 patients were operated upon under general anesthesia and 103--under local narcosis. Peculiarities of the local and general anesthetization are emphasyzed and the indications for each type of narcosis are defined.", "PMID": 695192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10116", "title": "[Blood cholinergic activity during ketamine anesthesia].", "content": "Blood cholinergic activity in ketamine anesthesia was studied through the acetylcholine level and activity of true and pseudocholinesterase on 30 patients during surgical interventions which were not very traumatic. Ketamine was found to increase acetylcholine blood level and activity of cholinergic enzymes in the blood due to the rise of parasympathetic nervous system tone and to the absence of depressing effect of the anesthetic upon the renal function.", "contents": "[Blood cholinergic activity during ketamine anesthesia]. Blood cholinergic activity in ketamine anesthesia was studied through the acetylcholine level and activity of true and pseudocholinesterase on 30 patients during surgical interventions which were not very traumatic. Ketamine was found to increase acetylcholine blood level and activity of cholinergic enzymes in the blood due to the rise of parasympathetic nervous system tone and to the absence of depressing effect of the anesthetic upon the renal function.", "PMID": 695193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10117", "title": "[Complications in peridural anesthesia].", "content": "An analysis of complications associated with peridural anesthesia (PA) in 1000 women operated upon in the clinic of gynecology and obstetrics was carried out. In time of operation the number of complications constituted 5%; 0,5% of them were dangerous to life (collapse--0.4%, cardiac arrest--0.1%). Neither fatality nor disability resulting from PA were noted. The frequency rate of complications associated with PA does not exceed that one following other methods of anesthesia. The authors believe it possible to use PA in hypovolemic conditions after their preliminary correction or parallel to it.", "contents": "[Complications in peridural anesthesia]. An analysis of complications associated with peridural anesthesia (PA) in 1000 women operated upon in the clinic of gynecology and obstetrics was carried out. In time of operation the number of complications constituted 5%; 0,5% of them were dangerous to life (collapse--0.4%, cardiac arrest--0.1%). Neither fatality nor disability resulting from PA were noted. The frequency rate of complications associated with PA does not exceed that one following other methods of anesthesia. The authors believe it possible to use PA in hypovolemic conditions after their preliminary correction or parallel to it.", "PMID": 695194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10118", "title": "[Architectonics of the vessels of small and large intestinal grafts in esophagoplasty].", "content": "In experiments on 30 cadavers the structure of the small and large bowel vessels with the concern in esophagoplasty was studied. The angiography proved that in case of multiarcade structure of the small bowel vessels, more than in 50% of cases the great bowel showed a trunk type of the division of the vessels. In 70% of cases with a favourable structure of the small bowel vessels good conditions for taking a graft from the large bowel were found. In case of a relatively unfavorable or an unfavorable structure of the small bowel vessels (26.7%) there was the possibility to get a graft from the left side of the large bowel and in 50%--from the right one.", "contents": "[Architectonics of the vessels of small and large intestinal grafts in esophagoplasty]. In experiments on 30 cadavers the structure of the small and large bowel vessels with the concern in esophagoplasty was studied. The angiography proved that in case of multiarcade structure of the small bowel vessels, more than in 50% of cases the great bowel showed a trunk type of the division of the vessels. In 70% of cases with a favourable structure of the small bowel vessels good conditions for taking a graft from the large bowel were found. In case of a relatively unfavorable or an unfavorable structure of the small bowel vessels (26.7%) there was the possibility to get a graft from the left side of the large bowel and in 50%--from the right one.", "PMID": 695196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10119", "title": "[Peptic ulcers evoked by retention of the antral portion of mucous membrane at the duodenum after a Bilroth II stomach resection].", "content": "From the authors' data the retained mucous membrane of the antral region at the duodenum following gastric resection for peptic ulcer results in the development of gastric ulcers. It has been found that only the removal of the retained antral mucous membrane stops the production of HCl and promotes the healing of ulcer. The reflux of the duodenal contents into the isolated pylorus does not constitute a cause of the gastrin production, the continuation of which is mainly due to the vagal denervation of the glands producing the antral hormone.", "contents": "[Peptic ulcers evoked by retention of the antral portion of mucous membrane at the duodenum after a Bilroth II stomach resection]. From the authors' data the retained mucous membrane of the antral region at the duodenum following gastric resection for peptic ulcer results in the development of gastric ulcers. It has been found that only the removal of the retained antral mucous membrane stops the production of HCl and promotes the healing of ulcer. The reflux of the duodenal contents into the isolated pylorus does not constitute a cause of the gastrin production, the continuation of which is mainly due to the vagal denervation of the glands producing the antral hormone.", "PMID": 695197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10120", "title": "[Functional and morphological characteristics of the gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer and the selection of the method of surgical treatment].", "content": "A linkage study of gastric secretion in complicated peptic ulcer in 445 patients, 192 radiotelemetric studies included, was carried out. Histological and histomorphometrical investigations of the stomach mucous membrane were carried out in 179 patients. Gastric resection was performed upon 306 patients: in 228 out of them the resection involved half of the stomach and was supplemented with selective vagotomy in case of hyperacidic secretion and unchanged mucous membrane. Good functional results were obtained in 94.4% out of 156 patients examined in late periods of the follow-up. There were no cases of the recurrence of ulcer.", "contents": "[Functional and morphological characteristics of the gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer and the selection of the method of surgical treatment]. A linkage study of gastric secretion in complicated peptic ulcer in 445 patients, 192 radiotelemetric studies included, was carried out. Histological and histomorphometrical investigations of the stomach mucous membrane were carried out in 179 patients. Gastric resection was performed upon 306 patients: in 228 out of them the resection involved half of the stomach and was supplemented with selective vagotomy in case of hyperacidic secretion and unchanged mucous membrane. Good functional results were obtained in 94.4% out of 156 patients examined in late periods of the follow-up. There were no cases of the recurrence of ulcer.", "PMID": 695198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10121", "title": "[Fiber gastroscopy in the diagnosis of polyps of the gastric stump].", "content": "The work is based upon the study of findings obtained in the examination and treatment of 27 cases of stomach stump polyposis. The fibrogastroscopy revealed polyps in all 27 patients. The target gastrobiopsy was carried out upon all the case of adenomatous polyps of the stomach stump, which permitted to find out the true character of the disease in 26 of them. Hence, the fibrogastroscopy done together with the target gastrobiopsy proves to be the most effective method of the diagnosis of polyps of the stomach stump.", "contents": "[Fiber gastroscopy in the diagnosis of polyps of the gastric stump]. The work is based upon the study of findings obtained in the examination and treatment of 27 cases of stomach stump polyposis. The fibrogastroscopy revealed polyps in all 27 patients. The target gastrobiopsy was carried out upon all the case of adenomatous polyps of the stomach stump, which permitted to find out the true character of the disease in 26 of them. Hence, the fibrogastroscopy done together with the target gastrobiopsy proves to be the most effective method of the diagnosis of polyps of the stomach stump.", "PMID": 695199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10122", "title": "[Ujoviridin method of studying the absorptive and excretory function of the liver and its blood flow in mechanical jaundice].", "content": "The blood flow and absorption-excretory function of the liver were studied in 5 normal individuals and in 50 cases of mechanical jaundice. In 26 out of them mechanical jaundice was due to tumors localized in the hepatoduodenal zone, and in 24--mechanical jaundice was the complication of cholelithiasis. It was found that obstructive jaundice cases develop severe hepatocellular and hemodynamic disorders, the degree of which could be determined by the hall-absorption of ujoviridin, its clearance and relative percentage of the clearance.", "contents": "[Ujoviridin method of studying the absorptive and excretory function of the liver and its blood flow in mechanical jaundice]. The blood flow and absorption-excretory function of the liver were studied in 5 normal individuals and in 50 cases of mechanical jaundice. In 26 out of them mechanical jaundice was due to tumors localized in the hepatoduodenal zone, and in 24--mechanical jaundice was the complication of cholelithiasis. It was found that obstructive jaundice cases develop severe hepatocellular and hemodynamic disorders, the degree of which could be determined by the hall-absorption of ujoviridin, its clearance and relative percentage of the clearance.", "PMID": 695200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10123", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of common bile duct drainage via the cystic duct stump after cholecystectomy for chronic calculous cholecystitis].", "content": "From target studies of the clinical value of choledochal drainage through the stump of the cystic duct by Halsted-Pikovsky method, following cholecystectomy for Courvosier's gallbladder without choledochotomy, the authors have come to the conclusion that such drainage does not improve the postoperative clinical course, while evolving an added risk of some complications.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of common bile duct drainage via the cystic duct stump after cholecystectomy for chronic calculous cholecystitis]. From target studies of the clinical value of choledochal drainage through the stump of the cystic duct by Halsted-Pikovsky method, following cholecystectomy for Courvosier's gallbladder without choledochotomy, the authors have come to the conclusion that such drainage does not improve the postoperative clinical course, while evolving an added risk of some complications.", "PMID": 695201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10124", "title": "[Change in the amylase activity and microflora in the bile in cholecystitis].", "content": "To ground the surgical technic and pathognomic postoperative management some etiopathogenetic problems of acute cholecystitis have been studied. The gallbladder contents and abdominal cavity exudate and their effect upon the amylase activity and microflora have been analyzed. The analysis has shown that in the pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis in elderly and senile patients the fermentative component plays an important part, which results in a rapid destruction of the gallbladder against the background of vascular disorders. Such cases need an earlier decompression of the biliary tract and the postoperative management should be aimed at the suppression of pancreatic secretion. As to the majority of the cases of acute cholecystitis, which not infrequently possesses some features of a longlasting chronic process, the operation should be postponed till inflammatory manifestations subside.", "contents": "[Change in the amylase activity and microflora in the bile in cholecystitis]. To ground the surgical technic and pathognomic postoperative management some etiopathogenetic problems of acute cholecystitis have been studied. The gallbladder contents and abdominal cavity exudate and their effect upon the amylase activity and microflora have been analyzed. The analysis has shown that in the pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis in elderly and senile patients the fermentative component plays an important part, which results in a rapid destruction of the gallbladder against the background of vascular disorders. Such cases need an earlier decompression of the biliary tract and the postoperative management should be aimed at the suppression of pancreatic secretion. As to the majority of the cases of acute cholecystitis, which not infrequently possesses some features of a longlasting chronic process, the operation should be postponed till inflammatory manifestations subside.", "PMID": 695202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10125", "title": "[Cholecystostomy in elderly patients in light of the immediate and late results].", "content": "Cholecystotomies carried out upon 58 patients aged above 50 have been analyzed 22.4% of the patients died in the immediate postoperative period. In the late postoperative period good and fair results were found in 86.2% out of 21 followed-up patients 4 patients (13.8%) underwent the repeated cholecystostomy or cholecystectomy. The outcome was favorable. Some useful practical recommendations are suggested.", "contents": "[Cholecystostomy in elderly patients in light of the immediate and late results]. Cholecystotomies carried out upon 58 patients aged above 50 have been analyzed 22.4% of the patients died in the immediate postoperative period. In the late postoperative period good and fair results were found in 86.2% out of 21 followed-up patients 4 patients (13.8%) underwent the repeated cholecystostomy or cholecystectomy. The outcome was favorable. Some useful practical recommendations are suggested.", "PMID": 695203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10126", "title": "[Treatment of acute pancreatitis].", "content": "The experience with the treatment of 482 patients with acute pancreatitis under the conditions of a central district hospital is presented. An outline for the conservative treatment depending upon the severity of the patient's status, when admitted to a surgical department, is suggested. 80 cases were operated upon; most of them with destructive forms of pancreatitis and with complications of the disease. The success of the treatment of acute pancreatitis depends upon complex, intensive conservative treatment rendered in due time. Total lethality was 6.2%, the postoperative one-32.5%.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute pancreatitis]. The experience with the treatment of 482 patients with acute pancreatitis under the conditions of a central district hospital is presented. An outline for the conservative treatment depending upon the severity of the patient's status, when admitted to a surgical department, is suggested. 80 cases were operated upon; most of them with destructive forms of pancreatitis and with complications of the disease. The success of the treatment of acute pancreatitis depends upon complex, intensive conservative treatment rendered in due time. Total lethality was 6.2%, the postoperative one-32.5%.", "PMID": 695204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10127", "title": "[Late results of the interintestinal anastomosis condition after congenital obstruction of the small intestine].", "content": "The data concerning the late results of resection of the small intestine carried out for congenital small intestine ileus in 43 newborns are set forth. The results of an experimental study on 75 puppies subjected to resection of the small intestine with application of various anastomoses are covered in the article. The evaluation of late results suggests that end-to-end anastomosis is the best one; end-to-side anastomosis gives fair results, while side-to-side anastomosis is the least physiological one as it results in the formation of big \"blind ducts\", and the longlasting stasis of intestinal contents in these \"blind ducts\" leads to the development of various complication. The children, who underwent the small intestine resection, should be under dispensary and periodic clinical observation.", "contents": "[Late results of the interintestinal anastomosis condition after congenital obstruction of the small intestine]. The data concerning the late results of resection of the small intestine carried out for congenital small intestine ileus in 43 newborns are set forth. The results of an experimental study on 75 puppies subjected to resection of the small intestine with application of various anastomoses are covered in the article. The evaluation of late results suggests that end-to-end anastomosis is the best one; end-to-side anastomosis gives fair results, while side-to-side anastomosis is the least physiological one as it results in the formation of big \"blind ducts\", and the longlasting stasis of intestinal contents in these \"blind ducts\" leads to the development of various complication. The children, who underwent the small intestine resection, should be under dispensary and periodic clinical observation.", "PMID": 695205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10128", "title": "[Functional state of the extremities in patients operated on for an embolism of the bifurcation of the aorta and major arteries in follow-up].", "content": "The clinical and electrophysiological examination of the late functional condition of the extremity in 103 patients operated upon for embolism of the bifurcation of the aorta and main arteries of the extremities has proved that the function of an operated extremity depends directly upon the condition of the circulation and the severity degree of the ischemia. A dispensary observation over such patients together with special procedures aimed at the improvement of arterial circulation in the extremity are recommended for the improvement of the function of the operated extremity.", "contents": "[Functional state of the extremities in patients operated on for an embolism of the bifurcation of the aorta and major arteries in follow-up]. The clinical and electrophysiological examination of the late functional condition of the extremity in 103 patients operated upon for embolism of the bifurcation of the aorta and main arteries of the extremities has proved that the function of an operated extremity depends directly upon the condition of the circulation and the severity degree of the ischemia. A dispensary observation over such patients together with special procedures aimed at the improvement of arterial circulation in the extremity are recommended for the improvement of the function of the operated extremity.", "PMID": 695206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10129", "title": "[Changes in gas metabolism and tissue oxygen balance during the hyperbaric oxygenation of patients with chronic thrombotic obliterating diseases of the extremities].", "content": "The study of some indices of external respiration through spirography, studies of acid-base status and oxygenation parameters of arterialized capillary blood, evaluation of tissue oxygen tension by means of polarography in 44 cases of chronic thromboobliterating disease of the extremities before and after therapy with 1.7--2.0 ata at 40 to 60 minutes exposure in single oxygen barochambers were carried out with the aim of investigation of alterations of gas exchange and tissue oxygen balance. It was found that in hyperbaric oxygenation the normalization of metabolic processes in an ischemic tissue takes place together with the elimination of oxygen deficit and deviations in acid-base status.", "contents": "[Changes in gas metabolism and tissue oxygen balance during the hyperbaric oxygenation of patients with chronic thrombotic obliterating diseases of the extremities]. The study of some indices of external respiration through spirography, studies of acid-base status and oxygenation parameters of arterialized capillary blood, evaluation of tissue oxygen tension by means of polarography in 44 cases of chronic thromboobliterating disease of the extremities before and after therapy with 1.7--2.0 ata at 40 to 60 minutes exposure in single oxygen barochambers were carried out with the aim of investigation of alterations of gas exchange and tissue oxygen balance. It was found that in hyperbaric oxygenation the normalization of metabolic processes in an ischemic tissue takes place together with the elimination of oxygen deficit and deviations in acid-base status.", "PMID": 695207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10130", "title": "[Indications for mammary-coronary anastomosis in the treatment of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Anatomo-morphologic and clinico-angiographic peculiarities of the internal thoracic arteries have been considered in the article. The assessment of these arteries is of great importance for defining the indications for the use of these vessels in revascularization of the myocardium. It has been found that mammary-coronary anastomosis is indicated for the patients at the age up to 55, and the branches of the left coronary artery are the most suitable for direct mammary-coronary anastomosis.", "contents": "[Indications for mammary-coronary anastomosis in the treatment of ischemic heart disease]. Anatomo-morphologic and clinico-angiographic peculiarities of the internal thoracic arteries have been considered in the article. The assessment of these arteries is of great importance for defining the indications for the use of these vessels in revascularization of the myocardium. It has been found that mammary-coronary anastomosis is indicated for the patients at the age up to 55, and the branches of the left coronary artery are the most suitable for direct mammary-coronary anastomosis.", "PMID": 695208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10131", "title": "[Surgical anatomy of the saphenous vein over the length of the leg and a technic for phlebectomy].", "content": "A thorough preparation of the superficial veins of the leg posterior surface in 250 operations upon the patients with primary varicosity of the veins and with postthrombophlebitic syndrome of the lower extremities permitted the author to describe the main individual varieties of surgical anatomy of the small subcutaneous vein, its anastomoses and to develop a new method of the layer-by-layer phlebectomy.", "contents": "[Surgical anatomy of the saphenous vein over the length of the leg and a technic for phlebectomy]. A thorough preparation of the superficial veins of the leg posterior surface in 250 operations upon the patients with primary varicosity of the veins and with postthrombophlebitic syndrome of the lower extremities permitted the author to describe the main individual varieties of surgical anatomy of the small subcutaneous vein, its anastomoses and to develop a new method of the layer-by-layer phlebectomy.", "PMID": 695210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10132", "title": "[Cause of failures in the cryodestruction of malignant tumors of the oral mucosa and tongue and the ways to increase the effectiveness of cryogenic action].", "content": "On the grounds of clinical observations over the use of cryodestruction on 109 patients with malignant neoplasms of maxillofacial localization it has been found that the recurrence took place mainly in cases when neoplasm was localized close to the large vessels (e.g. the lingual artery). The authors suggest to increase the cryoeffect through the artificial weakening of the speed of the blood flow in the vessels of the regions exposed to freezing. With this object in view, special experiments have been carried out and their results are described in the article.", "contents": "[Cause of failures in the cryodestruction of malignant tumors of the oral mucosa and tongue and the ways to increase the effectiveness of cryogenic action]. On the grounds of clinical observations over the use of cryodestruction on 109 patients with malignant neoplasms of maxillofacial localization it has been found that the recurrence took place mainly in cases when neoplasm was localized close to the large vessels (e.g. the lingual artery). The authors suggest to increase the cryoeffect through the artificial weakening of the speed of the blood flow in the vessels of the regions exposed to freezing. With this object in view, special experiments have been carried out and their results are described in the article.", "PMID": 695211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10133", "title": "[Staphylococcal wound infection and the problems of antibacterial therapy].", "content": "An analysis of a qualitative composition of wound microflora grounded on the findings of the clinico-bacteriological examination of 315 cases with various pyo-inflammatory processes is presented here, and specific features of the species composition of wound microflora depending upon the character of a pyo-inflammatory process are shown. The sensitivity of staphylococcuses isolated from the wounds, to 19 antibacterial preparations is analyzed and recommendations on the most rational and differentiated use of antibacterial drugs in various forms of a purulent process of staphylococcal eti-logy are suggested.", "contents": "[Staphylococcal wound infection and the problems of antibacterial therapy]. An analysis of a qualitative composition of wound microflora grounded on the findings of the clinico-bacteriological examination of 315 cases with various pyo-inflammatory processes is presented here, and specific features of the species composition of wound microflora depending upon the character of a pyo-inflammatory process are shown. The sensitivity of staphylococcuses isolated from the wounds, to 19 antibacterial preparations is analyzed and recommendations on the most rational and differentiated use of antibacterial drugs in various forms of a purulent process of staphylococcal eti-logy are suggested.", "PMID": 695216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10134", "title": "Feline myeloproliferative disease. Changing manifestations in the peripheral blood.", "content": "A 4 1/2-year-old cat had myeloproliferative disease characterized by severe anemia. Peripheral blood had a profusion of relatively normal-appearing nucleated erythroid cells in all stages of development and a few primitive cells with nucleoli. The term \"erythremic myelosis\" best described the appearance of the peripheral blood. Two weeks later, the peripheral blood picture was that of regenerative anemia. During the next 2 months the cat made an apparent clinical recovery without treatment, but relapsed 3 months after the initial examination. One-fourth of the cells in circulation at the time of relapse contained nucleoli and appeared identical to those described in reticuloendotheliosis in cats. This transition suggested the progressive development of a greater degree of immaturity of erythroid precusors with time. The use of the term \"reticuloendotheliosis\" in conjunction with feline myeloproliferative disease was considered and determined inappropriate.", "contents": "Feline myeloproliferative disease. Changing manifestations in the peripheral blood. A 4 1/2-year-old cat had myeloproliferative disease characterized by severe anemia. Peripheral blood had a profusion of relatively normal-appearing nucleated erythroid cells in all stages of development and a few primitive cells with nucleoli. The term \"erythremic myelosis\" best described the appearance of the peripheral blood. Two weeks later, the peripheral blood picture was that of regenerative anemia. During the next 2 months the cat made an apparent clinical recovery without treatment, but relapsed 3 months after the initial examination. One-fourth of the cells in circulation at the time of relapse contained nucleoli and appeared identical to those described in reticuloendotheliosis in cats. This transition suggested the progressive development of a greater degree of immaturity of erythroid precusors with time. The use of the term \"reticuloendotheliosis\" in conjunction with feline myeloproliferative disease was considered and determined inappropriate.", "PMID": 695218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10135", "title": "Isolation of the causative organism of canine encephalitozoonosis.", "content": "Spontaneous infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi resulted in a lethal disease in all but one of a litter of puppies in Texas. The disease was characterized by severe nonsuppurative nephritis, encephalitis and segmental vasculitis. Many protozoa were in renal tubule cells, endothelial cells and brain. The number of organisms decreased and the granulomatous character of the lesions became more prominent as the disease progressed. Sera from affected puppies and their parents reacted in an indirect immunofluorescence test with canine E. cuniculi propagated in vitro. The sera of owners of affected pups were negative.", "contents": "Isolation of the causative organism of canine encephalitozoonosis. Spontaneous infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi resulted in a lethal disease in all but one of a litter of puppies in Texas. The disease was characterized by severe nonsuppurative nephritis, encephalitis and segmental vasculitis. Many protozoa were in renal tubule cells, endothelial cells and brain. The number of organisms decreased and the granulomatous character of the lesions became more prominent as the disease progressed. Sera from affected puppies and their parents reacted in an indirect immunofluorescence test with canine E. cuniculi propagated in vitro. The sera of owners of affected pups were negative.", "PMID": 695219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10136", "title": "[Developmental studies on melanoma of the skin and mouth mucosa of dogs].", "content": "Progressive studies in dogs with skin and oral melanomas were undertaken to determine whether or not the WHO-classification of melanomas, which is based mainly on histological criteria, reflects sufficiently the biological behaviour of these tumours. Furthermore, some prognostic parameters, important in the prognosis of human malignant melanomas were tested with respect to their significance for canine melanomas. The paper deals with progressive studies in 182 dogs with surgically treated benign and malignant skin and oral melanomas. Parameters of the biological behaviour were the 2 years death rate and the median survival time. The melanomas were classified according to the recommendations of the WHO. Within 2 years after the first treatment five (5.7%) of 87 dogs with benign skin melanomas, 29 (65.9%) of 44 dogs with malignant skin melanomas and 44 (86.2%) of 55 dogs with malignant oral melanomas were killed because of recurrence or metastases or both. The median survival time of dogs with benign skin melanomas was more than 24 months, with malignant skin melanomas 8 months and with malignant oral melanomas 3 months. In dogs with large malignant skin melanomas the 2 years death rate was 100% with a median survival time of 4 months, whereas animals with small melanomas had a 2 years death rate of 54.3% and a median survival time of 12 months. The site of skin melanomas, sex and histological type of both skin and oral melanomas, however, had no significant influence on the course of the disease. Also, histological parameters, important in the prognosis of human malignant melanoma (rate of mitosis, size of nucleoli, pigmentation and vascular invasion), had no significant influence on the course of the disease.", "contents": "[Developmental studies on melanoma of the skin and mouth mucosa of dogs]. Progressive studies in dogs with skin and oral melanomas were undertaken to determine whether or not the WHO-classification of melanomas, which is based mainly on histological criteria, reflects sufficiently the biological behaviour of these tumours. Furthermore, some prognostic parameters, important in the prognosis of human malignant melanomas were tested with respect to their significance for canine melanomas. The paper deals with progressive studies in 182 dogs with surgically treated benign and malignant skin and oral melanomas. Parameters of the biological behaviour were the 2 years death rate and the median survival time. The melanomas were classified according to the recommendations of the WHO. Within 2 years after the first treatment five (5.7%) of 87 dogs with benign skin melanomas, 29 (65.9%) of 44 dogs with malignant skin melanomas and 44 (86.2%) of 55 dogs with malignant oral melanomas were killed because of recurrence or metastases or both. The median survival time of dogs with benign skin melanomas was more than 24 months, with malignant skin melanomas 8 months and with malignant oral melanomas 3 months. In dogs with large malignant skin melanomas the 2 years death rate was 100% with a median survival time of 4 months, whereas animals with small melanomas had a 2 years death rate of 54.3% and a median survival time of 12 months. The site of skin melanomas, sex and histological type of both skin and oral melanomas, however, had no significant influence on the course of the disease. Also, histological parameters, important in the prognosis of human malignant melanoma (rate of mitosis, size of nucleoli, pigmentation and vascular invasion), had no significant influence on the course of the disease.", "PMID": 695220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10137", "title": "Hypoplasia of the left ventricle in four ruminants.", "content": "Two different congenital malformations of the heart were seen in two calves and two ewe lambs. In all these malformations the left ventricle was more or less hypoplastic; it was small with a narrow lumen and a thick wall. In one malformation the aorta began as a cul-de-sac above the left ventricle; in the other, the aorta arose from the right ventricle, to the right of the supraventricular crest.", "contents": "Hypoplasia of the left ventricle in four ruminants. Two different congenital malformations of the heart were seen in two calves and two ewe lambs. In all these malformations the left ventricle was more or less hypoplastic; it was small with a narrow lumen and a thick wall. In one malformation the aorta began as a cul-de-sac above the left ventricle; in the other, the aorta arose from the right ventricle, to the right of the supraventricular crest.", "PMID": 695221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10138", "title": "Extraneuraxial canine meningioma. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A tumor mass removed from the subcutaneous tissue of the shoulder of a dog had the light and electron microscopic features of extraneuraxial meningioma. The neoplasm probably arose from arachnoid cap cells displaced during embryogenesis.", "contents": "Extraneuraxial canine meningioma. A light and electron microscopic study. A tumor mass removed from the subcutaneous tissue of the shoulder of a dog had the light and electron microscopic features of extraneuraxial meningioma. The neoplasm probably arose from arachnoid cap cells displaced during embryogenesis.", "PMID": 695222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10139", "title": "Malignant medulloepithelioma of the optic nerve in a horse.", "content": "An 18-month-old Standardbred filly had a large intraocular tumor involving the optic nerve. The tumor was a malignant medulloepithelioma, a rare intraocular neoplasm derived from the primitive medullary epithelium. By light microscopy the tumor had cords and lobules of primitive neuroepithelial cells that formed clefts and true rosettes. Electron microscopy of the rosettes showed a girdle of zonulae adherentes joining the apices of the cells as well as several basal bodies. This is the sixth report of equine intraocular medulloepithelioma, and, to the best of our knowledge, the first intraocular medulloepithelioma arising from the optic nerve head in a horse. Massive involvement of the optic nerve should be suspected when an eye containing an intraocular mass in the posterior segment lacks light perception. In such cases a long segment of opitc nerve should be resected.", "contents": "Malignant medulloepithelioma of the optic nerve in a horse. An 18-month-old Standardbred filly had a large intraocular tumor involving the optic nerve. The tumor was a malignant medulloepithelioma, a rare intraocular neoplasm derived from the primitive medullary epithelium. By light microscopy the tumor had cords and lobules of primitive neuroepithelial cells that formed clefts and true rosettes. Electron microscopy of the rosettes showed a girdle of zonulae adherentes joining the apices of the cells as well as several basal bodies. This is the sixth report of equine intraocular medulloepithelioma, and, to the best of our knowledge, the first intraocular medulloepithelioma arising from the optic nerve head in a horse. Massive involvement of the optic nerve should be suspected when an eye containing an intraocular mass in the posterior segment lacks light perception. In such cases a long segment of opitc nerve should be resected.", "PMID": 695223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10140", "title": "Bovine onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa.", "content": "Onchocerca armillata was found in 284 (28%) of 1,016 aortas, and O. gutturosa in 82 (28.87%) of 284 nuchal ligaments and in 11 (7.85%) of 140 rumenosplenic areas in specimens from cattle slaughtered during a 12-month period. Adult parasites were not found in 600 hides. Gross lesions included parasitic tunnels, nodules, roughening and calcification in the aortic walls. The connective tissue of nuchal ligaments and rumenosplenic areas was increased in amount, was gelatinous and brown and had afew nodules, Microscopically there were acute changes with oedema, haemorrhages and cellular infiltrations predominatly by eosinophils. There were chronic granulomatous reactions characterized by accumulation of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, giant cells, calcification and fibrosis around degenerate and dead parasites. Neutral fat was in parasites and surrounding cells. Both changes often occurred in the same specimen and many samples had parasites but no tissue reaction. Hypersensitivity, foreign-body reactions and parasitic toxins apparently were involved in the genesis of these lesions.", "contents": "Bovine onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa. Onchocerca armillata was found in 284 (28%) of 1,016 aortas, and O. gutturosa in 82 (28.87%) of 284 nuchal ligaments and in 11 (7.85%) of 140 rumenosplenic areas in specimens from cattle slaughtered during a 12-month period. Adult parasites were not found in 600 hides. Gross lesions included parasitic tunnels, nodules, roughening and calcification in the aortic walls. The connective tissue of nuchal ligaments and rumenosplenic areas was increased in amount, was gelatinous and brown and had afew nodules, Microscopically there were acute changes with oedema, haemorrhages and cellular infiltrations predominatly by eosinophils. There were chronic granulomatous reactions characterized by accumulation of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, giant cells, calcification and fibrosis around degenerate and dead parasites. Neutral fat was in parasites and surrounding cells. Both changes often occurred in the same specimen and many samples had parasites but no tissue reaction. Hypersensitivity, foreign-body reactions and parasitic toxins apparently were involved in the genesis of these lesions.", "PMID": 695224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10141", "title": "Renal oxalosis in neonatal calves.", "content": "Kidney tissures were collected from 142 calves during a study of pre- and perinatal mortality. Fifty-six calves had oxalate crystals in their renal tissue. Thirty-four of the 56 had either single or multiple congenital defects, mostly of the skeleton. Twenty-two of the 56 died of causes other than congenital defects. The renal oxalosis was more pronounced in those calves affected with congenital anomalies.", "contents": "Renal oxalosis in neonatal calves. Kidney tissures were collected from 142 calves during a study of pre- and perinatal mortality. Fifty-six calves had oxalate crystals in their renal tissue. Thirty-four of the 56 had either single or multiple congenital defects, mostly of the skeleton. Twenty-two of the 56 died of causes other than congenital defects. The renal oxalosis was more pronounced in those calves affected with congenital anomalies.", "PMID": 695226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10142", "title": "Intracranial teratoma in a domestic rabbit.", "content": "A solid and cystic suprasellar teratoma was found in a rabbit killed because of incoordination. The tumor consisted of neural cells, cysts lined by various types of epithelium, respiratory mucosa, gastric mucosa, mucous and mucoserous glands, collagenous connective tissue, cartilage and fat.", "contents": "Intracranial teratoma in a domestic rabbit. A solid and cystic suprasellar teratoma was found in a rabbit killed because of incoordination. The tumor consisted of neural cells, cysts lined by various types of epithelium, respiratory mucosa, gastric mucosa, mucous and mucoserous glands, collagenous connective tissue, cartilage and fat.", "PMID": 695227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10143", "title": "Fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in rats. III. Lipolysis in affected adipose tissue.", "content": "Basal and hormone-stimulated lipolysis of adipose tissue was measured at successive stages during the development of fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in rats. Changes of lipolytic activity at an early stage of yellow fat disease were not seen. There was a significant increase of basal lipolysis and a decrease of stimulated lipolysis when many fat cells were affected (stage E). Since the increased basal lipolysis probably originates from degenerated fat cells, the mechanism of enzyme activation is not clear. The decreased stimulated lipolysis was proportional to the number of affected fat cells and resulted from membrane damage of these cells. Increased 5-nucleotidase activity, seen in affected fat cells, may be important, to this reduced stimulated lipolysis.", "contents": "Fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in rats. III. Lipolysis in affected adipose tissue. Basal and hormone-stimulated lipolysis of adipose tissue was measured at successive stages during the development of fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in rats. Changes of lipolytic activity at an early stage of yellow fat disease were not seen. There was a significant increase of basal lipolysis and a decrease of stimulated lipolysis when many fat cells were affected (stage E). Since the increased basal lipolysis probably originates from degenerated fat cells, the mechanism of enzyme activation is not clear. The decreased stimulated lipolysis was proportional to the number of affected fat cells and resulted from membrane damage of these cells. Increased 5-nucleotidase activity, seen in affected fat cells, may be important, to this reduced stimulated lipolysis.", "PMID": 695228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10144", "title": "Clinicopathological studies in experimental hypothyroidism in goats.", "content": "Goats given thiourea had hypothyroidism in various degrees. There was reduction in weight gain and oedema of face and limbs. There was an increase in serum cholesterol which was highest in goats given the lowest dose of thiourea. Protein-bound iodine decreased sharply and there was an increase in plasma protein.", "contents": "Clinicopathological studies in experimental hypothyroidism in goats. Goats given thiourea had hypothyroidism in various degrees. There was reduction in weight gain and oedema of face and limbs. There was an increase in serum cholesterol which was highest in goats given the lowest dose of thiourea. Protein-bound iodine decreased sharply and there was an increase in plasma protein.", "PMID": 695229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10145", "title": "Heat and conception rate after synchronisation of oestrus with cloprostenol.", "content": "The intensity of induced oestrus in heifers on high and low nutritional planes was graded according to the degree of uterine contraction and cervical relaxation and the volume of oestrous mucus, and correlated with the pregnancy rates after insemination. In the heifers on a high nutritional plane, the heat was more intensely expressed and the conception rates were greater than in the poorly fed animals. In both groups the conception rate was lower in treated heifers than in untreated controls but this difference was minimal on a high plane of nutrition.", "contents": "Heat and conception rate after synchronisation of oestrus with cloprostenol. The intensity of induced oestrus in heifers on high and low nutritional planes was graded according to the degree of uterine contraction and cervical relaxation and the volume of oestrous mucus, and correlated with the pregnancy rates after insemination. In the heifers on a high nutritional plane, the heat was more intensely expressed and the conception rates were greater than in the poorly fed animals. In both groups the conception rate was lower in treated heifers than in untreated controls but this difference was minimal on a high plane of nutrition.", "PMID": 695234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10146", "title": "The value of embryo transfer to cattle breeding in Britain.", "content": "An analysis is made of the maximum expenditure which could be justified in embryo transfer in cattle is used to: increase the rate of genetic improvement of dairy or beef cattle; increase the frequency of twin-pregnancies; and expedite a change of breed. Estimates of maximum justifiable expenditure have been compared with an estimate of the cost of non-surgical transfer. Embryo transfer should be used in elite beef herds to increase selection intensity, particularly if bulls from such herds can be used for artificial insemination. Other commercial applications will not be economically justifiable until the cost of transfer has fallen by 50 to 80 per cent.", "contents": "The value of embryo transfer to cattle breeding in Britain. An analysis is made of the maximum expenditure which could be justified in embryo transfer in cattle is used to: increase the rate of genetic improvement of dairy or beef cattle; increase the frequency of twin-pregnancies; and expedite a change of breed. Estimates of maximum justifiable expenditure have been compared with an estimate of the cost of non-surgical transfer. Embryo transfer should be used in elite beef herds to increase selection intensity, particularly if bulls from such herds can be used for artificial insemination. Other commercial applications will not be economically justifiable until the cost of transfer has fallen by 50 to 80 per cent.", "PMID": 695244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10147", "title": "The Sertoli cell index as a measure of testicular degeneration in the bull.", "content": "Testicular degeneration of 1200 Sokoto Gudali bulls was studied and related to the Sertoli cell index (SCI). The total incidence of testicular degeneration (18.3 per cent) was in agreement with previous findings among similar bulls. The degree of degeneration was slight in 10 per cent of bulls, moderate in 5.8 per cent and severe in 2.6 per cent. The averages of the SCI for the normal testes and for the slight, moderate and severe degenerations were 11.5, 11.0, 8.8 and 5.4 respectively. The significance of the SCI as an index of testicular degeneration could not be assessed because of the many factors involved, such as tubular diameter, age of bulls and causes of degeneration.", "contents": "The Sertoli cell index as a measure of testicular degeneration in the bull. Testicular degeneration of 1200 Sokoto Gudali bulls was studied and related to the Sertoli cell index (SCI). The total incidence of testicular degeneration (18.3 per cent) was in agreement with previous findings among similar bulls. The degree of degeneration was slight in 10 per cent of bulls, moderate in 5.8 per cent and severe in 2.6 per cent. The averages of the SCI for the normal testes and for the slight, moderate and severe degenerations were 11.5, 11.0, 8.8 and 5.4 respectively. The significance of the SCI as an index of testicular degeneration could not be assessed because of the many factors involved, such as tubular diameter, age of bulls and causes of degeneration.", "PMID": 695246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10148", "title": "Bruising in cattle transported over long distances.", "content": "The relative susceptibility of cattle of different sexes to bruising was examined in five trials. In each trial there were three groups of cattle--bullocks, cows and mixed (bullocks and cows). The weight of bruised tissue trimmed from the carcases of the cows was significantly greater than that trimmed from the carcases of bullocks. The amount of bruising in cows, but not in bullocks, increased with increase in duration of journey. There was no evidence to suggest that differences in carcase weight or temperament, or \"riding\" of cows in oestrus were major contributing factors to the different levels of bruising.", "contents": "Bruising in cattle transported over long distances. The relative susceptibility of cattle of different sexes to bruising was examined in five trials. In each trial there were three groups of cattle--bullocks, cows and mixed (bullocks and cows). The weight of bruised tissue trimmed from the carcases of the cows was significantly greater than that trimmed from the carcases of bullocks. The amount of bruising in cows, but not in bullocks, increased with increase in duration of journey. There was no evidence to suggest that differences in carcase weight or temperament, or \"riding\" of cows in oestrus were major contributing factors to the different levels of bruising.", "PMID": 695247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10149", "title": "A severe outbreak of bovine mastitis assoicated with Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Acholeplasma laidlawii.", "content": "An outbreak of clinical mastitis is described in which 75 cows of a herd of 200 Friesian cows were affected in one or more quarters over a period of three months. Sixty animals failed to return to normal despite various intramammary and systemic antibiotic treatments. Heifers, dry cows and lactating animals were affected. The milk of 15 out of 53 animals tested yielded mixed cultures of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Thirteen of 34 sera showed evidence of antibodies to A laidlawii.", "contents": "A severe outbreak of bovine mastitis assoicated with Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Acholeplasma laidlawii. An outbreak of clinical mastitis is described in which 75 cows of a herd of 200 Friesian cows were affected in one or more quarters over a period of three months. Sixty animals failed to return to normal despite various intramammary and systemic antibiotic treatments. Heifers, dry cows and lactating animals were affected. The milk of 15 out of 53 animals tested yielded mixed cultures of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Thirteen of 34 sera showed evidence of antibodies to A laidlawii.", "PMID": 695253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10150", "title": "Thiophanate as a low daily dosage anthelmintic in sheep.", "content": "Thiophanate administered daily at low dosages reduced nematode faecal egg output, egg hatchability and parasitic worm burdens in treated lambs and ewes. Six daily doses of 1 or 3 mg per kg thiophanate (approximately 1/25th  to 1/75th of the median therapeutic dose), given to lambs experimently infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, were partially effective in suppressing faecal egg output and egg hatchability. Six doses of 5 mg per kg per day were effective in lambs infected with Haemonchus contortus and Nematodirus spathiger. Daily doses of thiophanate (50 or 200 mg per head) given over 14 weeks to lambs grazing contaminated pasture resulted in improved productivity (the higher dosage) and suppression of output of viable eggs and reduced worm burdens (both dosages). Reduced output of viable eggs was also obtained in housed, lactating ewes receiving 5 or 7 mg per kg thiophanate dispersed daily in the feed for 11 or nine weeks respectively after lambing.", "contents": "Thiophanate as a low daily dosage anthelmintic in sheep. Thiophanate administered daily at low dosages reduced nematode faecal egg output, egg hatchability and parasitic worm burdens in treated lambs and ewes. Six daily doses of 1 or 3 mg per kg thiophanate (approximately 1/25th  to 1/75th of the median therapeutic dose), given to lambs experimently infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, were partially effective in suppressing faecal egg output and egg hatchability. Six doses of 5 mg per kg per day were effective in lambs infected with Haemonchus contortus and Nematodirus spathiger. Daily doses of thiophanate (50 or 200 mg per head) given over 14 weeks to lambs grazing contaminated pasture resulted in improved productivity (the higher dosage) and suppression of output of viable eggs and reduced worm burdens (both dosages). Reduced output of viable eggs was also obtained in housed, lactating ewes receiving 5 or 7 mg per kg thiophanate dispersed daily in the feed for 11 or nine weeks respectively after lambing.", "PMID": 695254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10151", "title": "25-hydroxycholecalciferol for prevention of \"milk fever\" in dairy cows.", "content": "Intramuscular injections of 4 or 8 mg 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH D3) in 5 ml corn oil given three days before the predicted calving date and repeated at weekly intervals until calving effectively reduced the incidence of parturient paresis. Drug efficacy was improved in cows receiving low to normal recommended levels of dietary phosphorus prepartum. With proper management techniques, 25-OH D3 could prevent parturient paresis in dairy cattle.", "contents": "25-hydroxycholecalciferol for prevention of \"milk fever\" in dairy cows. Intramuscular injections of 4 or 8 mg 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH D3) in 5 ml corn oil given three days before the predicted calving date and repeated at weekly intervals until calving effectively reduced the incidence of parturient paresis. Drug efficacy was improved in cows receiving low to normal recommended levels of dietary phosphorus prepartum. With proper management techniques, 25-OH D3 could prevent parturient paresis in dairy cattle.", "PMID": 695255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10152", "title": "The persistence of Brucella abortus infection in calves: a retrospective study of heavily infected herds.", "content": "A retrospective inquiry into 170 herds which were slaughtered in the first three years of the brucella eradication scheme found that in the 115 herds where all animals were slaughtered there were no subsequent breakdowns, other than in herds which were restocked with imported animals. In the 46 herds in which only the adult stock were slaughtered, 11 herds suffered breakdowns. In 10 of these 11 herds the sources of reinfection were possibly reprieved heifers. Seven out of the 11 initial reactors in these 10 herds were known to be offspring of reactor dams, one was born of a serologically negative dam and in the other three cases the dams were not identified. Out of the 11 initial reactors, six could have acquired infection at any time up to and including puberty, but in five cases infection could only have been acquired in utero or in early calfhood. It is estimated that under the circumstances of the British eradication scheme there is a risk of 2.52 per cent of heifer calves born of serologically positive dams reacting in early adulthood and thus constituting a risk to the re-established herds.", "contents": "The persistence of Brucella abortus infection in calves: a retrospective study of heavily infected herds. A retrospective inquiry into 170 herds which were slaughtered in the first three years of the brucella eradication scheme found that in the 115 herds where all animals were slaughtered there were no subsequent breakdowns, other than in herds which were restocked with imported animals. In the 46 herds in which only the adult stock were slaughtered, 11 herds suffered breakdowns. In 10 of these 11 herds the sources of reinfection were possibly reprieved heifers. Seven out of the 11 initial reactors in these 10 herds were known to be offspring of reactor dams, one was born of a serologically negative dam and in the other three cases the dams were not identified. Out of the 11 initial reactors, six could have acquired infection at any time up to and including puberty, but in five cases infection could only have been acquired in utero or in early calfhood. It is estimated that under the circumstances of the British eradication scheme there is a risk of 2.52 per cent of heifer calves born of serologically positive dams reacting in early adulthood and thus constituting a risk to the re-established herds.", "PMID": 695262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10153", "title": "Solanum malacoxylon toxicity to pigs.", "content": "Newly weaned pigs were given Solanum malacoxylon at dose rates of 0.2 and 1.0 g per kg body-weight per week for eight weeks. The Solanum malacoxylon was given either as an aqueous extract (SM) or as an aqueous extract incubated with fresh rumen liquor (SMLR). Tubulonephrosis, dose related in severity, was evident in all treated pigs and focal calcification in kidney and lung occurred in pigs receiving the higher dose rate. There was a marked hypercalcaemia and hypophosphataemia over the trial period; the latter feature was in contrast with the hyperphosphataemia produced in sheep. Incubation of SM with rumen liquor enhanced hypophosphataemia at both dose levels in the pig but its effect on serum calcium was equivocal.", "contents": "Solanum malacoxylon toxicity to pigs. Newly weaned pigs were given Solanum malacoxylon at dose rates of 0.2 and 1.0 g per kg body-weight per week for eight weeks. The Solanum malacoxylon was given either as an aqueous extract (SM) or as an aqueous extract incubated with fresh rumen liquor (SMLR). Tubulonephrosis, dose related in severity, was evident in all treated pigs and focal calcification in kidney and lung occurred in pigs receiving the higher dose rate. There was a marked hypercalcaemia and hypophosphataemia over the trial period; the latter feature was in contrast with the hyperphosphataemia produced in sheep. Incubation of SM with rumen liquor enhanced hypophosphataemia at both dose levels in the pig but its effect on serum calcium was equivocal.", "PMID": 695263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10154", "title": "Bovine auto-immune haemolytic anaemia.", "content": "A six-months-old heifer died within two days of showing signs of anaemia and dyspnoea. The death was attributed to autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AHA) because of auto-agglutination which increased on Coomb's testing and the presence of antibovine IgG on the erythrocyte surfaces.", "contents": "Bovine auto-immune haemolytic anaemia. A six-months-old heifer died within two days of showing signs of anaemia and dyspnoea. The death was attributed to autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AHA) because of auto-agglutination which increased on Coomb's testing and the presence of antibovine IgG on the erythrocyte surfaces.", "PMID": 695264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10155", "title": "Data on the incidence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in Romania.", "content": "A programme for the active detection of SSPE cases hospitalized in the Clinic for Infantile Neuropsychiatry within the \"Dr. Gh. Marinescu\" Hospital, Bucharest, was initiated in 1975. The diagnosis relied on clinical, electroencephalographic and seroimmunological criteria. Thirty-three cases were sufficiently documented to be considered as SSPE (mean age on onset: 6.1 years; male/female ratio: 3.7). Clinical, immunological and epidemiological particularities resulting from this investigation are presented and epidemiological parameters of SSPE are discussed in relation to measles mortality data. The incidence of SSPE--a lethal persistent measles infection--points to the necessity of antimeasles vaccination.", "contents": "Data on the incidence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in Romania. A programme for the active detection of SSPE cases hospitalized in the Clinic for Infantile Neuropsychiatry within the \"Dr. Gh. Marinescu\" Hospital, Bucharest, was initiated in 1975. The diagnosis relied on clinical, electroencephalographic and seroimmunological criteria. Thirty-three cases were sufficiently documented to be considered as SSPE (mean age on onset: 6.1 years; male/female ratio: 3.7). Clinical, immunological and epidemiological particularities resulting from this investigation are presented and epidemiological parameters of SSPE are discussed in relation to measles mortality data. The incidence of SSPE--a lethal persistent measles infection--points to the necessity of antimeasles vaccination.", "PMID": 695322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10156", "title": "Adenovirus-induced lipid changes in human erythrocytes.", "content": "Lipid changes in human erythrocytes treated with adenovirus types 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 27 were studied by thin-layer chromatography. Twenty-two of the human lipids revealed qualitative changes induced by one or several virus types; 12 of these alterations were found to be type-specific and they occurred only in response to subgroup II viruses. Six lipids reacted with 2 adenovirus types, one lipid reacted with 3 and one lipid with 4 types. Two lipids (belonging to the lecithin and lysocephalin groups) were responsive to all 8 types; they might represent those points in the lipoprotein layer of the cell membrane which are common receptors of adenoviruses and adeno- and influenza viruses, respectively.", "contents": "Adenovirus-induced lipid changes in human erythrocytes. Lipid changes in human erythrocytes treated with adenovirus types 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 27 were studied by thin-layer chromatography. Twenty-two of the human lipids revealed qualitative changes induced by one or several virus types; 12 of these alterations were found to be type-specific and they occurred only in response to subgroup II viruses. Six lipids reacted with 2 adenovirus types, one lipid reacted with 3 and one lipid with 4 types. Two lipids (belonging to the lecithin and lysocephalin groups) were responsive to all 8 types; they might represent those points in the lipoprotein layer of the cell membrane which are common receptors of adenoviruses and adeno- and influenza viruses, respectively.", "PMID": 695323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10157", "title": "[Enhancing the effect of radiation therapy of malignant tumors by means of UHF-hyperthermic exposure].", "content": "In the experiments (605 animals) and clinically (145 patients with malignant neoplasms) the authors have studied the possibility to use superhigh-frequency electromagnetic hyperthermia (42 degrees), associated with ionizing radiation in the complex treatment of tumors. The superhigh-frequency electromagnetic hyperthermia is really one of the ways to enhance the radiosensitivity of a neoplastic tissue. Ionizing radiation and SHF-hyperthermia used simultaneously provide for the directed and prompt disactivation of tumor cells.", "contents": "[Enhancing the effect of radiation therapy of malignant tumors by means of UHF-hyperthermic exposure]. In the experiments (605 animals) and clinically (145 patients with malignant neoplasms) the authors have studied the possibility to use superhigh-frequency electromagnetic hyperthermia (42 degrees), associated with ionizing radiation in the complex treatment of tumors. The superhigh-frequency electromagnetic hyperthermia is really one of the ways to enhance the radiosensitivity of a neoplastic tissue. Ionizing radiation and SHF-hyperthermia used simultaneously provide for the directed and prompt disactivation of tumor cells.", "PMID": 695419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10158", "title": "[Estradiol reception and enzyme induction in mouse mammary gland neoplasms].", "content": "Under study was the dependence of mammary gland tumors growth on ovarian hormones level in C3H and DD mice. Tumors arising spontaneously were transplanted to 30--40 mice of the same strain, and tumors of the first passage were studied. The experiments were undertaken on ovariectomized and hormone-treated animals; the latter were given estradiol-benzoate and progesterone injections weekly during a month in the dosage of 5 mcg and 400 mcg per animal, respectively. Out of 6 tumors in C3H mice no one responded to ovariectomy or hormone administration by changes in the growth rate. Of 25 tumors in DD mice the transplants of one were found to respond to the ovarian hormones administration by a substantial increase of the growth rate. Only in these tumors a high level of estradiol receptors was noted. It was established that these tumors responded to the estradiol treatment by induction of the hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase activities. It is supposed that the changes in the enzymes activity under estradiol treatment in mammary gland tumors are indicative of their hormone-dependence.", "contents": "[Estradiol reception and enzyme induction in mouse mammary gland neoplasms]. Under study was the dependence of mammary gland tumors growth on ovarian hormones level in C3H and DD mice. Tumors arising spontaneously were transplanted to 30--40 mice of the same strain, and tumors of the first passage were studied. The experiments were undertaken on ovariectomized and hormone-treated animals; the latter were given estradiol-benzoate and progesterone injections weekly during a month in the dosage of 5 mcg and 400 mcg per animal, respectively. Out of 6 tumors in C3H mice no one responded to ovariectomy or hormone administration by changes in the growth rate. Of 25 tumors in DD mice the transplants of one were found to respond to the ovarian hormones administration by a substantial increase of the growth rate. Only in these tumors a high level of estradiol receptors was noted. It was established that these tumors responded to the estradiol treatment by induction of the hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase activities. It is supposed that the changes in the enzymes activity under estradiol treatment in mammary gland tumors are indicative of their hormone-dependence.", "PMID": 695420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10159", "title": "[Clinical symptoms of cancer and precancerous diseases of the breast].", "content": "Data of the examination of 143 patients with limited forms of cancer and benign tumors of the mammary gland have been analysed. Mention is made of certain difficulties in establishing the differential diagnosis of such tumors based only on the clinical symptoms. The tumorigenesis may be established by using some accessory diagnostic methods: a cytological test of the tumor punctate and the breast nipple discharge, as well as a sectorial resection of the involved mammary gland portion with an express histological analysis of the preparation. Mammography aids to precisely determine the tumor size. Clinically, the true proliferation of the tumor is difficult to recognize, but it may be recognized after radical mastectomy and histological investigation of the whole preparation.", "contents": "[Clinical symptoms of cancer and precancerous diseases of the breast]. Data of the examination of 143 patients with limited forms of cancer and benign tumors of the mammary gland have been analysed. Mention is made of certain difficulties in establishing the differential diagnosis of such tumors based only on the clinical symptoms. The tumorigenesis may be established by using some accessory diagnostic methods: a cytological test of the tumor punctate and the breast nipple discharge, as well as a sectorial resection of the involved mammary gland portion with an express histological analysis of the preparation. Mammography aids to precisely determine the tumor size. Clinically, the true proliferation of the tumor is difficult to recognize, but it may be recognized after radical mastectomy and histological investigation of the whole preparation.", "PMID": 695421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10160", "title": "[Protein bound iodine indices in patients with mastopathy].", "content": "Under study was the content of blood protein bound iodine (SBI) in 102 patients with mastopathy, aged from 18 to 44 years. The law of distribution of these indices was formulated, and the mean values were determined for 6 ethiopathogenetic groups of patients. The mean value for the whole selected group prior to the treatment (3.95 +/- 0.14 mKg%) was significantly less than in the control group of healthy females (5.81 +/- 0.21 mKg%). The asthenic-depressive syndrome and other factors were shown to influence the changes in the thyroid activity in some patients with mastopathy.", "contents": "[Protein bound iodine indices in patients with mastopathy]. Under study was the content of blood protein bound iodine (SBI) in 102 patients with mastopathy, aged from 18 to 44 years. The law of distribution of these indices was formulated, and the mean values were determined for 6 ethiopathogenetic groups of patients. The mean value for the whole selected group prior to the treatment (3.95 +/- 0.14 mKg%) was significantly less than in the control group of healthy females (5.81 +/- 0.21 mKg%). The asthenic-depressive syndrome and other factors were shown to influence the changes in the thyroid activity in some patients with mastopathy.", "PMID": 695423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10161", "title": "[Cytologic findings in infiltrative carcinoma of the breast].", "content": "In the work different cytologic patterns of infiltrative breast carcinoma are systematized. Based on cytomorphological, cytometric and cytochemical studies 3 types of cancer cytographs are distinguished: low-differentiated, with a moderate differentiation of the parenchyma and high-differentiated. This systematization may enable the precise cytological conclusion to be made, but in a number of cases the histological typing of a tumor too. The cytological data on the degree of cancer dedifferentiation may be used clinically to prognosticate the immediate effect of irradiation on the tumor. The degree of breast cancer dedifferentiation, evidenced by cytological preparations, not always corresponds to the grade of tumor malignancy revealed histologically.", "contents": "[Cytologic findings in infiltrative carcinoma of the breast]. In the work different cytologic patterns of infiltrative breast carcinoma are systematized. Based on cytomorphological, cytometric and cytochemical studies 3 types of cancer cytographs are distinguished: low-differentiated, with a moderate differentiation of the parenchyma and high-differentiated. This systematization may enable the precise cytological conclusion to be made, but in a number of cases the histological typing of a tumor too. The cytological data on the degree of cancer dedifferentiation may be used clinically to prognosticate the immediate effect of irradiation on the tumor. The degree of breast cancer dedifferentiation, evidenced by cytological preparations, not always corresponds to the grade of tumor malignancy revealed histologically.", "PMID": 695424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10162", "title": "[Cytologic study of pharmaceutical pathomorphosis in breast cancer patients].", "content": "Use of a quantitation method of calculating the percentage of cells changed dystrophically (PCCD) in cytology for studying pharmaceutical pathomorphism has evidenced that the higher PCCD, i. e. the more significant the regression rate, the more considerable were cytographic changes. In the cases, which proved to be largely resistant to the administered cytostatics, PCCD was either low or there were no increased dystrophic changes on cytographs, or even the enhancement of anaplastic signs in tumor cells was noted. Thus, the use of the method under consideration to study pharmaceutical pathomorphism provides the opportunity to more, precisely determine the rate of regression, i. e. to estimate the degree of damaging of malignant cells, and also to timely recognize the development of the malignant cells resistance to cytostatics.", "contents": "[Cytologic study of pharmaceutical pathomorphosis in breast cancer patients]. Use of a quantitation method of calculating the percentage of cells changed dystrophically (PCCD) in cytology for studying pharmaceutical pathomorphism has evidenced that the higher PCCD, i. e. the more significant the regression rate, the more considerable were cytographic changes. In the cases, which proved to be largely resistant to the administered cytostatics, PCCD was either low or there were no increased dystrophic changes on cytographs, or even the enhancement of anaplastic signs in tumor cells was noted. Thus, the use of the method under consideration to study pharmaceutical pathomorphism provides the opportunity to more, precisely determine the rate of regression, i. e. to estimate the degree of damaging of malignant cells, and also to timely recognize the development of the malignant cells resistance to cytostatics.", "PMID": 695425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10163", "title": "[Role of radiation therapy in the complex treatment of breast cancer].", "content": "The survival rate in breast cancer patients depending on the radiotherapy method employed was analysed. Based on the longterm follow-up of 1385 patients, it is shown that of all the methods of radiotherapy the preoperative irradiation, including the primary tumor site and all zones of regional metastatic spread, seems to be most preferable. Postoperative radiotherapy is a less advantageous technic, and it may be in use in case of lymphnodes metastases and an evident violation of anablastic principles during the operation. An accessory use of chemotherapy would improve the prognosis for breast cancer patients.", "contents": "[Role of radiation therapy in the complex treatment of breast cancer]. The survival rate in breast cancer patients depending on the radiotherapy method employed was analysed. Based on the longterm follow-up of 1385 patients, it is shown that of all the methods of radiotherapy the preoperative irradiation, including the primary tumor site and all zones of regional metastatic spread, seems to be most preferable. Postoperative radiotherapy is a less advantageous technic, and it may be in use in case of lymphnodes metastases and an evident violation of anablastic principles during the operation. An accessory use of chemotherapy would improve the prognosis for breast cancer patients.", "PMID": 695426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10164", "title": "[Relationship between the size of the primary tumor, the presence of lymph node metastases and the survival of breast cancer patients].", "content": "An analysis is given of 449 case reports of patients with nodular breast cancer for the period from 1953 to 1967, who showed one tumor node. Most of patients (68%) were radically operated upon, tumor size being 1--4 cm. This is characteristic of patients both with and without metastases in lymph nodes. An average tumor size in the presence of metastases was 3.6 cm, without metastases--3.1 cm. With increasing tumor size the number of patients with lymph node metastases increases too. Metastases were found in 22.2% +/- 13.8% of patients with the tumor up to 1 cm, in 43.4% +/- 5,4% of patients with the tumor up to 1--2 cm. A five-year survival depends on tumor size and, to a greater extent, on the presence of metastases in lymph nodes.", "contents": "[Relationship between the size of the primary tumor, the presence of lymph node metastases and the survival of breast cancer patients]. An analysis is given of 449 case reports of patients with nodular breast cancer for the period from 1953 to 1967, who showed one tumor node. Most of patients (68%) were radically operated upon, tumor size being 1--4 cm. This is characteristic of patients both with and without metastases in lymph nodes. An average tumor size in the presence of metastases was 3.6 cm, without metastases--3.1 cm. With increasing tumor size the number of patients with lymph node metastases increases too. Metastases were found in 22.2% +/- 13.8% of patients with the tumor up to 1 cm, in 43.4% +/- 5,4% of patients with the tumor up to 1--2 cm. A five-year survival depends on tumor size and, to a greater extent, on the presence of metastases in lymph nodes.", "PMID": 695428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10165", "title": "[Immunologic reactivity of breast cancer patients].", "content": "An attempt was made to further characterize some conditions determining the decrease of immunological responsiveness in patients with mammary gland cancer. To reveal the delayed-type cell hypersensitivity, the antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, staphylococcus, fungi Candida were employed as well as a contact allergen--dinitrochlorobenzene. Tests were made prior to the treatment and in different terms after it. To determine T-lymphocytes the rosette-formation test with sheep erythrocytes was used. Also, the degree of lymphoplasmocytic infiltration of the tumor and the amount of peripheral blood lymphocytes were estimated. Under examination were 126-patients with mammary gland cancer, 56--with benign tumors and 73--practically healthy subjects. The frequency of positive skin tests for any of the antigens under study was lower in breast cancer patients than in the group with benign tumors and healthy subjects. There was no manifest inhibition of the immune response in the initial stages of mammary gland cancer.", "contents": "[Immunologic reactivity of breast cancer patients]. An attempt was made to further characterize some conditions determining the decrease of immunological responsiveness in patients with mammary gland cancer. To reveal the delayed-type cell hypersensitivity, the antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, staphylococcus, fungi Candida were employed as well as a contact allergen--dinitrochlorobenzene. Tests were made prior to the treatment and in different terms after it. To determine T-lymphocytes the rosette-formation test with sheep erythrocytes was used. Also, the degree of lymphoplasmocytic infiltration of the tumor and the amount of peripheral blood lymphocytes were estimated. Under examination were 126-patients with mammary gland cancer, 56--with benign tumors and 73--practically healthy subjects. The frequency of positive skin tests for any of the antigens under study was lower in breast cancer patients than in the group with benign tumors and healthy subjects. There was no manifest inhibition of the immune response in the initial stages of mammary gland cancer.", "PMID": 695430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10166", "title": "[Functional-morphologic changes in the liver in breast cancer].", "content": "The functional state of the liver was studied in 239 patients with mammary gland cancer, 34 of them with intravital morphostructure of the organ. A significant impairment of the absorptive and secretory function of hepatocytes was evident. Also, there was noted an impairment of hepatic microcirculation, the decrease of leukoproductive function and enzymatic activity, changes in the content of the urine and blood cholesterol, in microelements of copper and iron. Marked morphological changes from gradual dystrophy and neocrobiotic processes in hepatocytes to cirrhotic processes in the stroma of the organ were observed. Functional and morphological disorders were observed with certain consistency in all observations, but with a various degree of expression.", "contents": "[Functional-morphologic changes in the liver in breast cancer]. The functional state of the liver was studied in 239 patients with mammary gland cancer, 34 of them with intravital morphostructure of the organ. A significant impairment of the absorptive and secretory function of hepatocytes was evident. Also, there was noted an impairment of hepatic microcirculation, the decrease of leukoproductive function and enzymatic activity, changes in the content of the urine and blood cholesterol, in microelements of copper and iron. Marked morphological changes from gradual dystrophy and neocrobiotic processes in hepatocytes to cirrhotic processes in the stroma of the organ were observed. Functional and morphological disorders were observed with certain consistency in all observations, but with a various degree of expression.", "PMID": 695431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10167", "title": "[Steroid balance in patients with breast hyperplasia].", "content": "A correlation was found between the character of hormonal disorders and the morphological organization of dyshormonal hyperplasias of the mammary gland. Patients with fibroadenoma and fibrous-cystic mastopathy are characterized by a high diurnal urine content of glucocorticoids and low estrogens level, especially estradiol. Patients with cystic fibroadenomatosis of the mammary gland show the high level of the excretion of classical and total phenolsteroids and low androsterone level.", "contents": "[Steroid balance in patients with breast hyperplasia]. A correlation was found between the character of hormonal disorders and the morphological organization of dyshormonal hyperplasias of the mammary gland. Patients with fibroadenoma and fibrous-cystic mastopathy are characterized by a high diurnal urine content of glucocorticoids and low estrogens level, especially estradiol. Patients with cystic fibroadenomatosis of the mammary gland show the high level of the excretion of classical and total phenolsteroids and low androsterone level.", "PMID": 695432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10168", "title": "[Treatment of breast cancer recurrence with fast electrons].", "content": "During the period from July 1970 to July 1974 in the radiotherapy department of the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Public Health 63 patients with breast cancer were treated with fast electrons. The irradiation technic employed in these patients allowed the occurrence of the early and late local radiation reactions and damages to be avoided. To improve the results of the treatment for local and regional recurrences and breast cancer metastases, it is necessary to elaborate some rational combinations of radiotherapy with general specific therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Treatment of breast cancer recurrence with fast electrons]. During the period from July 1970 to July 1974 in the radiotherapy department of the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Public Health 63 patients with breast cancer were treated with fast electrons. The irradiation technic employed in these patients allowed the occurrence of the early and late local radiation reactions and damages to be avoided. To improve the results of the treatment for local and regional recurrences and breast cancer metastases, it is necessary to elaborate some rational combinations of radiotherapy with general specific therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 695433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10169", "title": "[Sex chromatin and glucocorticoid hormone metabolism in breast cancer patients].", "content": "Somatic sex chromatin of blood neutrophyls and the metabolism of glucocorticoid hormones were studied in 20 female patients with the intact ovarian function suffering breast cancer of stage III and in 20 healthy females of the same age. A reliable decrease was found in the number of type A and B processes compared with the control group. The same patients showed the increased nonconjugated 17-OCS in the urine, a decrease in the reduced forms of THF and THE hormones and rising of the cortisol and cortisone level. Breast cancer patients show a higher level of biologically active hormones (cortisol and cortisone), which are likely to influence the amount of somatic sex chromatin under this affection.", "contents": "[Sex chromatin and glucocorticoid hormone metabolism in breast cancer patients]. Somatic sex chromatin of blood neutrophyls and the metabolism of glucocorticoid hormones were studied in 20 female patients with the intact ovarian function suffering breast cancer of stage III and in 20 healthy females of the same age. A reliable decrease was found in the number of type A and B processes compared with the control group. The same patients showed the increased nonconjugated 17-OCS in the urine, a decrease in the reduced forms of THF and THE hormones and rising of the cortisol and cortisone level. Breast cancer patients show a higher level of biologically active hormones (cortisol and cortisone), which are likely to influence the amount of somatic sex chromatin under this affection.", "PMID": 695435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10170", "title": "Collection of granulocytes for transfusion. The effect of collection methods on cell enzyme release.", "content": "When granulocytes are collected by either discontinuous-flow centrifugation or filtration leukapheresis, lysozyme is released. More lysozyme is released during the filtration procedure than during the centrifugation procedure. A small amount of red cell lysis occurs during the centrifugation but not the filtration procedure. A rise in lactate dehydrogenase levels consonant with the amount of hemolysis is observed. These findings suggest that granulocytes collected by either filtration or discontinuous-flow centrifugation undergo degranulation but not lysis sufficient to cause cytoplasmic enzyme release during the donation.", "contents": "Collection of granulocytes for transfusion. The effect of collection methods on cell enzyme release. When granulocytes are collected by either discontinuous-flow centrifugation or filtration leukapheresis, lysozyme is released. More lysozyme is released during the filtration procedure than during the centrifugation procedure. A small amount of red cell lysis occurs during the centrifugation but not the filtration procedure. A rise in lactate dehydrogenase levels consonant with the amount of hemolysis is observed. These findings suggest that granulocytes collected by either filtration or discontinuous-flow centrifugation undergo degranulation but not lysis sufficient to cause cytoplasmic enzyme release during the donation.", "PMID": 695438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10171", "title": "Interdonor incompatibility as a cause of reaction during granulocyte transfusion.", "content": "The first case of interdonor incompatibility associated with granulocyte transfusion is presented. The patient received Kell positive granulocyte transfusions containing about 30 ml of red cells 36 and 132 h prior to receiving a granulocyte transfusion containing anti-Kell 1/128. The chills, fever, vomiting and hypotension resulting from the red cell incompatibility, cleared with appropriate fluid therapy. Antibody detection methods must be applied to each unit of granulocytes. The patients blood should be tested with reagent grade antibody to detect small numbers of antigen-containing cells if an antibody-containing granulocyte transfusion is to be given. Routine major and minor cross-matching is insufficient. Removal of the antibody containing plasma and resuspension of the granulocytes in plasma free of irregular antibodies may be the most effective way to prevent such incompatibility.", "contents": "Interdonor incompatibility as a cause of reaction during granulocyte transfusion. The first case of interdonor incompatibility associated with granulocyte transfusion is presented. The patient received Kell positive granulocyte transfusions containing about 30 ml of red cells 36 and 132 h prior to receiving a granulocyte transfusion containing anti-Kell 1/128. The chills, fever, vomiting and hypotension resulting from the red cell incompatibility, cleared with appropriate fluid therapy. Antibody detection methods must be applied to each unit of granulocytes. The patients blood should be tested with reagent grade antibody to detect small numbers of antigen-containing cells if an antibody-containing granulocyte transfusion is to be given. Routine major and minor cross-matching is insufficient. Removal of the antibody containing plasma and resuspension of the granulocytes in plasma free of irregular antibodies may be the most effective way to prevent such incompatibility.", "PMID": 695439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10172", "title": "Lectin studies. III. A survey of phytohemagglutinins: interaction of lectins with erythrocytes of ten vertebrate species.", "content": "Extracts of seeds from 79 plant species were tested for agglutinating and lytic activity with the red cells of ten vertebrate species (man, monkey, rabbit, rat, goat, sheep, guinea pig, horse, fowl, dog). Of these extracts, 24 were hemagglutinating and 15 were hemolytic. The results suggest that some lectins can serve as useful diagnostic reagents in distinguishing the blood of one animal species from that of another.", "contents": "Lectin studies. III. A survey of phytohemagglutinins: interaction of lectins with erythrocytes of ten vertebrate species. Extracts of seeds from 79 plant species were tested for agglutinating and lytic activity with the red cells of ten vertebrate species (man, monkey, rabbit, rat, goat, sheep, guinea pig, horse, fowl, dog). Of these extracts, 24 were hemagglutinating and 15 were hemolytic. The results suggest that some lectins can serve as useful diagnostic reagents in distinguishing the blood of one animal species from that of another.", "PMID": 695440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10173", "title": "Automated screening of red cells for the detection of autoantibodies.", "content": "The AutoAnalyser Technicon II system was adapted for screening red cells for the presence of warm-type autoantibodies. A significant decrease in optical density was recorded when the red cells of 38 patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia were tested using the bromelin-methylcellulose method. This was never seen with the red cells of 226 patients with other diseases or of healthy blood donors. The method is very simple and more sensitive than the manual direct antiglobulin test.", "contents": "Automated screening of red cells for the detection of autoantibodies. The AutoAnalyser Technicon II system was adapted for screening red cells for the presence of warm-type autoantibodies. A significant decrease in optical density was recorded when the red cells of 38 patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia were tested using the bromelin-methylcellulose method. This was never seen with the red cells of 226 patients with other diseases or of healthy blood donors. The method is very simple and more sensitive than the manual direct antiglobulin test.", "PMID": 695441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10174", "title": "A 'new' blood group antigen Fra: incidence, inheritance and genetic linkage analysis.", "content": "Investigation of the inheritance of a 'new' low-incidence red cell antigen (Fra) indicates that it is an autosomal dominant marker and not part of the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Kell, Lutheran, Duffy, Kidd, Dombrock or Scianna blood group systems. No genetic linkage was established between 3Fr, the locus governing production of Fra, and any of 21 other markers.", "contents": "A 'new' blood group antigen Fra: incidence, inheritance and genetic linkage analysis. Investigation of the inheritance of a 'new' low-incidence red cell antigen (Fra) indicates that it is an autosomal dominant marker and not part of the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Kell, Lutheran, Duffy, Kidd, Dombrock or Scianna blood group systems. No genetic linkage was established between 3Fr, the locus governing production of Fra, and any of 21 other markers.", "PMID": 695442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10175", "title": "An economical method for the recovery of albumin from outdated packed cells using polyethylene glycol and heat-fractionation.", "content": "Outdated packed cells were pooled and the red cells, together with a large fraction of unwanted globulins, were precipitated with polyethylene glycol. The albumin was then precipitated from the supernatant fluid as a crude paste containing about 85% albumin which was further fractionated using standard techniques.", "contents": "An economical method for the recovery of albumin from outdated packed cells using polyethylene glycol and heat-fractionation. Outdated packed cells were pooled and the red cells, together with a large fraction of unwanted globulins, were precipitated with polyethylene glycol. The albumin was then precipitated from the supernatant fluid as a crude paste containing about 85% albumin which was further fractionated using standard techniques.", "PMID": 695443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10176", "title": "An example of naturally occurring anti-Kell (K1) in a Japanese male.", "content": "'Naturally occurring' anti-Kell (K1) was found in a Japanese male who has never received a transfusion. The antibody agglutinated K:1 cells suspended in saline at 4 and 22 degrees C as well as cells suspended in albumin and treated with proteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "An example of naturally occurring anti-Kell (K1) in a Japanese male. 'Naturally occurring' anti-Kell (K1) was found in a Japanese male who has never received a transfusion. The antibody agglutinated K:1 cells suspended in saline at 4 and 22 degrees C as well as cells suspended in albumin and treated with proteolytic enzymes.", "PMID": 695444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10177", "title": "Serological studies of seromucoids from normal subjects and patients with malignant and non-malignant diseases.", "content": "During investigations of serum from patients with carcinoma, elevated levels of two proteins were observed. The larger (MW approximately 44,000) was identified as (alpha-acid glycoprotein. The smaller MW approximately 20,000) has not yet been identified. Further investigation of alpha-acid-glycoprotein-containing seromucoid showed that many red blood cell and tissue antigens were present, for example, I, i, P1, Tja (P+P+Pk), H, A, B, Lea, Leb1, M and N. Differences in antigen content between normal serum and serum from carcinoma patients could be demonstrated quantitatively and qualitatively. Seromucoid preparations from patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma inhibited phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation more often than seromucoid preparations from normal subjects.", "contents": "Serological studies of seromucoids from normal subjects and patients with malignant and non-malignant diseases. During investigations of serum from patients with carcinoma, elevated levels of two proteins were observed. The larger (MW approximately 44,000) was identified as (alpha-acid glycoprotein. The smaller MW approximately 20,000) has not yet been identified. Further investigation of alpha-acid-glycoprotein-containing seromucoid showed that many red blood cell and tissue antigens were present, for example, I, i, P1, Tja (P+P+Pk), H, A, B, Lea, Leb1, M and N. Differences in antigen content between normal serum and serum from carcinoma patients could be demonstrated quantitatively and qualitatively. Seromucoid preparations from patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma inhibited phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation more often than seromucoid preparations from normal subjects.", "PMID": 695445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10178", "title": "Perfusate oncotic pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass. Optimum level as determined by metabolic acidosis, tissue edema, and renal function.", "content": "Current practice with respect to the use of a dilutional prime for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) varies widely, and the safe lower limit of perfusate protein content has not been defined. We studied this question in 75 rabbits subjected to a 1-hour CPB with a perfusate colloid osmotic pressure (COP) ranging from 26 to 4 mm Hg. Metabolic acidosis was inversely related to COP; acid-base equilibrium is thus best maintained with a high perfusate protein content. Tissue edema rapidly increased at COP levels below 16 mm Hg, i.e. with a protein level less than 4.2 g%. Urinary excretion during CPB was antagonized by the COP, the reason being that glomerular filtration rate was proportional to the difference between perfusion pressure and COP. The safety margin for renal function during CPB thus widens with a decreasing perfusate protein content. We conclude that the optimum levels of perfuste oncotic pressure and protein content during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass are 16 mm Hg and 4.2 g%.", "contents": "Perfusate oncotic pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass. Optimum level as determined by metabolic acidosis, tissue edema, and renal function. Current practice with respect to the use of a dilutional prime for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) varies widely, and the safe lower limit of perfusate protein content has not been defined. We studied this question in 75 rabbits subjected to a 1-hour CPB with a perfusate colloid osmotic pressure (COP) ranging from 26 to 4 mm Hg. Metabolic acidosis was inversely related to COP; acid-base equilibrium is thus best maintained with a high perfusate protein content. Tissue edema rapidly increased at COP levels below 16 mm Hg, i.e. with a protein level less than 4.2 g%. Urinary excretion during CPB was antagonized by the COP, the reason being that glomerular filtration rate was proportional to the difference between perfusion pressure and COP. The safety margin for renal function during CPB thus widens with a decreasing perfusate protein content. We conclude that the optimum levels of perfuste oncotic pressure and protein content during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass are 16 mm Hg and 4.2 g%.", "PMID": 695446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10179", "title": "Redistribution of platelets during discontinous flow platelet pheresis.", "content": "Greater numbers of platelets are recovered during discontinuous flow centrifugation than can be simply accounted for by the decrease in total circulating platelets in the donor. There is a linear relationship between the logarithm of the circulating platelet count and the number of plateletpheresis bowls filled. The disappearance of platelets from the peripheral circulation occurs at a greater rate in splenectomized donors than in normal donors, and the rate of platelet disappearance in normal donors is less than what would be expected if there were no in vivo platelet storage pools. The data suggest the redistribution of platelets from the spleen in normal donors during the time course of the procedure.", "contents": "Redistribution of platelets during discontinous flow platelet pheresis. Greater numbers of platelets are recovered during discontinuous flow centrifugation than can be simply accounted for by the decrease in total circulating platelets in the donor. There is a linear relationship between the logarithm of the circulating platelet count and the number of plateletpheresis bowls filled. The disappearance of platelets from the peripheral circulation occurs at a greater rate in splenectomized donors than in normal donors, and the rate of platelet disappearance in normal donors is less than what would be expected if there were no in vivo platelet storage pools. The data suggest the redistribution of platelets from the spleen in normal donors during the time course of the procedure.", "PMID": 695447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10180", "title": "[Use of rimantadine in familial foci during an epidemic of influenza caused by A1 virus].", "content": "The therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of rimantadine in familial foci during influenza A1 outbreaks was studied. The observations included 28 experimental foci and 26 control (altogether 146 subjects varying in ages from 4 to 71 years). The foci were selected at random (the alphabet principle). In the experimental foci the patients were treated with rimantadine given in single doses of 300 mg on the first day, 200 mg on the second, and 100 mg each on the 3rd and 4th days. The contacts were also given rimantadine, 100 mg each for 7 to 10 days. In the control foci the patients received symptomatic drugs and contacts were only observed by physicians. Rimantadine was shown to be effective therapeutically if the treatment was started on the first day of the disease. As compared with the control group, in the treated patients the temperature became normal and the main symptoms of the disease regressed within shorter periods of time. The prophylactic effect was also positive: in experimental foci repeated diseases occurred only in 3 subjects (6%) and in controls 13 subjects (30%). The prophylactic effectiveness of the drug is also indicated by a decline in the number of inapparent forms: in experimental foci 26%, in control 56%. The drug may be recommended for treatment and prevention of influenza in familial foci when the disease is caused by A1 virus.", "contents": "[Use of rimantadine in familial foci during an epidemic of influenza caused by A1 virus]. The therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of rimantadine in familial foci during influenza A1 outbreaks was studied. The observations included 28 experimental foci and 26 control (altogether 146 subjects varying in ages from 4 to 71 years). The foci were selected at random (the alphabet principle). In the experimental foci the patients were treated with rimantadine given in single doses of 300 mg on the first day, 200 mg on the second, and 100 mg each on the 3rd and 4th days. The contacts were also given rimantadine, 100 mg each for 7 to 10 days. In the control foci the patients received symptomatic drugs and contacts were only observed by physicians. Rimantadine was shown to be effective therapeutically if the treatment was started on the first day of the disease. As compared with the control group, in the treated patients the temperature became normal and the main symptoms of the disease regressed within shorter periods of time. The prophylactic effect was also positive: in experimental foci repeated diseases occurred only in 3 subjects (6%) and in controls 13 subjects (30%). The prophylactic effectiveness of the drug is also indicated by a decline in the number of inapparent forms: in experimental foci 26%, in control 56%. The drug may be recommended for treatment and prevention of influenza in familial foci when the disease is caused by A1 virus.", "PMID": 695520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10181", "title": "[Etiologic and immunologic characteristics of the influenza A1 epidemic in the Khabarovsk region in November--December 1977].", "content": "The etiology of an influenza outbreak which had occurred in Khabarovsk since 14 November, 1977 was elucidated. The largest number of cases was recorded among children and adolescents (under 22 years of age). Virological studies during the epidemic yielded 90 strains of influenza virus which were found to be antigenically quite close to A1 virus (HINI) which had circulated in this country in 1947-1956. Influenza viruses could be isolated from subjects under 22. Serological tests (H1, CFT) with paired sera from influenza patients and determinations of IgM showed A1 virus (HINI) to circulate more intensively among subjects under 22 years. A correlation between the presence of humoral immunity in subject over 22 and low incidence of influenza in these population are groups was observed.", "contents": "[Etiologic and immunologic characteristics of the influenza A1 epidemic in the Khabarovsk region in November--December 1977]. The etiology of an influenza outbreak which had occurred in Khabarovsk since 14 November, 1977 was elucidated. The largest number of cases was recorded among children and adolescents (under 22 years of age). Virological studies during the epidemic yielded 90 strains of influenza virus which were found to be antigenically quite close to A1 virus (HINI) which had circulated in this country in 1947-1956. Influenza viruses could be isolated from subjects under 22. Serological tests (H1, CFT) with paired sera from influenza patients and determinations of IgM showed A1 virus (HINI) to circulate more intensively among subjects under 22 years. A correlation between the presence of humoral immunity in subject over 22 and low incidence of influenza in these population are groups was observed.", "PMID": 695521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10182", "title": "[Several indices of humoral anti-measles immunity in children, previously immunized with live measles vaccine, who have developed measles].", "content": "The dynamics of the total content of measles antibody with reference to their physico-chemical nature and the dynamics of the content of the main classes of serum immunoglobulins (A, M, G) in children previously vaccinated and not vaccinated with live measles vaccine who developed measles were studied. Measles in the vaccines was found  to run a course of the type of primary and secondary infection. In the former case, the normal dynamics of specific antibody was found with timely change of synthesis of antibody of various physico-chemical nature. In the latter case, immunity to measles developed according to the secondary type and was characterized by the absence of IgM measles antibody. The secondary immunological response was also characterized by higher antibody titers in the first days of the disease and decreased content of IgG and IgM in sera in the convalescent stage. Besides, in such children, hyperthermia occurred 3 times less frequently.", "contents": "[Several indices of humoral anti-measles immunity in children, previously immunized with live measles vaccine, who have developed measles]. The dynamics of the total content of measles antibody with reference to their physico-chemical nature and the dynamics of the content of the main classes of serum immunoglobulins (A, M, G) in children previously vaccinated and not vaccinated with live measles vaccine who developed measles were studied. Measles in the vaccines was found  to run a course of the type of primary and secondary infection. In the former case, the normal dynamics of specific antibody was found with timely change of synthesis of antibody of various physico-chemical nature. In the latter case, immunity to measles developed according to the secondary type and was characterized by the absence of IgM measles antibody. The secondary immunological response was also characterized by higher antibody titers in the first days of the disease and decreased content of IgG and IgM in sera in the convalescent stage. Besides, in such children, hyperthermia occurred 3 times less frequently.", "PMID": 695522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10183", "title": "[Disordered alveolar-capillary gas metabolism in the acute stage of myocardial infarct].", "content": "The alveolar-capillary gas metabolism was studied in 60 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Arterial hypoxemia and hypocapnia were observed in the majority of the patients. Those disturbances are more pronounced in the presence of cardiac insufficiency. The combination of shunt effect with the diminution of cardiac volume is admitted to be the possible pathogenetic mechanism for arterial hypoxemia. The first mechanism is associated with the disturbances of the systemic hemodynamics. Both types of hemodynamic disturbances are conditioned by the weakness of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[Disordered alveolar-capillary gas metabolism in the acute stage of myocardial infarct]. The alveolar-capillary gas metabolism was studied in 60 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Arterial hypoxemia and hypocapnia were observed in the majority of the patients. Those disturbances are more pronounced in the presence of cardiac insufficiency. The combination of shunt effect with the diminution of cardiac volume is admitted to be the possible pathogenetic mechanism for arterial hypoxemia. The first mechanism is associated with the disturbances of the systemic hemodynamics. Both types of hemodynamic disturbances are conditioned by the weakness of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 695528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10184", "title": "[Effect of serum of different origin on elaboration of interferon and the activity of the lysosomal apparatus of cells from the abdominal exudate of newborn mice].", "content": "In the presence of serum from newborn mice the cells of newborn mice produce almost no interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus. When cultivated in a medium containing adult mouse serum, interferon production by the cells increases markedly reaching the level of interferon production by the cells of adult animals. It is suggested that there are factors present in mouse serum which are capable, depending on the age of the animals, either of inhibiting or stimulating the activation of lysosomal apparatus and interferon production.", "contents": "[Effect of serum of different origin on elaboration of interferon and the activity of the lysosomal apparatus of cells from the abdominal exudate of newborn mice]. In the presence of serum from newborn mice the cells of newborn mice produce almost no interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus. When cultivated in a medium containing adult mouse serum, interferon production by the cells increases markedly reaching the level of interferon production by the cells of adult animals. It is suggested that there are factors present in mouse serum which are capable, depending on the age of the animals, either of inhibiting or stimulating the activation of lysosomal apparatus and interferon production.", "PMID": 695523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10185", "title": "[Possibilities of intracardiac phonocardiography in congenital defects with left-right shunt].", "content": "The author shares his experience from intracardial phonocardiography of 48 patients with congenital heart defects with leftright shunt. The importance of the method is stressed upon, particularly in cases with interauricular and interventricular defect, not only for the diagnosis of the disease but for the differential diagnosis in difficult cases as well. The characteristic murmurs are presented, recorded intracardially in the three of the basic congenital heart defect with left-right shunt--interauricular defect, interventricular defect, and open Botal's duct.", "contents": "[Possibilities of intracardiac phonocardiography in congenital defects with left-right shunt]. The author shares his experience from intracardial phonocardiography of 48 patients with congenital heart defects with leftright shunt. The importance of the method is stressed upon, particularly in cases with interauricular and interventricular defect, not only for the diagnosis of the disease but for the differential diagnosis in difficult cases as well. The characteristic murmurs are presented, recorded intracardially in the three of the basic congenital heart defect with left-right shunt--interauricular defect, interventricular defect, and open Botal's duct.", "PMID": 695529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10186", "title": "[Significance of sinus rhythm for ventricular function].", "content": "The changes in hemodynamics in conditions of dosed loading prior to and post cardioversion were followed up in 21 patients with valvular defects or atherosclerotic myocardiosclerosis and absolute arrhythmia with auricular fibrillation. In conditions of auricular fibrillation all the patients showed data about a deteriorated ventricular function (increased arterial-venous difference--tachycardia), both at rest and at dosed loading. One week after the sinus rhythm restoration, a considerable improvement of ventricular function was observed, at rest and loading (normal arterial-venous difference, higner minute and beat volume), suggesting the favourable effect of the restored sinus activity. The improved ventricular function is due to the restored auricular contraction, together with the restoration of rhythmic cardiac activity.", "contents": "[Significance of sinus rhythm for ventricular function]. The changes in hemodynamics in conditions of dosed loading prior to and post cardioversion were followed up in 21 patients with valvular defects or atherosclerotic myocardiosclerosis and absolute arrhythmia with auricular fibrillation. In conditions of auricular fibrillation all the patients showed data about a deteriorated ventricular function (increased arterial-venous difference--tachycardia), both at rest and at dosed loading. One week after the sinus rhythm restoration, a considerable improvement of ventricular function was observed, at rest and loading (normal arterial-venous difference, higner minute and beat volume), suggesting the favourable effect of the restored sinus activity. The improved ventricular function is due to the restored auricular contraction, together with the restoration of rhythmic cardiac activity.", "PMID": 695530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10187", "title": "[Clinical instrumental and clinical angiographic studies of patients with the anginose forms of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The observations cover 96 male patients, aged from 30 to 61 suffering ischemic heart disease with clearly manifested stenocardia. The diagnosis in all patients was made on the base of a thorough clinical examination, the results from the electrocardiography and the selective coronarography. The data obtained from the clinical instrumental and clinical-angiographic examinations reveal that a correlation exists between the stage of the coronary arteries lesions, the patients's age, number of previous myocardial infarctions, severity of stenocardia and the state of the coronary reserve. The extent growth of the coronary arteries lesion goes in parallel with the patients' age advancement, the number of previous myocardial infarctions, severity of stenocardia and the diminution of coronary reserve. In this respect the character of stenocardia and the state of coronary reserve have the highest informative value. Our examinations failed to establish any correlation between the stage of the coronary arteries lesion and the stage and eytension of myocardial lesion on the electrocardiogram as well as between the stage of coronary arteries lesion and the duration of the illness.", "contents": "[Clinical instrumental and clinical angiographic studies of patients with the anginose forms of ischemic heart disease]. The observations cover 96 male patients, aged from 30 to 61 suffering ischemic heart disease with clearly manifested stenocardia. The diagnosis in all patients was made on the base of a thorough clinical examination, the results from the electrocardiography and the selective coronarography. The data obtained from the clinical instrumental and clinical-angiographic examinations reveal that a correlation exists between the stage of the coronary arteries lesions, the patients's age, number of previous myocardial infarctions, severity of stenocardia and the state of the coronary reserve. The extent growth of the coronary arteries lesion goes in parallel with the patients' age advancement, the number of previous myocardial infarctions, severity of stenocardia and the diminution of coronary reserve. In this respect the character of stenocardia and the state of coronary reserve have the highest informative value. Our examinations failed to establish any correlation between the stage of the coronary arteries lesion and the stage and eytension of myocardial lesion on the electrocardiogram as well as between the stage of coronary arteries lesion and the duration of the illness.", "PMID": 695531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10188", "title": "[Ergospirometry study of the functional state of the cardiovascular system in chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Sixty three patients were examined. The diagnosis of all was made on the base of clinical picture, electrocardiographic examinations and the results from the selective coronarography. The following indices of the oxygen consumption and gas metabolism were analysed in the paper: oxygen consumption per kilogram body weight, oxygen consumption per kilogramometer work performed, labour effectivity and restoration coefficient. The results obtained reveal that the adaptation ability of the respiratory and cardiovascular system in conditions of physical loading was disturbed in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. At the same time, the physical capacity for work and the restoration coefficient were also disturbed. The decrease of oxygen consumption per kilogram body weight, deteriorated labour effectivity, restoration coefficient and the increased oxygen consumption per kilogramometer work performed occur in parallel with the extension of the lesions of the coronary arteries and the diminution of coronary reserve. The results from those examinations, together with the results from a series of non-invasive methods for the examination of cardio-vascular system could aid the thorough diagnostic-prognostic character of ischemic heart disease and give a tentative idea for the stage of the coronary arteries lesions prior to coronarography.", "contents": "[Ergospirometry study of the functional state of the cardiovascular system in chronic ischemic heart disease]. Sixty three patients were examined. The diagnosis of all was made on the base of clinical picture, electrocardiographic examinations and the results from the selective coronarography. The following indices of the oxygen consumption and gas metabolism were analysed in the paper: oxygen consumption per kilogram body weight, oxygen consumption per kilogramometer work performed, labour effectivity and restoration coefficient. The results obtained reveal that the adaptation ability of the respiratory and cardiovascular system in conditions of physical loading was disturbed in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. At the same time, the physical capacity for work and the restoration coefficient were also disturbed. The decrease of oxygen consumption per kilogram body weight, deteriorated labour effectivity, restoration coefficient and the increased oxygen consumption per kilogramometer work performed occur in parallel with the extension of the lesions of the coronary arteries and the diminution of coronary reserve. The results from those examinations, together with the results from a series of non-invasive methods for the examination of cardio-vascular system could aid the thorough diagnostic-prognostic character of ischemic heart disease and give a tentative idea for the stage of the coronary arteries lesions prior to coronarography.", "PMID": 695532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10189", "title": "[Functional assessment of respiration and blood circulation in pectus excavatum].", "content": "Functional investigation was carried out on respiration and cardiovascular system of 57 adolescents with pectus excavatum. Right cardiac catheterization was performed to 10 of them. Two thirds of the cases with right bundle branch block and 7 out of the tenth with catheterizatium were established to have elevated telediastolic pressure in right ventricle and diminished cardiac index, supplying grounds to the authors to presume a difficulty in the filling of the right ventricle resulting from the mechanic pressure due to the deformity. Respiratory deviations proved to be negligible. The indications for operation are determined by the results from the complex functional examinations.", "contents": "[Functional assessment of respiration and blood circulation in pectus excavatum]. Functional investigation was carried out on respiration and cardiovascular system of 57 adolescents with pectus excavatum. Right cardiac catheterization was performed to 10 of them. Two thirds of the cases with right bundle branch block and 7 out of the tenth with catheterizatium were established to have elevated telediastolic pressure in right ventricle and diminished cardiac index, supplying grounds to the authors to presume a difficulty in the filling of the right ventricle resulting from the mechanic pressure due to the deformity. Respiratory deviations proved to be negligible. The indications for operation are determined by the results from the complex functional examinations.", "PMID": 695533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10190", "title": "[Changes in the hemodynamic indices in the subacute stage of myocardial infarct before and after bicyle ergometry].", "content": "The basic hemodynamic indices: cardiac volume, volume of circulating plasma and blood, total peripheral vascular resistance and velolity of blood flow were studied in 60 patients with myocardial infarction, subacute stage in progress, prior to and post veloergometric loading. A decreased tolerance to physical loading was established: cardiac index--insignificantly increased, beat volume-decreased, volume of circulating plasma and blood--tendency to increase. The results show a dependence on the clinical development of the disease--the signs of a latent insufficiency being manifested in the cases with extensive localization of the infarction, transmural affection and with a formed aneurisma after a dosed loading.", "contents": "[Changes in the hemodynamic indices in the subacute stage of myocardial infarct before and after bicyle ergometry]. The basic hemodynamic indices: cardiac volume, volume of circulating plasma and blood, total peripheral vascular resistance and velolity of blood flow were studied in 60 patients with myocardial infarction, subacute stage in progress, prior to and post veloergometric loading. A decreased tolerance to physical loading was established: cardiac index--insignificantly increased, beat volume-decreased, volume of circulating plasma and blood--tendency to increase. The results show a dependence on the clinical development of the disease--the signs of a latent insufficiency being manifested in the cases with extensive localization of the infarction, transmural affection and with a formed aneurisma after a dosed loading.", "PMID": 695534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10191", "title": "[Analytical study of the diffusion capacity of the lungs in patients with chronic renal insufficiency].", "content": "The analytical diffusion capacity of the lungs was determined in 63 patients with various stages of chronic renal insufficiency. On the base of the values of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration the patients were subdivided into four groups. Considerable changes in all the three values of alveolar-capillary diffusion (DLCO, Dm, Vc) were established, with a definite parallelism between those changes and the chronic renal insufficiency stage. The most serious changes concern the membrane component. The correlation analysis confirms the presence of high reverse correlation interdependence, both with the values of serum creatinine and blood urea and with the diastolic arterial pressure.", "contents": "[Analytical study of the diffusion capacity of the lungs in patients with chronic renal insufficiency]. The analytical diffusion capacity of the lungs was determined in 63 patients with various stages of chronic renal insufficiency. On the base of the values of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration the patients were subdivided into four groups. Considerable changes in all the three values of alveolar-capillary diffusion (DLCO, Dm, Vc) were established, with a definite parallelism between those changes and the chronic renal insufficiency stage. The most serious changes concern the membrane component. The correlation analysis confirms the presence of high reverse correlation interdependence, both with the values of serum creatinine and blood urea and with the diastolic arterial pressure.", "PMID": 695535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10192", "title": "[Ultrastructural studies of the plasma cells in multiple myeloma].", "content": "Electron microscopic investigations of 38 patients with multiple plasmocytoma were carried out, the patients being divided into three groups according to the type of monoclonic immunoglobin in serum or urine. Light to moderate cellular-cytoplasmatic asynchronism was found as well as hypertrophic nucleoli and versatile changes in cytoplasmatic organelles of the poliferous plasmocytes. Cellular-cytoplasmatic asynchronism is discussed as a characteristic sign of neoplastic plasmatic cells. No correlation was found between the morphological changes in the nuclei and cytoplasma and the immunoglobin class, secreted from the cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural studies of the plasma cells in multiple myeloma]. Electron microscopic investigations of 38 patients with multiple plasmocytoma were carried out, the patients being divided into three groups according to the type of monoclonic immunoglobin in serum or urine. Light to moderate cellular-cytoplasmatic asynchronism was found as well as hypertrophic nucleoli and versatile changes in cytoplasmatic organelles of the poliferous plasmocytes. Cellular-cytoplasmatic asynchronism is discussed as a characteristic sign of neoplastic plasmatic cells. No correlation was found between the morphological changes in the nuclei and cytoplasma and the immunoglobin class, secreted from the cells.", "PMID": 695536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10193", "title": "[Liver status in ostensibly healthy carriers of the hepatitis-Bs antigen].", "content": "One hundred eighty five ostensibly healthy candidates for blood donors, HBs positive, were examined at the clinic and laboratory as regards liver disturbances. About one fourth of the examined gave either subjective complaints or showed objective changes, deviations in the paraclinic resp. As patients with chronic hepatitis were proved to be 8,11 per cent of the subjects, 28,65 per cent--hepatitis suspected patients and 63,24 per cent were admitted to be healthy antigen-carriers. Urine urobillinogen reaction, thymol test and transaminase are sufficient for the purpose of preliminary screening. About one third of the antigen positive subjects cannot be accurately defined by the routine clinical-laboratory examination and additional immunoserological and immunohistological methods proved to be necessary.", "contents": "[Liver status in ostensibly healthy carriers of the hepatitis-Bs antigen]. One hundred eighty five ostensibly healthy candidates for blood donors, HBs positive, were examined at the clinic and laboratory as regards liver disturbances. About one fourth of the examined gave either subjective complaints or showed objective changes, deviations in the paraclinic resp. As patients with chronic hepatitis were proved to be 8,11 per cent of the subjects, 28,65 per cent--hepatitis suspected patients and 63,24 per cent were admitted to be healthy antigen-carriers. Urine urobillinogen reaction, thymol test and transaminase are sufficient for the purpose of preliminary screening. About one third of the antigen positive subjects cannot be accurately defined by the routine clinical-laboratory examination and additional immunoserological and immunohistological methods proved to be necessary.", "PMID": 695537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10194", "title": "[Incidence study of endemic nephropathy among newcomers (immigrants) to endemic foci in Bulgaria].", "content": "The clinical-laboratory studies of 488 immigrants in 17 endemic settlements in Bulgaria are presented. The average age of the immigrants is 56 years and 31 years is the average duration of the sojourn in the endemic foci. From the total group of immigrants 30 per cent are \"contact \u00edmmigrants\", i.e. immigrants that had lived together or are living at present with patients with endemic nephropathy or members of their families. The average duration of the sojourn of the contact immigrants in the endemic environment is the same as that of the whole group. Ten of the immigrants have come in their child-adolescent age into the endemic settlements. The average age of that group is 61 and the average duration of the sojourn in the endemic foci is 52 years. The following data are stressed upon: The total and renal morbidity of the immigrants in the endemic foci does not differ in structure from that of the country. No sufficient data are available about the existence of family domestic noxae or infections. No data indicating tumours in the urinary system were found in the immigrants examined. It is conculded that, at the stage of the examination, no definite data were established about the endemic nephropathy affection of the immigrants in the endemic foci which though indirectly support the genetic hypothesis of endemic nephropathy etiology. The dispensarization of the immigrants in the endemic foci favours the longitudinal examination which is the final aim of the authors.", "contents": "[Incidence study of endemic nephropathy among newcomers (immigrants) to endemic foci in Bulgaria]. The clinical-laboratory studies of 488 immigrants in 17 endemic settlements in Bulgaria are presented. The average age of the immigrants is 56 years and 31 years is the average duration of the sojourn in the endemic foci. From the total group of immigrants 30 per cent are \"contact \u00edmmigrants\", i.e. immigrants that had lived together or are living at present with patients with endemic nephropathy or members of their families. The average duration of the sojourn of the contact immigrants in the endemic environment is the same as that of the whole group. Ten of the immigrants have come in their child-adolescent age into the endemic settlements. The average age of that group is 61 and the average duration of the sojourn in the endemic foci is 52 years. The following data are stressed upon: The total and renal morbidity of the immigrants in the endemic foci does not differ in structure from that of the country. No sufficient data are available about the existence of family domestic noxae or infections. No data indicating tumours in the urinary system were found in the immigrants examined. It is conculded that, at the stage of the examination, no definite data were established about the endemic nephropathy affection of the immigrants in the endemic foci which though indirectly support the genetic hypothesis of endemic nephropathy etiology. The dispensarization of the immigrants in the endemic foci favours the longitudinal examination which is the final aim of the authors.", "PMID": 695538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10195", "title": "Psychiatry and psychotherapy. Is a divorce imminent?", "content": "Despite the long tradition of psychiatrists practicing psychotherapy, many psychiatric and medical leaders are predicting and urging a reorientation of psychiatry toward the medical model. They would leave psychotherapy to psychologists, social workers and the like. Many social, governmental and institutional factors favor such a change. The marriage of psychiatry and psychotherapy has always been an uneasy one, and the push for divorce may be irresistible. The author cautions that a divorce could be detrimental to medicine by substituting, in the name of \"science,\" a dehumanized, technological psychiatry for the current \"moral\" treatment. One alternative to divorce is a broader approach to psychiatry, combining biological, neuromedical, socioenvironmental and psychodynamic factors. The divorce, though imminent, should be resisted.", "contents": "Psychiatry and psychotherapy. Is a divorce imminent? Despite the long tradition of psychiatrists practicing psychotherapy, many psychiatric and medical leaders are predicting and urging a reorientation of psychiatry toward the medical model. They would leave psychotherapy to psychologists, social workers and the like. Many social, governmental and institutional factors favor such a change. The marriage of psychiatry and psychotherapy has always been an uneasy one, and the push for divorce may be irresistible. The author cautions that a divorce could be detrimental to medicine by substituting, in the name of \"science,\" a dehumanized, technological psychiatry for the current \"moral\" treatment. One alternative to divorce is a broader approach to psychiatry, combining biological, neuromedical, socioenvironmental and psychodynamic factors. The divorce, though imminent, should be resisted.", "PMID": 695569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10196", "title": "Percutaneous radio-frequency rhizotomy in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.", "content": "A percutaneous technique of selective partial trigeminal root coagulation was evaluated in the treatment of 38 patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia, 1 patient with pain secondary to oral carcinoma and 1 patient with atypical facial pain. The pain of trigeminal neuralgia was relieved in 94.7 percent of patients. Pain was relieved in the patient with oral carcinoma, but not in the patient with atypical facial pain. There was no mortality and no permanent morbidity outside of the trigeminal nerve lesion. The procedure requires only a brief hospital stay without the time, expense and hazards of open cranial surgical procedures.", "contents": "Percutaneous radio-frequency rhizotomy in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. A percutaneous technique of selective partial trigeminal root coagulation was evaluated in the treatment of 38 patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia, 1 patient with pain secondary to oral carcinoma and 1 patient with atypical facial pain. The pain of trigeminal neuralgia was relieved in 94.7 percent of patients. Pain was relieved in the patient with oral carcinoma, but not in the patient with atypical facial pain. There was no mortality and no permanent morbidity outside of the trigeminal nerve lesion. The procedure requires only a brief hospital stay without the time, expense and hazards of open cranial surgical procedures.", "PMID": 695573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10197", "title": "[Differential diagnosis between skeletal muscle lesions and myocardial damage in multiple injury by determination of myocardial-specific creatine phosphokinase (CK-MB) (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum level of the myocardial-specific isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase, CK-MB was determined in 50 patients with severe multiple injuries or following extensive surgery. It is concluded that whenever the proportion of CK-MB exceeds 10% of the total creatine phosphokinase activity myocardial damage has occurred, especially since equivalent ECG changes were registered in this group of patients.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis between skeletal muscle lesions and myocardial damage in multiple injury by determination of myocardial-specific creatine phosphokinase (CK-MB) (author's transl)]. The serum level of the myocardial-specific isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase, CK-MB was determined in 50 patients with severe multiple injuries or following extensive surgery. It is concluded that whenever the proportion of CK-MB exceeds 10% of the total creatine phosphokinase activity myocardial damage has occurred, especially since equivalent ECG changes were registered in this group of patients.", "PMID": 695648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10198", "title": "[Clinical efficacy of perhexiline maleate in stable angina pectoris (author's transl)].", "content": "The antianginal effect of perhexiline was evaluated in a placebo-controlled double-blind study of 20 patients with stable angina pectoris. Only patients with documented myocardial infarction of more than 6 months' standing and with ST-segment depression on exercise were admitted to the study. Objective parameters of bicycle stress tests at a submaximum level of 50 watts and a maximum exercise level were evaluated. Subjective data such as nitroglycerin consumption and incidence of anginal attacks per week were obtained from the patients' self-maintained records. No negative chronotropic effect of perhexiline was found at rest. At a submaximum exercise level with unchanged double-product, a significantly lower heart rate (p less than 0.05) and a significant reduction in ST-segment depression were observed in comparison with the placebo. At maximum exercise level an increase in exercise tolerance of 8.1% and in aerobic capacity of 8.3% resulted in a significant increase in the double-product (p less than 0.01), with a shift in the blood pressure/heart rate ratio. Discontinuation of exercise occurred at the same heart rate, but at a markedly higher level of exercise attainment. Heart rate on exercise proved to be the most valuable parameter in this study for the evaluation of the aerobic capacity of the individual patient. Nitroglycerin consumption and frequency of anginal attacks per week were reduced, but were not of statistical significance. Side-effects occurred in 6 patients, but these did not require termination or reduction of medication. The selective effect on heart rate during exercise opens a new field of application for perhexiline in comparison with beta-blocking agents.", "contents": "[Clinical efficacy of perhexiline maleate in stable angina pectoris (author's transl)]. The antianginal effect of perhexiline was evaluated in a placebo-controlled double-blind study of 20 patients with stable angina pectoris. Only patients with documented myocardial infarction of more than 6 months' standing and with ST-segment depression on exercise were admitted to the study. Objective parameters of bicycle stress tests at a submaximum level of 50 watts and a maximum exercise level were evaluated. Subjective data such as nitroglycerin consumption and incidence of anginal attacks per week were obtained from the patients' self-maintained records. No negative chronotropic effect of perhexiline was found at rest. At a submaximum exercise level with unchanged double-product, a significantly lower heart rate (p less than 0.05) and a significant reduction in ST-segment depression were observed in comparison with the placebo. At maximum exercise level an increase in exercise tolerance of 8.1% and in aerobic capacity of 8.3% resulted in a significant increase in the double-product (p less than 0.01), with a shift in the blood pressure/heart rate ratio. Discontinuation of exercise occurred at the same heart rate, but at a markedly higher level of exercise attainment. Heart rate on exercise proved to be the most valuable parameter in this study for the evaluation of the aerobic capacity of the individual patient. Nitroglycerin consumption and frequency of anginal attacks per week were reduced, but were not of statistical significance. Side-effects occurred in 6 patients, but these did not require termination or reduction of medication. The selective effect on heart rate during exercise opens a new field of application for perhexiline in comparison with beta-blocking agents.", "PMID": 695649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10199", "title": "[The mitral valve prolapse syndrome and its complications (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 1800 patients examined for valvular heart disease, 19 were found to have the mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVPS). The relevant literature is reviewed and the epidemiology and aetiology of the disease are discussed. 50% of the patients had a history of endomyocarditis. The special diagnostic value of echocardiography is emphasized. Sudden death (observed in 2 young patients) and the grave complication of bacterial endocarditis (observed in 3 patients and usually caused by Streptococcus viridans) can occur in this condition. Prophylactic therapy with beta-blocking drugs and antibiotics seems warranted. The case history of one patient with MVPS under observation for eight years, who developed bacterial endocarditis from a dental focus is reported in greater detail as a typical case.", "contents": "[The mitral valve prolapse syndrome and its complications (author's transl)]. Out of 1800 patients examined for valvular heart disease, 19 were found to have the mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVPS). The relevant literature is reviewed and the epidemiology and aetiology of the disease are discussed. 50% of the patients had a history of endomyocarditis. The special diagnostic value of echocardiography is emphasized. Sudden death (observed in 2 young patients) and the grave complication of bacterial endocarditis (observed in 3 patients and usually caused by Streptococcus viridans) can occur in this condition. Prophylactic therapy with beta-blocking drugs and antibiotics seems warranted. The case history of one patient with MVPS under observation for eight years, who developed bacterial endocarditis from a dental focus is reported in greater detail as a typical case.", "PMID": 695650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10200", "title": "[Haemodynamic response to antihypertensive treatment with atenolol in patients with hypertension (author's transl].", "content": "The antihypertensive effect of atenolol, a cardioselective beta-blocker, was examined in 8 patients with essential hypertension. The most important haemodynamic changes observed were a significant reduction in heart rate (reduction in maximum heart rate at the end of symptom-limited exercise by 23% p less than 0.01) and a moderate fall in systolic blood pressure (reduction at submaximum level of exercise by 22%, p less than 0.01). The antihypertensive effect was attributable in half the patients to a drop in peripheral vascular resistance and in the other half evenly to a predominant reduction in cardiac output or to a reduction in both parameters. In view of the compensatory rise in stroke volume a significant reduction in cardiac output was not found. Symptom-limited exercise tolerance was increased in all patients. These results lead to the conclusion that the antihypertensive action of the cardioselective beta-blocker, atenolol is based on a lowering of the increased peripheral vascular resistance and a reduction in cardiac output; the latter mechanism is predominantly found in patients with hyperkinetic features.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic response to antihypertensive treatment with atenolol in patients with hypertension (author's transl]. The antihypertensive effect of atenolol, a cardioselective beta-blocker, was examined in 8 patients with essential hypertension. The most important haemodynamic changes observed were a significant reduction in heart rate (reduction in maximum heart rate at the end of symptom-limited exercise by 23% p less than 0.01) and a moderate fall in systolic blood pressure (reduction at submaximum level of exercise by 22%, p less than 0.01). The antihypertensive effect was attributable in half the patients to a drop in peripheral vascular resistance and in the other half evenly to a predominant reduction in cardiac output or to a reduction in both parameters. In view of the compensatory rise in stroke volume a significant reduction in cardiac output was not found. Symptom-limited exercise tolerance was increased in all patients. These results lead to the conclusion that the antihypertensive action of the cardioselective beta-blocker, atenolol is based on a lowering of the increased peripheral vascular resistance and a reduction in cardiac output; the latter mechanism is predominantly found in patients with hyperkinetic features.", "PMID": 695651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10201", "title": "[Audiological evaluation of ototoxicity in gentamycin-treated children (author's transl)].", "content": "Audiological evaluation was performed on 36 children who had been treated with gentamycin for severe infections of the urinary tract and/or of the bronchopulmonary system. An average of three years had elapsed between medication and audiological testings. Only one child showed a slight degree of symmetrical sensoneural hearing loss in the high frequency range.", "contents": "[Audiological evaluation of ototoxicity in gentamycin-treated children (author's transl)]. Audiological evaluation was performed on 36 children who had been treated with gentamycin for severe infections of the urinary tract and/or of the bronchopulmonary system. An average of three years had elapsed between medication and audiological testings. Only one child showed a slight degree of symmetrical sensoneural hearing loss in the high frequency range.", "PMID": 695652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10202", "title": "[Arterial embolic occlusion in tumours of kidney and bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial embolic occlusion is a comparatively new therapeutic method in urology. This procedure is performed now before operation of tumours of the kidney and as a palliative measure in the treatment of renal and bladder cancer. The procedure and mode of administration of the different materials for occlusion are described. The difficulties arising during embolic occlusion and the subjective response of the patient to this treatment are discussed. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of this method and, in particular, undesirable side effects are pointed out.", "contents": "[Arterial embolic occlusion in tumours of kidney and bladder (author's transl)]. Arterial embolic occlusion is a comparatively new therapeutic method in urology. This procedure is performed now before operation of tumours of the kidney and as a palliative measure in the treatment of renal and bladder cancer. The procedure and mode of administration of the different materials for occlusion are described. The difficulties arising during embolic occlusion and the subjective response of the patient to this treatment are discussed. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of this method and, in particular, undesirable side effects are pointed out.", "PMID": 695653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10203", "title": "[Exit block: a postoperative complication of pacemaker implantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Exit block occurs in 7% of cases following implantation of a pacemaker for the first time and appears to be a serious and unpredictable occurrence which cannot be prevented by the selection of a particular technique or type of electrode of pacemaker. Therapeutic measures in patients who are not dependent on a pacemaker consist primarily of exchanging the intracardial lead. In all patients, as well as in those cases with recurrence of exit block, a pulse width-adjustable pulse generator should be implanted without resorting to other methods of questionable efficacy. The implantation of such a pulse generator was successful in all our cases.", "contents": "[Exit block: a postoperative complication of pacemaker implantation (author's transl)]. Exit block occurs in 7% of cases following implantation of a pacemaker for the first time and appears to be a serious and unpredictable occurrence which cannot be prevented by the selection of a particular technique or type of electrode of pacemaker. Therapeutic measures in patients who are not dependent on a pacemaker consist primarily of exchanging the intracardial lead. In all patients, as well as in those cases with recurrence of exit block, a pulse width-adjustable pulse generator should be implanted without resorting to other methods of questionable efficacy. The implantation of such a pulse generator was successful in all our cases.", "PMID": 695654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10204", "title": "[Retention of anal sphincteric control following surgical treatment of 498 patients with rectal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "498 cases of carcinoma of the rectum were operated on at the Surgical Polyclinic of Vienna during the period 1966 to 1975. The optimum procedure ensuring retained combination between presphincteric control, the mortality rate and late results are discussed.", "contents": "[Retention of anal sphincteric control following surgical treatment of 498 patients with rectal carcinoma (author's transl)]. 498 cases of carcinoma of the rectum were operated on at the Surgical Polyclinic of Vienna during the period 1966 to 1975. The optimum procedure ensuring retained combination between presphincteric control, the mortality rate and late results are discussed.", "PMID": 695655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10205", "title": "[Legal aspects of patient enlightenment (therapeutic consent) from a surgeon's point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "The doctor-patient relationship has undergone considerable changes over recent years. An increase in public discussion of real or supposed malpractice has led to an increasingly critical attitude in patients, who are no longer prepared to accept the doctor's instructions unquestioningly. Every doctor, surgeons in particular, should, therefore, strive to restore a satisfactory relationship with his patient, since this is an essential precondition for ensuring therapeutic success. The doctor is obliged to explain to his patients (or legal spokesman) the risks involved in therapy and give him adequate insight into his condition. Only then can the patient make an adequate decision as to acceptance or refusal of therapy, which is legally binding (written consent in the case of operations). Absolute priority must be given to uninhibited maximum efficiency of the doctor. Legal safety should be of only secondary importance.", "contents": "[Legal aspects of patient enlightenment (therapeutic consent) from a surgeon's point of view (author's transl)]. The doctor-patient relationship has undergone considerable changes over recent years. An increase in public discussion of real or supposed malpractice has led to an increasingly critical attitude in patients, who are no longer prepared to accept the doctor's instructions unquestioningly. Every doctor, surgeons in particular, should, therefore, strive to restore a satisfactory relationship with his patient, since this is an essential precondition for ensuring therapeutic success. The doctor is obliged to explain to his patients (or legal spokesman) the risks involved in therapy and give him adequate insight into his condition. Only then can the patient make an adequate decision as to acceptance or refusal of therapy, which is legally binding (written consent in the case of operations). Absolute priority must be given to uninhibited maximum efficiency of the doctor. Legal safety should be of only secondary importance.", "PMID": 695656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10206", "title": "[Induction of labour (author's transl)].", "content": "Labour can be induced by different methods: there are conductive, indirect and direct approaches. Conductive techniques are reversible and, as a rule, successful only in women approaching term. Indirect techniques, i.e. low and high amniotomy, are irreversible; they should be carried out only for a precise indication and are associated with certain hazards. Direct techniques, i.e. administration of oxytocin and, recently, of prostaglandins, need an intravenous infusion. The dosage of the drug per minute differs according to the obstetrical situation and the aim of the approach. Calculated statistical data of the tonus, the intensity, the frequency and the uterine activity were summarized in order to evaluate the effect of induction of labour. The induction of labour is associated with hazards and risk to the fetus and/or the mother. Labour induction must be avoided in obstetrical situations which preclude a vaginal delivery. The necessity of labour induction occurs primarily under circumstances in which the further continuation of pregnancy is associated with increased hazards to the mother and/or the child.", "contents": "[Induction of labour (author's transl)]. Labour can be induced by different methods: there are conductive, indirect and direct approaches. Conductive techniques are reversible and, as a rule, successful only in women approaching term. Indirect techniques, i.e. low and high amniotomy, are irreversible; they should be carried out only for a precise indication and are associated with certain hazards. Direct techniques, i.e. administration of oxytocin and, recently, of prostaglandins, need an intravenous infusion. The dosage of the drug per minute differs according to the obstetrical situation and the aim of the approach. Calculated statistical data of the tonus, the intensity, the frequency and the uterine activity were summarized in order to evaluate the effect of induction of labour. The induction of labour is associated with hazards and risk to the fetus and/or the mother. Labour induction must be avoided in obstetrical situations which preclude a vaginal delivery. The necessity of labour induction occurs primarily under circumstances in which the further continuation of pregnancy is associated with increased hazards to the mother and/or the child.", "PMID": 695657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10207", "title": "[Urological complications following radical treatment of carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "Urinary tract infection, obstruction and fistulation are the three commonest urological complications following radical treatment of cervical carcinoma. Special trends in treatment are discussed. Long-term results confirm the value of using a bladder flap in cases of reimplantation of the ureter into the bladder. Formation of a unilateral or bilateral \"psoastip-bladder\" (bipartition of the bladder) is described and active surgical management is recommended in cases of operable recurrent cervical carcinoma involving the urinary tract.", "contents": "[Urological complications following radical treatment of carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)]. Urinary tract infection, obstruction and fistulation are the three commonest urological complications following radical treatment of cervical carcinoma. Special trends in treatment are discussed. Long-term results confirm the value of using a bladder flap in cases of reimplantation of the ureter into the bladder. Formation of a unilateral or bilateral \"psoastip-bladder\" (bipartition of the bladder) is described and active surgical management is recommended in cases of operable recurrent cervical carcinoma involving the urinary tract.", "PMID": 695659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10208", "title": "[Prophylactic medication to prevent miscarriage in pregnant women with a history of sterility (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given of the outcome of 451 pregnancies occurring among women who had previously attended the Infertility Clinic. General gestagen therapy was given prophylactically in 129 cases before the appearance of any signs of threatened abortion. Massive gestagen therapy was initiated in 41 cases in response to signs of threatened abortion. Gestagen was not given either prophylactically or therapeutically in the remaining 281 pregnancies. The incidence of abortion was 10.1% in women given prophylactic gestagen, whilst the overall rate of abortion in the entire series of 451 women was 13.3%. It transpired on closer scrutiny of the 129 cases given prophylactic gestagen therapy that the abortion rate was 12.0% in the 108 pregnancies in which prophylactic gestagen therapy had been initiated at the time of the first missed period or later, whereas not one single abortion was registered amongst the 21 women who had been given gestagen therapy in the immediate post-ovulatory phase. It can be concluded that commencement of prophylactic gestagen therapy at the earliest possible moment provides optimum conditions for successful implantation of the fertilized ovum, especially in cases with masked insufficiency of the corpus luteum.", "contents": "[Prophylactic medication to prevent miscarriage in pregnant women with a history of sterility (author's transl)]. A report is given of the outcome of 451 pregnancies occurring among women who had previously attended the Infertility Clinic. General gestagen therapy was given prophylactically in 129 cases before the appearance of any signs of threatened abortion. Massive gestagen therapy was initiated in 41 cases in response to signs of threatened abortion. Gestagen was not given either prophylactically or therapeutically in the remaining 281 pregnancies. The incidence of abortion was 10.1% in women given prophylactic gestagen, whilst the overall rate of abortion in the entire series of 451 women was 13.3%. It transpired on closer scrutiny of the 129 cases given prophylactic gestagen therapy that the abortion rate was 12.0% in the 108 pregnancies in which prophylactic gestagen therapy had been initiated at the time of the first missed period or later, whereas not one single abortion was registered amongst the 21 women who had been given gestagen therapy in the immediate post-ovulatory phase. It can be concluded that commencement of prophylactic gestagen therapy at the earliest possible moment provides optimum conditions for successful implantation of the fertilized ovum, especially in cases with masked insufficiency of the corpus luteum.", "PMID": 695661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10209", "title": "[Prophylaxis and early diagnosis of cancer of the cervis (author's transl)].", "content": "As a means to early detection of cancer of the cervix Hinselmann invented the colposcope in 1925, Papanicolaon the smear technique in 1943 and Antoine and Gr\u00fcnberger the colpomicroscopy in 1949. A more detailed description of colpomicroscopy is given. The healing of a benign erosion by electrocoagulation or freezing is a prophylactic measure to prevent development of cancer of the cervix. With suspicious findings on routine examination (colposcopy, Papanicolaou, colpomicroscopy), the lesion must be checked by conisation. Removal of the entire lesion (basal hyperplasia, dysplasia, concer in situ) obviates the need for further therapy. Conisation is, therefore, also a prophylactic measure to prevent development of cancer of the cervix. A report is given of 2 series of cases treated at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kaiser Franz Joseph Hospital, Vienna.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis and early diagnosis of cancer of the cervis (author's transl)]. As a means to early detection of cancer of the cervix Hinselmann invented the colposcope in 1925, Papanicolaon the smear technique in 1943 and Antoine and Gr\u00fcnberger the colpomicroscopy in 1949. A more detailed description of colpomicroscopy is given. The healing of a benign erosion by electrocoagulation or freezing is a prophylactic measure to prevent development of cancer of the cervix. With suspicious findings on routine examination (colposcopy, Papanicolaou, colpomicroscopy), the lesion must be checked by conisation. Removal of the entire lesion (basal hyperplasia, dysplasia, concer in situ) obviates the need for further therapy. Conisation is, therefore, also a prophylactic measure to prevent development of cancer of the cervix. A report is given of 2 series of cases treated at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kaiser Franz Joseph Hospital, Vienna.", "PMID": 695662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10210", "title": "[Glucocorticoid-induced effect of erythropoietin in haemolytic anaemia with uraemia and red cell enzyme deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of 6-methylprednisolone (GCC) was studied on erythropoietin (ESF) levels and on the metabolic functions of erythrocytes (RBC). GCC (U mg/kg/day for 15 days) was administered to 6 patients with the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (group B) and to 6 patients with non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia due to hereditary pyruvate kinase enzyme deficiency (group C). 6 healthy persons served as control (group A). The metabolic functions of RBC were investigated by assaying HMPS activity, GSH/GSSG and lactate/pyruvate ratios, relevant glycolytic intermediates, 2,3-DPG, ATP, and key enzymes. A significant increase in ESF was observed in group B patients after GCC therapy, correlating with an improvement in the haemolytic state, and consequent rectification of the secondary disturbances of RBC metabolism. Group C patients already had raised ESF levels before GCC therapy; no further increase occured in response to treatment and no other clinical or haematological change was recorded. Hence, no harmonal influence of GCC on the disturbed RBC metabolic process was detectable in the cases.", "contents": "[Glucocorticoid-induced effect of erythropoietin in haemolytic anaemia with uraemia and red cell enzyme deficiency (author's transl)]. The effect of 6-methylprednisolone (GCC) was studied on erythropoietin (ESF) levels and on the metabolic functions of erythrocytes (RBC). GCC (U mg/kg/day for 15 days) was administered to 6 patients with the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (group B) and to 6 patients with non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia due to hereditary pyruvate kinase enzyme deficiency (group C). 6 healthy persons served as control (group A). The metabolic functions of RBC were investigated by assaying HMPS activity, GSH/GSSG and lactate/pyruvate ratios, relevant glycolytic intermediates, 2,3-DPG, ATP, and key enzymes. A significant increase in ESF was observed in group B patients after GCC therapy, correlating with an improvement in the haemolytic state, and consequent rectification of the secondary disturbances of RBC metabolism. Group C patients already had raised ESF levels before GCC therapy; no further increase occured in response to treatment and no other clinical or haematological change was recorded. Hence, no harmonal influence of GCC on the disturbed RBC metabolic process was detectable in the cases.", "PMID": 695663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10211", "title": "[Measles antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)].", "content": "30 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 34 controls were investigated with regard to measles antibodies (AB). The titres were compared with clinical and immunological parameters. As previously reported by several authors we found increased measles AB titres more frequently (kappa 2-test, p less than 0.05) in patients with SLE than in those with RA and controls. No significant correlation was found between immunoglobulins, antinuclear antibodies, CH50 or rheumatoid factor, and an elevation of the measles AB titre. A trend was noted, however, towards a positive correlation between measles antibodies and IgM. An elevated measles AB titre in SLE can be explained on the basis of several mechanisms. However, hyperimmunoglobulinaemia with non-specific, secondary AB elevation can be ruled out as a cause of elevated measles AB titre according to our results.", "contents": "[Measles antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)]. 30 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 34 controls were investigated with regard to measles antibodies (AB). The titres were compared with clinical and immunological parameters. As previously reported by several authors we found increased measles AB titres more frequently (kappa 2-test, p less than 0.05) in patients with SLE than in those with RA and controls. No significant correlation was found between immunoglobulins, antinuclear antibodies, CH50 or rheumatoid factor, and an elevation of the measles AB titre. A trend was noted, however, towards a positive correlation between measles antibodies and IgM. An elevated measles AB titre in SLE can be explained on the basis of several mechanisms. However, hyperimmunoglobulinaemia with non-specific, secondary AB elevation can be ruled out as a cause of elevated measles AB titre according to our results.", "PMID": 695664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10212", "title": "[Summer holiday camps for asthmatic children--an attempted assessment (author's transl)].", "content": "118 schoolchildred (males:females = 2.5 : 1) with bronchial asthma--defined as recurrent allergic or non-allergic expiratory dyspnoea--were investigated as regards their clinical course, frequency of asthma attacks, exercise tolerance, anti-asthmatic drug requirements and spirometric changes during and after participation in specialized holiday programmes during the summer months in 1974, 1975, and 1976. Clear-cut improvement was observed with regard to asthma attack frequency (up to nearly 100%) and drug requirements (up to 76%). Steroid dependence was observed in most cases. No significant spirometric improvement was demonstrable. All data require critical evaluation and interpretation in view of seasonal variations in asthmatic manifestation and the influence of environmental factors. On reviewing the results it is concluded that treatment of the asthmatic child by supervised high altitude holidays (1400 m above seal level), combined with physical training and a respirator re-education programme, is still a justified therapeutic approach, but it cannot replace specific therapy laid down on the basis of careful diagnostic testing. Particpation of the asthmatic child in school gym classes is recommended. Abstention from physical exercis due to a misplaced protective attitude is not beneficial in most cases.", "contents": "[Summer holiday camps for asthmatic children--an attempted assessment (author's transl)]. 118 schoolchildred (males:females = 2.5 : 1) with bronchial asthma--defined as recurrent allergic or non-allergic expiratory dyspnoea--were investigated as regards their clinical course, frequency of asthma attacks, exercise tolerance, anti-asthmatic drug requirements and spirometric changes during and after participation in specialized holiday programmes during the summer months in 1974, 1975, and 1976. Clear-cut improvement was observed with regard to asthma attack frequency (up to nearly 100%) and drug requirements (up to 76%). Steroid dependence was observed in most cases. No significant spirometric improvement was demonstrable. All data require critical evaluation and interpretation in view of seasonal variations in asthmatic manifestation and the influence of environmental factors. On reviewing the results it is concluded that treatment of the asthmatic child by supervised high altitude holidays (1400 m above seal level), combined with physical training and a respirator re-education programme, is still a justified therapeutic approach, but it cannot replace specific therapy laid down on the basis of careful diagnostic testing. Particpation of the asthmatic child in school gym classes is recommended. Abstention from physical exercis due to a misplaced protective attitude is not beneficial in most cases.", "PMID": 695665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10213", "title": "[Five cases of lactic acidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of non-biguanide-induced lactic acidoses are reported. The key role of the liver and kidneys in lactate metabolism is stressed. The patients at risk are enumerated and the particular stress in connexion with surgical procedures and the dangers of fructose infusions are pointed out. The coagulation disturbances due to lactic acidosis are discussed. The different operative procedures and their effectiveness are discussed.", "contents": "[Five cases of lactic acidosis (author's transl)]. Five cases of non-biguanide-induced lactic acidoses are reported. The key role of the liver and kidneys in lactate metabolism is stressed. The patients at risk are enumerated and the particular stress in connexion with surgical procedures and the dangers of fructose infusions are pointed out. The coagulation disturbances due to lactic acidosis are discussed. The different operative procedures and their effectiveness are discussed.", "PMID": 695666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10214", "title": "[Live influenza vaccination of military personnel (author's transl)].", "content": "A field study was performed on 118 members of army personnel with the intranasally-applied live influenza vaccine, RIT 4050. 91 subjects were revaccinated 7 days thereafter. The immune response was best in subjects with a low prevaccination titre and was better in subjects vaccinated twice than only once. An immune response was also detected in the nasal secretion measuring the secretory IgA antibodies. Live influenza vaccine can be regarded as a suitable alternative to other influenza vaccines, with the qualification that it lacks an influenza B component.", "contents": "[Live influenza vaccination of military personnel (author's transl)]. A field study was performed on 118 members of army personnel with the intranasally-applied live influenza vaccine, RIT 4050. 91 subjects were revaccinated 7 days thereafter. The immune response was best in subjects with a low prevaccination titre and was better in subjects vaccinated twice than only once. An immune response was also detected in the nasal secretion measuring the secretory IgA antibodies. Live influenza vaccine can be regarded as a suitable alternative to other influenza vaccines, with the qualification that it lacks an influenza B component.", "PMID": 695667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10215", "title": "The fate of saccharin impurities: the excretion and metabolism of toluene-2-sulphonamide in man and rat.", "content": "Oral doses (20 mg/kg) of [Me-14C]toluene-2-sulphonamide were rapidly eliminated by rats (92% of dose in 24 h). Most of the 14C (88%) was recovered in the urine within 7 days with litte (5%) in the faeces. Larger oral doses (125 and 200 mg/kg) were eliminated more slowly (70 and 43% respectively in 24 h) but the overall distribution of 14C between urine and faeces was unchanged. 2. Low oral doses (0.2--0.4 mg/kg) of [Me-14C]toluene-2-sulphonamide were excreted more slowly in man than in the rat, with about 50% recovered in the urine in 24 h and 80% in 48 h. Negligible 14C (less than 1%) appeared in the faeces. 3. The main metabolites of toluene-2-sulphonamide were 2-sulphamoylbenzyl alcohol and its sulphate and glucuronic acid conjugates (80% of the 14C in the urine of rats and 35% in man) and saccharin (35% in man and 3% in the rat). Other metabolities found in the urine were 2-sulphamoylbenzoic acid (2% in the rat and 4% in man) and N-acetyltoluene-2-sulphonamide (6% in rat and 2% in man) together with unchanged compound (5% in rat and 3% in man).", "contents": "The fate of saccharin impurities: the excretion and metabolism of toluene-2-sulphonamide in man and rat. Oral doses (20 mg/kg) of [Me-14C]toluene-2-sulphonamide were rapidly eliminated by rats (92% of dose in 24 h). Most of the 14C (88%) was recovered in the urine within 7 days with litte (5%) in the faeces. Larger oral doses (125 and 200 mg/kg) were eliminated more slowly (70 and 43% respectively in 24 h) but the overall distribution of 14C between urine and faeces was unchanged. 2. Low oral doses (0.2--0.4 mg/kg) of [Me-14C]toluene-2-sulphonamide were excreted more slowly in man than in the rat, with about 50% recovered in the urine in 24 h and 80% in 48 h. Negligible 14C (less than 1%) appeared in the faeces. 3. The main metabolites of toluene-2-sulphonamide were 2-sulphamoylbenzyl alcohol and its sulphate and glucuronic acid conjugates (80% of the 14C in the urine of rats and 35% in man) and saccharin (35% in man and 3% in the rat). Other metabolities found in the urine were 2-sulphamoylbenzoic acid (2% in the rat and 4% in man) and N-acetyltoluene-2-sulphonamide (6% in rat and 2% in man) together with unchanged compound (5% in rat and 3% in man).", "PMID": 695690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10216", "title": "The fate of saccharin impurities: the excretion and metabolism of [3-14C]Benz[d]-isothiazoline-1,1-dioxide (BIT) in man and rat.", "content": "1. The 14C label of [3-14C]benz[d]isothiazoline-1,1-dioxide (BIT) (40 mg/kg) was rapidly eliminated (97% dose in 24 h), largely in the urine (92% dose in 24 h), after oral administration to rats. Larger doses (400 mg/kg) were eliminated more slowly after oral or parenteral administration (45--60% within 24 h) mostly in the urine (42--53%). Little 14C (2--3% dose) was present in the faeces after intraperitoneal (400 mg/kg) or low oral (40 mg/kg) doses, but the presence of larger amounts (12% dose) after larger oral doses (400 mg/kg) indicated incomplete absorption. 2. Metabolites identified in the urine of rats were saccharin (about 30% of urinary 14C), 2-sulphamoylbenzoic acid (about 35% urinary 14C) and 2-sulphamoylbenzyl alcohol (15% urinary 14C) in addition to unchanged compound (5--10% urinary 14C). The urine also contained a polar, labile metabolite that gave BIT on acid hydrolysis. The pattern of metabolism was not significantly affected by dose or route of administration. 3. In man, urine was the major route of elimination of 14C (93% dose) after administration of 14C-BIT (0.5 mg/kg). Negligible 14C was recovered in the faeces (less than 1% dose). Excretion was rapid (59% dose in 6 h; 80% dose in 12 h) and little 14C was eliminated on the second (3%) or subsequent days after dosing. 4. Identified metabolites in man included saccharin (about 50% of urinary 14C), 2-sulphamoylbenzoic acid (7% urinary 14C) and 2-sulphamoylbenzyl alcohol (8% urinary 14C unconjugated and 40% conjugated) with negligible unchanged compound. Only traces of the polar labile metabolite were detected. 5. the possible significance of metabolic interrelationships of toluene-2-sulphonamide and BIT to studies on the metabolism of saccharin are discussed.", "contents": "The fate of saccharin impurities: the excretion and metabolism of [3-14C]Benz[d]-isothiazoline-1,1-dioxide (BIT) in man and rat. 1. The 14C label of [3-14C]benz[d]isothiazoline-1,1-dioxide (BIT) (40 mg/kg) was rapidly eliminated (97% dose in 24 h), largely in the urine (92% dose in 24 h), after oral administration to rats. Larger doses (400 mg/kg) were eliminated more slowly after oral or parenteral administration (45--60% within 24 h) mostly in the urine (42--53%). Little 14C (2--3% dose) was present in the faeces after intraperitoneal (400 mg/kg) or low oral (40 mg/kg) doses, but the presence of larger amounts (12% dose) after larger oral doses (400 mg/kg) indicated incomplete absorption. 2. Metabolites identified in the urine of rats were saccharin (about 30% of urinary 14C), 2-sulphamoylbenzoic acid (about 35% urinary 14C) and 2-sulphamoylbenzyl alcohol (15% urinary 14C) in addition to unchanged compound (5--10% urinary 14C). The urine also contained a polar, labile metabolite that gave BIT on acid hydrolysis. The pattern of metabolism was not significantly affected by dose or route of administration. 3. In man, urine was the major route of elimination of 14C (93% dose) after administration of 14C-BIT (0.5 mg/kg). Negligible 14C was recovered in the faeces (less than 1% dose). Excretion was rapid (59% dose in 6 h; 80% dose in 12 h) and little 14C was eliminated on the second (3%) or subsequent days after dosing. 4. Identified metabolites in man included saccharin (about 50% of urinary 14C), 2-sulphamoylbenzoic acid (7% urinary 14C) and 2-sulphamoylbenzyl alcohol (8% urinary 14C unconjugated and 40% conjugated) with negligible unchanged compound. Only traces of the polar labile metabolite were detected. 5. the possible significance of metabolic interrelationships of toluene-2-sulphonamide and BIT to studies on the metabolism of saccharin are discussed.", "PMID": 695691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10217", "title": "The fate of saccharin impurities: the metabolism and excretion of 3-amino [3-14C]benz[d]-isothiazole-1,1-dioxide and 5-chlorosaccharin in the rat.", "content": "1. 3-Amino[3-14C]benz[d]isothiazole-1, 1-dioxide was prepared from [3-14C]-saccharin. IT was well adsorbed on oral administration to rats (25 mg/kg) with only 2% of the 14C in the faeces. The absorbed material was rapidly eliminated with about 87% dose in the urine in 24 h and 91% in 4 days. Little 14C (0.5% of dose) was present in the carcass 4 days after dosing. Most of the 14C in the 0--24 h urine (99%) was present as unchanged 3-aminobenz[d]isothiazole-1,1-dioxide, the rest being an unidentified metabolite. 2. 5-Chlorosaccharin was excreted unchanged after oral administration to rats (80 mg/kg) with 76% dose in the urine in 24 h and 81% in 4 days. Only 4% was detected in the faeces. There was no significance hydrolysis (less than 0.5%) to 5-chloro-2-sulphamoylbenzoic acid. 3. The extent of metabolism of these and other compounds related to saccharin showed good agreement with the extent of their partitioning into organic solvents.", "contents": "The fate of saccharin impurities: the metabolism and excretion of 3-amino [3-14C]benz[d]-isothiazole-1,1-dioxide and 5-chlorosaccharin in the rat. 1. 3-Amino[3-14C]benz[d]isothiazole-1, 1-dioxide was prepared from [3-14C]-saccharin. IT was well adsorbed on oral administration to rats (25 mg/kg) with only 2% of the 14C in the faeces. The absorbed material was rapidly eliminated with about 87% dose in the urine in 24 h and 91% in 4 days. Little 14C (0.5% of dose) was present in the carcass 4 days after dosing. Most of the 14C in the 0--24 h urine (99%) was present as unchanged 3-aminobenz[d]isothiazole-1,1-dioxide, the rest being an unidentified metabolite. 2. 5-Chlorosaccharin was excreted unchanged after oral administration to rats (80 mg/kg) with 76% dose in the urine in 24 h and 81% in 4 days. Only 4% was detected in the faeces. There was no significance hydrolysis (less than 0.5%) to 5-chloro-2-sulphamoylbenzoic acid. 3. The extent of metabolism of these and other compounds related to saccharin showed good agreement with the extent of their partitioning into organic solvents.", "PMID": 695692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10218", "title": "Metabolism of the antimicrobial agent nibroxane, 5-bromo-2-methyl-5-nitro-m-dioxane, in the rat.", "content": "1. The metabolism of nibroxane, a topically effective antimicrobial agent has been studied in the rat after oral and dermal administrations. 2. Plasma level studies in vitro and in vivo showed nibroxane to be rapidly debrominated to 2-methyl-5-nitro-m-dioxane. 3. Nibroxane is rapidly absorbed and extensively metabolized in the rat regardless of the route of administration. 4. Enzymic hydrolysis of the m-dioxane ring was of major importance in the biotransformation of nibroxane. The major eliminated metabolite in the rat was 2-nitropropan-1,3-diol.", "contents": "Metabolism of the antimicrobial agent nibroxane, 5-bromo-2-methyl-5-nitro-m-dioxane, in the rat. 1. The metabolism of nibroxane, a topically effective antimicrobial agent has been studied in the rat after oral and dermal administrations. 2. Plasma level studies in vitro and in vivo showed nibroxane to be rapidly debrominated to 2-methyl-5-nitro-m-dioxane. 3. Nibroxane is rapidly absorbed and extensively metabolized in the rat regardless of the route of administration. 4. Enzymic hydrolysis of the m-dioxane ring was of major importance in the biotransformation of nibroxane. The major eliminated metabolite in the rat was 2-nitropropan-1,3-diol.", "PMID": 695693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10219", "title": "The identification of eight hydroxylated metabolites of etidocaine by chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "1. Eight hydroxylated metabolites of etidocaine have been identified in urine of man by g.l.c.-chemical ionization mass spectrometry, using methane and a mixture of methane and deuterium oxide as reactant gases. 2. The metabolites identified were N-(2,6-dimethyl-3- and 4-hydroxyphenyl-)-2-(N,N-ethylpropylamino)butyramides, N-(2,6-dimethyl-3- and 4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminobutyramides, N-(2,6-dimethyl-3- and 4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(N-ethylamino)butyramides, and N-(2,6-dimethyl-3- and 4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(N-propylamino)butyramides. 3. The eight metabolites represent about 10% of the oral dose of etidocaine.", "contents": "The identification of eight hydroxylated metabolites of etidocaine by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. 1. Eight hydroxylated metabolites of etidocaine have been identified in urine of man by g.l.c.-chemical ionization mass spectrometry, using methane and a mixture of methane and deuterium oxide as reactant gases. 2. The metabolites identified were N-(2,6-dimethyl-3- and 4-hydroxyphenyl-)-2-(N,N-ethylpropylamino)butyramides, N-(2,6-dimethyl-3- and 4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminobutyramides, N-(2,6-dimethyl-3- and 4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(N-ethylamino)butyramides, and N-(2,6-dimethyl-3- and 4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(N-propylamino)butyramides. 3. The eight metabolites represent about 10% of the oral dose of etidocaine.", "PMID": 695694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10220", "title": "Sex differences in the kinetic constants of ethylmorphine demethylation and type I binding to hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 in mice. The influence of castration and testosterone.", "content": "1. In the CPB-SE mouse strain sex differences were observed in the Km and Vmax of ethylmorphine demethylation and in the deltaAmax of its type I binding to cytochrome P-450. In the CPB-V strain a small sex difference in the Vmax of the demethylation was found, whereas Ks and deltaAmax of type I binding differed considerably. 2. Testosterone pre-treatment of female CPB-SE mice abolished all sex differences, as did castration of males, except in Vmax, which was partially decreased. In the CPB-V strain testosterone pre-treatment of females abolished sex differences in type I binding, but had no effect on ethylmorphine demethylation. 3. Km values exceeded the corresponding Ks in all cases and sex differences in deltaAmax far exceeded those in Vmax. It is concluded that the Km is determined not only by the Ks of type I binding and the reduction rate of the type I complex between ethylmorphine and cytochrome P-450. The larger sex differences in deltaAmax as compared with Vmax may be attributable to type I binding of ethylmorphine to cytochrome P-450 subspecies not involved in its demethylation.", "contents": "Sex differences in the kinetic constants of ethylmorphine demethylation and type I binding to hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 in mice. The influence of castration and testosterone. 1. In the CPB-SE mouse strain sex differences were observed in the Km and Vmax of ethylmorphine demethylation and in the deltaAmax of its type I binding to cytochrome P-450. In the CPB-V strain a small sex difference in the Vmax of the demethylation was found, whereas Ks and deltaAmax of type I binding differed considerably. 2. Testosterone pre-treatment of female CPB-SE mice abolished all sex differences, as did castration of males, except in Vmax, which was partially decreased. In the CPB-V strain testosterone pre-treatment of females abolished sex differences in type I binding, but had no effect on ethylmorphine demethylation. 3. Km values exceeded the corresponding Ks in all cases and sex differences in deltaAmax far exceeded those in Vmax. It is concluded that the Km is determined not only by the Ks of type I binding and the reduction rate of the type I complex between ethylmorphine and cytochrome P-450. The larger sex differences in deltaAmax as compared with Vmax may be attributable to type I binding of ethylmorphine to cytochrome P-450 subspecies not involved in its demethylation.", "PMID": 695695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10221", "title": "Biotransformation of 3-(2',4',5'-triethoxybenzoyl) propionic acid, a new biliary smooth muscle relaxant with choleretic activity, in rats.", "content": "1. By the combined use of deuterium labelling and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, the metabolite pattern of 3-[2',4',5'-triethoxybenzoyl) propionic acid (triethoxybenzoylpropionic acid), a new biliary smooth muscle relaxant with choleretic activity, has been determined in the rat. 2. The metabolites excreted in urine and/or bile were isolated and characterized as follows: the parent drug, 3-(2',5'-diethoxy-4'-hydroxybenzoyl)propionic acid (metabolite II),3-(2'-ethoxy-4'-hydroxy-5'-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid or 3-(2'-ethoxy-5'-hydroxy-4'-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid (III), 3-(2',4'-diethoxy-5'-hydroxybenzoyl)propionic acid (V) and 3-[2',4'-diethoxy-5'-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzoyl]propionic acid (VI). 3. The primary route of biotransformation of triethoxybenzoylpropionic acid in the rat was either O-de-ethylation at the C-4' and C-5' positions or beta-hydroxylation of the ethoxy group at the C-5' position in the parent molecule. 4. All these excreted products except metabolite VI were eliminated both unconjugated and in conjugates (probably glucuronides and/or sulphates). 5. The rat excreted mainly metabolites V and VI in the urine and parent drug, metabolites V and VI in the bile.", "contents": "Biotransformation of 3-(2',4',5'-triethoxybenzoyl) propionic acid, a new biliary smooth muscle relaxant with choleretic activity, in rats. 1. By the combined use of deuterium labelling and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, the metabolite pattern of 3-[2',4',5'-triethoxybenzoyl) propionic acid (triethoxybenzoylpropionic acid), a new biliary smooth muscle relaxant with choleretic activity, has been determined in the rat. 2. The metabolites excreted in urine and/or bile were isolated and characterized as follows: the parent drug, 3-(2',5'-diethoxy-4'-hydroxybenzoyl)propionic acid (metabolite II),3-(2'-ethoxy-4'-hydroxy-5'-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid or 3-(2'-ethoxy-5'-hydroxy-4'-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid (III), 3-(2',4'-diethoxy-5'-hydroxybenzoyl)propionic acid (V) and 3-[2',4'-diethoxy-5'-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzoyl]propionic acid (VI). 3. The primary route of biotransformation of triethoxybenzoylpropionic acid in the rat was either O-de-ethylation at the C-4' and C-5' positions or beta-hydroxylation of the ethoxy group at the C-5' position in the parent molecule. 4. All these excreted products except metabolite VI were eliminated both unconjugated and in conjugates (probably glucuronides and/or sulphates). 5. The rat excreted mainly metabolites V and VI in the urine and parent drug, metabolites V and VI in the bile.", "PMID": 695697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10222", "title": "Metabolic fate of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil in rats.", "content": "1. The metabolic fate of a new antitumour agent, 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluoro [6-14C]uracil (14C-HCFU) in rats after oral administration was compared with that of 5-fluoro[6-14C]uracil (14C-FU). 2. Tissue radioactivity reached a max. 1 to 3 h after administration of 14C-HCFU and 0.5 h after 14C-FU. 3. Both drugs were excreted rapidly, mostly in urine. Expired 14CO2 from 14C-HCFU was significantly less than that from 14C-FU. 4. Unchanged FU was not detected in plasma 3 h after administration of 14C-FU, whereas FU was detected in plasma 5 h after 14C-HCFU. The pyrimidine ring of 14C-HCFU might be degradated more slowly than that of 14C-FU. 5. 1-(5-Carboxypentylcarbamoyl)-5-fluorouracil and 1-(3-carboxypropylcarbamoyl)-5-fluorouracil were identified as the major urinary metabolites of 14C-HCFU.", "contents": "Metabolic fate of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil in rats. 1. The metabolic fate of a new antitumour agent, 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluoro [6-14C]uracil (14C-HCFU) in rats after oral administration was compared with that of 5-fluoro[6-14C]uracil (14C-FU). 2. Tissue radioactivity reached a max. 1 to 3 h after administration of 14C-HCFU and 0.5 h after 14C-FU. 3. Both drugs were excreted rapidly, mostly in urine. Expired 14CO2 from 14C-HCFU was significantly less than that from 14C-FU. 4. Unchanged FU was not detected in plasma 3 h after administration of 14C-FU, whereas FU was detected in plasma 5 h after 14C-HCFU. The pyrimidine ring of 14C-HCFU might be degradated more slowly than that of 14C-FU. 5. 1-(5-Carboxypentylcarbamoyl)-5-fluorouracil and 1-(3-carboxypropylcarbamoyl)-5-fluorouracil were identified as the major urinary metabolites of 14C-HCFU.", "PMID": 695698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10223", "title": "Taurine conjugation in metabolism of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in mouse.", "content": "1. A substantial proportion of the radioactivity of an oral dose (1-20 mg/kg) of 3-phenoxy [14C] benzoic acid and the pyrethroid insecticide trans- and cis-[aryl-14C] cypermethrin (an alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl ester) is eliminated rapidly in urine of mice. 2. The major urinary metabolite of these compounds in two strains of mice is N-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)taurine. 3. Neither 3-phenoxybenzoic acid nor cypermethrin gives a taurine conjugate in rats. 4. Benzoic acid gives no taurine conjugate in mice.", "contents": "Taurine conjugation in metabolism of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in mouse. 1. A substantial proportion of the radioactivity of an oral dose (1-20 mg/kg) of 3-phenoxy [14C] benzoic acid and the pyrethroid insecticide trans- and cis-[aryl-14C] cypermethrin (an alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl ester) is eliminated rapidly in urine of mice. 2. The major urinary metabolite of these compounds in two strains of mice is N-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)taurine. 3. Neither 3-phenoxybenzoic acid nor cypermethrin gives a taurine conjugate in rats. 4. Benzoic acid gives no taurine conjugate in mice.", "PMID": 695699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10224", "title": "The oxidative metabolism of alpha-chlorohydrin in the male rat and the formation of spermatocoeles.", "content": "1. The oxidative metabolism of [3-36C]chloropropan-1,2-diol (alpha-chlorohydrin, I) was studied in male rats. Two metabolites were isolated and identified as beta-chlorolactic acid (IV) and oxalic acid (V). 2. Neither alpha-chlorohydrin nor beta-chlorolactate was concentrated in any tissue. Traces of an intermediate metabolite, beta-chlorolactaldehyde (III) were detected in the urine within 4 h of administration. Studies in vitro indicated that the metabolic pathway is: alpha-chlorohydrin leads to beta-chlorolactaldehyde leads to beta-chlorolactic acid. 3. A comparative study of the metabolism of 36Cl- and 14C-beta-chlorolactate showed that oxalate was produced slowly and, as calcium oxalate, caused a type of renal glomerular nephritis. This pathological condition is responsible for the diuretic action of both alpha-chlorohydrin and beta-chlorolactate and, in higher doses, for their toxicities. 4. The role of oxalate, as a metabolite of alpha-chlorohydrin and of a number of related compounds, in inducing the formation of spermatocoeles in the male rat reproductive tract is discussed.", "contents": "The oxidative metabolism of alpha-chlorohydrin in the male rat and the formation of spermatocoeles. 1. The oxidative metabolism of [3-36C]chloropropan-1,2-diol (alpha-chlorohydrin, I) was studied in male rats. Two metabolites were isolated and identified as beta-chlorolactic acid (IV) and oxalic acid (V). 2. Neither alpha-chlorohydrin nor beta-chlorolactate was concentrated in any tissue. Traces of an intermediate metabolite, beta-chlorolactaldehyde (III) were detected in the urine within 4 h of administration. Studies in vitro indicated that the metabolic pathway is: alpha-chlorohydrin leads to beta-chlorolactaldehyde leads to beta-chlorolactic acid. 3. A comparative study of the metabolism of 36Cl- and 14C-beta-chlorolactate showed that oxalate was produced slowly and, as calcium oxalate, caused a type of renal glomerular nephritis. This pathological condition is responsible for the diuretic action of both alpha-chlorohydrin and beta-chlorolactate and, in higher doses, for their toxicities. 4. The role of oxalate, as a metabolite of alpha-chlorohydrin and of a number of related compounds, in inducing the formation of spermatocoeles in the male rat reproductive tract is discussed.", "PMID": 695700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10225", "title": "Stereoselective disposition of fenfluramine enantiomers in the rat.", "content": "1. Rats were treated with d-, l-or dl-fenfluramine. The two optical isomers and their metabolites were determined in plasma, red blood cells and brain areas such as striatum and brainstem. 2. In all cases, the levels of d-fenfluramine were higher than those of the l-enantiomer, while levels of the metabolite norfenfluramine were lower for the d- than the l-form. 3. When metabolism of fenfluramine was inhibited by pre-treatment with SKF 525-A, the concentrations of the enantiomers no longer differed.", "contents": "Stereoselective disposition of fenfluramine enantiomers in the rat. 1. Rats were treated with d-, l-or dl-fenfluramine. The two optical isomers and their metabolites were determined in plasma, red blood cells and brain areas such as striatum and brainstem. 2. In all cases, the levels of d-fenfluramine were higher than those of the l-enantiomer, while levels of the metabolite norfenfluramine were lower for the d- than the l-form. 3. When metabolism of fenfluramine was inhibited by pre-treatment with SKF 525-A, the concentrations of the enantiomers no longer differed.", "PMID": 695701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10226", "title": "[Selection and characterization of Penicillium cyclopium mutants with altered developmental program].", "content": "After treatment with NNMG, NaNO2 or UV-light of conidiospores of Penicillium cyclopium strain SM 72 variant strains (mutants) with altered developmental programme were selected. Additionally from a methionine-auxotrophic mutant of P. cyclopium prototrophic revertants were prepared. Investigation of the alkaloid metabolism and other idiophase processes has shown that these mutant strains can be divided into two groups (cf. table 1): a) Mutants with a depression of all idiophase features. The defects of these strains presumably affect central regulatory processes which, as in strain rev-met 83a, can be reversed spontaneously by an one-step mechanism and b) mutants defective in certain parts of the idiophase programme only, demonstrating that there is a certain autonomy in regulation of the individual parts of the programme.", "contents": "[Selection and characterization of Penicillium cyclopium mutants with altered developmental program]. After treatment with NNMG, NaNO2 or UV-light of conidiospores of Penicillium cyclopium strain SM 72 variant strains (mutants) with altered developmental programme were selected. Additionally from a methionine-auxotrophic mutant of P. cyclopium prototrophic revertants were prepared. Investigation of the alkaloid metabolism and other idiophase processes has shown that these mutant strains can be divided into two groups (cf. table 1): a) Mutants with a depression of all idiophase features. The defects of these strains presumably affect central regulatory processes which, as in strain rev-met 83a, can be reversed spontaneously by an one-step mechanism and b) mutants defective in certain parts of the idiophase programme only, demonstrating that there is a certain autonomy in regulation of the individual parts of the programme.", "PMID": 695705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10227", "title": "Metabolism of fructose in Thiocapsa roseopersicina.", "content": "Thiocapsa roseopersicina strain 6311 grew phototrophically in a mineral medium containing fructose as sole electron donor and carbon source with a doubling time of 11--13 h, provided the mineral medium contained vitamine B12 (50 ng/ml), not more than 20 mM phosphate, and the culture was preincubated in the dark for 24 h. In fructose-grown cells but not in autotrophically grown cells, the cell-protein content was strongly reduced when vitamine B12 was growth limiting, while the carbohydrate content was increased. Growth on fructose as sole carbon source was inhibited by the addition of sulfide or thiosulfate; growth inhibition was relieved in the presence of bicarbonate. No growth on fructose was observed anaerobically in the dark; aerobic growth in the dark was poor. Analysis of enzyme activities in fructose- and acetate-grown cells indicated that fructose was catabolized via fructose-1-phosphate and the EMBDEN-MEYERHOF pathway. The operation of the EMBDEN-MEYERHOF pathway was confirmed by incorporation of 1-14C-, 3-14C-, and 6-14C-fructose into the spirilloxanthin fraction and analysis of its specific radioactivity.", "contents": "Metabolism of fructose in Thiocapsa roseopersicina. Thiocapsa roseopersicina strain 6311 grew phototrophically in a mineral medium containing fructose as sole electron donor and carbon source with a doubling time of 11--13 h, provided the mineral medium contained vitamine B12 (50 ng/ml), not more than 20 mM phosphate, and the culture was preincubated in the dark for 24 h. In fructose-grown cells but not in autotrophically grown cells, the cell-protein content was strongly reduced when vitamine B12 was growth limiting, while the carbohydrate content was increased. Growth on fructose as sole carbon source was inhibited by the addition of sulfide or thiosulfate; growth inhibition was relieved in the presence of bicarbonate. No growth on fructose was observed anaerobically in the dark; aerobic growth in the dark was poor. Analysis of enzyme activities in fructose- and acetate-grown cells indicated that fructose was catabolized via fructose-1-phosphate and the EMBDEN-MEYERHOF pathway. The operation of the EMBDEN-MEYERHOF pathway was confirmed by incorporation of 1-14C-, 3-14C-, and 6-14C-fructose into the spirilloxanthin fraction and analysis of its specific radioactivity.", "PMID": 695706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10228", "title": "[Growth kinetics of thiamine requiring Candida lipolytica during thiamine limitation: the existence of a linear growth phase].", "content": "The growth kinetics of batch cultures of the thiamine requiring Candida lipolytica 695 was investigated. It was established that a phase of logarithmic growth is followed by a linear growth phase. The time length of the linear phase and the relative increasing of the biomass during the linear phase are nearly constant and independend of the concentration of thiamine. The existence of the linear phase is discussed in connection with a constant activity of one of the two 2-ketoacid dehydrogenases as a bottle neck enzyme which needs thiamine pyrophosphate as coenzyme. Critical intracellular thiamine concentrations were calculated necessary for transition from the logarithmic to the linear phase and from the logarithmic to the stationary growth phase. Without the existence of the second critical thiamine concentration the linear growth would continue infinitely.", "contents": "[Growth kinetics of thiamine requiring Candida lipolytica during thiamine limitation: the existence of a linear growth phase]. The growth kinetics of batch cultures of the thiamine requiring Candida lipolytica 695 was investigated. It was established that a phase of logarithmic growth is followed by a linear growth phase. The time length of the linear phase and the relative increasing of the biomass during the linear phase are nearly constant and independend of the concentration of thiamine. The existence of the linear phase is discussed in connection with a constant activity of one of the two 2-ketoacid dehydrogenases as a bottle neck enzyme which needs thiamine pyrophosphate as coenzyme. Critical intracellular thiamine concentrations were calculated necessary for transition from the logarithmic to the linear phase and from the logarithmic to the stationary growth phase. Without the existence of the second critical thiamine concentration the linear growth would continue infinitely.", "PMID": 695707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10229", "title": "[Use and application of aerosols on the upper respiratory tract including the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)].", "content": "A general view of actually situation of aerosol application in inflammatory affections of mucous membrane of upper respiratory tract is represented. Aerosol therapy problems of inflammation of the paranasal sinuses - sinus maxillaris and sinus frontalis - are accentuated and new experimental in vivo results are submitted.", "contents": "[Use and application of aerosols on the upper respiratory tract including the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)]. A general view of actually situation of aerosol application in inflammatory affections of mucous membrane of upper respiratory tract is represented. Aerosol therapy problems of inflammation of the paranasal sinuses - sinus maxillaris and sinus frontalis - are accentuated and new experimental in vivo results are submitted.", "PMID": 695737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10230", "title": "An electroaerosol device for group vaccination against influenza.", "content": "With the aid of an electroaerosol device a group of persons were vaccinated by inhalation of influenza vaccine. In a first trial 76 persons with a low antibody level (1 : 20 and less) were vaccinated against A2/Victoria/1/72 and B/USSR/69: Antibodies were reexamined 30 days later, Interferon at the 3rd and 10th day. This kind of vaccination caused an antibody increase statistically significant. In the course of an influenza epidemic 2,300 persons vaccinated by inhalation were compared with 2,195 not vaccinated. Among the persons vaccinated there were 13.7 +/- 0.7% diseases, among the non vaccinated persons 26.3 +/- 0.9%.", "contents": "An electroaerosol device for group vaccination against influenza. With the aid of an electroaerosol device a group of persons were vaccinated by inhalation of influenza vaccine. In a first trial 76 persons with a low antibody level (1 : 20 and less) were vaccinated against A2/Victoria/1/72 and B/USSR/69: Antibodies were reexamined 30 days later, Interferon at the 3rd and 10th day. This kind of vaccination caused an antibody increase statistically significant. In the course of an influenza epidemic 2,300 persons vaccinated by inhalation were compared with 2,195 not vaccinated. Among the persons vaccinated there were 13.7 +/- 0.7% diseases, among the non vaccinated persons 26.3 +/- 0.9%.", "PMID": 695738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10231", "title": "Vaccination by the aerosol method.", "content": "After a review on vaccination by inhalation of aerosols the authors describe the group vaccination with the aid of an electroaerosol generator. 8 persons may be vaccinated simultaneously in a very short time. The vaccination by inhalation is without any hazards. The viability of the microorganisms in the aerosol is preserved. Interferon inhalation seems to reduce symptoms of intoxication in the first days after outset of influenza or acute airway infection. The efficiency of vaccination through aerosol inhalations against bacterial infections demands further researchs.", "contents": "Vaccination by the aerosol method. After a review on vaccination by inhalation of aerosols the authors describe the group vaccination with the aid of an electroaerosol generator. 8 persons may be vaccinated simultaneously in a very short time. The vaccination by inhalation is without any hazards. The viability of the microorganisms in the aerosol is preserved. Interferon inhalation seems to reduce symptoms of intoxication in the first days after outset of influenza or acute airway infection. The efficiency of vaccination through aerosol inhalations against bacterial infections demands further researchs.", "PMID": 695739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10232", "title": "[The combined effect of ionizing radiation and smoking on the causation of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "For the prevention of bronchial carcinoma the identification of its causes is of highest priority. Especial attention should be dedicated to the combined action of several factors. In this paper a review is given on the combination effect of simultaneous action of ionizing radiation and smoking observed by epidemiological studies in miners exposed to radon and its consecutive products. The amplifying action of both factors observed under working conditions brought about to refer to such combinations in smokers also outside their working life. This results from the natural loading by radiation of the respiratory tract, from radioactive material in the emmission of power stations on the base of fossil fuels, and from the contents of tobacco with 210Pb and 210Po. The combined action of radiation and smoking is regarded as another motivation to give up smoking strictly.", "contents": "[The combined effect of ionizing radiation and smoking on the causation of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)]. For the prevention of bronchial carcinoma the identification of its causes is of highest priority. Especial attention should be dedicated to the combined action of several factors. In this paper a review is given on the combination effect of simultaneous action of ionizing radiation and smoking observed by epidemiological studies in miners exposed to radon and its consecutive products. The amplifying action of both factors observed under working conditions brought about to refer to such combinations in smokers also outside their working life. This results from the natural loading by radiation of the respiratory tract, from radioactive material in the emmission of power stations on the base of fossil fuels, and from the contents of tobacco with 210Pb and 210Po. The combined action of radiation and smoking is regarded as another motivation to give up smoking strictly.", "PMID": 695740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10233", "title": "[Case finding of bronchial carcinoma in Czechoslovakia (author's transl)].", "content": "In Czechoslovakia obligatory registration of all cases of cancer is introduced in 1953. In this paper are informed of the most important results of the analysis of indexes which were find out in the whole country, of the results of epidemic studies in Prag, and of the epidemic studies in the district of Kol\u00edn. From 1959 to 1975 the rate of bronchial carcinoma has increased in men from 47 to 86 of the male population, in women from 6 to 9 of the female population.", "contents": "[Case finding of bronchial carcinoma in Czechoslovakia (author's transl)]. In Czechoslovakia obligatory registration of all cases of cancer is introduced in 1953. In this paper are informed of the most important results of the analysis of indexes which were find out in the whole country, of the results of epidemic studies in Prag, and of the epidemic studies in the district of Kol\u00edn. From 1959 to 1975 the rate of bronchial carcinoma has increased in men from 47 to 86 of the male population, in women from 6 to 9 of the female population.", "PMID": 695741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10234", "title": "[Definition of limits of bronchial reactivity with aid of bodyplethysmography (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations for dose-effect relationship of acetylcholine-ultrasonic-aerosols (apparatus \"TUR\" USI3, duration of inhalation three minutes, control of the ventilation parameters five minutes after termination of inhalation) led to the result that the delimination of the bronchial hyperreactivity is already possible by application of a 0.01% test-concentration. In this way the ultrasonic-aerosol-method also leads to results which are comparable with the nozzle-aerosol-method used in GDR (0.5% test-concentration, duration of inhalation one minute). As a limiting criteria for the evaluation of a bronchial hyperreactivity analogous to the decrease in the FEV1 of greater than or equal to 15% in comparison with the starting position for the bodyplethysmography yield an increase of the resistance totalis of greater than or equal to 3.0 cm H2O/1/s.", "contents": "[Definition of limits of bronchial reactivity with aid of bodyplethysmography (author's transl)]. Investigations for dose-effect relationship of acetylcholine-ultrasonic-aerosols (apparatus \"TUR\" USI3, duration of inhalation three minutes, control of the ventilation parameters five minutes after termination of inhalation) led to the result that the delimination of the bronchial hyperreactivity is already possible by application of a 0.01% test-concentration. In this way the ultrasonic-aerosol-method also leads to results which are comparable with the nozzle-aerosol-method used in GDR (0.5% test-concentration, duration of inhalation one minute). As a limiting criteria for the evaluation of a bronchial hyperreactivity analogous to the decrease in the FEV1 of greater than or equal to 15% in comparison with the starting position for the bodyplethysmography yield an increase of the resistance totalis of greater than or equal to 3.0 cm H2O/1/s.", "PMID": 695742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10235", "title": "Autoradiography of colonies of mycobacteria on membrane filters. Effect of tuberculostatics on incorporation of radioactive phosphorus.", "content": "A technique for the autoradiography of colonies of mycobacteria on membrane filters has been evolved. The method enables studies on the effect of various factors on the incorporation of radioisotopes by mycobacteria. In this study the effect of INH, SM and RMP on the incorporation of 32P by mycobacteria cultivated in the form of microcolonies on membrane filters was examined. 30 minute incubation of Myc. phlei or 10 hour incubation of Myc. H37Ra with these drugs caused visible inhibition of 32P incorporation by drug-sensitive mycobacteria.", "contents": "Autoradiography of colonies of mycobacteria on membrane filters. Effect of tuberculostatics on incorporation of radioactive phosphorus. A technique for the autoradiography of colonies of mycobacteria on membrane filters has been evolved. The method enables studies on the effect of various factors on the incorporation of radioisotopes by mycobacteria. In this study the effect of INH, SM and RMP on the incorporation of 32P by mycobacteria cultivated in the form of microcolonies on membrane filters was examined. 30 minute incubation of Myc. phlei or 10 hour incubation of Myc. H37Ra with these drugs caused visible inhibition of 32P incorporation by drug-sensitive mycobacteria.", "PMID": 695743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10236", "title": "[A questionnaire with a special computer programme for the anamnesis of patients with suspicion of asthma bronchiale (author's transl)].", "content": "A questionnaire with a special computer programme is introduced for the anamnesis of patients with suspicion of asthma bronchiale. The questionnaire is filled in by the patient himself. It has proved of use in 750 patients during three years.", "contents": "[A questionnaire with a special computer programme for the anamnesis of patients with suspicion of asthma bronchiale (author's transl)]. A questionnaire with a special computer programme is introduced for the anamnesis of patients with suspicion of asthma bronchiale. The questionnaire is filled in by the patient himself. It has proved of use in 750 patients during three years.", "PMID": 695744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10237", "title": "[Article in addition to the angioleiomyomatosis of the lungs (author's transl)].", "content": "The appearance of a spontaneous chylothorax is a rare case-taking. Chylous effusions are a cardinal symptom of the angioleiomyomatosis of the lungs. Symptomatics and diagnostics of this very rare disease occuring only in women are described by means of one casuistics. Referring to about 60 cases described in literature the probable pathogenetic mechanism and the possibilities of therapy are mentioned in the discussion.", "contents": "[Article in addition to the angioleiomyomatosis of the lungs (author's transl)]. The appearance of a spontaneous chylothorax is a rare case-taking. Chylous effusions are a cardinal symptom of the angioleiomyomatosis of the lungs. Symptomatics and diagnostics of this very rare disease occuring only in women are described by means of one casuistics. Referring to about 60 cases described in literature the probable pathogenetic mechanism and the possibilities of therapy are mentioned in the discussion.", "PMID": 695745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10238", "title": "[Drugs and vitamins].", "content": "Since most of the drugs are taken orally via the gastrointestinal tract, interactions with food ingredients may lead to alterations in the intake of essential dietary factors. With regard to vitamins the following effects have been demonstrated: early decomposition resp. inactivation, decreased absorption or a qualitatively and quantitatively modified metabolism. Examples of such changes are given with regard to water- and lipid-soluble vitamins.", "contents": "[Drugs and vitamins]. Since most of the drugs are taken orally via the gastrointestinal tract, interactions with food ingredients may lead to alterations in the intake of essential dietary factors. With regard to vitamins the following effects have been demonstrated: early decomposition resp. inactivation, decreased absorption or a qualitatively and quantitatively modified metabolism. Examples of such changes are given with regard to water- and lipid-soluble vitamins.", "PMID": 695746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10239", "title": "An epidemiological and biochemical study on osteomalacia among pregnant women in Egypt.", "content": "230 pregnant women of low socio-economic standard were studied regarding the nutritional status and state of calcium and bone mineralization, social, environmental, dietary and biological factors of the women were also investigated to determine their possible role in such state. Results revealed a low nutritional status associated with biochemical abnormality denoting an impaired calcium state and defective bone mineralization. The low intake of available calcium and lack or inefficient supplements are suggested to be the main factors in causing the low state of calcium.", "contents": "An epidemiological and biochemical study on osteomalacia among pregnant women in Egypt. 230 pregnant women of low socio-economic standard were studied regarding the nutritional status and state of calcium and bone mineralization, social, environmental, dietary and biological factors of the women were also investigated to determine their possible role in such state. Results revealed a low nutritional status associated with biochemical abnormality denoting an impaired calcium state and defective bone mineralization. The low intake of available calcium and lack or inefficient supplements are suggested to be the main factors in causing the low state of calcium.", "PMID": 695747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10240", "title": "Microsomal enzymes inducers and serum minerals in carbon-tetrachloride hepatotoxicity.", "content": "The effect of ten repeated doses of carbon tetrachloride, phenobarbitone and propionyl promazine when administered alone or simultaneously with CCl4 on serum minerals was investigated. Carbon tetrachloride resulted in a significant increase in serum iron, copper, zinc, calcium, potassium and sodium. A portion of this rise was due to increased permeability in damaged mitochondrial membrane as a result of the action of CCl4. Propionyl promazine when administered alone or together with CCl4 has no effect on serum minerals. Phenobarbitone when administered alone increased serum minerals except sodium, but to a lesser degree than CCl4, while phenobarbitone when given repeatedly together with small doses of CCl4 led to a normalization of serum iron, calcium and potassium. Also serum zinc and copper were lower than in case of CCl4. This may be due to some protective effect of phenobarbitone on liver mitochondria. Serum magnesium was not affected in all the experimental groups.", "contents": "Microsomal enzymes inducers and serum minerals in carbon-tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. The effect of ten repeated doses of carbon tetrachloride, phenobarbitone and propionyl promazine when administered alone or simultaneously with CCl4 on serum minerals was investigated. Carbon tetrachloride resulted in a significant increase in serum iron, copper, zinc, calcium, potassium and sodium. A portion of this rise was due to increased permeability in damaged mitochondrial membrane as a result of the action of CCl4. Propionyl promazine when administered alone or together with CCl4 has no effect on serum minerals. Phenobarbitone when administered alone increased serum minerals except sodium, but to a lesser degree than CCl4, while phenobarbitone when given repeatedly together with small doses of CCl4 led to a normalization of serum iron, calcium and potassium. Also serum zinc and copper were lower than in case of CCl4. This may be due to some protective effect of phenobarbitone on liver mitochondria. Serum magnesium was not affected in all the experimental groups.", "PMID": 695748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10241", "title": "Effect of phenobarbitone and propionyl-promazine on serum enzymes in carbon-tetrachloride hepatotoxicity.", "content": "The influence of phenobarbitone givenin ten repeated doses simultaneously with small doses of CCl4 on serum enzymes was investigated in albino rats. The same experiment was repeated to investigate the influence of propionyl-promazine (phenothiazine derivative). The results proved that SGPT is a more specific and sensitive index than SGOT of hepato-cellular injury. The activity ratio between serum GOT and GPT in the normal control group was 2.44. The activity of SGPT increased nearly 6.1 fold after CCl4 administration and thus the activity ratio between GOT and GPT is sharply reduced to 0.56. The activity of serum GPT when CCl4 and phenobarbitone were administered together showed value of about 1/2 of the value when CCl4 was administered alone, while it remained high when CCl4 administration was combined with propionyl-promazine. Serum GOT and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly in all the groups. Regarding the pathological examination of the liver it was found that marked fatty necrosis could be demonstrated when high values of SGPT was found, which is not the case with serum GOT. It is concluded that in the present experimental conditions phenobarbitone protected the liver from the hepatotoxic effect of CCl4, while propionyl-promazine did not.", "contents": "Effect of phenobarbitone and propionyl-promazine on serum enzymes in carbon-tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. The influence of phenobarbitone givenin ten repeated doses simultaneously with small doses of CCl4 on serum enzymes was investigated in albino rats. The same experiment was repeated to investigate the influence of propionyl-promazine (phenothiazine derivative). The results proved that SGPT is a more specific and sensitive index than SGOT of hepato-cellular injury. The activity ratio between serum GOT and GPT in the normal control group was 2.44. The activity of SGPT increased nearly 6.1 fold after CCl4 administration and thus the activity ratio between GOT and GPT is sharply reduced to 0.56. The activity of serum GPT when CCl4 and phenobarbitone were administered together showed value of about 1/2 of the value when CCl4 was administered alone, while it remained high when CCl4 administration was combined with propionyl-promazine. Serum GOT and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly in all the groups. Regarding the pathological examination of the liver it was found that marked fatty necrosis could be demonstrated when high values of SGPT was found, which is not the case with serum GOT. It is concluded that in the present experimental conditions phenobarbitone protected the liver from the hepatotoxic effect of CCl4, while propionyl-promazine did not.", "PMID": 695749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10242", "title": "[What emergencies arise from anticoagulant therapy?].", "content": "The antithrombotics (fibrinolytics, anticoagulants and aggregation inhibitors) belong to the most effective therapeutic methods and are used in all clinical specialties. The therapeutic mechanism of the fibrinolytics and anticoagulants is recognizable and can be regulated by hepatic parameters. Nevertheless, under this treatment patients undergo a potential risk of haemorrhage which not in every case can be estimated with the usual laboratory parameters. In addition to the factors increasing the potential risk false behaviour of the physician in charge and false behaviour on the side of the patient must be mentioned. In these two cases a treatment with antithrombotics should be omitted. If personal and technical insufficiencies are present the patient should be transferred to a centre for further treatment. In acute indications for discontinuing the treatment with antithrombotics depending on the clinical urgency a gradually different discontinuation by stages should be striven for, in order to avoid thromboembolic relapses.", "contents": "[What emergencies arise from anticoagulant therapy?]. The antithrombotics (fibrinolytics, anticoagulants and aggregation inhibitors) belong to the most effective therapeutic methods and are used in all clinical specialties. The therapeutic mechanism of the fibrinolytics and anticoagulants is recognizable and can be regulated by hepatic parameters. Nevertheless, under this treatment patients undergo a potential risk of haemorrhage which not in every case can be estimated with the usual laboratory parameters. In addition to the factors increasing the potential risk false behaviour of the physician in charge and false behaviour on the side of the patient must be mentioned. In these two cases a treatment with antithrombotics should be omitted. If personal and technical insufficiencies are present the patient should be transferred to a centre for further treatment. In acute indications for discontinuing the treatment with antithrombotics depending on the clinical urgency a gradually different discontinuation by stages should be striven for, in order to avoid thromboembolic relapses.", "PMID": 695786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10243", "title": "[Gastrectomy patients--a retrospective study].", "content": "Of 39 patients with resected stomach the endoscopic and radiological findings as well as the anamnestic and paraclinical data were analysed retrospectively and compared. In contrast to the patients with recidivation ulcer and stump gastritis the patients with a gastric stump carcinoma had an essentially higher average age and, in general, a considerably longer postoperative interval. The endoscopy, including biopsy, achieved a considerably greater diagnostic security in the various groups of disease than the X-ray examination. Symptoms, such as decrease of weight, gastric pains and vomiting, were most frequently found in patients with carcinoma.", "contents": "[Gastrectomy patients--a retrospective study]. Of 39 patients with resected stomach the endoscopic and radiological findings as well as the anamnestic and paraclinical data were analysed retrospectively and compared. In contrast to the patients with recidivation ulcer and stump gastritis the patients with a gastric stump carcinoma had an essentially higher average age and, in general, a considerably longer postoperative interval. The endoscopy, including biopsy, achieved a considerably greater diagnostic security in the various groups of disease than the X-ray examination. Symptoms, such as decrease of weight, gastric pains and vomiting, were most frequently found in patients with carcinoma.", "PMID": 695787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10244", "title": "[Evaluation of weather-dependent dyspnea by means of body plethysmographic study of bronchial reactivity].", "content": "By body plethysmographic investigations including the test of the bronchial reactivity (ultrasound aerosol of a 0.01% acetylcholine solution) was demonstrated that in dependence on the degree of the manifest disturbance of ventilation the frequency of the bronchial hyperreactivity (increase of the total resistance by at least 3.0 cm H2O/l/s compared with the initial position) increases. The constellation of findings mentioned leads to a large increase of dyspnoea depending on weather.", "contents": "[Evaluation of weather-dependent dyspnea by means of body plethysmographic study of bronchial reactivity]. By body plethysmographic investigations including the test of the bronchial reactivity (ultrasound aerosol of a 0.01% acetylcholine solution) was demonstrated that in dependence on the degree of the manifest disturbance of ventilation the frequency of the bronchial hyperreactivity (increase of the total resistance by at least 3.0 cm H2O/l/s compared with the initial position) increases. The constellation of findings mentioned leads to a large increase of dyspnoea depending on weather.", "PMID": 695788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10245", "title": "[Psychologic guidance of the cancer patient].", "content": "Cancer belongs to these diseases threatening severely the lives of patients affected by cancer. Therefore, cancer is connected with psychic responses on the part of the patient. The response as a result of the disease is intensified by negative environmental experiences. The physician has to make due allowance for this fact in the patient's guidance. At the beginning the pros and cons of a truthful information of the patient are discussed. In the following an inhouse model of the care of patients is presented according to which the patient is faced with his diagnosis and prognosis. An attempt is made of helping the patient \"to integrate\" his disease and to cope with \"his\" cancer problem. This also includes the guidance of the relations.", "contents": "[Psychologic guidance of the cancer patient]. Cancer belongs to these diseases threatening severely the lives of patients affected by cancer. Therefore, cancer is connected with psychic responses on the part of the patient. The response as a result of the disease is intensified by negative environmental experiences. The physician has to make due allowance for this fact in the patient's guidance. At the beginning the pros and cons of a truthful information of the patient are discussed. In the following an inhouse model of the care of patients is presented according to which the patient is faced with his diagnosis and prognosis. An attempt is made of helping the patient \"to integrate\" his disease and to cope with \"his\" cancer problem. This also includes the guidance of the relations.", "PMID": 695789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10246", "title": "[The behavior of albumin in acute and chronic liver damage. III. Intrahepatic and serum albumin concentrations in human liver diseases].", "content": "In 305 patients examined by liver biopsy albumin and the entire soluble protein in the liver puncture as well as albumin in the serum were estimated quantitatively. A significant decrease of the serum albumin level in active cirrhoses and biliary liver damages confirmed the importance of the hypalbuminaemia as facultative symptom of a liver damage. The lacking specifity was emphasized by the low albumin serum concentrations in malignomas and after the intake of contraceptive hormones. The hypalbuminaemia and the increased content of soluble liver protein in the bioptic material might enrich the diagnostics of the activity in cirrhoses. The diagnostic value of the decrease of the relative proportion of albumin is low, since of all liver diseases examined the active cirrhosis alone was accompanied by a significant decrease. The estimation of the albumin content in the bioptically got liver tissue had in contrast to the animal experiment no diagnostic value for liver diseases.", "contents": "[The behavior of albumin in acute and chronic liver damage. III. Intrahepatic and serum albumin concentrations in human liver diseases]. In 305 patients examined by liver biopsy albumin and the entire soluble protein in the liver puncture as well as albumin in the serum were estimated quantitatively. A significant decrease of the serum albumin level in active cirrhoses and biliary liver damages confirmed the importance of the hypalbuminaemia as facultative symptom of a liver damage. The lacking specifity was emphasized by the low albumin serum concentrations in malignomas and after the intake of contraceptive hormones. The hypalbuminaemia and the increased content of soluble liver protein in the bioptic material might enrich the diagnostics of the activity in cirrhoses. The diagnostic value of the decrease of the relative proportion of albumin is low, since of all liver diseases examined the active cirrhosis alone was accompanied by a significant decrease. The estimation of the albumin content in the bioptically got liver tissue had in contrast to the animal experiment no diagnostic value for liver diseases.", "PMID": 695790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10247", "title": "[Removal of a foreign body from the superior vena cava by means of a urinary calculus remover].", "content": "It is reported on a successful removal of torn off or knotted parts of a heart catheter, which were extracted without difficulties from the superior vena cava and from the right atrium via the vena saphena magna by means of the catcher of ureteroliths after Dormia. One case in question was a 27-year-old male patient with pentalogy of Fallot, in whom was the danger of embolisation into the greater circulatory system on account of the torn off catheter conducting wire. In the other 57-year-old patient with acute myocardial infarction after knotting of a subclavian catheter a mechanical irritation of the endocardium with repeated appearance of ventricular fibrillation developed. Before deciding on a thoracotomy for the removal of parts of a catheter from the central vessels and the heart it should be tried before a transvasal extraction with the help of special catheters.", "contents": "[Removal of a foreign body from the superior vena cava by means of a urinary calculus remover]. It is reported on a successful removal of torn off or knotted parts of a heart catheter, which were extracted without difficulties from the superior vena cava and from the right atrium via the vena saphena magna by means of the catcher of ureteroliths after Dormia. One case in question was a 27-year-old male patient with pentalogy of Fallot, in whom was the danger of embolisation into the greater circulatory system on account of the torn off catheter conducting wire. In the other 57-year-old patient with acute myocardial infarction after knotting of a subclavian catheter a mechanical irritation of the endocardium with repeated appearance of ventricular fibrillation developed. Before deciding on a thoracotomy for the removal of parts of a catheter from the central vessels and the heart it should be tried before a transvasal extraction with the help of special catheters.", "PMID": 695791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10248", "title": "[Cardiovascular radiography, changes in the thoracic aorta, ECG and clinical parameters in hypertension. 2. Changes in the thoracic aorta in hypertension].", "content": "In 142 hypertensives and a control group of 230 normotensives the measure of the aorta after Kreuzfuchs was estimated. In the two groups a significant increase of the width of the aorta was found with growing age. Whilst the width of the aorta concerning the degree of severity I of hypertension on an average were slightly below those of normotensives, they were increased in the degrees of severity II and III, but a further increase could not be ascertained at the transition from degree of severity II to III. On the other hand, the duration of hypertension is of particular importance when a dilation of the aorta is present. Also between deformation of the heart and measure of the aorta close relations which may conclude to a homogenous development are to be seen particularly in the younger patients. The influence of the sclerosis of the aorta in the sense of an additional dilation of the aorta could not be clearly confirmed on the basis of our material. On the other hand, the frequency of calcium depositions significantly increased with growing age in the region of the aortic arce and in the group of younger patients with the duration of hypertension, whereas the different degrees of severity II and III had a smaller influence. It is interesting that several patients showed normal widths of the aorta despite a duration of the hypertension of more than 5 years and a degree of severity III.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular radiography, changes in the thoracic aorta, ECG and clinical parameters in hypertension. 2. Changes in the thoracic aorta in hypertension]. In 142 hypertensives and a control group of 230 normotensives the measure of the aorta after Kreuzfuchs was estimated. In the two groups a significant increase of the width of the aorta was found with growing age. Whilst the width of the aorta concerning the degree of severity I of hypertension on an average were slightly below those of normotensives, they were increased in the degrees of severity II and III, but a further increase could not be ascertained at the transition from degree of severity II to III. On the other hand, the duration of hypertension is of particular importance when a dilation of the aorta is present. Also between deformation of the heart and measure of the aorta close relations which may conclude to a homogenous development are to be seen particularly in the younger patients. The influence of the sclerosis of the aorta in the sense of an additional dilation of the aorta could not be clearly confirmed on the basis of our material. On the other hand, the frequency of calcium depositions significantly increased with growing age in the region of the aortic arce and in the group of younger patients with the duration of hypertension, whereas the different degrees of severity II and III had a smaller influence. It is interesting that several patients showed normal widths of the aorta despite a duration of the hypertension of more than 5 years and a degree of severity III.", "PMID": 695792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10249", "title": "[Results of in vivo analysis of injected fibrinogen degradation products and factor VIII in patients with hemophilia A].", "content": "Seven patients with haemophilia A CP were injected in a dosage of 1 to 3 double units, which were stored for 127 days partly deep-frozen, partly lyophilized and after this time contained fibrinogen fission products (16--256 microgram/ml). Though in two patients after the transfusion positive WA of the injected fibrinogen fission products were established, a relevant influence on the fibrinogen fission product levels of the patients is to be expected only after administration of larger quantities of such preparations. The therapeutic efficacy of the stored CP was insufficient, since despite good in-vitro-activities of factor VIII the increase of factor VIII in four patients was slight and retarding and did not take place in three patients.", "contents": "[Results of in vivo analysis of injected fibrinogen degradation products and factor VIII in patients with hemophilia A]. Seven patients with haemophilia A CP were injected in a dosage of 1 to 3 double units, which were stored for 127 days partly deep-frozen, partly lyophilized and after this time contained fibrinogen fission products (16--256 microgram/ml). Though in two patients after the transfusion positive WA of the injected fibrinogen fission products were established, a relevant influence on the fibrinogen fission product levels of the patients is to be expected only after administration of larger quantities of such preparations. The therapeutic efficacy of the stored CP was insufficient, since despite good in-vitro-activities of factor VIII the increase of factor VIII in four patients was slight and retarding and did not take place in three patients.", "PMID": 695793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10250", "title": "[Hemangioendothelioma--a case contribution].", "content": "By means of two casuistics the haemangioendothelioma is demonstrated. The malignant tumour may occur in all tissues and organs metastasizing in haematogenic and lymphogenic manners. The thorotrast or vinylchloride-caused promotion of the tumour formation is especially discussed because of its considerably prophylactic importance.", "contents": "[Hemangioendothelioma--a case contribution]. By means of two casuistics the haemangioendothelioma is demonstrated. The malignant tumour may occur in all tissues and organs metastasizing in haematogenic and lymphogenic manners. The thorotrast or vinylchloride-caused promotion of the tumour formation is especially discussed because of its considerably prophylactic importance.", "PMID": 695794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10251", "title": "[Does abdoman cause ileus?].", "content": "On account of its favourable pharmacological properties Abdoman has proved in the treatment of patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. On the basis of its pronounced motility inhibiting effect on the gastrointestinal canal it may be additionally used for the treatment of diarrhoea. It is reported on 5 patients in which under Abdoman therapy a paralytic ileus developed as severe complication, so that it must be warned of an uncontrolled prescription of abdoman concerning this indication. Abdoman should be used above all in juvenile patients, in which case particular attention must be paid to obstipation as most frequent side-effect.", "contents": "[Does abdoman cause ileus?]. On account of its favourable pharmacological properties Abdoman has proved in the treatment of patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. On the basis of its pronounced motility inhibiting effect on the gastrointestinal canal it may be additionally used for the treatment of diarrhoea. It is reported on 5 patients in which under Abdoman therapy a paralytic ileus developed as severe complication, so that it must be warned of an uncontrolled prescription of abdoman concerning this indication. Abdoman should be used above all in juvenile patients, in which case particular attention must be paid to obstipation as most frequent side-effect.", "PMID": 695795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10252", "title": "Segmental infrarenal aortocaval transposition. An experimental model for vascular research.", "content": "The technique for transposition of infrarenal segments from the abdominal aorta and the caval vein, respectively, was described and morfological changes characterized. The vessel walls in the transposed caval segments became \"arterialized\" 1 month after the operation due to increased connective tissue in the media. Fibrin depositions were found on the intimal layer. The transposed aortic segments had no morfological changes. The described model was found to be a simple and valuable method for vascular research in small animals.", "contents": "Segmental infrarenal aortocaval transposition. An experimental model for vascular research. The technique for transposition of infrarenal segments from the abdominal aorta and the caval vein, respectively, was described and morfological changes characterized. The vessel walls in the transposed caval segments became \"arterialized\" 1 month after the operation due to increased connective tissue in the media. Fibrin depositions were found on the intimal layer. The transposed aortic segments had no morfological changes. The described model was found to be a simple and valuable method for vascular research in small animals.", "PMID": 695797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10253", "title": "[Thrombogenic effect of direct current in the arterial circulation].", "content": "In 54 dogs thrombosis was induced in the femoral artery by means of continuous current. Macroscopic and microscopic and studies on the tensile strength of the vascular wall were carried out in order to clarify the thrombogenic effect of continuous current. Further the behavior of the blood flow during the formation of the thrombus was examined.", "contents": "[Thrombogenic effect of direct current in the arterial circulation]. In 54 dogs thrombosis was induced in the femoral artery by means of continuous current. Macroscopic and microscopic and studies on the tensile strength of the vascular wall were carried out in order to clarify the thrombogenic effect of continuous current. Further the behavior of the blood flow during the formation of the thrombus was examined.", "PMID": 695798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10254", "title": "[Collecting methods for pancreatic juice in long-term research in the non-anesthesized dog].", "content": "Comparison of various methods of collecting pancreatic juice in long-term experiments shows that there is no ideal procedure. The authors themselves obtained the best results by help of the duodenal cannula according to Tuckermann and Thomas, which is implanted in the duodenum opposite to the duodenal papilla. Using this cannula it is often possible with sufficient skill and patience to cannulate the duodenal papilla from the outside and to gain pancreatic juice from the awake dog in an exact manner. Among the pouch techniques the best is the method according to Herrera.", "contents": "[Collecting methods for pancreatic juice in long-term research in the non-anesthesized dog]. Comparison of various methods of collecting pancreatic juice in long-term experiments shows that there is no ideal procedure. The authors themselves obtained the best results by help of the duodenal cannula according to Tuckermann and Thomas, which is implanted in the duodenum opposite to the duodenal papilla. Using this cannula it is often possible with sufficient skill and patience to cannulate the duodenal papilla from the outside and to gain pancreatic juice from the awake dog in an exact manner. Among the pouch techniques the best is the method according to Herrera.", "PMID": 695799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10255", "title": "[Discoid lupus erythematosus or lichen planus?].", "content": "A patient with atypical skin symptoms is described. The clinical symptoms as well as the histological ones showed the signs of both LE, and LP. The administration of antimalarial drugs had a good effect. The results of laboratorical examinations were such as in LP.", "contents": "[Discoid lupus erythematosus or lichen planus?]. A patient with atypical skin symptoms is described. The clinical symptoms as well as the histological ones showed the signs of both LE, and LP. The administration of antimalarial drugs had a good effect. The results of laboratorical examinations were such as in LP.", "PMID": 695801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10256", "title": "[RIST or PRIST?].", "content": "In 240 patients the radioimmunosorbent (RIST) and paper-radioimmunosorbent (PRIST) tests were used parallel for determination of serum IgE levels. Whilst the values achieved with PRIST generally were somewhat lower than those with RIST, a very good correlation was found between these two methods. Taking its procedural simplicity into account, PRIST thus appears better suited for routine diagnostic purposes than RIST.", "contents": "[RIST or PRIST?]. In 240 patients the radioimmunosorbent (RIST) and paper-radioimmunosorbent (PRIST) tests were used parallel for determination of serum IgE levels. Whilst the values achieved with PRIST generally were somewhat lower than those with RIST, a very good correlation was found between these two methods. Taking its procedural simplicity into account, PRIST thus appears better suited for routine diagnostic purposes than RIST.", "PMID": 695802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10257", "title": "[Action of the calciumantagonistic compound gallopamile on sinus node, atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of the calciumantagonistic agent Gallopamile (D 600) on cardiac conduction and sinus node function was studied by using His bundle recordings and atrial stimulation in 13 patients with normal sinus rhythm. Intravenous administration of a single dose of 4 mg produced a significant increase in the atrioventricular conduction time by 30 %. On atrial stimulation second degree a-v block occurred at lower stimulation rates in all patients after Gallopamile. The impulse propagation in atrial tissue and within the His-Purkinje system was not affected, even in patients with diseased conduction system. There was an impairment in sinus node automaticity, the sinus node recovery time was increased by 58 % of the control value.", "contents": "[Action of the calciumantagonistic compound gallopamile on sinus node, atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction (author's transl)]. The influence of the calciumantagonistic agent Gallopamile (D 600) on cardiac conduction and sinus node function was studied by using His bundle recordings and atrial stimulation in 13 patients with normal sinus rhythm. Intravenous administration of a single dose of 4 mg produced a significant increase in the atrioventricular conduction time by 30 %. On atrial stimulation second degree a-v block occurred at lower stimulation rates in all patients after Gallopamile. The impulse propagation in atrial tissue and within the His-Purkinje system was not affected, even in patients with diseased conduction system. There was an impairment in sinus node automaticity, the sinus node recovery time was increased by 58 % of the control value.", "PMID": 695803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10258", "title": "[Echocardiographic normal data for premature and normal newborn infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Sufficient echocardiographic analysis of premature infants has not yet been presented. Therefore echocardiograms of 105 babies without cardiovascular disease weighing 0.6--4.0 kg were analyzed. Normal data for right ventricular dimension, diastolic left ventricular inner dimension, left atrium, aorta, septums left ventricular posterior wall, cardiac depth, amplitude and closing velocity of the anterior mitral leaflet have been established. All measurements are a linear function of bodyweight with a very good correlation.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic normal data for premature and normal newborn infants (author's transl)]. Sufficient echocardiographic analysis of premature infants has not yet been presented. Therefore echocardiograms of 105 babies without cardiovascular disease weighing 0.6--4.0 kg were analyzed. Normal data for right ventricular dimension, diastolic left ventricular inner dimension, left atrium, aorta, septums left ventricular posterior wall, cardiac depth, amplitude and closing velocity of the anterior mitral leaflet have been established. All measurements are a linear function of bodyweight with a very good correlation.", "PMID": 695805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10259", "title": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of thrombotic deposits in acute endocarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "This report describes the echocardiographic features seen in 6 patients with valvular vegetations as documented by autopsy or surgery. 4 mitral, 3 aortic and 1 tricuspid valves were investigated using M-mode echoscan(n = 8). Characteristic findings observed were non-uniform thickening of the typical valve pattern in sytole and diastole without restriction of valve motion. In 7 cases the exact echocardiographic localization of valvular vegetation was confirmed in situ, whereas localization of vegetation in tricuspid valve disease was uncomplete.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of thrombotic deposits in acute endocarditis (author's transl)]. This report describes the echocardiographic features seen in 6 patients with valvular vegetations as documented by autopsy or surgery. 4 mitral, 3 aortic and 1 tricuspid valves were investigated using M-mode echoscan(n = 8). Characteristic findings observed were non-uniform thickening of the typical valve pattern in sytole and diastole without restriction of valve motion. In 7 cases the exact echocardiographic localization of valvular vegetation was confirmed in situ, whereas localization of vegetation in tricuspid valve disease was uncomplete.", "PMID": 695806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10260", "title": "[New method of estimating x-ray magnification on angiographic volume determinations (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The necessity of a precise determination of the magnification factor for angiographic volume determinations is described. Each error of the linear magnification factor influences in its third power the volume calculation. 2. For the magnification of linear cineangiographic magnification a method is used in which the tip of the catheter is filmed in two positions. The distance approximately resembles a normal ventricular diameter. The relationship of virtuel shifting of the catheter tip versus real shifting of the patient is the magnification factor. 3. For the practicable handling of this method a new developed mechanical device is described which allows the performance of the calibration procedure with an adequate high precision. 4. The method is simple and can be done within a short period of time.", "contents": "[New method of estimating x-ray magnification on angiographic volume determinations (author's transl)]. 1. The necessity of a precise determination of the magnification factor for angiographic volume determinations is described. Each error of the linear magnification factor influences in its third power the volume calculation. 2. For the magnification of linear cineangiographic magnification a method is used in which the tip of the catheter is filmed in two positions. The distance approximately resembles a normal ventricular diameter. The relationship of virtuel shifting of the catheter tip versus real shifting of the patient is the magnification factor. 3. For the practicable handling of this method a new developed mechanical device is described which allows the performance of the calibration procedure with an adequate high precision. 4. The method is simple and can be done within a short period of time.", "PMID": 695807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10261", "title": "[Pressure curves in the coronary arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "During catheterization of the coronary vessels two different pressure curves can be registrated. One curve looks like the aortic pressure while the other is similar the ventricular curve. The diastolic pressure of these curves lies below the aortic diastolic pressure but is higher than the diastolic ventricular pressure. The appearence of the different pressure curves is independent from the morphology of the coronary arteries. The different form of the pressure curves depends on the dynamic of the blood flow in the coronary system which is discussed.", "contents": "[Pressure curves in the coronary arteries (author's transl)]. During catheterization of the coronary vessels two different pressure curves can be registrated. One curve looks like the aortic pressure while the other is similar the ventricular curve. The diastolic pressure of these curves lies below the aortic diastolic pressure but is higher than the diastolic ventricular pressure. The appearence of the different pressure curves is independent from the morphology of the coronary arteries. The different form of the pressure curves depends on the dynamic of the blood flow in the coronary system which is discussed.", "PMID": 695808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10262", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandin E1 on the hemodynamics in newborn infants with pulmonary atresia (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the haemodynamics during cardiac catheterisation was studied in 6 newborn infants with pulmonary atresia and ductus-dependent pulmonary perfusion. In 4 patients with initial arterial O2-saturations between 24% and 45% pulmonary blood flow increased from a mean value of 1.0 to 4.5 1/min/m2, 15--20 minutes after the infusion of PGE1 was started. At the same time the systemic blood flow decreased markedly, the systemic blood pressure varied only slightly, and a marked increase in systemic vascular resistance was calculated. In one further patient with a relatively high initial arterial O2 saturation the pulmonary blood flow increased only minimally, whereas in the remainder patient with low initial arterial oxygen saturation there was no change after PGE1 during the investigation.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandin E1 on the hemodynamics in newborn infants with pulmonary atresia (author's transl)]. The effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the haemodynamics during cardiac catheterisation was studied in 6 newborn infants with pulmonary atresia and ductus-dependent pulmonary perfusion. In 4 patients with initial arterial O2-saturations between 24% and 45% pulmonary blood flow increased from a mean value of 1.0 to 4.5 1/min/m2, 15--20 minutes after the infusion of PGE1 was started. At the same time the systemic blood flow decreased markedly, the systemic blood pressure varied only slightly, and a marked increase in systemic vascular resistance was calculated. In one further patient with a relatively high initial arterial O2 saturation the pulmonary blood flow increased only minimally, whereas in the remainder patient with low initial arterial oxygen saturation there was no change after PGE1 during the investigation.", "PMID": 695809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10263", "title": "Electron microscopy observations on Trypanosoma brucei: freeze-cleaving and thin-sectioning study of the apical part of the flagellar pocket.", "content": "Observations on the apical part of the flagellar pocket of Trypanosoma brucei using the freeze-cleaving and thin-sectioning techniques of electron microscopy are reported. The flagellar pocket is shown as a flask-shaped depression in the body, continuous with the pellicle and flagellar sheath. The membranes of the apical part of the pocket on the flanged side of the body compress the flagellar sheath, forming part of a \"neck region\". This region is completed on the broad body side of the flagellar pocket when it embraces the flagellar sheath. The possible role of the neck region in the dynamic function of pinocytosis is discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopy observations on Trypanosoma brucei: freeze-cleaving and thin-sectioning study of the apical part of the flagellar pocket. Observations on the apical part of the flagellar pocket of Trypanosoma brucei using the freeze-cleaving and thin-sectioning techniques of electron microscopy are reported. The flagellar pocket is shown as a flask-shaped depression in the body, continuous with the pellicle and flagellar sheath. The membranes of the apical part of the pocket on the flanged side of the body compress the flagellar sheath, forming part of a \"neck region\". This region is completed on the broad body side of the flagellar pocket when it embraces the flagellar sheath. The possible role of the neck region in the dynamic function of pinocytosis is discussed.", "PMID": 695819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10264", "title": "[Invasion of erythrocytes by toxoplasma gondii (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro-invasion of mouse erythrocytes by Toxoplasma gondii could be detected and analysed by electron microscopy. The sequence of events observed during erythrocyte invasion led to the assumption of an actively penetrating parasite into the non-phagocytic host cell.", "contents": "[Invasion of erythrocytes by toxoplasma gondii (author's transl)]. The in vitro-invasion of mouse erythrocytes by Toxoplasma gondii could be detected and analysed by electron microscopy. The sequence of events observed during erythrocyte invasion led to the assumption of an actively penetrating parasite into the non-phagocytic host cell.", "PMID": 695820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10265", "title": "Serial passages of larval Echinococcus granulosus from equine origin in mice. I. Infection with protoscolices.", "content": "Starting with protoscolices from Echinococcus granulosus cysts of equine origin it was possible to isolate and maintain several \"strains\" of the parasite in mice through successive transfers of protoscolices. The most advanced strain is now in its 7th generation. Several criteria to evaluate the results are presented and discussed. It is concluded that serial echinococcosis of E. granulosus through passages with protoscolices is a practical method to maintain different strains for fundamental and applied comparative studies.", "contents": "Serial passages of larval Echinococcus granulosus from equine origin in mice. I. Infection with protoscolices. Starting with protoscolices from Echinococcus granulosus cysts of equine origin it was possible to isolate and maintain several \"strains\" of the parasite in mice through successive transfers of protoscolices. The most advanced strain is now in its 7th generation. Several criteria to evaluate the results are presented and discussed. It is concluded that serial echinococcosis of E. granulosus through passages with protoscolices is a practical method to maintain different strains for fundamental and applied comparative studies.", "PMID": 695821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10266", "title": "An automatic method for recording the emergence of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni from the snail Biomphalaria glabrata.", "content": "In order to study the pattern of emergence of trematode larvae from the snail hosts (S. mansoni from B. glabrata) an automatic apparatus was developed. This apparatus allows the snails, each suspended by a thread, to be transported at intervals of at least half an hour into different beakers into which the cercariae are shed. This \"eclosion clock\" is essentially a carriage driven on perlon wheels along steel bars.", "contents": "An automatic method for recording the emergence of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni from the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. In order to study the pattern of emergence of trematode larvae from the snail hosts (S. mansoni from B. glabrata) an automatic apparatus was developed. This apparatus allows the snails, each suspended by a thread, to be transported at intervals of at least half an hour into different beakers into which the cercariae are shed. This \"eclosion clock\" is essentially a carriage driven on perlon wheels along steel bars.", "PMID": 695822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10267", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of basic proteins on the conoid, rhoptries and micronemes of Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "The ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA) technique was used to locate basis proteins in trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii, obtained from the peritoneal exudate of infected mice. The reaction was observed mainly on the conoid, rhoptries, and micronemes of both extracellular and intracellular parasites. The strongest reaction was observed on rhoptries. Nuclei and ribosomes from parasites and host cells also reacted. The role of basic proteins on rhoptries and micronemes is discussed with a view on host-cell penetration by the parasite.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of basic proteins on the conoid, rhoptries and micronemes of Toxoplasma gondii. The ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA) technique was used to locate basis proteins in trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii, obtained from the peritoneal exudate of infected mice. The reaction was observed mainly on the conoid, rhoptries, and micronemes of both extracellular and intracellular parasites. The strongest reaction was observed on rhoptries. Nuclei and ribosomes from parasites and host cells also reacted. The role of basic proteins on rhoptries and micronemes is discussed with a view on host-cell penetration by the parasite.", "PMID": 695824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10268", "title": "[Simuliids larvae microsporidans: ultrastructural data (author's transl)].", "content": "This work is the summary of our present knowledge about the ultrastructure of Simuliids larvae Microsporidans, including several new data concerning: 1. Pleistophora simulii (Lutz et Splendore, 1904): reticulated or net-like plasmodial envelope, formation of pansporoblastic structures looking like short pipes. 2. Stempellia simulii Maurand et Manier, 1968: plasmodial envelope as Pleistophora simulii, granular-textured polaroplast. 3. Thelohania fibrata (Strickland, 1913): ultrastructural study of the sporogonic sequence nerve done so far. 4. Thelohania bracteata (Stickland, 1913): its relations with Thelohania minuta, T. canningi, Amblyospora bracteata, Pegmatheca simulii. 5. Tuzetia debaisieuxi (Jirovec, 1943): formation of pseudopansporoblasts by the host-cell membrane.", "contents": "[Simuliids larvae microsporidans: ultrastructural data (author's transl)]. This work is the summary of our present knowledge about the ultrastructure of Simuliids larvae Microsporidans, including several new data concerning: 1. Pleistophora simulii (Lutz et Splendore, 1904): reticulated or net-like plasmodial envelope, formation of pansporoblastic structures looking like short pipes. 2. Stempellia simulii Maurand et Manier, 1968: plasmodial envelope as Pleistophora simulii, granular-textured polaroplast. 3. Thelohania fibrata (Strickland, 1913): ultrastructural study of the sporogonic sequence nerve done so far. 4. Thelohania bracteata (Stickland, 1913): its relations with Thelohania minuta, T. canningi, Amblyospora bracteata, Pegmatheca simulii. 5. Tuzetia debaisieuxi (Jirovec, 1943): formation of pseudopansporoblasts by the host-cell membrane.", "PMID": 695825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10269", "title": "On factors possibly restricting the distribution of Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934.", "content": "Two hypotheses have been postulated explaining the limited distribution of Schistosoma intercalatum. The first hypothesis is correlated with physical factors and behaviour of cercariae. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies have shown that in response to increased temperature change the cercariae of S. intercalatum form aggregates, unlike other schistosome cercariae of man, which are non-infective to the definitive host. The aggregates are formed by the release of the adhesive post-acetabular gland secretion which causes the cercariae to stick together. It is suggested that if S. intercalatum spread from streams within tropical rain forest to pools and laybys of streams in the savannah, cercariae would be subjected to greater daily temperature changes thus triggering the release of post-acetabular gland secretion, thereby impairing invasion of the definitive host. The second hypothesis is based on the natural occurrence of hybridisation between S. intercalatum and Schistosoma haematobium. With some strains of these two species there are no genetical isolating mechanisms. It is suggested that if S. intercalatum extended into a savannah environment from tropical rain forest, hybridisation between S. intercalatum and S. haematobium would eventually occur. Experimental studies indicate that probably, as a result of introgressive hybridisation, a new strain of S. haematobium would eventually supersede the original S. intercalatum.", "contents": "On factors possibly restricting the distribution of Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934. Two hypotheses have been postulated explaining the limited distribution of Schistosoma intercalatum. The first hypothesis is correlated with physical factors and behaviour of cercariae. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies have shown that in response to increased temperature change the cercariae of S. intercalatum form aggregates, unlike other schistosome cercariae of man, which are non-infective to the definitive host. The aggregates are formed by the release of the adhesive post-acetabular gland secretion which causes the cercariae to stick together. It is suggested that if S. intercalatum spread from streams within tropical rain forest to pools and laybys of streams in the savannah, cercariae would be subjected to greater daily temperature changes thus triggering the release of post-acetabular gland secretion, thereby impairing invasion of the definitive host. The second hypothesis is based on the natural occurrence of hybridisation between S. intercalatum and Schistosoma haematobium. With some strains of these two species there are no genetical isolating mechanisms. It is suggested that if S. intercalatum extended into a savannah environment from tropical rain forest, hybridisation between S. intercalatum and S. haematobium would eventually occur. Experimental studies indicate that probably, as a result of introgressive hybridisation, a new strain of S. haematobium would eventually supersede the original S. intercalatum.", "PMID": 695826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10270", "title": "The enhancement of tetrathyridial proliferation of Mesocestoides corti in mice by B.C.G.", "content": "The effects of different doses of B.C.G. given at various periods before infection, on the development  of tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti was studied. B.C.G. administration was found to exert a complex influence upon M. corti infection in mice. Either enhancement or inhibition of parasite proliferation may occur, depending upon dosage level and the time interval between B.C.G. administration and parasite challenge.", "contents": "The enhancement of tetrathyridial proliferation of Mesocestoides corti in mice by B.C.G. The effects of different doses of B.C.G. given at various periods before infection, on the development  of tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti was studied. B.C.G. administration was found to exert a complex influence upon M. corti infection in mice. Either enhancement or inhibition of parasite proliferation may occur, depending upon dosage level and the time interval between B.C.G. administration and parasite challenge.", "PMID": 695827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10271", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the body wall of Schistosoma mansoni during the transformation of the miracidium into the mother sporocyst in the snail host Biomphalaria pfeifferi.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the body wall of the free miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni and the changes occurring within 48 h after penetration into the intermediate host Biomphalaria pfeifferi are described. Within 2 h after penetration the ciliated plates are shed into the haemolymph of the snail and phagocytized by amoebocytes. At the same time the narrow ridges between the plates of the free miracidium expand to form the continuous outer layer of the sporocyst. Within 48 h the entire tegumental structure, consisting of a thin outer layer, connected with sunken nucleated areas, develops to its full extent. The observations are compared with those on Fasciola hepatica.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the body wall of Schistosoma mansoni during the transformation of the miracidium into the mother sporocyst in the snail host Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The ultrastructure of the body wall of the free miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni and the changes occurring within 48 h after penetration into the intermediate host Biomphalaria pfeifferi are described. Within 2 h after penetration the ciliated plates are shed into the haemolymph of the snail and phagocytized by amoebocytes. At the same time the narrow ridges between the plates of the free miracidium expand to form the continuous outer layer of the sporocyst. Within 48 h the entire tegumental structure, consisting of a thin outer layer, connected with sunken nucleated areas, develops to its full extent. The observations are compared with those on Fasciola hepatica.", "PMID": 695828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10272", "title": "[The vulnerability of peripheral nerves and the somatic toxin linkage in tick paralysis of chickens, caused by Argas (Persicargas) walkerae (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations on the impulse propagation and the pattern of amplitudes of toxically by Argas (Persicargas) walkerae larvae impaired peripheral nerves were carried out under oxygen saturated and anoxic conditions. It was demonstrated, that the maximum nerve conduction velocities of the isolated N. ischiadicus were slightly lowered in the first carbogenic and anoxic phase, in comparison with normal nerves. After the second incubation the conduction velocities were, however, almost the same or even higher. The survival times of the nerves after anoxic exposure, which were determined by the temporal persistence of the potentials, revealed that this neurophysiological parameter always resulted in a higher value for the damaged nerves after every two anoxic phases. The diseased nerves therefore tolerate anoxia longer and better than do healthy nerves in respect to their excitability and in their function of impulse propagation. From these in vitro investigations it is concluded that the noxious substance responsible for the paralysis is not cell-bound, but circulates humorally. The toxin possesses membranophilic properties, but its somatic linkage is very labile.", "contents": "[The vulnerability of peripheral nerves and the somatic toxin linkage in tick paralysis of chickens, caused by Argas (Persicargas) walkerae (author's transl)]. Investigations on the impulse propagation and the pattern of amplitudes of toxically by Argas (Persicargas) walkerae larvae impaired peripheral nerves were carried out under oxygen saturated and anoxic conditions. It was demonstrated, that the maximum nerve conduction velocities of the isolated N. ischiadicus were slightly lowered in the first carbogenic and anoxic phase, in comparison with normal nerves. After the second incubation the conduction velocities were, however, almost the same or even higher. The survival times of the nerves after anoxic exposure, which were determined by the temporal persistence of the potentials, revealed that this neurophysiological parameter always resulted in a higher value for the damaged nerves after every two anoxic phases. The diseased nerves therefore tolerate anoxia longer and better than do healthy nerves in respect to their excitability and in their function of impulse propagation. From these in vitro investigations it is concluded that the noxious substance responsible for the paralysis is not cell-bound, but circulates humorally. The toxin possesses membranophilic properties, but its somatic linkage is very labile.", "PMID": 695829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10273", "title": "[Game approach to processing physiologic data with the study of human emotional responses as an example].", "content": "The paper presents a mathematical method of experimental data processing, using the study of human emotional reaction as an example. The method allows to process data of different signs containing a great uncertainty. Different signs of data observed in the studies of the dependence of degree of human emotional stress on need and uncertainty in goal reaching, emerge in the course of the experiment and classification of the emotional reactions by their intensity. Numerical models for two subjects are created on the base of the minimax Kolmogorov criterion, and the obtained results are discussed.", "contents": "[Game approach to processing physiologic data with the study of human emotional responses as an example]. The paper presents a mathematical method of experimental data processing, using the study of human emotional reaction as an example. The method allows to process data of different signs containing a great uncertainty. Different signs of data observed in the studies of the dependence of degree of human emotional stress on need and uncertainty in goal reaching, emerge in the course of the experiment and classification of the emotional reactions by their intensity. Numerical models for two subjects are created on the base of the minimax Kolmogorov criterion, and the obtained results are discussed.", "PMID": 695928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10274", "title": "[Generalized transformation of subjective time assessment].", "content": "The subjects were given false information on the results of their estimation of time intervals in one of the experimental situations (they assessed time intervals filled up with different kinds of mental activity or free of them, as well as reproduced from memory 1-sec. interval). The observed changes in the accuracy of time estimation were typical of all situations, i.e. they were of generalized and coordinated character and pertained throughout 5 days. It is suggested that different specific forms of time perception typical of certain conditions form a unified system.", "contents": "[Generalized transformation of subjective time assessment]. The subjects were given false information on the results of their estimation of time intervals in one of the experimental situations (they assessed time intervals filled up with different kinds of mental activity or free of them, as well as reproduced from memory 1-sec. interval). The observed changes in the accuracy of time estimation were typical of all situations, i.e. they were of generalized and coordinated character and pertained throughout 5 days. It is suggested that different specific forms of time perception typical of certain conditions form a unified system.", "PMID": 695929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10275", "title": "[Conditioned reflex autoregulation of human respiration during tachystoscopic presentation of cues].", "content": "The changes in external respiration were studied in humans during visual perception of test signals, as well as the changes in relations between the moment of signal presentation and the phase of respiratory cycle in the process of complication of experimental tasks and training. The method of temporal stereotype of test signals sequence permitted to reveal the process of self-regulation of cerebral functional state through the changes in respiration. This process is envisaged as a component of the entire structure of conditioned reflex to time. Its principal meaning is to prepare the functional level of the central nervous system providing for the stability of the given level of perception and processing of information in time.", "contents": "[Conditioned reflex autoregulation of human respiration during tachystoscopic presentation of cues]. The changes in external respiration were studied in humans during visual perception of test signals, as well as the changes in relations between the moment of signal presentation and the phase of respiratory cycle in the process of complication of experimental tasks and training. The method of temporal stereotype of test signals sequence permitted to reveal the process of self-regulation of cerebral functional state through the changes in respiration. This process is envisaged as a component of the entire structure of conditioned reflex to time. Its principal meaning is to prepare the functional level of the central nervous system providing for the stability of the given level of perception and processing of information in time.", "PMID": 695930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10276", "title": "[Conditioned reflexes to time and effective stimuli after extirpation of the parietal region of the cortex in dogs].", "content": "Experiments on unrestrained dogs performed by the alimentary method showed that extirpation of the parietal cortex (field P) does not affect the previously elaborated and well stabilized conditioned reflexes to time, their reversal and temporal differentiation. The operated dogs retain their ability for relative perception of temporal intervals. Switching over of conditioned reflexes to time is disturbed. The conditioned reflexes to successive complex stimuli with simultaneous differentiation of their components are disturbed for a long time (up to seven months). Less disturbed are the conditioned reflexes to a simultaneous polysensory complex with parallel extinction of their components (within one month after the operation). An assumption has been made that the parietal zone of the cerebral cortex plays an important part in the mechanism providing for successive connections.", "contents": "[Conditioned reflexes to time and effective stimuli after extirpation of the parietal region of the cortex in dogs]. Experiments on unrestrained dogs performed by the alimentary method showed that extirpation of the parietal cortex (field P) does not affect the previously elaborated and well stabilized conditioned reflexes to time, their reversal and temporal differentiation. The operated dogs retain their ability for relative perception of temporal intervals. Switching over of conditioned reflexes to time is disturbed. The conditioned reflexes to successive complex stimuli with simultaneous differentiation of their components are disturbed for a long time (up to seven months). Less disturbed are the conditioned reflexes to a simultaneous polysensory complex with parallel extinction of their components (within one month after the operation). An assumption has been made that the parietal zone of the cerebral cortex plays an important part in the mechanism providing for successive connections.", "PMID": 695931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10277", "title": "[Effect of hippocampal damage on the appearance of trace reactions in dogs during ontogenesis].", "content": "The formation of trace motor and secretory alimentary conditioned reflexes were studied in dogs after injury of dorsal part of hippocampus at different stages of ontogenesis, 38--42 days, 3, 5, and 13 months. All animals with lesioned dorsal hippocampus formed non-delayed motor and secretory reflexes. Trace motor reflexes were elaborated in four out of nine animals, and trace secretory ones--only in one animal. The experiment emphasized the importance of the degree of hippocampal injury for the maintenance of the studied functions. Morphological analysis revealed that degeneration of thalamic nuclei is identical in animals operated at different age. No signs of brain tissue regeneration were observed.", "contents": "[Effect of hippocampal damage on the appearance of trace reactions in dogs during ontogenesis]. The formation of trace motor and secretory alimentary conditioned reflexes were studied in dogs after injury of dorsal part of hippocampus at different stages of ontogenesis, 38--42 days, 3, 5, and 13 months. All animals with lesioned dorsal hippocampus formed non-delayed motor and secretory reflexes. Trace motor reflexes were elaborated in four out of nine animals, and trace secretory ones--only in one animal. The experiment emphasized the importance of the degree of hippocampal injury for the maintenance of the studied functions. Morphological analysis revealed that degeneration of thalamic nuclei is identical in animals operated at different age. No signs of brain tissue regeneration were observed.", "PMID": 695932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10278", "title": "[Interrelationship between the auditory, parietal and sensomotor regions of the dog cerebral cortex during a defensive conditioned reflex].", "content": "Interrelations between projection (auditory), associative (parietal) and integrative-triggering (sensorimotor) cortical areas were studied in dogs by EP parameters and localization during formation of defensive conditioned reflex to clicks. These interrelations were studied in intact animals and after ablation of either T3 areas or PI2 area of the auditory cortex. It was found that in intact animals auditory cortical areas are constantly involved in brain integrations whereas parietal ones show periodical participation (EPs in the parietal cortical area accompany some pairings of signal stimulus with reinforcement). Integrative-triggering cortical structures are involved in the systemic processes in the period of stabilisation of defensive reaction. After ablation of T3 area integrative-triggering cortical structures are turned on within a large exitation system from the beginning of the defensive reaction formation. After ablation of PI2 area parietal areas constantly participate in brain integrations. The nature of their participation in the forming of a given functional system is determined by the state of the auditory system or location of its injury.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between the auditory, parietal and sensomotor regions of the dog cerebral cortex during a defensive conditioned reflex]. Interrelations between projection (auditory), associative (parietal) and integrative-triggering (sensorimotor) cortical areas were studied in dogs by EP parameters and localization during formation of defensive conditioned reflex to clicks. These interrelations were studied in intact animals and after ablation of either T3 areas or PI2 area of the auditory cortex. It was found that in intact animals auditory cortical areas are constantly involved in brain integrations whereas parietal ones show periodical participation (EPs in the parietal cortical area accompany some pairings of signal stimulus with reinforcement). Integrative-triggering cortical structures are involved in the systemic processes in the period of stabilisation of defensive reaction. After ablation of T3 area integrative-triggering cortical structures are turned on within a large exitation system from the beginning of the defensive reaction formation. After ablation of PI2 area parietal areas constantly participate in brain integrations. The nature of their participation in the forming of a given functional system is determined by the state of the auditory system or location of its injury.", "PMID": 695933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10279", "title": "[Behavior of cats after unilateral section of the brachii of the inferior colliculi].", "content": "In experiments on 13 cats a unilateral section of the brachii of inferior colliculi produced a stable interhemispheric asymmetry not only in the auditory system, but in other (vestibular, visual, somatic, olfactory) analysers as well, which led to a disturbance of adequate space perception. This was manifested in orienting reactions directed only to the side of brain lesion. Animals were no more able to distinguish between the right and left troughs either by spatial or by modal cues. A complete \"disregard\" by the animals of the trough contralateral to the side of lesion suggests a hemispheric lateralization of conditioned connections providing for an adequate direction of the animals' running.", "contents": "[Behavior of cats after unilateral section of the brachii of the inferior colliculi]. In experiments on 13 cats a unilateral section of the brachii of inferior colliculi produced a stable interhemispheric asymmetry not only in the auditory system, but in other (vestibular, visual, somatic, olfactory) analysers as well, which led to a disturbance of adequate space perception. This was manifested in orienting reactions directed only to the side of brain lesion. Animals were no more able to distinguish between the right and left troughs either by spatial or by modal cues. A complete \"disregard\" by the animals of the trough contralateral to the side of lesion suggests a hemispheric lateralization of conditioned connections providing for an adequate direction of the animals' running.", "PMID": 695934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10280", "title": "[Role of intervals between \"conditioned\" and \"unconditioned\" stimuli during elaboration of a cellular analog of a temporary connection].", "content": "A cellular model of temporary connection was used to study the effect of intervals between stimulation of ventrobasal thalamic complex (conditioned stimulus) and local activating polarization (unconditioned stimulus) on plastic changes in the neuronal responses of sensorimotor cortex inalert rabbit. It was found that a prolongation of the interval between paired stimuli from 0 to 150 msec. produced a decrease from 60 to 28 per cent in the number of neurones in which after pairings the responses to the conditioned stimulus underwent significant plastic rearrangments. Inspite of the general trend each cell has its own optimal interval between combined stimuli where changes are most pronounced. The fact that rearrangments in cellular responses occur in a time interval corresponding to reinforcement in pairings supports the idea about a selective increase in the efficiency of those excitatory synapses that were activated simultaneously with the cell discharge.", "contents": "[Role of intervals between \"conditioned\" and \"unconditioned\" stimuli during elaboration of a cellular analog of a temporary connection]. A cellular model of temporary connection was used to study the effect of intervals between stimulation of ventrobasal thalamic complex (conditioned stimulus) and local activating polarization (unconditioned stimulus) on plastic changes in the neuronal responses of sensorimotor cortex inalert rabbit. It was found that a prolongation of the interval between paired stimuli from 0 to 150 msec. produced a decrease from 60 to 28 per cent in the number of neurones in which after pairings the responses to the conditioned stimulus underwent significant plastic rearrangments. Inspite of the general trend each cell has its own optimal interval between combined stimuli where changes are most pronounced. The fact that rearrangments in cellular responses occur in a time interval corresponding to reinforcement in pairings supports the idea about a selective increase in the efficiency of those excitatory synapses that were activated simultaneously with the cell discharge.", "PMID": 695935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10281", "title": "[Plastic transformation of the activity of cortical neurons upon pairing a signal stimulus with microiontophoresis or electrocutaneous stimulation].", "content": "Substantial differences have been found in the plastic reorganizations of neuronal activity of the rat sensorimotor cortex at local and systemic reinforcements. In nineteen (95%) out of 20 neurones stable and one-type changes of response to CS (electrical stimulation of the cortex) developed in the course of pairings with local ionophoretic application of L-glutamate in the vicinity of the studied neurone. Twenty two units were studied during the pairings of electrical stimulation of the cortex with pain electrocutaneous stimulation: plastic reorganizations in response to CS were revealed only in eight (36.4%) units; they were, however, of long duration and were more diverse in pattern, than in the series with local reinforcement. It is assumed that different plastic reorganizations in these two model situations of learning depend on the number and reactive properties of the participating units.", "contents": "[Plastic transformation of the activity of cortical neurons upon pairing a signal stimulus with microiontophoresis or electrocutaneous stimulation]. Substantial differences have been found in the plastic reorganizations of neuronal activity of the rat sensorimotor cortex at local and systemic reinforcements. In nineteen (95%) out of 20 neurones stable and one-type changes of response to CS (electrical stimulation of the cortex) developed in the course of pairings with local ionophoretic application of L-glutamate in the vicinity of the studied neurone. Twenty two units were studied during the pairings of electrical stimulation of the cortex with pain electrocutaneous stimulation: plastic reorganizations in response to CS were revealed only in eight (36.4%) units; they were, however, of long duration and were more diverse in pattern, than in the series with local reinforcement. It is assumed that different plastic reorganizations in these two model situations of learning depend on the number and reactive properties of the participating units.", "PMID": 695936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10282", "title": "[Effect of ethymisole on long-term memory].", "content": "Influence of ethymisol (bismethylamid of 1-ethylimidasol-4,5-dicarbonic acid) on learning and retention of habit was studied in experiments on rats by the method of active conditioned avoidance of electrical stimulation. At the same time optimal conformation form of the drug was determined by the method of proton magnetic resonance and by means of infrared spectra and theoretical conformation analysis. A single administration of ethymisol in the dose of 3 mg/kg reduced the deficit of the avoidance habit, when tested in 30 and 60 days following learning. A stable conformation of the ethymisol molecule with a planar arrangement of atoms of its heterocycle and amide groups was found in which the interaction of this substance with biological macromolecules was most active. The ethymisol effect on the long-term memory apparently results from a stable facilitation of synaptic transmission based on stabilization of spatial structure of biological macromolecules in the given conformation.", "contents": "[Effect of ethymisole on long-term memory]. Influence of ethymisol (bismethylamid of 1-ethylimidasol-4,5-dicarbonic acid) on learning and retention of habit was studied in experiments on rats by the method of active conditioned avoidance of electrical stimulation. At the same time optimal conformation form of the drug was determined by the method of proton magnetic resonance and by means of infrared spectra and theoretical conformation analysis. A single administration of ethymisol in the dose of 3 mg/kg reduced the deficit of the avoidance habit, when tested in 30 and 60 days following learning. A stable conformation of the ethymisol molecule with a planar arrangement of atoms of its heterocycle and amide groups was found in which the interaction of this substance with biological macromolecules was most active. The ethymisol effect on the long-term memory apparently results from a stable facilitation of synaptic transmission based on stabilization of spatial structure of biological macromolecules in the given conformation.", "PMID": 695937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10283", "title": "[Changes in the activation level in the EEG's of adolescents as a result of school work and its attendant hypokinesia].", "content": "The integral activity of main frequency ranges of the rest EEG was studied in two groups of schoolchildren at the end of the schoolyear. One half of each group consisted of boys, the other one of girls. The groups differed in the number of physical culture lessons per week (2 and 8). The boys of the two-lessons group manifested a higher integral oscillation activity over the whole EEG spectrum as compared with the boys of the eight-lessons group; this was considered as a drop of activation level. At the same time the girls of the two-lessons group revealed a higher integral activity within the theta range and a lower one within other ranges; this was estimated as an EEG manifestation of traces of tense alertness. Judging by the result of dispersion analysis, the influence of chronic hypokinesia on the recorded EEG components is much greater than that of the school activities.", "contents": "[Changes in the activation level in the EEG's of adolescents as a result of school work and its attendant hypokinesia]. The integral activity of main frequency ranges of the rest EEG was studied in two groups of schoolchildren at the end of the schoolyear. One half of each group consisted of boys, the other one of girls. The groups differed in the number of physical culture lessons per week (2 and 8). The boys of the two-lessons group manifested a higher integral oscillation activity over the whole EEG spectrum as compared with the boys of the eight-lessons group; this was considered as a drop of activation level. At the same time the girls of the two-lessons group revealed a higher integral activity within the theta range and a lower one within other ranges; this was estimated as an EEG manifestation of traces of tense alertness. Judging by the result of dispersion analysis, the influence of chronic hypokinesia on the recorded EEG components is much greater than that of the school activities.", "PMID": 695938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10284", "title": "[Evoked cortical potentials to simple and complex visual signals in children].", "content": "The analysis of steadily recorded components of evoked potentials (EP) in different areas of cerebral cortex during tachistoscopic presentation of a homogeneous square, checker-board pattern and schematic drawings of human faces (face-pattern) of 6 degrees size was performed in children aged from 6,5 to 7 years. During contour detection, characterized by significant EP differences between responses to a checker-board pattern and a homogeneous square, the most pronounced changes were observed in the visual projection area of the cortex. Reaction to a complex visual stimulus, characterized by differences of EP to fase and checker-board patterns, had maximal manifestation in the temporo-parieto-occipital area. The changes observed during both operations were noted for EP components appearing up to 250 msec following stimulation. It is suggested that they are connected with the activity of cortical receptive fields. The data obtained are discussed on the basis of hypothesis of a difference between cortical mechanisms of single operations involved in visual perception.", "contents": "[Evoked cortical potentials to simple and complex visual signals in children]. The analysis of steadily recorded components of evoked potentials (EP) in different areas of cerebral cortex during tachistoscopic presentation of a homogeneous square, checker-board pattern and schematic drawings of human faces (face-pattern) of 6 degrees size was performed in children aged from 6,5 to 7 years. During contour detection, characterized by significant EP differences between responses to a checker-board pattern and a homogeneous square, the most pronounced changes were observed in the visual projection area of the cortex. Reaction to a complex visual stimulus, characterized by differences of EP to fase and checker-board patterns, had maximal manifestation in the temporo-parieto-occipital area. The changes observed during both operations were noted for EP components appearing up to 250 msec following stimulation. It is suggested that they are connected with the activity of cortical receptive fields. The data obtained are discussed on the basis of hypothesis of a difference between cortical mechanisms of single operations involved in visual perception.", "PMID": 695939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10285", "title": "[Effect of a generator of pathologically intensified excitation in the orbital cortex on the sleep--wakefulness cycle].", "content": "In experiments on cats it was shown that the creation of generator of pathologically intensified excitation (GPiE) in the orbital cortex resulted in certain pathological changes of sleep. These changes were expressed in a shortening of the wakefulness period and prolongation of the sleep state, the relationship between slow-wave and paradoxical sleep phases remaining unchanged. The results of the investigations confirm the suggestion concerning the participation of the orbito-frontal cortex in sleep induction. The obtained data are analyzed with respect to the general concept about the role of determinant structures in the nervous system activity and the theory of generator mechanisms of neuropathological syndromes characterized by hyperactivity of the systems.", "contents": "[Effect of a generator of pathologically intensified excitation in the orbital cortex on the sleep--wakefulness cycle]. In experiments on cats it was shown that the creation of generator of pathologically intensified excitation (GPiE) in the orbital cortex resulted in certain pathological changes of sleep. These changes were expressed in a shortening of the wakefulness period and prolongation of the sleep state, the relationship between slow-wave and paradoxical sleep phases remaining unchanged. The results of the investigations confirm the suggestion concerning the participation of the orbito-frontal cortex in sleep induction. The obtained data are analyzed with respect to the general concept about the role of determinant structures in the nervous system activity and the theory of generator mechanisms of neuropathological syndromes characterized by hyperactivity of the systems.", "PMID": 695940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10286", "title": "[Role of the frontal cortex in organizing emotional-behavioral reactions induced by hypothalamic stimulation and natural stimuli].", "content": "Study of the effects of a functional switching off the sensorimotor neocortex area in cats by means of cooling reveals its inhibitory influence on emotional-behavioral reactions to hypothalamic stimulation. Multiple (up to 12) switchings off of the frontal neocortex are attended with a gradual compensation of its inhibitory function by the activity of other brain structures. On the other hand inactivation of the sensorimotor cortex reduces the ability of natural provoking stimuli to lower the thresholds of goal-directed rage which develops when these stimuli are combined with an electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. A conclusion has been made on the participation of the frontal neocortex in the systemic organization of estimation of biologically significant stimuli.", "contents": "[Role of the frontal cortex in organizing emotional-behavioral reactions induced by hypothalamic stimulation and natural stimuli]. Study of the effects of a functional switching off the sensorimotor neocortex area in cats by means of cooling reveals its inhibitory influence on emotional-behavioral reactions to hypothalamic stimulation. Multiple (up to 12) switchings off of the frontal neocortex are attended with a gradual compensation of its inhibitory function by the activity of other brain structures. On the other hand inactivation of the sensorimotor cortex reduces the ability of natural provoking stimuli to lower the thresholds of goal-directed rage which develops when these stimuli are combined with an electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. A conclusion has been made on the participation of the frontal neocortex in the systemic organization of estimation of biologically significant stimuli.", "PMID": 695941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10287", "title": "[Cytochemical characteristics of protein content in neurons from functionally different regions of the cerebral cortex in rabbits].", "content": "Interpherometric determination of proteins in neurones of the III, IV and V layers of the visual and parietal areas and of III and V layers of the motor area of the rabbit cerebral cortex has shown that functionally different neurones have their own morpho-chemical characteristics as well. Differences are revealed between neurones of individual layers within each of the studied areas, between neurones of individual layers of the projection (motor, visual) and the so-called associative (parietal) areas as well as between neurones within each layer. The latter is apparently determined, above all, by their belonging to mono- or polymodal neurones.", "contents": "[Cytochemical characteristics of protein content in neurons from functionally different regions of the cerebral cortex in rabbits]. Interpherometric determination of proteins in neurones of the III, IV and V layers of the visual and parietal areas and of III and V layers of the motor area of the rabbit cerebral cortex has shown that functionally different neurones have their own morpho-chemical characteristics as well. Differences are revealed between neurones of individual layers within each of the studied areas, between neurones of individual layers of the projection (motor, visual) and the so-called associative (parietal) areas as well as between neurones within each layer. The latter is apparently determined, above all, by their belonging to mono- or polymodal neurones.", "PMID": 695944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10288", "title": "[Amplitude-frequency analysis of the total electrical activity of the cat cerebral cortex in the presence of mean dynamic pressure in the circulatory bed].", "content": "In the experiments on cats dumpfing of arterial and venous systems was carried out in order to study the functional state of CNS with blood supply under constant hydrostatic (mean dynamic) pressure. It was found that pulse oscillations of pressure in arterial and venous blood introduce marked distortions in ECoG. Blood supply under non-pulsatile pressure doesn't cause any considerable changes in the functional state of the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "[Amplitude-frequency analysis of the total electrical activity of the cat cerebral cortex in the presence of mean dynamic pressure in the circulatory bed]. In the experiments on cats dumpfing of arterial and venous systems was carried out in order to study the functional state of CNS with blood supply under constant hydrostatic (mean dynamic) pressure. It was found that pulse oscillations of pressure in arterial and venous blood introduce marked distortions in ECoG. Blood supply under non-pulsatile pressure doesn't cause any considerable changes in the functional state of the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 695942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10289", "title": "[Microsystemic organization of neuronal interactions in the central units of the visual analyzer].", "content": "Neuronal interaction in superior colliculi (SC) and visual cortex (VC) was studied in acute experiments on immobilized unanaesthetized cats with simultaneous recording of unit activity in both structures. Polarization of cortical neurones produced activational changes in the level of impulse activity of SC neurones. In a considerable number of neurone pairs (38.4 per cent), fluctuations of the mean frequency and moments of spike discharge generation were in marked correlation suggesting their synphasic modulations. The data obtained are discussed from the point of view of microsystemic organization of central mechanisms of the higher nervous activity.", "contents": "[Microsystemic organization of neuronal interactions in the central units of the visual analyzer]. Neuronal interaction in superior colliculi (SC) and visual cortex (VC) was studied in acute experiments on immobilized unanaesthetized cats with simultaneous recording of unit activity in both structures. Polarization of cortical neurones produced activational changes in the level of impulse activity of SC neurones. In a considerable number of neurone pairs (38.4 per cent), fluctuations of the mean frequency and moments of spike discharge generation were in marked correlation suggesting their synphasic modulations. The data obtained are discussed from the point of view of microsystemic organization of central mechanisms of the higher nervous activity.", "PMID": 695943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10290", "title": "[Nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, zinc and chromium content of black tea and the distribution of these metals between prepared infusion and the extracted tea leaves (author's transl)].", "content": "Twentytwo samples of black tea were examined for nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese and chromium by atomic absorption spectro-photometry. The amounts of these metals in the tea beverage as well as the amount remaining in the tea leaf residue was determined in duplicate experiments. From these results the proportion of each metal extracted may be calculated, as well as its concentration in the tea beverage prepared under defined conditions.", "contents": "[Nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, zinc and chromium content of black tea and the distribution of these metals between prepared infusion and the extracted tea leaves (author's transl)]. Twentytwo samples of black tea were examined for nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese and chromium by atomic absorption spectro-photometry. The amounts of these metals in the tea beverage as well as the amount remaining in the tea leaf residue was determined in duplicate experiments. From these results the proportion of each metal extracted may be calculated, as well as its concentration in the tea beverage prepared under defined conditions.", "PMID": 695959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10291", "title": "[Mercury content of poultry meat (author's transl)].", "content": "The muscle and fatty tissue of 101 deep-frozen fattened stewing chickens was tested for Hg content. After wet digestion, the mercury content was determined by cold-flameless AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry). The average Hg content in muscle and/or fatty tissue was 0.004 and 0.001 ppm of fresh weight, respectively and thus was very low. The limit value of 0.08 ppm was exceeded in 2% of the samples analysed.", "contents": "[Mercury content of poultry meat (author's transl)]. The muscle and fatty tissue of 101 deep-frozen fattened stewing chickens was tested for Hg content. After wet digestion, the mercury content was determined by cold-flameless AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry). The average Hg content in muscle and/or fatty tissue was 0.004 and 0.001 ppm of fresh weight, respectively and thus was very low. The limit value of 0.08 ppm was exceeded in 2% of the samples analysed.", "PMID": 695960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10292", "title": "[On the metabolism of sulphur dioxide in apples (author's transl)].", "content": "Apples of the two varieties, Boskoop and Brettacher, were exposed to 35S labeled sulphur dioxide. After storage at several conditions the distribution of 35S-activity among the three fractions, sulphite, sulphate and sulphonate was examined. The major portion of the radioactivity was found in the sulphate fraction. The activity decreased remarkably from the peel towards the core. Appreciable differences in distribution patterns were found between the two apples varieties.", "contents": "[On the metabolism of sulphur dioxide in apples (author's transl)]. Apples of the two varieties, Boskoop and Brettacher, were exposed to 35S labeled sulphur dioxide. After storage at several conditions the distribution of 35S-activity among the three fractions, sulphite, sulphate and sulphonate was examined. The major portion of the radioactivity was found in the sulphate fraction. The activity decreased remarkably from the peel towards the core. Appreciable differences in distribution patterns were found between the two apples varieties.", "PMID": 695961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10293", "title": "[Determination of aroma substances in Spalter hops by gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The volatiles of Spalter hops were concentrated by destillation-extraction, separated by liquid solid chromatography and characterized by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 125 constituents (terpenes, sesquiterpenes, esters, alcohols, acids) were identified and semiquantified.", "contents": "[Determination of aroma substances in Spalter hops by gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (author's transl)]. The volatiles of Spalter hops were concentrated by destillation-extraction, separated by liquid solid chromatography and characterized by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 125 constituents (terpenes, sesquiterpenes, esters, alcohols, acids) were identified and semiquantified.", "PMID": 695962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10294", "title": "[Analysis of flavonoid glycosides by high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of a qualitative and quantitative method of determination for glycosides of flavones, flavonols and flavanones and their aglycones by means of high pressure liquid chromatography is described. Silicagel LiChrosorb Si 60 is used as stationary phase, as well as various eluents at different temperatures. The compounds are acetylated. An extract of plum leaves serves as example of application.", "contents": "[Analysis of flavonoid glycosides by high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. The development of a qualitative and quantitative method of determination for glycosides of flavones, flavonols and flavanones and their aglycones by means of high pressure liquid chromatography is described. Silicagel LiChrosorb Si 60 is used as stationary phase, as well as various eluents at different temperatures. The compounds are acetylated. An extract of plum leaves serves as example of application.", "PMID": 695963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10295", "title": "Aflatoxin at several initial concentrations is degraded by different amounts of mycelium of Aspergillus parasiticus.", "content": "Increasing amounts of a blendure of 9-day-old mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 added to aflatoxin-salts reaction mixtures resulted in increased rates at which aflatoxin B1 and G1 were degraded. Similarly, increasing the amount(s) of aflatoxin B1 and/or G1 in the aflatoxin-salts reaction mixture resulted in increased rates of degradation of aflatoxins B1 and G1 by mycelia. This mycelial blendure degraded aflatoxin G1 approximately 1.6 times more rapidly than aflatoxin B1 when comparable amounts of the aflatoxins were initially present. When the same mycelial blendure was used to compared combined effects of size of inoculum and initial aflatoxin concentration on aflatoxin degradation, it appeared that increasing the amount of either inoculum or aflatoxin resulted in a comparable increase in degradation of aflatoxin B1 and G1. Hence, doubling the amount of inoculum or of aflatoxin resulted in approximately doubled rates at which aflatoxins B1 and G1 were degraded.", "contents": "Aflatoxin at several initial concentrations is degraded by different amounts of mycelium of Aspergillus parasiticus. Increasing amounts of a blendure of 9-day-old mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 added to aflatoxin-salts reaction mixtures resulted in increased rates at which aflatoxin B1 and G1 were degraded. Similarly, increasing the amount(s) of aflatoxin B1 and/or G1 in the aflatoxin-salts reaction mixture resulted in increased rates of degradation of aflatoxins B1 and G1 by mycelia. This mycelial blendure degraded aflatoxin G1 approximately 1.6 times more rapidly than aflatoxin B1 when comparable amounts of the aflatoxins were initially present. When the same mycelial blendure was used to compared combined effects of size of inoculum and initial aflatoxin concentration on aflatoxin degradation, it appeared that increasing the amount of either inoculum or aflatoxin resulted in a comparable increase in degradation of aflatoxin B1 and G1. Hence, doubling the amount of inoculum or of aflatoxin resulted in approximately doubled rates at which aflatoxins B1 and G1 were degraded.", "PMID": 695964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10296", "title": "[A contribution to the analysis of Fusarium toxins (trichothecene toxins) (author's transl)].", "content": "The isolation of fusarium toxins (Trichothecene toxins) is described as well as methods using thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography for their determination. An improved biotest with larvae of Artemia salina is outlined. Some toxins could be identified together as as group by preparing a common derivative.", "contents": "[A contribution to the analysis of Fusarium toxins (trichothecene toxins) (author's transl)]. The isolation of fusarium toxins (Trichothecene toxins) is described as well as methods using thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography for their determination. An improved biotest with larvae of Artemia salina is outlined. Some toxins could be identified together as as group by preparing a common derivative.", "PMID": 695965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10297", "title": "Phosphatidylcholine as the main phospholipid within essential oil residues from the orange fruit.", "content": "The essential oil obtained from oranges of different origin leaves a dark red oil after purification. The residue holds phospholipids. Phosphatidyl cholin has been identified as the main compound.", "contents": "Phosphatidylcholine as the main phospholipid within essential oil residues from the orange fruit. The essential oil obtained from oranges of different origin leaves a dark red oil after purification. The residue holds phospholipids. Phosphatidyl cholin has been identified as the main compound.", "PMID": 695966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10298", "title": "[Organization of occupational medicine in the Federal Republic of Germany].", "content": "The present organization and development of occupational medicine in the Federal Republic of Germany are presented. The main laws and regulations are summarized as well as their ways of enforcement. Then, the status of occupational medicine, the legal conditions to which it complies, the level of prevailing expertise and the education are discussed. Finally, the official introduction of this science to the University level, including the research and education needs, is studied.", "contents": "[Organization of occupational medicine in the Federal Republic of Germany]. The present organization and development of occupational medicine in the Federal Republic of Germany are presented. The main laws and regulations are summarized as well as their ways of enforcement. Then, the status of occupational medicine, the legal conditions to which it complies, the level of prevailing expertise and the education are discussed. Finally, the official introduction of this science to the University level, including the research and education needs, is studied.", "PMID": 695967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10299", "title": "Occupational safety and health: United States of America.", "content": "The major legislation in the United States to implement safety and health in the workplace is the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-595). The United States has enacted a number of laws to reduce the number and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses which, despite efforts of employers and government, were resulting in ever-increasing human misery and economic loss. The Act calls not only for enforcement of standards but for programmes of research, education and training. The Secretary of the Department of Labour Uniformly applies occupational safety and health standards which have been developed with the assistance of the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. A strong programme has been developed in research and application of research to problems in the special areas of mining, construction, and agriculture, as well as for general industry and other employment.", "contents": "Occupational safety and health: United States of America. The major legislation in the United States to implement safety and health in the workplace is the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-595). The United States has enacted a number of laws to reduce the number and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses which, despite efforts of employers and government, were resulting in ever-increasing human misery and economic loss. The Act calls not only for enforcement of standards but for programmes of research, education and training. The Secretary of the Department of Labour Uniformly applies occupational safety and health standards which have been developed with the assistance of the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. A strong programme has been developed in research and application of research to problems in the special areas of mining, construction, and agriculture, as well as for general industry and other employment.", "PMID": 695968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10300", "title": "[Swiss federal work inspection in the light of a century of workmen's protection].", "content": "A hundred years ago, on March 24, 1877, the first federal law on factory workers protection was passed in Switzerland. It was updated in 1914, and in 1964 it was replaced by the present legislation which protects not only factory workers but also most other employees, such as in trade and commerce. The Cantons are responsible for the execution of the law, whereas on the federal level, four federal inspectorates and a medical division exercise supervisory functions. Their task is to see to it that there is countrywide uniformity in following the law.", "contents": "[Swiss federal work inspection in the light of a century of workmen's protection]. A hundred years ago, on March 24, 1877, the first federal law on factory workers protection was passed in Switzerland. It was updated in 1914, and in 1964 it was replaced by the present legislation which protects not only factory workers but also most other employees, such as in trade and commerce. The Cantons are responsible for the execution of the law, whereas on the federal level, four federal inspectorates and a medical division exercise supervisory functions. Their task is to see to it that there is countrywide uniformity in following the law.", "PMID": 695970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10301", "title": "[Remarks on hygiene and safety conditions in small and medium-sized firms].", "content": "The author reviews briefly the main ideas of the international program for improvement of working conditions presently recommended by the ILO. This program emphasizes a global approach to working conditions and environment. The swiss situation according to this program is briefly described and some suggestions are made to improve the lot of workers in small and medium-sized firms.", "contents": "[Remarks on hygiene and safety conditions in small and medium-sized firms]. The author reviews briefly the main ideas of the international program for improvement of working conditions presently recommended by the ILO. This program emphasizes a global approach to working conditions and environment. The swiss situation according to this program is briefly described and some suggestions are made to improve the lot of workers in small and medium-sized firms.", "PMID": 695971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10302", "title": "[What is the use of an occupational physician?].", "content": "In four occidental countries, an analysis of available statistics shows a decrease of industrial accidents, occupational diseases and tuberculosis during the last decades. However this decrease is correlated neither with the number of occupational physicians, nor with the spread of statutory annual medical examinations. Efficient prevention depends mainly on measures taken by the employers and employees themselves. If the medical examination in itself doesn't protect the worker, tasks of the occupational physician should be reassessed: a) to identify health hazards in industry by clinical and epidemiological surveys, b) to advise on safety at work, c) to control the effectiveness of the measures taken by medical examination and/or biological tests of workers exposed to well defined hazards. Occupational health could be developped in Switzerland, with limited cost, but sharing the tasks between the occupational physicians already working in the large industries and new occupational State-physicians in cantons or regions.", "contents": "[What is the use of an occupational physician?]. In four occidental countries, an analysis of available statistics shows a decrease of industrial accidents, occupational diseases and tuberculosis during the last decades. However this decrease is correlated neither with the number of occupational physicians, nor with the spread of statutory annual medical examinations. Efficient prevention depends mainly on measures taken by the employers and employees themselves. If the medical examination in itself doesn't protect the worker, tasks of the occupational physician should be reassessed: a) to identify health hazards in industry by clinical and epidemiological surveys, b) to advise on safety at work, c) to control the effectiveness of the measures taken by medical examination and/or biological tests of workers exposed to well defined hazards. Occupational health could be developped in Switzerland, with limited cost, but sharing the tasks between the occupational physicians already working in the large industries and new occupational State-physicians in cantons or regions.", "PMID": 695973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10303", "title": "[Organization and tasks of occupational medicine in Switzerland].", "content": "Industrial health aims to harmonize man's relation to his work. In our country indusprial health is promulgated by the medical services of SUVA (Swiss Accident Insurance Institute) and BIGA (Federal Office for Industry and Labour) on one hand and by the lecturers of universities and at the ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) as well as by plant physicians on the other hand. Industrial health is a compulsory discipline with examination at medical faculties.", "contents": "[Organization and tasks of occupational medicine in Switzerland]. Industrial health aims to harmonize man's relation to his work. In our country indusprial health is promulgated by the medical services of SUVA (Swiss Accident Insurance Institute) and BIGA (Federal Office for Industry and Labour) on one hand and by the lecturers of universities and at the ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) as well as by plant physicians on the other hand. Industrial health is a compulsory discipline with examination at medical faculties.", "PMID": 695975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10304", "title": "[Teaching of occupational medicine in Switzerland].", "content": "In this paper, the different training programs in the field of occupational health are described. It appears clearly that training programs differ widely from one university to another. A new step will be fulfilled with the development of a degree in occupational health for FMH specialists. It is mentioned that the lack of a valuable status for industrial physicians may adversely affect the evolution of training programs in Switzerland.", "contents": "[Teaching of occupational medicine in Switzerland]. In this paper, the different training programs in the field of occupational health are described. It appears clearly that training programs differ widely from one university to another. A new step will be fulfilled with the development of a degree in occupational health for FMH specialists. It is mentioned that the lack of a valuable status for industrial physicians may adversely affect the evolution of training programs in Switzerland.", "PMID": 695976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10305", "title": "A review of the organization of occupational health and safety and occupational hygiene in Britain.", "content": "Britain's Health and Safety at Work Act introduced in 1974 marked a change in approach to occupational health and safety which is having important long-term effects on the organization of occupational health and safety in Britain. The purpose of this paper is to outline the broad principles of approach to health and safety at work contained within the 1974 Act; highlight the implications of the new Act for employers, managers, employees, and representative organizations, and discuss the developments in the organization of occupational health and safety as a result of the 1974 Act.", "contents": "A review of the organization of occupational health and safety and occupational hygiene in Britain. Britain's Health and Safety at Work Act introduced in 1974 marked a change in approach to occupational health and safety which is having important long-term effects on the organization of occupational health and safety in Britain. The purpose of this paper is to outline the broad principles of approach to health and safety at work contained within the 1974 Act; highlight the implications of the new Act for employers, managers, employees, and representative organizations, and discuss the developments in the organization of occupational health and safety as a result of the 1974 Act.", "PMID": 695978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10306", "title": "[Is preventive medicine a government task?].", "content": "Health care of the citizens (sanitary police) belongs to the classical tasks of the public authorities ( = state). Primary prevention is a joint task of the state and the individual, but it only can be fully effective if the state participates in the organization and coordination. The most significant examples are immunization and prophylaxis of road accidents while preventive medical examinations can be left to the individual's own responsibility. It is no primary task of the state to carry them out and pay for them. The state creates the necessary basis for effective prevention by means of training and further education of the health personnel, continued evaluation of preventive measures, setting up statistical instruments, coordination of nationwide activities, active cooperation in publicity campaigns for preventive measures (mass media) and promoting research. Simultaneously, the citizen's own responsibility should be activated by persuasive measures. As little use as possible should be made of compulsory measures.", "contents": "[Is preventive medicine a government task?]. Health care of the citizens (sanitary police) belongs to the classical tasks of the public authorities ( = state). Primary prevention is a joint task of the state and the individual, but it only can be fully effective if the state participates in the organization and coordination. The most significant examples are immunization and prophylaxis of road accidents while preventive medical examinations can be left to the individual's own responsibility. It is no primary task of the state to carry them out and pay for them. The state creates the necessary basis for effective prevention by means of training and further education of the health personnel, continued evaluation of preventive measures, setting up statistical instruments, coordination of nationwide activities, active cooperation in publicity campaigns for preventive measures (mass media) and promoting research. Simultaneously, the citizen's own responsibility should be activated by persuasive measures. As little use as possible should be made of compulsory measures.", "PMID": 695981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10307", "title": "[Task of a cantonal preventive health officer].", "content": "Considerations from a point of view of health-policy as well as from an epidemiological standpoint reach the conclusion that the main tasks of a medical officer in preventive medicine at cantonal (state) level are on the field of primary prevention, in particular health-education. In the new health-law of the canton of St.Gall, early detection of diseases will be delegated to physicians in private practice. At the cantonal level, a health officer will thus have the following tasks: 1. Planning of programmes in primary prevention, mainly in the field of health-education, for state or private authorities. 2. Counseling of state and local authorities in questions of preventive medicine. 3. Support, evaluation an coordination of already existing activities on the field of public health.", "contents": "[Task of a cantonal preventive health officer]. Considerations from a point of view of health-policy as well as from an epidemiological standpoint reach the conclusion that the main tasks of a medical officer in preventive medicine at cantonal (state) level are on the field of primary prevention, in particular health-education. In the new health-law of the canton of St.Gall, early detection of diseases will be delegated to physicians in private practice. At the cantonal level, a health officer will thus have the following tasks: 1. Planning of programmes in primary prevention, mainly in the field of health-education, for state or private authorities. 2. Counseling of state and local authorities in questions of preventive medicine. 3. Support, evaluation an coordination of already existing activities on the field of public health.", "PMID": 695982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10308", "title": "[Preventive medicine in private medical practice].", "content": "The basis of preventive medicine for the individual is composed of health education, certain examinations and preventive treatments. A coherent approach is essential for efficiency of a program and avoidance of costly and nonessential expenditures. In the Swiss health system, the doctor's office could become more and more the center of preventive medicine for the individual. It would concern a large part of the population (in the United States, 80% of the men and 90% of the women consult a doctor at least once a year); offering a direct contact with the doctor of choice, advice specific for each case and the possibility of regular examinations by the same doctors. In many situations both public and private sources are involved in preventive medicine (public health services, doctors involved in the educational system, doctors involved in controll of security of working conditions, out-patient clinics, various health organizations). A collaboration among these sources should be organized and a reasonable division of the work established. A list of examinations and preventive treatments is presented.", "contents": "[Preventive medicine in private medical practice]. The basis of preventive medicine for the individual is composed of health education, certain examinations and preventive treatments. A coherent approach is essential for efficiency of a program and avoidance of costly and nonessential expenditures. In the Swiss health system, the doctor's office could become more and more the center of preventive medicine for the individual. It would concern a large part of the population (in the United States, 80% of the men and 90% of the women consult a doctor at least once a year); offering a direct contact with the doctor of choice, advice specific for each case and the possibility of regular examinations by the same doctors. In many situations both public and private sources are involved in preventive medicine (public health services, doctors involved in the educational system, doctors involved in controll of security of working conditions, out-patient clinics, various health organizations). A collaboration among these sources should be organized and a reasonable division of the work established. A list of examinations and preventive treatments is presented.", "PMID": 695983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10309", "title": "[Preschool screening examinations in medical practice].", "content": "In most European countries systematic screening programs for infants and preschool children are being introduced or are already established as a routine procedure. The contents and the possible effects of such programs are discussed critically in this paper, which also describes the present state in Switzerland as well as a pilot project initiated by the Bernese Pediatric Association.", "contents": "[Preschool screening examinations in medical practice]. In most European countries systematic screening programs for infants and preschool children are being introduced or are already established as a routine procedure. The contents and the possible effects of such programs are discussed critically in this paper, which also describes the present state in Switzerland as well as a pilot project initiated by the Bernese Pediatric Association.", "PMID": 695984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10310", "title": "[Radiography services: old and new tasks].", "content": "At the beginning of mass-radiophotography campaign the main interest was the fight against tuberculosis. Today the point of view has completely changed. The detection of all the diseases of the chest, the evaluation of risk groups and the combination with other screenings such as blood pressure measurement have largely improved the efficiency of the campaigns.", "contents": "[Radiography services: old and new tasks]. At the beginning of mass-radiophotography campaign the main interest was the fight against tuberculosis. Today the point of view has completely changed. The detection of all the diseases of the chest, the evaluation of risk groups and the combination with other screenings such as blood pressure measurement have largely improved the efficiency of the campaigns.", "PMID": 695985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10311", "title": "[Preventive dentistry programs in the schools].", "content": "Dental caries and gum disease may easily be prevented. Based on experiences extending over twenty years several preventive programs for school children can be offered and the one best suited for the local circumstances may be selected. Two types of dental auxiliaries have proved very useful to realize preventive programs on the level of communities and/or cantons, requiring costs of only 3 to 7 Swiss fracs per year and child. Considering the excellent results already available it should not be very difficult to obtain cooperation even of those communities who have not yet introduced any preventive programs.", "contents": "[Preventive dentistry programs in the schools]. Dental caries and gum disease may easily be prevented. Based on experiences extending over twenty years several preventive programs for school children can be offered and the one best suited for the local circumstances may be selected. Two types of dental auxiliaries have proved very useful to realize preventive programs on the level of communities and/or cantons, requiring costs of only 3 to 7 Swiss fracs per year and child. Considering the excellent results already available it should not be very difficult to obtain cooperation even of those communities who have not yet introduced any preventive programs.", "PMID": 695986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10312", "title": "[Sex education in the schools. Inquires among the cantons].", "content": "During the last ten years most cantonal educational departments in Switzerland have tackled the problem of sexual education. With the exception of the canton of Schaffhausen all the cantons have decided not to introduce compulsory sexual education. In almost all the cantons the consent of the parents is necessary. They usually have the right to have their children excused from sexual education. Theoretically speaking, sexual education is not confined to a certain age, but actually it is only given in the middle and upper classes. All the cantons accept that the parents should give their own children sexual education; school has only a complementary function. Usually the form master is responsible for sexual education. A close intercantonal cooperation is not the case, because sexual education is too much dependent on local conditions.", "contents": "[Sex education in the schools. Inquires among the cantons]. During the last ten years most cantonal educational departments in Switzerland have tackled the problem of sexual education. With the exception of the canton of Schaffhausen all the cantons have decided not to introduce compulsory sexual education. In almost all the cantons the consent of the parents is necessary. They usually have the right to have their children excused from sexual education. Theoretically speaking, sexual education is not confined to a certain age, but actually it is only given in the middle and upper classes. All the cantons accept that the parents should give their own children sexual education; school has only a complementary function. Usually the form master is responsible for sexual education. A close intercantonal cooperation is not the case, because sexual education is too much dependent on local conditions.", "PMID": 695987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10313", "title": "[Extent of preventive medicine services of the canton of Basel-town].", "content": "The results of an analysis of all preventive services in the canton of Basel-Town for 1974 show, that there were 110,000 preventive examinations delivered (i.e. 374 per 1000 adults). Practizing physicians provided 73%, cantonal services 23% and occupational health services 4% of those exams. For primary prevention, the relationship is inverse: the weight of cantonal services is in this domain. Costs for cantonal services amount to 1.4% of the cantonal outlays for health.", "contents": "[Extent of preventive medicine services of the canton of Basel-town]. The results of an analysis of all preventive services in the canton of Basel-Town for 1974 show, that there were 110,000 preventive examinations delivered (i.e. 374 per 1000 adults). Practizing physicians provided 73%, cantonal services 23% and occupational health services 4% of those exams. For primary prevention, the relationship is inverse: the weight of cantonal services is in this domain. Costs for cantonal services amount to 1.4% of the cantonal outlays for health.", "PMID": 695988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10314", "title": "[Preventive programmes for school children. Organization, duties and activities of the School Health Service of the city of Basel].", "content": "From a historical point of view it was the federal tuberculosis law of 1928 which gave an impulse to the Swiss School health services. Almost simultaneously a psychological service for school children was established in Basle. Besides physicians and psychologists, the present staff comprises speech pathologists and scientific coworkers. The mandate issued by the canton's government is mostly geared toward prevention of somatic, psychological and social disorders in the individual child and in risk groups, in the sense of social pediatrics. Carrying out this mandate requires a unity of investigation methods and the decisions resulting from findings. The statistical evaluation of epidemiological data depends on efficient computer use. High priority is given to data protection. With reference to the basic possibilities and limitations of activities in preventive medicine, questions of goals, acceptability and acceptance, curability and cost-benefit are discussed. The competitive situation between therapy and prevention is critically considered. An interdisciplinary approach including all the helping professions is strongly suggested.", "contents": "[Preventive programmes for school children. Organization, duties and activities of the School Health Service of the city of Basel]. From a historical point of view it was the federal tuberculosis law of 1928 which gave an impulse to the Swiss School health services. Almost simultaneously a psychological service for school children was established in Basle. Besides physicians and psychologists, the present staff comprises speech pathologists and scientific coworkers. The mandate issued by the canton's government is mostly geared toward prevention of somatic, psychological and social disorders in the individual child and in risk groups, in the sense of social pediatrics. Carrying out this mandate requires a unity of investigation methods and the decisions resulting from findings. The statistical evaluation of epidemiological data depends on efficient computer use. High priority is given to data protection. With reference to the basic possibilities and limitations of activities in preventive medicine, questions of goals, acceptability and acceptance, curability and cost-benefit are discussed. The competitive situation between therapy and prevention is critically considered. An interdisciplinary approach including all the helping professions is strongly suggested.", "PMID": 695989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10315", "title": "[Analysis of early detection among 7513 preschool children].", "content": "The development of cognitive and social abilities of preschool children in Basle is discussed. The importance of education and of detecting developments which do not confirm to standard is stressed in this context. A survey of preventive examinations, carried out during the last five years, in which 7513 kingergarten-children were examined, is given. Only findings confirmed by specialists are stated. Furthermore the measures taken to help preschool children with neurological illness and hearing loss of sensory neural type are discussed. The preventive and the individually curative medical activities have proved sensible and complementary to each other.", "contents": "[Analysis of early detection among 7513 preschool children]. The development of cognitive and social abilities of preschool children in Basle is discussed. The importance of education and of detecting developments which do not confirm to standard is stressed in this context. A survey of preventive examinations, carried out during the last five years, in which 7513 kingergarten-children were examined, is given. Only findings confirmed by specialists are stated. Furthermore the measures taken to help preschool children with neurological illness and hearing loss of sensory neural type are discussed. The preventive and the individually curative medical activities have proved sensible and complementary to each other.", "PMID": 695990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10316", "title": "[Preventive activities of the Geneva Youth Health Service].", "content": "Based on a centralized structure and a mission oriented toward prevention, the Geneva Youth Health Service carries out extended surveillance activities in the areas of somatic health and environmental hygiene. Its services are directed at the two- to twenty-year-olds, and in particular the children and adolescents in preschool institutions, in public schools and in the technical instructional institutions. Its activities complement those of other services of the Geneva Youth Office, in particular in the medical-educational and social-educational areas.", "contents": "[Preventive activities of the Geneva Youth Health Service]. Based on a centralized structure and a mission oriented toward prevention, the Geneva Youth Health Service carries out extended surveillance activities in the areas of somatic health and environmental hygiene. Its services are directed at the two- to twenty-year-olds, and in particular the children and adolescents in preschool institutions, in public schools and in the technical instructional institutions. Its activities complement those of other services of the Geneva Youth Office, in particular in the medical-educational and social-educational areas.", "PMID": 695991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10317", "title": "[Preventive tasks of the dietary assistant and nutritional advisor].", "content": "Where is the place of work of the dietary assistant? It is no longer restricted to the hospital, and it no longer concerns patient food only. This article demonstrates the wealth of tasks waiting to be tackled by the modern dietary assistant. Increasingly her principal aim becomes stimulation of a health nutrition in the general population which means a change of deeply seated eating habits.", "contents": "[Preventive tasks of the dietary assistant and nutritional advisor]. Where is the place of work of the dietary assistant? It is no longer restricted to the hospital, and it no longer concerns patient food only. This article demonstrates the wealth of tasks waiting to be tackled by the modern dietary assistant. Increasingly her principal aim becomes stimulation of a health nutrition in the general population which means a change of deeply seated eating habits.", "PMID": 695992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10318", "title": "[Preventive medicine and nursing tasks of a public health nurse].", "content": "Points of departure are the goal of preventive medicine and a definition of ambulatory health care. The fields of practice and tasks of a public health nurse are described. An instrument for the systematic assessment of patient problems is used to illustrate the attitudes and behavior needed on the part of the public health nurse. Neither the patient (or potential patient) nor the care giver can be considered as an isolated individual or can act alone. A total approach to patient problems requires that cooperation between patient and care givers be enhanced through conscious effort. The earlier the intra/inter/extra factors are known and the more sources of information are available, the more easily and efficiently can the tasks of primary health care be perceived (with regard to individuals or groups). Good health care is a mandate for all health professionals but care of one's health is a task of every person.", "contents": "[Preventive medicine and nursing tasks of a public health nurse]. Points of departure are the goal of preventive medicine and a definition of ambulatory health care. The fields of practice and tasks of a public health nurse are described. An instrument for the systematic assessment of patient problems is used to illustrate the attitudes and behavior needed on the part of the public health nurse. Neither the patient (or potential patient) nor the care giver can be considered as an isolated individual or can act alone. A total approach to patient problems requires that cooperation between patient and care givers be enhanced through conscious effort. The earlier the intra/inter/extra factors are known and the more sources of information are available, the more easily and efficiently can the tasks of primary health care be perceived (with regard to individuals or groups). Good health care is a mandate for all health professionals but care of one's health is a task of every person.", "PMID": 695993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10319", "title": "[Swiss Institute for the Prevention of Alcohol Problems].", "content": "The interest in preventive measures of self-destructing behaviours is increasing considerably. However, it seems hardly possible to apply the traditional public-health model to the prevention of alcohol problems because this is influenced too much by clinical thinking. When trying to prevent alcohol-related disabilities, one has in fact to establish behaviourial standards. Preventive measures will yield success only if compulsive and persuasive strategies are combined. The Swiss institute for the prevention of alcohol problems tries to adapt its activities (research, media department, education department, alcohol policy) to the necessaries of a comprehensive concept of prevention.", "contents": "[Swiss Institute for the Prevention of Alcohol Problems]. The interest in preventive measures of self-destructing behaviours is increasing considerably. However, it seems hardly possible to apply the traditional public-health model to the prevention of alcohol problems because this is influenced too much by clinical thinking. When trying to prevent alcohol-related disabilities, one has in fact to establish behaviourial standards. Preventive measures will yield success only if compulsive and persuasive strategies are combined. The Swiss institute for the prevention of alcohol problems tries to adapt its activities (research, media department, education department, alcohol policy) to the necessaries of a comprehensive concept of prevention.", "PMID": 695994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10320", "title": "[Anemia in chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "In 216 patients, the correlation of anemia and activity of rheumatoid arthritis was studied. In 27% a concomitant anemia was found. These findings are congruent with those of other authors. There is a significant correlation between activity of rheumatoid disease and evolution of anemia as well as changes of serum iron level. With reference to the literature possible pathogenetic mechanisms of this type of anemia are reviewed. Therapeutic possibilities are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Anemia in chronic polyarthritis]. In 216 patients, the correlation of anemia and activity of rheumatoid arthritis was studied. In 27% a concomitant anemia was found. These findings are congruent with those of other authors. There is a significant correlation between activity of rheumatoid disease and evolution of anemia as well as changes of serum iron level. With reference to the literature possible pathogenetic mechanisms of this type of anemia are reviewed. Therapeutic possibilities are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 695995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10321", "title": "[Effect of levamisole on in vitro collagen synthesis].", "content": "The effect of levamisole on collagen synthesis was studied. Tissue sections of skin of newborn rats were incubated with levamisole 10(-3) M up to 10(-5) M and 15C proline during 2 hours at 37 degrees C. Formation of soluble and insoluble collagen was inhibited only by the 10(-3) M levamisole. No effect was found with lower levamisole concentrations. Likewise an incorporation of 14C proline into collagen and collagen free proteins is inhibited. These results suggest that levamisole has not only its well-known immunostimulating action but also anti-proliferative effects.", "contents": "[Effect of levamisole on in vitro collagen synthesis]. The effect of levamisole on collagen synthesis was studied. Tissue sections of skin of newborn rats were incubated with levamisole 10(-3) M up to 10(-5) M and 15C proline during 2 hours at 37 degrees C. Formation of soluble and insoluble collagen was inhibited only by the 10(-3) M levamisole. No effect was found with lower levamisole concentrations. Likewise an incorporation of 14C proline into collagen and collagen free proteins is inhibited. These results suggest that levamisole has not only its well-known immunostimulating action but also anti-proliferative effects.", "PMID": 695996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10322", "title": "The influence of dietary iodine and enviromental temperature on the activity of mitochondria in liver and kidney.", "content": "It was found that both effect of temperatures and diets influence metabolic changes in rabbits. In animals fed basal and PTU diets (propyl-thiouracil diets) at 34 degrees C for 4 weeks the metabolic response showed a marked reduction in feed intake and body weight, compared with animals fed at normal temperatures. In the animals fed the iodine diet, there was an increase in daily food consumption and weekly body weight gain at 34 degrees C. This indicates a rise in metabolic activity in this case. Studying the activity of kidney mitochondria of the three groups of animals using succinate as a substrate revealed that the P/O ratio tends to decrease in animals kept at 6 degrees C while the RCR value was not altered by changing conditions or produced by the different diets. At the temperature of 6 degrees C both the P/O ratios and the RCR values of liver mitochondria using succinate as a substrate decreased in the group of rabbits fed the basal and iodine diets, but were not significantly different in the group fed the PTU diet. In the experiment on kidney mitochondrial activity using alpha-ketoglutarate as a substrate it was found that both the P/O ratios and the RCR values from animals fed basal and PTU diets at 6 degrees C decreased slightly as compared with animals fed at 20 degrees C and 34 degrees C. In liver mitochondria, using alpha-ketoglutarate as a substrate a significant decrease in the P/O ratio and the RCR value was found for both rabbits fed the basal and the iodine diets at 6 degrees C. In the group of rabbits fed the PTU diet, the P/O ratio also decreased but the fall was not significant. These results suggested that the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in liver mitochondria increases in animals fed basal and iodine diets at 6 degrees C. The enzyme dehydrogenase involved in oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate which is localized in the outer membrane of mitochondria seems to be affected by different temperatures and diets as compared with succinate dehydrogenase localized in the matrix. The kidney mitochondria activity is less sensitive than that of liver mitochondria. Mitochondrial respiration and phosphorylation due to the tightness of their coupling may respond differently depending on the degree of thyroid activity.", "contents": "The influence of dietary iodine and enviromental temperature on the activity of mitochondria in liver and kidney. It was found that both effect of temperatures and diets influence metabolic changes in rabbits. In animals fed basal and PTU diets (propyl-thiouracil diets) at 34 degrees C for 4 weeks the metabolic response showed a marked reduction in feed intake and body weight, compared with animals fed at normal temperatures. In the animals fed the iodine diet, there was an increase in daily food consumption and weekly body weight gain at 34 degrees C. This indicates a rise in metabolic activity in this case. Studying the activity of kidney mitochondria of the three groups of animals using succinate as a substrate revealed that the P/O ratio tends to decrease in animals kept at 6 degrees C while the RCR value was not altered by changing conditions or produced by the different diets. At the temperature of 6 degrees C both the P/O ratios and the RCR values of liver mitochondria using succinate as a substrate decreased in the group of rabbits fed the basal and iodine diets, but were not significantly different in the group fed the PTU diet. In the experiment on kidney mitochondrial activity using alpha-ketoglutarate as a substrate it was found that both the P/O ratios and the RCR values from animals fed basal and PTU diets at 6 degrees C decreased slightly as compared with animals fed at 20 degrees C and 34 degrees C. In liver mitochondria, using alpha-ketoglutarate as a substrate a significant decrease in the P/O ratio and the RCR value was found for both rabbits fed the basal and the iodine diets at 6 degrees C. In the group of rabbits fed the PTU diet, the P/O ratio also decreased but the fall was not significant. These results suggested that the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in liver mitochondria increases in animals fed basal and iodine diets at 6 degrees C. The enzyme dehydrogenase involved in oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate which is localized in the outer membrane of mitochondria seems to be affected by different temperatures and diets as compared with succinate dehydrogenase localized in the matrix. The kidney mitochondria activity is less sensitive than that of liver mitochondria. Mitochondrial respiration and phosphorylation due to the tightness of their coupling may respond differently depending on the degree of thyroid activity.", "PMID": 696003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10323", "title": "[The distribution of destructive polyarthritic changes in the hand skeleton].", "content": "The distribution of common and erosive changes in advanced polyarthrosis is radiologically demonstrated in the hands of 32 patients. 23 of them showed erosive destructions in at least one joint. In general the alterations were symmetrical. Most of the destructions were seen in the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints, especially in DIP II, III, V and PIP III. Usually the thumb was spared. Most emphasis has been put on the differential diagnosis to rheumatoid arthritis and arthritis in psoriasis and gout. A recent concept concerning mechanical factors in the pathogenesis of so called primary osteoarthritis in the small finger joints is discussed.", "contents": "[The distribution of destructive polyarthritic changes in the hand skeleton]. The distribution of common and erosive changes in advanced polyarthrosis is radiologically demonstrated in the hands of 32 patients. 23 of them showed erosive destructions in at least one joint. In general the alterations were symmetrical. Most of the destructions were seen in the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints, especially in DIP II, III, V and PIP III. Usually the thumb was spared. Most emphasis has been put on the differential diagnosis to rheumatoid arthritis and arthritis in psoriasis and gout. A recent concept concerning mechanical factors in the pathogenesis of so called primary osteoarthritis in the small finger joints is discussed.", "PMID": 695997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10324", "title": "[Quantitative thermography of the knee joint].", "content": "Computer-assisted evaluation of thermography of the knee joints allows diagnosis and quantitation of inflammatory processes. This needs an adequate thermography camera, registration standards and a thermographic index. With the aid of this index normal knee joints and those with inflammatory changes can clearly be differentiated: an index of less than 3.5 is normal, values above 5.0 indicate an inflammation. The author proposes to correct the thermographic index with reference to actual rectal temperature in order to improve inter- and intra-individual comparability of thermograms. Apart from the thermographic index, the formal analysis of the line-scan over the joint space and the maximal temperature of the joint can be used as further diagnostic criteria.", "contents": "[Quantitative thermography of the knee joint]. Computer-assisted evaluation of thermography of the knee joints allows diagnosis and quantitation of inflammatory processes. This needs an adequate thermography camera, registration standards and a thermographic index. With the aid of this index normal knee joints and those with inflammatory changes can clearly be differentiated: an index of less than 3.5 is normal, values above 5.0 indicate an inflammation. The author proposes to correct the thermographic index with reference to actual rectal temperature in order to improve inter- and intra-individual comparability of thermograms. Apart from the thermographic index, the formal analysis of the line-scan over the joint space and the maximal temperature of the joint can be used as further diagnostic criteria.", "PMID": 695998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10325", "title": "[Liver findings in Felty's syndrome. A review].", "content": "A reaction of the RES with its organs (lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and Kupffer's cells) is not uncommon in rheumatoid arthritis. Although these manifestations are pronounced in Felty's syndrome, reviewing articles about Felty's do not mention liver manifestations. This paper summarises the publications about liver findings in Felty's syndrome. Hepatomegaly, abnormal bromsulfalein tests, raised alkaline phosphatase and transaminases have been stated in many case reports. Among 34 patients, the frequency of hepatomegaly was 68%, of abnormal bromsulfalein tests 27%, of alkaline phosphatase 23% and of transaminases 18%, respectively (52). Alkaline phosphatase and transaminases were raised in almost all of 12 patients (3). The histological correspondence is an infiltration with lymphocytes of sinusoids and portal fields, a portal fibrosis and occasionally a cirrhosis. These histological abnormalities, as well as enlarged lymph nodes and splenomegaly, have to be considered as organic manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. If the nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver, which has been reported also after use of contraceptives, is a manifestation of Felty's syndrome, remains unresolved.", "contents": "[Liver findings in Felty's syndrome. A review]. A reaction of the RES with its organs (lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and Kupffer's cells) is not uncommon in rheumatoid arthritis. Although these manifestations are pronounced in Felty's syndrome, reviewing articles about Felty's do not mention liver manifestations. This paper summarises the publications about liver findings in Felty's syndrome. Hepatomegaly, abnormal bromsulfalein tests, raised alkaline phosphatase and transaminases have been stated in many case reports. Among 34 patients, the frequency of hepatomegaly was 68%, of abnormal bromsulfalein tests 27%, of alkaline phosphatase 23% and of transaminases 18%, respectively (52). Alkaline phosphatase and transaminases were raised in almost all of 12 patients (3). The histological correspondence is an infiltration with lymphocytes of sinusoids and portal fields, a portal fibrosis and occasionally a cirrhosis. These histological abnormalities, as well as enlarged lymph nodes and splenomegaly, have to be considered as organic manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. If the nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver, which has been reported also after use of contraceptives, is a manifestation of Felty's syndrome, remains unresolved.", "PMID": 695999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10326", "title": "[Psychic disturbances in students].", "content": "43 of 80 students, who came to the student psychiatry service in Basle, had mainly specific problems concerning their studies. Those are divided into three typical syndromes: 1st: a syndrome of examination-anxiety (in 52% of the patients), 2nd: a syndrome of ambivalency with current changes of faculties, with many cessations of study and with long-term study (in 30%), and 3rd: a syndrome of chronic learning disability (in 18%). A conflict of authority is found psychodynamically with examination-anxiety, because these students often had an authoritarian father, who never acknowledged them. An unsolved dependence on their parents (especially on their mother) is the main reason for a syndrome of ambivalency and of learning disability. Therefore, the step from the university to professional independency is impossible or the gradual, \"modest\" learning is prevented by the continuing infantile illusions of omnipotency. A provisional one-year catamnesis shows a good prognosis for examination-anxieties. Long-term students and students with chronic learning disabilities need a longer therapy because of their deeper anal and narcissistic problems.", "contents": "[Psychic disturbances in students]. 43 of 80 students, who came to the student psychiatry service in Basle, had mainly specific problems concerning their studies. Those are divided into three typical syndromes: 1st: a syndrome of examination-anxiety (in 52% of the patients), 2nd: a syndrome of ambivalency with current changes of faculties, with many cessations of study and with long-term study (in 30%), and 3rd: a syndrome of chronic learning disability (in 18%). A conflict of authority is found psychodynamically with examination-anxiety, because these students often had an authoritarian father, who never acknowledged them. An unsolved dependence on their parents (especially on their mother) is the main reason for a syndrome of ambivalency and of learning disability. Therefore, the step from the university to professional independency is impossible or the gradual, \"modest\" learning is prevented by the continuing infantile illusions of omnipotency. A provisional one-year catamnesis shows a good prognosis for examination-anxieties. Long-term students and students with chronic learning disabilities need a longer therapy because of their deeper anal and narcissistic problems.", "PMID": 696006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10327", "title": "[Transsexualism and transvestism].", "content": "The author examines the genetic and the psychodynamic points of view of transexualism and transvestitism, on the basis of literature and of his clinical experience. While the genesis of the syndromes still remain obscure, in spite of new psychodynamic hypothesis, it is now possible to understand the inner world of the parents better than ever before. The author is able to show by means of his own cases that on the basis of the syndrome is a personality development which is centered in the struggle of self-identity and which does not correspond to our definitions of neurosis or of psychopathy but, rather can assume, at least in some patients, very realistic traits of solving an objective problem of sexual identity.", "contents": "[Transsexualism and transvestism]. The author examines the genetic and the psychodynamic points of view of transexualism and transvestitism, on the basis of literature and of his clinical experience. While the genesis of the syndromes still remain obscure, in spite of new psychodynamic hypothesis, it is now possible to understand the inner world of the parents better than ever before. The author is able to show by means of his own cases that on the basis of the syndrome is a personality development which is centered in the struggle of self-identity and which does not correspond to our definitions of neurosis or of psychopathy but, rather can assume, at least in some patients, very realistic traits of solving an objective problem of sexual identity.", "PMID": 696007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10328", "title": "[The teaching of understanding as science].", "content": "The author mentions and cites two documents: the first being part of a scientific treatise on deafness, the second part of a medical report. These are the starting points from which the difference between explaining and understanding (Dilthey) is interpreted and illustrated, including points that go beyond the general use of these two terms.--Following the interpretation of the two processes, explaining and understanding, the danger is demonstrated which comes along by mixing up the two ways of coming along with problems, that is to say, using explanations for the domain of understanding and vice-versa. Understanding is not less a realm of science than explaining. On the other hand, the use of explanations in a situation where understanding is required, is as unscientific as is an understanding that oversteps its methodology.", "contents": "[The teaching of understanding as science]. The author mentions and cites two documents: the first being part of a scientific treatise on deafness, the second part of a medical report. These are the starting points from which the difference between explaining and understanding (Dilthey) is interpreted and illustrated, including points that go beyond the general use of these two terms.--Following the interpretation of the two processes, explaining and understanding, the danger is demonstrated which comes along by mixing up the two ways of coming along with problems, that is to say, using explanations for the domain of understanding and vice-versa. Understanding is not less a realm of science than explaining. On the other hand, the use of explanations in a situation where understanding is required, is as unscientific as is an understanding that oversteps its methodology.", "PMID": 696008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10329", "title": "[Short-term dialyses using the Rhodial system].", "content": "In order to achieve an optimal rehabilitation of patients undergoing dialysis an abbreviation of the periods of dialysis with unchanged frequency of dialysis is necessary, when the patients are widely free of symptoms. Using conventional dialysators we only conditionedly succeed in shortening the time and this is not without any problems. The development of the acrylonitril-membrane (RP 6) and the use in the closed system (Rhodial-system) allows an extreme shortening of the time. It is reported on the use of the Rhodial-system since June 1975. The efficiency of the dialysator (RP 6) in the region of the middle molecules makes possible periods of dialysis of 3 times 3 hours a week in oligo-anuric patients. It is reported on the results of more than 3,000 dialyses in the behaviour of the micromolecular substances, of haemoglobin and haematocrit, blood pressure, polyneuropathy as well as of the subjective behaviour of the patient. These results led to abandoning dialyses with conventional membranes, as far as they transgress the time of dialysis of 9 hours a week.", "contents": "[Short-term dialyses using the Rhodial system]. In order to achieve an optimal rehabilitation of patients undergoing dialysis an abbreviation of the periods of dialysis with unchanged frequency of dialysis is necessary, when the patients are widely free of symptoms. Using conventional dialysators we only conditionedly succeed in shortening the time and this is not without any problems. The development of the acrylonitril-membrane (RP 6) and the use in the closed system (Rhodial-system) allows an extreme shortening of the time. It is reported on the use of the Rhodial-system since June 1975. The efficiency of the dialysator (RP 6) in the region of the middle molecules makes possible periods of dialysis of 3 times 3 hours a week in oligo-anuric patients. It is reported on the results of more than 3,000 dialyses in the behaviour of the micromolecular substances, of haemoglobin and haematocrit, blood pressure, polyneuropathy as well as of the subjective behaviour of the patient. These results led to abandoning dialyses with conventional membranes, as far as they transgress the time of dialysis of 9 hours a week.", "PMID": 696018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10330", "title": "[Subvesical urinary track obstruction in children as the cause of chronic renal failure].", "content": "The infantile stenosis of the vesical cervix is a rare disease, etiology and pathogenesis of which are controversial. If it is not treated it leads to uraemia. On the basis of a clinical material consisting of 8 patients clinic and course of the disease are discussed. In the children with stenosis of the vesical cervix observed by us disturbances of the miction (bilateral mictions, thin urinary stream), relapsing abdominal pain, enuresis, minor growth and haematuria were in the first place. We got clearness on the diagnosis by judging the mode of miction, by means of miction cystourethrography and by urethrocystoscopy. Even in stenosis of the vesical cervix with advanced renal insufficiency also in childhood an operation should be performed.", "contents": "[Subvesical urinary track obstruction in children as the cause of chronic renal failure]. The infantile stenosis of the vesical cervix is a rare disease, etiology and pathogenesis of which are controversial. If it is not treated it leads to uraemia. On the basis of a clinical material consisting of 8 patients clinic and course of the disease are discussed. In the children with stenosis of the vesical cervix observed by us disturbances of the miction (bilateral mictions, thin urinary stream), relapsing abdominal pain, enuresis, minor growth and haematuria were in the first place. We got clearness on the diagnosis by judging the mode of miction, by means of miction cystourethrography and by urethrocystoscopy. Even in stenosis of the vesical cervix with advanced renal insufficiency also in childhood an operation should be performed.", "PMID": 696020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10331", "title": "[Effect of a calcium-deficient, phosphate- or ammonia-rich diet on the development and mineral metabolism of growing miniature pigs].", "content": "The metaphylaxis of renal calculi in form of partial withdrawal of Ca and the nutrition rich in phosphate or NH4C1 in children was disputed and not ascertained by animal experiments. For this purpose growing female dwarf pigs got a semisynthetic ration with 1 g Ca and 23 g P, respectively, or 15 g NH4C1 per kg dry feeding mass during 168 days. The dwarf pigs fed poor in Ca had a reduced increase of body-weight of 30%, the pigs fed rich in P and NH4C1 a reduced increase of body-weight of 11 and 16%, respectively, compared with the control dwarf pigs. The feeding regime chosen has no significant influence on the Ca-, P-, Cu-, and Mn-state of the dwarf pigs (alpha greater than 0.05). Only the animals with deficiency of a Ca statistically ascertained stored more Zn in the liver than the control animals. The applied NH4C1 as well as the medicament Ammonchlor SSW contained traces of Cd. Concerning the lacking significant changes of metabolism on account of the retardation of growth conditioned by therapy it cannot be concluded that there is possible a metaphylaxis of the lithiasis in children by partial withdrawal of Ca or additions of P and NH4C1, respectively.", "contents": "[Effect of a calcium-deficient, phosphate- or ammonia-rich diet on the development and mineral metabolism of growing miniature pigs]. The metaphylaxis of renal calculi in form of partial withdrawal of Ca and the nutrition rich in phosphate or NH4C1 in children was disputed and not ascertained by animal experiments. For this purpose growing female dwarf pigs got a semisynthetic ration with 1 g Ca and 23 g P, respectively, or 15 g NH4C1 per kg dry feeding mass during 168 days. The dwarf pigs fed poor in Ca had a reduced increase of body-weight of 30%, the pigs fed rich in P and NH4C1 a reduced increase of body-weight of 11 and 16%, respectively, compared with the control dwarf pigs. The feeding regime chosen has no significant influence on the Ca-, P-, Cu-, and Mn-state of the dwarf pigs (alpha greater than 0.05). Only the animals with deficiency of a Ca statistically ascertained stored more Zn in the liver than the control animals. The applied NH4C1 as well as the medicament Ammonchlor SSW contained traces of Cd. Concerning the lacking significant changes of metabolism on account of the retardation of growth conditioned by therapy it cannot be concluded that there is possible a metaphylaxis of the lithiasis in children by partial withdrawal of Ca or additions of P and NH4C1, respectively.", "PMID": 696021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10332", "title": "[Catheter embolization of malignant kidney tumors].", "content": "It is reported on the occlusion of the renal artery with Spongostan in 25 cases of malignant renal tumours. The embolisation takes place immediately after the angiographic diagnosis of the renal tumour, in which case on account of the simplicity of the method every radiologist working in the field of angiography is able to perform the occlusion of the renal artery. It is not difficult to get embolisation material and it is available in nearly every surgical department. In 15 cases the later on performed extracapsular nephrectomy was, compared with the non-embolised kidneys, was facilitated by an edematous marginal zone and diminution and lacking filling of the tumour veins and on account of the smaller loss of blood led to a reduced operation stress of the patient. Apart from this on account of the missing blood supply of the kidney the ligature of the renal vein could be performed at an earlier moment of the operation and thus an intraoperatively haematogenic metastasation could be prevented. In 10 inoperable cases the embolisation was performed for the exclusion of haematuria and in order to stop and to decrease the further growth of the tumour. On account of the simplicity if the method, connected with the advantages resulting from this, the authors would like no more to miss this approach in future.", "contents": "[Catheter embolization of malignant kidney tumors]. It is reported on the occlusion of the renal artery with Spongostan in 25 cases of malignant renal tumours. The embolisation takes place immediately after the angiographic diagnosis of the renal tumour, in which case on account of the simplicity of the method every radiologist working in the field of angiography is able to perform the occlusion of the renal artery. It is not difficult to get embolisation material and it is available in nearly every surgical department. In 15 cases the later on performed extracapsular nephrectomy was, compared with the non-embolised kidneys, was facilitated by an edematous marginal zone and diminution and lacking filling of the tumour veins and on account of the smaller loss of blood led to a reduced operation stress of the patient. Apart from this on account of the missing blood supply of the kidney the ligature of the renal vein could be performed at an earlier moment of the operation and thus an intraoperatively haematogenic metastasation could be prevented. In 10 inoperable cases the embolisation was performed for the exclusion of haematuria and in order to stop and to decrease the further growth of the tumour. On account of the simplicity if the method, connected with the advantages resulting from this, the authors would like no more to miss this approach in future.", "PMID": 696022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10333", "title": "[Comments on the exchangeability of herring-gull chicks (Larus argentatus) after the 1st week of life].", "content": "In the Biville chalk cliff area the Herring gulls nest both in slope and ground colonies and on cliff ledges. Like the Kittiwake (CULLEN 1957), the cliff-nesting pairs still accept other chicks after the 1st week of life. Gulls in slope and ground colonies, however, attack those chicks older than 4 days in close proximity to their nests (TINBERGEN 1936).", "contents": "[Comments on the exchangeability of herring-gull chicks (Larus argentatus) after the 1st week of life]. In the Biville chalk cliff area the Herring gulls nest both in slope and ground colonies and on cliff ledges. Like the Kittiwake (CULLEN 1957), the cliff-nesting pairs still accept other chicks after the 1st week of life. Gulls in slope and ground colonies, however, attack those chicks older than 4 days in close proximity to their nests (TINBERGEN 1936).", "PMID": 696024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10334", "title": "On social organization and behaviour of the gerenuk Litocranius walleri (Brooke 1878).", "content": "The social organization of the gerenuk in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya, is characterized by single adult male on territories encompassing their entire home ranges, small female-groups of variable composition, often associated with territorial male, and small groups of subadult male. There appear to be no non-territorial adult male (\"bachelors\"). Subadult male wander about considerably, often alone, before they succeed in taking over a territory. Territorial male perform linked urination/defecation and mark dry twigs with the antorbital gland secretion. Agonistic and courtship behaviour resemble those of other gazelles. Mother-young relations conform to the \"hider type\" among bovids.", "contents": "On social organization and behaviour of the gerenuk Litocranius walleri (Brooke 1878). The social organization of the gerenuk in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya, is characterized by single adult male on territories encompassing their entire home ranges, small female-groups of variable composition, often associated with territorial male, and small groups of subadult male. There appear to be no non-territorial adult male (\"bachelors\"). Subadult male wander about considerably, often alone, before they succeed in taking over a territory. Territorial male perform linked urination/defecation and mark dry twigs with the antorbital gland secretion. Agonistic and courtship behaviour resemble those of other gazelles. Mother-young relations conform to the \"hider type\" among bovids.", "PMID": 696025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10335", "title": "[Measurement of CO2-production in incubationvessels using an infrared-CO2-analyser in a gas circuit system (author's transl)].", "content": "A method of recording C-mineralization using an infrared-CO2-analyser is explained. The procedure is based on a closed circuit system containing the incubationvessels. In that circuit gas is streeming until CO2-concentration is constant. Using the observed concentration-value produced CO2 quantity can be determined.", "contents": "[Measurement of CO2-production in incubationvessels using an infrared-CO2-analyser in a gas circuit system (author's transl)]. A method of recording C-mineralization using an infrared-CO2-analyser is explained. The procedure is based on a closed circuit system containing the incubationvessels. In that circuit gas is streeming until CO2-concentration is constant. Using the observed concentration-value produced CO2 quantity can be determined.", "PMID": 696040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10336", "title": "Survival and efficiency of cowpea rhizobia on pelleted and non-pelleted peanut seeds, treated with fungicides.", "content": "Peanut seeds were either normally inoculated with the legume inoculant Okadin, containing cowpea rhizobia, or pelleted and treated with each of the fungicides Brassical, Thiram, Orthocide 75, Falisan, Vitavax 75, and Agrosan. The seeds were then incubated at room (+/- 25 degrees C) or refrigeration temperatures (+/- 5 degrees C). Survival tests were made after 2 and 10 days. Treated seeds were also planted in pots containing Nile silt for testing the efficiency of rhizobia as affected by the fungicide and the pelleting treatments. Pelleting of peanut seeds enhanced the survival of rhizobia whether seeds were incubated at room or refrigeration temperature. Protection was more pronounced when seeds were kept at low temperature. This was true of the fungicides Brassical, Orthocide 75, Vitavax 75, Thiram, and Agrosan. Falisan, however, did not help the rhizobia to survive. All the fungicides tested reduced the number of rhizobia to nil within 10 days when the seeds were normally inoculated and then treated and incubated at room temperature. The numbers of rhizobia were appreciably reduced when incubated at refrigeration temperature. Pelleting tended to prevent the harmful effect of the fungicides. This was clearly demonstrated with a tendency of an increase in the total nitrogen of the plants. On the contrary, normally inoculated and treated seeds grew into plants with reduced amounts of total nitrogen fixed.", "contents": "Survival and efficiency of cowpea rhizobia on pelleted and non-pelleted peanut seeds, treated with fungicides. Peanut seeds were either normally inoculated with the legume inoculant Okadin, containing cowpea rhizobia, or pelleted and treated with each of the fungicides Brassical, Thiram, Orthocide 75, Falisan, Vitavax 75, and Agrosan. The seeds were then incubated at room (+/- 25 degrees C) or refrigeration temperatures (+/- 5 degrees C). Survival tests were made after 2 and 10 days. Treated seeds were also planted in pots containing Nile silt for testing the efficiency of rhizobia as affected by the fungicide and the pelleting treatments. Pelleting of peanut seeds enhanced the survival of rhizobia whether seeds were incubated at room or refrigeration temperature. Protection was more pronounced when seeds were kept at low temperature. This was true of the fungicides Brassical, Orthocide 75, Vitavax 75, Thiram, and Agrosan. Falisan, however, did not help the rhizobia to survive. All the fungicides tested reduced the number of rhizobia to nil within 10 days when the seeds were normally inoculated and then treated and incubated at room temperature. The numbers of rhizobia were appreciably reduced when incubated at refrigeration temperature. Pelleting tended to prevent the harmful effect of the fungicides. This was clearly demonstrated with a tendency of an increase in the total nitrogen of the plants. On the contrary, normally inoculated and treated seeds grew into plants with reduced amounts of total nitrogen fixed.", "PMID": 696041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10337", "title": "Race identification of Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Smith in Egypt.", "content": "Twenty one isolates of Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Smith, which does not occur on hosts other than potato in Egypt, obtained from diseased potato tubers, were collected from different localities in Egypt and used in this study. These 21 isolates were found pathogenic to potato plants, but they were not pathogenic to tobacco and banana plants. All the 21 isolates caused only a yellowish discoloration of the infiltrated area of tobacco leaves by 48 hrs after inoculation and produced low melanin pigments on a tyrosine agar medium. These results indicate that the obtained isolates belong to Race 3. Biochemical studies, performed on five representative isolates, indicated that they all belong to the biochemical biotype II. The results obtained in the present investigation appear to be the first record of P. solanacearum races in Egypt.", "contents": "Race identification of Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Smith in Egypt. Twenty one isolates of Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Smith, which does not occur on hosts other than potato in Egypt, obtained from diseased potato tubers, were collected from different localities in Egypt and used in this study. These 21 isolates were found pathogenic to potato plants, but they were not pathogenic to tobacco and banana plants. All the 21 isolates caused only a yellowish discoloration of the infiltrated area of tobacco leaves by 48 hrs after inoculation and produced low melanin pigments on a tyrosine agar medium. These results indicate that the obtained isolates belong to Race 3. Biochemical studies, performed on five representative isolates, indicated that they all belong to the biochemical biotype II. The results obtained in the present investigation appear to be the first record of P. solanacearum races in Egypt.", "PMID": 696042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10338", "title": "[A solid culture medium, inducing intensive production of conidia in moulds of the species Aspergillus niger (author's transl)].", "content": "Two citric acid-producing strains of the mould Aspergillus niger, cultivated on different sporulation media recommended and well-tried for Aspergilli, showed only poor formation of conidia the harvesting of which was difficult. Starting with a sporulation medium of MOYER et al. and substituting some of the constituents and determining their optimum concentrations, two semi-synthetic media were developed, containing glycerol and/or citric acid. On these sporulation media the two strains exhibited excellent growth and formation of a dense and regular carpet of conidia which could be easily harvested. Attention was payed to the significance of the cultivation temperature. The original biochemical properties of the two strains were not altered.", "contents": "[A solid culture medium, inducing intensive production of conidia in moulds of the species Aspergillus niger (author's transl)]. Two citric acid-producing strains of the mould Aspergillus niger, cultivated on different sporulation media recommended and well-tried for Aspergilli, showed only poor formation of conidia the harvesting of which was difficult. Starting with a sporulation medium of MOYER et al. and substituting some of the constituents and determining their optimum concentrations, two semi-synthetic media were developed, containing glycerol and/or citric acid. On these sporulation media the two strains exhibited excellent growth and formation of a dense and regular carpet of conidia which could be easily harvested. Attention was payed to the significance of the cultivation temperature. The original biochemical properties of the two strains were not altered.", "PMID": 696043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10339", "title": "Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis for microbiological control of insects.", "content": "Eleven of 180 local isolates, belonging to Bacillus thuringiensis, were tested for their pathogenicity to pinkbollworm larvae (Pectinophora gossypiella). Three strains, namely RS-25, RS-35, and RS-45, showed a positive insecticidal activity. Their activities based on the crystalline inclusion bodies. The LD50 (hours) for larvae was 8, 12, and 6 hours, respectively.", "contents": "Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis for microbiological control of insects. Eleven of 180 local isolates, belonging to Bacillus thuringiensis, were tested for their pathogenicity to pinkbollworm larvae (Pectinophora gossypiella). Three strains, namely RS-25, RS-35, and RS-45, showed a positive insecticidal activity. Their activities based on the crystalline inclusion bodies. The LD50 (hours) for larvae was 8, 12, and 6 hours, respectively.", "PMID": 696044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10340", "title": "Tests in vitro and in pots with certain chemicals for inhibition of Pseudomonas solanacearum.", "content": "Twenty one isolates of Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Smith (Race 3) from various parts of Egypt were inhibited in vitro by Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Kanamycin, Oxytetracycline. Tetracycline, Penicillin G, Streptomycin, Nabam (Dithane A-40), Maneb (Dithane M-22), Zinc-ion maneb complex (Dithane M-45), and the insecticide Chlorthion. On the basis of in vitro-sensitivity to the selected 11 chemicals the 21 isolates could not be separated into different groups. Carbendazin (Bavistin), Benomyl, Drazoxolon (Mil-Col), and Temik proved ineffective in inhibiting the in vitro growth of all isolates at all tested concentrations. Preliminary investigations indicate that drenching the soil with solutions of Dithane M-22 (0.25% w/v, Dithane M-45 (0.25%) w/v, or insecticide Chlorthion (50 microgram/ml active ingredient) decreased the incidence of potato wilt disease that developed in soil, artificially infested with P. solanacearum.", "contents": "Tests in vitro and in pots with certain chemicals for inhibition of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Twenty one isolates of Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Smith (Race 3) from various parts of Egypt were inhibited in vitro by Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Kanamycin, Oxytetracycline. Tetracycline, Penicillin G, Streptomycin, Nabam (Dithane A-40), Maneb (Dithane M-22), Zinc-ion maneb complex (Dithane M-45), and the insecticide Chlorthion. On the basis of in vitro-sensitivity to the selected 11 chemicals the 21 isolates could not be separated into different groups. Carbendazin (Bavistin), Benomyl, Drazoxolon (Mil-Col), and Temik proved ineffective in inhibiting the in vitro growth of all isolates at all tested concentrations. Preliminary investigations indicate that drenching the soil with solutions of Dithane M-22 (0.25% w/v, Dithane M-45 (0.25%) w/v, or insecticide Chlorthion (50 microgram/ml active ingredient) decreased the incidence of potato wilt disease that developed in soil, artificially infested with P. solanacearum.", "PMID": 696045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10341", "title": "Sensitivity to lytic agents and DNA base composition of several aerobic spore-bearing bacilli.", "content": "The authors studied the possible relationship between a genetic characteristic, like DNA base composition, and certain phenotypic characteristics, i.e., sensitivity to lytic agents, morphology of colonies, and biochemical reactions in 34 strains of spore-bearing bacilli. From the results obtained two groups of bacilli have been identified. The first group includes the species B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. licheniformis, and B. firmus and one strain of B. megaterium. The mean value of the GC% of the DNA is 44.22 +/- 1.76. All the strains examined are highly sensitive to lysozyme and resistant to sodium lauryl sulphate (S.L.S.); the surface colonies have a \"rhizoid\" appearance and the microcolonies on slide microculture are star-shaped. The second group includes the species B. cereus, B. cereus var. mycoides, B. anthracis, and B. thuringiensis. The mean value of the GC% of the DNA is 33.65 +/- 0.59. All the strains belonging to this group are resistant to both lysozyme and S.L.S., and the surface macro-colonies and the microcolonies have a \"medusae head\" appearance. The two groups also have certain different biochemical reactions; e.g., anaerobic growth and the egg yolk reaction, with few exception, are negative for the first group and positive for the second; furthermore, the strains in the first group (with rare exceptions) cause fermentation in the three carbohydrates, glucose, arabinose, and xylose, while glucose only is fermented by all strains with one exception in the second group. The position of B. megaterium is not yet clear, although one strain may certainly be included in the first group. Lysis by lipase is extremely variable and does not correlate with any of the other characteristics studied. The other species studied in relation to the characteristics, considered in our research (B. coagulans, B. macerans, B. polymyxa, B. laterosporus, B. alvei, B. circulans, B. stearothermophilus, and B. brevis), are not susceptible to grouping, either in the first, or in the second or even in a separate group.", "contents": "Sensitivity to lytic agents and DNA base composition of several aerobic spore-bearing bacilli. The authors studied the possible relationship between a genetic characteristic, like DNA base composition, and certain phenotypic characteristics, i.e., sensitivity to lytic agents, morphology of colonies, and biochemical reactions in 34 strains of spore-bearing bacilli. From the results obtained two groups of bacilli have been identified. The first group includes the species B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. licheniformis, and B. firmus and one strain of B. megaterium. The mean value of the GC% of the DNA is 44.22 +/- 1.76. All the strains examined are highly sensitive to lysozyme and resistant to sodium lauryl sulphate (S.L.S.); the surface colonies have a \"rhizoid\" appearance and the microcolonies on slide microculture are star-shaped. The second group includes the species B. cereus, B. cereus var. mycoides, B. anthracis, and B. thuringiensis. The mean value of the GC% of the DNA is 33.65 +/- 0.59. All the strains belonging to this group are resistant to both lysozyme and S.L.S., and the surface macro-colonies and the microcolonies have a \"medusae head\" appearance. The two groups also have certain different biochemical reactions; e.g., anaerobic growth and the egg yolk reaction, with few exception, are negative for the first group and positive for the second; furthermore, the strains in the first group (with rare exceptions) cause fermentation in the three carbohydrates, glucose, arabinose, and xylose, while glucose only is fermented by all strains with one exception in the second group. The position of B. megaterium is not yet clear, although one strain may certainly be included in the first group. Lysis by lipase is extremely variable and does not correlate with any of the other characteristics studied. The other species studied in relation to the characteristics, considered in our research (B. coagulans, B. macerans, B. polymyxa, B. laterosporus, B. alvei, B. circulans, B. stearothermophilus, and B. brevis), are not susceptible to grouping, either in the first, or in the second or even in a separate group.", "PMID": 696046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10342", "title": "Production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea.", "content": "The natural medium contained the following ingredients (g/l): glucose 8.0, or black strap molasses (treated with 0.2--0.3 g/l EDTA) 12.0, fodder yeast (50.0% total nitrogen) 2.0, or folder yeast (40.0% total nitrogen) 6.0, or yeast extract 8.0, or tryptone 8.0, and CaCO3 1.0. Treated black strap molasses with EDTA and fodder yeast proved to be effective in the fermentative production of gentamicins. The most suitable chelating agent was EDTA in the form of disodium for the treatment of Komombo molasses in a concentration of 0.2--0.3 g/l, while potassium ferrocyanide and methylene blue had depressing effects on the production of gentamicins. The most effective carbon source, present in Egyptian black strap molasses, was glucose. Addition of glucose to the medium was preferable at the beginning of the fermentation process. Trace elements present in molasses were very essential for the microbial growth and biosynthesis of gentamicins as proved when molasses ash was added to the natural medium. Organic nitrogen sources were more suitable than inorganic nitrogen sources for the production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea. The microorganism utilized the synthetic medium, but the antibiotic yields were less than those produced in the natural medium. The synthetic medium exhibited stimulatory effects of certain amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, and purine and pyrimidine bases on the fermentative production of gentamicins. Therefore, the ingredients increasing yields of gentamicins were mainly phenylalanine, iso-leucine, lysine, methionine, leucine, arginine, glycine, beta-alanine, cystine, tryptophan, malic acid, maleic acid, cobalamin, folic acid, riboflavin, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, biotin, nicotinamide, uracil, adenine, guanine, and adenosine. Trace elements (Co, Mo, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) exhibited their important role on the biosynthesis and production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea.", "contents": "Production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea. The natural medium contained the following ingredients (g/l): glucose 8.0, or black strap molasses (treated with 0.2--0.3 g/l EDTA) 12.0, fodder yeast (50.0% total nitrogen) 2.0, or folder yeast (40.0% total nitrogen) 6.0, or yeast extract 8.0, or tryptone 8.0, and CaCO3 1.0. Treated black strap molasses with EDTA and fodder yeast proved to be effective in the fermentative production of gentamicins. The most suitable chelating agent was EDTA in the form of disodium for the treatment of Komombo molasses in a concentration of 0.2--0.3 g/l, while potassium ferrocyanide and methylene blue had depressing effects on the production of gentamicins. The most effective carbon source, present in Egyptian black strap molasses, was glucose. Addition of glucose to the medium was preferable at the beginning of the fermentation process. Trace elements present in molasses were very essential for the microbial growth and biosynthesis of gentamicins as proved when molasses ash was added to the natural medium. Organic nitrogen sources were more suitable than inorganic nitrogen sources for the production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea. The microorganism utilized the synthetic medium, but the antibiotic yields were less than those produced in the natural medium. The synthetic medium exhibited stimulatory effects of certain amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, and purine and pyrimidine bases on the fermentative production of gentamicins. Therefore, the ingredients increasing yields of gentamicins were mainly phenylalanine, iso-leucine, lysine, methionine, leucine, arginine, glycine, beta-alanine, cystine, tryptophan, malic acid, maleic acid, cobalamin, folic acid, riboflavin, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, biotin, nicotinamide, uracil, adenine, guanine, and adenosine. Trace elements (Co, Mo, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) exhibited their important role on the biosynthesis and production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea.", "PMID": 696047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10343", "title": "[Diagnostic prerequisites of hyperselective vagotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "On admission to hospital the radiologic diagnosis of ulcer in 640 patients (407 duodenal ulcer, 233 gastric ulcer) was supplemented by means of gastroduodenoscopy in 207 cases; ERP was performed in few cases. In 51 patients with the initial radiologic diagnosis of duodenal and 28 gastric ulcer (12,3%) decisive alterations of the operative tactics based on the initial diagnosis were made. The differences in the findings neither discredit nor favor one or the other diagnostic procedure. The necessary collaboration between radiologists, endoscopists and surgeons is based, as usual, on technical perfection. When no such prerequisite is available the radiologic diagnosis should be optimized or supplemented through an endoscopic examination.", "contents": "[Diagnostic prerequisites of hyperselective vagotomy (author's transl)]. On admission to hospital the radiologic diagnosis of ulcer in 640 patients (407 duodenal ulcer, 233 gastric ulcer) was supplemented by means of gastroduodenoscopy in 207 cases; ERP was performed in few cases. In 51 patients with the initial radiologic diagnosis of duodenal and 28 gastric ulcer (12,3%) decisive alterations of the operative tactics based on the initial diagnosis were made. The differences in the findings neither discredit nor favor one or the other diagnostic procedure. The necessary collaboration between radiologists, endoscopists and surgeons is based, as usual, on technical perfection. When no such prerequisite is available the radiologic diagnosis should be optimized or supplemented through an endoscopic examination.", "PMID": 696048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10344", "title": "[Protheses of the penis; 130 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their experience (13 years) with circa 130 operations and over 300 exercises on corpse-penes. From 1966 till 1972 the authors used an unilateral device, with inconstant good results. 1972 to 1975: a bifurcated penile implant made from Teflon with better results, but without firm proximal footings; (76 patients). 1975 to 1977: 73 cases = 26 with the new developped penile implant with one-way articulation and 11 with modified Small-Carrion penile implants. These modern protheses can create a true \"phallus\" = 130 to 150 mm long. The implants with one-way articulation guarantee solid posterior footings (very important for immissus in vaginam). The technique with the 3 approaches (perineal, praesymphyseal and distal) is described. The presence of a rigidified big penis was no problem for the patients, as long as it can be bent at its base, painless and efficient = potentia satisfaciendi. In doubtful situations the indication for operation should be settled by a team of specialists.", "contents": "[Protheses of the penis; 130 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report their experience (13 years) with circa 130 operations and over 300 exercises on corpse-penes. From 1966 till 1972 the authors used an unilateral device, with inconstant good results. 1972 to 1975: a bifurcated penile implant made from Teflon with better results, but without firm proximal footings; (76 patients). 1975 to 1977: 73 cases = 26 with the new developped penile implant with one-way articulation and 11 with modified Small-Carrion penile implants. These modern protheses can create a true \"phallus\" = 130 to 150 mm long. The implants with one-way articulation guarantee solid posterior footings (very important for immissus in vaginam). The technique with the 3 approaches (perineal, praesymphyseal and distal) is described. The presence of a rigidified big penis was no problem for the patients, as long as it can be bent at its base, painless and efficient = potentia satisfaciendi. In doubtful situations the indication for operation should be settled by a team of specialists.", "PMID": 696049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10345", "title": "[Malignant tumours of the small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "31 cases of malignant small intestine tumours were treated surgically in a 14 years period. There were no characteristic early signs of disease. The correct preoperative diagnosis was based on radiological examination only. Although radical surgical treatment could be performed in 14 patients only, 29% of the cases reached a survival time of 5 years.", "contents": "[Malignant tumours of the small intestine (author's transl)]. 31 cases of malignant small intestine tumours were treated surgically in a 14 years period. There were no characteristic early signs of disease. The correct preoperative diagnosis was based on radiological examination only. Although radical surgical treatment could be performed in 14 patients only, 29% of the cases reached a survival time of 5 years.", "PMID": 696050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10346", "title": "[Unrecognized perforations of gastric und duodenal ulcers after surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "After operative procedures of greater extent stress ulceration in the stomach or duodenum can arise, sometimes perforating the wall. Unfortunately, such perforations are not diagnosed in time. In a postoperative breakdown of the circulation, which otherwise cannot be explained, stress ulceration and perforation should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Unrecognized perforations of gastric und duodenal ulcers after surgery (author's transl)]. After operative procedures of greater extent stress ulceration in the stomach or duodenum can arise, sometimes perforating the wall. Unfortunately, such perforations are not diagnosed in time. In a postoperative breakdown of the circulation, which otherwise cannot be explained, stress ulceration and perforation should be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 696051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10347", "title": "[Vagotomy and exocrine pancreatic secretion (author's transl)].", "content": "In dogs supplied with chronic pancreatic fistulas, there is no change of the basal exocrine secretion of volume three weeks after a bilateral truncular vagotomy. The normal initial reflex secretion during meal ingestion or glucose loading are abolished. On the whole, the secretory activity is reduced by about 50% after feeding. Secretions of volume and of enzyme protein are inhibited to the same extent, but that of bicarbonate is more strongly influenced. After vagotomy the inhibitory influence on all secretions of a rabidly produced hyperglycemia is reinforced. In pancreatic juice there is immunocreactive insulin activity (less than 1% fo the daily secreted amount). Insulin secreted in pancreatic juice after feeding is strongly reduced after vagotomy. This is the best reproducible proof of an influence on the exocrine pancreatic function of vagotomy.", "contents": "[Vagotomy and exocrine pancreatic secretion (author's transl)]. In dogs supplied with chronic pancreatic fistulas, there is no change of the basal exocrine secretion of volume three weeks after a bilateral truncular vagotomy. The normal initial reflex secretion during meal ingestion or glucose loading are abolished. On the whole, the secretory activity is reduced by about 50% after feeding. Secretions of volume and of enzyme protein are inhibited to the same extent, but that of bicarbonate is more strongly influenced. After vagotomy the inhibitory influence on all secretions of a rabidly produced hyperglycemia is reinforced. In pancreatic juice there is immunocreactive insulin activity (less than 1% fo the daily secreted amount). Insulin secreted in pancreatic juice after feeding is strongly reduced after vagotomy. This is the best reproducible proof of an influence on the exocrine pancreatic function of vagotomy.", "PMID": 696052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10348", "title": "[Secondary acute cholecystitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of acute postoperative cholecystitis following subtotal gastrectomy for carcinoma has been observed. The combination of temporary intraoperative shock and probably vagal denervation of the gallbladder initiated secondary acute cholecystitis. After an emergency type cholecystectomy the patient recovered.", "contents": "[Secondary acute cholecystitis (author's transl)]. A case of acute postoperative cholecystitis following subtotal gastrectomy for carcinoma has been observed. The combination of temporary intraoperative shock and probably vagal denervation of the gallbladder initiated secondary acute cholecystitis. After an emergency type cholecystectomy the patient recovered.", "PMID": 696053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10349", "title": "Immunogenicity of UV-inactivated measles virus.", "content": "By means of the antigen extinction limit test it was shown that a triple dose vaccination of guinea pigs with UV-inactivated measles virus gave better results, than a single dose vaccination which was proved by the very low immunogenicity index. For both vaccination schemes (single and triple) the immune response was only slightly influenced by a change of dose from 10(5) to 10(6) HadU50/ml or by the addition of aluminum adjuvant. In the antigen extinction limit test the antibody levels were determined by two methods (HIT and NT) the results of which were statistically equivalent. The UV-inactivated measles virus was also found to induce hemolysis-inhibiting antibodies.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of UV-inactivated measles virus. By means of the antigen extinction limit test it was shown that a triple dose vaccination of guinea pigs with UV-inactivated measles virus gave better results, than a single dose vaccination which was proved by the very low immunogenicity index. For both vaccination schemes (single and triple) the immune response was only slightly influenced by a change of dose from 10(5) to 10(6) HadU50/ml or by the addition of aluminum adjuvant. In the antigen extinction limit test the antibody levels were determined by two methods (HIT and NT) the results of which were statistically equivalent. The UV-inactivated measles virus was also found to induce hemolysis-inhibiting antibodies.", "PMID": 696055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10350", "title": "[Epidemiological investigation of staphylococcal infections in stocks of SPF-animall (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrence and spread of staphylococcal infections in stocks of SPF-animals were studied over a period of more than three years. The results were compared with observations made by other authors. Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from both sick and healthy animals (mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs) as well as from veterinary staff were lysotyped with the international phage set for epidemiological investigations. The majority of the lysotypes demonstrated in sick mice and rats belonged to lysogroup III (77% and 96% respectively). S. aureus strains with the phage patterns III 6/42E/47/53/54/75/83A/ +, III 54/83A and III 54/83A/85 were most common amongst these animals. The lysotype 80/3c/47/53/54/75/84/85 + occurred in rabbits and guinea pigs only. S. aureus strains of lysogroup I and II, which are frequently involved in skin infections of man, were either found only very scarcely or not at all discovered in the animals tested. Among the veterinary personnel staphylococcal strains of the lysogroups I and III as well as non-classificable strains occurred at a similar rate of approximately 25% each. Several lysotypes (I 29, III 42E/47/53/54/75/77/84/ + M 187) persisted in members of the staff over a stretch of two to three years without causing infection to the animals under their charge. On the other hand, lysotypes isolated from infection sites (abscesses) in the animals were mostly found also in swabs from the nasopharynx of healthy animals and the personnel. The implications of the importation and the spreading of Staphylococci in animal stocks by veterinary staff are pointed out. Factors promoting staphylococcal diseases in animals and measures to prevent S. aureus infection from SPF-animal stocks are discussed.", "contents": "[Epidemiological investigation of staphylococcal infections in stocks of SPF-animall (author's transl)]. The occurrence and spread of staphylococcal infections in stocks of SPF-animals were studied over a period of more than three years. The results were compared with observations made by other authors. Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from both sick and healthy animals (mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs) as well as from veterinary staff were lysotyped with the international phage set for epidemiological investigations. The majority of the lysotypes demonstrated in sick mice and rats belonged to lysogroup III (77% and 96% respectively). S. aureus strains with the phage patterns III 6/42E/47/53/54/75/83A/ +, III 54/83A and III 54/83A/85 were most common amongst these animals. The lysotype 80/3c/47/53/54/75/84/85 + occurred in rabbits and guinea pigs only. S. aureus strains of lysogroup I and II, which are frequently involved in skin infections of man, were either found only very scarcely or not at all discovered in the animals tested. Among the veterinary personnel staphylococcal strains of the lysogroups I and III as well as non-classificable strains occurred at a similar rate of approximately 25% each. Several lysotypes (I 29, III 42E/47/53/54/75/77/84/ + M 187) persisted in members of the staff over a stretch of two to three years without causing infection to the animals under their charge. On the other hand, lysotypes isolated from infection sites (abscesses) in the animals were mostly found also in swabs from the nasopharynx of healthy animals and the personnel. The implications of the importation and the spreading of Staphylococci in animal stocks by veterinary staff are pointed out. Factors promoting staphylococcal diseases in animals and measures to prevent S. aureus infection from SPF-animal stocks are discussed.", "PMID": 696058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10351", "title": "[The influence of non-metabolizable alpha- and beta-glycosides on the regulation of sorbose fermentation of salmonellae (author's transl)].", "content": "Fermentation of sorbose by late positive Salmonella wildtype cultures and by mutant strains splitting this sugar promptly is restrained by the beta-glucoside salicine and likewise by 1-o-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (MGP), but is not influenced by lactose or sucrose. In growing cultures salicine works more powerful on sorbose utilization than MGP while in dense suspensions of non-multiplying bacteria the relations are reversed. Among the majority of wildtype strains this suppressive effect is diminished or abolished by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), but there are strains in which the glucoside effect is enhanced by DMSO. The sorbose fermentation lag in the presence of salicine or MGP is detectable, too, in dense suspensions of promptly splitting Salmonella mutant strains in media poorly supplied with nitrogen and must therefore be attributed to a non-mutative event. From prior work (Stenzel, 1977c) we got some evidence that this event might depend on an inhibition of enzyme induction. Targets and mode of action of the alpha- and beta-glucoside largely seem to be identical, though possibly there might exist minor differences.", "contents": "[The influence of non-metabolizable alpha- and beta-glycosides on the regulation of sorbose fermentation of salmonellae (author's transl)]. Fermentation of sorbose by late positive Salmonella wildtype cultures and by mutant strains splitting this sugar promptly is restrained by the beta-glucoside salicine and likewise by 1-o-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (MGP), but is not influenced by lactose or sucrose. In growing cultures salicine works more powerful on sorbose utilization than MGP while in dense suspensions of non-multiplying bacteria the relations are reversed. Among the majority of wildtype strains this suppressive effect is diminished or abolished by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), but there are strains in which the glucoside effect is enhanced by DMSO. The sorbose fermentation lag in the presence of salicine or MGP is detectable, too, in dense suspensions of promptly splitting Salmonella mutant strains in media poorly supplied with nitrogen and must therefore be attributed to a non-mutative event. From prior work (Stenzel, 1977c) we got some evidence that this event might depend on an inhibition of enzyme induction. Targets and mode of action of the alpha- and beta-glucoside largely seem to be identical, though possibly there might exist minor differences.", "PMID": 696059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10352", "title": "Antibiotic resistance factors and other plasmids in bacterial isolates from hospitalized patients.", "content": "Among 186 arbitrarily selected gram-negative as well as gram-positive bacterial strains isolated from hospitalized patients, 63% were found to harbour plasmids, 42% of the strains with extrachromosomal DNA showed more than one plasmid DNA band in the agarose gel electrophoresis. The highest plasmid frequency was found in the enteric gram-negative microorganisms: 95% to 76% of the analyzed Enterobacter species, Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli isolates harboured plasmids. The plasmid frequency in the Staphylococci and group D Streptococci ranged between 36% and 75%. The examined Pneumococci strains were sensitive to all antibiotics and were found to be free of plasmids. In 45% of the enteric strains studied, the resistance markers were found to be transferable to a sensitive E. coli recipient by conjugation. Some of the resistance genes had not formed a stable complex with a plasmid and were lost during in vitro passage of their bacterial host. The loss of R-factors in vitro causes false diagnostic findings in regard to the in vivo antibiotic sensitivity of such strains. With purified plasmid DNA, individually isolated from E. coli strains, transformants were obtained carrying ampicillin resistance specifying plasmids of different molecular size. This result indicates that plasmids of different molecular size in a single bacterial cell can simultaneously carry ampicillin resistance genes. All findings indicated that the plasmids play an important role for the transfer and the maintenance of antibiotic resistance specifying genes in the bacterial isolates from clinical patients. However, most of the functions coded for by the numerous plasmids in the bacterial isolates remained unknown.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistance factors and other plasmids in bacterial isolates from hospitalized patients. Among 186 arbitrarily selected gram-negative as well as gram-positive bacterial strains isolated from hospitalized patients, 63% were found to harbour plasmids, 42% of the strains with extrachromosomal DNA showed more than one plasmid DNA band in the agarose gel electrophoresis. The highest plasmid frequency was found in the enteric gram-negative microorganisms: 95% to 76% of the analyzed Enterobacter species, Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli isolates harboured plasmids. The plasmid frequency in the Staphylococci and group D Streptococci ranged between 36% and 75%. The examined Pneumococci strains were sensitive to all antibiotics and were found to be free of plasmids. In 45% of the enteric strains studied, the resistance markers were found to be transferable to a sensitive E. coli recipient by conjugation. Some of the resistance genes had not formed a stable complex with a plasmid and were lost during in vitro passage of their bacterial host. The loss of R-factors in vitro causes false diagnostic findings in regard to the in vivo antibiotic sensitivity of such strains. With purified plasmid DNA, individually isolated from E. coli strains, transformants were obtained carrying ampicillin resistance specifying plasmids of different molecular size. This result indicates that plasmids of different molecular size in a single bacterial cell can simultaneously carry ampicillin resistance genes. All findings indicated that the plasmids play an important role for the transfer and the maintenance of antibiotic resistance specifying genes in the bacterial isolates from clinical patients. However, most of the functions coded for by the numerous plasmids in the bacterial isolates remained unknown.", "PMID": 696060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10353", "title": "[The evaluation of the inhibition of the macrophage migration inhibition test with the polysaccharid antigen \"C\" of Taenia saginata in human taeniasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The statistical analysis of results of the leukocyte migration inhibition test with polysaccharide antigen C of T. saginata in 49 patients with taeniasis and 20 healthy persons was performed. Examinations took place in two series: before medication (series I) and 7 days after treatment (series II). In the first series, a significant decrease in the migration index (0.42) was found in the patients' group as compared with that of the control group (0.92). In the second series, the migration index was subject to an increase (0.62) which, however, did not reach the value obtained in the control group. In both series, statistically significant differences in the indices of the test performed were observed between patients and the control group of healthy individuals. The results obtained in the present studies demonstrate that T. saginata invasion in human brings about the development of a cellular hypersensitivity reaction of delayed type which is revealed in the leukocyte migration inhibition test; the elimination of the parasite leads to an impairment of the effect of this reaction within a relatively short period.", "contents": "[The evaluation of the inhibition of the macrophage migration inhibition test with the polysaccharid antigen \"C\" of Taenia saginata in human taeniasis (author's transl)]. The statistical analysis of results of the leukocyte migration inhibition test with polysaccharide antigen C of T. saginata in 49 patients with taeniasis and 20 healthy persons was performed. Examinations took place in two series: before medication (series I) and 7 days after treatment (series II). In the first series, a significant decrease in the migration index (0.42) was found in the patients' group as compared with that of the control group (0.92). In the second series, the migration index was subject to an increase (0.62) which, however, did not reach the value obtained in the control group. In both series, statistically significant differences in the indices of the test performed were observed between patients and the control group of healthy individuals. The results obtained in the present studies demonstrate that T. saginata invasion in human brings about the development of a cellular hypersensitivity reaction of delayed type which is revealed in the leukocyte migration inhibition test; the elimination of the parasite leads to an impairment of the effect of this reaction within a relatively short period.", "PMID": 696061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10354", "title": "[Fenbendazole therapy of experimental larval echinococcosis. I. The effect of fenbendazole on worm burden and protoscolex development of Echinococcus multilocularis (author's transl)].", "content": "Application of fenbendazole (methyl-5-(phenyl-thio)-benzimidazole-2-carbamate) in Echinococcus multilocularis infected mice showed a significant efficiency on the development of the cysts; the worm burden and the number of protoscolices were significantly reduced in the treated animals in comparison with the non-treated control mice. The degree of efficiency was subject to the way of application, the duration of medication, and the parasite strain: 1. On application of f. as medicated feed (500 ppm) worm burden and protoscolex number were reduced the most an average parasite weight of 105 mg and 2 protoscolices against 1942 mg and 99 protoscolices. Treatment by oral application with emulsion of 2.5% (1 ml/mouse/day, 5 x per week over a period of 2--5.5 months) the efficiency was less expressed (845 mg, 53 protoscolices). 2. By extending the treatment from 60 to 102 and 165 days resp. the reduction of worm burden can be increased from 81 to 95%. 3. From 2 parasite strains one which was recently isolated from a fox, reacted more on the treatment than the other one: 85 mg parasite weight against 1218 mg in the nontreated controls. On the other strain continued since about 25 years by intraperitoneal inoculation, the efficiency was more reduced: The worm burden was 866 against 2666 mg in the control mice.", "contents": "[Fenbendazole therapy of experimental larval echinococcosis. I. The effect of fenbendazole on worm burden and protoscolex development of Echinococcus multilocularis (author's transl)]. Application of fenbendazole (methyl-5-(phenyl-thio)-benzimidazole-2-carbamate) in Echinococcus multilocularis infected mice showed a significant efficiency on the development of the cysts; the worm burden and the number of protoscolices were significantly reduced in the treated animals in comparison with the non-treated control mice. The degree of efficiency was subject to the way of application, the duration of medication, and the parasite strain: 1. On application of f. as medicated feed (500 ppm) worm burden and protoscolex number were reduced the most an average parasite weight of 105 mg and 2 protoscolices against 1942 mg and 99 protoscolices. Treatment by oral application with emulsion of 2.5% (1 ml/mouse/day, 5 x per week over a period of 2--5.5 months) the efficiency was less expressed (845 mg, 53 protoscolices). 2. By extending the treatment from 60 to 102 and 165 days resp. the reduction of worm burden can be increased from 81 to 95%. 3. From 2 parasite strains one which was recently isolated from a fox, reacted more on the treatment than the other one: 85 mg parasite weight against 1218 mg in the nontreated controls. On the other strain continued since about 25 years by intraperitoneal inoculation, the efficiency was more reduced: The worm burden was 866 against 2666 mg in the control mice.", "PMID": 696062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10355", "title": "A comparative study of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from clinical material and healthy carriers.", "content": "A total of 190 Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from healthy carriers and clinical material were biotyped according to the Baird-Parker scheme, phage typed by a provisional set of 18 typing phages and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. The majority of the strains from both groups were found to belong to biotype 1. A considerable number of strains were lysed at 100 x RTD by at least  one phage. The strains from healthy carriers were distributed in 24 phage types and about half of them were clustered among three major phage types. Nine of the 30 clinical isolates were of the phage type 130/456 and another nine strains were of eight different phage types. The strain 130/456 represented only three per cent of the phage types from healthy carriers. The clinical strains exhibitbd a multiple resistance pattern to 13 antibiotics. Statistically significant was the difference in the resistance to Penicillin, Streptomycin, Carbenicillin, Erythromycin, Lincomycin, Ampicillin and Kanamycin between the groups of strains from clinical material and healthy carriers. No correlation was observed between biotypes, phage types and antimicrobial susceptibility in both groups of the isolates.", "contents": "A comparative study of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from clinical material and healthy carriers. A total of 190 Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from healthy carriers and clinical material were biotyped according to the Baird-Parker scheme, phage typed by a provisional set of 18 typing phages and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. The majority of the strains from both groups were found to belong to biotype 1. A considerable number of strains were lysed at 100 x RTD by at least  one phage. The strains from healthy carriers were distributed in 24 phage types and about half of them were clustered among three major phage types. Nine of the 30 clinical isolates were of the phage type 130/456 and another nine strains were of eight different phage types. The strain 130/456 represented only three per cent of the phage types from healthy carriers. The clinical strains exhibitbd a multiple resistance pattern to 13 antibiotics. Statistically significant was the difference in the resistance to Penicillin, Streptomycin, Carbenicillin, Erythromycin, Lincomycin, Ampicillin and Kanamycin between the groups of strains from clinical material and healthy carriers. No correlation was observed between biotypes, phage types and antimicrobial susceptibility in both groups of the isolates.", "PMID": 696063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10356", "title": "Epidemiologic Surveillance for Staphylococcus epidermidis infections related to cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Epidemiologic investigation of 20 Staphylococcus infections among valvular and aortocoronary bypass graft patients indicated a broad spectrum of clinical illness in these two groups. The highest infection rate (9.3%) and case specific mortality rate (54.5%) were noted among those patients undergoing cardiovalvular replacement surgery with protheses. The median onset of infection was 6 days suggesting infection during the intraoperative period. Using the epidemiologic data from this investigation, a transmission pattern was formulated and a series of control measures designed to interdict the routes of transmission were instituted wigh marked success. These measures significantly reduced the incidence of S. epidermidis infections among these high risk patients.", "contents": "Epidemiologic Surveillance for Staphylococcus epidermidis infections related to cardiopulmonary bypass. Epidemiologic investigation of 20 Staphylococcus infections among valvular and aortocoronary bypass graft patients indicated a broad spectrum of clinical illness in these two groups. The highest infection rate (9.3%) and case specific mortality rate (54.5%) were noted among those patients undergoing cardiovalvular replacement surgery with protheses. The median onset of infection was 6 days suggesting infection during the intraoperative period. Using the epidemiologic data from this investigation, a transmission pattern was formulated and a series of control measures designed to interdict the routes of transmission were instituted wigh marked success. These measures significantly reduced the incidence of S. epidermidis infections among these high risk patients.", "PMID": 696064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10357", "title": "Ivestigation of coagulase-negative staphylococci from infections in surgical patients.", "content": "All available isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci from patients admitted to a unit for cardiac surgery during a 14-month period were examined. During this time 382 operations, in 220 of which a prosthetic valve was implanted, were performed. 65 patients suffered 76 episodes of postoperative infection. All coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated were classified by biochemical typing, bacteriophage typing and testing of anitbiotic susceptibility. The results of this investigation were reported and discussed especially from an epidemiological point of view.", "contents": "Ivestigation of coagulase-negative staphylococci from infections in surgical patients. All available isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci from patients admitted to a unit for cardiac surgery during a 14-month period were examined. During this time 382 operations, in 220 of which a prosthetic valve was implanted, were performed. 65 patients suffered 76 episodes of postoperative infection. All coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated were classified by biochemical typing, bacteriophage typing and testing of anitbiotic susceptibility. The results of this investigation were reported and discussed especially from an epidemiological point of view.", "PMID": 696065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10358", "title": "Serological investigations on the polylysogeny of micrococci.", "content": "Specific antisera against 11 micrococcal phages could be produced by immunization of rabbits. Using the neutralisation test all antisera were tested against their homologous and heterologous phages. The corresponding K-values were calculated. It could be demonstrated that phages coming from the same micrococcal donor strain can be of different genetical relationship. Therefore it was concluded that micrococci can be not only lysogenic but also polylysogenic.", "contents": "Serological investigations on the polylysogeny of micrococci. Specific antisera against 11 micrococcal phages could be produced by immunization of rabbits. Using the neutralisation test all antisera were tested against their homologous and heterologous phages. The corresponding K-values were calculated. It could be demonstrated that phages coming from the same micrococcal donor strain can be of different genetical relationship. Therefore it was concluded that micrococci can be not only lysogenic but also polylysogenic.", "PMID": 696066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10359", "title": "Detection and preliminary characterization of extrachromosomal DNA in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis frequently harboured extrachromosomal DNA. From the 20 Staphylococcus aureus strains examined 85% contained extrachromosomal DNA and 65% carried more than one plasmid DNA species. The results obtained with the 19 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains analyzed were similar, 84% of the strains had extrachromosomal DNA and 68% contained several DNA species. The agarose gel electrophoresis of the DNA obtained from cleared lysates of the staphylococci proved to be efficient for the detection of plasmids and the determination of their molecular weights. The gel method appeared therefore to be suitable for the establishment of the role of plasmids in the phage typability of staphylococci. Using a Staphylococcus epidermidis strain as an example it was shown by electron microscopy that the extrachromosomal DNA demonstrated by the agarose gel electrophoresis represented covalently closed circular plasmid DNA. This plasmid DNA could be sufficiently labeled with 3H-thymidine to undertake studies on the relationship and molecular characterization of staphylococcal plasmids.", "contents": "Detection and preliminary characterization of extrachromosomal DNA in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis frequently harboured extrachromosomal DNA. From the 20 Staphylococcus aureus strains examined 85% contained extrachromosomal DNA and 65% carried more than one plasmid DNA species. The results obtained with the 19 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains analyzed were similar, 84% of the strains had extrachromosomal DNA and 68% contained several DNA species. The agarose gel electrophoresis of the DNA obtained from cleared lysates of the staphylococci proved to be efficient for the detection of plasmids and the determination of their molecular weights. The gel method appeared therefore to be suitable for the establishment of the role of plasmids in the phage typability of staphylococci. Using a Staphylococcus epidermidis strain as an example it was shown by electron microscopy that the extrachromosomal DNA demonstrated by the agarose gel electrophoresis represented covalently closed circular plasmid DNA. This plasmid DNA could be sufficiently labeled with 3H-thymidine to undertake studies on the relationship and molecular characterization of staphylococcal plasmids.", "PMID": 696067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10360", "title": "Experiences with the typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci.", "content": "Strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci from many sources were biotyped and tested with a set of 20 phages, 19 of which were described by Dean et al. Strains resistant to many antibiotics were generally untypable with these phages. Nearly 50% of untypable strains could be typed by \"reverse\" typing--the characterisation of strains by the pattern of lysis given by their supernates on the propagating strains for the typing phages. This method was also used to clarify the relationship between isolates from an outbreak of septicaemia in a cardiac unit.", "contents": "Experiences with the typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci. Strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci from many sources were biotyped and tested with a set of 20 phages, 19 of which were described by Dean et al. Strains resistant to many antibiotics were generally untypable with these phages. Nearly 50% of untypable strains could be typed by \"reverse\" typing--the characterisation of strains by the pattern of lysis given by their supernates on the propagating strains for the typing phages. This method was also used to clarify the relationship between isolates from an outbreak of septicaemia in a cardiac unit.", "PMID": 696068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10361", "title": "Atrio-ventricular shuntinfections and endocarditis due to Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "Two groups of patients (with endocarditis and with atrioventricular shunt infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis) are presented together with analysis of the causative agents by bio- and phage-typing. Additionally phagocytic function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes of selected patients was investigated but no decreased phagocytic function was found. A possible way of treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Atrio-ventricular shuntinfections and endocarditis due to Staphylococcus epidermidis. Two groups of patients (with endocarditis and with atrioventricular shunt infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis) are presented together with analysis of the causative agents by bio- and phage-typing. Additionally phagocytic function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes of selected patients was investigated but no decreased phagocytic function was found. A possible way of treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 696069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10362", "title": "[Serological typing of Vibrios, nonagglutinating with O-cholera serum, isolated in USSR].", "content": "The authors carried out serological typing of 2008 strains of NAG vibrios isolated in 1968--1975 in 18 territories of the Soviet Union from humans and from the objects of environment. Serological type was established in 40.5% of the srains isolated from humans and in 16% of the strains obtained from the environmental objects. Among persons with acute gastrointestinal diseases serotype 5 was the one which dominated, and among strains from the environment--serotype 8 Sakazaki. Serological type 15 was revealed for the first time in the USSR at the territory of Siberia and the Far East among the NAG-vibrio strains isolated from the environment.", "contents": "[Serological typing of Vibrios, nonagglutinating with O-cholera serum, isolated in USSR]. The authors carried out serological typing of 2008 strains of NAG vibrios isolated in 1968--1975 in 18 territories of the Soviet Union from humans and from the objects of environment. Serological type was established in 40.5% of the srains isolated from humans and in 16% of the strains obtained from the environmental objects. Among persons with acute gastrointestinal diseases serotype 5 was the one which dominated, and among strains from the environment--serotype 8 Sakazaki. Serological type 15 was revealed for the first time in the USSR at the territory of Siberia and the Far East among the NAG-vibrio strains isolated from the environment.", "PMID": 696086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10363", "title": "[Molecular parameters of sensitization of tannin-treated erythrocytes with Salmonella d-flagellin].", "content": "A study was made of the molecular parameters of sensitization of tannin-treated sheep red blood cells with salmonella d-flagellin, depending on the protein dose, exposure, and temperature of the medium; the role played in this process by physical and chemical mechanisms was ascertained, the latter proving to determine the hemosensitization level. Senstivity of the erythrocytic diagnostic agent to the agglutinating action of the specific serum was maximal with a stable binding by a single red blood cell of about 200 000 flagellin molecules, although the limit of stable binding constituted 340 000 molecules per one red blood cell. On condition of saturation limit of the erythrocyte flagellin should block not over half of the cell surface. The temperature elevation during the diagnostic agent preparation is advantageous in technological respect, since it leads to reduction of flagellin expenditure and increases the sensitivity of the passive hemagglutination tests.", "contents": "[Molecular parameters of sensitization of tannin-treated erythrocytes with Salmonella d-flagellin]. A study was made of the molecular parameters of sensitization of tannin-treated sheep red blood cells with salmonella d-flagellin, depending on the protein dose, exposure, and temperature of the medium; the role played in this process by physical and chemical mechanisms was ascertained, the latter proving to determine the hemosensitization level. Senstivity of the erythrocytic diagnostic agent to the agglutinating action of the specific serum was maximal with a stable binding by a single red blood cell of about 200 000 flagellin molecules, although the limit of stable binding constituted 340 000 molecules per one red blood cell. On condition of saturation limit of the erythrocyte flagellin should block not over half of the cell surface. The temperature elevation during the diagnostic agent preparation is advantageous in technological respect, since it leads to reduction of flagellin expenditure and increases the sensitivity of the passive hemagglutination tests.", "PMID": 696087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10364", "title": "[Organ specificity and cytotoxic properties af autoantibodies in brucellosis].", "content": "The presence of freely circulating autoantibodies was studied in patients with various clinical forms of brucellosis. Autoantibodies to the tissues of the liver, lymph nodes, spleen and the heart were revealed in the patients with acute, subacute, and chronic brucellosis. Investigations directed to ascertain the biological role of autoantibodies in brucellosis pointed to the organ specificity. Results of determination of the influence of the circulating antibodies on the intensity of tissue respiration and the processes of dehydration in the hepatic tissue showed antihepatic autoantibodies to produce a cytotoxic (aggressive) action. This confirmed a definite significance of autoimmune processes in the pathogenesis of brucellosis.", "contents": "[Organ specificity and cytotoxic properties af autoantibodies in brucellosis]. The presence of freely circulating autoantibodies was studied in patients with various clinical forms of brucellosis. Autoantibodies to the tissues of the liver, lymph nodes, spleen and the heart were revealed in the patients with acute, subacute, and chronic brucellosis. Investigations directed to ascertain the biological role of autoantibodies in brucellosis pointed to the organ specificity. Results of determination of the influence of the circulating antibodies on the intensity of tissue respiration and the processes of dehydration in the hepatic tissue showed antihepatic autoantibodies to produce a cytotoxic (aggressive) action. This confirmed a definite significance of autoimmune processes in the pathogenesis of brucellosis.", "PMID": 696088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10365", "title": "[Changes in the peripheral blood lymphocytes after immunization and its effect on the course of experimental inflammatory process in the lungs].", "content": "It was shown that in the immunization of rabbits with sorbed staphylococcus toxoid and human albumin, at the height of the immune response there occurred an intensification of biosynthesis and destabilization of lysosomal membranes of blood leukocytes, with a simultaneous development of microcirculation disturbances in the lungs. Development of pneumonia against the background of immunization led to a greater destabilization of the lysosomic membranes of leukocytes and to the intensification in the lungs of infiltrative and destructive processes, in comparison with the course of inflammation in the nonimmunized animals. Peculiarities of the antigens used caused some specificity in the course of pneumonia. A relationship between the changes of blood leukocytes and disturbances in the lungs in immunization is supposed.", "contents": "[Changes in the peripheral blood lymphocytes after immunization and its effect on the course of experimental inflammatory process in the lungs]. It was shown that in the immunization of rabbits with sorbed staphylococcus toxoid and human albumin, at the height of the immune response there occurred an intensification of biosynthesis and destabilization of lysosomal membranes of blood leukocytes, with a simultaneous development of microcirculation disturbances in the lungs. Development of pneumonia against the background of immunization led to a greater destabilization of the lysosomic membranes of leukocytes and to the intensification in the lungs of infiltrative and destructive processes, in comparison with the course of inflammation in the nonimmunized animals. Peculiarities of the antigens used caused some specificity in the course of pneumonia. A relationship between the changes of blood leukocytes and disturbances in the lungs in immunization is supposed.", "PMID": 696089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10366", "title": "[Mechanism of staphylococcin formation].", "content": "The author studied the optic density and the viable cell count in 2 strains of bacteriocinogenic staphylococci and their variants in which the bacteriocinogenicity factor was eliminated. Latent phase was prolonged in strains devoid of bacteriocinogenic factor; it was practically absent in bacteriocinogenic cultures. Bacteriocin production began on the 60th minute and this was accompanied by the death of cells and their lysosomes. With further culture growth bacteriocin formed in jerks and this was accompanied by the death of cells and their lysosomes.", "contents": "[Mechanism of staphylococcin formation]. The author studied the optic density and the viable cell count in 2 strains of bacteriocinogenic staphylococci and their variants in which the bacteriocinogenicity factor was eliminated. Latent phase was prolonged in strains devoid of bacteriocinogenic factor; it was practically absent in bacteriocinogenic cultures. Bacteriocin production began on the 60th minute and this was accompanied by the death of cells and their lysosomes. With further culture growth bacteriocin formed in jerks and this was accompanied by the death of cells and their lysosomes.", "PMID": 696090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10367", "title": "[Role of lysosomes in immunodepression].", "content": "Degrading of heterologous protein--bovine serum albumin--under the action of lysosomes inhibited the immunodepressive preparations with chlorophos and 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Immunodepressors (chlorophos, 2,4-D, cyclophosphane, phosphestrol, methotrexate, ftuoruracil) suppressed the activity of cathepsin, whereas dibasol--an immunostimulant--failed to alter its activity. The principal possibility of the selective immunodepression at the level of lysosome enzymes is substantiated.", "contents": "[Role of lysosomes in immunodepression]. Degrading of heterologous protein--bovine serum albumin--under the action of lysosomes inhibited the immunodepressive preparations with chlorophos and 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Immunodepressors (chlorophos, 2,4-D, cyclophosphane, phosphestrol, methotrexate, ftuoruracil) suppressed the activity of cathepsin, whereas dibasol--an immunostimulant--failed to alter its activity. The principal possibility of the selective immunodepression at the level of lysosome enzymes is substantiated.", "PMID": 696095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10368", "title": "[Immunogenic properties of cholerogen-toxoid and killed corpuscular vaccine in acute experiments on guinea pigs].", "content": "A comparative assessment of the immunogenicity of cholerogen toxoid and of killed corpuscular cholera vaccine was given. Guinea pigs immunized with cholerogen toxoid acquired a greater resistance to the intrapulmonary infection with virulent cholera vibrio culture (immunity index--2.1.10(4)) than those immunized with killed corpuscular vaccine (immunity index--3.5.10(2)). Immunogenicity of cholerogen toxoid could be increased in its combined administration with killed corpuscular vaccine.", "contents": "[Immunogenic properties of cholerogen-toxoid and killed corpuscular vaccine in acute experiments on guinea pigs]. A comparative assessment of the immunogenicity of cholerogen toxoid and of killed corpuscular cholera vaccine was given. Guinea pigs immunized with cholerogen toxoid acquired a greater resistance to the intrapulmonary infection with virulent cholera vibrio culture (immunity index--2.1.10(4)) than those immunized with killed corpuscular vaccine (immunity index--3.5.10(2)). Immunogenicity of cholerogen toxoid could be increased in its combined administration with killed corpuscular vaccine.", "PMID": 696096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10369", "title": "[Interrelationship between delayed hypersensitivity and macrophage resistance to infection by influenza virus].", "content": "Interaction between the influenza virus and the sensitized cells, depending on the number of animal immunizations, was studied on a model of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The maximal suppression of the macrophage migration was observed in 2 weeks in 21% of mice immunized once, and in 35% of mice immunized twice. Three hours after the infection of the macrophage culture with the influenza virus in a dose of 10 EID50 there were revealed in the cells obtained from mice immunized once 70%, and from mice immunized twice 8% of the infectious virus in comparison with the intact macrophages. There was a direct relationship between the delayed hypersensitivity determined in the macrophage inhibition migration test and the macrophage resistance to the infection with the influenza virus.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between delayed hypersensitivity and macrophage resistance to infection by influenza virus]. Interaction between the influenza virus and the sensitized cells, depending on the number of animal immunizations, was studied on a model of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The maximal suppression of the macrophage migration was observed in 2 weeks in 21% of mice immunized once, and in 35% of mice immunized twice. Three hours after the infection of the macrophage culture with the influenza virus in a dose of 10 EID50 there were revealed in the cells obtained from mice immunized once 70%, and from mice immunized twice 8% of the infectious virus in comparison with the intact macrophages. There was a direct relationship between the delayed hypersensitivity determined in the macrophage inhibition migration test and the macrophage resistance to the infection with the influenza virus.", "PMID": 696097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10370", "title": "[Immunogenic and antigenic properties of continuously cultured typhoid bacteria].", "content": "It was shown that in continuous cultivation of typhoid bacilli, by changing the rate of dilution and the regimens of carbohydrate and oxygen supply it was possible to determine conditions under which the most highly immunogenic vaccines were obtained and the maximal synthesis of antigens was observed. The regimen optimal for obtaining the highly immunogenic typhoid vaccines (D = 0.4 h-1; So = 5 g/l; pO2 = 50%) coincided with the regimen at which the maximal O-antigen synthesis was seen, and failed to coincide with the regimens necessary for the greatest synthesis of Vi- and H-antigens.", "contents": "[Immunogenic and antigenic properties of continuously cultured typhoid bacteria]. It was shown that in continuous cultivation of typhoid bacilli, by changing the rate of dilution and the regimens of carbohydrate and oxygen supply it was possible to determine conditions under which the most highly immunogenic vaccines were obtained and the maximal synthesis of antigens was observed. The regimen optimal for obtaining the highly immunogenic typhoid vaccines (D = 0.4 h-1; So = 5 g/l; pO2 = 50%) coincided with the regimen at which the maximal O-antigen synthesis was seen, and failed to coincide with the regimens necessary for the greatest synthesis of Vi- and H-antigens.", "PMID": 696098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10371", "title": "[Pathogenesis and treatment of torsion dystonia].", "content": "A study of the catecholamine excretion, their precursor DOPA and final metabolites--Homovaniline and vanilylphenylglycolic acid in torsion dystonia, detected certain changes which were different in patients with various clinical forms of the disease. On the basis of clinical and biochemical data 3 forms of torsion dystonia were distinguished: 1) with a prevalence in the clinical picture of muscle rigidity, leading to the development of pathological postures;  2) hyperkinetic forms and 3) mixed forms. In patients of the first group there was a decreased excretion of all catecholamines. On the basis of obtained data the conclusion is made that there is a drop in the intensity of the process of dophamine synthesis and an increase of its catabolism. In the hyperkinetic form, on the contrary, there is a tendency to an increase of dophamine synthesis. It is assumed that there is a drop in the intensity of the process of adrenaline synthesis and an increase of its catabolism. On the basis of biochemical heterogeneity of torsion dystonia the authors recommended different approaches in treating different forms of this disease. In a prevalent muscular rigidity the functions of the dophaminergic systems should be intensified: on the one hand, by administering precursors of dophamine L-DOPA, on the other--by inhibiting antagonistic activity with the aid of different cholinolytic preparations. In a hyperkinetic form a favorable effect is attained by preparations, inhibiting the dophaminergic activity (mainly preparations of the phenothiazine and butyrophenon series).", "contents": "[Pathogenesis and treatment of torsion dystonia]. A study of the catecholamine excretion, their precursor DOPA and final metabolites--Homovaniline and vanilylphenylglycolic acid in torsion dystonia, detected certain changes which were different in patients with various clinical forms of the disease. On the basis of clinical and biochemical data 3 forms of torsion dystonia were distinguished: 1) with a prevalence in the clinical picture of muscle rigidity, leading to the development of pathological postures;  2) hyperkinetic forms and 3) mixed forms. In patients of the first group there was a decreased excretion of all catecholamines. On the basis of obtained data the conclusion is made that there is a drop in the intensity of the process of dophamine synthesis and an increase of its catabolism. In the hyperkinetic form, on the contrary, there is a tendency to an increase of dophamine synthesis. It is assumed that there is a drop in the intensity of the process of adrenaline synthesis and an increase of its catabolism. On the basis of biochemical heterogeneity of torsion dystonia the authors recommended different approaches in treating different forms of this disease. In a prevalent muscular rigidity the functions of the dophaminergic systems should be intensified: on the one hand, by administering precursors of dophamine L-DOPA, on the other--by inhibiting antagonistic activity with the aid of different cholinolytic preparations. In a hyperkinetic form a favorable effect is attained by preparations, inhibiting the dophaminergic activity (mainly preparations of the phenothiazine and butyrophenon series).", "PMID": 696099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10372", "title": "[Use of seduxen to arrest acute cochleovestibular syndromes in transient cerebral disorders].", "content": "The authors give a concise characteristics of different types of the cochleovestibular syndromes. On the basis of a study concerning the effect of injectable Seduxen in 54 patients with vascular brain disorders (transient disorders of cerebral circulation, ischemic strokes, chronic vertebro-basillar insufficiency) and 3 patients with cochleo-vestibular syndromes of a non-vascular genesis the conclusion is made of the effectiveness of this preparation for arresting acute vestibular disorders of vascular etiology. The preparation exerts a normalizing multidirected action on the different links of the CNS and the vegetative nervous system.", "contents": "[Use of seduxen to arrest acute cochleovestibular syndromes in transient cerebral disorders]. The authors give a concise characteristics of different types of the cochleovestibular syndromes. On the basis of a study concerning the effect of injectable Seduxen in 54 patients with vascular brain disorders (transient disorders of cerebral circulation, ischemic strokes, chronic vertebro-basillar insufficiency) and 3 patients with cochleo-vestibular syndromes of a non-vascular genesis the conclusion is made of the effectiveness of this preparation for arresting acute vestibular disorders of vascular etiology. The preparation exerts a normalizing multidirected action on the different links of the CNS and the vegetative nervous system.", "PMID": 696100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10373", "title": "[Clinico-rheoencephalographic characteristics of the cerebral form of neurocirculatory dystonia].", "content": "The study is related to a clinical and REG study of 387 patients with cerebral forms of neurocirculatory dystonia, proceeding against the background of normal, increased and decreased arterial pressure. These studies were performed in order to clarify the question of the state of cerebral hemodynamics in this form of vascular pathology. The study detected some general regularities of the changes of cerebral hemodynamics (an increase of the cerebral vascular tone, difficulties of the venous outflow, signs of vascular dystonia in the form of unstable curves and intrahemispheric asymmetry) and some traits in different types of neurocirculatory dystonia as well as some traits of semiotics.", "contents": "[Clinico-rheoencephalographic characteristics of the cerebral form of neurocirculatory dystonia]. The study is related to a clinical and REG study of 387 patients with cerebral forms of neurocirculatory dystonia, proceeding against the background of normal, increased and decreased arterial pressure. These studies were performed in order to clarify the question of the state of cerebral hemodynamics in this form of vascular pathology. The study detected some general regularities of the changes of cerebral hemodynamics (an increase of the cerebral vascular tone, difficulties of the venous outflow, signs of vascular dystonia in the form of unstable curves and intrahemispheric asymmetry) and some traits in different types of neurocirculatory dystonia as well as some traits of semiotics.", "PMID": 696102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10374", "title": "[Effect of droperidol on cerebral circulatory indices in cerebral hemodyscirculations].", "content": "The study deals with the influence of Droperidol introduced intravenously in doses 2.5 mg on the REG indices of cerebral hemodynamics in patients with disorders of cerebral circulation. The achieved data indicate its mild hypotensive effect, an increase of the module of elasticity of the walls in large brain vessels along with a distinct decrease in the cerebral vascular resistance, as well as an improvement of the venous outflow of blood due to the influence of droperidol. The effect of this preparation appeared to be more expressed in patients with hemmorrhages into the brain and its membranes. A drop in the amplitude of brain fluctuations along with a drop of the arterial pressure made it possible to adequately correct the prescription of droperidol to patients with disturbed brain circulation.", "contents": "[Effect of droperidol on cerebral circulatory indices in cerebral hemodyscirculations]. The study deals with the influence of Droperidol introduced intravenously in doses 2.5 mg on the REG indices of cerebral hemodynamics in patients with disorders of cerebral circulation. The achieved data indicate its mild hypotensive effect, an increase of the module of elasticity of the walls in large brain vessels along with a distinct decrease in the cerebral vascular resistance, as well as an improvement of the venous outflow of blood due to the influence of droperidol. The effect of this preparation appeared to be more expressed in patients with hemmorrhages into the brain and its membranes. A drop in the amplitude of brain fluctuations along with a drop of the arterial pressure made it possible to adequately correct the prescription of droperidol to patients with disturbed brain circulation.", "PMID": 696103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10375", "title": "[Prognostic possibilities for polyrheography in patients with different variants of the clinical course of myocardial infarct during the acute period].", "content": "The paper pertains to a comparative study of the nervous system, cerebral and peripheral circulation in 83 patients with different clinical variants of myocardial infarctions during the first decade of the disease. There were no direct correlations between a decrease in the absolute figures of cerebral pulse repletion and the development of a cerebral stroke. However, the study demonstrated a distinct correlation between the development of cerebral stroke in patients with myocardial infarctions during the first decade and insufficiency of the compensatory intensity of blood repletion both in the cerebral and peripheral vascular basins.", "contents": "[Prognostic possibilities for polyrheography in patients with different variants of the clinical course of myocardial infarct during the acute period]. The paper pertains to a comparative study of the nervous system, cerebral and peripheral circulation in 83 patients with different clinical variants of myocardial infarctions during the first decade of the disease. There were no direct correlations between a decrease in the absolute figures of cerebral pulse repletion and the development of a cerebral stroke. However, the study demonstrated a distinct correlation between the development of cerebral stroke in patients with myocardial infarctions during the first decade and insufficiency of the compensatory intensity of blood repletion both in the cerebral and peripheral vascular basins.", "PMID": 696104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10376", "title": "[Carbon dioxide gas provoking and stopping an epileptic seizure].", "content": "The author discusses some mechanisms, conditioning the double role of carbon dioxide in the genesis of epileptical activity, first as a provocative factor, when carbon dioxide is a background against which the epileptical seizure appears and then as arresting the sequalae during the administration of CO2 during a seizure. It was demonstrated that the different action of CO2 was due to different phases in the changed functional state of the brain. The study was accomplished on 80 rabbits of the chenchille breed. The evalution of phases in changes of the functional state of the brain was performed with the aid of the encephalographic method.", "contents": "[Carbon dioxide gas provoking and stopping an epileptic seizure]. The author discusses some mechanisms, conditioning the double role of carbon dioxide in the genesis of epileptical activity, first as a provocative factor, when carbon dioxide is a background against which the epileptical seizure appears and then as arresting the sequalae during the administration of CO2 during a seizure. It was demonstrated that the different action of CO2 was due to different phases in the changed functional state of the brain. The study was accomplished on 80 rabbits of the chenchille breed. The evalution of phases in changes of the functional state of the brain was performed with the aid of the encephalographic method.", "PMID": 696105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10377", "title": "[Discrepancies between clinical and anatomic diagnoses in the diagnosis of brain tumors].", "content": "The presented paper contains some results pertaining to 32 cases of divergent diagnosis in brain tumors according to the data of the prosectorium of the Leningrad N1 psychoneurological nursing home of a hospital type from 1955--1977. The most frequent clinical diagnosis were \"atherosclerosis\" and \"hypertensive disease\". Most of the nondetected brain tumors were arachnoendotheliomas. The authors analyze the causes of such discrepant diagnosis and retrospectively consider some problems of treatment.", "contents": "[Discrepancies between clinical and anatomic diagnoses in the diagnosis of brain tumors]. The presented paper contains some results pertaining to 32 cases of divergent diagnosis in brain tumors according to the data of the prosectorium of the Leningrad N1 psychoneurological nursing home of a hospital type from 1955--1977. The most frequent clinical diagnosis were \"atherosclerosis\" and \"hypertensive disease\". Most of the nondetected brain tumors were arachnoendotheliomas. The authors analyze the causes of such discrepant diagnosis and retrospectively consider some problems of treatment.", "PMID": 696106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10378", "title": "[Two symptoms of elective paresis of individual hand muscles].", "content": "The author describes 2 symptoms of elective lesions of the hand muscles: one of the central genesis, the other--peripheral, vegetative. The first symptom is characterized by a weakening of volar and dorsal interossal muscles of the hand in an increased electrical activity, which is beyond the weakened muscles. It is due to a lesion of filogenetically new cortico-spinal path, adjacent to the pyramidal and participating in the innervation of the muscles of the distal parts of extremities. The second symptom is \"the symptom of the fifth finger\", which is characterized by a selective weakening and decreased electrogenesis of the muscles in the fifth finger--abductor, adductor and the flexor brevis. Due to this it is likely caused by the activation of beta2-adrenoreceptors in the neuromuscular synapse, evoked by the irritation of cervical sympathical nodes and seen in degenerative changes of the cervical intravertebral discs, isolated cervical sympathalgia and toxico-infectious vegetative-vascular processes, especially hypothalamic.", "contents": "[Two symptoms of elective paresis of individual hand muscles]. The author describes 2 symptoms of elective lesions of the hand muscles: one of the central genesis, the other--peripheral, vegetative. The first symptom is characterized by a weakening of volar and dorsal interossal muscles of the hand in an increased electrical activity, which is beyond the weakened muscles. It is due to a lesion of filogenetically new cortico-spinal path, adjacent to the pyramidal and participating in the innervation of the muscles of the distal parts of extremities. The second symptom is \"the symptom of the fifth finger\", which is characterized by a selective weakening and decreased electrogenesis of the muscles in the fifth finger--abductor, adductor and the flexor brevis. Due to this it is likely caused by the activation of beta2-adrenoreceptors in the neuromuscular synapse, evoked by the irritation of cervical sympathical nodes and seen in degenerative changes of the cervical intravertebral discs, isolated cervical sympathalgia and toxico-infectious vegetative-vascular processes, especially hypothalamic.", "PMID": 696107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10379", "title": "[Use of focused ultrasound in studying the tactile sensitivity of neurologic patients].", "content": "Tactile thresholds were measured with the focused ultrasound in 21 healthy subjects and 30 patients with various neurological diseases. All patients in spite of the level and origin of the disorder in the tactile--conducting pathways exhibited increased thresholds which were the most evident with 0.1--1 msec stimulus duration. This method allows not only to confirm the disorder of the tactile sensation, but to characterize it quantitatively including \"subclinical\" degree as well.", "contents": "[Use of focused ultrasound in studying the tactile sensitivity of neurologic patients]. Tactile thresholds were measured with the focused ultrasound in 21 healthy subjects and 30 patients with various neurological diseases. All patients in spite of the level and origin of the disorder in the tactile--conducting pathways exhibited increased thresholds which were the most evident with 0.1--1 msec stimulus duration. This method allows not only to confirm the disorder of the tactile sensation, but to characterize it quantitatively including \"subclinical\" degree as well.", "PMID": 696108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10380", "title": "[Comparison between clinical and pathologoanatomic diagnoses according to the records of the Irkutsk Nervous Diseases Clinic for the past 20 years (1956--1975)].", "content": "The authors have studied post-mortem data of the Irkutsk Clinic of nervous diseases for the past 20 years (1956--1975). During this period a total of 19277 primary patients were treated, 371 of whom died (the per cent of lethality--1,9%), a coincidence of diagnosis was in 83%, a discrepancy--in 12,6%. A discrepancy of diagnosis was being analyzed according to the 3 largest groups: tumours, disorders of circulation, malignant brain tumors and undiscerned complications of the main disease and accompanying disorders. The large sectional material of the clinic over the past 30 years (1946--1975) including 666 postmortems (the material from 1946--1955 consisting of 342 sections was studied and published previously) gives ground to attempt to find out the causes of errors and to suggest some recommendations, related to the Instructions for Comparison of Clinical Pathoanatomical Diagnoses. The authors stress the exceptional importance of collaborative work both of clinicians and prosectors in order to improve the health organization and treatment of patients.", "contents": "[Comparison between clinical and pathologoanatomic diagnoses according to the records of the Irkutsk Nervous Diseases Clinic for the past 20 years (1956--1975)]. The authors have studied post-mortem data of the Irkutsk Clinic of nervous diseases for the past 20 years (1956--1975). During this period a total of 19277 primary patients were treated, 371 of whom died (the per cent of lethality--1,9%), a coincidence of diagnosis was in 83%, a discrepancy--in 12,6%. A discrepancy of diagnosis was being analyzed according to the 3 largest groups: tumours, disorders of circulation, malignant brain tumors and undiscerned complications of the main disease and accompanying disorders. The large sectional material of the clinic over the past 30 years (1946--1975) including 666 postmortems (the material from 1946--1955 consisting of 342 sections was studied and published previously) gives ground to attempt to find out the causes of errors and to suggest some recommendations, related to the Instructions for Comparison of Clinical Pathoanatomical Diagnoses. The authors stress the exceptional importance of collaborative work both of clinicians and prosectors in order to improve the health organization and treatment of patients.", "PMID": 696109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10381", "title": "[Latent endogenous depressions. II. Clinical systematics].", "content": "On the basis of clinico-catamnestical study of 384 patients with cyclothymia (96 cases), schizoaffective psychoses (104 cases) and shift-like schizophrenia (184 cases) with the syndrome of larvate depression the author describes the autodevelopment of syndromes beginning from astheno-vegetative, cenestopathic up to delusional-hypochondriacal. Due to the obtained data and literature data the author bases the clinico-scientific continuity of the problem of larvate depressions with the most ancient problem of hypochondria. The independency of larvate depressions as a separate disease is being denied.", "contents": "[Latent endogenous depressions. II. Clinical systematics]. On the basis of clinico-catamnestical study of 384 patients with cyclothymia (96 cases), schizoaffective psychoses (104 cases) and shift-like schizophrenia (184 cases) with the syndrome of larvate depression the author describes the autodevelopment of syndromes beginning from astheno-vegetative, cenestopathic up to delusional-hypochondriacal. Due to the obtained data and literature data the author bases the clinico-scientific continuity of the problem of larvate depressions with the most ancient problem of hypochondria. The independency of larvate depressions as a separate disease is being denied.", "PMID": 696110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10382", "title": "[Pathophysiologic mechanisms of depressive states of endogenous or exogenous origin].", "content": "A total of 117 patients with depression of a various genesis were studied. The patients with endogenous (circular) depression displayed a correlation between the EEG, vascular and vegetative tonus, catecholamine excretion (especially noradrenaline) and peculiarities of the clinical picture. In patients with somatogenic depression a correlation between the studied indices of a functional state of an organism is not present. Psychogenic depression is characterized by a domination of desynchronized activity of low volts in the EEG and the existence of expressed sympathicotony of the peripheral vegetative system, while statistically significant shifts of the vascular tonus and catecholamine excreation are absent.", "contents": "[Pathophysiologic mechanisms of depressive states of endogenous or exogenous origin]. A total of 117 patients with depression of a various genesis were studied. The patients with endogenous (circular) depression displayed a correlation between the EEG, vascular and vegetative tonus, catecholamine excretion (especially noradrenaline) and peculiarities of the clinical picture. In patients with somatogenic depression a correlation between the studied indices of a functional state of an organism is not present. Psychogenic depression is characterized by a domination of desynchronized activity of low volts in the EEG and the existence of expressed sympathicotony of the peripheral vegetative system, while statistically significant shifts of the vascular tonus and catecholamine excreation are absent.", "PMID": 696111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10383", "title": "[Serum enzyme activity in epileptic patients].", "content": "The authors studied the activity of blood transaminase in 50 epileptic patients during different clinical periods--interattack period, prior  to attacks and following different by severity paroxysms. It was found that there was increase in the transaminase activity due to the occurence of seizures. It is considered that at the basis of such changes are hemodynamical changes due to seizures and changes caused by long-term treatment with anti convulsive drugs.", "contents": "[Serum enzyme activity in epileptic patients]. The authors studied the activity of blood transaminase in 50 epileptic patients during different clinical periods--interattack period, prior  to attacks and following different by severity paroxysms. It was found that there was increase in the transaminase activity due to the occurence of seizures. It is considered that at the basis of such changes are hemodynamical changes due to seizures and changes caused by long-term treatment with anti convulsive drugs.", "PMID": 696112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10384", "title": "[Role of the degree and character of identical parental loading as a factor in the clinical polymorphism of epilepsy].", "content": "A comparative clinico-constitutional analysis of 73 cases of epilepsy with an identical parental loading and 179 without it, demonstrated that the degree and character of a parental loading is one of the genotypical factors determining the fenotypical polymorphism of epilepsy. This circumstances causes the frequency of associations with dysgenesia, epileptoid traits, modifying the age of manifestation and progression of the disease. This should also be taken into consideration in prognosticating the severity of epilepsy during treatment and socio-labor adaptation in patients depending upon the degree and character of identical parental loading.", "contents": "[Role of the degree and character of identical parental loading as a factor in the clinical polymorphism of epilepsy]. A comparative clinico-constitutional analysis of 73 cases of epilepsy with an identical parental loading and 179 without it, demonstrated that the degree and character of a parental loading is one of the genotypical factors determining the fenotypical polymorphism of epilepsy. This circumstances causes the frequency of associations with dysgenesia, epileptoid traits, modifying the age of manifestation and progression of the disease. This should also be taken into consideration in prognosticating the severity of epilepsy during treatment and socio-labor adaptation in patients depending upon the degree and character of identical parental loading.", "PMID": 696113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10385", "title": "[Initial mental disorders in rheumatism].", "content": "The paper deals with 11 cases of mental disorders appearing during the initial phases of rheumatism. Their duration and psychopathological traits were related to the development acuity and expressiveness of the clinical picture of rheumatism. The author indicates special traits of mental disorders in latent rheumatism, the beginning of which are at times difficult to estimate. Factors promoting the appearance of relapses of mental disorders are being evaluated.", "contents": "[Initial mental disorders in rheumatism]. The paper deals with 11 cases of mental disorders appearing during the initial phases of rheumatism. Their duration and psychopathological traits were related to the development acuity and expressiveness of the clinical picture of rheumatism. The author indicates special traits of mental disorders in latent rheumatism, the beginning of which are at times difficult to estimate. Factors promoting the appearance of relapses of mental disorders are being evaluated.", "PMID": 696115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10386", "title": "[Speech disorders in senile dementia].", "content": "A neurolinguistical analysis of speech by the articulation method of E. N. Vinarskaya in patients with senile dementia (4 cases) and its combination with cerebral atherosclerosis (4 cases) permitted to detect a primary \"level\" defect in the speech functional system. The study demonstrated a prevalent lesion of the lower, gnostico-praxis level in combination of 2 processes and prevalence of disorders of a higher, phenological (lingual)--in cases of \"pure\" senile dementia. A comparison of the clinical stage of the disease and the level of lesion in the speech functional system showed a possibility of an unusual (from lower to higher) destruction in patients with senile dementia with preservation of the \"ordinary\" regularity from the higher to lower) in memory and intellectual impairment. The detected characters of a primary speech defect in senile atrophy permitted to allocate speech disorders in such cases to genuine aphatical (focal)--the syndrome of superior-temporal area of the left hemisphere of the temporal-acoustical aphasia according to A.R. Luria. It is demonstrated that in this defect there is an involvement and disturbance of the subcortical structures as an expression of a diffusion of the destructive process.", "contents": "[Speech disorders in senile dementia]. A neurolinguistical analysis of speech by the articulation method of E. N. Vinarskaya in patients with senile dementia (4 cases) and its combination with cerebral atherosclerosis (4 cases) permitted to detect a primary \"level\" defect in the speech functional system. The study demonstrated a prevalent lesion of the lower, gnostico-praxis level in combination of 2 processes and prevalence of disorders of a higher, phenological (lingual)--in cases of \"pure\" senile dementia. A comparison of the clinical stage of the disease and the level of lesion in the speech functional system showed a possibility of an unusual (from lower to higher) destruction in patients with senile dementia with preservation of the \"ordinary\" regularity from the higher to lower) in memory and intellectual impairment. The detected characters of a primary speech defect in senile atrophy permitted to allocate speech disorders in such cases to genuine aphatical (focal)--the syndrome of superior-temporal area of the left hemisphere of the temporal-acoustical aphasia according to A.R. Luria. It is demonstrated that in this defect there is an involvement and disturbance of the subcortical structures as an expression of a diffusion of the destructive process.", "PMID": 696116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10387", "title": "[Several functions of the visual analyzer in chronic alcoholic patients].", "content": "The authors examined 615 patients with chronic alcoholism. The study demonstrated an increased number of individuals with myopia, presbyopia, amblyopia, angiomas and angiosclerosis among them as compared to that of the general population. The frequency of optical nerve atrophies in the patients was not high (0.32%). In 205 cases the function of colour sensory and darkness adaptation was determined. The highest frequency of colour sensory was in the group of patients with the withdrawal syndrome. Eventually this function had a tendency towards restitution. The velocity of darkness adaptation was drastically changed in patients with chronic alcoholism but it was also reversible.", "contents": "[Several functions of the visual analyzer in chronic alcoholic patients]. The authors examined 615 patients with chronic alcoholism. The study demonstrated an increased number of individuals with myopia, presbyopia, amblyopia, angiomas and angiosclerosis among them as compared to that of the general population. The frequency of optical nerve atrophies in the patients was not high (0.32%). In 205 cases the function of colour sensory and darkness adaptation was determined. The highest frequency of colour sensory was in the group of patients with the withdrawal syndrome. Eventually this function had a tendency towards restitution. The velocity of darkness adaptation was drastically changed in patients with chronic alcoholism but it was also reversible.", "PMID": 696117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10388", "title": "[Long-term treatment of schizophrenic patients with leponex (clozapine)].", "content": "The authors studied a prolonged (3--5 years) use of leponex in 23 patients with the most progressive forms of schizophrenia (hebephrenic, paranoid and close to them attack-like). The study included the influence on the frequency and duration of relapses, on the dynamics of the so-called productive and negative disorders and social adaptation. The achieved data indicate that leponex possesses certain advantages compared to other neuroleptical drugs in prolonged maintenance therapy. Leponex has a rather \"universal\" psychopharmacological effect which includes a capability of arresting acute psychoses, exerts a psychoregulating influence on the general behaviour, contacts and socio-working adaptation, distinctly alleviates the clinical signs and frequency of relapses. Due to the absence of motor disturbances and minimum of other side-effects leponex is quite convenient for prolonged use and promotes a higher quality of remissions.", "contents": "[Long-term treatment of schizophrenic patients with leponex (clozapine)]. The authors studied a prolonged (3--5 years) use of leponex in 23 patients with the most progressive forms of schizophrenia (hebephrenic, paranoid and close to them attack-like). The study included the influence on the frequency and duration of relapses, on the dynamics of the so-called productive and negative disorders and social adaptation. The achieved data indicate that leponex possesses certain advantages compared to other neuroleptical drugs in prolonged maintenance therapy. Leponex has a rather \"universal\" psychopharmacological effect which includes a capability of arresting acute psychoses, exerts a psychoregulating influence on the general behaviour, contacts and socio-working adaptation, distinctly alleviates the clinical signs and frequency of relapses. Due to the absence of motor disturbances and minimum of other side-effects leponex is quite convenient for prolonged use and promotes a higher quality of remissions.", "PMID": 696118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10389", "title": "[Reaction of the pre-edematous brain to an increase in venous pressure].", "content": "Changes in the volume of the open brain were recorded in rabbit experiments (\"chest-head\" preparation) in a series of tests with controlled increase in general venous pressure by approximately 13 mm Hg. At the beginning of the experiments the changei in the volume of the open brain and general venous pressure occurred parallely to each other, but later, when the brain became preedematous, hysteresis was detected on the curves of their dependence. Hysteresis increased gradually during the experiment, indicating that impedement of blood drainage from the venous system of the brain and/or resorption of fluid from its tissue had begun to the development of stable edema. It is assumed that the predematous condition of the brain is caused by changes either in the mechanical properties of its tissue or in its osmolarity.", "contents": "[Reaction of the pre-edematous brain to an increase in venous pressure]. Changes in the volume of the open brain were recorded in rabbit experiments (\"chest-head\" preparation) in a series of tests with controlled increase in general venous pressure by approximately 13 mm Hg. At the beginning of the experiments the changei in the volume of the open brain and general venous pressure occurred parallely to each other, but later, when the brain became preedematous, hysteresis was detected on the curves of their dependence. Hysteresis increased gradually during the experiment, indicating that impedement of blood drainage from the venous system of the brain and/or resorption of fluid from its tissue had begun to the development of stable edema. It is assumed that the predematous condition of the brain is caused by changes either in the mechanical properties of its tissue or in its osmolarity.", "PMID": 696120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10390", "title": "[Role of intracerebral pressure and local cerebral blood flow in predicting the outcome in brain lesions].", "content": "Long-term, continuous quantitative study of intracerebral pressure and local cerebral blood flow in patients with lesions of the brain was undertaken for the purpose of using the data obtained for prognosticating the outcome in the postoperative period. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the most probable outcome of the disease (P less than 0.05) may be prognosticated from the relations between the intracerebral pressure and the local cerebral blood flow for each postoperative day (10 days). The authors obtained the values of intracranial pressure and local cerebral blood flow which are characteristic of an unfavourable outcome in lesions of the brain.", "contents": "[Role of intracerebral pressure and local cerebral blood flow in predicting the outcome in brain lesions]. Long-term, continuous quantitative study of intracerebral pressure and local cerebral blood flow in patients with lesions of the brain was undertaken for the purpose of using the data obtained for prognosticating the outcome in the postoperative period. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the most probable outcome of the disease (P less than 0.05) may be prognosticated from the relations between the intracerebral pressure and the local cerebral blood flow for each postoperative day (10 days). The authors obtained the values of intracranial pressure and local cerebral blood flow which are characteristic of an unfavourable outcome in lesions of the brain.", "PMID": 696122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10391", "title": "[Effect of body position on cerebral circulation in neurosurgical patients].", "content": "The mechanisms of the regulation of blood drainage from the brain were defined more precisely in 87 neurosurgical patients on the basis of comprehensive examination of cerebral circulation. The vertebral venous plexus was found to play the most important role in this process. Under normal conditions, when the patient is lying blood drains along the internal jugular veins, when he is sitting it drains mainly along the vertebral venous plexus. In patients remaining in a horizontal position for a long period of time the regulation of venous drainage is impaired. In such cases blood drains along the internal jugular veins and the vertebral venous plexus both when the person is lying and when he is sitting. This may cause a deterioration in the condition of bed-ridden patients during and after an operation performed with the patient in a sitting position.", "contents": "[Effect of body position on cerebral circulation in neurosurgical patients]. The mechanisms of the regulation of blood drainage from the brain were defined more precisely in 87 neurosurgical patients on the basis of comprehensive examination of cerebral circulation. The vertebral venous plexus was found to play the most important role in this process. Under normal conditions, when the patient is lying blood drains along the internal jugular veins, when he is sitting it drains mainly along the vertebral venous plexus. In patients remaining in a horizontal position for a long period of time the regulation of venous drainage is impaired. In such cases blood drains along the internal jugular veins and the vertebral venous plexus both when the person is lying and when he is sitting. This may cause a deterioration in the condition of bed-ridden patients during and after an operation performed with the patient in a sitting position.", "PMID": 696123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10392", "title": "[Transcapillary water filtration in the presence of an increase in intravascular pressure as a factor in the development of brain edema].", "content": "The concentration of K+ and Na+ ions in the extracellular fluid of the parietal cortex of the brain was studied in experiments on rabbits (\"chest-head\" preparation) by means of selective electrodes during a controlled increase in general venous pressure by approximately 13 mm Hg. A decrease in the concentration of Na+ ions and mild changes in the concentration of K+ ions indicated that the extracellular fluid was diluted due to filtration of water from the blood vessels. In the normal brain this process was reversible, while in a pre-edematous condition the excess filtration of water led ultimately to the development of edema of the brain with the corresponding changes in the function of the plasma membranes and changes in the concentration of K+ and Na+ ions in the extracellular fluid.", "contents": "[Transcapillary water filtration in the presence of an increase in intravascular pressure as a factor in the development of brain edema]. The concentration of K+ and Na+ ions in the extracellular fluid of the parietal cortex of the brain was studied in experiments on rabbits (\"chest-head\" preparation) by means of selective electrodes during a controlled increase in general venous pressure by approximately 13 mm Hg. A decrease in the concentration of Na+ ions and mild changes in the concentration of K+ ions indicated that the extracellular fluid was diluted due to filtration of water from the blood vessels. In the normal brain this process was reversible, while in a pre-edematous condition the excess filtration of water led ultimately to the development of edema of the brain with the corresponding changes in the function of the plasma membranes and changes in the concentration of K+ and Na+ ions in the extracellular fluid.", "PMID": 696121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10393", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of brain tumors and chronic subdural hematomas according to echoencephalographic and electroencephalographic findings].", "content": "Examination of 15 patients with tumors of the brain in whom the presence of subdural hematomas could not be excluded and of 27 patients with chronic subdural hematomas revealed that displacement of the M-echo was 8 +/- 0.43 mm on the average in chronic subdural hematomas and 5.6 +/- 0.43 mm in tumors. EEG abnormalities were observed in 100% of cases with tumors and were mostly of a coarse character. In chronic subdural hematomas EEG abnormalities were relatively rare (18.5%) and were less manifested than those in tumors. The statistical significance of the differences evidently allows the sign of the dissociation of the EEG and Echo-EG data in chronic subdural hematomas to be used for the differentiation of the disease from tumors.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of brain tumors and chronic subdural hematomas according to echoencephalographic and electroencephalographic findings]. Examination of 15 patients with tumors of the brain in whom the presence of subdural hematomas could not be excluded and of 27 patients with chronic subdural hematomas revealed that displacement of the M-echo was 8 +/- 0.43 mm on the average in chronic subdural hematomas and 5.6 +/- 0.43 mm in tumors. EEG abnormalities were observed in 100% of cases with tumors and were mostly of a coarse character. In chronic subdural hematomas EEG abnormalities were relatively rare (18.5%) and were less manifested than those in tumors. The statistical significance of the differences evidently allows the sign of the dissociation of the EEG and Echo-EG data in chronic subdural hematomas to be used for the differentiation of the disease from tumors.", "PMID": 696126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10394", "title": "[Ultrastructure of cerebral cortical synapses in closed craniocerebral injuries].", "content": "The brain of 5 individuals with an open craniocerebral trauma was examined with an electron microscope. Changes in interneuron structures were found. Occasional synaptic vesicles grow in size and move away from the presynaptic membrane. The number of synaptic vesicles decreases and they gather in groups (agglutination). The presynaptic membrane thickens and the synaptic cleft is closed with an electron-dense substance. The mitochondria are damaged. Glycogen granules and lysosomes appear as signs of synapse degeneration.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of cerebral cortical synapses in closed craniocerebral injuries]. The brain of 5 individuals with an open craniocerebral trauma was examined with an electron microscope. Changes in interneuron structures were found. Occasional synaptic vesicles grow in size and move away from the presynaptic membrane. The number of synaptic vesicles decreases and they gather in groups (agglutination). The presynaptic membrane thickens and the synaptic cleft is closed with an electron-dense substance. The mitochondria are damaged. Glycogen granules and lysosomes appear as signs of synapse degeneration.", "PMID": 696125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10395", "title": "[Treatment of brain stem tumors].", "content": "The results of surgical and combined treatment of 155 patients with tumors spreading to various parts of the brain stem as well as the catamnestic data on 50 of 75 patients dismissed from the clinic were studied. The difficulties of identifying a tumor of the stem are shown and methods of neurosurgical diagnosis necessary for determining the precise character of the process and localization of the tumor are discussed. It is stressed that tumors of the stem attended with the hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome must be treated surgically. The treatment should be aimed at partial removal of the tumor or evacuation of the cyst, decompression of the stem, and restoration of C.S.F. drainage by applying bilateral ventriculo-cisternal drainage. It is shown that radiotherapy applied in addition to surgical treatment improves the outcomes.", "contents": "[Treatment of brain stem tumors]. The results of surgical and combined treatment of 155 patients with tumors spreading to various parts of the brain stem as well as the catamnestic data on 50 of 75 patients dismissed from the clinic were studied. The difficulties of identifying a tumor of the stem are shown and methods of neurosurgical diagnosis necessary for determining the precise character of the process and localization of the tumor are discussed. It is stressed that tumors of the stem attended with the hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome must be treated surgically. The treatment should be aimed at partial removal of the tumor or evacuation of the cyst, decompression of the stem, and restoration of C.S.F. drainage by applying bilateral ventriculo-cisternal drainage. It is shown that radiotherapy applied in addition to surgical treatment improves the outcomes.", "PMID": 696127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10396", "title": "[State of the vertebral canal in vertebral and spinal cord injuries].", "content": "The results of the analysis of 128 patients who had died after trauma of the spine and spinal cord are discussed. Total disturbance of the anatomical intactness of the vertebral canal walls was demonstrated on all specimens. In 85% of patients there were fractures with or without displacement of the injured vertebra; 15% of patients had suffered injury only to the ligamentous-capsular apparatus, the disk included, with no displacement--dislocation of the vertebra. The shape of the vertebral canal was distorted only in cases with displacement of the vertebra. The area of the canal was reduced to almost half the size demonstrated on the radiograms.", "contents": "[State of the vertebral canal in vertebral and spinal cord injuries]. The results of the analysis of 128 patients who had died after trauma of the spine and spinal cord are discussed. Total disturbance of the anatomical intactness of the vertebral canal walls was demonstrated on all specimens. In 85% of patients there were fractures with or without displacement of the injured vertebra; 15% of patients had suffered injury only to the ligamentous-capsular apparatus, the disk included, with no displacement--dislocation of the vertebra. The shape of the vertebral canal was distorted only in cases with displacement of the vertebra. The area of the canal was reduced to almost half the size demonstrated on the radiograms.", "PMID": 696128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10397", "title": "Estimation of femoral arterial blood flow from femoral venous oxygen saturation.", "content": "In six patients in whom a femoro-popliteal vein bypass graft was performed for intermittent claudication, the relationship between the haemodynamic state of the leg and the femoral venous oxygen saturation before and after local vasodilatation was investigated. The study was undertaken with special reference to the known influence of hypovolaemia on the leg blood flow. It is concluded that a femoral venous oxygen saturation below 70%indicates that the leg blood flow is less than 200 ml/min and that the bypass flow is less than 100 ml/min and thus within a range in which the incidence of early thrombosis is high. Furthermore, an increase in femoral venous oxygen saturation of 10% or more on local vasodilatation indicates a state of hypovolaemia, necessitating further blood substitution.", "contents": "Estimation of femoral arterial blood flow from femoral venous oxygen saturation. In six patients in whom a femoro-popliteal vein bypass graft was performed for intermittent claudication, the relationship between the haemodynamic state of the leg and the femoral venous oxygen saturation before and after local vasodilatation was investigated. The study was undertaken with special reference to the known influence of hypovolaemia on the leg blood flow. It is concluded that a femoral venous oxygen saturation below 70%indicates that the leg blood flow is less than 200 ml/min and that the bypass flow is less than 100 ml/min and thus within a range in which the incidence of early thrombosis is high. Furthermore, an increase in femoral venous oxygen saturation of 10% or more on local vasodilatation indicates a state of hypovolaemia, necessitating further blood substitution.", "PMID": 696148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10398", "title": "Polycythemia vera as a cause of ischemic digital necrosis.", "content": "Two patients with polycythemia vera and peripheral gangrene as the only clinical sign of the disease are described. No concomitant arterial insufficiency was present. The need for an early correct diagnosis in such cases is underlined. Reduction of the blood volume and cytostatic treatment are sufficient and no surgical intervention is required.", "contents": "Polycythemia vera as a cause of ischemic digital necrosis. Two patients with polycythemia vera and peripheral gangrene as the only clinical sign of the disease are described. No concomitant arterial insufficiency was present. The need for an early correct diagnosis in such cases is underlined. Reduction of the blood volume and cytostatic treatment are sufficient and no surgical intervention is required.", "PMID": 696149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10399", "title": "The iliac compression syndrome.", "content": "The iliac compression syndrome is caused by impaired venous drainage of the left leg, secondary to compression or stricture of the left iliac vein at, or just before, its junction with inferior vena cava. Serious potential complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, venous congestion, and the resultant incapacity. Nine patients in whom the diagnosis was confirmed by iliac phlebography are described. Iliac pressure determinations were made in 7 patients. Four patinets underwent resection, and retroplacement of the right iliac artery behind the left iliac vein. The operative results were good. This rare syndrome should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of peripheral venous disease, as it can be treated in the early stages. If it is left untreated, there is a risk of pulmonary embolism or incapacitating peripheral vascular disease.", "contents": "The iliac compression syndrome. The iliac compression syndrome is caused by impaired venous drainage of the left leg, secondary to compression or stricture of the left iliac vein at, or just before, its junction with inferior vena cava. Serious potential complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, venous congestion, and the resultant incapacity. Nine patients in whom the diagnosis was confirmed by iliac phlebography are described. Iliac pressure determinations were made in 7 patients. Four patinets underwent resection, and retroplacement of the right iliac artery behind the left iliac vein. The operative results were good. This rare syndrome should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of peripheral venous disease, as it can be treated in the early stages. If it is left untreated, there is a risk of pulmonary embolism or incapacitating peripheral vascular disease.", "PMID": 696150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10400", "title": "Tuberculosis after intestinal bypass operations.", "content": "Two cases of tuberculous infections occurred after intestinal shunt operations for obesity among 161 patients observed for more than one year. One died of generalized tuberculosis. Another 2 patients, who before the operation had had tuberculosis, managed well without signs of postoperative activation of the tuberculous infection seems to be unpredictable.", "contents": "Tuberculosis after intestinal bypass operations. Two cases of tuberculous infections occurred after intestinal shunt operations for obesity among 161 patients observed for more than one year. One died of generalized tuberculosis. Another 2 patients, who before the operation had had tuberculosis, managed well without signs of postoperative activation of the tuberculous infection seems to be unpredictable.", "PMID": 696153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10401", "title": "The effect on total antimicrobial consumption and hospitalization time after prophylactic treatment with doxycycline in colorectal surgery.", "content": "The effect of routine antimicrobial prophylaxis on hospitalization and the total consumption of antimicrobials in colorectal surgery was evaluated in a prospective and controlled study, where the incidence of abdominal wound sepsis was significantly reduced from 41.6% in the control (n = 60) to 8.6% in the doxycycline group (n = 58). Concomitantly, the average number of postoperative hospital days decreased significantly from 23.4+/-17.9 to 16.4+/-8.2 (p less than 0.01). This difference was more prominent in cases with postoperative abdominal sepsis, where the average number was 35.8 days in the control and 22.8 days in the doxycycline group. In the latter group only 19% of the patients required antimicrobial therapy during the postoperative course, compared with 65% of the patients in the control group. The period of exposure to antimicrobials amounted to 48.3% (451 days) of the postoperative hospital stay in the doxycycline vs. 53.3% (747 days) in the control group. Thus, prophylaxis significantly reduced the rate of wound sepsis, the time of and the need for hospitalization, the total consumption of and the time of exposure to antimicrobials.", "contents": "The effect on total antimicrobial consumption and hospitalization time after prophylactic treatment with doxycycline in colorectal surgery. The effect of routine antimicrobial prophylaxis on hospitalization and the total consumption of antimicrobials in colorectal surgery was evaluated in a prospective and controlled study, where the incidence of abdominal wound sepsis was significantly reduced from 41.6% in the control (n = 60) to 8.6% in the doxycycline group (n = 58). Concomitantly, the average number of postoperative hospital days decreased significantly from 23.4+/-17.9 to 16.4+/-8.2 (p less than 0.01). This difference was more prominent in cases with postoperative abdominal sepsis, where the average number was 35.8 days in the control and 22.8 days in the doxycycline group. In the latter group only 19% of the patients required antimicrobial therapy during the postoperative course, compared with 65% of the patients in the control group. The period of exposure to antimicrobials amounted to 48.3% (451 days) of the postoperative hospital stay in the doxycycline vs. 53.3% (747 days) in the control group. Thus, prophylaxis significantly reduced the rate of wound sepsis, the time of and the need for hospitalization, the total consumption of and the time of exposure to antimicrobials.", "PMID": 696155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10402", "title": "Bilateral iliacus haematoma with femoral nerve palsy complicating anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "A patient is reported who sustained bilaterial iliacus haematoma with femoral nerve palsy during treatment with constant intravenous infustion of heparin for deep venous thrombosis. She was promptly treated with operative decompression and recovered completely from the palsy. Daily examinations of the blood revealed that the plasma heparin concentration, activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT, and thrombin time all were above the therapeutic range at the time when the bleeding started, and before the initial symptoms occurred. Early operative decompression is considered to be the ideal treatment in patients who develop this complication during anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "Bilateral iliacus haematoma with femoral nerve palsy complicating anticoagulant therapy. A patient is reported who sustained bilaterial iliacus haematoma with femoral nerve palsy during treatment with constant intravenous infustion of heparin for deep venous thrombosis. She was promptly treated with operative decompression and recovered completely from the palsy. Daily examinations of the blood revealed that the plasma heparin concentration, activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT, and thrombin time all were above the therapeutic range at the time when the bleeding started, and before the initial symptoms occurred. Early operative decompression is considered to be the ideal treatment in patients who develop this complication during anticoagulant therapy.", "PMID": 696156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10403", "title": "Revascularization in mesenteric infarction by reimplantation of the superior mesenteric artery. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of revascularization in mesenteric infarction by reimplantation of the superior mesenteric artery combined with intestinal resection is presented. The patient had an acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery with coincident blockage of celiac axis and inferior mesenteric artery resulting in gangrene and perforation of the small bowel. The good postoperative recovery suggests the usefulness of this method in selected cases.", "contents": "Revascularization in mesenteric infarction by reimplantation of the superior mesenteric artery. Report of a case. A case of revascularization in mesenteric infarction by reimplantation of the superior mesenteric artery combined with intestinal resection is presented. The patient had an acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery with coincident blockage of celiac axis and inferior mesenteric artery resulting in gangrene and perforation of the small bowel. The good postoperative recovery suggests the usefulness of this method in selected cases.", "PMID": 696157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10404", "title": "Liposarcoma of the breast. A case report.", "content": "Two cases are reported of liposarcoma of the breast, the first in a 62, and the second in a 60-year-old woman, respectively. The tumours were of the poorly differentiated, pleomorphic type and predominantly myxoid type, respectively. Liposarcoma of the breast is extremely rare, and including the present two cases, only 32 patients suffering from the condition have been described. It is difficult to make any prognosis owing to the small number of cases reported. Patient No. 1 in the present work, died 14 months postoperatively, owing to widespread metastatic tumour tissue infiltration of the spine, liver, as well as, the lungs; No. 2 lived for 17 years without signs of recurrence, until she died of carcinoma of the opposite breast.", "contents": "Liposarcoma of the breast. A case report. Two cases are reported of liposarcoma of the breast, the first in a 62, and the second in a 60-year-old woman, respectively. The tumours were of the poorly differentiated, pleomorphic type and predominantly myxoid type, respectively. Liposarcoma of the breast is extremely rare, and including the present two cases, only 32 patients suffering from the condition have been described. It is difficult to make any prognosis owing to the small number of cases reported. Patient No. 1 in the present work, died 14 months postoperatively, owing to widespread metastatic tumour tissue infiltration of the spine, liver, as well as, the lungs; No. 2 lived for 17 years without signs of recurrence, until she died of carcinoma of the opposite breast.", "PMID": 696158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10405", "title": "Total pancreatectomy for acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. A case report.", "content": "A patient with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis treated successfully with total pancreatectomy is reported. Total pancreatectomy is rarely indicated in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis as suggested by only one surviving patient in the literature so far. Though near total pancreatectomy remains the best surgical treatment in patients with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis dying from the disease because of failure of nonoperative treatment, total pancreatectomy may be considered as an alternative if circumstances so indicate.", "contents": "Total pancreatectomy for acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. A case report. A patient with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis treated successfully with total pancreatectomy is reported. Total pancreatectomy is rarely indicated in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis as suggested by only one surviving patient in the literature so far. Though near total pancreatectomy remains the best surgical treatment in patients with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis dying from the disease because of failure of nonoperative treatment, total pancreatectomy may be considered as an alternative if circumstances so indicate.", "PMID": 696159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10406", "title": "Calcitonin activity of the thyroid gland in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "The thyroidal content of calcitonin was investigated in patients with euthyroid goitre, patients undergoing laryngectomies or neck operations and finally patients with primary hyperparathyroidism using method of biological titration. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had markedly decreased content of calcitonin in the thyroid gland when compared with the content of calcitonin of both groups of patients without calcium metabolism disturbance. Decreased content of calcitonin in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism can be explained by long lasting hypercalcaemia during which the rate of biosynthesis of calcitonin in the C cells does not keep up with the rate of release of calcitonin into the circulation.", "contents": "Calcitonin activity of the thyroid gland in primary hyperparathyroidism. The thyroidal content of calcitonin was investigated in patients with euthyroid goitre, patients undergoing laryngectomies or neck operations and finally patients with primary hyperparathyroidism using method of biological titration. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had markedly decreased content of calcitonin in the thyroid gland when compared with the content of calcitonin of both groups of patients without calcium metabolism disturbance. Decreased content of calcitonin in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism can be explained by long lasting hypercalcaemia during which the rate of biosynthesis of calcitonin in the C cells does not keep up with the rate of release of calcitonin into the circulation.", "PMID": 696167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10407", "title": "Oestrogen treatment and subsequent pregnancy in two patients with severe hypergonadotrophic ovarian failure.", "content": "This report describes in detail the histological and hormonal findings in a patient with Turner's syndrome (45,XO) and a patient with premature menopause (46,XX), who both conceived after withdrawal or reduction of substitution therapy with oestrogens. The aetiology of severe hypergonadotrophic ovarian failure is discussed, and theories regarding a possible relationship between the oestrogen treatment and subsequent pregnancy are hypothesized.", "contents": "Oestrogen treatment and subsequent pregnancy in two patients with severe hypergonadotrophic ovarian failure. This report describes in detail the histological and hormonal findings in a patient with Turner's syndrome (45,XO) and a patient with premature menopause (46,XX), who both conceived after withdrawal or reduction of substitution therapy with oestrogens. The aetiology of severe hypergonadotrophic ovarian failure is discussed, and theories regarding a possible relationship between the oestrogen treatment and subsequent pregnancy are hypothesized.", "PMID": 696170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10408", "title": "Sex differences in catecholamine content in discrete brain nuclei of the rat: effects of neonatal castration or testosterone treatment.", "content": "Dopamine and norepinephrine levels were measured in individual brain nuclei in normal adult male and female rats and in adult male rats castrated on day 1 of life and in adult female rats given 1.25 mg testosterone propionate on day 4 of life. Normal adult males showed higher concentrations of dopamine than females in the caudate, tractus diagonalis and arcuate nuclei and in the median eminence. Day 1 castration of males reduced the dopamine levels of the arcuate nucleus and nucleus of the tractus diagonalis, while neonatal administration of testosterone to females elevated the dopamine concentration of the arcuate nucleus and nucleus of the tractus diagonalis. Normal adult males had higher concentrations of norepinephrine than females in the preoptic-suprachiasmatic, paraventricular, periventricular, and arcuate nuclei and in the median eminence. Neonatal endocrine manipulations (neonatal male castration and female testosterone treatment) failed to alter significantly these sex differences. The results suggest a sexual dimorphism in the catecholamine innervation of certain discrete areas of the brain and that the dopamine concentration in the arcuate and tractus diagonalis nuclei is influenced by perinatal androgen.", "contents": "Sex differences in catecholamine content in discrete brain nuclei of the rat: effects of neonatal castration or testosterone treatment. Dopamine and norepinephrine levels were measured in individual brain nuclei in normal adult male and female rats and in adult male rats castrated on day 1 of life and in adult female rats given 1.25 mg testosterone propionate on day 4 of life. Normal adult males showed higher concentrations of dopamine than females in the caudate, tractus diagonalis and arcuate nuclei and in the median eminence. Day 1 castration of males reduced the dopamine levels of the arcuate nucleus and nucleus of the tractus diagonalis, while neonatal administration of testosterone to females elevated the dopamine concentration of the arcuate nucleus and nucleus of the tractus diagonalis. Normal adult males had higher concentrations of norepinephrine than females in the preoptic-suprachiasmatic, paraventricular, periventricular, and arcuate nuclei and in the median eminence. Neonatal endocrine manipulations (neonatal male castration and female testosterone treatment) failed to alter significantly these sex differences. The results suggest a sexual dimorphism in the catecholamine innervation of certain discrete areas of the brain and that the dopamine concentration in the arcuate and tractus diagonalis nuclei is influenced by perinatal androgen.", "PMID": 696173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10409", "title": "Dissociation of plasma and CSF prolactin heterogeneity.", "content": "Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 3 patients with suprasellar extension of a pituitary tumour were fractionated by column chromatography. \"Big\" and \"little\" prolactin were found in plasma but only \"little\" prolactin was found in CSF. Prolactin containing CSF from 2 of the patients was incubated with prolactin-free plasma and chromatographed. The elution patterns demonstrated a striking shift toward the [125I]albumin marker resembling the \"big\" and \"little\" prolactin pattern seen in native plasma. In addition, [125I]h prolactin was incubated with prolactin-free plasma and rechromatographed. A substantial early eluting peak of radioactivity occurred in the zone of albumin elution. The presence of only \"little\" prolactin in CSF and the conversion of CSF \"little\" prolactin to \"big\" prolactin by exposure to plasma suggest that \"big\" prolactin is not a prohormone but results from binding of \"little\" prolactin to plasma proteins or aggregation of \"little\" prolactin in the presence of plasma.", "contents": "Dissociation of plasma and CSF prolactin heterogeneity. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 3 patients with suprasellar extension of a pituitary tumour were fractionated by column chromatography. \"Big\" and \"little\" prolactin were found in plasma but only \"little\" prolactin was found in CSF. Prolactin containing CSF from 2 of the patients was incubated with prolactin-free plasma and chromatographed. The elution patterns demonstrated a striking shift toward the [125I]albumin marker resembling the \"big\" and \"little\" prolactin pattern seen in native plasma. In addition, [125I]h prolactin was incubated with prolactin-free plasma and rechromatographed. A substantial early eluting peak of radioactivity occurred in the zone of albumin elution. The presence of only \"little\" prolactin in CSF and the conversion of CSF \"little\" prolactin to \"big\" prolactin by exposure to plasma suggest that \"big\" prolactin is not a prohormone but results from binding of \"little\" prolactin to plasma proteins or aggregation of \"little\" prolactin in the presence of plasma.", "PMID": 696175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10410", "title": "A heterologous radioimmunoassay for avian prolactin: application to the measurement of prolactin in the turkey.", "content": "A specific heterologous double-antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed to measure turkey prolactin (PRL) using a guinea pig anti-hPRL antiserum and 125I-labelled ovine PRL [125I]oPRL. Turkey pituitary prolactin and serum give parallel dose-response curves and no cross-reaction is seen with turkey growth hormone, LH or FSH, or mammalian LH, FSH, TSH, GH or placental lactogens. The RIA is accurate and precise and is sufficiently sensitive to measure PRL in all physiological situations investigated in the turkey. The RIA will measure PRL in several avian species including the chicken, duck, goose, pheasant, pheasant X chicken F1 hybrid, pigeon, quail and rock. Plasma PRL concentrations in laying and broody turkey hens were not significantly different (46.5 +/- 2.5 vs. 39.7 +/- 3.8 ng/ml) but both were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than in non-laying turkey hens (4.6 +/- 0.7 ng/ml). Oestradiol injection into laying hens did not alter PRL levels while the same injection in non-laying hens caused a significant three-fold increase in plasma PRL levels.", "contents": "A heterologous radioimmunoassay for avian prolactin: application to the measurement of prolactin in the turkey. A specific heterologous double-antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed to measure turkey prolactin (PRL) using a guinea pig anti-hPRL antiserum and 125I-labelled ovine PRL [125I]oPRL. Turkey pituitary prolactin and serum give parallel dose-response curves and no cross-reaction is seen with turkey growth hormone, LH or FSH, or mammalian LH, FSH, TSH, GH or placental lactogens. The RIA is accurate and precise and is sufficiently sensitive to measure PRL in all physiological situations investigated in the turkey. The RIA will measure PRL in several avian species including the chicken, duck, goose, pheasant, pheasant X chicken F1 hybrid, pigeon, quail and rock. Plasma PRL concentrations in laying and broody turkey hens were not significantly different (46.5 +/- 2.5 vs. 39.7 +/- 3.8 ng/ml) but both were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than in non-laying turkey hens (4.6 +/- 0.7 ng/ml). Oestradiol injection into laying hens did not alter PRL levels while the same injection in non-laying hens caused a significant three-fold increase in plasma PRL levels.", "PMID": 696176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10411", "title": "Fine structure of rat prolactin cells after treatment with a long acting depot contraceptive.", "content": "Adult intact female rats were injected with norethisterone oenanthate (NOe), with or without simultaneous administration of CB-154, or with oestradiol benzoate (OeB). The ultrastructure of prolactin (PRL) cells due to the various treatment regimens was investigated and compared with the situation found in controls. Both after treatment with NOe or NOe plus CB-154, the number of PRL cells increased and displayed various ultrastructure signs of stimulation. The determination of serum PRL levels coincides with these morphological findings. In all treated animals mammary gland DNA content was significantly increased. The results presented indicate that proliferative changes in the rat mammary gland depend predominantly on the presence of progestogenic activities additionally to PRL, whereas the effect of oestrogens was regarded as an indirect effect via their PRL-stimulatory action.", "contents": "Fine structure of rat prolactin cells after treatment with a long acting depot contraceptive. Adult intact female rats were injected with norethisterone oenanthate (NOe), with or without simultaneous administration of CB-154, or with oestradiol benzoate (OeB). The ultrastructure of prolactin (PRL) cells due to the various treatment regimens was investigated and compared with the situation found in controls. Both after treatment with NOe or NOe plus CB-154, the number of PRL cells increased and displayed various ultrastructure signs of stimulation. The determination of serum PRL levels coincides with these morphological findings. In all treated animals mammary gland DNA content was significantly increased. The results presented indicate that proliferative changes in the rat mammary gland depend predominantly on the presence of progestogenic activities additionally to PRL, whereas the effect of oestrogens was regarded as an indirect effect via their PRL-stimulatory action.", "PMID": 696178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10412", "title": "The effect of a slightly acidic somatomedin peptide (ILAs) on the sulphation of proteoglycans from articular and growth plate chondrocytes in culture.", "content": "Chondrocyte cultures were prepared from rabbit growth plate (GPC) and articular (ARC) chondrocytes. These two cell types have distinct morphological characteristics. The cells reached maximum numbers by days 10 and 21 for ARC and GPC, respectively. The proteoglycans (PG) contained in the cellular pool were extracted and purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography. The effect of a partially purified somatomedin peptide with insulin-like activity on [35S]sulphate incorporation into PG was evaluated. In both ARC and GPC a significant stimulation of [35S]sulphate uptake into PG subunits was obtained with 1 ng Eq./ml of somatomedin peptide. In order to obtain the same stimulatory effect with porcine insulin, a 1000-fold greater concentration was required. The electrophoretic patterns of the PG subunits on acrylamide-agarose electrophoresis were identical on control incubations and after stimulation with the somatomedin peptide. These data demonstrate in vitro biological activity of this peptide on well differentiated articular and epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes in culture. These cultures appear to provide a sensitive biological assay for somatomedin peptides.", "contents": "The effect of a slightly acidic somatomedin peptide (ILAs) on the sulphation of proteoglycans from articular and growth plate chondrocytes in culture. Chondrocyte cultures were prepared from rabbit growth plate (GPC) and articular (ARC) chondrocytes. These two cell types have distinct morphological characteristics. The cells reached maximum numbers by days 10 and 21 for ARC and GPC, respectively. The proteoglycans (PG) contained in the cellular pool were extracted and purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography. The effect of a partially purified somatomedin peptide with insulin-like activity on [35S]sulphate incorporation into PG was evaluated. In both ARC and GPC a significant stimulation of [35S]sulphate uptake into PG subunits was obtained with 1 ng Eq./ml of somatomedin peptide. In order to obtain the same stimulatory effect with porcine insulin, a 1000-fold greater concentration was required. The electrophoretic patterns of the PG subunits on acrylamide-agarose electrophoresis were identical on control incubations and after stimulation with the somatomedin peptide. These data demonstrate in vitro biological activity of this peptide on well differentiated articular and epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes in culture. These cultures appear to provide a sensitive biological assay for somatomedin peptides.", "PMID": 696179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10413", "title": "Urinary excretion of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) and renal function in human newborns.", "content": "The urinary excretion and serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) was estimated in a longitudinal study of human newborns. The maternal and cord blood was also studied. Neonatal renal function was evaluated using endogenous creatinine clearance. In cord blood serum T3 was found to be lower than in maternal blood, but reverse T3 highly elevated. During the first 5 days of life serum T4 and T3 increased with maximum at 48 and 24 h in contrast to reverse T3 which remained high and then declined rapidly after 4 days. Creatinine clearance during the first 3 days of life increased from 5.3 to 21.9 ml/min/1.73 m2. In the same period the urinary T4 excretion increased from 79 to 281 ng/24 h, urinary T3 excretion from 16 to 44 ng/24 h and urinary reverse T3 from 4 to 15 ng/24 h. The renal excretion of thyroid hormones, corrected for body surface, was decreased compared to adult controls, corresponding to an immature renal function. The lack of ability to excrete thyroid hormones involved primary T3 and reverse T3 suggesting particular immaturity of tubular secretion of these hormones during the neonatal period.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) and renal function in human newborns. The urinary excretion and serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) was estimated in a longitudinal study of human newborns. The maternal and cord blood was also studied. Neonatal renal function was evaluated using endogenous creatinine clearance. In cord blood serum T3 was found to be lower than in maternal blood, but reverse T3 highly elevated. During the first 5 days of life serum T4 and T3 increased with maximum at 48 and 24 h in contrast to reverse T3 which remained high and then declined rapidly after 4 days. Creatinine clearance during the first 3 days of life increased from 5.3 to 21.9 ml/min/1.73 m2. In the same period the urinary T4 excretion increased from 79 to 281 ng/24 h, urinary T3 excretion from 16 to 44 ng/24 h and urinary reverse T3 from 4 to 15 ng/24 h. The renal excretion of thyroid hormones, corrected for body surface, was decreased compared to adult controls, corresponding to an immature renal function. The lack of ability to excrete thyroid hormones involved primary T3 and reverse T3 suggesting particular immaturity of tubular secretion of these hormones during the neonatal period.", "PMID": 696180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10414", "title": "Regulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion during a continuous glucose infusion in early and overt diabetics.", "content": "The pancreatic glucagon (IRG) secretion pattern was studied during a 2 h glucose infusion test (12 mg/kg/min) in 21 controls as well as in 44 subjects showing different degrees of carbohydrate intolerance. The fasting IRG levels increased significantly from controls (98 +/- 7.6 pg/ml) to chemical (144 +/- 9 pg/ml) and mild maturity-onset-type diabetics (166 +/- 12.2 pg/ml). During artificial hyperglycaemia the glucagon concentrations decreased slightly in all groups, but they remained at a higher level in early and overt diabetics). The molar IRI-IRG ratios have been found to be diminished in patients displaying a disturbed carbohydrate tolerance. There was not any correlation between insulin and glucagon concentrations in the blood. The findings suggest that abnormalities of alpha cell function may be present in early and overt diabetes independent of beta cell responsiveness. The causal relationship of A and B cell function in glucose intolerant subjects has to be cleared in follow-up studies.", "contents": "Regulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion during a continuous glucose infusion in early and overt diabetics. The pancreatic glucagon (IRG) secretion pattern was studied during a 2 h glucose infusion test (12 mg/kg/min) in 21 controls as well as in 44 subjects showing different degrees of carbohydrate intolerance. The fasting IRG levels increased significantly from controls (98 +/- 7.6 pg/ml) to chemical (144 +/- 9 pg/ml) and mild maturity-onset-type diabetics (166 +/- 12.2 pg/ml). During artificial hyperglycaemia the glucagon concentrations decreased slightly in all groups, but they remained at a higher level in early and overt diabetics). The molar IRI-IRG ratios have been found to be diminished in patients displaying a disturbed carbohydrate tolerance. There was not any correlation between insulin and glucagon concentrations in the blood. The findings suggest that abnormalities of alpha cell function may be present in early and overt diabetes independent of beta cell responsiveness. The causal relationship of A and B cell function in glucose intolerant subjects has to be cleared in follow-up studies.", "PMID": 696182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10415", "title": "The hormonal regulation of hepatic microsomal 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the rat.", "content": "Hepatic microsomal 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is higher in male than in female rat liver. Gonadectomy on day 25 of life only affects the activity in the adult male animal, causing a decrease towards the normal female level. Administration of testosterone to gonadectomized rats of either sex causes the induction of typical male activity levels. On the basis of these experiments, this enzyme activity may be classified as an drogen-dependent. However, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase differs from other known androgen-dependent activities in that administration of oestradiol to gonadectomized animals of either sex causes a further significant repression of the activity to levels close to the limits of detection. Hypophysectomy on day 50 of life does not affect the activity in 75 day-old male rats, but causes the appearance of typically male activity levels in females. These results indicate that the hypophysis exerts a repressive influence on hepatic 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in female rats. The facts that this activity is not influenced by androgen or oestrogen administration once the pituitary has been removed demonstrates the obligatory role of the hypophysis for sex hormone action.", "contents": "The hormonal regulation of hepatic microsomal 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the rat. Hepatic microsomal 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is higher in male than in female rat liver. Gonadectomy on day 25 of life only affects the activity in the adult male animal, causing a decrease towards the normal female level. Administration of testosterone to gonadectomized rats of either sex causes the induction of typical male activity levels. On the basis of these experiments, this enzyme activity may be classified as an drogen-dependent. However, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase differs from other known androgen-dependent activities in that administration of oestradiol to gonadectomized animals of either sex causes a further significant repression of the activity to levels close to the limits of detection. Hypophysectomy on day 50 of life does not affect the activity in 75 day-old male rats, but causes the appearance of typically male activity levels in females. These results indicate that the hypophysis exerts a repressive influence on hepatic 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in female rats. The facts that this activity is not influenced by androgen or oestrogen administration once the pituitary has been removed demonstrates the obligatory role of the hypophysis for sex hormone action.", "PMID": 696183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10416", "title": "Experience with a new low dose oral contraceptive: norgestimate & ethinyl estradiol.", "content": "Experience with cyclic administration of 0.125 mg of norgestimate plus 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol indicates that this new combined oral contraceptive is clinically effective and well tolerated. There were no unintended pregnancies in 3,026 cycles of use among 161 women. Patient acceptability of a relatively high cycle incidence of spotting (16.7%) was remarkable; only five patients withdrew from the study because of this irregularity. Breakthrough bleeding was infrequent (0.9% of total cycles). No other side effects were reported and amenorrheic cycles were not observed. In particular there were no complaints of gastrointestinal disturbance. Weight remained unusually stable. Laboratory findings remained within normal limits over 6 months of drug use. However, serum cholesterol and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels declined and protein bound iodine increased significantly from pre-treatment levels.", "contents": "Experience with a new low dose oral contraceptive: norgestimate & ethinyl estradiol. Experience with cyclic administration of 0.125 mg of norgestimate plus 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol indicates that this new combined oral contraceptive is clinically effective and well tolerated. There were no unintended pregnancies in 3,026 cycles of use among 161 women. Patient acceptability of a relatively high cycle incidence of spotting (16.7%) was remarkable; only five patients withdrew from the study because of this irregularity. Breakthrough bleeding was infrequent (0.9% of total cycles). No other side effects were reported and amenorrheic cycles were not observed. In particular there were no complaints of gastrointestinal disturbance. Weight remained unusually stable. Laboratory findings remained within normal limits over 6 months of drug use. However, serum cholesterol and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels declined and protein bound iodine increased significantly from pre-treatment levels.", "PMID": 696184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10417", "title": "Demonstration of human chorionic gonadotropin during the second half of the menstrual cycle in plasma of regularly menstruating women users of copper IUds.", "content": "An attempt has been made of demonstrating the beta subunit of HCG in the plasma of 13 regularly menstruating women wearing a copper IUD. Eighteen menstrual cycles were explored with a total of 94 specimens obtained at 3-day intervals starting from the 16th day of the cycle. A cross reaction with LH was excluded by simultaneous assay of this hormone. Progesteron was also assayed so as to exclude anovulatory cycles. Five out of 12 ovulatory cycles yelded positive results with HCG values ranging from 171 to 692 mIU per ml. We therefore agree with the hypothesis according to which copper IUDs do not interfere with fecundation but with subsequent stages, specifically about the time of nidation of the blastocyst in the uterus.", "contents": "Demonstration of human chorionic gonadotropin during the second half of the menstrual cycle in plasma of regularly menstruating women users of copper IUds. An attempt has been made of demonstrating the beta subunit of HCG in the plasma of 13 regularly menstruating women wearing a copper IUD. Eighteen menstrual cycles were explored with a total of 94 specimens obtained at 3-day intervals starting from the 16th day of the cycle. A cross reaction with LH was excluded by simultaneous assay of this hormone. Progesteron was also assayed so as to exclude anovulatory cycles. Five out of 12 ovulatory cycles yelded positive results with HCG values ranging from 171 to 692 mIU per ml. We therefore agree with the hypothesis according to which copper IUDs do not interfere with fecundation but with subsequent stages, specifically about the time of nidation of the blastocyst in the uterus.", "PMID": 696185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10418", "title": "Sterilization of a non-scrotal mammal (Suncus murinus L.) by intratesticular injection of cadmium chloride.", "content": "The testis of the musk shrew is resistant to subcutaneous administration of cadmium chloride. In contrast, a single intratesticular injection of cadmium chloride (0.01 to 0.03 mM/kg body weight) caused total destruction of germinal epithelium; Leydig cells, however, regenerated after an initial phase of atrophy. Unilateal injection of the drug induced degenerative changes in the injected testis only; the contralateral testis appeared normal macroscopically and histologically. The factors responsible for the differential response of the testes of this non-scrotal mammal to the two routes of administration of cadmium chloride are discussed.", "contents": "Sterilization of a non-scrotal mammal (Suncus murinus L.) by intratesticular injection of cadmium chloride. The testis of the musk shrew is resistant to subcutaneous administration of cadmium chloride. In contrast, a single intratesticular injection of cadmium chloride (0.01 to 0.03 mM/kg body weight) caused total destruction of germinal epithelium; Leydig cells, however, regenerated after an initial phase of atrophy. Unilateal injection of the drug induced degenerative changes in the injected testis only; the contralateral testis appeared normal macroscopically and histologically. The factors responsible for the differential response of the testes of this non-scrotal mammal to the two routes of administration of cadmium chloride are discussed.", "PMID": 696188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10419", "title": "Chronic prostato-vesiculitis and sperm-cell mobility in male infertility.", "content": "The purpose of this research has been to value the importance of chronic inflammation of the prostatovesicular apparatus in sterile patients. The authors wish to underline the high incidence of chronic inflammation if this apparatus in such patients, the low incidence of bacterial forms and the high frequence of association with bradycinesia. The therapy of such forms gives excellent results.", "contents": "Chronic prostato-vesiculitis and sperm-cell mobility in male infertility. The purpose of this research has been to value the importance of chronic inflammation of the prostatovesicular apparatus in sterile patients. The authors wish to underline the high incidence of chronic inflammation if this apparatus in such patients, the low incidence of bacterial forms and the high frequence of association with bradycinesia. The therapy of such forms gives excellent results.", "PMID": 696189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10420", "title": "Measurement of regional hepatic blood flow by scintiphotosplenoportography.", "content": "A new technique for estimating regional hepatic blood flow using the inert gas washout technique and scintillation camera following injection of 133Xe into the spleen is presented. This technique is easily, rapidly and repeatedly performed and permits the measurement of nutrient hepatic tissue blood flow. Measurement of regional hepatic blood flow in right and/or left lobes was performed in 28 patients. In all but one patient the right lobar flow value was equal to or greater than the left one. The right lobar flow was 86.20 +/- 12.83 ml/100 gm/min in 3 patients without liver disease, 75.12 +/- 14.54 ml/100 gm/min in 12 with chronic hepatitis and 51.24 +/- 17.13 ml/100 gm/min in 11 with liver cirrhosis. This result suggests that hepatic tissue blood flow is significantly decreased in patients with liver cirrhosis. Scintillation camera images of initial xenon distribution in combination with monitor of washout curves over the liver also provide more informations on the presence of extra-and intrahepatic shunts. Therefore, this technique appears to be clinically useful in evaluation of hemodynamic phenomena associated with liver diseases.", "contents": "Measurement of regional hepatic blood flow by scintiphotosplenoportography. A new technique for estimating regional hepatic blood flow using the inert gas washout technique and scintillation camera following injection of 133Xe into the spleen is presented. This technique is easily, rapidly and repeatedly performed and permits the measurement of nutrient hepatic tissue blood flow. Measurement of regional hepatic blood flow in right and/or left lobes was performed in 28 patients. In all but one patient the right lobar flow value was equal to or greater than the left one. The right lobar flow was 86.20 +/- 12.83 ml/100 gm/min in 3 patients without liver disease, 75.12 +/- 14.54 ml/100 gm/min in 12 with chronic hepatitis and 51.24 +/- 17.13 ml/100 gm/min in 11 with liver cirrhosis. This result suggests that hepatic tissue blood flow is significantly decreased in patients with liver cirrhosis. Scintillation camera images of initial xenon distribution in combination with monitor of washout curves over the liver also provide more informations on the presence of extra-and intrahepatic shunts. Therefore, this technique appears to be clinically useful in evaluation of hemodynamic phenomena associated with liver diseases.", "PMID": 696200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10421", "title": "Urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid, total glucuronic acid and total porphyrins in porphyria cutanea tarda.", "content": "The urinary levels of D-glucaric acid, which is an index of hepatic microsome induction, and the excretion of glucuronic acid and porphyrins were measured in nine patients with Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) and twelve normal controls. The excretion of D-glucaric acid and glucuronic acid were respectively 3.5 and two times higher in PCT patients compared to controls. A statistical correlation could be demonstrated between urinary excretion of total porphyrins with that of glucaric and glucuronic acids. These findings indicate that microsomal function and porphyrin metabolic derangement are strictly related in PCT.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid, total glucuronic acid and total porphyrins in porphyria cutanea tarda. The urinary levels of D-glucaric acid, which is an index of hepatic microsome induction, and the excretion of glucuronic acid and porphyrins were measured in nine patients with Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) and twelve normal controls. The excretion of D-glucaric acid and glucuronic acid were respectively 3.5 and two times higher in PCT patients compared to controls. A statistical correlation could be demonstrated between urinary excretion of total porphyrins with that of glucaric and glucuronic acids. These findings indicate that microsomal function and porphyrin metabolic derangement are strictly related in PCT.", "PMID": 696201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10422", "title": "Reproducibility of the intravenous galactose tolerance test.", "content": "The reproducibility of the intravenous galactose tolerance test was investigated in eight healthy volunteers by performing the test five times under identical conditions in each individual. The results show that the interindividual scattering is much greater than the intraindividual variation. Therefore, and in connexion with the results of a previous investigation, the conclusion can be drawn that the intravenous galactose tolerance test is more suitable for the longitudinal course of patients than for the detection of an impaired liver function. A simplification of the test is possible by measuring the fasting galactose concentration and the blood galactose concentration 40 minutes after the galactose load.", "contents": "Reproducibility of the intravenous galactose tolerance test. The reproducibility of the intravenous galactose tolerance test was investigated in eight healthy volunteers by performing the test five times under identical conditions in each individual. The results show that the interindividual scattering is much greater than the intraindividual variation. Therefore, and in connexion with the results of a previous investigation, the conclusion can be drawn that the intravenous galactose tolerance test is more suitable for the longitudinal course of patients than for the detection of an impaired liver function. A simplification of the test is possible by measuring the fasting galactose concentration and the blood galactose concentration 40 minutes after the galactose load.", "PMID": 696202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10423", "title": "On the applicability of statements on drinking and dietary habits for the calculation of risks or organ damage in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "Data from 12 alcoholics admitted to a detoxication ward on two separate occasions revealed great differences in statements on drinking and dietary habits between the two interrogations. The findings clearly demonstrate that such statements do not give reliable informations on drinking and dietary habits during prolonged periods. Furthermore, data from 61 patients show that a classification into chronic and intermitent drinkers only to some extent improves the possibilities to calculate the alcohol consumption over prolonged periods, since because of e.g. frequent or prolonged hospitalizations many chronic drinkers may be intoxicated during fewer days of the year than intermittent drinkers.", "contents": "On the applicability of statements on drinking and dietary habits for the calculation of risks or organ damage in chronic alcoholics. Data from 12 alcoholics admitted to a detoxication ward on two separate occasions revealed great differences in statements on drinking and dietary habits between the two interrogations. The findings clearly demonstrate that such statements do not give reliable informations on drinking and dietary habits during prolonged periods. Furthermore, data from 61 patients show that a classification into chronic and intermitent drinkers only to some extent improves the possibilities to calculate the alcohol consumption over prolonged periods, since because of e.g. frequent or prolonged hospitalizations many chronic drinkers may be intoxicated during fewer days of the year than intermittent drinkers.", "PMID": 696203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10424", "title": "Elimination of paracetamol in chronic liver disease.", "content": "Serum concentrations of paracetamol were followed after oral administration of the drug to 21 patients with liver cirrhosis, 4 patients with secondary liver cancer, and 15 hospitalized patients without clinical evidence of liver disease. The cirrhotic patients had 50 per cent longer half-lives of the drug. They also had significantly higher values of AUC during the first 360 minutes, in spite of almost identical means values of Cmax and tCmax. Significant differences in paracetamol elimination between cirrhotics with and without ascites, or between cirrhotic with and without porto-caval shunt could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Elimination of paracetamol in chronic liver disease. Serum concentrations of paracetamol were followed after oral administration of the drug to 21 patients with liver cirrhosis, 4 patients with secondary liver cancer, and 15 hospitalized patients without clinical evidence of liver disease. The cirrhotic patients had 50 per cent longer half-lives of the drug. They also had significantly higher values of AUC during the first 360 minutes, in spite of almost identical means values of Cmax and tCmax. Significant differences in paracetamol elimination between cirrhotics with and without ascites, or between cirrhotic with and without porto-caval shunt could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 696204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10425", "title": "Endopeptidase activity of the brush border of human enterocyte.", "content": "Succinyl-trialanine-p-nitroanilide (Suc-Ala3-pNA) has been described earlier as a convenient substrate for pancreatic elastase which is not split by trypsin and chymotrypsin. An enzyme activity splitting Suc-Ala3-pNA has been found in the supernatant of the mucous membrane of human small intestine homogenized with Triton X-100.", "contents": "Endopeptidase activity of the brush border of human enterocyte. Succinyl-trialanine-p-nitroanilide (Suc-Ala3-pNA) has been described earlier as a convenient substrate for pancreatic elastase which is not split by trypsin and chymotrypsin. An enzyme activity splitting Suc-Ala3-pNA has been found in the supernatant of the mucous membrane of human small intestine homogenized with Triton X-100.", "PMID": 696205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10426", "title": "The role of prostaglandines in peristalsis of the human colon.", "content": "Prostaglandines (PG) of the E and F series cause peristaltic activity in isolated longitudinal muscle strips of the human colon. As this phasic motor reaction can be varied by acetyl choline and adrenaline it was supposed, that prostaglandines contribute to peristalsis. The role of PG E and F in the human colon was studied by inhibiting the prostaglandine synthesis and by antagonizing the prostaglandine-effects. Indomethacin proved to be a suitable inhibitor. HR 546 was found a powerful antagonist. The effect of Pentagastrin and Cholecystokinin (CCK) on peristaltic activity were suppressed by Indomethacin and HR 546. The inhibition of peristalsis by Indomethacin and HR 546 was removed by high doses of PG E and F. On the basis of these results the role of PG for the motility of the gut is discussed.", "contents": "The role of prostaglandines in peristalsis of the human colon. Prostaglandines (PG) of the E and F series cause peristaltic activity in isolated longitudinal muscle strips of the human colon. As this phasic motor reaction can be varied by acetyl choline and adrenaline it was supposed, that prostaglandines contribute to peristalsis. The role of PG E and F in the human colon was studied by inhibiting the prostaglandine synthesis and by antagonizing the prostaglandine-effects. Indomethacin proved to be a suitable inhibitor. HR 546 was found a powerful antagonist. The effect of Pentagastrin and Cholecystokinin (CCK) on peristaltic activity were suppressed by Indomethacin and HR 546. The inhibition of peristalsis by Indomethacin and HR 546 was removed by high doses of PG E and F. On the basis of these results the role of PG for the motility of the gut is discussed.", "PMID": 696206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10427", "title": "The pressure profile of the common bile duct an experimental study in 15 mongrel dogs.", "content": "In clinical urology the urethral pressure profilometry, developed by Brown and Wickham in 1969, is a well known diagnostical method. To our knowledge this type of investigation was not made in the common bile duct. In order to evaluate this method as an eventual clinical preoperative endoscopic method, especially in disorders of the choledocho-duodenal junction, choledochal pressure profile studies were made in 15 anesthesized mongrel dogs via a duodenotomy. The method was made according to the internationally advised standards of the urethral pressure profilometry. The mean contact basal pressure level in the choledochal duct amounted to 10,9 +/- 2,17 (sem) mm Hg. A statistically significant biphasis pressure elevation was seen in the region of the choledocho-duodenal junction (p less than or equal to 0,05). The mean pressures of the proximal and distal pressure elevation amounted to 59,8 +/- 8,51 (sem) mm Hg and to 54,3 +/- 7,13 (sem) mm Hg. The proximal top was located at 3,68 +/- 0,28 (sem) cm and the distal top at 0,96 +/- 0,07 (sem) cm distance from the orifice of the papilla. The total length of the elevated pressure zone amounted to 5,50 +/- 0,29 (sem) cm and the length of the elevated pressure zone of the distal top was 1,58 +/- 0,10 (sem) cm. These data correlate with the morphological structure of the choledocho-duodenal junction as mentioned in literature and illustrated with X-ray investigation and casts of the distal choledochal lumen. Our data show that with choledochal pressure profilometry pressure and length of the sphincter of Oddi can easily and safely be determined. In combination with endoscopy the technique can be of value in preoperative and postoperative evaluation of the function of the choledocho-duodenal junction.", "contents": "The pressure profile of the common bile duct an experimental study in 15 mongrel dogs. In clinical urology the urethral pressure profilometry, developed by Brown and Wickham in 1969, is a well known diagnostical method. To our knowledge this type of investigation was not made in the common bile duct. In order to evaluate this method as an eventual clinical preoperative endoscopic method, especially in disorders of the choledocho-duodenal junction, choledochal pressure profile studies were made in 15 anesthesized mongrel dogs via a duodenotomy. The method was made according to the internationally advised standards of the urethral pressure profilometry. The mean contact basal pressure level in the choledochal duct amounted to 10,9 +/- 2,17 (sem) mm Hg. A statistically significant biphasis pressure elevation was seen in the region of the choledocho-duodenal junction (p less than or equal to 0,05). The mean pressures of the proximal and distal pressure elevation amounted to 59,8 +/- 8,51 (sem) mm Hg and to 54,3 +/- 7,13 (sem) mm Hg. The proximal top was located at 3,68 +/- 0,28 (sem) cm and the distal top at 0,96 +/- 0,07 (sem) cm distance from the orifice of the papilla. The total length of the elevated pressure zone amounted to 5,50 +/- 0,29 (sem) cm and the length of the elevated pressure zone of the distal top was 1,58 +/- 0,10 (sem) cm. These data correlate with the morphological structure of the choledocho-duodenal junction as mentioned in literature and illustrated with X-ray investigation and casts of the distal choledochal lumen. Our data show that with choledochal pressure profilometry pressure and length of the sphincter of Oddi can easily and safely be determined. In combination with endoscopy the technique can be of value in preoperative and postoperative evaluation of the function of the choledocho-duodenal junction.", "PMID": 696207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10428", "title": "Functional and morphological abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa in pernicious anemia--a prospective study.", "content": "Small intestinal mucosal function and structure was investigated in 13 patients with pernicious anemia prior to and after treatment with vitamin B12. Histological abnormalities of the jejunal mucosa were shortening of villi of varying degree, increased infiltrate of the lamina propria with monocytes and plasma cells and megalocytosis of the absorptive epithelial cell. Malabsorption of d-xylose occurred in 45%, fat in 30%, vitamin B12-IF complex in 69%, hypocarotinemia in 23% and hypoalbuminemia in 30% of the patients. By contrast, digestive brush border enzymes, i.e. disaccharidases, alkaline phosphatase and leucyl-naphthylamidase were not altered in pernicious anemia. Patients with significant jejunal mucosal abnormalities and decrease of the absorptive surface demonstrated malabsorption of one or more nutrients. Morphological and functional abnormalities were restored to normal after treatment with vitamin B12, suggesting that small intestinal changes in pernicious anemia constitute primary systemic manifestations.", "contents": "Functional and morphological abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa in pernicious anemia--a prospective study. Small intestinal mucosal function and structure was investigated in 13 patients with pernicious anemia prior to and after treatment with vitamin B12. Histological abnormalities of the jejunal mucosa were shortening of villi of varying degree, increased infiltrate of the lamina propria with monocytes and plasma cells and megalocytosis of the absorptive epithelial cell. Malabsorption of d-xylose occurred in 45%, fat in 30%, vitamin B12-IF complex in 69%, hypocarotinemia in 23% and hypoalbuminemia in 30% of the patients. By contrast, digestive brush border enzymes, i.e. disaccharidases, alkaline phosphatase and leucyl-naphthylamidase were not altered in pernicious anemia. Patients with significant jejunal mucosal abnormalities and decrease of the absorptive surface demonstrated malabsorption of one or more nutrients. Morphological and functional abnormalities were restored to normal after treatment with vitamin B12, suggesting that small intestinal changes in pernicious anemia constitute primary systemic manifestations.", "PMID": 696208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10429", "title": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver and contraceptive steroids.", "content": "A case of Focal Nodular Hyperplasia of the liver in a young woman taking oral contraceptives is described. The parenteral administration of an elevated dosage of progesterone in a concentrated period of time is a remarkable feature of this case. The vascular alterations, which consisted of a marked increase of arterial and venous formations, intimal proliferation, diffused thrombosis, and the presence of large blood spaces recalling \"peliosis hepatis\" are the most salient microscopic findings. We should not exclude the possibility that these peculiar vascular alterations be the real effect of steroid hormones on a pre-existent hepatic lesion.", "contents": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver and contraceptive steroids. A case of Focal Nodular Hyperplasia of the liver in a young woman taking oral contraceptives is described. The parenteral administration of an elevated dosage of progesterone in a concentrated period of time is a remarkable feature of this case. The vascular alterations, which consisted of a marked increase of arterial and venous formations, intimal proliferation, diffused thrombosis, and the presence of large blood spaces recalling \"peliosis hepatis\" are the most salient microscopic findings. We should not exclude the possibility that these peculiar vascular alterations be the real effect of steroid hormones on a pre-existent hepatic lesion.", "PMID": 696209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10430", "title": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis corrected by levamisole in Crohn's disease.", "content": "In a 26-year-old man with Crohn's disease, evaluation of the neutrophil polymorphonuclear (PMN) function showed marked impairment of chemotaxis, while NBT tests, phagocytosis, random migration and adhesiveness were all normal. PMN chemotaxis was found normal after levamisole therapy.", "contents": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis corrected by levamisole in Crohn's disease. In a 26-year-old man with Crohn's disease, evaluation of the neutrophil polymorphonuclear (PMN) function showed marked impairment of chemotaxis, while NBT tests, phagocytosis, random migration and adhesiveness were all normal. PMN chemotaxis was found normal after levamisole therapy.", "PMID": 696210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10431", "title": "Maternal, foetal and neonatal blood creatine-phosphokinase-activities and creatine-phosphokinase-isoenzymes after labour with and without epidural analgesia and after caesarean section.", "content": "Maternal, cord and neonatal blood creatine-phosphokinase (CK) activities and CK-isoenzymes were determined in connection with 24 labours after normal pregnancies. In eight cases there was a normal vaginal delivery; in another eight cases there was a normal vaginal delivery with segmental epidural analgesia; and in the remaining eight cases there was an elective caesarean section under general anaesthesia. The lowest maternal blood CK-activities were seen in connection with caesarean section. There was a statistically significant difference in the maternal CK levels after delivery between cases with caesarean section and normal labour (P less than 0.05) and between cases with caesarean section and labour with segmental epidural analgesia (P less than 0.001). Most of the maternal CK-activity was of muscular type, and there were no statistically significant differences in isoenzyme fractions between the different groups. The neonatal blood CK-activities were at their peak at the age of 1 day in all groups. Between the groups there were no statistically significant differences in cord or neonatal blood CK-activities at any time. Most of the cord and neonatal blood CK-activity was also of muscular type, and there were no significant differences in the CK-isoenzyme fractions between the groups.", "contents": "Maternal, foetal and neonatal blood creatine-phosphokinase-activities and creatine-phosphokinase-isoenzymes after labour with and without epidural analgesia and after caesarean section. Maternal, cord and neonatal blood creatine-phosphokinase (CK) activities and CK-isoenzymes were determined in connection with 24 labours after normal pregnancies. In eight cases there was a normal vaginal delivery; in another eight cases there was a normal vaginal delivery with segmental epidural analgesia; and in the remaining eight cases there was an elective caesarean section under general anaesthesia. The lowest maternal blood CK-activities were seen in connection with caesarean section. There was a statistically significant difference in the maternal CK levels after delivery between cases with caesarean section and normal labour (P less than 0.05) and between cases with caesarean section and labour with segmental epidural analgesia (P less than 0.001). Most of the maternal CK-activity was of muscular type, and there were no statistically significant differences in isoenzyme fractions between the different groups. The neonatal blood CK-activities were at their peak at the age of 1 day in all groups. Between the groups there were no statistically significant differences in cord or neonatal blood CK-activities at any time. Most of the cord and neonatal blood CK-activity was also of muscular type, and there were no significant differences in the CK-isoenzyme fractions between the groups.", "PMID": 696213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10432", "title": "Serum cholinesterase variants in the Danish population.", "content": "A total of 1278 adult patients were screened for serum cholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.8) variants. The following were used for phenotyping of variants: dibucaine, fluoride, chloride, and urea. The observed incidence of cholinesterase variants in the Danish population was similar to that found in other European countries.", "contents": "Serum cholinesterase variants in the Danish population. A total of 1278 adult patients were screened for serum cholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.8) variants. The following were used for phenotyping of variants: dibucaine, fluoride, chloride, and urea. The observed incidence of cholinesterase variants in the Danish population was similar to that found in other European countries.", "PMID": 696214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10433", "title": "Hepatic release of fluoride from halothane under hypoxic and non-hypoxic conditions in the dog.", "content": "Six dogs were subjected to halothane anaesthesia under hypoxic and non-hypoxic conditions. Plasma fluoride levels in hepatic venous and arterial blood, as well as blood flow to the liver, were measured during anaesthesia. The amount of fluoride released by the liver could thus be calculated. Release of fluoride took place in all animals during non-hypoxic halothane anaesthesia. The amount released varied between the individual animals and in three of them it rose further during hypoxic anaesthesia. The occurrence of defluorination of halothane, even under nonhypoxic conditions, may indicate a reductive metabolism in at least some parts of the liver. The significance of this hypothesis is discussed.", "contents": "Hepatic release of fluoride from halothane under hypoxic and non-hypoxic conditions in the dog. Six dogs were subjected to halothane anaesthesia under hypoxic and non-hypoxic conditions. Plasma fluoride levels in hepatic venous and arterial blood, as well as blood flow to the liver, were measured during anaesthesia. The amount of fluoride released by the liver could thus be calculated. Release of fluoride took place in all animals during non-hypoxic halothane anaesthesia. The amount released varied between the individual animals and in three of them it rose further during hypoxic anaesthesia. The occurrence of defluorination of halothane, even under nonhypoxic conditions, may indicate a reductive metabolism in at least some parts of the liver. The significance of this hypothesis is discussed.", "PMID": 696215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10434", "title": "In vivo lung uptake of lidocaine in pigs.", "content": "A mixture of 14C-labelled lidocaine and indocyanine green dye (IG) (Cardiogreen) was injected as a bolus into the pulmonary artery in pigs (15-25 kg). Time-concentration curves for both substances were constructed from 20s blood samples taken from the common carotid artery for approximately 20s. The extraction of lidocaine in each sample and the 95% first passage uptake (FPU) were calculated, assuming that IG is inert with respect to the lung and that it remains within the vascular compartment. The IG curves were also used to calculate cardiac output. The acid-base status and arterial blood pressure or ECG were also followed. Each animal was given two injections. When 0.5 mg/kg b.w. lidocaine was injected, FPU was 41 +/- 3%; at a dose of 2 mg/kg b.w., FPU was 28 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05). The initial extraction during the first 2 s after appearance of the substances was approximately 80%. This level declined with subsequent samples, and the decline was equally rapid at both dose levels.", "contents": "In vivo lung uptake of lidocaine in pigs. A mixture of 14C-labelled lidocaine and indocyanine green dye (IG) (Cardiogreen) was injected as a bolus into the pulmonary artery in pigs (15-25 kg). Time-concentration curves for both substances were constructed from 20s blood samples taken from the common carotid artery for approximately 20s. The extraction of lidocaine in each sample and the 95% first passage uptake (FPU) were calculated, assuming that IG is inert with respect to the lung and that it remains within the vascular compartment. The IG curves were also used to calculate cardiac output. The acid-base status and arterial blood pressure or ECG were also followed. Each animal was given two injections. When 0.5 mg/kg b.w. lidocaine was injected, FPU was 41 +/- 3%; at a dose of 2 mg/kg b.w., FPU was 28 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05). The initial extraction during the first 2 s after appearance of the substances was approximately 80%. This level declined with subsequent samples, and the decline was equally rapid at both dose levels.", "PMID": 696216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10435", "title": "The influence of thoracic epidural analgesia on the circulation at rest and during physical exercise in man.", "content": "The effects of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) on the circulation at rest, during, and after physical exercise were investigated in 10 volunteers. At rest, TEA did not affect oxygen consumption (VO2) or cardiac output (Q), but heart rate (HR) was,  increased by 7 beats/min, and stroke volume decreased correspondingly by 13 ml. Systolic arterial blood pressure was slightly reduced, but no other changes in systemic or pulmonary circulatory parameters were produced. TEA did not change VO2 during exercise, a 2.11/min reduction of Q being accompanied by a 4.2% increase of oxygen utilization coefficient. HR showed a relative reduction of about 10%. At moderate work loads during TEA, systemic arterial blood pressures were significantly lower than during control exercise. The resulting rate pressure product (RPP) was markedly reduced, while total peripheral resistance (TPR) remained unchanged. During recovery after the termination of exercise during TEA, VO2, Q, HR, RPP and TPR fell more rapidly towards values obtained at rest. From a clinical point of view the results support the safeness of TEA and also support its use in surgical patients with heart disease.", "contents": "The influence of thoracic epidural analgesia on the circulation at rest and during physical exercise in man. The effects of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) on the circulation at rest, during, and after physical exercise were investigated in 10 volunteers. At rest, TEA did not affect oxygen consumption (VO2) or cardiac output (Q), but heart rate (HR) was,  increased by 7 beats/min, and stroke volume decreased correspondingly by 13 ml. Systolic arterial blood pressure was slightly reduced, but no other changes in systemic or pulmonary circulatory parameters were produced. TEA did not change VO2 during exercise, a 2.11/min reduction of Q being accompanied by a 4.2% increase of oxygen utilization coefficient. HR showed a relative reduction of about 10%. At moderate work loads during TEA, systemic arterial blood pressures were significantly lower than during control exercise. The resulting rate pressure product (RPP) was markedly reduced, while total peripheral resistance (TPR) remained unchanged. During recovery after the termination of exercise during TEA, VO2, Q, HR, RPP and TPR fell more rapidly towards values obtained at rest. From a clinical point of view the results support the safeness of TEA and also support its use in surgical patients with heart disease.", "PMID": 696217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10436", "title": "Sympathetic nervous system response to lidocaine induced seizures in cats.", "content": "The effect on arterial pressure, EEG, preganglionic sympathetic nervous activity and pulse rate of repeated intravenous administrations of lidocaine (3 mg/kg) was investigated in cats anaesthetized with nitrous oxide. A continuous high voltage, burst-suppression EEG indicating constant seizure activity was found, whereas arterial pressure and sympathetic nervous activity did not change significantly. Although the onset of EEG seizure activity did not change the mean sympathetic activity level, the pattern of firing changed dramatically as every EEG seizure triggered a burst of sympathetic impulses. Barostatic reflexes were active after lidocaine administration unless seizure activity occurred. Thiopental 5 mg/kg given intravenously to cats during continuous lidocaine-induced EEG seizures always abolished the seizure activity without excessive depression of arterial pressure.", "contents": "Sympathetic nervous system response to lidocaine induced seizures in cats. The effect on arterial pressure, EEG, preganglionic sympathetic nervous activity and pulse rate of repeated intravenous administrations of lidocaine (3 mg/kg) was investigated in cats anaesthetized with nitrous oxide. A continuous high voltage, burst-suppression EEG indicating constant seizure activity was found, whereas arterial pressure and sympathetic nervous activity did not change significantly. Although the onset of EEG seizure activity did not change the mean sympathetic activity level, the pattern of firing changed dramatically as every EEG seizure triggered a burst of sympathetic impulses. Barostatic reflexes were active after lidocaine administration unless seizure activity occurred. Thiopental 5 mg/kg given intravenously to cats during continuous lidocaine-induced EEG seizures always abolished the seizure activity without excessive depression of arterial pressure.", "PMID": 696218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10437", "title": "Adsorption of insulin by infusion materials.", "content": "Doubt about insulin adsorption has been an obstacle to rational insulin treatment by i.v. infusion. The influence of several factors on adsorption was therefore studied using a radioimmunoassay technique to determine insulin levels. When 8 to 128 IU of insulin were added to 500- and 1,000-ml containers, a linear relationship was found between the amount added and the amount delivered to the patient, permitting the design of a practical nomogram. In other experiments, 32 IU of insulin was added to 1,000 ml containers. The type of insulin did not influence adsorption. Half of the 32 IU added to soda-glass and siliconized bottles were adsorbed, while plastic containers adsorbed less. Neither the type of infusion solution (except for 60% glucose), nor the type of infusion set infuenced adsorption. Human serum albumin prevented adsorption only incompletely.", "contents": "Adsorption of insulin by infusion materials. Doubt about insulin adsorption has been an obstacle to rational insulin treatment by i.v. infusion. The influence of several factors on adsorption was therefore studied using a radioimmunoassay technique to determine insulin levels. When 8 to 128 IU of insulin were added to 500- and 1,000-ml containers, a linear relationship was found between the amount added and the amount delivered to the patient, permitting the design of a practical nomogram. In other experiments, 32 IU of insulin was added to 1,000 ml containers. The type of insulin did not influence adsorption. Half of the 32 IU added to soda-glass and siliconized bottles were adsorbed, while plastic containers adsorbed less. Neither the type of infusion solution (except for 60% glucose), nor the type of infusion set infuenced adsorption. Human serum albumin prevented adsorption only incompletely.", "PMID": 696219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10438", "title": "Epithelial mucins of the gastro-intestinal tract of Egernia cunninghami.", "content": "Epithelial mucins of the gastro-intestinal tract of Egerina cunninghami, an Australian lizard, were investigated by several histochemical stains. The results obtained showed that the gastro-intestinal tract of this reptile has several types of mucus-secreting cells. Mucins secreted by the oesophagus, intestines and cloaca were predominantly acid-sulphated mucins, while the mucus neck cells of the gastric glands produced neutral mucins and the epithelial cells lining the gastric surface secreted a mixture of both neutral and acid mucins.", "contents": "Epithelial mucins of the gastro-intestinal tract of Egernia cunninghami. Epithelial mucins of the gastro-intestinal tract of Egerina cunninghami, an Australian lizard, were investigated by several histochemical stains. The results obtained showed that the gastro-intestinal tract of this reptile has several types of mucus-secreting cells. Mucins secreted by the oesophagus, intestines and cloaca were predominantly acid-sulphated mucins, while the mucus neck cells of the gastric glands produced neutral mucins and the epithelial cells lining the gastric surface secreted a mixture of both neutral and acid mucins.", "PMID": 696220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10439", "title": "The exocrine pancreas in triamcinolone-treated mice. A light and electron microscopy study.", "content": "6-week-old ICR strain female mice were given between 16 and 21 daily injections of the synthetic glucocorticoid, triamcinolone diacetate (8 mg/kg body weight). Portions of their pancreas were examined by light and electron microscopy and compared with untreated littermate controls. Despite marked variability from animal to animal and lobule to lobule, triamcinolone treatment induced increased zymogen depletion and also the development of large basal vacuoles in many acinar cells. At the ultrastructural level, acinar cells show pronounced mitochondrial swelling, which in many instances is accompanied by the development of myelin whorls. The number of cells with distended granular endoplasmic reticulum is increased as is the number of atrophying cells and cells apparently undergoing disintegration. In addition, there are indications of marked activation of interlobular perivascular macrophages which show marked vacuolation. Our observations suggest that pancreatic acinar cells show cytological changes as a result of experimental hypercorticoidism.", "contents": "The exocrine pancreas in triamcinolone-treated mice. A light and electron microscopy study. 6-week-old ICR strain female mice were given between 16 and 21 daily injections of the synthetic glucocorticoid, triamcinolone diacetate (8 mg/kg body weight). Portions of their pancreas were examined by light and electron microscopy and compared with untreated littermate controls. Despite marked variability from animal to animal and lobule to lobule, triamcinolone treatment induced increased zymogen depletion and also the development of large basal vacuoles in many acinar cells. At the ultrastructural level, acinar cells show pronounced mitochondrial swelling, which in many instances is accompanied by the development of myelin whorls. The number of cells with distended granular endoplasmic reticulum is increased as is the number of atrophying cells and cells apparently undergoing disintegration. In addition, there are indications of marked activation of interlobular perivascular macrophages which show marked vacuolation. Our observations suggest that pancreatic acinar cells show cytological changes as a result of experimental hypercorticoidism.", "PMID": 696221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10440", "title": "Correlations between tooth dimensions of man and apes.", "content": "Computation of simple, multiple and canonical correlation coefficents between the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters showed a high degree of association between the overall crown dimensions of man and chimpanzee. Information regarding the partitioning of genetic and environmental influences on crown form must therefore await further data regarding the degree of correlation between detailed intra-crown dimensions. Nevertheless, the data from this study suggested that dentitions should be regarded as whole biological entities rather than a series of discrete teeth.", "contents": "Correlations between tooth dimensions of man and apes. Computation of simple, multiple and canonical correlation coefficents between the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters showed a high degree of association between the overall crown dimensions of man and chimpanzee. Information regarding the partitioning of genetic and environmental influences on crown form must therefore await further data regarding the degree of correlation between detailed intra-crown dimensions. Nevertheless, the data from this study suggested that dentitions should be regarded as whole biological entities rather than a series of discrete teeth.", "PMID": 696222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10441", "title": "Ultrastructural data and chronobiological patterns of the synaptic ribbons in the outer plexiform layer in the retina of albino rats.", "content": "Synaptic ribbons of the outer plexiform layer in the retina of albino rats are examined, with particular regard to their ultrastructure and to their chronobiological behaviour. As to the ultrastructure, aside from the typical lamellar and granular morphology, synaptic ribbons, whose central bar is roundish and granular, delaminate or furnished with enlarged extremities, are shown. As to the chronobiological pattern, synaptic ribbons undergo to circadian changes in their absolute number, being particularly numerous during the light phase, and few during darkness. It is also considered the morphology (ratio between granular and lamellar) and the size (long, intermediate and short) during the 24-hour cycle; in both cases, diphasic curves are observed. On the basis of these results, in the junction photoreceptors-bipolar cells, synaptic ribbons are polymorphic, dynamic structures, whose number and morphology strictly depend on environmental light conditions.", "contents": "Ultrastructural data and chronobiological patterns of the synaptic ribbons in the outer plexiform layer in the retina of albino rats. Synaptic ribbons of the outer plexiform layer in the retina of albino rats are examined, with particular regard to their ultrastructure and to their chronobiological behaviour. As to the ultrastructure, aside from the typical lamellar and granular morphology, synaptic ribbons, whose central bar is roundish and granular, delaminate or furnished with enlarged extremities, are shown. As to the chronobiological pattern, synaptic ribbons undergo to circadian changes in their absolute number, being particularly numerous during the light phase, and few during darkness. It is also considered the morphology (ratio between granular and lamellar) and the size (long, intermediate and short) during the 24-hour cycle; in both cases, diphasic curves are observed. On the basis of these results, in the junction photoreceptors-bipolar cells, synaptic ribbons are polymorphic, dynamic structures, whose number and morphology strictly depend on environmental light conditions.", "PMID": 696223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10442", "title": "Positional relationships of structures attached to long bones during growth. Cross-sectional studies.", "content": "The various soft structures attached to bones maintain relatively constant relationships during growth. The exact number of these relationships has, however, never been studied. As part of our ongoing research into the factors controlling muscle migration, we have determined these relationships for some structures. We studied the positions of 37 muscles from 24 New Zealand white rabbits ranging in age from birth to maturity. The muscles were selected to illustrate different kinds of attachments: fleshy and tendonous, restricted and extensive, and at both ends of a bone. The proximal and distal edges of attachments were carefully exposed and measured in a device that allowed us to measure the position relative to the ends of the bones without parallax distortion. We used the data to compute correlation coefficients and regression equations for position vs. length of bone. Results show that the correlation coefficient was above 0.9 for most cases and was significant at the 0.5 level for all but 4 cases. Slopes of the regression equations varied considerably, but in all cases they indicated that the closer to the end of a bone, the greater the distance migrated. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Positional relationships of structures attached to long bones during growth. Cross-sectional studies. The various soft structures attached to bones maintain relatively constant relationships during growth. The exact number of these relationships has, however, never been studied. As part of our ongoing research into the factors controlling muscle migration, we have determined these relationships for some structures. We studied the positions of 37 muscles from 24 New Zealand white rabbits ranging in age from birth to maturity. The muscles were selected to illustrate different kinds of attachments: fleshy and tendonous, restricted and extensive, and at both ends of a bone. The proximal and distal edges of attachments were carefully exposed and measured in a device that allowed us to measure the position relative to the ends of the bones without parallax distortion. We used the data to compute correlation coefficients and regression equations for position vs. length of bone. Results show that the correlation coefficient was above 0.9 for most cases and was significant at the 0.5 level for all but 4 cases. Slopes of the regression equations varied considerably, but in all cases they indicated that the closer to the end of a bone, the greater the distance migrated. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 696224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10443", "title": "New capillary collagen of cutaneous scars.", "content": "The capillary collagen of several human keloids was studied. In the majority of the preparations, the collagen had the appearance of an amorphous mass where the amorphous material of the intercellular component was mixed with the newly formed collagen. The vessels of these regions offered neither definite form nor structure but rather a mixture of well-formed fibers and of other fibers still in the process of formation. The principal characteristic of the newly formed vascular collagen was its distribution in the form of rings, each of which was united in turn to other rings. Fibers could be seen radiating from the periphery of these rings and served to join the rings to the surrounding intercellular amorphous substance. The vessels presented different disposition and structures depending upon their grade of development, which is never complete.", "contents": "New capillary collagen of cutaneous scars. The capillary collagen of several human keloids was studied. In the majority of the preparations, the collagen had the appearance of an amorphous mass where the amorphous material of the intercellular component was mixed with the newly formed collagen. The vessels of these regions offered neither definite form nor structure but rather a mixture of well-formed fibers and of other fibers still in the process of formation. The principal characteristic of the newly formed vascular collagen was its distribution in the form of rings, each of which was united in turn to other rings. Fibers could be seen radiating from the periphery of these rings and served to join the rings to the surrounding intercellular amorphous substance. The vessels presented different disposition and structures depending upon their grade of development, which is never complete.", "PMID": 696225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10444", "title": "Sexual dimorphism of skeletal robusticity in several mammalian orders.", "content": "This study tries to determine whether a phylogenetic trend exists in the sexual dimorphism of skeletal robusticity and whether domestication has an effect on it. The problems were studied in the metatarsals of marsupials, insectivores, rodents and primates including Homo, and in various skeletal sections of wild and domesticated rats and dogs. No clear phylogenetic trend could be found and domestication cannot be shown to have an effect on diminishing skeletal robusticity. Sexual dimorphism of skeletal robusticity seems to be highly species-specific and to have a mosaic distribution in a given taxon. Conclusions on phylogenetic trends of sexual dimorphism of skeletal robusticity and the effect of culture on it seem to be premature.", "contents": "Sexual dimorphism of skeletal robusticity in several mammalian orders. This study tries to determine whether a phylogenetic trend exists in the sexual dimorphism of skeletal robusticity and whether domestication has an effect on it. The problems were studied in the metatarsals of marsupials, insectivores, rodents and primates including Homo, and in various skeletal sections of wild and domesticated rats and dogs. No clear phylogenetic trend could be found and domestication cannot be shown to have an effect on diminishing skeletal robusticity. Sexual dimorphism of skeletal robusticity seems to be highly species-specific and to have a mosaic distribution in a given taxon. Conclusions on phylogenetic trends of sexual dimorphism of skeletal robusticity and the effect of culture on it seem to be premature.", "PMID": 696226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10445", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence of thin intercapillary anastomoses in the renal glomerulus.", "content": "Electron-microscopic examination of mouse kidneys revealed in the glomeruli very thin (0.7 micron) vessels, the wall of which has the same structure as the remaining glomerular capillaries. The authoress considers them intercapillary anastomoses which were detected already previously by injection with India ink, however, the structure of their wall was not known hitherto.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence of thin intercapillary anastomoses in the renal glomerulus. Electron-microscopic examination of mouse kidneys revealed in the glomeruli very thin (0.7 micron) vessels, the wall of which has the same structure as the remaining glomerular capillaries. The authoress considers them intercapillary anastomoses which were detected already previously by injection with India ink, however, the structure of their wall was not known hitherto.", "PMID": 696227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10446", "title": "Atypical thyroid follicles arising from an ultimobranchial-like cyst in a postnatal canine thyroid gland.", "content": "While investigating the intrinsic vasculature of the canine thyroid gland, atypical thyroid follicles were observed histologically, arising from a postnatal thyroid cyst of unknown origin, in stained sections of a male, 1-year-old, mesaticephalic dog. The animal was anesthetized, bled, killed by injection of Toxital directly into the heart, and perfused with 10% buffered neutral formalin solution. The thyroid tissue was fixed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned serially, and mounted on glass slides. Concordant with descriptions in the literature, this structure appeared to be a postnatal ultimobranchial-like cyst with direct connections to both ultimobranchial and mixed follicles. Seemingly, this observation has never been reported previously in the canine and would lend support to the hypothesis that ultimobranchial-like cysts may give rise to these atypical follicles. However, the authors are not totally convinced that all such thyroid cysts are solely ultimobranchial in orgin. A review of the literature supporting this contention is discussed.", "contents": "Atypical thyroid follicles arising from an ultimobranchial-like cyst in a postnatal canine thyroid gland. While investigating the intrinsic vasculature of the canine thyroid gland, atypical thyroid follicles were observed histologically, arising from a postnatal thyroid cyst of unknown origin, in stained sections of a male, 1-year-old, mesaticephalic dog. The animal was anesthetized, bled, killed by injection of Toxital directly into the heart, and perfused with 10% buffered neutral formalin solution. The thyroid tissue was fixed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned serially, and mounted on glass slides. Concordant with descriptions in the literature, this structure appeared to be a postnatal ultimobranchial-like cyst with direct connections to both ultimobranchial and mixed follicles. Seemingly, this observation has never been reported previously in the canine and would lend support to the hypothesis that ultimobranchial-like cysts may give rise to these atypical follicles. However, the authors are not totally convinced that all such thyroid cysts are solely ultimobranchial in orgin. A review of the literature supporting this contention is discussed.", "PMID": 696228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10447", "title": "Functional and hormonal control of pelvic width in the rat.", "content": "Absolute sacral dimensions of the rat are influenced by muscular, ovarian and testicular action, and all affect absolute sacral length more than absolute width. However, relative to trunk-length dimensions are rather stable and drop with a higher level of significance only in castration combined with estrogen or progesterone treatment. Relative pelvic width, as expressed by the transverse interiliac distance, is greatly widened in extreme muscular hypofunction but the sacrum does not participate in this widening. The widening results from a broadening of the proximal part of the ilium, following a genral response of long bones to extreme muscular hypofunction. Pelvic width is reduced in castration and ovariectomy with and without testosterone or estrogen treatment, but not in the combination of castration with progesterone treatment. Changes of sacral width are, however, more often independent from than concomitant with the width changes of the pelvis. The transverse interventral spine distance is dependent on rectus femoris muscle activity and drops drastically in hind-leg removal. It also drops in castration and particularly when castration is combined with estrogen treatment; but progesterone adds little to the effect of castration alone. The effect of ovariectomy alone or combined with testosterone treatment is negligible.", "contents": "Functional and hormonal control of pelvic width in the rat. Absolute sacral dimensions of the rat are influenced by muscular, ovarian and testicular action, and all affect absolute sacral length more than absolute width. However, relative to trunk-length dimensions are rather stable and drop with a higher level of significance only in castration combined with estrogen or progesterone treatment. Relative pelvic width, as expressed by the transverse interiliac distance, is greatly widened in extreme muscular hypofunction but the sacrum does not participate in this widening. The widening results from a broadening of the proximal part of the ilium, following a genral response of long bones to extreme muscular hypofunction. Pelvic width is reduced in castration and ovariectomy with and without testosterone or estrogen treatment, but not in the combination of castration with progesterone treatment. Changes of sacral width are, however, more often independent from than concomitant with the width changes of the pelvis. The transverse interventral spine distance is dependent on rectus femoris muscle activity and drops drastically in hind-leg removal. It also drops in castration and particularly when castration is combined with estrogen treatment; but progesterone adds little to the effect of castration alone. The effect of ovariectomy alone or combined with testosterone treatment is negligible.", "PMID": 696230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10448", "title": "Association of mitochondria with the plasma membrane of the acinar cells of the mouse submaxillary glands1.", "content": "Electron micrographs of resting and pilocarpine-stimulated acinar cells of mouse submaxillary glands revealed the majority of mitochondria in close association with lateral and basal portions of the acinar cell membranes. The qualitative observations were confirmed by quantitation. Speculations as to the functional significance of this observation are discussed.", "contents": "Association of mitochondria with the plasma membrane of the acinar cells of the mouse submaxillary glands1. Electron micrographs of resting and pilocarpine-stimulated acinar cells of mouse submaxillary glands revealed the majority of mitochondria in close association with lateral and basal portions of the acinar cell membranes. The qualitative observations were confirmed by quantitation. Speculations as to the functional significance of this observation are discussed.", "PMID": 696231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10449", "title": "Clinical aspects and long-term prognosis in supratentorial tumors of infancy and childhood.", "content": "A total of 132 children, less than 15 years of age at the time of diagnosis of an intracranial supratentorial tumor, were followed from 1 to 40 years. The patient material was unselected and the follow-up 100%. 73 were boys and 59 were girls. The tumors were located in the lateral region of the brain in 70 children and in the midline in 62. Astrocytoma was the most common histological type, followed by craniopharyngioma. The occurrence of the most malignant tumor types was significantly higher in the lateral than in the midline region. 84 children survived for more than 1 month after the initial diagnosis or surgery, and 29 of these were alive 15 to 40 years after operation. 45% of the children with tumors situated laterally and 30% of those with midline tumors were alive after 15 years. 14% of those who survived at least 15 years had severe and 34% slight neurological defects.", "contents": "Clinical aspects and long-term prognosis in supratentorial tumors of infancy and childhood. A total of 132 children, less than 15 years of age at the time of diagnosis of an intracranial supratentorial tumor, were followed from 1 to 40 years. The patient material was unselected and the follow-up 100%. 73 were boys and 59 were girls. The tumors were located in the lateral region of the brain in 70 children and in the midline in 62. Astrocytoma was the most common histological type, followed by craniopharyngioma. The occurrence of the most malignant tumor types was significantly higher in the lateral than in the midline region. 84 children survived for more than 1 month after the initial diagnosis or surgery, and 29 of these were alive 15 to 40 years after operation. 45% of the children with tumors situated laterally and 30% of those with midline tumors were alive after 15 years. 14% of those who survived at least 15 years had severe and 34% slight neurological defects.", "PMID": 696234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10450", "title": "Clinical features and long-term follow-up of patients with reversible ischemic attacks (RIA).", "content": "The clinical features of 102 cases with transient attacks due to cerebral ischemia were evaluated, and 94 out of 102 cases were followed for an average of 6 years. 1) The clinical study makes comparisons between two groups of patients grouped under the somewhat new definition of Reversible Ischemic Attacks (RIA): classical Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) and Stroke with Full Recovery (SFR), in which a complete recovery took place over a longer period, on the average 3 weeks. 2) SFR constitutes the 34.31% of the total cases with transient ischemic episodes. In the carotid district the onset was more frequently gradual in SFR than in TIA and aphasia more frequent in TIA than in SFR. Multiple attacks prevailed in TIA over the SFR group. The definition of transient attack due to ischemia is discussed. 3) Completed strokes occurred in 11 cases (11.7%) with RIA. Hypertension and cardiac disease were significantly frequent in cases with subsequent stroke. The conclusion was reached that TIA is a symptom, not a pathological state, and TIA should be considered an important symptom but not a specific harbinger of completed stroke.", "contents": "Clinical features and long-term follow-up of patients with reversible ischemic attacks (RIA). The clinical features of 102 cases with transient attacks due to cerebral ischemia were evaluated, and 94 out of 102 cases were followed for an average of 6 years. 1) The clinical study makes comparisons between two groups of patients grouped under the somewhat new definition of Reversible Ischemic Attacks (RIA): classical Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) and Stroke with Full Recovery (SFR), in which a complete recovery took place over a longer period, on the average 3 weeks. 2) SFR constitutes the 34.31% of the total cases with transient ischemic episodes. In the carotid district the onset was more frequently gradual in SFR than in TIA and aphasia more frequent in TIA than in SFR. Multiple attacks prevailed in TIA over the SFR group. The definition of transient attack due to ischemia is discussed. 3) Completed strokes occurred in 11 cases (11.7%) with RIA. Hypertension and cardiac disease were significantly frequent in cases with subsequent stroke. The conclusion was reached that TIA is a symptom, not a pathological state, and TIA should be considered an important symptom but not a specific harbinger of completed stroke.", "PMID": 696235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10451", "title": "Osteoarthropathy of hepatolenticular degeneration.", "content": "Ninety-six joints of 25 patients with hepatolenticular degeneration have been studied by means of scintigraphs with technetium (99mTc), a method which can disclose early synovial inflammation and postinflammatory articular degeneration. Signs of synovitis were found in 22 joints of 10 patients (40%) and degenerative changes were present in 15 joints of eight patients (32%). Eleven patients complained of joint pains; in four of them they were the presenting symptom. The radiological study showed osteoporosis in 22 patients (88%); flexion deformity was found in two cases, anomalous osteophytes in two, and signs of growth arrest, features of rheumatoid arthritis and aseptic necrosis in one case each. The pathogenesis of osteoarticular changes in Wilson's disease is discussed.", "contents": "Osteoarthropathy of hepatolenticular degeneration. Ninety-six joints of 25 patients with hepatolenticular degeneration have been studied by means of scintigraphs with technetium (99mTc), a method which can disclose early synovial inflammation and postinflammatory articular degeneration. Signs of synovitis were found in 22 joints of 10 patients (40%) and degenerative changes were present in 15 joints of eight patients (32%). Eleven patients complained of joint pains; in four of them they were the presenting symptom. The radiological study showed osteoporosis in 22 patients (88%); flexion deformity was found in two cases, anomalous osteophytes in two, and signs of growth arrest, features of rheumatoid arthritis and aseptic necrosis in one case each. The pathogenesis of osteoarticular changes in Wilson's disease is discussed.", "PMID": 696236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10452", "title": "Morphological, biochemical, ultrastructural, tissue culture and clinical observations of typical and aggressive craniopharyngiomas.", "content": "Craniopharyngiomas are tumors of the suprasellar area, which are often cystic, encapsulated and slow-growing. Certain of these tumors can behave in an aggressive manner and either invade surrounding structures or recur. In order to determine characteristics which may aid in distinguishing typical from atypical lesions, a study of biopsy and tissue culture specimens from 25 human craniopharyngiomas was undertaken. Tissue culture observations reveal two distinct cell populations. Typical lesions grew in culture in an orderly epithelial pattern and had desmosome-tonofibril aggregates and smooth surface topography demonstrable by electron microscopy. In the atypical tumors the cell growth was irregular, with mitotic activity, cholesterol crystals and features characteristic of neoplastic transformation, such as surface microvilli, an increase of cytoplasmic basophilia, size and number of nucleoli and retraction of cytoplasm. Correlation with the clinical status of the patients suggests that tumors of the four patients which exhibited atypical features in culture behaved more aggressively.", "contents": "Morphological, biochemical, ultrastructural, tissue culture and clinical observations of typical and aggressive craniopharyngiomas. Craniopharyngiomas are tumors of the suprasellar area, which are often cystic, encapsulated and slow-growing. Certain of these tumors can behave in an aggressive manner and either invade surrounding structures or recur. In order to determine characteristics which may aid in distinguishing typical from atypical lesions, a study of biopsy and tissue culture specimens from 25 human craniopharyngiomas was undertaken. Tissue culture observations reveal two distinct cell populations. Typical lesions grew in culture in an orderly epithelial pattern and had desmosome-tonofibril aggregates and smooth surface topography demonstrable by electron microscopy. In the atypical tumors the cell growth was irregular, with mitotic activity, cholesterol crystals and features characteristic of neoplastic transformation, such as surface microvilli, an increase of cytoplasmic basophilia, size and number of nucleoli and retraction of cytoplasm. Correlation with the clinical status of the patients suggests that tumors of the four patients which exhibited atypical features in culture behaved more aggressively.", "PMID": 696237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10453", "title": "Heterotopic brain tissue in the submandibular region and lung. Report of two cases and comments about pathogenesis.", "content": "Two cases of extracranial heterotopia of the brain are reported. Case 1, in an otherwise normal female baby, had a brain heterotopia in the submandibular region. Case 2, in a still-born female baby with anencephaly, had the heterotopia in the lung. The lesion in case 1 is believed to be an encephalocele that has been pinched off through a cleft in the bone or through a foramen of the skull; the pathogenesis is similar to that of the so-called \"nasal glioma\". Concerning the pathogenesis of case 2, contrary to the generally supported embolism theory, observation of serial sections of the tumor in the lung favors the aspiration theory according to which amniotic brain tissue fragments, which are dislocated into the amnion because of nonclosure of the ventricle or following destruction of the fetal brain, are aspirated by fetal respiratory movements in the 4th to 6th month of intra-uterine life.", "contents": "Heterotopic brain tissue in the submandibular region and lung. Report of two cases and comments about pathogenesis. Two cases of extracranial heterotopia of the brain are reported. Case 1, in an otherwise normal female baby, had a brain heterotopia in the submandibular region. Case 2, in a still-born female baby with anencephaly, had the heterotopia in the lung. The lesion in case 1 is believed to be an encephalocele that has been pinched off through a cleft in the bone or through a foramen of the skull; the pathogenesis is similar to that of the so-called \"nasal glioma\". Concerning the pathogenesis of case 2, contrary to the generally supported embolism theory, observation of serial sections of the tumor in the lung favors the aspiration theory according to which amniotic brain tissue fragments, which are dislocated into the amnion because of nonclosure of the ventricle or following destruction of the fetal brain, are aspirated by fetal respiratory movements in the 4th to 6th month of intra-uterine life.", "PMID": 696239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10454", "title": "[Effects of thyroid hormones and heat value restriction of food intake on the glial surrounding and soma development of Purkinje cell (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyper- and hypothyroidism repercussions on soma, nucleus and cytoplasm increases were studied by electron microscopy on 7-, 14-, 21-, and 35-day-old rats. Adult normal animals were compared with adult ones made hypothyroid until they were 35 days old. Also heat value restriction of food intake effects were compared with hypothyroid ones at 14 and 35 days. Hyperthyroidism accelerated the soma and cytoplasm size increase as early as 14 days, and the nucleus size increase as early as 21 days. It did not change the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio (N/P) markedly, except that maximal value of this ratio was reached earlier than in normal animals. Heat value restriction of food intake led to a transitory soma size decrease at 14 days and a high nucleus size increase. This diet did not change markedly either cytoplasm size or N/P ratio value. Hypothyroidism slackened the rate of the soma, nucleus and cytoplasm size increase during the third postnatal week especially. Beyond, these structures went on increasing and their size became greater than normal in adult hypothyroid animals. N/P ratio was always superior to normal. Hypothyroidism led to a high volumetric and linear density of Purkinje cell soma glial surrounding. Hyperthyroidism caused a slight increase of these parameters which were not greatly changed by heat value restriction of food intake.", "contents": "[Effects of thyroid hormones and heat value restriction of food intake on the glial surrounding and soma development of Purkinje cell (author's transl)]. Hyper- and hypothyroidism repercussions on soma, nucleus and cytoplasm increases were studied by electron microscopy on 7-, 14-, 21-, and 35-day-old rats. Adult normal animals were compared with adult ones made hypothyroid until they were 35 days old. Also heat value restriction of food intake effects were compared with hypothyroid ones at 14 and 35 days. Hyperthyroidism accelerated the soma and cytoplasm size increase as early as 14 days, and the nucleus size increase as early as 21 days. It did not change the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio (N/P) markedly, except that maximal value of this ratio was reached earlier than in normal animals. Heat value restriction of food intake led to a transitory soma size decrease at 14 days and a high nucleus size increase. This diet did not change markedly either cytoplasm size or N/P ratio value. Hypothyroidism slackened the rate of the soma, nucleus and cytoplasm size increase during the third postnatal week especially. Beyond, these structures went on increasing and their size became greater than normal in adult hypothyroid animals. N/P ratio was always superior to normal. Hypothyroidism led to a high volumetric and linear density of Purkinje cell soma glial surrounding. Hyperthyroidism caused a slight increase of these parameters which were not greatly changed by heat value restriction of food intake.", "PMID": 696240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10455", "title": "Canine distemper virus-associated encephalitis: modification by passive antibody administration.", "content": "Gnotobiotic puppies were intraperitoneally infected with R252-canine distemper virus (CDV), and treated with normal serum (NS) or CDV-specific antibody. Resultant central nervous system (CNS) lesions were evaluated by light and immunofluorescence microscopy. Lesions in NS-treated dogs, if present, consisted of small foci of neuronal degeneration and accompanying microgliosis, restricted to grey matter of the frontal lobe. Dogs receiving anti-CDV antibody, in contrast, had extensive lesions in the brain. Laminar cortical necrosis, gliosis and astrocytic activation of the grey matter of the frontal lobe was the most consistent lesion observed. In addition, foci of cerebellar granule cell layer degeneration and necrosis was seen along with segmental poliomalacia of the spinal cord. In several dogs, eosinophilic intracytoplasmic and intranuclear viral inclusion bodies were observe in neurons. The lesions observed in these dogs are compared to previously reported lesions of CDV infection in dogs.", "contents": "Canine distemper virus-associated encephalitis: modification by passive antibody administration. Gnotobiotic puppies were intraperitoneally infected with R252-canine distemper virus (CDV), and treated with normal serum (NS) or CDV-specific antibody. Resultant central nervous system (CNS) lesions were evaluated by light and immunofluorescence microscopy. Lesions in NS-treated dogs, if present, consisted of small foci of neuronal degeneration and accompanying microgliosis, restricted to grey matter of the frontal lobe. Dogs receiving anti-CDV antibody, in contrast, had extensive lesions in the brain. Laminar cortical necrosis, gliosis and astrocytic activation of the grey matter of the frontal lobe was the most consistent lesion observed. In addition, foci of cerebellar granule cell layer degeneration and necrosis was seen along with segmental poliomalacia of the spinal cord. In several dogs, eosinophilic intracytoplasmic and intranuclear viral inclusion bodies were observe in neurons. The lesions observed in these dogs are compared to previously reported lesions of CDV infection in dogs.", "PMID": 696241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10456", "title": "Reactivity patterns of nerve cell-glia-complexes in mice during pentylenetrazole-induced seizures. Cytometric-cytophotometric studies.", "content": "The relationships between nerve cell-glia-complexes (NGCs) and surrounding capillaries were studied by combined cytometric-cytophotometric methods in male mice up to 60 min after injection of 70 milligrams/kilograms of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). The nuclear area in neurons from cortical layers IV and V of the motoric area 8 increased by 13%, and in neurons from the hypoglossal nucleus there was an increase of 23%, associated with phasic changes in the nuclear area of their glial satellites. The number of perfused capillaries increased in both brain regions and there was a 20%-elongation of erythrocyte-filled capillary segments. The cytoplasmic RNA content enlarged in the hypoglossal neurons but decreased in cortical neurons from area 8. Peptidergic neurons and their glial satellites (supraoptic nucleus) showed nuclear shrinkage. Fifty percent of these peptidergic neurons reacted by reduction of their cytoplasmic RNA content. The measured cell reactions seem to be specific for different groups of NGCs which were defined by their histotopography, their neuronal interconnections, and a prevalence of secretory or nonsecretory neurons.", "contents": "Reactivity patterns of nerve cell-glia-complexes in mice during pentylenetrazole-induced seizures. Cytometric-cytophotometric studies. The relationships between nerve cell-glia-complexes (NGCs) and surrounding capillaries were studied by combined cytometric-cytophotometric methods in male mice up to 60 min after injection of 70 milligrams/kilograms of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). The nuclear area in neurons from cortical layers IV and V of the motoric area 8 increased by 13%, and in neurons from the hypoglossal nucleus there was an increase of 23%, associated with phasic changes in the nuclear area of their glial satellites. The number of perfused capillaries increased in both brain regions and there was a 20%-elongation of erythrocyte-filled capillary segments. The cytoplasmic RNA content enlarged in the hypoglossal neurons but decreased in cortical neurons from area 8. Peptidergic neurons and their glial satellites (supraoptic nucleus) showed nuclear shrinkage. Fifty percent of these peptidergic neurons reacted by reduction of their cytoplasmic RNA content. The measured cell reactions seem to be specific for different groups of NGCs which were defined by their histotopography, their neuronal interconnections, and a prevalence of secretory or nonsecretory neurons.", "PMID": 696242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10457", "title": "Morphological demonstration of the virus of tick-borne encephalitis in the human brain.", "content": "A case is presented in which the fourfold increase of the HI titer during the progression of the disease, and an increase in IgM content found at the beginning of the second week of the disease confirmed the diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis. The light microscopic changes correspond to the findings accepted as characteristic to tick-borne encephalitis. Viruses, morphologically belonging to the Flavivirus genus were found by electron microscopy in the thalamus, substantia nigra, and cerebellum of the dissected brain. This paper presents the first demonstration of the virus in a case of a human tick-borne encephalitis.", "contents": "Morphological demonstration of the virus of tick-borne encephalitis in the human brain. A case is presented in which the fourfold increase of the HI titer during the progression of the disease, and an increase in IgM content found at the beginning of the second week of the disease confirmed the diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis. The light microscopic changes correspond to the findings accepted as characteristic to tick-borne encephalitis. Viruses, morphologically belonging to the Flavivirus genus were found by electron microscopy in the thalamus, substantia nigra, and cerebellum of the dissected brain. This paper presents the first demonstration of the virus in a case of a human tick-borne encephalitis.", "PMID": 696243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10458", "title": "Megalencephaly and chromosomal anomaly.", "content": "A 6-year-old mentally retarded boy died after cardiac surgery for Fallot's tetralogy. The brain was of enormous size, weighing 2230 grams and showing widespread polymicrogyria and dysdifferentiation to regular large pyramidal neurons without increased DNA content. Nuclear Barr bodies indicated a XXY-chromosomal (Klinefelter) syndrome, which has not been previously reported in megalencephaly. True megalencephaly (excluding the symptomatic forms) should remain a pathological diagnosis and restricted to cases with an abnormally high brain weight in addition to morphological alterations. There is evidence for a genetic base in many cases of megalencephaly, and chromosomal studies may yield more information in this respect", "contents": "Megalencephaly and chromosomal anomaly. A 6-year-old mentally retarded boy died after cardiac surgery for Fallot's tetralogy. The brain was of enormous size, weighing 2230 grams and showing widespread polymicrogyria and dysdifferentiation to regular large pyramidal neurons without increased DNA content. Nuclear Barr bodies indicated a XXY-chromosomal (Klinefelter) syndrome, which has not been previously reported in megalencephaly. True megalencephaly (excluding the symptomatic forms) should remain a pathological diagnosis and restricted to cases with an abnormally high brain weight in addition to morphological alterations. There is evidence for a genetic base in many cases of megalencephaly, and chromosomal studies may yield more information in this respect", "PMID": 696244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10459", "title": "CAP, HCS and urinary oestriol assays in diabetic pregnancy.", "content": "The value of serial estimations of plasma CAP, HCS and urinary oestriol assays in pregnancies complicated with diabetes has been studied. The material consists of 31 patients, 16 of whom delivered normal infants and 15 delivered newborns with diabetic foetopathy. It is concluded that the levels of CAP, HCS and urinary oesteriol excretion in diabetic pregnancies are comparable to those found in normal pregnancy. No significant differences in the biochemical parameters were detected between diabetic women who delivered infants with foetopathy compared to diabetic women who delivered normal infants. The maternal oestriol excretion was, however, somewhat higher in diabetic women who delivered infants with macrosomia.", "contents": "CAP, HCS and urinary oestriol assays in diabetic pregnancy. The value of serial estimations of plasma CAP, HCS and urinary oestriol assays in pregnancies complicated with diabetes has been studied. The material consists of 31 patients, 16 of whom delivered normal infants and 15 delivered newborns with diabetic foetopathy. It is concluded that the levels of CAP, HCS and urinary oesteriol excretion in diabetic pregnancies are comparable to those found in normal pregnancy. No significant differences in the biochemical parameters were detected between diabetic women who delivered infants with foetopathy compared to diabetic women who delivered normal infants. The maternal oestriol excretion was, however, somewhat higher in diabetic women who delivered infants with macrosomia.", "PMID": 696250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10460", "title": "Ultrastructure and variations of human cervical mucus during pregnancy and the menopause.", "content": "Ultrastructural aspect and variations of cervical mucus have been studied by scanning electron microscopy in 58 pregnant and 29 menopausal women. In both groups, a striking tightening of the ultrastructural glycoprotein framework was demonstrated. The phenomenon appears to occur very rapidly at the beginning of pregnancy while patients near the menopause show more variable patterns. The results are compared to the known evolution of cervical mucus ultrastructure during the ovarian cycle and discussed from a rheological point of view. Particular attention was paid to the eventual antibacterial role of cervical mucus in pregnancy, which was found to be very plausible.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and variations of human cervical mucus during pregnancy and the menopause. Ultrastructural aspect and variations of cervical mucus have been studied by scanning electron microscopy in 58 pregnant and 29 menopausal women. In both groups, a striking tightening of the ultrastructural glycoprotein framework was demonstrated. The phenomenon appears to occur very rapidly at the beginning of pregnancy while patients near the menopause show more variable patterns. The results are compared to the known evolution of cervical mucus ultrastructure during the ovarian cycle and discussed from a rheological point of view. Particular attention was paid to the eventual antibacterial role of cervical mucus in pregnancy, which was found to be very plausible.", "PMID": 696251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10461", "title": "Fracture and chemical composition of the deposit formed on the Lippes loop after prolonged use.", "content": "In order to confirm or refute the theory that there is the need to replace IUD's every few years due to their breaking, 26 Lippes Loops were tested. The sediment found on the devices was composed mainly of calcium carbonate. After removal of the sedimentation, it was seen that there was some corrosion of the body of the devices which caused a decrease in the IUD thickness. Pressure tests showed that an IUD which has been in use for a long period of time is more rigid, has less ability to deform and breaks under less pressure. It seems that the current medical opinion stating that IUD's should be replaced every few years, is valid.", "contents": "Fracture and chemical composition of the deposit formed on the Lippes loop after prolonged use. In order to confirm or refute the theory that there is the need to replace IUD's every few years due to their breaking, 26 Lippes Loops were tested. The sediment found on the devices was composed mainly of calcium carbonate. After removal of the sedimentation, it was seen that there was some corrosion of the body of the devices which caused a decrease in the IUD thickness. Pressure tests showed that an IUD which has been in use for a long period of time is more rigid, has less ability to deform and breaks under less pressure. It seems that the current medical opinion stating that IUD's should be replaced every few years, is valid.", "PMID": 696252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10462", "title": "Cryosurgical treatment of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri.", "content": "Fifty-nine patients (age range 18-40 years, mean 28 years) with dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri were treated with cryosurgery. Healing occurred in 54 patients (91.6%) after one treatment (\"double-freeze\" technic) and in 2 patients after refreezing. No early or late complications occurred during a follow-up period of 7-37 months. Five of the patients with carcinoma in situ were followed immunologically with determinations of serum TPA (tissue polypeptide antigen), which can be employed as a parameter of malignancy. In all instances, the initially elevated TPA normalized after cryosurgical treatment. Cryosurgery is a simple, painless and safe treatment method in ectocervically localized carcinoma in situ and dysplasia that is particularly suited for out-patient use.", "contents": "Cryosurgical treatment of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri. Fifty-nine patients (age range 18-40 years, mean 28 years) with dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri were treated with cryosurgery. Healing occurred in 54 patients (91.6%) after one treatment (\"double-freeze\" technic) and in 2 patients after refreezing. No early or late complications occurred during a follow-up period of 7-37 months. Five of the patients with carcinoma in situ were followed immunologically with determinations of serum TPA (tissue polypeptide antigen), which can be employed as a parameter of malignancy. In all instances, the initially elevated TPA normalized after cryosurgical treatment. Cryosurgery is a simple, painless and safe treatment method in ectocervically localized carcinoma in situ and dysplasia that is particularly suited for out-patient use.", "PMID": 696253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10463", "title": "Human placental lactogen levels in amniotic fluid in normal and toxemic pregnancies.", "content": "Amniotic fluid human placental lactogen (HPL) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 162 cases of women with normal pregnancy and 43 with toxemic pregnancy, in the last trimester of pregnancy. A significant differences in levels was observed.", "contents": "Human placental lactogen levels in amniotic fluid in normal and toxemic pregnancies. Amniotic fluid human placental lactogen (HPL) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 162 cases of women with normal pregnancy and 43 with toxemic pregnancy, in the last trimester of pregnancy. A significant differences in levels was observed.", "PMID": 696254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10464", "title": "The site of placental attachment as a factor in the aetiology of breech presentation.", "content": "The frequency of cornu-fundal implantation of the placenta in association with breech presentation was investigated in the following study. In a series of 124 women with breech presentation, and 125 women with cephalic presentation at or near term, the implantation site of the placenta was demonstrated by ultrasonography. It was found that with breech presentation the placenta was implanted in the cornual region in 72.6% of the cases, as compared with 4.8% in cephalic presentation. The placental implantation site may therefore have a determining effect upon the presentation of the foetus.", "contents": "The site of placental attachment as a factor in the aetiology of breech presentation. The frequency of cornu-fundal implantation of the placenta in association with breech presentation was investigated in the following study. In a series of 124 women with breech presentation, and 125 women with cephalic presentation at or near term, the implantation site of the placenta was demonstrated by ultrasonography. It was found that with breech presentation the placenta was implanted in the cornual region in 72.6% of the cases, as compared with 4.8% in cephalic presentation. The placental implantation site may therefore have a determining effect upon the presentation of the foetus.", "PMID": 696255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10465", "title": "Pregnancy in a case of Nelson's syndrome.", "content": "A woman suffering from Cushing's disease from the age of 17 who had been treated consecutively with pituitary irradiation, bilateral partial adrenalectomy and o,p'-DDD (Mitotane, USP) presented the clinical picture of Nelson's syndrome (hypoadrenalism with secondary hypersecretion of ACTH and MSH) at the age of 32. Under substitution therapy with corticoids she became pregnant for the first time at the age of 38. The course of the pregnancy was normal and at term she was delivered of a normal child by Cesarean section. The materno-fetal relationship, the increased risk of pituitary infarction during pregnancy and the possible teratogenic effect of chemotherapy in such cases are discussed.", "contents": "Pregnancy in a case of Nelson's syndrome. A woman suffering from Cushing's disease from the age of 17 who had been treated consecutively with pituitary irradiation, bilateral partial adrenalectomy and o,p'-DDD (Mitotane, USP) presented the clinical picture of Nelson's syndrome (hypoadrenalism with secondary hypersecretion of ACTH and MSH) at the age of 32. Under substitution therapy with corticoids she became pregnant for the first time at the age of 38. The course of the pregnancy was normal and at term she was delivered of a normal child by Cesarean section. The materno-fetal relationship, the increased risk of pituitary infarction during pregnancy and the possible teratogenic effect of chemotherapy in such cases are discussed.", "PMID": 696256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10466", "title": "The Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and pregnancy.", "content": "The Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome is considered rare in connection with pregnancy. In mild cases the course of the pregnancy is unaffected. In severe cases, with respiratory depression and bulbar symptoms, especially during late pregnancy, the syndrome entails an increased risk to both mother and foetus. Therapeutic abortion of cesarean section are not considered to be indicated. A pregnant woman developed the disease during the final trimester and gave birth to premature twins during respirator treatment. The mother and the infants survived.", "contents": "The Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and pregnancy. The Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome is considered rare in connection with pregnancy. In mild cases the course of the pregnancy is unaffected. In severe cases, with respiratory depression and bulbar symptoms, especially during late pregnancy, the syndrome entails an increased risk to both mother and foetus. Therapeutic abortion of cesarean section are not considered to be indicated. A pregnant woman developed the disease during the final trimester and gave birth to premature twins during respirator treatment. The mother and the infants survived.", "PMID": 696257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10467", "title": "Recurrent hydatidiform mole. Report of a case with five recurrences.", "content": "A report on a patient having five consecutive molar pregnancies is presented. None of the pregnancies was associated with a fetus and all five hydatidiform moles  were histologically benign. The treatment of recurrent moles is discussed and the literature concerning this problem is reviewed.", "contents": "Recurrent hydatidiform mole. Report of a case with five recurrences. A report on a patient having five consecutive molar pregnancies is presented. None of the pregnancies was associated with a fetus and all five hydatidiform moles  were histologically benign. The treatment of recurrent moles is discussed and the literature concerning this problem is reviewed.", "PMID": 696258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10468", "title": "Implantation of a scleral strip into the supraciliary space and cyclodialysis in glaucoma.", "content": "Since 1975 the operation of implantation of a scleral strip (10 mm long and 2 mm wide) has been performed on 75 glaucomatous patients. The following variants of surgical technique were used: (1) implantation of an autoscleral strip into the supraciliary space, (2) implantation of an autoscleral strip combined with cyclodialysis and (3) implantation of a homoscleral (cadaver) strip combined with cyclodialysis. The first technique was employed in 12 cases. The intraocular pressure was controlled by surgery alone in only four eyes, though a decrease in the level of the intraocular pressure and an increase in the C-value occurred in each case. No significant difference between the results obtained with the second and the third techniques was found. Of 63 eyes operated on, the intraocular pressure was controlled in 41 eyes (65%) by surgery alone and in 11 other eyes with the help of miotics 3 to 4 weeks after surgery. Follow-up was for a period of from 12 to 23 months in 51 cases. The pressure was under control in 36 eyes (71%) without medication and in 10 more eyes with miotics. The rate of complications was low. Hyphaema appeared in 10 cases and mild iridocyclitis occurred in 11 cases. There was no case of choroidal detachment, persistent hypotony or flat anterior chamber after surgery.", "contents": "Implantation of a scleral strip into the supraciliary space and cyclodialysis in glaucoma. Since 1975 the operation of implantation of a scleral strip (10 mm long and 2 mm wide) has been performed on 75 glaucomatous patients. The following variants of surgical technique were used: (1) implantation of an autoscleral strip into the supraciliary space, (2) implantation of an autoscleral strip combined with cyclodialysis and (3) implantation of a homoscleral (cadaver) strip combined with cyclodialysis. The first technique was employed in 12 cases. The intraocular pressure was controlled by surgery alone in only four eyes, though a decrease in the level of the intraocular pressure and an increase in the C-value occurred in each case. No significant difference between the results obtained with the second and the third techniques was found. Of 63 eyes operated on, the intraocular pressure was controlled in 41 eyes (65%) by surgery alone and in 11 other eyes with the help of miotics 3 to 4 weeks after surgery. Follow-up was for a period of from 12 to 23 months in 51 cases. The pressure was under control in 36 eyes (71%) without medication and in 10 more eyes with miotics. The rate of complications was low. Hyphaema appeared in 10 cases and mild iridocyclitis occurred in 11 cases. There was no case of choroidal detachment, persistent hypotony or flat anterior chamber after surgery.", "PMID": 696259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10469", "title": "The ultrastructure of the human lens capsule. I. Cataractous lenses from eyes with simple glaucoma. A transmission electron microscopic study.", "content": "The lens capsules from five cataractous lenses removed from eyes with glaucoma simplex have been compared with capsules from five cataractous lenses removed from eyes without glaucoma. Glaucoma simplex, cataracta senilis or the treatment of the glaucoma by drug therapy or surgical intervention do not seem to influence the ultrastructure of the lens capsule. The findings are identical with those observed in the normal aging human lens.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the human lens capsule. I. Cataractous lenses from eyes with simple glaucoma. A transmission electron microscopic study. The lens capsules from five cataractous lenses removed from eyes with glaucoma simplex have been compared with capsules from five cataractous lenses removed from eyes without glaucoma. Glaucoma simplex, cataracta senilis or the treatment of the glaucoma by drug therapy or surgical intervention do not seem to influence the ultrastructure of the lens capsule. The findings are identical with those observed in the normal aging human lens.", "PMID": 696260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10470", "title": "The ultrastructure of the human lens capsule. II. Cataracta complicata. A transmission electron microscopic study.", "content": "Eight human cataractous lenses extracted from eyes suffering from uveitis have been examined by transmission electron microscopy. The following changes have been demonstrated: cellular proliferation, fibrillogenesis and formation of osmiophilic, electron-dense amorphous structures. The changes were most pronounced in young lenses but had no features in common with the FEC (fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis) syndrome.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the human lens capsule. II. Cataracta complicata. A transmission electron microscopic study. Eight human cataractous lenses extracted from eyes suffering from uveitis have been examined by transmission electron microscopy. The following changes have been demonstrated: cellular proliferation, fibrillogenesis and formation of osmiophilic, electron-dense amorphous structures. The changes were most pronounced in young lenses but had no features in common with the FEC (fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis) syndrome.", "PMID": 696261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10471", "title": "The existence of smooth muscle adjacent to the Schlemm's canal of the normal albino rat eye.", "content": "The existence of smooth muscle adjacent to the rat aqueous outflow pathway was confirmed in this study. The smooth muscles ran parallel to the Schlemm's canal and reached the level of the posterior end of Schlemm's canal. The characteristics of these muscles were similar to smooth muscles in other organs. The existence of smooth muscle in this region depends on the fact that the rat eye lacks the scleral spur and the poorly developed meridional fibers of ciliary muscles come to lie close to the endothelial cells of Schlemm's canal. The innervation and function of these smooth muscles are unknown.", "contents": "The existence of smooth muscle adjacent to the Schlemm's canal of the normal albino rat eye. The existence of smooth muscle adjacent to the rat aqueous outflow pathway was confirmed in this study. The smooth muscles ran parallel to the Schlemm's canal and reached the level of the posterior end of Schlemm's canal. The characteristics of these muscles were similar to smooth muscles in other organs. The existence of smooth muscle in this region depends on the fact that the rat eye lacks the scleral spur and the poorly developed meridional fibers of ciliary muscles come to lie close to the endothelial cells of Schlemm's canal. The innervation and function of these smooth muscles are unknown.", "PMID": 696262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10472", "title": "Secondary haemorrhage following traumatic hyphaema. A comparative study of conservative and tranexamic acid treatment.", "content": "Three out of 56 consecutively admitted patients with traumatic hyhaema, treated conservatively, developed secondary haemorrhage. Of the following 64 patients treated with tranexamic acid, none developed secondary haemorrhage. Statistical analysis, using chi2 test with Yate's correction showed no statistical difference with regard to the occurrence of secondary haemorrhage between the two groups.", "contents": "Secondary haemorrhage following traumatic hyphaema. A comparative study of conservative and tranexamic acid treatment. Three out of 56 consecutively admitted patients with traumatic hyhaema, treated conservatively, developed secondary haemorrhage. Of the following 64 patients treated with tranexamic acid, none developed secondary haemorrhage. Statistical analysis, using chi2 test with Yate's correction showed no statistical difference with regard to the occurrence of secondary haemorrhage between the two groups.", "PMID": 696263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10473", "title": "Vitreo-scleral fluid transfer in the rabbit.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to see whether a radioactive tracer placed in the vitreous of a rabbit eye could be detected on the sclera. A solution of Xenon-133 dissolved in saline was injected into the vitreous of six rabbits and collecting tubes containing activated charcoal were placed on the sclera. The presence of Xenon in these tubes confirmed that vitreoscleral transfer had occurred. It was calculated that on average, 2% of the Xenon had appeared over the whole sclera. A mathematical analysis of the shape of the activity curve of the tracer on the sclera revealed that its appearance was probably due to diffusion across the outer layers of the eye.", "contents": "Vitreo-scleral fluid transfer in the rabbit. Experiments were carried out to see whether a radioactive tracer placed in the vitreous of a rabbit eye could be detected on the sclera. A solution of Xenon-133 dissolved in saline was injected into the vitreous of six rabbits and collecting tubes containing activated charcoal were placed on the sclera. The presence of Xenon in these tubes confirmed that vitreoscleral transfer had occurred. It was calculated that on average, 2% of the Xenon had appeared over the whole sclera. A mathematical analysis of the shape of the activity curve of the tracer on the sclera revealed that its appearance was probably due to diffusion across the outer layers of the eye.", "PMID": 696264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10474", "title": "Amino acid transport in human ciliary epithelium.", "content": "A statistical study of the co-variation of the concentrations of 19 amino acids and related compounds from 21 persons was performed as a factor analysis of Caq/Cpl and of Caq. Six factors explained about 83% of the observed variation. Factor 1 showed a correlation to alpha-amino-N-butyric acid, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, factor 2 to lysine, histidine, arginine and glutamine (containing serine), factor 3 to taurine and proline, factor 4 to glycine and cystine, factor 5 to urea and factor 6 to glutamic acid. Only alanine and threonine showed a correlation to different factors in the Caq/Cpl- and the Caq-matrix. This correlation of groups of substances to different and independent factors is considered to be an argument in favour of the existence of six transport systems in the ciliary epithelium for the investigated substances.", "contents": "Amino acid transport in human ciliary epithelium. A statistical study of the co-variation of the concentrations of 19 amino acids and related compounds from 21 persons was performed as a factor analysis of Caq/Cpl and of Caq. Six factors explained about 83% of the observed variation. Factor 1 showed a correlation to alpha-amino-N-butyric acid, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, factor 2 to lysine, histidine, arginine and glutamine (containing serine), factor 3 to taurine and proline, factor 4 to glycine and cystine, factor 5 to urea and factor 6 to glutamic acid. Only alanine and threonine showed a correlation to different factors in the Caq/Cpl- and the Caq-matrix. This correlation of groups of substances to different and independent factors is considered to be an argument in favour of the existence of six transport systems in the ciliary epithelium for the investigated substances.", "PMID": 696265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10475", "title": "Fluorescein angiography of the iris. A correlation of microangiopathy in the iris and retina.", "content": "Fluorescein angiography of the iris using filters that eliminated pseudofluorescence was performed. In 10 of 40 non-diabetic healthy eyes, a fine-grained leakage of dye occurred from capillaries of the pupillary margin (PML). In 87 of 94 diabetic eyes with or without retinopathy a PML was present. The vascular changes of the iris were compared with those of the retina as disclosed by fundus fluorescein angiography. In 14 of 18 eyes without retinopathy PML was observed. In 25 of 28 eyes with non-proliferative retinopathy there was a PML, 12 of those in addition showed extravasation to the iris stroma. All 48 eyes with proliferative retinopathy showed PML. In addition, 19 of these had extravasation to the iris stroma and 26 iris neovascularization. When iris neovascularization is present, larger fibrovascular proliferations are usually found in the vitreous space, often associated with recurrent vitreous haemorrhages or retinal detachment. Iris angiography yields valuable information on the vitreo-retinal diabetic sequelae and is useful for selection of such eyes for vitrectomy.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography of the iris. A correlation of microangiopathy in the iris and retina. Fluorescein angiography of the iris using filters that eliminated pseudofluorescence was performed. In 10 of 40 non-diabetic healthy eyes, a fine-grained leakage of dye occurred from capillaries of the pupillary margin (PML). In 87 of 94 diabetic eyes with or without retinopathy a PML was present. The vascular changes of the iris were compared with those of the retina as disclosed by fundus fluorescein angiography. In 14 of 18 eyes without retinopathy PML was observed. In 25 of 28 eyes with non-proliferative retinopathy there was a PML, 12 of those in addition showed extravasation to the iris stroma. All 48 eyes with proliferative retinopathy showed PML. In addition, 19 of these had extravasation to the iris stroma and 26 iris neovascularization. When iris neovascularization is present, larger fibrovascular proliferations are usually found in the vitreous space, often associated with recurrent vitreous haemorrhages or retinal detachment. Iris angiography yields valuable information on the vitreo-retinal diabetic sequelae and is useful for selection of such eyes for vitrectomy.", "PMID": 696266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10476", "title": "Pulfrich pendulum phenomenon in patients with a history of acute optic neuritis.", "content": "The Pulfrich phenomenon is a stereoillusion in which a pendulum swinging at right angles to the line of gaze appears to be describing an elliptical path when absorbing filters are placed in front of one eye. We used two sets of polaroid glasses as adjustable filters. A spot on a modified oscilloscope served at a pendulum bob. Twenty-nine former patients with a history of optic neuritis and visual acuities of greater than or equal to 6/6 in both eyes and twenty-two normal subjects underwent examinations. The patients showed pathological recordings which separated them from the control subjects. The test seems to expose minor residual dysfunction of affected optic nerves where the visual acuity is normalized. This abnormal response when viewing the moving Pulfrich pendulum is probably caused by disturbed neural conduction. The degree of acute visual loss and the time elapsed since the attack did not seem to influence the Pulfrich response. The results may explain why some patients who have recovered from optic neuritis complain of difficulties when viewing moving objects. In addition to the use of Pulfrich illusion test for diagnostic work; i.e. clinical or subclinical attacks of optic neuritis, it can serve as a valuable supplement to the more sophisticated method of visual evoked response.", "contents": "Pulfrich pendulum phenomenon in patients with a history of acute optic neuritis. The Pulfrich phenomenon is a stereoillusion in which a pendulum swinging at right angles to the line of gaze appears to be describing an elliptical path when absorbing filters are placed in front of one eye. We used two sets of polaroid glasses as adjustable filters. A spot on a modified oscilloscope served at a pendulum bob. Twenty-nine former patients with a history of optic neuritis and visual acuities of greater than or equal to 6/6 in both eyes and twenty-two normal subjects underwent examinations. The patients showed pathological recordings which separated them from the control subjects. The test seems to expose minor residual dysfunction of affected optic nerves where the visual acuity is normalized. This abnormal response when viewing the moving Pulfrich pendulum is probably caused by disturbed neural conduction. The degree of acute visual loss and the time elapsed since the attack did not seem to influence the Pulfrich response. The results may explain why some patients who have recovered from optic neuritis complain of difficulties when viewing moving objects. In addition to the use of Pulfrich illusion test for diagnostic work; i.e. clinical or subclinical attacks of optic neuritis, it can serve as a valuable supplement to the more sophisticated method of visual evoked response.", "PMID": 696267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10477", "title": "The c-wave of the human electroretinogram in central retinal artery occlusion.", "content": "The pigment epithelium-receptor complex, which is supplied from the choroidal circulation, is the main source of the c-wave of the ERG. Occlusion of the central retinal artery (OCRA), which causes serious damage to the inner retinal layers, should therefore not primarily be expected to affect the c-wave amplitude. Nevertheless, conflicting reports of increased, decreased and unchanged c-waves have appeared in the literature. In the present study on four patients with OCRA the affected eyes showed diminished b- and c-waves. On the other hand, both the a-wave and the trough between the b- and c-waves were accentuated in the diseased eyes. Experiments in progress on Cynomolgus monkeys with experimentally induced unilateral OCRA show similar results.", "contents": "The c-wave of the human electroretinogram in central retinal artery occlusion. The pigment epithelium-receptor complex, which is supplied from the choroidal circulation, is the main source of the c-wave of the ERG. Occlusion of the central retinal artery (OCRA), which causes serious damage to the inner retinal layers, should therefore not primarily be expected to affect the c-wave amplitude. Nevertheless, conflicting reports of increased, decreased and unchanged c-waves have appeared in the literature. In the present study on four patients with OCRA the affected eyes showed diminished b- and c-waves. On the other hand, both the a-wave and the trough between the b- and c-waves were accentuated in the diseased eyes. Experiments in progress on Cynomolgus monkeys with experimentally induced unilateral OCRA show similar results.", "PMID": 696268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10478", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva and the iris in a case of primary acquired melanosis of the conjunctiva.", "content": "A case of primary acquired melanosis of the conjunctiva is reported. During the 18 years of observation the patient developed a malignant melanoma in the iris, and seven years later a malignant melanoma appeared in the lower lid. The iris melanoma may be an extension from the precancerous melanosis, but the most likely explanation is that the condition represents two independent diseases.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva and the iris in a case of primary acquired melanosis of the conjunctiva. A case of primary acquired melanosis of the conjunctiva is reported. During the 18 years of observation the patient developed a malignant melanoma in the iris, and seven years later a malignant melanoma appeared in the lower lid. The iris melanoma may be an extension from the precancerous melanosis, but the most likely explanation is that the condition represents two independent diseases.", "PMID": 696269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10479", "title": "Simultaneous traumatic posterior dislocation of both hips. A case report.", "content": "Simultaneous traumatic posterior dislocation of both hips, uncomplicated by fracture, is an exceptionally rare entity. The authors could not find any record of a similar case in the world medical literature up till now, and are therefore reporting this case with special consideration of the mechanism of injury and the management.", "contents": "Simultaneous traumatic posterior dislocation of both hips. A case report. Simultaneous traumatic posterior dislocation of both hips, uncomplicated by fracture, is an exceptionally rare entity. The authors could not find any record of a similar case in the world medical literature up till now, and are therefore reporting this case with special consideration of the mechanism of injury and the management.", "PMID": 696270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10480", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on collagen metabolism of rat fracture callus in vitro.", "content": "The collagen metabolism of callus tissue from closed, non-immobilized rat femoral fractures was studied in vitro after in vivo treatment with indomethacin 2 mg/kg/day for 6, 9 and 12 days after fracture. Total hydroxyproline synthesis and incorporation of hydroxyproline into collagen were found to be significantly increased after indomethacin treatment, whereas no significant difference was found regarding collagen resorption. The results suggest that the recently demonstrated inhibition of fracture healing by indomethacin is not brought about by an inhibition of collagen synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on collagen metabolism of rat fracture callus in vitro. The collagen metabolism of callus tissue from closed, non-immobilized rat femoral fractures was studied in vitro after in vivo treatment with indomethacin 2 mg/kg/day for 6, 9 and 12 days after fracture. Total hydroxyproline synthesis and incorporation of hydroxyproline into collagen were found to be significantly increased after indomethacin treatment, whereas no significant difference was found regarding collagen resorption. The results suggest that the recently demonstrated inhibition of fracture healing by indomethacin is not brought about by an inhibition of collagen synthesis.", "PMID": 696271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10481", "title": "Glycosaminoglycan metabolism in experimental osteoarthrosis caused by immobilization.", "content": "A study was made of glycosaminoglycan metabolism of articular cartilage in developing experimental osteoarthrosis caused by immobilization of the rabbit knee. Cartilage samples from various sites in the knee and hip joints were analysed, samples from the mobile limb serving as controls. The concentration of glycosaminoglycans in the tissue was measured by determinations of hexosamine and uronic acid after prior papain proteolysis and subsequent purification. The uptake of 35S-sulphate was used as an indicator of the synthesis rate of sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Metabolic changes characteristic of osteoarthrosis, i.e., glycosaminoglycan depletion and increased uptake of 35S-sulphate, were found in tibial weight-bearing and femoral condylar cartilages. Net synthesis of glycosaminoglycans occurred in the tibial marginal cartilage.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycan metabolism in experimental osteoarthrosis caused by immobilization. A study was made of glycosaminoglycan metabolism of articular cartilage in developing experimental osteoarthrosis caused by immobilization of the rabbit knee. Cartilage samples from various sites in the knee and hip joints were analysed, samples from the mobile limb serving as controls. The concentration of glycosaminoglycans in the tissue was measured by determinations of hexosamine and uronic acid after prior papain proteolysis and subsequent purification. The uptake of 35S-sulphate was used as an indicator of the synthesis rate of sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Metabolic changes characteristic of osteoarthrosis, i.e., glycosaminoglycan depletion and increased uptake of 35S-sulphate, were found in tibial weight-bearing and femoral condylar cartilages. Net synthesis of glycosaminoglycans occurred in the tibial marginal cartilage.", "PMID": 696272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10482", "title": "Compression of the suprascapular nerve after fracture of the scapular notch.", "content": "A 32-year-old man with a fracture of the scapular notch associated with a lesion of the suprascapular nerve is reported. A nerve decompression operation was performed 20 months after the injury with relief of pain. The possibility that residual disability following a fracture of the scapula can be due to a lesion of the suprascapular nerve is underlined. The value of X-ray examination with projections visualizing the notch and diagnostic local anaesthetic block of the nerve passing through the notch are emphasized. Primary wide resection of the scapular notch is a preferable procedure preventing recurrence of nerve compression symptoms.", "contents": "Compression of the suprascapular nerve after fracture of the scapular notch. A 32-year-old man with a fracture of the scapular notch associated with a lesion of the suprascapular nerve is reported. A nerve decompression operation was performed 20 months after the injury with relief of pain. The possibility that residual disability following a fracture of the scapula can be due to a lesion of the suprascapular nerve is underlined. The value of X-ray examination with projections visualizing the notch and diagnostic local anaesthetic block of the nerve passing through the notch are emphasized. Primary wide resection of the scapular notch is a preferable procedure preventing recurrence of nerve compression symptoms.", "PMID": 696273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10483", "title": "Operative treatment of scoliosis with Harrington instrumentation technique.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with scoliosis were treated with posterior fusion including the Harrington instrumentation technique. The operation was followed by a 1-year period of treatment in a Milwaukee brace. The patients had a thoracic or a thoracolumbar curve averaging 74 degrees. The mean initial correction was 45 per cent, and the mean final correction 33 per cent, after 2 3/4 years. There were no cases of pseudarthrosis and only one case of transient paresis. There were no deaths. It is concluded that these results are satisfactory and that the method is a safe one in experienced hands.", "contents": "Operative treatment of scoliosis with Harrington instrumentation technique. Thirty-five patients with scoliosis were treated with posterior fusion including the Harrington instrumentation technique. The operation was followed by a 1-year period of treatment in a Milwaukee brace. The patients had a thoracic or a thoracolumbar curve averaging 74 degrees. The mean initial correction was 45 per cent, and the mean final correction 33 per cent, after 2 3/4 years. There were no cases of pseudarthrosis and only one case of transient paresis. There were no deaths. It is concluded that these results are satisfactory and that the method is a safe one in experienced hands.", "PMID": 696274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10484", "title": "Postural equilibrium in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Postural equilibrium has been quantified by stabilometry in 57 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis aged 10-16 years. Treatment was required in 39 cases whereof 18 were placed under observation only. The control group comprised 32 healthy children of the same age. An experimental design was made to vary the degree of difficulty of upright standing in four different test situations. The postural sway was analysed in the sagittal and lateral direction as well as in the area of total sway. The scoliotic patients had a significantly poorer postural control compared with the healthy children in all the tests. The difference was most pronounced in tests in which the proprioceptive functions were most important for maintaining the postural equilibrium. The left convex patients had quantitatively more pronounced reactions than the right convex patients. Patients with small curvatures, i.e., patients placed under observation only, had significantly increased postural sway compared with patients with more severe deformity. This fact, together with findings in patients with double primary curvatures, and the results of the study of brace effects, indirectly indicate the possibility of a postural disequilibrium as a contributory causative factor in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.", "contents": "Postural equilibrium in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Postural equilibrium has been quantified by stabilometry in 57 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis aged 10-16 years. Treatment was required in 39 cases whereof 18 were placed under observation only. The control group comprised 32 healthy children of the same age. An experimental design was made to vary the degree of difficulty of upright standing in four different test situations. The postural sway was analysed in the sagittal and lateral direction as well as in the area of total sway. The scoliotic patients had a significantly poorer postural control compared with the healthy children in all the tests. The difference was most pronounced in tests in which the proprioceptive functions were most important for maintaining the postural equilibrium. The left convex patients had quantitatively more pronounced reactions than the right convex patients. Patients with small curvatures, i.e., patients placed under observation only, had significantly increased postural sway compared with patients with more severe deformity. This fact, together with findings in patients with double primary curvatures, and the results of the study of brace effects, indirectly indicate the possibility of a postural disequilibrium as a contributory causative factor in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.", "PMID": 696275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10485", "title": "A rational approach to the use of epidural medication in the treatment of sciatic pain.", "content": "The results of a series of 120 epidural injections given as treatment for backache and sciatica using Methylprednisolone and local anaesthetic, performed in the Gloucestershire area, are presented and compared with other published results. Wide variations in the results of this treatment are found and these may in part be explained on the basis of the variable severity of the histological changes known to occur in and around nerve roots in cases of sciatica. The pathogenesis of sciatica in lumbar disc disease is discussed in relation to its treatment by epidural injections of a long-acting steroid. It is shown that the treatment is more successful in acute onset cases and cases that have epidurals within 6 months of the onset of symptoms and it is suggested that earlier epidurals are given in cases that do not respond to the usual conservative measures. Manipulation of the spine and sciatic stretch should not be carried out at the same time as the epidural, as these procedures may adversely affect the results in some cases and certainly tend to make them more difficult to assess.", "contents": "A rational approach to the use of epidural medication in the treatment of sciatic pain. The results of a series of 120 epidural injections given as treatment for backache and sciatica using Methylprednisolone and local anaesthetic, performed in the Gloucestershire area, are presented and compared with other published results. Wide variations in the results of this treatment are found and these may in part be explained on the basis of the variable severity of the histological changes known to occur in and around nerve roots in cases of sciatica. The pathogenesis of sciatica in lumbar disc disease is discussed in relation to its treatment by epidural injections of a long-acting steroid. It is shown that the treatment is more successful in acute onset cases and cases that have epidurals within 6 months of the onset of symptoms and it is suggested that earlier epidurals are given in cases that do not respond to the usual conservative measures. Manipulation of the spine and sciatic stretch should not be carried out at the same time as the epidural, as these procedures may adversely affect the results in some cases and certainly tend to make them more difficult to assess.", "PMID": 696276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10486", "title": "Hip joint instability after the neonatal period. Diagnosis and treatment of 20 consecutive cases.", "content": "A consecutive series of 20 children (21 hips) with idiopathic hip joint instability, diagnosed after the neonatal period, is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by hip joint arthrography. In all the children, 1.5-21 months old at the time of diagnosis, closed reduction could be achieved. They were treated in plaster directly or after treatment of contractures in the adductor muscles of the hip joint. Stability was rapidly attained during plaster treatment. The results of the treatment in plaster were checked by a second arthrography in two thirds of the cases, and all cases have been clinically and radiologically evaluated 1-4.5 years after diagnosis. All of the children developed clinically stable hips and they walk normally. In two hips signs of avascular necrosis of the femoral head were found and in three hips (two children) the skeletal development was markedly delayed. In 81 per cent (17/21 hips) the prognosis was considered good; it is uncertain in the remaining four hips. The appropriate period of fixation in plaster related to the age of the child is discussed.", "contents": "Hip joint instability after the neonatal period. Diagnosis and treatment of 20 consecutive cases. A consecutive series of 20 children (21 hips) with idiopathic hip joint instability, diagnosed after the neonatal period, is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by hip joint arthrography. In all the children, 1.5-21 months old at the time of diagnosis, closed reduction could be achieved. They were treated in plaster directly or after treatment of contractures in the adductor muscles of the hip joint. Stability was rapidly attained during plaster treatment. The results of the treatment in plaster were checked by a second arthrography in two thirds of the cases, and all cases have been clinically and radiologically evaluated 1-4.5 years after diagnosis. All of the children developed clinically stable hips and they walk normally. In two hips signs of avascular necrosis of the femoral head were found and in three hips (two children) the skeletal development was markedly delayed. In 81 per cent (17/21 hips) the prognosis was considered good; it is uncertain in the remaining four hips. The appropriate period of fixation in plaster related to the age of the child is discussed.", "PMID": 696277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10487", "title": "Evaluation of painful hip arthroplasty.", "content": "The evaluation of chronic pain after hip arthroplasty has always been a difficult problem and recently scintigraphy has been recommended as a suitable method of examination for this purpose. On the basis of radiographic and laboratory studies, scintigraphy, allergy tests, cultures and histological examinations, in 16 patients with chronic pain in the hip after arthroplasty, it is concluded that radiography and scintigraphy together give valuable information about the cause of pain, especially if the prosthesis is infected. Fenestration of the femoral cortex may verify the diagnosis before replacement of the prosthesis.", "contents": "Evaluation of painful hip arthroplasty. The evaluation of chronic pain after hip arthroplasty has always been a difficult problem and recently scintigraphy has been recommended as a suitable method of examination for this purpose. On the basis of radiographic and laboratory studies, scintigraphy, allergy tests, cultures and histological examinations, in 16 patients with chronic pain in the hip after arthroplasty, it is concluded that radiography and scintigraphy together give valuable information about the cause of pain, especially if the prosthesis is infected. Fenestration of the femoral cortex may verify the diagnosis before replacement of the prosthesis.", "PMID": 696279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10488", "title": "Secular tendencies of the incidence of fracture of the upper end of the femur.", "content": "On the basis of an epidemiological study of the incidence of fracture of the upper end of the femur, undertaken in the city of Malm\u00f6 for the period 1951-1960, the expected number of fractures in 1967 and 1968, and in 1974 and 1975, was calculated taking into account the changes in the size and the composition of the population. It was demonstrated that during the first period the previously described increasing trend continued so that more fractures were observed than could be expected from changes in the population only, whereas later on this trend became insignificant. The changes observed after 1968 could be explained by the increasing number of old residents in the city, and there was no obscure secular trend.", "contents": "Secular tendencies of the incidence of fracture of the upper end of the femur. On the basis of an epidemiological study of the incidence of fracture of the upper end of the femur, undertaken in the city of Malm\u00f6 for the period 1951-1960, the expected number of fractures in 1967 and 1968, and in 1974 and 1975, was calculated taking into account the changes in the size and the composition of the population. It was demonstrated that during the first period the previously described increasing trend continued so that more fractures were observed than could be expected from changes in the population only, whereas later on this trend became insignificant. The changes observed after 1968 could be explained by the increasing number of old residents in the city, and there was no obscure secular trend.", "PMID": 696280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10489", "title": "Unstable trochanteric fractures treated with the sliding screw-plate system. A biomechanical study of unstable trochanteric fractures. III.", "content": "Eighty unstable trochanteric fractures were treated with the sliding screw-plate system. Early weight-bearing was encouraged and mobilization was obtained within the first week in 47 per cent of the cases (37/78). Technical complications were encountered in 5 per cent of the patients (4/76) but none required re-operation. Telescoping of the screw occurred in 49 per cent (37/76). Through this secondary fracture impaction a stable load transmission system was established. Fracture union in the postoperative position was obtained in 49 per cent of the patients (37/76) and non-union did not occur.", "contents": "Unstable trochanteric fractures treated with the sliding screw-plate system. A biomechanical study of unstable trochanteric fractures. III. Eighty unstable trochanteric fractures were treated with the sliding screw-plate system. Early weight-bearing was encouraged and mobilization was obtained within the first week in 47 per cent of the cases (37/78). Technical complications were encountered in 5 per cent of the patients (4/76) but none required re-operation. Telescoping of the screw occurred in 49 per cent (37/76). Through this secondary fracture impaction a stable load transmission system was established. Fracture union in the postoperative position was obtained in 49 per cent of the patients (37/76) and non-union did not occur.", "PMID": 696281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10490", "title": "Findings at arthroscopy and arthrography in knee injuries.", "content": "The diagnostic accuracy of arthroscopy and arthrography was investigated. A total of 135 patients were examined by the two methods. All were operated on and 90 of them were analyzed in detail, the X-ray examinations being done at this hospital. In 82 patients arthroscopy gave correct information. In eight (9 per cent) the diagnosis was incorrect, in most cases a rupture of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus being overlooked. Arthrography gave accurate preoperative information in 52 patients, but in 38 (42 per cent) the diagnosis was inaccurate. This difference in correlation with the operation findings between arthroscopy and arthrography was highly significant (P less than 0.001), and it is concluded that endoscopy gives more complete and more useful preoperative information than arthrography. Arthrography, however, remains a valuable diagnostic tool, as arthroscopy cannot be performed in every patient with knee symptoms.", "contents": "Findings at arthroscopy and arthrography in knee injuries. The diagnostic accuracy of arthroscopy and arthrography was investigated. A total of 135 patients were examined by the two methods. All were operated on and 90 of them were analyzed in detail, the X-ray examinations being done at this hospital. In 82 patients arthroscopy gave correct information. In eight (9 per cent) the diagnosis was incorrect, in most cases a rupture of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus being overlooked. Arthrography gave accurate preoperative information in 52 patients, but in 38 (42 per cent) the diagnosis was inaccurate. This difference in correlation with the operation findings between arthroscopy and arthrography was highly significant (P less than 0.001), and it is concluded that endoscopy gives more complete and more useful preoperative information than arthrography. Arthrography, however, remains a valuable diagnostic tool, as arthroscopy cannot be performed in every patient with knee symptoms.", "PMID": 696282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10491", "title": "Responses of auditory nerve fibres to noise stimuli show cochlear nonlinearities.", "content": "The frequency selectivity of the peripheral auditory frequency analyser was determined on the basis of recordings from single auditory nerve fibres in the rat, using pseudorandom noise as stimulus. The impulse response function was arrived at by cross-correlating period histograms of the recorded activity with the noise. Frequency transfer functions were computed by Fourier transformation of the derived impulse response function. The impulse response function was observed to become shorter with increasing stimulus intensity. A concomitant widening of the frequency transfer function and a downward shift in the centre frequency were seen. Since the method used is insensitive to nonlinearities, the derived impulse and frequency respone functions are assumed to be valid approximations of the basilar membrane properties. The results, then, support the hypothesis that the basilar membrane is a nonlinear frequency analyser whose selectivity decreases as sound intensity increases.", "contents": "Responses of auditory nerve fibres to noise stimuli show cochlear nonlinearities. The frequency selectivity of the peripheral auditory frequency analyser was determined on the basis of recordings from single auditory nerve fibres in the rat, using pseudorandom noise as stimulus. The impulse response function was arrived at by cross-correlating period histograms of the recorded activity with the noise. Frequency transfer functions were computed by Fourier transformation of the derived impulse response function. The impulse response function was observed to become shorter with increasing stimulus intensity. A concomitant widening of the frequency transfer function and a downward shift in the centre frequency were seen. Since the method used is insensitive to nonlinearities, the derived impulse and frequency respone functions are assumed to be valid approximations of the basilar membrane properties. The results, then, support the hypothesis that the basilar membrane is a nonlinear frequency analyser whose selectivity decreases as sound intensity increases.", "PMID": 696288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10492", "title": "Computer analysis of optokinetic nystagmus in patients with spontaneous nystagmus of peripheral vestibular origin.", "content": "The bias of slow phase velocity (SPV) of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) caused by an acute labyrinthine lesion was examined in 8 patients using differnet optokinetic stimulus velocities. In all patients a directional preponderance of OKN-SPV was found corresponding to spontaneous nystagmus. This was due to enhancement of nystagmus SPV to the side of the lesion and depression of SPV in the opposite horizontal direction. The preponderance of OKN on the average increased with the intensity of spontaneous nystagmus and decreased along with recovery. These vestibularly induced differences in OKN-SPV range up to 70%. A differentiation is discussed between OKN preponderances caused by labyrinthine lesions and brain stem lesions.", "contents": "Computer analysis of optokinetic nystagmus in patients with spontaneous nystagmus of peripheral vestibular origin. The bias of slow phase velocity (SPV) of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) caused by an acute labyrinthine lesion was examined in 8 patients using differnet optokinetic stimulus velocities. In all patients a directional preponderance of OKN-SPV was found corresponding to spontaneous nystagmus. This was due to enhancement of nystagmus SPV to the side of the lesion and depression of SPV in the opposite horizontal direction. The preponderance of OKN on the average increased with the intensity of spontaneous nystagmus and decreased along with recovery. These vestibularly induced differences in OKN-SPV range up to 70%. A differentiation is discussed between OKN preponderances caused by labyrinthine lesions and brain stem lesions.", "PMID": 696289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10493", "title": "Vertigo as reflected by the nystagmogram. A clinical analysis.", "content": "Efforts to evaluate findings in the nystagmogram were made in a material of 338 vertiginous and dizzy patients. A spontaneous nystagmus, a positional nystagmus as well as a difference in caloric reactivity are as solitary findings of lettle value for revealing peripheral disorders. On the other hand, central disturbances are frequently revealed by inability to track a moving optic target, resulting in an irregular or a saccadic pattern, by persistence of vestibular nystagmus in light, by persistence of such nystagmus at eye-closure, by an increase in spontaneous nystgmus on eye-closure or by dysrhythmic nystagmus in caloric tests. Cases of functional vertigo seem to differ from cases of vertigo from other sources by their increase of spontaneous nystagmus (when present) or by persistence of caloric nystagmus on eye-closure.", "contents": "Vertigo as reflected by the nystagmogram. A clinical analysis. Efforts to evaluate findings in the nystagmogram were made in a material of 338 vertiginous and dizzy patients. A spontaneous nystagmus, a positional nystagmus as well as a difference in caloric reactivity are as solitary findings of lettle value for revealing peripheral disorders. On the other hand, central disturbances are frequently revealed by inability to track a moving optic target, resulting in an irregular or a saccadic pattern, by persistence of vestibular nystagmus in light, by persistence of such nystagmus at eye-closure, by an increase in spontaneous nystgmus on eye-closure or by dysrhythmic nystagmus in caloric tests. Cases of functional vertigo seem to differ from cases of vertigo from other sources by their increase of spontaneous nystagmus (when present) or by persistence of caloric nystagmus on eye-closure.", "PMID": 696290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10494", "title": "Nasal mucociliary function during penicillin treatment.", "content": "Nasal mucociliary function was studied in 21 healthy subjects before, during and after penicillin administration. No change in the mucociliary function occurred during penicillin treatment. Nor was any difference observed between men and women or between smokers and non-smokers. On the other hand, the measurements revealed a significantly smaller intra-individual than inter-individual variation. As the epithelia of nasal cavity and Eustachian tube are morphologically of the same type it is concluded that the increased incidence of serous otitis media which has been observed after the introduction of penicillin in the treatment of acute otitis media can scarcely be due to an inhibitory effect of penicillin on the mucociliary function of the Eustachian tube.", "contents": "Nasal mucociliary function during penicillin treatment. Nasal mucociliary function was studied in 21 healthy subjects before, during and after penicillin administration. No change in the mucociliary function occurred during penicillin treatment. Nor was any difference observed between men and women or between smokers and non-smokers. On the other hand, the measurements revealed a significantly smaller intra-individual than inter-individual variation. As the epithelia of nasal cavity and Eustachian tube are morphologically of the same type it is concluded that the increased incidence of serous otitis media which has been observed after the introduction of penicillin in the treatment of acute otitis media can scarcely be due to an inhibitory effect of penicillin on the mucociliary function of the Eustachian tube.", "PMID": 696291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10495", "title": "A possible involvement of acidic glycosaminoglycans in kanamycin ototoxicity.", "content": "The content of acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) was determined quantitatively by electrophoretic microanalysis in the cochlea, kidney and brain of the guinea pig. Kanamycin treatment (400 mg/kg body weight/day, i.m., 10 successive days) reduced the content of AGAG markedly in the lateral wall of the membranous cochlea. Furthermore, from the results of the ultrahistochemical and freeze-fracturing study, we propose here an \"excretion system for basic aminoglycoside antibiotics\" by means of the co-operation of spiral ligament cells and AGAG produced by them. Thus we have tentatively concluded both that kanamycin is excreted via the above mentioned \"excretion system\" in the lateral wall of the membranous cochlea and that it damages this system to form the circulus vitiosus of its opopoxicity.", "contents": "A possible involvement of acidic glycosaminoglycans in kanamycin ototoxicity. The content of acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) was determined quantitatively by electrophoretic microanalysis in the cochlea, kidney and brain of the guinea pig. Kanamycin treatment (400 mg/kg body weight/day, i.m., 10 successive days) reduced the content of AGAG markedly in the lateral wall of the membranous cochlea. Furthermore, from the results of the ultrahistochemical and freeze-fracturing study, we propose here an \"excretion system for basic aminoglycoside antibiotics\" by means of the co-operation of spiral ligament cells and AGAG produced by them. Thus we have tentatively concluded both that kanamycin is excreted via the above mentioned \"excretion system\" in the lateral wall of the membranous cochlea and that it damages this system to form the circulus vitiosus of its opopoxicity.", "PMID": 696293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10496", "title": "Gentamicin-induced mitochondrial damage in inner ear sensory cells of the lizard Calotes versicolor.", "content": "Earlier morphological and histochemical studies on the effects on inner ear sensory cells caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics have failed to give sufficient information of the genesis of these effects. The present study was focused on the phases of progessive mitochondrial changes in sensory cells of the the lizard basilar papilla induced by consecutive large doses of gentamicin. The mitochondria react by swelling, changes in the configuration and number of the cristae and formation of matrical inclusions. Myelin figures are a consistent finding in degenerating cells after gentamicin exposure. These are shown to be derived from changed mitochondria. The final product is an \"onion-like\" structure which is built of primitive membranes. There is a marked difference in reaction to the damage between individual mitochondria in the same cell. This difference is also evident between individual sensory cells in the same specimen. By studying the phases of the mitochondrial breakdown process in the sensory cell, some additional information on the changes in cell metabolism caused by ototoxic drugs, may be extracted.", "contents": "Gentamicin-induced mitochondrial damage in inner ear sensory cells of the lizard Calotes versicolor. Earlier morphological and histochemical studies on the effects on inner ear sensory cells caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics have failed to give sufficient information of the genesis of these effects. The present study was focused on the phases of progessive mitochondrial changes in sensory cells of the the lizard basilar papilla induced by consecutive large doses of gentamicin. The mitochondria react by swelling, changes in the configuration and number of the cristae and formation of matrical inclusions. Myelin figures are a consistent finding in degenerating cells after gentamicin exposure. These are shown to be derived from changed mitochondria. The final product is an \"onion-like\" structure which is built of primitive membranes. There is a marked difference in reaction to the damage between individual mitochondria in the same cell. This difference is also evident between individual sensory cells in the same specimen. By studying the phases of the mitochondrial breakdown process in the sensory cell, some additional information on the changes in cell metabolism caused by ototoxic drugs, may be extracted.", "PMID": 696295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10497", "title": "Breast feeding and biological development.", "content": "The superiority of human milk as compared with milk of other origin for the feeding of newborns, term or preterm, can be analysed in terms of biological development related to digestive, metabolic and excretory functions during foetal and postnatal life. The macro- and micro-anatomical developments of the intestine are complete in the 6th foetal month. The brush border and some of its enzymes (saccharase-isomaltase) exist already from the 6th foetal week, whereas other enzymes (lactase and intracellular transport enzymes) appear much later. The major gastric and pancreatic enzymes, as well as the synthesis of biliary acids, do not reach maturity until after birth. Several metabolic functions, e.g. the synthesis of cystine from methionine, of tyrosine from phenylalanine, and of urea from ammonia, are still limited at the time of birth. The capacity for excretion of sodium, the osmotic urinary load, and hydrogen ions is suboptimal, especially in the prematurely born. All these circumstances imply that human milk, with its protective properties, represents optimal adaptation to the needs of the child in the perinatal period.", "contents": "Breast feeding and biological development. The superiority of human milk as compared with milk of other origin for the feeding of newborns, term or preterm, can be analysed in terms of biological development related to digestive, metabolic and excretory functions during foetal and postnatal life. The macro- and micro-anatomical developments of the intestine are complete in the 6th foetal month. The brush border and some of its enzymes (saccharase-isomaltase) exist already from the 6th foetal week, whereas other enzymes (lactase and intracellular transport enzymes) appear much later. The major gastric and pancreatic enzymes, as well as the synthesis of biliary acids, do not reach maturity until after birth. Several metabolic functions, e.g. the synthesis of cystine from methionine, of tyrosine from phenylalanine, and of urea from ammonia, are still limited at the time of birth. The capacity for excretion of sodium, the osmotic urinary load, and hydrogen ions is suboptimal, especially in the prematurely born. All these circumstances imply that human milk, with its protective properties, represents optimal adaptation to the needs of the child in the perinatal period.", "PMID": 696301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10498", "title": "Comments on the acoustic-reflex response for bone-conducted signals.", "content": "Previous studies which have measured acoustic-reflex responses to bone-conducted signals have not effectively differentiated reflex responses from artifacts. A convenient method for identifying such artifacts was developed and employed on some acoustic-reflex measures for bone-conducted signals. The findings indicated that artifacts result when a frequently-used acoustic admittance meter (Grason-Stadler 1720B) and a conventional bone vibrator were used to measure reflex responses for tonal and noise-activating signals. It was suggested that the method be employed in future studies which investigate the acoustic reflex in response to bone-conducted signals.", "contents": "Comments on the acoustic-reflex response for bone-conducted signals. Previous studies which have measured acoustic-reflex responses to bone-conducted signals have not effectively differentiated reflex responses from artifacts. A convenient method for identifying such artifacts was developed and employed on some acoustic-reflex measures for bone-conducted signals. The findings indicated that artifacts result when a frequently-used acoustic admittance meter (Grason-Stadler 1720B) and a conventional bone vibrator were used to measure reflex responses for tonal and noise-activating signals. It was suggested that the method be employed in future studies which investigate the acoustic reflex in response to bone-conducted signals.", "PMID": 696297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10499", "title": "WHO collaborative study on breast feeding.", "content": "WHO, concerned with the declining breast feeding rate in developing countries, has organized investigations in nine different countries of different aspects of breast feeding and breast milk with the ultimate aim of formulating programmes of intervention. The basic epidemiological study on 24000 mother/child pairs is just completed and some preliminary data are reported on the pattern of breast feeding in the three studied socio-economic groups--urban elite, urban poor and traditional rural--which differ significantly in their breast feeding rate as well as in the pattern of return of menstruation in breast-feeding and non-breast-feeding mothers.", "contents": "WHO collaborative study on breast feeding. WHO, concerned with the declining breast feeding rate in developing countries, has organized investigations in nine different countries of different aspects of breast feeding and breast milk with the ultimate aim of formulating programmes of intervention. The basic epidemiological study on 24000 mother/child pairs is just completed and some preliminary data are reported on the pattern of breast feeding in the three studied socio-economic groups--urban elite, urban poor and traditional rural--which differ significantly in their breast feeding rate as well as in the pattern of return of menstruation in breast-feeding and non-breast-feeding mothers.", "PMID": 696302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10500", "title": "New knowledge in human milk immunoglobulin.", "content": "One of the anti-infection principles of maternal milk is the predominant milk immunoglobulin, secretory IgA. This immunoglobulin contains antibodies against many pathogens and potential pathogens, viruses as well as bacteria, including several members of Enterobacteriacae. The antigenic stimuli for these milk antibodies seem to take place in the Peyer's patches of the intestine. Lymphoid cells leaving the patches after antigenic exposure seem to home to the mammary glands via the lymph and blood circulation. As a result, the milk contains secretory IgA antibodies against, among other things, the intestinal bacteria of the mother. These milk antibodies might reflect the spectrum of bacteria and viruses in the community and may be important for the protection of the breast-fed baby. Via the same homing mechanism the maternal milk obtains antibodies against dietary antigens, including cow's milk proteins. Studies of infants on mixed feeding suggest that the secretory IgA antibodies against the bovine proteins diminish the antigenic exposure, indicating the possibility of an anti-allergic mechanism.", "contents": "New knowledge in human milk immunoglobulin. One of the anti-infection principles of maternal milk is the predominant milk immunoglobulin, secretory IgA. This immunoglobulin contains antibodies against many pathogens and potential pathogens, viruses as well as bacteria, including several members of Enterobacteriacae. The antigenic stimuli for these milk antibodies seem to take place in the Peyer's patches of the intestine. Lymphoid cells leaving the patches after antigenic exposure seem to home to the mammary glands via the lymph and blood circulation. As a result, the milk contains secretory IgA antibodies against, among other things, the intestinal bacteria of the mother. These milk antibodies might reflect the spectrum of bacteria and viruses in the community and may be important for the protection of the breast-fed baby. Via the same homing mechanism the maternal milk obtains antibodies against dietary antigens, including cow's milk proteins. Studies of infants on mixed feeding suggest that the secretory IgA antibodies against the bovine proteins diminish the antigenic exposure, indicating the possibility of an anti-allergic mechanism.", "PMID": 696303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10501", "title": "The volume of trapped gas: a new and sensitive test for the detection of exercise-induced bronchospasm in children.", "content": "The volume of trapped gas (VTG) was measured at the end of a nitrogen multiple breath wash out procedure in 16 asthmatic and 10 healthy children before and after exercise. When compared to conventional spirometric variables VTG was the most sensitive test for detection of exercise-induced asthma (EIA). The VTG was significantly higher before exercise in the asthmatic children and increased significantly after exercise, while it did not change in the healthy controls. The significance of changes caused by EIA increased if VTG/TLC % or VTG/VC % wer used. Salbutamol inhalation normalized the VTG in all the asthmatic children.", "contents": "The volume of trapped gas: a new and sensitive test for the detection of exercise-induced bronchospasm in children. The volume of trapped gas (VTG) was measured at the end of a nitrogen multiple breath wash out procedure in 16 asthmatic and 10 healthy children before and after exercise. When compared to conventional spirometric variables VTG was the most sensitive test for detection of exercise-induced asthma (EIA). The VTG was significantly higher before exercise in the asthmatic children and increased significantly after exercise, while it did not change in the healthy controls. The significance of changes caused by EIA increased if VTG/TLC % or VTG/VC % wer used. Salbutamol inhalation normalized the VTG in all the asthmatic children.", "PMID": 696304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10502", "title": "Tissue levels of kanamycin in correlation with oto- and nephrotoxicity.", "content": "The time courses of kanamycin (KM) levels in the perilymph, kidney, liver, brain and blood were observed by a bioassay method in normal guinea pigs and in animals pretreated with KM for 10 successive days. In the kidney and perilymph of the normal guinea pigs, the injected KM became highly concentrated and was eliminated only after a protracted delay. This tendency was much more intensified in kidney and perilymph of the pretreated animals. By contrast, the KM in blood and brain was eliminated rapidly both in the normal and in the pretreated animals. It is concluded that the high accumulation and slow elimination of KM by the inner ear and kidney and, moreover, the enhancement of these phenomena by successive pretreatment are one of the important factors in the origin of oto- and nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Tissue levels of kanamycin in correlation with oto- and nephrotoxicity. The time courses of kanamycin (KM) levels in the perilymph, kidney, liver, brain and blood were observed by a bioassay method in normal guinea pigs and in animals pretreated with KM for 10 successive days. In the kidney and perilymph of the normal guinea pigs, the injected KM became highly concentrated and was eliminated only after a protracted delay. This tendency was much more intensified in kidney and perilymph of the pretreated animals. By contrast, the KM in blood and brain was eliminated rapidly both in the normal and in the pretreated animals. It is concluded that the high accumulation and slow elimination of KM by the inner ear and kidney and, moreover, the enhancement of these phenomena by successive pretreatment are one of the important factors in the origin of oto- and nephrotoxicity.", "PMID": 696299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10503", "title": "Congenital defects in a cohort followed for seven years.", "content": "A geographically limited cohort of Finnish children was followed from birth for seven years, and all congenital abnormalities were recorded and classified and special attention was given to the cumulative detection rate, and the time of detection of various defects. Of 3674 pregnancies 135 babies with or without defects were stillborn or died during the neonatal period. The remaining 3539 were followed up to seven years, when the percentage follow-up was 81.7%. Detailed information on 76 malformed livebirths registered in the neonatal period was available in 63 cases (82.9%). The diagnosis was found to be incorrect in 6 cases and additional defects were registered in 7 of these children. Additional congenital abnormalities detected in the follow-up study were divided into three groups: all congenital disorders or abnormalities with prenatal etiology (248 children), all congenital defects (111 of these 248) and structural malformations (31 of these 111). The cumulative detection rates in these groups increased with time and at the end of the study when the children were aged seven were 9.4%, 5.6% and 2.6%, respectively.", "contents": "Congenital defects in a cohort followed for seven years. A geographically limited cohort of Finnish children was followed from birth for seven years, and all congenital abnormalities were recorded and classified and special attention was given to the cumulative detection rate, and the time of detection of various defects. Of 3674 pregnancies 135 babies with or without defects were stillborn or died during the neonatal period. The remaining 3539 were followed up to seven years, when the percentage follow-up was 81.7%. Detailed information on 76 malformed livebirths registered in the neonatal period was available in 63 cases (82.9%). The diagnosis was found to be incorrect in 6 cases and additional defects were registered in 7 of these children. Additional congenital abnormalities detected in the follow-up study were divided into three groups: all congenital disorders or abnormalities with prenatal etiology (248 children), all congenital defects (111 of these 248) and structural malformations (31 of these 111). The cumulative detection rates in these groups increased with time and at the end of the study when the children were aged seven were 9.4%, 5.6% and 2.6%, respectively.", "PMID": 696305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10504", "title": "Organ culture of the 16th gestation day mouse labyrinth. A model suggestion for pre- and post-partum development.", "content": "The 16th day mouse embryo inner ear was explanted and cultured \"in vitro\" for 6 days, which corresponds to 1 day post-partum development \"in vivo\". A normal development occurred both when the inner ear anlage was divided into a vestibular and a cochlear portion and when it was cultured as a whole. The present model system may provide a helpful tool in the study of both normal development and inner ear pathology.", "contents": "Organ culture of the 16th gestation day mouse labyrinth. A model suggestion for pre- and post-partum development. The 16th day mouse embryo inner ear was explanted and cultured \"in vitro\" for 6 days, which corresponds to 1 day post-partum development \"in vivo\". A normal development occurred both when the inner ear anlage was divided into a vestibular and a cochlear portion and when it was cultured as a whole. The present model system may provide a helpful tool in the study of both normal development and inner ear pathology.", "PMID": 696296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10505", "title": "Increased intracranial pressure in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Three cystic fibrosis infants with severe respiratory distress had increased intracranial pressure (with bulging fontanels) which cleared parri passu with improvement in the chest condition. It is proposed that the intracranial hypertension is a result of raised venous pressure, itself secondary to the intrathoracic obstruction to venous return, consequent on the bronchial obstructive disease.", "contents": "Increased intracranial pressure in cystic fibrosis. Three cystic fibrosis infants with severe respiratory distress had increased intracranial pressure (with bulging fontanels) which cleared parri passu with improvement in the chest condition. It is proposed that the intracranial hypertension is a result of raised venous pressure, itself secondary to the intrathoracic obstruction to venous return, consequent on the bronchial obstructive disease.", "PMID": 696306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10506", "title": "Sonotubometry. An acoustical method for objective measurement of auditory tubal opening.", "content": "The sound conduction method for measurement of the Eustachian tube opening has been studied and modifications made in the test procedure to increase its easy performance and reliability. By holding the sound source near to the nostril, mounting the microphone into a circumaural ear defender and by feeding the output of the microphone through a filter with a very narrow bandwidth (3.16 Hz) many of the pitfalls of the sound conduction technique described earlier could be removed. Recording of the transfer function between the nasal tip and external auditory meatus and recording of the spectrum of swallowing sound revealed that the useful frequency rang for the measurements was upwards from 5--6 kHz. By using the three frequencies 6, 7 and 8 kHz the method showed tubal opening in 90 or 95% of normal ears depending on whether the minimum amplitude accetped was greater than or equal to 5 or 1--4 dB, respectively.", "contents": "Sonotubometry. An acoustical method for objective measurement of auditory tubal opening. The sound conduction method for measurement of the Eustachian tube opening has been studied and modifications made in the test procedure to increase its easy performance and reliability. By holding the sound source near to the nostril, mounting the microphone into a circumaural ear defender and by feeding the output of the microphone through a filter with a very narrow bandwidth (3.16 Hz) many of the pitfalls of the sound conduction technique described earlier could be removed. Recording of the transfer function between the nasal tip and external auditory meatus and recording of the spectrum of swallowing sound revealed that the useful frequency rang for the measurements was upwards from 5--6 kHz. By using the three frequencies 6, 7 and 8 kHz the method showed tubal opening in 90 or 95% of normal ears depending on whether the minimum amplitude accetped was greater than or equal to 5 or 1--4 dB, respectively.", "PMID": 696300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10507", "title": "Renal functional adaptation in the remnant kidney in patients with renal agenesis and in patients nephrectomized in childhood.", "content": "The renal response to volume expansion was determined in four patients with renal hypertrophy due to unilateral renal agenesis (URA) and in four patients with renal hypertrophy due to nephrectomy (Nz). Four healthy controls were also studied. The studies were performed during water diuresis and following i.v. infusion of isotonic saline solution. Conventional clearance techniques were used. GFR and PAH clearence were increased to about the same extent in Nz and in URA. Fractional Na+ excretion was highest in the Nz group and lowest in the control group. It was higher in the Nz group than in the URA group. Fractional water excretion (V/GFR) and free water clearance (CH2O) were also determined and the results indicate that the high fractional excretion of Na+ from the hypertrophied kidney can be attributed to reduced fractional reabsorption of filtrated Na+ both in the proximal and the distal tubules. The fractional Na+ reabsorption in the distal tubule appears to be higher in URA than in Nz. It is concluded that glomerular tubular balance for Na+ is more similar to that found in healthy controls if the stimulus to hypertrophy occurs prenatally than if it occurs postnatally.", "contents": "Renal functional adaptation in the remnant kidney in patients with renal agenesis and in patients nephrectomized in childhood. The renal response to volume expansion was determined in four patients with renal hypertrophy due to unilateral renal agenesis (URA) and in four patients with renal hypertrophy due to nephrectomy (Nz). Four healthy controls were also studied. The studies were performed during water diuresis and following i.v. infusion of isotonic saline solution. Conventional clearance techniques were used. GFR and PAH clearence were increased to about the same extent in Nz and in URA. Fractional Na+ excretion was highest in the Nz group and lowest in the control group. It was higher in the Nz group than in the URA group. Fractional water excretion (V/GFR) and free water clearance (CH2O) were also determined and the results indicate that the high fractional excretion of Na+ from the hypertrophied kidney can be attributed to reduced fractional reabsorption of filtrated Na+ both in the proximal and the distal tubules. The fractional Na+ reabsorption in the distal tubule appears to be higher in URA than in Nz. It is concluded that glomerular tubular balance for Na+ is more similar to that found in healthy controls if the stimulus to hypertrophy occurs prenatally than if it occurs postnatally.", "PMID": 696307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10508", "title": "A computer-controlled binaural balance test.", "content": "The commonly used ABLB procedure (Alternate Binaural Loudness Balance) is strongly influenced by two psychological factors: the consistency of the referred side and the increase in intensity in equal stages on this side. To avoid this influence, side and intensity have to be randomized. The test has therefore been subjected to computer control and the results are continuously checked as to their significance. 26 patients with suspected inner-ear disturbance showed a significant relative recruitment; by contrast, in not one of 14 normal-hearing persons was the result positive. This test takes no longer than the conventional procedure.", "contents": "A computer-controlled binaural balance test. The commonly used ABLB procedure (Alternate Binaural Loudness Balance) is strongly influenced by two psychological factors: the consistency of the referred side and the increase in intensity in equal stages on this side. To avoid this influence, side and intensity have to be randomized. The test has therefore been subjected to computer control and the results are continuously checked as to their significance. 26 patients with suspected inner-ear disturbance showed a significant relative recruitment; by contrast, in not one of 14 normal-hearing persons was the result positive. This test takes no longer than the conventional procedure.", "PMID": 696298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10509", "title": "Relationship of maternal smoking to morbidity and mortality of the child up to the age of five.", "content": "The effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the morbidity and mortality of the child up to the age of five was studied in 12068 births. The children of the smokers were compared with those of controls of similar age, parity, marital status and place of residence. Perinatal mortality was no higher among the smokers, but postneonatal mortality from 28 days to 5 years was almost significantly (p less than 0.05) higher. The children of the smokers were highly significantly (p less than 0.001) more often hospitalized in pediatric departments, the difference being clearest below the age of one. The average duration of hospital admissions was longer among the children of the smokers, and similarly the numbers of visits to the doctor and hospital admissions to any hospital under the age of one were more frequent among the children of the smokers. Respiratory diseases caused highly significantly more hospitalizations among these children.", "contents": "Relationship of maternal smoking to morbidity and mortality of the child up to the age of five. The effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the morbidity and mortality of the child up to the age of five was studied in 12068 births. The children of the smokers were compared with those of controls of similar age, parity, marital status and place of residence. Perinatal mortality was no higher among the smokers, but postneonatal mortality from 28 days to 5 years was almost significantly (p less than 0.05) higher. The children of the smokers were highly significantly (p less than 0.001) more often hospitalized in pediatric departments, the difference being clearest below the age of one. The average duration of hospital admissions was longer among the children of the smokers, and similarly the numbers of visits to the doctor and hospital admissions to any hospital under the age of one were more frequent among the children of the smokers. Respiratory diseases caused highly significantly more hospitalizations among these children.", "PMID": 696308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10510", "title": "Oesophageal varices as a late complication to neonatal umbilical vein catheterization.", "content": "Three recent cases are presented. Haematemesis in children with splenomegalia and a history of neonatal umbilical vein catheterization should involve careful examination for oesophageal varices due to portal hypertension.", "contents": "Oesophageal varices as a late complication to neonatal umbilical vein catheterization. Three recent cases are presented. Haematemesis in children with splenomegalia and a history of neonatal umbilical vein catheterization should involve careful examination for oesophageal varices due to portal hypertension.", "PMID": 696309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10511", "title": "Effect of maternal anaemia on the placenta and the newborn infant.", "content": "Foetal birthweight, placental morphometry and maternal, cord blood and placental haemoglobin and iron levels were studied in 69 anaemic mothers (haemoglobin less than 110 g/l) and 16 mothers without anaemia (haemoglobin greater than or equal to 110 g/l). The birthweight, placental weight and number of placental cotyledons were significantly reduced in the severely anaemic mothers (haemoglobin less than or equal to 60 g/l) and had direct relationships with the maternal haemoglobin levels. However, placental volume and surface area showed no constant relation to maternal haemoglobin. The haemoglobin and iron levels in the cord blood and placental tissue were found to have linear correlations with the maternal haemoglobin levels. The low levels of placental and cord serum iron in the severely anaemic mothers suggest that iron supply to the placenta and the foetus is affected in maternal anaemia and the foetus takes iron in direct proportion to the levels available in the mother.", "contents": "Effect of maternal anaemia on the placenta and the newborn infant. Foetal birthweight, placental morphometry and maternal, cord blood and placental haemoglobin and iron levels were studied in 69 anaemic mothers (haemoglobin less than 110 g/l) and 16 mothers without anaemia (haemoglobin greater than or equal to 110 g/l). The birthweight, placental weight and number of placental cotyledons were significantly reduced in the severely anaemic mothers (haemoglobin less than or equal to 60 g/l) and had direct relationships with the maternal haemoglobin levels. However, placental volume and surface area showed no constant relation to maternal haemoglobin. The haemoglobin and iron levels in the cord blood and placental tissue were found to have linear correlations with the maternal haemoglobin levels. The low levels of placental and cord serum iron in the severely anaemic mothers suggest that iron supply to the placenta and the foetus is affected in maternal anaemia and the foetus takes iron in direct proportion to the levels available in the mother.", "PMID": 696310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10512", "title": "Relationship between haemoglobin and serum testosterone in normal children and adolescents and in boys with delayed puberty.", "content": "The concentrations of haemoglobin  and of serum testosterone were measured in 215 normal children and adolescents aged 7--20 years, and in 8 boys with constitutional delayed puberty. From the age of 14 years onward haemoglobin and testosterone rose in normal boys and differed significantly from the stable levels observed in prepubertal children and pubertal girls. In the entire series of normal boys (n = 118, age 7--20 years) concentrations of haemoglobin and testosterone were found to be closely correlated (r = 0.73, p less than 0.001). These results provide further evidence for a major role of testosterone in the control of erythropoiesis. Therefore, this correlation suggests the use of serum testosterone determination for the proper selection of haemoglobin reference ranges in boys. The respective reference ranges of haemoglobin corresponding to testosterone levels at 0 and 30 nmol/l were 120.5--148.5 and 143.5--171.5 g/l (95% confidence limits). Boys with delayed puberty were found to have significantly reduced median values of haemoglobin and testosterone for their chronological age, and 6 of the 8 boys investigated were truly anaemic on this background. Nevertheless, their haemoglobin concentration did appear appropriate as judged from their testosterone levels. This observation supports the idea that the selection of the relevant reference range for haemoglobin in boys should depend on the state of physical development as expressed by serum testosterone.", "contents": "Relationship between haemoglobin and serum testosterone in normal children and adolescents and in boys with delayed puberty. The concentrations of haemoglobin  and of serum testosterone were measured in 215 normal children and adolescents aged 7--20 years, and in 8 boys with constitutional delayed puberty. From the age of 14 years onward haemoglobin and testosterone rose in normal boys and differed significantly from the stable levels observed in prepubertal children and pubertal girls. In the entire series of normal boys (n = 118, age 7--20 years) concentrations of haemoglobin and testosterone were found to be closely correlated (r = 0.73, p less than 0.001). These results provide further evidence for a major role of testosterone in the control of erythropoiesis. Therefore, this correlation suggests the use of serum testosterone determination for the proper selection of haemoglobin reference ranges in boys. The respective reference ranges of haemoglobin corresponding to testosterone levels at 0 and 30 nmol/l were 120.5--148.5 and 143.5--171.5 g/l (95% confidence limits). Boys with delayed puberty were found to have significantly reduced median values of haemoglobin and testosterone for their chronological age, and 6 of the 8 boys investigated were truly anaemic on this background. Nevertheless, their haemoglobin concentration did appear appropriate as judged from their testosterone levels. This observation supports the idea that the selection of the relevant reference range for haemoglobin in boys should depend on the state of physical development as expressed by serum testosterone.", "PMID": 696311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10513", "title": "Disseminated Herpes simplex virus infection in ataxia-telangiectasia.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features are described in a child with ataxia-telangiectasia, complicated by fatal disseminated herpes simplex virus infection. Herpes simplex virus was isolated from the patient's blood, and the histopathological findings in the skin, liver and adrenals were consistent with herpes simplex virus infection. The patient had a combined immune deficiency state, as a part of the ataxia-telangiectasia syndrome. She had imparied cellular immune response to herpes simplex virus and developed no antibodies against the virus. To our knowledge, this is the first fatal case of disseminated herpes simplex virus infection in ataxiatelangiectasia.", "contents": "Disseminated Herpes simplex virus infection in ataxia-telangiectasia. The clinical and pathological features are described in a child with ataxia-telangiectasia, complicated by fatal disseminated herpes simplex virus infection. Herpes simplex virus was isolated from the patient's blood, and the histopathological findings in the skin, liver and adrenals were consistent with herpes simplex virus infection. The patient had a combined immune deficiency state, as a part of the ataxia-telangiectasia syndrome. She had imparied cellular immune response to herpes simplex virus and developed no antibodies against the virus. To our knowledge, this is the first fatal case of disseminated herpes simplex virus infection in ataxiatelangiectasia.", "PMID": 696312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10514", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of neoplastic neurogenic rat cell lines in culture.", "content": "The surface structure of a series of malignant neurogenic rat cell lines in culture has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Neoplastic transformation was induced by a single transplacental administration of the carcinogen ethylnitrosourea (ENU) to BD-IX rats on the 18th day of gestation. The malignant cell lines were established either by explantation into culture of cells from solid gliomas or neurinomas developed in the offspring, or by transfer of fetal brain cells to culture where they subsequently underwent malignant transformation. A high degree of surface activity was observed, as evidenced by microvilli, filopodia, ruffling membranes and zeiotic blebs. Surface activity was highest in cell cultures giving rise to glioma-like tumours upon re-implantation into syngeneic hosts, and low in those giving rise to neurinoma-like tumours, with one exception. The lowest surface activity was seen in a cell line which was not tumourigenic. High surface activity was mostly correlated with a high degree of aneuploidy. No correlation was apparent with other properties of the neoplastic cell lines, e.g., stem line ploidy and population doubling time in cell culture.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of neoplastic neurogenic rat cell lines in culture. The surface structure of a series of malignant neurogenic rat cell lines in culture has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Neoplastic transformation was induced by a single transplacental administration of the carcinogen ethylnitrosourea (ENU) to BD-IX rats on the 18th day of gestation. The malignant cell lines were established either by explantation into culture of cells from solid gliomas or neurinomas developed in the offspring, or by transfer of fetal brain cells to culture where they subsequently underwent malignant transformation. A high degree of surface activity was observed, as evidenced by microvilli, filopodia, ruffling membranes and zeiotic blebs. Surface activity was highest in cell cultures giving rise to glioma-like tumours upon re-implantation into syngeneic hosts, and low in those giving rise to neurinoma-like tumours, with one exception. The lowest surface activity was seen in a cell line which was not tumourigenic. High surface activity was mostly correlated with a high degree of aneuploidy. No correlation was apparent with other properties of the neoplastic cell lines, e.g., stem line ploidy and population doubling time in cell culture.", "PMID": 696313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10515", "title": "The myocardial capillary vasculature in repeated physical exercise. An experimental investigation in the rat.", "content": "The neoformation of myocardial blood capillaries was investigated on cardiac autoradiograms from 3H-thymidine injected rats that had been swimming-exercised for two weeks, rats that had been resting for three months following the exercise, and rats in which the rest had been followed by a second two-weeks period of exercise. The initial period of exercise induced a signficant capillary neoformation in the hearts. The newly-formed vasculature was found of functional significance still at the end of the resting period and available for the increased demands on the myocardial vasculature when the exercise was resumed.", "contents": "The myocardial capillary vasculature in repeated physical exercise. An experimental investigation in the rat. The neoformation of myocardial blood capillaries was investigated on cardiac autoradiograms from 3H-thymidine injected rats that had been swimming-exercised for two weeks, rats that had been resting for three months following the exercise, and rats in which the rest had been followed by a second two-weeks period of exercise. The initial period of exercise induced a signficant capillary neoformation in the hearts. The newly-formed vasculature was found of functional significance still at the end of the resting period and available for the increased demands on the myocardial vasculature when the exercise was resumed.", "PMID": 696314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10516", "title": "The effect of tobacco smoke condensate on the growth and longevity of human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Human embryonic diploid lung fibroblasts were exposed to various fractions of cigarette smoke condensate over their in vitro life-time. Most fractions were toxic at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml, with the exception of the strong acid and one water soluble basic fraction, which stimulated growth and increased longevity significantly at this concentration. Most fractions produced no effect on cell growth at 10 microgram/ml, with the exception of another basic fraction which inhibited growth at 1 microgram/ml. Nicotine had no apparent effect on growth and longevity at 50 microgram/ml. The neutral fraction containing the polynuclear hydrocarbon carcinogens produced normal growth and longevity at 10 microgram/ml. No cell transformations were observed.", "contents": "The effect of tobacco smoke condensate on the growth and longevity of human diploid fibroblasts. Human embryonic diploid lung fibroblasts were exposed to various fractions of cigarette smoke condensate over their in vitro life-time. Most fractions were toxic at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml, with the exception of the strong acid and one water soluble basic fraction, which stimulated growth and increased longevity significantly at this concentration. Most fractions produced no effect on cell growth at 10 microgram/ml, with the exception of another basic fraction which inhibited growth at 1 microgram/ml. Nicotine had no apparent effect on growth and longevity at 50 microgram/ml. The neutral fraction containing the polynuclear hydrocarbon carcinogens produced normal growth and longevity at 10 microgram/ml. No cell transformations were observed.", "PMID": 696315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10517", "title": "Studies on the rat liver following iron overload. 1. Fine structural appearance.", "content": "Iron overload of the rat liver following parenteral administration of Jectofer (an iron sorbitol citric acid complex) was studied in the electron microscope. Abundant ferritin-like granules were present in parenchymal and Kupffer cells, partly free in the cell sap and partly concentrated in 3 types of membrane-bound organelles, with characteristic appearances. In the parenchymal cells these organelles consisted of lysosome-like structures, apparent autophagic vacuoles, and vacuoles lacking features linking them to specific cytoplasmic elements. Organelle-bound ferritinlike granules in the Kupffer cells were demonstrated in lysosomelike structures, in phagocytic vacuoles, and in tubular and vacuolar elements referred to as \"type 1\" and \"type 2\" bodies. No ferritin-like granules were observed in other cell types than parenchymal and Kupffer cells.", "contents": "Studies on the rat liver following iron overload. 1. Fine structural appearance. Iron overload of the rat liver following parenteral administration of Jectofer (an iron sorbitol citric acid complex) was studied in the electron microscope. Abundant ferritin-like granules were present in parenchymal and Kupffer cells, partly free in the cell sap and partly concentrated in 3 types of membrane-bound organelles, with characteristic appearances. In the parenchymal cells these organelles consisted of lysosome-like structures, apparent autophagic vacuoles, and vacuoles lacking features linking them to specific cytoplasmic elements. Organelle-bound ferritinlike granules in the Kupffer cells were demonstrated in lysosomelike structures, in phagocytic vacuoles, and in tubular and vacuolar elements referred to as \"type 1\" and \"type 2\" bodies. No ferritin-like granules were observed in other cell types than parenchymal and Kupffer cells.", "PMID": 696316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10518", "title": "Absence of association between oestrogen-receptor content and in vitro oestrogen sensitivity in human breast cancer.", "content": "Breast-cancer tissue from 25 consecutive patients was investigated for oestrogen receptor content and for oestrogen-induced changes in tritiated thymidine uptake by explanted cells. A higher oestrogen receptor content was not associated with any statistically significant increase in oestrogen sensitivity. Neither the dissociation constant (Kd values), nor the oestrogen binding capacity (f mol oestrogen bound/mg supernatant protein) was found to be associated with in vitro oestrogen sensitivity. One receptor-negative tumour showed oestrogen sensitivity in vitro.", "contents": "Absence of association between oestrogen-receptor content and in vitro oestrogen sensitivity in human breast cancer. Breast-cancer tissue from 25 consecutive patients was investigated for oestrogen receptor content and for oestrogen-induced changes in tritiated thymidine uptake by explanted cells. A higher oestrogen receptor content was not associated with any statistically significant increase in oestrogen sensitivity. Neither the dissociation constant (Kd values), nor the oestrogen binding capacity (f mol oestrogen bound/mg supernatant protein) was found to be associated with in vitro oestrogen sensitivity. One receptor-negative tumour showed oestrogen sensitivity in vitro.", "PMID": 696317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10519", "title": "Incidence of salivary gland neoplasms in Greenland with special reference to an anaplastic carcinoma.", "content": "Forty-two salivary gland neoplasms were diagnosed in Greenland 1955--1974. Twenty-five cases were malignant of which 92 per cent were an undifferentiated carcinoma, histologically identical to malignant lymphoepithelial lesion. Age adjusted incidence rates for salivary gland carcinomas 1965--1974 were among the highest on record, significantly higher than in Denmark. Prognosis was poor with a 5-year determinate survival rate of 14 per cent. The majority of previously reported malignant lymphoepithelial lesions of salivary glands have occurred in Arctic dwellers in Alaska and Northern Canda. Virus infection and/or dietary deficiencies may be etiological factors. In the present study secondary nasopharyngeal carcinoma could not always be excluded.", "contents": "Incidence of salivary gland neoplasms in Greenland with special reference to an anaplastic carcinoma. Forty-two salivary gland neoplasms were diagnosed in Greenland 1955--1974. Twenty-five cases were malignant of which 92 per cent were an undifferentiated carcinoma, histologically identical to malignant lymphoepithelial lesion. Age adjusted incidence rates for salivary gland carcinomas 1965--1974 were among the highest on record, significantly higher than in Denmark. Prognosis was poor with a 5-year determinate survival rate of 14 per cent. The majority of previously reported malignant lymphoepithelial lesions of salivary glands have occurred in Arctic dwellers in Alaska and Northern Canda. Virus infection and/or dietary deficiencies may be etiological factors. In the present study secondary nasopharyngeal carcinoma could not always be excluded.", "PMID": 696318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10520", "title": "Lithium-induced focal interstitial fibrosis in the rat kidney.", "content": "An early stage of focal cortical interstitial fibrosis and nephronic atrophy was found by light microscopy in the kidneys of nine out of twelve rats which had received lithium for 9 weeks. The animals had excessive polyuria and increased requirement for sodium. The histological changes were in their distribution and the morphological structure similar to the lesions recently found in renal biopsy specimens from patients on long-term lithium treatment.", "contents": "Lithium-induced focal interstitial fibrosis in the rat kidney. An early stage of focal cortical interstitial fibrosis and nephronic atrophy was found by light microscopy in the kidneys of nine out of twelve rats which had received lithium for 9 weeks. The animals had excessive polyuria and increased requirement for sodium. The histological changes were in their distribution and the morphological structure similar to the lesions recently found in renal biopsy specimens from patients on long-term lithium treatment.", "PMID": 696319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10521", "title": "Acute hypertensive damage of arterial vessels of the heart.", "content": "Experimentally-induced acute angiotensin hypertension has been shown to increase the permeability of cardial arteries and arterioles to plasma components within a few hours. Only in one of the coronary arteries was an increased and focal permeability for plasma components demonstrated, the penetration taking place into the entire thickness of the vessel wall. However, the permeability observed in intramyocardial small arteries and arterioles showed a distinct deposition of plasma components, both in the tunica intima and the tunica media and usually in the entire circumference of the vessels. The results support the view that an increased arterial permeability of the myocardial vessels for plasma components is an important initial stage in the development of hypertensive vascular disease of the heart.", "contents": "Acute hypertensive damage of arterial vessels of the heart. Experimentally-induced acute angiotensin hypertension has been shown to increase the permeability of cardial arteries and arterioles to plasma components within a few hours. Only in one of the coronary arteries was an increased and focal permeability for plasma components demonstrated, the penetration taking place into the entire thickness of the vessel wall. However, the permeability observed in intramyocardial small arteries and arterioles showed a distinct deposition of plasma components, both in the tunica intima and the tunica media and usually in the entire circumference of the vessels. The results support the view that an increased arterial permeability of the myocardial vessels for plasma components is an important initial stage in the development of hypertensive vascular disease of the heart.", "PMID": 696320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10522", "title": "Biliary hamartomas (von Meyenburg complexes) in liver needle biopsies.", "content": "2000 consecutive liver needle biopsies were examined for the occurrence of biliary hamartomas (von Meyenburg complexes, microhamartomas). In 12 biopsies (corresponding to 0.6 per cent) a total of 15 hamartomas were found as 2 biopsies contained 2 and 3 hamartomas, respectively. The incidence, morphology, location and differential diagnosis are discussed. In serial sections a communication between all the lumina in each hamartoma was found. In no case the diagnosis of biliary adenoma, congenital hepatic fibrosis or polycystic liver could be made. The hamartomas are of no clinical importance.", "contents": "Biliary hamartomas (von Meyenburg complexes) in liver needle biopsies. 2000 consecutive liver needle biopsies were examined for the occurrence of biliary hamartomas (von Meyenburg complexes, microhamartomas). In 12 biopsies (corresponding to 0.6 per cent) a total of 15 hamartomas were found as 2 biopsies contained 2 and 3 hamartomas, respectively. The incidence, morphology, location and differential diagnosis are discussed. In serial sections a communication between all the lumina in each hamartoma was found. In no case the diagnosis of biliary adenoma, congenital hepatic fibrosis or polycystic liver could be made. The hamartomas are of no clinical importance.", "PMID": 696321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10523", "title": "Bacterial contamination of heat-sterilized, heat-disinfected and chemically-disinfected haemodialysis monitors.", "content": "The bacterial contamination of one heat-sterilized, three heat-disinfected and four chemically-disinfected monitor types was evaluated before and after dialysis. All monitor types were contaminated. In the heat-treated monitors the level of contamination varied with the intensity of the heat treatment and the technical design. They were less contaminated than the chemically-disinfected recirculating single-pass monitors. The latter were contaminated to a marginal degree, irrespective of the quality of the water supply. Each monitor showed a characteristic microbial flora, indicating that recontamination occurred from the same persistent focus. Aquired antibiotic resistance characters were rare among the potential human pathogens isolated from the dialysate. The level of contamination during dialysis is determined by a complex of factors, including the mode of disinfection, the technical design of the dialysis equipment, the duration of the dialyses, and the flora of the dialysate.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination of heat-sterilized, heat-disinfected and chemically-disinfected haemodialysis monitors. The bacterial contamination of one heat-sterilized, three heat-disinfected and four chemically-disinfected monitor types was evaluated before and after dialysis. All monitor types were contaminated. In the heat-treated monitors the level of contamination varied with the intensity of the heat treatment and the technical design. They were less contaminated than the chemically-disinfected recirculating single-pass monitors. The latter were contaminated to a marginal degree, irrespective of the quality of the water supply. Each monitor showed a characteristic microbial flora, indicating that recontamination occurred from the same persistent focus. Aquired antibiotic resistance characters were rare among the potential human pathogens isolated from the dialysate. The level of contamination during dialysis is determined by a complex of factors, including the mode of disinfection, the technical design of the dialysis equipment, the duration of the dialyses, and the flora of the dialysate.", "PMID": 696322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10524", "title": "Bacitracin production by the high-yielding mutant Bacillus licheniformis strain AL: stimulatory effect of L-leucine.", "content": "The high-yielding mutant Bacillus licheniformis AL produced only small amounts of bacitracin in the chemically defined M2 medium. L-leucine markedly stimulated bacitracin production and restored the mutant strain to its place as a superior producer as compared to Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716. Leucine also stimulated the growth rate of the mutant. The stimulatory effect of leucine on bacitracin production is discussed in relation to control mechanisms and overproduction of antibiotics.", "contents": "Bacitracin production by the high-yielding mutant Bacillus licheniformis strain AL: stimulatory effect of L-leucine. The high-yielding mutant Bacillus licheniformis AL produced only small amounts of bacitracin in the chemically defined M2 medium. L-leucine markedly stimulated bacitracin production and restored the mutant strain to its place as a superior producer as compared to Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716. Leucine also stimulated the growth rate of the mutant. The stimulatory effect of leucine on bacitracin production is discussed in relation to control mechanisms and overproduction of antibiotics.", "PMID": 696324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10525", "title": "The role of cell wall carbohydrates in binding of microorganisms to mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages.", "content": "The recognition by macrophages of unopsonized bacteria was studied, employing a binding assay, performed at 4 degrees C. Various Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were shown to bind to glass-adherent mouse peritoneal exudate cells under these conditions, Str. pneumoniae being the only exception. The binding could be inhibited by pretreatment of the macrophage monolayers with various monosaccharides. The role of particular components of the bacterial cell wall in binding was examined further using different strains of K. aerogenes and S. typhimurium with a known cell wall composition and mutant strains deficient in certain sugars. The ability of a particular constituent to inhibit binding was found to correlate closely with its presence in the bacterial cell wall. It is concluded, that this form of binding, mediated by cell wall carbohydrates represents a primitive recognition mechanism enabling phagocytes to bind microorganisms.", "contents": "The role of cell wall carbohydrates in binding of microorganisms to mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages. The recognition by macrophages of unopsonized bacteria was studied, employing a binding assay, performed at 4 degrees C. Various Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were shown to bind to glass-adherent mouse peritoneal exudate cells under these conditions, Str. pneumoniae being the only exception. The binding could be inhibited by pretreatment of the macrophage monolayers with various monosaccharides. The role of particular components of the bacterial cell wall in binding was examined further using different strains of K. aerogenes and S. typhimurium with a known cell wall composition and mutant strains deficient in certain sugars. The ability of a particular constituent to inhibit binding was found to correlate closely with its presence in the bacterial cell wall. It is concluded, that this form of binding, mediated by cell wall carbohydrates represents a primitive recognition mechanism enabling phagocytes to bind microorganisms.", "PMID": 696323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10526", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization between different species of mycobacteria.", "content": "The homology percentages between DNA from M. smegmatis ATCC 607 and DNA from nine various species of mycobacteria have been determined. DNA-DNA hybridization was measured in a spectrophotometer. The technique, calculation of results and the uncertainty of the method are described.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization between different species of mycobacteria. The homology percentages between DNA from M. smegmatis ATCC 607 and DNA from nine various species of mycobacteria have been determined. DNA-DNA hybridization was measured in a spectrophotometer. The technique, calculation of results and the uncertainty of the method are described.", "PMID": 696325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10527", "title": "The importance of C5 and the role of the alternative complement pathway in leukocyte chemotaxis induced in vivo and in vitro by Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Chambers implanted subcutaneously in C5 normal (C5 N) and C5 deficient (C5 D) mice were used to examine the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the wound chamber fluid in response to injected Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The difference in PMN migration was highly significant between the two mouse strains, the C5 D mice showing no initial, but a low, delayed migration. The results from the study indicated that chemotaxis plays a major role in the accumulation of PMNs in the acute inflammatory response. Intraperitoneal endotoxin stimulation also showed a significantly lower total number of leukocytes in the exudate from C5 D mice as well as a delayed migration of cells compared to C5 N mice. No leukotactic mediators were elaborated in C5 D serum or exudate upon incubation with LPS when tested in a modified Boyden chamber. However, endotoxin-induced wound chamber fluid in C5 D mice showed an increasing leukotactic activity at the same time as the acute inflammatory response subsided in C5 N mice. Incubation of B. fragilis LPS in C4 deficient (C4 D) guinea pig serum indicated that the LPS was able to activate complement components to generated split products chemotacic for rabbit PMNs via the alternative complement pathway.", "contents": "The importance of C5 and the role of the alternative complement pathway in leukocyte chemotaxis induced in vivo and in vitro by Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide. Chambers implanted subcutaneously in C5 normal (C5 N) and C5 deficient (C5 D) mice were used to examine the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the wound chamber fluid in response to injected Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The difference in PMN migration was highly significant between the two mouse strains, the C5 D mice showing no initial, but a low, delayed migration. The results from the study indicated that chemotaxis plays a major role in the accumulation of PMNs in the acute inflammatory response. Intraperitoneal endotoxin stimulation also showed a significantly lower total number of leukocytes in the exudate from C5 D mice as well as a delayed migration of cells compared to C5 N mice. No leukotactic mediators were elaborated in C5 D serum or exudate upon incubation with LPS when tested in a modified Boyden chamber. However, endotoxin-induced wound chamber fluid in C5 D mice showed an increasing leukotactic activity at the same time as the acute inflammatory response subsided in C5 N mice. Incubation of B. fragilis LPS in C4 deficient (C4 D) guinea pig serum indicated that the LPS was able to activate complement components to generated split products chemotacic for rabbit PMNs via the alternative complement pathway.", "PMID": 696326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10528", "title": "Rapid oncogenesis in vivo by chicken retrovirus OK10.", "content": "The OK10 virus complex is known to contain two detectable viruses: a) focue-forming virus OK10V that transforms chick embryo cells, and b) an associated virus OK10AV present in excess that converts the morphology of cultured chick embryo cells. The pathogenesis of OK10 virus infection was studied, using 2--4 day old Brown Leghorn chickens. A group of chickens was sacrificed at weekly intervals, serum samples were taken and tissues were examined for virus. Autopsies of the chicken were performed and gross and microscopic changes were registered. After intraperitoneal injection of 10(4) focus-forming units of OK10 virus, infectious OK10AV was detected after one week in Bursa Fabricius, thymus and liver, and OK10V after two weeks in Bursa Fabricius but in no other organ. Neutralizing serum antibodies developed within three weeks. The first malignant changes, in the mesentery, were detected after three weeks. The infection was lethal in all experiments within 6--8 weeks. In the mesentery, the tumors consisted of large tumour cells with clear cytoplasm, a large nucleus and prominent nucleoli. The origin of these cells could not be established. The cells were surrounded by lymphoid cells. From the tumours, vontinuous cell lines were established which produced both viruses OK10V and OK10AV and had blast-like morphology. After intravenous injection of OK10 virus, tumours could also be found in liver, kidneys and testes. The associated virus OK10AV was injectious for chickens and induced neutralizing serum antibodies. One out of seven chickens died of leukosis after 1 1/2 years. The OK10 virus complex, consisting of a tumour-forming and a weakly oncogenic associated virus, appears to have a multiple oncogenic potential in its rapid oncogenic action in vivo.", "contents": "Rapid oncogenesis in vivo by chicken retrovirus OK10. The OK10 virus complex is known to contain two detectable viruses: a) focue-forming virus OK10V that transforms chick embryo cells, and b) an associated virus OK10AV present in excess that converts the morphology of cultured chick embryo cells. The pathogenesis of OK10 virus infection was studied, using 2--4 day old Brown Leghorn chickens. A group of chickens was sacrificed at weekly intervals, serum samples were taken and tissues were examined for virus. Autopsies of the chicken were performed and gross and microscopic changes were registered. After intraperitoneal injection of 10(4) focus-forming units of OK10 virus, infectious OK10AV was detected after one week in Bursa Fabricius, thymus and liver, and OK10V after two weeks in Bursa Fabricius but in no other organ. Neutralizing serum antibodies developed within three weeks. The first malignant changes, in the mesentery, were detected after three weeks. The infection was lethal in all experiments within 6--8 weeks. In the mesentery, the tumors consisted of large tumour cells with clear cytoplasm, a large nucleus and prominent nucleoli. The origin of these cells could not be established. The cells were surrounded by lymphoid cells. From the tumours, vontinuous cell lines were established which produced both viruses OK10V and OK10AV and had blast-like morphology. After intravenous injection of OK10 virus, tumours could also be found in liver, kidneys and testes. The associated virus OK10AV was injectious for chickens and induced neutralizing serum antibodies. One out of seven chickens died of leukosis after 1 1/2 years. The OK10 virus complex, consisting of a tumour-forming and a weakly oncogenic associated virus, appears to have a multiple oncogenic potential in its rapid oncogenic action in vivo.", "PMID": 696327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10529", "title": "Experimental endocarditis in rabbits. I. Technique and spontaneous course of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis.", "content": "Insertion of a polyethylene catheter into the heart was used for regular establishment of sterile endocarditis in 52 rabbits. The catheter was inserted with the aid of guide wire, and distance marking on the catheter was used to obtain precise positioning, so that the catheter was retained with the curved distal end inside the left ventricle of the heart. The results showed that the catheterization procedure could be carried out with a high degree of accuracy. Uniform localization of the vegetations was obtained, these reaching a suitable size of development in all rabbits after insertion of the catheter for 3 days. Histological examination of the sterile vegetation showed that catheter withdrawal at this time would still permit the regular development of an infection. After withdrawal of the catheter, the sterile vegetations rapidly decreased in size and disappeared almost completely by 10 days. Sterile endocarditis in rabbits induced by a catheter for a period of 3 days proved to be a harmless and self-limiting disease. The model presented seems to be suitable for futher investigations on experimental bacterial endocarditis.", "contents": "Experimental endocarditis in rabbits. I. Technique and spontaneous course of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Insertion of a polyethylene catheter into the heart was used for regular establishment of sterile endocarditis in 52 rabbits. The catheter was inserted with the aid of guide wire, and distance marking on the catheter was used to obtain precise positioning, so that the catheter was retained with the curved distal end inside the left ventricle of the heart. The results showed that the catheterization procedure could be carried out with a high degree of accuracy. Uniform localization of the vegetations was obtained, these reaching a suitable size of development in all rabbits after insertion of the catheter for 3 days. Histological examination of the sterile vegetation showed that catheter withdrawal at this time would still permit the regular development of an infection. After withdrawal of the catheter, the sterile vegetations rapidly decreased in size and disappeared almost completely by 10 days. Sterile endocarditis in rabbits induced by a catheter for a period of 3 days proved to be a harmless and self-limiting disease. The model presented seems to be suitable for futher investigations on experimental bacterial endocarditis.", "PMID": 696328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10530", "title": "The presence in faecal extracts of bacterial cell wall components resembling viral structures.", "content": "Electron microscopy of faecal extracts frequently shows organized structures which have a superficial resemblance to viral material in that it is more heterogenous and consists mainly of vesicles and tubules covered by subunits arranged in different patterns. Evidence is presented that this kind of material is derived from detached outer layers of bacterial cell walls.", "contents": "The presence in faecal extracts of bacterial cell wall components resembling viral structures. Electron microscopy of faecal extracts frequently shows organized structures which have a superficial resemblance to viral material in that it is more heterogenous and consists mainly of vesicles and tubules covered by subunits arranged in different patterns. Evidence is presented that this kind of material is derived from detached outer layers of bacterial cell walls.", "PMID": 696329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10531", "title": "Toxicity studies with human leukocyte interferon in newborn rabbits.", "content": "Daily subcutaneous injections of 5 to 10 million units of partially purified human leukocyte interferon were given to newborn rabbits for 2 weeks or 1 month. The control groups received mock interferon, saline or nothing. The interferon treatment had no overt effect on the development of the animals during the period of treatment. The rabbits treated with interferon had leukocytosis, splenomegaly and prolonged postnatal extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen. Certain immune responses were also demonstrated in the rabbits treated with interferon and mock interferon preparations. Platelet counts and the serum-ASAT, -ALAT, -LD and alkaline phosphatase values were normal.", "contents": "Toxicity studies with human leukocyte interferon in newborn rabbits. Daily subcutaneous injections of 5 to 10 million units of partially purified human leukocyte interferon were given to newborn rabbits for 2 weeks or 1 month. The control groups received mock interferon, saline or nothing. The interferon treatment had no overt effect on the development of the animals during the period of treatment. The rabbits treated with interferon had leukocytosis, splenomegaly and prolonged postnatal extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen. Certain immune responses were also demonstrated in the rabbits treated with interferon and mock interferon preparations. Platelet counts and the serum-ASAT, -ALAT, -LD and alkaline phosphatase values were normal.", "PMID": 696330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10532", "title": "Leukocyte chemotactic activity in cultures of unstimulated human lymphocytes.", "content": "We have shown earlier that unstimulated human lymphocytes in in vitro cultures produce migration inhibitory factor into the supernatant. The evidence of spontaneous lymphokine synthesis is strengthened further by this study, which demonstrates leukocyte chemotactic activity in these culture supernatants. The factor has a molecular weight of more than 5000 daltons, it resisted heating for 15 min at 100 degrees C, and showed maximum activity at dilution 1:4-1:8 of the supernatants.", "contents": "Leukocyte chemotactic activity in cultures of unstimulated human lymphocytes. We have shown earlier that unstimulated human lymphocytes in in vitro cultures produce migration inhibitory factor into the supernatant. The evidence of spontaneous lymphokine synthesis is strengthened further by this study, which demonstrates leukocyte chemotactic activity in these culture supernatants. The factor has a molecular weight of more than 5000 daltons, it resisted heating for 15 min at 100 degrees C, and showed maximum activity at dilution 1:4-1:8 of the supernatants.", "PMID": 696331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10533", "title": "The role of C1s, C1r and properdin in the initiation of the C3b-dependent feedback mechanism of the complement system.", "content": "The influence of activated C1s, C1r and properdin in the fluid phase initiation of the C3b-dependent feedback mechanism of the human complement was studied. It was found that C1s caused conversion of C3 and factor B in a normal serum, but not in a serum genetically deficient in C4 or in a serum to which Na2EDTA had been added. When a normal serum was incubated with C1r before incubation with C1s, only C3 was converted, whereas factor B remained in the unaltered native state. Properdin did not influence the C1s mediated conversion of C3 and factor B. When activated properdin was added to a properdin-depleted serum, both C3 and factor B were converted. Activated properdin was also incubated with purified C3 and purified C3b. It was shown that C3 was converted to C3b, but C3b was not degraded despite prolonged incubation.", "contents": "The role of C1s, C1r and properdin in the initiation of the C3b-dependent feedback mechanism of the complement system. The influence of activated C1s, C1r and properdin in the fluid phase initiation of the C3b-dependent feedback mechanism of the human complement was studied. It was found that C1s caused conversion of C3 and factor B in a normal serum, but not in a serum genetically deficient in C4 or in a serum to which Na2EDTA had been added. When a normal serum was incubated with C1r before incubation with C1s, only C3 was converted, whereas factor B remained in the unaltered native state. Properdin did not influence the C1s mediated conversion of C3 and factor B. When activated properdin was added to a properdin-depleted serum, both C3 and factor B were converted. Activated properdin was also incubated with purified C3 and purified C3b. It was shown that C3 was converted to C3b, but C3b was not degraded despite prolonged incubation.", "PMID": 696332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10534", "title": "Immunoproliferative alterations in lymphoid tissues and liver in mice stimulated with Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "Morphological alterations in the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow and blood were studied in DBA and Balb/C mice treated with Corynebacterium parvum. The spleen lymph nodes and liver increased in size and weight, whereas thymus showed decrease in weight compared to the control group. A marked, early proliferation of monocytes in the bone marrow preceded infiltrations by macrophages in lymph nodes, spleen and liver. These infiltrations were closely related to the vascular structures, became nodular and decreased around day 12 after the injection. A rapid increase in the number of monocytes and transformed lymphocytes of the peripheral blood were noted almost immediately after the administration of the vaccine. No relationship between the degree and duration of the histological changes, strain of mice, and number of inoculations was found. It is suggested that the increase in size and weight of the lymphoid organs and the liver is primarily caused by invasion of macrophages, perhaps secondary to a preceding proliferation of monocytes in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Immunoproliferative alterations in lymphoid tissues and liver in mice stimulated with Corynebacterium parvum. Morphological alterations in the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow and blood were studied in DBA and Balb/C mice treated with Corynebacterium parvum. The spleen lymph nodes and liver increased in size and weight, whereas thymus showed decrease in weight compared to the control group. A marked, early proliferation of monocytes in the bone marrow preceded infiltrations by macrophages in lymph nodes, spleen and liver. These infiltrations were closely related to the vascular structures, became nodular and decreased around day 12 after the injection. A rapid increase in the number of monocytes and transformed lymphocytes of the peripheral blood were noted almost immediately after the administration of the vaccine. No relationship between the degree and duration of the histological changes, strain of mice, and number of inoculations was found. It is suggested that the increase in size and weight of the lymphoid organs and the liver is primarily caused by invasion of macrophages, perhaps secondary to a preceding proliferation of monocytes in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 696333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10535", "title": "Brief report. In vitro effects of Rubella virus, strain RA 27/3, on human lymphocytes. III. Inhibition of mitogen stimulation transferred by supernatants from virus-infected cultures.", "content": "When lymphocytes from humans with serological immunity against rubella were incubated with live rubella virus, supernatants were obtained which when added to non-infected lymphocytes gave a significant inhibition of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced proliferation. In contrast, supernatants from virus-infected lymphocytes from donors lacking immunity against rubella gave no inhibition of the PHA response.", "contents": "Brief report. In vitro effects of Rubella virus, strain RA 27/3, on human lymphocytes. III. Inhibition of mitogen stimulation transferred by supernatants from virus-infected cultures. When lymphocytes from humans with serological immunity against rubella were incubated with live rubella virus, supernatants were obtained which when added to non-infected lymphocytes gave a significant inhibition of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced proliferation. In contrast, supernatants from virus-infected lymphocytes from donors lacking immunity against rubella gave no inhibition of the PHA response.", "PMID": 696334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10536", "title": "Protective antitoxic cholera immunity in mice: influence of route and number of immunizations and mode of action of protective antibodies.", "content": "An adult mouse model has been elaborated for studies of experimental cholera (Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin-induced intestinal secretion) and protective antitoxic immunity in either ligated small bowel loops or intact small intestine. Mice of different inbred strains varied markedly in intestinal susceptibility to toxin, C57B1 being the most sensitive strain tested. Fluid accumulation started within 1 h after the inoculation of toxin and was maximal after 5 h, whereafter recovery gradually ensued. The dose-response curve was sigmoid, the ED50 of crude toxin being equivalent to about 0.1 microgram purified toxin/cm in the loops and 0.3 microgram/cm in the nonligated intestine. Two peroral (p.o.) immunizations induced significant protective immunity which increased markedly after two further immunizations by the same route. Additional p.o. immunizations did not appreciably enhance the protective immunity any further. Intravenous (i.v.) vaccination had to be repeated more than 5 times before intestinal immunity could be observed. No correlation between serum antitoxin titers and protective immunity was found. Electron microscopic examination revealed that whereas peroxidase-coupled cholera toxin bound tightly to intestinal microvilli from unimmunized or 5-times i.v. immunized mice it did not bind to the microvilli of p.o. immunized animals. The data thus suggest that the protective immunity is mediated exclusively by locally produced antibodies which prevent the binding to toxin to the gut epithelium.", "contents": "Protective antitoxic cholera immunity in mice: influence of route and number of immunizations and mode of action of protective antibodies. An adult mouse model has been elaborated for studies of experimental cholera (Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin-induced intestinal secretion) and protective antitoxic immunity in either ligated small bowel loops or intact small intestine. Mice of different inbred strains varied markedly in intestinal susceptibility to toxin, C57B1 being the most sensitive strain tested. Fluid accumulation started within 1 h after the inoculation of toxin and was maximal after 5 h, whereafter recovery gradually ensued. The dose-response curve was sigmoid, the ED50 of crude toxin being equivalent to about 0.1 microgram purified toxin/cm in the loops and 0.3 microgram/cm in the nonligated intestine. Two peroral (p.o.) immunizations induced significant protective immunity which increased markedly after two further immunizations by the same route. Additional p.o. immunizations did not appreciably enhance the protective immunity any further. Intravenous (i.v.) vaccination had to be repeated more than 5 times before intestinal immunity could be observed. No correlation between serum antitoxin titers and protective immunity was found. Electron microscopic examination revealed that whereas peroxidase-coupled cholera toxin bound tightly to intestinal microvilli from unimmunized or 5-times i.v. immunized mice it did not bind to the microvilli of p.o. immunized animals. The data thus suggest that the protective immunity is mediated exclusively by locally produced antibodies which prevent the binding to toxin to the gut epithelium.", "PMID": 696335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10537", "title": "Localization of Fc receptors in human and rat malignant tissues.", "content": "Three human malignant tumors and a rat carcinoma (Walker 256), which all showed strong Fc receptor activity in tests with sheep erythrocytes (E) sensitized with rabbit IgG antibodies (A), were used to study the distribution of the receptor in subcellular fractions isolated by differential centrifugation. Smears of the three crude sediments obtained (nuclei, mitochondria rich and membrane rich) all possessed receptor activity. EA incubated in the suspension of cell fractions did not attach to Fc receptor positive tissue sections or to cells in suspension. Cells from which the surface receptors had been eluted still showed activity in sections of cell pellets. Apparently the Fc activity is connected with both external and internal membranes.", "contents": "Localization of Fc receptors in human and rat malignant tissues. Three human malignant tumors and a rat carcinoma (Walker 256), which all showed strong Fc receptor activity in tests with sheep erythrocytes (E) sensitized with rabbit IgG antibodies (A), were used to study the distribution of the receptor in subcellular fractions isolated by differential centrifugation. Smears of the three crude sediments obtained (nuclei, mitochondria rich and membrane rich) all possessed receptor activity. EA incubated in the suspension of cell fractions did not attach to Fc receptor positive tissue sections or to cells in suspension. Cells from which the surface receptors had been eluted still showed activity in sections of cell pellets. Apparently the Fc activity is connected with both external and internal membranes.", "PMID": 696336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10538", "title": "Immuno-suppressive effect of human macrophages. I. Evidence for an unstable soluble factor(s) inhibiting DNA synthesis and proliferation in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Macrophages obtained by culturing blood monocytes in vitro for 8 days showed capacity to inhibit DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes separated from the macrophages by a membrane with pore size 0.2 micron. The DNA synthesis was measured as 3H thymidine incorporation and the proliferation as cell counts. The depression was reduced when the distance between macrophages and lymphocytes was increased concomitant with increased culture volume. Heat-killing of macrophages abolished their lymphocyte depressing capacity. Full inhibitory effect was established within 4 hours when lymphocytes were cultured in the proximity of macrophages. The effect was blocked by molecular filtration membranes with nominal molecular weight limits (nmwl) 1,000 and 10,000 whereas membranes with nmwl 25,000 only partially blocked the effect. No inhibitory effect was registered in the supernatants from macrophage-depressed lymphocyte cultures. Presumably the lymphocyte depressing effect is mediated via an unstable soluble factor(s).", "contents": "Immuno-suppressive effect of human macrophages. I. Evidence for an unstable soluble factor(s) inhibiting DNA synthesis and proliferation in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Macrophages obtained by culturing blood monocytes in vitro for 8 days showed capacity to inhibit DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes separated from the macrophages by a membrane with pore size 0.2 micron. The DNA synthesis was measured as 3H thymidine incorporation and the proliferation as cell counts. The depression was reduced when the distance between macrophages and lymphocytes was increased concomitant with increased culture volume. Heat-killing of macrophages abolished their lymphocyte depressing capacity. Full inhibitory effect was established within 4 hours when lymphocytes were cultured in the proximity of macrophages. The effect was blocked by molecular filtration membranes with nominal molecular weight limits (nmwl) 1,000 and 10,000 whereas membranes with nmwl 25,000 only partially blocked the effect. No inhibitory effect was registered in the supernatants from macrophage-depressed lymphocyte cultures. Presumably the lymphocyte depressing effect is mediated via an unstable soluble factor(s).", "PMID": 696337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10539", "title": "Immuno-suppressive effect of human macrophages. II. Influence of macrophages on the kinetics of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Human macrophages obtained by culturing blood monocytes in vitro for 8 days release a soluble factor(s) inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Synthesis of RNA and protein was strongly inhibited in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes sedimented on macrophages, as well as in lymphocytes separeted from the macrophages by a membrane, thus demomatrating that inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis was also mediated by a soluble factor(s). The kinetics of the factor-mediated inhibition showed that RNA synthesis was readily inhibited, whereas there was a delay in the inhibition of protein synthesis, thus indicating that the inhibition of protein synthesis and cell proliferation is a result of a blocking effect on the nucleic acid synthesis. The kinetics of DNA and protein synthesis in lymphocytes relieved from macrophage-mediated inhibition indicate a cytostatic effect.", "contents": "Immuno-suppressive effect of human macrophages. II. Influence of macrophages on the kinetics of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Human macrophages obtained by culturing blood monocytes in vitro for 8 days release a soluble factor(s) inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Synthesis of RNA and protein was strongly inhibited in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes sedimented on macrophages, as well as in lymphocytes separeted from the macrophages by a membrane, thus demomatrating that inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis was also mediated by a soluble factor(s). The kinetics of the factor-mediated inhibition showed that RNA synthesis was readily inhibited, whereas there was a delay in the inhibition of protein synthesis, thus indicating that the inhibition of protein synthesis and cell proliferation is a result of a blocking effect on the nucleic acid synthesis. The kinetics of DNA and protein synthesis in lymphocytes relieved from macrophage-mediated inhibition indicate a cytostatic effect.", "PMID": 696338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10540", "title": "Choline acetyltransferase activity in postganglionic parasympathetic nerves after \"pharmacological decentralization\".", "content": "The ganglion blocking drug chlorisondamine given frequently and in gradually increasing doses over a period of time to adult rats causes the activity of choline acetyltransferase to fall in the postganglionic parasympathetic nerves of parotid glands. Such a \"pharmacologically\" decentralized gland was also found to have lost weight and to have developed a supersensitivity to chemical stimuli. All these phenomena are thought to be consequences of loss or reduction of secretory impulses from the central nervous system due to impaired ganglionic transmission.", "contents": "Choline acetyltransferase activity in postganglionic parasympathetic nerves after \"pharmacological decentralization\". The ganglion blocking drug chlorisondamine given frequently and in gradually increasing doses over a period of time to adult rats causes the activity of choline acetyltransferase to fall in the postganglionic parasympathetic nerves of parotid glands. Such a \"pharmacologically\" decentralized gland was also found to have lost weight and to have developed a supersensitivity to chemical stimuli. All these phenomena are thought to be consequences of loss or reduction of secretory impulses from the central nervous system due to impaired ganglionic transmission.", "PMID": 696339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10541", "title": "Effects of nifedipine on the smooth muscle of the human urinary tract in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Smooth muscle preparations of the urethra, bladder, and ureter were obtained from patients undergoing operations for various urological disorders. The urethral preparations were contracted by noradrenaline (0.1-3 microgram . ml-1), prostaglandin F2alpha (1-10 microgram . ml-1), and potassium (127 mM), the bladder preparations by carbacholine (0.004-1 microgram . ml-1), prostaglandin F2alpha (1-10 microgram . ml-1), potassium (127 mM), and barium chloride (3 mM), and the ureter preparations by potassium (127 mM), and barium chloride (3 mM). Irrespective of the mode of activation, pretreatment with nifedipine (0.1 microgram . ml-1) for 10 min. reduced the responses. Nifedipine also relaxed preparations contracted by the contractile agents used. In 19 female patients, aged 20 to 73 years, undergoing investigation because of urgency and/or urge incontinence, simultaneous urethrocystometry at rest was performed before and after oral administration of 20 to 40 mg nifedipine. Bladder capacity and residual urine were also determined. Nifedipine did not affect the pressures within the bladder and urethra, nor did it increase the bladder capacity. However, after nifedipine intake there was a statistically significant increase in residual urine. The results suggest that nifedipine can inhibit contractile activity induced by drugs with different modes of action; the drug does not affect the tone in bladder and urethra.", "contents": "Effects of nifedipine on the smooth muscle of the human urinary tract in vitro and in vivo. Smooth muscle preparations of the urethra, bladder, and ureter were obtained from patients undergoing operations for various urological disorders. The urethral preparations were contracted by noradrenaline (0.1-3 microgram . ml-1), prostaglandin F2alpha (1-10 microgram . ml-1), and potassium (127 mM), the bladder preparations by carbacholine (0.004-1 microgram . ml-1), prostaglandin F2alpha (1-10 microgram . ml-1), potassium (127 mM), and barium chloride (3 mM), and the ureter preparations by potassium (127 mM), and barium chloride (3 mM). Irrespective of the mode of activation, pretreatment with nifedipine (0.1 microgram . ml-1) for 10 min. reduced the responses. Nifedipine also relaxed preparations contracted by the contractile agents used. In 19 female patients, aged 20 to 73 years, undergoing investigation because of urgency and/or urge incontinence, simultaneous urethrocystometry at rest was performed before and after oral administration of 20 to 40 mg nifedipine. Bladder capacity and residual urine were also determined. Nifedipine did not affect the pressures within the bladder and urethra, nor did it increase the bladder capacity. However, after nifedipine intake there was a statistically significant increase in residual urine. The results suggest that nifedipine can inhibit contractile activity induced by drugs with different modes of action; the drug does not affect the tone in bladder and urethra.", "PMID": 696340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10542", "title": "Interaction of vitamin E and selenium with the hepatotoxic agent dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with vitamin E, 0.02% w/w of the diet and a sc dose, 200 mg/kg, given 48 hrs. before dimethylnitrosamine, DMNA, was found to ameliorate the acute hepatotoxicity of DMNA (30 mg/kg) as reflected in reduced plasma asparagine-amino-transferase (AspAT) activity. This effect was confirmed by histological evaluation. No significant effect of DMNA on plasma levels of vitamin E was observed, however, DMNA significantly increased the hepatic level of vitamin E supplemented rats. Pretreatment with selenium, 0.5 mg/kg given intraperitoneally 48 hrs. before DMNA, was found to enhance the acute hepatotoxicity of DMNA as reflected in increased elevation of plasma AspAT activity. This effect was not confirmed morphologically. DMNA did not have any effect on the hepatic selenium state in selenium pretreated rats; however, selenium pretreatment tended to decrease hepatic and plasma tocopherol levels. To explain the effects observed in the present investigation, various mechanisms were discussed. If the compounds were acting as antioxidants, then the difference in intracellular localization had to be important. More likely a specific biochemical function involving drug metabolizing enzymes could be involved. Finally vitamin E could protect membranes from damage during the necrotizing action of DMNA.", "contents": "Interaction of vitamin E and selenium with the hepatotoxic agent dimethylnitrosamine. Pretreatment of rats with vitamin E, 0.02% w/w of the diet and a sc dose, 200 mg/kg, given 48 hrs. before dimethylnitrosamine, DMNA, was found to ameliorate the acute hepatotoxicity of DMNA (30 mg/kg) as reflected in reduced plasma asparagine-amino-transferase (AspAT) activity. This effect was confirmed by histological evaluation. No significant effect of DMNA on plasma levels of vitamin E was observed, however, DMNA significantly increased the hepatic level of vitamin E supplemented rats. Pretreatment with selenium, 0.5 mg/kg given intraperitoneally 48 hrs. before DMNA, was found to enhance the acute hepatotoxicity of DMNA as reflected in increased elevation of plasma AspAT activity. This effect was not confirmed morphologically. DMNA did not have any effect on the hepatic selenium state in selenium pretreated rats; however, selenium pretreatment tended to decrease hepatic and plasma tocopherol levels. To explain the effects observed in the present investigation, various mechanisms were discussed. If the compounds were acting as antioxidants, then the difference in intracellular localization had to be important. More likely a specific biochemical function involving drug metabolizing enzymes could be involved. Finally vitamin E could protect membranes from damage during the necrotizing action of DMNA.", "PMID": 696341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10543", "title": "Effect of melperone, two of its metabolites and thiothixene on central monoamine metabolism and prolactin levels in rodents.", "content": "The effects of melperone and thiothixene on the concentrations of monoamine metabolites in brain and prolactin in the serum of rats and mice were determined. Both drugs increased brain concentrations of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in a dose-dependent manner. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was unaffected. The effect of thiothixene was longer lasting and about 5 times greater than that of melperone. Melperone, but not thiothixene, increased levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MOPEG). Several hours after administration of melperone, levels of HVA and MOPEG were diminished. Both drugs increased prolactin concentrations in rat serum. Thiothixene was about 10 times more potent than melperone. Of two urinary metabolites of melperone investigated, one caused the same qualitative effects on monoamine metabolism as melperone itself but with reduced potency. The other metabolite was ineffective.", "contents": "Effect of melperone, two of its metabolites and thiothixene on central monoamine metabolism and prolactin levels in rodents. The effects of melperone and thiothixene on the concentrations of monoamine metabolites in brain and prolactin in the serum of rats and mice were determined. Both drugs increased brain concentrations of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in a dose-dependent manner. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was unaffected. The effect of thiothixene was longer lasting and about 5 times greater than that of melperone. Melperone, but not thiothixene, increased levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MOPEG). Several hours after administration of melperone, levels of HVA and MOPEG were diminished. Both drugs increased prolactin concentrations in rat serum. Thiothixene was about 10 times more potent than melperone. Of two urinary metabolites of melperone investigated, one caused the same qualitative effects on monoamine metabolism as melperone itself but with reduced potency. The other metabolite was ineffective.", "PMID": 696342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10544", "title": "Effects of extracellular calcium on potassium and noradrenaline induced contractions in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats--increased sensitivity to nifedipine.", "content": "Isolated preparations of the thoracic aorta from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar rats (NWR) were contracted by noradrenaline (NA) 1.8 X 10(-5)M, and potassium (K+) 127 mM, after 30 min. pretreatment in a Ca++-free medium. In both SHR and NWR aortae, the contractions were markedly reduced; no significant differences were found between the two types of vessels in Ca++-free medium. On addition of Ca++, the contractions were restored to a significantly greater extent in the NWR than in the SHR aortae. In the presence of nifedipine 7.2 X 10(-9)M, the response to Ca++ was significantly more reduced in the SHR than in the NWR preparations. Relaxation of NA and K+ contracted preparations was induced by wash-out of the contractile agents, by addition of nifedipine 2.9 X 10(-8)M, and by introduction of a Ca++-free medium. After wash-out of NA, relaxation was slower in SHR than in NWR vessels. Relaxation induced by nifedipine and Ca++-free medium was more complete in SHR than in NWR preparations. After wash-out of K+, relaxation was more rapid in NWR than in SHR aortae. Nifedipine and Ca++-free medium induced relaxation was more complete in SHR than in NWR preparations. The results suggest that in the SHR aortae contraction induced by NA and K+ is more dependent on extracellular Ca++ than is the response in the NWR preparations; the SHR vessels are also more sensitive to the relaxing effects of nifedipine.", "contents": "Effects of extracellular calcium on potassium and noradrenaline induced contractions in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats--increased sensitivity to nifedipine. Isolated preparations of the thoracic aorta from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar rats (NWR) were contracted by noradrenaline (NA) 1.8 X 10(-5)M, and potassium (K+) 127 mM, after 30 min. pretreatment in a Ca++-free medium. In both SHR and NWR aortae, the contractions were markedly reduced; no significant differences were found between the two types of vessels in Ca++-free medium. On addition of Ca++, the contractions were restored to a significantly greater extent in the NWR than in the SHR aortae. In the presence of nifedipine 7.2 X 10(-9)M, the response to Ca++ was significantly more reduced in the SHR than in the NWR preparations. Relaxation of NA and K+ contracted preparations was induced by wash-out of the contractile agents, by addition of nifedipine 2.9 X 10(-8)M, and by introduction of a Ca++-free medium. After wash-out of NA, relaxation was slower in SHR than in NWR vessels. Relaxation induced by nifedipine and Ca++-free medium was more complete in SHR than in NWR preparations. After wash-out of K+, relaxation was more rapid in NWR than in SHR aortae. Nifedipine and Ca++-free medium induced relaxation was more complete in SHR than in NWR preparations. The results suggest that in the SHR aortae contraction induced by NA and K+ is more dependent on extracellular Ca++ than is the response in the NWR preparations; the SHR vessels are also more sensitive to the relaxing effects of nifedipine.", "PMID": 696343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10545", "title": "Is moderate ethanol consumption teratogenic in the rat?", "content": "Female Wistar rats were given ethanol in their drinking fluid to cover 20-25% of the total calories consumed for 3-4 weeks prior to, during and also after pregnancy in some experiments. Soya oil was substituted for ethanol isocalorically in the control groups. Apart from a statistically significant reduction in litter size based on the number of apparent normal foetuses at intrauterine examination, no significant changes in reproductive performance could be recorded after ethanol treatment. In the offspring, examined up to 24 days of age, the body and some viscera weights were statistically significantly higher at some stages from 2 to 14 days. The general trend, however, showed that there were no significant differences in body, brain, liver, kidney, and heart muscle weights between control and ethanol offspring measured in rats between 0 and 24 days of age. Two gross malformations were recorded among 321 pups of ethanol treated mothers, whereas no malformations were found in 444 control pups. It was concluded that moderate ethanol consumption by rat mothers for 3-4 weeks before and during pregnancy as well as during the suckling period, had no serious effects on their reproductive performance and the development of their offspring measured by the parameters used in the present investigation.", "contents": "Is moderate ethanol consumption teratogenic in the rat? Female Wistar rats were given ethanol in their drinking fluid to cover 20-25% of the total calories consumed for 3-4 weeks prior to, during and also after pregnancy in some experiments. Soya oil was substituted for ethanol isocalorically in the control groups. Apart from a statistically significant reduction in litter size based on the number of apparent normal foetuses at intrauterine examination, no significant changes in reproductive performance could be recorded after ethanol treatment. In the offspring, examined up to 24 days of age, the body and some viscera weights were statistically significantly higher at some stages from 2 to 14 days. The general trend, however, showed that there were no significant differences in body, brain, liver, kidney, and heart muscle weights between control and ethanol offspring measured in rats between 0 and 24 days of age. Two gross malformations were recorded among 321 pups of ethanol treated mothers, whereas no malformations were found in 444 control pups. It was concluded that moderate ethanol consumption by rat mothers for 3-4 weeks before and during pregnancy as well as during the suckling period, had no serious effects on their reproductive performance and the development of their offspring measured by the parameters used in the present investigation.", "PMID": 696344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10546", "title": "Transport and binding of lidocaine by lung slices and perfused lung of rats.", "content": "The accumulation of radioisotopically labelled lidocaine was investigated in lung slices and perfused lungs of rats. Lidocaine was taken up by rat lung slices incubated in an oxygenated physiological solution (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees. 14C-lidocaine accumulated in lung slices to a much greater extent than did 3H-sucrose, and the lidocaine space was approximately 7 times that of the extracellular space. No metabolism of lidocaine took place during the incubation period. The accumulation of lidocaine was inhibited by low temperature, while anaerobic conditions had no inhibitor effect. The uptake of lidocaine (0.028 mM) was slightly antagonized by high concentrations of Ca2+ (10 mM). The isolated perfused lung model was used for studying the pulmonary absorption of lidocaine from the vascular bed. Lidocaine was rapidly extracted from the perfusion solution and the drug appeared to accumulate in at least two compartments. It seems that in the rat lung a portion of the lidocaine taken up had accumulated within the cells, while some of it may be fixed to the cell surfaces.", "contents": "Transport and binding of lidocaine by lung slices and perfused lung of rats. The accumulation of radioisotopically labelled lidocaine was investigated in lung slices and perfused lungs of rats. Lidocaine was taken up by rat lung slices incubated in an oxygenated physiological solution (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees. 14C-lidocaine accumulated in lung slices to a much greater extent than did 3H-sucrose, and the lidocaine space was approximately 7 times that of the extracellular space. No metabolism of lidocaine took place during the incubation period. The accumulation of lidocaine was inhibited by low temperature, while anaerobic conditions had no inhibitor effect. The uptake of lidocaine (0.028 mM) was slightly antagonized by high concentrations of Ca2+ (10 mM). The isolated perfused lung model was used for studying the pulmonary absorption of lidocaine from the vascular bed. Lidocaine was rapidly extracted from the perfusion solution and the drug appeared to accumulate in at least two compartments. It seems that in the rat lung a portion of the lidocaine taken up had accumulated within the cells, while some of it may be fixed to the cell surfaces.", "PMID": 696345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10547", "title": "The significance of lymphocyte lipid changes after smoking hashish.", "content": "The increase of lymphocyte total lipids and phospholipids after smoking hashish, indicates either a lipid transfer from their site of production after smoking the drug or a mobilization of their biosynthetic mechanism in the lymphocyte. A fluctuation of individual phospholipid concentrations after \"smoking\" is related to the influence of certain hashish compounds on the various biosynthetic pathways of phospholipids in lymphocytes. Changes in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine are related to a possible fluctuation of the overall immune ability of the lymphocyte, by affecting the lymphocyte membrane enzyme mechanisms.", "contents": "The significance of lymphocyte lipid changes after smoking hashish. The increase of lymphocyte total lipids and phospholipids after smoking hashish, indicates either a lipid transfer from their site of production after smoking the drug or a mobilization of their biosynthetic mechanism in the lymphocyte. A fluctuation of individual phospholipid concentrations after \"smoking\" is related to the influence of certain hashish compounds on the various biosynthetic pathways of phospholipids in lymphocytes. Changes in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine are related to a possible fluctuation of the overall immune ability of the lymphocyte, by affecting the lymphocyte membrane enzyme mechanisms.", "PMID": 696347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10548", "title": "A study on the fate of curcumin in the rat.", "content": "The uptake, distribution and excretion of curcumin in Sprague-Dawley rats has been studied. When administered orally in a dose of 1 g/kg, curcumin was excreted in the faeces to about 75%, while negligible amounts of curcumin appeared in the urine. Measurements of blood plasma levels and biliary excretion showed that curcumin was poorly absorbed from the gut. No apparent toxic effects were seen after doses of up to 5 g/kg. When intravenously injected or when added to the perfusate of the isolated liver, curcumin was actively transported into bile, against concentration gradients of several hundred times. The major part of the drug was however metabolized. In suspensions of isolated hepatocytes or liver microsomes 90% of the added curcumin was metabolized within 30 min. In view of the poor absorption, rapid metabolism and excretion of curcumin, it is unlikely that substantial concentrations of curcumin occur in the body after ingestion.", "contents": "A study on the fate of curcumin in the rat. The uptake, distribution and excretion of curcumin in Sprague-Dawley rats has been studied. When administered orally in a dose of 1 g/kg, curcumin was excreted in the faeces to about 75%, while negligible amounts of curcumin appeared in the urine. Measurements of blood plasma levels and biliary excretion showed that curcumin was poorly absorbed from the gut. No apparent toxic effects were seen after doses of up to 5 g/kg. When intravenously injected or when added to the perfusate of the isolated liver, curcumin was actively transported into bile, against concentration gradients of several hundred times. The major part of the drug was however metabolized. In suspensions of isolated hepatocytes or liver microsomes 90% of the added curcumin was metabolized within 30 min. In view of the poor absorption, rapid metabolism and excretion of curcumin, it is unlikely that substantial concentrations of curcumin occur in the body after ingestion.", "PMID": 696348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10549", "title": "A fine structural study of liver (littoral) cells of methylmercury fed Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).", "content": "Tissues of Japanese quails were subjected to electron microscopical study. The birds had received 0-8 ppm methylmercury added to their diets for 6 weeks. The ultrastructural changes in the littoral cells of the liver were swollen mitochondria, with dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum, loss of ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the number of vesicles in the cytoplasm. The nuclear membrane in some littoral cells became dilated, and the nuclear chromatin was condensed. The physiological effect of the destruction of the littoral cells is discussed.", "contents": "A fine structural study of liver (littoral) cells of methylmercury fed Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Tissues of Japanese quails were subjected to electron microscopical study. The birds had received 0-8 ppm methylmercury added to their diets for 6 weeks. The ultrastructural changes in the littoral cells of the liver were swollen mitochondria, with dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum, loss of ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the number of vesicles in the cytoplasm. The nuclear membrane in some littoral cells became dilated, and the nuclear chromatin was condensed. The physiological effect of the destruction of the littoral cells is discussed.", "PMID": 696349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10550", "title": "Influence of intravenously administered catecholamines on cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow in the rat.", "content": "In order to study effects of catecholamines on cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRo2) and blood flow (CBF), rats maintained on 75% N2O and 25% O2 were infused i.v. with noradrenaline (2, 5, or 8 microgram.kg-1.min-1) or adrenaline (2 or 8 microgram.kg-1.min-1) for 10 min before CBF and CMRo2 were measured. In about 50% of animals infused with 2--8 microgram.kg-1.min-1 of noradrenaline, CMRo2 (and CBF) rose. However, there was no dose-dependent response, and CMRo2 did not exceed 150% of control. The effects of noradrenaline in a dose of 5 microgram.kg-1.min-1 on CMRo2 and CBF were blocked by propranolol (2.5 mg.kg-1). In animals infused with adrenaline (8 microgram.kg-1.min-1) CMRo2 was doubled and, in many, CBF rose 4- to 6-fold. It is concluded that, when given in sufficient amounts, catecholamines have pronounced effects on cerebral metabolism and blood flow, the effects of adrenaline on CMRo2 and CBF resembling those observed in status epilepticus.", "contents": "Influence of intravenously administered catecholamines on cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow in the rat. In order to study effects of catecholamines on cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRo2) and blood flow (CBF), rats maintained on 75% N2O and 25% O2 were infused i.v. with noradrenaline (2, 5, or 8 microgram.kg-1.min-1) or adrenaline (2 or 8 microgram.kg-1.min-1) for 10 min before CBF and CMRo2 were measured. In about 50% of animals infused with 2--8 microgram.kg-1.min-1 of noradrenaline, CMRo2 (and CBF) rose. However, there was no dose-dependent response, and CMRo2 did not exceed 150% of control. The effects of noradrenaline in a dose of 5 microgram.kg-1.min-1 on CMRo2 and CBF were blocked by propranolol (2.5 mg.kg-1). In animals infused with adrenaline (8 microgram.kg-1.min-1) CMRo2 was doubled and, in many, CBF rose 4- to 6-fold. It is concluded that, when given in sufficient amounts, catecholamines have pronounced effects on cerebral metabolism and blood flow, the effects of adrenaline on CMRo2 and CBF resembling those observed in status epilepticus.", "PMID": 696350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10551", "title": "Frequency selectivity of the peripheral auditory analyzer studied using broad band noise.", "content": "The sharpness of the frequency tuning of single auditory nerve fibers was studied in the rat on the basis of responses to broad band noise. The cross-spectra between the sound stimulus and the sound-to-stimulus locked discharge rate were used as estimates of the transfer functions of the peripheral auditory analyzer. The sharpness of the tuning obtained in that way was measured as Q3dB and Q10dB. It was found that these Q-values decreased with increasing stimulus intensity but that the decrease was different when it was based on measurements at 3 dB points of the obtained transfer functions compared with measuring it at 10 dB points. The change in width was less for fibers with low CF. In all the fibers studied the frequency of maximal response (CF) decreased with increasing sound intensity. The implication of these findings for pitch perception and for noise induced hearing loss is discussed.", "contents": "Frequency selectivity of the peripheral auditory analyzer studied using broad band noise. The sharpness of the frequency tuning of single auditory nerve fibers was studied in the rat on the basis of responses to broad band noise. The cross-spectra between the sound stimulus and the sound-to-stimulus locked discharge rate were used as estimates of the transfer functions of the peripheral auditory analyzer. The sharpness of the tuning obtained in that way was measured as Q3dB and Q10dB. It was found that these Q-values decreased with increasing stimulus intensity but that the decrease was different when it was based on measurements at 3 dB points of the obtained transfer functions compared with measuring it at 10 dB points. The change in width was less for fibers with low CF. In all the fibers studied the frequency of maximal response (CF) decreased with increasing sound intensity. The implication of these findings for pitch perception and for noise induced hearing loss is discussed.", "PMID": 696352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10552", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for an innervation of epithelial enterochromaffine cells in the guinea pig duodenum.", "content": "The innervation of the duodenal enterochromaffine cells (E.C.) of the guinea pig was studied at the electronmicroscopic level. Pretreatment with 5-OH-dopamine was performed to visualize catecholaminergic (CA) nervous elements. Near the basement membrane of all examined E.C. in the crypts, bundles of unmyelinated nerve processes were observed, only partly ensheathed in a Schwann cell cover. At least 4 types of processes could be observed. 1) Boutons containing only small clear vesicles, probably cholinergic fibres; 2) boutons with small clear vesicles, and in addition large (greater than 200 nm) granules with a dense matrix (P-type-fibres); 3) boutons with small electron-dense vesicles, probably CA-fibres; and 4) processes with few vesicles but having the appearance of dendrites. No typical synaptic arrangements were observed, but the minimal distance between the E.C. and the nerve bundles was 150 to 250 nm, thus well within the functional limits of the \"autonomic gap\". Thus epithelial E.C. may be influenced by several types of nervous elements, including CA-fibres.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for an innervation of epithelial enterochromaffine cells in the guinea pig duodenum. The innervation of the duodenal enterochromaffine cells (E.C.) of the guinea pig was studied at the electronmicroscopic level. Pretreatment with 5-OH-dopamine was performed to visualize catecholaminergic (CA) nervous elements. Near the basement membrane of all examined E.C. in the crypts, bundles of unmyelinated nerve processes were observed, only partly ensheathed in a Schwann cell cover. At least 4 types of processes could be observed. 1) Boutons containing only small clear vesicles, probably cholinergic fibres; 2) boutons with small clear vesicles, and in addition large (greater than 200 nm) granules with a dense matrix (P-type-fibres); 3) boutons with small electron-dense vesicles, probably CA-fibres; and 4) processes with few vesicles but having the appearance of dendrites. No typical synaptic arrangements were observed, but the minimal distance between the E.C. and the nerve bundles was 150 to 250 nm, thus well within the functional limits of the \"autonomic gap\". Thus epithelial E.C. may be influenced by several types of nervous elements, including CA-fibres.", "PMID": 696353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10553", "title": "Efferent innervation of the small intestine by adrenergic neurons from the cervical sympathetic and stellate ganglia, studied by retrograde transport of peroxidase.", "content": "The nervous pathways between the small intestine of cat and guinea pig and various sympathetic ganglia were investigated by the retrograde horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) technique. HRP was injected at multiple sites in the wall of the duodenum and the first third of the jejunum. At 1--5 days after the injections, the HRP reaction product was searched for in various sympathetic ganglia. Not only the coeliac and nodose ganglia, but also the superior cervical, medial cervical, stellate and thoracic ganglia contained HRP-positive nerve cells. Crushing the cervical vagal nerve prevented the occurrence of HRP-reaction in the cervical ganglia, indicating that the HRP was transported from the gut to the cervical ganglia via axons in the vagal nerve. The results demonstrate that the sympathetic ganglia in the neck (sup, and med. cerv. ganglia and stellate ggl.) send efferent fibres to the small intestine.", "contents": "Efferent innervation of the small intestine by adrenergic neurons from the cervical sympathetic and stellate ganglia, studied by retrograde transport of peroxidase. The nervous pathways between the small intestine of cat and guinea pig and various sympathetic ganglia were investigated by the retrograde horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) technique. HRP was injected at multiple sites in the wall of the duodenum and the first third of the jejunum. At 1--5 days after the injections, the HRP reaction product was searched for in various sympathetic ganglia. Not only the coeliac and nodose ganglia, but also the superior cervical, medial cervical, stellate and thoracic ganglia contained HRP-positive nerve cells. Crushing the cervical vagal nerve prevented the occurrence of HRP-reaction in the cervical ganglia, indicating that the HRP was transported from the gut to the cervical ganglia via axons in the vagal nerve. The results demonstrate that the sympathetic ganglia in the neck (sup, and med. cerv. ganglia and stellate ggl.) send efferent fibres to the small intestine.", "PMID": 696354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10554", "title": "The influence of scrotal warming on testicular blood flow and endocrine function in the rat.", "content": "The effects of local heating on testicular and epididymal vascular resistance in sodium pentobarbitone anesthetized rats was measured with a microsphere technique. When exposing the left scrotum to 33 and 37 degrees C for 30 min, no significant effects on blood flows were observed in comparison to those of the right side. Exposure to 41 degrees C caused a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in vascular resistance of both testes and epididymides. The response was more pronounced at 43 degrees C. The Leydig cell function, as judged from the testosterone concentrations in plasma and testicular tissue after LH stimulation, was significantly (p less than 0.01) depressed at 41 and 43 degrees C. It was concluded that the impaired Leydig cell function was unrelated to testicular blood flow.", "contents": "The influence of scrotal warming on testicular blood flow and endocrine function in the rat. The effects of local heating on testicular and epididymal vascular resistance in sodium pentobarbitone anesthetized rats was measured with a microsphere technique. When exposing the left scrotum to 33 and 37 degrees C for 30 min, no significant effects on blood flows were observed in comparison to those of the right side. Exposure to 41 degrees C caused a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in vascular resistance of both testes and epididymides. The response was more pronounced at 43 degrees C. The Leydig cell function, as judged from the testosterone concentrations in plasma and testicular tissue after LH stimulation, was significantly (p less than 0.01) depressed at 41 and 43 degrees C. It was concluded that the impaired Leydig cell function was unrelated to testicular blood flow.", "PMID": 696355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10555", "title": "\"Psychogenic needs\" in patients with affective disorders.", "content": "To investigate the occurrence of different psychogenic needs or groups of needs, 118 consecutive out-patients with previous depressive disorders were asked to complete the Cesarec and Marke Personality Inventory; 103 completed it. Strict diagnostic criteria were used in subgrouping the series which thus consisted of unipolar depressive psychosis (UP), 26 patients; bipolar depressive psychosis (BP), 16; unclassified depression (NUD), 8; and reactio neurotico-depressive (RND), 15. BP distinguished themselves from the other groups by a tendency to have a reduced need of approval, dependency, guilt feelings and ego conflicts and a stronger wish to dominate and lead. These results are in line with earlier findings. The NUD group was small but tended to have extreme scores, i.e. a particularly weak need to dominate and to be in the centre but also to be cared for.", "contents": "\"Psychogenic needs\" in patients with affective disorders. To investigate the occurrence of different psychogenic needs or groups of needs, 118 consecutive out-patients with previous depressive disorders were asked to complete the Cesarec and Marke Personality Inventory; 103 completed it. Strict diagnostic criteria were used in subgrouping the series which thus consisted of unipolar depressive psychosis (UP), 26 patients; bipolar depressive psychosis (BP), 16; unclassified depression (NUD), 8; and reactio neurotico-depressive (RND), 15. BP distinguished themselves from the other groups by a tendency to have a reduced need of approval, dependency, guilt feelings and ego conflicts and a stronger wish to dominate and lead. These results are in line with earlier findings. The NUD group was small but tended to have extreme scores, i.e. a particularly weak need to dominate and to be in the centre but also to be cared for.", "PMID": 696374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10556", "title": "Traffic accidents involving psychiatric patients. Characteristics of accidents involving drivers who have been admitted to Danish psychiatric departments.", "content": "A nationwide study of psychiatric in-patients driving motor vehicles and involved in accidents causing bodily injury in the years 1972--74 was undertaken. Compared with drivers in general involved in accidents causing bodily injury, drivers with a psychiatric record were characterized by an over-representation of women. A preponderance of psychiatric drivers in the age group 25--54 was observed. About 3% of drivers with a psychiatric record were involved in two or more accidents during the period studied. A greater proportion of the psychiatrically diseased group drove stolen vehicles, without valid licences, and were found not to have used safety belts at the time of the accident. Occurrence of injury was more frequent among the diseased drivers. They were more frequently alcohol intoxicated and with a higher blood alcohol level. The most commonly encountered diagnostic groups were personality disorder and transitory reactions.", "contents": "Traffic accidents involving psychiatric patients. Characteristics of accidents involving drivers who have been admitted to Danish psychiatric departments. A nationwide study of psychiatric in-patients driving motor vehicles and involved in accidents causing bodily injury in the years 1972--74 was undertaken. Compared with drivers in general involved in accidents causing bodily injury, drivers with a psychiatric record were characterized by an over-representation of women. A preponderance of psychiatric drivers in the age group 25--54 was observed. About 3% of drivers with a psychiatric record were involved in two or more accidents during the period studied. A greater proportion of the psychiatrically diseased group drove stolen vehicles, without valid licences, and were found not to have used safety belts at the time of the accident. Occurrence of injury was more frequent among the diseased drivers. They were more frequently alcohol intoxicated and with a higher blood alcohol level. The most commonly encountered diagnostic groups were personality disorder and transitory reactions.", "PMID": 696375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10557", "title": "Life events and primary affective illness.", "content": "Life events at the onset of primary affective illness were assessed in 183 patients with primary affective disorder who were attending a research lithium clinic. About 50% of patients recalled significant life events in the 3-month interval preceding their initial affective episode. Family history data of those patients who reported life events were not significantly different from those who did not report life events at onset. Furthermore, there were no significant differences among patients classified as bipolar or unipolar regarding reporting of life events at onset of illness. These data suggest that the delineation of a subgroup of patients with \"reactive\" primary affective illness is not supported by a decreased familial load for affective disorder in their relatives.", "contents": "Life events and primary affective illness. Life events at the onset of primary affective illness were assessed in 183 patients with primary affective disorder who were attending a research lithium clinic. About 50% of patients recalled significant life events in the 3-month interval preceding their initial affective episode. Family history data of those patients who reported life events were not significantly different from those who did not report life events at onset. Furthermore, there were no significant differences among patients classified as bipolar or unipolar regarding reporting of life events at onset of illness. These data suggest that the delineation of a subgroup of patients with \"reactive\" primary affective illness is not supported by a decreased familial load for affective disorder in their relatives.", "PMID": 696376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10558", "title": "Free-thyroxine index in psychotic and neurotic depression.", "content": "The mean free-thyroxine index value of a group of 25 psychotic depressive patients was found to be significantly lower than that of an age- and sex-matched group of 20 neurotic depressives (P less than 0.01). These findings support the view that psychotic and neurotic depression are differentiated not only with respect to their clinical expression, but also on account of their biological substrate. Comparison of free-thyroxine index values of each group of patients with a group of 240 euthyroid subjects hospitalized for various somatic illnesses revealed a lower mean free-thyroxine index value in the group of psychotic depressives (P less than 0.001). The neurotic depressives were not differentiated from the group of euthyroid subjects. The decreased thyroid activity in psychotic depression might be interpreted in the light of recent findings implicating catecholamines in both the release of hypothalamic hormones and the neurochemical mechanism of the affective disorders.", "contents": "Free-thyroxine index in psychotic and neurotic depression. The mean free-thyroxine index value of a group of 25 psychotic depressive patients was found to be significantly lower than that of an age- and sex-matched group of 20 neurotic depressives (P less than 0.01). These findings support the view that psychotic and neurotic depression are differentiated not only with respect to their clinical expression, but also on account of their biological substrate. Comparison of free-thyroxine index values of each group of patients with a group of 240 euthyroid subjects hospitalized for various somatic illnesses revealed a lower mean free-thyroxine index value in the group of psychotic depressives (P less than 0.001). The neurotic depressives were not differentiated from the group of euthyroid subjects. The decreased thyroid activity in psychotic depression might be interpreted in the light of recent findings implicating catecholamines in both the release of hypothalamic hormones and the neurochemical mechanism of the affective disorders.", "PMID": 696377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10559", "title": "Psychomotor seizures, arterio-venous malformation and the olfactory reference syndrome. A case report.", "content": "A case history is reported of a 44-year-old man with a 6-year history of psychomotor seizures. For the past year he had described persistent olfactory hallucinations of an unpleasant nature which he referred to himself. In many respects these symptoms conform to the pattern observed in the olfactory reference syndrome, a recently described but apparently quite discrete psychiatric disorder; there were, however, certain atypical features. At a later stage unilateral anosmia was noted. Radiological examination then demonstrated an arterio-venous malformation in the right frontal lobe. The relationship between the malformation and the psychomotor seizures, and the implications that each has for the development of an olfactory reference syndrome are fully discussed.", "contents": "Psychomotor seizures, arterio-venous malformation and the olfactory reference syndrome. A case report. A case history is reported of a 44-year-old man with a 6-year history of psychomotor seizures. For the past year he had described persistent olfactory hallucinations of an unpleasant nature which he referred to himself. In many respects these symptoms conform to the pattern observed in the olfactory reference syndrome, a recently described but apparently quite discrete psychiatric disorder; there were, however, certain atypical features. At a later stage unilateral anosmia was noted. Radiological examination then demonstrated an arterio-venous malformation in the right frontal lobe. The relationship between the malformation and the psychomotor seizures, and the implications that each has for the development of an olfactory reference syndrome are fully discussed.", "PMID": 696378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10560", "title": "Lithium concentrations in saliva, plasma and red blood cells of patients given lithium acetate.", "content": "Lithium concentrations in saliva, plasma and red blood cells were measured in: 1) six hospitalized patients under long-term lithium therapy, at 2, 5, 9 and 24 hours after oral doses of 24 mEq Li acetate and 2 or 12 hours after 8 mEq Li acetate; and 2) 10 outpatients under chronic lithium treatment at two occasions 8 days apart. With changing plasma concentrations, [Li] saliva varied without any notable time lag. [Li] saliva was always much higher than [Li] plasma. The ratio [Li] saliva/ [Li] plasma water averaged 3.2 +/- 0.2 in 62 determinations, but varied widely at different times after oral lithium in the same individuals and less widely between different individuals. \"Prediction\" of plasma lithium concentration from measured [Li] saliva appears hazardous, and may provide reliable indications only if [Li] saliva is measured repeatedly. Salivary lithium concentrations were not correlated with either potassium or sodium concentrations. Lithium concentrations in red blood cells were always lower than in plasma: [Li] red blood cell water/ [Li] plasma water averaged 0.37 +/- 0.03. With changing plasma concentrations, rise and fall of red blood cell lithium lagged considerably behind plasma changes. This resulted in a rise of the red blood cell/plasma concentration ratio from a very low value 2 hours after an oral dose to a rather high value 24 hours after an oral dose.", "contents": "Lithium concentrations in saliva, plasma and red blood cells of patients given lithium acetate. Lithium concentrations in saliva, plasma and red blood cells were measured in: 1) six hospitalized patients under long-term lithium therapy, at 2, 5, 9 and 24 hours after oral doses of 24 mEq Li acetate and 2 or 12 hours after 8 mEq Li acetate; and 2) 10 outpatients under chronic lithium treatment at two occasions 8 days apart. With changing plasma concentrations, [Li] saliva varied without any notable time lag. [Li] saliva was always much higher than [Li] plasma. The ratio [Li] saliva/ [Li] plasma water averaged 3.2 +/- 0.2 in 62 determinations, but varied widely at different times after oral lithium in the same individuals and less widely between different individuals. \"Prediction\" of plasma lithium concentration from measured [Li] saliva appears hazardous, and may provide reliable indications only if [Li] saliva is measured repeatedly. Salivary lithium concentrations were not correlated with either potassium or sodium concentrations. Lithium concentrations in red blood cells were always lower than in plasma: [Li] red blood cell water/ [Li] plasma water averaged 0.37 +/- 0.03. With changing plasma concentrations, rise and fall of red blood cell lithium lagged considerably behind plasma changes. This resulted in a rise of the red blood cell/plasma concentration ratio from a very low value 2 hours after an oral dose to a rather high value 24 hours after an oral dose.", "PMID": 696379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10561", "title": "Who shall be hospitalized? Some social and psychological correlates of alternative dispositions of the mentally ill.", "content": "This study conducted in Cali, Colombia, focuses on the question of why persons sharing similar background characteristics and even the same diagnosis often receive varying prescriptive evaluations which lead to alternative types of psychiatric care: hospitalization, outpatient care and no systematic treatment at all. An index group of 70 hospitalized patients is compared with 53 outpatients and 30 \"nonpatients\" matched for sex, age, marital status, social class and diagnosis. Interviews were conducted with patients, relatives and the admitting doctors. A selected group of variables representing perceptions, opinions and attitudes of the relatives, subjective evaluations of the patients and perceptions of the admitting physician are examined in terms of their association with the three types of care. It is concluded that interpersonal factors exert a significant influence on the process of assigning cases to alternative types of psychiatric care. Typical profiles for each category are outlined.", "contents": "Who shall be hospitalized? Some social and psychological correlates of alternative dispositions of the mentally ill. This study conducted in Cali, Colombia, focuses on the question of why persons sharing similar background characteristics and even the same diagnosis often receive varying prescriptive evaluations which lead to alternative types of psychiatric care: hospitalization, outpatient care and no systematic treatment at all. An index group of 70 hospitalized patients is compared with 53 outpatients and 30 \"nonpatients\" matched for sex, age, marital status, social class and diagnosis. Interviews were conducted with patients, relatives and the admitting doctors. A selected group of variables representing perceptions, opinions and attitudes of the relatives, subjective evaluations of the patients and perceptions of the admitting physician are examined in terms of their association with the three types of care. It is concluded that interpersonal factors exert a significant influence on the process of assigning cases to alternative types of psychiatric care. Typical profiles for each category are outlined.", "PMID": 696381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10562", "title": "The scientific foundation of anti-psychiatry.", "content": "Anti-psychiatry has exerted a substantial influence on the thoughts of workers in the field of mental hygiene; on those of the psychiatrically trained, but even much more on those without psychiatric training. Consequently it seemed important to me to investigate the strength of the foundation of this school of thought. This has been the objective of this study. The point of crystallization of anti-psychiatry is the labelling theory on the origin of deviant behaviour. The scientific status of anti-psychiatry stands or falls with that of the labelling theory. Since this theory has not been formulated in verifiable hypotheses, I ventured to formulate \"theses\", and then tested these against empirical obtained data. The results of this study were largely negative. The empirical material does not support the labelling theory, and in many cases even contradicts it. Consequently anti-psychiatry--as a model to explain the development of psychological disorders--has not a leg to stand on. The labelling theory has had great merits as a \"sensitizing theory\". It has given momentum to innovative tendencies in psychiatry. Now that it has proved to be untenable on its principal points, however, it should be abandoned. It has become a rubber check, which has no scientific buying-power.", "contents": "The scientific foundation of anti-psychiatry. Anti-psychiatry has exerted a substantial influence on the thoughts of workers in the field of mental hygiene; on those of the psychiatrically trained, but even much more on those without psychiatric training. Consequently it seemed important to me to investigate the strength of the foundation of this school of thought. This has been the objective of this study. The point of crystallization of anti-psychiatry is the labelling theory on the origin of deviant behaviour. The scientific status of anti-psychiatry stands or falls with that of the labelling theory. Since this theory has not been formulated in verifiable hypotheses, I ventured to formulate \"theses\", and then tested these against empirical obtained data. The results of this study were largely negative. The empirical material does not support the labelling theory, and in many cases even contradicts it. Consequently anti-psychiatry--as a model to explain the development of psychological disorders--has not a leg to stand on. The labelling theory has had great merits as a \"sensitizing theory\". It has given momentum to innovative tendencies in psychiatry. Now that it has proved to be untenable on its principal points, however, it should be abandoned. It has become a rubber check, which has no scientific buying-power.", "PMID": 696382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10563", "title": "Review of the relationship between obsession and depersonalization.", "content": "Depersonalization is discussed and a brief outline of the primary symptoms is presented. The relationship between obsessionalism and depersonalization is reviewed in the literature, and subsequent similarities are presented. The intellectual obsessive depersonalization syndrome is postulated as a variant, and also as an exposition of what might occur in many other cases of depersonalization. Finally, a picture is presented which takes into account a strong component of obsessionalism in both the etiology and course of depersonalization.", "contents": "Review of the relationship between obsession and depersonalization. Depersonalization is discussed and a brief outline of the primary symptoms is presented. The relationship between obsessionalism and depersonalization is reviewed in the literature, and subsequent similarities are presented. The intellectual obsessive depersonalization syndrome is postulated as a variant, and also as an exposition of what might occur in many other cases of depersonalization. Finally, a picture is presented which takes into account a strong component of obsessionalism in both the etiology and course of depersonalization.", "PMID": 696383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10564", "title": "Proteinuria following nephroangiography.  III. Role of osmolality and concentration of contrast medium in renal arteries in dogs.", "content": "Nephroangiography in dogs, with renal artery injections of Urografin 76%, resulted in massive albuminuria. Unilateral nephroangiography causes massive albuminuria only from the injected kidney. Significantly less albuminuria was caused by renal artery injections of a corresponding volume of a sodium chloride solution of equal osmolality or intravenous injections of twice that volume of Urografin 76%. Thus, the hypertonicity of the contrast medium is not the main cause of the albuminuria. The degree of albuminuria is related to the concentration of medium in the renal arteries and not to the amount excreted.", "contents": "Proteinuria following nephroangiography.  III. Role of osmolality and concentration of contrast medium in renal arteries in dogs. Nephroangiography in dogs, with renal artery injections of Urografin 76%, resulted in massive albuminuria. Unilateral nephroangiography causes massive albuminuria only from the injected kidney. Significantly less albuminuria was caused by renal artery injections of a corresponding volume of a sodium chloride solution of equal osmolality or intravenous injections of twice that volume of Urografin 76%. Thus, the hypertonicity of the contrast medium is not the main cause of the albuminuria. The degree of albuminuria is related to the concentration of medium in the renal arteries and not to the amount excreted.", "PMID": 696386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10565", "title": "Roentgen stereophotogrammetry for evaluation of liver volume and shape.", "content": "Model experiments and tests on 2 patients were performed to probe the feasibility of roentgen stereophotogrammetry for evaluating variations in shape and volume of the liver. The surface of the object was marked with indicators, and the three-dimensional marker coordinates were determined. The model experiments demonstrate a good correlation between true volume and the volumes defined by the indicators, and also demonstrate the possibility of localizing an expansivity. The variability of the volume of a polyhedron defined by 15 liver indicators with stage of breathing is discussed.", "contents": "Roentgen stereophotogrammetry for evaluation of liver volume and shape. Model experiments and tests on 2 patients were performed to probe the feasibility of roentgen stereophotogrammetry for evaluating variations in shape and volume of the liver. The surface of the object was marked with indicators, and the three-dimensional marker coordinates were determined. The model experiments demonstrate a good correlation between true volume and the volumes defined by the indicators, and also demonstrate the possibility of localizing an expansivity. The variability of the volume of a polyhedron defined by 15 liver indicators with stage of breathing is discussed.", "PMID": 696388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10566", "title": "Roentgenologic appearance of fibromuscular dysplasia.", "content": "Clinical and roentgenologic findings in 100 hypertensive patients with fibromuscular disease of the renal arteries are presented and compared with the experiences obtained from previously reported large series. Frequency of bilateral disease and abnormal findings at urography, involvement of segmental arteries and occurrence of extrarenal manifestations are reported. A striking female preponderance is noted, and there is evidence that the disease inflicts middle-aged rather than young women.", "contents": "Roentgenologic appearance of fibromuscular dysplasia. Clinical and roentgenologic findings in 100 hypertensive patients with fibromuscular disease of the renal arteries are presented and compared with the experiences obtained from previously reported large series. Frequency of bilateral disease and abnormal findings at urography, involvement of segmental arteries and occurrence of extrarenal manifestations are reported. A striking female preponderance is noted, and there is evidence that the disease inflicts middle-aged rather than young women.", "PMID": 696389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10567", "title": "Angiography in vesical and perivesical neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions.", "content": "Seven cases of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions involving the urinary bladder and perivesical tissues are presented. Each of the described lesions may have nonspecific angiographic appearances and hence angiography does not permit a specific diagnosis to be made. The primary object of performing angiography is to localize the lesion and identify the vascular supply.", "contents": "Angiography in vesical and perivesical neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. Seven cases of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions involving the urinary bladder and perivesical tissues are presented. Each of the described lesions may have nonspecific angiographic appearances and hence angiography does not permit a specific diagnosis to be made. The primary object of performing angiography is to localize the lesion and identify the vascular supply.", "PMID": 696390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10568", "title": "Displaced renal lobe simulating tumour.", "content": "Three cases of renal pseudotumour are presented, with the radiographic appearances.  At urography, a mass is demonstrated. Angiography reveals slight displacement of the interlobar arteries, a normal venous phase, but no tumor vessels. The nephrographic effect is similar in the mass and in the renal parenchyma. The nephroscintigraphy is likely to be normal. The main differential diagnoses are mentioned.", "contents": "Displaced renal lobe simulating tumour. Three cases of renal pseudotumour are presented, with the radiographic appearances.  At urography, a mass is demonstrated. Angiography reveals slight displacement of the interlobar arteries, a normal venous phase, but no tumor vessels. The nephrographic effect is similar in the mass and in the renal parenchyma. The nephroscintigraphy is likely to be normal. The main differential diagnoses are mentioned.", "PMID": 696391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10569", "title": "Experimental colonic tumours in the rat. II. Double contrast examination and microscopy.", "content": "Experimentally induced tumours in the colon of the rats were examined with a double contrast method.  Carcinogenic agents were administered to 114 rats. The development of the colonic tumors was recorded by repeated examinations. In the dead rats a thorough necropsy was performed. The radiographic and microscopic results were correlated and the radiographic appearances of colonic tumours were evaluated.  The diagnostic accuracy of the radiographic method in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions was 92 per cent.", "contents": "Experimental colonic tumours in the rat. II. Double contrast examination and microscopy. Experimentally induced tumours in the colon of the rats were examined with a double contrast method.  Carcinogenic agents were administered to 114 rats. The development of the colonic tumors was recorded by repeated examinations. In the dead rats a thorough necropsy was performed. The radiographic and microscopic results were correlated and the radiographic appearances of colonic tumours were evaluated.  The diagnostic accuracy of the radiographic method in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions was 92 per cent.", "PMID": 696392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10570", "title": "Malignancy of colonic polyps. Diagnosis and management.", "content": "The risk of malignant degeneration of colonic polyps has traditionally rested on various roentgenographic criteria such as broad base, irregular surface and size larger than 1 cm. With the aim of facilitating the choice of treatment of colonic polyps, an appraisal is made of the morphology of 200 polyps removed from 154 patients.  The results of barium enema and double contrast techniques are compared with those obtained at colonoscopy. Radiography is found to have considerable shortcomings in evaluation of the appearance of the polyp. As the correlation of the gross morphology of the polyp of histology is weak endoscopic polypectomy should be performed whenever possible.", "contents": "Malignancy of colonic polyps. Diagnosis and management. The risk of malignant degeneration of colonic polyps has traditionally rested on various roentgenographic criteria such as broad base, irregular surface and size larger than 1 cm. With the aim of facilitating the choice of treatment of colonic polyps, an appraisal is made of the morphology of 200 polyps removed from 154 patients.  The results of barium enema and double contrast techniques are compared with those obtained at colonoscopy. Radiography is found to have considerable shortcomings in evaluation of the appearance of the polyp. As the correlation of the gross morphology of the polyp of histology is weak endoscopic polypectomy should be performed whenever possible.", "PMID": 696393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10571", "title": "Soft tissue abnormalities at fracture of the scaphoid.", "content": "In a retrospective examination of the films from 53 cases with fracture of the scaphoid it was possible to demonstrate soft tissue alterations within the scaphoid fossa. All these cases were examined adequately, i.e. with correct projections and satisfactory penetrating exposure. A somewhat higher quality of the views was obtained on industrial film.", "contents": "Soft tissue abnormalities at fracture of the scaphoid. In a retrospective examination of the films from 53 cases with fracture of the scaphoid it was possible to demonstrate soft tissue alterations within the scaphoid fossa. All these cases were examined adequately, i.e. with correct projections and satisfactory penetrating exposure. A somewhat higher quality of the views was obtained on industrial film.", "PMID": 696394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10572", "title": "Image distortion in narrow beam rotation radiography. A mathematical analysis.", "content": "A general mathematical analysis of the image distortion in narrow beam rotation radiography has been performed. Distortion effects are often evident in panoramic images exposed in clinical practice. It is found that in spite of this general experience panoramic images, exposed with the aid of a rotating narrow beam, are reliable for ordinary clinical demands when the object morphology is to be assessed. This statement is valid provided that the object has been properly positioned at the exposure.", "contents": "Image distortion in narrow beam rotation radiography. A mathematical analysis. A general mathematical analysis of the image distortion in narrow beam rotation radiography has been performed. Distortion effects are often evident in panoramic images exposed in clinical practice. It is found that in spite of this general experience panoramic images, exposed with the aid of a rotating narrow beam, are reliable for ordinary clinical demands when the object morphology is to be assessed. This statement is valid provided that the object has been properly positioned at the exposure.", "PMID": 696395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10573", "title": "Medichrome film as an alternative to silver-free recording systems.", "content": "A shortage of silver is forcing film manufacturers to lower the silver content of radiographic films.  No further lowering seems possible without film quality being adversely affected. Various ways to solve the silver problem in the future are discussed and colour radiography is regarded as one solution since it makes possible a high degree of immediate recovery of silver.  The feasibility and proper use of the only colour film available, Medichrome, is discussed.  Suitable screens in order to compensate for the low sensitivity of the film without loss of image quality and a strong light source containing a monochromatic sodium lamp for inspection of dense areas are recommended.", "contents": "Medichrome film as an alternative to silver-free recording systems. A shortage of silver is forcing film manufacturers to lower the silver content of radiographic films.  No further lowering seems possible without film quality being adversely affected. Various ways to solve the silver problem in the future are discussed and colour radiography is regarded as one solution since it makes possible a high degree of immediate recovery of silver.  The feasibility and proper use of the only colour film available, Medichrome, is discussed.  Suitable screens in order to compensate for the low sensitivity of the film without loss of image quality and a strong light source containing a monochromatic sodium lamp for inspection of dense areas are recommended.", "PMID": 696396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10574", "title": "Quantitative lymphoscintigraphy for detection of metastases to the internal mammary lymph nodes. Biokinetics of 99Tcm-sulphur colloid uptake and correlation with microscopy.", "content": "Dymanic quantitative activity determination and accurate scintigraphic localization of parasternal lymph nodes were obtained from antero-posterior measurements with a scintillation camera. The scintigraphic observations were compared with microscopy of the nodes removed at operation. The 99Tcm-sulphur colloid indicated a high frequency (7/16) of absent uptake in normal lymph nodes. However, the technique used indicates that a similar technique with smaller particle size may be a useful method for proper classification of the clinical stage of carcinoma of the breast.", "contents": "Quantitative lymphoscintigraphy for detection of metastases to the internal mammary lymph nodes. Biokinetics of 99Tcm-sulphur colloid uptake and correlation with microscopy. Dymanic quantitative activity determination and accurate scintigraphic localization of parasternal lymph nodes were obtained from antero-posterior measurements with a scintillation camera. The scintigraphic observations were compared with microscopy of the nodes removed at operation. The 99Tcm-sulphur colloid indicated a high frequency (7/16) of absent uptake in normal lymph nodes. However, the technique used indicates that a similar technique with smaller particle size may be a useful method for proper classification of the clinical stage of carcinoma of the breast.", "PMID": 696397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10575", "title": "Dose and dose rate in 192Ir interstitial irradiation for carcinoma of the tongue.", "content": "Seventy-three patients with carcinoma of the tongue were treated with 192Ir implantation. The total dose for control of the primary lesion without late radiation injury could be fixed to about 70 Gy with a variation of the dose rate between 0.25 and 1 Gy per hour. Additional external irradiation, without reduction of the dose from the interstitial irradiation, involves a high risk of local necrosis.", "contents": "Dose and dose rate in 192Ir interstitial irradiation for carcinoma of the tongue. Seventy-three patients with carcinoma of the tongue were treated with 192Ir implantation. The total dose for control of the primary lesion without late radiation injury could be fixed to about 70 Gy with a variation of the dose rate between 0.25 and 1 Gy per hour. Additional external irradiation, without reduction of the dose from the interstitial irradiation, involves a high risk of local necrosis.", "PMID": 696398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10576", "title": "Effects of irradiation on the immune function in patients with mammary, pulmonary or head and neck carcinoma.", "content": "The immune functions in patients with mammary, pulmonary, or head and neck tumors were investigated after irradiation. The treatment caused an initial lymphopenia and longlasting depression in the lymphocyte proliferative responses to PHA, Con A and PPD. The percentages and the ratio of E and EAC rosette forming cells remained unchanged.", "contents": "Effects of irradiation on the immune function in patients with mammary, pulmonary or head and neck carcinoma. The immune functions in patients with mammary, pulmonary, or head and neck tumors were investigated after irradiation. The treatment caused an initial lymphopenia and longlasting depression in the lymphocyte proliferative responses to PHA, Con A and PPD. The percentages and the ratio of E and EAC rosette forming cells remained unchanged.", "PMID": 696399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10577", "title": "The Paris system in interstitial radiation therapy.", "content": "As a result of almost 20 years' experience using 192Ir wires in interstitial radiation therapy, a new method of dose calculation has been evolved, which is especially suitable for the techniques employed. Because this system was developed and brought into routine use in Paris, it was called the Paris System. Its basic principles are outlined in this report and the manner in which it is used in clinical practise is explained.", "contents": "The Paris system in interstitial radiation therapy. As a result of almost 20 years' experience using 192Ir wires in interstitial radiation therapy, a new method of dose calculation has been evolved, which is especially suitable for the techniques employed. Because this system was developed and brought into routine use in Paris, it was called the Paris System. Its basic principles are outlined in this report and the manner in which it is used in clinical practise is explained.", "PMID": 696400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10578", "title": "Carcinoma of the eyelid.", "content": "A series of 274 cases with eyelid carcinoma, 92 per cent irradiated, was analyzed. The results show that the majority of eyelid carcinomas can primarily be irradiated with satisfactory curative and cosmetic results, but operation may be considered in larger and deeper infiltrating tumours. Recurrence after primary irradiation should be operated.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the eyelid. A series of 274 cases with eyelid carcinoma, 92 per cent irradiated, was analyzed. The results show that the majority of eyelid carcinomas can primarily be irradiated with satisfactory curative and cosmetic results, but operation may be considered in larger and deeper infiltrating tumours. Recurrence after primary irradiation should be operated.", "PMID": 696401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10579", "title": "Prognostic significance of histologic subdivision of Hodgkin's disease nodular sclerosis.", "content": "Sixty-seven patients with nodular sclerosis (Hodgkin's disease stages I and II) have been subclassified according to the cellular composition and the amount of fibrosis. Predominance of mature lymphocytes and rarity of Reed Sternberg cells were associated with less extensive disease at presentation and more favourable outcome. A less definite correlation to the amount of fibrosis was found.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of histologic subdivision of Hodgkin's disease nodular sclerosis. Sixty-seven patients with nodular sclerosis (Hodgkin's disease stages I and II) have been subclassified according to the cellular composition and the amount of fibrosis. Predominance of mature lymphocytes and rarity of Reed Sternberg cells were associated with less extensive disease at presentation and more favourable outcome. A less definite correlation to the amount of fibrosis was found.", "PMID": 696402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10580", "title": "Scintigraphic estimation of thyroid volume and dose distribution at treatment with 131I.", "content": "A scintigraphic method for estimation of thyroid volume and dose distribution for 131I in the thyroid gland is presented using a gamma camera with pinhole collimator connected to a minicomputer and digital system. The three dimensions of each lobe are measured and the volume calculated using the ellipsoid model. Problems regarding changes in magnification and sensitivity with object to collimator distance have been investigated. The iodine distribution in the thyroid gland has been followed for 72 hours after oral administration of 131I in 25 cases. No significant change in distribution was observed in any of the cases.", "contents": "Scintigraphic estimation of thyroid volume and dose distribution at treatment with 131I. A scintigraphic method for estimation of thyroid volume and dose distribution for 131I in the thyroid gland is presented using a gamma camera with pinhole collimator connected to a minicomputer and digital system. The three dimensions of each lobe are measured and the volume calculated using the ellipsoid model. Problems regarding changes in magnification and sensitivity with object to collimator distance have been investigated. The iodine distribution in the thyroid gland has been followed for 72 hours after oral administration of 131I in 25 cases. No significant change in distribution was observed in any of the cases.", "PMID": 696403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10581", "title": "Dose distribution around a new flexible afterloading applicator.", "content": "A new afterloading applicatory, together with a computer program, is described. A comparison of the calculated and measured dose distribution around different applicators shows that in the future the described computer program can be used. The development of the new applicator and the computer program increases the flexibility of possible dose distribution.", "contents": "Dose distribution around a new flexible afterloading applicator. A new afterloading applicatory, together with a computer program, is described. A comparison of the calculated and measured dose distribution around different applicators shows that in the future the described computer program can be used. The development of the new applicator and the computer program increases the flexibility of possible dose distribution.", "PMID": 696404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10582", "title": "Irradiation of mice pre-treated with radiation protective substances. A pathologic and haematologic investigation.", "content": "CBA male mice were irradiated with single doses of 7.1, 8.6, 10.0, 11.4 or 12.8 Gy, respectively. A protective substance, 2,2-Dithiobis(N-[(1-adamantyl)methyl]acetamidine)-dihydrochloride, here called S-75, was administered orally, 45 min before start of irradiation. Cysteamine-HCl was used as a reference protective substance. Pathologic and haematologic examination of irradiated animals was performed. Cysteamine had somewhat better protective abilities than did S-75, but the latter had some other properties which indicate its possible usefulness in practice.", "contents": "Irradiation of mice pre-treated with radiation protective substances. A pathologic and haematologic investigation. CBA male mice were irradiated with single doses of 7.1, 8.6, 10.0, 11.4 or 12.8 Gy, respectively. A protective substance, 2,2-Dithiobis(N-[(1-adamantyl)methyl]acetamidine)-dihydrochloride, here called S-75, was administered orally, 45 min before start of irradiation. Cysteamine-HCl was used as a reference protective substance. Pathologic and haematologic examination of irradiated animals was performed. Cysteamine had somewhat better protective abilities than did S-75, but the latter had some other properties which indicate its possible usefulness in practice.", "PMID": 696405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10583", "title": "Time factor in PHA responsiveness of human blood lymphocytes after in vitro irradiation.", "content": "Human blood lymphocytes were irradiated in vitro prior to or following PHA-stimulation. Radiation dose-response profiles indicate that PHA-pretreatment of cells has no protective effect. PHA-reactivity of the cells decreases with increase of the time interval between irradiation and subsequent PHA stimulation.", "contents": "Time factor in PHA responsiveness of human blood lymphocytes after in vitro irradiation. Human blood lymphocytes were irradiated in vitro prior to or following PHA-stimulation. Radiation dose-response profiles indicate that PHA-pretreatment of cells has no protective effect. PHA-reactivity of the cells decreases with increase of the time interval between irradiation and subsequent PHA stimulation.", "PMID": 696406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10584", "title": "Patient exposures and radiation risks in Swedish diagnostic radiology.", "content": "Results are reported of measurements around 1974 on a thousand patient at 13 Swedish hospitals, and additionally at several photofluorographic and dental installations. Energy imparted as well as doses to the thyroid, breast, lung, bone marrow, ovary and testis have been calculated for many types of examination. Collective doses have been calculated and risk estimates made. The energy imparted corresponds to an annual mean body dose to the Swedish population of about 1 mGy (100 mrad), and the genetically significant dose was about the same as the 1955 total of 0.4 mGy; in both cases the uncertainty of the estimate is about +/- 50%. The possibility of dose reduction by a factor of 2 or more using available techniques is demonstrated. The risk of future serious injury is estimated to 0.0002 cases per joule of energy imparted to the patient.", "contents": "Patient exposures and radiation risks in Swedish diagnostic radiology. Results are reported of measurements around 1974 on a thousand patient at 13 Swedish hospitals, and additionally at several photofluorographic and dental installations. Energy imparted as well as doses to the thyroid, breast, lung, bone marrow, ovary and testis have been calculated for many types of examination. Collective doses have been calculated and risk estimates made. The energy imparted corresponds to an annual mean body dose to the Swedish population of about 1 mGy (100 mrad), and the genetically significant dose was about the same as the 1955 total of 0.4 mGy; in both cases the uncertainty of the estimate is about +/- 50%. The possibility of dose reduction by a factor of 2 or more using available techniques is demonstrated. The risk of future serious injury is estimated to 0.0002 cases per joule of energy imparted to the patient.", "PMID": 696407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10585", "title": "Radiation response modified by degradable starch microspheres. Experiments on the rat's foot.", "content": "Skin reaction in the rat's foot was used as an experimental method to evaluate the protective potential of profound temporary hypoxia against roentgen radiation produced by a linear accelerator. Hypoxia was induced by intraarterial injection of degradable starch microspheres. The irradiation dose needed to evoke a certain reaction in the hypoxic feet was 2.0 times the dose giving the same reaction in a control group. The results point towards a new technique of inducing local hypoxia in healthy tissues which need to be protected in an irradiation field.", "contents": "Radiation response modified by degradable starch microspheres. Experiments on the rat's foot. Skin reaction in the rat's foot was used as an experimental method to evaluate the protective potential of profound temporary hypoxia against roentgen radiation produced by a linear accelerator. Hypoxia was induced by intraarterial injection of degradable starch microspheres. The irradiation dose needed to evoke a certain reaction in the hypoxic feet was 2.0 times the dose giving the same reaction in a control group. The results point towards a new technique of inducing local hypoxia in healthy tissues which need to be protected in an irradiation field.", "PMID": 696409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10586", "title": "General equations for the calculations of biologic effect ratios for parallel opposing fields.", "content": "The tolerance level of normal tissue, which is the concept of NSD, is the limiting factor in radiation therapy. It is well known that the two parallel opposing fields should be treated at each session instead of alternating one field per session. The biologic effect ratios between the normal tissue at the depth of maximum build-up and the midline for parallel opposing fields were published by ELLIS et coll. General formulae are now presented providing biologic effect ratio at any two locations in terms of per cent depth doses in the treatment volume for parallel opposing fields. Examples at the depth of maximum build-up and certain depth of the connective tissue at the tumor site are also given.", "contents": "General equations for the calculations of biologic effect ratios for parallel opposing fields. The tolerance level of normal tissue, which is the concept of NSD, is the limiting factor in radiation therapy. It is well known that the two parallel opposing fields should be treated at each session instead of alternating one field per session. The biologic effect ratios between the normal tissue at the depth of maximum build-up and the midline for parallel opposing fields were published by ELLIS et coll. General formulae are now presented providing biologic effect ratio at any two locations in terms of per cent depth doses in the treatment volume for parallel opposing fields. Examples at the depth of maximum build-up and certain depth of the connective tissue at the tumor site are also given.", "PMID": 696410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10587", "title": "Dosimetry intercomparisons for evaluation of late effects of ionizing radiation.", "content": "In 1971, 1973 and 1976 intercomparisons of absorbed dose and dose distribution over a mouse phantom for roentgen irradiation were performed as part of the program of the European Late Effects Project Group (EULEP). Sixteen institutes from 8 countries participated in the sessions of the third intercomparison. In general, progress has been made concerning accuracy and precision of the dosimetry; in 2 cases, discrepancies could be resolved after additional measurements. With regard to the dose distribution over a mouse phantom, the results are not satisfactory; 4 out of 15 participants are still unable to perform uniform irradiations. The necessity of repeated intercomparisons is clearly demonstrated to allow a comparison of biologic results obtained in cooperative research programs.", "contents": "Dosimetry intercomparisons for evaluation of late effects of ionizing radiation. In 1971, 1973 and 1976 intercomparisons of absorbed dose and dose distribution over a mouse phantom for roentgen irradiation were performed as part of the program of the European Late Effects Project Group (EULEP). Sixteen institutes from 8 countries participated in the sessions of the third intercomparison. In general, progress has been made concerning accuracy and precision of the dosimetry; in 2 cases, discrepancies could be resolved after additional measurements. With regard to the dose distribution over a mouse phantom, the results are not satisfactory; 4 out of 15 participants are still unable to perform uniform irradiations. The necessity of repeated intercomparisons is clearly demonstrated to allow a comparison of biologic results obtained in cooperative research programs.", "PMID": 696411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10588", "title": "Image intensifier tomofluorography. Experimental evaluation and clinical potentialities.", "content": "Caesium iodide image intensifier tubes have improved the image quality of 70- and 100-mm fluorograms. It is possible to produce tomograms with satisfactory resolution ability in 100-mm film. The geometry and distortion of the tomographic image recorded by an image intensifier with spherical input phosphor are presented from the theoretical and practical points of view. It is concluded that 100-mm tomofluorograph is a useful method, particularly in connection with TV tomofluoroscopy and TV tomometry.", "contents": "Image intensifier tomofluorography. Experimental evaluation and clinical potentialities. Caesium iodide image intensifier tubes have improved the image quality of 70- and 100-mm fluorograms. It is possible to produce tomograms with satisfactory resolution ability in 100-mm film. The geometry and distortion of the tomographic image recorded by an image intensifier with spherical input phosphor are presented from the theoretical and practical points of view. It is concluded that 100-mm tomofluorograph is a useful method, particularly in connection with TV tomofluoroscopy and TV tomometry.", "PMID": 696412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10589", "title": "Treatment of diuretic-resistant fluid retention with ultrafiltration.", "content": "Nine patients with diuretic-resistant edema, secondary to congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, or nephrotic syndrome, were treated with ultrafiltration using high water flux dialyzers. Access to the blood stream was obtained by femoral vein catheterization. As much as 8.3 kg of fluid were removed in 3--4 hours with only transient decline in blood pressure. The procedure was well tolerated and yielded immediate symptomatic relief. The potential for restoration of an edema-free state in patients with diuretic-resistant edema suggests that further experience with this technique is justified.", "contents": "Treatment of diuretic-resistant fluid retention with ultrafiltration. Nine patients with diuretic-resistant edema, secondary to congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, or nephrotic syndrome, were treated with ultrafiltration using high water flux dialyzers. Access to the blood stream was obtained by femoral vein catheterization. As much as 8.3 kg of fluid were removed in 3--4 hours with only transient decline in blood pressure. The procedure was well tolerated and yielded immediate symptomatic relief. The potential for restoration of an edema-free state in patients with diuretic-resistant edema suggests that further experience with this technique is justified.", "PMID": 696413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10590", "title": "Influence of sodium intake on hydrochlorothiazide-induced changes in blood pressure, serum electrolytes, renin and aldosterone in essential hypertension.", "content": "To determine the influence of dietary sodium intake on the effects of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) on blood pressure (BP), serum electrolytes, renin and aldosterone, nine male patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension were studied during the following therapeutic regimes: 1) sodium restriction alone (50 mmol/day), 2) sodium restriction combined with HCT (50 MG TWICE DAILY), 3) HCT alone, and 4) sodium restriction combined with HCT. Low sodium diet alone and HCT alone lowered BP to the same extent. The combination of HCT and sodium restriction had no extra effect on supine BP, but elicited complaints of dizziness and weakness in each patient, and overt orthostatic hypotension in three cases. Sodium restriction during HCT treatment caused hyponatraemia and aggravated hypokalaemia. Hyponatraemia could not be accounted for solely by changes in cumulative sodium balance. Plasma renin concentration rose markedly during the combined treatment. Plasma aldosterone was normal during HCT alone, but elevated when HCT was combined with sodium restriction. These results cast some doubt on the therapeutic value of prescribing a low sodium diet to patients with essential hypertension treated with thiazide diuretics. Overactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system during this regime might explain both the lack of a beneficial effect on BP and the adverse influence on serum potassium.", "contents": "Influence of sodium intake on hydrochlorothiazide-induced changes in blood pressure, serum electrolytes, renin and aldosterone in essential hypertension. To determine the influence of dietary sodium intake on the effects of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) on blood pressure (BP), serum electrolytes, renin and aldosterone, nine male patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension were studied during the following therapeutic regimes: 1) sodium restriction alone (50 mmol/day), 2) sodium restriction combined with HCT (50 MG TWICE DAILY), 3) HCT alone, and 4) sodium restriction combined with HCT. Low sodium diet alone and HCT alone lowered BP to the same extent. The combination of HCT and sodium restriction had no extra effect on supine BP, but elicited complaints of dizziness and weakness in each patient, and overt orthostatic hypotension in three cases. Sodium restriction during HCT treatment caused hyponatraemia and aggravated hypokalaemia. Hyponatraemia could not be accounted for solely by changes in cumulative sodium balance. Plasma renin concentration rose markedly during the combined treatment. Plasma aldosterone was normal during HCT alone, but elevated when HCT was combined with sodium restriction. These results cast some doubt on the therapeutic value of prescribing a low sodium diet to patients with essential hypertension treated with thiazide diuretics. Overactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system during this regime might explain both the lack of a beneficial effect on BP and the adverse influence on serum potassium.", "PMID": 696414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10591", "title": "Oesophageal function and coronary angiogram in patients with disabling chest pain.", "content": "Sixty-four patients with a history of disabling chest pain belonging to groups III or IV classified according to the NYHA criteria were examined with oesophageal function tests, coronary angiography and bicycle ergometry and also answered a symptom questionnaire. At the exercise test, 52 had effort angina; 45 (89%) of them had a pthological coronary angiogram and 22 (42%) had signs of oesophageal dysfunction (OD). OD as the single possible etiological factor for typical effort angina therefore seemed unlikely. Chest pain was absent or atypical at the exercise test in 12 patients, 11 (92%) of whom had signs of OD. This incidence is significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than that found in the patients with effort-related chest pain. Five (42%) of the 12 patients with atypical chest pain at the exercise test had a pathological coronary angiogram, an incidence which is significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that found in the group with effort-related chest pain. In patients with a history of disabling chest pain but with atypical chest pain in connection with the exercise test, OD was more frequent than coronary disease and therefore more likely to have caused the symptoms.", "contents": "Oesophageal function and coronary angiogram in patients with disabling chest pain. Sixty-four patients with a history of disabling chest pain belonging to groups III or IV classified according to the NYHA criteria were examined with oesophageal function tests, coronary angiography and bicycle ergometry and also answered a symptom questionnaire. At the exercise test, 52 had effort angina; 45 (89%) of them had a pthological coronary angiogram and 22 (42%) had signs of oesophageal dysfunction (OD). OD as the single possible etiological factor for typical effort angina therefore seemed unlikely. Chest pain was absent or atypical at the exercise test in 12 patients, 11 (92%) of whom had signs of OD. This incidence is significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than that found in the patients with effort-related chest pain. Five (42%) of the 12 patients with atypical chest pain at the exercise test had a pathological coronary angiogram, an incidence which is significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that found in the group with effort-related chest pain. In patients with a history of disabling chest pain but with atypical chest pain in connection with the exercise test, OD was more frequent than coronary disease and therefore more likely to have caused the symptoms.", "PMID": 696416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10592", "title": "Effect of nifedipine (Adalat) on coronary haemodynamics in patients with coronary arteriosclerotic disease.", "content": "Effects of the new Ca++ antagonist nifedipine (Adalat) on coronary haemodynamics were studied in 8 patients with documented ischaemic heart disease. The continuous infusion thermodilution technique was used to measure cardiac venous blood flow. Sublingual application of 10 mg nifedipine caused a significant increase (16%) in myocardial blood flow and a decrease (18%) in coronary arteriolar resistance at rest, but not during a submaximal atrial pacing test. There was no change in coronary arteriovenous oxygen difference, myocardial oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption per unit of heart rate blood pressure index or left ventricular efficiency index. The effects on the coronary haemodynamics are discussed in relation to the simultaneous changes in general haemodynamics. Systolic aortic pressure was slightly reduced, significantly only at rest, while peripheral vascular resistance decreased and cardiac output increased also during atrial pacing. No change in free fatty acid metabolism was observed. It is concluded that nifedipine is a mild coronary vasodilator. No effect was observed on myocardial oxygen demand. The oxygen cost of left ventricular work was unchanged by the drug both at rest and during the submaximal stress test.", "contents": "Effect of nifedipine (Adalat) on coronary haemodynamics in patients with coronary arteriosclerotic disease. Effects of the new Ca++ antagonist nifedipine (Adalat) on coronary haemodynamics were studied in 8 patients with documented ischaemic heart disease. The continuous infusion thermodilution technique was used to measure cardiac venous blood flow. Sublingual application of 10 mg nifedipine caused a significant increase (16%) in myocardial blood flow and a decrease (18%) in coronary arteriolar resistance at rest, but not during a submaximal atrial pacing test. There was no change in coronary arteriovenous oxygen difference, myocardial oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption per unit of heart rate blood pressure index or left ventricular efficiency index. The effects on the coronary haemodynamics are discussed in relation to the simultaneous changes in general haemodynamics. Systolic aortic pressure was slightly reduced, significantly only at rest, while peripheral vascular resistance decreased and cardiac output increased also during atrial pacing. No change in free fatty acid metabolism was observed. It is concluded that nifedipine is a mild coronary vasodilator. No effect was observed on myocardial oxygen demand. The oxygen cost of left ventricular work was unchanged by the drug both at rest and during the submaximal stress test.", "PMID": 696417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10593", "title": "Renin release in relation to plasma noradrenaline during supine exercise in cardiac patients.", "content": "Plasma renin activity in the brachial artery and in the renal vein together with arterial noradrenaline concentration were determined repeatedly during and after 10 min of dynamic exercise in eight cardiac patients. Arterial renin increased slightly during exercise and gradually returned to control level after exercise. Renal vein renin increased markedly during exercise and returned to the resting value immediately after exercise, similarly to the changes in plasma noradrenaline and heart rate. A close temporal relationship between the changes in the renal veno-arterial renin difference, plasma noradrenaline and heart rate strongly suggests that the sympathetic nervous system is a major determinant of renin release in man during exercise.", "contents": "Renin release in relation to plasma noradrenaline during supine exercise in cardiac patients. Plasma renin activity in the brachial artery and in the renal vein together with arterial noradrenaline concentration were determined repeatedly during and after 10 min of dynamic exercise in eight cardiac patients. Arterial renin increased slightly during exercise and gradually returned to control level after exercise. Renal vein renin increased markedly during exercise and returned to the resting value immediately after exercise, similarly to the changes in plasma noradrenaline and heart rate. A close temporal relationship between the changes in the renal veno-arterial renin difference, plasma noradrenaline and heart rate strongly suggests that the sympathetic nervous system is a major determinant of renin release in man during exercise.", "PMID": 696418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10594", "title": "Dialysis fistulas and cardiac failure.", "content": "A haemodialysis fistula may be a factor in the development of cardiac failure, and surgical reduction of fistula blood flow can improve the condition. We have investigated 6 patients with dialysis fistulas and closed the fistula in one of them, with marked improvement of cardiac failure. It is unlikely that a peripheral dialysis fistula can cause cardiac failure by itself, but it may be a contributing factor when the cardiac reserve is reduced due to other causes.", "contents": "Dialysis fistulas and cardiac failure. A haemodialysis fistula may be a factor in the development of cardiac failure, and surgical reduction of fistula blood flow can improve the condition. We have investigated 6 patients with dialysis fistulas and closed the fistula in one of them, with marked improvement of cardiac failure. It is unlikely that a peripheral dialysis fistula can cause cardiac failure by itself, but it may be a contributing factor when the cardiac reserve is reduced due to other causes.", "PMID": 696419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10595", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of the cardioselective beta-blocking agent metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. A 24-hour catheterization study.", "content": "Hemodynamic changes were studied in ten patients with uncomplicated transmural myocardial infection during 24 hours on beta-blockade. The cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking drug metoprolol was injected (15 mg i.v.) within the first 24 hours after onset of chest pain and was followed by oral therapy (25-50 mg at 6-hour intervals). There was a decrease in heart rate, systolic BP, and cardiac output, which was most marked after the injection. The stroke volume and diastolic BP for the whole group of patients remained unchanged. The pulmonary artery end diastolic pressure did not change significantly after the injection but a continuous fall was obtained in three out of four patients with initially elevated values. The preejection period, measured from the ECG and carotid pressure curve, as initially short and was prolonged in all patients after administration of the beta-blocking drug. It is concluded that the cardioselective beta-blocking drug metoprolol may be used in selected patients in the acute phase of myocardial infarction without danger of hemodynamic deterioration during the first 24 hours of therapy. The selection of patients can be based on clinical criteria. In this study signs of left heart failure, hypotension, poor peripheral circulation, bradycardia, and AV block were regarded as contraindications.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of the cardioselective beta-blocking agent metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. A 24-hour catheterization study. Hemodynamic changes were studied in ten patients with uncomplicated transmural myocardial infection during 24 hours on beta-blockade. The cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking drug metoprolol was injected (15 mg i.v.) within the first 24 hours after onset of chest pain and was followed by oral therapy (25-50 mg at 6-hour intervals). There was a decrease in heart rate, systolic BP, and cardiac output, which was most marked after the injection. The stroke volume and diastolic BP for the whole group of patients remained unchanged. The pulmonary artery end diastolic pressure did not change significantly after the injection but a continuous fall was obtained in three out of four patients with initially elevated values. The preejection period, measured from the ECG and carotid pressure curve, as initially short and was prolonged in all patients after administration of the beta-blocking drug. It is concluded that the cardioselective beta-blocking drug metoprolol may be used in selected patients in the acute phase of myocardial infarction without danger of hemodynamic deterioration during the first 24 hours of therapy. The selection of patients can be based on clinical criteria. In this study signs of left heart failure, hypotension, poor peripheral circulation, bradycardia, and AV block were regarded as contraindications.", "PMID": 696420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10596", "title": "Prognostic implications of ventricular arrhythmias registered before discharge and one year after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The prognostic weight of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) was evaluated in 160 patients discharged after a CCU-treated acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and followed for two years. VEBs were registered prior to discharge by 6 hours of telemetry (3 hours during daytime including exercise and 3 hours at night) and again one year after the AMI. During the first year of follow-up, 11 patients died suddenly and 20 suffered reinfarction. Sixteen (55%) of these had shown severe VEBs, i.e. multiform, paired, R-on-T, or ventricular tachycardia, as compared to 42 (29%) of the remainder. During the second year of follow-up, eight patients suffered reinfarction and five died suddenly. The occurrence of severe VEBs prior to discharge was not of prognostic value for the second year per se but continued to carry prognostic weight for the first plus the second year. One year after the AMI the VEB incidence in 122 survivors without reinfarction increased insignificantly from 71 to 78%. VEB severity increased in 43% and decreased in 27% and the shift towards severe forms is significant. Severe VEBs one year after the AMI carry a prognostic weight for the second follow-up year, as 18% of patients with severe VEBs reinfarcted or died suddenly against 5% of those with nor or uniform VEBs only. Patients who had severe VEBs both prior to discharge and one year later did especially badly.", "contents": "Prognostic implications of ventricular arrhythmias registered before discharge and one year after acute myocardial infarction. The prognostic weight of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) was evaluated in 160 patients discharged after a CCU-treated acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and followed for two years. VEBs were registered prior to discharge by 6 hours of telemetry (3 hours during daytime including exercise and 3 hours at night) and again one year after the AMI. During the first year of follow-up, 11 patients died suddenly and 20 suffered reinfarction. Sixteen (55%) of these had shown severe VEBs, i.e. multiform, paired, R-on-T, or ventricular tachycardia, as compared to 42 (29%) of the remainder. During the second year of follow-up, eight patients suffered reinfarction and five died suddenly. The occurrence of severe VEBs prior to discharge was not of prognostic value for the second year per se but continued to carry prognostic weight for the first plus the second year. One year after the AMI the VEB incidence in 122 survivors without reinfarction increased insignificantly from 71 to 78%. VEB severity increased in 43% and decreased in 27% and the shift towards severe forms is significant. Severe VEBs one year after the AMI carry a prognostic weight for the second follow-up year, as 18% of patients with severe VEBs reinfarcted or died suddenly against 5% of those with nor or uniform VEBs only. Patients who had severe VEBs both prior to discharge and one year later did especially badly.", "PMID": 696421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10597", "title": "Homozygous expression of haemophilia B in a heterozygote.", "content": "A case of clinically severe haemophilia B in a woman is described. In 1977 she was delivered of a healthy male child, showing that she is heterozygous for the haemophilia gene. This seems to be the first report of a proven heterozygote with the homozygous expression of severe haemophilia.", "contents": "Homozygous expression of haemophilia B in a heterozygote. A case of clinically severe haemophilia B in a woman is described. In 1977 she was delivered of a healthy male child, showing that she is heterozygous for the haemophilia gene. This seems to be the first report of a proven heterozygote with the homozygous expression of severe haemophilia.", "PMID": 696423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10598", "title": "Bartter's syndrome without hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, treated with indomethacin.", "content": "The present report describes a case of potassium-wasting nephropathy with the physiological and endocrinological findings that are typical for Bartter's syndrome (BS). However, the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus showed no hyperplasia at two renal biopsies two years apart. The short-term (9 days) effect of indomethacin in combination with spironolactone was a suppression of hyperreninemia and hyperaldosteronism and an increase in vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II associated with potassium and sodium retention. Subsequently, on indomethacin alone, potassium balance was obtained on a lower level with persistent hypokalemia and persistent renal potassium leakage. Hypokalemia persisted during long-term (9 months) treatment with indomethacin despite normalization of the activity of the renin-aldosterone system. The results indicate that indomethacin as long-term treatment may be ineffective in maintaining a normal potassium balance in BS.", "contents": "Bartter's syndrome without hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, treated with indomethacin. The present report describes a case of potassium-wasting nephropathy with the physiological and endocrinological findings that are typical for Bartter's syndrome (BS). However, the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus showed no hyperplasia at two renal biopsies two years apart. The short-term (9 days) effect of indomethacin in combination with spironolactone was a suppression of hyperreninemia and hyperaldosteronism and an increase in vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II associated with potassium and sodium retention. Subsequently, on indomethacin alone, potassium balance was obtained on a lower level with persistent hypokalemia and persistent renal potassium leakage. Hypokalemia persisted during long-term (9 months) treatment with indomethacin despite normalization of the activity of the renin-aldosterone system. The results indicate that indomethacin as long-term treatment may be ineffective in maintaining a normal potassium balance in BS.", "PMID": 696424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10599", "title": "Ectopic secretion of calcitonin.", "content": "In 7 out of 25 unselected patients (28%) with a malignant disease, the circulating calcitonin level had increased. Pentagastrin i.v. gave no elevation of the calcitonin level comparable to the response in patients with medullary carcinoma of thyroid.", "contents": "Ectopic secretion of calcitonin. In 7 out of 25 unselected patients (28%) with a malignant disease, the circulating calcitonin level had increased. Pentagastrin i.v. gave no elevation of the calcitonin level comparable to the response in patients with medullary carcinoma of thyroid.", "PMID": 696425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10600", "title": "Bone mineral loss during maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "With the aim of investigating bone mineral loss during maintenance hemodialysis (MDH), bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by means of two-dimensional scanning photon absorptiometry in 47 chronic renal failure patients on MDH: 13 females (age range 22-50 years, mean dialysis duration 189 days) and 34 males (age range 23-69 years, mean dialysis duration 449 days). Measurements were carried out in most patients three times at an interval of 6 months. Initial mean BMC values were for both sexes significantly lower than normal, but did not correlate to duration of MHD. The longitudinal measurements demonstrated a highly significant decrease in BMC with time: the mean BMC values after 6 and 12 months, respectively, were for females 95.8 and 93.4% and for males 97.3 and 94.4% of the initial values with no significant differences between sexes. The fall in BMC did not correlate to duration of MHD, initial BMC value, or age. In some of the patients a substantial loss of BMC was observed, and it is suggested that these patients in particular may develop server bone disease. A BMC method with high precision is mandatory for selection of such patients.", "contents": "Bone mineral loss during maintenance hemodialysis. With the aim of investigating bone mineral loss during maintenance hemodialysis (MDH), bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by means of two-dimensional scanning photon absorptiometry in 47 chronic renal failure patients on MDH: 13 females (age range 22-50 years, mean dialysis duration 189 days) and 34 males (age range 23-69 years, mean dialysis duration 449 days). Measurements were carried out in most patients three times at an interval of 6 months. Initial mean BMC values were for both sexes significantly lower than normal, but did not correlate to duration of MHD. The longitudinal measurements demonstrated a highly significant decrease in BMC with time: the mean BMC values after 6 and 12 months, respectively, were for females 95.8 and 93.4% and for males 97.3 and 94.4% of the initial values with no significant differences between sexes. The fall in BMC did not correlate to duration of MHD, initial BMC value, or age. In some of the patients a substantial loss of BMC was observed, and it is suggested that these patients in particular may develop server bone disease. A BMC method with high precision is mandatory for selection of such patients.", "PMID": 696426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10601", "title": "The relation between extra- and intracellular electrolytes in patients with hypokalemia and/or diuretic treatment.", "content": "The relation between extra- and intracellular electrolytes has been studied by means of percutaneous muscle biopsies in 107 patients with hypokalemia and/or treatment with diuretics. No relation was found between the extra- and intracellular concentrations of Na or Mg. The serum and muscle contents of K correlated weakly. The correlation coefficient tended to be stronger when S-creatinine was normal, total carbonate was between 25 and 30 mmol/l, muscle Mg content was greater than or equal to 3.95 mmol/100 g fat free dry solids, and when no treatment was given with digitalis and/or diuretics.", "contents": "The relation between extra- and intracellular electrolytes in patients with hypokalemia and/or diuretic treatment. The relation between extra- and intracellular electrolytes has been studied by means of percutaneous muscle biopsies in 107 patients with hypokalemia and/or treatment with diuretics. No relation was found between the extra- and intracellular concentrations of Na or Mg. The serum and muscle contents of K correlated weakly. The correlation coefficient tended to be stronger when S-creatinine was normal, total carbonate was between 25 and 30 mmol/l, muscle Mg content was greater than or equal to 3.95 mmol/100 g fat free dry solids, and when no treatment was given with digitalis and/or diuretics.", "PMID": 696427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10602", "title": "C-reactive protein, C3, C4 and properdin during the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in early syphilis.", "content": "The occurrence of plasma CRP during the febrile response after the first injection of penicillin was followed in 10 patients with early syphilis. An increase in CRP was noted after 12 hours, with a maximum after 24 hours. The appearance of this acute phase protein could not be correlated to cutaneous reaction, increased body temperature or leukocytosis, nor were baseline values of CRP correlated to clinical or serological activity of the infection. Patients with high levels of CRP prior to treatment suffered the most intense systemic reactions. No activation of the complement system during the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction was detected from sequential determinations of C3, C4 and properdin.", "contents": "C-reactive protein, C3, C4 and properdin during the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in early syphilis. The occurrence of plasma CRP during the febrile response after the first injection of penicillin was followed in 10 patients with early syphilis. An increase in CRP was noted after 12 hours, with a maximum after 24 hours. The appearance of this acute phase protein could not be correlated to cutaneous reaction, increased body temperature or leukocytosis, nor were baseline values of CRP correlated to clinical or serological activity of the infection. Patients with high levels of CRP prior to treatment suffered the most intense systemic reactions. No activation of the complement system during the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction was detected from sequential determinations of C3, C4 and properdin.", "PMID": 696428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10603", "title": "Storage of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in tissues following long-term treatment with a PVP-containing vasopressin preparation.", "content": "The parenteral use of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) leads to PVP retention in the human organism. Four case histories dealing with patients on long-term treatment with a PVP-containing vasopressin preparation are presented and the possibility of a harmful effect of the PVP storage is discussed. The presence of PVP in serum, demonstrated by lipoprotein electrophoresis, is described. Based on the literature and the present findings, a withdrawal of PVP-containing preparations for injectional purposes is advocated.", "contents": "Storage of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in tissues following long-term treatment with a PVP-containing vasopressin preparation. The parenteral use of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) leads to PVP retention in the human organism. Four case histories dealing with patients on long-term treatment with a PVP-containing vasopressin preparation are presented and the possibility of a harmful effect of the PVP storage is discussed. The presence of PVP in serum, demonstrated by lipoprotein electrophoresis, is described. Based on the literature and the present findings, a withdrawal of PVP-containing preparations for injectional purposes is advocated.", "PMID": 696429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10604", "title": "Single and multiple beam echocardiography in aortic valve endocarditis. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients with aortic valve endocarditis were studied. The single beam M-mode echocardiographic findings comprised the appearance in diastole of a cluster of shaggy echoes at the aortic valve in all three patients. Mitral flutter was seen in two patients and premature closure of the mitral valve in one patient. At multiple beam two-dimensional echocardiography, the echo cluster could in all three patients be seen to move perpendicular to the sound beams, ascending into the aorta in systole and descending in diastole. At valve replacement, vegetations were found that explained the abnormal echo cluster. The multiple beam echocardiography facilitated the interpretation of the single beam findings and increased the confidence therein. By applying the non-invasive modality of echocardiography in these patients with their high risk of embolism, cardiac catheterization may possibly be avoided.", "contents": "Single and multiple beam echocardiography in aortic valve endocarditis. Report of three cases. Three patients with aortic valve endocarditis were studied. The single beam M-mode echocardiographic findings comprised the appearance in diastole of a cluster of shaggy echoes at the aortic valve in all three patients. Mitral flutter was seen in two patients and premature closure of the mitral valve in one patient. At multiple beam two-dimensional echocardiography, the echo cluster could in all three patients be seen to move perpendicular to the sound beams, ascending into the aorta in systole and descending in diastole. At valve replacement, vegetations were found that explained the abnormal echo cluster. The multiple beam echocardiography facilitated the interpretation of the single beam findings and increased the confidence therein. By applying the non-invasive modality of echocardiography in these patients with their high risk of embolism, cardiac catheterization may possibly be avoided.", "PMID": 696430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10605", "title": "Severity of aortic stenosis assessed by carotid pulse recordings and phonocardiography.", "content": "The external carotid pulse, the PCG, and the ECG were studied in 26 adult patients with valvular aortic stenosis whose systolic peak pressure gradients ranged from 18 to 165 mmHg. A significant correlation was found between the rapidity of the pulse upstroke, as measured by the T-time, and the location of the peak of the systolic murmur during ventricular ejection, on the one hand, and the gradient, on the other. The left ventricular ejection time (LVET) related directly and the pre-ejection period (PEP) indirectly with the gradient. There was a signficant inverse relationship between the PEP/LVET quotient and the pressure gradient but this quotient did not classify the patients according to the severity of the stenosis as well as the T-time and the location of the peak of murmur. When a combination of the T-time, the PEP/LVET, and the  location of the peak of the murmur was used in each patient, a good discrimination between the patients was achieved. When the pressure gradient was above 50 mmHg, at lease one of the measurements was abnormal and when it exceeded 100 mmHg, at least two measurements were abnormal. The study further showed that it is possible to separate patients with valvular aortic stenosis from those with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy lidiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis) or mitral insufficiency on the basis of carotid pulse tracings and PCGs.", "contents": "Severity of aortic stenosis assessed by carotid pulse recordings and phonocardiography. The external carotid pulse, the PCG, and the ECG were studied in 26 adult patients with valvular aortic stenosis whose systolic peak pressure gradients ranged from 18 to 165 mmHg. A significant correlation was found between the rapidity of the pulse upstroke, as measured by the T-time, and the location of the peak of the systolic murmur during ventricular ejection, on the one hand, and the gradient, on the other. The left ventricular ejection time (LVET) related directly and the pre-ejection period (PEP) indirectly with the gradient. There was a signficant inverse relationship between the PEP/LVET quotient and the pressure gradient but this quotient did not classify the patients according to the severity of the stenosis as well as the T-time and the location of the peak of murmur. When a combination of the T-time, the PEP/LVET, and the  location of the peak of the murmur was used in each patient, a good discrimination between the patients was achieved. When the pressure gradient was above 50 mmHg, at lease one of the measurements was abnormal and when it exceeded 100 mmHg, at least two measurements were abnormal. The study further showed that it is possible to separate patients with valvular aortic stenosis from those with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy lidiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis) or mitral insufficiency on the basis of carotid pulse tracings and PCGs.", "PMID": 696431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10606", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes in right ventricular infarction. A case report.", "content": "ST segment elevations in leads CR4R or V4R indicating right ventricular (RV) involvement are sometimes seen in patients with acute inferior transmural infarction. Whether the RV lesion per se or the concomitant infarction of the posterior septum causes this ECG pattern is unknown. We describe a patient with anteroseptal transmural infarction who developed unusually marked ST segment elevations in lead V4R. At autopsy, extensive old fibrotic infarction was found, involving the anterior and lateral RV walls, as well as recent necrosis of the interventricular septum. These findings suggest that the ST segment elevation in V4R in patients with RV infarction may not be caused by the RV necrosis per se but rather by visualization of the posterior septum through the necrotic RV myocardium.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes in right ventricular infarction. A case report. ST segment elevations in leads CR4R or V4R indicating right ventricular (RV) involvement are sometimes seen in patients with acute inferior transmural infarction. Whether the RV lesion per se or the concomitant infarction of the posterior septum causes this ECG pattern is unknown. We describe a patient with anteroseptal transmural infarction who developed unusually marked ST segment elevations in lead V4R. At autopsy, extensive old fibrotic infarction was found, involving the anterior and lateral RV walls, as well as recent necrosis of the interventricular septum. These findings suggest that the ST segment elevation in V4R in patients with RV infarction may not be caused by the RV necrosis per se but rather by visualization of the posterior septum through the necrotic RV myocardium.", "PMID": 696432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10607", "title": "Mycobacterium valentiale sp. nov. A new species of rapidly growing mycobacteria.", "content": "Five strains of rapidly growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria have been isolated from soil and sputum. This study comprises 101 biological, biochemical and morphological characteristics, as well as the behaviour against the common antituberculous drugs at several concentrations. The organisms are considered to belong to a new species of the genus Mycobacterium bacterium and are named Mycobacterium valentiae sp. nov. They have been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., U.S.A. as 29356 and the Czechoslovak Collection of Microorganisms in the Czechoslovak National Collection of Type Cultures, Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene Prague, as My 220/77.", "contents": "Mycobacterium valentiale sp. nov. A new species of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Five strains of rapidly growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria have been isolated from soil and sputum. This study comprises 101 biological, biochemical and morphological characteristics, as well as the behaviour against the common antituberculous drugs at several concentrations. The organisms are considered to belong to a new species of the genus Mycobacterium bacterium and are named Mycobacterium valentiae sp. nov. They have been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., U.S.A. as 29356 and the Czechoslovak Collection of Microorganisms in the Czechoslovak National Collection of Type Cultures, Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene Prague, as My 220/77.", "PMID": 696434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10608", "title": "Haemophilus paraphrophilus isolated from endocarditis.", "content": "Isolation and microbiological features of a Haemophilus paraphrophilus strain which caused a subacute bacterial endocarditis are described. The isolate conformed to the first description by ZINNEMANN et al., except that it was sensitive to ampicillin.", "contents": "Haemophilus paraphrophilus isolated from endocarditis. Isolation and microbiological features of a Haemophilus paraphrophilus strain which caused a subacute bacterial endocarditis are described. The isolate conformed to the first description by ZINNEMANN et al., except that it was sensitive to ampicillin.", "PMID": 696435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10609", "title": "Effect of dialysable leukocytes extracts on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and lymphocyte Fc receptors.", "content": "Dialysable leukocyte extracts significantly inhibited the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes in both xenogeneic and allogenic assays. The inhibitory effect was dose-dependent. Fractions of dialysable leukocyte extracts separated on Sephadex G-25 column differed in their capacity to suppress cytotoxicity. Dialysable leukocyte extracts did not block EA-rosetting but inhibited the resynthesis of Fc receptors. Some explanations for the observed suppressive effect are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of dialysable leukocytes extracts on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and lymphocyte Fc receptors. Dialysable leukocyte extracts significantly inhibited the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes in both xenogeneic and allogenic assays. The inhibitory effect was dose-dependent. Fractions of dialysable leukocyte extracts separated on Sephadex G-25 column differed in their capacity to suppress cytotoxicity. Dialysable leukocyte extracts did not block EA-rosetting but inhibited the resynthesis of Fc receptors. Some explanations for the observed suppressive effect are discussed.", "PMID": 696436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10610", "title": "Stimulation of phagocytosis by human lymphokines.", "content": "Supernatants of concanavalin A stimulated human lymphocytes increased the phagocyting and intracellular killing activities of human macrophages and neutrophils tested with particles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "contents": "Stimulation of phagocytosis by human lymphokines. Supernatants of concanavalin A stimulated human lymphocytes increased the phagocyting and intracellular killing activities of human macrophages and neutrophils tested with particles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "PMID": 696437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10611", "title": "Experiments on the chemotheraphy of a transplantable glioblastoma in the rat, employing 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU).", "content": "A glioblastoma was induced in BD-II rats by weekly i.v. injections of methylnitrosourea and transplanted intracerebrally in numerous passages. The take rate was 100%. For the experiments with CCNU, solid pieces of tumour were implanted into the right parietal region. The cytostatically treated animals lived significantly longer. The untreated tumour rats had an average survival time of 18 days (counted from the time of transplantation), and the rats treated with CCNU had an average survival time of 28 days. The median values were 19 and 28 days.", "contents": "Experiments on the chemotheraphy of a transplantable glioblastoma in the rat, employing 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU). A glioblastoma was induced in BD-II rats by weekly i.v. injections of methylnitrosourea and transplanted intracerebrally in numerous passages. The take rate was 100%. For the experiments with CCNU, solid pieces of tumour were implanted into the right parietal region. The cytostatically treated animals lived significantly longer. The untreated tumour rats had an average survival time of 18 days (counted from the time of transplantation), and the rats treated with CCNU had an average survival time of 28 days. The median values were 19 and 28 days.", "PMID": 696438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10612", "title": "Chemotherapy of malignant gliomas: comparison of the effect of polychemo- and CCNU-therapy.", "content": "Postoperative survival times of patients suffering from glioblastoma (astrozytoma III-IV) were compared in unselected groups receiving different forms of therapy: standard surgical therapy (16 cases, mean survival time 6.27 +/- 3.75 months), postoperative polychemotherapy (16 patients, survival time 8.96 +/- 4.97 months) or postoperative CCNU-monotherapy (24 cases, survival time 6.98 +/- 4.46 months). The mean survival time in the group receiving polychemotherapy was prolonged significantly when compared to the group with standard treatment. Survival time of the patient group treated with CCNU was not significantly increased. The results indicate that postoperative combination chemotherapy is more effective than CCNU monotherapy.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of malignant gliomas: comparison of the effect of polychemo- and CCNU-therapy. Postoperative survival times of patients suffering from glioblastoma (astrozytoma III-IV) were compared in unselected groups receiving different forms of therapy: standard surgical therapy (16 cases, mean survival time 6.27 +/- 3.75 months), postoperative polychemotherapy (16 patients, survival time 8.96 +/- 4.97 months) or postoperative CCNU-monotherapy (24 cases, survival time 6.98 +/- 4.46 months). The mean survival time in the group receiving polychemotherapy was prolonged significantly when compared to the group with standard treatment. Survival time of the patient group treated with CCNU was not significantly increased. The results indicate that postoperative combination chemotherapy is more effective than CCNU monotherapy.", "PMID": 696439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10613", "title": "Operative indications in glioblastoma.", "content": "General aspects of glioblastomas are considered such as preoperative diagnosis, stereotactic punctures for tissue samples, location and tumour size, interference with CSF circulation. The operative risk and different approaches to treatment are discussed, and the results are compared. The described combined treatment of operative, local cytostatic, and irradiation therapy appears promising, with 22% of patients alive, and a maximum survival time of 51/2 years. Attention is drawn to proper information of the patient and his family regarding the disease and possible outcome.", "contents": "Operative indications in glioblastoma. General aspects of glioblastomas are considered such as preoperative diagnosis, stereotactic punctures for tissue samples, location and tumour size, interference with CSF circulation. The operative risk and different approaches to treatment are discussed, and the results are compared. The described combined treatment of operative, local cytostatic, and irradiation therapy appears promising, with 22% of patients alive, and a maximum survival time of 51/2 years. Attention is drawn to proper information of the patient and his family regarding the disease and possible outcome.", "PMID": 696440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10614", "title": "The liquefaction (oncolysis) of malignant gliomas by a non pathogenic Clostridium.", "content": "Vascular glioblastomas become liquefied when contaminated with spores of the non-pathogenic Clostridium butyricum M 55. The spores are administered by intracarotid injection. The oncolysis is complete one week after injection. The glioblastoma is converted into a brain abscess which is then operated on appropriately. Forty nine patients have been treated in this manner. The rate of recurrence, however, remained uninfluenced.", "contents": "The liquefaction (oncolysis) of malignant gliomas by a non pathogenic Clostridium. Vascular glioblastomas become liquefied when contaminated with spores of the non-pathogenic Clostridium butyricum M 55. The spores are administered by intracarotid injection. The oncolysis is complete one week after injection. The glioblastoma is converted into a brain abscess which is then operated on appropriately. Forty nine patients have been treated in this manner. The rate of recurrence, however, remained uninfluenced.", "PMID": 696441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10615", "title": "Radiological detection of glioblastoma recurrence.", "content": "Brain scanning is of great value in detecting glioblastomas. Since there is little stress upon the patient by this method it is specially suitable for follow-up after surgical treatment and radiation therapy of this tumour, thus giving the best chance of an early detection of a recurrence. On the other hand angiography is essential if further surgery is necessary. Diagnostic problems may arise when using arteriography in cases of avascular recurrences and lack of space-occupying symptoms due to the following factors: Position and small size of the recurrence, growth into the operation cavity, and postoperative cerebral atrophy. Avascular mass lesions of other origin may mimic a tumour recurrence in the angiogram. Thus, a combined use of isotope studies and radiological investigations is necessary for an unequivocal detection of glioblastoma recurrences.", "contents": "Radiological detection of glioblastoma recurrence. Brain scanning is of great value in detecting glioblastomas. Since there is little stress upon the patient by this method it is specially suitable for follow-up after surgical treatment and radiation therapy of this tumour, thus giving the best chance of an early detection of a recurrence. On the other hand angiography is essential if further surgery is necessary. Diagnostic problems may arise when using arteriography in cases of avascular recurrences and lack of space-occupying symptoms due to the following factors: Position and small size of the recurrence, growth into the operation cavity, and postoperative cerebral atrophy. Avascular mass lesions of other origin may mimic a tumour recurrence in the angiogram. Thus, a combined use of isotope studies and radiological investigations is necessary for an unequivocal detection of glioblastoma recurrences.", "PMID": 696442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10616", "title": "The brain surrounding malignant gliomas: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Brain samples were taken in macroscopically oedematous zones during 21 operations for malignant glioma, and studied with the electron microscope. Oedema was found in 17 cases, mostly as serous extracellular fluid. Vascular changes in the oedema region are mostly as serous extracellular fluid. Vascular changes in the oedema region are mostly secondary to oedema: the origin of oedema fluid ought to be found in the tumour proper. Cellular reaction is slight; neuronal lesions may be ascribed mostly to a perturbation of axonal flow. Oedema round malignant gliomas and oedema round other malignant or benign tumours are morphologically distinct.", "contents": "The brain surrounding malignant gliomas: an ultrastructural study. Brain samples were taken in macroscopically oedematous zones during 21 operations for malignant glioma, and studied with the electron microscope. Oedema was found in 17 cases, mostly as serous extracellular fluid. Vascular changes in the oedema region are mostly as serous extracellular fluid. Vascular changes in the oedema region are mostly secondary to oedema: the origin of oedema fluid ought to be found in the tumour proper. Cellular reaction is slight; neuronal lesions may be ascribed mostly to a perturbation of axonal flow. Oedema round malignant gliomas and oedema round other malignant or benign tumours are morphologically distinct.", "PMID": 696443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10617", "title": "Axial transverse computerized tomography in 73 glioblastomas.", "content": "Among 2,600 patients, examined by computerized tomography, 404 had brain tumours, which were gliomas in 150 cases. There were 73 glioblastomas. Examination was performed according to Ambrose's method using an intravenous injection of 1 ml 60% contrast medium per kg body weight. Thus 98% of all gliomas could be demonstrated. Glioblastomas are shown in three different forms: an annular type (55%), a nodular type (18%), and a combined type (27%). Perifocal oedema is found in 88% of glioblastomas. The oedema most frequently belongs to grade II or III. Differentialdiagnosis of gliomas, abscess, metastases and other tumours with central necrosis are discussed.", "contents": "Axial transverse computerized tomography in 73 glioblastomas. Among 2,600 patients, examined by computerized tomography, 404 had brain tumours, which were gliomas in 150 cases. There were 73 glioblastomas. Examination was performed according to Ambrose's method using an intravenous injection of 1 ml 60% contrast medium per kg body weight. Thus 98% of all gliomas could be demonstrated. Glioblastomas are shown in three different forms: an annular type (55%), a nodular type (18%), and a combined type (27%). Perifocal oedema is found in 88% of glioblastomas. The oedema most frequently belongs to grade II or III. Differentialdiagnosis of gliomas, abscess, metastases and other tumours with central necrosis are discussed.", "PMID": 696444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10618", "title": "Boron-neutron capture therapy in relation to immunotherapy.", "content": "The essential feature of tumour therapy rests upon host-tumour interaction. To achieve therapeutic effects, a prerequisite to immunotherapy is the reduction of tumour cells in the host's body. Such measures should not be immunosuppressive. Cytotoxic chemotherapy is not appropriate in this regard. Supraradical surgery and non-specific radiotherapy are not desirable for preservation of nervous function, if their immunosuppression is not as severe as cytotoxic substances. Boron-neutron capture therapy is a highly specific and least immunosuppressive means of reducing tumour cells of the central nervous system. A brief introductory review of basic research is presented. The interim clinical results are: (i) Treatment of recurrent glioblastoma: Survival extension obtained by neutron capture therapy is 21.9 +/- 7.2 mos in contrast to that obtained by conventional treatments of 6.7 +/- 0.6 mos (p less than 0.001), (Total survival 26.3 +/- 6.7 mos); and (ii) only three patients including two glioblastoma cases were treated with neutron by the same surgeon who, by performing the first tumour operation, had the advantage in topographic knowledge for determining the radiation field. They survived 4, 5, and 6 years in almost fully active conditions. The new Musashi Institute of Technology Reactor Thermal Neutron Therapy Facility and the increased domestic production of boron-10 isotope have enlarged the therapeutic capacity to two dozen patients a year.", "contents": "Boron-neutron capture therapy in relation to immunotherapy. The essential feature of tumour therapy rests upon host-tumour interaction. To achieve therapeutic effects, a prerequisite to immunotherapy is the reduction of tumour cells in the host's body. Such measures should not be immunosuppressive. Cytotoxic chemotherapy is not appropriate in this regard. Supraradical surgery and non-specific radiotherapy are not desirable for preservation of nervous function, if their immunosuppression is not as severe as cytotoxic substances. Boron-neutron capture therapy is a highly specific and least immunosuppressive means of reducing tumour cells of the central nervous system. A brief introductory review of basic research is presented. The interim clinical results are: (i) Treatment of recurrent glioblastoma: Survival extension obtained by neutron capture therapy is 21.9 +/- 7.2 mos in contrast to that obtained by conventional treatments of 6.7 +/- 0.6 mos (p less than 0.001), (Total survival 26.3 +/- 6.7 mos); and (ii) only three patients including two glioblastoma cases were treated with neutron by the same surgeon who, by performing the first tumour operation, had the advantage in topographic knowledge for determining the radiation field. They survived 4, 5, and 6 years in almost fully active conditions. The new Musashi Institute of Technology Reactor Thermal Neutron Therapy Facility and the increased domestic production of boron-10 isotope have enlarged the therapeutic capacity to two dozen patients a year.", "PMID": 696445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10619", "title": "Combined chemotherapy with VM 26 and BCNU for recurrent malignant gliomas after operation and irradiation.", "content": "The preliminary results of a combined chemotherapy trial with VM 26 and BCNU for recurrent malignant gliomas are presented. Four patients out of seven responded favourably to this treatment. Toxicity was mild and reversible.", "contents": "Combined chemotherapy with VM 26 and BCNU for recurrent malignant gliomas after operation and irradiation. The preliminary results of a combined chemotherapy trial with VM 26 and BCNU for recurrent malignant gliomas are presented. Four patients out of seven responded favourably to this treatment. Toxicity was mild and reversible.", "PMID": 696446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10620", "title": "Studies on tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons.", "content": "All dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system do not respond to pharmacological and endocrinological manipulations in the same manner. Tuberoinfundibular neurons appear to be regulated, in part, by circulating levels of prolactin. Prolactin increases the activity of these neurons by acting directly within the medial basal hypothalamus, possibly on the tuberoinfundibular neurons.", "contents": "Studies on tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons. All dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system do not respond to pharmacological and endocrinological manipulations in the same manner. Tuberoinfundibular neurons appear to be regulated, in part, by circulating levels of prolactin. Prolactin increases the activity of these neurons by acting directly within the medial basal hypothalamus, possibly on the tuberoinfundibular neurons.", "PMID": 696461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10621", "title": "The preparation and analysis of myelin from small quantities of central nervous tissue: regional studies of the quaking mouse.", "content": "Myelin of considerable purity may be isolated from small (minimum 1 mg wet weight) samples of central nervous tissue, using a 4-step centrifugation procedure. The separation of myelin proteins by micro-linear gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis yields similar results to those obtained by macro-scale (homogeneous) gel systems. These techniques have been employed for a preliminary study of the regional composition of myelin fractions from the Quaking mouse.", "contents": "The preparation and analysis of myelin from small quantities of central nervous tissue: regional studies of the quaking mouse. Myelin of considerable purity may be isolated from small (minimum 1 mg wet weight) samples of central nervous tissue, using a 4-step centrifugation procedure. The separation of myelin proteins by micro-linear gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis yields similar results to those obtained by macro-scale (homogeneous) gel systems. These techniques have been employed for a preliminary study of the regional composition of myelin fractions from the Quaking mouse.", "PMID": 696471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10622", "title": "Abnormal myelin maturation in vitro: the role of cerebrosides.", "content": "Myelinating neonatal rat cerebellar explants were maintained for up to 130 days in vitro. Myelin fractions were extracted from explants of different ages and purified by density gradient centrifugation. Three fractions obtained were termed \"light myelin\", \"heavy myelin\" and \"membrane fraction\" and were deficient in glycolipids compared to myelin fractions prepared from 15-day-old rat cerebellum. The culture myelin has an apparently normal ultrastructure but may not be as stable as myelin with a normal glycolipid composition.", "contents": "Abnormal myelin maturation in vitro: the role of cerebrosides. Myelinating neonatal rat cerebellar explants were maintained for up to 130 days in vitro. Myelin fractions were extracted from explants of different ages and purified by density gradient centrifugation. Three fractions obtained were termed \"light myelin\", \"heavy myelin\" and \"membrane fraction\" and were deficient in glycolipids compared to myelin fractions prepared from 15-day-old rat cerebellum. The culture myelin has an apparently normal ultrastructure but may not be as stable as myelin with a normal glycolipid composition.", "PMID": 696472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10623", "title": "The molecular architecture of myelin: identification of the external surface membrane components.", "content": "Basic information concerning the molecular organization of the myelin membrane is an intrinsic requirement for understanding the neurochemical events leading to myelination, as well as the potential mechanism of demyelination that might exist at the molecular level for a variety of neurological diseases. The application of chemical, enzymatic, fluorescent, and immunological membrane probes has contributed significantly to this end, although the diverse structural complexity of the myelin sheath has permitted only a rudimentary understanding of its molecular organization. Nevertheless, compelling evidence is accumulating which suggests that components of myelin are asymmetrically distributed in the membrane. Such membrane asymmetry should not only provide important clues to the mechanisms of membrane assembly in the process of myelination, but should also serve as a paradigm for potential functional asymmetry of the individual components at the molecular level. One particularly useful membrane probe is galactose oxidase which has the capacity for identifying surface galactose residues in both glycoproteins and glycolipids on the external surface of the myelin sheath. The identification of these surface components on the myelin sheath is of primary importance since such components might be more readily susceptible to immunological damage or act as a viral receptor which ultimately might lead to demyelination.", "contents": "The molecular architecture of myelin: identification of the external surface membrane components. Basic information concerning the molecular organization of the myelin membrane is an intrinsic requirement for understanding the neurochemical events leading to myelination, as well as the potential mechanism of demyelination that might exist at the molecular level for a variety of neurological diseases. The application of chemical, enzymatic, fluorescent, and immunological membrane probes has contributed significantly to this end, although the diverse structural complexity of the myelin sheath has permitted only a rudimentary understanding of its molecular organization. Nevertheless, compelling evidence is accumulating which suggests that components of myelin are asymmetrically distributed in the membrane. Such membrane asymmetry should not only provide important clues to the mechanisms of membrane assembly in the process of myelination, but should also serve as a paradigm for potential functional asymmetry of the individual components at the molecular level. One particularly useful membrane probe is galactose oxidase which has the capacity for identifying surface galactose residues in both glycoproteins and glycolipids on the external surface of the myelin sheath. The identification of these surface components on the myelin sheath is of primary importance since such components might be more readily susceptible to immunological damage or act as a viral receptor which ultimately might lead to demyelination.", "PMID": 696473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10624", "title": "Covalent probe investigations with isolated central nerve myelin preparations.", "content": "The interaction of the covalently reacting probes dansyl chloride, fluorodinitrobenzene and trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid with isolated central nerve myelin sheath preparations has been studied. The three probes interact preferentially with accessible amino groups on lipid and protein in the membrane. With isolated myelin some 13% of the total phosphatidyl ethanolamine is labelled with dansyl chloride while the figure is 66% with fluorodinitro benzene and 47% with trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid. Lower levels of phosphatidyl serine are labelled. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine seems to be more accessible to probes in the myelin sheath than is phosphatidyl serine perhaps because the ethanolamine-containing lipid class is localised partially at the external apposition surfaces of the membrane which are most accessible to the probes. The serine phospholipids may not react so well because they are preferentially distributed at the cytoplasmic surface of the system. Analysis of protein labelling patterns after reaction of intact myelin with dansyl chloride indicates that the high molecular weight proteins and the proteolipid protein is accessible to the probe while the basic protein is not, even though this latter component is readily labelled with dansyl choride in purified form. It is suggested that the inability of the basic protein to react with myelin is perhaps due to the fact that it is occluded from interaction with the probe at the cytoplasmic apposition surfaces of the lamellae.", "contents": "Covalent probe investigations with isolated central nerve myelin preparations. The interaction of the covalently reacting probes dansyl chloride, fluorodinitrobenzene and trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid with isolated central nerve myelin sheath preparations has been studied. The three probes interact preferentially with accessible amino groups on lipid and protein in the membrane. With isolated myelin some 13% of the total phosphatidyl ethanolamine is labelled with dansyl chloride while the figure is 66% with fluorodinitro benzene and 47% with trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid. Lower levels of phosphatidyl serine are labelled. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine seems to be more accessible to probes in the myelin sheath than is phosphatidyl serine perhaps because the ethanolamine-containing lipid class is localised partially at the external apposition surfaces of the membrane which are most accessible to the probes. The serine phospholipids may not react so well because they are preferentially distributed at the cytoplasmic surface of the system. Analysis of protein labelling patterns after reaction of intact myelin with dansyl chloride indicates that the high molecular weight proteins and the proteolipid protein is accessible to the probe while the basic protein is not, even though this latter component is readily labelled with dansyl choride in purified form. It is suggested that the inability of the basic protein to react with myelin is perhaps due to the fact that it is occluded from interaction with the probe at the cytoplasmic apposition surfaces of the lamellae.", "PMID": 696474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10625", "title": "Lipid and fatty acid composition of human cerebral myelin during development.", "content": "A development study of major lipid fatty acids in human brain myelin was undertaken and compared to those in cerebral white matter of the same region. The myelin was isolated from 23 subjects at ages from newborn to old age. The proportions of cholesterol and galactolipids increased in myelin during the first 6 months of age and up to 2 years of age in cerebral white matter. During the same periods the individual phospholipids also showed marked variations. Serine phosphoglycerides and especially sphingomyelins increased, and choline phosphoglycerides decreased. The fatty acid patterns of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG) and sphingomyelins underwent the largest maturation changes. The proportions of saturated fatty acids in EPG diminished rapidly with a corresponding increase of monoenoic acids. Fatty acids of the linoleic acid series showed a peak between 4 months and 12 months of age, and then their proportion slowly diminished to old age. The fatty acid changes in serine phosphoglycerides were much less pronounced than in EPG but of similar type. In sphingomyelin the proportion of saturated long-chain fatty acids diminished while the proportion of monoenoic acids increased--this increase continued at least to the age of 15 years. The same fatty acid changes occurred in cerebrosides and sulfatides as in the sphingomyelins, but they were less pronounced. The fatty acid changes during development were much more pronounced in white matter than in myelin but already from 1-2 years of age the lipids of myelin and white matter had the same patterns--in the galactolipids from 2 months of age. The individual variations of the lipid fatty acid patterns were small except for at the youngest ages and the variations found for this period might depend on the difficulties in determining the gestational age.", "contents": "Lipid and fatty acid composition of human cerebral myelin during development. A development study of major lipid fatty acids in human brain myelin was undertaken and compared to those in cerebral white matter of the same region. The myelin was isolated from 23 subjects at ages from newborn to old age. The proportions of cholesterol and galactolipids increased in myelin during the first 6 months of age and up to 2 years of age in cerebral white matter. During the same periods the individual phospholipids also showed marked variations. Serine phosphoglycerides and especially sphingomyelins increased, and choline phosphoglycerides decreased. The fatty acid patterns of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG) and sphingomyelins underwent the largest maturation changes. The proportions of saturated fatty acids in EPG diminished rapidly with a corresponding increase of monoenoic acids. Fatty acids of the linoleic acid series showed a peak between 4 months and 12 months of age, and then their proportion slowly diminished to old age. The fatty acid changes in serine phosphoglycerides were much less pronounced than in EPG but of similar type. In sphingomyelin the proportion of saturated long-chain fatty acids diminished while the proportion of monoenoic acids increased--this increase continued at least to the age of 15 years. The same fatty acid changes occurred in cerebrosides and sulfatides as in the sphingomyelins, but they were less pronounced. The fatty acid changes during development were much more pronounced in white matter than in myelin but already from 1-2 years of age the lipids of myelin and white matter had the same patterns--in the galactolipids from 2 months of age. The individual variations of the lipid fatty acid patterns were small except for at the youngest ages and the variations found for this period might depend on the difficulties in determining the gestational age.", "PMID": 696475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10626", "title": "The action of trypsin on central and peripheral nerve myelin.", "content": "In contrast to other studies, our results demonstrate that low concentration of trypsin degrades a high proportion of proteolipid from CNS myelin. The Wolfgram protein and BP are vulnerable and completely lost on trypsinolysis, perhaps accounting for some of the peptides retained by the myelin. In PNS myelin, the major PO protein, a hydrophobic glycoprotein, is readily degraded to a stable 18,000--19,000 molecular weight unit, referred to as TPO protein, still retaining the carbohydrate unit which probably exists as a nonasaccharide grouping. Production of the TPO glycoprotein results from cleavage of a lysinyl-methionine or arginyl-methionine linkage probably found approximately 80--100 residues from the NH2-terminal isoleucine of the PO molecule. This linkage must be especially accessible to trypsin since the TPO protein is also generated in high yield when isolated PO protein is treated with trypsin in solution for 0.5 hours. Further incubation for 24 hours fully degrades the TPO protein to over 20 tryptic peptides, shown by peptide mapping, unlike the situation in myelin where the TPO unit is stable and resists further proteolysis. The TPO unit is also produced when PO protein is treated with BrCN. The PO protein contains 3 methionine residues but presumably the methionine residue in the trypsin-sensitive region is crucial; cleavage leads to the same TPO unit minus NH2-terminal methionine. Another methionine residue also exists in the TPO protein but it may be resistant to BrCN cleavage or else occupy a near-end position. Other proteins were also identified on PAGE of trypsinized PNS myelin: albumin, P2 protein, and PO protein. Albumin and P2 protein were identified in the acidic extract by reaction with specific antibody. The PO protein was isolated; it moved similarly to standard protein on SDS-PAGE and gave the appropriate amino acid analysis. However, it cannot be determined at this time whether a portion of these proteins remains because they are partially inaccessible to trypsin, or else are slightly attacked and thus represent early stages of trypsinolysis. The P2 protein of trypsinized myelin appears to migrate slightly faster than standard P2 protein on PAGE. Further work should clarify this point. Amino acid analysis and sequence data show that the PO protein is particularly hydrophobic, very likely existing in PNS myelin as an amphipathic molecule which penetrates the bilayer but which has a hydrophilic portion exposed. It is this hydrophilic region that contains much lysine, particularly the crucial lysinyl-methionine linkage, that is so trypsin-sensitive. Determination of the amino acid sequence of terminal portions of the isolated PO and TPO proteins serves to firmly establish the PO protein as a unique entity probably exclusive to PNS myelin. It can be concluded that the study of trypsin activity toward PNS myelin has made possible a new understanding of how proteins are positioned in the membrane, and provided valuable insight into the PO protein.", "contents": "The action of trypsin on central and peripheral nerve myelin. In contrast to other studies, our results demonstrate that low concentration of trypsin degrades a high proportion of proteolipid from CNS myelin. The Wolfgram protein and BP are vulnerable and completely lost on trypsinolysis, perhaps accounting for some of the peptides retained by the myelin. In PNS myelin, the major PO protein, a hydrophobic glycoprotein, is readily degraded to a stable 18,000--19,000 molecular weight unit, referred to as TPO protein, still retaining the carbohydrate unit which probably exists as a nonasaccharide grouping. Production of the TPO glycoprotein results from cleavage of a lysinyl-methionine or arginyl-methionine linkage probably found approximately 80--100 residues from the NH2-terminal isoleucine of the PO molecule. This linkage must be especially accessible to trypsin since the TPO protein is also generated in high yield when isolated PO protein is treated with trypsin in solution for 0.5 hours. Further incubation for 24 hours fully degrades the TPO protein to over 20 tryptic peptides, shown by peptide mapping, unlike the situation in myelin where the TPO unit is stable and resists further proteolysis. The TPO unit is also produced when PO protein is treated with BrCN. The PO protein contains 3 methionine residues but presumably the methionine residue in the trypsin-sensitive region is crucial; cleavage leads to the same TPO unit minus NH2-terminal methionine. Another methionine residue also exists in the TPO protein but it may be resistant to BrCN cleavage or else occupy a near-end position. Other proteins were also identified on PAGE of trypsinized PNS myelin: albumin, P2 protein, and PO protein. Albumin and P2 protein were identified in the acidic extract by reaction with specific antibody. The PO protein was isolated; it moved similarly to standard protein on SDS-PAGE and gave the appropriate amino acid analysis. However, it cannot be determined at this time whether a portion of these proteins remains because they are partially inaccessible to trypsin, or else are slightly attacked and thus represent early stages of trypsinolysis. The P2 protein of trypsinized myelin appears to migrate slightly faster than standard P2 protein on PAGE. Further work should clarify this point. Amino acid analysis and sequence data show that the PO protein is particularly hydrophobic, very likely existing in PNS myelin as an amphipathic molecule which penetrates the bilayer but which has a hydrophilic portion exposed. It is this hydrophilic region that contains much lysine, particularly the crucial lysinyl-methionine linkage, that is so trypsin-sensitive. Determination of the amino acid sequence of terminal portions of the isolated PO and TPO proteins serves to firmly establish the PO protein as a unique entity probably exclusive to PNS myelin. It can be concluded that the study of trypsin activity toward PNS myelin has made possible a new understanding of how proteins are positioned in the membrane, and provided valuable insight into the PO protein.", "PMID": 696476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10627", "title": "The effect of intoxication with alkylnitrosourea derivatives on cerebral myelin.", "content": "Adult BD IX rats were injected with methylnitrosourea and pregnant mice on the 15th day of gestation with a single intravenous dose of ethylnitrosourea and pregnant mice on the 15th day of gestation with a single intravenous dose of ethylnitrosourea. The cerebral myelin fraction of adult BD IX rats and of the mice offsprings was studied. It was found that a part of the rats intoxicated with methylnitrosourea developed spongious changes in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter. The myelin fraction of intoxicated rats also showed severe losses of sphingomyelin with a steady increase in the cholesterol ester content. The myelin fraction from mice intoxicated during the foetal development appeared deficient with respect to galactolipids and plasmalogen. It is concluded that, besides the carcinogenic effect, alkylnitrosourea derivatives effectively disturb the lipid metabolism of membrane structures of the central nervous system.", "contents": "The effect of intoxication with alkylnitrosourea derivatives on cerebral myelin. Adult BD IX rats were injected with methylnitrosourea and pregnant mice on the 15th day of gestation with a single intravenous dose of ethylnitrosourea and pregnant mice on the 15th day of gestation with a single intravenous dose of ethylnitrosourea. The cerebral myelin fraction of adult BD IX rats and of the mice offsprings was studied. It was found that a part of the rats intoxicated with methylnitrosourea developed spongious changes in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter. The myelin fraction of intoxicated rats also showed severe losses of sphingomyelin with a steady increase in the cholesterol ester content. The myelin fraction from mice intoxicated during the foetal development appeared deficient with respect to galactolipids and plasmalogen. It is concluded that, besides the carcinogenic effect, alkylnitrosourea derivatives effectively disturb the lipid metabolism of membrane structures of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 696478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10628", "title": "The immune response in human demyelinating diseases.", "content": "Lymphocytes present in the brain, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in multiple sclerosis (MS) are capable of synthesizing IgG. The CSF in MS contains more T-lymphocytes and fewer B-lymphocytes compared to blood. The reactivity of CSF lymphocytes in MS to T-cell mitogens and probably also to a combined B-and T-cell mitogen is absent or heavily reduced. This unresponsiveness of CSF lymphocytes may be a consequence of their previous activation. The blood lymphocytes in MS are not altered regarding distribution of B-and T-cells, nor regarding responsiveness to mitogens, when compared with healthy controls. An asynchronous synthesis of heavy and light immunoglobulin chains occurs within the CNS in many MS patients, giving rise to oligoclonal band patterns on electrophoresis and abnormal kappa/lambda light chain ratios of CSF. The synthesized immunoglobulins are most probably antibodies which may play a role in the pathogenesis and course of human demyelinating diseases. The brain must be regarded, from an immunological point of view, as a privileged site with its own immune system and its characteristic immune reactions, and future research concerning demyelinating diseases should, if possible, include investigations of these reactions.", "contents": "The immune response in human demyelinating diseases. Lymphocytes present in the brain, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in multiple sclerosis (MS) are capable of synthesizing IgG. The CSF in MS contains more T-lymphocytes and fewer B-lymphocytes compared to blood. The reactivity of CSF lymphocytes in MS to T-cell mitogens and probably also to a combined B-and T-cell mitogen is absent or heavily reduced. This unresponsiveness of CSF lymphocytes may be a consequence of their previous activation. The blood lymphocytes in MS are not altered regarding distribution of B-and T-cells, nor regarding responsiveness to mitogens, when compared with healthy controls. An asynchronous synthesis of heavy and light immunoglobulin chains occurs within the CNS in many MS patients, giving rise to oligoclonal band patterns on electrophoresis and abnormal kappa/lambda light chain ratios of CSF. The synthesized immunoglobulins are most probably antibodies which may play a role in the pathogenesis and course of human demyelinating diseases. The brain must be regarded, from an immunological point of view, as a privileged site with its own immune system and its characteristic immune reactions, and future research concerning demyelinating diseases should, if possible, include investigations of these reactions.", "PMID": 696479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10629", "title": "Proliferating cells in demyelinating states.", "content": "Proliferation of mononuclear cells was examined with an autoradiography method in the CSF and peripheral blood of 13 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), serially during activation of disease in one patient with subacute sclerosis panencephalitis (SSPE), and in some control patients with various neurological conditions. High cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell labelling indices, up to 1.7%, which could not be directly related to the clinical activity of the disease, were found in some MS patients. During activation of SSPE there was marked increase in labelled cells of CSF, up to 4.3%. In controls, corresponding CSF indices ranged from less than 0.1% to 0.4%. Mononuclear cells in CSF and peripheral blood behaved as clearly different cell populations.", "contents": "Proliferating cells in demyelinating states. Proliferation of mononuclear cells was examined with an autoradiography method in the CSF and peripheral blood of 13 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), serially during activation of disease in one patient with subacute sclerosis panencephalitis (SSPE), and in some control patients with various neurological conditions. High cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell labelling indices, up to 1.7%, which could not be directly related to the clinical activity of the disease, were found in some MS patients. During activation of SSPE there was marked increase in labelled cells of CSF, up to 4.3%. In controls, corresponding CSF indices ranged from less than 0.1% to 0.4%. Mononuclear cells in CSF and peripheral blood behaved as clearly different cell populations.", "PMID": 696480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10630", "title": "Metabolic studies of adrenoleukodystrophy.", "content": "Two series of metabolic studies were prompted by the previous finding that the brain and adrenal tissues of patients with adrenoleukodystrophy, an X-linked genetic disorder, contain unusually long-chain (C22--C32) fatty acids in cholesterol esters and gangliosides. Postmortem brain tissues from three patients were assayed for activities of the three distinct cholesterol ester hydrolases, using [4-14C]cholesterol oleate, lignocerate and cerotate as the substrates. No deficiency of the crude mitochrondrial (pH 4.2), the microsomal (pH 6.0), or the myelin-localized cholesterol ester hydrolases was detected, although the activities of the myelin-localized cholesterol ester hydrolase against cholesteryl lignocerate and cerotate were too low for reliable assays. The activities of the microsomal and myelin-localized hydrolases were actually higher in adrenoleukodystrophy than in controls. Uptake and exclusion by cultured fibroblasts of [1-14C]stearic, [1-14C]lignoceric and [1-14C)cerotic acids were also examined. All fatty acids were avidly taken up by the fibroblasts. Stearic acid was excluded from the cells much more rapidly than lignoceric or cerotic acid. No difference was observed in the uptake and exclusion of fatty acids between the controls and adrenoleukodystrophy, except that cells from some cases of adrenoleukodystrophy consistently took up the very long chain fatty acids at greater rates than the control cells. Neither did the distribution of the label among individual lipids reveal differences between the controls and adrenoleukodystrophy, although there were interesting and dramatic differences in the metabolism of lignoceric acid and cerotic acid. Cerotic acid appeared largely inert with 90--95% remaining intact over eight days, while lignoceric acid was mostly incorporated into complex lipids. This series of studies did not uncover the fundamental genetic defect underlying adrenoleukodystrophy.", "contents": "Metabolic studies of adrenoleukodystrophy. Two series of metabolic studies were prompted by the previous finding that the brain and adrenal tissues of patients with adrenoleukodystrophy, an X-linked genetic disorder, contain unusually long-chain (C22--C32) fatty acids in cholesterol esters and gangliosides. Postmortem brain tissues from three patients were assayed for activities of the three distinct cholesterol ester hydrolases, using [4-14C]cholesterol oleate, lignocerate and cerotate as the substrates. No deficiency of the crude mitochrondrial (pH 4.2), the microsomal (pH 6.0), or the myelin-localized cholesterol ester hydrolases was detected, although the activities of the myelin-localized cholesterol ester hydrolase against cholesteryl lignocerate and cerotate were too low for reliable assays. The activities of the microsomal and myelin-localized hydrolases were actually higher in adrenoleukodystrophy than in controls. Uptake and exclusion by cultured fibroblasts of [1-14C]stearic, [1-14C]lignoceric and [1-14C)cerotic acids were also examined. All fatty acids were avidly taken up by the fibroblasts. Stearic acid was excluded from the cells much more rapidly than lignoceric or cerotic acid. No difference was observed in the uptake and exclusion of fatty acids between the controls and adrenoleukodystrophy, except that cells from some cases of adrenoleukodystrophy consistently took up the very long chain fatty acids at greater rates than the control cells. Neither did the distribution of the label among individual lipids reveal differences between the controls and adrenoleukodystrophy, although there were interesting and dramatic differences in the metabolism of lignoceric acid and cerotic acid. Cerotic acid appeared largely inert with 90--95% remaining intact over eight days, while lignoceric acid was mostly incorporated into complex lipids. This series of studies did not uncover the fundamental genetic defect underlying adrenoleukodystrophy.", "PMID": 696482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10631", "title": "Biochemical study on myelin in adrenoleukodystrophy.", "content": "Two myelin fractions, heavy and light, were isolated from white matter of a patient with adrenoleukodystrophy. Morphologically, heavy myelin fraction showed compact lamellar structures, and light myelin fraction consisted of loose lamellar structures and rod-like clear space. Analytical studies demonstrated that the chemical composition of heavy myelin fraction was almost the same as that of normal myelin and that light myelin fraction consisted mainly of cholesterol. Long chain saturated fatty acids, C25:0 and C26:0, were increased and C24:1 was decreased in sphingoglycolipids of heavy myelin fraction of the patient.", "contents": "Biochemical study on myelin in adrenoleukodystrophy. Two myelin fractions, heavy and light, were isolated from white matter of a patient with adrenoleukodystrophy. Morphologically, heavy myelin fraction showed compact lamellar structures, and light myelin fraction consisted of loose lamellar structures and rod-like clear space. Analytical studies demonstrated that the chemical composition of heavy myelin fraction was almost the same as that of normal myelin and that light myelin fraction consisted mainly of cholesterol. Long chain saturated fatty acids, C25:0 and C26:0, were increased and C24:1 was decreased in sphingoglycolipids of heavy myelin fraction of the patient.", "PMID": 696481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10632", "title": "Studies of isolated, maintained oligodendroglia: biochemistry, metabolism, and in vitro myelin synthesis.", "content": "Oligodendroglia can be isolated in bulk from dissected white matter of lamb or bovine brain. Studies of the composition of the whole cell and of glial subfractions were performed to detect similarities to mature myelin. With care isolated oligodendroglia can now be maintained in culture for three to four days. While in culture the cells elaborate a form of glial myelin which has characteristics of both the intact cell and of mature myelin. Glial myelin reacts with both the antiserum to oligodendroglial surface components and with antiserum to galacto-cerebroside; it increases in amount with time in culture; if various radiolabeled substrates are added to the cells in culture, the glial myelin has both lipids and proteins which are extensively radiolabeled; the glial myelin has both basic protein and 2',3'-cyclic AMPase associated with it. Thus this model system may be an excellent system for studying myelin assembly in vitro.", "contents": "Studies of isolated, maintained oligodendroglia: biochemistry, metabolism, and in vitro myelin synthesis. Oligodendroglia can be isolated in bulk from dissected white matter of lamb or bovine brain. Studies of the composition of the whole cell and of glial subfractions were performed to detect similarities to mature myelin. With care isolated oligodendroglia can now be maintained in culture for three to four days. While in culture the cells elaborate a form of glial myelin which has characteristics of both the intact cell and of mature myelin. Glial myelin reacts with both the antiserum to oligodendroglial surface components and with antiserum to galacto-cerebroside; it increases in amount with time in culture; if various radiolabeled substrates are added to the cells in culture, the glial myelin has both lipids and proteins which are extensively radiolabeled; the glial myelin has both basic protein and 2',3'-cyclic AMPase associated with it. Thus this model system may be an excellent system for studying myelin assembly in vitro.", "PMID": 696487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10633", "title": "Regulation of the activity of respiratory muscles during sleep.", "content": "This review concerns studies on the electrograms of respiratory muscles carried out in unrestrained sleeping cats. The respiratory unit discharges of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles undergo only quantitative changes from quiet wakefulness to synchronized sleep. Intercostal postural activity is also evident whereas such activity is practically absent in diaphragmatic electrograms. During desynchronized sleep the activity, both postural and respiratory, of intercostal muscles is tonically depressed and highly irregular, while diaphragmatic electrograms are scarcely affected, except for random disturbances related to the phasic events of this stage of sleep (rems, muscle twitches). The changes in the activity of intercostal muscles do not depend on modifications of the activity of respiratory centres as phrenic motor neurones are not tonically depressed. Only strong phasic influences of non-respiratory brain stem structures may affect phrenic motor neurones during desynchronized sleep. The depression of intercostal respiratory activity during this stage of sleep rather depends on the tonic inhibitory influences of brain stem structures on spinal motor neurones affecting also intercostal postural activity. The respiratory frequency during desynchronized sleep increases and decreases above eupneic and below polypneic values of synchronized sleep, respectively. Such a phenomenon cannot be related to the tonic brain stem inhibition of spinal motor neurones occurring during desynchronized sleep as it is unlikely that the same influence may elicit two opposite effects. These effects can be better explained on the basis of a release of respiratory centres from higher controls, particularly hypothalamic. In conclusion, the clear dichotomy in respiratory motor innervation between synchronized and desynchronized sleep reveals a basic change in respiratory regulation whose functional significance is still obscure.", "contents": "Regulation of the activity of respiratory muscles during sleep. This review concerns studies on the electrograms of respiratory muscles carried out in unrestrained sleeping cats. The respiratory unit discharges of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles undergo only quantitative changes from quiet wakefulness to synchronized sleep. Intercostal postural activity is also evident whereas such activity is practically absent in diaphragmatic electrograms. During desynchronized sleep the activity, both postural and respiratory, of intercostal muscles is tonically depressed and highly irregular, while diaphragmatic electrograms are scarcely affected, except for random disturbances related to the phasic events of this stage of sleep (rems, muscle twitches). The changes in the activity of intercostal muscles do not depend on modifications of the activity of respiratory centres as phrenic motor neurones are not tonically depressed. Only strong phasic influences of non-respiratory brain stem structures may affect phrenic motor neurones during desynchronized sleep. The depression of intercostal respiratory activity during this stage of sleep rather depends on the tonic inhibitory influences of brain stem structures on spinal motor neurones affecting also intercostal postural activity. The respiratory frequency during desynchronized sleep increases and decreases above eupneic and below polypneic values of synchronized sleep, respectively. Such a phenomenon cannot be related to the tonic brain stem inhibition of spinal motor neurones occurring during desynchronized sleep as it is unlikely that the same influence may elicit two opposite effects. These effects can be better explained on the basis of a release of respiratory centres from higher controls, particularly hypothalamic. In conclusion, the clear dichotomy in respiratory motor innervation between synchronized and desynchronized sleep reveals a basic change in respiratory regulation whose functional significance is still obscure.", "PMID": 696507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10634", "title": "[An analysis of the efficiency-stage in pupils suffering from chronic nonspecific lung diseases (CNSLD) (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations were performed into school-certificates of 70 school-children suffering from CNSLD (controllgroup: 360 healthy children). Although the quantity of the days of the absence from school in the CNSLD-group is more than six times higher--most differences between the two groups were not significant, or the results of the sick children were even rather better than those of healthy ones. The eventual causes of this phenomenon are discussed (a good attitude in learning? a systematic promotion of this children at school and in the family? etc.).", "contents": "[An analysis of the efficiency-stage in pupils suffering from chronic nonspecific lung diseases (CNSLD) (author's transl)]. Investigations were performed into school-certificates of 70 school-children suffering from CNSLD (controllgroup: 360 healthy children). Although the quantity of the days of the absence from school in the CNSLD-group is more than six times higher--most differences between the two groups were not significant, or the results of the sick children were even rather better than those of healthy ones. The eventual causes of this phenomenon are discussed (a good attitude in learning? a systematic promotion of this children at school and in the family? etc.).", "PMID": 696513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10635", "title": "[Morbidity analysis and rehabilitation of children and young people exempted from obigatory sports at school (author's transl)].", "content": "Stress is laid on the importance of sports instruction in the process of educating the young generation. Illness and injuries have a bad effect and result in exemption from sports lessons at school. The extent of these factors in the district of Weissenfels is shown in analysis and a therapy schedule based on empirical data has been developed for the rehabilitation of children and young people exempted from obigatory sports at school.", "contents": "[Morbidity analysis and rehabilitation of children and young people exempted from obigatory sports at school (author's transl)]. Stress is laid on the importance of sports instruction in the process of educating the young generation. Illness and injuries have a bad effect and result in exemption from sports lessons at school. The extent of these factors in the district of Weissenfels is shown in analysis and a therapy schedule based on empirical data has been developed for the rehabilitation of children and young people exempted from obigatory sports at school.", "PMID": 696514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10636", "title": "[Development of body-height in children from G\u00f6rlitz (author's transl)].", "content": "The growth from birth till to last school-health-examination of 3 annual-sets (1957, 1958 and 1959) in the town of Goerlitz is presented. There are significant differences between the sexes. The growth of girls is more harmonious than that of boys. The growth rate in puberty in girls starts earlier and ends quicker. In boys the same phaenomenon begins later. The period of growth in boys is longer and produces a higher result.", "contents": "[Development of body-height in children from G\u00f6rlitz (author's transl)]. The growth from birth till to last school-health-examination of 3 annual-sets (1957, 1958 and 1959) in the town of Goerlitz is presented. There are significant differences between the sexes. The growth of girls is more harmonious than that of boys. The growth rate in puberty in girls starts earlier and ends quicker. In boys the same phaenomenon begins later. The period of growth in boys is longer and produces a higher result.", "PMID": 696515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10637", "title": "[On the phenomenology of juvenile sexual delinquency and on the phenomenology of juvenile sexual delinquents - child-neuropsychiatric aspects of prevention of deviating sexual behaviour. Juvenile sexual delinquency:introduction to the problems, phenomenology (author's transl)].", "content": "The prophylaxis and clearing-up rate of deviating sexual behaviour of adolescents could be favourably influenced, if doctors, teachers and judicial administrators had a better knowledge of the phenomenology of sexual delicts as well as sexual delinquents. 87 expert opinions on juvenile sexual delinquents were analysed under this aspect. In the majority of cases sexual delicts of adolescents reveal a far more extensive disturbance in their individual and social development.", "contents": "[On the phenomenology of juvenile sexual delinquency and on the phenomenology of juvenile sexual delinquents - child-neuropsychiatric aspects of prevention of deviating sexual behaviour. Juvenile sexual delinquency:introduction to the problems, phenomenology (author's transl)]. The prophylaxis and clearing-up rate of deviating sexual behaviour of adolescents could be favourably influenced, if doctors, teachers and judicial administrators had a better knowledge of the phenomenology of sexual delicts as well as sexual delinquents. 87 expert opinions on juvenile sexual delinquents were analysed under this aspect. In the majority of cases sexual delicts of adolescents reveal a far more extensive disturbance in their individual and social development.", "PMID": 696516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10638", "title": "Postural and reflex integration in schizophrenic patients.", "content": "The relationship among primitive postural reflexes, postural and bilateral integration, and premorbid adjustment were examined in 29 subjects who were divided into 3 groups: normal, chronic process nonparanoid schizophrenic, and chronic paranoid schizophrenic. Significant differences were found between the normal and szhizophrenic groups on the tonic labyrinthine reflex and on five of the six measures of postural and bilateral integration. No significant differences were found between the two schizophrenic groups on any of the test variables. There were significant positive correlations between the tonic labyrinthine reflex, postural and bilateral integration, and premorbid status in the subjects studied.", "contents": "Postural and reflex integration in schizophrenic patients. The relationship among primitive postural reflexes, postural and bilateral integration, and premorbid adjustment were examined in 29 subjects who were divided into 3 groups: normal, chronic process nonparanoid schizophrenic, and chronic paranoid schizophrenic. Significant differences were found between the normal and szhizophrenic groups on the tonic labyrinthine reflex and on five of the six measures of postural and bilateral integration. No significant differences were found between the two schizophrenic groups on any of the test variables. There were significant positive correlations between the tonic labyrinthine reflex, postural and bilateral integration, and premorbid status in the subjects studied.", "PMID": 696545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10639", "title": "The effect of concurrent manual activity on the dichotic listening performance of boys with learning disabilities.", "content": "Three groups of learning-disabled children, defined according to their Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) profiles, and one normal control group, were given both a standard dichotic listening task and a dichotic listening task performed concurrently with a manual tapping task. Learning-disabled children who showed no disparity in their verbal and performance subscale scores on the WISC demonstrated a right ear preference under standard testing and when tapping with the left hand, but not the right, which was nearly the same pattern as that obtained by the control group. Learning-disabled children whose verbal WISC score was at least 15 point lower than their performance demonstrated a right-ear preference only when tapping with their left hand. Finally, learning-disabled children who had high verbal, low performance WISC profiles showed no ear preference under any conditions. These results were interpreted as indicating that these three types of learning-disabled children are differentially lateralized and differentially affected by the facilitory-inhibitory effects of concurrent hemispheric activities.", "contents": "The effect of concurrent manual activity on the dichotic listening performance of boys with learning disabilities. Three groups of learning-disabled children, defined according to their Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) profiles, and one normal control group, were given both a standard dichotic listening task and a dichotic listening task performed concurrently with a manual tapping task. Learning-disabled children who showed no disparity in their verbal and performance subscale scores on the WISC demonstrated a right ear preference under standard testing and when tapping with the left hand, but not the right, which was nearly the same pattern as that obtained by the control group. Learning-disabled children whose verbal WISC score was at least 15 point lower than their performance demonstrated a right-ear preference only when tapping with their left hand. Finally, learning-disabled children who had high verbal, low performance WISC profiles showed no ear preference under any conditions. These results were interpreted as indicating that these three types of learning-disabled children are differentially lateralized and differentially affected by the facilitory-inhibitory effects of concurrent hemispheric activities.", "PMID": 696547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10640", "title": "Sex of a parent and knowledge about cerebral palsy.", "content": "Parents of cerebral-palsied children who attended a rehabilitation center were asked to complete both a subjective questionnaire and an objective scale to tap their knowledge about cerebral palsy. A 33 percent return was obtained. According to the results from the questionnaire, both parents tended to believe that mothers are more knowledgeable about cerebral palsy. However, an analysis of the results of the scale indicated that a parent's knowledge about the disability and how to treat it is determined or influenced by the sex of the handicapped child. Other information gained suggested that the rehabilitation center therapists are important sources of information about cerebral palsy for most parents, and the parents also suggested ways in which to improve community services to the families of children with cerebral palsy.", "contents": "Sex of a parent and knowledge about cerebral palsy. Parents of cerebral-palsied children who attended a rehabilitation center were asked to complete both a subjective questionnaire and an objective scale to tap their knowledge about cerebral palsy. A 33 percent return was obtained. According to the results from the questionnaire, both parents tended to believe that mothers are more knowledgeable about cerebral palsy. However, an analysis of the results of the scale indicated that a parent's knowledge about the disability and how to treat it is determined or influenced by the sex of the handicapped child. Other information gained suggested that the rehabilitation center therapists are important sources of information about cerebral palsy for most parents, and the parents also suggested ways in which to improve community services to the families of children with cerebral palsy.", "PMID": 696548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10641", "title": "Correctional institutions: an overview.", "content": "Correctional programs may be viewed as providing treatment or as providing services. These views are based upon various theories of criminal behavior, and influence the approaches and activities to be used within the programs. Programs based upon a treatment approach exhibit many similarities to programs for psychiatric patients. The prison as a total institution bears many resemblances to the long-term psychiatric hospital. These are discussed, together with the validity of treatment approaches and alternative service approaches. A brief historical overview of the prison is also given. Correctional theories and salient points from the literature are examined to identify concepts important for correctional programs, and several implications for occupational therapists in correctional programs are discussed.", "contents": "Correctional institutions: an overview. Correctional programs may be viewed as providing treatment or as providing services. These views are based upon various theories of criminal behavior, and influence the approaches and activities to be used within the programs. Programs based upon a treatment approach exhibit many similarities to programs for psychiatric patients. The prison as a total institution bears many resemblances to the long-term psychiatric hospital. These are discussed, together with the validity of treatment approaches and alternative service approaches. A brief historical overview of the prison is also given. Correctional theories and salient points from the literature are examined to identify concepts important for correctional programs, and several implications for occupational therapists in correctional programs are discussed.", "PMID": 696549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10642", "title": "Reproducibility of a consensus panel in the interpretation of coronary angiograms.", "content": "This report describes the consistency of coronary angiogram evaluation by a four man panel of experts rendering \"consensus opinion.\" The panel evaluated films from 38 patients at two grading sessions separated by an interval of seven months. Fourteen patients' films were selected at random for duplicate evaluation. These contained 186 lesion sites. The panel was 95% consistent in designating significant stenosis (greater than or equal to 70%). \"Consensus\" panel reading appears more consistent than \"group opinion\" panel reading. The over-all standard deviation of the difference in panel reading was 14%. The panel was most consistent in evaluating the right coronary artery, proximal LAD, and proximal circumflex. In the left main segment two of fourteen duplicate evaluations showed major discrepancy.", "contents": "Reproducibility of a consensus panel in the interpretation of coronary angiograms. This report describes the consistency of coronary angiogram evaluation by a four man panel of experts rendering \"consensus opinion.\" The panel evaluated films from 38 patients at two grading sessions separated by an interval of seven months. Fourteen patients' films were selected at random for duplicate evaluation. These contained 186 lesion sites. The panel was 95% consistent in designating significant stenosis (greater than or equal to 70%). \"Consensus\" panel reading appears more consistent than \"group opinion\" panel reading. The over-all standard deviation of the difference in panel reading was 14%. The panel was most consistent in evaluating the right coronary artery, proximal LAD, and proximal circumflex. In the left main segment two of fourteen duplicate evaluations showed major discrepancy.", "PMID": 696563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10643", "title": "Coronary artery fistulas emptying into left heart chambers.", "content": "We present three cases of coronary artery fistulas entering into the left heart chambers. Coronary arteriography in one showed aneurysmal dilatation of the main left coronary artery and a fistulous communication with a large left atrium. Exploration during repair revealed an anomalous branch of the left circumflex emptying into the left atrium. In the second case the proximal left circumflex gave rise to a branch supplying a hemangioma which emptied into the left atrium. Coronary arteriograms of the third patient showed an enlarged left anterior descending artery with an anomalous branch emptying into the left ventricle. Shunt flow was estimated with hydrogen as a tracer in the last two cases and was two thirds and one third of the left coronary inflow, respectively. Review of the literature shows 32 previously reported cases of a fistula draining into the left side of the heart.", "contents": "Coronary artery fistulas emptying into left heart chambers. We present three cases of coronary artery fistulas entering into the left heart chambers. Coronary arteriography in one showed aneurysmal dilatation of the main left coronary artery and a fistulous communication with a large left atrium. Exploration during repair revealed an anomalous branch of the left circumflex emptying into the left atrium. In the second case the proximal left circumflex gave rise to a branch supplying a hemangioma which emptied into the left atrium. Coronary arteriograms of the third patient showed an enlarged left anterior descending artery with an anomalous branch emptying into the left ventricle. Shunt flow was estimated with hydrogen as a tracer in the last two cases and was two thirds and one third of the left coronary inflow, respectively. Review of the literature shows 32 previously reported cases of a fistula draining into the left side of the heart.", "PMID": 696564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10644", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of porcine heterograft valves in the mitral and aortic positions.", "content": "We evaluated 15 porcine heterograft valves in the mitral position and seven in the aortic position by echocardiography. Combining our quantitative description of valve stent and leaflet motion with 31 previously reported cases, we suggest echocardiographic criteria for the range of normal porcine heterograft valve motion in the mitral position. Quantitative evaluation of valve leaflet and stent motion for valves in the aortic position is described for the first time. Correlative hemodynamic and echocardiographic data is provided for three patients who underwent postoperative catheterization. The use of echocardiography in following the function of porcine heterograft valves is discussed.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of porcine heterograft valves in the mitral and aortic positions. We evaluated 15 porcine heterograft valves in the mitral position and seven in the aortic position by echocardiography. Combining our quantitative description of valve stent and leaflet motion with 31 previously reported cases, we suggest echocardiographic criteria for the range of normal porcine heterograft valve motion in the mitral position. Quantitative evaluation of valve leaflet and stent motion for valves in the aortic position is described for the first time. Correlative hemodynamic and echocardiographic data is provided for three patients who underwent postoperative catheterization. The use of echocardiography in following the function of porcine heterograft valves is discussed.", "PMID": 696565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10645", "title": "The predictive value of anginal chest pain as an indicator of coronary disease during exercise testing.", "content": "To determine the significance of anginal chest pain during exercise testing, a series of 302 patients undergoing coronary arteriography with exercise testing was reviewed. Of the 302 patients, 85 had ischemic ECG changes and chest pain (Group I); 87 patients had ischemic ECG changes but no chest pain (Group II); 25 patients had chest pain but no ischemic ECG changes (Group III); 105 patients had neither chest pain nor ischemic ECG changes (Group IV). Coronary artery disease was present in 95% of Group I, 75% of Group II, 72% of Group III, and 28% of Group IV. Of those patients with coronary disease, multiple vessels were involved in 94% of Group I, 51% of Group II, 67% of Group III, and 21% of Group IV. The predictive value for presence and extent of coronary disease showed Group I greater than Groups II and III greater than Group IV (p less than 0.025). We conclude that (1) anginal chest pain during exercise testing predicts the presence and extent of coronary disease more accurately than its absence; (2) the presence of chest pain even without an ischemic ECG response during exercise testing appears to be as predictive of coronary disease as an ischemic ECG response alone; and (3) the combination of anginal chest pain during exercise testing and an ischemic ECG response is highly predictive of multivessel coronary artery disease.", "contents": "The predictive value of anginal chest pain as an indicator of coronary disease during exercise testing. To determine the significance of anginal chest pain during exercise testing, a series of 302 patients undergoing coronary arteriography with exercise testing was reviewed. Of the 302 patients, 85 had ischemic ECG changes and chest pain (Group I); 87 patients had ischemic ECG changes but no chest pain (Group II); 25 patients had chest pain but no ischemic ECG changes (Group III); 105 patients had neither chest pain nor ischemic ECG changes (Group IV). Coronary artery disease was present in 95% of Group I, 75% of Group II, 72% of Group III, and 28% of Group IV. Of those patients with coronary disease, multiple vessels were involved in 94% of Group I, 51% of Group II, 67% of Group III, and 21% of Group IV. The predictive value for presence and extent of coronary disease showed Group I greater than Groups II and III greater than Group IV (p less than 0.025). We conclude that (1) anginal chest pain during exercise testing predicts the presence and extent of coronary disease more accurately than its absence; (2) the presence of chest pain even without an ischemic ECG response during exercise testing appears to be as predictive of coronary disease as an ischemic ECG response alone; and (3) the combination of anginal chest pain during exercise testing and an ischemic ECG response is highly predictive of multivessel coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 696566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10646", "title": "An evaluation of range gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography for detecting pulmonary outflow tract obstruction in d-transposition of the great vessels.", "content": "The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of range gated pulsed Doppler (RGPD) echocardiography for detecting obstruction to the pulmonary outflow tract in children with d-transposition of the great vessels (d-TGV). Twenty-one children were randomly selected for those available with d-TGV and were studied by precordial and suprasternal RGPD echocardiography. Three were excluded, leaving a population of 18 subjects. The exclusive criterion used to judge the RGPD results was the output of the time interval histogram (TIH). Coherence of the TIH was considered to represent laminar flow. Dispersion of the TIH was considered evidence of flow disturbance and obstruction to the outflow tract. With the range gating feature, the first site of disturbance could be localized. Information was handled by a technique that decreased bias. RGPD results were then compared to diagnoses of the outflow tract established at cardiac catheterization or operation. Comparison of these results indicated that all seven children with obstruction were correctly identified by RGPD study, and the level of the first obstruction was correctly identified. With one exception, all children without pulmonary obstruction were correctly identified by the examination.", "contents": "An evaluation of range gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography for detecting pulmonary outflow tract obstruction in d-transposition of the great vessels. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of range gated pulsed Doppler (RGPD) echocardiography for detecting obstruction to the pulmonary outflow tract in children with d-transposition of the great vessels (d-TGV). Twenty-one children were randomly selected for those available with d-TGV and were studied by precordial and suprasternal RGPD echocardiography. Three were excluded, leaving a population of 18 subjects. The exclusive criterion used to judge the RGPD results was the output of the time interval histogram (TIH). Coherence of the TIH was considered to represent laminar flow. Dispersion of the TIH was considered evidence of flow disturbance and obstruction to the outflow tract. With the range gating feature, the first site of disturbance could be localized. Information was handled by a technique that decreased bias. RGPD results were then compared to diagnoses of the outflow tract established at cardiac catheterization or operation. Comparison of these results indicated that all seven children with obstruction were correctly identified by RGPD study, and the level of the first obstruction was correctly identified. With one exception, all children without pulmonary obstruction were correctly identified by the examination.", "PMID": 696567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10647", "title": "Blood pressure levels in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serial blood pressure recordings were taken for 72 hours in 112 patients with acute myocardial infarction and in 96 patients with cardiac ischemia, admitted to hospital no more than 6 hours after the onset of chest pain. During the first hour of admission 66 (31.7%) had a blood pressure recorded 160/100 or greater. By the sixth hour, without specific antihypertensive therapy, this number had fallen to 13 (6.3%). This fall was subsequently maintained with very similar trends for both acute myocardial infarction and cardiac ischemia. Such an early blood pressure fall in acute myocardial infarction may indicate that this is too labile a measurement to determine the need for, or efficacy of, antihypertensive therapy aimed at the preservation of myocardium. The hospital course and mortality rate of patients with acute myocardial infarction and early hypertension, as defined, did not differ significantly from the non-hypertensive group.", "contents": "Blood pressure levels in acute myocardial infarction. Serial blood pressure recordings were taken for 72 hours in 112 patients with acute myocardial infarction and in 96 patients with cardiac ischemia, admitted to hospital no more than 6 hours after the onset of chest pain. During the first hour of admission 66 (31.7%) had a blood pressure recorded 160/100 or greater. By the sixth hour, without specific antihypertensive therapy, this number had fallen to 13 (6.3%). This fall was subsequently maintained with very similar trends for both acute myocardial infarction and cardiac ischemia. Such an early blood pressure fall in acute myocardial infarction may indicate that this is too labile a measurement to determine the need for, or efficacy of, antihypertensive therapy aimed at the preservation of myocardium. The hospital course and mortality rate of patients with acute myocardial infarction and early hypertension, as defined, did not differ significantly from the non-hypertensive group.", "PMID": 696568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10648", "title": "The effect of aging on ventricular contractile performance.", "content": "The effects of aging on mechanical performance of isolated canine right ventricular trabeculae were studied in two age groups. The first group was comprised of nine dogs, about 9 months of age. The second group was composed of seven dogs over 8 years of age. Aging had no significant effect on developed force. Extent of shortening tended to decrease. There was a significant decrease in both the rate of rise of tension and the velocity of shortening (20%). THis reduction was primarily due to an increased duration of contraction. Twitch duration increased by as much as 40% during aging but most of this prolongation was due to a profound slowing of relaxation. Aging caused a significant increase in passive stiffness since equivalent changes in muscle length brought about twice as much increase in resting tension in the aged muscle as in the young muscle. On the other hand, aging caused a significant shift of Lo to the right. Taken collectively, these results indicate that aging is associated with increased passive stiffness and decreased speed of contraction without changes in strength.", "contents": "The effect of aging on ventricular contractile performance. The effects of aging on mechanical performance of isolated canine right ventricular trabeculae were studied in two age groups. The first group was comprised of nine dogs, about 9 months of age. The second group was composed of seven dogs over 8 years of age. Aging had no significant effect on developed force. Extent of shortening tended to decrease. There was a significant decrease in both the rate of rise of tension and the velocity of shortening (20%). THis reduction was primarily due to an increased duration of contraction. Twitch duration increased by as much as 40% during aging but most of this prolongation was due to a profound slowing of relaxation. Aging caused a significant increase in passive stiffness since equivalent changes in muscle length brought about twice as much increase in resting tension in the aged muscle as in the young muscle. On the other hand, aging caused a significant shift of Lo to the right. Taken collectively, these results indicate that aging is associated with increased passive stiffness and decreased speed of contraction without changes in strength.", "PMID": 696569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10649", "title": "Origin of the basal systolic murmurs in mitral stenosis. A study with intracardiac phonocardiography.", "content": "In order to study the origin of the basal systolic murmurs in mitral stenosis, left and right heart catheterization was performed in 18 patients with mitral stenosis using intracardiac phonocardiography. Our data revealed that the basal systolic murmurs originated in the aorta, the pulmonary artery, and the outflow tract of the right ventricle. In 14 cases, we noted the maximal ejection systolic murmur in the aorta near the aortic valve. However, in two cases, there was a loud systolic murmur in the pulmonary artery. These murmurs occurred in early to mild-systole and were crescendo-decrescendo in configuration. The pitch of the murmur ranged from low to medium frequency in the majority of cases. They are produced by the turbulence of blood flow in the aorta and the pulmonary artery. A late systolic murmur was also recorded in the outflow tract of the right ventricle in two patients. This is thought to occur due to functional or relative infundibular stenosis of the right ventricle. It differs in location and timing from those in the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The outflow tract of the right ventricle is regarded as the third origin of the basal systolic murmur in mitral stenosis.", "contents": "Origin of the basal systolic murmurs in mitral stenosis. A study with intracardiac phonocardiography. In order to study the origin of the basal systolic murmurs in mitral stenosis, left and right heart catheterization was performed in 18 patients with mitral stenosis using intracardiac phonocardiography. Our data revealed that the basal systolic murmurs originated in the aorta, the pulmonary artery, and the outflow tract of the right ventricle. In 14 cases, we noted the maximal ejection systolic murmur in the aorta near the aortic valve. However, in two cases, there was a loud systolic murmur in the pulmonary artery. These murmurs occurred in early to mild-systole and were crescendo-decrescendo in configuration. The pitch of the murmur ranged from low to medium frequency in the majority of cases. They are produced by the turbulence of blood flow in the aorta and the pulmonary artery. A late systolic murmur was also recorded in the outflow tract of the right ventricle in two patients. This is thought to occur due to functional or relative infundibular stenosis of the right ventricle. It differs in location and timing from those in the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The outflow tract of the right ventricle is regarded as the third origin of the basal systolic murmur in mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 696570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10650", "title": "Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemic cardiomyopathy by fluoroscopic detection of coronary artery calcification.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with severe congestive heart failure and cardiomegaly in whom the presence or absence of significant coronary disease could not be ascertained clinically underwent fluoroscopy for coronary artery calcification prior to cardiac catheterization. Ten of the patients were found to have significant coronary artery disease, and 14 had normal coronary arteriograms. Coronary artery calcification was found in all ten patients with significant coronary disease, and was absent in all of those patients with normal coronary arteriograms. We conclude that fluoroscopy for coronary artery calcification provides a reliable noninvasive method for differentiating ischemic from nonischemic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemic cardiomyopathy by fluoroscopic detection of coronary artery calcification. Twenty-four patients with severe congestive heart failure and cardiomegaly in whom the presence or absence of significant coronary disease could not be ascertained clinically underwent fluoroscopy for coronary artery calcification prior to cardiac catheterization. Ten of the patients were found to have significant coronary artery disease, and 14 had normal coronary arteriograms. Coronary artery calcification was found in all ten patients with significant coronary disease, and was absent in all of those patients with normal coronary arteriograms. We conclude that fluoroscopy for coronary artery calcification provides a reliable noninvasive method for differentiating ischemic from nonischemic cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 696571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10651", "title": "Ventricular pre-excitation and prolonged Q-T interval syndromes in a patient with mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "A 34-year-old woman with mitral valve prolapse, frequent ventricular dysrhythmias, and chest pain was studied. Surface electrocardiograms demonstrated short PR and prolonged Q-T intervals. A-V nodal conduction times during atrial pacing were characteristic of A-V nodal bypass tract function. The case is thus interpreted to be one of overlap between three syndromes known to predispose to cardiac dysrhythmias, i.e., mitral valve prolapse, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome, and prolonged Q-T interval syndrome.", "contents": "Ventricular pre-excitation and prolonged Q-T interval syndromes in a patient with mitral valve prolapse. A 34-year-old woman with mitral valve prolapse, frequent ventricular dysrhythmias, and chest pain was studied. Surface electrocardiograms demonstrated short PR and prolonged Q-T intervals. A-V nodal conduction times during atrial pacing were characteristic of A-V nodal bypass tract function. The case is thus interpreted to be one of overlap between three syndromes known to predispose to cardiac dysrhythmias, i.e., mitral valve prolapse, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome, and prolonged Q-T interval syndrome.", "PMID": 696573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10652", "title": "Saint Augustine's College training program in industrial hygiene and safety.", "content": "The Occupational Safety and Health Program at St. Augustine's College leads to a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Hygiene. This program enables the students to enter careers in practice and research in industry and government or to pursue graduate studies. The curriculum in industrial hygiene provides a broad academic foundation during the first two years of college, after which, students proceed with advanced studies in industrial hygiene and supporting courses in the natural and behavioral sciences. St. Augustine's College industrial hygiene and safety curriculum course descriptions are presented and other aspects of the program are discussed.", "contents": "Saint Augustine's College training program in industrial hygiene and safety. The Occupational Safety and Health Program at St. Augustine's College leads to a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Hygiene. This program enables the students to enter careers in practice and research in industry and government or to pursue graduate studies. The curriculum in industrial hygiene provides a broad academic foundation during the first two years of college, after which, students proceed with advanced studies in industrial hygiene and supporting courses in the natural and behavioral sciences. St. Augustine's College industrial hygiene and safety curriculum course descriptions are presented and other aspects of the program are discussed.", "PMID": 696609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10653", "title": "Dermal penetration of three topical insect repellents in dogs and rabbits.", "content": "Three (14)C-labeled candidate insect repellents, cyclohexamethylene carbamide, n-butylsufonimidocyclohexamethylene and 2-hydroxyethylcyclohexane carboxylate were evaluated for skin penetration in dogs and rabbits. Absorption of the repellents was determined by monitoring excreted urine daily for seven days following topical application. Significant percutaneous absorption of all three repellents occurred within 24 hours. (14)C-cyclohexamethylene carbamide showed the greatest absorption. Measurable amounts of radioactivity persisted at the application site for both species after seven days.", "contents": "Dermal penetration of three topical insect repellents in dogs and rabbits. Three (14)C-labeled candidate insect repellents, cyclohexamethylene carbamide, n-butylsufonimidocyclohexamethylene and 2-hydroxyethylcyclohexane carboxylate were evaluated for skin penetration in dogs and rabbits. Absorption of the repellents was determined by monitoring excreted urine daily for seven days following topical application. Significant percutaneous absorption of all three repellents occurred within 24 hours. (14)C-cyclohexamethylene carbamide showed the greatest absorption. Measurable amounts of radioactivity persisted at the application site for both species after seven days.", "PMID": 696610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10654", "title": "Safety limits for a firefighter proximity suit.", "content": "A standard one-piece firefighter proximity suit (jumpsuit style) was tested for heat accumulation and hood compartment ventilation. Large increases in temperature of the skin and hood compartmental air were recorded. Oxygen and carbon dioxide were monitored and hypoxic conditions found. Using the O2 and CO2 data, mathematical regression analyses were performed to predict the time exposures allowed for firemen entering various ambient atmospheric conditions. The short permissible exposure periods predicted for the proximity suit suggests limited usefulness and the need for immediate improvements in the design of the suit.", "contents": "Safety limits for a firefighter proximity suit. A standard one-piece firefighter proximity suit (jumpsuit style) was tested for heat accumulation and hood compartment ventilation. Large increases in temperature of the skin and hood compartmental air were recorded. Oxygen and carbon dioxide were monitored and hypoxic conditions found. Using the O2 and CO2 data, mathematical regression analyses were performed to predict the time exposures allowed for firemen entering various ambient atmospheric conditions. The short permissible exposure periods predicted for the proximity suit suggests limited usefulness and the need for immediate improvements in the design of the suit.", "PMID": 696611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10655", "title": "Labeling of monodisperse polystyrene microspheres with tightly bound 51Cr.", "content": "Monodisperse radioactive polystyrene latex microspheres have been prepared by attachment of chromium-51 to latex spheres. Labeling was by emulsion polymerization of chromium acetylacetonate dissolved in styrene monomer using commercially available microspheres. This was accomplished with two successive polymerization steps: radiation excitation and radical polymerization initiated with potassium persulfate. After attachment of the label the particle suspension was purified by repeated centrifugation wash cycles to remove labile radioactivity. Results indicate a radioactive binding yield of greater than 80% to the particles. The stability of the label was tested in in vivo and in vitro leaching studies. In these tests, the activity leaching rate was estimated to be less than 0.2% per day.", "contents": "Labeling of monodisperse polystyrene microspheres with tightly bound 51Cr. Monodisperse radioactive polystyrene latex microspheres have been prepared by attachment of chromium-51 to latex spheres. Labeling was by emulsion polymerization of chromium acetylacetonate dissolved in styrene monomer using commercially available microspheres. This was accomplished with two successive polymerization steps: radiation excitation and radical polymerization initiated with potassium persulfate. After attachment of the label the particle suspension was purified by repeated centrifugation wash cycles to remove labile radioactivity. Results indicate a radioactive binding yield of greater than 80% to the particles. The stability of the label was tested in in vivo and in vitro leaching studies. In these tests, the activity leaching rate was estimated to be less than 0.2% per day.", "PMID": 696612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10656", "title": "Solid sorbent sampler for white phosphorus in air.", "content": "A solid sorbent sampling tube packed with Tenax-GC is used with a personal sampling pump to collect samples of white (yellow) phosphorus vapor from air. The phosphorus is leached from the exposed sorbent into xylene and quantitated by gas chromatographic analysis. The capacity of the sorbents is in the range 10 to 20 microgramP4per100 mg of sorbent, which allows for up to 4 hrs of sampling at the OSHA Standard, 0.1 mg/m3. No interferences from red phosphorus, phosphine, water vapor, or other common gases are significant. The effects on the method of variations in temperature, pressure, humidity, sample storage and shipping conditions, and chromatographic parameters were determined.", "contents": "Solid sorbent sampler for white phosphorus in air. A solid sorbent sampling tube packed with Tenax-GC is used with a personal sampling pump to collect samples of white (yellow) phosphorus vapor from air. The phosphorus is leached from the exposed sorbent into xylene and quantitated by gas chromatographic analysis. The capacity of the sorbents is in the range 10 to 20 microgramP4per100 mg of sorbent, which allows for up to 4 hrs of sampling at the OSHA Standard, 0.1 mg/m3. No interferences from red phosphorus, phosphine, water vapor, or other common gases are significant. The effects on the method of variations in temperature, pressure, humidity, sample storage and shipping conditions, and chromatographic parameters were determined.", "PMID": 696621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10657", "title": "A solid sorbent personal sampling method for the determination of acrolein in air.", "content": "A personal air sampling method, using activated carbon with subsequent analysis by gas chromatography, has been developed for acrolein in the 0.05 to 5 ppm (parts per million) range for a five liter air sample. The sensitivity is 0.25 microgram (microgram) of acrolein. This first known viable method for acrolein using a solid adsorbent was made possible by the discovery that acrolein can be adsorbed on, and recovered from, hydroquinone-treated carbon with efficiencies as high as 90 percent. Samples must be analyzed the same day or frozen and analyzed within five days. Airborne contaminants possibly present in the acrolein production area do not interfere with the analysis.", "contents": "A solid sorbent personal sampling method for the determination of acrolein in air. A personal air sampling method, using activated carbon with subsequent analysis by gas chromatography, has been developed for acrolein in the 0.05 to 5 ppm (parts per million) range for a five liter air sample. The sensitivity is 0.25 microgram (microgram) of acrolein. This first known viable method for acrolein using a solid adsorbent was made possible by the discovery that acrolein can be adsorbed on, and recovered from, hydroquinone-treated carbon with efficiencies as high as 90 percent. Samples must be analyzed the same day or frozen and analyzed within five days. Airborne contaminants possibly present in the acrolein production area do not interfere with the analysis.", "PMID": 696622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10658", "title": "Industrial hygiene engineering in the petrochemical industry.", "content": "Industrial hygiene engineering can be utilized most effectively when it is employed in the design or construction phases of new or modified chemical manufacturing processes. Minimization of leaks, spills, fugitive emissions and other releases is the goal. Some chemical and physical agents can still be released during normal or non-normal operations and during plant turnaround procedures and these require continuous industrial hygiene surveillance. It follows that industrial hygiene principles must continue to be applied in all phases of the petrochemical industry from the beginning of the design and throughout the life of the unit.", "contents": "Industrial hygiene engineering in the petrochemical industry. Industrial hygiene engineering can be utilized most effectively when it is employed in the design or construction phases of new or modified chemical manufacturing processes. Minimization of leaks, spills, fugitive emissions and other releases is the goal. Some chemical and physical agents can still be released during normal or non-normal operations and during plant turnaround procedures and these require continuous industrial hygiene surveillance. It follows that industrial hygiene principles must continue to be applied in all phases of the petrochemical industry from the beginning of the design and throughout the life of the unit.", "PMID": 696623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10659", "title": "Irrigated precipitator for sampling soluble aerosols.", "content": "The design and performance of a simple parallel plate, irrigated, precipitator for use in  the sampling of soluble aerosols is described. Unifrom surface coverage of 0.044 +/- 0.003 mL/cm2 by the gravity fed collection fluid is provided with a fiberglass mat (Gelman type A/E filter), while a surface washout of approximately 45% occurs in fluid residence time tf = V/q for a collector surface inclination of 40 degrees relative to horizontal. Efficiency tests using laboratory generated DOP aerosols and field tests of sulfate-bearing particles indicate good correlation with the Deutsch equation. Values of V/Q, proportional to the instrument sampling time, representing the ration of collection fluid volume to air flow rate for the present design compare favorably with other available instrumentation.", "contents": "Irrigated precipitator for sampling soluble aerosols. The design and performance of a simple parallel plate, irrigated, precipitator for use in  the sampling of soluble aerosols is described. Unifrom surface coverage of 0.044 +/- 0.003 mL/cm2 by the gravity fed collection fluid is provided with a fiberglass mat (Gelman type A/E filter), while a surface washout of approximately 45% occurs in fluid residence time tf = V/q for a collector surface inclination of 40 degrees relative to horizontal. Efficiency tests using laboratory generated DOP aerosols and field tests of sulfate-bearing particles indicate good correlation with the Deutsch equation. Values of V/Q, proportional to the instrument sampling time, representing the ration of collection fluid volume to air flow rate for the present design compare favorably with other available instrumentation.", "PMID": 696624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10660", "title": "Thermal oxidative degradation studies of phosphate esters.", "content": "Five phosphate esters - tri-p-tolyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, and  tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate- were subjected to thermal oxidative degradation in air at 370 degrees C. Degradation mechanisms were postulated and the toxic hazards assessed based on the volatiles produced. Tri-p-tolyl phosphate was found to undergo only minimal degradation; the other compounds were decomposed extensively. Butene was the main product formed on tributyl phosphate decomposition; hydrogen halides and halogenated C2- and C3- species were the main products formed by the halogenated phosphate ester. In the case of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate acrolein, not hydrogen chloride, presented the major toxic hazard.", "contents": "Thermal oxidative degradation studies of phosphate esters. Five phosphate esters - tri-p-tolyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, and  tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate- were subjected to thermal oxidative degradation in air at 370 degrees C. Degradation mechanisms were postulated and the toxic hazards assessed based on the volatiles produced. Tri-p-tolyl phosphate was found to undergo only minimal degradation; the other compounds were decomposed extensively. Butene was the main product formed on tributyl phosphate decomposition; hydrogen halides and halogenated C2- and C3- species were the main products formed by the halogenated phosphate ester. In the case of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate acrolein, not hydrogen chloride, presented the major toxic hazard.", "PMID": 696625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10661", "title": "Sampling of tangential flow streams.", "content": "The causes and characteristics of tangential flow in industrial stacks are described. Errors induced by tangential flow in the determination of volumetric flow rate and particulate concentration are analyzed. Experiments were conducted at the outlet of a cyclone collector in order to investigate the effect of tangential flow on the determination of emission rates. Straightening vanes were found to be useful in the reduction of error in flow rate measurements.", "contents": "Sampling of tangential flow streams. The causes and characteristics of tangential flow in industrial stacks are described. Errors induced by tangential flow in the determination of volumetric flow rate and particulate concentration are analyzed. Experiments were conducted at the outlet of a cyclone collector in order to investigate the effect of tangential flow on the determination of emission rates. Straightening vanes were found to be useful in the reduction of error in flow rate measurements.", "PMID": 696626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10662", "title": "Field tests of a permeation-type personal monitor for vinyl chloride.", "content": "A passive dosimeter-type personal monitor for vinyl chloride has undergone extensive field testing. Collaborative studies by a number of laboratories confirm the accuracy, reliability, convenience and general acceptability of personal monitors utilizing gas permeation for sample collection and quantification. Data are generated as timeweighted averages and response is linear from 5 ppb to 50 ppm. The monitors which weigh only 35 g are unaffected by variations in environmental conditions.", "contents": "Field tests of a permeation-type personal monitor for vinyl chloride. A passive dosimeter-type personal monitor for vinyl chloride has undergone extensive field testing. Collaborative studies by a number of laboratories confirm the accuracy, reliability, convenience and general acceptability of personal monitors utilizing gas permeation for sample collection and quantification. Data are generated as timeweighted averages and response is linear from 5 ppb to 50 ppm. The monitors which weigh only 35 g are unaffected by variations in environmental conditions.", "PMID": 696627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10663", "title": "Measurement of chromium VI and chromium III in stainless steel welding fumes with electrom spectroscopy for chemical analysis and neutron activation analysis.", "content": "Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) was explored as a means of studying the oxidation state of chromium in SMAC (coated electrode) stainless steel welding fume collected on Nucleopore filters in the laboratory. Chromuim VI and III (as a percent of the total chromium) obtained from ESCA analysis was applied to results from Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) to yield an average of 69 microgram chromium VI per sample. Diphenylcarbazide/atomic absorption (DPC/AA) results are reported for samples submitted to an industrial laboratory. Possible chemical species and solubility of chromium VI in stainless steel fumes is discussed in light of analogy between the SMAC process and the manufacturing process for chromates.", "contents": "Measurement of chromium VI and chromium III in stainless steel welding fumes with electrom spectroscopy for chemical analysis and neutron activation analysis. Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) was explored as a means of studying the oxidation state of chromium in SMAC (coated electrode) stainless steel welding fume collected on Nucleopore filters in the laboratory. Chromuim VI and III (as a percent of the total chromium) obtained from ESCA analysis was applied to results from Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) to yield an average of 69 microgram chromium VI per sample. Diphenylcarbazide/atomic absorption (DPC/AA) results are reported for samples submitted to an industrial laboratory. Possible chemical species and solubility of chromium VI in stainless steel fumes is discussed in light of analogy between the SMAC process and the manufacturing process for chromates.", "PMID": 696628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10664", "title": "Prediction of metabolic rates for manual materials handling jobs.", "content": "A mew approach for estimating metabolic rates for manual materials handling jobs is presented. This approach was applied to 48 different jobs. The model validation showed a correlation coefficient of 0.95 between the measured and predicted metabolic rates. The coefficient of variation (standard error/sample mean) was 10.2 percent.", "contents": "Prediction of metabolic rates for manual materials handling jobs. A mew approach for estimating metabolic rates for manual materials handling jobs is presented. This approach was applied to 48 different jobs. The model validation showed a correlation coefficient of 0.95 between the measured and predicted metabolic rates. The coefficient of variation (standard error/sample mean) was 10.2 percent.", "PMID": 696629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10665", "title": "Detection of critical coronary lesions with treadmill exercise testing: fact or fiction?", "content": "This study was designed to determine whether treadmill exercise testing could identify patients with critical coronary lesions. Critical lesions were defined as obstruction of the left main coronary artery or concomitant narrowing of the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries proximal to any major branches. The time of onset and degree of S-T segment depression were evaluated in 25 patients with critical lesions and in 50 patients with other types of lesions. S-T segment depression of 2 mm or more was present in 82 percent of patients with left main coronary disease and in 71 percent of patients with left main coronary equivalent lesions (both P less than 0.02 when compared with 36 percent of patients with other lesions). However, half of the 37 patients with this degree of S-T segment depression had noncritical lesions. Ischemic changes appearing in the first 3 minutes of exercise were seen in 63 percent of patients with left coronary disease and 35 percent of the patients with left main coronary disease equivalent lesions (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.002, respectively, when compared with only 6 percent of patients with other lesions). The incidence of triple vessel disease was significantly greater in patients with critical lesions (55 percent in patients with left main coronary disease and 71 percent in those with the left main coronary equivalent lesions versus 10 percent in those with other lesions) (P less than 0.01). S-T segment depression of 2 mm or more is not a good indicator of critical coronary lesions because it has a low level of specificity. Consideration of the time of onset of ischemic changes adds to its usefulness, but it does not permit a definitive diagnosis in individual patients.", "contents": "Detection of critical coronary lesions with treadmill exercise testing: fact or fiction? This study was designed to determine whether treadmill exercise testing could identify patients with critical coronary lesions. Critical lesions were defined as obstruction of the left main coronary artery or concomitant narrowing of the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries proximal to any major branches. The time of onset and degree of S-T segment depression were evaluated in 25 patients with critical lesions and in 50 patients with other types of lesions. S-T segment depression of 2 mm or more was present in 82 percent of patients with left main coronary disease and in 71 percent of patients with left main coronary equivalent lesions (both P less than 0.02 when compared with 36 percent of patients with other lesions). However, half of the 37 patients with this degree of S-T segment depression had noncritical lesions. Ischemic changes appearing in the first 3 minutes of exercise were seen in 63 percent of patients with left coronary disease and 35 percent of the patients with left main coronary disease equivalent lesions (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.002, respectively, when compared with only 6 percent of patients with other lesions). The incidence of triple vessel disease was significantly greater in patients with critical lesions (55 percent in patients with left main coronary disease and 71 percent in those with the left main coronary equivalent lesions versus 10 percent in those with other lesions) (P less than 0.01). S-T segment depression of 2 mm or more is not a good indicator of critical coronary lesions because it has a low level of specificity. Consideration of the time of onset of ischemic changes adds to its usefulness, but it does not permit a definitive diagnosis in individual patients.", "PMID": 696633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10666", "title": "Significance of left axis deviation in patients with chronic left bundle branch block.", "content": "Forty-nine patients with chronic left bundle branch block and a normal frontal axis were compared with 53 patients with left bundle branch block and left axis deviation. The following clinical variables were more frequent (P less than 0.05) in patients with left axis deviation: greater age, exertional angina, congestive heart failure, cardiomegaly, cardiac functional class II to IV, coronary artery disease and presence of organic heart disease. Absence of organic heart disease (primary conduction disease) was seen only in patients with a normal axis. Patients with left axis deviation had longer (P less than 0.05) mean P-R, A-H and H-V intervals and atrial and atrioventricular (A-V) nodal effective refractory periods. All patients were prospectifely followed up for 30 to 2,271 days with a mean +/- standard error of the mean follo-up period of 538 +/- 72 for the group with a normal axis and 604 +/- 72 days for the group with left axis deviation (difference not significant). A-V block developed in three patients (6 percent) with left axis deviation and in none of those with a normal axis. The cumulative 4 year mortality rate for the entire group approached 75 percent. The patients with left axis deviation had greater cardiovascular mortality (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, among patients with left bundle branch block, those with left axis deviation have a greater incidence of myocardial dysfunction, more advanced conduction desease and greater cardiovascular mortality than those with a normal axis.", "contents": "Significance of left axis deviation in patients with chronic left bundle branch block. Forty-nine patients with chronic left bundle branch block and a normal frontal axis were compared with 53 patients with left bundle branch block and left axis deviation. The following clinical variables were more frequent (P less than 0.05) in patients with left axis deviation: greater age, exertional angina, congestive heart failure, cardiomegaly, cardiac functional class II to IV, coronary artery disease and presence of organic heart disease. Absence of organic heart disease (primary conduction disease) was seen only in patients with a normal axis. Patients with left axis deviation had longer (P less than 0.05) mean P-R, A-H and H-V intervals and atrial and atrioventricular (A-V) nodal effective refractory periods. All patients were prospectifely followed up for 30 to 2,271 days with a mean +/- standard error of the mean follo-up period of 538 +/- 72 for the group with a normal axis and 604 +/- 72 days for the group with left axis deviation (difference not significant). A-V block developed in three patients (6 percent) with left axis deviation and in none of those with a normal axis. The cumulative 4 year mortality rate for the entire group approached 75 percent. The patients with left axis deviation had greater cardiovascular mortality (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, among patients with left bundle branch block, those with left axis deviation have a greater incidence of myocardial dysfunction, more advanced conduction desease and greater cardiovascular mortality than those with a normal axis.", "PMID": 696636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10667", "title": "Cardiac biopsy evidence for a cardiomyopathy associated with symptomatic mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy was performed in 14 patients with mitral valve prolapse to determine the existence of an associated cardiomyopathic process. All 14 patients had echocardiographic, angiographic or auscultatory evidence of mitral valve prolapse, and all were symptomatic. The group had a high incidence rate of conduction system abnormalities (50 percent) and arrhythmias (64 percent), but only one patient had a significant hemodynamic abnormality. Light microscopy revealed an increase in endocardial and interstitial fibrosis in eight patients (57 percent). Electron microscopy, performed in 11 patients, showed mitochondrial degenerative changes in all 11. Nuclear chromatin clumping, intracell edema and myocyte degeneration were frequently present. It is concluded that endomyocardial and myocardial abnormalities exist in some symptomatic patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse.", "contents": "Cardiac biopsy evidence for a cardiomyopathy associated with symptomatic mitral valve prolapse. Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy was performed in 14 patients with mitral valve prolapse to determine the existence of an associated cardiomyopathic process. All 14 patients had echocardiographic, angiographic or auscultatory evidence of mitral valve prolapse, and all were symptomatic. The group had a high incidence rate of conduction system abnormalities (50 percent) and arrhythmias (64 percent), but only one patient had a significant hemodynamic abnormality. Light microscopy revealed an increase in endocardial and interstitial fibrosis in eight patients (57 percent). Electron microscopy, performed in 11 patients, showed mitochondrial degenerative changes in all 11. Nuclear chromatin clumping, intracell edema and myocyte degeneration were frequently present. It is concluded that endomyocardial and myocardial abnormalities exist in some symptomatic patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse.", "PMID": 696637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10668", "title": "Effects of digitalis on atrial vulnerability.", "content": "The effects of digitalis on vulnerability to atrial fibrillation and flutter were assessed in man, using the model of repetitive atrial firing initiated by post-drive atrial extrastimulation. Nine patients without heart failure or significant mitral valve disease were tested before and 30 minutes after the administration of 0.01 mg/kg ouabain. When repetitive firing was manifested by flutter, neither the flutter cycle length nor the interval from the initiating beat to the first flutter beat was consistently altered by ouabain. Repetitive firing was found at the atrial site with the shortest functional refractory period. The vulnerable zone bordered this refractory period. The functional refractory period was lengthened after ouabain, from 231 +/- 13 to 246 +/- 15 msec (mean +/- standard error of the mean) (P less than 0.025). Partly because of prolonged refractoriness, the vulnerable zone was curtailed by ouabain, from 32.2 +/- 5.7 to 9.4 +/- 4.6 msec (P less than 0.001). This result suggests a protective effect of digitalis against atrial fibrillation and flutter independent of its hemodynamic actions.", "contents": "Effects of digitalis on atrial vulnerability. The effects of digitalis on vulnerability to atrial fibrillation and flutter were assessed in man, using the model of repetitive atrial firing initiated by post-drive atrial extrastimulation. Nine patients without heart failure or significant mitral valve disease were tested before and 30 minutes after the administration of 0.01 mg/kg ouabain. When repetitive firing was manifested by flutter, neither the flutter cycle length nor the interval from the initiating beat to the first flutter beat was consistently altered by ouabain. Repetitive firing was found at the atrial site with the shortest functional refractory period. The vulnerable zone bordered this refractory period. The functional refractory period was lengthened after ouabain, from 231 +/- 13 to 246 +/- 15 msec (mean +/- standard error of the mean) (P less than 0.025). Partly because of prolonged refractoriness, the vulnerable zone was curtailed by ouabain, from 32.2 +/- 5.7 to 9.4 +/- 4.6 msec (P less than 0.001). This result suggests a protective effect of digitalis against atrial fibrillation and flutter independent of its hemodynamic actions.", "PMID": 696639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10669", "title": "Type A personality and extent of coronary atherosclerosis.", "content": "The relation between type A personality and the extent of coronary artery disease was studied in 109 patients who underwent selective coronary angiography. Type A personality as measured with the Jenkins Activity Survey was not correlated with the extent of coronary artery disease as assessed from the number of vessels with 50 percent or greater narrowing of diameter.", "contents": "Type A personality and extent of coronary atherosclerosis. The relation between type A personality and the extent of coronary artery disease was studied in 109 patients who underwent selective coronary angiography. Type A personality as measured with the Jenkins Activity Survey was not correlated with the extent of coronary artery disease as assessed from the number of vessels with 50 percent or greater narrowing of diameter.", "PMID": 696641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10670", "title": "Effect of lidocaine on conduction in the ischemic His-Purkinje system of dogs.", "content": "The effect of lidocaine on His-Purkinje conduction in dogs with ischemic damage to the His bundle was compared with the effect of lidocaine in normal dogs. The anterior septal artery was ligated in 14 dogs, and 30 minutes later atrial pacing was performed to increase residual ischemic damage. Four to 6 days later, His bundle recordings were obtained during sinus rhythm and atrial pacing before and after the administration of lidocaine in a dose of 2 mg/kg and a total dose of 4 mg/kg. His bundle recordings were also obtained in nine control animals beofre and after the administration of lidocaine. Lidocaine significantly increased the H-V time in the animals with ischemic damage during sinus rhythm and at all packing rates. It also resulted in advanced His-Purkinje conduction defects including His bundle block and right bundle branch block in these animals. In contrast, the effect of lidocaine in the normal animals was negligible. It is concluded that lidocaine significantly depresses His-Purkinje conduction in the setting of preexisting ischemic damage. These results suggest that lidocaine may be used as a diagnostic tool to unmask latent His-Purkinje conduction defects due to ischemia.", "contents": "Effect of lidocaine on conduction in the ischemic His-Purkinje system of dogs. The effect of lidocaine on His-Purkinje conduction in dogs with ischemic damage to the His bundle was compared with the effect of lidocaine in normal dogs. The anterior septal artery was ligated in 14 dogs, and 30 minutes later atrial pacing was performed to increase residual ischemic damage. Four to 6 days later, His bundle recordings were obtained during sinus rhythm and atrial pacing before and after the administration of lidocaine in a dose of 2 mg/kg and a total dose of 4 mg/kg. His bundle recordings were also obtained in nine control animals beofre and after the administration of lidocaine. Lidocaine significantly increased the H-V time in the animals with ischemic damage during sinus rhythm and at all packing rates. It also resulted in advanced His-Purkinje conduction defects including His bundle block and right bundle branch block in these animals. In contrast, the effect of lidocaine in the normal animals was negligible. It is concluded that lidocaine significantly depresses His-Purkinje conduction in the setting of preexisting ischemic damage. These results suggest that lidocaine may be used as a diagnostic tool to unmask latent His-Purkinje conduction defects due to ischemia.", "PMID": 696642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10671", "title": "Maximal exercise capacity of children with heart defects.", "content": "Maximal treadmill tests following the Bruce protocol were performed by 830 children with heart defects and the endurance times compared with normal values from 327 children seen in the same clinic because of normal murmurs and from 388 normal children randomly selected and tested in the schools. When values in the normal clinic children were used as the reference, only 21 percent of the patients with heart defects had endurance times below the 10th percentile line. This line was 14 percent higher in the normal school children, and 47 percent of the patient group had values below the 10th percentile when values in the school children were used as the reference. Maximal heart rate in children with heart defects was almost always in the normal range (180 to 210 beats/min) except in patients with cyanosis or severe valve disease and, when encouraged to continue exercising, even these children had a mean maximal heart rate of 175 beats/min. When comparing the exercise capacity of children with heart defects with that of normal children, the source of the normal children is important; body build needs to be considered, as well as physical activity habits. Clinic patients without heart defects probably serve as a better normal control group than children obtained from the school system. Maximal exercise tests do not necessarily distinguish between children with mild or severe heart disease. Only children with lesions causing cyanosis or children with obviously severe disease have consistent reductions in exercise capacity.", "contents": "Maximal exercise capacity of children with heart defects. Maximal treadmill tests following the Bruce protocol were performed by 830 children with heart defects and the endurance times compared with normal values from 327 children seen in the same clinic because of normal murmurs and from 388 normal children randomly selected and tested in the schools. When values in the normal clinic children were used as the reference, only 21 percent of the patients with heart defects had endurance times below the 10th percentile line. This line was 14 percent higher in the normal school children, and 47 percent of the patient group had values below the 10th percentile when values in the school children were used as the reference. Maximal heart rate in children with heart defects was almost always in the normal range (180 to 210 beats/min) except in patients with cyanosis or severe valve disease and, when encouraged to continue exercising, even these children had a mean maximal heart rate of 175 beats/min. When comparing the exercise capacity of children with heart defects with that of normal children, the source of the normal children is important; body build needs to be considered, as well as physical activity habits. Clinic patients without heart defects probably serve as a better normal control group than children obtained from the school system. Maximal exercise tests do not necessarily distinguish between children with mild or severe heart disease. Only children with lesions causing cyanosis or children with obviously severe disease have consistent reductions in exercise capacity.", "PMID": 696644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10672", "title": "The criss-cross and superoinferior ventricular heart: an angiocardiographic study.", "content": "The angiocardiographic features of 11 patients with superoinferior and criss-cross type of atrioventricular (A-V) connections are presented. These unusual ventricular relations are thought to result from postseptation disturbances of ventricular looping. The angiocardiographic appearance of criss-cross is really an illusion, and the A-V connections among these patients are either concordant, discordant or straddling. The often small right A-V valve inflow and sinus portion of the ventricle, combind with the ventricular rotational anomaly, combine to give the angiocardiographic perception of criss-cross. A review of the 11 patients from this institution and those previously reported on suggests that most patients have a transposition of malposition of the great arteries; many have a small right ventricle, and about half have pulmonary outflow tract obstruction. In addition to the obvious embryologic, morphologic and clinical implications of these distorted ventricular loops, the criss-cross A-V hearts raise questions about the various segmental nomenclatures applied to these types of congenital heart disease.", "contents": "The criss-cross and superoinferior ventricular heart: an angiocardiographic study. The angiocardiographic features of 11 patients with superoinferior and criss-cross type of atrioventricular (A-V) connections are presented. These unusual ventricular relations are thought to result from postseptation disturbances of ventricular looping. The angiocardiographic appearance of criss-cross is really an illusion, and the A-V connections among these patients are either concordant, discordant or straddling. The often small right A-V valve inflow and sinus portion of the ventricle, combind with the ventricular rotational anomaly, combine to give the angiocardiographic perception of criss-cross. A review of the 11 patients from this institution and those previously reported on suggests that most patients have a transposition of malposition of the great arteries; many have a small right ventricle, and about half have pulmonary outflow tract obstruction. In addition to the obvious embryologic, morphologic and clinical implications of these distorted ventricular loops, the criss-cross A-V hearts raise questions about the various segmental nomenclatures applied to these types of congenital heart disease.", "PMID": 696645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10673", "title": "Congenital heart disease in a cohort of 19,502 births with long-term follow-up.", "content": "The Child Health and Development Studies are longitudinal studies of pregnancy and the normal and abnormal development of the offspring. Women who were membres of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan entered the study in early pregnancy, and their children were examined frequently until the youngest child in the study was 5 years old. This is a more intensive follow-up than hitherto reported. Of the 19,044 live-born children, 163 had definite and another 31 had possible congenital heart disease; the crude incidence rates per 1,000 live births were 8.8 for definite congenital heart disease and 10.4 for definite plus possible congenital heart disease. The incidence rate of congenital heart disease was 7.9 percent among all stillborn fetuses subjected to autopsy and 10.2 percent among those in this group with autopsies evaluated as being detailed enough to detect heart disease. Among the live-born children with congenital heart disease, 21 died in the neonatal period and 22 died in later infancy and childhood; about half the deaths were judged to have been due to heart disease. About 30 percent of the children with congenital heart disease had associated severe anomalies of other systems. In the whole cohort, 50 children had diagnosed chromosomal abnormalities (2.63/1,000 live births) and about 30 percent of them had congenital heart disease. Among the group of 163 children with definite congenital heart disease, the diagnosis was made in 46 percent by age 1 week, in 88.3 percent by age 1 year and 98.8 percent by age 4 years.", "contents": "Congenital heart disease in a cohort of 19,502 births with long-term follow-up. The Child Health and Development Studies are longitudinal studies of pregnancy and the normal and abnormal development of the offspring. Women who were membres of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan entered the study in early pregnancy, and their children were examined frequently until the youngest child in the study was 5 years old. This is a more intensive follow-up than hitherto reported. Of the 19,044 live-born children, 163 had definite and another 31 had possible congenital heart disease; the crude incidence rates per 1,000 live births were 8.8 for definite congenital heart disease and 10.4 for definite plus possible congenital heart disease. The incidence rate of congenital heart disease was 7.9 percent among all stillborn fetuses subjected to autopsy and 10.2 percent among those in this group with autopsies evaluated as being detailed enough to detect heart disease. Among the live-born children with congenital heart disease, 21 died in the neonatal period and 22 died in later infancy and childhood; about half the deaths were judged to have been due to heart disease. About 30 percent of the children with congenital heart disease had associated severe anomalies of other systems. In the whole cohort, 50 children had diagnosed chromosomal abnormalities (2.63/1,000 live births) and about 30 percent of them had congenital heart disease. Among the group of 163 children with definite congenital heart disease, the diagnosis was made in 46 percent by age 1 week, in 88.3 percent by age 1 year and 98.8 percent by age 4 years.", "PMID": 696646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10674", "title": "Survival of patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction: a population-based study.", "content": "A population-based study was conducted in metropolitan Baltimore in which the short- and long-term prognosis of 283 patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction was compared with that of 953 patients with transmural infraction. After simultaneous adjustment for several variables, the in-hospital case fatality rate was greater for patients with transmural (30.1 percent) than with nontransmural (18.3 percent) infarction (P less than 0.01). However, for patients discharged alive from the hospital and followed up for as long as 10 years, no significant differences in survival were found between the groups with transmural and nontransmural infarction. A multiple adjustment procedure yield 3 year case fatality rates of 27.1 percent and 28.3 percent, respectively, for patients with transmural and nontransmural myocardial infarction surviving the acute phase. These results suggest that the long-term prognosis of patients with nontransmural infarction is as guarded as that of patients with transmural infarction and that attempts to prevent subsequent mortality should be diligently pursued in both groups of patients.", "contents": "Survival of patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction: a population-based study. A population-based study was conducted in metropolitan Baltimore in which the short- and long-term prognosis of 283 patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction was compared with that of 953 patients with transmural infraction. After simultaneous adjustment for several variables, the in-hospital case fatality rate was greater for patients with transmural (30.1 percent) than with nontransmural (18.3 percent) infarction (P less than 0.01). However, for patients discharged alive from the hospital and followed up for as long as 10 years, no significant differences in survival were found between the groups with transmural and nontransmural infarction. A multiple adjustment procedure yield 3 year case fatality rates of 27.1 percent and 28.3 percent, respectively, for patients with transmural and nontransmural myocardial infarction surviving the acute phase. These results suggest that the long-term prognosis of patients with nontransmural infarction is as guarded as that of patients with transmural infarction and that attempts to prevent subsequent mortality should be diligently pursued in both groups of patients.", "PMID": 696647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10675", "title": "Relation of lipids, weight and physical activity to incidence of coronary heart disease: the Puerto Rico heart study.", "content": "The 2 1/2 year incidence of coronary heart disease was examined in relation to antecedent serum cholesterol and fasting triglyceride levels, physical activity status and relative weight in a cohort of 8,171 urban and rural men 45 to 64 years old participating in the Puerto Rico Heart Program. In this population with a low incidence rate of coronary heart disease, risk of coronary disease was related to serum cholesterol in both urban and rural groups, but this trend was statistically significant only in the urban population. Neither the urban nor the rural population showed a substantial or statistically significant association of serum triglyceride levels with incidence of coronary heart disease. Correlations among relative weight and serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol levels were noted. Despite small differences in incidence of coronary heart disease between urban and rural groups, values for serum cholesterol, triglycerides and relative weight were all significantly higher in the urban men. Only physical activity levels were higher in the rural men. Multivariate analysis, performed to sort out the net effects of these interrelated variables, revealed that serum cholesterol is related to the risk of coronary heart disease even when all variables are taken into account. Low levels of physical activity were significantly associated with a greater incidence of coronary heart disease only in urban men (P less than 0.05). Overweight, which was associated with higher lipid values and less physical activity, was not related to the development of coronary heart disease in either the urban or the rural cohort.", "contents": "Relation of lipids, weight and physical activity to incidence of coronary heart disease: the Puerto Rico heart study. The 2 1/2 year incidence of coronary heart disease was examined in relation to antecedent serum cholesterol and fasting triglyceride levels, physical activity status and relative weight in a cohort of 8,171 urban and rural men 45 to 64 years old participating in the Puerto Rico Heart Program. In this population with a low incidence rate of coronary heart disease, risk of coronary disease was related to serum cholesterol in both urban and rural groups, but this trend was statistically significant only in the urban population. Neither the urban nor the rural population showed a substantial or statistically significant association of serum triglyceride levels with incidence of coronary heart disease. Correlations among relative weight and serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol levels were noted. Despite small differences in incidence of coronary heart disease between urban and rural groups, values for serum cholesterol, triglycerides and relative weight were all significantly higher in the urban men. Only physical activity levels were higher in the rural men. Multivariate analysis, performed to sort out the net effects of these interrelated variables, revealed that serum cholesterol is related to the risk of coronary heart disease even when all variables are taken into account. Low levels of physical activity were significantly associated with a greater incidence of coronary heart disease only in urban men (P less than 0.05). Overweight, which was associated with higher lipid values and less physical activity, was not related to the development of coronary heart disease in either the urban or the rural cohort.", "PMID": 696648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10676", "title": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery. Applications before and after medical and surgical treatment.", "content": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging was performed on six patients with an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery. Initial images in three children (aged 4 months, 12 months and 2 1/2 years, respectively) demonstrated anterolateral perfusion defects in agreement with the electrocardiographic localization of infarction. Repeat imaging in two patients 2 to 3 months later, after clinical improvement with anticongestive therapy, demonstrated a reduction in the perfusion defect. In 3 other patients (aged 16, 16 and 20 years, respectively) thallium-201 scans performed during exercise stress demonstrated normal myocardial perfusion 7 to 15 years after operation (ligation of anomalous left coronary in two, ligation plus bypass graft in one). Thallium-201 imaging appears to be helpful in monitoring changes in myocardial perfusion before and after medical or surgical treatment of an anomalous left coronary artery, and may shed light on the pathophysiology of the defect. A possible practical limitation of thallium-201 imaging in this condition is the difficulty of imaging subendocardial infarction.", "contents": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery. Applications before and after medical and surgical treatment. Thallium-201 myocardial imaging was performed on six patients with an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery. Initial images in three children (aged 4 months, 12 months and 2 1/2 years, respectively) demonstrated anterolateral perfusion defects in agreement with the electrocardiographic localization of infarction. Repeat imaging in two patients 2 to 3 months later, after clinical improvement with anticongestive therapy, demonstrated a reduction in the perfusion defect. In 3 other patients (aged 16, 16 and 20 years, respectively) thallium-201 scans performed during exercise stress demonstrated normal myocardial perfusion 7 to 15 years after operation (ligation of anomalous left coronary in two, ligation plus bypass graft in one). Thallium-201 imaging appears to be helpful in monitoring changes in myocardial perfusion before and after medical or surgical treatment of an anomalous left coronary artery, and may shed light on the pathophysiology of the defect. A possible practical limitation of thallium-201 imaging in this condition is the difficulty of imaging subendocardial infarction.", "PMID": 696649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10677", "title": "Adenocarcinoma complicating columnar epithelium-lined (Barrett's) esophagus.", "content": "Prolonged reflux esophagitis leads to replacement of the esophageal squamous epithelium by columnar epithelium in some patients. This columnar epithelium resembles gastric or intestinal mucosa and has been implicated as a precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. A review of 14 cases of primary esophageal adenocarcinoma disclosed that 12 (86%) arose in a columnar epithelium-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. Ten of the 12 patients had a hiatal hernia or symptoms of reflux esophagitis or both. In ten patients the columnar epithelium adjacent to and remote from the invasive adenocarcinoma showed a spectrum of abnormalities ranging from mild dysplasia to carcinoma in situ. These data support the concept that esophageal adenocarcinoma is one complication of a columnar epithelium-lined esophagus, and suggest that the invasive carcinoma evolves through a sequence of epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma in situ in most cases. Esophageal biopsy and cytology can detect this dysplasia, and should provide an effective means for monitoring patients with Barrett's esophagus for impending malignancy.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma complicating columnar epithelium-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. Prolonged reflux esophagitis leads to replacement of the esophageal squamous epithelium by columnar epithelium in some patients. This columnar epithelium resembles gastric or intestinal mucosa and has been implicated as a precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. A review of 14 cases of primary esophageal adenocarcinoma disclosed that 12 (86%) arose in a columnar epithelium-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. Ten of the 12 patients had a hiatal hernia or symptoms of reflux esophagitis or both. In ten patients the columnar epithelium adjacent to and remote from the invasive adenocarcinoma showed a spectrum of abnormalities ranging from mild dysplasia to carcinoma in situ. These data support the concept that esophageal adenocarcinoma is one complication of a columnar epithelium-lined esophagus, and suggest that the invasive carcinoma evolves through a sequence of epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma in situ in most cases. Esophageal biopsy and cytology can detect this dysplasia, and should provide an effective means for monitoring patients with Barrett's esophagus for impending malignancy.", "PMID": 696666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10678", "title": "Granulomatous mediastinitis due to rhizopus species.", "content": "Phycomycosis is seen most frequently in association with states of immunologic disturbance or hormonal imbalance. Several characteristic sites of infection with Phycomycetes are recognized, but mediastinal involvement has not been previously reported. A case of mediastinal granuloma due to Rhizopus species is described, and comparisons are made with other infections of similar histologic appearance.", "contents": "Granulomatous mediastinitis due to rhizopus species. Phycomycosis is seen most frequently in association with states of immunologic disturbance or hormonal imbalance. Several characteristic sites of infection with Phycomycetes are recognized, but mediastinal involvement has not been previously reported. A case of mediastinal granuloma due to Rhizopus species is described, and comparisons are made with other infections of similar histologic appearance.", "PMID": 696667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10679", "title": "Myocardial abscesses.", "content": "A review of postmortem materials from two teaching hospitals, accumulated in a 14-year period (1962--1975), disclosed 63 patients with myocardial abscesses among 12,359 autopsies, an incidence of 0.5%. All 63 patients had multi-focal myocardial abscesses; the lesions were grossly discernible in six patients. Coexisting infective endocarditis was present in approximately 20% (12) of the 63 patients with myocardial abscesses. Candida and Staphylococcus aureus were most common organisms responsible for the abscesses. Candida was identified in 23 patients (37%) by histologic examination of the heart sections, and 11 of these also had antemortem blood cultures positive for Candida. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from the antemortem blood of 22 patients, two of whom also showed candidal organisms in the heart at necropsy. Eighty-one per cent (51) of 63 patients had abscesses in one or more extracardiac organs. It appeared that most of the myocardial abscesses had resulted from disseminated sepsis. Surgical conditions, malignancy and alcoholic hepatic disease were the most frequent primary conditions in patients with myocardial abscesses.", "contents": "Myocardial abscesses. A review of postmortem materials from two teaching hospitals, accumulated in a 14-year period (1962--1975), disclosed 63 patients with myocardial abscesses among 12,359 autopsies, an incidence of 0.5%. All 63 patients had multi-focal myocardial abscesses; the lesions were grossly discernible in six patients. Coexisting infective endocarditis was present in approximately 20% (12) of the 63 patients with myocardial abscesses. Candida and Staphylococcus aureus were most common organisms responsible for the abscesses. Candida was identified in 23 patients (37%) by histologic examination of the heart sections, and 11 of these also had antemortem blood cultures positive for Candida. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from the antemortem blood of 22 patients, two of whom also showed candidal organisms in the heart at necropsy. Eighty-one per cent (51) of 63 patients had abscesses in one or more extracardiac organs. It appeared that most of the myocardial abscesses had resulted from disseminated sepsis. Surgical conditions, malignancy and alcoholic hepatic disease were the most frequent primary conditions in patients with myocardial abscesses.", "PMID": 696668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10680", "title": "Pneumothorax in a large autopsy population. A study of 77 cases.", "content": "Postmortem chest roentgenograms in approximately 3,500 cases of a random autopsy population were reviewed. Pneumothorax was found in 77 cases (2.2%). Simple pneumothorax was present in 38 cases, and tension pneumothorax or combined simple and tension pneumothorax was present in 39 cases. Only 40 of the 77 patients had been clinically diagnosed as having pneumothorax. Pulmonary conditions most often present in cadavers with pneumothorax were bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary emphysema, and pulmonary embolism, with or without infarcts and infarct abscesses. Procedures most frequently associated with pneumothorax were mechanical ventilation and attempts at cardiorespiratory resuscitation. Rib fractures (iatrogenic and noniatrogenic) were found in 23 of the 77 cases.", "contents": "Pneumothorax in a large autopsy population. A study of 77 cases. Postmortem chest roentgenograms in approximately 3,500 cases of a random autopsy population were reviewed. Pneumothorax was found in 77 cases (2.2%). Simple pneumothorax was present in 38 cases, and tension pneumothorax or combined simple and tension pneumothorax was present in 39 cases. Only 40 of the 77 patients had been clinically diagnosed as having pneumothorax. Pulmonary conditions most often present in cadavers with pneumothorax were bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary emphysema, and pulmonary embolism, with or without infarcts and infarct abscesses. Procedures most frequently associated with pneumothorax were mechanical ventilation and attempts at cardiorespiratory resuscitation. Rib fractures (iatrogenic and noniatrogenic) were found in 23 of the 77 cases.", "PMID": 696669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10681", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of actinomycosis by thin-needle aspiration biopsy.", "content": "Actinomycosis was diagnosed in three cases by the use of thin-needle aspiration biopsy technic. Aspiration was utilized for morphologic studies and collection of material for microbiologic isolation. The critical histologic features of sulfur granules remain intact with aspiration technic. Thin-needle aspiration biopsy is a safe, simple, and rapid technic employed in the diagnosis of neoplastic disease. The use of this technic in the diagnosis of actinomycosis is demonstrated in this report.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of actinomycosis by thin-needle aspiration biopsy. Actinomycosis was diagnosed in three cases by the use of thin-needle aspiration biopsy technic. Aspiration was utilized for morphologic studies and collection of material for microbiologic isolation. The critical histologic features of sulfur granules remain intact with aspiration technic. Thin-needle aspiration biopsy is a safe, simple, and rapid technic employed in the diagnosis of neoplastic disease. The use of this technic in the diagnosis of actinomycosis is demonstrated in this report.", "PMID": 696670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10682", "title": "Clinical significance of citrobacter isolates.", "content": "Little is know about the clinical significance of isolating Citrobacter in the clinical laboratory. During a one-year period, 116 Citrobacter isolates were obtained from 77 patients with 83 suspected infectious episodes. The majority of the suspected infectious episodes involved the urinary tract (45%) or respiratory tract (41%). Citrobacter diversus was associated with 42% of the episodes, Citrobacter freundii with 29%, and Citrobacter species with 29%. In 42% of the suspected infectious episodes, the presence of Citrobacter was considered clinically significant; in the others, the significance of the Citrobacter isolates was indeterminate or considered to be commensal. Two thirds of the significant infections were hospital-acquired. Most patients (73%) from whom Citrobacter was cultured had underlying diseases or factors predisposing to infection. These data suggest that Citrobacter is a cause of significant opportunistic nosocomial infection in the hospital.", "contents": "Clinical significance of citrobacter isolates. Little is know about the clinical significance of isolating Citrobacter in the clinical laboratory. During a one-year period, 116 Citrobacter isolates were obtained from 77 patients with 83 suspected infectious episodes. The majority of the suspected infectious episodes involved the urinary tract (45%) or respiratory tract (41%). Citrobacter diversus was associated with 42% of the episodes, Citrobacter freundii with 29%, and Citrobacter species with 29%. In 42% of the suspected infectious episodes, the presence of Citrobacter was considered clinically significant; in the others, the significance of the Citrobacter isolates was indeterminate or considered to be commensal. Two thirds of the significant infections were hospital-acquired. Most patients (73%) from whom Citrobacter was cultured had underlying diseases or factors predisposing to infection. These data suggest that Citrobacter is a cause of significant opportunistic nosocomial infection in the hospital.", "PMID": 696671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10683", "title": "Rapid amylase and lipase determinations by nephelometry.", "content": "The Coleman 91 nephelometer provides rapid, simple amylase and lipase assays, which are particularly suited to emergency requests. Linearity of amylase compares favorably with that of the Phadebas assay, and comparable precision was obtainable with serum and urine. Normal ranges for serum amylase are slightly higher than those based on the amyloclastic end-point assay. The serum lipase assay shows improved linearity over titrimetric procedures, although kinetics remain variably non-linear. Occasional sera show discordantly elevated nephelometric lipase and normal titrimetric lipase. Precision of the nephelometric lipase assay is somewhat lower than that of amylase; normal ranges are considerably higher than those based on titrimetry. Extremely lactescent sera may yield falsely low nephelometric amylase and lipase activities: these sera must be serially diluted to achieve actual values.", "contents": "Rapid amylase and lipase determinations by nephelometry. The Coleman 91 nephelometer provides rapid, simple amylase and lipase assays, which are particularly suited to emergency requests. Linearity of amylase compares favorably with that of the Phadebas assay, and comparable precision was obtainable with serum and urine. Normal ranges for serum amylase are slightly higher than those based on the amyloclastic end-point assay. The serum lipase assay shows improved linearity over titrimetric procedures, although kinetics remain variably non-linear. Occasional sera show discordantly elevated nephelometric lipase and normal titrimetric lipase. Precision of the nephelometric lipase assay is somewhat lower than that of amylase; normal ranges are considerably higher than those based on titrimetry. Extremely lactescent sera may yield falsely low nephelometric amylase and lipase activities: these sera must be serially diluted to achieve actual values.", "PMID": 696672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10684", "title": "Transiently elevated apparent lipase by nephelometry.", "content": "Occasional patient sera showing normal or minimally elevated lipase activity in the 6-hour titrimetric assay and discordantly high lipase activity in the 6-minute nephelometric assay were encountered. Most of these sera had normal amylase activity. They represented about 1% of outpatient sera subjected to amylase assay. A few sera with discordant lipase activities showed elevated amylase activities and were from patients with the diagnosis of pancreatic dysfunction. Nephelometric lipase assay in these sera showed pronounced nonlinear kinetics; in the most discordant cases a gradual decay of initially high activity to zero occurred. Elevated nephelometric lipase activity was lost inordinately in serial dilution of serum or on serial reduction of undiluted assay volume. In tracer experiments, two of these sera liberated no significant amount of free fatty acids after extensive \"de-emulsification\" of the nephelometric substrate mixture. This nonlipolytic \"deemulsifying\" activity was found to be relatively heat-stable in one serum. The nature of this activity remains obscure. A simple and effective protocol is suggested to detect and identify these aberrant nephelometric lipases in the routine laboratory.", "contents": "Transiently elevated apparent lipase by nephelometry. Occasional patient sera showing normal or minimally elevated lipase activity in the 6-hour titrimetric assay and discordantly high lipase activity in the 6-minute nephelometric assay were encountered. Most of these sera had normal amylase activity. They represented about 1% of outpatient sera subjected to amylase assay. A few sera with discordant lipase activities showed elevated amylase activities and were from patients with the diagnosis of pancreatic dysfunction. Nephelometric lipase assay in these sera showed pronounced nonlinear kinetics; in the most discordant cases a gradual decay of initially high activity to zero occurred. Elevated nephelometric lipase activity was lost inordinately in serial dilution of serum or on serial reduction of undiluted assay volume. In tracer experiments, two of these sera liberated no significant amount of free fatty acids after extensive \"de-emulsification\" of the nephelometric substrate mixture. This nonlipolytic \"deemulsifying\" activity was found to be relatively heat-stable in one serum. The nature of this activity remains obscure. A simple and effective protocol is suggested to detect and identify these aberrant nephelometric lipases in the routine laboratory.", "PMID": 696673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10685", "title": "A comparison of five manually operated coagulation instruments.", "content": "The results of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) determinations on the single-channel Coag-a-Mate, Coagulyzer Jr., Clotek, Electra 650, and Fibrometer instruments were compared with regard to precision, day-to-day reproducibility of results, and accuracy. There was no significant difference among the machines when PT was analyzed. In the APTT study, the single-channel Coag-a-Mate had the best overall precision (coefficient of variation 2 to 4%), while the Coag-a-Mate and the Electra 650 had the best day-to-day reproducibility (coefficient of variation 2 to 5%). The comparison study indicated good correlation (r greater than or equal to 0.95) between the reference instrument (Bio/Data CA-15) and the single-channel Coag-a-Mate, Electra 650, and Clotek. The correlation for the Coagulyzer Jr. was also quite good (r = 0.95), but it could not detect some of the clots detected by the other machines. The Fibrometer showed significantly poorer correlation (r = 0.87) when compared with the other instruments.", "contents": "A comparison of five manually operated coagulation instruments. The results of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) determinations on the single-channel Coag-a-Mate, Coagulyzer Jr., Clotek, Electra 650, and Fibrometer instruments were compared with regard to precision, day-to-day reproducibility of results, and accuracy. There was no significant difference among the machines when PT was analyzed. In the APTT study, the single-channel Coag-a-Mate had the best overall precision (coefficient of variation 2 to 4%), while the Coag-a-Mate and the Electra 650 had the best day-to-day reproducibility (coefficient of variation 2 to 5%). The comparison study indicated good correlation (r greater than or equal to 0.95) between the reference instrument (Bio/Data CA-15) and the single-channel Coag-a-Mate, Electra 650, and Clotek. The correlation for the Coagulyzer Jr. was also quite good (r = 0.95), but it could not detect some of the clots detected by the other machines. The Fibrometer showed significantly poorer correlation (r = 0.87) when compared with the other instruments.", "PMID": 696674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10686", "title": "A semiautomated turbidimetric method for determination of plasma fibrinogen.", "content": "A semiautomated turbidimetric technic for determination of the concentration of fibrinogen in plasma was compared with chemical analysis of the fibrin formed by addition of thrombin to plasma. The overall coefficient of correlation between the two methods was 0.98, although the turbidimetric technic was somewhat more accurate in hypofibrinogenemic plasma, and the chemical method, in normal plasma.", "contents": "A semiautomated turbidimetric method for determination of plasma fibrinogen. A semiautomated turbidimetric technic for determination of the concentration of fibrinogen in plasma was compared with chemical analysis of the fibrin formed by addition of thrombin to plasma. The overall coefficient of correlation between the two methods was 0.98, although the turbidimetric technic was somewhat more accurate in hypofibrinogenemic plasma, and the chemical method, in normal plasma.", "PMID": 696675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10687", "title": "Evaluation of a packaged kit assay of serum ferritin and application to clinical diagnosis of selected anemias.", "content": "The reliability of a radioimmunometric assay of serum ferritin concentration by a packaged kit was evaluated. In addition, application of the serum ferritin assay to the clinical evaluation of selected anemias was assessed. When appropriate serum dilutions were utilized, this method was sufficiently reproducible and reliable for application to the clinical laboratory. Serum ferritin was found to be a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of anemia accompanied by hypoferremia, although iron depletion coexisting with either the anemia of chronic disease or active hepatocellular disease may not be clearly appreciated. The primary advantage of the determination was to help characterize the iron status of the patient with a hypochromic microcytic anemia or hypoferremia who would ordinarly require a bone-marrow examination for iron stores.", "contents": "Evaluation of a packaged kit assay of serum ferritin and application to clinical diagnosis of selected anemias. The reliability of a radioimmunometric assay of serum ferritin concentration by a packaged kit was evaluated. In addition, application of the serum ferritin assay to the clinical evaluation of selected anemias was assessed. When appropriate serum dilutions were utilized, this method was sufficiently reproducible and reliable for application to the clinical laboratory. Serum ferritin was found to be a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of anemia accompanied by hypoferremia, although iron depletion coexisting with either the anemia of chronic disease or active hepatocellular disease may not be clearly appreciated. The primary advantage of the determination was to help characterize the iron status of the patient with a hypochromic microcytic anemia or hypoferremia who would ordinarly require a bone-marrow examination for iron stores.", "PMID": 696676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10688", "title": "A simple test for detection of sickle hemoglobin in the neonatal period.", "content": "The ease of denaturation by shaking of a solution of oxyhemoglobin S (oxy-Hb S) forms the basis for a simple and reliable test for confirmation or rapid detection of Hb S in children and adults. Comparison of results of this test with those from agar gel electrophoresis in capillary blood samples from 187 black neonates at 2 to 7 days of life showed no overlap of the amounts of hemoglobin precipitated between the group of neonates with Hb S (5.7--12.0%) and that without Hb S (0--4.7%). These results indicate that the shaking test, by virtue of being simple, reliable and inexpensive, may be used to detect and confirm Hb S in large numbers of neonates before their discharge from the nursery.", "contents": "A simple test for detection of sickle hemoglobin in the neonatal period. The ease of denaturation by shaking of a solution of oxyhemoglobin S (oxy-Hb S) forms the basis for a simple and reliable test for confirmation or rapid detection of Hb S in children and adults. Comparison of results of this test with those from agar gel electrophoresis in capillary blood samples from 187 black neonates at 2 to 7 days of life showed no overlap of the amounts of hemoglobin precipitated between the group of neonates with Hb S (5.7--12.0%) and that without Hb S (0--4.7%). These results indicate that the shaking test, by virtue of being simple, reliable and inexpensive, may be used to detect and confirm Hb S in large numbers of neonates before their discharge from the nursery.", "PMID": 696677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10689", "title": "Specimen photocopying for surgical pathology reports.", "content": "A method of direct photocopying of surgical pathology specimens is described. The copy thus obtained can be included as a part of the surgical pathology report, to visually indicate locations of lesions, margins, measurements, and sites of sections taken for microscopic examination.", "contents": "Specimen photocopying for surgical pathology reports. A method of direct photocopying of surgical pathology specimens is described. The copy thus obtained can be included as a part of the surgical pathology report, to visually indicate locations of lesions, margins, measurements, and sites of sections taken for microscopic examination.", "PMID": 696678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10690", "title": "Tubular carcinoma of the breast. A study of frequency.", "content": "Tubular carcinoma of the breast is a recognizable histologic type of invasive mammary carcinoma, characterized by infrequent axillary lymph nodal metastases and an excellent prognosis. Of all carcinomas of the breast diagnosed in 1974 in the Louisville area, 42, or 10.3% were of the tubular variety. This is in contrast to the previously expressed opinion that tubular carcinoma is rare. Three histologic types of tubular carcinoma are described. Strict criteria for diagnosis of the mixed type are recommended.", "contents": "Tubular carcinoma of the breast. A study of frequency. Tubular carcinoma of the breast is a recognizable histologic type of invasive mammary carcinoma, characterized by infrequent axillary lymph nodal metastases and an excellent prognosis. Of all carcinomas of the breast diagnosed in 1974 in the Louisville area, 42, or 10.3% were of the tubular variety. This is in contrast to the previously expressed opinion that tubular carcinoma is rare. Three histologic types of tubular carcinoma are described. Strict criteria for diagnosis of the mixed type are recommended.", "PMID": 696679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10691", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcomas of the uterus.", "content": "The authors report the clinicopathologic findings in four cases of adult women with rhabdomyosarcomas that originated in the endometrium or cervix, or both. All tumors were pure sarcomas and not components of carcinosarcomas or malignant mixed mesodermal tumors. In two patients, the tumors were typical botryoid embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. Both patients were alive and well following combined treatments with surgery and chemotherapy or irradiation 3.0 and 2.7 years after operation, respectively, although one had a solitary pulmonary metastasis resected. The other two women had pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas, and both died rapidly of widespread tumor. Combination therapy rather than surgery alone probably should be used initially for patients with rhabdomyosarcomas of the uterus.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcomas of the uterus. The authors report the clinicopathologic findings in four cases of adult women with rhabdomyosarcomas that originated in the endometrium or cervix, or both. All tumors were pure sarcomas and not components of carcinosarcomas or malignant mixed mesodermal tumors. In two patients, the tumors were typical botryoid embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. Both patients were alive and well following combined treatments with surgery and chemotherapy or irradiation 3.0 and 2.7 years after operation, respectively, although one had a solitary pulmonary metastasis resected. The other two women had pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas, and both died rapidly of widespread tumor. Combination therapy rather than surgery alone probably should be used initially for patients with rhabdomyosarcomas of the uterus.", "PMID": 696680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10692", "title": "Splenic hamartoma.", "content": "This paper describes five cases of splenic hamartoma, a benign lesion, usually found incidentally in the spleen at autopsy. The current practice of laparotomy for staging of malignant lymphomas, especially Hodgkin's disease, has increased the numbers of surgically removed spleens. Because splenic hamartomas may be confused histologically with Hodgkin's disease involving the spleen, the authors have reviewed this entity, stressing the importance of recognizing and distinguishing it from a malignant process.", "contents": "Splenic hamartoma. This paper describes five cases of splenic hamartoma, a benign lesion, usually found incidentally in the spleen at autopsy. The current practice of laparotomy for staging of malignant lymphomas, especially Hodgkin's disease, has increased the numbers of surgically removed spleens. Because splenic hamartomas may be confused histologically with Hodgkin's disease involving the spleen, the authors have reviewed this entity, stressing the importance of recognizing and distinguishing it from a malignant process.", "PMID": 696681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10693", "title": "False-positive rubella hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titers in neonates and children with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "Two neonates, one with extrahepatic biliary atresia and one with cystic fibrosis, and a 9-year-old child with atresia of the common bile duct had conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and elevated rubella HAI titers when kaolin pretreatment of serum was used. A beta-lipoprotein fraction of the serum that is frequently found in association with biliary obstruction was shown to be the probable source of the rubella HAI inhibitor. This beta-lipoprotein was not removed by standard kaolin treatment of serum, but was removed almost completely by dextran sulfate--calcium chloride treatment. In the presence of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, routine kaolin pretreatment of serum is an inadequate measure for the removal of interfering substances, as false-positive rubella HAI results are obtained consistently.", "contents": "False-positive rubella hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titers in neonates and children with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Two neonates, one with extrahepatic biliary atresia and one with cystic fibrosis, and a 9-year-old child with atresia of the common bile duct had conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and elevated rubella HAI titers when kaolin pretreatment of serum was used. A beta-lipoprotein fraction of the serum that is frequently found in association with biliary obstruction was shown to be the probable source of the rubella HAI inhibitor. This beta-lipoprotein was not removed by standard kaolin treatment of serum, but was removed almost completely by dextran sulfate--calcium chloride treatment. In the presence of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, routine kaolin pretreatment of serum is an inadequate measure for the removal of interfering substances, as false-positive rubella HAI results are obtained consistently.", "PMID": 696682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10694", "title": "Serum enzyme tests in diseases of the liver and biliary tree.", "content": "Eight serum enzyme tests were performed over a three-year period in 1,147 cases of patients with suspected hepatobiliary disease, of whom 580 had identifiable primary disease of the liver or biliary system. Individually, aminotransferase assays did not provide good discrimination among the various categories of hepatobiliary disease, but when expressed as a ratio a useful degree of discrimination was obtained. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, guanase and glutamate dehydrogenase alone were poor discriminants of the various disease categories studied; combination of the latter enzyme with the aminotransferases in various ratios did not achieve worthwhile improvement. Adenosine deaminase was normal in most patients with extrahepatic obstruction and abnormal in most patients with parenchymal hepatic disease, and is potentially a useful test additional to the aminotransferases in routine diagnosis. 5'-Nucleotidase was more sensitive and specific than alkaline phosphatase in diagnosing hepatobiliary disorders. Abnormalities of all these enzymes were encountered in patients who did not have hepatobiliary disease, most frequently among subjects with cancer, diabetes mellitus, and diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.", "contents": "Serum enzyme tests in diseases of the liver and biliary tree. Eight serum enzyme tests were performed over a three-year period in 1,147 cases of patients with suspected hepatobiliary disease, of whom 580 had identifiable primary disease of the liver or biliary system. Individually, aminotransferase assays did not provide good discrimination among the various categories of hepatobiliary disease, but when expressed as a ratio a useful degree of discrimination was obtained. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, guanase and glutamate dehydrogenase alone were poor discriminants of the various disease categories studied; combination of the latter enzyme with the aminotransferases in various ratios did not achieve worthwhile improvement. Adenosine deaminase was normal in most patients with extrahepatic obstruction and abnormal in most patients with parenchymal hepatic disease, and is potentially a useful test additional to the aminotransferases in routine diagnosis. 5'-Nucleotidase was more sensitive and specific than alkaline phosphatase in diagnosing hepatobiliary disorders. Abnormalities of all these enzymes were encountered in patients who did not have hepatobiliary disease, most frequently among subjects with cancer, diabetes mellitus, and diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.", "PMID": 696683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10695", "title": "Laboratory studies of erythrocytic pyruvate kinase deficiency. Pathogenesis of the hemolysis.", "content": "Genetic polymorphism exists in erythrocytic pyruvate kinase (PK)-deficient hemolytic anemia, as briefly described. Destruction of erythrocytes varied in extent, but its mechanisms in different PK-deficient polymorphic persons investigated were similar. A paradoxical post-splenectomy reticulocytosis regularly occurred. Qualitative enzymatic differences, the biochemistry, and measurements of erythrocytic destruction were made in several PK variants. 51Cr autologous and cross-transfusions of PK-deficient erythrocytes into volunteers showed multimodel regression lines of several erythrocytic cohorts. 59Felabeled PK-deficient reticulocytes donated by PK-deficient splenectomized subjects were transfused 20 hours before splenectomy into two PK-deficient infants with hemolysis, and into two adult volunteers with autoimmune thrombocytopenia. The highest reticulocyte concentration in any organ initially was within the spleen. Radioiron-labeled erythrocytes and cytologic data showed large splenic reticulocyte pools. Splenic macrophages ingesting reticulocytes and erythrocytes were seen by both light and electron microscopy of the splenic pulp. After cyanide additives inhibiting reticulocyte oxidative phosphorylation, a bizarre erythrocytic cytologic configuration was found by scanning electron microscopy. These studies of PK-mutant subjects with PK-deficient erythrocytic hemolysis showed age dependent destruction of erythrocytes. Bimodal Cr survival data suggested reticuloendothelial removal of short-lived erythrocytes and reticulocytes. The transfusions of radioironlabeled PK reticulocytes and the data obtained by scanning electron microscopy suggested that the spleen was the initial hostile organ destroying a cohort of susceptible erythrocytes, prinicpally reticulocytes.", "contents": "Laboratory studies of erythrocytic pyruvate kinase deficiency. Pathogenesis of the hemolysis. Genetic polymorphism exists in erythrocytic pyruvate kinase (PK)-deficient hemolytic anemia, as briefly described. Destruction of erythrocytes varied in extent, but its mechanisms in different PK-deficient polymorphic persons investigated were similar. A paradoxical post-splenectomy reticulocytosis regularly occurred. Qualitative enzymatic differences, the biochemistry, and measurements of erythrocytic destruction were made in several PK variants. 51Cr autologous and cross-transfusions of PK-deficient erythrocytes into volunteers showed multimodel regression lines of several erythrocytic cohorts. 59Felabeled PK-deficient reticulocytes donated by PK-deficient splenectomized subjects were transfused 20 hours before splenectomy into two PK-deficient infants with hemolysis, and into two adult volunteers with autoimmune thrombocytopenia. The highest reticulocyte concentration in any organ initially was within the spleen. Radioiron-labeled erythrocytes and cytologic data showed large splenic reticulocyte pools. Splenic macrophages ingesting reticulocytes and erythrocytes were seen by both light and electron microscopy of the splenic pulp. After cyanide additives inhibiting reticulocyte oxidative phosphorylation, a bizarre erythrocytic cytologic configuration was found by scanning electron microscopy. These studies of PK-mutant subjects with PK-deficient erythrocytic hemolysis showed age dependent destruction of erythrocytes. Bimodal Cr survival data suggested reticuloendothelial removal of short-lived erythrocytes and reticulocytes. The transfusions of radioironlabeled PK reticulocytes and the data obtained by scanning electron microscopy suggested that the spleen was the initial hostile organ destroying a cohort of susceptible erythrocytes, prinicpally reticulocytes.", "PMID": 696684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10696", "title": "The 125I-fibrinogen euglobulin clot-lysis test.", "content": "A new method for determination of the rate of plasma fibrinolytic activity is presented. The method is based on the euglobulin clot-lysis test, modified by the addition in vitro of a small amount of normal I-labeled fibrinogen to the patient's eublobulin fraction. The rate of fibrinolysis is determined by the release of radioactivity from the clotted euglobulin fraction as a function of time. The rate is expressed as the fibrinolysis constant, which is the mathematical value for the fibrinolysis curve. Mean normal value for the fibrinolysis constant for 17 normal adult volunteers was 0.14 +/- 0.09 (2 SD). The major advantages of this technic are that it is not necessary to rely on complete dissolution of the clot for the end point, the majority of the euglobulin clot is the individual's own fibrin(ogen), and a quantitative and kinetic index of overall fibrinolytic activity can be obtained.", "contents": "The 125I-fibrinogen euglobulin clot-lysis test. A new method for determination of the rate of plasma fibrinolytic activity is presented. The method is based on the euglobulin clot-lysis test, modified by the addition in vitro of a small amount of normal I-labeled fibrinogen to the patient's eublobulin fraction. The rate of fibrinolysis is determined by the release of radioactivity from the clotted euglobulin fraction as a function of time. The rate is expressed as the fibrinolysis constant, which is the mathematical value for the fibrinolysis curve. Mean normal value for the fibrinolysis constant for 17 normal adult volunteers was 0.14 +/- 0.09 (2 SD). The major advantages of this technic are that it is not necessary to rely on complete dissolution of the clot for the end point, the majority of the euglobulin clot is the individual's own fibrin(ogen), and a quantitative and kinetic index of overall fibrinolytic activity can be obtained.", "PMID": 696685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10697", "title": "Rapid assay for measurement of serum ferritin.", "content": "The authors present a rapid modification of the tube immunoradiometric assay for serum ferritin quantitation. The method involves gentle rotatory mixing of the tube contents at ambient temperature and can be performed in a few hours. Variables affecting different stages of the assay were systematically investigated. The performance characteristics of the shortened assay in terms of reproducibility, sensitivity and recovery were then validated. Results with this method correlate well with those obtained by the conventional assay.", "contents": "Rapid assay for measurement of serum ferritin. The authors present a rapid modification of the tube immunoradiometric assay for serum ferritin quantitation. The method involves gentle rotatory mixing of the tube contents at ambient temperature and can be performed in a few hours. Variables affecting different stages of the assay were systematically investigated. The performance characteristics of the shortened assay in terms of reproducibility, sensitivity and recovery were then validated. Results with this method correlate well with those obtained by the conventional assay.", "PMID": 696686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10698", "title": "Standardization of the one-stage assay for factor VIII (antihemophilic factor).", "content": "Although considerable progress has been made in perfecting the one-stage assay for factor VIII (antihemophilic factor), there remain variables that influence test results within laboratories as well as reproducibility between laboratories which have not been adequately evaluated. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate certain aspects of this assay that have not received adequate consideration and to describe the authors' assay method in order to provide a basis for comparison with results from other laboratories. It appears that variability results from: (1) differences in coagulability of different batches of substrate plasma obtained at different times from the same individual; (2) instability of some batches of stored substrate or standard plasmas; (3) variation in coagulability among vials of stored substrate or standard plasma from the same batch; (4) variation due to non-plasma reagents and instrumentation used to execute the test.", "contents": "Standardization of the one-stage assay for factor VIII (antihemophilic factor). Although considerable progress has been made in perfecting the one-stage assay for factor VIII (antihemophilic factor), there remain variables that influence test results within laboratories as well as reproducibility between laboratories which have not been adequately evaluated. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate certain aspects of this assay that have not received adequate consideration and to describe the authors' assay method in order to provide a basis for comparison with results from other laboratories. It appears that variability results from: (1) differences in coagulability of different batches of substrate plasma obtained at different times from the same individual; (2) instability of some batches of stored substrate or standard plasmas; (3) variation in coagulability among vials of stored substrate or standard plasma from the same batch; (4) variation due to non-plasma reagents and instrumentation used to execute the test.", "PMID": 696687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10699", "title": "Phencyclidine identification by thin-layer chromatography. A rapid screening procedure for emergency toxicology.", "content": "The clinical manifestations of phencyclidine abuse may include bizarre neuropsychiatric symptoms, which may mimic the untoward reactions of a variety of illicit drugs. Specific diagnosis and therapy depend, primarily, upon consideration of this drug followed by its prompt and accurate identification. A rapid modified thin-layer chromatographic technic for the detection and differentiation of phencyclindine from other alkaloids and neutral drugs with similar Rf values in this system is presented.", "contents": "Phencyclidine identification by thin-layer chromatography. A rapid screening procedure for emergency toxicology. The clinical manifestations of phencyclidine abuse may include bizarre neuropsychiatric symptoms, which may mimic the untoward reactions of a variety of illicit drugs. Specific diagnosis and therapy depend, primarily, upon consideration of this drug followed by its prompt and accurate identification. A rapid modified thin-layer chromatographic technic for the detection and differentiation of phencyclindine from other alkaloids and neutral drugs with similar Rf values in this system is presented.", "PMID": 696688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10700", "title": "Implementation of a pneumatic-tube system for transport of blood specimens.", "content": "Whole-blood specimens were transported through an installed 485-meter pneumatic-tube system dedicated to blood transport. The system featured constant-speed, low-carrier-velocity travel (3.6 m/sec) with controlled deceleration prior to arrival at its destination. Inserts were designed with ample use of padding to minimize agitation during transport and landing. Serum potassium, hemoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase activity and whole-blood pH, PCO2, and PO2 were not altered in freshly drawn blood transported in this system. Partial filling or heparinization of the specimen containers did not alter the results. When specimens were allowed to clot prior to pneumatic-tube transport, significantly higher levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase were obtained. This study demonstrates that transport of whole-blood specimens by pneumatic tube without damage to blood components is feasible.", "contents": "Implementation of a pneumatic-tube system for transport of blood specimens. Whole-blood specimens were transported through an installed 485-meter pneumatic-tube system dedicated to blood transport. The system featured constant-speed, low-carrier-velocity travel (3.6 m/sec) with controlled deceleration prior to arrival at its destination. Inserts were designed with ample use of padding to minimize agitation during transport and landing. Serum potassium, hemoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase activity and whole-blood pH, PCO2, and PO2 were not altered in freshly drawn blood transported in this system. Partial filling or heparinization of the specimen containers did not alter the results. When specimens were allowed to clot prior to pneumatic-tube transport, significantly higher levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase were obtained. This study demonstrates that transport of whole-blood specimens by pneumatic tube without damage to blood components is feasible.", "PMID": 696689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10701", "title": "Chronic granulomatous disease with leukocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a 28-month-old girl.", "content": "A 28-month-old girl, whose parents are first cousins, was hospitalized following a series of severe infections. Results of functional granulocytic tests permitted the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease (lack of nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, impaired bactericidal activity for Staphylococcus aureus but normal activity for Streptococcus foecalis). Random migration was also impaired, and leukocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity was decreased (37% of the normal mean). In contrast, erythrocytic G6PD activity was normal. Similar leukocytic studies of both parents revealed a moderate decrease of the mother's leukocytic G6PD activity (62% of the normal mean). This case represents an additional argument in favor of the recessive autosomal transmission of chronic granulomatous disease in females.", "contents": "Chronic granulomatous disease with leukocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a 28-month-old girl. A 28-month-old girl, whose parents are first cousins, was hospitalized following a series of severe infections. Results of functional granulocytic tests permitted the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease (lack of nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, impaired bactericidal activity for Staphylococcus aureus but normal activity for Streptococcus foecalis). Random migration was also impaired, and leukocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity was decreased (37% of the normal mean). In contrast, erythrocytic G6PD activity was normal. Similar leukocytic studies of both parents revealed a moderate decrease of the mother's leukocytic G6PD activity (62% of the normal mean). This case represents an additional argument in favor of the recessive autosomal transmission of chronic granulomatous disease in females.", "PMID": 696690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10702", "title": "Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma following low-dose irradiation.", "content": "Low-dose irradiation of the neck in childhood is associated with a markedly increased incidence of thyroid cancer. Such carcinomas have almost all been well differentiated, papillary or follicular types. This paper describes the development of metastatic anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in cervical lymph nodes a year after subtotal thyroidectomy for well-differentiated papillary carcinoma in a 32-year-old man who had had low-dose cervical irradiation at the age of 7 years. It appears that irradiation-related thyroid carcinomas, in at least a very small number of people, may be associated with aggressive carcinoma.", "contents": "Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma following low-dose irradiation. Low-dose irradiation of the neck in childhood is associated with a markedly increased incidence of thyroid cancer. Such carcinomas have almost all been well differentiated, papillary or follicular types. This paper describes the development of metastatic anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in cervical lymph nodes a year after subtotal thyroidectomy for well-differentiated papillary carcinoma in a 32-year-old man who had had low-dose cervical irradiation at the age of 7 years. It appears that irradiation-related thyroid carcinomas, in at least a very small number of people, may be associated with aggressive carcinoma.", "PMID": 696691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10703", "title": "Self-help groups viewed by mental health professionals: a survey and comments.", "content": "This paper presents a summary of a national survey of the utilization and evaluation of self-help groups by outpatient mental health facilities making and receiving referrals from self-help groups. Evaluations of self-help groups' effectiveness tended to be favorable, and respondents generally believed that they could play an important role in a mental health delivery system. Only 30.7%, however, believed that the probability was high that their agencies would be interested in exploring how their activities might be integrated with those of self-help groups.", "contents": "Self-help groups viewed by mental health professionals: a survey and comments. This paper presents a summary of a national survey of the utilization and evaluation of self-help groups by outpatient mental health facilities making and receiving referrals from self-help groups. Evaluations of self-help groups' effectiveness tended to be favorable, and respondents generally believed that they could play an important role in a mental health delivery system. Only 30.7%, however, believed that the probability was high that their agencies would be interested in exploring how their activities might be integrated with those of self-help groups.", "PMID": 696694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10704", "title": "Crisis intervention with families of servicemen missing in action.", "content": "This study investigated reactions and processes in a crisis situation as well as experiences of those who engaged in crisis intervention activities. Thirty-two volunteers, who worked with 55 families of servicemen missing in action during the October 1973 Mideast war, described the families' reactions to the given situation as well as their own involvement. Reactions to crisis and expectations from the volunteers are described and discussed. Special scrutiny was directed at the volunteering phenomenon, and at the volunteers' motivations, needs, reactions, and conflicts.", "contents": "Crisis intervention with families of servicemen missing in action. This study investigated reactions and processes in a crisis situation as well as experiences of those who engaged in crisis intervention activities. Thirty-two volunteers, who worked with 55 families of servicemen missing in action during the October 1973 Mideast war, described the families' reactions to the given situation as well as their own involvement. Reactions to crisis and expectations from the volunteers are described and discussed. Special scrutiny was directed at the volunteering phenomenon, and at the volunteers' motivations, needs, reactions, and conflicts.", "PMID": 696695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10705", "title": "Community influences on mental health program evaluation.", "content": "Research in community psychology has demonstrated that community environments can play a key role in defining the operations of human service institutions. This study questioned whether significant community groups might indirectly influence the program evaluation record-keeping of mental health outpatient programs to reflect contact with problem areas considered important by those groups. An inventory of program evaluation materials was conducted in three types of mental health programs. The ranked frequencies of record completion for 10 designated problem areas were correlated with staff rankings of importance for agency work with problems identified by key community groups. Results indicate that the more important the community demand is to the staff, the more systematically complete will be data sources which document agency performance for that demand. Given the general lack of comprehensive development of program evaluation in many mental health programs, the results suggest that community interest groups may play a major role in determining what types of information on mental health problems are made available to the public. The resultant lack of balance and scope in these data inevitably limit the range of community responses for program improvement.", "contents": "Community influences on mental health program evaluation. Research in community psychology has demonstrated that community environments can play a key role in defining the operations of human service institutions. This study questioned whether significant community groups might indirectly influence the program evaluation record-keeping of mental health outpatient programs to reflect contact with problem areas considered important by those groups. An inventory of program evaluation materials was conducted in three types of mental health programs. The ranked frequencies of record completion for 10 designated problem areas were correlated with staff rankings of importance for agency work with problems identified by key community groups. Results indicate that the more important the community demand is to the staff, the more systematically complete will be data sources which document agency performance for that demand. Given the general lack of comprehensive development of program evaluation in many mental health programs, the results suggest that community interest groups may play a major role in determining what types of information on mental health problems are made available to the public. The resultant lack of balance and scope in these data inevitably limit the range of community responses for program improvement.", "PMID": 696696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10706", "title": "An assessment of a community's mental health needs.", "content": "In this study social indicators and survey measures were used to predict 3-years of service utilization by the residents of 26 census tracts served by a community mental health center. Ten social indicators were selected from available census tract statistics, and seven survey measures were taken from an epidemiological survey of the catchment area of the mental health center. These data were analyzed first with univariate analyses of variance and then with stepwise regression to test their independent and combined relationship with utilization rates. The results showed that mental health utilization rates can be predicted with considerable accuracy by social indicators and survey measures. Combining survey measures and social indicators provided the greatest accuracy; implying that both social and psychological forces need to be considered. Social indicators alone were shown to be more powerful predictors than survey measures alone. Survey measures may be particularly valuable in identifying the special problems of members of different neighborhoods, while social indicators provide clues about the location of high-risk neighborhoods.", "contents": "An assessment of a community's mental health needs. In this study social indicators and survey measures were used to predict 3-years of service utilization by the residents of 26 census tracts served by a community mental health center. Ten social indicators were selected from available census tract statistics, and seven survey measures were taken from an epidemiological survey of the catchment area of the mental health center. These data were analyzed first with univariate analyses of variance and then with stepwise regression to test their independent and combined relationship with utilization rates. The results showed that mental health utilization rates can be predicted with considerable accuracy by social indicators and survey measures. Combining survey measures and social indicators provided the greatest accuracy; implying that both social and psychological forces need to be considered. Social indicators alone were shown to be more powerful predictors than survey measures alone. Survey measures may be particularly valuable in identifying the special problems of members of different neighborhoods, while social indicators provide clues about the location of high-risk neighborhoods.", "PMID": 696697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10707", "title": "Increased clinic awareness and attitudes of independence through client advisory board membership.", "content": "In order to determine the effect of client advisory board membership on clients' awareness of a clinic, and on client attitudes of independence, the responses of 13 board members were compared with those of 13 matched controls on two self-report measures (Clinic Recognition Test, Client Independence Questionnaire) before and after 3-month periods. Analysis of the results indicated that, whereas the responses of controls did not significantly change on the Client Independence Questionnaire, the responses of board members indicated a significant increase in attitudes of independence. And, even though both board members and control clients significantly increased their awareness of clinic and staff over 3 months, the awareness of the broad members was significantly greater than that of the control clients.", "contents": "Increased clinic awareness and attitudes of independence through client advisory board membership. In order to determine the effect of client advisory board membership on clients' awareness of a clinic, and on client attitudes of independence, the responses of 13 board members were compared with those of 13 matched controls on two self-report measures (Clinic Recognition Test, Client Independence Questionnaire) before and after 3-month periods. Analysis of the results indicated that, whereas the responses of controls did not significantly change on the Client Independence Questionnaire, the responses of board members indicated a significant increase in attitudes of independence. And, even though both board members and control clients significantly increased their awareness of clinic and staff over 3 months, the awareness of the broad members was significantly greater than that of the control clients.", "PMID": 696698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10708", "title": "The psychologist in the community mental health center: an analysis of activities and training needs.", "content": "Professional activities and expressed needs for additional training were examined in the case of 211 psychologists employed in 51 community mental health centers in western United States. Two-thirds of the work week is taken up directly or indirectly with traditional clinical services, 19% with community mental health activities; and the balance in program development, administration, research, and program evaluation. In contrast to the common assertion linking psychologists and research activity, the current results indicate that psychologists in community mental health centers devote very little time to research or program evaluation. Expressed training needs parallel reported activity patterns - highest for clinical functions and moderately high for community mental health functions. The significant impact of the community mental health movement is seen in both the distribution of professional activities and in expressed needs for additional competence.", "contents": "The psychologist in the community mental health center: an analysis of activities and training needs. Professional activities and expressed needs for additional training were examined in the case of 211 psychologists employed in 51 community mental health centers in western United States. Two-thirds of the work week is taken up directly or indirectly with traditional clinical services, 19% with community mental health activities; and the balance in program development, administration, research, and program evaluation. In contrast to the common assertion linking psychologists and research activity, the current results indicate that psychologists in community mental health centers devote very little time to research or program evaluation. Expressed training needs parallel reported activity patterns - highest for clinical functions and moderately high for community mental health functions. The significant impact of the community mental health movement is seen in both the distribution of professional activities and in expressed needs for additional competence.", "PMID": 696699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10709", "title": "Outcome evaluation of a referral system for juvenile offenders.", "content": "Referral systems, among the most recent delinquency prevention programs, have not been evaluated on outcome measures. This paper describes the effectiveness of a referral system for young offenders. The subjects were 239 referred and nonreferred juveniles who were apprehended by the police. Program effectiveness was measured in two areas: diverting youths from court and preventing youths from having further police contact (preventing recidivism). Results indicated that the program served multiple offenders more frequently than it did first offenders, and first offenders who received the greatest amount of service had a higher incidence of recidivism than did low-service clients. Suggestions are made for more effective development and evaluation of referral systems.", "contents": "Outcome evaluation of a referral system for juvenile offenders. Referral systems, among the most recent delinquency prevention programs, have not been evaluated on outcome measures. This paper describes the effectiveness of a referral system for young offenders. The subjects were 239 referred and nonreferred juveniles who were apprehended by the police. Program effectiveness was measured in two areas: diverting youths from court and preventing youths from having further police contact (preventing recidivism). Results indicated that the program served multiple offenders more frequently than it did first offenders, and first offenders who received the greatest amount of service had a higher incidence of recidivism than did low-service clients. Suggestions are made for more effective development and evaluation of referral systems.", "PMID": 696700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10710", "title": "A comparison of three survey methods to obtain data for community mental health program planning.", "content": "A perennial problem for mental health planners is assessing community needs and existing services. The three most common methods used to obtain this data are the telephone survey, the mail-out questionnaire, and the face-to-face interview. However, there are advantages and disadvantages associated with each approach in terms of sampling, response rates, and economic costs. The present study utilized all three methods to survey the same community population in order to determine the comparability of obtained data and relative efficacy of the methods. A standard 21-item questionnaire was developed to obtain demographic and epidemiological data. This included nine Likert-type items to obtain opionions on a typical question such as \"To what extent would you have confidence in recommending the Mental Health Center to members of your immediate family?\" In the first method, survey teams made door-to-door interviews to complete 449 questionnaires on a random sample. In the second method, 1,000 questionnaires were mailed to a random sample with returns requested. In the third method, 224 people were randomly selected from the telephone directory and asked to respond to the questionnaire over the phone. Precautions were taken in all methods to ensure confidentiality of responses. All respondents were classified according to a two-factor index based on occupation and education. The data were analyed to determine whether comparable data were obtained through divergent methods. Results are discussed and implications are given for community mental health planners.", "contents": "A comparison of three survey methods to obtain data for community mental health program planning. A perennial problem for mental health planners is assessing community needs and existing services. The three most common methods used to obtain this data are the telephone survey, the mail-out questionnaire, and the face-to-face interview. However, there are advantages and disadvantages associated with each approach in terms of sampling, response rates, and economic costs. The present study utilized all three methods to survey the same community population in order to determine the comparability of obtained data and relative efficacy of the methods. A standard 21-item questionnaire was developed to obtain demographic and epidemiological data. This included nine Likert-type items to obtain opionions on a typical question such as \"To what extent would you have confidence in recommending the Mental Health Center to members of your immediate family?\" In the first method, survey teams made door-to-door interviews to complete 449 questionnaires on a random sample. In the second method, 1,000 questionnaires were mailed to a random sample with returns requested. In the third method, 224 people were randomly selected from the telephone directory and asked to respond to the questionnaire over the phone. Precautions were taken in all methods to ensure confidentiality of responses. All respondents were classified according to a two-factor index based on occupation and education. The data were analyed to determine whether comparable data were obtained through divergent methods. Results are discussed and implications are given for community mental health planners.", "PMID": 696701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10711", "title": "Attitudes toward seeking pastoral help in the event of the death of a close friend or relative.", "content": "This study examined correlates of seeking help from clergymen in the event of the death of a close friend or relative. Demographic factors and attitudes toward seeking pastoral help in the event of the death of a close friend or relative were examined in 116 subjects. Half the subjects were undergraduates and half were from local congregations. Age, sex, socioeconomic status, religious affiliation, marital status, and intensity of religious belief were related to favorableness of help-seeking attitudes. Findings concerning sex of the subject were consistent with those in more general studies on help seeking. The remainder of the findings were in the opposite direction from comparable studies where the source of help was a mental health professional and the circumstances for seeking help are unspecified.", "contents": "Attitudes toward seeking pastoral help in the event of the death of a close friend or relative. This study examined correlates of seeking help from clergymen in the event of the death of a close friend or relative. Demographic factors and attitudes toward seeking pastoral help in the event of the death of a close friend or relative were examined in 116 subjects. Half the subjects were undergraduates and half were from local congregations. Age, sex, socioeconomic status, religious affiliation, marital status, and intensity of religious belief were related to favorableness of help-seeking attitudes. Findings concerning sex of the subject were consistent with those in more general studies on help seeking. The remainder of the findings were in the opposite direction from comparable studies where the source of help was a mental health professional and the circumstances for seeking help are unspecified.", "PMID": 696702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10712", "title": "Alcohol and illicit drug use: follow-up study of treatment admissions to DARP during 1969-1971.", "content": "The present study was based on follow-up data on 1409 persons interviewed 4 to 6 years after admission to drug treatment in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP). The admissions to DARP occurred in 1969-1971, and for most persons the follow-up data included 3 or more years after termination of DARP treatment. The study focused on variations in alcohol consumption associated with post-DARP drug use and treatment status. The results indicated that use of alcohol and non-opioid drugs (particularly marijuana) tended to be correlated, but that this was not true of opioid drugs. For a small segment of the sample, evidence suggested that substitution of use may have occurred between alcohol and opioid drugs. Also, persons with post-DARP drug treatment tended to use less alcohol than persons without treatment. Interpretations and implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Alcohol and illicit drug use: follow-up study of treatment admissions to DARP during 1969-1971. The present study was based on follow-up data on 1409 persons interviewed 4 to 6 years after admission to drug treatment in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP). The admissions to DARP occurred in 1969-1971, and for most persons the follow-up data included 3 or more years after termination of DARP treatment. The study focused on variations in alcohol consumption associated with post-DARP drug use and treatment status. The results indicated that use of alcohol and non-opioid drugs (particularly marijuana) tended to be correlated, but that this was not true of opioid drugs. For a small segment of the sample, evidence suggested that substitution of use may have occurred between alcohol and opioid drugs. Also, persons with post-DARP drug treatment tended to use less alcohol than persons without treatment. Interpretations and implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 696703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10713", "title": "Illicit drug use and return to treatment: follow-up study of treatment admissions to DARP during 1969-1971.", "content": "The present study was based on follow-up data on 1,409 persons interviewed 4 to 6 years after admission to drug treatments in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP). The admissions to DARP occurred in 1969-1971, and for most persons the follow-up data included 3 or more years after termination of DARP treatment. The focus of this study was on illicit drug use of former DARP clients, taking into account if and when they reentered drug treatment after termination of DARP treatment. The results showed that a significant drop in opioid and nonopioid (but not marijuana) drug use generally occurred upon entry into other, post-DARP treatments, and that these beneficial effects of treatment tended to continue beyond the end of treatment. Overall, 42% of the sample had no further drug treatment during the first 3 years after DARP, and almost half (42%) of this group used no opioid or nonopioid drugs at all during this time. Comparisons between DARP treatment groups also indicated that therapeutic community clients had the lowest rate of return to post-DARP treatments.", "contents": "Illicit drug use and return to treatment: follow-up study of treatment admissions to DARP during 1969-1971. The present study was based on follow-up data on 1,409 persons interviewed 4 to 6 years after admission to drug treatments in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP). The admissions to DARP occurred in 1969-1971, and for most persons the follow-up data included 3 or more years after termination of DARP treatment. The focus of this study was on illicit drug use of former DARP clients, taking into account if and when they reentered drug treatment after termination of DARP treatment. The results showed that a significant drop in opioid and nonopioid (but not marijuana) drug use generally occurred upon entry into other, post-DARP treatments, and that these beneficial effects of treatment tended to continue beyond the end of treatment. Overall, 42% of the sample had no further drug treatment during the first 3 years after DARP, and almost half (42%) of this group used no opioid or nonopioid drugs at all during this time. Comparisons between DARP treatment groups also indicated that therapeutic community clients had the lowest rate of return to post-DARP treatments.", "PMID": 696704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10714", "title": "Street heroin potency and deaths from overdose in San Antonio.", "content": "Disagreement over the mechanism of death in so-called heroin overdose has been noted in the medical literature for more than a decade. We studied the relationship between the potency of street heroin and the frequency of heroin overdose deaths in San Antonio in order to test the \"pharmacologic overdose\" hypothesis. We found a small, nonsignificant correlation (r=+.13) between monthly mean heroin dose and monthly number of heroin overdose deaths over a 5-year period. This low correlation contradicts findings of previous studies in Washington, D.C. and Atlanta, conducted over shorter periods of time, in which high positive correlations were found. The low correlation does not support the pharmacologic overdose hypothesis. Since there were confounding variables, the data do not refute the hypothesis. These variables include the use of alcohol and other depressants, hidden suicide, and reduced opioid drug tolerance due to institutional treatment.", "contents": "Street heroin potency and deaths from overdose in San Antonio. Disagreement over the mechanism of death in so-called heroin overdose has been noted in the medical literature for more than a decade. We studied the relationship between the potency of street heroin and the frequency of heroin overdose deaths in San Antonio in order to test the \"pharmacologic overdose\" hypothesis. We found a small, nonsignificant correlation (r=+.13) between monthly mean heroin dose and monthly number of heroin overdose deaths over a 5-year period. This low correlation contradicts findings of previous studies in Washington, D.C. and Atlanta, conducted over shorter periods of time, in which high positive correlations were found. The low correlation does not support the pharmacologic overdose hypothesis. Since there were confounding variables, the data do not refute the hypothesis. These variables include the use of alcohol and other depressants, hidden suicide, and reduced opioid drug tolerance due to institutional treatment.", "PMID": 696705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10715", "title": "Methadone and criminality: a suburban perspective.", "content": "In a suburban methadone program, using official police records, a study was made of patients' arrest records before and after methadone treatment. Eighty patients were willing to allow the researchers to secure their arrest records. These 80 patients were similar to the total clinic population of 226 in terms of demographic variables, arrest records, and addiction history. For these 80 patients both the rate of arrest and the number of patients arrested declined in association with entering methadone maintenance treatment. The decline was statistically significant for drug-related offenses but not for nondrug-related offenses. Overall, the decline in both rate of arrest and number of patients arrested was significant, but this was due to the decrease in drug-related arrests. Drug-related arrests play a dominant role in the criminality of the suburban patients in this study. Because of this, the reduction in drug-related arrests is more significant for this group of patients than it would have been for an inner-city patient population.", "contents": "Methadone and criminality: a suburban perspective. In a suburban methadone program, using official police records, a study was made of patients' arrest records before and after methadone treatment. Eighty patients were willing to allow the researchers to secure their arrest records. These 80 patients were similar to the total clinic population of 226 in terms of demographic variables, arrest records, and addiction history. For these 80 patients both the rate of arrest and the number of patients arrested declined in association with entering methadone maintenance treatment. The decline was statistically significant for drug-related offenses but not for nondrug-related offenses. Overall, the decline in both rate of arrest and number of patients arrested was significant, but this was due to the decrease in drug-related arrests. Drug-related arrests play a dominant role in the criminality of the suburban patients in this study. Because of this, the reduction in drug-related arrests is more significant for this group of patients than it would have been for an inner-city patient population.", "PMID": 696706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10716", "title": "Chemical dependency education within medical schools: supervised clinical experience.", "content": "Physicians can play a significant role in chemical dependency, including early identification and intervention, referral to treatment resources, patient and community education, and responsible prescribing practices. Some medical schools have begun to provide instruction in the psychology, pharmacology, and physical pathology of chemical dependency; yet surveys indicate that few offer supervised clinical experience with chemically dependent patients. At the University of Minnesota Medical School, chemical dependency treatment centers are used to provide supervised clinical tutorials for all second year students as part of a coordinated chemical dependency curriculum. The authors describe the development, goals, organization, instructional approaches, and assessment of these tutorials. It is argued that chemical dependency treatment centers are a valuable resource in the education of medical students, as well as other professionls, if used with a view to their assets and limitations.", "contents": "Chemical dependency education within medical schools: supervised clinical experience. Physicians can play a significant role in chemical dependency, including early identification and intervention, referral to treatment resources, patient and community education, and responsible prescribing practices. Some medical schools have begun to provide instruction in the psychology, pharmacology, and physical pathology of chemical dependency; yet surveys indicate that few offer supervised clinical experience with chemically dependent patients. At the University of Minnesota Medical School, chemical dependency treatment centers are used to provide supervised clinical tutorials for all second year students as part of a coordinated chemical dependency curriculum. The authors describe the development, goals, organization, instructional approaches, and assessment of these tutorials. It is argued that chemical dependency treatment centers are a valuable resource in the education of medical students, as well as other professionls, if used with a view to their assets and limitations.", "PMID": 696707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10717", "title": "Coca leaf as a therapeutic agent.", "content": "South American Indians have used coca leaf as a remedy for thousands of years. Coca might be useful as a treatment for gastrointestinal ailments and motion sickness, as a fast-acting antidepressant medication, as a substitute stimulant for coffee in certain cases, and as an adjunct in programs of weight reduction and physical fitness. In leaf form, coca does not produce toxicity or dependence. Its effects are distinct from those of cocaine, which is but one of a number of active compounds in the leaf. Coca can be administered as a chewing gum containing a whole extract of the leaf, including alkaloids, natural flavors, and several nutrients. Legal mechanisms exist for importing, distributing, and dispensing coca, and experimentation with it by interested physicians would be valuable.", "contents": "Coca leaf as a therapeutic agent. South American Indians have used coca leaf as a remedy for thousands of years. Coca might be useful as a treatment for gastrointestinal ailments and motion sickness, as a fast-acting antidepressant medication, as a substitute stimulant for coffee in certain cases, and as an adjunct in programs of weight reduction and physical fitness. In leaf form, coca does not produce toxicity or dependence. Its effects are distinct from those of cocaine, which is but one of a number of active compounds in the leaf. Coca can be administered as a chewing gum containing a whole extract of the leaf, including alkaloids, natural flavors, and several nutrients. Legal mechanisms exist for importing, distributing, and dispensing coca, and experimentation with it by interested physicians would be valuable.", "PMID": 696708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10718", "title": "Personality and sexual behavior of the adolescent smoker.", "content": "The adolescent smoker (aged 14 to 17 years) shows little difference from the non-smoker in terms of scores on the Cattell 16 personality factor inventory. In particular, there is no evidence of tension, extroversion, or reversal of sexually-biased personality characteristics. The sexual promiscuity of the adolescent smoker is probably related more to liberal attitudes and a propensity for risk-taking behavior than to uncertainty regarding sexuality. In this age group the decision to start smoking regularly may depend more on the influence of parents and friends than on an inherent personality structure.", "contents": "Personality and sexual behavior of the adolescent smoker. The adolescent smoker (aged 14 to 17 years) shows little difference from the non-smoker in terms of scores on the Cattell 16 personality factor inventory. In particular, there is no evidence of tension, extroversion, or reversal of sexually-biased personality characteristics. The sexual promiscuity of the adolescent smoker is probably related more to liberal attitudes and a propensity for risk-taking behavior than to uncertainty regarding sexuality. In this age group the decision to start smoking regularly may depend more on the influence of parents and friends than on an inherent personality structure.", "PMID": 696709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10719", "title": "Impact of sex on length of time spent in treatment and treatment success.", "content": "This paper examines the null hypothesis that there is no difference between male and female drug abuse clients in length of time spent in treatment and successful outcome of that treatment. The hypothesis is tested by means of multiple classification analysis on a random sample of 20,264 clients who were discharged from federally-funded drug abuse programs in 1975. Upon controlling for the effects of demographic client characteristics, treatment history, and drug usage, the authors conclude that the null hypothesis is sustained. Small differences are apparent, especially with respect to the length of time spent by clients in drug-free modality and day-care environment and in detoxification modality and hospital environment, and with respect to treatment success for clients in drug-free environment and hospital environment. However, these differences are not sufficient to warrant a rejection of the null hypothesis.", "contents": "Impact of sex on length of time spent in treatment and treatment success. This paper examines the null hypothesis that there is no difference between male and female drug abuse clients in length of time spent in treatment and successful outcome of that treatment. The hypothesis is tested by means of multiple classification analysis on a random sample of 20,264 clients who were discharged from federally-funded drug abuse programs in 1975. Upon controlling for the effects of demographic client characteristics, treatment history, and drug usage, the authors conclude that the null hypothesis is sustained. Small differences are apparent, especially with respect to the length of time spent by clients in drug-free modality and day-care environment and in detoxification modality and hospital environment, and with respect to treatment success for clients in drug-free environment and hospital environment. However, these differences are not sufficient to warrant a rejection of the null hypothesis.", "PMID": 696710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10720", "title": "Efficient manometric technic for accurate regional measurement of esophageal body motor activity.", "content": "We have developed a single station, manometric recording technic that allows quick and accurate measurement of motor activity occurring in all regions of the esophageal body. The manometric instrumentation features a catheter recording assembly with eight recording orifices spaced at uniform 3 cm. intervals. Each recording lumen is infused with water by a minimally compliant hydraulic-capillary system which achieves accurate recording of peristaltic and nonperistaltic motor activity in the esophageal body at an infusion rate of 0.5 ml./min. Because the recording sites of the manometric assembly span a distance of 21 cm., a distance which approximates the length of the esophageal body in humans, a detailed map of motor activity over the entire length of the esophageal body is achieved by securing the manometric assembly at one suitable portion. Because frequent repositioning of the manometric assembly is eliminated, the method described takes only a few minutes for comprehensive assessment of esophageal body motor activity.", "contents": "Efficient manometric technic for accurate regional measurement of esophageal body motor activity. We have developed a single station, manometric recording technic that allows quick and accurate measurement of motor activity occurring in all regions of the esophageal body. The manometric instrumentation features a catheter recording assembly with eight recording orifices spaced at uniform 3 cm. intervals. Each recording lumen is infused with water by a minimally compliant hydraulic-capillary system which achieves accurate recording of peristaltic and nonperistaltic motor activity in the esophageal body at an infusion rate of 0.5 ml./min. Because the recording sites of the manometric assembly span a distance of 21 cm., a distance which approximates the length of the esophageal body in humans, a detailed map of motor activity over the entire length of the esophageal body is achieved by securing the manometric assembly at one suitable portion. Because frequent repositioning of the manometric assembly is eliminated, the method described takes only a few minutes for comprehensive assessment of esophageal body motor activity.", "PMID": 696711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10721", "title": "Prostaglandin E1 inhibition of acid but not gastrin.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1, while inhibiting gastric fistula and Heidenhain pouch acid output in the dog, did not inhibit gastrin released by acetylcholine irrigation of an isolated antral pouch independent of pH effect. Some increase in gastrin was noted to PGE1 against a background of calcium infusion and following a meal. This increase is presumably due to acid inhibition and to an increase in intraluminal pH.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E1 inhibition of acid but not gastrin. Prostaglandin E1, while inhibiting gastric fistula and Heidenhain pouch acid output in the dog, did not inhibit gastrin released by acetylcholine irrigation of an isolated antral pouch independent of pH effect. Some increase in gastrin was noted to PGE1 against a background of calcium infusion and following a meal. This increase is presumably due to acid inhibition and to an increase in intraluminal pH.", "PMID": 696712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10722", "title": "Complications of vagotomy.", "content": "Most operations performed for peptic ulcer disease in the United States include vagotomy as part of the surgical procedure. This paper reviews the complications associated specifically with or increased in frequency and severity by this procedure. Included in this review are technical complications, gastric retention, recurrent ulceration, postvagotomy diarrhea, postvagotomy dysphagia and achalasia, postvagotomy biliary disease and nutritional problems. The frequency of these complications, their pathophysiology and therapeutic modalities available are reviewed. The main emphasis is on postvagotomy syndrome that can be treated medically and on the various treatment forms that have been suggested.", "contents": "Complications of vagotomy. Most operations performed for peptic ulcer disease in the United States include vagotomy as part of the surgical procedure. This paper reviews the complications associated specifically with or increased in frequency and severity by this procedure. Included in this review are technical complications, gastric retention, recurrent ulceration, postvagotomy diarrhea, postvagotomy dysphagia and achalasia, postvagotomy biliary disease and nutritional problems. The frequency of these complications, their pathophysiology and therapeutic modalities available are reviewed. The main emphasis is on postvagotomy syndrome that can be treated medically and on the various treatment forms that have been suggested.", "PMID": 696713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10723", "title": "Clinical value of liver scans.", "content": "The contribution of technetium sulfacolloid liver scans on patient care was evaluated in 200 consecutive patients; 100 in a public (Grady) and 100 in a private (Emory University) hospital. The problem oriented record clearly described the effect of liver scan on: 1. assessment of the patient's problem(s) and 2. plans made for its diagnosis or management. For the diagnosis and treatment of 30 patients with intrinsic hepatobiliary diseases, the scan was useful in five but was misleading in four. Specific diagnosis was obtained by other methods which made the liver scan an unnecessary overutilization of a diagnostic procedure in the evaluation of patients with primary liver or biliary diseases. The scan was useful in 95 of 123 patients with extrahepatic malignancy. This was mostly due to chemotherapy protocols requiring the scans. Only 18% of positive scans had no other clinical evidence for hepatic malignancy. Definite diagnosis was not made in any of the 123 patients by liver scan. In 47 miscellaneous conditions the scan was useless in 37 (79%). In three of these the scan was misleading and impaired patient care.", "contents": "Clinical value of liver scans. The contribution of technetium sulfacolloid liver scans on patient care was evaluated in 200 consecutive patients; 100 in a public (Grady) and 100 in a private (Emory University) hospital. The problem oriented record clearly described the effect of liver scan on: 1. assessment of the patient's problem(s) and 2. plans made for its diagnosis or management. For the diagnosis and treatment of 30 patients with intrinsic hepatobiliary diseases, the scan was useful in five but was misleading in four. Specific diagnosis was obtained by other methods which made the liver scan an unnecessary overutilization of a diagnostic procedure in the evaluation of patients with primary liver or biliary diseases. The scan was useful in 95 of 123 patients with extrahepatic malignancy. This was mostly due to chemotherapy protocols requiring the scans. Only 18% of positive scans had no other clinical evidence for hepatic malignancy. Definite diagnosis was not made in any of the 123 patients by liver scan. In 47 miscellaneous conditions the scan was useless in 37 (79%). In three of these the scan was misleading and impaired patient care.", "PMID": 696714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10724", "title": "First 24 hours of acute pancreatitis. A biochemical and endocrine evaluation of initial versus repeated attacks.", "content": "Differences in metabolic homeostasis in 12 patients with initial vs. eight patients with repeated attacks of acute pancreatitis have been compared during the acute phase of the disease. As a group, subjects with a previous history of pancreatitis had significantly lower glucagon concentrations (P less than 0.002) for the over all 24-hour study period. Conversely, the serum concentrations of blood sugar, insulin, growth hormone, gastrin, cortisol, nonesterified fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol failed to distinguish between the two patient groups. Likewise, immunoreactive plasma parathyroid hormone and calcitonin levels were comparable in both patient populations. Of the measurements considered, it would appear therefore that plasma immunoreactive glucagon is the best indicator of previous pancreatic inflammation. Evaluation of parenchymal integrity during an episode of acute pancreatitis would be of prognostic and therapeutic value in this disease.", "contents": "First 24 hours of acute pancreatitis. A biochemical and endocrine evaluation of initial versus repeated attacks. Differences in metabolic homeostasis in 12 patients with initial vs. eight patients with repeated attacks of acute pancreatitis have been compared during the acute phase of the disease. As a group, subjects with a previous history of pancreatitis had significantly lower glucagon concentrations (P less than 0.002) for the over all 24-hour study period. Conversely, the serum concentrations of blood sugar, insulin, growth hormone, gastrin, cortisol, nonesterified fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol failed to distinguish between the two patient groups. Likewise, immunoreactive plasma parathyroid hormone and calcitonin levels were comparable in both patient populations. Of the measurements considered, it would appear therefore that plasma immunoreactive glucagon is the best indicator of previous pancreatic inflammation. Evaluation of parenchymal integrity during an episode of acute pancreatitis would be of prognostic and therapeutic value in this disease.", "PMID": 696715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10725", "title": "Achalasia of the esophagus. Pneumatic dilatation in a four-year old boy.", "content": "A four-year old boy with achalasia of the esophagus was successfully treated with pneumatic dilatation, using the standard Browne-McHardy dilator, without incident. His subsequent course over 10 months has been uneventful.", "contents": "Achalasia of the esophagus. Pneumatic dilatation in a four-year old boy. A four-year old boy with achalasia of the esophagus was successfully treated with pneumatic dilatation, using the standard Browne-McHardy dilator, without incident. His subsequent course over 10 months has been uneventful.", "PMID": 696716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10726", "title": "Gastrointestinal tuberculosis mimicking cancer--a reminder.", "content": "Tuberculous involvement of the gastrointestinal tract may be suspected in the presence of active pulmonary tuberculosis. This case demonstrates that tuberculous enteritis may develop in the absence of obvious pulmonary involvement. The diagnosis in such instances is established by a combination of roentgenographic studies and surgical exploration.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal tuberculosis mimicking cancer--a reminder. Tuberculous involvement of the gastrointestinal tract may be suspected in the presence of active pulmonary tuberculosis. This case demonstrates that tuberculous enteritis may develop in the absence of obvious pulmonary involvement. The diagnosis in such instances is established by a combination of roentgenographic studies and surgical exploration.", "PMID": 696717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10727", "title": "Gastric bezoars--spontaneous resolution.", "content": "Six cases of gastric phytobezoars were seen on fiberoptic gastroscopy over a period of four years during which time 1,400 gastroscopies were done. Four of these cases showed complete resolution of bezoars on repeat endoscopy during a follow-up period ranging from two weeks to one year. Our experience shows that, in the absence of gastric outlet obstruction, small bowel obstruction or other serious problems due to bezoars, they may not need surgical or aggressive medical treatment.", "contents": "Gastric bezoars--spontaneous resolution. Six cases of gastric phytobezoars were seen on fiberoptic gastroscopy over a period of four years during which time 1,400 gastroscopies were done. Four of these cases showed complete resolution of bezoars on repeat endoscopy during a follow-up period ranging from two weeks to one year. Our experience shows that, in the absence of gastric outlet obstruction, small bowel obstruction or other serious problems due to bezoars, they may not need surgical or aggressive medical treatment.", "PMID": 696718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10728", "title": "Pseudotumor in the Mallory-Weiss syndrome.", "content": "A Mallory-Weiss laceration with endoscopic and radiologic features of a submucosal tumor is described. Repeat examination showed complete resolution of the lesion.", "contents": "Pseudotumor in the Mallory-Weiss syndrome. A Mallory-Weiss laceration with endoscopic and radiologic features of a submucosal tumor is described. Repeat examination showed complete resolution of the lesion.", "PMID": 696719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10729", "title": "Pancreatic internal fistula to the left pleural cavity.", "content": "A case of recurrent pancreaticopleural effusion is presented. The pleural effusion with high enzyme and protein contents resulted from a pancreatic internal fistula to the left pleural cavity. A sinus tract passing through esophageal hiatus was demonstrated by the endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP). Surgical intervention afforded complete relief of abdominal pain and elimination of the pleural effusion.", "contents": "Pancreatic internal fistula to the left pleural cavity. A case of recurrent pancreaticopleural effusion is presented. The pleural effusion with high enzyme and protein contents resulted from a pancreatic internal fistula to the left pleural cavity. A sinus tract passing through esophageal hiatus was demonstrated by the endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP). Surgical intervention afforded complete relief of abdominal pain and elimination of the pleural effusion.", "PMID": 696720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10730", "title": "Effect of acute and chronic administration of 5-FU on pancreatic secretion.", "content": "The administration of various dose schedules of 5-FU did not result in any alteration of pancreatic secretion. The findings would not support the thesis that the gastrointestinal side-effects of this potent cancer chemotherapeutic agent are the result of a toxic pancreatic insufficiency.", "contents": "Effect of acute and chronic administration of 5-FU on pancreatic secretion. The administration of various dose schedules of 5-FU did not result in any alteration of pancreatic secretion. The findings would not support the thesis that the gastrointestinal side-effects of this potent cancer chemotherapeutic agent are the result of a toxic pancreatic insufficiency.", "PMID": 696721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10731", "title": "Training staff pharmacists for clinical positions.", "content": "A five-phase education and training program for establishing and maintaining the clinical competency of pharmacists in a 940-bed private, nonprofit hospital is described. In Phase 1 of the program, pharmacists are given selected textbook and journal materials in 15 study sections, each requiring 20--30 hours of the pharmacist's own time to complete. Phase 2 consists of two months of instruction in the daily clinical routine with emphasis on applying knowledge by investigating clinical problems through case presentation and by answering questions of health professionals. During Phase 3, the pharmacist is assigned to a patient-care area for two months to perform the duties of a clinical pharmacist. The pharmacist is assigned to the drug information center for two months during Phase 4. Phase 5, the year-round continuing education component of the program, consists of regularly scheduled clinical rounds, meetings and conferences. Upon completion of Phases 1--4, pharmacists selected for clinical positions provide clinical services for eight to 10 months and rotate to the pharmacy distribution area during the remaining two to four months per year. The education and training program described is important to the development and expansion of clinical services in this hospital.", "contents": "Training staff pharmacists for clinical positions. A five-phase education and training program for establishing and maintaining the clinical competency of pharmacists in a 940-bed private, nonprofit hospital is described. In Phase 1 of the program, pharmacists are given selected textbook and journal materials in 15 study sections, each requiring 20--30 hours of the pharmacist's own time to complete. Phase 2 consists of two months of instruction in the daily clinical routine with emphasis on applying knowledge by investigating clinical problems through case presentation and by answering questions of health professionals. During Phase 3, the pharmacist is assigned to a patient-care area for two months to perform the duties of a clinical pharmacist. The pharmacist is assigned to the drug information center for two months during Phase 4. Phase 5, the year-round continuing education component of the program, consists of regularly scheduled clinical rounds, meetings and conferences. Upon completion of Phases 1--4, pharmacists selected for clinical positions provide clinical services for eight to 10 months and rotate to the pharmacy distribution area during the remaining two to four months per year. The education and training program described is important to the development and expansion of clinical services in this hospital.", "PMID": 696729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10732", "title": "Clinical segment of a pharmacy residency in a community hospital.", "content": "A 13-week, advanced clinical project segment of a one-year, nonacademic pharmacy residency program in a community hospital is described. The primary responsibility of the residents is to provide clinical services, which involve close monitoring of the patient's drug therapy and understanding the patient's condition and the goals of therapy. In addition, residents are involved in teaching activities, which encompass a class on drugs for diabetic patients, a patient self-medication program for open-heart-surgery patients, a class on TPN and the emergency drug tray for a new nurse orientation program and presentations on drug topics to various nursing departments. A seminar/case study on some aspect of patient monitoring, preparation of a drug information bulletin, and a trip to either a national pharmacy meeting or well-known institutional pharmacy department round out the program. Behavioral objectives for the clinical segment of the residency are listed.", "contents": "Clinical segment of a pharmacy residency in a community hospital. A 13-week, advanced clinical project segment of a one-year, nonacademic pharmacy residency program in a community hospital is described. The primary responsibility of the residents is to provide clinical services, which involve close monitoring of the patient's drug therapy and understanding the patient's condition and the goals of therapy. In addition, residents are involved in teaching activities, which encompass a class on drugs for diabetic patients, a patient self-medication program for open-heart-surgery patients, a class on TPN and the emergency drug tray for a new nurse orientation program and presentations on drug topics to various nursing departments. A seminar/case study on some aspect of patient monitoring, preparation of a drug information bulletin, and a trip to either a national pharmacy meeting or well-known institutional pharmacy department round out the program. Behavioral objectives for the clinical segment of the residency are listed.", "PMID": 696730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10733", "title": "Impact of drug information services on patient care.", "content": "The use of information provided by the Drug Information Service of the University of Connecticut Health Center and its effect on patient care were investigated. All drug information requests received during the period from May 1 to August 15, 1977, were reviewed and followed up to determine (1) the usefulness of the information provided, (2) specific outcome(s) of applying the information to a patient-specific problem and (3) the ultimate effect of these outcomes on the patient. A total of 491 requests were received and 443 (90%) of these were followed up. Of those followed up, 421 (95%) were related to patient care. Of the 421 requests related to patient care, 350 (83%) were patient-specific. Of the 350 patient-specific requests, 329 (94%) were judged by the requestors to have provided useful information. Of these 329 requests, 202 (58%) resulted in provision of information that affected patients' outcomes, of which 157 (78%) had positive effects on patients. It is concluded that (1) the drug information center is providing useful information to health professionals, (2) the information is being applied to patient-specific problems and (3) use of the information is having a positive impact on patient care.", "contents": "Impact of drug information services on patient care. The use of information provided by the Drug Information Service of the University of Connecticut Health Center and its effect on patient care were investigated. All drug information requests received during the period from May 1 to August 15, 1977, were reviewed and followed up to determine (1) the usefulness of the information provided, (2) specific outcome(s) of applying the information to a patient-specific problem and (3) the ultimate effect of these outcomes on the patient. A total of 491 requests were received and 443 (90%) of these were followed up. Of those followed up, 421 (95%) were related to patient care. Of the 421 requests related to patient care, 350 (83%) were patient-specific. Of the 350 patient-specific requests, 329 (94%) were judged by the requestors to have provided useful information. Of these 329 requests, 202 (58%) resulted in provision of information that affected patients' outcomes, of which 157 (78%) had positive effects on patients. It is concluded that (1) the drug information center is providing useful information to health professionals, (2) the information is being applied to patient-specific problems and (3) use of the information is having a positive impact on patient care.", "PMID": 696731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10734", "title": "Physician use and evaluation of a hospital-based drug information center.", "content": "The use of a hospital-based information center by physicians was investigated. A questionnaire was used to gather information from physicians using the services of the center. The study was conducted over a six-month period. Of the 126 questionnaires distributed, 115 (91.1%) were completed and returned. The number of physicians studied was 100. The five categories of drug information most frequently requested involved adverse reactions, dosage, therapeutic use, availability and toxicity. Physicians used information most frequently for purposes of direct patient care. Evaluations of the quality, accuracy and quantity of information provided by the center were high. Physicians using information for purposes of direct patient care felt the information was clinically significant. Although certain inadequacies were identified, it was concluded that the center serves as a reliable source of comprehensive and accurate drug information for physicians.", "contents": "Physician use and evaluation of a hospital-based drug information center. The use of a hospital-based information center by physicians was investigated. A questionnaire was used to gather information from physicians using the services of the center. The study was conducted over a six-month period. Of the 126 questionnaires distributed, 115 (91.1%) were completed and returned. The number of physicians studied was 100. The five categories of drug information most frequently requested involved adverse reactions, dosage, therapeutic use, availability and toxicity. Physicians used information most frequently for purposes of direct patient care. Evaluations of the quality, accuracy and quantity of information provided by the center were high. Physicians using information for purposes of direct patient care felt the information was clinically significant. Although certain inadequacies were identified, it was concluded that the center serves as a reliable source of comprehensive and accurate drug information for physicians.", "PMID": 696732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10735", "title": "Measuring pharmacist time use: a note on the use of fixed-interval work sampling.", "content": "Pharmacist time use was studied to examine whether fixed-interval work sampling would provide results comparable to those obtained when random-interval observations were used. The study was conducted over a three-month period using pharmacists in a single community pharmacy as subjects; similar study methods have been used in hospital settings. Four separate measures of pharmacist time use were designated: tasks, duties, competencies and productivity. In every case the fixed-interval method gave an estimate that was not significantly different from the random-interval procedure (alpha greater than 0.05, difference of proportions test). The findings suggest that pharmacist work patterns are not sufficiently cyclical to introduce a bias in work sampling by fixed intervals. Fixed-interval work sampling yields results comparable to those using the standard work sampling methods that rely upon random time periods between observations.", "contents": "Measuring pharmacist time use: a note on the use of fixed-interval work sampling. Pharmacist time use was studied to examine whether fixed-interval work sampling would provide results comparable to those obtained when random-interval observations were used. The study was conducted over a three-month period using pharmacists in a single community pharmacy as subjects; similar study methods have been used in hospital settings. Four separate measures of pharmacist time use were designated: tasks, duties, competencies and productivity. In every case the fixed-interval method gave an estimate that was not significantly different from the random-interval procedure (alpha greater than 0.05, difference of proportions test). The findings suggest that pharmacist work patterns are not sufficiently cyclical to introduce a bias in work sampling by fixed intervals. Fixed-interval work sampling yields results comparable to those using the standard work sampling methods that rely upon random time periods between observations.", "PMID": 696733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10736", "title": "Cross-reactivity between aspirin and ibuprofen in an asthmatic--a case report.", "content": "A case of an adverse reaction occurring in a 53-year-old, aspirin-sensitive asthmatic male with nasal polyps following administration of a 400-mg ibuprofen tablet is reported. Symptoms of the adverse reaction included an urticarial rash, labored breathing, laryngeal edema and tightness of the chest. Treatment consisted of isoproterenol inhalant (self-administered), subcutaneous epinephrine 0.25 mg, intramuscular diphenhydramine hydrochloride 50 mg and intravenous hydrocortisone 250 mg. The pathogenesis of the patient's adverse reaction and the possible fole of aspirin, of other analgesics and of tartrazine in its development are discussed. The adverse reaction was not mediated immunologically but rather resulted from the prostaglandin synthetase (PGS)-inhibitor activity shared by aspirin, ibuprofen and other analgesics. Selection of an analgesic for an aspirin-sensitive patient should be based on the analgesic's PGS-inhibitor activity.", "contents": "Cross-reactivity between aspirin and ibuprofen in an asthmatic--a case report. A case of an adverse reaction occurring in a 53-year-old, aspirin-sensitive asthmatic male with nasal polyps following administration of a 400-mg ibuprofen tablet is reported. Symptoms of the adverse reaction included an urticarial rash, labored breathing, laryngeal edema and tightness of the chest. Treatment consisted of isoproterenol inhalant (self-administered), subcutaneous epinephrine 0.25 mg, intramuscular diphenhydramine hydrochloride 50 mg and intravenous hydrocortisone 250 mg. The pathogenesis of the patient's adverse reaction and the possible fole of aspirin, of other analgesics and of tartrazine in its development are discussed. The adverse reaction was not mediated immunologically but rather resulted from the prostaglandin synthetase (PGS)-inhibitor activity shared by aspirin, ibuprofen and other analgesics. Selection of an analgesic for an aspirin-sensitive patient should be based on the analgesic's PGS-inhibitor activity.", "PMID": 696734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10737", "title": "Effect of theophylline on allergen skin tests.", "content": "The effect of theophylline on allergen-induced wheal and flare responses of 15 adults with atopy was studied in a double-blind, crossover study. After intradermal skin tests to determine baseline wheal and flare responses, subjects were assigned randomly to consecutive seven-day courses of theophylline 16 mg/kg/day (as Aminophylline USP) then of placebo, or the reverse. Subjects were tested with mixed weeds and mixed grasses allergens and with histamine diphosphate, codeine phosphate and a buffered saline control. Skin tests were repeated two hours after the last dose of theophylline or placebo in each treatment course, and serum theophylline concentrations were measured. The surface areas of the wheal and flare responses were measured by planimetry. No statistically significant difference (p greater than 0.05) was found between theophylline and placebo in the suppression of the allergen-induced wheal and flare response. Serum concentrations of theophylline were within the accepted therapeutic range. In therapeutic steady-state serum concentrations, theophylline does not significantly suppress allergen-induced wheal and flare response of atopic patients, and withdrawal of the drug before skin testing is unnecessary.", "contents": "Effect of theophylline on allergen skin tests. The effect of theophylline on allergen-induced wheal and flare responses of 15 adults with atopy was studied in a double-blind, crossover study. After intradermal skin tests to determine baseline wheal and flare responses, subjects were assigned randomly to consecutive seven-day courses of theophylline 16 mg/kg/day (as Aminophylline USP) then of placebo, or the reverse. Subjects were tested with mixed weeds and mixed grasses allergens and with histamine diphosphate, codeine phosphate and a buffered saline control. Skin tests were repeated two hours after the last dose of theophylline or placebo in each treatment course, and serum theophylline concentrations were measured. The surface areas of the wheal and flare responses were measured by planimetry. No statistically significant difference (p greater than 0.05) was found between theophylline and placebo in the suppression of the allergen-induced wheal and flare response. Serum concentrations of theophylline were within the accepted therapeutic range. In therapeutic steady-state serum concentrations, theophylline does not significantly suppress allergen-induced wheal and flare response of atopic patients, and withdrawal of the drug before skin testing is unnecessary.", "PMID": 696747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10738", "title": "Distributing estrogen patient package inserts to institutional patients.", "content": "A procedure for the distribution of patient package inserts (PPIs) for estrogens to outpatients (ambulatory and home health care) and inpatients (acute and long-term) was developed. The pharmacist dispenses the PPI to outpatients along with the prescribed drug. The name of the drug, the date, the pharmacist's initials and the fact that the PPI was issued are recorded in the patient's profile. The pharmacist then orally reinforces the information in the PPI. For inpatients, a preprinted double-tab label is adhered to the PPI which is distributed with the medication upon new estrogen orders. The portion adhered to the PPI lists instructions to the physician. The unadhered portion contains an area for recording the name of the drug product, the patient's name, the physician's signature and the date; this tab is affixed to the order sheet by the physician after he has provided and explained the PPI to the patient. Estrogens are not administered until physicians comply with the PPI procedure. While compliance with the PPI procedure has been satisfactory, this may be the result of a substantial decrease in the number of physicians ordering estrogens, along with a corresponding reduction in the number of estrogen products they now prescribe.", "contents": "Distributing estrogen patient package inserts to institutional patients. A procedure for the distribution of patient package inserts (PPIs) for estrogens to outpatients (ambulatory and home health care) and inpatients (acute and long-term) was developed. The pharmacist dispenses the PPI to outpatients along with the prescribed drug. The name of the drug, the date, the pharmacist's initials and the fact that the PPI was issued are recorded in the patient's profile. The pharmacist then orally reinforces the information in the PPI. For inpatients, a preprinted double-tab label is adhered to the PPI which is distributed with the medication upon new estrogen orders. The portion adhered to the PPI lists instructions to the physician. The unadhered portion contains an area for recording the name of the drug product, the patient's name, the physician's signature and the date; this tab is affixed to the order sheet by the physician after he has provided and explained the PPI to the patient. Estrogens are not administered until physicians comply with the PPI procedure. While compliance with the PPI procedure has been satisfactory, this may be the result of a substantial decrease in the number of physicians ordering estrogens, along with a corresponding reduction in the number of estrogen products they now prescribe.", "PMID": 696750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10739", "title": "Teaching interviewing skills to pharmacy residents.", "content": "An instructional program for first-year pharmacy residents in the use of interviewing techniques when assessing the drug therapy of patients is described. The objectives of this project were to (1) teach the appropriate use of interviewing skills and (2) observe the performance of pharmacy residents in assessing the drug therapy of ambulatory patients. Instructional methods included a written self-instructional packet, videotaped lecture and demonstration skits, group discussion, and role playing. Following these, during a four-week period, the residents interviewed patients in the outpatient pharmacy and reviewed their performance on videotape with the instructor. Two simulated patient case situations using a resident posing as a patient who provided predetermined information were used to measure student performance in interviewing patients. An improvement in the ability of the residents to employ the interview techniques and to assess the therapy of patients was noted.", "contents": "Teaching interviewing skills to pharmacy residents. An instructional program for first-year pharmacy residents in the use of interviewing techniques when assessing the drug therapy of patients is described. The objectives of this project were to (1) teach the appropriate use of interviewing skills and (2) observe the performance of pharmacy residents in assessing the drug therapy of ambulatory patients. Instructional methods included a written self-instructional packet, videotaped lecture and demonstration skits, group discussion, and role playing. Following these, during a four-week period, the residents interviewed patients in the outpatient pharmacy and reviewed their performance on videotape with the instructor. Two simulated patient case situations using a resident posing as a patient who provided predetermined information were used to measure student performance in interviewing patients. An improvement in the ability of the residents to employ the interview techniques and to assess the therapy of patients was noted.", "PMID": 696751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10740", "title": "Use of a programmable calculator to determine steady-state levels of drugs eliminated by parallel first-order and Michaelis-Menten kinetics.", "content": "A programmable calculator procedure for the determination of steady-state levels of drugs eliminated by one or more apparent first-order plus one or two Michaelis-Menten processes in parallel is described. The differential expression for this pharmacokinetic system was converted to a reduced cubic equation suitable for calculators with trigonometric functions. A detailed program description and user instructions are presented. Steady-state levels of salicylic acid as a function of dosing rate were calculated to illustrate use of the program in clinical pharmacokinetics. The calculator program provides a facile and rapid means of determining the effect of changes in dosing rate, bioavailability and elimination constants on steady-state levels of salicylic acid and certain other drugs with nonlinear elimination characteristics.", "contents": "Use of a programmable calculator to determine steady-state levels of drugs eliminated by parallel first-order and Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A programmable calculator procedure for the determination of steady-state levels of drugs eliminated by one or more apparent first-order plus one or two Michaelis-Menten processes in parallel is described. The differential expression for this pharmacokinetic system was converted to a reduced cubic equation suitable for calculators with trigonometric functions. A detailed program description and user instructions are presented. Steady-state levels of salicylic acid as a function of dosing rate were calculated to illustrate use of the program in clinical pharmacokinetics. The calculator program provides a facile and rapid means of determining the effect of changes in dosing rate, bioavailability and elimination constants on steady-state levels of salicylic acid and certain other drugs with nonlinear elimination characteristics.", "PMID": 696752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10741", "title": "Prediction of gentamicin serum levels using a one-compartment open linear pharmacokinetic model.", "content": "The accuracy of predicting serum gentamicin levels based on a one-compartment open linear pharmacokinetic model was studied. Twenty-two patients accounted for 59 serum gentamicin levels which were measured by microbiologic assay and compared with predicted serum levels determined by pharmacokinetic calculation. Seventeen serum levels were collected at peak times, 15 at trough time and 27 at times between peak and trough. Forty-nine of the levels were obtained from patients with impaired renal function. Predicated gentamicin levels correlated well with measured serum levels (r = 0.85, p less than 0.001). Of the measured levels, 56% were within +/- 1 microgram/ml of the predicted levels. Of 49 levels collected from patients with impaired renal function, 59% were within +/- 1 microgram/ml of the predicted level. In 13 patients from whom multiple serum gentamicin levels were collected and predictions based on half-life or elimination rate obtained by fitting the first level, 83% of the measured levels were within +/- 1 microgram/ml of the predicted level. The one-compartment open linear pharmacokinetic calculations can be used to adequately predict serum gentamicin levels. In patients with changing or diminished renal function, pharmacokinetic predictions may not be accurate, and actual serum level determinations may be needed to monitor gentamicin therapy.", "contents": "Prediction of gentamicin serum levels using a one-compartment open linear pharmacokinetic model. The accuracy of predicting serum gentamicin levels based on a one-compartment open linear pharmacokinetic model was studied. Twenty-two patients accounted for 59 serum gentamicin levels which were measured by microbiologic assay and compared with predicted serum levels determined by pharmacokinetic calculation. Seventeen serum levels were collected at peak times, 15 at trough time and 27 at times between peak and trough. Forty-nine of the levels were obtained from patients with impaired renal function. Predicated gentamicin levels correlated well with measured serum levels (r = 0.85, p less than 0.001). Of the measured levels, 56% were within +/- 1 microgram/ml of the predicted levels. Of 49 levels collected from patients with impaired renal function, 59% were within +/- 1 microgram/ml of the predicted level. In 13 patients from whom multiple serum gentamicin levels were collected and predictions based on half-life or elimination rate obtained by fitting the first level, 83% of the measured levels were within +/- 1 microgram/ml of the predicted level. The one-compartment open linear pharmacokinetic calculations can be used to adequately predict serum gentamicin levels. In patients with changing or diminished renal function, pharmacokinetic predictions may not be accurate, and actual serum level determinations may be needed to monitor gentamicin therapy.", "PMID": 696753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10742", "title": "Chronic hypervitaminosis A.", "content": "A case of chronic hypervitaminosis A in a 51-year-old female is discussed. The patient was ingesting 27,500--35,000 international units of vitamin A daily for 30 years. The patient displayed the classic symptoms of the disease, including skin and hair changes, esophageal varices and extensive liver disease. Vitamin A products were discontinued and the patient's dietary intake of the vitamin was minimized. Previous reports and studies of hypervitaminosis A are reviewed. Social factors causing increased consumption of vitamin A and regulations governing the sale of vitamin A are discussed. By being aware of the factors influencing vitamin A consumption, hypervitaminosis A can be detected and prevented more readily.", "contents": "Chronic hypervitaminosis A. A case of chronic hypervitaminosis A in a 51-year-old female is discussed. The patient was ingesting 27,500--35,000 international units of vitamin A daily for 30 years. The patient displayed the classic symptoms of the disease, including skin and hair changes, esophageal varices and extensive liver disease. Vitamin A products were discontinued and the patient's dietary intake of the vitamin was minimized. Previous reports and studies of hypervitaminosis A are reviewed. Social factors causing increased consumption of vitamin A and regulations governing the sale of vitamin A are discussed. By being aware of the factors influencing vitamin A consumption, hypervitaminosis A can be detected and prevented more readily.", "PMID": 696755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10743", "title": "Relative effectiveness and efficiency of group vs. individual training of severely retarded persons.", "content": "Two groups of severely retarded individuals were trained on a work-recognition task: One group was trained individually, i.e., in one-to-one training sessions; the four members of the other group were taught simultaneously by one teacher. The group-teaching strategy resulted in rates of acquisition that were similar to those found with individual instruction. Further, group training proved to be far more efficient in terms of teacher time; i.e., subjects trained as a group acquired significantly more skills in less teacher time than did individually trained subjects. The results indicate that group training is a viable and, at least in some situations, a preferable method for teaching severely retarded persons.", "contents": "Relative effectiveness and efficiency of group vs. individual training of severely retarded persons. Two groups of severely retarded individuals were trained on a work-recognition task: One group was trained individually, i.e., in one-to-one training sessions; the four members of the other group were taught simultaneously by one teacher. The group-teaching strategy resulted in rates of acquisition that were similar to those found with individual instruction. Further, group training proved to be far more efficient in terms of teacher time; i.e., subjects trained as a group acquired significantly more skills in less teacher time than did individually trained subjects. The results indicate that group training is a viable and, at least in some situations, a preferable method for teaching severely retarded persons.", "PMID": 696757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10744", "title": "Category structure and semantic priming in retarded adolescents.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the internal structure of semantic categories in mentally retarded adolescents as reflected in naming times to pictures of common objects. Pictures were presented in pairs that consisted of either categorically related or unrelated items. For related pairs, both the primes (first pictures) and targets (second pictures) varied in rated \"typicality\" (Rosch, 1975), being either typical or relatively atypical members of their primary superordinate category. An analysis of naming times to targets revealed a semantic-priming effect; targets in related pairs were named faster than those in unrelated pairs. Of major importance was the finding that naming times varied as a function of both prime typicality and target typicality. The data suggest that the semantic categories of retarded persons have an internal structure generally similar to that of the nonretarded persons from whom the typicality ratings were obtained and that even relatively atypical exemplars are functional category members for retarded persons.", "contents": "Category structure and semantic priming in retarded adolescents. This study was designed to investigate the internal structure of semantic categories in mentally retarded adolescents as reflected in naming times to pictures of common objects. Pictures were presented in pairs that consisted of either categorically related or unrelated items. For related pairs, both the primes (first pictures) and targets (second pictures) varied in rated \"typicality\" (Rosch, 1975), being either typical or relatively atypical members of their primary superordinate category. An analysis of naming times to targets revealed a semantic-priming effect; targets in related pairs were named faster than those in unrelated pairs. Of major importance was the finding that naming times varied as a function of both prime typicality and target typicality. The data suggest that the semantic categories of retarded persons have an internal structure generally similar to that of the nonretarded persons from whom the typicality ratings were obtained and that even relatively atypical exemplars are functional category members for retarded persons.", "PMID": 696758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10745", "title": "Training visual-spatial ability in EMR children.", "content": "Educable mentally retarded children were randomly assigned to either a visual-spatial training condition or a control group. The children who received training showed a gain from pretest to posttest on the Children's Embedded Figures Test that corresponds to approximately 4 years of maturation in nonretarded children. The performance of the children in the control group on the posttest was not significantly different from their performance on the pretest. Correlations between measures of visual-spatial ability and the employment adjustment of retarded persons obtained by other investigators suggest the potential importance of developing the visual-spatial skills of this population.", "contents": "Training visual-spatial ability in EMR children. Educable mentally retarded children were randomly assigned to either a visual-spatial training condition or a control group. The children who received training showed a gain from pretest to posttest on the Children's Embedded Figures Test that corresponds to approximately 4 years of maturation in nonretarded children. The performance of the children in the control group on the posttest was not significantly different from their performance on the pretest. Correlations between measures of visual-spatial ability and the employment adjustment of retarded persons obtained by other investigators suggest the potential importance of developing the visual-spatial skills of this population.", "PMID": 696759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10746", "title": "Associative symmetry in the PA learning of retarded and nonrerarded children.", "content": "Mentally retarded and nonretarded children learned pairs of pictures in a single-function order (A and B terms of each pair were in the same position throughout) or in a double-function order (all items were re-paired and served as A and B terms). Associative symmetry was demonstrated by all groups when the lists were presented single-function; forward asymmetry was demonstrated when the list was presented double-function. When categorized pairs were presented double-function, items that were correctly associated by category produced symmetry; items that were correctly associated but not by category produced forward asymmetry. The possible influence of single vs. multiple associations on associative symmetry was discussed.", "contents": "Associative symmetry in the PA learning of retarded and nonrerarded children. Mentally retarded and nonretarded children learned pairs of pictures in a single-function order (A and B terms of each pair were in the same position throughout) or in a double-function order (all items were re-paired and served as A and B terms). Associative symmetry was demonstrated by all groups when the lists were presented single-function; forward asymmetry was demonstrated when the list was presented double-function. When categorized pairs were presented double-function, items that were correctly associated by category produced symmetry; items that were correctly associated but not by category produced forward asymmetry. The possible influence of single vs. multiple associations on associative symmetry was discussed.", "PMID": 696760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10747", "title": "Effects of imitation training on immediate and delayed imitation by severely retarded children.", "content": "Contingent reinforcement was used in training eight severely retarded children who were previously judged to be nonimitative. A yoked control group was given comparable training, but with noncontingent reinforcement. Posttests of imitation of new behavior of a reinforced model showed significant immediate and delayed (15 minutes) imitation only in the contingent-reinforcement group.", "contents": "Effects of imitation training on immediate and delayed imitation by severely retarded children. Contingent reinforcement was used in training eight severely retarded children who were previously judged to be nonimitative. A yoked control group was given comparable training, but with noncontingent reinforcement. Posttests of imitation of new behavior of a reinforced model showed significant immediate and delayed (15 minutes) imitation only in the contingent-reinforcement group.", "PMID": 696761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10748", "title": "Decision time and movement time as a function of response complexity in retarded persons.", "content": "The decision time (reaction time [RT]) and movement time of retarded persons as a function of the amplitude and precision of a discrete movement in both simple and choice RT paradigms was examined. The results showed that RT for retarded persons was considerably longer and more variable than for nonretarded persons. Movement difficulty only elevated RT with both populations in the choice RT paradigm, and the RT regression coefficient for the retarded subjects was considerably greater than that for the the nonretarded group. Retarded subjects' movement time was significantly slower than that of the nonretarded subjects. Movement difficulty elevated movement time for both populations, as defined by Fitts's (1954) law. The slope of the movement-time regression coefficients was significantly higher for retarded persons and did not change across 5 days of practice. These findings suggest that information-processing differences in motor skills between populations can be attributed to response parameters.", "contents": "Decision time and movement time as a function of response complexity in retarded persons. The decision time (reaction time [RT]) and movement time of retarded persons as a function of the amplitude and precision of a discrete movement in both simple and choice RT paradigms was examined. The results showed that RT for retarded persons was considerably longer and more variable than for nonretarded persons. Movement difficulty only elevated RT with both populations in the choice RT paradigm, and the RT regression coefficient for the retarded subjects was considerably greater than that for the the nonretarded group. Retarded subjects' movement time was significantly slower than that of the nonretarded subjects. Movement difficulty elevated movement time for both populations, as defined by Fitts's (1954) law. The slope of the movement-time regression coefficients was significantly higher for retarded persons and did not change across 5 days of practice. These findings suggest that information-processing differences in motor skills between populations can be attributed to response parameters.", "PMID": 696762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10749", "title": "Construct and ecological validity of short-term memory measures in retarded persons.", "content": "The performance of retarded subjects on five short-term memory tasks was analyzed in order to determine whether these tasks possessed construct and ecological validity. I predicted that certain components of each task required an active strategic process for optimal performance, whereas other components would only require a passive process. A principal axes factor analysis was performed on the intercorrelations of these components, and three factors were isolated that accounted for performance on the five tasks. Two of these factors were viewed as representing active and passive processes, and the third factor was determined by a recognition-memory task and, apparently, did not require the same processes as the recall tasks. These findings indicated that some of the short-term memory tasks possessed construct validity. An additional analysis was the investigation of the ecological validity of the various short-term memory tasks. Several multiple-correlation coefficients between memory scores and measures of adaptive behavior were significant and support the interpretation that the measures of short-term memory are ecologically valid.", "contents": "Construct and ecological validity of short-term memory measures in retarded persons. The performance of retarded subjects on five short-term memory tasks was analyzed in order to determine whether these tasks possessed construct and ecological validity. I predicted that certain components of each task required an active strategic process for optimal performance, whereas other components would only require a passive process. A principal axes factor analysis was performed on the intercorrelations of these components, and three factors were isolated that accounted for performance on the five tasks. Two of these factors were viewed as representing active and passive processes, and the third factor was determined by a recognition-memory task and, apparently, did not require the same processes as the recall tasks. These findings indicated that some of the short-term memory tasks possessed construct validity. An additional analysis was the investigation of the ecological validity of the various short-term memory tasks. Several multiple-correlation coefficients between memory scores and measures of adaptive behavior were significant and support the interpretation that the measures of short-term memory are ecologically valid.", "PMID": 696763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10750", "title": "Reactivity of self-monitoring procedures with retarded adolescents.", "content": "The reactivity of self-monitoring procedures with retarded adolescents was investigated using single-case designs. The effects of two variables, social reinforcement and feedback, on the degree of reactivity were also examined. Both subjects monitored a socially undesirable behavior and were asked to self-record for extended periods of time with minimal cues from the environment. The results indicated that self-monitoring produced reactive decreases in the target behavior. Reinforcement had a differential effect across subjects, further altering the target behavior for only one subject. Feedback decreased the behavior for the second subject. The subjects' accuracy in self-recording was quite low.", "contents": "Reactivity of self-monitoring procedures with retarded adolescents. The reactivity of self-monitoring procedures with retarded adolescents was investigated using single-case designs. The effects of two variables, social reinforcement and feedback, on the degree of reactivity were also examined. Both subjects monitored a socially undesirable behavior and were asked to self-record for extended periods of time with minimal cues from the environment. The results indicated that self-monitoring produced reactive decreases in the target behavior. Reinforcement had a differential effect across subjects, further altering the target behavior for only one subject. Feedback decreased the behavior for the second subject. The subjects' accuracy in self-recording was quite low.", "PMID": 696764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10751", "title": "Social reinforcement and the naturally occurring social responses of severely and profoundly retarded adolescents.", "content": "This study was designed to determine if the deficits in social behavior of retarded persons might be due, in part, to the failure of their environment to maintain that behavior. Using an ABAB design, we systematically ignored severely and profoundly retarded, institutionalized adolescents and gave them social reinforcement for appropriate social behavior. Social behavior decreased during nonreinforcement conditions and increased during reinforcement conditions. The data suggest that deficits in social behavior of retarded persons may be due to failure of their environment to maintain such behavior. Implications of these findings for staff behavior and the utility of the present procedure for increasing social behavior of institutionalized retarded persons were discussed.", "contents": "Social reinforcement and the naturally occurring social responses of severely and profoundly retarded adolescents. This study was designed to determine if the deficits in social behavior of retarded persons might be due, in part, to the failure of their environment to maintain that behavior. Using an ABAB design, we systematically ignored severely and profoundly retarded, institutionalized adolescents and gave them social reinforcement for appropriate social behavior. Social behavior decreased during nonreinforcement conditions and increased during reinforcement conditions. The data suggest that deficits in social behavior of retarded persons may be due to failure of their environment to maintain such behavior. Implications of these findings for staff behavior and the utility of the present procedure for increasing social behavior of institutionalized retarded persons were discussed.", "PMID": 696765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10752", "title": "Adaptive behavior and Uzgiris-Hunt Scale performance of young, developmentally disabled children.", "content": "The relationship between performance on a Piaget-based infant scale and adaptive behavior was assessed for 25 developmentally disabled infants and preschool children. Results indicated a significant relationship between these measures. Canonical analysis suggested the relevance of the Piagetian abilities of object permanence and foresight and the adaptive behavior skills of self-help and social behavior for this relationship. Discussion centered on research implications emerging from these findings.", "contents": "Adaptive behavior and Uzgiris-Hunt Scale performance of young, developmentally disabled children. The relationship between performance on a Piaget-based infant scale and adaptive behavior was assessed for 25 developmentally disabled infants and preschool children. Results indicated a significant relationship between these measures. Canonical analysis suggested the relevance of the Piagetian abilities of object permanence and foresight and the adaptive behavior skills of self-help and social behavior for this relationship. Discussion centered on research implications emerging from these findings.", "PMID": 696766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10753", "title": "Facilitation of class-inclusion performance in mildly retarded adolescents: feedback and strategy training.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to explore the feasibility of training mildly retarded adolescents to solve class-inclusion problems. In Experiment 1, the effects of training consisting primarily of feedback were investigated. In Experiment 2, training with feedback alone vs. training with feedback plus a counting strategy was compared. Both experiments assessed the generality of training effects to specific training and/or posttest formats. Results suggested that training was generally effective in improving performance with untrained class-inclusion problems on immediate and delayed posttests. Feedback training with pictorial stimuli appeared to be effective regardless of posttest format. The effects of the other training method/format combinations varied according to posttest format.", "contents": "Facilitation of class-inclusion performance in mildly retarded adolescents: feedback and strategy training. Two experiments were conducted to explore the feasibility of training mildly retarded adolescents to solve class-inclusion problems. In Experiment 1, the effects of training consisting primarily of feedback were investigated. In Experiment 2, training with feedback alone vs. training with feedback plus a counting strategy was compared. Both experiments assessed the generality of training effects to specific training and/or posttest formats. Results suggested that training was generally effective in improving performance with untrained class-inclusion problems on immediate and delayed posttests. Feedback training with pictorial stimuli appeared to be effective regardless of posttest format. The effects of the other training method/format combinations varied according to posttest format.", "PMID": 696767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10754", "title": "Comments on \"Encoding and high-speed memory scanning...\" by Maisto and Jerome.", "content": "Maisto and Jerome (1977) reported differences in reaction-time (RT) performance between retarded and nonretarded adolescents. They used the additive factor method, and their results showed differences in the speed of active memory scanning between the two populations; however, they violated a critical assumption underlying interpretation of the results, as there was nonindependence of the slope and intercept values of the function relating memory load to RT of retarded subjects. This departure from theoretically acceptable conditions makes the Maisto and Jerome data difficult to interpret.", "contents": "Comments on \"Encoding and high-speed memory scanning...\" by Maisto and Jerome. Maisto and Jerome (1977) reported differences in reaction-time (RT) performance between retarded and nonretarded adolescents. They used the additive factor method, and their results showed differences in the speed of active memory scanning between the two populations; however, they violated a critical assumption underlying interpretation of the results, as there was nonindependence of the slope and intercept values of the function relating memory load to RT of retarded subjects. This departure from theoretically acceptable conditions makes the Maisto and Jerome data difficult to interpret.", "PMID": 696768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10755", "title": "Comments on the use of the additive factor method with mentally retarded persons: a reply to Silverman.", "content": "Maisto and Jerome (1977) reported a choice reaction time (RT) study relating the rate of memory scan to level of intellectual functioning. In this study, slope and intercept values of the RT function were found to be inversely related. Silverman (1978) has raised some concern over the conclusions reached by Maisto and Jerome due to the slope-intercept relationship revealed in their study, which seemingly violates one of the underlying assumptions of the additive factor method. Data were presented from previously reported research that places a number of studies with retarded persons as subjects suspect to this violation. Possible explanations for this finding were also provided.", "contents": "Comments on the use of the additive factor method with mentally retarded persons: a reply to Silverman. Maisto and Jerome (1977) reported a choice reaction time (RT) study relating the rate of memory scan to level of intellectual functioning. In this study, slope and intercept values of the RT function were found to be inversely related. Silverman (1978) has raised some concern over the conclusions reached by Maisto and Jerome due to the slope-intercept relationship revealed in their study, which seemingly violates one of the underlying assumptions of the additive factor method. Data were presented from previously reported research that places a number of studies with retarded persons as subjects suspect to this violation. Possible explanations for this finding were also provided.", "PMID": 696769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10756", "title": "Academic performance and cognitive processes in EMR children.", "content": "The present study investigated the extent to which simultaneous and successive processing were related both to academic achievement and Verbal and Performance IQs in EMR adolescents. Simultaneous processing involves the integration of individual stimuli into quasi-spatial groups, whereas successive processing integrates individual stimuli into temporally organized successive series. Simultaneous processing was significantly related to WRAT arithmetic and WISC Performance IQ, whereas successive processing was involved in WRAT spelling and WRAT oral reading and negatively related to WISC Performance IQ. Silent reading and WISC Verbal IQ were related to neither processing strategy. These findings were considered in the broader context of the processing demands underlying decoding and comprehension skills in different subject populations.", "contents": "Academic performance and cognitive processes in EMR children. The present study investigated the extent to which simultaneous and successive processing were related both to academic achievement and Verbal and Performance IQs in EMR adolescents. Simultaneous processing involves the integration of individual stimuli into quasi-spatial groups, whereas successive processing integrates individual stimuli into temporally organized successive series. Simultaneous processing was significantly related to WRAT arithmetic and WISC Performance IQ, whereas successive processing was involved in WRAT spelling and WRAT oral reading and negatively related to WISC Performance IQ. Silent reading and WISC Verbal IQ were related to neither processing strategy. These findings were considered in the broader context of the processing demands underlying decoding and comprehension skills in different subject populations.", "PMID": 696770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10757", "title": "Autistic children: a study of learning characteristics and programming needs.", "content": "Learning-acquisition characteristics of six autistic children were studied in order to examine programming needs. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 showed that the first step of a color-cued sequencing task required four times more trials to learn than did the remaining five steps, producing a significant learning-to-learn curve. Study 2 confirmed earlier findings that extra-stimulus prompts are comparatively ineffective with autistic children when compared to within-stimulus prompts and showed extra-stimulus prompting to be effective following the use of within-stimulus prompting on a similar task.", "contents": "Autistic children: a study of learning characteristics and programming needs. Learning-acquisition characteristics of six autistic children were studied in order to examine programming needs. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 showed that the first step of a color-cued sequencing task required four times more trials to learn than did the remaining five steps, producing a significant learning-to-learn curve. Study 2 confirmed earlier findings that extra-stimulus prompts are comparatively ineffective with autistic children when compared to within-stimulus prompts and showed extra-stimulus prompting to be effective following the use of within-stimulus prompting on a similar task.", "PMID": 696771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10758", "title": "Continuous cervical dilatation monitoring by ultrasonic methods during labor.", "content": "Continuous recording of cervical dilatation during labor has been investigated in 13 pregnancies. The recordings were obtained with an ultrasonic cervimeter that continuously monitors cervical dilatation from the transit time of ultrasound signals between two piezoelectric crystals attached on the uterine cervix. A small spring-loaded clip allowed each crystal to be fixed on the rim of the cervical os. Clinical accuracy was +/- 0.6 cm. When the ultrasound recording of cervical dilatation is compared to the intrauterine pressure curve, it is characterized by a baseline and wave-shape curve of dilatation (DWP). The maximal amplitude component is called cervical maximal plasticity. The onset of the DWP is related to cervical resistivity, and the end of DWP reflects the relaxation time of cervical dilatation. The data show that as dilatation enters the active phase of labor, the plasticity, the resistivity, and the duration of relaxation of the cervix increase. These observations are discussed and related to the structural changes of the cervix during labor.", "contents": "Continuous cervical dilatation monitoring by ultrasonic methods during labor. Continuous recording of cervical dilatation during labor has been investigated in 13 pregnancies. The recordings were obtained with an ultrasonic cervimeter that continuously monitors cervical dilatation from the transit time of ultrasound signals between two piezoelectric crystals attached on the uterine cervix. A small spring-loaded clip allowed each crystal to be fixed on the rim of the cervical os. Clinical accuracy was +/- 0.6 cm. When the ultrasound recording of cervical dilatation is compared to the intrauterine pressure curve, it is characterized by a baseline and wave-shape curve of dilatation (DWP). The maximal amplitude component is called cervical maximal plasticity. The onset of the DWP is related to cervical resistivity, and the end of DWP reflects the relaxation time of cervical dilatation. The data show that as dilatation enters the active phase of labor, the plasticity, the resistivity, and the duration of relaxation of the cervix increase. These observations are discussed and related to the structural changes of the cervix during labor.", "PMID": 696778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10759", "title": "The syndromes of hydatidiform mole. II. Morphologic evolution of the complete and partial mole.", "content": "Hydatidiform moles studied with respect to cytogenetics and morphologic constitution were divisible into two syndromes: (1) complete, classical mole giving a 46 XX karyotype and (2) partial mole with an ascertainable embryo/fetus, dead or alive, giving a triploid karyotype. The complete moles undergo early and total hydatidiform change from edema to central cistern formation, the embryos proper having perished before the establishment of a functioning circulation. Trophoblastic hyperplasia is conspicuous and the connection of this group to chorioncarcinoma is well established. In the partial moles there is a slow hydatidiform change that affects only some of the villi, but which seems to follow along the same lines as in complete moles. There is focal moderate trophoblastic hyperplasia, villous \"trophoblastic inclusions\" (that appear in triploids only), and maze-like central cisterns in the later cases. The partial mole, 46 XX, partakes of morphologic characteristics of both main syndromes and may represent an unusual syndrome of its own. The two main syndromes can now be distinguished morphologically and the question of the association of the partial mole with chorioncarcinoma has now to be further studied.", "contents": "The syndromes of hydatidiform mole. II. Morphologic evolution of the complete and partial mole. Hydatidiform moles studied with respect to cytogenetics and morphologic constitution were divisible into two syndromes: (1) complete, classical mole giving a 46 XX karyotype and (2) partial mole with an ascertainable embryo/fetus, dead or alive, giving a triploid karyotype. The complete moles undergo early and total hydatidiform change from edema to central cistern formation, the embryos proper having perished before the establishment of a functioning circulation. Trophoblastic hyperplasia is conspicuous and the connection of this group to chorioncarcinoma is well established. In the partial moles there is a slow hydatidiform change that affects only some of the villi, but which seems to follow along the same lines as in complete moles. There is focal moderate trophoblastic hyperplasia, villous \"trophoblastic inclusions\" (that appear in triploids only), and maze-like central cisterns in the later cases. The partial mole, 46 XX, partakes of morphologic characteristics of both main syndromes and may represent an unusual syndrome of its own. The two main syndromes can now be distinguished morphologically and the question of the association of the partial mole with chorioncarcinoma has now to be further studied.", "PMID": 696779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10760", "title": "Dramatic pyrexic and cardiovascular response to intravaginal prostaglandin E2.", "content": "The efficacy of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) for the induction of labor in pregnancies complicated by IUFD or missed abortion has been demonstrated. Gastrointestinal and pyrexic side effects are frequently observed. The following report describes two patients with documented IUFD who experienced a dramatic pyrexic and cardiovascular response to the intravaginal PGE2. In addition, evidence will be provided to account for this unusual pharmacologic reaction, as well as provide a method of managing this unusual side effect.", "contents": "Dramatic pyrexic and cardiovascular response to intravaginal prostaglandin E2. The efficacy of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) for the induction of labor in pregnancies complicated by IUFD or missed abortion has been demonstrated. Gastrointestinal and pyrexic side effects are frequently observed. The following report describes two patients with documented IUFD who experienced a dramatic pyrexic and cardiovascular response to the intravaginal PGE2. In addition, evidence will be provided to account for this unusual pharmacologic reaction, as well as provide a method of managing this unusual side effect.", "PMID": 696780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10761", "title": "A study of fetal acceleration tests.", "content": "The fetal acceleration test (FAT) is a means of assessing uteroplacental integrity by observing fetal heart patterns while being stressed by fetal movement. Of 584 tests performed on high-risk obstetric patients, 176 were done within 1 week prior to delivery. Favorable antepartum FAT results correlated with unremarkable initial intrapartum fetal monitor tracings in 128 (97.7 per cent) of 131 cases and also favorable 5 minute Apgar scores (7 to 10) in 128 (97.7 per cent) of 131 cases. An inconclusive FAT correlated with an abnormal OCT or intrapartum monitor tracing in nine of 10 tracings. Two infants with previously abnormal or suspicious FAT, OCT, and intrapartum fetal heart tracings were stillborn. The FAT was also less time-consuming and had fewer complications. These results show the FAT to be an effective clinical test for managing high-risk pregnancies with possible placental insufficiency.", "contents": "A study of fetal acceleration tests. The fetal acceleration test (FAT) is a means of assessing uteroplacental integrity by observing fetal heart patterns while being stressed by fetal movement. Of 584 tests performed on high-risk obstetric patients, 176 were done within 1 week prior to delivery. Favorable antepartum FAT results correlated with unremarkable initial intrapartum fetal monitor tracings in 128 (97.7 per cent) of 131 cases and also favorable 5 minute Apgar scores (7 to 10) in 128 (97.7 per cent) of 131 cases. An inconclusive FAT correlated with an abnormal OCT or intrapartum monitor tracing in nine of 10 tracings. Two infants with previously abnormal or suspicious FAT, OCT, and intrapartum fetal heart tracings were stillborn. The FAT was also less time-consuming and had fewer complications. These results show the FAT to be an effective clinical test for managing high-risk pregnancies with possible placental insufficiency.", "PMID": 696781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10762", "title": "Effects of human maternal venous plasma glucose concentrations on fetal breathing movements.", "content": "Human fetal breathing movements were studied following the maternal ingestion of either a 50 Gm. oral glucose load or an equal volume of water in 22 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies at 32 to 34 weeks' gestation. The percentage of time spent breathing in fetuses of glucose-treated mothers increased from 23.2 +/- 2.2 per cent during the control period to a maximum of 58.9 +/- 5.2 per cent at 105 minutes following the oral glucose load (p less than 0.01) which was one hour following the peak maternal plasma glucose concentration. No similar increase in maternal glucose concentrations or percentage time spent breathing occurred in patients receiving water. Fetal breathing movements were observed in 97 per cent of the 15 minute periods during the second and third hour after maternal ingestion of a 50 Gm. oral glucose load. It was concluded that maternal carbohydrate intake two hours prior to fetal breathing observations should be documented to permit adequate interpretation of fetal breathing activity.", "contents": "Effects of human maternal venous plasma glucose concentrations on fetal breathing movements. Human fetal breathing movements were studied following the maternal ingestion of either a 50 Gm. oral glucose load or an equal volume of water in 22 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies at 32 to 34 weeks' gestation. The percentage of time spent breathing in fetuses of glucose-treated mothers increased from 23.2 +/- 2.2 per cent during the control period to a maximum of 58.9 +/- 5.2 per cent at 105 minutes following the oral glucose load (p less than 0.01) which was one hour following the peak maternal plasma glucose concentration. No similar increase in maternal glucose concentrations or percentage time spent breathing occurred in patients receiving water. Fetal breathing movements were observed in 97 per cent of the 15 minute periods during the second and third hour after maternal ingestion of a 50 Gm. oral glucose load. It was concluded that maternal carbohydrate intake two hours prior to fetal breathing observations should be documented to permit adequate interpretation of fetal breathing activity.", "PMID": 696782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10763", "title": "Cardiac output and its distribution and organ blood flow in the fetal lamb during ritodrine administration.", "content": "The response of the fetal circulation to beta adrenergic stimulation with ritodrine hydrochloride has been investigated by long-term monitoring of the fetal lamb in utero. Ritodrine was infused intravenously either into the ewe or directly into the fetus, and cardiovascular and acid-base responses were measured. Fetal cardiac output and its distribution were measured with the use of radionuclide-labeled microspheres. The output of each ventricle also was measured by means of long-standing implanted electromagnetic flow transducers around the ascending aorta or pulmonary trunk during infusion of ritodrine at various rates into the fetus. Infusion of ritodrine (1.9 mcg. per kilogram per minute) into the ewe caused no change in fetal heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, or umbilical blood flow, but did cause an increase in fetal adrenal and myocardial blood flow. Ritodrine infused directly into the fetus produced a marked increase in fetal heart rate and a minimal change in cardiac output. There were no significant changes in fetal or maternal acid-base balance during the ritodrine infusions.", "contents": "Cardiac output and its distribution and organ blood flow in the fetal lamb during ritodrine administration. The response of the fetal circulation to beta adrenergic stimulation with ritodrine hydrochloride has been investigated by long-term monitoring of the fetal lamb in utero. Ritodrine was infused intravenously either into the ewe or directly into the fetus, and cardiovascular and acid-base responses were measured. Fetal cardiac output and its distribution were measured with the use of radionuclide-labeled microspheres. The output of each ventricle also was measured by means of long-standing implanted electromagnetic flow transducers around the ascending aorta or pulmonary trunk during infusion of ritodrine at various rates into the fetus. Infusion of ritodrine (1.9 mcg. per kilogram per minute) into the ewe caused no change in fetal heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, or umbilical blood flow, but did cause an increase in fetal adrenal and myocardial blood flow. Ritodrine infused directly into the fetus produced a marked increase in fetal heart rate and a minimal change in cardiac output. There were no significant changes in fetal or maternal acid-base balance during the ritodrine infusions.", "PMID": 696783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10764", "title": "Fetal heart rate reaction to amniocentesis as an indicator of fetal well-being.", "content": "The reaction of the FHR to amniocentesis in 43 pregnancies is reported. In 10 pregnancies the FHR reacted with deceleration. Eight of the 10 patients underwent subsequent labor and all developed fetal distress requiring cesarean section. In 31 pregnancies the FHR reacted with an acceleration. Twenty-five of these patients subsequently underwent labor without evidencing fetal distress and the remainder were delivered by cesarean section without labor. In two pregnancies no FHR response occurred following amniocentesis. In both no evidence of fetal distress occurred during labor. The significance of this test as an indicator of fetal well-being is discussed.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate reaction to amniocentesis as an indicator of fetal well-being. The reaction of the FHR to amniocentesis in 43 pregnancies is reported. In 10 pregnancies the FHR reacted with deceleration. Eight of the 10 patients underwent subsequent labor and all developed fetal distress requiring cesarean section. In 31 pregnancies the FHR reacted with an acceleration. Twenty-five of these patients subsequently underwent labor without evidencing fetal distress and the remainder were delivered by cesarean section without labor. In two pregnancies no FHR response occurred following amniocentesis. In both no evidence of fetal distress occurred during labor. The significance of this test as an indicator of fetal well-being is discussed.", "PMID": 696784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10765", "title": "Labeling of phosphatidylcholine in the alveolar wash of rabbits in utero.", "content": "Radioactive palmitic acid, choline, and phosphate were given to rabbits 28 and 30 days pregnant and the labeling;of phosphatidylcholine in the fetal lung and alveolar wash was studied. Labeled phosphatidylcholine was detected initially in the alveolar wash three hours after isotope administration. The three-hour delay was independent of precursor studied or gestational age, and the radioactive phosphatidylcholine continued to accumulate in the wash fluid for at least 18 hours. Each labeled precursor of phosphatidylcholine sequentially labeled the phosphatidylcholine from microsomal, lamellar body and alveolar wash lung fractions of the 30 day fetal animals.", "contents": "Labeling of phosphatidylcholine in the alveolar wash of rabbits in utero. Radioactive palmitic acid, choline, and phosphate were given to rabbits 28 and 30 days pregnant and the labeling;of phosphatidylcholine in the fetal lung and alveolar wash was studied. Labeled phosphatidylcholine was detected initially in the alveolar wash three hours after isotope administration. The three-hour delay was independent of precursor studied or gestational age, and the radioactive phosphatidylcholine continued to accumulate in the wash fluid for at least 18 hours. Each labeled precursor of phosphatidylcholine sequentially labeled the phosphatidylcholine from microsomal, lamellar body and alveolar wash lung fractions of the 30 day fetal animals.", "PMID": 696785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10766", "title": "Use of partial exchange transfusion preoperatively in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies.", "content": "Sickle cell anemia and other severe sickle cell disorders (hemoglobin SC and hemoglobin S-thalassemia) are known to complicate surgical procedures in susceptible patients. Although transfusions have been used preoperatively to increase the packed cell volume, we have recently used the method of partial exchange transfusion in the treatment of patients with these disorders in the preoperative period. Forty-two patients with significant sickle cell hemoglobinopathies underwent operative procedures on various surgical services. The goal was to obtain a hemoglobin A percentage of 40 or above in each case, and this required 480 to 1,150 c.c. of buffy coat poor washed red cells (mean 820 c.c.). The number of complications in the intraoperative and postoperative period in this study was compared to those found in the literature. There was a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality rates noted with the use of these transfusions. There appeared to be a great advantage on a cost-benefit ratio, as well as an improvement in the physiologic state of the patient. Although the results of this study show significant improvement over previous investigations, there are many facets unknown concerning the use of this modality under these and other conditions. Therefore, further investigation of this method and restriction of the method of Level III referral centers is advocated until enough patients have been studied to assess the long- and short-term complications of the procedure.", "contents": "Use of partial exchange transfusion preoperatively in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. Sickle cell anemia and other severe sickle cell disorders (hemoglobin SC and hemoglobin S-thalassemia) are known to complicate surgical procedures in susceptible patients. Although transfusions have been used preoperatively to increase the packed cell volume, we have recently used the method of partial exchange transfusion in the treatment of patients with these disorders in the preoperative period. Forty-two patients with significant sickle cell hemoglobinopathies underwent operative procedures on various surgical services. The goal was to obtain a hemoglobin A percentage of 40 or above in each case, and this required 480 to 1,150 c.c. of buffy coat poor washed red cells (mean 820 c.c.). The number of complications in the intraoperative and postoperative period in this study was compared to those found in the literature. There was a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality rates noted with the use of these transfusions. There appeared to be a great advantage on a cost-benefit ratio, as well as an improvement in the physiologic state of the patient. Although the results of this study show significant improvement over previous investigations, there are many facets unknown concerning the use of this modality under these and other conditions. Therefore, further investigation of this method and restriction of the method of Level III referral centers is advocated until enough patients have been studied to assess the long- and short-term complications of the procedure.", "PMID": 696786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10767", "title": "Professional patient-instructors in the teaching of the pelvic examination.", "content": "A class of 100 second-year medical students was randomly divided into two groups for instruction in the techniques of the gynecologic examination. Each group received a lecture and a demonstration film. The control group then had practical instruction on office or clinic patients. The study group was instructed by specially trained clinical teaching associates who acted both as professional patients and as teachers. After practice in clinics and offices, both groups received a common evaluation by gynecologists and teaching associates. Students who were instructed by clinical teaching associates performed better on subsequent pelvic examinations and demonstrated superior communications skills compared with the control group.", "contents": "Professional patient-instructors in the teaching of the pelvic examination. A class of 100 second-year medical students was randomly divided into two groups for instruction in the techniques of the gynecologic examination. Each group received a lecture and a demonstration film. The control group then had practical instruction on office or clinic patients. The study group was instructed by specially trained clinical teaching associates who acted both as professional patients and as teachers. After practice in clinics and offices, both groups received a common evaluation by gynecologists and teaching associates. Students who were instructed by clinical teaching associates performed better on subsequent pelvic examinations and demonstrated superior communications skills compared with the control group.", "PMID": 696787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10768", "title": "Effect of the specific angiotensin antagonist (Sar1) (Ala8) angiotensin II on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin system in the conscious pregnant ewe and fetus.", "content": "A direct relationship was found between maternal diastolic blood pressure and simultaneously measured angiotensin II (All) levels (P less than 0.001) in chronically cannulated pregnant ewes. The infusion of Saralasin to the ewe resulted in a dose-dependent fall in blood pressure (P less than 0.005), the magnitude of which was proportional to the initial All levels (P less than 0.025). Plasma renin and All levels rose significantly during the infusion. No consistent fetal effects were seen. The infusion of normal saline had no effect on blood pressure or hormone levels. Thus it seems likely that the renin-angiotensin system is involved with the maintenance of normal blood pressure in the pregnant sheep. Fetal blood pressure either fell significantly or was unchanged following direct infusion of Saralasin. This may be related to development of the beta-adrenergic nervous system. The renin-angiotensin system may be more important in cardiovascular homeostasis in the immature than in the adult animal.", "contents": "Effect of the specific angiotensin antagonist (Sar1) (Ala8) angiotensin II on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin system in the conscious pregnant ewe and fetus. A direct relationship was found between maternal diastolic blood pressure and simultaneously measured angiotensin II (All) levels (P less than 0.001) in chronically cannulated pregnant ewes. The infusion of Saralasin to the ewe resulted in a dose-dependent fall in blood pressure (P less than 0.005), the magnitude of which was proportional to the initial All levels (P less than 0.025). Plasma renin and All levels rose significantly during the infusion. No consistent fetal effects were seen. The infusion of normal saline had no effect on blood pressure or hormone levels. Thus it seems likely that the renin-angiotensin system is involved with the maintenance of normal blood pressure in the pregnant sheep. Fetal blood pressure either fell significantly or was unchanged following direct infusion of Saralasin. This may be related to development of the beta-adrenergic nervous system. The renin-angiotensin system may be more important in cardiovascular homeostasis in the immature than in the adult animal.", "PMID": 696788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10769", "title": "Sarcoidosis of the female genital tract.", "content": "Sarcoidosis, a chronic, multisystemic disease, is characterized histologically by discrete, well-formed granulomas with little central necrosis. It can affect any organ system in the body and rarely involves the female genital tract. This report includes the description of a patient with genital involvement by sarcoid granulomas, who presented with postmenopausal bleeding.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis of the female genital tract. Sarcoidosis, a chronic, multisystemic disease, is characterized histologically by discrete, well-formed granulomas with little central necrosis. It can affect any organ system in the body and rarely involves the female genital tract. This report includes the description of a patient with genital involvement by sarcoid granulomas, who presented with postmenopausal bleeding.", "PMID": 696789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10770", "title": "The effect of a progesterone-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device on uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2alpha and life-span of corpora lutea in the ewe.", "content": "Two studies were conducted to investigate the effect of a progesterone-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) on uterine secretion of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha associated with IUD-induced luteolysis in sheep. In bilaterally ovulating ewes receiving an IUD on day 3 (estrus = day 0) intrauterine release of progesterone (90 microgram per day) by the device did not prevent premature luteolysis or the increased concentration of PGF2alpha in uterine venous plasma on day 5 caused by conventional IUD's. In the second study a progesterone-releasing IUD (645 microgram per day) inserted adjacent to the intact ovary at unilateral ovariectomy on day 14 inhibited early luteolysis in the subsequent estrous cycle and reduced the uterine secretion of PGF2alpha on day 5, without affecting concentrations of progesterone in the peripheral circulation at the intervening estrus. It is suggested that locally delivered intrauterine progesterone can inhibit IUD-induced luteolysis in the ewe by suppressing the uterine secretion of PGF2alpha.", "contents": "The effect of a progesterone-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device on uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2alpha and life-span of corpora lutea in the ewe. Two studies were conducted to investigate the effect of a progesterone-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) on uterine secretion of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha associated with IUD-induced luteolysis in sheep. In bilaterally ovulating ewes receiving an IUD on day 3 (estrus = day 0) intrauterine release of progesterone (90 microgram per day) by the device did not prevent premature luteolysis or the increased concentration of PGF2alpha in uterine venous plasma on day 5 caused by conventional IUD's. In the second study a progesterone-releasing IUD (645 microgram per day) inserted adjacent to the intact ovary at unilateral ovariectomy on day 14 inhibited early luteolysis in the subsequent estrous cycle and reduced the uterine secretion of PGF2alpha on day 5, without affecting concentrations of progesterone in the peripheral circulation at the intervening estrus. It is suggested that locally delivered intrauterine progesterone can inhibit IUD-induced luteolysis in the ewe by suppressing the uterine secretion of PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 696790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10771", "title": "A search for antigen-antibody complexes in pre-eclampsia: further evidence against immunologic pathogenesis.", "content": "Circulating immune (antigen-antibody) complexes have been proposed as possible important in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Thirty-four serum samples from pre-eclamptic women were examined for the presence of antigen-antibody complexes by the C1q binding and Raji cell assays. Slightly abnormal C1q binding occurred in two serum samples, while all Raji cell determinations were found to be in the normal range for a healthy, nonpregnant population. It is concluded that circulating immune complexes do not occur regularly in pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "A search for antigen-antibody complexes in pre-eclampsia: further evidence against immunologic pathogenesis. Circulating immune (antigen-antibody) complexes have been proposed as possible important in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Thirty-four serum samples from pre-eclamptic women were examined for the presence of antigen-antibody complexes by the C1q binding and Raji cell assays. Slightly abnormal C1q binding occurred in two serum samples, while all Raji cell determinations were found to be in the normal range for a healthy, nonpregnant population. It is concluded that circulating immune complexes do not occur regularly in pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 696791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10772", "title": "Oxygen flux into the human cornea when covered by a soft contact lens.", "content": "Corneal thickness was measured in human subjects who wore gel lenses that varied only in center thickness. The amount of corneal swelling that developed was a function of center lens thickness. Based on these data and the results of a previous study, the minimum oxygen tension under the lens necessary to maintain normal corneal hydration was determined to be 10 mm Hg. The critical oxygen flux into the cornea at this oxygen tension is 2 microliter/cm2 x hr. Gel-lens center thickness and oxygen permeability can be altered to increase the oxygen tension at the tear/lens interface and resultant oxygen flux into the cornea by increasing the oxygen transmissibility of the lens.", "contents": "Oxygen flux into the human cornea when covered by a soft contact lens. Corneal thickness was measured in human subjects who wore gel lenses that varied only in center thickness. The amount of corneal swelling that developed was a function of center lens thickness. Based on these data and the results of a previous study, the minimum oxygen tension under the lens necessary to maintain normal corneal hydration was determined to be 10 mm Hg. The critical oxygen flux into the cornea at this oxygen tension is 2 microliter/cm2 x hr. Gel-lens center thickness and oxygen permeability can be altered to increase the oxygen tension at the tear/lens interface and resultant oxygen flux into the cornea by increasing the oxygen transmissibility of the lens.", "PMID": 696792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10773", "title": "Measurement of oxygen flux into the cornea by pressing a sensor onto a soft contact lens on the eye.", "content": "A polarographic oxygen sensor pressed against a soft contact lens worn on the eye gives data from which can be calculated the oxygen flux into the cornea. The procedure requires knowledge of the diffusion coefficient and solubility of oxygen in the contact lens material. The procedure works best when used with contact lenses of about 40% water content.", "contents": "Measurement of oxygen flux into the cornea by pressing a sensor onto a soft contact lens on the eye. A polarographic oxygen sensor pressed against a soft contact lens worn on the eye gives data from which can be calculated the oxygen flux into the cornea. The procedure requires knowledge of the diffusion coefficient and solubility of oxygen in the contact lens material. The procedure works best when used with contact lenses of about 40% water content.", "PMID": 696793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10774", "title": "Age, reading, and myopia.", "content": "This paper tests whether the use-abuse theory or the biological theory of myopia explains the appearance and progression of myopia among 12--17 year olds in the United States. The use-abuse theory predicts that current amount of reading and cumulative exposure to reading, as indicated by years of schooling, explain myopia. The biological theory predicts that either age from birth or age from puberty explains any tendency for myopia to appear and progress among children or adolescents. Regression analysis shows that education explains all the tendency for myopia to appear and progress among 12--17-years-olds. When we control for education, age is not related to increased myopia. Myopia progresses, on the average, 0.22 D per academic year. However, education explains only a small fraction of the variance in myopia.", "contents": "Age, reading, and myopia. This paper tests whether the use-abuse theory or the biological theory of myopia explains the appearance and progression of myopia among 12--17 year olds in the United States. The use-abuse theory predicts that current amount of reading and cumulative exposure to reading, as indicated by years of schooling, explain myopia. The biological theory predicts that either age from birth or age from puberty explains any tendency for myopia to appear and progress among children or adolescents. Regression analysis shows that education explains all the tendency for myopia to appear and progress among 12--17-years-olds. When we control for education, age is not related to increased myopia. Myopia progresses, on the average, 0.22 D per academic year. However, education explains only a small fraction of the variance in myopia.", "PMID": 696794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10775", "title": "The discrepancy between retinoscopic and subjective measurements: Effect of age.", "content": "Comparison of the retinoscopic and subjective measurements of 1078 eyes of all ages showed that the discrepancy (retinoscopy--subjective) was positive and equal to 0.3--0.4 D in young eyes. The discrepancy diminished with age, eventually becoming negative in the 6th decade of life. The results are explained by postulating that retinoscopic light is reflected from the internal limiting membrane in young eyes and from a layer posterior to the photoreceptors in older eyes.", "contents": "The discrepancy between retinoscopic and subjective measurements: Effect of age. Comparison of the retinoscopic and subjective measurements of 1078 eyes of all ages showed that the discrepancy (retinoscopy--subjective) was positive and equal to 0.3--0.4 D in young eyes. The discrepancy diminished with age, eventually becoming negative in the 6th decade of life. The results are explained by postulating that retinoscopic light is reflected from the internal limiting membrane in young eyes and from a layer posterior to the photoreceptors in older eyes.", "PMID": 696795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10776", "title": "A new method of determining the primary position of the eye using Listing's law.", "content": "A new method of determining the primary direction of regard, using Listing's law as a basis, is described. Previous techniques have required a trial-and-error experimental procedure. The present technique requires only a single measurement set of eye torsions in selected gaze directions. Experimental data to illustrate the technique are presented.", "contents": "A new method of determining the primary position of the eye using Listing's law. A new method of determining the primary direction of regard, using Listing's law as a basis, is described. Previous techniques have required a trial-and-error experimental procedure. The present technique requires only a single measurement set of eye torsions in selected gaze directions. Experimental data to illustrate the technique are presented.", "PMID": 696796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10777", "title": "Evaluation of the pneuma-tonometer.", "content": "Intraocular pressure in 125 randomly selected patients visiting the eye clinic at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for routine care was measured with a Goldmann applanation tonometer and a model 30R Pneuma-Tonometer. Pairs of reading were taken with each instrument when possible, and each trace of the Pneuma-Tonometer measurement was subsequently read blind and independently by two observers. The standard deviation of the differences between the two readers' values obtained on 416 traces was 0.44 mm Hg. The standard deviation of the differences between paired Pneuma-Tonometer readings on 186 eyes was 1.75 mm Hg. With data selected for cause the mean Pneuma-Tonometer reading was 0.40 mm Hg higher, the standard deviation of the differences between the instruments was 1.50 mm Hg, and the correlation coefficient was 0.88. Alternatives to the customary use of linear regression methods of assessing calibration are proposed.", "contents": "Evaluation of the pneuma-tonometer. Intraocular pressure in 125 randomly selected patients visiting the eye clinic at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for routine care was measured with a Goldmann applanation tonometer and a model 30R Pneuma-Tonometer. Pairs of reading were taken with each instrument when possible, and each trace of the Pneuma-Tonometer measurement was subsequently read blind and independently by two observers. The standard deviation of the differences between the two readers' values obtained on 416 traces was 0.44 mm Hg. The standard deviation of the differences between paired Pneuma-Tonometer readings on 186 eyes was 1.75 mm Hg. With data selected for cause the mean Pneuma-Tonometer reading was 0.40 mm Hg higher, the standard deviation of the differences between the instruments was 1.50 mm Hg, and the correlation coefficient was 0.88. Alternatives to the customary use of linear regression methods of assessing calibration are proposed.", "PMID": 696797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10778", "title": "Applying new design principles to the construction of an illiterate E chart.", "content": "New design principles have been applied to the construction of an illiterate E chart. A chart can thus be produced in which the only variable in the visual acuity task for letters of different size is the letter size itself. A simple method for using this chart in field studies is described.", "contents": "Applying new design principles to the construction of an illiterate E chart. New design principles have been applied to the construction of an illiterate E chart. A chart can thus be produced in which the only variable in the visual acuity task for letters of different size is the letter size itself. A simple method for using this chart in field studies is described.", "PMID": 696798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10779", "title": "Morphologic abnormalities in potassium-deficient dogs.", "content": "Potassium deficiency was produced in 16 dogs by means of a diet containing less than 0.03% potassium. Decreases in serum potassium were first observed after 3 weeks. Morphologic changes occurred only in heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney. Focal myocardial necrosis was observed in 6 of 16 deficient dogs, and skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis were observed in 14 of 16 deficient dogs. A complex nephropathy consisting primarily of epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the collecting tubules of the inner stripe of the outer medulla occurred in all the deficient dogs.", "contents": "Morphologic abnormalities in potassium-deficient dogs. Potassium deficiency was produced in 16 dogs by means of a diet containing less than 0.03% potassium. Decreases in serum potassium were first observed after 3 weeks. Morphologic changes occurred only in heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney. Focal myocardial necrosis was observed in 6 of 16 deficient dogs, and skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis were observed in 14 of 16 deficient dogs. A complex nephropathy consisting primarily of epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the collecting tubules of the inner stripe of the outer medulla occurred in all the deficient dogs.", "PMID": 696799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10780", "title": "A comparison of the hematogenous cell infiltrate evoked by lymphokine injection with that of delayed hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "Lymphokine preparations of high potency obtained by in vitro assay were employed in vivo to determine whether they could produce inflammatory responses showing a cellular infiltrate that qualitatively or quantitatively resembled responses of delayed hypersensitivity. Hematogenous cell infiltrates in guinea pig skin were characterized in terms of the number and types of participating cells following intradermal injection of either lymphokines or an antigen (PPD) to which the animals exhibited delayed hypersensitivity. The dose of lymphokine or PPD per skin test site was selected on the basis of comparable ability to enhance vascular permeability. Delayed hypersensitivity responses showed, as expected, a persistent mononuclear cell exudate both in dermis and subcutis, but most notable in the dermis, during the 24 hours following antigen injection. In contrast, the response to lymphokine over the same period was characteristically neutrophilic and principally in the subcutis. There was no pronounced mononuclear cell infiltrate at any time throughout the reaction to lymphokine. It is concluded that preformed lymphokine produces a pattern of increased vascular permeability appropriate to a mediator of delayed hypersensitivity reactions, provided there is sustained secretion of this material. The ability of lymphokine to cause carbon labeling of dermal capillaries is also pertinent to a mediator of delayed hypersensitivity. The absence of significant mononuclear cell accumulation suggests that the in vitro chemotactic activity of lymphokine toward mononuclear cells may be more important for retention of mononuclear cells in the extravascular connective tissue space than for their selective accumulation.", "contents": "A comparison of the hematogenous cell infiltrate evoked by lymphokine injection with that of delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Lymphokine preparations of high potency obtained by in vitro assay were employed in vivo to determine whether they could produce inflammatory responses showing a cellular infiltrate that qualitatively or quantitatively resembled responses of delayed hypersensitivity. Hematogenous cell infiltrates in guinea pig skin were characterized in terms of the number and types of participating cells following intradermal injection of either lymphokines or an antigen (PPD) to which the animals exhibited delayed hypersensitivity. The dose of lymphokine or PPD per skin test site was selected on the basis of comparable ability to enhance vascular permeability. Delayed hypersensitivity responses showed, as expected, a persistent mononuclear cell exudate both in dermis and subcutis, but most notable in the dermis, during the 24 hours following antigen injection. In contrast, the response to lymphokine over the same period was characteristically neutrophilic and principally in the subcutis. There was no pronounced mononuclear cell infiltrate at any time throughout the reaction to lymphokine. It is concluded that preformed lymphokine produces a pattern of increased vascular permeability appropriate to a mediator of delayed hypersensitivity reactions, provided there is sustained secretion of this material. The ability of lymphokine to cause carbon labeling of dermal capillaries is also pertinent to a mediator of delayed hypersensitivity. The absence of significant mononuclear cell accumulation suggests that the in vitro chemotactic activity of lymphokine toward mononuclear cells may be more important for retention of mononuclear cells in the extravascular connective tissue space than for their selective accumulation.", "PMID": 696800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10781", "title": "Gentamicin and tobramycin nephrotoxicity. A morphologic and functional comparison in the rat.", "content": "Fischer 344 rats were treated with tobramycin or gentamicin, 40 mg/kg/day, for up to 10 days or with tobramycin, 120 mg/kg/day, for up to 14 days. Serum creatinine and BUN at the time of sacrifice were determined, and kidney tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy. Rats receiving gentamicin demonstrated progressive renal proximal tubular necrosis which was nearly universal at the end of 10 days. Their BUN and creatinine levels rose progressively over the same period. Even at the higher dosage, tobramycin therapy resulted in only rare foci of proximal tubular necrosis and minimal elevation of BUN and creatinine. Although they occurred later and were substantially less severe, the ultrastructural changes induced by tobramycin were the same as those seen following gentamicin administration. These results indicate that the mechanism of tobramycin-induced renal injury is probably similar to that of gentamicin and that tobramycin is significantly less nephrotoxic in this experimental model.", "contents": "Gentamicin and tobramycin nephrotoxicity. A morphologic and functional comparison in the rat. Fischer 344 rats were treated with tobramycin or gentamicin, 40 mg/kg/day, for up to 10 days or with tobramycin, 120 mg/kg/day, for up to 14 days. Serum creatinine and BUN at the time of sacrifice were determined, and kidney tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy. Rats receiving gentamicin demonstrated progressive renal proximal tubular necrosis which was nearly universal at the end of 10 days. Their BUN and creatinine levels rose progressively over the same period. Even at the higher dosage, tobramycin therapy resulted in only rare foci of proximal tubular necrosis and minimal elevation of BUN and creatinine. Although they occurred later and were substantially less severe, the ultrastructural changes induced by tobramycin were the same as those seen following gentamicin administration. These results indicate that the mechanism of tobramycin-induced renal injury is probably similar to that of gentamicin and that tobramycin is significantly less nephrotoxic in this experimental model.", "PMID": 696801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10782", "title": "Macrophages migration through the brain parenchyma to the perivascular space following particle ingestion.", "content": "Forty-eight rats received intracerebral injections of sterile colloidal carbon. At intervals between 10 minutes and 31 days after carbon injection, the rats were perfused with glutaraldehyde, and autopsies were performed. Between 10 minutes and 3 hours after injection, carbon particles were extracellular and located strictly within the needle track. During the first few days the carbon was ingested by macrophages. Initially absent, carbon-laden macrophages spread to the neuropil immediately surrounding the injection site at 7 to 31 days following injection. These carbon-laden macrophages frequently were elongated within the neuropil and resembled microglia. Carbon-laden macrophages eventually accumulated around local vessels and in perivascular spaces. Many macrophages containing carbon remained in the injection site at the longest sampling interval of 31 days. Results indicate two macrophage responses to colloidal carbon in the central nervous system: a) an indolent population remains in the injection site for at least 1 month and b) a second population of macrophages emigrates through the neuropil. They eventually surround local vessels and enter the perivascular space. The migrating macrophages offer an explanation for the peculiar perivascular cells in Krabbe's disease and may provide a link between the CNS parenchyma and immunocompetent cells.", "contents": "Macrophages migration through the brain parenchyma to the perivascular space following particle ingestion. Forty-eight rats received intracerebral injections of sterile colloidal carbon. At intervals between 10 minutes and 31 days after carbon injection, the rats were perfused with glutaraldehyde, and autopsies were performed. Between 10 minutes and 3 hours after injection, carbon particles were extracellular and located strictly within the needle track. During the first few days the carbon was ingested by macrophages. Initially absent, carbon-laden macrophages spread to the neuropil immediately surrounding the injection site at 7 to 31 days following injection. These carbon-laden macrophages frequently were elongated within the neuropil and resembled microglia. Carbon-laden macrophages eventually accumulated around local vessels and in perivascular spaces. Many macrophages containing carbon remained in the injection site at the longest sampling interval of 31 days. Results indicate two macrophage responses to colloidal carbon in the central nervous system: a) an indolent population remains in the injection site for at least 1 month and b) a second population of macrophages emigrates through the neuropil. They eventually surround local vessels and enter the perivascular space. The migrating macrophages offer an explanation for the peculiar perivascular cells in Krabbe's disease and may provide a link between the CNS parenchyma and immunocompetent cells.", "PMID": 696802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10783", "title": "An ultrastructural study of acinic cell carcinomas of the canine pancreas.", "content": "Four cases of spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the canine exocrine pancreas were studied by thin section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The neoplastic cells in all 4 cases were of acinar origin and showed many alterations of cytoarchitecture compared with normal acinar cells. In the neoplastic cells, zymogen granules varied in number and appearance and contained an abnormal secretory product characterized by 24-nm-thick microtubules. The nuclear volume and surface area and the nuclear cytoplasmic ratio were increased; although the nuclear pore density per nuclear surface area was significantly decreased, there was no change in the nuclear pore density per nuclear volume. There was a decrease in number and size of gap junctions; focal proliferation, fragmentation, and discontinuation of the tight junctions were also noted. The basal lamina (BL) of the neoplastic cells was discontinuous. The tumor microvasculature often appeared as sinusoids and had sparse discontinuous BL. Finally, the endothelium in both tumor and normal tissue contained \"tubulo-reticular inclusions\" (TRI) which simulated distemper virus and were located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the perinuclear cisternae.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of acinic cell carcinomas of the canine pancreas. Four cases of spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the canine exocrine pancreas were studied by thin section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The neoplastic cells in all 4 cases were of acinar origin and showed many alterations of cytoarchitecture compared with normal acinar cells. In the neoplastic cells, zymogen granules varied in number and appearance and contained an abnormal secretory product characterized by 24-nm-thick microtubules. The nuclear volume and surface area and the nuclear cytoplasmic ratio were increased; although the nuclear pore density per nuclear surface area was significantly decreased, there was no change in the nuclear pore density per nuclear volume. There was a decrease in number and size of gap junctions; focal proliferation, fragmentation, and discontinuation of the tight junctions were also noted. The basal lamina (BL) of the neoplastic cells was discontinuous. The tumor microvasculature often appeared as sinusoids and had sparse discontinuous BL. Finally, the endothelium in both tumor and normal tissue contained \"tubulo-reticular inclusions\" (TRI) which simulated distemper virus and were located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the perinuclear cisternae.", "PMID": 696803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10784", "title": "Cytologic responses of postnatal rat lungs to O3 or NO2 exposure.", "content": "At the level of exposure employed (approximately 14.0 ppm NO2 or 0.85 ppm O3) epithelial cells at the juncture of the terminal airways and proximal alveoli have previously been shown to be seriously injured or destroyed in maturing (35 days of age or older) and adult lungs. Subsequent repair results in the formation of a tissue nodule at this location. In contrast, postnatal rats between birth and weaning have been shown to be highly resistant to the cytotoxic effects of both NO2 and O3. Prior to wearning, exposure to O3 resulted in little or no injury when examined with either the light or electron microscope, and only minor injury and loss of cilia from epithelial cells lining the terminal airways was noted after NO2 exposure. Subsequent to weaning at 20 days of age, however, there was a progressive increase in the cellular response in both the terminal airways and proximal alveoli after exposure to either oxidant gas. A plateau in the response is reached at approximately 35 days of age and continues until the animals are approximately 1 year old. The data are discussed in terms of current theories on endogenous antioxidant mechanisms.", "contents": "Cytologic responses of postnatal rat lungs to O3 or NO2 exposure. At the level of exposure employed (approximately 14.0 ppm NO2 or 0.85 ppm O3) epithelial cells at the juncture of the terminal airways and proximal alveoli have previously been shown to be seriously injured or destroyed in maturing (35 days of age or older) and adult lungs. Subsequent repair results in the formation of a tissue nodule at this location. In contrast, postnatal rats between birth and weaning have been shown to be highly resistant to the cytotoxic effects of both NO2 and O3. Prior to wearning, exposure to O3 resulted in little or no injury when examined with either the light or electron microscope, and only minor injury and loss of cilia from epithelial cells lining the terminal airways was noted after NO2 exposure. Subsequent to weaning at 20 days of age, however, there was a progressive increase in the cellular response in both the terminal airways and proximal alveoli after exposure to either oxidant gas. A plateau in the response is reached at approximately 35 days of age and continues until the animals are approximately 1 year old. The data are discussed in terms of current theories on endogenous antioxidant mechanisms.", "PMID": 696804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10785", "title": "Hemorrhagic toxins from rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom. Pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by three purified toxins.", "content": "The pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by three purified components of rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom was studied at the light and electron microscopic levels. Crude venom was fractionated by anion exchange and gel filtration in four steps. beta-Alanine acetate disk gel electrophoresis was used to demonstrate electrophoretic homogeneity. White mice were injected intramuscularly with 0.1 ml of a sublethal dose of hemorrhagic toxin. Gross examination revealed extensive hemorrhage 5 minutes after the injection of hemorrhagic toxins alpha and episilon; the same amount of hemorrhage was not present until 3 hours after the injection of hemorrhagic toxin beta. Light microscopic examination of muscel after injection of the toxins revealed areas of extensive hemorrhage in which very few intact capillaries could be found and also adjacent areas of slight hemorrhage in which capillaries were in various stages of degeneration. Necrosis of muscle cells was evident in tissue injected with hemorrhagic toxin beta. Electron microscopic examination showed that capillaries from toxin-injected muscle were in various stages of degeneration. Endothelial cells became very thin and broke down into vesicles prior to complete rupture. Gaps were formed within the cells while intercellular junctions remained intact. Plasma and erythrocytes leaked through these gaps and were observed in the endomysium. Many gaps were plugged with platelet aggregations. Collagen and the basal lamina associated with capillaries were usually disorganized or absent. The experimental injection of three purified hemorrhagic toxins induced hemorrhage by the same mechanism as does the crude venom, ie, per rhexis. In addition, one of the toxins, hemorrhagic toxin beta, causes myonecrosis.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic toxins from rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom. Pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by three purified toxins. The pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by three purified components of rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom was studied at the light and electron microscopic levels. Crude venom was fractionated by anion exchange and gel filtration in four steps. beta-Alanine acetate disk gel electrophoresis was used to demonstrate electrophoretic homogeneity. White mice were injected intramuscularly with 0.1 ml of a sublethal dose of hemorrhagic toxin. Gross examination revealed extensive hemorrhage 5 minutes after the injection of hemorrhagic toxins alpha and episilon; the same amount of hemorrhage was not present until 3 hours after the injection of hemorrhagic toxin beta. Light microscopic examination of muscel after injection of the toxins revealed areas of extensive hemorrhage in which very few intact capillaries could be found and also adjacent areas of slight hemorrhage in which capillaries were in various stages of degeneration. Necrosis of muscle cells was evident in tissue injected with hemorrhagic toxin beta. Electron microscopic examination showed that capillaries from toxin-injected muscle were in various stages of degeneration. Endothelial cells became very thin and broke down into vesicles prior to complete rupture. Gaps were formed within the cells while intercellular junctions remained intact. Plasma and erythrocytes leaked through these gaps and were observed in the endomysium. Many gaps were plugged with platelet aggregations. Collagen and the basal lamina associated with capillaries were usually disorganized or absent. The experimental injection of three purified hemorrhagic toxins induced hemorrhage by the same mechanism as does the crude venom, ie, per rhexis. In addition, one of the toxins, hemorrhagic toxin beta, causes myonecrosis.", "PMID": 696805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10786", "title": "Mixed endocrine gastric tumors associated with hypergastrinemia of antral origin.", "content": "A patient with atrophic gastritis and excessively raised serum gastrin concentrations (4000 to 5000 pg/ml) was found to have multiple polypous tumors of the gastric corpus mucosa. Following gastrectomy, serum gastrin concentrations decreased to undetectable levels. The tumors consisted of a mixed population of endocrine cells. The majority of tumor cells were of the ECL type, but, in addition, enterochromaffin cells of various subtypes as well as agranular cells were found. The tumors were locally invasive and invaded the walls of submucosal blood vessels. The surrounding mucosa showed a severe atrophic gastritis with intestinalization and contained numerous goblet cells, enterochromaffin cells, and cholecystokinin cells. Cholecystokinin cells do not occur in the normal oxyntic mucosa. Hence, the observation of this cell type in intestinalized gastric epithelium suggests that \"intestinalization also is associated with changes in endocrine cell populations. Gastrin has been shown to affect the function of the ECL cells. Indications for a trophic action of gastrin on these cells have been obtained. It is discussed whether greatly raised serum gastrin levels in patients with atrophic gastritis may be associated with increased risks for the development of certain types of gastric tumors.", "contents": "Mixed endocrine gastric tumors associated with hypergastrinemia of antral origin. A patient with atrophic gastritis and excessively raised serum gastrin concentrations (4000 to 5000 pg/ml) was found to have multiple polypous tumors of the gastric corpus mucosa. Following gastrectomy, serum gastrin concentrations decreased to undetectable levels. The tumors consisted of a mixed population of endocrine cells. The majority of tumor cells were of the ECL type, but, in addition, enterochromaffin cells of various subtypes as well as agranular cells were found. The tumors were locally invasive and invaded the walls of submucosal blood vessels. The surrounding mucosa showed a severe atrophic gastritis with intestinalization and contained numerous goblet cells, enterochromaffin cells, and cholecystokinin cells. Cholecystokinin cells do not occur in the normal oxyntic mucosa. Hence, the observation of this cell type in intestinalized gastric epithelium suggests that \"intestinalization also is associated with changes in endocrine cell populations. Gastrin has been shown to affect the function of the ECL cells. Indications for a trophic action of gastrin on these cells have been obtained. It is discussed whether greatly raised serum gastrin levels in patients with atrophic gastritis may be associated with increased risks for the development of certain types of gastric tumors.", "PMID": 696807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10787", "title": "Bipotentiality of response to sex hormones by the prostate of castrated or hypophysectomized dogs. Direct effects of estrogen.", "content": "Prostatic response to administered estradiol-17beta 17-cyclopentylpropionate (ECP) was studied in castrated or hypophysectomized dogs. Ultrastructural investigation identified two types of epithelial cells, squamous and modified glandular, that resulted from estrogen action. Squamous cells, which predominated, appeared to evolve from basal reserve cells. Estrogen-modified glandular cells have features attributable to estrogen and previous androgen stimulation. Thaw-mount autoradiography of explants located radiolabeled estrogen in prostatic epithelium and stroma of normal and ECP-treated animals, suggesting a role of estrogen in prostatic homeostasis. Epithelium from ECP-treated dogs incorporated 3H-thymidine, indicating that estrogen promotes DNA synthesis in these cells. Greatly enhanced conversion of radiotestosterone to 4-androstene-3,17-dione, with sharply decreased formation of 5alpha-reduced hydroxylation products, and attendant elevation in estradiol-17beta oxidoreductase activity are metabolic markers attributable to the induced squamous and responding stromal cells. The duality of prostatic response to sex hormones is apparent from observations that estrogen stimulates regressed glandular epithelium which had undergone androgen-mediated differentiation before ablation.", "contents": "Bipotentiality of response to sex hormones by the prostate of castrated or hypophysectomized dogs. Direct effects of estrogen. Prostatic response to administered estradiol-17beta 17-cyclopentylpropionate (ECP) was studied in castrated or hypophysectomized dogs. Ultrastructural investigation identified two types of epithelial cells, squamous and modified glandular, that resulted from estrogen action. Squamous cells, which predominated, appeared to evolve from basal reserve cells. Estrogen-modified glandular cells have features attributable to estrogen and previous androgen stimulation. Thaw-mount autoradiography of explants located radiolabeled estrogen in prostatic epithelium and stroma of normal and ECP-treated animals, suggesting a role of estrogen in prostatic homeostasis. Epithelium from ECP-treated dogs incorporated 3H-thymidine, indicating that estrogen promotes DNA synthesis in these cells. Greatly enhanced conversion of radiotestosterone to 4-androstene-3,17-dione, with sharply decreased formation of 5alpha-reduced hydroxylation products, and attendant elevation in estradiol-17beta oxidoreductase activity are metabolic markers attributable to the induced squamous and responding stromal cells. The duality of prostatic response to sex hormones is apparent from observations that estrogen stimulates regressed glandular epithelium which had undergone androgen-mediated differentiation before ablation.", "PMID": 696808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10788", "title": "Clonal characteristics in layers of human atherosclerotic plaques. A study of the selection hypothesis of monoclonality.", "content": "Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of monoclonal cell populations within human atherosclerotic plaques. The first of these proposes a mutational origin: the second suggests that the single clone of cells with the greatest proliferative advantage is selected following repetitive intimal injury. If the selection hypothesis is true, monoclonality should be observed more frequently in the layer of plaque most recently formed. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) isoenzymes were used as cellular markers in aortas of females heterozygous for the A and B isoenzymes. Ten plaques were divided into 45 portions, each of which was subdivided into upper layer, lower layer, and underlying media. No predominance of monoclonality was observed in the upper or lower layers of plaque, with 53% of samples from each layer being monoclonal. In all, 73% of portions of plaque contained at least one monoclonal layer. The layers tended to resemble each other in their clonal characteristics, with 60% of portions having layers with the same clonal characteristics. A significant correlation between isoenzyme distributions in upper and lower layers of the same portion was observed. No consistent trends in isoenzyme distribution in the three layers of each portion were observed. The results are interpreted as providing no evidence for clonal selection as the mechanism by which human atherosclerotic plaques become monoclonal.", "contents": "Clonal characteristics in layers of human atherosclerotic plaques. A study of the selection hypothesis of monoclonality. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of monoclonal cell populations within human atherosclerotic plaques. The first of these proposes a mutational origin: the second suggests that the single clone of cells with the greatest proliferative advantage is selected following repetitive intimal injury. If the selection hypothesis is true, monoclonality should be observed more frequently in the layer of plaque most recently formed. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) isoenzymes were used as cellular markers in aortas of females heterozygous for the A and B isoenzymes. Ten plaques were divided into 45 portions, each of which was subdivided into upper layer, lower layer, and underlying media. No predominance of monoclonality was observed in the upper or lower layers of plaque, with 53% of samples from each layer being monoclonal. In all, 73% of portions of plaque contained at least one monoclonal layer. The layers tended to resemble each other in their clonal characteristics, with 60% of portions having layers with the same clonal characteristics. A significant correlation between isoenzyme distributions in upper and lower layers of the same portion was observed. No consistent trends in isoenzyme distribution in the three layers of each portion were observed. The results are interpreted as providing no evidence for clonal selection as the mechanism by which human atherosclerotic plaques become monoclonal.", "PMID": 696809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10789", "title": "Biofeedback training of knee control in the above-knee amputee.", "content": "Learning to control a prosthetic knee is a difficult task for the above-knee amputee. A biofeedback training system was designed to help with this problem. The system was found to be useful with several aspects of knee control. Fifteen patients completed a biofeedback training program. Two of these patients did not benefit to the same degree as the other thirteen.", "contents": "Biofeedback training of knee control in the above-knee amputee. Learning to control a prosthetic knee is a difficult task for the above-knee amputee. A biofeedback training system was designed to help with this problem. The system was found to be useful with several aspects of knee control. Fifteen patients completed a biofeedback training program. Two of these patients did not benefit to the same degree as the other thirteen.", "PMID": 696810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10790", "title": "Median and ulnar muscle and sensory evoked potentials.", "content": "The medical literature was reviewed to find suggested clinical applications of the study of the amplitude of evoked muscle action potentials (MAP) and sensory action potentials (SAP). In addition, the literature was reviewed to ascertain the normal amplitude and duration of the evoked MAP and SAP as well as the factors affecting the amplitude: age, sex, temperature, ischemia. The present study determined the normal amplitude and duration of the median and ulnar MAP and SAP in fifty normal subjects. The amplitude of evoked muscle or sensory action potentials depends on multiple factors. Increased skin resistance, capacitance, and impedance at the surface of the recording electrode diminishes the amplitude. Similarly, increased distance from the source of the action potential diminishes its amplitude. Increased interelectrode distance increases the amplitude of the bipolarly recorded sensory action potential until a certain interelectrode distance is exceeded and the diphasic response becomes tri- or tetraphasic. Artifact or poor technique may reduce the potential difference between the recording electrodes or obscure the late positive phase of the action potential and thus diminish the peak to peak amplitude measurement. Intraindividual comparison indicated a marked difference of amplitude in opposite hands. The range of the MAP of the abductor pollicis brevis in one hand was 40.0--100% of the response in the opposite hand. For the abductor digiti minimi, the MAP was 58.5--100% of the response of the opposite hand. The median and ulnar SAP was between 50--100% of the opposite SAP. Consequent to these findings the effect of hand dominance on the amplitude of median and ulnar evoked muscle and sensory action potentials was studied in 41 right handed volunteers. The amplitudes of the median muscle action potential (p less than 0.02) and the median and ulnar sensory action potentials (p less than 0.001) were significantly less in the dominant hand. There was no significant difference between the ulnar muscle action potentials or for the median and ulnar distal motor and sensory latencies in the right and left hands of this group of volunteers.", "contents": "Median and ulnar muscle and sensory evoked potentials. The medical literature was reviewed to find suggested clinical applications of the study of the amplitude of evoked muscle action potentials (MAP) and sensory action potentials (SAP). In addition, the literature was reviewed to ascertain the normal amplitude and duration of the evoked MAP and SAP as well as the factors affecting the amplitude: age, sex, temperature, ischemia. The present study determined the normal amplitude and duration of the median and ulnar MAP and SAP in fifty normal subjects. The amplitude of evoked muscle or sensory action potentials depends on multiple factors. Increased skin resistance, capacitance, and impedance at the surface of the recording electrode diminishes the amplitude. Similarly, increased distance from the source of the action potential diminishes its amplitude. Increased interelectrode distance increases the amplitude of the bipolarly recorded sensory action potential until a certain interelectrode distance is exceeded and the diphasic response becomes tri- or tetraphasic. Artifact or poor technique may reduce the potential difference between the recording electrodes or obscure the late positive phase of the action potential and thus diminish the peak to peak amplitude measurement. Intraindividual comparison indicated a marked difference of amplitude in opposite hands. The range of the MAP of the abductor pollicis brevis in one hand was 40.0--100% of the response in the opposite hand. For the abductor digiti minimi, the MAP was 58.5--100% of the response of the opposite hand. The median and ulnar SAP was between 50--100% of the opposite SAP. Consequent to these findings the effect of hand dominance on the amplitude of median and ulnar evoked muscle and sensory action potentials was studied in 41 right handed volunteers. The amplitudes of the median muscle action potential (p less than 0.02) and the median and ulnar sensory action potentials (p less than 0.001) were significantly less in the dominant hand. There was no significant difference between the ulnar muscle action potentials or for the median and ulnar distal motor and sensory latencies in the right and left hands of this group of volunteers.", "PMID": 696811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10791", "title": "Electromyographic biofeedback in the reeducation of facial palsy.", "content": "Electromyographic biofeedback techniques have been successfully applied in various neuromuscular disorders. Data on the use of this technique in reeducation of facial paralysis after initial surgical correction are scarce. The authors have developed a treatment program consisting of EMG biofeedback with the use of the Basmajian-Emory myotrainer. Two case reports are presented which show successful results after a three month training period.", "contents": "Electromyographic biofeedback in the reeducation of facial palsy. Electromyographic biofeedback techniques have been successfully applied in various neuromuscular disorders. Data on the use of this technique in reeducation of facial paralysis after initial surgical correction are scarce. The authors have developed a treatment program consisting of EMG biofeedback with the use of the Basmajian-Emory myotrainer. Two case reports are presented which show successful results after a three month training period.", "PMID": 696812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10792", "title": "Screening of membrane surface charges by divalent cations: an atomic representation.", "content": "To arrive at a clear and atomically realistic representation of the process of ionic screening, a model with the following necessary and justifiable constraints was devised. 1) The minimum internuclear distance (IND) between a negative site on the membrane and a cation screening the site is equal to the sum of the site's \"equivalent\" radius (rs) + the diameter of a water molecule (approximately 2.8 A) + crystal radius of the cation (rc). 2) The average value for the dielectric constant (D) over IND is given by D approximately 80 ((IND - rs - rc)/IND). When this simple atomic model for ionic screening is employed in conjunction with equilibrium ion-selectivity theory, it is possible to predict quantitatively, from coulombic energy calculations, the secondary stereospecific actions of certain alkaline-earth cations as well as the predominant screening effect of these divalent cations at the surfaces of different types of membranes. The model also successfully predicts the transition from a predominantly screening situation to a predominantly binding situation, which was observed experimentally when negative surface charge density was decreased in nerve.", "contents": "Screening of membrane surface charges by divalent cations: an atomic representation. To arrive at a clear and atomically realistic representation of the process of ionic screening, a model with the following necessary and justifiable constraints was devised. 1) The minimum internuclear distance (IND) between a negative site on the membrane and a cation screening the site is equal to the sum of the site's \"equivalent\" radius (rs) + the diameter of a water molecule (approximately 2.8 A) + crystal radius of the cation (rc). 2) The average value for the dielectric constant (D) over IND is given by D approximately 80 ((IND - rs - rc)/IND). When this simple atomic model for ionic screening is employed in conjunction with equilibrium ion-selectivity theory, it is possible to predict quantitatively, from coulombic energy calculations, the secondary stereospecific actions of certain alkaline-earth cations as well as the predominant screening effect of these divalent cations at the surfaces of different types of membranes. The model also successfully predicts the transition from a predominantly screening situation to a predominantly binding situation, which was observed experimentally when negative surface charge density was decreased in nerve.", "PMID": 696813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10793", "title": "Further similarities of endogenous pyrogen and leukocytic endogenous mediator.", "content": "The release of endogenous pyrogen (EP) from rabbit peritoneal granulocytes was measured with a three-point log dose-response curve. Release of EP was inhibited when the cells were incubated in media containing potassium or calcium. Measurements of leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM) activity, i.e., lowering of plasma iron and zinc and increases in blood neutrophils, were made on the same supernatant media. When EP release was inhibited there was a similar inhibition of LEM activity. These results indicate a similarity between the release of pyrogenic and LEM activities. Together with previous purification studies, the results suggest that EP and LEM are similar and may be identical factors.", "contents": "Further similarities of endogenous pyrogen and leukocytic endogenous mediator. The release of endogenous pyrogen (EP) from rabbit peritoneal granulocytes was measured with a three-point log dose-response curve. Release of EP was inhibited when the cells were incubated in media containing potassium or calcium. Measurements of leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM) activity, i.e., lowering of plasma iron and zinc and increases in blood neutrophils, were made on the same supernatant media. When EP release was inhibited there was a similar inhibition of LEM activity. These results indicate a similarity between the release of pyrogenic and LEM activities. Together with previous purification studies, the results suggest that EP and LEM are similar and may be identical factors.", "PMID": 696814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10794", "title": "Calcium and the control of potassium efflux in the sublingual gland.", "content": "The effects of cholinergic stimulation on K efflux from rat sublingual gland slices was investigated. The sublingual gland slices appeared stable on incubation as indicated by electrolyte content and ultrastructural analysis. Carbachol induced a biphasic increase in release of 86Rb (an index of K efflux); a transient phase lasting 2--4 min was followed by a sustained (or slowly falling) phase. Both phases of the response were blocked by atropine, but only the sustained phase was blocked by omission of Ca or by the addition of LaCl3. The divalent cationophore A-23187 produced a Ca-dependent release of 86Rb. Substance P stimulated a biphasic release of 86Rb, similar to that obtained with carbachol, but epinephrine did not. The response to substance P demonstrated a Ca dependence similar to that of carbachol. When a transient response to carbachol was elicited, no transient response to carbachol was elicited, no transient response to substance P could be obtained. This suggests that the receptors for these agonists may reside in the same cells. Also, the magnitude of the responses suggests that most of the affected cells are probably the mucous elements of the sublingual gland.", "contents": "Calcium and the control of potassium efflux in the sublingual gland. The effects of cholinergic stimulation on K efflux from rat sublingual gland slices was investigated. The sublingual gland slices appeared stable on incubation as indicated by electrolyte content and ultrastructural analysis. Carbachol induced a biphasic increase in release of 86Rb (an index of K efflux); a transient phase lasting 2--4 min was followed by a sustained (or slowly falling) phase. Both phases of the response were blocked by atropine, but only the sustained phase was blocked by omission of Ca or by the addition of LaCl3. The divalent cationophore A-23187 produced a Ca-dependent release of 86Rb. Substance P stimulated a biphasic release of 86Rb, similar to that obtained with carbachol, but epinephrine did not. The response to substance P demonstrated a Ca dependence similar to that of carbachol. When a transient response to carbachol was elicited, no transient response to carbachol was elicited, no transient response to substance P could be obtained. This suggests that the receptors for these agonists may reside in the same cells. Also, the magnitude of the responses suggests that most of the affected cells are probably the mucous elements of the sublingual gland.", "PMID": 696815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10795", "title": "A piezoelectric force transducer for single muscle cells.", "content": "A cantilevered piezoelectric force transducer is described. The cantilevered element has a 6-mm glass extension that can be projected into a horizontal muscle bath from above. By adjusting the length of the piezoelectric bar from 1 to 4 mm, the sensitivity of the device can be varied between 25 and 100 mV/mN (0.25--1.0 mV/mg) with its resonant frequency varying inversely between 8 and 15 kHz. Although moderately fragile, the sensing elements are inexpensive and easily made. The output of the sensing element is amplified by a small, unity-gain, high-input-resistance amplifier mounted on a support block with the element. Although the arrangement does not provide a DC output, its time constant of over 500 s is sufficiently long for measuring tension during muscle contractions lasting 1--2 s.", "contents": "A piezoelectric force transducer for single muscle cells. A cantilevered piezoelectric force transducer is described. The cantilevered element has a 6-mm glass extension that can be projected into a horizontal muscle bath from above. By adjusting the length of the piezoelectric bar from 1 to 4 mm, the sensitivity of the device can be varied between 25 and 100 mV/mN (0.25--1.0 mV/mg) with its resonant frequency varying inversely between 8 and 15 kHz. Although moderately fragile, the sensing elements are inexpensive and easily made. The output of the sensing element is amplified by a small, unity-gain, high-input-resistance amplifier mounted on a support block with the element. Although the arrangement does not provide a DC output, its time constant of over 500 s is sufficiently long for measuring tension during muscle contractions lasting 1--2 s.", "PMID": 696817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10796", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on myoelectrical activity of small bowel.", "content": "Somatostatin, a growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone, has been found to be a powerful inhibitor of gastric and pancreatic secretion as well as of hormone release in the digestive system. This study was undertaken to determine the influence of somatostatin on the myoelectrical activity pattern of the small bowel. Three conscious dogs were prepared with electrodes spaced 25 cm apart along the entire small intestine. Intravenous infusions of somatostatin were administered in various doses (0.6--5.0 microgram/kg.h) while spike activity and slow waves were recorded under fasting conditions, after a meat meal, or during intravenous infusion of gastrin, caerulein, or insulin. Somatostatin at a dose of 0.6 microgram/kg.h almost doubled the frequency of the interdigestive myoelectric complex. Somatostatin in fed dogs caused a dose-dependent decrease of the normal fed spike activity, and at higher doses it induced a pattern like that seen in fasting animals. The slow-wave frequency in both fasted and fed conditions was not changed significantly. We conclude that somatostatin given under basal conditions increases the frequency of the interdigestive complex and, when administered after feeding, converts the fed-type pattern to the fasted-type pattern. It may therefore play a promoting role in initiating the interdigestive myoelectric complex.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on myoelectrical activity of small bowel. Somatostatin, a growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone, has been found to be a powerful inhibitor of gastric and pancreatic secretion as well as of hormone release in the digestive system. This study was undertaken to determine the influence of somatostatin on the myoelectrical activity pattern of the small bowel. Three conscious dogs were prepared with electrodes spaced 25 cm apart along the entire small intestine. Intravenous infusions of somatostatin were administered in various doses (0.6--5.0 microgram/kg.h) while spike activity and slow waves were recorded under fasting conditions, after a meat meal, or during intravenous infusion of gastrin, caerulein, or insulin. Somatostatin at a dose of 0.6 microgram/kg.h almost doubled the frequency of the interdigestive myoelectric complex. Somatostatin in fed dogs caused a dose-dependent decrease of the normal fed spike activity, and at higher doses it induced a pattern like that seen in fasting animals. The slow-wave frequency in both fasted and fed conditions was not changed significantly. We conclude that somatostatin given under basal conditions increases the frequency of the interdigestive complex and, when administered after feeding, converts the fed-type pattern to the fasted-type pattern. It may therefore play a promoting role in initiating the interdigestive myoelectric complex.", "PMID": 696818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10797", "title": "Splanchnic glucose and muscle glycogen metabolism after glucose feeding during postexercise recovery.", "content": "Glucose (100 g) was ingested 15 min after bicycle exercise until exhaustion at a work load corresponding to 70% of maximal uptake (series 1), 14--15 h after an identical exercise period, no food being taken in the interval (series 2), and by nonexercised control subjects. Splanchnic glucose output in the exercised groups rose to values 50--300% greater than in controls, amounting to (over 135 min) 59 +/- 5 g in series 1 and 58 +/- 6 in series 2 compared to 28 +/- 6 in controls. The glycogen concentration of quadriceps muscle in series 1 was 65 +/- 2 mmol glycosyl U/kg wet wt before exercise, 16 +/- 13 at the end of work, and 32 +/- 4 at 135 min after glucose ingestion. In series 2, muscle glycogen concentration was 20 +/- 3 immediately after exercise and rose to 44 +/- 5 over the ensuing 14--15 h in spite of continued fasting. It rose to 56 +/- 3 at 135 min after glucose loading. Repletion of leg muscle glycogen after glucose feeding could account for 50--66% of total splanchnic glucose release. It is concluded that during postexercise recovery, a greater proportion of an oral glucose load escapes hepatic retention, allowing repletion of muscle glycogen to take precedence over hepatic glycogen repletion.", "contents": "Splanchnic glucose and muscle glycogen metabolism after glucose feeding during postexercise recovery. Glucose (100 g) was ingested 15 min after bicycle exercise until exhaustion at a work load corresponding to 70% of maximal uptake (series 1), 14--15 h after an identical exercise period, no food being taken in the interval (series 2), and by nonexercised control subjects. Splanchnic glucose output in the exercised groups rose to values 50--300% greater than in controls, amounting to (over 135 min) 59 +/- 5 g in series 1 and 58 +/- 6 in series 2 compared to 28 +/- 6 in controls. The glycogen concentration of quadriceps muscle in series 1 was 65 +/- 2 mmol glycosyl U/kg wet wt before exercise, 16 +/- 13 at the end of work, and 32 +/- 4 at 135 min after glucose ingestion. In series 2, muscle glycogen concentration was 20 +/- 3 immediately after exercise and rose to 44 +/- 5 over the ensuing 14--15 h in spite of continued fasting. It rose to 56 +/- 3 at 135 min after glucose loading. Repletion of leg muscle glycogen after glucose feeding could account for 50--66% of total splanchnic glucose release. It is concluded that during postexercise recovery, a greater proportion of an oral glucose load escapes hepatic retention, allowing repletion of muscle glycogen to take precedence over hepatic glycogen repletion.", "PMID": 696819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10798", "title": "Renal glutamine metabolism in rats fed high-protein diets.", "content": "The influence of protein intake on acid excretion and renal glutamine metabolism was investigated and compared to the effects of NH4Cl-induced metabolic acidosis. Rats fed a diet containing 55% casein excreted more ammonia, phosphate, sulphate, and chloride than did rats fed a 13% casein diet, but, when they were given an 0.1 M NaHCO3 solution to drink, ammonia excretion was no longer elevated. Renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities, ammoniagenesis by isolated mitochondria, and the rate of renal gluconeogenesis were all elevated in the rats fed the high-protein diet but not if these rats also drank the sodium bicarbonate solution. Increased glutaminase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities, mitochondrial ammoniagenesis, and gluconeogenesis were all evident in rats made acidotic with NH4Cl. It is concluded that these metabolic adaptations evident in the kidneys of rats fed the high-protein diet are due to the acidogenic effects of increased protein intake.", "contents": "Renal glutamine metabolism in rats fed high-protein diets. The influence of protein intake on acid excretion and renal glutamine metabolism was investigated and compared to the effects of NH4Cl-induced metabolic acidosis. Rats fed a diet containing 55% casein excreted more ammonia, phosphate, sulphate, and chloride than did rats fed a 13% casein diet, but, when they were given an 0.1 M NaHCO3 solution to drink, ammonia excretion was no longer elevated. Renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities, ammoniagenesis by isolated mitochondria, and the rate of renal gluconeogenesis were all elevated in the rats fed the high-protein diet but not if these rats also drank the sodium bicarbonate solution. Increased glutaminase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities, mitochondrial ammoniagenesis, and gluconeogenesis were all evident in rats made acidotic with NH4Cl. It is concluded that these metabolic adaptations evident in the kidneys of rats fed the high-protein diet are due to the acidogenic effects of increased protein intake.", "PMID": 696820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10799", "title": "Jejunal phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of absorbed pyridoxine.HCl in vitro.", "content": "The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of absorbed vitamin was studied in rat jejunal everted sacs during in vitro uptake of [3H]pyridoxine.HCl. Kinetic studies during 4-min incubations demonstrated that phosphorylation was saturable (Km, 13.3 micron; Vmax, 0.906 nmol/4 min/g wet tissue) and was significantly inhibited by both structural and metabolic inhibitors. Longer incubations (30-min) demonstrated similar saturation and inhibition of net phosphorylation. Dephosphorylation of the phosphate esters formed by the phosphorylation step also occurred, as demonstrated by pulse-chase experiments. Disappearance of these phosphates was initially rapid, approximated first order kinetics, and apparently was mediated by a phosphatase. Whereas phosphorylation did not appear to affect initial uptake rates for [3H]pyridoxine.HCl by the jejunum, net phosphorylation after more prolonged incubations qualitatively paralleled accumulation of total absorbed vitamin in tissue over the same time. The primary effect of phosphorylation during jejunal uptake of pyridoxine by rat jejunum was to increase the accumulation of absorbed pyridoxine in tissue during prolonged incubations. Dephosphorylation had the net effect of limiting the magnitude of that accumulation.", "contents": "Jejunal phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of absorbed pyridoxine.HCl in vitro. The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of absorbed vitamin was studied in rat jejunal everted sacs during in vitro uptake of [3H]pyridoxine.HCl. Kinetic studies during 4-min incubations demonstrated that phosphorylation was saturable (Km, 13.3 micron; Vmax, 0.906 nmol/4 min/g wet tissue) and was significantly inhibited by both structural and metabolic inhibitors. Longer incubations (30-min) demonstrated similar saturation and inhibition of net phosphorylation. Dephosphorylation of the phosphate esters formed by the phosphorylation step also occurred, as demonstrated by pulse-chase experiments. Disappearance of these phosphates was initially rapid, approximated first order kinetics, and apparently was mediated by a phosphatase. Whereas phosphorylation did not appear to affect initial uptake rates for [3H]pyridoxine.HCl by the jejunum, net phosphorylation after more prolonged incubations qualitatively paralleled accumulation of total absorbed vitamin in tissue over the same time. The primary effect of phosphorylation during jejunal uptake of pyridoxine by rat jejunum was to increase the accumulation of absorbed pyridoxine in tissue during prolonged incubations. Dephosphorylation had the net effect of limiting the magnitude of that accumulation.", "PMID": 696821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10800", "title": "Diet-induced adipocyte number increase in adult rats: a new model of obesity.", "content": "Adult rats of various strains became obese when they were fed a highly palatable diet for several months. Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots. Reintroduction of an ordinary chow diet to such animals precipitated a period of weight loss during which only mean adipocyte size returned to normal. Adipocyte number remained at the elevated level achieved during the period of weight gain. Thus, transient dietary obesity in rats results in a persistent obesity of a purely hyperplastic, nonhypertrophic form. Furthermore, the persistence of the cell number increase suggests that it is the result of proliferation or differentiation rather than of only an increase in the lipid content of a pool of very small and normally undetected adipocytes. An analysis of adipose tissue morphology changes during the course of diet-induced weight gain suggests that the achievement of some specific mean adipocyte size triggers the events that culminate in adipocyte number increase. What mechanisms may link adipocyte size to the formation of new adipocytes remains unknown.", "contents": "Diet-induced adipocyte number increase in adult rats: a new model of obesity. Adult rats of various strains became obese when they were fed a highly palatable diet for several months. Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots. Reintroduction of an ordinary chow diet to such animals precipitated a period of weight loss during which only mean adipocyte size returned to normal. Adipocyte number remained at the elevated level achieved during the period of weight gain. Thus, transient dietary obesity in rats results in a persistent obesity of a purely hyperplastic, nonhypertrophic form. Furthermore, the persistence of the cell number increase suggests that it is the result of proliferation or differentiation rather than of only an increase in the lipid content of a pool of very small and normally undetected adipocytes. An analysis of adipose tissue morphology changes during the course of diet-induced weight gain suggests that the achievement of some specific mean adipocyte size triggers the events that culminate in adipocyte number increase. What mechanisms may link adipocyte size to the formation of new adipocytes remains unknown.", "PMID": 696822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10801", "title": "Effect of sequential infusions of glucagon and epinephrine on glucose turnover in the dog.", "content": "Conscious dogs were infused with 1) glucagon (3 ng/kg.min) alone for 120 min followed by glucagon plus epinephrine (0.1 microgram/kg.min) for 60 min and 2) epinephrine alone (150 min) followed by epinephrine plus glucagon for 90 min. Glucagon alone caused a 10--15 mg/dl rise in plasma glucose and a 45% increase in glucose production that returned to baseline by 75--120 min. After addition of epinephrine, glucose production rose again by 80%. Infusion of epinephrine alone resulted in unchanged plasma glucagon levels, a 60--70 mg/dl rise in plasma glucose, and an 80--100% rise in glucose production that returned to baseline by 60--120 min. When glucagon was added, glucose output promptly rose again by 85%. When glucagon was infused alone, there was a rise in glucose uptake, whereas, with epinephrine, glucose uptake failed to rise and glucose clearance fell by 35--50%. We conclude that 1) hepatic refractoriness to persistent elevations of glucagon or epinephrine is specific for the hormone infused; 2) epinephrine stimulates glucose production in the conscious dog in the absence of a rise in plasma glucagon; 3) the hyperglycemic response to glucagon or epinephrine is determined in part by accompanying changes in glucose utilization.", "contents": "Effect of sequential infusions of glucagon and epinephrine on glucose turnover in the dog. Conscious dogs were infused with 1) glucagon (3 ng/kg.min) alone for 120 min followed by glucagon plus epinephrine (0.1 microgram/kg.min) for 60 min and 2) epinephrine alone (150 min) followed by epinephrine plus glucagon for 90 min. Glucagon alone caused a 10--15 mg/dl rise in plasma glucose and a 45% increase in glucose production that returned to baseline by 75--120 min. After addition of epinephrine, glucose production rose again by 80%. Infusion of epinephrine alone resulted in unchanged plasma glucagon levels, a 60--70 mg/dl rise in plasma glucose, and an 80--100% rise in glucose production that returned to baseline by 60--120 min. When glucagon was added, glucose output promptly rose again by 85%. When glucagon was infused alone, there was a rise in glucose uptake, whereas, with epinephrine, glucose uptake failed to rise and glucose clearance fell by 35--50%. We conclude that 1) hepatic refractoriness to persistent elevations of glucagon or epinephrine is specific for the hormone infused; 2) epinephrine stimulates glucose production in the conscious dog in the absence of a rise in plasma glucagon; 3) the hyperglycemic response to glucagon or epinephrine is determined in part by accompanying changes in glucose utilization.", "PMID": 696823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10802", "title": "Fructose-6-phosphate substrate cycling and hormonal regulation of gluconeogenesis in vivo.", "content": "The possible role of the hepatic fructose-6-phosphate substrate cycle (phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase) in the rapid hormonal regulation of gluconeogenesis was investigated in vivo in fasted normal and adrenalectomized rats after administration of [3-3H, U-14C]- or [3-3H, 6-14C]glucose. The plasma glucose 3H/14C ratio was used as an index of substrate cycling because the amount of 3H loss from liver hexose phosphates is determined by the extent of cycling. PFK and FDPase activities limit 3H loss during gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, respectively. Glucagon-stimulated hepatic glucose production is always accompanied by increased substrate cycling, i.e., increased FDPase and PFK activities. The high PFK activity may be a secondary event due possibly to elevated cellular fructose-6-phosphate levels. Decreased substrate cycling, i.e., lowered FDPase activity, always accompanies the depressed hepatic glucose production that occurs during hyperglycemia. Glucagon has no effect on substrate cycling in adrenalectomized rats that are insensitive to the hormone. The in vivo experiments presented provide evidence, although indirect, that glucagon administration results in changes in the fructose-6-phosphate substrate cycle in a living animal. Whether these changes are primary regulatory events or occur secondarily to hormone actions elsewhere is not known.", "contents": "Fructose-6-phosphate substrate cycling and hormonal regulation of gluconeogenesis in vivo. The possible role of the hepatic fructose-6-phosphate substrate cycle (phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase) in the rapid hormonal regulation of gluconeogenesis was investigated in vivo in fasted normal and adrenalectomized rats after administration of [3-3H, U-14C]- or [3-3H, 6-14C]glucose. The plasma glucose 3H/14C ratio was used as an index of substrate cycling because the amount of 3H loss from liver hexose phosphates is determined by the extent of cycling. PFK and FDPase activities limit 3H loss during gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, respectively. Glucagon-stimulated hepatic glucose production is always accompanied by increased substrate cycling, i.e., increased FDPase and PFK activities. The high PFK activity may be a secondary event due possibly to elevated cellular fructose-6-phosphate levels. Decreased substrate cycling, i.e., lowered FDPase activity, always accompanies the depressed hepatic glucose production that occurs during hyperglycemia. Glucagon has no effect on substrate cycling in adrenalectomized rats that are insensitive to the hormone. The in vivo experiments presented provide evidence, although indirect, that glucagon administration results in changes in the fructose-6-phosphate substrate cycle in a living animal. Whether these changes are primary regulatory events or occur secondarily to hormone actions elsewhere is not known.", "PMID": 696824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10803", "title": "Electrical and mechanical effects of molecular variants of CCK on antral smooth muscle.", "content": "Intracellular microelectrode and standard organ bath techniques were used to study in vitro the effects of three molecular forms of the peptide cholecystokinin on the electrical and mechanical activities of canine antral circular muscle. Three forms were studied: the carboxyl-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-OP), the molecule containing 33 amino acid residues (CCK33), and the peptide termed \"cholecystokinin variant\" that contains 39 amino acids (CCK39). All three forms increased the force and frequency of spontaneous contractions. They also increased the frequency and the amplitude and duration of the plateau of the gastric action potential. Atropine did not block any of these effects, suggesting that the action of these peptides was largely due to a direct action on the smooth muscle. Complete dose-response curves were determined for the effect of these peptides on the force and frequency of contraction for muscle strips and for the effect on amplitude of the plateau and frequency of the action potential for single cells. CCK39 and CCK-OP had similar potencies and both forms were more potent than CCK33.", "contents": "Electrical and mechanical effects of molecular variants of CCK on antral smooth muscle. Intracellular microelectrode and standard organ bath techniques were used to study in vitro the effects of three molecular forms of the peptide cholecystokinin on the electrical and mechanical activities of canine antral circular muscle. Three forms were studied: the carboxyl-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-OP), the molecule containing 33 amino acid residues (CCK33), and the peptide termed \"cholecystokinin variant\" that contains 39 amino acids (CCK39). All three forms increased the force and frequency of spontaneous contractions. They also increased the frequency and the amplitude and duration of the plateau of the gastric action potential. Atropine did not block any of these effects, suggesting that the action of these peptides was largely due to a direct action on the smooth muscle. Complete dose-response curves were determined for the effect of these peptides on the force and frequency of contraction for muscle strips and for the effect on amplitude of the plateau and frequency of the action potential for single cells. CCK39 and CCK-OP had similar potencies and both forms were more potent than CCK33.", "PMID": 696826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10804", "title": "Antidiuretic hormone increases renal prostaglandin synthesis in vivo.", "content": "Studies demonstrating the antagonism by prostaglandins (PGs) of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) action led to the proposal that renal medullary PGs may act to attenuate the physiologic effects of ADH via a negative-feedback loop. Therefore, we examined urinary PG excretion, an indicator of renal PG synthesis, in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI) utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The DI rats, devoid of ADH, excrete much less prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) than normal Long-Evans rats (39 +/- 5 vs. 228 +/- 53 ng/24 h, means +/- SE, P less than 0.005). DI and normal rats were treated for 35 days with ADH while separate groups of DI and normal controls received vehicle only. The ADH treatment increased urinary PGE2 excretion in DI rats to 233 +/- 35 ng/24 h whereas PGE2 excretion was unaffected by vehicle treatment. ADH treatment in normal rats similarly increased PGE2 excretion from 215 +/- 49 to 410 +/- 63 ng/24 h (P less than 0.05). To determine whether the rise in PGE2 excretion is the result of the rise in papillary osmolality, we subjected DI rats to dehydration, which increased urine osmolality from 130 +/- 10 to 302 +/- 12 mosmol/kg H2O but left urinary PGE2 unaffected. We conclude that ADH stimulates renal medullary PGE2 synthesis in vivo.", "contents": "Antidiuretic hormone increases renal prostaglandin synthesis in vivo. Studies demonstrating the antagonism by prostaglandins (PGs) of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) action led to the proposal that renal medullary PGs may act to attenuate the physiologic effects of ADH via a negative-feedback loop. Therefore, we examined urinary PG excretion, an indicator of renal PG synthesis, in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI) utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The DI rats, devoid of ADH, excrete much less prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) than normal Long-Evans rats (39 +/- 5 vs. 228 +/- 53 ng/24 h, means +/- SE, P less than 0.005). DI and normal rats were treated for 35 days with ADH while separate groups of DI and normal controls received vehicle only. The ADH treatment increased urinary PGE2 excretion in DI rats to 233 +/- 35 ng/24 h whereas PGE2 excretion was unaffected by vehicle treatment. ADH treatment in normal rats similarly increased PGE2 excretion from 215 +/- 49 to 410 +/- 63 ng/24 h (P less than 0.05). To determine whether the rise in PGE2 excretion is the result of the rise in papillary osmolality, we subjected DI rats to dehydration, which increased urine osmolality from 130 +/- 10 to 302 +/- 12 mosmol/kg H2O but left urinary PGE2 unaffected. We conclude that ADH stimulates renal medullary PGE2 synthesis in vivo.", "PMID": 696828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10805", "title": "Ion selectivity and proximal salt reabsorption.", "content": "Electrophysiological techniques were used in isolated perfused superficial (S) and juxtamedullary (JM) rabbit proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) to examine the relative sodium-to-chloride (PNa/PCl) and bicarbonate-to-chloride (PHCO3/PCl) permeability ratios. We found that the great majority of PCT are sodium selective and that PHCO3/PCl depends on the experimental conditions. In the presence of active sodium transport, PHCO3/PCl is high and increases with PNa/PCl. When PHCO3/PCl is determined after inhibition of active sodium transport or at 25 degrees C, PHCO3/PCl approximates the free solution anion mobility ratio of 0.5 and is independent of PNa/PCl. The difference between PHCO3/PCl determined in the presence of and in the absence of active transport suggests that the lowering of bath bicarbonate concentration in the presence of active transport changes both paracellular and transcellular current flow. In addition, we found that during luminal perfusion with high chloride, low bicarbonate, organic solute-free solutions, the transepithelial electrical potential depends on PNa/PCl and PHCO3/PCl. This potential is approximately 4.0 mV in S PCT with low PNa/PCl and falls progressively to zero in JM PCT with high PNa/PCl. From these data we conclude that anion concentration gradients drive an important diffusive flux of sodium chloride through the paracellular pathway only in PCT with low PNa/PCl ratios.", "contents": "Ion selectivity and proximal salt reabsorption. Electrophysiological techniques were used in isolated perfused superficial (S) and juxtamedullary (JM) rabbit proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) to examine the relative sodium-to-chloride (PNa/PCl) and bicarbonate-to-chloride (PHCO3/PCl) permeability ratios. We found that the great majority of PCT are sodium selective and that PHCO3/PCl depends on the experimental conditions. In the presence of active sodium transport, PHCO3/PCl is high and increases with PNa/PCl. When PHCO3/PCl is determined after inhibition of active sodium transport or at 25 degrees C, PHCO3/PCl approximates the free solution anion mobility ratio of 0.5 and is independent of PNa/PCl. The difference between PHCO3/PCl determined in the presence of and in the absence of active transport suggests that the lowering of bath bicarbonate concentration in the presence of active transport changes both paracellular and transcellular current flow. In addition, we found that during luminal perfusion with high chloride, low bicarbonate, organic solute-free solutions, the transepithelial electrical potential depends on PNa/PCl and PHCO3/PCl. This potential is approximately 4.0 mV in S PCT with low PNa/PCl and falls progressively to zero in JM PCT with high PNa/PCl. From these data we conclude that anion concentration gradients drive an important diffusive flux of sodium chloride through the paracellular pathway only in PCT with low PNa/PCl ratios.", "PMID": 696834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10806", "title": "Extracellular water measurements: organ tracer kinetics of bromide and sucrose in rats and man.", "content": "Bromide and sucrose distributions were measured as functions of time after tracer injection into 14 rat organs that accounted for 93% of body wt, with the goal of evaluating the use of bromide and sucrose as tracers for the extracellular water volume (ECW). The tracers, Na, 82Br, 125I-labeled human serum albumin, [14C]sucrose, and 3H2O, were used to calculate bromide and sucrose content in red cells, plasma, and 13 blood-free organs. Selective concentration of Br- occurs in RBC, stomach, and skin, accounting in part for the discrepancy between the Br- space and the smaller ECW volume as derived from other methods. Sucrose is rapidly metabolized in the rat and its 14C tracer cannot be used for ECW determination in this species. The kinetics of Br- distribution were estimated in rats and in 16 human subjects by measuring plasma disappearance values and specific organ uptakes. A pharmacokinetic compartmental model was derived, containing explicit parameters for blood flow, diffusion constants, and ECW spaces separately for each organ. Precise fitting of experimental bromide data was achieved for the rat; satisfactory fitting was also achieved in man from more limited plasma and biopsy data.", "contents": "Extracellular water measurements: organ tracer kinetics of bromide and sucrose in rats and man. Bromide and sucrose distributions were measured as functions of time after tracer injection into 14 rat organs that accounted for 93% of body wt, with the goal of evaluating the use of bromide and sucrose as tracers for the extracellular water volume (ECW). The tracers, Na, 82Br, 125I-labeled human serum albumin, [14C]sucrose, and 3H2O, were used to calculate bromide and sucrose content in red cells, plasma, and 13 blood-free organs. Selective concentration of Br- occurs in RBC, stomach, and skin, accounting in part for the discrepancy between the Br- space and the smaller ECW volume as derived from other methods. Sucrose is rapidly metabolized in the rat and its 14C tracer cannot be used for ECW determination in this species. The kinetics of Br- distribution were estimated in rats and in 16 human subjects by measuring plasma disappearance values and specific organ uptakes. A pharmacokinetic compartmental model was derived, containing explicit parameters for blood flow, diffusion constants, and ECW spaces separately for each organ. Precise fitting of experimental bromide data was achieved for the rat; satisfactory fitting was also achieved in man from more limited plasma and biopsy data.", "PMID": 696835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10807", "title": "Transient force responses in blood-perfused papillary muscle after step changes in load.", "content": "In in situ canine papillary muscles, we studied transient responses in peak isometric force at control length, after contraction was suddenly switched from isotonic contractions at various forces and isometric contractions at different lengths. Peak isometric force rapidly decreased after isotonic contractions at relatively low forces and isometric contractions at shorter lengths. In contrast, peak isometric force rapidly increased after isotonic contractions at relatively high forces and isometric contractions at longer lengths. There was no transient response when the preceding isotonic force was about half of the present peak isometric force. Magnitude and direction of the transient force response depended on magnitude and direction of the change in the mean muscle force level produced by the sudden switch of loading conditions. Transient force responses were accompanied by simultaneous changes in time to peak isometric force in the same direction. We proposed that, in the blood-perfused papillary muscle, a sudden change in the mean muscle force causes an abrupt change in coronary flow supply-demand relation which in turn causes a transient change in contractile force.", "contents": "Transient force responses in blood-perfused papillary muscle after step changes in load. In in situ canine papillary muscles, we studied transient responses in peak isometric force at control length, after contraction was suddenly switched from isotonic contractions at various forces and isometric contractions at different lengths. Peak isometric force rapidly decreased after isotonic contractions at relatively low forces and isometric contractions at shorter lengths. In contrast, peak isometric force rapidly increased after isotonic contractions at relatively high forces and isometric contractions at longer lengths. There was no transient response when the preceding isotonic force was about half of the present peak isometric force. Magnitude and direction of the transient force response depended on magnitude and direction of the change in the mean muscle force level produced by the sudden switch of loading conditions. Transient force responses were accompanied by simultaneous changes in time to peak isometric force in the same direction. We proposed that, in the blood-perfused papillary muscle, a sudden change in the mean muscle force causes an abrupt change in coronary flow supply-demand relation which in turn causes a transient change in contractile force.", "PMID": 696836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10808", "title": "Species differences in responses to hyperosmolality and D600 in cat and rat heart.", "content": "The direct inotropic effect of hypertonic mannitol was compared in isolated rat and cat papillary muscles. The inotropic effects of paired electrical stimulation and D600 were also evaluated in the same species. At extracellular calcium concentrations of 2.5 mM, hypertonic mannitol (25--100 mosmol/kg H2O above normal) depressed contractility in isolated rat myocardium; hyperosmolality exerted a positive effect only when extracellular Ca2+ was low (e.g., 0.3 mM). Paired pacing exerted a small but significant inotropic effect in rat heart when extracellular Ca2+ was 2.5 mM, and a larger effect at lower Ca2+. As previously noted, hypertonic mannitol and paired pacing both produced significant positive effects in isolated cat heart at an extracellular Ca2+ concentration of 2.5 mM. D600 exerted less of a depressant effect on contractility in rat than in cat heart at concentrations of 10(-6)--10(-7) M. The data suggest that 1) in contrast to results in cat heart, the positive inotropic effect of hyperosmolality in isolated rat cardiac muscle is apparent only when extracellular calcium concentration is reduced; 2) the inotropic effect of paired pacing in rat heart is greatest at low Ca2+ levels, but persists to a lesser degree at extracellular calcium concentrations of 2.5 mM; and 3) D600-inhibitable calcium channels appear to be relatively less important in the maintenance of cardiac contractility in rat than in cat cardiac muscle.", "contents": "Species differences in responses to hyperosmolality and D600 in cat and rat heart. The direct inotropic effect of hypertonic mannitol was compared in isolated rat and cat papillary muscles. The inotropic effects of paired electrical stimulation and D600 were also evaluated in the same species. At extracellular calcium concentrations of 2.5 mM, hypertonic mannitol (25--100 mosmol/kg H2O above normal) depressed contractility in isolated rat myocardium; hyperosmolality exerted a positive effect only when extracellular Ca2+ was low (e.g., 0.3 mM). Paired pacing exerted a small but significant inotropic effect in rat heart when extracellular Ca2+ was 2.5 mM, and a larger effect at lower Ca2+. As previously noted, hypertonic mannitol and paired pacing both produced significant positive effects in isolated cat heart at an extracellular Ca2+ concentration of 2.5 mM. D600 exerted less of a depressant effect on contractility in rat than in cat heart at concentrations of 10(-6)--10(-7) M. The data suggest that 1) in contrast to results in cat heart, the positive inotropic effect of hyperosmolality in isolated rat cardiac muscle is apparent only when extracellular calcium concentration is reduced; 2) the inotropic effect of paired pacing in rat heart is greatest at low Ca2+ levels, but persists to a lesser degree at extracellular calcium concentrations of 2.5 mM; and 3) D600-inhibitable calcium channels appear to be relatively less important in the maintenance of cardiac contractility in rat than in cat cardiac muscle.", "PMID": 696837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10809", "title": "Norepinephrine uptake as an indicator of cardiac reinnervation in dogs.", "content": "To study the possible role of uptake of [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) as an indicator of sympathetic reinnervation of the surgically denervated canine heart, uptake was determined from multiple areas of hearts at various stages of reinnervation (1--6 mo), and these data were correlated with myocardial catecholamine content and functional response of the heart to electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. Our experiments confirm that NE content correlates poorly with the degree of reinnervation of the previously denervated canine heart. There is, however, a progressive increase of [3H]NE uptake from 1 mo to 6 mo, at which time uptake has returned to approximately 57% of control values in the left atrium. The development of the storage mechanism lags far behind the specific-membrane mechanism for uptake in the reinnervating surgically denervated canine heart.", "contents": "Norepinephrine uptake as an indicator of cardiac reinnervation in dogs. To study the possible role of uptake of [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) as an indicator of sympathetic reinnervation of the surgically denervated canine heart, uptake was determined from multiple areas of hearts at various stages of reinnervation (1--6 mo), and these data were correlated with myocardial catecholamine content and functional response of the heart to electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. Our experiments confirm that NE content correlates poorly with the degree of reinnervation of the previously denervated canine heart. There is, however, a progressive increase of [3H]NE uptake from 1 mo to 6 mo, at which time uptake has returned to approximately 57% of control values in the left atrium. The development of the storage mechanism lags far behind the specific-membrane mechanism for uptake in the reinnervating surgically denervated canine heart.", "PMID": 696838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10810", "title": "Effect of uranyl ions on isometric contractions in rabbit atria.", "content": "The effects of uranyl ions on isometric contractions of atrial strips of rabbit heart were studied. It was observed that uranyl ions, in a concentration of 1.1 X 10(-5) M, do not alter isometric contraction; 2.2 X 10(-5) M concentration produced a small positive inotropic effect that was magnified at a 4.5 X 10(-5) M concentration; concentrations greater than 1.8 X 10(-5) M produced a negative inotropic effect. There is evidence that the positive inotropic effect is mediated by catecholamine release, in a similar manner to the action of uranyl ions on intestinal smooth muscle preparations. This response was blocked by propranolol and also after tyramine treatment of the preparation. The negative inotropic effect seems to be mediated by a blocking effect on calcium entry through the sarcolemma during activation. Indirect evidence supporting this hypothesis was the observation of a decrease of action of uranyl ions in the presence of isoproterenol and of increased extracellular calcium concentration.", "contents": "Effect of uranyl ions on isometric contractions in rabbit atria. The effects of uranyl ions on isometric contractions of atrial strips of rabbit heart were studied. It was observed that uranyl ions, in a concentration of 1.1 X 10(-5) M, do not alter isometric contraction; 2.2 X 10(-5) M concentration produced a small positive inotropic effect that was magnified at a 4.5 X 10(-5) M concentration; concentrations greater than 1.8 X 10(-5) M produced a negative inotropic effect. There is evidence that the positive inotropic effect is mediated by catecholamine release, in a similar manner to the action of uranyl ions on intestinal smooth muscle preparations. This response was blocked by propranolol and also after tyramine treatment of the preparation. The negative inotropic effect seems to be mediated by a blocking effect on calcium entry through the sarcolemma during activation. Indirect evidence supporting this hypothesis was the observation of a decrease of action of uranyl ions in the presence of isoproterenol and of increased extracellular calcium concentration.", "PMID": 696839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10811", "title": "Autonomic control of pacemaker activity in the atrioventricular junction of the dog.", "content": "A stable atrioventricular (AV) junctional rhythm was induced in open-chest, anesthetized dogs by injecting pentobarbital into the sinus node artery. A factorial experimental design was used to quantify the changes in AV junctional rate as a function of the frequency of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation. The AV junctional pacemaker cells were more responsive to autonomic neural stimulation, but the vagal-sympathetic interactions were less pronounced than had previously been observed for the SA nodal pacemaker cells. In a group of seven animals, sympathetic stimulation at a frequency of 1.4 Hz increased the AV junctional rate by 102% from a control rate of 54 beats/min. In the same animals, vagal stimulation at a frequency of 8.4 Hz reduced the AV junctional rate by 56%. In three other animals, the AV junction was even more responsive; equivalent chronotropic effects were achieved with stimulation frequencies that were only about one-third of those cited above. There was a moderate, but significant, autonomic interaction: in the group of seven animals, the positive chronotropic effect of sympathetic stimulation at 1.4 Hz was 72% greater at the low level (0 Hz) than at the high level (8.4 Hz) of vagal activity.", "contents": "Autonomic control of pacemaker activity in the atrioventricular junction of the dog. A stable atrioventricular (AV) junctional rhythm was induced in open-chest, anesthetized dogs by injecting pentobarbital into the sinus node artery. A factorial experimental design was used to quantify the changes in AV junctional rate as a function of the frequency of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation. The AV junctional pacemaker cells were more responsive to autonomic neural stimulation, but the vagal-sympathetic interactions were less pronounced than had previously been observed for the SA nodal pacemaker cells. In a group of seven animals, sympathetic stimulation at a frequency of 1.4 Hz increased the AV junctional rate by 102% from a control rate of 54 beats/min. In the same animals, vagal stimulation at a frequency of 8.4 Hz reduced the AV junctional rate by 56%. In three other animals, the AV junction was even more responsive; equivalent chronotropic effects were achieved with stimulation frequencies that were only about one-third of those cited above. There was a moderate, but significant, autonomic interaction: in the group of seven animals, the positive chronotropic effect of sympathetic stimulation at 1.4 Hz was 72% greater at the low level (0 Hz) than at the high level (8.4 Hz) of vagal activity.", "PMID": 696841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10812", "title": "Platelet removal from the circulation by the liver and spleen.", "content": "Previous studies on the clearance of intravenously administered platelets have focused primarily on the long-term survival of platelets rather than the mechanisms responsible for the rapid removal of altered platelets from the blood. In the present study the short-term blood clearance and organ localization of circulating labeled platelets were evaluated in rats during particle induced reticuloendothelial (RE) blockage and after intravenous injection of increasing platelet loads in normal rats. Platelet disappearance conformed to a two-compartment exponential clearance with quantifiable rapid (K1) and slow (K2) rate constants. As platelet load increased, the rapid rate constant decreased. This clearance alteration was associated with a decrease in the percent of the injected platelet load localized in the liver and an increase in lung localization. During RE blockade, a decrease was observed in the clearance rates of both the rapid and slow compartments. Such clearance alterations were associated with decreased hepatic platelet localization and increased pulmonary and splenic platelet localization. Thus, the hepatic reticuloendothelial system may represent a rapid cellular clearance system for altered platelets. When this cellular system is impaired or overloaded, the consequences are decreased hepatic and increased extrahepatic platelet localization.", "contents": "Platelet removal from the circulation by the liver and spleen. Previous studies on the clearance of intravenously administered platelets have focused primarily on the long-term survival of platelets rather than the mechanisms responsible for the rapid removal of altered platelets from the blood. In the present study the short-term blood clearance and organ localization of circulating labeled platelets were evaluated in rats during particle induced reticuloendothelial (RE) blockage and after intravenous injection of increasing platelet loads in normal rats. Platelet disappearance conformed to a two-compartment exponential clearance with quantifiable rapid (K1) and slow (K2) rate constants. As platelet load increased, the rapid rate constant decreased. This clearance alteration was associated with a decrease in the percent of the injected platelet load localized in the liver and an increase in lung localization. During RE blockade, a decrease was observed in the clearance rates of both the rapid and slow compartments. Such clearance alterations were associated with decreased hepatic platelet localization and increased pulmonary and splenic platelet localization. Thus, the hepatic reticuloendothelial system may represent a rapid cellular clearance system for altered platelets. When this cellular system is impaired or overloaded, the consequences are decreased hepatic and increased extrahepatic platelet localization.", "PMID": 696842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10813", "title": "Frequency analysis of coronary intercapillary distances: site of capillary control.", "content": "Frequency distributions for minimum intercapillary distance (ICD) and functional ICD were characterized for rat heart in situ. Minimum ICD denotes spacings between adjacent capillaries whether they contain erythrocytes or not. Functional ICD is defined as spacings between contiguous capillaries perfused with erythrocytes. Minimum ICD was well fitted by both the gamma and the lognormal distributions. Functional ICD was well fitted by the lognormal, but not by the gamma, or by any mixture of the gamma with another discrete distribution. The frequency analysis is interpreted to mean that: 1) A control site distal to the true arteriole exists. This is presumably the precapillary sphincter. 21 Intercapillary anastomoses help keep the diffusion path in myocardium short and comparatively uniform. 3) Complete closure of arterioles does not occur in the unstressed heart. 4) Blood flow and conditions for diffusion can be controlled independently.", "contents": "Frequency analysis of coronary intercapillary distances: site of capillary control. Frequency distributions for minimum intercapillary distance (ICD) and functional ICD were characterized for rat heart in situ. Minimum ICD denotes spacings between adjacent capillaries whether they contain erythrocytes or not. Functional ICD is defined as spacings between contiguous capillaries perfused with erythrocytes. Minimum ICD was well fitted by both the gamma and the lognormal distributions. Functional ICD was well fitted by the lognormal, but not by the gamma, or by any mixture of the gamma with another discrete distribution. The frequency analysis is interpreted to mean that: 1) A control site distal to the true arteriole exists. This is presumably the precapillary sphincter. 21 Intercapillary anastomoses help keep the diffusion path in myocardium short and comparatively uniform. 3) Complete closure of arterioles does not occur in the unstressed heart. 4) Blood flow and conditions for diffusion can be controlled independently.", "PMID": 696843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10814", "title": "Procoagulant activity of peritoneal leukocytes: effects of cortisone and endotoxin.", "content": "Procoagulant activity of peritoneal leukocytes from rabbits given cortisone acetate, endotoxin, and both materials was measured in studies designed to test the hypothesis that cortisone acetate prepares rabbits for the generalized Shwartzman reaction by enhancing leukocyte procoagulant activity. Two types of peritoneal leukocyte suspensions were examined: mixed granulocyte-macrophage suspensions and macrophage suspensions. In both types, procoagulant activity could be accounted for by the number of macrophages in the suspensions. Cortisone alone did not affect the procoagulant activity, whereas endotoxin increased the procoagulant activity. Suspensions from animals given both cortisone and endotoxin varied in activity depending upon cell composition. Granulocyte-macrophage suspensions had less apparent procoagulant activity than suspensions with endotoxin alone. In contrast, macrophage suspensions--particularly sonicated suspensions--had greater procoagulant activity than those with endotoxin alone. The ability of cortisone acetate to increase macrophage procoagulant activity after endotoxin could represent one mechanism whereby cortisone acetate prepares rabbits for the generalized Shwartzman reaction after endotoxin.", "contents": "Procoagulant activity of peritoneal leukocytes: effects of cortisone and endotoxin. Procoagulant activity of peritoneal leukocytes from rabbits given cortisone acetate, endotoxin, and both materials was measured in studies designed to test the hypothesis that cortisone acetate prepares rabbits for the generalized Shwartzman reaction by enhancing leukocyte procoagulant activity. Two types of peritoneal leukocyte suspensions were examined: mixed granulocyte-macrophage suspensions and macrophage suspensions. In both types, procoagulant activity could be accounted for by the number of macrophages in the suspensions. Cortisone alone did not affect the procoagulant activity, whereas endotoxin increased the procoagulant activity. Suspensions from animals given both cortisone and endotoxin varied in activity depending upon cell composition. Granulocyte-macrophage suspensions had less apparent procoagulant activity than suspensions with endotoxin alone. In contrast, macrophage suspensions--particularly sonicated suspensions--had greater procoagulant activity than those with endotoxin alone. The ability of cortisone acetate to increase macrophage procoagulant activity after endotoxin could represent one mechanism whereby cortisone acetate prepares rabbits for the generalized Shwartzman reaction after endotoxin.", "PMID": 696844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10815", "title": "Myocardial nuclear protein kinases during postnatal development.", "content": "Chromatin template activity of isolated rat myocardial cells declines progressively during the first few weeks of postnatal life, a time period also characterized by restriction in myocardial proliferative capacity. Multiple protein kinases have been isolated from the nuclei of myocardial cells. Protein kinase activity decreased progressively during the first 3 wk of postnatal development, mostly in two fractions (III and V). Cyclic AMP dependency, substrate specificity, and phosphorylation patterns of endogenous substrates did not change appreciably with age. Higher phosphorylating activity of protein kinases from younger rats correlated with increased capacity to enhance myocardial RNA synthesis in vitro. This suggests the possibility that the decrease in chromatin template activity with age may be, in part, related to the decline in nuclear phosphokinase activities.", "contents": "Myocardial nuclear protein kinases during postnatal development. Chromatin template activity of isolated rat myocardial cells declines progressively during the first few weeks of postnatal life, a time period also characterized by restriction in myocardial proliferative capacity. Multiple protein kinases have been isolated from the nuclei of myocardial cells. Protein kinase activity decreased progressively during the first 3 wk of postnatal development, mostly in two fractions (III and V). Cyclic AMP dependency, substrate specificity, and phosphorylation patterns of endogenous substrates did not change appreciably with age. Higher phosphorylating activity of protein kinases from younger rats correlated with increased capacity to enhance myocardial RNA synthesis in vitro. This suggests the possibility that the decrease in chromatin template activity with age may be, in part, related to the decline in nuclear phosphokinase activities.", "PMID": 696845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10816", "title": "Neural pathways of a cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex.", "content": "Excitation of a cardiac chemoreceptor with 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) produces a complex autonomic reflex which includes hypertension, changes in heart rate and contractile force, and disturbances of AV conduction. This study examines the afferent and efferent neural pathways of this autonomic reflex in 60 anesthetized dogs. We used cooling and sectioning techniques in 40 of these, and in 20 others recorded afferent neurograms. The most common afferent pathways for the reflex were found in the left and right recurrent cardiac nerves. No preferential efferent routes to the heart were found, although the nature of the reflex cardiac response could be altered by specific nerve interruption. Cyproheptadine (1 mg/kg iv) regularly abolished both the reflex and the chemoreceptor afferent neural traffic, but injection of a 10 times higher concentration of serotonin (1 mg/ml) readily surmounted the blockade and restored the chemoreceptor neural traffic. Thus cyproheptadine interdicts the reflex at the site of its initiation.", "contents": "Neural pathways of a cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex. Excitation of a cardiac chemoreceptor with 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) produces a complex autonomic reflex which includes hypertension, changes in heart rate and contractile force, and disturbances of AV conduction. This study examines the afferent and efferent neural pathways of this autonomic reflex in 60 anesthetized dogs. We used cooling and sectioning techniques in 40 of these, and in 20 others recorded afferent neurograms. The most common afferent pathways for the reflex were found in the left and right recurrent cardiac nerves. No preferential efferent routes to the heart were found, although the nature of the reflex cardiac response could be altered by specific nerve interruption. Cyproheptadine (1 mg/kg iv) regularly abolished both the reflex and the chemoreceptor afferent neural traffic, but injection of a 10 times higher concentration of serotonin (1 mg/ml) readily surmounted the blockade and restored the chemoreceptor neural traffic. Thus cyproheptadine interdicts the reflex at the site of its initiation.", "PMID": 696846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10817", "title": "Regional blood flows measured in conscious rats by combined Fick and microsphere methods.", "content": "Regional blood flow measurements made by the radioactive microsphere technique were studied in conscious rats. A femoral arterial reference sample blood flow was measured directly, and at the same time indirectly by the combined use of direct Fick cardiac output and microsphere techniques. A significant correlation (r = .81, P less than .01) was obtained between direct and indirect blood flow values when 200--400 microspheres were trapped in the reference sample. When 100--200 microspheres were trapped, regional blood flow was 32% below true flow (P less than .01); and cardiac output, calculated by the reference sample method, was 57% greater than Fick cardiac output (P less than .01). When three consecutive Fick determinations and microsphere injections (20,000 per injection, 15 micrometer diam) were made in conscious rats, significant correlations were obtained among the first, second, and third regional blood flow measurements (r = .95, P less than .01). The results have demonstrated that cardiac output and reference blood flow can be measured with accuracy and precision in the conscious rat by the radioactive microsphere procedure.", "contents": "Regional blood flows measured in conscious rats by combined Fick and microsphere methods. Regional blood flow measurements made by the radioactive microsphere technique were studied in conscious rats. A femoral arterial reference sample blood flow was measured directly, and at the same time indirectly by the combined use of direct Fick cardiac output and microsphere techniques. A significant correlation (r = .81, P less than .01) was obtained between direct and indirect blood flow values when 200--400 microspheres were trapped in the reference sample. When 100--200 microspheres were trapped, regional blood flow was 32% below true flow (P less than .01); and cardiac output, calculated by the reference sample method, was 57% greater than Fick cardiac output (P less than .01). When three consecutive Fick determinations and microsphere injections (20,000 per injection, 15 micrometer diam) were made in conscious rats, significant correlations were obtained among the first, second, and third regional blood flow measurements (r = .95, P less than .01). The results have demonstrated that cardiac output and reference blood flow can be measured with accuracy and precision in the conscious rat by the radioactive microsphere procedure.", "PMID": 696848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10818", "title": "Techniques for arteriography and hydraulic analysis of coronary stenoses in unsedated dogs.", "content": "This report describes techniques for obtaining pressure flow characteristics and arteriograms of controlled coronary stenoses in unsedated, trained dogs. Coronary flow velocity was recorded by calibrated Doppler velocity transducers linear to three times maximum coronary flow velocity. Pressure losses across stenoses were measured by a differential pressure transducer through small catheters implanted in the distal and proximal left circumflex coronary artery or ascending aorta, a system that was linear within +/-5% to 30 Hz. Coronary stenoses were produced by saline-filled, perivascular cuff constrictors inflated to constant pressure by a pressure regulator. Catheters were implanted in the pulmonary artery for injection of intravenous drugs or diffusible radionuclides and in the left atrium for injection of radionuclide microspheres. Contrast medium was injected through the proximal coronary catheter, and high-resolution arteriograms were obtained by single-spot filming on ultra detail X-ray film and cassettes at end diastole by triggering X-ray exposures from the electrocardiogram. In 13 dogs studied consecutively, the surgical mortality was 15.4%. All implanted instruments functioned for an average of 8 wk per dog.", "contents": "Techniques for arteriography and hydraulic analysis of coronary stenoses in unsedated dogs. This report describes techniques for obtaining pressure flow characteristics and arteriograms of controlled coronary stenoses in unsedated, trained dogs. Coronary flow velocity was recorded by calibrated Doppler velocity transducers linear to three times maximum coronary flow velocity. Pressure losses across stenoses were measured by a differential pressure transducer through small catheters implanted in the distal and proximal left circumflex coronary artery or ascending aorta, a system that was linear within +/-5% to 30 Hz. Coronary stenoses were produced by saline-filled, perivascular cuff constrictors inflated to constant pressure by a pressure regulator. Catheters were implanted in the pulmonary artery for injection of intravenous drugs or diffusible radionuclides and in the left atrium for injection of radionuclide microspheres. Contrast medium was injected through the proximal coronary catheter, and high-resolution arteriograms were obtained by single-spot filming on ultra detail X-ray film and cassettes at end diastole by triggering X-ray exposures from the electrocardiogram. In 13 dogs studied consecutively, the surgical mortality was 15.4%. All implanted instruments functioned for an average of 8 wk per dog.", "PMID": 696847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10819", "title": "Glucocorticoid receptors in the guinea pig.", "content": "In cytoplasmic fractions of liver and kidney prepared from adrenalectomized guinea pigs, tritiated dexamethasone ([3H]DM) is bound with a very low affinity (Kd 4 degrees C greater than or equal to 2 X 10(-7) M). By competition studies, the specificity of this binding was shown to be comparable with that for [3H]DM binding to glucocorticoid receptors in other species. In addition, cytoplasmic preparations from guinea pig liver and kidney appear to inhibit the binding of [3H]DM to rat glucocorticoid receptors under a variety of experimentally determined circumstances. It is proposed that such inhibitory activity may reflect a system of [3H]DM sequestration, perhaps by metabolizing enzymes with a high combining power for glucocorticoids. Both low affinity glucocorticoid receptors and avid binding to sites of metabolism may represent additive cellular bases for the apparent corticoresistance of the guinea pig.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid receptors in the guinea pig. In cytoplasmic fractions of liver and kidney prepared from adrenalectomized guinea pigs, tritiated dexamethasone ([3H]DM) is bound with a very low affinity (Kd 4 degrees C greater than or equal to 2 X 10(-7) M). By competition studies, the specificity of this binding was shown to be comparable with that for [3H]DM binding to glucocorticoid receptors in other species. In addition, cytoplasmic preparations from guinea pig liver and kidney appear to inhibit the binding of [3H]DM to rat glucocorticoid receptors under a variety of experimentally determined circumstances. It is proposed that such inhibitory activity may reflect a system of [3H]DM sequestration, perhaps by metabolizing enzymes with a high combining power for glucocorticoids. Both low affinity glucocorticoid receptors and avid binding to sites of metabolism may represent additive cellular bases for the apparent corticoresistance of the guinea pig.", "PMID": 696849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10820", "title": "Controlled cellular energy conversion in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.", "content": "Brown adipose tissue serves as a model system for nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) since a) it has as a primary physiological function the conversion of chemical energy to heat; and b) preliminary data from other tissues involved in NST (e.g., muscle) indicate that parallel mechanisms may be involved. Now that biochemical pathways have been proposed for brown fat thermogenesis, cellular models consistent with a thermodynamic representation can be formulated. Stated concisely, the thermogenic mechanism in a brown fat cell can be considered as an energy converter involving a sequence of cellular events controlled by signals over the autonomic nervous system. A thermodynamic description for NST is developed in terms of a nonisothermal system under steady-state conditions using network thermodynamics. Pathways simulated include mitochondrial ATP synthesis, a Na+/K+ membrane pump, and ionic diffusion through the adipocyte membrane.", "contents": "Controlled cellular energy conversion in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue serves as a model system for nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) since a) it has as a primary physiological function the conversion of chemical energy to heat; and b) preliminary data from other tissues involved in NST (e.g., muscle) indicate that parallel mechanisms may be involved. Now that biochemical pathways have been proposed for brown fat thermogenesis, cellular models consistent with a thermodynamic representation can be formulated. Stated concisely, the thermogenic mechanism in a brown fat cell can be considered as an energy converter involving a sequence of cellular events controlled by signals over the autonomic nervous system. A thermodynamic description for NST is developed in terms of a nonisothermal system under steady-state conditions using network thermodynamics. Pathways simulated include mitochondrial ATP synthesis, a Na+/K+ membrane pump, and ionic diffusion through the adipocyte membrane.", "PMID": 696850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10821", "title": "Hypothalamic thermosensitivity in conscious Pekin ducks.", "content": "Conscious Pekin ducks with chronically implanted hypothalamic thermodes were submitted to thermoneutral (Ta 25 degrees C), cold (Ta 5 degrees C), and warm (Ta 33 degrees C) ambient temperatures. Hypothalamic temperature (Thy) was varied in nine steps between 27.9 and 43.5 degrees C in repeated experiments. Cooling of the hypothalamus induced a fall of core temperature (Tc) that was linearly related to Thy and amounted to 1.1--1.3 degrees C at highest cooling intensity. The decrease of Tc was caused by inhibition of metabolic heat production and/or vasodilatation in the skin at cold and thermoneutral Ta and by activation of panting at warm Ta. After the end of cooling a temporary overshoot of heat production occurred, the degree of which depended on the degree of cooling and on Ta, and led to a rapid normalization of Tc. Warming of the hypothalamus induced a slight fall of Tc due to a reduction of metabolic heat production at cold and thermoneutral Ta and to an activation of panting at warm Ta. It is concluded that no specific cold reception and a weak specific warm reception exist in the duck's hypothalamus. A \"nonsensory\" temperature susceptibility of hypothalamic control functions is responsible for those reactions of thermoregulatory effector activities which do not fall into the categories of adequate thermoregulatory responses to a central thermal stimulus.", "contents": "Hypothalamic thermosensitivity in conscious Pekin ducks. Conscious Pekin ducks with chronically implanted hypothalamic thermodes were submitted to thermoneutral (Ta 25 degrees C), cold (Ta 5 degrees C), and warm (Ta 33 degrees C) ambient temperatures. Hypothalamic temperature (Thy) was varied in nine steps between 27.9 and 43.5 degrees C in repeated experiments. Cooling of the hypothalamus induced a fall of core temperature (Tc) that was linearly related to Thy and amounted to 1.1--1.3 degrees C at highest cooling intensity. The decrease of Tc was caused by inhibition of metabolic heat production and/or vasodilatation in the skin at cold and thermoneutral Ta and by activation of panting at warm Ta. After the end of cooling a temporary overshoot of heat production occurred, the degree of which depended on the degree of cooling and on Ta, and led to a rapid normalization of Tc. Warming of the hypothalamus induced a slight fall of Tc due to a reduction of metabolic heat production at cold and thermoneutral Ta and to an activation of panting at warm Ta. It is concluded that no specific cold reception and a weak specific warm reception exist in the duck's hypothalamus. A \"nonsensory\" temperature susceptibility of hypothalamic control functions is responsible for those reactions of thermoregulatory effector activities which do not fall into the categories of adequate thermoregulatory responses to a central thermal stimulus.", "PMID": 696851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10822", "title": "Evidence that the amount of food consumed in early life fixes appetite in the rat.", "content": "Rats were raised in litters of 22 (low caloric intake) or litters of 4 (high caloric intake). At the end of 62 wk, rats from large litters were approximately 140 g lighter than those from small litters even though all animals were permitted unrestricted access to food after weaning. One factor responsible for the smaller body size was a lower voluntary food intake after weaning (8,188 +/- 205 g vs. 9,808 +/- 193 g; P less than 0.001). These results provide evidence that the amount of food consumed during suckling plays an important role in determining the habitual food intake of rats in later life. In a separate experiment, rats were raised in litters of 4, 13, 17, or 22. The results show that as litter size increased from 4 to 22, a corresponding reduction in the voluntary intake of food occurred. These results provide evidence that by controlling the food intake of the newborn rat it is possible to \"program\" the animal for a desired voluntary food intake in later life.", "contents": "Evidence that the amount of food consumed in early life fixes appetite in the rat. Rats were raised in litters of 22 (low caloric intake) or litters of 4 (high caloric intake). At the end of 62 wk, rats from large litters were approximately 140 g lighter than those from small litters even though all animals were permitted unrestricted access to food after weaning. One factor responsible for the smaller body size was a lower voluntary food intake after weaning (8,188 +/- 205 g vs. 9,808 +/- 193 g; P less than 0.001). These results provide evidence that the amount of food consumed during suckling plays an important role in determining the habitual food intake of rats in later life. In a separate experiment, rats were raised in litters of 4, 13, 17, or 22. The results show that as litter size increased from 4 to 22, a corresponding reduction in the voluntary intake of food occurred. These results provide evidence that by controlling the food intake of the newborn rat it is possible to \"program\" the animal for a desired voluntary food intake in later life.", "PMID": 696852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10823", "title": "Cutaneous blood flow during heating and cooling in the American alligator.", "content": "Nine alligators, Alligator mississippiensis, were injected with 133Xe and the clearance half times measured in response to heating and cooling. Mean half times for thermostable, heating, and cooling conditions were 12.2, 8.6, and 28.3 min, respectively, indicating cutaneous vasodilation in response to local heating and reduced blood flow during cooling. Alterations of cutaneous blood flow occurred before changes in body temperature or heart rate. Warming portions of the animal while shading the injection site resulted in reduced blood flow when heat loss occurred. Skin thickness (S in cm) was related to body mass (M in kg) as S = 0.08 M0.38. Cutaneous blood flow per unit area was found to increase with increasing body mass from approximately 0.0025 to 0.025 ml blood-cm-2 of skin-min-1 during warming and from 0.0018 to 0.0045 during cooling for the 0.18--8.6 kg animals, respectively.", "contents": "Cutaneous blood flow during heating and cooling in the American alligator. Nine alligators, Alligator mississippiensis, were injected with 133Xe and the clearance half times measured in response to heating and cooling. Mean half times for thermostable, heating, and cooling conditions were 12.2, 8.6, and 28.3 min, respectively, indicating cutaneous vasodilation in response to local heating and reduced blood flow during cooling. Alterations of cutaneous blood flow occurred before changes in body temperature or heart rate. Warming portions of the animal while shading the injection site resulted in reduced blood flow when heat loss occurred. Skin thickness (S in cm) was related to body mass (M in kg) as S = 0.08 M0.38. Cutaneous blood flow per unit area was found to increase with increasing body mass from approximately 0.0025 to 0.025 ml blood-cm-2 of skin-min-1 during warming and from 0.0018 to 0.0045 during cooling for the 0.18--8.6 kg animals, respectively.", "PMID": 696854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10824", "title": "Feeding responses of rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions given ip 2DG or glucose.", "content": "The glucoprivation effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) on feeding behavior were studied in rats with bilateral lesions of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) and sham-operated controls. The lesioned and sham-operated rats were injected intraperitoneally with 2DG (5% wt/vol) at doses of either 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, or 500 mg/kg, or with saline (\"control days\"). At all doses significantly more sham-operated rats ate and showed an increased food consumption during the first few hours after 2DG injection when compared to saline control days. However, their 24-h food consumption was normal or less than normal, depending on the dose of 2DG. On the other hand, rats with DMN lesions (DMN-L) did not increase their food consumption during the 4 h after the injection at any of the 2DG doses. In a second experiment DMN-L and sham-operated controls were injected intraperitoneally with glucose (1.36 g/kg body wt or 2.72 g/kg body wt) or saline after an overnight fast. Glucose loads, compared to saline injections, significantly depressed the controls' food consumption only during the first hour of refeeding. On the other hand, glucose injections did not depress food intake of the DMN-L rats. It is suggested that DMN lesions may have either destroyed glucoreceptors in the DMN that monitor glucose or the glucoprivation effects caused by 2DG and/or glucoreceptive pathways that pass through the DMN.", "contents": "Feeding responses of rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions given ip 2DG or glucose. The glucoprivation effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) on feeding behavior were studied in rats with bilateral lesions of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) and sham-operated controls. The lesioned and sham-operated rats were injected intraperitoneally with 2DG (5% wt/vol) at doses of either 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, or 500 mg/kg, or with saline (\"control days\"). At all doses significantly more sham-operated rats ate and showed an increased food consumption during the first few hours after 2DG injection when compared to saline control days. However, their 24-h food consumption was normal or less than normal, depending on the dose of 2DG. On the other hand, rats with DMN lesions (DMN-L) did not increase their food consumption during the 4 h after the injection at any of the 2DG doses. In a second experiment DMN-L and sham-operated controls were injected intraperitoneally with glucose (1.36 g/kg body wt or 2.72 g/kg body wt) or saline after an overnight fast. Glucose loads, compared to saline injections, significantly depressed the controls' food consumption only during the first hour of refeeding. On the other hand, glucose injections did not depress food intake of the DMN-L rats. It is suggested that DMN lesions may have either destroyed glucoreceptors in the DMN that monitor glucose or the glucoprivation effects caused by 2DG and/or glucoreceptive pathways that pass through the DMN.", "PMID": 696855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10825", "title": "Proton semiconductors and energy transduction in biological systems.", "content": "Energy transduction processes in biology are analyzed in terms of ordered chains of hydrogen bonds. The theory is an extension of studies on proton conductance in ice and is stimulated by current ideas on the role of hydrogen ions in oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. The possibility of a protochemistry paralleling electrochemistry is presented along with experimental evidence. The theory relating transmembrane electrochemical potential difference of hydrogen ion concentration to the synthesis of ATP is reviewed. The thermodynamics of hydrogen transfer across a membrane is treated including electrochemical and electromechanical factors. As a prelude to considering ATP synthesis, the acid-base dissociation reactions of ATP, ADP, and phosphate are analyzed. The thermodynamics of ATP synthesis is discussed and a detailed model is presented coupling the synthesis to proton transport. The model assumes a gated proton semiconductor that carries protons and allows them to interact specifically with well-defined substrate molecules. The physics of proton transport is outlined and various methods examined in the context of biological membranes. Emphasis is placed on solid-state proton semiconductors and the present theory of such structures is given. A section is included on possible biological applications of these semiconductors.", "contents": "Proton semiconductors and energy transduction in biological systems. Energy transduction processes in biology are analyzed in terms of ordered chains of hydrogen bonds. The theory is an extension of studies on proton conductance in ice and is stimulated by current ideas on the role of hydrogen ions in oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. The possibility of a protochemistry paralleling electrochemistry is presented along with experimental evidence. The theory relating transmembrane electrochemical potential difference of hydrogen ion concentration to the synthesis of ATP is reviewed. The thermodynamics of hydrogen transfer across a membrane is treated including electrochemical and electromechanical factors. As a prelude to considering ATP synthesis, the acid-base dissociation reactions of ATP, ADP, and phosphate are analyzed. The thermodynamics of ATP synthesis is discussed and a detailed model is presented coupling the synthesis to proton transport. The model assumes a gated proton semiconductor that carries protons and allows them to interact specifically with well-defined substrate molecules. The physics of proton transport is outlined and various methods examined in the context of biological membranes. Emphasis is placed on solid-state proton semiconductors and the present theory of such structures is given. A section is included on possible biological applications of these semiconductors.", "PMID": 696856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10826", "title": "Polarity of effects of stimulation of Auerbach's plexus on longitudinal muscle.", "content": "The effects of repetitive electrical stimulation of nodes in Auerbach's plexus on the longitudinal muscle of rabbit intestine were investigated. Peeled longitudinal muscle strips, with adherent Auerbach's plexus, were obtained and placed under a stereodissecting microscope.  Neural elements within nodes of Auerbach's plexus were stimulated repetitively using a metal microelectrode with tip diameter of 5 micrometer. Stimuli applied to a node generally caused excitation of the longitudinal muscle on the oral side and inhibition on the anal side of the point of stimulation. Excitation of the muscle was mainly cholinergic, and inhibition of the muscle was nonadrenergic.  From the results of the present study the concept of the law of the intestine, excitation above and inhibition below the stimulated spot, was supported.", "contents": "Polarity of effects of stimulation of Auerbach's plexus on longitudinal muscle. The effects of repetitive electrical stimulation of nodes in Auerbach's plexus on the longitudinal muscle of rabbit intestine were investigated. Peeled longitudinal muscle strips, with adherent Auerbach's plexus, were obtained and placed under a stereodissecting microscope.  Neural elements within nodes of Auerbach's plexus were stimulated repetitively using a metal microelectrode with tip diameter of 5 micrometer. Stimuli applied to a node generally caused excitation of the longitudinal muscle on the oral side and inhibition on the anal side of the point of stimulation. Excitation of the muscle was mainly cholinergic, and inhibition of the muscle was nonadrenergic.  From the results of the present study the concept of the law of the intestine, excitation above and inhibition below the stimulated spot, was supported.", "PMID": 696857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10827", "title": "Secretory effects of secretin on isolated perfused porcine pancreas.", "content": "The effect of pure natural porcine secretin on endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretion was studied in the totally isolated perfused porcine pancreas. The exocrine pancreatic responses to secretin correspond well with those obtained in the anesthetized pig. The lowest concentration of secretin observed to increase pancreatic secretion was 2.8 pmol/liter, whereas the maximum pancreatic responses were obtained at a secretin concentration of 92 pmol/liter. The infusion of secretin in concentrations ranging from 2.8 to 278 pmol/liter in the presence of a constant concentration of glucose (7.5, 5.0, or 3.5 mmol/liter) was without effect on the insulin and glucagon release. Infusion of secretin at a concentration of 834 pmol/liter in the presence of glucose at 7.5 mmol/liter provoked a significant (P less than 0.01) short-lived increase in insulin secretion. However, there was no effect on the glucagon secretion. The results of this study indicate that neither the augmented insulin response nor the suppression of glucagon elicited by oral glucose depend on secretin.", "contents": "Secretory effects of secretin on isolated perfused porcine pancreas. The effect of pure natural porcine secretin on endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretion was studied in the totally isolated perfused porcine pancreas. The exocrine pancreatic responses to secretin correspond well with those obtained in the anesthetized pig. The lowest concentration of secretin observed to increase pancreatic secretion was 2.8 pmol/liter, whereas the maximum pancreatic responses were obtained at a secretin concentration of 92 pmol/liter. The infusion of secretin in concentrations ranging from 2.8 to 278 pmol/liter in the presence of a constant concentration of glucose (7.5, 5.0, or 3.5 mmol/liter) was without effect on the insulin and glucagon release. Infusion of secretin at a concentration of 834 pmol/liter in the presence of glucose at 7.5 mmol/liter provoked a significant (P less than 0.01) short-lived increase in insulin secretion. However, there was no effect on the glucagon secretion. The results of this study indicate that neither the augmented insulin response nor the suppression of glucagon elicited by oral glucose depend on secretin.", "PMID": 696858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10828", "title": "Secretory effects of VIP on isolated perfused porcine pancreas.", "content": "We studied the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and the exocrine secretion of the isolated perfused porcine pancreas in response to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in concentrations ranging from 30 to 18,750 pmol/liter at various concentrations of glucose in the perfusion medium. VIP stimulated the insulin and glucagon secretion in a dose-dependent manner. The response pattern was critically dependent on the glucose concentration. In the presence of a glucose concentration of 7.5 mmol/liter, VIP enhanced insulin release without affecting glucagon release. Maximal insulin release was obtained at a VIP concentration of 3,750 pmol/liter. At a glucose concentration of 5.0 or 3.5 mmol/liter, VIP enhanced glucagon release but not insulin release. VIP stimulated the exocrine secretion in a secretin-like manner. The lowest concentration of VIP observed to increase pancreatic exocrine secretion was 30 pmol/liter, whereas the maximal pancreatic exocrine responses were not obtained.", "contents": "Secretory effects of VIP on isolated perfused porcine pancreas. We studied the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and the exocrine secretion of the isolated perfused porcine pancreas in response to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in concentrations ranging from 30 to 18,750 pmol/liter at various concentrations of glucose in the perfusion medium. VIP stimulated the insulin and glucagon secretion in a dose-dependent manner. The response pattern was critically dependent on the glucose concentration. In the presence of a glucose concentration of 7.5 mmol/liter, VIP enhanced insulin release without affecting glucagon release. Maximal insulin release was obtained at a VIP concentration of 3,750 pmol/liter. At a glucose concentration of 5.0 or 3.5 mmol/liter, VIP enhanced glucagon release but not insulin release. VIP stimulated the exocrine secretion in a secretin-like manner. The lowest concentration of VIP observed to increase pancreatic exocrine secretion was 30 pmol/liter, whereas the maximal pancreatic exocrine responses were not obtained.", "PMID": 696859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10829", "title": "Organ culture studies of rat antrum: evidence for an antral inhibitor of gastrin release.", "content": "The regulation of gastrin release in rodent antral mucosal organ cultures was investigated. The tissue was well preserved morphologically and medium gastrin concentration increased steadily throughout a 24-h culture period. The effects of peptone and a bovine serum albumin digest on gastrin release were independently investigated. During the periods these agents were in contact with the tissue, medium gastrin concentration did not differ from those of control cultures. However, treatment cultures released a significantly greater amount of gastrin into the medium than did control cultures during the two posttreatment periods.  Prolongation of the period of exposure to peptone did not alter this secretory pattern. The rise in medium gastrin concentration that followed the removal of peptone was directly related to the medium peptone concentration and was partially inhibited by readdition of peptone to cultured antral explants. These results suggest that substances which stimulate gastrin release in vivo may cause the accumulation of an antral inhibitor of gastrin release when exposed to rat antral mucosa in culture.", "contents": "Organ culture studies of rat antrum: evidence for an antral inhibitor of gastrin release. The regulation of gastrin release in rodent antral mucosal organ cultures was investigated. The tissue was well preserved morphologically and medium gastrin concentration increased steadily throughout a 24-h culture period. The effects of peptone and a bovine serum albumin digest on gastrin release were independently investigated. During the periods these agents were in contact with the tissue, medium gastrin concentration did not differ from those of control cultures. However, treatment cultures released a significantly greater amount of gastrin into the medium than did control cultures during the two posttreatment periods.  Prolongation of the period of exposure to peptone did not alter this secretory pattern. The rise in medium gastrin concentration that followed the removal of peptone was directly related to the medium peptone concentration and was partially inhibited by readdition of peptone to cultured antral explants. These results suggest that substances which stimulate gastrin release in vivo may cause the accumulation of an antral inhibitor of gastrin release when exposed to rat antral mucosa in culture.", "PMID": 696861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10830", "title": "Rat lingual lipase: factors affecting enzyme activity and secretion.", "content": "The lingual serous glands of rat tongue secrete a potent lipase that acts in the stomach in which it initiates the digestion of dietary fat. The subcellular localization of the enzyme and factors affecting its activity and secretion were studied in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. In a fraction rich in secretory granules, 42% of the lipase content of lingual serous glands was recovered after fractionation of homogenates of discontinuous gradients of urografin in 0.3 M sucrose. Lipase secretion was stimulated by isoprenaline: 2 h after isoprenaline administration, the lipase content of lingual serous glands was 73 +/- 5% lower than that of the control group. Accumulation of lipase began 8 h after the injection, reaching 57 +/- 7% of the initial level of the control group after 25 h. Bilateral resection of the glosso-pharyngeal nerves or bilateral sympathectomy led to a 40--50% decrease of enzyme activity in 7 days. Enzyme activity was markedly affected by the fat content of the diet. Feeding a high-fat diet (22% corn oil) for a period of 2 wk led to a 45% increase in the lipase content of lingual serous glands. The exponential rise in the lipase activity of the lingual serous glands immediately after birth could be related to the high-fat content of rat milk. The data suggest that the lingual serous glands are similar to other exocrine glands such as pancreas and parotid gland in the subcellular localization of secretory enzymes and mechanisms of enzyme secretion.", "contents": "Rat lingual lipase: factors affecting enzyme activity and secretion. The lingual serous glands of rat tongue secrete a potent lipase that acts in the stomach in which it initiates the digestion of dietary fat. The subcellular localization of the enzyme and factors affecting its activity and secretion were studied in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. In a fraction rich in secretory granules, 42% of the lipase content of lingual serous glands was recovered after fractionation of homogenates of discontinuous gradients of urografin in 0.3 M sucrose. Lipase secretion was stimulated by isoprenaline: 2 h after isoprenaline administration, the lipase content of lingual serous glands was 73 +/- 5% lower than that of the control group. Accumulation of lipase began 8 h after the injection, reaching 57 +/- 7% of the initial level of the control group after 25 h. Bilateral resection of the glosso-pharyngeal nerves or bilateral sympathectomy led to a 40--50% decrease of enzyme activity in 7 days. Enzyme activity was markedly affected by the fat content of the diet. Feeding a high-fat diet (22% corn oil) for a period of 2 wk led to a 45% increase in the lipase content of lingual serous glands. The exponential rise in the lipase activity of the lingual serous glands immediately after birth could be related to the high-fat content of rat milk. The data suggest that the lingual serous glands are similar to other exocrine glands such as pancreas and parotid gland in the subcellular localization of secretory enzymes and mechanisms of enzyme secretion.", "PMID": 696862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10831", "title": "Smooth muscle mechanical responses in vitro to bethanechol after progesterone in male rat.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated subcutaneously with either progesterone (3 mg/kg per day) in a vehicle or a vehicle only for 3 days. Antral and gastroduodenal junctional tissues (GJT) were excised from both groups of animals and prepared for in vitro mechanical measurements. Responses from the circular muscle axis of these tissues were recorded with strain gauge transducers over a 30-min period. Chemical stimulation of the tissue was achieved with a muscarinic agonist, bethanechol chloride. Log-dose response curves suggested that untreated antral tissue generated stronger contractile activity than untreated GJT on an equal weight basis at bethanechol dose levels of 6.4 X 10(-6) M to 1 X 10(-4) M (P less than 0.005). Antral tissue and GJT contractile activity from the progesterone pretreated animals was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) compared to the corresponding tissues from untreated animals at bethanechol dose levels of 6.4 X 10(-6) M and 1.28 X 10(-5) M. Progesterone pretreatment appeared to have little effect on the contractile frequency of either tissue. These results suggest possible progesteronic influences on contractile force in gastrointestinal smooth muscle.", "contents": "Smooth muscle mechanical responses in vitro to bethanechol after progesterone in male rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated subcutaneously with either progesterone (3 mg/kg per day) in a vehicle or a vehicle only for 3 days. Antral and gastroduodenal junctional tissues (GJT) were excised from both groups of animals and prepared for in vitro mechanical measurements. Responses from the circular muscle axis of these tissues were recorded with strain gauge transducers over a 30-min period. Chemical stimulation of the tissue was achieved with a muscarinic agonist, bethanechol chloride. Log-dose response curves suggested that untreated antral tissue generated stronger contractile activity than untreated GJT on an equal weight basis at bethanechol dose levels of 6.4 X 10(-6) M to 1 X 10(-4) M (P less than 0.005). Antral tissue and GJT contractile activity from the progesterone pretreated animals was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) compared to the corresponding tissues from untreated animals at bethanechol dose levels of 6.4 X 10(-6) M and 1.28 X 10(-5) M. Progesterone pretreatment appeared to have little effect on the contractile frequency of either tissue. These results suggest possible progesteronic influences on contractile force in gastrointestinal smooth muscle.", "PMID": 696863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10832", "title": "Effects of solute-coupled transport on lymph flow and oncotic pressures in cat ileum.", "content": "The effects of net volume absorption rate on steady-state lymphatic and capillary volume flows, lymphatic protein flux, and lymph oncotic pressure were analyzed in an isolated vascularly perfused cat ileum preparation. Solute-coupled fluid transport was stimulated by instilling either Tyrode solution, Tyrode + glucose, Tyrode + taurocholic acid (TC), Tyrode + TC + oleic acid, or Tyrode + aspartic acid, into the ileal lumen. Lymph flow increased in a sigmoidal fashion as net volume absorption rate increased. A linear relationship was observed between lymphatic protein flux and net volume absorption rate. The relative contributions of the intestinal capillary and lymphatic systems in removing absorbed volume from the mucosal interstitium was highly dependent on the rate of net volume absorption. Lymph oncotic pressure decreased progressively as net volume absorption rate increased with a maximal reduction in lymph oncotic pressure of 6.0-7.0 mmHg at the higher volume absorption rates. The results of this study indicate that 1) the rate of solute-coupled fluid transport greatly influences the rate of intestinal lympathic and capillary volume flows, lymphatic protein flux, and lymph oncotic pressure, 2) a reduction in tissue oncotic pressure may serve as the major driving force for vascular removal of absorved volume, and 3) the increase in capillary permeability to plasma proteins during fluid transport is related to the rate of volume absorption.", "contents": "Effects of solute-coupled transport on lymph flow and oncotic pressures in cat ileum. The effects of net volume absorption rate on steady-state lymphatic and capillary volume flows, lymphatic protein flux, and lymph oncotic pressure were analyzed in an isolated vascularly perfused cat ileum preparation. Solute-coupled fluid transport was stimulated by instilling either Tyrode solution, Tyrode + glucose, Tyrode + taurocholic acid (TC), Tyrode + TC + oleic acid, or Tyrode + aspartic acid, into the ileal lumen. Lymph flow increased in a sigmoidal fashion as net volume absorption rate increased. A linear relationship was observed between lymphatic protein flux and net volume absorption rate. The relative contributions of the intestinal capillary and lymphatic systems in removing absorbed volume from the mucosal interstitium was highly dependent on the rate of net volume absorption. Lymph oncotic pressure decreased progressively as net volume absorption rate increased with a maximal reduction in lymph oncotic pressure of 6.0-7.0 mmHg at the higher volume absorption rates. The results of this study indicate that 1) the rate of solute-coupled fluid transport greatly influences the rate of intestinal lympathic and capillary volume flows, lymphatic protein flux, and lymph oncotic pressure, 2) a reduction in tissue oncotic pressure may serve as the major driving force for vascular removal of absorved volume, and 3) the increase in capillary permeability to plasma proteins during fluid transport is related to the rate of volume absorption.", "PMID": 696864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10833", "title": "Development of the circadian rhythm of jejunal sucrase activity in the weanling rat.", "content": "In the adult rat, fed ad libitum, the activity of jejunal sucrase shows a diurnal rhythm with a peak during the dark period. Ontogenically, sucrase activity appears around the 16th postnatal day, then rises rapidly, and reaches adult levels by the 25th day. Our aim was to determine the developmental stage at which the diurnal rhythm appears and to elucidate its physiological basis. When sampled every 3 h on the 19th day, jejunal sucrase showed no discernible pattern with time. In contrast, at 22 days (1 day after completion of weaning) a circadian rhythm very similar to that of adults had appeared. Weights of stomach contents showed that the adult pattern of nocturnal feeding also matured between days 19 and 22. When weaning was prevented, no sucrase rhythm was detected on day 22, despite an imposed rhythm of suckling. Thus the sucrase rhythm is normally cued by some aspect of weaning other than rhythmic ingestion per se. Although corticosterone seemed a likely mediator of the sucrase rhythm, studies in adult rats showed that the rhythm persists in adrenalectomized animals.", "contents": "Development of the circadian rhythm of jejunal sucrase activity in the weanling rat. In the adult rat, fed ad libitum, the activity of jejunal sucrase shows a diurnal rhythm with a peak during the dark period. Ontogenically, sucrase activity appears around the 16th postnatal day, then rises rapidly, and reaches adult levels by the 25th day. Our aim was to determine the developmental stage at which the diurnal rhythm appears and to elucidate its physiological basis. When sampled every 3 h on the 19th day, jejunal sucrase showed no discernible pattern with time. In contrast, at 22 days (1 day after completion of weaning) a circadian rhythm very similar to that of adults had appeared. Weights of stomach contents showed that the adult pattern of nocturnal feeding also matured between days 19 and 22. When weaning was prevented, no sucrase rhythm was detected on day 22, despite an imposed rhythm of suckling. Thus the sucrase rhythm is normally cued by some aspect of weaning other than rhythmic ingestion per se. Although corticosterone seemed a likely mediator of the sucrase rhythm, studies in adult rats showed that the rhythm persists in adrenalectomized animals.", "PMID": 696865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10834", "title": "Effect of atropine and vagotomy on pancreatic polypeptide response to a meal in dogs.", "content": "In four conscious dogs the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) response to a standard beef-liver meal was measured by specific radioimmunoassay and compared with the response seen after the intravenous injection of 25 or 100 microgram/kg atropine. All three tests were performed twice in each animal and then repeated after truncal vagotomy. The mean prevagotomy postprandial PP increment was 85 +/- 16 pmol/liter in the first 2-h period and 54.5 +/- 13 pmol/liter in the second. After the injection of 25 microgram/kg atropine there was significant reduction in the early response (mean delta PP = 39 +/- 17 pmol/liter, P less than 0.05), but not the late (mean delta PP = 62 +/- 18 pmol/liter). After 100 microgram/kg atropine sulfate, the response was significantly reduced during both periods (mean delta PP = 5.5 +/- 5.2 and 20 +/- 8.8 pmol/liter, respectively, P less than 0.01). Truncal vagotomy significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced the PP response over both time periods (mean delta PP = 6.4 +/- 2.2 and 5.8 +/- 3.8 pmol/liter), and the small residual response was completely abolished by atropine. In five additional dogs an infusion of bethanechol (100 microgram . kg-1.h-1) caused a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the plasma concentration (mean delta PP = 40.9 +/- 11.8 pmol/liter), which was abolished by pretreatment with atropine (mean delta PP = -2.9 +/- 2.1 pmol/liter). These studies suggest that PP release in response to a meal in the dog is largely under vagal-cholinergic control.", "contents": "Effect of atropine and vagotomy on pancreatic polypeptide response to a meal in dogs. In four conscious dogs the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) response to a standard beef-liver meal was measured by specific radioimmunoassay and compared with the response seen after the intravenous injection of 25 or 100 microgram/kg atropine. All three tests were performed twice in each animal and then repeated after truncal vagotomy. The mean prevagotomy postprandial PP increment was 85 +/- 16 pmol/liter in the first 2-h period and 54.5 +/- 13 pmol/liter in the second. After the injection of 25 microgram/kg atropine there was significant reduction in the early response (mean delta PP = 39 +/- 17 pmol/liter, P less than 0.05), but not the late (mean delta PP = 62 +/- 18 pmol/liter). After 100 microgram/kg atropine sulfate, the response was significantly reduced during both periods (mean delta PP = 5.5 +/- 5.2 and 20 +/- 8.8 pmol/liter, respectively, P less than 0.01). Truncal vagotomy significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced the PP response over both time periods (mean delta PP = 6.4 +/- 2.2 and 5.8 +/- 3.8 pmol/liter), and the small residual response was completely abolished by atropine. In five additional dogs an infusion of bethanechol (100 microgram . kg-1.h-1) caused a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the plasma concentration (mean delta PP = 40.9 +/- 11.8 pmol/liter), which was abolished by pretreatment with atropine (mean delta PP = -2.9 +/- 2.1 pmol/liter). These studies suggest that PP release in response to a meal in the dog is largely under vagal-cholinergic control.", "PMID": 696866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10835", "title": "Concentrative PAH transport by rabbit kidney slices in the absence of metabolic energy.", "content": "Characteristics of para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport in the absence of intracellular metabolism were studied with Na+, K+-depleted and ouabain-poisoned rabbit kidney cortex slices. The imposition of a NaCl gradient (out to in) resulted in specific stimulation of PAH uptake. PAH accumulated against its concentration gradient when cell [Na+] was less than medium [Na+]. Conversely, renal cells extruded PAH when cell [Na+] exceeded medium [Na+]. Membrane potential measured with triphenylmethylphosphonium revealed that conditions which created an interior-positive membrane potential inhibited the Na+-dependent transport of PAH but caused stimulation of the Na+-independent component. Characteristics of the Na+-dependent PAH transport system in ouabain-poisoned slices were similar to those previously described in metabolically active tissues.", "contents": "Concentrative PAH transport by rabbit kidney slices in the absence of metabolic energy. Characteristics of para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport in the absence of intracellular metabolism were studied with Na+, K+-depleted and ouabain-poisoned rabbit kidney cortex slices. The imposition of a NaCl gradient (out to in) resulted in specific stimulation of PAH uptake. PAH accumulated against its concentration gradient when cell [Na+] was less than medium [Na+]. Conversely, renal cells extruded PAH when cell [Na+] exceeded medium [Na+]. Membrane potential measured with triphenylmethylphosphonium revealed that conditions which created an interior-positive membrane potential inhibited the Na+-dependent transport of PAH but caused stimulation of the Na+-independent component. Characteristics of the Na+-dependent PAH transport system in ouabain-poisoned slices were similar to those previously described in metabolically active tissues.", "PMID": 696868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10836", "title": "Characterization of the postocclusive response of renal blood flow in the cat.", "content": "In contrast to the postocclusive hyperemia of brain, heart, and skeletal muscle, the hemodynamic response of the kidney following renal artery occlusion is highly variable in that both hyperemia and ischemia have been reported. The present study evaluates the factors influencing the renal response to complete renal artery occlusion (5-60 s) in the anesthetized cat. Marked postocclusive vasoconstriction could only be domonstrated in meclofenamate-treated (10 mg/kg) cats. The delta% renal blood flow (RBF) (30-s occlusion) was 16 +/- 4 in controls and 54 +/- 4 after meclofenamate (n= 10; P less than 0.001). Chronic denervation of the kidney, alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade, or infusion of [Sar1, Ile8]angiotensin II(2 microgram/min per kg) did not affect the postocclusive reduction of RBF, indicating that the vasoconstriction was independent of renal nerves, catecholamines, and circulating angiotesin II. Adenosine injected into the renal artery of five cats caused a dose-dependent transient fall of RBF. A dose of 100 nmol adenosine reduced RBF by 44 +/- 6% whereas after meclofenamate only 1 nmol produced the same degree of vasoconstriction. In summary, this study demonstrates a marked potentiation of the postocclusive vasoconstrictor response and the vasoconstrictive action of adenosine by meclofenamate in the anesthetized animal. No evidence was obtained to support a role for the sympathetic nervous system or circulating angiotensin II in mediating the postocclusive vasoconstriction.", "contents": "Characterization of the postocclusive response of renal blood flow in the cat. In contrast to the postocclusive hyperemia of brain, heart, and skeletal muscle, the hemodynamic response of the kidney following renal artery occlusion is highly variable in that both hyperemia and ischemia have been reported. The present study evaluates the factors influencing the renal response to complete renal artery occlusion (5-60 s) in the anesthetized cat. Marked postocclusive vasoconstriction could only be domonstrated in meclofenamate-treated (10 mg/kg) cats. The delta% renal blood flow (RBF) (30-s occlusion) was 16 +/- 4 in controls and 54 +/- 4 after meclofenamate (n= 10; P less than 0.001). Chronic denervation of the kidney, alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade, or infusion of [Sar1, Ile8]angiotensin II(2 microgram/min per kg) did not affect the postocclusive reduction of RBF, indicating that the vasoconstriction was independent of renal nerves, catecholamines, and circulating angiotesin II. Adenosine injected into the renal artery of five cats caused a dose-dependent transient fall of RBF. A dose of 100 nmol adenosine reduced RBF by 44 +/- 6% whereas after meclofenamate only 1 nmol produced the same degree of vasoconstriction. In summary, this study demonstrates a marked potentiation of the postocclusive vasoconstrictor response and the vasoconstrictive action of adenosine by meclofenamate in the anesthetized animal. No evidence was obtained to support a role for the sympathetic nervous system or circulating angiotensin II in mediating the postocclusive vasoconstriction.", "PMID": 696869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10837", "title": "Separate renal function studies in conscious dogs with renovascular hypertension.", "content": "A new method was developed for separate kidney function studies by catheterizing the ureters and exteriorizing the catheters through the urethra into the vagina. Renal artery plication was performed to reduce blood flow to one kidney by 66 +/- 5%. Arterial pressure increased from 107 +/- 2 to 131 +/- 3 mmHg and remained elevated for 28 days. Plasma renin activity was increased for the first 7-10 days only. Sodium and water excretion were markedly reduced in the kidney with the stenosed renal artery and after the first 2 days Na and water excretion were incresed in the contralateral kidney. These changes in Na and water excretion were frequently associated with similar directional changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow. An exception was noted in that renal sodium and water excretion remained low throughout the 28 days in the kidney with the constricted renal artery, whereas GRF returned to near the control level by the end of 2 wk. Altered filtration fraction did not appear to be a determining factor in control of the rate of Na excretion. It is suggested that GFR, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and other as yet undefined factors are involved in salt and water homeostasis during unilateral renal artery stenosis with hypertension.", "contents": "Separate renal function studies in conscious dogs with renovascular hypertension. A new method was developed for separate kidney function studies by catheterizing the ureters and exteriorizing the catheters through the urethra into the vagina. Renal artery plication was performed to reduce blood flow to one kidney by 66 +/- 5%. Arterial pressure increased from 107 +/- 2 to 131 +/- 3 mmHg and remained elevated for 28 days. Plasma renin activity was increased for the first 7-10 days only. Sodium and water excretion were markedly reduced in the kidney with the stenosed renal artery and after the first 2 days Na and water excretion were incresed in the contralateral kidney. These changes in Na and water excretion were frequently associated with similar directional changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow. An exception was noted in that renal sodium and water excretion remained low throughout the 28 days in the kidney with the constricted renal artery, whereas GRF returned to near the control level by the end of 2 wk. Altered filtration fraction did not appear to be a determining factor in control of the rate of Na excretion. It is suggested that GFR, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and other as yet undefined factors are involved in salt and water homeostasis during unilateral renal artery stenosis with hypertension.", "PMID": 696870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10838", "title": "Iodide and thiocyanate efflux from brain following injection into rat caudate nucleus.", "content": "Mechanisms and pathways of 125I and 35SCN efflux from the brain were investigated in anesthetized rats. Tracers were injected into the caudate nucleus through a guide cannula implanted 1 wk previously and concentrations of isotope in brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined at various times after injection. 125I clearance from the brain followed a single exponential curve. In control rats 36.2% of the 125I remained in the brain 30 min after injection and 60.4% in rats pretreated with perchlorate.  Comparable values for 35SCN were 25.8% in control rats, 41.0% with perchlorate, and 39.7% with iodide loading. Estimates of 125I and 35SCN effluxes from the brain via the blood-brain barrier and CSF pathways suggest that greater than 95% of efflux crosses the blood-brain  barrier. These results indicate that 1)iodide and thiocyanate are transported across the blood-brain barrier by a common mechanism, and 2) this efflux system is an important factor in the control of the distributions of iodide and thiocyanate in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Iodide and thiocyanate efflux from brain following injection into rat caudate nucleus. Mechanisms and pathways of 125I and 35SCN efflux from the brain were investigated in anesthetized rats. Tracers were injected into the caudate nucleus through a guide cannula implanted 1 wk previously and concentrations of isotope in brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined at various times after injection. 125I clearance from the brain followed a single exponential curve. In control rats 36.2% of the 125I remained in the brain 30 min after injection and 60.4% in rats pretreated with perchlorate.  Comparable values for 35SCN were 25.8% in control rats, 41.0% with perchlorate, and 39.7% with iodide loading. Estimates of 125I and 35SCN effluxes from the brain via the blood-brain barrier and CSF pathways suggest that greater than 95% of efflux crosses the blood-brain  barrier. These results indicate that 1)iodide and thiocyanate are transported across the blood-brain barrier by a common mechanism, and 2) this efflux system is an important factor in the control of the distributions of iodide and thiocyanate in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 696872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10839", "title": "Metabolism of arginine by the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "In order to evaluate the renal contribution to the metabolism of arginine, we have evaluated its biosynthesis and catabolism in the isolated perfused rat kidney. The kidneys of eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused with Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer containing albumin and amino acids. Twenty-five muCi of L-[guanidino-14C]arginine or 25 muCi L-[guanidino-14C]citrulline were added to the system and radiochromatograms of the perfusate were obtained at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min. Perfusate levels of urea, creatine, and guanidine derivatives were measured with high-pressure liquid chromatography. During perfusion there was net utilization of arginine and net production of creatine, guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA). The guanidino carbon of arginine was incorporated by the kidney into urea, creatine GSA, GAA, and guanidinobutyric acid. The production of 14C-labeled urea from L-[guanidino-14C]citrulline was substantially lower than that previously demonstrated in the liver, while that of arginine was approximately 20 times greater. These studies demonstrate the important contribution of the kidney to the synthesis and metabolism of arginine.", "contents": "Metabolism of arginine by the isolated perfused rat kidney. In order to evaluate the renal contribution to the metabolism of arginine, we have evaluated its biosynthesis and catabolism in the isolated perfused rat kidney. The kidneys of eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused with Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer containing albumin and amino acids. Twenty-five muCi of L-[guanidino-14C]arginine or 25 muCi L-[guanidino-14C]citrulline were added to the system and radiochromatograms of the perfusate were obtained at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min. Perfusate levels of urea, creatine, and guanidine derivatives were measured with high-pressure liquid chromatography. During perfusion there was net utilization of arginine and net production of creatine, guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA). The guanidino carbon of arginine was incorporated by the kidney into urea, creatine GSA, GAA, and guanidinobutyric acid. The production of 14C-labeled urea from L-[guanidino-14C]citrulline was substantially lower than that previously demonstrated in the liver, while that of arginine was approximately 20 times greater. These studies demonstrate the important contribution of the kidney to the synthesis and metabolism of arginine.", "PMID": 696875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10840", "title": "Effect of ionophore RO 2-2985 on the efflux of calcium from the rat nephron.", "content": "The effect of the ionophore RO 2-2985 on the efflux of calcium from the renal tubule was studied employing the in vivo microinjection technique. Microinjection solutions contained either RO 2-2985 (E) or its diluent (C). Following microinjections into the early proximal tubule, urinary 45Ca recoveries averaged 10.1 +/- 1.9 (C) and 3.5 +/- 1.4% (E) (P is less than 0.005), while recoveries averaged 32.3 +/- 6.9 (C) and 24.9 +/- 6.5% (E) (P is less than 0.05) following microinjections into the late proximal tubule. To determine if the decreased recovery of calcium was a specific effect, the effect of RO 2-2985 on the efflux of sodium, phosphate, and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was examined. Compared to controls, RO2-2985 did not affect the urinary recoveries of 22Na, [32P]orthophosphoric acid, or 3-O-methyl-D-[14C]glucose. These studies demonstrate that RO 2-2985 enhances the efflux of calcium microinjected into the proximal portions of the rat nephron.", "contents": "Effect of ionophore RO 2-2985 on the efflux of calcium from the rat nephron. The effect of the ionophore RO 2-2985 on the efflux of calcium from the renal tubule was studied employing the in vivo microinjection technique. Microinjection solutions contained either RO 2-2985 (E) or its diluent (C). Following microinjections into the early proximal tubule, urinary 45Ca recoveries averaged 10.1 +/- 1.9 (C) and 3.5 +/- 1.4% (E) (P is less than 0.005), while recoveries averaged 32.3 +/- 6.9 (C) and 24.9 +/- 6.5% (E) (P is less than 0.05) following microinjections into the late proximal tubule. To determine if the decreased recovery of calcium was a specific effect, the effect of RO 2-2985 on the efflux of sodium, phosphate, and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was examined. Compared to controls, RO2-2985 did not affect the urinary recoveries of 22Na, [32P]orthophosphoric acid, or 3-O-methyl-D-[14C]glucose. These studies demonstrate that RO 2-2985 enhances the efflux of calcium microinjected into the proximal portions of the rat nephron.", "PMID": 696876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10841", "title": "Vasopressin in the rat with spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "Because vasopressin is one of the most potent naturally occurring pressor agents, and because of its importance in the regulation of blood volume and composition, we have undertaken a study of the role of vasopressin in the pathogenesis of the hypertension in the Okamoto-Aoki spontaneously hypertension (SH) rat. In SH rats, systolic blood pressure increased from 135 +/- 3 (SE) mmHg at age 33 days to 184 +/- 3 mmHg at age 75 days (P less than 0.01). In the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control rats, blood pressure increased from 100 +/- 2 to 120 +/- 2 mmHg (P less than 0.01). The differences in blood pressure between the SH and WKY rats at all ages were significant (P less than 0.01). During the age period 33-75 days, the 24-h urinary excretion of vasopressin in the SH rat was consistently more than twofold greater (P less than 0.01) than in the WKY rat. Plasma vasopressin concentration and pituitary vasopressin content were also elevated in the SH rat (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02, respectively). Changes in systolic blood pressure in the SH rat, however, were not paralleled by changes in the urinary excretion of vasopressin. The data indicate that the secretion of vasopressin is elevated in the SH rat. However, the magnitude of this elevation, in and of itself, may not be sufficient to account for the rising blood pressure in the young SH rat.", "contents": "Vasopressin in the rat with spontaneous hypertension. Because vasopressin is one of the most potent naturally occurring pressor agents, and because of its importance in the regulation of blood volume and composition, we have undertaken a study of the role of vasopressin in the pathogenesis of the hypertension in the Okamoto-Aoki spontaneously hypertension (SH) rat. In SH rats, systolic blood pressure increased from 135 +/- 3 (SE) mmHg at age 33 days to 184 +/- 3 mmHg at age 75 days (P less than 0.01). In the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control rats, blood pressure increased from 100 +/- 2 to 120 +/- 2 mmHg (P less than 0.01). The differences in blood pressure between the SH and WKY rats at all ages were significant (P less than 0.01). During the age period 33-75 days, the 24-h urinary excretion of vasopressin in the SH rat was consistently more than twofold greater (P less than 0.01) than in the WKY rat. Plasma vasopressin concentration and pituitary vasopressin content were also elevated in the SH rat (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02, respectively). Changes in systolic blood pressure in the SH rat, however, were not paralleled by changes in the urinary excretion of vasopressin. The data indicate that the secretion of vasopressin is elevated in the SH rat. However, the magnitude of this elevation, in and of itself, may not be sufficient to account for the rising blood pressure in the young SH rat.", "PMID": 696877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10842", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on coronary vascular response to increased myocardial oxygen consumption.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that arachidonic acid metabolites mediate the coronary vascular response to changes in cardiac activity. Isoproterenol was administered intravenously to five chloralose-anesthetized, open-chest dogs. Left anterior descending coronary artery blood flow, systemic arterial blood pressure, and great cardiac vein O2 content were continuously measured, and blood gas determination (including O2 content) were made before and after infusions. From these data, coronary vascular conductance, coronary O2 delivery, and  myocardial O2 consumption were calculated. Isoproterenol increased conductance, O2 delivery, and O2 consumption. Indomethacin, a blocker of prostaglandin synthesis, was administered, and the isoproterenol infusions were repeated. The changes in conductance, O2 delivery, and O2 consumption associated with isoproterenol were not different after indomethacin was administered than before indomethacin was administered. Neither were the relations between conductance or O2 delivery and O2 consumption affected by indomethacin. We conclude that, in this preparation and with this stimulus, prostaglandins do not appear to mediate or modulate the coronary vascular response to changes in cardiac activity.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on coronary vascular response to increased myocardial oxygen consumption. We tested the hypothesis that arachidonic acid metabolites mediate the coronary vascular response to changes in cardiac activity. Isoproterenol was administered intravenously to five chloralose-anesthetized, open-chest dogs. Left anterior descending coronary artery blood flow, systemic arterial blood pressure, and great cardiac vein O2 content were continuously measured, and blood gas determination (including O2 content) were made before and after infusions. From these data, coronary vascular conductance, coronary O2 delivery, and  myocardial O2 consumption were calculated. Isoproterenol increased conductance, O2 delivery, and O2 consumption. Indomethacin, a blocker of prostaglandin synthesis, was administered, and the isoproterenol infusions were repeated. The changes in conductance, O2 delivery, and O2 consumption associated with isoproterenol were not different after indomethacin was administered than before indomethacin was administered. Neither were the relations between conductance or O2 delivery and O2 consumption affected by indomethacin. We conclude that, in this preparation and with this stimulus, prostaglandins do not appear to mediate or modulate the coronary vascular response to changes in cardiac activity.", "PMID": 696878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10843", "title": "Mechanism of rhythm determination among pacemaker cells of the mammalian sinus node.", "content": "The isolated rabbit sinus node was partly divided into two parts by a cut in the middle portion. Microelectrode recording near the bridge connecting the two parts revealed an interference between action potentials from the two parts. Comparison of microelectrode recordings from the two parts taken near the bridge suggested that an induced peculiar rhythm change in one part was probably induced by the electrotonic effects of the action potentials of the other part. To prove this, a subthreshold depolarizing square-wave pulse was applied extracellularly to the isolated uncut sinus node. When the pulse was applied in the early portion of slow diastolic depolarization, diastole was prolonged, and when it was applied in the later portion, diastole was shortened. These findings can explain the observed peculiar thythm and suggest that in the mammalian sinus node, pacemaker cells accelerate or decelerate mutually by the electrotonic effects of their action potentials, depending on the phase of application of the effects. In particular, for some time the faster pacemaker cells could be influenced by dragging effects from the neighboring slower pacemaker cells and the slower pacemaker cells by pulling effects from the neighboring faster pacemaker cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of rhythm determination among pacemaker cells of the mammalian sinus node. The isolated rabbit sinus node was partly divided into two parts by a cut in the middle portion. Microelectrode recording near the bridge connecting the two parts revealed an interference between action potentials from the two parts. Comparison of microelectrode recordings from the two parts taken near the bridge suggested that an induced peculiar rhythm change in one part was probably induced by the electrotonic effects of the action potentials of the other part. To prove this, a subthreshold depolarizing square-wave pulse was applied extracellularly to the isolated uncut sinus node. When the pulse was applied in the early portion of slow diastolic depolarization, diastole was prolonged, and when it was applied in the later portion, diastole was shortened. These findings can explain the observed peculiar thythm and suggest that in the mammalian sinus node, pacemaker cells accelerate or decelerate mutually by the electrotonic effects of their action potentials, depending on the phase of application of the effects. In particular, for some time the faster pacemaker cells could be influenced by dragging effects from the neighboring slower pacemaker cells and the slower pacemaker cells by pulling effects from the neighboring faster pacemaker cells.", "PMID": 696879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10844", "title": "Effects of intraventricular angiotensin II mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.", "content": "Central effects of angiotensin II were studied in rats treated with adrenalectomy, chemical sympathectomy with intravenous 6-hydroxydopamine, or a combination of both. Unrestrained, unanesthetized rats were compared before and after one of the three treatments to determine water drinking and blood pressure responses to intracerebroventricular (ivt) injections of 50 and 500 ng angiotensin II (AII). Adrenalectomy alone did not alter either drinking or pressor response to AIIivt. Peripheral sympathectomy alone resulted in a prolonged latency for pressor response but did not significantly alter drinking response to AIIivt. Results obtained by combined treatment were not significantly different from results obtained by sympathectomy alone. There remained a pressor response to AIIivt after combined treatment. The adrenals do not appear to be involved in mediating pressor response to AIIivt. Furthermore, sympathetic neural activation alone causes the early pressor response to AIIivt. Finally, some other factor(s) in addition to sympathetic neural activation must contribute to the pressor response to AIIivt.", "contents": "Effects of intraventricular angiotensin II mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Central effects of angiotensin II were studied in rats treated with adrenalectomy, chemical sympathectomy with intravenous 6-hydroxydopamine, or a combination of both. Unrestrained, unanesthetized rats were compared before and after one of the three treatments to determine water drinking and blood pressure responses to intracerebroventricular (ivt) injections of 50 and 500 ng angiotensin II (AII). Adrenalectomy alone did not alter either drinking or pressor response to AIIivt. Peripheral sympathectomy alone resulted in a prolonged latency for pressor response but did not significantly alter drinking response to AIIivt. Results obtained by combined treatment were not significantly different from results obtained by sympathectomy alone. There remained a pressor response to AIIivt after combined treatment. The adrenals do not appear to be involved in mediating pressor response to AIIivt. Furthermore, sympathetic neural activation alone causes the early pressor response to AIIivt. Finally, some other factor(s) in addition to sympathetic neural activation must contribute to the pressor response to AIIivt.", "PMID": 696880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10845", "title": "Actions of prostaglandins on isolated perfused cat coronary arteries.", "content": "Effects of prostaglandins on coronary arterial smooth muscle were studied in isolated perfused cat coronary arteries. This preparation was shown to be responsive to known vasoactive agents, including angiotensin II, adenosine, and norepinephrine. Prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha) produced dose-dependent coronary arterial constriction at concentrations of 3 times 10(-9) M or greater. PGE1 produced a biphasic dose-response curve with constriction at low concentrations greater than 10(-7) M.PGI2 dilated coronary arteries at concentrations greater than 10(-8) M. Inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis with meclofenamate potentiated responses to prostaglandins. The endoperoxide, PGH2, slightly constricted cat coronary arteries. However, in the presence of human platelet microsomes, PGH2 was converted to thromboxane A2(TxA2), which was the most potent coronary artery constrictor among the naturally occurring compounds studied. Analysis of coronary artery perfusate for TxB2 confirmed the thromboxane generation, which was markedly lower in the presence of imidazole. Two synthetic endoperoxide analogs produced potent coronary arterial constriction. Induction of hypoxia to a PO2 of 50 mmHg or increasing basal tome with 30 mM KCl did not diminish coronary artery response to prostaglandins, suggesting that prostaglandins released from ischemic myocardial tissue may influence coronary arterial tone.", "contents": "Actions of prostaglandins on isolated perfused cat coronary arteries. Effects of prostaglandins on coronary arterial smooth muscle were studied in isolated perfused cat coronary arteries. This preparation was shown to be responsive to known vasoactive agents, including angiotensin II, adenosine, and norepinephrine. Prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha) produced dose-dependent coronary arterial constriction at concentrations of 3 times 10(-9) M or greater. PGE1 produced a biphasic dose-response curve with constriction at low concentrations greater than 10(-7) M.PGI2 dilated coronary arteries at concentrations greater than 10(-8) M. Inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis with meclofenamate potentiated responses to prostaglandins. The endoperoxide, PGH2, slightly constricted cat coronary arteries. However, in the presence of human platelet microsomes, PGH2 was converted to thromboxane A2(TxA2), which was the most potent coronary artery constrictor among the naturally occurring compounds studied. Analysis of coronary artery perfusate for TxB2 confirmed the thromboxane generation, which was markedly lower in the presence of imidazole. Two synthetic endoperoxide analogs produced potent coronary arterial constriction. Induction of hypoxia to a PO2 of 50 mmHg or increasing basal tome with 30 mM KCl did not diminish coronary artery response to prostaglandins, suggesting that prostaglandins released from ischemic myocardial tissue may influence coronary arterial tone.", "PMID": 696881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10846", "title": "The pacemaker cell of the sinoatrial node of the rabbit.", "content": "Rabbit sinoatrial nodes were isolated and studied in an attempt to determine the cell of origin of the true pacemaker potential. Cells of the sinoatrial node of the rabbit giving rise to the characteristic true pacemaker potential were iontophoretically tagged with lanthanum. The lanthanum appeared within the cytoplasm of cells, which morpholigically are \"P\" cells. The lanthanum appeared as small, amorphous, electron-dense globules. It is concluded from this study that the P or pale cell is the source of the true pacemaker action potential of the sinoatrial node.", "contents": "The pacemaker cell of the sinoatrial node of the rabbit. Rabbit sinoatrial nodes were isolated and studied in an attempt to determine the cell of origin of the true pacemaker potential. Cells of the sinoatrial node of the rabbit giving rise to the characteristic true pacemaker potential were iontophoretically tagged with lanthanum. The lanthanum appeared within the cytoplasm of cells, which morpholigically are \"P\" cells. The lanthanum appeared as small, amorphous, electron-dense globules. It is concluded from this study that the P or pale cell is the source of the true pacemaker action potential of the sinoatrial node.", "PMID": 696882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10847", "title": "Alteration in heart rate response to hemorrhage in conscious dogs with volume overload.", "content": "The heart rate response to hemorrhage was studied in conscious dogs before and up to 2 mo after the establishment of volume overload due to systemic arteriovenous (a-v) fistulas. Before a-v fistula, heart rate increased markedly during hemorrhage. When hemorrhage was preceded by dextran infusion, bleeding resulted in a gradual reduction in heart rate. The a-v fistula caused marked increases in resting heart rate, central venous pressure, pulse pressure, and blood volume. During hemorrhage, heart rate initially remained constant, but then declined abruptly from the resting value of 121 +/- 3.7 beats/min to a nadir of 89 +/- 6.5 beats/min (P less than 0.01). Although mean arterial pressure decreased markedly, there was no significant change in pulse pressure, and central venous pressure tended to stabilize with the heart rate decline. The abrupt heart rate decline was prevented by atropine but unaltered by propranolol. The response was observed as early as 5 days after a-v fistula. We conclude that an alteration in the heart rate response to hemorrhage appears early during volume overload. This alteration appears to be reflex in nature and to be mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Alteration in heart rate response to hemorrhage in conscious dogs with volume overload. The heart rate response to hemorrhage was studied in conscious dogs before and up to 2 mo after the establishment of volume overload due to systemic arteriovenous (a-v) fistulas. Before a-v fistula, heart rate increased markedly during hemorrhage. When hemorrhage was preceded by dextran infusion, bleeding resulted in a gradual reduction in heart rate. The a-v fistula caused marked increases in resting heart rate, central venous pressure, pulse pressure, and blood volume. During hemorrhage, heart rate initially remained constant, but then declined abruptly from the resting value of 121 +/- 3.7 beats/min to a nadir of 89 +/- 6.5 beats/min (P less than 0.01). Although mean arterial pressure decreased markedly, there was no significant change in pulse pressure, and central venous pressure tended to stabilize with the heart rate decline. The abrupt heart rate decline was prevented by atropine but unaltered by propranolol. The response was observed as early as 5 days after a-v fistula. We conclude that an alteration in the heart rate response to hemorrhage appears early during volume overload. This alteration appears to be reflex in nature and to be mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 696883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10848", "title": "Effects of coronary ligation of the chromically sympathectomized dog ventricle.", "content": "The cardiac response to acute coronary occlusion was studied after chronic ventricular sympathectomy. Infarct size was measured using nitro blue tetrazolium. In 11 control dogs, 8 dogs with ventricles sympathectomized 2 wk earlier, and 5 sham-operated dogs, mean infarct size was 20.0%, 8.9%, and 20.4% of the left ventricular weight, respectively. Infarct size in sympathectomized ventricles was significantly less than in control or sham-operated hearts (P less than 0.05). Left ventricular perfusion before and after coronary occlusion was measured in 10 controls and 7 sympathectomized ventricles using tracer microspheres. Preocclusion flow values in chronically sympathectomized ventricles were approximately 30-40% less than in controls even though arterial pressure and heart rate were no different, suggesting an increased efficiency. Furthermore, after coromanary occlusion, collateral perfusions in the central and peripheral ischemic zones of the sympathectomized ventricles were 200-400% of those in nonsympathectomized ventricles. When collateral perfusion was related to the respective preocclusion flows, the difference between control and sympathectomized ventricles was even greater. Thus, chronic ventricular sympathectomy results in reduced infarct size, and this effect may be due to a reduced flow demand as well as to an increased collateral perfusion.", "contents": "Effects of coronary ligation of the chromically sympathectomized dog ventricle. The cardiac response to acute coronary occlusion was studied after chronic ventricular sympathectomy. Infarct size was measured using nitro blue tetrazolium. In 11 control dogs, 8 dogs with ventricles sympathectomized 2 wk earlier, and 5 sham-operated dogs, mean infarct size was 20.0%, 8.9%, and 20.4% of the left ventricular weight, respectively. Infarct size in sympathectomized ventricles was significantly less than in control or sham-operated hearts (P less than 0.05). Left ventricular perfusion before and after coronary occlusion was measured in 10 controls and 7 sympathectomized ventricles using tracer microspheres. Preocclusion flow values in chronically sympathectomized ventricles were approximately 30-40% less than in controls even though arterial pressure and heart rate were no different, suggesting an increased efficiency. Furthermore, after coromanary occlusion, collateral perfusions in the central and peripheral ischemic zones of the sympathectomized ventricles were 200-400% of those in nonsympathectomized ventricles. When collateral perfusion was related to the respective preocclusion flows, the difference between control and sympathectomized ventricles was even greater. Thus, chronic ventricular sympathectomy results in reduced infarct size, and this effect may be due to a reduced flow demand as well as to an increased collateral perfusion.", "PMID": 696884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10849", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of electrical stimulation of forebrain angiotensin and osmosensitive sites.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory have indicated an important role for angiotensin-sensitive anteroventral third ventricular (AV3V) brain structures in normal regulation of arterial pressure and development of renal hypertension. The present experiments examined the effects of electrical stimulation of these periventricular areas on arterial pressure and regional blood flow in the anesthetized rat. Electrodes were placed in the AV3V region 3-10 days prior to acute studies.  Blood flow was measured in extracorporeal blood flow circuits. Electrical stimulation produced only small changes in arterial pressure. Despite the small pressure changes, stimulation caused marked frequency-dependent alterations in regional blood flow. Renal and splanchnic flows were reduced while hindlimb flow was increased. Resistance changes were abolished by surgical denervation or ganglionic blockade but were unaffected by adrenalectomy. Hemodynamic responses to AV3V stimulation were abolished by a lesion in the area of the median eminence. It may be concluded that AV3V stimulation, through activation of pathways descending through the ventromedial hypothalamus-median eminence region, produces profound regional blood flow shifts without greatly altering arterial pressure.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of electrical stimulation of forebrain angiotensin and osmosensitive sites. Previous studies from this laboratory have indicated an important role for angiotensin-sensitive anteroventral third ventricular (AV3V) brain structures in normal regulation of arterial pressure and development of renal hypertension. The present experiments examined the effects of electrical stimulation of these periventricular areas on arterial pressure and regional blood flow in the anesthetized rat. Electrodes were placed in the AV3V region 3-10 days prior to acute studies.  Blood flow was measured in extracorporeal blood flow circuits. Electrical stimulation produced only small changes in arterial pressure. Despite the small pressure changes, stimulation caused marked frequency-dependent alterations in regional blood flow. Renal and splanchnic flows were reduced while hindlimb flow was increased. Resistance changes were abolished by surgical denervation or ganglionic blockade but were unaffected by adrenalectomy. Hemodynamic responses to AV3V stimulation were abolished by a lesion in the area of the median eminence. It may be concluded that AV3V stimulation, through activation of pathways descending through the ventromedial hypothalamus-median eminence region, produces profound regional blood flow shifts without greatly altering arterial pressure.", "PMID": 696886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10850", "title": "Pulmonary artery catheterization in the rat.", "content": "A method of pulmonary artery (PA) catheterization in the closed-chest rat is described. This catheterization is best accomplished with teflon catheters having a \"shepherd's crook\" tip. Catheter preparation is detailed. The functional advantages of such a PA catheter are: 1) the tip can remain free within the right ventricle (RV)  without becoming occluded by contact with the ventricular wall, and 2) entry into the PA is simple and reproducible. Dual catheterization of the RVand PA produced only a small systolic gradient (3 mmHg) across the pulmonic valve. We concluded that the PA catheter does not unduly obstruct blood flow through this valve.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery catheterization in the rat. A method of pulmonary artery (PA) catheterization in the closed-chest rat is described. This catheterization is best accomplished with teflon catheters having a \"shepherd's crook\" tip. Catheter preparation is detailed. The functional advantages of such a PA catheter are: 1) the tip can remain free within the right ventricle (RV)  without becoming occluded by contact with the ventricular wall, and 2) entry into the PA is simple and reproducible. Dual catheterization of the RVand PA produced only a small systolic gradient (3 mmHg) across the pulmonic valve. We concluded that the PA catheter does not unduly obstruct blood flow through this valve.", "PMID": 696887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10851", "title": "Flexible valinomycin electrodes for on-line determination of intravascular and myocardial K+.", "content": "Flexible electrode systems capable of monitoring in vivo changes in venous and myocardial extracellular potassium activity were constructed using valinomycin-polyvinyl chloride matrix membrane and polyvinyl chloride tubing. Electrode impedance was 1--30 Momega, time constant 10--200 ms, drift less than 1 mV/h, and shelf life approximately 3 days (intramyocardial electrode) and approximately 6 wk (venous electrode). In vitro and in vivo accuracy were determined in 5 dogs and 18 pigs, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (35 mg/kg iv), with normal and elevated K+ levels. Serum and venous K+ concentration, determined using a K+ electrode with tip diameter of 1.5 mm, correlated well to serum K+ values determined by flame photometry (r = 0.997). Steady-state myocardial extracellular K+ concentration determined using double-barrel electrodes with total tip diameter of 0.6 mm also correlated well to the serum K+ concentration (r = 0.992). These electrode assemblies permit on-line, virtually instantaneous in vivo determination of intravascular and local myocardial extracellular K+ activity, a capability not previously available.", "contents": "Flexible valinomycin electrodes for on-line determination of intravascular and myocardial K+. Flexible electrode systems capable of monitoring in vivo changes in venous and myocardial extracellular potassium activity were constructed using valinomycin-polyvinyl chloride matrix membrane and polyvinyl chloride tubing. Electrode impedance was 1--30 Momega, time constant 10--200 ms, drift less than 1 mV/h, and shelf life approximately 3 days (intramyocardial electrode) and approximately 6 wk (venous electrode). In vitro and in vivo accuracy were determined in 5 dogs and 18 pigs, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (35 mg/kg iv), with normal and elevated K+ levels. Serum and venous K+ concentration, determined using a K+ electrode with tip diameter of 1.5 mm, correlated well to serum K+ values determined by flame photometry (r = 0.997). Steady-state myocardial extracellular K+ concentration determined using double-barrel electrodes with total tip diameter of 0.6 mm also correlated well to the serum K+ concentration (r = 0.992). These electrode assemblies permit on-line, virtually instantaneous in vivo determination of intravascular and local myocardial extracellular K+ activity, a capability not previously available.", "PMID": 696888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10852", "title": "Psychiatry and the fiscal third party.", "content": "Third-party payment has profound effects on such areas of psychiatry as confidentiality; diagnosis; the therapeutic relationship; psychiatry's identification with the rest of medicine and the role of nonphysician mental health professionals; psychiatric education; and the availability, type, location, and quality control of treatment. As third-party payment becomes increasingly frequent, psychiatrists will have to come to terms with its good and bad effects in hospitals and community mental health centers as well as in private practice.", "contents": "Psychiatry and the fiscal third party. Third-party payment has profound effects on such areas of psychiatry as confidentiality; diagnosis; the therapeutic relationship; psychiatry's identification with the rest of medicine and the role of nonphysician mental health professionals; psychiatric education; and the availability, type, location, and quality control of treatment. As third-party payment becomes increasingly frequent, psychiatrists will have to come to terms with its good and bad effects in hospitals and community mental health centers as well as in private practice.", "PMID": 696889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10853", "title": "Is modern-day schizophrenic outcome still negative?", "content": "To evaluate formulations about more positive outcome in modern-day schizophrenic patients, the authors assessed 132 young patients 2.7 years after hospital discharge. Despite modern treatment techniques, only 14%-17% of the 79 schizophrenic patients in the study group were functioning effectively without relapses; 50% had adjusted very poorly. The schizophrenic patients were functioning significantly more poorly than the nonschizophrenic patients in all areas (p less than .01), showing poor adjustment, high symptom levels, and high rehospitalization rates. The two major acute subgroups (schizo-affective and acute schizophrenic patients) were functioning better than those with paranoid and chronic schizophrenia. Overall, the authors conclude, diagnosis carries prognostic implications. Schizophrenic outcome is more favorable today than it was in Bleuler and Kraepelin's era, but it is still relatively negative.", "contents": "Is modern-day schizophrenic outcome still negative? To evaluate formulations about more positive outcome in modern-day schizophrenic patients, the authors assessed 132 young patients 2.7 years after hospital discharge. Despite modern treatment techniques, only 14%-17% of the 79 schizophrenic patients in the study group were functioning effectively without relapses; 50% had adjusted very poorly. The schizophrenic patients were functioning significantly more poorly than the nonschizophrenic patients in all areas (p less than .01), showing poor adjustment, high symptom levels, and high rehospitalization rates. The two major acute subgroups (schizo-affective and acute schizophrenic patients) were functioning better than those with paranoid and chronic schizophrenia. Overall, the authors conclude, diagnosis carries prognostic implications. Schizophrenic outcome is more favorable today than it was in Bleuler and Kraepelin's era, but it is still relatively negative.", "PMID": 696890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10854", "title": "Diagnosis of nonpatients in the general community.", "content": "Using a sample of 116 subjects drawn from a large metropolitan area, the authors compared ratings of psychopathology from both structured and clinical interviews. Although the two types of interviews yielded similar findings when there was definite psychopathology or definite signs of health, for some subjects in the middle range between health and sickness, the two interviews did not yield similar findings. The authors suggest the need for a new typology to categorize nonpatients in the community who are in the middle range between frank psychiatric disorder and optimal mental health.", "contents": "Diagnosis of nonpatients in the general community. Using a sample of 116 subjects drawn from a large metropolitan area, the authors compared ratings of psychopathology from both structured and clinical interviews. Although the two types of interviews yielded similar findings when there was definite psychopathology or definite signs of health, for some subjects in the middle range between health and sickness, the two interviews did not yield similar findings. The authors suggest the need for a new typology to categorize nonpatients in the community who are in the middle range between frank psychiatric disorder and optimal mental health.", "PMID": 696891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10855", "title": "Some determinants of maternal attachment.", "content": "The authors conducted prenatal interviews and behavior observation sessions with 46 families in which the woman was pregnant. These families were again interviewed and observed 7 days, 1 month, 2 months, and 6 months after the child was born. The authors found that the most significant variable predicting the variance of maternal attachment was the length of separation of mother and infant: less separation was associated with greater attachment. The next most significant variable was birth experience, followed in importance by the length of labor and prenatal attitudes and expectations.", "contents": "Some determinants of maternal attachment. The authors conducted prenatal interviews and behavior observation sessions with 46 families in which the woman was pregnant. These families were again interviewed and observed 7 days, 1 month, 2 months, and 6 months after the child was born. The authors found that the most significant variable predicting the variance of maternal attachment was the length of separation of mother and infant: less separation was associated with greater attachment. The next most significant variable was birth experience, followed in importance by the length of labor and prenatal attitudes and expectations.", "PMID": 696892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10856", "title": "The role of infant observation in child psychiatry training.", "content": "The authors discuss the role of infant observation in the training of child psychiatrists, emphasizing the overriding importance of the subtle but crucial interactions in the mother-infant relationship. Infant observation is valuable in preparing the student as an observer of behavior, and developmental concepts are taught and learned more easily in programs that provide opportunities for observing normal infants. The infant study program in the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Michigan Medical Center is presented as a model.", "contents": "The role of infant observation in child psychiatry training. The authors discuss the role of infant observation in the training of child psychiatrists, emphasizing the overriding importance of the subtle but crucial interactions in the mother-infant relationship. Infant observation is valuable in preparing the student as an observer of behavior, and developmental concepts are taught and learned more easily in programs that provide opportunities for observing normal infants. The infant study program in the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Michigan Medical Center is presented as a model.", "PMID": 696893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10857", "title": "Third-party payers: to pay or not to pay.", "content": "Insurance companies have traditionally been wary of providing coverage for mental illness for two reasons: 1) they fear that people would bring a mental illness on themselves or would use treatment for self-actualization, and 2) they fear the risk of providing never-ending treatment for \"incurable\" illness. The author states that the insurers' fears are groundless but suggests that psychiatrists research the utilization and costs of their treatments in insurance plans collaboratively with the actuaries who determine policy and premiums. Retrospective and prospective criteria for outcome and effectiveness of psychiatric treatment must be developed and applied.", "contents": "Third-party payers: to pay or not to pay. Insurance companies have traditionally been wary of providing coverage for mental illness for two reasons: 1) they fear that people would bring a mental illness on themselves or would use treatment for self-actualization, and 2) they fear the risk of providing never-ending treatment for \"incurable\" illness. The author states that the insurers' fears are groundless but suggests that psychiatrists research the utilization and costs of their treatments in insurance plans collaboratively with the actuaries who determine policy and premiums. Retrospective and prospective criteria for outcome and effectiveness of psychiatric treatment must be developed and applied.", "PMID": 696894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10858", "title": "Combat neurosis in inner-city schools.", "content": "The author studied 253 classroom teachers who were referred for psychiatric evaluation because of varying degrees of psychological stress and physical trauma. These teachers had experienced actual assault or the threat of assault in inner-city schools. The author evaluated these patients' ego functioning, attitudes, current life situations, and the presence of any predisposing factors. On the basis of these evaluations and using guidelines established in studies of combat neurosis, he recommends that individuals who experience severe occupational stress be provided psychological training to prepare them to handle stress, constant support of and access to people in administrative positions, and a mechanism for crisis intervention.", "contents": "Combat neurosis in inner-city schools. The author studied 253 classroom teachers who were referred for psychiatric evaluation because of varying degrees of psychological stress and physical trauma. These teachers had experienced actual assault or the threat of assault in inner-city schools. The author evaluated these patients' ego functioning, attitudes, current life situations, and the presence of any predisposing factors. On the basis of these evaluations and using guidelines established in studies of combat neurosis, he recommends that individuals who experience severe occupational stress be provided psychological training to prepare them to handle stress, constant support of and access to people in administrative positions, and a mechanism for crisis intervention.", "PMID": 696895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10859", "title": "Patient-therapist matching: a research evaluation.", "content": "The author tested the predictive power of 10 hypotheses about the personality qualities of therapists that match with those of schizophrenic inpatients to affect therapeutic course. The personality matching traits predicted with significant accuracy the quality of the therapeutic relationship and even the type of overall clinical outcome. Examination of the data revealed that most of this surprising predictive strength derived from a group of highly intercorrelated personality qualities. Taken together, these qualities reflected a capacity of therapists to be comfortable while being involved with a variety of strong affects in their schizophrenic inpatients. The limitations of this study and its advantages over the A-B typology are discussed.", "contents": "Patient-therapist matching: a research evaluation. The author tested the predictive power of 10 hypotheses about the personality qualities of therapists that match with those of schizophrenic inpatients to affect therapeutic course. The personality matching traits predicted with significant accuracy the quality of the therapeutic relationship and even the type of overall clinical outcome. Examination of the data revealed that most of this surprising predictive strength derived from a group of highly intercorrelated personality qualities. Taken together, these qualities reflected a capacity of therapists to be comfortable while being involved with a variety of strong affects in their schizophrenic inpatients. The limitations of this study and its advantages over the A-B typology are discussed.", "PMID": 696896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10860", "title": "\"No-commitment week\": a feasibility study.", "content": "To determine the extent to which involuntary hospitalization is overused, a \"No-Commitment Week\" was set aside, during which emergency room psychiatrists committed only patients in absolute need of hospitalization. Compared with the week before and the week after, there was no significant difference in the number of patients committed during No-Commitment Week. The authors propose replication of the study on a larger scale but suggest that decisions about involuntary hospitalization in public mental hospitals are the result of societal attitudes, which will be subject to change as long as society itself continues to change.", "contents": "\"No-commitment week\": a feasibility study. To determine the extent to which involuntary hospitalization is overused, a \"No-Commitment Week\" was set aside, during which emergency room psychiatrists committed only patients in absolute need of hospitalization. Compared with the week before and the week after, there was no significant difference in the number of patients committed during No-Commitment Week. The authors propose replication of the study on a larger scale but suggest that decisions about involuntary hospitalization in public mental hospitals are the result of societal attitudes, which will be subject to change as long as society itself continues to change.", "PMID": 696897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10861", "title": "The internship year: a negative view.", "content": "The decision to add a fourth year of training with emphasis on a primary care internship experience has created serious problems for most psychiatric residency training programs. The logistic problems involved in having a department of psychiatry develop an internship program are formidable. The experiences being provided are less than optimum. Conceivably, the logistic and quality uncertainties that now characterize some PGY-I programs may be a factor in discouraging medical graduates from entering psychiatry. The reasons for moving to an internship experience are also questionable. There are no data which suggest that the new training will produce better psychiatrists. Nor can the case for the internship be supported by past experience or an analysis of the educational needs of today's psychiatrist. Dr. John Romano comments on the author's presentation.", "contents": "The internship year: a negative view. The decision to add a fourth year of training with emphasis on a primary care internship experience has created serious problems for most psychiatric residency training programs. The logistic problems involved in having a department of psychiatry develop an internship program are formidable. The experiences being provided are less than optimum. Conceivably, the logistic and quality uncertainties that now characterize some PGY-I programs may be a factor in discouraging medical graduates from entering psychiatry. The reasons for moving to an internship experience are also questionable. There are no data which suggest that the new training will produce better psychiatrists. Nor can the case for the internship be supported by past experience or an analysis of the educational needs of today's psychiatrist. Dr. John Romano comments on the author's presentation.", "PMID": 696898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10862", "title": "Seclusion: uses and complications.", "content": "A total of 7.2% of the patients in a private psychiatric hospital were placed in seclusion during a one-year study. These 63 patients had a more frequent diagnosis of schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness, manic type, than a comparison group. Significant intergroup differences in age and length of hospitalization became insignificant when the seclusion patients under 20 were excluded. Although seclusion was often used to protect patients, others, and property, the most frequent reason was to maintain a therapeutic environment. This study pointed toward a staff tendency to see the \"problem\" of the patient's behavior as being solved by seclusion rather than viewing seclusion as an intensive care environment in which the patient's behavior and treatment could be morec arefully monitored.", "contents": "Seclusion: uses and complications. A total of 7.2% of the patients in a private psychiatric hospital were placed in seclusion during a one-year study. These 63 patients had a more frequent diagnosis of schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness, manic type, than a comparison group. Significant intergroup differences in age and length of hospitalization became insignificant when the seclusion patients under 20 were excluded. Although seclusion was often used to protect patients, others, and property, the most frequent reason was to maintain a therapeutic environment. This study pointed toward a staff tendency to see the \"problem\" of the patient's behavior as being solved by seclusion rather than viewing seclusion as an intensive care environment in which the patient's behavior and treatment could be morec arefully monitored.", "PMID": 696900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10863", "title": "Popping and snorting volatile nitrites: a current fad for getting high.", "content": "In certain social circles a variety of volatile nitrites are being used extensively to expand creativity, stimulate music appreciation, promote a sense of abandon in dancing, and intensify sexual experience. Soon after amyl nitrite (the prototype of this group) became a prescription drug, legally produced substitutes appeared and were sold as room odorizers. Analyses of eight of these substitutes showed them to contain isomers of butyl or amyl alcohol and a corresponding nitrite. The authors describe the context of use of these products and their desired and adverse effects.", "contents": "Popping and snorting volatile nitrites: a current fad for getting high. In certain social circles a variety of volatile nitrites are being used extensively to expand creativity, stimulate music appreciation, promote a sense of abandon in dancing, and intensify sexual experience. Soon after amyl nitrite (the prototype of this group) became a prescription drug, legally produced substitutes appeared and were sold as room odorizers. Analyses of eight of these substitutes showed them to contain isomers of butyl or amyl alcohol and a corresponding nitrite. The authors describe the context of use of these products and their desired and adverse effects.", "PMID": 696901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10864", "title": "Comparing arrest rates of mental patients and criminal offenders.", "content": "The authors compared the arrest rates of former mental patients with those of criminal offenders released in the same jurisdiction. The data for all ex-patients and all offenders released in Albany County, New York, in 1968 and 1975 support the contention that it is the relationship between prior and subsequent arrests that explains the increasing crime rate of ex-patients and the three to six times higher rate of arrest of released offenders. Since the three-quarters of former patients with no arrest records were arrested about as often as the general population and substantially less often than offenders, care is warranted in drawing inferences from overall mental patient arrest rates.", "contents": "Comparing arrest rates of mental patients and criminal offenders. The authors compared the arrest rates of former mental patients with those of criminal offenders released in the same jurisdiction. The data for all ex-patients and all offenders released in Albany County, New York, in 1968 and 1975 support the contention that it is the relationship between prior and subsequent arrests that explains the increasing crime rate of ex-patients and the three to six times higher rate of arrest of released offenders. Since the three-quarters of former patients with no arrest records were arrested about as often as the general population and substantially less often than offenders, care is warranted in drawing inferences from overall mental patient arrest rates.", "PMID": 696902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10865", "title": "Supplemental Security Income and the sick role.", "content": "Supplemental Security Income (SSI) has given the psychiatrically disabled a dependable source of income and helped make it possible for them to live outside state hospitals. The change to SSI has had an important effect on delabeling and decreasing the stigma of receiving Aid to the Disabled. However, the secondary gain inherent in SSI may interfere with social and vocational rehabilitation efforts. The authors present recommendations aimed at making the SSI system more conducive to social integration and rehabilitation.", "contents": "Supplemental Security Income and the sick role. Supplemental Security Income (SSI) has given the psychiatrically disabled a dependable source of income and helped make it possible for them to live outside state hospitals. The change to SSI has had an important effect on delabeling and decreasing the stigma of receiving Aid to the Disabled. However, the secondary gain inherent in SSI may interfere with social and vocational rehabilitation efforts. The authors present recommendations aimed at making the SSI system more conducive to social integration and rehabilitation.", "PMID": 696903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10866", "title": "The mind-body dichotomy reified: an illustrative case.", "content": "Cartesian dualism, the splitting of human existence into mind versus body, is at times reified with unfortunate consequences. The authors report a case in which a social policy formulation based on such diagnostic dualism resulted in the denial of health-related facility placement to a patient. They argue that this denial was prejudicial and illogical and that benefits should be related to a functional disability rather than to diagnosis.", "contents": "The mind-body dichotomy reified: an illustrative case. Cartesian dualism, the splitting of human existence into mind versus body, is at times reified with unfortunate consequences. The authors report a case in which a social policy formulation based on such diagnostic dualism resulted in the denial of health-related facility placement to a patient. They argue that this denial was prejudicial and illogical and that benefits should be related to a functional disability rather than to diagnosis.", "PMID": 696904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10867", "title": "Issues critical to the survival of community mental health.", "content": "The author delineates some of the critical issues that face community mental health, with the opportunity for either growth and further development or regression into a decentralized type of custodial care. These issues include clarifying boundaries and priorities, caring for chronically ill deinstitutionalized patients, providing differentiated care, collaborating with the community, relating to the rest of psychiatry and medicine, defining the community psychiatrist's role, maintaining psychiatric manpower, undertaking evaluation research, and achieving stable funding. Psychiatry's response to these issues will help determine the resolution of this crisis and the future viability and direction of community mental health.", "contents": "Issues critical to the survival of community mental health. The author delineates some of the critical issues that face community mental health, with the opportunity for either growth and further development or regression into a decentralized type of custodial care. These issues include clarifying boundaries and priorities, caring for chronically ill deinstitutionalized patients, providing differentiated care, collaborating with the community, relating to the rest of psychiatry and medicine, defining the community psychiatrist's role, maintaining psychiatric manpower, undertaking evaluation research, and achieving stable funding. Psychiatry's response to these issues will help determine the resolution of this crisis and the future viability and direction of community mental health.", "PMID": 696921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10868", "title": "The military family syndrome.", "content": "The author reviewed the case records of 792 children and adolescents seen in a military clinic over a two-year period. His data suggest that the incidence of behavioral disorders was higher in this clinic than in a civilian mental health center. Seven problem areas common to records in which a behavioral disorder was diagnosed were found. The author suggests that the behavioral problems of the group studied represent a process of acting out in the rigid, autocratic system of the military. He also suggests that an approach using systems theory and modified goals may be more helpful in dealing with problems of military families than the traditional individual approach.", "contents": "The military family syndrome. The author reviewed the case records of 792 children and adolescents seen in a military clinic over a two-year period. His data suggest that the incidence of behavioral disorders was higher in this clinic than in a civilian mental health center. Seven problem areas common to records in which a behavioral disorder was diagnosed were found. The author suggests that the behavioral problems of the group studied represent a process of acting out in the rigid, autocratic system of the military. He also suggests that an approach using systems theory and modified goals may be more helpful in dealing with problems of military families than the traditional individual approach.", "PMID": 696922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10869", "title": "Developmental issues in the psychiatric hospitalization of children.", "content": "Rather than becoming repositories for the community's seriously disturbed children, children's psychiatric hospitals need to develop milieu programs that involve trained child care staff and developmentally oriented child mental health professionals. Treatment programs should address the developmental needs and abilities of the various age groups and the particular developmental deficits reflected in their psychopathologies and should include a variety of treatment elements.", "contents": "Developmental issues in the psychiatric hospitalization of children. Rather than becoming repositories for the community's seriously disturbed children, children's psychiatric hospitals need to develop milieu programs that involve trained child care staff and developmentally oriented child mental health professionals. Treatment programs should address the developmental needs and abilities of the various age groups and the particular developmental deficits reflected in their psychopathologies and should include a variety of treatment elements.", "PMID": 696923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10870", "title": "The American Psychiatric Association and the Food and Drug Administration: an analysis and proposal for action.", "content": "The relationship between medicine and society is currently undergoing substantial change. While the Food and Drug Administration has no legal authority over the practicing physician, its decisions already influence medical practice. The Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1978, if passed in its present form, would grant FDA broad new powers over patient care and clinical research. In order to retain a high degree of control of its future and activities, the American Psychiatric Association must develop an effective mechanism for meeting this challenge and for serving the interests of its members and their patients. Dr. Alexander M. Schmidt comments on the author's presentation.", "contents": "The American Psychiatric Association and the Food and Drug Administration: an analysis and proposal for action. The relationship between medicine and society is currently undergoing substantial change. While the Food and Drug Administration has no legal authority over the practicing physician, its decisions already influence medical practice. The Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1978, if passed in its present form, would grant FDA broad new powers over patient care and clinical research. In order to retain a high degree of control of its future and activities, the American Psychiatric Association must develop an effective mechanism for meeting this challenge and for serving the interests of its members and their patients. Dr. Alexander M. Schmidt comments on the author's presentation.", "PMID": 696924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10871", "title": "Clinical correlates of the lithium pump.", "content": "The active efflux of lithium from erythrocytes, expressed as the rate constant ko, was studied in patients with primary affective disorder and in controls. The authors' data suggest that ko is stable within individuals over time, is inhibited during treatment with lithium carbonate, and may be a good index of lithium toxicity. ko correlates significantly with the lithium erythrocyte/plasma ratio but is seemingly not related to age, sex, or affective disease subtype. Preliminary data suggest that ko may be determined, at least in part, by a genetic factor.", "contents": "Clinical correlates of the lithium pump. The active efflux of lithium from erythrocytes, expressed as the rate constant ko, was studied in patients with primary affective disorder and in controls. The authors' data suggest that ko is stable within individuals over time, is inhibited during treatment with lithium carbonate, and may be a good index of lithium toxicity. ko correlates significantly with the lithium erythrocyte/plasma ratio but is seemingly not related to age, sex, or affective disease subtype. Preliminary data suggest that ko may be determined, at least in part, by a genetic factor.", "PMID": 696926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10872", "title": "Erythrocyte concentrations of the lithium ion: clinical correlates and mechanisms of action.", "content": "When lithium carbonate is administered to individuals, there is considerable intersubject variation in the extent of accumulation of Li+ by erythrocytes. The primary reason for this is differences in the activity of a Li+-Na+ counterflow system, which, under clinical conditions, removes Li+ from the cell. It appears that some bipolar patients accumulate more Li+ in their red cells than either unipolar depressives or normal controls. The precise clinical characteristics of the bipolar patients who accumulate relatively large amounts of erythrocyte Li+ need to be clarified in future research. Finally, the measurement of red cell concentrations of Li+, in addition to the usual plasma measurement, can be used as an indicator of patient compliance.", "contents": "Erythrocyte concentrations of the lithium ion: clinical correlates and mechanisms of action. When lithium carbonate is administered to individuals, there is considerable intersubject variation in the extent of accumulation of Li+ by erythrocytes. The primary reason for this is differences in the activity of a Li+-Na+ counterflow system, which, under clinical conditions, removes Li+ from the cell. It appears that some bipolar patients accumulate more Li+ in their red cells than either unipolar depressives or normal controls. The precise clinical characteristics of the bipolar patients who accumulate relatively large amounts of erythrocyte Li+ need to be clarified in future research. Finally, the measurement of red cell concentrations of Li+, in addition to the usual plasma measurement, can be used as an indicator of patient compliance.", "PMID": 696927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10873", "title": "A heritable disorder of lithium transport in erythrocytes of a subpopulation of manic-depressive patients.", "content": "The in vivo RBC/plasma Li+ ratio is determined by the equilibrium between Li+ influx (ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+ pump and ouabain-insensitive leakage pathways) and Li+ efflux (phloretin-sensitive Li+-Na+ counterflow). A study of RBC Li+ transport via these pathways showed that a deficiency of Li+-Na+ counterflow was responsible for the high in vivo ratio (1:1) observed in a manic patient. This defect was related to an alteration in the membrane Na+ exchange system and was under genetic control. The level of counterflow before lithium therapy was an excellent predictor (r = .88) of the in vivo Li+ ratio and was deficient in approximately one-fourth of manic-depressive patients but not in controls, schizophrenics, or unipolar depressed patients.", "contents": "A heritable disorder of lithium transport in erythrocytes of a subpopulation of manic-depressive patients. The in vivo RBC/plasma Li+ ratio is determined by the equilibrium between Li+ influx (ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+ pump and ouabain-insensitive leakage pathways) and Li+ efflux (phloretin-sensitive Li+-Na+ counterflow). A study of RBC Li+ transport via these pathways showed that a deficiency of Li+-Na+ counterflow was responsible for the high in vivo ratio (1:1) observed in a manic patient. This defect was related to an alteration in the membrane Na+ exchange system and was under genetic control. The level of counterflow before lithium therapy was an excellent predictor (r = .88) of the in vivo Li+ ratio and was deficient in approximately one-fourth of manic-depressive patients but not in controls, schizophrenics, or unipolar depressed patients.", "PMID": 696928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10874", "title": "Effect of alcohol consumption on state anxiety changes in male and female nonalcoholics.", "content": "Ten male and 10 female nonalcoholic college students were given drinks having alcohol levels of 0, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.2 g/kg. They were then given four complex psychomotor tests, immediately before and after which they were given the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, and asked to rate their performance on a five-point scale. Mean anxiety change scores were -.90, .75, 4.75, and 5.55 for the four alcohol doses, respectively. There was no significant correlation between anxiety change and actual performance on the visual vigilance task, but for males there was a significant correlation between anxiety change and perceived level of impairment.", "contents": "Effect of alcohol consumption on state anxiety changes in male and female nonalcoholics. Ten male and 10 female nonalcoholic college students were given drinks having alcohol levels of 0, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.2 g/kg. They were then given four complex psychomotor tests, immediately before and after which they were given the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, and asked to rate their performance on a five-point scale. Mean anxiety change scores were -.90, .75, 4.75, and 5.55 for the four alcohol doses, respectively. There was no significant correlation between anxiety change and actual performance on the visual vigilance task, but for males there was a significant correlation between anxiety change and perceived level of impairment.", "PMID": 696929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10875", "title": "Phencyclidine-induced psychosis.", "content": "During a 13-month period, 9 patients with phencyclidine-induced psychosis were admitted to Darnall Army Hospital. They exhibited hostility agitation, and tangentiality and had delusions of influence and religious grandiosity. Six subjects reported auditory hallucinations, and 4 were disoriented in at least 1 sphere. Despite treatment with antipsychotic medication, the psychotic episodes often persisted for more than 30 days. Our clinical finding of prolonged psychotic reactions, together with previous reports of the effects of phencyclidine, suggests that phenycyclidine provides an intriguing drug model for schizophrenia.", "contents": "Phencyclidine-induced psychosis. During a 13-month period, 9 patients with phencyclidine-induced psychosis were admitted to Darnall Army Hospital. They exhibited hostility agitation, and tangentiality and had delusions of influence and religious grandiosity. Six subjects reported auditory hallucinations, and 4 were disoriented in at least 1 sphere. Despite treatment with antipsychotic medication, the psychotic episodes often persisted for more than 30 days. Our clinical finding of prolonged psychotic reactions, together with previous reports of the effects of phencyclidine, suggests that phenycyclidine provides an intriguing drug model for schizophrenia.", "PMID": 696930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10876", "title": "When the psychotherapist is black.", "content": "The authors present a case report of a white neurotic man treated in long-term psychoanalytic therapy by a black woman psychiatrist. The defense mechanism of reversal--the therapist was white in the patient's early dreams--was evident not only in this patient but in several other white patients treated by the black therapist. The authors suggest that, contrary to the opinions of a few other authors, the reality issues of racial differences can be dealt with successfully in this kind of interracial psychotherapy.", "contents": "When the psychotherapist is black. The authors present a case report of a white neurotic man treated in long-term psychoanalytic therapy by a black woman psychiatrist. The defense mechanism of reversal--the therapist was white in the patient's early dreams--was evident not only in this patient but in several other white patients treated by the black therapist. The authors suggest that, contrary to the opinions of a few other authors, the reality issues of racial differences can be dealt with successfully in this kind of interracial psychotherapy.", "PMID": 696931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10877", "title": "Psychiatric training for the primary care obstetrician-gynecologist resident.", "content": "The author describes a model for the psychiatric training of obstetrics-gynecology house staff members who serve as primary care physicians for women. By integrating psychiatric skills with specialty training, the psychiatrist can enhance continuity of patient care for the resident during his transition to the role of primary care obstetrician-gynecologist.", "contents": "Psychiatric training for the primary care obstetrician-gynecologist resident. The author describes a model for the psychiatric training of obstetrics-gynecology house staff members who serve as primary care physicians for women. By integrating psychiatric skills with specialty training, the psychiatrist can enhance continuity of patient care for the resident during his transition to the role of primary care obstetrician-gynecologist.", "PMID": 696932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10878", "title": "Psychiatric consultation in an HMO: a model for education in primary care.", "content": "The authors describe a program based on a biopsychosocial model of illness, which uses a liaison-consultation approach in an outpatient setting. It is directed toward integrating psychiatric education and services with primary care in a health maintenance organization. This program can serve as a useful model for studying the validity and effectiveness of integrating psychiatric concepts with primary health care.", "contents": "Psychiatric consultation in an HMO: a model for education in primary care. The authors describe a program based on a biopsychosocial model of illness, which uses a liaison-consultation approach in an outpatient setting. It is directed toward integrating psychiatric education and services with primary care in a health maintenance organization. This program can serve as a useful model for studying the validity and effectiveness of integrating psychiatric concepts with primary health care.", "PMID": 696933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10879", "title": "Success or failure: psychotherapeutic considerations for women in conflict.", "content": "The authors describe conflicts experienced by women who request therapeutic intervention because of symptoms of depression, anxiety, marital discord, difficulty in asserting themselves, or inability to complete work that would lead to advancement. They discuss the developmentally based difficulties experienced by women in making career choices, advancing their careers, and facing midlife issues. The therapist who deals with such patients must be aware of reality-based factors and of his or her own values and attitudes as they influence choice of therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Success or failure: psychotherapeutic considerations for women in conflict. The authors describe conflicts experienced by women who request therapeutic intervention because of symptoms of depression, anxiety, marital discord, difficulty in asserting themselves, or inability to complete work that would lead to advancement. They discuss the developmentally based difficulties experienced by women in making career choices, advancing their careers, and facing midlife issues. The therapist who deals with such patients must be aware of reality-based factors and of his or her own values and attitudes as they influence choice of therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 696934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10880", "title": "Psychosocial aspects of a Tay-Sachs screening clinic.", "content": "The authors administered questionnaires to participants in a Tay-Sachs screening clinic. They received 322 responses. Although the majority of the respondents expressed anxiety about the possibility that they might be carriers, most indicated that this anxiety brought them to the clinic. The authors conclude that a well-publicized and well-organized screening clinic can function successfully and deal with the issue of anticipated loss without producing mass fear. An important factor in their clinic was the fact that they were able to offer an alternative to a Tay-Sachs child through amniocentesis.", "contents": "Psychosocial aspects of a Tay-Sachs screening clinic. The authors administered questionnaires to participants in a Tay-Sachs screening clinic. They received 322 responses. Although the majority of the respondents expressed anxiety about the possibility that they might be carriers, most indicated that this anxiety brought them to the clinic. The authors conclude that a well-publicized and well-organized screening clinic can function successfully and deal with the issue of anticipated loss without producing mass fear. An important factor in their clinic was the fact that they were able to offer an alternative to a Tay-Sachs child through amniocentesis.", "PMID": 696935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10881", "title": "Contextual analysis and treatment of phobic behavior as it changes.", "content": "Contextual therapy of phobias is based upon the observation, analysis and conceptualization of phobic behavior as it changes in its natural contexts. Detailed, tape-recorded studies of phobic behavior changing in context were used to develop concepts and treatment of the processes governing change. Contextual therapy has been applied to individual, group, and self-help treatment of phobias.", "contents": "Contextual analysis and treatment of phobic behavior as it changes. Contextual therapy of phobias is based upon the observation, analysis and conceptualization of phobic behavior as it changes in its natural contexts. Detailed, tape-recorded studies of phobic behavior changing in context were used to develop concepts and treatment of the processes governing change. Contextual therapy has been applied to individual, group, and self-help treatment of phobias.", "PMID": 696951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10882", "title": "Impact of Nazi holocaust on children of survivors.", "content": "Case reports of children of Nazi holocaust survivors are sparse in psychiatric literature despite a relative abundance of material on the \"survivor syndrome.\" The case presented here illustrates that the long-range effects of the holocaust include intrapsychic, familial, and cultureal pathogenic factors that may influence the psychologic development of the offspring of survivors.", "contents": "Impact of Nazi holocaust on children of survivors. Case reports of children of Nazi holocaust survivors are sparse in psychiatric literature despite a relative abundance of material on the \"survivor syndrome.\" The case presented here illustrates that the long-range effects of the holocaust include intrapsychic, familial, and cultureal pathogenic factors that may influence the psychologic development of the offspring of survivors.", "PMID": 696952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10883", "title": "System C: an essay in human relatedness.", "content": "The system of dyadic human relationship, designated System C, is examined in terms of unique qualities and measures useful for both research and teaching in the area of dynamic psychiatric interviews. Implications are indicated in polyadic systems, and a new aspect of transference is noted. A sample of interview material is analyzed as illustration.", "contents": "System C: an essay in human relatedness. The system of dyadic human relationship, designated System C, is examined in terms of unique qualities and measures useful for both research and teaching in the area of dynamic psychiatric interviews. Implications are indicated in polyadic systems, and a new aspect of transference is noted. A sample of interview material is analyzed as illustration.", "PMID": 696953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10884", "title": "Hazards and horizons of psychotherapy supervision.", "content": "Individual supervision is a crucial element in the education of the psychiatric resident. Although the supervisory relationship is fully as complex as that between a patient and therapist, it is less frequently studied and far less well understood. After participating in a supervisory relationship for two years, the authors became aware of two important aspects of their relationship which were seriously interfering with the work of supervision. One was the fact of the dual role of the supervisor as teacher and evaluator. The second was the failure to deal openly with emotional issues between them. The authors' separate recollections of the experience are used to explicate the nature, opportunities and pitfalls of therapy supervision. Three levels of learning which occur in therapy supervision are examined. Particular attention is paid to the most neglected aspect of therapy supervision, namely ongoing examination of the emotional vicissitudes of the supervisory situation.", "contents": "Hazards and horizons of psychotherapy supervision. Individual supervision is a crucial element in the education of the psychiatric resident. Although the supervisory relationship is fully as complex as that between a patient and therapist, it is less frequently studied and far less well understood. After participating in a supervisory relationship for two years, the authors became aware of two important aspects of their relationship which were seriously interfering with the work of supervision. One was the fact of the dual role of the supervisor as teacher and evaluator. The second was the failure to deal openly with emotional issues between them. The authors' separate recollections of the experience are used to explicate the nature, opportunities and pitfalls of therapy supervision. Three levels of learning which occur in therapy supervision are examined. Particular attention is paid to the most neglected aspect of therapy supervision, namely ongoing examination of the emotional vicissitudes of the supervisory situation.", "PMID": 696954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10885", "title": "Coping--every man's war.", "content": "The concept of coping is firmly embedded in warlike connotations. This article explores three settings for coping behavior that illustrate long-term consequences of coping: the coping of survivors of Nazi concentration camps, the coping of an ancient city, and the coping shown by a modern nation state at war. Coping may have effects which are beneficial in the short run but ominous in the long run.", "contents": "Coping--every man's war. The concept of coping is firmly embedded in warlike connotations. This article explores three settings for coping behavior that illustrate long-term consequences of coping: the coping of survivors of Nazi concentration camps, the coping of an ancient city, and the coping shown by a modern nation state at war. Coping may have effects which are beneficial in the short run but ominous in the long run.", "PMID": 696955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10886", "title": "The sexual deviations and the Diagnostic Manual.", "content": "This paper presents an historical account and a critical analysis of the diagnostic problems surrounding our understanding of the sexual deviations and their position in our classification system. Appropriate therapy can only be based on accurate diagnosis. Exceptions of this principle of psychiatric care cannot be made for social/political reasons without incurring formidable difficulties both for the diagnostician and the patient as well.", "contents": "The sexual deviations and the Diagnostic Manual. This paper presents an historical account and a critical analysis of the diagnostic problems surrounding our understanding of the sexual deviations and their position in our classification system. Appropriate therapy can only be based on accurate diagnosis. Exceptions of this principle of psychiatric care cannot be made for social/political reasons without incurring formidable difficulties both for the diagnostician and the patient as well.", "PMID": 696956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10887", "title": "Toward early detection of manic-depressive illness in psychoanalytic patients. I:Patients who later develop a manic illness.", "content": "Patients who eventually display clear signs of bipolar manic-depressive illness may initially be relatively asymptomatic and indistinguishable from classically analyzable cases. Several patients are presented whose subsequent manic decompensation was preceded by a combination of characterological traits (intensity, punning, insensitivity, etc.) whose presence should signal heightened vulnerability to bipolar illness. The family history was often positive for similar disorders.", "contents": "Toward early detection of manic-depressive illness in psychoanalytic patients. I:Patients who later develop a manic illness. Patients who eventually display clear signs of bipolar manic-depressive illness may initially be relatively asymptomatic and indistinguishable from classically analyzable cases. Several patients are presented whose subsequent manic decompensation was preceded by a combination of characterological traits (intensity, punning, insensitivity, etc.) whose presence should signal heightened vulnerability to bipolar illness. The family history was often positive for similar disorders.", "PMID": 696957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10888", "title": "Neutrality or negligence: interpret or act?", "content": "The uniqueness of the psychotherapeutic relationship requires the therapists to maintain a careful equilibrium between objectivity at the price of empathy and closeness at the expense of the necessary perspective. Crises in the course of long-term psychotherapy brings about a sudden, unexpected loss of such equilibrium. Uithout sufficient understanding of the crisis within the context of the therapeutic strategy and goals, the therapist might easily over- or underreact, to the detriment of the treatment. In this paper we suggest careful scrutiny and guidelines for dealing with those situations.", "contents": "Neutrality or negligence: interpret or act? The uniqueness of the psychotherapeutic relationship requires the therapists to maintain a careful equilibrium between objectivity at the price of empathy and closeness at the expense of the necessary perspective. Crises in the course of long-term psychotherapy brings about a sudden, unexpected loss of such equilibrium. Uithout sufficient understanding of the crisis within the context of the therapeutic strategy and goals, the therapist might easily over- or underreact, to the detriment of the treatment. In this paper we suggest careful scrutiny and guidelines for dealing with those situations.", "PMID": 696958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10889", "title": "Telecommunications in psychiatry.", "content": "Because technological innovations will enable geographic proximity to be replaced eventually by electronic proximity, telecommunication systems could play a substantial role in psychiatry's future. As a result, the uses, advantages, and limitations of interactive television and videotelephones for psychiatric service and training are discussed.", "contents": "Telecommunications in psychiatry. Because technological innovations will enable geographic proximity to be replaced eventually by electronic proximity, telecommunication systems could play a substantial role in psychiatry's future. As a result, the uses, advantages, and limitations of interactive television and videotelephones for psychiatric service and training are discussed.", "PMID": 696959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10890", "title": "Multi-sensory hallucinatory experiences: a diary account.", "content": "The immediate subjective world of the psychotic patient is presented in a striking personal account of a paranoid woman. The diary reveals hallucinatory processes that span auditory, visual tactile, and olfactory sensory modalities as well as the tremendous intensity of emotional turmoil that accompanies a psychotic breakdown.", "contents": "Multi-sensory hallucinatory experiences: a diary account. The immediate subjective world of the psychotic patient is presented in a striking personal account of a paranoid woman. The diary reveals hallucinatory processes that span auditory, visual tactile, and olfactory sensory modalities as well as the tremendous intensity of emotional turmoil that accompanies a psychotic breakdown.", "PMID": 696960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10891", "title": "[Diazepam (valium). Changes in haemodynamics, myocardial oxygen consumption and vascular tone (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30 patients with congenital or acquired heart disease the haemodynamic effects of diazepam (Valium) 0.3 mg/kg were investigated during surgical procedures under neuroleptanalgesia. The following parameters were measured or calculated: Heart rate (HR), arterial pressure (-Part, Psyst, Pdiast), pulmonary artery pressure (-PAP), right (-PRA) and left atrial pressure (-PLA), left ventricular pressure (PLV), left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (PLVED), left ventricular peak dp/dt (dp/dtmax), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke index (SI), total systemic resistance (TSR), total pulmonary resistance (TPR), work index of the right (RVWI) and left ventricle (LVWI). In comparison with a control group (n = 36) diazepam caused a decrease in arterial pressure cardiac index, stroke index, right and left atrial pressure and dp/dtmax. This, however, was mainly attributable to vasodilatation and not to a negative inotropic effect, which is of only minor importance with diazepam. These haemodynamic changes resulted in a reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption. Diazepam is a valuable drug in neuroleptanalgesia, when an increase in blood pressure can not be controlled by fentanyl or droperidol.", "contents": "[Diazepam (valium). Changes in haemodynamics, myocardial oxygen consumption and vascular tone (author's transl)]. In 30 patients with congenital or acquired heart disease the haemodynamic effects of diazepam (Valium) 0.3 mg/kg were investigated during surgical procedures under neuroleptanalgesia. The following parameters were measured or calculated: Heart rate (HR), arterial pressure (-Part, Psyst, Pdiast), pulmonary artery pressure (-PAP), right (-PRA) and left atrial pressure (-PLA), left ventricular pressure (PLV), left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (PLVED), left ventricular peak dp/dt (dp/dtmax), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke index (SI), total systemic resistance (TSR), total pulmonary resistance (TPR), work index of the right (RVWI) and left ventricle (LVWI). In comparison with a control group (n = 36) diazepam caused a decrease in arterial pressure cardiac index, stroke index, right and left atrial pressure and dp/dtmax. This, however, was mainly attributable to vasodilatation and not to a negative inotropic effect, which is of only minor importance with diazepam. These haemodynamic changes resulted in a reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption. Diazepam is a valuable drug in neuroleptanalgesia, when an increase in blood pressure can not be controlled by fentanyl or droperidol.", "PMID": 696981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10892", "title": "[Haemodynamic effects of acute intra-operative haemodilution in open heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemodynamic measurements were made in 80 patients who underwent acute haemodilution (up to 40 ml/kg blood withdrawal) before cardiopulmonary bypass. Measurements of cardiac output, pulmonary arterial pressures including wedge pressure were made. Cardiac index, stroke volume and total peripheral resistance were calculated. Oxygen studies included: arterial and central venous partial pressures and saturations. Haemoglobin content, haematocrit and blood gas determinations were made during haemodilution and bypass. There was a direct relationship between haemodilution and stroke volume (stroke volume increase of 8,5% with 9,4 ml/kg and 25% increase with 40 ml/kg blood withdrawal). No change was found in mean pulmonary artery or wedge pressures. Central venous oxygen saturation remained constant during haemodilution which indicates that oxygen supply was adequate. Haemodilution should be avoided in patients with less than 35% haematocrit, with more than two vessel coronary artery disease and Class IV N.Y.H.A. because of the risk of possible impaired cardiac output compensation. During bypass, a haematocrit of 20% and 6 g% provides greater perfusion and optimal microcirculation. The problems of large volume homologous blood transfusion, hepatitis risk and loss of clotting factors can be lessened with haemodilution.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic effects of acute intra-operative haemodilution in open heart surgery (author's transl)]. Haemodynamic measurements were made in 80 patients who underwent acute haemodilution (up to 40 ml/kg blood withdrawal) before cardiopulmonary bypass. Measurements of cardiac output, pulmonary arterial pressures including wedge pressure were made. Cardiac index, stroke volume and total peripheral resistance were calculated. Oxygen studies included: arterial and central venous partial pressures and saturations. Haemoglobin content, haematocrit and blood gas determinations were made during haemodilution and bypass. There was a direct relationship between haemodilution and stroke volume (stroke volume increase of 8,5% with 9,4 ml/kg and 25% increase with 40 ml/kg blood withdrawal). No change was found in mean pulmonary artery or wedge pressures. Central venous oxygen saturation remained constant during haemodilution which indicates that oxygen supply was adequate. Haemodilution should be avoided in patients with less than 35% haematocrit, with more than two vessel coronary artery disease and Class IV N.Y.H.A. because of the risk of possible impaired cardiac output compensation. During bypass, a haematocrit of 20% and 6 g% provides greater perfusion and optimal microcirculation. The problems of large volume homologous blood transfusion, hepatitis risk and loss of clotting factors can be lessened with haemodilution.", "PMID": 696982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10893", "title": "Bronchoscopy with normoventilation. Automatic ventilation with Sanders technique. A clinical investigation.", "content": "Forty six patients, who had to be subjected to diagnostic bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia (thiopental, pethidine, O2-N2O, suxamethonium) were ventilated using Wolf's injectomat (automated Sanders principle) in an attempt to find a setting for the apparatus that would provide normoventilation of the patient, independently of the diagnostic procedure. The first 24 patients were ventilated with the apparatus having a fixed setting: the latter being presumed to provide normo- or hyperventilation. This was confirmed and a steady state of PaCO2 was reached after ventilation for 10 min. This PaCO2 was well correlated with the vital capacity of the patients expressed factorially, in relation to the expected normal value. The investigation renders probable the observation that patients with a greatly reduced vital capacity (less than 50% of the normal value) can rarely be ventilated with the apparatus. On the other hand, a reduced FEV1 has little influence on the efficiency of the apparatus. The apparatus was adjusted in agreement with the above mentioned relation to vital capacity for the following 21 patients, in as much as the change in ventilation was carried out by a change in frequency, while the driving pressure of the apparatus and the inspiration time were maintained unchanged. Normoventilation was obtained in these patients independently of the fact that the bronchoscope was constantly open for the insertion of instruments.", "contents": "Bronchoscopy with normoventilation. Automatic ventilation with Sanders technique. A clinical investigation. Forty six patients, who had to be subjected to diagnostic bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia (thiopental, pethidine, O2-N2O, suxamethonium) were ventilated using Wolf's injectomat (automated Sanders principle) in an attempt to find a setting for the apparatus that would provide normoventilation of the patient, independently of the diagnostic procedure. The first 24 patients were ventilated with the apparatus having a fixed setting: the latter being presumed to provide normo- or hyperventilation. This was confirmed and a steady state of PaCO2 was reached after ventilation for 10 min. This PaCO2 was well correlated with the vital capacity of the patients expressed factorially, in relation to the expected normal value. The investigation renders probable the observation that patients with a greatly reduced vital capacity (less than 50% of the normal value) can rarely be ventilated with the apparatus. On the other hand, a reduced FEV1 has little influence on the efficiency of the apparatus. The apparatus was adjusted in agreement with the above mentioned relation to vital capacity for the following 21 patients, in as much as the change in ventilation was carried out by a change in frequency, while the driving pressure of the apparatus and the inspiration time were maintained unchanged. Normoventilation was obtained in these patients independently of the fact that the bronchoscope was constantly open for the insertion of instruments.", "PMID": 696983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10894", "title": "[Continuous mass-spectrometric measurement of CO2 while using a modified Mapleson D-(Bain-)system (author's transl)].", "content": "In 21 patients undergoing abdominal surgery a modified Mapleson D-(Bain-)system was used under controlled ventilation. An average endexpiratory CO2 of 40 mm Hg was measured at a flow of 70 ml/kg kontinuierlich registrierten endexspiratoritimes these values were stable. In some patients without evident metabolic disturbances we found the CO2 values at borderline or even pathologic. So an increased flow rate of 100 ml/kg is recommended.", "contents": "[Continuous mass-spectrometric measurement of CO2 while using a modified Mapleson D-(Bain-)system (author's transl)]. In 21 patients undergoing abdominal surgery a modified Mapleson D-(Bain-)system was used under controlled ventilation. An average endexpiratory CO2 of 40 mm Hg was measured at a flow of 70 ml/kg kontinuierlich registrierten endexspiratoritimes these values were stable. In some patients without evident metabolic disturbances we found the CO2 values at borderline or even pathologic. So an increased flow rate of 100 ml/kg is recommended.", "PMID": 696984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10895", "title": "[The harmful effects of beta2-sympathomimetic drugs as uterine relaxants on caesarean section (author's transl)].", "content": "Beta2-sympathomimetics are the most powerful inhibitors of uterine contraction used in order to prevent threatening fetal asphyxia. These drugs, however, can cause harmful interactions with anaesthetics during caesarean section. Our patient-material consists of parturients, who were given a beta2-sympathomimetic, ritodrine, immediately before caesarean section performed under combined general anaesthesia. These patients showed significantly more marked tachycardia, hypotonia and abundant haemorrhage during operation as a consequence of poor uterine contractility than did the control group. Rapid variations in the circulation of the mother may also be disadvantageous to the wellfare of the fetus. These side-effects can best be minimized by omitting atropine-premedication and by expanding the blood volume of the mother before caesarean section with adequate infusion of Ringer-type.", "contents": "[The harmful effects of beta2-sympathomimetic drugs as uterine relaxants on caesarean section (author's transl)]. Beta2-sympathomimetics are the most powerful inhibitors of uterine contraction used in order to prevent threatening fetal asphyxia. These drugs, however, can cause harmful interactions with anaesthetics during caesarean section. Our patient-material consists of parturients, who were given a beta2-sympathomimetic, ritodrine, immediately before caesarean section performed under combined general anaesthesia. These patients showed significantly more marked tachycardia, hypotonia and abundant haemorrhage during operation as a consequence of poor uterine contractility than did the control group. Rapid variations in the circulation of the mother may also be disadvantageous to the wellfare of the fetus. These side-effects can best be minimized by omitting atropine-premedication and by expanding the blood volume of the mother before caesarean section with adequate infusion of Ringer-type.", "PMID": 696985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10896", "title": "[Nitrous oxide in the working environment of anaesthetic personnel. A gas chromatographic analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Nitrous oxide as well as halothane is hazardous for organ dysfunction in chronically exposed man. It is necessary for each anaesthetist, in cooperation with the hospital authorities, to take care to eliminate overflow not only of halothane but also of nitrous oxide from anaesthetia locations. Using gas chromatography, we studied the concentration of nitrous oxide during routine daily work in the environment of anaesthetic personnel. With our method of discharging anaesthetic gases, we were able to reduce the concentration of nitrous oxide.", "contents": "[Nitrous oxide in the working environment of anaesthetic personnel. A gas chromatographic analysis (author's transl)]. Nitrous oxide as well as halothane is hazardous for organ dysfunction in chronically exposed man. It is necessary for each anaesthetist, in cooperation with the hospital authorities, to take care to eliminate overflow not only of halothane but also of nitrous oxide from anaesthetia locations. Using gas chromatography, we studied the concentration of nitrous oxide during routine daily work in the environment of anaesthetic personnel. With our method of discharging anaesthetic gases, we were able to reduce the concentration of nitrous oxide.", "PMID": 696986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10897", "title": "[Mini-photometer and mini-centrifuge for determination of Hb and Hk (author's transl)].", "content": "A Mini-Photometer and a Mini-Centrifuge for determination of Hb and Hk are described. These devices are simple to use, compact in size and sufficiently accurate for clinical use in a variety of circumstances.", "contents": "[Mini-photometer and mini-centrifuge for determination of Hb and Hk (author's transl)]. A Mini-Photometer and a Mini-Centrifuge for determination of Hb and Hk are described. These devices are simple to use, compact in size and sufficiently accurate for clinical use in a variety of circumstances.", "PMID": 696988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10898", "title": "[Analysis on x-ray-sensitivity of rabbit embryos (author's transl)].", "content": "The sensitivity of Day-4-blastocysts to total x-ray irradiation at a dosage of 130r is studied at developmental stages 10, 11, 12 and 17 days p. c., after the treated blastocysts could develop in synchronized foster mothers. The effects by 130r are compared to normal controls and other dosages of 90r and 250 r. A maximum of developmental failure is recorded particularly in 130 r --irradiated embryos. The following reasons are considered to being causally involved: 1. Reduced mitotic activity between Days 5 and 7. 2. Reduced growth of the embryonic disk at Days 6 and 7, such inhibiting differentiation and further formation of the embryo. 3. Increasing imbalances in the essential synchronisation demands of the embryonic and maternal systems. 4. Developmental retardation accompanied by a failure in the dissolution of the blastocyst coverings, by this resulting in a considerable number of degenerating blastocysts at Day 8 p.c. 5. Increased imbalances in the ratio of the differentiation and growth, specific for each embryonic stage. Growth of the embryo, in general, occurs more slowly than the process of differentiation. 6. Failure of adaptation to the chorionic-allantoic-placenta supply at Day 11. This investigation may be considered as a basis for further causal relationship studies to find out the reason for the more pronounced sensitivity to 130 r than to 250 r of Day 4 rabbit blastocysts.", "contents": "[Analysis on x-ray-sensitivity of rabbit embryos (author's transl)]. The sensitivity of Day-4-blastocysts to total x-ray irradiation at a dosage of 130r is studied at developmental stages 10, 11, 12 and 17 days p. c., after the treated blastocysts could develop in synchronized foster mothers. The effects by 130r are compared to normal controls and other dosages of 90r and 250 r. A maximum of developmental failure is recorded particularly in 130 r --irradiated embryos. The following reasons are considered to being causally involved: 1. Reduced mitotic activity between Days 5 and 7. 2. Reduced growth of the embryonic disk at Days 6 and 7, such inhibiting differentiation and further formation of the embryo. 3. Increasing imbalances in the essential synchronisation demands of the embryonic and maternal systems. 4. Developmental retardation accompanied by a failure in the dissolution of the blastocyst coverings, by this resulting in a considerable number of degenerating blastocysts at Day 8 p.c. 5. Increased imbalances in the ratio of the differentiation and growth, specific for each embryonic stage. Growth of the embryo, in general, occurs more slowly than the process of differentiation. 6. Failure of adaptation to the chorionic-allantoic-placenta supply at Day 11. This investigation may be considered as a basis for further causal relationship studies to find out the reason for the more pronounced sensitivity to 130 r than to 250 r of Day 4 rabbit blastocysts.", "PMID": 697041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10899", "title": "[The emissaries of the human skull (author's transl)].", "content": "The range of hemodynamic conductivity of the venous outlets of the skull, called emissary veins, and factors influencing them have been explored in 888 closed and 210 opened human skulls: Exept the condylar canal and the mastoid emissary vein only emissary veins joined to cranial nerves are of importance. The straighter the connection to the heart the wider the related emisary vein tends to be, which explains the predominance of the right emissary veins in the occipital cranial fossa. The right and the left jugular vein as well as the jugular and the mastoid emissary vein compensate each other. The influence of constitutional factors is shown by the sex difference in the conductivity of the jugular veins corresponding to the sex difference of the mean cerebral weight.", "contents": "[The emissaries of the human skull (author's transl)]. The range of hemodynamic conductivity of the venous outlets of the skull, called emissary veins, and factors influencing them have been explored in 888 closed and 210 opened human skulls: Exept the condylar canal and the mastoid emissary vein only emissary veins joined to cranial nerves are of importance. The straighter the connection to the heart the wider the related emisary vein tends to be, which explains the predominance of the right emissary veins in the occipital cranial fossa. The right and the left jugular vein as well as the jugular and the mastoid emissary vein compensate each other. The influence of constitutional factors is shown by the sex difference in the conductivity of the jugular veins corresponding to the sex difference of the mean cerebral weight.", "PMID": 697042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10900", "title": "The origin and initial development of the pecten oculi.", "content": "The development of the pecten oculi was studied in the chick (Gallus gallus). The initial development commenced on the 9th day of incubation. The pigment cells in the pecten were derived from the pigment epithelium of the retina and the connective tissue and blood vessels were continuous with those of the choroid.", "contents": "The origin and initial development of the pecten oculi. The development of the pecten oculi was studied in the chick (Gallus gallus). The initial development commenced on the 9th day of incubation. The pigment cells in the pecten were derived from the pigment epithelium of the retina and the connective tissue and blood vessels were continuous with those of the choroid.", "PMID": 697043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10901", "title": "Morphology of certain sensory and motor endings in muscle spindles of the rabbit's diaphragm.", "content": "The morphological features of certain sensory and motor nerve endings in muscle spindles in the rabbit's diaphragm were examined using a variety of techniques employed in light microscopy. The nuclear accumulation in the equatorial region of the spindle is encased in a dense capsule penetrated by both sensory and motor fibers. The sensory fibers from a profuse internuclear network terminating in round and triangular buttons in direct contact with the sarcoplasmic membrane of the muscle fiber. Motor end plates trail and plate endings are distributed throughout the spindle save the equatorial region. Muscle spindle motor end plates typify those observed on extrafusal muscle fibers. The trail and plate endings are readily identified since the plate axons are short in length giving rise to claw and bulb type terminal. The terminals are directly applied to the muscle fiber. The elongated axon of the trail fiber terminates in either thin tapers or in brush-like constructions.", "contents": "Morphology of certain sensory and motor endings in muscle spindles of the rabbit's diaphragm. The morphological features of certain sensory and motor nerve endings in muscle spindles in the rabbit's diaphragm were examined using a variety of techniques employed in light microscopy. The nuclear accumulation in the equatorial region of the spindle is encased in a dense capsule penetrated by both sensory and motor fibers. The sensory fibers from a profuse internuclear network terminating in round and triangular buttons in direct contact with the sarcoplasmic membrane of the muscle fiber. Motor end plates trail and plate endings are distributed throughout the spindle save the equatorial region. Muscle spindle motor end plates typify those observed on extrafusal muscle fibers. The trail and plate endings are readily identified since the plate axons are short in length giving rise to claw and bulb type terminal. The terminals are directly applied to the muscle fiber. The elongated axon of the trail fiber terminates in either thin tapers or in brush-like constructions.", "PMID": 697046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10902", "title": "[A rare variety concerning the nerves and arteries of the axilla (author's transl)].", "content": "The author describes a case, where the N. pectoralis medialis twists its way round two arteries which originate at about the same level from the A. axillaris, one being an A. brachialis superficia lis superior, the other running to the lateral side of the chest. The said nerf forms a loop with the N. pectoralis lateralis. An embryological explanation of this variety is suggested.", "contents": "[A rare variety concerning the nerves and arteries of the axilla (author's transl)]. The author describes a case, where the N. pectoralis medialis twists its way round two arteries which originate at about the same level from the A. axillaris, one being an A. brachialis superficia lis superior, the other running to the lateral side of the chest. The said nerf forms a loop with the N. pectoralis lateralis. An embryological explanation of this variety is suggested.", "PMID": 697047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10903", "title": "The fine structure of ependyma in the hypothalamus of the hamster (Cricetus cricetus).", "content": "The ciliated ependyma of the hypothalamus of the hanster (Cricetus cricetus) consists of a sheet of cells, the luminal surface of which is reflected over cilia and numerous microvilli. The lateral portions of the plasmalemma of contiguous cells are fused at some sites to from junctions of five layers, the zonula occludens. These fusions occur usually in continuity with other intercellular junctions, the zonula adhaerens. In the apical regions of the ependyma these fusions are almost spiralled. The nucleus is regularly oval and lying close to the basal plasmalemma. The cytoplasm contains a finely granular matrix, filamentous components close to the junctions. The endoplasmic reticulum is sparse. The Golgicomplex is confined to the supranuclear cytoplasm, and mitochondria, are more numerous in the apical than in the basal regions of ependymal cells; the mitochondria are generally rounded and have transverse cristae and granules. The apical regions of the cytoplasm contain the basal bodies of cilia; they form non-striated rootlets and the rootlet filaments tend to diverge, ending in a granular zone.", "contents": "The fine structure of ependyma in the hypothalamus of the hamster (Cricetus cricetus). The ciliated ependyma of the hypothalamus of the hanster (Cricetus cricetus) consists of a sheet of cells, the luminal surface of which is reflected over cilia and numerous microvilli. The lateral portions of the plasmalemma of contiguous cells are fused at some sites to from junctions of five layers, the zonula occludens. These fusions occur usually in continuity with other intercellular junctions, the zonula adhaerens. In the apical regions of the ependyma these fusions are almost spiralled. The nucleus is regularly oval and lying close to the basal plasmalemma. The cytoplasm contains a finely granular matrix, filamentous components close to the junctions. The endoplasmic reticulum is sparse. The Golgicomplex is confined to the supranuclear cytoplasm, and mitochondria, are more numerous in the apical than in the basal regions of ependymal cells; the mitochondria are generally rounded and have transverse cristae and granules. The apical regions of the cytoplasm contain the basal bodies of cilia; they form non-striated rootlets and the rootlet filaments tend to diverge, ending in a granular zone.", "PMID": 697048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10904", "title": "[The lymphatic vessels of the stomach during phylogenesis and ontogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The stomach lymphatic channel of all classes of vertebrata representatives beginning from cartilagnous fish, was discovered. The lymphatic channel of cartilaginous and bony fish is presented only with lymphatic capillaries. The lymph is removed along peri- and paravascular lymphatic capillaries. The channel of the stomach of amphibians and reptiles is differentiated in lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic small trunks, while in birds and mammalia it is differentiated in lymphatie capillaries and lymphatic vessels. In human beings, macacus, dogs and cats the removing lymph pathways of the stomach wall in ontogeny undergo the following stages: 1) a lymphatic capillary, 2) a \"wide\" lymphatic capillary and 3) a lymphatic vessel. These stages are considered to be recapitulation of the developing process of the removing lymph pathways in vertebrate phylogenesis. The stomach lymphatic channel in vertebrate species examined is lined with a continous layer of endothelium cells.", "contents": "[The lymphatic vessels of the stomach during phylogenesis and ontogenesis (author's transl)]. The stomach lymphatic channel of all classes of vertebrata representatives beginning from cartilagnous fish, was discovered. The lymphatic channel of cartilaginous and bony fish is presented only with lymphatic capillaries. The lymph is removed along peri- and paravascular lymphatic capillaries. The channel of the stomach of amphibians and reptiles is differentiated in lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic small trunks, while in birds and mammalia it is differentiated in lymphatie capillaries and lymphatic vessels. In human beings, macacus, dogs and cats the removing lymph pathways of the stomach wall in ontogeny undergo the following stages: 1) a lymphatic capillary, 2) a \"wide\" lymphatic capillary and 3) a lymphatic vessel. These stages are considered to be recapitulation of the developing process of the removing lymph pathways in vertebrate phylogenesis. The stomach lymphatic channel in vertebrate species examined is lined with a continous layer of endothelium cells.", "PMID": 697049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10905", "title": "Area distribution of gastric arteries in dog's stomach.", "content": "All the 5 gastric arteries supplied both the surfaces of the stomachs except in one case, where short gastric arteries were absent on the ventral surface. The commonest pattern in the size of area distribution by different gastric arteries was seen in 31 cases (69%). Increase in the area of distribution by an artery was at the cost area of distribution by other arteries.", "contents": "Area distribution of gastric arteries in dog's stomach. All the 5 gastric arteries supplied both the surfaces of the stomachs except in one case, where short gastric arteries were absent on the ventral surface. The commonest pattern in the size of area distribution by different gastric arteries was seen in 31 cases (69%). Increase in the area of distribution by an artery was at the cost area of distribution by other arteries.", "PMID": 697050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10906", "title": "[Histological findings at the aorta ascendens after measurement of blood flow with ultrasonic doppler technique in chronic experiments with rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Following implantation of an ultrasonic transducer in the aortic wall of the rabbit, media destructions and pressure necrosis were ascertained when the transducer was fitted closley around the vessel. When the transducer however was fitted widley around the vessel few departures from the normal structure were registered. After ultrasound stress 0.2--0.5 Watt/cm2 5 Min. per die with a mean exposition at 86.6 days, necrosis of the media and proliferations of the intima were noted in the area of the ultrasound application. When the transducer were not protected this resulted in sharp incisures of the vessels giving undeniable proof of ultrasound damages in spite of the low efficiency. Alltogether the histological findings show, that provided correct methodology vasal measurement of blood is possible in chronic experiments.", "contents": "[Histological findings at the aorta ascendens after measurement of blood flow with ultrasonic doppler technique in chronic experiments with rabbits (author's transl)]. Following implantation of an ultrasonic transducer in the aortic wall of the rabbit, media destructions and pressure necrosis were ascertained when the transducer was fitted closley around the vessel. When the transducer however was fitted widley around the vessel few departures from the normal structure were registered. After ultrasound stress 0.2--0.5 Watt/cm2 5 Min. per die with a mean exposition at 86.6 days, necrosis of the media and proliferations of the intima were noted in the area of the ultrasound application. When the transducer were not protected this resulted in sharp incisures of the vessels giving undeniable proof of ultrasound damages in spite of the low efficiency. Alltogether the histological findings show, that provided correct methodology vasal measurement of blood is possible in chronic experiments.", "PMID": 697051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10907", "title": "The development of melanoblasts from leg bud mesenchyme grown in the celom of chick embryos.", "content": "Presence of extra-epidermal melanoblasts in the messenchyme of leg bud have been acertained. Small pieces of 0.2 mm3 of isolated mesoderm of outer and inner core, from leg bud of 5 day Silver Campine, grafted into celom of 3 day White Leghorn gave positive results. The viability and migratory capacity of these cells have been practically examined. The migration of pigment cells into the hind limb musculature; differentiation of melanoblasts in different tissue environments and the behaviour of grafted melanoblasts in the host body is discussed.", "contents": "The development of melanoblasts from leg bud mesenchyme grown in the celom of chick embryos. Presence of extra-epidermal melanoblasts in the messenchyme of leg bud have been acertained. Small pieces of 0.2 mm3 of isolated mesoderm of outer and inner core, from leg bud of 5 day Silver Campine, grafted into celom of 3 day White Leghorn gave positive results. The viability and migratory capacity of these cells have been practically examined. The migration of pigment cells into the hind limb musculature; differentiation of melanoblasts in different tissue environments and the behaviour of grafted melanoblasts in the host body is discussed.", "PMID": 697052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10908", "title": "Morphological and functional differentiation of the surface epithelium of the bursa Fabricii in chicken.", "content": "Morphological and functional differentiation of the mucosal surface epithelium of the bursa Fabricii was studied in White Leghorn chicken fetuses and newly hatched chickens. First signs of differentiation towards two types of epithelial cells appeared on the thirteenth day of incubation: The apical cells of the epithelial buds projected towards the lumen, and an increase in the number of Golgi regions was observed in the epithelial cells between the buds. On day 15 the follicle-associated epithelium contained small apically situated vacuoles, and large mucin granules appeared in the interfollicular surface epithelium. Towards the day of hatching both epithelial cell types were arranged to a monolayered or pseudostratified cylindrical epithelium. The follicle-associated epithelium had invaginations and small vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm, whereas the interfollicular surface epithelium had numerous microvilli on its apical surface and large mucin granules in the apical cytoplasm. In functional studies, endocytosis of colloidal carbon was demonstrated in four out of ten 19-day fetuses and in all chickens studied immediately after hatching.", "contents": "Morphological and functional differentiation of the surface epithelium of the bursa Fabricii in chicken. Morphological and functional differentiation of the mucosal surface epithelium of the bursa Fabricii was studied in White Leghorn chicken fetuses and newly hatched chickens. First signs of differentiation towards two types of epithelial cells appeared on the thirteenth day of incubation: The apical cells of the epithelial buds projected towards the lumen, and an increase in the number of Golgi regions was observed in the epithelial cells between the buds. On day 15 the follicle-associated epithelium contained small apically situated vacuoles, and large mucin granules appeared in the interfollicular surface epithelium. Towards the day of hatching both epithelial cell types were arranged to a monolayered or pseudostratified cylindrical epithelium. The follicle-associated epithelium had invaginations and small vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm, whereas the interfollicular surface epithelium had numerous microvilli on its apical surface and large mucin granules in the apical cytoplasm. In functional studies, endocytosis of colloidal carbon was demonstrated in four out of ten 19-day fetuses and in all chickens studied immediately after hatching.", "PMID": 697054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10909", "title": "Pelvic and perineal anatomy of the male gorilla: selected observations.", "content": "The anatomy of parts of the pelvic outlet and perineum is described in an adult male gorilla. Two previously undescribed muscles are presented: (1) The puborectalis muscle, completely separated from the levator ani, arises from the region of the symphysis and forms a sling for the rectum while it also substitutes for the perineal membrane. (2) The puboampullaris muscle, a paired smooth muscle, arises from the pubis and inserts into the rectum to elevate the rectum while additionally providing support for the urogenital viscera. The levator ani muscle is recounted to point out its lack of attachment to the pelvic viscera while allowing a hiatus in which the rectum is exposed within the perineum. The sphincter urethrae muscle is presented emphasizing its true sphincteric characteristics, its absence of lateral attachments and its similarity to man. Other muscles of the pelvis and perineum as well as urogenital viscera are described or modified where necessary. The manner in which these structures enter into the support of the pelvic viscera is considered.", "contents": "Pelvic and perineal anatomy of the male gorilla: selected observations. The anatomy of parts of the pelvic outlet and perineum is described in an adult male gorilla. Two previously undescribed muscles are presented: (1) The puborectalis muscle, completely separated from the levator ani, arises from the region of the symphysis and forms a sling for the rectum while it also substitutes for the perineal membrane. (2) The puboampullaris muscle, a paired smooth muscle, arises from the pubis and inserts into the rectum to elevate the rectum while additionally providing support for the urogenital viscera. The levator ani muscle is recounted to point out its lack of attachment to the pelvic viscera while allowing a hiatus in which the rectum is exposed within the perineum. The sphincter urethrae muscle is presented emphasizing its true sphincteric characteristics, its absence of lateral attachments and its similarity to man. Other muscles of the pelvis and perineum as well as urogenital viscera are described or modified where necessary. The manner in which these structures enter into the support of the pelvic viscera is considered.", "PMID": 697055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10910", "title": "Circadian variation in cell division of the mouse alimentary tract, bone marrow and corneal epithelium.", "content": "Circadian rhythms in DNA synthesis are described for the tongue epithelium, five different regions of the alimentary canal (gut)--esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum and rectum--and bone marrow in a group of BDF1 male mice. A circadian rhythm is also described for the mitotic index in the corneal epithelium in the same mice. The data document for the first time in the same animals the dramatic variation in cell division encountered from one region of the gut to another. This variation is seen in the amplitudes of the rhythms as well as in the over-all 24-hour means. On the contrary, the phasings of the rhythms in the different regions of the gut are remarkably similar. In this study, where the mice were standardized to 12 hours of light (0600-1800) alternating with 12 hours of darkness, the peak of the DNA-synthesis rhythm occurred around the time of transition from dark to light, and the trough around the time of transition from light to dark. The implications of these findings, and those of others, to the study of cell kinetics and to cancer chemotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "Circadian variation in cell division of the mouse alimentary tract, bone marrow and corneal epithelium. Circadian rhythms in DNA synthesis are described for the tongue epithelium, five different regions of the alimentary canal (gut)--esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum and rectum--and bone marrow in a group of BDF1 male mice. A circadian rhythm is also described for the mitotic index in the corneal epithelium in the same mice. The data document for the first time in the same animals the dramatic variation in cell division encountered from one region of the gut to another. This variation is seen in the amplitudes of the rhythms as well as in the over-all 24-hour means. On the contrary, the phasings of the rhythms in the different regions of the gut are remarkably similar. In this study, where the mice were standardized to 12 hours of light (0600-1800) alternating with 12 hours of darkness, the peak of the DNA-synthesis rhythm occurred around the time of transition from dark to light, and the trough around the time of transition from light to dark. The implications of these findings, and those of others, to the study of cell kinetics and to cancer chemotherapy are discussed.", "PMID": 697058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10911", "title": "ASA physical status classifications: a study of consistency of ratings.", "content": "The American Society of Anesthesiologists' (ASA) Physical Status Classification was tested for consistency of use by a questionnaire sent to 304 anesthesiologists. They were requested to classify ten hypothetical patients. Two hundred fifty-five (77.3 percent) responded to two mailings. The mean number of patients rated consistently was 5.9. Four patients elicited wide ranges of responses. Age, obesity, previous myocardial infarction, and anemia provoked controversy. There was no significant difference in responses from different regions of the country. Academic anesthesiologists rated a greater number identical than did those in private practice (P less than 0.01). There was no difference in ratings between those who used the classification for billing purposes and those who did not. The ASA Physical Status Classification is useful but suffers from a lack of scientific precision.", "contents": "ASA physical status classifications: a study of consistency of ratings. The American Society of Anesthesiologists' (ASA) Physical Status Classification was tested for consistency of use by a questionnaire sent to 304 anesthesiologists. They were requested to classify ten hypothetical patients. Two hundred fifty-five (77.3 percent) responded to two mailings. The mean number of patients rated consistently was 5.9. Four patients elicited wide ranges of responses. Age, obesity, previous myocardial infarction, and anemia provoked controversy. There was no significant difference in responses from different regions of the country. Academic anesthesiologists rated a greater number identical than did those in private practice (P less than 0.01). There was no difference in ratings between those who used the classification for billing purposes and those who did not. The ASA Physical Status Classification is useful but suffers from a lack of scientific precision.", "PMID": 697077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10912", "title": "Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia during halothane sedation and anesthesia in man.", "content": "To elucidate the effects of halothane on chemical regulation of ventilation in man, the authors studied the ventilatory responses to isocapnic hypoxia and hyperoxic hypercapnia in 33 human subjects while fully conscious and during sedation or anesthesia with halothane, .1, 1.1, or 2 MAC. In each group, the ventilatory effect of intravenous administration of doxapram, .4 mg/kg, was also measured. Halothane, 1.1 and 2 MAC, totally abolished the hypoxic response and nearly abolished the response to doxapram, while leaving the response to CO2 relatively brisk. Halothane, .1 MAC, decreased the responses to hypoxia and doxapram to less than a third of control, but did not alter the response to CO2. It is concluded that halothane selectivity impairs two ventilatory responses mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors in man.", "contents": "Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia during halothane sedation and anesthesia in man. To elucidate the effects of halothane on chemical regulation of ventilation in man, the authors studied the ventilatory responses to isocapnic hypoxia and hyperoxic hypercapnia in 33 human subjects while fully conscious and during sedation or anesthesia with halothane, .1, 1.1, or 2 MAC. In each group, the ventilatory effect of intravenous administration of doxapram, .4 mg/kg, was also measured. Halothane, 1.1 and 2 MAC, totally abolished the hypoxic response and nearly abolished the response to doxapram, while leaving the response to CO2 relatively brisk. Halothane, .1 MAC, decreased the responses to hypoxia and doxapram to less than a third of control, but did not alter the response to CO2. It is concluded that halothane selectivity impairs two ventilatory responses mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors in man.", "PMID": 697078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10913", "title": "Halothane, tracheal compliance and upper-airway mechanoreceptors.", "content": "This study was designed to define the effects of halothane on the compliance of the trachea. An isolated in-situ tracheal preparation was studied in 14 mongrel dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. Compliance of the closed tracheal segment was measured with continuous intraluminal pressure recordings during repeated injections of known volumes of air: Slow-adapting neural activity observed in paratracheal branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve accurately reflected pressure in the tracheal segment. Halothane at 0.5--4.0 per cent concentrations caused a significant (P less than 0.001) average 10 per cent increase in the compliance of the trachea. Stimulation of the efferent vagus caused a significant (P less than 0.001) average 8 per cent decrease in compliance of the trachea. After exposure to halothane, vagal stimulation still caused a significant decrease in compliance of the trachea.", "contents": "Halothane, tracheal compliance and upper-airway mechanoreceptors. This study was designed to define the effects of halothane on the compliance of the trachea. An isolated in-situ tracheal preparation was studied in 14 mongrel dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. Compliance of the closed tracheal segment was measured with continuous intraluminal pressure recordings during repeated injections of known volumes of air: Slow-adapting neural activity observed in paratracheal branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve accurately reflected pressure in the tracheal segment. Halothane at 0.5--4.0 per cent concentrations caused a significant (P less than 0.001) average 10 per cent increase in the compliance of the trachea. Stimulation of the efferent vagus caused a significant (P less than 0.001) average 8 per cent decrease in compliance of the trachea. After exposure to halothane, vagal stimulation still caused a significant decrease in compliance of the trachea.", "PMID": 697080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10914", "title": "Metocurine in infants and children: neuromuscular and clinical effects.", "content": "A cumulative dose--response curve for metocurine based on body weight was determined in 30 infants and children during halothane (1.2 per cent inspired), nitrous oxide and oxygen (60/40 per cent) anesthesia. The mean and range of twitch depression and time for recovery from maximal neuromuscular blockade were not significantly different over an age range from newborn to 7 years. Metocurine is twice as potent as d-tubocurarine in children, and their requirement is more than that for adults. The rate of recovery from metocurine in children was the same as that from d-tubocurarine. In another 30 children, use of metocurine at a large dose (0.5 mg/kg) for endotracheal intubation caused no significant change in blood pressure or pulse rate. Cardial arrhythmias were not seen.", "contents": "Metocurine in infants and children: neuromuscular and clinical effects. A cumulative dose--response curve for metocurine based on body weight was determined in 30 infants and children during halothane (1.2 per cent inspired), nitrous oxide and oxygen (60/40 per cent) anesthesia. The mean and range of twitch depression and time for recovery from maximal neuromuscular blockade were not significantly different over an age range from newborn to 7 years. Metocurine is twice as potent as d-tubocurarine in children, and their requirement is more than that for adults. The rate of recovery from metocurine in children was the same as that from d-tubocurarine. In another 30 children, use of metocurine at a large dose (0.5 mg/kg) for endotracheal intubation caused no significant change in blood pressure or pulse rate. Cardial arrhythmias were not seen.", "PMID": 697081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10915", "title": "Epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine for Cesarean section: neonatal blood levels and neurobehavioral responses.", "content": "A recent study found no neurobehavioral change in infants whose mothers received bupivacaine epidural anesthesia (112 +/- 7 mg) for labor and vaginal delivery. The present study was undertaken to examine the possibility that the larger doses of bupivicaine necessary for cesarean section might cause neurobehavioral changes in the neonate. Ten infants delivered by cesarean section with bupivacaine epidural anesthesia (168 +/- 7 mg) was assessed by Scanlon's neonatal neurobehavioral examination. They were compared in a prospective randomized study with a control group of ten infants delivered with tetracaine spinal anesthesia. In the experimental group bupivacaine was detectable in umbilical arterial blood (.17 +/- .07 microgram/ml), umbilical venous blood (.21 +/- .09 microgram/ml), and neonatal blood samples at 4 hours of age (.04 +/- .04 microgram/ml). By 24 hours of age bupivacaine was no longer detectable in newborn blood samples. Infants in the experimental group were indistinguishable from control infants in terms of their motor organization, responsiveness to external stimuli, and habituation to repetitive stimuli. Detectable neurobehavioral effects were absent despite the fact that 1.5 times the dose of bupivacaine used for labor and vaginal delivery was employed in this study.", "contents": "Epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine for Cesarean section: neonatal blood levels and neurobehavioral responses. A recent study found no neurobehavioral change in infants whose mothers received bupivacaine epidural anesthesia (112 +/- 7 mg) for labor and vaginal delivery. The present study was undertaken to examine the possibility that the larger doses of bupivicaine necessary for cesarean section might cause neurobehavioral changes in the neonate. Ten infants delivered by cesarean section with bupivacaine epidural anesthesia (168 +/- 7 mg) was assessed by Scanlon's neonatal neurobehavioral examination. They were compared in a prospective randomized study with a control group of ten infants delivered with tetracaine spinal anesthesia. In the experimental group bupivacaine was detectable in umbilical arterial blood (.17 +/- .07 microgram/ml), umbilical venous blood (.21 +/- .09 microgram/ml), and neonatal blood samples at 4 hours of age (.04 +/- .04 microgram/ml). By 24 hours of age bupivacaine was no longer detectable in newborn blood samples. Infants in the experimental group were indistinguishable from control infants in terms of their motor organization, responsiveness to external stimuli, and habituation to repetitive stimuli. Detectable neurobehavioral effects were absent despite the fact that 1.5 times the dose of bupivacaine used for labor and vaginal delivery was employed in this study.", "PMID": 697082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10916", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of etomidate, a new intravenous anesthetic.", "content": "Etomidate sulfate, 0.3 mg/kg, was administered intravenously to eight patients and venous blood samples were drawn at intervals for the subsequent 10 hours. Plasma etomidate was determined by mass fragmentography. Plasma concentrations were fitted to a triexponential equation consistent with a three-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. Mean (+/-SD) variables were: initial t1/2, 2.6 +/- 1.3 min; intermediate t1/2, 28.7 +/- 14.0 min; apparent elimination t1/2, 4.6 +/- 2.6 hours; volume of the central compartment, 23.2 +/- 11.41; total apparent volume of distribution, 4.5 +/- 2.21/kg; fraction of drug in the central compartment, 7 per cent; total plasma clearance, 860 +/- 230 ml/min. Total blood clearance was estimated to be 754 ml/min and hepatic clearance, 739 ml/min. The large apparent volume of distribution indicates considerable tissue uptake. The hepatic clearance, being about 50 per cent of hepatic blood flow, indicates that changes in hepatic blood flow or hepatic metabolism will have only moderate effects on etomidate disposition.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of etomidate, a new intravenous anesthetic. Etomidate sulfate, 0.3 mg/kg, was administered intravenously to eight patients and venous blood samples were drawn at intervals for the subsequent 10 hours. Plasma etomidate was determined by mass fragmentography. Plasma concentrations were fitted to a triexponential equation consistent with a three-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. Mean (+/-SD) variables were: initial t1/2, 2.6 +/- 1.3 min; intermediate t1/2, 28.7 +/- 14.0 min; apparent elimination t1/2, 4.6 +/- 2.6 hours; volume of the central compartment, 23.2 +/- 11.41; total apparent volume of distribution, 4.5 +/- 2.21/kg; fraction of drug in the central compartment, 7 per cent; total plasma clearance, 860 +/- 230 ml/min. Total blood clearance was estimated to be 754 ml/min and hepatic clearance, 739 ml/min. The large apparent volume of distribution indicates considerable tissue uptake. The hepatic clearance, being about 50 per cent of hepatic blood flow, indicates that changes in hepatic blood flow or hepatic metabolism will have only moderate effects on etomidate disposition.", "PMID": 697083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10917", "title": "Ultrastructure of intestinal cells of Heterakis gallinarum.", "content": "Ultrastructure of intestinal cells of Heterakis gallinarum is described and compared with that of Ascaridia galli from ecomorphological point of view. The great analogy in bionomy and ecology of both worms is reflected in the great analogy of ultrastructural construction. A new organoid in the intestinal cells of H. gallinarum, hitherto unknown among nematodes, is also described. It is of a vacuole-like shape running in stripes close under the terminal bar. The paper is also meant to be a supplement to the authors' previous paper (1975) dealing with ultrastructure of muscle cells of Heterakis gallinarum.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of intestinal cells of Heterakis gallinarum. Ultrastructure of intestinal cells of Heterakis gallinarum is described and compared with that of Ascaridia galli from ecomorphological point of view. The great analogy in bionomy and ecology of both worms is reflected in the great analogy of ultrastructural construction. A new organoid in the intestinal cells of H. gallinarum, hitherto unknown among nematodes, is also described. It is of a vacuole-like shape running in stripes close under the terminal bar. The paper is also meant to be a supplement to the authors' previous paper (1975) dealing with ultrastructure of muscle cells of Heterakis gallinarum.", "PMID": 697114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10918", "title": "Helminths of the ploceid Textor cucullatus from Ghana.", "content": "Two nematode species (Geopetitia sp. and Diplotriaena ozouxi) and an acanthocephalan (Mediorhynchus textori n. sp.) are described. The diplotriaenid has been recorded from a new host and also from a new locality. Because of homonymy of Geopetitia chaubaudi VUYLSTEKE, 1963 with Geopetitia chaubaudi RASHHED, 1960 a new name G. vuylstekei nom. nov. is proposed for the former species. Mediorhynchus textori is characterized by lesser number of rooted hooks arranged in spirals on theproboscis. The eggs of this species bear variable floats.", "contents": "Helminths of the ploceid Textor cucullatus from Ghana. Two nematode species (Geopetitia sp. and Diplotriaena ozouxi) and an acanthocephalan (Mediorhynchus textori n. sp.) are described. The diplotriaenid has been recorded from a new host and also from a new locality. Because of homonymy of Geopetitia chaubaudi VUYLSTEKE, 1963 with Geopetitia chaubaudi RASHHED, 1960 a new name G. vuylstekei nom. nov. is proposed for the former species. Mediorhynchus textori is characterized by lesser number of rooted hooks arranged in spirals on theproboscis. The eggs of this species bear variable floats.", "PMID": 697115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10919", "title": "[Fly density determination in cow-sheds].", "content": "Considering the tropical conditions of the Republic of Cuba and the usually applied methods of measuring fly-density, a photographic method was developed and tested basing on the experience of the SCUDDER-fly-grill method. In this method the flies are photographically counted in defined areas of 0.25 m2 of extension, which are determined according to the concrete conditions in the animal production units. An index of the fly density (in flies per m2) is calculated. The exact comparison of different animal production units will be obtained by the selection of the defined areas for the photographic counting, always the equal times for measuring, and the consideration of the situation in the production cycle.", "contents": "[Fly density determination in cow-sheds]. Considering the tropical conditions of the Republic of Cuba and the usually applied methods of measuring fly-density, a photographic method was developed and tested basing on the experience of the SCUDDER-fly-grill method. In this method the flies are photographically counted in defined areas of 0.25 m2 of extension, which are determined according to the concrete conditions in the animal production units. An index of the fly density (in flies per m2) is calculated. The exact comparison of different animal production units will be obtained by the selection of the defined areas for the photographic counting, always the equal times for measuring, and the consideration of the situation in the production cycle.", "PMID": 697116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10920", "title": "[Interrelations between environmental factors and skin].", "content": "The interrelations between environment-factors, especially microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and viruses) and human skin are discussed. Besides different local disturbances of the skin, the following ways of sensitisation are explained. It is pointed out that new drugs and/or substances must be tested before they can be used in human skin. The most frequent parasites and skin diseases caused by these and their epidemiological situations are mentioned.", "contents": "[Interrelations between environmental factors and skin]. The interrelations between environment-factors, especially microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and viruses) and human skin are discussed. Besides different local disturbances of the skin, the following ways of sensitisation are explained. It is pointed out that new drugs and/or substances must be tested before they can be used in human skin. The most frequent parasites and skin diseases caused by these and their epidemiological situations are mentioned.", "PMID": 697117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10921", "title": "On cestodes of passer domesticus II. Anonchotaenia and Mathevotaenia.", "content": "This part includes the account of Anonchotaenia globata (LINSTOW, 1879) and its embryo, and of Mathevotaenia ornithis sp. nov.--Anonchotaenia globata is know to be a parasite of Passer domesticus in foreign countries. The writers record it for the first time in India in this bird. This species is also known from other birds, but not so far recorded even in other birds in India. VOGE and DAVIS (1953), METTRICK (1958) and MAHON (1958) previously studied this species. The present study contributes additional data to the morphology of this species. Variations in the number of testes, extent of cirrus sac, and position of genital pore have been recorded. A definite neck has been found. Calcareous corpuscles, occurrence of which is not on record in this species, have been found in the present material. Paruterine organ, to which previous workers paid scant attention, has been studied in detail. It is a complex three-layered structure. Eggs undergo development upto the formation of embryos while they are still in the uterus, and subsequently they all pass into the paruterine organ which is found teeming with embryonated eggs. Eggs are quite characteristic in shape. Two coverings are found around the embryos: the outer one, the shell capsule, is spindle-shaped and cornuted; the hexacanth enclosed in a membrane is housed in the dilated middle part of the shell capsule. Hexacanth is an elongated structure with a dilated middle part and not a uniform width. Hence the term \"nematodiform\" embryo used for it is rather inappropriate. Three pairs of hooks are present in the dilated middle part of the embryo. WOODLAND (1929) and METTRICK (1958) denied the existence of the hooks.--Mathevotaenia ornithis sp. nov. is the first species of the genus Mathevotaenia AKHUMIAN, 1946 that has been described from an avian host, other species are known from mammalian hosts. Amongst the mammalian species, the present form comes close to Mathevotaenia deserti (MILLEMANN, 1955) and M. hardoiensis JOHRI, 1961, but differs from either in several features. This species is chiefly characterized by the number and distribution of testes, bilobed ovary, genital ducts passing between the excretory canals, vitellarium V-shaped, and cirrus sac extending aporally beyond the excretory canals. Besides, the bearing of the receptaculum seminis on the taxonomy of the genera Mathevotaenia AKHMUIAN, 1946 and Atriotaenia SANDGROUND, 1926 has been discussed, and an amendment in the generic delineation has been suggested for these genera.--Systematic position of Mathevotaenia antrozoi (VOGE, 1954) YAMAGUTI, 1959 has been discussed and the species has been assigned to Atriotaenia.", "contents": "On cestodes of passer domesticus II. Anonchotaenia and Mathevotaenia. This part includes the account of Anonchotaenia globata (LINSTOW, 1879) and its embryo, and of Mathevotaenia ornithis sp. nov.--Anonchotaenia globata is know to be a parasite of Passer domesticus in foreign countries. The writers record it for the first time in India in this bird. This species is also known from other birds, but not so far recorded even in other birds in India. VOGE and DAVIS (1953), METTRICK (1958) and MAHON (1958) previously studied this species. The present study contributes additional data to the morphology of this species. Variations in the number of testes, extent of cirrus sac, and position of genital pore have been recorded. A definite neck has been found. Calcareous corpuscles, occurrence of which is not on record in this species, have been found in the present material. Paruterine organ, to which previous workers paid scant attention, has been studied in detail. It is a complex three-layered structure. Eggs undergo development upto the formation of embryos while they are still in the uterus, and subsequently they all pass into the paruterine organ which is found teeming with embryonated eggs. Eggs are quite characteristic in shape. Two coverings are found around the embryos: the outer one, the shell capsule, is spindle-shaped and cornuted; the hexacanth enclosed in a membrane is housed in the dilated middle part of the shell capsule. Hexacanth is an elongated structure with a dilated middle part and not a uniform width. Hence the term \"nematodiform\" embryo used for it is rather inappropriate. Three pairs of hooks are present in the dilated middle part of the embryo. WOODLAND (1929) and METTRICK (1958) denied the existence of the hooks.--Mathevotaenia ornithis sp. nov. is the first species of the genus Mathevotaenia AKHUMIAN, 1946 that has been described from an avian host, other species are known from mammalian hosts. Amongst the mammalian species, the present form comes close to Mathevotaenia deserti (MILLEMANN, 1955) and M. hardoiensis JOHRI, 1961, but differs from either in several features. This species is chiefly characterized by the number and distribution of testes, bilobed ovary, genital ducts passing between the excretory canals, vitellarium V-shaped, and cirrus sac extending aporally beyond the excretory canals. Besides, the bearing of the receptaculum seminis on the taxonomy of the genera Mathevotaenia AKHMUIAN, 1946 and Atriotaenia SANDGROUND, 1926 has been discussed, and an amendment in the generic delineation has been suggested for these genera.--Systematic position of Mathevotaenia antrozoi (VOGE, 1954) YAMAGUTI, 1959 has been discussed and the species has been assigned to Atriotaenia.", "PMID": 697119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10922", "title": "[Morphological aspects of occlusions of the basilar artery].", "content": "On the basis of 8 personal clinicopathological cases, the authors give a general review of the morphological appearances of occlusions of the basilar artery (265 cases in the literature, including 164 with study of the associated cerebral lesions). The arterial lesions (nature, site and extent) are first considered, emphasising the extreme prevalence of atheromatous occlusion (74.58 p. 100). The consequences as far as the cerebral parenchyma are then studied: involvement of the pons, in isolation or associated with appearances of ischaemic necrosis in other regions (midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres), is most important since it is found in 88.3 p. 100 of cases. Whilst correlations between vascular lesions and the consequences on the cerebral parenchyma are easy to establish, the same does not always apply to correlations between angiographic findings and anatomical examinations.", "contents": "[Morphological aspects of occlusions of the basilar artery]. On the basis of 8 personal clinicopathological cases, the authors give a general review of the morphological appearances of occlusions of the basilar artery (265 cases in the literature, including 164 with study of the associated cerebral lesions). The arterial lesions (nature, site and extent) are first considered, emphasising the extreme prevalence of atheromatous occlusion (74.58 p. 100). The consequences as far as the cerebral parenchyma are then studied: involvement of the pons, in isolation or associated with appearances of ischaemic necrosis in other regions (midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres), is most important since it is found in 88.3 p. 100 of cases. Whilst correlations between vascular lesions and the consequences on the cerebral parenchyma are easy to establish, the same does not always apply to correlations between angiographic findings and anatomical examinations.", "PMID": 697125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10923", "title": "[Lesions of the myenterix plexuses in idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and in certain general diseases].", "content": "Recent observation of a case of idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and the relationship sometimes suggested in this context with certain systemic diseases, such as scleroderma, led the authors to compare the changes seen in the myenteric plexuses in these different groups of disorders. The intramural plexuses were studied using the technique of B. Smith, in thick frozen section parallel to the lumen and stained using Bielchowsky's method. Plexus innervation was normal in a case of digestive amyloidosis and a case of myxoedema. There were secondary changes in the plexuses in scleroderma. The lesions were very different in our case of idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (marked decrease in the number of neurones with degenerative changes in the neurones and dendrites, marked schwannosis). A decrease in the number of neurones was seen in a case of severe diabetes. Various mechanisms are discussed. These cases emphasize the great value of B. Smith's technique in the fine study of the intramural plexus innervation of the digestive wall.", "contents": "[Lesions of the myenterix plexuses in idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and in certain general diseases]. Recent observation of a case of idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and the relationship sometimes suggested in this context with certain systemic diseases, such as scleroderma, led the authors to compare the changes seen in the myenteric plexuses in these different groups of disorders. The intramural plexuses were studied using the technique of B. Smith, in thick frozen section parallel to the lumen and stained using Bielchowsky's method. Plexus innervation was normal in a case of digestive amyloidosis and a case of myxoedema. There were secondary changes in the plexuses in scleroderma. The lesions were very different in our case of idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (marked decrease in the number of neurones with degenerative changes in the neurones and dendrites, marked schwannosis). A decrease in the number of neurones was seen in a case of severe diabetes. Various mechanisms are discussed. These cases emphasize the great value of B. Smith's technique in the fine study of the intramural plexus innervation of the digestive wall.", "PMID": 697126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10924", "title": "[Piebaldism: ultrastructural study and pathogenic interpretation].", "content": "A case of \"piebaldism\" is studied under the electron microscope. The authors observe a great diminuation of melanocytes in the achromatic zones, contrasting with a hyperplasia of the Langerhans Cells. There also exists a large number of hyalin bodies, both intra-epidermic and dermic. The first seem to be formed on contact with degenerative mastocytes and Langerhans Cells, and could represent a way of elimination of these cells. As in certain previous cases, they found many mastocytes in the epidermis.", "contents": "[Piebaldism: ultrastructural study and pathogenic interpretation]. A case of \"piebaldism\" is studied under the electron microscope. The authors observe a great diminuation of melanocytes in the achromatic zones, contrasting with a hyperplasia of the Langerhans Cells. There also exists a large number of hyalin bodies, both intra-epidermic and dermic. The first seem to be formed on contact with degenerative mastocytes and Langerhans Cells, and could represent a way of elimination of these cells. As in certain previous cases, they found many mastocytes in the epidermis.", "PMID": 697127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10925", "title": "[Epithelioma (lobular) developing in a fibroadenoma: study of a case report and review of the literature].", "content": "Carcinoma developing in a fibroadenoma correspond, according to current criteria, to neoplasms inclused in fibroadenomas. One personal case and 42 others from the literature fall within this definition. These neoplasms, small in size, are asymptomatic. The average age of the patients at the time of discovery of the lesion was 44 years. Two thirds of these carcinomas were lobular in type (29 cases), the others being invasive (7 cases) or non-invasive (7 cases) galactophoric carcinomas. Lobular carcinomas in situ (25 cases) involved, at the same time, one or more fibroadenomas and the remaining breast tissue in 60% of surgical specimens (15 cases). Independent of the operative technique used (local excision, wide excision or radical mastectomy), the course of a lobular carcinoma in situ in a fibroadenoma is, in general, simple.", "contents": "[Epithelioma (lobular) developing in a fibroadenoma: study of a case report and review of the literature]. Carcinoma developing in a fibroadenoma correspond, according to current criteria, to neoplasms inclused in fibroadenomas. One personal case and 42 others from the literature fall within this definition. These neoplasms, small in size, are asymptomatic. The average age of the patients at the time of discovery of the lesion was 44 years. Two thirds of these carcinomas were lobular in type (29 cases), the others being invasive (7 cases) or non-invasive (7 cases) galactophoric carcinomas. Lobular carcinomas in situ (25 cases) involved, at the same time, one or more fibroadenomas and the remaining breast tissue in 60% of surgical specimens (15 cases). Independent of the operative technique used (local excision, wide excision or radical mastectomy), the course of a lobular carcinoma in situ in a fibroadenoma is, in general, simple.", "PMID": 697128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10926", "title": "[Microestimation of haemoglobins A2 and F by measurement of their peroxydase activity (author's transl)].", "content": "A microtechnique of evaluation for the haemoglobins A2 and F is presented, in which the final measurement is made more sensitive by evaluation of peroxidatic activity. Haemoglobin A2 is previously separated by chromatography on a very small column of DEAE cellulose and haemoglobin F is obtained through a microtechnique of alkaline precipitation. The sensitivity of this evaluation is increased by a factor of 20.25 microliter of hemolyzate are enough for a determination. Results obtained are in accordance with those given by the classical methods.", "contents": "[Microestimation of haemoglobins A2 and F by measurement of their peroxydase activity (author's transl)]. A microtechnique of evaluation for the haemoglobins A2 and F is presented, in which the final measurement is made more sensitive by evaluation of peroxidatic activity. Haemoglobin A2 is previously separated by chromatography on a very small column of DEAE cellulose and haemoglobin F is obtained through a microtechnique of alkaline precipitation. The sensitivity of this evaluation is increased by a factor of 20.25 microliter of hemolyzate are enough for a determination. Results obtained are in accordance with those given by the classical methods.", "PMID": 697129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10927", "title": "[Adaptation to the Centrifichem of the estimation of blood sugar according to Trinder's method. Kinetic study of the main drug interferences (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of estimation of glucose described by Trinder was adapted to analysis by centrifugation (Centrifichem). A kinetic study of drug interferences (ascorbic acid, gentisic acid, levodopa, alphamethyldopa) was carried out. The choice of parameters of the method was justified by an increased specificity of the reaction and by an extremely narrow correlation with the technics using hexokinase (r = 0.994) and glucose dehydrogenase (r = 0.996).", "contents": "[Adaptation to the Centrifichem of the estimation of blood sugar according to Trinder's method. Kinetic study of the main drug interferences (author's transl)]. The method of estimation of glucose described by Trinder was adapted to analysis by centrifugation (Centrifichem). A kinetic study of drug interferences (ascorbic acid, gentisic acid, levodopa, alphamethyldopa) was carried out. The choice of parameters of the method was justified by an increased specificity of the reaction and by an extremely narrow correlation with the technics using hexokinase (r = 0.994) and glucose dehydrogenase (r = 0.996).", "PMID": 697131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10928", "title": "[Mental deficiency. Definition, epidemiology, etiology (author's transl)].", "content": "In this account, the author replaces this chapter within the field of pediatrics, showing the present importance of the problem. In spite of a definition which is sometimes imprecise, and epidemiological studies which are incomplete and difficult to draw up, the importance of this subject was obvious to those who drew up the 7th economic plan (1976--1980). Their estimation mentionned a total number of about 500,000 children, i.e. 4%. The main etiologies are discussed showing the part which is due to prenatal pathology and perinatal and postnatal pathology. Each chapter shows the role of biology and biochemistry in particular in the study of metabolic disorders of the nervous system. As far as genetic advice is concerned, it is not always easy as there still subsists a majority of cases of mental deficiency where the cause remains unknown. Research has an important role to play in the future if one wihes to cure or prevent mental deficiency.", "contents": "[Mental deficiency. Definition, epidemiology, etiology (author's transl)]. In this account, the author replaces this chapter within the field of pediatrics, showing the present importance of the problem. In spite of a definition which is sometimes imprecise, and epidemiological studies which are incomplete and difficult to draw up, the importance of this subject was obvious to those who drew up the 7th economic plan (1976--1980). Their estimation mentionned a total number of about 500,000 children, i.e. 4%. The main etiologies are discussed showing the part which is due to prenatal pathology and perinatal and postnatal pathology. Each chapter shows the role of biology and biochemistry in particular in the study of metabolic disorders of the nervous system. As far as genetic advice is concerned, it is not always easy as there still subsists a majority of cases of mental deficiency where the cause remains unknown. Research has an important role to play in the future if one wihes to cure or prevent mental deficiency.", "PMID": 697132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10929", "title": "Experimental transmission of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle: gross and histopathologic changes.", "content": "Bovine malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) was serially transmitted from a spontaneous case to 19 cattle through 12 passages during a 12-month period. Seventeen of 23 cattle (74%) injected with whole blood and 2 of 5 cattle (40%) injected with blood mononuclear cells developed clinical signs of MCF after a mean incubation period of 30.2 days. A previously unreported nonsuppurative polyarthritis is described. Large numbers of lymphoid cells were found in synovial fluid and in cerebrospinal fluid. Histopathologic changes of lymphoid infiltration and proliferation, necrosis of epithelial tissues, and nonsuppurative vasculitis were found in almost all organs of the body. The possibility that MCF may be a viral-induced, cell-mediated immunopathologic disease with pansystemic lymphoreactivity and necrosis is discussed.", "contents": "Experimental transmission of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle: gross and histopathologic changes. Bovine malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) was serially transmitted from a spontaneous case to 19 cattle through 12 passages during a 12-month period. Seventeen of 23 cattle (74%) injected with whole blood and 2 of 5 cattle (40%) injected with blood mononuclear cells developed clinical signs of MCF after a mean incubation period of 30.2 days. A previously unreported nonsuppurative polyarthritis is described. Large numbers of lymphoid cells were found in synovial fluid and in cerebrospinal fluid. Histopathologic changes of lymphoid infiltration and proliferation, necrosis of epithelial tissues, and nonsuppurative vasculitis were found in almost all organs of the body. The possibility that MCF may be a viral-induced, cell-mediated immunopathologic disease with pansystemic lymphoreactivity and necrosis is discussed.", "PMID": 697133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10930", "title": "Evaluation of xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine hydrochloride for restraint in horses.", "content": "A combination of intramuscular xylazine plus intravenous guaifenesin and ketamine hydrochloride was evaluated as a method for chemical restraint and casting of the adult horse. This drug combination provided safe and rapid induction of the horse and uneventful recovery from lateral recumbency. Cardiopulmonary function remained within base-line values for the adult horse, although cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen were decreased from base-line values. Xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine hydrochloride provided safe induction to general anesthesia with the inhalation anesthetics halothane or enflurane. Respiratory rate was significantly lower and arterial carbon dioxide higher during maintenance anesthesia with enflurane than with halothane. Recovery from general anesthesia was more rapid after enflurane than after halothane anesthesia.", "contents": "Evaluation of xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine hydrochloride for restraint in horses. A combination of intramuscular xylazine plus intravenous guaifenesin and ketamine hydrochloride was evaluated as a method for chemical restraint and casting of the adult horse. This drug combination provided safe and rapid induction of the horse and uneventful recovery from lateral recumbency. Cardiopulmonary function remained within base-line values for the adult horse, although cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen were decreased from base-line values. Xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine hydrochloride provided safe induction to general anesthesia with the inhalation anesthetics halothane or enflurane. Respiratory rate was significantly lower and arterial carbon dioxide higher during maintenance anesthesia with enflurane than with halothane. Recovery from general anesthesia was more rapid after enflurane than after halothane anesthesia.", "PMID": 697134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10931", "title": "Maturation of the visual evoked response in newborn miniature pigs.", "content": "As a prelude to neurobehavioral toxicologic studies in neonatal minipigs, normal maturational changes in the visual evoked response (VER) were determined in 6 Hormel-bred minipigs. The VER were highly variable for the 1st several days of life, but were reasonably stable by the 2nd weeks. All adult waveform components were present at birth, and maturational changes primarily affected waveform latency and consistency. Only one waveform (Pi) was sufficiently distinct and consistent for statistical evaluation. At birth the latency to Pi was about 102 ms. The latency of Pi rapidly decreased to about 56 ms during the next 25 days, and subsequent changes were minimal. Comparison with other species indicates many cross-species relationships of specific VER components, with the minipig VER having many maturational and topographic similarities to the human VER.", "contents": "Maturation of the visual evoked response in newborn miniature pigs. As a prelude to neurobehavioral toxicologic studies in neonatal minipigs, normal maturational changes in the visual evoked response (VER) were determined in 6 Hormel-bred minipigs. The VER were highly variable for the 1st several days of life, but were reasonably stable by the 2nd weeks. All adult waveform components were present at birth, and maturational changes primarily affected waveform latency and consistency. Only one waveform (Pi) was sufficiently distinct and consistent for statistical evaluation. At birth the latency to Pi was about 102 ms. The latency of Pi rapidly decreased to about 56 ms during the next 25 days, and subsequent changes were minimal. Comparison with other species indicates many cross-species relationships of specific VER components, with the minipig VER having many maturational and topographic similarities to the human VER.", "PMID": 697135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10932", "title": "Enteropathogenicity testing of Treponema hyodysenteriae in ligated colonic loops of swine.", "content": "Multiple, ligated loops of swine colon were used as an in vivo model in which to test enteropathogenicity of isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae. Gross and microscopic lesions observed in 21 of 22 colonic loops in pigs killed 48 to 72 hours after inoculation with isolates known to be enteropathogenic were characteristic of swine dysentery. These lesions were not observed in 12 loops exposed to uninoculated media or in 12 loops inoculated with nonpathogenic isolates of T hyodysenteriae. The swine-loop technique provides a relatively rapid, economical, reliable model in which to test enteropathogenicity of T hyodysenteriae isolates.", "contents": "Enteropathogenicity testing of Treponema hyodysenteriae in ligated colonic loops of swine. Multiple, ligated loops of swine colon were used as an in vivo model in which to test enteropathogenicity of isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae. Gross and microscopic lesions observed in 21 of 22 colonic loops in pigs killed 48 to 72 hours after inoculation with isolates known to be enteropathogenic were characteristic of swine dysentery. These lesions were not observed in 12 loops exposed to uninoculated media or in 12 loops inoculated with nonpathogenic isolates of T hyodysenteriae. The swine-loop technique provides a relatively rapid, economical, reliable model in which to test enteropathogenicity of T hyodysenteriae isolates.", "PMID": 697136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10933", "title": "Testing of hemolytic complement components in domestic animals.", "content": "Total complement (C) and its components were assayed in the serum of 8 species of domestic animals, using commercially prepared cellular intermediates of sheep erythrocytes and functionally pure guinea pig and human components of the C system. Testing was done according to methods recommended by the producer for testing human C components. The late-acting components (C6 throug C9) and C1 were detected in carnivorous (dog and cat) and omnivorous (swine) animals. Undetectable or low titers of C4, C2, C3, and C5 were present in large herbivorous animals (cattle, horse, sheep, and goat), indicating major differences in comparison with human or guinea pig components of C. Porcine serum contained an inhibiting substance which interfered with testing C2 and later-acting components at serum dilutions up to 1:100. All components except C2 were detected in chicken serum. The binding or activation (or both) of C4, C2, C3, and C5 is more species specific than is the binding or activation (or both) of other components. Requirements for species specificity between antibody and C1 were not detected. Presence of C1 inactivator was detected in bovine, caprine, equine, and ovine sera. The CH50 (50% hemolysis) titers of C components tested in pooled serum samples from the 8 species of clinically healthy domestic animals are presented.", "contents": "Testing of hemolytic complement components in domestic animals. Total complement (C) and its components were assayed in the serum of 8 species of domestic animals, using commercially prepared cellular intermediates of sheep erythrocytes and functionally pure guinea pig and human components of the C system. Testing was done according to methods recommended by the producer for testing human C components. The late-acting components (C6 throug C9) and C1 were detected in carnivorous (dog and cat) and omnivorous (swine) animals. Undetectable or low titers of C4, C2, C3, and C5 were present in large herbivorous animals (cattle, horse, sheep, and goat), indicating major differences in comparison with human or guinea pig components of C. Porcine serum contained an inhibiting substance which interfered with testing C2 and later-acting components at serum dilutions up to 1:100. All components except C2 were detected in chicken serum. The binding or activation (or both) of C4, C2, C3, and C5 is more species specific than is the binding or activation (or both) of other components. Requirements for species specificity between antibody and C1 were not detected. Presence of C1 inactivator was detected in bovine, caprine, equine, and ovine sera. The CH50 (50% hemolysis) titers of C components tested in pooled serum samples from the 8 species of clinically healthy domestic animals are presented.", "PMID": 697137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10934", "title": "German Shepherd dog myelopathy--a morphologic and morphometric study.", "content": "The concept that a degenerative neurologic disease in German Shepherd Dogs (designated \"German Shepherd Dog myelopathy\") represents a dying-back disease process was not substantiated by morphologic and morphometric data derived from central and peripheral nervous system evaluation in 23 dogs. The occurrence of this identifiable disease complex in German Shepherd Dogs suggested a role by genetic determinants.", "contents": "German Shepherd dog myelopathy--a morphologic and morphometric study. The concept that a degenerative neurologic disease in German Shepherd Dogs (designated \"German Shepherd Dog myelopathy\") represents a dying-back disease process was not substantiated by morphologic and morphometric data derived from central and peripheral nervous system evaluation in 23 dogs. The occurrence of this identifiable disease complex in German Shepherd Dogs suggested a role by genetic determinants.", "PMID": 697138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10935", "title": "Effects of functional nephrectomy on the disappearance rates of canine serum amylase and lipase.", "content": "The rates of disappearance of intravenously injected amylase and lipase were determined in dogs before and after ligation of the renal vessels. Functional nephrectomy increased the half life of serum amylase from 5 to 14 hours and of serum lipase from 2 to 11 hours. Serum amylase values increased relatively little in dogs with a functional nephrectomy when enzymes were not infused. The increase in serum amylase activity was not correlated to the increase in serum urea nitrogen. The canine kidney was responsible for the disappearance of part of the amylase and lipase from the serum. Only trace amounts of either amylase or lipase activity were found in the urine. It is assumed the canine kidney inactivated these enzymes.", "contents": "Effects of functional nephrectomy on the disappearance rates of canine serum amylase and lipase. The rates of disappearance of intravenously injected amylase and lipase were determined in dogs before and after ligation of the renal vessels. Functional nephrectomy increased the half life of serum amylase from 5 to 14 hours and of serum lipase from 2 to 11 hours. Serum amylase values increased relatively little in dogs with a functional nephrectomy when enzymes were not infused. The increase in serum amylase activity was not correlated to the increase in serum urea nitrogen. The canine kidney was responsible for the disappearance of part of the amylase and lipase from the serum. Only trace amounts of either amylase or lipase activity were found in the urine. It is assumed the canine kidney inactivated these enzymes.", "PMID": 697139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10936", "title": "Relationship between apex cardiogram and left ventricular pressure events in Greyhound dogs.", "content": "Temporal relationships between the left apex cardiogram (ACG) and left ventricular and aortic pressure events were studied in 10 anesthetized Greyhound dogs. A close relationship existed between onset of the upstrokes of the ACG and left ventricular pressure. The nadir of the protosystolic upstroke of the ACG invariably occurred after the peak rate of change of left ventricular pressure increase (d/dt)LVP and the onset of aortic pressure increase, but occurred virtually simultaneously with the peak rate of change of aortic pressure increase (d/dt)A. The relationship between the protodiastolic nadir of the downstroke of left ventricular pressure and that of the ACG was close but variable. The ACG could be of value as a noninvasive examination technique in canine cardiovascular studies.", "contents": "Relationship between apex cardiogram and left ventricular pressure events in Greyhound dogs. Temporal relationships between the left apex cardiogram (ACG) and left ventricular and aortic pressure events were studied in 10 anesthetized Greyhound dogs. A close relationship existed between onset of the upstrokes of the ACG and left ventricular pressure. The nadir of the protosystolic upstroke of the ACG invariably occurred after the peak rate of change of left ventricular pressure increase (d/dt)LVP and the onset of aortic pressure increase, but occurred virtually simultaneously with the peak rate of change of aortic pressure increase (d/dt)A. The relationship between the protodiastolic nadir of the downstroke of left ventricular pressure and that of the ACG was close but variable. The ACG could be of value as a noninvasive examination technique in canine cardiovascular studies.", "PMID": 697140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10937", "title": "Plating of canine scapular fractures.", "content": "The purpose in this study was to determine whether there was a significance difference between conservative management and plating of scapular body fractures. Bilateral scapular body fractures were created in 10 dogs. The left scapula in each dog was treated by open reduction and plating of the scapular spine. The right scapula was not treated. Plating enhanced healing and early return of function, but there was no significant difference in the long-term results.", "contents": "Plating of canine scapular fractures. The purpose in this study was to determine whether there was a significance difference between conservative management and plating of scapular body fractures. Bilateral scapular body fractures were created in 10 dogs. The left scapula in each dog was treated by open reduction and plating of the scapular spine. The right scapula was not treated. Plating enhanced healing and early return of function, but there was no significant difference in the long-term results.", "PMID": 697141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10938", "title": "Kidney in the aging cat: hexokinase, aldolase, L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase histochemistry.", "content": "Hexokinase, aldolase, L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were determined in the kidney of the aging cat. Kidneys from 24 domestic cats 2 months to 7.5 years old in 6 age groups were examined by light microscopic and histochemical methods. Enzyme activities in anatomic components of the kidney were assessed on a quantitative basis for evaluation of mean activity between the age groups. In the cats with advancing age, renal components generally had stable activity. A significant (P less than 0.05) increase in hexokinase activity occurred with advancing age in the ascending part of the renal loop (Henle's loop) and in the distal convoluted tubule. Significant (P less than 0.05) increases in aldolase activity with aging were in cortical connective tissue, internal part of the glomerular capsule (podocytes), distal convoluted tubule, and convoluted segment (Pi) of the proximal portion of the nephron tubule. L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly with aging in the convoluted (Pi) segment of the proximal portion of the nephron tubule.", "contents": "Kidney in the aging cat: hexokinase, aldolase, L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase histochemistry. Hexokinase, aldolase, L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were determined in the kidney of the aging cat. Kidneys from 24 domestic cats 2 months to 7.5 years old in 6 age groups were examined by light microscopic and histochemical methods. Enzyme activities in anatomic components of the kidney were assessed on a quantitative basis for evaluation of mean activity between the age groups. In the cats with advancing age, renal components generally had stable activity. A significant (P less than 0.05) increase in hexokinase activity occurred with advancing age in the ascending part of the renal loop (Henle's loop) and in the distal convoluted tubule. Significant (P less than 0.05) increases in aldolase activity with aging were in cortical connective tissue, internal part of the glomerular capsule (podocytes), distal convoluted tubule, and convoluted segment (Pi) of the proximal portion of the nephron tubule. L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly with aging in the convoluted (Pi) segment of the proximal portion of the nephron tubule.", "PMID": 697142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10939", "title": "Effect of orally administered ribavirin on experimental feline calicivirus infection in cats.", "content": "Ribavirin administered orally at 75 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 10 days, beginning either 1 or 4 days, after aerosol exposure of cats to calicivirus strain 255, failed to have any beneficial effect on the clinical course of the disease or to reduce viral excretion. Indeed, there was enhanced severity of the clinicopathologic findings in the treated exposed group, due largely to hemorrhage resulting from profound thrombocytopenia. Other toxic effects included depression of red and white blood cells, increased alanine aminotransferase activity, icterus, and body weight loss. Toxic effects were largely reversed within 1 week of cessation of treatment.", "contents": "Effect of orally administered ribavirin on experimental feline calicivirus infection in cats. Ribavirin administered orally at 75 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 10 days, beginning either 1 or 4 days, after aerosol exposure of cats to calicivirus strain 255, failed to have any beneficial effect on the clinical course of the disease or to reduce viral excretion. Indeed, there was enhanced severity of the clinicopathologic findings in the treated exposed group, due largely to hemorrhage resulting from profound thrombocytopenia. Other toxic effects included depression of red and white blood cells, increased alanine aminotransferase activity, icterus, and body weight loss. Toxic effects were largely reversed within 1 week of cessation of treatment.", "PMID": 697143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10940", "title": "Certain cytologic features of the porcine adrenal medulla.", "content": "Adrenal glands were collected from pigs of various ages under general anesthesia. Glutaraldehyde-fixed medullary tissue was postfixed with OsO4 for electron microscopy and with potassium dichromate or potassium iodate for light microscopy. Columnar epinephrine (E) cells formed cords between wide sinusoidal capillaries at the corticomedullary junction and were arranged in palisade fashion along the central vein and its major tributaries. The E cells usually were polarized, with the nuclei located away from the sinusoidal capillaries. Clusters of polygonal norepinephrine (NE) cells formed large central aggregates surrounded by E cells. Granulated vesicles were the predominant cytoplasmic feature of both E and NE cells. Round or oval E granules were bounded by a crenated membrane separated from the granule by a clear halo. The more electron-dense, elongate NE granules were bounded by a closely apposed, smooth membrane.  The average longest granule axis was 270 nm for E granules and 305 nm for NE granules. Many cytoplasmic organelles were congregated in a granule-free paranuclear zone, which contained a prominent Golgi complex. Thin nonmyelinated nerve fibers (singly or in small groups) were interposed between the E and NE cells. Nerve fibers often were located close to the nucleus in a depression of the cell surface and often were wrapped by thin E or NE cell processes. The medulla of newborn pigs was composed predominantly or exclusively of NE cells. In both adults and pigs, E or NE cell cords radiated through the  cortex toward the capsule, and isolated clusters of E or NE cells frequently were found in the capsule or zona glomerulosa.", "contents": "Certain cytologic features of the porcine adrenal medulla. Adrenal glands were collected from pigs of various ages under general anesthesia. Glutaraldehyde-fixed medullary tissue was postfixed with OsO4 for electron microscopy and with potassium dichromate or potassium iodate for light microscopy. Columnar epinephrine (E) cells formed cords between wide sinusoidal capillaries at the corticomedullary junction and were arranged in palisade fashion along the central vein and its major tributaries. The E cells usually were polarized, with the nuclei located away from the sinusoidal capillaries. Clusters of polygonal norepinephrine (NE) cells formed large central aggregates surrounded by E cells. Granulated vesicles were the predominant cytoplasmic feature of both E and NE cells. Round or oval E granules were bounded by a crenated membrane separated from the granule by a clear halo. The more electron-dense, elongate NE granules were bounded by a closely apposed, smooth membrane.  The average longest granule axis was 270 nm for E granules and 305 nm for NE granules. Many cytoplasmic organelles were congregated in a granule-free paranuclear zone, which contained a prominent Golgi complex. Thin nonmyelinated nerve fibers (singly or in small groups) were interposed between the E and NE cells. Nerve fibers often were located close to the nucleus in a depression of the cell surface and often were wrapped by thin E or NE cell processes. The medulla of newborn pigs was composed predominantly or exclusively of NE cells. In both adults and pigs, E or NE cell cords radiated through the  cortex toward the capsule, and isolated clusters of E or NE cells frequently were found in the capsule or zona glomerulosa.", "PMID": 697145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10941", "title": "Direct colorimetric determination of serum arginase in various domestic animals.", "content": "A direct colorimetric method for the determination of serum arginase activity in various domestic animals is described. Serum arginase activity in healthy mature dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs ranged from 0 to 14 IU/L. Serum arginase activity increased considerably in these animals during experimental hepatic damage induced by oral administration of carbon tetrachloride.", "contents": "Direct colorimetric determination of serum arginase in various domestic animals. A direct colorimetric method for the determination of serum arginase activity in various domestic animals is described. Serum arginase activity in healthy mature dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs ranged from 0 to 14 IU/L. Serum arginase activity increased considerably in these animals during experimental hepatic damage induced by oral administration of carbon tetrachloride.", "PMID": 697146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10942", "title": "Comparison of selected diagnostic tests for detection of motile Aeromonas septicemia in fish.", "content": "Cultural isolation, slide agglutination (SA), tube agglutination (TA), microagglutination (MA), and fluorescent antibody (FA) techniqes were compared as methods for detecting motile aeromonas septicemia in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Tests were conducted on naturally infected fish from feral populations and commercial sources, as well as on fish which were experimentally infected with a virulent culture of Aeromonas hydrophila. Increased levels of specific serum agglutinins to A hydrophila were demonstrable only in fish from whose blood the organism could be recovered. It was concluded that the SA procedure was an effective diagnostic test which would be most useful under field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, the TA, MA, and FA procedures were found to be equally effective in detecting the level of serum agglutinins to A hydrophila. The FA procedure, however, was more sensitive than any of the agglutination procedures and could be performed in less time than TA or MA.", "contents": "Comparison of selected diagnostic tests for detection of motile Aeromonas septicemia in fish. Cultural isolation, slide agglutination (SA), tube agglutination (TA), microagglutination (MA), and fluorescent antibody (FA) techniqes were compared as methods for detecting motile aeromonas septicemia in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Tests were conducted on naturally infected fish from feral populations and commercial sources, as well as on fish which were experimentally infected with a virulent culture of Aeromonas hydrophila. Increased levels of specific serum agglutinins to A hydrophila were demonstrable only in fish from whose blood the organism could be recovered. It was concluded that the SA procedure was an effective diagnostic test which would be most useful under field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, the TA, MA, and FA procedures were found to be equally effective in detecting the level of serum agglutinins to A hydrophila. The FA procedure, however, was more sensitive than any of the agglutination procedures and could be performed in less time than TA or MA.", "PMID": 697147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10943", "title": "Electron probe microanalysis of fluorotic bovine teeth.", "content": "Incisor teeth were obtained from adult cattle which since 4 months of age to 5 or 6 years were maintained on rations containing a yearly average of 40 ppm F in the forage. Microchemical analyses were performed on the fluorotic bovine incisors. The microdistribution of fluoride varied markedly at different sites within the same tooth. Fluoride concentrations varied with the depth from the tooth surface and were influenced by the concentrations of fluoride present in the forage during amelogenesis, and the presence of hypoplastic pits and hyperplastic coronal cementum in enamel. The cementum in these lesions contained remarkably high concentrations of fluoride, and it was less calcified and more porous than adjacent enamel.", "contents": "Electron probe microanalysis of fluorotic bovine teeth. Incisor teeth were obtained from adult cattle which since 4 months of age to 5 or 6 years were maintained on rations containing a yearly average of 40 ppm F in the forage. Microchemical analyses were performed on the fluorotic bovine incisors. The microdistribution of fluoride varied markedly at different sites within the same tooth. Fluoride concentrations varied with the depth from the tooth surface and were influenced by the concentrations of fluoride present in the forage during amelogenesis, and the presence of hypoplastic pits and hyperplastic coronal cementum in enamel. The cementum in these lesions contained remarkably high concentrations of fluoride, and it was less calcified and more porous than adjacent enamel.", "PMID": 697148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10944", "title": "Efficacy of a new oxytetracycline formulation against clinical anaplasmosis.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine whether 1 intramuscular injection of an experimental long-acting oxytetracycline formulation was effective in treatment of induced acute anaplasmosis in cattle and to compare this with the drug response resulting from repeated treatments with an existing, approved oxytetracycline product. The new formulation was supplied in solutions of 200 mg of oxytetracycline/ml and was administered 1 time at the rate of 20 mg/kg of body weight. The experimental formulation was compared with a product providing 50 mg of oxytetracycline/ml which was administered on 2 consecutive days at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg for each treatment. The response to treatment observed in the study animals indicates that 1 injection of the experimental formulation was equivalent to 2 daily injections of the 50 mg/ml product in treating animals with acute bovine anaplasmosis compared with infected nonmedicated control animals. The need for new chemotherapeutic compounds such as this formulation for use in the treatment and control of anaplasmosis is discussed.", "contents": "Efficacy of a new oxytetracycline formulation against clinical anaplasmosis. A study was conducted to determine whether 1 intramuscular injection of an experimental long-acting oxytetracycline formulation was effective in treatment of induced acute anaplasmosis in cattle and to compare this with the drug response resulting from repeated treatments with an existing, approved oxytetracycline product. The new formulation was supplied in solutions of 200 mg of oxytetracycline/ml and was administered 1 time at the rate of 20 mg/kg of body weight. The experimental formulation was compared with a product providing 50 mg of oxytetracycline/ml which was administered on 2 consecutive days at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg for each treatment. The response to treatment observed in the study animals indicates that 1 injection of the experimental formulation was equivalent to 2 daily injections of the 50 mg/ml product in treating animals with acute bovine anaplasmosis compared with infected nonmedicated control animals. The need for new chemotherapeutic compounds such as this formulation for use in the treatment and control of anaplasmosis is discussed.", "PMID": 697150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10945", "title": "Pharmacologic and toxicologic study of prostaglandin F2alpha in cattle.", "content": "Prostaglandin F 1alpha (tham salt formulation) was injected IM into mature beef heifers at the rate of 0, 25, 75, 125, or 250 mg (4 heifers/dose group) on days 2 and 10, or 0 and 25 mg (4 heifers/dose group) on days 1 through 10. Drug effects were evaluated by means of 19 clinical observations, measurements of body weight and 10 organ weights, 15 clinical chemistry measurements, 9 hematologic measurements, 7 urinalysis measurements, and gross and microscopic observations of 27 tissues. Prostaglandin F2alpha administered on days 1 and 10 or daily for 10 days produced little evidence of pharmacologic effects and no evidence of toxicologic effects. Pharmacologic effects  included a slight transitory increase in heart rate in all treated groups and slight hyperthermia in the 250-mg group. Failure to produce important  toxicologic effects at 250 mg/day and with luteolytic doses occurring around 15 to 25 mg/day demonstrated that the safety factor was in excess of 10 X.", "contents": "Pharmacologic and toxicologic study of prostaglandin F2alpha in cattle. Prostaglandin F 1alpha (tham salt formulation) was injected IM into mature beef heifers at the rate of 0, 25, 75, 125, or 250 mg (4 heifers/dose group) on days 2 and 10, or 0 and 25 mg (4 heifers/dose group) on days 1 through 10. Drug effects were evaluated by means of 19 clinical observations, measurements of body weight and 10 organ weights, 15 clinical chemistry measurements, 9 hematologic measurements, 7 urinalysis measurements, and gross and microscopic observations of 27 tissues. Prostaglandin F2alpha administered on days 1 and 10 or daily for 10 days produced little evidence of pharmacologic effects and no evidence of toxicologic effects. Pharmacologic effects  included a slight transitory increase in heart rate in all treated groups and slight hyperthermia in the 250-mg group. Failure to produce important  toxicologic effects at 250 mg/day and with luteolytic doses occurring around 15 to 25 mg/day demonstrated that the safety factor was in excess of 10 X.", "PMID": 697151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10946", "title": "Critical tests of the anthelmintic febantel in the horse: activity of a paste formulation alone or with a trichlorfon paste.", "content": "Critical tests were carried out in 10 horses to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of febantel given alone or with trichlorfon. Paste formulations were administered intraorally at dose levels of 6 mg of febantel (active ingredient)/kg and 35 mg of trichlorfon (active ingredient)/kg. In 5 tests with febantel alone, removal of 100% was recorded for mature or immature Parascaris equorum from 2 infected horses. Strongylus vulgaris from 4 infected horses, S edentatus from 5 infected horses, and mature Oxyuris equi from 1 infected horse; and removal of 96% was recorded for small strogyles from 1 horse tested, and bots in 5 infected horses were not affected. In 5 horses treated with both compounds, removal of 100% was recorded for mature P equorum from 2 infected horses, immature P equorum from 1 infected horse, S vulgaris from 5 infected horses, Sedentatus from 5 infected horses, mature O equi from 2 infected horses, immature O equi from 1 horse tested, 2nd Gasterophilus intestin-equi from 1 infected horse, 2nd-instar C nasalis from 1 infected horse, and 3rd-instar C nasalis from 4 infected horses. Removal of 98% was recorded for small strongyles from 1 horse tested, and removal of 65% to 100% for 3rd-instar C intestinalis from 5 infected horses. In the aggregate, removal of 3rd-instar C intestinalis was 99%. Untoward effects of treatment were quite limited. Only a transient softening of feces in 1 of 5 horses given the trichlorfon paste plus the febantel paste was recorded.", "contents": "Critical tests of the anthelmintic febantel in the horse: activity of a paste formulation alone or with a trichlorfon paste. Critical tests were carried out in 10 horses to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of febantel given alone or with trichlorfon. Paste formulations were administered intraorally at dose levels of 6 mg of febantel (active ingredient)/kg and 35 mg of trichlorfon (active ingredient)/kg. In 5 tests with febantel alone, removal of 100% was recorded for mature or immature Parascaris equorum from 2 infected horses. Strongylus vulgaris from 4 infected horses, S edentatus from 5 infected horses, and mature Oxyuris equi from 1 infected horse; and removal of 96% was recorded for small strogyles from 1 horse tested, and bots in 5 infected horses were not affected. In 5 horses treated with both compounds, removal of 100% was recorded for mature P equorum from 2 infected horses, immature P equorum from 1 infected horse, S vulgaris from 5 infected horses, Sedentatus from 5 infected horses, mature O equi from 2 infected horses, immature O equi from 1 horse tested, 2nd Gasterophilus intestin-equi from 1 infected horse, 2nd-instar C nasalis from 1 infected horse, and 3rd-instar C nasalis from 4 infected horses. Removal of 98% was recorded for small strongyles from 1 horse tested, and removal of 65% to 100% for 3rd-instar C intestinalis from 5 infected horses. In the aggregate, removal of 3rd-instar C intestinalis was 99%. Untoward effects of treatment were quite limited. Only a transient softening of feces in 1 of 5 horses given the trichlorfon paste plus the febantel paste was recorded.", "PMID": 697152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10947", "title": "Pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus: in vivo persistence in equine tissue macrophages of herpesviuus type 2 detected in monolayer macrophage cell culture.", "content": "Equine macrophages from the mammary glands of a yearling filly and an 18-year-old barren nonlactatind mare formed cell monolayers in continuous cultures. There was absence of viral cytopathic effect (CPE) in early cell culture passages. The cells from the early cell culture passages having no CPE failed to show evidence of virus or viral antigen by electron microscopic and immunofluorescence studies. Foci of CPE first appeared in the monolayer cell cultures from the filly and the mare in the 3rd and the 4th serial passages respectively, and the CPE increased on subsequent serial passages. Equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV 2) cultures showing CPE. The macrophage monolayer culture established from the mare produced CPE foci more consistently than did the culture from the filly, and they were more numerous. Conversely, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the filly on cocultivation with an equine embryo kidney monolayer cell culture produced more EHV 2 CPE foci than did those from the mare. This study indicated that tissue macrophages may be a site for latent and persistent herpesvirus infections in horses.", "contents": "Pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus: in vivo persistence in equine tissue macrophages of herpesviuus type 2 detected in monolayer macrophage cell culture. Equine macrophages from the mammary glands of a yearling filly and an 18-year-old barren nonlactatind mare formed cell monolayers in continuous cultures. There was absence of viral cytopathic effect (CPE) in early cell culture passages. The cells from the early cell culture passages having no CPE failed to show evidence of virus or viral antigen by electron microscopic and immunofluorescence studies. Foci of CPE first appeared in the monolayer cell cultures from the filly and the mare in the 3rd and the 4th serial passages respectively, and the CPE increased on subsequent serial passages. Equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV 2) cultures showing CPE. The macrophage monolayer culture established from the mare produced CPE foci more consistently than did the culture from the filly, and they were more numerous. Conversely, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the filly on cocultivation with an equine embryo kidney monolayer cell culture produced more EHV 2 CPE foci than did those from the mare. This study indicated that tissue macrophages may be a site for latent and persistent herpesvirus infections in horses.", "PMID": 697153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10948", "title": "Effects of gastrin on emptying and composition of digesta of the omasum of sheep.", "content": "Three adult sheep were prepared with a denervated pouch of fundus of the abomasum and a reentrant fistula system that connected the remaining proximal and distal portions of the abomasum. The proximal cannula of the reentrant system was close to the omasoabomasal orifice, allowing for easy collection of fluid leaving the omasum. Intravenous injection of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 microgram/kg/hr of synthetic human gastrin I caused a marked decrease in flow rate of fluid from the omasum. The concentration of particulate matter in the digesta was inversely related to rate of omasal outflow. An increase in acid output from the denervated abomasal pouch during gastrin injection indicated that the hormone was given at pharmacologically effective doses. Results indicate that gastrin has a modulating effect on the flow of ingesta through the ruminant forestomachs. Actual sites of action were not identified.", "contents": "Effects of gastrin on emptying and composition of digesta of the omasum of sheep. Three adult sheep were prepared with a denervated pouch of fundus of the abomasum and a reentrant fistula system that connected the remaining proximal and distal portions of the abomasum. The proximal cannula of the reentrant system was close to the omasoabomasal orifice, allowing for easy collection of fluid leaving the omasum. Intravenous injection of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 microgram/kg/hr of synthetic human gastrin I caused a marked decrease in flow rate of fluid from the omasum. The concentration of particulate matter in the digesta was inversely related to rate of omasal outflow. An increase in acid output from the denervated abomasal pouch during gastrin injection indicated that the hormone was given at pharmacologically effective doses. Results indicate that gastrin has a modulating effect on the flow of ingesta through the ruminant forestomachs. Actual sites of action were not identified.", "PMID": 697156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10949", "title": "Efficacy of monensin against coccidiosis in lambs.", "content": "Lambs fed monensin mixed in a complete fattening ration at concentrations of 5, 10, or 20 ppm were protected against death, impaired body weight gain, and diarrhea due to infections of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae and E ahsata. Monensin given at the concentration of 10 ppm reduced oocyst passage and, at the concentration of 20 ppm, almost completely controlled oocyst passage. Protection was afforded by monensin given at the concentration of 5 ppm, although oocyst passage was excessive and body weight gains were suboptimal. Infected control lambs were severely affected, with mortality rate of 30% to 50% on days 14 to 18 and oocyst passage averaging 286,000,000 oocyst/lamb, Oocyst production peaks on days 12 to 15 and 21 to 27 correlated with the appearance of oocysts of E ninakohlyakimovae and E ahsata, respectively. Body weight gains and feed consumption of lambs fed monensin at the concentration of 10 or 20 ppm indicated that the drug was well tolerated at these dose levels and this route of administration. The compound was efficacious in Dorset and Suffolk X Hampshire lambs, and caused no problems when fed to pregnant ewes.", "contents": "Efficacy of monensin against coccidiosis in lambs. Lambs fed monensin mixed in a complete fattening ration at concentrations of 5, 10, or 20 ppm were protected against death, impaired body weight gain, and diarrhea due to infections of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae and E ahsata. Monensin given at the concentration of 10 ppm reduced oocyst passage and, at the concentration of 20 ppm, almost completely controlled oocyst passage. Protection was afforded by monensin given at the concentration of 5 ppm, although oocyst passage was excessive and body weight gains were suboptimal. Infected control lambs were severely affected, with mortality rate of 30% to 50% on days 14 to 18 and oocyst passage averaging 286,000,000 oocyst/lamb, Oocyst production peaks on days 12 to 15 and 21 to 27 correlated with the appearance of oocysts of E ninakohlyakimovae and E ahsata, respectively. Body weight gains and feed consumption of lambs fed monensin at the concentration of 10 or 20 ppm indicated that the drug was well tolerated at these dose levels and this route of administration. The compound was efficacious in Dorset and Suffolk X Hampshire lambs, and caused no problems when fed to pregnant ewes.", "PMID": 697157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10950", "title": "Studies on metabolism and concentrations of immunoglobulin G in the newly hatched turkey poult.", "content": "Persistence of maternal IgG in the hatched turkey poult was studied using 125I-labeled egg yolk IgG injected at hatching. Determinations were made of the half-life of IgG in the total plasma pool, and results indicated half-life for IgG of 4.08 +/- 0.33 days. Elimination of the injected IgG (comparable with maternal IgG) was described as the percentage of the injected dose remaining in the plasma with 30.53%, 10.31%, and 3.48% of the injected dose at 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively, after injection.", "contents": "Studies on metabolism and concentrations of immunoglobulin G in the newly hatched turkey poult. Persistence of maternal IgG in the hatched turkey poult was studied using 125I-labeled egg yolk IgG injected at hatching. Determinations were made of the half-life of IgG in the total plasma pool, and results indicated half-life for IgG of 4.08 +/- 0.33 days. Elimination of the injected IgG (comparable with maternal IgG) was described as the percentage of the injected dose remaining in the plasma with 30.53%, 10.31%, and 3.48% of the injected dose at 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively, after injection.", "PMID": 697158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10951", "title": "Metabolism and passive transfer of immunoglobulins in the turkey hen.", "content": "Aspects of the metabolism and passive transfer of radioactive 125I-labeled IgG, IgM, and IgA from the turkey hen to the egg were studied. The half-life of 125I-labeled IgG in plasma was calculated to be 5.91 +/- 0.81 days, and the time of maximal passage of radioactivity from hen into eggs was 6.5 +/- 1.3 days. The following IgG determinations were made: plasma concentration (8.54 +/- 1.2 mg/ml), total plasma pool (0.518 +/- 0.07 g/kg), total turnover rate (0.062 +/- 0.01 g/kg/day), or 11.92 +/- 0.01% of the plasma pool per day. The overall passage of IgG into sequentially laid eggs of individual hens was at a constant rate over an observation period of 46 days; loss to egg yolks accounts for less than 1% of total daily irreversible loss of IgG from the hen's body. The IgG concentrations in egg yolks assayed in 3 hens ranged from 72.1 +/- 6.7 to 104.5 +/- 6.9 mg/yolk, with significant (P less than or equal to 0.01) differences observed between birds not accounted for by differences in egg weights. The IgG was detectable in egg whites, but at a low concentration. The biological importance of egg white IgG is questionable. In 2 hens examined, 125I-labeled IgM had a half-life of 2.69 and 2.74 days, with fractional turnovers of 25.76% and 25.29% of the plasma pool/day. The IgM-associated radioactivity in egg material was considered unimportant in overall immunoglobulin transfer into eggs. In 2 hens examined, 125I-labeled IgA (biliary) had a half-life of 1.92 and 1.68 days, with fractional turnovers of 36.09% and 41.25% of the plasma pool per day. Like IgM, IgA-associated radioactivity in egg material was considered unimportant in overall immunoglobulin passage into eggs.", "contents": "Metabolism and passive transfer of immunoglobulins in the turkey hen. Aspects of the metabolism and passive transfer of radioactive 125I-labeled IgG, IgM, and IgA from the turkey hen to the egg were studied. The half-life of 125I-labeled IgG in plasma was calculated to be 5.91 +/- 0.81 days, and the time of maximal passage of radioactivity from hen into eggs was 6.5 +/- 1.3 days. The following IgG determinations were made: plasma concentration (8.54 +/- 1.2 mg/ml), total plasma pool (0.518 +/- 0.07 g/kg), total turnover rate (0.062 +/- 0.01 g/kg/day), or 11.92 +/- 0.01% of the plasma pool per day. The overall passage of IgG into sequentially laid eggs of individual hens was at a constant rate over an observation period of 46 days; loss to egg yolks accounts for less than 1% of total daily irreversible loss of IgG from the hen's body. The IgG concentrations in egg yolks assayed in 3 hens ranged from 72.1 +/- 6.7 to 104.5 +/- 6.9 mg/yolk, with significant (P less than or equal to 0.01) differences observed between birds not accounted for by differences in egg weights. The IgG was detectable in egg whites, but at a low concentration. The biological importance of egg white IgG is questionable. In 2 hens examined, 125I-labeled IgM had a half-life of 2.69 and 2.74 days, with fractional turnovers of 25.76% and 25.29% of the plasma pool/day. The IgM-associated radioactivity in egg material was considered unimportant in overall immunoglobulin transfer into eggs. In 2 hens examined, 125I-labeled IgA (biliary) had a half-life of 1.92 and 1.68 days, with fractional turnovers of 36.09% and 41.25% of the plasma pool per day. Like IgM, IgA-associated radioactivity in egg material was considered unimportant in overall immunoglobulin passage into eggs.", "PMID": 697159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10952", "title": "Life cycle of Mesocestoides corti in the dog (Canis familiaris).", "content": "Ten Beagle pups were each inoculated per os with 2,000 tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti from mice. The dogs were necropsied at 5-day intervals and the small intestine of each dog was divided into 3 equidistant sections. Adult cestodes were counted and characterized morphologically. The M corti reproduced asexually in the Beagles by longitudinal splitting of the parent scolex, separation of a new individual, and subsequent regrowth of 2 additional suckers on both the parent and newly formed scolices. Five days after the tetrathyridia were given, evidence of parent scolex division was present. The ability of M corti to reproduce asexually in the definitive host enabled rapid proliferation of new organisms, with approximately 53,000 present 45 days after inoculation.", "contents": "Life cycle of Mesocestoides corti in the dog (Canis familiaris). Ten Beagle pups were each inoculated per os with 2,000 tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti from mice. The dogs were necropsied at 5-day intervals and the small intestine of each dog was divided into 3 equidistant sections. Adult cestodes were counted and characterized morphologically. The M corti reproduced asexually in the Beagles by longitudinal splitting of the parent scolex, separation of a new individual, and subsequent regrowth of 2 additional suckers on both the parent and newly formed scolices. Five days after the tetrathyridia were given, evidence of parent scolex division was present. The ability of M corti to reproduce asexually in the definitive host enabled rapid proliferation of new organisms, with approximately 53,000 present 45 days after inoculation.", "PMID": 697160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10953", "title": "Electron microscopic observations on canine mixed mammary tumors, with special reference to cytoplasmic filamentous components.", "content": "Three chief cell types were studied in 8 canine mixed mammary tumors--luminal epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells, and filament cells, the last being the \"stellate\" cells recognized by light microscopists. Most cytoplasmic filaments in the myoepithelial cells were 5 to 8 nm thick, whereas another type of filaments were scattered, 8 to 10 nm thick. Almost all cytoplasmic filaments in the filament cells were 8 to 10 nm thick. In the adenomatous parts of the tumors, myoepithelial cells were chiefly seen, along with luminal epithelial cells. Filament cells were rarely observed without intercellular accumulation of mucoid. The filament cells were largely confined to the myxomatous and chondromatous parts of the tumors. The presence of cells of transitional forms in adenomatous areas suggested that the filament cells were derived from the myoepithelial cells.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations on canine mixed mammary tumors, with special reference to cytoplasmic filamentous components. Three chief cell types were studied in 8 canine mixed mammary tumors--luminal epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells, and filament cells, the last being the \"stellate\" cells recognized by light microscopists. Most cytoplasmic filaments in the myoepithelial cells were 5 to 8 nm thick, whereas another type of filaments were scattered, 8 to 10 nm thick. Almost all cytoplasmic filaments in the filament cells were 8 to 10 nm thick. In the adenomatous parts of the tumors, myoepithelial cells were chiefly seen, along with luminal epithelial cells. Filament cells were rarely observed without intercellular accumulation of mucoid. The filament cells were largely confined to the myxomatous and chondromatous parts of the tumors. The presence of cells of transitional forms in adenomatous areas suggested that the filament cells were derived from the myoepithelial cells.", "PMID": 697161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10954", "title": "Antibiotic-induced lethal enterocolitis in hamsters: studies with eleven agents and evidence to support the pathogenic role of toxin-producing Clostridia.", "content": "Clindamycin-induced enterocolitis in hamsters was studied, using a tissue culture assay to detect clostridial toxin. It was found that animals with lethal enterocolitis had a cytopathogenic substance in cecal contents and blood that was neutralized by clostridial antitoxins. Cultures of the cecal flora yielded numerous species of clostridia, but only 1 organism was detected which produced a toxin which was cytopathic in tissue culture. This organism, Clostridium difficile, was consistently present in high concentrations, and the cell-free supernate of these strains caused enterocolitis if injected intracecally into hamsters. Ten additional antimicrobials were tested ih hamsters. Ampicillin, vancomycin, erythromycin, cephalosporins, and oral gentamicin caused lethal enterocolitis in most recipients, and all animals which died had evidence of clostridia toxin in cecal contents at necropsy. Tetracycline and metronidazole were well tolerated, and the animals given these antimicrobials had no evidence of the toxin. We conclude that toxin-producing clostridia are responsible for lethal enterocolitis due to a variety of antimicrobials in hamsters.", "contents": "Antibiotic-induced lethal enterocolitis in hamsters: studies with eleven agents and evidence to support the pathogenic role of toxin-producing Clostridia. Clindamycin-induced enterocolitis in hamsters was studied, using a tissue culture assay to detect clostridial toxin. It was found that animals with lethal enterocolitis had a cytopathogenic substance in cecal contents and blood that was neutralized by clostridial antitoxins. Cultures of the cecal flora yielded numerous species of clostridia, but only 1 organism was detected which produced a toxin which was cytopathic in tissue culture. This organism, Clostridium difficile, was consistently present in high concentrations, and the cell-free supernate of these strains caused enterocolitis if injected intracecally into hamsters. Ten additional antimicrobials were tested ih hamsters. Ampicillin, vancomycin, erythromycin, cephalosporins, and oral gentamicin caused lethal enterocolitis in most recipients, and all animals which died had evidence of clostridia toxin in cecal contents at necropsy. Tetracycline and metronidazole were well tolerated, and the animals given these antimicrobials had no evidence of the toxin. We conclude that toxin-producing clostridia are responsible for lethal enterocolitis due to a variety of antimicrobials in hamsters.", "PMID": 697162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10955", "title": "Live streptomycin-dependent Pasteurella multocida vaccine for the prevention of hemorrhagic septicemia.", "content": "A type B Pasteurella multocida was used for the development of a streptomycin-dependent (StrD) vaccine. Pasteurella multocida R-473, a hemorrhagic septicemia strain, was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to increase the likelihood of encountering a StrD mutant and was plated on agar containing 400 microgram of streptomycin/ml. Replica plating was used to differentiate dependent from resistant colonies. Mice and rabbits were vaccinated with a StrD mutant and 21 days later, were challenge exposed, along with unvaccinated controls, with the wild type R-473. Protection of greater than 4 logs was shown for the vaccinated mice. All vaccinated rabbits were protected and all nonvaccinated controls succumbed to a challenge exposure of 500 or 1,000 LD50.", "contents": "Live streptomycin-dependent Pasteurella multocida vaccine for the prevention of hemorrhagic septicemia. A type B Pasteurella multocida was used for the development of a streptomycin-dependent (StrD) vaccine. Pasteurella multocida R-473, a hemorrhagic septicemia strain, was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to increase the likelihood of encountering a StrD mutant and was plated on agar containing 400 microgram of streptomycin/ml. Replica plating was used to differentiate dependent from resistant colonies. Mice and rabbits were vaccinated with a StrD mutant and 21 days later, were challenge exposed, along with unvaccinated controls, with the wild type R-473. Protection of greater than 4 logs was shown for the vaccinated mice. All vaccinated rabbits were protected and all nonvaccinated controls succumbed to a challenge exposure of 500 or 1,000 LD50.", "PMID": 697163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10956", "title": "Determination of fetal sex in cattle by cytologic examiantion of amniotic fluid.", "content": "Amniotic fluid smears (n = 134) of bovine fetuses (69 males, 65 females) at various stages of gestation were stained by the Papanicolaou method. Percentage counts of eosinophilic, orangeophilic, and cyanophilic cells were determined by examining 500 cells per sample. The cyanophilic cell count was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher for the females (37% +/- 3% to 47% +/- 3%) than for the males (19% +/- 2% to 32% +/- 3%). Significant differences, however, were not recorded with the eosinophilic and the orangeophilic cell counts. The percentage cyanophilic count could therefore be used as a method of prenatal sex determination.", "contents": "Determination of fetal sex in cattle by cytologic examiantion of amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid smears (n = 134) of bovine fetuses (69 males, 65 females) at various stages of gestation were stained by the Papanicolaou method. Percentage counts of eosinophilic, orangeophilic, and cyanophilic cells were determined by examining 500 cells per sample. The cyanophilic cell count was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher for the females (37% +/- 3% to 47% +/- 3%) than for the males (19% +/- 2% to 32% +/- 3%). Significant differences, however, were not recorded with the eosinophilic and the orangeophilic cell counts. The percentage cyanophilic count could therefore be used as a method of prenatal sex determination.", "PMID": 697164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10957", "title": "Percutaneous drill pulmonary biopsy in the dog.", "content": "Percutaneous drill pulmonary biopsy was performed 41 times in 5 dogs with a 51% rate in obtaining gross pulmonary tissue and 4% mortality from endobronchial hemorrhage. This pulmonary biopsy technique was not recommended for use in the dog.", "contents": "Percutaneous drill pulmonary biopsy in the dog. Percutaneous drill pulmonary biopsy was performed 41 times in 5 dogs with a 51% rate in obtaining gross pulmonary tissue and 4% mortality from endobronchial hemorrhage. This pulmonary biopsy technique was not recommended for use in the dog.", "PMID": 697165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10958", "title": "A case study of canine panosteitis: comparison of radiographic and radioisotopic studies.", "content": "A dog with recurrent active panosteitis was monitored with weekly skeletal radiographs and radioisotopic bone scintigrams performed on the same day. Comparison of results obtained by the two techniques indicated that scintigrams were more sensitive in revealing early lesions. Radiography was more specific and essential to establish a positive diagnosis. The sensitivity of radiographic and scintigraphic evidence was comparable during the midportions of the disease while bone resorption and deposition were most active. In late stages of panosteitis, after disappearance of clinical signs, the scintigrams were negative, whereas radiographs continued to reveal the presence of sclerotic lesions.", "contents": "A case study of canine panosteitis: comparison of radiographic and radioisotopic studies. A dog with recurrent active panosteitis was monitored with weekly skeletal radiographs and radioisotopic bone scintigrams performed on the same day. Comparison of results obtained by the two techniques indicated that scintigrams were more sensitive in revealing early lesions. Radiography was more specific and essential to establish a positive diagnosis. The sensitivity of radiographic and scintigraphic evidence was comparable during the midportions of the disease while bone resorption and deposition were most active. In late stages of panosteitis, after disappearance of clinical signs, the scintigrams were negative, whereas radiographs continued to reveal the presence of sclerotic lesions.", "PMID": 697166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10959", "title": "Trichuris campanula infection in a domestic cat from Miami, Florida.", "content": "Based upon measurements and morphologic character, whipworms recovered from a Miami, Florida, cat were identified as Trichuris campanula. Experimental infections in cats indicated that the prepatent period was approximately 62 days.", "contents": "Trichuris campanula infection in a domestic cat from Miami, Florida. Based upon measurements and morphologic character, whipworms recovered from a Miami, Florida, cat were identified as Trichuris campanula. Experimental infections in cats indicated that the prepatent period was approximately 62 days.", "PMID": 697167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10960", "title": "Effect of feeding on plasma uric acid levels in snakes.", "content": "The effect of feeding on plasma-uric acid concentrations of the snake was studied. The values were monitored in 2 gopher snakes and 2 black rat snakes which were fed mice. Plasma uric acid values in snakes increased after eating and gradually returned to base line with the digestion of the mice. Uric acid concentrations were greater in snakes eating 2 mice than in those eating only 1 mouse. The base-line plasma uric acid concentration in snakes was approximately 2 to 5 mg/dl. Plasma uric acid concentrations may be useful in making a diagnosis of gout. Presence of gout is usually indicated by increased uric acid concentrations; however, interpretation of these concentrations should be based on information about the feeding schedule.", "contents": "Effect of feeding on plasma uric acid levels in snakes. The effect of feeding on plasma-uric acid concentrations of the snake was studied. The values were monitored in 2 gopher snakes and 2 black rat snakes which were fed mice. Plasma uric acid values in snakes increased after eating and gradually returned to base line with the digestion of the mice. Uric acid concentrations were greater in snakes eating 2 mice than in those eating only 1 mouse. The base-line plasma uric acid concentration in snakes was approximately 2 to 5 mg/dl. Plasma uric acid concentrations may be useful in making a diagnosis of gout. Presence of gout is usually indicated by increased uric acid concentrations; however, interpretation of these concentrations should be based on information about the feeding schedule.", "PMID": 697168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10961", "title": "Preparation of primary cultures of tick cells.", "content": "Primary cell cultures were prepared from preimaginal bodies from the nymphal ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor andersoni, and Amblyomma maculatum, and from the hemocytes of late-stage nymphal and adult ticks, Ornithodoros coriaceus. The dissection methods for obtaining preimaginal bodies and hemocytes for culture are described. A culture mediu, designated RML 375, was used for both culture methods. Primary cultures were established with minimal contamination. Preimaginal body cultures may be maintained for 2 to 8 months or longer and hemocyte cultures for 1 to 9 months. Cultured cells form incomplete monolayers and tend to grow in clusters. Subculturing these cells is difficult, although A maculatum have been sucessfully subcultured several times. A brief review of arthropod tissue culturing is presented and potential applications of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Preparation of primary cultures of tick cells. Primary cell cultures were prepared from preimaginal bodies from the nymphal ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor andersoni, and Amblyomma maculatum, and from the hemocytes of late-stage nymphal and adult ticks, Ornithodoros coriaceus. The dissection methods for obtaining preimaginal bodies and hemocytes for culture are described. A culture mediu, designated RML 375, was used for both culture methods. Primary cultures were established with minimal contamination. Preimaginal body cultures may be maintained for 2 to 8 months or longer and hemocyte cultures for 1 to 9 months. Cultured cells form incomplete monolayers and tend to grow in clusters. Subculturing these cells is difficult, although A maculatum have been sucessfully subcultured several times. A brief review of arthropod tissue culturing is presented and potential applications of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 697169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10962", "title": "Characterization of a Pasteurella multocida bacteriophage.", "content": "The Pasteurella multocida bacteriophage B939a produces turbid plaques, which suggests infection with a temperate phage. Attempts to induce production of lytic phage by UV irradiation were unsuccessful, however, Bateriophage B932a is highly stable at 4 C and relatively stable at room temperature. It tolerates moist heat at 60 C, but is inactivated at 70 C in 10 minutes. Morphologically, it is a tailed phage with a hexagonal head.", "contents": "Characterization of a Pasteurella multocida bacteriophage. The Pasteurella multocida bacteriophage B939a produces turbid plaques, which suggests infection with a temperate phage. Attempts to induce production of lytic phage by UV irradiation were unsuccessful, however, Bateriophage B932a is highly stable at 4 C and relatively stable at room temperature. It tolerates moist heat at 60 C, but is inactivated at 70 C in 10 minutes. Morphologically, it is a tailed phage with a hexagonal head.", "PMID": 697170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10963", "title": "Electromagnetic blood flowmeters and flow probes: theoretic and practical considerations.", "content": "Electromagnetic blood flowmeters and flow probes are used to measure blood flow in blood vessels throughout the circulatory system. The principle of this measuring device is based on laws of electromagnetic induction discovered in the 19th century. The instrument has been predominantly used in research, but is presently used in human cardiovascular units to measure blood flow in blood vessels, and in prosthesis in conjection with cardiovascular surgical procedures. Electromagnetic flow equipment provides the most accurate measurement (in vivo) of blood flow available, both for acute and chronic implants. This report presents some of the theoretic and practical considerations for effective use of this instrument.", "contents": "Electromagnetic blood flowmeters and flow probes: theoretic and practical considerations. Electromagnetic blood flowmeters and flow probes are used to measure blood flow in blood vessels throughout the circulatory system. The principle of this measuring device is based on laws of electromagnetic induction discovered in the 19th century. The instrument has been predominantly used in research, but is presently used in human cardiovascular units to measure blood flow in blood vessels, and in prosthesis in conjection with cardiovascular surgical procedures. Electromagnetic flow equipment provides the most accurate measurement (in vivo) of blood flow available, both for acute and chronic implants. This report presents some of the theoretic and practical considerations for effective use of this instrument.", "PMID": 697171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10964", "title": "Theophylline disposition in acutely ill hospitalized patients. The effect of smoking, heart failure, severe airway obstruction, and pneumonia.", "content": "Theophylline disposition (clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life) was measured in 31 normal volunteers and 26 acutely ill patients with airway obstruction within 24 hours of hospital admission and again when intravenous aminophylline was discontinued 2 to 10 days later. Sex, age, race, the diagnosis of asthma, and the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis were not significantly correlated with clearance. Clearance was significantly increased in smokers and significantly decreased in patients with congestive heart failure, pneumonia, and severe bronchial obstruction. The volume of distribution was not correlated with these variables. Within 24 hours of admission, the mean clearance in our patients without congestive heart failure or pneumonia was 44.5 ml per hour per kg of body weight, 40 per cent less than the value on which the widely used 0.9 mg per kg per hour dosage is based. The unexplained interindividual variability of clearance was significantly higher amont patients than control subjects, but intraindividual variability in clearance was not different in these 2 groups after correction for the effects of smoking, congestive heart failure, and so on. Large variability in clearance among patients makes the plasma theophylline concentration resulting from any dosage relatively uncertain. Based on the the results of this study, recommendations are made concerning theophylline dosage computation, and the clinical circumstances calling for determination of plasma theophylline concentrations.", "contents": "Theophylline disposition in acutely ill hospitalized patients. The effect of smoking, heart failure, severe airway obstruction, and pneumonia. Theophylline disposition (clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life) was measured in 31 normal volunteers and 26 acutely ill patients with airway obstruction within 24 hours of hospital admission and again when intravenous aminophylline was discontinued 2 to 10 days later. Sex, age, race, the diagnosis of asthma, and the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis were not significantly correlated with clearance. Clearance was significantly increased in smokers and significantly decreased in patients with congestive heart failure, pneumonia, and severe bronchial obstruction. The volume of distribution was not correlated with these variables. Within 24 hours of admission, the mean clearance in our patients without congestive heart failure or pneumonia was 44.5 ml per hour per kg of body weight, 40 per cent less than the value on which the widely used 0.9 mg per kg per hour dosage is based. The unexplained interindividual variability of clearance was significantly higher amont patients than control subjects, but intraindividual variability in clearance was not different in these 2 groups after correction for the effects of smoking, congestive heart failure, and so on. Large variability in clearance among patients makes the plasma theophylline concentration resulting from any dosage relatively uncertain. Based on the the results of this study, recommendations are made concerning theophylline dosage computation, and the clinical circumstances calling for determination of plasma theophylline concentrations.", "PMID": 697173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10965", "title": "Oxygen-assisted exercise in chronic obstructive lung disease. The effect on exercise capacity and arterial blood gas tensions.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease exercised on a treadmill while breathing either room air, supplementary compressed air, or O2. Endurance was significantly increased by O2, but there was no improvement in maximal work rate. No relation was found between increased endurance and the degree of hypoxia, hypercarbia, or acidosis during exercise or the changes in these while breathing O2.", "contents": "Oxygen-assisted exercise in chronic obstructive lung disease. The effect on exercise capacity and arterial blood gas tensions. Twenty-six patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease exercised on a treadmill while breathing either room air, supplementary compressed air, or O2. Endurance was significantly increased by O2, but there was no improvement in maximal work rate. No relation was found between increased endurance and the degree of hypoxia, hypercarbia, or acidosis during exercise or the changes in these while breathing O2.", "PMID": 697174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10966", "title": "Mucus rheology and mucociliary clearance: Normal physiologic state.", "content": "Tracheal mucociliary clearance studies, mucus collections, and rheologic studies were performed on a weekly basis in 7 adult purebred beagles in an attempt to correlate clearance rate with rheology of mucus. Clearance rates were determined by a percutaneous transtracheal, radioisotope injection technique. Mucus was collected from dogs equipped with a tracheal pouch, and rheologic determinations were performed on a dynamic microrheometer. Individual analysis of data for each dog failed to reveal any significant relationship between clearance rate and any parameter of elasticity or viscosity. However, when data from all 7 dogs were pooled, covering a much wider range of the measured variables, it was seen that as the elastic modulus increased, the rate of clearance decreased. The mucociliary clearance rate was halved by an approximate ten-fold increase in elastic modulus of mucus.", "contents": "Mucus rheology and mucociliary clearance: Normal physiologic state. Tracheal mucociliary clearance studies, mucus collections, and rheologic studies were performed on a weekly basis in 7 adult purebred beagles in an attempt to correlate clearance rate with rheology of mucus. Clearance rates were determined by a percutaneous transtracheal, radioisotope injection technique. Mucus was collected from dogs equipped with a tracheal pouch, and rheologic determinations were performed on a dynamic microrheometer. Individual analysis of data for each dog failed to reveal any significant relationship between clearance rate and any parameter of elasticity or viscosity. However, when data from all 7 dogs were pooled, covering a much wider range of the measured variables, it was seen that as the elastic modulus increased, the rate of clearance decreased. The mucociliary clearance rate was halved by an approximate ten-fold increase in elastic modulus of mucus.", "PMID": 697175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10967", "title": "Physiologic effects of bronchopulmonary lavage in alveolar proteinosis.", "content": "The clinical and physiologic effects of bronchopulmonary lavage of both lungs at separate times in 14 patients with alveolar proteinosis proved by biopsy were followed for 2 to 96 months. Before lavage, all patients had moderate to severe dyspnea on exertion. Twelve had a nonproductive cough, and 2 had a productive cough; both were smokers. Nine had generalized fatigue, and 4 had weight loss. Twelve of 14 had fine inspiratory rales. All of the patients had abnormal chest roentgenograms, and 13 of 14 had an increased lactate dehydrogenase concentration. After lavage, all patients had loss of fatigue and improved exercise tolerance, with most returning to normal activity. Cough cleared in 12 of 14 and remained only in the cigarette smokers. Inspiratory rales cleared completely in most patients (11 of 12) and partially in one. The rales usually returned during exacerbations. Physiologic measurements that changed significantly after bilateral lavage included: vital capacity, total lung capacity, resting room air PO2, exercise PO2, PO2 while breathing 100 per cent O2, and DLCO. Because all measurements were made within 5 days of the second lavage, one must attribute the acute improvement to the removal of proteinaceous material from the alveoli. The long-term effects varied; some patients required annual or semiannual lavages, wherease others remained in remission after lavage for 36 to 96 months. Exacerbations were accompanied by increased dyspnea, reappearance of rales, and deterioration of the gas-exchange parameters noted previously. Repeat lavage reversed the clinical symptoms and physiologic abnormalities in patients who had recurrences.", "contents": "Physiologic effects of bronchopulmonary lavage in alveolar proteinosis. The clinical and physiologic effects of bronchopulmonary lavage of both lungs at separate times in 14 patients with alveolar proteinosis proved by biopsy were followed for 2 to 96 months. Before lavage, all patients had moderate to severe dyspnea on exertion. Twelve had a nonproductive cough, and 2 had a productive cough; both were smokers. Nine had generalized fatigue, and 4 had weight loss. Twelve of 14 had fine inspiratory rales. All of the patients had abnormal chest roentgenograms, and 13 of 14 had an increased lactate dehydrogenase concentration. After lavage, all patients had loss of fatigue and improved exercise tolerance, with most returning to normal activity. Cough cleared in 12 of 14 and remained only in the cigarette smokers. Inspiratory rales cleared completely in most patients (11 of 12) and partially in one. The rales usually returned during exacerbations. Physiologic measurements that changed significantly after bilateral lavage included: vital capacity, total lung capacity, resting room air PO2, exercise PO2, PO2 while breathing 100 per cent O2, and DLCO. Because all measurements were made within 5 days of the second lavage, one must attribute the acute improvement to the removal of proteinaceous material from the alveoli. The long-term effects varied; some patients required annual or semiannual lavages, wherease others remained in remission after lavage for 36 to 96 months. Exacerbations were accompanied by increased dyspnea, reappearance of rales, and deterioration of the gas-exchange parameters noted previously. Repeat lavage reversed the clinical symptoms and physiologic abnormalities in patients who had recurrences.", "PMID": 697176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10968", "title": "Regional lung function in asymptomatic cigarette smokers.", "content": "Regional pulmonary ventilation and perfusion were studied in the supine posture using xenon-133 in 10 asymptomatic cigarette smokers with normal chest radiographs and no evidence of large airway obstruction. The results were compared with those obtained in age-matched control subjects who were lifelong nonsmokers. The ventilation of the upper zones of the lungs was significantly less than that of the lower zones in smokers but not in control subjects, and perfusion of the upper zones of the lungs was significantly greater than that of the mid-zones in control subjects but not in smokers. It is suggested that the upper zone abnormalities found in the group of smokers were consistent with the development of early emphysema.", "contents": "Regional lung function in asymptomatic cigarette smokers. Regional pulmonary ventilation and perfusion were studied in the supine posture using xenon-133 in 10 asymptomatic cigarette smokers with normal chest radiographs and no evidence of large airway obstruction. The results were compared with those obtained in age-matched control subjects who were lifelong nonsmokers. The ventilation of the upper zones of the lungs was significantly less than that of the lower zones in smokers but not in control subjects, and perfusion of the upper zones of the lungs was significantly greater than that of the mid-zones in control subjects but not in smokers. It is suggested that the upper zone abnormalities found in the group of smokers were consistent with the development of early emphysema.", "PMID": 697177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10969", "title": "Radioisotope scanning in the initial staging of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "The use of routine radioisotope scanning to screen for subclinical metastatic disease in the initial staging of bronchogenic carcinoma was studied. To define the value of scans, liver, brain, and bone scans were studied prospectively in 111 patients and retrospectively in 114 patients. Among patients with clinical findings suggesting metastatic disease, 14.4 per cent of the liver scans, 12.3 per cent of the brain scans, and 35.7 per cent of the bone scans were positive. All patients free of clinical findings had negative liver and brain scans. Positive bone scans occurred in 8 per cent of the patients without clinical abnormalities. True-positive bone scans occurred in less than 4 per cent of the patients free of clinical abnormalities. The clinical findings noted in the patients pointed to the organ involved in only 76 per cent of the abnormal liver scans, 62 per cent of the abnormal brain scans, and 75 per cent of the abnormal bone scans. Clinical findings associated with positive liver and brain scans were multiple and significant, whereas findings with the positive bone scans could be few or subtle. Routine scanning failed to identify a significant number of patients with clinically unsuspected metastatic disease. Liver, brain, and bone scanning is indicated only in patients suspected of having metastatic disease.", "contents": "Radioisotope scanning in the initial staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. The use of routine radioisotope scanning to screen for subclinical metastatic disease in the initial staging of bronchogenic carcinoma was studied. To define the value of scans, liver, brain, and bone scans were studied prospectively in 111 patients and retrospectively in 114 patients. Among patients with clinical findings suggesting metastatic disease, 14.4 per cent of the liver scans, 12.3 per cent of the brain scans, and 35.7 per cent of the bone scans were positive. All patients free of clinical findings had negative liver and brain scans. Positive bone scans occurred in 8 per cent of the patients without clinical abnormalities. True-positive bone scans occurred in less than 4 per cent of the patients free of clinical abnormalities. The clinical findings noted in the patients pointed to the organ involved in only 76 per cent of the abnormal liver scans, 62 per cent of the abnormal brain scans, and 75 per cent of the abnormal bone scans. Clinical findings associated with positive liver and brain scans were multiple and significant, whereas findings with the positive bone scans could be few or subtle. Routine scanning failed to identify a significant number of patients with clinically unsuspected metastatic disease. Liver, brain, and bone scanning is indicated only in patients suspected of having metastatic disease.", "PMID": 697178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10970", "title": "Bronchial hyperirritability in healthy subjects after exposure to ozone.", "content": "We studied the effect of a 2-hour exposure to 0.6 ppm of ozone on bronchial reactivity in 8 healthy, nonsmoking subjects by measuring the increase in airway resistance (Raw) produced by inhalation of histamine diphosphate aerosol (1.6 per cent, 10 breaths). Before exposure to ozone, histamine increase the mean Raw from 1.2 to 1.8 cm H2O per liter per sec. Immediately after exposure to ozone, the mean baseline Raw was unchanged, but the mean response to histamine was significantly greater than the pre-ozone response (Raw = 3.3 cm H2O per liter per sec; P less than 0.05). For the group, this increase disappeared 1 day after exposure to ozone, although 2 subjects still had a significantly increased response to histamine for more than 1 week after exposure. In 4 subjects, pretreatment with atropine sulfate aerosol (0.1 to 0.2 mg per kg of body weight) blocked the increase in Raw produced by histamine after exposure to ozone. We concluded that brief exposure to 0.6 ppm of ozone produces bronchial hyperirritability via cholinergic postganglionic pathways, probably by damaging airway epithelium and thereby sensitizing bronchial irritant receptors.", "contents": "Bronchial hyperirritability in healthy subjects after exposure to ozone. We studied the effect of a 2-hour exposure to 0.6 ppm of ozone on bronchial reactivity in 8 healthy, nonsmoking subjects by measuring the increase in airway resistance (Raw) produced by inhalation of histamine diphosphate aerosol (1.6 per cent, 10 breaths). Before exposure to ozone, histamine increase the mean Raw from 1.2 to 1.8 cm H2O per liter per sec. Immediately after exposure to ozone, the mean baseline Raw was unchanged, but the mean response to histamine was significantly greater than the pre-ozone response (Raw = 3.3 cm H2O per liter per sec; P less than 0.05). For the group, this increase disappeared 1 day after exposure to ozone, although 2 subjects still had a significantly increased response to histamine for more than 1 week after exposure. In 4 subjects, pretreatment with atropine sulfate aerosol (0.1 to 0.2 mg per kg of body weight) blocked the increase in Raw produced by histamine after exposure to ozone. We concluded that brief exposure to 0.6 ppm of ozone produces bronchial hyperirritability via cholinergic postganglionic pathways, probably by damaging airway epithelium and thereby sensitizing bronchial irritant receptors.", "PMID": 697179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10971", "title": "Collateral ventilation and the middle lobe syndrome.", "content": "The mechanics of collateral ventilation in the right middle lobe of 5 young, normal volunteers were studied using a bronchoscopic wedge technique, and the results were compared with those from an upper lobe of the same subjects. At functional residual capacity, the resistance to collateral ventilation in the right middle lobe was 4,042 +/- 559 cm H2O per liter per sec (mean +/- SE), whereas that of the upper lobes was 799 +/- 168 cm H2O per liter per sec. The time constant for collateral ventilation could not be measured in the right middle lobe of any of the subjects because it exceeded their breath-holding times of 6 to 16 sec. The time constant for collateral ventilation in the upper lobes was 4.5 +/- 1.0 sec. We concluded that collateral ventilation in the right middle lobe of young normal subjects is characterized by a high resistance and a long-time constant relative to the upper lobes. This is probably explained by a greater ratio of pleural surface to nonpleural surface in the right middle lobe as compared to the upper lobes. We suggest that ineffective collateral ventilation is a major factor in the pathophysiology of the Middle Lobe Syndrome.", "contents": "Collateral ventilation and the middle lobe syndrome. The mechanics of collateral ventilation in the right middle lobe of 5 young, normal volunteers were studied using a bronchoscopic wedge technique, and the results were compared with those from an upper lobe of the same subjects. At functional residual capacity, the resistance to collateral ventilation in the right middle lobe was 4,042 +/- 559 cm H2O per liter per sec (mean +/- SE), whereas that of the upper lobes was 799 +/- 168 cm H2O per liter per sec. The time constant for collateral ventilation could not be measured in the right middle lobe of any of the subjects because it exceeded their breath-holding times of 6 to 16 sec. The time constant for collateral ventilation in the upper lobes was 4.5 +/- 1.0 sec. We concluded that collateral ventilation in the right middle lobe of young normal subjects is characterized by a high resistance and a long-time constant relative to the upper lobes. This is probably explained by a greater ratio of pleural surface to nonpleural surface in the right middle lobe as compared to the upper lobes. We suggest that ineffective collateral ventilation is a major factor in the pathophysiology of the Middle Lobe Syndrome.", "PMID": 697180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10972", "title": "Aerodynamic size distribution of metered-dose bronchodilator aerosols.", "content": "The aerodynamic size distributions of 9 commonly used bronchodilator aerosols were determined by using a new instrument, the single-particle, aerodynamic relaxation time analyzer, which can measure the aerodynamic size of single particles and droplets in real time independent of density, shape, and other physical characteristics. The following commercial preparations were studied: Duo-Medihaler, Medihaler-Epi, Medihaler-Epi Medihaler-Iso, Norisodrine Aerotrol, Alupent, Metaprel, Isuprel Mistometer, Bronkometer, and Asthma-Meter. Count median diameters ranged from 0.62 to 0.82 micrometer, and mass median aerodynamic diameters ranged from 2.8 to 4.3 micrometer. The heterodisperse nature of the aerosols was demonstrated by the relatively large geometric standard deviations, which ranged from 1.5 to 2.1. None of these aerosols had a log-normal distribution; rather, the distribution curves were multimodal.", "contents": "Aerodynamic size distribution of metered-dose bronchodilator aerosols. The aerodynamic size distributions of 9 commonly used bronchodilator aerosols were determined by using a new instrument, the single-particle, aerodynamic relaxation time analyzer, which can measure the aerodynamic size of single particles and droplets in real time independent of density, shape, and other physical characteristics. The following commercial preparations were studied: Duo-Medihaler, Medihaler-Epi, Medihaler-Epi Medihaler-Iso, Norisodrine Aerotrol, Alupent, Metaprel, Isuprel Mistometer, Bronkometer, and Asthma-Meter. Count median diameters ranged from 0.62 to 0.82 micrometer, and mass median aerodynamic diameters ranged from 2.8 to 4.3 micrometer. The heterodisperse nature of the aerosols was demonstrated by the relatively large geometric standard deviations, which ranged from 1.5 to 2.1. None of these aerosols had a log-normal distribution; rather, the distribution curves were multimodal.", "PMID": 697181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10973", "title": "Differential effects of cyclophosphamide and cortisone acetate on bronchoalveolar phagocytic cell populations.", "content": "The effects of cyclophosphamide and cortisone acetate on numbers of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and on inflammatory response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to bacterial infection in the lung were studied in guinea pigs. Groups of animals were treated for 7 days with each drug alone or in combination. Bronchoalveolar lavage was carried out on the day after completion of the drug regimens. Selected animals were challenged via the trachea with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2 hours before lavage. Single-drug therapy did not significantly decrease numbers of PAM in lavage fluids, but combined therapy led to a 60 per cent (P less than 0.01) decrease in numbers of PAM. Normal animals and cortisone-treated animals responded 2 hours after Pseudomonas lung challenge with a 4-fold increase in PMN in lavage fluid, wherease animals treated with cyclophosphamide or the combined-drug regimen failed in this response. The clearance of viable Pseudomonas organisms from bronchoalveolar fluids was inhibited only in animals  treated with both cyclophosphamide and cortisone. Thus, only a combined regimen of cyclophosphamide plus cortisone led to the simultaneous occurrence of decreased numbers of PAM, as well as inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte inflammation in the lung. Combined immunosuppressive drug regimens may result in more severe alterations in lung host defense for the clearance of bacteria than does single-drug therapy.", "contents": "Differential effects of cyclophosphamide and cortisone acetate on bronchoalveolar phagocytic cell populations. The effects of cyclophosphamide and cortisone acetate on numbers of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and on inflammatory response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to bacterial infection in the lung were studied in guinea pigs. Groups of animals were treated for 7 days with each drug alone or in combination. Bronchoalveolar lavage was carried out on the day after completion of the drug regimens. Selected animals were challenged via the trachea with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2 hours before lavage. Single-drug therapy did not significantly decrease numbers of PAM in lavage fluids, but combined therapy led to a 60 per cent (P less than 0.01) decrease in numbers of PAM. Normal animals and cortisone-treated animals responded 2 hours after Pseudomonas lung challenge with a 4-fold increase in PMN in lavage fluid, wherease animals treated with cyclophosphamide or the combined-drug regimen failed in this response. The clearance of viable Pseudomonas organisms from bronchoalveolar fluids was inhibited only in animals  treated with both cyclophosphamide and cortisone. Thus, only a combined regimen of cyclophosphamide plus cortisone led to the simultaneous occurrence of decreased numbers of PAM, as well as inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte inflammation in the lung. Combined immunosuppressive drug regimens may result in more severe alterations in lung host defense for the clearance of bacteria than does single-drug therapy.", "PMID": 697182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10974", "title": "Defective neutrophil locomotion in human blastomycosis: evidence for a serum inhibitor.", "content": "Unstimulated or stimulated locomotion, bactericidal, and metabolic activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from 12 nonimmunosuppressed patients with invasive fungal infections proved by culture, were evaluated before and after treatment of the patients with antimicrobial drugs. The major observation was that PMN from patients with blastomycosis had a defect in stimulated locomotion. The specificity of the defect for blastomycosis was substantiated by the normal stimulated locomotion of PMN from uninfected control subjects or untreated patients with histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, or sporotrichosis. The defect was due to a heat-stable, cell-directed, reversible serum inhibitor. In unheated or heated serum from untreated patients with blastomycosis, control PMN had decreased stimulated locomotion. Multiple washing followed by addition of control serum corrected locomotion of PMN from untreated patients with blastomycosis. The abnormality was not present in PMN from patients who had been treated with amphotericin B or had spontaneous resolution of their infections. Inhibition was not due to absence of chemoattractant activity because zymosan-activated patient serum or mixtures of patient and control serum stimulated PMN locomotion normally. The defect did not correlate with age, sex, neutrophil count, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, serologic reactivity, or duration or severity of infection. No defect was found in bactericidal or metabolic activities of various combinations of PMN and serum from untreated or treated patients with blastomycosis or the 4 other fungal infections tested, indicating that the inhibitor was specific for stimulated locomotion.", "contents": "Defective neutrophil locomotion in human blastomycosis: evidence for a serum inhibitor. Unstimulated or stimulated locomotion, bactericidal, and metabolic activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from 12 nonimmunosuppressed patients with invasive fungal infections proved by culture, were evaluated before and after treatment of the patients with antimicrobial drugs. The major observation was that PMN from patients with blastomycosis had a defect in stimulated locomotion. The specificity of the defect for blastomycosis was substantiated by the normal stimulated locomotion of PMN from uninfected control subjects or untreated patients with histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, or sporotrichosis. The defect was due to a heat-stable, cell-directed, reversible serum inhibitor. In unheated or heated serum from untreated patients with blastomycosis, control PMN had decreased stimulated locomotion. Multiple washing followed by addition of control serum corrected locomotion of PMN from untreated patients with blastomycosis. The abnormality was not present in PMN from patients who had been treated with amphotericin B or had spontaneous resolution of their infections. Inhibition was not due to absence of chemoattractant activity because zymosan-activated patient serum or mixtures of patient and control serum stimulated PMN locomotion normally. The defect did not correlate with age, sex, neutrophil count, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, serologic reactivity, or duration or severity of infection. No defect was found in bactericidal or metabolic activities of various combinations of PMN and serum from untreated or treated patients with blastomycosis or the 4 other fungal infections tested, indicating that the inhibitor was specific for stimulated locomotion.", "PMID": 697183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10975", "title": "A comparative study of cell renewal after exposure to ozone or oxygen. Response of terminal bronchiolar epithelium in the rat.", "content": "Cell renewal patterns of the terminal bronchiolar epithelium of rats were examined during 7-day exposures to either 0.8 ppm of ozone or 80 per cent O2. Terminal bronchiolar epithelial cells were classified and counted in ciliated, nonciliated secretory (Clara), and nonciliated, nonsecretory categories. Thymidine labeled with hydrogen-3 was used in conjunction with light microscopic autoradiography to obtain labeling indices in exposed rats at 6, 24, 72, and 168 hours compared to control rats at 6 and 168 hours. Results indicated that both ozone and O2 initiated a proliferative response of terminal bronchiolar epithelium, but that the response to O2 insult was delayed in onset and of lesser magnitude. Most importantly, the differential cell counts revealed that nonciliated secretory cells were the primary proliferating cell type at all periods after oxidant insult. This proliferative response continued with persistence of the insult through 168 hours. Shifts in proportions of cell types and labeling indices during exposure supported the view that nonciliated secretory cells are the reparative bronchiolar cells and that new ciliated cells are mainly derived from them.", "contents": "A comparative study of cell renewal after exposure to ozone or oxygen. Response of terminal bronchiolar epithelium in the rat. Cell renewal patterns of the terminal bronchiolar epithelium of rats were examined during 7-day exposures to either 0.8 ppm of ozone or 80 per cent O2. Terminal bronchiolar epithelial cells were classified and counted in ciliated, nonciliated secretory (Clara), and nonciliated, nonsecretory categories. Thymidine labeled with hydrogen-3 was used in conjunction with light microscopic autoradiography to obtain labeling indices in exposed rats at 6, 24, 72, and 168 hours compared to control rats at 6 and 168 hours. Results indicated that both ozone and O2 initiated a proliferative response of terminal bronchiolar epithelium, but that the response to O2 insult was delayed in onset and of lesser magnitude. Most importantly, the differential cell counts revealed that nonciliated secretory cells were the primary proliferating cell type at all periods after oxidant insult. This proliferative response continued with persistence of the insult through 168 hours. Shifts in proportions of cell types and labeling indices during exposure supported the view that nonciliated secretory cells are the reparative bronchiolar cells and that new ciliated cells are mainly derived from them.", "PMID": 697184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10976", "title": "Cytotoxic effects of nickel on ciliated epithelium.", "content": "Studies were conducted to measure the effect of graded concentrations of nickel on ciliary activity in an in vitro model system using isolated hamster tracheal rings, and to compare the in vitro findings with in vivo exposures using an organ culture system. Dose-response experiments were conducted for various Ni concentrations and for various lengths of exposure. In the in vitro model, significant decreases in ciliary activity occurred at concentrations as low as 0.011 mM nickel (0.65 microgram of nickel per ml). A dose-response relationship between the concentration of nickel and ciliary action was demonstrated. A range of effects from a significant decrease of 26 beats per min (0.65 microgram of nickel per ml) to complete ciliostasis (65 microgram of nickel per ml)) was observed after 24 hours of exposure. Validation of the in vitro results occurred when hamsters were exposed to a nickel chloride aerosol at concentrations of 100 to 275 microgram of nickel per m3. Immediately after the cessation of a 2-hour in vivo exposure, a decrease in ciliary activity of 60 and 140 beats per min was observed for animals exposed to 100 and 275 microgram of nickel per m3, respectively. The length of time required for recovery from the in vivo exposure to nickel aerosol was determined. Histologic examination of the epithelial cells also showed dose-related effects. It is apparent that nickel, either administered to the whole animal or to the tracheal epithelium directly, can significantly decrease the ciliary beating frequency and interfere with the normal functioning of respiratory defense mechanisms, thereby increasing the risk of the host to respiratory infections.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effects of nickel on ciliated epithelium. Studies were conducted to measure the effect of graded concentrations of nickel on ciliary activity in an in vitro model system using isolated hamster tracheal rings, and to compare the in vitro findings with in vivo exposures using an organ culture system. Dose-response experiments were conducted for various Ni concentrations and for various lengths of exposure. In the in vitro model, significant decreases in ciliary activity occurred at concentrations as low as 0.011 mM nickel (0.65 microgram of nickel per ml). A dose-response relationship between the concentration of nickel and ciliary action was demonstrated. A range of effects from a significant decrease of 26 beats per min (0.65 microgram of nickel per ml) to complete ciliostasis (65 microgram of nickel per ml)) was observed after 24 hours of exposure. Validation of the in vitro results occurred when hamsters were exposed to a nickel chloride aerosol at concentrations of 100 to 275 microgram of nickel per m3. Immediately after the cessation of a 2-hour in vivo exposure, a decrease in ciliary activity of 60 and 140 beats per min was observed for animals exposed to 100 and 275 microgram of nickel per m3, respectively. The length of time required for recovery from the in vivo exposure to nickel aerosol was determined. Histologic examination of the epithelial cells also showed dose-related effects. It is apparent that nickel, either administered to the whole animal or to the tracheal epithelium directly, can significantly decrease the ciliary beating frequency and interfere with the normal functioning of respiratory defense mechanisms, thereby increasing the risk of the host to respiratory infections.", "PMID": 697185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10977", "title": "Gallium-67 citrate scanning in the staging of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Correlation and physiologic and morphologic features and bronchoalveolar lavage.", "content": "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal disorder characterized by interstitial fibrosis and parenchymal inflammation. Current concepts of this disease suggest that the inflammation precedes and probably induces the fibrotic state. To evaluate the extent and relative activity of the inflammatory process, we scanned patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using gallium-67, a radionuclide known to concentrate in regions of inflammation. To quantify the amount of isotope in the lung parenchyma, the 67Ga-index was developed, a parameter derived from estimates of the size of regional pulmonary uptake, the uptake intensity, and its texture. Evaluation of 67Ga scans in 30 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 19 control subjects demonstrated that the 67Ga-index in the group with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than that in the control group. When compared with lung biopsy morphologic studies in 22 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the 67Ga-index correlated with the degree of interstitial cellularity (P less than 0.05) and the degree of alveolar cellularity (P less than 0.005). When compared with cellular analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 17 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the 67Ga-index correlated with the differential percentage of neutrophils (P less than 0.05), but not lymphocytes, eosinophils, or macrophages. These studies indicate that 67Ga accumulates in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and is probably associated with the active inflammatory state. The associations of the 67Ga-index with morphologic features and bronchoalveolar lavage analysis suggest that quantitative evaluation of these scans may be useful in staging the activity of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and following responses to therapy.", "contents": "Gallium-67 citrate scanning in the staging of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Correlation and physiologic and morphologic features and bronchoalveolar lavage. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal disorder characterized by interstitial fibrosis and parenchymal inflammation. Current concepts of this disease suggest that the inflammation precedes and probably induces the fibrotic state. To evaluate the extent and relative activity of the inflammatory process, we scanned patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using gallium-67, a radionuclide known to concentrate in regions of inflammation. To quantify the amount of isotope in the lung parenchyma, the 67Ga-index was developed, a parameter derived from estimates of the size of regional pulmonary uptake, the uptake intensity, and its texture. Evaluation of 67Ga scans in 30 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 19 control subjects demonstrated that the 67Ga-index in the group with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than that in the control group. When compared with lung biopsy morphologic studies in 22 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the 67Ga-index correlated with the degree of interstitial cellularity (P less than 0.05) and the degree of alveolar cellularity (P less than 0.005). When compared with cellular analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 17 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the 67Ga-index correlated with the differential percentage of neutrophils (P less than 0.05), but not lymphocytes, eosinophils, or macrophages. These studies indicate that 67Ga accumulates in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and is probably associated with the active inflammatory state. The associations of the 67Ga-index with morphologic features and bronchoalveolar lavage analysis suggest that quantitative evaluation of these scans may be useful in staging the activity of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and following responses to therapy.", "PMID": 697186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10978", "title": "Effect of atropine on mucociliary transport velocity in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "We recently described a radioactive tracer method of measuring mucociliary transport rates (MCTR) in vivo in dogs. The distance from larynx to carina is measured on inserting a calibrated fiberoptic bronchoscope into the trachea. A small volume (0.04 to 0.1 ml) of a suspension of radio-labeled albumin microspheres 5 to 7 micrometer in diameter is then deposited on the mucosal surface at the carina via a catheter placed through the inner channel of the bronchoscope. The rate of movement of these sphere towards the larynx is visualized sequentially by means of a gamma scintillation camera with a large field of view and is recorded as polaroid images during 10 to 30 min. By using this technique, transport rates were determined in the tracheas of 10 anesthetized dogs (17 experiments) before and 10 min after intravenous infusion of 0.4 mg of atropine sulfate; each animal served as its own control subject. Baseline MCTR values were determined by using microspheres labeled with 140-KeV technetium-99m. After infusion of atropine, MCTR values were again determined using micropheres labeled with 390-KeV indium-113m. Because of their widely differing energy spectrums, both test agents could be used in rapid succession by adjusting the spectrometer of the scintillation camera. MCTR increased in 13 experiments, did not change in two, and decreased in two. The percentage increase in MCTR after infusion of atropine was significant as compared to baseline values (30.0 +/- 0.6 per cent, mean +/- SE; P less than 0.05 by paired t test), as was the absolute change in MCTR after infusion of atropine (P less than 0.05 by 2-way analysis of variance). Therefore, the effect of atropine in improving mucociliary clearance was quantitatively similar to that previously reported for beta-adrenergic agonists.", "contents": "Effect of atropine on mucociliary transport velocity in anesthetized dogs. We recently described a radioactive tracer method of measuring mucociliary transport rates (MCTR) in vivo in dogs. The distance from larynx to carina is measured on inserting a calibrated fiberoptic bronchoscope into the trachea. A small volume (0.04 to 0.1 ml) of a suspension of radio-labeled albumin microspheres 5 to 7 micrometer in diameter is then deposited on the mucosal surface at the carina via a catheter placed through the inner channel of the bronchoscope. The rate of movement of these sphere towards the larynx is visualized sequentially by means of a gamma scintillation camera with a large field of view and is recorded as polaroid images during 10 to 30 min. By using this technique, transport rates were determined in the tracheas of 10 anesthetized dogs (17 experiments) before and 10 min after intravenous infusion of 0.4 mg of atropine sulfate; each animal served as its own control subject. Baseline MCTR values were determined by using microspheres labeled with 140-KeV technetium-99m. After infusion of atropine, MCTR values were again determined using micropheres labeled with 390-KeV indium-113m. Because of their widely differing energy spectrums, both test agents could be used in rapid succession by adjusting the spectrometer of the scintillation camera. MCTR increased in 13 experiments, did not change in two, and decreased in two. The percentage increase in MCTR after infusion of atropine was significant as compared to baseline values (30.0 +/- 0.6 per cent, mean +/- SE; P less than 0.05 by paired t test), as was the absolute change in MCTR after infusion of atropine (P less than 0.05 by 2-way analysis of variance). Therefore, the effect of atropine in improving mucociliary clearance was quantitatively similar to that previously reported for beta-adrenergic agonists.", "PMID": 697187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10979", "title": "Miconazole treatment of relapsed pulmonary blastomycosis.", "content": "Two patients with second relapses of pulmonary blastomycosis after successful treatments with adequate doses of amphotericin B were retreated with miconazole. One patient had experienced an acute intrabronchial spread of disease to the contralateral lung before miconazole therapy. Marked clinical and roentgenographic improvement occurred with treatment, followed by mycologic relapse 1 month later. The other patient sustained a more indolent relapse of disease. A favorable response to treatment with miconazole was demonstrated by improvement in abnormalities noted on a chest roentgenogram and a [67]gallium-citrate scan.", "contents": "Miconazole treatment of relapsed pulmonary blastomycosis. Two patients with second relapses of pulmonary blastomycosis after successful treatments with adequate doses of amphotericin B were retreated with miconazole. One patient had experienced an acute intrabronchial spread of disease to the contralateral lung before miconazole therapy. Marked clinical and roentgenographic improvement occurred with treatment, followed by mycologic relapse 1 month later. The other patient sustained a more indolent relapse of disease. A favorable response to treatment with miconazole was demonstrated by improvement in abnormalities noted on a chest roentgenogram and a [67]gallium-citrate scan.", "PMID": 697188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10980", "title": "Restrictive ventilatory defect in a patient with primary pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "A patient with the classic features of primary pulmonary hypertension developed a severe restrictive ventilatory defect that worsened during the clinical course. Histologic examination of the lung showed vascular changes consistent with primary pulmonary hypertension and no evidence of pulmonary parenchymal fibrosis. We suggest that severe progressive pulmonary hypertension caused a restrictive ventilatory defect in this patient.", "contents": "Restrictive ventilatory defect in a patient with primary pulmonary hypertension. A patient with the classic features of primary pulmonary hypertension developed a severe restrictive ventilatory defect that worsened during the clinical course. Histologic examination of the lung showed vascular changes consistent with primary pulmonary hypertension and no evidence of pulmonary parenchymal fibrosis. We suggest that severe progressive pulmonary hypertension caused a restrictive ventilatory defect in this patient.", "PMID": 697189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10981", "title": "Empyema with Trichomonas species.", "content": "A 35-year-old alcoholic male patient developed an empyema secondary to presumed aspiration pneumonia. Trichomonads were demonstrated on wet mounts and Wright-Giemsa-stained, air-dried smears of pleural fluid. Treatment with metronidazole, other antimicrobial drugs, and drainage was successful in curing the empyema.", "contents": "Empyema with Trichomonas species. A 35-year-old alcoholic male patient developed an empyema secondary to presumed aspiration pneumonia. Trichomonads were demonstrated on wet mounts and Wright-Giemsa-stained, air-dried smears of pleural fluid. Treatment with metronidazole, other antimicrobial drugs, and drainage was successful in curing the empyema.", "PMID": 697190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10982", "title": "Malignant mesothelioma arising after direct application of asbestos and fiber glass to the pericardium.", "content": "A case of mesothelioma, apparently arising in the pericardium, is reported in a patient who, 15 years previously, had been treated for angina pectoris by dusting of the pericardial cavity with a mixture of fibrous dusts. At autopsy, transparent fibers and ferruginous bodies were present within the pericardium. Electron diffraction and microprobe analysis indicated that approximately two thirds of the fibers were tremolite and anthophyllite asbestos, and the remainder, fiber glass. Development of mesothelioma in laboratory animals has been reported after intrapleural deposition of asbestos and other fibers, but in humans, the link between exposure to asbestos and mesothelioma has always been based on epidemiologic data and the retrospective finding of asbestos in tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a malignant mesothelioma in a human associated with direct mesothelial contact with fibrous dusts.", "contents": "Malignant mesothelioma arising after direct application of asbestos and fiber glass to the pericardium. A case of mesothelioma, apparently arising in the pericardium, is reported in a patient who, 15 years previously, had been treated for angina pectoris by dusting of the pericardial cavity with a mixture of fibrous dusts. At autopsy, transparent fibers and ferruginous bodies were present within the pericardium. Electron diffraction and microprobe analysis indicated that approximately two thirds of the fibers were tremolite and anthophyllite asbestos, and the remainder, fiber glass. Development of mesothelioma in laboratory animals has been reported after intrapleural deposition of asbestos and other fibers, but in humans, the link between exposure to asbestos and mesothelioma has always been based on epidemiologic data and the retrospective finding of asbestos in tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a malignant mesothelioma in a human associated with direct mesothelial contact with fibrous dusts.", "PMID": 697191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10983", "title": "Identification of a receptor for complement on the guinea pig alveolar macrophage membrane.", "content": "The present study was undertaken in an attempt to demonstrate the presence of a receptor for complement on the membrane of guinea pig alveolar macrophages (PAM). When target cells were prepared using mouse serum as the complement source, no attachment or ingestion of the target cell by guinea pig PAM was observed. When fresh autologous guinea pig serum was used as the complement source, attachment and ingestion of the target cell by PAM were observed. The results of additional experiments demonstrated that the attachment of these target cells was mediated by a complement receptor. These results demonstrated that like human PAM, guinea pig PAM do possess a membrane receptor for complement.", "contents": "Identification of a receptor for complement on the guinea pig alveolar macrophage membrane. The present study was undertaken in an attempt to demonstrate the presence of a receptor for complement on the membrane of guinea pig alveolar macrophages (PAM). When target cells were prepared using mouse serum as the complement source, no attachment or ingestion of the target cell by guinea pig PAM was observed. When fresh autologous guinea pig serum was used as the complement source, attachment and ingestion of the target cell by PAM were observed. The results of additional experiments demonstrated that the attachment of these target cells was mediated by a complement receptor. These results demonstrated that like human PAM, guinea pig PAM do possess a membrane receptor for complement.", "PMID": 697192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10984", "title": "[Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Review of 314 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Three hundred fourteen patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis have been operated from 1969 to 1976. The different etiologies are discussed. Clinical and analytical data are evaluated. Radiology is employed in 99 per 100 of the cases with no complications. Medical treatment used is exposed clearly as well as the surgical procedure (Monereo's modification of the classical Fredet-Ramstedt technique). Postoperative results and complications such as vomiting, wound infection (4.4 per 100), eventration (0.6 per 100) and fatal outcome (0.6 per 100) are thouroughly detailed as well as the associated pathology.", "contents": "[Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Review of 314 cases (author's transl)]. Three hundred fourteen patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis have been operated from 1969 to 1976. The different etiologies are discussed. Clinical and analytical data are evaluated. Radiology is employed in 99 per 100 of the cases with no complications. Medical treatment used is exposed clearly as well as the surgical procedure (Monereo's modification of the classical Fredet-Ramstedt technique). Postoperative results and complications such as vomiting, wound infection (4.4 per 100), eventration (0.6 per 100) and fatal outcome (0.6 per 100) are thouroughly detailed as well as the associated pathology.", "PMID": 697198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10985", "title": "[Prognostic value of neonatal paroxyistic electroencephalogram (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty full-term newborns showing acute neurologic symptoms of different etiologies, with neonatal paroxistic EEG tracings are reported. Clinical and electroencephalographic follow-up at three and twelve months confirmed in every case the presence of severe neurologic sequelae. A review of the literature is made, comparing the results of other investigators with those obtained in the present study specially from an ethiologic, clinical, electroencephalographic and evolutionary points of view.", "contents": "[Prognostic value of neonatal paroxyistic electroencephalogram (author's transl)]. Twenty full-term newborns showing acute neurologic symptoms of different etiologies, with neonatal paroxistic EEG tracings are reported. Clinical and electroencephalographic follow-up at three and twelve months confirmed in every case the presence of severe neurologic sequelae. A review of the literature is made, comparing the results of other investigators with those obtained in the present study specially from an ethiologic, clinical, electroencephalographic and evolutionary points of view.", "PMID": 697199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10986", "title": "[Sturge-Weber syndrome. Findings in 22 infantile cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty two infants, 13 females and nine males, with Sturge-Weber syndrome are reviewed. Facial \"nevus flammeus\" is found to be located unilaterally in 13 cases and bilaterally in nine cases. Twenty infants presented seizures with generalized type being most frequent. E.E.G. alterations appeared in 18 cases. The I.Q. was normal in five infants although somewhat lower than the inferior limits of a normal I.Q. range. The major radiological alterations seen were an increased thickness of the skull cap; intracranial calcification (11 cases), unilateral in eight and bilateral in three; cerebral hemiatrophy (10 cases), arterial and venous hypoplasia and tortuosity in the entire extension of the carotid artery. One of the infants died with no apparent cause. This death cannot be attributed to the orignal syndrome. Computerized tomography offers early adequate data concerning the intracranial calcifications and cerebral hemiatrophy. Based on this study there does not seem to be sufficient motives to separate the Sturge-Weber and the Klippel-Trenaunay syndromes into two different entities.", "contents": "[Sturge-Weber syndrome. Findings in 22 infantile cases (author's transl)]. Twenty two infants, 13 females and nine males, with Sturge-Weber syndrome are reviewed. Facial \"nevus flammeus\" is found to be located unilaterally in 13 cases and bilaterally in nine cases. Twenty infants presented seizures with generalized type being most frequent. E.E.G. alterations appeared in 18 cases. The I.Q. was normal in five infants although somewhat lower than the inferior limits of a normal I.Q. range. The major radiological alterations seen were an increased thickness of the skull cap; intracranial calcification (11 cases), unilateral in eight and bilateral in three; cerebral hemiatrophy (10 cases), arterial and venous hypoplasia and tortuosity in the entire extension of the carotid artery. One of the infants died with no apparent cause. This death cannot be attributed to the orignal syndrome. Computerized tomography offers early adequate data concerning the intracranial calcifications and cerebral hemiatrophy. Based on this study there does not seem to be sufficient motives to separate the Sturge-Weber and the Klippel-Trenaunay syndromes into two different entities.", "PMID": 697200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10987", "title": "[Pediatric bibliometrics: I. Descriptive statistics on pediatric books and pamphlets (author's transl)].", "content": "A descriptive statistic analysis of general pediatric books and pamphlets, mentioning the number of titles in circulation at international level, and their distribution by languages, places of impression and countries with the main index of production is exposed.", "contents": "[Pediatric bibliometrics: I. Descriptive statistics on pediatric books and pamphlets (author's transl)]. A descriptive statistic analysis of general pediatric books and pamphlets, mentioning the number of titles in circulation at international level, and their distribution by languages, places of impression and countries with the main index of production is exposed.", "PMID": 697201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10988", "title": "[Pediatric bibliometrics: II. Descriptive statistics on pediatric periodicals and papers (author's transl)].", "content": "A descriptive statistic study about journals and pediatric articles at international level is presented. Three of the main international repetories of medical bibliography, have been used as sources, collecting a total of three hundred periodical pediatric publications. A distribution of these publications by languages, places or impression, periodicity of appearance and percent of sub-specialization is made. In relation with pediatric papers, we have studied their presence in non medical scientific journals, medical but non pediatric journals and in those of the speciality, analizing the percentage of these papers in each one of them.", "contents": "[Pediatric bibliometrics: II. Descriptive statistics on pediatric periodicals and papers (author's transl)]. A descriptive statistic study about journals and pediatric articles at international level is presented. Three of the main international repetories of medical bibliography, have been used as sources, collecting a total of three hundred periodical pediatric publications. A distribution of these publications by languages, places or impression, periodicity of appearance and percent of sub-specialization is made. In relation with pediatric papers, we have studied their presence in non medical scientific journals, medical but non pediatric journals and in those of the speciality, analizing the percentage of these papers in each one of them.", "PMID": 697202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10989", "title": "[Obese children. Psychical aspects studied by Rorschach's test (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of obese children comparatively to a control group of normal children using Rorschach's protocols is studied. Quantitatively it doesn't appear significant differences, although a serie of characteristics in obese children (a proportional increase in answer of small detail and human movement, less number of answer of colour-form and animal contents), is found. Cualitatively some differences (desvitalitation phenomenous and shock in front of grey colours) are also found. The present work deduces that it doesn't exist reasons to think about an specific structure and dynamic in personality of obese children.", "contents": "[Obese children. Psychical aspects studied by Rorschach's test (author's transl)]. A group of obese children comparatively to a control group of normal children using Rorschach's protocols is studied. Quantitatively it doesn't appear significant differences, although a serie of characteristics in obese children (a proportional increase in answer of small detail and human movement, less number of answer of colour-form and animal contents), is found. Cualitatively some differences (desvitalitation phenomenous and shock in front of grey colours) are also found. The present work deduces that it doesn't exist reasons to think about an specific structure and dynamic in personality of obese children.", "PMID": 697203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10990", "title": "[Psychological aspects of childhood obesity. Lavik's questionaire (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of obese children between 6-12 years of age is compared with Lavik's questionaire which serves as base for statistical analysis (critical ratio). Meaningful differences appear in several behavioral areas: aggressiveness, interest in sexuality, impaired interpersonal relations, increased anxiety and depressive tendencies. Important differences are to be noted also comparing obese boys and girls.", "contents": "[Psychological aspects of childhood obesity. Lavik's questionaire (author's transl)]. A group of obese children between 6-12 years of age is compared with Lavik's questionaire which serves as base for statistical analysis (critical ratio). Meaningful differences appear in several behavioral areas: aggressiveness, interest in sexuality, impaired interpersonal relations, increased anxiety and depressive tendencies. Important differences are to be noted also comparing obese boys and girls.", "PMID": 697204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10991", "title": "[Indications of vascular exploration in the diagnosis of abdominal neuroblastoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The criteria on the indications of angiography are shown in the diagnosis of abdominal neuroblastoma, stressing its' utility in situations where conventional procedures do not supply an accurate diagnosis. Angiography happens to be fundamental for diagnosis retroperitoneal tumours which eventually result in a silent kidney as well as for the differential diagnosis of some hepatic tumours and Pepper's syndrome.", "contents": "[Indications of vascular exploration in the diagnosis of abdominal neuroblastoma (author's transl)]. The criteria on the indications of angiography are shown in the diagnosis of abdominal neuroblastoma, stressing its' utility in situations where conventional procedures do not supply an accurate diagnosis. Angiography happens to be fundamental for diagnosis retroperitoneal tumours which eventually result in a silent kidney as well as for the differential diagnosis of some hepatic tumours and Pepper's syndrome.", "PMID": 697205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10992", "title": "[Acute poisoning by I.M. iron. Report of a fatal case (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a five months-old child who received 44 mg/Kg of Fe-sorbitol I.M. by mistake is reported. That dose is about ten times the usual standard dosage. After an initial vague symptomatology, followed by transitory improvement, she developed a serious metabolic acidosis, renal and hepatic failure and generalized convulsions. The clinical picture could not be controlled by general supportive treatment, desferroxamine administration and exanguino-transfusion.", "contents": "[Acute poisoning by I.M. iron. Report of a fatal case (author's transl)]. The case of a five months-old child who received 44 mg/Kg of Fe-sorbitol I.M. by mistake is reported. That dose is about ten times the usual standard dosage. After an initial vague symptomatology, followed by transitory improvement, she developed a serious metabolic acidosis, renal and hepatic failure and generalized convulsions. The clinical picture could not be controlled by general supportive treatment, desferroxamine administration and exanguino-transfusion.", "PMID": 697206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10993", "title": "[Congenital monomorph adenoma of the parotid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital monomorph tubular adenoma is a very infrequent tumor. Usually diagnosis is an operative finding. Together with its' infrequency, rapid rate of growth, differential diagnosis with other vascular tumors, specially cystic lymphangioma, and its surgical excision avoiding lesion of the facial nerve, account for this publication.", "contents": "[Congenital monomorph adenoma of the parotid gland (author's transl)]. Congenital monomorph tubular adenoma is a very infrequent tumor. Usually diagnosis is an operative finding. Together with its' infrequency, rapid rate of growth, differential diagnosis with other vascular tumors, specially cystic lymphangioma, and its surgical excision avoiding lesion of the facial nerve, account for this publication.", "PMID": 697207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10994", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of bronchiolitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper we review the current facts in the diagnosis and treatment of bronchiolitis. Etiological diagnosis,, clinical features and major problems of differential diagnosis are also discussed. A classification of the patients according to the seriousness of the clinical picture is proposed. Proper treatment requires the adoption of specific therapeutical measures for each degree of the disease. Recent reports have demonstrated the occurrence of residual pulmonary lesions after bronchiolitis. Therefore, strict controls during the course of the acute disease are required, in order to prevent these complications.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of bronchiolitis (author's transl)]. In this paper we review the current facts in the diagnosis and treatment of bronchiolitis. Etiological diagnosis,, clinical features and major problems of differential diagnosis are also discussed. A classification of the patients according to the seriousness of the clinical picture is proposed. Proper treatment requires the adoption of specific therapeutical measures for each degree of the disease. Recent reports have demonstrated the occurrence of residual pulmonary lesions after bronchiolitis. Therefore, strict controls during the course of the acute disease are required, in order to prevent these complications.", "PMID": 697208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10995", "title": "[Growth rate and bone maturation in celiac disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The growth and bone maturation of 43 celiac patients were analyzed. A significant correlation between gluten intake and growth rate was found. The authors suggest this is a good parameter to advise the best moment to make the control biopsie and the provocation test.", "contents": "[Growth rate and bone maturation in celiac disease (author's transl)]. The growth and bone maturation of 43 celiac patients were analyzed. A significant correlation between gluten intake and growth rate was found. The authors suggest this is a good parameter to advise the best moment to make the control biopsie and the provocation test.", "PMID": 697209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10996", "title": "[Salmonella infection in children. Epidemiological and clinical considerations (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of data on Salmonella infection treated at the Children's Hospital \"La Fe\", in Valencia, from 1974--75 is presentd. A patient population of 211 selected cases were divided into two groups: Gastroenteritis (GEC), 155 cases, and typhoid-paratyphoid fever (T-P F), 56 cases. Hospitalization was required in 79% of the cases. The following parameter were studied: Locality and district of origin with respect to residence, conditions of hygiene, size of family: age, sex, seasonal incidence, previous time of illness, presenting symptoms and physical sings and complementary studies. The following conclusions were obtained: Salmonella infection are and endemic problem in Valencia. Their incidence is maximal during the months of June to October. Epidemiological environment was positive in 15% of the cases. Higher morbidity in children less than two years of age. Most frequent presenting symptoms: Diarrhea, fever and vomiting as often in GEC as in T-P F. In 38.7% of GEC cases, the diarrhea was bloody; 21.9% of GEC cases began with fever. Salmonella paratyphi B was the agent most frequently responsible. Data concerning sex, family size, conditions of hygiene and white blood cells offer little discriminatory information. Results obtained are concordant with those described in the literature.", "contents": "[Salmonella infection in children. Epidemiological and clinical considerations (author's transl)]. An analysis of data on Salmonella infection treated at the Children's Hospital \"La Fe\", in Valencia, from 1974--75 is presentd. A patient population of 211 selected cases were divided into two groups: Gastroenteritis (GEC), 155 cases, and typhoid-paratyphoid fever (T-P F), 56 cases. Hospitalization was required in 79% of the cases. The following parameter were studied: Locality and district of origin with respect to residence, conditions of hygiene, size of family: age, sex, seasonal incidence, previous time of illness, presenting symptoms and physical sings and complementary studies. The following conclusions were obtained: Salmonella infection are and endemic problem in Valencia. Their incidence is maximal during the months of June to October. Epidemiological environment was positive in 15% of the cases. Higher morbidity in children less than two years of age. Most frequent presenting symptoms: Diarrhea, fever and vomiting as often in GEC as in T-P F. In 38.7% of GEC cases, the diarrhea was bloody; 21.9% of GEC cases began with fever. Salmonella paratyphi B was the agent most frequently responsible. Data concerning sex, family size, conditions of hygiene and white blood cells offer little discriminatory information. Results obtained are concordant with those described in the literature.", "PMID": 697210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10997", "title": "[Chronic gastritis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The gastric mucosa in 113 children from 6 months to 14 years old was studied from a histopathological point of view. Samples were obtained by means of a multiple biopsy technique during an endoscopic examination. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A was composed of 97 children with abdominal pain of an unknown etiology. Group B was formed of 16 patients with extragastric pathology in whom it was possible to take biopsies during an endoscopic exam. All of the biopsies were normal, and therefore were used as the control group. 49 patients from group A were histologically normal. In the other 48, lesions of chronic gastritis ranging in severity, were found in the antrum and/or in the gastric body. An analysis of the histopathological findings, and of the lesional sings of activity was done in accordance with Whitehead's criteria. Macroscopic objective features observed during the endoscopical examinations, were also evaluated and compared with the existence or nonexistence of chronic gastritis lesions. In the gastric body, the existence of endoscopic features such as enlarged folds, erosions or friable mucosa, were found to be coincident with the presence of histologic lesions of chronic gastritis. The same relationship was found in the antrum between the granular mucosa and/or irregular coloration and the lesions of chronic gastritis. In the same time, acid secretion studies (BAO, MAO and PAO) from 40 patients from group A were done using pentagastrin as a stimulant. It was demonstrated that both basal acid output and maximal acid were significantly lowered in cases of advanced lesions of chronic gastritis located in the gastric body. Finally the importance of this entity is emphasized in the gastrointestinal pathology in children.", "contents": "[Chronic gastritis in children (author's transl)]. The gastric mucosa in 113 children from 6 months to 14 years old was studied from a histopathological point of view. Samples were obtained by means of a multiple biopsy technique during an endoscopic examination. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A was composed of 97 children with abdominal pain of an unknown etiology. Group B was formed of 16 patients with extragastric pathology in whom it was possible to take biopsies during an endoscopic exam. All of the biopsies were normal, and therefore were used as the control group. 49 patients from group A were histologically normal. In the other 48, lesions of chronic gastritis ranging in severity, were found in the antrum and/or in the gastric body. An analysis of the histopathological findings, and of the lesional sings of activity was done in accordance with Whitehead's criteria. Macroscopic objective features observed during the endoscopical examinations, were also evaluated and compared with the existence or nonexistence of chronic gastritis lesions. In the gastric body, the existence of endoscopic features such as enlarged folds, erosions or friable mucosa, were found to be coincident with the presence of histologic lesions of chronic gastritis. The same relationship was found in the antrum between the granular mucosa and/or irregular coloration and the lesions of chronic gastritis. In the same time, acid secretion studies (BAO, MAO and PAO) from 40 patients from group A were done using pentagastrin as a stimulant. It was demonstrated that both basal acid output and maximal acid were significantly lowered in cases of advanced lesions of chronic gastritis located in the gastric body. Finally the importance of this entity is emphasized in the gastrointestinal pathology in children.", "PMID": 697211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10998", "title": "[Histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase activity applied to the study of human biopsies. I. Rectal suction biopsy in the diagnosis of congenital megacolon].", "content": "The application of the histochemical demonstration of AChE activity to the diagnosis of congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung's disease) is discussed, both from the point of view of the technical aspects as well as the interpretation of the results obtained, using the method of Karnovsky and Roots, as modified by El Badawi-Schenk, applied to rectal suction biopsy. The authors adhere to the original ideas of Meier-Ruge et al., that the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease can be done solely with the evaluation of the AChE positive parasympathetic network of the lamina propria, with the additional consideration of the submucosal plexus to include cases of hypoganglionar megacolon, where that plexus is clearly diminished. The use of phase contrast is also emphasized.", "contents": "[Histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase activity applied to the study of human biopsies. I. Rectal suction biopsy in the diagnosis of congenital megacolon]. The application of the histochemical demonstration of AChE activity to the diagnosis of congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung's disease) is discussed, both from the point of view of the technical aspects as well as the interpretation of the results obtained, using the method of Karnovsky and Roots, as modified by El Badawi-Schenk, applied to rectal suction biopsy. The authors adhere to the original ideas of Meier-Ruge et al., that the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease can be done solely with the evaluation of the AChE positive parasympathetic network of the lamina propria, with the additional consideration of the submucosal plexus to include cases of hypoganglionar megacolon, where that plexus is clearly diminished. The use of phase contrast is also emphasized.", "PMID": 697212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_10999", "title": "[Fast atrial rhythms (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present their experience on fast atrial rhythms. Fourteen patients were studied in the first three months of life, nine of them having congestive heart failure. The electrophysiological basis of the reentrance tachycardia at A-V junction is discussed. The pharmacological treatment is reviewed, emphasizing the usefulness of verapamil. They comment on the good prognosis of the disorder, provided there is not associated congenital heart disease.", "contents": "[Fast atrial rhythms (author's transl)]. The authors present their experience on fast atrial rhythms. Fourteen patients were studied in the first three months of life, nine of them having congestive heart failure. The electrophysiological basis of the reentrance tachycardia at A-V junction is discussed. The pharmacological treatment is reviewed, emphasizing the usefulness of verapamil. They comment on the good prognosis of the disorder, provided there is not associated congenital heart disease.", "PMID": 697213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11000", "title": "[Favism (study of 8 families)].", "content": "This paper presents ten cases of total glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency in individuals with hemolytic crisis after exposure to products of the fava been (\"Vicia faba\"). Three other cases of total G-6-PD deficiency and eleven partial deficit cases of the enzyme, without associated hemolysis were detected in a total of forty individuals belonging to eight families of the province of Seville examinated for G-6-PD levels. Important differences were noted in the G-6-PD enzyme dosage taken during the crisis and six and twelve months after. This fact was interpreted as a secondary effect to the elimination of the enzymopenic cells because of hemolysis. Data suggests the existence of a relatively stable form of G-6-PD that could explain the dissociation between the incidence of deficit in G-6-PD level in the general population and the reduced casuist of favism reported in our literature.", "contents": "[Favism (study of 8 families)]. This paper presents ten cases of total glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency in individuals with hemolytic crisis after exposure to products of the fava been (\"Vicia faba\"). Three other cases of total G-6-PD deficiency and eleven partial deficit cases of the enzyme, without associated hemolysis were detected in a total of forty individuals belonging to eight families of the province of Seville examinated for G-6-PD levels. Important differences were noted in the G-6-PD enzyme dosage taken during the crisis and six and twelve months after. This fact was interpreted as a secondary effect to the elimination of the enzymopenic cells because of hemolysis. Data suggests the existence of a relatively stable form of G-6-PD that could explain the dissociation between the incidence of deficit in G-6-PD level in the general population and the reduced casuist of favism reported in our literature.", "PMID": 697214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11001", "title": "[Kinsbourne's disease. Study of four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Four children who at ages from five months to three years developed an acute (one case), subacute (two cases) and chronic form (one case) clinical picture of ataxia, myoclonus, ocular dyskinesia and behaviour disorder are reported. In one of them there was, in addition mental retardation. Response to treatment with ACTH was successful. Clinical and evolutive characteristics of this process as well as the variety of ocular manifestations are emphasized.", "contents": "[Kinsbourne's disease. Study of four cases (author's transl)]. Four children who at ages from five months to three years developed an acute (one case), subacute (two cases) and chronic form (one case) clinical picture of ataxia, myoclonus, ocular dyskinesia and behaviour disorder are reported. In one of them there was, in addition mental retardation. Response to treatment with ACTH was successful. Clinical and evolutive characteristics of this process as well as the variety of ocular manifestations are emphasized.", "PMID": 697215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11002", "title": "[Congenital type I fiber hypotrophy myopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases with type I fiber hypotrophy myopathy from two families are reported. The first two cases belong to the type I fiber hypotrophy and central nuclei. Six cases have already been published. In addition to hypotonia, obvious thoracic anomalies are associated. The three other cases are members of the second sibship and belong to the type I fiber hypotrophy without central nuclei nor myothony and show the typical phenotypic characters: elongated face and adynamic appearance. Out of these three brothers, two show no progress and the other is getting worse slowly. The pathological findings together with the evolutive-clinic pattern of these patient are confronted with those published by other authors and sugestions are made to differentiate these two forms and to establish their relationships with the other types of congenital myopathies, mainly with centronuclear myopathy and congenital fiber type disproportion.", "contents": "[Congenital type I fiber hypotrophy myopathy (author's transl)]. Five cases with type I fiber hypotrophy myopathy from two families are reported. The first two cases belong to the type I fiber hypotrophy and central nuclei. Six cases have already been published. In addition to hypotonia, obvious thoracic anomalies are associated. The three other cases are members of the second sibship and belong to the type I fiber hypotrophy without central nuclei nor myothony and show the typical phenotypic characters: elongated face and adynamic appearance. Out of these three brothers, two show no progress and the other is getting worse slowly. The pathological findings together with the evolutive-clinic pattern of these patient are confronted with those published by other authors and sugestions are made to differentiate these two forms and to establish their relationships with the other types of congenital myopathies, mainly with centronuclear myopathy and congenital fiber type disproportion.", "PMID": 697216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11003", "title": "Sequential radionuclide assessment of left and right ventricular performance after acute transmural myocardial infarction.", "content": "Ventricular performance was evaluated sequentially in 31 patients with uncomplicated acute transmural myocardial infarction (13 anterior and 18 inferior). Left ventricular ejection fraction, ejection rate, regional wall motion, and right ventricular ejection fraction were ascertained using first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography on four occasions during hospitalization. Inferior infarction resulted in a greater reduction in right ventricular ejection fraction than anterior infarction (mean +/- SEM; 48 +/- 2 versus 56 +/- 2%, P less than 0.01). In contrast, in anterior infarction there was greater depression of left ventricular ejection fraction than in inferior infarction (34 +/- 3 versus 50 +/- 3%, P less than 0.01). From initial to discharge studies, there was no significant change in global performance or regional wall motion in either group. These data show that the location of transmural infarction has a profound effect upon the magnitude of right and left ventricular dysfunction. In addition, ventricular systolic performance remains relatively stable during the hospital phase of uncomplicated transmural myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Sequential radionuclide assessment of left and right ventricular performance after acute transmural myocardial infarction. Ventricular performance was evaluated sequentially in 31 patients with uncomplicated acute transmural myocardial infarction (13 anterior and 18 inferior). Left ventricular ejection fraction, ejection rate, regional wall motion, and right ventricular ejection fraction were ascertained using first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography on four occasions during hospitalization. Inferior infarction resulted in a greater reduction in right ventricular ejection fraction than anterior infarction (mean +/- SEM; 48 +/- 2 versus 56 +/- 2%, P less than 0.01). In contrast, in anterior infarction there was greater depression of left ventricular ejection fraction than in inferior infarction (34 +/- 3 versus 50 +/- 3%, P less than 0.01). From initial to discharge studies, there was no significant change in global performance or regional wall motion in either group. These data show that the location of transmural infarction has a profound effect upon the magnitude of right and left ventricular dysfunction. In addition, ventricular systolic performance remains relatively stable during the hospital phase of uncomplicated transmural myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 697221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11004", "title": "[Value of the C reactive protein, urinary lactic dehydrogenase and renal capacity of concentration in the topographic diagnosis of the urinary infection in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 39 children with urinary infection renal capacity of concentration, serum C-reactive protein and presence of urinary lactic dehydrogenase are studied pointing to the establishment of the topography of the damage. C-reactive protein levels higher than 20 micrograms/ml are 100 per 100 reliable in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis. Moreover, value of this test is confirmed as a guide of therapeutic efficacity. Difficulty of concentrating urine above 800 mOsm/l is 70 per 100 reliable and is a useful method for demonstrating parenchymal damage. The urinary lactic dehydrogenase was superior to 20 units/l in 64 per 100 of the cases, but other studies are necessary for interpretation of these data. These findings are similar to those obtained in the study of the isoenzymes.", "contents": "[Value of the C reactive protein, urinary lactic dehydrogenase and renal capacity of concentration in the topographic diagnosis of the urinary infection in infancy (author's transl)]. In 39 children with urinary infection renal capacity of concentration, serum C-reactive protein and presence of urinary lactic dehydrogenase are studied pointing to the establishment of the topography of the damage. C-reactive protein levels higher than 20 micrograms/ml are 100 per 100 reliable in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis. Moreover, value of this test is confirmed as a guide of therapeutic efficacity. Difficulty of concentrating urine above 800 mOsm/l is 70 per 100 reliable and is a useful method for demonstrating parenchymal damage. The urinary lactic dehydrogenase was superior to 20 units/l in 64 per 100 of the cases, but other studies are necessary for interpretation of these data. These findings are similar to those obtained in the study of the isoenzymes.", "PMID": 697217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11005", "title": "Effects of smoking marihuana on left ventricular performance and plasma norepinephrine: studies in normal men.", "content": "In 14 healthy men we assessed the effects of smoking marihuana cigarettes containing 6 mg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on ultrasound measures of left ventricular function. Four of this group and four additional subjects also had measurements of plasma norepinephrine. Both heart rate and left ventricular performance (mean rate of internal diameter shortening [mean Vcf]) were significantly increased for at least 1 h after drug exposure compared with these values after placebo cigarettes. The immediate tachycardia and increase in mean Vcf were not accompanied by raised plasma norepinephrine levels. However, by 30 min after marihuana exposure, sympathetic neurotransmitter levels were significantly greater than both control values and those after placebo cigarettes, and they remained elevated for at least 2 h. Excessive sympathoadrenal discharge, as evidenced by augmented left ventricular function and prolonged catecholamine release, could adversely affect patients with heart disease.", "contents": "Effects of smoking marihuana on left ventricular performance and plasma norepinephrine: studies in normal men. In 14 healthy men we assessed the effects of smoking marihuana cigarettes containing 6 mg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on ultrasound measures of left ventricular function. Four of this group and four additional subjects also had measurements of plasma norepinephrine. Both heart rate and left ventricular performance (mean rate of internal diameter shortening [mean Vcf]) were significantly increased for at least 1 h after drug exposure compared with these values after placebo cigarettes. The immediate tachycardia and increase in mean Vcf were not accompanied by raised plasma norepinephrine levels. However, by 30 min after marihuana exposure, sympathetic neurotransmitter levels were significantly greater than both control values and those after placebo cigarettes, and they remained elevated for at least 2 h. Excessive sympathoadrenal discharge, as evidenced by augmented left ventricular function and prolonged catecholamine release, could adversely affect patients with heart disease.", "PMID": 697222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11006", "title": "[Cystine-lysinuric lithiasis].", "content": "Cistin-lisinuria is not a unfrequent etiology of lithiasis in children. Six patients have been studied as well as their families, being a total of 45 patients. Lithiasis was present in ten of our patients, and hyperaminoaciduria, without lithiasis in ten, affecting in both cases (with or without litiasis) either all the four amynoacide (cystine, lysine, arginine and ornithine) or only one or two of them. Authors have not found any correlation between clearance of cystine and the presence or absence of lithiasis; on the other hand the best index to correlate the presence of lithiasis is to reach a value, equal or superior to 300 mgr of cystine excreted in the urine per 1 gr of creatinine excreted in urine. The correct treatment in cystinuric patients with lithiasis is to alcalize the urine maintaining a constant urinary pH between 7-8, giving a sufficient dose of sodium bicarbonate per os. In case of resistance to this treatment or if a great calculi is present, D-penicillamine would be an efficient treatment to disolve the calculi. These treatment when carried out under analytical control presents no problems or complications in their experience.", "contents": "[Cystine-lysinuric lithiasis]. Cistin-lisinuria is not a unfrequent etiology of lithiasis in children. Six patients have been studied as well as their families, being a total of 45 patients. Lithiasis was present in ten of our patients, and hyperaminoaciduria, without lithiasis in ten, affecting in both cases (with or without litiasis) either all the four amynoacide (cystine, lysine, arginine and ornithine) or only one or two of them. Authors have not found any correlation between clearance of cystine and the presence or absence of lithiasis; on the other hand the best index to correlate the presence of lithiasis is to reach a value, equal or superior to 300 mgr of cystine excreted in the urine per 1 gr of creatinine excreted in urine. The correct treatment in cystinuric patients with lithiasis is to alcalize the urine maintaining a constant urinary pH between 7-8, giving a sufficient dose of sodium bicarbonate per os. In case of resistance to this treatment or if a great calculi is present, D-penicillamine would be an efficient treatment to disolve the calculi. These treatment when carried out under analytical control presents no problems or complications in their experience.", "PMID": 697218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11007", "title": "[Secondary carbohydrate intolerance. Evolutive follow-up (author's transl)].", "content": "This study reports 70 children suffering from malabsorption and/or carbohydrate intolerance followed for at least twelve months. Mono and dysaccharide overload curves are considered as very valuable tests together with the clinical signs. These must be carefully observed during the tests and after supression of the malabsorbed sugar. Reliability of the overload tests in the follow-up is pointed out. Variations in the normalization time of the curves for each carbohydrate are determined. Finally 90 min. is considered as an advisable end-point for overload tests.", "contents": "[Secondary carbohydrate intolerance. Evolutive follow-up (author's transl)]. This study reports 70 children suffering from malabsorption and/or carbohydrate intolerance followed for at least twelve months. Mono and dysaccharide overload curves are considered as very valuable tests together with the clinical signs. These must be carefully observed during the tests and after supression of the malabsorbed sugar. Reliability of the overload tests in the follow-up is pointed out. Variations in the normalization time of the curves for each carbohydrate are determined. Finally 90 min. is considered as an advisable end-point for overload tests.", "PMID": 697219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11008", "title": "Tracheostomy and hemodynamic changes in sleep-inducing apnea.", "content": "Because pulmonary hypertension and systemic hypertension occur during sleep-induced obstructive apnea, six patients underwent overnight hemodynamic monitoring before and after tracheostomy. Variables studied included heart rate, pulmonary artery pressure, femoral artery pressure, and arterial oxygen tension (Po2). After tracheostomy, significant reductions were noted during sleep in mean pulmonary artery pressure from 45 +/- 6 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) to 22 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and in mean femoral artery pressure from 137 +/- 6 mm Hg to 97 +/- 3 mm Hg (P less than 0.005). There was also a significant increase for the group in arterial Po2 recorded during the apneic episodes from 38 +/- 3 mm Hg before tracheostomy to 71 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) after tracheostomy. We conclude that tracheostomy improves the hemodynamic abnormalities and hypoxemia that occur during sleep in patients with sleep-induced obstructive apnea.", "contents": "Tracheostomy and hemodynamic changes in sleep-inducing apnea. Because pulmonary hypertension and systemic hypertension occur during sleep-induced obstructive apnea, six patients underwent overnight hemodynamic monitoring before and after tracheostomy. Variables studied included heart rate, pulmonary artery pressure, femoral artery pressure, and arterial oxygen tension (Po2). After tracheostomy, significant reductions were noted during sleep in mean pulmonary artery pressure from 45 +/- 6 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) to 22 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and in mean femoral artery pressure from 137 +/- 6 mm Hg to 97 +/- 3 mm Hg (P less than 0.005). There was also a significant increase for the group in arterial Po2 recorded during the apneic episodes from 38 +/- 3 mm Hg before tracheostomy to 71 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) after tracheostomy. We conclude that tracheostomy improves the hemodynamic abnormalities and hypoxemia that occur during sleep in patients with sleep-induced obstructive apnea.", "PMID": 697223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11009", "title": "Bronchoalveolar lavage in interstitial lung disease.", "content": "Cellular and immunoglobulin components of bronchoalveolar fluid recovered by bronchoscopic lavage were evaluated in 32 control patients, 10 normal volunteers, and 60 patients with the following interstitial lung diseases: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis associated with collagen-vascular disease, eosinophilic granuloma, sarcoidosis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The percentage of lymphocytes distinguished two general disease categories: those with increased lymphocytes (sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis); and those with normal lymphocytes (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis associated with collagen-vascular disease, and eosinophilic granuloma). Patients in all five disease categories had elevated IgG levels and percentages of neutrophils compared with control patients, with the highest proportion of neutrophils found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Immunoglobulin levels also helped distinguish among patient groups, in that patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis had lavage IgG/albumin ratios greater than 1, whereas patients with sarcoidosis had ratios less than 1; and with infrequent exceptions, the finding of IgM in lavage fluid was limited to patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "contents": "Bronchoalveolar lavage in interstitial lung disease. Cellular and immunoglobulin components of bronchoalveolar fluid recovered by bronchoscopic lavage were evaluated in 32 control patients, 10 normal volunteers, and 60 patients with the following interstitial lung diseases: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis associated with collagen-vascular disease, eosinophilic granuloma, sarcoidosis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The percentage of lymphocytes distinguished two general disease categories: those with increased lymphocytes (sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis); and those with normal lymphocytes (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis associated with collagen-vascular disease, and eosinophilic granuloma). Patients in all five disease categories had elevated IgG levels and percentages of neutrophils compared with control patients, with the highest proportion of neutrophils found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Immunoglobulin levels also helped distinguish among patient groups, in that patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis had lavage IgG/albumin ratios greater than 1, whereas patients with sarcoidosis had ratios less than 1; and with infrequent exceptions, the finding of IgM in lavage fluid was limited to patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "PMID": 697224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11010", "title": "[Venous aneurysms of the neck in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Three children with four fusiform venous aneurysms in the neck are described. A correct referral clinical diagnosis had not been established in any of these children. The diagnosis should be made generally on the basis of the physical examination, including the test of the \"digital pressure\", which is particularly useful to rule out a laringocele. Three of the aneurysms have been treated by surgical removal. Histological examination showed microscopic changes which were related to the time elapsed since the mass was first noticed. Areas of thinning out and sclerosis of the venous wall were evident in one case. The patient with the remaining aneurysm is being followed closely.", "contents": "[Venous aneurysms of the neck in childhood (author's transl)]. Three children with four fusiform venous aneurysms in the neck are described. A correct referral clinical diagnosis had not been established in any of these children. The diagnosis should be made generally on the basis of the physical examination, including the test of the \"digital pressure\", which is particularly useful to rule out a laringocele. Three of the aneurysms have been treated by surgical removal. Histological examination showed microscopic changes which were related to the time elapsed since the mass was first noticed. Areas of thinning out and sclerosis of the venous wall were evident in one case. The patient with the remaining aneurysm is being followed closely.", "PMID": 697220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11011", "title": "Familial Turner syndrome.", "content": "Seven women in three generations of a family have been affected by Turner syndrome. Turner phenotype in this family is the result of deletion of the entire short arm of one X chromosome. The short arm deletion is transmitted by carriers of a balanced X-1 translocation. Autoradiographic findings showed that the deleted X chromosome was late labeling in those persons with Turner syndrome, whereas the normal X chromosome was late replicating in carriers of the balanced translocation. The results of Xga typing of erythrocytes suggest that the Xg locus is on the short arm of the X chromosome. Because of the clinical implications, we believe that families of persons with structural chromosomal abnormalities should be studied to exclude familial transmission.", "contents": "Familial Turner syndrome. Seven women in three generations of a family have been affected by Turner syndrome. Turner phenotype in this family is the result of deletion of the entire short arm of one X chromosome. The short arm deletion is transmitted by carriers of a balanced X-1 translocation. Autoradiographic findings showed that the deleted X chromosome was late labeling in those persons with Turner syndrome, whereas the normal X chromosome was late replicating in carriers of the balanced translocation. The results of Xga typing of erythrocytes suggest that the Xg locus is on the short arm of the X chromosome. Because of the clinical implications, we believe that families of persons with structural chromosomal abnormalities should be studied to exclude familial transmission.", "PMID": 697225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11012", "title": "Renal artery embolism: clinical features and long-term follow-up of 17 cases.", "content": "Spontaneous renal artery embolism is not rare, but a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment are often delayed. Clinical features and follow-up of 17 cases are reported. Cardiac disease or arrhythmias pre-existed in 16 patients. Initial symptoms included flank pain (seven cases), abdominal or chest pain alone (seven), and nausea and vomiting (eight). Fever (greater than or equal to 37.5 degree C) occurred in 10 cases and flank tenderness in only eight. Laboratory findings included leukocytosis, proteinuria, hematuria, and elevated levels of lactic dehydrogenase, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. Serum creatinine level exceeded 1.3 mg/dl in 88% and 4.0 mg/dl in 65%; four patients required dialysis. The diagnosis, made by scintiscan, arteriography, or both was often delayed. Renal embolization was bilateral in seven patients and unilateral in 10, with serum creatinine level above 4.0 mg/dl in five of the latter. Emboli to other organs caused early death; cardiovascular disease led to later death. With anticoagulants, renal function returned in patients surviving more than 1 month, even those with bilateral emboli. Thus, renal embolism is recognizable if the disease is considered, and a favorable outcome is common with long-term anticoagulants.", "contents": "Renal artery embolism: clinical features and long-term follow-up of 17 cases. Spontaneous renal artery embolism is not rare, but a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment are often delayed. Clinical features and follow-up of 17 cases are reported. Cardiac disease or arrhythmias pre-existed in 16 patients. Initial symptoms included flank pain (seven cases), abdominal or chest pain alone (seven), and nausea and vomiting (eight). Fever (greater than or equal to 37.5 degree C) occurred in 10 cases and flank tenderness in only eight. Laboratory findings included leukocytosis, proteinuria, hematuria, and elevated levels of lactic dehydrogenase, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. Serum creatinine level exceeded 1.3 mg/dl in 88% and 4.0 mg/dl in 65%; four patients required dialysis. The diagnosis, made by scintiscan, arteriography, or both was often delayed. Renal embolization was bilateral in seven patients and unilateral in 10, with serum creatinine level above 4.0 mg/dl in five of the latter. Emboli to other organs caused early death; cardiovascular disease led to later death. With anticoagulants, renal function returned in patients surviving more than 1 month, even those with bilateral emboli. Thus, renal embolism is recognizable if the disease is considered, and a favorable outcome is common with long-term anticoagulants.", "PMID": 697226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11013", "title": "Experimental zinc deficiency in humans.", "content": "The effects of a mild zinc-deficient state in humans were studied. Four male volunteers received restricted zinc intake for several weeks under strict metabolic conditions. As a result of dietary zinc restriction, a decrease in zinc concentration of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and urine was observed. Changes in the activities of zinc-dependent enzymes in the plasma such as alkaline phosphatase and ribonuclease were also related to the dietary zinc status. An adverse effect of zinc restriction on total protein, total collagen, ribonucleic acid, and the activity of deoxythymidine kinase (a zinc-dependent enzyme) in the sponge connective tissue of the two volunteers in whom this test was done was noted. During the zinc restriction period, the ammonia level in the plasma was elevated. Weight loss occurred in all subjects as a result of dietary zinc restriction. Inasmuch as the zinc-deficient state was mild, this study provides a basis for developing diagnostic criteria for zinc deficiency in humans.", "contents": "Experimental zinc deficiency in humans. The effects of a mild zinc-deficient state in humans were studied. Four male volunteers received restricted zinc intake for several weeks under strict metabolic conditions. As a result of dietary zinc restriction, a decrease in zinc concentration of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and urine was observed. Changes in the activities of zinc-dependent enzymes in the plasma such as alkaline phosphatase and ribonuclease were also related to the dietary zinc status. An adverse effect of zinc restriction on total protein, total collagen, ribonucleic acid, and the activity of deoxythymidine kinase (a zinc-dependent enzyme) in the sponge connective tissue of the two volunteers in whom this test was done was noted. During the zinc restriction period, the ammonia level in the plasma was elevated. Weight loss occurred in all subjects as a result of dietary zinc restriction. Inasmuch as the zinc-deficient state was mild, this study provides a basis for developing diagnostic criteria for zinc deficiency in humans.", "PMID": 697227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11014", "title": "Plasma zinc and copper in obesity and after intestinal bypass.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of zinc and copper were measured in 15 obese patients before intestinal bypass surgery, in 27 patients after intestinal bypass surgery, and in 52 lean control subjects. Preoperatively, the obese patients had zinc concentrations that were significantly lower than in the lean control subjects (76 +/- 3 versus 89 +/- 2 microgram/dl) (+/- SEM) and copper levels that were significantly higher (147 +/- 10 versus 119 +/- 3 microgram/dl). After intestinal bypass, plasma zinc and copper concentrations were significantly lower (zinc, 62 +/- 2 microgram/dl; copper, 90 +/- 5 microgram/dl; P less than 0.001) than in prebypass patients. One patient developed leukopenia associated with a plasma copper concentration of 36 microgram/dl. Leukocyte count and plasma copper level rose with oral copper sulfate replacement therapy. Intestinal bypass surgery may produce clinically significant decreases in plasma concentrations of zinc and copper. Careful observation and replacement therapy are indicated in all patients who develop deficiences after intestinal bypass surgery.", "contents": "Plasma zinc and copper in obesity and after intestinal bypass. Plasma concentrations of zinc and copper were measured in 15 obese patients before intestinal bypass surgery, in 27 patients after intestinal bypass surgery, and in 52 lean control subjects. Preoperatively, the obese patients had zinc concentrations that were significantly lower than in the lean control subjects (76 +/- 3 versus 89 +/- 2 microgram/dl) (+/- SEM) and copper levels that were significantly higher (147 +/- 10 versus 119 +/- 3 microgram/dl). After intestinal bypass, plasma zinc and copper concentrations were significantly lower (zinc, 62 +/- 2 microgram/dl; copper, 90 +/- 5 microgram/dl; P less than 0.001) than in prebypass patients. One patient developed leukopenia associated with a plasma copper concentration of 36 microgram/dl. Leukocyte count and plasma copper level rose with oral copper sulfate replacement therapy. Intestinal bypass surgery may produce clinically significant decreases in plasma concentrations of zinc and copper. Careful observation and replacement therapy are indicated in all patients who develop deficiences after intestinal bypass surgery.", "PMID": 697228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11015", "title": "Hepatitis from intravenous high-dose oxacillin therapy: findings in an adult inpatient population.", "content": "A retrospective review of all patients who received oxacillin intravenously in doses greater than 6 g/day was done. Eight patients in whom oxacillin-associated hepatitis developed were found and compared with a control group of 46 patients who had received high-dose oxacillin and in whom oxacillin-associated hepatitis did not develop. The latent period to development of typical symptoms of hepatitis varied from 2 to 21 days. Laboratory abnormalities were compatible with anicteric hepatitis and reverted to normal after withdrawal of the drug. Oxacillin hepatitis most like represents a hypersensitivity reaction. We recommend that routine liver chemistries be done regularly in all patients receiving high-dose intravenous oxacillin.", "contents": "Hepatitis from intravenous high-dose oxacillin therapy: findings in an adult inpatient population. A retrospective review of all patients who received oxacillin intravenously in doses greater than 6 g/day was done. Eight patients in whom oxacillin-associated hepatitis developed were found and compared with a control group of 46 patients who had received high-dose oxacillin and in whom oxacillin-associated hepatitis did not develop. The latent period to development of typical symptoms of hepatitis varied from 2 to 21 days. Laboratory abnormalities were compatible with anicteric hepatitis and reverted to normal after withdrawal of the drug. Oxacillin hepatitis most like represents a hypersensitivity reaction. We recommend that routine liver chemistries be done regularly in all patients receiving high-dose intravenous oxacillin.", "PMID": 697229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11016", "title": "Bullets, lead poisoning and thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "A patient with a retained bullet developed lead poisoning in association with thyrotoxicosis. The clinical and laboratory data suggest that lead was mobilized from an increased mobile bone pool during the hypermetabolic period with resultant poisoning. The findings give factual support to earlier concepts that lead poisoning may occur during periods of metabolic change in an individual with an increased body lead burden.", "contents": "Bullets, lead poisoning and thyrotoxicosis. A patient with a retained bullet developed lead poisoning in association with thyrotoxicosis. The clinical and laboratory data suggest that lead was mobilized from an increased mobile bone pool during the hypermetabolic period with resultant poisoning. The findings give factual support to earlier concepts that lead poisoning may occur during periods of metabolic change in an individual with an increased body lead burden.", "PMID": 697230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11017", "title": "Immunity in Hodgkin's disease: importance of age at exposure.", "content": "A relatively common viral agent of low virulence and infectivity might be of etiologic importance in Hodgkin's disease. Age at initial exposure is a major determinant of the outcome of infection (immunity versus clinical disease) and the different epidemiologic patterns for this lymphoma observed internationally. Early exposure, particularly when it occurs in persons from high birth ranks, is associated with a relatively durable immunity. In contrast a delay in initial exposure, also mediated by family factors, results in higher clinical disease-to-immunity ratio. The large male excess in childhood Hodgkin's disease might be due to some sex-linked environmental factor operating early in life and the greater frequency of an asymptomatic carrier state in this sex.", "contents": "Immunity in Hodgkin's disease: importance of age at exposure. A relatively common viral agent of low virulence and infectivity might be of etiologic importance in Hodgkin's disease. Age at initial exposure is a major determinant of the outcome of infection (immunity versus clinical disease) and the different epidemiologic patterns for this lymphoma observed internationally. Early exposure, particularly when it occurs in persons from high birth ranks, is associated with a relatively durable immunity. In contrast a delay in initial exposure, also mediated by family factors, results in higher clinical disease-to-immunity ratio. The large male excess in childhood Hodgkin's disease might be due to some sex-linked environmental factor operating early in life and the greater frequency of an asymptomatic carrier state in this sex.", "PMID": 697236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11018", "title": "[A model of biological structure adequate for a dynamic organicist concept of psychiatry].", "content": "A \"dynamic organicist\" conception of the psychiatry is credible only with a pattern of biological encephalic structure corresponding with the complexity and lability of the psychology and psychopathology features. The author reports the results of researches of his group by electron microscopy concerning the human cerebral cortex, permitting to elaborate adequate pattern. The encephalic structures are very complex, changeable, labile, therefor her variations can correspond with the \"psychologics\" variations.", "contents": "[A model of biological structure adequate for a dynamic organicist concept of psychiatry]. A \"dynamic organicist\" conception of the psychiatry is credible only with a pattern of biological encephalic structure corresponding with the complexity and lability of the psychology and psychopathology features. The author reports the results of researches of his group by electron microscopy concerning the human cerebral cortex, permitting to elaborate adequate pattern. The encephalic structures are very complex, changeable, labile, therefor her variations can correspond with the \"psychologics\" variations.", "PMID": 697255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11019", "title": "Stability of R plasmids belonging to different incompatibility groups in Vibrio cholerae \"Eltor\".", "content": "Twenty two resistance plasmids belonging to fourteen incompatibility groups have been transferred by conjugation into two sensitive strains of Vibrio cholerae \"Eltor\". Only five plasmids were stably inherited in these strains: four of these belong to group incC, and one to group incJ. All other plasmids were lost at high frequency when the bacteria were grown in drug-free medium. These facts might explain why very few multiresistant strains of V. cholerae have been isolated so far but do not exclude the possibility that epidemics of V. cholerae carrying pecular R plasmids might be observed in the future.", "contents": "Stability of R plasmids belonging to different incompatibility groups in Vibrio cholerae \"Eltor\". Twenty two resistance plasmids belonging to fourteen incompatibility groups have been transferred by conjugation into two sensitive strains of Vibrio cholerae \"Eltor\". Only five plasmids were stably inherited in these strains: four of these belong to group incC, and one to group incJ. All other plasmids were lost at high frequency when the bacteria were grown in drug-free medium. These facts might explain why very few multiresistant strains of V. cholerae have been isolated so far but do not exclude the possibility that epidemics of V. cholerae carrying pecular R plasmids might be observed in the future.", "PMID": 697261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11020", "title": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of rhamnose-positive Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "Agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out against rhamnose-positive Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from various origins. All the strains were susceptible to aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, minocycline, rifampicin, trimethprim and sulfamethoxazole. All but two strains were susceptible to polymyxin. Resistnace to ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephalothin was noted with the majority of the strains.", "contents": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of rhamnose-positive Yersinia enterocolitica. Agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out against rhamnose-positive Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from various origins. All the strains were susceptible to aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, minocycline, rifampicin, trimethprim and sulfamethoxazole. All but two strains were susceptible to polymyxin. Resistnace to ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephalothin was noted with the majority of the strains.", "PMID": 697262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11021", "title": "The role of cryotherapy in the management of early lesions of retinoblastoma.", "content": "Cryotherapy alone has destroyed as isolated retinoblastoma lesion in the fellow eye of a proven case of retinoblastoma. Follow-up for 14 months revealed no evidence of recurrence. Literature review has shown that cryotherapy has unique advantages in the treatment of retinoblastomas.", "contents": "The role of cryotherapy in the management of early lesions of retinoblastoma. Cryotherapy alone has destroyed as isolated retinoblastoma lesion in the fellow eye of a proven case of retinoblastoma. Follow-up for 14 months revealed no evidence of recurrence. Literature review has shown that cryotherapy has unique advantages in the treatment of retinoblastomas.", "PMID": 697276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11022", "title": "Ocular abnormality in myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "A 61-year-old white woman with terminal myotonic dystrophy exhibited advanced peripheral and central retinopathy. Retinal lesions were characterized by hyperpigmentation, common, though nonspecific, in myotonic dystrophy. They resemble both heredo (tapetoretinal) and idiopathic involutional degenerations but rarely cause severe visual impairment. Neither the type nor degree of retinopathy appears to correlate with other ocular features or with the stage of the underlying disease. Our histologic observations confirm and extend those previously described. Electron microscopy suggests a primary disorder of mitochondria which may also affect smooth muscle and the myocardium.", "contents": "Ocular abnormality in myotonic dystrophy. A 61-year-old white woman with terminal myotonic dystrophy exhibited advanced peripheral and central retinopathy. Retinal lesions were characterized by hyperpigmentation, common, though nonspecific, in myotonic dystrophy. They resemble both heredo (tapetoretinal) and idiopathic involutional degenerations but rarely cause severe visual impairment. Neither the type nor degree of retinopathy appears to correlate with other ocular features or with the stage of the underlying disease. Our histologic observations confirm and extend those previously described. Electron microscopy suggests a primary disorder of mitochondria which may also affect smooth muscle and the myocardium.", "PMID": 697277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11023", "title": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease mimicking ocular myasthenia gravis.", "content": "The purpose of this report is to alert the ophthalmologist and neurologist to the fact that intermittent ocular symptoms may herald the onset of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia and therefore resemble the weakness produced by myasthenia gravis. In addition, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia may complicate the course of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.", "contents": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease mimicking ocular myasthenia gravis. The purpose of this report is to alert the ophthalmologist and neurologist to the fact that intermittent ocular symptoms may herald the onset of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia and therefore resemble the weakness produced by myasthenia gravis. In addition, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia may complicate the course of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.", "PMID": 697278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11024", "title": "Responsiveness of the rabbit eye to adrenergic and cholinergic agonists after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine or alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine: Part I--Pupillary changes.", "content": "The responses of rabbit pupils to graded doses of both adrenergic and cholinergic drugs after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine have been examined. For comparison, similar data were obtained in rabbits treated chronically with the norepinephrine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine. While quantitative differences were apparent, the effects of these 2 treatments were qualitatively similar. In both cases, a marked reduction in the responsiveness of the iris to cholinergic agonists accompanied the development of supersensitivity to adrenergic amines.", "contents": "Responsiveness of the rabbit eye to adrenergic and cholinergic agonists after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine or alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine: Part I--Pupillary changes. The responses of rabbit pupils to graded doses of both adrenergic and cholinergic drugs after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine have been examined. For comparison, similar data were obtained in rabbits treated chronically with the norepinephrine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine. While quantitative differences were apparent, the effects of these 2 treatments were qualitatively similar. In both cases, a marked reduction in the responsiveness of the iris to cholinergic agonists accompanied the development of supersensitivity to adrenergic amines.", "PMID": 697279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11025", "title": "Unusual course and long-term follow-up in malignant glaucoma.", "content": "One man and 2 women, aged 67, 63 and 68 years, observed for 8, 6, and 2 years, developed a classical postoperative malignant glaucoma. After a second operation, the use of atropine drops was continued for 2 years in one case, whereas in the other 2 cases miotics and later acetazolamide (Diamox) were necessary in order to maintain normal intraocular pressure. All 3 patients refused a preventive operation in the fellow eye and the use of miotics proved both necessary and effective in maintaining normal intraocular pressure, normal visual acuity, and normal visual fields.", "contents": "Unusual course and long-term follow-up in malignant glaucoma. One man and 2 women, aged 67, 63 and 68 years, observed for 8, 6, and 2 years, developed a classical postoperative malignant glaucoma. After a second operation, the use of atropine drops was continued for 2 years in one case, whereas in the other 2 cases miotics and later acetazolamide (Diamox) were necessary in order to maintain normal intraocular pressure. All 3 patients refused a preventive operation in the fellow eye and the use of miotics proved both necessary and effective in maintaining normal intraocular pressure, normal visual acuity, and normal visual fields.", "PMID": 697281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11026", "title": "Peripheral photocoagulation in the treatment of disc neovascularization.", "content": "Forty-two eyes in 30 patients with disc neovascularization were treated by the method of extensive photocoagulation of the retinal periphery (ablation). Total obliteration of disc neovascularization was accomplished in 76% of eyes treated. Partial regression was noted in 21% of eyes treated. There were only 2 major complications--traction retinal detachment and one major hemorrhage--in this series. Feeder-frond treatment was necessary to obliterate recurrent disc neovascularization in 2 eyes. It is concluded that therapy is efficacious in the treatment of papillary neovascularization.", "contents": "Peripheral photocoagulation in the treatment of disc neovascularization. Forty-two eyes in 30 patients with disc neovascularization were treated by the method of extensive photocoagulation of the retinal periphery (ablation). Total obliteration of disc neovascularization was accomplished in 76% of eyes treated. Partial regression was noted in 21% of eyes treated. There were only 2 major complications--traction retinal detachment and one major hemorrhage--in this series. Feeder-frond treatment was necessary to obliterate recurrent disc neovascularization in 2 eyes. It is concluded that therapy is efficacious in the treatment of papillary neovascularization.", "PMID": 697282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11027", "title": "Trabeculectomy.", "content": "Trabeculectomy as first choice of treatment has been performed on 100 consecutive cases in Africans. During the follow-up period ranging from 2 to 12 months, 79 eyes had a postoperative intraocular pressure of less than 21 mm Hg without any antiglaucomatous medications. Fourteen eyes operated upon (14%) had a postoperative intraocular pressure between 22 and 26 mm Hg. Seven cases (7%) showed an intraocular pressure higher than 28 mm Hg. Hypotony and hyphema encountered in 8 cases were a minor postoperative complication. Protrusion of the iris in the surgical wound occurring in 2 cases was a major complication. A correlation between the intraocular pressure one week and 28 weeks postoperatively showed that in most cases the intraocular pressure was higher after the longer follow-up. However, out of a group of 25 eyes operated upon showing an intraocular pressure of 14 mm Hg or less, one week postoperatively, only one eye (4%) showed an intraocular pressure higher than 20 mm Hg on the longer follow-up.", "contents": "Trabeculectomy. Trabeculectomy as first choice of treatment has been performed on 100 consecutive cases in Africans. During the follow-up period ranging from 2 to 12 months, 79 eyes had a postoperative intraocular pressure of less than 21 mm Hg without any antiglaucomatous medications. Fourteen eyes operated upon (14%) had a postoperative intraocular pressure between 22 and 26 mm Hg. Seven cases (7%) showed an intraocular pressure higher than 28 mm Hg. Hypotony and hyphema encountered in 8 cases were a minor postoperative complication. Protrusion of the iris in the surgical wound occurring in 2 cases was a major complication. A correlation between the intraocular pressure one week and 28 weeks postoperatively showed that in most cases the intraocular pressure was higher after the longer follow-up. However, out of a group of 25 eyes operated upon showing an intraocular pressure of 14 mm Hg or less, one week postoperatively, only one eye (4%) showed an intraocular pressure higher than 20 mm Hg on the longer follow-up.", "PMID": 697283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11028", "title": "Late hyphema due to vascularization of the cataract wound.", "content": "Nineteen patients with hyphema due to fibrovascular tissue in the cataract wound were seen. In 3 patients the hyphema occurred after closure of an unitentional filtering bleb. Two patients receiving anticoagulants before and after the hyphema occurred did not have recurrence of the bleeding. In one patient the hyphema was induced by scleral depression. This benign condition is frequently misdiagnosed. When erythrocytes are seen in the anterior chamber of an aphakic patient, vascularization of the cataract wound should be suspected and confirmed by gonioscopy.", "contents": "Late hyphema due to vascularization of the cataract wound. Nineteen patients with hyphema due to fibrovascular tissue in the cataract wound were seen. In 3 patients the hyphema occurred after closure of an unitentional filtering bleb. Two patients receiving anticoagulants before and after the hyphema occurred did not have recurrence of the bleeding. In one patient the hyphema was induced by scleral depression. This benign condition is frequently misdiagnosed. When erythrocytes are seen in the anterior chamber of an aphakic patient, vascularization of the cataract wound should be suspected and confirmed by gonioscopy.", "PMID": 697284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11029", "title": "Keratoconus and atopic diseases.", "content": "In a survey of 162 keratoconus patients, we set out to investigate individual conditions, such as asthma, hay fever, connective tissue syndromes, and eye rubbing, and to determine their relationship of keratoconus. It was found that the prevalence of asthma rises from 0.4% to 1% in the control group to 17.9% in the keratoconus group, or an eighteenfold increase. In addition, the incidence of hay fever in keratoconus patients was found to be 35.7%. As multifactorial disorders, keratoconus and asthma may share some of the multiple genes necessary for the expression of the disorder. Previous findings of excessive eye rubbing in keratoconus patients were confirmed in this study. Finally, we found that the incidence of connective tissue disorders associated with keratoconus was negligible.", "contents": "Keratoconus and atopic diseases. In a survey of 162 keratoconus patients, we set out to investigate individual conditions, such as asthma, hay fever, connective tissue syndromes, and eye rubbing, and to determine their relationship of keratoconus. It was found that the prevalence of asthma rises from 0.4% to 1% in the control group to 17.9% in the keratoconus group, or an eighteenfold increase. In addition, the incidence of hay fever in keratoconus patients was found to be 35.7%. As multifactorial disorders, keratoconus and asthma may share some of the multiple genes necessary for the expression of the disorder. Previous findings of excessive eye rubbing in keratoconus patients were confirmed in this study. Finally, we found that the incidence of connective tissue disorders associated with keratoconus was negligible.", "PMID": 697285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11030", "title": "Burns of the eyes and eyelids.", "content": "One hundred and ten lid and eye burn cases are reviewed in a series of 552 severe body burn cases. The causes, location, handling, and end results of these cases are described.", "contents": "Burns of the eyes and eyelids. One hundred and ten lid and eye burn cases are reviewed in a series of 552 severe body burn cases. The causes, location, handling, and end results of these cases are described.", "PMID": 697286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11031", "title": "[The reconstitution of the digestive epithelium in Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcller infested by larval forms of Fasciola hepatica L (author's transl)].", "content": "In L. truncatula at the end of parasitic cycle, the reconstitution of the digestive gland consists in development of peripheral tubules with strait diameters. The tubular epithelium--like stomach and intestine epithelia--show cellular hyperplasia with anisocaryosis. The cellular activity--normal at first--increases then along the infestation period.", "contents": "[The reconstitution of the digestive epithelium in Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcller infested by larval forms of Fasciola hepatica L (author's transl)]. In L. truncatula at the end of parasitic cycle, the reconstitution of the digestive gland consists in development of peripheral tubules with strait diameters. The tubular epithelium--like stomach and intestine epithelia--show cellular hyperplasia with anisocaryosis. The cellular activity--normal at first--increases then along the infestation period.", "PMID": 697288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11032", "title": "[Neoparasitylenchus megabothridis n. sp. (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae) parasite of Megabothris tubidus (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae); observations on fleas tylenchides in the S.W. of Europa (author's transl)].", "content": "A number of nematodes (Tylenchida, Allantonematidae) were observed in 11 species of Siphonaptera from the South-West of Europe. The fleas belong of 4 differents families (Pulicidae, Vermipsyllidae,Hystrichopsyllidae, Ceratophyllidae). Neoparasitylenchus megabothridis n. sp., parasite of the flea Megabothris turbidus (Rothschild, 1909), is described and the life cycle given. It shows little pathogenicity to tis host. Psyllotylenchus sp. parasite of Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc, 1801), appears to be a teratogenic and causes a feminisation of parasitised males and a masculinisation of females. A generic determination cannot be made with any certainty in the material collected from others fleas.", "contents": "[Neoparasitylenchus megabothridis n. sp. (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae) parasite of Megabothris tubidus (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae); observations on fleas tylenchides in the S.W. of Europa (author's transl)]. A number of nematodes (Tylenchida, Allantonematidae) were observed in 11 species of Siphonaptera from the South-West of Europe. The fleas belong of 4 differents families (Pulicidae, Vermipsyllidae,Hystrichopsyllidae, Ceratophyllidae). Neoparasitylenchus megabothridis n. sp., parasite of the flea Megabothris turbidus (Rothschild, 1909), is described and the life cycle given. It shows little pathogenicity to tis host. Psyllotylenchus sp. parasite of Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc, 1801), appears to be a teratogenic and causes a feminisation of parasitised males and a masculinisation of females. A generic determination cannot be made with any certainty in the material collected from others fleas.", "PMID": 697290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11033", "title": "[Description of P. cyclopsi n. sp. a parasite of the microchiropteran bat Hipposideros cyclops in Gabon (author's transl)].", "content": "P. cyclopsi sp. nov. is characterized by the small size of the asexual stages and by gametocytes belonging to the type \"malariae\". It is related to P. anomaluri and the hosts of both species share the same habitat: hollow trees of the tropical forest. By the ancientness of its vertebrate host and its relationship with the \"malariae\" group of Haemosporidia P. cyclopsi is interpreted as a primitive species.", "contents": "[Description of P. cyclopsi n. sp. a parasite of the microchiropteran bat Hipposideros cyclops in Gabon (author's transl)]. P. cyclopsi sp. nov. is characterized by the small size of the asexual stages and by gametocytes belonging to the type \"malariae\". It is related to P. anomaluri and the hosts of both species share the same habitat: hollow trees of the tropical forest. By the ancientness of its vertebrate host and its relationship with the \"malariae\" group of Haemosporidia P. cyclopsi is interpreted as a primitive species.", "PMID": 697287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11034", "title": "Repair in acute and chronic ulcers.", "content": "The process of ulcer healing is still incompletely understood and the cause of delayed healing in chronic ulcers is unknown. The work described here is concerned with certain aspects of epithelial repair in experimental ulcers--that is, mitotic activity, cell migration, and cell re-establishment with differentiation, using light and electron microscopy. The findings have been compared with similar observations on human gastric and venous ulcers. The results have shown that increased mitotic activity and attempted cell migration are able to persist throughout epithelialisation of experimental lesions and that the chronicity of human ulcers cannot be explained by a lack of new epthelial cell production or failure of these cells to assume a migratory form. Some other basic defect in the healing process must therefore be present.", "contents": "Repair in acute and chronic ulcers. The process of ulcer healing is still incompletely understood and the cause of delayed healing in chronic ulcers is unknown. The work described here is concerned with certain aspects of epithelial repair in experimental ulcers--that is, mitotic activity, cell migration, and cell re-establishment with differentiation, using light and electron microscopy. The findings have been compared with similar observations on human gastric and venous ulcers. The results have shown that increased mitotic activity and attempted cell migration are able to persist throughout epithelialisation of experimental lesions and that the chronicity of human ulcers cannot be explained by a lack of new epthelial cell production or failure of these cells to assume a migratory form. Some other basic defect in the healing process must therefore be present.", "PMID": 697296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11035", "title": "[A new Typhloceras from Catalonia (author's transl)].", "content": "T. favosus claramuntae, parasitic on the shrew Crocidura russula russula is described from Isle Meda Gran, Girona (Spain). This subspecies can be separated by morphology and chaetotaxy of sternit VIII. Only the male is actually known.", "contents": "[A new Typhloceras from Catalonia (author's transl)]. T. favosus claramuntae, parasitic on the shrew Crocidura russula russula is described from Isle Meda Gran, Girona (Spain). This subspecies can be separated by morphology and chaetotaxy of sternit VIII. Only the male is actually known.", "PMID": 697291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11036", "title": "Fibreoptic choledochoscopy in common bile duct surgery.", "content": "Fibreoptic choledochoscopy permits visual examination of the interior of the bile ducts during operations for gallstones. But it does not replace operative cholangiography, and the common bile duct should not be opened simply to perform choledochoscopy. Operative choledochoscopy following conventional exploration and removal of stones ensures that the ducts are clear before insertion of a T tube and closure, avoiding the problem of the retained stone. Exploratory choledochoscopy with stone retrieval under direct vision is less traumatic to the ducts than conventional blind methods, and visual confirmation that the lower end of the duct is clear and the papilla patent may allow the common bile duct to be closed without a T tube, shortening the patient's convalescent period.", "contents": "Fibreoptic choledochoscopy in common bile duct surgery. Fibreoptic choledochoscopy permits visual examination of the interior of the bile ducts during operations for gallstones. But it does not replace operative cholangiography, and the common bile duct should not be opened simply to perform choledochoscopy. Operative choledochoscopy following conventional exploration and removal of stones ensures that the ducts are clear before insertion of a T tube and closure, avoiding the problem of the retained stone. Exploratory choledochoscopy with stone retrieval under direct vision is less traumatic to the ducts than conventional blind methods, and visual confirmation that the lower end of the duct is clear and the papilla patent may allow the common bile duct to be closed without a T tube, shortening the patient's convalescent period.", "PMID": 697297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11037", "title": "Incisional treatment of obstruction of the female bladder neck.", "content": "Obstruction of the female bladder neck has been treated in 9 cases by endourethral incision of the bladder neck anteriorly through an operating nasal speculum with very satisfactory results which compare very favourably with those of Y-V plastic reconstruction of the bladder neck in 8 similar cases. The advantages of the incisional technique are simplicity of the procedure, shorter operative time and postoperative stay, and absence of the need for blood transfusion; its complication rate is very low and the procedure may be repeated if necessary.", "contents": "Incisional treatment of obstruction of the female bladder neck. Obstruction of the female bladder neck has been treated in 9 cases by endourethral incision of the bladder neck anteriorly through an operating nasal speculum with very satisfactory results which compare very favourably with those of Y-V plastic reconstruction of the bladder neck in 8 similar cases. The advantages of the incisional technique are simplicity of the procedure, shorter operative time and postoperative stay, and absence of the need for blood transfusion; its complication rate is very low and the procedure may be repeated if necessary.", "PMID": 697298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11038", "title": "[Life cycle of the trematode Echinostoma caproni Richard, 1964 (Echinostomatoidea) (author's transl)].", "content": "The life cycle of the Trematode Echinostomatoidea Echinostoma caproni Richard, 1964, develops under natural conditions in Madagascar in a bird Falco newtoni and in a Gastropod Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Metacercaries encyst in other Molluscs and in the kidney of an Amphibian Ptychadaena mascareniensis. The cycle has been reproduced experimentaly in France. The defivitive hosts are the white mouse, the rat and the chick. Biomphalaria galbrata is the first and the second intermediate host. Metacercaries encyst in different Molluscs and in the kidney of tadpoles of Rana esculenta. The larval stages are described. The cycle pattern and the morphology of larval stages are quite similar to those of Echinostoma liei Jeyarasasingam and coll., 1972.", "contents": "[Life cycle of the trematode Echinostoma caproni Richard, 1964 (Echinostomatoidea) (author's transl)]. The life cycle of the Trematode Echinostomatoidea Echinostoma caproni Richard, 1964, develops under natural conditions in Madagascar in a bird Falco newtoni and in a Gastropod Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Metacercaries encyst in other Molluscs and in the kidney of an Amphibian Ptychadaena mascareniensis. The cycle has been reproduced experimentaly in France. The defivitive hosts are the white mouse, the rat and the chick. Biomphalaria galbrata is the first and the second intermediate host. Metacercaries encyst in different Molluscs and in the kidney of tadpoles of Rana esculenta. The larval stages are described. The cycle pattern and the morphology of larval stages are quite similar to those of Echinostoma liei Jeyarasasingam and coll., 1972.", "PMID": 697289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11039", "title": "Role of resection in typhoid perforation.", "content": "Typhoid perforation is a surgical emergency and the treatment should be prompt and energetic; the role of conservative treatment is limited. The surgical procedure depends on the general health of the patient and the extent of ileum involved. Resection is preferable, but lesser procedures have their place in appropriate cases. Indecision kills; so does undue delay. The mortality in active intervention is low.", "contents": "Role of resection in typhoid perforation. Typhoid perforation is a surgical emergency and the treatment should be prompt and energetic; the role of conservative treatment is limited. The surgical procedure depends on the general health of the patient and the extent of ileum involved. Resection is preferable, but lesser procedures have their place in appropriate cases. Indecision kills; so does undue delay. The mortality in active intervention is low.", "PMID": 697299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11040", "title": "Excretory patterns of urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and total oestrogens throughout the normal menstrual cycle.", "content": "The excretion of urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and total oestrogens was studied daily in morning urine specimens throughout the menstrual cycle of six normal women (age range 18-24 years). The follicular phase of the cycle was characterised by apparently random fluctuations in the excretion of urinary free corticosteroids. However, after the mid-cycle oestrogen peak there occurred a significant drop in corticosteroid excretion, which then rose to a peak eight to 10 days after ovulation and was synchronous with the second oestrogen peak during the luteal phase.", "contents": "Excretory patterns of urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and total oestrogens throughout the normal menstrual cycle. The excretion of urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and total oestrogens was studied daily in morning urine specimens throughout the menstrual cycle of six normal women (age range 18-24 years). The follicular phase of the cycle was characterised by apparently random fluctuations in the excretion of urinary free corticosteroids. However, after the mid-cycle oestrogen peak there occurred a significant drop in corticosteroid excretion, which then rose to a peak eight to 10 days after ovulation and was synchronous with the second oestrogen peak during the luteal phase.", "PMID": 697307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11041", "title": "Significance of blood cadmium concentrations in patients with renal disorders or essential hypertension and the normal population.", "content": "Cadmium concentrations in whole blood have been determined in normal control subjects, in patients with untreated essential hypertension or with treated essential hypertension, and in those with acute or chronic renal disorders. High cadmium concentrations were not found in the patients with untreated essential hypertension. Most tobacco smokers were found to have high blood cadmium concentrations. When the mean cadmium concentrations from each group of patients were compared with those of the control subjects no significant differences were found. When the four groups were divided into smokers and non-smokers, however, a significantly higher mean value was found for the non-smoking renal patients in comparison with the non-smoking normal subjects. The marked increases in blood cadmium concentration in the patients with renal disorders may be attributed to impaired excretion.", "contents": "Significance of blood cadmium concentrations in patients with renal disorders or essential hypertension and the normal population. Cadmium concentrations in whole blood have been determined in normal control subjects, in patients with untreated essential hypertension or with treated essential hypertension, and in those with acute or chronic renal disorders. High cadmium concentrations were not found in the patients with untreated essential hypertension. Most tobacco smokers were found to have high blood cadmium concentrations. When the mean cadmium concentrations from each group of patients were compared with those of the control subjects no significant differences were found. When the four groups were divided into smokers and non-smokers, however, a significantly higher mean value was found for the non-smoking renal patients in comparison with the non-smoking normal subjects. The marked increases in blood cadmium concentration in the patients with renal disorders may be attributed to impaired excretion.", "PMID": 697306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11042", "title": "Discrepancies in thyroxine measurement in pregnancy between radioimmunoassay and competitive protein binding (Oxford StaT4).", "content": "The StaT4 test is a technically simple test of thyroxine measurement, which apparently gives results in good agreement with those derived by radioimmunoassay in most patients. In pregnancy, however, falsely low serum thyroxine values were found with the StaT4 test when compared with either a radioimmunoassay or the Thyopac-4 test. Detailed studies showed that the discrepancy resulted from the extraction technique used in the StaT4 test, which appears to allow the patient's thyroxine binding proteins to remain in the assay system. Similar method discrepancies were observed in other clinical conditions associated with elevated thyroxine binding globulin concentration. This study, as well as being of practical clinical importance, has implications for the design of competitive protein binding tests of thyroid function.", "contents": "Discrepancies in thyroxine measurement in pregnancy between radioimmunoassay and competitive protein binding (Oxford StaT4). The StaT4 test is a technically simple test of thyroxine measurement, which apparently gives results in good agreement with those derived by radioimmunoassay in most patients. In pregnancy, however, falsely low serum thyroxine values were found with the StaT4 test when compared with either a radioimmunoassay or the Thyopac-4 test. Detailed studies showed that the discrepancy resulted from the extraction technique used in the StaT4 test, which appears to allow the patient's thyroxine binding proteins to remain in the assay system. Similar method discrepancies were observed in other clinical conditions associated with elevated thyroxine binding globulin concentration. This study, as well as being of practical clinical importance, has implications for the design of competitive protein binding tests of thyroid function.", "PMID": 697309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11043", "title": "Measurement of acetate in aqueous solutions and plasma by gas phase chromatography using a porous polymer stationary phase.", "content": "A method of acetate determination by gas phase chromatography using a porous polymer stationary phase is reported that is suitable for use with aqueous and plasma samples. It is linear up to 100 mmol/l and has a coefficient of variation of less than 4% for acetate values of greater than 1 mmol/l. The recovery of acetate from plasma is 92% and sample retention time is 3 minutes. The reference range of plasma acetate in a group of 40 apparently healthy subjects was from less than 0.1 to 0.35 mmol/l. The frequently encountered problem of absorption and ghosting of volatile fatty acids is overcome without the addition of formic acid vapour to the carrier gas.", "contents": "Measurement of acetate in aqueous solutions and plasma by gas phase chromatography using a porous polymer stationary phase. A method of acetate determination by gas phase chromatography using a porous polymer stationary phase is reported that is suitable for use with aqueous and plasma samples. It is linear up to 100 mmol/l and has a coefficient of variation of less than 4% for acetate values of greater than 1 mmol/l. The recovery of acetate from plasma is 92% and sample retention time is 3 minutes. The reference range of plasma acetate in a group of 40 apparently healthy subjects was from less than 0.1 to 0.35 mmol/l. The frequently encountered problem of absorption and ghosting of volatile fatty acids is overcome without the addition of formic acid vapour to the carrier gas.", "PMID": 697311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11044", "title": "An on-line work scheduling and ward requesting pattern information system.", "content": "The organisational efficiency of sample admission to the routine laboratory and the allocation to test methods has been improved by a scheduling system based on an on-line mini-computer. A flexible system has been constructed using multiple visual displays, which produce work allocation lists. Computer techniques have been developed which enable maximal use of the on-line system while retaining the general flexibility of high-level language coding, as implemented on an unsophisticated 12-bit processor. The file structure has been designed to provide cumulative information on the requesting patterns appropriate to any of the many sources of samples to the laboratory, and to allow the automatic merging of worksheet and laboratory data, the latter being generated and transmitted from a second mini-computer system.", "contents": "An on-line work scheduling and ward requesting pattern information system. The organisational efficiency of sample admission to the routine laboratory and the allocation to test methods has been improved by a scheduling system based on an on-line mini-computer. A flexible system has been constructed using multiple visual displays, which produce work allocation lists. Computer techniques have been developed which enable maximal use of the on-line system while retaining the general flexibility of high-level language coding, as implemented on an unsophisticated 12-bit processor. The file structure has been designed to provide cumulative information on the requesting patterns appropriate to any of the many sources of samples to the laboratory, and to allow the automatic merging of worksheet and laboratory data, the latter being generated and transmitted from a second mini-computer system.", "PMID": 697313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11045", "title": "Induction of suppressor cells in mice by cyclophosphamide.", "content": "The injection of a single sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) into adult C3H/He mice induced splenic atrophy followed by considerable hypertrophy. During the phase of splenomegaly, the in vitro reactivity of spleen cells to the mitogens phytohaemagglutin and lipopolysaccharide was drastically decreased. Furthermore, the spleen cell population from CY-treated mice contained suppressor cells capable of inhibiting the in vitro reactivity of normal lymphocytes to these mitogens. After the removal of adherent cells, the suppressive activity was completely absent from the remaining fraction. The suppressive activity was also abolished after treatment of spleen cells with anti-immunoglobulin antiserum plus complement (C). After treatment with anti-Thy 1-2 antiserum plus C, the suppressive activity was not modified. Nude mice, B mice, young and old NZB mice, also developed suppressor cells with similar functional characteristics when treated with CY. However, in Nude mice the suppressor cells were not adherent and did not bear surface Ig. After fractionation of spleen cells by velocity sedimentation, the suppressive activity was detected in the fastest fraction with a velocity over 5 mm/h.", "contents": "Induction of suppressor cells in mice by cyclophosphamide. The injection of a single sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) into adult C3H/He mice induced splenic atrophy followed by considerable hypertrophy. During the phase of splenomegaly, the in vitro reactivity of spleen cells to the mitogens phytohaemagglutin and lipopolysaccharide was drastically decreased. Furthermore, the spleen cell population from CY-treated mice contained suppressor cells capable of inhibiting the in vitro reactivity of normal lymphocytes to these mitogens. After the removal of adherent cells, the suppressive activity was completely absent from the remaining fraction. The suppressive activity was also abolished after treatment of spleen cells with anti-immunoglobulin antiserum plus complement (C). After treatment with anti-Thy 1-2 antiserum plus C, the suppressive activity was not modified. Nude mice, B mice, young and old NZB mice, also developed suppressor cells with similar functional characteristics when treated with CY. However, in Nude mice the suppressor cells were not adherent and did not bear surface Ig. After fractionation of spleen cells by velocity sedimentation, the suppressive activity was detected in the fastest fraction with a velocity over 5 mm/h.", "PMID": 697315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11046", "title": "Transaqueous diffusion of acetylcholine to denervated iris sphincter muscle: a mechanism for the tonic pupil syndrome (Adie syndrome).", "content": "The accepted hypothesis for the pathophysiology of tonic pupil syndrome (Adie syndrome) was reexamined in light of recent developments concerning denervation supersensitivity of cholinergically innervated smooth muscle. Kinetic analysis suggests that enzymatic hydrolysis is unimportant relative to convective diffusion in the turnover of acetylcholine in the aqueous humor. We postulate that the greater response to near stimuli than to light stimuli and the delay in iris sphincter contraction and relaxation can be explained by release of acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction of the ciliary muscle followed by transaqueous diffusion to receptor sites on denervated, supersensitive iris sphincter muscle.", "contents": "Transaqueous diffusion of acetylcholine to denervated iris sphincter muscle: a mechanism for the tonic pupil syndrome (Adie syndrome). The accepted hypothesis for the pathophysiology of tonic pupil syndrome (Adie syndrome) was reexamined in light of recent developments concerning denervation supersensitivity of cholinergically innervated smooth muscle. Kinetic analysis suggests that enzymatic hydrolysis is unimportant relative to convective diffusion in the turnover of acetylcholine in the aqueous humor. We postulate that the greater response to near stimuli than to light stimuli and the delay in iris sphincter contraction and relaxation can be explained by release of acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction of the ciliary muscle followed by transaqueous diffusion to receptor sites on denervated, supersensitive iris sphincter muscle.", "PMID": 697321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11047", "title": "Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a review of neurological complications.", "content": "A case of pseudoxanthoma elasticum with multisystem involvement is described. Neurological complications, as reported in the literature, are reviewed. These include cerebrovascular insufficiency, multiple lacunar infarcts, aneurysms, subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages, progressive intellectual deterioration, and psychic and mental disturbance which may be due to cortical atrophy. Seizures occur more frequently than in the general population. Hypertension and alteration of cerebral vessels are the two basic pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the neurological complications of this disease.", "contents": "Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a review of neurological complications. A case of pseudoxanthoma elasticum with multisystem involvement is described. Neurological complications, as reported in the literature, are reviewed. These include cerebrovascular insufficiency, multiple lacunar infarcts, aneurysms, subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages, progressive intellectual deterioration, and psychic and mental disturbance which may be due to cortical atrophy. Seizures occur more frequently than in the general population. Hypertension and alteration of cerebral vessels are the two basic pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the neurological complications of this disease.", "PMID": 697322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11048", "title": "The effect of a water soluble adjuvant on the immune response to synthetic polypeptides.", "content": "The effect of a water soluble adjuvant (WSA) extracted from mycobacteria on the immune response to synthetic polypeptides has been studied in rabbits and inbred mice. WSA increased the antibody response of rabbits to the synthetic polypeptide poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(Lys) designated (T,G)-A--L when injected together with either incomplete or complete Freund's adjuvants (FIA or FCA). As compared to the respective controls, the effect of WSA was more pronounced when injected with FIA. No detectable antibody titre was observed in rabbits immunized with (T,G)-A--L and WSA administered in an aqueous medium. WSA had no enhancing adjuvant effect on the antibody response of C3H.SW high responder mice to (T,G)-A--L when given either with FIA or with FCA. However, the antibody titres of C3H/HeJ and SJL low responder mice to (T,G)-A--L were increased by WSA when injected in combination with FIA or FCA. The immune responses of mice to two other synthetic polypeptides poly(Phe,Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(Lys), designated (Phe,G)-A--L, and poly-(Tyr,Glu)-poly(Pro)--poly(Lys), designated (T,G)-Pro--L, were not affected by the addition of WSA. Thus, WSA \"corrects\" selectively the genetic defect of low responder mice to synthetic antigens.", "contents": "The effect of a water soluble adjuvant on the immune response to synthetic polypeptides. The effect of a water soluble adjuvant (WSA) extracted from mycobacteria on the immune response to synthetic polypeptides has been studied in rabbits and inbred mice. WSA increased the antibody response of rabbits to the synthetic polypeptide poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(Lys) designated (T,G)-A--L when injected together with either incomplete or complete Freund's adjuvants (FIA or FCA). As compared to the respective controls, the effect of WSA was more pronounced when injected with FIA. No detectable antibody titre was observed in rabbits immunized with (T,G)-A--L and WSA administered in an aqueous medium. WSA had no enhancing adjuvant effect on the antibody response of C3H.SW high responder mice to (T,G)-A--L when given either with FIA or with FCA. However, the antibody titres of C3H/HeJ and SJL low responder mice to (T,G)-A--L were increased by WSA when injected in combination with FIA or FCA. The immune responses of mice to two other synthetic polypeptides poly(Phe,Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(Lys), designated (Phe,G)-A--L, and poly-(Tyr,Glu)-poly(Pro)--poly(Lys), designated (T,G)-Pro--L, were not affected by the addition of WSA. Thus, WSA \"corrects\" selectively the genetic defect of low responder mice to synthetic antigens.", "PMID": 697316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11049", "title": "Nemaline (rod) myopathy: the need for histochemical evaluation of affected families.", "content": "Histochemical changes in the mother of a patient with nemaline myopathy were used to identify her as the gene carrier even though rod-bodies were not present in her muscle biopsy and she was not weak. The patient and her mother both had marked type I fiber predominance with large groups of type I fibers present. Histochemical changes known to occur in nemaline myopathy include smallness and predominance of type I fibers. Such changes support the concept that this disease may result from subtle defects in innervation since fiber types are determined by innervation. Although this disease is thought to be transmitted by autosomal dominant mode, lack of male-to-male transmission and a predominance of female cases in the literature suggest that this may be (1) an X-linked dominant, (2) a sex-influenced autosomal dominant, or (3) an autosomal dominant which is semilethal in males. The family described here is the first in which a presumably affected parent showed only the histochemical change without rod-bodies, thus emphasizing the importance of histochemical evaluation of relatives' biopsies for genetic counseling.", "contents": "Nemaline (rod) myopathy: the need for histochemical evaluation of affected families. Histochemical changes in the mother of a patient with nemaline myopathy were used to identify her as the gene carrier even though rod-bodies were not present in her muscle biopsy and she was not weak. The patient and her mother both had marked type I fiber predominance with large groups of type I fibers present. Histochemical changes known to occur in nemaline myopathy include smallness and predominance of type I fibers. Such changes support the concept that this disease may result from subtle defects in innervation since fiber types are determined by innervation. Although this disease is thought to be transmitted by autosomal dominant mode, lack of male-to-male transmission and a predominance of female cases in the literature suggest that this may be (1) an X-linked dominant, (2) a sex-influenced autosomal dominant, or (3) an autosomal dominant which is semilethal in males. The family described here is the first in which a presumably affected parent showed only the histochemical change without rod-bodies, thus emphasizing the importance of histochemical evaluation of relatives' biopsies for genetic counseling.", "PMID": 697323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11050", "title": "Computed tomography in late-infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy.", "content": "Computed tomography of 2 patients with late-infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) demonstrated generalized white matter lucency and moderate ventricular enlargement. CAT scan findings in other white matter diseases likely to be confused clinically with MLD are sufficiently dissimilar to allow differentiation.", "contents": "Computed tomography in late-infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy. Computed tomography of 2 patients with late-infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) demonstrated generalized white matter lucency and moderate ventricular enlargement. CAT scan findings in other white matter diseases likely to be confused clinically with MLD are sufficiently dissimilar to allow differentiation.", "PMID": 697324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11051", "title": "Interference between two immune responses. II.--Conferrability by the serum of the influences exerted by a response to horse RBC on the subsequent response to sheep RBC in the mouse.", "content": "Serum taken from mice responding to HoRBC and given to syngeneic mice influences the kinetics of a subsequent anti-SRBC response. The serum taken at the 36th of the anti-HoRBC response exerts after transfer an accelerating effect on the anti-SRBC response while this of the 7th day has an inhibitory effect. Both effects are especially demonstrative on mice irradiated and restored with spleen cells from a single donor because of the low variation coefficient of their anti-SRBC response.", "contents": "Interference between two immune responses. II.--Conferrability by the serum of the influences exerted by a response to horse RBC on the subsequent response to sheep RBC in the mouse. Serum taken from mice responding to HoRBC and given to syngeneic mice influences the kinetics of a subsequent anti-SRBC response. The serum taken at the 36th of the anti-HoRBC response exerts after transfer an accelerating effect on the anti-SRBC response while this of the 7th day has an inhibitory effect. Both effects are especially demonstrative on mice irradiated and restored with spleen cells from a single donor because of the low variation coefficient of their anti-SRBC response.", "PMID": 697319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11052", "title": "Radiation myelopathy in children.", "content": "Three children, 1 with medulloblastoma, 1 with anaplastic cerebellar tumor, and 1 with acute lymphocytic leukemia, received craniospinal irradiation with an estimated cord dose between 1,100 and 1,200 rets. All 3 patients after a latent period of seven to eight months developed subacute transverse myelopathy. The myelopathy was cervical in 2 patients and thoracic in 1. Spinal fluid examination showed high protein levels in 2 patients. Myelography demonstrated a swollen cord in 2 patients and normal appearance in 1. Autopsy in 1 patient disclosed a necrotizing myelopathy. The findings suggest that children tolerate less well than adults what previously have been considered safe doses of radiation to the spinal cord.", "contents": "Radiation myelopathy in children. Three children, 1 with medulloblastoma, 1 with anaplastic cerebellar tumor, and 1 with acute lymphocytic leukemia, received craniospinal irradiation with an estimated cord dose between 1,100 and 1,200 rets. All 3 patients after a latent period of seven to eight months developed subacute transverse myelopathy. The myelopathy was cervical in 2 patients and thoracic in 1. Spinal fluid examination showed high protein levels in 2 patients. Myelography demonstrated a swollen cord in 2 patients and normal appearance in 1. Autopsy in 1 patient disclosed a necrotizing myelopathy. The findings suggest that children tolerate less well than adults what previously have been considered safe doses of radiation to the spinal cord.", "PMID": 697325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11053", "title": "The prognosis of acute and subacute transverse myelopathy based on early signs and symptoms.", "content": "Fifty-two patients with acute and subacute transverse myelopathy (TM) were evaluated at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1955 and 1975 and followed for 1 to 23 years (average, 5). Nineteen had symptoms of a recent acute infectious illness, 3 had cancer, and 1 had undergone a recent operation. There were four types of initial symptom. Twenty-four patients had paresthesias at the onset of the illness, 18 had pain, usually interscapular, 7 had leg weakness, and 3 had urine retention. Prognosis depended on the nature of the onset of TM. An acute catastrophic onset was generally associated with back pain and led to a poor outcome in 7 and a good outcome in only 1 of 11 patients. A subacute progressive onset over several days to four weeks, generally with ascending paresthesias or leg weakness, was associated with a good outcome in 15 and fair outcome in 17 of 37 patients. Preceding febrile illness, treatment with corticosteroids, and the nature of CSF abnormalities had no effect on outcome. Multiple sclerosis evolved in 7 patients during the follow-up period. Because of the frequency with which mass lesions were missed, the need for myelography in the diagnosis of TM is emphasized. The distinguishing clinical characteristics of TM provide guidelines for diagnosis and prognosis.", "contents": "The prognosis of acute and subacute transverse myelopathy based on early signs and symptoms. Fifty-two patients with acute and subacute transverse myelopathy (TM) were evaluated at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1955 and 1975 and followed for 1 to 23 years (average, 5). Nineteen had symptoms of a recent acute infectious illness, 3 had cancer, and 1 had undergone a recent operation. There were four types of initial symptom. Twenty-four patients had paresthesias at the onset of the illness, 18 had pain, usually interscapular, 7 had leg weakness, and 3 had urine retention. Prognosis depended on the nature of the onset of TM. An acute catastrophic onset was generally associated with back pain and led to a poor outcome in 7 and a good outcome in only 1 of 11 patients. A subacute progressive onset over several days to four weeks, generally with ascending paresthesias or leg weakness, was associated with a good outcome in 15 and fair outcome in 17 of 37 patients. Preceding febrile illness, treatment with corticosteroids, and the nature of CSF abnormalities had no effect on outcome. Multiple sclerosis evolved in 7 patients during the follow-up period. Because of the frequency with which mass lesions were missed, the need for myelography in the diagnosis of TM is emphasized. The distinguishing clinical characteristics of TM provide guidelines for diagnosis and prognosis.", "PMID": 697326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11054", "title": "Predictive control of eye movements in Parkinson disease.", "content": "Four parkinsonian patients who had shown evidence of an impairment of predictive manual control and 4 age-matched normal subjects were tested for the predictive control of eye movements. Subjects tracked a target with their eyes as it moved in either irregular \"noise\" or regular (predictable) linear ramp or sine waveforms. Eye movements were monitored by electrooculography, and the overall tracking time lag for each condition was determined by cross-correlation. Both normal and parkinsonian subjects showed prediction in eye tracking on the regular waveforms (zero time lag or anticipation of the target track), indicating that (1) the parkinsonian loss of predictive control in manual tasks is not due to defective control of eye movements, and (2) there may be separate predictor mechanisms in the brain for eyes and hands.", "contents": "Predictive control of eye movements in Parkinson disease. Four parkinsonian patients who had shown evidence of an impairment of predictive manual control and 4 age-matched normal subjects were tested for the predictive control of eye movements. Subjects tracked a target with their eyes as it moved in either irregular \"noise\" or regular (predictable) linear ramp or sine waveforms. Eye movements were monitored by electrooculography, and the overall tracking time lag for each condition was determined by cross-correlation. Both normal and parkinsonian subjects showed prediction in eye tracking on the regular waveforms (zero time lag or anticipation of the target track), indicating that (1) the parkinsonian loss of predictive control in manual tasks is not due to defective control of eye movements, and (2) there may be separate predictor mechanisms in the brain for eyes and hands.", "PMID": 697327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11055", "title": "[The rabbit's appendix: an immunological model applied to the study of epithelial immunity (author's transl)].", "content": "The rabbit's appendix is a pecular lympho-epithelial formation as it includes both areas of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (the interpolated sieved lamina) and non-thymus-dependent lymph nodes. The epithelium joining the intestine lumen and the lymphatic tissue contains cells that become permeable at the contact of lymphocytes. These \"tranformed\" enterocytes are crossed by antigenic molecules, bacteria, yeasts and evolutive forms of coccidia. Lymphocytes within--as well as reticular cells below the epithelium--catch large molecules, especially antigens, thus having a share in humoral immunity. Just as those of the intestine, the enterocytes of the appendix glandular area are informed at the level of the areas of epithelial mitosis and become resistant to certain infections such as coccidosis. This particular form of immunity we have named \"epithelial immunity\". Thick sections provide ultrastructural views physically showing information exchanges. Intercellular exchange by contiguous endoplasmic reticular canaliculi at the interface of two cells have thus been demonstrated. They have been as clearly observed between two epithelial cells at between two cells of connective origin and again between an epiethelial cell and a lymphocyte.", "contents": "[The rabbit's appendix: an immunological model applied to the study of epithelial immunity (author's transl)]. The rabbit's appendix is a pecular lympho-epithelial formation as it includes both areas of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (the interpolated sieved lamina) and non-thymus-dependent lymph nodes. The epithelium joining the intestine lumen and the lymphatic tissue contains cells that become permeable at the contact of lymphocytes. These \"tranformed\" enterocytes are crossed by antigenic molecules, bacteria, yeasts and evolutive forms of coccidia. Lymphocytes within--as well as reticular cells below the epithelium--catch large molecules, especially antigens, thus having a share in humoral immunity. Just as those of the intestine, the enterocytes of the appendix glandular area are informed at the level of the areas of epithelial mitosis and become resistant to certain infections such as coccidosis. This particular form of immunity we have named \"epithelial immunity\". Thick sections provide ultrastructural views physically showing information exchanges. Intercellular exchange by contiguous endoplasmic reticular canaliculi at the interface of two cells have thus been demonstrated. They have been as clearly observed between two epithelial cells at between two cells of connective origin and again between an epiethelial cell and a lymphocyte.", "PMID": 697318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11056", "title": "[Delayed local reaction (DLR) after BCG vaccination in mice. II.--Correlations with the immune response (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrence and intensity of the DLR were correlated with different parameters of the specific and non-specific immune response induced by the inoculation of viable BCG into the footpad. A good parallel exists between the occurrence of the DRL and effector mechanisms which tend to limit the growth of BCG in the draining node, and also with the appearance of tuberculin hypersensitivity measured in vivo by skin-test. Nonspecific immunity induced in mice after subcutaneous BCG injection was measured using the relative spleen weight, and this correlates well with the onset of the DLR. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to varying doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) injected intravenously in normal or in subcutaneously BCG-pretreated mice indicated a functional increase of the reticuloendothelial system activity, 14 days after BCG injection. Lastly, the degree of adjuvanticity induced by BCG vaccination to DTH against SRBC which were injected in the same footpad, was strictly correlated with the kinetics of the DLR. The value of measuring DLR in mice is discussed concerning the evaluation of the immunogenicity of BCG vaccines and slso the host's capability to mount an immune response after subcutaneous BCG injection.", "contents": "[Delayed local reaction (DLR) after BCG vaccination in mice. II.--Correlations with the immune response (author's transl)]. The occurrence and intensity of the DLR were correlated with different parameters of the specific and non-specific immune response induced by the inoculation of viable BCG into the footpad. A good parallel exists between the occurrence of the DRL and effector mechanisms which tend to limit the growth of BCG in the draining node, and also with the appearance of tuberculin hypersensitivity measured in vivo by skin-test. Nonspecific immunity induced in mice after subcutaneous BCG injection was measured using the relative spleen weight, and this correlates well with the onset of the DLR. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to varying doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) injected intravenously in normal or in subcutaneously BCG-pretreated mice indicated a functional increase of the reticuloendothelial system activity, 14 days after BCG injection. Lastly, the degree of adjuvanticity induced by BCG vaccination to DTH against SRBC which were injected in the same footpad, was strictly correlated with the kinetics of the DLR. The value of measuring DLR in mice is discussed concerning the evaluation of the immunogenicity of BCG vaccines and slso the host's capability to mount an immune response after subcutaneous BCG injection.", "PMID": 697320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11057", "title": "Cerebral carbohydrate metabolism during hypoglycemia and anoxia in newborn rats.", "content": "The cerebral metabolic responses to perinatal hypoglycemia and anoxia were studied in newborn rats given regular insulin (30 units per kilogram of body weight). Animals were observed for up to 2 hours with no apparent ill effects in spite of blood glucose concentrations of 0.75 mmol per liter. When exposed to 100% nitrogen at 37 degrees C, hypoglycemic animals survived only one-tenth as long as littermate controls with normal blood glucose levels (4.7 mmol/L). Pretreatment of hypoglycemic rats with glucose (10 mmol/kg) 10 and 30 minutes prior to nitrogen exposure nearly completely reversed the anoxic vulnerability. Hypoglycemia led to progressive reductions in cerebral glycogen and glucose; however, only glucose reverted to normal levels 20 minutes after systemic glucose administration. The glycolytic intermediates glucose 6-phosphate and lactate were also lower during hypoglycemia. Brain glucose levels below 0.1 mmol per kilogram were associated with a disrupted cerebral energy state, reflected by declines in phosphocreatine (33%) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (10%). Cerebral energy utilization (metabolic rate) was minimally reduced (-7.2%) by hypoglycemia and returned to the control value (2.36 mmol approximately P/kg/min) with glucose treatment. The cerebral energy reserves ATP, adenosine diphosphate, and phosphocreatine declined more rapidly and to a lower level in hypoglycemic rats subjected to 2 1/2 minutes of anoxia than in normoglycemic animals rendered similarly hypoxic. The findings suggest that decreased anoxic resistance of hypoglycemic newborn rats is not primarily a function of reduced brain glycogen or altered cerebral metabolic rate. The presence of endogenous cerebral glucose stores combined with continued circulating glucose (cerebrovascular perfusion) appear to be critical factors for maintaining perinatal hypoxic survival.", "contents": "Cerebral carbohydrate metabolism during hypoglycemia and anoxia in newborn rats. The cerebral metabolic responses to perinatal hypoglycemia and anoxia were studied in newborn rats given regular insulin (30 units per kilogram of body weight). Animals were observed for up to 2 hours with no apparent ill effects in spite of blood glucose concentrations of 0.75 mmol per liter. When exposed to 100% nitrogen at 37 degrees C, hypoglycemic animals survived only one-tenth as long as littermate controls with normal blood glucose levels (4.7 mmol/L). Pretreatment of hypoglycemic rats with glucose (10 mmol/kg) 10 and 30 minutes prior to nitrogen exposure nearly completely reversed the anoxic vulnerability. Hypoglycemia led to progressive reductions in cerebral glycogen and glucose; however, only glucose reverted to normal levels 20 minutes after systemic glucose administration. The glycolytic intermediates glucose 6-phosphate and lactate were also lower during hypoglycemia. Brain glucose levels below 0.1 mmol per kilogram were associated with a disrupted cerebral energy state, reflected by declines in phosphocreatine (33%) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (10%). Cerebral energy utilization (metabolic rate) was minimally reduced (-7.2%) by hypoglycemia and returned to the control value (2.36 mmol approximately P/kg/min) with glucose treatment. The cerebral energy reserves ATP, adenosine diphosphate, and phosphocreatine declined more rapidly and to a lower level in hypoglycemic rats subjected to 2 1/2 minutes of anoxia than in normoglycemic animals rendered similarly hypoxic. The findings suggest that decreased anoxic resistance of hypoglycemic newborn rats is not primarily a function of reduced brain glycogen or altered cerebral metabolic rate. The presence of endogenous cerebral glucose stores combined with continued circulating glucose (cerebrovascular perfusion) appear to be critical factors for maintaining perinatal hypoxic survival.", "PMID": 697328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11058", "title": "Identification of speech lateralization by intracarotid injection of methohexital.", "content": "Speech lateralization was assessed in 25 patients with epilepsy by direct carotid injection of carotid catheterization from a femoral approach. Hemispheric anesthesia was induced by intracarotid injection of the rapidly acting barbiturate methohexital. This technique allowed same-day study of both hemispheres, permitted repeated injection of either carotid artery without accumulation of methohexital sufficient to cause systemic effects, and added little to the total time required for three-vessel cerebral angiography. Unilateral seizures were induced by methohexital injection in 4 patients. No other complication secondary to the methohexital study was observed.", "contents": "Identification of speech lateralization by intracarotid injection of methohexital. Speech lateralization was assessed in 25 patients with epilepsy by direct carotid injection of carotid catheterization from a femoral approach. Hemispheric anesthesia was induced by intracarotid injection of the rapidly acting barbiturate methohexital. This technique allowed same-day study of both hemispheres, permitted repeated injection of either carotid artery without accumulation of methohexital sufficient to cause systemic effects, and added little to the total time required for three-vessel cerebral angiography. Unilateral seizures were induced by methohexital injection in 4 patients. No other complication secondary to the methohexital study was observed.", "PMID": 697329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11059", "title": "Unusual presentation of traumatic extracranial internal carotid artery aneurysm.", "content": "A young man presented with apparent transient ischemic attacks following a motorcycle accident in which he sustained minor injuries only. Computerized axial tomography demonstrated a small right frontal infarct, and angiography revealed an aneurysm of the right internal carotid artery in its extracranial course. This was thought to be traumatic in origin.", "contents": "Unusual presentation of traumatic extracranial internal carotid artery aneurysm. A young man presented with apparent transient ischemic attacks following a motorcycle accident in which he sustained minor injuries only. Computerized axial tomography demonstrated a small right frontal infarct, and angiography revealed an aneurysm of the right internal carotid artery in its extracranial course. This was thought to be traumatic in origin.", "PMID": 697330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11060", "title": "[Increase in the oleandomycin distribution coefficient at the extraction stage by using electron carrier-acceptors].", "content": "A possibility of increasing the distribution coefficient of oleandomycin on its extraction from the aqueous solution into the organic phase containing an electron carrier-acceptor was shown. It was found that the level of the oleandomycin equilibrium shift into the organic phase depended on the carrier nature, i. e. the donor-acceptor interaction of the carrier and the antibiotic. It was shown that the oleandomycin fermentation broth contained non-identified admixtures, the interaction of which with the antibiotic was higher than its interaction with the acceptor-carriers tested.", "contents": "[Increase in the oleandomycin distribution coefficient at the extraction stage by using electron carrier-acceptors]. A possibility of increasing the distribution coefficient of oleandomycin on its extraction from the aqueous solution into the organic phase containing an electron carrier-acceptor was shown. It was found that the level of the oleandomycin equilibrium shift into the organic phase depended on the carrier nature, i. e. the donor-acceptor interaction of the carrier and the antibiotic. It was shown that the oleandomycin fermentation broth contained non-identified admixtures, the interaction of which with the antibiotic was higher than its interaction with the acceptor-carriers tested.", "PMID": 697336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11061", "title": "[Chromatographic method on a thin sorbent layer for studying the purity and quality of the antitumor antibiotic, rubomycin].", "content": "A method for qualitative and quantitative investigation of rubomycin composition was developed. It was based on chromatographic separation of the antibiotic components in a thin layer of silicic acid followed by their elution and spectrophotometric determination. An additional component of rubomycin found in the therapeutic preparations and the conditions of its formation were studied. Fifteen different lots of rubomycin were assayed and the requirements for the limits of the admixtures in the antibiotic therapeutic preparations were determined.", "contents": "[Chromatographic method on a thin sorbent layer for studying the purity and quality of the antitumor antibiotic, rubomycin]. A method for qualitative and quantitative investigation of rubomycin composition was developed. It was based on chromatographic separation of the antibiotic components in a thin layer of silicic acid followed by their elution and spectrophotometric determination. An additional component of rubomycin found in the therapeutic preparations and the conditions of its formation were studied. Fifteen different lots of rubomycin were assayed and the requirements for the limits of the admixtures in the antibiotic therapeutic preparations were determined.", "PMID": 697337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11062", "title": "[Effect of the chromosome markers of antibiotic resistance on the aggressiveness of Staph. epidermidis].", "content": "Elucidation of antibiotic resistance correlation with manifestation of the pathogenic properties and aggressiveness in particular is of definite importance. Because of a wide spread of antibiotic resistance among staphylococci and ever increasing in pathology the role of S. epidermidis, the changes in penetration of the internal organ tissues, activity and intensity of capture and digestion by phagocytes of S. epidermidis mutants D-5/240 carrying the chromosome markers of penicillin and erythromycin resistance were analyzed. It was shown that the chromosome markers of the antibiotic resistance in staphylococci promoted their more active penetration into the tissues of the internal organs, affected permeability of the cell membranes, changed the activity of the digestion enzymes in the phagocyting cells (lowering the number of the acid phosphatase), prevented phagocytosis completeness and decreased the microorganism immunogenic properties.", "contents": "[Effect of the chromosome markers of antibiotic resistance on the aggressiveness of Staph. epidermidis]. Elucidation of antibiotic resistance correlation with manifestation of the pathogenic properties and aggressiveness in particular is of definite importance. Because of a wide spread of antibiotic resistance among staphylococci and ever increasing in pathology the role of S. epidermidis, the changes in penetration of the internal organ tissues, activity and intensity of capture and digestion by phagocytes of S. epidermidis mutants D-5/240 carrying the chromosome markers of penicillin and erythromycin resistance were analyzed. It was shown that the chromosome markers of the antibiotic resistance in staphylococci promoted their more active penetration into the tissues of the internal organs, affected permeability of the cell membranes, changed the activity of the digestion enzymes in the phagocyting cells (lowering the number of the acid phosphatase), prevented phagocytosis completeness and decreased the microorganism immunogenic properties.", "PMID": 697338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11063", "title": "[Cephazolin and cephapirin circulation in the blood of rabbits].", "content": "Circulation of 2 semi-synthetic cephalosporins, i. e. cephazoline and cephapyrine in the blood of rabbits after their intramuscular administration in single doses of 5 and 20 mg/kg was studied. It was found that the antibiotics were well adsorbed into the blood. Their maximum blood levels were achieved 15--30 minutes after administration. Cephazoline provided a higher blood level persisting for longer periods of time as compared to cephapyrine. The value of the time of the two-fold decrease in the cephazoline blood level was higher. A four-fold increase in the dose of the cephalosporines resulted in an increase in their blood levels but did not induce any significant increase in the time of their circulation.", "contents": "[Cephazolin and cephapirin circulation in the blood of rabbits]. Circulation of 2 semi-synthetic cephalosporins, i. e. cephazoline and cephapyrine in the blood of rabbits after their intramuscular administration in single doses of 5 and 20 mg/kg was studied. It was found that the antibiotics were well adsorbed into the blood. Their maximum blood levels were achieved 15--30 minutes after administration. Cephazoline provided a higher blood level persisting for longer periods of time as compared to cephapyrine. The value of the time of the two-fold decrease in the cephazoline blood level was higher. A four-fold increase in the dose of the cephalosporines resulted in an increase in their blood levels but did not induce any significant increase in the time of their circulation.", "PMID": 697339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11064", "title": "[Effect of levorin on the rat liver plasma membranes in experimental fatty dystrophy].", "content": "Activity of Na+, K+-ATP- ase and 5'-nucleotidase, the lipid composition of the liver plasmic membranes with toxic and alimentary-alcohol fat dystrophy were studied on rats exposed to water-soluble sodium levorin. It was found that the above forms of the liver fat dystrophy did not change the activity of the enzymes in the membranes but caused significant shifts in the composition of the membrane lipids. The shifts were evident from an increased level of phospholipids in the plasmic membranes. Administration of levorin at the very beginning of the development of both the toxic and the alimentary-alcohol liver fat dystrophy aggravated the increase in the phospholipid level in the membranes. It was supposed that the increase in the phospholipid level due to levorin in the membranes of the liver with fat dystrophy was one of the mechanisms of the drug therapeutic effect in case of such pathology type. Levorin increased the amount of phospholipids in the dystrophic membranes and thus changed the membrane permeability resulting in decreased accumulation of neutral lipids in the hepacytes and subsequently in decreased levels of the liver fat dystrophy.", "contents": "[Effect of levorin on the rat liver plasma membranes in experimental fatty dystrophy]. Activity of Na+, K+-ATP- ase and 5'-nucleotidase, the lipid composition of the liver plasmic membranes with toxic and alimentary-alcohol fat dystrophy were studied on rats exposed to water-soluble sodium levorin. It was found that the above forms of the liver fat dystrophy did not change the activity of the enzymes in the membranes but caused significant shifts in the composition of the membrane lipids. The shifts were evident from an increased level of phospholipids in the plasmic membranes. Administration of levorin at the very beginning of the development of both the toxic and the alimentary-alcohol liver fat dystrophy aggravated the increase in the phospholipid level in the membranes. It was supposed that the increase in the phospholipid level due to levorin in the membranes of the liver with fat dystrophy was one of the mechanisms of the drug therapeutic effect in case of such pathology type. Levorin increased the amount of phospholipids in the dystrophic membranes and thus changed the membrane permeability resulting in decreased accumulation of neutral lipids in the hepacytes and subsequently in decreased levels of the liver fat dystrophy.", "PMID": 697340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11065", "title": "[Action of carminomycin on leukemic cell proliferation and some problems of its use in the combined therapy of leukemias].", "content": "The effect of carminomycin on the mitotic cycle of the cells of the transplantable leukemia L-1210 and the therapeutic activity of other antitumor drugs, such as phopurine and cyclophosphane was studied on mice BDF1. It was found that the cells in phases S and G2 of the mitotic cycle were most sensitive to carminomycin. Transfer G1--S and phase G1 were characterized by resistance to the antibiotic effect. When carminomycin was used in combination with phopurine or cyclophosphane, clear dependence of the therapeutic efficacy on the treatment scheme was noted. Simultaneous administration of all the three drugs resulted in potentiation of the antileukemic effect. An analogous effect was observed when carminomycin was administered prior to phopurine or cyclophosphane. When the order of the drugs use was reverse, the efficacy of the combined therapy was significantly lower than the summation antileukemic effect of the drugs.", "contents": "[Action of carminomycin on leukemic cell proliferation and some problems of its use in the combined therapy of leukemias]. The effect of carminomycin on the mitotic cycle of the cells of the transplantable leukemia L-1210 and the therapeutic activity of other antitumor drugs, such as phopurine and cyclophosphane was studied on mice BDF1. It was found that the cells in phases S and G2 of the mitotic cycle were most sensitive to carminomycin. Transfer G1--S and phase G1 were characterized by resistance to the antibiotic effect. When carminomycin was used in combination with phopurine or cyclophosphane, clear dependence of the therapeutic efficacy on the treatment scheme was noted. Simultaneous administration of all the three drugs resulted in potentiation of the antileukemic effect. An analogous effect was observed when carminomycin was administered prior to phopurine or cyclophosphane. When the order of the drugs use was reverse, the efficacy of the combined therapy was significantly lower than the summation antileukemic effect of the drugs.", "PMID": 697341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11066", "title": "[Effect of microbial and tumor cell adaptation to rubomycin on their uptake of rubomycin and carminomycin].", "content": "Anthracycline antibiotics rubomycin (daunomycin) and carminomycin rapidly accumulated in the bacterial and ascitic tumor cells and their intracellular concentrations significantly exceeded the concentrations in the medium. The strains of Staph. aureus and Fisher mouse ascitic lymphadenosis L-5178/P resistant to rubomycin preserved sensitivity to carminomycin. The resistance of the bacterial and tumor strains to rubomycin was accompanied by a significant decrease in the accumulation of rubomycin in the cells. At the same time carminomycin also effectively accumulated in the cells of Staph. aureus and Fisher ascitic lymphadenosis adapted to rubomycin, the same as in the cells of the parent strains.", "contents": "[Effect of microbial and tumor cell adaptation to rubomycin on their uptake of rubomycin and carminomycin]. Anthracycline antibiotics rubomycin (daunomycin) and carminomycin rapidly accumulated in the bacterial and ascitic tumor cells and their intracellular concentrations significantly exceeded the concentrations in the medium. The strains of Staph. aureus and Fisher mouse ascitic lymphadenosis L-5178/P resistant to rubomycin preserved sensitivity to carminomycin. The resistance of the bacterial and tumor strains to rubomycin was accompanied by a significant decrease in the accumulation of rubomycin in the cells. At the same time carminomycin also effectively accumulated in the cells of Staph. aureus and Fisher ascitic lymphadenosis adapted to rubomycin, the same as in the cells of the parent strains.", "PMID": 697342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11067", "title": "Carbon catabolite regulation of cephalosporin production in Streptomyces clavuligerus.", "content": "Cephalosporin production by Streptomyces clavuligerus is regulated by some type of carbon catabolite control. Increasing concentrations of preferred carbon sources, such as glycerol and maltose, decreased production of the antibiotics. Poorer carbon sources, such as alpha-ketoglutarate and succinate, led to high specific production of cephalosporins and shifted the dynamics of fermentation to a greater degree of association with growth. The results support the concept that the phase in which a product is made by a microorganism is not a function of the particular molecule produced, but rather of the nutritional environment presented to the organism.", "contents": "Carbon catabolite regulation of cephalosporin production in Streptomyces clavuligerus. Cephalosporin production by Streptomyces clavuligerus is regulated by some type of carbon catabolite control. Increasing concentrations of preferred carbon sources, such as glycerol and maltose, decreased production of the antibiotics. Poorer carbon sources, such as alpha-ketoglutarate and succinate, led to high specific production of cephalosporins and shifted the dynamics of fermentation to a greater degree of association with growth. The results support the concept that the phase in which a product is made by a microorganism is not a function of the particular molecule produced, but rather of the nutritional environment presented to the organism.", "PMID": 697343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11068", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin administered intratracheally to rats.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of intratracheally instilled and intravenously injected gentamicin were compared in the rat and analyzed by a one-compartment open model. The maximum concentration of gentamicin in plasma occurred within 10 min after intratracheal instillation. Considerable amounts of gentamicin were absorbed from lungs after intratracheal instillation, as shown by its concentrations in plasma and elimination in urine. The data suggest that the absorption of gentamicin from the pulmonary system would be sufficient to maintain therapeutic levels of this agent in plasma.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin administered intratracheally to rats. The pharmacokinetics of intratracheally instilled and intravenously injected gentamicin were compared in the rat and analyzed by a one-compartment open model. The maximum concentration of gentamicin in plasma occurred within 10 min after intratracheal instillation. Considerable amounts of gentamicin were absorbed from lungs after intratracheal instillation, as shown by its concentrations in plasma and elimination in urine. The data suggest that the absorption of gentamicin from the pulmonary system would be sufficient to maintain therapeutic levels of this agent in plasma.", "PMID": 697344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11069", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor and cephalexin: dosage nomograms for impaired renal function.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of cefaclor and cephalexin were characterized in patients with creatinine clearances ranging from 0 to 147 ml/min. Each of 24 fasted subjects received a single 500-mg oral dose of cefaclor, and 13 of these subjects later received 500 mg of cephalexin. Serum and urine levels of the antibiotics were measured by bioassay. The serum half-lives were highly correlated with corrected creatinine clearance (cefaclor r = 0.92, cephalexin r = 0.94). Linear regression estimates of the half-life of cefaclor were 2.3 h in the anephric patient and 40 min in the patient with a corrected creatinine clearance of 100 ml/min. For cephalexin, corresponding half-lives were 15.4 h and 58 min. We present a dosage nomogram for calculating the appropriate adjustments to the loading dose based on patient weight and maintenence dose based on corrected creatinine clearance.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor and cephalexin: dosage nomograms for impaired renal function. The pharmacokinetics of cefaclor and cephalexin were characterized in patients with creatinine clearances ranging from 0 to 147 ml/min. Each of 24 fasted subjects received a single 500-mg oral dose of cefaclor, and 13 of these subjects later received 500 mg of cephalexin. Serum and urine levels of the antibiotics were measured by bioassay. The serum half-lives were highly correlated with corrected creatinine clearance (cefaclor r = 0.92, cephalexin r = 0.94). Linear regression estimates of the half-life of cefaclor were 2.3 h in the anephric patient and 40 min in the patient with a corrected creatinine clearance of 100 ml/min. For cephalexin, corresponding half-lives were 15.4 h and 58 min. We present a dosage nomogram for calculating the appropriate adjustments to the loading dose based on patient weight and maintenence dose based on corrected creatinine clearance.", "PMID": 697345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11070", "title": "In vitro studies with Sch 21420 and Sch 22591: activity in comparison with six other aminoglycosides and synergy with penicillin against enterococci.", "content": "In vitro tests were performed with Sch 21420 and Sch 22591 to determine (i) their activity in comparison to six other aminoglycosides against 343 clinical isolates, and (ii) whether synergy with penicillin G could be demonstrated with enterococci. In broth dilution tests, Sch 22591 was more active than the seven other aminoglycosides against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, and most nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. Sch 22591 was as active as tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The activity of Sch 21420 was comparable to gentamicin, sisomicin, netilmicin, and tobramycin but greater than amikacin or kanamycin against S. aureus and most genera of Enterobacteriaceae. Sch 21420, amikacin, and kanamycin were (i) more active than the other five aminoglycosides against Proteus rettgeri and Providencia stuartii, but (ii) less active than the other five aminoglycosides against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, enterococci, most nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, Proteus mirabilis, and Proteus morganii. Studies on the bactericidal activity of Sch 22591 with penicillin indicated a synergistic interaction against enterococci, including strains highly resistant to streptomycin and kanamycin. This could be demonstrated with combinations containing 3.0 to 6.0 mug of Sch 22591 per ml and was comparable to that observed with penicillin/gentamicin. Penicillin plus Sch 21420 (25 mug/ml) also demonstrated synergy against enterococci, including strains highly resistant to streptomycin. However, synergy did not occur against strains highly resistant to kanamycin. These latter results were similar to those obtained in tests with penicillin/kanamycin.", "contents": "In vitro studies with Sch 21420 and Sch 22591: activity in comparison with six other aminoglycosides and synergy with penicillin against enterococci. In vitro tests were performed with Sch 21420 and Sch 22591 to determine (i) their activity in comparison to six other aminoglycosides against 343 clinical isolates, and (ii) whether synergy with penicillin G could be demonstrated with enterococci. In broth dilution tests, Sch 22591 was more active than the seven other aminoglycosides against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, and most nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. Sch 22591 was as active as tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The activity of Sch 21420 was comparable to gentamicin, sisomicin, netilmicin, and tobramycin but greater than amikacin or kanamycin against S. aureus and most genera of Enterobacteriaceae. Sch 21420, amikacin, and kanamycin were (i) more active than the other five aminoglycosides against Proteus rettgeri and Providencia stuartii, but (ii) less active than the other five aminoglycosides against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, enterococci, most nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, Proteus mirabilis, and Proteus morganii. Studies on the bactericidal activity of Sch 22591 with penicillin indicated a synergistic interaction against enterococci, including strains highly resistant to streptomycin and kanamycin. This could be demonstrated with combinations containing 3.0 to 6.0 mug of Sch 22591 per ml and was comparable to that observed with penicillin/gentamicin. Penicillin plus Sch 21420 (25 mug/ml) also demonstrated synergy against enterococci, including strains highly resistant to streptomycin. However, synergy did not occur against strains highly resistant to kanamycin. These latter results were similar to those obtained in tests with penicillin/kanamycin.", "PMID": 697346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11071", "title": "Activity of 5-episisomicin compared with that of other aminoglycosides.", "content": "5-Episisomicin, a semisynthetic aminoglycoside, has been shown to inhibit many members of the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. At a concentration of 3.1 mug/ml, more than 90% of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, indole-positive Proteus, and Providencia were inhibited. 5-Episisomicin had activity against S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter similar to gentamicin and netilmicin. It had activity similar to amikacin and netilmicin against many gentamicin-resistant bacteria. The activity of 5-episisomicin was greatest at an alkaline pH and in medium of low magnesium content. Synergy of 5-episisomicin and carbenicillin was found to occur most often against Pseudomonas.", "contents": "Activity of 5-episisomicin compared with that of other aminoglycosides. 5-Episisomicin, a semisynthetic aminoglycoside, has been shown to inhibit many members of the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. At a concentration of 3.1 mug/ml, more than 90% of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, indole-positive Proteus, and Providencia were inhibited. 5-Episisomicin had activity against S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter similar to gentamicin and netilmicin. It had activity similar to amikacin and netilmicin against many gentamicin-resistant bacteria. The activity of 5-episisomicin was greatest at an alkaline pH and in medium of low magnesium content. Synergy of 5-episisomicin and carbenicillin was found to occur most often against Pseudomonas.", "PMID": 697347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11072", "title": "In vitro susceptibility of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis to fifty-one antimicrobial agents.", "content": "By a tube dilution assay technique, 51 antimicrobial agents were singly tested against 9 strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and 1 strain of M. hyorhinis for the purpose of obtaining information useful for selecting an agent for testing in vivo against porcine mycoplasmal pneumonia. Based on determining minimal inhibitory concentrations and chemically grouping the agents into nine classes, all M. hyopneumoniae strains were found resistant to penicillins and peptides and susceptible to sulfonamides and tetracyclines, and, in other classes, were either susceptible or resistant depending on the particular agent being tested. Strains were susceptible to the same 33 of the 51 agents. Minimal inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 9.20 mug/ml. M. hyorhinis was susceptible to 19 of the 33 agents that M. hyopneumoniae was susceptible to. Minimal inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 8.10 mug/ml. All strains of M. hyopneumoniae differed from M. hyorhinis in that they were susceptible to cephaloglycin and nitrofurazone.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis to fifty-one antimicrobial agents. By a tube dilution assay technique, 51 antimicrobial agents were singly tested against 9 strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and 1 strain of M. hyorhinis for the purpose of obtaining information useful for selecting an agent for testing in vivo against porcine mycoplasmal pneumonia. Based on determining minimal inhibitory concentrations and chemically grouping the agents into nine classes, all M. hyopneumoniae strains were found resistant to penicillins and peptides and susceptible to sulfonamides and tetracyclines, and, in other classes, were either susceptible or resistant depending on the particular agent being tested. Strains were susceptible to the same 33 of the 51 agents. Minimal inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 9.20 mug/ml. M. hyorhinis was susceptible to 19 of the 33 agents that M. hyopneumoniae was susceptible to. Minimal inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 8.10 mug/ml. All strains of M. hyopneumoniae differed from M. hyorhinis in that they were susceptible to cephaloglycin and nitrofurazone.", "PMID": 697348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11073", "title": "Effects of hydration on gentamicin excretion and renal accumulation in furosemide-treated rats.", "content": "The effect of furosemide on gentamicin excretion and tissue accumulation was studied with clearance techniques in anesthetized rats, at two different infusion rates of saline or Ringer solution. Gentamicin ( approximately 20 mg/kg) was administered by constant intravenous infusion over a period of 3 h. With the low fluid infusion rate, furosemide (25 mg/kg intravenously) caused severe reduction in glomerular filtration rate and diminished urinary output of gentamicin. Serum and renal tissue levels of the antibiotic were significantly elevated. High fluid infusion prevented the decline of the glomerular filtration rate, with near normalization of all measurements. A fluid deficit incurred by furosemide was noted at both the low and high infusion rates. Complete correction of this fluid deficit by continuous adjustment of the infusion rate fully restored normal renal handling of gentamicin. These results suggest that furosemide had no direct effect on renal excretion of gentamicin. In comparison, renal handling of gentamicin in rats did not respond to changes in the rate of fluid infusion in the absence of furosemide therapy. It appears that gentamicin excretion and gentamicin accumulation in the renal cortex in furosemide-treated rats, in contrast with those in untreated rats, are influenced significantly by the rate of fluid infusion. Fluid administration sufficient to maintain the glomerular filtration rate was found to be necessary for appropriate gentamicin elimination, with consequent reduction in serum and renal tissue levels of the drug.", "contents": "Effects of hydration on gentamicin excretion and renal accumulation in furosemide-treated rats. The effect of furosemide on gentamicin excretion and tissue accumulation was studied with clearance techniques in anesthetized rats, at two different infusion rates of saline or Ringer solution. Gentamicin ( approximately 20 mg/kg) was administered by constant intravenous infusion over a period of 3 h. With the low fluid infusion rate, furosemide (25 mg/kg intravenously) caused severe reduction in glomerular filtration rate and diminished urinary output of gentamicin. Serum and renal tissue levels of the antibiotic were significantly elevated. High fluid infusion prevented the decline of the glomerular filtration rate, with near normalization of all measurements. A fluid deficit incurred by furosemide was noted at both the low and high infusion rates. Complete correction of this fluid deficit by continuous adjustment of the infusion rate fully restored normal renal handling of gentamicin. These results suggest that furosemide had no direct effect on renal excretion of gentamicin. In comparison, renal handling of gentamicin in rats did not respond to changes in the rate of fluid infusion in the absence of furosemide therapy. It appears that gentamicin excretion and gentamicin accumulation in the renal cortex in furosemide-treated rats, in contrast with those in untreated rats, are influenced significantly by the rate of fluid infusion. Fluid administration sufficient to maintain the glomerular filtration rate was found to be necessary for appropriate gentamicin elimination, with consequent reduction in serum and renal tissue levels of the drug.", "PMID": 697349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11074", "title": "Ascitic fluid cephalosporin concentrations: influence of protein binding and serum pharmacokinetics.", "content": "Mongrel dogs with ascites created by inferior vena cava ligation were given cephalothin, cephaloridine, cefazolin, and cefamandole to evaluate the effect of protein binding and serum pharmacokinetics on the distribution of cephalosporins into ascitic fluid. Antibiotics were given intramuscularly (15 mg/kg) every 4 h for a total of eight doses. Antibiotic binding to dog serum and ascitic fluid was measured by ultracentrifugation. Binding of the cephalosporins to dog serum ranged from 31% for cephaloridine to 46% for cephalothin, considerably lower than human serum binding for cefazolin, cephalothin, and cefamandole. Antibiotic binding to ascitic fluid was only slightly lower than that to serum. Ascitic fluid antibiotic concentrations, which approached equilibrium at 16 to 28 h, were significantly higher for cefazolin and cephaloridine than for cephalothin and cefamandole. However, serum concentrations were also higher for cefazolin and cephaloridine, and percent penetration (ratio of serum peak to ascites peak x 100) was not statistically different among the four drugs. Binding of these cephalosporins to extravascular fluid protein was an important factor that determined the total ascitic fluid antibiotic level achieved. A formula utilizing the log mean serum level and binding to serum and extravascular fluid protein was used to accurately predict ascitic fluid drug levels at equilibrium.", "contents": "Ascitic fluid cephalosporin concentrations: influence of protein binding and serum pharmacokinetics. Mongrel dogs with ascites created by inferior vena cava ligation were given cephalothin, cephaloridine, cefazolin, and cefamandole to evaluate the effect of protein binding and serum pharmacokinetics on the distribution of cephalosporins into ascitic fluid. Antibiotics were given intramuscularly (15 mg/kg) every 4 h for a total of eight doses. Antibiotic binding to dog serum and ascitic fluid was measured by ultracentrifugation. Binding of the cephalosporins to dog serum ranged from 31% for cephaloridine to 46% for cephalothin, considerably lower than human serum binding for cefazolin, cephalothin, and cefamandole. Antibiotic binding to ascitic fluid was only slightly lower than that to serum. Ascitic fluid antibiotic concentrations, which approached equilibrium at 16 to 28 h, were significantly higher for cefazolin and cephaloridine than for cephalothin and cefamandole. However, serum concentrations were also higher for cefazolin and cephaloridine, and percent penetration (ratio of serum peak to ascites peak x 100) was not statistically different among the four drugs. Binding of these cephalosporins to extravascular fluid protein was an important factor that determined the total ascitic fluid antibiotic level achieved. A formula utilizing the log mean serum level and binding to serum and extravascular fluid protein was used to accurately predict ascitic fluid drug levels at equilibrium.", "PMID": 697350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11075", "title": "Vacuolization in cultured cells induced by amphotericin B.", "content": "Amphotericin B induced vacuoles in one HeLa cell line and in some unrelated cell lines. Cell growth was not affected.", "contents": "Vacuolization in cultured cells induced by amphotericin B. Amphotericin B induced vacuoles in one HeLa cell line and in some unrelated cell lines. Cell growth was not affected.", "PMID": 697351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11076", "title": "Erythropoietin concentration in amphotericin B-induced anemia.", "content": "Amphotericin B was given to six patients with systemic fungal infections. A dose averaging 1.78 g, administered from 42 to 144 days, was associated with a fall in hematocrit to a mean value of 25.8%. Despite this degree of anemia, no elevation of erythropoietin concentrations in urine or serum could be detected. Thus, amphotericin appears to cause anemia by inhibiting erythropoietin production rather than by suppressing bone marrow activity directly.", "contents": "Erythropoietin concentration in amphotericin B-induced anemia. Amphotericin B was given to six patients with systemic fungal infections. A dose averaging 1.78 g, administered from 42 to 144 days, was associated with a fall in hematocrit to a mean value of 25.8%. Despite this degree of anemia, no elevation of erythropoietin concentrations in urine or serum could be detected. Thus, amphotericin appears to cause anemia by inhibiting erythropoietin production rather than by suppressing bone marrow activity directly.", "PMID": 697352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11077", "title": "In vitro activity of rosamicin and erythromycin against a group of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "The in vitro inhibitory activity of rosamicin and erythromycin against 283 strains of nonfermenting, gram-negative bacilli was determined by using a broth dilution procedure. Rosamicin demonstrated greater activity than erythromycin against most strains tested. A number of species demonstrated significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentrations to rosamicin and would fall within the therapeutic range of the drug based on current pharmacological data.", "contents": "In vitro activity of rosamicin and erythromycin against a group of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. The in vitro inhibitory activity of rosamicin and erythromycin against 283 strains of nonfermenting, gram-negative bacilli was determined by using a broth dilution procedure. Rosamicin demonstrated greater activity than erythromycin against most strains tested. A number of species demonstrated significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentrations to rosamicin and would fall within the therapeutic range of the drug based on current pharmacological data.", "PMID": 697353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11078", "title": "Kinetic parameters and relative turnovers of some important catabolic reactions in digesting sludge.", "content": "The kinetics of propionate degradation, acetate splitting, and hydrogen consumption in digesting sludge were investigated in a lab-scale digester. At natural steady-state conditions, the acetate-splitting systems in well-digested sludge were about half saturated. Propionate-degrading systems were saturated to only 10 to 15%, and hydrogen removal was less than 1% of the maximum possible rate. It was concluded that acetate splitting rather than \"methanogenesis from fatty acids\" is the rate-limiting reaction in the anaerobic degradation of dissolved organic matter and that a methoanogenic anaerobic ecosystem is stabilized by its large unused capacity of hydrogen consumption which is \"buffering\" the partial pressure of dissolved hydrogen in the system at sufficiently low values to permit rapid fatty acid oxidation. A tentative scheme of the substrate flow in sludge digestion is presented. It suggests that acid formation coupled with hydrogen formation via pyridine dinucleotide oxidation yields the immediate substrates, namely acetate and hydrogen, for about 54% of the total methanogenesis.", "contents": "Kinetic parameters and relative turnovers of some important catabolic reactions in digesting sludge. The kinetics of propionate degradation, acetate splitting, and hydrogen consumption in digesting sludge were investigated in a lab-scale digester. At natural steady-state conditions, the acetate-splitting systems in well-digested sludge were about half saturated. Propionate-degrading systems were saturated to only 10 to 15%, and hydrogen removal was less than 1% of the maximum possible rate. It was concluded that acetate splitting rather than \"methanogenesis from fatty acids\" is the rate-limiting reaction in the anaerobic degradation of dissolved organic matter and that a methoanogenic anaerobic ecosystem is stabilized by its large unused capacity of hydrogen consumption which is \"buffering\" the partial pressure of dissolved hydrogen in the system at sufficiently low values to permit rapid fatty acid oxidation. A tentative scheme of the substrate flow in sludge digestion is presented. It suggests that acid formation coupled with hydrogen formation via pyridine dinucleotide oxidation yields the immediate substrates, namely acetate and hydrogen, for about 54% of the total methanogenesis.", "PMID": 697354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11079", "title": "Gastrointestinal microecology of BALB/c nude mice.", "content": "The aerobic, facultative, and anaerobic microorganisms cultivable from the stomachs, ilea, ceca, and colons of BALB/c athymic (nu/nu) mice (normal and wasting), thymus-implanted normal nude mice, and their heterozygous (nu/+) littermates were investigated. Ninety-one species representing 23 genera of bacteria and yeasts were isolated from the 27 mice. The wasting nude mice showed significantly lower numbers of lactobacilli in their stomach microbiota than did mice from the other three groups. The littermate animals appeared unique among the four groups in having corynebacteria as a major constituent of their stomach and ileal flora. The normal nude mice appeared to have a more diverse anaerobic stomach flora than their heterozygous littermates. These minor differences are discussed with respect to possible immunological, physiological, and environmental factors as their cause. Because the gastrointestinal microfloras of the mice from the four groups were not radically divergent from each other, it was concluded that loss of T-cell function does not dramatically alter the makeup of the cultivable gastrointestinal microflora in these mice.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal microecology of BALB/c nude mice. The aerobic, facultative, and anaerobic microorganisms cultivable from the stomachs, ilea, ceca, and colons of BALB/c athymic (nu/nu) mice (normal and wasting), thymus-implanted normal nude mice, and their heterozygous (nu/+) littermates were investigated. Ninety-one species representing 23 genera of bacteria and yeasts were isolated from the 27 mice. The wasting nude mice showed significantly lower numbers of lactobacilli in their stomach microbiota than did mice from the other three groups. The littermate animals appeared unique among the four groups in having corynebacteria as a major constituent of their stomach and ileal flora. The normal nude mice appeared to have a more diverse anaerobic stomach flora than their heterozygous littermates. These minor differences are discussed with respect to possible immunological, physiological, and environmental factors as their cause. Because the gastrointestinal microfloras of the mice from the four groups were not radically divergent from each other, it was concluded that loss of T-cell function does not dramatically alter the makeup of the cultivable gastrointestinal microflora in these mice.", "PMID": 697355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11080", "title": "Methanogenesis from acetate: enrichment studies.", "content": "An acetate enrichment culture was initiated by inoculating anaerobic sludge from a mesophilic methane digestor into a mineral salts medium with calcium acetate as the sole carbon and energy source. This enrichment was maintained indefinitely by weekly transfer into medium of the same composition. A study of this enrichment disclosed an unexpected age-dependent inhibition of methanogenesis by H2 and formate which apparently differed from the inhibition by chloroform and benzyl viologen. This age-dependent inhibition indicated that microbial interactions of the mixed enrichment population may play a regulatory role in methane formation. Futhermore, stimulation of methanogenesis in the acetate enrichment by addition of yeast extract showed a nutrient limitation which indicated that syntrophic interactions leading to formation of growth factors may also occur. A model is presented to illustrate the possible interrelationships between methanogenic and nonmethanogenic bacteria in their growth and formation of methane and carbon dioxide from acetate.", "contents": "Methanogenesis from acetate: enrichment studies. An acetate enrichment culture was initiated by inoculating anaerobic sludge from a mesophilic methane digestor into a mineral salts medium with calcium acetate as the sole carbon and energy source. This enrichment was maintained indefinitely by weekly transfer into medium of the same composition. A study of this enrichment disclosed an unexpected age-dependent inhibition of methanogenesis by H2 and formate which apparently differed from the inhibition by chloroform and benzyl viologen. This age-dependent inhibition indicated that microbial interactions of the mixed enrichment population may play a regulatory role in methane formation. Futhermore, stimulation of methanogenesis in the acetate enrichment by addition of yeast extract showed a nutrient limitation which indicated that syntrophic interactions leading to formation of growth factors may also occur. A model is presented to illustrate the possible interrelationships between methanogenic and nonmethanogenic bacteria in their growth and formation of methane and carbon dioxide from acetate.", "PMID": 697356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11081", "title": "Effect of municipal refuse metals on cellulase production by Thermomonospora curvata.", "content": "The high-concentration metals in municipal refuse compost were tested for effects on cellulase production and activity in Thermomonospora curvata. Although none altered cellulase reaction rates, both Al and Ca appeared to specifically inhibit cellulase production.", "contents": "Effect of municipal refuse metals on cellulase production by Thermomonospora curvata. The high-concentration metals in municipal refuse compost were tested for effects on cellulase production and activity in Thermomonospora curvata. Although none altered cellulase reaction rates, both Al and Ca appeared to specifically inhibit cellulase production.", "PMID": 697357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11082", "title": "Extracellular endo-beta-1,4-glucanase in Cellvibrio vulgaris.", "content": "Endo-beta-1,4-glucanase of the cellulolytic bacterium Cellvibrio vulgaris is an actively secreted, truly extracellular enzyme, as supported by growth and secretion studies using filter paper as the sole carbon source.", "contents": "Extracellular endo-beta-1,4-glucanase in Cellvibrio vulgaris. Endo-beta-1,4-glucanase of the cellulolytic bacterium Cellvibrio vulgaris is an actively secreted, truly extracellular enzyme, as supported by growth and secretion studies using filter paper as the sole carbon source.", "PMID": 697358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11083", "title": "Effect of medium composition on the growth and asparaginase production of Vibrio succinogenes.", "content": "Asparaginase synthesis by Vibrio succinogenes is induced by ammonium ions. Synthesis occurs throughout exponential phase, and in early stationary phase asparaginase accounts for about 5% of the total soluble protein. The organism grows best when fumarate is provided as the terminal electron acceptor of the formate-oxidizing cytochrome system. Yeast extract or enzyme-hydrolyzed proteins are effective nutrient sources. In an ammonium formate-sodium fumarate medium, where maximum growth and asparaginase synthesis occurs, the total enzyme yield (international units per liter of culture) is about one-tenth that obtainable with a good asparaginase-producing strain of Escherichia coli. The energetic inefficiency of V. succinogenes appears to cause a low yield of cells and therefore low total enzyme yield. However, the levels of asparaginase accumulated within cells raise questions about the organism's protein synthesizing system.", "contents": "Effect of medium composition on the growth and asparaginase production of Vibrio succinogenes. Asparaginase synthesis by Vibrio succinogenes is induced by ammonium ions. Synthesis occurs throughout exponential phase, and in early stationary phase asparaginase accounts for about 5% of the total soluble protein. The organism grows best when fumarate is provided as the terminal electron acceptor of the formate-oxidizing cytochrome system. Yeast extract or enzyme-hydrolyzed proteins are effective nutrient sources. In an ammonium formate-sodium fumarate medium, where maximum growth and asparaginase synthesis occurs, the total enzyme yield (international units per liter of culture) is about one-tenth that obtainable with a good asparaginase-producing strain of Escherichia coli. The energetic inefficiency of V. succinogenes appears to cause a low yield of cells and therefore low total enzyme yield. However, the levels of asparaginase accumulated within cells raise questions about the organism's protein synthesizing system.", "PMID": 697359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11084", "title": "Progesterone biotransformation by plant cell suspension cultures.", "content": "Progesterone was converted to 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha-ol-20-one, delta4-pregnene-20alpha-ol-3-one, delta4-pregnene-14alpha-ol-3,20-dione, delta4-pregnene-7beta,14alpha-diol-3,20-dione, and delta4-pregnene-6beta,11alpha-diol-3,20-dione by cell cultures of Lycopersicon esculentum. Cell cultures of Capsicum frutescens (green) metabolized progesterone to delta4-pregnene-20alpha-ol-3-one in very high yield, and Vinca rosea yielded delta4-pregnene-20beta-ol-3-one and delta4-pregnene-14alpha-ol-3,20-dione. A stereospecific reduction of the keto groups and a double bond and stereospecific introduction of hydroxyl groups at the 6, 11, and 14 positions have been observed. The mono- and dihydroxylated progesterones have not previously been reported as metabolic products of progesterone by plant cell systems and represent de novo hydroxylation of a nonglycosylated steroid.", "contents": "Progesterone biotransformation by plant cell suspension cultures. Progesterone was converted to 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha-ol-20-one, delta4-pregnene-20alpha-ol-3-one, delta4-pregnene-14alpha-ol-3,20-dione, delta4-pregnene-7beta,14alpha-diol-3,20-dione, and delta4-pregnene-6beta,11alpha-diol-3,20-dione by cell cultures of Lycopersicon esculentum. Cell cultures of Capsicum frutescens (green) metabolized progesterone to delta4-pregnene-20alpha-ol-3-one in very high yield, and Vinca rosea yielded delta4-pregnene-20beta-ol-3-one and delta4-pregnene-14alpha-ol-3,20-dione. A stereospecific reduction of the keto groups and a double bond and stereospecific introduction of hydroxyl groups at the 6, 11, and 14 positions have been observed. The mono- and dihydroxylated progesterones have not previously been reported as metabolic products of progesterone by plant cell systems and represent de novo hydroxylation of a nonglycosylated steroid.", "PMID": 697360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11085", "title": "Fungal contamination and mycotoxin detection of powdered herbal drugs.", "content": "Forty-nine powdered herbal drugs were analyzed for their mold profile and for the potential presence of three mycotoxins (aflatoxin, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A). Aspergillus and Penicillium species were predominant, but Rhizopus, Mucor, Cladosporium, and Aureobasidium spp. were also found in a few samples. Mycotoxins were not detected in any samples, and only one isolated culture was found to be a mycotoxin producer on laboratory media.", "contents": "Fungal contamination and mycotoxin detection of powdered herbal drugs. Forty-nine powdered herbal drugs were analyzed for their mold profile and for the potential presence of three mycotoxins (aflatoxin, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A). Aspergillus and Penicillium species were predominant, but Rhizopus, Mucor, Cladosporium, and Aureobasidium spp. were also found in a few samples. Mycotoxins were not detected in any samples, and only one isolated culture was found to be a mycotoxin producer on laboratory media.", "PMID": 697361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11086", "title": "Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis by tolnaftate.", "content": "Tolnaftate [2-napthyl-N-methyl-N-(m-tolyl)thionocarbamate], an antifungal drug, is widely used to control superficial fungal infections in humans and other animals. In this study the effect of tolnaftate on aflatoxin biosynthesis by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 3240 was investigated. Tolnaftate changed the morphology of A. parasiticus to yeastlike forms and inhibited aflatoxin formation. The formation of aflatoxin G was blocked considerably, indicating a metabolic block in the conversion of aflatoxin B to aflatoxin G. The incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into aflatoxin was significantly inhibited at a concentration of 1 mM tolnaftate. The presence of zinc in the resuspension buffer resulted in reversal of the tolnaftate-induced inhibition of aflatoxin G1 biosynthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis by tolnaftate. Tolnaftate [2-napthyl-N-methyl-N-(m-tolyl)thionocarbamate], an antifungal drug, is widely used to control superficial fungal infections in humans and other animals. In this study the effect of tolnaftate on aflatoxin biosynthesis by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 3240 was investigated. Tolnaftate changed the morphology of A. parasiticus to yeastlike forms and inhibited aflatoxin formation. The formation of aflatoxin G was blocked considerably, indicating a metabolic block in the conversion of aflatoxin B to aflatoxin G. The incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into aflatoxin was significantly inhibited at a concentration of 1 mM tolnaftate. The presence of zinc in the resuspension buffer resulted in reversal of the tolnaftate-induced inhibition of aflatoxin G1 biosynthesis.", "PMID": 697362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11087", "title": "Factors related to the oxygen tolerance of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "The effect of atmospheric oxygen on the viability of 13 strains of anaerobic bacteria, two strains of facultative bacteria, and one aerobic organism was examined. There were great variations in oxygen tolerance among the bacteria. All facultative bacteria survived more than 72 h of exposure to atmospheric oxygen. The survival time for anaerobes ranged from less than 45 min for Peptostreptococcus anaerobius to more than 72 h for two Clostridium perfringens strains. An effort was made to relate the degree of oxygen tolerance to the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidases in cell-free extracts of the bacteria. All facultative bacteria and a number of anaerobic bacteria possessed superoxide dismutase. There was a correlation between superoxide dismutase activity and oxygen tolerance, but there were notable exceptions. Polyacrylamide gel electropherograms stained for superoxide dismutase indicated that many of the anaerobic bacteria contained at least two electrophoretically distinct enzymes with superoxide dismutase activity. All facultative bacteria contained peroxidase, whereas none of the anaerobic bacteria possessed measurable amounts of this enzyme. Catalase activity was variable among the bacteria and showed no relationship to oxygen tolerance. The ability of the bacteria to reduce oxygen was also examined and related to enzyme content and oxygen tolerance. In general, organisms that survived for relatively long periods of time in the presence of oxygen but demonstrated little superoxide dismutase activity reduced little oxygen. The effects of medium composition and conditions of growth were examined for their influence on the level of the three enzymes. Bacteria grown on the surface of an enriched blood agar medium generally had more enzyme activity than bacteria grown in a liquid medium. The data indicate that superoxide dismutase activity and oxygen reduction rates are important determinants related to the tolerance of anaerobic bacteria to oxygen.", "contents": "Factors related to the oxygen tolerance of anaerobic bacteria. The effect of atmospheric oxygen on the viability of 13 strains of anaerobic bacteria, two strains of facultative bacteria, and one aerobic organism was examined. There were great variations in oxygen tolerance among the bacteria. All facultative bacteria survived more than 72 h of exposure to atmospheric oxygen. The survival time for anaerobes ranged from less than 45 min for Peptostreptococcus anaerobius to more than 72 h for two Clostridium perfringens strains. An effort was made to relate the degree of oxygen tolerance to the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidases in cell-free extracts of the bacteria. All facultative bacteria and a number of anaerobic bacteria possessed superoxide dismutase. There was a correlation between superoxide dismutase activity and oxygen tolerance, but there were notable exceptions. Polyacrylamide gel electropherograms stained for superoxide dismutase indicated that many of the anaerobic bacteria contained at least two electrophoretically distinct enzymes with superoxide dismutase activity. All facultative bacteria contained peroxidase, whereas none of the anaerobic bacteria possessed measurable amounts of this enzyme. Catalase activity was variable among the bacteria and showed no relationship to oxygen tolerance. The ability of the bacteria to reduce oxygen was also examined and related to enzyme content and oxygen tolerance. In general, organisms that survived for relatively long periods of time in the presence of oxygen but demonstrated little superoxide dismutase activity reduced little oxygen. The effects of medium composition and conditions of growth were examined for their influence on the level of the three enzymes. Bacteria grown on the surface of an enriched blood agar medium generally had more enzyme activity than bacteria grown in a liquid medium. The data indicate that superoxide dismutase activity and oxygen reduction rates are important determinants related to the tolerance of anaerobic bacteria to oxygen.", "PMID": 697363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11088", "title": "Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in house rats.", "content": "From July 1976 to May 1977, 270 rats (259 Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus) in Sapporo were examined for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica in house rats. The organism was isolated in 55 rats (54 R. norvegicus and 1 R. rattus). Isolated strains were determined as O group (O)3, biovar 4; O4, biovar 1; O5A, biovar 1; and O6, biovar 1. The isolation of O3, biovar 4 strains from R. norvegicus is the first in the world, as far as we know. The organism was isolated from the duodenum in 3 rats, the jejunum in 7 rats, the ileum in 8 rats, the cecum in 34 rats, the colon in 23 rats, the rectum in 16 rats, and the mesenteric lymph nodes in 5 rats. The organism was not isolated from liver, spleen, and kidneys. Isolation of the organism from the mesenteric lymph nodes was made in 1 out of 2 O3-positive rats, 1 out of 7 O5A-positive ones, and 3 out of 29 O6-positive ones. A high agglutinin titer was recorded in the two O3-positive rats and in one O6-positive animal.", "contents": "Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in house rats. From July 1976 to May 1977, 270 rats (259 Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus) in Sapporo were examined for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica in house rats. The organism was isolated in 55 rats (54 R. norvegicus and 1 R. rattus). Isolated strains were determined as O group (O)3, biovar 4; O4, biovar 1; O5A, biovar 1; and O6, biovar 1. The isolation of O3, biovar 4 strains from R. norvegicus is the first in the world, as far as we know. The organism was isolated from the duodenum in 3 rats, the jejunum in 7 rats, the ileum in 8 rats, the cecum in 34 rats, the colon in 23 rats, the rectum in 16 rats, and the mesenteric lymph nodes in 5 rats. The organism was not isolated from liver, spleen, and kidneys. Isolation of the organism from the mesenteric lymph nodes was made in 1 out of 2 O3-positive rats, 1 out of 7 O5A-positive ones, and 3 out of 29 O6-positive ones. A high agglutinin titer was recorded in the two O3-positive rats and in one O6-positive animal.", "PMID": 697364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11089", "title": "Rapid procedure for the detection of plasmids in Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "A rapid, reproducible, mini-volume assay capable of detecting staphylococcal plasmid DNA in the range of 0.8 to 32 megadaltons has been developed. The assay employs lysostaphin-mediated lysis of cells followed by a short, low-speed centrifugation and does not require treatment with ribonuclease or protease or deproteinization with phenol. A period of only 24 h may be required to detect the presence and size of a plasmid once an organism has been isolated. This method has been used to study the plasmid ecology of Staphylococcus epidermidis and to correlate the presence or absence of plasmids with tetracycline, chloramphenicol, neomycin, penicillin, and cadmium resistances.", "contents": "Rapid procedure for the detection of plasmids in Staphylococcus epidermidis. A rapid, reproducible, mini-volume assay capable of detecting staphylococcal plasmid DNA in the range of 0.8 to 32 megadaltons has been developed. The assay employs lysostaphin-mediated lysis of cells followed by a short, low-speed centrifugation and does not require treatment with ribonuclease or protease or deproteinization with phenol. A period of only 24 h may be required to detect the presence and size of a plasmid once an organism has been isolated. This method has been used to study the plasmid ecology of Staphylococcus epidermidis and to correlate the presence or absence of plasmids with tetracycline, chloramphenicol, neomycin, penicillin, and cadmium resistances.", "PMID": 697365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11090", "title": "Minimal water activity for enterotoxin A production and growth of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The minimal water activity (alphaw) for growth was correlated with enterotoxin A formation by two strains of Staphylococcus aureus in a salt mixture broth. Within 7 days at 30 degrees C both strains grew and formed enterotoxin A minimally between alphaw 0.864 and 0.867, but at 25 degrees C, the minimal alphaw for both activities was increased to between 0.870 and 0.887 after a 2-week incubation.", "contents": "Minimal water activity for enterotoxin A production and growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The minimal water activity (alphaw) for growth was correlated with enterotoxin A formation by two strains of Staphylococcus aureus in a salt mixture broth. Within 7 days at 30 degrees C both strains grew and formed enterotoxin A minimally between alphaw 0.864 and 0.867, but at 25 degrees C, the minimal alphaw for both activities was increased to between 0.870 and 0.887 after a 2-week incubation.", "PMID": 697366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11091", "title": "Depression of activity of intestinal mucosal alkaline phosphatase with gastrointestinal microorganisms.", "content": "Depression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity can be caused by the formation of the microbial ecosystem with several kinds of viable microorganisms in rats.", "contents": "Depression of activity of intestinal mucosal alkaline phosphatase with gastrointestinal microorganisms. Depression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity can be caused by the formation of the microbial ecosystem with several kinds of viable microorganisms in rats.", "PMID": 697367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11092", "title": "Detection of bacterial nitrite production from nitrate by a nitrate-starch-iodide agar medium.", "content": "A medium consisting of nitrate agar (Difco), modified by the addition of 1% starch and 1% KI, was used to detect the production of nitrite by a number of different bacterial species.", "contents": "Detection of bacterial nitrite production from nitrate by a nitrate-starch-iodide agar medium. A medium consisting of nitrate agar (Difco), modified by the addition of 1% starch and 1% KI, was used to detect the production of nitrite by a number of different bacterial species.", "PMID": 697368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11093", "title": "Staphylococcal enterotoxin A: a chromosomal gene product.", "content": "Physical and genetic analysis of the plasmid make-up of Staphylococcus aureus strains S6 and FRI-100 has shown that staphylococcal enterotoxin A is a chromosomal gene product.", "contents": "Staphylococcal enterotoxin A: a chromosomal gene product. Physical and genetic analysis of the plasmid make-up of Staphylococcus aureus strains S6 and FRI-100 has shown that staphylococcal enterotoxin A is a chromosomal gene product.", "PMID": 697369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11094", "title": "D-values of Bacillus pumilus spores on irradiated devices (inoculated product).", "content": "The D-values of Bacillus pumilus spores on various devices ranged from 0.14 to 0.23 Mrads. The majority of devices displayed D-values equal to or less than the value obtained on filter paper. Increased resistivity was also encountered.", "contents": "D-values of Bacillus pumilus spores on irradiated devices (inoculated product). The D-values of Bacillus pumilus spores on various devices ranged from 0.14 to 0.23 Mrads. The majority of devices displayed D-values equal to or less than the value obtained on filter paper. Increased resistivity was also encountered.", "PMID": 697370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11095", "title": "H2-producing bacteria in digesting sewage sludge isolated on simmple, defined media.", "content": "Twenty percent of bacteria isolated on simple, defined anaerobic media produced H2. Eighty-four percent of these were isolated on glucose. All were Enterobacteriaceae, primarily Citrobacter.", "contents": "H2-producing bacteria in digesting sewage sludge isolated on simmple, defined media. Twenty percent of bacteria isolated on simple, defined anaerobic media produced H2. Eighty-four percent of these were isolated on glucose. All were Enterobacteriaceae, primarily Citrobacter.", "PMID": 697371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11096", "title": "[P. Metastasis of prostatic carcinoma to the epididymis].", "content": "When reviewing the bibliography of this rare metastatic location of cancer of the prostate gland, we have only been able to compile the observations published by HUMPHREY (1), BROTHERUS (2) and SMITH (3) wo describe cases with the same location and characteristics. All the observations of metastasis in the epididymis of cancer of the prostate gland constitute unexpected findings during the course of surgical castration operations. The morphology is always the same, small indurated nodules respecting the rest of the epididymis. On the other hand, metastases in the epididymis of extraurinary adenocarcinomas most of which were digestive, were not discovered until the increased size and pain in the testicle attracted the patient's attention and the exploration led to the identification of the tumour in the epidiymis (2, 4, 5). However, primitive malignant tumours of the epididymis constitute an infrequent lesion. In the literature there were found to be more primitive tumours in relation to the metastatic ones and it was difficult to establish the diagnosis of a primitive tumour of the epididymis without having previously ruled out the possibility of other distant neoplasias which are sometimes even asymptomatic.", "contents": "[P. Metastasis of prostatic carcinoma to the epididymis]. When reviewing the bibliography of this rare metastatic location of cancer of the prostate gland, we have only been able to compile the observations published by HUMPHREY (1), BROTHERUS (2) and SMITH (3) wo describe cases with the same location and characteristics. All the observations of metastasis in the epididymis of cancer of the prostate gland constitute unexpected findings during the course of surgical castration operations. The morphology is always the same, small indurated nodules respecting the rest of the epididymis. On the other hand, metastases in the epididymis of extraurinary adenocarcinomas most of which were digestive, were not discovered until the increased size and pain in the testicle attracted the patient's attention and the exploration led to the identification of the tumour in the epidiymis (2, 4, 5). However, primitive malignant tumours of the epididymis constitute an infrequent lesion. In the literature there were found to be more primitive tumours in relation to the metastatic ones and it was difficult to establish the diagnosis of a primitive tumour of the epididymis without having previously ruled out the possibility of other distant neoplasias which are sometimes even asymptomatic.", "PMID": 697409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11097", "title": "[Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Our theory and discussion on the development of such an entity. Report of 9 cases].", "content": "The authors present 9 cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis observed in the \"Juan XXIII\" Hospital in Tarragona. They emphasize the relationship between lithiasis, chronic urinary infection and antigenic stimulation for the development of this entity, the progressive result of a lesion in the kidney tissue with immobilized infectious calcareous deposits. In the granulomatous lesion they find cells called antigen-antibody quartets, with foamy-type histiocytes, the nodular collections of which constitute the key to X.P. The formation of lymphocytic germinal centres is another antigenic stimulus in some parts of the kidney tissue. These structures are due to the storing of antibodies and therefore the immunoglobulins would not be released towards the blood stream, which would explain changes in the immunoglobulins in these patients' serum.", "contents": "[Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Our theory and discussion on the development of such an entity. Report of 9 cases]. The authors present 9 cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis observed in the \"Juan XXIII\" Hospital in Tarragona. They emphasize the relationship between lithiasis, chronic urinary infection and antigenic stimulation for the development of this entity, the progressive result of a lesion in the kidney tissue with immobilized infectious calcareous deposits. In the granulomatous lesion they find cells called antigen-antibody quartets, with foamy-type histiocytes, the nodular collections of which constitute the key to X.P. The formation of lymphocytic germinal centres is another antigenic stimulus in some parts of the kidney tissue. These structures are due to the storing of antibodies and therefore the immunoglobulins would not be released towards the blood stream, which would explain changes in the immunoglobulins in these patients' serum.", "PMID": 697411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11098", "title": "[Various aspects of renal pyramid collagen seen by scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "In apparently normal kidneys, viewed with a scanning electromicroscope, it has been observed that the renal pyramid has a collagen arranged in cells which cover vessels and tubules. These cells vary in arrangement and structure. In spite of the apparent normality, collagen variations are observed. Sometimes as a result of the increased intensity and other times because forms of neocollagen appear with accumulations of essential substances. This fact suggests that the said changes involve two circumstances. Either this tissue changes continuously or the said kidneys have some lesion in their collagen which leads to new forms of neocollagen appearing and to the great richness of essential substances.", "contents": "[Various aspects of renal pyramid collagen seen by scanning electron microscopy]. In apparently normal kidneys, viewed with a scanning electromicroscope, it has been observed that the renal pyramid has a collagen arranged in cells which cover vessels and tubules. These cells vary in arrangement and structure. In spite of the apparent normality, collagen variations are observed. Sometimes as a result of the increased intensity and other times because forms of neocollagen appear with accumulations of essential substances. This fact suggests that the said changes involve two circumstances. Either this tissue changes continuously or the said kidneys have some lesion in their collagen which leads to new forms of neocollagen appearing and to the great richness of essential substances.", "PMID": 697412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11099", "title": "[Solitary pedunculated polyp of the posterior urethra in a child].", "content": "We present a case of polyps in the prostatic urethra in a 21-month old child. The clinical picture and the diagnosis are discussed with particular attention being paid to the mictional urethrocystography. The most suitable surgical approach is indicated as the basis for treatment and finally the etiology is established.", "contents": "[Solitary pedunculated polyp of the posterior urethra in a child]. We present a case of polyps in the prostatic urethra in a 21-month old child. The clinical picture and the diagnosis are discussed with particular attention being paid to the mictional urethrocystography. The most suitable surgical approach is indicated as the basis for treatment and finally the etiology is established.", "PMID": 697413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11100", "title": "[Scrotal appendicocele in an infant (clinical note)].", "content": "The authors present the case of a 7-month old suckling baby with scrotal appendicocele which simulated a para-testicular tumour. They comment upon the difficulty involved in a preoperative diagnosis and analyse the factors which favour the emigration of the appendix to the scrotum at an early age (persistence of the peritoneo-vaginal duct, non-joining of the peritoneal membrane, the insertion of the appendix into the end of the caecum and increases in the intraabdominal pressure). They point out the need for surgery which will be of a diagnostic-therapeutic nature.", "contents": "[Scrotal appendicocele in an infant (clinical note)]. The authors present the case of a 7-month old suckling baby with scrotal appendicocele which simulated a para-testicular tumour. They comment upon the difficulty involved in a preoperative diagnosis and analyse the factors which favour the emigration of the appendix to the scrotum at an early age (persistence of the peritoneo-vaginal duct, non-joining of the peritoneal membrane, the insertion of the appendix into the end of the caecum and increases in the intraabdominal pressure). They point out the need for surgery which will be of a diagnostic-therapeutic nature.", "PMID": 697414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11101", "title": "[Clinical study of a phytosterol extract of Prunus arborea and 3 amino acids: glycine, alanine and glutamic acid].", "content": "We have carried out a therapeutic study on \"Tebetane compuesto\", by applying it to one hundred patients, whose pathologies, prostatic adenoma, prostatitis and postadenomectomy sequelas, come within the field of action of the product, as shown by other authors. The particular feature of \"Tebetane compuesto\" is that it is a non-hormonal product, which contributes to the fact that it may be used in high doses without producing harmful effects on the patient. We have found no cases of intolerance or side effects, which we feel makes it superior to other similar products. To be specific, in the case of prostatitis, \"Tebetane compuesto\" has proved to be effective in 94 per 100 of the patients treated, making it a highly reliable product for use by the specialist or general practitioner. We feel, on the other hand, that the inclusion in the formula of \"Tebetane compuesto\" of the three aminoacids has led to a considerable reduction in the duration of the treatments of these patients, with the resulting financial saving involved.", "contents": "[Clinical study of a phytosterol extract of Prunus arborea and 3 amino acids: glycine, alanine and glutamic acid]. We have carried out a therapeutic study on \"Tebetane compuesto\", by applying it to one hundred patients, whose pathologies, prostatic adenoma, prostatitis and postadenomectomy sequelas, come within the field of action of the product, as shown by other authors. The particular feature of \"Tebetane compuesto\" is that it is a non-hormonal product, which contributes to the fact that it may be used in high doses without producing harmful effects on the patient. We have found no cases of intolerance or side effects, which we feel makes it superior to other similar products. To be specific, in the case of prostatitis, \"Tebetane compuesto\" has proved to be effective in 94 per 100 of the patients treated, making it a highly reliable product for use by the specialist or general practitioner. We feel, on the other hand, that the inclusion in the formula of \"Tebetane compuesto\" of the three aminoacids has led to a considerable reduction in the duration of the treatments of these patients, with the resulting financial saving involved.", "PMID": 697415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11102", "title": "[Ultramicroscopic study of the mucosa of the lower 3d of the ureter].", "content": "A study has been made, using an electronic microscope, of the mucosa of the lower third of the ureter of rats, including a description of three kinds of cells with their own ultrastructural characteristics. One may emphasize the presence of intraepithelial nerve endings and chromaffin type granular formations. In some cells, adjacent to the basal membrane, there is also a perinuclear structure described, consisting of tonofilaments (perinuclear crown of tonofilaments) which it is thought could affect the genesis of distension stimuli.", "contents": "[Ultramicroscopic study of the mucosa of the lower 3d of the ureter]. A study has been made, using an electronic microscope, of the mucosa of the lower third of the ureter of rats, including a description of three kinds of cells with their own ultrastructural characteristics. One may emphasize the presence of intraepithelial nerve endings and chromaffin type granular formations. In some cells, adjacent to the basal membrane, there is also a perinuclear structure described, consisting of tonofilaments (perinuclear crown of tonofilaments) which it is thought could affect the genesis of distension stimuli.", "PMID": 697416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11103", "title": "[Sonographic study of hydronephrosis].", "content": "The authors present the experience acquired by the Urology Department of \"La Paz\" Hospital in the sonographic diagnosis of hydronephrosis over a period of one year. In 47 patients, the percentage of successful diagnoses reached 93.7%, including 32 cases with a silent kidney in the intravenous urography. They discuss the different sonographic patterns of hydronephrosis, in relation to its degree of evolutionary development and its differential diagnosis with other kidney disorders.", "contents": "[Sonographic study of hydronephrosis]. The authors present the experience acquired by the Urology Department of \"La Paz\" Hospital in the sonographic diagnosis of hydronephrosis over a period of one year. In 47 patients, the percentage of successful diagnoses reached 93.7%, including 32 cases with a silent kidney in the intravenous urography. They discuss the different sonographic patterns of hydronephrosis, in relation to its degree of evolutionary development and its differential diagnosis with other kidney disorders.", "PMID": 697417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11104", "title": "[Ureteral injuries following translumbar aortography].", "content": "In the already scarce traumatic ureter pathology, beyond the scope of Gynaecology, we present a case, also iatrogenic, which although it is described as a possible complication in the performing of a translumbar aortography, is of unquestionable interest by virtue of its origin and subsequent evolution.", "contents": "[Ureteral injuries following translumbar aortography]. In the already scarce traumatic ureter pathology, beyond the scope of Gynaecology, we present a case, also iatrogenic, which although it is described as a possible complication in the performing of a translumbar aortography, is of unquestionable interest by virtue of its origin and subsequent evolution.", "PMID": 697418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11105", "title": "[Temporary urinary derivations: use of the Kehr T tube].", "content": "The authors present 10 cases of obstructive uropathy, 8 caused by lithiasis and 2 by retroperitoneal tumours, in which, due to the chronic nature of the processes and to the intense periureteral fibrosclerosis in the place of the stone, temporary derivation of the urine was advisable. After having used several kinds of derivations (nephrostomies, pyelostomies, free ureteral probes), they use Kehr's T tube and comment upon the advantages and benefits obtained with this kind of derivation.", "contents": "[Temporary urinary derivations: use of the Kehr T tube]. The authors present 10 cases of obstructive uropathy, 8 caused by lithiasis and 2 by retroperitoneal tumours, in which, due to the chronic nature of the processes and to the intense periureteral fibrosclerosis in the place of the stone, temporary derivation of the urine was advisable. After having used several kinds of derivations (nephrostomies, pyelostomies, free ureteral probes), they use Kehr's T tube and comment upon the advantages and benefits obtained with this kind of derivation.", "PMID": 697419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11106", "title": "[Subcapsular renal hematoma: report of a case of unusual etiology].", "content": "The authors present a case of myeloproliferative syndrome with an exceptional clinical picture of pain in the right hypochondrium and right iliac fossa, with no mictional syndrome or hematuria, caused by the appearance of a spontaneous subcapsular hematoma. They discuss the frequency of the different kinds of kidney hematomas and their causes. They also describe the typical radiological signs of the subcapsular hematoma in comparison with the other forms of kidney hematomas.", "contents": "[Subcapsular renal hematoma: report of a case of unusual etiology]. The authors present a case of myeloproliferative syndrome with an exceptional clinical picture of pain in the right hypochondrium and right iliac fossa, with no mictional syndrome or hematuria, caused by the appearance of a spontaneous subcapsular hematoma. They discuss the frequency of the different kinds of kidney hematomas and their causes. They also describe the typical radiological signs of the subcapsular hematoma in comparison with the other forms of kidney hematomas.", "PMID": 697422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11107", "title": "Effect of selective proximal vagotomy and truncal vagotomy on gastric acid and serum gastrin responses to a meal in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "To assess the effectiveness of selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) in reducing the acid response to food, we have compared pre- and postoperative gastric acid and serum gastrin responses to a meal in 11 duodenal ulcer patients with intractable pain treated by SPV, with those of seven ulcer patients with gastric outlet obstruction treated by truncal vagotomy and drainage (TV + D). Acid secretion was measured by an intragastric titration method which measures acid response to food within the stomach (5% amino acid meal) adjusted to various pH levels (5.5, 2.5, and 1.5). Studies were performed before and two to six weeks after operation. The preoperative intragastric acid output (IGAO) was about 50% of maximal acid response to Histalog. The mean preoperative IGAO at pH 5.5 For 11 SPV patients was 17.4 +/- 3.1 mEq/hour; this was decreased by 72% to 4.3 +/- 1.1 mEq/hour after operation. The mean IGAO at pH 5.5 in nine patients treated by TV + D was 21.6 +/- 3.4 mEq/hour; this was decreased by 67% to 7.3 +/- 2.1 mEq/hour. Gastrin levels were significantly higher in postop than in preop SPV PATIENTS EVEN THOUGH PH values were constant. Gastrin levels were higher in postop TV + D patients than in postop SPV patients. This study demonstrates that acid reduction achieved by SPV is reliable and at least comparable with that achieved by turncal vagotomy. Postoperative elevation of gastrin in the SPV patients suggests that the vagus may release a humoral inhibitor of gastrin release from the gastric fundus; there may also be a further direct vagal inhibitor of antral gastrin release.", "contents": "Effect of selective proximal vagotomy and truncal vagotomy on gastric acid and serum gastrin responses to a meal in duodenal ulcer patients. To assess the effectiveness of selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) in reducing the acid response to food, we have compared pre- and postoperative gastric acid and serum gastrin responses to a meal in 11 duodenal ulcer patients with intractable pain treated by SPV, with those of seven ulcer patients with gastric outlet obstruction treated by truncal vagotomy and drainage (TV + D). Acid secretion was measured by an intragastric titration method which measures acid response to food within the stomach (5% amino acid meal) adjusted to various pH levels (5.5, 2.5, and 1.5). Studies were performed before and two to six weeks after operation. The preoperative intragastric acid output (IGAO) was about 50% of maximal acid response to Histalog. The mean preoperative IGAO at pH 5.5 For 11 SPV patients was 17.4 +/- 3.1 mEq/hour; this was decreased by 72% to 4.3 +/- 1.1 mEq/hour after operation. The mean IGAO at pH 5.5 in nine patients treated by TV + D was 21.6 +/- 3.4 mEq/hour; this was decreased by 67% to 7.3 +/- 2.1 mEq/hour. Gastrin levels were significantly higher in postop than in preop SPV PATIENTS EVEN THOUGH PH values were constant. Gastrin levels were higher in postop TV + D patients than in postop SPV patients. This study demonstrates that acid reduction achieved by SPV is reliable and at least comparable with that achieved by turncal vagotomy. Postoperative elevation of gastrin in the SPV patients suggests that the vagus may release a humoral inhibitor of gastrin release from the gastric fundus; there may also be a further direct vagal inhibitor of antral gastrin release.", "PMID": 697427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11108", "title": "[Surgery of ureterocele with lithiasis].", "content": "We present 7 cases of ureterocele with secondary lithiasis, which constitute 15% of all our cases of ureterocele. From the clinical point of view, the symptoms are not different from those of these two separate pathologies. Nephroureteral colics associated with a low ureteral syndrome were the most frequent cause of the patients' visiting the doctor. Obstruction of the vesical neck is characteristic of ectopic or large ureteroceles. The diagnostic is radiographic and endoscopic. The results of the surgical treatment are much more superior with the transvesical approach followed by antireflux plastia to the transureteral approach, in which postoperative reflux is common, although it is usually well tolerated by adult patients.", "contents": "[Surgery of ureterocele with lithiasis]. We present 7 cases of ureterocele with secondary lithiasis, which constitute 15% of all our cases of ureterocele. From the clinical point of view, the symptoms are not different from those of these two separate pathologies. Nephroureteral colics associated with a low ureteral syndrome were the most frequent cause of the patients' visiting the doctor. Obstruction of the vesical neck is characteristic of ectopic or large ureteroceles. The diagnostic is radiographic and endoscopic. The results of the surgical treatment are much more superior with the transvesical approach followed by antireflux plastia to the transureteral approach, in which postoperative reflux is common, although it is usually well tolerated by adult patients.", "PMID": 697420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11109", "title": "[Carcinoma of the penis: review of our cases].", "content": "A review is made of 36 carcinomas of the penis treated in the Urology Department of the \"La Fe\" Hospital. The most frequent decade for their appearance is the fifties. We establish their link with restricted hygiene and with fimosis, Queyrat's erythroplasia, leukoplasia and accuminated condyloma. The treatment given depends essentially on the clinical stage. We feel that within stage A, with minimum prepuce lesions, the ideal treatment is local excision and circumcision plus radiotherapy; in the case of minimal gland lesions radiotherapy; in the rest and when the former forms of therapy fail, partial amputation of the penis. We currently treat this stage with cryosurgery although we cannot give any results because of the limited period of development of the same. In stage B, we indicate amputation plus bilateral, ilio-inguinal lymphadenectomy plus radiotherapy. In stages C and D the treatment is palliative, on the basis of polychemotherapy.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the penis: review of our cases]. A review is made of 36 carcinomas of the penis treated in the Urology Department of the \"La Fe\" Hospital. The most frequent decade for their appearance is the fifties. We establish their link with restricted hygiene and with fimosis, Queyrat's erythroplasia, leukoplasia and accuminated condyloma. The treatment given depends essentially on the clinical stage. We feel that within stage A, with minimum prepuce lesions, the ideal treatment is local excision and circumcision plus radiotherapy; in the case of minimal gland lesions radiotherapy; in the rest and when the former forms of therapy fail, partial amputation of the penis. We currently treat this stage with cryosurgery although we cannot give any results because of the limited period of development of the same. In stage B, we indicate amputation plus bilateral, ilio-inguinal lymphadenectomy plus radiotherapy. In stages C and D the treatment is palliative, on the basis of polychemotherapy.", "PMID": 697423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11110", "title": "Relief of acute, persistent postvagotomy atony by metoclopramide.", "content": "Seventeen patients with acute, persistent postvagotomy atony after vagotomy with antrectomy or pyrloroplasty for peptic ulcer underwent a doubleblind study of the relief of postvagotomy atony by metoclopramide. All patients had complete, functional gastric obstruction for at least three weeks postoperatively, precluding oral alimentation. Contrast studies and gastroscopy ruled out mechanical obstruction in each patient. Gastric outlet obstruction was confirmed by radioisotope assessment of gastric emptying of a special solid meal labeled with Technetium 99m DTPA. A gamma camera over the epigastrium precisely quantitated the emptying rate of the labeled meals. After baseline scanning an intravenous placebo was given to each patient and all 17 showed gastric retention of the meal after 90 minutes. Gastric emptying rates were restudied 24 hours later after intravenous metoclopramide and all 17 patients then immediately emptied the labeled meals. These patients then received standard postgastrectomy diets. Eight patients received metoclopramide tablets (10 mg 30 minutes a.c., q.i.d.) and nine received placebo tablets. Each of the eight patients receiving metoclopramide ate normally immediately after treatment with no further evidence of gastric atony. The nine patients receiving the placebo were unable to retain any oral feedings and were then given oral metoclopramide which promptly relieved gastric atony. All 17 patients received metoclopramide for one month without side effects after which the drug was discontinued with no recurrence of gastric symptoms during follow-up periods ranging from three to 27 months. Metoclopramide safely and effectively relieves acute, nonmechanical gastric atony when this occurs after surgical treatment of peptic ulcer.", "contents": "Relief of acute, persistent postvagotomy atony by metoclopramide. Seventeen patients with acute, persistent postvagotomy atony after vagotomy with antrectomy or pyrloroplasty for peptic ulcer underwent a doubleblind study of the relief of postvagotomy atony by metoclopramide. All patients had complete, functional gastric obstruction for at least three weeks postoperatively, precluding oral alimentation. Contrast studies and gastroscopy ruled out mechanical obstruction in each patient. Gastric outlet obstruction was confirmed by radioisotope assessment of gastric emptying of a special solid meal labeled with Technetium 99m DTPA. A gamma camera over the epigastrium precisely quantitated the emptying rate of the labeled meals. After baseline scanning an intravenous placebo was given to each patient and all 17 showed gastric retention of the meal after 90 minutes. Gastric emptying rates were restudied 24 hours later after intravenous metoclopramide and all 17 patients then immediately emptied the labeled meals. These patients then received standard postgastrectomy diets. Eight patients received metoclopramide tablets (10 mg 30 minutes a.c., q.i.d.) and nine received placebo tablets. Each of the eight patients receiving metoclopramide ate normally immediately after treatment with no further evidence of gastric atony. The nine patients receiving the placebo were unable to retain any oral feedings and were then given oral metoclopramide which promptly relieved gastric atony. All 17 patients received metoclopramide for one month without side effects after which the drug was discontinued with no recurrence of gastric symptoms during follow-up periods ranging from three to 27 months. Metoclopramide safely and effectively relieves acute, nonmechanical gastric atony when this occurs after surgical treatment of peptic ulcer.", "PMID": 697428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11111", "title": "[Tumors of the testicle: various comments of their etiological and evolutive aspects, and therapeutic results in a review of 360 cases].", "content": "Out of a total of 360 cases compiled of testicle tumours obtained from numerous Spanish urologists, the authors analyse their distribution according to the age at the onset, in decades, in the 232 patients in which it became known to them, observing the greatest incidence between 21 and 50 years of age. They then compare the age-type of tumour parameters, in 115 of the cases of which they received the data. In the second part of the study, they make a brief study of the methods of therapy: orchidectomy, with or without lymphadenectomy, radio or cobaltotherapy, antiblastic chemotherapy or the combination of several means of treatment, summing up in the form of a general chart, the results obtained in the 275 observations known to this end and they conclude with another diagram comparing the cases of survival (117 out of the above-mentioned 275) with those obtained by other foreign observers.", "contents": "[Tumors of the testicle: various comments of their etiological and evolutive aspects, and therapeutic results in a review of 360 cases]. Out of a total of 360 cases compiled of testicle tumours obtained from numerous Spanish urologists, the authors analyse their distribution according to the age at the onset, in decades, in the 232 patients in which it became known to them, observing the greatest incidence between 21 and 50 years of age. They then compare the age-type of tumour parameters, in 115 of the cases of which they received the data. In the second part of the study, they make a brief study of the methods of therapy: orchidectomy, with or without lymphadenectomy, radio or cobaltotherapy, antiblastic chemotherapy or the combination of several means of treatment, summing up in the form of a general chart, the results obtained in the 275 observations known to this end and they conclude with another diagram comparing the cases of survival (117 out of the above-mentioned 275) with those obtained by other foreign observers.", "PMID": 697424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11112", "title": "[Comparative study of ureteral displacements].", "content": "A study ia mde of 15 patients with a known neoplasia: 2 retroperitoneal tumours, 5 lymphomas, 3 prostate neoplasias, 3 seminomas and 2 uterus neoplasias; with displacement of the ureter and in some cases ectasia of the excretion system. The displacement was always one-sided and most frequently found in the lower third of the ureter. Ectasia was found in two patients; we have never found this in any patients without a known neoplasia. Adenopathies were the most frequent cause of inferior ureter deviation but in only one case did they infiltrate into the wall and they were more constant on the right side. These cases are compared with other patients suffering from different pathologies, some of which are also neoplastic but in which no displacement or ectasia appeared even when the retroperitoneum was affected, and with another group of patients in whom there was found to be ureteral displacement or ectasia without any retro- or intraperitoneal pathology.", "contents": "[Comparative study of ureteral displacements]. A study ia mde of 15 patients with a known neoplasia: 2 retroperitoneal tumours, 5 lymphomas, 3 prostate neoplasias, 3 seminomas and 2 uterus neoplasias; with displacement of the ureter and in some cases ectasia of the excretion system. The displacement was always one-sided and most frequently found in the lower third of the ureter. Ectasia was found in two patients; we have never found this in any patients without a known neoplasia. Adenopathies were the most frequent cause of inferior ureter deviation but in only one case did they infiltrate into the wall and they were more constant on the right side. These cases are compared with other patients suffering from different pathologies, some of which are also neoplastic but in which no displacement or ectasia appeared even when the retroperitoneum was affected, and with another group of patients in whom there was found to be ureteral displacement or ectasia without any retro- or intraperitoneal pathology.", "PMID": 697421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11113", "title": "Surgical correction of congenital heart disease in the adult: experience with 139 patients.", "content": "Patients over 18 years of age who have undergone a surgical correction of a congenital cardiac malformation during the period 1968 through 1977 have been reviewed. Those patients with calcific aortic stenosis which was thought, but not proved, to have arisen in a congenitally malformed aortic valve, were excluded from the review. Patients with cystic medial necrosis of the aorta were similarly excluded. There were 139 patients in the series (age range from 18 years to 67 years). The most common defects were those involving the intra-atrial septum and the related great veins, 50%. Abnormalities involving the great arteries including patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of the aorta accounted for 19%. Common defects of conal development including ventricular septal defects and Tetralogy of Fallot malformations accounted for 15%. Valvular abnormalities including pulmonic stenosis, aortic valve abnormalities and Ebstein's malformation of tricuspid valve accounted for 11.5%. Complex congenital malformations were relatively uncommon, 4%. There were two patients with a combination of acquired and congenital heart disease. There were two operative deaths in the series, both occurring in patients with complex forms of congenital heart disease (multiple ventricular septal defects, double outlet right ventricle). There were two additional postoperative hospital deaths, one occurring following repair of an atrial septal defect from massive pulmonary embolus, and another occurring six weeks following a Fontan procedure performed for tricuspid atresia. Thus, the hospital mortality for the series was 2.9%. This reviewed series reveals the incidence of operable congenital heart defects appearing in an adult cardiac surgical practice and demonstrates that surgical repair can be accomplished with a satisfactory low mortality rate.", "contents": "Surgical correction of congenital heart disease in the adult: experience with 139 patients. Patients over 18 years of age who have undergone a surgical correction of a congenital cardiac malformation during the period 1968 through 1977 have been reviewed. Those patients with calcific aortic stenosis which was thought, but not proved, to have arisen in a congenitally malformed aortic valve, were excluded from the review. Patients with cystic medial necrosis of the aorta were similarly excluded. There were 139 patients in the series (age range from 18 years to 67 years). The most common defects were those involving the intra-atrial septum and the related great veins, 50%. Abnormalities involving the great arteries including patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of the aorta accounted for 19%. Common defects of conal development including ventricular septal defects and Tetralogy of Fallot malformations accounted for 15%. Valvular abnormalities including pulmonic stenosis, aortic valve abnormalities and Ebstein's malformation of tricuspid valve accounted for 11.5%. Complex congenital malformations were relatively uncommon, 4%. There were two patients with a combination of acquired and congenital heart disease. There were two operative deaths in the series, both occurring in patients with complex forms of congenital heart disease (multiple ventricular septal defects, double outlet right ventricle). There were two additional postoperative hospital deaths, one occurring following repair of an atrial septal defect from massive pulmonary embolus, and another occurring six weeks following a Fontan procedure performed for tricuspid atresia. Thus, the hospital mortality for the series was 2.9%. This reviewed series reveals the incidence of operable congenital heart defects appearing in an adult cardiac surgical practice and demonstrates that surgical repair can be accomplished with a satisfactory low mortality rate.", "PMID": 697429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11114", "title": "[Renal cortical rest pseudotumor].", "content": "The authors present a case of kidney pseudotumour and stress the difficulty of reaching a final diagnosis in relation to the course of therapy.", "contents": "[Renal cortical rest pseudotumor]. The authors present a case of kidney pseudotumour and stress the difficulty of reaching a final diagnosis in relation to the course of therapy.", "PMID": 697426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11115", "title": "[Chyluria].", "content": "The authors present two cases of non-parasitic chyluries, with views of the right intrarenal fistula in one case, by means of lymphography and another which was more exceptional in its appearance, linked with sleeping and postural, apparently with a lymphographic blockage. Conservative treatment, based mainly on the diet, with the omission of long-chain triglcerides and poor in fats, produced good results.", "contents": "[Chyluria]. The authors present two cases of non-parasitic chyluries, with views of the right intrarenal fistula in one case, by means of lymphography and another which was more exceptional in its appearance, linked with sleeping and postural, apparently with a lymphographic blockage. Conservative treatment, based mainly on the diet, with the omission of long-chain triglcerides and poor in fats, produced good results.", "PMID": 697425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11116", "title": "Management of external gastrointestinal fistulas.", "content": "We analyzed the course of 186 patients with external gastrointestinal fistulas treated at the University of California Medical Center, San Francisco from 1968 to 1977. There were 82 patients in the earlier group (1968-1971) and 104 patients in the later group (1972-1977). The groups differed in that 35% of patients in the earlier group received TPN, but 71% of patients in the later group received TPN. Of the patients who did not receive TPN, 93% had been adequately nourished using tube feeding methods. The two groups were otherwise similar. The fistula-related mortality (11%) and the spontaneous closure rate of the fistulas (32%) was unchanged over the ten year period. Thus, the principal impact of TPN was to simplify the nutritional management rather than to alter the outcome. When malignancy, previous abdominal irradiation, Crohn's disease, or a short (<2 cm) fistula tract were present, spontaneous closure was less likely than when none of these factors were present (20% versus 47%). Sixty-eight per cent of the deaths occurred in patients with uncontrolled sepsis. Fifty per cent of the deaths were due to the primary disease and were unrelated to the fistula. Spontaneous closure could not be expected to start until sepsis was controlled. Because over 90% of patients whose fistulas closed spontaneously did so within one month after infection was eradicated, we recommend operative closure for most fistulas that persist beyond that time. The most reliable operation is excision of the bowel from which the fistula arises with end-to-end anastomosis. Fistulas not amenable to excision should be managed by bypass.", "contents": "Management of external gastrointestinal fistulas. We analyzed the course of 186 patients with external gastrointestinal fistulas treated at the University of California Medical Center, San Francisco from 1968 to 1977. There were 82 patients in the earlier group (1968-1971) and 104 patients in the later group (1972-1977). The groups differed in that 35% of patients in the earlier group received TPN, but 71% of patients in the later group received TPN. Of the patients who did not receive TPN, 93% had been adequately nourished using tube feeding methods. The two groups were otherwise similar. The fistula-related mortality (11%) and the spontaneous closure rate of the fistulas (32%) was unchanged over the ten year period. Thus, the principal impact of TPN was to simplify the nutritional management rather than to alter the outcome. When malignancy, previous abdominal irradiation, Crohn's disease, or a short (<2 cm) fistula tract were present, spontaneous closure was less likely than when none of these factors were present (20% versus 47%). Sixty-eight per cent of the deaths occurred in patients with uncontrolled sepsis. Fifty per cent of the deaths were due to the primary disease and were unrelated to the fistula. Spontaneous closure could not be expected to start until sepsis was controlled. Because over 90% of patients whose fistulas closed spontaneously did so within one month after infection was eradicated, we recommend operative closure for most fistulas that persist beyond that time. The most reliable operation is excision of the bowel from which the fistula arises with end-to-end anastomosis. Fistulas not amenable to excision should be managed by bypass.", "PMID": 697430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11117", "title": "Failure of low dose heparin to prevent pulmonary embolism after hip surgery or above the knee amputation.", "content": "In a randomized, double-blind trial, 5,000 USP units of sodium heparin or saline were give subcutaneously at least two hours before surgery and at 12 hour intervals thereafter to patients requiring total hip replacement, surgical correction of hip fracture, or major lower extremity amputation for vascular insufficiency. Lung perfusion scans were performed before surgery and at weekly intervals during the postoperative period. Pulmonary arteriograms were requested in patients developing new perfusion defects on serial scans. Two hundred twelve patient hospitalizations were analyzed. We diagnosed acute pulmonary embolism by serial lung perfusion scans or at autopsy in 37 patients. The incidence of pulmonary embolism in 40 patients with below the knee amputation was too low to warrant conclusions. The incidence of acute pulmonary embolism in 94 patients undergoing above the knee amputation was 25% in patients receiving heparin and 27% in patients receiving saline. The incidence of acute pulmonary embolism in 78 patients undergoing hip surgery was 13% in patients receiving heparin and 12% in patients receiving saline. We conclude that the regimen used had no significant effect on the incidence of acute pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing hip surgery or above the knee amputation.", "contents": "Failure of low dose heparin to prevent pulmonary embolism after hip surgery or above the knee amputation. In a randomized, double-blind trial, 5,000 USP units of sodium heparin or saline were give subcutaneously at least two hours before surgery and at 12 hour intervals thereafter to patients requiring total hip replacement, surgical correction of hip fracture, or major lower extremity amputation for vascular insufficiency. Lung perfusion scans were performed before surgery and at weekly intervals during the postoperative period. Pulmonary arteriograms were requested in patients developing new perfusion defects on serial scans. Two hundred twelve patient hospitalizations were analyzed. We diagnosed acute pulmonary embolism by serial lung perfusion scans or at autopsy in 37 patients. The incidence of pulmonary embolism in 40 patients with below the knee amputation was too low to warrant conclusions. The incidence of acute pulmonary embolism in 94 patients undergoing above the knee amputation was 25% in patients receiving heparin and 27% in patients receiving saline. The incidence of acute pulmonary embolism in 78 patients undergoing hip surgery was 13% in patients receiving heparin and 12% in patients receiving saline. We conclude that the regimen used had no significant effect on the incidence of acute pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing hip surgery or above the knee amputation.", "PMID": 697431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11118", "title": "Abdominosacral resection for carcinoma of the midrectum: ten years experience.", "content": "Abdominosacral resection allows curative resection of midrectal cancer with excellent preservation of sphincter function. In the last ten years 427 patients underwent resection for rectal carcinoma at University Hospital by one surgeon. (SAL) The operation, selected by preoperative sigmoidoscopic measurement, was anterior resection (AR) in 239, abdominosacral resection (ASR) in 100, and abdominoperineal resection (APR) in 88. Operative mortality was 1.7% for AR, 2% for ASR and 2.3% for APR. All patients were completely continent of stool and flatus after AR and ASR. Follow-up is complete in 194 of 195 patients treated five to ten years ago. Five year survival for curative resection (no distant metastases) was 67.3% after AR (66/98), 58.3% after ASR (21/36), and 50% after APR (15/30). For patients without tumor in lymph nodes, survival rates were 78.3% for AR, 64.3% for ASR and 63.2% for APR. With involvement of regional nodes, survival fell to 41.4% for AR, 37.5% for ASR and 27.3% for APR. For lesions at 5-8.5 cm, five year survival was 61.1% for ASR and 58.3% for APR. No statistical difference in survival time was noted when patients were matched for age, sex, level of lesion and extent of spread. Pelvic recurrences were detected in 16.7% after ASR, 15.3% after AR and 33.3% after APR. All of the pelvic recurrences after ASR and the majority of those after AR and APR occurred in patients with tumor invasion of perirectal fat. These data strongly support the applicability of ASR as an important advance in the treatment of midrectal cancer. Although technically demanding, ASR has permitted preservation of anal continence without sacrifice of long-term cure in approximately 50% of patients who would otherwise have required APR.", "contents": "Abdominosacral resection for carcinoma of the midrectum: ten years experience. Abdominosacral resection allows curative resection of midrectal cancer with excellent preservation of sphincter function. In the last ten years 427 patients underwent resection for rectal carcinoma at University Hospital by one surgeon. (SAL) The operation, selected by preoperative sigmoidoscopic measurement, was anterior resection (AR) in 239, abdominosacral resection (ASR) in 100, and abdominoperineal resection (APR) in 88. Operative mortality was 1.7% for AR, 2% for ASR and 2.3% for APR. All patients were completely continent of stool and flatus after AR and ASR. Follow-up is complete in 194 of 195 patients treated five to ten years ago. Five year survival for curative resection (no distant metastases) was 67.3% after AR (66/98), 58.3% after ASR (21/36), and 50% after APR (15/30). For patients without tumor in lymph nodes, survival rates were 78.3% for AR, 64.3% for ASR and 63.2% for APR. With involvement of regional nodes, survival fell to 41.4% for AR, 37.5% for ASR and 27.3% for APR. For lesions at 5-8.5 cm, five year survival was 61.1% for ASR and 58.3% for APR. No statistical difference in survival time was noted when patients were matched for age, sex, level of lesion and extent of spread. Pelvic recurrences were detected in 16.7% after ASR, 15.3% after AR and 33.3% after APR. All of the pelvic recurrences after ASR and the majority of those after AR and APR occurred in patients with tumor invasion of perirectal fat. These data strongly support the applicability of ASR as an important advance in the treatment of midrectal cancer. Although technically demanding, ASR has permitted preservation of anal continence without sacrifice of long-term cure in approximately 50% of patients who would otherwise have required APR.", "PMID": 697432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11119", "title": "Use of CEA as an indicator of early recurrence and as a guide to a selected second-look procedure in patients with colorectal cancer.", "content": "The usefulness of the CEA as an indicator of recurrence and a guide to selected second-look surgery was evaluated from a retrospective analysis of 358 patients with colorectal cancer and from a prospective experience with 16 patients all of whom had been admitted for second-look surgery because of postoperative elevations of CEA only. Our previous experience had shown that after curative resection the CEA usually returned to normal levels (less than 5 ng/ml) within one month, but became elevated at time of clinically obvious recurrence being very high in patients with liver metastases, but only moderately elevated or normal in patients with local recurrence. All 16 patients had previously had curative resection of colorectal cancer; 13 in the rectum or rectosigmoid and three in the right colon. There were 13 Dukes' C and three Dukes' B cancers. All had been followed clinically and by CEA testing at three monthly intervals and were considered free of disease (NED) at time of CEA elevation. The median disease free interval was 13 months (range 4-57 months) and the median CEA prompting admission for second-look operation was 21 ng/ml (range 10-56 ng/ml). The sites of recurrence were liver in six, lung in two and localized disease in six. Two patients had negative exploration for recurrence and were found to have cholelithiasis only (one of these later died of metastases). Resection for cure was done in seven and palliative resection or biopsy only was done in nine patients. At this time, four patients are NED (12-37 months), five are living with disease (10-16 months) and seven have died of disease (2-12 months). The CEA test provides a method of early detection of recurrence and may permit surgical retrieval in selected patients and earlier initiation of palliation in other patients. The longterm effects in patient salvage remain to be defined.", "contents": "Use of CEA as an indicator of early recurrence and as a guide to a selected second-look procedure in patients with colorectal cancer. The usefulness of the CEA as an indicator of recurrence and a guide to selected second-look surgery was evaluated from a retrospective analysis of 358 patients with colorectal cancer and from a prospective experience with 16 patients all of whom had been admitted for second-look surgery because of postoperative elevations of CEA only. Our previous experience had shown that after curative resection the CEA usually returned to normal levels (less than 5 ng/ml) within one month, but became elevated at time of clinically obvious recurrence being very high in patients with liver metastases, but only moderately elevated or normal in patients with local recurrence. All 16 patients had previously had curative resection of colorectal cancer; 13 in the rectum or rectosigmoid and three in the right colon. There were 13 Dukes' C and three Dukes' B cancers. All had been followed clinically and by CEA testing at three monthly intervals and were considered free of disease (NED) at time of CEA elevation. The median disease free interval was 13 months (range 4-57 months) and the median CEA prompting admission for second-look operation was 21 ng/ml (range 10-56 ng/ml). The sites of recurrence were liver in six, lung in two and localized disease in six. Two patients had negative exploration for recurrence and were found to have cholelithiasis only (one of these later died of metastases). Resection for cure was done in seven and palliative resection or biopsy only was done in nine patients. At this time, four patients are NED (12-37 months), five are living with disease (10-16 months) and seven have died of disease (2-12 months). The CEA test provides a method of early detection of recurrence and may permit surgical retrieval in selected patients and earlier initiation of palliation in other patients. The longterm effects in patient salvage remain to be defined.", "PMID": 697433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11120", "title": "The relationship between transfusion and hypoxemia in combat casualties.", "content": "The relationship between transfusion and subsequent hypoxemia was examined retrospectively in the records of combat casualties studied by the first three U.S. Army Surgical Research Teams in Vietnam. There was no evident relationship in 425 casualties studied before anesthesia and operation. In 199 casualties studied preoperatively and on at least two of the first three postoperative days, there was no evident relationship in those with injuries not involving the chest or abdomen. Eighteen such casualties received over ten units of blood each (average 24.5) and exhibited subsequent changes in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) which were indistinguishable from those transfused lesser amounts or not all. Similar observations were made in casualties with injuries to the abdomen, although there was a tendency to lower PaO2 two days after injury in those heavily transfused. In those with thoracic injury, there was statistically significantly lower PaO2 on the first two postoperative days in those heavily transfused. Two possible interpretations are considered, one that blood transfusion contributed to hypoxemia, and alternatively, that a greater magnitude of the injuries accounted for both the worsened hypoxemia and the need for more transfusions. The latter was thought more likely. The differences in PaO2 related to the type of injury exceeded the differences associated with transfusion.", "contents": "The relationship between transfusion and hypoxemia in combat casualties. The relationship between transfusion and subsequent hypoxemia was examined retrospectively in the records of combat casualties studied by the first three U.S. Army Surgical Research Teams in Vietnam. There was no evident relationship in 425 casualties studied before anesthesia and operation. In 199 casualties studied preoperatively and on at least two of the first three postoperative days, there was no evident relationship in those with injuries not involving the chest or abdomen. Eighteen such casualties received over ten units of blood each (average 24.5) and exhibited subsequent changes in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) which were indistinguishable from those transfused lesser amounts or not all. Similar observations were made in casualties with injuries to the abdomen, although there was a tendency to lower PaO2 two days after injury in those heavily transfused. In those with thoracic injury, there was statistically significantly lower PaO2 on the first two postoperative days in those heavily transfused. Two possible interpretations are considered, one that blood transfusion contributed to hypoxemia, and alternatively, that a greater magnitude of the injuries accounted for both the worsened hypoxemia and the need for more transfusions. The latter was thought more likely. The differences in PaO2 related to the type of injury exceeded the differences associated with transfusion.", "PMID": 697435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11121", "title": "Treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome by side-to-side portacaval shunt: experimental and clinical results.", "content": "The Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by occlusion of the major hepatic veins, often of unknown etiology, is typically characterized by massive ascites, hepatomegaly and abdominal pain due to intense congestion of the liver. The outcome has almost always been fatal. This report describes an evaluation of side-to-side portacaval shunt in dogs with experimental Budd-Chiari syndrome and in six patients with hepatic vein thrombosis. In the animal studies, side-to-side portacaval shunt was very effective in relieving massive ascites, hepatomegaly, hepatic congestion and portal hypertension produced by ligation of the hepatic veins. Only one of 24 dogs with side-to-side anastomosis reformed ascites, 67% of the animals survived until the study was concluded after one year, and liver biopsies showed reversal of the severe pathologic abnormalities. In contrast, all 20 control dogs subjected to a sham laparotomy, and all 20 dogs that underwent end-to-side portacaval shunt reformed massive ascites and died within six months with continued hepatic congestion and necrosis. All six patients with the Budd-Chiari syndrome due to hepatic vein occlusion had massive ascites (4.4-15.9 l), hepatomegaly, abdominal pain and disturbed liver function. In all six, angiography demonstrated occlusion of the hepatic veins with a patent inferior vena cava (IVC) and a normal IVC pressure, and liver biopsy showed intense centrilobular congestion and necrosis. The most valuable diagnostic study was angiography of the IVC and hepatic veins with pressure measurements. Side-to-side portacaval shunt was performed from four to 14 weeks after the onset of symptoms, and produced dramatic and sustained relief of ascites in five of the six patients during follow-up periods of from eight months to seven years. Liver function returned to normal, hepatosplenomegaly disappeared, none of the survivors developed portal-systemic encephalopathy, and follow-up liver biopsies showed disappearance of congestion and necrosis, but mild to moderate fibrosis. One patient died following an emergency IVC thrombectomy and portacaval shunt, which was undertaken when, during the course of his workup, his condition deteriorated suddenly because the thrombotic process extended from the hepatic veins into the IVC. The everpresent risk of this complication, and the dangers associated with delaying operation were emphasized by this case. It is concluded that side-to-side portacaval shunt, which decompresses the liver by converting the portal vein into an outflow tract, provides effective treatment of the Budd-Chiari syndrome when the occlusive process is confined to the hepatic veins.", "contents": "Treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome by side-to-side portacaval shunt: experimental and clinical results. The Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by occlusion of the major hepatic veins, often of unknown etiology, is typically characterized by massive ascites, hepatomegaly and abdominal pain due to intense congestion of the liver. The outcome has almost always been fatal. This report describes an evaluation of side-to-side portacaval shunt in dogs with experimental Budd-Chiari syndrome and in six patients with hepatic vein thrombosis. In the animal studies, side-to-side portacaval shunt was very effective in relieving massive ascites, hepatomegaly, hepatic congestion and portal hypertension produced by ligation of the hepatic veins. Only one of 24 dogs with side-to-side anastomosis reformed ascites, 67% of the animals survived until the study was concluded after one year, and liver biopsies showed reversal of the severe pathologic abnormalities. In contrast, all 20 control dogs subjected to a sham laparotomy, and all 20 dogs that underwent end-to-side portacaval shunt reformed massive ascites and died within six months with continued hepatic congestion and necrosis. All six patients with the Budd-Chiari syndrome due to hepatic vein occlusion had massive ascites (4.4-15.9 l), hepatomegaly, abdominal pain and disturbed liver function. In all six, angiography demonstrated occlusion of the hepatic veins with a patent inferior vena cava (IVC) and a normal IVC pressure, and liver biopsy showed intense centrilobular congestion and necrosis. The most valuable diagnostic study was angiography of the IVC and hepatic veins with pressure measurements. Side-to-side portacaval shunt was performed from four to 14 weeks after the onset of symptoms, and produced dramatic and sustained relief of ascites in five of the six patients during follow-up periods of from eight months to seven years. Liver function returned to normal, hepatosplenomegaly disappeared, none of the survivors developed portal-systemic encephalopathy, and follow-up liver biopsies showed disappearance of congestion and necrosis, but mild to moderate fibrosis. One patient died following an emergency IVC thrombectomy and portacaval shunt, which was undertaken when, during the course of his workup, his condition deteriorated suddenly because the thrombotic process extended from the hepatic veins into the IVC. The everpresent risk of this complication, and the dangers associated with delaying operation were emphasized by this case. It is concluded that side-to-side portacaval shunt, which decompresses the liver by converting the portal vein into an outflow tract, provides effective treatment of the Budd-Chiari syndrome when the occlusive process is confined to the hepatic veins.", "PMID": 697434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11122", "title": "Opsonic alpha2 surface binding glycoprotein therapy during sepsis.", "content": "A pronounced depletion of an opsonic protein for hepatic reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytosis has been demonstrated in critically ill trauma patients. This opsonic alpha(2) surface binding (SB) glycoprotein has immunologic identity and a similar amino acid composition to cold insoluble globulin (CIg). Since CIg can be concentrated in cryoprecipitate, it was utilized as a readily available source of opsonic alpha(2)SB glycoprotein for replacement therapy after injury with documented hypoopsonemia. Six septic patients (2 multiple trauma, 2 thermal burn, and 2 intra-abdominal abscess) were studied to test whether cryoprecipitate infusion would restore this humoral component. Pre- and posttherapy opsonin levels were determined by bioassay and electroimmunoassay. In all patients, severe opsonin depletion was reversed following cryoprecipitate infusion. All patients had a rapid improvement in febrile state, normalization of leukocyte levels, and improvement in pulmonary function as evidenced by decreasing requirements for end expiratory pressure at lowered levels of inspired oxygen. One patient was studied more extensively and demonstrated an increase in cardiac output, limb blood flow, total body and limb oxygen delivery, total body and limb oxygen consumption and a progressive decrease in pulmonary shunt fraction. Thus, opsonic alpha(2)SB glycoprotein deficiency can be reversed by cryoprecipitate infusion in critically ill septic injured patients. Replacement of this humoral factor may be an important therapeutic modality in prevention of multiple organ failure, but it should be administered only after documentation of hypoopsonemia in traumatized patients.", "contents": "Opsonic alpha2 surface binding glycoprotein therapy during sepsis. A pronounced depletion of an opsonic protein for hepatic reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytosis has been demonstrated in critically ill trauma patients. This opsonic alpha(2) surface binding (SB) glycoprotein has immunologic identity and a similar amino acid composition to cold insoluble globulin (CIg). Since CIg can be concentrated in cryoprecipitate, it was utilized as a readily available source of opsonic alpha(2)SB glycoprotein for replacement therapy after injury with documented hypoopsonemia. Six septic patients (2 multiple trauma, 2 thermal burn, and 2 intra-abdominal abscess) were studied to test whether cryoprecipitate infusion would restore this humoral component. Pre- and posttherapy opsonin levels were determined by bioassay and electroimmunoassay. In all patients, severe opsonin depletion was reversed following cryoprecipitate infusion. All patients had a rapid improvement in febrile state, normalization of leukocyte levels, and improvement in pulmonary function as evidenced by decreasing requirements for end expiratory pressure at lowered levels of inspired oxygen. One patient was studied more extensively and demonstrated an increase in cardiac output, limb blood flow, total body and limb oxygen delivery, total body and limb oxygen consumption and a progressive decrease in pulmonary shunt fraction. Thus, opsonic alpha(2)SB glycoprotein deficiency can be reversed by cryoprecipitate infusion in critically ill septic injured patients. Replacement of this humoral factor may be an important therapeutic modality in prevention of multiple organ failure, but it should be administered only after documentation of hypoopsonemia in traumatized patients.", "PMID": 697436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11123", "title": "The use of silastic transhepatic stents in benign and malignant biliary strictures.", "content": "Between 1969 and 1978, 45 patients with biliary strictures have been managed surgically utilizing silastic transhepatic stents. In 25 patients the strictures were benign. After resection or dilatation of the benign stricture, an hepaticojejunostomy was performed to a Roux-en-Y loop. The anastomosis was stented with a large bore silastic tube with multiple side holes passed through the biliary tree, out the anterior surface of the liver, and then out through the abdominal wall. There was one hospital death. Most stents were left in place for one year. Of the 15 patients with long-term follow-up, all have had excellent results. In 20 patients the strictures were malignant and involved the common hepatic duct in 10 patients or its bifuraction in 10 patients. In 14 patients the tumor was thought to be primary in the biliary tree, and in six patients the tumor was felt to represent a metastasis or direct extension from another site. In three patients the tumors were resected, and in the remaining they were dilated or bypassed. After positioning a silastic transhepatic stent, a hepaticojejunostomy was carried out. There were two hospital deaths. Serum bilirubin on admission average 17.1 mg%, and after decompression 1.8 mg%. Five patients have survived over one year, and two over two years. Postoperative radiotherapy and a primary biliary tumor favored longer survival.", "contents": "The use of silastic transhepatic stents in benign and malignant biliary strictures. Between 1969 and 1978, 45 patients with biliary strictures have been managed surgically utilizing silastic transhepatic stents. In 25 patients the strictures were benign. After resection or dilatation of the benign stricture, an hepaticojejunostomy was performed to a Roux-en-Y loop. The anastomosis was stented with a large bore silastic tube with multiple side holes passed through the biliary tree, out the anterior surface of the liver, and then out through the abdominal wall. There was one hospital death. Most stents were left in place for one year. Of the 15 patients with long-term follow-up, all have had excellent results. In 20 patients the strictures were malignant and involved the common hepatic duct in 10 patients or its bifuraction in 10 patients. In 14 patients the tumor was thought to be primary in the biliary tree, and in six patients the tumor was felt to represent a metastasis or direct extension from another site. In three patients the tumors were resected, and in the remaining they were dilated or bypassed. After positioning a silastic transhepatic stent, a hepaticojejunostomy was carried out. There were two hospital deaths. Serum bilirubin on admission average 17.1 mg%, and after decompression 1.8 mg%. Five patients have survived over one year, and two over two years. Postoperative radiotherapy and a primary biliary tumor favored longer survival.", "PMID": 697437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11124", "title": "One per cent incidence of recurrent gallstones six to eight years after manometric cholangiography.", "content": "The national incidence of retained and recurrent common duct stones is between 2 and 7%. A prospective comparison of operative common duct pressure flow rates as opposed to operative cholangiography was commenced in 1968 to assay another diagnostic technique to assist in the reduction of this rather high incidence of recurrence. We are now reporting the 6-8 year follow-up data on the first 200 patients, 190 (95%) of whom were reevaluated in 1977. In our inital reports we were surprised to find that our accuracy with flow and pressure studies was 93%, not significantly different from that found with operative cholangiography (92%). The measurements of flow, resting pressure, and opening pressure in the patients with stones or strictures at the lower end of the bile duct were each significantly different from those found in normal ducts (p < 0.001). We considered normal flow to be 10 ml/min saline at 30 cm of pressure and normal intrabiliary pressure to be less than 16 cm of saline was measured through the cystic duct. To date only one individual has had to undergo reoperation for stones and another for recurrent biliary obstruction. A third individual is suspected of, but not proven, to have a retained stone. No patient who had a normal operative cholangiogram, flow and pressure studies, has had a late recurrence of stones. We have presented the specifications of a new catheter for performing flow and pressure x-ray studies, which we feel may be used to primarily evaluate the distal duct with greater accuracy and clarity. We think that this inexpensive but reliable method has an important place in biliary surgery, particularly where operative cholangiography may not be available, or, for one reason or, another, is not reliable.", "contents": "One per cent incidence of recurrent gallstones six to eight years after manometric cholangiography. The national incidence of retained and recurrent common duct stones is between 2 and 7%. A prospective comparison of operative common duct pressure flow rates as opposed to operative cholangiography was commenced in 1968 to assay another diagnostic technique to assist in the reduction of this rather high incidence of recurrence. We are now reporting the 6-8 year follow-up data on the first 200 patients, 190 (95%) of whom were reevaluated in 1977. In our inital reports we were surprised to find that our accuracy with flow and pressure studies was 93%, not significantly different from that found with operative cholangiography (92%). The measurements of flow, resting pressure, and opening pressure in the patients with stones or strictures at the lower end of the bile duct were each significantly different from those found in normal ducts (p < 0.001). We considered normal flow to be 10 ml/min saline at 30 cm of pressure and normal intrabiliary pressure to be less than 16 cm of saline was measured through the cystic duct. To date only one individual has had to undergo reoperation for stones and another for recurrent biliary obstruction. A third individual is suspected of, but not proven, to have a retained stone. No patient who had a normal operative cholangiogram, flow and pressure studies, has had a late recurrence of stones. We have presented the specifications of a new catheter for performing flow and pressure x-ray studies, which we feel may be used to primarily evaluate the distal duct with greater accuracy and clarity. We think that this inexpensive but reliable method has an important place in biliary surgery, particularly where operative cholangiography may not be available, or, for one reason or, another, is not reliable.", "PMID": 697438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11125", "title": "Epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Northern Sudan.", "content": "This paper describes the first epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis to be reported from the Sudan. The epidemic occurred in villages in an area extending for about 100 km along the banks of the Nile between Shendi and Atbara. The disease affected people of all ages and the skin lesions, which were nodular or nodulo-ulcerative, were usually multiple.", "contents": "Epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Northern Sudan. This paper describes the first epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis to be reported from the Sudan. The epidemic occurred in villages in an area extending for about 100 km along the banks of the Nile between Shendi and Atbara. The disease affected people of all ages and the skin lesions, which were nodular or nodulo-ulcerative, were usually multiple.", "PMID": 697440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11126", "title": "Thyroid function in hepatic schistosomiasis.", "content": "Serum thyroxine (T4), serum tri-iodothyronine (T3-uptake) and the free thyroxine index in 17 men suffering from hepatosplenic schistosomiasis did not differ significantly from those of ten healthy male controls. There was no correlation between these values and serum protein levels or liver function tests.", "contents": "Thyroid function in hepatic schistosomiasis. Serum thyroxine (T4), serum tri-iodothyronine (T3-uptake) and the free thyroxine index in 17 men suffering from hepatosplenic schistosomiasis did not differ significantly from those of ten healthy male controls. There was no correlation between these values and serum protein levels or liver function tests.", "PMID": 697441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11127", "title": "The nephrotic syndrome in the Sudan with special reference to schistosomal nephropathy. A preliminary morphological study.", "content": "The morphology of 68 renal biopsies from the Sudan is analysed. Schistosomal infection was more common among the nephrotic patients than in the average population (32% against less than 1%). In the schistosomal group the high incidence of focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis (28%) and of secondary amyloidosis (38%) was remarkable. The history is described of a boy in whom repeated biopsies showed the decrease of glomerular amyloid depositions accompanied by mesangial cell proliferation following treatment for schistosomiasis.", "contents": "The nephrotic syndrome in the Sudan with special reference to schistosomal nephropathy. A preliminary morphological study. The morphology of 68 renal biopsies from the Sudan is analysed. Schistosomal infection was more common among the nephrotic patients than in the average population (32% against less than 1%). In the schistosomal group the high incidence of focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis (28%) and of secondary amyloidosis (38%) was remarkable. The history is described of a boy in whom repeated biopsies showed the decrease of glomerular amyloid depositions accompanied by mesangial cell proliferation following treatment for schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 697442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11128", "title": "Human Ancylostoma infections in Nigeria.", "content": "An estimate of the proportion of infections with Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus by the examination of larvae collected from the stools of 220 persons infected with hookworm was made. Fifty-nine per cent of the infections were due to N. americanus only: A. duodenale always occurred in association with N. americanus. In 12% of the infections it is suggested that there were approximately three female A. duodenale to 95 female N. americanus. The highest numbers of A. duodenale in mixed infections (28 female A. duodenale with 45 female N. americanus) occurred in only 1% of the infections. Evidence is given that egg size can be important in the differentiation of the two species. A method of calculating the proportion of the two hookworms, and hence of other intestinal nematodes, in mixed infections in an individual as well as in the general population, is also described.", "contents": "Human Ancylostoma infections in Nigeria. An estimate of the proportion of infections with Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus by the examination of larvae collected from the stools of 220 persons infected with hookworm was made. Fifty-nine per cent of the infections were due to N. americanus only: A. duodenale always occurred in association with N. americanus. In 12% of the infections it is suggested that there were approximately three female A. duodenale to 95 female N. americanus. The highest numbers of A. duodenale in mixed infections (28 female A. duodenale with 45 female N. americanus) occurred in only 1% of the infections. Evidence is given that egg size can be important in the differentiation of the two species. A method of calculating the proportion of the two hookworms, and hence of other intestinal nematodes, in mixed infections in an individual as well as in the general population, is also described.", "PMID": 697443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11129", "title": "A survey of Anopheles gambiae (species A) and An. arabiensis (species B) of the An. gambiae Giles complex in the Kisumu area of Kenya following insecticidal spraying with OMS-43 (Fenitrothion).", "content": "After village huts in the Kisumu area of Kenya had been sprayed with a nominal 2 g/m2 of OMS-43 (fenitrothion) as part of an insecticidal evaluation programme 964 adults of the Anopheles gambiae complex collected from huts were identified cytogenetically as either An. gambiae (species A) or An. arabiensis (species B). Similarly, cytogenetic methods were used to identify 349 adults collected from granaries and artificial pit-shelters. In addition, 2203 larvae of the gambiae complex collected from different types of habitats were specifically identified cytogenetically. As in a previous survey made prior to insecticidal spraying, adults of An. arabiensis predominated in outdoor collections while An. gambiae was highly endophilic. However, it appeared that spraying with fenitrothion had resulted in an increase in both the degree of exophily in An. arabiensis and also its relative numbers in respect to An. gambiae, although the overall pooulation of both species was greatly reduced by spraying. Insecticidal spraying may have diverted both species from feeding on man to cattle. Except for one village, where larvae of An. arabiensis were commoner than expected in cattle hoof-prints, there was little difference between the selection of different types of larval habitats by the two sibling species. Chromosomal inversions were more common in adults of An. arabiensis than in An. gambiae.", "contents": "A survey of Anopheles gambiae (species A) and An. arabiensis (species B) of the An. gambiae Giles complex in the Kisumu area of Kenya following insecticidal spraying with OMS-43 (Fenitrothion). After village huts in the Kisumu area of Kenya had been sprayed with a nominal 2 g/m2 of OMS-43 (fenitrothion) as part of an insecticidal evaluation programme 964 adults of the Anopheles gambiae complex collected from huts were identified cytogenetically as either An. gambiae (species A) or An. arabiensis (species B). Similarly, cytogenetic methods were used to identify 349 adults collected from granaries and artificial pit-shelters. In addition, 2203 larvae of the gambiae complex collected from different types of habitats were specifically identified cytogenetically. As in a previous survey made prior to insecticidal spraying, adults of An. arabiensis predominated in outdoor collections while An. gambiae was highly endophilic. However, it appeared that spraying with fenitrothion had resulted in an increase in both the degree of exophily in An. arabiensis and also its relative numbers in respect to An. gambiae, although the overall pooulation of both species was greatly reduced by spraying. Insecticidal spraying may have diverted both species from feeding on man to cattle. Except for one village, where larvae of An. arabiensis were commoner than expected in cattle hoof-prints, there was little difference between the selection of different types of larval habitats by the two sibling species. Chromosomal inversions were more common in adults of An. arabiensis than in An. gambiae.", "PMID": 697445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11130", "title": "[Electrocardiography of high frequency and pneumopathies].", "content": "High frequency electrocardiograms were studied in 19 patients with chronic neumopathies, pulmonary arterial hypertension and respiratory failure in the great majority. Studies were made of: a) the significance of conduction disorders in the right ventricle either at the fasciculary branch or within the mass of the ventricle with regard to the time of appearance and the length of the intrinsicoid deflection and its components. b) The duration of the electrical sistole of each ventricle in relation with hyperatrophy that results in sistolic over loading. c) An attempt was made to correlate the number of high frequency deflections (discontinuity of activity) with the prognosis.", "contents": "[Electrocardiography of high frequency and pneumopathies]. High frequency electrocardiograms were studied in 19 patients with chronic neumopathies, pulmonary arterial hypertension and respiratory failure in the great majority. Studies were made of: a) the significance of conduction disorders in the right ventricle either at the fasciculary branch or within the mass of the ventricle with regard to the time of appearance and the length of the intrinsicoid deflection and its components. b) The duration of the electrical sistole of each ventricle in relation with hyperatrophy that results in sistolic over loading. c) An attempt was made to correlate the number of high frequency deflections (discontinuity of activity) with the prognosis.", "PMID": 697452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11131", "title": "[Analysis of empyrical factors for the determination of cardiac output].", "content": "With a method by which no recirculation was possible the area of a dilution curve was obtained. On this basis it was searched what percentage represents the forward triangle of the total surface of the curve. The r\u00f4le of the V/F of the sampling system on this portion of the curve was studied, surface from which the empirical constants for the estimation of the cardiac output derivates. The data obtained suggest that the forward surface triangle was V/F dependent V/F less than 1 gave smaller forward triangles, the opposite was true with V/F greater than 1. It was also found that V/F greater than 1 subestimate the total surface of the dye curve, which means cardiac outputs higher than the real. The forward surface of the curve was reduced to a minimal percentage of the total curve when a V/F less than 1 was used. Situation that makes this area non useful to obtain from them empirical factors. If an empirical factor is use in order to measure cardiac output it had to be accepted that an important grade of error is introduced.", "contents": "[Analysis of empyrical factors for the determination of cardiac output]. With a method by which no recirculation was possible the area of a dilution curve was obtained. On this basis it was searched what percentage represents the forward triangle of the total surface of the curve. The r\u00f4le of the V/F of the sampling system on this portion of the curve was studied, surface from which the empirical constants for the estimation of the cardiac output derivates. The data obtained suggest that the forward surface triangle was V/F dependent V/F less than 1 gave smaller forward triangles, the opposite was true with V/F greater than 1. It was also found that V/F greater than 1 subestimate the total surface of the dye curve, which means cardiac outputs higher than the real. The forward surface of the curve was reduced to a minimal percentage of the total curve when a V/F less than 1 was used. Situation that makes this area non useful to obtain from them empirical factors. If an empirical factor is use in order to measure cardiac output it had to be accepted that an important grade of error is introduced.", "PMID": 697453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11132", "title": "[Precordial heart beats in myocardial infarct (clinical and electrocardiographic study in 40 cases)].", "content": "The precordial K1 to K6 cinetocardiograms in 40 patients with Myocardial Infarction (10 recent and 30 old) were studied. These were compared with the findings of the precordial palpetion, electrocardiograms, and the radiologic studies. In the recent infarcts, all the patients presented abnormal systolic \"annoyances\", 50% of which were palpable. In the old infarcts, 90% had abnormal cinetocardiograms and 63% had pathological precordial beats. The anterior infarcts tend to present \"sounds\" more to the right of the precordium than the posterior-inferiors. The diffuse cardiac hypokinesia may give normal cinetocardiograms. The severity of the myocardial disturbance is directly related to the precordial extension occupied by the abnormal systolic \"annoyances\". An aneurismectomy may cause the disappearance of the pathogenesis of these phenomena.", "contents": "[Precordial heart beats in myocardial infarct (clinical and electrocardiographic study in 40 cases)]. The precordial K1 to K6 cinetocardiograms in 40 patients with Myocardial Infarction (10 recent and 30 old) were studied. These were compared with the findings of the precordial palpetion, electrocardiograms, and the radiologic studies. In the recent infarcts, all the patients presented abnormal systolic \"annoyances\", 50% of which were palpable. In the old infarcts, 90% had abnormal cinetocardiograms and 63% had pathological precordial beats. The anterior infarcts tend to present \"sounds\" more to the right of the precordium than the posterior-inferiors. The diffuse cardiac hypokinesia may give normal cinetocardiograms. The severity of the myocardial disturbance is directly related to the precordial extension occupied by the abnormal systolic \"annoyances\". An aneurismectomy may cause the disappearance of the pathogenesis of these phenomena.", "PMID": 697455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11133", "title": "[The diastolic function of the left ventricle. I. The ventricular suction].", "content": "The paper describes the normal and pathological characteristics of left ventricular filling. There are described some of the most sophisticated methods of assessing left ventricular function: The volume-time curve, the rate of change of left ventricular volume (dV/dt) and the pressure-volume loop. It is discussed the phenomenon of ventricular diastolic suction as an accessory mechanism of filling in some restrictive disorders.", "contents": "[The diastolic function of the left ventricle. I. The ventricular suction]. The paper describes the normal and pathological characteristics of left ventricular filling. There are described some of the most sophisticated methods of assessing left ventricular function: The volume-time curve, the rate of change of left ventricular volume (dV/dt) and the pressure-volume loop. It is discussed the phenomenon of ventricular diastolic suction as an accessory mechanism of filling in some restrictive disorders.", "PMID": 697454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11134", "title": "[Disorders of the right intraventricular conduction in chronic pulmonary hypertensive cardiopathy].", "content": "Disorders of the right intraventricular conduction were analyzed in cases of chronic pulmonary hypertensive cardiopathy (C.P.H.C.), diagnosed on basis of the anatomic data. The series studied here (40 cases) was obtained from the review of 3,000 reports of autopsies at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico. Thickness of the free right ventricular wall, thickness of the interventricular septum at three levels, thickness of Wolf's spur and the circumference of the 4 valvular rings, were determined in each heart. Haemodynamic studies and respiratory function tests were revised in those cases in which they had been practiced. Electrocardiographic study essentially analyzes the time of onset of intrinsicoid deflection as well as the morphology of ventricular complexes in the unipolar leads. In 37 cases (92.5%), a disturbance of the right intraventricular conduction was present. R.B.B.B. was observed in 29 cases (72.5%): 12 of minor degree, 19 of intermediate and 1 of advanced degree. Right peripheral block was diagnosed in 8 cases (20%): anterior type in 2 cases (5%); posterior type in 6 cases (15%). In the cases with R.B.B.B., the anatomic data of right ventricular hypertrophy were predominant; in those with R.A.S.B., anatomical data suggested right ventricular enlargement. The facts exposed here permit the following conclusions: 1) Diagnosis of right fascicular block can be suggested even in the presence of hypertrophy of the corresponding ventricle. 2) Hypertrophy of the right ventricle appears more directly related to the homolateral bundle branch block than to distal or segmentary blocks. 3) Topographic diagnosis of delay in the right ventricle activation process can be established by an electrocardiographic thoracic mapping that permits to explore the ventricular structures at different levels.", "contents": "[Disorders of the right intraventricular conduction in chronic pulmonary hypertensive cardiopathy]. Disorders of the right intraventricular conduction were analyzed in cases of chronic pulmonary hypertensive cardiopathy (C.P.H.C.), diagnosed on basis of the anatomic data. The series studied here (40 cases) was obtained from the review of 3,000 reports of autopsies at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico. Thickness of the free right ventricular wall, thickness of the interventricular septum at three levels, thickness of Wolf's spur and the circumference of the 4 valvular rings, were determined in each heart. Haemodynamic studies and respiratory function tests were revised in those cases in which they had been practiced. Electrocardiographic study essentially analyzes the time of onset of intrinsicoid deflection as well as the morphology of ventricular complexes in the unipolar leads. In 37 cases (92.5%), a disturbance of the right intraventricular conduction was present. R.B.B.B. was observed in 29 cases (72.5%): 12 of minor degree, 19 of intermediate and 1 of advanced degree. Right peripheral block was diagnosed in 8 cases (20%): anterior type in 2 cases (5%); posterior type in 6 cases (15%). In the cases with R.B.B.B., the anatomic data of right ventricular hypertrophy were predominant; in those with R.A.S.B., anatomical data suggested right ventricular enlargement. The facts exposed here permit the following conclusions: 1) Diagnosis of right fascicular block can be suggested even in the presence of hypertrophy of the corresponding ventricle. 2) Hypertrophy of the right ventricle appears more directly related to the homolateral bundle branch block than to distal or segmentary blocks. 3) Topographic diagnosis of delay in the right ventricle activation process can be established by an electrocardiographic thoracic mapping that permits to explore the ventricular structures at different levels.", "PMID": 697456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11135", "title": "[Double outlet of the right ventricle with anterior aorta to the left of the pulmonary artery in situs solitus].", "content": "Two cases of double outlet of the right ventricle with an anterior aorta to the left of the pulmonary artery are described. Both in situs solitus. One had an anterior interventricular communication, and other had a middle posterior communication. The importance of the aortic component of the second sound is analyzed with regard to its localization and intensity. An analysis is also made of the morphology of the cardiac silhouette and the peculiarities of the electrocardiogram as diagnostic aides in the malformation. Considerations are made of the distinct theories which explain the malformation. It is clearly shown that a correct diagnosis is necessary since this cardiopathy may be treated surgically.", "contents": "[Double outlet of the right ventricle with anterior aorta to the left of the pulmonary artery in situs solitus]. Two cases of double outlet of the right ventricle with an anterior aorta to the left of the pulmonary artery are described. Both in situs solitus. One had an anterior interventricular communication, and other had a middle posterior communication. The importance of the aortic component of the second sound is analyzed with regard to its localization and intensity. An analysis is also made of the morphology of the cardiac silhouette and the peculiarities of the electrocardiogram as diagnostic aides in the malformation. Considerations are made of the distinct theories which explain the malformation. It is clearly shown that a correct diagnosis is necessary since this cardiopathy may be treated surgically.", "PMID": 697457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11136", "title": "[Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and isoenzymes. Correlation with myocardial damage].", "content": "1). The MB electrophoretic fraction of the serum CPK is specific in the diagnosis old acute myocardial infarction. 2). It allows us to differentiate ischaemia from myocardial necrosis. 3). The absence of this fraction, when found out during a period of 12 to 24 hours after the start of the angina attack allows us to deny the presence of acute myocardial infarction with a high index of precision. 4). Our results show that the serum sample should be obtained between 12 and 24 hours after starting the clinical case, in order to get a higher sensibility and specificity. 5). The quantification of MB fraction might be useful in the calculation of the amount of cardial muscle destroyed. When calculating the amount of cardial muscle destroyed of 125 cases (12.5%) with positive diagnosis of reinfarction and among the same 125, 12 were found occurring for the third time. Is possible that the real frequency of the iterative infarction is even higher, because many cases were dismissed (27.7%) for lack of electrocardiographic data, clearly pointing to myocardial transmural infarction. 6). Investigations were conduced about the evolutative condition of the danger factors.", "contents": "[Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and isoenzymes. Correlation with myocardial damage]. 1). The MB electrophoretic fraction of the serum CPK is specific in the diagnosis old acute myocardial infarction. 2). It allows us to differentiate ischaemia from myocardial necrosis. 3). The absence of this fraction, when found out during a period of 12 to 24 hours after the start of the angina attack allows us to deny the presence of acute myocardial infarction with a high index of precision. 4). Our results show that the serum sample should be obtained between 12 and 24 hours after starting the clinical case, in order to get a higher sensibility and specificity. 5). The quantification of MB fraction might be useful in the calculation of the amount of cardial muscle destroyed. When calculating the amount of cardial muscle destroyed of 125 cases (12.5%) with positive diagnosis of reinfarction and among the same 125, 12 were found occurring for the third time. Is possible that the real frequency of the iterative infarction is even higher, because many cases were dismissed (27.7%) for lack of electrocardiographic data, clearly pointing to myocardial transmural infarction. 6). Investigations were conduced about the evolutative condition of the danger factors.", "PMID": 697459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11137", "title": "[Prevention of recurrence of rheumatic cardiopathy in 564 patients].", "content": "In a group of 564 patients with rheumatic heart disease seen in the period from 1971 to 1975, who were under benzatinic prophylaxis, 23% were seen in the clinic and 77% at home. The object of this revision is to analyze the latter group in order to obtain the frequency of pharyngoamigdaline infections, and of relapses. 1. During the observation, those patients who did not present pharyngeal infections had no relapses. On the other hand, all relapses were observed in those patients who presented infections. 2. Those patients who carried out the prophylaxis incorrectly and who also presented pharyngeal infections, had almost twice the percentage of relapses as those who carried out the prophylaxis correctly. 3. In the group with effective prophylaxis, including those cases with or without pharyngeal infection, 5% had recurrences. In the group with ineffective prophylaxis, 16% had relapses. 4. Those patients with subsequent attacks doubled the percentage of relapses in comparison with those with initial attacks. 5. The plurivalvular patients have a higher frequency of recurrences than the univalvular patients. 6. During the first year of post-attack prophylaxis, the incidence of relapses is only 1.7%, in comparison with the following years in which there is a higher incidence of around 10%. 7. The total number of recurrences in 564 patients was 8%.", "contents": "[Prevention of recurrence of rheumatic cardiopathy in 564 patients]. In a group of 564 patients with rheumatic heart disease seen in the period from 1971 to 1975, who were under benzatinic prophylaxis, 23% were seen in the clinic and 77% at home. The object of this revision is to analyze the latter group in order to obtain the frequency of pharyngoamigdaline infections, and of relapses. 1. During the observation, those patients who did not present pharyngeal infections had no relapses. On the other hand, all relapses were observed in those patients who presented infections. 2. Those patients who carried out the prophylaxis incorrectly and who also presented pharyngeal infections, had almost twice the percentage of relapses as those who carried out the prophylaxis correctly. 3. In the group with effective prophylaxis, including those cases with or without pharyngeal infection, 5% had recurrences. In the group with ineffective prophylaxis, 16% had relapses. 4. Those patients with subsequent attacks doubled the percentage of relapses in comparison with those with initial attacks. 5. The plurivalvular patients have a higher frequency of recurrences than the univalvular patients. 6. During the first year of post-attack prophylaxis, the incidence of relapses is only 1.7%, in comparison with the following years in which there is a higher incidence of around 10%. 7. The total number of recurrences in 564 patients was 8%.", "PMID": 697460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11138", "title": "[Myocardial reinfarction in male and female].", "content": "1). In 1001 patients with acute myocardial infarction 403 cases were found (40.2%) showing possible relapse. A study was made of 125 cases (12.5%) with positive diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction relapse, and among them, 12 were found to be occurring for the third time. Is possible for the real frequency of the iterative infarction to be even higher, because many cases were dismissed (27.7%) for lacking of conclusive electrocardiographic data pointing to myocardial transmural infarction. 2). Investigations were conducted about the evolutive condition of the danger factors in the coronary profile as well in the male as in the female group. Besides, a comparative study was made about symptoms, complications, morbidity and mortality. Clinical, enzimatic and electrocardiographic proofs were found, in every case, of a new myocardial transmural necrosis which was in evolution, with waves of injury and ischemia. Thirty eight deaths were registered in hospitals (30.4%) and in 25 of these, a necropsic study was conducted. 3). This illness is more frequent among men than among women, in a 3.5 to 1 proportion. The recurrent myocardial necrosis tends to be more frequently present during the first year following the first episode. In women, the first myocardial infarction as well as the iterative infarction occur at an older age than in men. 4). The influence of personality and stress is a very important factor of danger in the iterative infarction. Familiar antecedents of ischemic cardiopathy constitute a danger factor in patients presenting a single episode of myocardial infarction; nevertheless they don't seem to have a determining influence in this group of relapsing infarction. Although this study confirms with statistics that smoking has a decisive influence in the first myocardial infarction, neither frequency nor mortality of the relapsing infarction are in any way modified by the diminishing or suppression of the smoking habit.", "contents": "[Myocardial reinfarction in male and female]. 1). In 1001 patients with acute myocardial infarction 403 cases were found (40.2%) showing possible relapse. A study was made of 125 cases (12.5%) with positive diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction relapse, and among them, 12 were found to be occurring for the third time. Is possible for the real frequency of the iterative infarction to be even higher, because many cases were dismissed (27.7%) for lacking of conclusive electrocardiographic data pointing to myocardial transmural infarction. 2). Investigations were conducted about the evolutive condition of the danger factors in the coronary profile as well in the male as in the female group. Besides, a comparative study was made about symptoms, complications, morbidity and mortality. Clinical, enzimatic and electrocardiographic proofs were found, in every case, of a new myocardial transmural necrosis which was in evolution, with waves of injury and ischemia. Thirty eight deaths were registered in hospitals (30.4%) and in 25 of these, a necropsic study was conducted. 3). This illness is more frequent among men than among women, in a 3.5 to 1 proportion. The recurrent myocardial necrosis tends to be more frequently present during the first year following the first episode. In women, the first myocardial infarction as well as the iterative infarction occur at an older age than in men. 4). The influence of personality and stress is a very important factor of danger in the iterative infarction. Familiar antecedents of ischemic cardiopathy constitute a danger factor in patients presenting a single episode of myocardial infarction; nevertheless they don't seem to have a determining influence in this group of relapsing infarction. Although this study confirms with statistics that smoking has a decisive influence in the first myocardial infarction, neither frequency nor mortality of the relapsing infarction are in any way modified by the diminishing or suppression of the smoking habit.", "PMID": 697461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11139", "title": "[Duplication of the mitral and tricuspid valvular orifice. Study of 10 cases].", "content": "Ten patients with duplication of the atrioventricular valves were studied, nine of them with the double orifice located in the mitral valve and the other one in the tricuspid. In two cases the diameter of the secondary valve was the same as that of the normal valve, and in the other 8 cases, it was smaller; each had its own valvular apparatus with chordae tendinae attached to papillary muscles located in different sites. The principal malformation in nine was ostium primum. One of the cases with mitral duplication had pulmonary atresia, an association which has never before been published. In five patients regurgitation of the secondary orifice was present; the diagnosis was made during surgery in nine cases and at necropsy in one. The orifice was sutured in three cases because of regurgitation. Four patients died in the immediate post-operative period, including the one with pulmonary atresia. The other three had pulmonary hypertension. These findings agree with the literature. The etiological hypotheses are discussed and emphasis is given to the importance of the finding of a narrow jet of contrast material directed upward and to the right in the left angiocardiogram in frontal plane. The authors believe that this may be an important sign in diagnosing cases with ostium primum septal defect; taking into account the fact that double mitral orifice is the cause of valvular insufficiency, this can be the site of bacterial endocarditis and usually needs to be surgically closed.", "contents": "[Duplication of the mitral and tricuspid valvular orifice. Study of 10 cases]. Ten patients with duplication of the atrioventricular valves were studied, nine of them with the double orifice located in the mitral valve and the other one in the tricuspid. In two cases the diameter of the secondary valve was the same as that of the normal valve, and in the other 8 cases, it was smaller; each had its own valvular apparatus with chordae tendinae attached to papillary muscles located in different sites. The principal malformation in nine was ostium primum. One of the cases with mitral duplication had pulmonary atresia, an association which has never before been published. In five patients regurgitation of the secondary orifice was present; the diagnosis was made during surgery in nine cases and at necropsy in one. The orifice was sutured in three cases because of regurgitation. Four patients died in the immediate post-operative period, including the one with pulmonary atresia. The other three had pulmonary hypertension. These findings agree with the literature. The etiological hypotheses are discussed and emphasis is given to the importance of the finding of a narrow jet of contrast material directed upward and to the right in the left angiocardiogram in frontal plane. The authors believe that this may be an important sign in diagnosing cases with ostium primum septal defect; taking into account the fact that double mitral orifice is the cause of valvular insufficiency, this can be the site of bacterial endocarditis and usually needs to be surgically closed.", "PMID": 697458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11140", "title": "[Value of echocardiography in the diagnosis of myxoma of the left auricle].", "content": "We have been able to differentiate the right pre-operatory diagnosis of mixoma in the left auricle versus \"tumor\" caused by hypertrophy and fusion of the papillary muscles of the left ventricle in a severe mitral stenosis. In the mixoma we find the echoes only in the ventricular diastole and not in the sistole; there is a place without echoes in the protodiastole--which has a diagnosis value, and sometimes in the telediastole. When it is a \"tumor\" in the fusioned papillary muscles of the left ventricle, echoes can be found in ventricular diastole and sistole and there are not spaces without echoes in the protodiastole as it is usual in the pedicled tumors of the left auricle. We have found a new sign to predict the existence of a tumor in the left auricle instead of a mitral stenosis; if we find echoes in the left auricle during the ventricular sistole, we will observe that the front edges of the waves form a capital W, and the back ones form a small w. In the central portions of both ws, the waves go forward as it should happen in the mitral valve when existing a real mitral stenosis. Nevertheless, as this central portion is surrounded by a space without echoes, it means that the tumor is a pedicled one, constitutes an obstruction and is causing similar signs to those pertaining to the mitral stenosis.", "contents": "[Value of echocardiography in the diagnosis of myxoma of the left auricle]. We have been able to differentiate the right pre-operatory diagnosis of mixoma in the left auricle versus \"tumor\" caused by hypertrophy and fusion of the papillary muscles of the left ventricle in a severe mitral stenosis. In the mixoma we find the echoes only in the ventricular diastole and not in the sistole; there is a place without echoes in the protodiastole--which has a diagnosis value, and sometimes in the telediastole. When it is a \"tumor\" in the fusioned papillary muscles of the left ventricle, echoes can be found in ventricular diastole and sistole and there are not spaces without echoes in the protodiastole as it is usual in the pedicled tumors of the left auricle. We have found a new sign to predict the existence of a tumor in the left auricle instead of a mitral stenosis; if we find echoes in the left auricle during the ventricular sistole, we will observe that the front edges of the waves form a capital W, and the back ones form a small w. In the central portions of both ws, the waves go forward as it should happen in the mitral valve when existing a real mitral stenosis. Nevertheless, as this central portion is surrounded by a space without echoes, it means that the tumor is a pedicled one, constitutes an obstruction and is causing similar signs to those pertaining to the mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 697463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11141", "title": "[Pulmonary arterial hypertension in disorders of oxygen diffusion].", "content": "Twenty three cases with impairment of greater than 40% of DLCO were studied in a search of frequency, severity and pathophysiological mechanisms of PAH. Hemodinamic studies, pulmonary angiography (PA), lung scan (LS), lung biopsies (LB) were performed. The venous admixture was estimated and expressed as percentage ratio of the cardiac output (Qva/Qt x 100). Anatomical pulmonary artery to vein shunt (Qs/Qt) was estimated breathing pure O2. Ninety one percent of cases had PAH; mild to moderate in 76% of cases. Cardiac index (CI) was less than 2.8 in 26% and greater than 4.2 in 39%. The right ventricular work index (RVWI) was greater than 1.25 in 86%. The alveolar arterial oxygen tension gradient (A-aDO2) was abnormal in all cases (greater than 18 mmHg) with a Qva/Qt of greater than 30% in 78% of these cases. The Qs/Qt was found 6% in 39% of cases. PAH was mild to moderate in DL impairment. The RVWI was usually increased with a normal or high CI. Increase in Qva/Qt that result from V/Q abnormalities and extreme impairment of DL is to be considered as the major factor functional features in the genesis of PAH. Reduction of the cross sectional area of the pulmonary vascular bed and lung function abnormalities are equally important relevants features in the genesis of PAH.", "contents": "[Pulmonary arterial hypertension in disorders of oxygen diffusion]. Twenty three cases with impairment of greater than 40% of DLCO were studied in a search of frequency, severity and pathophysiological mechanisms of PAH. Hemodinamic studies, pulmonary angiography (PA), lung scan (LS), lung biopsies (LB) were performed. The venous admixture was estimated and expressed as percentage ratio of the cardiac output (Qva/Qt x 100). Anatomical pulmonary artery to vein shunt (Qs/Qt) was estimated breathing pure O2. Ninety one percent of cases had PAH; mild to moderate in 76% of cases. Cardiac index (CI) was less than 2.8 in 26% and greater than 4.2 in 39%. The right ventricular work index (RVWI) was greater than 1.25 in 86%. The alveolar arterial oxygen tension gradient (A-aDO2) was abnormal in all cases (greater than 18 mmHg) with a Qva/Qt of greater than 30% in 78% of these cases. The Qs/Qt was found 6% in 39% of cases. PAH was mild to moderate in DL impairment. The RVWI was usually increased with a normal or high CI. Increase in Qva/Qt that result from V/Q abnormalities and extreme impairment of DL is to be considered as the major factor functional features in the genesis of PAH. Reduction of the cross sectional area of the pulmonary vascular bed and lung function abnormalities are equally important relevants features in the genesis of PAH.", "PMID": 697468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11142", "title": "[Formation of the cell wall during the formation of Entamoeba invadens cysts].", "content": "The presence of chitin in the walls of E. invadens cysts has provided a new way to study the process of encystation, since chitin stains intensely in the presence of Calcofluor white M2R, a fluroescent dye. With this technique we have observed various stages in the differentiation of trophozoite membrane, then the cyst is formed inside the trophozoite and finally the cyst leaves the trophozoite after partial degradation of trophozoite body.", "contents": "[Formation of the cell wall during the formation of Entamoeba invadens cysts]. The presence of chitin in the walls of E. invadens cysts has provided a new way to study the process of encystation, since chitin stains intensely in the presence of Calcofluor white M2R, a fluroescent dye. With this technique we have observed various stages in the differentiation of trophozoite membrane, then the cyst is formed inside the trophozoite and finally the cyst leaves the trophozoite after partial degradation of trophozoite body.", "PMID": 697474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11143", "title": "[Correlation between findings of exertion ECG with 12 derivations and coronoriography].", "content": "A coronary angiography was taken to 80 patients whose twelve leads exercise ECG had been found positive. This group included 38 patients with old myocardial infarction and 42 with coronary insuficiency. When looking for a relation between: 1. The amount of positivity in the exercise ECG and the number on injured vessels, and 2. the ischemia located in the effort test and the blocked vessels shown by the angiography. We found a reasonable relation between the exercise ECG and the severity of the injuries. This co-relation is of 100% between the old infarction area and the severe or total obstruction of the corresponding vessel. It was observed then, that a close relation exists between the ischemia area and the obstructive injuries. In a second group of 15 patients we failed to find atero sclerotic injuries in the corresponding vessel, but observed some vascular anomalies which explained the ischemia. The effort test with twelve leads exercise ECG makes easier the localization of obstructions, single or multiple, on the area supposedly affected.", "contents": "[Correlation between findings of exertion ECG with 12 derivations and coronoriography]. A coronary angiography was taken to 80 patients whose twelve leads exercise ECG had been found positive. This group included 38 patients with old myocardial infarction and 42 with coronary insuficiency. When looking for a relation between: 1. The amount of positivity in the exercise ECG and the number on injured vessels, and 2. the ischemia located in the effort test and the blocked vessels shown by the angiography. We found a reasonable relation between the exercise ECG and the severity of the injuries. This co-relation is of 100% between the old infarction area and the severe or total obstruction of the corresponding vessel. It was observed then, that a close relation exists between the ischemia area and the obstructive injuries. In a second group of 15 patients we failed to find atero sclerotic injuries in the corresponding vessel, but observed some vascular anomalies which explained the ischemia. The effort test with twelve leads exercise ECG makes easier the localization of obstructions, single or multiple, on the area supposedly affected.", "PMID": 697470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11144", "title": "[Rupture of the teflon cover of valvular prosthesis in aortic position. Severe postoperative complication].", "content": "Fourteen patients (18.5%) are presented from a total of 78 patients who received a Starr-Edwards prosthesis Model No. 2320 with a Telfon covering, in an aortic position. In the late post-operative period these patients developed complications which merited a surgical reintervention. Twelve of these were operated on to substitute this prosthesis for a distinct type and model. In the other two the teflon covering on the cage of the prosthesis was dried thoroughly. The most frequent complication which made it necessary to reoperate was hemolysis, which would not cede to intense medical treatment. The hemolysis appeared at an average of 20 months post-operatively. In all of the cases we found a rupture due to erosion of the telfon material. This is undoubtably an etiological factor of the hemolysis. Eleven of the 14 cases (78.5%) survived. Ten of which were possible to follow up on a long term basis. Seven of these (70%) are asymptomatic and the remaining 3 (30%) are evolving with data suggestive of peri-prosthetic aortic insuficiency. A review is made of the evolution of Starr-Edwards prosthesis and the causes of the post-operative hemolysis in valvular surgery.", "contents": "[Rupture of the teflon cover of valvular prosthesis in aortic position. Severe postoperative complication]. Fourteen patients (18.5%) are presented from a total of 78 patients who received a Starr-Edwards prosthesis Model No. 2320 with a Telfon covering, in an aortic position. In the late post-operative period these patients developed complications which merited a surgical reintervention. Twelve of these were operated on to substitute this prosthesis for a distinct type and model. In the other two the teflon covering on the cage of the prosthesis was dried thoroughly. The most frequent complication which made it necessary to reoperate was hemolysis, which would not cede to intense medical treatment. The hemolysis appeared at an average of 20 months post-operatively. In all of the cases we found a rupture due to erosion of the telfon material. This is undoubtably an etiological factor of the hemolysis. Eleven of the 14 cases (78.5%) survived. Ten of which were possible to follow up on a long term basis. Seven of these (70%) are asymptomatic and the remaining 3 (30%) are evolving with data suggestive of peri-prosthetic aortic insuficiency. A review is made of the evolution of Starr-Edwards prosthesis and the causes of the post-operative hemolysis in valvular surgery.", "PMID": 697471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11145", "title": "[Determination of the alternative complement pathway in patients with amebic liver abscess].", "content": "The activation of the alternative pathway of complement in the sera of patients with amebic liver abscess was studied. Of 11 sera examined, only six showed an activation of the alternative pathway. However, all sera showed diminished levels of complement (CH50) and C3, in spite of normal levels of C1q. The results suggest that the sera of patients with invasive amebiasis have a substance capable of activating the properdin pathway. The significance of these observations is not completely clear at the present time.", "contents": "[Determination of the alternative complement pathway in patients with amebic liver abscess]. The activation of the alternative pathway of complement in the sera of patients with amebic liver abscess was studied. Of 11 sera examined, only six showed an activation of the alternative pathway. However, all sera showed diminished levels of complement (CH50) and C3, in spite of normal levels of C1q. The results suggest that the sera of patients with invasive amebiasis have a substance capable of activating the properdin pathway. The significance of these observations is not completely clear at the present time.", "PMID": 697476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11146", "title": "[Levels of total hemolytic complement, C3, C4 and antibodies against the myocardium in rheumatic fever].", "content": "The levels of the hemolytic complement (UH 50%), C3, C4 and the antibodies against myocardium and against the antigenic fractions of myocardium precipitated with ammonium sulphate were studied in 8 patients with active rehumatic fever (ARF), 28 with inactive rheumatic fever (IRF) and 26 people without cardiopaties (NI). The UH 50% was low in 2 out of 36 patients with rheumatic fever (RF). C3 was normal and C4 low in 12.5% of the ARF patients. C3 had subnormal values in 25% and C4 in 33% of IRF patients, this last value had a stadistic significant decrease with respect to the values of C4  in normal people. The 36 patients with RF had antibodies against the myocardium and also against the heart antigenic fractions precipitated with 10% ammonium sulphate. 11.5% of the normal group had anti-myocardial antibodies and none had antibodies against the fractions. The levels of anti-streptolysin-O and C-reactive protein were higher in the ARF group than in the patients with IRF or the normal people. The participation of the hemolytic complement, the anti-myocardium antibodies, the anti-streptococcus antibodies and the cytophilic activity in the etiopathogeny of rheumatic fever is discussed.", "contents": "[Levels of total hemolytic complement, C3, C4 and antibodies against the myocardium in rheumatic fever]. The levels of the hemolytic complement (UH 50%), C3, C4 and the antibodies against myocardium and against the antigenic fractions of myocardium precipitated with ammonium sulphate were studied in 8 patients with active rehumatic fever (ARF), 28 with inactive rheumatic fever (IRF) and 26 people without cardiopaties (NI). The UH 50% was low in 2 out of 36 patients with rheumatic fever (RF). C3 was normal and C4 low in 12.5% of the ARF patients. C3 had subnormal values in 25% and C4 in 33% of IRF patients, this last value had a stadistic significant decrease with respect to the values of C4  in normal people. The 36 patients with RF had antibodies against the myocardium and also against the heart antigenic fractions precipitated with 10% ammonium sulphate. 11.5% of the normal group had anti-myocardial antibodies and none had antibodies against the fractions. The levels of anti-streptolysin-O and C-reactive protein were higher in the ARF group than in the patients with IRF or the normal people. The participation of the hemolytic complement, the anti-myocardium antibodies, the anti-streptococcus antibodies and the cytophilic activity in the etiopathogeny of rheumatic fever is discussed.", "PMID": 697466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11147", "title": "[Aldosteronism after hypokalemia in diuretic therapy of systemic arterial hypertension].", "content": "Twenty-two cases with essential arterial hypertension were studied in the final part of a chronic period of treatment with Chlortalidona and in the first 30 days after treatment. Measurements of the following parameters were made: 1) Change in the excretion of urinary aldosterone (aldo). 2) Change in the arterial pressure (delta P). 3) Transtherapeutic serum potassium (delta K). 4) Change in the Q-T (delta QT) in the electrocardiogram. The measurements were made 3 days after the suppression of the drug and afterwards every 3 to 6 days for a month. The correlation of the K and QT was significant (r = 0.63). The P did not correlate with the K nor with the aldo (r = 0.14). The aldo was -5.92 +/- 3.1 ug./24 hs (p = 0.01) in those cases responsive to the drug. The disappearance of the antihypertensive effect occurred at 9.61 +/- 3.7 days and correlated with the normalization of the QT (r = 0.83) and the serum potassium. The delta aldo correlated with K (r = 0.56) and normalized 6.7 days after the suspension of the drug. The secondary aldosteronism participates in the parogenia of the transtherapeutic hypokalemia although with a slightly significant correlation. The important correlation between the disappearances of the antihypertensive effects and the electrocardiographic signs of hypokalemia may dwell in changes which directly or indirectly exercise the diuretic in the intracellular metabolism of K without necessarily cousing an antihypertensive effect additive of the same hypokalemia.", "contents": "[Aldosteronism after hypokalemia in diuretic therapy of systemic arterial hypertension]. Twenty-two cases with essential arterial hypertension were studied in the final part of a chronic period of treatment with Chlortalidona and in the first 30 days after treatment. Measurements of the following parameters were made: 1) Change in the excretion of urinary aldosterone (aldo). 2) Change in the arterial pressure (delta P). 3) Transtherapeutic serum potassium (delta K). 4) Change in the Q-T (delta QT) in the electrocardiogram. The measurements were made 3 days after the suppression of the drug and afterwards every 3 to 6 days for a month. The correlation of the K and QT was significant (r = 0.63). The P did not correlate with the K nor with the aldo (r = 0.14). The aldo was -5.92 +/- 3.1 ug./24 hs (p = 0.01) in those cases responsive to the drug. The disappearance of the antihypertensive effect occurred at 9.61 +/- 3.7 days and correlated with the normalization of the QT (r = 0.83) and the serum potassium. The delta aldo correlated with K (r = 0.56) and normalized 6.7 days after the suspension of the drug. The secondary aldosteronism participates in the parogenia of the transtherapeutic hypokalemia although with a slightly significant correlation. The important correlation between the disappearances of the antihypertensive effects and the electrocardiographic signs of hypokalemia may dwell in changes which directly or indirectly exercise the diuretic in the intracellular metabolism of K without necessarily cousing an antihypertensive effect additive of the same hypokalemia.", "PMID": 697472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11148", "title": "[The electrical mass; a new electrocardiographic index to calculate the muscular mass of the left ventricle].", "content": "We have developed an empirical mathematic formula which allows us to measure the muscular mass of the left ventricle. It expresses, in grams/square meter of corporal surface, the result of the correlation (r = 0.865) between the mass calculated by echocardiography and an index we call \"Electric Mass of the Left Ventricle\" (E.M.L.V.) and which equals the intrinsic deflection of V6 multiplied by R height in V6, cubed and divided by the corporal surface. The developing of a corrective factor (a factor of correction) allows us to express in grams/square meter the muscular mass measured by the electrocardiogram. The final formula is E.V. = Log. (1 + Nat. Log of the electric mass) + 56.66(3). The values obtained through this formula give us a correlation of r = 0.834.", "contents": "[The electrical mass; a new electrocardiographic index to calculate the muscular mass of the left ventricle]. We have developed an empirical mathematic formula which allows us to measure the muscular mass of the left ventricle. It expresses, in grams/square meter of corporal surface, the result of the correlation (r = 0.865) between the mass calculated by echocardiography and an index we call \"Electric Mass of the Left Ventricle\" (E.M.L.V.) and which equals the intrinsic deflection of V6 multiplied by R height in V6, cubed and divided by the corporal surface. The developing of a corrective factor (a factor of correction) allows us to express in grams/square meter the muscular mass measured by the electrocardiogram. The final formula is E.V. = Log. (1 + Nat. Log of the electric mass) + 56.66(3). The values obtained through this formula give us a correlation of r = 0.834.", "PMID": 697467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11149", "title": "[Pulmonary thromboembolism in heart disease].", "content": "In heart disease (HD) pulmonary emboli (PE) is seen with same frequency at necropsy as in the general hospital population. There is more mortality in patients with HD than in those without it. The patient with HD rarely is asymptomatic during the pulmonary embolization. Symptoms, signs and laboratory abnormalities occurs with the same frequency in both groups of patients with PE, but some symptoms and clinical signs, and also laboratory abnormalities could pre exist in the patients with HD, situation that dificulties the clinical diagnosis of PE. Particular value should be given to the symptoms and signs for the diagnosis in the patients with HD when they progress. In patients with HD the arrithmias were more common and also the pulmonary infection, for these reasons monitorization and the use on antibiotics should be routenely.", "contents": "[Pulmonary thromboembolism in heart disease]. In heart disease (HD) pulmonary emboli (PE) is seen with same frequency at necropsy as in the general hospital population. There is more mortality in patients with HD than in those without it. The patient with HD rarely is asymptomatic during the pulmonary embolization. Symptoms, signs and laboratory abnormalities occurs with the same frequency in both groups of patients with PE, but some symptoms and clinical signs, and also laboratory abnormalities could pre exist in the patients with HD, situation that dificulties the clinical diagnosis of PE. Particular value should be given to the symptoms and signs for the diagnosis in the patients with HD when they progress. In patients with HD the arrithmias were more common and also the pulmonary infection, for these reasons monitorization and the use on antibiotics should be routenely.", "PMID": 697473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11150", "title": "Serologic responses in amebiasis.", "content": "Serologic tests for amebiasis, utilizing antigens prepared from Entamoeba histolytica HK-9, axenic culture in Diamond's media, have demonstrated reproducible results with good clinical correlation. The indirect hemagglutination test was positive in 100 per cent of all cases with hepatic abscess, in 99 per cent of cases of amebic dysentery and in 60 per cent of asymptomatic carriers. A population of uninfected subjects yielded less than 1 per cent of individuals with demonstrable amebic antibodies. Similarly, the complement fixation test was 100 per cent positive for the liver abscess, 91 per cent positive for patients with amebic dysentery, 23 per cent positive for asymptomatic carriers, and 0 per cent positive for the uninfected control group. The antibody responses to amebic antigens are discussed.", "contents": "Serologic responses in amebiasis. Serologic tests for amebiasis, utilizing antigens prepared from Entamoeba histolytica HK-9, axenic culture in Diamond's media, have demonstrated reproducible results with good clinical correlation. The indirect hemagglutination test was positive in 100 per cent of all cases with hepatic abscess, in 99 per cent of cases of amebic dysentery and in 60 per cent of asymptomatic carriers. A population of uninfected subjects yielded less than 1 per cent of individuals with demonstrable amebic antibodies. Similarly, the complement fixation test was 100 per cent positive for the liver abscess, 91 per cent positive for patients with amebic dysentery, 23 per cent positive for asymptomatic carriers, and 0 per cent positive for the uninfected control group. The antibody responses to amebic antigens are discussed.", "PMID": 697482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11151", "title": "[Intestinal amebiasis in children II. Evaluation of various diagnostic technics and different therapeutic regimens].", "content": "The diagnostic usefulness of different laboratory tests was evaluated in 20 cases of invasive intestinal amebiasis: the direct coproparasitoscopic exam in mucus obtained by rectoscopy was positive in 90.0 per cent of cases; the same exam done in mucus obtained by the spoon technique was positive in 40.0 per cent. The serum antibodies investigated by the counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique were found in 40.0 per cent of the cases in the first blood sample obtained at the hospital admisssion, and 15 days later this percentage increased to 66.6 percent. The fecal antigen studied by the ELISA technique was positive in 70.0 per cent of the cases. Simultaneously, the therapeutic effectiveness of emetine and metronidazol was evaluated, and with both therapeutic programs total recovery was obtained in 100.0 per cent of the cases; there were no significative differences in the symptoms duration after the start of therapy, and side effects were not observed. The results must be considered preliminary, because the calculated full sample has not been concluded.", "contents": "[Intestinal amebiasis in children II. Evaluation of various diagnostic technics and different therapeutic regimens]. The diagnostic usefulness of different laboratory tests was evaluated in 20 cases of invasive intestinal amebiasis: the direct coproparasitoscopic exam in mucus obtained by rectoscopy was positive in 90.0 per cent of cases; the same exam done in mucus obtained by the spoon technique was positive in 40.0 per cent. The serum antibodies investigated by the counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique were found in 40.0 per cent of the cases in the first blood sample obtained at the hospital admisssion, and 15 days later this percentage increased to 66.6 percent. The fecal antigen studied by the ELISA technique was positive in 70.0 per cent of the cases. Simultaneously, the therapeutic effectiveness of emetine and metronidazol was evaluated, and with both therapeutic programs total recovery was obtained in 100.0 per cent of the cases; there were no significative differences in the symptoms duration after the start of therapy, and side effects were not observed. The results must be considered preliminary, because the calculated full sample has not been concluded.", "PMID": 697484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11152", "title": "[Composition of the cell wall of Entamoeba invadens cysts].", "content": "Cyst walls isolated from Entamoeba invadens have a microfibrillar structure. The main sugars detected in acid hydrolysates from walls were hexosamines. X-ray diffraction analysis of the cyst walls demonstrated that the only crystalline polymer present was chitin.", "contents": "[Composition of the cell wall of Entamoeba invadens cysts]. Cyst walls isolated from Entamoeba invadens have a microfibrillar structure. The main sugars detected in acid hydrolysates from walls were hexosamines. X-ray diffraction analysis of the cyst walls demonstrated that the only crystalline polymer present was chitin.", "PMID": 697489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11153", "title": "Nitrate and nitrite reductase negative mutants of N2-fixing Azospirillum spp.", "content": "Chlorate resistant spontaneous mutants of Azospirillum spp. (syn. Spirillum lipoferum) were selected in oxygen limited, deep agar tubes with chlorate. Among 20 mutants from A. brasilense and 13 from A. lipoferum all retained their functional nitrogenase and 11 from each species were nitrate reductase negative (nr-). Most of the mutants were also nitrite reductase negative (nir-), only 3 remaining nir+. Two mutants from nr+ nir+ parent strains lost only nir and became like the nr+ nir- parent strain of A. brasilense. No parent strain or nr+ mutant showed any nitrogenase activity with 10 mM NO3-. In all nr- mutants, nitrogenase was unaffected by 10 mM NO3-. Nitrite inhibited nitrogenase activity of all parent strains and mutants including those which were nir-. It seems therefore, that inhibition of nitrogenase by nitrate is dependent on nitrate reduction. Under aerobic conditions, where nitrogenase activity is inhibited by oxygen, nitrate could be used as sole nitrogen source for growth of the parent strains and one mutant (nr- nir-) and nitritite of the parent strains and 10 mutants (all types). This indicates the loss of both assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction but only dissimilatory nitrite reduction in the mutants selected with chlorate.", "contents": "Nitrate and nitrite reductase negative mutants of N2-fixing Azospirillum spp. Chlorate resistant spontaneous mutants of Azospirillum spp. (syn. Spirillum lipoferum) were selected in oxygen limited, deep agar tubes with chlorate. Among 20 mutants from A. brasilense and 13 from A. lipoferum all retained their functional nitrogenase and 11 from each species were nitrate reductase negative (nr-). Most of the mutants were also nitrite reductase negative (nir-), only 3 remaining nir+. Two mutants from nr+ nir+ parent strains lost only nir and became like the nr+ nir- parent strain of A. brasilense. No parent strain or nr+ mutant showed any nitrogenase activity with 10 mM NO3-. In all nr- mutants, nitrogenase was unaffected by 10 mM NO3-. Nitrite inhibited nitrogenase activity of all parent strains and mutants including those which were nir-. It seems therefore, that inhibition of nitrogenase by nitrate is dependent on nitrate reduction. Under aerobic conditions, where nitrogenase activity is inhibited by oxygen, nitrate could be used as sole nitrogen source for growth of the parent strains and one mutant (nr- nir-) and nitritite of the parent strains and 10 mutants (all types). This indicates the loss of both assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction but only dissimilatory nitrite reduction in the mutants selected with chlorate.", "PMID": 697499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11154", "title": "Investigations of the pigments from Cytophaga johnsonae Cy jl. New flexirubin-type pigments.", "content": "Besides carotenoids a complex of flexirubin-type pigments was isolated from the gliding bacterium Cytophaga johnsonae Cy jl and separated into 6 components, which partly containe chlorine. In spite of the fact that these components still consist of pigment mixtures, the gross structures of 18 new flexirubin-type pigments could be deduced by spectroscopic and chemical investigations. The results open insights into biosynthesis and structural variety of the flexirubins, the novel non-isoprenoid pigments recently found in Flexibacter elegans.", "contents": "Investigations of the pigments from Cytophaga johnsonae Cy jl. New flexirubin-type pigments. Besides carotenoids a complex of flexirubin-type pigments was isolated from the gliding bacterium Cytophaga johnsonae Cy jl and separated into 6 components, which partly containe chlorine. In spite of the fact that these components still consist of pigment mixtures, the gross structures of 18 new flexirubin-type pigments could be deduced by spectroscopic and chemical investigations. The results open insights into biosynthesis and structural variety of the flexirubins, the novel non-isoprenoid pigments recently found in Flexibacter elegans.", "PMID": 697500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11155", "title": "Reisolation of the carbon monoxide utilizing hydrogen bacterium Pseudomonas carboxydovorans (Kistner) comb. nov.", "content": "From enrichment cultures four carbon monoxide utilizing bacteria were isolated; strain OM5 isolated from waste water was studied in detail. The cells are Gram-negative, slightly curved rods, motile by a single subpolarly inserted flagellum. The colonies are smooth, translucent and not slimy. The cells are able to grow autotrophically in mineral medium under an atmosphere of 40% CO, 5% O2 and 55% N2 at a doubling time of 20h (30 degrees C) or of 85% H2, 5% O2 and 10% CO2 at a doubling time of 7h. Heterotrophic growth occurred on organic acids such as acetate(td = 8h), pyruvate(td = 8h), lactate, crotonate, malate, succinate (td = 8h), formate (td = 35h) and glyoxylate as substrates. The enzyme system for carbon monoxide utilization is formed only during growth on CO; hydrogenase is present in cells grown on CO or on H2 + CO2 as well as grown on pyruvate. The rate of oxygen reduction by intact CO-grown cells is 3.7-fold higher in the presence of hydrogen than in the presence of carbon monoxide. During growth the stoichiometry of gas uptake was 6.1 CO + 2.8 O2 + H2O leads to CH2O +5.1 CO2. For the new isolate the name Pseudomonas carboxydovorans (Kistner) comb. nov. has been proposed.", "contents": "Reisolation of the carbon monoxide utilizing hydrogen bacterium Pseudomonas carboxydovorans (Kistner) comb. nov. From enrichment cultures four carbon monoxide utilizing bacteria were isolated; strain OM5 isolated from waste water was studied in detail. The cells are Gram-negative, slightly curved rods, motile by a single subpolarly inserted flagellum. The colonies are smooth, translucent and not slimy. The cells are able to grow autotrophically in mineral medium under an atmosphere of 40% CO, 5% O2 and 55% N2 at a doubling time of 20h (30 degrees C) or of 85% H2, 5% O2 and 10% CO2 at a doubling time of 7h. Heterotrophic growth occurred on organic acids such as acetate(td = 8h), pyruvate(td = 8h), lactate, crotonate, malate, succinate (td = 8h), formate (td = 35h) and glyoxylate as substrates. The enzyme system for carbon monoxide utilization is formed only during growth on CO; hydrogenase is present in cells grown on CO or on H2 + CO2 as well as grown on pyruvate. The rate of oxygen reduction by intact CO-grown cells is 3.7-fold higher in the presence of hydrogen than in the presence of carbon monoxide. During growth the stoichiometry of gas uptake was 6.1 CO + 2.8 O2 + H2O leads to CH2O +5.1 CO2. For the new isolate the name Pseudomonas carboxydovorans (Kistner) comb. nov. has been proposed.", "PMID": 697501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11156", "title": "Stimulation of growth and glucose catabolite enzymes by succinate in some thermophilic fungi.", "content": "Thermophilic Humicola lanuginosa, Penicillium duponti, Sporotrichum thermophile and Mucor pusillus required succinate in addition to glucose for optimal growth. The requirement for succinate was concentration-dependent and the concentration needed for one half of the maximal growth was 6.14mM. In the presence of succinate, glucose utilization from the medium was markedly increased and this was associated with increased levels of the enzymes of the glycolytic and Krebs cycle pathways. Addition of succinate to cultures growing in glucose at any stage of growth stimulated the growth with the resulting rate of growth remaining high if the addition was made within 3 days of inoculation. Cycloheximide (71.4 micrometer) prevented the succinate-mediated derepression of the enzymes suggesting that succinate may remove the catabolite repression in the presence of glucose.", "contents": "Stimulation of growth and glucose catabolite enzymes by succinate in some thermophilic fungi. Thermophilic Humicola lanuginosa, Penicillium duponti, Sporotrichum thermophile and Mucor pusillus required succinate in addition to glucose for optimal growth. The requirement for succinate was concentration-dependent and the concentration needed for one half of the maximal growth was 6.14mM. In the presence of succinate, glucose utilization from the medium was markedly increased and this was associated with increased levels of the enzymes of the glycolytic and Krebs cycle pathways. Addition of succinate to cultures growing in glucose at any stage of growth stimulated the growth with the resulting rate of growth remaining high if the addition was made within 3 days of inoculation. Cycloheximide (71.4 micrometer) prevented the succinate-mediated derepression of the enzymes suggesting that succinate may remove the catabolite repression in the presence of glucose.", "PMID": 697502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11157", "title": "Isolation of lipopolysaccharides and the effect of polymyxin B on the outer membrane of Corynebacterium autotrophicum.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Corynebacterium autotrophicum were isolated and analyzed. Autotrophically grown cells contained 2--5 mg of partly purified LPS per g dry weight of lyophilized cells. Serological cross reaction with Lipid A antigen of Salmonella minnesota confirmed the presence of LPS in C. autotrophicum. Electron microscopy of negatively stained Polymyxin B-treated cells showed formation of blebs on the Outer Membrane indicating an interaction of Polymyxin B specifically with LPS. Up to now, no Gram-positive organisms are known which contain any LPS. Thus, C. autotrophicum, though giving opposite results when the Gram-staining reaction was applied by several authors, has to be classified into the group of Gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "Isolation of lipopolysaccharides and the effect of polymyxin B on the outer membrane of Corynebacterium autotrophicum. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Corynebacterium autotrophicum were isolated and analyzed. Autotrophically grown cells contained 2--5 mg of partly purified LPS per g dry weight of lyophilized cells. Serological cross reaction with Lipid A antigen of Salmonella minnesota confirmed the presence of LPS in C. autotrophicum. Electron microscopy of negatively stained Polymyxin B-treated cells showed formation of blebs on the Outer Membrane indicating an interaction of Polymyxin B specifically with LPS. Up to now, no Gram-positive organisms are known which contain any LPS. Thus, C. autotrophicum, though giving opposite results when the Gram-staining reaction was applied by several authors, has to be classified into the group of Gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 697503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11158", "title": "Chemical composition of the peptidoglycan-free cell walls of methanogenic bacteria.", "content": "Cell walls were prepared from freeze-dried samples of 7 strains of Methanobacterium by mechanical disintegration of the cells followed by incubation with trypsin. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of sacculi exhibiting the shape of the original cells, on which no surface structure could be detected. Ultrathin sections of the isolated sacculi showed a homogenously electron dense layer of about 10--15 nm in width. The ash content varied between 8 and 18% of dry weight. The sacculi of all the strains contained Lys: Ala:Glu:GlcNAc or GalNAc in a molar ratio of about 1:1.2:2:1. In one strain (M. ruminantium M1) alanine is replaced by threonine, however, Neutral sugars and--in some strains--additional amounts of the amino sugars were present in variable amounts, and could be removed by formamide extraction or HF treatment without destroying the sacculi. No muramic acid or D-amino acids typical of peptidoglycan were found. Therefore, the sacculi of the methanobacteria consist of a different polymer containing a set of three L-amino acids and one N-acetylated amino sugar. From cells of Methanospirillum hungatii no sacculi, but tube-like sheaths could be isolated, which tend to fracture perpendicularly to the long axis of the sheath along the fibrills seen on the surface. The sheaths consist of protein containing 18 amino acids and small amounts of neutral sugars. They are resistent to the proteinases tested and are not disintegrated by boiling in 2% sodium dodecylsulfate for 30 min. The three Gram-negative strains Black Sea isolate JR-1, Cariaco isolate JR-1 and Methanobacterium mobile do not contain a rigid sacculus, but merely a SDS-sensitive surface layer composed of regularly arranged protein subunits. This evidence indicates that, within the methanogens, different cell wall polymers characteristic of particular groups of organisms may have evolved during evolution, and supports the hypothesis that the evolution of the methanogens was separated from that of the peptidoglycan-containing procaryotic organisms at a very early stage.", "contents": "Chemical composition of the peptidoglycan-free cell walls of methanogenic bacteria. Cell walls were prepared from freeze-dried samples of 7 strains of Methanobacterium by mechanical disintegration of the cells followed by incubation with trypsin. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of sacculi exhibiting the shape of the original cells, on which no surface structure could be detected. Ultrathin sections of the isolated sacculi showed a homogenously electron dense layer of about 10--15 nm in width. The ash content varied between 8 and 18% of dry weight. The sacculi of all the strains contained Lys: Ala:Glu:GlcNAc or GalNAc in a molar ratio of about 1:1.2:2:1. In one strain (M. ruminantium M1) alanine is replaced by threonine, however, Neutral sugars and--in some strains--additional amounts of the amino sugars were present in variable amounts, and could be removed by formamide extraction or HF treatment without destroying the sacculi. No muramic acid or D-amino acids typical of peptidoglycan were found. Therefore, the sacculi of the methanobacteria consist of a different polymer containing a set of three L-amino acids and one N-acetylated amino sugar. From cells of Methanospirillum hungatii no sacculi, but tube-like sheaths could be isolated, which tend to fracture perpendicularly to the long axis of the sheath along the fibrills seen on the surface. The sheaths consist of protein containing 18 amino acids and small amounts of neutral sugars. They are resistent to the proteinases tested and are not disintegrated by boiling in 2% sodium dodecylsulfate for 30 min. The three Gram-negative strains Black Sea isolate JR-1, Cariaco isolate JR-1 and Methanobacterium mobile do not contain a rigid sacculus, but merely a SDS-sensitive surface layer composed of regularly arranged protein subunits. This evidence indicates that, within the methanogens, different cell wall polymers characteristic of particular groups of organisms may have evolved during evolution, and supports the hypothesis that the evolution of the methanogens was separated from that of the peptidoglycan-containing procaryotic organisms at a very early stage.", "PMID": 697504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11159", "title": "Bacteriochlorophyll cs, a new bacteriochlorophyll from Chloroflexus aurantiacus.", "content": "From four strains of the gliding phototrophic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, the as yet unknown bacteriochlorophyll cs was isolated in addition to small amounts of the known bacteriochlorophyll ap. The new bacteriochlorophyll cs is the main photosynthetic pigment of these organisms under the growth conditions used. It is different from the known bacteriochlorophylls c, as could be shown unequivocally by chromatographic examinations. Evidence for the structure of the new bacteriochlorophyll cs was obtained from mass spectra. The u.v./vis.-spectra and the chromatographic behavior are in accord with the suggested structure. The result includes two particularly interesting aspects: 1. Unlike the bacteriochlorophylls c, d, and e of the Chlorobiaceae, bacteriochlorophyll cs of Chloroflexus is not a mixture of isomeric and homologous molecules; 2. the esterifying alcohol of the propionic acid side chain is neither farnesol nor another isoprenoid alcohol, but is the straight chain aliphatic (C-18) stearylalcohol.", "contents": "Bacteriochlorophyll cs, a new bacteriochlorophyll from Chloroflexus aurantiacus. From four strains of the gliding phototrophic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, the as yet unknown bacteriochlorophyll cs was isolated in addition to small amounts of the known bacteriochlorophyll ap. The new bacteriochlorophyll cs is the main photosynthetic pigment of these organisms under the growth conditions used. It is different from the known bacteriochlorophylls c, as could be shown unequivocally by chromatographic examinations. Evidence for the structure of the new bacteriochlorophyll cs was obtained from mass spectra. The u.v./vis.-spectra and the chromatographic behavior are in accord with the suggested structure. The result includes two particularly interesting aspects: 1. Unlike the bacteriochlorophylls c, d, and e of the Chlorobiaceae, bacteriochlorophyll cs of Chloroflexus is not a mixture of isomeric and homologous molecules; 2. the esterifying alcohol of the propionic acid side chain is neither farnesol nor another isoprenoid alcohol, but is the straight chain aliphatic (C-18) stearylalcohol.", "PMID": 697505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11160", "title": "The anaerobic decomposition of benzoic acid during methane fermentation. III. The fate of carbon four and the identification of propanoic acid.", "content": "Anaerobic rupture of the benzoic acid ring was investigated. Carbon 4 was converted primarily to carbon dioxide. Following ring rupture during methane fermentation, propanoic acid is an intermediate, and carbon 4 of benzoate becomes its carboxyl.", "contents": "The anaerobic decomposition of benzoic acid during methane fermentation. III. The fate of carbon four and the identification of propanoic acid. Anaerobic rupture of the benzoic acid ring was investigated. Carbon 4 was converted primarily to carbon dioxide. Following ring rupture during methane fermentation, propanoic acid is an intermediate, and carbon 4 of benzoate becomes its carboxyl.", "PMID": 697506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11161", "title": "The anaerobic decomposition of benzoic acid during methane fermentation. IV. Dearomatization of the ring and volatile fatty acids formed on ring rupture.", "content": "A possible pathway for the anaerobic utilization of benzoic acid by a methanogenic consortium is suggested. Cyclohexane carboxylic acid and 1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid have been identified as intermediates before ring rupture. Suprisingly, 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid interferes with utilization of other cyclic acids. In addition, isobutyric acid or short chain acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds could not be used without induction periods of a  week or longer. A number of volatile fatty acids (heptanoic, valeric, butyric, propanoic, and acetic) have been identified and are suggested intermediates.", "contents": "The anaerobic decomposition of benzoic acid during methane fermentation. IV. Dearomatization of the ring and volatile fatty acids formed on ring rupture. A possible pathway for the anaerobic utilization of benzoic acid by a methanogenic consortium is suggested. Cyclohexane carboxylic acid and 1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid have been identified as intermediates before ring rupture. Suprisingly, 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid interferes with utilization of other cyclic acids. In addition, isobutyric acid or short chain acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds could not be used without induction periods of a  week or longer. A number of volatile fatty acids (heptanoic, valeric, butyric, propanoic, and acetic) have been identified and are suggested intermediates.", "PMID": 697507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11162", "title": "Specific antibodies to the N-termini of the interpeptide bridges of peptidoglycan.", "content": "The synthetic peptides Gly5-epsilon-Ahx and L-Ala3-epsilon-Ahx, with structural similarity to the interpeptide bridge peptides of staphylococci or micrococci, respectively, were convalently linked to human serum albumin via their carboxylgroups. Antisera to these synthetic peptidyl-protein antigens contained fairly high amounts of antibodies with specificity to the N-terminal parts of the peptide chains attached to the carrier proteins. Antisera to (Gly5-epsilon-Ahx)20-albumin gave, without exception, strong precipitin reactions in latex-agglutination with staphylococcal peptido-glycans. The antisera completely failed, however, in any reaction with peptidoglycans of micrococci or other bacteria which did not have these oligo-glycine peptides typical for staphylococci. On the contrary, antisera to (l-Ala3-epsilon-Ahx)22-albumin strongly precipitated micrococcalpeptidoglycans with oligo-L-alanine interpeptide bridges (e.g. Micrococcus varians. Micrococcus roseus), but showed no significant reaction with peptidoglycans of staphylococci or other bacteria lacking oligo-L-alanine interpeptide bridges.", "contents": "Specific antibodies to the N-termini of the interpeptide bridges of peptidoglycan. The synthetic peptides Gly5-epsilon-Ahx and L-Ala3-epsilon-Ahx, with structural similarity to the interpeptide bridge peptides of staphylococci or micrococci, respectively, were convalently linked to human serum albumin via their carboxylgroups. Antisera to these synthetic peptidyl-protein antigens contained fairly high amounts of antibodies with specificity to the N-terminal parts of the peptide chains attached to the carrier proteins. Antisera to (Gly5-epsilon-Ahx)20-albumin gave, without exception, strong precipitin reactions in latex-agglutination with staphylococcal peptido-glycans. The antisera completely failed, however, in any reaction with peptidoglycans of micrococci or other bacteria which did not have these oligo-glycine peptides typical for staphylococci. On the contrary, antisera to (l-Ala3-epsilon-Ahx)22-albumin strongly precipitated micrococcalpeptidoglycans with oligo-L-alanine interpeptide bridges (e.g. Micrococcus varians. Micrococcus roseus), but showed no significant reaction with peptidoglycans of staphylococci or other bacteria lacking oligo-L-alanine interpeptide bridges.", "PMID": 697508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11163", "title": "Isolation, characterization, and numerical taxonomy of Simonsiella strains from the oral cavities of cats, dogs, sheep, and humans.", "content": "Forty-nine strains of the gliding prokaryote Simonsiella were isolated from the oral cavities of cats (8), dogs (19), sheep (4), and humans (18) in Southern California by a direct isolation procedure using a complex serum-enriched medium. The numerical taxonomic analysis (unweighted pair-group method using arithmetric averages) of 57 differential traits for each strain was based on standard bacteriological diagnostic tests and included the molar guanine-plus-cytosine contents of the DNA and the relative percentages of fatty acid contents reported earlier. The resulting phenogram clustered the strains of Simonsiella into groups that correlated with sources of origin. The study included the neotype strain of Simonsiella crassa (ATCC 27504, ICPB 3651, NCTC 10283) of Australian sheep origin. The strains isolated from dogs, sheep, and humans form clusters of organisms that appear to have become adapted to live in and possibly to have evolved with their respective \"hosts\". In our judgment, these source-of-origin clusters represent different \"ecospecies\".", "contents": "Isolation, characterization, and numerical taxonomy of Simonsiella strains from the oral cavities of cats, dogs, sheep, and humans. Forty-nine strains of the gliding prokaryote Simonsiella were isolated from the oral cavities of cats (8), dogs (19), sheep (4), and humans (18) in Southern California by a direct isolation procedure using a complex serum-enriched medium. The numerical taxonomic analysis (unweighted pair-group method using arithmetric averages) of 57 differential traits for each strain was based on standard bacteriological diagnostic tests and included the molar guanine-plus-cytosine contents of the DNA and the relative percentages of fatty acid contents reported earlier. The resulting phenogram clustered the strains of Simonsiella into groups that correlated with sources of origin. The study included the neotype strain of Simonsiella crassa (ATCC 27504, ICPB 3651, NCTC 10283) of Australian sheep origin. The strains isolated from dogs, sheep, and humans form clusters of organisms that appear to have become adapted to live in and possibly to have evolved with their respective \"hosts\". In our judgment, these source-of-origin clusters represent different \"ecospecies\".", "PMID": 697509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11164", "title": "Role of carbon dioxide in germination of spores of Streptomyces viridochromogenes.", "content": "CO2 is required continuously during germination of Streptomyces viridochromogenes spores. Spores incubated in a defined germination medium in the absence of CO2 remain phase bright and do not release spore carbon. In the presence of CO2, the spores initiate germination accompanied by loss of refractility and spore carbon. The CO2 requirement is replaced by oxaloacetate or a mixture of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates. Labeled CO2 is taken up by germinating spores, and is incorporated into protein and RNA. TCA cycle intermediates and related amino acids contain most of the acid-soluble label following short term exposures of germinating spores to 14CO2. TCA cycle inhibitors repress germination and 14CO2 uptake whereas folic acid antagonists do not. The results indicate that CO2 is incorporated into oxaloacetate which is converted to biosynthetic intermediates required for germination. Operation of the TCA cycle appears to be essential for spore germination. The conclusion is reached that CO2 is required during germination in order to maintain the cycle by an anaplerotic reaction.", "contents": "Role of carbon dioxide in germination of spores of Streptomyces viridochromogenes. CO2 is required continuously during germination of Streptomyces viridochromogenes spores. Spores incubated in a defined germination medium in the absence of CO2 remain phase bright and do not release spore carbon. In the presence of CO2, the spores initiate germination accompanied by loss of refractility and spore carbon. The CO2 requirement is replaced by oxaloacetate or a mixture of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates. Labeled CO2 is taken up by germinating spores, and is incorporated into protein and RNA. TCA cycle intermediates and related amino acids contain most of the acid-soluble label following short term exposures of germinating spores to 14CO2. TCA cycle inhibitors repress germination and 14CO2 uptake whereas folic acid antagonists do not. The results indicate that CO2 is incorporated into oxaloacetate which is converted to biosynthetic intermediates required for germination. Operation of the TCA cycle appears to be essential for spore germination. The conclusion is reached that CO2 is required during germination in order to maintain the cycle by an anaplerotic reaction.", "PMID": 697510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11165", "title": "Sporogenesis in Streptomyces melanochromogenes.", "content": "The mode of spore differentiation in a strain of Streptomyces melanochromogenes was followed by analysis of ultrathin sections of sporulating aerial hyphae at various stages of sporogenesis. A special accent was laid on the formation of the sporulation septum and its alterations in the course of spore delimitation and separation. Distinct differences in formation and substructure have been observed between the cross walls of vegetative hyphae and the sporulation septa. Cross walls of vegetative hyphae are formed in a way typical for Gram-positive bacteria by a centripetal annular ingrowth of cytoplasmic membrane, on which wall material immediately is deposited. The development of the sporulation septa is characterized by the accumulation of amorphous material in addition to the newly synthesized wall layer inside the invaginating cytoplasmic membrane. This amorphous septal material will later be decomposed presumably by two lytic systems which cause the separation of the spores. The central region of the finished sporulation septum is perforated by microplasmodesmata. Spores are released by a break down of the surface sheath. The complete spores are enveloped by a two-layered cell wall and the spiny surface sheath.", "contents": "Sporogenesis in Streptomyces melanochromogenes. The mode of spore differentiation in a strain of Streptomyces melanochromogenes was followed by analysis of ultrathin sections of sporulating aerial hyphae at various stages of sporogenesis. A special accent was laid on the formation of the sporulation septum and its alterations in the course of spore delimitation and separation. Distinct differences in formation and substructure have been observed between the cross walls of vegetative hyphae and the sporulation septa. Cross walls of vegetative hyphae are formed in a way typical for Gram-positive bacteria by a centripetal annular ingrowth of cytoplasmic membrane, on which wall material immediately is deposited. The development of the sporulation septa is characterized by the accumulation of amorphous material in addition to the newly synthesized wall layer inside the invaginating cytoplasmic membrane. This amorphous septal material will later be decomposed presumably by two lytic systems which cause the separation of the spores. The central region of the finished sporulation septum is perforated by microplasmodesmata. Spores are released by a break down of the surface sheath. The complete spores are enveloped by a two-layered cell wall and the spiny surface sheath.", "PMID": 697511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11166", "title": "[Research and production at the Friedrich Loeffler Institute for lifestock protection against virus epidemics in the German Democratic Republic].", "content": "Friedrich Loeffler's discovery of the pathogen of foot and mouth disease actually ushered in the era of virus research on man and animal and gave birth, at the same time, to efforts for immunoprophylaxis against the disease. This led directly to the foundation of the world's first virological institute on Riems Island. A brief account is given of the developments that have taken place up to our days in research and production at Friedrich-Loeffler Institute for Epizootiological Research on Riems Island. The Institute is affiliated to the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the German Democratic Republic. The importance of immunoprophylaxis to prevention and control of infectious diseases among agricultural animals has grown on the basis of present microbiological knowledge and along with progress in livestock production. This concept is explained in greater detail, and aspects of fundamental importance to appropriate research are expounded.", "contents": "[Research and production at the Friedrich Loeffler Institute for lifestock protection against virus epidemics in the German Democratic Republic]. Friedrich Loeffler's discovery of the pathogen of foot and mouth disease actually ushered in the era of virus research on man and animal and gave birth, at the same time, to efforts for immunoprophylaxis against the disease. This led directly to the foundation of the world's first virological institute on Riems Island. A brief account is given of the developments that have taken place up to our days in research and production at Friedrich-Loeffler Institute for Epizootiological Research on Riems Island. The Institute is affiliated to the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the German Democratic Republic. The importance of immunoprophylaxis to prevention and control of infectious diseases among agricultural animals has grown on the basis of present microbiological knowledge and along with progress in livestock production. This concept is explained in greater detail, and aspects of fundamental importance to appropriate research are expounded.", "PMID": 697522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11167", "title": "[Biology of influenza viruses].", "content": "Studies were conducted into antigenic variability, the most characteristic and unique parameter of influenza virus, with particular attention being given to its dependence on and correlations with virus structure, virus polypeptides, and antigenic components of the envelope. Emphasis was laid on major phases of the replication cycle, such as the phenomena of drift and shift as well as their possible mechanisms and epidemiological bearings.", "contents": "[Biology of influenza viruses]. Studies were conducted into antigenic variability, the most characteristic and unique parameter of influenza virus, with particular attention being given to its dependence on and correlations with virus structure, virus polypeptides, and antigenic components of the envelope. Emphasis was laid on major phases of the replication cycle, such as the phenomena of drift and shift as well as their possible mechanisms and epidemiological bearings.", "PMID": 697523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11168", "title": "[Viral hepatitis].", "content": "Viral hepatitis is one of the most frequent infectious diseases of our time. It is of great concern to the epidemiological risk groups such as research laboratories, dialysis units and other public health agencies. The result of epidemiological, immunological, morphological and biochemical studies have demonstrated, that this disease is caused by at least two different viruses. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) induces the type A hepatitis and the hepatitis B virus (HBV) the type B hepatitis. Two antigen-antibody systems are associated with viral hepatitis type B: the hepatitis B-surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) and the hepatitis B-core Antigen (HBcAg) and antibody (anti-HBc). In the last years great progress has been made in the characterization of these distinct viruses. Both can be transmitted to monkeys. Advances in biophysical and biochemical procedures of treatment of hepatitis B sera have already resulted in first vaccination trials.", "contents": "[Viral hepatitis]. Viral hepatitis is one of the most frequent infectious diseases of our time. It is of great concern to the epidemiological risk groups such as research laboratories, dialysis units and other public health agencies. The result of epidemiological, immunological, morphological and biochemical studies have demonstrated, that this disease is caused by at least two different viruses. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) induces the type A hepatitis and the hepatitis B virus (HBV) the type B hepatitis. Two antigen-antibody systems are associated with viral hepatitis type B: the hepatitis B-surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) and the hepatitis B-core Antigen (HBcAg) and antibody (anti-HBc). In the last years great progress has been made in the characterization of these distinct viruses. Both can be transmitted to monkeys. Advances in biophysical and biochemical procedures of treatment of hepatitis B sera have already resulted in first vaccination trials.", "PMID": 697524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11169", "title": "[Genetics of influenza viruses].", "content": "An account is given of important fundamentals, working methods, and recent results in the context of influenza virus genetics. Reference is made to the potentials implied in gene mapping and to the possibility of elucidating the correlations between the single gene and all biological properties of the influenza virus. Discussed against that background are the polyacrylamide electrophoresis of virus RNA, hybridisation with complementary RNA, immunological and chemical differentiation of gene products, as well as the use of defect mutants and of recombinant formation. It is shown that successful elucidation of the genesis of new virus strains is possible by means of those methods which also enable the preparation of virus strains with desired properties. This is likely to open up new horizons for more progress in the context of immunoprophylaxis against virus influenza.", "contents": "[Genetics of influenza viruses]. An account is given of important fundamentals, working methods, and recent results in the context of influenza virus genetics. Reference is made to the potentials implied in gene mapping and to the possibility of elucidating the correlations between the single gene and all biological properties of the influenza virus. Discussed against that background are the polyacrylamide electrophoresis of virus RNA, hybridisation with complementary RNA, immunological and chemical differentiation of gene products, as well as the use of defect mutants and of recombinant formation. It is shown that successful elucidation of the genesis of new virus strains is possible by means of those methods which also enable the preparation of virus strains with desired properties. This is likely to open up new horizons for more progress in the context of immunoprophylaxis against virus influenza.", "PMID": 697527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11170", "title": "[Ultracentrifugation in virus diagnosis].", "content": "Ultracentrifugation has assumed growing importance in virus diagnosis as a technique by which to concentrate and purify viruses for immediacy diagnosis on the basis of electron microscopy as well as for purely virological and serological tests. Ultracentrifugation has proved to be helpful for sizeable improvement of sensitivity for detection, which, in turn, has been conducive to time saving. The preparational ultracentrifuge enables also direct diagnosis by determination of isodensities and sedimentation coefficients of viruses and their components. Examples are mentioned, in that context, such as FMD virus, virus of vesicular swine disease, virus of larynx papillomatosis of man, and goose influenza virus. An account is given of isodensities and sedimentation coefficients of animal viruses.", "contents": "[Ultracentrifugation in virus diagnosis]. Ultracentrifugation has assumed growing importance in virus diagnosis as a technique by which to concentrate and purify viruses for immediacy diagnosis on the basis of electron microscopy as well as for purely virological and serological tests. Ultracentrifugation has proved to be helpful for sizeable improvement of sensitivity for detection, which, in turn, has been conducive to time saving. The preparational ultracentrifuge enables also direct diagnosis by determination of isodensities and sedimentation coefficients of viruses and their components. Examples are mentioned, in that context, such as FMD virus, virus of vesicular swine disease, virus of larynx papillomatosis of man, and goose influenza virus. An account is given of isodensities and sedimentation coefficients of animal viruses.", "PMID": 697528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11171", "title": "[Comparative pathology and etiology of lymphatic tumors in fowl].", "content": "The tumours associated to lymphoid leucosis and Marek's disease are compared with lymphoproliferative diseases of man and other species, by morphological, immunomorphological, and aetiological criteria. Morphological and immunomorphological similarities were found to exist between lymphoid leucosis and malignant lymphomas of the B-cell system in man, more particularly, follicular lymphoma, lamphoblastic lymphosarcoma of the B-cell type, Burkitt's lymphoma, and immunoblastic lymphoma. Equivalent similarities with Marek's disease are relating particularly to Hodgkin's disease, infectious mononucleosis, and malignant lymphomas of the T-cell system. Aetiological relations were found to exist between lymphoid leucosis and the oncorna-virus-dependent lymphatic tumours in mammals, while similarities with Marek's disease were relating to infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, and herpes-virus-dependent lymphatic tumours in monkey. Reference is made to the model nature of both lymphoid leucosis and Marek's disease and the resulting relevance to tumour research.", "contents": "[Comparative pathology and etiology of lymphatic tumors in fowl]. The tumours associated to lymphoid leucosis and Marek's disease are compared with lymphoproliferative diseases of man and other species, by morphological, immunomorphological, and aetiological criteria. Morphological and immunomorphological similarities were found to exist between lymphoid leucosis and malignant lymphomas of the B-cell system in man, more particularly, follicular lymphoma, lamphoblastic lymphosarcoma of the B-cell type, Burkitt's lymphoma, and immunoblastic lymphoma. Equivalent similarities with Marek's disease are relating particularly to Hodgkin's disease, infectious mononucleosis, and malignant lymphomas of the T-cell system. Aetiological relations were found to exist between lymphoid leucosis and the oncorna-virus-dependent lymphatic tumours in mammals, while similarities with Marek's disease were relating to infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, and herpes-virus-dependent lymphatic tumours in monkey. Reference is made to the model nature of both lymphoid leucosis and Marek's disease and the resulting relevance to tumour research.", "PMID": 697529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11172", "title": "[Programs and goals of the CMEA Reference Center for Permanent Cell Lines at the Friedrich-Loeffler Institute for Animal Diseases Insel Riems].", "content": "Multilateral economic as well as techno-scientific cooperation is in a process of persistent expansion between the member countries of CMEA. This is the background against which the need for as well as the programme and the scientific, political, and economic importance of a reference centre for permanent cell lines (cell bank) at CMEA level are described. The centre is attached to Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut f\u00fcr Tierseuchenforschung which is run under the umbrella of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the GDR.", "contents": "[Programs and goals of the CMEA Reference Center for Permanent Cell Lines at the Friedrich-Loeffler Institute for Animal Diseases Insel Riems]. Multilateral economic as well as techno-scientific cooperation is in a process of persistent expansion between the member countries of CMEA. This is the background against which the need for as well as the programme and the scientific, political, and economic importance of a reference centre for permanent cell lines (cell bank) at CMEA level are described. The centre is attached to Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut f\u00fcr Tierseuchenforschung which is run under the umbrella of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the GDR.", "PMID": 697530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11173", "title": "[Production of influenza virus recombinations].", "content": "Described in this paper is the preparation of influenza virus recombination partners, H3N2 and H3N1, by poly-infection of primary embryonic fowl cells with influenza virus A/Greifswald/6/74 (H3N2) or with A/Greifswald/1/76 (H3N2) and A/PR/8/34 (H0N1). Purification was based on four consecutive plaque isolations. The productivity of all recombination partners isolated in the embryonated fowl egg was higher than that of parent strain, H3N2. A recombination partner of H0N2 was obtained from poly-infection of isolated chorio-allantois membranes (CAM) with inactivated influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/Greifswald/6/74 (H3N2), the whole process being exposed to the action of serum anti-H3N1. Purification was undertaken via plaque passages, as well. The recombination partners could be characterised by determination of haemagglutination titres in the embryonated fowl egg and by reference to plaque diameters.", "contents": "[Production of influenza virus recombinations]. Described in this paper is the preparation of influenza virus recombination partners, H3N2 and H3N1, by poly-infection of primary embryonic fowl cells with influenza virus A/Greifswald/6/74 (H3N2) or with A/Greifswald/1/76 (H3N2) and A/PR/8/34 (H0N1). Purification was based on four consecutive plaque isolations. The productivity of all recombination partners isolated in the embryonated fowl egg was higher than that of parent strain, H3N2. A recombination partner of H0N2 was obtained from poly-infection of isolated chorio-allantois membranes (CAM) with inactivated influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/Greifswald/6/74 (H3N2), the whole process being exposed to the action of serum anti-H3N1. Purification was undertaken via plaque passages, as well. The recombination partners could be characterised by determination of haemagglutination titres in the embryonated fowl egg and by reference to plaque diameters.", "PMID": 697531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11174", "title": "Excess mortality in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Do suicides and accidental deaths solely account for this excess?", "content": "Excess mortality was found in the first decade of follow-up for schizophrenia and affective disorders. This trend continued for schizophrenia throughout the entire four decades of the follow-up period. Suicides were higher than expected for all psychiatric groups except female schizophrenics and male manics. Accidental deaths were higher in these two groups, which did not show significantly excessive suicide rates. Suicides and accidental deaths were then excluded from the mortality analysis to determine their contribution to excess nortality. We conclude that death due to suicides and accidental deaths is not the sole cause for excess mortality, especially in schizophrenia.", "contents": "Excess mortality in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Do suicides and accidental deaths solely account for this excess? Excess mortality was found in the first decade of follow-up for schizophrenia and affective disorders. This trend continued for schizophrenia throughout the entire four decades of the follow-up period. Suicides were higher than expected for all psychiatric groups except female schizophrenics and male manics. Accidental deaths were higher in these two groups, which did not show significantly excessive suicide rates. Suicides and accidental deaths were then excluded from the mortality analysis to determine their contribution to excess nortality. We conclude that death due to suicides and accidental deaths is not the sole cause for excess mortality, especially in schizophrenia.", "PMID": 697536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11175", "title": "Psychiatric screening in a medical clinic. An evaluation of a self-report inventory.", "content": "A self-report symptom inventory, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, was used as a screening test for psychiatric disorder in a group of 82 new patients in a university hospital outpatient medical clinic, and the results were compared with interviewer diagnoses. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the group was high (83%). Both parametric (discriminant function analysis) and nonparametric (contingency table) methods produced screening results from the patient self-ratings that were statistically significant but of limited accuracy in separating psychiatrically ill from well patients. Comparison of patient and interviewer ratings of symptoms indicated substantial agreement, suggesting that the screening accuracy of the symptom inventory is limited by the absence of historical and observational data.", "contents": "Psychiatric screening in a medical clinic. An evaluation of a self-report inventory. A self-report symptom inventory, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, was used as a screening test for psychiatric disorder in a group of 82 new patients in a university hospital outpatient medical clinic, and the results were compared with interviewer diagnoses. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the group was high (83%). Both parametric (discriminant function analysis) and nonparametric (contingency table) methods produced screening results from the patient self-ratings that were statistically significant but of limited accuracy in separating psychiatrically ill from well patients. Comparison of patient and interviewer ratings of symptoms indicated substantial agreement, suggesting that the screening accuracy of the symptom inventory is limited by the absence of historical and observational data.", "PMID": 697537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11176", "title": "[Neonatal detection of hypothyroidism in the South-Pyrenean region. Results of 14,000 determinations of T4 in blood eluates collected on blotting-paper].", "content": "Screening for neonatal hypothyroidism has been undertaken in Southern France by the estimation of T4 in the eluates of blood spots on filter paper. Since March 1976, 14,000 estimations have been made and four cases of hypothyroidism with very low levels of T4 have been detected (less than 38 pg/2 spots). Two cases had high TSH levels (greater than 200 microunits/2 spots). Blood was taken from the hypothyroid babies on the 20th day of life, to check the findings and in all cases the thyroxine was less than 2.8 microgrammes/100 ml and the TSH greater than 40 microunits/ml. T3 was reduced in three cases (less than 75 pg/ml) and normal in one case (150 pg/ml). In all cases no thyroid tissue could be demonstrated with technitium scan. In the first month of life there were practically no symptoms except for mottling of the skin in two cases, a large posterior fontanelle in two cases and in one baby a prolonged neonatal jaundice.", "contents": "[Neonatal detection of hypothyroidism in the South-Pyrenean region. Results of 14,000 determinations of T4 in blood eluates collected on blotting-paper]. Screening for neonatal hypothyroidism has been undertaken in Southern France by the estimation of T4 in the eluates of blood spots on filter paper. Since March 1976, 14,000 estimations have been made and four cases of hypothyroidism with very low levels of T4 have been detected (less than 38 pg/2 spots). Two cases had high TSH levels (greater than 200 microunits/2 spots). Blood was taken from the hypothyroid babies on the 20th day of life, to check the findings and in all cases the thyroxine was less than 2.8 microgrammes/100 ml and the TSH greater than 40 microunits/ml. T3 was reduced in three cases (less than 75 pg/ml) and normal in one case (150 pg/ml). In all cases no thyroid tissue could be demonstrated with technitium scan. In the first month of life there were practically no symptoms except for mottling of the skin in two cases, a large posterior fontanelle in two cases and in one baby a prolonged neonatal jaundice.", "PMID": 697532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11177", "title": "Activities of types A and B MAO and catechol-o-methyltransferase in blood cells and skin fibroblasts of normal and chronic schizophrenic subjects.", "content": "We assayed activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B in blood platelets and type A (and B) in fibroblasts cultured from punch biopsy specimens of skin, as well as of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in erythrocytes and fibroblasts. Fibroblasts contained moderate amounts of both forms of MAO (types A and B) found in human brain and large amounts of COMT activity. Activities of both enzymes correlated poorly between fibroblasts and blood cells. Comparing carefully diagnosed chronic schizophrenics with age-matched normal young men, we found no difference in these biochemical variables, nor could we distinguish patients with paranoid symptoms. In contrast, we confirmed markedly lower MAO activities in platelet samples from chronic patients provided by colleagues at the National Institute of Mental Health. Results concerning MAO and COMT activities are now sufficiently inconsistently characteristic of schizophrenics as to question their clinical applicability and to indicate a need for further critical evaluation, with special attention to diagnosis, matching of subjects, and effects of possible spurious environmental variables.", "contents": "Activities of types A and B MAO and catechol-o-methyltransferase in blood cells and skin fibroblasts of normal and chronic schizophrenic subjects. We assayed activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B in blood platelets and type A (and B) in fibroblasts cultured from punch biopsy specimens of skin, as well as of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in erythrocytes and fibroblasts. Fibroblasts contained moderate amounts of both forms of MAO (types A and B) found in human brain and large amounts of COMT activity. Activities of both enzymes correlated poorly between fibroblasts and blood cells. Comparing carefully diagnosed chronic schizophrenics with age-matched normal young men, we found no difference in these biochemical variables, nor could we distinguish patients with paranoid symptoms. In contrast, we confirmed markedly lower MAO activities in platelet samples from chronic patients provided by colleagues at the National Institute of Mental Health. Results concerning MAO and COMT activities are now sufficiently inconsistently characteristic of schizophrenics as to question their clinical applicability and to indicate a need for further critical evaluation, with special attention to diagnosis, matching of subjects, and effects of possible spurious environmental variables.", "PMID": 697538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11178", "title": "[Transient hypothyroidism in 8 low birth weight newborns. Role of topical application of iodine chemicals].", "content": "Very low plasma levels of thyroxine with a parallel decrease in the free thyroxine index were observed in 8 low birth weight infants. The tri-iodo-thyronine levels were slightly but significantly reduced and there was a concommitant increase in thyrotropin concentrations. The abnormalities, which were usually seen between the 10th--45th day, were transitory and resolved completely. The possible role of topical iodinated products is discussed.", "contents": "[Transient hypothyroidism in 8 low birth weight newborns. Role of topical application of iodine chemicals]. Very low plasma levels of thyroxine with a parallel decrease in the free thyroxine index were observed in 8 low birth weight infants. The tri-iodo-thyronine levels were slightly but significantly reduced and there was a concommitant increase in thyrotropin concentrations. The abnormalities, which were usually seen between the 10th--45th day, were transitory and resolved completely. The possible role of topical iodinated products is discussed.", "PMID": 697533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11179", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase and serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "Previous independent reports suggest that low platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and high serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity may be associated with alcoholism or vulnerability toward alcoholism. However, there are also contradictory reports in the literature with regard to each of these two enzymes. We measured both platelet MAO and serum DBH activity in alcoholics followed up at periodic intervals for 12 months after hospitalization for acute alcoholism. Platelet MAO activity in the alcoholics was significantly lower compared to that of nonpsychiatric controls throughout the 12-month period, whereas serum DBH activity in the alcoholics was essentially the same as control values. Thus, low platelet MAO activity, previously reported in a spectrum of clinical psychiatric disorders, appears to be a relatively stable phenomenon in chronic alcoholics irrespective of acute intoxication or pathophysiological factors associated with acute decompensation in individuals vulnerable to alcoholism.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase and serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in chronic alcoholics. Previous independent reports suggest that low platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and high serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity may be associated with alcoholism or vulnerability toward alcoholism. However, there are also contradictory reports in the literature with regard to each of these two enzymes. We measured both platelet MAO and serum DBH activity in alcoholics followed up at periodic intervals for 12 months after hospitalization for acute alcoholism. Platelet MAO activity in the alcoholics was significantly lower compared to that of nonpsychiatric controls throughout the 12-month period, whereas serum DBH activity in the alcoholics was essentially the same as control values. Thus, low platelet MAO activity, previously reported in a spectrum of clinical psychiatric disorders, appears to be a relatively stable phenomenon in chronic alcoholics irrespective of acute intoxication or pathophysiological factors associated with acute decompensation in individuals vulnerable to alcoholism.", "PMID": 697539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11180", "title": "[Hypoglycemia and microgastria].", "content": "A 5 1/2 month old child presented with hypoglycaemic convulsions. Dumping syndrome was suspected when the child was found to have a small stomach. The child was fed by a continuous intragastric infusion and thrived.", "contents": "[Hypoglycemia and microgastria]. A 5 1/2 month old child presented with hypoglycaemic convulsions. Dumping syndrome was suspected when the child was found to have a small stomach. The child was fed by a continuous intragastric infusion and thrived.", "PMID": 697534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11181", "title": "Intermingling and disordered logic as influences on schizophrenic 'thought disorders'.", "content": "A technique was devised to elicit bizarre or idiosyncratic responses from 30 young schizophrenics, who were then re-interviewed a week later to determine the reasons for each patient's idiosyncratic verbalizations. Taped interviews of the schizophrenics, scored along a series of rating scales, indicated: (1) An overt mechanism involved in bizarre schizophrenic language is a tendency to intermingle into their responses material from their current and past experiences. (2) Careful analysis suggests that the seemingly bizarre intermingled material of schizophrenics usually is close to the original \"correct\" topic. (3) The bizarre intermingled material is related to the patients' personal lives. (4) The intermingled material does not usually represent a failure to screen out or repress primitive drive dominated sexual or aggressive material. (5) Disordered logic was not a major factor in accounting for bizarre schizophrenic language.", "contents": "Intermingling and disordered logic as influences on schizophrenic 'thought disorders'. A technique was devised to elicit bizarre or idiosyncratic responses from 30 young schizophrenics, who were then re-interviewed a week later to determine the reasons for each patient's idiosyncratic verbalizations. Taped interviews of the schizophrenics, scored along a series of rating scales, indicated: (1) An overt mechanism involved in bizarre schizophrenic language is a tendency to intermingle into their responses material from their current and past experiences. (2) Careful analysis suggests that the seemingly bizarre intermingled material of schizophrenics usually is close to the original \"correct\" topic. (3) The bizarre intermingled material is related to the patients' personal lives. (4) The intermingled material does not usually represent a failure to screen out or repress primitive drive dominated sexual or aggressive material. (5) Disordered logic was not a major factor in accounting for bizarre schizophrenic language.", "PMID": 697540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11182", "title": "Delusional loving.", "content": "Erotomania is reexamined by an in-depth study of eight patients. There appear to be two main varieties: the phantom lover syndrome, or fixed delusion elaborated around a person who does not exist, and erotomania proper, a recurrent tendency to believe that one is loved by a powerful, prominent man.", "contents": "Delusional loving. Erotomania is reexamined by an in-depth study of eight patients. There appear to be two main varieties: the phantom lover syndrome, or fixed delusion elaborated around a person who does not exist, and erotomania proper, a recurrent tendency to believe that one is loved by a powerful, prominent man.", "PMID": 697541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11183", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies].", "content": "Fetal red blood cells are necessary for the antenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies. Fetal blood may be obtained in utero, by amniocentesis or fetoscopy, from the 17th to the 20th week of pregnancy. At this time, biochemical techniques may detect b\u00eata-thalassemia major (fetal synthesis of hemoglobin btaA chain totally absent or less than 2% and sickle cell disease (fetal synthesis of btaS chain, without any production of b\u00eataA chain). When fetal blood has been severely contaminated by maternal blood, purification techniques allow enrichment of the sample in fetal red blood cells by the elimination of adult reticulocytes which may lead to errors in diagnosis.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies]. Fetal red blood cells are necessary for the antenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies. Fetal blood may be obtained in utero, by amniocentesis or fetoscopy, from the 17th to the 20th week of pregnancy. At this time, biochemical techniques may detect b\u00eata-thalassemia major (fetal synthesis of hemoglobin btaA chain totally absent or less than 2% and sickle cell disease (fetal synthesis of btaS chain, without any production of b\u00eataA chain). When fetal blood has been severely contaminated by maternal blood, purification techniques allow enrichment of the sample in fetal red blood cells by the elimination of adult reticulocytes which may lead to errors in diagnosis.", "PMID": 697535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11184", "title": "The cytology of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with spindle cell pattern.", "content": "The cytological picture of medullary carcinoma of the thryoid is characterized by so-called triangular cells with abundant cytoplasm and eccentrically situated nuclei. In the May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa stained smear the cytoplasm may contain azurophilic granules. Amyloid can usually be demonstrated. In this paper cytological features of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid showing spindle cell pattern are presented. The cytological smears, obtained by thin needle aspiration did not contain amyloid. The diagnosis medullary carcinoma was confirmed by the demonstration of amyloid in the histological sections of the tumour and by raised serum calcitonin levels.", "contents": "The cytology of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with spindle cell pattern. The cytological picture of medullary carcinoma of the thryoid is characterized by so-called triangular cells with abundant cytoplasm and eccentrically situated nuclei. In the May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa stained smear the cytoplasm may contain azurophilic granules. Amyloid can usually be demonstrated. In this paper cytological features of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid showing spindle cell pattern are presented. The cytological smears, obtained by thin needle aspiration did not contain amyloid. The diagnosis medullary carcinoma was confirmed by the demonstration of amyloid in the histological sections of the tumour and by raised serum calcitonin levels.", "PMID": 697542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11185", "title": "[Methods and techniques of sampling and performing of cytologic lymph node smears (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the diagnostics of lymphoma the indication for cytodiagnosis and the coice of gaining material and its preparation (punction and exstirpation of lymph nodes with making smears in a squeezing manner to effect simulated tissue pattern) are the basis of an appropriate and effective work of the cytologist. The good diagnostic efficiency of the cytodiagnosis of lymph nodes is in no proportion to the totally insufficient application of those methods by physicians of various medical disciplines in the hospitals and outpatient departments. The lack of an adequate teaching of students and postgraduates is a main reason for the described situation. In order that each physician may have the possibility to apply the cytodiagnosis of lymph nodes within his diagnostic programms, some special references are given for the gaining and preparation of lymph node material.", "contents": "[Methods and techniques of sampling and performing of cytologic lymph node smears (author's transl)]. Within the diagnostics of lymphoma the indication for cytodiagnosis and the coice of gaining material and its preparation (punction and exstirpation of lymph nodes with making smears in a squeezing manner to effect simulated tissue pattern) are the basis of an appropriate and effective work of the cytologist. The good diagnostic efficiency of the cytodiagnosis of lymph nodes is in no proportion to the totally insufficient application of those methods by physicians of various medical disciplines in the hospitals and outpatient departments. The lack of an adequate teaching of students and postgraduates is a main reason for the described situation. In order that each physician may have the possibility to apply the cytodiagnosis of lymph nodes within his diagnostic programms, some special references are given for the gaining and preparation of lymph node material.", "PMID": 697543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11186", "title": "[Cytokinetics of lymph nodes in lymph nodes in lymphatic system diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Untreated malignant lymphatic system diseases are characterized by a preponderance of cell new formation (proliferation) against the destruction of lymphatic cells. If the lymph nodes are enlarged during these diseases, then cell new formation occurs largely or mostly in these lymph nodes. The proliferating cells of the lymph node are bigger than small lyphocytes and have, in general, a mean diameter of the nucleus of 10 mu and more. In normal lymph nodes they belong morphologically to the big lymphocytes, immunoblasts and plasmoblasts. In pathological lymph nodes they have to be looked for among the bigger cells of the disease-specific cell population. Whereas in healthy lymph nodes and in chronic lymphatic leukemia only about 1% of lymph node cells was found to proliferate, they amount on the average to 5% in lymphomas of lymphogranulomatosis and mostly to 30--50% in the lympho-reticulosarcoma (lymphoblast and immunoblast sarcoma, corresponding to large-cell, poorly differentiated lymphomas). The proliferating cells often appear as foci in the lymphomas. The generation times of the proliferating cells both in normal and pathological lymph nodes are about 24 hrs. or slightly longer. In lymphatic proliferation, apart from plasma cells big and smallymphocytes are produced in the normal lymph node; in CLL, big and small lymphocytes, in lymphogranulomatosis, big and small lymphocytes and Hodgkin-cells, and in poorly differentiated lymphomas, the corresponding lymphoma cells are produced. The clinicist is at the beginning of drawing conclusions from prevalent kinetic disturbances.", "contents": "[Cytokinetics of lymph nodes in lymph nodes in lymphatic system diseases (author's transl)]. Untreated malignant lymphatic system diseases are characterized by a preponderance of cell new formation (proliferation) against the destruction of lymphatic cells. If the lymph nodes are enlarged during these diseases, then cell new formation occurs largely or mostly in these lymph nodes. The proliferating cells of the lymph node are bigger than small lyphocytes and have, in general, a mean diameter of the nucleus of 10 mu and more. In normal lymph nodes they belong morphologically to the big lymphocytes, immunoblasts and plasmoblasts. In pathological lymph nodes they have to be looked for among the bigger cells of the disease-specific cell population. Whereas in healthy lymph nodes and in chronic lymphatic leukemia only about 1% of lymph node cells was found to proliferate, they amount on the average to 5% in lymphomas of lymphogranulomatosis and mostly to 30--50% in the lympho-reticulosarcoma (lymphoblast and immunoblast sarcoma, corresponding to large-cell, poorly differentiated lymphomas). The proliferating cells often appear as foci in the lymphomas. The generation times of the proliferating cells both in normal and pathological lymph nodes are about 24 hrs. or slightly longer. In lymphatic proliferation, apart from plasma cells big and smallymphocytes are produced in the normal lymph node; in CLL, big and small lymphocytes, in lymphogranulomatosis, big and small lymphocytes and Hodgkin-cells, and in poorly differentiated lymphomas, the corresponding lymphoma cells are produced. The clinicist is at the beginning of drawing conclusions from prevalent kinetic disturbances.", "PMID": 697544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11187", "title": "[Cytological examination of the intrathoracic lymph nodes (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last few years, cytological examinations of the intrathoracic lymph nodes have become a usual method of bronchological examinations, being applied by way of routine. Taking the analysis of 3408 perbronchial and pertracheal lymph node punctions as a basis, the author discusses the results. Mostly the intrathoracic nodes of lung cancer patients were examined. A metastasization could be detected in 58 per cent. At sarcoidosis and tuberculosis the results correspond to those of mediastinoscopy. The occurrence of the cholesterol crystals is mentioned. Occasionally, megacaryocytes and immature cells of the hematopoiesis are found in the lymph nodes. Due to the favourable anatomic conditions, also normal lymph nodes are accessible to perbronchial punction.", "contents": "[Cytological examination of the intrathoracic lymph nodes (author's transl)]. During the last few years, cytological examinations of the intrathoracic lymph nodes have become a usual method of bronchological examinations, being applied by way of routine. Taking the analysis of 3408 perbronchial and pertracheal lymph node punctions as a basis, the author discusses the results. Mostly the intrathoracic nodes of lung cancer patients were examined. A metastasization could be detected in 58 per cent. At sarcoidosis and tuberculosis the results correspond to those of mediastinoscopy. The occurrence of the cholesterol crystals is mentioned. Occasionally, megacaryocytes and immature cells of the hematopoiesis are found in the lymph nodes. Due to the favourable anatomic conditions, also normal lymph nodes are accessible to perbronchial punction.", "PMID": 697545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11188", "title": "Malignant lymphomas. A cytological/histological classification.", "content": "Early diagnosis and differentiation of malignant lymphomas is important as the various types have a very different prognosis. Aspiration cytology is useful in the initial diagnosis, monitoring the change from one cell type to a more primitive cell type and for diagnosing spread of lymphoma.", "contents": "Malignant lymphomas. A cytological/histological classification. Early diagnosis and differentiation of malignant lymphomas is important as the various types have a very different prognosis. Aspiration cytology is useful in the initial diagnosis, monitoring the change from one cell type to a more primitive cell type and for diagnosing spread of lymphoma.", "PMID": 697546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11189", "title": "[Effects of oral contraceptives of cancerogenesis of cervical epithelium (author's transl)].", "content": "The question of hormonal action of oral ovulation inhibitor is discussed by means of publications up to the present. Some authors described endocervical hyperplasia, most of these informations were casuistic articles. Without doubt these lesions are benign. Cytophotometric measures of cervix cells of women using oral contraceptive steroids during a long time demonstrate quite normal DNA levels. Statistical comparisons between different groups, based on cytological and partially histological examinations, showed after using different oral contraceptive steroids preponderant high rates or sometimes lower rates of cervical atypia. Only a few examinations showed in comparison to a control gorup higher rate of dysplasia and carcinoma situ of the cervix. These results also were prevalance rates and no incidence rates. The difficulty of critical examination of statistical results is to consider that besides the normal effects of contraceptives many other factors have influence on cancerogenesis of the cervix. Most of all change of sexual behavior may be an important factor. The increased occurrence of cervical atypia as a direct effect of contraceptives could not yet be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Effects of oral contraceptives of cancerogenesis of cervical epithelium (author's transl)]. The question of hormonal action of oral ovulation inhibitor is discussed by means of publications up to the present. Some authors described endocervical hyperplasia, most of these informations were casuistic articles. Without doubt these lesions are benign. Cytophotometric measures of cervix cells of women using oral contraceptive steroids during a long time demonstrate quite normal DNA levels. Statistical comparisons between different groups, based on cytological and partially histological examinations, showed after using different oral contraceptive steroids preponderant high rates or sometimes lower rates of cervical atypia. Only a few examinations showed in comparison to a control gorup higher rate of dysplasia and carcinoma situ of the cervix. These results also were prevalance rates and no incidence rates. The difficulty of critical examination of statistical results is to consider that besides the normal effects of contraceptives many other factors have influence on cancerogenesis of the cervix. Most of all change of sexual behavior may be an important factor. The increased occurrence of cervical atypia as a direct effect of contraceptives could not yet be demonstrated.", "PMID": 697547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11190", "title": "Cross-linking of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) proteins.", "content": "The proxomity and spatial relationships of the structural proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were studied by chemical cross-linking with a series of imidoesters. When the virions were reacted by the cross-linker with a distance 6.1A or longer between the functional groups and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, remarkable changes were observed in the migration patterns of the viral proteins. The most striking one was the extensive decrease in the intensity of the M protein band, and although not so strikingly, glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein bands were reduced significantly. Instead, several protein complexes appeared at and near the top of the gels. The protein complexes formed by a reversible cross-linker, dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP), were analyzed by two dimensional electrophoresis; the complexes on the first-dimension cylindrical gels were cleaved by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol and electrophoresed laterally on the second-dimension slab gels. The results indicated that homodimers of glycoprotein, nucleocapsid protein and M protein were generated under the condition of the most gentle cross-linking employed. At the same time, however, trimer and higher homopolymers of M protein were already detectable. Under the more extensive conditions, the bulk of M protein was cross-linked to form a large protein complex with very high molecular weight. Further, small but significant amounts of glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein were always detected in this complex. These results suggest that M protein may be present in the virion in close enough proximity to interact with each other and may further have some interactions with glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein. On the basis of these findings possible roles of M protein in virus assembly were discussed.", "contents": "Cross-linking of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) proteins. The proxomity and spatial relationships of the structural proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were studied by chemical cross-linking with a series of imidoesters. When the virions were reacted by the cross-linker with a distance 6.1A or longer between the functional groups and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, remarkable changes were observed in the migration patterns of the viral proteins. The most striking one was the extensive decrease in the intensity of the M protein band, and although not so strikingly, glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein bands were reduced significantly. Instead, several protein complexes appeared at and near the top of the gels. The protein complexes formed by a reversible cross-linker, dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP), were analyzed by two dimensional electrophoresis; the complexes on the first-dimension cylindrical gels were cleaved by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol and electrophoresed laterally on the second-dimension slab gels. The results indicated that homodimers of glycoprotein, nucleocapsid protein and M protein were generated under the condition of the most gentle cross-linking employed. At the same time, however, trimer and higher homopolymers of M protein were already detectable. Under the more extensive conditions, the bulk of M protein was cross-linked to form a large protein complex with very high molecular weight. Further, small but significant amounts of glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein were always detected in this complex. These results suggest that M protein may be present in the virion in close enough proximity to interact with each other and may further have some interactions with glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein. On the basis of these findings possible roles of M protein in virus assembly were discussed.", "PMID": 697574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11191", "title": "Isolation and characterization of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from pike (Esox lucius).", "content": "A nonenveloped icosahedral virus measuring 60 (+/-5)nm in diameter has been isolated from pike fry (Esox lucius). The isolate is stable to heat, lipid solvent and acid. Iododeoxyuridine has no effect on its replication. Serologically, the virus related to the major European strains of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPN) Sp and Ab. The isolate is neutralized by normal trout serum and is not pathogenic for trout fry or for young pike. A line of CHSE-214 cells persistently infected with the isolate was established and has been passed 30 times.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from pike (Esox lucius). A nonenveloped icosahedral virus measuring 60 (+/-5)nm in diameter has been isolated from pike fry (Esox lucius). The isolate is stable to heat, lipid solvent and acid. Iododeoxyuridine has no effect on its replication. Serologically, the virus related to the major European strains of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPN) Sp and Ab. The isolate is neutralized by normal trout serum and is not pathogenic for trout fry or for young pike. A line of CHSE-214 cells persistently infected with the isolate was established and has been passed 30 times.", "PMID": 697575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11192", "title": "[Effect of acoustic trauma on the ganglion of Corti].", "content": "Ultrastructural characteristics of cells in Corti's ganglion have been studied in guinea pigs subjected to acoustic stress of white wide-stripped noise (100 db for 12 h a day, for 30 days). The earliest regressive signs appear in the cells at the level of the 2d helix. They demonstrate rejection of plasmic membrane from the myelin sheath and cytoplasmic compression resulting in destruction of the whole cell. In lemmocytes, in ganglion cells and in their sheaths sharply osmiophilic myelin and multivesicular bodies are often seen. Destruction of myelinated neurons has been described. Regressive changes have not been revealed in unmyelinated neurons, the latter composing about 2% of all ganglion cells.", "contents": "[Effect of acoustic trauma on the ganglion of Corti]. Ultrastructural characteristics of cells in Corti's ganglion have been studied in guinea pigs subjected to acoustic stress of white wide-stripped noise (100 db for 12 h a day, for 30 days). The earliest regressive signs appear in the cells at the level of the 2d helix. They demonstrate rejection of plasmic membrane from the myelin sheath and cytoplasmic compression resulting in destruction of the whole cell. In lemmocytes, in ganglion cells and in their sheaths sharply osmiophilic myelin and multivesicular bodies are often seen. Destruction of myelinated neurons has been described. Regressive changes have not been revealed in unmyelinated neurons, the latter composing about 2% of all ganglion cells.", "PMID": 697581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11193", "title": "[Metabolic unit in the microcirculatory system of the exocrine part of the pancreas].", "content": "Metabolism between exocrine pancreocytes and blood is mediated with the participation of the metabolic section of the microcirculatory system. It includes: blood capillaries, pericapillary space, intracellular gaps and metabolite distributional complex (basal-lateral folds of pancreocytic plasmolemma). As demonstrated morphological and histochemical changes developed in exocrine pancreocytes and in the metabolic section of the pancreatic gland at different stages of the secretory cycle, interconnections between them are complex and dynamical. All the elements of the metabolic section undergo a certain reconstruction adequate to functional state of pancreocytes. Metabolism between glandular cells and the vascular bed is regulated by structural reconstruction of pancreocytic plasmolemma. A certain functional specialization in plasmolemmic folds is noted: basal-lateral folds regulate transport between pericapillary space and intracellular gaps, while the main function of the lateral folds is to transport substances by means of pinocytosis.", "contents": "[Metabolic unit in the microcirculatory system of the exocrine part of the pancreas]. Metabolism between exocrine pancreocytes and blood is mediated with the participation of the metabolic section of the microcirculatory system. It includes: blood capillaries, pericapillary space, intracellular gaps and metabolite distributional complex (basal-lateral folds of pancreocytic plasmolemma). As demonstrated morphological and histochemical changes developed in exocrine pancreocytes and in the metabolic section of the pancreatic gland at different stages of the secretory cycle, interconnections between them are complex and dynamical. All the elements of the metabolic section undergo a certain reconstruction adequate to functional state of pancreocytes. Metabolism between glandular cells and the vascular bed is regulated by structural reconstruction of pancreocytic plasmolemma. A certain functional specialization in plasmolemmic folds is noted: basal-lateral folds regulate transport between pericapillary space and intracellular gaps, while the main function of the lateral folds is to transport substances by means of pinocytosis.", "PMID": 697582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11194", "title": "[Characteristics of the microcirculatory bed of the gastrocnemius muscle of rats under conditions of weightlessness].", "content": "Quantitative histological investigations of capillaries in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats after 18.5 days on board the artificial satellite \"Cosmos-936\" have demonstrated that the number of functioning capillaries decrease by about 30% under conditions of weightlessness. Decrease in the number of functioning capillaries in the gastrocnemius muscle is also observed in animals subjected to artificial gravitation (acceleration 1 g) during the flight. The main role in lowered blood supply of the muscles is supposed to play the lack of kinetic but not static loading on the muscles.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the microcirculatory bed of the gastrocnemius muscle of rats under conditions of weightlessness]. Quantitative histological investigations of capillaries in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats after 18.5 days on board the artificial satellite \"Cosmos-936\" have demonstrated that the number of functioning capillaries decrease by about 30% under conditions of weightlessness. Decrease in the number of functioning capillaries in the gastrocnemius muscle is also observed in animals subjected to artificial gravitation (acceleration 1 g) during the flight. The main role in lowered blood supply of the muscles is supposed to play the lack of kinetic but not static loading on the muscles.", "PMID": 697583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11195", "title": "[Effect of stress (immobilization) on embryotoxic and teratogenic effect of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its derivatives].", "content": "White female rats were injected intragastrically with 2,4,5-trichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in the dose of 400 mg/kg, commercial sample of butyl ester in the dose of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg and purified ester of 2,4,5-T in the dose of 800 mg/kg every day on the 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14th day of gestation. Stress reaction (immobilization) was produced by fixation of the animals on a board modified by S. I. Renaud (1959) for 2 h after the injection of corresponding substances. The rats were killed on the 20th day and the number of alive and dead fetuses was registered. Under the conditions of immobilization embryotoxic effect of 2,4,5-T increased for certain on the 9th and 10th days (52.7% and 33.64%, respectively), that of butyl ester of 2,4,5-T--on the 10th day (55.66%). Immobilization increased teratogenic effect of 2,4,5-T on the 9th, 10th, and 11th days, that of butyl ester of 2,4,5-T on the 13th, 14th days. Purified butyl ester of 2,4,5-T proved to be 4 times less toxic and produced a severe embryotoxic and a mild teratogenic effect.", "contents": "[Effect of stress (immobilization) on embryotoxic and teratogenic effect of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its derivatives]. White female rats were injected intragastrically with 2,4,5-trichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in the dose of 400 mg/kg, commercial sample of butyl ester in the dose of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg and purified ester of 2,4,5-T in the dose of 800 mg/kg every day on the 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14th day of gestation. Stress reaction (immobilization) was produced by fixation of the animals on a board modified by S. I. Renaud (1959) for 2 h after the injection of corresponding substances. The rats were killed on the 20th day and the number of alive and dead fetuses was registered. Under the conditions of immobilization embryotoxic effect of 2,4,5-T increased for certain on the 9th and 10th days (52.7% and 33.64%, respectively), that of butyl ester of 2,4,5-T--on the 10th day (55.66%). Immobilization increased teratogenic effect of 2,4,5-T on the 9th, 10th, and 11th days, that of butyl ester of 2,4,5-T on the 13th, 14th days. Purified butyl ester of 2,4,5-T proved to be 4 times less toxic and produced a severe embryotoxic and a mild teratogenic effect.", "PMID": 697584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11196", "title": "[Osteopetrosis in mice caused by ectomesenchymal lesions].", "content": "Pathogenesis of osteopetrosis in mice homozygotic for microphthalmia (symbol mi) mutant gene has been studied. Heparin concentration in the blood of mi/mi mice was demonstrated to be 10 times as little as the normal. Administration of different doses of heparin (1, 5, 10 per g of body weight) at different intervals (2--20, 10--20 and 20--25 days including) of their postnatal development causes partial or complete normalization in the construction of the central part of diaphysis of tubular bones. The number of heparin-secreting mast cells, derivatives of the neural crest is less than normal. Osteopetrosis in mi/mi mice is an integral part of the complex syndrom produced by the damage of neural crest cells.", "contents": "[Osteopetrosis in mice caused by ectomesenchymal lesions]. Pathogenesis of osteopetrosis in mice homozygotic for microphthalmia (symbol mi) mutant gene has been studied. Heparin concentration in the blood of mi/mi mice was demonstrated to be 10 times as little as the normal. Administration of different doses of heparin (1, 5, 10 per g of body weight) at different intervals (2--20, 10--20 and 20--25 days including) of their postnatal development causes partial or complete normalization in the construction of the central part of diaphysis of tubular bones. The number of heparin-secreting mast cells, derivatives of the neural crest is less than normal. Osteopetrosis in mi/mi mice is an integral part of the complex syndrom produced by the damage of neural crest cells.", "PMID": 697585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11197", "title": "[Effect of single gravitational overloading on various parts of the brain (experimental electron and light microscopic study)].", "content": "After application of single gravitational overloadings on the cat brain, perivascular edema, peripheral chromatolysis and cytoplasmic edema in neurons, dendrites and astrocytes have been observed. Some shifts in ultrafine composition of presynaptic buds and vascular walls have been described. Structures of myelin and amyelin fibers are preserved. Ultrastructural reconstructions are expressed differently in different brain structures in connection with their functional differentiation. The reconstructions revealed are of reversible character.", "contents": "[Effect of single gravitational overloading on various parts of the brain (experimental electron and light microscopic study)]. After application of single gravitational overloadings on the cat brain, perivascular edema, peripheral chromatolysis and cytoplasmic edema in neurons, dendrites and astrocytes have been observed. Some shifts in ultrafine composition of presynaptic buds and vascular walls have been described. Structures of myelin and amyelin fibers are preserved. Ultrastructural reconstructions are expressed differently in different brain structures in connection with their functional differentiation. The reconstructions revealed are of reversible character.", "PMID": 697586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11198", "title": "[Subcellular morphology of the tubules in the rat compensatory-hypertrophic kidney according to the morphometric data].", "content": "Ultrastructure of sinuous proximal and straight distal tubules, as well as collecting tubules of the cortical layer in the rat kidney fixed with perfusion has been studied with electron microscopic morphometry 7--8 weeks after contralateral nephrectomy. The volume of mitochondria, the area of their crisis, the area of the membranes in intracellular labyrinth and other morphometrical parameters have been calculated. Relative volume of mitochondria in the nephron areas studied does not change, while in the collecting tubules it is elevated. The area of crisis in mitochondria and \"coefficient of morphological organization level\" of these organells in the proximal tubules are increased, in the distal do not change, in the collecting tubules increase again. Subcellular changes described are discussed mainly in terms of enhancement of concentrating function of the compensatory-hypertrophic kidney.", "contents": "[Subcellular morphology of the tubules in the rat compensatory-hypertrophic kidney according to the morphometric data]. Ultrastructure of sinuous proximal and straight distal tubules, as well as collecting tubules of the cortical layer in the rat kidney fixed with perfusion has been studied with electron microscopic morphometry 7--8 weeks after contralateral nephrectomy. The volume of mitochondria, the area of their crisis, the area of the membranes in intracellular labyrinth and other morphometrical parameters have been calculated. Relative volume of mitochondria in the nephron areas studied does not change, while in the collecting tubules it is elevated. The area of crisis in mitochondria and \"coefficient of morphological organization level\" of these organells in the proximal tubules are increased, in the distal do not change, in the collecting tubules increase again. Subcellular changes described are discussed mainly in terms of enhancement of concentrating function of the compensatory-hypertrophic kidney.", "PMID": 697587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11199", "title": "[Electron- and light microscopic study of changes in the structure of the posterior hypophyseal lobe caused by long-term compression of soft tissues].", "content": "In 24 dogs light and electron microscopic changes of the neurohypohysis have been studied at early and intermediate periods of the prolonged compressing syndrom. The amount of neurosecrete has been stated to decrease considerably. Increased excretion of neurosecretory material from neurovascular zones is accompanied by mitochondrial swelling. Together with increased permeability of capillaries, disturbances in blood clotting system are demonstrated. With prolonged time of observations (intermediate period), further decrease of neurosecrete in axons and accumulating bodies is taking place. Some necrotic changes occur in endothelium.", "contents": "[Electron- and light microscopic study of changes in the structure of the posterior hypophyseal lobe caused by long-term compression of soft tissues]. In 24 dogs light and electron microscopic changes of the neurohypohysis have been studied at early and intermediate periods of the prolonged compressing syndrom. The amount of neurosecrete has been stated to decrease considerably. Increased excretion of neurosecretory material from neurovascular zones is accompanied by mitochondrial swelling. Together with increased permeability of capillaries, disturbances in blood clotting system are demonstrated. With prolonged time of observations (intermediate period), further decrease of neurosecrete in axons and accumulating bodies is taking place. Some necrotic changes occur in endothelium.", "PMID": 697588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11200", "title": "[Cellular composition of different zones in the rat and rabbit hepatic lobule under normal and experimental conditions].", "content": "Different types of hepatocytes (with caryopycnosis and caryolysis, at the state of mitosis, with amitotic nuclear strangulation and with two nuclei) were counted in the central, middle and peripheral zones of the hepatic lobule in rats subjected to an acute aminosin intoxication, and in rabbits after compressing soft tissues of the extremities. Time of observation--1--90 days in the rats and 10 h--20 days in the rabbits. In the zones of the hepatic lobule with the greatest degree of damage, the number of cells with caryopycnosis and caryolysis, as well as the number of hepatocytes with amitotic nuclear strangulation and binucleated cells were especially great. Mitotic activity of the hepatic cells was about 0.49% in the rats and 0.07% in the rabbits. Regardless the place of the damage in the hepatic lobule in all the zones, there was a definite correlation between the amount of cellular forms reflecting the demage and destruction of hepatocytes and their restoration, the same as observed in certain zones of the intact hepatic lobule.", "contents": "[Cellular composition of different zones in the rat and rabbit hepatic lobule under normal and experimental conditions]. Different types of hepatocytes (with caryopycnosis and caryolysis, at the state of mitosis, with amitotic nuclear strangulation and with two nuclei) were counted in the central, middle and peripheral zones of the hepatic lobule in rats subjected to an acute aminosin intoxication, and in rabbits after compressing soft tissues of the extremities. Time of observation--1--90 days in the rats and 10 h--20 days in the rabbits. In the zones of the hepatic lobule with the greatest degree of damage, the number of cells with caryopycnosis and caryolysis, as well as the number of hepatocytes with amitotic nuclear strangulation and binucleated cells were especially great. Mitotic activity of the hepatic cells was about 0.49% in the rats and 0.07% in the rabbits. Regardless the place of the damage in the hepatic lobule in all the zones, there was a definite correlation between the amount of cellular forms reflecting the demage and destruction of hepatocytes and their restoration, the same as observed in certain zones of the intact hepatic lobule.", "PMID": 697589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11201", "title": "[Current state of the problem of electron-cytochemical detection of DNA].", "content": "Direct and indirect methods for electron microscopic detection of DNA are reviewed. Indirect methods based on DNA removal or preferential contrasting of RNP-structures make it possible to define DNA localization only in outline. By means of direct methods it is possible to reveal all three components of DNA-phosphoricacid groups, pseudoaldehyde groups of desoxyribose, nitrogen bases. Within the framework of this classification the reactions suggested so far and the results obtained with them have been discussed. The main difficulty--lack of specificity, low contrast, poor reproduction, damage of ultrastructures.", "contents": "[Current state of the problem of electron-cytochemical detection of DNA]. Direct and indirect methods for electron microscopic detection of DNA are reviewed. Indirect methods based on DNA removal or preferential contrasting of RNP-structures make it possible to define DNA localization only in outline. By means of direct methods it is possible to reveal all three components of DNA-phosphoricacid groups, pseudoaldehyde groups of desoxyribose, nitrogen bases. Within the framework of this classification the reactions suggested so far and the results obtained with them have been discussed. The main difficulty--lack of specificity, low contrast, poor reproduction, damage of ultrastructures.", "PMID": 697590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11202", "title": "[Role of direct radiographic magnification in the evaluation of various morphological changes].", "content": "Radiograms with direct enlargement of the image were performed by means of X-ray apparatus \"PEIC\" designed by the firm \"Svetlana\", Leningrad. The status of the hand bones was studied in persons with posttraumatic bone regeneration, as well as angioarchitectonics of organs in experimental animals. In radiograms with direct enlargement some details characterising the process of ageing in the hand bones are observed more distinctly than in routine radiograms. The investigators succeeded in obtaining age changes in the structure of spongy substance and of cortical layer of phalanxes. The apparatus \"PEIC\" presents new possibilities for vital investigation of bone ostructures in experimental and clinical work, as well as to examine preparations of organs and their histological sections.", "contents": "[Role of direct radiographic magnification in the evaluation of various morphological changes]. Radiograms with direct enlargement of the image were performed by means of X-ray apparatus \"PEIC\" designed by the firm \"Svetlana\", Leningrad. The status of the hand bones was studied in persons with posttraumatic bone regeneration, as well as angioarchitectonics of organs in experimental animals. In radiograms with direct enlargement some details characterising the process of ageing in the hand bones are observed more distinctly than in routine radiograms. The investigators succeeded in obtaining age changes in the structure of spongy substance and of cortical layer of phalanxes. The apparatus \"PEIC\" presents new possibilities for vital investigation of bone ostructures in experimental and clinical work, as well as to examine preparations of organs and their histological sections.", "PMID": 697591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11203", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow in aphasia.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was studied in 13 aphasic patients with left hemisphere lesions, using the intracarotid xenon 133 injection method and a 254-detector gamma camera system. The rCBF was measured during rest and during various function tests, including a simple speech test. In motor (nonfluent) aphasia, the rCBF method showed areas of cortical dysfunction that always included the lower part of the rolandic area while Broca's area was not consistently affected. In sensory (fluent) aphasia, the superior-posterior temporal cortex was involved in all cases. In global aphasia, the abnormalities included both regions consistently involved in the other types of aphasia. The 133Xe injection method for mapping abnormalities relevant for localizing the cortical speech areas was superior to the classical neuroradiological methods in that several cases failed to show any relevant lesion whatsoever. This is probably related to the functional nature of the rCBF method: subnormal flow values and lack of the normal flow increase during function tests apparently may disclose functionally inactivated but structurally intact cortex.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow in aphasia. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was studied in 13 aphasic patients with left hemisphere lesions, using the intracarotid xenon 133 injection method and a 254-detector gamma camera system. The rCBF was measured during rest and during various function tests, including a simple speech test. In motor (nonfluent) aphasia, the rCBF method showed areas of cortical dysfunction that always included the lower part of the rolandic area while Broca's area was not consistently affected. In sensory (fluent) aphasia, the superior-posterior temporal cortex was involved in all cases. In global aphasia, the abnormalities included both regions consistently involved in the other types of aphasia. The 133Xe injection method for mapping abnormalities relevant for localizing the cortical speech areas was superior to the classical neuroradiological methods in that several cases failed to show any relevant lesion whatsoever. This is probably related to the functional nature of the rCBF method: subnormal flow values and lack of the normal flow increase during function tests apparently may disclose functionally inactivated but structurally intact cortex.", "PMID": 697602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11204", "title": "Protein-rich cytoplasmic bodies of substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. A comparative study in parkinsonian and normal brain.", "content": "A histochemical study of substantia nigra and locus ceruleus from postmortem brains showed the presence of small spherical cytoplasmic bodies stained selectively by the anionic phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin (PTAH) stain at a pH of 2.5. The metachromatic reaction to PTAH indicates that these protein bodies contain a protein rich in free basic amino groups. The protein bodies are localized within the neuronal perikaryon as well as in their dendritic processes. These bodies abundantly present in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus of normal brains were noticeably reduced or absent in parkinsonian brains. Lewy bodies when present show that their core gives the same metachromatic reaction to PTAH as do the protein bodies. These findings suggest that an abnormality of protein synthesis in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus of parkinsonian brains may be related to the absence of protein bodies and the formation of Lewy bodies and play a role in pathogenesis of the parkinsonian state.", "contents": "Protein-rich cytoplasmic bodies of substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. A comparative study in parkinsonian and normal brain. A histochemical study of substantia nigra and locus ceruleus from postmortem brains showed the presence of small spherical cytoplasmic bodies stained selectively by the anionic phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin (PTAH) stain at a pH of 2.5. The metachromatic reaction to PTAH indicates that these protein bodies contain a protein rich in free basic amino groups. The protein bodies are localized within the neuronal perikaryon as well as in their dendritic processes. These bodies abundantly present in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus of normal brains were noticeably reduced or absent in parkinsonian brains. Lewy bodies when present show that their core gives the same metachromatic reaction to PTAH as do the protein bodies. These findings suggest that an abnormality of protein synthesis in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus of parkinsonian brains may be related to the absence of protein bodies and the formation of Lewy bodies and play a role in pathogenesis of the parkinsonian state.", "PMID": 697603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11205", "title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinical features and prognosis.", "content": "The clinical diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was identified in 668 patients who were followed up for periods up to three years. This disease was found to be more common in women than previously believed. The five-year survival for all patients was found to be 39.4%, but younger patients had a substantially better prognosis than those in whom the disease was diagnosed when over the age of 50 years. When the mode of onset was considered, the spinal form was associated with a threefold better five-year survival than the bulbar form.", "contents": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinical features and prognosis. The clinical diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was identified in 668 patients who were followed up for periods up to three years. This disease was found to be more common in women than previously believed. The five-year survival for all patients was found to be 39.4%, but younger patients had a substantially better prognosis than those in whom the disease was diagnosed when over the age of 50 years. When the mode of onset was considered, the spinal form was associated with a threefold better five-year survival than the bulbar form.", "PMID": 697604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11206", "title": "Leukoencephalopathy in oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease with ragged-red fibers. Mitochondrial abnormalities demonstrated by computerized tomography.", "content": "In a group of 13 patients affected by oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease with mitochondrial abnormalities and ragged-red fibers, a major, diffuse leukoencephalopathic process was recognized by computerized tomography (CT) in three cases. Clinically, these three patients were the most severely affected. The areas involved by the leukoencephalopathic process did not show enhancement after contrast medium injection. In several of the remaining ten cases, various forms and grades of CSF cavity dilation were encountered. Four of the 13 patients had very high CSF protein levels, three had CT-demonstrated leukoencephalopathy, and the fourth had substantial sulcal dilation. The CT findings in this group of patients corresponded well to the previously reported histopathological observations and indicated the clinical usefulness of CT in identifying brain involvement in this syndrome.", "contents": "Leukoencephalopathy in oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease with ragged-red fibers. Mitochondrial abnormalities demonstrated by computerized tomography. In a group of 13 patients affected by oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease with mitochondrial abnormalities and ragged-red fibers, a major, diffuse leukoencephalopathic process was recognized by computerized tomography (CT) in three cases. Clinically, these three patients were the most severely affected. The areas involved by the leukoencephalopathic process did not show enhancement after contrast medium injection. In several of the remaining ten cases, various forms and grades of CSF cavity dilation were encountered. Four of the 13 patients had very high CSF protein levels, three had CT-demonstrated leukoencephalopathy, and the fourth had substantial sulcal dilation. The CT findings in this group of patients corresponded well to the previously reported histopathological observations and indicated the clinical usefulness of CT in identifying brain involvement in this syndrome.", "PMID": 697605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11207", "title": "Intracranial pressure reserve testing. Initial clinical observations.", "content": "Sequential subdural injections of fluid through an intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring cup catheter have been employed to measure \"ICP reserve\" in a series of 136 determinations in 30 patients over a total of 155 days of recordings. This dynamic method of quantitating the brain's ability to adapt to increased intracranial volume tests the brain's compensatory mechanisms over a five-minute time span. The test, incorporating several safety features, has been found to be reliable, safe, and well tolerated. A series of observations have been made using this test in patients with subdural drains and in response to fluid, mannitol, and dexamethasone therapy. Deteriorating ICP reserve gave early warning of the need for reoperation for postoperative hematoma, massive brain swelling, or cystic reaccumulation. Intracranial pressure reserve testing also quantitated the evolution of postoperative brain edema. Changes in ICP reserve could be detected as much as 48 hours before changes in baseline ICP and as much as 72 hours before clinical deterioration was evident.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure reserve testing. Initial clinical observations. Sequential subdural injections of fluid through an intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring cup catheter have been employed to measure \"ICP reserve\" in a series of 136 determinations in 30 patients over a total of 155 days of recordings. This dynamic method of quantitating the brain's ability to adapt to increased intracranial volume tests the brain's compensatory mechanisms over a five-minute time span. The test, incorporating several safety features, has been found to be reliable, safe, and well tolerated. A series of observations have been made using this test in patients with subdural drains and in response to fluid, mannitol, and dexamethasone therapy. Deteriorating ICP reserve gave early warning of the need for reoperation for postoperative hematoma, massive brain swelling, or cystic reaccumulation. Intracranial pressure reserve testing also quantitated the evolution of postoperative brain edema. Changes in ICP reserve could be detected as much as 48 hours before changes in baseline ICP and as much as 72 hours before clinical deterioration was evident.", "PMID": 697606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11208", "title": "Adult onset of the Dandy-Walker syndrome.", "content": "Two patients with the Dandy-Walker malformation first developed neurologic symptoms in adult life. In both patients there was normal motor and intellectual development during childhood, but as adults they had gradual evolution of brain stem and cerebellar signs and obstructive hydrocephalus. Following resection of the fourth ventricular cyst, both patients recovered. A review of the literature disclosed seven additional patients in whom the Dandy-Walker syndrome was first diagnosed in adult life. These cases illustrate that this congenital brain malformation may not only first become symptomatic later in life, but that it is possible for patients to remain asymptomatic.", "contents": "Adult onset of the Dandy-Walker syndrome. Two patients with the Dandy-Walker malformation first developed neurologic symptoms in adult life. In both patients there was normal motor and intellectual development during childhood, but as adults they had gradual evolution of brain stem and cerebellar signs and obstructive hydrocephalus. Following resection of the fourth ventricular cyst, both patients recovered. A review of the literature disclosed seven additional patients in whom the Dandy-Walker syndrome was first diagnosed in adult life. These cases illustrate that this congenital brain malformation may not only first become symptomatic later in life, but that it is possible for patients to remain asymptomatic.", "PMID": 697607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11209", "title": "Familial incidence of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Report of 12 cases.", "content": "Twelve cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms occurring in six families are reported in an attempt to support the hereditary disease concept. Further genetic and epidemiological studies of aneurysm patients are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.", "contents": "Familial incidence of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Report of 12 cases. Twelve cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms occurring in six families are reported in an attempt to support the hereditary disease concept. Further genetic and epidemiological studies of aneurysm patients are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.", "PMID": 697608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11210", "title": "Visual evoked spectrum array and interhemispheric variations.", "content": "An EEG spectrum analysis during visual stimulation was computed in 19 normal subjects. Visual stimulation consisted of trains of flashes at frequencies ranging between 2.5 and 20 flashes per second. Recordings were carried out simultaneously from the right and left occipital regions with bipolar and referential montages. Compressed spectral arrays were computed for eight-second epochs at each recording site using a fast Fourier transform. The ratio of the spectral energy from homologus regions of right and left hemispheres at each stimulation frequency was determined. The ratios were graphically displayed in a visual evoked spectrum array (VESA) ratio plot (VESA-GRAM); the mean of the ratio plot was designated the VESA coefficient. The range of variation for these measurements was determined for normal subjects. An application of the technique to patients with hemianopia showed abnormal VESA (characterized by smaller spectral amplitudes over the appropriate hemisphere), abnormal VESA ratio plots, and high VESA coefficients. These preliminary findings suggest that VESA may be a promising method to detect retrochiasmatic visual defects.", "contents": "Visual evoked spectrum array and interhemispheric variations. An EEG spectrum analysis during visual stimulation was computed in 19 normal subjects. Visual stimulation consisted of trains of flashes at frequencies ranging between 2.5 and 20 flashes per second. Recordings were carried out simultaneously from the right and left occipital regions with bipolar and referential montages. Compressed spectral arrays were computed for eight-second epochs at each recording site using a fast Fourier transform. The ratio of the spectral energy from homologus regions of right and left hemispheres at each stimulation frequency was determined. The ratios were graphically displayed in a visual evoked spectrum array (VESA) ratio plot (VESA-GRAM); the mean of the ratio plot was designated the VESA coefficient. The range of variation for these measurements was determined for normal subjects. An application of the technique to patients with hemianopia showed abnormal VESA (characterized by smaller spectral amplitudes over the appropriate hemisphere), abnormal VESA ratio plots, and high VESA coefficients. These preliminary findings suggest that VESA may be a promising method to detect retrochiasmatic visual defects.", "PMID": 697609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11211", "title": "Lensectomy and vitrectomy for complicated cataract secondary to uveitis.", "content": "Combined lensectomy-vitrectomy was performed on 13 patients (15 eyes) with complicated cataracts from uveitis. Preoperative visual acuities were 20/200 or less for at least one year. The postoperative follow-up period averaged 10.5 months with visual acuities of 20/25 or better in eight eyes, 20/70 in two eyes, and 20/100 to 20/400 in five eyes. The primary cause of decreased vision postoperatively was cystoid macular edema with frequently associated optic disc edema.", "contents": "Lensectomy and vitrectomy for complicated cataract secondary to uveitis. Combined lensectomy-vitrectomy was performed on 13 patients (15 eyes) with complicated cataracts from uveitis. Preoperative visual acuities were 20/200 or less for at least one year. The postoperative follow-up period averaged 10.5 months with visual acuities of 20/25 or better in eight eyes, 20/70 in two eyes, and 20/100 to 20/400 in five eyes. The primary cause of decreased vision postoperatively was cystoid macular edema with frequently associated optic disc edema.", "PMID": 697612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11212", "title": "Amelanotic small flat lesions of the choroid.", "content": "On routine examination, three patients demonstrated yellow-white lesions in the posterior third of the fundus. These lesions have a subtle but unique appearance. They are in the choroid and have definite borders, minimal or no elevation, a lack of secondary changes in the overlying pigment epithelium or neuroepithelium, and no pigment within the lesion or at its borders. Ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic data permit discussion of the differential diagnosis of these lesions. They may represent amelanotic nevi of the choroid.", "contents": "Amelanotic small flat lesions of the choroid. On routine examination, three patients demonstrated yellow-white lesions in the posterior third of the fundus. These lesions have a subtle but unique appearance. They are in the choroid and have definite borders, minimal or no elevation, a lack of secondary changes in the overlying pigment epithelium or neuroepithelium, and no pigment within the lesion or at its borders. Ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic data permit discussion of the differential diagnosis of these lesions. They may represent amelanotic nevi of the choroid.", "PMID": 697613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11213", "title": "Osseous choristoma of the choroid.", "content": "A case is presented in which the diagnosis was made clinically of an osseous lesion of the choroid in an otherwise normal eye. The clinical diagnosis of an osseous choristoma was confirmed by the use of ultrasonography, orbital roentgenograms, and computerized axial tomography. Enlargement of the lesion was documented photographically during a four-month period. The causes of intraocular ossification are discussed, and the typical clinical features of osseous choristoma of the choroid are suggested.", "contents": "Osseous choristoma of the choroid. A case is presented in which the diagnosis was made clinically of an osseous lesion of the choroid in an otherwise normal eye. The clinical diagnosis of an osseous choristoma was confirmed by the use of ultrasonography, orbital roentgenograms, and computerized axial tomography. Enlargement of the lesion was documented photographically during a four-month period. The causes of intraocular ossification are discussed, and the typical clinical features of osseous choristoma of the choroid are suggested.", "PMID": 697614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11214", "title": "Peptostreptococcal endophthalmitis with a relapsing course.", "content": "A posttraumatic exogenous endophthalmitis developed that was due to Peptostreptococcus. This Gram-positive anaerobe was isolated in pure culture from vitreous. The endophthalmitis showed a bacteriologic and clinical relapse despite conventional routes of antimicrobial treatment. A second clinical relapse occurred despite apparent vitreal sterilization with intravitreal antibiotics. The response to vitrectomy was impressive, and postoperatively the patient's visual acuity improved to 20/20.", "contents": "Peptostreptococcal endophthalmitis with a relapsing course. A posttraumatic exogenous endophthalmitis developed that was due to Peptostreptococcus. This Gram-positive anaerobe was isolated in pure culture from vitreous. The endophthalmitis showed a bacteriologic and clinical relapse despite conventional routes of antimicrobial treatment. A second clinical relapse occurred despite apparent vitreal sterilization with intravitreal antibiotics. The response to vitrectomy was impressive, and postoperatively the patient's visual acuity improved to 20/20.", "PMID": 697615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11215", "title": "Inflammatory orbital pseudotumor. A clinicopathologic study.", "content": "Fifty-five patients, suspected on clinical grounds of having an inflammatory orbital pseudotumor, were studied retrospectively. Clinical groups based on natural history or response to corticosteroid therapy were correlated with available histopathological findings. These findings were interpreted without knowledge of clinical grouping or previous pathology reports. Although dogmatic statements are not possible, several conclusions are warranted. (1) Bilaterality was not significantly related to response to steroids or development of systemic disease. (2) B-scan ultrasonography, while not diagnostic, provided a worthwhile investigative technique. (3) Germinal follicles are associated with a good prognosis and indicate a reactive lesion, while diffusely distributed lymphoblasts are associated with steroid unresponsiveness and a probable neoplastic lymphoid lesions. (4) Eosinophils are more common in reactive lesions than in presumed lymphomas. Other cellular components showed no preferential distribution in either neoplastic or nonneoplastic groups.", "contents": "Inflammatory orbital pseudotumor. A clinicopathologic study. Fifty-five patients, suspected on clinical grounds of having an inflammatory orbital pseudotumor, were studied retrospectively. Clinical groups based on natural history or response to corticosteroid therapy were correlated with available histopathological findings. These findings were interpreted without knowledge of clinical grouping or previous pathology reports. Although dogmatic statements are not possible, several conclusions are warranted. (1) Bilaterality was not significantly related to response to steroids or development of systemic disease. (2) B-scan ultrasonography, while not diagnostic, provided a worthwhile investigative technique. (3) Germinal follicles are associated with a good prognosis and indicate a reactive lesion, while diffusely distributed lymphoblasts are associated with steroid unresponsiveness and a probable neoplastic lymphoid lesions. (4) Eosinophils are more common in reactive lesions than in presumed lymphomas. Other cellular components showed no preferential distribution in either neoplastic or nonneoplastic groups.", "PMID": 697616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11216", "title": "Aqueous humor lactate dehydrogenase in retinoblastoma patients. Clinicopathologic correlations.", "content": "Aqueous humor lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were assayed for 23 patients with histologically proved retinoblastoma. The mean aqueous level was 1,886 IU/liter. Twenty-one of these patients had an aqueous humor LDH level above the normal mean. Clinicopathological parameters were determined and evaluated using standard statistical formulas. Only the presence of tumor in the anterior chamber correlated significantly with the aqueous humor LDH level. The following clinical features did not correlate with aqueous humor LDH levels: sex, family history, bilaterality, prior treatment, presentation age, enucleation age, and metastasis. The following pathological features did not correlate with aqueous humor LDH levels: calcification, necrosis, rosettes, inflammation, choroidal or optic nerve invasion, or neovascularization.", "contents": "Aqueous humor lactate dehydrogenase in retinoblastoma patients. Clinicopathologic correlations. Aqueous humor lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were assayed for 23 patients with histologically proved retinoblastoma. The mean aqueous level was 1,886 IU/liter. Twenty-one of these patients had an aqueous humor LDH level above the normal mean. Clinicopathological parameters were determined and evaluated using standard statistical formulas. Only the presence of tumor in the anterior chamber correlated significantly with the aqueous humor LDH level. The following clinical features did not correlate with aqueous humor LDH levels: sex, family history, bilaterality, prior treatment, presentation age, enucleation age, and metastasis. The following pathological features did not correlate with aqueous humor LDH levels: calcification, necrosis, rosettes, inflammation, choroidal or optic nerve invasion, or neovascularization.", "PMID": 697617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11217", "title": "Visual results and ocular complications following radiotherapy for retinoblastoma.", "content": "Between 1956 and 1974, 28 children with retinoblastoma have been irradiated with the linear accelerator at the Stanford University Medical Center. Twenty-seven children (96%) have been cured of their tumor, with follow-up ranging from 2 1/2 to 21 years. In these survivors, 50 eyes were affected. Twelve were treated by primary enucleation and 38 were irradiated. Sixteen of the 38 irradiated eyes (42%) were ultimately enucleated for recurrent tumor, neovascular glaucoma, or inability to observe the tumor through opaque media. Thus, 22 (58%) irradiated eyes were saved. Of these, five eyes had visual acuity of 20/40 or better, five had 20/50 to 20/100, nine had 20/200 to hand motion, and three had light perception or no light perception. Radiation therapy can sterilize the tumor and maintain useful vision in many children with retinoblastoma.", "contents": "Visual results and ocular complications following radiotherapy for retinoblastoma. Between 1956 and 1974, 28 children with retinoblastoma have been irradiated with the linear accelerator at the Stanford University Medical Center. Twenty-seven children (96%) have been cured of their tumor, with follow-up ranging from 2 1/2 to 21 years. In these survivors, 50 eyes were affected. Twelve were treated by primary enucleation and 38 were irradiated. Sixteen of the 38 irradiated eyes (42%) were ultimately enucleated for recurrent tumor, neovascular glaucoma, or inability to observe the tumor through opaque media. Thus, 22 (58%) irradiated eyes were saved. Of these, five eyes had visual acuity of 20/40 or better, five had 20/50 to 20/100, nine had 20/200 to hand motion, and three had light perception or no light perception. Radiation therapy can sterilize the tumor and maintain useful vision in many children with retinoblastoma.", "PMID": 697618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11218", "title": "Studies of hyperthermia in optic neuropathy. Consideration of a humoral factor.", "content": "Three patients with multiple sclerosis and prominent Uhthoff's symptom were studied. Visual loss was found to be related not only to increase in body temperature but to the rate of increase. Blood removed at the time of maximal visual loss and readministered in the normothermic state did not reproduce the symptom. The study supports the prevailing concept that Uhthoff's symptom is a direct effect of hyperthermia on conduction in damaged axons.", "contents": "Studies of hyperthermia in optic neuropathy. Consideration of a humoral factor. Three patients with multiple sclerosis and prominent Uhthoff's symptom were studied. Visual loss was found to be related not only to increase in body temperature but to the rate of increase. Blood removed at the time of maximal visual loss and readministered in the normothermic state did not reproduce the symptom. The study supports the prevailing concept that Uhthoff's symptom is a direct effect of hyperthermia on conduction in damaged axons.", "PMID": 697619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11219", "title": "Daily assessment of ocular and hormonal variables throughout the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Eleven normal women, between the ages of 19 and 28, were examined at the same time of day, every day of a complete menstrual cycle. Measurements of intraocular pressure, anterior chamber depth, corneal thickness, and tear production were obtained. Tonographic values were obtained on eight days during the cycle. The results for ten of the women who were shown to have ovulated during the study, were then correlated with daily blood levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, as measured by techniques of radioimmunoassay. No statistically valid correlations could be made when the various studies were analyzed and correlated.", "contents": "Daily assessment of ocular and hormonal variables throughout the menstrual cycle. Eleven normal women, between the ages of 19 and 28, were examined at the same time of day, every day of a complete menstrual cycle. Measurements of intraocular pressure, anterior chamber depth, corneal thickness, and tear production were obtained. Tonographic values were obtained on eight days during the cycle. The results for ten of the women who were shown to have ovulated during the study, were then correlated with daily blood levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, as measured by techniques of radioimmunoassay. No statistically valid correlations could be made when the various studies were analyzed and correlated.", "PMID": 697620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11220", "title": "Microtropia.", "content": "Evaluation of 50 cases of microtropia that were collected within two years indicates the primary form of microtropia to be more common than the secondary form (48:2 cases). Various degrees of anisometropia were present in all cases of primary microtropia, suggesting that anisometropia is the cause rather than the consequence of microtropia.", "contents": "Microtropia. Evaluation of 50 cases of microtropia that were collected within two years indicates the primary form of microtropia to be more common than the secondary form (48:2 cases). Various degrees of anisometropia were present in all cases of primary microtropia, suggesting that anisometropia is the cause rather than the consequence of microtropia.", "PMID": 697621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11221", "title": "Intentional surgical overcorrection of acquired esotropia.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients with surgically treated acquired nonaccommodative esotropia were studied retrospectively, to ascertain what immediate surgical result gives the best chance for a postoperative bifoveal fusional result. Of the cases that were initially overcorrected (exodeviations), approximately two thirds were fusing six months or more after surgery. Of the cases that were initially aligned (orthophoric) or undercorrected (esodeviations), only one third were fusing after the same period. These results suggest that intentional surgical overcorrection of cases of acquired nonaccommodative esotropia that have a good fusional potential (ie, equal vision) does appear to be a desirable goal for the immediate postoperative period.", "contents": "Intentional surgical overcorrection of acquired esotropia. Fifty-eight patients with surgically treated acquired nonaccommodative esotropia were studied retrospectively, to ascertain what immediate surgical result gives the best chance for a postoperative bifoveal fusional result. Of the cases that were initially overcorrected (exodeviations), approximately two thirds were fusing six months or more after surgery. Of the cases that were initially aligned (orthophoric) or undercorrected (esodeviations), only one third were fusing after the same period. These results suggest that intentional surgical overcorrection of cases of acquired nonaccommodative esotropia that have a good fusional potential (ie, equal vision) does appear to be a desirable goal for the immediate postoperative period.", "PMID": 697622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11222", "title": "Interocular transfer of a visual aftereffect in early-onset esotropia.", "content": "The interocular transfer of the tilt aftereffect was studied in strabismic patients with early-onset esotropia and in controls. Squinting subjects were divided into a microtropia subgroup with anomalous binocular vision and a large-angle esotropia subgroup with total suppression of the deviated eye. Patients with alternating microtropia and large-angle esotropia showed normal or moderately reduced interocular transfer of the aftereffect. Patients with monocular microtropia with medium- or low-degree amblyopia showed a reduced monocular visual aftereffect in the dominant eye and practically no transfer to the nondominant eye. Adaptation of the nondominant eye and transfer of the aftereffect to the dominant eye was normal. The interocular transfer of the tilt aftereffect is a poor indicator of the state of binocularity of a squinting subject, and the clinical usefulness of this test is limited.", "contents": "Interocular transfer of a visual aftereffect in early-onset esotropia. The interocular transfer of the tilt aftereffect was studied in strabismic patients with early-onset esotropia and in controls. Squinting subjects were divided into a microtropia subgroup with anomalous binocular vision and a large-angle esotropia subgroup with total suppression of the deviated eye. Patients with alternating microtropia and large-angle esotropia showed normal or moderately reduced interocular transfer of the aftereffect. Patients with monocular microtropia with medium- or low-degree amblyopia showed a reduced monocular visual aftereffect in the dominant eye and practically no transfer to the nondominant eye. Adaptation of the nondominant eye and transfer of the aftereffect to the dominant eye was normal. The interocular transfer of the tilt aftereffect is a poor indicator of the state of binocularity of a squinting subject, and the clinical usefulness of this test is limited.", "PMID": 697623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11223", "title": "Levator aponeurosis disinsertion in the young adult. A cause of ptosis.", "content": "Three patients, under the age of 35 years, had acquired ptosis. All patients gave a history of notable eyelid edema during extended periods. The patients underwent surgery under local anesthesia. Four eyelids were explored through the skin route, and a levator disinsertion was found in all cases. Repair was accomplished by reattaching the lower edge of the levator aponeurosis to the tarsus. Since the surgery was done under local anesthesia, the patient could elevate the eyelids during the entire procedure. The amount of eyelid elevation could, therefore, be determined at surgery. Levator aponeurosis disinsertion may be a cause for acquired ptosis following substantial eyelid edema in the young adult.", "contents": "Levator aponeurosis disinsertion in the young adult. A cause of ptosis. Three patients, under the age of 35 years, had acquired ptosis. All patients gave a history of notable eyelid edema during extended periods. The patients underwent surgery under local anesthesia. Four eyelids were explored through the skin route, and a levator disinsertion was found in all cases. Repair was accomplished by reattaching the lower edge of the levator aponeurosis to the tarsus. Since the surgery was done under local anesthesia, the patient could elevate the eyelids during the entire procedure. The amount of eyelid elevation could, therefore, be determined at surgery. Levator aponeurosis disinsertion may be a cause for acquired ptosis following substantial eyelid edema in the young adult.", "PMID": 697624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11224", "title": "Posterior keratoconus.", "content": "Posterior keratoconus is a rare corneal disorder characterized by a total or localized noninflammatory thinning of the cornea. In front of a conical protrusion of the posterior corneal curvature, there is a thinned stroma and nonprotruding anterior surface. A corneal button from a patient with bilateral posterior keratoconus was studied by light and electron microscopy. Descemet's membrane, particularly in the area of stromal thinning, demonstrated abnormal anterior banding, a multilaminar configuration, and localized posterior excrescences. These alterations suggest an early pathogenetic mechanism, which probably originated prior to the fifth or sixth month of gestation.", "contents": "Posterior keratoconus. Posterior keratoconus is a rare corneal disorder characterized by a total or localized noninflammatory thinning of the cornea. In front of a conical protrusion of the posterior corneal curvature, there is a thinned stroma and nonprotruding anterior surface. A corneal button from a patient with bilateral posterior keratoconus was studied by light and electron microscopy. Descemet's membrane, particularly in the area of stromal thinning, demonstrated abnormal anterior banding, a multilaminar configuration, and localized posterior excrescences. These alterations suggest an early pathogenetic mechanism, which probably originated prior to the fifth or sixth month of gestation.", "PMID": 697625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11225", "title": "Osseous choristoma of the choroid simulating a choroidal melanoma. Association with a positive 32P test.", "content": "We report the clinical and histopathologic features of an osseous choristoma of the choroid that appeared in a 26-year-old woman. Her diagnostic evaluation included a radioactive phosphorus (32P) uptake test, which was 270% positive and led us to believe that the lesion was an atypical malignant melanoma. The extent of true ossification within this tumor, seen microscopically, explains the false-positive uptake of radioactive phosphorus by this benign tumor; it is well known that bone avidly accumulates radioactive phosphorus. We recommend that all \"atypical choroidal melanomas\" be studied for the presence of bone, with bone-free roentgenograms, ultrasonography, and possibly, computerized tomographic scans before 32P testing or enucleation. This, to our knowledge, is the second histopathologically proved case of an osseous choristoma of the choroid to be reported in the literature.", "contents": "Osseous choristoma of the choroid simulating a choroidal melanoma. Association with a positive 32P test. We report the clinical and histopathologic features of an osseous choristoma of the choroid that appeared in a 26-year-old woman. Her diagnostic evaluation included a radioactive phosphorus (32P) uptake test, which was 270% positive and led us to believe that the lesion was an atypical malignant melanoma. The extent of true ossification within this tumor, seen microscopically, explains the false-positive uptake of radioactive phosphorus by this benign tumor; it is well known that bone avidly accumulates radioactive phosphorus. We recommend that all \"atypical choroidal melanomas\" be studied for the presence of bone, with bone-free roentgenograms, ultrasonography, and possibly, computerized tomographic scans before 32P testing or enucleation. This, to our knowledge, is the second histopathologically proved case of an osseous choristoma of the choroid to be reported in the literature.", "PMID": 697626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11226", "title": "Senile entropion. Pathogenesis and treatment.", "content": "Lower lid entropion is owing to a defect of the lower eyelid retractors that causes attenuation of the aponeurosis. Twelve patients with lower lid entropion underwent surgery in which a procedure that reapproximates normal lower lid anatomy was used. There were two recurrences of the entropion condition in the twelve patients.", "contents": "Senile entropion. Pathogenesis and treatment. Lower lid entropion is owing to a defect of the lower eyelid retractors that causes attenuation of the aponeurosis. Twelve patients with lower lid entropion underwent surgery in which a procedure that reapproximates normal lower lid anatomy was used. There were two recurrences of the entropion condition in the twelve patients.", "PMID": 697627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11227", "title": "Possible regulatory mechanisms of the cornea. I. Epithelial-stromal interaction in vitro.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies of pure epithelial and stromal cultures and of combined cultures demonstrated that keratocytes activity was inhibited by the presence of epithelial cells in culture. The degradation of collagen and the formation of clear zones around the keratocytes within the explants of pure stroma is interpreted as an indication for the production of a collagenolytic substance by the active keratocytes. The collagenolytic activity of the keratocytes was not observed within the stroma of combined cultures and was probably inhibited by the activity of epithelial cells in these cultures. Furthermore, using a microculture method for the assessment of the metabolic activity of corneal cells in vitro, supernatants of epithelial cell cultures were shown to have a marked inhibitory effect on the capacity of keratocytes to synthesize DNA. No effect of stromal cell supernatant on epithelial cell activity could be detected by the same methods. It is suggested that this \"one way\" influence as observed in vitro might, in certain conditions, play a role as a regulatory mechanism in vivo.", "contents": "Possible regulatory mechanisms of the cornea. I. Epithelial-stromal interaction in vitro. Electron microscopic studies of pure epithelial and stromal cultures and of combined cultures demonstrated that keratocytes activity was inhibited by the presence of epithelial cells in culture. The degradation of collagen and the formation of clear zones around the keratocytes within the explants of pure stroma is interpreted as an indication for the production of a collagenolytic substance by the active keratocytes. The collagenolytic activity of the keratocytes was not observed within the stroma of combined cultures and was probably inhibited by the activity of epithelial cells in these cultures. Furthermore, using a microculture method for the assessment of the metabolic activity of corneal cells in vitro, supernatants of epithelial cell cultures were shown to have a marked inhibitory effect on the capacity of keratocytes to synthesize DNA. No effect of stromal cell supernatant on epithelial cell activity could be detected by the same methods. It is suggested that this \"one way\" influence as observed in vitro might, in certain conditions, play a role as a regulatory mechanism in vivo.", "PMID": 697628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11228", "title": "Effect of intraocular miotics on corneal endothelium.", "content": "We investigated the use of commercially available intraocular preparations of acetylcholine chloride and carbachol for their effects on the physiological function and anatomical appearance of the corneal endothelium. Cornea endothelial cells that were perfused for 15 minutes in the specular microscope with 1% acetylcholine demonstrated no alteration in physiology or ultrastructure. Cornea endothelial cells perfused for 15 minutes with 0.01% carbachol demonstrated alterations in physiology during the first hour; however, physiological function returned to normal during the remaining two hours of perfusion in modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution. Electron microscopy demonstrated no cellular alterations.", "contents": "Effect of intraocular miotics on corneal endothelium. We investigated the use of commercially available intraocular preparations of acetylcholine chloride and carbachol for their effects on the physiological function and anatomical appearance of the corneal endothelium. Cornea endothelial cells that were perfused for 15 minutes in the specular microscope with 1% acetylcholine demonstrated no alteration in physiology or ultrastructure. Cornea endothelial cells perfused for 15 minutes with 0.01% carbachol demonstrated alterations in physiology during the first hour; however, physiological function returned to normal during the remaining two hours of perfusion in modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution. Electron microscopy demonstrated no cellular alterations.", "PMID": 697629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11229", "title": "Changes in human eighth nerve action potential as a function of stimulation rate.", "content": "The primary clinical utility of electrocochleography at the Louisiana State University Medical Center is the detection of hearing losses in children. This frequently requires the administration of a general anesthetic. Time required for this procedure could be shortened if stimuli were presented at a more rapid rate than the customary 10/s, provided the response amplitude is not significantly diminished by adaptation. The response amplitudes of 12 subjects were studied at stimulus rates of 10, 20, 40, and 80/s. An increase of response amplitude on the order of approximately 3:1 over the 10/s rate was found for the 80/s rate when the test interval for each was equal.", "contents": "Changes in human eighth nerve action potential as a function of stimulation rate. The primary clinical utility of electrocochleography at the Louisiana State University Medical Center is the detection of hearing losses in children. This frequently requires the administration of a general anesthetic. Time required for this procedure could be shortened if stimuli were presented at a more rapid rate than the customary 10/s, provided the response amplitude is not significantly diminished by adaptation. The response amplitudes of 12 subjects were studied at stimulus rates of 10, 20, 40, and 80/s. An increase of response amplitude on the order of approximately 3:1 over the 10/s rate was found for the 80/s rate when the test interval for each was equal.", "PMID": 697631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11230", "title": "Arytenoid adduction for unilateral vocal cord paralysis.", "content": "The arytenoid adduction technique was devised and performed under local anesthesia on five patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis. It is especially indicated for the case of a wide, glottal chink and a difference in the level of the two cords. The muscle process is pulled by two 3-0 nylon sutures in simulation of the functions of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle and the lateral thyroarytenoid muscle. Improvement of voice after surgery was dramatic in all of the patients who were operated on. The surgical procedure is rather simple, easy, and allows adjustment of the degree of arytenoid adduction during surgery to produce the best voice obtainable.", "contents": "Arytenoid adduction for unilateral vocal cord paralysis. The arytenoid adduction technique was devised and performed under local anesthesia on five patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis. It is especially indicated for the case of a wide, glottal chink and a difference in the level of the two cords. The muscle process is pulled by two 3-0 nylon sutures in simulation of the functions of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle and the lateral thyroarytenoid muscle. Improvement of voice after surgery was dramatic in all of the patients who were operated on. The surgical procedure is rather simple, easy, and allows adjustment of the degree of arytenoid adduction during surgery to produce the best voice obtainable.", "PMID": 697632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11231", "title": "Reliable methods of tip reduction.", "content": "Two reliable methods of reducing nasal tip projection include a direct method, which interrupts continuity of lower lateral cartilage by removal of the dome portion and leaves an intact vestibular skin cuff; continuity and cartilage volume are changed. The second method, indirect, preserves continuity of the inferior margin of the lower lateral cartilage, which is grossly weakened by resection of cartilage in cephalic areas of the lateral crus dome, and adjacent medial crus. Vestibular lining is preserved as a cuff. Volume loss and supportive strength of lower lateral cartilage allow the nasal tip to assume a less projected stance with resulting widening and outward flailing of nostrils, which can be corrected by vestibular wedging. Complete transfixion of the membranous septum and adequate lowering of the cartilaginous septal angle are adjuncts to success with either method.", "contents": "Reliable methods of tip reduction. Two reliable methods of reducing nasal tip projection include a direct method, which interrupts continuity of lower lateral cartilage by removal of the dome portion and leaves an intact vestibular skin cuff; continuity and cartilage volume are changed. The second method, indirect, preserves continuity of the inferior margin of the lower lateral cartilage, which is grossly weakened by resection of cartilage in cephalic areas of the lateral crus dome, and adjacent medial crus. Vestibular lining is preserved as a cuff. Volume loss and supportive strength of lower lateral cartilage allow the nasal tip to assume a less projected stance with resulting widening and outward flailing of nostrils, which can be corrected by vestibular wedging. Complete transfixion of the membranous septum and adequate lowering of the cartilaginous septal angle are adjuncts to success with either method.", "PMID": 697633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11232", "title": "Treatment of laryngeal carcinoma with conservative surgery and postoperative radiation therapy.", "content": "Thirteen patients with carcinoma of the supragiottic larynx (N = 10), vocal cord (N = 2), and pyriform sinus (N = 1) were treated with conservative surgery followed by radiation therapy. This plan was chosen because clinically or histologically proven lymph node metastases were present and because the primary cancer had one or more of the following factors that were adverse to patient survival: (1) the tumor extended beyond the limits of safe, conservative laryngeal surgery; (2) it infiltrated surrounding soft tissues, ie, preepiglottic space; (3) it was close to the resected margin; and (4) perineural invasion was present. Laryngeal function has been adequate in all but two patients: one has persistent aspiration one year after treatment, and one has a narrow airway after an extended supraglottic laryngectomy that included the anterior third of both cords and a portion of the subglottis at the anterior commissure with adjacent thyroid cartilage. One patient died in the immediate postoperative period, and this case cannot be evaluted. Twelve patients who completed treatment have been followed up for a median of 30 months (1 1/2 through 3 1/2 years), and all have remained free of recurrent disease.", "contents": "Treatment of laryngeal carcinoma with conservative surgery and postoperative radiation therapy. Thirteen patients with carcinoma of the supragiottic larynx (N = 10), vocal cord (N = 2), and pyriform sinus (N = 1) were treated with conservative surgery followed by radiation therapy. This plan was chosen because clinically or histologically proven lymph node metastases were present and because the primary cancer had one or more of the following factors that were adverse to patient survival: (1) the tumor extended beyond the limits of safe, conservative laryngeal surgery; (2) it infiltrated surrounding soft tissues, ie, preepiglottic space; (3) it was close to the resected margin; and (4) perineural invasion was present. Laryngeal function has been adequate in all but two patients: one has persistent aspiration one year after treatment, and one has a narrow airway after an extended supraglottic laryngectomy that included the anterior third of both cords and a portion of the subglottis at the anterior commissure with adjacent thyroid cartilage. One patient died in the immediate postoperative period, and this case cannot be evaluted. Twelve patients who completed treatment have been followed up for a median of 30 months (1 1/2 through 3 1/2 years), and all have remained free of recurrent disease.", "PMID": 697634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11233", "title": "Comparative ototoxic liability of netilmicin and gentamicin.", "content": "Netilmicin sulfate is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic currently undergoing clinical investigation. All of the aminoglycoside antibiotics now in clinical use are ototoxic. This study was done to determine the ototoxic liability of netilmicin when it is compared directly with gentamicin sulfate. Groups of ten guinea pigs each were given doses of 0, 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg of either gentamicin or netilmicin daily for four weeks. After a two-week stabilization period, the Preyer pinna reflex, the cochlea's ability to generate the ac cochlear potential, and the missing hair cells from the cochleas were determined. Additionally, the pharmacokinetics of both drugs in the plasma and perilymph were determined. Little or no cochlear damage was detected with netilmicin, even at the highest dose, while even the smallest dose of gentamicin produced measurable changes in cochlear function.", "contents": "Comparative ototoxic liability of netilmicin and gentamicin. Netilmicin sulfate is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic currently undergoing clinical investigation. All of the aminoglycoside antibiotics now in clinical use are ototoxic. This study was done to determine the ototoxic liability of netilmicin when it is compared directly with gentamicin sulfate. Groups of ten guinea pigs each were given doses of 0, 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg of either gentamicin or netilmicin daily for four weeks. After a two-week stabilization period, the Preyer pinna reflex, the cochlea's ability to generate the ac cochlear potential, and the missing hair cells from the cochleas were determined. Additionally, the pharmacokinetics of both drugs in the plasma and perilymph were determined. Little or no cochlear damage was detected with netilmicin, even at the highest dose, while even the smallest dose of gentamicin produced measurable changes in cochlear function.", "PMID": 697635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11234", "title": "The sphenoid sinus, the neglected nasal sinus.", "content": "O. E. Van Alyea stated that \"The sphenoid sinus is the most neglected of the nasal sinuses.\" It is neglected by disease because of its location, by the physician because of its subtle symptoms when diseased, and the surgeon because of its inaccessability. An accurate knowledge and understanding of the anatomy of the area help the physician diagnose and manage problems in this area. Eleven cases are used to illustrate the wide spectrum of pathologic conditions in and about the sphenoid sinus. Only two of the patients were asymptomatic. All of the others had deep-seated, retrobulbar headaches. Eight of 11 patients had cranial nerve involvement. The optic nerve was involved in six cases. The abducens nerve was involved in five of 11 cases and the maxillary nerve in four of 11 cases. Initial roentgenographic examination must include lateral and submental vertex views. The newer techniques of angiography, polytomography, and computerized tomography aid in determining the extent of the pathologic condition and the treatment approach.", "contents": "The sphenoid sinus, the neglected nasal sinus. O. E. Van Alyea stated that \"The sphenoid sinus is the most neglected of the nasal sinuses.\" It is neglected by disease because of its location, by the physician because of its subtle symptoms when diseased, and the surgeon because of its inaccessability. An accurate knowledge and understanding of the anatomy of the area help the physician diagnose and manage problems in this area. Eleven cases are used to illustrate the wide spectrum of pathologic conditions in and about the sphenoid sinus. Only two of the patients were asymptomatic. All of the others had deep-seated, retrobulbar headaches. Eight of 11 patients had cranial nerve involvement. The optic nerve was involved in six cases. The abducens nerve was involved in five of 11 cases and the maxillary nerve in four of 11 cases. Initial roentgenographic examination must include lateral and submental vertex views. The newer techniques of angiography, polytomography, and computerized tomography aid in determining the extent of the pathologic condition and the treatment approach.", "PMID": 697636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11235", "title": "Anterior attic wall anatomy.", "content": "The anterior attic wall was examined by dissecting decalcified human temporal bones in search of an aeration and/or drainage route from the antrum to the mesotympanum. A thin bony plate extending down from the tegmen tympani was found to be located in front of the malleus head. The height of this bony plate was 1.5 to 3.0 mm and extended from the facial canal wall to the scutum. As the bony plate and its covering mucosal folds completely separated the attic and the mesotympanum, an anterior drainage route from the attic to the supratubal space of the mesotympanum could be made by removing this bony plate. Removal can be accomplished without sectioning the chorda tympani and the anterior malleal ligament.", "contents": "Anterior attic wall anatomy. The anterior attic wall was examined by dissecting decalcified human temporal bones in search of an aeration and/or drainage route from the antrum to the mesotympanum. A thin bony plate extending down from the tegmen tympani was found to be located in front of the malleus head. The height of this bony plate was 1.5 to 3.0 mm and extended from the facial canal wall to the scutum. As the bony plate and its covering mucosal folds completely separated the attic and the mesotympanum, an anterior drainage route from the attic to the supratubal space of the mesotympanum could be made by removing this bony plate. Removal can be accomplished without sectioning the chorda tympani and the anterior malleal ligament.", "PMID": 697637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11236", "title": "Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology in head and neck cancer surgery.", "content": "A prospective study of wound infections following major head and neck cancer surgery was undertaken to define a rational approach to trials of antibiotic prophylaxis and initial therapy of these infections. Preoperative aerobic cultures were taken from the planned site of skin incision and from the oropharynx. Both aerobic and anaerobic cultures were obtained from all wound infections. Patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics were excluded from the study. The data indicate that preoperative cultures are not usually predictive of the bacteriology of subsequent wound infection. Mixed aerobic and anaerobic flora were cultured from most wound infections and usually reflected normal anaerobic oropharyngeal flora and/or exogenously acquired Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteroides fragilis was not cultured in this series. Antibiotics selected for trials of prophylaxis or initial treatment of these infections should cover both the resident oral aerobic and anaerobic flora and S aureus. Coverage for B fragilis does not appear necessary. Antibiotic choices might include (1) penicillin G agents plus a penicillinase-resistant penicillin or (2) a parenteral cephalosporin.", "contents": "Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology in head and neck cancer surgery. A prospective study of wound infections following major head and neck cancer surgery was undertaken to define a rational approach to trials of antibiotic prophylaxis and initial therapy of these infections. Preoperative aerobic cultures were taken from the planned site of skin incision and from the oropharynx. Both aerobic and anaerobic cultures were obtained from all wound infections. Patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics were excluded from the study. The data indicate that preoperative cultures are not usually predictive of the bacteriology of subsequent wound infection. Mixed aerobic and anaerobic flora were cultured from most wound infections and usually reflected normal anaerobic oropharyngeal flora and/or exogenously acquired Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteroides fragilis was not cultured in this series. Antibiotics selected for trials of prophylaxis or initial treatment of these infections should cover both the resident oral aerobic and anaerobic flora and S aureus. Coverage for B fragilis does not appear necessary. Antibiotic choices might include (1) penicillin G agents plus a penicillinase-resistant penicillin or (2) a parenteral cephalosporin.", "PMID": 697638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11237", "title": "Analysis of optokinetic and eye tracking data on normal subjects.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of abnormal eye tracking patterns in normal subjects and to compare the optokinetic (OPK) response of normal subjects using a nystagmographic gonioscope (Nystagmotrac) and Coats's type of OPK drum. Eye movement was recorded by means of an electronystagmographic (ENG) recorder, and the speed of the slow component was computed for the OPK response. The eye tracking test showed a high rate of abnormality among our subjects. Optokinetic testing revealed highly symmetrical responses for all subjects.", "contents": "Analysis of optokinetic and eye tracking data on normal subjects. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of abnormal eye tracking patterns in normal subjects and to compare the optokinetic (OPK) response of normal subjects using a nystagmographic gonioscope (Nystagmotrac) and Coats's type of OPK drum. Eye movement was recorded by means of an electronystagmographic (ENG) recorder, and the speed of the slow component was computed for the OPK response. The eye tracking test showed a high rate of abnormality among our subjects. Optokinetic testing revealed highly symmetrical responses for all subjects.", "PMID": 697639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11238", "title": "Hypercalcemia and head and neck cancer. Bony metastases from tongue cancer.", "content": "Hypercalcemia causes lethargy and coma in patients with head and neck cancer. It is important to realize that coma may be due to hypercalcemia and need not be a terminal event in the progress of the tumor. Also, the development of hypercalcemia in a previously normocalcemic patient requires investigation as to the cause of the hypercalcemia. I report two cases of comatose patients, hypercalcemic from bony metastases from tongue cancer, in whom treatment by furosemide and intravenous fluid diuresis, prednisone, sodium phosphate, and mithramycin produced worthwhile remissions. Hypercalcemia may be due to (1) bony metastases, (2) pseudohyperparathyroidism, (3) unrelated associated parathyroid tumors, or (4) a second primary tumor. Even with treatment, hypercalcemia is a bad prognostic sign in patients with head and neck cancer.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia and head and neck cancer. Bony metastases from tongue cancer. Hypercalcemia causes lethargy and coma in patients with head and neck cancer. It is important to realize that coma may be due to hypercalcemia and need not be a terminal event in the progress of the tumor. Also, the development of hypercalcemia in a previously normocalcemic patient requires investigation as to the cause of the hypercalcemia. I report two cases of comatose patients, hypercalcemic from bony metastases from tongue cancer, in whom treatment by furosemide and intravenous fluid diuresis, prednisone, sodium phosphate, and mithramycin produced worthwhile remissions. Hypercalcemia may be due to (1) bony metastases, (2) pseudohyperparathyroidism, (3) unrelated associated parathyroid tumors, or (4) a second primary tumor. Even with treatment, hypercalcemia is a bad prognostic sign in patients with head and neck cancer.", "PMID": 697640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11239", "title": "Predicting hearing level from the acoustic reflex. A comparison of three methods.", "content": "Three prediction methods based on the acoustic reflex noise-tone difference (NTD) were used to predict hearing level in 370 subjects. The methods were two versions of the sensitivity prediction by acoustic reflex (SPAR) and a formula for estimating hearing threshold level. With each method, hearing loss was correctly predicted in more than one half of the subjects, while serious predictive error occurred in less than 10%. Age was found to be an important factor in hearing level prediction. Predictive accuracy for each method decreased systematically as a function of age. Predictive accuracy for the two SPAR methods decreased dramatically in subjects with minor middle ear and/or tympanogram abnormalities. Nevertheless, the value of the acoustic reflex NTD in predicting hearing level was confirmed.", "contents": "Predicting hearing level from the acoustic reflex. A comparison of three methods. Three prediction methods based on the acoustic reflex noise-tone difference (NTD) were used to predict hearing level in 370 subjects. The methods were two versions of the sensitivity prediction by acoustic reflex (SPAR) and a formula for estimating hearing threshold level. With each method, hearing loss was correctly predicted in more than one half of the subjects, while serious predictive error occurred in less than 10%. Age was found to be an important factor in hearing level prediction. Predictive accuracy for each method decreased systematically as a function of age. Predictive accuracy for the two SPAR methods decreased dramatically in subjects with minor middle ear and/or tympanogram abnormalities. Nevertheless, the value of the acoustic reflex NTD in predicting hearing level was confirmed.", "PMID": 697641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11240", "title": "Roentgenography of paranasal sinuses during treatment of nasal polyposis.", "content": "Seventeen patients had severe nasal polyposis. Local treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate caused marked reduction in the size of polyps and the nasal obstruction, and the effect continued throughout the treatment period. In all cases roentgenographic examination showed clouding of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses, especially of the maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses. After three months of treatment, no change in the opacity of the sinuses was found. In spite of that, the symptomatic effect of the treatment was successful.", "contents": "Roentgenography of paranasal sinuses during treatment of nasal polyposis. Seventeen patients had severe nasal polyposis. Local treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate caused marked reduction in the size of polyps and the nasal obstruction, and the effect continued throughout the treatment period. In all cases roentgenographic examination showed clouding of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses, especially of the maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses. After three months of treatment, no change in the opacity of the sinuses was found. In spite of that, the symptomatic effect of the treatment was successful.", "PMID": 697642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11241", "title": "Autotransfusion in otolaryngology.", "content": "Homologous blood transfusions have rare but serious complications that may be eliminated by using autotransfusion for elective surgery in the head and neck. With a small amount of planning, virtually all of the blood necessary for any surgical procedure in the head and neck can come from the patient.", "contents": "Autotransfusion in otolaryngology. Homologous blood transfusions have rare but serious complications that may be eliminated by using autotransfusion for elective surgery in the head and neck. With a small amount of planning, virtually all of the blood necessary for any surgical procedure in the head and neck can come from the patient.", "PMID": 697643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11242", "title": "Bilateral reversible sudden deafness. A case report.", "content": "A man aged 43 suffering from acute bilateral sudden deafness of sensorineural type (confirmed at repeated testings) and without signs and symptoms from the vestibular part of the inner ear regained normal hearing within 10 days. The serological examination for identification of viral antibodies in blood and liquor was negative. There was no sign of immunological disorder.", "contents": "Bilateral reversible sudden deafness. A case report. A man aged 43 suffering from acute bilateral sudden deafness of sensorineural type (confirmed at repeated testings) and without signs and symptoms from the vestibular part of the inner ear regained normal hearing within 10 days. The serological examination for identification of viral antibodies in blood and liquor was negative. There was no sign of immunological disorder.", "PMID": 697644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11243", "title": "Cell fractionation and cytological analysis of human lymphatic cells from tonsil and blood.", "content": "No differences could be detected in the discontinuous density gradient when comparing the distribution pattern of tonsillar cells and peripheral lymphocytes. When the Kiel nomenclature is applied, the presence of centrocytes, centroblasts, lymphocytes and plasma cells in the tonsil is shown by a cytological analysis. The biological importance of these results is discussed from the point of cellular proliferation and tonsillar function.", "contents": "Cell fractionation and cytological analysis of human lymphatic cells from tonsil and blood. No differences could be detected in the discontinuous density gradient when comparing the distribution pattern of tonsillar cells and peripheral lymphocytes. When the Kiel nomenclature is applied, the presence of centrocytes, centroblasts, lymphocytes and plasma cells in the tonsil is shown by a cytological analysis. The biological importance of these results is discussed from the point of cellular proliferation and tonsillar function.", "PMID": 697645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11244", "title": "Which are the parameters of choice from the evaluation of caloric nystagmus?", "content": "On hand of caloric tests on 202 healthy subjects, the coefficient of correlation between the currently most frequently used intensity parameters was established separately for each of the four irrigations, i.e. between maximum velocity of the slow phase, maximum amplitude, maximum frequency, total number of beats and duration of reaction. The maximum velocity of the slow phase is so closely correlated to the maximum amplitude, and the maximum frequency is so closely correlated to the total number of beats (r = always greater than 0.75) that it is sufficient to merely determine one of the two well correlated parameters in healthy subjects. However, the parameters maximum velocity of the slow phase and maximum amplitude are less closely correlated to the parameters maximum frequency and total number of beats (r = smaller, in part considerably smaller than 0.75). A better correlation exists between the nystagmus parameters nearly always by warm irrigations, as compared to cold ones. The findings speak for the fact that maximum velocity of the slow phase and maximum amplitude on one hand, and maximum frequency and total number of beats on the other, are an expression of various characteristics of the experimental nystagmus. In a consecutive publication, we are going to report in which way the various nystagmic parameters of patients are being changed by different lesions of the vestibular system.", "contents": "Which are the parameters of choice from the evaluation of caloric nystagmus? On hand of caloric tests on 202 healthy subjects, the coefficient of correlation between the currently most frequently used intensity parameters was established separately for each of the four irrigations, i.e. between maximum velocity of the slow phase, maximum amplitude, maximum frequency, total number of beats and duration of reaction. The maximum velocity of the slow phase is so closely correlated to the maximum amplitude, and the maximum frequency is so closely correlated to the total number of beats (r = always greater than 0.75) that it is sufficient to merely determine one of the two well correlated parameters in healthy subjects. However, the parameters maximum velocity of the slow phase and maximum amplitude are less closely correlated to the parameters maximum frequency and total number of beats (r = smaller, in part considerably smaller than 0.75). A better correlation exists between the nystagmus parameters nearly always by warm irrigations, as compared to cold ones. The findings speak for the fact that maximum velocity of the slow phase and maximum amplitude on one hand, and maximum frequency and total number of beats on the other, are an expression of various characteristics of the experimental nystagmus. In a consecutive publication, we are going to report in which way the various nystagmic parameters of patients are being changed by different lesions of the vestibular system.", "PMID": 697646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11245", "title": "Selective effect of cinnarizine on the vestibular nucleus neurons.", "content": "Effects of cinnarizine were studied on the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) and spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) of cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Cinnarizine did not produce any obvious alterations of the field potential and spike generation of type B interneurons in STN elicited by trigeminal nerve stimulation as well as the field potential in LVN by vestibular nerve stimulation. Spike generation of monosynaptic LVN neurons elicited by the suprathreshold stimulus to the vestibular nerve was unaffected by cinnarizine up to 4 mg/kg. When the subthreshold stimulus was applied to the vestibular nerve, however, the spike number of LVN monosynaptic neurons was significantly increased after cinnarizine treatment. The enhancement of spike firing by cinnarizine upon both supra- and subthreshold stimuli to the vestibular nerve was found to be more pronounced in LVN polysynaptic neurons than monosynaptic ones. Since the effect of cinnarizine on LVN neurons was not dose-dependent, it is suggested that the enhanced responsiveness of the neurons by the drug might be due to an increase of blood flow, but not to a direct excitation of the neurons themselves.", "contents": "Selective effect of cinnarizine on the vestibular nucleus neurons. Effects of cinnarizine were studied on the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) and spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) of cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Cinnarizine did not produce any obvious alterations of the field potential and spike generation of type B interneurons in STN elicited by trigeminal nerve stimulation as well as the field potential in LVN by vestibular nerve stimulation. Spike generation of monosynaptic LVN neurons elicited by the suprathreshold stimulus to the vestibular nerve was unaffected by cinnarizine up to 4 mg/kg. When the subthreshold stimulus was applied to the vestibular nerve, however, the spike number of LVN monosynaptic neurons was significantly increased after cinnarizine treatment. The enhancement of spike firing by cinnarizine upon both supra- and subthreshold stimuli to the vestibular nerve was found to be more pronounced in LVN polysynaptic neurons than monosynaptic ones. Since the effect of cinnarizine on LVN neurons was not dose-dependent, it is suggested that the enhanced responsiveness of the neurons by the drug might be due to an increase of blood flow, but not to a direct excitation of the neurons themselves.", "PMID": 697647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11246", "title": "On the influence of the middle ear muscles upon changes in sound transmission.", "content": "The influence of artificially induced impedance changes on the frequency response of the middle ear has been investigated in three experienced listeners. The tensor-reflex has been simulated by application of positive and negative air-pressure to the outer ear canal. In this test-situation, the thresholdshift (\"l) obtained is greatest in the surrounding of the first resonance of the middle ear (\"l = 8 dB at 500 Hz). For bone-conduction, the effect is weaker by about 2 dB  than for air-conduction. The change in sound transmission is constant for all SPL's and is mainly due to the impedance change of the middle ear. In contrast the influence of the stapedial reflex is strongly dependent on SPL. In the range between hearing-threshold and 70 dB (HL) the attenuation is only 2 dB below l kHz. At higher levels the attenuation may amount to 30 dB. Thus excitation of the cochlea remains nearly constant. We suppose that the intensity-dependent influence of the stapedius reflex on sound transmission is due to a change of the stapes motion. The regulating device works without considerable distortion but with an attack-time of about 100 ms. The phenomenon of conductive recruitment in otosclerosis is probably due to the lack of this regulating effect by the fixed stapes. One function of the stapedial reflex could be the protection of the ear from high amplitudes during phonation and shouting. Furthermore, because frequencies above l kHz are also attenuated, a protective function of the stapedial reflex in industrial noise exposure can be assumed.", "contents": "On the influence of the middle ear muscles upon changes in sound transmission. The influence of artificially induced impedance changes on the frequency response of the middle ear has been investigated in three experienced listeners. The tensor-reflex has been simulated by application of positive and negative air-pressure to the outer ear canal. In this test-situation, the thresholdshift (\"l) obtained is greatest in the surrounding of the first resonance of the middle ear (\"l = 8 dB at 500 Hz). For bone-conduction, the effect is weaker by about 2 dB  than for air-conduction. The change in sound transmission is constant for all SPL's and is mainly due to the impedance change of the middle ear. In contrast the influence of the stapedial reflex is strongly dependent on SPL. In the range between hearing-threshold and 70 dB (HL) the attenuation is only 2 dB below l kHz. At higher levels the attenuation may amount to 30 dB. Thus excitation of the cochlea remains nearly constant. We suppose that the intensity-dependent influence of the stapedius reflex on sound transmission is due to a change of the stapes motion. The regulating device works without considerable distortion but with an attack-time of about 100 ms. The phenomenon of conductive recruitment in otosclerosis is probably due to the lack of this regulating effect by the fixed stapes. One function of the stapedial reflex could be the protection of the ear from high amplitudes during phonation and shouting. Furthermore, because frequencies above l kHz are also attenuated, a protective function of the stapedial reflex in industrial noise exposure can be assumed.", "PMID": 697648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11247", "title": "Idiopathic hair cell loss in the guinea pig.", "content": "An incidence of specific, marked sensory cell loss affecting 12--88% of the outer hair cells in the third cochlear turn was found in a group of 130 healthy, coloured, intact guinea pigs divided into three age groups (6 weeks, 7 months, and 3 years). The pathological findings were compared with a known physiological norm. At 7 months, the disorder occurred in 8% of the animals, whereas at 3 years 30% were involved. The etiology of the above finding is at present still obscure.", "contents": "Idiopathic hair cell loss in the guinea pig. An incidence of specific, marked sensory cell loss affecting 12--88% of the outer hair cells in the third cochlear turn was found in a group of 130 healthy, coloured, intact guinea pigs divided into three age groups (6 weeks, 7 months, and 3 years). The pathological findings were compared with a known physiological norm. At 7 months, the disorder occurred in 8% of the animals, whereas at 3 years 30% were involved. The etiology of the above finding is at present still obscure.", "PMID": 697650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11248", "title": "Follow up study of sudden deafness.", "content": "It is significant to follow up patients with sudden deafness, because the change of hearing level after a long-term period and a differential diagnosis from Meni\u00e9re's disease must be studied. We reported the follow-up study of 27 patients with sudden deafness who were admitted to the Department of Otolaryngology of the Second Tokyo National Hospital. The duration of follow-up ranged from 6-58 months, with a mean duration of 23.7 months. In the Complete Recovery Group there was little change of mean hearing loss during the follow-up period. We coud demonstrate that the once recovered hearing level rarely deteriorated afterwards, but the not recovered hearing level would sometimes deteriorate.", "contents": "Follow up study of sudden deafness. It is significant to follow up patients with sudden deafness, because the change of hearing level after a long-term period and a differential diagnosis from Meni\u00e9re's disease must be studied. We reported the follow-up study of 27 patients with sudden deafness who were admitted to the Department of Otolaryngology of the Second Tokyo National Hospital. The duration of follow-up ranged from 6-58 months, with a mean duration of 23.7 months. In the Complete Recovery Group there was little change of mean hearing loss during the follow-up period. We coud demonstrate that the once recovered hearing level rarely deteriorated afterwards, but the not recovered hearing level would sometimes deteriorate.", "PMID": 697651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11249", "title": "Coding of time-varying sounds in the cochlear nucleus.", "content": "The results presented in the present paper show that single nerve cells in the cochlear nucleus have different discharge patterns in response to tones whose frequency varies rapidly compared to tones with slowly varying frequency. Moreover, small, rapid changes in the intensity of a tone are reproduced in such a way that a modulation of a few decibels can give rise to a nearly 100% modulation in the discharge pattern. Amplitude modulation is reproduced in the discharge pattern of these neurons throughout a large intensity range, in many units more than 70 dB. This intensity range is much larger than the intensity range where the mean discharge rate is a function of the sound intensity, meaning that changes in frequency as well as in intensity are enhanced in these units. Though no doubt but a small part of the processing that occurs in the cochlear nucleus, such information seems likely to be extracted somewhat differently by different neurons.", "contents": "Coding of time-varying sounds in the cochlear nucleus. The results presented in the present paper show that single nerve cells in the cochlear nucleus have different discharge patterns in response to tones whose frequency varies rapidly compared to tones with slowly varying frequency. Moreover, small, rapid changes in the intensity of a tone are reproduced in such a way that a modulation of a few decibels can give rise to a nearly 100% modulation in the discharge pattern. Amplitude modulation is reproduced in the discharge pattern of these neurons throughout a large intensity range, in many units more than 70 dB. This intensity range is much larger than the intensity range where the mean discharge rate is a function of the sound intensity, meaning that changes in frequency as well as in intensity are enhanced in these units. Though no doubt but a small part of the processing that occurs in the cochlear nucleus, such information seems likely to be extracted somewhat differently by different neurons.", "PMID": 697654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11250", "title": "Mechanisms of signal analysis and pattern perception in periodicity pitch.", "content": "Progress in the knowledge of auditory processing of complex sounds has been made through coordinated psychophysical, physiological and theoretical studies of periodicity pitch and combination tones. Periodicity pitch is the basis for human perception of musical notes and pitch of voiced speech. The mechanism of perception involves harmonic pattern recognition on the complex Fourier frequency spectra generated by auditory frequency analysis. Combination tones are perceptible distortion tones generated within the cochlea by nonlinear interaction of component stimulus tones. Perception of periodicity pitch is quantitatively accounted for by a two-stage process of frequency analysis subject to random errors and significant nonlinearities, followed by a pattern recognizer that operates very efficiently to measure the period of musical and speech sounds. The basic characteristic of the first stage is a Gaussian standard error function that quantifies the randomness in aural estimation of frequencies of component tones in a complex tone stimulus. Efficient aural measurement of neural spike intervals from the eighth nerve provides a physiological account for the psychophysical characteristic of aural frequency analysis with complex sounds. Although cochlear filtering is an essential stage in auditory frequency analysis, neural time following, rather than details of the filter characteristics, is the decisive factor in determining the precision of aural frequency measurement. It is likely that peripheral auditory coding is similar for sounds in periodicity pitch and in speech perception, although the 'second stage' representing central processing would differ.", "contents": "Mechanisms of signal analysis and pattern perception in periodicity pitch. Progress in the knowledge of auditory processing of complex sounds has been made through coordinated psychophysical, physiological and theoretical studies of periodicity pitch and combination tones. Periodicity pitch is the basis for human perception of musical notes and pitch of voiced speech. The mechanism of perception involves harmonic pattern recognition on the complex Fourier frequency spectra generated by auditory frequency analysis. Combination tones are perceptible distortion tones generated within the cochlea by nonlinear interaction of component stimulus tones. Perception of periodicity pitch is quantitatively accounted for by a two-stage process of frequency analysis subject to random errors and significant nonlinearities, followed by a pattern recognizer that operates very efficiently to measure the period of musical and speech sounds. The basic characteristic of the first stage is a Gaussian standard error function that quantifies the randomness in aural estimation of frequencies of component tones in a complex tone stimulus. Efficient aural measurement of neural spike intervals from the eighth nerve provides a physiological account for the psychophysical characteristic of aural frequency analysis with complex sounds. Although cochlear filtering is an essential stage in auditory frequency analysis, neural time following, rather than details of the filter characteristics, is the decisive factor in determining the precision of aural frequency measurement. It is likely that peripheral auditory coding is similar for sounds in periodicity pitch and in speech perception, although the 'second stage' representing central processing would differ.", "PMID": 697653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11251", "title": "Pheasant susceptibility at different ages to Eastern encephalitis virus from various sources in Massachusetts.", "content": "Thirteen isolates of Eastern encephalitis (EE) virus recovered from various hosts in Massachusetts differed significantly in pathogenicity for pheasants, 21 days old or older, inoculated subcutaneously with graded doses of virus. Among the least pathogenic were two isolates from Culiseta melanura mosquitoes, and among the most pathogenic isolates was one of pheasant origin. Nine-day-old pheasant chicks were highly susceptible to EE virus. Mortality did not appear to be totally dose-related, for inocula larger than an infecting dose did not increase mortality substantially.", "contents": "Pheasant susceptibility at different ages to Eastern encephalitis virus from various sources in Massachusetts. Thirteen isolates of Eastern encephalitis (EE) virus recovered from various hosts in Massachusetts differed significantly in pathogenicity for pheasants, 21 days old or older, inoculated subcutaneously with graded doses of virus. Among the least pathogenic were two isolates from Culiseta melanura mosquitoes, and among the most pathogenic isolates was one of pheasant origin. Nine-day-old pheasant chicks were highly susceptible to EE virus. Mortality did not appear to be totally dose-related, for inocula larger than an infecting dose did not increase mortality substantially.", "PMID": 697655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11252", "title": "Experimental infection of Coxiella burnetii in chicken: clinical symptoms, serologic response, and transmission through egg.", "content": "Young laying hens were infected with Coxiella burnetii to study egg transmission, clinical and serologic responses, excretion of the agent in feces, and its persistence in internal organs. No clinical symptoms were noticed. The birds developed good titers in a capillary agglutination test by 13 days postinfection (DPI), which peaked at 30 DPI and therafter declined gradually, becoming negative in some birds around 90 DPI. In vivo and in vitro egg transmission of the agent could not be demonstrated. C. burnetii was recovered at 90 DPI from spleen and liver but not from kidney and ovary.", "contents": "Experimental infection of Coxiella burnetii in chicken: clinical symptoms, serologic response, and transmission through egg. Young laying hens were infected with Coxiella burnetii to study egg transmission, clinical and serologic responses, excretion of the agent in feces, and its persistence in internal organs. No clinical symptoms were noticed. The birds developed good titers in a capillary agglutination test by 13 days postinfection (DPI), which peaked at 30 DPI and therafter declined gradually, becoming negative in some birds around 90 DPI. In vivo and in vitro egg transmission of the agent could not be demonstrated. C. burnetii was recovered at 90 DPI from spleen and liver but not from kidney and ovary.", "PMID": 697657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11253", "title": "Immunization of pheasants for Eastern encephalitis.", "content": "Pheasants vaccinated twice with as much as one-half horse dose of a commercial Eastern-Western encephalitis adjuvanted cell-culture vaccine did not develop significant hemagglutination-inhibition titers and were not protected against artificial challenge by an Eastern encephalitis virus.", "contents": "Immunization of pheasants for Eastern encephalitis. Pheasants vaccinated twice with as much as one-half horse dose of a commercial Eastern-Western encephalitis adjuvanted cell-culture vaccine did not develop significant hemagglutination-inhibition titers and were not protected against artificial challenge by an Eastern encephalitis virus.", "PMID": 697656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11254", "title": "Influence of dietary aflatoxin on the severity of Eimeria acervulina infection in broiler chickens.", "content": "Broiler chicks (Hubbard x Hubbard) receiving 2.5 microgram of aflatoxin/g of diet and inoculated with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina gained significantly less weight than chicks receiving either aflatoxin or coccidia alone. Aflatoxin alone affected body weight more in females than males. Blood parameters, however, showed no sex-related differences to E. acervulina or aflatoxin. E. acervulina had no effect on packed cell volume, red cell number, or hemoglobin levels. Gross lesions in the intestine caused by the coccidia appeared the same with or without dietary aflatoxin. Either aflatoxin or E. acervulina alone reduced the plasma pigment. When both were present, depigmentation was greater with some strains of coccidia than with either alone. Aflatoxin alone reduced the plasma levels of cholesterol and protein. The effect of E. acervulina on cholesterol or protein, with or without aflatoxin, depended on the coccidial strain used.", "contents": "Influence of dietary aflatoxin on the severity of Eimeria acervulina infection in broiler chickens. Broiler chicks (Hubbard x Hubbard) receiving 2.5 microgram of aflatoxin/g of diet and inoculated with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina gained significantly less weight than chicks receiving either aflatoxin or coccidia alone. Aflatoxin alone affected body weight more in females than males. Blood parameters, however, showed no sex-related differences to E. acervulina or aflatoxin. E. acervulina had no effect on packed cell volume, red cell number, or hemoglobin levels. Gross lesions in the intestine caused by the coccidia appeared the same with or without dietary aflatoxin. Either aflatoxin or E. acervulina alone reduced the plasma pigment. When both were present, depigmentation was greater with some strains of coccidia than with either alone. Aflatoxin alone reduced the plasma levels of cholesterol and protein. The effect of E. acervulina on cholesterol or protein, with or without aflatoxin, depended on the coccidial strain used.", "PMID": 697658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11255", "title": "Effects of Eimeria tenella infection and dietary aflatoxin on blood coagulation of young broiler chicks.", "content": "Eimeria tenella, aflatoxicosis, and a combination of the two prolonged the prothrombin times of male Cobb broilers. Factor V added to the plasmas of birds infected with E. tenella corrected the prothrombin time. E. tenella infection did not significantly alter the levels of plasma calcium, total plasma protein, or fibrinogen. Adding Factors V, VII, and X to plasma from birds with aflatoxicosis or aflatoxicosis plus E. tenella infection did not correct prothrombin times. Partial correction was achieved by adding normal plasma containing Factor II and fibrinogen. Plasma calcium and fibrinogen levels were not significantly altered in either group whereas total protein levels of these groups were significantly lower. The hemorrhage and mortality in birds infected with E. tenella may be explained in part by the longer prothrombin time resulting from deficiency of Factor V.", "contents": "Effects of Eimeria tenella infection and dietary aflatoxin on blood coagulation of young broiler chicks. Eimeria tenella, aflatoxicosis, and a combination of the two prolonged the prothrombin times of male Cobb broilers. Factor V added to the plasmas of birds infected with E. tenella corrected the prothrombin time. E. tenella infection did not significantly alter the levels of plasma calcium, total plasma protein, or fibrinogen. Adding Factors V, VII, and X to plasma from birds with aflatoxicosis or aflatoxicosis plus E. tenella infection did not correct prothrombin times. Partial correction was achieved by adding normal plasma containing Factor II and fibrinogen. Plasma calcium and fibrinogen levels were not significantly altered in either group whereas total protein levels of these groups were significantly lower. The hemorrhage and mortality in birds infected with E. tenella may be explained in part by the longer prothrombin time resulting from deficiency of Factor V.", "PMID": 697659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11256", "title": "Comparison of the visual perception of a runway model in pilots and nonpilots during simulated night landing approaches.", "content": "Relative motion parallax, a cue that can contribute to visual judgments of glide path angle, was studied for its effect on simulated nighttime approaches in two experiments: 1) 16 pilots and 16 nonpilots adjusted the slant of a model runway to make it appear horizontal under nighttime conditions on both dynamic trials, as the model approached them, and on static trials, with the model stationary; 2) 12 pilots and 12 nonpilots performed the same task in dynamic trials while viewing the model in a dark field as before, and while viewing the model within a window which provided a stable visual frame of reference. Neither flying experience nor the visual frame of reference enhanced sensitivity to relative motion parallax. However, some errors were smaller in pilots, indicating that flying experience enhances other runway images cues. Direct judgments of approach angle magnitude indicated overestimation by an approximate factor of 2. These findings indicate large visual illusions in the nighttime situation and suggest that the ineffectiveness of relative motion parallax may be an important part of night approach problems.", "contents": "Comparison of the visual perception of a runway model in pilots and nonpilots during simulated night landing approaches. Relative motion parallax, a cue that can contribute to visual judgments of glide path angle, was studied for its effect on simulated nighttime approaches in two experiments: 1) 16 pilots and 16 nonpilots adjusted the slant of a model runway to make it appear horizontal under nighttime conditions on both dynamic trials, as the model approached them, and on static trials, with the model stationary; 2) 12 pilots and 12 nonpilots performed the same task in dynamic trials while viewing the model in a dark field as before, and while viewing the model within a window which provided a stable visual frame of reference. Neither flying experience nor the visual frame of reference enhanced sensitivity to relative motion parallax. However, some errors were smaller in pilots, indicating that flying experience enhances other runway images cues. Direct judgments of approach angle magnitude indicated overestimation by an approximate factor of 2. These findings indicate large visual illusions in the nighttime situation and suggest that the ineffectiveness of relative motion parallax may be an important part of night approach problems.", "PMID": 697665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11257", "title": "Alternating measurement of ambient and cabin ozone concentrations in commercial jet aircraft.", "content": "Ambient and cabin-air ozone concentrations were determined with an adapted commercial ozone analyzer installed in a KLM DC-10 from Amsterdam to Toronto and back. Cabin levels were detected directly and almost continuously; ambient levels were measured using a sampling system in which the ambient samples were converted to the cabin pressure at intervals of 13 min. A correlation is demonstrated between the ambient level, the cabin level, and the tropopause height. It was found that 70% of the ambient ozone concentration enters the cabin through the ventilation system, and about 50% of this concentration was measured 1.20 m above the cabin floor. For about 50% of the total flying time, the ozone level exceeded 200 parts per billion, by volume (ppb) in the cabin, with peak concentrations of about 600 ppb (TLV levels of 80--100 ppb apply in most IATA countries). Finally, medical and technical recommendations are made for future measurements.", "contents": "Alternating measurement of ambient and cabin ozone concentrations in commercial jet aircraft. Ambient and cabin-air ozone concentrations were determined with an adapted commercial ozone analyzer installed in a KLM DC-10 from Amsterdam to Toronto and back. Cabin levels were detected directly and almost continuously; ambient levels were measured using a sampling system in which the ambient samples were converted to the cabin pressure at intervals of 13 min. A correlation is demonstrated between the ambient level, the cabin level, and the tropopause height. It was found that 70% of the ambient ozone concentration enters the cabin through the ventilation system, and about 50% of this concentration was measured 1.20 m above the cabin floor. For about 50% of the total flying time, the ozone level exceeded 200 parts per billion, by volume (ppb) in the cabin, with peak concentrations of about 600 ppb (TLV levels of 80--100 ppb apply in most IATA countries). Finally, medical and technical recommendations are made for future measurements.", "PMID": 697666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11258", "title": "Development of immunity to coccidiosis in chickens administered anticoccidials in feed.", "content": "New combinations of techniques were employed for comparing the development of immunity of Eimeria tenella in chickens being medicated with 12 different anticoccidials. Broiler-type birds in batteries received a daily measured dose of E. tenella oocysts for 15 consecutive days while the drug was administered at the manufacturer's recommended level. Two or more tests of each drug gave the following ratings: strong suppression, monensin (121 ppm), salinomycin (80 ppm), lasalocid (75 ppm); moderate suppression, monensin (100 ppm), decoquinate (30 ppm), clopidol (125 ppm), and narasin (80 ppm); slight suppression, arprinocid (70 ppm), nicarbazin (125 ppm), and amprolium (125 ppm + ethopabate (4 ppm); no effect, robenidine (33 ppm), zoalene (125 ppm), and aklomide (250 ppm).", "contents": "Development of immunity to coccidiosis in chickens administered anticoccidials in feed. New combinations of techniques were employed for comparing the development of immunity of Eimeria tenella in chickens being medicated with 12 different anticoccidials. Broiler-type birds in batteries received a daily measured dose of E. tenella oocysts for 15 consecutive days while the drug was administered at the manufacturer's recommended level. Two or more tests of each drug gave the following ratings: strong suppression, monensin (121 ppm), salinomycin (80 ppm), lasalocid (75 ppm); moderate suppression, monensin (100 ppm), decoquinate (30 ppm), clopidol (125 ppm), and narasin (80 ppm); slight suppression, arprinocid (70 ppm), nicarbazin (125 ppm), and amprolium (125 ppm + ethopabate (4 ppm); no effect, robenidine (33 ppm), zoalene (125 ppm), and aklomide (250 ppm).", "PMID": 697660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11259", "title": "Pathology of experimental erysipelas in turkeys.", "content": "Gross and histopathologic lesions were studied in 10 Broad-Breasted White turkeys with acute erysipelas induced experimentally. The gross pathologic features of the disease conformed very closely with descriptions in the literature (7). Histopathologic evaluation was concentrated on the inoculation site (skin), proventriculus, ileocecal area of the intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart. In all organs examined the dominant histopathologic alteration was vascular damage as evidenced by: generalized congestion, edema, focal hemorrhage, disseminated fibrin thrombi, and numerous bacterial aggregates either within fibrin thrombi or engulfed by cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Degenerative changes or overt necrosis of parenchymal cells were evident in liver, spleen, and kidney. The cellular inflammatory component of acute lesions was minimal. Heterophil and mononuclear leukocytic infiltrates were observed in scarified skin and, in turkeys surviving several days, in livers and hearts.", "contents": "Pathology of experimental erysipelas in turkeys. Gross and histopathologic lesions were studied in 10 Broad-Breasted White turkeys with acute erysipelas induced experimentally. The gross pathologic features of the disease conformed very closely with descriptions in the literature (7). Histopathologic evaluation was concentrated on the inoculation site (skin), proventriculus, ileocecal area of the intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart. In all organs examined the dominant histopathologic alteration was vascular damage as evidenced by: generalized congestion, edema, focal hemorrhage, disseminated fibrin thrombi, and numerous bacterial aggregates either within fibrin thrombi or engulfed by cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Degenerative changes or overt necrosis of parenchymal cells were evident in liver, spleen, and kidney. The cellular inflammatory component of acute lesions was minimal. Heterophil and mononuclear leukocytic infiltrates were observed in scarified skin and, in turkeys surviving several days, in livers and hearts.", "PMID": 697661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11260", "title": "Hypoxia tolerance in rats in relation to tissue glycogen levels.", "content": "Previous work has shown that rats on high fat (52%) diet (HFD) were hypoxia-resistant compared to rats on carbohydrate (75% CHO) diet (HCD) and on normal diet (ND), as evidenced from their greatly increased survival time on exposure to 10,668 m simulated altitude. Determination of glycogen levels in the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, lungs, and kidneys show that, in hypoxia-susceptible rats, tissue glycogen was decreased in ND and was unchanged in HCD rats. In HFD rats, glycogen in tissues greatly increased on altitude exposure. It is postulated that hypoxia tolerance of HFD rats was enhanced due to: (i) preconditioning to gluconeogenesis and (ii) systemic acidosis caused by their increased fat ingestion.", "contents": "Hypoxia tolerance in rats in relation to tissue glycogen levels. Previous work has shown that rats on high fat (52%) diet (HFD) were hypoxia-resistant compared to rats on carbohydrate (75% CHO) diet (HCD) and on normal diet (ND), as evidenced from their greatly increased survival time on exposure to 10,668 m simulated altitude. Determination of glycogen levels in the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, lungs, and kidneys show that, in hypoxia-susceptible rats, tissue glycogen was decreased in ND and was unchanged in HCD rats. In HFD rats, glycogen in tissues greatly increased on altitude exposure. It is postulated that hypoxia tolerance of HFD rats was enhanced due to: (i) preconditioning to gluconeogenesis and (ii) systemic acidosis caused by their increased fat ingestion.", "PMID": 697667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11261", "title": "Eastern equine encephalomyelitis outbreak in coturnix quail.", "content": "Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) was the cause of heavy mortality in coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) reared commercially in South Carolina. The birds showed depression, tremor, and partial paralysis that advanced into complete paralysis, torticollis, and death within a few hours. The only consistent lesion on necropsy was a catarrhal enteritis in the duodenal area. The disease spread rapidly to all pens throughout the two houses on the farm in all birds over 2 weeks old, and mortality ranged from 40 to 90% in the various pens within the house. Total mortality exceeded 90,000 birds. Age groups on the farm ranged from 1 day to 8 weeks, at which time the birds went for slaughter. It appears that the initial infection was spread by cannibalism. EEE was diagnosed by isolating the virus in fertile eggs and suckling mice, with subsequent identification by complement-fixation. This is the first documented case of EEE in coturnix quail.", "contents": "Eastern equine encephalomyelitis outbreak in coturnix quail. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) was the cause of heavy mortality in coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) reared commercially in South Carolina. The birds showed depression, tremor, and partial paralysis that advanced into complete paralysis, torticollis, and death within a few hours. The only consistent lesion on necropsy was a catarrhal enteritis in the duodenal area. The disease spread rapidly to all pens throughout the two houses on the farm in all birds over 2 weeks old, and mortality ranged from 40 to 90% in the various pens within the house. Total mortality exceeded 90,000 birds. Age groups on the farm ranged from 1 day to 8 weeks, at which time the birds went for slaughter. It appears that the initial infection was spread by cannibalism. EEE was diagnosed by isolating the virus in fertile eggs and suckling mice, with subsequent identification by complement-fixation. This is the first documented case of EEE in coturnix quail.", "PMID": 697663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11262", "title": "Performance, mood, and clinical symptoms in men exposed to prolonged, severe physical work and sleep deprivation.", "content": "There were 44 young men who participated in strenuous combat courses of 4 d (course I) or 5 d (course II), almost without sleep. They were tested and examined clinically each morning. Groups 1 and 2 had no organized sleep, whereas groups 3 and 4 got 3 and 6 h, respectively, in the middle of each course. Substantial impairment was observed in all tests, as well as clinical symptoms toward the end of the courses for groups 1 and 2. In the vigilance test, the reaction time task, the code test, and the profile of mood-state, significant impairment was observed even after 24 h. Complaints of symptoms came first. Disturbance of senses and behaviour appeared later. Group 4 had significantly better results than groups 1 and 2 in clinical symptoms and all tests, except the positive score in mood-state. Group 3 occupied an intermediate position. Corresponding results were obtained in the two separate courses. In the morning following the course, recovery after 4 h of sleep was less extensive for courses II than course I participants.", "contents": "Performance, mood, and clinical symptoms in men exposed to prolonged, severe physical work and sleep deprivation. There were 44 young men who participated in strenuous combat courses of 4 d (course I) or 5 d (course II), almost without sleep. They were tested and examined clinically each morning. Groups 1 and 2 had no organized sleep, whereas groups 3 and 4 got 3 and 6 h, respectively, in the middle of each course. Substantial impairment was observed in all tests, as well as clinical symptoms toward the end of the courses for groups 1 and 2. In the vigilance test, the reaction time task, the code test, and the profile of mood-state, significant impairment was observed even after 24 h. Complaints of symptoms came first. Disturbance of senses and behaviour appeared later. Group 4 had significantly better results than groups 1 and 2 in clinical symptoms and all tests, except the positive score in mood-state. Group 3 occupied an intermediate position. Corresponding results were obtained in the two separate courses. In the morning following the course, recovery after 4 h of sleep was less extensive for courses II than course I participants.", "PMID": 697668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11263", "title": "Peculiar characteristics of crewmembers' metabolism on the second expedition aboard orbital station Salyut-4.", "content": "This paper presents the results of metabolic studies of crew members on the second expedition aboard orbital station Salyut-4. Pre- and postflight medical examinations included measurements of a wide range of biochemical parameters characterising protein and carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activity, energy exchange in red blood cells, hormone concentration, etc. It was shown that, during the 63-d flight and 7-d recovery period, crew-members developed no metabolic changes which could suggest pathologies. The changes were functional and seemed to be manifestations of adaptive reactions to space flight and return to 1 G. Elucidation of mechanisms of the reactions requires further study.", "contents": "Peculiar characteristics of crewmembers' metabolism on the second expedition aboard orbital station Salyut-4. This paper presents the results of metabolic studies of crew members on the second expedition aboard orbital station Salyut-4. Pre- and postflight medical examinations included measurements of a wide range of biochemical parameters characterising protein and carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activity, energy exchange in red blood cells, hormone concentration, etc. It was shown that, during the 63-d flight and 7-d recovery period, crew-members developed no metabolic changes which could suggest pathologies. The changes were functional and seemed to be manifestations of adaptive reactions to space flight and return to 1 G. Elucidation of mechanisms of the reactions requires further study.", "PMID": 697669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11264", "title": "Skeletal abnormalities in domestic chicken.", "content": "In 14,891 necropsies performed on domestic poultry during January 1976 to October 1977, two cases of skeletal abnormalities were found. One was a tarsometatarsal spur in an adult female chicken, and the other was a crossed-beak associated with microphthalmia.", "contents": "Skeletal abnormalities in domestic chicken. In 14,891 necropsies performed on domestic poultry during January 1976 to October 1977, two cases of skeletal abnormalities were found. One was a tarsometatarsal spur in an adult female chicken, and the other was a crossed-beak associated with microphthalmia.", "PMID": 697662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11265", "title": "Spatial disorientation in general aviation accidents.", "content": "Spatial disorientation (SD) was the third highest \"cause\" of fatal accidents in small, fixed-wing aircraft and closely related to the second highest \"cause\"--\"continued VFR flight into adverse weather.\" SD was a cause or factor in 16% of all fatal accidents. When SD was ascribed as a cause or factor in an accident, 90% of the time that accident involved fatalities. Small, fixed-wing aircraft under 12,500 lb (570 kg) accounted for 97.3% of all SD accidents. Inclement weather was associated with 42% of all fatal accidents, and SD was a cause or factor in 35.6% of these. Flight was initiated into and continued into adverse weather in 19.7 and 68.7%, respectively, of SD weather-related fatal accidents. Fog (56.8%) and rain (41.8%) were the most prevalent adverse weather conditions. These and other data attest to the importance of this psychophysiological phenomenon in flight safety.", "contents": "Spatial disorientation in general aviation accidents. Spatial disorientation (SD) was the third highest \"cause\" of fatal accidents in small, fixed-wing aircraft and closely related to the second highest \"cause\"--\"continued VFR flight into adverse weather.\" SD was a cause or factor in 16% of all fatal accidents. When SD was ascribed as a cause or factor in an accident, 90% of the time that accident involved fatalities. Small, fixed-wing aircraft under 12,500 lb (570 kg) accounted for 97.3% of all SD accidents. Inclement weather was associated with 42% of all fatal accidents, and SD was a cause or factor in 35.6% of these. Flight was initiated into and continued into adverse weather in 19.7 and 68.7%, respectively, of SD weather-related fatal accidents. Fog (56.8%) and rain (41.8%) were the most prevalent adverse weather conditions. These and other data attest to the importance of this psychophysiological phenomenon in flight safety.", "PMID": 697670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11266", "title": "Structural changes associated with type-A influenza in Mallard duck tracheal organ culture.", "content": "Mallard duck tracheal organ cultures were used to study structural changes associated with infection with type-A influenza (A/Turkey/WIS/68) (H9N2) at the light-microscope and electron-microscope levels. Light-microscope changes in infected organ culture were cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear swelling, reduction in ciliated epithelium, and sloughing of epithelial cells. Ultrastructural changes included the loss of cilia and microvilli, distortion and swelling of cellular organelles, breakdown of intercellular junction, and apparent phagocytosis of the ciliated epithelium. Numerous budding virions were noted at the plasmalemma. Virus was detected by egg inoculation from all experimental cultures throughout the 192-hour experiment.", "contents": "Structural changes associated with type-A influenza in Mallard duck tracheal organ culture. Mallard duck tracheal organ cultures were used to study structural changes associated with infection with type-A influenza (A/Turkey/WIS/68) (H9N2) at the light-microscope and electron-microscope levels. Light-microscope changes in infected organ culture were cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear swelling, reduction in ciliated epithelium, and sloughing of epithelial cells. Ultrastructural changes included the loss of cilia and microvilli, distortion and swelling of cellular organelles, breakdown of intercellular junction, and apparent phagocytosis of the ciliated epithelium. Numerous budding virions were noted at the plasmalemma. Virus was detected by egg inoculation from all experimental cultures throughout the 192-hour experiment.", "PMID": 697664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11267", "title": "Hypoxia survival variations in male and female mice as functions of chronological and environmental factors.", "content": "The inhalation by mice for 20 min of 5.5% oxygen in nitrogen, performed 29 times over 40 months, causes a mortality of 49.81%. Correlation coefficients were calculated between hypoxia mortality and different parameters: environmental--lighting, temperature, hygrometry, barometric pressure, biological--sex, age, body weight; and chronological--circadian, circannual, pluriannual. Partial correlation coefficients eliminate several interrelationships and finally point out the statistical significance of transfer from dark to light (p less than 0.001), of circadian (p less than 0.05), and of circannual (p less than 0.01) hypoxic mortality variations. Moreover, a significant (p less than 0.001) sex-related difference of mortality (males: 56.94%; females : 41.14%) was observed, independently of the environmental and chronological parameters studied.", "contents": "Hypoxia survival variations in male and female mice as functions of chronological and environmental factors. The inhalation by mice for 20 min of 5.5% oxygen in nitrogen, performed 29 times over 40 months, causes a mortality of 49.81%. Correlation coefficients were calculated between hypoxia mortality and different parameters: environmental--lighting, temperature, hygrometry, barometric pressure, biological--sex, age, body weight; and chronological--circadian, circannual, pluriannual. Partial correlation coefficients eliminate several interrelationships and finally point out the statistical significance of transfer from dark to light (p less than 0.001), of circadian (p less than 0.05), and of circannual (p less than 0.01) hypoxic mortality variations. Moreover, a significant (p less than 0.001) sex-related difference of mortality (males: 56.94%; females : 41.14%) was observed, independently of the environmental and chronological parameters studied.", "PMID": 697671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11268", "title": "Effect of long-term hyperbaric stress on ammonia metabolism in humans.", "content": "A significant increase in blood urea was found in 11 U.S. Navy divers during 8 d of air saturation hyperbaric exposure. Similar increases in blood urea have been found in animals that convulsed during hyperbaric oxygen exposure. Therefore, it is suggested that careful attention be given to blood ammonia and urea levels in humans during long-term hyperbaric exposure.", "contents": "Effect of long-term hyperbaric stress on ammonia metabolism in humans. A significant increase in blood urea was found in 11 U.S. Navy divers during 8 d of air saturation hyperbaric exposure. Similar increases in blood urea have been found in animals that convulsed during hyperbaric oxygen exposure. Therefore, it is suggested that careful attention be given to blood ammonia and urea levels in humans during long-term hyperbaric exposure.", "PMID": 697672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11269", "title": "Task-specific simulator pretraining and in-flight stress of student pilots.", "content": "Student pilots (n = 20) were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 80 min of high-fidelity, task-specific simulation prior to exposure to the initial power-on stall and spin recovery lesson unit in T-37 pilot training. Both experimental and control groups received orientation simulator experience not related to the aircraft spin series. Catecholamine excretion patterns indicated that the initial power-on stall and spin recovery lesson unit resulted in a pronounced stress response in both groups. A statistically significant difference in the norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio was found to exist between the experimental and control groups. It was concluded that task-specific simulator pretraining resulted in an altered stress response characterized by lower arousal and greater mental work than was evidenced in the control group.", "contents": "Task-specific simulator pretraining and in-flight stress of student pilots. Student pilots (n = 20) were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 80 min of high-fidelity, task-specific simulation prior to exposure to the initial power-on stall and spin recovery lesson unit in T-37 pilot training. Both experimental and control groups received orientation simulator experience not related to the aircraft spin series. Catecholamine excretion patterns indicated that the initial power-on stall and spin recovery lesson unit resulted in a pronounced stress response in both groups. A statistically significant difference in the norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio was found to exist between the experimental and control groups. It was concluded that task-specific simulator pretraining resulted in an altered stress response characterized by lower arousal and greater mental work than was evidenced in the control group.", "PMID": 697675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11270", "title": "Intangibles facilitating or inhibiting health care delivery systems.", "content": "Proponents of general systems theory believed its principles were applicable to a variety of living systems. General systems theory was applied to health care delivery systems and provided a conceptual framework for operation. Intangibles in the health care delivery system may inhibit or facilitate open or closed systems and thereby directly or indirectly influence the quality and quantity of care. This paper reviews and discusses: 1) Basic concepts of general systems theory; 2) Application of general systems theory to health care delivery systems, including the Air Evac system; 3) Intangibles in systems which facilitate or inhibit health care delivery; and 4) Suggestions to facilitate open systems and the delivery of quality care.", "contents": "Intangibles facilitating or inhibiting health care delivery systems. Proponents of general systems theory believed its principles were applicable to a variety of living systems. General systems theory was applied to health care delivery systems and provided a conceptual framework for operation. Intangibles in the health care delivery system may inhibit or facilitate open or closed systems and thereby directly or indirectly influence the quality and quantity of care. This paper reviews and discusses: 1) Basic concepts of general systems theory; 2) Application of general systems theory to health care delivery systems, including the Air Evac system; 3) Intangibles in systems which facilitate or inhibit health care delivery; and 4) Suggestions to facilitate open systems and the delivery of quality care.", "PMID": 697676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11271", "title": "Longevity in military pilots: 37-year followup of the Navy's \"1000 aviators\".", "content": "The 37-year nonmilitary mortality rate for initially healthy aviators was determined in a followup program on the U.S. Navy's \"1000 Aviator\" cohort. Of the 800 survivors of World War II and the Korean conflict, 95 were found to have died from nonmilitary causes over this followup period. This is markedly less than the 208 that would be expected from a random sample of white American men over a similar period (p less than 0.005). It is also significantly less than the 143 that would have been expected from a group of men who had passed an initial insurance physical (p less than 0.005). Lower-than-expected death rates occurred in all three major categories of cause of death in this age group: cardiovascular, neoplastic, and accidental. The generally good socioeconomic background, the positive genetic influence of long-lived parents, the above average intelligence, and the health and fitness orientation of the military aviator are all thought to be factors contributing to this increased longevity.", "contents": "Longevity in military pilots: 37-year followup of the Navy's \"1000 aviators\". The 37-year nonmilitary mortality rate for initially healthy aviators was determined in a followup program on the U.S. Navy's \"1000 Aviator\" cohort. Of the 800 survivors of World War II and the Korean conflict, 95 were found to have died from nonmilitary causes over this followup period. This is markedly less than the 208 that would be expected from a random sample of white American men over a similar period (p less than 0.005). It is also significantly less than the 143 that would have been expected from a group of men who had passed an initial insurance physical (p less than 0.005). Lower-than-expected death rates occurred in all three major categories of cause of death in this age group: cardiovascular, neoplastic, and accidental. The generally good socioeconomic background, the positive genetic influence of long-lived parents, the above average intelligence, and the health and fitness orientation of the military aviator are all thought to be factors contributing to this increased longevity.", "PMID": 697677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11272", "title": "Altitude tolerance of general aviation pilots with normal or partially impaired spirometric function.", "content": "The altitude tolerance of 10 spirometrically impaired (SI) general aviation pilots with an average forced midexpiratory flow (FEF25--75%) value of 65.1% was compared to that of 10 spirometrically normal (SN) pilots. Cardiorespiratory parameters assessed at ground level (GL) and at 8,000- and 12,500-ft altitudes were blood pressure, pulmonary ventilation, oxyhemoglobin saturation, temporal artery flow velocity, heart rate, and single-lead electrocardiogram. Although altitude exposure quantitatively displaced the SI group more than the SN group, the differences were not statistically significant at the probability level of 0.05. Unifocal premature ventricular contractions were present at GL in three of the pilots and showed no further changes at altitude. Therefore, the mean FEF25--75%, values of 65% of predicted normal for the SI group becomes a reasonable option as an objective screening norm for acceptable tolerance to general aviation altitudes in the ambient-air-breathing range.", "contents": "Altitude tolerance of general aviation pilots with normal or partially impaired spirometric function. The altitude tolerance of 10 spirometrically impaired (SI) general aviation pilots with an average forced midexpiratory flow (FEF25--75%) value of 65.1% was compared to that of 10 spirometrically normal (SN) pilots. Cardiorespiratory parameters assessed at ground level (GL) and at 8,000- and 12,500-ft altitudes were blood pressure, pulmonary ventilation, oxyhemoglobin saturation, temporal artery flow velocity, heart rate, and single-lead electrocardiogram. Although altitude exposure quantitatively displaced the SI group more than the SN group, the differences were not statistically significant at the probability level of 0.05. Unifocal premature ventricular contractions were present at GL in three of the pilots and showed no further changes at altitude. Therefore, the mean FEF25--75%, values of 65% of predicted normal for the SI group becomes a reasonable option as an objective screening norm for acceptable tolerance to general aviation altitudes in the ambient-air-breathing range.", "PMID": 697678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11273", "title": "Retrograde coronary blood flow after mannitol in intact anesthetized dogs.", "content": "In control dogs mannitol produced a moderate increase in coronary blood flow, a decrease in coronary vascular resistance, and a moderate increase in cardiac output. In dogs with coronary occlusion mannitol increased retrograde coronary blood flow (+25%) and collateral conductance suggesting increased blood availability to ischemic myocardium.", "contents": "Retrograde coronary blood flow after mannitol in intact anesthetized dogs. In control dogs mannitol produced a moderate increase in coronary blood flow, a decrease in coronary vascular resistance, and a moderate increase in cardiac output. In dogs with coronary occlusion mannitol increased retrograde coronary blood flow (+25%) and collateral conductance suggesting increased blood availability to ischemic myocardium.", "PMID": 697706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11274", "title": "[Effect of X-ray contrast medium on peripheral circulation, arterial blood flow and venous capacity in the lower extremities during phlebography (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of contrast medium (20 ml Meglumine Diatrizoate 65%; Angiografin) on peripheral circulation was studied after injection into the vena saphena magna in 12 patients (mean age 40.5 years) with markedly varicose veins. Pneumatic segment-plethysmography and \"mercury-in-rubber\" strain-gauge-plethysmography were used to investigate local and systemic effects of contrast medium on intravascular basic volume and pressure-dependent venous capacity. Heart rate was controlled by Ecg-monitoring, venous blood pressure by means of a Schwarzer pressure transducer, and peripheral blood flow by means of pneumatic segment-plethysmography. In addition peripheral vascular resistance was calculated. Local effect of contrast medium on large veins was a small insignificant increase (2.2%) of venous capacity. However, there was a significant increase of additional 10% after recirculation (2 P less than 0.01). Intravascular basic volume showed a significant increase as well (2 P less than 0.01). In addition the calculated increase of total intravascular volume--represented by intravascular basic volume plus venous capacity--was 16.3% related to an intravenous pressure of 70 mm Hg. According to these findings, 20 ml contrast medium enlarges the blood volume dumping into the legs with postural changes by approximately 270 ml. Arterial inflow increased significantly (2P less than 0.01) by 40% after contrast injection, whereas mean arterial blood pressure decreased simultaneously. Consequently a reduction of peripheral vascular resistance of 32% was calculated. The neglectable local effect of contrast medium on pressure-dependent venous capacity is probably due to the markedly reduced distensibility of varicose veins. In contrast a striking effect of contrast medium is observed after recirculation, which is felt to be due to a general vasodilatation of capillary vessels and pre- and postcapillary resistance vessels.", "contents": "[Effect of X-ray contrast medium on peripheral circulation, arterial blood flow and venous capacity in the lower extremities during phlebography (author's transl)]. The influence of contrast medium (20 ml Meglumine Diatrizoate 65%; Angiografin) on peripheral circulation was studied after injection into the vena saphena magna in 12 patients (mean age 40.5 years) with markedly varicose veins. Pneumatic segment-plethysmography and \"mercury-in-rubber\" strain-gauge-plethysmography were used to investigate local and systemic effects of contrast medium on intravascular basic volume and pressure-dependent venous capacity. Heart rate was controlled by Ecg-monitoring, venous blood pressure by means of a Schwarzer pressure transducer, and peripheral blood flow by means of pneumatic segment-plethysmography. In addition peripheral vascular resistance was calculated. Local effect of contrast medium on large veins was a small insignificant increase (2.2%) of venous capacity. However, there was a significant increase of additional 10% after recirculation (2 P less than 0.01). Intravascular basic volume showed a significant increase as well (2 P less than 0.01). In addition the calculated increase of total intravascular volume--represented by intravascular basic volume plus venous capacity--was 16.3% related to an intravenous pressure of 70 mm Hg. According to these findings, 20 ml contrast medium enlarges the blood volume dumping into the legs with postural changes by approximately 270 ml. Arterial inflow increased significantly (2P less than 0.01) by 40% after contrast injection, whereas mean arterial blood pressure decreased simultaneously. Consequently a reduction of peripheral vascular resistance of 32% was calculated. The neglectable local effect of contrast medium on pressure-dependent venous capacity is probably due to the markedly reduced distensibility of varicose veins. In contrast a striking effect of contrast medium is observed after recirculation, which is felt to be due to a general vasodilatation of capillary vessels and pre- and postcapillary resistance vessels.", "PMID": 697707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11275", "title": "Left ventricular volumes and functioning of the reindeer heart.", "content": "Left ventricular volumes were measured by cineangiocardiography in 56 sessions on 25 reindeer, together with determinations of arterial pressure and blood oxygen saturation. The heart rate with the animal kept lying on the sternum at rest was 50 b/min, the aortic blood oxygen saturation 94 to 98% and the aortic blood pressure 153/130/115 mm Hg. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume was 3.4 ml/kg of b.w., stroke volume 2.6 ml/kg, cardiac output 133 ml/kg . min, and ejection fraction 76%. If the animal was placed on its side the aortic blood oxygen saturation decreased by 2 to 3 per cent, end-diastolic volume rose 10%, stroke volume 25%, cardiac output nearly 30% and ejection fraction 14%. The heart rate and cardiac output increased in hypoxemia, but the end-diastolic and stroke volumes simultaneously decreased. If the aortic blood pressure rose during hypoxia, the end-diastolic and stroke volumes increased, while the ejection fraction first increased and then decreased again. In normoxia a rise in aortic blood pressure was associated with decreased end-diastolic and stroke volumes and ejection fraction. An increased heart rate at rest was followed by increased cardiac output, but decreased end-diastolic and stroke volumes and ejection fraction.", "contents": "Left ventricular volumes and functioning of the reindeer heart. Left ventricular volumes were measured by cineangiocardiography in 56 sessions on 25 reindeer, together with determinations of arterial pressure and blood oxygen saturation. The heart rate with the animal kept lying on the sternum at rest was 50 b/min, the aortic blood oxygen saturation 94 to 98% and the aortic blood pressure 153/130/115 mm Hg. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume was 3.4 ml/kg of b.w., stroke volume 2.6 ml/kg, cardiac output 133 ml/kg . min, and ejection fraction 76%. If the animal was placed on its side the aortic blood oxygen saturation decreased by 2 to 3 per cent, end-diastolic volume rose 10%, stroke volume 25%, cardiac output nearly 30% and ejection fraction 14%. The heart rate and cardiac output increased in hypoxemia, but the end-diastolic and stroke volumes simultaneously decreased. If the aortic blood pressure rose during hypoxia, the end-diastolic and stroke volumes increased, while the ejection fraction first increased and then decreased again. In normoxia a rise in aortic blood pressure was associated with decreased end-diastolic and stroke volumes and ejection fraction. An increased heart rate at rest was followed by increased cardiac output, but decreased end-diastolic and stroke volumes and ejection fraction.", "PMID": 697708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11276", "title": "Preload dependence of dP/dt max, VCE max and calculated V max compared to the inotropic sensitivity of these indices of cardiac contractility.", "content": "In five canine heart-lung preparations the preload dependence of dP/dt max, V max, VCE max and (dP/dt:P-EDP + C) max was related to the inotropic sensitivity of these indices. V max and (dP/dt:P-EDP + C) max are less affected by preload changes than dP/dt max and therefore should be more suitable for inotropic measurements. But even if the preload changes caused by inotropic interventions are not taken into account, V max shows the same inotropic sensitivity as dP/dt max when the contractile state is reduced and an even lower sensitivity when the contractile state is enhanced. The sensitivity of (dP/dt:P-EDP + C) max, however, is much lower over the whole range of tested inotropic states. If enddiastolic pressure is kept constant during inotropic interventions, dP/dt max is a much more sensitive inotropic index than V max. VCE max usually shows a negative correlation to the diastolic filling of the heart. In the improved inotropic state this correlation can become positive, thus making it impossible to evaluate the influence of the preload dependence on the result. None of the tested parameters shows a higher inotropic sensitivity than dP/dt max, though the preload dependence of dP/dt max is more evident. Therefore, none of these more complicated parameters has any advantage over the simple measure dP/dt max for evaluation of acute changes in contractility.", "contents": "Preload dependence of dP/dt max, VCE max and calculated V max compared to the inotropic sensitivity of these indices of cardiac contractility. In five canine heart-lung preparations the preload dependence of dP/dt max, V max, VCE max and (dP/dt:P-EDP + C) max was related to the inotropic sensitivity of these indices. V max and (dP/dt:P-EDP + C) max are less affected by preload changes than dP/dt max and therefore should be more suitable for inotropic measurements. But even if the preload changes caused by inotropic interventions are not taken into account, V max shows the same inotropic sensitivity as dP/dt max when the contractile state is reduced and an even lower sensitivity when the contractile state is enhanced. The sensitivity of (dP/dt:P-EDP + C) max, however, is much lower over the whole range of tested inotropic states. If enddiastolic pressure is kept constant during inotropic interventions, dP/dt max is a much more sensitive inotropic index than V max. VCE max usually shows a negative correlation to the diastolic filling of the heart. In the improved inotropic state this correlation can become positive, thus making it impossible to evaluate the influence of the preload dependence on the result. None of the tested parameters shows a higher inotropic sensitivity than dP/dt max, though the preload dependence of dP/dt max is more evident. Therefore, none of these more complicated parameters has any advantage over the simple measure dP/dt max for evaluation of acute changes in contractility.", "PMID": 697709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11277", "title": "[Systolic time intervals. II. Relationship of values of children with heart diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "For 219 children between 3 and 15 years with the most frequent congenital and acquired heart failures it was investigated in what way the STI differ consistently from the corresponding standard values. It was found that all the STI of children with cardiovascular diseases can vary from the normal values scaled by heart rate even in disorders of the right heart. The STI naturally have the greatest diagnostical significance in the evaluation of failures of the left heart, especially aortic stenosis (shortened PEP lengthened QS2 and LVET), and of heart partition defects (shortened LVET, prolonged PEP, normal QS2). Statistically individual groups of heart disorders can be differentiated from one another by the STI rather well.", "contents": "[Systolic time intervals. II. Relationship of values of children with heart diseases (author's transl)]. For 219 children between 3 and 15 years with the most frequent congenital and acquired heart failures it was investigated in what way the STI differ consistently from the corresponding standard values. It was found that all the STI of children with cardiovascular diseases can vary from the normal values scaled by heart rate even in disorders of the right heart. The STI naturally have the greatest diagnostical significance in the evaluation of failures of the left heart, especially aortic stenosis (shortened PEP lengthened QS2 and LVET), and of heart partition defects (shortened LVET, prolonged PEP, normal QS2). Statistically individual groups of heart disorders can be differentiated from one another by the STI rather well.", "PMID": 697710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11278", "title": "Amino acid sequences of alpha-helical segments from S-carbosymethylkerateine-A. Complete sequence of a type-I segment.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of a type-I helical segment from the low-sulphur protein (S-carboxymethylkerateine-A) of wool was determined by combining automatic and manual-sequencing data. Whereas in the type-II helical segment most of the cationic groups occur in pairs, 11 of the 22 anionic residues in the sequence of the type-I segment were situated next to a second anionic residue. This suggests possible interactions between type-I and type-II helical segments in alpha-keratin. As observed with the sequence of a type-II helical segment a model constructed on 3.6 residues per turn of helix shows a line of hydrophobic residues along the helix, thereby supporting the physicochemical evidence that the molecule is predominantly helical and forms part of a coiled-coil structure. Examination of the sequence data by predictive methods indicates the possibilty of extensive sections of alpha-helix interspersed with discontinuities. The molecule contains a number of regions with peptide sequences identical with those found by other workers after enzymic digestion of fractions from oxidized wool.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of alpha-helical segments from S-carbosymethylkerateine-A. Complete sequence of a type-I segment. The amino acid sequence of a type-I helical segment from the low-sulphur protein (S-carboxymethylkerateine-A) of wool was determined by combining automatic and manual-sequencing data. Whereas in the type-II helical segment most of the cationic groups occur in pairs, 11 of the 22 anionic residues in the sequence of the type-I segment were situated next to a second anionic residue. This suggests possible interactions between type-I and type-II helical segments in alpha-keratin. As observed with the sequence of a type-II helical segment a model constructed on 3.6 residues per turn of helix shows a line of hydrophobic residues along the helix, thereby supporting the physicochemical evidence that the molecule is predominantly helical and forms part of a coiled-coil structure. Examination of the sequence data by predictive methods indicates the possibilty of extensive sections of alpha-helix interspersed with discontinuities. The molecule contains a number of regions with peptide sequences identical with those found by other workers after enzymic digestion of fractions from oxidized wool.", "PMID": 697725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11279", "title": "Amino acid sequences of alpha-helical segments from S-carboxymethylkerateine-A. Statistical analysis.", "content": "The distribution of the different types of amino acid residue within two helical segments isolated from the low-sulphur fraction of wool keratin was examined for periodicity and larger sequence repeats. Both were detected, the former corresponding to the geometry of the proposed coiled=coil structure and the latter suggesting a distant gene duplication, though the existence of the repeat might equally well be related to interactions within the microfibril.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of alpha-helical segments from S-carboxymethylkerateine-A. Statistical analysis. The distribution of the different types of amino acid residue within two helical segments isolated from the low-sulphur fraction of wool keratin was examined for periodicity and larger sequence repeats. Both were detected, the former corresponding to the geometry of the proposed coiled=coil structure and the latter suggesting a distant gene duplication, though the existence of the repeat might equally well be related to interactions within the microfibril.", "PMID": 697726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11280", "title": "Influence of the peptide-chain length on disulphide-bond formation in neurohypophysial hormones and analogues.", "content": "(8-Arginine)vasopressin, (8-arginine)vasotocin, oxytocin and oxypressin, the 'ring' derivatives pressinamide and tocinamide, and the extended-chain analogues Pro-Arg-Val-(8-arginine)vasopressin and (8-arginine)vasopressinoyl-Ala-Met-Ala-NH(2), were synthesized by the solid-phase method and purified by sequential gel filtration on Sephadex G-15 in 50% acetic acid and 0.2M-acetic acid. Controlled oxidation of the thiol groups of the reduced peptides obtained after deprotection with sodium in liquid ammonia gave rise to products that depended on the length of the peptide chain: (i) nonapeptides gave monomer and dimer species, (ii) hexapeptides produced mixtures containing higher polymers, and (iii) dodecapeptides gave predominantly monomer with some dimerized material. The evidence suggests that the presence of the acyclic tail tripeptide in the nonapeptide hormones induces a conformation in the preceding hexapeptide that favours the formation of an intramolecular disulphide bond. For (8-arginine)vasopressin, intramolecular disulphide-bond formation is enhanced by extension of the peptide chain from either the N- or the C-terminus. The possible significance of these studies to neurohypophysial hormone-prohormone relationships is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of the peptide-chain length on disulphide-bond formation in neurohypophysial hormones and analogues. (8-Arginine)vasopressin, (8-arginine)vasotocin, oxytocin and oxypressin, the 'ring' derivatives pressinamide and tocinamide, and the extended-chain analogues Pro-Arg-Val-(8-arginine)vasopressin and (8-arginine)vasopressinoyl-Ala-Met-Ala-NH(2), were synthesized by the solid-phase method and purified by sequential gel filtration on Sephadex G-15 in 50% acetic acid and 0.2M-acetic acid. Controlled oxidation of the thiol groups of the reduced peptides obtained after deprotection with sodium in liquid ammonia gave rise to products that depended on the length of the peptide chain: (i) nonapeptides gave monomer and dimer species, (ii) hexapeptides produced mixtures containing higher polymers, and (iii) dodecapeptides gave predominantly monomer with some dimerized material. The evidence suggests that the presence of the acyclic tail tripeptide in the nonapeptide hormones induces a conformation in the preceding hexapeptide that favours the formation of an intramolecular disulphide bond. For (8-arginine)vasopressin, intramolecular disulphide-bond formation is enhanced by extension of the peptide chain from either the N- or the C-terminus. The possible significance of these studies to neurohypophysial hormone-prohormone relationships is discussed.", "PMID": 697727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11281", "title": "Magnetic-circular-dichroism studies of haem a and its derivatives.", "content": "The low-temperature m.c.d.(magnetic-circular-dichroism) spectra of haem a derivatives are presented. It is shown that reduced haem a in pyridine contains the low-spin ferrous ion and that oxidized haem a in the presence of excess imidazole has the low-spin ferric form. Both the m.c.d. and the absorption spectra of haem a in excess pyridine are changed by the addition of excess sodium dithionite into a form similar to that of haems b and c. This is interpreted in terms of an attack, by reduced pyridine, at the 8-formyl group of the haem a ring. This leads to a partial assignment of the electronic spectrum of haem a.", "contents": "Magnetic-circular-dichroism studies of haem a and its derivatives. The low-temperature m.c.d.(magnetic-circular-dichroism) spectra of haem a derivatives are presented. It is shown that reduced haem a in pyridine contains the low-spin ferrous ion and that oxidized haem a in the presence of excess imidazole has the low-spin ferric form. Both the m.c.d. and the absorption spectra of haem a in excess pyridine are changed by the addition of excess sodium dithionite into a form similar to that of haems b and c. This is interpreted in terms of an attack, by reduced pyridine, at the 8-formyl group of the haem a ring. This leads to a partial assignment of the electronic spectrum of haem a.", "PMID": 697728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11282", "title": "Secretion of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase isoenzymes by normal human fibroblasts.", "content": "1. Secretion of the lysosomal enzyme beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) by normal human fibroblast cultures was linear with respect to time up to 96h. 2. Two forms of the A isoenzyme of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were found in the culture medium. One form was similar to the isoenzyme found in other extracellular fluids, such as plasma and tears, the other resembled the intracellular (lysosomal) enzyme. The presence of the two isoenzymes in the culture medium appears to reflect two distinct secretory processes. 3. It is suggested that plasma acid hydrolases may be destined for incorporation into lysosomes in a manner analogous to that described for the packaging of lysosomal enzymes by fibroblasts.", "contents": "Secretion of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase isoenzymes by normal human fibroblasts. 1. Secretion of the lysosomal enzyme beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) by normal human fibroblast cultures was linear with respect to time up to 96h. 2. Two forms of the A isoenzyme of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were found in the culture medium. One form was similar to the isoenzyme found in other extracellular fluids, such as plasma and tears, the other resembled the intracellular (lysosomal) enzyme. The presence of the two isoenzymes in the culture medium appears to reflect two distinct secretory processes. 3. It is suggested that plasma acid hydrolases may be destined for incorporation into lysosomes in a manner analogous to that described for the packaging of lysosomal enzymes by fibroblasts.", "PMID": 697729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11283", "title": "The amino acid sequence of ferredoxin from the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the ferrodoxin of Porphyra umbilicalis was determined by the dansyl-phenyl isothiocyanate method, on peptides obtained by tryptic, chymotryptic and thermolytic digestion of the protein or its CNBr-cleavage fragments. The molecule consists of 98 residues, has an unblocked N-terminus and shows considerable similarity with other plant-type ferredoxins. It is the first reported sequence of a red-algal ferredoxin.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of ferredoxin from the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis. The amino acid sequence of the ferrodoxin of Porphyra umbilicalis was determined by the dansyl-phenyl isothiocyanate method, on peptides obtained by tryptic, chymotryptic and thermolytic digestion of the protein or its CNBr-cleavage fragments. The molecule consists of 98 residues, has an unblocked N-terminus and shows considerable similarity with other plant-type ferredoxins. It is the first reported sequence of a red-algal ferredoxin.", "PMID": 697730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11284", "title": "Comparative study of the glycosphingolipids of chicken bursa of Fabricius and of chicken, rat and human thymus.", "content": "1. The glycosphingolipid compositions of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius of young male chickens were compared. The two tissues were found to contain complex mixtures of both neutral glycosphingolipids and gangliosides. Both tissues contained mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-glycosylceramides; the pentaglycosylceramide displayed a reaction of identity with authentic Forssman antigen when tested against a specific anti-(Forssman antigen) serum. The ganglioside G(m3) containing N-acetylneuraminic acid was the principle ganglioside of both tissues. 2. The thymus contained appreciable amounts of the simple ganglioside N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylceramide, a compound not found in the bursa. The ganglioside G(d3) (disialohaematoside) was detected in both tissues. 3. Rat and human thymus, like sheep thymus (Narasimhan, Hay, Greaves & Murray (1976) Biochim, Biophys. Acta 431, 578-591), both contained a tetraglycosylceramide species as their most complex neutral glycosphingolipid and possessed little or no Forssman antigen. They also contained a complex mixture of gangliosides. 4. The possible significance of these results is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Comparative study of the glycosphingolipids of chicken bursa of Fabricius and of chicken, rat and human thymus. 1. The glycosphingolipid compositions of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius of young male chickens were compared. The two tissues were found to contain complex mixtures of both neutral glycosphingolipids and gangliosides. Both tissues contained mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-glycosylceramides; the pentaglycosylceramide displayed a reaction of identity with authentic Forssman antigen when tested against a specific anti-(Forssman antigen) serum. The ganglioside G(m3) containing N-acetylneuraminic acid was the principle ganglioside of both tissues. 2. The thymus contained appreciable amounts of the simple ganglioside N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylceramide, a compound not found in the bursa. The ganglioside G(d3) (disialohaematoside) was detected in both tissues. 3. Rat and human thymus, like sheep thymus (Narasimhan, Hay, Greaves & Murray (1976) Biochim, Biophys. Acta 431, 578-591), both contained a tetraglycosylceramide species as their most complex neutral glycosphingolipid and possessed little or no Forssman antigen. They also contained a complex mixture of gangliosides. 4. The possible significance of these results is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 697731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11285", "title": "Kinetic and mechanistic studies of methylated liver alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "Reductive methylation of lysine residues activates liver alcohol dehydrogenase in the oxidation of primary alcohols, but decreases the activity of the enzyme towards secondary alcohols. The modification also desensitizes the dehydrogenase to substrate inhibition at high alcohol concentrations. Steady-state kinetic studies of methylated liver alcohol dehydrogenase over a wide range of alcohol concentrations suggest that alcohol oxidation proceeds via a random addition of coenzyme and substrate with a pathway for the formation of the productive enzyme-NADH-alcohol complex. To facilitate the analyses of the effects of methylation on liver alcohol dehydrogenase and factors affecting them, new operational kinetic parameters to describe the results at high substrate concentration were introduced. The changes in the dehydrogenase activity on alkylation were found to be associated with changes in the maximum velocities that are affected by the hydrophobicity of alkyl groups introduced at lysine residues. The desensitization of alkylated liver alcohol dehydrogenase to substrate inhibition is identified with a decrease in inhibitory Michaelis constants for alcohols and this is favoured by the steric effects of substituents at the lysine residues.", "contents": "Kinetic and mechanistic studies of methylated liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Reductive methylation of lysine residues activates liver alcohol dehydrogenase in the oxidation of primary alcohols, but decreases the activity of the enzyme towards secondary alcohols. The modification also desensitizes the dehydrogenase to substrate inhibition at high alcohol concentrations. Steady-state kinetic studies of methylated liver alcohol dehydrogenase over a wide range of alcohol concentrations suggest that alcohol oxidation proceeds via a random addition of coenzyme and substrate with a pathway for the formation of the productive enzyme-NADH-alcohol complex. To facilitate the analyses of the effects of methylation on liver alcohol dehydrogenase and factors affecting them, new operational kinetic parameters to describe the results at high substrate concentration were introduced. The changes in the dehydrogenase activity on alkylation were found to be associated with changes in the maximum velocities that are affected by the hydrophobicity of alkyl groups introduced at lysine residues. The desensitization of alkylated liver alcohol dehydrogenase to substrate inhibition is identified with a decrease in inhibitory Michaelis constants for alcohols and this is favoured by the steric effects of substituents at the lysine residues.", "PMID": 697732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11286", "title": "Studies on the tissue specificity of the high-mobility-group non-histone chromosomal proteins from calf.", "content": "The high-mobility-group (HMG) non-histone chromosomal proteins from calf thymus, liver, spleen and kidney were extracted, and fractionated by CM-Sephadex chromatography and trichloroacetic acid precipitation. The isolated proteins HMG 1, HMG 2 and HMG 17 from the tissues were compared by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and amino acid analysis. The results show that the three proteins are very similar in the tissues studied, implying a lack of tissue specificity.", "contents": "Studies on the tissue specificity of the high-mobility-group non-histone chromosomal proteins from calf. The high-mobility-group (HMG) non-histone chromosomal proteins from calf thymus, liver, spleen and kidney were extracted, and fractionated by CM-Sephadex chromatography and trichloroacetic acid precipitation. The isolated proteins HMG 1, HMG 2 and HMG 17 from the tissues were compared by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and amino acid analysis. The results show that the three proteins are very similar in the tissues studied, implying a lack of tissue specificity.", "PMID": 697733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11287", "title": "The iron-binding properties of hen ovotransferrin.", "content": "1. The distribution of iron between the two iron-binding sites in partially saturated ovotransferrin was studied by labelling with 55Fe and 59Fe and by gel electrophoresis in a urea-containing buffer. 2. When iron is added in the form of chelate complexes at alkaline pH, binding occurs preferentially at the N-terminal binding site. In acid, binding occurs preferentially at the C-terminal site. 3. When simple iron donors (ferric and ferrous salts) are used the metal is distributed at random between the binding sites, as judged by the gel-electrophoresis method. The double-isotope method shows a preference of ferrous salts for the N-terminal site. 4. Quantitative treatment of the results of double-isotope labelling suggests that in the binding of iron to ovotransferrin at alkaline pH co-operative interactions between the sites occur. These interactions are apparently absent in the displacement of copper and in the binding of iron at acid pH.", "contents": "The iron-binding properties of hen ovotransferrin. 1. The distribution of iron between the two iron-binding sites in partially saturated ovotransferrin was studied by labelling with 55Fe and 59Fe and by gel electrophoresis in a urea-containing buffer. 2. When iron is added in the form of chelate complexes at alkaline pH, binding occurs preferentially at the N-terminal binding site. In acid, binding occurs preferentially at the C-terminal site. 3. When simple iron donors (ferric and ferrous salts) are used the metal is distributed at random between the binding sites, as judged by the gel-electrophoresis method. The double-isotope method shows a preference of ferrous salts for the N-terminal site. 4. Quantitative treatment of the results of double-isotope labelling suggests that in the binding of iron to ovotransferrin at alkaline pH co-operative interactions between the sites occur. These interactions are apparently absent in the displacement of copper and in the binding of iron at acid pH.", "PMID": 697734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11288", "title": "Hyaluronic acid in the pulmonary secretions of patients with asthma.", "content": "Hyaluronic acid was the only glycosaminoglycan found in the pulmonary secretions of patients with asthma. The compound had a hexuronate/hexosamine molar ratio of about 1:1. Glucosamine constituted over 98% of the hexosamines, the remaining being galactosamine. The compound moved as a single spot with the mobility of standard hyaluronic acid on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and this spot disappeared after digestion with testicular hyaluronidase. Even after extensive proteolysis and purification, the compound was associated with small amounts of protein, the major amino acids of which were aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine and valine.", "contents": "Hyaluronic acid in the pulmonary secretions of patients with asthma. Hyaluronic acid was the only glycosaminoglycan found in the pulmonary secretions of patients with asthma. The compound had a hexuronate/hexosamine molar ratio of about 1:1. Glucosamine constituted over 98% of the hexosamines, the remaining being galactosamine. The compound moved as a single spot with the mobility of standard hyaluronic acid on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and this spot disappeared after digestion with testicular hyaluronidase. Even after extensive proteolysis and purification, the compound was associated with small amounts of protein, the major amino acids of which were aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine and valine.", "PMID": 697736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11289", "title": "The isolation and characterization of the high-molecular-weight glycoprotein from pig colonic mucus.", "content": "1. A high-molecular-weight glycoprotein constitutes over 80% by weight of the total glycoprotein from water-soluble pig colonic mucus. 2. It was isolated from from nucleic acid and non-covalently bound protein by nuclease digestion followed by equilibrium centrifugation in a CsCl gradient. 3. The glycoprotein has the following composition by weight: fucose 10.4%; glucosamine 23.9%; galactosamine 8.3%; sialic acid 9.9%; galactose 20.8%; sulphate 3.0%; protein 13.3%; moisture about 10%. 4. The native glycoprotein has the high mol.wt. of 15 X 10(6). 5. Reduction of the native glycoprotein with 2-mercaptoethanol results in a glycoprotein of mol.wt. 6 X 10(6). 6. Pronase digestion removes 29% of the protein (3% of the glycoprotein) but none of the carbohydrate. 7. The molecular weight of the Pronase-digested glycoprotein is 1.5 X 10(6), which is halved to 0.76 X 10(6) on reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol. 8. The contribution of non-covalent interactions, disulphide bridges and the non-glycosylated peptide core to the quaternary structure of the glycoprotein are discussed and compared with the known structure of pig gastric glycoportein.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of the high-molecular-weight glycoprotein from pig colonic mucus. 1. A high-molecular-weight glycoprotein constitutes over 80% by weight of the total glycoprotein from water-soluble pig colonic mucus. 2. It was isolated from from nucleic acid and non-covalently bound protein by nuclease digestion followed by equilibrium centrifugation in a CsCl gradient. 3. The glycoprotein has the following composition by weight: fucose 10.4%; glucosamine 23.9%; galactosamine 8.3%; sialic acid 9.9%; galactose 20.8%; sulphate 3.0%; protein 13.3%; moisture about 10%. 4. The native glycoprotein has the high mol.wt. of 15 X 10(6). 5. Reduction of the native glycoprotein with 2-mercaptoethanol results in a glycoprotein of mol.wt. 6 X 10(6). 6. Pronase digestion removes 29% of the protein (3% of the glycoprotein) but none of the carbohydrate. 7. The molecular weight of the Pronase-digested glycoprotein is 1.5 X 10(6), which is halved to 0.76 X 10(6) on reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol. 8. The contribution of non-covalent interactions, disulphide bridges and the non-glycosylated peptide core to the quaternary structure of the glycoprotein are discussed and compared with the known structure of pig gastric glycoportein.", "PMID": 697737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11290", "title": "Crystal structures of egg-white lysozyme of hen in acetate-free medium and of lysozyme complexes with N-acetylglucosamine and beta-methyl N-acetylglucosaminide.", "content": "The binding of beta-methyl N-acetylglucosaminide (betaMeGlcNAc) to egg-white lysozyme of hen in the tetragonal crystal form was studied by X-ray diffraction techniques to a resolution of 0.25 nm. The binding of the beta-methyl glycoside is almost identical with the binding of beta-N-acetylglucosamine (betaGlcNAc). Real-space refinement of the lysozyme-alpha/beta GlcNAc and lysozyme-betaMeGlcNAc complexes allowed preliminary analysis of the conformational changes observed on binding monosaccharide inhibitors, specially in the region involving tryptophan-62 and residues 70--76. Tetagonal lysozyme crystals, grown in the absence of acetate ions, were examined by X-ray diffraction to 0.25nm resolution. The resulting difference Fourier synthesis shows no firm evidence for bound acetate ions and indicates only minor conformational changes in the side-chain positions of aspartic acid-101 and asparagine-103. The close similarity of the lysozyme structures in the presence and absence of acetate is contrary to expectations from previous n.m.r. studies.", "contents": "Crystal structures of egg-white lysozyme of hen in acetate-free medium and of lysozyme complexes with N-acetylglucosamine and beta-methyl N-acetylglucosaminide. The binding of beta-methyl N-acetylglucosaminide (betaMeGlcNAc) to egg-white lysozyme of hen in the tetragonal crystal form was studied by X-ray diffraction techniques to a resolution of 0.25 nm. The binding of the beta-methyl glycoside is almost identical with the binding of beta-N-acetylglucosamine (betaGlcNAc). Real-space refinement of the lysozyme-alpha/beta GlcNAc and lysozyme-betaMeGlcNAc complexes allowed preliminary analysis of the conformational changes observed on binding monosaccharide inhibitors, specially in the region involving tryptophan-62 and residues 70--76. Tetagonal lysozyme crystals, grown in the absence of acetate ions, were examined by X-ray diffraction to 0.25nm resolution. The resulting difference Fourier synthesis shows no firm evidence for bound acetate ions and indicates only minor conformational changes in the side-chain positions of aspartic acid-101 and asparagine-103. The close similarity of the lysozyme structures in the presence and absence of acetate is contrary to expectations from previous n.m.r. studies.", "PMID": 697738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11291", "title": "A structural model for desmosine cross-linked peptides.", "content": "Desmosine-enriched peptides were isolated from a thermolysin digest of bovine ligamentum nuchae elastin and a partial sequence was determined. A 'two-cross-link' model is proposed in which a second cross-link, perhaps lysinonorleucine, joins two peptide chains approx. 35 amino acid residues removed from the desmosine. Implied in this model is a certain asymmetry or directionality which places restrictions on the 'sense' of the peptide chains (either always parallel or anti-parallel) in order to align the cross-linking sites. Imposing such restrictions raises the possibility of specific alignment of elastin precursor molecules by microfibrillar proteins and/or aligning peptides on the precursor molecules themselves.", "contents": "A structural model for desmosine cross-linked peptides. Desmosine-enriched peptides were isolated from a thermolysin digest of bovine ligamentum nuchae elastin and a partial sequence was determined. A 'two-cross-link' model is proposed in which a second cross-link, perhaps lysinonorleucine, joins two peptide chains approx. 35 amino acid residues removed from the desmosine. Implied in this model is a certain asymmetry or directionality which places restrictions on the 'sense' of the peptide chains (either always parallel or anti-parallel) in order to align the cross-linking sites. Imposing such restrictions raises the possibility of specific alignment of elastin precursor molecules by microfibrillar proteins and/or aligning peptides on the precursor molecules themselves.", "PMID": 697739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11292", "title": "Incorporation of [3H]leucine into an actin-like protein in response to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in chick intestinal brush borders.", "content": "1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol very rapidly stimulates the incorporation of [4,5-3H]leucine into at least two proteins of the chick intestinal mucosal cells. The smaller of the two proteins has mol.wt. approx. 42000, very similar to actin. Other properties of this protein were investigated, including its solubility in salt solution and its behaviour on gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, and in all cases the 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-stimulated protein was indistinguishable from intestinal actin. It was also shown that the brush borders of mucosal cells contain both beta- and gamma-actin in approximately equal amounts and that both forms of the protein appear to be affected by the hormone. It is concluded therefore that one of the earliest actions of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is to stimulate the incorporation of leucine into beta- and gamma-actin of the mucosal cells or into two proteins very like them.", "contents": "Incorporation of [3H]leucine into an actin-like protein in response to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in chick intestinal brush borders. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol very rapidly stimulates the incorporation of [4,5-3H]leucine into at least two proteins of the chick intestinal mucosal cells. The smaller of the two proteins has mol.wt. approx. 42000, very similar to actin. Other properties of this protein were investigated, including its solubility in salt solution and its behaviour on gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, and in all cases the 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-stimulated protein was indistinguishable from intestinal actin. It was also shown that the brush borders of mucosal cells contain both beta- and gamma-actin in approximately equal amounts and that both forms of the protein appear to be affected by the hormone. It is concluded therefore that one of the earliest actions of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is to stimulate the incorporation of leucine into beta- and gamma-actin of the mucosal cells or into two proteins very like them.", "PMID": 697740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11293", "title": "Separation and partial characterization of guinea-pig caseins.", "content": "1. Guinea-pig caseins A, B and C were purified free of each other by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. 2. Determination of the amino acid composition showed all three caseins to contain a high proportion of proline and glutamic acid, but no cysteine. This apart, the amino acid composition of the three caseins was markedly different, though calculated divergence values suggest that some homology may exist between caseins A and B. Molecular-weight estimates based on amino acid composition were in good agreement with those based on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 3. N-Terminal analysis showed lysine, methionine and lysine to be the N-terminal residues of caseins A, B and C respectively. 4. Two-dimensional separation of tryptic digests revealed a distinctive pattern for each casein. 5. All caseins were shown to be phosphoproteins. The casein C preparation also contained significant amounts of sialic acid, neutral and amino sugars. 6. The results suggest that each casein represents a separate gene product, and that the low-molecular-weight proteins are not the result of a post-translational cleavage of the largest. All were distinctly different from the whey protein alpha-lactalbumin.", "contents": "Separation and partial characterization of guinea-pig caseins. 1. Guinea-pig caseins A, B and C were purified free of each other by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. 2. Determination of the amino acid composition showed all three caseins to contain a high proportion of proline and glutamic acid, but no cysteine. This apart, the amino acid composition of the three caseins was markedly different, though calculated divergence values suggest that some homology may exist between caseins A and B. Molecular-weight estimates based on amino acid composition were in good agreement with those based on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 3. N-Terminal analysis showed lysine, methionine and lysine to be the N-terminal residues of caseins A, B and C respectively. 4. Two-dimensional separation of tryptic digests revealed a distinctive pattern for each casein. 5. All caseins were shown to be phosphoproteins. The casein C preparation also contained significant amounts of sialic acid, neutral and amino sugars. 6. The results suggest that each casein represents a separate gene product, and that the low-molecular-weight proteins are not the result of a post-translational cleavage of the largest. All were distinctly different from the whey protein alpha-lactalbumin.", "PMID": 697741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11294", "title": "Regulation of pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase by phosphorylation. Studies on the subunit and phosphorylation stoicheiometries.", "content": "1. The molecular weights of the subunits of purified pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complex were determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis and were: pyruvate decarboxylase, alpha-subunit 40600, beta-subunit 35100; dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase 76100; dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 58200. 2. Inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by its integral kinase corresponded to the incorporation of 0.46nmol of P/unit of complex activity inactivated. 3. Further incorporation of phosphate into the complex occurred to a limit of 1.27nmol of P/unit of complex inactivated (approx. 3 times that required for inactivation). 4. Phosphate was incorporated only into the alpha-subunit of the decarboxylase. 5. The molar ratio of phosphate to alpha-subunits of the decarboxylase was estimated by radioamidination of amino groups of pyruvate dehydrogenase [(32)P]phosphate complex by using methyl [1-(14)C]acetimidate, followed by separation of alpha-subunits by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis. Inactivation of the complex (0.46nmol of P/unit of complex inactivated) corresponded to a molar ratio of one phosphate group per two alpha-chains (i.e. one phosphate group/alpha(2)beta(2) tetramer). Complete phosphorylation corresponded to three phosphate groups per alpha(2)beta(2) tetramer. 6. Subunit molar ratios in the complex were also estimated by the radioamidination technique. Results corresponded most closely to molar ratios of 4 alpha-subunits:4 beta-subunits:2 dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase subunits:1 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase subunit.", "contents": "Regulation of pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase by phosphorylation. Studies on the subunit and phosphorylation stoicheiometries. 1. The molecular weights of the subunits of purified pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complex were determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis and were: pyruvate decarboxylase, alpha-subunit 40600, beta-subunit 35100; dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase 76100; dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 58200. 2. Inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by its integral kinase corresponded to the incorporation of 0.46nmol of P/unit of complex activity inactivated. 3. Further incorporation of phosphate into the complex occurred to a limit of 1.27nmol of P/unit of complex inactivated (approx. 3 times that required for inactivation). 4. Phosphate was incorporated only into the alpha-subunit of the decarboxylase. 5. The molar ratio of phosphate to alpha-subunits of the decarboxylase was estimated by radioamidination of amino groups of pyruvate dehydrogenase [(32)P]phosphate complex by using methyl [1-(14)C]acetimidate, followed by separation of alpha-subunits by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis. Inactivation of the complex (0.46nmol of P/unit of complex inactivated) corresponded to a molar ratio of one phosphate group per two alpha-chains (i.e. one phosphate group/alpha(2)beta(2) tetramer). Complete phosphorylation corresponded to three phosphate groups per alpha(2)beta(2) tetramer. 6. Subunit molar ratios in the complex were also estimated by the radioamidination technique. Results corresponded most closely to molar ratios of 4 alpha-subunits:4 beta-subunits:2 dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase subunits:1 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase subunit.", "PMID": 697742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11295", "title": "The direct determination of porphyrin carboxylic acids. High-pressure liquid chromatography with solvent systems containing phase-transfer agents.", "content": "A novel method for separating porphyrin polycarboxylic acids is described and illustrated by its application to the direct analysis of biological (deep-sea medusae), clinical (urine) and chemical ('haematoporphyrin derivative') samples.", "contents": "The direct determination of porphyrin carboxylic acids. High-pressure liquid chromatography with solvent systems containing phase-transfer agents. A novel method for separating porphyrin polycarboxylic acids is described and illustrated by its application to the direct analysis of biological (deep-sea medusae), clinical (urine) and chemical ('haematoporphyrin derivative') samples.", "PMID": 697743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11296", "title": "Half-sites oxidation of bovine liver uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase.", "content": "6,6-Dithiodinicotinate shows half-of-the-sites reactivity towards the six catalytic-site thiol groups of bovine liver UDP-glucose dehydrogenase. The reagent introduces three intrasubunit disulphide linkages between catalytic-site thiol groups and non-catalytic-site thiol groups and abrogates 60% of the catalytic activity of the hexameric enzyme; excess 2-mercaptoethanol rapidly restores full catalytic activity. These results show the half-of-the-sites behaviour of the enzyme with the reagent and the presence of a non-catalytic-site thiol group capable of forming a disulphide linkage with a catalytic-site thiol group on the same subunit without irreversible denaturation.", "contents": "Half-sites oxidation of bovine liver uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase. 6,6-Dithiodinicotinate shows half-of-the-sites reactivity towards the six catalytic-site thiol groups of bovine liver UDP-glucose dehydrogenase. The reagent introduces three intrasubunit disulphide linkages between catalytic-site thiol groups and non-catalytic-site thiol groups and abrogates 60% of the catalytic activity of the hexameric enzyme; excess 2-mercaptoethanol rapidly restores full catalytic activity. These results show the half-of-the-sites behaviour of the enzyme with the reagent and the presence of a non-catalytic-site thiol group capable of forming a disulphide linkage with a catalytic-site thiol group on the same subunit without irreversible denaturation.", "PMID": 697744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11297", "title": "The mechanism of haem catabolism. A study of haem breakdown in spleen microsomal fraction and in a model system by 18O labelling and metal substitution.", "content": "The mechanism of bile-pigment formation from haem breakdown was studied by using 18O labelling of the molecular oxygen required for macrocyclic ring cleavage. For haem degradation by the spleen microsomal haem oxygenase system, mass spectrometry of the product bilirubin revealed that cleavage occurred by the Two-Molecule Mechanism, i.e. the terminal lactam oxygen atoms in bilirubin were derived from two different oxygen molecules. Similarly, degradation of myoglobin by coupled oxidation with ascorbate and oxygen proceeded via the Two-Molecule Mechanism. Cobalt and manganese complexes of protoporphyrin IX were not degraded by either the haem oxygenase system or the coupled oxidation system. This result suggests that the iron atom possesses unique properties in facilitating porphyrin breakdown.", "contents": "The mechanism of haem catabolism. A study of haem breakdown in spleen microsomal fraction and in a model system by 18O labelling and metal substitution. The mechanism of bile-pigment formation from haem breakdown was studied by using 18O labelling of the molecular oxygen required for macrocyclic ring cleavage. For haem degradation by the spleen microsomal haem oxygenase system, mass spectrometry of the product bilirubin revealed that cleavage occurred by the Two-Molecule Mechanism, i.e. the terminal lactam oxygen atoms in bilirubin were derived from two different oxygen molecules. Similarly, degradation of myoglobin by coupled oxidation with ascorbate and oxygen proceeded via the Two-Molecule Mechanism. Cobalt and manganese complexes of protoporphyrin IX were not degraded by either the haem oxygenase system or the coupled oxidation system. This result suggests that the iron atom possesses unique properties in facilitating porphyrin breakdown.", "PMID": 697745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11298", "title": "Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in rat epididymal fat-pads and isolated adipocytes by adrenaline.", "content": "1. Dose-dependent effects of adrenaline on PDHa activity were investigated with both incubated rat epidiymal fat-pads and isolated adipocytes. 2. Adrenaline (10nM- 5 micrometer) decreased PDHa activity in fat-pads incubated with 5 mM-[U-14C]glucose + insulin (20 munits/ml). Changes in [U-14C]glucose incorporation into fatty acids in these tissues correlated only loosely with changes in PDHa activity. There was a good inverse relationship between adrenaline-induced changes in PDHa activity and increases in lipolysis (glycerol release). 3. Adrenaline (10nM - 0.5 micrometer) decreased PDHa activity in fat-pads incubated with 5 mM-[U-14C]pyruvate + insulin (20 munits/ml), whereas 1 micrometer- and 5 micrometer-adrenaline slightly increased PDHa activity. All concentrations of adrenaline tested decreased [U-14C]pyruvate incorporation into fatty acids. Between 10nM- and 0.5 micrometer-adrenaline percentage decreases in PDHa activity paralleled decreases in faty acid synthesis. 4. Effects of adrenaline on PDHa activity and fatty acid synthesis in fat-pads incubated with 5mM-[U-14C]pyruvate + insulin (20 munits/ml) could not be mimicked by addition of albumin-bound palmitate. 5. The response of PDHa activity to adrenaline (0.1 nM - 1 micrometer) in isolated adipocytes differed with the carbohydrate substrate used in the incubations. With 5 mM-glucose + insulin (20 munits/ml), PDHa activity was significantly increased by 10 nM-adrenaline, but not by 1 micrometer-adrenaline, the response to adrenaline being biphasic. There was some correlation between PDHa activity and accumulation of non-esterified fatty acids. With 5 mM-glucose alone adrenaline (0.1 nM - 1 micrometer) had no effect on PDHa activity even though lipolysis was increased by adrenaline (0.1 micrometer - 1 micrometer). With 5mM-fructose in the presence and absence of insulin, lipolytic doses of adrenaline decreased PDHa activity. No tested concentrations of adrenaline increased PDHa with this substrate. 6. In the presence of 5 mM-fructose, palmitate was significantly more effective than adrenaline with respect to the maximum decrease in PDHa activity that could be elicited. 4. The relationship of changes in PDHa activity to changes in lipogenesis and the likelihood of adrenaline-induced changes in PDHa activity being secondary to changes in non-esterified fatty acid metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in rat epididymal fat-pads and isolated adipocytes by adrenaline. 1. Dose-dependent effects of adrenaline on PDHa activity were investigated with both incubated rat epidiymal fat-pads and isolated adipocytes. 2. Adrenaline (10nM- 5 micrometer) decreased PDHa activity in fat-pads incubated with 5 mM-[U-14C]glucose + insulin (20 munits/ml). Changes in [U-14C]glucose incorporation into fatty acids in these tissues correlated only loosely with changes in PDHa activity. There was a good inverse relationship between adrenaline-induced changes in PDHa activity and increases in lipolysis (glycerol release). 3. Adrenaline (10nM - 0.5 micrometer) decreased PDHa activity in fat-pads incubated with 5 mM-[U-14C]pyruvate + insulin (20 munits/ml), whereas 1 micrometer- and 5 micrometer-adrenaline slightly increased PDHa activity. All concentrations of adrenaline tested decreased [U-14C]pyruvate incorporation into fatty acids. Between 10nM- and 0.5 micrometer-adrenaline percentage decreases in PDHa activity paralleled decreases in faty acid synthesis. 4. Effects of adrenaline on PDHa activity and fatty acid synthesis in fat-pads incubated with 5mM-[U-14C]pyruvate + insulin (20 munits/ml) could not be mimicked by addition of albumin-bound palmitate. 5. The response of PDHa activity to adrenaline (0.1 nM - 1 micrometer) in isolated adipocytes differed with the carbohydrate substrate used in the incubations. With 5 mM-glucose + insulin (20 munits/ml), PDHa activity was significantly increased by 10 nM-adrenaline, but not by 1 micrometer-adrenaline, the response to adrenaline being biphasic. There was some correlation between PDHa activity and accumulation of non-esterified fatty acids. With 5 mM-glucose alone adrenaline (0.1 nM - 1 micrometer) had no effect on PDHa activity even though lipolysis was increased by adrenaline (0.1 micrometer - 1 micrometer). With 5mM-fructose in the presence and absence of insulin, lipolytic doses of adrenaline decreased PDHa activity. No tested concentrations of adrenaline increased PDHa with this substrate. 6. In the presence of 5 mM-fructose, palmitate was significantly more effective than adrenaline with respect to the maximum decrease in PDHa activity that could be elicited. 4. The relationship of changes in PDHa activity to changes in lipogenesis and the likelihood of adrenaline-induced changes in PDHa activity being secondary to changes in non-esterified fatty acid metabolism are discussed.", "PMID": 697746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11299", "title": "Ontogeny of the vitellogenic response to oestradiol and of the soluble nuclear oestrogen receptor in embryonic-chick liver.", "content": "A specific high-affinity oestradiol-binding protein was characterized in salt extracts of liver nuclei of the developing chick embryo. It is present in very small amounts at day 10 of development and is marginally stimulated by oestradiol injection into the yolk sac on day 8. Injection of oestradiol on day 10 evokes a substantial increase in the nuclear oestradiol-binding activity measured on day 12 of development. This oestradiol-binding protein has properties of sedimentation, hormone specificity and high-affinity binding very similar to those of the soluble nuclear receptor in hatched chicks. Livers from the 12-day embryos injected 48 h earlier with oestradiol do not synthesize vitellogenin, as judged by a specific immunochemical and electrophoretic assay for this oestrogen-induced protein. Traces of vitellogenin synthesis can be induced in 13-day-embryo liver, and a substantial response, equivalent to that in hatched chicks, is seen in liver from 15-day embryos injected on day 13. The development of the ability of oestradiol to increase the concentration of the soluble nuclear receptor appears to be one, but not the only, critical factor involved in the development of the ability of chick liver to synthesize vitellogenin.", "contents": "Ontogeny of the vitellogenic response to oestradiol and of the soluble nuclear oestrogen receptor in embryonic-chick liver. A specific high-affinity oestradiol-binding protein was characterized in salt extracts of liver nuclei of the developing chick embryo. It is present in very small amounts at day 10 of development and is marginally stimulated by oestradiol injection into the yolk sac on day 8. Injection of oestradiol on day 10 evokes a substantial increase in the nuclear oestradiol-binding activity measured on day 12 of development. This oestradiol-binding protein has properties of sedimentation, hormone specificity and high-affinity binding very similar to those of the soluble nuclear receptor in hatched chicks. Livers from the 12-day embryos injected 48 h earlier with oestradiol do not synthesize vitellogenin, as judged by a specific immunochemical and electrophoretic assay for this oestrogen-induced protein. Traces of vitellogenin synthesis can be induced in 13-day-embryo liver, and a substantial response, equivalent to that in hatched chicks, is seen in liver from 15-day embryos injected on day 13. The development of the ability of oestradiol to increase the concentration of the soluble nuclear receptor appears to be one, but not the only, critical factor involved in the development of the ability of chick liver to synthesize vitellogenin.", "PMID": 697747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11300", "title": "A method for the analysis of protein turnover characteristics. Indirect estimation of rates of protein degradation.", "content": "A method for the calculation of rate constants of degradation of a specific protein during a period of change in protein amount is described. The calculation uses measurements of rates of synthesis and amount of the protein, together with one estimate of the protein half-life. The method is demonstrated by using data from measurements made on the accumulation of fatty acid synthetase in hormonally treated explants of mammary gland from mid-pregnant rabbits, and data from other authors. These calculations demonstrate a regulated programme of co-ordinated changes in rates of synthesis and degradation during a period of change in protein mass. The role of such changes in protein degradation during protein accumulation is discussed.", "contents": "A method for the analysis of protein turnover characteristics. Indirect estimation of rates of protein degradation. A method for the calculation of rate constants of degradation of a specific protein during a period of change in protein amount is described. The calculation uses measurements of rates of synthesis and amount of the protein, together with one estimate of the protein half-life. The method is demonstrated by using data from measurements made on the accumulation of fatty acid synthetase in hormonally treated explants of mammary gland from mid-pregnant rabbits, and data from other authors. These calculations demonstrate a regulated programme of co-ordinated changes in rates of synthesis and degradation during a period of change in protein mass. The role of such changes in protein degradation during protein accumulation is discussed.", "PMID": 697748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11301", "title": "Fatty acid biosynthesis in the leaves of barley, wheat and pea.", "content": "1. The incorporation of radioactivity from [1-14C]acetate into the leaf lipids of barley, pea and wheat has been studied in pulse-labelling experiments. 2. There was little increase in the total labelling of lipids after the leaves were transferred to non-radioactive medium. However, there was an increase in the relative labelling of unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, there was an increase in the relative labelling of diacylgalactosylglycerol. 3. The principal radioactively labelled acyl lipids were diacylgalactosylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine showed a decreasing proportion of [14C]oleate and an increasing amount of [14C]linoleate with time. Diacylgalactosylglycerol also had decreasing amounts of [14C]oleate but, in addition, had an increasing proportion of [14C]linolenate with time. 4. The absence of significant amounts of [14C]linolenate in phosphatidylcholine appeared to exclude a role for this phospholipid in linoleate desaturation. 5. The specific radioactivities of oleate and linoleate in phosphatidylcholine, diacylgalactosylglycerol and diacylgalabiosylglycerol were very similar in any single experiment. It was concluded that these fatty acids can rapidly exchange between the three intact lipids.", "contents": "Fatty acid biosynthesis in the leaves of barley, wheat and pea. 1. The incorporation of radioactivity from [1-14C]acetate into the leaf lipids of barley, pea and wheat has been studied in pulse-labelling experiments. 2. There was little increase in the total labelling of lipids after the leaves were transferred to non-radioactive medium. However, there was an increase in the relative labelling of unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, there was an increase in the relative labelling of diacylgalactosylglycerol. 3. The principal radioactively labelled acyl lipids were diacylgalactosylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine showed a decreasing proportion of [14C]oleate and an increasing amount of [14C]linoleate with time. Diacylgalactosylglycerol also had decreasing amounts of [14C]oleate but, in addition, had an increasing proportion of [14C]linolenate with time. 4. The absence of significant amounts of [14C]linolenate in phosphatidylcholine appeared to exclude a role for this phospholipid in linoleate desaturation. 5. The specific radioactivities of oleate and linoleate in phosphatidylcholine, diacylgalactosylglycerol and diacylgalabiosylglycerol were very similar in any single experiment. It was concluded that these fatty acids can rapidly exchange between the three intact lipids.", "PMID": 697749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11302", "title": "Distinction between binding and endocytosis of human asialo-transferrin by the rat liver.", "content": "The ability of the rat liver to bind and endocytose human asialo-transferrin was investigated in vivo. Asialo-transferrin was separated from incompletely desialylated transferrin and neuraminidase by chromatography before being labelled with (125)I. Plasma radioactivity curves and hepatic radioactivity contents measured over a 1270-fold dose range led to the following observation. At the lowest dose (0.4mug/100g body wt.), the distribution of asialo-transferrin between plasma and liver resembled a reversible reaction reaching equilibrium in approx. 20min. After 35min, 93% of the dose was recovered with the plasma and liver as protein-bound radioactivity. Most of the asialo-transferrin associated with the liver could be displaced by asialo-orosomucoid, indicating that binding of asialo-transferrin to the galactose-specific lectin on the plasma membrane of hepatocytes was not followed by a signal for endocytosis. A range of doses, up to an average of 509.2mug of asialo-transferrin per 100g body wt., resulted in progressive increments in asialo-transferrin catabolism, as evidenced by lower dose recoveries and increased concentrations of non-protein-associated radioactivity in the liver and plasma volume. These observations indicate that binding and endocytosis of human asialo-transferrin by the rat hepatocyte are distinct phenomena. Individual asialo-transferrin molecules, although readily bound by the hepatic lectin, lack either the quantity or spacing of terminal galactose residues necessary for triggering endocytosis. Although endocytosis is induced by several asialo-transferrin molecules acting synergistically, preliminary experiments with asialo-glycopeptides and other substances have so far failed to provide further insight into the chemical basis of the signal for endocytosis.", "contents": "Distinction between binding and endocytosis of human asialo-transferrin by the rat liver. The ability of the rat liver to bind and endocytose human asialo-transferrin was investigated in vivo. Asialo-transferrin was separated from incompletely desialylated transferrin and neuraminidase by chromatography before being labelled with (125)I. Plasma radioactivity curves and hepatic radioactivity contents measured over a 1270-fold dose range led to the following observation. At the lowest dose (0.4mug/100g body wt.), the distribution of asialo-transferrin between plasma and liver resembled a reversible reaction reaching equilibrium in approx. 20min. After 35min, 93% of the dose was recovered with the plasma and liver as protein-bound radioactivity. Most of the asialo-transferrin associated with the liver could be displaced by asialo-orosomucoid, indicating that binding of asialo-transferrin to the galactose-specific lectin on the plasma membrane of hepatocytes was not followed by a signal for endocytosis. A range of doses, up to an average of 509.2mug of asialo-transferrin per 100g body wt., resulted in progressive increments in asialo-transferrin catabolism, as evidenced by lower dose recoveries and increased concentrations of non-protein-associated radioactivity in the liver and plasma volume. These observations indicate that binding and endocytosis of human asialo-transferrin by the rat hepatocyte are distinct phenomena. Individual asialo-transferrin molecules, although readily bound by the hepatic lectin, lack either the quantity or spacing of terminal galactose residues necessary for triggering endocytosis. Although endocytosis is induced by several asialo-transferrin molecules acting synergistically, preliminary experiments with asialo-glycopeptides and other substances have so far failed to provide further insight into the chemical basis of the signal for endocytosis.", "PMID": 697750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11303", "title": "The transport of alpha-aminoisobutyrate into Crithidia fasciculata.", "content": "The transport of alpha-aminoisobutyrate into Crithidia fasciculata was characterized under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Kinetic data for alpha-aminoisobutyrate transport were consistent with the operation of a single system of broad specificity that showed no marked dependence on Na+. Under anaerobic conditions alpha-aminoisobutyrate transport was inhibited by uncouplers such as 2,4-dinitrophenol, lipophilic cations such as methyltriphenylphosphonium ion and adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors such as dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide and NaN3. A working model in which alpha-aminoisobutyrate enters this organism by an H+-symport mechanism, the electrochemical gradient of protons being maintained by an H+-translocating adenosine triphosphatase on the cytoplasmic membrane, is proposed.", "contents": "The transport of alpha-aminoisobutyrate into Crithidia fasciculata. The transport of alpha-aminoisobutyrate into Crithidia fasciculata was characterized under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Kinetic data for alpha-aminoisobutyrate transport were consistent with the operation of a single system of broad specificity that showed no marked dependence on Na+. Under anaerobic conditions alpha-aminoisobutyrate transport was inhibited by uncouplers such as 2,4-dinitrophenol, lipophilic cations such as methyltriphenylphosphonium ion and adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors such as dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide and NaN3. A working model in which alpha-aminoisobutyrate enters this organism by an H+-symport mechanism, the electrochemical gradient of protons being maintained by an H+-translocating adenosine triphosphatase on the cytoplasmic membrane, is proposed.", "PMID": 697752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11304", "title": "The activity of glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase from rat liver plasma membranes is modulated by the fluidity of its lipid environment.", "content": "1. The local anaesthetic benzyl alcohol progressively activated glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity up to a maximum at 50 mM-benzyl alcohol. Further increases in benzyl alcohol concentration inhibited the activity. The fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was similarly affected except for an inhibition of activity occurring at low benzyl alcohol concentrations (approx. 10 mM. 2. The fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity of a solubilized enzyme preparation was unaffected by any of the benzyl alcohol concentrations tested. 3. Increases in 3-phenylpropan-1-ol and 5-phenylpentan-1-ol concentrations progressively activated both the fluoride- and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities up to a maximum, above which further increases in alcohol concentration inhibited the activities. 4. The 'break' points in Arrhenius plots of glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in native plasma membranes, and in plasma membranes fused with synthetic dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine so as to constitute 60% of the total lipid pool, were decreased by approx. 6 degrees C by addition of 40 mM-benzyl alcohol. This was accompanied by a fall in the associated activation energies. 6. Arrhenius plots of fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the presence and absence of 40 mM-benzyl alcohol were linear, although addition of benzyl alcohol caused a dramatic decrease in the associated activation energy of the reaction. 7. 5'-Nucleotidase activity was stimulated by benzyl alcohol, and the 'break' point in the Arrhenius plot of its activity was decreased by about 6 degrees C by addition of 40 mM-benzyl alcohol to the assay. 8. It is suggested that benzyl alcohol effects a fluidization of the bilayer, which is clearly demonstrated by its ability to lower the temperature of a lipid phase separation occurring at 28 degrees C in the outer half of the bilayer to around 22 degrees C. The increase in bilayer fluidity relieves a physical constraint on the membrane-bound adenylate cyclase, activating the enzyme. 9. The various inhibition phenomena are discussed in detail, together with the suggestion that the interaction between the uncoupled catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase and the lipids of the bilayer is altered on its physical coupling to the glucagon receptor.", "contents": "The activity of glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase from rat liver plasma membranes is modulated by the fluidity of its lipid environment. 1. The local anaesthetic benzyl alcohol progressively activated glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity up to a maximum at 50 mM-benzyl alcohol. Further increases in benzyl alcohol concentration inhibited the activity. The fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was similarly affected except for an inhibition of activity occurring at low benzyl alcohol concentrations (approx. 10 mM. 2. The fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity of a solubilized enzyme preparation was unaffected by any of the benzyl alcohol concentrations tested. 3. Increases in 3-phenylpropan-1-ol and 5-phenylpentan-1-ol concentrations progressively activated both the fluoride- and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities up to a maximum, above which further increases in alcohol concentration inhibited the activities. 4. The 'break' points in Arrhenius plots of glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in native plasma membranes, and in plasma membranes fused with synthetic dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine so as to constitute 60% of the total lipid pool, were decreased by approx. 6 degrees C by addition of 40 mM-benzyl alcohol. This was accompanied by a fall in the associated activation energies. 6. Arrhenius plots of fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the presence and absence of 40 mM-benzyl alcohol were linear, although addition of benzyl alcohol caused a dramatic decrease in the associated activation energy of the reaction. 7. 5'-Nucleotidase activity was stimulated by benzyl alcohol, and the 'break' point in the Arrhenius plot of its activity was decreased by about 6 degrees C by addition of 40 mM-benzyl alcohol to the assay. 8. It is suggested that benzyl alcohol effects a fluidization of the bilayer, which is clearly demonstrated by its ability to lower the temperature of a lipid phase separation occurring at 28 degrees C in the outer half of the bilayer to around 22 degrees C. The increase in bilayer fluidity relieves a physical constraint on the membrane-bound adenylate cyclase, activating the enzyme. 9. The various inhibition phenomena are discussed in detail, together with the suggestion that the interaction between the uncoupled catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase and the lipids of the bilayer is altered on its physical coupling to the glucagon receptor.", "PMID": 697751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11305", "title": "Effects of maternal ethanol consumption on hepatic lipid biosynthesis in foetal and neonatal rats.", "content": "Effects of prolonged maternal ethanol consumption were studied on hepatic lipid content, on the rates of fatty acid synthesis and on the activities of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis in the livers of foetal and suckling neonatal rats. Prolonged maternal ethanol consumption resulted in a significant increase in the contents of hepatic total lipids, triacylglycerols and plasma unesterified fatty acids in foetal and neonatal rats. Studies in vitro with 3H2O showed that maternal ethanol consumption did not result in a significant change in its rate of incorporation into lipid fractions of foetal and neonatal livers. The rates of fatty acid synthesis showed a pronounced decrease immediately after birth, compared with the foetal stage, but increased in the adult animals. On the other hand, the highest rates of lipid oxidation were observed in the neonatal stage. Maternal ethanol consumption resulted in a significant decrease in the rates of [14C]palmitate oxidation to 14CO2 by both the foetal and neonatal livers. Maternal ethanol consumption did not result in an increase in the activities of any of the lipid-synthesizing enzymes tested throughout the period of development. Although increased fatty acid synthesis does not seem to be the mechanism for the accumulation of these lipids, decreased oxidation of the lipids may be partly responsible for the lipid accumulation.", "contents": "Effects of maternal ethanol consumption on hepatic lipid biosynthesis in foetal and neonatal rats. Effects of prolonged maternal ethanol consumption were studied on hepatic lipid content, on the rates of fatty acid synthesis and on the activities of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis in the livers of foetal and suckling neonatal rats. Prolonged maternal ethanol consumption resulted in a significant increase in the contents of hepatic total lipids, triacylglycerols and plasma unesterified fatty acids in foetal and neonatal rats. Studies in vitro with 3H2O showed that maternal ethanol consumption did not result in a significant change in its rate of incorporation into lipid fractions of foetal and neonatal livers. The rates of fatty acid synthesis showed a pronounced decrease immediately after birth, compared with the foetal stage, but increased in the adult animals. On the other hand, the highest rates of lipid oxidation were observed in the neonatal stage. Maternal ethanol consumption resulted in a significant decrease in the rates of [14C]palmitate oxidation to 14CO2 by both the foetal and neonatal livers. Maternal ethanol consumption did not result in an increase in the activities of any of the lipid-synthesizing enzymes tested throughout the period of development. Although increased fatty acid synthesis does not seem to be the mechanism for the accumulation of these lipids, decreased oxidation of the lipids may be partly responsible for the lipid accumulation.", "PMID": 697753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11306", "title": "Effect of oestrogen and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on 25-hydroxycholecalciferol metabolism in primary chick kidney-cell cultures.", "content": "Primary cultures of chick kidney cells convert 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into more-polar metabolites. Cells from vitamin D-deficient chicks have high 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1 alpha-hydroxylase (1 alpha-hydroxylase) activity, but no 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 24-hydroxylase (24-hydroxylase) activity. Physiological concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxycholeclaciferol suppress 1 alpha-hydroxylase and induce 24-hydroxylase activity. The inhibition of 1 alpha-hydroxylase preceded the induction of 24-hydroxylase. In contrast, oestradiol-17 beta had no effect on the activity of either hydroxylase under a variety of experimental conditions. These results clearly demonstrate that 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, but not oestrogen, acts directly on the kidney cells to regulate the metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "Effect of oestrogen and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on 25-hydroxycholecalciferol metabolism in primary chick kidney-cell cultures. Primary cultures of chick kidney cells convert 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into more-polar metabolites. Cells from vitamin D-deficient chicks have high 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1 alpha-hydroxylase (1 alpha-hydroxylase) activity, but no 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 24-hydroxylase (24-hydroxylase) activity. Physiological concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxycholeclaciferol suppress 1 alpha-hydroxylase and induce 24-hydroxylase activity. The inhibition of 1 alpha-hydroxylase preceded the induction of 24-hydroxylase. In contrast, oestradiol-17 beta had no effect on the activity of either hydroxylase under a variety of experimental conditions. These results clearly demonstrate that 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, but not oestrogen, acts directly on the kidney cells to regulate the metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "PMID": 697754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11307", "title": "Phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate in the mitochondrial matrix.", "content": "The origin of the GTP needed for th phosphorylation of AMP in the mitochondrial matrix was investigated. When short-chain fatty acids are metabolized by hepatocytes, AMP is readily formed within the matrix by the butyryl-CoA ligase (AMP-forming) reaction (EC 6.2.1.2). The rate of matrix AMP formation in rat hepatocytes was calculated from the rate of ketone-body formation. The rate of the reconversion of matrix AMP into ADP by GTP-AMP transphosphorylase is limited by the rate of supply of GTP. GTP can be formed either by succinic thiokinase (EC 6.2.1.4) or by nucleoside diphosphokinase (EC 2.7.4.6). The rate of the succinic thiokinase reaction was calculated from turnover of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and this was calculated from the rate of O2 consumption and ketone-body formation. The results show that nucleoside diphosphokinase can make a major contribution (up to 80%) to the supply of GTP under the test conditions.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate in the mitochondrial matrix. The origin of the GTP needed for th phosphorylation of AMP in the mitochondrial matrix was investigated. When short-chain fatty acids are metabolized by hepatocytes, AMP is readily formed within the matrix by the butyryl-CoA ligase (AMP-forming) reaction (EC 6.2.1.2). The rate of matrix AMP formation in rat hepatocytes was calculated from the rate of ketone-body formation. The rate of the reconversion of matrix AMP into ADP by GTP-AMP transphosphorylase is limited by the rate of supply of GTP. GTP can be formed either by succinic thiokinase (EC 6.2.1.4) or by nucleoside diphosphokinase (EC 2.7.4.6). The rate of the succinic thiokinase reaction was calculated from turnover of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and this was calculated from the rate of O2 consumption and ketone-body formation. The results show that nucleoside diphosphokinase can make a major contribution (up to 80%) to the supply of GTP under the test conditions.", "PMID": 697756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11308", "title": "Uptake of substrates for milk-fat synthesis by lactating-rabbit mammary gland.", "content": "1. A cannulation technique is described for measuring arteriovenous differences across the lactating-rabbit mammary gland. 2. Analysis of milk obtained before and after surgery shows no effect of cannulation on milk constituents. 3. Results of blood analysis show significant net changes in the concentrations of glucose, acetate, 3-hydroxybutrate, triacylglycerols and non-esterified fatty acids across the mammary gland. 4. The molar proportions of individual fatty acids in both the triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acid fractions did not alter between the arterial and venous samples. 5. The extraction rates are compared with those obtained from other species.", "contents": "Uptake of substrates for milk-fat synthesis by lactating-rabbit mammary gland. 1. A cannulation technique is described for measuring arteriovenous differences across the lactating-rabbit mammary gland. 2. Analysis of milk obtained before and after surgery shows no effect of cannulation on milk constituents. 3. Results of blood analysis show significant net changes in the concentrations of glucose, acetate, 3-hydroxybutrate, triacylglycerols and non-esterified fatty acids across the mammary gland. 4. The molar proportions of individual fatty acids in both the triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acid fractions did not alter between the arterial and venous samples. 5. The extraction rates are compared with those obtained from other species.", "PMID": 697755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11309", "title": "Velocity sedimentation of organelles at low centrifugal force in an isokinetic gradient.", "content": "Mast-cell granules and polystyrene microspheres (0.600 and 1.011 micrometer in diameter) were sedimented in a previously described [Pretlow (1971) Anal. Biochem. 41, 248--255] isokinetic gradient in a low-speed centrifuge. For the analytical velocity sedimentation of organelles, this gradient offers several advantages over gradients that are commonly used for the sedimentation of organelles: (a) the density gradient (0.0008 g.ml-1.cm-1) is small, and the effective densities of organelles will change relatively little during sedimentation; (b) the densities at all points in the gradient (1.017--1.027 g/ml) are less than those in gradients commonly used for the sedimentation of organelles, the effective densities of sedimenting organelles are consequently relatively large, and the effect of density as a determinant of velocity of sedimentation is less limiting than in conventional gradients; (c) the small slope of the gradient is associated with a relatively slow increase in the viscosity encountered by the sedimenting organelle; (d) the iso-osmotic gradient is not significantly affected by the gradient medium (Ficoll), and the osmolarity can be adjusted to the desired value by the selection of an appropriate salt solution as the solvent for the Ficoll; (e) the gradient will be isokinetic for particles of densities similar to most organelles. An ultracentrifuge is not required for work with this gradient.", "contents": "Velocity sedimentation of organelles at low centrifugal force in an isokinetic gradient. Mast-cell granules and polystyrene microspheres (0.600 and 1.011 micrometer in diameter) were sedimented in a previously described [Pretlow (1971) Anal. Biochem. 41, 248--255] isokinetic gradient in a low-speed centrifuge. For the analytical velocity sedimentation of organelles, this gradient offers several advantages over gradients that are commonly used for the sedimentation of organelles: (a) the density gradient (0.0008 g.ml-1.cm-1) is small, and the effective densities of organelles will change relatively little during sedimentation; (b) the densities at all points in the gradient (1.017--1.027 g/ml) are less than those in gradients commonly used for the sedimentation of organelles, the effective densities of sedimenting organelles are consequently relatively large, and the effect of density as a determinant of velocity of sedimentation is less limiting than in conventional gradients; (c) the small slope of the gradient is associated with a relatively slow increase in the viscosity encountered by the sedimenting organelle; (d) the iso-osmotic gradient is not significantly affected by the gradient medium (Ficoll), and the osmolarity can be adjusted to the desired value by the selection of an appropriate salt solution as the solvent for the Ficoll; (e) the gradient will be isokinetic for particles of densities similar to most organelles. An ultracentrifuge is not required for work with this gradient.", "PMID": 697757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11310", "title": "Heterogeneity of lysosomes originating from rat liver parenchymal cells. Metabolic relationship of subpopulations separated by density-gradient centrifugation.", "content": "1. A crude lysosomal fraction obtained by differential centrifugation of a rat liver homogenate was subjected to zonal centrifugation in iso-osmotic self-generating gradients composed of modified colloidal silica (Percoll). Analysis of relevant marker-enzyme activities shows a continuous band of considerably purified lysosomal particles in the density range 1.04--1.11 g/ml. 2. A relationship between age and buoyant density of the parenchymal lysosomal subpopulations is indicated by the distribution of 125I-labelled asialoglycoproteins in the heterogeneous lysosomes during the catabolism of the glycoprotein. The labelled asialoglycoprotein first appeared in lysosomal particles of low density, which with time progressively acquired a higher density. Furthermore, 30 min after administration the 125I-labelled asialocaeruloplasmin recovered in the light lysosomes was less degraded than the material recovered in the heavy lysosomes. 3. A lysosomal enzyme (arylsulphatase) was found to possess considerably higher isoelectric points in the heavy lysosomes than in the light lysosomes, which is consistent with a relationship between age and density of the lysosomes.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of lysosomes originating from rat liver parenchymal cells. Metabolic relationship of subpopulations separated by density-gradient centrifugation. 1. A crude lysosomal fraction obtained by differential centrifugation of a rat liver homogenate was subjected to zonal centrifugation in iso-osmotic self-generating gradients composed of modified colloidal silica (Percoll). Analysis of relevant marker-enzyme activities shows a continuous band of considerably purified lysosomal particles in the density range 1.04--1.11 g/ml. 2. A relationship between age and buoyant density of the parenchymal lysosomal subpopulations is indicated by the distribution of 125I-labelled asialoglycoproteins in the heterogeneous lysosomes during the catabolism of the glycoprotein. The labelled asialoglycoprotein first appeared in lysosomal particles of low density, which with time progressively acquired a higher density. Furthermore, 30 min after administration the 125I-labelled asialocaeruloplasmin recovered in the light lysosomes was less degraded than the material recovered in the heavy lysosomes. 3. A lysosomal enzyme (arylsulphatase) was found to possess considerably higher isoelectric points in the heavy lysosomes than in the light lysosomes, which is consistent with a relationship between age and density of the lysosomes.", "PMID": 697758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11311", "title": "Turnover of metallothioneins in rat liver.", "content": "Two electrophoretically distinguishable metallothioneins were isolated from the livers of Cd2+-treated rats and had thiol group/metal ratios of 3:1, a total metal content, in each of these proteins, of 3.6 atoms of Cd2+ + 2.4 atoms of Zn2+/molecule and 4.2 atoms of Cd2+ + 2.8 atoms of Zn2+/molecule and respective apoprotein mol.wts. of 5844 and 6251. Studies with 1 h pulse labels of [3H]cysteine, given after a single injection of ZnCl2 or CdCl2, showed that these metals stimulated radioactive isotope incorporation into the metallothioneins over the control value by 10- and 15-fold respectively. This stimulation was maximal at 4 h after a single CdCl2 injection and decreased to control values by 16 h, suggesting that either a translational event is responding to free intracellular Cd2+ or a short-lived mRNA is being produced or stabilized in response to the metal treatment. In rats chronically exposed to CdCl2, the metallothioneins increased to 0.2% of the liver wet weight from a control value of 2--4 mumol/kg of liver, with a maximum rate of accumulation of 2--3 mumol/h per kg of liver. The turnover of these proteins in control animals was 0.3--0.6 mumoles/h per kg of liver, measured by the rate of disappearance of 203Hg2+, which binds irreversibly to the metallothioneins. Pretreatment with CdCl2 completely stopped the rapid 203Hg turnover observed in untreated animals. Unlike CdCl2, treatment with ZnCl2 increased the concentration of metallothioneins to a new steady-state pool, 11 mumole/kg of liver, after 10 h. The increase in the zinc-thionein pool by exposure to ZnCl2 in vivo was determined to be primarily due to a stimulation of metallothionein biosynthesis.", "contents": "Turnover of metallothioneins in rat liver. Two electrophoretically distinguishable metallothioneins were isolated from the livers of Cd2+-treated rats and had thiol group/metal ratios of 3:1, a total metal content, in each of these proteins, of 3.6 atoms of Cd2+ + 2.4 atoms of Zn2+/molecule and 4.2 atoms of Cd2+ + 2.8 atoms of Zn2+/molecule and respective apoprotein mol.wts. of 5844 and 6251. Studies with 1 h pulse labels of [3H]cysteine, given after a single injection of ZnCl2 or CdCl2, showed that these metals stimulated radioactive isotope incorporation into the metallothioneins over the control value by 10- and 15-fold respectively. This stimulation was maximal at 4 h after a single CdCl2 injection and decreased to control values by 16 h, suggesting that either a translational event is responding to free intracellular Cd2+ or a short-lived mRNA is being produced or stabilized in response to the metal treatment. In rats chronically exposed to CdCl2, the metallothioneins increased to 0.2% of the liver wet weight from a control value of 2--4 mumol/kg of liver, with a maximum rate of accumulation of 2--3 mumol/h per kg of liver. The turnover of these proteins in control animals was 0.3--0.6 mumoles/h per kg of liver, measured by the rate of disappearance of 203Hg2+, which binds irreversibly to the metallothioneins. Pretreatment with CdCl2 completely stopped the rapid 203Hg turnover observed in untreated animals. Unlike CdCl2, treatment with ZnCl2 increased the concentration of metallothioneins to a new steady-state pool, 11 mumole/kg of liver, after 10 h. The increase in the zinc-thionein pool by exposure to ZnCl2 in vivo was determined to be primarily due to a stimulation of metallothionein biosynthesis.", "PMID": 697759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11312", "title": "Is a urea cycle present in insects?", "content": "1. The presence of appreciable activity of the urea-cycle enzymes in the tissues of Sarcophaga ruficornis, a carnivorous dipteran insect, all through its life-cycle appears significant in view of their total absence barring arginase (L-arginine ureohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.1) in the phytophagous lepidopteran eri silkwork Philosamia ricini at any stage of development. Further, the variation of all these enzymes all through its development suggests the possibility of the operation of the Krebs-Henseleit urea cycle in this carnivorous insect. 2. The almost parallel behaviour of arginase and ornithine delta-transaminase (L-ornithine-2-oxo acid aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.13) in both the insects suggests another important role of the former in proline biosynthesis in insects. 3. High proteolytic activity accompanied with significant protein depletion and simultaneous increase in arginine is suggestive of the degradation of proteins and peptides.", "contents": "Is a urea cycle present in insects? 1. The presence of appreciable activity of the urea-cycle enzymes in the tissues of Sarcophaga ruficornis, a carnivorous dipteran insect, all through its life-cycle appears significant in view of their total absence barring arginase (L-arginine ureohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.1) in the phytophagous lepidopteran eri silkwork Philosamia ricini at any stage of development. Further, the variation of all these enzymes all through its development suggests the possibility of the operation of the Krebs-Henseleit urea cycle in this carnivorous insect. 2. The almost parallel behaviour of arginase and ornithine delta-transaminase (L-ornithine-2-oxo acid aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.13) in both the insects suggests another important role of the former in proline biosynthesis in insects. 3. High proteolytic activity accompanied with significant protein depletion and simultaneous increase in arginine is suggestive of the degradation of proteins and peptides.", "PMID": 697760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11313", "title": "Diminished excretion of polyamines from BHK-21/C13 cells exposed to methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone).", "content": "Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (1,1'-[methylethanediylidine)dinitrilo]diguanidine) inhibited the growth of BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer cultures. Accumulation of spermidine and spermine was inhibited, whereas the accumulation of putrescine was increased. The intracellular spermidine/spermine molar ratio decreased conly slightly after exposure of the cells to 20 micrometer-methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) for 1 day. Cells incubated in the presence of the drug released less polyamine into the culture medium that did control cells, the polyamine released consisting almost exclusively of spermidine, both free and as a conjugated form.", "contents": "Diminished excretion of polyamines from BHK-21/C13 cells exposed to methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (1,1'-[methylethanediylidine)dinitrilo]diguanidine) inhibited the growth of BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer cultures. Accumulation of spermidine and spermine was inhibited, whereas the accumulation of putrescine was increased. The intracellular spermidine/spermine molar ratio decreased conly slightly after exposure of the cells to 20 micrometer-methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) for 1 day. Cells incubated in the presence of the drug released less polyamine into the culture medium that did control cells, the polyamine released consisting almost exclusively of spermidine, both free and as a conjugated form.", "PMID": 697761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11314", "title": "Reversal by triton WR-1339 of ethynyloestradiol-induced hepatic cholesterol esterification.", "content": "RATS TREATED WITH ETHYNYLOESTRADIOL HAVE MARKED HYPOLIPIDAEMIA: serum cholesterol is decreased to 5%, triacylglycerol to 10% and phospholipid to 70% of control concentrations. Loss of serum cholesterol follows an exponential decay, with a half-life of 1.13+/-0.09 days. After 4 days of treatment, serum cholesterol concentrations remain relatively constant (ranging from 1 to 20mg/100ml) for at least 30 days. There is a concomitant 20-fold decrease in the d<1.21 fraction of serum proteins and a similar decrease in serum apolipoproteins as measured by sodium dodecyl sulphate/10%-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The activity of hepatic microsomal acyl-CoA-cholesterol O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.26) was significantly increased by ethynyloestradiol treatment (P<0.05). This activation caused hepatic cholesteryl esters containing mainly C(18:1) fatty acids to increase linearly as serum cholesterol concentrations decreased (r=0.9675, P<0.001). Triton WR-1339, a non-ionic detergent that inhibits lipoprotein catabolism, was used to estimate hepatic lipid secretion by measuring the increment in serum lipids after its administration. At 15h after Triton WR-1339 administration, serum cholesterol concentrations were increased equally in both control and ethynyloestradiol-treated rats. In contrast, the increment of serum triacylglycerol of treated rats was 40% of that found in control rats, indicating that ethynyloestradiol inhibits hepatic triacylglycerol secretion. Triton WR-1339 inhibited the oestrogen activation of hepatic microsomal acyl-CoA-cholesterol O-acyltransferase and restored hepatic cholesteryl ester concentrations to normal values. These data suggest that ethynyloestradiol and its pharmacological ;antagonist' Triton WR-1339 alter hepatic triacylglycerol secretion via a mechanism associated with changes in hepatic cholesterol esterification.", "contents": "Reversal by triton WR-1339 of ethynyloestradiol-induced hepatic cholesterol esterification. RATS TREATED WITH ETHYNYLOESTRADIOL HAVE MARKED HYPOLIPIDAEMIA: serum cholesterol is decreased to 5%, triacylglycerol to 10% and phospholipid to 70% of control concentrations. Loss of serum cholesterol follows an exponential decay, with a half-life of 1.13+/-0.09 days. After 4 days of treatment, serum cholesterol concentrations remain relatively constant (ranging from 1 to 20mg/100ml) for at least 30 days. There is a concomitant 20-fold decrease in the d<1.21 fraction of serum proteins and a similar decrease in serum apolipoproteins as measured by sodium dodecyl sulphate/10%-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The activity of hepatic microsomal acyl-CoA-cholesterol O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.26) was significantly increased by ethynyloestradiol treatment (P<0.05). This activation caused hepatic cholesteryl esters containing mainly C(18:1) fatty acids to increase linearly as serum cholesterol concentrations decreased (r=0.9675, P<0.001). Triton WR-1339, a non-ionic detergent that inhibits lipoprotein catabolism, was used to estimate hepatic lipid secretion by measuring the increment in serum lipids after its administration. At 15h after Triton WR-1339 administration, serum cholesterol concentrations were increased equally in both control and ethynyloestradiol-treated rats. In contrast, the increment of serum triacylglycerol of treated rats was 40% of that found in control rats, indicating that ethynyloestradiol inhibits hepatic triacylglycerol secretion. Triton WR-1339 inhibited the oestrogen activation of hepatic microsomal acyl-CoA-cholesterol O-acyltransferase and restored hepatic cholesteryl ester concentrations to normal values. These data suggest that ethynyloestradiol and its pharmacological ;antagonist' Triton WR-1339 alter hepatic triacylglycerol secretion via a mechanism associated with changes in hepatic cholesterol esterification.", "PMID": 697762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11315", "title": "The identification of rat intestinal membrane enzymes after electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate.", "content": "Brush-border membranes were isolated from the rat small intestine and then treated with sodium dodecyl sulphate under non-reducing conditions at room temperature. Analysis of the solubilized components by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis identified three major glycoproteins that co-migrate with glucoamylase-maltase-sucrase, lactase and isomaltase-maltase-sucrase activities. High activities of alkaline phosphatase and trehalase were detectable, but they could not be attributed to distinct co-migrating protein bands. Analysis of mucosa from the distal small intestine by the same methods showed a pattern of bands different from that obtained with the proximal intestine, which appeared to correlate with the relative deficiency of some of the enzymes in the distal region.", "contents": "The identification of rat intestinal membrane enzymes after electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate. Brush-border membranes were isolated from the rat small intestine and then treated with sodium dodecyl sulphate under non-reducing conditions at room temperature. Analysis of the solubilized components by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis identified three major glycoproteins that co-migrate with glucoamylase-maltase-sucrase, lactase and isomaltase-maltase-sucrase activities. High activities of alkaline phosphatase and trehalase were detectable, but they could not be attributed to distinct co-migrating protein bands. Analysis of mucosa from the distal small intestine by the same methods showed a pattern of bands different from that obtained with the proximal intestine, which appeared to correlate with the relative deficiency of some of the enzymes in the distal region.", "PMID": 697763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11316", "title": "The lipid composition of a barley mutant lacking chlorophyll b.", "content": "The acyl-lipid composition of a barley mutant that contained no detectable chlorophyll b was studied. This mutant contained chloroplasts that were much less organized than chloroplasts of normal barley. The mutant contained all the normal acyl lipids, with small increases in the relative concentration of phosphatidylglycerol and diacylsulphoquinoglycerides was unchanged, but most other lipids of the mutant barley contained lower amounts of alpha-linolenic acid compared with normal. There was no difference in the transhexadec-3-enoic acid content of phosphatidylglycerol, which was evidence against this lipid being involved in grana stacking.", "contents": "The lipid composition of a barley mutant lacking chlorophyll b. The acyl-lipid composition of a barley mutant that contained no detectable chlorophyll b was studied. This mutant contained chloroplasts that were much less organized than chloroplasts of normal barley. The mutant contained all the normal acyl lipids, with small increases in the relative concentration of phosphatidylglycerol and diacylsulphoquinoglycerides was unchanged, but most other lipids of the mutant barley contained lower amounts of alpha-linolenic acid compared with normal. There was no difference in the transhexadec-3-enoic acid content of phosphatidylglycerol, which was evidence against this lipid being involved in grana stacking.", "PMID": 697764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11317", "title": "Chemical structure and biodegradability of halogenated aromatic compounds. Substituent effects on 1,2-dioxygenation of catechol.", "content": "1. The influence of halogen substituents on the 1,2-dioxygenation of catechols was investigated. The results obtained with the two isoenzymes pyrocatechase I and pyrocatechase II from the haloarene-utilizing Pseudomonas sp. B 13 and the pyrocatechase from benzoate-induced cells of Alcaligenes eutrophus B.9 were compared. 2. Substituents on catechol were found to interfere with O2 binding by the two isoenzymes from Pseudomonas sp. B 13, whereas the Km value for catechol kept constant at different O2 concentrations. 3. Electron-attracting substituents decreased the Km values for catechols. 4. Results from binding studies with substituted catechols demonstrated narrow stereospecificities of pyrocatechase I from pseudomonas sp. B 13 and the pyrocatechase from alcaligenes eutrophus B.9. In contrast, a low steric hindrance by substituents in the binding of catechols with pyrocatechase II was observed. 5. Low pK'1 values of substituted catechols resulted in low Michaelis constants. 6. Electron-attracting substituents such as halogen decreased the reaction rates of catechol 1,2-dioxygenation. The correlation of the Vmax. values observed with pyrocatechase II from Pseudomonas sp. B 13 with the substituent constant sigma+ (Okamoto--Brown equation) was distinctly greater than with Hammett's sigma values. The corresponding logVmax. against sigma+ correlation for pyrocatechase I was considerably disturbed by steric influences of the substituents.", "contents": "Chemical structure and biodegradability of halogenated aromatic compounds. Substituent effects on 1,2-dioxygenation of catechol. 1. The influence of halogen substituents on the 1,2-dioxygenation of catechols was investigated. The results obtained with the two isoenzymes pyrocatechase I and pyrocatechase II from the haloarene-utilizing Pseudomonas sp. B 13 and the pyrocatechase from benzoate-induced cells of Alcaligenes eutrophus B.9 were compared. 2. Substituents on catechol were found to interfere with O2 binding by the two isoenzymes from Pseudomonas sp. B 13, whereas the Km value for catechol kept constant at different O2 concentrations. 3. Electron-attracting substituents decreased the Km values for catechols. 4. Results from binding studies with substituted catechols demonstrated narrow stereospecificities of pyrocatechase I from pseudomonas sp. B 13 and the pyrocatechase from alcaligenes eutrophus B.9. In contrast, a low steric hindrance by substituents in the binding of catechols with pyrocatechase II was observed. 5. Low pK'1 values of substituted catechols resulted in low Michaelis constants. 6. Electron-attracting substituents such as halogen decreased the reaction rates of catechol 1,2-dioxygenation. The correlation of the Vmax. values observed with pyrocatechase II from Pseudomonas sp. B 13 with the substituent constant sigma+ (Okamoto--Brown equation) was distinctly greater than with Hammett's sigma values. The corresponding logVmax. against sigma+ correlation for pyrocatechase I was considerably disturbed by steric influences of the substituents.", "PMID": 697766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11318", "title": "Chemical structure and biodegradability of halogenated aromatic compounds. Two catechol 1,2-dioxygenases from a 3-chlorobenzoate-grown pseudomonad.", "content": "1. Two catechol 1,2-dioxygenases, pyrocatechase I and pyrocatechase II, were found in 3-chlorobenzoate-grown cells of Pseudomonas sp. B 13. The latter enzyme showed high relative activities with 3- and 4-chlorocatechol compared with catechol. 2. In benzoate-grown cells, only pyrocatechase I was induced. It was purified 29-fold with a final specific activity of 20 mumol of catechol oxygenated/min per mg of protein and an overall yield of 22%. Because of the instability of pyrocatechase II on chromatography and dialysis, no increase of specific activity was obtained during the purification experiments. 3. Molecular weights of pyrocatechase I and pyrocatechase II were 82000 and 67000 respectively. 4. For both pyrocatechases the pH optimum was found to be at 8.0.5. Inhibitions of the two pyrocatechases by Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions and p-chloromercuribenzoate were different. The effect on pyrocatechase I after incubation for 20 h with the heavy metals was decreased by addition of 1 mM-2-mercaptoethanol to the reaction mixture. The inhibition of pyrocatechase II was even enhanced under these conditions. 6. Extradiol cleavage of 3-methylcatechol in addition to intradiol fission at a ratio of 1:14 was observed only with pyrocatechase I.", "contents": "Chemical structure and biodegradability of halogenated aromatic compounds. Two catechol 1,2-dioxygenases from a 3-chlorobenzoate-grown pseudomonad. 1. Two catechol 1,2-dioxygenases, pyrocatechase I and pyrocatechase II, were found in 3-chlorobenzoate-grown cells of Pseudomonas sp. B 13. The latter enzyme showed high relative activities with 3- and 4-chlorocatechol compared with catechol. 2. In benzoate-grown cells, only pyrocatechase I was induced. It was purified 29-fold with a final specific activity of 20 mumol of catechol oxygenated/min per mg of protein and an overall yield of 22%. Because of the instability of pyrocatechase II on chromatography and dialysis, no increase of specific activity was obtained during the purification experiments. 3. Molecular weights of pyrocatechase I and pyrocatechase II were 82000 and 67000 respectively. 4. For both pyrocatechases the pH optimum was found to be at 8.0.5. Inhibitions of the two pyrocatechases by Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions and p-chloromercuribenzoate were different. The effect on pyrocatechase I after incubation for 20 h with the heavy metals was decreased by addition of 1 mM-2-mercaptoethanol to the reaction mixture. The inhibition of pyrocatechase II was even enhanced under these conditions. 6. Extradiol cleavage of 3-methylcatechol in addition to intradiol fission at a ratio of 1:14 was observed only with pyrocatechase I.", "PMID": 697765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11319", "title": "Mechanisms of replenishment of nuclear androgen receptor in rat ventral prostate.", "content": "1. The concentration of androgen receptor in the nucleus of the prostatic cell is rapidly elevated by the administration in vivo of 2mug of [(3)H]testosterone to 1-day-castrated rats. From a concentration of 2300 receptors/nucleus at 5min after intravenous injection of hormone, there is an increase to 21000 receptors/nucleus at 60min. At the same time, the amount of binding of androgen in the cytoplasm remains constant at a relatively low value. 2. An identical dose of [(3)H]testosterone administered to 7-day-castrated rats produces a much smaller change in the concentration of nuclear receptor, from 700 receptors/nucleus at 5min to only 4300 receptors/nucleus at 60min. Thus the reservoir from which nuclear receptor is replenished is considerably smaller in regressed prostatic cells. Again, the amount of binding of androgen in the cytoplasm remains unchanged at a low value over the experimental time course of 60min. 3. In contrast with the scant labelling of cytoplasmic receptor achieved by injecting animals with [(3)H]testosterone, labelling in vitro, by incubation of tissue slices with radioisotope, indicates that prostate of 1-day-castrated animals actually contains 21400 receptors/cell in the cytoplasmic compartment, and prostate of 7-day-castrated animals 3000 receptors/cell. 4. Owing to the similarity between the concentration of nuclear receptor measured in vivo and the concentration of cytoplasmic receptor measured in vitro, the labelling techniques in vivo and in vitro were used in sequence to demonstrate the movement of most of the cytoplasmic receptor into the nucleus. In the 5-60min interval after the administration of [(3)H]testosterone to 1-day-castrated rats, a decrease of 17400 receptor molecules in the cytoplasm is exactly mirrored by an increase of 17200 receptor molecules in the nucleus. 5. These results imply that, in prostate of 1-day-castrated rats, nuclear receptor is replenished exclusively by translocation of cytoplasmic receptor. However, in the regressed prostate of 7-day-castrated rats, only about 25% of the nuclear receptor is replenished through translocation of existing cytoplasmic receptor. The remainder is ultimately synthesized during new rounds of cell division induced by hormone.", "contents": "Mechanisms of replenishment of nuclear androgen receptor in rat ventral prostate. 1. The concentration of androgen receptor in the nucleus of the prostatic cell is rapidly elevated by the administration in vivo of 2mug of [(3)H]testosterone to 1-day-castrated rats. From a concentration of 2300 receptors/nucleus at 5min after intravenous injection of hormone, there is an increase to 21000 receptors/nucleus at 60min. At the same time, the amount of binding of androgen in the cytoplasm remains constant at a relatively low value. 2. An identical dose of [(3)H]testosterone administered to 7-day-castrated rats produces a much smaller change in the concentration of nuclear receptor, from 700 receptors/nucleus at 5min to only 4300 receptors/nucleus at 60min. Thus the reservoir from which nuclear receptor is replenished is considerably smaller in regressed prostatic cells. Again, the amount of binding of androgen in the cytoplasm remains unchanged at a low value over the experimental time course of 60min. 3. In contrast with the scant labelling of cytoplasmic receptor achieved by injecting animals with [(3)H]testosterone, labelling in vitro, by incubation of tissue slices with radioisotope, indicates that prostate of 1-day-castrated animals actually contains 21400 receptors/cell in the cytoplasmic compartment, and prostate of 7-day-castrated animals 3000 receptors/cell. 4. Owing to the similarity between the concentration of nuclear receptor measured in vivo and the concentration of cytoplasmic receptor measured in vitro, the labelling techniques in vivo and in vitro were used in sequence to demonstrate the movement of most of the cytoplasmic receptor into the nucleus. In the 5-60min interval after the administration of [(3)H]testosterone to 1-day-castrated rats, a decrease of 17400 receptor molecules in the cytoplasm is exactly mirrored by an increase of 17200 receptor molecules in the nucleus. 5. These results imply that, in prostate of 1-day-castrated rats, nuclear receptor is replenished exclusively by translocation of cytoplasmic receptor. However, in the regressed prostate of 7-day-castrated rats, only about 25% of the nuclear receptor is replenished through translocation of existing cytoplasmic receptor. The remainder is ultimately synthesized during new rounds of cell division induced by hormone.", "PMID": 697767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11320", "title": "Effect of non-histone chromosomal proteins on transcription in vitro in sea-urchin.", "content": "Non-histone chromosomal proteins prepared from chromosomal material of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus affect RNA synthesis in vitro. 1. The extent of transcription can be radically changed from inhibition to stimulation, depending on the DNA/non-histone chromosomal proteins ratio. 2. A correlation exists between stage of development and influence on transcription. 3. Non-histone chromosomal proteins exert their action by intervening directly on some initiation step of RNA synthesis, as shown by the numbers of initiation events that take place in their presence or absence. 4. Stimulatory activity is observed only in restrictive conditions of ionic strength and temperature. These observations are in agreement with models that predict for non-histone chromosomal proteins a regulatory role on the transcription process exerted through a modulation of promoter availability.", "contents": "Effect of non-histone chromosomal proteins on transcription in vitro in sea-urchin. Non-histone chromosomal proteins prepared from chromosomal material of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus affect RNA synthesis in vitro. 1. The extent of transcription can be radically changed from inhibition to stimulation, depending on the DNA/non-histone chromosomal proteins ratio. 2. A correlation exists between stage of development and influence on transcription. 3. Non-histone chromosomal proteins exert their action by intervening directly on some initiation step of RNA synthesis, as shown by the numbers of initiation events that take place in their presence or absence. 4. Stimulatory activity is observed only in restrictive conditions of ionic strength and temperature. These observations are in agreement with models that predict for non-histone chromosomal proteins a regulatory role on the transcription process exerted through a modulation of promoter availability.", "PMID": 697768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11321", "title": "Boundary lubricating ability of synovial fluid in degenerative joint disease.", "content": "The boundary lubricating ability of eleven synovial fluids was measured in a miniaturized latex--glass test system. The specimens were obtained at necropsy from knees in which the degree of degenerative joint disease varied from none to very severe. The lubricating ability of the fluid was independent of the viscosity over a wide range of shear rates. It was not diminished even in advanced lesions. In two additional fluids, the mucin clot was poor; the lubricating ability of one of these was compromised. Thus, although degenerative joint disease, during its quiescent stages, is not associated with defective synovial lubrication, the possibility that transient defects might lead to cartilage wear during life has not been excluded. The measurements are believed to be valid indicators of boundary lubricating ability under physiological conditions despite the fact that the test surfaces were not cartilaginous and the loading was relatively low (up to 47 pounds per square inch).", "contents": "Boundary lubricating ability of synovial fluid in degenerative joint disease. The boundary lubricating ability of eleven synovial fluids was measured in a miniaturized latex--glass test system. The specimens were obtained at necropsy from knees in which the degree of degenerative joint disease varied from none to very severe. The lubricating ability of the fluid was independent of the viscosity over a wide range of shear rates. It was not diminished even in advanced lesions. In two additional fluids, the mucin clot was poor; the lubricating ability of one of these was compromised. Thus, although degenerative joint disease, during its quiescent stages, is not associated with defective synovial lubrication, the possibility that transient defects might lead to cartilage wear during life has not been excluded. The measurements are believed to be valid indicators of boundary lubricating ability under physiological conditions despite the fact that the test surfaces were not cartilaginous and the loading was relatively low (up to 47 pounds per square inch).", "PMID": 697946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11322", "title": "Differential effects of propranolol on lymphocyte rosette formation and response to plant mitogens.", "content": "The effects of propranolol on various lymphocyte functions were studied to gain a better understanding of the recently demonstrated suppressive effect of propranolol on rheumatoid factor production. D- and L-propranolol at a concentration of 1 X 10(-4)M inhibited the formation of human EA rosettes. The inhibition occurred within one minute of adding the compounds, was reversible, and did not affect cell viability. Addtion of propranolol to preformed EA rosettes failed to disaggregate them. Patching and capping of SIg by an Fab'2 anti-IgG were inhibited at 2.5 X 10(-5)M and above. Propranolol at 2.5 X 10(-5)M also inhibited lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen without evidence of cell toxicity by trypan blue staining or absolute numbers of surviving cells. Congeners of propranolol with mainly beta adrenergic blocking properties did not show inhibitory effects. The inhibitory activities of propranolol are interpreted in terms of propranolol's membrane stablizing effects and ability to interfere with membrane receptor movement.", "contents": "Differential effects of propranolol on lymphocyte rosette formation and response to plant mitogens. The effects of propranolol on various lymphocyte functions were studied to gain a better understanding of the recently demonstrated suppressive effect of propranolol on rheumatoid factor production. D- and L-propranolol at a concentration of 1 X 10(-4)M inhibited the formation of human EA rosettes. The inhibition occurred within one minute of adding the compounds, was reversible, and did not affect cell viability. Addtion of propranolol to preformed EA rosettes failed to disaggregate them. Patching and capping of SIg by an Fab'2 anti-IgG were inhibited at 2.5 X 10(-5)M and above. Propranolol at 2.5 X 10(-5)M also inhibited lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen without evidence of cell toxicity by trypan blue staining or absolute numbers of surviving cells. Congeners of propranolol with mainly beta adrenergic blocking properties did not show inhibitory effects. The inhibitory activities of propranolol are interpreted in terms of propranolol's membrane stablizing effects and ability to interfere with membrane receptor movement.", "PMID": 697947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11323", "title": "Synovial fluid lactic acid. A diagnostic aid in septic arthritis.", "content": "Lactic acid concentrations in the synovial fluid of 84 patients with acute monoarticular arthritis were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Lactic acid values in 27 cases of nongonococcal septic arthritis were strikingly higher (mean 1170 mg/100ml) than in 45 cases of inflammatory or degenerative arthritis (mean 34 mg/100 ml), as well as in 12 cases of gonococcal arthritis (mean 27 mg/100 ml). With the proper equipment, determination of lactic acid can be a relatively rapid, reliable procedure. Synovial fluid lactic acid concentrations therefore can be used as a rapid, supplemental diagnostic aid in differentiating nongonococcal septic arthritis from both gonococcal and nonseptic acute arthritis.", "contents": "Synovial fluid lactic acid. A diagnostic aid in septic arthritis. Lactic acid concentrations in the synovial fluid of 84 patients with acute monoarticular arthritis were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Lactic acid values in 27 cases of nongonococcal septic arthritis were strikingly higher (mean 1170 mg/100ml) than in 45 cases of inflammatory or degenerative arthritis (mean 34 mg/100 ml), as well as in 12 cases of gonococcal arthritis (mean 27 mg/100 ml). With the proper equipment, determination of lactic acid can be a relatively rapid, reliable procedure. Synovial fluid lactic acid concentrations therefore can be used as a rapid, supplemental diagnostic aid in differentiating nongonococcal septic arthritis from both gonococcal and nonseptic acute arthritis.", "PMID": 697948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11324", "title": "Temporal arteriography. Analysis of 21 cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "To define the role of temporal arteriography in the diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis, the results of temporal arteriography in 21 patients who had temporal artery biopsies were reviewed. Abnormal angiography was found in all patients with biopsy-proven giant-cell arteritis, in some patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and normal biopsy, and in some patients with neither polymyalgia rheumatica nor giant-cell arteritis. No pattern of angiographic abnormality typical for giant-cell arteritis could be found. Results suggest temporal arteriography is a sensitive but nonspecific procedure in the diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis and must be coupled with biopsy of angiographic abnormalities for confirmation of diagnosis.", "contents": "Temporal arteriography. Analysis of 21 cases and a review of the literature. To define the role of temporal arteriography in the diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis, the results of temporal arteriography in 21 patients who had temporal artery biopsies were reviewed. Abnormal angiography was found in all patients with biopsy-proven giant-cell arteritis, in some patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and normal biopsy, and in some patients with neither polymyalgia rheumatica nor giant-cell arteritis. No pattern of angiographic abnormality typical for giant-cell arteritis could be found. Results suggest temporal arteriography is a sensitive but nonspecific procedure in the diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis and must be coupled with biopsy of angiographic abnormalities for confirmation of diagnosis.", "PMID": 697949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11325", "title": "Herpes zoster in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "In the context of prospective trials of immunosuppressive drugs in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) nephritis, 83 patients were studied with regard to development of herpes zoster. Herpes zoster was found to occur with high frequency (21%) in patients with SLE nephritis treated with immunosuppressive agents. The course of herpes zoster was benign: no deaths occurred and only 2 of the 18 patients developed generalized disease, which resolved without sequelae. Specific antiviral therapy was not necessary and there appears to be no need to decrease immunosuppressive medications. Zoster occurred when the SLE was relatively inactive and did not exacerbate the SLE. No statistical difference in the incidence of zoster was found among the patient groups treated with different immunosuppressive regimens.", "contents": "Herpes zoster in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In the context of prospective trials of immunosuppressive drugs in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) nephritis, 83 patients were studied with regard to development of herpes zoster. Herpes zoster was found to occur with high frequency (21%) in patients with SLE nephritis treated with immunosuppressive agents. The course of herpes zoster was benign: no deaths occurred and only 2 of the 18 patients developed generalized disease, which resolved without sequelae. Specific antiviral therapy was not necessary and there appears to be no need to decrease immunosuppressive medications. Zoster occurred when the SLE was relatively inactive and did not exacerbate the SLE. No statistical difference in the incidence of zoster was found among the patient groups treated with different immunosuppressive regimens.", "PMID": 697950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11326", "title": "Effect of inherited deficiency of the fifth component of complement on arthritis induced in mice by Mycoplasma pulmonis.", "content": "Mycoplasma pulmonis inoculated parenterally into mice deficient in the fifth component of complement (C5) caused a chronic arthritis of significantly greater magnitude than in immunologically normal mice. During the chronic phase of arthritis M pulmonis organisms were isolated from the joints and organs of C5 deficient mice more frequently and in larger numbers than from immunologically normal mice. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of M pulmonis induced arthritis and human connective tissue diseases.", "contents": "Effect of inherited deficiency of the fifth component of complement on arthritis induced in mice by Mycoplasma pulmonis. Mycoplasma pulmonis inoculated parenterally into mice deficient in the fifth component of complement (C5) caused a chronic arthritis of significantly greater magnitude than in immunologically normal mice. During the chronic phase of arthritis M pulmonis organisms were isolated from the joints and organs of C5 deficient mice more frequently and in larger numbers than from immunologically normal mice. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of M pulmonis induced arthritis and human connective tissue diseases.", "PMID": 697951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11327", "title": "Regional migratory osteoporosis. A denervation disease.", "content": "Regional migratory osteoporosis is an uncommon entity charcterized by sudden attacks of migrating lower extremity paraarticular pain, local edema, and muscle atrophy; the disease is verified by radiologic demineralization and bone scan uptake. The etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. We describe a case of regional migratory osteoporosis followed over nine years by serial electromyographic studies documenting denervation patterns coincident in time and location of each acute attack. The substantiation of denervation in regional migratory osteoporosis is of both diagnostic and pathogenetic significance.", "contents": "Regional migratory osteoporosis. A denervation disease. Regional migratory osteoporosis is an uncommon entity charcterized by sudden attacks of migrating lower extremity paraarticular pain, local edema, and muscle atrophy; the disease is verified by radiologic demineralization and bone scan uptake. The etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. We describe a case of regional migratory osteoporosis followed over nine years by serial electromyographic studies documenting denervation patterns coincident in time and location of each acute attack. The substantiation of denervation in regional migratory osteoporosis is of both diagnostic and pathogenetic significance.", "PMID": 697952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11328", "title": "Central retinal vein occlusion complicating systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Retinal lesions occur in 25 to 30% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Visual loss, however, is rare. A patient who developed central retinal vein occlusion and blindness during the course of active SLE is described. The pertinent literature is reviewed with attention to possible pathophysiologic mechanisms.", "contents": "Central retinal vein occlusion complicating systemic lupus erythematosus. Retinal lesions occur in 25 to 30% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Visual loss, however, is rare. A patient who developed central retinal vein occlusion and blindness during the course of active SLE is described. The pertinent literature is reviewed with attention to possible pathophysiologic mechanisms.", "PMID": 697953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11329", "title": "Hemochromatotic arthropathy mimicking rheumatoid arthritis. A case with subcutaneous nodules, tenosynovitis, and bursitis.", "content": "A 63-year-old man developed symmetrical polyarthritis, subcutaneous nodules at the elbows, olecranon bursitis, and recurrent tenosynovitis. He was later discovered to have idiopathic hemochromatosis. Staining of the subcutaneous nodule revealed iron deposits. These manifestations which are common to rheumatoid arthritis may be seen in hemochromatotic arthropathy.", "contents": "Hemochromatotic arthropathy mimicking rheumatoid arthritis. A case with subcutaneous nodules, tenosynovitis, and bursitis. A 63-year-old man developed symmetrical polyarthritis, subcutaneous nodules at the elbows, olecranon bursitis, and recurrent tenosynovitis. He was later discovered to have idiopathic hemochromatosis. Staining of the subcutaneous nodule revealed iron deposits. These manifestations which are common to rheumatoid arthritis may be seen in hemochromatotic arthropathy.", "PMID": 697954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11330", "title": "Immunologic sex differences and the female predominance in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The female predominance in many rheumatic disorders, most notably systemic lupus erythematosus, suggests that immunologic sex differences may modify susceptibility to disease. Clinical and experimental data indicate heightened humoral immunity and depressed cellular immunity in females compared with males. These differences appear to be mediated by sex hormones.", "contents": "Immunologic sex differences and the female predominance in systemic lupus erythematosus. The female predominance in many rheumatic disorders, most notably systemic lupus erythematosus, suggests that immunologic sex differences may modify susceptibility to disease. Clinical and experimental data indicate heightened humoral immunity and depressed cellular immunity in females compared with males. These differences appear to be mediated by sex hormones.", "PMID": 697955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11331", "title": "Electrocorticographic effects of topically applied scopolamine.", "content": "The electrocorticographic effects of topically applied scopolamine were investigated in unanesthetized cats with high cervical transection. After subpial injection of 30 cumu scopolamine in concentrations of 10 to 20%, large amplitude intermittent sharp waves appeared in the electrocorticogram, which developed into long-lasting paroxysmal activity. This effect was antagonized by intravenous eserine, 0.1 mg/kg, when it was produced by topical scopolamine in low dosage. The acoustically evoked cortical response and the generalized epileptiform activity produced by topical succinylcholine disappeared after topical scopolamine in low dosage. It is suggested that the seizure-suppressing effect of scopolamine may be due to its cholinolytic action. The convulsive activity of topical scopolamine in high concentrations may be accounted for by its depolarizing, synchronizing, disinhibiting, and acetylcholine-releasing effects.", "contents": "Electrocorticographic effects of topically applied scopolamine. The electrocorticographic effects of topically applied scopolamine were investigated in unanesthetized cats with high cervical transection. After subpial injection of 30 cumu scopolamine in concentrations of 10 to 20%, large amplitude intermittent sharp waves appeared in the electrocorticogram, which developed into long-lasting paroxysmal activity. This effect was antagonized by intravenous eserine, 0.1 mg/kg, when it was produced by topical scopolamine in low dosage. The acoustically evoked cortical response and the generalized epileptiform activity produced by topical succinylcholine disappeared after topical scopolamine in low dosage. It is suggested that the seizure-suppressing effect of scopolamine may be due to its cholinolytic action. The convulsive activity of topical scopolamine in high concentrations may be accounted for by its depolarizing, synchronizing, disinhibiting, and acetylcholine-releasing effects.", "PMID": 697981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11332", "title": "[Scintigraphic changes on the liver and spleen in urticaria pigmentosa].", "content": "In 36 patients with mastocytosis pathological changes in liver and spleen were scintigraphically demonstrated. These changes are due to the histologically proven involvement of the reticuloendothelial system. The infiltration of the liver by mast cells was not evident in liver biopsy.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic changes on the liver and spleen in urticaria pigmentosa]. In 36 patients with mastocytosis pathological changes in liver and spleen were scintigraphically demonstrated. These changes are due to the histologically proven involvement of the reticuloendothelial system. The infiltration of the liver by mast cells was not evident in liver biopsy.", "PMID": 697983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11333", "title": "[Syntopy of Bowen's disease and Lewisite scar].", "content": "Description of a case of Bown's disease in an area of the right lower leg after lewisite contamination 30 years ago. The possible influence of lost derivatives on carcinogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "[Syntopy of Bowen's disease and Lewisite scar]. Description of a case of Bown's disease in an area of the right lower leg after lewisite contamination 30 years ago. The possible influence of lost derivatives on carcinogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 697984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11334", "title": "[Psoriasis pustulosa: iron as a therapeutic agent?].", "content": "In a case of psoriasis pustulosa the benefit of iron-therapy is discussed, as it is described in literature. Diagnostic criteria are stated that are necessary for the diagnosis: iron deficiency, also in psoriasis pustulosa. Only true iron deficiency justifies iron medication. Even in its pustular variants per se psoriasis is no indication for high-dose parenteral iron-application.", "contents": "[Psoriasis pustulosa: iron as a therapeutic agent?]. In a case of psoriasis pustulosa the benefit of iron-therapy is discussed, as it is described in literature. Diagnostic criteria are stated that are necessary for the diagnosis: iron deficiency, also in psoriasis pustulosa. Only true iron deficiency justifies iron medication. Even in its pustular variants per se psoriasis is no indication for high-dose parenteral iron-application.", "PMID": 697985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11335", "title": "Catecholamine sensitivity in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.", "content": "1. Catecholamine sensitivity in hyper- and hypothyroidism has been studied using a standardised isoprenaline sensitivity test. 2. Seven patients with hyperthyroidism and seven with hypothyroidism were tested both when showing evidence of thyroid dysfunction and again when euthyroid. 3. No significant differences were seen in heart rate responses to isoprenaline when patients became euthyroid compared to their response when either hyperthyroid or hypothyroid. 4. These results indicate that sensitivity to catecholamines is not altered in thyroid dysfunction and, in particular, that hypersensitivity does not occur in spontaneous hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Catecholamine sensitivity in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. 1. Catecholamine sensitivity in hyper- and hypothyroidism has been studied using a standardised isoprenaline sensitivity test. 2. Seven patients with hyperthyroidism and seven with hypothyroidism were tested both when showing evidence of thyroid dysfunction and again when euthyroid. 3. No significant differences were seen in heart rate responses to isoprenaline when patients became euthyroid compared to their response when either hyperthyroid or hypothyroid. 4. These results indicate that sensitivity to catecholamines is not altered in thyroid dysfunction and, in particular, that hypersensitivity does not occur in spontaneous hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 698027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11336", "title": "Iotroxamide studies in man--plasma binding, renal and biliary excretion studies in jaundiced and anicteric patients.", "content": "1.A decrease in the plasma binding of iotroxamide was found in jaundiced people. 2. The decrease in binding was associated with an enhancement in renal excretion. 3. Iotroxamide consistently gave higher biliary iodine concentrations than ioglycamide.", "contents": "Iotroxamide studies in man--plasma binding, renal and biliary excretion studies in jaundiced and anicteric patients. 1.A decrease in the plasma binding of iotroxamide was found in jaundiced people. 2. The decrease in binding was associated with an enhancement in renal excretion. 3. Iotroxamide consistently gave higher biliary iodine concentrations than ioglycamide.", "PMID": 698028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11337", "title": "The effects of low doses of diazepam on human performance in group administered tasks.", "content": "1. The effects of diazepam in 5 mg dosage were assessed on a range of psychological tasks. Seventy-eight healthy subjects were tested in an independent groups design; subjects were randomly assigned to either control, placebo or drug group. Treatments were administered orally under double blind conditions. 2. Auditory vigilance performance was unimpaired, in terms of (a) correct detections, (b) false alarms or (c) the subjects' estimates of the duration of the task. 3. The short term retention of digit strings was impaired by diazepam (P less than 0.05), especially for those digits presented in the middle of the sequence. 4. Searching for a few letters among many was significantly impaired by diazepam (P less than 0.01). 5. Diaepam had no effect on performance at a mental arithmetic task; neither was there a placebo effect. 6. Results were discussed in the light of the characteristics of drug sensitive tasks. It was concluded that characteristics such as feedback of results, monotony, and memory load are more likely to be drug sensitive when in combination than in isolation.", "contents": "The effects of low doses of diazepam on human performance in group administered tasks. 1. The effects of diazepam in 5 mg dosage were assessed on a range of psychological tasks. Seventy-eight healthy subjects were tested in an independent groups design; subjects were randomly assigned to either control, placebo or drug group. Treatments were administered orally under double blind conditions. 2. Auditory vigilance performance was unimpaired, in terms of (a) correct detections, (b) false alarms or (c) the subjects' estimates of the duration of the task. 3. The short term retention of digit strings was impaired by diazepam (P less than 0.05), especially for those digits presented in the middle of the sequence. 4. Searching for a few letters among many was significantly impaired by diazepam (P less than 0.01). 5. Diaepam had no effect on performance at a mental arithmetic task; neither was there a placebo effect. 6. Results were discussed in the light of the characteristics of drug sensitive tasks. It was concluded that characteristics such as feedback of results, monotony, and memory load are more likely to be drug sensitive when in combination than in isolation.", "PMID": 698029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11338", "title": "Digoxin compliance in patients from general practice.", "content": "1. Compliance with digoxin therapy has been assessed in a group of fifty patients receiving the drug in general practice but not attending hospital. 2. Compliance was estimated by comparing plasma digoxin concentrations before and after a 10 day period of measured digoxin consumption and by tablet counting. 3. Twelve patients had plasma concentrations which increased by more than 0.4 ng/ml during monitored intake and eight other patients took less than 80% of their tablets. These twenty patients were considered non-compliant. 4. A further three patients in whom plasma digoxin levels were zero when first seen but increased substantially during the run-in period were also adjudged non-compliant. 5. Non-compliance with prescribed digoxin dosage occurred, therefore, in 46% of the patients studied.", "contents": "Digoxin compliance in patients from general practice. 1. Compliance with digoxin therapy has been assessed in a group of fifty patients receiving the drug in general practice but not attending hospital. 2. Compliance was estimated by comparing plasma digoxin concentrations before and after a 10 day period of measured digoxin consumption and by tablet counting. 3. Twelve patients had plasma concentrations which increased by more than 0.4 ng/ml during monitored intake and eight other patients took less than 80% of their tablets. These twenty patients were considered non-compliant. 4. A further three patients in whom plasma digoxin levels were zero when first seen but increased substantially during the run-in period were also adjudged non-compliant. 5. Non-compliance with prescribed digoxin dosage occurred, therefore, in 46% of the patients studied.", "PMID": 698030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11339", "title": "Direct measurement of propranolol bioavailability during accumulation to steady-state.", "content": "1. A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of propranolol in human plasma and blood has been developed and used to confirm that cumulation occurred during chronic oral administration, steady-state being achieved within 48 h of beginning 80 mg of the drug every 8 h. 2. The method was adapted to measure [H3]-propranolol and native drug in the same blood sample and was applied to determine simultaneously the disposition of i.v. ([H3]-propranolol) and orally (non-labelled) administered drug after single oral dose of 80 mg and when steady-state had been established on an 80 mg, 8-hourly regimen. 3. Using this approach it was possible to show that a reduced oral clearance at steady-state was associated with a smaller reduction in systemic (i.v.) clearance and no change in liver blood flow. A direct estimate of bioavailability was also possible and was found to be increased at steady-state compared with a single oral dose. 4. We conclude that the accumulation of propranolol during the attainment of steady-state is due to a reduction in intrinsic clearance, resulting in reduced presystemic hepatic extraction.", "contents": "Direct measurement of propranolol bioavailability during accumulation to steady-state. 1. A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of propranolol in human plasma and blood has been developed and used to confirm that cumulation occurred during chronic oral administration, steady-state being achieved within 48 h of beginning 80 mg of the drug every 8 h. 2. The method was adapted to measure [H3]-propranolol and native drug in the same blood sample and was applied to determine simultaneously the disposition of i.v. ([H3]-propranolol) and orally (non-labelled) administered drug after single oral dose of 80 mg and when steady-state had been established on an 80 mg, 8-hourly regimen. 3. Using this approach it was possible to show that a reduced oral clearance at steady-state was associated with a smaller reduction in systemic (i.v.) clearance and no change in liver blood flow. A direct estimate of bioavailability was also possible and was found to be increased at steady-state compared with a single oral dose. 4. We conclude that the accumulation of propranolol during the attainment of steady-state is due to a reduction in intrinsic clearance, resulting in reduced presystemic hepatic extraction.", "PMID": 698031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11340", "title": "Analysis of synergy between cyclophosphamide therapy and immunity against a mouse tumour.", "content": "C3H/He and CBA/T6T6 mice which share the H2(k) haplotype were compared for their capacity to survive challenges with the C3H-derived fibrosarcoma BP8. It was found:(1) The tumour grows at the same rate with the same median survival time in matched groups of non-immunized mice from both strains after i.p. injection of tumour cells.(2) Cyclophosphamide (Cyclo) at 10 mg/kg will cure CBA mice which have received i.p. injections of 10(7) BP8, but this dose, and more intensive treatment with this drug, fails to cure C3H mice.(3) Injecting (125)IUdR-labelled tumour cells and counting (125)I loss by whole-mouse counting shows that the cytotoxic effect of Cyclo against BP8 is similar in the 2 mouse strains.(4) Cyclo itself does not cure CBA mice, for viable tumour cells are recoverable from the peritoneal cavity 10 days after CBA mice have received 10(7) BP8 followed by 10 mg/kg Cyclo.(5) CBA mice cured of BP8 ascites by Cyclo treatment will reject further i.p. inocula of BP8.(6) The strength of immunity induced by irradiated BP8 cells was directly related to the length of exposure to this antigen. An important aspect of Cyclo treatment is that it prolongs the period during which immunity may develop.(7) Immunization of CBA mice with heavily irradiated BP8, with or without Cyclo, failed to show that Cyclo depressed the capacity of CBA mice to develop cytotoxic immunity. There was some indication that animals immunized with irradiated cells plus drug did better than those with irradiated cells alone.(8) A single injection of irradiated BP8 cells into CBA mice induced weak cytotoxic immunity, as assessed by destruction of a subsequent challenge with BP8, but these mice died from tumour more rapidly than non-immunized controls. It is suggested from these data that immunological enhancement may not always be due to blocking of cytotoxic immunity.", "contents": "Analysis of synergy between cyclophosphamide therapy and immunity against a mouse tumour. C3H/He and CBA/T6T6 mice which share the H2(k) haplotype were compared for their capacity to survive challenges with the C3H-derived fibrosarcoma BP8. It was found:(1) The tumour grows at the same rate with the same median survival time in matched groups of non-immunized mice from both strains after i.p. injection of tumour cells.(2) Cyclophosphamide (Cyclo) at 10 mg/kg will cure CBA mice which have received i.p. injections of 10(7) BP8, but this dose, and more intensive treatment with this drug, fails to cure C3H mice.(3) Injecting (125)IUdR-labelled tumour cells and counting (125)I loss by whole-mouse counting shows that the cytotoxic effect of Cyclo against BP8 is similar in the 2 mouse strains.(4) Cyclo itself does not cure CBA mice, for viable tumour cells are recoverable from the peritoneal cavity 10 days after CBA mice have received 10(7) BP8 followed by 10 mg/kg Cyclo.(5) CBA mice cured of BP8 ascites by Cyclo treatment will reject further i.p. inocula of BP8.(6) The strength of immunity induced by irradiated BP8 cells was directly related to the length of exposure to this antigen. An important aspect of Cyclo treatment is that it prolongs the period during which immunity may develop.(7) Immunization of CBA mice with heavily irradiated BP8, with or without Cyclo, failed to show that Cyclo depressed the capacity of CBA mice to develop cytotoxic immunity. There was some indication that animals immunized with irradiated cells plus drug did better than those with irradiated cells alone.(8) A single injection of irradiated BP8 cells into CBA mice induced weak cytotoxic immunity, as assessed by destruction of a subsequent challenge with BP8, but these mice died from tumour more rapidly than non-immunized controls. It is suggested from these data that immunological enhancement may not always be due to blocking of cytotoxic immunity.", "PMID": 698035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11341", "title": "Failure of preoperative C. parvum vaccine to modify secondary disease following excision of two non-immunogenic murine carcinomas.", "content": "Sadler and Castro (1976) reported that a single dose of C. parvum vaccine given i.p. or i.v. to mice 4 days before excision of subcutaneous transplants of Lewis lung carcinoma significantly reduced the incidence of lung metastases in the operated mice. In similarly designed experiments, using 2 different carcinomas of spontaneous origin in our own inbred mouse colonies, we were unable to demonstrate any influence of C. parvum vaccine on the incidence or latent period of secondary disease in operated mice. We discuss possible reasons for our failure to reproduce the findings of Sadler and Castro.", "contents": "Failure of preoperative C. parvum vaccine to modify secondary disease following excision of two non-immunogenic murine carcinomas. Sadler and Castro (1976) reported that a single dose of C. parvum vaccine given i.p. or i.v. to mice 4 days before excision of subcutaneous transplants of Lewis lung carcinoma significantly reduced the incidence of lung metastases in the operated mice. In similarly designed experiments, using 2 different carcinomas of spontaneous origin in our own inbred mouse colonies, we were unable to demonstrate any influence of C. parvum vaccine on the incidence or latent period of secondary disease in operated mice. We discuss possible reasons for our failure to reproduce the findings of Sadler and Castro.", "PMID": 698036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11342", "title": "Biphasic change of proton magnetic relaxation times during azo-dye hepatocarcinogenesis.", "content": "For the first time, change in the proton longitudinal relaxation times (T1) of rat tissues has been examined throughout the whole process of azo-dye hepatocarcinogenesis. Two maxima of the T1 values were observed for liver, on Day 60 and after Day 120, and these changes correlated well with the changes in water content. The first peak was ascribed to the immature hepatocytes of hyperplastic nodules, and the second peak to the developed hepatoma cells. The significance of the change in T1 values as a preneoplastic change is discussed.", "contents": "Biphasic change of proton magnetic relaxation times during azo-dye hepatocarcinogenesis. For the first time, change in the proton longitudinal relaxation times (T1) of rat tissues has been examined throughout the whole process of azo-dye hepatocarcinogenesis. Two maxima of the T1 values were observed for liver, on Day 60 and after Day 120, and these changes correlated well with the changes in water content. The first peak was ascribed to the immature hepatocytes of hyperplastic nodules, and the second peak to the developed hepatoma cells. The significance of the change in T1 values as a preneoplastic change is discussed.", "PMID": 698037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11343", "title": "Thyroid tumours in rats and hepatomas in mice after griseofulvin treatment.", "content": "Griseofulvin, an antibiotic used to treat dermatophystosis, was tested for carcinogenicity in mice, rats and hamsters. Three groups of mice and rats were given the drug in powdered diet in alternating 5-week periods for life, at dose levels of 3.0%, 1.5% and 0.3% (mice) and 2.0%, 1.0% and 0.2% (rats). A group of mice and 3 groups of hamsters received continuous daily treatment for life with griseofulvin at 3.0%, 1.5%, 0.3% and 0.1% dose levels respectively. A significant incidence of hepatic tumours was observed at the 2 higher treatment levels in mice. Also, statistically significant rates (P less than or equal to 0.001 and/or P less than or equal to 0.020) of thyroid tumours, indicating a dose-response, were recorded in male rats at the 2.0%, 1.0%, and 0.2% dose levels, and in females at the 2.0% and 1.0% dose levels. Hamsters did not develop neoplasms in response to treatment at any level.", "contents": "Thyroid tumours in rats and hepatomas in mice after griseofulvin treatment. Griseofulvin, an antibiotic used to treat dermatophystosis, was tested for carcinogenicity in mice, rats and hamsters. Three groups of mice and rats were given the drug in powdered diet in alternating 5-week periods for life, at dose levels of 3.0%, 1.5% and 0.3% (mice) and 2.0%, 1.0% and 0.2% (rats). A group of mice and 3 groups of hamsters received continuous daily treatment for life with griseofulvin at 3.0%, 1.5%, 0.3% and 0.1% dose levels respectively. A significant incidence of hepatic tumours was observed at the 2 higher treatment levels in mice. Also, statistically significant rates (P less than or equal to 0.001 and/or P less than or equal to 0.020) of thyroid tumours, indicating a dose-response, were recorded in male rats at the 2.0%, 1.0%, and 0.2% dose levels, and in females at the 2.0% and 1.0% dose levels. Hamsters did not develop neoplasms in response to treatment at any level.", "PMID": 698038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11344", "title": "Effect of glycerol on local and systemic carcinogenicity of topically applied tobacco condensate.", "content": "When glycerol was added to tobacco smoke condensate in acetone solvent, the topical carcinogenicity and the ability to produce epithelial hyperplasia in mice was reduced. Two doses of condensate were applied, combined with 2 concentrations of added glycerol. Age-standardized results show that glycerol reduced the incidence of tumours and malignant tumours and of hyperplasia in animals not developing skin tumours. The relative incidences of malignant tumours, benign tumours, hyperplasia and unaffected skin suggest that there is a sequential relationship (i.e. normal skin to hyperplasia to benign neoplasia to malignant neoplasia) which is impeded by glycerol. There was no systemic effect attributable to the condensate.", "contents": "Effect of glycerol on local and systemic carcinogenicity of topically applied tobacco condensate. When glycerol was added to tobacco smoke condensate in acetone solvent, the topical carcinogenicity and the ability to produce epithelial hyperplasia in mice was reduced. Two doses of condensate were applied, combined with 2 concentrations of added glycerol. Age-standardized results show that glycerol reduced the incidence of tumours and malignant tumours and of hyperplasia in animals not developing skin tumours. The relative incidences of malignant tumours, benign tumours, hyperplasia and unaffected skin suggest that there is a sequential relationship (i.e. normal skin to hyperplasia to benign neoplasia to malignant neoplasia) which is impeded by glycerol. There was no systemic effect attributable to the condensate.", "PMID": 698039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11345", "title": "Effects of insulin, human placental lactogen and human growth hormone of DNA synthesis in organ cultures of benign human breast tumours.", "content": "Nineteen benign human breast tumours, from 19 premenopausal patients, were processed into slices and each tumour was individually cultured for 2 days in Medium 199. The effects of bovine insulin (5.0 microgram/ml) human placental lactogen (10.0 microgram/ml) and human growth hormone (10.0 microgram/ml) on 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA were determined on the cultured tumour slices. Insulin and human placental lactogen significantly (P less than 0.01) increased the mean incorporation of [3H]TdR into DNA, whereas human growth hormone was ineffective. These results provide evidence that insulin and human placental lactogen, but not human growth hormone, may be important factors in the aetiology of benign human breast tumours.", "contents": "Effects of insulin, human placental lactogen and human growth hormone of DNA synthesis in organ cultures of benign human breast tumours. Nineteen benign human breast tumours, from 19 premenopausal patients, were processed into slices and each tumour was individually cultured for 2 days in Medium 199. The effects of bovine insulin (5.0 microgram/ml) human placental lactogen (10.0 microgram/ml) and human growth hormone (10.0 microgram/ml) on 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA were determined on the cultured tumour slices. Insulin and human placental lactogen significantly (P less than 0.01) increased the mean incorporation of [3H]TdR into DNA, whereas human growth hormone was ineffective. These results provide evidence that insulin and human placental lactogen, but not human growth hormone, may be important factors in the aetiology of benign human breast tumours.", "PMID": 698040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11346", "title": "Growth of human gliomas in immune-deficient mice: a possible model for pre-clinical therapy studies.", "content": "Thirteen gliomas from 55 neurosurgical specimens, derived from 25 adults and 30 children, have been successfully grown as subcutaneous xenografts in immune-deprived or nude mice. Only 2 of the 30 paediatric specimens implanted (6.7%), a medulloblastoma and an astrocytoma Grade III, have grown compared with 11 of the 25 adult specimen (44%) which were mostly astrocytomas Grade III. Tumour growth usually occurred several months after implantation, and karyotypic analysis confirmed their human origin in all cases. The histopathology of xenografted tumours correlated with the original surgical material, both after initial implantation and when tumours had been passaged several times. Observations on tumour growth in various types of immune-deprived mice indicated that, within certain limits, the immunological competence of the host mouse did not relate to take rates of primary implants, but could affect the take rate of passaged tumours.", "contents": "Growth of human gliomas in immune-deficient mice: a possible model for pre-clinical therapy studies. Thirteen gliomas from 55 neurosurgical specimens, derived from 25 adults and 30 children, have been successfully grown as subcutaneous xenografts in immune-deprived or nude mice. Only 2 of the 30 paediatric specimens implanted (6.7%), a medulloblastoma and an astrocytoma Grade III, have grown compared with 11 of the 25 adult specimen (44%) which were mostly astrocytomas Grade III. Tumour growth usually occurred several months after implantation, and karyotypic analysis confirmed their human origin in all cases. The histopathology of xenografted tumours correlated with the original surgical material, both after initial implantation and when tumours had been passaged several times. Observations on tumour growth in various types of immune-deprived mice indicated that, within certain limits, the immunological competence of the host mouse did not relate to take rates of primary implants, but could affect the take rate of passaged tumours.", "PMID": 698041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11347", "title": "Neoplasia and dysplasia of the cervix uteri and contraception: a possible protective effect of the diaphragm.", "content": "Among the 17,032 women included in the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study, 65 developed biopsy proven cervical neoplasia (including dysplasia) prior to 1 September 1977. The incidence rate in diaphragm users (0.17 per 1000 woman-years of observation) was much lower than the rates in oral contraceptive users or intrauterine device users (0.95 and 0.87 respectively). This difference could not be explained in terms of confounding variables, nor was it attributable to a lower frequency of cervical smearing among diaphragm users within the clinics. Detailed information about age at first intercourse, numbers of sexual partners and the frequency of cervical smearing outside the clinics was obtained from 52 of the women with cervical neoplasia and 139 matched controls. Diaphragm users were less likely to have had coitus at an early age and had had materially fewer sexual partners than users of the other two methods of contraception. After adjusting for the effects of these variables, however, the risk of cervical neoplasia in diaphragm users was still only about one quarter that in the users of the other methods. Patterns of smearing varied little between users of the various contraceptive methods. Smoking emerged as a major \"risk factor\" for cervical neoplasia in this study. This probably implies that the smoking habit reflects some important aspect of sexual behaviour relevant to the production of the disease that we have been unable to measure.", "contents": "Neoplasia and dysplasia of the cervix uteri and contraception: a possible protective effect of the diaphragm. Among the 17,032 women included in the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study, 65 developed biopsy proven cervical neoplasia (including dysplasia) prior to 1 September 1977. The incidence rate in diaphragm users (0.17 per 1000 woman-years of observation) was much lower than the rates in oral contraceptive users or intrauterine device users (0.95 and 0.87 respectively). This difference could not be explained in terms of confounding variables, nor was it attributable to a lower frequency of cervical smearing among diaphragm users within the clinics. Detailed information about age at first intercourse, numbers of sexual partners and the frequency of cervical smearing outside the clinics was obtained from 52 of the women with cervical neoplasia and 139 matched controls. Diaphragm users were less likely to have had coitus at an early age and had had materially fewer sexual partners than users of the other two methods of contraception. After adjusting for the effects of these variables, however, the risk of cervical neoplasia in diaphragm users was still only about one quarter that in the users of the other methods. Patterns of smearing varied little between users of the various contraceptive methods. Smoking emerged as a major \"risk factor\" for cervical neoplasia in this study. This probably implies that the smoking habit reflects some important aspect of sexual behaviour relevant to the production of the disease that we have been unable to measure.", "PMID": 698042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11348", "title": "Serum ribonuclease activity in cancer patients.", "content": "A study was made of the levels of ribonuclease (RNase) in human serum, using 2 independently collected banks of samples from Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation and the Mayo Clinic, each bank representing more than 100 individuals. These serum samples originated from a cross-section of normal individuals, smokers, patients with benign tumours, and patients with a variety of neoplasms. Elevated levels of serum RNase occurred in 68% of the samples from individuals with malignant disease. Elevated levels also occurred in 24% of the samples from individuals with benign tumours and in 38% of the smoker controls from the Mayo Clinic serum bank. Using ion-exchange chromatography, pooled sera from normal individuals and cancer patients were fractionated by differential salt elution. Each pool showed 2 distinct peaks of RNase activity, and both peaks were elevated to the same degree in the cancer serum pools. Similar results were obtained after thin-layer-gel isoelectric focusing of both normal and cancer sera; no new species of RNase could be detected in the sera of patients with malignant diseases. The results suggested a generalized nonspecific increase in serum RNase in these patients.", "contents": "Serum ribonuclease activity in cancer patients. A study was made of the levels of ribonuclease (RNase) in human serum, using 2 independently collected banks of samples from Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation and the Mayo Clinic, each bank representing more than 100 individuals. These serum samples originated from a cross-section of normal individuals, smokers, patients with benign tumours, and patients with a variety of neoplasms. Elevated levels of serum RNase occurred in 68% of the samples from individuals with malignant disease. Elevated levels also occurred in 24% of the samples from individuals with benign tumours and in 38% of the smoker controls from the Mayo Clinic serum bank. Using ion-exchange chromatography, pooled sera from normal individuals and cancer patients were fractionated by differential salt elution. Each pool showed 2 distinct peaks of RNase activity, and both peaks were elevated to the same degree in the cancer serum pools. Similar results were obtained after thin-layer-gel isoelectric focusing of both normal and cancer sera; no new species of RNase could be detected in the sera of patients with malignant diseases. The results suggested a generalized nonspecific increase in serum RNase in these patients.", "PMID": 698043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11349", "title": "Mechanism of impaired glucose tolerance in patients with neoplasia.", "content": "The disappearance rate (k) of i.v. glucose was measured in cachectic and non-cachectic cancer patients and tumour-free controls. The respective k values were found to be 1.06 +/- 0.27 (mean +/- s.d.), 1.64 +/- 0.34 and 1.63 +/- 0.23. Of the other parameters measured, only plasma albumin level was found to vary significantly amongst the 3 categories, the mean level being the lowest in cachectic cancer patients. The means of total plasma protein, fasting blood glucose and plasma liver enzyme concentrations were similar in the 3 groups. Glucagon, a potent insulin secretogogue, failed to augment the fasting insulin level in cachectic but did so in non-cachectic cancer patients. Taken together, the findings suggest that the reduced glucose tolerance in patients with neoplasia is due to impairment of insulin release exhibited predominantly by ill-nourished advanced cancer patients having a moderate to sever degree of hypoalbuminemia.", "contents": "Mechanism of impaired glucose tolerance in patients with neoplasia. The disappearance rate (k) of i.v. glucose was measured in cachectic and non-cachectic cancer patients and tumour-free controls. The respective k values were found to be 1.06 +/- 0.27 (mean +/- s.d.), 1.64 +/- 0.34 and 1.63 +/- 0.23. Of the other parameters measured, only plasma albumin level was found to vary significantly amongst the 3 categories, the mean level being the lowest in cachectic cancer patients. The means of total plasma protein, fasting blood glucose and plasma liver enzyme concentrations were similar in the 3 groups. Glucagon, a potent insulin secretogogue, failed to augment the fasting insulin level in cachectic but did so in non-cachectic cancer patients. Taken together, the findings suggest that the reduced glucose tolerance in patients with neoplasia is due to impairment of insulin release exhibited predominantly by ill-nourished advanced cancer patients having a moderate to sever degree of hypoalbuminemia.", "PMID": 698044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11350", "title": "Lodgement and extravasation of tumour cells in blood-borne metastasis: an electron microscope study.", "content": "Soon after i.v. injection of ascites hepatoma cells of rat, 3 types of tumour-cell emboli were found in arterioles and capillaries of the lung. The first type had marked aggregation of platelets and deposition of fibrin. Many were seen when tumour cells with high thromboplastic activity (AH 130) were injected, and were often followed by detachment and fragmentation of endothelial cells. The second type had loosely aggregated platelets and the third type had no aggregation of platelets or deposition of fibrin. The latter 2 types were mainly seen when the tumour cells with low thromboplastic activity [AH 130 F(N)] were injected, and they did not accompany severe structural changes of the endothelial cells. Tumour cell-platelet complexes appeared to be induced by tissue thromboplastin released from tumour cells rather than from the endothelial cells. One to 6 h after injection of AH 130, tumour cells were found beneath the endothelial cells detached from the basement membrane in areas with microthrombi. Breaching of the endothelial cells with the processes of tumour cells was also seen then. Intrusion of the processes of tumour cells into the endothelial cells was noted in groups injected with either AH 130 or AH 130 F(N), but not in the junctions of the endothelial cells. Metastatic foci 3 days after the injection of AH 130 were more frequent than in the rats injected with AH 130 F(N). These results indicate that thromboplastic activity of tumour cells might be important in forming microthrombi in the lodgement phase and might be one of the factors facilitating blood-borne metastasis.", "contents": "Lodgement and extravasation of tumour cells in blood-borne metastasis: an electron microscope study. Soon after i.v. injection of ascites hepatoma cells of rat, 3 types of tumour-cell emboli were found in arterioles and capillaries of the lung. The first type had marked aggregation of platelets and deposition of fibrin. Many were seen when tumour cells with high thromboplastic activity (AH 130) were injected, and were often followed by detachment and fragmentation of endothelial cells. The second type had loosely aggregated platelets and the third type had no aggregation of platelets or deposition of fibrin. The latter 2 types were mainly seen when the tumour cells with low thromboplastic activity [AH 130 F(N)] were injected, and they did not accompany severe structural changes of the endothelial cells. Tumour cell-platelet complexes appeared to be induced by tissue thromboplastin released from tumour cells rather than from the endothelial cells. One to 6 h after injection of AH 130, tumour cells were found beneath the endothelial cells detached from the basement membrane in areas with microthrombi. Breaching of the endothelial cells with the processes of tumour cells was also seen then. Intrusion of the processes of tumour cells into the endothelial cells was noted in groups injected with either AH 130 or AH 130 F(N), but not in the junctions of the endothelial cells. Metastatic foci 3 days after the injection of AH 130 were more frequent than in the rats injected with AH 130 F(N). These results indicate that thromboplastic activity of tumour cells might be important in forming microthrombi in the lodgement phase and might be one of the factors facilitating blood-borne metastasis.", "PMID": 698045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11351", "title": "Tumour-necrosis factor from the rabbit. I. Mode of action, specificity and physicochemical properties.", "content": "Sera from rabbits injected with BCG and then with endotoxin contain a factor (tumour-necrosis factor TNF) which, even at high dilutions, is cytotoxic in vitro for mouse L cells and some other cell lines. Using a 51Cr-release assay, cytotoxicity was detected as early as 7-8 h after addition of TNF serum to L cells and cell death was evident microscopically by 24 h. TNF was cytotoxic at 37 degrees C but not at 21 degrees C or 4 degrees C, and acted on both dividing and non-dividing cells. The antimetabolites sodium azide and dinitrophenol partially protected L cells from TNF, suggesting that actively metabolizing cells are the most sensitive. Treatment of L cells with trypsin did not delay cytotoxicity nor was cytotoxicity inhibited in the presence of various saccharide derivatives of cell-surface glycoproteins. Rabbit TNF was remarkably stable with a mol. wt. of 40-50,000. It was eluted with the more acidic serum proteins on ion-exchange chromatography, but precipitated in 50%-saturated ammonium sulphate. Sensitivity to TNF could not be correlated with tumourigenicity of several animal and human lines tested nor with the production of C-type viruses.", "contents": "Tumour-necrosis factor from the rabbit. I. Mode of action, specificity and physicochemical properties. Sera from rabbits injected with BCG and then with endotoxin contain a factor (tumour-necrosis factor TNF) which, even at high dilutions, is cytotoxic in vitro for mouse L cells and some other cell lines. Using a 51Cr-release assay, cytotoxicity was detected as early as 7-8 h after addition of TNF serum to L cells and cell death was evident microscopically by 24 h. TNF was cytotoxic at 37 degrees C but not at 21 degrees C or 4 degrees C, and acted on both dividing and non-dividing cells. The antimetabolites sodium azide and dinitrophenol partially protected L cells from TNF, suggesting that actively metabolizing cells are the most sensitive. Treatment of L cells with trypsin did not delay cytotoxicity nor was cytotoxicity inhibited in the presence of various saccharide derivatives of cell-surface glycoproteins. Rabbit TNF was remarkably stable with a mol. wt. of 40-50,000. It was eluted with the more acidic serum proteins on ion-exchange chromatography, but precipitated in 50%-saturated ammonium sulphate. Sensitivity to TNF could not be correlated with tumourigenicity of several animal and human lines tested nor with the production of C-type viruses.", "PMID": 698046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11352", "title": "Tumour-necrosis factor from the rabbit. II. Production by monocytes.", "content": "Mononuclear cells from normal rabbit blood were cytotoxic to a number of cell lines in vitro. The cytotoxic cells were contained in the monocyte-enriched fraction adherent to plastic. Supernatants of the monocyte-enriched fraction had the same cytotoxic specificity as the parent cells. The cytotoxic factor precipitated in 50% saturated ammonium sulphate solution and on gel filtration was heterogeneous with a mol.-wt. range of 30--50,000 u. On the basis of specificity and molecular characteristics, this cytotoxic factor closely resembles rabbit tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) suggesting that TNF or a closely related factor is a normal product of mononuclear phagocytes.", "contents": "Tumour-necrosis factor from the rabbit. II. Production by monocytes. Mononuclear cells from normal rabbit blood were cytotoxic to a number of cell lines in vitro. The cytotoxic cells were contained in the monocyte-enriched fraction adherent to plastic. Supernatants of the monocyte-enriched fraction had the same cytotoxic specificity as the parent cells. The cytotoxic factor precipitated in 50% saturated ammonium sulphate solution and on gel filtration was heterogeneous with a mol.-wt. range of 30--50,000 u. On the basis of specificity and molecular characteristics, this cytotoxic factor closely resembles rabbit tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) suggesting that TNF or a closely related factor is a normal product of mononuclear phagocytes.", "PMID": 698047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11353", "title": "Effect of phenobarbital on plasma levels of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites in the mouse.", "content": "We have studied the quantitative pharmacokinetic differences of individual metabolites and unchanged cyclophosphamide (CPA) in control and phenobarbital-treated animals, using radiolabelled CPA together with thin-layer chromatography. On Day 0, one group was started on phenobarbital drinking water and one group stayed on regular acid water. P388 leukaemia, (10(6) cells i.p.) was administered to all mice on Day 8, and 2 days later both groups of mice were given i.p. CPA (200 mg/kg) with 14C-CPA (0.2 muCi per mouse). At 5--60 min after CPA administration, groups of 10 mice were killed and their blood collected for assay of parent compound and metabolites in plasma. Phenobarbital pretreatment reduced CPA and phosphoramide mustard CXT (concentration x time) by 66+% and 27+%, respectively. Assuming that phosphoramide mustard is both the ultimate cytotoxic form of CPA and the blood-transport form, the reduction of CPA by phenobarbital would predict a decreased therapeutic effect. The assay methods in this study will be used in the future to determine the importance of this potential drug interaction in man.", "contents": "Effect of phenobarbital on plasma levels of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites in the mouse. We have studied the quantitative pharmacokinetic differences of individual metabolites and unchanged cyclophosphamide (CPA) in control and phenobarbital-treated animals, using radiolabelled CPA together with thin-layer chromatography. On Day 0, one group was started on phenobarbital drinking water and one group stayed on regular acid water. P388 leukaemia, (10(6) cells i.p.) was administered to all mice on Day 8, and 2 days later both groups of mice were given i.p. CPA (200 mg/kg) with 14C-CPA (0.2 muCi per mouse). At 5--60 min after CPA administration, groups of 10 mice were killed and their blood collected for assay of parent compound and metabolites in plasma. Phenobarbital pretreatment reduced CPA and phosphoramide mustard CXT (concentration x time) by 66+% and 27+%, respectively. Assuming that phosphoramide mustard is both the ultimate cytotoxic form of CPA and the blood-transport form, the reduction of CPA by phenobarbital would predict a decreased therapeutic effect. The assay methods in this study will be used in the future to determine the importance of this potential drug interaction in man.", "PMID": 698048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11354", "title": "Metal chelates as anti-cancer agents. II cytotoxic action of palladium and platinum complexes of 6-mercaptopurine and thioguanine.", "content": "The metal complexes Pd(MP)2.2H2O, Pt(MP)2H2O (MPH=6-mercaptopurine), Pt(AMP2.3H2O and Pd3(AMP)4Cl2(AMPH).4H2O (AMPH=thioguanine) have been isolated. They were screened for anti-tumour activity in the L-1210 lymphoid leukaemia test system in mice. All 4 show marked anti-tumour activity, the complex Pt(AMP)2.3H2O giving a T/C of 185 at the optimum dosage. However, the anti-tumour activity of the metal complexes is somewhat less than that shown by the parent purines under the same conditions.", "contents": "Metal chelates as anti-cancer agents. II cytotoxic action of palladium and platinum complexes of 6-mercaptopurine and thioguanine. The metal complexes Pd(MP)2.2H2O, Pt(MP)2H2O (MPH=6-mercaptopurine), Pt(AMP2.3H2O and Pd3(AMP)4Cl2(AMPH).4H2O (AMPH=thioguanine) have been isolated. They were screened for anti-tumour activity in the L-1210 lymphoid leukaemia test system in mice. All 4 show marked anti-tumour activity, the complex Pt(AMP)2.3H2O giving a T/C of 185 at the optimum dosage. However, the anti-tumour activity of the metal complexes is somewhat less than that shown by the parent purines under the same conditions.", "PMID": 698049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11355", "title": "High-altitude acclimatization and proteinuria in East Africa.", "content": "Seven climbers spent 6 weeks in the East African mountains, at heights of up to 5890 m. The mean protein urine concentration in morning specimens was over 100 mg/100 ml after climbs during the first 12 days but fell to 15 mg/100 ml during subsequent climbs. The highest concentrations (100-300 mg/100 ml) were in 5 climbers with peripheral oedema, 3 with obvious high-altitude illness. The findings implicate the kidney in high altitude acclimatization and illness.", "contents": "High-altitude acclimatization and proteinuria in East Africa. Seven climbers spent 6 weeks in the East African mountains, at heights of up to 5890 m. The mean protein urine concentration in morning specimens was over 100 mg/100 ml after climbs during the first 12 days but fell to 15 mg/100 ml during subsequent climbs. The highest concentrations (100-300 mg/100 ml) were in 5 climbers with peripheral oedema, 3 with obvious high-altitude illness. The findings implicate the kidney in high altitude acclimatization and illness.", "PMID": 698053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11356", "title": "Aspiration needle biopsy for solitary, peripheral lung lesions: a review of 50 examinations.", "content": "Percutaneous aspiration needle biopsy forms a simple method of obtaining histological material from solitary peripheral lung lesions. A new method for separating and preparing the material for histological examination is described. The results in 50 cases are recorded with a positive diagnosis in 46. The number of symptomatic complications with this technique is low. The clinical place of the biopsy in management is discussed.", "contents": "Aspiration needle biopsy for solitary, peripheral lung lesions: a review of 50 examinations. Percutaneous aspiration needle biopsy forms a simple method of obtaining histological material from solitary peripheral lung lesions. A new method for separating and preparing the material for histological examination is described. The results in 50 cases are recorded with a positive diagnosis in 46. The number of symptomatic complications with this technique is low. The clinical place of the biopsy in management is discussed.", "PMID": 698054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11357", "title": "The association of adenocarcinoma of the lung and blastomycosis from an unusual geographical location.", "content": "A case of North American blastomycosis acquired outside the American continent and presenting with a left hilar mass is reported. The progressive hilar enlargement, despite adequate antifungal treatment, raised the possibility of drug resistance, concomitant tuberculosis and carcinoma. Non-invasive diagnostic studies including cultures, cytology and fibreoptic bronchoscopy were negative. On thoracotomy, both blastomy cosis and a poorly undifferentiated adenocarcinoma were evident.", "contents": "The association of adenocarcinoma of the lung and blastomycosis from an unusual geographical location. A case of North American blastomycosis acquired outside the American continent and presenting with a left hilar mass is reported. The progressive hilar enlargement, despite adequate antifungal treatment, raised the possibility of drug resistance, concomitant tuberculosis and carcinoma. Non-invasive diagnostic studies including cultures, cytology and fibreoptic bronchoscopy were negative. On thoracotomy, both blastomy cosis and a poorly undifferentiated adenocarcinoma were evident.", "PMID": 698055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11358", "title": "The pathogenesis of miliaria rubra. Role of the resident microflora.", "content": "Anhidrosis was induced in volunteers by covering the skin with an impermeable plastic film. The degree of sweat suppression and miliaria after a thermal stimulus was directly proportional to the increase in the density of resident aerobic bacteria, notably cocci. No anhidrosis resulted when antibacterial substances were used to prevent the expansion of the microflora. Histological study showed a PAS-positive diastase resistant amorphous mass deep within the acrosyringium after 2 days of occlusion, accompanied by a periductal dermal infiltration of leukocytes. After another 2 days the duct became clogged by an amalgam of degenerating leukocytes. This impaction sloughed after about 3 weeks as a result of epidermal renewal. Colonies of bacteria were never found within the ducts. It is postulated that cocci secrete a toxin which injures luminal cells and precipitates a cast within the lumen. Infiltration by leukocytes creates an impaction which completely obstructs the passage of sweat for several weeks.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of miliaria rubra. Role of the resident microflora. Anhidrosis was induced in volunteers by covering the skin with an impermeable plastic film. The degree of sweat suppression and miliaria after a thermal stimulus was directly proportional to the increase in the density of resident aerobic bacteria, notably cocci. No anhidrosis resulted when antibacterial substances were used to prevent the expansion of the microflora. Histological study showed a PAS-positive diastase resistant amorphous mass deep within the acrosyringium after 2 days of occlusion, accompanied by a periductal dermal infiltration of leukocytes. After another 2 days the duct became clogged by an amalgam of degenerating leukocytes. This impaction sloughed after about 3 weeks as a result of epidermal renewal. Colonies of bacteria were never found within the ducts. It is postulated that cocci secrete a toxin which injures luminal cells and precipitates a cast within the lumen. Infiltration by leukocytes creates an impaction which completely obstructs the passage of sweat for several weeks.", "PMID": 698101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11359", "title": "Epidermal differentiation in normal and growth-retarded infants: studies in two animal models and in human babies.", "content": "The influence of prenatal growth retardation on epidermal growth and keratinization was studied in small-for-dates human babies, runt piglets and in rat fetuses subject to maternal protein deprivation. In the human babies and rat fetuses growth retardation was associated with reduced epidermal growth but normal patterns of differentiation were present. Thus, epidermal thickness was less and keratinizing zones narrower than seen in normal weight individuals. In the runt (small-for-dates) piglet, epidermal development differed from that seen in normal weight piglets of the same gestational age and from that seen in the human and rat. The epidermis was thicker with a negligible stratum granulosum and with the stratum corneum containing nucleated cells, a condition resembling 'parakeratosis'. This pattern was less often seen in normal weight piglets. Differences between the skins of the three speecies studied at a perinatal stage may be related to clear dissimilarities which exist in the tissues later. Parakeratosis as a transitory phase in the development of pig skin is probably related to a higher rate of epidermal keratinization in this species than occurs in either human babies or rat fetuses.", "contents": "Epidermal differentiation in normal and growth-retarded infants: studies in two animal models and in human babies. The influence of prenatal growth retardation on epidermal growth and keratinization was studied in small-for-dates human babies, runt piglets and in rat fetuses subject to maternal protein deprivation. In the human babies and rat fetuses growth retardation was associated with reduced epidermal growth but normal patterns of differentiation were present. Thus, epidermal thickness was less and keratinizing zones narrower than seen in normal weight individuals. In the runt (small-for-dates) piglet, epidermal development differed from that seen in normal weight piglets of the same gestational age and from that seen in the human and rat. The epidermis was thicker with a negligible stratum granulosum and with the stratum corneum containing nucleated cells, a condition resembling 'parakeratosis'. This pattern was less often seen in normal weight piglets. Differences between the skins of the three speecies studied at a perinatal stage may be related to clear dissimilarities which exist in the tissues later. Parakeratosis as a transitory phase in the development of pig skin is probably related to a higher rate of epidermal keratinization in this species than occurs in either human babies or rat fetuses.", "PMID": 698102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11360", "title": "Physical and chemical properties of skin in habitually trained and sedentary men.", "content": "A number of physical and chemical properties of skin were examined in a study of 29 habitually trained and 29 sedentary men. Compared to the control group, the trained subjects had significantly higher values in the weights of skin samples of equal surface areas as well as the contents of hydroxyproline and nitrogen per skin surface area. When measured by a diaphragm method in vivo, the 'elastic stiffness' (uncorrected for thickness) and 'elastic efficiency' (the recovery of the deformation energy) of skin were significantly higher in the trained men compared to those in the untrained men. The results suggest that skin reflects the adaptation to habitual endurance training by increasing its mass and strengthening its structure. The study did not, however, reveal any differences between physically active and sedentary men in changes due to biological ageing.", "contents": "Physical and chemical properties of skin in habitually trained and sedentary men. A number of physical and chemical properties of skin were examined in a study of 29 habitually trained and 29 sedentary men. Compared to the control group, the trained subjects had significantly higher values in the weights of skin samples of equal surface areas as well as the contents of hydroxyproline and nitrogen per skin surface area. When measured by a diaphragm method in vivo, the 'elastic stiffness' (uncorrected for thickness) and 'elastic efficiency' (the recovery of the deformation energy) of skin were significantly higher in the trained men compared to those in the untrained men. The results suggest that skin reflects the adaptation to habitual endurance training by increasing its mass and strengthening its structure. The study did not, however, reveal any differences between physically active and sedentary men in changes due to biological ageing.", "PMID": 698103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11361", "title": "Pigmented penile papules with carcinoma in situ changes.", "content": "Benign appearing, multifocal, pigmented penile papules were found in three patients, showing the histopathological and electron microscopic changes of carcinoma in situ. Their clinical appearance, relation to other carcinoma in situ lesions, as well as possible pathogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Pigmented penile papules with carcinoma in situ changes. Benign appearing, multifocal, pigmented penile papules were found in three patients, showing the histopathological and electron microscopic changes of carcinoma in situ. Their clinical appearance, relation to other carcinoma in situ lesions, as well as possible pathogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 698104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11362", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis due to sesquiterpene lactones. A comparative study of human and animal sensitivity to alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone and derivatives.", "content": "Several compounds containing the alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone moiety have been tested on human volunteers and on guinea-pigs; the animals were experimentally sensitized by alantolactone, isoalantolactone and laurel oil. Of the two new lactones, spirolactone was the more reactive: this was confirmed by both animal and human testing. The synthetic lactones are less reactive than natural ones. alpha-Methylene-gamma-butyrolactone itself does not elicit cross-reactions in guinea pigs sensitive either to alantolactone or to isoalantolactone, or in patients sensitive to sesquiterpene lactones. The alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone group is necessary for cross-reaction, but to be active, it has first to be substituted. It was also found that isoalantolactone, allegedly not allergenic, is in fact a sensitizer and cross-reacts with alantolactone. The cross-reaction between laurel and Frullania, found in man, also occurs in guinea-pigs. It is more evident when sesquiterpene lactone is the sensitizer and laurel used to elicit reaction.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis due to sesquiterpene lactones. A comparative study of human and animal sensitivity to alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone and derivatives. Several compounds containing the alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone moiety have been tested on human volunteers and on guinea-pigs; the animals were experimentally sensitized by alantolactone, isoalantolactone and laurel oil. Of the two new lactones, spirolactone was the more reactive: this was confirmed by both animal and human testing. The synthetic lactones are less reactive than natural ones. alpha-Methylene-gamma-butyrolactone itself does not elicit cross-reactions in guinea pigs sensitive either to alantolactone or to isoalantolactone, or in patients sensitive to sesquiterpene lactones. The alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone group is necessary for cross-reaction, but to be active, it has first to be substituted. It was also found that isoalantolactone, allegedly not allergenic, is in fact a sensitizer and cross-reacts with alantolactone. The cross-reaction between laurel and Frullania, found in man, also occurs in guinea-pigs. It is more evident when sesquiterpene lactone is the sensitizer and laurel used to elicit reaction.", "PMID": 698105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11363", "title": "Efflorescence of new warts: a sign of onset of involution in flat warts.", "content": "The sudden eruption of large numbers of tiny new warts in a patient with multiple flat warts often signals the onset of involution and subsequent regression of all flat warts. We have observed 5 such cases and, in this report, describe 2 cases in which the sudden efflorescence of many new warts was used as a sign to predict accurately the onset of involution and subsequent regression of all flat warts. Correlation of the histopathological and clinical findings provides an explanation for this phenomenon.", "contents": "Efflorescence of new warts: a sign of onset of involution in flat warts. The sudden eruption of large numbers of tiny new warts in a patient with multiple flat warts often signals the onset of involution and subsequent regression of all flat warts. We have observed 5 such cases and, in this report, describe 2 cases in which the sudden efflorescence of many new warts was used as a sign to predict accurately the onset of involution and subsequent regression of all flat warts. Correlation of the histopathological and clinical findings provides an explanation for this phenomenon.", "PMID": 698106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11364", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation in patients with cobalt dermatitis.", "content": "A lymhocyte transformation test with cobalt chloride was performed in 14 patients who had positive cobalt patch tests and eczema compatible with a cobalt induced contact dermatitis and in 9 controls. Eight of the patients had strongly positive patch tests, while 6 had weakly positive patch tests. Patients and controls showed equivalent responses to the mitogens, phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and concanavalin A, as well as to the recall antigens, purified protein derivative and Candida albicans. A 1:5000 dilution in RPMI-1640 medium of a 1% aqueous solution of cobalt chloride proved optimal in distinguishing patients from controls. With this dilution, a significantly higher lymphocyte transformation was found in patients with strongly positive cobalt patch tests than in the controls. No significant difference was detected when the results for patients with weakly positive patch tests were compared with those of the controls.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation in patients with cobalt dermatitis. A lymhocyte transformation test with cobalt chloride was performed in 14 patients who had positive cobalt patch tests and eczema compatible with a cobalt induced contact dermatitis and in 9 controls. Eight of the patients had strongly positive patch tests, while 6 had weakly positive patch tests. Patients and controls showed equivalent responses to the mitogens, phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and concanavalin A, as well as to the recall antigens, purified protein derivative and Candida albicans. A 1:5000 dilution in RPMI-1640 medium of a 1% aqueous solution of cobalt chloride proved optimal in distinguishing patients from controls. With this dilution, a significantly higher lymphocyte transformation was found in patients with strongly positive cobalt patch tests than in the controls. No significant difference was detected when the results for patients with weakly positive patch tests were compared with those of the controls.", "PMID": 698107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11365", "title": "The effect of topical isoprenaline on psoriatic skin.", "content": "Twelve patients with psoriasis were treated by the topical application of 0.1% isoprenaline sulphate ointment for 10 days. Topical white vaseline was used as a control in three patients with psoriasis. The mean glycogen level was found to be decreased significantly (from 120 +/- s.d. 40 to 58 +/- s.d. 26 mg/100 g of wet weight of involved skin) after topical application of 0.1 isoprenaline sulphate and the scaling also disappeared. Topical application of white vaseline did not produce any significant change in glycogen levels or scaling. The changes after isoprenaline application may have been due to an increase in the ratio of cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP which inhibited cell turnover and increased glycogenolysis.", "contents": "The effect of topical isoprenaline on psoriatic skin. Twelve patients with psoriasis were treated by the topical application of 0.1% isoprenaline sulphate ointment for 10 days. Topical white vaseline was used as a control in three patients with psoriasis. The mean glycogen level was found to be decreased significantly (from 120 +/- s.d. 40 to 58 +/- s.d. 26 mg/100 g of wet weight of involved skin) after topical application of 0.1 isoprenaline sulphate and the scaling also disappeared. Topical application of white vaseline did not produce any significant change in glycogen levels or scaling. The changes after isoprenaline application may have been due to an increase in the ratio of cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP which inhibited cell turnover and increased glycogenolysis.", "PMID": 698108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11366", "title": "Malignant pyoderma.", "content": "A patient is described who developed multiple areas of inflammatory pyoderma on the face, leading to extensive ulceration. Repeated investigations failed to demonstrate any specific bacteria or fungus responsible and trials of treatment with various antibiotics proved unsuccessful. Histology revealed a granulomatous abscess-like lesion, and the condition resembled what has been described as malignant pyoderma. The patient was successfully treated with oral dapsone and intralesional steroids.", "contents": "Malignant pyoderma. A patient is described who developed multiple areas of inflammatory pyoderma on the face, leading to extensive ulceration. Repeated investigations failed to demonstrate any specific bacteria or fungus responsible and trials of treatment with various antibiotics proved unsuccessful. Histology revealed a granulomatous abscess-like lesion, and the condition resembled what has been described as malignant pyoderma. The patient was successfully treated with oral dapsone and intralesional steroids.", "PMID": 698109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11367", "title": "Auto analyzer determination of red cell Kell phenotypes in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and heterozygous carriers.", "content": "One of six boys chronic granulomatous disease was shown to have the rare Kell phenotype, McLeod, by both manual and Auto Analyzer techniques. Using the Auto Analyzer, the red cells of this boy's mother were clearly shown to have weaker expression of k and Kpb antigens than those of the controls, whereas the Kell groups on the father's red cells appeared normal.", "contents": "Auto analyzer determination of red cell Kell phenotypes in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and heterozygous carriers. One of six boys chronic granulomatous disease was shown to have the rare Kell phenotype, McLeod, by both manual and Auto Analyzer techniques. Using the Auto Analyzer, the red cells of this boy's mother were clearly shown to have weaker expression of k and Kpb antigens than those of the controls, whereas the Kell groups on the father's red cells appeared normal.", "PMID": 698113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11368", "title": "A unique thalassaemic syndrome: homozygous alpha-thalassaemia + homozygous beta-thalassaemia.", "content": "The disturbed balance of globin chain synthesis is a major factor in the pathophysiology of the thalassaemic disorders; this concept is strongly supported by the study of a patient displaying an extreme but symmetrical deficit of both major types of chains alpha and beta. The patient had a mild clinical picture but presented a striking hypochromia (MCH 10 pg) with compensatory erythrocytosis (RBC 10(12)/l.). Study of the propositus and his family by haematological, biochemical and biosynthetic techniques indicates that the patient carries two alpha- and two beta-thalassaemia genes resulting in balanced globin chain synthesis; in addition, several members of the family carry two or three abnormal genes. During observation a change in the haematological pattern occurred with a shift towards more intensive beta-chain and away from gamma-chaim synthesis; this appeared with be associated with improvement of his anaemia through more effective erythropoiesis.", "contents": "A unique thalassaemic syndrome: homozygous alpha-thalassaemia + homozygous beta-thalassaemia. The disturbed balance of globin chain synthesis is a major factor in the pathophysiology of the thalassaemic disorders; this concept is strongly supported by the study of a patient displaying an extreme but symmetrical deficit of both major types of chains alpha and beta. The patient had a mild clinical picture but presented a striking hypochromia (MCH 10 pg) with compensatory erythrocytosis (RBC 10(12)/l.). Study of the propositus and his family by haematological, biochemical and biosynthetic techniques indicates that the patient carries two alpha- and two beta-thalassaemia genes resulting in balanced globin chain synthesis; in addition, several members of the family carry two or three abnormal genes. During observation a change in the haematological pattern occurred with a shift towards more intensive beta-chain and away from gamma-chaim synthesis; this appeared with be associated with improvement of his anaemia through more effective erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 698115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11369", "title": "In vivo and in vitro variations of human erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity as result of cells ageing, selenium availability and peroxide activation.", "content": "Cases showing erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) defects have been previously described. Our experiments demonstrate that a number of non genetic factors may influence the GSH-Px activity in human erythrocytes. Selenium administration in vivo was followed in four subjects by elevation in erythrocyte GSH-Px activity ranging from 30% to 1400%. Selenium operates mainly in the bone marrow erythroblasts by facilitating the synthesis of active GSH-Px molecules; experiments in vivo demonstrate that, in the youngest erythrocytes, selenium can raise the enzyme activity, but by a different mechanism. The reticulocyte GSH-Px activity appears to depend on selenium availability and may vary over a wide range. In some normal and iron deficient subjects the GSH-Px activity in the youngest erythrocyte fraction was equal or lower than that previously found in whole erythrocytes of patients affected by haemolytic anaemia. During erythrocyte life, GSH-Px activity may either diminish  or increase, and these variations are inversely related to the initial GSH-Px activity  in youngest cells. In vitro experiments with the addition of acetyl-phynyl-hydrazine strongly suggest that elevation of GSH-Px activity may be due to allosteric enzyme activation by activated oxygen.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro variations of human erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity as result of cells ageing, selenium availability and peroxide activation. Cases showing erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) defects have been previously described. Our experiments demonstrate that a number of non genetic factors may influence the GSH-Px activity in human erythrocytes. Selenium administration in vivo was followed in four subjects by elevation in erythrocyte GSH-Px activity ranging from 30% to 1400%. Selenium operates mainly in the bone marrow erythroblasts by facilitating the synthesis of active GSH-Px molecules; experiments in vivo demonstrate that, in the youngest erythrocytes, selenium can raise the enzyme activity, but by a different mechanism. The reticulocyte GSH-Px activity appears to depend on selenium availability and may vary over a wide range. In some normal and iron deficient subjects the GSH-Px activity in the youngest erythrocyte fraction was equal or lower than that previously found in whole erythrocytes of patients affected by haemolytic anaemia. During erythrocyte life, GSH-Px activity may either diminish  or increase, and these variations are inversely related to the initial GSH-Px activity  in youngest cells. In vitro experiments with the addition of acetyl-phynyl-hydrazine strongly suggest that elevation of GSH-Px activity may be due to allosteric enzyme activation by activated oxygen.", "PMID": 698117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11370", "title": "Estimation of ferrokinetic parameters by a mathematical model in patients with primary acquired sideroblastic anaemia.", "content": "Ferrokinetic parameters were estimated in eight patients with primary acquired sideroblastic anaemia (PASA) by means of a mathematical model of iron kinetics. Both plasma 59Fe clearance and red cell utilization curves were used to identify the model parameters. The close agreement between experimental and theoretical data proved that the model can describe iron kinetics in sideroblastic anaemia. Ineffective erythropoiesis was found to be major factor in the production of the anaemia. Various degrees and patterns of peripheral haemolysis were observed. The storage iron was always markedly increased and a large non-erythroid iron turnover was calculated in the most severely affected patients. The results are compared with present knowledge of erythropoiesis in PASA.", "contents": "Estimation of ferrokinetic parameters by a mathematical model in patients with primary acquired sideroblastic anaemia. Ferrokinetic parameters were estimated in eight patients with primary acquired sideroblastic anaemia (PASA) by means of a mathematical model of iron kinetics. Both plasma 59Fe clearance and red cell utilization curves were used to identify the model parameters. The close agreement between experimental and theoretical data proved that the model can describe iron kinetics in sideroblastic anaemia. Ineffective erythropoiesis was found to be major factor in the production of the anaemia. Various degrees and patterns of peripheral haemolysis were observed. The storage iron was always markedly increased and a large non-erythroid iron turnover was calculated in the most severely affected patients. The results are compared with present knowledge of erythropoiesis in PASA.", "PMID": 698118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11371", "title": "Destruction of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes by human blood monocytes: modulation of inhibition by IgG.", "content": "The in vitro interaction between monocytes and erythrocytes sensitized with non-complement binding IgG antibodies (i.e. the Rh antibody anti-D:EAIgG anti-D) is completely inhibited by low concentrations of IgG (E.G. 30--100 microgram/ml). However, the interaction between monocytes and erythrocytes sensitized with IgG anti-A (EAIgG anti-A) is not inhibited by IgG. The findings presented in this paper indicate that this difference is probably due to the difference in the number of IgG antibody molecules per EAIgG. Thus, the higher the number of IgG antibody molecules per EAIgG, the less the interaction between EAIgG and monocytes is inhibited by IgG. A second factor which proved to have a strong influence on inhibition by IgG was the number of EAIgG per monocyte. When the number of EAIgG per monocyte was increased from 1 to 32, the percentage of inhibition by a fixed amount of IgG (50 microgram/ml) decreased significantly. This in vitro effect is only evident when relatively weakly sensitized erythrocytes are used and, in vivo, destruction of these weakly sensitized red cells (e.g. EAIgG anti-D) is confined to the spleen. Since a considerable haemoconcentration occurs in this organ, it is conceivable that a high EAIgG:macrophage ratio is accomplished. The latter data are an indication that this high ratio may allow interaction between weakly sensitized erythrocytes and splenic macrophages despite the presence, in vivo, of a high concentration of IgG, and that, in this way, in the spleen, the inhibitory effect of IgG is overcome.", "contents": "Destruction of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes by human blood monocytes: modulation of inhibition by IgG. The in vitro interaction between monocytes and erythrocytes sensitized with non-complement binding IgG antibodies (i.e. the Rh antibody anti-D:EAIgG anti-D) is completely inhibited by low concentrations of IgG (E.G. 30--100 microgram/ml). However, the interaction between monocytes and erythrocytes sensitized with IgG anti-A (EAIgG anti-A) is not inhibited by IgG. The findings presented in this paper indicate that this difference is probably due to the difference in the number of IgG antibody molecules per EAIgG. Thus, the higher the number of IgG antibody molecules per EAIgG, the less the interaction between EAIgG and monocytes is inhibited by IgG. A second factor which proved to have a strong influence on inhibition by IgG was the number of EAIgG per monocyte. When the number of EAIgG per monocyte was increased from 1 to 32, the percentage of inhibition by a fixed amount of IgG (50 microgram/ml) decreased significantly. This in vitro effect is only evident when relatively weakly sensitized erythrocytes are used and, in vivo, destruction of these weakly sensitized red cells (e.g. EAIgG anti-D) is confined to the spleen. Since a considerable haemoconcentration occurs in this organ, it is conceivable that a high EAIgG:macrophage ratio is accomplished. The latter data are an indication that this high ratio may allow interaction between weakly sensitized erythrocytes and splenic macrophages despite the presence, in vivo, of a high concentration of IgG, and that, in this way, in the spleen, the inhibitory effect of IgG is overcome.", "PMID": 698119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11372", "title": "Erythropoiesis and mean red-cell lifespan in normal subjects and in patients with the anaemia of active rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Recently developed ferrokinetic methods offer a tool to measure effective and ineffective erythropoiesis and mean red-cell lifespan (Ricketts et al, 1975). We have used this tool to investigate erythropoiesis in normal subjects and in patients with the anaemia of active rheumatoid arthritis. In normal subjects the results are comparable with the results published by Cavill et al (1977). In patients with the anemia of active rheumatoid arthritis there appears to be a total and an effective red-cell production as in the normal subjects. The ineffective erythropoiesis in the patients is increased and the produced red cells have a shortened mean lifespan in the circulation. The increased ineffective erythropoiesis is probably due to inadequate supply of iron to the marrow and the shortened mean red-cell lifespan to an extra-corpuscular haemolytic factor. The impaired marrow response to the anaemia of active rheumatoid arthritis has been confirmed.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis and mean red-cell lifespan in normal subjects and in patients with the anaemia of active rheumatoid arthritis. Recently developed ferrokinetic methods offer a tool to measure effective and ineffective erythropoiesis and mean red-cell lifespan (Ricketts et al, 1975). We have used this tool to investigate erythropoiesis in normal subjects and in patients with the anaemia of active rheumatoid arthritis. In normal subjects the results are comparable with the results published by Cavill et al (1977). In patients with the anemia of active rheumatoid arthritis there appears to be a total and an effective red-cell production as in the normal subjects. The ineffective erythropoiesis in the patients is increased and the produced red cells have a shortened mean lifespan in the circulation. The increased ineffective erythropoiesis is probably due to inadequate supply of iron to the marrow and the shortened mean red-cell lifespan to an extra-corpuscular haemolytic factor. The impaired marrow response to the anaemia of active rheumatoid arthritis has been confirmed.", "PMID": 698120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11373", "title": "An immunoradiometric assay for factor III (tissue thromboplastin).", "content": "A solid-phase immunoradiometric assay for tissue thromboplastin (factor III) has been established based on its displacing effect on the binding of 125I-labelled factor III-antibodies to polyvinyl tubes coated with the purified protein component of factor III (apoprotein III). By this method circulating tissue thromboplastin can be detected in experimental animals receiving infusions of crude or purified tissue thromboplastin and in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery.", "contents": "An immunoradiometric assay for factor III (tissue thromboplastin). A solid-phase immunoradiometric assay for tissue thromboplastin (factor III) has been established based on its displacing effect on the binding of 125I-labelled factor III-antibodies to polyvinyl tubes coated with the purified protein component of factor III (apoprotein III). By this method circulating tissue thromboplastin can be detected in experimental animals receiving infusions of crude or purified tissue thromboplastin and in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery.", "PMID": 698121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11374", "title": "Heterogeneity of rabbit platelets. VI. Further resolution of changes in platelet density, volume, and radioactivity following cohort labelling with 75Se-selenomethione.", "content": "Rabbits were injected intravenously with a cohort platelet label, 75Se-selenomethionine  Platelet-rich plasma was separated into five different platelet density fractions on each of seven days by repetitively centrifuging the same sample of platelet-rich plasma at increasing gravitational force. The heaviest platelet sediment fraction was enriched with smaller platelets. Incorporation of isotope into the heaviest platelet fraction was considerably greater than incorporation into the highest platelet fraction, i.e. heavy--light specific activity ratio was 9.63, on day 1. The ratio of the heaviest platelet fraction specific activity to the specific activities of the platelets sedimented at higher g forces (lighter-smaller platelets), generally decreased on each day for 4--6 d by a factor of 2.8--7.0-fold. Whereas incorporation of isotope into the heaviest platelet fraction declined on days 3--4, incorporation into the lightest three fractions remained the same. Cohort platelet survival curves revealed a significant lag period of 1--2 d for the incorporation of isotope into the lightest three platelet fractions compared to the heaviest two platelet fractions. The mean platelet survival of the lightest two fractions was significantly shorter than the mean platelet survival of the heaviest three fractions. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the platelet cell sap of the five platelet fractions generally revealed 10 prominent protein bands for the heaviest platelet fractions. The lightest platelet fraction, which comprised 16% of the harvested platelet population, had six absent to markedly diminished platelet proteins of modecular weights between 142 000 and 46 000 daltons. The data are compatible with two models: (1) Heavy-large platelets are, on average, young platelets which become lighter-smaller platelets while losing platelet membrane and cell sap components with time. (2) Heavy-large platelets and light-small platelets are produced independently by specific megakarocytes. The heavy-large platelets incorporate more isotope than lighter-smaller platelets (possibly because of their megakarocyte precursor). However, they are released earlier into the circulation than lighter-smaller platelets and are therefore younger platelets.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of rabbit platelets. VI. Further resolution of changes in platelet density, volume, and radioactivity following cohort labelling with 75Se-selenomethione. Rabbits were injected intravenously with a cohort platelet label, 75Se-selenomethionine  Platelet-rich plasma was separated into five different platelet density fractions on each of seven days by repetitively centrifuging the same sample of platelet-rich plasma at increasing gravitational force. The heaviest platelet sediment fraction was enriched with smaller platelets. Incorporation of isotope into the heaviest platelet fraction was considerably greater than incorporation into the highest platelet fraction, i.e. heavy--light specific activity ratio was 9.63, on day 1. The ratio of the heaviest platelet fraction specific activity to the specific activities of the platelets sedimented at higher g forces (lighter-smaller platelets), generally decreased on each day for 4--6 d by a factor of 2.8--7.0-fold. Whereas incorporation of isotope into the heaviest platelet fraction declined on days 3--4, incorporation into the lightest three fractions remained the same. Cohort platelet survival curves revealed a significant lag period of 1--2 d for the incorporation of isotope into the lightest three platelet fractions compared to the heaviest two platelet fractions. The mean platelet survival of the lightest two fractions was significantly shorter than the mean platelet survival of the heaviest three fractions. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the platelet cell sap of the five platelet fractions generally revealed 10 prominent protein bands for the heaviest platelet fractions. The lightest platelet fraction, which comprised 16% of the harvested platelet population, had six absent to markedly diminished platelet proteins of modecular weights between 142 000 and 46 000 daltons. The data are compatible with two models: (1) Heavy-large platelets are, on average, young platelets which become lighter-smaller platelets while losing platelet membrane and cell sap components with time. (2) Heavy-large platelets and light-small platelets are produced independently by specific megakarocytes. The heavy-large platelets incorporate more isotope than lighter-smaller platelets (possibly because of their megakarocyte precursor). However, they are released earlier into the circulation than lighter-smaller platelets and are therefore younger platelets.", "PMID": 698122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11375", "title": "Mutant mouse L-cells: a model for megaloblastic anaemia.", "content": "When temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant lines of mouse L-cells, ts AIS9 and ts CI, are shifted from 34C to 38.5C, a rapid inhibition of DNA synthesis and mitosis occurs. During this phase, cell and nuclear growth continues and results in a substantial increase in cell and nuclear volume. Such cellular modifications are also associated with a marked dispersal of the condensed chromatin masses of interphase nuclei, so that after 48-72 h of incubation at 38.5C, nuclear profiles of both ts cell lines bear a striking resemblance to the nuclear features characteristic of megaloblastic anaemia. Despite these marked alterations in nuclear chromatin organization, morphometric analysis indicates that the volume of condensed chromatin does not decrease. Current biochemical, cytological and morphometric data on the two ts lines of mutant mouse L-cells during expression of the mutation, suggest that they might provide a useful model to further elucidate cytological features of megaloblastic anaemia.", "contents": "Mutant mouse L-cells: a model for megaloblastic anaemia. When temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant lines of mouse L-cells, ts AIS9 and ts CI, are shifted from 34C to 38.5C, a rapid inhibition of DNA synthesis and mitosis occurs. During this phase, cell and nuclear growth continues and results in a substantial increase in cell and nuclear volume. Such cellular modifications are also associated with a marked dispersal of the condensed chromatin masses of interphase nuclei, so that after 48-72 h of incubation at 38.5C, nuclear profiles of both ts cell lines bear a striking resemblance to the nuclear features characteristic of megaloblastic anaemia. Despite these marked alterations in nuclear chromatin organization, morphometric analysis indicates that the volume of condensed chromatin does not decrease. Current biochemical, cytological and morphometric data on the two ts lines of mutant mouse L-cells during expression of the mutation, suggest that they might provide a useful model to further elucidate cytological features of megaloblastic anaemia.", "PMID": 698123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11376", "title": "The control of hepatic iron uptake: correlation with transferring synthesis.", "content": "The control of hepatic iron uptake was studied in the perfused liver isolated from rats subjected to nutritional iron deficiency. The total hepatic iron uptake and incorporation into ferritin was found to be higher in iron deficiency and during the 48 h of oral refeeding with iron than in the normal state. Specific incorporation of iron into feritin from a perfusate of normal transferrin iron saturation was enhanced in nutritional iron deficiency as compared to controls after 5 h of perfusion but not after 1 h, suggesting that increased uptake of iron from the perfusate may play a role in stimulating hepatic ferritin synthesis and assembly. This promotion of uptake into ferritin was inhibited by cycloheximide suggesting that enhanced incorporation of iron is dependent upon de novo synthesis of apoferritin. In control, nutritionally iron deficient and iron-refed rats there was a significant, direct correlation between the transferrin-iron saturation of the perfusate at physiological transferrin concentrations and total hepatic iron uptake after 5 h perfusion. A significant positive correlation was found between the hepatic total and ferritin iron uptake and the transferrin synthetic rate measured in the same liver. It is proposed that in the liver the negative feedback of iron supply on transferrin synthesis may be linked with a positive feedback on ferritin synthesis. The time-course of these reciprocal responses suggests a role for hepatic ferritin and/or a component of the non-haem, non-ferritin iron pool in the regulation of transferrin synthesis.", "contents": "The control of hepatic iron uptake: correlation with transferring synthesis. The control of hepatic iron uptake was studied in the perfused liver isolated from rats subjected to nutritional iron deficiency. The total hepatic iron uptake and incorporation into ferritin was found to be higher in iron deficiency and during the 48 h of oral refeeding with iron than in the normal state. Specific incorporation of iron into feritin from a perfusate of normal transferrin iron saturation was enhanced in nutritional iron deficiency as compared to controls after 5 h of perfusion but not after 1 h, suggesting that increased uptake of iron from the perfusate may play a role in stimulating hepatic ferritin synthesis and assembly. This promotion of uptake into ferritin was inhibited by cycloheximide suggesting that enhanced incorporation of iron is dependent upon de novo synthesis of apoferritin. In control, nutritionally iron deficient and iron-refed rats there was a significant, direct correlation between the transferrin-iron saturation of the perfusate at physiological transferrin concentrations and total hepatic iron uptake after 5 h perfusion. A significant positive correlation was found between the hepatic total and ferritin iron uptake and the transferrin synthetic rate measured in the same liver. It is proposed that in the liver the negative feedback of iron supply on transferrin synthesis may be linked with a positive feedback on ferritin synthesis. The time-course of these reciprocal responses suggests a role for hepatic ferritin and/or a component of the non-haem, non-ferritin iron pool in the regulation of transferrin synthesis.", "PMID": 698124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11377", "title": "Acceleration of methaemoglobin reduction by riboflavin in human erythrocytes.", "content": "The effect of riboflavin on nitrite treated erythrocytes from normal subjects and patients with hereditary methaemoglobinaemia due to the deficiency of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase was studied in the presence of glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose or lactate. When glucose or 2-deoxy-D-glucose was used as a substrate for these erythrocytes, the rate of methaemoglobin reduction in these cells was accelerated more than two-fold in the presence of riboflavin. The acceleration was dependent on the concentration of riboflavin and was suppressed by the addition of atebrin. The stimulative effect of riboflavin was, however, not observed when lactate was used in place of glucose or 2-deoxy-D-glucose. On the basis of these results, the acceleration of methaemoglobin reduction by riboflavin was considered to be due to the activation of NADPH-flavin reductase (Yubisui et al, 1977) in erythrocytes by the reagent. The availability of riboflavin for patients with methaemoglobinaemia due to the deficiency of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and for those with toxic methaemoglobinaemia is discussed in relation to methaemoglobin reducing systems in erythrocytes.", "contents": "Acceleration of methaemoglobin reduction by riboflavin in human erythrocytes. The effect of riboflavin on nitrite treated erythrocytes from normal subjects and patients with hereditary methaemoglobinaemia due to the deficiency of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase was studied in the presence of glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose or lactate. When glucose or 2-deoxy-D-glucose was used as a substrate for these erythrocytes, the rate of methaemoglobin reduction in these cells was accelerated more than two-fold in the presence of riboflavin. The acceleration was dependent on the concentration of riboflavin and was suppressed by the addition of atebrin. The stimulative effect of riboflavin was, however, not observed when lactate was used in place of glucose or 2-deoxy-D-glucose. On the basis of these results, the acceleration of methaemoglobin reduction by riboflavin was considered to be due to the activation of NADPH-flavin reductase (Yubisui et al, 1977) in erythrocytes by the reagent. The availability of riboflavin for patients with methaemoglobinaemia due to the deficiency of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and for those with toxic methaemoglobinaemia is discussed in relation to methaemoglobin reducing systems in erythrocytes.", "PMID": 698125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11378", "title": "Decrease of alpha-Hasharon globin in beta-thalassaemia.", "content": "In time course experiments performed in subjects carrying haemoglobin Hasharon and beta-thalassaemia the synthesis of alphaA-, alphaHasharon-, beta- and gamma-globin has been determined. The alpha-globin molecules synthesized in excess were found to be removed from the red cell cytoplasm (phenomenon characteristic of beta-thalassaemia, described by Bargellesi et al, 1968a); in addition the alphaHasharon-globin molecules were removed at a faster rate than normal alpha-globin. The preferential removal of the mutant alpha-globin explains the reduced level of haemoglobin Hasharon found in subjects carrying the gene for beta-thalassaemia (Alberti et al, 1975). Reductions below normal levels of other haemoglobin variants occurring in the presence of the counterpart-globin thalassaemia are probably determined through a similar mechanism.", "contents": "Decrease of alpha-Hasharon globin in beta-thalassaemia. In time course experiments performed in subjects carrying haemoglobin Hasharon and beta-thalassaemia the synthesis of alphaA-, alphaHasharon-, beta- and gamma-globin has been determined. The alpha-globin molecules synthesized in excess were found to be removed from the red cell cytoplasm (phenomenon characteristic of beta-thalassaemia, described by Bargellesi et al, 1968a); in addition the alphaHasharon-globin molecules were removed at a faster rate than normal alpha-globin. The preferential removal of the mutant alpha-globin explains the reduced level of haemoglobin Hasharon found in subjects carrying the gene for beta-thalassaemia (Alberti et al, 1975). Reductions below normal levels of other haemoglobin variants occurring in the presence of the counterpart-globin thalassaemia are probably determined through a similar mechanism.", "PMID": 698126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11379", "title": "A new type of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia.", "content": "This report concerns a 6-year-old child with severe dyseythropoietic anaemia and splenomegaly, apparently present since the first months of life. Striking anisopolikilocytosis was observed in the blood smear. The bone marrow showed marked erythroblastic hyperplasia with dyserythropoiesis. Ineffective erythropoiesis was demonstrated by ferrokinetic studies. Ultrastructurally erythroblasts appeared grossly abnormal. The clinical course was progressively worsening, necessitating repeated transfusions. The patient's father, also affected by a chronic anaemia of moderate degree since childhood, had a peripheral picture of anisopoikilocytosis, a shortened life span of the erythrocyte and in his bone marrow an erythroblastic hyperplasia with many atypical erythroblasts. His condition deteriorated because of persistent jaundice, biliary cholelithiasis, fibrosis and haemosiderosis of the liver. The clinical course, the pattern of the genetical transmission, the peculiar features of the erythroblasts disclosed by light and by electron microscope studies suggest that these cases represent a new type of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia.", "contents": "A new type of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia. This report concerns a 6-year-old child with severe dyseythropoietic anaemia and splenomegaly, apparently present since the first months of life. Striking anisopolikilocytosis was observed in the blood smear. The bone marrow showed marked erythroblastic hyperplasia with dyserythropoiesis. Ineffective erythropoiesis was demonstrated by ferrokinetic studies. Ultrastructurally erythroblasts appeared grossly abnormal. The clinical course was progressively worsening, necessitating repeated transfusions. The patient's father, also affected by a chronic anaemia of moderate degree since childhood, had a peripheral picture of anisopoikilocytosis, a shortened life span of the erythrocyte and in his bone marrow an erythroblastic hyperplasia with many atypical erythroblasts. His condition deteriorated because of persistent jaundice, biliary cholelithiasis, fibrosis and haemosiderosis of the liver. The clinical course, the pattern of the genetical transmission, the peculiar features of the erythroblasts disclosed by light and by electron microscope studies suggest that these cases represent a new type of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia.", "PMID": 698127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11380", "title": "Studies of erythrocyte membrane loss produced by amphipathic drugs and in vitro storage.", "content": "Four amphipathic drugs, primaquine, propranolol, chlorpromazine and tetracaine, were used to cause endocytosis in glucose-depleted red cells, and the relative reduction of membrane surfaces was measured by the toluidine blue (TB) method. The TB measurements correlated well with the observed electron microscopic alterations. In vitro blood storage studies indicated loss of cell membrane during storage correlated with decreasing uptake of TB by the red cells. Regeneration of cellular ATP with adenosine did not always restore TB uptake by the cells. Loss of red blood cell membrane either by exocytosis or endocytosis may occur during normal in vivo or in vitro ageing, and may be increased in pathological states or by the action of drugs.", "contents": "Studies of erythrocyte membrane loss produced by amphipathic drugs and in vitro storage. Four amphipathic drugs, primaquine, propranolol, chlorpromazine and tetracaine, were used to cause endocytosis in glucose-depleted red cells, and the relative reduction of membrane surfaces was measured by the toluidine blue (TB) method. The TB measurements correlated well with the observed electron microscopic alterations. In vitro blood storage studies indicated loss of cell membrane during storage correlated with decreasing uptake of TB by the red cells. Regeneration of cellular ATP with adenosine did not always restore TB uptake by the cells. Loss of red blood cell membrane either by exocytosis or endocytosis may occur during normal in vivo or in vitro ageing, and may be increased in pathological states or by the action of drugs.", "PMID": 698128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11381", "title": "Chronic myeloproliferative disorders: improved platelet aggregation following venesection.", "content": "Venesection of 10% of whole blood volume or plateletpheresis was performed in nine patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders and in five normal control subjects. Before venesection, the patients showed impaired platelet aggregation in 33% of tests, most often in response to stimulation with 9 mumol adrenaline. After venesection, the platelet and megathrombocyte counts increased rapidly and excessively in most patients and platelet aggregation improved markedly. In some cases, spontaneous in vitro aggregation was seen at high platelet concentrations. In two patients impaired platelet aggregation with adrenaline was not corrected. The splenic platelet pool is thought to be the probable source of the new platelets.", "contents": "Chronic myeloproliferative disorders: improved platelet aggregation following venesection. Venesection of 10% of whole blood volume or plateletpheresis was performed in nine patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders and in five normal control subjects. Before venesection, the patients showed impaired platelet aggregation in 33% of tests, most often in response to stimulation with 9 mumol adrenaline. After venesection, the platelet and megathrombocyte counts increased rapidly and excessively in most patients and platelet aggregation improved markedly. In some cases, spontaneous in vitro aggregation was seen at high platelet concentrations. In two patients impaired platelet aggregation with adrenaline was not corrected. The splenic platelet pool is thought to be the probable source of the new platelets.", "PMID": 698130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11382", "title": "Bacterial contamination of cotton and cotton dust and effects on the lung.", "content": "Bacterial contamination of various parts of the cotton plant and of cotton from different mills was investigated. The predominant bacterial species were Gram-negative rods mainly of the Enterobacter genus. When guinea pigs inhaled strains of these bacteria cultivated from cotton, a strong leucocyte mobilising capacity was found for Pseudomonas and Enterobacter but not for Agrobacterium or Bacillus species. The aetiology of the development of pulmonary symptoms after inhalation of bacteria-containing dusts and subsequent production of endotoxins is discussed.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination of cotton and cotton dust and effects on the lung. Bacterial contamination of various parts of the cotton plant and of cotton from different mills was investigated. The predominant bacterial species were Gram-negative rods mainly of the Enterobacter genus. When guinea pigs inhaled strains of these bacteria cultivated from cotton, a strong leucocyte mobilising capacity was found for Pseudomonas and Enterobacter but not for Agrobacterium or Bacillus species. The aetiology of the development of pulmonary symptoms after inhalation of bacteria-containing dusts and subsequent production of endotoxins is discussed.", "PMID": 698133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11383", "title": "Prevalence of vibration-induced white finger in fluorspar mines in Weardale.", "content": "A combined epidemiological and clinical study of vibration-induced white finger (VWF) was carried out involving 115 men in four fluorspar mines. The overall prevalence of VWF was found to be 50% among 42 vibration-exposed subjects, while that of constitutional white finger (CWF) was 5-6% in all men studied. The VWF latent interval was 1-19 years with a mean of 5-6 years. An association was observed between the exposure time and VWF stages which included 18 men in Stage 0, three in the intermediate Stage of 0T/0N, five in Stage 2 and 16 in Stage 3; no men were seen at Stage 1. Among those with VWF in Stage 3, the index, middle and ring fingers were affected in both hands and the little fingers and thumbs were last to be involved. Clinically, on general examination, apart from vibration-induced white finger, the men in the 'vibration' group were not as healthy as those in the 'control' group. The circumference of the index fingers was not significantly different for the different groups. Neurological tests showed that the ridge test and, to a lesser extent, the two-point discrimination and the light touch tests, could be regarded as useful for the diagnosis of VWF.", "contents": "Prevalence of vibration-induced white finger in fluorspar mines in Weardale. A combined epidemiological and clinical study of vibration-induced white finger (VWF) was carried out involving 115 men in four fluorspar mines. The overall prevalence of VWF was found to be 50% among 42 vibration-exposed subjects, while that of constitutional white finger (CWF) was 5-6% in all men studied. The VWF latent interval was 1-19 years with a mean of 5-6 years. An association was observed between the exposure time and VWF stages which included 18 men in Stage 0, three in the intermediate Stage of 0T/0N, five in Stage 2 and 16 in Stage 3; no men were seen at Stage 1. Among those with VWF in Stage 3, the index, middle and ring fingers were affected in both hands and the little fingers and thumbs were last to be involved. Clinically, on general examination, apart from vibration-induced white finger, the men in the 'vibration' group were not as healthy as those in the 'control' group. The circumference of the index fingers was not significantly different for the different groups. Neurological tests showed that the ridge test and, to a lesser extent, the two-point discrimination and the light touch tests, could be regarded as useful for the diagnosis of VWF.", "PMID": 698134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11384", "title": "Health effects of acrylonitrile in acrylic fibre factories.", "content": "The relationship between the degree of exposure and biological effects of acrylonitrile (AN) was studied in 102 workers whose exposure period exceeded five years, and in 62 matched controls, all of whom had been randomly sampled from six acrylic fibre factories in Japan. The six factories were classified into three groups on the basis of AN concentration at workplaces. The most highly exposed group of subjects showed an eight-hour average AN concentration of 4-2 ppm by personal sampling, a mean urinary AN concentration of 360 microgram/1 and a mean urinary thiocyanate concentration of 11-4 mg/1. Medical examination, including the indocyanine green excretion test and multiple clinical chemistry determinations, failed to detect any health effect attributable to AN. Slight liver damage may possibly occur in more highly exposed workers. Urinary AN and thiocyanate determinations may provide more accurate estimates of low-grade exposure (less than 5 ppm).", "contents": "Health effects of acrylonitrile in acrylic fibre factories. The relationship between the degree of exposure and biological effects of acrylonitrile (AN) was studied in 102 workers whose exposure period exceeded five years, and in 62 matched controls, all of whom had been randomly sampled from six acrylic fibre factories in Japan. The six factories were classified into three groups on the basis of AN concentration at workplaces. The most highly exposed group of subjects showed an eight-hour average AN concentration of 4-2 ppm by personal sampling, a mean urinary AN concentration of 360 microgram/1 and a mean urinary thiocyanate concentration of 11-4 mg/1. Medical examination, including the indocyanine green excretion test and multiple clinical chemistry determinations, failed to detect any health effect attributable to AN. Slight liver damage may possibly occur in more highly exposed workers. Urinary AN and thiocyanate determinations may provide more accurate estimates of low-grade exposure (less than 5 ppm).", "PMID": 698135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11385", "title": "Urinary kallikrein activity of workers exposed to lead.", "content": "Two groups of men of different age ranges and with the same period of lead exposure were selected for study in a recently opened car-battery factory. Two other groups of age-matched men, not exposed to heavy metals in their work, were used as controls. Morning urines were collected from control and exposed groups for determination of urinary kallikrein activity, urinary delta-amino-levulinic acid (ALA) and lead levels. The environmental lead levels and the urinary ALA and lead values indicated that exposure in the factory was not heavy. The older group of lead-exposed workers showed greatly reduced urinary kallikrein activity compared with that of the age-matched controls. In contrast, the younger group did not show any significant alteration in urinary kallikrein excretion.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein activity of workers exposed to lead. Two groups of men of different age ranges and with the same period of lead exposure were selected for study in a recently opened car-battery factory. Two other groups of age-matched men, not exposed to heavy metals in their work, were used as controls. Morning urines were collected from control and exposed groups for determination of urinary kallikrein activity, urinary delta-amino-levulinic acid (ALA) and lead levels. The environmental lead levels and the urinary ALA and lead values indicated that exposure in the factory was not heavy. The older group of lead-exposed workers showed greatly reduced urinary kallikrein activity compared with that of the age-matched controls. In contrast, the younger group did not show any significant alteration in urinary kallikrein excretion.", "PMID": 698136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11386", "title": "Hippuric acid excretion after benzylamine ingestion in man.", "content": "The fate of 14C-benzylamine after oral administration as the hydrochloride has been investigated in two male volunteers. Over 98% of the administered radiolabel was excreted in the urine as 14C-hippuric acid within 24 hours. The rate of urinary hippuric acid excretion was extremely rapid, with more than 90% of the dose excreted after three hours.", "contents": "Hippuric acid excretion after benzylamine ingestion in man. The fate of 14C-benzylamine after oral administration as the hydrochloride has been investigated in two male volunteers. Over 98% of the administered radiolabel was excreted in the urine as 14C-hippuric acid within 24 hours. The rate of urinary hippuric acid excretion was extremely rapid, with more than 90% of the dose excreted after three hours.", "PMID": 698137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11387", "title": "Urinary thioether of employees of a chemical plant.", "content": "The thiols in the morning urine of 224 employees of a chemical plant were determined after alkaline hydrolysis of all urinary thioethers. The highest thioether excretion was found in rubber workers and radial tyre builders in comparison with clerks, plastic monomer mixers and footwear preparers. Smoking and medication tended to increase thioether excretion. Urinary thioether determination may prove to be a valuable tool in assessing exposure to mixtures of chemicals regardless of the route of absorption.", "contents": "Urinary thioether of employees of a chemical plant. The thiols in the morning urine of 224 employees of a chemical plant were determined after alkaline hydrolysis of all urinary thioethers. The highest thioether excretion was found in rubber workers and radial tyre builders in comparison with clerks, plastic monomer mixers and footwear preparers. Smoking and medication tended to increase thioether excretion. Urinary thioether determination may prove to be a valuable tool in assessing exposure to mixtures of chemicals regardless of the route of absorption.", "PMID": 698138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11388", "title": "The paper punched disc technique for lead in blood samples with abnormal haemoglobin values.", "content": "A series of 15 blood samples with haemoglobin levels ranging from 4-6--16-1 g/dl were spotted on to Whatman No. 4 filter paper. Blood samples with low haemoglobin concentrations spread over a greater area of the filter paper than did those with high haemoglobin concentrations. This was further investigated by studying the performance of laboratory-prepared samples, and any effect on the estimation of blood lead value. Blood lead values assayed by the punched disc method on blood samples with low haemoglobin values were unreliable unless the estimated value was adjusted with respect to the area over which the blood had spread.", "contents": "The paper punched disc technique for lead in blood samples with abnormal haemoglobin values. A series of 15 blood samples with haemoglobin levels ranging from 4-6--16-1 g/dl were spotted on to Whatman No. 4 filter paper. Blood samples with low haemoglobin concentrations spread over a greater area of the filter paper than did those with high haemoglobin concentrations. This was further investigated by studying the performance of laboratory-prepared samples, and any effect on the estimation of blood lead value. Blood lead values assayed by the punched disc method on blood samples with low haemoglobin values were unreliable unless the estimated value was adjusted with respect to the area over which the blood had spread.", "PMID": 698139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11389", "title": "Ethanol-increased exhalation of mercury in mice.", "content": "CBA/J mice injected three days beforehand with 203HgCl2 were given ethanol or water by gavage and placed in a chamber designed to collect exhaled mercury. Ethanol treatment led to an eight-fold increase of counts accumulated on a filter over a four-hour period, compared with water-treated mice. The mercury-collection apparatus tested for extracorporeal contribution of volatilised mercury indicated that the counts originated from the air exhaled by the mice.", "contents": "Ethanol-increased exhalation of mercury in mice. CBA/J mice injected three days beforehand with 203HgCl2 were given ethanol or water by gavage and placed in a chamber designed to collect exhaled mercury. Ethanol treatment led to an eight-fold increase of counts accumulated on a filter over a four-hour period, compared with water-treated mice. The mercury-collection apparatus tested for extracorporeal contribution of volatilised mercury indicated that the counts originated from the air exhaled by the mice.", "PMID": 698140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11390", "title": "Paraquat lung injury in rabbits.", "content": "An aerosol model for the study of paraquat (PQ) toxicity was developed using a 134 litre chamber and an ultrasonic nebuliser. Three groups of New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2-3 kg were studied. Group I (n = 6) was exposed to 10 g PQ/100 ml double-distilled water (DDW), Group II (n = 24) was exposed to 200 mg PQ/100 Ml DDW and a control group (n = 6) was exposed to 100 ml DDW. In a second experiment ten animals (Group III) were exposed to 10 mg PQ/100 ML DDW over a three-month period together with a control group (n = 5). Group I animals died with extensive haemorrhagic pneumonitis 38 hours after the last challenge. Most animals in Group II surviving more than three exposures had a significant reduction (P less than 0.001) in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and an increase (P less than 0.001) in the alveolar-arterial O2 gradient. Specific compliance decreased (P less than 0.005) and functional residual capacity and breathing frequency increased (P less than 0.05). Tissue PQ values showed even pulmonary distribution, with evidence of PQ accumulation after repeated inhalation. The lungs showed focal interstitial fibrosis, interstitial thickening, proliferation of macrophages in the alveoli, epithelioid changes in the interstitium, Type II cell hyperplasia, and foci of acute inflammation with consolidation. Controls and Group III animals were normal. This indicates that repeated inhalation of paraquat aerosol induces dose-related interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis in rabbits.", "contents": "Paraquat lung injury in rabbits. An aerosol model for the study of paraquat (PQ) toxicity was developed using a 134 litre chamber and an ultrasonic nebuliser. Three groups of New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2-3 kg were studied. Group I (n = 6) was exposed to 10 g PQ/100 ml double-distilled water (DDW), Group II (n = 24) was exposed to 200 mg PQ/100 Ml DDW and a control group (n = 6) was exposed to 100 ml DDW. In a second experiment ten animals (Group III) were exposed to 10 mg PQ/100 ML DDW over a three-month period together with a control group (n = 5). Group I animals died with extensive haemorrhagic pneumonitis 38 hours after the last challenge. Most animals in Group II surviving more than three exposures had a significant reduction (P less than 0.001) in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and an increase (P less than 0.001) in the alveolar-arterial O2 gradient. Specific compliance decreased (P less than 0.005) and functional residual capacity and breathing frequency increased (P less than 0.05). Tissue PQ values showed even pulmonary distribution, with evidence of PQ accumulation after repeated inhalation. The lungs showed focal interstitial fibrosis, interstitial thickening, proliferation of macrophages in the alveoli, epithelioid changes in the interstitium, Type II cell hyperplasia, and foci of acute inflammation with consolidation. Controls and Group III animals were normal. This indicates that repeated inhalation of paraquat aerosol induces dose-related interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis in rabbits.", "PMID": 698141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11391", "title": "The influence of pre-induction vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel upon subsequent labour.", "content": "Eight hundred and three patients with singleton viable pregnancies and fetal cephalic presentation were given prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel by intravaginal instillation the evening before planned surgical induction. When the cervix was 'ripe', surgical induction was avoided in 65.9 per cent of primigravidae and 87.5 per cent of multigravidae; the administration of epidural analgesia was less frequent, the rate of spontaneous vaginal delivery greater, the Caesarean section rate lower, and the state of the newborn at delivery better than in those patients who required surgical induction. Side effects attributable to the prostaglandin gel were rare as were complications.", "contents": "The influence of pre-induction vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel upon subsequent labour. Eight hundred and three patients with singleton viable pregnancies and fetal cephalic presentation were given prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel by intravaginal instillation the evening before planned surgical induction. When the cervix was 'ripe', surgical induction was avoided in 65.9 per cent of primigravidae and 87.5 per cent of multigravidae; the administration of epidural analgesia was less frequent, the rate of spontaneous vaginal delivery greater, the Caesarean section rate lower, and the state of the newborn at delivery better than in those patients who required surgical induction. Side effects attributable to the prostaglandin gel were rare as were complications.", "PMID": 698144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11392", "title": "Artificial insemination with frozen stored donor semen.", "content": "The results of artificial insemination with donor semen (AID) are reported. The semen samples were stored in liquid nitrogen until needed. Eighty-two pregnancies occurred in 214 patients treated for 1610 cycles. Life table conception rates were 24.3 +/- 2.9 after six months and 32.7 +/- 3.3 after 12 months of treatment. Thirty of the 82 patients conceived within three treatment cycles and 53 by the sixth treatment cycle. Of the 82 pregnancies, there were 12 miscarriages, no stillbirths or neonatal deaths and one baby was born with a congenital abnormality.", "contents": "Artificial insemination with frozen stored donor semen. The results of artificial insemination with donor semen (AID) are reported. The semen samples were stored in liquid nitrogen until needed. Eighty-two pregnancies occurred in 214 patients treated for 1610 cycles. Life table conception rates were 24.3 +/- 2.9 after six months and 32.7 +/- 3.3 after 12 months of treatment. Thirty of the 82 patients conceived within three treatment cycles and 53 by the sixth treatment cycle. Of the 82 pregnancies, there were 12 miscarriages, no stillbirths or neonatal deaths and one baby was born with a congenital abnormality.", "PMID": 698145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11393", "title": "Plasma unconjugated oestriol in late pregnancy: circadian variation and the effect of meals and a glucose load.", "content": "Plasma unconjugated oestriol (E3) concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in 10 normal subjects in late pregnancy, throughout a normal day and night, and after a 50 g oral glucose load. There was a circadian pattern in E3 concentration characterized by an abrupt increase of 15 per cent at night. There was no significant rhythm during the day or night, taken separately. However there was a 10 to 11 per cent reduction in E3 concentrations soon after some meals and after a glucose load, possibly due to expansion of the plasma volume. Excluding the effect of meals, the fluctuation of E3 concentrations in individuals (median of the coefficients of variation) was 11.5 per cent in the day. Overall, it was 13.2 per cent in the day, 12.1 per cent at night and 15.9 per cent over the whole period studied. Since the variation in plasma unconjugated E3 concentrations through 24 hours was no greater than random fluctuations or day-to-day variation there is no need to restrict the time of blood sampling in clinical practice.", "contents": "Plasma unconjugated oestriol in late pregnancy: circadian variation and the effect of meals and a glucose load. Plasma unconjugated oestriol (E3) concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in 10 normal subjects in late pregnancy, throughout a normal day and night, and after a 50 g oral glucose load. There was a circadian pattern in E3 concentration characterized by an abrupt increase of 15 per cent at night. There was no significant rhythm during the day or night, taken separately. However there was a 10 to 11 per cent reduction in E3 concentrations soon after some meals and after a glucose load, possibly due to expansion of the plasma volume. Excluding the effect of meals, the fluctuation of E3 concentrations in individuals (median of the coefficients of variation) was 11.5 per cent in the day. Overall, it was 13.2 per cent in the day, 12.1 per cent at night and 15.9 per cent over the whole period studied. Since the variation in plasma unconjugated E3 concentrations through 24 hours was no greater than random fluctuations or day-to-day variation there is no need to restrict the time of blood sampling in clinical practice.", "PMID": 698146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11394", "title": "Pregnancy-associated plasma protein B (PAPP-B) in normal and abnormal pregnancies at term.", "content": "At term, the pregnancy-associated plasma protein B (PAPP-B) level in normal pregnancy was correlated with placental and newborn weights, but not with nine other normal obstetric variables. It was lower in pregnancies complicated by diabetes or severe toxaemia, and higher in twin pregnancies.", "contents": "Pregnancy-associated plasma protein B (PAPP-B) in normal and abnormal pregnancies at term. At term, the pregnancy-associated plasma protein B (PAPP-B) level in normal pregnancy was correlated with placental and newborn weights, but not with nine other normal obstetric variables. It was lower in pregnancies complicated by diabetes or severe toxaemia, and higher in twin pregnancies.", "PMID": 698147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11395", "title": "Fetal breathing movements in high risk pregnancy.", "content": "In 12 normal and 50 high risk pregnancies fetal breathing and fetal trunk movements were measured by real time ultrasound after the mothers had been given oral glucose. Fetal breathing was significantly reduced in the two fetuses which subsequently died and in five of six fetuses developing fetal distress in labour. Two patterns of breathing were noted in 23 fetuses with cessation of Intrauterine growth: either reduced fetal breathing or almost continuous breathing. Fetal trunk movements were more variable than breathing movements and a reduction in trunk movements had less predictive value.", "contents": "Fetal breathing movements in high risk pregnancy. In 12 normal and 50 high risk pregnancies fetal breathing and fetal trunk movements were measured by real time ultrasound after the mothers had been given oral glucose. Fetal breathing was significantly reduced in the two fetuses which subsequently died and in five of six fetuses developing fetal distress in labour. Two patterns of breathing were noted in 23 fetuses with cessation of Intrauterine growth: either reduced fetal breathing or almost continuous breathing. Fetal trunk movements were more variable than breathing movements and a reduction in trunk movements had less predictive value.", "PMID": 698148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11396", "title": "The possible adverse effect of propranolol on the fetus in pregnancies complicated by severe hypertension.", "content": "A retrospective study is presented of the effect of propranolol on fetal outcome in pregnancies complicated by maternal hypertension. In nine pregnancies in which propranolol was given to markedly hypertensive women (diastolic blood pressure over 105 mm Hg) the fetal outcome was worse than in 15 patients using other hypotensive agents. The probability of fetal or neonatal death was related to the amount of proteinuria and the presence of parenchymal renal disease but was also significantly higher when the mother had been treated with propranolol. Experimental evidence suggests that beta-adrenergic blockade is harmful to the hypoxic fetus, for these reasons the use of propranolol in hypertensive pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency may be contraindicated unless there is no satisfactory alternative.", "contents": "The possible adverse effect of propranolol on the fetus in pregnancies complicated by severe hypertension. A retrospective study is presented of the effect of propranolol on fetal outcome in pregnancies complicated by maternal hypertension. In nine pregnancies in which propranolol was given to markedly hypertensive women (diastolic blood pressure over 105 mm Hg) the fetal outcome was worse than in 15 patients using other hypotensive agents. The probability of fetal or neonatal death was related to the amount of proteinuria and the presence of parenchymal renal disease but was also significantly higher when the mother had been treated with propranolol. Experimental evidence suggests that beta-adrenergic blockade is harmful to the hypoxic fetus, for these reasons the use of propranolol in hypertensive pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency may be contraindicated unless there is no satisfactory alternative.", "PMID": 698149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11397", "title": "Melatonin in amniotic fluid during human parturition.", "content": "Concentrations of melatonin have been measured in amniotic fluid obtained during late pregnancy and labour. Samples obtained by amniotomy during labour contained higher concentrations of melatonin than samples taken at amniotomy for the induction of labour. Amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis in late pregnancy contained lower concentrations of melatonin than amniotic fluid obtained by amniotomy. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to pineal influences on parturition.", "contents": "Melatonin in amniotic fluid during human parturition. Concentrations of melatonin have been measured in amniotic fluid obtained during late pregnancy and labour. Samples obtained by amniotomy during labour contained higher concentrations of melatonin than samples taken at amniotomy for the induction of labour. Amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis in late pregnancy contained lower concentrations of melatonin than amniotic fluid obtained by amniotomy. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to pineal influences on parturition.", "PMID": 698150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11398", "title": "The effects of quinestrol and bromocriptine on blood coagulation, serum prolactin and serum FSH levels in puerperal women.", "content": "The effects of bromocriptine and quinestrol upon coagulation and fibrinolysis during the puerperium were studied. Quinestrol therapy was associated with increased levels of factors VII and IX and decreased antithrombin activity on the sixth postpartum day, and increased factor IX and plasminogen levels on the fourteenth postpartum day. Six weeks after delivery elevated levels of factors II and VII and of plasminogen were recorded in women given quinestrol. Bromocriptine therapy only caused an increase in the level of factor IX at six weeks after delivery. Compared to controls, patients given bromocriptine had lower prolactin and higher FSH levels during the puerperium whereas the patients given quinestrol had increased prolactin levels and a late fall in FSH levels.", "contents": "The effects of quinestrol and bromocriptine on blood coagulation, serum prolactin and serum FSH levels in puerperal women. The effects of bromocriptine and quinestrol upon coagulation and fibrinolysis during the puerperium were studied. Quinestrol therapy was associated with increased levels of factors VII and IX and decreased antithrombin activity on the sixth postpartum day, and increased factor IX and plasminogen levels on the fourteenth postpartum day. Six weeks after delivery elevated levels of factors II and VII and of plasminogen were recorded in women given quinestrol. Bromocriptine therapy only caused an increase in the level of factor IX at six weeks after delivery. Compared to controls, patients given bromocriptine had lower prolactin and higher FSH levels during the puerperium whereas the patients given quinestrol had increased prolactin levels and a late fall in FSH levels.", "PMID": 698151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11399", "title": "Induction of ovulation with clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophin in women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea.", "content": "Seventeen women complaining of infertility (one with primary amenorrhoea, 14 with secondary amenorrhoea, and two with oligomenorrhoea) all had hyperprolactinaemia and were treated with clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), and plasma oestradiol, FSH and LH levels were measured. Although adequate pre-ovulatory oestradiol levels were present, the surge of LH was absent until the injection of HCG after which all patients ovulated. There were 12 pregnancies in 9 patients resulting in 10 full-term livebirths, one premature livebirth and one continuing pregnancy. The relevance of these findings to the possible role of prolactin in amenorrhoea is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of ovulation with clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophin in women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. Seventeen women complaining of infertility (one with primary amenorrhoea, 14 with secondary amenorrhoea, and two with oligomenorrhoea) all had hyperprolactinaemia and were treated with clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), and plasma oestradiol, FSH and LH levels were measured. Although adequate pre-ovulatory oestradiol levels were present, the surge of LH was absent until the injection of HCG after which all patients ovulated. There were 12 pregnancies in 9 patients resulting in 10 full-term livebirths, one premature livebirth and one continuing pregnancy. The relevance of these findings to the possible role of prolactin in amenorrhoea is discussed.", "PMID": 698152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11400", "title": "Vascular anatomy of the human uterus and pregnancy wastage.", "content": "In uteri removed at hysterectomy the uterine arteries were injected with radioopaque media and the vascular configuration was correlated with reproductive histories. Patients whose uteri had two ascending uterine arteries on each side had significantly more abortions and smaller newborn infants than patients with a single ascending branch of the uterine artery.", "contents": "Vascular anatomy of the human uterus and pregnancy wastage. In uteri removed at hysterectomy the uterine arteries were injected with radioopaque media and the vascular configuration was correlated with reproductive histories. Patients whose uteri had two ascending uterine arteries on each side had significantly more abortions and smaller newborn infants than patients with a single ascending branch of the uterine artery.", "PMID": 698153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11401", "title": "Longer though lighter menstrual and intermenstural bleeding with copper as compared to inert intrauterine devices.", "content": "A randomized serial study of uterine blood loss was made of 281 women fitted with one of three intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs): a Lippes loop D, a Dalkon shield or a Copper 7. The increase in the amount of blood loss was greatest with Lippes loop D users and least with Copper 7 users. However, the duration of menstrual and intermenstrual bleeding and of spotting was significantly greater among Copper 7 users than with the two inert devices. Thus the mechanisms whereby IUCDs increase the duration as opposed to the volume of uterine bleeding may be different. Previous users of oral contraceptives were found to have significantly less bleeding before IUCD insertion, but showed a similar pattern of increase of uterine bleeding after IUCD insertion to those who had not used oral contraceptives. For all three IUCDs, the increment in amount and duration of uterine bleeding after insertion decreased between the first and the sixth period, on average by about 15 ml and one to two days. No subsequent improvement was found and after 12 cycles the Copper 7 users had longer but less heavy uterine blood loss than users of the Lippes loop D.", "contents": "Longer though lighter menstrual and intermenstural bleeding with copper as compared to inert intrauterine devices. A randomized serial study of uterine blood loss was made of 281 women fitted with one of three intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs): a Lippes loop D, a Dalkon shield or a Copper 7. The increase in the amount of blood loss was greatest with Lippes loop D users and least with Copper 7 users. However, the duration of menstrual and intermenstrual bleeding and of spotting was significantly greater among Copper 7 users than with the two inert devices. Thus the mechanisms whereby IUCDs increase the duration as opposed to the volume of uterine bleeding may be different. Previous users of oral contraceptives were found to have significantly less bleeding before IUCD insertion, but showed a similar pattern of increase of uterine bleeding after IUCD insertion to those who had not used oral contraceptives. For all three IUCDs, the increment in amount and duration of uterine bleeding after insertion decreased between the first and the sixth period, on average by about 15 ml and one to two days. No subsequent improvement was found and after 12 cycles the Copper 7 users had longer but less heavy uterine blood loss than users of the Lippes loop D.", "PMID": 698154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11402", "title": "Meconium-like staining of amniotic fluid due to high fetal intestinal obstruction. Case report.", "content": "A baby with congenital jejunal and ileal atresia is described. There was meconium-like staining of the amniotic fluid which was probably due to fetal regurgitation or vomiting.", "contents": "Meconium-like staining of amniotic fluid due to high fetal intestinal obstruction. Case report. A baby with congenital jejunal and ileal atresia is described. There was meconium-like staining of the amniotic fluid which was probably due to fetal regurgitation or vomiting.", "PMID": 698155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11403", "title": "Pregnancy and Nelson's syndrome. Two case reports.", "content": "We describe two patients with Nelson's syndrome in whom pregnancy progressed normally to spontaneous delivery of normal infants. One patient, who subsequently was found to have a basophil adenoma of the pituitary, developed diabetes insipidus in late pregnancy and the diabetes insipidus regressed spontaneously after delivery.", "contents": "Pregnancy and Nelson's syndrome. Two case reports. We describe two patients with Nelson's syndrome in whom pregnancy progressed normally to spontaneous delivery of normal infants. One patient, who subsequently was found to have a basophil adenoma of the pituitary, developed diabetes insipidus in late pregnancy and the diabetes insipidus regressed spontaneously after delivery.", "PMID": 698156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11404", "title": "The utilization of diets containing acetate, propionate or butyrate salts by growing lambs.", "content": "1. In a comparative slaughter experiment growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 7, 15 or 22% of the metabolizable energy (ME) provided by barley was replaced by sodium and calcium salts of acetic acid, or 22% of ME was replaced by Na and Ca salts of propionic or butyric acids. 2. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) of the diets containing 0, 7, 15 or 22% of ME as acetate was 57.2, 59.6, 54.1 and 48.8 (SE +/- 1.8) respectively, the last value being significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than the first. The kf for successive increments of acetate was 90, 37 and 19% (SE +/ 3), the decrease being significant (P less than 0.001). 3. The kf value of the diets containing 22% of ME as propionate or butyrate respectively were 48.7 and 50.6 (SE +/- 1.8), both values being significantly lower than the control (P less than 0.01). The partial kf of propionate was 19 +/- 13, and of butyrate 28 +/- 13%. 4. It is concluded that the experiment provided evidence that the efficiency with which acetateis utilized for energy retentionis not constant, but varies with its contribution to ME. The experiment also provided some evidence that large amounts of propionate and butyrate may be inefficiently utilized by growing lambs, although poor utilization of high levels of volatile fatty acid (VFA) salts per se cannot be entirely excluded.", "contents": "The utilization of diets containing acetate, propionate or butyrate salts by growing lambs. 1. In a comparative slaughter experiment growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 7, 15 or 22% of the metabolizable energy (ME) provided by barley was replaced by sodium and calcium salts of acetic acid, or 22% of ME was replaced by Na and Ca salts of propionic or butyric acids. 2. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) of the diets containing 0, 7, 15 or 22% of ME as acetate was 57.2, 59.6, 54.1 and 48.8 (SE +/- 1.8) respectively, the last value being significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than the first. The kf for successive increments of acetate was 90, 37 and 19% (SE +/ 3), the decrease being significant (P less than 0.001). 3. The kf value of the diets containing 22% of ME as propionate or butyrate respectively were 48.7 and 50.6 (SE +/- 1.8), both values being significantly lower than the control (P less than 0.01). The partial kf of propionate was 19 +/- 13, and of butyrate 28 +/- 13%. 4. It is concluded that the experiment provided evidence that the efficiency with which acetateis utilized for energy retentionis not constant, but varies with its contribution to ME. The experiment also provided some evidence that large amounts of propionate and butyrate may be inefficiently utilized by growing lambs, although poor utilization of high levels of volatile fatty acid (VFA) salts per se cannot be entirely excluded.", "PMID": 698157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11405", "title": "Metabolism of heat-damaged proteins in the rat. Inhibition of amino acid uptake by \"unavailable peptides\" isolated from enzymic digests of heat-damaged cod fillet.", "content": "1. An extract containing \"unavailable\" small peptides was isolated from an enzymic digest of heat-damaged cod fillet and examined for its influence on uptake of leucine in the rat small intestine, using the everted-sac technique. 2. The extract strongly inhibited the uptake of leucine. It had no effect on uptake of glucose or its metabolism to lactate. 3. The findings are discussed in relation to the concept (Buraczewski, Buraczewska & Ford, 1967) that the accumulation of \"unavailable peptide\" material in the intestine, found in rats given heat-damaged protein, might hinder the absorption of amino acids by blocking a mechanism involved in their transport across the mucosal barrier.", "contents": "Metabolism of heat-damaged proteins in the rat. Inhibition of amino acid uptake by \"unavailable peptides\" isolated from enzymic digests of heat-damaged cod fillet. 1. An extract containing \"unavailable\" small peptides was isolated from an enzymic digest of heat-damaged cod fillet and examined for its influence on uptake of leucine in the rat small intestine, using the everted-sac technique. 2. The extract strongly inhibited the uptake of leucine. It had no effect on uptake of glucose or its metabolism to lactate. 3. The findings are discussed in relation to the concept (Buraczewski, Buraczewska & Ford, 1967) that the accumulation of \"unavailable peptide\" material in the intestine, found in rats given heat-damaged protein, might hinder the absorption of amino acids by blocking a mechanism involved in their transport across the mucosal barrier.", "PMID": 698158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11406", "title": "Haematological and blood chemistry changes in ewes and lambs following supplementation with vitamin E and selenium.", "content": "1. For methods of vitamin E and selenium supplementation were evaluated using thirty-nine pregnant ewe-lambs fed on a ration containing 0.043 mg Se/kg and 25 mg vitamin E/kg. Treatments were control, fortified mineral mix (ESe salt) (300 mg vitamin E, 3 mg Se), ruminal Se pellets (505 mg Se), drench (300 mg vitamin E, 3 mg Se) and intramuscular injection (600 mg vitamin E, 3 mg Se). Only ewes supplemented, commencing approximately 50 d before parturition. 2. Birth weights were similar for all treatments and live-weight gains of lambs to 56 d of age were improved in all supplemented groups (P less than 0.05). There were no clinical cases of nutritional muscular dystrophy. 3. Se concentrations in whole blood were more than doubled in both lambs and ewes drenched or injected; responses to ESe salt and pellets were much smaller. 4. Plasma tocopherol levels were increased in injected dams and their lambs (P less than 0.001). 5. Haemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte counts were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in control ewes and lambs than in treated lambs. 6. Lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) and aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) activities were increased in lambs from control, ESe salt and pellet groups (P less than 0.001). Glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity responded to Se supplementation in both ewes and their lambs (P less than 0.001) and the response was highest in the injected group, followed in order, by the drench, pellet, Ese salt and control groups. 7. These studies indicated that in terms of the haematological and blood chemistry changes investigated, the intramuscular injection was most effective, followed by the oral drench. Ruminal pellets and fortified salt were less satisfactory.", "contents": "Haematological and blood chemistry changes in ewes and lambs following supplementation with vitamin E and selenium. 1. For methods of vitamin E and selenium supplementation were evaluated using thirty-nine pregnant ewe-lambs fed on a ration containing 0.043 mg Se/kg and 25 mg vitamin E/kg. Treatments were control, fortified mineral mix (ESe salt) (300 mg vitamin E, 3 mg Se), ruminal Se pellets (505 mg Se), drench (300 mg vitamin E, 3 mg Se) and intramuscular injection (600 mg vitamin E, 3 mg Se). Only ewes supplemented, commencing approximately 50 d before parturition. 2. Birth weights were similar for all treatments and live-weight gains of lambs to 56 d of age were improved in all supplemented groups (P less than 0.05). There were no clinical cases of nutritional muscular dystrophy. 3. Se concentrations in whole blood were more than doubled in both lambs and ewes drenched or injected; responses to ESe salt and pellets were much smaller. 4. Plasma tocopherol levels were increased in injected dams and their lambs (P less than 0.001). 5. Haemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte counts were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in control ewes and lambs than in treated lambs. 6. Lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) and aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) activities were increased in lambs from control, ESe salt and pellet groups (P less than 0.001). Glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity responded to Se supplementation in both ewes and their lambs (P less than 0.001) and the response was highest in the injected group, followed in order, by the drench, pellet, Ese salt and control groups. 7. These studies indicated that in terms of the haematological and blood chemistry changes investigated, the intramuscular injection was most effective, followed by the oral drench. Ruminal pellets and fortified salt were less satisfactory.", "PMID": 698159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11407", "title": "The nutritive value of silages. Energy metabolism in sheep receiving diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley.", "content": "1. Two calorimetric experiments were conducted to study the utilization of energy in sheep given diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley. Three silages were investigated. One was made from first-harvest grass in the spring (S) and the others from regrowth cut either early or late in the autumn (E and L respectively). All were of perennial ryegress (Lolium perenne) and preserved with formic acid. Each silage was given at two levels of feeding, the lower providing approximately a maintenance energy intake. The S and L silages were also given supplemented with barley. 2. The digestibilities of organic matter, cellulose and energy in the silages were high. Measured at maintenance, digestible energy (DE) contents (MJ/kg dry matter (DM))were 11.83, 14.67 and 12.90 for S, E and L respectively. The DE contents of the S and E silages were depressed at the higher level of feeding but the effect was offset by changes in the energy losses as methane and urine. Metabolizable energy (ME) contents (MJ/kg DM) for the three silages, S, E and L were respectively 9.88, 12.54 and 10.73 at the low level of feeding and 9.91, 11.99 and 11.08 at the high level of feeding. The mean ME content of barley calculated by difference was 13.76 MJ/kg DM. 3. The mean efficiencies of utilization of ME for maintenance (km) for the S, E and L silages were 0.69, 0.71 and 0.68 respectively. Corresponding values for fattening (kf) were 0.21, 0.57 and 0.59. Excepting the kf for the S silage which was low, observed efficiencies were in broad agreement with those predicted by the equations of the Agricultural Research Council (1965). Similar agreement was obtained with all diets consisting of silage and barley.", "contents": "The nutritive value of silages. Energy metabolism in sheep receiving diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley. 1. Two calorimetric experiments were conducted to study the utilization of energy in sheep given diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley. Three silages were investigated. One was made from first-harvest grass in the spring (S) and the others from regrowth cut either early or late in the autumn (E and L respectively). All were of perennial ryegress (Lolium perenne) and preserved with formic acid. Each silage was given at two levels of feeding, the lower providing approximately a maintenance energy intake. The S and L silages were also given supplemented with barley. 2. The digestibilities of organic matter, cellulose and energy in the silages were high. Measured at maintenance, digestible energy (DE) contents (MJ/kg dry matter (DM))were 11.83, 14.67 and 12.90 for S, E and L respectively. The DE contents of the S and E silages were depressed at the higher level of feeding but the effect was offset by changes in the energy losses as methane and urine. Metabolizable energy (ME) contents (MJ/kg DM) for the three silages, S, E and L were respectively 9.88, 12.54 and 10.73 at the low level of feeding and 9.91, 11.99 and 11.08 at the high level of feeding. The mean ME content of barley calculated by difference was 13.76 MJ/kg DM. 3. The mean efficiencies of utilization of ME for maintenance (km) for the S, E and L silages were 0.69, 0.71 and 0.68 respectively. Corresponding values for fattening (kf) were 0.21, 0.57 and 0.59. Excepting the kf for the S silage which was low, observed efficiencies were in broad agreement with those predicted by the equations of the Agricultural Research Council (1965). Similar agreement was obtained with all diets consisting of silage and barley.", "PMID": 698160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11408", "title": "Metabolic changes associated with the occurrence of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks.", "content": "1. The changes in a number of metabolic measurements brought about by low-biotin diets associated with high and low incidences of fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) were studied in healthy 4-week-old broiler chicks. 2. Liver pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate: CO2 ligase (ADP); EC 6.4.1.1) activity was low in birds fed on a diet causing a high incidence FLKS but the addition of fat or protein to this diet, to decrease the incidence of FLKS, increased enzyme activity. 3. Liver weights, blood lactate concentrations, plasma lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.27) activitvities and values for C16:1 : C18:0 fatty acid in liver, adipose tissue and plasma triglyceride were highest in birds fed on the high-FLKS diet and all measurements were negatively correlated with pyruvate carboxylase activity. 4. Birds with high plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity or triglyceride C16:1 : C18:0 values were the most likely to develop FLKS when fasted. 5. There was no evidence that increased liver weight was associated with increase activities of certain other liver enzymes. 6. It is concluded that FLKS occurs in birds with little or no hepatic gluconeogenic capacity via pyruvate carboxylase as a result of a dietary insufficiency of biotin but that the initiation of the syndrome in probably associated with the inhibition of other pathways of gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Metabolic changes associated with the occurrence of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks. 1. The changes in a number of metabolic measurements brought about by low-biotin diets associated with high and low incidences of fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) were studied in healthy 4-week-old broiler chicks. 2. Liver pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate: CO2 ligase (ADP); EC 6.4.1.1) activity was low in birds fed on a diet causing a high incidence FLKS but the addition of fat or protein to this diet, to decrease the incidence of FLKS, increased enzyme activity. 3. Liver weights, blood lactate concentrations, plasma lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.27) activitvities and values for C16:1 : C18:0 fatty acid in liver, adipose tissue and plasma triglyceride were highest in birds fed on the high-FLKS diet and all measurements were negatively correlated with pyruvate carboxylase activity. 4. Birds with high plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity or triglyceride C16:1 : C18:0 values were the most likely to develop FLKS when fasted. 5. There was no evidence that increased liver weight was associated with increase activities of certain other liver enzymes. 6. It is concluded that FLKS occurs in birds with little or no hepatic gluconeogenic capacity via pyruvate carboxylase as a result of a dietary insufficiency of biotin but that the initiation of the syndrome in probably associated with the inhibition of other pathways of gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 698161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11409", "title": "Estimation of rate of protein synthesis by constant infusion of labelled amino acids in pigs.", "content": "1. The fractional synthetic rates of tissue proteins were studied in growing pigs using the constant-infusion technique of tracer-labelled amino acids ([14C]leucine and [14C]lysine) and the mathetmatical model for calculation, employed in rats by Garlick, Millward & James (1973). 2. During a 6 h infusion, samples were taken from blood and muscle and at the end of the infusion from liver, muscle, pancreas, heart, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and skin. The specific radioactivity of free and protein-bound leucine and lysine was estimated. 3. A quasi-steady-state in the specific radioactivity of free plasma leucine and lysine was reached within approximately 2 h, the rate-constants being 35 and 48/d respectively. 4. The specific radioactivity of free leucine and lysine in plasma was used to calculate the flux of these amino acids. It was found to be higher than the daily intake. 5. The average fractional rate of protein synthesis in muscle and heart 8.1% d, in small and large intestine the values were 50 and 33% d respectively and in liver and pancreas more than 100% d. 6. The calculation of protein synthetic rate in pig tissue using the constant-infusion method of labelled amino acids seems to be a suitable toof for study of this species.", "contents": "Estimation of rate of protein synthesis by constant infusion of labelled amino acids in pigs. 1. The fractional synthetic rates of tissue proteins were studied in growing pigs using the constant-infusion technique of tracer-labelled amino acids ([14C]leucine and [14C]lysine) and the mathetmatical model for calculation, employed in rats by Garlick, Millward & James (1973). 2. During a 6 h infusion, samples were taken from blood and muscle and at the end of the infusion from liver, muscle, pancreas, heart, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and skin. The specific radioactivity of free and protein-bound leucine and lysine was estimated. 3. A quasi-steady-state in the specific radioactivity of free plasma leucine and lysine was reached within approximately 2 h, the rate-constants being 35 and 48/d respectively. 4. The specific radioactivity of free leucine and lysine in plasma was used to calculate the flux of these amino acids. It was found to be higher than the daily intake. 5. The average fractional rate of protein synthesis in muscle and heart 8.1% d, in small and large intestine the values were 50 and 33% d respectively and in liver and pancreas more than 100% d. 6. The calculation of protein synthetic rate in pig tissue using the constant-infusion method of labelled amino acids seems to be a suitable toof for study of this species.", "PMID": 698162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11410", "title": "Lead and iron absorption from rat small intestine: the effect of dietary Fe deficiency.", "content": "1. When lead is administered in drinking-water iron-deficient rats retain more Pb than Fe-replete rats (Six & Goyer, 1972; Klauder & Petering, 1975). In the present study the relationship between the absorption of Pb and Fe was investigated. 2. Adult male rats were transfered to a milk-based diet fed with or without supplementary Fe (180 mg Fe/kg as ferrous sulphate). After 7--9 d the absorption of duodenally-administered 203Pb and 59Fe was measured as uptake of radioactivity from the gastrointestinal tract after 90 min. 59Fe absorption was increased in rats given the unsupplemented diet for 7 d and was further increased in rats kept on the diet for up to 7 weeks. 203Pb absorption was not consistently increased by either short- or long-term Fe deprivation. 3. Much of the 203Pb in homogenates of the upper small intestine was bound to soluble protein of which up to 85% was dialysable. In contrast little 59Fe was dialysable. Only a small proportion of the soluble musosal Pb was associated with ferritin during gel-filtration chromatography although 203Pb precipitated together with carrier rat-liver ferritin with an antibody to rat-liver ferritin. 4. There appeared to be no direct relationship between the transfer of Fe and Pb across the small intestine of the adult rat.", "contents": "Lead and iron absorption from rat small intestine: the effect of dietary Fe deficiency. 1. When lead is administered in drinking-water iron-deficient rats retain more Pb than Fe-replete rats (Six & Goyer, 1972; Klauder & Petering, 1975). In the present study the relationship between the absorption of Pb and Fe was investigated. 2. Adult male rats were transfered to a milk-based diet fed with or without supplementary Fe (180 mg Fe/kg as ferrous sulphate). After 7--9 d the absorption of duodenally-administered 203Pb and 59Fe was measured as uptake of radioactivity from the gastrointestinal tract after 90 min. 59Fe absorption was increased in rats given the unsupplemented diet for 7 d and was further increased in rats kept on the diet for up to 7 weeks. 203Pb absorption was not consistently increased by either short- or long-term Fe deprivation. 3. Much of the 203Pb in homogenates of the upper small intestine was bound to soluble protein of which up to 85% was dialysable. In contrast little 59Fe was dialysable. Only a small proportion of the soluble musosal Pb was associated with ferritin during gel-filtration chromatography although 203Pb precipitated together with carrier rat-liver ferritin with an antibody to rat-liver ferritin. 4. There appeared to be no direct relationship between the transfer of Fe and Pb across the small intestine of the adult rat.", "PMID": 698163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11411", "title": "Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The pyridoxine requirement of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus).", "content": "1. Diets containing graded levels of pyridoxine hydrochloride (to supply 0.26--30 mg pyridoxine/kg) were given to seven duplicate groups of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) for 12 weeks and their growth rate was measured during this period. 2. Good growth was obtained on all treatments except those groups given less than 1.0 mg pyridoxine/kg diet. These fish grew normally until weeks 8--10 but thereafter their weight gain was significantly less than that for other treatments. 3. Measurements of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) in muscle and liver and of alanine amino-transferase (EC 2.6.1.2) in liver of the turbot showed that the activities of these enzymes increased with increasing dietary pyridoxine intake up to a level of 2.5 mg pyridoxine/kg. The activities of these enzymes were not further enhanced by additional dietary pyridoxine. 4. Percentage stimulation of these enzymes by pre-incubation of extracts with pyridoxal phosphate was minimal with those groups of turbot given 2.5 mg pyridoxine/kg diet or more. 5. It is concluded that the dietary requirement of turbot for vitamin B6 can be safely met with a diet containing between 1.0 and 2.5 mg pyridoxine/kg. 6. An eighth group of turbot given the pyridoxine antagonist 4-deoxypyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg) showed retarded growth after 2 weeks, together with a high mortality rate.", "contents": "Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The pyridoxine requirement of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). 1. Diets containing graded levels of pyridoxine hydrochloride (to supply 0.26--30 mg pyridoxine/kg) were given to seven duplicate groups of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) for 12 weeks and their growth rate was measured during this period. 2. Good growth was obtained on all treatments except those groups given less than 1.0 mg pyridoxine/kg diet. These fish grew normally until weeks 8--10 but thereafter their weight gain was significantly less than that for other treatments. 3. Measurements of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) in muscle and liver and of alanine amino-transferase (EC 2.6.1.2) in liver of the turbot showed that the activities of these enzymes increased with increasing dietary pyridoxine intake up to a level of 2.5 mg pyridoxine/kg. The activities of these enzymes were not further enhanced by additional dietary pyridoxine. 4. Percentage stimulation of these enzymes by pre-incubation of extracts with pyridoxal phosphate was minimal with those groups of turbot given 2.5 mg pyridoxine/kg diet or more. 5. It is concluded that the dietary requirement of turbot for vitamin B6 can be safely met with a diet containing between 1.0 and 2.5 mg pyridoxine/kg. 6. An eighth group of turbot given the pyridoxine antagonist 4-deoxypyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg) showed retarded growth after 2 weeks, together with a high mortality rate.", "PMID": 698164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11412", "title": "The effect of vitamin B12 on physical performance capacity.", "content": "1. Physical performance capacity was assessed before and after injection of cyanocobalamin and a placebo for thirty-one Burmese male subjects whose age ranged from 18.7 to 20.8 years. 2. The subjects chosen were free from anaemia and were paired on a \"weight--age\" basis and divided into two groups. 3. One group received an injection of 1 mg cyanocobalamin and the other was given a placebo injection three times weekly for 6 weeks. This was done on a \"double-blind\" basis. 4. There was no significant difference between the two groups in any of the criteria measured, before and after administration of either 1 mg cyanocobalamin or placebo injection. So also there was no significant increase in any of the measurements in the subjects after receiving cyanocobalamin injections compared with thosse receiving the placebo.", "contents": "The effect of vitamin B12 on physical performance capacity. 1. Physical performance capacity was assessed before and after injection of cyanocobalamin and a placebo for thirty-one Burmese male subjects whose age ranged from 18.7 to 20.8 years. 2. The subjects chosen were free from anaemia and were paired on a \"weight--age\" basis and divided into two groups. 3. One group received an injection of 1 mg cyanocobalamin and the other was given a placebo injection three times weekly for 6 weeks. This was done on a \"double-blind\" basis. 4. There was no significant difference between the two groups in any of the criteria measured, before and after administration of either 1 mg cyanocobalamin or placebo injection. So also there was no significant increase in any of the measurements in the subjects after receiving cyanocobalamin injections compared with thosse receiving the placebo.", "PMID": 698165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11413", "title": "Absence of immunological hypertensitivity to dietary cow's-milk proteins in infant rabbits.", "content": "1. Rabbits hand-reared on a diet based on cow's milk frequently experience convulsive and sometimes fatal reactions to their feed. These have been thought to be caused by immunological hypersensitivity to cow's milk. 2. This explanation has been re-examined and found to be untenable.", "contents": "Absence of immunological hypertensitivity to dietary cow's-milk proteins in infant rabbits. 1. Rabbits hand-reared on a diet based on cow's milk frequently experience convulsive and sometimes fatal reactions to their feed. These have been thought to be caused by immunological hypersensitivity to cow's milk. 2. This explanation has been re-examined and found to be untenable.", "PMID": 698166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11414", "title": "The effect of alcohol on resting metabolic rate.", "content": "1. There was a significant increase in oxygen consumption in ten women after small intakes of alcohol. 2. No significant difference was found between the average increase in metabolic rate over 3 h after an isoenergetic meal of food or of food plus alcohol. However, during the last half of the 3 h postprandial period, the increased O2 consumption was significantly greater after the meal including alcohol. 3. Possible explanations for the contradictory results in the literature are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of alcohol on resting metabolic rate. 1. There was a significant increase in oxygen consumption in ten women after small intakes of alcohol. 2. No significant difference was found between the average increase in metabolic rate over 3 h after an isoenergetic meal of food or of food plus alcohol. However, during the last half of the 3 h postprandial period, the increased O2 consumption was significantly greater after the meal including alcohol. 3. Possible explanations for the contradictory results in the literature are discussed.", "PMID": 698167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11415", "title": "Adsorption of bile salts from aqueous solution by plant fibre and cholestyramine.", "content": "1. Adsorption of bile salts by dietary fibre is believed to promote their excretion and hence to reduce the serum cholesterol level in man and experimental animals. 2. We have tested a number of plant fibre fractions and other related materials for their ability to adsorb bile salts from aqueous solution. The \"insoluble\" plant fractions were from \"dry grain\" (a residue from brewing), apple, wheat bran, lucerne (Medicago sativa), soya beans, mung  beans (Phaseolus mungo), chick peas (Cicer arietinum), rolled oats, spinach (Spinacia oleracea), sunflower seeds, sawdust and sheep faeces. The other materials were cholestyramine, pectin and lignins prepared from wheat bran and from sawdust. 3. Only cholestyramine and the fibre from lucerne, soya beans, mung beans, chick peas, spinach, and sunflower seeds adsorbed enough of either sodium cholate or sodium deoxycholate for adsorption to be detectable. 4. This result conflicts with a report that the lignin component of dietary fibre is responsible for adsorption of bile salts. 5. Adsorption of bile salts, when it occurs, may depend on the presence of saponins bound to the fibre.", "contents": "Adsorption of bile salts from aqueous solution by plant fibre and cholestyramine. 1. Adsorption of bile salts by dietary fibre is believed to promote their excretion and hence to reduce the serum cholesterol level in man and experimental animals. 2. We have tested a number of plant fibre fractions and other related materials for their ability to adsorb bile salts from aqueous solution. The \"insoluble\" plant fractions were from \"dry grain\" (a residue from brewing), apple, wheat bran, lucerne (Medicago sativa), soya beans, mung  beans (Phaseolus mungo), chick peas (Cicer arietinum), rolled oats, spinach (Spinacia oleracea), sunflower seeds, sawdust and sheep faeces. The other materials were cholestyramine, pectin and lignins prepared from wheat bran and from sawdust. 3. Only cholestyramine and the fibre from lucerne, soya beans, mung beans, chick peas, spinach, and sunflower seeds adsorbed enough of either sodium cholate or sodium deoxycholate for adsorption to be detectable. 4. This result conflicts with a report that the lignin component of dietary fibre is responsible for adsorption of bile salts. 5. Adsorption of bile salts, when it occurs, may depend on the presence of saponins bound to the fibre.", "PMID": 698168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11416", "title": "Environmental temperature and choice feeding of the broiler.", "content": "1. Broilers were kept under environmental temperature regimens of 16, 21, 26 or 31 degrees and given, 22--57 d of age, either a complete diet or free-choice of whole wheat and a higher-protein food containing either 252 or 516 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg. 2. Broilers maintained at 16 and 21 degrees consumed food at a significantly higher rate than those kept at 26 degrees and the latter had a significantly higher food intake rate than broilers kept at 31 degrees, for each feeding treatment. Compared with 21 degrees the 57 d body-weight of broilers kept at 26 degrees and 31 degrees was significantly reduced. 3. When kept under the 16, 21, 26 and 31 degrees regimens, the amount of whole wheat in the food consumed by the broilers choice-fed with wheat and the 252 g crude protein/kg food was 56, 55, 48 and 46% respectively.  The corresponding values for the broilers on the second choice-feeding treatment were 80, 76, 79 and 72%. 4. Except for a single instance the choice-fed broilers grew at a significantly slower rate than broilers given the complete diet.", "contents": "Environmental temperature and choice feeding of the broiler. 1. Broilers were kept under environmental temperature regimens of 16, 21, 26 or 31 degrees and given, 22--57 d of age, either a complete diet or free-choice of whole wheat and a higher-protein food containing either 252 or 516 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg. 2. Broilers maintained at 16 and 21 degrees consumed food at a significantly higher rate than those kept at 26 degrees and the latter had a significantly higher food intake rate than broilers kept at 31 degrees, for each feeding treatment. Compared with 21 degrees the 57 d body-weight of broilers kept at 26 degrees and 31 degrees was significantly reduced. 3. When kept under the 16, 21, 26 and 31 degrees regimens, the amount of whole wheat in the food consumed by the broilers choice-fed with wheat and the 252 g crude protein/kg food was 56, 55, 48 and 46% respectively.  The corresponding values for the broilers on the second choice-feeding treatment were 80, 76, 79 and 72%. 4. Except for a single instance the choice-fed broilers grew at a significantly slower rate than broilers given the complete diet.", "PMID": 698169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11417", "title": "Biliary lipids, bile acids and gallstone formation in hypovitaminotic C guinea-pigs.", "content": "1. Hypovitaminotic C guinea-pigs fed on a high-cholesterol diet for 5 weeks developed gallstones (810 mg cholesterol/g) whereas no concretements were observed in vitamin C-replete animals.  2. Scanning electron microscope studies of the three types of gallstone observed in the gallbladders of vitamin C-deficient animals showed them to be composed of randomly-arranged needle-shaped or laminated crystal of cholesterol. 3. The hepatic bile of gallstone-forming animals had a higher cholesterol concentration and lower bile acid content, the latter being principally due to a reduction in the chenodeoxycholic fraction, than the bile of vitamin C-replete animals. 4. No significant difference was observed between the volume of bile secreted by hypovitaminotic C and vitamin C-replete animals, but due to the qualitative changes in bile composition, gallstone formation was associated with an increased biliary secretion of cholesterol and a reduced secretion of bile acids.", "contents": "Biliary lipids, bile acids and gallstone formation in hypovitaminotic C guinea-pigs. 1. Hypovitaminotic C guinea-pigs fed on a high-cholesterol diet for 5 weeks developed gallstones (810 mg cholesterol/g) whereas no concretements were observed in vitamin C-replete animals.  2. Scanning electron microscope studies of the three types of gallstone observed in the gallbladders of vitamin C-deficient animals showed them to be composed of randomly-arranged needle-shaped or laminated crystal of cholesterol. 3. The hepatic bile of gallstone-forming animals had a higher cholesterol concentration and lower bile acid content, the latter being principally due to a reduction in the chenodeoxycholic fraction, than the bile of vitamin C-replete animals. 4. No significant difference was observed between the volume of bile secreted by hypovitaminotic C and vitamin C-replete animals, but due to the qualitative changes in bile composition, gallstone formation was associated with an increased biliary secretion of cholesterol and a reduced secretion of bile acids.", "PMID": 698170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11418", "title": "Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep. 1. The role of distension, flow-rate of digesta and propulsive motility in the intestines.", "content": "1. Twelve sheep fitted with abomasal cannulas were given ad lib. access to a diet of chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay to a ascertain if the amount of digesta being transported by the intestines was limiting intake. If this was the situation, pumping a solution of the bulk-laxative methylcellulose (100 g/kg; MC) into the abomasum should have reduced intake in proportion to the mass of digesta attributable to the MC and associated water. In preliminary experiments faecal water and wet matter outputs increased by 6.2 and 7.4 g/g MC powder respectively. 2. The infusion of 2.95 kg MC/d did not affect food intake even though wet faecal output increased from a control value of 2.436 to 4.616 kg/d. The transit time of 51 Cr-EDTA through the intestines decreased only slightly during the infusion indicating that MC produced a marked increase in the mass of intestinal contents. Increasing the rate of infusion to 5.336 kg/d increased wet faecal output to 5.437 kg/d, did not change transit time but significantly decreased food intake presumably to protect the intestines from overdistension. After stopping the infusion, food intakes and faecal outputs returned to control values but transit time remained unchanged. The intake of chopped lucerne hay by sheep was not limited by the capacity of the small and large intestines to transport bulk as intake was maintained even through wet faecal output was doubled and the intestines apparently became markedly distended.", "contents": "Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep. 1. The role of distension, flow-rate of digesta and propulsive motility in the intestines. 1. Twelve sheep fitted with abomasal cannulas were given ad lib. access to a diet of chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay to a ascertain if the amount of digesta being transported by the intestines was limiting intake. If this was the situation, pumping a solution of the bulk-laxative methylcellulose (100 g/kg; MC) into the abomasum should have reduced intake in proportion to the mass of digesta attributable to the MC and associated water. In preliminary experiments faecal water and wet matter outputs increased by 6.2 and 7.4 g/g MC powder respectively. 2. The infusion of 2.95 kg MC/d did not affect food intake even though wet faecal output increased from a control value of 2.436 to 4.616 kg/d. The transit time of 51 Cr-EDTA through the intestines decreased only slightly during the infusion indicating that MC produced a marked increase in the mass of intestinal contents. Increasing the rate of infusion to 5.336 kg/d increased wet faecal output to 5.437 kg/d, did not change transit time but significantly decreased food intake presumably to protect the intestines from overdistension. After stopping the infusion, food intakes and faecal outputs returned to control values but transit time remained unchanged. The intake of chopped lucerne hay by sheep was not limited by the capacity of the small and large intestines to transport bulk as intake was maintained even through wet faecal output was doubled and the intestines apparently became markedly distended.", "PMID": 698171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11419", "title": "Protein degradation and optimum urea concentration in cereal-based diets for sheep.", "content": "1. Early-weaned lambs were used to estimate the concentration of urea required to give the maximum intake and utilization of maize or barley with either a high (HPB) or low (LPB) protein content. 2. Approximately the same concentration of urea (7--11 g urea/kg feed) was required for maximum intake and feed utilization of both HPB and LPB. With maize there was no increase in intake, live weight gain, digestion and feed conversion as a result of adding more than 7 g urea/kg. 3. The proportion of protein degraded in the rumen was estimated by the synthetic fibre bag technique to be 0.69, 0.82 and 0.54 for HPB, LPB and maize respectively. The similarity in concentration of urea required for optimum utilization of LPB AND HPB might be explained by differences in the extent of degradation of protein in the rumen, but the lower concentration of urea required for maize cannot be similarly explained. 4. From estimates of yield of microbial protein in the rumen, the extent of rumen fermentation and the measured extent of protein degradation, theoretical requirements for urea were calculated and compared with other predictions and with the experimentally determined values. For barley, predicted values agreed reasonably well with experimental ones, but for maize all values, including those derived by a new system adopted by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Working Party, were too high.", "contents": "Protein degradation and optimum urea concentration in cereal-based diets for sheep. 1. Early-weaned lambs were used to estimate the concentration of urea required to give the maximum intake and utilization of maize or barley with either a high (HPB) or low (LPB) protein content. 2. Approximately the same concentration of urea (7--11 g urea/kg feed) was required for maximum intake and feed utilization of both HPB and LPB. With maize there was no increase in intake, live weight gain, digestion and feed conversion as a result of adding more than 7 g urea/kg. 3. The proportion of protein degraded in the rumen was estimated by the synthetic fibre bag technique to be 0.69, 0.82 and 0.54 for HPB, LPB and maize respectively. The similarity in concentration of urea required for optimum utilization of LPB AND HPB might be explained by differences in the extent of degradation of protein in the rumen, but the lower concentration of urea required for maize cannot be similarly explained. 4. From estimates of yield of microbial protein in the rumen, the extent of rumen fermentation and the measured extent of protein degradation, theoretical requirements for urea were calculated and compared with other predictions and with the experimentally determined values. For barley, predicted values agreed reasonably well with experimental ones, but for maize all values, including those derived by a new system adopted by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Working Party, were too high.", "PMID": 698172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11420", "title": "A comparison of the voluntary intake and digestion of a range of forages at different times of the year by the sheep and the red deer (Cervus elaphus).", "content": "1. Comparisons were made between castrated male Scottish Blackface sheep and red deer (Cervus elaphus) of voluntary forage intake (VFI), digestibility and the mean retention time (MRT) of a particulate-phase marker (103Ru-phenanthroline) in the alimentary tract, when a range of forages: dried-grass pellets, chopped dried grass, fresh-frozen Agrostis-Festuca spp. and heather (Calluna vulgaris, L. Hull) were given at different times of the year. 2. On both the dried-grass-pellet and chopped dried-grass diets the red deer and sheep ate similar quantities. Both species had a higher VFI of dried-grass pellets in July than in November. The sheep digested the dried-grass-pellet diet better than the red deer and this was associated with a longer MRT of the particulate-phase marker in the alimentary tract. 3. The VFI of Agrostis-Festuca spp. and heather by the red deer was twice that of the sheep. The VFI of heather by the sheep increased by 32% between January and April, and the VFI of both the Agrostis--Festuca spp. and heather diets by the red deer increased by 65--70%. The sheep digested the Agrostis--Festuca spp. better than the red deer but the red deer digested the heather slightly better than the sheep. MRT of the particulate-phase marker was greater for the sheep than for the red deer on both the diets. The digestibility and MRT of both diets in the red deer did not decrease with the seasonal increase in VFI, suggesting a possible hypertrophy of the alimentary tract.", "contents": "A comparison of the voluntary intake and digestion of a range of forages at different times of the year by the sheep and the red deer (Cervus elaphus). 1. Comparisons were made between castrated male Scottish Blackface sheep and red deer (Cervus elaphus) of voluntary forage intake (VFI), digestibility and the mean retention time (MRT) of a particulate-phase marker (103Ru-phenanthroline) in the alimentary tract, when a range of forages: dried-grass pellets, chopped dried grass, fresh-frozen Agrostis-Festuca spp. and heather (Calluna vulgaris, L. Hull) were given at different times of the year. 2. On both the dried-grass-pellet and chopped dried-grass diets the red deer and sheep ate similar quantities. Both species had a higher VFI of dried-grass pellets in July than in November. The sheep digested the dried-grass-pellet diet better than the red deer and this was associated with a longer MRT of the particulate-phase marker in the alimentary tract. 3. The VFI of Agrostis-Festuca spp. and heather by the red deer was twice that of the sheep. The VFI of heather by the sheep increased by 32% between January and April, and the VFI of both the Agrostis--Festuca spp. and heather diets by the red deer increased by 65--70%. The sheep digested the Agrostis--Festuca spp. better than the red deer but the red deer digested the heather slightly better than the sheep. MRT of the particulate-phase marker was greater for the sheep than for the red deer on both the diets. The digestibility and MRT of both diets in the red deer did not decrease with the seasonal increase in VFI, suggesting a possible hypertrophy of the alimentary tract.", "PMID": 698173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11421", "title": "Amino acid requirements of the breeding sow. 2. The dietary lysine requirement of the lactating sow.", "content": "1. Two experiments, involving six lactating Landacre x (Landrace x Large White) sows were undertaken to study the lysine requirement of the lactating sow and to identify the second limiting amino acid by means of interpretation of plasma amino acid and blood urea levels. 2. A basal diet composed mainly of equal amounts of ground barley and ground wheat supplemented with mineral and vitamin mixtures was used. This diet was supplemented with synthetic amino acids (lysine threonine, tryptophan, methionine and isoleucine). 3. Plasma amino acid and blood urea values showed a close agreement and indicated that lysine intake above 38.4 g/d was in excess of the requirement level. 4. Plasma amino acid values suggested tryptophan to be the second limiting amino acid whereas blood urea values suggested threonine to be the second limiting amino acids.", "contents": "Amino acid requirements of the breeding sow. 2. The dietary lysine requirement of the lactating sow. 1. Two experiments, involving six lactating Landacre x (Landrace x Large White) sows were undertaken to study the lysine requirement of the lactating sow and to identify the second limiting amino acid by means of interpretation of plasma amino acid and blood urea levels. 2. A basal diet composed mainly of equal amounts of ground barley and ground wheat supplemented with mineral and vitamin mixtures was used. This diet was supplemented with synthetic amino acids (lysine threonine, tryptophan, methionine and isoleucine). 3. Plasma amino acid and blood urea values showed a close agreement and indicated that lysine intake above 38.4 g/d was in excess of the requirement level. 4. Plasma amino acid values suggested tryptophan to be the second limiting amino acid whereas blood urea values suggested threonine to be the second limiting amino acids.", "PMID": 698174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11422", "title": "The effect of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the lactating ewe.", "content": "1. The effect of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OH-D3) on calcium and phosphorus metabolism has been studied in ewes at peak lactation by a combination of a mineral balance and a radioisotope technique. 2. The rate of Ca absorption was substantially higher in the treated ewes than in controls. The rates of endogenous loss of Ca into urine, faces and milk, however, were only slightly higher. 3. In consequence, the net retention of Ca was increased and the loss of skeletal reserves of Ca normally associated with peak lactation, prevented. 4. Although the rate of bone accretion increased slightly, the increase in skeletal retention of Ca resulted mainly from a decrease in the rate of bone resorption. 5. This finding conflicts with the generally held belief that bone resorption is increased by cholecalciferol treatment. 6. The rates of apparent absorption and retention of P were increased by the treatment probably as a result of a direct effect of the 1 alpha-OH-D3 on P absorption. 7. These results provide a possible explanationof the beneficial effect of 1 alpha-OH-D3 in preventing parturient paresis  (milk fever) in the dairy cow.", "contents": "The effect of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the lactating ewe. 1. The effect of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OH-D3) on calcium and phosphorus metabolism has been studied in ewes at peak lactation by a combination of a mineral balance and a radioisotope technique. 2. The rate of Ca absorption was substantially higher in the treated ewes than in controls. The rates of endogenous loss of Ca into urine, faces and milk, however, were only slightly higher. 3. In consequence, the net retention of Ca was increased and the loss of skeletal reserves of Ca normally associated with peak lactation, prevented. 4. Although the rate of bone accretion increased slightly, the increase in skeletal retention of Ca resulted mainly from a decrease in the rate of bone resorption. 5. This finding conflicts with the generally held belief that bone resorption is increased by cholecalciferol treatment. 6. The rates of apparent absorption and retention of P were increased by the treatment probably as a result of a direct effect of the 1 alpha-OH-D3 on P absorption. 7. These results provide a possible explanationof the beneficial effect of 1 alpha-OH-D3 in preventing parturient paresis  (milk fever) in the dairy cow.", "PMID": 698176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11423", "title": "Metabolism of dietary fibre components in man assessed by breath hydrogen and methane.", "content": "1. Breath hydrogen and methane were measured in eight normal individuals after acute and separate administration of different chemical components of dietary fibre. 2. Hemicellulose, raffinose and lactulose increased H2 production, while cellulose pectin and lignin did not. Methane production was found to be individual and unaffected by any of the substances. Differences in physical properties of the same chemical appear to have no influences on H2 and CH4 production.", "contents": "Metabolism of dietary fibre components in man assessed by breath hydrogen and methane. 1. Breath hydrogen and methane were measured in eight normal individuals after acute and separate administration of different chemical components of dietary fibre. 2. Hemicellulose, raffinose and lactulose increased H2 production, while cellulose pectin and lignin did not. Methane production was found to be individual and unaffected by any of the substances. Differences in physical properties of the same chemical appear to have no influences on H2 and CH4 production.", "PMID": 698177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11424", "title": "Urinary excretion of aflatoxin M1 after administration of aflatoxin B1 in sucrose- or starch-rich diets.", "content": "1. Male Sprague--Dawley rats were given 630 g/kg sucrose or starch with 2 mg/kg aflatoxin b1 for periods of 75, 145 and 200 d, and the 24 h urinary excretion of aflatoxin M1 was measured. 2. Less aflatoxin M1 was excreted by the rats fed on the sucrose-rich diet compared to those fed on the starch-rich diet. This difference was especially marked when expressed per g metabolizing tissue. 3. It is concluded that sucrose probably decreases the activity of aflatoxin B1 metabolism in a similar way to its previously found effect on the drug-metabolizing enzyme.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of aflatoxin M1 after administration of aflatoxin B1 in sucrose- or starch-rich diets. 1. Male Sprague--Dawley rats were given 630 g/kg sucrose or starch with 2 mg/kg aflatoxin b1 for periods of 75, 145 and 200 d, and the 24 h urinary excretion of aflatoxin M1 was measured. 2. Less aflatoxin M1 was excreted by the rats fed on the sucrose-rich diet compared to those fed on the starch-rich diet. This difference was especially marked when expressed per g metabolizing tissue. 3. It is concluded that sucrose probably decreases the activity of aflatoxin B1 metabolism in a similar way to its previously found effect on the drug-metabolizing enzyme.", "PMID": 698178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11425", "title": "Purification and characterization of cytoplasmic thioltransferase (glutathione:disulfide oxidoreductase) from rat liver.", "content": "An enzyme catalyzing thiol-disulfide interchange of glutathione and disulfides and the reaction between glutathione and thiosulfate esters has been purified 40 000-fold from rat liver cytosol. The enzyme, named thioltransferase (Askel\u00f6f, P., Axelsson, K., Eriksson, S., & Mannervik, B. (1974) FEBS Lett. 38, 263--267), was homogeneous in several electrophoretic systems, had an isoelectric point at pH 9.6, and contained 8.6% (w/w) carbohydrate. The catalytic activity had a distinct optimum at pH 7.5. A series of substrates was tested at a constant glutathione level; the kcat values (at 4mM glutathione) were all in the range of about 10(4) min-1. The substrates included mixed disulfides of glutathione, other low-molecular-weight disulfides, S-sulfocysteine and S-sulfoglutathione, and peptide disulfides such as insulin, oxytocin, ribonuclease, and the mixed disulfide of glutathione and egg-white lysozyme. The enzymatic reaction was inhibited by an excess of glutathione (greater than 4mM).", "contents": "Purification and characterization of cytoplasmic thioltransferase (glutathione:disulfide oxidoreductase) from rat liver. An enzyme catalyzing thiol-disulfide interchange of glutathione and disulfides and the reaction between glutathione and thiosulfate esters has been purified 40 000-fold from rat liver cytosol. The enzyme, named thioltransferase (Askel\u00f6f, P., Axelsson, K., Eriksson, S., & Mannervik, B. (1974) FEBS Lett. 38, 263--267), was homogeneous in several electrophoretic systems, had an isoelectric point at pH 9.6, and contained 8.6% (w/w) carbohydrate. The catalytic activity had a distinct optimum at pH 7.5. A series of substrates was tested at a constant glutathione level; the kcat values (at 4mM glutathione) were all in the range of about 10(4) min-1. The substrates included mixed disulfides of glutathione, other low-molecular-weight disulfides, S-sulfocysteine and S-sulfoglutathione, and peptide disulfides such as insulin, oxytocin, ribonuclease, and the mixed disulfide of glutathione and egg-white lysozyme. The enzymatic reaction was inhibited by an excess of glutathione (greater than 4mM).", "PMID": 698179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11426", "title": "Human kidney alanine aminopeptidase: physical and kinetic properties of a sialic acid containing glycoprotein.", "content": "Human kidney alanine aminopeptidase has been purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by electrophoresis and sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge. Amino acid analyses indicate that the enzyme is high in tryptophan content and low in cysteine content. The enzyme contains sialic acid, hexoses, and glucosamine, which make up 21% of its dry weight. In dilute buffer, the enzyme exhibits a molecular weight near 236 000, but in denaturing solvents the enzyme exhibits a molecular weight near 119 500. Zinc analyses by atomic absorption demonstrate 1 mol of zinc for 113 500 +/- 6900 g of protein. The zinc is firmly bound, since exhaustive dialysis against chelating agents does not remove the zinc or inactivate the enzyme. The enzyme is stimulated by Co2+ 1.65-fold, but, in contrast to the enzyme-zinc complex, the enzyme-cobalt complex dissociates upon dialysis. Kinetic studies with a series of aminoacyl-beta-napthylamides indicated that the highest kcat value was obtained for L-alanyl-beta-naphthylamide (8.43 X 10(3)s-1), whereas the lowest Km value was obtained for L-methionyl-beta-naphthylamide (1.4 X 10(-5) M).", "contents": "Human kidney alanine aminopeptidase: physical and kinetic properties of a sialic acid containing glycoprotein. Human kidney alanine aminopeptidase has been purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by electrophoresis and sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge. Amino acid analyses indicate that the enzyme is high in tryptophan content and low in cysteine content. The enzyme contains sialic acid, hexoses, and glucosamine, which make up 21% of its dry weight. In dilute buffer, the enzyme exhibits a molecular weight near 236 000, but in denaturing solvents the enzyme exhibits a molecular weight near 119 500. Zinc analyses by atomic absorption demonstrate 1 mol of zinc for 113 500 +/- 6900 g of protein. The zinc is firmly bound, since exhaustive dialysis against chelating agents does not remove the zinc or inactivate the enzyme. The enzyme is stimulated by Co2+ 1.65-fold, but, in contrast to the enzyme-zinc complex, the enzyme-cobalt complex dissociates upon dialysis. Kinetic studies with a series of aminoacyl-beta-napthylamides indicated that the highest kcat value was obtained for L-alanyl-beta-naphthylamide (8.43 X 10(3)s-1), whereas the lowest Km value was obtained for L-methionyl-beta-naphthylamide (1.4 X 10(-5) M).", "PMID": 698181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11427", "title": "Lateral diffusion in phospholipid bilayer membranes and multilamellar liquid crystals.", "content": "The lateral-diffusion coefficients (D) of a fluorescent lipid analogue, 3,3'-dioctadecylindotricarbocyanine (diI), have been measured in black lipid membranes (BLMs), in large (20--50-micron diameter) solvent-free bilayer and multilayer membrane vesicles, and in multilamellar liquid crystals of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and egg lecithin. They show that D changes by several orders of magnitude at the liquid-crystal transformations of the solvent-free bilayers and multilayer. In all BLMs, D approximately 10(-7)cm2/s with only weak temperature dependence even near the putative phase-transformation temperatures, Tt. In the corresponding liquid crystals and large vesicles, D approximately  10(-8)cm2/s above Tt, decreasing by about two orders of magnitude to D approximately 10(-10)cm2/s below Tt. The changes of D in bilayer vesicles suggest that the expected liquid-crystal phase transitions from smectic A to a higher ordered state do persist in isolated bilayers. Retained solvent in black lipid membranes formed by both Mueller--Rudin and Montal--Mueller methods appears to enhance lateral diffusion. A simple method of forming small numbers of large solvent-free vesicles is described.", "contents": "Lateral diffusion in phospholipid bilayer membranes and multilamellar liquid crystals. The lateral-diffusion coefficients (D) of a fluorescent lipid analogue, 3,3'-dioctadecylindotricarbocyanine (diI), have been measured in black lipid membranes (BLMs), in large (20--50-micron diameter) solvent-free bilayer and multilayer membrane vesicles, and in multilamellar liquid crystals of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and egg lecithin. They show that D changes by several orders of magnitude at the liquid-crystal transformations of the solvent-free bilayers and multilayer. In all BLMs, D approximately 10(-7)cm2/s with only weak temperature dependence even near the putative phase-transformation temperatures, Tt. In the corresponding liquid crystals and large vesicles, D approximately  10(-8)cm2/s above Tt, decreasing by about two orders of magnitude to D approximately 10(-10)cm2/s below Tt. The changes of D in bilayer vesicles suggest that the expected liquid-crystal phase transitions from smectic A to a higher ordered state do persist in isolated bilayers. Retained solvent in black lipid membranes formed by both Mueller--Rudin and Montal--Mueller methods appears to enhance lateral diffusion. A simple method of forming small numbers of large solvent-free vesicles is described.", "PMID": 698183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11428", "title": "Biosynthesis of the antibiotic 2,5-dihydrophenylalanine by Streptomyces arenae.", "content": "The biosynthesis of L-2,5-dihydrophenylalanine (DHPA) in Streptomyces arenae strain T\u00fc 109 was studied in tracer experiments with [U-14C]- and [1,6-14C]shikimic acid followed by chemical degradation of the labeled product. The results indicate that shikimic acid (II) provides only the ring carbons of DHPA, that the side chain of DHPA is attached at the carbon derived from C-1 of II, and that in the transformation of II into DHPA the asymmetry of the ring of II is preserved, with C-6 of II giving rise to C-6' of DHPA. Both generally 14C-labeled chorismate and prephenate, but not L-[3-14C]serine, are incorporated into DHPA. By preparing and feeding 5,6-dihydro[4-3H]prephenate it was shown that this compound is not an intermediate in the biosynthesis of DHPA. A reaction sequence is proposed for the conversion of prephenate to DHPA, involving an allylic rearrangement, followed by 1,4 reduction of the resulting conjugated diene and a combined decarboxylation/dehydration.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the antibiotic 2,5-dihydrophenylalanine by Streptomyces arenae. The biosynthesis of L-2,5-dihydrophenylalanine (DHPA) in Streptomyces arenae strain T\u00fc 109 was studied in tracer experiments with [U-14C]- and [1,6-14C]shikimic acid followed by chemical degradation of the labeled product. The results indicate that shikimic acid (II) provides only the ring carbons of DHPA, that the side chain of DHPA is attached at the carbon derived from C-1 of II, and that in the transformation of II into DHPA the asymmetry of the ring of II is preserved, with C-6 of II giving rise to C-6' of DHPA. Both generally 14C-labeled chorismate and prephenate, but not L-[3-14C]serine, are incorporated into DHPA. By preparing and feeding 5,6-dihydro[4-3H]prephenate it was shown that this compound is not an intermediate in the biosynthesis of DHPA. A reaction sequence is proposed for the conversion of prephenate to DHPA, involving an allylic rearrangement, followed by 1,4 reduction of the resulting conjugated diene and a combined decarboxylation/dehydration.", "PMID": 698184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11429", "title": "Iron exchange between ferritin and transferrin in vitro.", "content": "The transfer of iron between horse spleen [55Fe]ferritin and human apotransferrin or [59Fe]transferrin in homogeneous solution was investigated. Transfer between the two proteins in the presence of citrate, ATP, or ascorbate occurs in both direction, but the net flow is always from ferritin to transferrin. Ferritin which is ca. 1/3 to 1/2 saturated with iron appears to be most reactive. Chemically prepared apoferritin does not accept iron from diferric transferrin. Citrate-mediated transfer of iron from ferritin to apotransferrin is first order with respect to ferritin, zero order with respect to transferrin, and has a complex dependence upon citrate concentration. Direct transfer of iron from native or reconstituted ferritin to apotransferrin in the absence of any identifiable mediating agent was observed to occur at about half the rate attained in the presence of 1 mM citrate. No transfer of iron between the two proteins occurs across a dialysis membrane in the absence of a mediating agent. No binding of transferrin and ferritin to each other was demonstrable. One possible explanation for these observations is that iron from the core of ferritin is in equilibrium with iron near the outer surface of the protein, where the metal would be available to transferrin.", "contents": "Iron exchange between ferritin and transferrin in vitro. The transfer of iron between horse spleen [55Fe]ferritin and human apotransferrin or [59Fe]transferrin in homogeneous solution was investigated. Transfer between the two proteins in the presence of citrate, ATP, or ascorbate occurs in both direction, but the net flow is always from ferritin to transferrin. Ferritin which is ca. 1/3 to 1/2 saturated with iron appears to be most reactive. Chemically prepared apoferritin does not accept iron from diferric transferrin. Citrate-mediated transfer of iron from ferritin to apotransferrin is first order with respect to ferritin, zero order with respect to transferrin, and has a complex dependence upon citrate concentration. Direct transfer of iron from native or reconstituted ferritin to apotransferrin in the absence of any identifiable mediating agent was observed to occur at about half the rate attained in the presence of 1 mM citrate. No transfer of iron between the two proteins occurs across a dialysis membrane in the absence of a mediating agent. No binding of transferrin and ferritin to each other was demonstrable. One possible explanation for these observations is that iron from the core of ferritin is in equilibrium with iron near the outer surface of the protein, where the metal would be available to transferrin.", "PMID": 698186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11430", "title": "Hemocyanin from the Australian freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor. Characterization of a dimeric subunit and its involvement in the formation of the 25S component.", "content": "The molecular weight of a dimeric subunit, M3', isolated from Cherax destructor hemocyanin has been measured by sedimentation equilibrium to be 144 000. Peptide mapping and end-group analysis together with gel electrophoresis show that the dimer consists of two very similar or identical monomers, cross-linked by disulfide bridges. Dissociation of the 25S component of the hemocyanin shows that it contains the dimer and two previously identified monomers, M1 and M2. Its molecular weight is 900 000 by sedimentation equilibrium, and reconstitution studies show that the dimer is essential for its formation. Analysis of the results of polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis experiments with the 25S component indicates that it consists of a population of 11 compositional isomers. These all contain one dimeric subunit and ten monomeric subunits, the latter being present in all the combinations of M1 and M2.", "contents": "Hemocyanin from the Australian freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor. Characterization of a dimeric subunit and its involvement in the formation of the 25S component. The molecular weight of a dimeric subunit, M3', isolated from Cherax destructor hemocyanin has been measured by sedimentation equilibrium to be 144 000. Peptide mapping and end-group analysis together with gel electrophoresis show that the dimer consists of two very similar or identical monomers, cross-linked by disulfide bridges. Dissociation of the 25S component of the hemocyanin shows that it contains the dimer and two previously identified monomers, M1 and M2. Its molecular weight is 900 000 by sedimentation equilibrium, and reconstitution studies show that the dimer is essential for its formation. Analysis of the results of polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis experiments with the 25S component indicates that it consists of a population of 11 compositional isomers. These all contain one dimeric subunit and ten monomeric subunits, the latter being present in all the combinations of M1 and M2.", "PMID": 698187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11431", "title": "Immunoglobulin genes in DNA restriction fragments.", "content": "We have investigated the organization of immunoglobulin genes in mice. High molecular weight DNA from myelomas and Krebs ascites cells was cleaved with EcoRI restriction endonuclease and fractionated using preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. Each fraction was then hybridized to an immunoglobulin mRNA or a cDNA transcribed from the mRNA. In two series of experiments, one with a kappa chain probe (MOPC 41 mRNA), the other with a lambda chain probe (SAPC 178 mRNA), we analyzed a variety of myeloma DNAs and Krebs DNA. In contrast to previously reported findings (Tonegawa, S., et al. (1976) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 41, 877), we did not observe any unique restriction map pattern in the DNA from cells which exress a given immunoglobulin gene. We also found that restriction fragments containing c region genes do not appear to transpose, while DNA sequences corresponding to other portions of the kappa and lambda mRNAs do in some cases.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin genes in DNA restriction fragments. We have investigated the organization of immunoglobulin genes in mice. High molecular weight DNA from myelomas and Krebs ascites cells was cleaved with EcoRI restriction endonuclease and fractionated using preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. Each fraction was then hybridized to an immunoglobulin mRNA or a cDNA transcribed from the mRNA. In two series of experiments, one with a kappa chain probe (MOPC 41 mRNA), the other with a lambda chain probe (SAPC 178 mRNA), we analyzed a variety of myeloma DNAs and Krebs DNA. In contrast to previously reported findings (Tonegawa, S., et al. (1976) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 41, 877), we did not observe any unique restriction map pattern in the DNA from cells which exress a given immunoglobulin gene. We also found that restriction fragments containing c region genes do not appear to transpose, while DNA sequences corresponding to other portions of the kappa and lambda mRNAs do in some cases.", "PMID": 698188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11432", "title": "Biochemistry of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase: mechanism of inhibition by adenosine 5'-triphosphate.", "content": "The polymerization of deoxyribunucleoside triphosphate catalyzed by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase (TdT, EC 2.7.7.31) is severely inhibited by the addition of ribonucleoside triphosphates, ATP being the most potent inhibitor. Examination of the inhibitory effect of ATP using oligo(dA)12-18 as well as activated DNA as primers revealed that (a) ATP inhibition is not due to its addition onto a 3'-OH primer terminus ad judged by the lack of incorporation of labeled ATP, although under similar conditions incorporation of GTP can be demonstrated, (b) a consistent degree of inhibition was noted independent of primer or enzyme concentration; (c) addition of ATP to an ongoing reaction promptly reduces the rate of polymerization; (d) kinetic studies indicate a competitive (with respect to substrate deoxy triphosphate) pattern of inhibition; (e) addition of excess deoxyribotriphosphate promptly relieves the inhibition. Unlike ATP, other ribotriphosphates yield a mixed pattern of inhibition partly mediated by competitive mechanisms. GTP and CTP and to a minor extent UTP are incorporated into DNA in the presence or absence of deoxy triphosphate. Furthermore, addition of ATP also inhibits incorporation of GTP and CTP.", "contents": "Biochemistry of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase: mechanism of inhibition by adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The polymerization of deoxyribunucleoside triphosphate catalyzed by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase (TdT, EC 2.7.7.31) is severely inhibited by the addition of ribonucleoside triphosphates, ATP being the most potent inhibitor. Examination of the inhibitory effect of ATP using oligo(dA)12-18 as well as activated DNA as primers revealed that (a) ATP inhibition is not due to its addition onto a 3'-OH primer terminus ad judged by the lack of incorporation of labeled ATP, although under similar conditions incorporation of GTP can be demonstrated, (b) a consistent degree of inhibition was noted independent of primer or enzyme concentration; (c) addition of ATP to an ongoing reaction promptly reduces the rate of polymerization; (d) kinetic studies indicate a competitive (with respect to substrate deoxy triphosphate) pattern of inhibition; (e) addition of excess deoxyribotriphosphate promptly relieves the inhibition. Unlike ATP, other ribotriphosphates yield a mixed pattern of inhibition partly mediated by competitive mechanisms. GTP and CTP and to a minor extent UTP are incorporated into DNA in the presence or absence of deoxy triphosphate. Furthermore, addition of ATP also inhibits incorporation of GTP and CTP.", "PMID": 698189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11433", "title": "Molecular basis of reduced albumin synthesis in Morris hepatoma 7777.", "content": "The level of albumin mRNA in the normal Buffalo rat liver and Morris hepatoma 7777 was compared by molecular hybridization with albumin complementary DNA (cDNA) and translational assays. Albumin mRNA was found to be 10% of the total rat liver poly(A)-containing RNA population but reduced approximately fourfold in the case of Morris hepatoma 7777. An equivalent decrease of albumin mRNA activity in the hepatoma was detected by translation in a mRNA-dependent cell-free protein-synthesizing system. A proportional increase in total hepatoma poly(A)-containing RNA was not observed, indicating that there was a true fourfold reduction of albumin synthesis in the hepatoma. DNA excess hybridization with albumin cDNA did not reveal any apparent change in albumin gene frequency in the hepatoma compared to normal liver. Complementary DNA copies of total liver and hepatoma poly(A)-containing RNA were synthesized and employed in homologous and heterologous hybridization reactions. Analyses of these reactions showed a high degree of homology between the poly(A)-containing RNA of the liver and hepatoma, with some difference in the relative sequence abundancy. However, qualitative differences were detected in hepatoma 7777 consistent with the concept of alterations in the control of gene expression upon neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "Molecular basis of reduced albumin synthesis in Morris hepatoma 7777. The level of albumin mRNA in the normal Buffalo rat liver and Morris hepatoma 7777 was compared by molecular hybridization with albumin complementary DNA (cDNA) and translational assays. Albumin mRNA was found to be 10% of the total rat liver poly(A)-containing RNA population but reduced approximately fourfold in the case of Morris hepatoma 7777. An equivalent decrease of albumin mRNA activity in the hepatoma was detected by translation in a mRNA-dependent cell-free protein-synthesizing system. A proportional increase in total hepatoma poly(A)-containing RNA was not observed, indicating that there was a true fourfold reduction of albumin synthesis in the hepatoma. DNA excess hybridization with albumin cDNA did not reveal any apparent change in albumin gene frequency in the hepatoma compared to normal liver. Complementary DNA copies of total liver and hepatoma poly(A)-containing RNA were synthesized and employed in homologous and heterologous hybridization reactions. Analyses of these reactions showed a high degree of homology between the poly(A)-containing RNA of the liver and hepatoma, with some difference in the relative sequence abundancy. However, qualitative differences were detected in hepatoma 7777 consistent with the concept of alterations in the control of gene expression upon neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 698190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11434", "title": "Light-induced free-radical reactions of nucleic acid constituents. Effect of sequence and base--base interactions on the reactivity of purines and pyrimidines in ribonucleotides.", "content": "The reaction with 2-propanol of purines and pyrimidines, induced photochemically with light of lambda greater than 300 nm and di-tert-butyl peroxide as an initiator, was applied to a variety of adenosine-, guanosine-, and uridine-containing ribonucleotides in order to determine the rules which govern the reactivity of the heterocyclic bases of nucleotides. The reactivity of the purine moieties was found to depend on the conformation of the appropriate nucleotide (anti or syn) and on the site of binding of the phosphate group to the ribose moiety. Adenosine moieties (assuming an anti conformation) blocked at their 3'-hydroxyl reacted faster than those blocked at their 5'-hydroxyl. The reactivity of the guanosine moieties (tending to assume a syn conformation) was independent of the site of binding of the phosphate. The uridine moieties of the various nucleotides exhibited a wide range of reactivity. A correlation between the reactivity of the uridines and their involvement in stacking interactions with next- and second-neighboring purines could be made. Thus, the uridine moieties of U-U-U, G-U, U-G, A-U-A, and A-U-G were reactive, while those of A-U and A-U-U were unreactive. The relative reactivity of uridine moieties of nucleotides can, therefore, be used as a measure of the extent of pyrimidine-purine stacking and vice versa.", "contents": "Light-induced free-radical reactions of nucleic acid constituents. Effect of sequence and base--base interactions on the reactivity of purines and pyrimidines in ribonucleotides. The reaction with 2-propanol of purines and pyrimidines, induced photochemically with light of lambda greater than 300 nm and di-tert-butyl peroxide as an initiator, was applied to a variety of adenosine-, guanosine-, and uridine-containing ribonucleotides in order to determine the rules which govern the reactivity of the heterocyclic bases of nucleotides. The reactivity of the purine moieties was found to depend on the conformation of the appropriate nucleotide (anti or syn) and on the site of binding of the phosphate group to the ribose moiety. Adenosine moieties (assuming an anti conformation) blocked at their 3'-hydroxyl reacted faster than those blocked at their 5'-hydroxyl. The reactivity of the guanosine moieties (tending to assume a syn conformation) was independent of the site of binding of the phosphate. The uridine moieties of the various nucleotides exhibited a wide range of reactivity. A correlation between the reactivity of the uridines and their involvement in stacking interactions with next- and second-neighboring purines could be made. Thus, the uridine moieties of U-U-U, G-U, U-G, A-U-A, and A-U-G were reactive, while those of A-U and A-U-U were unreactive. The relative reactivity of uridine moieties of nucleotides can, therefore, be used as a measure of the extent of pyrimidine-purine stacking and vice versa.", "PMID": 698191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11435", "title": "Measurement of repulsive forces between charged phospholipid bilayers.", "content": "By using an osmotic stress technique (LeNeveu, D. M., et al. (1977) Biophys. J. 18, 209), we have measured the net repulsive force between egg lecithin bilayers containing various amounts of the charged lipids phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. At bilayer separations greater than about 30 A, the repulsion is dominated by electrostatic forces; its variation with both bilayer separation and charge density is well described qualitatively by simple electrostatic double-layer theory. Quantitative agreement requires, however, that only about 50% of the phosphatidylglycerol polar groups be dissociated. At all charge densities, even for pure phosphatidylglycerol, and at bilayer separations less than about 30 A, the repulsion is dominated not by the electrostatic force but by a strong \"hydration force\" (LeNeveu, D. M., et al. (1977) Biophys. J. 18, 209). We conclude that the hydration force demands more attention than it has enjoyed hitherto in attempts to understand bilayer membrane interaction and fusion.", "contents": "Measurement of repulsive forces between charged phospholipid bilayers. By using an osmotic stress technique (LeNeveu, D. M., et al. (1977) Biophys. J. 18, 209), we have measured the net repulsive force between egg lecithin bilayers containing various amounts of the charged lipids phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. At bilayer separations greater than about 30 A, the repulsion is dominated by electrostatic forces; its variation with both bilayer separation and charge density is well described qualitatively by simple electrostatic double-layer theory. Quantitative agreement requires, however, that only about 50% of the phosphatidylglycerol polar groups be dissociated. At all charge densities, even for pure phosphatidylglycerol, and at bilayer separations less than about 30 A, the repulsion is dominated not by the electrostatic force but by a strong \"hydration force\" (LeNeveu, D. M., et al. (1977) Biophys. J. 18, 209). We conclude that the hydration force demands more attention than it has enjoyed hitherto in attempts to understand bilayer membrane interaction and fusion.", "PMID": 698192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11436", "title": "Complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae.", "content": "The complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin from the humpback whale, Megaptera  novaeangliae, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. Over 80% of the amino acid sequence was established from the three peptides resulting from the cleavage of the acetimidated apomyoglobin at the three arginine residues with trypsin. The further digestion of the central cyanogen bromide peptide with trypsin and S. aureus strain V8 protease enabled the determination of the remainder of the covalent structure. This myoglobin differs from that of sperm whale, Physeter catodon, at 12 positions, and dwarf sperm whale, Kogia simus, at 14 positions, finback whale Balaenoptera physalus at 3 positions, minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata at 2 positions, and California gray whal Eschrichtius gibbosus, at 1 position. All of the substitutions observed in this sequence fit readily into the three-dimensional structure of sperm whale myoglobin.", "contents": "Complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae. The complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin from the humpback whale, Megaptera  novaeangliae, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. Over 80% of the amino acid sequence was established from the three peptides resulting from the cleavage of the acetimidated apomyoglobin at the three arginine residues with trypsin. The further digestion of the central cyanogen bromide peptide with trypsin and S. aureus strain V8 protease enabled the determination of the remainder of the covalent structure. This myoglobin differs from that of sperm whale, Physeter catodon, at 12 positions, and dwarf sperm whale, Kogia simus, at 14 positions, finback whale Balaenoptera physalus at 3 positions, minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata at 2 positions, and California gray whal Eschrichtius gibbosus, at 1 position. All of the substitutions observed in this sequence fit readily into the three-dimensional structure of sperm whale myoglobin.", "PMID": 698193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11437", "title": "Energy utilization and RNA transport: their interdependence.", "content": "The interdependence of RNA transport and the metabolism of nucleotide additives was investigated. Rat-liver RNA was radioactively labeled in vivo for 45 min before isolation of liver nuclei, and the concentration dependence of RNA transport on nucleotide additives was determined. In a parrallel investigation, using nucleotide additives labeled in the base moiety, the distributions of label in the tri-, di-, and monophosphate forms were examined after various intervals of incubation. Analysis of results revealed that RNA transport was linearly related to the decline in energy charge of nucleotide additives, whith high statistical correlation. Kinetic analysis of labeled-nucleotide metabolism led to a simple schematic model for pathways for the utilization of high-energy phosphate bonds, and predictions of the scheme were confirmed by studies examining the effects of nucleotide analogues upon RNA transport. Data concerning inhibitors and chelators intimated that multiple avenues of inhibition and stimulation may potentially influence RNA transport. On the basis of previous data and the results presented in this communication, we conclude that nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport is dependent upon high-energy phosphate-bond hydrolysis and that nucleotides do not stimulate RNA transport via a simple chelation mechanism.", "contents": "Energy utilization and RNA transport: their interdependence. The interdependence of RNA transport and the metabolism of nucleotide additives was investigated. Rat-liver RNA was radioactively labeled in vivo for 45 min before isolation of liver nuclei, and the concentration dependence of RNA transport on nucleotide additives was determined. In a parrallel investigation, using nucleotide additives labeled in the base moiety, the distributions of label in the tri-, di-, and monophosphate forms were examined after various intervals of incubation. Analysis of results revealed that RNA transport was linearly related to the decline in energy charge of nucleotide additives, whith high statistical correlation. Kinetic analysis of labeled-nucleotide metabolism led to a simple schematic model for pathways for the utilization of high-energy phosphate bonds, and predictions of the scheme were confirmed by studies examining the effects of nucleotide analogues upon RNA transport. Data concerning inhibitors and chelators intimated that multiple avenues of inhibition and stimulation may potentially influence RNA transport. On the basis of previous data and the results presented in this communication, we conclude that nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport is dependent upon high-energy phosphate-bond hydrolysis and that nucleotides do not stimulate RNA transport via a simple chelation mechanism.", "PMID": 698194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11438", "title": "Detection and characterization of the intermediate on the folding pathway of human alpha-lactalbumin.", "content": "To discuss the relation between the folding mechanism and the chemical structure of proteins, the reversible unfolding reactions of human alpha-lactalbumin by acidification and by guanidine hydrochloride at 25 degrees C are studied by means of circular dichroism, difference spectra and pH-jump measurements and are compared with those for bovine alpha-lactalbumin. As shown previously for bovine alpha-lactalbumin, the folding process at neutral pH is not explained by a simple two-state mechanism but involves an intermediate form that has the same amount of helical structures as the native form. The transition between the intermediate and the fully denatured states is too rapid to be measured and corresponds to the helix-coil transition of the backbone. One of the differences of human alpha-lactalbumin from the bovine protein is the remarkable stability of the intermediate at neutral pH, which can be explained by differences in the primary chemical structure. Another difference is the existence at acid pH of an additional helical form, which is more helical than the native form. The transition from this to the intermediate or to the fully denatured one also is shown to resemble the helix-coil transition. The following folding scheme of human alpha-lactalbumin is proposed: formula: (see text). Here N is the native form, and the intermediate is a macroscopic state distributed around the state A3 at neutral pH, while the distribution in the acid and fully denautured states shifts toward Am and A-n, respectively.", "contents": "Detection and characterization of the intermediate on the folding pathway of human alpha-lactalbumin. To discuss the relation between the folding mechanism and the chemical structure of proteins, the reversible unfolding reactions of human alpha-lactalbumin by acidification and by guanidine hydrochloride at 25 degrees C are studied by means of circular dichroism, difference spectra and pH-jump measurements and are compared with those for bovine alpha-lactalbumin. As shown previously for bovine alpha-lactalbumin, the folding process at neutral pH is not explained by a simple two-state mechanism but involves an intermediate form that has the same amount of helical structures as the native form. The transition between the intermediate and the fully denatured states is too rapid to be measured and corresponds to the helix-coil transition of the backbone. One of the differences of human alpha-lactalbumin from the bovine protein is the remarkable stability of the intermediate at neutral pH, which can be explained by differences in the primary chemical structure. Another difference is the existence at acid pH of an additional helical form, which is more helical than the native form. The transition from this to the intermediate or to the fully denatured one also is shown to resemble the helix-coil transition. The following folding scheme of human alpha-lactalbumin is proposed: formula: (see text). Here N is the native form, and the intermediate is a macroscopic state distributed around the state A3 at neutral pH, while the distribution in the acid and fully denautured states shifts toward Am and A-n, respectively.", "PMID": 698195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11439", "title": "Liposomes from ionic, single-chain amphiphiles.", "content": "In studies of the minimum physiochemical requirements for lipid membrane formation, we have made liposomes from dilute, aqueous dispersions of C(8)-C(18) single-chain amphiphiles. In general, membrane formation from ionic soaps and detergents requires the presence of uncharged amphiphiles. Vesicles were characterized by phase-contrast microscopy, by trapping of ionic dyes, as well as by negativestain and freez-frature electron microscopy. They were typically heterogeneous in size, but the average diameter could be experimentally varied in some cases over the range of 1 to 100 micrometer. Uni-, oligo-, and multilamellar vesicles were observed. Membrane permeability to various solutes was determined in part by a new technique which utilized phase-contract microscopy; when impermeable vesciles exclude added solutes such as sucrose, refractive index differences are created between vesicle contents and surrounding medium, so that the vesicles appear bright in the phase microscope. Permeant solutes do not produce this effect. Spectrophotometric permeability determinations confirmed the results of this technique and provided quantitative measures of permeability. Monoalkyl liposomes have potential uses as models of biomembranes and in drug delivery. They are also relevant to the prebiotic origin of biomembranes.", "contents": "Liposomes from ionic, single-chain amphiphiles. In studies of the minimum physiochemical requirements for lipid membrane formation, we have made liposomes from dilute, aqueous dispersions of C(8)-C(18) single-chain amphiphiles. In general, membrane formation from ionic soaps and detergents requires the presence of uncharged amphiphiles. Vesicles were characterized by phase-contrast microscopy, by trapping of ionic dyes, as well as by negativestain and freez-frature electron microscopy. They were typically heterogeneous in size, but the average diameter could be experimentally varied in some cases over the range of 1 to 100 micrometer. Uni-, oligo-, and multilamellar vesicles were observed. Membrane permeability to various solutes was determined in part by a new technique which utilized phase-contract microscopy; when impermeable vesciles exclude added solutes such as sucrose, refractive index differences are created between vesicle contents and surrounding medium, so that the vesicles appear bright in the phase microscope. Permeant solutes do not produce this effect. Spectrophotometric permeability determinations confirmed the results of this technique and provided quantitative measures of permeability. Monoalkyl liposomes have potential uses as models of biomembranes and in drug delivery. They are also relevant to the prebiotic origin of biomembranes.", "PMID": 698196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11440", "title": "Conformation of the mushroom toxin beta-amanitin in the crystalline state.", "content": "A single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of beta-amanitin, a bicyclic octapeptide toxin isolated from the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides, shows that the molecule has distinct regions of hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues and two 18-membered rings. The study confirms the proposed chemical sequence and the configuration of the residues. All eight peptide groups are in the trans conformation. Four intramolecular hydrogen bonds, two strong and two weak, occur in the structure. The toxin cocrystallizes with seven water and three ethanol molecules and participates in an extensive hydrogen-bonding network. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods. The space group is P2(1)2(1)2(1), and unit cell dimensions are a = 14.004(3), b = 14.943(3), and c = 30.794(7) A.", "contents": "Conformation of the mushroom toxin beta-amanitin in the crystalline state. A single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of beta-amanitin, a bicyclic octapeptide toxin isolated from the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides, shows that the molecule has distinct regions of hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues and two 18-membered rings. The study confirms the proposed chemical sequence and the configuration of the residues. All eight peptide groups are in the trans conformation. Four intramolecular hydrogen bonds, two strong and two weak, occur in the structure. The toxin cocrystallizes with seven water and three ethanol molecules and participates in an extensive hydrogen-bonding network. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods. The space group is P2(1)2(1)2(1), and unit cell dimensions are a = 14.004(3), b = 14.943(3), and c = 30.794(7) A.", "PMID": 698197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11441", "title": "Coupling of a single adenylate cyclase to two receptors: adenosine and catecholamine.", "content": "A detailed kinetic analysis on the rate of activation of adenylate cyclase by 1-epinephrine and by adenosine, separately and combined, was performed. Both ligands were found to induce the activation of adenylate cyclase to its permanently active state in the presence of guanylyl imidodiphosphate (GppNHp). The activation followed strictly first-order kinetics. On the basis of these experiments, it was found that all of the enzyme pool can be activated by the beta-adrenergic receptor, but only 60 to 70% of the enzyme can also be activated by an adenosine receptor. The remaining 30 to 40% cannot be activated by adenosine. While previous experiments have led us to conclude that the epinephrine receptor is uncoupled from the adenylate cyclase, it seems that the adenosine receptor is either precoupled to the enzyme or forms a long-lived intermediate of adenosing-receptor-enzyme complex. From the pattern of enzyme activation by the two ligands and GppNHp, it may be concluded that the two ligands, adenosine and the beta-agonist, activate the adenylate cyclase through a common guanyl nucleotide regulatory site. This assertion is supported by the finding that both adenosine and 1-epinephrine, in the presence of GTP, induce the reversal of the permanently active state, irrespective by which pathway the enzyme was activated.", "contents": "Coupling of a single adenylate cyclase to two receptors: adenosine and catecholamine. A detailed kinetic analysis on the rate of activation of adenylate cyclase by 1-epinephrine and by adenosine, separately and combined, was performed. Both ligands were found to induce the activation of adenylate cyclase to its permanently active state in the presence of guanylyl imidodiphosphate (GppNHp). The activation followed strictly first-order kinetics. On the basis of these experiments, it was found that all of the enzyme pool can be activated by the beta-adrenergic receptor, but only 60 to 70% of the enzyme can also be activated by an adenosine receptor. The remaining 30 to 40% cannot be activated by adenosine. While previous experiments have led us to conclude that the epinephrine receptor is uncoupled from the adenylate cyclase, it seems that the adenosine receptor is either precoupled to the enzyme or forms a long-lived intermediate of adenosing-receptor-enzyme complex. From the pattern of enzyme activation by the two ligands and GppNHp, it may be concluded that the two ligands, adenosine and the beta-agonist, activate the adenylate cyclase through a common guanyl nucleotide regulatory site. This assertion is supported by the finding that both adenosine and 1-epinephrine, in the presence of GTP, induce the reversal of the permanently active state, irrespective by which pathway the enzyme was activated.", "PMID": 698198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11442", "title": "Nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance of reduced flavins. Comparative study with oxidized flavins.", "content": "Nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the fully reduced form of flavin were studied with riboflavin tetrabutyrate (RBUT), an organic solvent-soluble derivative of riboflavin. For the measurement of 15N resonances, 99% enriched [1,3-15N]RBUT and [1,3,5-15N]RBUT wwere synthesized. In order to assign the 13C resonances, 90% enriched [2-13C]RBUT, [4a-13C]RBUT, [4,10a-13C]RBUT, and [8-2H3]RBUT were employed. The upfield shift of N(5) resonance upon reduction was remarkable (286 ppm), while the N(1) signal moved only by 79 ppm. The one-bond 15N-H spin-spin coupling constant 1J[15N(5)-H] of the reduced RBUT was smaller than its 1J[15N(1)-H] and 1J[15N(3)-H]. These observations indicate that N(5) changed into sp3 hybridization upon reduction and lost the character of planar nitrogen. Most of the 13C nuclei of the reduced form resonated at higher field than did those of the oxidized form, which is well explained by the increase in pi-electron densities. Among the 13C resonances, the upfield shift of C(4a) was remarkable (32 ppm), which explains the reactivity of C(4a) in oxygen flavoprotein complexation. 13C--15N spin-spin coupling constants were obtained from the measurements of 13C magnetic resonance of 15N-enriched RBUT. The values of the one-bond 13C--15N coupling constants increased markedly with protonation at N(1) and N(5) upon reduction.", "contents": "Nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance of reduced flavins. Comparative study with oxidized flavins. Nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the fully reduced form of flavin were studied with riboflavin tetrabutyrate (RBUT), an organic solvent-soluble derivative of riboflavin. For the measurement of 15N resonances, 99% enriched [1,3-15N]RBUT and [1,3,5-15N]RBUT wwere synthesized. In order to assign the 13C resonances, 90% enriched [2-13C]RBUT, [4a-13C]RBUT, [4,10a-13C]RBUT, and [8-2H3]RBUT were employed. The upfield shift of N(5) resonance upon reduction was remarkable (286 ppm), while the N(1) signal moved only by 79 ppm. The one-bond 15N-H spin-spin coupling constant 1J[15N(5)-H] of the reduced RBUT was smaller than its 1J[15N(1)-H] and 1J[15N(3)-H]. These observations indicate that N(5) changed into sp3 hybridization upon reduction and lost the character of planar nitrogen. Most of the 13C nuclei of the reduced form resonated at higher field than did those of the oxidized form, which is well explained by the increase in pi-electron densities. Among the 13C resonances, the upfield shift of C(4a) was remarkable (32 ppm), which explains the reactivity of C(4a) in oxygen flavoprotein complexation. 13C--15N spin-spin coupling constants were obtained from the measurements of 13C magnetic resonance of 15N-enriched RBUT. The values of the one-bond 13C--15N coupling constants increased markedly with protonation at N(1) and N(5) upon reduction.", "PMID": 698202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11443", "title": "Fluorotyrosine M13 coat protein: fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the motional properties of an integral membrane protein in phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "We have prepared in vivo a fluorotyrosyl derivative of M13 coat protein and have incorporated it at high levels in small phospholipid vesicles, using a urea-cholate dialysis procedure. 19F nuclear magnetic resonance experiments at 254 MHz with this system indicate a T1 of 0.32 s and line width of 300 Hz. The observed line width increases dramatically below the gel to liquid-crystalline transition temperature for the lipid, indicating that the probe is sensitive to the phase state of the bilayer. Neclear Overhauser enhancement and field dependence of line width were used to establish the relative contributions of dipolar interactions and chemical-shift anisotropy to the observed T1 and line width. From this relaxation data, we have constructeda model for the motional properties of the protein in the lipid bilayer. This model is characterized by correlation times for rotation about the alphabeta and betagamma bonds of the two tyrosyl residues of 2 x 10(-8) and k x 10(-9) s, respectively. Rapid intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions are required to account for theestimated dipolar contribution to T1. A reasonable model for these interactions is that lipid methylene protons are involved in relaxation of the fluorine probes (which reside in the hydrophobic region of this integral membrane protein). We estimate a minimum translational diffusion coefficient for such lipids of D greater than 3 x 10(-9) cm2/s.", "contents": "Fluorotyrosine M13 coat protein: fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the motional properties of an integral membrane protein in phospholipid vesicles. We have prepared in vivo a fluorotyrosyl derivative of M13 coat protein and have incorporated it at high levels in small phospholipid vesicles, using a urea-cholate dialysis procedure. 19F nuclear magnetic resonance experiments at 254 MHz with this system indicate a T1 of 0.32 s and line width of 300 Hz. The observed line width increases dramatically below the gel to liquid-crystalline transition temperature for the lipid, indicating that the probe is sensitive to the phase state of the bilayer. Neclear Overhauser enhancement and field dependence of line width were used to establish the relative contributions of dipolar interactions and chemical-shift anisotropy to the observed T1 and line width. From this relaxation data, we have constructeda model for the motional properties of the protein in the lipid bilayer. This model is characterized by correlation times for rotation about the alphabeta and betagamma bonds of the two tyrosyl residues of 2 x 10(-8) and k x 10(-9) s, respectively. Rapid intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions are required to account for theestimated dipolar contribution to T1. A reasonable model for these interactions is that lipid methylene protons are involved in relaxation of the fluorine probes (which reside in the hydrophobic region of this integral membrane protein). We estimate a minimum translational diffusion coefficient for such lipids of D greater than 3 x 10(-9) cm2/s.", "PMID": 698203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11444", "title": "Relation between structure and specificity of antibodies: nuclear magnetic resonance study of binding fluorine-19 labeled nitrophenyl haptens to myeloma immunoglobulins M315, M460, and X25.", "content": "The relation between structure and specificity of antibodies has been explored by 19F NMR studies of the binding of trifluoromethyl analogues of nitrophenyl haptens to the three mouse myeloma immunoglobulins M315, M460, and X25. We have used haptens with trifluoromethyl groups located at the ortho or para positions of the phenyl ring or attached to the side chain, two atoms removed from the ring (i.e.,-NHCH2CF3). The changes in chemical shift between hapten free in solution and bound to antibody are sensitive to microenvironment and range from 1.7-ppm downfield to 1-ppm upfield. The shifts of p-trifluoromethylnitrophenyl haptens bound to M315 and M460 are both large downfield shifts, which are likely caused by van der Waals interaction and ring-current effects, particularly from tyrosine-34(L); these haptens do not show similar shifts when bound to X25 which has a deletion of tyrosine34(L). Other differences in the binding of the aromatic rings of haptens by M315, M460, and X25 are observed and their origins considered. The importance of hydrogen bonding in the thermodynamic affinity of antibody for hapten has been estimated by comparisons of binding affinities for haptens with trifluoromethyl groups in place of nitro groups.", "contents": "Relation between structure and specificity of antibodies: nuclear magnetic resonance study of binding fluorine-19 labeled nitrophenyl haptens to myeloma immunoglobulins M315, M460, and X25. The relation between structure and specificity of antibodies has been explored by 19F NMR studies of the binding of trifluoromethyl analogues of nitrophenyl haptens to the three mouse myeloma immunoglobulins M315, M460, and X25. We have used haptens with trifluoromethyl groups located at the ortho or para positions of the phenyl ring or attached to the side chain, two atoms removed from the ring (i.e.,-NHCH2CF3). The changes in chemical shift between hapten free in solution and bound to antibody are sensitive to microenvironment and range from 1.7-ppm downfield to 1-ppm upfield. The shifts of p-trifluoromethylnitrophenyl haptens bound to M315 and M460 are both large downfield shifts, which are likely caused by van der Waals interaction and ring-current effects, particularly from tyrosine-34(L); these haptens do not show similar shifts when bound to X25 which has a deletion of tyrosine34(L). Other differences in the binding of the aromatic rings of haptens by M315, M460, and X25 are observed and their origins considered. The importance of hydrogen bonding in the thermodynamic affinity of antibody for hapten has been estimated by comparisons of binding affinities for haptens with trifluoromethyl groups in place of nitro groups.", "PMID": 698204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11445", "title": "Further characterization of calcium-accumulating vesicles from human blood platelets.", "content": "Human blood platelets are capable of removing Ca2+ from the cytoplasm by means of an active, ATP-dependent and cyclic AMP-stimulated transport system. Calcium-accumulating vesicles are obtained by sonicating platelets. On density gradient centrifugation, this activity is found in the heavier of two membrane fractions. Concentrated in this fraction are also the Ca2+-stimulated Mg2+-ATPase and glucose-6-phosphatase, believed to be a marker for internal membrane systems. When the isolated vesicles are loaded with Ca2+, a third band separates from the two vesicular fractions in the density gradient. This band C contains virtually all the Ca2+-accumulating activity. Evidence that this activity is due to an active uptake and not to surface binding or adsorption is presented. Whereas electron microscopy does not reveal striking differences between active and inactive fractions, differences in protein composition are revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, this band contains an enzyme system which converts arachidonic acid to malondialdehyde and therefore this fraction must be the site of prostaglandin synthesis. Membranes prepared by loading platelets with glycerol, followed by osmotic lysis are unable to accumulate calcium. In sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis such membranes show significant differences in their protein pattern as compared to the actively Ca2+-accumulating vesicular membranes of band C. All preparations with Ca2+-accumulating activity also contain markers for plasma membranes and the question whether this activity is due exclusively to an intracellular structural element equivalent to the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle or whether an \"extrusion pump\" expelling Ca2+ to the outside of the cell is also involved, cannot yet be ;nswered.", "contents": "Further characterization of calcium-accumulating vesicles from human blood platelets. Human blood platelets are capable of removing Ca2+ from the cytoplasm by means of an active, ATP-dependent and cyclic AMP-stimulated transport system. Calcium-accumulating vesicles are obtained by sonicating platelets. On density gradient centrifugation, this activity is found in the heavier of two membrane fractions. Concentrated in this fraction are also the Ca2+-stimulated Mg2+-ATPase and glucose-6-phosphatase, believed to be a marker for internal membrane systems. When the isolated vesicles are loaded with Ca2+, a third band separates from the two vesicular fractions in the density gradient. This band C contains virtually all the Ca2+-accumulating activity. Evidence that this activity is due to an active uptake and not to surface binding or adsorption is presented. Whereas electron microscopy does not reveal striking differences between active and inactive fractions, differences in protein composition are revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, this band contains an enzyme system which converts arachidonic acid to malondialdehyde and therefore this fraction must be the site of prostaglandin synthesis. Membranes prepared by loading platelets with glycerol, followed by osmotic lysis are unable to accumulate calcium. In sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis such membranes show significant differences in their protein pattern as compared to the actively Ca2+-accumulating vesicular membranes of band C. All preparations with Ca2+-accumulating activity also contain markers for plasma membranes and the question whether this activity is due exclusively to an intracellular structural element equivalent to the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle or whether an \"extrusion pump\" expelling Ca2+ to the outside of the cell is also involved, cannot yet be ;nswered.", "PMID": 698205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11446", "title": "Binding of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to phospholipid liposomes.", "content": "The binding of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase prepared from rabbit muscle to phospholipid model membranes (liposomes) as a function of pH, ionic strength, and the influence of the binding on specific activity of the enzyme was studied. The binding decreases the specific activity of the enzyme. The binding was studied by the method of association of the enzyme with liposomes during centrifugation. The existence of a dominant interaction of electrostatic character was found.", "contents": "Binding of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to phospholipid liposomes. The binding of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase prepared from rabbit muscle to phospholipid model membranes (liposomes) as a function of pH, ionic strength, and the influence of the binding on specific activity of the enzyme was studied. The binding decreases the specific activity of the enzyme. The binding was studied by the method of association of the enzyme with liposomes during centrifugation. The existence of a dominant interaction of electrostatic character was found.", "PMID": 698206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11447", "title": "Incorporation of galactose from UDP-galactose into microsomal and Golgi membranes of rat liver.", "content": "Rough and smooth microsomes and Golgi membranes were incubated with UDP[14C]galactose and the incorporation of radioactivity into the lipid extract and into endogenous protein acceptors were measured. Antagonistic pyrophosphatases were inhibited with ATP and interference from beta-galactosidase activity was greatly decreased by carrying out the incubation at pH 7.8. After incubation the particles were centrifuged to remove free oligosaccharide residues. Radioactivity was found in the lipid extract from Golgi membranes but not from rough and smooth microsomes. This radioactivity, however, was not associated with dolichol or retinyl phosphates. The incorporation of radioactivity into proteins of the Golgi fraction was more than double than that of the microsomal fractions. In addition, the transferases in these two types of particles exhibited different properties. Trypsin treatment of intact rough microsomal vesicles, smooth vesicles and Golgi membranes removed about 5, 15 and 50%, respectively, of newly incorporated protein-bound galactose, indicating that the proportion of the newly galactosylated proteins, which are localized at the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane, is lowest in rough microsomes, intermediate in smooth, and highest in Golgi membranes.", "contents": "Incorporation of galactose from UDP-galactose into microsomal and Golgi membranes of rat liver. Rough and smooth microsomes and Golgi membranes were incubated with UDP[14C]galactose and the incorporation of radioactivity into the lipid extract and into endogenous protein acceptors were measured. Antagonistic pyrophosphatases were inhibited with ATP and interference from beta-galactosidase activity was greatly decreased by carrying out the incubation at pH 7.8. After incubation the particles were centrifuged to remove free oligosaccharide residues. Radioactivity was found in the lipid extract from Golgi membranes but not from rough and smooth microsomes. This radioactivity, however, was not associated with dolichol or retinyl phosphates. The incorporation of radioactivity into proteins of the Golgi fraction was more than double than that of the microsomal fractions. In addition, the transferases in these two types of particles exhibited different properties. Trypsin treatment of intact rough microsomal vesicles, smooth vesicles and Golgi membranes removed about 5, 15 and 50%, respectively, of newly incorporated protein-bound galactose, indicating that the proportion of the newly galactosylated proteins, which are localized at the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane, is lowest in rough microsomes, intermediate in smooth, and highest in Golgi membranes.", "PMID": 698207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11448", "title": "Incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into proteins and lipid intermediates in microsomal and Golgi membranes from rat liver.", "content": "Rough and smooth microsomes and Golgi membranes incorporate N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into endogenous protein acceptors. A lipid intermediate of the dolichol phosphate type participates in this transfer reaction in the case of both microsomal subfractions, but the nature of lipid glycosylation is different in these two fractions. Glucosamine transfer in Golgi membranes does not appear to involve a lipid intermediate. In contrast to the results obtained under in vivo conditions, no glucosamine label is recovered in nascent ribosomal proteins or on luminal secretory proteins after incubation in vitro. Proteolysis of intact vesicles of the subfractions removes glycosylated dolichol phosphate and protein acceptors to various extents and interferes with transferase activities. This finding suggests the possiblity that glycosylation at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum may involve a system separate from that acting at the luminal side of the same membrane.", "contents": "Incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into proteins and lipid intermediates in microsomal and Golgi membranes from rat liver. Rough and smooth microsomes and Golgi membranes incorporate N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into endogenous protein acceptors. A lipid intermediate of the dolichol phosphate type participates in this transfer reaction in the case of both microsomal subfractions, but the nature of lipid glycosylation is different in these two fractions. Glucosamine transfer in Golgi membranes does not appear to involve a lipid intermediate. In contrast to the results obtained under in vivo conditions, no glucosamine label is recovered in nascent ribosomal proteins or on luminal secretory proteins after incubation in vitro. Proteolysis of intact vesicles of the subfractions removes glycosylated dolichol phosphate and protein acceptors to various extents and interferes with transferase activities. This finding suggests the possiblity that glycosylation at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum may involve a system separate from that acting at the luminal side of the same membrane.", "PMID": 698208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11449", "title": "Fatty acid requirements and temperature dependence of monooxygenase activity in rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The effect of variation in the microsomal membrane fatty acid composition on Arrhenius plot phase transition temperatures for p-nitroanisole O-demethylation and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation has been investigated. In liver microsomes from normal-dieted rats, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activity has a break temperature at 24 degrees C, while that of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase occurs at 29 degrees C indicating that these two enzymes may exist in different patches of membrane. The microsomal membrane fatty acid composition was altered by starving rats for 48 h and then refeeding them a fat-free diet for 4 or 5 days. In microsomes having diet-altered fatty acid compositions, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase has a break temperature at 33 degrees C, a value higher than that observed in normal-dieted rats. This observation correlates with the increase in saturation observed in the diet-altered fatty acid composition and thus may correspond to a phase transition roughly dependent on the fatty acid melting point. Induced and basal levels of cytochrome P-450 and P-448 in animals having different microsomal fatty acid composition are reported. Phenobarbital-induced levels of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase in normal microsomes were six times higher than those in microsomes having diet-altered composition, whereas 3-methylcholanthrene-induced levels of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase were similar regardless of diet. The low level of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activity in membranes with altered fatty acid compositions suggests that a particular type(s) of fatty acid was not present in sufficient quantity to permit the induction of maximal enzyme activity. Since the induced benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity was the same regardless of diet, there was presumably sufficient quantities of the appropriate fatty acids present in the membrane for induction of this activity. Therefore, particular fatty acids may be necessary for the induction of maximal activity of particular enzymes in the mixed function monooxygenase system.", "contents": "Fatty acid requirements and temperature dependence of monooxygenase activity in rat liver microsomes. The effect of variation in the microsomal membrane fatty acid composition on Arrhenius plot phase transition temperatures for p-nitroanisole O-demethylation and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation has been investigated. In liver microsomes from normal-dieted rats, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activity has a break temperature at 24 degrees C, while that of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase occurs at 29 degrees C indicating that these two enzymes may exist in different patches of membrane. The microsomal membrane fatty acid composition was altered by starving rats for 48 h and then refeeding them a fat-free diet for 4 or 5 days. In microsomes having diet-altered fatty acid compositions, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase has a break temperature at 33 degrees C, a value higher than that observed in normal-dieted rats. This observation correlates with the increase in saturation observed in the diet-altered fatty acid composition and thus may correspond to a phase transition roughly dependent on the fatty acid melting point. Induced and basal levels of cytochrome P-450 and P-448 in animals having different microsomal fatty acid composition are reported. Phenobarbital-induced levels of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase in normal microsomes were six times higher than those in microsomes having diet-altered composition, whereas 3-methylcholanthrene-induced levels of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase were similar regardless of diet. The low level of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activity in membranes with altered fatty acid compositions suggests that a particular type(s) of fatty acid was not present in sufficient quantity to permit the induction of maximal enzyme activity. Since the induced benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity was the same regardless of diet, there was presumably sufficient quantities of the appropriate fatty acids present in the membrane for induction of this activity. Therefore, particular fatty acids may be necessary for the induction of maximal activity of particular enzymes in the mixed function monooxygenase system.", "PMID": 698209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11450", "title": "The preparation of large single bilayer liposomes by a fast and controlled dialysis.", "content": "A new method is described for the preparation of large, homogeneously sized, single bilayer phospholipid vesicles. This method, based on a fast and controlled dialysis of sodium cholate from phosphatidylcholine/cholate mixed micelles, has the advantage of high yield of homogeneous vesicles avoiding any dilution and mechanical stress during preparation. Physicochemical properties of these vesicles are examined by several techniques and compared with those prepared with other methods.", "contents": "The preparation of large single bilayer liposomes by a fast and controlled dialysis. A new method is described for the preparation of large, homogeneously sized, single bilayer phospholipid vesicles. This method, based on a fast and controlled dialysis of sodium cholate from phosphatidylcholine/cholate mixed micelles, has the advantage of high yield of homogeneous vesicles avoiding any dilution and mechanical stress during preparation. Physicochemical properties of these vesicles are examined by several techniques and compared with those prepared with other methods.", "PMID": 698210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11451", "title": "A cationic hydroxysuccinimide ester. A reagent for labeling exterior membrane proteins.", "content": "3/-labeled N,N,N,trimethylamino-beta-alanyl-N-hydroxysuccinimido ester ([3H]TMAS), a new cationic membrane reagent, was synthesized. TMAS was shown to be impermeant through human erythrocyte membranes. Under mild physiological conditions TMAS reacted primarily with amino groups of the membrane proteins and lipids. The pattern of erythrocyte proteins labeled with [3H]TMAS was examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. Externally oriented labeling of intact erythrocytes revealed a major radioactive protein with an apparent molecular weight of 90,000. By labeling ghost preparations with [3H]TMAS the radioactivity incorporated into all the major Coomassie Brilliant Blue bands resolved by gel electrophoresis. The agreement between the results obtained with anionic and cationic amino reactive probes indicates that the ionic character of the reagent has a minor effect on the pattern of labeled exterior polypeptides observed in erythrocytes.", "contents": "A cationic hydroxysuccinimide ester. A reagent for labeling exterior membrane proteins. 3/-labeled N,N,N,trimethylamino-beta-alanyl-N-hydroxysuccinimido ester ([3H]TMAS), a new cationic membrane reagent, was synthesized. TMAS was shown to be impermeant through human erythrocyte membranes. Under mild physiological conditions TMAS reacted primarily with amino groups of the membrane proteins and lipids. The pattern of erythrocyte proteins labeled with [3H]TMAS was examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. Externally oriented labeling of intact erythrocytes revealed a major radioactive protein with an apparent molecular weight of 90,000. By labeling ghost preparations with [3H]TMAS the radioactivity incorporated into all the major Coomassie Brilliant Blue bands resolved by gel electrophoresis. The agreement between the results obtained with anionic and cationic amino reactive probes indicates that the ionic character of the reagent has a minor effect on the pattern of labeled exterior polypeptides observed in erythrocytes.", "PMID": 698211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11452", "title": "The synergism of cardiotoxin and phospholipase A2 in hemolysis.", "content": "The synergistic effect of exogenous cobra phospholipase A2 on the hemolysis brate of guinea pig erythrocytes by highly purified snake venom cardiotoxins was investigated. In the presence of phospholipase A2 the reaction was not only faster and had a lower activation energy but followed a sigmoidal instead of a linear time course. Similar results were obtained using porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2. Significantly, addition of even a trace of cobra phospholipase A2 (approx. 0.1%, w/w) was sufficient to bring about the full synergistic effect, emphasizing the stringent purity requirements for any meaningful investigation of cardiotoxin's own action. The possibility that the action of cardiotoxin on its own may involve the stimulation of an endogenous phospholipase is discussed in the light of the results obtained with exogenous cobra enzyme.", "contents": "The synergism of cardiotoxin and phospholipase A2 in hemolysis. The synergistic effect of exogenous cobra phospholipase A2 on the hemolysis brate of guinea pig erythrocytes by highly purified snake venom cardiotoxins was investigated. In the presence of phospholipase A2 the reaction was not only faster and had a lower activation energy but followed a sigmoidal instead of a linear time course. Similar results were obtained using porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2. Significantly, addition of even a trace of cobra phospholipase A2 (approx. 0.1%, w/w) was sufficient to bring about the full synergistic effect, emphasizing the stringent purity requirements for any meaningful investigation of cardiotoxin's own action. The possibility that the action of cardiotoxin on its own may involve the stimulation of an endogenous phospholipase is discussed in the light of the results obtained with exogenous cobra enzyme.", "PMID": 698212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11453", "title": "Kinetics of the absorption of amino acids by the rat intestine in vivo.", "content": "The kinetics of L-phenylalanine and L-lysine absorption by the rat small intestine in vivo have been studied by perfusing intestinal segments and monitoring simultaneously the uptake of the substrate into the intestinal tissue and its disappearance from the perfusate. The rate of phenylalanine disappearance is a linear function of the substrate concentration. Its uptake into the tissue is rapid and obeys saturation kinetics, but is not concentrative. Both tissue uptake and disappearance rate can be inhibited by leucine or methionine, but are not influenced by hydrophilic neutral or dibasic amino acids. Lysine disappearance from the perfusate and its uptake into the tissue both display saturation kinetics. Lysine transport is quantitatively smaller than that of phenylalanine. Both uptake and disappearance are inhibited by arginine and leucine, but are unaffected by other neutral amino acids or sugars. To analyse the kinetic results, integrated equations were developed to express the final concentration in the perfusate in terms of the original concentration. The disappearance rate was considered as a mixed process (saturable and non-saturable in parallel) in a one-compartment system, and the uptake by the tissue was treated as a two-compartment system in which the amino acid entered the cells by a mixed process but left them by a pure non-saturable mechanism. The results concerning disappearance from the lumen are compatible with the one-compartment model. Phenylalanine absorption can be described by a major non-saturable component and a minor saturable one, while lysine absorption occurs almost entirely by a saturable process. The two-compartment model does not adequately describe the tissue uptake results.", "contents": "Kinetics of the absorption of amino acids by the rat intestine in vivo. The kinetics of L-phenylalanine and L-lysine absorption by the rat small intestine in vivo have been studied by perfusing intestinal segments and monitoring simultaneously the uptake of the substrate into the intestinal tissue and its disappearance from the perfusate. The rate of phenylalanine disappearance is a linear function of the substrate concentration. Its uptake into the tissue is rapid and obeys saturation kinetics, but is not concentrative. Both tissue uptake and disappearance rate can be inhibited by leucine or methionine, but are not influenced by hydrophilic neutral or dibasic amino acids. Lysine disappearance from the perfusate and its uptake into the tissue both display saturation kinetics. Lysine transport is quantitatively smaller than that of phenylalanine. Both uptake and disappearance are inhibited by arginine and leucine, but are unaffected by other neutral amino acids or sugars. To analyse the kinetic results, integrated equations were developed to express the final concentration in the perfusate in terms of the original concentration. The disappearance rate was considered as a mixed process (saturable and non-saturable in parallel) in a one-compartment system, and the uptake by the tissue was treated as a two-compartment system in which the amino acid entered the cells by a mixed process but left them by a pure non-saturable mechanism. The results concerning disappearance from the lumen are compatible with the one-compartment model. Phenylalanine absorption can be described by a major non-saturable component and a minor saturable one, while lysine absorption occurs almost entirely by a saturable process. The two-compartment model does not adequately describe the tissue uptake results.", "PMID": 698213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11454", "title": "The basic asymmetry of Na+-dependent glycine transport in Ehrlich cells.", "content": "Influx and efflux of glycine have been examined as a function of external and internal Na+ concentrations, respectively, when : formula: (see text) = O. With : formula: (see text) = O it was found that at comparable external and cellular Na+ levels, the Km for efflux was larger by an order of magnitude than the value for influx and the V for efflux was several times greater than the V for influx. For both fluxes the major effect of Na+ was to decrease the Km value. The observations are consistent with the conclusion that the Na+-dependent transport system is asymmetric per se. Influx and efflux of glycine were increased in a near linear manner by increasing the Na+ concentration from 13 to 100 mM, the half-time for glycine equilibration being a funcion of the Na+ concentration in absence of an electrochemical potential difference for Na+. In Na+-free media ([Na+] less than 5 mM) equilibration of glycine between cells and medium was not achieved after 60 min at 25 degrees C. With : formula: (see text) = O, efflux (or uptake) of glycine was not affected by internal (or external) K+ between 20 and 120 mM suggesting that K+ plays no direct role in Na+-dependent transport of glycine in Ehrlich cells.", "contents": "The basic asymmetry of Na+-dependent glycine transport in Ehrlich cells. Influx and efflux of glycine have been examined as a function of external and internal Na+ concentrations, respectively, when : formula: (see text) = O. With : formula: (see text) = O it was found that at comparable external and cellular Na+ levels, the Km for efflux was larger by an order of magnitude than the value for influx and the V for efflux was several times greater than the V for influx. For both fluxes the major effect of Na+ was to decrease the Km value. The observations are consistent with the conclusion that the Na+-dependent transport system is asymmetric per se. Influx and efflux of glycine were increased in a near linear manner by increasing the Na+ concentration from 13 to 100 mM, the half-time for glycine equilibration being a funcion of the Na+ concentration in absence of an electrochemical potential difference for Na+. In Na+-free media ([Na+] less than 5 mM) equilibration of glycine between cells and medium was not achieved after 60 min at 25 degrees C. With : formula: (see text) = O, efflux (or uptake) of glycine was not affected by internal (or external) K+ between 20 and 120 mM suggesting that K+ plays no direct role in Na+-dependent transport of glycine in Ehrlich cells.", "PMID": 698214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11455", "title": "Effects of insulin on the uptake of D-galactose by isolated rat epididymal fat cells.", "content": "In muscle, insulin stimulates uptake of D-galactose as well as D-glucose and certain other sugar isomers (Kono, T. and Colowick, S.P. (1961) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 93, 514--519). In fat cells, the hormone also stimulates uptake of D-glucose and certain other monosaccharides. Nonetheless, the hormone does not increase the uptake, as determined by the utilization, of D-galactose by fat cells (Ball, E.G. and Cooper, O. (1960) J. Biol. Chem. 235, 584--588; Kuo, J.F. and Dill, I.K. (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 177, 17--26). As pointed out by Ball and Cooper, this does not necessarily indicate that insulin has no effect on the membrane transport of D-galactose in fat cells. The possible effect of the hormone on transport may not be seen in the utilization data if the intracellular metabolism is considerably slower than the rate of transport and insensitive to insulin.", "contents": "Effects of insulin on the uptake of D-galactose by isolated rat epididymal fat cells. In muscle, insulin stimulates uptake of D-galactose as well as D-glucose and certain other sugar isomers (Kono, T. and Colowick, S.P. (1961) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 93, 514--519). In fat cells, the hormone also stimulates uptake of D-glucose and certain other monosaccharides. Nonetheless, the hormone does not increase the uptake, as determined by the utilization, of D-galactose by fat cells (Ball, E.G. and Cooper, O. (1960) J. Biol. Chem. 235, 584--588; Kuo, J.F. and Dill, I.K. (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 177, 17--26). As pointed out by Ball and Cooper, this does not necessarily indicate that insulin has no effect on the membrane transport of D-galactose in fat cells. The possible effect of the hormone on transport may not be seen in the utilization data if the intracellular metabolism is considerably slower than the rate of transport and insensitive to insulin.", "PMID": 698215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11456", "title": "The susceptibility of cholesterol-depleted erythrocytes to saponin and sapogenin hemolysis.", "content": "The assumption that complex formation between erythrocyte membrane cholesterol and saponins or sapogenins is the cause for their hemolytic activity, was tested by measuring the susceptibility of cholesterol-depleted erythrocytes towards these hemolysins. For some of the hemolysins cholesterol depletion caused inhibition of hemolysis, for others an augmentation. The results suggest that cholesterol does not serve as a specific binding site for these hemolysins.", "contents": "The susceptibility of cholesterol-depleted erythrocytes to saponin and sapogenin hemolysis. The assumption that complex formation between erythrocyte membrane cholesterol and saponins or sapogenins is the cause for their hemolytic activity, was tested by measuring the susceptibility of cholesterol-depleted erythrocytes towards these hemolysins. For some of the hemolysins cholesterol depletion caused inhibition of hemolysis, for others an augmentation. The results suggest that cholesterol does not serve as a specific binding site for these hemolysins.", "PMID": 698216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11457", "title": "Involvement of glycoconjugates in insulin-receptor interactions. Studies in liver plasma membranes of control and diabetic mice.", "content": "The involvement of glycoconjugates in the insulin-receptor interactions in mouse liver is tested by digestions of membranes with various enzymes. Trypsin decreased the binding of [125I]insulin to liver membranes. After digestion with beta-galactosidase no \"\"high affinity'' receptor sites could be detected. The effects observed with plant lectins confirm the involvement of galactoconjugates in the insulin binding process. Sophora japonica and Ricinus communis lectins (with galactose specificity) and concanavalin A largely inhibit the binding process of insulin and those effects concern the \"\"high affinity'' receptor sites. Other lectins (wheat germ agglutinin, Dolichos) and enzymes (alpha-L-fucosidase, beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase and neuraminidase) are without effect on insulin binding. Comparative studies performed on diabetic mouse liver membrane (KK mice), previously characterized by decreased number of insulin receptors, are in good agreement with qualitatively similar receptor sites in both non-diabetic (control) and diabetic mice. Effects of enzymes and lectins yielded same results as compared to control membranes. Plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins in both types of mouse are indistinguishable with respect to enzymic and chemical analysis. Sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide gel electrophoresis shows identical patterns. Moreover, the decrease in the number of insulin receptors is easily reversed with diet restriction. These data are consistent with the similarity of receptor sites in control and diabetic liver membrane.", "contents": "Involvement of glycoconjugates in insulin-receptor interactions. Studies in liver plasma membranes of control and diabetic mice. The involvement of glycoconjugates in the insulin-receptor interactions in mouse liver is tested by digestions of membranes with various enzymes. Trypsin decreased the binding of [125I]insulin to liver membranes. After digestion with beta-galactosidase no \"\"high affinity'' receptor sites could be detected. The effects observed with plant lectins confirm the involvement of galactoconjugates in the insulin binding process. Sophora japonica and Ricinus communis lectins (with galactose specificity) and concanavalin A largely inhibit the binding process of insulin and those effects concern the \"\"high affinity'' receptor sites. Other lectins (wheat germ agglutinin, Dolichos) and enzymes (alpha-L-fucosidase, beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase and neuraminidase) are without effect on insulin binding. Comparative studies performed on diabetic mouse liver membrane (KK mice), previously characterized by decreased number of insulin receptors, are in good agreement with qualitatively similar receptor sites in both non-diabetic (control) and diabetic mice. Effects of enzymes and lectins yielded same results as compared to control membranes. Plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins in both types of mouse are indistinguishable with respect to enzymic and chemical analysis. Sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide gel electrophoresis shows identical patterns. Moreover, the decrease in the number of insulin receptors is easily reversed with diet restriction. These data are consistent with the similarity of receptor sites in control and diabetic liver membrane.", "PMID": 698217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11458", "title": "Non-isothermal potential of phospholipid bilayer films. Influence of cholesterol and macrocyclic carrier effects.", "content": "The effect of cholesterol on the ion selective behavior of phoshpolipid (phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine) bilayer films is studied through the measurement of the membrane non-isothermal potential. It is shown how the mixed phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol membrane can be either cation of anion permselective according to the film composition (cationic behavior is met in the 0--10% cholesterol composition range while anionic selectivity appears in the 20--50% range). On the contrary, mixed phosphatidylethanolamine-cholesterol membranes show the absence of ionic selectivity already met with pure phosphatidylethanolamine films. The presence of a cationic carrier as Dibenzo-18-crown-6 in the film transforms all the studied films (cationic, anionic and no selective bilayers) into ideally cationic selective membranes. These results are discussed on the basis of the current ideas on the charge distribution through the bilayer membranes. Moreover, the role of the permeating ions as potential determining species is stressed.", "contents": "Non-isothermal potential of phospholipid bilayer films. Influence of cholesterol and macrocyclic carrier effects. The effect of cholesterol on the ion selective behavior of phoshpolipid (phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine) bilayer films is studied through the measurement of the membrane non-isothermal potential. It is shown how the mixed phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol membrane can be either cation of anion permselective according to the film composition (cationic behavior is met in the 0--10% cholesterol composition range while anionic selectivity appears in the 20--50% range). On the contrary, mixed phosphatidylethanolamine-cholesterol membranes show the absence of ionic selectivity already met with pure phosphatidylethanolamine films. The presence of a cationic carrier as Dibenzo-18-crown-6 in the film transforms all the studied films (cationic, anionic and no selective bilayers) into ideally cationic selective membranes. These results are discussed on the basis of the current ideas on the charge distribution through the bilayer membranes. Moreover, the role of the permeating ions as potential determining species is stressed.", "PMID": 698218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11459", "title": "Cholesterol-lipid interactions in membranes. The saturation concentration of cholesterol in bilayers of various lipids.", "content": "1. The integration of cholesterol in a lipid bilayer can be visualized by changes in the fluorescence properties of the probe N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN). An increasing cholesterol content in the lipid phase corresponds to decreasing fluorescence intensity of NPN and a short wave shift of the emission spectrum. 2. Equilibrium constants for the partition of NPN between water and the various lipid phases are reported. An increasing cholesterol content in a bilayer decreases the solubility of NPN in the bilayer. 3. The saturation concentration of cholesterol in bilayers of various lipids prepared by ultrasonication is determined using the flourescence probe NPN. The maximal molar ratio of cholesterol : lipid is 2 : 1 for sphingomyelin or egg phosphatidylcholine and 1 : 1 for cerebroside, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine. 4. The comparison of the maximal molar ratio of cholesterol : lipid with the number of proton donor and proton acceptor sites in the lipid moiety is used for a discussion of the polar interactions of cholesterol within a lipid bilayer.", "contents": "Cholesterol-lipid interactions in membranes. The saturation concentration of cholesterol in bilayers of various lipids. 1. The integration of cholesterol in a lipid bilayer can be visualized by changes in the fluorescence properties of the probe N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN). An increasing cholesterol content in the lipid phase corresponds to decreasing fluorescence intensity of NPN and a short wave shift of the emission spectrum. 2. Equilibrium constants for the partition of NPN between water and the various lipid phases are reported. An increasing cholesterol content in a bilayer decreases the solubility of NPN in the bilayer. 3. The saturation concentration of cholesterol in bilayers of various lipids prepared by ultrasonication is determined using the flourescence probe NPN. The maximal molar ratio of cholesterol : lipid is 2 : 1 for sphingomyelin or egg phosphatidylcholine and 1 : 1 for cerebroside, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine. 4. The comparison of the maximal molar ratio of cholesterol : lipid with the number of proton donor and proton acceptor sites in the lipid moiety is used for a discussion of the polar interactions of cholesterol within a lipid bilayer.", "PMID": 698219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11460", "title": "Turbidity changes of lipid vesicles near the phase transition temperature as an indication of fusion.", "content": "Sonicated liposomes of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine show sharp turbidity changes on heating at two distinct temperatures. A decrease in turbidity at the lower temperature (approx. 37degrees C) is thought to be associated with the phase transition of small vesicles and a decrease at about 44 degrees C with larger vesicles or multilayer. An increase of turbidity between 38 and 43 degrees C is attributed to the fusion of small vesicles. The turbidity changes were studied under various modes of vesicle preparation to confirm the interpretation of the turbidity data. Alternate interpretations are discussed.", "contents": "Turbidity changes of lipid vesicles near the phase transition temperature as an indication of fusion. Sonicated liposomes of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine show sharp turbidity changes on heating at two distinct temperatures. A decrease in turbidity at the lower temperature (approx. 37degrees C) is thought to be associated with the phase transition of small vesicles and a decrease at about 44 degrees C with larger vesicles or multilayer. An increase of turbidity between 38 and 43 degrees C is attributed to the fusion of small vesicles. The turbidity changes were studied under various modes of vesicle preparation to confirm the interpretation of the turbidity data. Alternate interpretations are discussed.", "PMID": 698220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11461", "title": "Local perturbation of the double helical DNA structure near single breaks.", "content": "The influences of DNA composition and solvent modification on the stability of the native DNA structure near a single break have been studied. The value of the magnification parameter h of the double helix breakdown probability in a haplotomic degradation process is used as an index of the perturbation range. Methodological and technical details are discussed and comments are made on previously reported data on the h value. From this study it may be concluded that the width of the perturbation zone next to a nick is influenced by solvent-induced changes in the general stability of the native DNA molecule, and by compositional-dependent local interactions. Our results point to entropic effects as the more important contributions to stability perturbation near a discontinuity in the native DNA molecule.", "contents": "Local perturbation of the double helical DNA structure near single breaks. The influences of DNA composition and solvent modification on the stability of the native DNA structure near a single break have been studied. The value of the magnification parameter h of the double helix breakdown probability in a haplotomic degradation process is used as an index of the perturbation range. Methodological and technical details are discussed and comments are made on previously reported data on the h value. From this study it may be concluded that the width of the perturbation zone next to a nick is influenced by solvent-induced changes in the general stability of the native DNA molecule, and by compositional-dependent local interactions. Our results point to entropic effects as the more important contributions to stability perturbation near a discontinuity in the native DNA molecule.", "PMID": 698221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11462", "title": "Analysis of plant genomes. III. Denaturation and reassociation properties of cryptic satellite DNAs in barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum).", "content": "A cryptic satellite fraction was isolated from barley and wheat by preparatory ultracentrifugation of total DNA in Ag+-Cs2SO4 density gradients and was characterized by studying its denaturation-reassociation properties. Wheat satellite DNA underwent thermal denaturation as a single component with a Tm of 81 degrees C while barley satellite DNA consisted of one major (Tm = 82.5 degrees C) and one minor (Tm = 91 degrees C) component. When the barley and wheat satellites were reassociated and then melted, the Tm values were found to be 6--7 degrees C lower than those of the corresponding native DNA preparations. Examination of the C0t curves of these two satellite DNAs revealed the presence of a major, fast reassociating and a minor, slow reassociating fraction. The fast reassociating DNA fraction of barley was found to have a complexity of 9.7 . 10(5) daltons while that of wheat satellite was 5.8 . 10(5) daltons. Since these satellites reassociated with about 4--5% base mismatching, as judged by their deltsTm (6--7 degrees C), they each appear to consist of rather similar base sequences.", "contents": "Analysis of plant genomes. III. Denaturation and reassociation properties of cryptic satellite DNAs in barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). A cryptic satellite fraction was isolated from barley and wheat by preparatory ultracentrifugation of total DNA in Ag+-Cs2SO4 density gradients and was characterized by studying its denaturation-reassociation properties. Wheat satellite DNA underwent thermal denaturation as a single component with a Tm of 81 degrees C while barley satellite DNA consisted of one major (Tm = 82.5 degrees C) and one minor (Tm = 91 degrees C) component. When the barley and wheat satellites were reassociated and then melted, the Tm values were found to be 6--7 degrees C lower than those of the corresponding native DNA preparations. Examination of the C0t curves of these two satellite DNAs revealed the presence of a major, fast reassociating and a minor, slow reassociating fraction. The fast reassociating DNA fraction of barley was found to have a complexity of 9.7 . 10(5) daltons while that of wheat satellite was 5.8 . 10(5) daltons. Since these satellites reassociated with about 4--5% base mismatching, as judged by their deltsTm (6--7 degrees C), they each appear to consist of rather similar base sequences.", "PMID": 698222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11463", "title": "Endonuclease activities from a permanently established mouse cell line that act upon DNA damaged by ultraviolet light, acid and osmium tetroxide.", "content": "The activity of damage-dependent endonuclease in mouse plasmacytoma cells (line MPC-11) has been studied using damaged phi X 174 RFI DNA as substrate. The DNA was treated with ultraviolet light, acid, or osmium tetroxide to introduce different types of lesions. Ultraviolet light-damaged DNA was cleaved at approx. 1.1 sites per 35 thymine-containing dimers by the extract, which indicates no specificity towards this type of lesion. The acid-treated DNA, which contains apurinic sites, was enzymatically broken in every alkalilabile site and this strongly suggests the presence of an apurinic-specific endonuclease activity in the nuclear extract. The activity which acts on ultraviolet-irradiated DNA and that which acts on acid-treated DNA have different specificities as shown by their salt requirements and the extent to which they are stimulated by magnesium. While the ultraviolet-endonuclease activity was very little affected by reducing the KCl concentration, the apurinic-specific activity was almost completely abolished. Osmium tetroxide renders the DNA an excellent substrate for endonucleolytic activity in the mouse cell extract. The response to KCl and MgCl2 of the osmium tetroxide-specific endonuclease activity is qualitatively similar to that of the endonuclease activity, which acts on ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. Treatment of DNA with osmium tetroxide is known to produce 5,6-dihydroxydihydrothymine which is a minor photoproduct in DNA after irradiation, suggesting that the ultraviolet-specific endonuclease activity acts upon this lesion.", "contents": "Endonuclease activities from a permanently established mouse cell line that act upon DNA damaged by ultraviolet light, acid and osmium tetroxide. The activity of damage-dependent endonuclease in mouse plasmacytoma cells (line MPC-11) has been studied using damaged phi X 174 RFI DNA as substrate. The DNA was treated with ultraviolet light, acid, or osmium tetroxide to introduce different types of lesions. Ultraviolet light-damaged DNA was cleaved at approx. 1.1 sites per 35 thymine-containing dimers by the extract, which indicates no specificity towards this type of lesion. The acid-treated DNA, which contains apurinic sites, was enzymatically broken in every alkalilabile site and this strongly suggests the presence of an apurinic-specific endonuclease activity in the nuclear extract. The activity which acts on ultraviolet-irradiated DNA and that which acts on acid-treated DNA have different specificities as shown by their salt requirements and the extent to which they are stimulated by magnesium. While the ultraviolet-endonuclease activity was very little affected by reducing the KCl concentration, the apurinic-specific activity was almost completely abolished. Osmium tetroxide renders the DNA an excellent substrate for endonucleolytic activity in the mouse cell extract. The response to KCl and MgCl2 of the osmium tetroxide-specific endonuclease activity is qualitatively similar to that of the endonuclease activity, which acts on ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. Treatment of DNA with osmium tetroxide is known to produce 5,6-dihydroxydihydrothymine which is a minor photoproduct in DNA after irradiation, suggesting that the ultraviolet-specific endonuclease activity acts upon this lesion.", "PMID": 698223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11464", "title": "An exonuclease activity associated with DNA polymerase I of Micrococcus radiodurans.", "content": "An exonuclease activity is associated with one of three DNA polymerase in Micrococcus radiodurans. The nuclease activity co-sedimented with its DNA polymerase I of this bacterium on glycerol gradient centrifugation. Both activities show the same optimum pH and heat-inactivation kinetics. This nuclease hydrolyzes preferentially double-stranded DNA in an exonucleolytic manner from both ends of the duplex DNA. The products of hydrolysis are mostly deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate and no nucleosides are released into the acid-soluble fraction. Di- or other oligonucleotides are also produced but their relative amounts are constant during the time of incubation. The exonuclease activity requires Mg2+ and is inhibited by high concentrations of KCl as is DNA polymerase I of M. radiodurans.", "contents": "An exonuclease activity associated with DNA polymerase I of Micrococcus radiodurans. An exonuclease activity is associated with one of three DNA polymerase in Micrococcus radiodurans. The nuclease activity co-sedimented with its DNA polymerase I of this bacterium on glycerol gradient centrifugation. Both activities show the same optimum pH and heat-inactivation kinetics. This nuclease hydrolyzes preferentially double-stranded DNA in an exonucleolytic manner from both ends of the duplex DNA. The products of hydrolysis are mostly deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate and no nucleosides are released into the acid-soluble fraction. Di- or other oligonucleotides are also produced but their relative amounts are constant during the time of incubation. The exonuclease activity requires Mg2+ and is inhibited by high concentrations of KCl as is DNA polymerase I of M. radiodurans.", "PMID": 698224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11465", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Acanthamoeba castellanii. Multiple forms of the class III enzyme and levels of activity of the polymerase classes during encystment.", "content": "Multiple forms of class III DNA-dependent RNA polymerase have been found in a number of higher eukaryotic cells types (Chambon, P. (1975) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44, 613--638). Similar multiple forms are reported here from a lower eukaryote, the soil amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. The levels of activity of all three RNA polymerase classes in whole cell extracts of Acanthamoeba during cellular differentiation were examined. In contrast to our previous observation (Detke, S. and Paule, M.R. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 383, 67--77) that the amount of the alpha-amanitin-sensitive polymerases (II + III) increase in the nucleus during encystment we find that the amount of polymerases II and III when solubilized from whole cells remains constant. The level of activity of polymerase I, however, remains constant both in nuclei and in whole cell extracts. Thus, the shutdown of ribosomal RNA synthesis occurring during encystment is not due to a decrease in the number of polymerase I molecules in the cell.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Acanthamoeba castellanii. Multiple forms of the class III enzyme and levels of activity of the polymerase classes during encystment. Multiple forms of class III DNA-dependent RNA polymerase have been found in a number of higher eukaryotic cells types (Chambon, P. (1975) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44, 613--638). Similar multiple forms are reported here from a lower eukaryote, the soil amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. The levels of activity of all three RNA polymerase classes in whole cell extracts of Acanthamoeba during cellular differentiation were examined. In contrast to our previous observation (Detke, S. and Paule, M.R. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 383, 67--77) that the amount of the alpha-amanitin-sensitive polymerases (II + III) increase in the nucleus during encystment we find that the amount of polymerases II and III when solubilized from whole cells remains constant. The level of activity of polymerase I, however, remains constant both in nuclei and in whole cell extracts. Thus, the shutdown of ribosomal RNA synthesis occurring during encystment is not due to a decrease in the number of polymerase I molecules in the cell.", "PMID": 698225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11466", "title": "Effect of L-ethionine on macromolecular synthesis in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "2--4 mM L-ethionine completely inhibits DNA synthesis in phytohaemagglutinin- or concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes even though it does not prevent the morphological changes characteristic of blast formation. Evidence is presented which indicates that complete commitment to DNA synthesis as well as a substantial increase in the rates of RNA and protein synthesis can occur in the presence of ethionine. Ethionine, however, does inhibit methylation of tRNA and prevents mitogen-induced increase in the activity of histone-modifying enzymes. All of these effects of exposure to ethionine are completely reversible. Removal of ethionine after 24 h or more of exposure results in a rapid, synchronous wave of DNA synthesis, an increase in the rate of methylation of RNA and an increase in activity of histone-modifying enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of L-ethionine on macromolecular synthesis in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. 2--4 mM L-ethionine completely inhibits DNA synthesis in phytohaemagglutinin- or concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes even though it does not prevent the morphological changes characteristic of blast formation. Evidence is presented which indicates that complete commitment to DNA synthesis as well as a substantial increase in the rates of RNA and protein synthesis can occur in the presence of ethionine. Ethionine, however, does inhibit methylation of tRNA and prevents mitogen-induced increase in the activity of histone-modifying enzymes. All of these effects of exposure to ethionine are completely reversible. Removal of ethionine after 24 h or more of exposure results in a rapid, synchronous wave of DNA synthesis, an increase in the rate of methylation of RNA and an increase in activity of histone-modifying enzymes.", "PMID": 698226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11467", "title": "S-adenosylhomocysteine analogues as inhibitors of specific tRNA methylation.", "content": "Of 17 base- or amino acid-modified analogues of S-adenosylhomocysteine, six were found to produce at least 50% inhibition of the activity of an unfractionated tRNA methyltransferase extract at concentrations of 200 micron. The inhibitory effects of these six analogues on five purified rat liver tRNA methyltransferases were examined. The purified enzymes differed greatly in their sensitivity to the analogues. Ki values for the inhibitory analogues were determined for the three most highly purified methyltransferases. The kinetic analyses indicated that inhibition is competitive for nearly all enzyme/inhibitor combinations. The Ki values for good enzyme/inhibitor pairs were in the range of 0.11--2 micron. Each analogue appears to inhibit one methylation more strongly than others; e.g. the Ki values obtained for N6-methyl-S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine are approx. 0.4 micron for guanine-1 tRNA methyltransferase, 6 micron for adenine-1 tRNA methyltransferase and 100 micron for N2-guanine tRNA methyltransferase I. Structural features which are important for inhibitory activity are presence of a terminal amino group on the amino acid and the presence of adenosine rather than any other base. Ring nitrogens, a terminal carboxyl group and conformation at the asymmetric carbon appear to be important for some but not all of the tRNA methyltransferases examined.", "contents": "S-adenosylhomocysteine analogues as inhibitors of specific tRNA methylation. Of 17 base- or amino acid-modified analogues of S-adenosylhomocysteine, six were found to produce at least 50% inhibition of the activity of an unfractionated tRNA methyltransferase extract at concentrations of 200 micron. The inhibitory effects of these six analogues on five purified rat liver tRNA methyltransferases were examined. The purified enzymes differed greatly in their sensitivity to the analogues. Ki values for the inhibitory analogues were determined for the three most highly purified methyltransferases. The kinetic analyses indicated that inhibition is competitive for nearly all enzyme/inhibitor combinations. The Ki values for good enzyme/inhibitor pairs were in the range of 0.11--2 micron. Each analogue appears to inhibit one methylation more strongly than others; e.g. the Ki values obtained for N6-methyl-S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine are approx. 0.4 micron for guanine-1 tRNA methyltransferase, 6 micron for adenine-1 tRNA methyltransferase and 100 micron for N2-guanine tRNA methyltransferase I. Structural features which are important for inhibitory activity are presence of a terminal amino group on the amino acid and the presence of adenosine rather than any other base. Ring nitrogens, a terminal carboxyl group and conformation at the asymmetric carbon appear to be important for some but not all of the tRNA methyltransferases examined.", "PMID": 698227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11468", "title": "Replication of the genes coding for 5 S RNA in synchronized HeLa cells.", "content": "The duplication of the genes coding for 5-S RNA has been followed during the S phase of HeLa cell cultures synchronized by mitotic detechment. Replication was analyzed by exposing the cultures to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for 3 h at successive intervals and analyzing the DNA product in CsCl density gradients. DNA containing the 5-S genes was detected in the gradients by molecular hybridization using purified 125I-labeled 5 S RNA. In addition, as an internal marker of S phase chronology, late DNA replication was followed by examining the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into repetitive DNA (C0t less than 0.01 fraction). The results indicated that greater than 85% of the cells in the culture were synchronously dividing and that greater than 80% of the 5-S genes replicate in the first half of S phase, whereas the rapidly reassociating fraction of the DNA replicates in the second half of S phase.", "contents": "Replication of the genes coding for 5 S RNA in synchronized HeLa cells. The duplication of the genes coding for 5-S RNA has been followed during the S phase of HeLa cell cultures synchronized by mitotic detechment. Replication was analyzed by exposing the cultures to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for 3 h at successive intervals and analyzing the DNA product in CsCl density gradients. DNA containing the 5-S genes was detected in the gradients by molecular hybridization using purified 125I-labeled 5 S RNA. In addition, as an internal marker of S phase chronology, late DNA replication was followed by examining the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into repetitive DNA (C0t less than 0.01 fraction). The results indicated that greater than 85% of the cells in the culture were synchronously dividing and that greater than 80% of the 5-S genes replicate in the first half of S phase, whereas the rapidly reassociating fraction of the DNA replicates in the second half of S phase.", "PMID": 698228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11469", "title": "Estrogen withdrawal in chick oviduct. Characterization of RNA synthesized in isolated nuclei using a mercurated precursor.", "content": "1. As a prerequisite for analyzing the effect of estrogen on transcription in chick oviduct, we describe suitable methods for the synthesis (under conditions restricting reinitiation), and isolation of RNA transcripts from oviduct nuclei in vitro, utilizing mercurated UTP (Hg-UTP) as an RNA precursor and chromatography on sulphydryl-Sepharose (SH-Sepharose) to recover mercurated RNA (Hg-RNA). The techniques described include treatment of Hg-RNA with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, to improve the efficiency of binding to SH-Sepharose, and elution of Hg-RNA from SH-Sepharose after treatment with 60% formamide at 90 degrees C, to eliminate contamination by aggregated nucleic acid. 2. RNA synthesized by endogenous form B RNA polymerase (using either UTP or Hg-UTP as precursor) was recovered in nuclear lysates in the form of 30--85-S heterogeneous RNA . protein complexes, and after removal of protein, was 10--12 S in size. 3. The nature of RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro was examined by hybridization. More than 90% of the RNA was complementary to \"unique\" DNA sequences, and 50--60% of the hybridized RNA could be competed with homologous, steady-state nuclear RNA, indicating a significant degree with homologous, steady-state nuclear RNA, indicating a significant degree of homology between in vitro transcripts and in vivo RNA. The level of homology was similar whether RNA synthesis was performed in low salt, or in high salt in the presence of heparin. Possible reasons for only partial competition in these experiments are discussed. 4. Withdrawal of estrogen from chicks leads to a 50% reduction in endogenous RNA polymerase activities in nuclei within 48 h. Similar levels of competition with Hg-RNA transcripts for \"unique\" DNA were obtained using oviduct nuclear RNAs isolated before or after estrogen withdrawal, and even with liver nuclear RNA. Thus, in oviduct, those sequences present in primary transcripts, and analyzed under our experimental conditions, are present in different hormonal states and also in other chick tissues.", "contents": "Estrogen withdrawal in chick oviduct. Characterization of RNA synthesized in isolated nuclei using a mercurated precursor. 1. As a prerequisite for analyzing the effect of estrogen on transcription in chick oviduct, we describe suitable methods for the synthesis (under conditions restricting reinitiation), and isolation of RNA transcripts from oviduct nuclei in vitro, utilizing mercurated UTP (Hg-UTP) as an RNA precursor and chromatography on sulphydryl-Sepharose (SH-Sepharose) to recover mercurated RNA (Hg-RNA). The techniques described include treatment of Hg-RNA with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, to improve the efficiency of binding to SH-Sepharose, and elution of Hg-RNA from SH-Sepharose after treatment with 60% formamide at 90 degrees C, to eliminate contamination by aggregated nucleic acid. 2. RNA synthesized by endogenous form B RNA polymerase (using either UTP or Hg-UTP as precursor) was recovered in nuclear lysates in the form of 30--85-S heterogeneous RNA . protein complexes, and after removal of protein, was 10--12 S in size. 3. The nature of RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro was examined by hybridization. More than 90% of the RNA was complementary to \"unique\" DNA sequences, and 50--60% of the hybridized RNA could be competed with homologous, steady-state nuclear RNA, indicating a significant degree with homologous, steady-state nuclear RNA, indicating a significant degree of homology between in vitro transcripts and in vivo RNA. The level of homology was similar whether RNA synthesis was performed in low salt, or in high salt in the presence of heparin. Possible reasons for only partial competition in these experiments are discussed. 4. Withdrawal of estrogen from chicks leads to a 50% reduction in endogenous RNA polymerase activities in nuclei within 48 h. Similar levels of competition with Hg-RNA transcripts for \"unique\" DNA were obtained using oviduct nuclear RNAs isolated before or after estrogen withdrawal, and even with liver nuclear RNA. Thus, in oviduct, those sequences present in primary transcripts, and analyzed under our experimental conditions, are present in different hormonal states and also in other chick tissues.", "PMID": 698229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11470", "title": "Conformation of pyridazine nucleosides: the molecular structure of 4-hydroxy-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyridazin-6-one (3-deaza-6-azauridine).", "content": "The glycosyl torsiona angle in 4-hydroxy-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-pyridazin-6-one (or 3-deaza-6-azauridine) is in the \"high-anti\" region. This is similar to the torsional angles observed for 6-azapyrimidine and 8-azapurine nucleosides, but in marked contrast to those found in uridine, 3-deazauridine and other pyrimidine nucleosides.", "contents": "Conformation of pyridazine nucleosides: the molecular structure of 4-hydroxy-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyridazin-6-one (3-deaza-6-azauridine). The glycosyl torsiona angle in 4-hydroxy-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-pyridazin-6-one (or 3-deaza-6-azauridine) is in the \"high-anti\" region. This is similar to the torsional angles observed for 6-azapyrimidine and 8-azapurine nucleosides, but in marked contrast to those found in uridine, 3-deazauridine and other pyrimidine nucleosides.", "PMID": 698230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11471", "title": "Influence of a few coat protein subunits on the base-paired structure of the RNA species of alfalfa mosaic virus.", "content": "Differentiated thermal melting profiles were made of all the three RNA species (RNAs 1, 2 and 3), constituting the genome of alfalfa mosaic virus and of the subgenomic coat protein messenger RNA (RNA 4) of this virus. Whereas all profiles showed multiphasicity the profile of RNA 4 was most clearly subdivided showing three clear transitions with tm values of 25.5, 35.5 and 53 degrees C. The first transition disappeared upon addition of 6 coat protein molecules per molecule of RNA 4. The effect of coat protein on the melting profiles of the genome RNAs was much less clear.", "contents": "Influence of a few coat protein subunits on the base-paired structure of the RNA species of alfalfa mosaic virus. Differentiated thermal melting profiles were made of all the three RNA species (RNAs 1, 2 and 3), constituting the genome of alfalfa mosaic virus and of the subgenomic coat protein messenger RNA (RNA 4) of this virus. Whereas all profiles showed multiphasicity the profile of RNA 4 was most clearly subdivided showing three clear transitions with tm values of 25.5, 35.5 and 53 degrees C. The first transition disappeared upon addition of 6 coat protein molecules per molecule of RNA 4. The effect of coat protein on the melting profiles of the genome RNAs was much less clear.", "PMID": 698231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11472", "title": "Studies on sheep kidney nuclease. II. Limited digestion of phiX174 single-strand DNA.", "content": "Single strand DNA of bacteriophage phiX174 was digested by sheep kidney nuclease (nuclease SK) at 37 degrees C for 2-6 h and the digests were examined by 2.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. On this electrophoresis five bands were detected corresponding to the DNA fragments by scanning the gel at 260 nm. After these DNA fragments from the gel with the electrode buffer used for the electrophoresis, the molecular weights of fragments I, II, III, IV and V were determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The molecular weights of these DNA fragments were 1.7 . 10(6), 1.2 . 10(6), 8.6 . 10(5), 4.5 . 10(5) and 2.8 . 10(5). From the melting curves and the base compositions of these fragments it was suggested that phiX174 single-strand DNA might have intramolecular double helical regions, which were hardly susceptible to attack by nuclease SK.", "contents": "Studies on sheep kidney nuclease. II. Limited digestion of phiX174 single-strand DNA. Single strand DNA of bacteriophage phiX174 was digested by sheep kidney nuclease (nuclease SK) at 37 degrees C for 2-6 h and the digests were examined by 2.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. On this electrophoresis five bands were detected corresponding to the DNA fragments by scanning the gel at 260 nm. After these DNA fragments from the gel with the electrode buffer used for the electrophoresis, the molecular weights of fragments I, II, III, IV and V were determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The molecular weights of these DNA fragments were 1.7 . 10(6), 1.2 . 10(6), 8.6 . 10(5), 4.5 . 10(5) and 2.8 . 10(5). From the melting curves and the base compositions of these fragments it was suggested that phiX174 single-strand DNA might have intramolecular double helical regions, which were hardly susceptible to attack by nuclease SK.", "PMID": 698232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11473", "title": "Age-dependent DNA labeling and deoxyribonucleotide synthesis in wheat seeds.", "content": "Utilisation of ribonucleosides as precursors of DNA biosynthesis was studied in germinating wheat embryos because the reductive pathway leading to deoxyribonucleotides is very difficult to demonstrate in extracts of higher plants in vitro. [5-3H]Cytidine and [6-3H]uridine are incorporated into wheat DNA (RNA-free) via ribonucleotide reduction without intermediate scission of the glycosidic bond. This reaction is observed at 20-30 h after the onset of germination only in aged (2-4-year-old) seeds while the embryos isolated from fresh grains show very little cytidine incorporation; in contrast, thymidine incorporation into DNA between 10 and 18 h of germination is not age dependent. Fresh wheat contains a soluble, heat-stable inhibitor fraction, most probably a modified oligonucleotide, which efficiently prevents cytidine incorporation when added to old embryos together with the labeled nucleoside. This material also inhibits purified Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase and is thought to be part of the control system for ribonucleotide reduction in wheat; it may gradually decay during storage of the seeds. Dry wheat embryos do not contain deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Pool sizes of dATP and dTTP in germinating embryos were found to reach 1 pmol/microgram DNA at 10-15 h of germination (i.e. before ribonucleotide reduction) and were independent of the age of seeds. These data suggest that wheat contains other preformed dexoyribonucleoside derivatives which are phosphorylated at an early time and can initially sustain DNA synthesis. Induction of measurable ribonucleotide reductase activity in fresh winter wheat was for the first time accomplished by 15 days of vernalization of the seeds at +2 degrees C.", "contents": "Age-dependent DNA labeling and deoxyribonucleotide synthesis in wheat seeds. Utilisation of ribonucleosides as precursors of DNA biosynthesis was studied in germinating wheat embryos because the reductive pathway leading to deoxyribonucleotides is very difficult to demonstrate in extracts of higher plants in vitro. [5-3H]Cytidine and [6-3H]uridine are incorporated into wheat DNA (RNA-free) via ribonucleotide reduction without intermediate scission of the glycosidic bond. This reaction is observed at 20-30 h after the onset of germination only in aged (2-4-year-old) seeds while the embryos isolated from fresh grains show very little cytidine incorporation; in contrast, thymidine incorporation into DNA between 10 and 18 h of germination is not age dependent. Fresh wheat contains a soluble, heat-stable inhibitor fraction, most probably a modified oligonucleotide, which efficiently prevents cytidine incorporation when added to old embryos together with the labeled nucleoside. This material also inhibits purified Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase and is thought to be part of the control system for ribonucleotide reduction in wheat; it may gradually decay during storage of the seeds. Dry wheat embryos do not contain deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Pool sizes of dATP and dTTP in germinating embryos were found to reach 1 pmol/microgram DNA at 10-15 h of germination (i.e. before ribonucleotide reduction) and were independent of the age of seeds. These data suggest that wheat contains other preformed dexoyribonucleoside derivatives which are phosphorylated at an early time and can initially sustain DNA synthesis. Induction of measurable ribonucleotide reductase activity in fresh winter wheat was for the first time accomplished by 15 days of vernalization of the seeds at +2 degrees C.", "PMID": 698233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11474", "title": "Characteristics of fatty acid oxidation in rat liver homogenates and the inhibitory effect of malonyl-CoA.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to study the control of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in rat liver homogenates. In contrast to findings with the perfused liver, rates of fatty acid oxidation were high and equal in liver homogenates from fed and fasted animals. No difference in apparent Km values for oleate, ATP, coenzyme A or carnitine could be detected in the two types of homogenate. Over the concentration range 20--40  micron, malonyl-CoA inhibited oleate oxidation by 50--75%. The fact that the inhibitory effect could be removed by pre-treatment with alkali or fatty acid synthetase indicated that the inhibitory molecule was malonyl-CoA rather than a contaminant. The effect was readily reversible and appeared to be competitive with oleyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA also inhibited oleate oxidation in homogenates of heart and kidney cortex but this is unlikely to have physiological relevance since, in contrast to liver, neither tissue contains an active cytosolic pathway for the generation of malonyl-CoA and the synthesis of fatty acids.", "contents": "Characteristics of fatty acid oxidation in rat liver homogenates and the inhibitory effect of malonyl-CoA. Experiments were carried out to study the control of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in rat liver homogenates. In contrast to findings with the perfused liver, rates of fatty acid oxidation were high and equal in liver homogenates from fed and fasted animals. No difference in apparent Km values for oleate, ATP, coenzyme A or carnitine could be detected in the two types of homogenate. Over the concentration range 20--40  micron, malonyl-CoA inhibited oleate oxidation by 50--75%. The fact that the inhibitory effect could be removed by pre-treatment with alkali or fatty acid synthetase indicated that the inhibitory molecule was malonyl-CoA rather than a contaminant. The effect was readily reversible and appeared to be competitive with oleyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA also inhibited oleate oxidation in homogenates of heart and kidney cortex but this is unlikely to have physiological relevance since, in contrast to liver, neither tissue contains an active cytosolic pathway for the generation of malonyl-CoA and the synthesis of fatty acids.", "PMID": 698234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11475", "title": "Glycolipids of a halotolerant, moderately halophilic bacterium.", "content": "A 247 000 x g particulate fraction from a moderately halophilic halotolerant bacterium incorporated [14C] glucose added as UDP[14C]glucose and 32P-labeled phosphatidylglycerol into glucosylphosphatidylglycerol. Exogenously added phosphatidylglycerol was available to the enzyme only when dispersed in a detergent, preferably Triton X-405, by sonication. The 14C- or 32P-labeled glucosylphosphatidylglycerol was degraded with phospholipase C. The water soluble product formed was isolated and identified by paper chromatography as glucosylglycerolphosphate. The system required Mg2+ or Ca2+ for activity. KCl and NaCl were inhibitory even when added at low concentrations.", "contents": "Glycolipids of a halotolerant, moderately halophilic bacterium. A 247 000 x g particulate fraction from a moderately halophilic halotolerant bacterium incorporated [14C] glucose added as UDP[14C]glucose and 32P-labeled phosphatidylglycerol into glucosylphosphatidylglycerol. Exogenously added phosphatidylglycerol was available to the enzyme only when dispersed in a detergent, preferably Triton X-405, by sonication. The 14C- or 32P-labeled glucosylphosphatidylglycerol was degraded with phospholipase C. The water soluble product formed was isolated and identified by paper chromatography as glucosylglycerolphosphate. The system required Mg2+ or Ca2+ for activity. KCl and NaCl were inhibitory even when added at low concentrations.", "PMID": 698236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11476", "title": "The lipid composition of isolated rat spermatids and spermatocytes.", "content": "The lipids composition of enriched fractions of spermatids and spermatocytes, isolated from rat testicular tissue, has been investigated. More than 20% of the total fatty acids of spermatids but only 10% of those of spermatocytes, isolated from testes of mature rats, was 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid. Spermatocyte-enriched fractions isolated from testes of immature rats had fatty acid compositions similar to those isolated from testes of mature rats. On the other hand, spermatids isolated from immature rats had a level of docosapentaenoic acid which was intermediate between the level found in spermatocytes and that of spermatids from mature rats. Major phospholipid classes and the triacylglycerols of spermatids contained much more of the docosapentaenoic acid than the corresponding lipid types from spermatocytes. Differences in content of total phospholipids, individual classes of phospholipids and triacylglycerols among spermatocytes, spermatids and late spermatids were also observed.", "contents": "The lipid composition of isolated rat spermatids and spermatocytes. The lipids composition of enriched fractions of spermatids and spermatocytes, isolated from rat testicular tissue, has been investigated. More than 20% of the total fatty acids of spermatids but only 10% of those of spermatocytes, isolated from testes of mature rats, was 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid. Spermatocyte-enriched fractions isolated from testes of immature rats had fatty acid compositions similar to those isolated from testes of mature rats. On the other hand, spermatids isolated from immature rats had a level of docosapentaenoic acid which was intermediate between the level found in spermatocytes and that of spermatids from mature rats. Major phospholipid classes and the triacylglycerols of spermatids contained much more of the docosapentaenoic acid than the corresponding lipid types from spermatocytes. Differences in content of total phospholipids, individual classes of phospholipids and triacylglycerols among spermatocytes, spermatids and late spermatids were also observed.", "PMID": 698237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11477", "title": "The effect of nutritional state on the lipoprotein lipase activity of isolated fat cells.", "content": "The lipoprotein lipase activity of rat epididymal adipose tissue falls on starvation and increases on refeeding. Studies with fat cells isolated from this tissue have shown that increases in the activity of the enzyme occur under appropriate incubation conditions in vitro. The present study compares the responses of cells isolated from the adipose tissue of fed and 48-h starved rats. Fat cells from rats starved for 48 h display a lower initial lipoprotein lipase activity than cells from fed rats. When cells from rats in both nutritional states are incubated in a suitable medium at 25 degrees C, there is a progressive increase in the medium lipoprotein lipase activity. The absolute increase in the total activity of the incubation system during incubations of cells from 48-h starved rats is significantly less than during incubations of cells from fed rats. However, when expressed as a percentage of the initial cell activity, the rises in total activity are similar in the two nutritional states. Cycloheximide has no significant effect on the increase in activity of lipoprotein lipase that occurs with cells from 48-h starved rats. However, it does partially block the increase in activity seen with cells from fed rats and in a manner similar to that previously reported for cells from 24-h starved rats. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to previous studies with both intact adipose tissue and isolated fat cells.", "contents": "The effect of nutritional state on the lipoprotein lipase activity of isolated fat cells. The lipoprotein lipase activity of rat epididymal adipose tissue falls on starvation and increases on refeeding. Studies with fat cells isolated from this tissue have shown that increases in the activity of the enzyme occur under appropriate incubation conditions in vitro. The present study compares the responses of cells isolated from the adipose tissue of fed and 48-h starved rats. Fat cells from rats starved for 48 h display a lower initial lipoprotein lipase activity than cells from fed rats. When cells from rats in both nutritional states are incubated in a suitable medium at 25 degrees C, there is a progressive increase in the medium lipoprotein lipase activity. The absolute increase in the total activity of the incubation system during incubations of cells from 48-h starved rats is significantly less than during incubations of cells from fed rats. However, when expressed as a percentage of the initial cell activity, the rises in total activity are similar in the two nutritional states. Cycloheximide has no significant effect on the increase in activity of lipoprotein lipase that occurs with cells from 48-h starved rats. However, it does partially block the increase in activity seen with cells from fed rats and in a manner similar to that previously reported for cells from 24-h starved rats. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to previous studies with both intact adipose tissue and isolated fat cells.", "PMID": 698238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11478", "title": "Structures and fatty acid compositions of neutral glycosphingolipids of human plasma.", "content": "Major neutral glycosphingolipids were isolated from human plasma and their structures and fatty acid compositions studied. The four neutral glycosphingolipids of plasma were characterized as Glc beta(1 leads to 1)ceramide, Gal beta(1 leads to 1)- ceramide, Gal beta(1 leads to 4) Glc beta (1 leads to 1)ceramide, Gal alpha(1 leads to 4) Gal beta(1 leads to 4) Glc beta(1 leads to 1)ceramide and GalNAc beta(1 leads to 3) Gal (1 leads to 4) Gal (1 leads to 4) Glc beta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide. The glycosphingolipids contained mostly short chain fatty acids of which most prominent was C16. Erythrocyte glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide exhibited similar fatty acid compositions as their plasma counterparts. Triglycosylceramide and globoside of erythrocytes contained almost exclusively long-chain fatty acids. In lactosylceramide obtained from \"p\" erythrocytes, an accumulation of long-chain fatty acids was found; this accumulation was not observed, however, in lactosylceramide isolated from \"p\" plasma. It was concluded that plasma and erythrocyte glycosphingolipids are synthesized at separate sites where short- and long-chain fatty acids, respectively, are available. Plasma and erythrocyte glucosylceramide, and probably a fraction of lactosylceramide, exchange between plasma and erythrocyte pools. The latter conclusion is discussed in the light of the relative roles of carbohydrate and lipid moieties of the glycosphingolipids in maintaining their association with erythrocyte membranes.", "contents": "Structures and fatty acid compositions of neutral glycosphingolipids of human plasma. Major neutral glycosphingolipids were isolated from human plasma and their structures and fatty acid compositions studied. The four neutral glycosphingolipids of plasma were characterized as Glc beta(1 leads to 1)ceramide, Gal beta(1 leads to 1)- ceramide, Gal beta(1 leads to 4) Glc beta (1 leads to 1)ceramide, Gal alpha(1 leads to 4) Gal beta(1 leads to 4) Glc beta(1 leads to 1)ceramide and GalNAc beta(1 leads to 3) Gal (1 leads to 4) Gal (1 leads to 4) Glc beta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide. The glycosphingolipids contained mostly short chain fatty acids of which most prominent was C16. Erythrocyte glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide exhibited similar fatty acid compositions as their plasma counterparts. Triglycosylceramide and globoside of erythrocytes contained almost exclusively long-chain fatty acids. In lactosylceramide obtained from \"p\" erythrocytes, an accumulation of long-chain fatty acids was found; this accumulation was not observed, however, in lactosylceramide isolated from \"p\" plasma. It was concluded that plasma and erythrocyte glycosphingolipids are synthesized at separate sites where short- and long-chain fatty acids, respectively, are available. Plasma and erythrocyte glucosylceramide, and probably a fraction of lactosylceramide, exchange between plasma and erythrocyte pools. The latter conclusion is discussed in the light of the relative roles of carbohydrate and lipid moieties of the glycosphingolipids in maintaining their association with erythrocyte membranes.", "PMID": 698239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11479", "title": "Animal carotenoids 15. Carotenoid distribution and carotenoprotein of Asterias rubens.", "content": "A clear differentiation in localization according to functional groups in the carotenoids of the starfish, Asterias rubens, is reported. Only the free alpha-ketols, 7,8,7',8'-tetradehydroastaxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin and astaxanthin, are present in the purified carotenoprotein. A post mortem liberated slime contained beta,beta-carotene, free and esterified alloxanthin and esterified alpha-ketols. Evidence suggesting the existence of an alloxanthin protein complex was obtained. The carotenoprotein, asteriarubin, accounts for approx. 10% of the protein extracted by low salt dialysis from the purple-blue part of the top skin of A. rubens and exhibits an absorbance maximum at 554 nm in buffer solution. Asteriarubin is a glycoprotein with an equivalent Stoke's radius corresponding to that of globular proteins of molecular weight 8--10 10(4) and contains 20 microgram carotenoid per mg asteriarubin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified asteriarubin disclosed two major components, one of which is a glycopeptide.", "contents": "Animal carotenoids 15. Carotenoid distribution and carotenoprotein of Asterias rubens. A clear differentiation in localization according to functional groups in the carotenoids of the starfish, Asterias rubens, is reported. Only the free alpha-ketols, 7,8,7',8'-tetradehydroastaxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin and astaxanthin, are present in the purified carotenoprotein. A post mortem liberated slime contained beta,beta-carotene, free and esterified alloxanthin and esterified alpha-ketols. Evidence suggesting the existence of an alloxanthin protein complex was obtained. The carotenoprotein, asteriarubin, accounts for approx. 10% of the protein extracted by low salt dialysis from the purple-blue part of the top skin of A. rubens and exhibits an absorbance maximum at 554 nm in buffer solution. Asteriarubin is a glycoprotein with an equivalent Stoke's radius corresponding to that of globular proteins of molecular weight 8--10 10(4) and contains 20 microgram carotenoid per mg asteriarubin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified asteriarubin disclosed two major components, one of which is a glycopeptide.", "PMID": 698240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11480", "title": "The metabolism of 4-androstene-3,17-dione by isolated rat hepatocytes. Maintenance of the sex differences in culture.", "content": "Hepatocytes from adult rats were isolated and cultivated as primary monolayers for 3 days in a medium containing only 1% homologous serum. The metabolism of 4-androstene-3,17-dione was followed in hepatocytes from male, female and hypophysectomized animals. It was found that immediately after preparation, 5alpha-reductase and 16alpha-hydroxylase activities were present in the cells in amounts comparable to those found in microsomal preparations from liver homogenates. After 3 days in culture, these enzyme activities had decreased to about half the values measured on day 0. During this time the sexual differences in steroid metabolism in the cells were stable, i.e. there was no detectable induction of 16alpha-hydroxylase in cells from female animals, and the relative sex difference in 5alpha-reductase activity persisted.", "contents": "The metabolism of 4-androstene-3,17-dione by isolated rat hepatocytes. Maintenance of the sex differences in culture. Hepatocytes from adult rats were isolated and cultivated as primary monolayers for 3 days in a medium containing only 1% homologous serum. The metabolism of 4-androstene-3,17-dione was followed in hepatocytes from male, female and hypophysectomized animals. It was found that immediately after preparation, 5alpha-reductase and 16alpha-hydroxylase activities were present in the cells in amounts comparable to those found in microsomal preparations from liver homogenates. After 3 days in culture, these enzyme activities had decreased to about half the values measured on day 0. During this time the sexual differences in steroid metabolism in the cells were stable, i.e. there was no detectable induction of 16alpha-hydroxylase in cells from female animals, and the relative sex difference in 5alpha-reductase activity persisted.", "PMID": 698241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11481", "title": "Intralysosomal hydrolysis of cholesterol esters of varying fatty acid composition in cultured human skin fibroblasts.", "content": "Intralysosomal accumulation of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol ester was achieved during incubation of cultured human skin fibroblasts in the presence of chloroquine and the subsequent hydrolysis of the cholesterol ester was studied after removal of chloroquine. The fall in the ratio of cholesterol linoleate to cholesterol oleate during recovery from chloroquine inhibition suggested preferential hydrolysis of cholesterol linoleate. To verify this assumption, low density lipoprotein (labeled with [3H] cholesterol linoleate, oleate, palmitate or stearate) was sequestered in the lysosomes as described above. The rate of hydrolysis of the different cholesterol esters was determined 24 and 48 h after removal of chloroquine from the medium and was found to be similar for the four cholesterol esters studied. These findings indicate that enrichment in cholesterol oleate in atheromatous lesions does not result from preferential hydrolysis of intralysosomal cholesterol linoleate, but rather could be due to preferential utilization of oleic acid for the esterification in the cytoplasm of free cholesterol released from the lysosomal compartment.", "contents": "Intralysosomal hydrolysis of cholesterol esters of varying fatty acid composition in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Intralysosomal accumulation of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol ester was achieved during incubation of cultured human skin fibroblasts in the presence of chloroquine and the subsequent hydrolysis of the cholesterol ester was studied after removal of chloroquine. The fall in the ratio of cholesterol linoleate to cholesterol oleate during recovery from chloroquine inhibition suggested preferential hydrolysis of cholesterol linoleate. To verify this assumption, low density lipoprotein (labeled with [3H] cholesterol linoleate, oleate, palmitate or stearate) was sequestered in the lysosomes as described above. The rate of hydrolysis of the different cholesterol esters was determined 24 and 48 h after removal of chloroquine from the medium and was found to be similar for the four cholesterol esters studied. These findings indicate that enrichment in cholesterol oleate in atheromatous lesions does not result from preferential hydrolysis of intralysosomal cholesterol linoleate, but rather could be due to preferential utilization of oleic acid for the esterification in the cytoplasm of free cholesterol released from the lysosomal compartment.", "PMID": 698242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11482", "title": "Enzymatic sulphation of bile salts in human liver.", "content": "An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of the sulphate group from 3' -phosphoadenosine-5' -phosphosulphate to lithocholate and glycolithocholate is identified in the cytosol of human liver. The rate of sulphation was greatest with unconjugates lithocolate. Km values for lithocholate and glycolithocholate were 2 . 10(-6) and 3.3 . 10(-6) M, respectively. No enzyme activity was found in human kidney cytosol. A simple method for quantitative assay of the enzyme in percutaneous liver biopsy specimens is described.", "contents": "Enzymatic sulphation of bile salts in human liver. An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of the sulphate group from 3' -phosphoadenosine-5' -phosphosulphate to lithocholate and glycolithocholate is identified in the cytosol of human liver. The rate of sulphation was greatest with unconjugates lithocolate. Km values for lithocholate and glycolithocholate were 2 . 10(-6) and 3.3 . 10(-6) M, respectively. No enzyme activity was found in human kidney cytosol. A simple method for quantitative assay of the enzyme in percutaneous liver biopsy specimens is described.", "PMID": 698243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11483", "title": "Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase and \"outer\" carnitine long-chain acyltransferase activities of intact brown adipose tissue mitochondria.", "content": "1. The activities of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (acid: CoA ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.2.1.3) and the \"outer\" carnitine long-chain acyltransferase (palmitoyl-CoA: L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.21) have been estimated in intact brown adipose tissue mitochondria. The assay of both enzymes is based on a coupled reaction in which the intramitochondrial (matrix) CoASH is the final acyl acceptor and the oxidation-reduction state of the flavoproteins in the acyl-CoA dehydrogens pathway is used to determine the intramitochondrial level of acyl-CoA. 2. Using endogenous fatty acids as the substrate, the progress curve of acyl-CoA synthetase activity was in most mitochondrial preparations linear within the first 30 s. When initial rates were measured, the Km value for CoASH (2.4 micron) was lower than previously determined for the acyl-CoA synthetase in brown adipose tissue mitochondria as well as in mitochondria of other tissues. The pH activity curve indicates that the unprotonated form of the fatty acids represents the substrate of acyl-CoA synthetase, i.e. similar to the effect of pH on the binding of fatty acids to bovine serum albumin. 3. Experimental evidence is presented that at temperatures higher than the transition temperature of the acyl-CoA synthetase (i.e. Tt = 19 degrees C), this enzymic reaction is rate-limiting in the sequence of coupled reactions leading to beta-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. 4. The initial rate of the long-chain acyl-COA synthetase reaction was estimated to v = 119 +/- 16 nmol . min-1 . mg-1 protein (mean +/- S.D., n = 5) at an optimal concentration of palmitate which exceeds that of rat heart mitochondria by a factor of 10.", "contents": "Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase and \"outer\" carnitine long-chain acyltransferase activities of intact brown adipose tissue mitochondria. 1. The activities of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (acid: CoA ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.2.1.3) and the \"outer\" carnitine long-chain acyltransferase (palmitoyl-CoA: L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.21) have been estimated in intact brown adipose tissue mitochondria. The assay of both enzymes is based on a coupled reaction in which the intramitochondrial (matrix) CoASH is the final acyl acceptor and the oxidation-reduction state of the flavoproteins in the acyl-CoA dehydrogens pathway is used to determine the intramitochondrial level of acyl-CoA. 2. Using endogenous fatty acids as the substrate, the progress curve of acyl-CoA synthetase activity was in most mitochondrial preparations linear within the first 30 s. When initial rates were measured, the Km value for CoASH (2.4 micron) was lower than previously determined for the acyl-CoA synthetase in brown adipose tissue mitochondria as well as in mitochondria of other tissues. The pH activity curve indicates that the unprotonated form of the fatty acids represents the substrate of acyl-CoA synthetase, i.e. similar to the effect of pH on the binding of fatty acids to bovine serum albumin. 3. Experimental evidence is presented that at temperatures higher than the transition temperature of the acyl-CoA synthetase (i.e. Tt = 19 degrees C), this enzymic reaction is rate-limiting in the sequence of coupled reactions leading to beta-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. 4. The initial rate of the long-chain acyl-COA synthetase reaction was estimated to v = 119 +/- 16 nmol . min-1 . mg-1 protein (mean +/- S.D., n = 5) at an optimal concentration of palmitate which exceeds that of rat heart mitochondria by a factor of 10.", "PMID": 698244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11484", "title": "Enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of long-chain monoacyglycerols in rat adipose tissue.", "content": "Acetone-ether preparations of epididymal fat pads from fasted or fed rats contained two enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of long-chain monoacylglycerols. The enzymes were identified as monoacylglycerol lipase (Tornqvist, H. and Belfrage, P., (1976) J. Biol Chem. 251, 813--819) and lipoprotein lipase by their apparent pI values after electrofocusing in non-ionic detergent, selective inhibition properties, substrate specificity and positional specificity. It was estimated that monoacylglycerol lipase accounted for about 90% of the total monoacylglycerol-hydrolyzing activity in acetone-ether preparations from fasted and 70% from fed rats. Its enzyme activity did not change with the nutritional state in contrast to that of lipoprotein lipase. The latter enzyme hydrolyzed 2-monoacylglycerols at a much lower rate than the 1(3)-isomers. Monoacylglycerol lipase was located almost entirely in the adipocytes, thus most of the enzyme activity towards monoacylglycerols in the adipose tissue was found in this site. Fractionated sucrose homogenates of rat epididymal fat pads also contained a third enzyme with monoacylglycerol-hydrolyzing activity, identified as hormone-sensitive lipase by its pI, selective inhibition properties and substrate specificity. It was estimated that hormone-sensitive lipase accounted for less than 20% of the total activity against monoacylglycerols in these tissue preparations from fasted rats. Over-all quantitative estimations emphasized the dominant role of monoacylglycerol lipase over the other two enzymes in the hydrolysis of monoacylglycerols.", "contents": "Enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of long-chain monoacyglycerols in rat adipose tissue. Acetone-ether preparations of epididymal fat pads from fasted or fed rats contained two enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of long-chain monoacylglycerols. The enzymes were identified as monoacylglycerol lipase (Tornqvist, H. and Belfrage, P., (1976) J. Biol Chem. 251, 813--819) and lipoprotein lipase by their apparent pI values after electrofocusing in non-ionic detergent, selective inhibition properties, substrate specificity and positional specificity. It was estimated that monoacylglycerol lipase accounted for about 90% of the total monoacylglycerol-hydrolyzing activity in acetone-ether preparations from fasted and 70% from fed rats. Its enzyme activity did not change with the nutritional state in contrast to that of lipoprotein lipase. The latter enzyme hydrolyzed 2-monoacylglycerols at a much lower rate than the 1(3)-isomers. Monoacylglycerol lipase was located almost entirely in the adipocytes, thus most of the enzyme activity towards monoacylglycerols in the adipose tissue was found in this site. Fractionated sucrose homogenates of rat epididymal fat pads also contained a third enzyme with monoacylglycerol-hydrolyzing activity, identified as hormone-sensitive lipase by its pI, selective inhibition properties and substrate specificity. It was estimated that hormone-sensitive lipase accounted for less than 20% of the total activity against monoacylglycerols in these tissue preparations from fasted rats. Over-all quantitative estimations emphasized the dominant role of monoacylglycerol lipase over the other two enzymes in the hydrolysis of monoacylglycerols.", "PMID": 698245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11485", "title": "[Effect of molecular structures on the probabilities of radiating and non-radiating transitions in molecules derived from chlorophyll].", "content": "The values of luminescence quantum yield and duration have been measured for rhodoporphyrin XV, deoxophyllerythrin, phyllerythrin, etiochlorin, chlorin e6 and their zinc complexes as well as for bacteriochlorin and isobacteriochlorin. The effect of the structural elements, which are characteristic of the chlorophyll molecule, on the probabilities (rate constants) of primary photophysical processes has been traced. It has been shwon, in particular, that all these elements enhance the radiationless de-excitation of the lowest triplet state.", "contents": "[Effect of molecular structures on the probabilities of radiating and non-radiating transitions in molecules derived from chlorophyll]. The values of luminescence quantum yield and duration have been measured for rhodoporphyrin XV, deoxophyllerythrin, phyllerythrin, etiochlorin, chlorin e6 and their zinc complexes as well as for bacteriochlorin and isobacteriochlorin. The effect of the structural elements, which are characteristic of the chlorophyll molecule, on the probabilities (rate constants) of primary photophysical processes has been traced. It has been shwon, in particular, that all these elements enhance the radiationless de-excitation of the lowest triplet state.", "PMID": 698246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11486", "title": "[Molecular oxygen quenching of the singlet and triplet states of poryphyrins].", "content": "Rate constants of molecular oxygen quenching in solutions of singlet and triplet states of chlorophyll porphyrines molecules and their complexes with metals were measured with the help of the methods of laser photolysis, impulse fluorometry and luminescence. It has been shown that the quenching of fluorescence results from the intensification of intercombinational transition into the triplet state. The mechanism of quenching of the triplet state is discussed.", "contents": "[Molecular oxygen quenching of the singlet and triplet states of poryphyrins]. Rate constants of molecular oxygen quenching in solutions of singlet and triplet states of chlorophyll porphyrines molecules and their complexes with metals were measured with the help of the methods of laser photolysis, impulse fluorometry and luminescence. It has been shown that the quenching of fluorescence results from the intensification of intercombinational transition into the triplet state. The mechanism of quenching of the triplet state is discussed.", "PMID": 698247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11487", "title": "[Quaternary structure of histidine decarboxylase according to small-angle x-ray diffraction and electron microscopic findings].", "content": "The data on small angle X-ray scattering with histidine decarboxilase (HDC) from Micrococcus sp. n. were analysed and a line of succesively improving approximations of the molecule shape was found: by oblate ellipsoid a:b:c = 1:10.63, by continuous cylinder and hollow cylinder with H = 50 A, 2R = 76 A, 2r = 8A. Biochemical data and electron micrographs of HDC obtained made possible to distinguish subunits and thus to increase resolution of the model. The model of the enzyme molecule consisting of three subunits is suggested, whose X-ray small angle scattering curve well agrees with the experimental one up to value S = 0.21 A-1.", "contents": "[Quaternary structure of histidine decarboxylase according to small-angle x-ray diffraction and electron microscopic findings]. The data on small angle X-ray scattering with histidine decarboxilase (HDC) from Micrococcus sp. n. were analysed and a line of succesively improving approximations of the molecule shape was found: by oblate ellipsoid a:b:c = 1:10.63, by continuous cylinder and hollow cylinder with H = 50 A, 2R = 76 A, 2r = 8A. Biochemical data and electron micrographs of HDC obtained made possible to distinguish subunits and thus to increase resolution of the model. The model of the enzyme molecule consisting of three subunits is suggested, whose X-ray small angle scattering curve well agrees with the experimental one up to value S = 0.21 A-1.", "PMID": 698248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11488", "title": "[Effect of physiologic concentrations of local anesthetics of the procaine series on the structural and functional state of cerebral synaptosome membranes].", "content": "Studies are presented of the effect of procaine group anesthetics on rat brain synaptosome stability to dodecyl sulfate and on catalytic properties of the membrane bound alkaline phosphatase. The dose curves of detergent stability are characterized by two maxima, one at 3.10(-4) M for tetracaine, 2.10(-6) M for lidocaine and 5.10(-5) M for procaine; the other being at 10(-3) M for all anesthetics. The curves of Vmax and KM versus procaine concentration to exhibit the minimum at 5.10(-7) M and maximum at 3,2.10(-6) M. Procaine at 5.10(-7) M increases enthalpy and enthropy of membraneous alkaline phosphatase. It is suggested that interactions between anesthetics and centers of high affinity lead to synaptosome structural rearrangements, which affect the properties of membraneous enzymes.", "contents": "[Effect of physiologic concentrations of local anesthetics of the procaine series on the structural and functional state of cerebral synaptosome membranes]. Studies are presented of the effect of procaine group anesthetics on rat brain synaptosome stability to dodecyl sulfate and on catalytic properties of the membrane bound alkaline phosphatase. The dose curves of detergent stability are characterized by two maxima, one at 3.10(-4) M for tetracaine, 2.10(-6) M for lidocaine and 5.10(-5) M for procaine; the other being at 10(-3) M for all anesthetics. The curves of Vmax and KM versus procaine concentration to exhibit the minimum at 5.10(-7) M and maximum at 3,2.10(-6) M. Procaine at 5.10(-7) M increases enthalpy and enthropy of membraneous alkaline phosphatase. It is suggested that interactions between anesthetics and centers of high affinity lead to synaptosome structural rearrangements, which affect the properties of membraneous enzymes.", "PMID": 698253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11489", "title": "[2 types of soluble complexes of bovine serum albumin with polyelectrolytes].", "content": "It has been shown by high-velocity sedimentation that BSA forms soluble complexes with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSSNa) with neutral water solutions. Factors responsible for polyanion binding of similarly charged BSA molecules are analysed. It has been found that occupation of PAA and PSSNa chains with BSA globules proceeds steadily. BSA-PAA and BSA-PSSNa complexes are compared with the earlier described products of BSA sorption on poly-4-vinyl-N-ethylpyridine bromide, where the occupation of polycations with protein globules proceeds unevenly. Reasons for the existence of two types of soluble BSA-polyelectrolyte complexes are described; probable structural model of BSA complex with polyacids and polyanions is suggested.", "contents": "[2 types of soluble complexes of bovine serum albumin with polyelectrolytes]. It has been shown by high-velocity sedimentation that BSA forms soluble complexes with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSSNa) with neutral water solutions. Factors responsible for polyanion binding of similarly charged BSA molecules are analysed. It has been found that occupation of PAA and PSSNa chains with BSA globules proceeds steadily. BSA-PAA and BSA-PSSNa complexes are compared with the earlier described products of BSA sorption on poly-4-vinyl-N-ethylpyridine bromide, where the occupation of polycations with protein globules proceeds unevenly. Reasons for the existence of two types of soluble BSA-polyelectrolyte complexes are described; probable structural model of BSA complex with polyacids and polyanions is suggested.", "PMID": 698249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11490", "title": "[Use of statistical analysis in studying the conformational oscillations of chloroplasts].", "content": "Conformational oscillations of chloroplasts have been studied by the statistic analysis technique. Statistic characteristics of the parameters describing the process of chloroplast cross-section oscillations in time are given. According to the statistic analysis results it can be suggested that conformational oscillations of chloroplasts have the multilevel structure. The suggestions concerning causative factors of that multilevel organization of oscillating process are also advanced.", "contents": "[Use of statistical analysis in studying the conformational oscillations of chloroplasts]. Conformational oscillations of chloroplasts have been studied by the statistic analysis technique. Statistic characteristics of the parameters describing the process of chloroplast cross-section oscillations in time are given. According to the statistic analysis results it can be suggested that conformational oscillations of chloroplasts have the multilevel structure. The suggestions concerning causative factors of that multilevel organization of oscillating process are also advanced.", "PMID": 698254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11491", "title": "[Effect of exposure to \"stress\" on the electrical properties of BLM].", "content": "The influence of high potential and hydrostatic pressure gradients on BLM has been studied. It has been found that short exposures of BLM to the above factors, which are nearly as strong as those rupturing BLM, often induce in the membrane unusual states characterized by drastic increase in the current fluctuations with simultaneous increase of its average value. The level of fluctuations and the average current on individual membranes subjected to intermittent exposures vary appreciably. Of greatest interest are the membranes for which the average current value is not much higher than the background level. Such membranes can fluctuate steadily for several hours without any appreciable change in their behavior. In these cases the minimum current value during fluctuations often corresponds to the background current. Usually the current fluctuations on membranes excited by potential or hydrostatic pressure gradients cease abruptly. The electrical properties of such membranes are virtually the same as those of the unstressed membranes. The qualitative studies of the influence of the solution composition and temperature showed that in the range 25--40 degrees C in different solutions the excitation effects of BLM from general lipids of brain and a lecithin-cholesterol mixture are qualitatively similar and resemble those due to some biologically active substances diminishing the mechanical stability of BLM. Some possible mechanisms of excitation of BLM exposed to stress factors are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of exposure to \"stress\" on the electrical properties of BLM]. The influence of high potential and hydrostatic pressure gradients on BLM has been studied. It has been found that short exposures of BLM to the above factors, which are nearly as strong as those rupturing BLM, often induce in the membrane unusual states characterized by drastic increase in the current fluctuations with simultaneous increase of its average value. The level of fluctuations and the average current on individual membranes subjected to intermittent exposures vary appreciably. Of greatest interest are the membranes for which the average current value is not much higher than the background level. Such membranes can fluctuate steadily for several hours without any appreciable change in their behavior. In these cases the minimum current value during fluctuations often corresponds to the background current. Usually the current fluctuations on membranes excited by potential or hydrostatic pressure gradients cease abruptly. The electrical properties of such membranes are virtually the same as those of the unstressed membranes. The qualitative studies of the influence of the solution composition and temperature showed that in the range 25--40 degrees C in different solutions the excitation effects of BLM from general lipids of brain and a lecithin-cholesterol mixture are qualitatively similar and resemble those due to some biologically active substances diminishing the mechanical stability of BLM. Some possible mechanisms of excitation of BLM exposed to stress factors are discussed.", "PMID": 698251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11492", "title": "[Nonlinear resistance in a diffuse trigger system. Biological barrier].", "content": "Mathematical model of antagonistic interrelations of biological species in which the migration is taken into account is considered. The ecological nish, occupied by one of the antagonistic species cannot be populated by the other if the initial quantity of the new species does not exceed the particular value. This is considered as the demonstration of the ecological barrier. The approach to the investigation of the nonlinear stability for spatially distributed systems can be applied to other biophysical problems.", "contents": "[Nonlinear resistance in a diffuse trigger system. Biological barrier]. Mathematical model of antagonistic interrelations of biological species in which the migration is taken into account is considered. The ecological nish, occupied by one of the antagonistic species cannot be populated by the other if the initial quantity of the new species does not exceed the particular value. This is considered as the demonstration of the ecological barrier. The approach to the investigation of the nonlinear stability for spatially distributed systems can be applied to other biophysical problems.", "PMID": 698257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11493", "title": "[Role of electrical interference between adjacent portions of the myocardium in the origin of arrhythmias].", "content": "Excitation propagation was studied in the papillary muscle of cat's heart and on a mathematical model of homogenous fibre, considerable inhomogeneity being created in the duration of the action potential (DAP) in the left and right part of the object studied. Gradual changes in DAP were observed during excitation propagation period, therefore rough differences in DAP of neighbouring myocardial areas may be excluded. No arrhythmia was observed. It is shwon that the arrhythmia which occurred previously [7] with an increase of DAP in one part of the preparation after EDTA addition was not connected with DAP differences in the neighbouring myocardial areas.", "contents": "[Role of electrical interference between adjacent portions of the myocardium in the origin of arrhythmias]. Excitation propagation was studied in the papillary muscle of cat's heart and on a mathematical model of homogenous fibre, considerable inhomogeneity being created in the duration of the action potential (DAP) in the left and right part of the object studied. Gradual changes in DAP were observed during excitation propagation period, therefore rough differences in DAP of neighbouring myocardial areas may be excluded. No arrhythmia was observed. It is shwon that the arrhythmia which occurred previously [7] with an increase of DAP in one part of the preparation after EDTA addition was not connected with DAP differences in the neighbouring myocardial areas.", "PMID": 698260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11494", "title": "[Impulse circulation in an excitable medium. Critical size of the closed circuit].", "content": "Periodical regimes of impulse circulation are studied for the system of two differential equations Exixi-vE-F(E)-g=0, vg=epsilon(phi(E)-g),(epsilon less than 1), which describes stationary propagation of the impulse with the velocity upsilon. Analytical expressions are obtained for the minimal size of the closed circuit (lambdamin) and minimal circulation velocity (upsilonmin). It has been found that when the circuit size was close to lambdamin, the impulse became relaxed; it means that the plateau lenght was close to the front length. It was shown that lambdamin was practically independent of the small parameter epsilon. In case of the approximation of f(E) by the piecewise N-shaped function with an incident region --Kf(E--alpha), and phi(E) by the linear function KgE, the increase of lambdamin takes place with an increase of alpha and Kg parameters, and a decrease of Kf (fig. 4). Such a change in the parameters brings about a decrease (instead of an intuitively expected increase!) of the stationary velocity of normal impulse propagation.", "contents": "[Impulse circulation in an excitable medium. Critical size of the closed circuit]. Periodical regimes of impulse circulation are studied for the system of two differential equations Exixi-vE-F(E)-g=0, vg=epsilon(phi(E)-g),(epsilon less than 1), which describes stationary propagation of the impulse with the velocity upsilon. Analytical expressions are obtained for the minimal size of the closed circuit (lambdamin) and minimal circulation velocity (upsilonmin). It has been found that when the circuit size was close to lambdamin, the impulse became relaxed; it means that the plateau lenght was close to the front length. It was shown that lambdamin was practically independent of the small parameter epsilon. In case of the approximation of f(E) by the piecewise N-shaped function with an incident region --Kf(E--alpha), and phi(E) by the linear function KgE, the increase of lambdamin takes place with an increase of alpha and Kg parameters, and a decrease of Kf (fig. 4). Such a change in the parameters brings about a decrease (instead of an intuitively expected increase!) of the stationary velocity of normal impulse propagation.", "PMID": 698258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11495", "title": "[Theoretical analysis of an experiment with motor neuron voltage clamping. Proof of the N-shape of the steady-state volt-ampere characteristic of the dendrite membrane].", "content": "Current--voltage relation (I--V) in motoneurons [6] is discussed on the basis of the hypothesis [1] about N-shaped steady-state I--V for the dendritic membrane. A spontaneous discharge of motorneurons after clamp-off is interpreted as direct evidence in favour of the hypothesis. Some indirect evidence and possible ways for further testing of the hypothesis are also presented.", "contents": "[Theoretical analysis of an experiment with motor neuron voltage clamping. Proof of the N-shape of the steady-state volt-ampere characteristic of the dendrite membrane]. Current--voltage relation (I--V) in motoneurons [6] is discussed on the basis of the hypothesis [1] about N-shaped steady-state I--V for the dendritic membrane. A spontaneous discharge of motorneurons after clamp-off is interpreted as direct evidence in favour of the hypothesis. Some indirect evidence and possible ways for further testing of the hypothesis are also presented.", "PMID": 698261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11496", "title": "[Water content in thin films of nucleic acid nitrogen bases. Ultramicroquantitative determination by means of a quartz resonator].", "content": "A method of quartz resonator is proposed for accurate micro- and ultramicroquantitative analysis of water in various biological systems. Sensitivity of this method may be about 10(-9) g. Some advantages and specific applications of quartz resonator are shown by \"weighing\" water rigidly bound to homogenous dry films of cytosine at great changes of their mass. It is suggested to use the quartz resonator with a specific sorbent applied to it as an efficient detector of small quantities of gases and microadmixtures of solved substances.", "contents": "[Water content in thin films of nucleic acid nitrogen bases. Ultramicroquantitative determination by means of a quartz resonator]. A method of quartz resonator is proposed for accurate micro- and ultramicroquantitative analysis of water in various biological systems. Sensitivity of this method may be about 10(-9) g. Some advantages and specific applications of quartz resonator are shown by \"weighing\" water rigidly bound to homogenous dry films of cytosine at great changes of their mass. It is suggested to use the quartz resonator with a specific sorbent applied to it as an efficient detector of small quantities of gases and microadmixtures of solved substances.", "PMID": 698264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11497", "title": "[Relationship between ion channel properties and the structure of the lactone ring of polyene antibiotic molecules].", "content": "Properties of ionic channels created by amphoterecin B, nystatine and mycoheptin in phospholipid--cholesterol bilayer have been compared. Ionic conductivity and selectivity of channels as well as the frequency of transitions between an open state and a closed one depend on lacton ring structure. Appearance of one more carbonyl group in mycoheptin molecule leads to a decrease of channel anion permeability. Any pair of these antibiotics being added into different aqueous solutions create combined channels. These data confirm hypothesis that polyene antibiotics create channels of two half-pores formed in different monolayers of the membrane.", "contents": "[Relationship between ion channel properties and the structure of the lactone ring of polyene antibiotic molecules]. Properties of ionic channels created by amphoterecin B, nystatine and mycoheptin in phospholipid--cholesterol bilayer have been compared. Ionic conductivity and selectivity of channels as well as the frequency of transitions between an open state and a closed one depend on lacton ring structure. Appearance of one more carbonyl group in mycoheptin molecule leads to a decrease of channel anion permeability. Any pair of these antibiotics being added into different aqueous solutions create combined channels. These data confirm hypothesis that polyene antibiotics create channels of two half-pores formed in different monolayers of the membrane.", "PMID": 698265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11498", "title": "[Chlorophyll phosphorescence in leaves and cells of algae].", "content": "Phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll have been observed in frozen suspensions of green, blue-green and red alga, normal and mutant leaves of pea, kidney bean and maize at the temperature range from --196 to --70 degrees C. The phosphorescence maximum lies at 960--980 nm, excitation maximum--at 674+/-2 nm, lifetime is 1.5--2.5 msec, quantum yield vaires in the range of 0.03--3 x 10(-6), being much lower than that of chlorophyll phosphorescence in solutions. The weakest phosphorescence was found in normal leaves, the strongest one--in cells of Scendesmus and leaves of xi-carotene mutants of maize. The data suggest that phosphorescence belongs to antenna chlorophyll and phosphorescence quenching is due to energy migration from singlet and triplet states of antenna to non-phosphorescent forms of chlorophyll and carotenoids.", "contents": "[Chlorophyll phosphorescence in leaves and cells of algae]. Phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll have been observed in frozen suspensions of green, blue-green and red alga, normal and mutant leaves of pea, kidney bean and maize at the temperature range from --196 to --70 degrees C. The phosphorescence maximum lies at 960--980 nm, excitation maximum--at 674+/-2 nm, lifetime is 1.5--2.5 msec, quantum yield vaires in the range of 0.03--3 x 10(-6), being much lower than that of chlorophyll phosphorescence in solutions. The weakest phosphorescence was found in normal leaves, the strongest one--in cells of Scendesmus and leaves of xi-carotene mutants of maize. The data suggest that phosphorescence belongs to antenna chlorophyll and phosphorescence quenching is due to energy migration from singlet and triplet states of antenna to non-phosphorescent forms of chlorophyll and carotenoids.", "PMID": 698268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11499", "title": "[Thermal structural transitions in the membranes of fat cells].", "content": "Studies have been carried out of the structural state of plasma membranes of epididimal fat cells from rats at 5--40 degrees C. The temperature dependence of the fluorescence intensity bound ANS and the rate of solubilization by 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate have shown sharp changes at 19--24 degrees C. At the same temperature intervals there was a break in the Arrhenius curve for activity of the membrane 5'-nucleotidase. ANS fluorescence and light scattering of liposomes from membrane lipids have revealed discontinuities at 21 degrees and 29--30 degrees C. The data are interpreted as thermal rearrangements initiated in the lipid membrane phase.", "contents": "[Thermal structural transitions in the membranes of fat cells]. Studies have been carried out of the structural state of plasma membranes of epididimal fat cells from rats at 5--40 degrees C. The temperature dependence of the fluorescence intensity bound ANS and the rate of solubilization by 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate have shown sharp changes at 19--24 degrees C. At the same temperature intervals there was a break in the Arrhenius curve for activity of the membrane 5'-nucleotidase. ANS fluorescence and light scattering of liposomes from membrane lipids have revealed discontinuities at 21 degrees and 29--30 degrees C. The data are interpreted as thermal rearrangements initiated in the lipid membrane phase.", "PMID": 698269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11500", "title": "Circular dichroism investigation of the (L lysine)n-Cu(II) (1:1) systems with n = 4 and n = 25.", "content": "The study of the (L Lys)n-Cu(II) (1:1) system with n = 4 and n = 25 using circular dichroism (CD) data has provided evidence indicating the formation of two complexes in a two-step process. In the first of these complexes, obtained at pH 6.6, the alpha-amino terminal group and the adjacent deprotonated amide nitrogen are bound to the metal. In the second, additional amino nitrogens of side chains lie at the other two corners of the coordination square. A comprehensive investigation of changes occuring in spectral patterns when coordination takes place enables the assignment of three bands that are characteristic to each type of nitrogen coordination.", "contents": "Circular dichroism investigation of the (L lysine)n-Cu(II) (1:1) systems with n = 4 and n = 25. The study of the (L Lys)n-Cu(II) (1:1) system with n = 4 and n = 25 using circular dichroism (CD) data has provided evidence indicating the formation of two complexes in a two-step process. In the first of these complexes, obtained at pH 6.6, the alpha-amino terminal group and the adjacent deprotonated amide nitrogen are bound to the metal. In the second, additional amino nitrogens of side chains lie at the other two corners of the coordination square. A comprehensive investigation of changes occuring in spectral patterns when coordination takes place enables the assignment of three bands that are characteristic to each type of nitrogen coordination.", "PMID": 698275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11501", "title": "[Precise relationships for calculating the binding of regulatory proteins and other lattice ligands in double-stranded polynucleotides].", "content": "The binding of long multisite ligands to double-stranded nucleic acids is considered. The ligand is taken as a lattice of AT- and GC-specific reaction centres the sequence of which is complementary to the base pair sequence in the specific ligand interaction site on DNA. Exact equations are derived for the two cases: that when a ligand binds in a fixed orientation relative to the DNA and that when it can be attached to DNA in the two alternative orientations related by two-fold rotation. Included in the formulation are two alternative orientations related by two-fold rotation. Included in the formulation are the ligand size effects as well as cooperative effects for which the interactions between the nearest neighbour adsorbed molecules are responsible. In particular, if cooperative interactions are allowed only between the adjacent ligand molecules related by two-fold rotation symmetry, the ligands would tend to associate into symmetrical \"dimers\" upon binding to DNA. This model enables one to explain the recognition of specific base sequences which are related by two-fold rotation symmetry and are complementary to the sequence of ligand reaction centres. Numerical calculations are carried out for several specific cases and for various values of parameters involved in the theoretical model.", "contents": "[Precise relationships for calculating the binding of regulatory proteins and other lattice ligands in double-stranded polynucleotides]. The binding of long multisite ligands to double-stranded nucleic acids is considered. The ligand is taken as a lattice of AT- and GC-specific reaction centres the sequence of which is complementary to the base pair sequence in the specific ligand interaction site on DNA. Exact equations are derived for the two cases: that when a ligand binds in a fixed orientation relative to the DNA and that when it can be attached to DNA in the two alternative orientations related by two-fold rotation. Included in the formulation are two alternative orientations related by two-fold rotation. Included in the formulation are the ligand size effects as well as cooperative effects for which the interactions between the nearest neighbour adsorbed molecules are responsible. In particular, if cooperative interactions are allowed only between the adjacent ligand molecules related by two-fold rotation symmetry, the ligands would tend to associate into symmetrical \"dimers\" upon binding to DNA. This model enables one to explain the recognition of specific base sequences which are related by two-fold rotation symmetry and are complementary to the sequence of ligand reaction centres. Numerical calculations are carried out for several specific cases and for various values of parameters involved in the theoretical model.", "PMID": 698271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11502", "title": "Similarity in metabolic patterns of different chemical species of vanadium in the rat.", "content": "To gain information about the influence of the oxidation state of vanadium on its metabolic behavior, different 48V-labeled vanadium compounds, such as cationic VO2+(V), VO2+(IV), V3+(III), and anionic V4O12(3-)(V), VS4(3-)(V) species were prepared and intravenously injected into rats. The 48V radioactivity was measured in whole tissues as well as in nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, microsomes, and cytosols from liver and kidney homogenates. The distribution of 48V radioactivity between the plasma components was investigated using gel filtration of the 48V-labeled plasma. The findings indicate that there are common pathways of the different chemical forms of vanadium in animals. The similarities are referred to the distribution in different tissues and their intracellular distribution as well as to the transport in the blood, in which 48V was always found in the plasma bound to transferrin. The results obtained tend to exclude a possible influence of the oxidation state of vanadium on its metabolism and support the existence in the body of two mechanisms of conversion of different chemical forms of vanadium ions to one with the same valence.", "contents": "Similarity in metabolic patterns of different chemical species of vanadium in the rat. To gain information about the influence of the oxidation state of vanadium on its metabolic behavior, different 48V-labeled vanadium compounds, such as cationic VO2+(V), VO2+(IV), V3+(III), and anionic V4O12(3-)(V), VS4(3-)(V) species were prepared and intravenously injected into rats. The 48V radioactivity was measured in whole tissues as well as in nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, microsomes, and cytosols from liver and kidney homogenates. The distribution of 48V radioactivity between the plasma components was investigated using gel filtration of the 48V-labeled plasma. The findings indicate that there are common pathways of the different chemical forms of vanadium in animals. The similarities are referred to the distribution in different tissues and their intracellular distribution as well as to the transport in the blood, in which 48V was always found in the plasma bound to transferrin. The results obtained tend to exclude a possible influence of the oxidation state of vanadium on its metabolism and support the existence in the body of two mechanisms of conversion of different chemical forms of vanadium ions to one with the same valence.", "PMID": 698276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11503", "title": "[B-form as the absolute energy minimum for DNA. Entropy nature of the B--A transition].", "content": "The B-form is characterizing by lower potential energy than A-form, especially if electrostatic term is added. For realistic values of epsilon (4; 1) spontaneous A--B-transition occurs during minimization procedure. The conclusion arises about entropy mechanism of A-form stabilization. The B--A-transition is impossible lower certain temperature for certain salt concentrations. The strong and mobile dehydratant must stimulate the A-form realization. The strong and polymeric dehydrant must stimulate the compactization of macromolecule on the basis of B-form.", "contents": "[B-form as the absolute energy minimum for DNA. Entropy nature of the B--A transition]. The B-form is characterizing by lower potential energy than A-form, especially if electrostatic term is added. For realistic values of epsilon (4; 1) spontaneous A--B-transition occurs during minimization procedure. The conclusion arises about entropy mechanism of A-form stabilization. The B--A-transition is impossible lower certain temperature for certain salt concentrations. The strong and mobile dehydratant must stimulate the A-form realization. The strong and polymeric dehydrant must stimulate the compactization of macromolecule on the basis of B-form.", "PMID": 698272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11504", "title": "Osmium-labeled polynucleotides: reaction of osmium tetraoxide, with poly-1,N6-ethenoadenylic acid.", "content": "Osmium tetraoxide, in the presence of ligands such as pyridine and bipyridine, adds across the etheno bridge of 1,N6-etheno-9-methyladenine and poly-1,N6-ethenoadenylic acid. The Os:P ratio in the labeled polynucleotide was approximately equal to 1 when bipyridine was used as the stabilizing ligand. A similar study with polycytidylic acid, which had been partially modified with chloroacetaldehyde so that some bases were converted to 3,N4-ethenocytosine, gave an OS:P ratio of approximately equal to 1.3. Calf-thymus DNA, in which the adenine and cytosine bases were modified by chloroacetaldehyde, gave an Os:P ratio of approximately equal to 1 after 24 h. These results suggest that 3,N4-ethenocytosine will add two Os labels.", "contents": "Osmium-labeled polynucleotides: reaction of osmium tetraoxide, with poly-1,N6-ethenoadenylic acid. Osmium tetraoxide, in the presence of ligands such as pyridine and bipyridine, adds across the etheno bridge of 1,N6-etheno-9-methyladenine and poly-1,N6-ethenoadenylic acid. The Os:P ratio in the labeled polynucleotide was approximately equal to 1 when bipyridine was used as the stabilizing ligand. A similar study with polycytidylic acid, which had been partially modified with chloroacetaldehyde so that some bases were converted to 3,N4-ethenocytosine, gave an OS:P ratio of approximately equal to 1.3. Calf-thymus DNA, in which the adenine and cytosine bases were modified by chloroacetaldehyde, gave an Os:P ratio of approximately equal to 1 after 24 h. These results suggest that 3,N4-ethenocytosine will add two Os labels.", "PMID": 698277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11505", "title": "[Evolution of the gene in energy space].", "content": "General idea of a gene as a part of the hereditary molecule DNA permits to correlate various alleles states of a gene to various energy states of the hereditary molecule. Hereditary molecule under the action of a random force moves along its energy states. So far as the number of individuals in a population usually is very big, such motion of a gene in energy space resembles random motion of the Brownian particle in liquid. Here the process of striving hereditary molecule for minimum potential energy will correspond to the slow precipitation of particles under the effect of the force of gravity. Therefore, gene diffusion in energy space is described by the Focker--Plank's equation. The solution of this equation shows the time evolution of the distribution of genes alleles states within the limits of an isolated population.", "contents": "[Evolution of the gene in energy space]. General idea of a gene as a part of the hereditary molecule DNA permits to correlate various alleles states of a gene to various energy states of the hereditary molecule. Hereditary molecule under the action of a random force moves along its energy states. So far as the number of individuals in a population usually is very big, such motion of a gene in energy space resembles random motion of the Brownian particle in liquid. Here the process of striving hereditary molecule for minimum potential energy will correspond to the slow precipitation of particles under the effect of the force of gravity. Therefore, gene diffusion in energy space is described by the Focker--Plank's equation. The solution of this equation shows the time evolution of the distribution of genes alleles states within the limits of an isolated population.", "PMID": 698273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11506", "title": "Interaction of antibiotic lasalocid A (X537A) with praseodymium(III) in methanol.", "content": "The binding of lasalocid A (X537A) to Pr(III) in methanol has been studied by lasalocid fluorescence, circular dichroism, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It is clear that in addition to a mono complex, bis and tris complexes are also formed. Values of the binding constants and spectral properties of the various complexes have been determined by computer fitting of the binding isotherms. The Pr (III) ion binds only at the salicylic \"head\" of the lasalocid A, in stark contrast with other known structures. The lasalocid A appears to have an \"open\" conformation in these complexes. The relevance of these results to the structure and conformation of the Ca(II) complex is discussed. The first order rate constant for the dissociation of the tris complex has also been determined.", "contents": "Interaction of antibiotic lasalocid A (X537A) with praseodymium(III) in methanol. The binding of lasalocid A (X537A) to Pr(III) in methanol has been studied by lasalocid fluorescence, circular dichroism, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It is clear that in addition to a mono complex, bis and tris complexes are also formed. Values of the binding constants and spectral properties of the various complexes have been determined by computer fitting of the binding isotherms. The Pr (III) ion binds only at the salicylic \"head\" of the lasalocid A, in stark contrast with other known structures. The lasalocid A appears to have an \"open\" conformation in these complexes. The relevance of these results to the structure and conformation of the Ca(II) complex is discussed. The first order rate constant for the dissociation of the tris complex has also been determined.", "PMID": 698278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11507", "title": "Ionization and divalent cation dissociation constants of nalidixic and oxolinic acids.", "content": "The ionization constants and some divalent cation dissociation constants of nalidixic and oxolinic acids, both specific inhibitors of bacterial DNA replication, have been determined. The carboxylic pKa' values are 6.1 and 6.9 at 25 degrees for nalidixic and oxolinic acids, respectively. These values indicate that intramolecular hydrogen-bonding stabilizes the un-ionized form of these compounds in aqueous solution. Both compounds bind divalent cations; the divalent cation dissociation constants for oxolinic acid are somewhat smaller that those for nalidixic acid. We suggest that both compounds may act by forming a complex in situ with a divalent cation in a metalloprotein involved in DNA replication. The evidence that both drugs inhibit at the same target site is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Ionization and divalent cation dissociation constants of nalidixic and oxolinic acids. The ionization constants and some divalent cation dissociation constants of nalidixic and oxolinic acids, both specific inhibitors of bacterial DNA replication, have been determined. The carboxylic pKa' values are 6.1 and 6.9 at 25 degrees for nalidixic and oxolinic acids, respectively. These values indicate that intramolecular hydrogen-bonding stabilizes the un-ionized form of these compounds in aqueous solution. Both compounds bind divalent cations; the divalent cation dissociation constants for oxolinic acid are somewhat smaller that those for nalidixic acid. We suggest that both compounds may act by forming a complex in situ with a divalent cation in a metalloprotein involved in DNA replication. The evidence that both drugs inhibit at the same target site is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 698279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11508", "title": "Binding sites between platinum (II) and uracil derivatives.", "content": "The complexes of triammineplatinum with uracil, 6-methyluracil, or uridine were prepared in aqueous solution at pH 7. The reaction of uracil with triammineplatinum gave two complexes at the same time. One was a complex in which triammineplatinum displaced a proton from uracil and coordinated to the N(3) position, and the other the complex coordinated to the N(1) position by displacing a proton. When triammineplatinum was treated with 6-methyluracil or uridine in aqueous solution at pH7, only a complex coordinated to the N(3) position was obtained. The ultraviolet (UV), NMR, and infrared (IR) spectral data provide useful information for determining the binding site of these complexes. The UV and IR spectral behaviors of the complex coordinated to the N(3) of uracil are very similar to those of 3-methyluracil. The NMR spectrum of the complex coordinated to the N(1) of uracil exhibits satellite peaks of 195Pt-proton and its coupling constant (39 Hz) gives good evidence for determining the binding site at the N(1) position.", "contents": "Binding sites between platinum (II) and uracil derivatives. The complexes of triammineplatinum with uracil, 6-methyluracil, or uridine were prepared in aqueous solution at pH 7. The reaction of uracil with triammineplatinum gave two complexes at the same time. One was a complex in which triammineplatinum displaced a proton from uracil and coordinated to the N(3) position, and the other the complex coordinated to the N(1) position by displacing a proton. When triammineplatinum was treated with 6-methyluracil or uridine in aqueous solution at pH7, only a complex coordinated to the N(3) position was obtained. The ultraviolet (UV), NMR, and infrared (IR) spectral data provide useful information for determining the binding site of these complexes. The UV and IR spectral behaviors of the complex coordinated to the N(3) of uracil are very similar to those of 3-methyluracil. The NMR spectrum of the complex coordinated to the N(1) of uracil exhibits satellite peaks of 195Pt-proton and its coupling constant (39 Hz) gives good evidence for determining the binding site at the N(1) position.", "PMID": 698280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11509", "title": "Selenium protection against mercury toxicity: high binding affinity of methylmercury by selenium-containing ligands in comparison with sulfur-containing ligands.", "content": "In determining the protection of selenium against mercury toxicity, the binding affinity of methylmercury by various selenium-containing ligands was investigated by proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy. The most striking feature was the small J199Hg-1H value of the selenocysteamine- and selenocysteine-methylmercury complexes, namely, the high affinity of the selenohydryl group to the mercury in comparison with those of the sulfhydryl and amino groups. The order of binding affinity of the coordination groups toward methylmercury is clearly SeH greater than SH greater than or equal to Se-Se greater than NH2 greater than S-S, SeCH3, SCH3. A definite correlation was found to exist between the mercury-proton coupling constants and the chemical shifts of methyl groups of the methylmercury complexes. A relationship between the order (Se greater than S greater than NH2) of affinity for methylmercury and the basicity (or electronegativity and covalent radius) of the donor groups was also discussed. These results suggest the high covalency of the CH3Hg-Se bond, which involves dpi-dpi back bonding.", "contents": "Selenium protection against mercury toxicity: high binding affinity of methylmercury by selenium-containing ligands in comparison with sulfur-containing ligands. In determining the protection of selenium against mercury toxicity, the binding affinity of methylmercury by various selenium-containing ligands was investigated by proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy. The most striking feature was the small J199Hg-1H value of the selenocysteamine- and selenocysteine-methylmercury complexes, namely, the high affinity of the selenohydryl group to the mercury in comparison with those of the sulfhydryl and amino groups. The order of binding affinity of the coordination groups toward methylmercury is clearly SeH greater than SH greater than or equal to Se-Se greater than NH2 greater than S-S, SeCH3, SCH3. A definite correlation was found to exist between the mercury-proton coupling constants and the chemical shifts of methyl groups of the methylmercury complexes. A relationship between the order (Se greater than S greater than NH2) of affinity for methylmercury and the basicity (or electronegativity and covalent radius) of the donor groups was also discussed. These results suggest the high covalency of the CH3Hg-Se bond, which involves dpi-dpi back bonding.", "PMID": 698281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11510", "title": "Induction by alpha-mercapto-beta-arylacrylic acids of low-molecular-weight zinc-binding protein in rat liver.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injections of alpha-mercapto-beta-(2-furyl)acrylic acid (MFA) induced incorporation of zinc into a low-molecular-weight metalloprotein fraction in rat-liver cytosol. Cytosol of control rats contained little or none of this material. alpha-Mercapto-beta-(2-thienyl)acrylic acid induced less incorporation of zinc in this fraction than did MFA. Twenty-two hours after administration of 65ZnSO4 (50 mumol/kg) and MFA (200 mumol/kg), serum concentrations of both total and radioisotopic zinc were markedly elevated, compared to serum concentrations in rats administered only 65ZnSO4. Further, in livers of MFA-treated rats, radioisotopic zinc concentration was significantly greater in all cytosol zinc-containing proteins resolved by gel chromatography, but total zinc was elevated only in the metallothionein fraction and not in proteins of higher molecular weight. This appears to be the first example of induction of a metallothionein-like protein by a procedure not involving food restriction or administration of metal salts.", "contents": "Induction by alpha-mercapto-beta-arylacrylic acids of low-molecular-weight zinc-binding protein in rat liver. Intraperitoneal injections of alpha-mercapto-beta-(2-furyl)acrylic acid (MFA) induced incorporation of zinc into a low-molecular-weight metalloprotein fraction in rat-liver cytosol. Cytosol of control rats contained little or none of this material. alpha-Mercapto-beta-(2-thienyl)acrylic acid induced less incorporation of zinc in this fraction than did MFA. Twenty-two hours after administration of 65ZnSO4 (50 mumol/kg) and MFA (200 mumol/kg), serum concentrations of both total and radioisotopic zinc were markedly elevated, compared to serum concentrations in rats administered only 65ZnSO4. Further, in livers of MFA-treated rats, radioisotopic zinc concentration was significantly greater in all cytosol zinc-containing proteins resolved by gel chromatography, but total zinc was elevated only in the metallothionein fraction and not in proteins of higher molecular weight. This appears to be the first example of induction of a metallothionein-like protein by a procedure not involving food restriction or administration of metal salts.", "PMID": 698282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11511", "title": "Arsenic and cancer: effects of joint administration of arsenite and selenite on the genesis of mammary adenocarcinoma in inbred female C3H/St mice.", "content": "The joint administration of 2 ppm of arsenic as arsenite and of 2 ppm of selenium as selenite in the drinking water of inbred female C3H/St mice increases the incidence of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma significantly over the simultaneous controls and animals receiving 2 ppm As as arsenite or 2 ppm Se as selenite alone, indicating that arsenic abolishes the anticarcinogenic effect of selenium. Arsenite caused a significant increase of the tumor growth rates and raised the incidence of multiple tumors. The tumor growth rates in the As-Se group were also increased, but the incidence of multiple tumors was lower than in the 2 ppm As group.", "contents": "Arsenic and cancer: effects of joint administration of arsenite and selenite on the genesis of mammary adenocarcinoma in inbred female C3H/St mice. The joint administration of 2 ppm of arsenic as arsenite and of 2 ppm of selenium as selenite in the drinking water of inbred female C3H/St mice increases the incidence of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma significantly over the simultaneous controls and animals receiving 2 ppm As as arsenite or 2 ppm Se as selenite alone, indicating that arsenic abolishes the anticarcinogenic effect of selenium. Arsenite caused a significant increase of the tumor growth rates and raised the incidence of multiple tumors. The tumor growth rates in the As-Se group were also increased, but the incidence of multiple tumors was lower than in the 2 ppm As group.", "PMID": 698283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11512", "title": "Design of iron (III) chelates in oral treatment of anemia: solution properties and absorption of iron (III) acetohydroxamate in anemic rats.", "content": "The design and use of iron(III) chelates in the oral treatment of iron-deficiency anemia is discussed in terms of the following criteria: (1) the ability of a chelate to exist as a monomeric species even at physiological pH values, (2) the rate of transfer of iron from the chelate to the iron-transporting protein-apotransferrin, (3) the rate of depolymerization of ferric citrate polymer by the free ligand, and (4) its nontoxicity and ability to regenerate hemoglobin levels in anemic rats. Detailed species distribution studies, stability constants, and kinetic data for iron(III) acetohydroxamate (criteria 1-3 above) show that it remains monomeric at physiological pH values and undergoes very rapid iron transfer with apotransferrin. Detailed animal studies show a significant increase in regeneration of hemoglobin in rats fed 2 ml of 4 mM Fe(III) acetohydroxamate daily when compared to rats fed similarly with Fe(III) citrate. A strong potential is thus indicated for Fe(III) acetohydroxamate as a source of iron in the anemic animal.", "contents": "Design of iron (III) chelates in oral treatment of anemia: solution properties and absorption of iron (III) acetohydroxamate in anemic rats. The design and use of iron(III) chelates in the oral treatment of iron-deficiency anemia is discussed in terms of the following criteria: (1) the ability of a chelate to exist as a monomeric species even at physiological pH values, (2) the rate of transfer of iron from the chelate to the iron-transporting protein-apotransferrin, (3) the rate of depolymerization of ferric citrate polymer by the free ligand, and (4) its nontoxicity and ability to regenerate hemoglobin levels in anemic rats. Detailed species distribution studies, stability constants, and kinetic data for iron(III) acetohydroxamate (criteria 1-3 above) show that it remains monomeric at physiological pH values and undergoes very rapid iron transfer with apotransferrin. Detailed animal studies show a significant increase in regeneration of hemoglobin in rats fed 2 ml of 4 mM Fe(III) acetohydroxamate daily when compared to rats fed similarly with Fe(III) citrate. A strong potential is thus indicated for Fe(III) acetohydroxamate as a source of iron in the anemic animal.", "PMID": 698284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11513", "title": "On the interaction of histone Hl and Hl peptides with DNA. Sedimentation, thermal denaturation and solubility studies.", "content": "The interactions in buffered 0.14 M NaCl (pH 7.0) of DNA, native or sonicated, with histone Hl and with its fragments N-Hl (residues 1-72) and C-Hl (residues 73-COOH), have been studied by using the techniques of sedimentation, thermal denaturation and solubility. Histone Hl shows a preferential affinity for high molecular weight DNA in comparison with sonicated DNA. The binding of histone Hl to sonicated DNA in 0.14 M NaCl is reversible and the reversibility decreases with time. These findings are consistent with the view that Hl is cooperatively distributed along DNA molecules and that this distribution is energetically more favoured for long DNA than for sonicated DNA. It has been found that under conditions of moderate salt concentration, the C-terminal region is the main one responsible for the interaction of Hl with DNA, and also for a cooperative distribution of the histone along the DNA molecules. Addition of urea to the solution produces a decrease of solubility of Hl-DNA complexes. This effect reflects an additional condensation of the complex, which is probably related to the unfolding of the globular part of the histone. It is suggested that this globular region does not play a substantial role in the condensation of Hl-DNA complexes. A model which takes into account the presence of free lysyl and phosphate groups within the complex is discussed.", "contents": "On the interaction of histone Hl and Hl peptides with DNA. Sedimentation, thermal denaturation and solubility studies. The interactions in buffered 0.14 M NaCl (pH 7.0) of DNA, native or sonicated, with histone Hl and with its fragments N-Hl (residues 1-72) and C-Hl (residues 73-COOH), have been studied by using the techniques of sedimentation, thermal denaturation and solubility. Histone Hl shows a preferential affinity for high molecular weight DNA in comparison with sonicated DNA. The binding of histone Hl to sonicated DNA in 0.14 M NaCl is reversible and the reversibility decreases with time. These findings are consistent with the view that Hl is cooperatively distributed along DNA molecules and that this distribution is energetically more favoured for long DNA than for sonicated DNA. It has been found that under conditions of moderate salt concentration, the C-terminal region is the main one responsible for the interaction of Hl with DNA, and also for a cooperative distribution of the histone along the DNA molecules. Addition of urea to the solution produces a decrease of solubility of Hl-DNA complexes. This effect reflects an additional condensation of the complex, which is probably related to the unfolding of the globular part of the histone. It is suggested that this globular region does not play a substantial role in the condensation of Hl-DNA complexes. A model which takes into account the presence of free lysyl and phosphate groups within the complex is discussed.", "PMID": 698285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11514", "title": "Comparative structural analysis of myosin after limited tryptic hydrolysis by use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Polypeptides obtained by limited tryptic digestion of several myosins have been analyzed by a two-dimensional electrophoresis technique. The different maps thus obtained exhibit some common and distinct features specific of the myosins studied. Myosins from rabbit, fast and slow muscle and cardiac tissue, as well as beef cardiac myosin, have been compared. The polypeptides obtained vary in molecular weight from 120 000 60 15 000. The light chains LC1 and LC2, have disappeared. A peptide which comigrates with fast type LC3 is however found. The fast myosin hydrolyzate is very different from that obtained by the hydrolysis of slow and cardiac myosin. Numerous peptides are common to cardiac and slow myosins. However a few peptides are specific of the two myosin types. In the hydrolyzate from fetal calf myosin, some of the typical slow, fast and cardiac peptides can be found. However several apparently unique fetal peptides are also present. The comparison of the fetal calf tissue myosin hydrolyzate and that of [35S] methionine labeled myosin from myotubes in cultures shows qualitatively a very great homology. Thus the protein synthesized by cultured cells seems to be very similar to or the same as that of the embryonic tissue.", "contents": "Comparative structural analysis of myosin after limited tryptic hydrolysis by use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Polypeptides obtained by limited tryptic digestion of several myosins have been analyzed by a two-dimensional electrophoresis technique. The different maps thus obtained exhibit some common and distinct features specific of the myosins studied. Myosins from rabbit, fast and slow muscle and cardiac tissue, as well as beef cardiac myosin, have been compared. The polypeptides obtained vary in molecular weight from 120 000 60 15 000. The light chains LC1 and LC2, have disappeared. A peptide which comigrates with fast type LC3 is however found. The fast myosin hydrolyzate is very different from that obtained by the hydrolysis of slow and cardiac myosin. Numerous peptides are common to cardiac and slow myosins. However a few peptides are specific of the two myosin types. In the hydrolyzate from fetal calf myosin, some of the typical slow, fast and cardiac peptides can be found. However several apparently unique fetal peptides are also present. The comparison of the fetal calf tissue myosin hydrolyzate and that of [35S] methionine labeled myosin from myotubes in cultures shows qualitatively a very great homology. Thus the protein synthesized by cultured cells seems to be very similar to or the same as that of the embryonic tissue.", "PMID": 698286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11515", "title": "A new method of preparation and some properties of 3-hydroxyproline.", "content": "The hydrolyzate of Delonix Regia seed extract is fractionated sequentially on Dowex 50 X 8 resin and on QAE Sephadex A 25. Purification is completed by recrystallisation from ethyl alcohol. 3-hydroxyproline is destroyed by NO2H and by chloramine T, which prevents from using most of the colorimetric reactions in use for 4-hydroxyproline. For its characterization, 3-hydroxyproline may be clearly separated from 4-hydroxyproline by TLC chromatography and by high voltage paper electrophoresis.", "contents": "A new method of preparation and some properties of 3-hydroxyproline. The hydrolyzate of Delonix Regia seed extract is fractionated sequentially on Dowex 50 X 8 resin and on QAE Sephadex A 25. Purification is completed by recrystallisation from ethyl alcohol. 3-hydroxyproline is destroyed by NO2H and by chloramine T, which prevents from using most of the colorimetric reactions in use for 4-hydroxyproline. For its characterization, 3-hydroxyproline may be clearly separated from 4-hydroxyproline by TLC chromatography and by high voltage paper electrophoresis.", "PMID": 698288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11516", "title": "Conformation of snake toxic polypeptides studied by a method of prediction and circular dichroism.", "content": "Short and long neurotoxins as well as cardiotoxins belong to three distinct families of homologous toxic polypeptides extracted from cobra venoms. A study of their conformation was undertaken by using the method of Chou and Fasman for prediction of secondary structures of proteins. To improve the reliability of this method, an averaging scheme was developed. The data obtained showed that all toxins have a predominant trend for beta-sheet nucleation. Moreover, predicted beta-sheet strands fitted well those actually observed from X-ray data. Thus, it seems that all toxins share similarities in their secondary structure. This proposition was supported by a comparative study of the CD spectra of a set of toxins. Nevertheless, the present data suggest also that each type of toxins possesses localized structural individualities which might be responsible for the biological and/or immunological specificities.", "contents": "Conformation of snake toxic polypeptides studied by a method of prediction and circular dichroism. Short and long neurotoxins as well as cardiotoxins belong to three distinct families of homologous toxic polypeptides extracted from cobra venoms. A study of their conformation was undertaken by using the method of Chou and Fasman for prediction of secondary structures of proteins. To improve the reliability of this method, an averaging scheme was developed. The data obtained showed that all toxins have a predominant trend for beta-sheet nucleation. Moreover, predicted beta-sheet strands fitted well those actually observed from X-ray data. Thus, it seems that all toxins share similarities in their secondary structure. This proposition was supported by a comparative study of the CD spectra of a set of toxins. Nevertheless, the present data suggest also that each type of toxins possesses localized structural individualities which might be responsible for the biological and/or immunological specificities.", "PMID": 698289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11517", "title": "[Ephedrine, salsoline and cytisine derivatives as substrates and inhibitirs of cholinesterases].", "content": "25 iodomethylates of acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric and valeric esters of N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-derivatives of ephedrine (I) pseudo-ephedrine (II), salsoline (III), salsolidine (IV) and cytisine (V) are studied as substrates and inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase (EC 3.1.1.8) from human erythrocytes and butyrylcholine esterase (EC 3.1.1.8) from horse serum. Butyrylcholine esterase found to increase the hydrolysis rate of all the alkaloid esters studied with the increase of acyl radical either to valerates (for ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine derivatives), or to butyrates (for the rest alkaloids) and then it did not considerably change under further elongation of carbon chain up to valerate. Isobutyrates were observed to be similar to propionates in their hydrolysis rates. Acetylcholine esterase hydrolyzed acetates with the highest rate, while butyrates of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine derivatives were hydrolyzed by the enzyme 2,5-3-fold as slow as acetates. The rate of choline esterase hydrolysis decreased in the row: ephedrine--salsoline--cytisine with the volumetric increase of the cationic group. The decrease was almost 10-fold for butyrylcholine esterase, while a transition from \"poor\" substrates to reversible inhibitors was observed for acetylcholine esterase (3 of 5 cytisine esters were reversible inhibitors of the enzyme). The data obtained are compared with literary data on other cyclic choline esterase substrates; they are discussed from the viewpoint of unproductive binding hypothesis and on the basis of the structure of active centres of acetyl- and butyrylcholine esterases.", "contents": "[Ephedrine, salsoline and cytisine derivatives as substrates and inhibitirs of cholinesterases]. 25 iodomethylates of acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric and valeric esters of N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-derivatives of ephedrine (I) pseudo-ephedrine (II), salsoline (III), salsolidine (IV) and cytisine (V) are studied as substrates and inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase (EC 3.1.1.8) from human erythrocytes and butyrylcholine esterase (EC 3.1.1.8) from horse serum. Butyrylcholine esterase found to increase the hydrolysis rate of all the alkaloid esters studied with the increase of acyl radical either to valerates (for ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine derivatives), or to butyrates (for the rest alkaloids) and then it did not considerably change under further elongation of carbon chain up to valerate. Isobutyrates were observed to be similar to propionates in their hydrolysis rates. Acetylcholine esterase hydrolyzed acetates with the highest rate, while butyrates of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine derivatives were hydrolyzed by the enzyme 2,5-3-fold as slow as acetates. The rate of choline esterase hydrolysis decreased in the row: ephedrine--salsoline--cytisine with the volumetric increase of the cationic group. The decrease was almost 10-fold for butyrylcholine esterase, while a transition from \"poor\" substrates to reversible inhibitors was observed for acetylcholine esterase (3 of 5 cytisine esters were reversible inhibitors of the enzyme). The data obtained are compared with literary data on other cyclic choline esterase substrates; they are discussed from the viewpoint of unproductive binding hypothesis and on the basis of the structure of active centres of acetyl- and butyrylcholine esterases.", "PMID": 698301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11518", "title": "[Changes in activities of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerases from rat liver under influence of glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide and polyethylene glycol-400].", "content": "Effects of glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 on transcription of isolated nuclei and DNA in rat liver under the action of homologous RNA-polymerases I and II were studied. Addition of these organic compounds to the reaction mixture before initiation altered RNA synthesis on native DNA matrix. Addition of glycerol or DMSO to the synthesising system 1 and 5 minutes after initiation of RNA synthesis had no effect on the rate of transcription. PEG-400 inhibited incorporation of 3H-UTP into newly-synthesized independently of the time of its introduction to the reaction mixture. The data obtained suggest that the compounds under study may impair the formation of initiation complex of RNA polymerase with DNA and alter RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of rat liver.", "contents": "[Changes in activities of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerases from rat liver under influence of glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide and polyethylene glycol-400]. Effects of glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 on transcription of isolated nuclei and DNA in rat liver under the action of homologous RNA-polymerases I and II were studied. Addition of these organic compounds to the reaction mixture before initiation altered RNA synthesis on native DNA matrix. Addition of glycerol or DMSO to the synthesising system 1 and 5 minutes after initiation of RNA synthesis had no effect on the rate of transcription. PEG-400 inhibited incorporation of 3H-UTP into newly-synthesized independently of the time of its introduction to the reaction mixture. The data obtained suggest that the compounds under study may impair the formation of initiation complex of RNA polymerase with DNA and alter RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of rat liver.", "PMID": 698302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11519", "title": "[Properties of 2 fibrin monomer forms which differ in the degree of thrombin activation. Relation of these 2 forms to specific polymerization inhibitors].", "content": "The inhibitory effect of fibrinogen and its fragment D on the clotting of two fibrin monomer species has been studied. One of them (f0) lacks peptides A and B, the other (fB) preserves peptides B. The inhibitors retard the clotting of f0 but fail to influence fB polymerization. This means that the peptide B removal and appearance of the active site B in the central (E) domain of the fibrin molecule is a prerequisite for the inhibitory effect of fibrinogen or fragment D. The specificity of this effect suggests that fragment D and the periferal D-domains of fibrinogen possess a special site (B') which reacts selectively with the fibrin active site B to block polymerization. The present investigation has demonstrated the importance of the H-bond system formation for B-B' sites interaction.", "contents": "[Properties of 2 fibrin monomer forms which differ in the degree of thrombin activation. Relation of these 2 forms to specific polymerization inhibitors]. The inhibitory effect of fibrinogen and its fragment D on the clotting of two fibrin monomer species has been studied. One of them (f0) lacks peptides A and B, the other (fB) preserves peptides B. The inhibitors retard the clotting of f0 but fail to influence fB polymerization. This means that the peptide B removal and appearance of the active site B in the central (E) domain of the fibrin molecule is a prerequisite for the inhibitory effect of fibrinogen or fragment D. The specificity of this effect suggests that fragment D and the periferal D-domains of fibrinogen possess a special site (B') which reacts selectively with the fibrin active site B to block polymerization. The present investigation has demonstrated the importance of the H-bond system formation for B-B' sites interaction.", "PMID": 698303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11520", "title": "[Preparation and characteristics of carboxymethylated lysozyme derivatives].", "content": "Hen egg-white lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) was carboxymethylated with iodoacetic acid and the individual products of various degree of modification were isolated by column chromatography on Amberlite CG-50. Peptide mapping of the products obtained reveals that His-15, Lys-1, -33, -96 (or -97) residues are blocked; the Lys-13 and -116 residues are unmodified. Salt activation of the carboxymethylated derivatives is facilitated with the increase of the number of modified groups; this fact is consistent with the increased lytic activity and affinity to substrate of the derivatives at lowered ionic strength.", "contents": "[Preparation and characteristics of carboxymethylated lysozyme derivatives]. Hen egg-white lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) was carboxymethylated with iodoacetic acid and the individual products of various degree of modification were isolated by column chromatography on Amberlite CG-50. Peptide mapping of the products obtained reveals that His-15, Lys-1, -33, -96 (or -97) residues are blocked; the Lys-13 and -116 residues are unmodified. Salt activation of the carboxymethylated derivatives is facilitated with the increase of the number of modified groups; this fact is consistent with the increased lytic activity and affinity to substrate of the derivatives at lowered ionic strength.", "PMID": 698304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11521", "title": "[Determination of a primary structure of abnormal D-like hemoglobin isolated from a blood donor].", "content": "Abnormal hemoglobin with contents 40% was isolated from the blood of a donor. It was purified, its chains were separated, and the defect was found to locate at beta-chain. Abnormal betaT13 peptide was found under the separation of tryptic hydrolysate. Data on its amino acid composition, electrophoretic mobility as well as attempts to determine its N-terminal amino acid and N-terminal sequence made possible to identify the location and the character of the amino acid substitution in the abnormal hemoglobin. The first case of the presence of hemoglobin D Penjab alpha2beta2(121Glu leads to Gln) among the Russian population is described.", "contents": "[Determination of a primary structure of abnormal D-like hemoglobin isolated from a blood donor]. Abnormal hemoglobin with contents 40% was isolated from the blood of a donor. It was purified, its chains were separated, and the defect was found to locate at beta-chain. Abnormal betaT13 peptide was found under the separation of tryptic hydrolysate. Data on its amino acid composition, electrophoretic mobility as well as attempts to determine its N-terminal amino acid and N-terminal sequence made possible to identify the location and the character of the amino acid substitution in the abnormal hemoglobin. The first case of the presence of hemoglobin D Penjab alpha2beta2(121Glu leads to Gln) among the Russian population is described.", "PMID": 698305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11522", "title": "[Analysis of the interaction of glucocorticoid receptors obtained from rat liver with DNA in a aqueous dextran-polyethylene glycol biphasic system].", "content": "The binding of the receptor-glucocorticoid complexes from rat liver cells to DNA has been studied in an aqueous dextran-polyethylene glycol biphasic system. It has been shown that the capacity of DNA for binding hormone-receptor complexes is very large, and that no saturation is observed at physiological concentrations of the glucocorticoid receptor. The linear binding curve is indicative of low affinity of the DNA acceptor sites for the complexes. Cell cytosol contains substances which inhibit the binding of the receptor-dexamethasone complexes to homologous DNA.", "contents": "[Analysis of the interaction of glucocorticoid receptors obtained from rat liver with DNA in a aqueous dextran-polyethylene glycol biphasic system]. The binding of the receptor-glucocorticoid complexes from rat liver cells to DNA has been studied in an aqueous dextran-polyethylene glycol biphasic system. It has been shown that the capacity of DNA for binding hormone-receptor complexes is very large, and that no saturation is observed at physiological concentrations of the glucocorticoid receptor. The linear binding curve is indicative of low affinity of the DNA acceptor sites for the complexes. Cell cytosol contains substances which inhibit the binding of the receptor-dexamethasone complexes to homologous DNA.", "PMID": 698306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11523", "title": "[Effect of detergents on the main respiratory chain and cyanide-resistant pathway of electron tranfer of Candida lipolytica yeast mitochondria].", "content": "Effects of detergents--triton X-100 and deoxycholate--on the main respiratory chain and cyanide-resistant electron transfer pathway in the mitochondria of Candida lipolytica yeast were studied. Triton X-100 and deoxycholate were shown to completely inhibit the activity of alternative oxidase at concentrations of 0.7 and 1.2 mM, respectively. At these concentrations the detergents did not inhibit the activity of the main respiratory chain. The inhibiting effect of triton X-100 was exerted both in the presence of Mg2+ and without them, whereas the inhibiting action of deoxycholate was observed in the presence of Mg2+. The addition of asolektine in the presence of Mg2+ prevented the inhibiting effect of detergents. These data lead us to the conclusion that inhibition of electron transfer through the alternative pathway is caused by separation of alternative oxidase from the main respiratory chain with the disturbance of structural integrity of inner mitochondrial membrane under the action of detergents. Inhibition of electron transfer in the alternative pathway does not decrease the rate of oxygen consumption by mitochondria. Therefore, the main respiratory chain in the presence of detergents can provide for transfer of all reducing equivalents which were earlier transferred both by the respiratory chain itself and by alternative oxidase.", "contents": "[Effect of detergents on the main respiratory chain and cyanide-resistant pathway of electron tranfer of Candida lipolytica yeast mitochondria]. Effects of detergents--triton X-100 and deoxycholate--on the main respiratory chain and cyanide-resistant electron transfer pathway in the mitochondria of Candida lipolytica yeast were studied. Triton X-100 and deoxycholate were shown to completely inhibit the activity of alternative oxidase at concentrations of 0.7 and 1.2 mM, respectively. At these concentrations the detergents did not inhibit the activity of the main respiratory chain. The inhibiting effect of triton X-100 was exerted both in the presence of Mg2+ and without them, whereas the inhibiting action of deoxycholate was observed in the presence of Mg2+. The addition of asolektine in the presence of Mg2+ prevented the inhibiting effect of detergents. These data lead us to the conclusion that inhibition of electron transfer through the alternative pathway is caused by separation of alternative oxidase from the main respiratory chain with the disturbance of structural integrity of inner mitochondrial membrane under the action of detergents. Inhibition of electron transfer in the alternative pathway does not decrease the rate of oxygen consumption by mitochondria. Therefore, the main respiratory chain in the presence of detergents can provide for transfer of all reducing equivalents which were earlier transferred both by the respiratory chain itself and by alternative oxidase.", "PMID": 698309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11524", "title": "[Post-transcriptional association of RNP particles with chromatin in Zajdela ascities hepatoma cells].", "content": "The interrelationship between nuclear RNP particles and chromatin in Zajdela hepatoma cells double labelled with 3H-thymidine and 14C-uridine was investigated by three independent methods (Nucleoprotein-Celite chromatography, sucrose density and CsCl band centrifugations). All nuclear RNP particles were found to be associated with the chromatin. Some of chromatin-associated RNA molecules are polyadenylated, thus indicating the post-transcriptional character of this association. DNA and RNA molecules in these complexes are bound through protein rather than being connected directly. The site of contact between RNP particle and chromatin is relatively resistant to the action of DNase I and pancreatic RNase. The experiments with exogeneous labelled RNP particles added to isolated nuclei do not reveal the formation of artificial RNP-chromatin complexes. The results obtained are discussed in the light of current views on the nucleus-to-cytoplasm transport of RNA molecules.", "contents": "[Post-transcriptional association of RNP particles with chromatin in Zajdela ascities hepatoma cells]. The interrelationship between nuclear RNP particles and chromatin in Zajdela hepatoma cells double labelled with 3H-thymidine and 14C-uridine was investigated by three independent methods (Nucleoprotein-Celite chromatography, sucrose density and CsCl band centrifugations). All nuclear RNP particles were found to be associated with the chromatin. Some of chromatin-associated RNA molecules are polyadenylated, thus indicating the post-transcriptional character of this association. DNA and RNA molecules in these complexes are bound through protein rather than being connected directly. The site of contact between RNP particle and chromatin is relatively resistant to the action of DNase I and pancreatic RNase. The experiments with exogeneous labelled RNP particles added to isolated nuclei do not reveal the formation of artificial RNP-chromatin complexes. The results obtained are discussed in the light of current views on the nucleus-to-cytoplasm transport of RNA molecules.", "PMID": 698310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11525", "title": "[Cleavage of bacteriophage PM2 DNA by S1 nuclease].", "content": "The kinetics of cleavage of superhelical PM2 DNA by the single strand-specific S1 nuclease is studied at various salt concentrations (0.01--1 MNaCl) by electrophoresis in neutral and alkaline agarose gels. Cleavage of different DNA forms (superhelical DNA I, relaxed circular DNA II and linear DNA III) is described by the kinetic equations of the first order, and respective rate constants k1, k2, and k3 are determined at all salt concentrations used. It is shown that a high salt concentration (not lower than 0.2 MNaCl) is necessary for high specificity of S1 nuclease action on DNA regions with impaired base pairing. Examination of the S1 nuclease preparation action on superhelical PM2 DNA may be used as a convenient and reliable assay of its specificity.", "contents": "[Cleavage of bacteriophage PM2 DNA by S1 nuclease]. The kinetics of cleavage of superhelical PM2 DNA by the single strand-specific S1 nuclease is studied at various salt concentrations (0.01--1 MNaCl) by electrophoresis in neutral and alkaline agarose gels. Cleavage of different DNA forms (superhelical DNA I, relaxed circular DNA II and linear DNA III) is described by the kinetic equations of the first order, and respective rate constants k1, k2, and k3 are determined at all salt concentrations used. It is shown that a high salt concentration (not lower than 0.2 MNaCl) is necessary for high specificity of S1 nuclease action on DNA regions with impaired base pairing. Examination of the S1 nuclease preparation action on superhelical PM2 DNA may be used as a convenient and reliable assay of its specificity.", "PMID": 698311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11526", "title": "[Kinetics of (C14) thymidine metabolism in hepatomas and tissues from normal and tumor-bearing animals].", "content": "The incorporation of 14C-thymidine into DNA and the acid-soluble fraction of mouse hepatomas 22A and 48 and into DNA of rat Zajdela hepatoma as well as into corresponding fractions of liver, spleen and thymus of normal organisms and tumor-bearing animals, was studied. Ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose disks was used to study distribution of the 14C-thymidine label between nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleoside di- and triphosphates of the cell pool. The distribution of the label as early as 5 to 10 minutes after administration of 14C-thymidine  was found to be specific for each tissue studied and remains unchanged for at least 1 hour. Specific radioactivity (per mg DNA) of the acid-soluble fraction in 22A hepatoma is declined from the original high level very rapidly from the first minutes following administration of labelled thymidine with a corresponding increase in the specific radioactivity of DNA. The character of the both curves depends on the growth rate of hepatomas studied. Systemic effect of the highly malignant hepatomas manifests itself in their successful competition with the host's tissues for the vital precursor--thymidine. This phenomenon entails a drastic suppression of the incorporation of thymidine into the immunocompetent host's organs--spleen of mice and thymus of rats.", "contents": "[Kinetics of (C14) thymidine metabolism in hepatomas and tissues from normal and tumor-bearing animals]. The incorporation of 14C-thymidine into DNA and the acid-soluble fraction of mouse hepatomas 22A and 48 and into DNA of rat Zajdela hepatoma as well as into corresponding fractions of liver, spleen and thymus of normal organisms and tumor-bearing animals, was studied. Ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose disks was used to study distribution of the 14C-thymidine label between nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleoside di- and triphosphates of the cell pool. The distribution of the label as early as 5 to 10 minutes after administration of 14C-thymidine  was found to be specific for each tissue studied and remains unchanged for at least 1 hour. Specific radioactivity (per mg DNA) of the acid-soluble fraction in 22A hepatoma is declined from the original high level very rapidly from the first minutes following administration of labelled thymidine with a corresponding increase in the specific radioactivity of DNA. The character of the both curves depends on the growth rate of hepatomas studied. Systemic effect of the highly malignant hepatomas manifests itself in their successful competition with the host's tissues for the vital precursor--thymidine. This phenomenon entails a drastic suppression of the incorporation of thymidine into the immunocompetent host's organs--spleen of mice and thymus of rats.", "PMID": 698312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11527", "title": "[Nature of changes in the fluorescence process of P700-enriched chloroplast fragments].", "content": "Spectral and photochemical properties of P700-enriched chloroplast fragments, obtained by ether treatment of liophylized digitonin fragments, were studied. It was shown that time course of fluorescence changes of isolated fragments (in contrast to digitonin fragments) at 20 degrees does not correspond to time course of absorption changes at 700 nm. Differences in low temperature fluorescence spectra of fragments, initially distinguished by redox states of photosystem 1 reaction centers were found. However, the fragments under study were incapable of light-induced changes of fluorescence yield at--196 degrees, independently of spectral region of measured fluorescence (lambda greater than 660 nm or lambda greater than 710 nm), though these fragments reveal phototransformation of P700. Thus changes in the low temperature fluorescence spectra cannot be accounted for by redox changes of P700. The fragments, isolated by ether treatment at 20 degrees as well at--196 degrees do not reveal light-induced fluorescence changes caused by redox changes of P700. The fluorescence changes observed may be due to accessory photoprocesses of chlorophyllprotein complex.", "contents": "[Nature of changes in the fluorescence process of P700-enriched chloroplast fragments]. Spectral and photochemical properties of P700-enriched chloroplast fragments, obtained by ether treatment of liophylized digitonin fragments, were studied. It was shown that time course of fluorescence changes of isolated fragments (in contrast to digitonin fragments) at 20 degrees does not correspond to time course of absorption changes at 700 nm. Differences in low temperature fluorescence spectra of fragments, initially distinguished by redox states of photosystem 1 reaction centers were found. However, the fragments under study were incapable of light-induced changes of fluorescence yield at--196 degrees, independently of spectral region of measured fluorescence (lambda greater than 660 nm or lambda greater than 710 nm), though these fragments reveal phototransformation of P700. Thus changes in the low temperature fluorescence spectra cannot be accounted for by redox changes of P700. The fragments, isolated by ether treatment at 20 degrees as well at--196 degrees do not reveal light-induced fluorescence changes caused by redox changes of P700. The fluorescence changes observed may be due to accessory photoprocesses of chlorophyllprotein complex.", "PMID": 698313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11528", "title": "[Distribution of 5-methylcytosine in pyrimidine oligonucleotides of higher plant DNA].", "content": "The level of pyrimidine clusters (isopliths) and distribution of 5-methylcytosine in DNAs of some archegonial (ferns, ginkgo) and flowering (cordyline, tulip, wheat) plants has been studied. DNA from Cordyline australis (Liliaceae) is one of the GC-type (GC = 57.5 mol.%), has very low methylation level (amount of m5C is about 1 mol.%) and significantly differs from other species DNAs studied in terms of pyrimidine distribution patterns, i.e. amount of dipyrimidine fragments is higher than that of monopyrimidine ones. All other plant DNAs under study are of the AT-type, have similar pyrimidine distribution patterns and are characterized by high degree of pyrimidine blocking; specific differences in the level (approximately 10-fold) and type of genome methylation are found. In all DNAs studied 5-methylcytosine is unevenly distributed in pyrimidine isopliths: the degree of cytosine methylation [m5C(C+m5C)] is decreased with an increase in the length of isopliths, irrespective of the ratio of thymine and cytosine residues. 5-methylcytosine is mainly accumulated in mono- and dipyrimidine fragments (60--68%). Specific differences in 5-methylcytosine content in trinucleotides and long-chain pyrimidine oligonucleotides are revealed.", "contents": "[Distribution of 5-methylcytosine in pyrimidine oligonucleotides of higher plant DNA]. The level of pyrimidine clusters (isopliths) and distribution of 5-methylcytosine in DNAs of some archegonial (ferns, ginkgo) and flowering (cordyline, tulip, wheat) plants has been studied. DNA from Cordyline australis (Liliaceae) is one of the GC-type (GC = 57.5 mol.%), has very low methylation level (amount of m5C is about 1 mol.%) and significantly differs from other species DNAs studied in terms of pyrimidine distribution patterns, i.e. amount of dipyrimidine fragments is higher than that of monopyrimidine ones. All other plant DNAs under study are of the AT-type, have similar pyrimidine distribution patterns and are characterized by high degree of pyrimidine blocking; specific differences in the level (approximately 10-fold) and type of genome methylation are found. In all DNAs studied 5-methylcytosine is unevenly distributed in pyrimidine isopliths: the degree of cytosine methylation [m5C(C+m5C)] is decreased with an increase in the length of isopliths, irrespective of the ratio of thymine and cytosine residues. 5-methylcytosine is mainly accumulated in mono- and dipyrimidine fragments (60--68%). Specific differences in 5-methylcytosine content in trinucleotides and long-chain pyrimidine oligonucleotides are revealed.", "PMID": 698314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11529", "title": "Umbilical vein-artery differences of plasma amino acids in the last trimester of human pregnancy.", "content": "The plasma levels of 20 free amino acids in the umbilical veins and umbilical arteries of 8 premature (29--36 weeks gestation) and 16 mature (38--42 weeks gestation) newborn infants were measured at delivery. In premature newborn infants, most of the 20 amino acids were significantly higher in the umbilical vein than in the umbilical artery. Only glutamic acid was significantly lower in the umbilical vein than in the umbilical artery. In mature newborn infants, 7 (Ala, Lys, Leu, Val, Ile, Phe and His) of the 20 plasma amino acids were significantly higher and 4 (Glu, Gly, Ser and Orn) were significantly lower in the umbilical vein than in the umbilical artery. These results indicate that the relative contribution of individual amino acids to the placental supply of nitrogen to the human fetus discernibly changes with increasing fetal age during the last trimester of gestation.", "contents": "Umbilical vein-artery differences of plasma amino acids in the last trimester of human pregnancy. The plasma levels of 20 free amino acids in the umbilical veins and umbilical arteries of 8 premature (29--36 weeks gestation) and 16 mature (38--42 weeks gestation) newborn infants were measured at delivery. In premature newborn infants, most of the 20 amino acids were significantly higher in the umbilical vein than in the umbilical artery. Only glutamic acid was significantly lower in the umbilical vein than in the umbilical artery. In mature newborn infants, 7 (Ala, Lys, Leu, Val, Ile, Phe and His) of the 20 plasma amino acids were significantly higher and 4 (Glu, Gly, Ser and Orn) were significantly lower in the umbilical vein than in the umbilical artery. These results indicate that the relative contribution of individual amino acids to the placental supply of nitrogen to the human fetus discernibly changes with increasing fetal age during the last trimester of gestation.", "PMID": 698322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11530", "title": "Balance of net base in the rat. III. Effects of oral sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate loading.", "content": "The balance of net base in groups of male weanling Wistar rats exposed to sustained oral loads of net base were studied. In response to dietary loads of sodium bicarbonate (approx. 50 mmol.kg-1.day-1) an average increment in the mean rate of retention of net base of 21.8 mmol.kg-1.day-1 was observed in the absence of significant changes in the blood 'base excess'. Following withdrawal of sodium bicarbonate, mean rates of gastrointestinal absorption, renal excretion, and retention of net base promptly returned to control values, accumulated net base being retained in the body, presumably as skeletal sodium carbonate. In response to equimolar loads of net base in the form of trisodium citrate, a similar, albeit less pronounced, rise in the rate of retention of net base occurred.", "contents": "Balance of net base in the rat. III. Effects of oral sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate loading. The balance of net base in groups of male weanling Wistar rats exposed to sustained oral loads of net base were studied. In response to dietary loads of sodium bicarbonate (approx. 50 mmol.kg-1.day-1) an average increment in the mean rate of retention of net base of 21.8 mmol.kg-1.day-1 was observed in the absence of significant changes in the blood 'base excess'. Following withdrawal of sodium bicarbonate, mean rates of gastrointestinal absorption, renal excretion, and retention of net base promptly returned to control values, accumulated net base being retained in the body, presumably as skeletal sodium carbonate. In response to equimolar loads of net base in the form of trisodium citrate, a similar, albeit less pronounced, rise in the rate of retention of net base occurred.", "PMID": 698323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11531", "title": "Perinatal methadone exposure in rats. Effects on body and organ development.", "content": "The effects of maternal methadone (5 mg/kg methadone-HCl) administration during gestation and/or lactation on gross body measurements, absolute organ weights, dry weights, and tissue water content were studied in 21-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Offsprings perinatally exposed to methadone had significantly lower body weights, crown to rump lengths, tail lengths and head diameters. In contrast to age-control values, absolute organ weights of the adrenals, brain, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscle, and testes were reduced in all drug-treated groups; the spleen, thymus, and ovaries of some methadone groups were also lighter in weight. Organ:body weight ratios revealed fewer significant differences than recorded for absolute weights. Dry weights and tissue water content of the kidneys, liver and muscle were affected in all drug-treated animals; other organs were markedly affected by at least one schedule of methadone administration. These results suggest that perinatal methadone exposure has detrimental effects on preweaning organ and body development that may be of long-term functional consequence to the animal.", "contents": "Perinatal methadone exposure in rats. Effects on body and organ development. The effects of maternal methadone (5 mg/kg methadone-HCl) administration during gestation and/or lactation on gross body measurements, absolute organ weights, dry weights, and tissue water content were studied in 21-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Offsprings perinatally exposed to methadone had significantly lower body weights, crown to rump lengths, tail lengths and head diameters. In contrast to age-control values, absolute organ weights of the adrenals, brain, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscle, and testes were reduced in all drug-treated groups; the spleen, thymus, and ovaries of some methadone groups were also lighter in weight. Organ:body weight ratios revealed fewer significant differences than recorded for absolute weights. Dry weights and tissue water content of the kidneys, liver and muscle were affected in all drug-treated animals; other organs were markedly affected by at least one schedule of methadone administration. These results suggest that perinatal methadone exposure has detrimental effects on preweaning organ and body development that may be of long-term functional consequence to the animal.", "PMID": 698324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11532", "title": "Relationship between fatty acids and lipid peroxidation in lungs of neonates.", "content": "Triglycerides from the lungs of neonatal rats and mice were found to contain large amounts of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonate (20:4) and docosahexaeonoate (22:6). These fatty acids were diminished or absent in the triglycerides from the lungs of adult rats and mice and both neonatal and adult guinea pigs. No age-related changes were observed in the fatty acid composition of lung phospholipids in any of these species. The presence of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in lung triglycerides correlated with the ability of these lungs to peroxidize lipids in vitro in all species. Depletion of lung triglycerides in neonatal rats by fasting abolished this lipid peroxidizing activity.", "contents": "Relationship between fatty acids and lipid peroxidation in lungs of neonates. Triglycerides from the lungs of neonatal rats and mice were found to contain large amounts of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonate (20:4) and docosahexaeonoate (22:6). These fatty acids were diminished or absent in the triglycerides from the lungs of adult rats and mice and both neonatal and adult guinea pigs. No age-related changes were observed in the fatty acid composition of lung phospholipids in any of these species. The presence of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in lung triglycerides correlated with the ability of these lungs to peroxidize lipids in vitro in all species. Depletion of lung triglycerides in neonatal rats by fasting abolished this lipid peroxidizing activity.", "PMID": 698325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11533", "title": "Comparative toxicity of caffeine and aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine) in young and adult rats.", "content": "The toxicity of aminophylline and caffeine was studied in adult and 2-day-old rats following a single subcutaneous injection of the respective drug. Following the injection of high doses of either methylxanthine, adult rats developed convulsions, tremors, lethargy and licking of lips. In adult rats, the LD50 of caffeine and aminophylline was the same after 24 h and after 1 week of observation: caffeine 265 mg/kg, and aminophylline 202 mg/kg (theophylline base 172 mg/kg). In young rats, the LD50 was greater when the observation was carried out for 1 week than at 24 h after the injection; at 24 h: caffeine 220 mg/kg, and aminophylline 169 mg/kg (theophylline base 144 mg/kg); at 1 week: caffeine 155 mg/kg, and aminophylline 140 mg/kg (theophylline base 119 mg/kg). Young rats failed to gain weight at a normal rate after administration of either methylxanthine. The greater toxicity of both methylxanthines in newborn animals may be at least partly due to the extremely slow elimination of theophylline and caffeine in the neonate.", "contents": "Comparative toxicity of caffeine and aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine) in young and adult rats. The toxicity of aminophylline and caffeine was studied in adult and 2-day-old rats following a single subcutaneous injection of the respective drug. Following the injection of high doses of either methylxanthine, adult rats developed convulsions, tremors, lethargy and licking of lips. In adult rats, the LD50 of caffeine and aminophylline was the same after 24 h and after 1 week of observation: caffeine 265 mg/kg, and aminophylline 202 mg/kg (theophylline base 172 mg/kg). In young rats, the LD50 was greater when the observation was carried out for 1 week than at 24 h after the injection; at 24 h: caffeine 220 mg/kg, and aminophylline 169 mg/kg (theophylline base 144 mg/kg); at 1 week: caffeine 155 mg/kg, and aminophylline 140 mg/kg (theophylline base 119 mg/kg). Young rats failed to gain weight at a normal rate after administration of either methylxanthine. The greater toxicity of both methylxanthines in newborn animals may be at least partly due to the extremely slow elimination of theophylline and caffeine in the neonate.", "PMID": 698326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11534", "title": "Possible involvement of growth hormone in the pathogenesis of early neonatal hypocalcemia in infants of diabetic mothers.", "content": "The concentrations of plasma calcium and plasma growth hormone were determined up to 30 h of age in 10 infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) and 9 healthy infants. Plasma calcitonin was determined in all IDM and 5 control infants. The results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of early neonatal hypocalcemia.", "contents": "Possible involvement of growth hormone in the pathogenesis of early neonatal hypocalcemia in infants of diabetic mothers. The concentrations of plasma calcium and plasma growth hormone were determined up to 30 h of age in 10 infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) and 9 healthy infants. Plasma calcitonin was determined in all IDM and 5 control infants. The results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of early neonatal hypocalcemia.", "PMID": 698327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11535", "title": "Proteolytic activity of maternal serum on newborn IgD-positive lymphocytes. Study with protease inhibitors.", "content": "We studied the effect of maternal serum on the surface IgD of newborn lymphocytes in the presence of protease inhibitors (epsilon-aminocaproic acid and Trasylol). Contact with maternal serum caused a significant reduction (p less than 0.000001) in the percentage of neonatal IgD-positive cells. The addition of either epsilon-aminocaproic acid or Trasylol significantly reduced this action of maternal serum (p l-ess than 0.00001 and p less than 0.0001), without difference between the effects of the two inhibitors (p greater than 0.05). We suggest, therefore, that activity of maternal serum is due, at least in part, to proteolytic enzymes, such as plasmin. The relative role of plasminogen and alpha2-macroglobulin in the incapacity of the newborn serum to reduce the number of IgD-positive lymphocytes is discussed.", "contents": "Proteolytic activity of maternal serum on newborn IgD-positive lymphocytes. Study with protease inhibitors. We studied the effect of maternal serum on the surface IgD of newborn lymphocytes in the presence of protease inhibitors (epsilon-aminocaproic acid and Trasylol). Contact with maternal serum caused a significant reduction (p less than 0.000001) in the percentage of neonatal IgD-positive cells. The addition of either epsilon-aminocaproic acid or Trasylol significantly reduced this action of maternal serum (p l-ess than 0.00001 and p less than 0.0001), without difference between the effects of the two inhibitors (p greater than 0.05). We suggest, therefore, that activity of maternal serum is due, at least in part, to proteolytic enzymes, such as plasmin. The relative role of plasminogen and alpha2-macroglobulin in the incapacity of the newborn serum to reduce the number of IgD-positive lymphocytes is discussed.", "PMID": 698328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11536", "title": "Cardiac myopathies in neonatal lambs: histological and histochemical studies.", "content": "White muscle disease (WMD), a selenium-responsive cardiac myopathy in neonatal lambs has been described from southern Iran. 15 lambs in terminal condition were referred to our lab. All the lambs were observed with the affected hearts. The lambs examined were between the postnatal ages of 1 week and 3 months. Gross changes included chalky-white appearance of entire endocardium of right ventricle and subendocardial plaques in the interventricular septum and left ventricular wall. Histologically the affected myofibrils showed swelling, acidophilia, fragmentation, segmental and patchy myonecrosis, round muscle cell nuclei, loss of sarcoplasm and sarcolemmal collapse. Purkinje fibers were relatively unaffected. Histochemical studies including Von Kossa and other stains indicated marked deposition of calcium salts in the cytoplasm of the damaged myofibrils. Calcium salts appeared as uniform, fine granules in relation to individual fiber striations. It appears that rapid accumulation of calcium into the damaged cells possibly interferes with the mitochondrial activity. As mitochondria bind excessive calcium, their capacity to respire and phosphorylate is depressed thus causing myocardial necrosis. The cardiac myopathy noted in our investigation is probably due to selenium deficiency in the soil of southern Iran. When selenium was given, it resulted in the fast recovery of the affected neonatal lambs. Moreover, no further cases of this disease (WMD) were reported after such treatments.", "contents": "Cardiac myopathies in neonatal lambs: histological and histochemical studies. White muscle disease (WMD), a selenium-responsive cardiac myopathy in neonatal lambs has been described from southern Iran. 15 lambs in terminal condition were referred to our lab. All the lambs were observed with the affected hearts. The lambs examined were between the postnatal ages of 1 week and 3 months. Gross changes included chalky-white appearance of entire endocardium of right ventricle and subendocardial plaques in the interventricular septum and left ventricular wall. Histologically the affected myofibrils showed swelling, acidophilia, fragmentation, segmental and patchy myonecrosis, round muscle cell nuclei, loss of sarcoplasm and sarcolemmal collapse. Purkinje fibers were relatively unaffected. Histochemical studies including Von Kossa and other stains indicated marked deposition of calcium salts in the cytoplasm of the damaged myofibrils. Calcium salts appeared as uniform, fine granules in relation to individual fiber striations. It appears that rapid accumulation of calcium into the damaged cells possibly interferes with the mitochondrial activity. As mitochondria bind excessive calcium, their capacity to respire and phosphorylate is depressed thus causing myocardial necrosis. The cardiac myopathy noted in our investigation is probably due to selenium deficiency in the soil of southern Iran. When selenium was given, it resulted in the fast recovery of the affected neonatal lambs. Moreover, no further cases of this disease (WMD) were reported after such treatments.", "PMID": 698329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11537", "title": "The supply of citrate to the sheep fetus.", "content": "In situ placental perfusion has been used to study the role of the sheep placenta in fetal citrate metabolism. The perfusate citrate concentrations rose steadily to values higher than in fetal plasma. This rise was not influenced by intravenous administration of citrate to the ewe. Concentration and electropotential gradients indicate that transplacental passage is unlikely and the rise is probably due to placental synthesis. However, the quantity of citrate supplied to the fetus was calculated to be small compared with the fetal metabolic rate. Comparison with the guinea pig shows close similarity in fetal plasma concentrations and the amount of citrate formed per unit weight of fetus.", "contents": "The supply of citrate to the sheep fetus. In situ placental perfusion has been used to study the role of the sheep placenta in fetal citrate metabolism. The perfusate citrate concentrations rose steadily to values higher than in fetal plasma. This rise was not influenced by intravenous administration of citrate to the ewe. Concentration and electropotential gradients indicate that transplacental passage is unlikely and the rise is probably due to placental synthesis. However, the quantity of citrate supplied to the fetus was calculated to be small compared with the fetal metabolic rate. Comparison with the guinea pig shows close similarity in fetal plasma concentrations and the amount of citrate formed per unit weight of fetus.", "PMID": 698330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11538", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to autonomic blockade in brain-injured fetal lambs.", "content": "The cardiovascular responses to autonomic blockade were investigated in 15 late-gestation fetal lambs in utero. 4 animals had normal brains and 11 had hydranencephalic-like cerebral injury secondary to bilateral carotid artery obstruction (BCO). Following atropine administration, heart rate increased only 0.7 +/- 0.7% in the BCO lambs compared to 25.7 +/- 5.2% in the controls. alpha-Blockade with phentolamine resulted in a small decrease in systolic (2.2 +/- 0.8%) and diastolic (1.8 +/- 1.4%) blood pressure, and beta-blockade with propranolol produced a small decrease in heart rate (2.5 +/- 0.8%) as compared to control fetuses. Post mortem examination revealed extensive destruction of the cerebrum but normal hypothalamus and brain stem. These data suggest that supramedullary modification of autonomic cardiovascular control involves the cerebrum.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to autonomic blockade in brain-injured fetal lambs. The cardiovascular responses to autonomic blockade were investigated in 15 late-gestation fetal lambs in utero. 4 animals had normal brains and 11 had hydranencephalic-like cerebral injury secondary to bilateral carotid artery obstruction (BCO). Following atropine administration, heart rate increased only 0.7 +/- 0.7% in the BCO lambs compared to 25.7 +/- 5.2% in the controls. alpha-Blockade with phentolamine resulted in a small decrease in systolic (2.2 +/- 0.8%) and diastolic (1.8 +/- 1.4%) blood pressure, and beta-blockade with propranolol produced a small decrease in heart rate (2.5 +/- 0.8%) as compared to control fetuses. Post mortem examination revealed extensive destruction of the cerebrum but normal hypothalamus and brain stem. These data suggest that supramedullary modification of autonomic cardiovascular control involves the cerebrum.", "PMID": 698331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11539", "title": "Prediction of the conformation of the cow and sheep kappa-caseins.", "content": "The secondary structures of cow and sheep kappa-caseins were established according to the predictive rules of Chou and Fasman. The diagrams derived from this treatment allowed us to study the chymosin sensitive bond (milk-clotting process), as well as the glycosylation and phosphorylation sites, found to be situated in beta-turns. Despite a high variability between the primary structures of the COOH-terminal part (caseinoglycopeptide) of cow, sheep, and also other caseins, the secondary structures of the biologically important sites were found to be conserved.", "contents": "Prediction of the conformation of the cow and sheep kappa-caseins. The secondary structures of cow and sheep kappa-caseins were established according to the predictive rules of Chou and Fasman. The diagrams derived from this treatment allowed us to study the chymosin sensitive bond (milk-clotting process), as well as the glycosylation and phosphorylation sites, found to be situated in beta-turns. Despite a high variability between the primary structures of the COOH-terminal part (caseinoglycopeptide) of cow, sheep, and also other caseins, the secondary structures of the biologically important sites were found to be conserved.", "PMID": 698339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11540", "title": "Formation of \"solvent-free\" black lipid bilayer membranes from glyceryl monooleate dispersed in squalene.", "content": "A simple technique for forming \"black\" lipid bilayer membranes containing negligible amounts of alkyl solvent is described. The membranes are formed by the method of Mueller et al (Circulation. 1962. 26:1167.) from glyceryl monooleate (GMO) dispersed in squalene. The squalene forms an annulus to satisfy the boundary conditions of the planar bilayer but does not appear to dissolve noticeably in the bilayer itself. The specific geometric capacitance (Cg) of the membranes at 20 degrees C formed by this technique is 0.7771 +/- 0.0048 muF/cm2. Theoretical estimates of Cg for solvent-free bilayers range from 0.75 to 0.81 muF/cm2. Alkane-free GMO bilayers formed from n-octadecane by the solvent freeze-out method of White (Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1974. 356:8) have values of Cg = 0.7903 +/- 0.0013 muF/cm2 at 20.5 degrees C. The agreement between the various values of Cg strongly suggests that the bilayers are free of squalene. DC potentials applied to the bilayers have no detectable effect on the value of Cg, as expected for solvent-free films. The ability to form bilayers essentially free of the solvent used in the forming solution makes it possible to determine the area per molecule of the surface active lipid in the bilayer. The area per molecule of GMO at 20 degrees C is estimated to be 37.9 +/- 0.2 A2.", "contents": "Formation of \"solvent-free\" black lipid bilayer membranes from glyceryl monooleate dispersed in squalene. A simple technique for forming \"black\" lipid bilayer membranes containing negligible amounts of alkyl solvent is described. The membranes are formed by the method of Mueller et al (Circulation. 1962. 26:1167.) from glyceryl monooleate (GMO) dispersed in squalene. The squalene forms an annulus to satisfy the boundary conditions of the planar bilayer but does not appear to dissolve noticeably in the bilayer itself. The specific geometric capacitance (Cg) of the membranes at 20 degrees C formed by this technique is 0.7771 +/- 0.0048 muF/cm2. Theoretical estimates of Cg for solvent-free bilayers range from 0.75 to 0.81 muF/cm2. Alkane-free GMO bilayers formed from n-octadecane by the solvent freeze-out method of White (Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1974. 356:8) have values of Cg = 0.7903 +/- 0.0013 muF/cm2 at 20.5 degrees C. The agreement between the various values of Cg strongly suggests that the bilayers are free of squalene. DC potentials applied to the bilayers have no detectable effect on the value of Cg, as expected for solvent-free films. The ability to form bilayers essentially free of the solvent used in the forming solution makes it possible to determine the area per molecule of the surface active lipid in the bilayer. The area per molecule of GMO at 20 degrees C is estimated to be 37.9 +/- 0.2 A2.", "PMID": 698340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11541", "title": "Drug tolerance and biomembranes.", "content": "Our understanding of the structure and function of biomembranes is now at a stage where we can begin to examine drug actions on the membrane bilayer. Cells need a certain optimal degree of fluidity in their membranes and some organisms can adapt their membrane composition to maintain the appropriate fluidity under changing environmental conditions. Chronic administration of membrane-disrupting drugs may evoke such an adaptive process, which would show itself in vivo as drug tolerance.", "contents": "Drug tolerance and biomembranes. Our understanding of the structure and function of biomembranes is now at a stage where we can begin to examine drug actions on the membrane bilayer. Cells need a certain optimal degree of fluidity in their membranes and some organisms can adapt their membrane composition to maintain the appropriate fluidity under changing environmental conditions. Chronic administration of membrane-disrupting drugs may evoke such an adaptive process, which would show itself in vivo as drug tolerance.", "PMID": 698336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11542", "title": "Laser Raman light-scattering observations of conformational changes in myosin induced by inorganic salts.", "content": "The Raman spectra of aqueous solutions of myosin and mixtures of myosin in solutions of the salts CaCl(2), MgCl(2), and LiBr have been taken. The spectrum of the solvent background has been subtracted by means of a computer, leaving only the Raman peaks of the protein. From an analysis of the Raman bands in the regions at 900, 940, 1,240-1,300, and 1,650-1,670 cm(-1), it seems likely that CaCl(2) effects an alpha-to beta-transition in myosin, probably owing to the interaction of the Ca(2+) ion, LiBr appears to denature the protein leading to increased random coil structure, and MgCl(2) appears to have an effect intermediate between the two other salts. These results are reported for concentrations as low as 10(-5) M of CaCl(2) and MgCl(2).This investigation indicates the usefulness of the Raman light-scattering technique for the study of protein conformational changes.", "contents": "Laser Raman light-scattering observations of conformational changes in myosin induced by inorganic salts. The Raman spectra of aqueous solutions of myosin and mixtures of myosin in solutions of the salts CaCl(2), MgCl(2), and LiBr have been taken. The spectrum of the solvent background has been subtracted by means of a computer, leaving only the Raman peaks of the protein. From an analysis of the Raman bands in the regions at 900, 940, 1,240-1,300, and 1,650-1,670 cm(-1), it seems likely that CaCl(2) effects an alpha-to beta-transition in myosin, probably owing to the interaction of the Ca(2+) ion, LiBr appears to denature the protein leading to increased random coil structure, and MgCl(2) appears to have an effect intermediate between the two other salts. These results are reported for concentrations as low as 10(-5) M of CaCl(2) and MgCl(2).This investigation indicates the usefulness of the Raman light-scattering technique for the study of protein conformational changes.", "PMID": 698341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11543", "title": "Selective deficiencies in complement component : a family with hereditary C2 deficiency.", "content": "We report herein a new case of C2 deficiency in a patient with systemic lupus. The subject and one of her brothers, who shows no clinical manifestations, are hymozygous C2 deficient. All other family members are heterozygous for the C2 deficiency. Gene for C2 deficiency (C2d) was shown to be inherited with HLA-A9, B7/Bfs and HLA-A10, B27/Bfs haplotypes. This association has not previously been described.", "contents": "Selective deficiencies in complement component : a family with hereditary C2 deficiency. We report herein a new case of C2 deficiency in a patient with systemic lupus. The subject and one of her brothers, who shows no clinical manifestations, are hymozygous C2 deficient. All other family members are heterozygous for the C2 deficiency. Gene for C2 deficiency (C2d) was shown to be inherited with HLA-A9, B7/Bfs and HLA-A10, B27/Bfs haplotypes. This association has not previously been described.", "PMID": 698338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11544", "title": "Primary intermediates in the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "Picosecond studies of the primary photochemical events in the light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin, bR570, indicate that the first metastable intermediate K610 is formed with a rise time of 11 ps. Difference spectra obtained at 50 ps after excitation show that K610 is the same species as that trapped in low temperature glasses. A precursor species (S) of the K610 intermediate has been observed which is red shifted with respect to K610 and is formed within the 6-ps time width of the excitation pulse. The formation of the precursor has no observable thermal dependence between 298 degrees and 1.8 degrees K. The formation of K610 has a very low thermal barrier and at very low temperatures, the rate of formation becomes practically temperature independent which is characteristic of a tunneling process. The rate of formation becomes practically temperature independent which is characteristic of a tunneling process. The rate of formation of K610 has a moderate deuterium isotope effect of kH/kD approximately 1.6 at 298 degrees K and 2.4 at 4 degrees K. The mechanism for formation of K610 is found to involve a rate-limiting proton transfer which occurs by tunneling at low temperatures.", "contents": "Primary intermediates in the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin. Picosecond studies of the primary photochemical events in the light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin, bR570, indicate that the first metastable intermediate K610 is formed with a rise time of 11 ps. Difference spectra obtained at 50 ps after excitation show that K610 is the same species as that trapped in low temperature glasses. A precursor species (S) of the K610 intermediate has been observed which is red shifted with respect to K610 and is formed within the 6-ps time width of the excitation pulse. The formation of the precursor has no observable thermal dependence between 298 degrees and 1.8 degrees K. The formation of K610 has a very low thermal barrier and at very low temperatures, the rate of formation becomes practically temperature independent which is characteristic of a tunneling process. The rate of formation becomes practically temperature independent which is characteristic of a tunneling process. The rate of formation of K610 has a moderate deuterium isotope effect of kH/kD approximately 1.6 at 298 degrees K and 2.4 at 4 degrees K. The mechanism for formation of K610 is found to involve a rate-limiting proton transfer which occurs by tunneling at low temperatures.", "PMID": 698342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11545", "title": "Picosecond and steady state, variable intensity and variable temperature emission spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "The bacteriorhodopsin emission lifetime at 77 degrees K has been obtained for different regions of the emission spectrum with single-pulse excitation. The data under all conditions yield a lifetime of 60 +/- 15 ps. Intensity effects on this lifetime have been ruled out by studying the relative emission amplitude as a function of the excitation pulse energy. We relate our lifetime to previously reported values at other temperatures by studying the relative emission quantum efficiency as a function of temperature. These variable temperature studies have indicated that an excited state with an emission maximum at 670 nm begins to contribute to the spectrum as the temperature is lowered. Within our experimental error the picosecond data seem to suggest that this new emission may arise from a minimum of the same electronic state responsible for the 77 degrees K emission at 720 nm. A correlation is noted between a 1.0-ps formation time observed in absorption by Ippen et al. (Ippen, E.P., C.V. Shank, A. Lewis, and M.A. Marcus. 1978. Subpicosecond spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin. Science [wash. D.C.]. 200:1279-1281 and a time extrapolated from relative quantum efficiency measurements and the 77 degrees K fluorescence lifetime that we report.", "contents": "Picosecond and steady state, variable intensity and variable temperature emission spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin. The bacteriorhodopsin emission lifetime at 77 degrees K has been obtained for different regions of the emission spectrum with single-pulse excitation. The data under all conditions yield a lifetime of 60 +/- 15 ps. Intensity effects on this lifetime have been ruled out by studying the relative emission amplitude as a function of the excitation pulse energy. We relate our lifetime to previously reported values at other temperatures by studying the relative emission quantum efficiency as a function of temperature. These variable temperature studies have indicated that an excited state with an emission maximum at 670 nm begins to contribute to the spectrum as the temperature is lowered. Within our experimental error the picosecond data seem to suggest that this new emission may arise from a minimum of the same electronic state responsible for the 77 degrees K emission at 720 nm. A correlation is noted between a 1.0-ps formation time observed in absorption by Ippen et al. (Ippen, E.P., C.V. Shank, A. Lewis, and M.A. Marcus. 1978. Subpicosecond spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin. Science [wash. D.C.]. 200:1279-1281 and a time extrapolated from relative quantum efficiency measurements and the 77 degrees K fluorescence lifetime that we report.", "PMID": 698343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11546", "title": "Fluorescein excitation and emission polarization spectra in living cells: changes during the cell cycle.", "content": "Changes in the fluorescein fluorescence emission and excitation polarization spectra in synchronized cultured S3 fibroblasts at G1, mid-S, and mitosis, as well as in human lymphocytes before and after stimulation with mitogens, were studied. In contrast to those measured in aqueous solutions the emission and excitation polarization spectra in living cells exhibit a wavelength dependence characteristic for the state of the cell cycle. Changes in the temperature and in the amount of intracellular water result in quantitative wavelength-independent changes in the polarization spectra. Possible mechanisms for the qualitative wavelength-dependent changes in the fluorescein emission and excitation polarization spectra during the cell cycle are discussed.", "contents": "Fluorescein excitation and emission polarization spectra in living cells: changes during the cell cycle. Changes in the fluorescein fluorescence emission and excitation polarization spectra in synchronized cultured S3 fibroblasts at G1, mid-S, and mitosis, as well as in human lymphocytes before and after stimulation with mitogens, were studied. In contrast to those measured in aqueous solutions the emission and excitation polarization spectra in living cells exhibit a wavelength dependence characteristic for the state of the cell cycle. Changes in the temperature and in the amount of intracellular water result in quantitative wavelength-independent changes in the polarization spectra. Possible mechanisms for the qualitative wavelength-dependent changes in the fluorescein emission and excitation polarization spectra during the cell cycle are discussed.", "PMID": 698344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11547", "title": "Structure determination of lipid bilayers.", "content": "A method of determining the phases of X-ray reflections from oriented model membrane systems at low resolution is described. The method involves deconvolution and requires that d less than or equal to 2v where v is the width of the head group region within the bilayer and d is the thickness of the bilayer. The method can be used with a single set of X-ray data and applies to lipid bilayers which have a relatively constant density in the hydrocarbon region. Phases for the first five or six orders of phosphatidylethanolamine and lecithin are derived. A refined analysis based upon deconvolution but using information inherent in the Fourier profile is also described.", "contents": "Structure determination of lipid bilayers. A method of determining the phases of X-ray reflections from oriented model membrane systems at low resolution is described. The method involves deconvolution and requires that d less than or equal to 2v where v is the width of the head group region within the bilayer and d is the thickness of the bilayer. The method can be used with a single set of X-ray data and applies to lipid bilayers which have a relatively constant density in the hydrocarbon region. Phases for the first five or six orders of phosphatidylethanolamine and lecithin are derived. A refined analysis based upon deconvolution but using information inherent in the Fourier profile is also described.", "PMID": 698345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11548", "title": "Water and hermal diffusivity in a lipid-water smectic phase.", "content": "We report the first application of light scattering to measurement of the hydrodynamic relaxation of inhomogeneities in water concentration within a multilamellar, or smectic A, phospholipid water system (dipalmitoyl) phosphatidyl choline). Although the relaxation process in the multilamellar phase is different from the diffusion process in liquid phases, the relaxation rate can be described in terms of a diffusion coefficient. For diffusion parallel to the lamellae, diffusion coefficients ranging from 8 x 10(-7) to 2 x 10(-5) cm2/s were measured over a range of temperature and water concentrations. We describe a model that expresses the diffusion coefficient in terms of the chemical potential for water inside the multilamellar phase and the effective thickness of a \"free water zone.\" The deduced thickness of this free water zone is in good agreement with estimates from X-ray diffraction results. The activation energy for the diffusion process is also deduced from the data, and is found to decrease monotonically with increasing water concentration. We also found the thermal diffusivity to be about 10(-3) cm2/s with only a weak temperature and water concentration dependence. The experimental technique is a new version of forced Rayleigh scattering. The method uses the phase information of the scattered light to improve the ability to detect weak signals. Experimental details are reported.", "contents": "Water and hermal diffusivity in a lipid-water smectic phase. We report the first application of light scattering to measurement of the hydrodynamic relaxation of inhomogeneities in water concentration within a multilamellar, or smectic A, phospholipid water system (dipalmitoyl) phosphatidyl choline). Although the relaxation process in the multilamellar phase is different from the diffusion process in liquid phases, the relaxation rate can be described in terms of a diffusion coefficient. For diffusion parallel to the lamellae, diffusion coefficients ranging from 8 x 10(-7) to 2 x 10(-5) cm2/s were measured over a range of temperature and water concentrations. We describe a model that expresses the diffusion coefficient in terms of the chemical potential for water inside the multilamellar phase and the effective thickness of a \"free water zone.\" The deduced thickness of this free water zone is in good agreement with estimates from X-ray diffraction results. The activation energy for the diffusion process is also deduced from the data, and is found to decrease monotonically with increasing water concentration. We also found the thermal diffusivity to be about 10(-3) cm2/s with only a weak temperature and water concentration dependence. The experimental technique is a new version of forced Rayleigh scattering. The method uses the phase information of the scattered light to improve the ability to detect weak signals. Experimental details are reported.", "PMID": 698346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11549", "title": "A molecular mechanism of the energetic coupling of a sequence of electron transfer reactions to endergonic reactions.", "content": "A molecular mechanism of the energetic coupling of a sequence of electron transfer reactions to endergonic reactions is proposed and discussed from a physical point of view. The scheme represents a synthesis of concepts of electron transfer by tunneling and the conformational and chemiosmotic aspects of energy coupling processes. Its relation to existing experimental information and theoretical models is discussed, and further experimental tests are suggested.", "contents": "A molecular mechanism of the energetic coupling of a sequence of electron transfer reactions to endergonic reactions. A molecular mechanism of the energetic coupling of a sequence of electron transfer reactions to endergonic reactions is proposed and discussed from a physical point of view. The scheme represents a synthesis of concepts of electron transfer by tunneling and the conformational and chemiosmotic aspects of energy coupling processes. Its relation to existing experimental information and theoretical models is discussed, and further experimental tests are suggested.", "PMID": 698347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11550", "title": "Changes of intracellular Ca++ as measured by arsenazo III in relation to the K permeability of human erythrocyte ghosts.", "content": "A Ca-sensitive dye, arsenazo III, has been incorporated into resealed human erythrocyte ghosts and calibrated to monitor continuously micromolar concentrations of intracellular ionized Ca ([Ca++]i). When the external concentration of Ca is much greater than [Ca++]i, [Ca++]i increases because of a net balance between Ca influx and efflux. Dynamic changes in [Ca++]i regulate K efflux, which in turn may influence the rate of Ca influx. A procedure for purifying arsenazo III is also described.", "contents": "Changes of intracellular Ca++ as measured by arsenazo III in relation to the K permeability of human erythrocyte ghosts. A Ca-sensitive dye, arsenazo III, has been incorporated into resealed human erythrocyte ghosts and calibrated to monitor continuously micromolar concentrations of intracellular ionized Ca ([Ca++]i). When the external concentration of Ca is much greater than [Ca++]i, [Ca++]i increases because of a net balance between Ca influx and efflux. Dynamic changes in [Ca++]i regulate K efflux, which in turn may influence the rate of Ca influx. A procedure for purifying arsenazo III is also described.", "PMID": 698348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11551", "title": "Internal cesium alters sodium inactivation in Myxicola.", "content": "When Myxicola giant axons are internally dialyzed with Cs+ as the sole cation, the time-course of prepulse inactivation is selectively accelerated compared to its rate with K+ dialysis in the same axons. This decrease in tauph occurs without any change in the magnitude or time-course of INa during step depolarizations and results in tauph/taush ratios near unity over most of the potential range in Cs+ dialyzed axons.", "contents": "Internal cesium alters sodium inactivation in Myxicola. When Myxicola giant axons are internally dialyzed with Cs+ as the sole cation, the time-course of prepulse inactivation is selectively accelerated compared to its rate with K+ dialysis in the same axons. This decrease in tauph occurs without any change in the magnitude or time-course of INa during step depolarizations and results in tauph/taush ratios near unity over most of the potential range in Cs+ dialyzed axons.", "PMID": 698349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11552", "title": "Temperature effects on gating currents in the squid giant axon.", "content": "The effects of temperature (3 degrees-26 degrees C) on the nonlinear components of the displacement current were measured in internally perfused, voltage clamped squid axons. Steps of potential were applied from a holding potential of -70mV (outside ground) to values from -130 to +70mV and either the current or its integral (charge) was recorded as a function of time. For that component of the charge movement not linearly related to voltage, the total charge moved in a few milliseconds (about 1,500 electronic charges/micron2) between saturation limits (e.g. -100mV to +50mV) showed an apparent increase of 13 +/- 5% for a 10 degrees C rise in temperature. Attempts to fit the falling phase of the gating current (or charge) with the sum of two exponentials showed temperature effects on both components but there was considerable scattering. At short times, records for current or charge made at 16 degrees C, expanded by a factor alpha, superimposed on those made at 6 degrees C for alpha about 1.6. For long times alpha was about 2.3.", "contents": "Temperature effects on gating currents in the squid giant axon. The effects of temperature (3 degrees-26 degrees C) on the nonlinear components of the displacement current were measured in internally perfused, voltage clamped squid axons. Steps of potential were applied from a holding potential of -70mV (outside ground) to values from -130 to +70mV and either the current or its integral (charge) was recorded as a function of time. For that component of the charge movement not linearly related to voltage, the total charge moved in a few milliseconds (about 1,500 electronic charges/micron2) between saturation limits (e.g. -100mV to +50mV) showed an apparent increase of 13 +/- 5% for a 10 degrees C rise in temperature. Attempts to fit the falling phase of the gating current (or charge) with the sum of two exponentials showed temperature effects on both components but there was considerable scattering. At short times, records for current or charge made at 16 degrees C, expanded by a factor alpha, superimposed on those made at 6 degrees C for alpha about 1.6. For long times alpha was about 2.3.", "PMID": 698350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11553", "title": "[Optimal structure of the arterial network of skeletal muscles].", "content": "A criterion of the optimal structure of muscle arterial network consisting in the minimization of its hydraulic resistance is proposed. Application of this criterion allows one to determine the relationship between the mean values of diameters of vessels of different \"orders of branching\". Dependence of hydraulic resistance, volumes, blood-flow velocity and pressure in vessels of various calibres on the number of the \"order of branching\" was established. Rough quantitative estimates are given for the potential increase in the bloodflow of the working muscle as compared to the resting one.", "contents": "[Optimal structure of the arterial network of skeletal muscles]. A criterion of the optimal structure of muscle arterial network consisting in the minimization of its hydraulic resistance is proposed. Application of this criterion allows one to determine the relationship between the mean values of diameters of vessels of different \"orders of branching\". Dependence of hydraulic resistance, volumes, blood-flow velocity and pressure in vessels of various calibres on the number of the \"order of branching\" was established. Rough quantitative estimates are given for the potential increase in the bloodflow of the working muscle as compared to the resting one.", "PMID": 698358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11554", "title": "[Effect of dehydration on the interstitial cells of the renal papilla].", "content": "There are two types of cells in the population of the interstitial cells of the albino rat renal papilla basement; these types differ by the development of endoplasmic reticulum. The cells with poorly developed reticulum prevail in the intact rats. The cells with highly developed reticulum characterise the renal tissue of dehydrated rats. It is suggested that the main function of the interstitial cells is connected with the activity of the granular endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "[Effect of dehydration on the interstitial cells of the renal papilla]. There are two types of cells in the population of the interstitial cells of the albino rat renal papilla basement; these types differ by the development of endoplasmic reticulum. The cells with poorly developed reticulum prevail in the intact rats. The cells with highly developed reticulum characterise the renal tissue of dehydrated rats. It is suggested that the main function of the interstitial cells is connected with the activity of the granular endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 698359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11555", "title": "[Deformation of the transpulmonary pressure plateau in experimental pulmonary emphysema].", "content": "Deformation of the transpulmonary pressure plateau occurring during the interruption of air flow for 0.5 s is described in 8 healthy rabbits and in 9 animals with experimental emphysema induced by the intravenous injection of licopodium spores. The greatest plateau deformity was seen in healthy animals during inspiration, averaging 20 cm H2O. In sick rabbits the degree of deformity was decreased by 13 cm H2O on the average. The plateau deformity was the same in expiration in healthy and sick animals, averaging 7 cm H2O. The direction of changes in the strain of respiratory muscles in response to inspiration or expiration during the air flow interruption was controlled by recording the pressure in the bronchus, whose amplitude of respiratory variations considerably exceeded such of transpulmonary pressure. Inspiratory plateau deformity is regarded to be the result of active sucking action of the lungs, and expiratory plateau deformity--as their active contraction under conditions of the air flow interruption.", "contents": "[Deformation of the transpulmonary pressure plateau in experimental pulmonary emphysema]. Deformation of the transpulmonary pressure plateau occurring during the interruption of air flow for 0.5 s is described in 8 healthy rabbits and in 9 animals with experimental emphysema induced by the intravenous injection of licopodium spores. The greatest plateau deformity was seen in healthy animals during inspiration, averaging 20 cm H2O. In sick rabbits the degree of deformity was decreased by 13 cm H2O on the average. The plateau deformity was the same in expiration in healthy and sick animals, averaging 7 cm H2O. The direction of changes in the strain of respiratory muscles in response to inspiration or expiration during the air flow interruption was controlled by recording the pressure in the bronchus, whose amplitude of respiratory variations considerably exceeded such of transpulmonary pressure. Inspiratory plateau deformity is regarded to be the result of active sucking action of the lungs, and expiratory plateau deformity--as their active contraction under conditions of the air flow interruption.", "PMID": 698360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11556", "title": "[Electrical activity of motor unit action potentials following spinal cord injury].", "content": "The author studied the action potentials (AP) duration of the gastrocnemius and the tibial muscles motor units (MU) in patients with the spinal cord trauma by means of local electromyography. The AP duration of the gastrocnemius decreased by 27% on the average, and of the tibial muscle--by 38% in comparison with the normal age values. There was no direct dependence between the reduction of the AP duration of the gastrocnemius and the tibial muscle MU on the spinal cord affection level, the posttraumatic period duration, and the spastic syndrome expression. Changes in the AP duration of the MU were apparently due to different degree of the atrophic process resulting from prolonged adynamia.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of motor unit action potentials following spinal cord injury]. The author studied the action potentials (AP) duration of the gastrocnemius and the tibial muscles motor units (MU) in patients with the spinal cord trauma by means of local electromyography. The AP duration of the gastrocnemius decreased by 27% on the average, and of the tibial muscle--by 38% in comparison with the normal age values. There was no direct dependence between the reduction of the AP duration of the gastrocnemius and the tibial muscle MU on the spinal cord affection level, the posttraumatic period duration, and the spastic syndrome expression. Changes in the AP duration of the MU were apparently due to different degree of the atrophic process resulting from prolonged adynamia.", "PMID": 698361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11557", "title": "[Monoamine content in the motor region of the cerebral cortex following damage to the symmetrical area of the opposite hemisphere].", "content": "On 8 cats chronic experiments were carried out to determine (spectrofluorometrically) the content of serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline in the sigmoid region of the left cerebral hemisphere on the second, third, forth, fifth, eighth days after the removal of the cortex of the symmetrical region of the right hemisphere. On the second day, at the time of maximum disorders of the locomotor function, dopamine content was found to decrease; there was also a tendency to reduction of noradrenaline and serotonin. On the third, and the fifth--eighth days, at the period of the locomotor activity restoration, there was a rise of serotonin content, whereas dopamine content remained low, and noradrenaline content rose considerably. The role of biochemical changes in the motor region in the mechanisms of locomotor function restoration following symmetrical damage of the large hemisphere cortex is discussed.", "contents": "[Monoamine content in the motor region of the cerebral cortex following damage to the symmetrical area of the opposite hemisphere]. On 8 cats chronic experiments were carried out to determine (spectrofluorometrically) the content of serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline in the sigmoid region of the left cerebral hemisphere on the second, third, forth, fifth, eighth days after the removal of the cortex of the symmetrical region of the right hemisphere. On the second day, at the time of maximum disorders of the locomotor function, dopamine content was found to decrease; there was also a tendency to reduction of noradrenaline and serotonin. On the third, and the fifth--eighth days, at the period of the locomotor activity restoration, there was a rise of serotonin content, whereas dopamine content remained low, and noradrenaline content rose considerably. The role of biochemical changes in the motor region in the mechanisms of locomotor function restoration following symmetrical damage of the large hemisphere cortex is discussed.", "PMID": 698362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11558", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandins E1 and E2 on the internal carotid artery].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on the dog internal carotid artery (with circulatory isolation); the following peculiarities of the effects of the prostaglandins (PG) under study were revealed: PG-E1 caused either a constrictory or a dilatory effect, and PG-E1--a constrictory effect only; in the former case the artery became accustomed with repetition of the action, and in the latter case it did not become accustomed. The duration of the PG-E2 effects, particularly of relaxation, was much greater than of the serotonin effects; residual contraction of the vascular smooth muscles was frequent; PG-E1 and PG-E2 intensified the effects of serotonin, and, partially, of noradrenaline.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandins E1 and E2 on the internal carotid artery]. Experiments were conducted on the dog internal carotid artery (with circulatory isolation); the following peculiarities of the effects of the prostaglandins (PG) under study were revealed: PG-E1 caused either a constrictory or a dilatory effect, and PG-E1--a constrictory effect only; in the former case the artery became accustomed with repetition of the action, and in the latter case it did not become accustomed. The duration of the PG-E2 effects, particularly of relaxation, was much greater than of the serotonin effects; residual contraction of the vascular smooth muscles was frequent; PG-E1 and PG-E2 intensified the effects of serotonin, and, partially, of noradrenaline.", "PMID": 698363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11559", "title": "[Effect of peridural blockade of the heart on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on dogs with determination of the ventricular fibrillation threshold in animals with intact heart and with myocardial infraction in case of trimecaine injection into the peridural space at the T1--T2 level. The fibrillation threshold was elevated both on account of resorptive trimecaine action and due to the block of the sympathetic heart innervation.", "contents": "[Effect of peridural blockade of the heart on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs]. Experiments were conducted on dogs with determination of the ventricular fibrillation threshold in animals with intact heart and with myocardial infraction in case of trimecaine injection into the peridural space at the T1--T2 level. The fibrillation threshold was elevated both on account of resorptive trimecaine action and due to the block of the sympathetic heart innervation.", "PMID": 698364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11560", "title": "[Formation of hemodynamic pulmonary edema in irradiated bodies].", "content": "Experiments on albino rats demonstrated that high doses of ionising radiation producing pronounced leukopenia increased the animal resistance to pulmonary edema under the effect of adrenaline. This effect was especially manifest on the 4th day of irradiation. Relatively low doses (up to 100 r) as well as separate irradiation of the head, chest, or the abdomen induced pulmonary edema.", "contents": "[Formation of hemodynamic pulmonary edema in irradiated bodies]. Experiments on albino rats demonstrated that high doses of ionising radiation producing pronounced leukopenia increased the animal resistance to pulmonary edema under the effect of adrenaline. This effect was especially manifest on the 4th day of irradiation. Relatively low doses (up to 100 r) as well as separate irradiation of the head, chest, or the abdomen induced pulmonary edema.", "PMID": 698365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11561", "title": "[Temperature reaction and survival of experimental animals exposed to microwaves of different intensity].", "content": "Changes of the rectal temperature during the day were determined in CBA mice and Wistar rats subjected to the total body irradiation with microwaves of different intensity. Dependence of these indices on keeping the animals in containers for irradiation and temperature reactions, and survival of the animals after exposure to UHF microwaves of various intensity were investigated. As shown, temperature rise and survival of the animals depended on the current intensity density and the action duration, the rectal temperature elevation during the irradiation; a pronounced reduction of this index following irradiation may be considered as a prognostic sign of affection with the UHF microwave field.", "contents": "[Temperature reaction and survival of experimental animals exposed to microwaves of different intensity]. Changes of the rectal temperature during the day were determined in CBA mice and Wistar rats subjected to the total body irradiation with microwaves of different intensity. Dependence of these indices on keeping the animals in containers for irradiation and temperature reactions, and survival of the animals after exposure to UHF microwaves of various intensity were investigated. As shown, temperature rise and survival of the animals depended on the current intensity density and the action duration, the rectal temperature elevation during the irradiation; a pronounced reduction of this index following irradiation may be considered as a prognostic sign of affection with the UHF microwave field.", "PMID": 698366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11562", "title": "[Long-term exposure of rats to high concentrations of carbon dioxide].", "content": "The authors studied the isoenzymatic spectrum of lactic dehydrogenase of the myocardium, the frequency of cardiac contractions and ECG during the action of high carbon dioxide concentration, and also the survival of rats depending on the speed of carbon dioxide concentration increase in the atmosphere. Functional changes noted in the cardiac activity during the carbon dioxide action (concentration 30%, 7 1/2 hours) were not accompanied by any disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism in the myocardium. The most important condition for the survival of rats subjected to the action of high carbon dioxide concentration (up to 50% in the atmosphere) was the speed of elevation of this concentration.", "contents": "[Long-term exposure of rats to high concentrations of carbon dioxide]. The authors studied the isoenzymatic spectrum of lactic dehydrogenase of the myocardium, the frequency of cardiac contractions and ECG during the action of high carbon dioxide concentration, and also the survival of rats depending on the speed of carbon dioxide concentration increase in the atmosphere. Functional changes noted in the cardiac activity during the carbon dioxide action (concentration 30%, 7 1/2 hours) were not accompanied by any disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism in the myocardium. The most important condition for the survival of rats subjected to the action of high carbon dioxide concentration (up to 50% in the atmosphere) was the speed of elevation of this concentration.", "PMID": 698367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11563", "title": "[Mechanism of the decrease in basal metabolism during adaptation to hypoxia].", "content": "Oxygen uptake fell by 40% in rat adaptation to the periodic action of hypoxia under conditions of pressure chamber. This phenomenon did not disappear in animals in the state of profound anesthesia, and, consequently, was independent of adaptation changes of the cortical regulation of the animal motor activity. A cut of oxygen uptake by half persisted with the action of cold, noradrenaline, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, uncoupling oxidation and phosphorylation, on the organism. Thus, economic expenditure of oxygen in hypoxia adaptation could not be fully explained by increase of oxydation and phosphorylation conjugation.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the decrease in basal metabolism during adaptation to hypoxia]. Oxygen uptake fell by 40% in rat adaptation to the periodic action of hypoxia under conditions of pressure chamber. This phenomenon did not disappear in animals in the state of profound anesthesia, and, consequently, was independent of adaptation changes of the cortical regulation of the animal motor activity. A cut of oxygen uptake by half persisted with the action of cold, noradrenaline, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, uncoupling oxidation and phosphorylation, on the organism. Thus, economic expenditure of oxygen in hypoxia adaptation could not be fully explained by increase of oxydation and phosphorylation conjugation.", "PMID": 698368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11564", "title": "[Role of intestinal hormones in the pathogenesis of experimental pancreatitis].", "content": "In acute experiments on dogs with preliminarily induced pancreatitis the authors traced disturbances of the secretory reactions of the pancreas in response to adequate stimulation with the intestinal hormones. There was a reduction in the activity of complex intestinal hormones preparations obtained from the duodenal mucosa at the acute period of the disease in these dogs. In chronic experiments there was found an increase of acid production debit in the stomach and a shift in the duodenal contents reaction in the acid direction in pancreatitis. A conclusion was drawn on an important pathogenetic role played by the intestinal hormones in the mechanism of disturbances of the pancreatic exocrine secretion in pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Role of intestinal hormones in the pathogenesis of experimental pancreatitis]. In acute experiments on dogs with preliminarily induced pancreatitis the authors traced disturbances of the secretory reactions of the pancreas in response to adequate stimulation with the intestinal hormones. There was a reduction in the activity of complex intestinal hormones preparations obtained from the duodenal mucosa at the acute period of the disease in these dogs. In chronic experiments there was found an increase of acid production debit in the stomach and a shift in the duodenal contents reaction in the acid direction in pancreatitis. A conclusion was drawn on an important pathogenetic role played by the intestinal hormones in the mechanism of disturbances of the pancreatic exocrine secretion in pancreatitis.", "PMID": 698369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11565", "title": "[Effect of Ca2+ and gamma-aminobutyric acid on glutamate and glutamine oxidation by rat brain synaptosomes].", "content": "It was shown in vitro that Ca2+ addition induced inhibition of the synaptosomal respiration with glutamate and glutamine. The presence of GABA in the medium increased the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on glutamine oxidation, but not on glutamate. GABA, by itself, had no influence on both glutamate and glutamine oxidation.", "contents": "[Effect of Ca2+ and gamma-aminobutyric acid on glutamate and glutamine oxidation by rat brain synaptosomes]. It was shown in vitro that Ca2+ addition induced inhibition of the synaptosomal respiration with glutamate and glutamine. The presence of GABA in the medium increased the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on glutamine oxidation, but not on glutamate. GABA, by itself, had no influence on both glutamate and glutamine oxidation.", "PMID": 698370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11566", "title": "[Effect of acute cardiac ischemia on the activity of the protein synthesizing system of the internal membranes of myocardial mitochondria].", "content": "The effect of acute experimental heart ischemia on protein synthesis and RNA of the internal membranes of myocardial mitochondria was studied; there was a sharp increase in the protein synthesizing system activity of the internal mitochondrial membranes. The most pronounced protein and PNA exchange was noted on the 7th day of the infarction; apparently it was the most critical time in the development of the given pathological process. A study of ultrastructure of mitochondrial membranes in the course of experimental infarction development demonstrated marked changes in their ultrastructure depending on the severity of the disease.", "contents": "[Effect of acute cardiac ischemia on the activity of the protein synthesizing system of the internal membranes of myocardial mitochondria]. The effect of acute experimental heart ischemia on protein synthesis and RNA of the internal membranes of myocardial mitochondria was studied; there was a sharp increase in the protein synthesizing system activity of the internal mitochondrial membranes. The most pronounced protein and PNA exchange was noted on the 7th day of the infarction; apparently it was the most critical time in the development of the given pathological process. A study of ultrastructure of mitochondrial membranes in the course of experimental infarction development demonstrated marked changes in their ultrastructure depending on the severity of the disease.", "PMID": 698371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11567", "title": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of neurogenically damaged heart].", "content": "Neurogenic damage of the myocardium by electrostimulation of the aortic arch led to deficiency of tissue noradrenaline (the sympathetic nervous system mediator). Simultaneously there was a marked rise of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Preliminary administration of the RNA synthesis inhibitor--actinomycin D--fully prevented the increase of this enzyme activity in the myocardium produced by its neurogenic damage. The data obtained testified to the acceleration of induction of this enzyme in the myocardium in case of its neurogenic damage, this correlating with the change of tissue noradrenaline balance.", "contents": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of neurogenically damaged heart]. Neurogenic damage of the myocardium by electrostimulation of the aortic arch led to deficiency of tissue noradrenaline (the sympathetic nervous system mediator). Simultaneously there was a marked rise of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Preliminary administration of the RNA synthesis inhibitor--actinomycin D--fully prevented the increase of this enzyme activity in the myocardium produced by its neurogenic damage. The data obtained testified to the acceleration of induction of this enzyme in the myocardium in case of its neurogenic damage, this correlating with the change of tissue noradrenaline balance.", "PMID": 698372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11568", "title": "[Effect of imipramine-like antidepressants on head shaking induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan in mice].", "content": "In the reaction of head twitching (HT) in mice in response to 5-oxytryptophan administration in the capacity of a serotonergic model antidepressants chlorimipramine and imipramine and also chlorpheniramine (suprastin) expressed a serotonopositive action in doses of 1.0, 5,0, and 1.0 mg/kg, respectively. Quiprazine produced a serotonomimetic action. Desipramine exerted abmivalent activity in doses of 1.0--20.0 mg/kg, whereas iprindol and morphaphen were ineffective in doses up to 20.0 mg/kg. Amitriptyline, noveril, melitracene, trimipramine, and ludiomil inhibited HT in doses of from 0.5, 1.0, 20.0, 20.0, and 20.0 mg/kg, respectively. The results are discussed in the light of the concept on the complex \"neurotransmitter activity\" spectrum of imipramine-like antidepressants.", "contents": "[Effect of imipramine-like antidepressants on head shaking induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan in mice]. In the reaction of head twitching (HT) in mice in response to 5-oxytryptophan administration in the capacity of a serotonergic model antidepressants chlorimipramine and imipramine and also chlorpheniramine (suprastin) expressed a serotonopositive action in doses of 1.0, 5,0, and 1.0 mg/kg, respectively. Quiprazine produced a serotonomimetic action. Desipramine exerted abmivalent activity in doses of 1.0--20.0 mg/kg, whereas iprindol and morphaphen were ineffective in doses up to 20.0 mg/kg. Amitriptyline, noveril, melitracene, trimipramine, and ludiomil inhibited HT in doses of from 0.5, 1.0, 20.0, 20.0, and 20.0 mg/kg, respectively. The results are discussed in the light of the concept on the complex \"neurotransmitter activity\" spectrum of imipramine-like antidepressants.", "PMID": 698373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11569", "title": "[Effect of pharmacologic substances on the dominance-submission relationship in a pair of rats].", "content": "The effect of neuroleptics (chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, haloperidol), antidepressants (amitryptyline, imipramine), tranquilizers (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, benactyzine) and stimulant d-amphetamine on the domination and subordination relations formed as a result of competitive behaviour in a pair of rats was studied. The drugs in question proved to violate the set relations of domination and subordination weakening the attacking ability of dominating rats and strengthening the defensability of the subordinate ones. With increase of antidepressants dosage received by a subordinate rat its competing ability becomes enhanced too; this may cause a change in domination.", "contents": "[Effect of pharmacologic substances on the dominance-submission relationship in a pair of rats]. The effect of neuroleptics (chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, haloperidol), antidepressants (amitryptyline, imipramine), tranquilizers (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, benactyzine) and stimulant d-amphetamine on the domination and subordination relations formed as a result of competitive behaviour in a pair of rats was studied. The drugs in question proved to violate the set relations of domination and subordination weakening the attacking ability of dominating rats and strengthening the defensability of the subordinate ones. With increase of antidepressants dosage received by a subordinate rat its competing ability becomes enhanced too; this may cause a change in domination.", "PMID": 698374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11570", "title": "[Effect of adrenergic blockade on autoregulation of cerebral blood flow during orthostatic tests].", "content": "The effect of phentolamine and anapriline on the cerebral blood flow autoregulation (CBFA) under the orthostatic test (OT) was studied in experiments on locally anesthetized rabbits. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the carotids, venous pressure in the cerebral vessels, perfusion pressure (PP) in the carotid arteries were measured, the resistance of cerebral vessels was calculated. OT was modeled by tilting a special table with the animal (with its head upwards or a special table with the animal (with its head upwards or downwards) by 40--80 degrees from the horizontal level. The results showed adrenergic block in most of OT cases to disturb CBFA; phentolamine promoted passive increase of CBF when PP was increased; on the contrary, anapriline promoted passive CBF reduction when PP was decreased.", "contents": "[Effect of adrenergic blockade on autoregulation of cerebral blood flow during orthostatic tests]. The effect of phentolamine and anapriline on the cerebral blood flow autoregulation (CBFA) under the orthostatic test (OT) was studied in experiments on locally anesthetized rabbits. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the carotids, venous pressure in the cerebral vessels, perfusion pressure (PP) in the carotid arteries were measured, the resistance of cerebral vessels was calculated. OT was modeled by tilting a special table with the animal (with its head upwards or a special table with the animal (with its head upwards or downwards) by 40--80 degrees from the horizontal level. The results showed adrenergic block in most of OT cases to disturb CBFA; phentolamine promoted passive increase of CBF when PP was increased; on the contrary, anapriline promoted passive CBF reduction when PP was decreased.", "PMID": 698375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11571", "title": "[Selective inhibition of the tonic component of portal vein smooth muscle cell potassium contracture by verapamil].", "content": "The studies were performed on the rat portal vein smooth muscle cells, using double sucrose-gap method. 10(-9)--10(-7) M-verapamil was shown to selectively block the tonic component of potassium contracture. Since potassium depolarization of the membrane persists, it may evidence that verapramil had a specific effect on the excitation-contraction coupling by blocking the passive calcium entry into the muscle cells. At higher concentrations (10(-6)--10(-5) M) verapramil produced inhibition of the phasic component of potassium contracture by blocking the potential-dependent calcium canals of the portal vein smooth muscle cell membrane responsible for generation of the action potentials.", "contents": "[Selective inhibition of the tonic component of portal vein smooth muscle cell potassium contracture by verapamil]. The studies were performed on the rat portal vein smooth muscle cells, using double sucrose-gap method. 10(-9)--10(-7) M-verapamil was shown to selectively block the tonic component of potassium contracture. Since potassium depolarization of the membrane persists, it may evidence that verapramil had a specific effect on the excitation-contraction coupling by blocking the passive calcium entry into the muscle cells. At higher concentrations (10(-6)--10(-5) M) verapramil produced inhibition of the phasic component of potassium contracture by blocking the potential-dependent calcium canals of the portal vein smooth muscle cell membrane responsible for generation of the action potentials.", "PMID": 698376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11572", "title": "[Role of vascular thermoreceptors in the mechanism of cold tremor inhibition by oxotremorine, seduxen and phentolamine].", "content": "Intravenous infusion of oxotremorine, seduxene, and phentolamine to cats not only decreased the cold-induced tremor, but also reduced the subcutaneous vein receptor impulses. Diminished activity of the vascular thermoreceptors served as an additional component in the mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine and seduxene on cold tremor. Reduction of the thermoreceptors activity after phentolamine administration is primary, and may be considered as the leading factor in the cold tremor inhibition.", "contents": "[Role of vascular thermoreceptors in the mechanism of cold tremor inhibition by oxotremorine, seduxen and phentolamine]. Intravenous infusion of oxotremorine, seduxene, and phentolamine to cats not only decreased the cold-induced tremor, but also reduced the subcutaneous vein receptor impulses. Diminished activity of the vascular thermoreceptors served as an additional component in the mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine and seduxene on cold tremor. Reduction of the thermoreceptors activity after phentolamine administration is primary, and may be considered as the leading factor in the cold tremor inhibition.", "PMID": 698377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11573", "title": "[Effect of Krebs cycle intermediates on the blood supply and energy metabolism of ischemic myocardium].", "content": "The influence of d-ketoglutarate and succinate in acute experiments on dogs was studied by the following parameters: collateral coronary circulation (CCC) of the ischemic myocardium, systemic arterial pressure, and the content of lactic, pyruvic acids, and glucose in the blood flowing from the ischemic zone. alpha-ketoglutarate (6 mg/kg intracoronary and 60 mg/kg intravenously) proved to produce a positive effect on CCC and the contractile activity of the myocardium. Intravenous injection of alpha-ketoglutarate (12 mg/kg) and succinate (100 mg/kg) decreased significantly the consumption of glucose by the ischemic myocardium which rose after the ligation. In comparison with alpha-ketoglutarate, all doses of succinate were more effective as a factor of preventing the increase of lactic acid in the blood flowing from the ischemic zone. Thus, definite doses of alpha-ketoglutarate and succinate could be used for pharmacological correction of CCC and energy supply of the ischemic myocardium.", "contents": "[Effect of Krebs cycle intermediates on the blood supply and energy metabolism of ischemic myocardium]. The influence of d-ketoglutarate and succinate in acute experiments on dogs was studied by the following parameters: collateral coronary circulation (CCC) of the ischemic myocardium, systemic arterial pressure, and the content of lactic, pyruvic acids, and glucose in the blood flowing from the ischemic zone. alpha-ketoglutarate (6 mg/kg intracoronary and 60 mg/kg intravenously) proved to produce a positive effect on CCC and the contractile activity of the myocardium. Intravenous injection of alpha-ketoglutarate (12 mg/kg) and succinate (100 mg/kg) decreased significantly the consumption of glucose by the ischemic myocardium which rose after the ligation. In comparison with alpha-ketoglutarate, all doses of succinate were more effective as a factor of preventing the increase of lactic acid in the blood flowing from the ischemic zone. Thus, definite doses of alpha-ketoglutarate and succinate could be used for pharmacological correction of CCC and energy supply of the ischemic myocardium.", "PMID": 698378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11574", "title": "[Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of rats poisoned with amanita-phalloidines].", "content": "The effect Amanita phalloides on glucose tolerance and insuline sensitivity was studied. Amanita phalloides toxins were injected to albino male rats intraperitoneally in a dose of DL50. Amanita phalloides proved to cause disturbance of glucose tolerance, increased tissue glucose utilization, and enhanced the organism insuline sensitivity. The mentioned effects result from a decrease of insuline-inactivating capacity of the liver and from enhanced function of the insuline apparatus of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of rats poisoned with amanita-phalloidines]. The effect Amanita phalloides on glucose tolerance and insuline sensitivity was studied. Amanita phalloides toxins were injected to albino male rats intraperitoneally in a dose of DL50. Amanita phalloides proved to cause disturbance of glucose tolerance, increased tissue glucose utilization, and enhanced the organism insuline sensitivity. The mentioned effects result from a decrease of insuline-inactivating capacity of the liver and from enhanced function of the insuline apparatus of the pancreas.", "PMID": 698379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11575", "title": "[Effect of normal microflora, age and sex of rats on serum IgG2 levels].", "content": "Germfree and conventional rats of Fisher inbred strain and mongrel animals were used in this study. IgG2 was separated from the pool serum of mongrel rats, and anti-IgG2 was obtained by hyperimmunization of rabbits. IgG2 content was determined by in the sera of different groups of rats radial immunodiffusion. There was 5.4 times less IgG2 in the sera of Fisher germfree rats than in conventional Fisher animals; its level in female animals was by 10--15% higher than in the male ones. The first hours after birth the IgG2 level was the same in the sera of all the newborn rats irrespective of its amount in the maternal sera.", "contents": "[Effect of normal microflora, age and sex of rats on serum IgG2 levels]. Germfree and conventional rats of Fisher inbred strain and mongrel animals were used in this study. IgG2 was separated from the pool serum of mongrel rats, and anti-IgG2 was obtained by hyperimmunization of rabbits. IgG2 content was determined by in the sera of different groups of rats radial immunodiffusion. There was 5.4 times less IgG2 in the sera of Fisher germfree rats than in conventional Fisher animals; its level in female animals was by 10--15% higher than in the male ones. The first hours after birth the IgG2 level was the same in the sera of all the newborn rats irrespective of its amount in the maternal sera.", "PMID": 698380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11576", "title": "[Protective effect of several diphosphonic compounds against damage to lymphocytes by antilymphocyte serum].", "content": "Rabbit antilymphocytic serum and complement were taken in quantities provoking the death of 50 per cent of human lymphocytes secreted in the phycol-verographin density gradient. Compounds (dinatrium salt of oxyethylendiphosphonate acid, alkylated oxyethylendiphosphonate acid, aminoethyloxyethylendiphosphonate acid, aminobenzyldiphosphonate, and aminoisopropyldiphosphonate acids) of 10 mM diphosphonic composition solutions in quantities of from 0.001 ml to 0.2 ml were added to experimental samples of 0.2 ml lymphocytes suspension containing 2.4 X 10(4)--6.0 X 10(4) cells. A decrease in the dead cell count in staining with a 0.1 per cent trypan blue solution was observed. Dinatrium salt of oxyethylendiphosphonate acid and alkylated oxyethylendiphosphonate acid proved to be most effective: it showed protective properties already in a dose of 0.01 ml. All the tested components had a pronounced protective action in a dose of 0.1 ml.", "contents": "[Protective effect of several diphosphonic compounds against damage to lymphocytes by antilymphocyte serum]. Rabbit antilymphocytic serum and complement were taken in quantities provoking the death of 50 per cent of human lymphocytes secreted in the phycol-verographin density gradient. Compounds (dinatrium salt of oxyethylendiphosphonate acid, alkylated oxyethylendiphosphonate acid, aminoethyloxyethylendiphosphonate acid, aminobenzyldiphosphonate, and aminoisopropyldiphosphonate acids) of 10 mM diphosphonic composition solutions in quantities of from 0.001 ml to 0.2 ml were added to experimental samples of 0.2 ml lymphocytes suspension containing 2.4 X 10(4)--6.0 X 10(4) cells. A decrease in the dead cell count in staining with a 0.1 per cent trypan blue solution was observed. Dinatrium salt of oxyethylendiphosphonate acid and alkylated oxyethylendiphosphonate acid proved to be most effective: it showed protective properties already in a dose of 0.01 ml. All the tested components had a pronounced protective action in a dose of 0.1 ml.", "PMID": 698381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11577", "title": "[Effect of DL-tryptophan on blastomogenesis induced by acrylic plastic].", "content": "Plastic plates implanted subcutaneously to rats induced sarcoma in 11 of 27 animals (40.7%) which survived up to the time of the first tumour appearance (12.3 months). No tumours were revealed at the sites of the plastic powder implantation. Following long-term administration of DL-tryptophan tumours developed around the plates in 6 to 19 rats (31.5%) in 13.8 months, and around the powder in 2 of 5 rats which survived for 18.7 months. Some animals of this group displayed preneoplastic changes around the powder clumps.", "contents": "[Effect of DL-tryptophan on blastomogenesis induced by acrylic plastic]. Plastic plates implanted subcutaneously to rats induced sarcoma in 11 of 27 animals (40.7%) which survived up to the time of the first tumour appearance (12.3 months). No tumours were revealed at the sites of the plastic powder implantation. Following long-term administration of DL-tryptophan tumours developed around the plates in 6 to 19 rats (31.5%) in 13.8 months, and around the powder in 2 of 5 rats which survived for 18.7 months. Some animals of this group displayed preneoplastic changes around the powder clumps.", "PMID": 698382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11578", "title": "[Effect of marrow cavity curettage on bone marrow stromal cell precursors].", "content": "Changes in the number of bone marrow stromal precursor cells of guinea pigs after the bone marrow curettage was studied by cloning in monolayer cultures in vitro. About half of the colony-forming units (CEU-F) is extracted during curettage. Later the number of CFU-F in the curetted bone marrow continues to fall, reaching its minimum in 12 hours. Regeneration begins after 24 hours, and on the 7th--12th day the CFU-F content in the curetted bone marrow reacts the normal level; by the 20th day the number of CFU-F exceeded the normal 2.5 times. The CFU-F content in the contralateral bones of donors exceeded their normal content (at periods from 6 hours to 20 days) 2--2 1/2-fold.", "contents": "[Effect of marrow cavity curettage on bone marrow stromal cell precursors]. Changes in the number of bone marrow stromal precursor cells of guinea pigs after the bone marrow curettage was studied by cloning in monolayer cultures in vitro. About half of the colony-forming units (CEU-F) is extracted during curettage. Later the number of CFU-F in the curetted bone marrow continues to fall, reaching its minimum in 12 hours. Regeneration begins after 24 hours, and on the 7th--12th day the CFU-F content in the curetted bone marrow reacts the normal level; by the 20th day the number of CFU-F exceeded the normal 2.5 times. The CFU-F content in the contralateral bones of donors exceeded their normal content (at periods from 6 hours to 20 days) 2--2 1/2-fold.", "PMID": 698383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11579", "title": "[Formation of DNA--protein crosslinks and their possible elimination in cultures of normal human fibroblasts after exposure to embichin].", "content": "New methods of radiometry and fractionation of cell lysates on hydroxyapatite were applied to determine the crosslinkage between DNA and protein induced by embiquin in cell culture of normal human skin fibroblasts. Such crosslinks were found to be formed; they were eliminated in long-term cultivation of the cells after mutagen treatment.", "contents": "[Formation of DNA--protein crosslinks and their possible elimination in cultures of normal human fibroblasts after exposure to embichin]. New methods of radiometry and fractionation of cell lysates on hydroxyapatite were applied to determine the crosslinkage between DNA and protein induced by embiquin in cell culture of normal human skin fibroblasts. Such crosslinks were found to be formed; they were eliminated in long-term cultivation of the cells after mutagen treatment.", "PMID": 698384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11580", "title": "[Limits of several cell nucleus reactions in old age and in the presence of a pathological process].", "content": "The number of nucleoli and the structure of nucleolus-associated chromatin (determined by the number of perinucleolar chromocentres) was investigated in two groups of mice. The first group was control, and the second one--experimental, given CCl4 injections once a week, for one year. A gradual increase of the number of nucleoli and chromocentres bound with nucleoli was revealed with ageing in control mice. In the experimental group both indices quickly reached the maximum which was equal or even higher than in old control mice. The subsequent development of the pathological process failed to alter these indices. Possible mechanisms limiting the range of the mentioned changes of the nuclei are discussed.", "contents": "[Limits of several cell nucleus reactions in old age and in the presence of a pathological process]. The number of nucleoli and the structure of nucleolus-associated chromatin (determined by the number of perinucleolar chromocentres) was investigated in two groups of mice. The first group was control, and the second one--experimental, given CCl4 injections once a week, for one year. A gradual increase of the number of nucleoli and chromocentres bound with nucleoli was revealed with ageing in control mice. In the experimental group both indices quickly reached the maximum which was equal or even higher than in old control mice. The subsequent development of the pathological process failed to alter these indices. Possible mechanisms limiting the range of the mentioned changes of the nuclei are discussed.", "PMID": 698385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11581", "title": "[Morphologic analysis of the specialized cardiomyocytes of the heart conduction system of vagotomized rats].", "content": "The specialized conduction system of the rat heart was studied by light and electron microscopy at various periods following vagotomy. The dynamics of tissue and cellular alterations is described. Variegation of the cellular reactions at all the postdenervation periods for all the conduction system parts and for all types o specialized cardiomyocytes was revealed.", "contents": "[Morphologic analysis of the specialized cardiomyocytes of the heart conduction system of vagotomized rats]. The specialized conduction system of the rat heart was studied by light and electron microscopy at various periods following vagotomy. The dynamics of tissue and cellular alterations is described. Variegation of the cellular reactions at all the postdenervation periods for all the conduction system parts and for all types o specialized cardiomyocytes was revealed.", "PMID": 698386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11582", "title": "Atypical lymphoid leukemia in ataxia telangiectasia.", "content": "We observed two sisters with ataxia telangiectasia, one of whom developed an atypical subacute lymphocytic leukemia characterized by atypical lymphocytes and absence of palpable lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. The lack of organomegaly in this patient may have been due to the underlying ataxia telangiectasia, which was associated with lymphoid hypoplasia. Cytogenetic studies showed a marker chromosome 14 [t(14q11:14q34)] in both patients. The sister with leukemia had other complex chromosomal aberrations in addition to the marker chromosome 14 that were stable for more than 14 mo before the patient's death from complicating infection. The development of atypical T cell leukemia has not been previously described in ataxia telangiectasia. This case further illustrates the interesting interrelationships amoung immunosuppressed states, development of lymphoid malignancy, and an emerging pattern of a propensity to chromosome 14 abnormalities in various lymphoid malignancies.", "contents": "Atypical lymphoid leukemia in ataxia telangiectasia. We observed two sisters with ataxia telangiectasia, one of whom developed an atypical subacute lymphocytic leukemia characterized by atypical lymphocytes and absence of palpable lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. The lack of organomegaly in this patient may have been due to the underlying ataxia telangiectasia, which was associated with lymphoid hypoplasia. Cytogenetic studies showed a marker chromosome 14 [t(14q11:14q34)] in both patients. The sister with leukemia had other complex chromosomal aberrations in addition to the marker chromosome 14 that were stable for more than 14 mo before the patient's death from complicating infection. The development of atypical T cell leukemia has not been previously described in ataxia telangiectasia. This case further illustrates the interesting interrelationships amoung immunosuppressed states, development of lymphoid malignancy, and an emerging pattern of a propensity to chromosome 14 abnormalities in various lymphoid malignancies.", "PMID": 698387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11583", "title": "Postmitotic marrow neutrophils and neutrophil mobilization in man: role of the spleen.", "content": "The relationship between postmitotic marrow neutrophils (PMMN) and neutrophil increment in blood after an intravenous dose of 3 mg hydrocortisone/kg was studied in patients with normal-sized spleens and compared with splenectomized and splenomegalic patients. PMMN were quantified from the ferrokinetic measurement of the normoblast number and the PMMN/normoblast ratio in bone marrow biopsy sections. In 12 control patients with normal PMMN the increment was 3.50 +/- 1.13 X 10(9) neutrophils/liter. An excellent correlation was found between the number of PMMN and the maximal neutrophil increment (y = 826x - 1021, r = 0.93, p less than 0.001) among 24 patients with normal spleen size and a wide range of marrow cellularity. Significantly higher responses were observed in 10 splenectomized patients (y = 872x + 1429, r = 0.92, p less than 0.001). The two regression lines were shown to be parallel, indicating a diminution of the response by 2.5 X 10(9) neutrophils/liter in the presence of a normal spleen. In 11 hypersplenic patients the responses were further reduced and more variable. Peak neutrophilia occurred after median values of 2, 3, and 4 hr in the hypersplenic, the control, and the splenectomized group, respectively. These studies indicate that allowing for the different response curves neutrophil increments may be used as an index of PMMN in patients with normal spleen size and in splenectomized patients. They further suggest sequestration of the prematurely released cells by the spleen.", "contents": "Postmitotic marrow neutrophils and neutrophil mobilization in man: role of the spleen. The relationship between postmitotic marrow neutrophils (PMMN) and neutrophil increment in blood after an intravenous dose of 3 mg hydrocortisone/kg was studied in patients with normal-sized spleens and compared with splenectomized and splenomegalic patients. PMMN were quantified from the ferrokinetic measurement of the normoblast number and the PMMN/normoblast ratio in bone marrow biopsy sections. In 12 control patients with normal PMMN the increment was 3.50 +/- 1.13 X 10(9) neutrophils/liter. An excellent correlation was found between the number of PMMN and the maximal neutrophil increment (y = 826x - 1021, r = 0.93, p less than 0.001) among 24 patients with normal spleen size and a wide range of marrow cellularity. Significantly higher responses were observed in 10 splenectomized patients (y = 872x + 1429, r = 0.92, p less than 0.001). The two regression lines were shown to be parallel, indicating a diminution of the response by 2.5 X 10(9) neutrophils/liter in the presence of a normal spleen. In 11 hypersplenic patients the responses were further reduced and more variable. Peak neutrophilia occurred after median values of 2, 3, and 4 hr in the hypersplenic, the control, and the splenectomized group, respectively. These studies indicate that allowing for the different response curves neutrophil increments may be used as an index of PMMN in patients with normal spleen size and in splenectomized patients. They further suggest sequestration of the prematurely released cells by the spleen.", "PMID": 698388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11584", "title": "Monoclonal IgG anticoagulants delaying fibrin aggregation in two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).", "content": "There is paucity of information regarding the prolonged plasma thrombin time known to occur in some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Detailed investigations of plasma from two such patients disclosed that IgG accounted for this defect in each case. IgG isolated from plasma of either patient possessed the property of delaying fibrin aggregation and prolonging the clotting times of fibrinogen. Preincubation of IgG from either patient with anti-IgG or anti-Fab (rabbit) serum abolished this anticoagulant property. Moreover, the anticoagulant IgG from the first patient was neutralized with anit-k chain and anti-IgG3, that from the second patient with anti-lambda chain and anti-IgG1 serum. These anticoagulants were also dissimilar with respect to their interactions with fibrin(ogen). IgG from the first patient had no anticoagulant activity against fibrin(ogen) species lacking intact Aalpha chains. IgG from the second patient displayed undiminished anticoagulant effect on such fibrin(ogen) species. We conclude that each anticoagulant interacted with a distinct region(s) on the fibrinogen molecule and that these interactions affect or involve sites that participate in the fibrin self-assembly process.", "contents": "Monoclonal IgG anticoagulants delaying fibrin aggregation in two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There is paucity of information regarding the prolonged plasma thrombin time known to occur in some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Detailed investigations of plasma from two such patients disclosed that IgG accounted for this defect in each case. IgG isolated from plasma of either patient possessed the property of delaying fibrin aggregation and prolonging the clotting times of fibrinogen. Preincubation of IgG from either patient with anti-IgG or anti-Fab (rabbit) serum abolished this anticoagulant property. Moreover, the anticoagulant IgG from the first patient was neutralized with anit-k chain and anti-IgG3, that from the second patient with anti-lambda chain and anti-IgG1 serum. These anticoagulants were also dissimilar with respect to their interactions with fibrin(ogen). IgG from the first patient had no anticoagulant activity against fibrin(ogen) species lacking intact Aalpha chains. IgG from the second patient displayed undiminished anticoagulant effect on such fibrin(ogen) species. We conclude that each anticoagulant interacted with a distinct region(s) on the fibrinogen molecule and that these interactions affect or involve sites that participate in the fibrin self-assembly process.", "PMID": 698389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11585", "title": "Simple electrophoretic system for presumptive identification of abnormal hemoglobins. By the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology.", "content": "In order to determine if mutant hemoglobins can be identified by relatively simple methods, a Working Group of the ICSH Expert Panel on Abnormal Hemoglobins and Thalassemia analyzed 17 hemolysates containing 14 different mutant hemoglobins by four electrophoretic methods: (1) cellulose acetate in alkaline buffers, (2) citrate agar pH 6.0, (3) urea 2-mercaptoethanol buffer pH 8.9, and (4) urea 2-mercaptoethanol buffer pH 6.0. The examined mutants included several of great numerical and clinical importance as well as some rare ones, namely, HbS, C, D Los Angeles (Punjab), E, G Philadelphia, N Baltimore, and O Arab; also Hb Ft. Worth, Montgomery, Winnepeg, Rush, Q India, Bethesda, and Lepore. Comparative mobilities of these hemoglobins in all of the methods are presented here. The combined data permit their presumptive identification, often with a high degree of specificity. The system has been applied in Iran, where the four prevalent mutants can be differentiated by these methods, at considerable saving of time and resources previously expended on structural analyses. It is proposed as a basis for an ICSH Tentative Standard. There is little doubt that this presumptive identification of hemoglobin variants by simple electrophoresis will be improved or complemented by the introduction of newer techniques, such as immunologic analysis. However, for the present and for some time to come, the system outlined here should be found valuable. The present report does not concern itself with the numerous auxiliary techniques involved in the identification of abnormal hemoglobins-sickle-cell test, solubility tests, lability test--and no claim is made that the simple system described here eliminates these other techniques from the diagnostic armamentarium of the laboratory.", "contents": "Simple electrophoretic system for presumptive identification of abnormal hemoglobins. By the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology. In order to determine if mutant hemoglobins can be identified by relatively simple methods, a Working Group of the ICSH Expert Panel on Abnormal Hemoglobins and Thalassemia analyzed 17 hemolysates containing 14 different mutant hemoglobins by four electrophoretic methods: (1) cellulose acetate in alkaline buffers, (2) citrate agar pH 6.0, (3) urea 2-mercaptoethanol buffer pH 8.9, and (4) urea 2-mercaptoethanol buffer pH 6.0. The examined mutants included several of great numerical and clinical importance as well as some rare ones, namely, HbS, C, D Los Angeles (Punjab), E, G Philadelphia, N Baltimore, and O Arab; also Hb Ft. Worth, Montgomery, Winnepeg, Rush, Q India, Bethesda, and Lepore. Comparative mobilities of these hemoglobins in all of the methods are presented here. The combined data permit their presumptive identification, often with a high degree of specificity. The system has been applied in Iran, where the four prevalent mutants can be differentiated by these methods, at considerable saving of time and resources previously expended on structural analyses. It is proposed as a basis for an ICSH Tentative Standard. There is little doubt that this presumptive identification of hemoglobin variants by simple electrophoresis will be improved or complemented by the introduction of newer techniques, such as immunologic analysis. However, for the present and for some time to come, the system outlined here should be found valuable. The present report does not concern itself with the numerous auxiliary techniques involved in the identification of abnormal hemoglobins-sickle-cell test, solubility tests, lability test--and no claim is made that the simple system described here eliminates these other techniques from the diagnostic armamentarium of the laboratory.", "PMID": 698390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11586", "title": "Sex differences in the antithrombotic effects of aspirin.", "content": "Aspirin inhibits platelet function by acetylating platelet cyclooxygenase. Recent clinical trials indicate that aspirin is a promising antithrombotic agent against both venous and arterial thrombosis, but somewhat surprisingly this protective effect appears to be limited to males. To examine the potential sex-related differences in response to aspirin, we developed an animal model for quantitating fibrin accretion into an injury-induced thrombus and used it to study the effects of aspirin on thrombus size in male and female rabbits. Platelet prostaglandin synthesis was estimated by assay of platelet malondialdehyde and was significantly decreased in both male and female rabbits following treatment with 10 mg/kg aspirin (p less than 0.001). This inhibitory effect was not different for platelets from male and female rabbits. Thrombus size was significantly decreased in aspirin-treated male rabbits when compared to controls (p less than 0.05), but this aspirin effect was not apparent in female rabbits or rabbits of either sex treated with 10 mg/kg sodium salicylate. These findings support the results of clinical trials that were obtained by retrospective subgroup analysis. The reason for the sex difference is not known, but the findings raise an important issue in relationship to this mechanism of the antithrombotic effect of aspirin.", "contents": "Sex differences in the antithrombotic effects of aspirin. Aspirin inhibits platelet function by acetylating platelet cyclooxygenase. Recent clinical trials indicate that aspirin is a promising antithrombotic agent against both venous and arterial thrombosis, but somewhat surprisingly this protective effect appears to be limited to males. To examine the potential sex-related differences in response to aspirin, we developed an animal model for quantitating fibrin accretion into an injury-induced thrombus and used it to study the effects of aspirin on thrombus size in male and female rabbits. Platelet prostaglandin synthesis was estimated by assay of platelet malondialdehyde and was significantly decreased in both male and female rabbits following treatment with 10 mg/kg aspirin (p less than 0.001). This inhibitory effect was not different for platelets from male and female rabbits. Thrombus size was significantly decreased in aspirin-treated male rabbits when compared to controls (p less than 0.05), but this aspirin effect was not apparent in female rabbits or rabbits of either sex treated with 10 mg/kg sodium salicylate. These findings support the results of clinical trials that were obtained by retrospective subgroup analysis. The reason for the sex difference is not known, but the findings raise an important issue in relationship to this mechanism of the antithrombotic effect of aspirin.", "PMID": 698392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11587", "title": "Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20 [del(20)(q11)] in myeloid disorders.", "content": "Detailed clinical and cytogenetic studies were performed in five patients who had abnormal hematopoiesis and an acquired deletion of an F-group chromosome. Cytogenetic analyses, with banding techniques, of cells from bone marrow, spleen, or unstimulated peripheral blood showed a partial deletion of the long arm of one chromosome 20 [del(20)(q11)] in all five patients. Three patients had myeloproliferative disorders of uncertain classification, the fourth had possible preleukemia, and the fifth had acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Although the five cases showed certain similarities, the clinical and hematologic findings seen with the 20q- abnormality were not specific. None of the patients showed evidence of polycythemia vera or idiopathic acquired refractory sideroblastic anemia, two diseases previously associated with the 20q-. Our studies indicate that the 20q- abnormality is not limited to diseases primarily affecting erythropoiesis but that it can be found in the broader spectrum of myeloid disorders. In polycythemia vera, the 20q- has sometimes been regarded as a possible result of previous therapy with cytotoxic agents; however, four of our patients were untreated when the deletion was first noted.", "contents": "Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20 [del(20)(q11)] in myeloid disorders. Detailed clinical and cytogenetic studies were performed in five patients who had abnormal hematopoiesis and an acquired deletion of an F-group chromosome. Cytogenetic analyses, with banding techniques, of cells from bone marrow, spleen, or unstimulated peripheral blood showed a partial deletion of the long arm of one chromosome 20 [del(20)(q11)] in all five patients. Three patients had myeloproliferative disorders of uncertain classification, the fourth had possible preleukemia, and the fifth had acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Although the five cases showed certain similarities, the clinical and hematologic findings seen with the 20q- abnormality were not specific. None of the patients showed evidence of polycythemia vera or idiopathic acquired refractory sideroblastic anemia, two diseases previously associated with the 20q-. Our studies indicate that the 20q- abnormality is not limited to diseases primarily affecting erythropoiesis but that it can be found in the broader spectrum of myeloid disorders. In polycythemia vera, the 20q- has sometimes been regarded as a possible result of previous therapy with cytotoxic agents; however, four of our patients were untreated when the deletion was first noted.", "PMID": 698393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11588", "title": "Adriamycin and daunomycin generate reactive oxygen compounds in erythrocytes.", "content": "Adriamycin and daunomycin produce dose-related cardiac toxicity that may be related to oxygen radicals. Addition of these compounds to human erythrocyte suspensions resulted in stimulation of hexose monophosphate shunt activity that was markedly impaired in the absence of oxyhemoglobin. Evidence for generation of hydrogen peroxide by these compounds was provided by oxidation of reduced glutathione, by 14C-formate oxidation, and by the catalase-aminotriazole trapping technique. These experiments indicate that Adriamycin and daunomycin interact with oxyhemoglobin to generate reactive oxygen metabolites. A similar interaction with oxymyoglobin may occur in the heart and produce oxygen radicals that injure cardiac myocytes.", "contents": "Adriamycin and daunomycin generate reactive oxygen compounds in erythrocytes. Adriamycin and daunomycin produce dose-related cardiac toxicity that may be related to oxygen radicals. Addition of these compounds to human erythrocyte suspensions resulted in stimulation of hexose monophosphate shunt activity that was markedly impaired in the absence of oxyhemoglobin. Evidence for generation of hydrogen peroxide by these compounds was provided by oxidation of reduced glutathione, by 14C-formate oxidation, and by the catalase-aminotriazole trapping technique. These experiments indicate that Adriamycin and daunomycin interact with oxyhemoglobin to generate reactive oxygen metabolites. A similar interaction with oxymyoglobin may occur in the heart and produce oxygen radicals that injure cardiac myocytes.", "PMID": 698394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11589", "title": "Effect of C3b inactivator on monocyte-bound C3-coated human erythrocytes.", "content": "As a model of IgM-induced hemolytic anemia in man, human erythrocytes were sensitized with IgM antibody and coated with complement components, including C3 and C4, using human serum as a source of complement. These coated red cells were then interacted with monolayers of human mononuclear phagocytic cells (monocytes). Complement-coated red cells so bound could be displaced from their monocyte attachment site in a dose- and time-dependent manner by serum factors, including C3b inactivator (C3bINA). These factors were more efficient in inactivating red cell-bound complement components prior to interaction of the coated cells with monocytes. With large amounts of complement per erythrocyte, measured as membrane-bound C3, the ability of the serum inactivating factor(s) to remove the complement-coated red cells from the monocyte surface was compromised and persistently bound red cells were progressively phagocytosed. These studies implicate C3bINA in the displacement of complement-coated erythrocytes, formed from the interaction of IgM antibody and serum complement, from the hepatic macrophage in IgM-induced immune hemolysis. They suggest that both the concentration of complement components, especially on the erythrocyte surface, and the level of C3bINA and perhaps other inactivators may be important features regulating hemolysis in this disorder.", "contents": "Effect of C3b inactivator on monocyte-bound C3-coated human erythrocytes. As a model of IgM-induced hemolytic anemia in man, human erythrocytes were sensitized with IgM antibody and coated with complement components, including C3 and C4, using human serum as a source of complement. These coated red cells were then interacted with monolayers of human mononuclear phagocytic cells (monocytes). Complement-coated red cells so bound could be displaced from their monocyte attachment site in a dose- and time-dependent manner by serum factors, including C3b inactivator (C3bINA). These factors were more efficient in inactivating red cell-bound complement components prior to interaction of the coated cells with monocytes. With large amounts of complement per erythrocyte, measured as membrane-bound C3, the ability of the serum inactivating factor(s) to remove the complement-coated red cells from the monocyte surface was compromised and persistently bound red cells were progressively phagocytosed. These studies implicate C3bINA in the displacement of complement-coated erythrocytes, formed from the interaction of IgM antibody and serum complement, from the hepatic macrophage in IgM-induced immune hemolysis. They suggest that both the concentration of complement components, especially on the erythrocyte surface, and the level of C3bINA and perhaps other inactivators may be important features regulating hemolysis in this disorder.", "PMID": 698395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11590", "title": "Correlation of serum IgD level with clinical and histologic parameters in Hodgkin disease.", "content": "The concentration of serum IgD was measured in 100 patients with Hodgkin disease; 65 had 3--50-fold increases in IgD levels. Several parameters were found to influence serum IgD concentration: IgD level in older patients (greater than 50 yr) was significantly lower than in the younger patients (P less than 18 yr). IgD concentration was significantly higher in splenectomized than in nonsplenectomized patients (p less than 0.005). Therapy was found to depress IgD concentration, which fell to a value significantly lower than in untreated patients (p less than 0.05). An interesting correlation was found between IgD levels and histologic type of the disease, lower levels being preferentially associated with the lymphocyte predominance type and higher with the lymphocyte dipletion type. The logarithms of the means of these two groups were significantly different from the overall mean of the disease (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.0005, respectively). Mixed cellularity and nodular sclerosing showed intermediate values.", "contents": "Correlation of serum IgD level with clinical and histologic parameters in Hodgkin disease. The concentration of serum IgD was measured in 100 patients with Hodgkin disease; 65 had 3--50-fold increases in IgD levels. Several parameters were found to influence serum IgD concentration: IgD level in older patients (greater than 50 yr) was significantly lower than in the younger patients (P less than 18 yr). IgD concentration was significantly higher in splenectomized than in nonsplenectomized patients (p less than 0.005). Therapy was found to depress IgD concentration, which fell to a value significantly lower than in untreated patients (p less than 0.05). An interesting correlation was found between IgD levels and histologic type of the disease, lower levels being preferentially associated with the lymphocyte predominance type and higher with the lymphocyte dipletion type. The logarithms of the means of these two groups were significantly different from the overall mean of the disease (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.0005, respectively). Mixed cellularity and nodular sclerosing showed intermediate values.", "PMID": 698396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11591", "title": "Expression and specificity of FcIgG receptor sites on neoplastic lymphocytes.", "content": "We investigated the ability of an FcIgG receptor marker to discriminate between subtypes of malignant lymphoproliferative diseases that differed in their clinical presentations. A quantitative radioimmuno assay was established that enabled us to evaluate average receptor densities on a population basis. Surface receptors were first saturated with IgG complexes. The number of membrane associated IgG molecules was subsequently determined with 125I-staphylococcal protein A. Results obtained with this assay on a battery of malignant lymphocytes suggested that the range of receptor densities of malignant B and T cells might overlap each other but would correlate with the degree of tumor cell differentiation and the clinical stage of the underlying disease. This behavior limits the use of this marker in the characterization of the derivation of malignant lymphocytes; these findings, however, may be useful in the prognostic classification of lymphomas of known origin.", "contents": "Expression and specificity of FcIgG receptor sites on neoplastic lymphocytes. We investigated the ability of an FcIgG receptor marker to discriminate between subtypes of malignant lymphoproliferative diseases that differed in their clinical presentations. A quantitative radioimmuno assay was established that enabled us to evaluate average receptor densities on a population basis. Surface receptors were first saturated with IgG complexes. The number of membrane associated IgG molecules was subsequently determined with 125I-staphylococcal protein A. Results obtained with this assay on a battery of malignant lymphocytes suggested that the range of receptor densities of malignant B and T cells might overlap each other but would correlate with the degree of tumor cell differentiation and the clinical stage of the underlying disease. This behavior limits the use of this marker in the characterization of the derivation of malignant lymphocytes; these findings, however, may be useful in the prognostic classification of lymphomas of known origin.", "PMID": 698397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11592", "title": "Activation of factor X by factors IXa and VIII; a specific assay for factor IXa in the presence of thrombin-activated factor VIII.", "content": "We studied the activation of factor X by the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation using a new assay of factor X activation. When factor X tritiated in its sialic acid residues is activated, activation can be measured by the release of tritiated activation peptide, and the initial rate of activation can be determined under varying conditions. In the presence of phospholipid and calcium ions, factor IXa activated factor X slowly without factor VIII, and this activation was blocked by a specific factor IX inhibitor. These data provide strong evidence that factor IXa is the enzyme responsible for factor X activation by the intrinsic pathway. The role of factor VIII was also investigated. Factor VIII could be reproducibly thrombin activated and then stabilized by the addition of 2 mM benzamidine hydrochloride; this suggests that inactivation is due to proteolysis. Neither unactivated nor thrombin-activated factor VIII produced factor X activation without factor IXa. With a constant level of factor IXa, factor X activation was directly proportional to the level of activated factor VIII. With a constant level of activated factor VIII, factor X activation was proportional to the factor IXa concentration. This observation was exploited to develop a specific, sensitive assay for factor IXa.", "contents": "Activation of factor X by factors IXa and VIII; a specific assay for factor IXa in the presence of thrombin-activated factor VIII. We studied the activation of factor X by the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation using a new assay of factor X activation. When factor X tritiated in its sialic acid residues is activated, activation can be measured by the release of tritiated activation peptide, and the initial rate of activation can be determined under varying conditions. In the presence of phospholipid and calcium ions, factor IXa activated factor X slowly without factor VIII, and this activation was blocked by a specific factor IX inhibitor. These data provide strong evidence that factor IXa is the enzyme responsible for factor X activation by the intrinsic pathway. The role of factor VIII was also investigated. Factor VIII could be reproducibly thrombin activated and then stabilized by the addition of 2 mM benzamidine hydrochloride; this suggests that inactivation is due to proteolysis. Neither unactivated nor thrombin-activated factor VIII produced factor X activation without factor IXa. With a constant level of factor IXa, factor X activation was directly proportional to the level of activated factor VIII. With a constant level of activated factor VIII, factor X activation was proportional to the factor IXa concentration. This observation was exploited to develop a specific, sensitive assay for factor IXa.", "PMID": 698398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11593", "title": "Autoimmune cytotoxic granulocyte antibodies in normal persons and various diseases.", "content": "Of 400 female and 58 normal nonommunized male sera approximately 10% were cytotoxic for a panel of allogeneic granulocytes. Sera with strong alloreactivity were also autoreactive, which emphasized the large autoimmune component of most alloantisera against granulocytes. The cytotoxic granulocyte autoantibodies were complement dependent, of the IgM class, and exhibited optimum cytotoxic activity in vitro at 5 degrees C precomplement incubation temperatures with papain-treated cells. The sera were unreactive with autologous or allogeneic B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, and red blood cells but were cytotoxic for adult and cord granulocytes, eosinophils, and chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Granulocyte autoantibodies were present in 53% of sera from 57 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (p less than 0.00002) but were not found in increased frequency in the sera of patients with 28 other diseases. We conclude that a single tissue-specific antigenic determinant(s) called \"G\" may be present on granulocytes and is the target of naturally occurring autoantibodies.", "contents": "Autoimmune cytotoxic granulocyte antibodies in normal persons and various diseases. Of 400 female and 58 normal nonommunized male sera approximately 10% were cytotoxic for a panel of allogeneic granulocytes. Sera with strong alloreactivity were also autoreactive, which emphasized the large autoimmune component of most alloantisera against granulocytes. The cytotoxic granulocyte autoantibodies were complement dependent, of the IgM class, and exhibited optimum cytotoxic activity in vitro at 5 degrees C precomplement incubation temperatures with papain-treated cells. The sera were unreactive with autologous or allogeneic B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, and red blood cells but were cytotoxic for adult and cord granulocytes, eosinophils, and chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Granulocyte autoantibodies were present in 53% of sera from 57 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (p less than 0.00002) but were not found in increased frequency in the sera of patients with 28 other diseases. We conclude that a single tissue-specific antigenic determinant(s) called \"G\" may be present on granulocytes and is the target of naturally occurring autoantibodies.", "PMID": 698399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11594", "title": "Release of arachidonic acid from human platelets. A key role for the potentiation of platelet aggregability in normal subjects as well as in those with nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Low (nonaggregating) concentrations of collagen that potentiate platelet aggregation did not induce the formation of measurable amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) but released small but significant amounts of radioactivity from 14C-arachidonic acid-labeled platelets. A major portion of the radioactive compounds released by nonaggregating concentrations of collagen existed as arachidonic acid and a minor part as thromboxane B2. The nephrotic syndrome enhances platelet aggregability, and this effect is abolished by correcting hypoalbuminemia in vitro and in vivo by the addition of albumin, which is the main carrier for free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid. Human albumin (fatty acid free) inhibited collagen-induced aggregation, MDA formation, and release of the radioactivity from 14C-arachidonic acid-labeled platelets in normals as well as in those with nephrotic syndrome. These data support our hypothesis that the main mechanism responsible for the potentiation of platelet aggregation is the release of arachidonic acid from platelet membrane phospholipids via the activation of phospholipase A2. Furthermore, enhanced platelet aggregation in the nephrotic syndrome was at least partly attributable to an increased availability of arachidonic acid released secondary to hypoalbuminemia. Albumin inhibits aggregation probably by binding to released arachidonic acid preventing arachidonic acid from being metabolized to potent aggregating substances, endoperoxides and thromboxane A2. The mechanism of release of arachidonic acid may play a key role in the potentiation of platelet aggregability in normals as well as in pathologic conditions such as the nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "Release of arachidonic acid from human platelets. A key role for the potentiation of platelet aggregability in normal subjects as well as in those with nephrotic syndrome. Low (nonaggregating) concentrations of collagen that potentiate platelet aggregation did not induce the formation of measurable amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) but released small but significant amounts of radioactivity from 14C-arachidonic acid-labeled platelets. A major portion of the radioactive compounds released by nonaggregating concentrations of collagen existed as arachidonic acid and a minor part as thromboxane B2. The nephrotic syndrome enhances platelet aggregability, and this effect is abolished by correcting hypoalbuminemia in vitro and in vivo by the addition of albumin, which is the main carrier for free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid. Human albumin (fatty acid free) inhibited collagen-induced aggregation, MDA formation, and release of the radioactivity from 14C-arachidonic acid-labeled platelets in normals as well as in those with nephrotic syndrome. These data support our hypothesis that the main mechanism responsible for the potentiation of platelet aggregation is the release of arachidonic acid from platelet membrane phospholipids via the activation of phospholipase A2. Furthermore, enhanced platelet aggregation in the nephrotic syndrome was at least partly attributable to an increased availability of arachidonic acid released secondary to hypoalbuminemia. Albumin inhibits aggregation probably by binding to released arachidonic acid preventing arachidonic acid from being metabolized to potent aggregating substances, endoperoxides and thromboxane A2. The mechanism of release of arachidonic acid may play a key role in the potentiation of platelet aggregability in normals as well as in pathologic conditions such as the nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 698401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11595", "title": "Coupled amidolytic assay for factor VII: its use with a clotting assay to determine the activity state of factor VII.", "content": "A coupled amidolytic assay for factor VII (VII) has been developed that when used with a clotting assay for VII enables detection of activated VII. In the assay, VII in a test material determines generation of factor Xa in a mixture of purified factor X, tissue factor, and calcium; factor Xa is measured with a chromogenic substrate. Factor VII activity in the coupled amidolytic assay (VIIam) correlated well with VII activity in a one-stage clotting assay (VIIc) in 57 healthy subjects, 5 patients with hereditary VII deficiency, and 11 patients with liver disease. Activation of plasma VII by kaolin, clotting, or cold strikingly increased VIIc but not VIIam levels. Thus the ratio VIIc/VIIam (VII activity ratio) is a measure of VII activation. In 27 warfarin-treated patients the mean VII activity ratio was significantly decreased, reflecting a greater decline in VIIc than in VIIam. This probably stems from partially carboxylated VII being able to act during the 3-min incubation of the amidolytic assay but unable to act rapidly enough to affect the clotting assay. Measurement of VIIc/VIIam should enable evaluation of the activity state of VII in thrombotic disorders and in components for transfusion therapy.", "contents": "Coupled amidolytic assay for factor VII: its use with a clotting assay to determine the activity state of factor VII. A coupled amidolytic assay for factor VII (VII) has been developed that when used with a clotting assay for VII enables detection of activated VII. In the assay, VII in a test material determines generation of factor Xa in a mixture of purified factor X, tissue factor, and calcium; factor Xa is measured with a chromogenic substrate. Factor VII activity in the coupled amidolytic assay (VIIam) correlated well with VII activity in a one-stage clotting assay (VIIc) in 57 healthy subjects, 5 patients with hereditary VII deficiency, and 11 patients with liver disease. Activation of plasma VII by kaolin, clotting, or cold strikingly increased VIIc but not VIIam levels. Thus the ratio VIIc/VIIam (VII activity ratio) is a measure of VII activation. In 27 warfarin-treated patients the mean VII activity ratio was significantly decreased, reflecting a greater decline in VIIc than in VIIam. This probably stems from partially carboxylated VII being able to act during the 3-min incubation of the amidolytic assay but unable to act rapidly enough to affect the clotting assay. Measurement of VIIc/VIIam should enable evaluation of the activity state of VII in thrombotic disorders and in components for transfusion therapy.", "PMID": 698402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11596", "title": "Studies on the target cell for the Friend virus (FV-P strain) using the CFU-E technique.", "content": "In order to characterize the target cell for the polycythemia inducing Friend virus (FV-P) in vivo, mice were treated by induction of plethorism, bleeding, Actinomycin D, and Busulfan before virus infection. The development of the Friend leukemia was then studied mainly using the CFUE technique for erythroid colony growth in vitro. This technique allows the quantification of a new cell type, an erythropoietin (Ep) independent colony forming cell. These Ep independent colonies were taken as marker for the disease. Their number with time after infection was correlated with the compartment size of pluripotent, granuloid committed and erythroid stem cells at the time of infection. The results indicate that the development of the Friend leukemia does not require the actual presence of CFUE, as seen using Actinomycin D, and is not correlated with the number of pluripotent or granuloid stem cells, as seen after Busulfan. It is, however, dependent on the erythropoietic state of the animal, as seen in plethoric mice and mice after bleeding. It is, therefore, concluded that the target cell for FV-P is located within the Ep-responsive cell compartment, between early (BFUE) and late (CFUE) erythroid precursor cells.", "contents": "Studies on the target cell for the Friend virus (FV-P strain) using the CFU-E technique. In order to characterize the target cell for the polycythemia inducing Friend virus (FV-P) in vivo, mice were treated by induction of plethorism, bleeding, Actinomycin D, and Busulfan before virus infection. The development of the Friend leukemia was then studied mainly using the CFUE technique for erythroid colony growth in vitro. This technique allows the quantification of a new cell type, an erythropoietin (Ep) independent colony forming cell. These Ep independent colonies were taken as marker for the disease. Their number with time after infection was correlated with the compartment size of pluripotent, granuloid committed and erythroid stem cells at the time of infection. The results indicate that the development of the Friend leukemia does not require the actual presence of CFUE, as seen using Actinomycin D, and is not correlated with the number of pluripotent or granuloid stem cells, as seen after Busulfan. It is, however, dependent on the erythropoietic state of the animal, as seen in plethoric mice and mice after bleeding. It is, therefore, concluded that the target cell for FV-P is located within the Ep-responsive cell compartment, between early (BFUE) and late (CFUE) erythroid precursor cells.", "PMID": 698403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11597", "title": "Rabbit anti-mouse brain serum (RAMBS): lack of specific inhibition of late committed erythroid stem cells in culture (CFU-E).", "content": "Heterologous antisera to mouse brain tissue have activity against mouse pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S), but not against granuloid/macrophage committed precursor cells (CFU-C). In these studies we show that anti-mouse brain serum raised in a rabbit does not possess specific activity in vitro against late committed erythroid stem cells (CFU-E).", "contents": "Rabbit anti-mouse brain serum (RAMBS): lack of specific inhibition of late committed erythroid stem cells in culture (CFU-E). Heterologous antisera to mouse brain tissue have activity against mouse pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S), but not against granuloid/macrophage committed precursor cells (CFU-C). In these studies we show that anti-mouse brain serum raised in a rabbit does not possess specific activity in vitro against late committed erythroid stem cells (CFU-E).", "PMID": 698404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11598", "title": "Influence of acetaldehyde, dietary protein, carbon tetrachloride and butylatedhydroxytoluene on the toxicity of methylmercury in rats.", "content": "The influence of environmental or dietary factors on the toxicity of methylmercury (MeHg) was investigated due to possibilities that humans exposed to methylmercury may have been sensitized. Groups of 8 rats were exposed to 0, 20 or 40 ppm MeHg in a semisynthetic diet and fed 0.5% BHT, 5% protein (instead of 15%), or injected with 250 mg/kg CC14 or acetaldehyde. In control rats neurotoxicity occurred at 4 weeks and 9 weeks with 40 and 20 ppm MeHg, respectively. Mortality was observed at 6 weeks with 40 ppm and 1 rat died in week 9 with 20 ppm MeHg. Acetaldehyde injected rats died at week 4 and 6 when fed 40 or 20 ppm MeHg. Neurotoxicity was observed in week 3 and 5 in these groups, respectively. Treating rats with the low protein or BHT accelerated neurotoxicity and mortality by 1 week with 40 ppm MeHg. These agents had killed all test animals within 7 weeks at 20 ppm MeHg. Neither acetaldehyde nor BHT influenced 0 ppm MeHg controls while 5% protein induced precipitous weight loss. In the case of CC14, the rats lived longer in combination experiments than one would have expected from the individual treatments.", "contents": "Influence of acetaldehyde, dietary protein, carbon tetrachloride and butylatedhydroxytoluene on the toxicity of methylmercury in rats. The influence of environmental or dietary factors on the toxicity of methylmercury (MeHg) was investigated due to possibilities that humans exposed to methylmercury may have been sensitized. Groups of 8 rats were exposed to 0, 20 or 40 ppm MeHg in a semisynthetic diet and fed 0.5% BHT, 5% protein (instead of 15%), or injected with 250 mg/kg CC14 or acetaldehyde. In control rats neurotoxicity occurred at 4 weeks and 9 weeks with 40 and 20 ppm MeHg, respectively. Mortality was observed at 6 weeks with 40 ppm and 1 rat died in week 9 with 20 ppm MeHg. Acetaldehyde injected rats died at week 4 and 6 when fed 40 or 20 ppm MeHg. Neurotoxicity was observed in week 3 and 5 in these groups, respectively. Treating rats with the low protein or BHT accelerated neurotoxicity and mortality by 1 week with 40 ppm MeHg. These agents had killed all test animals within 7 weeks at 20 ppm MeHg. Neither acetaldehyde nor BHT influenced 0 ppm MeHg controls while 5% protein induced precipitous weight loss. In the case of CC14, the rats lived longer in combination experiments than one would have expected from the individual treatments.", "PMID": 698413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11599", "title": "Potentiation of methylmercury toxicity by piperonyl butoxide.", "content": "Methylmercury (MeHg) is an extremely potent neurotoxin about 25% of which is degraded in vivo to inorganic mercury. Piperonyl butoxide (PB) is a widely used pesticidal synergist which inhibits many mammalian detoxification reactions. In a preliminary experiment with the high doses of PB and MeHg, PB induced a 12% decrease in mean survival time and a 20% decrease in mean latency time to neurotoxicity. The weight loss in PB-MeHg group was far greater than the control MeHg group. In a dose response experiment, mean survival times in rats fed 40 ppm MeHg-C1 were 5.75, 5.3, and 5.0 weeks at 0, 0.5, and 1% PB, respectively. By the ninth week 25% of rats fed 20 ppm MeHg-C1 showed neurotoxicity and 63% of the 0.5% PB fed showed neurotoxicity with some mortality. In experiments at 20 ppm MeHg-C1 both  PB fed groups weighted considerably less than corresponding controls.", "contents": "Potentiation of methylmercury toxicity by piperonyl butoxide. Methylmercury (MeHg) is an extremely potent neurotoxin about 25% of which is degraded in vivo to inorganic mercury. Piperonyl butoxide (PB) is a widely used pesticidal synergist which inhibits many mammalian detoxification reactions. In a preliminary experiment with the high doses of PB and MeHg, PB induced a 12% decrease in mean survival time and a 20% decrease in mean latency time to neurotoxicity. The weight loss in PB-MeHg group was far greater than the control MeHg group. In a dose response experiment, mean survival times in rats fed 40 ppm MeHg-C1 were 5.75, 5.3, and 5.0 weeks at 0, 0.5, and 1% PB, respectively. By the ninth week 25% of rats fed 20 ppm MeHg-C1 showed neurotoxicity and 63% of the 0.5% PB fed showed neurotoxicity with some mortality. In experiments at 20 ppm MeHg-C1 both  PB fed groups weighted considerably less than corresponding controls.", "PMID": 698423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11600", "title": "Residues of Dacthal herbicide in carrots.", "content": "Residues of Dacthal and its monoacid and diacid hydrolytic ester cleavage metabolites were determined in carrots to which the herbicide was applied on seven plot locations throughout the United States. Residue levels of Dacthal appeared more closely related to the rate of application than to other field parameters. Traces of the monoacid metabolite were found in a few samples. The diacid metabolite was not detected in any of the samples.", "contents": "Residues of Dacthal herbicide in carrots. Residues of Dacthal and its monoacid and diacid hydrolytic ester cleavage metabolites were determined in carrots to which the herbicide was applied on seven plot locations throughout the United States. Residue levels of Dacthal appeared more closely related to the rate of application than to other field parameters. Traces of the monoacid metabolite were found in a few samples. The diacid metabolite was not detected in any of the samples.", "PMID": 698429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11601", "title": "The toxicity of manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate to the adult newt, Triturus cristatus.", "content": "The toxicity of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (maneb), a widely used agricultural fungicide, to the adult newt (Triturus cristatus carnifex) was evaluated after percutaneous exposure. Maneb was lethal to all the animals at the 50 ppm level within fifteen days. Male newts seem to be less resistant to the toxicant than females. At concentrations as low as 25 ppm all males died within 25 days, whereas some of the females were still alive after 5 months. Microscopic examination showed that the skin and the kidney were the most severely affected organs. It has been hypothesized that an osmoregulatory breakdown and an impairment of cutaneous respiratory exchanges play a role in the death of the animals. Renal failure must also be taken into account. However, additional mechanisms can not be ruled out at present.", "contents": "The toxicity of manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate to the adult newt, Triturus cristatus. The toxicity of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (maneb), a widely used agricultural fungicide, to the adult newt (Triturus cristatus carnifex) was evaluated after percutaneous exposure. Maneb was lethal to all the animals at the 50 ppm level within fifteen days. Male newts seem to be less resistant to the toxicant than females. At concentrations as low as 25 ppm all males died within 25 days, whereas some of the females were still alive after 5 months. Microscopic examination showed that the skin and the kidney were the most severely affected organs. It has been hypothesized that an osmoregulatory breakdown and an impairment of cutaneous respiratory exchanges play a role in the death of the animals. Renal failure must also be taken into account. However, additional mechanisms can not be ruled out at present.", "PMID": 698435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11602", "title": "Localisation of speech through similar and dissimilar binaural hearing aid listening modes.", "content": "This  paper compared the localisation abilities in the horizontal plane of 12 adults with bilateral asymmetrical sensorineural hearing impairment whilst listening to speech using each one of the following three binaural hearing aid listening modes: (a) binaural listening with two similar ear-level hearing aids, (b) binaural listening with two similar bodyworm hearing aids and, (c) binaural listening with two dissimilar hearing aids (one ear-level, one bodyworn). It was found that the differences in localisation ability between the three binaural hearing aid listening modes were small and none of them proved to be statistically significant. It was concluded that where possible binaural hearing aids should be of similar type and model, although in situations where this could not be achieved or was not indicated, the issuing of dissimilar binaural hearing aids should not be discouraged.", "contents": "Localisation of speech through similar and dissimilar binaural hearing aid listening modes. This  paper compared the localisation abilities in the horizontal plane of 12 adults with bilateral asymmetrical sensorineural hearing impairment whilst listening to speech using each one of the following three binaural hearing aid listening modes: (a) binaural listening with two similar ear-level hearing aids, (b) binaural listening with two similar bodyworm hearing aids and, (c) binaural listening with two dissimilar hearing aids (one ear-level, one bodyworn). It was found that the differences in localisation ability between the three binaural hearing aid listening modes were small and none of them proved to be statistically significant. It was concluded that where possible binaural hearing aids should be of similar type and model, although in situations where this could not be achieved or was not indicated, the issuing of dissimilar binaural hearing aids should not be discouraged.", "PMID": 698439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11603", "title": "Differences in brainstem response latency with age and sex.", "content": "Brainstem evoked potentials in response to clicks at 60dB, 70dB and 80dB were recorded from a group of 70 normally hearing subjects. There were 10 subjects (5 male, 5 female) for each of the decades from the second to the eighth. The youngest subject was 14 years, the oldest 79 years. The possibility of there being increased latencies as a function of age was examined. The results indicated that there was, for practical purposes, no such increase. On the other hand there was very strong evidence that in females latenceis are shorter than in males. In addition, amplitudes were reduced in the case of older subjects. Condifidence limits for latency were calculated. These may be helpful in deciding whether or not a particular latency is outside the normal range.", "contents": "Differences in brainstem response latency with age and sex. Brainstem evoked potentials in response to clicks at 60dB, 70dB and 80dB were recorded from a group of 70 normally hearing subjects. There were 10 subjects (5 male, 5 female) for each of the decades from the second to the eighth. The youngest subject was 14 years, the oldest 79 years. The possibility of there being increased latencies as a function of age was examined. The results indicated that there was, for practical purposes, no such increase. On the other hand there was very strong evidence that in females latenceis are shorter than in males. In addition, amplitudes were reduced in the case of older subjects. Condifidence limits for latency were calculated. These may be helpful in deciding whether or not a particular latency is outside the normal range.", "PMID": 698440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11604", "title": "Some observations on the contralateral stapedial reflex artefact.", "content": "An artefact was observed whilst testing profoundly deaf children with a peters AP61c acoustic impedance meter, using the contralateral stapedial reflex technique at high stimulus levels. A study was carried out on cadavers which confirmed the earlier observation, and this pseudo-reflex was found to be caused by the transmission across the head of the stapedial reflex stimulus tone during contralateral testing. An electronic filter was designed and built which suppressed this artefact. It is suggested that this artefact could be mistaken for a stapedial reflex response.", "contents": "Some observations on the contralateral stapedial reflex artefact. An artefact was observed whilst testing profoundly deaf children with a peters AP61c acoustic impedance meter, using the contralateral stapedial reflex technique at high stimulus levels. A study was carried out on cadavers which confirmed the earlier observation, and this pseudo-reflex was found to be caused by the transmission across the head of the stapedial reflex stimulus tone during contralateral testing. An electronic filter was designed and built which suppressed this artefact. It is suggested that this artefact could be mistaken for a stapedial reflex response.", "PMID": 698441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11605", "title": "Speech recognition with dynamic range reduction: (1) deaf and normal subjects in laboratory conditions.", "content": "Processing to reduce the dynamic range of speech should increase intelligibility and protect the impaired ear from overloading. There are theoretical and practical objections to using AGC devices to reduce dynamic range. These are overcome by using recently available signal processing employing high frequency carrier clipping. An increase in intelligibility of speech with this HFCC has been demonstrated, for normal subjects with simulated deafness, and for most partially hearing patients. Intelligibility is not improved for some patients; possibly due to their having learned to extract features which are lost. These patients may also benefit after training.", "contents": "Speech recognition with dynamic range reduction: (1) deaf and normal subjects in laboratory conditions. Processing to reduce the dynamic range of speech should increase intelligibility and protect the impaired ear from overloading. There are theoretical and practical objections to using AGC devices to reduce dynamic range. These are overcome by using recently available signal processing employing high frequency carrier clipping. An increase in intelligibility of speech with this HFCC has been demonstrated, for normal subjects with simulated deafness, and for most partially hearing patients. Intelligibility is not improved for some patients; possibly due to their having learned to extract features which are lost. These patients may also benefit after training.", "PMID": 698442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11606", "title": "Evaluation of a breast-feeding campaign in Trinidad.", "content": "There has been a marked decline in breast-feeding throughout the developing world. It is generally agreed that this trend should be reversed, and that in achieving this objective mass communication media could play an important role. The present article analyzes the results of a campaign to promote breast-feeding in which the press, television, and radio were used. It is hoped that this analysis will prove useful for other individulas and groups that may wish to plan similar campaigns.", "contents": "Evaluation of a breast-feeding campaign in Trinidad. There has been a marked decline in breast-feeding throughout the developing world. It is generally agreed that this trend should be reversed, and that in achieving this objective mass communication media could play an important role. The present article analyzes the results of a campaign to promote breast-feeding in which the press, television, and radio were used. It is hoped that this analysis will prove useful for other individulas and groups that may wish to plan similar campaigns.", "PMID": 698448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11607", "title": "Environmental health and technical cooperation among developing countries.", "content": "The subject of technical cooperation between developing countries has attracted growing attention in recent years. The account presented here summarizes PAHO's efforts to promote such cooperation in the field of environmental health.", "contents": "Environmental health and technical cooperation among developing countries. The subject of technical cooperation between developing countries has attracted growing attention in recent years. The account presented here summarizes PAHO's efforts to promote such cooperation in the field of environmental health.", "PMID": 698449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11608", "title": "Immunization against leptospirosis: continued vaccine trials in hamsters using strains isolated from Barbados.", "content": "Heated whole-cell suspensions of L. interrogans serotype copenhageni strains isolated from the field in Barbados have proved to be protective immunogens against experimental leptospirosis.", "contents": "Immunization against leptospirosis: continued vaccine trials in hamsters using strains isolated from Barbados. Heated whole-cell suspensions of L. interrogans serotype copenhageni strains isolated from the field in Barbados have proved to be protective immunogens against experimental leptospirosis.", "PMID": 698450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11609", "title": "Serologic survey of dengue and other arboviruses in Cura\u00e7ao and Aruba, 1973.", "content": "Sera obtained principally from children on the Caribbean islands of Aruba and Cura\u00e7ao were tested for antibodies to various arboviruses. The test indicated that dengue 2 was endemic on Cura\u00e7ao but not on Aruba, perhaps because of more effective vector control measures on Aruba. Neutralization tests performed with a samll number of sera suggest that dengue infections may have afforded some level of protection against yellow fever to a portion of the Curacao population.", "contents": "Serologic survey of dengue and other arboviruses in Cura\u00e7ao and Aruba, 1973. Sera obtained principally from children on the Caribbean islands of Aruba and Cura\u00e7ao were tested for antibodies to various arboviruses. The test indicated that dengue 2 was endemic on Cura\u00e7ao but not on Aruba, perhaps because of more effective vector control measures on Aruba. Neutralization tests performed with a samll number of sera suggest that dengue infections may have afforded some level of protection against yellow fever to a portion of the Curacao population.", "PMID": 698451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11610", "title": "Fetal deaths in the district of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.", "content": "A study has been made of fetal deaths registered in S\u00e3o, Paulo, Brazil, for the period 1 June 1968 through 31 May 1970. This article reports some of the findings of that study. Among other things, the findings revealed a higher incidence of male deaths than female deaths, high rates of fetal death associated with multiple pregnancy, a relatively low risk of stillbirth in certain maternal age groups, and an association between congenital anomalies and increasing maternal age.", "contents": "Fetal deaths in the district of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. A study has been made of fetal deaths registered in S\u00e3o, Paulo, Brazil, for the period 1 June 1968 through 31 May 1970. This article reports some of the findings of that study. Among other things, the findings revealed a higher incidence of male deaths than female deaths, high rates of fetal death associated with multiple pregnancy, a relatively low risk of stillbirth in certain maternal age groups, and an association between congenital anomalies and increasing maternal age.", "PMID": 698452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11611", "title": "Facts and figures on health in the Americas: a review of major trends.", "content": "It is highly desirable, from time to time, to review important long-term trends in the health conditions of our Region. The account that follows provides a brief general overview of such trends as they have evolved over the last 20 years.", "contents": "Facts and figures on health in the Americas: a review of major trends. It is highly desirable, from time to time, to review important long-term trends in the health conditions of our Region. The account that follows provides a brief general overview of such trends as they have evolved over the last 20 years.", "PMID": 698453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11612", "title": "Community participation in health activities in an Amazon community of Brazil.", "content": "This article describes community participation in a comprehensive eight-year health program at Porto Nacional, a town in Brazils Amazon region. The authors discuss various techniques employed to encourage community participation, indicate methods used to resolve low-key conflicts in a positive manner, describe the major contributions made by community participation in this program, and present a number of conclusions considered applicable to other communities in this part of Brazil.", "contents": "Community participation in health activities in an Amazon community of Brazil. This article describes community participation in a comprehensive eight-year health program at Porto Nacional, a town in Brazils Amazon region. The authors discuss various techniques employed to encourage community participation, indicate methods used to resolve low-key conflicts in a positive manner, describe the major contributions made by community participation in this program, and present a number of conclusions considered applicable to other communities in this part of Brazil.", "PMID": 698459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11613", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a sensory feedback device: the limb load monitor.", "content": "Based on records of 81 patients who used the LLM, and on questionnaire answers and comments from clinicians, the following can be concluded: 1. The LLM can be operated easily after a minimum of training. It does not break down with extended clinical use when handled properly. 2. The LLM manual provides sufficient information for proper operation and clinical use of the device. 3. The number of patients in a clinic who can benefit from LLM training can be predicted, if consideration is given to the type of facility and the size of the patient population and physical therapy staff. 4. The largest diagnostic group of patients who can benefit from LLM therapy are lower-limb amputees, followed by hemiplegic and orthopedic patients. 5. The general selection criteria outlined initially proved sufficient. A patient who is selected properly can be expected to respond to the feedback signal (i.e., make a weight-bearing adjustment) within the first or second session.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a sensory feedback device: the limb load monitor. Based on records of 81 patients who used the LLM, and on questionnaire answers and comments from clinicians, the following can be concluded: 1. The LLM can be operated easily after a minimum of training. It does not break down with extended clinical use when handled properly. 2. The LLM manual provides sufficient information for proper operation and clinical use of the device. 3. The number of patients in a clinic who can benefit from LLM training can be predicted, if consideration is given to the type of facility and the size of the patient population and physical therapy staff. 4. The largest diagnostic group of patients who can benefit from LLM therapy are lower-limb amputees, followed by hemiplegic and orthopedic patients. 5. The general selection criteria outlined initially proved sufficient. A patient who is selected properly can be expected to respond to the feedback signal (i.e., make a weight-bearing adjustment) within the first or second session.", "PMID": 698464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11614", "title": "Imaging: radioisotope imaging of bone.", "content": "Isotope bone scanning is here to stay: it is noninvasive, easy to perform, and economical (6 pounds per scan). The low radiation dose delivered to patients (0.03 rad/mCi to the skeleton) and the high sensitivity (less than 4 per cent of overall false positives) underline the value of this test as a screening procedure. When included in the patient's management protocol it reduces bed-occupancy time, changes the therapeutic approach to several illnesses, and substantiates general hopes that early diagnosis is the basis for progress in the treatment of benign or malignant disease.", "contents": "Imaging: radioisotope imaging of bone. Isotope bone scanning is here to stay: it is noninvasive, easy to perform, and economical (6 pounds per scan). The low radiation dose delivered to patients (0.03 rad/mCi to the skeleton) and the high sensitivity (less than 4 per cent of overall false positives) underline the value of this test as a screening procedure. When included in the patient's management protocol it reduces bed-occupancy time, changes the therapeutic approach to several illnesses, and substantiates general hopes that early diagnosis is the basis for progress in the treatment of benign or malignant disease.", "PMID": 698467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11615", "title": "Corticosteroid involvement in the changes in noradrenergic responsiveness of tissues from rats made hypertensive by short-term isolation.", "content": "1 The responses to noradrenaline and to noradrenergic nerve stimulation of spontaneously beating right atria, electrically driven left atria and vasa deferentia taken from rats made hypertensive by short-term isolation have been compared with the responses of tissues from normotensive, group-housed animals.2 Adrenocortical activity of isolated animals was assessed by plasma corticosterone determinations and measurement of adrenal weights.3 The hearts of the isolated animals were weighed and the myocardial contents of water, sodium, potassium and calcium were measured.4 Spontaneously beating right atria from isolated animals showed a lower resting rate, no difference in the response to nerve stimulation but a greater sensitivity to noradrenaline compared to atria from group-housed animals.5 Vasa deferentia from isolated animals showed a decreased maximal response to noradrenaline, but no change in noradrenaline sensitivity or in the response to transmural stimulation.6 There were indications of hyperactivity of the adrenals throughout a 5 week period of isolation, manifest as elevated plasma corticosteroid levels and increased adrenal weights.7 Myocardial levels of sodium and calcium were elevated at the same time as the tissue level of potassium was reduced, but heart weights did not significantly change.8 It is possible that adrenal steroid action caused the changes in tissue ionic balance. These ionic disturbances may have been responsible for some of the changes in tissue sensitivity found in the isolated hypertensive animals.", "contents": "Corticosteroid involvement in the changes in noradrenergic responsiveness of tissues from rats made hypertensive by short-term isolation. 1 The responses to noradrenaline and to noradrenergic nerve stimulation of spontaneously beating right atria, electrically driven left atria and vasa deferentia taken from rats made hypertensive by short-term isolation have been compared with the responses of tissues from normotensive, group-housed animals.2 Adrenocortical activity of isolated animals was assessed by plasma corticosterone determinations and measurement of adrenal weights.3 The hearts of the isolated animals were weighed and the myocardial contents of water, sodium, potassium and calcium were measured.4 Spontaneously beating right atria from isolated animals showed a lower resting rate, no difference in the response to nerve stimulation but a greater sensitivity to noradrenaline compared to atria from group-housed animals.5 Vasa deferentia from isolated animals showed a decreased maximal response to noradrenaline, but no change in noradrenaline sensitivity or in the response to transmural stimulation.6 There were indications of hyperactivity of the adrenals throughout a 5 week period of isolation, manifest as elevated plasma corticosteroid levels and increased adrenal weights.7 Myocardial levels of sodium and calcium were elevated at the same time as the tissue level of potassium was reduced, but heart weights did not significantly change.8 It is possible that adrenal steroid action caused the changes in tissue ionic balance. These ionic disturbances may have been responsible for some of the changes in tissue sensitivity found in the isolated hypertensive animals.", "PMID": 698476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11616", "title": "Evidence for purinergic innervation of the anococcygeus muscle.", "content": "1 Fluorescence histochemical localization of quinacrine (which binds to adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)) revealed nerve fibres running singly and in bundles in both rat and rabbit anococcygeus muscle. Single neurone cell bodies and ganglia containing between 2 and 50 cells were also observed.2 Catecholamine fluorescence studies revealed a dense adrenergic ground plexus, but no adrenergic ganglion cells were detected. No acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres or ganglion cells were seen in the rat.3 When the tone was raised with guanethidine, a relaxation in response to field stimulation was revealed, which was unaffected by atropine but blocked by tetrodotoxin.4 Release of ATP increased 3 to 6 times above background during stimulation of these non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic, inhibitory nerves.5 Neither quinacrine staining nor the release of ATP during inhibitory nerve stimulation was affected by 6-hydroxydopamine treatment, which abolished catecholamine fluorescence.6 Exogenous ATP produced relaxation in high tone preparations of the rabbit anococcygeus muscle. ATP produced either contraction or a small relaxation followed by a contraction of the rat anococcygeus muscle, but treatment with low concentrations of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin, converted the contraction to a relaxation.7 These data are consistent with the view that the anococcygeus muscle is innervated by purinergic inhibitory nerves.", "contents": "Evidence for purinergic innervation of the anococcygeus muscle. 1 Fluorescence histochemical localization of quinacrine (which binds to adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)) revealed nerve fibres running singly and in bundles in both rat and rabbit anococcygeus muscle. Single neurone cell bodies and ganglia containing between 2 and 50 cells were also observed.2 Catecholamine fluorescence studies revealed a dense adrenergic ground plexus, but no adrenergic ganglion cells were detected. No acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres or ganglion cells were seen in the rat.3 When the tone was raised with guanethidine, a relaxation in response to field stimulation was revealed, which was unaffected by atropine but blocked by tetrodotoxin.4 Release of ATP increased 3 to 6 times above background during stimulation of these non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic, inhibitory nerves.5 Neither quinacrine staining nor the release of ATP during inhibitory nerve stimulation was affected by 6-hydroxydopamine treatment, which abolished catecholamine fluorescence.6 Exogenous ATP produced relaxation in high tone preparations of the rabbit anococcygeus muscle. ATP produced either contraction or a small relaxation followed by a contraction of the rat anococcygeus muscle, but treatment with low concentrations of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin, converted the contraction to a relaxation.7 These data are consistent with the view that the anococcygeus muscle is innervated by purinergic inhibitory nerves.", "PMID": 698477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11617", "title": "Selective effects of morphine on the nociceptive responses of thalamic neurones in the rat.", "content": "1. The effects of intravenous morphine on the firing of single sensory neurones in the thalamus of the anaesthetized rat are described. 2. Low doses (0.38 to 2.00 mg/kg) of morphine depressed the excitation of nucleus lateralis neurones produced by natural noxious stimuli but were without effect on spontaneous activity. The excitation of some of these neurones by iontophoretically applied acetylcholine or glutamate was also depressed by morphine. These effects were reversed by intravenous (0.25 to 1.17 mg/kg) but not iontophoretically applied (50 to 200 nA) naloxone. 3. Similar or higher doses of morphine (0.58 to 5.07 mg/kg) did not prevent the excitation of ventrobasal thalamic neurones by non-noxious stimuli. 4. The possibility of a direct action of intravenous morphine in the thalamus is discussed.", "contents": "Selective effects of morphine on the nociceptive responses of thalamic neurones in the rat. 1. The effects of intravenous morphine on the firing of single sensory neurones in the thalamus of the anaesthetized rat are described. 2. Low doses (0.38 to 2.00 mg/kg) of morphine depressed the excitation of nucleus lateralis neurones produced by natural noxious stimuli but were without effect on spontaneous activity. The excitation of some of these neurones by iontophoretically applied acetylcholine or glutamate was also depressed by morphine. These effects were reversed by intravenous (0.25 to 1.17 mg/kg) but not iontophoretically applied (50 to 200 nA) naloxone. 3. Similar or higher doses of morphine (0.58 to 5.07 mg/kg) did not prevent the excitation of ventrobasal thalamic neurones by non-noxious stimuli. 4. The possibility of a direct action of intravenous morphine in the thalamus is discussed.", "PMID": 698478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11618", "title": "Pharmacology of the adrenoceptors and cholinoceptors of the BC3H1 nonfusing muscle cell line.", "content": "1. We have studied the action of different transmitters on the transmembrane 42K or 86Rb efflux from tissue cultures of the BC3H1 muscle cell line. 2. The effect of catecholamines and carbachol (CCh) on the isotope efflux rate was measured by addition of the drugs at different times during the washout. 3. Noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (Phe), isoprenaline (Iso) and CCh increased 42K and 86Rb efflux rate in a dose-dependent manner. 4. The action of NA seems to be due exclusively to the stimulation of alpha-receptors, since its effect was blocked by phentolamine but not by propranolol. The effects of Iso on the 86Rb efflux were inhibited by propranolol. The beta-receptors in the BC3H1 cells seem to be the beta2-type since they are stimulated by Iso and insensitive to NA. 5. The effect of CCh was blocked (+)-tubocurarine but not by atropine. This result confirms the presence of nicotinic receptors in BC3H1 cells.", "contents": "Pharmacology of the adrenoceptors and cholinoceptors of the BC3H1 nonfusing muscle cell line. 1. We have studied the action of different transmitters on the transmembrane 42K or 86Rb efflux from tissue cultures of the BC3H1 muscle cell line. 2. The effect of catecholamines and carbachol (CCh) on the isotope efflux rate was measured by addition of the drugs at different times during the washout. 3. Noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (Phe), isoprenaline (Iso) and CCh increased 42K and 86Rb efflux rate in a dose-dependent manner. 4. The action of NA seems to be due exclusively to the stimulation of alpha-receptors, since its effect was blocked by phentolamine but not by propranolol. The effects of Iso on the 86Rb efflux were inhibited by propranolol. The beta-receptors in the BC3H1 cells seem to be the beta2-type since they are stimulated by Iso and insensitive to NA. 5. The effect of CCh was blocked (+)-tubocurarine but not by atropine. This result confirms the presence of nicotinic receptors in BC3H1 cells.", "PMID": 698479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11619", "title": "Adrenal origin of plasma catecholamines after decapitation: a study in normal and diabetic rats.", "content": "The concentrations of catecholamines and the activities of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase were measured in blood obtained from decapitated diabetic and aged-matched control rats. The activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in blood from diabetic rats was much greater (5 fold) than that seen for control rats. For both diabetic and control rats, decapitation was accompanied by an increase in levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline with no change in the activity of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. The results are consistent with a predominantly adrenal origin of catecholamines and extra-adrenal origin of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. The high activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in diabetes indicates either an increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system or changes in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase turnover.", "contents": "Adrenal origin of plasma catecholamines after decapitation: a study in normal and diabetic rats. The concentrations of catecholamines and the activities of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase were measured in blood obtained from decapitated diabetic and aged-matched control rats. The activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in blood from diabetic rats was much greater (5 fold) than that seen for control rats. For both diabetic and control rats, decapitation was accompanied by an increase in levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline with no change in the activity of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. The results are consistent with a predominantly adrenal origin of catecholamines and extra-adrenal origin of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. The high activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in diabetes indicates either an increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system or changes in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase turnover.", "PMID": 698480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11620", "title": "Prevention by guanethidine analogues of output of noradrenaline induced by sodium reduction in rabbit ventricular slices.", "content": "1 The prevention by guanethidine and related agents of the output of noradrenaline induced by low sodium was investigated in rabbit ventricular slices. When external NaCl was reduced, the output of noradrenaline into the medium collected at 30 min intervals, increased and the endogenous levels decreased. These changes induced by replacing sodium with sucrose or choline were not affected either by the omission of calcium and addition of 0.5 mM ethylene glycol-bis(aminoethylether)N,N,N',N' tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) or by an increase in the calcium concentration to 10 mM 30 min before sodium deprivation.2 Guanethidine 4 x 10(-6) and 4 x 10(-5) M and 4-7-exo-methylene-hexahydroisoindoline-ethyl guanidine (No. 865-123) 4 x 10(-5) to 8 x 10(-4) M inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, increases in output of noradrenaline induced by reduction of sodium to 18 mM, while guanethidine 8 x 10(-5) M and high doses of bretylium produced no inhibition: the latter two released noradrenaline.3 The inhibitory actions of guanethidine 4 x 10(-5) M and No. 865-123 4 x 10(-4) M were prevented by tetracaine 3.3 x 10(-4) M, which per se did not modify the output of noradrenaline induced by 18 mM sodium.4 Accumulation of guanethidine and No. 865-123 in ventricular slices was greater than that noted in striated muscle slices and was dose-, time- and temperature-dependent. Tetracaine 3.3 x 10(-4) M did not prevent the accumulation of guanethidine 4 x 10(-5) M and No. 865-123 1.1 x 10(-6) to 4 x 10(-4) M.5 The guanidine derivatives appear to increase the permeability of adrenergic nerve endings to sodium ions.", "contents": "Prevention by guanethidine analogues of output of noradrenaline induced by sodium reduction in rabbit ventricular slices. 1 The prevention by guanethidine and related agents of the output of noradrenaline induced by low sodium was investigated in rabbit ventricular slices. When external NaCl was reduced, the output of noradrenaline into the medium collected at 30 min intervals, increased and the endogenous levels decreased. These changes induced by replacing sodium with sucrose or choline were not affected either by the omission of calcium and addition of 0.5 mM ethylene glycol-bis(aminoethylether)N,N,N',N' tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) or by an increase in the calcium concentration to 10 mM 30 min before sodium deprivation.2 Guanethidine 4 x 10(-6) and 4 x 10(-5) M and 4-7-exo-methylene-hexahydroisoindoline-ethyl guanidine (No. 865-123) 4 x 10(-5) to 8 x 10(-4) M inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, increases in output of noradrenaline induced by reduction of sodium to 18 mM, while guanethidine 8 x 10(-5) M and high doses of bretylium produced no inhibition: the latter two released noradrenaline.3 The inhibitory actions of guanethidine 4 x 10(-5) M and No. 865-123 4 x 10(-4) M were prevented by tetracaine 3.3 x 10(-4) M, which per se did not modify the output of noradrenaline induced by 18 mM sodium.4 Accumulation of guanethidine and No. 865-123 in ventricular slices was greater than that noted in striated muscle slices and was dose-, time- and temperature-dependent. Tetracaine 3.3 x 10(-4) M did not prevent the accumulation of guanethidine 4 x 10(-5) M and No. 865-123 1.1 x 10(-6) to 4 x 10(-4) M.5 The guanidine derivatives appear to increase the permeability of adrenergic nerve endings to sodium ions.", "PMID": 698481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11621", "title": "The development of tolerance to ketamine in rats and the significance of hepatic metabolism.", "content": "1. A decrease in sleeping time in rats pretreated with ten daily doses of ketamine compared to controls is shown. 2. This decrease in sleeping time is associated with a more rapid decrease in circulating and brain levels of ketamine and its N-demethylated metabolite and higher levels of the subsequent oxidation metabolite in the pretreated animals. 3. Metabolism of ketamine to its N-demethylated metabolite by liver homogenates in vitro was more rapid when the livers were obtained from ketamine pretreated rats. 4. Microsomal preparations from rat liver were capable of metabolizing ketamine to its N-demethylated metabolite and this metabolite to the subsequent oxidation metabolite in vitro. The Vmax and Km for the first reaction calculated from loss of substrate were 433 mol mg-1 protein h-1 and 0.133 mM respectively and 199 nmol mg-1 protein h-1 and 0.121 mM for the second reaction. 5. The results indicate that tolerance to ketamine in rats is associated with increased hepatic metabolism which can also be demonstrated in vitro in liver homogenates.", "contents": "The development of tolerance to ketamine in rats and the significance of hepatic metabolism. 1. A decrease in sleeping time in rats pretreated with ten daily doses of ketamine compared to controls is shown. 2. This decrease in sleeping time is associated with a more rapid decrease in circulating and brain levels of ketamine and its N-demethylated metabolite and higher levels of the subsequent oxidation metabolite in the pretreated animals. 3. Metabolism of ketamine to its N-demethylated metabolite by liver homogenates in vitro was more rapid when the livers were obtained from ketamine pretreated rats. 4. Microsomal preparations from rat liver were capable of metabolizing ketamine to its N-demethylated metabolite and this metabolite to the subsequent oxidation metabolite in vitro. The Vmax and Km for the first reaction calculated from loss of substrate were 433 mol mg-1 protein h-1 and 0.133 mM respectively and 199 nmol mg-1 protein h-1 and 0.121 mM for the second reaction. 5. The results indicate that tolerance to ketamine in rats is associated with increased hepatic metabolism which can also be demonstrated in vitro in liver homogenates.", "PMID": 698482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11622", "title": "A comparison of drug-induced responses on rat tracheal, bronchial and lung strip in vitro preparations.", "content": "1. A preparation of rat trachea and a new preparation of rat bronchi are described. Both preparations are fluid-filled and the intraluminal pressure is monitored. 2. A preparation of rat peripheral airways, the lung strip, is described. The preparation consists of a thin strip of lung parenchyma which is superfused, and contractions monitored isotonically. 3. The rat trachea and bronchi have no intrinsic tone but increases in pressure are elicited in response to methacholine. The preparations relax in response to isoprenaline and aminophylline in the presence of a methacholine-induced contraction. Both preparations respond weakly and show tachyphylaxis to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). 4. The lung strip contracts with equal magnitude to methacholine and 5-HT. It exhibits intrinsic tone which is inhibited by indomethacin and relaxed by isoprenaline.", "contents": "A comparison of drug-induced responses on rat tracheal, bronchial and lung strip in vitro preparations. 1. A preparation of rat trachea and a new preparation of rat bronchi are described. Both preparations are fluid-filled and the intraluminal pressure is monitored. 2. A preparation of rat peripheral airways, the lung strip, is described. The preparation consists of a thin strip of lung parenchyma which is superfused, and contractions monitored isotonically. 3. The rat trachea and bronchi have no intrinsic tone but increases in pressure are elicited in response to methacholine. The preparations relax in response to isoprenaline and aminophylline in the presence of a methacholine-induced contraction. Both preparations respond weakly and show tachyphylaxis to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). 4. The lung strip contracts with equal magnitude to methacholine and 5-HT. It exhibits intrinsic tone which is inhibited by indomethacin and relaxed by isoprenaline.", "PMID": 698483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11623", "title": "The postnatal development of adrenoceptor responses to agonists and electrical stimulation in rat isolated atria.", "content": "1. Isolated right and left atria from rats of ages ranging from newborn to adult were used to measure chronotropic and inotropic responses to noradrenaline, isoprenaline, tyramine, and electrical stimulation of intramural nerves. 2. Right atria from newborn animals showed increases in rate with noradrenaline, isoprenaline, and tyramine which did not differ significantly from those of atria from adults. The ED50 values for the chronotropic actions of noradrenaline and isoprenaline were not significantly different at any age from the values in adult preparations. 3. Paced left atria from newborn rats showed well developed positive inotropic responses to noradrenaline and isoprenaline. Newborn left atria (and those from 1 and 2 week old animals) were supersensitive to noradrenaline but not to isoprenaline. 4. Left atria from newborn animals showed very small inotropic responses to both tyramine and field stimulation of intramural nerves. These responses developed progressively with age over the first three weeks of life. The results are discussed with respect to the development of cardiac beta-adrenoceptors and of cardiac sympathetic innervation.", "contents": "The postnatal development of adrenoceptor responses to agonists and electrical stimulation in rat isolated atria. 1. Isolated right and left atria from rats of ages ranging from newborn to adult were used to measure chronotropic and inotropic responses to noradrenaline, isoprenaline, tyramine, and electrical stimulation of intramural nerves. 2. Right atria from newborn animals showed increases in rate with noradrenaline, isoprenaline, and tyramine which did not differ significantly from those of atria from adults. The ED50 values for the chronotropic actions of noradrenaline and isoprenaline were not significantly different at any age from the values in adult preparations. 3. Paced left atria from newborn rats showed well developed positive inotropic responses to noradrenaline and isoprenaline. Newborn left atria (and those from 1 and 2 week old animals) were supersensitive to noradrenaline but not to isoprenaline. 4. Left atria from newborn animals showed very small inotropic responses to both tyramine and field stimulation of intramural nerves. These responses developed progressively with age over the first three weeks of life. The results are discussed with respect to the development of cardiac beta-adrenoceptors and of cardiac sympathetic innervation.", "PMID": 698484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11624", "title": "Anti-depressant action of caesium chloride and its modification of chlorpromazine toxicity in mice.", "content": "1. Adult male mice were treated with caesium chloride (1.0 mEq/kg, i.p.) once daily for 54 consecutive days before administration of a single dose or reserpine (2.0 mg/kg) or (+)-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg). Pretreatment with caesium chloride resulted in potentiation of amphetamine-produced enhancement of motility and in antagonism of reserpine-induced behavioural depression in mice as measured by a locomotor activity test, compared to the respective controls. 2. Chronic administration of caesium chloride (1.0 mEq/kg daily) with gradual dose build-up of chlorpromazine (up to 50 mg kg-1 day-1) counteracted chlorpromazine-produced mortality in mice. 3. The results suggest an antidepressant property of Cs+ and the combined treatment of caesium chloride with chlorpromazine might have a clinical application, i.e. in the management of chlorpromazine-induced adverse reaction.", "contents": "Anti-depressant action of caesium chloride and its modification of chlorpromazine toxicity in mice. 1. Adult male mice were treated with caesium chloride (1.0 mEq/kg, i.p.) once daily for 54 consecutive days before administration of a single dose or reserpine (2.0 mg/kg) or (+)-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg). Pretreatment with caesium chloride resulted in potentiation of amphetamine-produced enhancement of motility and in antagonism of reserpine-induced behavioural depression in mice as measured by a locomotor activity test, compared to the respective controls. 2. Chronic administration of caesium chloride (1.0 mEq/kg daily) with gradual dose build-up of chlorpromazine (up to 50 mg kg-1 day-1) counteracted chlorpromazine-produced mortality in mice. 3. The results suggest an antidepressant property of Cs+ and the combined treatment of caesium chloride with chlorpromazine might have a clinical application, i.e. in the management of chlorpromazine-induced adverse reaction.", "PMID": 698485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11625", "title": "Enhancement of a nociceptive reaction by opioid antagonists in mice.", "content": "1. The opioid antagonists, naloxone, GPA 2163, levallorphan and Mr-2266 reduced the latency of the jumping reaction of mice in the hot plate test. The (+)-isomers of levallorphan and Mr-2266 which are devoid of antagonistic activity did not increase this latency. 2. In the same nociceptive reaction test, the enhancing effect of naloxone progressed in a dose-range similar to that required for the antagonism by naloxone of the depressive action of morphine. 3. The facilitatory effect of naloxone was not blocked by the previous administration of morphine or etorphine but it was prevented by pretreatment with a high dose of buprenorphine. 4. The antagonism by naloxone of morphine and of buprenorphine did not follow the same pattern. 5. The factors which are or may be involved in the efficacy of naloxone in enhancing nociceptive reactions are discussed. 6. The enhancing effect of naloxone may be due to an antagonism of endogenous ligands for the opiate receptor. If so, these ligands would be involved in reaction to but not in perception of nociceptive stimuli which need not be harmful ones.", "contents": "Enhancement of a nociceptive reaction by opioid antagonists in mice. 1. The opioid antagonists, naloxone, GPA 2163, levallorphan and Mr-2266 reduced the latency of the jumping reaction of mice in the hot plate test. The (+)-isomers of levallorphan and Mr-2266 which are devoid of antagonistic activity did not increase this latency. 2. In the same nociceptive reaction test, the enhancing effect of naloxone progressed in a dose-range similar to that required for the antagonism by naloxone of the depressive action of morphine. 3. The facilitatory effect of naloxone was not blocked by the previous administration of morphine or etorphine but it was prevented by pretreatment with a high dose of buprenorphine. 4. The antagonism by naloxone of morphine and of buprenorphine did not follow the same pattern. 5. The factors which are or may be involved in the efficacy of naloxone in enhancing nociceptive reactions are discussed. 6. The enhancing effect of naloxone may be due to an antagonism of endogenous ligands for the opiate receptor. If so, these ligands would be involved in reaction to but not in perception of nociceptive stimuli which need not be harmful ones.", "PMID": 698486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11626", "title": "A new bioassay for glucagon.", "content": "1 The relaxant action of glucagon has been studied in strips of rabbit renal arteries partially contracted by a low concentration (1 ng/ml) of noradrenaline.2 The preparation was relaxed in a dose-dependent manner by concentrations of glucagon varying between 25 ng/ml and 420 ng/ml.3 The relaxant effect of glucagon (0.1 mug/ml approximately ED(60)) on this preparation was not affected by propranolol (5.0 mug/ml), cimetidine (10 mug/ml), diphenhydramine (10 mug/ml), indomethacin (5.0 mug/ml), phentolamine (1.2 mug/ml), atropine (10 mug/ml) and 8-Leu-AT(II) (1.0 mug/ml) but was slightly potentiated by Des-Arg(9) Leu-OMe(8)-Bk (25 mug/ml) and indomethacin (50 mug/ml).4 The dose-response curve to glucagon remained parallel in the presence of papaverine (2.5 mug/ml) but was shifted to the left by a factor of 2.5 to 2.8. Theophylline (250 mug/ml) also potentiated the vascular relaxation induced by glucagon.5 Insulin (10 mug/ml) did not influence the relaxant effect of glucagon.6 The removal of the N-terminal amino acid (His) of glucagon reduced by 89% the biological activity of this fragment on the vascular preparation. The removal of the C-terminal amino acids Met-27, Asn-28 and Thr-29 of glucagon resulted in a fragment which was inactive either as an agonist or as an antagonist when tested at concentrations as high as 925 ng/ml.7 It is concluded that the relaxation of partially contracted strips of rabbit renal arteries by glucagon constitutes a simple, sensitive, relatively specific and reliable bioassay which may be useful for the determination of glucagon in biological materials and for structure-activity relationship studies with this hormone.", "contents": "A new bioassay for glucagon. 1 The relaxant action of glucagon has been studied in strips of rabbit renal arteries partially contracted by a low concentration (1 ng/ml) of noradrenaline.2 The preparation was relaxed in a dose-dependent manner by concentrations of glucagon varying between 25 ng/ml and 420 ng/ml.3 The relaxant effect of glucagon (0.1 mug/ml approximately ED(60)) on this preparation was not affected by propranolol (5.0 mug/ml), cimetidine (10 mug/ml), diphenhydramine (10 mug/ml), indomethacin (5.0 mug/ml), phentolamine (1.2 mug/ml), atropine (10 mug/ml) and 8-Leu-AT(II) (1.0 mug/ml) but was slightly potentiated by Des-Arg(9) Leu-OMe(8)-Bk (25 mug/ml) and indomethacin (50 mug/ml).4 The dose-response curve to glucagon remained parallel in the presence of papaverine (2.5 mug/ml) but was shifted to the left by a factor of 2.5 to 2.8. Theophylline (250 mug/ml) also potentiated the vascular relaxation induced by glucagon.5 Insulin (10 mug/ml) did not influence the relaxant effect of glucagon.6 The removal of the N-terminal amino acid (His) of glucagon reduced by 89% the biological activity of this fragment on the vascular preparation. The removal of the C-terminal amino acids Met-27, Asn-28 and Thr-29 of glucagon resulted in a fragment which was inactive either as an agonist or as an antagonist when tested at concentrations as high as 925 ng/ml.7 It is concluded that the relaxation of partially contracted strips of rabbit renal arteries by glucagon constitutes a simple, sensitive, relatively specific and reliable bioassay which may be useful for the determination of glucagon in biological materials and for structure-activity relationship studies with this hormone.", "PMID": 698487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11627", "title": "A study of thyroid function in psychiatric in-patients.", "content": "The prevalence of abnormal serum total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were determined in 1,206 in-patients in two associated psychiatric hospitals. The biochemical pattern of primary hypothyroidism occurred in five females and one male (prevalence 0.5 per cent), but in only one patient was the diagnosis clinically obvious. Eight patients (all female) were clinically hyperthyroid (prevalence 0.7 per cent), of whom six were previously undiagnosed. There was no evidence that phenothiazines or benzodiazepine therapy had any significant effect on thyroid hormone levels. The small differences in thyroid hormone levels between psychiatric diagnostic groups could be explained by differences in age distribution.", "contents": "A study of thyroid function in psychiatric in-patients. The prevalence of abnormal serum total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were determined in 1,206 in-patients in two associated psychiatric hospitals. The biochemical pattern of primary hypothyroidism occurred in five females and one male (prevalence 0.5 per cent), but in only one patient was the diagnosis clinically obvious. Eight patients (all female) were clinically hyperthyroid (prevalence 0.7 per cent), of whom six were previously undiagnosed. There was no evidence that phenothiazines or benzodiazepine therapy had any significant effect on thyroid hormone levels. The small differences in thyroid hormone levels between psychiatric diagnostic groups could be explained by differences in age distribution.", "PMID": 698489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11628", "title": "Thyrotoxicosis and the course of manic-depressive illness.", "content": "The effect of thyrotoxicosis upon the recurrence of manic-depressive psychoses has been studied by the use of a routine follow-up system. In this system 267 patients had three or more affective illnesses. Five of these patients had eight well-documented episodes of thyrotoxicosis. Only three of these eight episodes coincided with an affective illness, and in each case an alternative explanation for the association was available. These findings suggest that thyrotoxicosis has little effect upon the occurrence of a manic-depressive episode.", "contents": "Thyrotoxicosis and the course of manic-depressive illness. The effect of thyrotoxicosis upon the recurrence of manic-depressive psychoses has been studied by the use of a routine follow-up system. In this system 267 patients had three or more affective illnesses. Five of these patients had eight well-documented episodes of thyrotoxicosis. Only three of these eight episodes coincided with an affective illness, and in each case an alternative explanation for the association was available. These findings suggest that thyrotoxicosis has little effect upon the occurrence of a manic-depressive episode.", "PMID": 698490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11629", "title": "Accidents in a psychiatric hospital.", "content": "In a six-month study of psychiatric hospital in-patients, it was found that accidents more often occurred among females and among patients on psychogeriatric wards. Falls were the most common form of accident. Accidents resulting from the aggressive behaviour of other patients usually occurred on long-stay and rehabilitation wards, with middle-aged patients the victims.", "contents": "Accidents in a psychiatric hospital. In a six-month study of psychiatric hospital in-patients, it was found that accidents more often occurred among females and among patients on psychogeriatric wards. Falls were the most common form of accident. Accidents resulting from the aggressive behaviour of other patients usually occurred on long-stay and rehabilitation wards, with middle-aged patients the victims.", "PMID": 698491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11630", "title": "Matiruku, a Fijian madness: an initial assessment.", "content": "In Fijian, matiruku means literally 'low tide in the morning' and figuratively somebody periodically insane. In this study, the conceptual basis of matiruku was examined by means of a questionnaire completed by 24 Fijians which explored its occurrence, aetiology and precipitation, phenomenology, management and prognosis. It was concluded that matiruku corresponds to hypomania, which may have special features in Fiji: short duration, frequent recurrence and an intensification of symptoms in the morning.", "contents": "Matiruku, a Fijian madness: an initial assessment. In Fijian, matiruku means literally 'low tide in the morning' and figuratively somebody periodically insane. In this study, the conceptual basis of matiruku was examined by means of a questionnaire completed by 24 Fijians which explored its occurrence, aetiology and precipitation, phenomenology, management and prognosis. It was concluded that matiruku corresponds to hypomania, which may have special features in Fiji: short duration, frequent recurrence and an intensification of symptoms in the morning.", "PMID": 698492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11631", "title": "Brain specific benzodiazepine receptors.", "content": "Brain membranes from rat and human contain a single class of brain specific binding sites for pharmacologically and clinically active benzodiazepines. There is good correlation between the pharmacological effects of benzodiazepines and the affinity for the 3H-diazepam binding site. Benzodiazepine binding sites are not present on glial cells. Selective neuronal degeneration experiments in rats indicate a neuronal localization. 3H-Flunitrazepam is a very suitable ligand for affinity binding and it binds to the same class of binding sites as 3H-diazepam. Our results indicate that the in vitro 3H-diazepam and 3H-flunitrazepam binding sites are the receptors which in vivo mediate various pharmacological and clinical effects of benzodiazepines.", "contents": "Brain specific benzodiazepine receptors. Brain membranes from rat and human contain a single class of brain specific binding sites for pharmacologically and clinically active benzodiazepines. There is good correlation between the pharmacological effects of benzodiazepines and the affinity for the 3H-diazepam binding site. Benzodiazepine binding sites are not present on glial cells. Selective neuronal degeneration experiments in rats indicate a neuronal localization. 3H-Flunitrazepam is a very suitable ligand for affinity binding and it binds to the same class of binding sites as 3H-diazepam. Our results indicate that the in vitro 3H-diazepam and 3H-flunitrazepam binding sites are the receptors which in vivo mediate various pharmacological and clinical effects of benzodiazepines.", "PMID": 698493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11632", "title": "Delinquency and the development of moral reasoning.", "content": "A sample of 34 incarcerated male delinquents aged 16-17 and a matched group of controls were compared on self-report measures of delinquency, on Rest's (1975) Defining Issues Test (DIT) of moral reasoning, and on measures of logical operational ability. The mean levels of self-reported delinquency of the incarcerated group were substantially higher than those of the controls. There was no significant difference between the groups in logical operational ability but the mean P score (index of mature moral reasoning) was significantly higher in the control group. However, no relationship was found between moral reasoning and levels of self-reported delinquency. It was concluded that degree and seriousness of involvement of delinquency is unrelated to immaturity of moral reasoning and that the utility of the cognitive developmental approach to moral socialization may therefore be more restricted than has previously been claimed.", "contents": "Delinquency and the development of moral reasoning. A sample of 34 incarcerated male delinquents aged 16-17 and a matched group of controls were compared on self-report measures of delinquency, on Rest's (1975) Defining Issues Test (DIT) of moral reasoning, and on measures of logical operational ability. The mean levels of self-reported delinquency of the incarcerated group were substantially higher than those of the controls. There was no significant difference between the groups in logical operational ability but the mean P score (index of mature moral reasoning) was significantly higher in the control group. However, no relationship was found between moral reasoning and levels of self-reported delinquency. It was concluded that degree and seriousness of involvement of delinquency is unrelated to immaturity of moral reasoning and that the utility of the cognitive developmental approach to moral socialization may therefore be more restricted than has previously been claimed.", "PMID": 698503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11633", "title": "Necker cube reversals, arousal and psychopathy.", "content": "Necker cube reversals were studied in a group of 24 arrested men in three experimental sessions; two weeks, one week and immediately before trial. The first session was assumed to represent a moderate laboratory stress due to the novelty of the situation, and the last session a real-life stress associated with anticipation of appearing in court. Both were superimposed on the sustained real-life stress of being in jail. There were no stress-related changes between the three sessions in the rate of apparent change (RAC) of the Necker cube. The intra-individual stability of RAC was extremely high. There were significant positive correlations between RAC in all sessions, and a psychopathy-related inventory scale, the Gough delinquency scale.", "contents": "Necker cube reversals, arousal and psychopathy. Necker cube reversals were studied in a group of 24 arrested men in three experimental sessions; two weeks, one week and immediately before trial. The first session was assumed to represent a moderate laboratory stress due to the novelty of the situation, and the last session a real-life stress associated with anticipation of appearing in court. Both were superimposed on the sustained real-life stress of being in jail. There were no stress-related changes between the three sessions in the rate of apparent change (RAC) of the Necker cube. The intra-individual stability of RAC was extremely high. There were significant positive correlations between RAC in all sessions, and a psychopathy-related inventory scale, the Gough delinquency scale.", "PMID": 698504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11634", "title": "The craving factor in the treatment of smoking.", "content": "A review of previous studies suggests that many of the consistent results obtained may reflect individual differences in smoking behaviour. It was felt that Tomkins' (1966) distinction between craving and non-craving smokers would be particularly relevant to this. The present study investigates the effects of such individual differences in smoking behaviour within a self-control treatment programme. Thirty-four smokers were assigned to three groups: two self-control treatment groups and an attention-monitoring control group. The treatment groups differed in that group II concentrated on the positive aspects of not smoking, whereas group III used a wide range of techniques. Treatment effects were not significant but a critical factor in abstinence, drop-out and percentage reduction during the study was craving/non-craving status. The results indicate that two separate populations of smokers exist who seem to have different responses to treatment. This, it is argued, has blurred analysis of results in previous studies. The two types of smoker may require separate treatment considerations, both in therapy and in long-term management.", "contents": "The craving factor in the treatment of smoking. A review of previous studies suggests that many of the consistent results obtained may reflect individual differences in smoking behaviour. It was felt that Tomkins' (1966) distinction between craving and non-craving smokers would be particularly relevant to this. The present study investigates the effects of such individual differences in smoking behaviour within a self-control treatment programme. Thirty-four smokers were assigned to three groups: two self-control treatment groups and an attention-monitoring control group. The treatment groups differed in that group II concentrated on the positive aspects of not smoking, whereas group III used a wide range of techniques. Treatment effects were not significant but a critical factor in abstinence, drop-out and percentage reduction during the study was craving/non-craving status. The results indicate that two separate populations of smokers exist who seem to have different responses to treatment. This, it is argued, has blurred analysis of results in previous studies. The two types of smoker may require separate treatment considerations, both in therapy and in long-term management.", "PMID": 698505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11635", "title": "Spurious and actual improvement in the treatment of preoccupying thoughts by thought-stopping.", "content": "Two clients troubled by preoccupying thoughts were treated by a version of thought-stopping described by Wolpe (1969) which has been infrequently reported so far. The frequency of spontaneous intrusive thoughts as they occurred within sessions was found to be a useful measure of clinical outcome, but it is suggested that careful control and definition of variations in procedure is necessary in order to eliminate spurious results. Treatment was found to produce an improvement which was maintained at follow-up.", "contents": "Spurious and actual improvement in the treatment of preoccupying thoughts by thought-stopping. Two clients troubled by preoccupying thoughts were treated by a version of thought-stopping described by Wolpe (1969) which has been infrequently reported so far. The frequency of spontaneous intrusive thoughts as they occurred within sessions was found to be a useful measure of clinical outcome, but it is suggested that careful control and definition of variations in procedure is necessary in order to eliminate spurious results. Treatment was found to produce an improvement which was maintained at follow-up.", "PMID": 698506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11636", "title": "The analysis of interactions in experiments on the specificity of schizophrenic thought disorder: a reply to Phillips.", "content": "Phillips (1977) has criticized the investigation of statistical interactions in a series of related papers concerned with the specificity hypothesis of schizophrenic thought disorder. In a discussion of these criticisms, some are accepted and some rejected. However, when the relevant data are reanalysed by a correct method for the investigation of nominated interactions, the specificity hypothesis is broadly supported. A new finding to emerge from the reanalysis is that, in two experiments where level of 'difficulty' of constructs was controlled, the specificity effect appears much reduced or non-existent when intensity scores are employed while remaining intact for consistency scores.", "contents": "The analysis of interactions in experiments on the specificity of schizophrenic thought disorder: a reply to Phillips. Phillips (1977) has criticized the investigation of statistical interactions in a series of related papers concerned with the specificity hypothesis of schizophrenic thought disorder. In a discussion of these criticisms, some are accepted and some rejected. However, when the relevant data are reanalysed by a correct method for the investigation of nominated interactions, the specificity hypothesis is broadly supported. A new finding to emerge from the reanalysis is that, in two experiments where level of 'difficulty' of constructs was controlled, the specificity effect appears much reduced or non-existent when intensity scores are employed while remaining intact for consistency scores.", "PMID": 698507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11637", "title": "Intrarenal reflux--papillary morphology and pressure relationships in children's necropsy kidneys.", "content": "A radiological study of the necropsy kidneys of 100 children was made. Morphologically it was shown that compound or fixed papillae predominate in the upper group of calyces and to a lesser degree in the lower group, whilst simple papillae occurred in the middle group. Pressure studies showed that intrarenal reflux occurred in compound papillae at lower pressure than in simple papillae and that lower pressures were required to produce intrarenal reflux in the first year of life.", "contents": "Intrarenal reflux--papillary morphology and pressure relationships in children's necropsy kidneys. A radiological study of the necropsy kidneys of 100 children was made. Morphologically it was shown that compound or fixed papillae predominate in the upper group of calyces and to a lesser degree in the lower group, whilst simple papillae occurred in the middle group. Pressure studies showed that intrarenal reflux occurred in compound papillae at lower pressure than in simple papillae and that lower pressures were required to produce intrarenal reflux in the first year of life.", "PMID": 698508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11638", "title": "Radiographic findings of Ewing's sarcoma of the jaws.", "content": "The radiographic findings in eight cases of Ewing's sarcoma of the jaws are analysed in detail. Similar findings to those in peripheral skeletal involvement were demonstrated including: (a) permeative bone destruction, (b) periosteal reaction, and (c) extraosseous soft tissue mass. Specific to the jaws is the occurrence of dental displacement without destruction. The differential diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma of the jaws is discussed in detail and illustrated.", "contents": "Radiographic findings of Ewing's sarcoma of the jaws. The radiographic findings in eight cases of Ewing's sarcoma of the jaws are analysed in detail. Similar findings to those in peripheral skeletal involvement were demonstrated including: (a) permeative bone destruction, (b) periosteal reaction, and (c) extraosseous soft tissue mass. Specific to the jaws is the occurrence of dental displacement without destruction. The differential diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma of the jaws is discussed in detail and illustrated.", "PMID": 698509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11639", "title": "Post-thoracotomy lung herniation.", "content": "Two cases of lung herniation complicating thoracotomy are presented. The classification and radiographic findings of lung hernia are reviewed.", "contents": "Post-thoracotomy lung herniation. Two cases of lung herniation complicating thoracotomy are presented. The classification and radiographic findings of lung hernia are reviewed.", "PMID": 698510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11640", "title": "Retained surgical swabs: possible causes for errors in x-ray detection and an atlas to assist recognition.", "content": "A swab or pack left in a patient may not be recognised on a radiograph. This will usually be due to poor observation, but errors may result from unfamiliarity with the pattern of the markers. In addition, some markers may be difficult to detect, though this usually applies only to swabs which are very small or to those produced by some continental manufacturers. It should also be realised that, in a very few hospitals, swabs which do not have an opaque marker may occasionally be used in theatre. All the X-ray detectable swabs provided by the major suppliers in the U.K. are demonstrated.", "contents": "Retained surgical swabs: possible causes for errors in x-ray detection and an atlas to assist recognition. A swab or pack left in a patient may not be recognised on a radiograph. This will usually be due to poor observation, but errors may result from unfamiliarity with the pattern of the markers. In addition, some markers may be difficult to detect, though this usually applies only to swabs which are very small or to those produced by some continental manufacturers. It should also be realised that, in a very few hospitals, swabs which do not have an opaque marker may occasionally be used in theatre. All the X-ray detectable swabs provided by the major suppliers in the U.K. are demonstrated.", "PMID": 698511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11641", "title": "A heavy particle comparative study. Part I: depth-dose distributions.", "content": "The results of a comparative study of heavy particles of interest in radiotherapy, with peaks spread over a depth of 10 cm, are reported in four parts. The introduction to this study and the depth-dose distributions of the particles, (n, pi-, p, He, C, Ne, and Ar ions) are reported herein. The results indicate that protons give the best localization of dose. The degree of localization of dose with heavy ions is reduced with increasing charge on the ion. For ranges less than 15cm, heavier ions such as neon and argon still have favourable dose localization; however, for ranges in excess of 15 cm, heavy ions such as argon are unfavourable but superior to fast neutrons because penetration can be controlled by modulation of energy or range.", "contents": "A heavy particle comparative study. Part I: depth-dose distributions. The results of a comparative study of heavy particles of interest in radiotherapy, with peaks spread over a depth of 10 cm, are reported in four parts. The introduction to this study and the depth-dose distributions of the particles, (n, pi-, p, He, C, Ne, and Ar ions) are reported herein. The results indicate that protons give the best localization of dose. The degree of localization of dose with heavy ions is reduced with increasing charge on the ion. For ranges less than 15cm, heavier ions such as neon and argon still have favourable dose localization; however, for ranges in excess of 15 cm, heavy ions such as argon are unfavourable but superior to fast neutrons because penetration can be controlled by modulation of energy or range.", "PMID": 698512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11642", "title": "A heavy particle comparative study. Part II: cell survival versus depth.", "content": "Cell-survival measurements with depth of penetration were made for a series of incident doses of proton, helium, carbon, neon, argon, negative pion, neutron, and 60Co photon beams. Cultured human cells (T1) suspended in a gel-containing medium were used, and the measurements were found to be very useful in facilitating the design of ridge filters to produce iso-effects in the region of interest. Heavy charged particle beams (proton, helium, carbon, neon, and negative pion) were found to produce similar cell killing with depth of penetration. Because of saturation effects at higher LET, argon ions were less effective in killing aerated cells at depth, compared with other heavy charged-particle beams. Cell killing at depth in the region of interest, compared with that at the entrance, was not significantly different for single-field exposures when the Bragg peaks were broadened to cover a width of 10 cm. However, when two opposed fields with overlapping peaks were used, a large enhancement in killing was obtained in the peak region.", "contents": "A heavy particle comparative study. Part II: cell survival versus depth. Cell-survival measurements with depth of penetration were made for a series of incident doses of proton, helium, carbon, neon, argon, negative pion, neutron, and 60Co photon beams. Cultured human cells (T1) suspended in a gel-containing medium were used, and the measurements were found to be very useful in facilitating the design of ridge filters to produce iso-effects in the region of interest. Heavy charged particle beams (proton, helium, carbon, neon, and negative pion) were found to produce similar cell killing with depth of penetration. Because of saturation effects at higher LET, argon ions were less effective in killing aerated cells at depth, compared with other heavy charged-particle beams. Cell killing at depth in the region of interest, compared with that at the entrance, was not significantly different for single-field exposures when the Bragg peaks were broadened to cover a width of 10 cm. However, when two opposed fields with overlapping peaks were used, a large enhancement in killing was obtained in the peak region.", "PMID": 698513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11643", "title": "A heavy particle comparative study. Part III: OER and RBE.", "content": "The results of a comparative study of heavy particles of interest in radiotherapy are reported in four parts. In this Part III, cell-survival measurements under aerobic and hypoxic conditions were made for various heavy particle beams. For heavy charged-particle beams, the measurements were made at the beam entrance (plateau), peak centre (10 cm wide peaks), and distal peak (1 cm from dose fall-off). Chinese hamster cells (V79) were used. Metabolic depletion was used to obtain hypoxia. The results indicate that the differences in RBE between the entrance region and peak are not very large when the Bragg peaks are broadened to 10 cm. The RBE for argon ions remains the same at the entrance and peak centre, and the RBE at the distal side of the Bragg peak is significantly reduced compared to the peak centre and entrance region because of saturation effects at high LET. The OER for protons is not significantly different from that for X rays. The OER for helium ions, carbon ions, and negative pions is larger, for neon ions is similar, and for argon ions is smaller when compared with fast neutrons. The OER values for heavy ions are higher than expected and could be due to a large delta-ray penumbra associated with the energy deposited by energetic heavy ions. The oxygen effect may depend upon energy deposition over distances of the order of nanometers.", "contents": "A heavy particle comparative study. Part III: OER and RBE. The results of a comparative study of heavy particles of interest in radiotherapy are reported in four parts. In this Part III, cell-survival measurements under aerobic and hypoxic conditions were made for various heavy particle beams. For heavy charged-particle beams, the measurements were made at the beam entrance (plateau), peak centre (10 cm wide peaks), and distal peak (1 cm from dose fall-off). Chinese hamster cells (V79) were used. Metabolic depletion was used to obtain hypoxia. The results indicate that the differences in RBE between the entrance region and peak are not very large when the Bragg peaks are broadened to 10 cm. The RBE for argon ions remains the same at the entrance and peak centre, and the RBE at the distal side of the Bragg peak is significantly reduced compared to the peak centre and entrance region because of saturation effects at high LET. The OER for protons is not significantly different from that for X rays. The OER for helium ions, carbon ions, and negative pions is larger, for neon ions is similar, and for argon ions is smaller when compared with fast neutrons. The OER values for heavy ions are higher than expected and could be due to a large delta-ray penumbra associated with the energy deposited by energetic heavy ions. The oxygen effect may depend upon energy deposition over distances of the order of nanometers.", "PMID": 698514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11644", "title": "A heavy particle comparative study. Part IV: acute and late reactions.", "content": "The results of a comparative study of heavy particles of interest in radiotherapy are reported in four parts. In this Part IV, early skin reactions and late reactions (foot deformity) in mice for various heavy particles are reported. For heavy charged particles, the exposures were made at the entrance region (plateau) and centre of the peak (10 cm wide peaks). For 60Co gamma rays and fast neutrons (50 MeV D leads to Be), the exposures were made at the peak of the depth-dose curve. The time-course of development of skin reaction and subsequent healing after exposure to heavy ions or 60Co gamma rays were remarkably similar, suggesting that skin damage and subsequent epithelial repopulation after exposure to heavy ions are not different from 60Co gamma rays. When the Bragg peaks were broadened to 10 cm, the RBE at the peak, compared with the entrance region, was significantly higher for carbon ions but nearly the same or even lower for neon and argon ions because of saturation effects at high LET. The RBE for fast neutrons was comparable to that at the peak for carbon ions. The correlation between early skin reaction and foot deformity remained the same for all particles.", "contents": "A heavy particle comparative study. Part IV: acute and late reactions. The results of a comparative study of heavy particles of interest in radiotherapy are reported in four parts. In this Part IV, early skin reactions and late reactions (foot deformity) in mice for various heavy particles are reported. For heavy charged particles, the exposures were made at the entrance region (plateau) and centre of the peak (10 cm wide peaks). For 60Co gamma rays and fast neutrons (50 MeV D leads to Be), the exposures were made at the peak of the depth-dose curve. The time-course of development of skin reaction and subsequent healing after exposure to heavy ions or 60Co gamma rays were remarkably similar, suggesting that skin damage and subsequent epithelial repopulation after exposure to heavy ions are not different from 60Co gamma rays. When the Bragg peaks were broadened to 10 cm, the RBE at the peak, compared with the entrance region, was significantly higher for carbon ions but nearly the same or even lower for neon and argon ions because of saturation effects at high LET. The RBE for fast neutrons was comparable to that at the peak for carbon ions. The correlation between early skin reaction and foot deformity remained the same for all particles.", "PMID": 698515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11645", "title": "The B-scan ultrasonic appearances of gas in the biliary tree.", "content": "Gas in the biliary tree has a striking but not unique ultrasonic appearance consisting of acoustic shadows trailing behind well-defined discrete high amplitude echoes deep within the liver parenchyma, and may be mimicked by intrahepatic gall stones and calcified tumours and granulomas. It interferes with assessment of liver structure, and renders ultrasound B-scan unreliable for the detection of liver metastases. Computed tomography remains unaffected by biliary gas.", "contents": "The B-scan ultrasonic appearances of gas in the biliary tree. Gas in the biliary tree has a striking but not unique ultrasonic appearance consisting of acoustic shadows trailing behind well-defined discrete high amplitude echoes deep within the liver parenchyma, and may be mimicked by intrahepatic gall stones and calcified tumours and granulomas. It interferes with assessment of liver structure, and renders ultrasound B-scan unreliable for the detection of liver metastases. Computed tomography remains unaffected by biliary gas.", "PMID": 698516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11646", "title": "Topical noxythiolin in colonic healing.", "content": "Rats were subjected to division and anastomosis of the colon just proximal to the rectum to study the healing of colonic anastomoses. The effect of noxythiolin irrigation of the divided colon before and after anastomosis was investigated and compared with controls. Healing was assessed using five variables--macroscopic and microscopic inspection, bursting pressure and tensile strength estimations and angiography for new vessel formation. The study shows that noxythiolin irrigation of the colon in the rat significantly increases the chance of a sound anastomosis without interfering with healing. Furthermore, it inhibits the formation of adhesions.", "contents": "Topical noxythiolin in colonic healing. Rats were subjected to division and anastomosis of the colon just proximal to the rectum to study the healing of colonic anastomoses. The effect of noxythiolin irrigation of the divided colon before and after anastomosis was investigated and compared with controls. Healing was assessed using five variables--macroscopic and microscopic inspection, bursting pressure and tensile strength estimations and angiography for new vessel formation. The study shows that noxythiolin irrigation of the colon in the rat significantly increases the chance of a sound anastomosis without interfering with healing. Furthermore, it inhibits the formation of adhesions.", "PMID": 698527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11647", "title": "Excluded loop syndrome: a complication of jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity.", "content": "Excluded loop syndrome may develop in patients who undergo jejuno-ileal bypass surgery with the excluded small intestine drained via an ileosigmoidostomy. A unique case of a morbidly obese male who underwent the procedure while on methadone maintenance therapy is presented. The major factor in the development of this disorder appears to be the high intraluminal pressures within the sigmoid colon which prevent adequate egress from the excluded loop. Narcotic medications tend to induce or intensify the syndrome.", "contents": "Excluded loop syndrome: a complication of jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity. Excluded loop syndrome may develop in patients who undergo jejuno-ileal bypass surgery with the excluded small intestine drained via an ileosigmoidostomy. A unique case of a morbidly obese male who underwent the procedure while on methadone maintenance therapy is presented. The major factor in the development of this disorder appears to be the high intraluminal pressures within the sigmoid colon which prevent adequate egress from the excluded loop. Narcotic medications tend to induce or intensify the syndrome.", "PMID": 698528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11648", "title": "Early results with human umbilical cord vein allografts for haemodialysis.", "content": "Six patients requiring intermittent haemodialysis for chronic renal failure underwent construction of an arteriovenous fistula using modified human umbilical cord vein allografts. Three grafts soon showed degenerative changes and were removed--2 thrombosed and 1 became infected. Satisfactory haemodialysis was achieved with the remaining 3 grafts. Two grafts are currently patent at 9.5 and 11 months respectively, while another graft became aneurysmal after 8 months, requiring its removal.", "contents": "Early results with human umbilical cord vein allografts for haemodialysis. Six patients requiring intermittent haemodialysis for chronic renal failure underwent construction of an arteriovenous fistula using modified human umbilical cord vein allografts. Three grafts soon showed degenerative changes and were removed--2 thrombosed and 1 became infected. Satisfactory haemodialysis was achieved with the remaining 3 grafts. Two grafts are currently patent at 9.5 and 11 months respectively, while another graft became aneurysmal after 8 months, requiring its removal.", "PMID": 698529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11649", "title": "Post-amputation pneumatic walking aid.", "content": "A pneumatic walking training aid is described that has been developed by the Biomechanical Research and Development Unit, Roehampton, from the original design by Little. The new design has been used in the management of 87 amputations, including 44 patients over the age of 70. Ninety-four per cent of these patients were rehabilitated to walking independently on a pylon or prosthesis.", "contents": "Post-amputation pneumatic walking aid. A pneumatic walking training aid is described that has been developed by the Biomechanical Research and Development Unit, Roehampton, from the original design by Little. The new design has been used in the management of 87 amputations, including 44 patients over the age of 70. Ninety-four per cent of these patients were rehabilitated to walking independently on a pylon or prosthesis.", "PMID": 698530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11650", "title": "Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome: a case report.", "content": "A rare case of bilateral popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is reported. Pathological changes of the occluded lesion in this anomaly were investigated in 8 other cases. Abnormal longitudinal muscle in the media was noted in all. Development of these muscle bundles was considered to be due to chronic trauma inflicted by pressure on the arterial wall. Its significance is emphasized to assist in differentiation from other chronic arterial occlusive disease.", "contents": "Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome: a case report. A rare case of bilateral popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is reported. Pathological changes of the occluded lesion in this anomaly were investigated in 8 other cases. Abnormal longitudinal muscle in the media was noted in all. Development of these muscle bundles was considered to be due to chronic trauma inflicted by pressure on the arterial wall. Its significance is emphasized to assist in differentiation from other chronic arterial occlusive disease.", "PMID": 698531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11651", "title": "The fibrinogen uptake test after hip surgery.", "content": "The fibrinogen uptake test has been used to detect deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement in 90 patients. The upper third of the thigh in each leg was ignored and peripheral leg counting carried out distal to this. The results were directly compared with the findings of venography in the 170 legs of the 90 patients. There was a high false positive rate (30 per cent) with the fibrinogen uptake test which was associated with the presence of the knee joint effusion or varicose veins, but not with the site of operation. There was a low false negative rate (less than 5 per cent), and the fibrinogen uptake test, used in this way, may fail to detect a percentage of small thrombi in the wound area that are probably produced by the local trauma of operation. It is considered that the fibrinogen uptake test has a clinical use as a screening test for deep vein thrombosis after hip replacement, but venography is required in the interests of accuracy.", "contents": "The fibrinogen uptake test after hip surgery. The fibrinogen uptake test has been used to detect deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement in 90 patients. The upper third of the thigh in each leg was ignored and peripheral leg counting carried out distal to this. The results were directly compared with the findings of venography in the 170 legs of the 90 patients. There was a high false positive rate (30 per cent) with the fibrinogen uptake test which was associated with the presence of the knee joint effusion or varicose veins, but not with the site of operation. There was a low false negative rate (less than 5 per cent), and the fibrinogen uptake test, used in this way, may fail to detect a percentage of small thrombi in the wound area that are probably produced by the local trauma of operation. It is considered that the fibrinogen uptake test has a clinical use as a screening test for deep vein thrombosis after hip replacement, but venography is required in the interests of accuracy.", "PMID": 698532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11652", "title": "Acute abdominal complications of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Four patients with acute abdominal complications of systemic lupus erythematosus requiring laparotomy are presented. The complications consisted of intestinal ischaemia, without perforation, in 3 patients and omental infarction in the fourth. In 2 patients the abdominal emergency was the first manifestation of the collagen disease. Tissue removed from 3 patients showed a marked vasculitis on histological examination. The pathogenesis and management of acute abdominal complications of systemic lupus erythematosus are discussed and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Acute abdominal complications of systemic lupus erythematosus. Four patients with acute abdominal complications of systemic lupus erythematosus requiring laparotomy are presented. The complications consisted of intestinal ischaemia, without perforation, in 3 patients and omental infarction in the fourth. In 2 patients the abdominal emergency was the first manifestation of the collagen disease. Tissue removed from 3 patients showed a marked vasculitis on histological examination. The pathogenesis and management of acute abdominal complications of systemic lupus erythematosus are discussed and the literature reviewed.", "PMID": 698534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11653", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus and massive pneumoperitoneum.", "content": "A case of spontaneous rupture of the abdominal oesophagus is described. The presentation, after an interval of 4 weeks from the onset of symptons, was unusual with massive pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus and massive pneumoperitoneum. A case of spontaneous rupture of the abdominal oesophagus is described. The presentation, after an interval of 4 weeks from the onset of symptons, was unusual with massive pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis.", "PMID": 698536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11654", "title": "The relationship between the rate of gastric emptying and the dumping syndrome.", "content": "Following an oral hypertonic glucose challenge, gastric emptying and changes in plasma volume were measured in 15 subjects before and in 36 subjects after a truncal or selective vagotomy with a drainage procedure. The symptoms experienced during the test were noted, and the postoperative patients divided into two groups, (a) 20 patients who experienced dumping symptoms during the test and (b) 16 patients who did not. Gastric emptying was significantly faster and the fall in plasma volume significantly greater in those patients who experienced symptoms after the ingestion of hypertonic glucose than in those who did not, clearly demonstrating that the dumping syndrome is associated with an increased rate of gastric emptying. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the rate of gastric emptying and the fall in plasma volume.", "contents": "The relationship between the rate of gastric emptying and the dumping syndrome. Following an oral hypertonic glucose challenge, gastric emptying and changes in plasma volume were measured in 15 subjects before and in 36 subjects after a truncal or selective vagotomy with a drainage procedure. The symptoms experienced during the test were noted, and the postoperative patients divided into two groups, (a) 20 patients who experienced dumping symptoms during the test and (b) 16 patients who did not. Gastric emptying was significantly faster and the fall in plasma volume significantly greater in those patients who experienced symptoms after the ingestion of hypertonic glucose than in those who did not, clearly demonstrating that the dumping syndrome is associated with an increased rate of gastric emptying. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the rate of gastric emptying and the fall in plasma volume.", "PMID": 698537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11655", "title": "Diets and stoma function.", "content": "Fifty ileostomy and 50 colostomy patients were questioned as to which foods upset their stoma function. Most patients had no problem in finding a suitable diet and 70 per cent would eat any food on occasions, although half the patients found that side effects with particular foods were a nuisance. Only a small range of foodstuffs seemed to produce symptoms in a significant proportion of patients. We feel that no particular foodstuff should be eliminated from a diet without an adequate trial as most patients are able to eat entirely normally.", "contents": "Diets and stoma function. Fifty ileostomy and 50 colostomy patients were questioned as to which foods upset their stoma function. Most patients had no problem in finding a suitable diet and 70 per cent would eat any food on occasions, although half the patients found that side effects with particular foods were a nuisance. Only a small range of foodstuffs seemed to produce symptoms in a significant proportion of patients. We feel that no particular foodstuff should be eliminated from a diet without an adequate trial as most patients are able to eat entirely normally.", "PMID": 698538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11656", "title": "The prognostic and therapeutic implications of the positive radionuclide bone scan in clinically early breast cancer.", "content": "Seventy-five women with clinical stage I or stage II carcinoma of the breast have had radionuclide bone scans at the time of presentation and at 6-monthly intervals during a mean follow-up period of 39 months. Patients with evidence of metastases on bone scan, either at the time of presentation or during follow-up, had significantly higher mortality and morbidity rates than those with persistently negative scans. Whatever the clinical stage, breast cancer patients with a positive bone scan have a very poor short term prognosis and local therapy to the breast is inadequate. A plan is outlined which incorporates the patient's bone scan status into the decision to introduce endocrine therapy or chemotherapy.", "contents": "The prognostic and therapeutic implications of the positive radionuclide bone scan in clinically early breast cancer. Seventy-five women with clinical stage I or stage II carcinoma of the breast have had radionuclide bone scans at the time of presentation and at 6-monthly intervals during a mean follow-up period of 39 months. Patients with evidence of metastases on bone scan, either at the time of presentation or during follow-up, had significantly higher mortality and morbidity rates than those with persistently negative scans. Whatever the clinical stage, breast cancer patients with a positive bone scan have a very poor short term prognosis and local therapy to the breast is inadequate. A plan is outlined which incorporates the patient's bone scan status into the decision to introduce endocrine therapy or chemotherapy.", "PMID": 698540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11657", "title": "The plasma clearance of fructose and glucose during and after surgical operation.", "content": "Fasting blood glucose is elevated and the rate of disappearance of a glucose load is reduced after major surgery. Resistance to insulin is considered to play a part in post-traumatic glucose intolerance. Fructose metabolism is partly independent of insulin. Glucose and fructose clearance were compared in two groups of 6 matched male patients with normal glucose tolerance who were studied before and after major vascular surgical operations of the same severity. Fructose or glucose (25 g) was given intravenously over a 2-min period before, during and at intervals for 8 days after surgery. The rate of clearance of fructose increased significantly during operation (P less than 0.01), but returned to the preoperative level by the first postoperative day. Glucose clearance, in contrast, was reduced during and throughout the 8 days of the study. The fructose load produced a brisk insulin response before operation which was diminished and delayed during surgery. These findings suggest that administered fructose may be removed more rapidly than glucose during and immediately after surgical operation.", "contents": "The plasma clearance of fructose and glucose during and after surgical operation. Fasting blood glucose is elevated and the rate of disappearance of a glucose load is reduced after major surgery. Resistance to insulin is considered to play a part in post-traumatic glucose intolerance. Fructose metabolism is partly independent of insulin. Glucose and fructose clearance were compared in two groups of 6 matched male patients with normal glucose tolerance who were studied before and after major vascular surgical operations of the same severity. Fructose or glucose (25 g) was given intravenously over a 2-min period before, during and at intervals for 8 days after surgery. The rate of clearance of fructose increased significantly during operation (P less than 0.01), but returned to the preoperative level by the first postoperative day. Glucose clearance, in contrast, was reduced during and throughout the 8 days of the study. The fructose load produced a brisk insulin response before operation which was diminished and delayed during surgery. These findings suggest that administered fructose may be removed more rapidly than glucose during and immediately after surgical operation.", "PMID": 698541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11658", "title": "Liver function and lactate metabolism in the ill surgical patient.", "content": "Liver function and lactate metabolism were investigated in non-shocked, severely ill surgical patients. Fasting venous blood lactate concentration was increased and plasma liver function tests were abnormal in ill patients compared with controls. Ill patients were glucose-intolerant and blood lactate changes following intravenous glucose infusion were similar in both ill and control patients. Blood lactate half-life was increased in ill patients following a sodium L-lactate infusion, suggesting that the increased fasting lactate concentration may have been due to decreased hepatic removal rather than to increased peripheral production of lactate.", "contents": "Liver function and lactate metabolism in the ill surgical patient. Liver function and lactate metabolism were investigated in non-shocked, severely ill surgical patients. Fasting venous blood lactate concentration was increased and plasma liver function tests were abnormal in ill patients compared with controls. Ill patients were glucose-intolerant and blood lactate changes following intravenous glucose infusion were similar in both ill and control patients. Blood lactate half-life was increased in ill patients following a sodium L-lactate infusion, suggesting that the increased fasting lactate concentration may have been due to decreased hepatic removal rather than to increased peripheral production of lactate.", "PMID": 698542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11659", "title": "The effect of elective surgery on 3-methylhistidine excretion.", "content": "Elective surgical operation in normally nourished patients is associated with an increase of up to 40 per cent in the urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine during the first three postoperative days. This increase was statistically significant (P less than 0.01) on the second and third postoperative days. This probably represents a minor degree of increased muscle proteolysis, principally due to the operative trauma. The possible effect of postoperative starvation requires further elucidation.", "contents": "The effect of elective surgery on 3-methylhistidine excretion. Elective surgical operation in normally nourished patients is associated with an increase of up to 40 per cent in the urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine during the first three postoperative days. This increase was statistically significant (P less than 0.01) on the second and third postoperative days. This probably represents a minor degree of increased muscle proteolysis, principally due to the operative trauma. The possible effect of postoperative starvation requires further elucidation.", "PMID": 698543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11660", "title": "Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon by fibrinolytic enhancement.", "content": "Twenty patients with advanced Raynaud's phenomenon, in 14 of whom it was secondary to scleroderma, were treated with stanozolol, an anabolic steroid that enhances natural fibrinolysis. All showed an increase in hand blood flow and a reduction in symptoms during treatment. This response may have been caused by the lysis of fibrin deposited in the digital arteries and the reduction of plasma viscosity. Stanozolol is a useful addition to the treatment of patients with advanced Raynaud's phenomenon who have trophic changes.", "contents": "Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon by fibrinolytic enhancement. Twenty patients with advanced Raynaud's phenomenon, in 14 of whom it was secondary to scleroderma, were treated with stanozolol, an anabolic steroid that enhances natural fibrinolysis. All showed an increase in hand blood flow and a reduction in symptoms during treatment. This response may have been caused by the lysis of fibrin deposited in the digital arteries and the reduction of plasma viscosity. Stanozolol is a useful addition to the treatment of patients with advanced Raynaud's phenomenon who have trophic changes.", "PMID": 698554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11661", "title": "Indian childhood cirrhosis: an inherited disorder of tryptophan metabolism?", "content": "Urine samples from members of 29 families of patients with Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC) and nine families with related disorders gave positive reactions when tested with ferric chloride. Column chromatography showed that this was due to the presence of abnormally large amounts of tryptophan metabolites, notably 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Affected pedigrees had a significantly greater prevalence of peptic ulcer, adult cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, migraine, and Parkinsonism than a control population. ICC may result from an inborn error of tryptophan metabolism in susceptible ethnic groups.", "contents": "Indian childhood cirrhosis: an inherited disorder of tryptophan metabolism? Urine samples from members of 29 families of patients with Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC) and nine families with related disorders gave positive reactions when tested with ferric chloride. Column chromatography showed that this was due to the presence of abnormally large amounts of tryptophan metabolites, notably 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Affected pedigrees had a significantly greater prevalence of peptic ulcer, adult cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, migraine, and Parkinsonism than a control population. ICC may result from an inborn error of tryptophan metabolism in susceptible ethnic groups.", "PMID": 698556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11662", "title": "Hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid function in anorexia nervosa: influence of weight gain.", "content": "The functional state of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis was assessed in 14 women and girls with anorexia nervosa when at low body weight and again in 12 cases after they had gained weight. Mean serum thyroxine concentrations were low before and after weight gain. Mean serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were substantially reduced at low weight and doubled after weight gain, the absolute values being linearly correlated with body weight expressed as a percentage of the ideal. Concentrations of reverse T3 were greatly increased in some patients initially and fell with weight gain. Basal concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were unchanged after weight gain but the TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone was significantly augmented; delayed patterns of response were found in seven out of 12 patients tested before and three out of 12 patients tested after weight gain. Changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis are common in anorexia nervosa and probably represent both peripheral and central adaptations to the altered nutritional state.", "contents": "Hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid function in anorexia nervosa: influence of weight gain. The functional state of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis was assessed in 14 women and girls with anorexia nervosa when at low body weight and again in 12 cases after they had gained weight. Mean serum thyroxine concentrations were low before and after weight gain. Mean serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were substantially reduced at low weight and doubled after weight gain, the absolute values being linearly correlated with body weight expressed as a percentage of the ideal. Concentrations of reverse T3 were greatly increased in some patients initially and fell with weight gain. Basal concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were unchanged after weight gain but the TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone was significantly augmented; delayed patterns of response were found in seven out of 12 patients tested before and three out of 12 patients tested after weight gain. Changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis are common in anorexia nervosa and probably represent both peripheral and central adaptations to the altered nutritional state.", "PMID": 698555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11663", "title": "HBsAg-positive chronic liver disease: inhibition of DNA polymerase activity by vidarabine.", "content": "Four patients who had chronic liver disease and were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were treated with vidarabine, a synthetic purine nucleoside that inhibits DNA polymerase activity in vitro and in vivo. Before treatment all had raised serum DNA polymerase concentrations. Three also had hepatitis B e (HBe) and were shown by electron microscopy to have hepatitis B virus (Dane) particles in their serum. In all patients 10 days' treatment with vidarabine resulted in an immediate loss of DNA polymerase activity. In three patients the activity returned when treatment was stopped. In those three patients Dane particles and HBe antigen persisted during and after treatment; in the fourth patient, who remained negative for DNA polymerase, HBsAg titres fell. Although vidarabine inhibited virus replication, virus particles did not disappear from the blood in these patients, presumably because the particles were cleared only slowly. Similar results with interferon suggest that the virus disappears, and HBsAg titres fall, some weeks after the fall in DNA polymerase activity. Continued treatment may therefore have a sustained effect on viral replication. Whether vidarabine can permanently clear HBsAg and so arrest chronic liver disease remains to be seen, but at the very least it could reduce the spread of infection.", "contents": "HBsAg-positive chronic liver disease: inhibition of DNA polymerase activity by vidarabine. Four patients who had chronic liver disease and were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were treated with vidarabine, a synthetic purine nucleoside that inhibits DNA polymerase activity in vitro and in vivo. Before treatment all had raised serum DNA polymerase concentrations. Three also had hepatitis B e (HBe) and were shown by electron microscopy to have hepatitis B virus (Dane) particles in their serum. In all patients 10 days' treatment with vidarabine resulted in an immediate loss of DNA polymerase activity. In three patients the activity returned when treatment was stopped. In those three patients Dane particles and HBe antigen persisted during and after treatment; in the fourth patient, who remained negative for DNA polymerase, HBsAg titres fell. Although vidarabine inhibited virus replication, virus particles did not disappear from the blood in these patients, presumably because the particles were cleared only slowly. Similar results with interferon suggest that the virus disappears, and HBsAg titres fall, some weeks after the fall in DNA polymerase activity. Continued treatment may therefore have a sustained effect on viral replication. Whether vidarabine can permanently clear HBsAg and so arrest chronic liver disease remains to be seen, but at the very least it could reduce the spread of infection.", "PMID": 698557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11664", "title": "Changes in antibiotic sensitivity in strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 1952-78.", "content": "Two hundred strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from outpatients with infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues were tested for sensitivity to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, sodium fusidate, methicillin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. One hundred and sixty-three (81.5%) of the strains were resistant to penicillin and 16 (8%) resistant to tetracycline. Incidence of resistance to other antibiotics was low. No strain was resistant to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, or methicillin. When compared with results of earlier studies, there was an increase in the incidence of resistance to penicillin and tetracycline, but no appreciable increase in resistance to other antibiotics.", "contents": "Changes in antibiotic sensitivity in strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 1952-78. Two hundred strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from outpatients with infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues were tested for sensitivity to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, sodium fusidate, methicillin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. One hundred and sixty-three (81.5%) of the strains were resistant to penicillin and 16 (8%) resistant to tetracycline. Incidence of resistance to other antibiotics was low. No strain was resistant to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, or methicillin. When compared with results of earlier studies, there was an increase in the incidence of resistance to penicillin and tetracycline, but no appreciable increase in resistance to other antibiotics.", "PMID": 698558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11665", "title": "Ambulation in labour.", "content": "In a randomised prospective study of 68 women in spontaneous labour half were allocated to an ambulant group and half to a recumbent group. The duration of labour was significantly shorter, the need for analgesia significantly less, and the incidence of fetal heart abnormalities significantly smaller in the ambulant group than in the recumbent group. Apgar scores at one and five minutes were also significantly greater in the ambulant group. More patients in the recumbent group required augmentations with oxytocic drugs. There was no statistically significant difference in the third stage loss in the two groups. Ambulation in labour should be encouraged: it may bring human benefits while allowing the advantages of hospital supervision.", "contents": "Ambulation in labour. In a randomised prospective study of 68 women in spontaneous labour half were allocated to an ambulant group and half to a recumbent group. The duration of labour was significantly shorter, the need for analgesia significantly less, and the incidence of fetal heart abnormalities significantly smaller in the ambulant group than in the recumbent group. Apgar scores at one and five minutes were also significantly greater in the ambulant group. More patients in the recumbent group required augmentations with oxytocic drugs. There was no statistically significant difference in the third stage loss in the two groups. Ambulation in labour should be encouraged: it may bring human benefits while allowing the advantages of hospital supervision.", "PMID": 698606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11666", "title": "A glucose-controlled insulin infusion system for diabetic women during labour.", "content": "A glucose-controlled insulin infusion system was used to control blood glucose concentration during labour or caesarean section in six insulin-dependent diabetics. The mean blood glucose concentration during the four hours of labour immediately before delivery was 4.6-5.2 mmol/1 (82.9-93.7 mg/100 ml). Feedback control of insulin delivery by blood glucose concentration should decrease the risk of postpartum hypoglycaemia in the infant and allow normal obstetric management for the insulin-dependent diabetic in labour.", "contents": "A glucose-controlled insulin infusion system for diabetic women during labour. A glucose-controlled insulin infusion system was used to control blood glucose concentration during labour or caesarean section in six insulin-dependent diabetics. The mean blood glucose concentration during the four hours of labour immediately before delivery was 4.6-5.2 mmol/1 (82.9-93.7 mg/100 ml). Feedback control of insulin delivery by blood glucose concentration should decrease the risk of postpartum hypoglycaemia in the infant and allow normal obstetric management for the insulin-dependent diabetic in labour.", "PMID": 698607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11667", "title": "Difficulties in diagnosing and managing congenital dislocation of the hip.", "content": "In a 10-year retrospective study of 25 921 consecutive deliveries in a neonatal unit in Newcastle upon Tyne 271 cases of congenital dislocation of the hips were identified. Of these, the outcome was unsatisfactory in 12: four diagnoses were missed at birth and eight children required further surgical treatment. Radiological abnormalities were detected in a further five children at long-term follow-up examination. From the results of this study and other published series it was concluded that lack of attention to detail was the main cause of inadequate diagnosis and management of congenital dislocation of the hips. More detailed instruction of junior staff, confirmation of the diagnosis by senior staff, the use of a non-removable splint early in treatment, and thorough follow-up by senior staff are all important.", "contents": "Difficulties in diagnosing and managing congenital dislocation of the hip. In a 10-year retrospective study of 25 921 consecutive deliveries in a neonatal unit in Newcastle upon Tyne 271 cases of congenital dislocation of the hips were identified. Of these, the outcome was unsatisfactory in 12: four diagnoses were missed at birth and eight children required further surgical treatment. Radiological abnormalities were detected in a further five children at long-term follow-up examination. From the results of this study and other published series it was concluded that lack of attention to detail was the main cause of inadequate diagnosis and management of congenital dislocation of the hips. More detailed instruction of junior staff, confirmation of the diagnosis by senior staff, the use of a non-removable splint early in treatment, and thorough follow-up by senior staff are all important.", "PMID": 698618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11668", "title": "Towards positive diagnosis of the irritable bowel.", "content": "A questionnaire to establish the presence of 15 symptoms thought to be typical of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was given to 109 unselected patients referred to gastroenterology or surgery clinics with abdominal pain or a change in bowel habit or both. Review of case records 17--26 months later established a definite diagnosis of IBS in 32 patients and of organic disease in 33. Four symptoms were significantly more common among patients with IBS--namely, distension, relief of pain with bowel movement, and looser and more frequent bowel movements with the onset of pain. Mucus and a sensation of incomplete evacuation were also common in these patients. The more of these symptoms that were present the more likely was it that the patient's pain or altered bowel habit, or both, was due to IBS. We conclude that a careful history can increase diagnostic confidence and reduce the amount of investigation in many patients with chronic abdominal pain.", "contents": "Towards positive diagnosis of the irritable bowel. A questionnaire to establish the presence of 15 symptoms thought to be typical of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was given to 109 unselected patients referred to gastroenterology or surgery clinics with abdominal pain or a change in bowel habit or both. Review of case records 17--26 months later established a definite diagnosis of IBS in 32 patients and of organic disease in 33. Four symptoms were significantly more common among patients with IBS--namely, distension, relief of pain with bowel movement, and looser and more frequent bowel movements with the onset of pain. Mucus and a sensation of incomplete evacuation were also common in these patients. The more of these symptoms that were present the more likely was it that the patient's pain or altered bowel habit, or both, was due to IBS. We conclude that a careful history can increase diagnostic confidence and reduce the amount of investigation in many patients with chronic abdominal pain.", "PMID": 698649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11669", "title": "Is nasogastric suction necessary in acute pancreatitis?", "content": "Fifty-eight patients with mild to moderately severe acute pancreatitis were randomly allocated to treatment with or without nasogastric suction (27 and 31 patients respectively). Intravenous fluids and pethidine hydrochloride were also given. The two groups were comparable clinically at the start of the study. There were no differences between the two groups in the mean duration of the following features: abdominal pain or tenderness; absence of bowel movements; raised serum amylase concentration; time to resumption of oral feeding; and days in hospital. Prolonged hyperamylasaemia (serum amylase greater than 0.33 mU/l) occurred in one patient in the suction group and in three patients in the non-suction group. A mild recurrence of abdominal pain after resumption of oral feeding occurred in three patients in the suction group and in two patients in the non-suction group. Two patients in the suction group developed overt consumption coagulopathy and two others pulmonary complications. No patient in the non-suction group had complications. The findings suggest that most patients with mild to moderately severe acute pancreatitis do not benefit from nasogastric suction. The procedure should be elective rather than mandatory in treating this condition.", "contents": "Is nasogastric suction necessary in acute pancreatitis? Fifty-eight patients with mild to moderately severe acute pancreatitis were randomly allocated to treatment with or without nasogastric suction (27 and 31 patients respectively). Intravenous fluids and pethidine hydrochloride were also given. The two groups were comparable clinically at the start of the study. There were no differences between the two groups in the mean duration of the following features: abdominal pain or tenderness; absence of bowel movements; raised serum amylase concentration; time to resumption of oral feeding; and days in hospital. Prolonged hyperamylasaemia (serum amylase greater than 0.33 mU/l) occurred in one patient in the suction group and in three patients in the non-suction group. A mild recurrence of abdominal pain after resumption of oral feeding occurred in three patients in the suction group and in two patients in the non-suction group. Two patients in the suction group developed overt consumption coagulopathy and two others pulmonary complications. No patient in the non-suction group had complications. The findings suggest that most patients with mild to moderately severe acute pancreatitis do not benefit from nasogastric suction. The procedure should be elective rather than mandatory in treating this condition.", "PMID": 698650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11670", "title": "Postgraduate education in therapeutics: experience in Merseyside.", "content": "A teaching programme in therapeutics for general practitioners in Merseyside, which was led by a group of clinical pharmacologists, had as its principal aim to emphasise the importance of rational drug prescribing. The course comprised 15 sessions restricted to 25 GPs, and the topics were suggested by both the organisers and the GPs. Though each session was introduced by a clinical pharmacologist, the emphasis was an open discussion and exchange of views. This programme may serve as a pattern for other centres.", "contents": "Postgraduate education in therapeutics: experience in Merseyside. A teaching programme in therapeutics for general practitioners in Merseyside, which was led by a group of clinical pharmacologists, had as its principal aim to emphasise the importance of rational drug prescribing. The course comprised 15 sessions restricted to 25 GPs, and the topics were suggested by both the organisers and the GPs. Though each session was introduced by a clinical pharmacologist, the emphasis was an open discussion and exchange of views. This programme may serve as a pattern for other centres.", "PMID": 698659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11671", "title": "Use of digitalis in general practice. Liverpool Therapeutics Group.", "content": "A study, which arose out of a general-practitioner teaching programme in clinical pharmacology, was designed to assess the use of digitalis in 391 patients in general practice. Clinical, biochemical, and pharmacological data were used to assess whether digitalis treatment should be discontinued (89 patients; 22.8%); the dose kept unchanged (47; 12%); or the dose increased (47; 12%) or decreased (24; 6.1%). Serum concentrations of cardiac glycoside were below a defined therapeutic range in 159 patients (40.7%), above this range in 37 (9.7%), and within the range in 195 (49.3%). Studies of this kind may help to promote a more critical attitude to prescribing widely used drugs such as digitalis.", "contents": "Use of digitalis in general practice. Liverpool Therapeutics Group. A study, which arose out of a general-practitioner teaching programme in clinical pharmacology, was designed to assess the use of digitalis in 391 patients in general practice. Clinical, biochemical, and pharmacological data were used to assess whether digitalis treatment should be discontinued (89 patients; 22.8%); the dose kept unchanged (47; 12%); or the dose increased (47; 12%) or decreased (24; 6.1%). Serum concentrations of cardiac glycoside were below a defined therapeutic range in 159 patients (40.7%), above this range in 37 (9.7%), and within the range in 195 (49.3%). Studies of this kind may help to promote a more critical attitude to prescribing widely used drugs such as digitalis.", "PMID": 698660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11672", "title": "Sorry John--try again next year.", "content": "The new legislation affecting foreign medical graduates has placed several obstacles in the path of potential visitors and immigrants to the United States. Now that there is no longer a shortage of doctors in the USA the need for these new laws is clear, but their implementation has been hasty and has allowed no time for planned transition. If further modifications are made, which may well happen, every effort should be made to disseminate information about new requirements as widely and rapidly as possible.", "contents": "Sorry John--try again next year. The new legislation affecting foreign medical graduates has placed several obstacles in the path of potential visitors and immigrants to the United States. Now that there is no longer a shortage of doctors in the USA the need for these new laws is clear, but their implementation has been hasty and has allowed no time for planned transition. If further modifications are made, which may well happen, every effort should be made to disseminate information about new requirements as widely and rapidly as possible.", "PMID": 698665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11673", "title": "Sampling pure fetal blood by fetoscopy in second trimester of pregnancy.", "content": "A technique for fetal blood-sampling in the second trimester of pregnancy (between 16 and 22 weeks' gestation) combining fetoscopy with real-time ultrasound was used in 48 attempts at fetal blood-sampling. Specimens containing fetal red cells with or without amniotic fluid or maternal blood, and adequate for diagnosing haemoglobinopathies, were obtained in 45 of the 48 fetoscopies. Sampling was successful in all 18 patients with a posterior placenta, and in 27 of the 30 with an anterior placenta. In 22 of the last 27 consecutive fetoscopies pure fetal blood was taken; the placenta was anterior in 16 and posterior in six. Out of 17 cases sampled between 18 and 22 weeks' gestation pure fetal blood was obtained in 16. The volume of the samples varied from 50 to 500 microliter. The ability to obtain pure fetal blood consistently even when the placenta is anterior will increase knowledge of fetal physiology and the scope of prenatal diagnosis.", "contents": "Sampling pure fetal blood by fetoscopy in second trimester of pregnancy. A technique for fetal blood-sampling in the second trimester of pregnancy (between 16 and 22 weeks' gestation) combining fetoscopy with real-time ultrasound was used in 48 attempts at fetal blood-sampling. Specimens containing fetal red cells with or without amniotic fluid or maternal blood, and adequate for diagnosing haemoglobinopathies, were obtained in 45 of the 48 fetoscopies. Sampling was successful in all 18 patients with a posterior placenta, and in 27 of the 30 with an anterior placenta. In 22 of the last 27 consecutive fetoscopies pure fetal blood was taken; the placenta was anterior in 16 and posterior in six. Out of 17 cases sampled between 18 and 22 weeks' gestation pure fetal blood was obtained in 16. The volume of the samples varied from 50 to 500 microliter. The ability to obtain pure fetal blood consistently even when the placenta is anterior will increase knowledge of fetal physiology and the scope of prenatal diagnosis.", "PMID": 698697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11674", "title": "Effect of stopping low-phenylalanine diet on intellectual progress of children with phenylketonuria.", "content": "Forty-seven patients at the Hospital for Sick Children, London, who had phenylketonuria and were on a low-phenylalanine diet (21 early-treated--that is, treatment started before the age of 4 months--and 26 late-treated) were placed on a normal diet between the ages of 5 and 15 years. They showed significant falls in mean IQ of about six points after the diet was withdrawn. Twenty-two similar patients (five early-treated and 17 late-treated) at the Universit\u00e4ts-Kinderklinik, Heidelberg, who were placed on a relaxed low-phenylalanine rather than a normal diet, showed smaller and non-significant falls in mean IQ. During the period of strict diet none of the patients in London or Heidelberg showed any consistent falls in IQ. These results suggest that complete withdrawal of the low-phenylalanine diet during childhood leads to a fall in intellectual progress in many patients.", "contents": "Effect of stopping low-phenylalanine diet on intellectual progress of children with phenylketonuria. Forty-seven patients at the Hospital for Sick Children, London, who had phenylketonuria and were on a low-phenylalanine diet (21 early-treated--that is, treatment started before the age of 4 months--and 26 late-treated) were placed on a normal diet between the ages of 5 and 15 years. They showed significant falls in mean IQ of about six points after the diet was withdrawn. Twenty-two similar patients (five early-treated and 17 late-treated) at the Universit\u00e4ts-Kinderklinik, Heidelberg, who were placed on a relaxed low-phenylalanine rather than a normal diet, showed smaller and non-significant falls in mean IQ. During the period of strict diet none of the patients in London or Heidelberg showed any consistent falls in IQ. These results suggest that complete withdrawal of the low-phenylalanine diet during childhood leads to a fall in intellectual progress in many patients.", "PMID": 698696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11675", "title": "Natural history and prognosis of recurrent breast cancer.", "content": "Patterns of recurrent disease were analysed in 603 patients with breast cancer. The time of onset, frequency of recurrence, and survival after recurrence were not influenced by age or menopausal state. While survival after local recurrence was longer than survival after distant metastasis, the time to onset of local and distant disease followed an identical pattern, indicating that local recurrence should be regarded as a manifestation of systemic disease. Postoperative radiotherapy did not affect the time of onset of local recurrence. We suggest that patients with local recurrence should receive both systemic and local treatment and that controlled trials of chemotherapeutic agents in these patients might be valuable in finding the most effective drug combinations to be used as adjuvant treatment after mastectomy.", "contents": "Natural history and prognosis of recurrent breast cancer. Patterns of recurrent disease were analysed in 603 patients with breast cancer. The time of onset, frequency of recurrence, and survival after recurrence were not influenced by age or menopausal state. While survival after local recurrence was longer than survival after distant metastasis, the time to onset of local and distant disease followed an identical pattern, indicating that local recurrence should be regarded as a manifestation of systemic disease. Postoperative radiotherapy did not affect the time of onset of local recurrence. We suggest that patients with local recurrence should receive both systemic and local treatment and that controlled trials of chemotherapeutic agents in these patients might be valuable in finding the most effective drug combinations to be used as adjuvant treatment after mastectomy.", "PMID": 698698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11676", "title": "Taxonomic map of the schizophrenias, with special reference to puerperal psychosis.", "content": "Data collected by a single observer on 147 schizophrenic patients were subjected to clustering analysis. The results produced the hypothesis that schizophrenic illnesses directly after childbirth are a separate disease entity. This hypothesis was not disproved by experimental testing. Several disease entities may be included in the term schizophrenia. If this is so, the methods used in generating and testing the hypothesis that puerperal schizophrenia is a separate disease may provide a systematic method of classifying the various illnesses.", "contents": "Taxonomic map of the schizophrenias, with special reference to puerperal psychosis. Data collected by a single observer on 147 schizophrenic patients were subjected to clustering analysis. The results produced the hypothesis that schizophrenic illnesses directly after childbirth are a separate disease entity. This hypothesis was not disproved by experimental testing. Several disease entities may be included in the term schizophrenia. If this is so, the methods used in generating and testing the hypothesis that puerperal schizophrenia is a separate disease may provide a systematic method of classifying the various illnesses.", "PMID": 698707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11677", "title": "Human milk bank in a district general hospital.", "content": "A human milk bank was organised in the special care baby unit of a district general hospital. The staff of the unit and members of a voluntary organisation helped to contact donors and arrange collection of milk samples. Over two years 2093 samples of expressed breast milk were collected from 187 donors and examined bacteriologically. Of these samples, 1171 (56%) grew no bacteria. If the organism count exceeded 2.5 X 10(6)/1 but was less than 1 X 10(9)/1 samples were subjected to mild heat treatment. If the count exceeded 1 X 10(9)/1 the milk was not fed to babies. Sixty-five babies received milk from the bank during the second year. Although these infants were vulnerable, mortality and morbidity were not adversely affected by the banked milk they received. The cost of establishing and running a human milk bank need not be high. Extensive resources such as extra staff and laboratory and transport facilities were not needed. Enthusiastic co-operation and good will between hospital staff, voluntary helpers, and donors contributed greatly to the success of the scheme.", "contents": "Human milk bank in a district general hospital. A human milk bank was organised in the special care baby unit of a district general hospital. The staff of the unit and members of a voluntary organisation helped to contact donors and arrange collection of milk samples. Over two years 2093 samples of expressed breast milk were collected from 187 donors and examined bacteriologically. Of these samples, 1171 (56%) grew no bacteria. If the organism count exceeded 2.5 X 10(6)/1 but was less than 1 X 10(9)/1 samples were subjected to mild heat treatment. If the count exceeded 1 X 10(9)/1 the milk was not fed to babies. Sixty-five babies received milk from the bank during the second year. Although these infants were vulnerable, mortality and morbidity were not adversely affected by the banked milk they received. The cost of establishing and running a human milk bank need not be high. Extensive resources such as extra staff and laboratory and transport facilities were not needed. Enthusiastic co-operation and good will between hospital staff, voluntary helpers, and donors contributed greatly to the success of the scheme.", "PMID": 698736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11678", "title": "A clinical study of the EMI scanner: implications for provision of neuroradiological services.", "content": "The records of the first 571 patients to be examined with an EMI brain scanner were assessed. The patients were divided into diagnostic categories according to their clinical presentation. The intracranial investigations that would have been performed had the scanner not been available were compared with the investigations that were actually performed. As expected, the number of contrast investigations fell, but the reduction surpassed expectation. If the full clinical impact of the scanner is to be realised the patient's illness must be defined in detail and strict attention paid to radiographic detail. By reducing the number of special contrast investigations use of the scanner enables existing contrast facilities to serve a wider population; and use of the brain scanner in district general hospitals would improve the service to patients, especially those with head injuries.", "contents": "A clinical study of the EMI scanner: implications for provision of neuroradiological services. The records of the first 571 patients to be examined with an EMI brain scanner were assessed. The patients were divided into diagnostic categories according to their clinical presentation. The intracranial investigations that would have been performed had the scanner not been available were compared with the investigations that were actually performed. As expected, the number of contrast investigations fell, but the reduction surpassed expectation. If the full clinical impact of the scanner is to be realised the patient's illness must be defined in detail and strict attention paid to radiographic detail. By reducing the number of special contrast investigations use of the scanner enables existing contrast facilities to serve a wider population; and use of the brain scanner in district general hospitals would improve the service to patients, especially those with head injuries.", "PMID": 698745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11679", "title": "Cells of origin of subcortical afferents to the caudate nucleus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the cat.", "content": "The horseradish peroxidase tracing method was used to investigate the sources of subcortical input to the caudate nucleus in the cat. Of considerable interest was the finding, not previously described, that labeled neurons were present outside of the intralaminar complex, in the ventral anterior and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei. Another new finding was that retrogradely labeled cells were present within the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, following the caudate injections. In addition, neurons containing enzyme granules were found within all of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, most prominently in the central lateral and centromedian nuclei. Also, HRP-positive cells were strikingly apparent within the ipsilateral pars compacta of the substantia nigra, and a few labeled cells were found in the ipsilateral pars reticularis, and the contralateral pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Cells containing peroxidase granules were also found in the ventral tegmental area and the retrorubral area. The most caudal projection to the caudate nucleus in the cat was demonstrated by labeled neurons found bilaterally in the dorsal nucleus of the mesencephalic raphe.", "contents": "Cells of origin of subcortical afferents to the caudate nucleus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the cat. The horseradish peroxidase tracing method was used to investigate the sources of subcortical input to the caudate nucleus in the cat. Of considerable interest was the finding, not previously described, that labeled neurons were present outside of the intralaminar complex, in the ventral anterior and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei. Another new finding was that retrogradely labeled cells were present within the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, following the caudate injections. In addition, neurons containing enzyme granules were found within all of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, most prominently in the central lateral and centromedian nuclei. Also, HRP-positive cells were strikingly apparent within the ipsilateral pars compacta of the substantia nigra, and a few labeled cells were found in the ipsilateral pars reticularis, and the contralateral pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Cells containing peroxidase granules were also found in the ventral tegmental area and the retrorubral area. The most caudal projection to the caudate nucleus in the cat was demonstrated by labeled neurons found bilaterally in the dorsal nucleus of the mesencephalic raphe.", "PMID": 698789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11680", "title": "The cerebellar control of accommodation of the eye in the cat.", "content": "The effect of cerebellar stimulation on the accommodation of the lens was examined in anesthetized cats. An infrared optometer was used to measure the refractive power of the lens during stimulation of the cerebellum. The area giving responses within latencies shorter than 160 msec and amplitudes larger than 0.15 diopters is localized in the contralateral interpositus and fastigial nuclei and the ipsilateral interpositus nucleus. No responses could be evoked by stimulating the bilateral lateral nuclei. Accommodation responses were also evoked by cerebellar cortex stimulation. Accommodation responses evoked by stimulating the cerebellar nuclei were inhibited by preceding cerebellar cortical stimulation.", "contents": "The cerebellar control of accommodation of the eye in the cat. The effect of cerebellar stimulation on the accommodation of the lens was examined in anesthetized cats. An infrared optometer was used to measure the refractive power of the lens during stimulation of the cerebellum. The area giving responses within latencies shorter than 160 msec and amplitudes larger than 0.15 diopters is localized in the contralateral interpositus and fastigial nuclei and the ipsilateral interpositus nucleus. No responses could be evoked by stimulating the bilateral lateral nuclei. Accommodation responses were also evoked by cerebellar cortex stimulation. Accommodation responses evoked by stimulating the cerebellar nuclei were inhibited by preceding cerebellar cortical stimulation.", "PMID": 698790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11681", "title": "Identification of a subregion within rat neostriatum for the dopaminergic modulation of lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the involvement of neostriatal dopaminergic transmission in lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation might be specific to a striatal subregion. Crystalline application of dopamine or D-amphetamine increased self-stimulation rate only when made to ventral anterior striatum (VAS); more dorsal or posterior applications were ineffective. A comparison of dose-response functions for dopamine using solution injections in VAS and posterior striatum (PS) confirmed that only VAS was responsive. Injections or applications of 6-hydroxydopamine suppressed responding only when made into VAS. Haloperidol injections decreased responding only for VAS and not PS injection sites. Applications or injections of scopolamine often increased responding when made into VAS, but this effect was unreliable. Applications or injections of scopolamine to more posterior sites consistently suppressed responding. It was concluded that dopaminergic transmission in VAS, alone among the striatal sites tested, is facilitatory on hypothalamic self-stimulation. The effects of drug applications to nucleus accumbens were generally similar to VAS, and it was suggested that these areas may be functionally similar. An examination of the known afferents to VAS indicated that this area of neostriatum, like n. accumbens, may be influenced by activity in limbic structures. This anatomy may help provide an understanding of how neostriatum, traditionally considered to have a motor function, might be involved in central reward processes.", "contents": "Identification of a subregion within rat neostriatum for the dopaminergic modulation of lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation. Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the involvement of neostriatal dopaminergic transmission in lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation might be specific to a striatal subregion. Crystalline application of dopamine or D-amphetamine increased self-stimulation rate only when made to ventral anterior striatum (VAS); more dorsal or posterior applications were ineffective. A comparison of dose-response functions for dopamine using solution injections in VAS and posterior striatum (PS) confirmed that only VAS was responsive. Injections or applications of 6-hydroxydopamine suppressed responding only when made into VAS. Haloperidol injections decreased responding only for VAS and not PS injection sites. Applications or injections of scopolamine often increased responding when made into VAS, but this effect was unreliable. Applications or injections of scopolamine to more posterior sites consistently suppressed responding. It was concluded that dopaminergic transmission in VAS, alone among the striatal sites tested, is facilitatory on hypothalamic self-stimulation. The effects of drug applications to nucleus accumbens were generally similar to VAS, and it was suggested that these areas may be functionally similar. An examination of the known afferents to VAS indicated that this area of neostriatum, like n. accumbens, may be influenced by activity in limbic structures. This anatomy may help provide an understanding of how neostriatum, traditionally considered to have a motor function, might be involved in central reward processes.", "PMID": 698791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11682", "title": "Anatomical specificity within rat striatum for the dopaminergic modulation of DRL responding and activity.", "content": "The direct application of microgram quantities of crystalline dopamine, D-amphetamine, or scopolamine to the ventral anterior region of the neostriatum of rats decreased response efficiency on a 'differential reinforcement of low rate' 10 sec schedule of reinforcement. Similar applications to the dorsal globus pallidus or posterior striatum either did not alter or increased response efficiency. A comparison of dose-response functions for injections of dopamine in solution into ventral anterior, central and posterior striatum confirmed that only injections into ventral anterior striatum (VAS) decreased response efficiency on the DRL schedule. The same striatal map was found for the dopamine-induced increase in spontaneous locomotor activity in tilt boxes. It was concluded that dopaminergic transmission in ventral anterior striatum, in contrast to the other striatal and pallidal sites tested, is involved in the modulation of behavioral arousal.", "contents": "Anatomical specificity within rat striatum for the dopaminergic modulation of DRL responding and activity. The direct application of microgram quantities of crystalline dopamine, D-amphetamine, or scopolamine to the ventral anterior region of the neostriatum of rats decreased response efficiency on a 'differential reinforcement of low rate' 10 sec schedule of reinforcement. Similar applications to the dorsal globus pallidus or posterior striatum either did not alter or increased response efficiency. A comparison of dose-response functions for injections of dopamine in solution into ventral anterior, central and posterior striatum confirmed that only injections into ventral anterior striatum (VAS) decreased response efficiency on the DRL schedule. The same striatal map was found for the dopamine-induced increase in spontaneous locomotor activity in tilt boxes. It was concluded that dopaminergic transmission in ventral anterior striatum, in contrast to the other striatal and pallidal sites tested, is involved in the modulation of behavioral arousal.", "PMID": 698792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11683", "title": "On the appearance of acetylcholine receptors in denervated rat diaphragm, and its dependence on nerve stump length.", "content": "Acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity and extrajunctional receptor distribution of the rat diaphragm were closely monitored during the early period following denervation. Both contracture in response to 10 microgram/ml of ACh and extrajunctional binding of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin ([125I]alpha-BTX)) were first detectable 30 h after cutting the phrenic nerve in the thorax. If the nerve were cut more proximally, leaving a 3.5 cm distal nerve stump, the same level of ACh contracture and [125I]alpha-BTX binding did not appear until 40 h after operation. This 10-h delay was far longer than the 3-h delay in transmission failure reportedly dependent on stump length. The earliest detectable extrajunctional [125I]alpha-BTX binding appeared throughout the entire muscle fiber, and was not localized to the endplate region as would be expected if degeneration in the nerve terminal induced new receptors. However, later significant increases in [125I]alpha-BTX binding at the endplate region could have resulted from such degeneration. All these results are consistent with neurotrophic regulation of muscle ACh receptors, working via a mechanism involving axonal transport.", "contents": "On the appearance of acetylcholine receptors in denervated rat diaphragm, and its dependence on nerve stump length. Acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity and extrajunctional receptor distribution of the rat diaphragm were closely monitored during the early period following denervation. Both contracture in response to 10 microgram/ml of ACh and extrajunctional binding of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin ([125I]alpha-BTX)) were first detectable 30 h after cutting the phrenic nerve in the thorax. If the nerve were cut more proximally, leaving a 3.5 cm distal nerve stump, the same level of ACh contracture and [125I]alpha-BTX binding did not appear until 40 h after operation. This 10-h delay was far longer than the 3-h delay in transmission failure reportedly dependent on stump length. The earliest detectable extrajunctional [125I]alpha-BTX binding appeared throughout the entire muscle fiber, and was not localized to the endplate region as would be expected if degeneration in the nerve terminal induced new receptors. However, later significant increases in [125I]alpha-BTX binding at the endplate region could have resulted from such degeneration. All these results are consistent with neurotrophic regulation of muscle ACh receptors, working via a mechanism involving axonal transport.", "PMID": 698793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11684", "title": "Social grouping cannot account for cerebral effects of enriched environments.", "content": "Several experiments were conducted to test whether, as suggested by Welch et al. in this journal, mere group living (social stimulation) can account for the significant differences in measures of brain anatomy and brain chemistry that develop between rodents housed in groups in enriched environments and rodents housed singly in restricted environments; the alternative hypothesis was that features of the inanimate environment can significantly affect brain measures of animals living in a social group. Groups of 12 male rats were assigned for 30 days to several types of environment: (a) large cage without stimulus objects, (b) large cage containing varied stimulus objects, (c) large cage containing a maze whose pattern of barriers was changed daily, and (d) a seminatural outdoor environment; in each experiment, littermates of rats in the social conditions were housed in isolation in small colony cages. At the end of the 30-day period, measures were taken of weights of brain regions, RNA and DNA contents of regions of cerebral cortex, and acetylcholinesterase activities of brain regions. Although the number of rats housed together was constant for conditions a--d and cage size was constant for conditions a--c, the magnitudes of the cerebral measures varied significantly as a function of the inanimate stimulus conditions. The differences from isola;ion-housed littermates was greatest in condition d and smallest in condition a. Thus, social grouping alone is inadequate to explain the cerebral effects of enriched environments and the inanimate stimulus conditions must be taken into account.", "contents": "Social grouping cannot account for cerebral effects of enriched environments. Several experiments were conducted to test whether, as suggested by Welch et al. in this journal, mere group living (social stimulation) can account for the significant differences in measures of brain anatomy and brain chemistry that develop between rodents housed in groups in enriched environments and rodents housed singly in restricted environments; the alternative hypothesis was that features of the inanimate environment can significantly affect brain measures of animals living in a social group. Groups of 12 male rats were assigned for 30 days to several types of environment: (a) large cage without stimulus objects, (b) large cage containing varied stimulus objects, (c) large cage containing a maze whose pattern of barriers was changed daily, and (d) a seminatural outdoor environment; in each experiment, littermates of rats in the social conditions were housed in isolation in small colony cages. At the end of the 30-day period, measures were taken of weights of brain regions, RNA and DNA contents of regions of cerebral cortex, and acetylcholinesterase activities of brain regions. Although the number of rats housed together was constant for conditions a--d and cage size was constant for conditions a--c, the magnitudes of the cerebral measures varied significantly as a function of the inanimate stimulus conditions. The differences from isola;ion-housed littermates was greatest in condition d and smallest in condition a. Thus, social grouping alone is inadequate to explain the cerebral effects of enriched environments and the inanimate stimulus conditions must be taken into account.", "PMID": 698794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11685", "title": "Presence of a pineal nerve (nervus pinealis) in the human fetus: a light and electron microscopical study of the innervation of the pineal gland.", "content": "The presence of a hitherto undiscovered nerve located in the subarachnoidal space just caudal to the pineal organ, connecting this organ and the posterior commissure, was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy in a series of 18 human fetuses. This nerve is believed to be ontogenetically equivalent to the pineal nerve observed in the anuran amphibians. The nerve was present in fetuses with a CRL of 56 mm and had not disappeared in fetuses with a CRL of 169 mm. The gestational age at which this human fetal nerve degenerates could not be determined in this study. In addition to the bilateral conarian nerve a habenulopineal tract and an intrapineal ganglion were observed. The presence of the classical Pastori and Marburg ganglia was confirmed, and a new ganglion lying rostral to the pineal organ was seen too.", "contents": "Presence of a pineal nerve (nervus pinealis) in the human fetus: a light and electron microscopical study of the innervation of the pineal gland. The presence of a hitherto undiscovered nerve located in the subarachnoidal space just caudal to the pineal organ, connecting this organ and the posterior commissure, was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy in a series of 18 human fetuses. This nerve is believed to be ontogenetically equivalent to the pineal nerve observed in the anuran amphibians. The nerve was present in fetuses with a CRL of 56 mm and had not disappeared in fetuses with a CRL of 169 mm. The gestational age at which this human fetal nerve degenerates could not be determined in this study. In addition to the bilateral conarian nerve a habenulopineal tract and an intrapineal ganglion were observed. The presence of the classical Pastori and Marburg ganglia was confirmed, and a new ganglion lying rostral to the pineal organ was seen too.", "PMID": 698804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11686", "title": "Electrical activation of visual pathways substitutes for tonic light input in triggering EEG correlates of food reward during conditioned behavior in cats.", "content": "Cats trained to press a lever for 1 cc of milk reward normally show during the consummatory response high voltage 6--8 c/sec EEG synchronization associated with epicortical positive steady potential shift over the primary and secondary visual projections. The emergence of this postreinforcement synchronization (PRS) and Reward Contingent Positive Variation (RCPV) is known to depend upon appropriate gustatory input and presence of ambient light, although visual perception of reward and/or environment is not essential as shown in cats wearing translucent \"milky\" contact lenses. Training the animals in a paradigm in which a \"light-off\" cue signaled the availability of reward, and thus assigned positively reinforcing quality to the dark condition, also failed to restore the PRS-RCPV phenomenon in the absence of light. However, brief electrical stimuli applied to either the optic tract or the lateral geniculate nucleus substituted for unpatterned light input and fully restored the PRS-RCPV in the dark. The suprathreshold stimuli were effective only during the consummatory response. Maximum effect could be produced during a brief time period between 0.8 and 1.5 sec after the onset of consummatory response as judged by lapping activity, thus showing the specificity of the effect of visual input. Even during a relaxed wakefulness after satiation or during slow wave sleep or REM sleep the same electric stimuli were ineffective although they produced well-developed evoked potentials with all characteristic wave components. The results indicate that brain pathways utilize unpatterned i.e. noisy visual input in complex integrative processes involving gustatory input.", "contents": "Electrical activation of visual pathways substitutes for tonic light input in triggering EEG correlates of food reward during conditioned behavior in cats. Cats trained to press a lever for 1 cc of milk reward normally show during the consummatory response high voltage 6--8 c/sec EEG synchronization associated with epicortical positive steady potential shift over the primary and secondary visual projections. The emergence of this postreinforcement synchronization (PRS) and Reward Contingent Positive Variation (RCPV) is known to depend upon appropriate gustatory input and presence of ambient light, although visual perception of reward and/or environment is not essential as shown in cats wearing translucent \"milky\" contact lenses. Training the animals in a paradigm in which a \"light-off\" cue signaled the availability of reward, and thus assigned positively reinforcing quality to the dark condition, also failed to restore the PRS-RCPV phenomenon in the absence of light. However, brief electrical stimuli applied to either the optic tract or the lateral geniculate nucleus substituted for unpatterned light input and fully restored the PRS-RCPV in the dark. The suprathreshold stimuli were effective only during the consummatory response. Maximum effect could be produced during a brief time period between 0.8 and 1.5 sec after the onset of consummatory response as judged by lapping activity, thus showing the specificity of the effect of visual input. Even during a relaxed wakefulness after satiation or during slow wave sleep or REM sleep the same electric stimuli were ineffective although they produced well-developed evoked potentials with all characteristic wave components. The results indicate that brain pathways utilize unpatterned i.e. noisy visual input in complex integrative processes involving gustatory input.", "PMID": 698805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11687", "title": "Regional distribution of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat brain.", "content": "Using the tritiated ligand [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB), a specific muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, the distribution of muscarinic receptors was determined in 75 specific brain regions and nuclei removed by microdissection as well as in large brain areas. [3H]QNB binding was highest in the caudate-putamen; other regions with high binding included the nucleus accumbens, cerebral cortex and hippocampus, certain limbic and thalamic nuclei, superior colliculus, pontine nuclei and the hypoglossal nucleus. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors may be concentrated in these regions. [3H]QNB binding generally correlated well with acetylcholinesterase staining in terminals and is consistent with certain sites as particularly enriched in cholinergic synapses.", "contents": "Regional distribution of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat brain. Using the tritiated ligand [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB), a specific muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, the distribution of muscarinic receptors was determined in 75 specific brain regions and nuclei removed by microdissection as well as in large brain areas. [3H]QNB binding was highest in the caudate-putamen; other regions with high binding included the nucleus accumbens, cerebral cortex and hippocampus, certain limbic and thalamic nuclei, superior colliculus, pontine nuclei and the hypoglossal nucleus. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors may be concentrated in these regions. [3H]QNB binding generally correlated well with acetylcholinesterase staining in terminals and is consistent with certain sites as particularly enriched in cholinergic synapses.", "PMID": 698807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11688", "title": "Specific glycine uptake by identified neurons of Aplysia californica. I. Autoradiography.", "content": "The identified giant neurons R3-R14 in the Aplysia parietovisceral ganglion (PVG) have a rapid, Na+-dependent and Hg2+-sensitive uptake system for glycine not found in neighboring neurons. In autoradiographs of PVG incubated in [3H]glycine (glutaraldehyde fix), the cytoplasms of R3-R14 have 3--4 times more silver grains (No./100 sq.micrometer) than other neurons. The glycine uptake system in R3-R14 is selective (alanine, serine, leucine, and proline are taken up equally by all neurons) and is unaffected by reserpine and anisomycin. Neurons R3-R14 contain 2 times less label when ganglia are fixed in formaldehyde than when glutaraldehyde is used as a fixative. Because formaldehyde fixes free amino acids poorly, much of the glycine taken up by R3-R14 is, therefore, not incorporated into protein. In autoradiographs of PVG incubated in [3H]glycine, silver grains are distributed randomly throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus of R3-R14; no association of the grains with the dense core granules characteristic of these neurons7 or other cellular components was found. In contrast, grains in the neurosecretory \"bag cells\" of the PVG were clustered in numerous discrete areas of the cytoplasm (Golgi complex areas) and the nucleus was only sparsely labeled. The existence of a rapid and selective glycine uptake system in R3-R14, together with their high endogenous glycine concentrations17, suggests that glycine may be a neurotransmitter in these neurons.", "contents": "Specific glycine uptake by identified neurons of Aplysia californica. I. Autoradiography. The identified giant neurons R3-R14 in the Aplysia parietovisceral ganglion (PVG) have a rapid, Na+-dependent and Hg2+-sensitive uptake system for glycine not found in neighboring neurons. In autoradiographs of PVG incubated in [3H]glycine (glutaraldehyde fix), the cytoplasms of R3-R14 have 3--4 times more silver grains (No./100 sq.micrometer) than other neurons. The glycine uptake system in R3-R14 is selective (alanine, serine, leucine, and proline are taken up equally by all neurons) and is unaffected by reserpine and anisomycin. Neurons R3-R14 contain 2 times less label when ganglia are fixed in formaldehyde than when glutaraldehyde is used as a fixative. Because formaldehyde fixes free amino acids poorly, much of the glycine taken up by R3-R14 is, therefore, not incorporated into protein. In autoradiographs of PVG incubated in [3H]glycine, silver grains are distributed randomly throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus of R3-R14; no association of the grains with the dense core granules characteristic of these neurons7 or other cellular components was found. In contrast, grains in the neurosecretory \"bag cells\" of the PVG were clustered in numerous discrete areas of the cytoplasm (Golgi complex areas) and the nucleus was only sparsely labeled. The existence of a rapid and selective glycine uptake system in R3-R14, together with their high endogenous glycine concentrations17, suggests that glycine may be a neurotransmitter in these neurons.", "PMID": 698819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11689", "title": "Specific glycine uptake by identified neurons of Aplysia californica. II. Biochemistry.", "content": "Glycine is taken up twice as rapidly by neurons R3-R14 as by other identified neurons in the Aplysia parietovisceral ganglion. Earlier studies had shown that R3-R14 have much higher glycine concentrations than other Aplysia neurons. Most of the glycine taken up by R3-R14 was biochemically untransformed for at least 1 h following its uptake. Glycine is actively transported into into R3-R14 and other Aplysia neurons by carrier-mediated processes. Glycine uptake by R3-R14 was markedly reduced in the absence of Na+ and in the presence of Hg2+, while these treatments had little effect on glycine uptake by other Aplysia neurons. There appears to be a special glycine uptake system present in R3-R14 and a general glycine uptake system common to all Aplysia neurons. The elevated glycine concentrations and special glycine uptake associated with R3-R14 may indicate that glycine is utilized as a neurotransmitter by those neurons.", "contents": "Specific glycine uptake by identified neurons of Aplysia californica. II. Biochemistry. Glycine is taken up twice as rapidly by neurons R3-R14 as by other identified neurons in the Aplysia parietovisceral ganglion. Earlier studies had shown that R3-R14 have much higher glycine concentrations than other Aplysia neurons. Most of the glycine taken up by R3-R14 was biochemically untransformed for at least 1 h following its uptake. Glycine is actively transported into into R3-R14 and other Aplysia neurons by carrier-mediated processes. Glycine uptake by R3-R14 was markedly reduced in the absence of Na+ and in the presence of Hg2+, while these treatments had little effect on glycine uptake by other Aplysia neurons. There appears to be a special glycine uptake system present in R3-R14 and a general glycine uptake system common to all Aplysia neurons. The elevated glycine concentrations and special glycine uptake associated with R3-R14 may indicate that glycine is utilized as a neurotransmitter by those neurons.", "PMID": 698820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11690", "title": "Activation of an inhibitory noradrenergic pathway projecting from the locus coeruleus to the cingulate cortex of the rat.", "content": "Repetitive stimulation of the locus coeruleus evoked strong inhibition of the firing rate of about 50% of cells of the cingulate rat cortex. Forty per cent of the cells were not affected and 9% were excited by stimulation of the locus coeruleus. Pretreatment of the rats with reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine drastically reduced the percentage of cells inhibited by locus coeruleus stimulation. The cells inhibited in response to stimulation of the locus coeruleus as well as those not inhibited were depressed by microiontophoretically applied norepinephrine. This inhibitory action of NE was observed in rats anesthetized either with urethane, chloral hydrate or with Nembutal. The transsynaptically elicited, as well as the norepinephrine elicited, depression of the cells' discharge rate was antagonized by the microiontophoretically applied beta-receptor blocking drug MJ 1999. These data suggest that the inhibitory action on cingulate cortical cells of locus coeruleus stimulation is mediated by the dorsal ascending noradrenergic pathway.", "contents": "Activation of an inhibitory noradrenergic pathway projecting from the locus coeruleus to the cingulate cortex of the rat. Repetitive stimulation of the locus coeruleus evoked strong inhibition of the firing rate of about 50% of cells of the cingulate rat cortex. Forty per cent of the cells were not affected and 9% were excited by stimulation of the locus coeruleus. Pretreatment of the rats with reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine drastically reduced the percentage of cells inhibited by locus coeruleus stimulation. The cells inhibited in response to stimulation of the locus coeruleus as well as those not inhibited were depressed by microiontophoretically applied norepinephrine. This inhibitory action of NE was observed in rats anesthetized either with urethane, chloral hydrate or with Nembutal. The transsynaptically elicited, as well as the norepinephrine elicited, depression of the cells' discharge rate was antagonized by the microiontophoretically applied beta-receptor blocking drug MJ 1999. These data suggest that the inhibitory action on cingulate cortical cells of locus coeruleus stimulation is mediated by the dorsal ascending noradrenergic pathway.", "PMID": 698822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11691", "title": "Tetrodotoxin sensitivity and Ca component of action potentials of mouse dorsal root ganglion cells cultured in vitro.", "content": "In the mouse dorsal root ganglia cultured in vitro, neurons were classified into 3 groups according to the responses of their action potentials to tetrodotoxin (TTX) and removal of Na ions from bathing medium: (1) the neurons whose action potentials were not affected by TTX by TTX (10(-6) - 10 (-5)g/ml) and which generated Ca-dependent regenerative responses under Na-free condition, (2) the neurons whose spike potentials were resistant to TTX but failed to survive in Na-free saline and (3) the neurons whose action potentials were suppressed by TTX(10(-8)g/ml) as well as Na removal. The mean duration of spike and after-hyperpolarization was longest in the first group of the neurons and shortest in the third, probably reflecting the difference in the contribution of Ca currents to action potentials. The unresponsiveness of the neurons to TTX was shown to be due to the insensitivity of Na as well as Ca components of action potentials to the toxin. It was discussed that the occurrence of TTX-resistant action potentials to the toxin. It was discussed that the occurrence of TTX-resistant action might be related to the neuronal development.", "contents": "Tetrodotoxin sensitivity and Ca component of action potentials of mouse dorsal root ganglion cells cultured in vitro. In the mouse dorsal root ganglia cultured in vitro, neurons were classified into 3 groups according to the responses of their action potentials to tetrodotoxin (TTX) and removal of Na ions from bathing medium: (1) the neurons whose action potentials were not affected by TTX by TTX (10(-6) - 10 (-5)g/ml) and which generated Ca-dependent regenerative responses under Na-free condition, (2) the neurons whose spike potentials were resistant to TTX but failed to survive in Na-free saline and (3) the neurons whose action potentials were suppressed by TTX(10(-8)g/ml) as well as Na removal. The mean duration of spike and after-hyperpolarization was longest in the first group of the neurons and shortest in the third, probably reflecting the difference in the contribution of Ca currents to action potentials. The unresponsiveness of the neurons to TTX was shown to be due to the insensitivity of Na as well as Ca components of action potentials to the toxin. It was discussed that the occurrence of TTX-resistant action potentials to the toxin. It was discussed that the occurrence of TTX-resistant action might be related to the neuronal development.", "PMID": 698823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11692", "title": "Chick sympathetic neurons develop receptors for alpha-bungarotoxin in vitro, but the toxin does not block nicotinic receptors.", "content": "Studies were carried out on the development and physiological role of receptors for alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBT) on chick embryo sympathetic neurons maintained in dissociated cell culture. Neurons from embryos of 13 days incubation (E13) developed alphaBT receptors in vitro with a time course and to a maximum level per cell similar to that previously observed for such neurons in vivo. In vitro receptor development by E11 and E8 neurons was also present, but (in comparison with E13 neurons) reached somewhat lower maximal levels. Receptor development in vitro was not affected by exclusion of non-neuronal cells from the cultures. In the present and in previous studies, binding of alphaBT to chick sympathetic neurons was blocked by a variety of ligands of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. However, saturating concentrations of toxin were found here to be ineffective in blocking either (a) release of [3H]norepinephrine from the cultured neurons elicited via nicotinic stimulation of acetylcholine receptors or (b) depolarizing responses of the cultured neurons elicited by iontophoretically applied acetylcholine and nicotine. Kinetic studies further revealed that, while the idssociation of alphaBT from the cultured neurons is considerably enhanced in the presence of a cholinergic ligand (100 micrometer nicotine), the rate of this dissociation (t1/2 congruent to 30 min) appears to be too slow to account for the inability of the toxin to block nicotinic responses. Such findings show that chick embryo sympathetic neurons can develop receptors for alphaBT both in vivo and in vitro, but that the toxin does not block activation of their nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The physiologic nature of specific binding sites for alphaBT on such neurons is thus presently unclear.", "contents": "Chick sympathetic neurons develop receptors for alpha-bungarotoxin in vitro, but the toxin does not block nicotinic receptors. Studies were carried out on the development and physiological role of receptors for alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBT) on chick embryo sympathetic neurons maintained in dissociated cell culture. Neurons from embryos of 13 days incubation (E13) developed alphaBT receptors in vitro with a time course and to a maximum level per cell similar to that previously observed for such neurons in vivo. In vitro receptor development by E11 and E8 neurons was also present, but (in comparison with E13 neurons) reached somewhat lower maximal levels. Receptor development in vitro was not affected by exclusion of non-neuronal cells from the cultures. In the present and in previous studies, binding of alphaBT to chick sympathetic neurons was blocked by a variety of ligands of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. However, saturating concentrations of toxin were found here to be ineffective in blocking either (a) release of [3H]norepinephrine from the cultured neurons elicited via nicotinic stimulation of acetylcholine receptors or (b) depolarizing responses of the cultured neurons elicited by iontophoretically applied acetylcholine and nicotine. Kinetic studies further revealed that, while the idssociation of alphaBT from the cultured neurons is considerably enhanced in the presence of a cholinergic ligand (100 micrometer nicotine), the rate of this dissociation (t1/2 congruent to 30 min) appears to be too slow to account for the inability of the toxin to block nicotinic responses. Such findings show that chick embryo sympathetic neurons can develop receptors for alphaBT both in vivo and in vitro, but that the toxin does not block activation of their nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The physiologic nature of specific binding sites for alphaBT on such neurons is thus presently unclear.", "PMID": 698824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11693", "title": "Developmental changes of protein-bound radioactivity distribution in rat brain slices incubated with labelled leucine.", "content": "The distribution of protein-bound labelled leucine in cortical slices prepared from young rats was investigated by autoradiography and complemented with measurements of the rate of protein synthesis in slices. During the second and third postnatal weeks the rate of protein synthesis in cortical slices from rat brain declined rapidly. The distribution of protein-bound radioactivity was fairly homogenous within the neuronal cell population of cortical slices from 7-day-old rats and was not influenced by the level of labelled leucine in the incubation medium (0.01 and 1 mM). On the contrary, the gradient-like distribution of incorporated radioactivity appeared in slices from 14-day-old rats, at both trace and 1 mM levels of the precursor. The laminar analysis of neuronal cell labelling confirmed the preponderance of incorporation into the neurones localized near the slice surface and the considerable inhibition of neuronal protein synthesis in the slice centre. Therefore, these limitations on the use of cortical slices for the study of brain protein synthesis in the rat should be respected from the beginning of the second postnatal week.", "contents": "Developmental changes of protein-bound radioactivity distribution in rat brain slices incubated with labelled leucine. The distribution of protein-bound labelled leucine in cortical slices prepared from young rats was investigated by autoradiography and complemented with measurements of the rate of protein synthesis in slices. During the second and third postnatal weeks the rate of protein synthesis in cortical slices from rat brain declined rapidly. The distribution of protein-bound radioactivity was fairly homogenous within the neuronal cell population of cortical slices from 7-day-old rats and was not influenced by the level of labelled leucine in the incubation medium (0.01 and 1 mM). On the contrary, the gradient-like distribution of incorporated radioactivity appeared in slices from 14-day-old rats, at both trace and 1 mM levels of the precursor. The laminar analysis of neuronal cell labelling confirmed the preponderance of incorporation into the neurones localized near the slice surface and the considerable inhibition of neuronal protein synthesis in the slice centre. Therefore, these limitations on the use of cortical slices for the study of brain protein synthesis in the rat should be respected from the beginning of the second postnatal week.", "PMID": 698825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11694", "title": "Principal component analysis of neural population response of knee joint proprioceptors in cat.", "content": "(1) A means of describing the response of neural populations based on principal component analysis is presented. The analysis produces response descriptions that indicate whether two states are distinguishable and suggest how to best distinguish between states. (2) Analysis of slowly adapting joint receptor data from the cat knee joint indicates that the joint receptors are capable of signalling limb position in the range from 150 degrees to 180 degrees of extension during an extension movement. They also provide information which indicates whether the tibia is twisted inward or outward in this range of angles. (3) The first principal component in the response to a constant velocity extension of 8 simultaneously active units described 86% of the total mean square discharge displayed by all 8 units. The first principal component is qualitatively similar to the responses observed in slowly adapting thalamic joint units.", "contents": "Principal component analysis of neural population response of knee joint proprioceptors in cat. (1) A means of describing the response of neural populations based on principal component analysis is presented. The analysis produces response descriptions that indicate whether two states are distinguishable and suggest how to best distinguish between states. (2) Analysis of slowly adapting joint receptor data from the cat knee joint indicates that the joint receptors are capable of signalling limb position in the range from 150 degrees to 180 degrees of extension during an extension movement. They also provide information which indicates whether the tibia is twisted inward or outward in this range of angles. (3) The first principal component in the response to a constant velocity extension of 8 simultaneously active units described 86% of the total mean square discharge displayed by all 8 units. The first principal component is qualitatively similar to the responses observed in slowly adapting thalamic joint units.", "PMID": 698835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11695", "title": "Electrical activity of hypothalamus during activation of pituitary-adrenocortical system.", "content": "Multiunit activity in anterior (AHA), medial (MHA) and lateral (LHA) areas of hypothalamus during activation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system was measured in chronic experiments on rabbits. Immobilization causing blood-corticosteroid levels to rise was followed by the excitation of most pools of neurons in MHA, and by inhibition in AHA and LHA. When immobilization failed to induce stimulation of MHA (as a result of pretreatment with large doses of cortisol), it did not cause blood-corticosteroid levels to rise, either. The switching off activity in AHA and MHA is considered to be a manifestation of functional changes which are responsible for stress-induced activation of the adrenocortical system.", "contents": "Electrical activity of hypothalamus during activation of pituitary-adrenocortical system. Multiunit activity in anterior (AHA), medial (MHA) and lateral (LHA) areas of hypothalamus during activation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system was measured in chronic experiments on rabbits. Immobilization causing blood-corticosteroid levels to rise was followed by the excitation of most pools of neurons in MHA, and by inhibition in AHA and LHA. When immobilization failed to induce stimulation of MHA (as a result of pretreatment with large doses of cortisol), it did not cause blood-corticosteroid levels to rise, either. The switching off activity in AHA and MHA is considered to be a manifestation of functional changes which are responsible for stress-induced activation of the adrenocortical system.", "PMID": 698836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11696", "title": "The genetic organization of neuron number in the granule cell layer of the area dentata in house mice.", "content": "This report concerns variations in neuron number within the granule cell layer of the area dentata that occur among inbred strains of house mice. There is genetically associated variability in the total number of neurons present, with a very substantial range of estimated values. Systematic strain variations in the orientation of the granule cell layer are also present. When statistical corrections for variations in orientation are made, associations between the neuron numbers of subdivisions of the granule cell layer are consistent with the presence of common genetic determination of neuron number throughout the entire lamina.", "contents": "The genetic organization of neuron number in the granule cell layer of the area dentata in house mice. This report concerns variations in neuron number within the granule cell layer of the area dentata that occur among inbred strains of house mice. There is genetically associated variability in the total number of neurons present, with a very substantial range of estimated values. Systematic strain variations in the orientation of the granule cell layer are also present. When statistical corrections for variations in orientation are made, associations between the neuron numbers of subdivisions of the granule cell layer are consistent with the presence of common genetic determination of neuron number throughout the entire lamina.", "PMID": 698837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11697", "title": "Cupular movement and nerve impulse response in the isolated semicircular canal.", "content": "The aim of the study was to record nerve impulse responses to controlled displacements of the cupula and relate these to observations of cupular motion. The preparation was the skate semicircular canal, isolated and maintained in a chamber. The canal was cut and tied tightly to an oil-filled tube driven by a 1 microliter syringe. In some experiments dye was used to make the face of the cupula visible. Small volume displacements (0.02 microliter) caused a billowing of the central portion of the cupula, whereas for repeated large displacements (0.1 microliter) the top of the cupula moved along the roof of the ampulla. Displacements of the latter amount were close to saturation in the characteristic functions (spike rate versus volume displacement) of nerve firing. It seems that the discharge rate of tonically responding units in the skate crista ampullaris rather faithfully record the force acting on the cupula. The motion of the base of the cupula rather than its tip appears to be the relevant parameter in setting the level of excitation in the sensory cells within the physiological range of stimulation. Such a mode of operation would ensure the highest sensitivity of the sense organ.", "contents": "Cupular movement and nerve impulse response in the isolated semicircular canal. The aim of the study was to record nerve impulse responses to controlled displacements of the cupula and relate these to observations of cupular motion. The preparation was the skate semicircular canal, isolated and maintained in a chamber. The canal was cut and tied tightly to an oil-filled tube driven by a 1 microliter syringe. In some experiments dye was used to make the face of the cupula visible. Small volume displacements (0.02 microliter) caused a billowing of the central portion of the cupula, whereas for repeated large displacements (0.1 microliter) the top of the cupula moved along the roof of the ampulla. Displacements of the latter amount were close to saturation in the characteristic functions (spike rate versus volume displacement) of nerve firing. It seems that the discharge rate of tonically responding units in the skate crista ampullaris rather faithfully record the force acting on the cupula. The motion of the base of the cupula rather than its tip appears to be the relevant parameter in setting the level of excitation in the sensory cells within the physiological range of stimulation. Such a mode of operation would ensure the highest sensitivity of the sense organ.", "PMID": 698838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11698", "title": "Output organization of the feline entopeduncular and subthalamic nuclei.", "content": "Entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) cells which project to thalamic and non-thalamic sites were identified by antidromic discharge. Each population of cells, projecting to the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus (VA), centrum medianum (CM), the lateral habenula (LHB), and the pedunculopontine nucleus (PP), was distributed throughout the nucleus. While some cells projected to more than one region, particularly VA and CM, collaterals were not found in most cells. STN stimulation suppressed firing of some EPN cells for 80-120 msec in both barbiturate anesthetized and cerveau isol\u00e9 cats. Suppression of activity was detected in most EPN cells projecting to LHB (73%); of all cells in which suppression of activity was detected, 84% projected to LHB and 15% to VA.", "contents": "Output organization of the feline entopeduncular and subthalamic nuclei. Entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) cells which project to thalamic and non-thalamic sites were identified by antidromic discharge. Each population of cells, projecting to the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus (VA), centrum medianum (CM), the lateral habenula (LHB), and the pedunculopontine nucleus (PP), was distributed throughout the nucleus. While some cells projected to more than one region, particularly VA and CM, collaterals were not found in most cells. STN stimulation suppressed firing of some EPN cells for 80-120 msec in both barbiturate anesthetized and cerveau isol\u00e9 cats. Suppression of activity was detected in most EPN cells projecting to LHB (73%); of all cells in which suppression of activity was detected, 84% projected to LHB and 15% to VA.", "PMID": 698850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11699", "title": "Mechanism of the dipsogenic action of tetradecapeptide renin substrate.", "content": "The mechanism of the dipsogenic action of synthetic tetradecapeptide renin substrate (TDP) was studied in rats with chronically implanted lateral ventricular cannulae. All hormones and drugs were injected via the ventricular cannulae. The dipsogenic action of TDP was unaffected by the renin inhibitor pepstatin but was markedly reduced by the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 20881. Homogenates of rat brain readily formed angiotensin II from TDP in vitro and this was likewise unaffected by pepstatin but was reduced or abolished by SQ 20881 or by chelating agents. Natural renin substrate did not cause drinking and did not generate angiotensin II when incubated with brain homogenates. These results demonstrate that rat brain converting enzyme can generate angiotensin II from TDP and that this effect is responsible for the dipsogenic action of TDP.", "contents": "Mechanism of the dipsogenic action of tetradecapeptide renin substrate. The mechanism of the dipsogenic action of synthetic tetradecapeptide renin substrate (TDP) was studied in rats with chronically implanted lateral ventricular cannulae. All hormones and drugs were injected via the ventricular cannulae. The dipsogenic action of TDP was unaffected by the renin inhibitor pepstatin but was markedly reduced by the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 20881. Homogenates of rat brain readily formed angiotensin II from TDP in vitro and this was likewise unaffected by pepstatin but was reduced or abolished by SQ 20881 or by chelating agents. Natural renin substrate did not cause drinking and did not generate angiotensin II when incubated with brain homogenates. These results demonstrate that rat brain converting enzyme can generate angiotensin II from TDP and that this effect is responsible for the dipsogenic action of TDP.", "PMID": 698851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11700", "title": "Changes in the distribution of non-neuronal elements in rat median eminence and in anterior pituitary hormone secretion after activation of tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurones by brain stimulation or nicotine.", "content": "In order to investigate the posssibility of acute functional changes in non-neuronal elements (mainly tanycytes) of the median eminence, the proportion of portal capillary surface covered by such elements was measured by quantitative electron microscopy in ovariectomized, oestrogen-progesterone-pretreated rats. In some of these animals, the functional state of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine (DA) neurones was assessed by histochemical microfluorimetry. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH) and prolactin were determined by radioimmunoassay. Two different types of treatment, i.e. systemic administration of nicotine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) or electrical stimulation in the medial amygdaloid nucleus, markedly reduced the percentage of capillary surface covered by non-neuronal profiles within 20 and 15 min, respectively. At the same time, the tuberoinfundibular DA system responded by an increase in cellular fluorescence intensity, reflecting neuronal activation. Medial preoptic stimulation had basically the same effect but with more variability in the change in capillary coverage by tanycytes. The action of nicotine was prevented by pretreatment with the DA receptor blocking agent, pimozide (5 mg/kg), which indicates (1) that a dopaminergic mechanism was involved in the nicotine effect and (2) that the tanycyte response was elicited by DA released from nerve terminals acting at some receptor site. Nicotine also lowered serum levels of GH and prolactin. Pimozide antagonized only the effect on prolactin. While the reaction of DA neurones and capillary coverage by tanycytes were correlated with each other in individual rats, no statistically significant correlation was observed between tanycyte response and hormone levels, so that no conclusions can as yet be drawn as to the neuroendocrine significance of the tanycyte reaction. These results indicate that rapid changes in the proportion or portal capillary surface covered by non-neuronal profiles can be elicited by stimulation of extrahypothalamic brain areas or by activation of cholinergic mechanisms. The tanycyte response appears to be mediated at least in part by the tuberoinfundibular DA neurones.", "contents": "Changes in the distribution of non-neuronal elements in rat median eminence and in anterior pituitary hormone secretion after activation of tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurones by brain stimulation or nicotine. In order to investigate the posssibility of acute functional changes in non-neuronal elements (mainly tanycytes) of the median eminence, the proportion of portal capillary surface covered by such elements was measured by quantitative electron microscopy in ovariectomized, oestrogen-progesterone-pretreated rats. In some of these animals, the functional state of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine (DA) neurones was assessed by histochemical microfluorimetry. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH) and prolactin were determined by radioimmunoassay. Two different types of treatment, i.e. systemic administration of nicotine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) or electrical stimulation in the medial amygdaloid nucleus, markedly reduced the percentage of capillary surface covered by non-neuronal profiles within 20 and 15 min, respectively. At the same time, the tuberoinfundibular DA system responded by an increase in cellular fluorescence intensity, reflecting neuronal activation. Medial preoptic stimulation had basically the same effect but with more variability in the change in capillary coverage by tanycytes. The action of nicotine was prevented by pretreatment with the DA receptor blocking agent, pimozide (5 mg/kg), which indicates (1) that a dopaminergic mechanism was involved in the nicotine effect and (2) that the tanycyte response was elicited by DA released from nerve terminals acting at some receptor site. Nicotine also lowered serum levels of GH and prolactin. Pimozide antagonized only the effect on prolactin. While the reaction of DA neurones and capillary coverage by tanycytes were correlated with each other in individual rats, no statistically significant correlation was observed between tanycyte response and hormone levels, so that no conclusions can as yet be drawn as to the neuroendocrine significance of the tanycyte reaction. These results indicate that rapid changes in the proportion or portal capillary surface covered by non-neuronal profiles can be elicited by stimulation of extrahypothalamic brain areas or by activation of cholinergic mechanisms. The tanycyte response appears to be mediated at least in part by the tuberoinfundibular DA neurones.", "PMID": 698852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11701", "title": "Hypoxic ventilatory responses during thiopentone sedation and anaesthesia in man.", "content": "We have assessed the impact of thiopentone on the hypoxic ventilatory reflex, and on the responses to carbon dioxide and doxapram. Thiopentone sedation did not detectably alter any of these aspects of ventilatory control. Thiopentone anaesthesia reduced ventilation and the ventilatory responses to hypoxia, carbon dioxide and doxapram, all approximately in paralle. We conclude that, in contrast to halothane, thiopentone does not selectively reduce the ventilatory response to hypoxia. During light thiopentone anaesthesia, a reasonably brisk hypoxic response is present.", "contents": "Hypoxic ventilatory responses during thiopentone sedation and anaesthesia in man. We have assessed the impact of thiopentone on the hypoxic ventilatory reflex, and on the responses to carbon dioxide and doxapram. Thiopentone sedation did not detectably alter any of these aspects of ventilatory control. Thiopentone anaesthesia reduced ventilation and the ventilatory responses to hypoxia, carbon dioxide and doxapram, all approximately in paralle. We conclude that, in contrast to halothane, thiopentone does not selectively reduce the ventilatory response to hypoxia. During light thiopentone anaesthesia, a reasonably brisk hypoxic response is present.", "PMID": 698869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11702", "title": "Perfusion of malignant hyperthermia susceptible and normal isolated pig livers with halothane.", "content": "We have perfused malignant hyperthermia susceptible and normal isolated pig livers with halothane for one hour. The liver temperatures, oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, the base deficits and lactate concentrations in blood entering and leaving the liver have been measured at the beginning and at the end of the perfusion. Statistical analysis has shown that there are no significant differences in these parameters between the beginning and the end of the perfusion period or between the normal and the malignant hyperthermia susceptible livers. We conclude, therefore, that the livers of malignant hyperthermia susceptible pigs are either normal or else, if abnormal, the abnormalities are sufficiently benign as to be not measurably expressed.", "contents": "Perfusion of malignant hyperthermia susceptible and normal isolated pig livers with halothane. We have perfused malignant hyperthermia susceptible and normal isolated pig livers with halothane for one hour. The liver temperatures, oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, the base deficits and lactate concentrations in blood entering and leaving the liver have been measured at the beginning and at the end of the perfusion. Statistical analysis has shown that there are no significant differences in these parameters between the beginning and the end of the perfusion period or between the normal and the malignant hyperthermia susceptible livers. We conclude, therefore, that the livers of malignant hyperthermia susceptible pigs are either normal or else, if abnormal, the abnormalities are sufficiently benign as to be not measurably expressed.", "PMID": 698870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11703", "title": "Blood pressure and pulse rate responses to extubation with and without prior topical tracheal anaesthesia.", "content": "The results of this study demonstrate that 60 mg of lidocaine sprayed down the tracheal tube before extubation and 40 mg sprayed down the tracheal tube before extubation and 40 mg sprayed down during tracheal tube removal prevents increases in blood pressure and pulse rate during and after extubation. The data suggest that this manoeuvre should be of advantage to patients with coronary artery disease who may not be able to tolerate the increased cardiac dynamics which usually accompany extubation.", "contents": "Blood pressure and pulse rate responses to extubation with and without prior topical tracheal anaesthesia. The results of this study demonstrate that 60 mg of lidocaine sprayed down the tracheal tube before extubation and 40 mg sprayed down the tracheal tube before extubation and 40 mg sprayed down during tracheal tube removal prevents increases in blood pressure and pulse rate during and after extubation. The data suggest that this manoeuvre should be of advantage to patients with coronary artery disease who may not be able to tolerate the increased cardiac dynamics which usually accompany extubation.", "PMID": 698871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11704", "title": "Monitoring of occupational exposure to nitrous oxide.", "content": "The occupational exposure of operating room personnel to nitrous oxide was investigated by using multiple spot sampling, integrated personal sampling and end-tidal sampling in an operating room which had no ventilation system. The effect of passive scavenging on occupational exposure was determined. The study showed that all three methods to determine occupational exposure can yield representative time-weighted exposure patterns. However, the integrated personal sampling was considered the preferable method as it involved considerable saving of time and labour compared with taking and analyzing multiple end-tidal and spot samples. Passive scavenging of waste anaesthetic gases led to a three-fold to six-fold reduction of exposure of operating room personnel to nitrous oxide.", "contents": "Monitoring of occupational exposure to nitrous oxide. The occupational exposure of operating room personnel to nitrous oxide was investigated by using multiple spot sampling, integrated personal sampling and end-tidal sampling in an operating room which had no ventilation system. The effect of passive scavenging on occupational exposure was determined. The study showed that all three methods to determine occupational exposure can yield representative time-weighted exposure patterns. However, the integrated personal sampling was considered the preferable method as it involved considerable saving of time and labour compared with taking and analyzing multiple end-tidal and spot samples. Passive scavenging of waste anaesthetic gases led to a three-fold to six-fold reduction of exposure of operating room personnel to nitrous oxide.", "PMID": 698872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11705", "title": "Peripheral nerve stimulator performance: the influence of output polarity and electrode placement.", "content": "The median as well as the ulnar nerve may be used effectively in the evaluation of neuromuscular blockade with the peripheral nerve stimulator. Both ulnar and median nerve stimulation produce flexion of the fingers. For maximum neural stimulation either during the routine use of the peripheral nerve stimulator or when it is used as an aid to peripheral nerve block, the negative pole should be attached to the exploring needle or over the nerve to be stimulated.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve stimulator performance: the influence of output polarity and electrode placement. The median as well as the ulnar nerve may be used effectively in the evaluation of neuromuscular blockade with the peripheral nerve stimulator. Both ulnar and median nerve stimulation produce flexion of the fingers. For maximum neural stimulation either during the routine use of the peripheral nerve stimulator or when it is used as an aid to peripheral nerve block, the negative pole should be attached to the exploring needle or over the nerve to be stimulated.", "PMID": 698873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11706", "title": "A brain function monitor for use during anaesthesia. Preliminary report.", "content": "This simple on-line monitor provides simultaneous noninvasive quantification of continuous processes within the brain, by measuring the augmented delta quotient (ADQ; the proportion of low frequency components in the electroencephalogram). The response of the ADQ, both during experiments in animals and in children undergoing surgery, during cardiopulmonary bypass with and without hypothermia, demonstrates that this concept may prove valuable both to monitor anaesthetic depth and to warn of impending cerebral impairment.", "contents": "A brain function monitor for use during anaesthesia. Preliminary report. This simple on-line monitor provides simultaneous noninvasive quantification of continuous processes within the brain, by measuring the augmented delta quotient (ADQ; the proportion of low frequency components in the electroencephalogram). The response of the ADQ, both during experiments in animals and in children undergoing surgery, during cardiopulmonary bypass with and without hypothermia, demonstrates that this concept may prove valuable both to monitor anaesthetic depth and to warn of impending cerebral impairment.", "PMID": 698874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11707", "title": "Hiccup and ephedrine.", "content": "Twelve patients who developed hiccup during anaesthesia and surgery were treated successfully with an intravenous injection of ephedrine 5 mg (eleven cases) or 10 mg (one case). In nine patients ephedrine was successful after traditional methods had been tried and failed, and in three patients ephedrine was the only agent given. We conclude that ephedrine is a safe and easy mode of treatment for intractable hiccup during anaesthesia and surgery.", "contents": "Hiccup and ephedrine. Twelve patients who developed hiccup during anaesthesia and surgery were treated successfully with an intravenous injection of ephedrine 5 mg (eleven cases) or 10 mg (one case). In nine patients ephedrine was successful after traditional methods had been tried and failed, and in three patients ephedrine was the only agent given. We conclude that ephedrine is a safe and easy mode of treatment for intractable hiccup during anaesthesia and surgery.", "PMID": 698875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11708", "title": "Transient unilateral blindness following general anaesthesia: case report.", "content": "A case is reported of transient unilateral blindness following general anaesthesia with a face mask. The most likely explanation for this is central retinal artery occlusion, either partial or complete, due to excessive pressure from the mask exerted on the globe. This pressure may be increased with the use of neoprene head straps as opposed to the more flexible and elastic rubber straps. Pressure from the strap over the carotid artery may be a factor in reducing the central retinal arterial pressure, thus making it more susceptible to occlusion by mask pressure.", "contents": "Transient unilateral blindness following general anaesthesia: case report. A case is reported of transient unilateral blindness following general anaesthesia with a face mask. The most likely explanation for this is central retinal artery occlusion, either partial or complete, due to excessive pressure from the mask exerted on the globe. This pressure may be increased with the use of neoprene head straps as opposed to the more flexible and elastic rubber straps. Pressure from the strap over the carotid artery may be a factor in reducing the central retinal arterial pressure, thus making it more susceptible to occlusion by mask pressure.", "PMID": 698876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11709", "title": "Isozymes and allozymes: alternate forms of protein adaptation?", "content": "The hypothesis is put forward that constant or predictable environments will select for multiple locus enzymes (isozymic variation) while variable or nonpredictable environments will select for multiple alleles at single loci (allozymic variation). If this hypothesis is valid, isozymes and allozymes should represent alternative forms of enzyme adaptation and the levels of the two types of variation should be negatively correlated. This prediction was tested from data reported in the literature for five groups of organisms: mammals, other vertebrates, insects, other invertebrates and plants. Single substrate enzymes showed the predicted negative relationship between allozymic and isozymic variation. Multiple substrate enzymes did not show a significant relationship. Isozymic variation was greater for insects, other invertebrates and plants, in multiple substrate enzymes compared to single substrate enzymes. For mammals and vertebrates, allozymic variation for multiple substrate enzymes was approximately double that of single substrate enzymes, while isozymic variation remained constant.", "contents": "Isozymes and allozymes: alternate forms of protein adaptation? The hypothesis is put forward that constant or predictable environments will select for multiple locus enzymes (isozymic variation) while variable or nonpredictable environments will select for multiple alleles at single loci (allozymic variation). If this hypothesis is valid, isozymes and allozymes should represent alternative forms of enzyme adaptation and the levels of the two types of variation should be negatively correlated. This prediction was tested from data reported in the literature for five groups of organisms: mammals, other vertebrates, insects, other invertebrates and plants. Single substrate enzymes showed the predicted negative relationship between allozymic and isozymic variation. Multiple substrate enzymes did not show a significant relationship. Isozymic variation was greater for insects, other invertebrates and plants, in multiple substrate enzymes compared to single substrate enzymes. For mammals and vertebrates, allozymic variation for multiple substrate enzymes was approximately double that of single substrate enzymes, while isozymic variation remained constant.", "PMID": 698879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11710", "title": "Effect of fungicide Folpet on growth and chromosomes of human lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "One normal human lymphoid cell line was treated continuously with the fungicide Folpet (N-trichloromethylthio-phthalimide) at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 microgram/ml of media and one Burkitt cell line was pulse-treated with the same compound for 15 min at 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 microgram/ml. Various times after treatment, cell viability counts and chromosomes analyses were made. Severe cell growth inhibition and an increase in chromosome aberrations were observed in both cell lines. There were two types of induced chromosome aberrations. Aberrations type A appeared in cultures treated with lower doses and were characterized by chromosome or chromatid gaps and breaks and also infrequently seen exchanges and dicentrics. In the later stages of the experiment, the rate of growth and aberrations returned to control levels. Chromosome aberrations type B appeared in early samples of cultures treated with higher doses. The whole complement of chromosomes was affected. The aberrations included chromosome stickiness, despiralization and pulverization. The cultures died off within two days.", "contents": "Effect of fungicide Folpet on growth and chromosomes of human lymphoid cell lines. One normal human lymphoid cell line was treated continuously with the fungicide Folpet (N-trichloromethylthio-phthalimide) at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 microgram/ml of media and one Burkitt cell line was pulse-treated with the same compound for 15 min at 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 microgram/ml. Various times after treatment, cell viability counts and chromosomes analyses were made. Severe cell growth inhibition and an increase in chromosome aberrations were observed in both cell lines. There were two types of induced chromosome aberrations. Aberrations type A appeared in cultures treated with lower doses and were characterized by chromosome or chromatid gaps and breaks and also infrequently seen exchanges and dicentrics. In the later stages of the experiment, the rate of growth and aberrations returned to control levels. Chromosome aberrations type B appeared in early samples of cultures treated with higher doses. The whole complement of chromosomes was affected. The aberrations included chromosome stickiness, despiralization and pulverization. The cultures died off within two days.", "PMID": 698880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11711", "title": "Cell cycle and DNA synthesis in the mosquito Aedes aegypti.", "content": "Chronology of the cell cycle has been determined for brain cells in Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae by autoradiography. The time of the cell cycle is approximately 10 h and 30 min. Areas of late DNA synthesis in metaphase chromosomes were localized mainly on the female determining (= m) chromosome of the sex pair. Correlations between late replication patterns and C-banding are discussed.", "contents": "Cell cycle and DNA synthesis in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Chronology of the cell cycle has been determined for brain cells in Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae by autoradiography. The time of the cell cycle is approximately 10 h and 30 min. Areas of late DNA synthesis in metaphase chromosomes were localized mainly on the female determining (= m) chromosome of the sex pair. Correlations between late replication patterns and C-banding are discussed.", "PMID": 698881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11712", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase in rabbit oocytes and eggs.", "content": "It has recently been reported that the rabbit oocyte lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme pattern shifts dramatically at ovulation. We have determined that both ovarian oocytes and ovulated eggs have predominantly LDH-5 with minor amounts of LDH-4. Therefore, no change occurs at ovulation. When oocytes or eggs are not treated to remove follicle cells, all five LDH isozymes are observed. Isolated follicle cells also have five isozymes. We suggest that failure to remove follicle cells can cause altered LDH isozyme patterns and may account for conflicting results in the literature.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase in rabbit oocytes and eggs. It has recently been reported that the rabbit oocyte lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme pattern shifts dramatically at ovulation. We have determined that both ovarian oocytes and ovulated eggs have predominantly LDH-5 with minor amounts of LDH-4. Therefore, no change occurs at ovulation. When oocytes or eggs are not treated to remove follicle cells, all five LDH isozymes are observed. Isolated follicle cells also have five isozymes. We suggest that failure to remove follicle cells can cause altered LDH isozyme patterns and may account for conflicting results in the literature.", "PMID": 698882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11713", "title": "Pitfalls in ophthalmic genetic counselling.", "content": "In Canada, half the young blind have inherited eye disease. Ophthalmic genetic counselling is a relatively new branch of preventive medicine. By informing affected families of the risk of inheriting an eye disease one hopes to reduce the frequency of such diseases. Clinical experience in ophthalmic genetics discloses many potential pitfalls. Failure to avoid them may have tragic consequences for the family advised.", "contents": "Pitfalls in ophthalmic genetic counselling. In Canada, half the young blind have inherited eye disease. Ophthalmic genetic counselling is a relatively new branch of preventive medicine. By informing affected families of the risk of inheriting an eye disease one hopes to reduce the frequency of such diseases. Clinical experience in ophthalmic genetics discloses many potential pitfalls. Failure to avoid them may have tragic consequences for the family advised.", "PMID": 698884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11714", "title": "Family studies of ocular manifestations in arthritis.", "content": "To determine the hereditary and clinical patterns, nine patients from three families with different systemic and ocular rheumatoid diseases were examined ophthalmologically and medically. Three types of HLA-B27 associated anterior uveitis were seen. While HLA-B27 linked genes predispose the carrier to acute anterior uveitis (AAU) frequently recurring or chronic anterior uveitis may develop if an immune-complex disease such as Rheumatoid arthritis coexists. Hereditary factors may dispose patients to rheumatoid episcleritis, scleritis and keratitis.", "contents": "Family studies of ocular manifestations in arthritis. To determine the hereditary and clinical patterns, nine patients from three families with different systemic and ocular rheumatoid diseases were examined ophthalmologically and medically. Three types of HLA-B27 associated anterior uveitis were seen. While HLA-B27 linked genes predispose the carrier to acute anterior uveitis (AAU) frequently recurring or chronic anterior uveitis may develop if an immune-complex disease such as Rheumatoid arthritis coexists. Hereditary factors may dispose patients to rheumatoid episcleritis, scleritis and keratitis.", "PMID": 698885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11715", "title": "Talc retinopathy.", "content": "We observed talc particles in the retinal vessels of nine out of 17 addicts to intravenous methadone. The retinopathy was found in patients who had injected more than 9,000 tablets. In seven the chest roentgenograms showed a diffuse micronodular pattern which progresses to resemble massive pulmonary fibrosis and is associated with severe disability. The ophthalmologist must recognize this entity since he may be the first to identify drug abusers who inject oral medications containing talc. Early detection and counselling may prevent the severe pulmonary complications.", "contents": "Talc retinopathy. We observed talc particles in the retinal vessels of nine out of 17 addicts to intravenous methadone. The retinopathy was found in patients who had injected more than 9,000 tablets. In seven the chest roentgenograms showed a diffuse micronodular pattern which progresses to resemble massive pulmonary fibrosis and is associated with severe disability. The ophthalmologist must recognize this entity since he may be the first to identify drug abusers who inject oral medications containing talc. Early detection and counselling may prevent the severe pulmonary complications.", "PMID": 698886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11716", "title": "Retinal detachment in renal insufficiency a report of 3 cases.", "content": "Three cases of retinal detachment associated with renal insufficiency are presented. The authors feel that dilutional hyponatremia and hypervolemia were not significant in the genesis of the detachments and that control of the blood pressure was the key factor in their cure. The importance of hypertensive retinochoroidopathy in the pathogenesis of the detachment is emphasized.", "contents": "Retinal detachment in renal insufficiency a report of 3 cases. Three cases of retinal detachment associated with renal insufficiency are presented. The authors feel that dilutional hyponatremia and hypervolemia were not significant in the genesis of the detachments and that control of the blood pressure was the key factor in their cure. The importance of hypertensive retinochoroidopathy in the pathogenesis of the detachment is emphasized.", "PMID": 698887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11717", "title": "Ocular findings in homozygous sickle cell disease in Nigeria.", "content": "We report the ocular findings in 124 Nigerians with homozygous sickle cell disease. None had ocular symptoms. In order of frequency conjunctival vessel anomalies, tortuosity of the major retinal vessels and chorioretinal scars were found. The resemblance of sickle cell chorioretinal scars to toxoplasmic choroiditis is remarkable and should lead to the exclusion of sickle cell disease whenever such lesions are encountered. Angioid streaks, retinitis proliferans, retinal detachment and arteriovenous fans were not observed.", "contents": "Ocular findings in homozygous sickle cell disease in Nigeria. We report the ocular findings in 124 Nigerians with homozygous sickle cell disease. None had ocular symptoms. In order of frequency conjunctival vessel anomalies, tortuosity of the major retinal vessels and chorioretinal scars were found. The resemblance of sickle cell chorioretinal scars to toxoplasmic choroiditis is remarkable and should lead to the exclusion of sickle cell disease whenever such lesions are encountered. Angioid streaks, retinitis proliferans, retinal detachment and arteriovenous fans were not observed.", "PMID": 698888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11718", "title": "Globular bodies: a primary cause of the opacity in senile and diabetic posterior cortical subcapsular cataracts?", "content": "We examined 9 cataracts from maturity onset diabetics and 4 senile posterior subcapsular cataracts by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence for crystallin proteins and actin, histochemical methods and x-ray diffraction. The cataractous regions contained spherical globules up to 20 mu in diameter, often in a fibrous matrix. Some were extracellular Morgagnian globules, apparently formed by blebbing from the cell surface; others appeared to have been formed intracellularly. The area of globular degeneration was usually 300 mu deep, but had deeper fusiform extensions. Morphological changes in the cell cytoplasm varied according to their depth in the cataract. Electron microscopy showed intracellular and extracellular globules, many of them were bounded by lipid bilayer membranes. Immunofluorescent staining showed that all the globules contained gamma-crystallin; some contained alpha- and beta-crystallins and actin. All the globules contained higher concentrations of cysteine or cystine than the surrounding lens tissue but they did not react to stains for carbohydrate or calcium. X-ray diffraction studies showed that crystalline calcium salts were absent. Globules and cavities averaged 45% of the total area in cross section. Assuming an area of cataract to be 300 micron thick and that globules 1 mu in diameter scattered, while 2--20 mu in diameter reflected light, we calculated that light passing through such a thickness would be reduced by 65%. Thus the globules could account for most of the opacity of the cataractous area. Presumably the fibrous degeneration of the cells causes enough light scattering to account for the remainder of the reduction. Cataract patients complain of decreased visual acuity, a golden halo around objects, and difficulties when driving while facing oncoming traffic at night. These probably result from light scattering. In our previous experiments, globular bodies containing gamma-crystallin were found in cells grown in tissue culture, and blebs with increased acitn content similar to Morgagnian globules were formed in tissue culture by treating differentiated rat lens cells of stage 2 by cytochalasin D (which impaired microfilament function). These results suggest the possibility of simulating in tissue culture the morphological alterations seen in the cataractous cell.", "contents": "Globular bodies: a primary cause of the opacity in senile and diabetic posterior cortical subcapsular cataracts? We examined 9 cataracts from maturity onset diabetics and 4 senile posterior subcapsular cataracts by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence for crystallin proteins and actin, histochemical methods and x-ray diffraction. The cataractous regions contained spherical globules up to 20 mu in diameter, often in a fibrous matrix. Some were extracellular Morgagnian globules, apparently formed by blebbing from the cell surface; others appeared to have been formed intracellularly. The area of globular degeneration was usually 300 mu deep, but had deeper fusiform extensions. Morphological changes in the cell cytoplasm varied according to their depth in the cataract. Electron microscopy showed intracellular and extracellular globules, many of them were bounded by lipid bilayer membranes. Immunofluorescent staining showed that all the globules contained gamma-crystallin; some contained alpha- and beta-crystallins and actin. All the globules contained higher concentrations of cysteine or cystine than the surrounding lens tissue but they did not react to stains for carbohydrate or calcium. X-ray diffraction studies showed that crystalline calcium salts were absent. Globules and cavities averaged 45% of the total area in cross section. Assuming an area of cataract to be 300 micron thick and that globules 1 mu in diameter scattered, while 2--20 mu in diameter reflected light, we calculated that light passing through such a thickness would be reduced by 65%. Thus the globules could account for most of the opacity of the cataractous area. Presumably the fibrous degeneration of the cells causes enough light scattering to account for the remainder of the reduction. Cataract patients complain of decreased visual acuity, a golden halo around objects, and difficulties when driving while facing oncoming traffic at night. These probably result from light scattering. In our previous experiments, globular bodies containing gamma-crystallin were found in cells grown in tissue culture, and blebs with increased acitn content similar to Morgagnian globules were formed in tissue culture by treating differentiated rat lens cells of stage 2 by cytochalasin D (which impaired microfilament function). These results suggest the possibility of simulating in tissue culture the morphological alterations seen in the cataractous cell.", "PMID": 698889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11719", "title": "Specificity of tumor-associated antibodies in sera of patients with uveal melanoma.", "content": "We have identified antibodies against cytoplasmic components of allogeneic uveal melanoma cells in the sera of 16 of 31 patients with proven intraocular melanoma. Similar antibodies were found in 27% of controls and in 24% of patients with uveal nevi. The antibodies in these 3 groups of subjects were absorbed by components of uveal and cutaneous melanoma cells but not by those of normal choroidal melanocytes, normal uvea and retinal pigment epithelium, dermal nevus, pigmented skin or fetal cells. We found that specificity of the antibodies was also demonstrated by absence of reactivity with normal choroidal melanocytes, loss of reactivity after immune blocking, and absence of reactivity of melanoma antigen with conjugated antihuman immunoglobulin alone. Attempted absorption of the conjugated antihuman immunoglobulin by components of uveal melanoma cells did not alter the reactivity of the conjugated antihuman immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Specificity of tumor-associated antibodies in sera of patients with uveal melanoma. We have identified antibodies against cytoplasmic components of allogeneic uveal melanoma cells in the sera of 16 of 31 patients with proven intraocular melanoma. Similar antibodies were found in 27% of controls and in 24% of patients with uveal nevi. The antibodies in these 3 groups of subjects were absorbed by components of uveal and cutaneous melanoma cells but not by those of normal choroidal melanocytes, normal uvea and retinal pigment epithelium, dermal nevus, pigmented skin or fetal cells. We found that specificity of the antibodies was also demonstrated by absence of reactivity with normal choroidal melanocytes, loss of reactivity after immune blocking, and absence of reactivity of melanoma antigen with conjugated antihuman immunoglobulin alone. Attempted absorption of the conjugated antihuman immunoglobulin by components of uveal melanoma cells did not alter the reactivity of the conjugated antihuman immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 698890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11720", "title": "Computed axial tomography localization of intra-orbital foreign body.", "content": "Conventional radiographs in a patient with an intra-orbital foreign body showed that it was close to the back of the globe. Computed axial tomography showed that it lay beside a swollen and probably lacerated optic nerve. The advantages of CT scanning in the investigation of intra-orbital foreign bodies are outlined.", "contents": "Computed axial tomography localization of intra-orbital foreign body. Conventional radiographs in a patient with an intra-orbital foreign body showed that it was close to the back of the globe. Computed axial tomography showed that it lay beside a swollen and probably lacerated optic nerve. The advantages of CT scanning in the investigation of intra-orbital foreign bodies are outlined.", "PMID": 698891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11721", "title": "Strokes and head injury.", "content": "This is a report of a series of patients who suffered major cerebral hemorrhage or infarction complicating industrial head injuries. The variable importance of trauma and of pre-existing vascular disease is exemplified. Accuracy of assessment of such complex problems is facilitated by modern applied neuroscientific techniques.", "contents": "Strokes and head injury. This is a report of a series of patients who suffered major cerebral hemorrhage or infarction complicating industrial head injuries. The variable importance of trauma and of pre-existing vascular disease is exemplified. Accuracy of assessment of such complex problems is facilitated by modern applied neuroscientific techniques.", "PMID": 698892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11722", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with aneurysms: estimation by Xenon 133 inhalation.", "content": "Seventy six regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) studies were conducted on 32 patients who had a total of 39 aneurysms. Twenty three of these patients were studied pre- and post-operatively. Normal values were obtained from a control group of 33 subjects, each of whom underwent one rCBF study. Flow was reduced following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); it increased significantly post-operatively. Lower flows were associated with poorer clinical grades. There was a greater variation in regional distribution of flow immediately following SAH than in normals or in patients who had recovered from the acute phase. rCBF studies correlated with CT scans demonstrated that a progressive increase in ventricular size was accompanied by a progressive reduction in flow. In addition, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) was associated with a significant reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF). No significant correlation between CBF and spasm was demonstrable.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with aneurysms: estimation by Xenon 133 inhalation. Seventy six regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) studies were conducted on 32 patients who had a total of 39 aneurysms. Twenty three of these patients were studied pre- and post-operatively. Normal values were obtained from a control group of 33 subjects, each of whom underwent one rCBF study. Flow was reduced following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); it increased significantly post-operatively. Lower flows were associated with poorer clinical grades. There was a greater variation in regional distribution of flow immediately following SAH than in normals or in patients who had recovered from the acute phase. rCBF studies correlated with CT scans demonstrated that a progressive increase in ventricular size was accompanied by a progressive reduction in flow. In addition, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) was associated with a significant reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF). No significant correlation between CBF and spasm was demonstrable.", "PMID": 698894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11723", "title": "Serial radionuclide scans in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A 28 year old woman with multiple sclerosis has been followed for 10 months with serial brain scans on 5 admissions. The correlation between the clinical picture and the brain scans was clearly demonstrated.", "contents": "Serial radionuclide scans in multiple sclerosis. A 28 year old woman with multiple sclerosis has been followed for 10 months with serial brain scans on 5 admissions. The correlation between the clinical picture and the brain scans was clearly demonstrated.", "PMID": 698896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11724", "title": "The significance of mediastinal involvement in early stage Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Between April 1969, and December 1974, 111 consecutive surgically staged I A and II A patients with supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Patients received 3600--4400 rad to mantle and para-aortic--splenic pedicle regions. Median follow-up was 56 months (30--96). Fourteen patients developed relapsing Hodgkin's disease and three patients died of possible treatment-related causes, two with acute myocardial infarctions and one with radiation pneumonitis. Patients with mediastinal enlargement greater than one third of the chest diameter have a significantly higher risk (p less than 0.01) of developing relapse (9 of 18) than patients with lesser or no mediastinal disease (5 of 93). Of the 18 patients with large mediastinal disease, six relapsed in the mediastinum and two in the lung. There continue to be no pelvic extensions in the entire group. There is a 92% relapse-free and 97% overall survival in the 93 patients without extensive mediastinal disease. We continue to recommend mantle and para-aortic--splenic pedicle irradiation for these patients. In view of the large number of relapses in patients with extensive mediastinal disease, we are now treating this subgroup of patients with MOPP chemotherapy in addition to mantle and para-aortic irradiation.", "contents": "The significance of mediastinal involvement in early stage Hodgkin's disease. Between April 1969, and December 1974, 111 consecutive surgically staged I A and II A patients with supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Patients received 3600--4400 rad to mantle and para-aortic--splenic pedicle regions. Median follow-up was 56 months (30--96). Fourteen patients developed relapsing Hodgkin's disease and three patients died of possible treatment-related causes, two with acute myocardial infarctions and one with radiation pneumonitis. Patients with mediastinal enlargement greater than one third of the chest diameter have a significantly higher risk (p less than 0.01) of developing relapse (9 of 18) than patients with lesser or no mediastinal disease (5 of 93). Of the 18 patients with large mediastinal disease, six relapsed in the mediastinum and two in the lung. There continue to be no pelvic extensions in the entire group. There is a 92% relapse-free and 97% overall survival in the 93 patients without extensive mediastinal disease. We continue to recommend mantle and para-aortic--splenic pedicle irradiation for these patients. In view of the large number of relapses in patients with extensive mediastinal disease, we are now treating this subgroup of patients with MOPP chemotherapy in addition to mantle and para-aortic irradiation.", "PMID": 698907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11725", "title": "Treatment of rectal carcinomas by means of endocavity irradiation.", "content": "Direct contact irradiation may be used in the curative treatment of patients with carefully selected early rectal lesions. With earlier diagnosis, a large number of patients may present with suitable lesions. The treatments last three minutes and are administered every two weeks to a total dose of 9,000 rad to 12,500 rad. The patients require no general anesthesia or hospitalization and may continue working during this treatment. There appears to be no risk of morbidity or mortality. The rectum is preserved. Most beneficial of all to the patient, a colostomy is avoided, although later surgery is not precluded for local failures. It has been found that recurrence, should it occur, appears within the 18 months immediately following treatment. Good palliation can be achieved in some cases for patients with metastatic disease, for their local symptoms. We believe that the endocavity method of irradiation contributes an important advance in the management of patients with cancer of the rectum and feel it should be available universally.", "contents": "Treatment of rectal carcinomas by means of endocavity irradiation. Direct contact irradiation may be used in the curative treatment of patients with carefully selected early rectal lesions. With earlier diagnosis, a large number of patients may present with suitable lesions. The treatments last three minutes and are administered every two weeks to a total dose of 9,000 rad to 12,500 rad. The patients require no general anesthesia or hospitalization and may continue working during this treatment. There appears to be no risk of morbidity or mortality. The rectum is preserved. Most beneficial of all to the patient, a colostomy is avoided, although later surgery is not precluded for local failures. It has been found that recurrence, should it occur, appears within the 18 months immediately following treatment. Good palliation can be achieved in some cases for patients with metastatic disease, for their local symptoms. We believe that the endocavity method of irradiation contributes an important advance in the management of patients with cancer of the rectum and feel it should be available universally.", "PMID": 698908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11726", "title": "Carcinoma of the vocal cord: results of treatment and time-dose relationships.", "content": "A retrospective analysis has been done of 173 patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the vocal cord treated with radiation therapy at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center between January 1970 and December )974. one hundred fifty-eight patients (91.3%) were early (T1, T2) glottic lesion and 10 were advanced (T3, T4) lesion. Five (2.9%) were presented with positive cervical lymph nodes initially. Of 158 patients who had T1, T2N0M0 glottic tumor, 146 had definitive radiation therapy and 12 had preoperative radiation therapy. An analysis of frequency of local recurrence versus total dose (NSD) has been done for 146 patients and a dose response curve has been generated. Local failure rates were 22.2% for 1,800 +/- 50 rets, 11.1% for 1,900 +/- 50 rets, and 3.2% for 2,000 +/- 50 rets. For the early glottic cancer, local control rates were increased with increasing total dose without significant complications. In patients with advanced primary tumors, a greater number of the patients were treated with preoperative radiation therapy and this group had slightly better results.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the vocal cord: results of treatment and time-dose relationships. A retrospective analysis has been done of 173 patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the vocal cord treated with radiation therapy at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center between January 1970 and December )974. one hundred fifty-eight patients (91.3%) were early (T1, T2) glottic lesion and 10 were advanced (T3, T4) lesion. Five (2.9%) were presented with positive cervical lymph nodes initially. Of 158 patients who had T1, T2N0M0 glottic tumor, 146 had definitive radiation therapy and 12 had preoperative radiation therapy. An analysis of frequency of local recurrence versus total dose (NSD) has been done for 146 patients and a dose response curve has been generated. Local failure rates were 22.2% for 1,800 +/- 50 rets, 11.1% for 1,900 +/- 50 rets, and 3.2% for 2,000 +/- 50 rets. For the early glottic cancer, local control rates were increased with increasing total dose without significant complications. In patients with advanced primary tumors, a greater number of the patients were treated with preoperative radiation therapy and this group had slightly better results.", "PMID": 698909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11727", "title": "Cutaneous Hodgkin's disease: indolent course and control with chemotherapy.", "content": "A case of nodulat sclerosing Hodgkin's disease in an elderly woman is presented. Following radiotherapy, widespread lymphomatous skin lesions developed anatomically unrelated to her nodal disease. These lesions have been controlled, but not eliminated by chemotherapy. Cutaneous manifestations of Hodgkin's disease are discussed including the possible pathologic mechanism in the present case. Skin involvement by Hodgkin's disease may follow a relatively benign course, provided disease elsewhere is treated appropriately.", "contents": "Cutaneous Hodgkin's disease: indolent course and control with chemotherapy. A case of nodulat sclerosing Hodgkin's disease in an elderly woman is presented. Following radiotherapy, widespread lymphomatous skin lesions developed anatomically unrelated to her nodal disease. These lesions have been controlled, but not eliminated by chemotherapy. Cutaneous manifestations of Hodgkin's disease are discussed including the possible pathologic mechanism in the present case. Skin involvement by Hodgkin's disease may follow a relatively benign course, provided disease elsewhere is treated appropriately.", "PMID": 698912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11728", "title": "Adriamycin, 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl) 1 nitrosourea (BCNU, NSC No. 409962), cyclophosphamide plus prednisone (ABC-P) in melphalanresistant multiple myeloma.", "content": "Fourteen patients with multiple myeloma resistant to melphalan plus prednisone were treated with BCNU 50 mg/m2 plus cyclophosphamide 200 mg/m2 on day 1, adriamycin 20 mg/m2 on day 2 and prednisone 60 mg orally, daily for days 1 through 5. Therapy was repeated every four weeks. Depending upon criteria used, objective antitumor responses were achieved in five to nine of the 14 patients. Mean survival was 9.5 months and actuarial median survival was 7.0 months. Six patients are alive, four to 35 months after initiation of therapy. This preliminary report indicates that this combination may be a useful treatment program in the management of patients with advanced multiple myeloma. A review of studies employing adriamycin plus BCNU suggests that these regimens currently offer the most effective treatment of melphalan-resistant patients.", "contents": "Adriamycin, 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl) 1 nitrosourea (BCNU, NSC No. 409962), cyclophosphamide plus prednisone (ABC-P) in melphalanresistant multiple myeloma. Fourteen patients with multiple myeloma resistant to melphalan plus prednisone were treated with BCNU 50 mg/m2 plus cyclophosphamide 200 mg/m2 on day 1, adriamycin 20 mg/m2 on day 2 and prednisone 60 mg orally, daily for days 1 through 5. Therapy was repeated every four weeks. Depending upon criteria used, objective antitumor responses were achieved in five to nine of the 14 patients. Mean survival was 9.5 months and actuarial median survival was 7.0 months. Six patients are alive, four to 35 months after initiation of therapy. This preliminary report indicates that this combination may be a useful treatment program in the management of patients with advanced multiple myeloma. A review of studies employing adriamycin plus BCNU suggests that these regimens currently offer the most effective treatment of melphalan-resistant patients.", "PMID": 698913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11729", "title": "Sequential studies of development of gastric carcinoma in dogs induced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "Fifteen male Beagle dogs received N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 50 or 83 microgram/ml, in drinking water for 35 to 63 weeks. Broad superficial erosion and ulceration were observed in the angulus of the antrum and the anterior or posterior wall of the fundus during MNNG administration. After the discontinuation of MNNG administration, the erosions and ulcers healed rapidly, resulting in mucosal atrophy and scarring of the ulcer. In two dogs new depressions with atypical glands were observed by endoscopy and biopsy of the ulcer scars of the angulus, which became carcinomatous lesions at about the 100th week. Necropsy revealed 5 other carcinomas in the fundus of 5 additional dogs. One lesion was located in the ulcer scar and the other 4 in the areas of the mucosal atrophy. The possible relationship between carcinoma and the associated lesions was discussed.", "contents": "Sequential studies of development of gastric carcinoma in dogs induced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Fifteen male Beagle dogs received N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 50 or 83 microgram/ml, in drinking water for 35 to 63 weeks. Broad superficial erosion and ulceration were observed in the angulus of the antrum and the anterior or posterior wall of the fundus during MNNG administration. After the discontinuation of MNNG administration, the erosions and ulcers healed rapidly, resulting in mucosal atrophy and scarring of the ulcer. In two dogs new depressions with atypical glands were observed by endoscopy and biopsy of the ulcer scars of the angulus, which became carcinomatous lesions at about the 100th week. Necropsy revealed 5 other carcinomas in the fundus of 5 additional dogs. One lesion was located in the ulcer scar and the other 4 in the areas of the mucosal atrophy. The possible relationship between carcinoma and the associated lesions was discussed.", "PMID": 698915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11730", "title": "Ultrastructure of fallopian tube carcinoma.", "content": "Fallopian tube carcinoma is one of the rarest of primary gynecologic malignancies. Normal tubal epithelium is composed of secretory, ciliated, and intercalary cells. To determine the cellular composition and ultrastructural details of this rare neoplasm, a moderately well-differentiated tubal carcinoma was studied with the electron microscope. A prominent feature was the formation of numerous ultramicro alveolar spaces lined by cell surface microvilli. The nuclei of the neoplastic cells demonstrated a variety of fine structural abnormalities. Based on cell size and shape criteria, a possible dual tumor cell population was suggested. However, no cilia were seen in any of the tumor cells and almost all were devoid of secretory granules. These latter observations suggest that this tumor was primarily a proliferation of intercalary cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of fallopian tube carcinoma. Fallopian tube carcinoma is one of the rarest of primary gynecologic malignancies. Normal tubal epithelium is composed of secretory, ciliated, and intercalary cells. To determine the cellular composition and ultrastructural details of this rare neoplasm, a moderately well-differentiated tubal carcinoma was studied with the electron microscope. A prominent feature was the formation of numerous ultramicro alveolar spaces lined by cell surface microvilli. The nuclei of the neoplastic cells demonstrated a variety of fine structural abnormalities. Based on cell size and shape criteria, a possible dual tumor cell population was suggested. However, no cilia were seen in any of the tumor cells and almost all were devoid of secretory granules. These latter observations suggest that this tumor was primarily a proliferation of intercalary cells.", "PMID": 698916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11731", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with breast cancer: an adjunctive tool to monitor response and therapy.", "content": "Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were performed by radioimmunoassay in 234 patients with histologically proved breast cancer: 181 with advanced metastatic disease and 53 without distant metastases but nodal involvement at time of mastectomy. Four hundred and thirty-four assays were done and correlated with the clinical status of the patients. Values above 2.5 ng/ml were taken as abnormal. Active disease was associated with elevated plasma CEA levels. Very high values were not recorded in 109 patients when they were considered to be in complete remission, while only 22 patients out of 63 patients with progressive disease had normal values. In 16 of these values remained normal despite progression of disease. In 6 patients clinical relapse preceded CEA elevation by 2--5 months. Tumor burden and abnormal serial CEA values showed positive correlation in 38 patients. In 30 patients, change in clinical status and CEA values occurred simultaneously. In only 2 patients an increase in CEA value occurred 2--3 months before clinical documentation of relapse.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with breast cancer: an adjunctive tool to monitor response and therapy. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were performed by radioimmunoassay in 234 patients with histologically proved breast cancer: 181 with advanced metastatic disease and 53 without distant metastases but nodal involvement at time of mastectomy. Four hundred and thirty-four assays were done and correlated with the clinical status of the patients. Values above 2.5 ng/ml were taken as abnormal. Active disease was associated with elevated plasma CEA levels. Very high values were not recorded in 109 patients when they were considered to be in complete remission, while only 22 patients out of 63 patients with progressive disease had normal values. In 16 of these values remained normal despite progression of disease. In 6 patients clinical relapse preceded CEA elevation by 2--5 months. Tumor burden and abnormal serial CEA values showed positive correlation in 38 patients. In 30 patients, change in clinical status and CEA values occurred simultaneously. In only 2 patients an increase in CEA value occurred 2--3 months before clinical documentation of relapse.", "PMID": 698917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11732", "title": "Benign and low grade variants of mixed mesodermal tumor (adenosarcoma) of the ovary and adnexal region.", "content": "Eleven examples of a rare group of neoplasms composed of both epithelial and mesenchymal components are reported. Ten arose from the ovary and one arose separately in the para-ovarian region. The neoplasms are distinctive in that the stoma is more cellular than that of adenofibromas, but epithelial component is not malignant, as in carcinosarcoma and mixed mesodermal tumors, and the stoma is not sarcomatous in the low grade varieties. The 11 cases were highly variable in the cellularity and atypism of the stromal cells. The term, adenosarcoma, for these tumors is not acceptable because some were too low a grade to be regarded as sarcomas, and reports of the uterine counterpart disclose that some contain heterologous elements. For that reason, a term that will embrace the full spectrum of changes in the stroma--benign through sarcomatous--is needed. We propose that they be regarded as variants of mixed mesodermal tumor so that both the benign neoplasms and low grade sarcomas can be accommodated under one designation. Of the 11 cases, five lowest grade examples were all confined to the ovary and did not recur after surgical excision, but some of these were borderline in malignancy and probably would have progressed if untreated. Two of the 3 intermediate grade neoplasms extended beyond the ovary but were arrested by surgical excision. The 3 highest grade neoplasms were overly sarcomatous. One of these extended beyond the ovary but was arrested by combination chemotherapy. The para-ovarian adenosarcoma (also high grade) metastasized and proved fatal.", "contents": "Benign and low grade variants of mixed mesodermal tumor (adenosarcoma) of the ovary and adnexal region. Eleven examples of a rare group of neoplasms composed of both epithelial and mesenchymal components are reported. Ten arose from the ovary and one arose separately in the para-ovarian region. The neoplasms are distinctive in that the stoma is more cellular than that of adenofibromas, but epithelial component is not malignant, as in carcinosarcoma and mixed mesodermal tumors, and the stoma is not sarcomatous in the low grade varieties. The 11 cases were highly variable in the cellularity and atypism of the stromal cells. The term, adenosarcoma, for these tumors is not acceptable because some were too low a grade to be regarded as sarcomas, and reports of the uterine counterpart disclose that some contain heterologous elements. For that reason, a term that will embrace the full spectrum of changes in the stroma--benign through sarcomatous--is needed. We propose that they be regarded as variants of mixed mesodermal tumor so that both the benign neoplasms and low grade sarcomas can be accommodated under one designation. Of the 11 cases, five lowest grade examples were all confined to the ovary and did not recur after surgical excision, but some of these were borderline in malignancy and probably would have progressed if untreated. Two of the 3 intermediate grade neoplasms extended beyond the ovary but were arrested by surgical excision. The 3 highest grade neoplasms were overly sarcomatous. One of these extended beyond the ovary but was arrested by combination chemotherapy. The para-ovarian adenosarcoma (also high grade) metastasized and proved fatal.", "PMID": 698918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11733", "title": "Clinical bladder cancer in sponge matrix tissue culture: procedures for collection, cultivation, and assessment of viability.", "content": "We studied the growth of surgically resected human bladder cancer in three dimensional tissue culture, Observations were made in the living cultures and after the sponge matrix cultures were fixed and prepared as histologic sections. We compared the histologic appearance of each tumor immediately after removal and after a week in culture. In a few instances the donor tumor was kept in medium at room temperature for one day before being inoculated into the matrix. This delay had only slight deleterious effect on the growth in culture. Over 85 consecutive cases have been placed in culture and the first 47 have been evaluated in histologic preparations. Tumors grew into the matrix with distinctly different patterns even when the zero time specimens were of similar histopathology. We also studied several antibiotics to idenify conditions that would suppress the usual urinary bacterial contaminants without producing cytotoxicity to tumor cells by microscopic evaluation. A combination of gentamicin and kanamycin, each at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml was effective.", "contents": "Clinical bladder cancer in sponge matrix tissue culture: procedures for collection, cultivation, and assessment of viability. We studied the growth of surgically resected human bladder cancer in three dimensional tissue culture, Observations were made in the living cultures and after the sponge matrix cultures were fixed and prepared as histologic sections. We compared the histologic appearance of each tumor immediately after removal and after a week in culture. In a few instances the donor tumor was kept in medium at room temperature for one day before being inoculated into the matrix. This delay had only slight deleterious effect on the growth in culture. Over 85 consecutive cases have been placed in culture and the first 47 have been evaluated in histologic preparations. Tumors grew into the matrix with distinctly different patterns even when the zero time specimens were of similar histopathology. We also studied several antibiotics to idenify conditions that would suppress the usual urinary bacterial contaminants without producing cytotoxicity to tumor cells by microscopic evaluation. A combination of gentamicin and kanamycin, each at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml was effective.", "PMID": 698919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11734", "title": "Mental disorders in cancer patients: a study of 100 psychiatric referrals.", "content": "Records of 100 consecutive hospitalized cancer patients referred for psychiatric consultation were reviewed. These patients constituted only 5% of those seen by the Psychiatry Consultation Service during the study period. Fifty-six percent of the referred patients were diagnosed as depressed and 40% as having organic brain disease. Twenty-six of the 100 patients were misdiagnosed by the referring physician as depressed but were classified by the staff psychiatrist as suffering from organic brain syndrome. When referral was studied by primary site of cancer, only patients with breast cancer were referred at a significantly higher than expected rate (p less than .001). The importance of the mental status examination as a routine procedure in all cancer patients is stressed so that an organic brain syndrome will not be missed. Suggestions for patient management are given.", "contents": "Mental disorders in cancer patients: a study of 100 psychiatric referrals. Records of 100 consecutive hospitalized cancer patients referred for psychiatric consultation were reviewed. These patients constituted only 5% of those seen by the Psychiatry Consultation Service during the study period. Fifty-six percent of the referred patients were diagnosed as depressed and 40% as having organic brain disease. Twenty-six of the 100 patients were misdiagnosed by the referring physician as depressed but were classified by the staff psychiatrist as suffering from organic brain syndrome. When referral was studied by primary site of cancer, only patients with breast cancer were referred at a significantly higher than expected rate (p less than .001). The importance of the mental status examination as a routine procedure in all cancer patients is stressed so that an organic brain syndrome will not be missed. Suggestions for patient management are given.", "PMID": 698920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11735", "title": "Dormancy and spontaneous recurrence of human breast cancer in vitro.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-361 require insulin for growth and for maintenance of viability, as is evidenced by rapid and complete degeneration of the cells after the removal of insulin from the medium. Detachment from the plastic surface occurs within 24 to 48 hr, and the rare (less than 0.1%) cell that remains attached doubles every 3 to 4 weeks. Multicellular tumor spheroids, derived from this same tumor cell line, enter a dormant phase which lasts approximately 6 weeks, when insulin is removed from the medium. During this dormant period the multicellular tumor spheroids appear healthy and gradually become less dependent on and more responsive to insulin. This dormant period culminates in spontaneous regrowth in the absence of insulin after the sixth week, and this growth continues at least through 3 months. In this respect these multicellular tumor spheroids parallel the behavior of residual tumors in vivo; the residual tumor remains viable but nongrowing for a prolonged period only to resume growth following escape from the growth-limiting mechanism.", "contents": "Dormancy and spontaneous recurrence of human breast cancer in vitro. Monolayer cultures of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-361 require insulin for growth and for maintenance of viability, as is evidenced by rapid and complete degeneration of the cells after the removal of insulin from the medium. Detachment from the plastic surface occurs within 24 to 48 hr, and the rare (less than 0.1%) cell that remains attached doubles every 3 to 4 weeks. Multicellular tumor spheroids, derived from this same tumor cell line, enter a dormant phase which lasts approximately 6 weeks, when insulin is removed from the medium. During this dormant period the multicellular tumor spheroids appear healthy and gradually become less dependent on and more responsive to insulin. This dormant period culminates in spontaneous regrowth in the absence of insulin after the sixth week, and this growth continues at least through 3 months. In this respect these multicellular tumor spheroids parallel the behavior of residual tumors in vivo; the residual tumor remains viable but nongrowing for a prolonged period only to resume growth following escape from the growth-limiting mechanism.", "PMID": 698921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11736", "title": "In vitro analysis of the response of multicellular tumor spheroids exposed to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro or in vivo.", "content": "Multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) have been exposed to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro (nitrogen mustard) or in vivo (cyclophosphamide) and analyzed in vitro in terms of altered growth patterns. Whether the MTS were exposed in vitro or in vivo, the major effect of the drugs was to induce a dose-dependent lag period before the normal MTS growth rate resumed. Exposure of MTS in the peritoneal cavity to i.v. injection cyclophosphamide results in patterns similar to the in vitro exposure system, except that a host anti-MTS reaction was detected. In combination, these two methods allow the study of the responses of these complex tumor forms to chemotherapy.", "contents": "In vitro analysis of the response of multicellular tumor spheroids exposed to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro or in vivo. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) have been exposed to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro (nitrogen mustard) or in vivo (cyclophosphamide) and analyzed in vitro in terms of altered growth patterns. Whether the MTS were exposed in vitro or in vivo, the major effect of the drugs was to induce a dose-dependent lag period before the normal MTS growth rate resumed. Exposure of MTS in the peritoneal cavity to i.v. injection cyclophosphamide results in patterns similar to the in vitro exposure system, except that a host anti-MTS reaction was detected. In combination, these two methods allow the study of the responses of these complex tumor forms to chemotherapy.", "PMID": 698922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11737", "title": "Binding characteristics of zearalenone analogs to estrogen receptors.", "content": "The estrogenic effect of zearalenone derivatives was investigated for their binding characteristics to cytosol and nuclear receptors in the uterus. Competition with 17beta-estradiol at the cytosol receptor sites was observed in four of the six derivatives tested, namely trans- and cis-zearalenone, zearalenol, and zearalanol. The other two, 8'-hydroxyzearalenone and 6'-aminozearalene, lacked the binding ability to receptors and were biologically inactive. trans-Zearalenone, like 17beta-estradiol, could elicit an immediate translocation of cytosol-receptor complexes into the uterine nuclei. However, it differs from either 17beta-estradiol or antiestrogens (tamoxifen) in three aspects: (a) a second wave of translocation occurred 6 to 12 hr following zearalenone injection; (b) there was a much longer nuclear retention (over 24 hr) than in the case of 17beta-estradiol; and (c) following a depletion of cytosol receptors, trans-zearalenone induced an overreplenishment by 24 hr, whereas tamoxifen is reported to suppress the replenishment.", "contents": "Binding characteristics of zearalenone analogs to estrogen receptors. The estrogenic effect of zearalenone derivatives was investigated for their binding characteristics to cytosol and nuclear receptors in the uterus. Competition with 17beta-estradiol at the cytosol receptor sites was observed in four of the six derivatives tested, namely trans- and cis-zearalenone, zearalenol, and zearalanol. The other two, 8'-hydroxyzearalenone and 6'-aminozearalene, lacked the binding ability to receptors and were biologically inactive. trans-Zearalenone, like 17beta-estradiol, could elicit an immediate translocation of cytosol-receptor complexes into the uterine nuclei. However, it differs from either 17beta-estradiol or antiestrogens (tamoxifen) in three aspects: (a) a second wave of translocation occurred 6 to 12 hr following zearalenone injection; (b) there was a much longer nuclear retention (over 24 hr) than in the case of 17beta-estradiol; and (c) following a depletion of cytosol receptors, trans-zearalenone induced an overreplenishment by 24 hr, whereas tamoxifen is reported to suppress the replenishment.", "PMID": 698923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11738", "title": "Effect of adriamycin and analogs on the nuclear fluorescence of propidium iodide-stained cells.", "content": "Adriamycin (ADR) and N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate, respectively, inhibit and enhance the nuclear fluorescence of cells stained with propidium iodide for DNA per cell estimation by flow cytometry. In cells incubated with ADR, the reduction in fluorescence is gradually manifested due to the slow intracellular drug transport. In contrast the effect of N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate on propidium iodide nuclear fluorescence is seen within 5 min of incubation. The effect of ADR on propidium iodide nuclear fluorescence could be detected in vivo even after 24 hr of ADR administration.", "contents": "Effect of adriamycin and analogs on the nuclear fluorescence of propidium iodide-stained cells. Adriamycin (ADR) and N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate, respectively, inhibit and enhance the nuclear fluorescence of cells stained with propidium iodide for DNA per cell estimation by flow cytometry. In cells incubated with ADR, the reduction in fluorescence is gradually manifested due to the slow intracellular drug transport. In contrast the effect of N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate on propidium iodide nuclear fluorescence is seen within 5 min of incubation. The effect of ADR on propidium iodide nuclear fluorescence could be detected in vivo even after 24 hr of ADR administration.", "PMID": 698925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11739", "title": "Increased tyrosine phenol-lyase activity in mice following pyridoxal phosphate administration.", "content": "A limiting factor in the depletion of plasma tyrosine following tyrosine phenol-lyase injection into normal mice was found to be the availability of an essential cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate. Because of the extremely short half-life of this cofactor, adequate elevation of circulating cofactor levels for prolonged periods by injection of a pyridoxal phosphate solution was not practical. Similarly, long-term diets enriched with pyridoxine and pyridoxal phosphate did not significantly improve the efficiency of the injected holoenzyme. A repository dosage form was devised that consisted of an s.c. implant of pyridoxal phosphate suspended in a spermaceti and peanut oil mixture. Under these conditions a sustained increase in holoenzyme activity levels and a significant resulting decrease in plasma tyrosine levels were obtained.", "contents": "Increased tyrosine phenol-lyase activity in mice following pyridoxal phosphate administration. A limiting factor in the depletion of plasma tyrosine following tyrosine phenol-lyase injection into normal mice was found to be the availability of an essential cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate. Because of the extremely short half-life of this cofactor, adequate elevation of circulating cofactor levels for prolonged periods by injection of a pyridoxal phosphate solution was not practical. Similarly, long-term diets enriched with pyridoxine and pyridoxal phosphate did not significantly improve the efficiency of the injected holoenzyme. A repository dosage form was devised that consisted of an s.c. implant of pyridoxal phosphate suspended in a spermaceti and peanut oil mixture. Under these conditions a sustained increase in holoenzyme activity levels and a significant resulting decrease in plasma tyrosine levels were obtained.", "PMID": 698926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11740", "title": "Increased tumor immunity in mice inoculated with muconomycin A-treated B16 melanoma cells.", "content": "B16 melanoma cells were treated in vitro with muconomycin A, a long-lasting inhibitor of protein and glycoprotein synthesis, to reduce cellular sialic acid. Two i.p. inoculations of 10(7) muconomycin-treated cells into female C57BL/6 mice, followed by challenge with homologous live cells, resulted in a significant decrease in tumor incidence when compared to the results of inoculation with untreated cells (p less than 0.01). Inoculation of mice with cells treated with neuraminidase resulted in little or no decrease in tumor incidence. Effective immunity was dependent on the number of cells injected and was found only with the i.p. route of inoculation into female mice.", "contents": "Increased tumor immunity in mice inoculated with muconomycin A-treated B16 melanoma cells. B16 melanoma cells were treated in vitro with muconomycin A, a long-lasting inhibitor of protein and glycoprotein synthesis, to reduce cellular sialic acid. Two i.p. inoculations of 10(7) muconomycin-treated cells into female C57BL/6 mice, followed by challenge with homologous live cells, resulted in a significant decrease in tumor incidence when compared to the results of inoculation with untreated cells (p less than 0.01). Inoculation of mice with cells treated with neuraminidase resulted in little or no decrease in tumor incidence. Effective immunity was dependent on the number of cells injected and was found only with the i.p. route of inoculation into female mice.", "PMID": 698927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11741", "title": "Effect of estrogen on tumor-associated immunity in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Tumor-associated antigen-induced leukocyte adherence inhibition has been used as an in vitro criterion for evaluating the effect of estrogen on cell-mediated antitumor-associated immunity in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Significant (p less than 0.05) suppression from the reactivity obtained with untreated patients' leukocytes to allogeneic extracts of malignant prostatic tissue ranging from 19 to 80% was observed in all patients following preincubation of their leukocytes with diethylstilbesterol diphosphate. The observed suppression of tumor-associated immunity in the presence of exogenous estrogen provides further evidence to earlier studies that demonstrated estrogenic suppression of nonspecific cellular responsiveness as evaluated by phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocytic blastogenesis of normal and prostatic cancer patients' lymphocytes and for the initially suggested concern over the efficacy of estrogenic therapy and its adverse effect on host cell-mediated immunological responsiveness.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on tumor-associated immunity in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Tumor-associated antigen-induced leukocyte adherence inhibition has been used as an in vitro criterion for evaluating the effect of estrogen on cell-mediated antitumor-associated immunity in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Significant (p less than 0.05) suppression from the reactivity obtained with untreated patients' leukocytes to allogeneic extracts of malignant prostatic tissue ranging from 19 to 80% was observed in all patients following preincubation of their leukocytes with diethylstilbesterol diphosphate. The observed suppression of tumor-associated immunity in the presence of exogenous estrogen provides further evidence to earlier studies that demonstrated estrogenic suppression of nonspecific cellular responsiveness as evaluated by phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocytic blastogenesis of normal and prostatic cancer patients' lymphocytes and for the initially suggested concern over the efficacy of estrogenic therapy and its adverse effect on host cell-mediated immunological responsiveness.", "PMID": 698929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11742", "title": "Human lymphoblastoid cell lines as effector cells in mitogen-dependent and antibody-dependent cell-mediated lysis.", "content": "Based on reports that both human and murine lymphoblastoid cell lines can effect lysis in antibody-dependent (ADCC) and mitogen-induced (MICC) cell-mediated cytotoxicity, 10 human lymphoblastoid cell lines were investigated for their ability to act as effector cells in these lytic reactions. Four cell lines promoted MICC and ADCC of chicken erythrocytes. MICC was inhibited by subjecting the effector cells to gamma-irradiation, and ADCC was partially inhibited by treating antibody-coated target cells with Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. The latter finding suggests that antibody plays a role in the cytotoxic reaction. The lytic activity of cultured human lymphoid cells in both MICC and ADCC reactions was, however, quite variable for unknown reasons. Because of this instability human lymphoblastoid cell lines are not a suitable source of effector cells for studying the biological and molecular properties of structures responsible for the lytic reaction.", "contents": "Human lymphoblastoid cell lines as effector cells in mitogen-dependent and antibody-dependent cell-mediated lysis. Based on reports that both human and murine lymphoblastoid cell lines can effect lysis in antibody-dependent (ADCC) and mitogen-induced (MICC) cell-mediated cytotoxicity, 10 human lymphoblastoid cell lines were investigated for their ability to act as effector cells in these lytic reactions. Four cell lines promoted MICC and ADCC of chicken erythrocytes. MICC was inhibited by subjecting the effector cells to gamma-irradiation, and ADCC was partially inhibited by treating antibody-coated target cells with Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. The latter finding suggests that antibody plays a role in the cytotoxic reaction. The lytic activity of cultured human lymphoid cells in both MICC and ADCC reactions was, however, quite variable for unknown reasons. Because of this instability human lymphoblastoid cell lines are not a suitable source of effector cells for studying the biological and molecular properties of structures responsible for the lytic reaction.", "PMID": 698930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11743", "title": "Induction of neoplasms in hamster tracheal grafts with 3-methylcholanthrene-coated Lycra fibers.", "content": "Synthetic Lycra spandex fibers were coated with 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) and inserted into the lumina of 104 tracheas removed from young adult inbred Syrian hamsters. Tumors appeared 3 to 21 months after implantation of these tracheal grafts in syngeneic animals. 3MC in amounts ranging from 9 to 75 microgram/fiber induced a diversity of neoplasms in tracheal epithelium, the majority of which were classified histologically as carcinomas. Tumors failed to develop when smaller amounts of 3MC were used and in control tracheal grafts containing fibers without carcinogen. The use of tracer quantities of [14C]-3MC allowed quantitation of the carcinogen dosage to the mucosa before and at intervals after grafting. These studies demonstrate the dosage-dependent sensitivity of the hamster tracheal epithelium to relatively small quantities of 3MC. The direct application of carcinogens coated on synthetic fibers provides a useful tool for assaying water-insoluble carcinogens.", "contents": "Induction of neoplasms in hamster tracheal grafts with 3-methylcholanthrene-coated Lycra fibers. Synthetic Lycra spandex fibers were coated with 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) and inserted into the lumina of 104 tracheas removed from young adult inbred Syrian hamsters. Tumors appeared 3 to 21 months after implantation of these tracheal grafts in syngeneic animals. 3MC in amounts ranging from 9 to 75 microgram/fiber induced a diversity of neoplasms in tracheal epithelium, the majority of which were classified histologically as carcinomas. Tumors failed to develop when smaller amounts of 3MC were used and in control tracheal grafts containing fibers without carcinogen. The use of tracer quantities of [14C]-3MC allowed quantitation of the carcinogen dosage to the mucosa before and at intervals after grafting. These studies demonstrate the dosage-dependent sensitivity of the hamster tracheal epithelium to relatively small quantities of 3MC. The direct application of carcinogens coated on synthetic fibers provides a useful tool for assaying water-insoluble carcinogens.", "PMID": 698931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11744", "title": "Long-term organ culture of human uterine endocervix.", "content": "Explants of human endocervix have been maintained in organ culture for 24 weeks. The epithelium was viable for the entire duration of culture, as demonstrated by ultrastructural morphology and mitotic activity. The epithelium of the explants retained a near normal morphology for 2 to 4 weeks. The only changes observed were decreased mucus secretion in columnar cells, focal epidermoid metaplasia, and an increase in autophagic vacuoles. Subsequently, a slowly progressive transformation of the columnar epithelium into a metaplastic epithelium was observed, with loss of mucus-secreting columnar cells and ciliated cells and the appearance of cuboidal and flattened epidermoid cells, forming often two to three layers. Metaplasia began at the top of the papillae and ridges and extended progressively downwards into the clefts. Nevertheless, in a few areas deep in the clefts, columnar cells retained evidence of mucus secretion during the entire duration of culture. Epidermoid metaplasia appeared to develop in the explants by transformation of columnar mucous cells into cuboidal and flattened cells with epidermoid characteristics. This hypothesis is supported by ultrastructural observations that showed mucus secretion and early keratinization in the metaplastic cells. Mitotic figures were observed with transmission electron microscopy for up to 24 weeks, and all dividing cells contained mucous granules.", "contents": "Long-term organ culture of human uterine endocervix. Explants of human endocervix have been maintained in organ culture for 24 weeks. The epithelium was viable for the entire duration of culture, as demonstrated by ultrastructural morphology and mitotic activity. The epithelium of the explants retained a near normal morphology for 2 to 4 weeks. The only changes observed were decreased mucus secretion in columnar cells, focal epidermoid metaplasia, and an increase in autophagic vacuoles. Subsequently, a slowly progressive transformation of the columnar epithelium into a metaplastic epithelium was observed, with loss of mucus-secreting columnar cells and ciliated cells and the appearance of cuboidal and flattened epidermoid cells, forming often two to three layers. Metaplasia began at the top of the papillae and ridges and extended progressively downwards into the clefts. Nevertheless, in a few areas deep in the clefts, columnar cells retained evidence of mucus secretion during the entire duration of culture. Epidermoid metaplasia appeared to develop in the explants by transformation of columnar mucous cells into cuboidal and flattened cells with epidermoid characteristics. This hypothesis is supported by ultrastructural observations that showed mucus secretion and early keratinization in the metaplastic cells. Mitotic figures were observed with transmission electron microscopy for up to 24 weeks, and all dividing cells contained mucous granules.", "PMID": 698932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11745", "title": "Direct study of alkylating agent--RNA interaction by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "The interactions of Torula yeast RNA with four biologically important methylating agents (methyl methanesulfonate, dimethyl sulfate, 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea, and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine) have been studied by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This direct stable isotope method eliminated all tedious and questionable degradation processes for determining the reactive sites and product distribution. Based on the integration curves, two types of product distribution can be distinctly observed according to the biological potency of the methylating agents [(a) weakly mutagenic and carcinogenic, methyl methanesulfonate and dimethyl sulfate and (b) strongly mutagenic and carcinogenic, 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine]. With 90% 13C-enriched methylating agent, it significantly increases the specificity and sensitivity and provides better quantitative results.", "contents": "Direct study of alkylating agent--RNA interaction by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The interactions of Torula yeast RNA with four biologically important methylating agents (methyl methanesulfonate, dimethyl sulfate, 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea, and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine) have been studied by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This direct stable isotope method eliminated all tedious and questionable degradation processes for determining the reactive sites and product distribution. Based on the integration curves, two types of product distribution can be distinctly observed according to the biological potency of the methylating agents [(a) weakly mutagenic and carcinogenic, methyl methanesulfonate and dimethyl sulfate and (b) strongly mutagenic and carcinogenic, 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine]. With 90% 13C-enriched methylating agent, it significantly increases the specificity and sensitivity and provides better quantitative results.", "PMID": 698933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11746", "title": "Antiproliferative agents and differential survival between normal and cancer cells.", "content": "A basic difference in response between normal cells (primate fibroblasts) and colonic cancer cells (human and rodent) to the antiproliferative action of both N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate and thymidine is described in this report. Both normal and colonic cancer cells, when cultured in the presence of these agents, cease to increase their cell numbers. Evidence is presented to show that the normal cells respond to deprivation of pyrimidine nucleotide induced by these agents by simple growth arrest, in which a quiescent state may be maintained for prolonged periods without cell death. Cancer cells are shown to respond in a characteristically different manner in which cell division continues accompanied by limited cell survival, with the surviving population representing a balance of these opposing processes. The extent to which these in vitro findings, based on a limited number of comparisons under restrictive artificial conditions, relate to the in vivo state remains to be established.", "contents": "Antiproliferative agents and differential survival between normal and cancer cells. A basic difference in response between normal cells (primate fibroblasts) and colonic cancer cells (human and rodent) to the antiproliferative action of both N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate and thymidine is described in this report. Both normal and colonic cancer cells, when cultured in the presence of these agents, cease to increase their cell numbers. Evidence is presented to show that the normal cells respond to deprivation of pyrimidine nucleotide induced by these agents by simple growth arrest, in which a quiescent state may be maintained for prolonged periods without cell death. Cancer cells are shown to respond in a characteristically different manner in which cell division continues accompanied by limited cell survival, with the surviving population representing a balance of these opposing processes. The extent to which these in vitro findings, based on a limited number of comparisons under restrictive artificial conditions, relate to the in vivo state remains to be established.", "PMID": 698934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11747", "title": "Heterogeneity in drug sensitivity among tumor cell subpopulations of a single mammary tumor.", "content": "Three distinct subpopulations of tumor cells derived from a single parent strain BALB/cfC3H mammary adenocarcinoma were tested in vivo for sensitivity to cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. Treatment was begun either 2 days after s.c. tumor cell injection or at the time when the tumors became palpable. It was given on a weekly basis for 4 weeks. The mice were observed for growth of the primary implant and for development of spontaneous metastases. The three subpopulations differed markedly in their sensitivity to the drugs. The effects of the drugs ranged from induction of regression of the \"primary\" to enhancement of metastases. The effect on primary growth was independent of that on metastasis. The effect of the time of administration of the drugs also varied among the subpopulations. The sublines were also tested in vitro with methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. Again there were marked differences in sensitivity to inhibition of cell division by the drugs. The relative sensitivities in vitro did not correlate with observations in vivo. The existence of subpopulations of tumor cells, differing in sensitivity to therapeutic agents, within a single neoplasm, presents a challenge to development of assays capable of predicting drug response and to the selection of combination therapies.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in drug sensitivity among tumor cell subpopulations of a single mammary tumor. Three distinct subpopulations of tumor cells derived from a single parent strain BALB/cfC3H mammary adenocarcinoma were tested in vivo for sensitivity to cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. Treatment was begun either 2 days after s.c. tumor cell injection or at the time when the tumors became palpable. It was given on a weekly basis for 4 weeks. The mice were observed for growth of the primary implant and for development of spontaneous metastases. The three subpopulations differed markedly in their sensitivity to the drugs. The effects of the drugs ranged from induction of regression of the \"primary\" to enhancement of metastases. The effect on primary growth was independent of that on metastasis. The effect of the time of administration of the drugs also varied among the subpopulations. The sublines were also tested in vitro with methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. Again there were marked differences in sensitivity to inhibition of cell division by the drugs. The relative sensitivities in vitro did not correlate with observations in vivo. The existence of subpopulations of tumor cells, differing in sensitivity to therapeutic agents, within a single neoplasm, presents a challenge to development of assays capable of predicting drug response and to the selection of combination therapies.", "PMID": 698935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11748", "title": "Induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in HeLa cells by choline chloride.", "content": "Choline chloride produced a dose-dependent induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in HeLa cells. At the highest concentration tested, 40 mM, there was a 5- to 7-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, a significantly greater induction than that produced by equiosmolar additions of either NaCl or sucrose. Enzyme activity was higher than control values by 24 hr after the addition of the salt, although the largest increases in activity occurred between 36 and 72 hr. The induction of alkaline phosphatase activity by choline chloride could be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the simultaneous addition of either caffeine or theophylline. At comparable concentrations of inhibitor, the magnitude of the inhibition of the induction produced by choline chloride was greater than that observed when the xanthines were used to inhibit the induction by either 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine or NaCl. Choline chloride, like NaCl, produced a proportionately greater increase in the heat-stable rather than the heat-labile form of alkaline phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in HeLa cells by choline chloride. Choline chloride produced a dose-dependent induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in HeLa cells. At the highest concentration tested, 40 mM, there was a 5- to 7-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, a significantly greater induction than that produced by equiosmolar additions of either NaCl or sucrose. Enzyme activity was higher than control values by 24 hr after the addition of the salt, although the largest increases in activity occurred between 36 and 72 hr. The induction of alkaline phosphatase activity by choline chloride could be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the simultaneous addition of either caffeine or theophylline. At comparable concentrations of inhibitor, the magnitude of the inhibition of the induction produced by choline chloride was greater than that observed when the xanthines were used to inhibit the induction by either 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine or NaCl. Choline chloride, like NaCl, produced a proportionately greater increase in the heat-stable rather than the heat-labile form of alkaline phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 698936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11749", "title": "Erythropoietin responsiveness in vivo of Friend virus target cells for transformation and virus replication.", "content": "Techniques that allow the selective stimulation of the erythropoietin-responsive cell population in mice with suppressed multipotential hemopoietic stem cells were used to identify (1) the in vivo target cell transformed by Friend virus (FV) into a tumor colony-forming unit and (2) a target cell for FV replication in vivo. Plethoric mice with busulphan-induced reductions in stem cell populations (characterized as colony-forming units) and stimulated erythropoietin-responsive cell compartments were given FV; control groups, not receiving erythropoietin, also received FV. A comparison of the number of target cells transformed in each group provided evidence identifying the ERC as the in vivo compartment in which the target cell detected by tumor colony formation resides. Differences in plasma virus titers revealed that the erythropoietin-responsive cell is also predominantly responsible for the production of FV as measured by focus-forming activity.", "contents": "Erythropoietin responsiveness in vivo of Friend virus target cells for transformation and virus replication. Techniques that allow the selective stimulation of the erythropoietin-responsive cell population in mice with suppressed multipotential hemopoietic stem cells were used to identify (1) the in vivo target cell transformed by Friend virus (FV) into a tumor colony-forming unit and (2) a target cell for FV replication in vivo. Plethoric mice with busulphan-induced reductions in stem cell populations (characterized as colony-forming units) and stimulated erythropoietin-responsive cell compartments were given FV; control groups, not receiving erythropoietin, also received FV. A comparison of the number of target cells transformed in each group provided evidence identifying the ERC as the in vivo compartment in which the target cell detected by tumor colony formation resides. Differences in plasma virus titers revealed that the erythropoietin-responsive cell is also predominantly responsible for the production of FV as measured by focus-forming activity.", "PMID": 698937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11750", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic assay for alpha hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine by isolated rat liver microsomes.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for alpha hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine by isolated hepatic microsomes was developed. Mixtures consisting of N-nitrosopyrrolidine, microsomes, and an NADPH-generating system were incubated at 37 degrees. The major product of alpha hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine, 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, was trapped by the addition of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent to form 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. The latter was quantified by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Under optimal conditions, as determined by varying protein and substrate concentrations, the alpha hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine was linear for at least 90 min and showed characteristics typical of the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system, such as inhibition by CO and induction by pretreatment of male F-344 rats with Aroclor. N-Nitrosopyrrolidine exhibited type II spectral changes upon interaction with isolated hepatic microsomes. A close correspondence between binding affinity and alpha hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine was observed.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic assay for alpha hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine by isolated rat liver microsomes. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for alpha hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine by isolated hepatic microsomes was developed. Mixtures consisting of N-nitrosopyrrolidine, microsomes, and an NADPH-generating system were incubated at 37 degrees. The major product of alpha hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine, 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, was trapped by the addition of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent to form 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. The latter was quantified by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Under optimal conditions, as determined by varying protein and substrate concentrations, the alpha hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine was linear for at least 90 min and showed characteristics typical of the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system, such as inhibition by CO and induction by pretreatment of male F-344 rats with Aroclor. N-Nitrosopyrrolidine exhibited type II spectral changes upon interaction with isolated hepatic microsomes. A close correspondence between binding affinity and alpha hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine was observed.", "PMID": 698939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11751", "title": "Effect of tumor promoters on the response of cultured embryonic chick ganglia to nerve growth factor.", "content": "The tumor-promoting plant diterpene 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibits nerve growth factor (NGF)-provoked neurite outgrowth in cultured embryonic chick sensory and sympathetic ganglia. Other plant diterpenes that are tumor promoters on the mouse skin carcinogenesis system also inhibit ganglia response to NGF, but structurally related nonpromoting compounds are inactive. There is no evidence that the inhibitory effect of TPA is due to cytotoxicity. In fact, it appears that TPA can enhance the survival of neuronal and nonneuronal cells in culture. Although neurite outgrowth is prevented, established neurites do not retract in the presence of TPA. After 24 hr, ganglia can slowly overcome the block, even in the presence of fresh TPA; thus, inhibition is transient. The concentration of NGF that does induce a half-maximal neurite outgrowth response in sensory ganglia is approximately 0.6 X 10(-11) M. The antagonism of NGF by TPA is dose dependent and apparently noncompetitive. TPA concentrations that extensively inhibit neurite outgrowth do not affect the amount of 125I-labeled NGF bound to specific sites on dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells, which supports the contention that TPA acts at a stage beyond the initial interaction of the factor with its receptive site.", "contents": "Effect of tumor promoters on the response of cultured embryonic chick ganglia to nerve growth factor. The tumor-promoting plant diterpene 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibits nerve growth factor (NGF)-provoked neurite outgrowth in cultured embryonic chick sensory and sympathetic ganglia. Other plant diterpenes that are tumor promoters on the mouse skin carcinogenesis system also inhibit ganglia response to NGF, but structurally related nonpromoting compounds are inactive. There is no evidence that the inhibitory effect of TPA is due to cytotoxicity. In fact, it appears that TPA can enhance the survival of neuronal and nonneuronal cells in culture. Although neurite outgrowth is prevented, established neurites do not retract in the presence of TPA. After 24 hr, ganglia can slowly overcome the block, even in the presence of fresh TPA; thus, inhibition is transient. The concentration of NGF that does induce a half-maximal neurite outgrowth response in sensory ganglia is approximately 0.6 X 10(-11) M. The antagonism of NGF by TPA is dose dependent and apparently noncompetitive. TPA concentrations that extensively inhibit neurite outgrowth do not affect the amount of 125I-labeled NGF bound to specific sites on dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells, which supports the contention that TPA acts at a stage beyond the initial interaction of the factor with its receptive site.", "PMID": 698941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11752", "title": "Olfactory neuroepithelioma in a domestic carp (Cyprinus carpio).", "content": "A well-differentiated olfactory neuroepithelioma was found protruding from the left olfactory fossa of a 6-year-old domestic multicolored carp, Cyprinus carpio. Following diagnostic biopsy the neoplasm continued to grow. At necropsy, the tumor was found to extend beyond the olfactory chamber into the intracranial portion of the olfactory bulb, but no distant metastases could be detected. Histologically, the neoplasm had a remarkably organoid appearance, being composed of imperfect reproductions of the normal olfactory organ including olfactory membrane, axonal bundles, and glial tissue. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of numerous ciliated olfactory sensory cells as well as sustentacular, mucous, and basal cells within the neoplastic simulations of olfactory membrane. These observations, together with those from two previous case reports of olfactory neuroepitheliomas in teleosts, suggest that this type of tumor tends to be more highly differentiated than are neoplasms of similar origin in mammals.", "contents": "Olfactory neuroepithelioma in a domestic carp (Cyprinus carpio). A well-differentiated olfactory neuroepithelioma was found protruding from the left olfactory fossa of a 6-year-old domestic multicolored carp, Cyprinus carpio. Following diagnostic biopsy the neoplasm continued to grow. At necropsy, the tumor was found to extend beyond the olfactory chamber into the intracranial portion of the olfactory bulb, but no distant metastases could be detected. Histologically, the neoplasm had a remarkably organoid appearance, being composed of imperfect reproductions of the normal olfactory organ including olfactory membrane, axonal bundles, and glial tissue. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of numerous ciliated olfactory sensory cells as well as sustentacular, mucous, and basal cells within the neoplastic simulations of olfactory membrane. These observations, together with those from two previous case reports of olfactory neuroepitheliomas in teleosts, suggest that this type of tumor tends to be more highly differentiated than are neoplasms of similar origin in mammals.", "PMID": 698944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11753", "title": "Differential effects of lectins on the in vitro growth of normal mouse lung cells and low- and high-cancer-derived cell lines.", "content": "The comparative aspects of cell growth, i.e., [3H]thymidine and [14C]leucine uptake of low-cancer (P4Bis) and high-cancer (P4BisT) cell lines and of their normal counterparts, have been studied in the presence and absence of concanavalin and Robinia lectins. These lectins have similar effects on cell growth, on thymidine and leucine uptake, and on incorporation of these precursors. The growth of normal cells is stimulated by both lectins, whereas the growth of transformed cells is inhibited. In all cases the uptake of both leucine and thymidine by cells is increased by the lectins, but the percentage of incorporation of the precursors is affected in a different manner. The percentage of thymidine incorporated by normal and transformed cells increases or decreases in direct proportion to cell growth; leucine incorporation is not affected significantly. The reversibility of these lectin effects by specific inhibitors shows that cell membranes are implicated in these phenomena. Our study with normal and transformed cells suggests that cell surface may play a role in the process of malignant transformation and that P4Bis cells are \"transitory\" between PB1 normal cells and P4BisT high-cancer cells.", "contents": "Differential effects of lectins on the in vitro growth of normal mouse lung cells and low- and high-cancer-derived cell lines. The comparative aspects of cell growth, i.e., [3H]thymidine and [14C]leucine uptake of low-cancer (P4Bis) and high-cancer (P4BisT) cell lines and of their normal counterparts, have been studied in the presence and absence of concanavalin and Robinia lectins. These lectins have similar effects on cell growth, on thymidine and leucine uptake, and on incorporation of these precursors. The growth of normal cells is stimulated by both lectins, whereas the growth of transformed cells is inhibited. In all cases the uptake of both leucine and thymidine by cells is increased by the lectins, but the percentage of incorporation of the precursors is affected in a different manner. The percentage of thymidine incorporated by normal and transformed cells increases or decreases in direct proportion to cell growth; leucine incorporation is not affected significantly. The reversibility of these lectin effects by specific inhibitors shows that cell membranes are implicated in these phenomena. Our study with normal and transformed cells suggests that cell surface may play a role in the process of malignant transformation and that P4Bis cells are \"transitory\" between PB1 normal cells and P4BisT high-cancer cells.", "PMID": 698945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11754", "title": "Menstrual cycle patterns and breast cancer risk factors.", "content": "Using a data set of women who longitudinally recorded menstrual and reproductive events, we examined menstrual cycle characteristics in relationship to early and late menarche, early and late menopause, and deferred parity, three variables epidemiologically related to breast cancer incidence. Women with late onset of menarche had longer and more variable cycles in the 10 years after menarche than did those with early onset. Women with late onset of menopause had longer and more variable cycles in the premenopausal interval than did those with early onset. Cumulative fertility in women after marriage did not differ according to cycle length and variance. Late menopause may be a breast cancer risk factor due to relative estrogen excess and progesterone lack as reflected in longer, more varied cycle patterns. Observed cycle differences between women with early and late menarche await further study of the endocrine physiology of the menstrual cycle in those groups.", "contents": "Menstrual cycle patterns and breast cancer risk factors. Using a data set of women who longitudinally recorded menstrual and reproductive events, we examined menstrual cycle characteristics in relationship to early and late menarche, early and late menopause, and deferred parity, three variables epidemiologically related to breast cancer incidence. Women with late onset of menarche had longer and more variable cycles in the 10 years after menarche than did those with early onset. Women with late onset of menopause had longer and more variable cycles in the premenopausal interval than did those with early onset. Cumulative fertility in women after marriage did not differ according to cycle length and variance. Late menopause may be a breast cancer risk factor due to relative estrogen excess and progesterone lack as reflected in longer, more varied cycle patterns. Observed cycle differences between women with early and late menarche await further study of the endocrine physiology of the menstrual cycle in those groups.", "PMID": 698949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11755", "title": "Plasma hormone profiles of young women at risk for familial breast cancer.", "content": "The plasma hormone concentrations of 30 young women, who were judged by genetic analysis to be at high risk for familial breast cancer, were compared with those of 30 matched controls identified as at low risk for the disease. The hormone measurements were obtained every second day throughout the menstrual cycle, and the results were analyzed in terms of follicular, luteal, and full-cycle mean concentrations. Comparison was carried out in a paired fashion with each high-risk and low-risk pair matched closely for height, weight, age, and reproductive history. No statistically significant differences were found in prolactin, gonadotropin, estrone, estradiol, or estriol plasma concentrations although the high-risk group displayed consistently lower values in all of the above except estriol.", "contents": "Plasma hormone profiles of young women at risk for familial breast cancer. The plasma hormone concentrations of 30 young women, who were judged by genetic analysis to be at high risk for familial breast cancer, were compared with those of 30 matched controls identified as at low risk for the disease. The hormone measurements were obtained every second day throughout the menstrual cycle, and the results were analyzed in terms of follicular, luteal, and full-cycle mean concentrations. Comparison was carried out in a paired fashion with each high-risk and low-risk pair matched closely for height, weight, age, and reproductive history. No statistically significant differences were found in prolactin, gonadotropin, estrone, estradiol, or estriol plasma concentrations although the high-risk group displayed consistently lower values in all of the above except estriol.", "PMID": 698948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11756", "title": "Relationship between urine and plasma estrogen ratios.", "content": "Normal young and postmenopausal women were placed into groups according to the ratio of the estrogens in their urine. Women whose ratio was greater than 1.3 if young and greater than 3.2 if postmenopausal were compared to women whose ratio was less than 0.7 and less than 2.1 for young and postmenopausal, respectively. Between the respective high- and low-ratio groups, there were no significant differences for circulating levels of estriol, metabolic clearance rates of estriol, or blood production rates of estriol, estrone, or estradiol. Women who had had breast cancer were compared to a group of normal controls and were also found to have similar blood production rates for estriol, estrone, and estradiol. The ratios of the blood production rates of estriol to estrone and estradiol were similar for the high and low groups for young and postmenopausal women and also between the breast cancer women and their controls. It appears, therefore, that the difference in urinary estrogen ratios is primarily due to different pathways of metabolism of the free circulating estrogens and not to differences in the production rates of the estrogens. Estriol is produced at only 10% the rate of estrone and estradiol.", "contents": "Relationship between urine and plasma estrogen ratios. Normal young and postmenopausal women were placed into groups according to the ratio of the estrogens in their urine. Women whose ratio was greater than 1.3 if young and greater than 3.2 if postmenopausal were compared to women whose ratio was less than 0.7 and less than 2.1 for young and postmenopausal, respectively. Between the respective high- and low-ratio groups, there were no significant differences for circulating levels of estriol, metabolic clearance rates of estriol, or blood production rates of estriol, estrone, or estradiol. Women who had had breast cancer were compared to a group of normal controls and were also found to have similar blood production rates for estriol, estrone, and estradiol. The ratios of the blood production rates of estriol to estrone and estradiol were similar for the high and low groups for young and postmenopausal women and also between the breast cancer women and their controls. It appears, therefore, that the difference in urinary estrogen ratios is primarily due to different pathways of metabolism of the free circulating estrogens and not to differences in the production rates of the estrogens. Estriol is produced at only 10% the rate of estrone and estradiol.", "PMID": 698950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11757", "title": "Proposed coupling of chromatin replication, hormone action, and cell differentiation.", "content": "DNA replication in isolated nuclei is highly dependent on the availability of soluble proteins from the cell cytoplasm. Activity is distributed nonrandomly among the different proteins, and the range of proteins that are required for optimal DNA replication varies with the fractions of DNA being replicated. Support of DNA replication has been correlated with the uptake of these proteins by nuclei and their integration into an immature form of the newly replicated chromatin; the latter has been shown by density analysis to be richer in protein content than the bulk of nonreplicating chromatin. Pulse labeling of DNA in living cells has revealed that a similar protein-rich chromatin is formed as an intermediate in chromatin replication in vivo; however, this form rapidly matures by the exclusion of proteins. The dependency of DNA replication on the presence of soluble cytoplasmic proteins and the physical association of these entities with newly replicated chromatin prompt the proposal that availability of specific proteins may play an important role in determining the ultimate genetic expressability of the matured chromatin and thus the cell phenotype. The finding that dexamethasone, a steroid that regulates the expression of several genes and directs the differentiation of certain cells, can modify the uptake of proteins in isolated nuclei is in accord with this hypothesis.", "contents": "Proposed coupling of chromatin replication, hormone action, and cell differentiation. DNA replication in isolated nuclei is highly dependent on the availability of soluble proteins from the cell cytoplasm. Activity is distributed nonrandomly among the different proteins, and the range of proteins that are required for optimal DNA replication varies with the fractions of DNA being replicated. Support of DNA replication has been correlated with the uptake of these proteins by nuclei and their integration into an immature form of the newly replicated chromatin; the latter has been shown by density analysis to be richer in protein content than the bulk of nonreplicating chromatin. Pulse labeling of DNA in living cells has revealed that a similar protein-rich chromatin is formed as an intermediate in chromatin replication in vivo; however, this form rapidly matures by the exclusion of proteins. The dependency of DNA replication on the presence of soluble cytoplasmic proteins and the physical association of these entities with newly replicated chromatin prompt the proposal that availability of specific proteins may play an important role in determining the ultimate genetic expressability of the matured chromatin and thus the cell phenotype. The finding that dexamethasone, a steroid that regulates the expression of several genes and directs the differentiation of certain cells, can modify the uptake of proteins in isolated nuclei is in accord with this hypothesis.", "PMID": 698951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11758", "title": "Role of hormones in mammary neoplasia.", "content": "A testable hypothesis for the role of hormones in mammary carcinogenesis with implications for other endocrine-related carcinogenesis is presented. The hypothesis is based on these observations: (a) hormones are involved, directly or indirectly, in regulating cell division in normal mammary cells: (b) emergence of overt mammary tumors requires hormonal stimulation of cells receiving carcinogenic stimulus; (c) normal mammary cells are of finite divisional capabilities, whereas neoplastic cells appear to have infinite divisional life; and (d) normal cells, when present in large quantities relative to the neoplastic cells, inhibit the growth of the latter cells. According to the hypothesis hormones play at least two roles in mammary carcinogenesis induced by diverse agents, such as viruses, chemicals, and radiation. First, hormones are necessary for DNA synthesis and mitosis of initial transformed cells for their conversion into fixed transformed cells with heritable characteristics. Second, hormones, by increasing the rate of cell division, shorten the reproductive life span of normal cells, eventually causing a reduction in the normal to transformed cell ratio in the population--a condition that allows the emergence of tumor cells by overriding the inhibitory influence of normal cells.", "contents": "Role of hormones in mammary neoplasia. A testable hypothesis for the role of hormones in mammary carcinogenesis with implications for other endocrine-related carcinogenesis is presented. The hypothesis is based on these observations: (a) hormones are involved, directly or indirectly, in regulating cell division in normal mammary cells: (b) emergence of overt mammary tumors requires hormonal stimulation of cells receiving carcinogenic stimulus; (c) normal mammary cells are of finite divisional capabilities, whereas neoplastic cells appear to have infinite divisional life; and (d) normal cells, when present in large quantities relative to the neoplastic cells, inhibit the growth of the latter cells. According to the hypothesis hormones play at least two roles in mammary carcinogenesis induced by diverse agents, such as viruses, chemicals, and radiation. First, hormones are necessary for DNA synthesis and mitosis of initial transformed cells for their conversion into fixed transformed cells with heritable characteristics. Second, hormones, by increasing the rate of cell division, shorten the reproductive life span of normal cells, eventually causing a reduction in the normal to transformed cell ratio in the population--a condition that allows the emergence of tumor cells by overriding the inhibitory influence of normal cells.", "PMID": 698952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11759", "title": "Prolactin and the development and progression of early neoplastic mammary gland lesions.", "content": "Chronic suppression of prolactin by 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) in young nulliparous or mature multiparous C3H mice sharply suppressed the development of preneoplastic mammary gland lesions (hyperplastic alveolar nodules) and markedly inhibited the progression of these preneoplasias to carcinomas. This effect was also observed in C3H mice treated with either 17beta-estradiol or the oral contraceptive Enovid. Chronic CB-154 induced prolactin suppression was more effective than ovariectomy in the suppression of hyperplastic alveolar nodule development and comparable to ovariectomy in the suppression of mammary carcinoma development. Evidence is also provided indicating that human placental lactogen, a peptide chemically and physiologically similar to prolactin, promotes growth both in vitro (organ culture) and in vivo (athymic \"nude\" mouse) of the epithelium contained in benign human breast tumors. Whether or not human pituitary prolactin is capable of mimicking the mammotrophic action of human placental lactogen and whether a dysplastic, prolactin-sensitive lesion comparable to hyperplastic alveolar nodules exists in the human breast remains to be determined.", "contents": "Prolactin and the development and progression of early neoplastic mammary gland lesions. Chronic suppression of prolactin by 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) in young nulliparous or mature multiparous C3H mice sharply suppressed the development of preneoplastic mammary gland lesions (hyperplastic alveolar nodules) and markedly inhibited the progression of these preneoplasias to carcinomas. This effect was also observed in C3H mice treated with either 17beta-estradiol or the oral contraceptive Enovid. Chronic CB-154 induced prolactin suppression was more effective than ovariectomy in the suppression of hyperplastic alveolar nodule development and comparable to ovariectomy in the suppression of mammary carcinoma development. Evidence is also provided indicating that human placental lactogen, a peptide chemically and physiologically similar to prolactin, promotes growth both in vitro (organ culture) and in vivo (athymic \"nude\" mouse) of the epithelium contained in benign human breast tumors. Whether or not human pituitary prolactin is capable of mimicking the mammotrophic action of human placental lactogen and whether a dysplastic, prolactin-sensitive lesion comparable to hyperplastic alveolar nodules exists in the human breast remains to be determined.", "PMID": 698954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11760", "title": "Effect of parity on recovery of inapparent nodule-transformed mammary gland cells in vivo.", "content": "Inapparent nodule-transformed cells were recovered from five late-pregnant, first-pregnancy BALB/cfC3H females 4 months of age and from five late-pregnant multiparous females 6 to 7 months of age. Mammary tissues were removed from each donor and dissociated by means of the enzyme collagenase (0.1%), hyaluronidase (0.1%), and pronase (1.25%). Aliquots of 100,000 viable cells in 0.01 ml of media were injected into the gland-free mammary fat pads of 3-week-old syngeneic host mice. Ten weeks after the injection the outgrowths were classified as ductal, nodule, tumor, or combinations of these types of outgrowths. The recovery of nodule outgrowths indicated the presence of nodule-transformed cells in the cell suspension that was injected. All donors yielded nodule outgrowths, and the percentage of outgrowths was significantly greater than was the percentage recovered from virgin BALB/cfC3H females of the same age groups. The latent period for the emergence of nodules and tumors was reduced from 8 to 9 months in virgin females to 4 months in parous females. The incidence of both nodules and tumors was greatly increased. The data suggest that parity significantly increases the numbers of nodule-transformed cells in donor tissue, decreases the time required for the emergence of nodules and tumors, and increases the number of overt nodules and tumors.", "contents": "Effect of parity on recovery of inapparent nodule-transformed mammary gland cells in vivo. Inapparent nodule-transformed cells were recovered from five late-pregnant, first-pregnancy BALB/cfC3H females 4 months of age and from five late-pregnant multiparous females 6 to 7 months of age. Mammary tissues were removed from each donor and dissociated by means of the enzyme collagenase (0.1%), hyaluronidase (0.1%), and pronase (1.25%). Aliquots of 100,000 viable cells in 0.01 ml of media were injected into the gland-free mammary fat pads of 3-week-old syngeneic host mice. Ten weeks after the injection the outgrowths were classified as ductal, nodule, tumor, or combinations of these types of outgrowths. The recovery of nodule outgrowths indicated the presence of nodule-transformed cells in the cell suspension that was injected. All donors yielded nodule outgrowths, and the percentage of outgrowths was significantly greater than was the percentage recovered from virgin BALB/cfC3H females of the same age groups. The latent period for the emergence of nodules and tumors was reduced from 8 to 9 months in virgin females to 4 months in parous females. The incidence of both nodules and tumors was greatly increased. The data suggest that parity significantly increases the numbers of nodule-transformed cells in donor tissue, decreases the time required for the emergence of nodules and tumors, and increases the number of overt nodules and tumors.", "PMID": 698953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11761", "title": "Role of prostaglandins in the production of hypercalcemia by tumors.", "content": "This report summarizes the data from two animal and cell culture systems that serve as models that show how certain malignant tumors produce hypercalcemia by means of a humoral mechanism. Studies with the HSDM1 murine fibrosarcoma and the VX2 carcinoma in the rabbit have led to the conclusion that these two tumors produce hypercalcemia in the host by means of a mechanism that utilizes prostaglandin E2 as the mediator between the neoplasm and bone. Analogous or identical mechanisms may operate in a small number of human tumors.", "contents": "Role of prostaglandins in the production of hypercalcemia by tumors. This report summarizes the data from two animal and cell culture systems that serve as models that show how certain malignant tumors produce hypercalcemia by means of a humoral mechanism. Studies with the HSDM1 murine fibrosarcoma and the VX2 carcinoma in the rabbit have led to the conclusion that these two tumors produce hypercalcemia in the host by means of a mechanism that utilizes prostaglandin E2 as the mediator between the neoplasm and bone. Analogous or identical mechanisms may operate in a small number of human tumors.", "PMID": 698957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11762", "title": "Structure of chick progesterone receptors.", "content": "Oviduct progesterone receptors have been purified from both immature chicks and laying hens. The subunits, progestophilins A and B, have different molecular weights, but each is the same from either tissue source. Immunological data show that the subunits are cross-reactive. The hen B protein as isolated to homogeneity contains nonradioactive progesterone in stoichiometric amounts as shown by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These studies further confirm our earlier determinations on these proteins.", "contents": "Structure of chick progesterone receptors. Oviduct progesterone receptors have been purified from both immature chicks and laying hens. The subunits, progestophilins A and B, have different molecular weights, but each is the same from either tissue source. Immunological data show that the subunits are cross-reactive. The hen B protein as isolated to homogeneity contains nonradioactive progesterone in stoichiometric amounts as shown by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These studies further confirm our earlier determinations on these proteins.", "PMID": 698959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11763", "title": "Receptor and centriole pathways of steroid action in normal and neoplastic cells.", "content": "An experimental system designed for tracing the estradiol kinetics in target cells by specific antibodies has been applied to human breast cancer. Several major defects of the estradiol receptor mechanism have been demonstrated. The detected changes (lack of cytoplasmic receptors, impaired nuclear transfer of estradiol:receptor complexes, and abnormal nuclear retention of these complexes) have been demonstrated in most human breast cancers that appear to be composed of hormone-dependent and autonomous mixed-cell populations. These abnormalities could be the biological background for the overall or partial unresponsiveness of breast cancer to endocrine management. The participation of steroids in the regulation of centriole activities is taken into account since immunoreactive steroids are traceable by UV and electron microscopy at the level of this cell organelle by steroid antibodies. Moreover, the presence of steroids in the pericentriolar material correlates well with the modulating appearance and activity of the centriole throughout the cell cycle. A new centriole pathway is suggested by which steroid hormones can regulate cell proliferation.", "contents": "Receptor and centriole pathways of steroid action in normal and neoplastic cells. An experimental system designed for tracing the estradiol kinetics in target cells by specific antibodies has been applied to human breast cancer. Several major defects of the estradiol receptor mechanism have been demonstrated. The detected changes (lack of cytoplasmic receptors, impaired nuclear transfer of estradiol:receptor complexes, and abnormal nuclear retention of these complexes) have been demonstrated in most human breast cancers that appear to be composed of hormone-dependent and autonomous mixed-cell populations. These abnormalities could be the biological background for the overall or partial unresponsiveness of breast cancer to endocrine management. The participation of steroids in the regulation of centriole activities is taken into account since immunoreactive steroids are traceable by UV and electron microscopy at the level of this cell organelle by steroid antibodies. Moreover, the presence of steroids in the pericentriolar material correlates well with the modulating appearance and activity of the centriole throughout the cell cycle. A new centriole pathway is suggested by which steroid hormones can regulate cell proliferation.", "PMID": 698960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11764", "title": "Comparison between different forms of estrogen cytosol receptor and the nuclear receptor extracted by micrococcal nuclease.", "content": "As an approach to the mechanism of the nuclear translocation of estrogen receptor, the estradiol nuclear receptor (RN) of lamb endometrium was extracted with micrococcal nuclease at 2--4 degrees and compared to the \"native\" 8S and to the Ca2+-transformed cytosol receptors. After extensive digestion of chromatin, giving up to 10% perchloric acid-soluble DNA and a majority of nucleosome monomers, up to 80% of the RN was extracted and under low ionic strength. This RN was found to be completely different from the partially proteolyzed Ca2+-transformed cytosol receptor. It migrated with a sedimentation constant of 4 and 6 S. The Stokes radius of the predominant form as determined by ACA 34 chromatography was 5.3 nm. The calculated apparent molecular weights were 130,000 and 90,000, respectively. The RN was able to bind DNA and was eluted from a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column at 0.23 and 0.30 M KCl. We conclude that the mechanism proposed by Puca et al., according to which the Ca2+-transformed cytosol receptor is split by a Ca2+ receptor-transforming factor into a smaller form able to cross the nuclear membrane, is very unlikely.", "contents": "Comparison between different forms of estrogen cytosol receptor and the nuclear receptor extracted by micrococcal nuclease. As an approach to the mechanism of the nuclear translocation of estrogen receptor, the estradiol nuclear receptor (RN) of lamb endometrium was extracted with micrococcal nuclease at 2--4 degrees and compared to the \"native\" 8S and to the Ca2+-transformed cytosol receptors. After extensive digestion of chromatin, giving up to 10% perchloric acid-soluble DNA and a majority of nucleosome monomers, up to 80% of the RN was extracted and under low ionic strength. This RN was found to be completely different from the partially proteolyzed Ca2+-transformed cytosol receptor. It migrated with a sedimentation constant of 4 and 6 S. The Stokes radius of the predominant form as determined by ACA 34 chromatography was 5.3 nm. The calculated apparent molecular weights were 130,000 and 90,000, respectively. The RN was able to bind DNA and was eluted from a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column at 0.23 and 0.30 M KCl. We conclude that the mechanism proposed by Puca et al., according to which the Ca2+-transformed cytosol receptor is split by a Ca2+ receptor-transforming factor into a smaller form able to cross the nuclear membrane, is very unlikely.", "PMID": 698961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11765", "title": "Effects of ethidium bromide on the extractability of nuclear receptor-estrogen complex.", "content": "In previous reports we challenged the concept that uterine nuclei of rats contain two forms of estrogen receptors, one salt extractable and the other salt resistant. Although it is likely that a certain fraction of the nuclear bound receptor-estrogen complex exists as a ternary high-affinity acceptor-receptor-estrogen complex, current salt extraction procedures do not allow discrimination between receptor-17beta-estradiol complexes associated with high-affinity and low-affinity nuclear binding sites. Recent reports suggested that the DNA-intercalating agent ethidium bromide selectively extracted those sites that appeared to be salt resistant. In view of contradictory reports to this effect, we have attempted to clarify this issue. The data presented indicate that ethidium bromide is not a useful tool for the identification of a specific class (\"salt-resistant\") of nuclear binding sites for receptor-17beta-estradiol complexes. This conclusion is based on measurement of nuclear bound receptor-17-beta-estradiol following KCl and/or ethidium bromide extraction by using both the direct assay and the nuclear exchange assay.", "contents": "Effects of ethidium bromide on the extractability of nuclear receptor-estrogen complex. In previous reports we challenged the concept that uterine nuclei of rats contain two forms of estrogen receptors, one salt extractable and the other salt resistant. Although it is likely that a certain fraction of the nuclear bound receptor-estrogen complex exists as a ternary high-affinity acceptor-receptor-estrogen complex, current salt extraction procedures do not allow discrimination between receptor-17beta-estradiol complexes associated with high-affinity and low-affinity nuclear binding sites. Recent reports suggested that the DNA-intercalating agent ethidium bromide selectively extracted those sites that appeared to be salt resistant. In view of contradictory reports to this effect, we have attempted to clarify this issue. The data presented indicate that ethidium bromide is not a useful tool for the identification of a specific class (\"salt-resistant\") of nuclear binding sites for receptor-17beta-estradiol complexes. This conclusion is based on measurement of nuclear bound receptor-17-beta-estradiol following KCl and/or ethidium bromide extraction by using both the direct assay and the nuclear exchange assay.", "PMID": 698962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11766", "title": "Restoration by adrenalectomy of weight and binding capacity of glucorcorticoid receptors of the thymus in AH 130 tumor-bearing rats.", "content": "The binding capacity of specific receptors for dexamethasone (11beta,17alpha,21-trihydroxy-9alpha-fluoro-16alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) in the cytoplasm of the thymus of rats bearing AH 130 (solid-type) tumors decreased significantly during tumor growth. Adrenalectomy restored the binding capacity of the glucocorticoid receptors and the weight of the thymus to nearly the normal values in rats bearing tumors. The affinity of these receptors for dexamethasone was very low in rats bearing tumors, but it was also restored to nearly the normal value by adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Restoration by adrenalectomy of weight and binding capacity of glucorcorticoid receptors of the thymus in AH 130 tumor-bearing rats. The binding capacity of specific receptors for dexamethasone (11beta,17alpha,21-trihydroxy-9alpha-fluoro-16alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) in the cytoplasm of the thymus of rats bearing AH 130 (solid-type) tumors decreased significantly during tumor growth. Adrenalectomy restored the binding capacity of the glucocorticoid receptors and the weight of the thymus to nearly the normal values in rats bearing tumors. The affinity of these receptors for dexamethasone was very low in rats bearing tumors, but it was also restored to nearly the normal value by adrenalectomy.", "PMID": 698964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11767", "title": "Specific binding of estrogens in different fetal tissues of guinea pig during fetal development.", "content": "Cytosol and nuclear specific estradiol binding was evaluated in the fetal uterus, kidney, lung, and brain of guinea pig during fetal development and after birth. The quantity of specific binding sites increases during fetal development and decreases after birth, particularly that of the nuclei. An exception is the binding in the cytosol fraction of lung in which the number of available binding sites continues to increase in newborn animals. In the fetal uterus the amount of specific binding of estradiol and estrone is similar. The selective uptake of radioactivity and its localization by autoradiography in cell nuclei are in accordance with the high levels of estrogen receptors, particularly at the end of gestation.", "contents": "Specific binding of estrogens in different fetal tissues of guinea pig during fetal development. Cytosol and nuclear specific estradiol binding was evaluated in the fetal uterus, kidney, lung, and brain of guinea pig during fetal development and after birth. The quantity of specific binding sites increases during fetal development and decreases after birth, particularly that of the nuclei. An exception is the binding in the cytosol fraction of lung in which the number of available binding sites continues to increase in newborn animals. In the fetal uterus the amount of specific binding of estradiol and estrone is similar. The selective uptake of radioactivity and its localization by autoradiography in cell nuclei are in accordance with the high levels of estrogen receptors, particularly at the end of gestation.", "PMID": 698965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11768", "title": "Glucorticoid resistance in murine lymphoma and thymoma lines.", "content": "The thymoma line W7 contains 30,000 dexamethasone-binding sites per cell and gives rise to glucocorticoid-resistant variants at a frequency less than 1.6 X 10(-9); the lymphoma S49 contains one-half that amount of receptor, is resistant to low concentrations of dexamethasone, and gives rise to fully resistant variants at high frequency. These results suggest that S49 is functionally haploid (r+/-) for a gene coding for the receptor while W7 appears diploid for that locus (r+/+). Derivatives of the W7 (r+/+) line, selected for resistance to low concentrations of dexamethasone, have the same properties as S49. These putative W7's (r+/-) give rise to the same types of receptor variants as S49 and in the same proportion; 80 to 90% are \"receptorless\" (r-) while 10 to 20% are \"nuclear transfer defective\" (nt-). A total of 127 variants resistant to high concentrations of dexamethasone were derived from the W7 (r+/+) line after mutagenesis. All are receptor variants but N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and ethyl methanesulfonate induce only 60 to 70% r- variants, confirming the presence of two r+ alleles in the parental line. Ultraviolet light induces a higher proportion (87%) of r+ variants, as expected from the introduction of breaks and deletions in DNA.", "contents": "Glucorticoid resistance in murine lymphoma and thymoma lines. The thymoma line W7 contains 30,000 dexamethasone-binding sites per cell and gives rise to glucocorticoid-resistant variants at a frequency less than 1.6 X 10(-9); the lymphoma S49 contains one-half that amount of receptor, is resistant to low concentrations of dexamethasone, and gives rise to fully resistant variants at high frequency. These results suggest that S49 is functionally haploid (r+/-) for a gene coding for the receptor while W7 appears diploid for that locus (r+/+). Derivatives of the W7 (r+/+) line, selected for resistance to low concentrations of dexamethasone, have the same properties as S49. These putative W7's (r+/-) give rise to the same types of receptor variants as S49 and in the same proportion; 80 to 90% are \"receptorless\" (r-) while 10 to 20% are \"nuclear transfer defective\" (nt-). A total of 127 variants resistant to high concentrations of dexamethasone were derived from the W7 (r+/+) line after mutagenesis. All are receptor variants but N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and ethyl methanesulfonate induce only 60 to 70% r- variants, confirming the presence of two r+ alleles in the parental line. Ultraviolet light induces a higher proportion (87%) of r+ variants, as expected from the introduction of breaks and deletions in DNA.", "PMID": 698966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11769", "title": "Steroid receptors in human breast cancer.", "content": "The measurement of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in tumors from patients with breast cancer is now well established. Potential uses include prognosis of early recurrence following mastectomy, stratifying patients for adjuvant therapies, and selecting or rejecting endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer. The use of progesterone receptor measurements to improve our selection process has a good theoretical basis, and early reports now emerging indicate that the presence of both estrogen and progesterone receptor in a breast tumor predicts a high response rate to endocrine therapy. Further work in this area is required, however, since patients with estrogen receptor but not progesterone receptor still have an appreciable response rate.", "contents": "Steroid receptors in human breast cancer. The measurement of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in tumors from patients with breast cancer is now well established. Potential uses include prognosis of early recurrence following mastectomy, stratifying patients for adjuvant therapies, and selecting or rejecting endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer. The use of progesterone receptor measurements to improve our selection process has a good theoretical basis, and early reports now emerging indicate that the presence of both estrogen and progesterone receptor in a breast tumor predicts a high response rate to endocrine therapy. Further work in this area is required, however, since patients with estrogen receptor but not progesterone receptor still have an appreciable response rate.", "PMID": 698967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11770", "title": "Estrogen receptor assay in primary breast cancer and early recurrence of the disease.", "content": "Estrogen receptor assays of primary breast tumors have been related to early recurrence of the disease. A significantly longer disease-free interval was found in women whose primary tumor was estrogen receptor positive. Although there was no relationship of receptor content to stage of disease at mastectomy, the greatest difference between recurrence rates was found when the tumor had spread to the lymph nodes, especially to those in the apex of the axilla or in the internal mammary chain. Presence of estrogen receptor is closely related to histologically well-differentiated tumors, but it was found that poorly differentiated estrogen receptor-negative tumors recurred earlier than poorly differentiated receptor-positive tumors and had a very unfavorable prognosis.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor assay in primary breast cancer and early recurrence of the disease. Estrogen receptor assays of primary breast tumors have been related to early recurrence of the disease. A significantly longer disease-free interval was found in women whose primary tumor was estrogen receptor positive. Although there was no relationship of receptor content to stage of disease at mastectomy, the greatest difference between recurrence rates was found when the tumor had spread to the lymph nodes, especially to those in the apex of the axilla or in the internal mammary chain. Presence of estrogen receptor is closely related to histologically well-differentiated tumors, but it was found that poorly differentiated estrogen receptor-negative tumors recurred earlier than poorly differentiated receptor-positive tumors and had a very unfavorable prognosis.", "PMID": 698968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11771", "title": "Prognostic value of estrogen receptor determinations in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "The estrogen receptor content of human breast cancer specimens is related to the degree of differentiation (grade) of the tumor. In addition, patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumors experience fewer recurrences and remain disease free for a longer priod of time than do patients with receptor-negative tumors. The presence of estrogen receptor is not correlated with lymph node infiltration.", "contents": "Prognostic value of estrogen receptor determinations in patients with breast cancer. The estrogen receptor content of human breast cancer specimens is related to the degree of differentiation (grade) of the tumor. In addition, patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumors experience fewer recurrences and remain disease free for a longer priod of time than do patients with receptor-negative tumors. The presence of estrogen receptor is not correlated with lymph node infiltration.", "PMID": 698969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11772", "title": "Some comments on the necessity of receptor determination in human breast cancer.", "content": "Estrogen receptors (ER's) were determined by agar gel electrophoresis in 105 human mammary tumor biopsies. Fifty-three tumor specimens revealed measurable amounts of receptor, and 64% of these patients showed an objective remission after endocrine treatment. If we also include cases with partial remission, previous response, and arrested growth but no actual remission, the benefit rate increases to 87%. The corresponding percentage in the ER-negative groups is 13%. In a retrospective study of 42 patients with human breast cancer, a correlation between ER finding and remission rate after chemotherapy was found. Of the ER-negative patients, 71% showed an objective remission after polychemotherapy, whereas only 43% of the ER-positive cases revealed such remission. The presented data are discussed with special regard to their clinical relevance.", "contents": "Some comments on the necessity of receptor determination in human breast cancer. Estrogen receptors (ER's) were determined by agar gel electrophoresis in 105 human mammary tumor biopsies. Fifty-three tumor specimens revealed measurable amounts of receptor, and 64% of these patients showed an objective remission after endocrine treatment. If we also include cases with partial remission, previous response, and arrested growth but no actual remission, the benefit rate increases to 87%. The corresponding percentage in the ER-negative groups is 13%. In a retrospective study of 42 patients with human breast cancer, a correlation between ER finding and remission rate after chemotherapy was found. Of the ER-negative patients, 71% showed an objective remission after polychemotherapy, whereas only 43% of the ER-positive cases revealed such remission. The presented data are discussed with special regard to their clinical relevance.", "PMID": 698971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11773", "title": "Relation between steroid receptor content and the response to hormone addition in isolated human breast cancer cells in short-term culture.", "content": "The hormone dependence of human breast tumors has been investigated in two ways: (a) estradiol and progesterone receptor determination in tumor tissue; and (b) measurement of the growth-stimulating effect of hormones on cells in short-term culture. Preliminary results from 15 tumors suggest that such a model may be used for human breast tumors. The behavior of the cultures under hormonal stimulation depended on their receptor content. In this series of patients, the tumors containing both estradiol and progesterone receptors were stimulated by addition of insulin and estradiol while the tumors containing either estradiol receptor alone or no steroid receptor were not modified by hormonal addition.", "contents": "Relation between steroid receptor content and the response to hormone addition in isolated human breast cancer cells in short-term culture. The hormone dependence of human breast tumors has been investigated in two ways: (a) estradiol and progesterone receptor determination in tumor tissue; and (b) measurement of the growth-stimulating effect of hormones on cells in short-term culture. Preliminary results from 15 tumors suggest that such a model may be used for human breast tumors. The behavior of the cultures under hormonal stimulation depended on their receptor content. In this series of patients, the tumors containing both estradiol and progesterone receptors were stimulated by addition of insulin and estradiol while the tumors containing either estradiol receptor alone or no steroid receptor were not modified by hormonal addition.", "PMID": 698973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11774", "title": "Correlation between clinical response to hormone therapy and steroid receptor content in prostatic cancer.", "content": "Hormonal therapy is the dominating form of treatment for prostatic carcinoma. The majority of cases (80%) are well controlled for varying times with this regimen. However, thus far there have been no adequate methods to predict in which cases hormonal therapy is of less benefit. Measurement of cancer tissue content of intracellular hormone receptors constitutes progress toward a more individualized therapy in prostatic carcinoma. In this study biopsies from 16 cancer patients were taken before therapy was given, and the specimens were analyzed with regard to content of specific methyltrienolone-binding sites. A correlation has been made between receptor content and clinical response to hormonal therapy in each case. Twelve specimens contained measurable amounts of steroid receptors. Of these, one patient died during irradiation therapy before onset of hormonal treatment. However, of the remaining 11 patients, 9 responded well to hormones (9/11 approximately 82%). The two receptor-positive nonresponders had the lowest measurable receptor levels in the series. Four specimens contained no detectable amounts of receptors. Three of these patients showed no response to therapy (3/4 = 75%) but one was \"false negative.\" Our data indicate that steroid receptor analysis may become a valuable diagnostic tool in individualizing the therapy for prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Correlation between clinical response to hormone therapy and steroid receptor content in prostatic cancer. Hormonal therapy is the dominating form of treatment for prostatic carcinoma. The majority of cases (80%) are well controlled for varying times with this regimen. However, thus far there have been no adequate methods to predict in which cases hormonal therapy is of less benefit. Measurement of cancer tissue content of intracellular hormone receptors constitutes progress toward a more individualized therapy in prostatic carcinoma. In this study biopsies from 16 cancer patients were taken before therapy was given, and the specimens were analyzed with regard to content of specific methyltrienolone-binding sites. A correlation has been made between receptor content and clinical response to hormonal therapy in each case. Twelve specimens contained measurable amounts of steroid receptors. Of these, one patient died during irradiation therapy before onset of hormonal treatment. However, of the remaining 11 patients, 9 responded well to hormones (9/11 approximately 82%). The two receptor-positive nonresponders had the lowest measurable receptor levels in the series. Four specimens contained no detectable amounts of receptors. Three of these patients showed no response to therapy (3/4 = 75%) but one was \"false negative.\" Our data indicate that steroid receptor analysis may become a valuable diagnostic tool in individualizing the therapy for prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 698975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11775", "title": "Animal models of the hormone-sensitive and -insensitive prostatic adenocarcinomas, Dunning R-3327-H, R-3327-HI, and R-3327-AT.", "content": "The Dunning R-3327-H is a well-differentiated transplantable rat prostatic adenocarcinoma that contains both hormone-sensitive and -insensitive cells. The component composed of hormone-insensitive cells has been permitted to grow in a castrated male, and a new slow-growing, well-differentiated hormone-insensitive subline of the tumor has been established and designated R-3327-HI. In addition, a rapidly growing hormone-insensitive anaplastic tumor has been developed, R-3327-AT. These three tumor lines have been characterized, and their histological and biochemical profiles are compared.", "contents": "Animal models of the hormone-sensitive and -insensitive prostatic adenocarcinomas, Dunning R-3327-H, R-3327-HI, and R-3327-AT. The Dunning R-3327-H is a well-differentiated transplantable rat prostatic adenocarcinoma that contains both hormone-sensitive and -insensitive cells. The component composed of hormone-insensitive cells has been permitted to grow in a castrated male, and a new slow-growing, well-differentiated hormone-insensitive subline of the tumor has been established and designated R-3327-HI. In addition, a rapidly growing hormone-insensitive anaplastic tumor has been developed, R-3327-AT. These three tumor lines have been characterized, and their histological and biochemical profiles are compared.", "PMID": 698976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11776", "title": "Chemical modification of neamine.", "content": "The aminocyclitol antibiotic neamine has been modified by changing the configuration of one or two hydroxyl groups of the aminocyclitol moiety to elucidate the relationship between configuration and antimicrobial activity. 5-Epi-, 6-epi-, and 5,6-diepineamine have been prepared and their antimicrobial activity has been determined against several micro-organisms.", "contents": "Chemical modification of neamine. The aminocyclitol antibiotic neamine has been modified by changing the configuration of one or two hydroxyl groups of the aminocyclitol moiety to elucidate the relationship between configuration and antimicrobial activity. 5-Epi-, 6-epi-, and 5,6-diepineamine have been prepared and their antimicrobial activity has been determined against several micro-organisms.", "PMID": 698978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11777", "title": "Isolation and characterization of glycoconjugates from B16 mouse melanoma tumors.", "content": "The major glycosaminoglycans isolated from B16 mouse melanoma tumors after Pronase digestion were shown to be a family of chondroitin 4-sulfates with different degrees of sulfation and a wide molecular-weight range. Ultracentrifugation data gave molecular weight values as high as 88 000, in contrast to that of costal cartilage chondroitin 4-sulfate which is about 14 000. A mucin-type sialoglycopeptide, isolated from the tumors by cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation of the Pronase digest, was shown to contain O-glycosylically linked tetra- and tri-saccharides consisting of sialic acid, galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine. The sialoglycoprotein, which on Pronase digestion gave rise to the glycopeptide, was isolated from the tumor by extraction with lithium diiodosalicylate and affinity chromatography on a wheat-germ agglutinin-Sepharose 4B column. It was homogeneous on the basis of gel filtration on Sepharose 4B and Sephadex G-200 columns, lectin affinity, and ion-exchange chromatography. The compounds isolated from the B16 mouse melanoma tumors are similar to those produced by the cultured melanoma cells, which suggests that the latter compounds are not artifacts of the culture system.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of glycoconjugates from B16 mouse melanoma tumors. The major glycosaminoglycans isolated from B16 mouse melanoma tumors after Pronase digestion were shown to be a family of chondroitin 4-sulfates with different degrees of sulfation and a wide molecular-weight range. Ultracentrifugation data gave molecular weight values as high as 88 000, in contrast to that of costal cartilage chondroitin 4-sulfate which is about 14 000. A mucin-type sialoglycopeptide, isolated from the tumors by cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation of the Pronase digest, was shown to contain O-glycosylically linked tetra- and tri-saccharides consisting of sialic acid, galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine. The sialoglycoprotein, which on Pronase digestion gave rise to the glycopeptide, was isolated from the tumor by extraction with lithium diiodosalicylate and affinity chromatography on a wheat-germ agglutinin-Sepharose 4B column. It was homogeneous on the basis of gel filtration on Sepharose 4B and Sephadex G-200 columns, lectin affinity, and ion-exchange chromatography. The compounds isolated from the B16 mouse melanoma tumors are similar to those produced by the cultured melanoma cells, which suggests that the latter compounds are not artifacts of the culture system.", "PMID": 698979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11778", "title": "beta-D-xylosidase from Bacillus pumilus PRL B12: hydrolysis of aryl beta-D-xylopyranosides.", "content": "The influence of substituents on the binding and hydrolysis of several substituted beta-D-xylopyranosides by beta-D-xylosidase from Bacillus pumilus PRL B12 has been investigated. From a comparison of the inhibition constants of 1-thio-beta-D-xylopyranosides with the apparent Michaelis-Menten constants of the substrates, it followed that the latter constants are good approximations of the true equilibrium constants. The influence of the substituent on the rate and activation parameters is small. The results are in agreement with, but do not prove, a one-step mechanism without the formation of a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate.", "contents": "beta-D-xylosidase from Bacillus pumilus PRL B12: hydrolysis of aryl beta-D-xylopyranosides. The influence of substituents on the binding and hydrolysis of several substituted beta-D-xylopyranosides by beta-D-xylosidase from Bacillus pumilus PRL B12 has been investigated. From a comparison of the inhibition constants of 1-thio-beta-D-xylopyranosides with the apparent Michaelis-Menten constants of the substrates, it followed that the latter constants are good approximations of the true equilibrium constants. The influence of the substituent on the rate and activation parameters is small. The results are in agreement with, but do not prove, a one-step mechanism without the formation of a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate.", "PMID": 698980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11779", "title": "Immunochemical studies on dextran-specific and levan-specific myeloma proteins from NZB mice.", "content": "Two dextran-specific (PC 3858 and PC 3936) and one levan-specific (PC 3660) NZB myeloma proteins were studied by quantitative precipitin and precipitin-inhibition assays. Both myeloma antidextrans were alphaD-(1 leads to 6) specific and precipitated strongly with a synthetic, linear dextran, molecular weight 35,500, and with other dextrans. The two myeloma antidextrans differed with respect to their relative reactivities with dextrans containing various proportions of alpha-D-(1 leads to 6), alpha-D-(1 leads to 4)-like, and alpha-D-(1 leads to 3)-like linkages. In inhibition assays, the two antidextran myeloma proteins behaved differently from each other, from alpha-D-(1 leads to 6)-specific BALB/c myeloma antidextrans, and from the human antidextrans previously studied. Isomalto-oligosaccharides IM3, IM4, and IM5 were all equal in inhibitory power but were only about 60% as potent as IM6 and IM7, which also inhibited equally on a molar basis. Although precipitation with linear dextran suggests that both may have groove-type sites, as previously inferred for QUPC 52, the size of their combining sites is uncertain. It is not clear whether the sites are only as big as three glucose residues with the increased inhibition by six and seven glucose residues being attributable to partial bivalence and to their ability to combine in several ways along the chain, or whether the site is as big as six glucose residues with the increment in binding by the fourth and fifth glucose residues being minimal and the sixth contributing considerable additional binding-energy. The fructan-specific myeloma protein did not react with inulin, but reacted with many levans and with perennial rye-grass levan containing only beta-D-(2 leads to 6) links. The levan-antilevan reaction was not inhibited by beta-D-(2 leads to 1)- linked oligosaccharides. The findings suggest that PC 3660 has a specificity for (2 leads to 6)-linked chains.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on dextran-specific and levan-specific myeloma proteins from NZB mice. Two dextran-specific (PC 3858 and PC 3936) and one levan-specific (PC 3660) NZB myeloma proteins were studied by quantitative precipitin and precipitin-inhibition assays. Both myeloma antidextrans were alphaD-(1 leads to 6) specific and precipitated strongly with a synthetic, linear dextran, molecular weight 35,500, and with other dextrans. The two myeloma antidextrans differed with respect to their relative reactivities with dextrans containing various proportions of alpha-D-(1 leads to 6), alpha-D-(1 leads to 4)-like, and alpha-D-(1 leads to 3)-like linkages. In inhibition assays, the two antidextran myeloma proteins behaved differently from each other, from alpha-D-(1 leads to 6)-specific BALB/c myeloma antidextrans, and from the human antidextrans previously studied. Isomalto-oligosaccharides IM3, IM4, and IM5 were all equal in inhibitory power but were only about 60% as potent as IM6 and IM7, which also inhibited equally on a molar basis. Although precipitation with linear dextran suggests that both may have groove-type sites, as previously inferred for QUPC 52, the size of their combining sites is uncertain. It is not clear whether the sites are only as big as three glucose residues with the increased inhibition by six and seven glucose residues being attributable to partial bivalence and to their ability to combine in several ways along the chain, or whether the site is as big as six glucose residues with the increment in binding by the fourth and fifth glucose residues being minimal and the sixth contributing considerable additional binding-energy. The fructan-specific myeloma protein did not react with inulin, but reacted with many levans and with perennial rye-grass levan containing only beta-D-(2 leads to 6) links. The levan-antilevan reaction was not inhibited by beta-D-(2 leads to 1)- linked oligosaccharides. The findings suggest that PC 3660 has a specificity for (2 leads to 6)-linked chains.", "PMID": 698981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11780", "title": "The chemistry and immunochemistry of carrageenans from Eucheuma and related algal species.", "content": "Carrageenans from several species of Eucheuma have been fractionated into KC1-soluble and KC1-insoluble fractions and analyzed by the usual chemical procedures. An anti-kappa-carrageenan, the reactivity of which is directed to kappa-structures (i.e., 3-linked galactose 4-sulphate, and 4-linked 3,6-anhydrogalactose) was used to analyze these carrageenans immunochemically. The antibody preparation shows only a small amount of cross-reactivity with iota-type carrageenans and thus could be used to distinguish kappa- and iota-type carrageenans, the latter having an index of homology of less than 0.2. A comparison of chemical and immunochemical data yielded further information as to the nature of the carrageenan-anti-carrageenan interaction, as well as elucidating the finer structure of carrageenans.", "contents": "The chemistry and immunochemistry of carrageenans from Eucheuma and related algal species. Carrageenans from several species of Eucheuma have been fractionated into KC1-soluble and KC1-insoluble fractions and analyzed by the usual chemical procedures. An anti-kappa-carrageenan, the reactivity of which is directed to kappa-structures (i.e., 3-linked galactose 4-sulphate, and 4-linked 3,6-anhydrogalactose) was used to analyze these carrageenans immunochemically. The antibody preparation shows only a small amount of cross-reactivity with iota-type carrageenans and thus could be used to distinguish kappa- and iota-type carrageenans, the latter having an index of homology of less than 0.2. A comparison of chemical and immunochemical data yielded further information as to the nature of the carrageenan-anti-carrageenan interaction, as well as elucidating the finer structure of carrageenans.", "PMID": 698982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11781", "title": "Prolapse of the mitral valve: clinical, hemodynamic, angiographic and echocardiographic correlations.", "content": "Among 1,519 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization over a 2-year period, angiographically unequivocal mitral valve prolapse was identified in 79 cases (5.2%). Mitral valve prolapse was clinically unsuspected in 30 of these 79 patients. Echocardiographic studies were available in 44 cases, but only 55% of the patients with prolapse of the mitral valve documented by angiography had positive echocardiographic findings. One third of the patients had associated coronary artery disease, aortic valve disease or atrial septal defects. 14 patients (18%) had moderate or severe mitral regurgitation. There was a wide spectrum of hemodynamic and ventriculographic abnormalities that could not entirely be explained by the degree of prolapse, by the severity of mitral regurgitation or by the presence of associated diseases.", "contents": "Prolapse of the mitral valve: clinical, hemodynamic, angiographic and echocardiographic correlations. Among 1,519 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization over a 2-year period, angiographically unequivocal mitral valve prolapse was identified in 79 cases (5.2%). Mitral valve prolapse was clinically unsuspected in 30 of these 79 patients. Echocardiographic studies were available in 44 cases, but only 55% of the patients with prolapse of the mitral valve documented by angiography had positive echocardiographic findings. One third of the patients had associated coronary artery disease, aortic valve disease or atrial septal defects. 14 patients (18%) had moderate or severe mitral regurgitation. There was a wide spectrum of hemodynamic and ventriculographic abnormalities that could not entirely be explained by the degree of prolapse, by the severity of mitral regurgitation or by the presence of associated diseases.", "PMID": 698983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11782", "title": "A method for demonstrating the efficacy of interventions designed to limit infarct size following coronary occlusion: beneficial effect of hyaluronidase.", "content": "In order to measure the protective effect of interventions following coronary artery occlusions in dogs, the creatine kinase activity of myocardial tissue was assayed after 24 h and related to the myocardial blood flow of that tissue measured with 85Sr labelled microspheres injected 15 min after occlusion. This assay showed normal levels when flow exceeded 50 cm3.min-1.100 g-1. In myocardium with flow reduced to 0 to 15 cm3. min-1.100g-1, creatine kinase activity was 7.6 +/- 0.6 IU.mg-1 protein in control dogs and 13.1 +/- 1.8 IU.mg-1 protein (P less than 0.01) in dogs given 500 NF units.kg-1 of hyaluronidase 20 min after occlusion. Where myocardial blood flow was reduced to 16 to 50 cm3. min-1. 100g-1, creatine kinase activity was increased from 14.1 +/- 1.1 to 20.5 +/- 1.4 IU.mg-1 protein by hyaluronidase. This method therefore assesses ischaemic damage independent of electrophysiological measurements and confirms myocardial preservation by hyaluronidase.", "contents": "A method for demonstrating the efficacy of interventions designed to limit infarct size following coronary occlusion: beneficial effect of hyaluronidase. In order to measure the protective effect of interventions following coronary artery occlusions in dogs, the creatine kinase activity of myocardial tissue was assayed after 24 h and related to the myocardial blood flow of that tissue measured with 85Sr labelled microspheres injected 15 min after occlusion. This assay showed normal levels when flow exceeded 50 cm3.min-1.100 g-1. In myocardium with flow reduced to 0 to 15 cm3. min-1.100g-1, creatine kinase activity was 7.6 +/- 0.6 IU.mg-1 protein in control dogs and 13.1 +/- 1.8 IU.mg-1 protein (P less than 0.01) in dogs given 500 NF units.kg-1 of hyaluronidase 20 min after occlusion. Where myocardial blood flow was reduced to 16 to 50 cm3. min-1. 100g-1, creatine kinase activity was increased from 14.1 +/- 1.1 to 20.5 +/- 1.4 IU.mg-1 protein by hyaluronidase. This method therefore assesses ischaemic damage independent of electrophysiological measurements and confirms myocardial preservation by hyaluronidase.", "PMID": 698985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11783", "title": "Effects of oxyfedrin: a beta-adrenoreceptor stimulant, on infarct size following acute coronary artery ligation.", "content": "Regional left ventricular blood flow and the extent of myocardial ischaemia were studied after acute coronary artery occlusion in open-chest dogs before and after infusion of oxyfedrin, a beta-adrenergic stimulant. Regional blood flow was measured with radioactive tracer microspheres and local tissue injury was estimated by the S-T segment elevation in epicardial electrocardiograms. Animals receiving oxyfedrin were divided into two groups: 1 and 2. Oxyfedrin was infused intravenously in a dose of 0.80 to 0.94 mg.kg-1 in dogs of group 1 and 1.45 to 1.60 mg.kg-1 in dogs of group 2. The rate of infusion in the animals of both groups was 0.61 mg.min-1. Oxyfedrin caused further S-T segment elevation over ischaemic myocardium and increased the extent of ischaemic injury in group 1 dogs. Conversely, in this same group of dogs, the blood flow was unchanged in low flow regions ( less than 0.3 cm3.g-1.min-1) and increased in higher flow areas, inside the ischaemic region. In the animals of group 2, oxyfedrin caused further S-T segment elevation over ischaemic myocardium and increased the extent of ischaemic injury. Concomitantly, blood flow was significantly reduced both inside and outside the ischaemic region. These observations in dogs of group 1 (ie increased blood flow inside the ischaemic region by infusion of oxyfedrin, in flow zones higher than 0.3 cm3.g-1.min-1, with a further S-T segment elevation over ischaemic myocardium, and an increase in the extent of ischaemic injury) may be explained by a primary effect of oxyfedrin on oxygen demands with secondary changes in blood flow.", "contents": "Effects of oxyfedrin: a beta-adrenoreceptor stimulant, on infarct size following acute coronary artery ligation. Regional left ventricular blood flow and the extent of myocardial ischaemia were studied after acute coronary artery occlusion in open-chest dogs before and after infusion of oxyfedrin, a beta-adrenergic stimulant. Regional blood flow was measured with radioactive tracer microspheres and local tissue injury was estimated by the S-T segment elevation in epicardial electrocardiograms. Animals receiving oxyfedrin were divided into two groups: 1 and 2. Oxyfedrin was infused intravenously in a dose of 0.80 to 0.94 mg.kg-1 in dogs of group 1 and 1.45 to 1.60 mg.kg-1 in dogs of group 2. The rate of infusion in the animals of both groups was 0.61 mg.min-1. Oxyfedrin caused further S-T segment elevation over ischaemic myocardium and increased the extent of ischaemic injury in group 1 dogs. Conversely, in this same group of dogs, the blood flow was unchanged in low flow regions ( less than 0.3 cm3.g-1.min-1) and increased in higher flow areas, inside the ischaemic region. In the animals of group 2, oxyfedrin caused further S-T segment elevation over ischaemic myocardium and increased the extent of ischaemic injury. Concomitantly, blood flow was significantly reduced both inside and outside the ischaemic region. These observations in dogs of group 1 (ie increased blood flow inside the ischaemic region by infusion of oxyfedrin, in flow zones higher than 0.3 cm3.g-1.min-1, with a further S-T segment elevation over ischaemic myocardium, and an increase in the extent of ischaemic injury) may be explained by a primary effect of oxyfedrin on oxygen demands with secondary changes in blood flow.", "PMID": 698986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11784", "title": "Haemodynamic effects on the myocardial blood flow supply/oxygen demand ratio in pacing induced angina pectoris.", "content": "Angina pectoris results from an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the subendocardium. The haemodynamic effects contributing to this imbalance have been studied in 10 patients with coronary artery disease. Myocardial oxygen demand was estimated from the tension time index (TTI), potential subendocardial flow from a diastolic pressure time index (DPTI), and the oxygen supply/demand ratio from (DPTI/TTI. With progressively increasing pacing rates up until induction of angina, no significant change in TTI was found whereas a significant fall in DPTI and DPTI/TTI occurred (P less than 0.001). During pacing runs with induction of angina DPTI/TTI reached a minimum value 5 s before,and at the onset of angina. No such relationship was seen for TTI or DPTI alone. A significant rise in LVEDP (P less than 0.05) and fall in dP/dt min (P less than 0.01) occurred at angina both contributing to a further reduction in DPTI and DPTI/TTI. Changes in DPTI/TTI may then reflect changes in the myocardial blood flow supply/oxygen demand ratio in the presence of coronary artery disease and haemodynamic changes before and at the induction of angina lead to a further reduction of this ratio.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects on the myocardial blood flow supply/oxygen demand ratio in pacing induced angina pectoris. Angina pectoris results from an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the subendocardium. The haemodynamic effects contributing to this imbalance have been studied in 10 patients with coronary artery disease. Myocardial oxygen demand was estimated from the tension time index (TTI), potential subendocardial flow from a diastolic pressure time index (DPTI), and the oxygen supply/demand ratio from (DPTI/TTI. With progressively increasing pacing rates up until induction of angina, no significant change in TTI was found whereas a significant fall in DPTI and DPTI/TTI occurred (P less than 0.001). During pacing runs with induction of angina DPTI/TTI reached a minimum value 5 s before,and at the onset of angina. No such relationship was seen for TTI or DPTI alone. A significant rise in LVEDP (P less than 0.05) and fall in dP/dt min (P less than 0.01) occurred at angina both contributing to a further reduction in DPTI and DPTI/TTI. Changes in DPTI/TTI may then reflect changes in the myocardial blood flow supply/oxygen demand ratio in the presence of coronary artery disease and haemodynamic changes before and at the induction of angina lead to a further reduction of this ratio.", "PMID": 698987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11785", "title": "Static mechanical properties and chemical composition of the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats: a comparison with the effects of induced hypertension.", "content": "The static elastic properties and medial scleroprotein content of the aorta have been examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (AS strain) aged 6 and 20 weeks (group SH). The results are compared with data from two previous studies on normal (group N) and induced hypertensive animals (group H). Spontaneous hypertension is associated with a relative increase in elastin and decrease in collagen when compared with the normal aorta. These changes are similar to, although smaller in magnitude than, those associated with induced hypertension. Elasticity measurements show that the functional stiffness (incremental strain) of the aorta in group SH is greater than normal. However, this difference diminishes with age, suggesting an adaptive response which tends to maintain the functional stiffness near to normal levels.", "contents": "Static mechanical properties and chemical composition of the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats: a comparison with the effects of induced hypertension. The static elastic properties and medial scleroprotein content of the aorta have been examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (AS strain) aged 6 and 20 weeks (group SH). The results are compared with data from two previous studies on normal (group N) and induced hypertensive animals (group H). Spontaneous hypertension is associated with a relative increase in elastin and decrease in collagen when compared with the normal aorta. These changes are similar to, although smaller in magnitude than, those associated with induced hypertension. Elasticity measurements show that the functional stiffness (incremental strain) of the aorta in group SH is greater than normal. However, this difference diminishes with age, suggesting an adaptive response which tends to maintain the functional stiffness near to normal levels.", "PMID": 698988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11786", "title": "Significance of epicardial Q waves as an acute marker of myocardial necrosis in dogs.", "content": "This study examines the significance of epicardial Q waves as a marker of myocardial cell necrosis. Ischaemia was produced in dogs by two methods: coronary artery occlusion sustained for 24 h (Group 1) and occlusion for 1 h followed by reperfusion (Group 2). Q waves did not appear until after 3 h of sustained occlusion, but were present within 40 min of reperfusion. In both groups, Q waves were not transient but persisted for at least 24 h. CPK levels were determined at 24 h in specimens from each lead site. In Group 1, Q sites had 66.6 +/- 5.9% (mean +/- SEM) less CPK than R wave sites (P less than 0.005). In Group 2, Q sites had only 28.2 +/- 4.5% less CPK than R sites. These results suggest that the extent of necrosis was greater at Q sites with sustained occlusion than with reperfusion. A similar relationship existed for the levels of ATP and CP determined at Q and R sites at 24 h. Histological examination by light and electron microscopy confirmed that in both groups, Q sites corresponded to areas of necrosis, while R sites indicated normal myocardium. However, the type of necrosis depended on the pathogenesis. Our results demonstrated that epicardial Q waves were a reliable marker of cell death, but that the morphological picture and extent of cell death depended on the mechanism and manner of injury. These conclusions were tested in a final series (Group 3) in which propranolol was given before and with release of the occlusion (0.5 mg.kg-1 at each time). In 47 sites at risk, in five dogs only two Q waves appeared. In each of these two, cell death was confirmed by evidence of CPK depletion and morphological alteration. In the remaining sites, no CPK depletion occurred. Histological examination revealed only infrequent small islands of subendocardial necrosis. The results confirm the validity of the epicardial electrocardiographic findings and illustrate the role of propranolol in preventing reperfusion necrosis.", "contents": "Significance of epicardial Q waves as an acute marker of myocardial necrosis in dogs. This study examines the significance of epicardial Q waves as a marker of myocardial cell necrosis. Ischaemia was produced in dogs by two methods: coronary artery occlusion sustained for 24 h (Group 1) and occlusion for 1 h followed by reperfusion (Group 2). Q waves did not appear until after 3 h of sustained occlusion, but were present within 40 min of reperfusion. In both groups, Q waves were not transient but persisted for at least 24 h. CPK levels were determined at 24 h in specimens from each lead site. In Group 1, Q sites had 66.6 +/- 5.9% (mean +/- SEM) less CPK than R wave sites (P less than 0.005). In Group 2, Q sites had only 28.2 +/- 4.5% less CPK than R sites. These results suggest that the extent of necrosis was greater at Q sites with sustained occlusion than with reperfusion. A similar relationship existed for the levels of ATP and CP determined at Q and R sites at 24 h. Histological examination by light and electron microscopy confirmed that in both groups, Q sites corresponded to areas of necrosis, while R sites indicated normal myocardium. However, the type of necrosis depended on the pathogenesis. Our results demonstrated that epicardial Q waves were a reliable marker of cell death, but that the morphological picture and extent of cell death depended on the mechanism and manner of injury. These conclusions were tested in a final series (Group 3) in which propranolol was given before and with release of the occlusion (0.5 mg.kg-1 at each time). In 47 sites at risk, in five dogs only two Q waves appeared. In each of these two, cell death was confirmed by evidence of CPK depletion and morphological alteration. In the remaining sites, no CPK depletion occurred. Histological examination revealed only infrequent small islands of subendocardial necrosis. The results confirm the validity of the epicardial electrocardiographic findings and illustrate the role of propranolol in preventing reperfusion necrosis.", "PMID": 698989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11787", "title": "Use of chronically-implanted ultrasonic crystals in the intact heart of the cat.", "content": "Methodology has been developed for utilising ultrasonic crystals in closed chest cats to measure alterations in regional left ventricular function. The technique is a modification of one previously utilised to monitor regional left ventricular length and thickness changes in closed chest dogs. The ultrasonic crystals we have utilised in the cat heart can monitor regional left ventricular epicardial length changes chronically and are able to identify changes in inotropic state produced by the administration of either isoprenaline or propranolol. These ultrasonic crystals should be useful in the acute and chronic monitoring of left ventricular function in closed chest and relatively small experimental animals that might be studied in a variety of different protocols.", "contents": "Use of chronically-implanted ultrasonic crystals in the intact heart of the cat. Methodology has been developed for utilising ultrasonic crystals in closed chest cats to measure alterations in regional left ventricular function. The technique is a modification of one previously utilised to monitor regional left ventricular length and thickness changes in closed chest dogs. The ultrasonic crystals we have utilised in the cat heart can monitor regional left ventricular epicardial length changes chronically and are able to identify changes in inotropic state produced by the administration of either isoprenaline or propranolol. These ultrasonic crystals should be useful in the acute and chronic monitoring of left ventricular function in closed chest and relatively small experimental animals that might be studied in a variety of different protocols.", "PMID": 698990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11788", "title": "Alterations in brain serotonin during congestive heart failure in the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster.", "content": "Serotonin and its major metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured in the pons-medulla, midbrain, posterior hypothalamus, anterior hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebellum of cardiomyopathic hamsters and their age-matched controls during the early and terminal stages of the cardiomyopathy. During the stage of cardiac decompensation, significant increases were observed in the concentration of serotonin in pons-medulla (2.30 +/- 0.07 vs 1.74 +/- 0.04; P less than 0.001) and posterior hypothalamus (3.49 +/- 0.04 vs. 3.04 +/- 0.11; P less than 0.005) and in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in pons-medulla (1.42 +/- 0.05 vs 0.97 +/- 0.05; P less than 0.001) and posterior hypothalamus (1.65 +/- 0.02 vs 1.32 +/- 0.07; P less than 0.001). No changes were noted in any of the brain regions of control animals. We conclude that congestive heart failure may be associated with alterations in activity of bulbohypothalamic serotonergic nerves.", "contents": "Alterations in brain serotonin during congestive heart failure in the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster. Serotonin and its major metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured in the pons-medulla, midbrain, posterior hypothalamus, anterior hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebellum of cardiomyopathic hamsters and their age-matched controls during the early and terminal stages of the cardiomyopathy. During the stage of cardiac decompensation, significant increases were observed in the concentration of serotonin in pons-medulla (2.30 +/- 0.07 vs 1.74 +/- 0.04; P less than 0.001) and posterior hypothalamus (3.49 +/- 0.04 vs. 3.04 +/- 0.11; P less than 0.005) and in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in pons-medulla (1.42 +/- 0.05 vs 0.97 +/- 0.05; P less than 0.001) and posterior hypothalamus (1.65 +/- 0.02 vs 1.32 +/- 0.07; P less than 0.001). No changes were noted in any of the brain regions of control animals. We conclude that congestive heart failure may be associated with alterations in activity of bulbohypothalamic serotonergic nerves.", "PMID": 698991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11789", "title": "Early development of noradrenaline-containing sympathetic nerves in the choroid plexus system of the rabbit.", "content": "The development of the adrenergic sympathetic innervation of the rabbit choroid plexus system was studied prenatally and up to two months after birth by a combination of fluorescence histochemistry (formaldehyde and glyoxylic acid methods) and quantitative enzymatic determinations of noradrenaline. The first signs of adrenergic nerves are found in the plexus of the third ventricle within the first day after birth. Fluorescent fibres subsequently appear in the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles (five days post partum) and the fourth ventricle (two weeks post partum). During the following development nerve fibres grow along blood vessels to form a plexus located between small vessels and the overlying epithelium. The nerve plexus, with varicose axon terminals, is fully developed at three weeks post partum, and maturation is then established by an increase in the number of terminals within the network of axons. There is a good agreement between (a) the development of the fluorescent nerves and histochemically visible adrenergic innervation, and (b) the tissue level of noradrenaline in the various choroid plexuses. Against the background of available information on the development of the secretory functions in choroid plexus, it is concluded that possibilities for a sympathetic neurogenic influence on the formation of cerebrospinal fluid exist already a few weeks after birth.", "contents": "Early development of noradrenaline-containing sympathetic nerves in the choroid plexus system of the rabbit. The development of the adrenergic sympathetic innervation of the rabbit choroid plexus system was studied prenatally and up to two months after birth by a combination of fluorescence histochemistry (formaldehyde and glyoxylic acid methods) and quantitative enzymatic determinations of noradrenaline. The first signs of adrenergic nerves are found in the plexus of the third ventricle within the first day after birth. Fluorescent fibres subsequently appear in the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles (five days post partum) and the fourth ventricle (two weeks post partum). During the following development nerve fibres grow along blood vessels to form a plexus located between small vessels and the overlying epithelium. The nerve plexus, with varicose axon terminals, is fully developed at three weeks post partum, and maturation is then established by an increase in the number of terminals within the network of axons. There is a good agreement between (a) the development of the fluorescent nerves and histochemically visible adrenergic innervation, and (b) the tissue level of noradrenaline in the various choroid plexuses. Against the background of available information on the development of the secretory functions in choroid plexus, it is concluded that possibilities for a sympathetic neurogenic influence on the formation of cerebrospinal fluid exist already a few weeks after birth.", "PMID": 699012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11790", "title": "The T-tubule system in the myocardia of the sand rat and mouse as demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The transverse tubule (T-tubule) system in papillary muscles of the sand rat and the mouse were studied with the aid of a diffusion tracer (horseradish peroxidase). The T-tubule system in the sand rat showed a typical mammalian pattern with sarcolemmal tubules invaginating at the Z-band level of the sarcomere. These tubules follow a transverse direction in the cell with frequent longitudinal side-branches which connect tubules at different Z-band levels. In the mouse myocardium, the T-tubules also start as lateral invaginations from the sarcolemma at the Z-band levels. In the cell interior, however, the tubules ramify and brake up into a complicated system of spirally running tubules. These spirals, of relative small diameter (400A--700A), frequently expand and form lobulated cisternae at the Z-band levels.", "contents": "The T-tubule system in the myocardia of the sand rat and mouse as demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase. The transverse tubule (T-tubule) system in papillary muscles of the sand rat and the mouse were studied with the aid of a diffusion tracer (horseradish peroxidase). The T-tubule system in the sand rat showed a typical mammalian pattern with sarcolemmal tubules invaginating at the Z-band level of the sarcomere. These tubules follow a transverse direction in the cell with frequent longitudinal side-branches which connect tubules at different Z-band levels. In the mouse myocardium, the T-tubules also start as lateral invaginations from the sarcolemma at the Z-band levels. In the cell interior, however, the tubules ramify and brake up into a complicated system of spirally running tubules. These spirals, of relative small diameter (400A--700A), frequently expand and form lobulated cisternae at the Z-band levels.", "PMID": 699013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11791", "title": "Types of endocrine cells in the human colon and rectum.", "content": "At least four types of endocrine-like cells have been detected histochemically in the mucosa of the human colon and rectum, i.e. argentaffin cells storing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and non-argentaffin cells reacting with glucagon, somatostatin and bovine pancreatic peptide (BPP) antibodies. Ultrastructurally, four main types and three rare types of endocrine-like cells have been identified. Among the former cells were: (1) argentaffin EC1 cells, known to store 5HT and substance P, (2) poorly argyrophil L cells, corresponding to the glucagon-immunoreactive cells storing enteroglucagon or glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLl), (3) inconstantly argyrophil F-like cells, possibly corresponding to BPP-immunoreactive cells, and (4) fairly argyrophil H cells of unknown function. Rare D cells, corresponding to somatostatin cells, N cells, corresponding to neurotensin cells, and P cells, of unknown function, have been also found.", "contents": "Types of endocrine cells in the human colon and rectum. At least four types of endocrine-like cells have been detected histochemically in the mucosa of the human colon and rectum, i.e. argentaffin cells storing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and non-argentaffin cells reacting with glucagon, somatostatin and bovine pancreatic peptide (BPP) antibodies. Ultrastructurally, four main types and three rare types of endocrine-like cells have been identified. Among the former cells were: (1) argentaffin EC1 cells, known to store 5HT and substance P, (2) poorly argyrophil L cells, corresponding to the glucagon-immunoreactive cells storing enteroglucagon or glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLl), (3) inconstantly argyrophil F-like cells, possibly corresponding to BPP-immunoreactive cells, and (4) fairly argyrophil H cells of unknown function. Rare D cells, corresponding to somatostatin cells, N cells, corresponding to neurotensin cells, and P cells, of unknown function, have been also found.", "PMID": 699014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11792", "title": "Sequential differentiation of intestinal endocrine cells in the fetal mouse.", "content": "The duodenum and ileum of 15 to 18-day old Swiss ICR mouse embryos were studied with the electron microscope to follow the differentiation of endocrine cells. Endocrine cells were classified on purely morphological characteristics. EC cells appeared at 16 days of gestation in both segments. At the same stage G cells were seen in the duodenum and K cells in the ileum. ECL, and S cells were identified in the duodenum at 17 days. Finally, D cells were seen at 18 days of gestation in the duodenum and ileum. With the electron microscope, endocrine cells were not identified in the small intestine of the mouse before the formation of villi.", "contents": "Sequential differentiation of intestinal endocrine cells in the fetal mouse. The duodenum and ileum of 15 to 18-day old Swiss ICR mouse embryos were studied with the electron microscope to follow the differentiation of endocrine cells. Endocrine cells were classified on purely morphological characteristics. EC cells appeared at 16 days of gestation in both segments. At the same stage G cells were seen in the duodenum and K cells in the ileum. ECL, and S cells were identified in the duodenum at 17 days. Finally, D cells were seen at 18 days of gestation in the duodenum and ileum. With the electron microscope, endocrine cells were not identified in the small intestine of the mouse before the formation of villi.", "PMID": 699015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11793", "title": "Catharanthine: a novel stimulator of pancreatic enzyme release.", "content": "The plant alkaloid, catharanthine, was shown to stimulate release of amylase from pancreatic fragments and to cause extensive degranulation of pancreatic acinar cells with accumulation of membrane material in the Golgi region. The extent and time course of maximal catharanthine stimulation was comparable to that induced by the cholinergic analog bethanechol. Antimycin inhibited the action of catharanthine while atropine did not. Removal of Ca2+ from the incubation medium inhibited amylase release induced by catharanthine but did not affect release induced by bethanechol. Catharanthine induced a delayed release of 45Ca2+ from prelabeled pancreatic fragments as compared to bethanechol. It is suggested therefore that catharanthine activates the physiological pathway controlling amylase release by causing a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ but the mechanism by which this occurs is different from that caused by physiological secretagogues.", "contents": "Catharanthine: a novel stimulator of pancreatic enzyme release. The plant alkaloid, catharanthine, was shown to stimulate release of amylase from pancreatic fragments and to cause extensive degranulation of pancreatic acinar cells with accumulation of membrane material in the Golgi region. The extent and time course of maximal catharanthine stimulation was comparable to that induced by the cholinergic analog bethanechol. Antimycin inhibited the action of catharanthine while atropine did not. Removal of Ca2+ from the incubation medium inhibited amylase release induced by catharanthine but did not affect release induced by bethanechol. Catharanthine induced a delayed release of 45Ca2+ from prelabeled pancreatic fragments as compared to bethanechol. It is suggested therefore that catharanthine activates the physiological pathway controlling amylase release by causing a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ but the mechanism by which this occurs is different from that caused by physiological secretagogues.", "PMID": 699016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11794", "title": "Influence of autonomic denervation upon the kinetics of the ileal epithelium of the rat.", "content": "The effect of autonomic denervation upon the kinetics of the ileal epithelium of rats was studied by tracing 3H-thymidine labelled nuclei and counting mitotic figures and goblet cells. Counts of labelled nuclei and goblet cells provided information about cell migration along the intestinal epithelium. The mitotic index and turnover time of this population were calculated from the mitotic figures counts. Comparing denervated animals with sham operated controls, it was possible to conclude that autonomic denervation, either sympathectomy or parasympathectomy results in a decrease in mitotic activity. As a result of lower mitotic activity in the crypts, the turnover time increases and there is a delay in the migration of cells from the crypts towards the villi. Sympathectomy causes an early short-lived effect upon the kinetics of the crypt cell population, since after 27h there is a tendency to normality. Parasympathectomy produces a slower but continuous decline in mitotic activity.", "contents": "Influence of autonomic denervation upon the kinetics of the ileal epithelium of the rat. The effect of autonomic denervation upon the kinetics of the ileal epithelium of rats was studied by tracing 3H-thymidine labelled nuclei and counting mitotic figures and goblet cells. Counts of labelled nuclei and goblet cells provided information about cell migration along the intestinal epithelium. The mitotic index and turnover time of this population were calculated from the mitotic figures counts. Comparing denervated animals with sham operated controls, it was possible to conclude that autonomic denervation, either sympathectomy or parasympathectomy results in a decrease in mitotic activity. As a result of lower mitotic activity in the crypts, the turnover time increases and there is a delay in the migration of cells from the crypts towards the villi. Sympathectomy causes an early short-lived effect upon the kinetics of the crypt cell population, since after 27h there is a tendency to normality. Parasympathectomy produces a slower but continuous decline in mitotic activity.", "PMID": 699017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11795", "title": "An autoradiographic study on the biosynthesis of the capillary basal lamina in the chick embryo telencephalon.", "content": "The elaboration of the basal lamina of telencephalic capillaries has been studied by autoradiography in chick embryos from day 16 to 19 of incubation. The cerebral vascular basal lamina is actively synthesized during the period of these stages of development. The animals were sacrificed 2, 15, 40 and 180 min after intravenous injection of 3H-proline. The hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline in the \"secretory\" cells permits their identification. Our observations suggest that endothelial cells, pericytes and perhaps glial cells participate in this elaboration. The various stages of the synthesis are performed sequentially in the ergastoplasm and then in the Golgi apparatus before the secretory material is released by exocytosis.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study on the biosynthesis of the capillary basal lamina in the chick embryo telencephalon. The elaboration of the basal lamina of telencephalic capillaries has been studied by autoradiography in chick embryos from day 16 to 19 of incubation. The cerebral vascular basal lamina is actively synthesized during the period of these stages of development. The animals were sacrificed 2, 15, 40 and 180 min after intravenous injection of 3H-proline. The hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline in the \"secretory\" cells permits their identification. Our observations suggest that endothelial cells, pericytes and perhaps glial cells participate in this elaboration. The various stages of the synthesis are performed sequentially in the ergastoplasm and then in the Golgi apparatus before the secretory material is released by exocytosis.", "PMID": 699018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11796", "title": "Contractile vacuoles in cells of a fresh water sponge, Spongilla lacustris.", "content": "Forty or more independently functioning contractile vacuoles (CVs) occupy the central region of fresh water sponge pinacocytes. Eash CV undergoes a cycle of enlargement by fusion, movement, shape change, rounding up, and emptying over the course of 5--30 min. Diameter at discharge varies between 1 and 13 micron. CVs in all cell types are associated with submicroscopic coated vesicles. Filled CVs are bounded by an unmodified trilaminar membrane, but vacuoles with excess membrane frequently show coated evaginations. These evaginations are thought to pinch off as coated vesicles, providing an avenue for membrane recycling in the CV system.", "contents": "Contractile vacuoles in cells of a fresh water sponge, Spongilla lacustris. Forty or more independently functioning contractile vacuoles (CVs) occupy the central region of fresh water sponge pinacocytes. Eash CV undergoes a cycle of enlargement by fusion, movement, shape change, rounding up, and emptying over the course of 5--30 min. Diameter at discharge varies between 1 and 13 micron. CVs in all cell types are associated with submicroscopic coated vesicles. Filled CVs are bounded by an unmodified trilaminar membrane, but vacuoles with excess membrane frequently show coated evaginations. These evaginations are thought to pinch off as coated vesicles, providing an avenue for membrane recycling in the CV system.", "PMID": 699019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11797", "title": "An ultrastructural study of periderm granules in the regenerating feather of the jungle fowl.", "content": "Periderm granules in the support cells of regenerating feathers of mature male Jungle Fowls were studied ultrastructurally and histochemically. Histochemical results showed the absence of carbohydrate and lipid, and the presence of protein in the periderm granules. The periderm granules were measured at successive levels of feather regeneration. The mean size of the periderm granules increased significantly as the regenerating feather matured, and this observation was suggestive of a storage function, perhaps of surplus of waste protein. The cells in which the periderm granules are found also contain glycogen. There are numerous desmosomal junctions on their interdigitating plasma membranes. These transient cells may collect waste, provide nutrition, and serve as a protective barrier for the definitive cells of the regenerating feather.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of periderm granules in the regenerating feather of the jungle fowl. Periderm granules in the support cells of regenerating feathers of mature male Jungle Fowls were studied ultrastructurally and histochemically. Histochemical results showed the absence of carbohydrate and lipid, and the presence of protein in the periderm granules. The periderm granules were measured at successive levels of feather regeneration. The mean size of the periderm granules increased significantly as the regenerating feather matured, and this observation was suggestive of a storage function, perhaps of surplus of waste protein. The cells in which the periderm granules are found also contain glycogen. There are numerous desmosomal junctions on their interdigitating plasma membranes. These transient cells may collect waste, provide nutrition, and serve as a protective barrier for the definitive cells of the regenerating feather.", "PMID": 699020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11798", "title": "A further type of transient cytoplasmic organelle in human spermatids.", "content": "Osmiophilic granules with surrounding vesicles resembling flower-like structures occur transiently during the differentiation of human spermatids. These organelles are incorporated into the residual bodies when mature spermatids are released from the germinal epithelium.", "contents": "A further type of transient cytoplasmic organelle in human spermatids. Osmiophilic granules with surrounding vesicles resembling flower-like structures occur transiently during the differentiation of human spermatids. These organelles are incorporated into the residual bodies when mature spermatids are released from the germinal epithelium.", "PMID": 699021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11799", "title": "Evidence for the zonation of interrenal tissue in the adrenal gland of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos).", "content": "Although interrenal tissue from the intact duck does not show a clear zonation when examined by light microscopy, the tissue does develop a well defined zonation following exposure to high and low levels of corticotropic stimulation. Under these conditions clear ultrastructural differences are seen between cells of the subcapsular  zone (SCZ) and the inner zone (IZ). Based on these observations, the ultrastructure of tissue from intact birds was examined retrospectively and in addition, cell sizes and the relative volumes and areas of intracellular components were measured morphometrically. These analyses reveal morphological and quantitative differences between cells from the IZ and the SCZ. Cells of the IZ have small rounded nuclei, extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and mitochondria with tubular cristae, whereas cells from the SCZ contain pleomorphic nuclei, less SER and mitochondria with shelf-like cristae. The mean cell volume in the IZ is significantly less than that in the SCZ. In the SCZ cells the volume densities (volume per unit volume cytoplasm) of mitochondria and lipid droplets and the surface densities (area per unit volume cytoplasm) of the outer mitochondrial membranes are significantly greater than those in IZ cells. Conversely, in the cells of the IZ the volume densities of the nuclei and dense bodies and the surface density of the SER are greater than the corresponding values estimated for the cells of the SCZ. Although the mitochondria comprise a smaller fraction of the mean volume of IZ cells than SCZ cells, the total surface area of the cristae is approximately the same in the cells of both zones.", "contents": "Evidence for the zonation of interrenal tissue in the adrenal gland of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Although interrenal tissue from the intact duck does not show a clear zonation when examined by light microscopy, the tissue does develop a well defined zonation following exposure to high and low levels of corticotropic stimulation. Under these conditions clear ultrastructural differences are seen between cells of the subcapsular  zone (SCZ) and the inner zone (IZ). Based on these observations, the ultrastructure of tissue from intact birds was examined retrospectively and in addition, cell sizes and the relative volumes and areas of intracellular components were measured morphometrically. These analyses reveal morphological and quantitative differences between cells from the IZ and the SCZ. Cells of the IZ have small rounded nuclei, extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and mitochondria with tubular cristae, whereas cells from the SCZ contain pleomorphic nuclei, less SER and mitochondria with shelf-like cristae. The mean cell volume in the IZ is significantly less than that in the SCZ. In the SCZ cells the volume densities (volume per unit volume cytoplasm) of mitochondria and lipid droplets and the surface densities (area per unit volume cytoplasm) of the outer mitochondrial membranes are significantly greater than those in IZ cells. Conversely, in the cells of the IZ the volume densities of the nuclei and dense bodies and the surface density of the SER are greater than the corresponding values estimated for the cells of the SCZ. Although the mitochondria comprise a smaller fraction of the mean volume of IZ cells than SCZ cells, the total surface area of the cristae is approximately the same in the cells of both zones.", "PMID": 699022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11800", "title": "Light and electron microscopy of the ducts and their subepithelial tissue in the rat ventral prostate.", "content": "The ducts of the rat ventral prostate have been studied by light and electron microscopy for elucidation of their role in prostatic function. The epithelium of the main duct consists of simple columnar cells and polymorphic basal cells. The columnar cells show no indication of secretory activity. The basal cells contain bundles of filaments of 5--6 nm thickness and numerous pinocytotic vesicles. The ducts are surrounded by layers of circular smooth muscle cells interspersed with nerve axons. On ultrastructural grounds the ducts do not appear to secrete material into the seminal fluid, but apparently the muscular coat actively helps drain the gland during ejaculation.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopy of the ducts and their subepithelial tissue in the rat ventral prostate. The ducts of the rat ventral prostate have been studied by light and electron microscopy for elucidation of their role in prostatic function. The epithelium of the main duct consists of simple columnar cells and polymorphic basal cells. The columnar cells show no indication of secretory activity. The basal cells contain bundles of filaments of 5--6 nm thickness and numerous pinocytotic vesicles. The ducts are surrounded by layers of circular smooth muscle cells interspersed with nerve axons. On ultrastructural grounds the ducts do not appear to secrete material into the seminal fluid, but apparently the muscular coat actively helps drain the gland during ejaculation.", "PMID": 699023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11801", "title": "Studies on the ultrastructure and permeability of the hemotrichorial placenta. I. Intercellular junctions of layer I and tracer administration into the maternal compartment.", "content": "The distribution of lanthanum chloride and horseradish peroxidase within the full-term chorioallantoic placenta of the rat was investigated 1 to 20 min after administration of these tracers into the maternal blood circulation. Both tracers rapidly penetrate trophoblastic layer I and diffuse into the interspace between layers I and II. They are localized in extensive infoldings and caveolae of the outer surface of layer II. The syncytial character of layer II is confirmed at this development stage of the placenta. There is no vesicular uptake or penetration beyond layer II until 20 min after tracer administration. Our results indicate that trophoblastic layer II is the main barrier in the chorioallantoic rat placenta preventing the permeation of macromolecules from maternal to fetal compartments. With freeze-fracturing, particulate strutures of variable arrangement and size are found between adjacent cells of layer I. With goniometric analysis small gaps between the appositions of the membrane are observed. These structures are interpreted as tight and/or gap junctions during stages of assembly or disassembly.", "contents": "Studies on the ultrastructure and permeability of the hemotrichorial placenta. I. Intercellular junctions of layer I and tracer administration into the maternal compartment. The distribution of lanthanum chloride and horseradish peroxidase within the full-term chorioallantoic placenta of the rat was investigated 1 to 20 min after administration of these tracers into the maternal blood circulation. Both tracers rapidly penetrate trophoblastic layer I and diffuse into the interspace between layers I and II. They are localized in extensive infoldings and caveolae of the outer surface of layer II. The syncytial character of layer II is confirmed at this development stage of the placenta. There is no vesicular uptake or penetration beyond layer II until 20 min after tracer administration. Our results indicate that trophoblastic layer II is the main barrier in the chorioallantoic rat placenta preventing the permeation of macromolecules from maternal to fetal compartments. With freeze-fracturing, particulate strutures of variable arrangement and size are found between adjacent cells of layer I. With goniometric analysis small gaps between the appositions of the membrane are observed. These structures are interpreted as tight and/or gap junctions during stages of assembly or disassembly.", "PMID": 699024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11802", "title": "Studies on the ultrastructure and permeability of the hemotrichorial placenta. II. Fetal capillaries and tracer administration into the fetal blood circulation.", "content": "The distribution of horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum chloride within the full term chorioallantoic placenta of the rat was examined after administration of these tracers into the umbilical artery. Both tracers rapidly traverse the capillary endothelium. Transendothelial channels, fenestrations and micropinocytotic vesicles provide the main pathways. Intercellular clefts which are either patent or interrupted by leaky intercellular junctions, also contribute to a rapid passage of low and high molecular weight substances. Deep channel-like invaginations, effecting an increase of the exchange area of layer III, are freely accessible to the tracers from the interspace between the capillary endothelium and trophoblastic layer III. The invaginations, however, are not in continuity with the interspace between layers II and III, verifying the syncytial character of layer III. Neither an uptake of the tracers nor a passage across layer III is observed. The main permeability barrier to feto-maternal transfer within the chorioallantoic placenta is localized in the syncytiotrophoblastic layer III. This layer controls the passage of low molecular weight substances and restricts the penetration of high molecular weight substances.", "contents": "Studies on the ultrastructure and permeability of the hemotrichorial placenta. II. Fetal capillaries and tracer administration into the fetal blood circulation. The distribution of horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum chloride within the full term chorioallantoic placenta of the rat was examined after administration of these tracers into the umbilical artery. Both tracers rapidly traverse the capillary endothelium. Transendothelial channels, fenestrations and micropinocytotic vesicles provide the main pathways. Intercellular clefts which are either patent or interrupted by leaky intercellular junctions, also contribute to a rapid passage of low and high molecular weight substances. Deep channel-like invaginations, effecting an increase of the exchange area of layer III, are freely accessible to the tracers from the interspace between the capillary endothelium and trophoblastic layer III. The invaginations, however, are not in continuity with the interspace between layers II and III, verifying the syncytial character of layer III. Neither an uptake of the tracers nor a passage across layer III is observed. The main permeability barrier to feto-maternal transfer within the chorioallantoic placenta is localized in the syncytiotrophoblastic layer III. This layer controls the passage of low molecular weight substances and restricts the penetration of high molecular weight substances.", "PMID": 699025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11803", "title": "Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat. Pathways to the limbic system, medulla oblongata and spinal cord.", "content": "Vasopressin and oxytocin pathways were specifically localized in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde fixed rat brains, with the use of the unlabelled antibody enzyme method and purification of the first antiserum. Vasopressin and oxytocin containing pathways were traced from the paraventricular nucleus towards the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, the nuclei of the amygdala, substantia nigra and substantia grisea, nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus and to the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. In addition, a vasopressin containing pathway between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the lateral habenular nucleus was demonstrated. The possible nature (axons or dendrites) and role of these extrahypothalamic fibres is discussed in relation to water balance, milk ejection and avoidance behaviour.", "contents": "Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat. Pathways to the limbic system, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Vasopressin and oxytocin pathways were specifically localized in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde fixed rat brains, with the use of the unlabelled antibody enzyme method and purification of the first antiserum. Vasopressin and oxytocin containing pathways were traced from the paraventricular nucleus towards the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, the nuclei of the amygdala, substantia nigra and substantia grisea, nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus and to the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. In addition, a vasopressin containing pathway between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the lateral habenular nucleus was demonstrated. The possible nature (axons or dendrites) and role of these extrahypothalamic fibres is discussed in relation to water balance, milk ejection and avoidance behaviour.", "PMID": 699026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11804", "title": "Studies on bone marrow histogenesis: morphometric and autoradiographic studies of regeneration marrow stroma in extramedullary autoimplants and after evacuation of marrow cavity.", "content": "The marrow cavity of the rat tibia was mechanically evacuated and autoimplanted to the subcutaneous tissue. The regenerative process which restored the integrity of marrow stroma and hemopoiesis, was morphometrically evaluated in whole mount of tibia. Following evacuation, the clot filled the cavity. The granulation tissue then appeared and expanded, penetrating and replacing the clot. The fibroblasts of the granulation tissue differentiated into osteoblasts forming osteoid bone. Within its interstices, the primordial marrow consisting of loose connective tissue and vascular sinuses appeared and hemopoiesis resumed. Expansion of hemopoiesis resulted in the resorption of bone and within three weeks the tibial cavity was restored to the pre-evacuation state. Autoradiography indicated that the labeling index was initially high in fibroblasts and osteoblasts but was subsequently reduced while it increased in osteocytes, cells of Haversian canals, stromal and hemopoietic cells of marrow. The finding is in disagreement with the view that the regenerative process originates from the Haversian canal. When the label was introduced on day 4 post-operatively, it subsequently appeared in osteocytes, cells of Haversian canal, stromal elements of the marrow, but not in the hemopoietic cells. This indicates complete dissociation of marrow stroma and hemopoietic stem cell.", "contents": "Studies on bone marrow histogenesis: morphometric and autoradiographic studies of regeneration marrow stroma in extramedullary autoimplants and after evacuation of marrow cavity. The marrow cavity of the rat tibia was mechanically evacuated and autoimplanted to the subcutaneous tissue. The regenerative process which restored the integrity of marrow stroma and hemopoiesis, was morphometrically evaluated in whole mount of tibia. Following evacuation, the clot filled the cavity. The granulation tissue then appeared and expanded, penetrating and replacing the clot. The fibroblasts of the granulation tissue differentiated into osteoblasts forming osteoid bone. Within its interstices, the primordial marrow consisting of loose connective tissue and vascular sinuses appeared and hemopoiesis resumed. Expansion of hemopoiesis resulted in the resorption of bone and within three weeks the tibial cavity was restored to the pre-evacuation state. Autoradiography indicated that the labeling index was initially high in fibroblasts and osteoblasts but was subsequently reduced while it increased in osteocytes, cells of Haversian canals, stromal and hemopoietic cells of marrow. The finding is in disagreement with the view that the regenerative process originates from the Haversian canal. When the label was introduced on day 4 post-operatively, it subsequently appeared in osteocytes, cells of Haversian canal, stromal elements of the marrow, but not in the hemopoietic cells. This indicates complete dissociation of marrow stroma and hemopoietic stem cell.", "PMID": 699027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11805", "title": "Ultrastructure of venules in the cat brain.", "content": "Intracerebral venules of the cat were examined to establish criteria for a distinct separation between the venous and arterial system, and to characterize, in greater detail, the mural construction of individual venules. The intracerebral venules compared with those of other organs. Venules do not have a vascular wall composed clearly of endothelium, media, and adventitia, as is characteristic of arteries and arterioles. The venous endothlium has a similar structure to that of capillaries. The periendothelial cells of the venule differ in shape depending on the vascular diameter. The number of periendothelial cell processes in postcapillary venules increases progressively. Segments in which the basal lamina of the endothelium merges with that of the glia cover a smaller portion of the circumference than in venous capillary loops. In collecting venules, the endothelium is almost completely enveloped by periendothelial cells which have a larger number of filaments. There are no typical smooth muscle cells in the intracerebral venules. The perivascular space becomes wider in collecting venules, contains adventitial cells, phagocytes and a great number of collagen fibers.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of venules in the cat brain. Intracerebral venules of the cat were examined to establish criteria for a distinct separation between the venous and arterial system, and to characterize, in greater detail, the mural construction of individual venules. The intracerebral venules compared with those of other organs. Venules do not have a vascular wall composed clearly of endothelium, media, and adventitia, as is characteristic of arteries and arterioles. The venous endothlium has a similar structure to that of capillaries. The periendothelial cells of the venule differ in shape depending on the vascular diameter. The number of periendothelial cell processes in postcapillary venules increases progressively. Segments in which the basal lamina of the endothelium merges with that of the glia cover a smaller portion of the circumference than in venous capillary loops. In collecting venules, the endothelium is almost completely enveloped by periendothelial cells which have a larger number of filaments. There are no typical smooth muscle cells in the intracerebral venules. The perivascular space becomes wider in collecting venules, contains adventitial cells, phagocytes and a great number of collagen fibers.", "PMID": 699028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11806", "title": "Ependyma and ependymal protrusions of the lateral ventricles of the rabbit brain.", "content": "The ependymal lining of the lateral ventricles of the rabbit brain was studied by means of scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). There exist cells devoid of cilia in the anterior horn over the region of the caudate nucleus, in the inferior horn over the hippocampus and on the opposite side over cortical regions. On the surface of some of these ependymal cells, accumulations of cytoplasmic folds and globules can be found. They bulge at different height over the ependymal cells. Clots of these cell particles are tied off from the cell, coming to lie as globules either on or between the cilia of the ependyma. TEM reveals that these protrusions are cell debris consisting of different sized vesicles, cell organelles, tubuli and cell filaments. They originate from the ependymal layer but may reach down to subependymal cells. Multivesicular protrusions into the ventricular lumen are also observed. Possible causes of these protrusions are discussed; they are likely to be related to the age of the animals. On the ependyma of the caudate nucleus cilia, microvilli, microblebs and supraependymal neuronal cell processes are distributed unevenly over the surface. Within regions where cilia predominate there are cells which are tightly covered with microvilli. A certain direction of the course of the supraependymal neuronal fibers could not be found.", "contents": "Ependyma and ependymal protrusions of the lateral ventricles of the rabbit brain. The ependymal lining of the lateral ventricles of the rabbit brain was studied by means of scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). There exist cells devoid of cilia in the anterior horn over the region of the caudate nucleus, in the inferior horn over the hippocampus and on the opposite side over cortical regions. On the surface of some of these ependymal cells, accumulations of cytoplasmic folds and globules can be found. They bulge at different height over the ependymal cells. Clots of these cell particles are tied off from the cell, coming to lie as globules either on or between the cilia of the ependyma. TEM reveals that these protrusions are cell debris consisting of different sized vesicles, cell organelles, tubuli and cell filaments. They originate from the ependymal layer but may reach down to subependymal cells. Multivesicular protrusions into the ventricular lumen are also observed. Possible causes of these protrusions are discussed; they are likely to be related to the age of the animals. On the ependyma of the caudate nucleus cilia, microvilli, microblebs and supraependymal neuronal cell processes are distributed unevenly over the surface. Within regions where cilia predominate there are cells which are tightly covered with microvilli. A certain direction of the course of the supraependymal neuronal fibers could not be found.", "PMID": 699029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11807", "title": "The effect of sex hormones on the proximal tubules in the rat kidney.", "content": "The three segments (S1, S2, S3) of the proximal tubule of the rat kidney were investigated, with special reference to lysosomes, after castration, estradiol application, and at the end of pregnancy. Especially in S1 and S2 castration induces an increase of cellular autophagy. The nuclei become smaller; endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus are reduced; catabolism predominates. In S1 more giant lysosomes occur; the total number of lysosomes increases whereas acid phosphatase activity decreases at the same time. Sex differences which exist in untreated animals disappear. Substitution with estradiol causes an activation of the proximal tubule cells: Heterophagy predominates, and cellular autophagy is reduced. Nuclear size is unchanged; ER, ribosomes and Golgi apparatus show a clear increase. Giant lysosomes are absent in S1. On the whole lysosomes are larger, but less numerous than after castration. Acid phosphatase is highly active. All changes are most evident in S3. At the end of pregnancy the proximal tubule cells are \"stressed\" considerably: Pinocytotic activity increases, and large numbers of cell organelles and many lipid vacuoles can be observed. The basal lamina in S1 and S2 becomes thicker. Lysosomes enlarge and increase in number in all segments; giant lysosomes are absent in S1; acid phosphatase is extremely high. The results indicate that sex hormones directly influence the regulation of the proximal tubule cell; moreover, they are indirectly important for the functioning of the kidney via changes in the whole organism.", "contents": "The effect of sex hormones on the proximal tubules in the rat kidney. The three segments (S1, S2, S3) of the proximal tubule of the rat kidney were investigated, with special reference to lysosomes, after castration, estradiol application, and at the end of pregnancy. Especially in S1 and S2 castration induces an increase of cellular autophagy. The nuclei become smaller; endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus are reduced; catabolism predominates. In S1 more giant lysosomes occur; the total number of lysosomes increases whereas acid phosphatase activity decreases at the same time. Sex differences which exist in untreated animals disappear. Substitution with estradiol causes an activation of the proximal tubule cells: Heterophagy predominates, and cellular autophagy is reduced. Nuclear size is unchanged; ER, ribosomes and Golgi apparatus show a clear increase. Giant lysosomes are absent in S1. On the whole lysosomes are larger, but less numerous than after castration. Acid phosphatase is highly active. All changes are most evident in S3. At the end of pregnancy the proximal tubule cells are \"stressed\" considerably: Pinocytotic activity increases, and large numbers of cell organelles and many lipid vacuoles can be observed. The basal lamina in S1 and S2 becomes thicker. Lysosomes enlarge and increase in number in all segments; giant lysosomes are absent in S1; acid phosphatase is extremely high. The results indicate that sex hormones directly influence the regulation of the proximal tubule cell; moreover, they are indirectly important for the functioning of the kidney via changes in the whole organism.", "PMID": 699030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11808", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of turnip yellow mosaic virus coat protein mRNA.", "content": "The primary structure of the coat protein messenger RNA of turnip yellow mosaic virus is presented. This sequence is the first complete nucleotide sequence of the coat protein messenger of a plant virus to be reported. The coding region, consisting of 567 nucleotides, is flanked by a 5' noncoding region of 19 nucleotides (not including the initiation codon and the cap structure) and by a 3' noncoding region of 109 nucleotides (including the termination signal). The coat protein mRNA has a base composition identical to that of the genome RNA with, in particular, the same high content in cytosine (38%). The codons that govern the incorporation of amino acids into the coat protein are nonrandomly utilized: is greater than 50% of the time the third base of the codons used is a cytosine. This pattern of codon preference is particularly marked for Leu, lle Val, Thr and Cys.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of turnip yellow mosaic virus coat protein mRNA. The primary structure of the coat protein messenger RNA of turnip yellow mosaic virus is presented. This sequence is the first complete nucleotide sequence of the coat protein messenger of a plant virus to be reported. The coding region, consisting of 567 nucleotides, is flanked by a 5' noncoding region of 19 nucleotides (not including the initiation codon and the cap structure) and by a 3' noncoding region of 109 nucleotides (including the termination signal). The coat protein mRNA has a base composition identical to that of the genome RNA with, in particular, the same high content in cytosine (38%). The codons that govern the incorporation of amino acids into the coat protein are nonrandomly utilized: is greater than 50% of the time the third base of the codons used is a cytosine. This pattern of codon preference is particularly marked for Leu, lle Val, Thr and Cys.", "PMID": 699035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11809", "title": "The incorporation of uracil into animal cell DNA in vitro.", "content": "In the presence of dUTP, net DNA synthesis in vitro is substantially reduced. Small DNA fragments that arise during in vitro DNA synthesis in the presence of dUTP are produced as a result of dUMP incorporation and subsequent post-replication excision repair process initiated by uracil-DNA-glycosylase. The size of the fragments is dependent upon the amount of dUMP incorporated, but unlike the normal 4S intermediates of DNA synthesis, these repair products are not precursors to high molecular weight DNA but are further degraded. The high levels of dUTPase as well as the presence of RNA primers on most nascent DNA pieces (Tseng and Goulian, 1977) suggest that repair of uracil-containing DNA does not contribute to the generation of the small, nascent DNA pieces found during DNA synthesis in this in vitro system.", "contents": "The incorporation of uracil into animal cell DNA in vitro. In the presence of dUTP, net DNA synthesis in vitro is substantially reduced. Small DNA fragments that arise during in vitro DNA synthesis in the presence of dUTP are produced as a result of dUMP incorporation and subsequent post-replication excision repair process initiated by uracil-DNA-glycosylase. The size of the fragments is dependent upon the amount of dUMP incorporated, but unlike the normal 4S intermediates of DNA synthesis, these repair products are not precursors to high molecular weight DNA but are further degraded. The high levels of dUTPase as well as the presence of RNA primers on most nascent DNA pieces (Tseng and Goulian, 1977) suggest that repair of uracil-containing DNA does not contribute to the generation of the small, nascent DNA pieces found during DNA synthesis in this in vitro system.", "PMID": 699036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11810", "title": "Organization of human delta--and beta-globin genes in cellular DNA and the presence of intragenic inserts.", "content": "We have analyzed human cellular DNA for its delta--and beta-globin gene sequence content by separation of restriction enzyme fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis; transfer of the DNA fragments to nitrocellulose filters; hybridization of filters with 32P--beta-globin cDNA; and analysis by autoradiography. A short cDNA has been used to identify specifically the 3' end of the genes and to orient the fragments. A comparison of the globin gene fragments generated by normal and Lepore DNA has been used to distinguish fragments representing DNA sequences between the delta and beta genes and those containing sequences flanking either 5' to the delta gene or 3' to the beta gene. The results indicate that unique restriction fragments are presented in normal DNA and absent in Lepore DNA, and allow preliminary ordering of these fragments on a restriction enzyme map. In addition, the Lepore, delta--and beta-globin genes have been found to contain at least one inserted nucleotide sequence of about 1000 bases which is not represented in mature globin mRNA.", "contents": "Organization of human delta--and beta-globin genes in cellular DNA and the presence of intragenic inserts. We have analyzed human cellular DNA for its delta--and beta-globin gene sequence content by separation of restriction enzyme fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis; transfer of the DNA fragments to nitrocellulose filters; hybridization of filters with 32P--beta-globin cDNA; and analysis by autoradiography. A short cDNA has been used to identify specifically the 3' end of the genes and to orient the fragments. A comparison of the globin gene fragments generated by normal and Lepore DNA has been used to distinguish fragments representing DNA sequences between the delta and beta genes and those containing sequences flanking either 5' to the delta gene or 3' to the beta gene. The results indicate that unique restriction fragments are presented in normal DNA and absent in Lepore DNA, and allow preliminary ordering of these fragments on a restriction enzyme map. In addition, the Lepore, delta--and beta-globin genes have been found to contain at least one inserted nucleotide sequence of about 1000 bases which is not represented in mature globin mRNA.", "PMID": 699038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11811", "title": "Sea urchin nuclei use RNA polymerase II to transcribe discrete histone RNAs larger than messengers.", "content": "RNA transcribed in isolated sea urchin nuclei and assayed by hybridization to histone genes cloned in E. coli contains sequences homologous to each of the five histone genes. Histone RNA is synthesized exclusively from the same DNA strand which is the template in vivo. Synthesis of the histone gene transcripts is sensitive to alpha-amanitin concentrations which inhibit RNA polymerase II activity. The fraction of histone RNA synthesized in vitro is comparable at two developmental stages to the fraction synthesized in vivo. The nuclear histone transcripts contain sequences homologous to spacer DNA regions present between the coding regions of the 6500 base pair (bp) histone gene repeat unit. The transcription of spacer sequences was demonstrated by hybridization of the nuclear transcripts to subcloned spacer DNA. Although the bulk of the RNA transcripts are greater than 2000 bases long, the histone-specific transcripts are of discrete sizes ranging from 100 bases to about 1100 bases long. Each histone gene hybridizes with at least one of the larger transcripts and with a different subset of smaller RNAs. We do not detect any giant polycistronic transcript spanning the entire histone repeat unit.", "contents": "Sea urchin nuclei use RNA polymerase II to transcribe discrete histone RNAs larger than messengers. RNA transcribed in isolated sea urchin nuclei and assayed by hybridization to histone genes cloned in E. coli contains sequences homologous to each of the five histone genes. Histone RNA is synthesized exclusively from the same DNA strand which is the template in vivo. Synthesis of the histone gene transcripts is sensitive to alpha-amanitin concentrations which inhibit RNA polymerase II activity. The fraction of histone RNA synthesized in vitro is comparable at two developmental stages to the fraction synthesized in vivo. The nuclear histone transcripts contain sequences homologous to spacer DNA regions present between the coding regions of the 6500 base pair (bp) histone gene repeat unit. The transcription of spacer sequences was demonstrated by hybridization of the nuclear transcripts to subcloned spacer DNA. Although the bulk of the RNA transcripts are greater than 2000 bases long, the histone-specific transcripts are of discrete sizes ranging from 100 bases to about 1100 bases long. Each histone gene hybridizes with at least one of the larger transcripts and with a different subset of smaller RNAs. We do not detect any giant polycistronic transcript spanning the entire histone repeat unit.", "PMID": 699039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11812", "title": "Synthesis of H1 histones by BHK cells in G1.", "content": "The synthesis of histones and DNA was examined in BHK cells arrested in G1 by isoleucine starvation and in cells progressing into the S phase upon isoleucine refeeding. Approximately 2-3% of the cells were not arrested in G1 and synthesized DNA. The rate of synthesis of DNA and nucleosomal histones observed in cells starved for isoleucine could be accounted for by the presence of these asynchronous cells. Synthesis of H1 histones by cells in G1, however, was 3 times that of the nucleosomal histones and approximately 15% of the rate of H1 histone synthesis in mid-S. Upon entry into S, the histones were synthesized in the same molar ratio in which they are present in chromatin. The possible biological significance of H1 histone synthesis in G1 cells and its implications for the regulatory mechanisms controlling histome synthesis are discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis of H1 histones by BHK cells in G1. The synthesis of histones and DNA was examined in BHK cells arrested in G1 by isoleucine starvation and in cells progressing into the S phase upon isoleucine refeeding. Approximately 2-3% of the cells were not arrested in G1 and synthesized DNA. The rate of synthesis of DNA and nucleosomal histones observed in cells starved for isoleucine could be accounted for by the presence of these asynchronous cells. Synthesis of H1 histones by cells in G1, however, was 3 times that of the nucleosomal histones and approximately 15% of the rate of H1 histone synthesis in mid-S. Upon entry into S, the histones were synthesized in the same molar ratio in which they are present in chromatin. The possible biological significance of H1 histone synthesis in G1 cells and its implications for the regulatory mechanisms controlling histome synthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 699040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11813", "title": "Specific representation of cloned repetitive DNA sequences in sea urchin RNAs.", "content": "Nine cloned repetitive sequences were labeled, strands-separated and individually hybridized with RNA extracted from the nuclei of gastrula stage sea urchin embryos and of adult sea urchin intestine cells. The concentration of transcripts complementary to each cloned sequence was measured by RNA excess hybridization kinetics and by a DNA excess titration method. Transcripts of certain of the repeat families are present at over 100 times the concentration of transcripts of other families in each RNA. The set of repetitive sequence families highly represented in intestine nuclear RNA is different from that highly represented in gastrula nuclear RNA. Together with the results obtained with mature oocyte RNA and presented in the accompanying paper by Costantini et al. (1978), these findings show that quantitative patterns of repetitive sequence representation in RNA are specific to each cell type. Both strands of all of the nine cloned repeats are represented at some level in all the RNAs studied. Usually, though not always, the concentration of transcripts complementary to the two strands of each repeat do not differ by more than a factor of two. The cloned tracers do not react with polysomal messenger RNA, and the nuclear RNA molecules with which they hybridize are many times larger than the repetitive sequences themselves.", "contents": "Specific representation of cloned repetitive DNA sequences in sea urchin RNAs. Nine cloned repetitive sequences were labeled, strands-separated and individually hybridized with RNA extracted from the nuclei of gastrula stage sea urchin embryos and of adult sea urchin intestine cells. The concentration of transcripts complementary to each cloned sequence was measured by RNA excess hybridization kinetics and by a DNA excess titration method. Transcripts of certain of the repeat families are present at over 100 times the concentration of transcripts of other families in each RNA. The set of repetitive sequence families highly represented in intestine nuclear RNA is different from that highly represented in gastrula nuclear RNA. Together with the results obtained with mature oocyte RNA and presented in the accompanying paper by Costantini et al. (1978), these findings show that quantitative patterns of repetitive sequence representation in RNA are specific to each cell type. Both strands of all of the nine cloned repeats are represented at some level in all the RNAs studied. Usually, though not always, the concentration of transcripts complementary to the two strands of each repeat do not differ by more than a factor of two. The cloned tracers do not react with polysomal messenger RNA, and the nuclear RNA molecules with which they hybridize are many times larger than the repetitive sequences themselves.", "PMID": 699041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11814", "title": "Low molecular weight RNAs hydrogen-bonded to nuclear and cytoplasmic poly(A)-terminated RNA from cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "A group of RNAs 90--100 nucleotides long were isolated by melting them from poly(A)-terminated nuclear or cytoplasmic RNA from cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. Conditions that favor hydrogen bond formation allowed the reassociation of these low molecular weight RNAs with poly(A)-terminated RNA. The nuclear poly(A)-terminated molecules contained 1.3 moles of the low molecular weight RNAs per mole of poly(A), while the cytoplasmic poly(A)-terminated RNA contained only one seventh as much. These low molecular weight RNAs were also isolated from the total 4S RNA of either the nucleus or cytoplasm by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They formed a prominantly labeled band of RNA in the gels after cells had been labeled with H(3)32PO4 for 4 hr. The low molecular weight RNAs melted from the nuclear poly(A)-terminated RNA were slightly different (although not necessarily in primary nucleotide sequence) from those melted from the cytoplasmic poly(A)-terminated RNA.", "contents": "Low molecular weight RNAs hydrogen-bonded to nuclear and cytoplasmic poly(A)-terminated RNA from cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. A group of RNAs 90--100 nucleotides long were isolated by melting them from poly(A)-terminated nuclear or cytoplasmic RNA from cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. Conditions that favor hydrogen bond formation allowed the reassociation of these low molecular weight RNAs with poly(A)-terminated RNA. The nuclear poly(A)-terminated molecules contained 1.3 moles of the low molecular weight RNAs per mole of poly(A), while the cytoplasmic poly(A)-terminated RNA contained only one seventh as much. These low molecular weight RNAs were also isolated from the total 4S RNA of either the nucleus or cytoplasm by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They formed a prominantly labeled band of RNA in the gels after cells had been labeled with H(3)32PO4 for 4 hr. The low molecular weight RNAs melted from the nuclear poly(A)-terminated RNA were slightly different (although not necessarily in primary nucleotide sequence) from those melted from the cytoplasmic poly(A)-terminated RNA.", "PMID": 699042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11815", "title": "Regulation of gene expression by site-specific inversion.", "content": "A site-specific inversion event is responsible for phase transition in Salmonella, as indicated by heteroduplex analysis of recombinant molecules carrying the gene coding for H2 flagellin in Salmonella. The inversion region corresponds to approximately 800 base pairs in length, and the inversion process does not appear to be dependent upon the E. coli RecA recombination pathway. Specific deletion derivatives of the cloned fragments no longer produce H2-specific flagella, effectively mapping the H2 gene within about 300 bp of the inversion region. Recombinant products of the hybrid molecules arose spontaneously, and they were used in the mapping of restriction sites within the inversion region. The restriction maps further demonstrate the extent and nature of the inversion.", "contents": "Regulation of gene expression by site-specific inversion. A site-specific inversion event is responsible for phase transition in Salmonella, as indicated by heteroduplex analysis of recombinant molecules carrying the gene coding for H2 flagellin in Salmonella. The inversion region corresponds to approximately 800 base pairs in length, and the inversion process does not appear to be dependent upon the E. coli RecA recombination pathway. Specific deletion derivatives of the cloned fragments no longer produce H2-specific flagella, effectively mapping the H2 gene within about 300 bp of the inversion region. Recombinant products of the hybrid molecules arose spontaneously, and they were used in the mapping of restriction sites within the inversion region. The restriction maps further demonstrate the extent and nature of the inversion.", "PMID": 699043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11816", "title": "One molecule of diphtheria toxin fragment A introduced into a cell can kill the cell.", "content": "Erythrocyte ghosts containing a known number of molecules of purified fragment A of diphtheria toxin with a constant amount of FITC-BSA as a fluorescence marker were prepared by dialyzing a mixture of erythrocytes and these substances against hypotonic solution. These substances were then introduced into diphtheria toxin-resistant mouse L cells by virus-mediated cell fusion of the cells with the ghosts, and mononuclear recipients that has fused with only one erythrocyte ghost were separated in a flourescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) on the basis of their cell size and fluorescence intensity. After separation, the viability of cells containing known numbers of fragment A was examined by measuring colony-forming ability. The results demonstrated that a single molecule of fragment A was sufficient to kill a cell. This fact was confirmed by introduction into cells of fragment A from an immunologically related mutant toxin, CRM 176 (fragment A176); this has a completely functional fragment B region, but in cell extracts, the enzymic activity of its fragment A is about 10 fold less than that of wild toxin. The cytotoxicity of CRM 176 is about two hundredths of that of the wild-type (Uchida, Pappenheimer and Greany, 1973). As expected, about 100-200 fold excess of fragment A-176 was needed to kill the cells.", "contents": "One molecule of diphtheria toxin fragment A introduced into a cell can kill the cell. Erythrocyte ghosts containing a known number of molecules of purified fragment A of diphtheria toxin with a constant amount of FITC-BSA as a fluorescence marker were prepared by dialyzing a mixture of erythrocytes and these substances against hypotonic solution. These substances were then introduced into diphtheria toxin-resistant mouse L cells by virus-mediated cell fusion of the cells with the ghosts, and mononuclear recipients that has fused with only one erythrocyte ghost were separated in a flourescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) on the basis of their cell size and fluorescence intensity. After separation, the viability of cells containing known numbers of fragment A was examined by measuring colony-forming ability. The results demonstrated that a single molecule of fragment A was sufficient to kill a cell. This fact was confirmed by introduction into cells of fragment A from an immunologically related mutant toxin, CRM 176 (fragment A176); this has a completely functional fragment B region, but in cell extracts, the enzymic activity of its fragment A is about 10 fold less than that of wild toxin. The cytotoxicity of CRM 176 is about two hundredths of that of the wild-type (Uchida, Pappenheimer and Greany, 1973). As expected, about 100-200 fold excess of fragment A-176 was needed to kill the cells.", "PMID": 699044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11817", "title": "Analysis of the beta-delta-globin gene loci in normal and Hb Lepore DNA: direct determination of gene linkage and intergene distance.", "content": "Total human DNA was cleaved with a variety of restriction enzymes, and the fragments were fractionated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose filter strips. The restricted DNA was then hybridized to nick-translated radioactive recombinant plasmid DNA containing sequences derived from human beta-globin messenger RNA. Under suitable conditions, this probe hybridizes with both the beta--and delta-globin genes. Using this probe, a restriction map of the human beta--and delta-globin genes and the surrounding genomic DNA regions has been constructed. The beta-globin gene contains a nonglobin DNA insert approximately 899-1000 base pairs in length, present within the sequence coding for amino acids 101-120 of the 146 amino acid long globin polypeptide. A similar sequence may be present within the same sequence of the delta-globin gene. The distance between the beta--and delta-globin genes is approximately 7000 nucleotide pairs, and the delta-globin gene is to the 5' side of the beta-globin gene, as predicted by genetic evidence. Both genes are transcribed from the same DNA strand. The structure of the Hb Lepore gene is shown to be a fused delta--and beta-globin gene, and to be completely consistent with the derived map of normal beta--and delta-globin genes. [Restriction enzyme nomenclature follows that of Smith and Nathans (1973) and Roberts (1976). A genomic DNA restriction fragment containing part or all of one globin gene will be designated by that globin chain--for instance, the Pst I fragment containing the beta-globin gene sequence will be designated Pst I beta. A similar convention will be used for double digests. Throughout this paper, when reference is made to the 5' or 3' side or fragment of a gene, this refers to the 5' or 3' side of the mRNA coded by that sequence. Thus the 5' side (N terminal) of the beta-globulin gene is the sequence to the 5' side of the anti-sense strand.].", "contents": "Analysis of the beta-delta-globin gene loci in normal and Hb Lepore DNA: direct determination of gene linkage and intergene distance. Total human DNA was cleaved with a variety of restriction enzymes, and the fragments were fractionated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose filter strips. The restricted DNA was then hybridized to nick-translated radioactive recombinant plasmid DNA containing sequences derived from human beta-globin messenger RNA. Under suitable conditions, this probe hybridizes with both the beta--and delta-globin genes. Using this probe, a restriction map of the human beta--and delta-globin genes and the surrounding genomic DNA regions has been constructed. The beta-globin gene contains a nonglobin DNA insert approximately 899-1000 base pairs in length, present within the sequence coding for amino acids 101-120 of the 146 amino acid long globin polypeptide. A similar sequence may be present within the same sequence of the delta-globin gene. The distance between the beta--and delta-globin genes is approximately 7000 nucleotide pairs, and the delta-globin gene is to the 5' side of the beta-globin gene, as predicted by genetic evidence. Both genes are transcribed from the same DNA strand. The structure of the Hb Lepore gene is shown to be a fused delta--and beta-globin gene, and to be completely consistent with the derived map of normal beta--and delta-globin genes. [Restriction enzyme nomenclature follows that of Smith and Nathans (1973) and Roberts (1976). A genomic DNA restriction fragment containing part or all of one globin gene will be designated by that globin chain--for instance, the Pst I fragment containing the beta-globin gene sequence will be designated Pst I beta. A similar convention will be used for double digests. Throughout this paper, when reference is made to the 5' or 3' side or fragment of a gene, this refers to the 5' or 3' side of the mRNA coded by that sequence. Thus the 5' side (N terminal) of the beta-globulin gene is the sequence to the 5' side of the anti-sense strand.].", "PMID": 699045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11818", "title": "Recessive male-determining genes.", "content": "The autosomal dominant gene polled (P) causes hornlessness in goats. Chromosomal females (XX) that are P/P homozygotes develop testes or ovotestes. Thus with respect to its testis-determining properties, P or a closely linked gene acts as an autosomal recessive. Polled intersex goats are H-Y+. This finding is consistent with the view that there may be a cluster of testis-determining H-Y genes on the Y chromosome, and that translocation of a subcritical portion of these genes may generate a recessive mode of sex determination.", "contents": "Recessive male-determining genes. The autosomal dominant gene polled (P) causes hornlessness in goats. Chromosomal females (XX) that are P/P homozygotes develop testes or ovotestes. Thus with respect to its testis-determining properties, P or a closely linked gene acts as an autosomal recessive. Polled intersex goats are H-Y+. This finding is consistent with the view that there may be a cluster of testis-determining H-Y genes on the Y chromosome, and that translocation of a subcritical portion of these genes may generate a recessive mode of sex determination.", "PMID": 699047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11819", "title": "A possible mammary stem cell line.", "content": "The cell line Rama 25 is derived from a mammary tumor induced in a rat by dimethylbenzanthracene. During rapid proliferation, Rama 25 cells appear as a single undifferentiated epithelial type; at high cell densities, however, small numbers of two other cell types are formed, which respectively resemble secretory and myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, as judged by light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescent staining for casein (milk proteins). These additional cell types cannot be explained as contaminating cell populations since the cell line has been cloned several times; furthermore, the proportion of either can be increased by dimethylsulphoxide under different conditions. Specific epithelial features are seen by histological and ultrastructural examination of tumors formed by Rama 25 cells in immunodeficient mice. A line of the myoepithelial-like cells, Rama 29, isolated from a Rama 25 culture by cloning, is also described. We propose that the undifferentiated cell type is a form of mammary stem cell which can differentiate in culture.", "contents": "A possible mammary stem cell line. The cell line Rama 25 is derived from a mammary tumor induced in a rat by dimethylbenzanthracene. During rapid proliferation, Rama 25 cells appear as a single undifferentiated epithelial type; at high cell densities, however, small numbers of two other cell types are formed, which respectively resemble secretory and myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, as judged by light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescent staining for casein (milk proteins). These additional cell types cannot be explained as contaminating cell populations since the cell line has been cloned several times; furthermore, the proportion of either can be increased by dimethylsulphoxide under different conditions. Specific epithelial features are seen by histological and ultrastructural examination of tumors formed by Rama 25 cells in immunodeficient mice. A line of the myoepithelial-like cells, Rama 29, isolated from a Rama 25 culture by cloning, is also described. We propose that the undifferentiated cell type is a form of mammary stem cell which can differentiate in culture.", "PMID": 699048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11820", "title": "The primary sequence of rabbit alpha-globin mRNA.", "content": "The rabbit alpha-globin DNA insertion in the chimeric plasmid pHb 72 (Liu et al., 1977) has been sequenced by the method of Maxam and Gilbert (1977). This has enabled us to determine the messenger RNA(mRNA) sequence beginning in the 5' untranslated region 9 nucleotides before the initiation codon and extending through the first 361 nucleotides of the translated region. The data reported here overlap and are in complete agreement with sequences determined by Baralle (1977) for the 5' end of the mRNA and by Proudfoot et al. (1977) for the 3' end. Our sequence is also in agreement with the partial complementary RNA (cRNA) sequencing data which we reported previously (Paddock et al., 1977), this work marks the completion of the primary sequence of the rabbit alpha-globin mRNA. These observations reaffirm the high fidelity with which gene copies can be synthesized in vitro, cloned in a bacterial plasmid and maintained in the host. The general features of the mRNA nucleotide sequence are duscussed with particular attention given to the base composition and codon preferences observed and to comparison of this sequence with other completed mRNA gene sequences. A new computer program has been used to search for the most stable base-pairing arrangement of the completed mRNA.", "contents": "The primary sequence of rabbit alpha-globin mRNA. The rabbit alpha-globin DNA insertion in the chimeric plasmid pHb 72 (Liu et al., 1977) has been sequenced by the method of Maxam and Gilbert (1977). This has enabled us to determine the messenger RNA(mRNA) sequence beginning in the 5' untranslated region 9 nucleotides before the initiation codon and extending through the first 361 nucleotides of the translated region. The data reported here overlap and are in complete agreement with sequences determined by Baralle (1977) for the 5' end of the mRNA and by Proudfoot et al. (1977) for the 3' end. Our sequence is also in agreement with the partial complementary RNA (cRNA) sequencing data which we reported previously (Paddock et al., 1977), this work marks the completion of the primary sequence of the rabbit alpha-globin mRNA. These observations reaffirm the high fidelity with which gene copies can be synthesized in vitro, cloned in a bacterial plasmid and maintained in the host. The general features of the mRNA nucleotide sequence are duscussed with particular attention given to the base composition and codon preferences observed and to comparison of this sequence with other completed mRNA gene sequences. A new computer program has been used to search for the most stable base-pairing arrangement of the completed mRNA.", "PMID": 699050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11821", "title": "Post-meiotic gene activity in spermatogenesis of the mouse.", "content": "Mouse male germ cells at middle-late pachytene and early spermatid stages obtained by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity in albumin gradients were labelled in culture with [3H]uridine. The newly synthesized RNAs extracted from polysomes of the 2 cell types were studied by sucrose gradient fractionation and poly(U) Sepharose chromatography. The results showed that round spermatids, as well as pachytene spermatocytes, synthesize both ribosomal and polyadenylated RNA molecules. Since these latter are engaged in polysomes they are presumably active messenger RNA molecules.", "contents": "Post-meiotic gene activity in spermatogenesis of the mouse. Mouse male germ cells at middle-late pachytene and early spermatid stages obtained by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity in albumin gradients were labelled in culture with [3H]uridine. The newly synthesized RNAs extracted from polysomes of the 2 cell types were studied by sucrose gradient fractionation and poly(U) Sepharose chromatography. The results showed that round spermatids, as well as pachytene spermatocytes, synthesize both ribosomal and polyadenylated RNA molecules. Since these latter are engaged in polysomes they are presumably active messenger RNA molecules.", "PMID": 699051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11822", "title": "Cell surface modifications in neuronal maturation.", "content": "Changes in carbohydrate composition of the cell surface related to neuronal maturation have been studied on neuroblastoma and embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cultures by using fluorescein conjugated lectins. In neuroblastoma cells, it has been found that the surface of the fibers differs from that of the cell body as shown by concanavalin A (Con A) and WGA binding. In primary cultures of embryonic DRG, lectin binding has also shown that the neuron surface undergoes changes during maturation. In fact, lectin binding which is absent at early stages (5--6 day old embryos) becomes first detectable at the 7th day and then increases progressively. At day 7, the Con A binding pattern resembles that observed in neuroblastoma cells. The possibility of correlating these surface changes with cell adhesive properties and cell differentiation is discussed.", "contents": "Cell surface modifications in neuronal maturation. Changes in carbohydrate composition of the cell surface related to neuronal maturation have been studied on neuroblastoma and embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cultures by using fluorescein conjugated lectins. In neuroblastoma cells, it has been found that the surface of the fibers differs from that of the cell body as shown by concanavalin A (Con A) and WGA binding. In primary cultures of embryonic DRG, lectin binding has also shown that the neuron surface undergoes changes during maturation. In fact, lectin binding which is absent at early stages (5--6 day old embryos) becomes first detectable at the 7th day and then increases progressively. At day 7, the Con A binding pattern resembles that observed in neuroblastoma cells. The possibility of correlating these surface changes with cell adhesive properties and cell differentiation is discussed.", "PMID": 699052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11823", "title": "DNA-dependent DNA polymerase species in male germ cells of the mouse.", "content": "Quasi-homogeneous fractions of male mouse germ cells at definite stages of meiosis and spermiogenesis were obtained by using a separation method based on sedimentation velocity in an albumin gradient. In the various cell types, the total DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity was determined, and the major enzymatic forms were characterized. The DNA polymerase species present in premeiotic, meiotic and post-meiotic cells were analyzed by glycerol gradient sedimentation. Two types of DNA polymerase were identified in fractions enriched in spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes. One showed a sedimentation coefficient of about 7.5 S and was sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM); the other exhibited a sedimentation coefficient between 3 and 4 S and was resistant to NEM. On the basis of their sedimentation coefficients, their sensitivity to NEM and their template specificities, these 2 enzymes were identified respectively as alpha and beta DNA polymerases as reported in mammals. The gradient analysis performed on fractions enriched in meiotic and post-meiotic cells revealed the presence of DNA polymerase beta only. A quantitative analysis showed that the activity of the DNA polymerase beta reaches a maximum at middle-late pachytene stage and then drops gradually during spermiogenesis. Although any conclusion as to the biological role of this high level of DNA polymerase activity in pachytene spermatocytes is premature, it is tempting to suggest that this enzyme is involved in meiotic recombination.", "contents": "DNA-dependent DNA polymerase species in male germ cells of the mouse. Quasi-homogeneous fractions of male mouse germ cells at definite stages of meiosis and spermiogenesis were obtained by using a separation method based on sedimentation velocity in an albumin gradient. In the various cell types, the total DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity was determined, and the major enzymatic forms were characterized. The DNA polymerase species present in premeiotic, meiotic and post-meiotic cells were analyzed by glycerol gradient sedimentation. Two types of DNA polymerase were identified in fractions enriched in spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes. One showed a sedimentation coefficient of about 7.5 S and was sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM); the other exhibited a sedimentation coefficient between 3 and 4 S and was resistant to NEM. On the basis of their sedimentation coefficients, their sensitivity to NEM and their template specificities, these 2 enzymes were identified respectively as alpha and beta DNA polymerases as reported in mammals. The gradient analysis performed on fractions enriched in meiotic and post-meiotic cells revealed the presence of DNA polymerase beta only. A quantitative analysis showed that the activity of the DNA polymerase beta reaches a maximum at middle-late pachytene stage and then drops gradually during spermiogenesis. Although any conclusion as to the biological role of this high level of DNA polymerase activity in pachytene spermatocytes is premature, it is tempting to suggest that this enzyme is involved in meiotic recombination.", "PMID": 699053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11824", "title": "Effects of estradiol on early messenger RNA in male Xenopus laevis liver.", "content": "Cytoplasmic RNA isolated from male Xenopus liver between 1 and 6 h of hormone treatment was separated into distinct classes by Sepharose 4B chromatography. Assay of the mRNA activity of these RNA species in the wheat germ cell-free system demonstrated 2 populations of mRNA activity (peak 2 and peak 3). The activity of 1 population of mRNA (peak 2) was inducible by estradiol while the other (peak 3) remained unaltered for at least 6 h. mRNAs obtained by Sepharose 4B chromatography were also translated in the Xenopus oocyte. The translation products were analyzed by Sephadex chromatography and SDS-gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Effects of estradiol on early messenger RNA in male Xenopus laevis liver. Cytoplasmic RNA isolated from male Xenopus liver between 1 and 6 h of hormone treatment was separated into distinct classes by Sepharose 4B chromatography. Assay of the mRNA activity of these RNA species in the wheat germ cell-free system demonstrated 2 populations of mRNA activity (peak 2 and peak 3). The activity of 1 population of mRNA (peak 2) was inducible by estradiol while the other (peak 3) remained unaltered for at least 6 h. mRNAs obtained by Sepharose 4B chromatography were also translated in the Xenopus oocyte. The translation products were analyzed by Sephadex chromatography and SDS-gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 699054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11825", "title": "The lack of an inhibitory effect of hyaluronate on chondrogenesis in chick limb-bud mesoderm cells grown in culture.", "content": "The effect of hyaluronate on chondrogenesis in cultures of chick limb-bud mesoderm cells, derived from stage 20--21, 23--24 and 26 embryos grown at different cell densities and in 3 different culture media, was studied. The results show that hyaluronate at a concentration of 500 microgram/ml, does not consistently produce an inhibition of chondrogenesis in cultures of stage 20--21, 23--24 or 26 limb-bud mesoderm cells in contrast to what has been reported by Toole et al. (1972). It was demonstrated that under optimal conditions, stage 26 cells grown in the absence of hyaluronate do not form as many cartilage colonies in culture as do cells from stage 20--21 or 23--24 embryos. It was determined that culture medium composed of Eagle's MEM supplemented with 7% horse serum, 3% fetal calf serum and 5% 10-day chick embryo extract supported chondrogenesis significantly better than Ham's F-12 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Our results suggest that the inhibition of chondrogenesis by hyaluronate reported earlier is most likely due to the sub-optimal conditions of growth medium, cell density and embryonic stage than to the hyaluronate treatment.", "contents": "The lack of an inhibitory effect of hyaluronate on chondrogenesis in chick limb-bud mesoderm cells grown in culture. The effect of hyaluronate on chondrogenesis in cultures of chick limb-bud mesoderm cells, derived from stage 20--21, 23--24 and 26 embryos grown at different cell densities and in 3 different culture media, was studied. The results show that hyaluronate at a concentration of 500 microgram/ml, does not consistently produce an inhibition of chondrogenesis in cultures of stage 20--21, 23--24 or 26 limb-bud mesoderm cells in contrast to what has been reported by Toole et al. (1972). It was demonstrated that under optimal conditions, stage 26 cells grown in the absence of hyaluronate do not form as many cartilage colonies in culture as do cells from stage 20--21 or 23--24 embryos. It was determined that culture medium composed of Eagle's MEM supplemented with 7% horse serum, 3% fetal calf serum and 5% 10-day chick embryo extract supported chondrogenesis significantly better than Ham's F-12 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Our results suggest that the inhibition of chondrogenesis by hyaluronate reported earlier is most likely due to the sub-optimal conditions of growth medium, cell density and embryonic stage than to the hyaluronate treatment.", "PMID": 699055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11826", "title": "[Carcinoma of the thyroid gland with foamy cells in the stroma].", "content": "Foamy cells were found in the stroma of 23 out of a total of 1,073 differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland investigated during the 1946--1977 period, i. e. in 2.1% of the cases concerned. Of these, 15 carcinomas with foamy cells showed purely papillary differentiation, while the remaining 8 showed mixed papillofollicular structures. Apart from the papillary structure, the development of foamy cells may have been associated with hypercholesterolaemia due to hypothyroidism.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the thyroid gland with foamy cells in the stroma]. Foamy cells were found in the stroma of 23 out of a total of 1,073 differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland investigated during the 1946--1977 period, i. e. in 2.1% of the cases concerned. Of these, 15 carcinomas with foamy cells showed purely papillary differentiation, while the remaining 8 showed mixed papillofollicular structures. Apart from the papillary structure, the development of foamy cells may have been associated with hypercholesterolaemia due to hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 699106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11827", "title": "[Acute pulmonary histoplasomis. 1st findings in Czechoslovakia].", "content": "A 57-year-old man, who for many years was treated for a pleomorphic lymphoma with cytotoxic drugs and x-ray therapy, died from the generalized tumor process. At autopsy, an extraordinary finding was found in form of acute pulmonary mycosts, which histologically appears to be histoplasmosis. Culture was not attempted, but the diagnosis is based on morphology, both of the organism proper and its intracellular location, and on results obtained by immunofluorescence studies. In numerous pulmonary vessels, endothelial pillows of histiocytes with yeast cells are found, typical for histoplasmosis, but no generalization was found in other organs. The source of the infection is not clear.", "contents": "[Acute pulmonary histoplasomis. 1st findings in Czechoslovakia]. A 57-year-old man, who for many years was treated for a pleomorphic lymphoma with cytotoxic drugs and x-ray therapy, died from the generalized tumor process. At autopsy, an extraordinary finding was found in form of acute pulmonary mycosts, which histologically appears to be histoplasmosis. Culture was not attempted, but the diagnosis is based on morphology, both of the organism proper and its intracellular location, and on results obtained by immunofluorescence studies. In numerous pulmonary vessels, endothelial pillows of histiocytes with yeast cells are found, typical for histoplasmosis, but no generalization was found in other organs. The source of the infection is not clear.", "PMID": 699107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11828", "title": "[Morphological changes in liver tissue in experimental porphyria].", "content": "Miscroscopic changes in the liver tissue of mice became detectable 42 hours after the administration of gricine through the appearance of porphyrins in the plasma of hepatocytes marked by the enlargement of their volume, nuclei, and nucleoli. 72 hours after gricine, porphyrins were also found in the lumina of capilary bile ducts and hepatic ducts. This was accompanied by dispersion extinction of hepatocytes and pigment accumulation in the plasma of Kupffer's cells. There was histochemically proved increased activity of alkaline and acidic phosphatase, G6PDH, NADH and NADPH tetrazolium reductase. Under electron microscopy, the porphyrins showed crystalline structure, rotated the plane of polarized light, and were marked by red fluorescence.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in liver tissue in experimental porphyria]. Miscroscopic changes in the liver tissue of mice became detectable 42 hours after the administration of gricine through the appearance of porphyrins in the plasma of hepatocytes marked by the enlargement of their volume, nuclei, and nucleoli. 72 hours after gricine, porphyrins were also found in the lumina of capilary bile ducts and hepatic ducts. This was accompanied by dispersion extinction of hepatocytes and pigment accumulation in the plasma of Kupffer's cells. There was histochemically proved increased activity of alkaline and acidic phosphatase, G6PDH, NADH and NADPH tetrazolium reductase. Under electron microscopy, the porphyrins showed crystalline structure, rotated the plane of polarized light, and were marked by red fluorescence.", "PMID": 699108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11829", "title": "[Histological, electron-optical and histochemical findings in mycosis fungoides].", "content": "Skin excisions were investigated in 5 patients with verified mycosis fungoides. Findings yielded by light and electron microscopy helped to confirm the findings anticipated, and were correlated with histochemical observations. One of the cases involved a substantially higher activity of lysosomal enzymes, particularly KF and beta-glucuronidase in the skin infiltrate mycotic cells. In the other cases, this sort of activity was low. The significance of high ATPase activity in the peripheral cell membrane remains unclear. In one case, involvement in the T lymphocyte series was confirmed by the formation of rosettes.", "contents": "[Histological, electron-optical and histochemical findings in mycosis fungoides]. Skin excisions were investigated in 5 patients with verified mycosis fungoides. Findings yielded by light and electron microscopy helped to confirm the findings anticipated, and were correlated with histochemical observations. One of the cases involved a substantially higher activity of lysosomal enzymes, particularly KF and beta-glucuronidase in the skin infiltrate mycotic cells. In the other cases, this sort of activity was low. The significance of high ATPase activity in the peripheral cell membrane remains unclear. In one case, involvement in the T lymphocyte series was confirmed by the formation of rosettes.", "PMID": 699109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11830", "title": "[Lymphoepitheloid malignant lymphoma (Lennert)].", "content": "A group of 22 lymfoepitheloid malignant lymphomas was singled out from a wider group by means of demonstating nuclear atypias in epitheloid cells. There were three roughly equal subgroups: the first corresponding to malignant lymphogranuloma, the second to different malignant lymphomas of the ono-Hodgkin type. At first, the third group could not be recognized as a malignant lymphoma other than according to different sorts of atypia of each of the epitheloid cells in granulomas.--The general behaviour of malignant lymphomas of the first two subgroups was in keeping with the properties of the respective basic tumour. The third subgroup was more independent. At each subsequent check-up, the epitheloid granulomatous component of the tumour was seen gradually disappearing. It appeared to a secondary feature in most cases. The cause of atypia in epitheloid cells remained unexplained. Nonetheless, these atypias are an important diagnostic facilitating the identification of a more independent form of lymphoepitheloid malignant lymphoma, the subsequent development of which mostly shows signs of a moderately pleiomorphnous malignant lymphoma, sometimes obviously belonging in the T series.", "contents": "[Lymphoepitheloid malignant lymphoma (Lennert)]. A group of 22 lymfoepitheloid malignant lymphomas was singled out from a wider group by means of demonstating nuclear atypias in epitheloid cells. There were three roughly equal subgroups: the first corresponding to malignant lymphogranuloma, the second to different malignant lymphomas of the ono-Hodgkin type. At first, the third group could not be recognized as a malignant lymphoma other than according to different sorts of atypia of each of the epitheloid cells in granulomas.--The general behaviour of malignant lymphomas of the first two subgroups was in keeping with the properties of the respective basic tumour. The third subgroup was more independent. At each subsequent check-up, the epitheloid granulomatous component of the tumour was seen gradually disappearing. It appeared to a secondary feature in most cases. The cause of atypia in epitheloid cells remained unexplained. Nonetheless, these atypias are an important diagnostic facilitating the identification of a more independent form of lymphoepitheloid malignant lymphoma, the subsequent development of which mostly shows signs of a moderately pleiomorphnous malignant lymphoma, sometimes obviously belonging in the T series.", "PMID": 699110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11831", "title": "[Arthrotic manifestations on the patella in the x-ray and microscopy pictures].", "content": "40 patellae of different age groups were examined by X-ray and histology. X-ray changes found in the cartilage, corticalis and cancellous bone were in full agreement with histological findings. However, more than a quarter of the patellae were found to be affected by microscopic fibrillation of the surface of the cartilage without any demonstrable changes in the cartilage proper. In all those cases except one, however, roentgenograms helped to detect changes in the corticalis or also cancellous boneof the lamellae such as are associated with bone reconstruction, mostly in the form of subchondral bone lamella dilatation and of the thickening of adjacent cancellous bone trabeculae.", "contents": "[Arthrotic manifestations on the patella in the x-ray and microscopy pictures]. 40 patellae of different age groups were examined by X-ray and histology. X-ray changes found in the cartilage, corticalis and cancellous bone were in full agreement with histological findings. However, more than a quarter of the patellae were found to be affected by microscopic fibrillation of the surface of the cartilage without any demonstrable changes in the cartilage proper. In all those cases except one, however, roentgenograms helped to detect changes in the corticalis or also cancellous boneof the lamellae such as are associated with bone reconstruction, mostly in the form of subchondral bone lamella dilatation and of the thickening of adjacent cancellous bone trabeculae.", "PMID": 699111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11832", "title": "trans-Stilbene oxide: an inducer of rat hepatic microsomal and nuclear epoxide hydrase and mixed-function oxidase activities.", "content": "The administration of trans-stilbene oxide to rats resulted in increased hepatic microsomal and nuclear epoxide hydrase (with styrene oxide (SO), benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide (4,5-BP) as substrates) and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activities. Hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase, benzphetamine N-demethylase, and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activities were also increased. These increases in microsomal enzyme activity were dose- and time-dependent (about 100% at 200 mg/kg body weight, administered for 2 consecutive days). However, only marginal increases in hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 content were observed. No apparent proliferation of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum occurred in trans-stilbene oxide pretreated rats. The administration of trans-stilbene oxide has no effect on hepatic glutathione S-transferase activities (with SO or 4,5-BPO as substrates). None of the parameters were affected in pulmonary microsomes from treated rats. The in vitro addition of trans-stilbene oxide (10(-6)--10(-2) M) did not affect hepatic epoxide hydrase or glutathione S-transferase activities.", "contents": "trans-Stilbene oxide: an inducer of rat hepatic microsomal and nuclear epoxide hydrase and mixed-function oxidase activities. The administration of trans-stilbene oxide to rats resulted in increased hepatic microsomal and nuclear epoxide hydrase (with styrene oxide (SO), benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide (4,5-BP) as substrates) and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activities. Hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase, benzphetamine N-demethylase, and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activities were also increased. These increases in microsomal enzyme activity were dose- and time-dependent (about 100% at 200 mg/kg body weight, administered for 2 consecutive days). However, only marginal increases in hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 content were observed. No apparent proliferation of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum occurred in trans-stilbene oxide pretreated rats. The administration of trans-stilbene oxide has no effect on hepatic glutathione S-transferase activities (with SO or 4,5-BPO as substrates). None of the parameters were affected in pulmonary microsomes from treated rats. The in vitro addition of trans-stilbene oxide (10(-6)--10(-2) M) did not affect hepatic epoxide hydrase or glutathione S-transferase activities.", "PMID": 699168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11833", "title": "Excision of hydrocarbon-DNA adducts and consequent cell survival in normal and repair defective human cells.", "content": "Survival curves for normal human cells and xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells (XP4BE) after ultraviolet radiation were indistinguishable. In comparison, cells from xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XP12BE) were very sensitive to ultraviolet radiation. Complementation group C (XP2BE) cells were almost as sensitive as group A cells. These survival phenomena parallel to known unscheduled DNA synthesis responses of these cells to ultraviolet radiation, which, compared with normal cells, are: XP4BE, 100%; XP2BE, 20%; XP12BE, 2%. The relative capacities of these cells to excise 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene-DNA adducts and to survive treatment with the carcinogen were similar to the responses to ultraviolet irradiation, except that the XP2BE cell line both excised and survived this damage far better than anticipated from its response to ultraviolet irradiation. Moreover, whilst in the normal cells and variant cells the ratio of hydrocarbon-adenine adduct to hydrocarbon-guanine adduct remaining in DNA decreased notably with excision, this ratio did not change significantly with excision in the XP2BE cell line. The relationship between greater excision capacity and increased cell survival in the experiments with the chemical carcinogen indicates that the unexcised damage is responsible for the cell-killing action of this agent. The different relative repair and survival responses of these cell lines to ultraviolet irradiation on the one hand, and to 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene chemical carcinogen treatment on the other, indicate that in at least one of these cell lines (XP2BE), and possibly in all the lines, different cellular mechanisms are involved in the repair of DNA damage resulting from ultraviolet irradiation and that resulting from the chemical carcinogen treatment.", "contents": "Excision of hydrocarbon-DNA adducts and consequent cell survival in normal and repair defective human cells. Survival curves for normal human cells and xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells (XP4BE) after ultraviolet radiation were indistinguishable. In comparison, cells from xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XP12BE) were very sensitive to ultraviolet radiation. Complementation group C (XP2BE) cells were almost as sensitive as group A cells. These survival phenomena parallel to known unscheduled DNA synthesis responses of these cells to ultraviolet radiation, which, compared with normal cells, are: XP4BE, 100%; XP2BE, 20%; XP12BE, 2%. The relative capacities of these cells to excise 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene-DNA adducts and to survive treatment with the carcinogen were similar to the responses to ultraviolet irradiation, except that the XP2BE cell line both excised and survived this damage far better than anticipated from its response to ultraviolet irradiation. Moreover, whilst in the normal cells and variant cells the ratio of hydrocarbon-adenine adduct to hydrocarbon-guanine adduct remaining in DNA decreased notably with excision, this ratio did not change significantly with excision in the XP2BE cell line. The relationship between greater excision capacity and increased cell survival in the experiments with the chemical carcinogen indicates that the unexcised damage is responsible for the cell-killing action of this agent. The different relative repair and survival responses of these cell lines to ultraviolet irradiation on the one hand, and to 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene chemical carcinogen treatment on the other, indicate that in at least one of these cell lines (XP2BE), and possibly in all the lines, different cellular mechanisms are involved in the repair of DNA damage resulting from ultraviolet irradiation and that resulting from the chemical carcinogen treatment.", "PMID": 699169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11834", "title": "Epoxide metabolizing enzyme activities in rat testes: postnatal development and relative activity in interstitial and spermatogenic cell compartments.", "content": "Microsomal epoxide hydrase (EH) and 176 000 g supernatant fraction glutathione-S-transferase (GSH-S-T) activities were determined with styrene oxide as substrate in rat testes during postnatal development. The development of these enzymes was also followed in liver for comparison. Testes of 6-day-old rats had high GSH-S-T activities (66 nmol/min/mg protein), which were about 50% of the adult levels. Transferase activity then developed slowly and reached a maximum by 165 days of age. Specific testicular GSH-S-T activities of 6-day-old rats were 3--4 times those of hepatic GSH-S-T activities in the same animals. In contrast, EH activities of both liver and testes were very low in prepubertal rats, but they increased dramatically at the onset of puberty and reached maximum activities by 45 days of age. Microsomal and microsomal supernatant fractions prepared from adult rat spermatogenic cells had about twice the EH and GSH-S-T specific activities (with styrene oxide or benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide as substrates) of similar fractions prepared from interstitial cells. On the other hand, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (AHH) activity and cytochrome P-450 content were at least 2-fold greater in microsomes from interstitial cells than in those from spermatogenic cells.", "contents": "Epoxide metabolizing enzyme activities in rat testes: postnatal development and relative activity in interstitial and spermatogenic cell compartments. Microsomal epoxide hydrase (EH) and 176 000 g supernatant fraction glutathione-S-transferase (GSH-S-T) activities were determined with styrene oxide as substrate in rat testes during postnatal development. The development of these enzymes was also followed in liver for comparison. Testes of 6-day-old rats had high GSH-S-T activities (66 nmol/min/mg protein), which were about 50% of the adult levels. Transferase activity then developed slowly and reached a maximum by 165 days of age. Specific testicular GSH-S-T activities of 6-day-old rats were 3--4 times those of hepatic GSH-S-T activities in the same animals. In contrast, EH activities of both liver and testes were very low in prepubertal rats, but they increased dramatically at the onset of puberty and reached maximum activities by 45 days of age. Microsomal and microsomal supernatant fractions prepared from adult rat spermatogenic cells had about twice the EH and GSH-S-T specific activities (with styrene oxide or benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide as substrates) of similar fractions prepared from interstitial cells. On the other hand, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (AHH) activity and cytochrome P-450 content were at least 2-fold greater in microsomes from interstitial cells than in those from spermatogenic cells.", "PMID": 699170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11835", "title": "Effects of halogenated antibacterials on the erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "The influence of halogenated antibacterials on membrane structure and function was investigated using the human erythrocyte membrane as a model. Measurements of hemolysis in isotonic solution, altered membrane permeability, and stabilization against hypotonic hemolysis resulting from exposure of erythrocytes to halogenated antibacterials served as criteria of membrane-related effects. The hemolytic potency of the compounds studied differed widely, decreasing in the order hexachlorophene (HCP) greater than 2,2'-methylenebis(3,5-dichlorophenol) (3,5-TCP) greater than 2,2'-methylenebis(3,4-dichlorophenol) (3,4-TCP) approximately equal to 2,2'-methylenebis(4,6-dichlorophenol) (4,6-TCP) greater than 2,2'-methylenebis(4-chlorophenol) (DCP) greater than 3,4'-tribromosalicylanilide (TBS) approximately equal to 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA). Each of the antibacterials tested stabilized the erythrocyte against hypotonic hemolysis, although there were marked differences in the concentrations required to afford maximum stabilization as well as in the extent of protection. The observed order of protective effectiveness was HCP greater than 3,4-TCP greater than 4,6-TCP greater than DCP approximately equal to TCS greater than TBS. As shown by measurements of the first-order rate constant for K+ efflux, the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to K+ was increased upon exposure to the antibacterials, with the effect of HCP greater than 3,4-TCP greater than 4,6-TCP approximately equal to 3,4-TCP greater than DCP approximately equal to TCS greater than TBS. These results indicate that halogenated antibacterials are capable of perturbing mammalian membranes, a feature which may account in part for their mammalian toxicity.", "contents": "Effects of halogenated antibacterials on the erythrocyte membrane. The influence of halogenated antibacterials on membrane structure and function was investigated using the human erythrocyte membrane as a model. Measurements of hemolysis in isotonic solution, altered membrane permeability, and stabilization against hypotonic hemolysis resulting from exposure of erythrocytes to halogenated antibacterials served as criteria of membrane-related effects. The hemolytic potency of the compounds studied differed widely, decreasing in the order hexachlorophene (HCP) greater than 2,2'-methylenebis(3,5-dichlorophenol) (3,5-TCP) greater than 2,2'-methylenebis(3,4-dichlorophenol) (3,4-TCP) approximately equal to 2,2'-methylenebis(4,6-dichlorophenol) (4,6-TCP) greater than 2,2'-methylenebis(4-chlorophenol) (DCP) greater than 3,4'-tribromosalicylanilide (TBS) approximately equal to 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA). Each of the antibacterials tested stabilized the erythrocyte against hypotonic hemolysis, although there were marked differences in the concentrations required to afford maximum stabilization as well as in the extent of protection. The observed order of protective effectiveness was HCP greater than 3,4-TCP greater than 4,6-TCP greater than DCP approximately equal to TCS greater than TBS. As shown by measurements of the first-order rate constant for K+ efflux, the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to K+ was increased upon exposure to the antibacterials, with the effect of HCP greater than 3,4-TCP greater than 4,6-TCP approximately equal to 3,4-TCP greater than DCP approximately equal to TCS greater than TBS. These results indicate that halogenated antibacterials are capable of perturbing mammalian membranes, a feature which may account in part for their mammalian toxicity.", "PMID": 699171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11836", "title": "Interactions of vinyl chloride with rat-liver DNA in vivo.", "content": "9beta-D-2'-Deoxyribofuranosyl-imidazo-[2,1-i]purine (\"etheno-deoxyadenosine\") and 1beta-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-imidazo-[1,2-c]pyrimidine (\"etheno-deoxycytidine\") are identified in the enzyme hydrolysates obtained (i) from calf-thymus DNA which had been modified by chemical reaction with chloroacetaldehyde and (ii) from liver DNA prepared from rats which had been exposed orally to vinyl chloride in their drinking water (250 ppm) for approx. 2 years. Thus, vinyl chloride-derived chloroethylene oxide and/or chloroacetaldehyde behaves as a bifunctional alkylating agent towards deoxyadenosine and deoxycytidine residues of DNA. The separation of deoxyribonucleosides and the two etheno-deoxyribosyl-nucleosides by liquid chromatography, and the mass spectra of etheno-deoxyadenosine and etheno-deoxycytidine and of their O-bis-(trimethylsilyl) derivatives are described. In the animal experiment (ii), the resulting proportion of etheno-deoxyadenosine is small compared with that of etheno-deoxycytidine. Imidazo-[2,1-i]purine (etheno-adenine) is identified: (a) in the supernatant after sedimentation of the modified DNA in the model experiment (i), and (b) in the product resulting from the reaction between chloroacetaldehyde and deoxyadenosine. The effect on the structure of DNA of the imidazo-cyclization of deoxyadenosine and deoxycytidine residues and of the depurination of etheno-deoxyadenosine residues is discussed in relation to vinyl chloride oncogenicity.", "contents": "Interactions of vinyl chloride with rat-liver DNA in vivo. 9beta-D-2'-Deoxyribofuranosyl-imidazo-[2,1-i]purine (\"etheno-deoxyadenosine\") and 1beta-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-imidazo-[1,2-c]pyrimidine (\"etheno-deoxycytidine\") are identified in the enzyme hydrolysates obtained (i) from calf-thymus DNA which had been modified by chemical reaction with chloroacetaldehyde and (ii) from liver DNA prepared from rats which had been exposed orally to vinyl chloride in their drinking water (250 ppm) for approx. 2 years. Thus, vinyl chloride-derived chloroethylene oxide and/or chloroacetaldehyde behaves as a bifunctional alkylating agent towards deoxyadenosine and deoxycytidine residues of DNA. The separation of deoxyribonucleosides and the two etheno-deoxyribosyl-nucleosides by liquid chromatography, and the mass spectra of etheno-deoxyadenosine and etheno-deoxycytidine and of their O-bis-(trimethylsilyl) derivatives are described. In the animal experiment (ii), the resulting proportion of etheno-deoxyadenosine is small compared with that of etheno-deoxycytidine. Imidazo-[2,1-i]purine (etheno-adenine) is identified: (a) in the supernatant after sedimentation of the modified DNA in the model experiment (i), and (b) in the product resulting from the reaction between chloroacetaldehyde and deoxyadenosine. The effect on the structure of DNA of the imidazo-cyclization of deoxyadenosine and deoxycytidine residues and of the depurination of etheno-deoxyadenosine residues is discussed in relation to vinyl chloride oncogenicity.", "PMID": 699172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11837", "title": "The ontogeny of nuclear aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase.", "content": "The ontogeny of rat liver nuclear aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) ws studied. AHH which was barely detectable in 18--20 day fetal rat liver nuclei increased rapidly post-partum reaching a value which was over 200 times greater than the fetal liver specific activity. Nuclear AHH was induced upon administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) to rats. The level of induction was dependent upon the age of the rat. Thus, the highest induced nuclear AHH specific activity was observed in the 3--4-week-old rat, i.e., 50--70 g in weight. The greatest fold increase in nuclear AHH after 3-MC administration was observed in the 6--8 g, or 1--2-day-old rat. Fetal rat liver nuclear AHH was also induced after 3-MC administration to the dam. The basal and induced levels of AHH were compared in nuclei and microsomes from 1--2 and 10--12-day-old rats. In the former, the ratio of the microsomal to nuclear AHH was 1.4 and 1.8 under basal and induced conditions, respectively.", "contents": "The ontogeny of nuclear aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. The ontogeny of rat liver nuclear aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) ws studied. AHH which was barely detectable in 18--20 day fetal rat liver nuclei increased rapidly post-partum reaching a value which was over 200 times greater than the fetal liver specific activity. Nuclear AHH was induced upon administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) to rats. The level of induction was dependent upon the age of the rat. Thus, the highest induced nuclear AHH specific activity was observed in the 3--4-week-old rat, i.e., 50--70 g in weight. The greatest fold increase in nuclear AHH after 3-MC administration was observed in the 6--8 g, or 1--2-day-old rat. Fetal rat liver nuclear AHH was also induced after 3-MC administration to the dam. The basal and induced levels of AHH were compared in nuclei and microsomes from 1--2 and 10--12-day-old rats. In the former, the ratio of the microsomal to nuclear AHH was 1.4 and 1.8 under basal and induced conditions, respectively.", "PMID": 699173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11838", "title": "Antitumor action of rhodium (I) and iridium (I) complexes.", "content": "Several rhodium(I) and iridium(I) complexes displayed different degrees of antitumour activity when tested in mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Rhodium (I) and iridium (I) acetylacetonate derivatives caused a high percentage of cures. The rhodium (I) dimers were particularly interesting, since (bis(cycloocta-1,5-diene)micromicron' dichlorodirhodium(I) [RhCODCl]2) was highly effective, whereas its analogues, bis(bicyclo[2,2,1]hepta-2,5-diene)micromicron'-dichlorodirhodium(I) [RhNBDCl]2) and bis(1,5-hexadiene)micromicron' dichlorodirhodium(I) [RhEDCl]2) were virtually inactive. The absence of significant inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein syntheses in tumour cells found for [RhCODCl]2 at therapeutically active dosages, indicates that this substance has a different mechanism of action from that of cis-dichlorodiammine Pt(II) (cis-PDD). The amount of rhodium found in tumour cells after administration of active [RhCODCl]2 was higher than that for [RhEDCl]2, while the rhodium concentration in the ascitic fluid was much higher for [RhEDCl]2. A mechanism based on the chemical properties of the complexes is tentatively proposed for explaining these findings and selective toxicity for tumour cells.", "contents": "Antitumor action of rhodium (I) and iridium (I) complexes. Several rhodium(I) and iridium(I) complexes displayed different degrees of antitumour activity when tested in mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Rhodium (I) and iridium (I) acetylacetonate derivatives caused a high percentage of cures. The rhodium (I) dimers were particularly interesting, since (bis(cycloocta-1,5-diene)micromicron' dichlorodirhodium(I) [RhCODCl]2) was highly effective, whereas its analogues, bis(bicyclo[2,2,1]hepta-2,5-diene)micromicron'-dichlorodirhodium(I) [RhNBDCl]2) and bis(1,5-hexadiene)micromicron' dichlorodirhodium(I) [RhEDCl]2) were virtually inactive. The absence of significant inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein syntheses in tumour cells found for [RhCODCl]2 at therapeutically active dosages, indicates that this substance has a different mechanism of action from that of cis-dichlorodiammine Pt(II) (cis-PDD). The amount of rhodium found in tumour cells after administration of active [RhCODCl]2 was higher than that for [RhEDCl]2, while the rhodium concentration in the ascitic fluid was much higher for [RhEDCl]2. A mechanism based on the chemical properties of the complexes is tentatively proposed for explaining these findings and selective toxicity for tumour cells.", "PMID": 699174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11839", "title": "The major metabolite of aflatoxin B1 in the rat is a glutathione conjugate.", "content": "[14C]aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was injected i.p. into female Wistar rats. Half of the dose was eliminated into the bile mostly as polar non-extractable metabolites. Among these a glutathione conjugate was the main component. The same conjugate was formed when rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant was incubated with AFB1 and [3H]glutathione. The conjugate was purified by ion exchange chromatography, gel-filtration and thin layer chromatography (TLC). It was tentatively identified as 2,3-dihydro-2-(S-glutathionyl)-3-hydroxy aflatoxin B1 (AFB1-GSH-conjugate). This structure was derived mainly from amino acid analysis, ultraviolet spectra and the enzymatic requirements for its formation in in vitro experiments. In the rat this detoxification product of the potentially ultimate reactive AFB1-epoxide constitutes about 10% of the administered dose and thus underlines the quantitative importance of this activating pathway.", "contents": "The major metabolite of aflatoxin B1 in the rat is a glutathione conjugate. [14C]aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was injected i.p. into female Wistar rats. Half of the dose was eliminated into the bile mostly as polar non-extractable metabolites. Among these a glutathione conjugate was the main component. The same conjugate was formed when rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant was incubated with AFB1 and [3H]glutathione. The conjugate was purified by ion exchange chromatography, gel-filtration and thin layer chromatography (TLC). It was tentatively identified as 2,3-dihydro-2-(S-glutathionyl)-3-hydroxy aflatoxin B1 (AFB1-GSH-conjugate). This structure was derived mainly from amino acid analysis, ultraviolet spectra and the enzymatic requirements for its formation in in vitro experiments. In the rat this detoxification product of the potentially ultimate reactive AFB1-epoxide constitutes about 10% of the administered dose and thus underlines the quantitative importance of this activating pathway.", "PMID": 699175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11840", "title": "Interactions between cadmium and zinc in cytoplasm of duck liver and kidney.", "content": "Ducks were collected from a marine environment known to be polluted with heavy metals. Gel elution profiles were determined for both liver and kidney tissue using Sephadex G-75 gel. Zn increased linearly on the high molecular weight protein pool until this pool was apparently Zn saturated; saturation levels were 0.06 mumole cytoplasmic Zn/g kidney (wet wt.) and 0.14 mumole cytoplasmic Zn/g liver (wet wt.). Seventy-five percent of cytoplasmic Cd was found on the high molecular weight protein pool unless it was Zn saturated. If this pool was Zn saturated, then excesses of Zn and up to 75% of cytoplasmic Cd appeared on metallothionein. Results are discussed in terms of a competition of Cd and Zn for Zn binding sites on metalloenzymes. Cu increased linearly on both the high molecular weight protein pool and metallothionein, with increases of Cu in tissue.", "contents": "Interactions between cadmium and zinc in cytoplasm of duck liver and kidney. Ducks were collected from a marine environment known to be polluted with heavy metals. Gel elution profiles were determined for both liver and kidney tissue using Sephadex G-75 gel. Zn increased linearly on the high molecular weight protein pool until this pool was apparently Zn saturated; saturation levels were 0.06 mumole cytoplasmic Zn/g kidney (wet wt.) and 0.14 mumole cytoplasmic Zn/g liver (wet wt.). Seventy-five percent of cytoplasmic Cd was found on the high molecular weight protein pool unless it was Zn saturated. If this pool was Zn saturated, then excesses of Zn and up to 75% of cytoplasmic Cd appeared on metallothionein. Results are discussed in terms of a competition of Cd and Zn for Zn binding sites on metalloenzymes. Cu increased linearly on both the high molecular weight protein pool and metallothionein, with increases of Cu in tissue.", "PMID": 699176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11841", "title": "Comparative actions of 1,10-phenanthroline nickel(II) chelates and their constituent metal ion and ligands on the guinea-pig isolated atrium.", "content": "The actions of fully co-ordinated, inert nickel(II) chelates of 1,10-phenanthroline and 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline have been compared on the guinea-pig isolated atrium with those of their constituent metal ion and ligands. In general, each test substance showed distinctive actions suggesting that the effects of the metal chelates are mediated by the intact chelate cation and not by liberated metal ion or ligand. Differences in the actions of the unsubstituted and the highly methylated compounds may result from the greater capacity of the methylated chelate and ligand to induce more profound and sustained conformational changes in the responsive atrial pre- and postsynaptic membranes thereby promoting more rapid and prolonged influx of Ca2+.", "contents": "Comparative actions of 1,10-phenanthroline nickel(II) chelates and their constituent metal ion and ligands on the guinea-pig isolated atrium. The actions of fully co-ordinated, inert nickel(II) chelates of 1,10-phenanthroline and 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline have been compared on the guinea-pig isolated atrium with those of their constituent metal ion and ligands. In general, each test substance showed distinctive actions suggesting that the effects of the metal chelates are mediated by the intact chelate cation and not by liberated metal ion or ligand. Differences in the actions of the unsubstituted and the highly methylated compounds may result from the greater capacity of the methylated chelate and ligand to induce more profound and sustained conformational changes in the responsive atrial pre- and postsynaptic membranes thereby promoting more rapid and prolonged influx of Ca2+.", "PMID": 699177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11842", "title": "Mutagenicity of dichlorvos and other structurally related pesticides in Salmonella and Streptomyces.", "content": "The following pesticides: azinphosmethyl, diallate, dichlorvos, EPTC, fenchlorphos, mevinphos, monocrotophos, noruron, parathionmethyl, triallate, trichlorphon and vegadex were tested for the ability to induce his+ revertants in four histidines requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium--TAI 535(missense), TAI 536, TAI 537 and TAI 538 (frame-shift)- and resistance to low levels of streptomycin in Streptomyces coelicolor. Dichlorvos, which is a phosphoric ester with a dichlorovinyl group as side chain, and trichlorphon, which is known for its spontaneous conversion in dichlorvos, are both mutagenic in Salmonella (strain TAI535) and Streptomyces. Five organophosphorus pesticides similar to dichlorvos but devoid of the vinyl group are not mutagenic. Three carbamates, diallate, triallate and vegadex, which contain a chloroallyl group similar to the vinyl group of dichlorvos are mutagenic in Streptomyes; triallate and vegadex are powerful mutagens also in Salmonella (strain TAI535); two other carbamates devoid of the chlorinated group are not mutagenic. The results suggest that the presence of a vinyl chloride or allyl chloride group in the molecule of these pesticides is responsible for the ability to induce point mutations in Salmonella and Streptomyces.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of dichlorvos and other structurally related pesticides in Salmonella and Streptomyces. The following pesticides: azinphosmethyl, diallate, dichlorvos, EPTC, fenchlorphos, mevinphos, monocrotophos, noruron, parathionmethyl, triallate, trichlorphon and vegadex were tested for the ability to induce his+ revertants in four histidines requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium--TAI 535(missense), TAI 536, TAI 537 and TAI 538 (frame-shift)- and resistance to low levels of streptomycin in Streptomyces coelicolor. Dichlorvos, which is a phosphoric ester with a dichlorovinyl group as side chain, and trichlorphon, which is known for its spontaneous conversion in dichlorvos, are both mutagenic in Salmonella (strain TAI535) and Streptomyces. Five organophosphorus pesticides similar to dichlorvos but devoid of the vinyl group are not mutagenic. Three carbamates, diallate, triallate and vegadex, which contain a chloroallyl group similar to the vinyl group of dichlorvos are mutagenic in Streptomyes; triallate and vegadex are powerful mutagens also in Salmonella (strain TAI535); two other carbamates devoid of the chlorinated group are not mutagenic. The results suggest that the presence of a vinyl chloride or allyl chloride group in the molecule of these pesticides is responsible for the ability to induce point mutations in Salmonella and Streptomyces.", "PMID": 699179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11843", "title": "Comparative effect of a family of substituted thiopseudoureas on protein synthesis by rat liver and Walker carcinoma ribosomes.", "content": "In order to assess the role played respectively by the pseudothiourea group and the alkylic chain in the inhibition of protein synthesis and tumour growth caused by compound AHR-1911, a series of eight related substances were studied. The blockade of protein synthesis on liver and Walker carcinoma ribosomes and on suspensions of Walker carcinoma cells, depended essentially on the length of the alkylic chain and the substitution in C-1. The minimum chain was 9 carbons and a plateau in the activity was reached at 11 carbons. Replacement of the thiourea group in C-1 by an NH2 group did not change the pattern. A double bond in the distal section of the chain (AHR-1911) increased inhibition on intact cells with a parallel decrease in cytotoxicity, and reduced the aggregation of ribosomes, protein synthesis factors and other proteins. The antitumor effect depends on the pseudothiourea group and is not caused primarily by interference with protein synthesis. Aminoacyl tRNA binding and transfer appeared to be targets of AH4-1911, but this did not affect significantly tRNA change or nascent peptide release. Drug binding to ribosomes and their subsequent aggregation can be regulated by K+ concentration and temperature. It is assumed that the inhibition of protein synthesis is caused by AHR-1911 effects on elongation factors, impairing their interaction with ribosomes.", "contents": "Comparative effect of a family of substituted thiopseudoureas on protein synthesis by rat liver and Walker carcinoma ribosomes. In order to assess the role played respectively by the pseudothiourea group and the alkylic chain in the inhibition of protein synthesis and tumour growth caused by compound AHR-1911, a series of eight related substances were studied. The blockade of protein synthesis on liver and Walker carcinoma ribosomes and on suspensions of Walker carcinoma cells, depended essentially on the length of the alkylic chain and the substitution in C-1. The minimum chain was 9 carbons and a plateau in the activity was reached at 11 carbons. Replacement of the thiourea group in C-1 by an NH2 group did not change the pattern. A double bond in the distal section of the chain (AHR-1911) increased inhibition on intact cells with a parallel decrease in cytotoxicity, and reduced the aggregation of ribosomes, protein synthesis factors and other proteins. The antitumor effect depends on the pseudothiourea group and is not caused primarily by interference with protein synthesis. Aminoacyl tRNA binding and transfer appeared to be targets of AH4-1911, but this did not affect significantly tRNA change or nascent peptide release. Drug binding to ribosomes and their subsequent aggregation can be regulated by K+ concentration and temperature. It is assumed that the inhibition of protein synthesis is caused by AHR-1911 effects on elongation factors, impairing their interaction with ribosomes.", "PMID": 699180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11844", "title": "Computer-generated graphic models of the N2-substituted deoxyguanosine adducts of 2-acetylaminofluorene and benzo[a]pyrene and the O6-substituted deoxyguanosine adduct of 1-naphthylamine in the DNA double helix.", "content": "Computer models of three deoxyguanosine-carcinogen adducts in double-helical DNA are presented. The carcinogen moiety is rotated and the best fit within the double helix is evaluated. The 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) derivative, 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-AAF, is found to be situated within the minor groove, has very little freedom of rotation and causes little helical distortion. The (+)-anti-benzo[a]-pyrene (BP)-diol epoxide-N2 adduct, 10beta-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-7beta, 8alpha,9alpha-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP, has a similar fit with a greater degree of steric interaction, suggesting that this adduct could cause some local destabilization. The 1-naphthylamine (NA) derivative, N1-(deoxyguanosine-O6-yl)-1-NA, resides within the major groove, does not perturb the helix and has considerable freedom of movement.", "contents": "Computer-generated graphic models of the N2-substituted deoxyguanosine adducts of 2-acetylaminofluorene and benzo[a]pyrene and the O6-substituted deoxyguanosine adduct of 1-naphthylamine in the DNA double helix. Computer models of three deoxyguanosine-carcinogen adducts in double-helical DNA are presented. The carcinogen moiety is rotated and the best fit within the double helix is evaluated. The 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) derivative, 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-AAF, is found to be situated within the minor groove, has very little freedom of rotation and causes little helical distortion. The (+)-anti-benzo[a]-pyrene (BP)-diol epoxide-N2 adduct, 10beta-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-7beta, 8alpha,9alpha-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP, has a similar fit with a greater degree of steric interaction, suggesting that this adduct could cause some local destabilization. The 1-naphthylamine (NA) derivative, N1-(deoxyguanosine-O6-yl)-1-NA, resides within the major groove, does not perturb the helix and has considerable freedom of movement.", "PMID": 699181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11845", "title": "Covalent binding of ethinylestradiol and estrone to rat liver DNA in vivo.", "content": "The covalent binding of [6,7-3H] ethinylestradiol (EE) and [6,7-3H] estrone (E) to liver DNA of 200 g female rats was measured 8 h after the administration of 80 microgram (9.2 mCi) estrogen by gavage. The binding is 1.5 for EE and 1.1 for E, expressed as binding to DNA/dose, in units of mumol hormone/mol DNA phosphate/mmole hormone/kg body wt. It is the same order of magnitude as for benzene and about 10 000 times below the binding of typical liver carcinogens, such as aflatoxin B1 or N,N-dimethylnitrosamine.", "contents": "Covalent binding of ethinylestradiol and estrone to rat liver DNA in vivo. The covalent binding of [6,7-3H] ethinylestradiol (EE) and [6,7-3H] estrone (E) to liver DNA of 200 g female rats was measured 8 h after the administration of 80 microgram (9.2 mCi) estrogen by gavage. The binding is 1.5 for EE and 1.1 for E, expressed as binding to DNA/dose, in units of mumol hormone/mol DNA phosphate/mmole hormone/kg body wt. It is the same order of magnitude as for benzene and about 10 000 times below the binding of typical liver carcinogens, such as aflatoxin B1 or N,N-dimethylnitrosamine.", "PMID": 699187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11846", "title": "Sulfate conjugation of benzo[alpha]pyrene metabolites and derivates.", "content": "Sulfate conjugation of benzo[alpha]pyrene(BP) metabolites and derivatives was studied. The reaction sequence consisted of two steps; activation of sulfate ion to 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and transfer of the activated sulfate to the BP-derivatives. Both reactions were carried out by enzymes located in the rat liver 105 000 g supernatant. The reactions required MgCl2. Phenol and quinone derivatives were generally good substrates for sulfate conjugation and different reactivities were observed with the dihydrodiol derivatives. Sulfate conjugates were more polar than their parent BP-derivatives and except for quinone conjugates were easily extracted with ethyl acetate. The role of sulfate conjugation in BP carcinogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Sulfate conjugation of benzo[alpha]pyrene metabolites and derivates. Sulfate conjugation of benzo[alpha]pyrene(BP) metabolites and derivatives was studied. The reaction sequence consisted of two steps; activation of sulfate ion to 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and transfer of the activated sulfate to the BP-derivatives. Both reactions were carried out by enzymes located in the rat liver 105 000 g supernatant. The reactions required MgCl2. Phenol and quinone derivatives were generally good substrates for sulfate conjugation and different reactivities were observed with the dihydrodiol derivatives. Sulfate conjugates were more polar than their parent BP-derivatives and except for quinone conjugates were easily extracted with ethyl acetate. The role of sulfate conjugation in BP carcinogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 699189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11847", "title": "DL-2-Oxo-3-(2-mercaptoethyl)-5-phenylimidazolidine. A sulfhydryl metabolite of levamisole that interacts with microtubules.", "content": "DL-2-Oxo-3-(2-mercaptoethyl)-5-phenylimidazolidine (OMPI) a sulfhydryl metabolite of levamisole, unlike the parent compound, is shown to interfere with the morphological and functional integrity of microtubules in cultured cells at high concentrations (1.6-10(-4) M). Lower concentrations do not affect the cell morphology, viability or growth rate in any appreciable way. Both levamisole and OMPI, at low concentrations (10(-5)-10(-6) m), markedly enhance the antimicrotubular effect of mercaptoethanol. High concentrations of OMPI (+/- 10(-4) M) inhibit the self-assembly of microtubules in a cell free system. Low concentrations (+/- 10(-6) M) markedly enhance the polymerization rate of tubulin. Levamisole has no effect on tubulin polymerization. The effects of OMPI on microtubules in cells and in the polymerization system can be reversed by reduced glutathione, cysteine and dithiothreitol. The data indicate that OMPI interacts in a biphasic manner with microtubule formation probably through interaction with critical SH-groups on the tubulin molecule. It seems of interest to further investigate the hypothesis that the immunomodulating properties of levamisole are at least partially due to the formation of its metabolite (OMPI) which could enhance microtubule integrity and function in leukocytes.", "contents": "DL-2-Oxo-3-(2-mercaptoethyl)-5-phenylimidazolidine. A sulfhydryl metabolite of levamisole that interacts with microtubules. DL-2-Oxo-3-(2-mercaptoethyl)-5-phenylimidazolidine (OMPI) a sulfhydryl metabolite of levamisole, unlike the parent compound, is shown to interfere with the morphological and functional integrity of microtubules in cultured cells at high concentrations (1.6-10(-4) M). Lower concentrations do not affect the cell morphology, viability or growth rate in any appreciable way. Both levamisole and OMPI, at low concentrations (10(-5)-10(-6) m), markedly enhance the antimicrotubular effect of mercaptoethanol. High concentrations of OMPI (+/- 10(-4) M) inhibit the self-assembly of microtubules in a cell free system. Low concentrations (+/- 10(-6) M) markedly enhance the polymerization rate of tubulin. Levamisole has no effect on tubulin polymerization. The effects of OMPI on microtubules in cells and in the polymerization system can be reversed by reduced glutathione, cysteine and dithiothreitol. The data indicate that OMPI interacts in a biphasic manner with microtubule formation probably through interaction with critical SH-groups on the tubulin molecule. It seems of interest to further investigate the hypothesis that the immunomodulating properties of levamisole are at least partially due to the formation of its metabolite (OMPI) which could enhance microtubule integrity and function in leukocytes.", "PMID": 699190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11848", "title": "The toxicity of thallium(I) to cardiac and skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effects of (a) partial or complete replacement of K+ by Tl+ in saline perfusing isolated rat heart and diaphragm preparations and (b) pulse injections of high concentrations of Tl+ or K+, have been studied. The immediate effect of Tl+ resembles that of higher concentrations of K+ and may reflect its more rapid penetration into the tissue. Tl+ appears to replace K+ on a 1:1 basis to an extent dependent upon the relative abundance of the two cations in the perfusion solution. However, analysis of diaphragm preparations after perfusion with salines containing increasing Tl+ but constant [K+ + Tl+] showed a related and progressive increase in total cation content. This effect, which was not seen in the presence of constant high (normal) K+ concentrations, may reflect an increase of the intracellular space brought about by the thallium. Functional effects of Tl+ were (a) preferential block of the phrenic nerve or neuromuscular junction over the muscle fibre and (b) transient but marked acceleration of cardiac frequency following pulse injections, which may be of value in analysing the pacemaker mechanism of the heart. In both tissues Tl+ is eventually toxic and probably irreversibly so.", "contents": "The toxicity of thallium(I) to cardiac and skeletal muscle. The effects of (a) partial or complete replacement of K+ by Tl+ in saline perfusing isolated rat heart and diaphragm preparations and (b) pulse injections of high concentrations of Tl+ or K+, have been studied. The immediate effect of Tl+ resembles that of higher concentrations of K+ and may reflect its more rapid penetration into the tissue. Tl+ appears to replace K+ on a 1:1 basis to an extent dependent upon the relative abundance of the two cations in the perfusion solution. However, analysis of diaphragm preparations after perfusion with salines containing increasing Tl+ but constant [K+ + Tl+] showed a related and progressive increase in total cation content. This effect, which was not seen in the presence of constant high (normal) K+ concentrations, may reflect an increase of the intracellular space brought about by the thallium. Functional effects of Tl+ were (a) preferential block of the phrenic nerve or neuromuscular junction over the muscle fibre and (b) transient but marked acceleration of cardiac frequency following pulse injections, which may be of value in analysing the pacemaker mechanism of the heart. In both tissues Tl+ is eventually toxic and probably irreversibly so.", "PMID": 699191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11849", "title": "Effects of cis-platinum(II) diamminedichloride on survival and the rate of DNA synthesis in synchronously growing Chinese hamster V79-379A cells in the absence and presence of caffeine inhibited post-replication repair; evidence for an inducible repair mechanism.", "content": "The mechanism by which cis-Platinum(II)diamminedichloride, (cis-Pt(II)), inhibited DNA synthesis was investigated using synchronously growing Chinese hamster V79-379A cells. The progression of G1 phase treated cells into S phase was not inhibited. However the rate of DNA synthesis throughout the S phase was depressed in a dose dependent manner compared to a control. The peak rate of DNA synthesis was delayed and the duration of the S phase was extended resulting in a dose dependent delay in the timing of mitosis in the first cell cycle after treatment. The delay in the timing of mitosis after the second S phase in treated cells was comparable to the delay observed after the first cycle. Post treatment incubation of cells in the presence of a non toxic concentration of caffeine resulted in an alteration in the pattern of DNA synthesis, leading to a reversal of the dose dependent delay in the timing of the peak rate of DNA synthesis to a position corresponding to the control. Caffeine potentiated the toxicity of cis-Pt(II) only if it was added during the first cell cycle after treatment. The patterns of DNA synthesis in synchronous cultures of Chinese hamster V79-379A cells after cis-Pt(II) treatment appeared to be similar to those previously demonstrated for difunctional alkylating agents. The results were discussed in relation to an existing model in which it was postulated that a DNA replication dependent repair mechanism enables cells to replicate DNA using a cis-Pt(II) damaged DNA template. This mechanism has been shown in Chinese hamster V79-379A cells to be sensitive to non toxic concentrations of caffeine resulting in an inhibition of the rate of ligation of nascent DNA which is followed by an increase in chromosome aberrations and cell death. The results presented support the proposed model and emphasise the importance of this replication repair mechanism in enabling cells to tolerate unexcised damage to their genome. In addition we propose that cis-Pt(II) damage stimulates the induction of a system which is involved in enhancing so called post replication repair in Chinese hamster V79 cells and that this induction might be inhibited by the presence of caffeine.", "contents": "Effects of cis-platinum(II) diamminedichloride on survival and the rate of DNA synthesis in synchronously growing Chinese hamster V79-379A cells in the absence and presence of caffeine inhibited post-replication repair; evidence for an inducible repair mechanism. The mechanism by which cis-Platinum(II)diamminedichloride, (cis-Pt(II)), inhibited DNA synthesis was investigated using synchronously growing Chinese hamster V79-379A cells. The progression of G1 phase treated cells into S phase was not inhibited. However the rate of DNA synthesis throughout the S phase was depressed in a dose dependent manner compared to a control. The peak rate of DNA synthesis was delayed and the duration of the S phase was extended resulting in a dose dependent delay in the timing of mitosis in the first cell cycle after treatment. The delay in the timing of mitosis after the second S phase in treated cells was comparable to the delay observed after the first cycle. Post treatment incubation of cells in the presence of a non toxic concentration of caffeine resulted in an alteration in the pattern of DNA synthesis, leading to a reversal of the dose dependent delay in the timing of the peak rate of DNA synthesis to a position corresponding to the control. Caffeine potentiated the toxicity of cis-Pt(II) only if it was added during the first cell cycle after treatment. The patterns of DNA synthesis in synchronous cultures of Chinese hamster V79-379A cells after cis-Pt(II) treatment appeared to be similar to those previously demonstrated for difunctional alkylating agents. The results were discussed in relation to an existing model in which it was postulated that a DNA replication dependent repair mechanism enables cells to replicate DNA using a cis-Pt(II) damaged DNA template. This mechanism has been shown in Chinese hamster V79-379A cells to be sensitive to non toxic concentrations of caffeine resulting in an inhibition of the rate of ligation of nascent DNA which is followed by an increase in chromosome aberrations and cell death. The results presented support the proposed model and emphasise the importance of this replication repair mechanism in enabling cells to tolerate unexcised damage to their genome. In addition we propose that cis-Pt(II) damage stimulates the induction of a system which is involved in enhancing so called post replication repair in Chinese hamster V79 cells and that this induction might be inhibited by the presence of caffeine.", "PMID": 699192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11850", "title": "Characterization of aminoalkylphosphonyl cerebrosides in muscle tissue of Turbo cornutus.", "content": "From muscle tissues of the marine snail (Turbo cornutus) aminoalkylphosphonyl cerebrosides, which had been shown to be present in visceral parts were isolated. Their structure was determined by degradative methods and by characterization of components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The aminoalkylphosphonyl cerebroside fraction consisted of a major portion of 1-O-[6'-O-(N-methylaminoethylphosphonyl) galactosyl] ceramide and a minor portion of a novel lipid, 1-O-[6'-O-(aminoethylphosphonyl)galactosyl] ceramide. The fatty acids of the fraction were mainly palmitic (53.3%) and 2-hydroxy palmitic acid (14.6%). The long chain bases were mainly dihydroxy C22: 2(36.6%), C18:1 (14.6%) and trihydroxy bases were also found as minor components.", "contents": "Characterization of aminoalkylphosphonyl cerebrosides in muscle tissue of Turbo cornutus. From muscle tissues of the marine snail (Turbo cornutus) aminoalkylphosphonyl cerebrosides, which had been shown to be present in visceral parts were isolated. Their structure was determined by degradative methods and by characterization of components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The aminoalkylphosphonyl cerebroside fraction consisted of a major portion of 1-O-[6'-O-(N-methylaminoethylphosphonyl) galactosyl] ceramide and a minor portion of a novel lipid, 1-O-[6'-O-(aminoethylphosphonyl)galactosyl] ceramide. The fatty acids of the fraction were mainly palmitic (53.3%) and 2-hydroxy palmitic acid (14.6%). The long chain bases were mainly dihydroxy C22: 2(36.6%), C18:1 (14.6%) and trihydroxy bases were also found as minor components.", "PMID": 699219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11851", "title": "[Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage].", "content": "The authors describe their experience in 23 cases of biliary tract drainage by the transhepatic-percutaneous approach in the course of obstructive jaundice of diversified origin. This can be done for essentially three reasons, namely to alleviate jaundice preoperatively, to provide permanent bile drainage in patients not amenable to surgery, and to relieve excess pressure in surgical anastomoses of the biliary passages. On the basis of biological considerations (relationship between severity and duration of cholestasis on the one hand and postoperative mortality and morbidity on the other), and in light of their own results, the authors argue in favor of this procedure, explaining that it is only mildly traumatic to the patient, easy to perform, attended by a low quota of complications, and above all effective as a drainage; also, it does not unduly prolong the preoperative period for patients scheduled for further and major surgery. Also in view of the current role of PTC in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice, they submit that transhepatic-percutaneous drainage should be done right next to recognition of dilatation of the intrahepatic bile passages by CAT or echotomography.", "contents": "[Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage]. The authors describe their experience in 23 cases of biliary tract drainage by the transhepatic-percutaneous approach in the course of obstructive jaundice of diversified origin. This can be done for essentially three reasons, namely to alleviate jaundice preoperatively, to provide permanent bile drainage in patients not amenable to surgery, and to relieve excess pressure in surgical anastomoses of the biliary passages. On the basis of biological considerations (relationship between severity and duration of cholestasis on the one hand and postoperative mortality and morbidity on the other), and in light of their own results, the authors argue in favor of this procedure, explaining that it is only mildly traumatic to the patient, easy to perform, attended by a low quota of complications, and above all effective as a drainage; also, it does not unduly prolong the preoperative period for patients scheduled for further and major surgery. Also in view of the current role of PTC in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice, they submit that transhepatic-percutaneous drainage should be done right next to recognition of dilatation of the intrahepatic bile passages by CAT or echotomography.", "PMID": 699220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11852", "title": "[Surgical treatment of caval obstructions].", "content": "The vena cava is the seat of obstructive disorders for which direct reparative surgery may sometimes become necessary. S.C.S. is mainly caused by neoplastic invasions or, in the case of the inferior vena cava, by progression of phlebothrombosis of the lower limbs. Prosthesis or autologous substitution and thrombointimectomy are specifically indicated in the two cases respectively. The two methods are described in detail and exemplified through the authors' personal cases consisting in an inferior caval thrombointimectomy and four superior caval by passes. It is concluded that surgical procedures are effective when the primitive disorder can be dominated and the thrombosis is not excessively extensive.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of caval obstructions]. The vena cava is the seat of obstructive disorders for which direct reparative surgery may sometimes become necessary. S.C.S. is mainly caused by neoplastic invasions or, in the case of the inferior vena cava, by progression of phlebothrombosis of the lower limbs. Prosthesis or autologous substitution and thrombointimectomy are specifically indicated in the two cases respectively. The two methods are described in detail and exemplified through the authors' personal cases consisting in an inferior caval thrombointimectomy and four superior caval by passes. It is concluded that surgical procedures are effective when the primitive disorder can be dominated and the thrombosis is not excessively extensive.", "PMID": 699221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11853", "title": "[Incidence of recurrent nerve paralysis in personal cases of thyroid surgery].", "content": "The authors review their series of thyroid operations, totaling 383 cases in the last seven years. In that series the incidence of recurrent nerve lesions leading to permanent sequels was 1.07% (all treated without surgical preparation of the nerve); an additional 0.53% of the patients developed transient paralysis of the recurrent nerve--of which the authors discuss the possible etiology. The authors conclude by stating the need for careful recognition of the recurrent nerve in all surgical procedures involving the thyroid gland, except some enucleo-resections; they confirm the importance of branches of the inferior thyroid artery and the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage as reference points.", "contents": "[Incidence of recurrent nerve paralysis in personal cases of thyroid surgery]. The authors review their series of thyroid operations, totaling 383 cases in the last seven years. In that series the incidence of recurrent nerve lesions leading to permanent sequels was 1.07% (all treated without surgical preparation of the nerve); an additional 0.53% of the patients developed transient paralysis of the recurrent nerve--of which the authors discuss the possible etiology. The authors conclude by stating the need for careful recognition of the recurrent nerve in all surgical procedures involving the thyroid gland, except some enucleo-resections; they confirm the importance of branches of the inferior thyroid artery and the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage as reference points.", "PMID": 699223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11854", "title": "[Current views concerning the etiopathogenesis of reflux esophagitis in children].", "content": "Esophagitis is caused by a gastro-esophageal reflux sometimes reflecting anatomical inadequacy of structures that secure the relationships between the cardia and the diaphragm, fundus of the stomach, and other surrounding viscera, but more often due to functional deficiency of lower esophageal sphincter (LES), this representing the main factor for maintenance of the mechanism of cardial continence. Manometric studies of intraluminal pressures in the esophagus have revealed the presence of a high-pressure segment in the distal esophagus, where a mean pressure of 12-13 mm Hg obtains over a length of 3 or 4 cm. In the first two weeks of extrauterine life the LES is between 0.5 and 1 cm long, with a pressure of 3 mm Hg; pressure values in the LES equal adult values at about one month of age, showing that neuromuscular control of the sphincter has been achieved. Gastro-esophageal reflux, however, is very common in the newborn and not enough by itself to cause peptic disease of the esophagus; this requires the concomitance of morphological defects of the esophageal mucosa and/or dynamic-functional disturbances. This, according to the authors, is why esophagitis actually occurs in only about 60% of patients with radiologically and pHmetrically demonstrated gastro-esophageal reflux.", "contents": "[Current views concerning the etiopathogenesis of reflux esophagitis in children]. Esophagitis is caused by a gastro-esophageal reflux sometimes reflecting anatomical inadequacy of structures that secure the relationships between the cardia and the diaphragm, fundus of the stomach, and other surrounding viscera, but more often due to functional deficiency of lower esophageal sphincter (LES), this representing the main factor for maintenance of the mechanism of cardial continence. Manometric studies of intraluminal pressures in the esophagus have revealed the presence of a high-pressure segment in the distal esophagus, where a mean pressure of 12-13 mm Hg obtains over a length of 3 or 4 cm. In the first two weeks of extrauterine life the LES is between 0.5 and 1 cm long, with a pressure of 3 mm Hg; pressure values in the LES equal adult values at about one month of age, showing that neuromuscular control of the sphincter has been achieved. Gastro-esophageal reflux, however, is very common in the newborn and not enough by itself to cause peptic disease of the esophagus; this requires the concomitance of morphological defects of the esophageal mucosa and/or dynamic-functional disturbances. This, according to the authors, is why esophagitis actually occurs in only about 60% of patients with radiologically and pHmetrically demonstrated gastro-esophageal reflux.", "PMID": 699224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11855", "title": "[Clinical picture and diagnosis of reflux esophagitis in children].", "content": "Whereas a burning retrosternal pain irradiating upward is the main symptom of reflux esophagitis in the adult, this symptom is usually not extant in children. Rather, the child will show unaccountable vomiting, stunted growth, anemia of unknown etiology, and respiratory disturbances. The pathologic condition more often associated with reflux esophagitis is hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus, which is in fact regarded as one of the causes of the esophageal disorder. Reflux esophagitis may lead to ulceration and hemorrhage, and may evolve into cicatricial retraction and esophageal stenosis, the latter sometimes quite tight. The condition is diagnosed in light of radiological examination and endoscopy. Whit older children, one may add the Bernstein test and pressure and pH readings. The paper concludes by pointing out the different diagnostic approach in the newborn and small baby on the one hand and in older children on the other.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and diagnosis of reflux esophagitis in children]. Whereas a burning retrosternal pain irradiating upward is the main symptom of reflux esophagitis in the adult, this symptom is usually not extant in children. Rather, the child will show unaccountable vomiting, stunted growth, anemia of unknown etiology, and respiratory disturbances. The pathologic condition more often associated with reflux esophagitis is hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus, which is in fact regarded as one of the causes of the esophageal disorder. Reflux esophagitis may lead to ulceration and hemorrhage, and may evolve into cicatricial retraction and esophageal stenosis, the latter sometimes quite tight. The condition is diagnosed in light of radiological examination and endoscopy. Whit older children, one may add the Bernstein test and pressure and pH readings. The paper concludes by pointing out the different diagnostic approach in the newborn and small baby on the one hand and in older children on the other.", "PMID": 699225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11856", "title": "[Current trends in the treatment of reflux esophagitis in childhood].", "content": "A problem of some complexity is the management of pathological gastro-esophageal reflux due to the presence of cardio-hiatal malformation, malposition of the cardia and gastric tuberosity, a congenitally short esophagus, and the like. Sometimes, however, there is no demonstrable morphological aleration and the condition, characterized by primitive hypotonia of the LES, goes under the name of infant chalasia of the esophagus. The general policy is to try first a conservative treatment consisting of dietary and postural measures and the administration of metoclopramide and d;ugs that protect the esophageal mucosa; this stage, however, should not be prolonged beyond 6 weeks. The presence of gastro-esophageal reflux associated with hiatal hernia; the presence of severe esophagitis or peptic stenosis of the esophagus and the persistence of symptoms after an adequate period of conservative therapy constitute as many indications for surgical correction. Good results can be obtained by restoring or strengthening the failing function of the LES, as is done quite successfully with funduplication after Nissen or with method of Belsey-Mark IV.", "contents": "[Current trends in the treatment of reflux esophagitis in childhood]. A problem of some complexity is the management of pathological gastro-esophageal reflux due to the presence of cardio-hiatal malformation, malposition of the cardia and gastric tuberosity, a congenitally short esophagus, and the like. Sometimes, however, there is no demonstrable morphological aleration and the condition, characterized by primitive hypotonia of the LES, goes under the name of infant chalasia of the esophagus. The general policy is to try first a conservative treatment consisting of dietary and postural measures and the administration of metoclopramide and d;ugs that protect the esophageal mucosa; this stage, however, should not be prolonged beyond 6 weeks. The presence of gastro-esophageal reflux associated with hiatal hernia; the presence of severe esophagitis or peptic stenosis of the esophagus and the persistence of symptoms after an adequate period of conservative therapy constitute as many indications for surgical correction. Good results can be obtained by restoring or strengthening the failing function of the LES, as is done quite successfully with funduplication after Nissen or with method of Belsey-Mark IV.", "PMID": 699226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11857", "title": "[Personal experience with anterior resection of the rectum].", "content": "Authors experience in the Dixon's operation regarding the surgical treatment of cancer of the rectum and recto-sigmoid junction is reviewed. It consists in 224 cases of malignant lesions which were treated by Miles operation (106 cases--47%), Dixon's operation (49 cases--21%), palliation anterior resection (16 cases--7%), other operations (53 cases--24%). After a brief discussion on anatomo-pathological conditions and tecniques, the Authors consider their results: operatory mortality 4%; complications: total anastomosis dehiscence 1 case, partial anastomosis dehiscence 14%; local repetitions 10%; hepatic metastasis within 5 ys 40%; survival at 5 ys 46%. Functional results were always very good. The Authors conclude that, even considering the large rate (56%) of wide-spread cancers treated, Dixon's operation, at least in their experience, doesn't seem to satisfy those needs of radically requested by a correct surgical therapy, which only Miles' operation guarantees.", "contents": "[Personal experience with anterior resection of the rectum]. Authors experience in the Dixon's operation regarding the surgical treatment of cancer of the rectum and recto-sigmoid junction is reviewed. It consists in 224 cases of malignant lesions which were treated by Miles operation (106 cases--47%), Dixon's operation (49 cases--21%), palliation anterior resection (16 cases--7%), other operations (53 cases--24%). After a brief discussion on anatomo-pathological conditions and tecniques, the Authors consider their results: operatory mortality 4%; complications: total anastomosis dehiscence 1 case, partial anastomosis dehiscence 14%; local repetitions 10%; hepatic metastasis within 5 ys 40%; survival at 5 ys 46%. Functional results were always very good. The Authors conclude that, even considering the large rate (56%) of wide-spread cancers treated, Dixon's operation, at least in their experience, doesn't seem to satisfy those needs of radically requested by a correct surgical therapy, which only Miles' operation guarantees.", "PMID": 699228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11858", "title": "[Current criteria of treatment of angiomas].", "content": "The authors set out their therapeutic trend in the treatment of angioma and the criteria governing the use of the various therapies according to the type of dysplasia and its clinical course; they then report on the results obtained in a series of 400 cases. Only 22 cases with unfavourable trend (evolution of lesion) were observed, whereas the others exhibited spontaneous regression (85 cases), arrest of evolution (50 cases) or regression or cure (243 cases).", "contents": "[Current criteria of treatment of angiomas]. The authors set out their therapeutic trend in the treatment of angioma and the criteria governing the use of the various therapies according to the type of dysplasia and its clinical course; they then report on the results obtained in a series of 400 cases. Only 22 cases with unfavourable trend (evolution of lesion) were observed, whereas the others exhibited spontaneous regression (85 cases), arrest of evolution (50 cases) or regression or cure (243 cases).", "PMID": 699229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11859", "title": "[Behavior of mast cells in experimental burns in rats].", "content": "The Authors, using a personal dyeing method, specific for mast cells, that they described in a former work, (a modification of May-Gruenwald-Giemsa dye) observed crowd of mast cells in the subcutaneous tissue, below the site of thermal skin burns, in rats. They clearly demonstrate the phenomenon of mast cells degranulation. The granules are released in the subcutaneous tissue, then they go away along the limph vessels, and it is possible to follow them until the limph nodes. There is also crowd of limphocytes and plasma cells; nevertheless, there is evidence that mast cells are the early cells which react to burns in rats. Perhaps it should be possible that mast cells have some immunological function, owing to the contact their granules take with lymphocytes and plasma cells.", "contents": "[Behavior of mast cells in experimental burns in rats]. The Authors, using a personal dyeing method, specific for mast cells, that they described in a former work, (a modification of May-Gruenwald-Giemsa dye) observed crowd of mast cells in the subcutaneous tissue, below the site of thermal skin burns, in rats. They clearly demonstrate the phenomenon of mast cells degranulation. The granules are released in the subcutaneous tissue, then they go away along the limph vessels, and it is possible to follow them until the limph nodes. There is also crowd of limphocytes and plasma cells; nevertheless, there is evidence that mast cells are the early cells which react to burns in rats. Perhaps it should be possible that mast cells have some immunological function, owing to the contact their granules take with lymphocytes and plasma cells.", "PMID": 699231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11860", "title": "[Cavernous hemangioma of the mediastinum].", "content": "The authors present a rare case of cavernous hemangioma of the mediastinum. After a critical review of existing literature on the subject, they discuss the symptoms of this vascular malformation with special emphasis on the difficulties of differential diagnosis versus other space-occupying lesions of the mediastinum. They further discuss the characteristic histopathologic features of cavernous hemangioma, and state that ablative surgery is the only possible therapeutic measure.", "contents": "[Cavernous hemangioma of the mediastinum]. The authors present a rare case of cavernous hemangioma of the mediastinum. After a critical review of existing literature on the subject, they discuss the symptoms of this vascular malformation with special emphasis on the difficulties of differential diagnosis versus other space-occupying lesions of the mediastinum. They further discuss the characteristic histopathologic features of cavernous hemangioma, and state that ablative surgery is the only possible therapeutic measure.", "PMID": 699233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11861", "title": "[Surgical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "The Authors presents a review of the orthopedic surgery in patient with rheumatoid arthritis. The aims of surgical treatment in this patients are: an improvement of the function, relief of pain and improvement in appearance. In this study are presented the major types of operation currently used: synoviectomy, arthroplasty, repair of tendons, osteotomy and arthrodesis.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. The Authors presents a review of the orthopedic surgery in patient with rheumatoid arthritis. The aims of surgical treatment in this patients are: an improvement of the function, relief of pain and improvement in appearance. In this study are presented the major types of operation currently used: synoviectomy, arthroplasty, repair of tendons, osteotomy and arthrodesis.", "PMID": 699237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11862", "title": "[A fairly common complication of acute appendicitis (a propos of 42 cases of abscess of Douglas' pouch)].", "content": "After a brief review of the literature, 42 cases of Douglas-pouch peritonitis are described, with particular regard to those cases arosen as a complication of acute appendicitis. Symptomatology and anatomo-pathological pictures are carefully described and the most likely pathogenetic causes are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the surgical techniques used.", "contents": "[A fairly common complication of acute appendicitis (a propos of 42 cases of abscess of Douglas' pouch)]. After a brief review of the literature, 42 cases of Douglas-pouch peritonitis are described, with particular regard to those cases arosen as a complication of acute appendicitis. Symptomatology and anatomo-pathological pictures are carefully described and the most likely pathogenetic causes are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the surgical techniques used.", "PMID": 699238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11863", "title": "Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the systemic vasoconstriction of chronic congestive heart failure.", "content": "In 15 patients with severe chronic left ventricular failure, plasma renin activity (PRA) ranged widely, from 0.2--39 ng/ml/hr. The level of PRA was unrelated to cardiac output (CO) or pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PWP), but was slightly negatively correlated with mean arterial pressure (MAP) (r = -0.45) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (r = -0.40). After infusion of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor teprotide (SQ 20,881) PWP fell from 26.3 +/- 1.3 (SEM) to 20.3 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (P less than 0.001), CO rose from 3.94 +/- 0.23 to 4.75 +/- 0.31 l/min (P less than 0.001), MAP fell from 87.5 +/- 3.8 to 77.9 +/- 4.1 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) and SVR from 1619 +/- 148 to 1252 +/- 137 dyne-sec-cm-5 (P less than 0.001). The fall in MAP and in SVR was significantly correlated with control PRA (r = 0.68 and r = 0.58, respectively). When subjects were divided on the basis of control PRA the hemodynamic response to teprotide was greatest in the high renin group. PRA rose after teprotide (8.7 +/- 3.4 to 37.9 +/- 7.7 ng/ml/hr, P less than 0.05) but plasma norepinephrine fell (619.1 +/- 103.6 to 449.7 +/- 75.7, P less than 0.05). The renin-angiotensin system thus appears to have an important role in the elevated SVR in some patients with heart failure. Chronic inhibition of converting enzyme should be explored as a possible therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the systemic vasoconstriction of chronic congestive heart failure. In 15 patients with severe chronic left ventricular failure, plasma renin activity (PRA) ranged widely, from 0.2--39 ng/ml/hr. The level of PRA was unrelated to cardiac output (CO) or pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PWP), but was slightly negatively correlated with mean arterial pressure (MAP) (r = -0.45) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (r = -0.40). After infusion of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor teprotide (SQ 20,881) PWP fell from 26.3 +/- 1.3 (SEM) to 20.3 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (P less than 0.001), CO rose from 3.94 +/- 0.23 to 4.75 +/- 0.31 l/min (P less than 0.001), MAP fell from 87.5 +/- 3.8 to 77.9 +/- 4.1 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) and SVR from 1619 +/- 148 to 1252 +/- 137 dyne-sec-cm-5 (P less than 0.001). The fall in MAP and in SVR was significantly correlated with control PRA (r = 0.68 and r = 0.58, respectively). When subjects were divided on the basis of control PRA the hemodynamic response to teprotide was greatest in the high renin group. PRA rose after teprotide (8.7 +/- 3.4 to 37.9 +/- 7.7 ng/ml/hr, P less than 0.05) but plasma norepinephrine fell (619.1 +/- 103.6 to 449.7 +/- 75.7, P less than 0.05). The renin-angiotensin system thus appears to have an important role in the elevated SVR in some patients with heart failure. Chronic inhibition of converting enzyme should be explored as a possible therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 699245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11864", "title": "Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in patients with congestive heart failure.", "content": "The etiology of afterload elevation in congestive cardiac failure is unclear, but experimental evidence suggests a role for the renin-angiotensin system in maintaining elevated peripheral vascular resistance. The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor SQ20,881 was administered to eight patients with congestive cardiac failure (four hypertensives, four normotensives) during or one day after diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Various hemodynamic measurements performed before and during blockade indicate that this agent caused improvement in cardiac function in all patients by decreasing afterload. This improvement correlated with the decrease in total vascular resistance but was independent of the baseline blood pressure and plasma renin activity. These results suggest that inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme is a worthwhile approach to the treatment of congestive heart failure, although its exact mechanism of action remains unclear.", "contents": "Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in patients with congestive heart failure. The etiology of afterload elevation in congestive cardiac failure is unclear, but experimental evidence suggests a role for the renin-angiotensin system in maintaining elevated peripheral vascular resistance. The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor SQ20,881 was administered to eight patients with congestive cardiac failure (four hypertensives, four normotensives) during or one day after diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Various hemodynamic measurements performed before and during blockade indicate that this agent caused improvement in cardiac function in all patients by decreasing afterload. This improvement correlated with the decrease in total vascular resistance but was independent of the baseline blood pressure and plasma renin activity. These results suggest that inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme is a worthwhile approach to the treatment of congestive heart failure, although its exact mechanism of action remains unclear.", "PMID": 699246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11865", "title": "Comparison of single-dose and double-dose thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for the detection of coronary artery disease and prior myocardial infarction.", "content": "Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was performed after exercise, 4 hours after exercise (redistribution) and after a separate rest injection in 87 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Significant coronary lesions were present in 62 of the patients. Interpretation of the rest and redistribution scintiscans was the same in 69 patients, 45 of whom had coronary artery disease (CAD). In 16 of the 17 patients with CAD and differing interpretations, defects were present on redistribution scintiscans but not on rest scintiscans; 11 of these patients had evidence of prior transmural myocardial infarction and the other five had an occluded coronary artery supplying the region of the defect. Redistribution scintiscans were more sensitive than rest scintiscans for the detection of prior myocardial infarction (93% vs 54%; P less than 0.01). The increased sensitivity was confined to the detection of prior inferior myocardial infarctions. In 36 of 38 patients with persistent perfusion defects on 4-hour redistribution scintiscans, either a prior infarction or an occluded coronary vessel was present. Exercise scintiscans were compared with rest scintiscans or with redistribution scintiscans for the detection of CAD. The sensitivity was not significantly different with either technique (90% and 89%, respectively), but both scintigraphic techniques were more sensitive than exercise electrocardiography (66%, P less than 0.01). These data demonstrate that redistribution thallium-201 scintiscans may be substituted for conventional rest scintiscans, resulting in reduced cost and radiation exposure to the patient.", "contents": "Comparison of single-dose and double-dose thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for the detection of coronary artery disease and prior myocardial infarction. Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was performed after exercise, 4 hours after exercise (redistribution) and after a separate rest injection in 87 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Significant coronary lesions were present in 62 of the patients. Interpretation of the rest and redistribution scintiscans was the same in 69 patients, 45 of whom had coronary artery disease (CAD). In 16 of the 17 patients with CAD and differing interpretations, defects were present on redistribution scintiscans but not on rest scintiscans; 11 of these patients had evidence of prior transmural myocardial infarction and the other five had an occluded coronary artery supplying the region of the defect. Redistribution scintiscans were more sensitive than rest scintiscans for the detection of prior myocardial infarction (93% vs 54%; P less than 0.01). The increased sensitivity was confined to the detection of prior inferior myocardial infarctions. In 36 of 38 patients with persistent perfusion defects on 4-hour redistribution scintiscans, either a prior infarction or an occluded coronary vessel was present. Exercise scintiscans were compared with rest scintiscans or with redistribution scintiscans for the detection of CAD. The sensitivity was not significantly different with either technique (90% and 89%, respectively), but both scintigraphic techniques were more sensitive than exercise electrocardiography (66%, P less than 0.01). These data demonstrate that redistribution thallium-201 scintiscans may be substituted for conventional rest scintiscans, resulting in reduced cost and radiation exposure to the patient.", "PMID": 699247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11866", "title": "Assessment of cardiac performance with quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography. Effects of oral propranolol on global and regional left ventricular function in coronary artery disease.", "content": "The effect of incremental dosages of oral propranolol (mean peak dose of 165 +/- 13 mg/day) of left ventricular ejection fraction, ejection rate and regional wall motion was studied sequentially in 22 stable, resting patients with coronary artery disease using a geometry-independent first-pass radionuclide angiocardiographic technique. All patients improved clinically, in association with a fall in heart rate and therapeutic serum propranolol levels. No significant changes were noted in ejection fraction, ejection rate or regional wall motion. No patient developed a new regional wall motion disturbance. Thus, oral propranolol administered at clinically effective antianginal dosages in patients with stable coronary artery disease does not appear to have significant deleterious effects on resting left ventricular performance.", "contents": "Assessment of cardiac performance with quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography. Effects of oral propranolol on global and regional left ventricular function in coronary artery disease. The effect of incremental dosages of oral propranolol (mean peak dose of 165 +/- 13 mg/day) of left ventricular ejection fraction, ejection rate and regional wall motion was studied sequentially in 22 stable, resting patients with coronary artery disease using a geometry-independent first-pass radionuclide angiocardiographic technique. All patients improved clinically, in association with a fall in heart rate and therapeutic serum propranolol levels. No significant changes were noted in ejection fraction, ejection rate or regional wall motion. No patient developed a new regional wall motion disturbance. Thus, oral propranolol administered at clinically effective antianginal dosages in patients with stable coronary artery disease does not appear to have significant deleterious effects on resting left ventricular performance.", "PMID": 699248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11867", "title": "Staged surgical management of tetralogy of Fallot in infants.", "content": "A cohort of 61 consecutive patients 24 months of age of younger had palliative shunts for symptoms of tetralogy of Fallot during a 12-year period. Thirty-six of these patients have been followed through definitive intracardiac repair or to death. For analysis palliative operations were separated into two six-year periods, 1965--1970. During the first period seven of 30 infants operated on died; all 31 infants operated on during the second period survived. The Waterston anastomosis was performed most frequently (67%) during the first period; the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis was performed in 68% of infants during the second period. Of 54 hospital survivors, three died before definitive intracardiac repair. Two of the three interim deaths were related to heart disease. Twenty-six of the remaining 51 patients have had definitive intracardiac repair with two deaths (8%). Twenty-four in this group had intracardiac repair since 1973 with one hospital death (4%). The cumulative mortality for the entire cohort is 25%, but more recent experience (1971--77) indicates a cumulative mortality near 5%. The recent mortality rate for staged management is less than the 14% rate reported by others for primary intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot in 205 infants. We conclude that primary intracardiac repair has important advantages for infants with tetralogy of Fallot who have favorable anatomic features and no other associated cardiac lesions or medical problems. Staged management of tetralogy of Fallot is still recommended for infants with unfavorable anatomy, additional lesions or associated medical problems.", "contents": "Staged surgical management of tetralogy of Fallot in infants. A cohort of 61 consecutive patients 24 months of age of younger had palliative shunts for symptoms of tetralogy of Fallot during a 12-year period. Thirty-six of these patients have been followed through definitive intracardiac repair or to death. For analysis palliative operations were separated into two six-year periods, 1965--1970. During the first period seven of 30 infants operated on died; all 31 infants operated on during the second period survived. The Waterston anastomosis was performed most frequently (67%) during the first period; the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis was performed in 68% of infants during the second period. Of 54 hospital survivors, three died before definitive intracardiac repair. Two of the three interim deaths were related to heart disease. Twenty-six of the remaining 51 patients have had definitive intracardiac repair with two deaths (8%). Twenty-four in this group had intracardiac repair since 1973 with one hospital death (4%). The cumulative mortality for the entire cohort is 25%, but more recent experience (1971--77) indicates a cumulative mortality near 5%. The recent mortality rate for staged management is less than the 14% rate reported by others for primary intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot in 205 infants. We conclude that primary intracardiac repair has important advantages for infants with tetralogy of Fallot who have favorable anatomic features and no other associated cardiac lesions or medical problems. Staged management of tetralogy of Fallot is still recommended for infants with unfavorable anatomy, additional lesions or associated medical problems.", "PMID": 699249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11868", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular function from the mitral valve echogram. Relation of final anterior mitral leaflet closing velocity to peak dp/dt and aortic velocity.", "content": "Since final mitral valve (MV) closure and aortic ejection velocity are mediated by the same forces in early left ventricular (LV) contraction, the rate of final MV closure (BC slope) should reflect LV performance. We first verified whether peak final closing velocity (ds/dt) of the anterior MV leaflet (AMVL) is related to peak aortic ejection velocity (V) and LV dp/dt in 18 open-chest dogs. We then checked the validity of the relations in man. Our approach was to measure peak ds/dt, peak aortic acceleration (dV/dt) and peak LV dp/dt using electronic differentiation of analog signals of the AMVL echogram, V and LV pressure. In dogs, resting ds/dt averaged 26.9 +/- 9.0 (SD) cm/sec and changed significantly (P less than 0.001) after isoproterenol, propranolol, coronary ligation and aortic cross-clamping. We found good (P less than 0.001) correlations between ds/dt and V (r = 0.82), dV/dt ( r = 0.67) and dp/dt (r = 0.73). In man, resting ds/dt averaged 25.5 +/- 1.6 cm/sec in six normals. In 40 patients with coronary artery disease, restind ds/dt was lower (15.7 +/- 4.4 cm/sec; P less than 0.001) in the 19 with resting LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) greater than 12 mm Hg. Resting ds/dt correlated closely with V (r = 0.82, N = 10), dp/dt (r = 0.93, N = 6), resting LVEDP (r = -0.67, N = 40), angiographic ejection fractions (r = 0.62, N = 40) as well as manually obtained BC slopes (r = 0.93, N = 40). Thus, final MV closing velocity provides  a useful and simple means for the objective noninvasive assessment of LV performance.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular function from the mitral valve echogram. Relation of final anterior mitral leaflet closing velocity to peak dp/dt and aortic velocity. Since final mitral valve (MV) closure and aortic ejection velocity are mediated by the same forces in early left ventricular (LV) contraction, the rate of final MV closure (BC slope) should reflect LV performance. We first verified whether peak final closing velocity (ds/dt) of the anterior MV leaflet (AMVL) is related to peak aortic ejection velocity (V) and LV dp/dt in 18 open-chest dogs. We then checked the validity of the relations in man. Our approach was to measure peak ds/dt, peak aortic acceleration (dV/dt) and peak LV dp/dt using electronic differentiation of analog signals of the AMVL echogram, V and LV pressure. In dogs, resting ds/dt averaged 26.9 +/- 9.0 (SD) cm/sec and changed significantly (P less than 0.001) after isoproterenol, propranolol, coronary ligation and aortic cross-clamping. We found good (P less than 0.001) correlations between ds/dt and V (r = 0.82), dV/dt ( r = 0.67) and dp/dt (r = 0.73). In man, resting ds/dt averaged 25.5 +/- 1.6 cm/sec in six normals. In 40 patients with coronary artery disease, restind ds/dt was lower (15.7 +/- 4.4 cm/sec; P less than 0.001) in the 19 with resting LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) greater than 12 mm Hg. Resting ds/dt correlated closely with V (r = 0.82, N = 10), dp/dt (r = 0.93, N = 6), resting LVEDP (r = -0.67, N = 40), angiographic ejection fractions (r = 0.62, N = 40) as well as manually obtained BC slopes (r = 0.93, N = 40). Thus, final MV closing velocity provides  a useful and simple means for the objective noninvasive assessment of LV performance.", "PMID": 699251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11869", "title": "Echocardiographic features of constrictive pericarditis.", "content": "The most characteristic echocardiographic features of 12 patients with constrictive pericarditis were compared with the findings in 10 normal volunteers. Left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) \"flatness\" was quantified by measuring the diastolic change in distance from the crystal artifact to the LVPW endocardium. In 11 of 12 patients the net diastolic LVPW endocardial movement was less than 1 mm. In 10 normal volunteers LVPW endocardium moved posteriorly in diastole from 1.5 to 4 mm (mean 2.2 +/- 0.8). Abnormal septal motion was present in five of 12 patients with constriction. Pericardial thickness measured using standard damping techniques for both cnstriction and normal population did not distinguish the two groups. The \"flattening\" of the left ventricular endocardium as quantified above verifies earlier qualitative observations and was the most consistent finding in this series of patients with constrictive pericarditis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of constrictive pericarditis. The most characteristic echocardiographic features of 12 patients with constrictive pericarditis were compared with the findings in 10 normal volunteers. Left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) \"flatness\" was quantified by measuring the diastolic change in distance from the crystal artifact to the LVPW endocardium. In 11 of 12 patients the net diastolic LVPW endocardial movement was less than 1 mm. In 10 normal volunteers LVPW endocardium moved posteriorly in diastole from 1.5 to 4 mm (mean 2.2 +/- 0.8). Abnormal septal motion was present in five of 12 patients with constriction. Pericardial thickness measured using standard damping techniques for both cnstriction and normal population did not distinguish the two groups. The \"flattening\" of the left ventricular endocardium as quantified above verifies earlier qualitative observations and was the most consistent finding in this series of patients with constrictive pericarditis.", "PMID": 699252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11870", "title": "Aortic infarction following dissecting aortic aneurysm.", "content": "Aortic infarction was observed in 21 of 34 cases of dissecting aortic aneurysm. This lesion occurred as a central zone of necrosis with preserved elastic laminae, sparing media adjacent to the true and false lumens. In cases where the false lumen was occluded, the central infarction extended to this lumen. The infarction followed rather than preceded dissection, took approximately 48 hours to develop, and did not organize with time. The lesion occurred exclusively in the thoracic aorta, and bore no relationship to medial cystic necrosis. Present surgical therapy does not extirpate these areas, and the implication of these lesions in terms of management remains to be determined.", "contents": "Aortic infarction following dissecting aortic aneurysm. Aortic infarction was observed in 21 of 34 cases of dissecting aortic aneurysm. This lesion occurred as a central zone of necrosis with preserved elastic laminae, sparing media adjacent to the true and false lumens. In cases where the false lumen was occluded, the central infarction extended to this lumen. The infarction followed rather than preceded dissection, took approximately 48 hours to develop, and did not organize with time. The lesion occurred exclusively in the thoracic aorta, and bore no relationship to medial cystic necrosis. Present surgical therapy does not extirpate these areas, and the implication of these lesions in terms of management remains to be determined.", "PMID": 699253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11871", "title": "ST segment changes post-infarction: predictive value for multivessel coronary disease and left ventricular aneurysm.", "content": "To ascertain whether exercise testing might predict multivessel coronary disease and left ventricular aneurysm after a myocardial infarction, 154 patients with a single documented myocardial infarction who had both exercise testing and coronary angiography were grouped according to whether they had greater than or equal to 1 mm ST depression, greater than or equal to 1 mm ST elevation, or neither during exercise testing: 83 patients developed ST depression alone (group 1); 22 patients had ST elevation with concomitant ST depression in other leads (group 2); 19 patients had ST elevation alone (group 3); and 30 patients had no ST changes (group 4). Multivessel disease, defined as greater than or equal to 70% luminal narrowing in two or more coronary vessels, was present in 76% (63 of 83) of group 1, 91% (20 of 22) of group 2, 21% (four of 19) of group 3, and 13% (four of 30) of group 4. A left ventricular aneurysm was present in 31% (26 of 83) of group 1, 68% (15 of 22) of group 2, 79% (15 of 19) of group 3, and 40% (12 to 30) of group 1. We conclude that ST changes during exercise testing in patients after a myocardial infarction can reliably predict the extent of coronary disease and the presence of a left ventricular aneurysm; ST depression with or without ST elevation predicts multivessel disease; ST elevation alone or a negative exercise test suggests single vessel involvement; and ST elevation with or without ST depression predicts left ventricular aneurysm.", "contents": "ST segment changes post-infarction: predictive value for multivessel coronary disease and left ventricular aneurysm. To ascertain whether exercise testing might predict multivessel coronary disease and left ventricular aneurysm after a myocardial infarction, 154 patients with a single documented myocardial infarction who had both exercise testing and coronary angiography were grouped according to whether they had greater than or equal to 1 mm ST depression, greater than or equal to 1 mm ST elevation, or neither during exercise testing: 83 patients developed ST depression alone (group 1); 22 patients had ST elevation with concomitant ST depression in other leads (group 2); 19 patients had ST elevation alone (group 3); and 30 patients had no ST changes (group 4). Multivessel disease, defined as greater than or equal to 70% luminal narrowing in two or more coronary vessels, was present in 76% (63 of 83) of group 1, 91% (20 of 22) of group 2, 21% (four of 19) of group 3, and 13% (four of 30) of group 4. A left ventricular aneurysm was present in 31% (26 of 83) of group 1, 68% (15 of 22) of group 2, 79% (15 of 19) of group 3, and 40% (12 to 30) of group 1. We conclude that ST changes during exercise testing in patients after a myocardial infarction can reliably predict the extent of coronary disease and the presence of a left ventricular aneurysm; ST depression with or without ST elevation predicts multivessel disease; ST elevation alone or a negative exercise test suggests single vessel involvement; and ST elevation with or without ST depression predicts left ventricular aneurysm.", "PMID": 699255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11872", "title": "Platelet aggregation in aortic and coronary venous blood in patients with and without coronary disease. 3. Role of tachycardia stress and propranolol.", "content": "We studied 16 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) to evaluate platelet aggregation in blood samples withdrawn simultaneously from the aorta and coronary sinus. At rest, mean platelet aggregation in coronary venous blood was significantly lower than that in aortic blood. Platelet counts in coronary venous blood were also lower than in the aortic blood in each of the six CAD patients in whom counts were done. Platelet aggregation was lower in seven patients who were taking propranolol than in the remaining nine who were not taking propranolol. During tachycardia stress, platelet aggregation increased in all patients, but the magnitude of increase was greater in patients not taking propranolol. In four other patients without CAD, platelet aggregation and counts were also studied in the same fashion and were similar in both the aortic and coronary venous blood. These data suggest that in certain CAD patients, platelet consumption or destruction within atherosclerotic vasculature may occur. Propranolol may reduce platelet aggregation at rest and modify excessive aggregation during tachycardia stress in certain CAD patients.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation in aortic and coronary venous blood in patients with and without coronary disease. 3. Role of tachycardia stress and propranolol. We studied 16 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) to evaluate platelet aggregation in blood samples withdrawn simultaneously from the aorta and coronary sinus. At rest, mean platelet aggregation in coronary venous blood was significantly lower than that in aortic blood. Platelet counts in coronary venous blood were also lower than in the aortic blood in each of the six CAD patients in whom counts were done. Platelet aggregation was lower in seven patients who were taking propranolol than in the remaining nine who were not taking propranolol. During tachycardia stress, platelet aggregation increased in all patients, but the magnitude of increase was greater in patients not taking propranolol. In four other patients without CAD, platelet aggregation and counts were also studied in the same fashion and were similar in both the aortic and coronary venous blood. These data suggest that in certain CAD patients, platelet consumption or destruction within atherosclerotic vasculature may occur. Propranolol may reduce platelet aggregation at rest and modify excessive aggregation during tachycardia stress in certain CAD patients.", "PMID": 699254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11873", "title": "Electrocardiographic precordial mapping in anterior myocardial infarction. The critical period for interventions as exemplified by methylprednisolone.", "content": "Serial 72-point precordial mapping of ECG has been recorded to describe the natural history of changes in the precordial areas of ST segment elevation and the development of Q waves in 51 patients with acute uncomplicated anterior myocardial infarction. Eight patients have been studied in the same way but received 25 mg/kg of methylprednisolone sodium succinate as a single intravenous injection within 6 hours from the onset of chest pain. There was a linear relationship between the stable precordial area of Q waves at 24 hours and the rapidly changing precordial areas of ST segment elevation at 2--3 hours, 5--6 hours and 12 hours after the onset of pain in the untreated patients. When methylprednisolone was given, the treated patients developed a smaller precordial area of Q waves at 24 hours than was predicted from the precordial area of ST elevation recorded before the drug was given. This study has introduced a technique that can provide a qualitative assessment of the relationship between ECG evidence of ischemia and infarction in each patient.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic precordial mapping in anterior myocardial infarction. The critical period for interventions as exemplified by methylprednisolone. Serial 72-point precordial mapping of ECG has been recorded to describe the natural history of changes in the precordial areas of ST segment elevation and the development of Q waves in 51 patients with acute uncomplicated anterior myocardial infarction. Eight patients have been studied in the same way but received 25 mg/kg of methylprednisolone sodium succinate as a single intravenous injection within 6 hours from the onset of chest pain. There was a linear relationship between the stable precordial area of Q waves at 24 hours and the rapidly changing precordial areas of ST segment elevation at 2--3 hours, 5--6 hours and 12 hours after the onset of pain in the untreated patients. When methylprednisolone was given, the treated patients developed a smaller precordial area of Q waves at 24 hours than was predicted from the precordial area of ST elevation recorded before the drug was given. This study has introduced a technique that can provide a qualitative assessment of the relationship between ECG evidence of ischemia and infarction in each patient.", "PMID": 699256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11874", "title": "Impedance plethysmography: the relationship between venous filling and sensitivity and specificity for proximal vein thrombosis.", "content": "We investigated the hypothesis that the diagnostic accuracy of impedance plethysmography (IPG) for thrombosis of the popliteal or more proximal veins increases with enhanced venous filling. Venous filling was increased by prolonging cuff occlusion and by sequential testing. IPG and vengography were performed on 169 legs with and 317 legs without proximal vein thrombosis. The sensitivity and specificity of IPG rose significantly with increased venous filling. Changes in venous filling were associated with corresponding changes in emptying in normal legs, but not those with proximal vein thrombosis, so that the regression lines relating venous filling and emptying in normal and abnormal legs diverged significantly (P less than 0.001). If the IPG sequence had been terminated after only a single 45 second occlusion time test, sensitivity would have deteriorated by 10% and specificity by 20%. These observations indicate that the accuracy of IPG can be significantly enhanced if optimal venous filling is obtained.", "contents": "Impedance plethysmography: the relationship between venous filling and sensitivity and specificity for proximal vein thrombosis. We investigated the hypothesis that the diagnostic accuracy of impedance plethysmography (IPG) for thrombosis of the popliteal or more proximal veins increases with enhanced venous filling. Venous filling was increased by prolonging cuff occlusion and by sequential testing. IPG and vengography were performed on 169 legs with and 317 legs without proximal vein thrombosis. The sensitivity and specificity of IPG rose significantly with increased venous filling. Changes in venous filling were associated with corresponding changes in emptying in normal legs, but not those with proximal vein thrombosis, so that the regression lines relating venous filling and emptying in normal and abnormal legs diverged significantly (P less than 0.001). If the IPG sequence had been terminated after only a single 45 second occlusion time test, sensitivity would have deteriorated by 10% and specificity by 20%. These observations indicate that the accuracy of IPG can be significantly enhanced if optimal venous filling is obtained.", "PMID": 699257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11875", "title": "Arterial insufficiency of the hand evaluated by digital blood pressure and arteriographic findings.", "content": "In 80 hands with arterial occlusive disease, systolic blood pressure at the wrist and in all fingers was measured by photoelectric plethysmography. The correlation of such pressures with angiographic evidence of organic obstruction or the development of digital ischemic signs was studied. Digital blood pressure was normal in all 184 fingers in which there was at least one obstruction-free arterial path to and through the finger. Ischemic signs developed in only one. Of 203 fingers with occlusion in vessels in or leading to both sides of the finger, a decreased pressure was seen in 173 and a normal pressure in 30. Ischemic signs were observed in 132 of 173 fingers with a decreased pressure, and in two of 30 with a normal pressure. The clinical significance of measurement of digital blood pressure in arterial occlusive disease is discussed.", "contents": "Arterial insufficiency of the hand evaluated by digital blood pressure and arteriographic findings. In 80 hands with arterial occlusive disease, systolic blood pressure at the wrist and in all fingers was measured by photoelectric plethysmography. The correlation of such pressures with angiographic evidence of organic obstruction or the development of digital ischemic signs was studied. Digital blood pressure was normal in all 184 fingers in which there was at least one obstruction-free arterial path to and through the finger. Ischemic signs developed in only one. Of 203 fingers with occlusion in vessels in or leading to both sides of the finger, a decreased pressure was seen in 173 and a normal pressure in 30. Ischemic signs were observed in 132 of 173 fingers with a decreased pressure, and in two of 30 with a normal pressure. The clinical significance of measurement of digital blood pressure in arterial occlusive disease is discussed.", "PMID": 699258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11876", "title": "Stability of blood pressure rank and urinary kallikrein concentration in childhood: an eight-year follow-up.", "content": "Previous studies in a population of 721 children aged 2--14 years demonstrated the familial aggregation of blood pressure in children, and a significant regression coefficient (b = 0.25) of follow-up on initial blood pressures over a four-year period. Urinary kallikrein concentration (UKal) also aggregated in families, was lower in black than in white children and was inversely related to blood pressure. Further studies in the same cohort have been conducted. These variables were again measured in 484 children in 129 families seven to eight years after the initial blood pressure and three to four years after the original UKal measurements were made. Familial aggregation again was found for blood pressure and urinary kallikrein. Blood pressure tracking was demonstrated by the finding that blood pressure scores at the third survey were related significantly to those at both previous surveys. Kallikrein concentrations in casual urines at Survey 3 were related to those obtained at Survey 2 (r = 0.499), and were again significantly lower in black than in white children (log = 3.84 +/- 0.8 vs 4.37 +/- 0.7; P less than 0.001). These were significant inverse relations between UKal/creatinine concentration and blood pressure in both white and black children. Thus, familial aggregation of blood pressure, blood pressure rank and concentration of kallikrein in casual urine specimes are relatively stable in children over an eight-year period of observation. This study demonstrates in a free living population of normal children, a stable relation between blood pressure and an enzyme which is involved in the production of potent vasodilator peptides and is related to hypertension in adults.", "contents": "Stability of blood pressure rank and urinary kallikrein concentration in childhood: an eight-year follow-up. Previous studies in a population of 721 children aged 2--14 years demonstrated the familial aggregation of blood pressure in children, and a significant regression coefficient (b = 0.25) of follow-up on initial blood pressures over a four-year period. Urinary kallikrein concentration (UKal) also aggregated in families, was lower in black than in white children and was inversely related to blood pressure. Further studies in the same cohort have been conducted. These variables were again measured in 484 children in 129 families seven to eight years after the initial blood pressure and three to four years after the original UKal measurements were made. Familial aggregation again was found for blood pressure and urinary kallikrein. Blood pressure tracking was demonstrated by the finding that blood pressure scores at the third survey were related significantly to those at both previous surveys. Kallikrein concentrations in casual urines at Survey 3 were related to those obtained at Survey 2 (r = 0.499), and were again significantly lower in black than in white children (log = 3.84 +/- 0.8 vs 4.37 +/- 0.7; P less than 0.001). These were significant inverse relations between UKal/creatinine concentration and blood pressure in both white and black children. Thus, familial aggregation of blood pressure, blood pressure rank and concentration of kallikrein in casual urine specimes are relatively stable in children over an eight-year period of observation. This study demonstrates in a free living population of normal children, a stable relation between blood pressure and an enzyme which is involved in the production of potent vasodilator peptides and is related to hypertension in adults.", "PMID": 699259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11877", "title": "Cardiac manifestations of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility.", "content": "Malignant hyperthermia is a disease resulting from defective cellular membranes, usually presenting as drug-induced pyrexic crises. We describe four patients with life threatening ventricular arrhythmias or chest pain in the absence of pyrexic crises. Three presented with life threatening arrhythmias and the fourth with severe atypical chest pain. Two patients had a family history of multiple sudden deaths. Resting CKs were elevated in three patients while CK-MB was elevated in one. Resting ECGs were abnormal in three. Three patients had recurrent ventricular tachycardia, two had recurrent ventricular fibrillation and multiple cardiac arrests. Cardiac catheterization showed abnormal left ventricular wall motion in two and minimal mitral valve prolapse in one while all had normal coronary arteries. Thallium-201 myocardial imaging demonstrated large perfusion defects in the patient with electrocardiographic Q waves and normal coronary arteries. Myocardial involvement has been demonstrated by clinical, electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, angiographic and myocardial imaging abnormalities. Malignant arrhythmias occurred in these patients in the absence of pyrexic crises or drug admininstration. Abnormal calcium release in the myocardium, as documented in skeletal muscle membranes, may be a unifying concept for the various manifestations described.", "contents": "Cardiac manifestations of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Malignant hyperthermia is a disease resulting from defective cellular membranes, usually presenting as drug-induced pyrexic crises. We describe four patients with life threatening ventricular arrhythmias or chest pain in the absence of pyrexic crises. Three presented with life threatening arrhythmias and the fourth with severe atypical chest pain. Two patients had a family history of multiple sudden deaths. Resting CKs were elevated in three patients while CK-MB was elevated in one. Resting ECGs were abnormal in three. Three patients had recurrent ventricular tachycardia, two had recurrent ventricular fibrillation and multiple cardiac arrests. Cardiac catheterization showed abnormal left ventricular wall motion in two and minimal mitral valve prolapse in one while all had normal coronary arteries. Thallium-201 myocardial imaging demonstrated large perfusion defects in the patient with electrocardiographic Q waves and normal coronary arteries. Myocardial involvement has been demonstrated by clinical, electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, angiographic and myocardial imaging abnormalities. Malignant arrhythmias occurred in these patients in the absence of pyrexic crises or drug admininstration. Abnormal calcium release in the myocardium, as documented in skeletal muscle membranes, may be a unifying concept for the various manifestations described.", "PMID": 699260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11878", "title": "Radiation exposure to the operator performing cardiac angiography with U-arm systems.", "content": "We measured the radiation exposure received by a group of operators performing 700 coronary angiograms. All studies were performed using the brachial artery approach and the Philips Cardio Diagnost. Nineteen sites were monitored on each operator, using lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters. Four hundred examinations were performed with a table-mounted protective shield in place. Three hundred were performed without the shield. The average exposures (in mR per study) with and without the shield were 1.9/6 for the eyes and 1.4/8.3 for the thyroid. The resulting operator exposure with the shield in place is low enough so that an operator performing 25 procedures per week on a continuous basis will not exceed the recommendations of the National Commission on Radiological Protection and Units. We therefore strongly recommend the use of properly designed and appropriately positioned shield with all U-arm systems.", "contents": "Radiation exposure to the operator performing cardiac angiography with U-arm systems. We measured the radiation exposure received by a group of operators performing 700 coronary angiograms. All studies were performed using the brachial artery approach and the Philips Cardio Diagnost. Nineteen sites were monitored on each operator, using lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters. Four hundred examinations were performed with a table-mounted protective shield in place. Three hundred were performed without the shield. The average exposures (in mR per study) with and without the shield were 1.9/6 for the eyes and 1.4/8.3 for the thyroid. The resulting operator exposure with the shield in place is low enough so that an operator performing 25 procedures per week on a continuous basis will not exceed the recommendations of the National Commission on Radiological Protection and Units. We therefore strongly recommend the use of properly designed and appropriately positioned shield with all U-arm systems.", "PMID": 699261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11879", "title": "Temporary, catheter-induced block in accessory pathways.", "content": "Catheter-induced conduction delay or block in the accessory atrioventricular pathway of four patients with the preexcitation syndrome was observed. Block in the accessory pathway occurred during routine catheter placement and lasted from 90 seconds--14 hours. All of the pathways were in locations readily accessible to catheter trauma, located in the right anterior septal/paraseptal area in three patients, and in the posterior septum near the orifice of the coronary sinus in the fourth. The location of the acessory pathway was confirmed at surgery by endocardial mapping in three of the four patients. The fourth patient did not undergo survey. These findings suggest the need for caution in performing and interpreting electrode catheter studies which are undertaken to document the presence of accessory pathways.", "contents": "Temporary, catheter-induced block in accessory pathways. Catheter-induced conduction delay or block in the accessory atrioventricular pathway of four patients with the preexcitation syndrome was observed. Block in the accessory pathway occurred during routine catheter placement and lasted from 90 seconds--14 hours. All of the pathways were in locations readily accessible to catheter trauma, located in the right anterior septal/paraseptal area in three patients, and in the posterior septum near the orifice of the coronary sinus in the fourth. The location of the acessory pathway was confirmed at surgery by endocardial mapping in three of the four patients. The fourth patient did not undergo survey. These findings suggest the need for caution in performing and interpreting electrode catheter studies which are undertaken to document the presence of accessory pathways.", "PMID": 699262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11880", "title": "Electrophysiological demonstration of concealed conduction in the human atrium.", "content": "In the course of electrophysiological evaluation of six patients with sick sinus syndrome, two patients with chronic conduction system disease and four patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia or atrial flutter-fibrillation, the phenomenon of concealed conduction within the atrium (At) was repeatedly observed. One pair of intracardiac electrodes was used to deliver electrical stimulus (St) to the high right At and two additional pairs of electrodes were utilized to record high right and low septal right atrial electrograms. The interelectrode distances were 10 mm apart. In all 12 patients, high right atrial capture could be accomplished at a pacing rate of greater than or equal to 200 beats/min. Concealed intra-atrial conduction was evident when the intra-atrial conduction time of the propagated St during 2:1 St-At block was more than 40 msec longer than that during 1:1 St-At conduction at half the St frequency. This indicated that the nonpropagated St during 2:1 St-At block partially penetrated the At and in turn, delayed conduction of the subsequently propagated St. Futher observations revealed that a gradual increase in the St frequency resulted in a progressive prolongation of the intra-atrial conduction time and a shifting of 2:1 to 3:1 St-At block (alternating Wenckebach periodicity in the At) in five patients. These findings clearly demonstrate the occurrence of concealed conduction in the human At.", "contents": "Electrophysiological demonstration of concealed conduction in the human atrium. In the course of electrophysiological evaluation of six patients with sick sinus syndrome, two patients with chronic conduction system disease and four patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia or atrial flutter-fibrillation, the phenomenon of concealed conduction within the atrium (At) was repeatedly observed. One pair of intracardiac electrodes was used to deliver electrical stimulus (St) to the high right At and two additional pairs of electrodes were utilized to record high right and low septal right atrial electrograms. The interelectrode distances were 10 mm apart. In all 12 patients, high right atrial capture could be accomplished at a pacing rate of greater than or equal to 200 beats/min. Concealed intra-atrial conduction was evident when the intra-atrial conduction time of the propagated St during 2:1 St-At block was more than 40 msec longer than that during 1:1 St-At conduction at half the St frequency. This indicated that the nonpropagated St during 2:1 St-At block partially penetrated the At and in turn, delayed conduction of the subsequently propagated St. Futher observations revealed that a gradual increase in the St frequency resulted in a progressive prolongation of the intra-atrial conduction time and a shifting of 2:1 to 3:1 St-At block (alternating Wenckebach periodicity in the At) in five patients. These findings clearly demonstrate the occurrence of concealed conduction in the human At.", "PMID": 699263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11881", "title": "Fibrolipoma of the mitral valve in a child. Clinical and echocardiographic features.", "content": "Echocardiographic examination, performed in a 12-year-old boy who had signs of mitral regulation, showed the presence of an abnormal mass of echoes in the left atrium and mitral orifice. These were initially interpreted as representing an atrial myxoma. Surgical exploration showed that the tumor originated from the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, and, microscopically, the lesion was diagnosed as a fibrolipoma. The clinical and echocardiographic features of this unique type of cardiac tumor are discussed.", "contents": "Fibrolipoma of the mitral valve in a child. Clinical and echocardiographic features. Echocardiographic examination, performed in a 12-year-old boy who had signs of mitral regulation, showed the presence of an abnormal mass of echoes in the left atrium and mitral orifice. These were initially interpreted as representing an atrial myxoma. Surgical exploration showed that the tumor originated from the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, and, microscopically, the lesion was diagnosed as a fibrolipoma. The clinical and echocardiographic features of this unique type of cardiac tumor are discussed.", "PMID": 699265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11882", "title": "Automated metabolic profiling of organic acids in human urine. I. Description of methods.", "content": "We describe a complete procedure for separation and mechanized analysis of organic acids in human urine. The acid fraction of urine is separated by anion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex. Individual acids are identified and measured by use of a gas-chromatography/mass spectrometer/computer system that can clearly distinguish contributions from at least 150 substances in a single sample. We discuss analytical recoveries, contributions from the sample separation process, stability of stored samples before and after processing, and reproducibility of the extraction procedure.", "contents": "Automated metabolic profiling of organic acids in human urine. I. Description of methods. We describe a complete procedure for separation and mechanized analysis of organic acids in human urine. The acid fraction of urine is separated by anion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex. Individual acids are identified and measured by use of a gas-chromatography/mass spectrometer/computer system that can clearly distinguish contributions from at least 150 substances in a single sample. We discuss analytical recoveries, contributions from the sample separation process, stability of stored samples before and after processing, and reproducibility of the extraction procedure.", "PMID": 699272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11883", "title": "Automated metabolic profiling of organic acids in human urine. II. Analysis of urine samples from \"healthy\" adults, sick children, and children with neuroblastoma.", "content": "Normalized median, minimum, and maximum values (analytical concentration factors) are given for 134 organic acids in urine of nine adult control subjects, five juvenile control subjects, and five children with neuroblastoma. The organic acids, separated by anion-exchange chromatography, were analyzed by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer system. Sixty substances in this fraction are positively identified, and, of these, mean absolute concentrations are listed for 20. An additional 81 substances, sought but not found by this method, and 16 other substances found in a subset of these urines by another analytical method, are also listed. Measured retention indices on 5% OV-17 and a selected discriminating ion are given for each of the total of 231 compounds. Results are compared for the three groups of subjects, and the value of normalizing the data is discussed.", "contents": "Automated metabolic profiling of organic acids in human urine. II. Analysis of urine samples from \"healthy\" adults, sick children, and children with neuroblastoma. Normalized median, minimum, and maximum values (analytical concentration factors) are given for 134 organic acids in urine of nine adult control subjects, five juvenile control subjects, and five children with neuroblastoma. The organic acids, separated by anion-exchange chromatography, were analyzed by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer system. Sixty substances in this fraction are positively identified, and, of these, mean absolute concentrations are listed for 20. An additional 81 substances, sought but not found by this method, and 16 other substances found in a subset of these urines by another analytical method, are also listed. Measured retention indices on 5% OV-17 and a selected discriminating ion are given for each of the total of 231 compounds. Results are compared for the three groups of subjects, and the value of normalizing the data is discussed.", "PMID": 699273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11884", "title": "Simple method for estimating glycosylated hemoglobins, and its application to evaluation of diabetic patients.", "content": "Recent reports have suggested that determination of glycosylated hemoglobin may serve as a clinical aid for long-term blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus. We describe a simple procedure for measuring it by ion-exchange chromatography. Hemolysates were subjected to Bio-Rex 70 chromatographic separation on small columns. Percentages in the normal group ranged from 4.7 to 8.8% of total hemoglobin; the mean +/- standard error was 6.61 +/- 0.31%. Values in the diabetic group ranged from 6.9 to 17.4%; the mean was 10.83 +/- 0.34. Plasma glucose concentrations after fasting, plotted vs. the percent of glycosylated hemoglobin, revealed a linear relationship at normal or moderately high glucose concentrations. However, the values for glycosylated hemolgobin approached a plateau with grossly higher plasma glucose concentrations after fasting. Our results support the view that, due to its long half-life, the estimation of glycoylated hemoglobin reflects the integrated glucose concentrations to which the erythrocytes have been previously exposed.", "contents": "Simple method for estimating glycosylated hemoglobins, and its application to evaluation of diabetic patients. Recent reports have suggested that determination of glycosylated hemoglobin may serve as a clinical aid for long-term blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus. We describe a simple procedure for measuring it by ion-exchange chromatography. Hemolysates were subjected to Bio-Rex 70 chromatographic separation on small columns. Percentages in the normal group ranged from 4.7 to 8.8% of total hemoglobin; the mean +/- standard error was 6.61 +/- 0.31%. Values in the diabetic group ranged from 6.9 to 17.4%; the mean was 10.83 +/- 0.34. Plasma glucose concentrations after fasting, plotted vs. the percent of glycosylated hemoglobin, revealed a linear relationship at normal or moderately high glucose concentrations. However, the values for glycosylated hemolgobin approached a plateau with grossly higher plasma glucose concentrations after fasting. Our results support the view that, due to its long half-life, the estimation of glycoylated hemoglobin reflects the integrated glucose concentrations to which the erythrocytes have been previously exposed.", "PMID": 699274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11885", "title": "Evaluation of a glassy-carbon electrode for amperometric detection of selected methylxanthines in serum after their separation by reversed-phase chromatography.", "content": "We examined the relative merits of direct-current, pulse, and differential pulse amperometry at a flow-through, glassy-carbon electrode used in monitoring column chromatography. We give a rapid, simple procedure for determining theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) in 20--100 microliter of blood serum. Interference by 1,7-dimethylxanthine, a metabolite of caffeine, is compared for photometric and amperometric detection, and some advantages of combined photometric and amperometric detection are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of a glassy-carbon electrode for amperometric detection of selected methylxanthines in serum after their separation by reversed-phase chromatography. We examined the relative merits of direct-current, pulse, and differential pulse amperometry at a flow-through, glassy-carbon electrode used in monitoring column chromatography. We give a rapid, simple procedure for determining theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) in 20--100 microliter of blood serum. Interference by 1,7-dimethylxanthine, a metabolite of caffeine, is compared for photometric and amperometric detection, and some advantages of combined photometric and amperometric detection are discussed.", "PMID": 699275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11886", "title": "Negative-ion mass spectrometry of amphetamine congeners.", "content": "Negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry with a conventional combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer has been used for the analysis of amphetamine-like compounds. Ammonia was used as the reagent gas, which gives rise to few but specific sample-fragment ions, such as (M--1)- as the base peak, m/z 91, and a smaller peak corresponding to the end part of the side chain. Five reference compounds and a urine sample from an overdose case were analyzed. Comparative positive-ion chemical ionization reference spectra were also recorded.", "contents": "Negative-ion mass spectrometry of amphetamine congeners. Negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry with a conventional combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer has been used for the analysis of amphetamine-like compounds. Ammonia was used as the reagent gas, which gives rise to few but specific sample-fragment ions, such as (M--1)- as the base peak, m/z 91, and a smaller peak corresponding to the end part of the side chain. Five reference compounds and a urine sample from an overdose case were analyzed. Comparative positive-ion chemical ionization reference spectra were also recorded.", "PMID": 699276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11887", "title": "Enzymic fluorometric continuous-flow assays for blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glycerol, and 3-hydroxybutyrate.", "content": "We describe enzymic fluorometric methods of automated analysis for glucose, lactate, pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, and alanine in perchloric acid extracts of blood. Unmodified Technicon AutoAnalyzer II apparatus is used. The usual concentrations of all these metabolites can be measured in as little as 0.1 ml of blood from a fasting subject. Within-batch and between-batch coefficients of variation ranged from 0.4 to 4.4% for all metabolites except 3-hydroxybutyrate, for which CV's were higher for low concentrations. Analytical recovery of added metabolites ranged from 92 to 98%. Glucose, lactate, alanine, and 3-hydroxybutyrate are stable in perchloric acid extracts for at least 13 days at room temperature, and a year at -20 degrees C; pyruvate shows a 6--8% loss after 3 days and 52% by one year at -20 degrees C; glycerol concentrations were stable at -20 degrees C for at least 13 days. Blank fluorescence is found in perchloric acid extracts of blood, necessitating blank runs for pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, and alanine. The systems are simple to use, relatively inexpensive to operate, and are recommended for any laboratory with high throughput of samples.", "contents": "Enzymic fluorometric continuous-flow assays for blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glycerol, and 3-hydroxybutyrate. We describe enzymic fluorometric methods of automated analysis for glucose, lactate, pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, and alanine in perchloric acid extracts of blood. Unmodified Technicon AutoAnalyzer II apparatus is used. The usual concentrations of all these metabolites can be measured in as little as 0.1 ml of blood from a fasting subject. Within-batch and between-batch coefficients of variation ranged from 0.4 to 4.4% for all metabolites except 3-hydroxybutyrate, for which CV's were higher for low concentrations. Analytical recovery of added metabolites ranged from 92 to 98%. Glucose, lactate, alanine, and 3-hydroxybutyrate are stable in perchloric acid extracts for at least 13 days at room temperature, and a year at -20 degrees C; pyruvate shows a 6--8% loss after 3 days and 52% by one year at -20 degrees C; glycerol concentrations were stable at -20 degrees C for at least 13 days. Blank fluorescence is found in perchloric acid extracts of blood, necessitating blank runs for pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, and alanine. The systems are simple to use, relatively inexpensive to operate, and are recommended for any laboratory with high throughput of samples.", "PMID": 699277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11888", "title": "Enzymic micro-assay for blood glutamine.", "content": "Blood glutamine is hydrolyzed by glutaminase; the resulting ammonia is dialyzed out and measured by use of a continuous-flow colorimetric microassay. Concentrations in the range of 10 to 1300 micromol of glutamine per liter can be determined in a 40-microliter sample. With slight modifications, higher concentrations, up to 5 mmol/liter, can be measured. Assay conditions and the qualities of the microtechnique were made optimal. Usual values obtained with this method for arterial and venous blood in man are, respectively, 443 +/- 140 and 466 +/- 142 micromol/liter (mean +/- 2 SD). Corresponding values for rats are 320 +/- 92 and 340 +/- 108 micromol/liter. Fasting causes a decreased blood glutamine.", "contents": "Enzymic micro-assay for blood glutamine. Blood glutamine is hydrolyzed by glutaminase; the resulting ammonia is dialyzed out and measured by use of a continuous-flow colorimetric microassay. Concentrations in the range of 10 to 1300 micromol of glutamine per liter can be determined in a 40-microliter sample. With slight modifications, higher concentrations, up to 5 mmol/liter, can be measured. Assay conditions and the qualities of the microtechnique were made optimal. Usual values obtained with this method for arterial and venous blood in man are, respectively, 443 +/- 140 and 466 +/- 142 micromol/liter (mean +/- 2 SD). Corresponding values for rats are 320 +/- 92 and 340 +/- 108 micromol/liter. Fasting causes a decreased blood glutamine.", "PMID": 699278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11889", "title": "Measurement of three aminoglycosiee antibiotics with a single radioimmunoassay system.", "content": "A versatile radioimmunoassay procedure has been developed to specifically assay gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin. Iodinated derivatives of these three antibiotics were prepared by a modified Bolton and Hunter procedure. A single reagent system composed of a pool of three very specific antisera was used in the procedure. The antisera combination did not alter the specificity of the procedure. Validation of the assay of the three antibiotics included studies of parallelism, accuracy, precision, reproducibility, and method comparison with other radioimmunoassay procedures involving single antiserum systems. We discuss the application of this multiple assay capability to other procedures involving use of immunochemicals.", "contents": "Measurement of three aminoglycosiee antibiotics with a single radioimmunoassay system. A versatile radioimmunoassay procedure has been developed to specifically assay gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin. Iodinated derivatives of these three antibiotics were prepared by a modified Bolton and Hunter procedure. A single reagent system composed of a pool of three very specific antisera was used in the procedure. The antisera combination did not alter the specificity of the procedure. Validation of the assay of the three antibiotics included studies of parallelism, accuracy, precision, reproducibility, and method comparison with other radioimmunoassay procedures involving single antiserum systems. We discuss the application of this multiple assay capability to other procedures involving use of immunochemicals.", "PMID": 699279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11890", "title": "Thyroid hormone contamination in crystalline diiodotyrosine.", "content": "Crystalline preparations of diiodotyrosine contain trace quantities of thyroxine that can be detected by several competitive radioassays and by chromatography on Sephadex. Spontaneous coupling of diiodotyrosine to thyroxine during iodination of tyrosine and coprecipitation of hormone with diiodotyrosine crystals are likely explanations for the trace contamination. We discuss the significance of these findings in relation to studies on the biosynthesis of thyroxine.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone contamination in crystalline diiodotyrosine. Crystalline preparations of diiodotyrosine contain trace quantities of thyroxine that can be detected by several competitive radioassays and by chromatography on Sephadex. Spontaneous coupling of diiodotyrosine to thyroxine during iodination of tyrosine and coprecipitation of hormone with diiodotyrosine crystals are likely explanations for the trace contamination. We discuss the significance of these findings in relation to studies on the biosynthesis of thyroxine.", "PMID": 699280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11891", "title": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic determination of free nicotinic acid and its metabolite, nicotinuric acid, in plasma and urine.", "content": "We report a liquid-chromatographic procedure for determining free nicotinic acid and a metabolite, nicotinuric acid, in plasma and urine. Five-tenths milliliter of urine or deproteinized plasma is evaporated and the residue analyzed isocratically by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography, with measurement of the eluted nicotinic acid and nicotinuric acid at 254 nm. Nicotinic acid, nicotinuric acid, and the internal standard (isonicotinic acid) have retention times of 7.8, 8.4, and 6.8 min, respectively, in plasma, and 12.3, 13.1, and 10.8 min in urine, because of double column length. Day-to-day reproducibilities (CV) for nicotinic acid and nicotinuric acid within 7.5% are attainable for the concentration ranges 0.1--20 mg/liter, equivalent to 0.81--162 micromol of nicotinic acid and 0.55--11 micromol of nicotinuric acid per liter for plasma; in urine for the range 0.5--100 mg/liter, equivalent to 4--810 micromol of nicotinic acid and 2.8--555 micromol of nicotinuric acid per liter. Metabolites of nicotinic acid such as nicotinamide, N-methylnicotinamide, 2-hydroxypyridine-5-carboxylic acid, and other structurally related substances do not interfere.", "contents": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic determination of free nicotinic acid and its metabolite, nicotinuric acid, in plasma and urine. We report a liquid-chromatographic procedure for determining free nicotinic acid and a metabolite, nicotinuric acid, in plasma and urine. Five-tenths milliliter of urine or deproteinized plasma is evaporated and the residue analyzed isocratically by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography, with measurement of the eluted nicotinic acid and nicotinuric acid at 254 nm. Nicotinic acid, nicotinuric acid, and the internal standard (isonicotinic acid) have retention times of 7.8, 8.4, and 6.8 min, respectively, in plasma, and 12.3, 13.1, and 10.8 min in urine, because of double column length. Day-to-day reproducibilities (CV) for nicotinic acid and nicotinuric acid within 7.5% are attainable for the concentration ranges 0.1--20 mg/liter, equivalent to 0.81--162 micromol of nicotinic acid and 0.55--11 micromol of nicotinuric acid per liter for plasma; in urine for the range 0.5--100 mg/liter, equivalent to 4--810 micromol of nicotinic acid and 2.8--555 micromol of nicotinuric acid per liter. Metabolites of nicotinic acid such as nicotinamide, N-methylnicotinamide, 2-hydroxypyridine-5-carboxylic acid, and other structurally related substances do not interfere.", "PMID": 699281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11892", "title": "Determination of a trivariate reference region for free thyroxine index, free triiodothyronine index, and thyrotropin from results obtained in a health survey of middle-aged women.", "content": "We measured free thyroxine index, free triiodothyronine index, and thyrotropin in serum in a community survey of the female population 39--60 years old. A statistical method using Mahalanobis' distance was applied to the data, to identify and eliminate highly abnormal values, \"outliers.\" There was a small but statistically significant increase in each of the three hormones with age. After correction for age dependency, significant but rather small correlations were found between the hormones. The material was used to calculate univariate reference intervals and a trivariate 0.95-tolerance region.", "contents": "Determination of a trivariate reference region for free thyroxine index, free triiodothyronine index, and thyrotropin from results obtained in a health survey of middle-aged women. We measured free thyroxine index, free triiodothyronine index, and thyrotropin in serum in a community survey of the female population 39--60 years old. A statistical method using Mahalanobis' distance was applied to the data, to identify and eliminate highly abnormal values, \"outliers.\" There was a small but statistically significant increase in each of the three hormones with age. After correction for age dependency, significant but rather small correlations were found between the hormones. The material was used to calculate univariate reference intervals and a trivariate 0.95-tolerance region.", "PMID": 699282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11893", "title": "Modified erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthase assay, and its clinical interpretation.", "content": "Assay of erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthase is an accepted diagnostic test for acute intermittent porphyria, particularly in those individuals who are asymptomatic or in whom the disease is not biochemically manifested by excretion of excess porphyrin precursor. The assay described is based upon a coupled-enzyme procedure in which added delta-aminolevulinic acid and its dehydratase present in erythrocytes are used to generate porphobilinogen as substrate for uroporphyrinogen synthase. Zinc and dithiothreitol are added with preincubation to give maximum activity and reproducibility. These agents also prevent inhibition by lead. Healthy young women had a mean activity of 40 nmol of porphyrin formed per milliliter of erythrocytes per hour, men and activity of 38 nmol/ml/h. Preparation of control specimens is described. This assay gave within-day CVs ranging from 1.9 to 2.8%. Precautions in interpretation of results are discussed.", "contents": "Modified erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthase assay, and its clinical interpretation. Assay of erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthase is an accepted diagnostic test for acute intermittent porphyria, particularly in those individuals who are asymptomatic or in whom the disease is not biochemically manifested by excretion of excess porphyrin precursor. The assay described is based upon a coupled-enzyme procedure in which added delta-aminolevulinic acid and its dehydratase present in erythrocytes are used to generate porphobilinogen as substrate for uroporphyrinogen synthase. Zinc and dithiothreitol are added with preincubation to give maximum activity and reproducibility. These agents also prevent inhibition by lead. Healthy young women had a mean activity of 40 nmol of porphyrin formed per milliliter of erythrocytes per hour, men and activity of 38 nmol/ml/h. Preparation of control specimens is described. This assay gave within-day CVs ranging from 1.9 to 2.8%. Precautions in interpretation of results are discussed.", "PMID": 699283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11894", "title": "Neonatal thyroxine screening by use of a single-tube solid-phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Filter paper discs saturated with dried blood can be used in the Immunotube solid-phase thyroxine radioimmunoassay. This assay utilizes polypropylene tubes to which antibody to thyroxine is covalently bound. The filter paper standards and samples are placed in the tubes, followed by an assay buffer that contains I125-labeled thyroxine and compounds to displace thyroxine from its binding proteins. After incubation, bound and free thyroxine are separated by aspirating or decanting the disc and buffer from the tube. The test can be used with 0.32 cm (1/8 inch) or 0.64 cm(1/4 inch) discs, and gives quantitative results that correlate well with those for serum samples. The intra-assay coefficient of variation is less than 10%. The assay may readily be mechanized with existing disc-punching equipment, and results of its use in mass screening programs are described.", "contents": "Neonatal thyroxine screening by use of a single-tube solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Filter paper discs saturated with dried blood can be used in the Immunotube solid-phase thyroxine radioimmunoassay. This assay utilizes polypropylene tubes to which antibody to thyroxine is covalently bound. The filter paper standards and samples are placed in the tubes, followed by an assay buffer that contains I125-labeled thyroxine and compounds to displace thyroxine from its binding proteins. After incubation, bound and free thyroxine are separated by aspirating or decanting the disc and buffer from the tube. The test can be used with 0.32 cm (1/8 inch) or 0.64 cm(1/4 inch) discs, and gives quantitative results that correlate well with those for serum samples. The intra-assay coefficient of variation is less than 10%. The assay may readily be mechanized with existing disc-punching equipment, and results of its use in mass screening programs are described.", "PMID": 699284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11895", "title": "Increased D-glucaric acid excretion by jaundiced patients.", "content": "The urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid, a catabolite of glucuronic acid, is considered to be a reliable index of the state of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. Because enzyme activity may be altered in liver disease, we examined the effect of liver disease on the excretion of this metabolite and its correlation with liver function tests. We studied 89 patients with nonhemolytic jaundice, 39 with viral hepatitis, 33 with obstructive jaundice, six with cirrhosis, and 11 patients with jaundice of mixed etiology. Glucaric acid excretion was significantly increased in all these patients as compared to controls, most pronounced in the obstructive jaundice group. No correlation was found between glucaric acid excretion and concentrations of bilirubin, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, or gamma-glutamyltransferase in serum, even though the concentrations of these analytes did vary with the type of liver disease. We suggest that this increase in glucaric acid excretion is an indication of normal or even increased glucuronidation (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity), which occurs in liver disease.", "contents": "Increased D-glucaric acid excretion by jaundiced patients. The urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid, a catabolite of glucuronic acid, is considered to be a reliable index of the state of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. Because enzyme activity may be altered in liver disease, we examined the effect of liver disease on the excretion of this metabolite and its correlation with liver function tests. We studied 89 patients with nonhemolytic jaundice, 39 with viral hepatitis, 33 with obstructive jaundice, six with cirrhosis, and 11 patients with jaundice of mixed etiology. Glucaric acid excretion was significantly increased in all these patients as compared to controls, most pronounced in the obstructive jaundice group. No correlation was found between glucaric acid excretion and concentrations of bilirubin, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, or gamma-glutamyltransferase in serum, even though the concentrations of these analytes did vary with the type of liver disease. We suggest that this increase in glucaric acid excretion is an indication of normal or even increased glucuronidation (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity), which occurs in liver disease.", "PMID": 699285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11896", "title": "Is serum cholinesterase activity a predictor of succinyl choline sensitivity? An assessment of four methods.", "content": "Four methods for measuring serum cholinesterase activity have been applied to sera of normal individuals and of patients shown to be sensitive to short-acting muscle relaxants of the succinyldicholine type. They have been assessed according to their ability to differentiate between sensitive and insensitive individuals on the basis of enzyme activity measurements alone. The method described, based upon that of Dietz et al. [Clin. Chem. 19, 1309 (1973)], in which propionylthiocholine is used as substrate, is best for this purpose, being capable of identifying over 90% of affected individuals with no false positives. Acetylcholine and butyrylthiocholine are slightly inferior substrates in this respect, and benzoylcholine gives little useful information.", "contents": "Is serum cholinesterase activity a predictor of succinyl choline sensitivity? An assessment of four methods. Four methods for measuring serum cholinesterase activity have been applied to sera of normal individuals and of patients shown to be sensitive to short-acting muscle relaxants of the succinyldicholine type. They have been assessed according to their ability to differentiate between sensitive and insensitive individuals on the basis of enzyme activity measurements alone. The method described, based upon that of Dietz et al. [Clin. Chem. 19, 1309 (1973)], in which propionylthiocholine is used as substrate, is best for this purpose, being capable of identifying over 90% of affected individuals with no false positives. Acetylcholine and butyrylthiocholine are slightly inferior substrates in this respect, and benzoylcholine gives little useful information.", "PMID": 699286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11897", "title": "Use of polyethylene glycol in radioimmunoassay of human placental lactogen.", "content": "We describe a rapid radioimmunoassay for human placental lactogen in biological fluids, with use of polyethylene glycol to separate free from antibody-bound placental lactogen. The standard curve obtained, easily fitted to a logit-log transformation, is useful over a concentration range of 6 to 400 ug/liter. Within-assay variability is 1.97%, between-assay variability 2.20%. The relation is linear when lactogen added is plotted against that accounted for analytically, the actual recovery being 100.26%.", "contents": "Use of polyethylene glycol in radioimmunoassay of human placental lactogen. We describe a rapid radioimmunoassay for human placental lactogen in biological fluids, with use of polyethylene glycol to separate free from antibody-bound placental lactogen. The standard curve obtained, easily fitted to a logit-log transformation, is useful over a concentration range of 6 to 400 ug/liter. Within-assay variability is 1.97%, between-assay variability 2.20%. The relation is linear when lactogen added is plotted against that accounted for analytically, the actual recovery being 100.26%.", "PMID": 699287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11898", "title": "Improved micromethod for determination of underivatized clonazepam in serum by gas chromatography.", "content": "We describe a gas-chromatographic micromethod, with use of a solid injection system and an electron capture detector, for determination of underivatized clonazepam in serum. Vigorous mixing of 100 microliter of serum with 20 microliter of borate buffer (pH 9.0) and 100 microliter of a cyclohexane/dichloromethane mixture (4/6 by vol) containing methyl nitrazepam as internal standard suffices to extract 86% of the clonazepam into the organic layer. We obtained a linear response curve for clonazepam in serum in the concentration range 5 to 150 microgram/liter. The lowest detectable concentration by our method is about 1 microgram/liter of serum. Interference by several anticonvulsant drugs, metabolites, and related compounds was investigated. The assay is simple, rapid, and suitable for clinical routine determination of clonazepam in serum in therapeutic concentrations. We illustrate the steady-state concentration of clonazepam in serum during chronic oral administration to 28 patients.", "contents": "Improved micromethod for determination of underivatized clonazepam in serum by gas chromatography. We describe a gas-chromatographic micromethod, with use of a solid injection system and an electron capture detector, for determination of underivatized clonazepam in serum. Vigorous mixing of 100 microliter of serum with 20 microliter of borate buffer (pH 9.0) and 100 microliter of a cyclohexane/dichloromethane mixture (4/6 by vol) containing methyl nitrazepam as internal standard suffices to extract 86% of the clonazepam into the organic layer. We obtained a linear response curve for clonazepam in serum in the concentration range 5 to 150 microgram/liter. The lowest detectable concentration by our method is about 1 microgram/liter of serum. Interference by several anticonvulsant drugs, metabolites, and related compounds was investigated. The assay is simple, rapid, and suitable for clinical routine determination of clonazepam in serum in therapeutic concentrations. We illustrate the steady-state concentration of clonazepam in serum during chronic oral administration to 28 patients.", "PMID": 699288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11899", "title": "Effects of bilirubin on detection of hydrogen peroxide by use of peroxidase.", "content": "Bilitubin interferes with the quantitation of hydrogen peroxide in reagent systems in which peroxidase is used. Difference spectra suggest that this interference is a combination of chemical and spectral effects. The data presented are most consistent with the following interpretation: (a) bilirubin destroys part of the reactive intermediate formed in the peroxidase reaction and thus decreases the amount of chromophore formed and (b) the spectra for bilirubin and the chromaphore overlap, which also affects the results. The relevance of these results to reagent design and laboratory quality control are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of bilirubin on detection of hydrogen peroxide by use of peroxidase. Bilitubin interferes with the quantitation of hydrogen peroxide in reagent systems in which peroxidase is used. Difference spectra suggest that this interference is a combination of chemical and spectral effects. The data presented are most consistent with the following interpretation: (a) bilirubin destroys part of the reactive intermediate formed in the peroxidase reaction and thus decreases the amount of chromophore formed and (b) the spectra for bilirubin and the chromaphore overlap, which also affects the results. The relevance of these results to reagent design and laboratory quality control are discussed.", "PMID": 699289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11900", "title": "A method of assessing serum triiodothyronine concentrations that is independent of subject's age and variations in concentrations of binding proteins in serum.", "content": "Pairs of values for serum triiodothyronine and serum triiodothyronine binding capacity were represented as maps of points for euthyroid populations (including subjects who were pregnant or were receiving estrogens) in the age groups 18-50, 51-64, 65-79, and greater than 80 years (504 subjects) and thyrotoxic populations in the same age groups (207 subjects). For each age group the two populations were effectively separated bythe technique. Statistical analysis by the method of principal components justified the combination of all the age-related maps into a single map, allowing the assessment of serum triiodothyronine regardless of age or concentration of binding proteins in serum. The overlap of the combined populations was less than 1%. The method proposed is superior to a calculation of free triiodothyronine index in several respects.", "contents": "A method of assessing serum triiodothyronine concentrations that is independent of subject's age and variations in concentrations of binding proteins in serum. Pairs of values for serum triiodothyronine and serum triiodothyronine binding capacity were represented as maps of points for euthyroid populations (including subjects who were pregnant or were receiving estrogens) in the age groups 18-50, 51-64, 65-79, and greater than 80 years (504 subjects) and thyrotoxic populations in the same age groups (207 subjects). For each age group the two populations were effectively separated bythe technique. Statistical analysis by the method of principal components justified the combination of all the age-related maps into a single map, allowing the assessment of serum triiodothyronine regardless of age or concentration of binding proteins in serum. The overlap of the combined populations was less than 1%. The method proposed is superior to a calculation of free triiodothyronine index in several respects.", "PMID": 699290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11901", "title": "Immobilized-enzyme nylon-tube reactor for routine determination of uric acid in serum.", "content": "We report here the preparation of an immobilized-enzyme nylon-tube reactor containing uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) and the assembly of a flow-through system (Technicon AutoAnalyzer II) for the routine determination of uric acid in serum. Results of these uric acid analyses by use of immobilized uricase, in conjunction with peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and aminophenazone-dichlorophenol in solution, are compared with those obtained with the same enzyme in solution by use of the uricase-PAP (peroxidase, 4-aminophenazone, dichlorophenol) method. Clinical trials carried out routinely with the uricase reactor give reliable and reproducible results with high precision at an appreciably lower cost. The reactors are stable to continued or intermittent use for at least three months or for 4000 tests.", "contents": "Immobilized-enzyme nylon-tube reactor for routine determination of uric acid in serum. We report here the preparation of an immobilized-enzyme nylon-tube reactor containing uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) and the assembly of a flow-through system (Technicon AutoAnalyzer II) for the routine determination of uric acid in serum. Results of these uric acid analyses by use of immobilized uricase, in conjunction with peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and aminophenazone-dichlorophenol in solution, are compared with those obtained with the same enzyme in solution by use of the uricase-PAP (peroxidase, 4-aminophenazone, dichlorophenol) method. Clinical trials carried out routinely with the uricase reactor give reliable and reproducible results with high precision at an appreciably lower cost. The reactors are stable to continued or intermittent use for at least three months or for 4000 tests.", "PMID": 699291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11902", "title": "Increased creatine kinase isoenzyme MB values in patients without myocardial infarct.", "content": "Six of 13 randomly selected patients in a medical intensive-care unit with above-normal creatine kinase MB activities had diagnoses other than myocardial infarction. These data, which indicate the need for further study, were obtained during evaluation of a commercially available column procedure (Biodynamics/bmc).", "contents": "Increased creatine kinase isoenzyme MB values in patients without myocardial infarct. Six of 13 randomly selected patients in a medical intensive-care unit with above-normal creatine kinase MB activities had diagnoses other than myocardial infarction. These data, which indicate the need for further study, were obtained during evaluation of a commercially available column procedure (Biodynamics/bmc).", "PMID": 699292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11903", "title": "Gas--liquid chromatographic microdetermination of underivatized ethosuximide (alpha-ethyl-alpha-methyl succinimide) in plasma or serum.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the microdetermination of ethosuximide is described. Ethosuximide is extracted from acidified plasma or serum into chloroform containing an internal standard alpha,alpha-dimethyl-beta-methyl succinimide. Part of the initial chloroform extract is gently evaporated, the residue redissolved in n-heptane at 60 degrees C, and an aliquot analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The procedure is rapid, reliable, sensitive, and specific. It requires a 25--50 microliter sample for a single estimation, has a detection threshold of less than 10 micromol/liter, and is suitable for routine clinical use.", "contents": "Gas--liquid chromatographic microdetermination of underivatized ethosuximide (alpha-ethyl-alpha-methyl succinimide) in plasma or serum. A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the microdetermination of ethosuximide is described. Ethosuximide is extracted from acidified plasma or serum into chloroform containing an internal standard alpha,alpha-dimethyl-beta-methyl succinimide. Part of the initial chloroform extract is gently evaporated, the residue redissolved in n-heptane at 60 degrees C, and an aliquot analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The procedure is rapid, reliable, sensitive, and specific. It requires a 25--50 microliter sample for a single estimation, has a detection threshold of less than 10 micromol/liter, and is suitable for routine clinical use.", "PMID": 699293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11904", "title": "Distribution of thioridazine and its metabolites in human tissues and fluids obtained postmortem.", "content": "Thioridazine and metabolites were measured in brain, liver, and kidney specimens, obtained postmortem from two subjects whose deaths were related to acute intoxication with thioridazine, by gas-liquid chromatography. Although the absolute concentration measured for thioridazine and metabolites differed in the two cases, the metabolic pattern for each tissue, expressed in terms of the percentage of total drug in each tissue, was quite similar. The brain, liver, and kidney metabolic patterns, however, are in sharp contrast to the plasma metabolite patterns observed for subjects on a therapeutic regimen of thioridazine. As this example demonstrates, postmortem specimens are a valuable (but seldom used) source of human pharmacological data.", "contents": "Distribution of thioridazine and its metabolites in human tissues and fluids obtained postmortem. Thioridazine and metabolites were measured in brain, liver, and kidney specimens, obtained postmortem from two subjects whose deaths were related to acute intoxication with thioridazine, by gas-liquid chromatography. Although the absolute concentration measured for thioridazine and metabolites differed in the two cases, the metabolic pattern for each tissue, expressed in terms of the percentage of total drug in each tissue, was quite similar. The brain, liver, and kidney metabolic patterns, however, are in sharp contrast to the plasma metabolite patterns observed for subjects on a therapeutic regimen of thioridazine. As this example demonstrates, postmortem specimens are a valuable (but seldom used) source of human pharmacological data.", "PMID": 699294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11905", "title": "Plasma estriol vs. estrogen assays in 24-h urines as an index to fetal status.", "content": "Conventionally, urinary estrogens are measured to monitor fetal well-being in the third trimester of pregnancy. There are many theoretical and practical advantages to the use of recently introduced plasma estriol assays; consequently, we undertook to compare the results of a spectrophotometric assay for total urinary estrogen with values for plasma total and free (unconjugated) estriol obtained by radioimmunoassay with commercially available kits. The data correlate well, r = 0.70 for plasma total estriol with urinary estrogen (expressed as milligrams of estrogens per gram of creatinine [E/C]), r = 0.79 for plasma free estriol with E/C, and r = 0.71 between the two plasma values. Minute-to-minute fluctuations during 90 min and day-to-day fluctuations followed during five days suggest that fluctuations of up to +/- 45% are within the normal range (means +/- SD of the day-to-day fluctuations were 16.9 +/- 7.7% and 15.6+/- 8.2%). Turn-around time is a minimum of 29 h for the urinary estrogen assay, 4.5 h for the plasma total estriol, and 3 h for the plasma free estriol.", "contents": "Plasma estriol vs. estrogen assays in 24-h urines as an index to fetal status. Conventionally, urinary estrogens are measured to monitor fetal well-being in the third trimester of pregnancy. There are many theoretical and practical advantages to the use of recently introduced plasma estriol assays; consequently, we undertook to compare the results of a spectrophotometric assay for total urinary estrogen with values for plasma total and free (unconjugated) estriol obtained by radioimmunoassay with commercially available kits. The data correlate well, r = 0.70 for plasma total estriol with urinary estrogen (expressed as milligrams of estrogens per gram of creatinine [E/C]), r = 0.79 for plasma free estriol with E/C, and r = 0.71 between the two plasma values. Minute-to-minute fluctuations during 90 min and day-to-day fluctuations followed during five days suggest that fluctuations of up to +/- 45% are within the normal range (means +/- SD of the day-to-day fluctuations were 16.9 +/- 7.7% and 15.6+/- 8.2%). Turn-around time is a minimum of 29 h for the urinary estrogen assay, 4.5 h for the plasma total estriol, and 3 h for the plasma free estriol.", "PMID": 699295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11906", "title": "Reduced-volume radioimmunoassays for parathyrin and calcitonin in serum, for use in pediatric and small-animal studies.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays for circulating parathyrin and calcitonin used in most laboratories require 0.6--0.7 ml of serum or plasma, or more, for assay of one hormone. Such volumes are often difficult to obtain safely or repeatedly from pediatric patients or in small-animal studies. We modified our existing procedures to markedly decrease sample and reagent requirements. All reagent volumes were proportionately reduced to one-fourth the usual (from 500 microliter final incubation volume to 125 microliter), and serum or plasma volumes from 200, 100, and 50 microliter to 50, 25, and 10 microliter. We used smaller (10.3 X 50 mm) tubes and slightly modified the separation with charcoal. Results, validated by studies in rats, showed the sensitivity to match that of the usual assays; inter- and intra-assay variance was less than 20%. Simultaneous regular- and reduced-volume assays of parathyrin in sera from 19 children gave almost identical results (r = 0.9987). Both hormones can be assayed in less than 400 microliter of serum.", "contents": "Reduced-volume radioimmunoassays for parathyrin and calcitonin in serum, for use in pediatric and small-animal studies. Radioimmunoassays for circulating parathyrin and calcitonin used in most laboratories require 0.6--0.7 ml of serum or plasma, or more, for assay of one hormone. Such volumes are often difficult to obtain safely or repeatedly from pediatric patients or in small-animal studies. We modified our existing procedures to markedly decrease sample and reagent requirements. All reagent volumes were proportionately reduced to one-fourth the usual (from 500 microliter final incubation volume to 125 microliter), and serum or plasma volumes from 200, 100, and 50 microliter to 50, 25, and 10 microliter. We used smaller (10.3 X 50 mm) tubes and slightly modified the separation with charcoal. Results, validated by studies in rats, showed the sensitivity to match that of the usual assays; inter- and intra-assay variance was less than 20%. Simultaneous regular- and reduced-volume assays of parathyrin in sera from 19 children gave almost identical results (r = 0.9987). Both hormones can be assayed in less than 400 microliter of serum.", "PMID": 699296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11907", "title": "Alternative mechanized method for analysis for inorganic phosphate without reduction.", "content": "The mechanized measurement of inorganic phosphate in plasma can be achieved without reduction by only minor alterations to an existing continuous-flow reduction procedure. The method is based on the enhancement of the extinction of the phosphomolybdate complex by the detergent Triton X-100. Results obtained agree well with those obtained by the standard reduction (Fiske-SubbaRow) procedure. The correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.996 and statistical analysis of the data confirmed very good agreement between the two sets of values.", "contents": "Alternative mechanized method for analysis for inorganic phosphate without reduction. The mechanized measurement of inorganic phosphate in plasma can be achieved without reduction by only minor alterations to an existing continuous-flow reduction procedure. The method is based on the enhancement of the extinction of the phosphomolybdate complex by the detergent Triton X-100. Results obtained agree well with those obtained by the standard reduction (Fiske-SubbaRow) procedure. The correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.996 and statistical analysis of the data confirmed very good agreement between the two sets of values.", "PMID": 699297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11908", "title": "Modified Jendrassik--Grof method for bilirubins adapted to the Abbott Bichromatic Analyzer.", "content": "I describe a semi-micro method for use with a discrete analyzer, the Abbott ABA-100, requiring 75 microliter of sample for determination of both the total and direct bilirubins. This method utilizes a serum blank. It is simple and reasonably rapid. The azobilirubin formed by both the total and the direct bilirubins produces a reddish-violet color, which is measured at 550 nm. Values obtained are comparable to those by the automated Jendrassik and Grof procedure adapted by Gambino and Schreiber (total r = 0.999, direct r = 0.990). The method is linear to 300 mg/liter. Day-to-day precision (CV) for the total bilirubin was 8.8% for a 8 mg/liter sample (n = 45) and 4.7% for a 57 mg/liter sample (n = 46). The absorbance of hemoglobin and its derivatives (540 nm) caused a false decrease in the measured bilirubin content, the direct being more affected than the total. This problem was alleviated by the use of caffeine and acid blanks.", "contents": "Modified Jendrassik--Grof method for bilirubins adapted to the Abbott Bichromatic Analyzer. I describe a semi-micro method for use with a discrete analyzer, the Abbott ABA-100, requiring 75 microliter of sample for determination of both the total and direct bilirubins. This method utilizes a serum blank. It is simple and reasonably rapid. The azobilirubin formed by both the total and the direct bilirubins produces a reddish-violet color, which is measured at 550 nm. Values obtained are comparable to those by the automated Jendrassik and Grof procedure adapted by Gambino and Schreiber (total r = 0.999, direct r = 0.990). The method is linear to 300 mg/liter. Day-to-day precision (CV) for the total bilirubin was 8.8% for a 8 mg/liter sample (n = 45) and 4.7% for a 57 mg/liter sample (n = 46). The absorbance of hemoglobin and its derivatives (540 nm) caused a false decrease in the measured bilirubin content, the direct being more affected than the total. This problem was alleviated by the use of caffeine and acid blanks.", "PMID": 699298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11909", "title": "Interlaboratory comparison of lead and cadmium in blood, urine, and aqueous solutions.", "content": "Analysis for lead and cadmium in biological liquids (blood and urine) is difficult. Results of such analyses from five laboratories are compared for samples with known additions of lead and cadmium. The data, evaluated in terms of inter- and intralaboratory reproducibility and accuracy, suggest that laboratories should voluntarily participate in quality control programs. Users of routine laboratories are advised to use their own quality control program.", "contents": "Interlaboratory comparison of lead and cadmium in blood, urine, and aqueous solutions. Analysis for lead and cadmium in biological liquids (blood and urine) is difficult. Results of such analyses from five laboratories are compared for samples with known additions of lead and cadmium. The data, evaluated in terms of inter- and intralaboratory reproducibility and accuracy, suggest that laboratories should voluntarily participate in quality control programs. Users of routine laboratories are advised to use their own quality control program.", "PMID": 699314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11910", "title": "Evaluation of the discriminative power of lipidophoresis by discriminant analysis using a simple quantitative method of agarose lipidophoresis.", "content": "A simple, reproducible and quantitative method for separation of lipoproteins in agarose is presented. The validity of the results is shown by comparison with gravimetric analysis of fractions separated by ultracentrifugation in a discontinuous NaCl-KBr gradient. Results for a large group of normals and of patients with various lipid disorders are presented, and discriminant analysis is used to evaluate objectively the potential of lipidophoresis in the classification of hyperlipoproteinemias. It is shown that quantitative lipidophoresis gives as much information as the determination of cholesterol and triglycerides, for classification purposes.", "contents": "Evaluation of the discriminative power of lipidophoresis by discriminant analysis using a simple quantitative method of agarose lipidophoresis. A simple, reproducible and quantitative method for separation of lipoproteins in agarose is presented. The validity of the results is shown by comparison with gravimetric analysis of fractions separated by ultracentrifugation in a discontinuous NaCl-KBr gradient. Results for a large group of normals and of patients with various lipid disorders are presented, and discriminant analysis is used to evaluate objectively the potential of lipidophoresis in the classification of hyperlipoproteinemias. It is shown that quantitative lipidophoresis gives as much information as the determination of cholesterol and triglycerides, for classification purposes.", "PMID": 699315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11911", "title": "A simplified assay for methotrexate in biological fluids using a crude yeast lysate.", "content": "Routine pharmacokinetic monitoring of methotrexate levels in biological fluids appears to be important for clinical applications involving large doses of methotrexate with leucovorin rescue. Recently several laboratories have independently described a competitive radiobinding assay that has the necessary sensitivity, precision and simplicity for this purpose. This study describes a modification of this assay method using a lysate of dry, active yeast as a source of binding activity. The assay is sensitive at blood concentrations of about 1 nM. No significant interference can be shown with naturally occurring folates. Specificity has also been shown by recovery experiments from serum and urine. Thus this modified assay matches the previously described radiobinding assays but with the advantage of using a methotrexate binding reagent that is readily available and quite inexpensive.", "contents": "A simplified assay for methotrexate in biological fluids using a crude yeast lysate. Routine pharmacokinetic monitoring of methotrexate levels in biological fluids appears to be important for clinical applications involving large doses of methotrexate with leucovorin rescue. Recently several laboratories have independently described a competitive radiobinding assay that has the necessary sensitivity, precision and simplicity for this purpose. This study describes a modification of this assay method using a lysate of dry, active yeast as a source of binding activity. The assay is sensitive at blood concentrations of about 1 nM. No significant interference can be shown with naturally occurring folates. Specificity has also been shown by recovery experiments from serum and urine. Thus this modified assay matches the previously described radiobinding assays but with the advantage of using a methotrexate binding reagent that is readily available and quite inexpensive.", "PMID": 699316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11912", "title": "Rapid colorimetric methods for quantitative lipoprotein-X determination without electrophoresis.", "content": "Two procedures for quantitative determination of the cholestasis-characterizing lipoprotein-X are described. Both procedures are based on ether-extract-ability of phospholipids which are relatively loosely bound in lipoprotein-X. The presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at adequate concentration allowed complete ether extraction of phospholipids from lipoprotein-X even at low concentration, without affecting the phospholipids of normal lipoproteins. In one modification phospholipids were extracted into ether ion-paired with a bilirubin conjugate (e.g. Woodward's K conjugate) the concentration of which was then estimated in the ether extract. In the second modification phospholipids were directly determined in the ether extract. Calibration was done either with a lipoprotein-X concentrate or with a clear sonicated lecithin sol added to normal serum. The results obtained by both methods are in a good agreement with the results by agar gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Rapid colorimetric methods for quantitative lipoprotein-X determination without electrophoresis. Two procedures for quantitative determination of the cholestasis-characterizing lipoprotein-X are described. Both procedures are based on ether-extract-ability of phospholipids which are relatively loosely bound in lipoprotein-X. The presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at adequate concentration allowed complete ether extraction of phospholipids from lipoprotein-X even at low concentration, without affecting the phospholipids of normal lipoproteins. In one modification phospholipids were extracted into ether ion-paired with a bilirubin conjugate (e.g. Woodward's K conjugate) the concentration of which was then estimated in the ether extract. In the second modification phospholipids were directly determined in the ether extract. Calibration was done either with a lipoprotein-X concentrate or with a clear sonicated lecithin sol added to normal serum. The results obtained by both methods are in a good agreement with the results by agar gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 699317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11913", "title": "Metal-binding studies of metallothioneins in Menkes kinky hair disease.", "content": "Two species of metallothioneins were isolated from both normal and Menkes kinky hair disease (MKHD) patient livers. Atomic absorption determination of metals indicated that the patient liver metallothioneins had lower copper and cadmium content than normals. Isotope exchange studies, carried out by incubating native metallothioneins with copper-64 or cadmium-109 demonstrated a decreased affinity for copper and an increased affinity for cadmium in both MKHD metallothioneins. An hypothesis is proposed in which metallothionein functions as an intracellular copper carrier and is responsible for the transport of copper between the cells and the surrounding. Change in the copper affinity of the metallothioneins was suggested to be the major abnormality in MKHD.", "contents": "Metal-binding studies of metallothioneins in Menkes kinky hair disease. Two species of metallothioneins were isolated from both normal and Menkes kinky hair disease (MKHD) patient livers. Atomic absorption determination of metals indicated that the patient liver metallothioneins had lower copper and cadmium content than normals. Isotope exchange studies, carried out by incubating native metallothioneins with copper-64 or cadmium-109 demonstrated a decreased affinity for copper and an increased affinity for cadmium in both MKHD metallothioneins. An hypothesis is proposed in which metallothionein functions as an intracellular copper carrier and is responsible for the transport of copper between the cells and the surrounding. Change in the copper affinity of the metallothioneins was suggested to be the major abnormality in MKHD.", "PMID": 699318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11914", "title": "Use of a chromogenic substrate for the diagnosis of Krabbe's disease, with special reference to its application in prenatal diagnosis.", "content": "A chromogenic substrate, 2-hexadecanoylamino-4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, has recently been described for the diagnosis of Krabbe's disease. Hydrolysis of this substrate by extracts of cultured cells and tissues was compared with the activities of lactocerebrosidase I and non-specific beta-galactosidase. Under appropriate conditions, hydrolysis of the chromogenic analogue was markedly reduced in extracts of cultured amniotic fluid cells and skin fibroblasts derived from cases of Krabbe's disease. Activity was also markedly deficient in extracts of Krabbe's brain, although only a partial reduction was measured in liver extracts. Generally activities were higher in tissues of fetal origion. Unfortunately, the new analogue proved less specific and less sensitive than the natural substrates used to diagnose Krabbe's disease. Consequently, the analogue does not provide a satisfactory alternative substrate for the prenatal diagnosis of Krabbe's disease.", "contents": "Use of a chromogenic substrate for the diagnosis of Krabbe's disease, with special reference to its application in prenatal diagnosis. A chromogenic substrate, 2-hexadecanoylamino-4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, has recently been described for the diagnosis of Krabbe's disease. Hydrolysis of this substrate by extracts of cultured cells and tissues was compared with the activities of lactocerebrosidase I and non-specific beta-galactosidase. Under appropriate conditions, hydrolysis of the chromogenic analogue was markedly reduced in extracts of cultured amniotic fluid cells and skin fibroblasts derived from cases of Krabbe's disease. Activity was also markedly deficient in extracts of Krabbe's brain, although only a partial reduction was measured in liver extracts. Generally activities were higher in tissues of fetal origion. Unfortunately, the new analogue proved less specific and less sensitive than the natural substrates used to diagnose Krabbe's disease. Consequently, the analogue does not provide a satisfactory alternative substrate for the prenatal diagnosis of Krabbe's disease.", "PMID": 699319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11915", "title": "Human hexosaminidase isozymes. Assay of platelet activity for heterozygote identification during pregnancy.", "content": "Identification of carriers of the Tay-Sachs gene during pregnancy is difficult because of the increase in serum of a heat stable hexosaminidase isozyme I (or P) as well as changes in the relative and absolute activities of the various molecular forms of the enzyme with advancing pregnancy. In contrast, isolation of blood platelets followed by ion exchange chromatographic separation and assay of the hexosaminidase isozymes in platelet extracts by an automated method provides a sensitive and reliable method for heterozygote identification during pregnancy. This method appears superior to procedures involving thermal inactivation of extracts of peripheral blood leukocytes because of significant differences in the content of the hexosaminidase isozymes in granulocytes, lymphocytes and other cell types, as well as variations in the proportion of these cell types in samples of peripheral blood. It also alleviates the problem inherent in any method involving thermal inactivation of hexosaminidase A by avoiding possible interconversion of the various molecular forms of the enzyme associated with heating.", "contents": "Human hexosaminidase isozymes. Assay of platelet activity for heterozygote identification during pregnancy. Identification of carriers of the Tay-Sachs gene during pregnancy is difficult because of the increase in serum of a heat stable hexosaminidase isozyme I (or P) as well as changes in the relative and absolute activities of the various molecular forms of the enzyme with advancing pregnancy. In contrast, isolation of blood platelets followed by ion exchange chromatographic separation and assay of the hexosaminidase isozymes in platelet extracts by an automated method provides a sensitive and reliable method for heterozygote identification during pregnancy. This method appears superior to procedures involving thermal inactivation of extracts of peripheral blood leukocytes because of significant differences in the content of the hexosaminidase isozymes in granulocytes, lymphocytes and other cell types, as well as variations in the proportion of these cell types in samples of peripheral blood. It also alleviates the problem inherent in any method involving thermal inactivation of hexosaminidase A by avoiding possible interconversion of the various molecular forms of the enzyme associated with heating.", "PMID": 699320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11916", "title": "Studies on glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase in leucocytes, fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells. The normal enzyme and the mutant form in patients with glutaric aciduria.", "content": "Three patients with glutaric aciduria have been shown to possess a partial but severe defect of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase in isolated leucocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. They could readily be distinguished from heterozygotes by measuring the activity of this enzyme, as shown in a study of the two families involved. The activity of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase in normal cultured amniotic fluid cells was comparable to the activity in normal cultured skin fibroblasts indicating the possibility of prenatal diagnosis. Without flavin adenine dinucleotide added to the assay mixture, the activity of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase in fibroblasts from normal individuals was very much reduced and similar to the activity in the patients, but after addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide to saturation the activity increased 20-fold in normal subjects while only a very slight increase could be demonstrated in the patients. The Michaelis constant for the substrate glutaryl-CoA was similar for both normal and patient cell lines. The optimum assay conditions for the enzyme in cultured fibroblasts from normal individuals have been established. In contrast to our patients, we found no activity in a fibroblast cell line from a patient with glutaric aciduria diagnosed elsewhere.", "contents": "Studies on glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase in leucocytes, fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells. The normal enzyme and the mutant form in patients with glutaric aciduria. Three patients with glutaric aciduria have been shown to possess a partial but severe defect of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase in isolated leucocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. They could readily be distinguished from heterozygotes by measuring the activity of this enzyme, as shown in a study of the two families involved. The activity of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase in normal cultured amniotic fluid cells was comparable to the activity in normal cultured skin fibroblasts indicating the possibility of prenatal diagnosis. Without flavin adenine dinucleotide added to the assay mixture, the activity of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase in fibroblasts from normal individuals was very much reduced and similar to the activity in the patients, but after addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide to saturation the activity increased 20-fold in normal subjects while only a very slight increase could be demonstrated in the patients. The Michaelis constant for the substrate glutaryl-CoA was similar for both normal and patient cell lines. The optimum assay conditions for the enzyme in cultured fibroblasts from normal individuals have been established. In contrast to our patients, we found no activity in a fibroblast cell line from a patient with glutaric aciduria diagnosed elsewhere.", "PMID": 699321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11917", "title": "Serum methionine: its rapid determination by continuous-flow colorimetry.", "content": "A rapid automated method for the determination of serum methionine is presented for use with the Technicon AutoAnalyzer system. It is based on the decolorisation of halide platinates by organic sulphides, including methionine. The 5--95% reference range from 249 sera from hospital patients (excluding those with liver and renal diseases and diabetes) was 20--60 mumol/l, mean 35 mumol/l. The S.D. of the method for 40 duplicate samples was 2.2 mumol/l. Recoveries ranged from 101--105%. This measurement facilitates the clinical evaluation of liver disease, especially acute liver failure, kidney disease and diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Serum methionine: its rapid determination by continuous-flow colorimetry. A rapid automated method for the determination of serum methionine is presented for use with the Technicon AutoAnalyzer system. It is based on the decolorisation of halide platinates by organic sulphides, including methionine. The 5--95% reference range from 249 sera from hospital patients (excluding those with liver and renal diseases and diabetes) was 20--60 mumol/l, mean 35 mumol/l. The S.D. of the method for 40 duplicate samples was 2.2 mumol/l. Recoveries ranged from 101--105%. This measurement facilitates the clinical evaluation of liver disease, especially acute liver failure, kidney disease and diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 699322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11918", "title": "Correlations between branched-chain amino acids and branched-chain alpha-keto acids in blood in maple syrup urine disease.", "content": "In 62 blood samples from 3 patients with classical maple syrup urine disease and from one patient with a variant form, a close linear correlation was found between levels of branched chain amino acids and their corresponding alpha-keto acids. Keto acids were determined as O-trimethylsilyl quinoxalinols by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-selective detector.", "contents": "Correlations between branched-chain amino acids and branched-chain alpha-keto acids in blood in maple syrup urine disease. In 62 blood samples from 3 patients with classical maple syrup urine disease and from one patient with a variant form, a close linear correlation was found between levels of branched chain amino acids and their corresponding alpha-keto acids. Keto acids were determined as O-trimethylsilyl quinoxalinols by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-selective detector.", "PMID": 699323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11919", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of hydroxyproline in urine hydrolysates.", "content": "A simple and specific method for the determination of hydroxyproline in urine hydrolysates has been described. Hydroxyproline was converted into its N-isobutyloxycarbonyl methyl ester derivative without elaborate cleanup, which was analyzed by gas chromatography. Hydroxyproline was clearly separated from other urinary constituents on a 0.60% FFAP on dimethyldichlorosilane-treated Gas-Chrom P column. Kainic acid was used as the most convenient internal standard available. The relative standard deviations of peak height ratios were 1.15--2.51% at the 10--150 microgram levels. Percent recoveries of hydroxyproline added to urine hydrolysates ranged from 98.8 to 107.3%.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of hydroxyproline in urine hydrolysates. A simple and specific method for the determination of hydroxyproline in urine hydrolysates has been described. Hydroxyproline was converted into its N-isobutyloxycarbonyl methyl ester derivative without elaborate cleanup, which was analyzed by gas chromatography. Hydroxyproline was clearly separated from other urinary constituents on a 0.60% FFAP on dimethyldichlorosilane-treated Gas-Chrom P column. Kainic acid was used as the most convenient internal standard available. The relative standard deviations of peak height ratios were 1.15--2.51% at the 10--150 microgram levels. Percent recoveries of hydroxyproline added to urine hydrolysates ranged from 98.8 to 107.3%.", "PMID": 699324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11920", "title": "A placental type of membrane-bound arylamidase in serum and ascites from a patient with renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "A placental type of membrane-bound arylamidase was detected in serum and ascites from a patient with renal cell carcinoma by isoelectric focusing. The enzyme had the same molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gel, isoelectric point and KM value as placental membrane-bound arylamidase. The new type of membrane-bound arylamidase was named Shiba-isoenzyme after the patient's name.", "contents": "A placental type of membrane-bound arylamidase in serum and ascites from a patient with renal cell carcinoma. A placental type of membrane-bound arylamidase was detected in serum and ascites from a patient with renal cell carcinoma by isoelectric focusing. The enzyme had the same molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gel, isoelectric point and KM value as placental membrane-bound arylamidase. The new type of membrane-bound arylamidase was named Shiba-isoenzyme after the patient's name.", "PMID": 699325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11921", "title": "Serum monoamine oxidase assayed with a new synthetic benzylamine derivative as substrate. Its clinical significance with special reference to hepatic fibrosis.", "content": "Serum levels of monoamine oxidase were determined in 171 healthy adults and in 77 patients with hepatic diseases by use of a new synthetic derivative of benzylamine, 1-[(4-aminomethylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthol hydrochloride, as substrate. This new compound is more effectively oxidized by serum monoamine oxidase than by benzylamine, currently the most widely used substrate. Diagnosis of hepatic disease was confirmed in all patients by liver histology. The results suggest that the level of this enzyme in serum increases in parallel with the development of hepatic fibrosis.", "contents": "Serum monoamine oxidase assayed with a new synthetic benzylamine derivative as substrate. Its clinical significance with special reference to hepatic fibrosis. Serum levels of monoamine oxidase were determined in 171 healthy adults and in 77 patients with hepatic diseases by use of a new synthetic derivative of benzylamine, 1-[(4-aminomethylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthol hydrochloride, as substrate. This new compound is more effectively oxidized by serum monoamine oxidase than by benzylamine, currently the most widely used substrate. Diagnosis of hepatic disease was confirmed in all patients by liver histology. The results suggest that the level of this enzyme in serum increases in parallel with the development of hepatic fibrosis.", "PMID": 699326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11922", "title": "A rapid method for the determination of volatile fatty acids in biological fluids.", "content": "A rapid and simple method for the determination of volatile fatty acids in plasma and urine without any pretreatment is described. The gas chromatographic method reported here allows us to detect and quantitate in approx. 20 min biological VFA characteristics of various metabolic diseases. Conditions used are very mild so to avoid as much as possible any thermal decomposition of biological compounds.", "contents": "A rapid method for the determination of volatile fatty acids in biological fluids. A rapid and simple method for the determination of volatile fatty acids in plasma and urine without any pretreatment is described. The gas chromatographic method reported here allows us to detect and quantitate in approx. 20 min biological VFA characteristics of various metabolic diseases. Conditions used are very mild so to avoid as much as possible any thermal decomposition of biological compounds.", "PMID": 699327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11923", "title": "[Potentiometric determination of hepatitis B surface antigen in biological fluids (author's transl)].", "content": "The present report describes a sensitive and reliable method for potentiometric determination of hepatitis B surface antigen in biological fluids, as an application of enzyme-linked immunoassay technique by a \"sandwich\" procedure. Specific antibodies are immobilized on a gelatine membrane which covers the sensor of an iodide-sensitive electrode. After immersion of the modified electrode in a dilute solution of antigen, the enzymatic activity is evaluated in a solution of peroxidase-labelled antibodies, in the presence of substrate and iodides. The electrode potential is a function of antigen concentration in the solution. This new procedure should find its application in the determination of substances present in very low concentration in biological fluids.", "contents": "[Potentiometric determination of hepatitis B surface antigen in biological fluids (author's transl)]. The present report describes a sensitive and reliable method for potentiometric determination of hepatitis B surface antigen in biological fluids, as an application of enzyme-linked immunoassay technique by a \"sandwich\" procedure. Specific antibodies are immobilized on a gelatine membrane which covers the sensor of an iodide-sensitive electrode. After immersion of the modified electrode in a dilute solution of antigen, the enzymatic activity is evaluated in a solution of peroxidase-labelled antibodies, in the presence of substrate and iodides. The electrode potential is a function of antigen concentration in the solution. This new procedure should find its application in the determination of substances present in very low concentration in biological fluids.", "PMID": 699328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11924", "title": "Effect of snap freezing, dithiothreitol and storage on estimations of estrogen receptor sites.", "content": "Estrogen receptor assays were performed on human myometrium in order to determine optimal conditions for certain steps of the assay. The findings indicate that: (1) tissue should be snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen prior to assay, (2) dithiothreitol does not increase measurable binding site numbers, (3) estrogen receptors in the cytosol fraction are unstable and should be stored in excess of 1 day; (4) if storage prior to receptor assay is unavoidable, tissue should be stored at -20 degrees C or -70 degrees C for no longer than 1 week.", "contents": "Effect of snap freezing, dithiothreitol and storage on estimations of estrogen receptor sites. Estrogen receptor assays were performed on human myometrium in order to determine optimal conditions for certain steps of the assay. The findings indicate that: (1) tissue should be snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen prior to assay, (2) dithiothreitol does not increase measurable binding site numbers, (3) estrogen receptors in the cytosol fraction are unstable and should be stored in excess of 1 day; (4) if storage prior to receptor assay is unavoidable, tissue should be stored at -20 degrees C or -70 degrees C for no longer than 1 week.", "PMID": 699329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11925", "title": "A practical proposal for arginine-vasopressin radioimmunoassay.", "content": "This work proposes the use of (a) a commercially available homologous system AVP antibody-AVP (Arginine Vasopressin) standard and (b) new acquisitions for the improvement of sensitivity for AVP radioimmunoassay by separate or simultaneous use of two-phase sequential incubation and epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA). The antiserum used in the system described is very specific since none even cross-reacted with lysine vasopressin (LVP) and has an apparent affinity constant (K) of 0.909 +/- 0.047 X 10(12) l/mol. This is sufficiently high to detect 0.5 +/- 0.2 pg/tube, which is theoretically expected of biological AVP. The total assay time is less than 48 h.", "contents": "A practical proposal for arginine-vasopressin radioimmunoassay. This work proposes the use of (a) a commercially available homologous system AVP antibody-AVP (Arginine Vasopressin) standard and (b) new acquisitions for the improvement of sensitivity for AVP radioimmunoassay by separate or simultaneous use of two-phase sequential incubation and epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA). The antiserum used in the system described is very specific since none even cross-reacted with lysine vasopressin (LVP) and has an apparent affinity constant (K) of 0.909 +/- 0.047 X 10(12) l/mol. This is sufficiently high to detect 0.5 +/- 0.2 pg/tube, which is theoretically expected of biological AVP. The total assay time is less than 48 h.", "PMID": 699331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11926", "title": "Human diploid lung fibroblast cell lines WI 26 and WI 38 exhibit isozyme shift of alkaline phosphatase after viral transformation.", "content": "The testing of the type of membrane associated alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) by immunotitration has revealed that there is a shift from a liver-like type of alkaline phosphatase in normal cell cultures of the human diploid fibroblast cell strains WI 26 and WI 38 to a placenta-like variant in cultures of the same cell strains after the transformation by the DNA-tumor virus SV 40, the WI 26 SV 40 and the WI 38 SV 40 cell lines. The immunologically detectable switch-over has been confirmed by measuring the apparent Michaelis constant and the heat stability of the AP from normal and transformed cells. Liver-like AP is heat labile and has an apparent Michaelis constant for p-nitrophenylphosphate (about 4.0 X 10(-4) M). The placenta-like AP shows heat stability and a lower apparent KM (about 2.2 X 10(-4) M). The appearance of the so-called Regan enzyme of AP in some human tumors in vivo is discussed in this connection.", "contents": "Human diploid lung fibroblast cell lines WI 26 and WI 38 exhibit isozyme shift of alkaline phosphatase after viral transformation. The testing of the type of membrane associated alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) by immunotitration has revealed that there is a shift from a liver-like type of alkaline phosphatase in normal cell cultures of the human diploid fibroblast cell strains WI 26 and WI 38 to a placenta-like variant in cultures of the same cell strains after the transformation by the DNA-tumor virus SV 40, the WI 26 SV 40 and the WI 38 SV 40 cell lines. The immunologically detectable switch-over has been confirmed by measuring the apparent Michaelis constant and the heat stability of the AP from normal and transformed cells. Liver-like AP is heat labile and has an apparent Michaelis constant for p-nitrophenylphosphate (about 4.0 X 10(-4) M). The placenta-like AP shows heat stability and a lower apparent KM (about 2.2 X 10(-4) M). The appearance of the so-called Regan enzyme of AP in some human tumors in vivo is discussed in this connection.", "PMID": 699332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11927", "title": "Improved determination of beta-glucuronidase in serum.", "content": "With phenolphthalein beta-glucuronide as the substrate in the serum beta-glucuronidase assay, centrifugation at high speed after addition of alkali was required to minimize blanks. Optimal substrate concentration was 3--6 mM. Excess substrate was inhibitory.", "contents": "Improved determination of beta-glucuronidase in serum. With phenolphthalein beta-glucuronide as the substrate in the serum beta-glucuronidase assay, centrifugation at high speed after addition of alkali was required to minimize blanks. Optimal substrate concentration was 3--6 mM. Excess substrate was inhibitory.", "PMID": 699333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11928", "title": "The quantitative determination of 5-S-cysteinyldopa and dopa in normal serum and in serum from patients with malignant melanoma by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for quantitative determination of 5-S-cysteinyldopa and Dopa in serum involving high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis (HPLC) and electrochemical detection. The chromatographic system allows estimation of injected amounts corresponding to 25 pg of 5-S-cysteinyldopa and Dopa. In normal subjects the mean serum 5-S-cysteinyldopa concentration was 2.8 ng/ml (range 0.4--12 ng/ml) and the mean serum Dopa 6.3 ng/ml (range 4--10 ng/ml). Patients with melanoma metastases showed increased serum concentrations of 5-S-cysteinyldopa.", "contents": "The quantitative determination of 5-S-cysteinyldopa and dopa in normal serum and in serum from patients with malignant melanoma by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography. A method is described for quantitative determination of 5-S-cysteinyldopa and Dopa in serum involving high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis (HPLC) and electrochemical detection. The chromatographic system allows estimation of injected amounts corresponding to 25 pg of 5-S-cysteinyldopa and Dopa. In normal subjects the mean serum 5-S-cysteinyldopa concentration was 2.8 ng/ml (range 0.4--12 ng/ml) and the mean serum Dopa 6.3 ng/ml (range 4--10 ng/ml). Patients with melanoma metastases showed increased serum concentrations of 5-S-cysteinyldopa.", "PMID": 699334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11929", "title": "A granulocyte test for detection of cattle heterozygous for mannosidosis.", "content": "alpha-Mannosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities were found to differ between lymphocytes and granulocytes isolated from bovine blood. Activities of both enzymes in granulocyte preparations were found to be related to the eosinophil content of the preparations. A procedure is described that allows definition of the mannosidosis genotype of adult cattle by giving consideration to the influence of eosinophil content of granulocyte preparations upon the activity of alpha-mannosidase relative to that of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase.", "contents": "A granulocyte test for detection of cattle heterozygous for mannosidosis. alpha-Mannosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities were found to differ between lymphocytes and granulocytes isolated from bovine blood. Activities of both enzymes in granulocyte preparations were found to be related to the eosinophil content of the preparations. A procedure is described that allows definition of the mannosidosis genotype of adult cattle by giving consideration to the influence of eosinophil content of granulocyte preparations upon the activity of alpha-mannosidase relative to that of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase.", "PMID": 699335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11930", "title": "Protein kinase and adenylate cyclase of erythrocyte membrane from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "In freshly prepared erythrocyte membranes from normal individuals and from patients with Duchenne progressive muscular dystrophy the endogenous protein kinase and the cAMP stimulated phosphorylation was identical for the three main 32P proteins including spectrin (protein band II). Another enzyme, adenylate cyclase, was found unchanged. Altered protein kinase and adenylate cyclase has been reported in this disorder. We have no explanation for these discrepancies.", "contents": "Protein kinase and adenylate cyclase of erythrocyte membrane from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In freshly prepared erythrocyte membranes from normal individuals and from patients with Duchenne progressive muscular dystrophy the endogenous protein kinase and the cAMP stimulated phosphorylation was identical for the three main 32P proteins including spectrin (protein band II). Another enzyme, adenylate cyclase, was found unchanged. Altered protein kinase and adenylate cyclase has been reported in this disorder. We have no explanation for these discrepancies.", "PMID": 699336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11931", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of acid hydrolases in human liver and serum. Findings in sera from one patient with I-cell disease phenotype.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing was performed with six acid hydrolases in serum and liver tissue. Neuraminidase-treated serum and liver tissue were also examined. In general, acid hydrolases in sera seemed to be more sialylated than those in liver tissue. Serum from one patient with I-cell disease with increased activity of some acid hydrolases was found to have a normal isoelectric focusing pattern. These findings are discussed with respect to the uptake mechanism of acid hydrolases in serum.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of acid hydrolases in human liver and serum. Findings in sera from one patient with I-cell disease phenotype. Isoelectric focusing was performed with six acid hydrolases in serum and liver tissue. Neuraminidase-treated serum and liver tissue were also examined. In general, acid hydrolases in sera seemed to be more sialylated than those in liver tissue. Serum from one patient with I-cell disease with increased activity of some acid hydrolases was found to have a normal isoelectric focusing pattern. These findings are discussed with respect to the uptake mechanism of acid hydrolases in serum.", "PMID": 699337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11932", "title": "The effect of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase on the electrophoretic mobility of lipoprotein-X.", "content": "Lipoprotein-X containing plasma from a patient with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, was used as substrate and incubated with postheparin plasma or partly purified lipases. LP-X could not be demonstrated by agar gel electrophoresis after incubation with postheparin plasma from a healthy subject, from a patient with chronic active hepatitis deficient in hepatic lipase, or with partly purified lipoprotein lipase. After incubation a marked increase in free fatty acids (FFA) was observed. In contrast LP-X was still present after incubation when postheparin plasma deficient in lipoprotein lipase or partly purified hepatic lipase was added to the substrate. Only minor changes in the concentration of FFA occurred. After addition of oleic acid to the substrate LP-X could not be demonstrated by agar gel electrophoresis. However, in the isolated low density lipoproteins, LP-X like particles were still present as viewed by electron microscopy. Our results strongly suggest that the change in electrophoretic mobility of LP-X was induced by the release of FFA. This was achieved by lipoprotein lipase, but not by hepatic lipase.", "contents": "The effect of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase on the electrophoretic mobility of lipoprotein-X. Lipoprotein-X containing plasma from a patient with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, was used as substrate and incubated with postheparin plasma or partly purified lipases. LP-X could not be demonstrated by agar gel electrophoresis after incubation with postheparin plasma from a healthy subject, from a patient with chronic active hepatitis deficient in hepatic lipase, or with partly purified lipoprotein lipase. After incubation a marked increase in free fatty acids (FFA) was observed. In contrast LP-X was still present after incubation when postheparin plasma deficient in lipoprotein lipase or partly purified hepatic lipase was added to the substrate. Only minor changes in the concentration of FFA occurred. After addition of oleic acid to the substrate LP-X could not be demonstrated by agar gel electrophoresis. However, in the isolated low density lipoproteins, LP-X like particles were still present as viewed by electron microscopy. Our results strongly suggest that the change in electrophoretic mobility of LP-X was induced by the release of FFA. This was achieved by lipoprotein lipase, but not by hepatic lipase.", "PMID": 699338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11933", "title": "Cell culture studies of Menkes kinky hair disease.", "content": "The dose response as well as kinetics of uptake and retention of copper and cadmium of normal and Menkes kinky hair disease (MKHD) cultured fibroblasts are described. In basal culture medium, intracellular copper concentration in MKHD fibroblasts was approximately 3 times that of control cultures. The intracellular copper concentration of MKHD cells was significantly higher than that of normal fibroblasts at medium copper concentrations below 20 microgram/ml. Death of MKHD cells occurred at medium copper concentrations between 15 and 20 microgram/ml with an intracellular copper level 3 times that at basal medium. Normal cells died at medium copper concentration above 30 microgram/ml with an intracellular copper concentration 19 times that at basal medium. These observations suggested the existence of a regulatory mechanism for maintenance and control of intracellular copper in normal fibroblasts which is effective at medium copper concentrations below 30 microgram/ml. This system is defective in MKHD fibroblasts. In basal medium MKHD and normal fibroblasts had similar intracellular cadmium concentrations; however, at higher medium cadmium concentrations MKHD cells had increased intracellular cadmium levels. The uptake of both 64Cu and 109Cd was significantly higher in MKHD cells than in normal cells, indicating that the uptake of 64Cu and 109Cd is not impaired in MKHD cells. A higher retention of 64Cu was observed in MKHD cells at both 37 degrees C and 4 degrees C. No obvious trend, however, was observed in the difference of retention of 109Cd between MKHD and normal cells. An impairment of egress of copper in MKHD cells is implicated by these results.", "contents": "Cell culture studies of Menkes kinky hair disease. The dose response as well as kinetics of uptake and retention of copper and cadmium of normal and Menkes kinky hair disease (MKHD) cultured fibroblasts are described. In basal culture medium, intracellular copper concentration in MKHD fibroblasts was approximately 3 times that of control cultures. The intracellular copper concentration of MKHD cells was significantly higher than that of normal fibroblasts at medium copper concentrations below 20 microgram/ml. Death of MKHD cells occurred at medium copper concentrations between 15 and 20 microgram/ml with an intracellular copper level 3 times that at basal medium. Normal cells died at medium copper concentration above 30 microgram/ml with an intracellular copper concentration 19 times that at basal medium. These observations suggested the existence of a regulatory mechanism for maintenance and control of intracellular copper in normal fibroblasts which is effective at medium copper concentrations below 30 microgram/ml. This system is defective in MKHD fibroblasts. In basal medium MKHD and normal fibroblasts had similar intracellular cadmium concentrations; however, at higher medium cadmium concentrations MKHD cells had increased intracellular cadmium levels. The uptake of both 64Cu and 109Cd was significantly higher in MKHD cells than in normal cells, indicating that the uptake of 64Cu and 109Cd is not impaired in MKHD cells. A higher retention of 64Cu was observed in MKHD cells at both 37 degrees C and 4 degrees C. No obvious trend, however, was observed in the difference of retention of 109Cd between MKHD and normal cells. An impairment of egress of copper in MKHD cells is implicated by these results.", "PMID": 699339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11934", "title": "The incidence and likely origins of serum particulate alkaline phosphatase and lipoprotein-X in liver disease.", "content": "Both serum particulate alkaline phosphatase and serum lipoprotein-X have been proposed as diagnostic markers for obstructive liver diseases. In this study their diagnostic efficiencies have been compared with other biochemical indicators of liver function and the relative incidence of these two markers has been determined in 241 patients with well defined liver disease. Although these markers appeared together most frequently in obstructive liver disease they were both present in some patients with liver disorders where obstruction was unlikely. One marker was present, independently of the other in 35% of the patients studied, mainly those without apparent cholestasis. The reasons for this are discussed in terms of the likely origins of the two markers and the probability that serum particulate alkaline phosphatase exists in two forms, as part of a multienzyme plasma membrane complex and as soluble liver enzyme associated with lipoprotein-X.", "contents": "The incidence and likely origins of serum particulate alkaline phosphatase and lipoprotein-X in liver disease. Both serum particulate alkaline phosphatase and serum lipoprotein-X have been proposed as diagnostic markers for obstructive liver diseases. In this study their diagnostic efficiencies have been compared with other biochemical indicators of liver function and the relative incidence of these two markers has been determined in 241 patients with well defined liver disease. Although these markers appeared together most frequently in obstructive liver disease they were both present in some patients with liver disorders where obstruction was unlikely. One marker was present, independently of the other in 35% of the patients studied, mainly those without apparent cholestasis. The reasons for this are discussed in terms of the likely origins of the two markers and the probability that serum particulate alkaline phosphatase exists in two forms, as part of a multienzyme plasma membrane complex and as soluble liver enzyme associated with lipoprotein-X.", "PMID": 699340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11935", "title": "Reduced level of non-esterified fatty acids in sera from patients with infectious respiratory disease.", "content": "Sera from 103 fasting individuals 3 to 76 years of age and free of clinical infectious disease and sera from 183 patients with infectious disease were assayed for serum total non-esterfied fatty acids (tNEFA) and compared. Data were also separated into five groups according to age of donor: 3--7, 8--19, 20--35, 36--60, and 61--76 years. The mean group serum levels of tNEFA increased with age. Among patients with infectious diseases sixty-five were diagnosed as having hepatitis, 41 with infectious mononucleosis, 18 with cellulitis, 12 with pulmonary tuberculosis, 11 with non-pneumococcal pneumonia, 9 with pneumococcal pneumonia, 8 with pharyngitis, 6 with pyelonephritis, 6 with aseptic meningitis, 4 with Gram-negative sepsis, and 3 with encephalitis. The sera from 23 non-fasting patients with gonorrhea were also tested. The serum tNEFA levels were found to be altered, in fact depressed from normal group values, only in patients with pneumonia or tuberculosis. This depression may be related to aberrant pulmonary metabolism during pneumonia.", "contents": "Reduced level of non-esterified fatty acids in sera from patients with infectious respiratory disease. Sera from 103 fasting individuals 3 to 76 years of age and free of clinical infectious disease and sera from 183 patients with infectious disease were assayed for serum total non-esterfied fatty acids (tNEFA) and compared. Data were also separated into five groups according to age of donor: 3--7, 8--19, 20--35, 36--60, and 61--76 years. The mean group serum levels of tNEFA increased with age. Among patients with infectious diseases sixty-five were diagnosed as having hepatitis, 41 with infectious mononucleosis, 18 with cellulitis, 12 with pulmonary tuberculosis, 11 with non-pneumococcal pneumonia, 9 with pneumococcal pneumonia, 8 with pharyngitis, 6 with pyelonephritis, 6 with aseptic meningitis, 4 with Gram-negative sepsis, and 3 with encephalitis. The sera from 23 non-fasting patients with gonorrhea were also tested. The serum tNEFA levels were found to be altered, in fact depressed from normal group values, only in patients with pneumonia or tuberculosis. This depression may be related to aberrant pulmonary metabolism during pneumonia.", "PMID": 699341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11936", "title": "A simple and rapid method for the estimation of serum haemoglobin binding capacity on Ultrogel AcA 44.", "content": "A method is described for the estimation of serum haemoglobin binding capacity. The method is based on the separation of the high molecular weight haemoglobin . haptoglobin complex formed after addition of haemoglobin in excess to serum from uncomplexed haemoglobin by gel filtration through Ultrogel AcA 44. Agar gel electrophoresis and benzidine staining proved that the first fraction was exclusively the haemoglobin . haptoglobin complex. The second peak consisted of free haemoglobin. In this method the amount of haemoglobin bound to haptoglobin is calculated from the absorbance of the chromatographed complex at 412 nm. The results obtained are reproducible and comparable with those of an electrophoretic reference method, but less precise. The method is simple, and accurate, and is faster than gel filtration methods described earlier.", "contents": "A simple and rapid method for the estimation of serum haemoglobin binding capacity on Ultrogel AcA 44. A method is described for the estimation of serum haemoglobin binding capacity. The method is based on the separation of the high molecular weight haemoglobin . haptoglobin complex formed after addition of haemoglobin in excess to serum from uncomplexed haemoglobin by gel filtration through Ultrogel AcA 44. Agar gel electrophoresis and benzidine staining proved that the first fraction was exclusively the haemoglobin . haptoglobin complex. The second peak consisted of free haemoglobin. In this method the amount of haemoglobin bound to haptoglobin is calculated from the absorbance of the chromatographed complex at 412 nm. The results obtained are reproducible and comparable with those of an electrophoretic reference method, but less precise. The method is simple, and accurate, and is faster than gel filtration methods described earlier.", "PMID": 699342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11937", "title": "Plasma and urine amino acid changes in rats treated with hypoglycin.", "content": "Hypoglycin A is a toxin which causes Jamaican vomiting sickness. In rats treated with this compound, we observed significant increases in a number of amino acids in the plasma and the urine, and detected several unidentified amino compounds in the urine. These changes suggest that hypoglycin, in addition to its known inhibitory effect on acyl-CoA dehydrogenases interferes with some steps in nitrogen metabolism as well. The amino acid abnormalities seen in hypoglycin-treated rats are compared with those seen in Reye's syndrome.", "contents": "Plasma and urine amino acid changes in rats treated with hypoglycin. Hypoglycin A is a toxin which causes Jamaican vomiting sickness. In rats treated with this compound, we observed significant increases in a number of amino acids in the plasma and the urine, and detected several unidentified amino compounds in the urine. These changes suggest that hypoglycin, in addition to its known inhibitory effect on acyl-CoA dehydrogenases interferes with some steps in nitrogen metabolism as well. The amino acid abnormalities seen in hypoglycin-treated rats are compared with those seen in Reye's syndrome.", "PMID": 699343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11938", "title": "Improved and more specific bromcresol green methods for the manual and automatic determination of serum albumin.", "content": "The bromcresol green (BCG) method for determination of serum albumin has been modified and the specificity improved. A manual and a continuous flow method is described. Both methods are suitable for routine use and the results agree well with those obtained by an immunonephelometric method.", "contents": "Improved and more specific bromcresol green methods for the manual and automatic determination of serum albumin. The bromcresol green (BCG) method for determination of serum albumin has been modified and the specificity improved. A manual and a continuous flow method is described. Both methods are suitable for routine use and the results agree well with those obtained by an immunonephelometric method.", "PMID": 699344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11939", "title": "A simple modification to an LKB 8600 reaction rate analyser for rapid measurement of enzymes showing lag phases in a coupled system.", "content": "An enzyme assay which utilizes a coupled enzyme system may show a lag phase. To help to overcome problems associated with the kinetic measurement of these enzymes a modification to an LKB 8600 reaction rate analyser is described. It has been applied successfully to a kinetic method for the measurement of 5'-nucleotidase activity in serum.", "contents": "A simple modification to an LKB 8600 reaction rate analyser for rapid measurement of enzymes showing lag phases in a coupled system. An enzyme assay which utilizes a coupled enzyme system may show a lag phase. To help to overcome problems associated with the kinetic measurement of these enzymes a modification to an LKB 8600 reaction rate analyser is described. It has been applied successfully to a kinetic method for the measurement of 5'-nucleotidase activity in serum.", "PMID": 699345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11940", "title": "Interference in estimation of serum copper concentration resulting from use of silicone-coated tubes for collection of blood.", "content": "Prolonged contact between silicone-treated stoppers in evacuated tubes and serum was found to interfere in estimation of serum copper concentration using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "contents": "Interference in estimation of serum copper concentration resulting from use of silicone-coated tubes for collection of blood. Prolonged contact between silicone-treated stoppers in evacuated tubes and serum was found to interfere in estimation of serum copper concentration using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "PMID": 699346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11941", "title": "Bromocriptine: lack of effect on the angiotensin II and aldosterone responses to sodium deprivation.", "content": "Five normal subjects took a low sodium diet for four days on two occasions, one with and one without added bromocriptine 2.5 mg three times a day by mouth. Daily measurements of urinary electrolytes and the concentrations of plasma renin (PRC), angiotensin II (AII), aldosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, cortisol, electrolytes and prolactin were made in both phases of the study. Deprivation of sodium without bromocriptine resulted in progressive and highly significant increases in the plasma concentration of aldosterone from 230 +/- 50 to 418 +/- 44 (SEM) pmol/l, 18-hydroxycorticosterone from 627 +/- 138 to 1420 +/- 478 pmol/l, PRC from 108 +/- 38 to 166 +/- 14 muU/ml and AII from 16 +/- 3 to 29 +/- 4 pmol/l. Similar changes were found during bromocriptine administration despite suppression of prolactin secretion. Sodium deprivation together with bromocriptine resulted in increases in the plasma concentrations of aldosterone from 230 +/- 47 to 416 +/- 72 pmol/l, 18-hydroxycorticosterone from 630 +/- 99 to 1629 +/- 552 pmol/l, PRC from 105 +/- 12 muU/ml and AII from 14 +/- 3 to 26 +/- 5 pmol/l. Plasma cortisol did not change either in response to sodium deprivation or bromocriptine. Mean cumulative negative sodium balance was 101 +/- 14 mmol on bromocriptine and 118 +/- 14 mmol in the control period. We conclude that prolactin is not necessary for the steroidogenic response to sodium deprivation in man.", "contents": "Bromocriptine: lack of effect on the angiotensin II and aldosterone responses to sodium deprivation. Five normal subjects took a low sodium diet for four days on two occasions, one with and one without added bromocriptine 2.5 mg three times a day by mouth. Daily measurements of urinary electrolytes and the concentrations of plasma renin (PRC), angiotensin II (AII), aldosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, cortisol, electrolytes and prolactin were made in both phases of the study. Deprivation of sodium without bromocriptine resulted in progressive and highly significant increases in the plasma concentration of aldosterone from 230 +/- 50 to 418 +/- 44 (SEM) pmol/l, 18-hydroxycorticosterone from 627 +/- 138 to 1420 +/- 478 pmol/l, PRC from 108 +/- 38 to 166 +/- 14 muU/ml and AII from 16 +/- 3 to 29 +/- 4 pmol/l. Similar changes were found during bromocriptine administration despite suppression of prolactin secretion. Sodium deprivation together with bromocriptine resulted in increases in the plasma concentrations of aldosterone from 230 +/- 47 to 416 +/- 72 pmol/l, 18-hydroxycorticosterone from 630 +/- 99 to 1629 +/- 552 pmol/l, PRC from 105 +/- 12 muU/ml and AII from 14 +/- 3 to 26 +/- 5 pmol/l. Plasma cortisol did not change either in response to sodium deprivation or bromocriptine. Mean cumulative negative sodium balance was 101 +/- 14 mmol on bromocriptine and 118 +/- 14 mmol in the control period. We conclude that prolactin is not necessary for the steroidogenic response to sodium deprivation in man.", "PMID": 699348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11942", "title": "Tissue growth hormone release inhibiting hormone-like immunoreactivity in experimental hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism.", "content": "Hypothyroidism in rats was associated with an increase in immuno-reactive GH-RIH in brain, pancreas and gut, although release from the latter may be diminished as portal GH-RIH-like immunoreactivity was lower than control values. Hypophysectomy resulted in a depletion of immunoreactive GH-RIH in the septum and preoptic area of the brain and gastric antrum, but an increase in pancreas; portal venous GH-RIH-like immunoreactivity was not different from control concentrations, possibly reflecting both elevated and lowered immunol-reactive GH-RIH in different regions of tissue subserved by the portal vein. Inferior vena caval GH-RIH-like immunoreactivity was always lower than in the portal vein and was not influenced by tissue pertubations in hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism which made regional blood sampling of great important in evaluating tissue changes.", "contents": "Tissue growth hormone release inhibiting hormone-like immunoreactivity in experimental hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism. Hypothyroidism in rats was associated with an increase in immuno-reactive GH-RIH in brain, pancreas and gut, although release from the latter may be diminished as portal GH-RIH-like immunoreactivity was lower than control values. Hypophysectomy resulted in a depletion of immunoreactive GH-RIH in the septum and preoptic area of the brain and gastric antrum, but an increase in pancreas; portal venous GH-RIH-like immunoreactivity was not different from control concentrations, possibly reflecting both elevated and lowered immunol-reactive GH-RIH in different regions of tissue subserved by the portal vein. Inferior vena caval GH-RIH-like immunoreactivity was always lower than in the portal vein and was not influenced by tissue pertubations in hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism which made regional blood sampling of great important in evaluating tissue changes.", "PMID": 699349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11943", "title": "Hazards of amniocentesis: an unidentifiable fragment.", "content": "A 38-year-old woman had amniocentesis performed for advanced maternal age. The karyotype of the cultured amniotic fluid cells showed a minute fragment in all cells analyzed, 47,XY+Fg. The fragment could not be identified. For medical reasons the pregnancy had to be terminated at 34 weeks. Both skin and blood cultures from the aborted fetus showed a 47,XY,21+ karyotype.", "contents": "Hazards of amniocentesis: an unidentifiable fragment. A 38-year-old woman had amniocentesis performed for advanced maternal age. The karyotype of the cultured amniotic fluid cells showed a minute fragment in all cells analyzed, 47,XY+Fg. The fragment could not be identified. For medical reasons the pregnancy had to be terminated at 34 weeks. Both skin and blood cultures from the aborted fetus showed a 47,XY,21+ karyotype.", "PMID": 699351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11944", "title": "Ultrasonography for guidance of amniocentesis in genetic counseling.", "content": "The value of preliminary ultrasonography as a guide for amniocentesis in the early second trimester of pregnancy was prospectively evaluated. One hundred and fifty patients were alternately assigned to a control group or to an ultrasound group who underwent examination with a real-time scanner immediately prior to amniocentesis. All amniotic fluid samples were assessed as to the presence of blood by: (1) visual observation during the amniocentesis; (2) appearance of the centrifugate; and (3) microscopic analysis. Ultrasonography did not reduce the failure rate, the incidence of multiple needle insertions, or the proportion of amniotic fluid samples containing blood.", "contents": "Ultrasonography for guidance of amniocentesis in genetic counseling. The value of preliminary ultrasonography as a guide for amniocentesis in the early second trimester of pregnancy was prospectively evaluated. One hundred and fifty patients were alternately assigned to a control group or to an ultrasound group who underwent examination with a real-time scanner immediately prior to amniocentesis. All amniotic fluid samples were assessed as to the presence of blood by: (1) visual observation during the amniocentesis; (2) appearance of the centrifugate; and (3) microscopic analysis. Ultrasonography did not reduce the failure rate, the incidence of multiple needle insertions, or the proportion of amniotic fluid samples containing blood.", "PMID": 699352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11945", "title": "Partial tetrasomy 9 in a liveborn infant.", "content": "An unusual rearrangement of chromosome 9 was identified in a male infant with multiple congenital malformations. The rearrangement appeared as a fusion of two number 9 chromosomes with similar long-arm breakpoints. Since the infant also possessed two normal 9's, the presence of the additional chromosome resulted in partial tetrasomy; 47,XY, + tdic(9;9)(q22;q22). Clinical and autopsy examinations revealed many features reminiscent of trisomy 13. The tdic was functionally monocentric, although some evidence of activity at the second centromere was observed. Both parents had normal karyotypes, and C-banding demonstrated that at least one of the 9h regions on the tdic was likely to be of maternal origin.", "contents": "Partial tetrasomy 9 in a liveborn infant. An unusual rearrangement of chromosome 9 was identified in a male infant with multiple congenital malformations. The rearrangement appeared as a fusion of two number 9 chromosomes with similar long-arm breakpoints. Since the infant also possessed two normal 9's, the presence of the additional chromosome resulted in partial tetrasomy; 47,XY, + tdic(9;9)(q22;q22). Clinical and autopsy examinations revealed many features reminiscent of trisomy 13. The tdic was functionally monocentric, although some evidence of activity at the second centromere was observed. Both parents had normal karyotypes, and C-banding demonstrated that at least one of the 9h regions on the tdic was likely to be of maternal origin.", "PMID": 699353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11946", "title": "Dominant inheritance of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, myopia and deafness.", "content": "An Afrikaner kindred in South Africa had a dominantly inherited skeletal dysplasia-blindness-deafness syndrome. The affected individuals had reduced stature and a round, flattened facies. The bone changes resembled multiple epiphyseal dysplasia with additional minor abnormalities in the phalanges, femoral heads and spine. Progressive myopia, retinal thinning and crenated cataracts led to visual disturbance, while conductive deafness represented the third component of the triad. The syndromic significance of associated asteroid hyalosis is uncertain.", "contents": "Dominant inheritance of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, myopia and deafness. An Afrikaner kindred in South Africa had a dominantly inherited skeletal dysplasia-blindness-deafness syndrome. The affected individuals had reduced stature and a round, flattened facies. The bone changes resembled multiple epiphyseal dysplasia with additional minor abnormalities in the phalanges, femoral heads and spine. Progressive myopia, retinal thinning and crenated cataracts led to visual disturbance, while conductive deafness represented the third component of the triad. The syndromic significance of associated asteroid hyalosis is uncertain.", "PMID": 699354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11947", "title": "The cloverleaf skull.", "content": "A patient presented with the cloverleaf skull, or Kleeblattsch\u00e4del abnormality. He had a typical trilobed skull with synostosis and a honeycomb appearance on roentgenograms. He had no extracranial skeletal anomalies. The infant died at 1 month of age.", "contents": "The cloverleaf skull. A patient presented with the cloverleaf skull, or Kleeblattsch\u00e4del abnormality. He had a typical trilobed skull with synostosis and a honeycomb appearance on roentgenograms. He had no extracranial skeletal anomalies. The infant died at 1 month of age.", "PMID": 699355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11948", "title": "Partial trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 7 due to a familial translocation rcp(7;14)(p11;p11).", "content": "A boy with trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 7 is reported. He presented several congenital malformations, such as: dolicocephaly; wide fontanelle; hypertelorism; antimongoloid slanting of the palpebral fissures; small, carp-shaped mouth; thin neck; extrinsic compression of the oesophagus; congenital dislocation of the shoulders and hips; and a possible cardiac defect. The proband's mother had a balanced translocation involving the short arm of chromosomes 7 and 14. In this family the translocation has been transmitted through three generations.", "contents": "Partial trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 7 due to a familial translocation rcp(7;14)(p11;p11). A boy with trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 7 is reported. He presented several congenital malformations, such as: dolicocephaly; wide fontanelle; hypertelorism; antimongoloid slanting of the palpebral fissures; small, carp-shaped mouth; thin neck; extrinsic compression of the oesophagus; congenital dislocation of the shoulders and hips; and a possible cardiac defect. The proband's mother had a balanced translocation involving the short arm of chromosomes 7 and 14. In this family the translocation has been transmitted through three generations.", "PMID": 699358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11949", "title": "The Lp lipoprotein in Japanese.", "content": "The Lp gene frequency is estimated to be 0.083 in Japanese, but with our method of assay the evidence favoring a major locus is marginal. The sinking pre-beta band is significantly associated with elevated cholesterol and depressed triglyceride. The biological significance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "The Lp lipoprotein in Japanese. The Lp gene frequency is estimated to be 0.083 in Japanese, but with our method of assay the evidence favoring a major locus is marginal. The sinking pre-beta band is significantly associated with elevated cholesterol and depressed triglyceride. The biological significance of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 699359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11950", "title": "Low arylsulphatase A activity in a family without metachromatic leukodystrophy.", "content": "A low arylsulphatase A activity was noted in the leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts of a child without any other symptoms of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Although the mother had a level of arylsulphatase  commensurate with heterozygosity for the classical metachromatic leukodystrophy gene, the father had a variant gene giving an unusually low in vitro level of this enzyme. In combination (the proband), these two genes gave rise to a very low in vitro activity without any apparent disease. In screening for metachromatic leukodystrophy, a low arylsulphatase A level is not necessarily indicative of this disease, if a clinically normal parent shows an unusually low level of this enzyme.", "contents": "Low arylsulphatase A activity in a family without metachromatic leukodystrophy. A low arylsulphatase A activity was noted in the leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts of a child without any other symptoms of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Although the mother had a level of arylsulphatase  commensurate with heterozygosity for the classical metachromatic leukodystrophy gene, the father had a variant gene giving an unusually low in vitro level of this enzyme. In combination (the proband), these two genes gave rise to a very low in vitro activity without any apparent disease. In screening for metachromatic leukodystrophy, a low arylsulphatase A level is not necessarily indicative of this disease, if a clinically normal parent shows an unusually low level of this enzyme.", "PMID": 699360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11951", "title": "Familial ovarian carcinoma: a problem in genetic counselling.", "content": "Ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma is reported in two families. In one family, this tumor was detected in four females, of whom two had had mammary cancer below the development of the ovarian tumor. In the second family, a mother and daughter died of ovarian adenocarcinoma. The mode of inheritance in both families fits the pattern of autosomal dominant transmission of a single gene. Both are Jewish families from Germany, presently residing in Israel. The two families are presented as examples illustrating the difficult question of genetic counselling in families with recurrent cases of ovarian carcinoma. The difficulty arises because this tumor is relatively frequent but is usually observed in isolated cases without systematic follow-up in the patients' families. Only a few cases, where more than one person in a family is affected, have been selectively reported in the literature.", "contents": "Familial ovarian carcinoma: a problem in genetic counselling. Ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma is reported in two families. In one family, this tumor was detected in four females, of whom two had had mammary cancer below the development of the ovarian tumor. In the second family, a mother and daughter died of ovarian adenocarcinoma. The mode of inheritance in both families fits the pattern of autosomal dominant transmission of a single gene. Both are Jewish families from Germany, presently residing in Israel. The two families are presented as examples illustrating the difficult question of genetic counselling in families with recurrent cases of ovarian carcinoma. The difficulty arises because this tumor is relatively frequent but is usually observed in isolated cases without systematic follow-up in the patients' families. Only a few cases, where more than one person in a family is affected, have been selectively reported in the literature.", "PMID": 699361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11952", "title": "Partial trisomy 15 and temporal lobe syndrome in a retarded girl without gross malformations.", "content": "A supernumerary small bisatellited chromosome was found in a girl with stunted growth and psychomotor retardation. The extra chromosome was identified as a deleted 15, del(15)(q21), with C-band positive heterochromatin and satellite-like appendages to the distal end of the long arm. This chromosome was the product of a translocation between a chromosome 15 and some other acrocentric chromosome, as shown by G-, C- and Q-banding and silver staining of the nucleolus organizer regions. The proposita had no gross phenotypic malformations. She had a small head, a high forehead, oblique palpebral fissures, bilateral enophthalmus, clinodactyly and simple dermatoglyphic patterns. She was autistic and suffered from epileptic seizures and expressive aphasia. The waking electroencephalogram revealed diffuse abnormalities; sleep recording showed focal spikes and sharp waves anteriorly on the left side. The pneumo-encephalogram showed microventriculy, an enlarged left temporal horn and some enlarged sulci in the right frontotemporal cortex. The prenatal influence of the chromosome anomaly is interpreted as being the primary cause of these disorders, neonatal asphyxia being a secondary contributing factor.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 15 and temporal lobe syndrome in a retarded girl without gross malformations. A supernumerary small bisatellited chromosome was found in a girl with stunted growth and psychomotor retardation. The extra chromosome was identified as a deleted 15, del(15)(q21), with C-band positive heterochromatin and satellite-like appendages to the distal end of the long arm. This chromosome was the product of a translocation between a chromosome 15 and some other acrocentric chromosome, as shown by G-, C- and Q-banding and silver staining of the nucleolus organizer regions. The proposita had no gross phenotypic malformations. She had a small head, a high forehead, oblique palpebral fissures, bilateral enophthalmus, clinodactyly and simple dermatoglyphic patterns. She was autistic and suffered from epileptic seizures and expressive aphasia. The waking electroencephalogram revealed diffuse abnormalities; sleep recording showed focal spikes and sharp waves anteriorly on the left side. The pneumo-encephalogram showed microventriculy, an enlarged left temporal horn and some enlarged sulci in the right frontotemporal cortex. The prenatal influence of the chromosome anomaly is interpreted as being the primary cause of these disorders, neonatal asphyxia being a secondary contributing factor.", "PMID": 699362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11953", "title": "An XYY boy with short stature and a case of Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) in a family with inversion 9.", "content": "A patient with Klinefelter's syndrome and a boy with XYY sex chromosomes were both found to have a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9. An unusual feature of the XYY patient was that he presented because of short stature and disturbed behaviour. A family study showed that the patients were related and that there was an excess of males in the pedigree. Another member of the family was found to have some XYY cells in the blood.", "contents": "An XYY boy with short stature and a case of Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) in a family with inversion 9. A patient with Klinefelter's syndrome and a boy with XYY sex chromosomes were both found to have a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9. An unusual feature of the XYY patient was that he presented because of short stature and disturbed behaviour. A family study showed that the patients were related and that there was an excess of males in the pedigree. Another member of the family was found to have some XYY cells in the blood.", "PMID": 699364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11954", "title": "Peripheral muscle effects of levodopa in the anesthetized cat.", "content": "1. Levodopa, dopamine, noraderanaline and adrenaline (in increasing order of potency) depressed the tension and degree of fusion of incomplete tetanic contractions of the slow-contracting soleus muscle in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. 2. The effects of all compounds were antagonized by propranolol (50-20 microgram/kg), but not practolol (1.0-5.0 mg/kg). This indicates that effects are mediated by beta2-adrenoceptor stimulation. 3. The effect of levodopa, but not of the catecholamines, was antagonized by prior administration of the dopa decarboxylase inhibitior benserazide. This indicates that levodopa itself is inactive, whereas  its decarbodylated metabolites are active. 4. The depressant action of beta-adrenoceptor agonists on incomplete tetanic contractions of the cat soleus muscle, which are exerted directly on the muscle fibres, is a model for effects exerted on slow-contracting units of human muscles; the latter effects probably underlie the tremor observed after beta-adrenoceptor agonist administration. 5. These results therefore suggest that levodopa, via its decarboxylated metabolites, dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline, may produce or exacerabate tremor in man. Thus in Parkinsonian patients any centrally induced relief of tremor that levodopa may produce may be masked by tremorogenic effects of such metabolites exerted in the periphery.", "contents": "Peripheral muscle effects of levodopa in the anesthetized cat. 1. Levodopa, dopamine, noraderanaline and adrenaline (in increasing order of potency) depressed the tension and degree of fusion of incomplete tetanic contractions of the slow-contracting soleus muscle in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. 2. The effects of all compounds were antagonized by propranolol (50-20 microgram/kg), but not practolol (1.0-5.0 mg/kg). This indicates that effects are mediated by beta2-adrenoceptor stimulation. 3. The effect of levodopa, but not of the catecholamines, was antagonized by prior administration of the dopa decarboxylase inhibitior benserazide. This indicates that levodopa itself is inactive, whereas  its decarbodylated metabolites are active. 4. The depressant action of beta-adrenoceptor agonists on incomplete tetanic contractions of the cat soleus muscle, which are exerted directly on the muscle fibres, is a model for effects exerted on slow-contracting units of human muscles; the latter effects probably underlie the tremor observed after beta-adrenoceptor agonist administration. 5. These results therefore suggest that levodopa, via its decarboxylated metabolites, dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline, may produce or exacerabate tremor in man. Thus in Parkinsonian patients any centrally induced relief of tremor that levodopa may produce may be masked by tremorogenic effects of such metabolites exerted in the periphery.", "PMID": 699376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11955", "title": "Actions of tetrahydropapaveroline on the cardiovascular system and skeletal muscles of the anaesthetized cat and on guinea-pig soleus muscle in vitro.", "content": "1. Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) and isoprenaline have been compared for effects on heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and contractions of soleus and tibialis muscles in chloralose-anaesthetized cats and on in vitro guinea-pig soleus muscles. 2. All effects of THP were similar to those of isoprenaline. Maximal responses were the same and responses to both drugs were  antagonized by propranolol. 3. THP produced an increase in heart rate, a fall in diastolic blood pressure and a decrease in the tension and degree of fusion of incomplete tetanic contractions of the soleus, being, respectively, 12.9, 14.7 and 19.6 times less potent than isoprenaline. The similarity in potency ratios suggests that THP is a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor agonist. 4. Effects on the guinea-pig soleus in vitro were similar to those in the cat soleus. 5. In the cat, THP enhanced the tension and duration of tibialis twitches, but the tibialis was about ten times less sensitive than the soleus to the effects of THP. 6. THP deepened neuromuscular blockade in partially curarized cat soleus and tibialis preparations. Doses required were ten times greater than for direct depressant effects on the soleus. 7. Agents which depress the tension and fusion of incomplete tetanic contractions of the cat soleus via beta-adrenoceptor stimulation cause tremor in man by peripheral effects on slow muscle fibres. THP is likely to exert such actions. This may explain why levodopa (a precursor of THP) sometimes precipitates a tremor crisis in Parkinsoniam patients, and why Parkinsonian tremor is relatively refractory to levodopa therapy. In such patients combination therapy with levodopa and a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibi;or (to reduce levels of THP) or a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist (to block the effects of THP on slow muscle fibres) could be advantageous.", "contents": "Actions of tetrahydropapaveroline on the cardiovascular system and skeletal muscles of the anaesthetized cat and on guinea-pig soleus muscle in vitro. 1. Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) and isoprenaline have been compared for effects on heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and contractions of soleus and tibialis muscles in chloralose-anaesthetized cats and on in vitro guinea-pig soleus muscles. 2. All effects of THP were similar to those of isoprenaline. Maximal responses were the same and responses to both drugs were  antagonized by propranolol. 3. THP produced an increase in heart rate, a fall in diastolic blood pressure and a decrease in the tension and degree of fusion of incomplete tetanic contractions of the soleus, being, respectively, 12.9, 14.7 and 19.6 times less potent than isoprenaline. The similarity in potency ratios suggests that THP is a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor agonist. 4. Effects on the guinea-pig soleus in vitro were similar to those in the cat soleus. 5. In the cat, THP enhanced the tension and duration of tibialis twitches, but the tibialis was about ten times less sensitive than the soleus to the effects of THP. 6. THP deepened neuromuscular blockade in partially curarized cat soleus and tibialis preparations. Doses required were ten times greater than for direct depressant effects on the soleus. 7. Agents which depress the tension and fusion of incomplete tetanic contractions of the cat soleus via beta-adrenoceptor stimulation cause tremor in man by peripheral effects on slow muscle fibres. THP is likely to exert such actions. This may explain why levodopa (a precursor of THP) sometimes precipitates a tremor crisis in Parkinsoniam patients, and why Parkinsonian tremor is relatively refractory to levodopa therapy. In such patients combination therapy with levodopa and a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibi;or (to reduce levels of THP) or a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist (to block the effects of THP on slow muscle fibres) could be advantageous.", "PMID": 699377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11956", "title": "Effects of adrenaline and isoprenaline on hepatic venous haemodynamics and venous return in the dog.", "content": "1. The effects of adrenoceptor agonists on venous haemodynamics were examined, utilizing the lower half perfusion method in dogs. 2. Femoral arterial pressure, central venous pressure, thoracic vena caval flow, abdominal vena caval flow, renal venous flow and femoral venous flow were measured simultaneously usning electronic transducers and electromagnetic flow-meters. Hepatic volume change was monitored by the strain-guage arch. 3. Single injections of both adrenaline (1.0 microgram/kg) and isoprenaline (1.0 microgram/kg) intra-aortically produced an increase in venous return, adrenaline transiently and isoprenaline continuously. 4. Epinephrine increased hepatic venous flow, while isoprenaline increased only abdominal vena caval flow. 5. These findings suggest that effects of alpha-adrenoceptors are more pronounced on the hepatic vein, while on other peripheral veins, effects of beta-adrenoceptors are more pronounced.", "contents": "Effects of adrenaline and isoprenaline on hepatic venous haemodynamics and venous return in the dog. 1. The effects of adrenoceptor agonists on venous haemodynamics were examined, utilizing the lower half perfusion method in dogs. 2. Femoral arterial pressure, central venous pressure, thoracic vena caval flow, abdominal vena caval flow, renal venous flow and femoral venous flow were measured simultaneously usning electronic transducers and electromagnetic flow-meters. Hepatic volume change was monitored by the strain-guage arch. 3. Single injections of both adrenaline (1.0 microgram/kg) and isoprenaline (1.0 microgram/kg) intra-aortically produced an increase in venous return, adrenaline transiently and isoprenaline continuously. 4. Epinephrine increased hepatic venous flow, while isoprenaline increased only abdominal vena caval flow. 5. These findings suggest that effects of alpha-adrenoceptors are more pronounced on the hepatic vein, while on other peripheral veins, effects of beta-adrenoceptors are more pronounced.", "PMID": 699375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11957", "title": "Tne density of adrenergic nerves at various levels in the guinea-pig lung.", "content": "1. Gunea-pig tracheal and lung segments were systematically examined for adrenergic nerves using the fluorescence histochemical technique. Fluorescence in nerves was enhanced with alpha-methylnoradrenaline or by pretreating animals with nialamide. 2. There was a progressive decrese in density of fluorescent fibres in airway smooth muscle from the laryngeal end of the trachea, which was densely innervated, to the bronchioles, which contained only occasional fibres. This was despite obvious fluorescence in blood vessels in the lung. 3. It is suggested that, if adrenergic nerves are involved in reflex bronchodilatation in this species, they directly control larger airways and other factors, e.g. non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves, may be important in the control of smaller airways.", "contents": "Tne density of adrenergic nerves at various levels in the guinea-pig lung. 1. Gunea-pig tracheal and lung segments were systematically examined for adrenergic nerves using the fluorescence histochemical technique. Fluorescence in nerves was enhanced with alpha-methylnoradrenaline or by pretreating animals with nialamide. 2. There was a progressive decrese in density of fluorescent fibres in airway smooth muscle from the laryngeal end of the trachea, which was densely innervated, to the bronchioles, which contained only occasional fibres. This was despite obvious fluorescence in blood vessels in the lung. 3. It is suggested that, if adrenergic nerves are involved in reflex bronchodilatation in this species, they directly control larger airways and other factors, e.g. non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves, may be important in the control of smaller airways.", "PMID": 699378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11958", "title": "Brain biogenic amines and intravenous self-administration of cocaine in rats.", "content": "1. The possible involvent of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and 5-hydorxyindoleacetic acid in the behavioural reinforcement produced by invravenous cocaine has been investigated. 2. rats, in Skinner boxes, were allowed to self-administer cocaine through a chronically implanted jugular vein cannula. A consistent response rate in the order of one self-administration every 10 min was observed with a dose of 3.0 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride per response. 3. Another group of rats was cannulated and injected with a range of one to six such doses of cocaine at 10 min intervals on the basis of the responding rate, established by rats in the Skinner box. At times of 2,5 and 8 min after each dose of  cocaine, the rats were decapitated and brain concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were determined. 4. The brain levels of noradernaline exhibited a cyclic pattern of rise and fall after each dose of cocaine, which corresponded in its time base with the time interval between responses established by the rats in the Skinner box.", "contents": "Brain biogenic amines and intravenous self-administration of cocaine in rats. 1. The possible involvent of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and 5-hydorxyindoleacetic acid in the behavioural reinforcement produced by invravenous cocaine has been investigated. 2. rats, in Skinner boxes, were allowed to self-administer cocaine through a chronically implanted jugular vein cannula. A consistent response rate in the order of one self-administration every 10 min was observed with a dose of 3.0 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride per response. 3. Another group of rats was cannulated and injected with a range of one to six such doses of cocaine at 10 min intervals on the basis of the responding rate, established by rats in the Skinner box. At times of 2,5 and 8 min after each dose of  cocaine, the rats were decapitated and brain concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were determined. 4. The brain levels of noradernaline exhibited a cyclic pattern of rise and fall after each dose of cocaine, which corresponded in its time base with the time interval between responses established by the rats in the Skinner box.", "PMID": 699379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11959", "title": "Thromboxane B2 inhibits prostaglandin E2 inactivation by the rat isolated perfused lung.", "content": "1. The effect of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) on inactivation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by the rat isolated perfused lung has been studied. 2. TxB2 when infused in low concentrations (100 ng/ml) into the pulmonary artery reduced PGE2 inactivation approximately two-fold. 3. The rat isolated fundus strip was contracted by higher concentrations of TxB2 (1.0 microgram/ml) in the presence of hyoscine, mepyramine, methysergide, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol. The size of contraction was reduced by indomethacin in concentrations known to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase. 4. Thus, in circumstances in which TxB2 and PGE2 are released concomitantly by the lung, low concentrations of TxB2 may augment PGE2 release by reducing its inactivation.", "contents": "Thromboxane B2 inhibits prostaglandin E2 inactivation by the rat isolated perfused lung. 1. The effect of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) on inactivation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by the rat isolated perfused lung has been studied. 2. TxB2 when infused in low concentrations (100 ng/ml) into the pulmonary artery reduced PGE2 inactivation approximately two-fold. 3. The rat isolated fundus strip was contracted by higher concentrations of TxB2 (1.0 microgram/ml) in the presence of hyoscine, mepyramine, methysergide, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol. The size of contraction was reduced by indomethacin in concentrations known to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase. 4. Thus, in circumstances in which TxB2 and PGE2 are released concomitantly by the lung, low concentrations of TxB2 may augment PGE2 release by reducing its inactivation.", "PMID": 699382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11960", "title": "Agonistic and antagonistic actions of 3,4-dihydroxy-substituted phenoxypropanolamines in guinea-pig atria and trachea.", "content": "1. Racemic mixtures of noradrenaline, adrenaline, isoprenaline, N-t-butylnor-adrenaline and their corresponding derivatives containing an oxymethylene (OM) link between the phenyl ring and ethanolamine side-chain have been tested for their effects on beta-adrenoceptors in isolated guinea-pig atrial and tracheal preparations. 2. In atrial and in spontaneously contracted tracheal preparations both the parent catecholamines and their corresponding OM-derivatives had a similar order of potency as beta-receptor agonists. 3. In carbachol-stimulated tracheal preparations the OM-derivatives were shown to have partial agonistic actions. 4. As in other phenylethanolamines and phenoxypropanolamines, both the agonistic and antagonistic potency of the OM-derivatives increased with increasing amine substitution.", "contents": "Agonistic and antagonistic actions of 3,4-dihydroxy-substituted phenoxypropanolamines in guinea-pig atria and trachea. 1. Racemic mixtures of noradrenaline, adrenaline, isoprenaline, N-t-butylnor-adrenaline and their corresponding derivatives containing an oxymethylene (OM) link between the phenyl ring and ethanolamine side-chain have been tested for their effects on beta-adrenoceptors in isolated guinea-pig atrial and tracheal preparations. 2. In atrial and in spontaneously contracted tracheal preparations both the parent catecholamines and their corresponding OM-derivatives had a similar order of potency as beta-receptor agonists. 3. In carbachol-stimulated tracheal preparations the OM-derivatives were shown to have partial agonistic actions. 4. As in other phenylethanolamines and phenoxypropanolamines, both the agonistic and antagonistic potency of the OM-derivatives increased with increasing amine substitution.", "PMID": 699383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11961", "title": "A sequential study of adrenocorticosteroid level in human pregnancy.", "content": "1. Peripheral plasma levels of aldosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and 11-deoxycortisol were measured sequentially throughout pregnancy in eleven women. 2. Mean plasma concentrations were significantly increased above non-pregnant values at 8 weeks for DOC, at 12 weeks for corticosterone, cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol, but not until 24 weeks for aldosterone. 3. It is suggested that during human pregnancy, the maternal adrenal is responding differently to corticotrophin, pituitary or placental, and that other factors, for example prolactin, may be stimulating the adrenal directly or modifying the action of corticotrophin.", "contents": "A sequential study of adrenocorticosteroid level in human pregnancy. 1. Peripheral plasma levels of aldosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and 11-deoxycortisol were measured sequentially throughout pregnancy in eleven women. 2. Mean plasma concentrations were significantly increased above non-pregnant values at 8 weeks for DOC, at 12 weeks for corticosterone, cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol, but not until 24 weeks for aldosterone. 3. It is suggested that during human pregnancy, the maternal adrenal is responding differently to corticotrophin, pituitary or placental, and that other factors, for example prolactin, may be stimulating the adrenal directly or modifying the action of corticotrophin.", "PMID": 699384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11962", "title": "Alterations in levels of vascular histamine in the DOCA-hypertensive rat.", "content": "1. Histamine was detected in the abdominal aorta and the femoral arteries of normotensive and also DOCA-hypertensive rats. 2. Levels of total histamine (mast cell and non-mast cell histamine) were significantly reduced in both abdominal aorta and the femoral artery of the DOCA-hypertensive rats, relative to the normotensive controls. 3. It is suggested that the diminished level of vascular histamine may be related to the development and/or maintenance of the hypertensive state and is also related to the  reduced magnitude of active reflex vasodilatation.", "contents": "Alterations in levels of vascular histamine in the DOCA-hypertensive rat. 1. Histamine was detected in the abdominal aorta and the femoral arteries of normotensive and also DOCA-hypertensive rats. 2. Levels of total histamine (mast cell and non-mast cell histamine) were significantly reduced in both abdominal aorta and the femoral artery of the DOCA-hypertensive rats, relative to the normotensive controls. 3. It is suggested that the diminished level of vascular histamine may be related to the development and/or maintenance of the hypertensive state and is also related to the  reduced magnitude of active reflex vasodilatation.", "PMID": 699385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11963", "title": "Effect of cimetidine on the healing of restraint-induced gastric erosions in the rat.", "content": "1. Rats after a 24 h restraint developed acute gastric erosions. Cimetidine in a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight was given subcutaneously every 8 h to a group of 150 rats after restraint. A second group received saline subcutaneously (placebo group). 2. Erosions in the placebo group required up to 45 days to heal (median healing time approximately 24 days). Cimetidine treatment reduced the median healing time to approximately 12 days. 3. Cimetidine in this dose promotes healing of acute gastric erosions in the rat induced by restraint.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine on the healing of restraint-induced gastric erosions in the rat. 1. Rats after a 24 h restraint developed acute gastric erosions. Cimetidine in a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight was given subcutaneously every 8 h to a group of 150 rats after restraint. A second group received saline subcutaneously (placebo group). 2. Erosions in the placebo group required up to 45 days to heal (median healing time approximately 24 days). Cimetidine treatment reduced the median healing time to approximately 12 days. 3. Cimetidine in this dose promotes healing of acute gastric erosions in the rat induced by restraint.", "PMID": 699381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11964", "title": "Changing histopathology patterns in lupus nephropathy.", "content": "The initial clinical and histologic renal findings and the subsequent course of 90 patients with SLE were evaluated in a study of the natural history of lupus nephropathy. Initial renal biopsy revealed focal glomerulonephritis in 32 patients, diffuse glomerulonephritis in 47, membranous nephropathy in seven and minimal changes in four. Forty-one patients were rebiopsied three months to five years later; ten of 15 patients with focal glomerulonephritis showed progression to diffuse glomerulonephritis or membranous nephropathy, whereas changes in morphologic pattern were less common in the other types of lupus nephropathy. There was no difference between the patients with the focal lesion who progressed and those who did not in age, sex distribution, duration of SLE prior to biopsy, renal function, and serological studies; however, the patients with progression initially had more proteinuria, higher histologic activity on light microscopy, and more intensive glomerular electron-dense deposition. Focal lupus glomerulonephritis progresses frequently to diffuse glomerular involvement. Certain clinical and morphologic findings at initial evaluation may help to predict future progression in the course of lupus nephropathy.", "contents": "Changing histopathology patterns in lupus nephropathy. The initial clinical and histologic renal findings and the subsequent course of 90 patients with SLE were evaluated in a study of the natural history of lupus nephropathy. Initial renal biopsy revealed focal glomerulonephritis in 32 patients, diffuse glomerulonephritis in 47, membranous nephropathy in seven and minimal changes in four. Forty-one patients were rebiopsied three months to five years later; ten of 15 patients with focal glomerulonephritis showed progression to diffuse glomerulonephritis or membranous nephropathy, whereas changes in morphologic pattern were less common in the other types of lupus nephropathy. There was no difference between the patients with the focal lesion who progressed and those who did not in age, sex distribution, duration of SLE prior to biopsy, renal function, and serological studies; however, the patients with progression initially had more proteinuria, higher histologic activity on light microscopy, and more intensive glomerular electron-dense deposition. Focal lupus glomerulonephritis progresses frequently to diffuse glomerular involvement. Certain clinical and morphologic findings at initial evaluation may help to predict future progression in the course of lupus nephropathy.", "PMID": 699393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11965", "title": "Loss of amino acids during hemodialysis: quantitative and qualitative investigations.", "content": "In three patients the total amino acid losses (free plus peptide-bound) in dialyzate have been assayed by means of gas-liquid chromatography. During a period 3--4 months the average losses varied from 115--178 mg per kg of body weight per dialysis treatment. The weekly mean essential amino acid losses amounted to 3--4% of the dietary intake. The concentrations in the dialyzate of non-essential amino acid fell considerably during the dialysis procedure, whereas the concentrations of most of the essential amino acids remained at a fairly constant level. It is concluded that considerable quantitative but no qualitative differences exist between the patients with respect to amino acid losses.", "contents": "Loss of amino acids during hemodialysis: quantitative and qualitative investigations. In three patients the total amino acid losses (free plus peptide-bound) in dialyzate have been assayed by means of gas-liquid chromatography. During a period 3--4 months the average losses varied from 115--178 mg per kg of body weight per dialysis treatment. The weekly mean essential amino acid losses amounted to 3--4% of the dietary intake. The concentrations in the dialyzate of non-essential amino acid fell considerably during the dialysis procedure, whereas the concentrations of most of the essential amino acids remained at a fairly constant level. It is concluded that considerable quantitative but no qualitative differences exist between the patients with respect to amino acid losses.", "PMID": 699394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11966", "title": "Home treatment of uremia with gastrointestinal dialysis.", "content": "Twenty patients with end-stage renal disease and a creatinine clearance of less than 5 ml/min were tre  ated with oral gastrointestinal (GI) dialysis. The dialyzate contained an electrolyte solution with 180-220mmoles/l of mannitol. In fasting state in the morning the self-prepared 7 liters of dialyzate was drunk at a rate of one glass every 5 minutes for  about 3 hours. Intermittent diarrhea with passage of watery fluid occurred during the whole period. After each treatment the average drop in BUN in individual patients was 11--22%, but no significant decrease in serum creatinine. With twice to thrice weekly GI dialysis uremic symptoms such as anorexia, nauseal and vomiting were usually improved with slight prolongation of life. However, treatment is usually difficult when the patient becomes oliguric or anuric, so its value in long-term management of chronic uremia is limited. Most of our patients either died or shifted to hemodialysis within a few months of institution of the therapy.", "contents": "Home treatment of uremia with gastrointestinal dialysis. Twenty patients with end-stage renal disease and a creatinine clearance of less than 5 ml/min were tre  ated with oral gastrointestinal (GI) dialysis. The dialyzate contained an electrolyte solution with 180-220mmoles/l of mannitol. In fasting state in the morning the self-prepared 7 liters of dialyzate was drunk at a rate of one glass every 5 minutes for  about 3 hours. Intermittent diarrhea with passage of watery fluid occurred during the whole period. After each treatment the average drop in BUN in individual patients was 11--22%, but no significant decrease in serum creatinine. With twice to thrice weekly GI dialysis uremic symptoms such as anorexia, nauseal and vomiting were usually improved with slight prolongation of life. However, treatment is usually difficult when the patient becomes oliguric or anuric, so its value in long-term management of chronic uremia is limited. Most of our patients either died or shifted to hemodialysis within a few months of institution of the therapy.", "PMID": 699395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11967", "title": "Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) grafts for hemodialysis. 18 months' experience.", "content": "18 months clinical experience with 6 mm polytetrafluorethylene forearm grafts for hemodialysis access has been described. 35 grafts were implanted, all in patients who had unsuitable vessels for construction of a regular Brescia-Cimino forearm fistula. The overall patency was 71% with mean duration of 10.3 months, and at any one time more than 85% of the grafts at risk were functional. Complications, including undesirable flow rates, edema, thrombosis, aneurysm and cardiac failure have been discussed and rational methods of avoidance described. We believe the polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) graft represents an important advance in hemodialysis access.", "contents": "Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) grafts for hemodialysis. 18 months' experience. 18 months clinical experience with 6 mm polytetrafluorethylene forearm grafts for hemodialysis access has been described. 35 grafts were implanted, all in patients who had unsuitable vessels for construction of a regular Brescia-Cimino forearm fistula. The overall patency was 71% with mean duration of 10.3 months, and at any one time more than 85% of the grafts at risk were functional. Complications, including undesirable flow rates, edema, thrombosis, aneurysm and cardiac failure have been discussed and rational methods of avoidance described. We believe the polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) graft represents an important advance in hemodialysis access.", "PMID": 699396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11968", "title": "Recurrent renal vein thrombosis consequent to membranous glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The diagnosis by inferior vena cavography of right renal vein thrombosis with extension into the vena cava was made in a 33 year old man with idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis and multiple pulmonary emboli. After one year of continuous anticoagulant drug therapy with heparin and coumadin, venography showed absence of clots in the vena cava and therapy was discontinued. Proteinuria in excess of 4 g/24 hr continued. Six months later pulmonary emboli recurred and venography again demonstrated large clots in the vena cava and right renal vein. The potential for recurrence of renal vein thrombosis and pulmopnary embolism in the presence of active renal diseases is thus demonstrated.", "contents": "Recurrent renal vein thrombosis consequent to membranous glomerulonephritis. The diagnosis by inferior vena cavography of right renal vein thrombosis with extension into the vena cava was made in a 33 year old man with idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis and multiple pulmonary emboli. After one year of continuous anticoagulant drug therapy with heparin and coumadin, venography showed absence of clots in the vena cava and therapy was discontinued. Proteinuria in excess of 4 g/24 hr continued. Six months later pulmonary emboli recurred and venography again demonstrated large clots in the vena cava and right renal vein. The potential for recurrence of renal vein thrombosis and pulmopnary embolism in the presence of active renal diseases is thus demonstrated.", "PMID": 699397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11969", "title": "The effect of energy and nitrogen intake upon urea production in children with uremia and undernutrition.", "content": "Children with severe uremia who had anorexia were observed in a clinical study center where dietary energy and nitrogen intake could be compared with urea nitrogen production (UNPr). The children received a supplement of dextrose and amino acids at night, ate a self-selected diet and were encouraged to use carbohydrate supplements. Energy intake varied from 22 to 110 kcal/kg/day and nitrogen intake from 105 to 323 mg/kg/day. UNPr was reciprocally related to energy intake. Nitrogen intake minus UNPr, an index of nitrogen balance, was positively related to energy intake. UNPr was not related to nitrogen intake. Nitrogen intake (NI) and NI-UNPr were correlated and the slope of the regression was 1.15. We inferred from the data that low energy intakes (less than 60 kcal/kg/day) were associated with catabolic losses of body protein. Intakes above that level were associated with a low and stable rate of UNPr. The level of energy and nitrogen intake within the range observed limited the rate of nitrogen retention. Once maintenance requirements for energy and nitrogen were satisfied, the efficiency with which nitrogen was used for net protein synthesis was very high.", "contents": "The effect of energy and nitrogen intake upon urea production in children with uremia and undernutrition. Children with severe uremia who had anorexia were observed in a clinical study center where dietary energy and nitrogen intake could be compared with urea nitrogen production (UNPr). The children received a supplement of dextrose and amino acids at night, ate a self-selected diet and were encouraged to use carbohydrate supplements. Energy intake varied from 22 to 110 kcal/kg/day and nitrogen intake from 105 to 323 mg/kg/day. UNPr was reciprocally related to energy intake. Nitrogen intake minus UNPr, an index of nitrogen balance, was positively related to energy intake. UNPr was not related to nitrogen intake. Nitrogen intake (NI) and NI-UNPr were correlated and the slope of the regression was 1.15. We inferred from the data that low energy intakes (less than 60 kcal/kg/day) were associated with catabolic losses of body protein. Intakes above that level were associated with a low and stable rate of UNPr. The level of energy and nitrogen intake within the range observed limited the rate of nitrogen retention. Once maintenance requirements for energy and nitrogen were satisfied, the efficiency with which nitrogen was used for net protein synthesis was very high.", "PMID": 699398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11970", "title": "Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in adults: clinical and histologic correlations.", "content": "The clinical and histological features of 43 patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis were reviewed. All had extensive crescent formation in more than 50 per cent of glomeruli. Three distinct patterns of immunofluorescent staining were identified: linear, granular, and sparse staining. Electron microscopy was valuable in corroborating the results of immunofluorescence. The prognosis was poor, with no patient regaining normal renal function regardless of treatment. Significant differences were observed among patients categorized by immunofluorescent staining. Those with a linear pattern were younger and more commonly had hemoptysis. Patients with sparse immunofluorescent staining had better renal function at the time of presentation and a longer duration of illness.", "contents": "Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in adults: clinical and histologic correlations. The clinical and histological features of 43 patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis were reviewed. All had extensive crescent formation in more than 50 per cent of glomeruli. Three distinct patterns of immunofluorescent staining were identified: linear, granular, and sparse staining. Electron microscopy was valuable in corroborating the results of immunofluorescence. The prognosis was poor, with no patient regaining normal renal function regardless of treatment. Significant differences were observed among patients categorized by immunofluorescent staining. Those with a linear pattern were younger and more commonly had hemoptysis. Patients with sparse immunofluorescent staining had better renal function at the time of presentation and a longer duration of illness.", "PMID": 699399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11971", "title": "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with rapid decline in renal function (\"malignant FSGS\").", "content": "We describe 11 patients whose renal biopsies showed minimal changes with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. These patients, in contrast to the majority of patients with similar renal histology, went into renal failure within 2 1/2 years of clinical onset. All were young, severely nephrotic, most hypertensive, with microscopic hematuria, non-selective proteinuria and extreme hypercholesterolemia. Treatment with corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs was without effect in any patient. Despite rapid decline in renal function, profuse proteinuria and a nephrotic syndrome persisted into terminal uremia and continued even after dialysis had begun. Seven patients were given nine allografts; four grafts failed because of immediate vascular complications, and a persistant nephrotic syndrome was evident in two of the five surviving grafts. This did not, however, lead to graft failure. Two patients died on dialysis because of myocardial problems. These patients with rapid decline in renal function constitute a distinct clinical subgroup amongst those with focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis; it is possible that they have a different primarily vascular pathogenesis in contrast to other patients with similar renal biopsy appearances.", "contents": "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with rapid decline in renal function (\"malignant FSGS\"). We describe 11 patients whose renal biopsies showed minimal changes with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. These patients, in contrast to the majority of patients with similar renal histology, went into renal failure within 2 1/2 years of clinical onset. All were young, severely nephrotic, most hypertensive, with microscopic hematuria, non-selective proteinuria and extreme hypercholesterolemia. Treatment with corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs was without effect in any patient. Despite rapid decline in renal function, profuse proteinuria and a nephrotic syndrome persisted into terminal uremia and continued even after dialysis had begun. Seven patients were given nine allografts; four grafts failed because of immediate vascular complications, and a persistant nephrotic syndrome was evident in two of the five surviving grafts. This did not, however, lead to graft failure. Two patients died on dialysis because of myocardial problems. These patients with rapid decline in renal function constitute a distinct clinical subgroup amongst those with focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis; it is possible that they have a different primarily vascular pathogenesis in contrast to other patients with similar renal biopsy appearances.", "PMID": 699400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11972", "title": "Radiation nephritis and intravascular coagulation.", "content": "A 23 year old male with embryonal cell carcinoma of the testicle was treated with radiation, receiving 2250 Rads to his abdomen twice, only once with kidney shielding. He developed acute renal failure approximately eleven months later. Associated with the renal failure were hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, and other evidence for intravascular coagulation. The kidney biopsy showed fibrinoid necrosis of arteries and arterioles. By electron microscopy, there was extensive endothelial cell damage and subendothelial electron lucent material compatible with radiation nephritis. The renal pathologic abnormalities suggest that the local renal vascular injury induced by radiation could have been responsible for intravascular coagulation in the kidneys and the systemic hematologic abnormalities. Prednisone appeared to accelerate the renal and hematologic dysfunction and heparin is proposed as a more promising therapy.", "contents": "Radiation nephritis and intravascular coagulation. A 23 year old male with embryonal cell carcinoma of the testicle was treated with radiation, receiving 2250 Rads to his abdomen twice, only once with kidney shielding. He developed acute renal failure approximately eleven months later. Associated with the renal failure were hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, and other evidence for intravascular coagulation. The kidney biopsy showed fibrinoid necrosis of arteries and arterioles. By electron microscopy, there was extensive endothelial cell damage and subendothelial electron lucent material compatible with radiation nephritis. The renal pathologic abnormalities suggest that the local renal vascular injury induced by radiation could have been responsible for intravascular coagulation in the kidneys and the systemic hematologic abnormalities. Prednisone appeared to accelerate the renal and hematologic dysfunction and heparin is proposed as a more promising therapy.", "PMID": 699403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11973", "title": "Failure of plasma exchange and immunosuppression to improve renal function in Goodpasture's syndrome.", "content": "A young woman with anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody mediated rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage was treated with immunosuppression and intensive plasma exchange. She did not have end stage renal failure when therapy was initiated. Despite a dramatic reduction in circulating anti-GBM antibody, renal function progressively decreased. The role of plasma exchange in the therapy of anti-GBM antibody mediated disease remains unclear.", "contents": "Failure of plasma exchange and immunosuppression to improve renal function in Goodpasture's syndrome. A young woman with anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody mediated rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage was treated with immunosuppression and intensive plasma exchange. She did not have end stage renal failure when therapy was initiated. Despite a dramatic reduction in circulating anti-GBM antibody, renal function progressively decreased. The role of plasma exchange in the therapy of anti-GBM antibody mediated disease remains unclear.", "PMID": 699402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11974", "title": "Aspiration biopsy of the kidney with a new fine needle: a way to obtain glomeruli for morphological study.", "content": "An improved fine needle is described for aspiration of kidney glomeruli. The needle, with a sharp inner edge 0.43 mm in diameter, is less traumatic than ordinary percutaneous kidney biopsy needles. Electron microscopy of specimens aspirated from kidneys of normal rabbits showed well-preserved glomeruli. Twenty-two of twenty-six specimens obtained from human kidneys by fine-needle aspiration contained glomeruli. Electron microscopic study of specimens aspirated from 12 patients showed that the needle provides adequate tissue for the diagnosis of diffuse glomerular diseases. The use of the fine needle widens the scope for studying the relation between glomerular fine structure and renal symptoms in many conditions in which conventional methods would not be justified.", "contents": "Aspiration biopsy of the kidney with a new fine needle: a way to obtain glomeruli for morphological study. An improved fine needle is described for aspiration of kidney glomeruli. The needle, with a sharp inner edge 0.43 mm in diameter, is less traumatic than ordinary percutaneous kidney biopsy needles. Electron microscopy of specimens aspirated from kidneys of normal rabbits showed well-preserved glomeruli. Twenty-two of twenty-six specimens obtained from human kidneys by fine-needle aspiration contained glomeruli. Electron microscopic study of specimens aspirated from 12 patients showed that the needle provides adequate tissue for the diagnosis of diffuse glomerular diseases. The use of the fine needle widens the scope for studying the relation between glomerular fine structure and renal symptoms in many conditions in which conventional methods would not be justified.", "PMID": 699404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11975", "title": "Serum ferritin concentration: a reliable guide to iron overload in uremic and hemodialyzed patients.", "content": "The inter-relationships between serum ferritin, hemoglobin, serum iron and total body iron stores were studied in 20 patients with chronic renal failure treated conservatively and in 20 patients on regular hemodialysis. There was no relationship between serum iron or transferrin and bone marrow iron deposits, but serum ferritin concentration was a good indicator of increased marrow iron stores. All patients with serum ferritin levels above 300 microgram/l had increased iron stores. Serum ferritin assay is a useful non-invasive technique for detecting iron overload in uremic and hemodialyzed patients.", "contents": "Serum ferritin concentration: a reliable guide to iron overload in uremic and hemodialyzed patients. The inter-relationships between serum ferritin, hemoglobin, serum iron and total body iron stores were studied in 20 patients with chronic renal failure treated conservatively and in 20 patients on regular hemodialysis. There was no relationship between serum iron or transferrin and bone marrow iron deposits, but serum ferritin concentration was a good indicator of increased marrow iron stores. All patients with serum ferritin levels above 300 microgram/l had increased iron stores. Serum ferritin assay is a useful non-invasive technique for detecting iron overload in uremic and hemodialyzed patients.", "PMID": 699405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11976", "title": "Prevention of chloramine-induced hemolysis in dialyzed patients.", "content": "Chloramines, compounds made up of chlorine and ammonia, when present in tap water used for dialysis cause methemoglobinemia and hemolysis. Ascorbic acid addition has been reported to effectively neutralize chloramines in vitro and in patients dialyzed with the single batch dialysis delivery system. We extended these observations to patients dialyzed with the proportioning dialysis delivery system where exposure time of ascorbic acid to chloramines is shorter. This may be important since we found that the half time of the reaction between ascorbic acid and chloramines is 4 minutes. Red cell oxidant sensitivity in 15 patients was assessed by incubating red cells with ascorbate-cyanide and measuring methemoglobin which averaged 2.17 +/- 0.42 g/100 ml (SEM) before dialysis and 2.87 +/- 0.52 g/100 ml after dialysis (NS). Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were also measured as an index of red cell oxidant damage. GSH decreased from a mean of 7.40 +/- 0.59 micromoles/g Hb before dialysis to 6.98 +/- 0.52 micronmoles/g Hb after dialysis (P less than 0.01). In 2 patients there was no change in 51Cr red cell survival when dialyzed on either the proportioning system or other chloramine free systems. We conclude that addition of ascorbic acid to neutralize chloramines in tap water is also effective when using the proportioning dialysis delivery system.", "contents": "Prevention of chloramine-induced hemolysis in dialyzed patients. Chloramines, compounds made up of chlorine and ammonia, when present in tap water used for dialysis cause methemoglobinemia and hemolysis. Ascorbic acid addition has been reported to effectively neutralize chloramines in vitro and in patients dialyzed with the single batch dialysis delivery system. We extended these observations to patients dialyzed with the proportioning dialysis delivery system where exposure time of ascorbic acid to chloramines is shorter. This may be important since we found that the half time of the reaction between ascorbic acid and chloramines is 4 minutes. Red cell oxidant sensitivity in 15 patients was assessed by incubating red cells with ascorbate-cyanide and measuring methemoglobin which averaged 2.17 +/- 0.42 g/100 ml (SEM) before dialysis and 2.87 +/- 0.52 g/100 ml after dialysis (NS). Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were also measured as an index of red cell oxidant damage. GSH decreased from a mean of 7.40 +/- 0.59 micromoles/g Hb before dialysis to 6.98 +/- 0.52 micronmoles/g Hb after dialysis (P less than 0.01). In 2 patients there was no change in 51Cr red cell survival when dialyzed on either the proportioning system or other chloramine free systems. We conclude that addition of ascorbic acid to neutralize chloramines in tap water is also effective when using the proportioning dialysis delivery system.", "PMID": 699406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11977", "title": "Uremic cardiomyopathy: studies on cardiac function in the guinea pig.", "content": "The effects of creatinine (5.6-22.6 mg/100 ml), guanidinosuccinic acid (8.7-35.2 mg/100 ml) and of urea (60-600 mg/100 ml) on the mechanical function and oxygen consumption in isolated guinea pig hearts have been assessed. None of the parameters measured (dp/dt max, dp/dt min and Q O2) was significantly affected by creatinine or guanidinosuccinic acid. However, urea significantly reduced mechanical activity and caused a marked increase of oxygen consumption, indicating impairment of heart function expressed as a diminution of the ratio formula (see text). Pretreatment with creatinine and guanidinosuccinic acid did not alter the effect of norepinephrine on mechanical activity and oxygen consumption when compared with the effects of norepinephrine (1 X 10(-8) g/ml and 1 X 10(-7) g/ml) given alone. In contrast, urea pretreatment lowered the norepinephrine induced increase of left ventricular pressure rise/fall and of oxygen consumption. In addition, reduction of the increase in the ratio formula (see text): after urea perfusion indicates diminution of the \"economic\" effect of norepinephrine.", "contents": "Uremic cardiomyopathy: studies on cardiac function in the guinea pig. The effects of creatinine (5.6-22.6 mg/100 ml), guanidinosuccinic acid (8.7-35.2 mg/100 ml) and of urea (60-600 mg/100 ml) on the mechanical function and oxygen consumption in isolated guinea pig hearts have been assessed. None of the parameters measured (dp/dt max, dp/dt min and Q O2) was significantly affected by creatinine or guanidinosuccinic acid. However, urea significantly reduced mechanical activity and caused a marked increase of oxygen consumption, indicating impairment of heart function expressed as a diminution of the ratio formula (see text). Pretreatment with creatinine and guanidinosuccinic acid did not alter the effect of norepinephrine on mechanical activity and oxygen consumption when compared with the effects of norepinephrine (1 X 10(-8) g/ml and 1 X 10(-7) g/ml) given alone. In contrast, urea pretreatment lowered the norepinephrine induced increase of left ventricular pressure rise/fall and of oxygen consumption. In addition, reduction of the increase in the ratio formula (see text): after urea perfusion indicates diminution of the \"economic\" effect of norepinephrine.", "PMID": 699407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11978", "title": "Successful treatment of hypernatremic thirst deficiency with chlorpropamide.", "content": "Two patients with hypodipsia and hypernatremia are described. The first patient, whose hypodipsia was of unknown cause, developed hypernatremia unless large volumes of fluid were urged upon him; upon treatment with chlorpropamide normal serum sodium levels were achieved with spontaneous fluid intake. The second patient had hypodipsia and diabetes insipidus resulting from a craniopharyngioma. Treatment with vasopressin and a prescribed daily water intake resulted in frequent hyper- and hyponatremia, but treatment with chlorpropramide yielded serum sodium values which were more often normal and less variable. In neither patient could the improved water regulation be attributed to an effect of chlorpropamide on renal water excretion. Possible mechanisms for the effect of chlorpropamide on thirst are discussed.", "contents": "Successful treatment of hypernatremic thirst deficiency with chlorpropamide. Two patients with hypodipsia and hypernatremia are described. The first patient, whose hypodipsia was of unknown cause, developed hypernatremia unless large volumes of fluid were urged upon him; upon treatment with chlorpropamide normal serum sodium levels were achieved with spontaneous fluid intake. The second patient had hypodipsia and diabetes insipidus resulting from a craniopharyngioma. Treatment with vasopressin and a prescribed daily water intake resulted in frequent hyper- and hyponatremia, but treatment with chlorpropramide yielded serum sodium values which were more often normal and less variable. In neither patient could the improved water regulation be attributed to an effect of chlorpropamide on renal water excretion. Possible mechanisms for the effect of chlorpropamide on thirst are discussed.", "PMID": 699408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11979", "title": "Hemodynamic studies in patients with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) forearm grafts.", "content": "21 patients with polytetrafluoroethylene grafts inserted for hemodialysis access were studied to assess the hemodynamic parameters. Mean graft flow was 1.9 l/min with a range of 0.2-3.8 l/min. Intragraft pressure varied from 1 to 83 mmHg and was dependent on systemic pressure, graft flow and the presence of stenotic lesions. Mean cardiac output was 7.1 l/min and index 4.0 l/min and was positively correlated with graft flow. By obtaining this data surgical corrective action was taken in several patients prospectively thus removing the abnormalities and ensuring continued graft patency. The techniques described are reproducible and simple and can be carried out in less than five minutes with minimal patient discomfort or hazard.", "contents": "Hemodynamic studies in patients with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) forearm grafts. 21 patients with polytetrafluoroethylene grafts inserted for hemodialysis access were studied to assess the hemodynamic parameters. Mean graft flow was 1.9 l/min with a range of 0.2-3.8 l/min. Intragraft pressure varied from 1 to 83 mmHg and was dependent on systemic pressure, graft flow and the presence of stenotic lesions. Mean cardiac output was 7.1 l/min and index 4.0 l/min and was positively correlated with graft flow. By obtaining this data surgical corrective action was taken in several patients prospectively thus removing the abnormalities and ensuring continued graft patency. The techniques described are reproducible and simple and can be carried out in less than five minutes with minimal patient discomfort or hazard.", "PMID": 699409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11980", "title": "Psychogenic aspects of urinary incontinence in women.", "content": "Gynecologists and other primary care physicians have long recognized the occurrence of psychogenic factors in some patients with urinary incontinence, usually of the urgency or detrusor dyssynergia types. However, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of psychiatric study of these patients. Eighteen patients were referred following complete gynecologic urology work-up including electronic urethrocystometry and chain cystography. Most of these patients were 40 to 60 years of age, were multiparous, and had had hysterectomies. Major psychiatric findings were a) severe situational problems in all 18 patients, b) chronic depression in 17, and c) hysterical personality traits in 10. Patients whose psychiatric treatment provided some relief of their situational and emotional distress also, concomitantly, had relief of urinary incontinence.", "contents": "Psychogenic aspects of urinary incontinence in women. Gynecologists and other primary care physicians have long recognized the occurrence of psychogenic factors in some patients with urinary incontinence, usually of the urgency or detrusor dyssynergia types. However, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of psychiatric study of these patients. Eighteen patients were referred following complete gynecologic urology work-up including electronic urethrocystometry and chain cystography. Most of these patients were 40 to 60 years of age, were multiparous, and had had hysterectomies. Major psychiatric findings were a) severe situational problems in all 18 patients, b) chronic depression in 17, and c) hysterical personality traits in 10. Patients whose psychiatric treatment provided some relief of their situational and emotional distress also, concomitantly, had relief of urinary incontinence.", "PMID": 699414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11981", "title": "Splenic visualization using 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate in a patient with sickle cell disease.", "content": "Splenic visualization with a bone-seeking agent 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) with absence of splenic uptake using sulfur colloid was seen in a 15-year-old boy in sickle cell crisis. Uptake of 99mTc-MDP is probably due to splenic infarction and calcification. This represents a potentially sensitive method for following the functional auto-splenectomy process in sickle cell disease and may also detect the presence of splenic tissue when it is not visualized in a sulfur colloid liver/spleen scan. Splenic visualization by bone-seeking agents should not be confused with skeletal lesions or indicate the presence of an abnormal left upper quadrant mass lesion.", "contents": "Splenic visualization using 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate in a patient with sickle cell disease. Splenic visualization with a bone-seeking agent 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) with absence of splenic uptake using sulfur colloid was seen in a 15-year-old boy in sickle cell crisis. Uptake of 99mTc-MDP is probably due to splenic infarction and calcification. This represents a potentially sensitive method for following the functional auto-splenectomy process in sickle cell disease and may also detect the presence of splenic tissue when it is not visualized in a sulfur colloid liver/spleen scan. Splenic visualization by bone-seeking agents should not be confused with skeletal lesions or indicate the presence of an abnormal left upper quadrant mass lesion.", "PMID": 699447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11982", "title": "Metastatic abdominal implants of endometrial carcinoma demonstrated on 99mtc-methylene diphosphonate bone scan.", "content": "Metastatic serosal and omental implants from a primary papillary endometrial carcinoma were well demonstrated by radionuclide uptake on a bone scan utilizing 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate. Imaging of an endometrial malignancy by a 99mTc-labeled phosphate compound has not previously been reported. While the exact mechanism of accumulation in such soft-tissue neoplastic foci is not known, several possibilities have been suggested. In this particular case, the mechanism appears related in some way to the presence of dystrophic calcifications within the metastatic deposits.", "contents": "Metastatic abdominal implants of endometrial carcinoma demonstrated on 99mtc-methylene diphosphonate bone scan. Metastatic serosal and omental implants from a primary papillary endometrial carcinoma were well demonstrated by radionuclide uptake on a bone scan utilizing 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate. Imaging of an endometrial malignancy by a 99mTc-labeled phosphate compound has not previously been reported. While the exact mechanism of accumulation in such soft-tissue neoplastic foci is not known, several possibilities have been suggested. In this particular case, the mechanism appears related in some way to the presence of dystrophic calcifications within the metastatic deposits.", "PMID": 699448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11983", "title": "Tuberculous meningitis of the Sylvian fissure.", "content": "A 66-year-old woman had autopsy-proven miliary tuberculosis, with regional involvement of the meninges of the left Sylvian fissure. Radionuclide studies of the brain demonstrated the unusual findings of increased perfusion to the left hemisphere and linear increased activity corresponding to the left Sylvian fissure. Computed tomography of the brain was initially within normal limits at a time when the radionuclide study was clearly abnormal.", "contents": "Tuberculous meningitis of the Sylvian fissure. A 66-year-old woman had autopsy-proven miliary tuberculosis, with regional involvement of the meninges of the left Sylvian fissure. Radionuclide studies of the brain demonstrated the unusual findings of increased perfusion to the left hemisphere and linear increased activity corresponding to the left Sylvian fissure. Computed tomography of the brain was initially within normal limits at a time when the radionuclide study was clearly abnormal.", "PMID": 699450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11984", "title": "Computerized tomography and radionuclide scanning in hepatic disease: a retrospective study.", "content": "This was a retrospective study of 117 patients, who had both computerized tomography (CT) and nuclear scans of the liver. In the evaluation of hepatic masses, the nuclear and CT scans, demonstrated 83% and 77% of the masses, respectively, in combination they demonstrated 97%. The nuclear scan proved to be a more sensitive procedure for demonstrating the presence of intrahepatic pathology. The CT scans were better able to demonstrate specific disease entities, such as biliary obstruction and fatty infiltration of the liver. CT was also able to evaluate adjacent organs. When used in combination, CT and nuclear scans tended to complement each other and in many cases were helpful in arriving at a more specific diagnosis.", "contents": "Computerized tomography and radionuclide scanning in hepatic disease: a retrospective study. This was a retrospective study of 117 patients, who had both computerized tomography (CT) and nuclear scans of the liver. In the evaluation of hepatic masses, the nuclear and CT scans, demonstrated 83% and 77% of the masses, respectively, in combination they demonstrated 97%. The nuclear scan proved to be a more sensitive procedure for demonstrating the presence of intrahepatic pathology. The CT scans were better able to demonstrate specific disease entities, such as biliary obstruction and fatty infiltration of the liver. CT was also able to evaluate adjacent organs. When used in combination, CT and nuclear scans tended to complement each other and in many cases were helpful in arriving at a more specific diagnosis.", "PMID": 699451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11985", "title": "V/Q mismatch without pulmonary emboli in children with histoplasmosis.", "content": "In two children with histoplasmosis pulmonary perfusion and ventilation studies revealed mismatched abnormalities characterized by almost unilaterally absent perfusion but normal ventilation in the right lung. Chest roentgenograms demonstrated right hilar enlargement and pulmonary contrast angiograms revealed narrowing of the right pulmonary arteries by extrinsic fibrotic granulomata but no pulmonary emboli were present. Fibrosing mediastinitis due to histoplasmosis was found by mediastinoscopic examination in one of the patients. Non-embolic causes of V/Q mismatch lung imaging are discussed briefly, and the correlation with clinical findings is stressed for the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli.", "contents": "V/Q mismatch without pulmonary emboli in children with histoplasmosis. In two children with histoplasmosis pulmonary perfusion and ventilation studies revealed mismatched abnormalities characterized by almost unilaterally absent perfusion but normal ventilation in the right lung. Chest roentgenograms demonstrated right hilar enlargement and pulmonary contrast angiograms revealed narrowing of the right pulmonary arteries by extrinsic fibrotic granulomata but no pulmonary emboli were present. Fibrosing mediastinitis due to histoplasmosis was found by mediastinoscopic examination in one of the patients. Non-embolic causes of V/Q mismatch lung imaging are discussed briefly, and the correlation with clinical findings is stressed for the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli.", "PMID": 699453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11986", "title": "Hepatic scan defects following radiotherapy for lymphoma.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with lymphoma were evaluated for the presence of hepatic scan defects following radiotherapy to fields which included the left lobe of the liver. Two distinct patterns of hepatic scan defects were noted: (a) a radiation port defect (Type I), and (b) attenuation of the left lobe (Type II). Five of seven patients evaluated within six weeks after radiotherapy demonstrated Type I defects but all seven subsequently developed Type II defects. Seventeen of the 21 patients developed Type II defects which have persisted (follow-up, up to 66 months). These characteristic defects should not be confused with other causes of hepatic scan defects in evaluating patients with lymphoma. The defects occur in a high percentage of patients and may persist for long periods.", "contents": "Hepatic scan defects following radiotherapy for lymphoma. Twenty-one patients with lymphoma were evaluated for the presence of hepatic scan defects following radiotherapy to fields which included the left lobe of the liver. Two distinct patterns of hepatic scan defects were noted: (a) a radiation port defect (Type I), and (b) attenuation of the left lobe (Type II). Five of seven patients evaluated within six weeks after radiotherapy demonstrated Type I defects but all seven subsequently developed Type II defects. Seventeen of the 21 patients developed Type II defects which have persisted (follow-up, up to 66 months). These characteristic defects should not be confused with other causes of hepatic scan defects in evaluating patients with lymphoma. The defects occur in a high percentage of patients and may persist for long periods.", "PMID": 699454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11987", "title": "Problems in the care of the infant diabetic patient.", "content": "The unique problems of three infants who developed diabetes mellitus at 13 months of age or younger are discussed. These problems include: the administration of small doses of insulin; the difficulty in attaining control; and the evaluation of urinary sugar content. Suggestions for care are made.", "contents": "Problems in the care of the infant diabetic patient. The unique problems of three infants who developed diabetes mellitus at 13 months of age or younger are discussed. These problems include: the administration of small doses of insulin; the difficulty in attaining control; and the evaluation of urinary sugar content. Suggestions for care are made.", "PMID": 699465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11988", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in renal insufficiency and haemodialysis.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered netilmicin, an investigational aminoglycoside antibiotic, were studied in 38 patients with creatinine clearance ranging from 150 to Oml/min/1.73m2 in order to determine the influence of kidney function status on the disposition of the antibiotic. The serum disappearance of netilmicin followed first order kinetics and the elimination rate constant decreased proportionally with decreasing renal function. Half-lives averaged 2.2 hours in normal individuals (creatinine clearance greater than 80ml/min/1.73m2) and reached 42 +/- 10 hours (mean +/- SD) in virtually anephric patients. The elimination rate constant lowered proportionally with decreasing renal function. Several linear relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and renal function indicators were defined. A clinically useful correlation indicates that the half-life may be approximated as 3 times the serum creatinine concentration and may be used for adjustment of dosage of netilmicin in the treatment of patients with impaired renal function. During haemodialysis, netilmicin extraction from the blood reaches 75 +/- 14% (mean +-/ 95% confidence interval) of that of creatinine and 88 +/- 19% of that of blood urea nitrogen.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in renal insufficiency and haemodialysis. The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered netilmicin, an investigational aminoglycoside antibiotic, were studied in 38 patients with creatinine clearance ranging from 150 to Oml/min/1.73m2 in order to determine the influence of kidney function status on the disposition of the antibiotic. The serum disappearance of netilmicin followed first order kinetics and the elimination rate constant decreased proportionally with decreasing renal function. Half-lives averaged 2.2 hours in normal individuals (creatinine clearance greater than 80ml/min/1.73m2) and reached 42 +/- 10 hours (mean +/- SD) in virtually anephric patients. The elimination rate constant lowered proportionally with decreasing renal function. Several linear relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and renal function indicators were defined. A clinically useful correlation indicates that the half-life may be approximated as 3 times the serum creatinine concentration and may be used for adjustment of dosage of netilmicin in the treatment of patients with impaired renal function. During haemodialysis, netilmicin extraction from the blood reaches 75 +/- 14% (mean +-/ 95% confidence interval) of that of creatinine and 88 +/- 19% of that of blood urea nitrogen.", "PMID": 699461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11989", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of lorcainide in man: a new antiarrhythmic agent.", "content": "A gas liquid chromatographic assay was developed to measure in plasma and urine concentrations of the new antiarrhythmic drug lorcainide, its dealkylated metabolite and an added internal standard of similar structure. The limit of sensitivity was 10ng/ml plasma. In 5 healthy volunteers and in 6 patients with ventricular premature beats (VPB) the pharmacokinetics were determined after a single intravenous dose of 100mg. In 4 of the patients with VPB, the disposition was also evaluated under steady-state conditions following oral administration of 100mg twice daily. In 4 of the healthy volunteers, the bioavailability of a single 100mg(n = 2) and 150mg (n = 2) oral dose was determined. In an additional crossover experiment, bioavailability of a single oral dose of 100 and 200mg was also measured in 2 patients with VPB. Less than 2% of the intravenous dose could be recovered as unchanged lorcainide in the urine, indicating extensive metabolism. The drug was bound to plasma proteins to the extent of 85.0 +/- 5.0% (mean +/- SD) in healthy subjects and 83.3 +/- 2.9% in patients with VPB. Since the plasma levels declined biexponentially after an intravenous dose, data were analysed according to a 2-compartment open model. The elimination half-life (t1/2beta) of 5.1 +/- 0.6h (healthy subjects) was somewhat longer (p = 0.02) in patients with VPB (7.6 +/- 2.2h), but total plasma or blood clearance were very similar; the latter approaching a normal liver blood flow of 1.5L/min. The apparent distribution volumes Vdbeta (8.6 +/- 2.4L/kg vs 10.7 +/- 4.2L/kg) and Vdss (6.4 +/- 2.4L/kg vs 8.8 +/- 3.4L/kg) showed no statistically significant difference between the healthy subjects and patients. After oral doses, high and saturable first--pass hepatic metabolism seems to exist. The crossover experiments in 4 subjects indicated bioavailability of about 1 to 4.5% after a single 100mg dose, between 7 and 20% after a 150mg dose, and between 35 and 65% after a 200mg dose. In contrast, 3 of 4 patients with VPB on oral maintenance therapy exhibited bioavailability of 100%. This indicates that lorcainide belongs to the group of drugs exhibiting non-linear elimination kinetics.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of lorcainide in man: a new antiarrhythmic agent. A gas liquid chromatographic assay was developed to measure in plasma and urine concentrations of the new antiarrhythmic drug lorcainide, its dealkylated metabolite and an added internal standard of similar structure. The limit of sensitivity was 10ng/ml plasma. In 5 healthy volunteers and in 6 patients with ventricular premature beats (VPB) the pharmacokinetics were determined after a single intravenous dose of 100mg. In 4 of the patients with VPB, the disposition was also evaluated under steady-state conditions following oral administration of 100mg twice daily. In 4 of the healthy volunteers, the bioavailability of a single 100mg(n = 2) and 150mg (n = 2) oral dose was determined. In an additional crossover experiment, bioavailability of a single oral dose of 100 and 200mg was also measured in 2 patients with VPB. Less than 2% of the intravenous dose could be recovered as unchanged lorcainide in the urine, indicating extensive metabolism. The drug was bound to plasma proteins to the extent of 85.0 +/- 5.0% (mean +/- SD) in healthy subjects and 83.3 +/- 2.9% in patients with VPB. Since the plasma levels declined biexponentially after an intravenous dose, data were analysed according to a 2-compartment open model. The elimination half-life (t1/2beta) of 5.1 +/- 0.6h (healthy subjects) was somewhat longer (p = 0.02) in patients with VPB (7.6 +/- 2.2h), but total plasma or blood clearance were very similar; the latter approaching a normal liver blood flow of 1.5L/min. The apparent distribution volumes Vdbeta (8.6 +/- 2.4L/kg vs 10.7 +/- 4.2L/kg) and Vdss (6.4 +/- 2.4L/kg vs 8.8 +/- 3.4L/kg) showed no statistically significant difference between the healthy subjects and patients. After oral doses, high and saturable first--pass hepatic metabolism seems to exist. The crossover experiments in 4 subjects indicated bioavailability of about 1 to 4.5% after a single 100mg dose, between 7 and 20% after a 150mg dose, and between 35 and 65% after a 200mg dose. In contrast, 3 of 4 patients with VPB on oral maintenance therapy exhibited bioavailability of 100%. This indicates that lorcainide belongs to the group of drugs exhibiting non-linear elimination kinetics.", "PMID": 699462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11990", "title": "The malleability of infant motor development: cautions based on studies of child-rearing practices in Yucatan.", "content": "Tests with the Bayley Motor Scale were given to 288 infants, equally divided by sex, in Yucatan, Mexico. These were 2 to 54 weeks in age and came from three sociocultural levels. In comparison to USA infants, early acceleration of motor development was followed by a marked downward trend. This phenomenon, if observed in a single child, may indicate progressive neurologic disease. Child-rearing practices would appear to account for the difference in pattern of test performance.", "contents": "The malleability of infant motor development: cautions based on studies of child-rearing practices in Yucatan. Tests with the Bayley Motor Scale were given to 288 infants, equally divided by sex, in Yucatan, Mexico. These were 2 to 54 weeks in age and came from three sociocultural levels. In comparison to USA infants, early acceleration of motor development was followed by a marked downward trend. This phenomenon, if observed in a single child, may indicate progressive neurologic disease. Child-rearing practices would appear to account for the difference in pattern of test performance.", "PMID": 699470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11991", "title": "Linguistic and auditory milestones during the first two years of life: a language inventory for the practitioner.", "content": "Although language is recognized as one of the best predictors of development, the lack of a simple evaluation tool has contributed to the general pediatrician's unfamiliarity with linguistic milestones. Here described is a 32-item instrument for the recording and assessment by the practicing pediatrician of language milestones during the first two years of life.", "contents": "Linguistic and auditory milestones during the first two years of life: a language inventory for the practitioner. Although language is recognized as one of the best predictors of development, the lack of a simple evaluation tool has contributed to the general pediatrician's unfamiliarity with linguistic milestones. Here described is a 32-item instrument for the recording and assessment by the practicing pediatrician of language milestones during the first two years of life.", "PMID": 699471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11992", "title": "The drug lag revisited: comparison by therapeutic area of patterns of drugs marketed in the United States and Great Britain from 1972 through 1976.", "content": "This study describes rates and patterns of new drug introductions in the U.S. and Britain from January, 1972, through December, 1976, updating an earlier study that described the patterns over the previous decade. This comparative international approach enables overall effects of different regulatory, industrial, and other types of changes in drug research and development in the two countries to be evaluated. Numerical differences persisted. In the 1972 to 1976 period, 82 new drugs appeared for the first time in either country. Only 29% of these became mutually available in both countries, 2.4 times as many becoming available first in Britain as in the U.S. Of the 71% that became exclusively available, 2.6 times as many became available in Britain as in the U.S. More important than numerical data are clinical implications of differences between the countries. The largest differences have narrowed since the previous study, but important categories in which the U.S. still lagged behind Britain in December, 1976, included cardiovascular drugs, peptic ulcer drugs, and central nervous system drugs--including therapies for depression, epilepsy, and migraine. Several factors contributed to the narrowing of U.S.--British therapeutic differences, including more realistic regulatory practices and higher quality clinical studies in the U.S., more conservative practices in Britain, attention drawn by previous studies to anachronisms in the U.S., and industrial changes such as more efficient penetration of the U.S. market by foreign firms. It is difficult to determine the relative contribution of each of these factors to the narrowing of the international difference.", "contents": "The drug lag revisited: comparison by therapeutic area of patterns of drugs marketed in the United States and Great Britain from 1972 through 1976. This study describes rates and patterns of new drug introductions in the U.S. and Britain from January, 1972, through December, 1976, updating an earlier study that described the patterns over the previous decade. This comparative international approach enables overall effects of different regulatory, industrial, and other types of changes in drug research and development in the two countries to be evaluated. Numerical differences persisted. In the 1972 to 1976 period, 82 new drugs appeared for the first time in either country. Only 29% of these became mutually available in both countries, 2.4 times as many becoming available first in Britain as in the U.S. Of the 71% that became exclusively available, 2.6 times as many became available in Britain as in the U.S. More important than numerical data are clinical implications of differences between the countries. The largest differences have narrowed since the previous study, but important categories in which the U.S. still lagged behind Britain in December, 1976, included cardiovascular drugs, peptic ulcer drugs, and central nervous system drugs--including therapies for depression, epilepsy, and migraine. Several factors contributed to the narrowing of U.S.--British therapeutic differences, including more realistic regulatory practices and higher quality clinical studies in the U.S., more conservative practices in Britain, attention drawn by previous studies to anachronisms in the U.S., and industrial changes such as more efficient penetration of the U.S. market by foreign firms. It is difficult to determine the relative contribution of each of these factors to the narrowing of the international difference.", "PMID": 699475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11993", "title": "Antihypertensive responses to spironolactone in normal renin hypertension.", "content": "The antihypertensive effect of spironolactone was studied in 20 patients with essential hypertension and normal stimulated peripheral renin activity (PRA). Single-blind 8-wk treatment periods of placebo, 100, 200, and 400 mg spironolactone were used in consecutive order. Average supine and erect blood pressures were lower than placebo values at the end of each treatment. A prominent orthostatic effect was observed. Changes in blood pressure were not related to changes in body weight, PRA, or blood urea nitrogen. A larger proportion (50%) of patients had a more normal erect diastolic pressure at the end of 400 mg/day than at the end of 100 mg/day (20%), but the response to 400 mg/day could not be predicted from the responses to lower doses. Larger doses of spironolactone were predictably associated with rises in serum potassium, PRA, and aldosterone excretion. Adverse effects were absent during therapy with 100 mg/day but were frequent during 200--400 mg/day. Although there are no apparent advantages in increasing spironolactone from 100 to 200 mg/day in this group of patients with normal renin hypertension, increasing the dose to 400 mg/day resulted in better blood pressure control with more frequent adverse effects.", "contents": "Antihypertensive responses to spironolactone in normal renin hypertension. The antihypertensive effect of spironolactone was studied in 20 patients with essential hypertension and normal stimulated peripheral renin activity (PRA). Single-blind 8-wk treatment periods of placebo, 100, 200, and 400 mg spironolactone were used in consecutive order. Average supine and erect blood pressures were lower than placebo values at the end of each treatment. A prominent orthostatic effect was observed. Changes in blood pressure were not related to changes in body weight, PRA, or blood urea nitrogen. A larger proportion (50%) of patients had a more normal erect diastolic pressure at the end of 400 mg/day than at the end of 100 mg/day (20%), but the response to 400 mg/day could not be predicted from the responses to lower doses. Larger doses of spironolactone were predictably associated with rises in serum potassium, PRA, and aldosterone excretion. Adverse effects were absent during therapy with 100 mg/day but were frequent during 200--400 mg/day. Although there are no apparent advantages in increasing spironolactone from 100 to 200 mg/day in this group of patients with normal renin hypertension, increasing the dose to 400 mg/day resulted in better blood pressure control with more frequent adverse effects.", "PMID": 699476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11994", "title": "Dobutamine pharmacokinetics in severe heart failure.", "content": "Dobutamine pharmacokinetics was investigated in 7 patients with severe cardiac failure. Dobutamine was administered by a constant intravenous infusion at rates of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 microgram/kg/min. Steady-state plasma levels increased in proportion to the infusion rate, indicating that there was no saturation of the disposition processes. The average total body clearance was found to be 2.35 +/- 1.01 L/min/m2. After termination of the final infusion, plasma levels of dobutamine were monitored to determine the elimination half-life. The disappearance half-life of dobutamine was calculated to be 2.37 +/- 0.7 min and the distribution volume was 0.202 +/- 0.084 L/kg. The limited data suggest that the volume of distribution of dobutamine was related to the extent of edema.", "contents": "Dobutamine pharmacokinetics in severe heart failure. Dobutamine pharmacokinetics was investigated in 7 patients with severe cardiac failure. Dobutamine was administered by a constant intravenous infusion at rates of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 microgram/kg/min. Steady-state plasma levels increased in proportion to the infusion rate, indicating that there was no saturation of the disposition processes. The average total body clearance was found to be 2.35 +/- 1.01 L/min/m2. After termination of the final infusion, plasma levels of dobutamine were monitored to determine the elimination half-life. The disappearance half-life of dobutamine was calculated to be 2.37 +/- 0.7 min and the distribution volume was 0.202 +/- 0.084 L/kg. The limited data suggest that the volume of distribution of dobutamine was related to the extent of edema.", "PMID": 699477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11995", "title": "Dose-dependent acebutolol disposition after oral administration.", "content": "The relationship between dose and area under the blood concentration-time curve has been studied in 6 healthy subjects following both oral and intravenous doses of acebutolol. There is a more than proportional increase in area with increasing oral doses, and the area over a dosing interval following multiple oral doses is greater than the total area after a single dose of the same size. The role of an acetyl metabolite in producing these effects is discussed, as is the relevance of these observations to the clinical use of acebutolol.", "contents": "Dose-dependent acebutolol disposition after oral administration. The relationship between dose and area under the blood concentration-time curve has been studied in 6 healthy subjects following both oral and intravenous doses of acebutolol. There is a more than proportional increase in area with increasing oral doses, and the area over a dosing interval following multiple oral doses is greater than the total area after a single dose of the same size. The role of an acetyl metabolite in producing these effects is discussed, as is the relevance of these observations to the clinical use of acebutolol.", "PMID": 699478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11996", "title": "Effects of probenecid on furosemide response.", "content": "Furosemide gains access to its intraluminal site of action by active secretion by the organic acid transport system of the proximal tubule. Inhibition of this transport by probenecid would predictably decrease the effect of furosemide. In this study in 8 normal volunteers, however, the opposite occurred; namely, pretreatment with probenecid increased the overall response to furosemide by prolonging its effect. Sodium excretion in 8 hr due to 40 mg of furosemide rose from 262 +/- 16 to 358 +/- 11 mEq after probenecid. Urine volume increased from 3,265 +/- 275 to 4,165 +/- 183 ml after probenecid. Analysis of the time-course of the increased diuresis and natriuresis showed that probenecid actually decreased the response for the first 60 to 90 min after furosemide but increased the subsequent response sufficiently to result in a greater overall effect. Possible explanations include access of furosemide to its active site from the serum, an effect of probenecid on prostaglandin transport, and a changing pharmacokinetic interaction between probenecid and furosemide.", "contents": "Effects of probenecid on furosemide response. Furosemide gains access to its intraluminal site of action by active secretion by the organic acid transport system of the proximal tubule. Inhibition of this transport by probenecid would predictably decrease the effect of furosemide. In this study in 8 normal volunteers, however, the opposite occurred; namely, pretreatment with probenecid increased the overall response to furosemide by prolonging its effect. Sodium excretion in 8 hr due to 40 mg of furosemide rose from 262 +/- 16 to 358 +/- 11 mEq after probenecid. Urine volume increased from 3,265 +/- 275 to 4,165 +/- 183 ml after probenecid. Analysis of the time-course of the increased diuresis and natriuresis showed that probenecid actually decreased the response for the first 60 to 90 min after furosemide but increased the subsequent response sufficiently to result in a greater overall effect. Possible explanations include access of furosemide to its active site from the serum, an effect of probenecid on prostaglandin transport, and a changing pharmacokinetic interaction between probenecid and furosemide.", "PMID": 699479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11997", "title": "Placental transfer of furosemide.", "content": "After oral administration of furosemide to 18 pregnant women on the day of delivery, substantial concentrations of the drug were detected in umbilical cord vein plasma as well as in amniotic fluid. The ratio between the furosemide concentrations in maternal vein plasma and in umbilical cord plasma increased with time and approximated unity at 8 to 10 hr after administration of the drug. The plasma half-life of furosemide appeared to be longer in the mothers than in nonpregnant healthy volunteers. In one patient the plasma level of furosemide was constant during 5 hr of observation.", "contents": "Placental transfer of furosemide. After oral administration of furosemide to 18 pregnant women on the day of delivery, substantial concentrations of the drug were detected in umbilical cord vein plasma as well as in amniotic fluid. The ratio between the furosemide concentrations in maternal vein plasma and in umbilical cord plasma increased with time and approximated unity at 8 to 10 hr after administration of the drug. The plasma half-life of furosemide appeared to be longer in the mothers than in nonpregnant healthy volunteers. In one patient the plasma level of furosemide was constant during 5 hr of observation.", "PMID": 699480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11998", "title": "Interaction of chloramphenicol with phenytoin and phenobarbital. Case report.", "content": "The effect of chloramphenicol therapy (48 mg/kg/day) on the serum concentrations of phenytoin and phenobarbital was studied in a patient previously stabilized on anticonvulsant medications. Phenytoin, 12 mg/kg/day, and phenobarbital, 5 mg/kg/day resulted in serum concentrations averaging 10.8 microgram/ml before and 30.5 microgram/ml, after chloramphenicol therapy. A reduction in dose of both phenytoin and phenobarbital was required to minimize adverse effects during the course of chloramphenicol therapy. An average daily dose of phenytoin of 9.1 mg/kg resulted in an average serum concentration of 17.8 microgram/ml. A daily dose of phenobarbital of 4.0 mg/kg resulted in an average serum concentration of 37.1 microgram/ml. These changes indicate 50.5% and 40.4% decreases in clearance of phenytoin and phenobarbital. Multiple-dose nonlinear regression analysis of phenytoin and phenobarbital serum concentration data obtained during chloramphenicol therapy indicated a 62.5% and a 29.5% decrease in clearance. Subsequent serum concentration monitoring demonstrated a similar reduction in phenobarbital clearance when chloramphenicol was added to phenobarbital alone.", "contents": "Interaction of chloramphenicol with phenytoin and phenobarbital. Case report. The effect of chloramphenicol therapy (48 mg/kg/day) on the serum concentrations of phenytoin and phenobarbital was studied in a patient previously stabilized on anticonvulsant medications. Phenytoin, 12 mg/kg/day, and phenobarbital, 5 mg/kg/day resulted in serum concentrations averaging 10.8 microgram/ml before and 30.5 microgram/ml, after chloramphenicol therapy. A reduction in dose of both phenytoin and phenobarbital was required to minimize adverse effects during the course of chloramphenicol therapy. An average daily dose of phenytoin of 9.1 mg/kg resulted in an average serum concentration of 17.8 microgram/ml. A daily dose of phenobarbital of 4.0 mg/kg resulted in an average serum concentration of 37.1 microgram/ml. These changes indicate 50.5% and 40.4% decreases in clearance of phenytoin and phenobarbital. Multiple-dose nonlinear regression analysis of phenytoin and phenobarbital serum concentration data obtained during chloramphenicol therapy indicated a 62.5% and a 29.5% decrease in clearance. Subsequent serum concentration monitoring demonstrated a similar reduction in phenobarbital clearance when chloramphenicol was added to phenobarbital alone.", "PMID": 699481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_11999", "title": "Distinctive patterns of amobarbital metabolites.", "content": "This paper establishes that the relative proportion of amobarbital metabolites in urine is highly variable from person to person and that observations of plasma half-life give no indication of this variability, but it shows that a valid estimate of a given person's metabolite pattern can be obtained by studying a single urine specimen in the postdistributive phase. The two metabolites which were measured in urine accounted on the average of 9 subjects for 80% +/- 3% of the dose with a range from 66% to 94%. The two metabolites were the well known 3'-hydroxyamobarbital (COH) as a product of side chain hydroxylation and N-beta-D-glucopyranosyl amobarbital (N-glu), a glucose conjugate which at some earlier time had been mistaken for an N-hydroxylation product. Among 129 volunteer subjects, the metabolite ratio N-glu/COH showed a median value of about 0.5 with a range from 0 to 2.8. A virtual absence of N-glu was observed in one of the 129 subjects and confirmed by a second administration of amobarbital 3 mo later. Of the 14 subjects with predominant N-glu excretion 4 were of Chinese origin, while there were 6 Chinese among the 115 other subjects (p less than 0.02).", "contents": "Distinctive patterns of amobarbital metabolites. This paper establishes that the relative proportion of amobarbital metabolites in urine is highly variable from person to person and that observations of plasma half-life give no indication of this variability, but it shows that a valid estimate of a given person's metabolite pattern can be obtained by studying a single urine specimen in the postdistributive phase. The two metabolites which were measured in urine accounted on the average of 9 subjects for 80% +/- 3% of the dose with a range from 66% to 94%. The two metabolites were the well known 3'-hydroxyamobarbital (COH) as a product of side chain hydroxylation and N-beta-D-glucopyranosyl amobarbital (N-glu), a glucose conjugate which at some earlier time had been mistaken for an N-hydroxylation product. Among 129 volunteer subjects, the metabolite ratio N-glu/COH showed a median value of about 0.5 with a range from 0 to 2.8. A virtual absence of N-glu was observed in one of the 129 subjects and confirmed by a second administration of amobarbital 3 mo later. Of the 14 subjects with predominant N-glu excretion 4 were of Chinese origin, while there were 6 Chinese among the 115 other subjects (p less than 0.02).", "PMID": 699482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12000", "title": "Transplacental passage of diazepam during labor: influence of uterine contractions.", "content": "The rate of transplacental passage of diazepam (DZ) has been studied in 33 cases of cephalic presentation where operative forceps delivery was indicated by intrauterine hypoxia or by prolonged second stage of labor. The drug (30 mg) was injected intravenously immediately before delivery either during uterine contractions (Group I) or in the relaxation period (Group II) according to a randomized protocol. As judged by the concentration in the newborn and the child/mother concentration ratio at 2 hr after delivery, and the concentration on the second day, the fetal exposure to the drug was probably less when the injection was timed to coincide with uterine contractions. In the group of patients given the drug in the relaxation period, the injection-delivery (I-D) interval was up to 305 sec and the 2-hr child/mother concentration ratio was close to unity in some cases. It therefore appears that the transplacental passage of DZ is rapid when the high initial concentrations in the maternal circulation coincide with favorable conditions for transfer in the relaxation period. Although sleep was induced by the injection of DZ in all of the mothers, the amounts of drug transferred during the short I-D intervals in the present study did not exert delterious effects on the newborn infants.", "contents": "Transplacental passage of diazepam during labor: influence of uterine contractions. The rate of transplacental passage of diazepam (DZ) has been studied in 33 cases of cephalic presentation where operative forceps delivery was indicated by intrauterine hypoxia or by prolonged second stage of labor. The drug (30 mg) was injected intravenously immediately before delivery either during uterine contractions (Group I) or in the relaxation period (Group II) according to a randomized protocol. As judged by the concentration in the newborn and the child/mother concentration ratio at 2 hr after delivery, and the concentration on the second day, the fetal exposure to the drug was probably less when the injection was timed to coincide with uterine contractions. In the group of patients given the drug in the relaxation period, the injection-delivery (I-D) interval was up to 305 sec and the 2-hr child/mother concentration ratio was close to unity in some cases. It therefore appears that the transplacental passage of DZ is rapid when the high initial concentrations in the maternal circulation coincide with favorable conditions for transfer in the relaxation period. Although sleep was induced by the injection of DZ in all of the mothers, the amounts of drug transferred during the short I-D intervals in the present study did not exert delterious effects on the newborn infants.", "PMID": 699483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12001", "title": "Effect of ibuprofen on platelet function in normal subjects and hemophiliac patients.", "content": "New propionic acid derivatives are claimed to induce a lower incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding and hemostatic disturbance than older anti-inflammatory analgesics such as aspirin. One of these (ibuprofen, Motrin) was given (600 mg orally) to normal subjects and hemophiliac subjects on a random, double-blind basis (lactose placebo). Platelet adhesiveness, aggregation, platelet and red cell counts, percent packed cells, percent hemoglobin, serum ibuprofen levels, and modified Ivy bleeding time were measured before and 2 and 24 hr after drug. Predrug and 24-hr postdrug values were normal, but at 2 hr after drug, adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, and collagen aggregations were inhibited and bleeding times were slightly but significantly prolonged in the ibuprofen-treated normal subjects. The other parameters tested remained unchanged. Similar results were obtained in the ibuprofen-treated hemophiliac patients, although bleeding time was not prolonged. The results suggest that ibuprofen may be given to hemophiliac subjects with greater safety than some of the older anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Effect of ibuprofen on platelet function in normal subjects and hemophiliac patients. New propionic acid derivatives are claimed to induce a lower incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding and hemostatic disturbance than older anti-inflammatory analgesics such as aspirin. One of these (ibuprofen, Motrin) was given (600 mg orally) to normal subjects and hemophiliac subjects on a random, double-blind basis (lactose placebo). Platelet adhesiveness, aggregation, platelet and red cell counts, percent packed cells, percent hemoglobin, serum ibuprofen levels, and modified Ivy bleeding time were measured before and 2 and 24 hr after drug. Predrug and 24-hr postdrug values were normal, but at 2 hr after drug, adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, and collagen aggregations were inhibited and bleeding times were slightly but significantly prolonged in the ibuprofen-treated normal subjects. The other parameters tested remained unchanged. Similar results were obtained in the ibuprofen-treated hemophiliac patients, although bleeding time was not prolonged. The results suggest that ibuprofen may be given to hemophiliac subjects with greater safety than some of the older anti-inflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 699486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12002", "title": "Artistic anatomy, dimensions, and proportions of the external ear.", "content": "All ears are different, and the degree of difference within the bounds of acceptability is remarkable. To that end, the keys to construction, reconstruction, or modification must be observed in order to mold an ear that \"looks right.\" Simply stated, these keys are as follows: The ear is a flap approximately 50 to 60% as wide as it is high, sitting back one earlength (6.5 to 7.5 cm) from the lateral orbital rim, with the top of the ear level with the brow inclined approximately 20 degrees and protruding 1.5 to 2.0 cm from the head. It is composed of five critical elements: concha, helix, antihelix, tragus, and lobule, and parts of lesser importance including antitragus, intertragic notch, and Darwin's tubercle. The subtleties of form and proportion of its features will be revealed by careful observation and study.", "contents": "Artistic anatomy, dimensions, and proportions of the external ear. All ears are different, and the degree of difference within the bounds of acceptability is remarkable. To that end, the keys to construction, reconstruction, or modification must be observed in order to mold an ear that \"looks right.\" Simply stated, these keys are as follows: The ear is a flap approximately 50 to 60% as wide as it is high, sitting back one earlength (6.5 to 7.5 cm) from the lateral orbital rim, with the top of the ear level with the brow inclined approximately 20 degrees and protruding 1.5 to 2.0 cm from the head. It is composed of five critical elements: concha, helix, antihelix, tragus, and lobule, and parts of lesser importance including antitragus, intertragic notch, and Darwin's tubercle. The subtleties of form and proportion of its features will be revealed by careful observation and study.", "PMID": 699488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12003", "title": "Microvascular surgery in avulsive trauma to the external ear.", "content": "Ears amputated as part of scalping injuries have a good chance of survival in favorable circumstances. Survival of subtotally amputated ears is probably enhanced materially by arterial repairs. One experience with a completely avulsed ear that was replaced with two arterial repairs and no vein repairs showed initial perfusion, but eventually failed.", "contents": "Microvascular surgery in avulsive trauma to the external ear. Ears amputated as part of scalping injuries have a good chance of survival in favorable circumstances. Survival of subtotally amputated ears is probably enhanced materially by arterial repairs. One experience with a completely avulsed ear that was replaced with two arterial repairs and no vein repairs showed initial perfusion, but eventually failed.", "PMID": 699494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12004", "title": "Prominent ears.", "content": "The prominent ear deformity can be divided into two basic types, and combinations of the two. Two different operations are proposed to treat the cause of the deformity without foreign bodies or suture tension. The result should be an ideal shape. The ear should also feel normal and should not show any stigma of surgery.", "contents": "Prominent ears. The prominent ear deformity can be divided into two basic types, and combinations of the two. Two different operations are proposed to treat the cause of the deformity without foreign bodies or suture tension. The result should be an ideal shape. The ear should also feel normal and should not show any stigma of surgery.", "PMID": 699496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12005", "title": "A comparison of methods for measurement of rectal potential difference in man: effects of rectal infusion of amiloride.", "content": "1. Two methods for measurement of rectal potential difference in man were compared. A saline-filled catheter technique gave more reproducible results and was better tolerated by patients than the solid probe technique. 2. Infusion of amiloride at a concentration of 4 x 10(-6) mol/l in saline produced a variable fall of potential difference in six normal subjects. Dose-response curves in two subjects showed that complete inhibition of rectal difference occurred at 4 x 10(-5) mol/l and 4 x 10(-6) mol/l respectively. 3. This finding provides additional evidence that rectal potential difference in man results from electrogenic ion transport across the mucosal epithelial cell.", "contents": "A comparison of methods for measurement of rectal potential difference in man: effects of rectal infusion of amiloride. 1. Two methods for measurement of rectal potential difference in man were compared. A saline-filled catheter technique gave more reproducible results and was better tolerated by patients than the solid probe technique. 2. Infusion of amiloride at a concentration of 4 x 10(-6) mol/l in saline produced a variable fall of potential difference in six normal subjects. Dose-response curves in two subjects showed that complete inhibition of rectal difference occurred at 4 x 10(-5) mol/l and 4 x 10(-6) mol/l respectively. 3. This finding provides additional evidence that rectal potential difference in man results from electrogenic ion transport across the mucosal epithelial cell.", "PMID": 699498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12006", "title": "Abnormalities of renal transport of sodium o-[131I]iodohippurate (Hippuran) in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Renal function has been studied in 312 hypertensive patients by quantitative renography with sodium o-[131I]iodohippurate (131I-labelled Hippuran) and estimation of overall effective renal plasma flow. In 59% of the patients the results were normal. 2. Severe hypertension was associated not only with reduced effective renal plasma flow but also a characteristic abnormality of Hippuran transport in 10% of the patients in which there was a wider than normal variation in transit times of Hippuran through the kidney, which may reflect non-uniformity of reabsorption of filtrate by different groups of nephrons. 3. Plasma renin activity was higher in a group of 14 patients with multimodal transit time spectra than in a matched hypertensive control group, with very substantial overlap between the two groups. 4. The renographic abnormality was usually reversed by treatment.", "contents": "Abnormalities of renal transport of sodium o-[131I]iodohippurate (Hippuran) in essential hypertension. 1. Renal function has been studied in 312 hypertensive patients by quantitative renography with sodium o-[131I]iodohippurate (131I-labelled Hippuran) and estimation of overall effective renal plasma flow. In 59% of the patients the results were normal. 2. Severe hypertension was associated not only with reduced effective renal plasma flow but also a characteristic abnormality of Hippuran transport in 10% of the patients in which there was a wider than normal variation in transit times of Hippuran through the kidney, which may reflect non-uniformity of reabsorption of filtrate by different groups of nephrons. 3. Plasma renin activity was higher in a group of 14 patients with multimodal transit time spectra than in a matched hypertensive control group, with very substantial overlap between the two groups. 4. The renographic abnormality was usually reversed by treatment.", "PMID": 699499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12007", "title": "Renal vasoconstriction in glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Studies in the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "1. Acute renal failure was produced in rats by the intramuscular injection of glycerol (6.1 mol/l 10 ml/kg). Either 2 or 4--6 h later the right kidney was isolated and perfused for 1 h with an electrolyte solution containing a gelatin preparation (Haemaccel, 35 g/l) at pressures between 90 and 100 mm Hg in a single-pass system. 2. In kidneys taken from rats with acute renal failure renal vascular resistance was markedly increased immediately after the start of the perfusion as compared with control kidneys taken from untreated rats. During the following 30 min of perfusion the resistance progressively decreased and, at 1 h of perfusion, was similar to that in control kidneys or only moderately elevated. 3. Despite the reduction of renal vascular resistance glomerular filtration rate was still markedly increased immediately after the start of the perfusion as compared with control kidneys taken from untreated rats. During the following 30 min of perfusion the resistance progressively decreased and, at 1 h of perfusion, was similar to that in control kidneys or only moderately elevated. 3. Despite the reduction of renal vascular resistance glomerular filtration rate was still markedly impaired after 1 h of perfusion and fractional reabsorption of sodium and water as well as the secretion of p-aminohippurate were diminished. Renal venous renin concentration and renin release were lower in kidneys taken from rats with acute renal failure than in the control experiments. 4. These results suggest that the increase in renal vascular resistance and the stimulation of renin release after injection of glycerol in vivo are the consequence of extra- rather than intra-renal mechanisms.", "contents": "Renal vasoconstriction in glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Studies in the isolated perfused rat kidney. 1. Acute renal failure was produced in rats by the intramuscular injection of glycerol (6.1 mol/l 10 ml/kg). Either 2 or 4--6 h later the right kidney was isolated and perfused for 1 h with an electrolyte solution containing a gelatin preparation (Haemaccel, 35 g/l) at pressures between 90 and 100 mm Hg in a single-pass system. 2. In kidneys taken from rats with acute renal failure renal vascular resistance was markedly increased immediately after the start of the perfusion as compared with control kidneys taken from untreated rats. During the following 30 min of perfusion the resistance progressively decreased and, at 1 h of perfusion, was similar to that in control kidneys or only moderately elevated. 3. Despite the reduction of renal vascular resistance glomerular filtration rate was still markedly increased immediately after the start of the perfusion as compared with control kidneys taken from untreated rats. During the following 30 min of perfusion the resistance progressively decreased and, at 1 h of perfusion, was similar to that in control kidneys or only moderately elevated. 3. Despite the reduction of renal vascular resistance glomerular filtration rate was still markedly impaired after 1 h of perfusion and fractional reabsorption of sodium and water as well as the secretion of p-aminohippurate were diminished. Renal venous renin concentration and renin release were lower in kidneys taken from rats with acute renal failure than in the control experiments. 4. These results suggest that the increase in renal vascular resistance and the stimulation of renin release after injection of glycerol in vivo are the consequence of extra- rather than intra-renal mechanisms.", "PMID": 699500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12008", "title": "Bile secretion and bile composition in the freely moving, unanaesthetized rat with a permanent biliary drainage: influence of food intake on bile flow.", "content": "1. In freely moving, unanesthetized rats bile flow was measured continuously over the whole day--night cycle. Bile composition was analysed and the influence of food intake on bile flow was investigated. 2. In both sexes a distinct circadian variation of bile production was observed. The mean night-time production was 50% higher than the day-time value for female rats and 38% for male rats. In the morning when the light was switched on, a sharp decrease in secretion rate was prominent and bile flow gradually increased in the afternoon. 3. The pattern of food intake was positively correlated with the pattern of food bile secretion. During fasting only the general level of bile flow decreased, but the circadian variation persisted. Refeeding again increased the mean level of bile flow. 4. The chenodeoxycholate/cholate ratio in these rats with permanent bile fistulae was higher than in rats with \"acute\" bile fistulae and changed during the day--night cycle. The ratio decreased from 1.01 at 05.00 hours to a minimum of 0.41 at 15.00 hours. 5. During the day--night cycle the sodium, potassium, calcium and cholesterol concentrations were relatively constant. The total bile salt concentration was only slightly changed, so that both the bile salt-dependent fraction and the bile salt-independent fraction were subject to about the same circadian variations.", "contents": "Bile secretion and bile composition in the freely moving, unanaesthetized rat with a permanent biliary drainage: influence of food intake on bile flow. 1. In freely moving, unanesthetized rats bile flow was measured continuously over the whole day--night cycle. Bile composition was analysed and the influence of food intake on bile flow was investigated. 2. In both sexes a distinct circadian variation of bile production was observed. The mean night-time production was 50% higher than the day-time value for female rats and 38% for male rats. In the morning when the light was switched on, a sharp decrease in secretion rate was prominent and bile flow gradually increased in the afternoon. 3. The pattern of food intake was positively correlated with the pattern of food bile secretion. During fasting only the general level of bile flow decreased, but the circadian variation persisted. Refeeding again increased the mean level of bile flow. 4. The chenodeoxycholate/cholate ratio in these rats with permanent bile fistulae was higher than in rats with \"acute\" bile fistulae and changed during the day--night cycle. The ratio decreased from 1.01 at 05.00 hours to a minimum of 0.41 at 15.00 hours. 5. During the day--night cycle the sodium, potassium, calcium and cholesterol concentrations were relatively constant. The total bile salt concentration was only slightly changed, so that both the bile salt-dependent fraction and the bile salt-independent fraction were subject to about the same circadian variations.", "PMID": 699501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12009", "title": "Partial characterization of aortic renin in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and its interrelationship with plasma renin, blood pressure and sodium balance.", "content": "1. A renin-like enzyme in aortic tissue of the spontaneously hypertensive rat was found to be a freely dissociable enzyme (saline homogenization) with an affinity for the renin inhibitor pepstatin. At neutral pH values, the enzyme was active in homologous plasma to produce angiotensin I, and therefore distinct from pseudorenin and cathepsin D. The arterial enzyme and semi-purified renal renin could not be distinguished on the basis of Km values by using homologous renin substrate 2. An inverse relationship between the aortic renin content of the spontaneously hypertensive rat and the progressive increase of systolic blood pressure was observed with age. In contrast to this strain of rat, aortic renin of the normotensive WKY strain did not decline with age. 3. Plasma renin concentration and the aortic renin content of the spontaneously hypertensive rat showed divergent changes in response to a blood pressure fall associated with acute diuretic therapy, chronic administration of hydrallazine and in some animals in response to chronic administration of propranolol. 4. A low sodium diet elevated both plasma and aortic renin and retarded the progressive increase of blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. A high sodium diet accelerated the progress of hypertension with no effect on aortic or plasma renin. 5. Antihypertensive therapy (1--6 weeks), resulting in a lowering of conscious systolic blood pressure of the spontaneously hypertensive rat, consistently led to a decrease in aortic renin content.", "contents": "Partial characterization of aortic renin in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and its interrelationship with plasma renin, blood pressure and sodium balance. 1. A renin-like enzyme in aortic tissue of the spontaneously hypertensive rat was found to be a freely dissociable enzyme (saline homogenization) with an affinity for the renin inhibitor pepstatin. At neutral pH values, the enzyme was active in homologous plasma to produce angiotensin I, and therefore distinct from pseudorenin and cathepsin D. The arterial enzyme and semi-purified renal renin could not be distinguished on the basis of Km values by using homologous renin substrate 2. An inverse relationship between the aortic renin content of the spontaneously hypertensive rat and the progressive increase of systolic blood pressure was observed with age. In contrast to this strain of rat, aortic renin of the normotensive WKY strain did not decline with age. 3. Plasma renin concentration and the aortic renin content of the spontaneously hypertensive rat showed divergent changes in response to a blood pressure fall associated with acute diuretic therapy, chronic administration of hydrallazine and in some animals in response to chronic administration of propranolol. 4. A low sodium diet elevated both plasma and aortic renin and retarded the progressive increase of blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. A high sodium diet accelerated the progress of hypertension with no effect on aortic or plasma renin. 5. Antihypertensive therapy (1--6 weeks), resulting in a lowering of conscious systolic blood pressure of the spontaneously hypertensive rat, consistently led to a decrease in aortic renin content.", "PMID": 699502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12010", "title": "Validation of \"transit renography\" for the determination of the intrarenal distribution of plasma flow: comparison with the microsphere method in the anaesthetized rabbit and pig.", "content": "1. The spectrum of transit times of sodium o-iodohippurate (Hippuran) through the kidney can be derived from an 131I- (or 123I-) labelled Hippuran renogram by deconvolution. In the rabbit and pig, as has previously been shown in man, the frequency distribution curve for the transit times was bimodal. Since the transit time is likely to be proportional to the nephron length, the area of the first mode is likely to represent plasma flow to the shorter outer cortical nephrons whereas the delayed mode represents flow to the long juxtamedullary nephrons. 2. This interpretation was tested by simultaneously comparing renography with the microsphere method of measuring intrarenal plasma flow distribution in 12 rabbits and two pigs with a variety of anaesthetics. A close agreement was found between both methods for the percentage of plasma flow distributed to the outer cortical nephrons, thus supporting the use of \"transit renography\" to determine the intrarenal distribution of plasma flow.", "contents": "Validation of \"transit renography\" for the determination of the intrarenal distribution of plasma flow: comparison with the microsphere method in the anaesthetized rabbit and pig. 1. The spectrum of transit times of sodium o-iodohippurate (Hippuran) through the kidney can be derived from an 131I- (or 123I-) labelled Hippuran renogram by deconvolution. In the rabbit and pig, as has previously been shown in man, the frequency distribution curve for the transit times was bimodal. Since the transit time is likely to be proportional to the nephron length, the area of the first mode is likely to represent plasma flow to the shorter outer cortical nephrons whereas the delayed mode represents flow to the long juxtamedullary nephrons. 2. This interpretation was tested by simultaneously comparing renography with the microsphere method of measuring intrarenal plasma flow distribution in 12 rabbits and two pigs with a variety of anaesthetics. A close agreement was found between both methods for the percentage of plasma flow distributed to the outer cortical nephrons, thus supporting the use of \"transit renography\" to determine the intrarenal distribution of plasma flow.", "PMID": 699503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12011", "title": "Analytical subcellular fractionation of jejunal biopsy specimens: enzyme activities, organelle pathology and response to corticosteroids in patients with non-responsive coeliac disease.", "content": "1. Jejunal biopsies from five patients with non-responsive coeliac disease have been subjected to analytical subcellular fractionation and enzymic microassay in order to compare the organelle pathology of this group with untreated but glutensensitive patients. 2. Compared with the gluten-sensitive group these non-responsive patients showed marked reduction of the endoplasmic reticulum enzymes, normal activities of lysosomal enzymes and slightly less severely reduced brush border activities. 3. It is suggested that the present biochemical studies in combination with previous clinical reports and measurements of DNA and protein synthesis by cultured mucosal biopsies delineate non-responsive coeliac disease as a distinct entity. 4. The patients were treated with oral prednisolone (20 mg daily) for between 5 and 9 weeks and the properties of the jejunal biopsies restudied. 5. Although morphologically there was only a partial restoration of the villus architecture the enzymic alterations and organelle abnormalities returned essentially to normal values.", "contents": "Analytical subcellular fractionation of jejunal biopsy specimens: enzyme activities, organelle pathology and response to corticosteroids in patients with non-responsive coeliac disease. 1. Jejunal biopsies from five patients with non-responsive coeliac disease have been subjected to analytical subcellular fractionation and enzymic microassay in order to compare the organelle pathology of this group with untreated but glutensensitive patients. 2. Compared with the gluten-sensitive group these non-responsive patients showed marked reduction of the endoplasmic reticulum enzymes, normal activities of lysosomal enzymes and slightly less severely reduced brush border activities. 3. It is suggested that the present biochemical studies in combination with previous clinical reports and measurements of DNA and protein synthesis by cultured mucosal biopsies delineate non-responsive coeliac disease as a distinct entity. 4. The patients were treated with oral prednisolone (20 mg daily) for between 5 and 9 weeks and the properties of the jejunal biopsies restudied. 5. Although morphologically there was only a partial restoration of the villus architecture the enzymic alterations and organelle abnormalities returned essentially to normal values.", "PMID": 699505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12012", "title": "The respiratory response to inhaled carbon dioxide in man after 3 hours exposure to 3% carbon dioxide.", "content": "1. The respiratory response to inhaled 3% and 6% CO2 was measured in 10 normal subjects after a 3 h acclimatization period to 3% CO2 in an environmental chamber. Control studies were carried out after a 3 h period of breathing air in the chamber. 2. At the end of the acclimatization period studies were carried out during 20 min periods breathing 3% CO2, 6% CO2 and air. 3. At 2-min intervals during the studies measurements were made of tidal volume (Vt), breathing frequency (fR), minute ventilation (Ve), viscous pulmonary rate of work (Wp) and total viscous rate of work across the lungs and apparatus (Wt). Blood gas tensions were measured at the end of this period. 4. After acclimatization to 3% CO2 there was a significant shift in the response curves Ve/Pa,CO2 and Wt/Pa,CO2 such that subjects showed higher Pa,CO2 values for given values of Ve or Wt. There was no significant change in the slope of the response curves. 5. No correlation was found between the slope of the response curve after the control period breathing air and the degree of shift of the response curve. 6. There was no difference in respiratory pattern or in pulmonary resistance. 7. Similar results were found in two subjects studied after 24 h acclimatization to 3% CO2 but one subject also showed a significant change in the slope of the Ve/Pa,CO2 curve.", "contents": "The respiratory response to inhaled carbon dioxide in man after 3 hours exposure to 3% carbon dioxide. 1. The respiratory response to inhaled 3% and 6% CO2 was measured in 10 normal subjects after a 3 h acclimatization period to 3% CO2 in an environmental chamber. Control studies were carried out after a 3 h period of breathing air in the chamber. 2. At the end of the acclimatization period studies were carried out during 20 min periods breathing 3% CO2, 6% CO2 and air. 3. At 2-min intervals during the studies measurements were made of tidal volume (Vt), breathing frequency (fR), minute ventilation (Ve), viscous pulmonary rate of work (Wp) and total viscous rate of work across the lungs and apparatus (Wt). Blood gas tensions were measured at the end of this period. 4. After acclimatization to 3% CO2 there was a significant shift in the response curves Ve/Pa,CO2 and Wt/Pa,CO2 such that subjects showed higher Pa,CO2 values for given values of Ve or Wt. There was no significant change in the slope of the response curves. 5. No correlation was found between the slope of the response curve after the control period breathing air and the degree of shift of the response curve. 6. There was no difference in respiratory pattern or in pulmonary resistance. 7. Similar results were found in two subjects studied after 24 h acclimatization to 3% CO2 but one subject also showed a significant change in the slope of the Ve/Pa,CO2 curve.", "PMID": 699507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12013", "title": "The distribution of cardiac output in the anaesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "1. Radioactive 15 micrometer and 50 micrometer diameter microspheres were used to determine cardiac output, its regional distribution and tissue blood flow in adult normotensive Wistar and Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rats. 2. Cardiac output in the spontaneously hypertensive rats was the same as in Wistar normotensive rats, but its distribution in the hypertensive rats appeared to differ: there was a significant increase in the proportion of microspheres trapped in the liver whereas fewer were found in the gastrointestinal tract. This indicates that a greater fraction of the cardiac output passes along the hepatic artery and less through the splanchnic bed. 3. Blood flow in skin and skeletal muscle in spontaneously hypertensive rats was approximately 50% of that in Wistar normotensive rats.", "contents": "The distribution of cardiac output in the anaesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rat. 1. Radioactive 15 micrometer and 50 micrometer diameter microspheres were used to determine cardiac output, its regional distribution and tissue blood flow in adult normotensive Wistar and Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rats. 2. Cardiac output in the spontaneously hypertensive rats was the same as in Wistar normotensive rats, but its distribution in the hypertensive rats appeared to differ: there was a significant increase in the proportion of microspheres trapped in the liver whereas fewer were found in the gastrointestinal tract. This indicates that a greater fraction of the cardiac output passes along the hepatic artery and less through the splanchnic bed. 3. Blood flow in skin and skeletal muscle in spontaneously hypertensive rats was approximately 50% of that in Wistar normotensive rats.", "PMID": 699508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12014", "title": "The effectiveness of planning for community mental health center inpatient units.", "content": "The number of beds identified among 308 community mental health centers in operation in 1972 bore little relation to inpatient case load or to the proportion of center patients likely to require hospitalization. Analysis of occupancy data indicated that there was a surplus of beds in many centers. These findings suggest a lack of effective planning for community mental health center impact on the nature of psychiatric treatment provided. This is suggested by the close relationship between inpatient capacity and average duration of stay.", "contents": "The effectiveness of planning for community mental health center inpatient units. The number of beds identified among 308 community mental health centers in operation in 1972 bore little relation to inpatient case load or to the proportion of center patients likely to require hospitalization. Analysis of occupancy data indicated that there was a surplus of beds in many centers. These findings suggest a lack of effective planning for community mental health center impact on the nature of psychiatric treatment provided. This is suggested by the close relationship between inpatient capacity and average duration of stay.", "PMID": 699526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12015", "title": "Nonprofessionals in the rehabilitation of mentally disordered sex offenders.", "content": "Eighty-six sex offenders were exposed to a 6-month voluntary program of either group encounters (experimental group) or hobbies and games (control group) led by nonprofessionals. Pre- and posttests included a personality test, an introspective report, and a behavior rating scale. Written ward records were assessed as were the results of a postexperimental prisoner evaluation of the experience. Significant changes were evidenced by encounter subjects in improved feelings of approval of the prison-hospital experience, lessened hostility, and better attendance at the meetings. Encounter subjects were improved in the predicted direction on 55 of the 74 treatment dimensions. Community volunteers were judged moderately successful as lay therapists.", "contents": "Nonprofessionals in the rehabilitation of mentally disordered sex offenders. Eighty-six sex offenders were exposed to a 6-month voluntary program of either group encounters (experimental group) or hobbies and games (control group) led by nonprofessionals. Pre- and posttests included a personality test, an introspective report, and a behavior rating scale. Written ward records were assessed as were the results of a postexperimental prisoner evaluation of the experience. Significant changes were evidenced by encounter subjects in improved feelings of approval of the prison-hospital experience, lessened hostility, and better attendance at the meetings. Encounter subjects were improved in the predicted direction on 55 of the 74 treatment dimensions. Community volunteers were judged moderately successful as lay therapists.", "PMID": 699527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12016", "title": "Education as a force for change in mental health settings.", "content": "The authors focus on the educational process as a force for bringing about changes in the community or within an agency setting. Four change agent roles--specialist, problem solver, consciousness raiser, and advocate--are identified and described. Attention is then focused on criteria for choosing a change agent role. What kind of change is needed? What is the probability of success using a given role? What are the consequences of functioning in a given role? These are three questions an educational change agent should ask before choosing a role as specialist, problem solver, consciousness raiser or advocate.", "contents": "Education as a force for change in mental health settings. The authors focus on the educational process as a force for bringing about changes in the community or within an agency setting. Four change agent roles--specialist, problem solver, consciousness raiser, and advocate--are identified and described. Attention is then focused on criteria for choosing a change agent role. What kind of change is needed? What is the probability of success using a given role? What are the consequences of functioning in a given role? These are three questions an educational change agent should ask before choosing a role as specialist, problem solver, consciousness raiser or advocate.", "PMID": 699528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12017", "title": "Curricula of associate degree mental health/human-services training programs.", "content": "Over 100 community college programs engaged in training people for mental health/human-services employment were studied in order to describe the curriculum most generally offered and variations most frequently found. In general, the programs have developed similarly: major emphasis on experiential learning of group dynamics, on techniques of interpersonal assistance, and on apprenticeship field work experience; and lesser emphasis on the organizational aspects of care and on relevant theoretical literature. Nevertheless, substantial differences exist between programs; for example, the specialization of the curriculum, the credit awarded for field work experience, and the types of settings used for field placements.", "contents": "Curricula of associate degree mental health/human-services training programs. Over 100 community college programs engaged in training people for mental health/human-services employment were studied in order to describe the curriculum most generally offered and variations most frequently found. In general, the programs have developed similarly: major emphasis on experiential learning of group dynamics, on techniques of interpersonal assistance, and on apprenticeship field work experience; and lesser emphasis on the organizational aspects of care and on relevant theoretical literature. Nevertheless, substantial differences exist between programs; for example, the specialization of the curriculum, the credit awarded for field work experience, and the types of settings used for field placements.", "PMID": 699529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12018", "title": "Planning community treatment for sex offenders.", "content": "In California and in Great Britain plans are being made to move the treatment setting for many sex offenders from large state hospitals to community sites. The most useful aspects of the state hospital programs can be adapted to the community setting. In the proposed treatment centers, graded levels of security may include inpatient, half-way house, and outpatient facilities. The therapist will coordinate social and educational programs as well as psychiatric care. Optimally, the community treatment center will have university support so as to facilitate training in forensic psychiatry and research into the etiology and management of sexually aggressive behavior.", "contents": "Planning community treatment for sex offenders. In California and in Great Britain plans are being made to move the treatment setting for many sex offenders from large state hospitals to community sites. The most useful aspects of the state hospital programs can be adapted to the community setting. In the proposed treatment centers, graded levels of security may include inpatient, half-way house, and outpatient facilities. The therapist will coordinate social and educational programs as well as psychiatric care. Optimally, the community treatment center will have university support so as to facilitate training in forensic psychiatry and research into the etiology and management of sexually aggressive behavior.", "PMID": 699530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12019", "title": "Hospital and family cooperating to reduce psychological trauma.", "content": "In spite of the advantages of increased parent participation in the hospitalization of children, institutions resist change to facilitate family care. The development of one-day surgical units provides increased flexibility and reduces many psychological stresses. A film was made of one child's experience with outpatient herniorraphy after being held by her mother during induction of anesthesia. The film documents one hospital's effort to meet the psychological needs of parents and children; it also helped change inpatient procedures.", "contents": "Hospital and family cooperating to reduce psychological trauma. In spite of the advantages of increased parent participation in the hospitalization of children, institutions resist change to facilitate family care. The development of one-day surgical units provides increased flexibility and reduces many psychological stresses. A film was made of one child's experience with outpatient herniorraphy after being held by her mother during induction of anesthesia. The film documents one hospital's effort to meet the psychological needs of parents and children; it also helped change inpatient procedures.", "PMID": 699531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12020", "title": "Promises, promises or community mental health services and training: ships that pass in the night.", "content": "In common with other publicly funded human-service programs, community mental health centers are victimized by a political advocacy process that inflates expectations, distorts value judgments and, as a result, helps promote ultimate disillusionment. The problems resulting from this \"overpromise\" are compounded by the performance of staff who are inadequately trained for their jobs. By and large, the education of mental health professionals does not equip them for work in community mental health centers. What they learn in school is not sufficiently related to what they do. The development of \"undisciplined\" mental health professionals with degrees in mental health should be considered. Their training would rest on new curricula that reflect the needs of patients in community mental health settings and be free of the constraints inherent in traditional disciplinary models.", "contents": "Promises, promises or community mental health services and training: ships that pass in the night. In common with other publicly funded human-service programs, community mental health centers are victimized by a political advocacy process that inflates expectations, distorts value judgments and, as a result, helps promote ultimate disillusionment. The problems resulting from this \"overpromise\" are compounded by the performance of staff who are inadequately trained for their jobs. By and large, the education of mental health professionals does not equip them for work in community mental health centers. What they learn in school is not sufficiently related to what they do. The development of \"undisciplined\" mental health professionals with degrees in mental health should be considered. Their training would rest on new curricula that reflect the needs of patients in community mental health settings and be free of the constraints inherent in traditional disciplinary models.", "PMID": 699532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12021", "title": "Models of staff support for mental health/mental retardation community boards.", "content": "With the advent of the 1975 Amendments to federal mental health legislation which call for community governing bodies to oversee local mental health services, the question of effective board functioning becomes crucial. This paper describes professional staff roles and staff support models that can be used to enable better functioning of community boards. Questions of placement in the hierarchy and selection of the worker are also addressed.", "contents": "Models of staff support for mental health/mental retardation community boards. With the advent of the 1975 Amendments to federal mental health legislation which call for community governing bodies to oversee local mental health services, the question of effective board functioning becomes crucial. This paper describes professional staff roles and staff support models that can be used to enable better functioning of community boards. Questions of placement in the hierarchy and selection of the worker are also addressed.", "PMID": 699533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12022", "title": "Clinical interest of coronal and sagittal CT sections.", "content": "Normal and pathological anatomy of the brain can be studied in different cross-sectional planes. Of specific interest here are sagittal and coronal views obtained by computer reconstruction procedures. The three different planes for the reconstruction of the images are complementary, of real clinical interest, and are particularly useful for an accurate localization of lesions, either for surgical intervention or for radiotherapy planning purposes.", "contents": "Clinical interest of coronal and sagittal CT sections. Normal and pathological anatomy of the brain can be studied in different cross-sectional planes. Of specific interest here are sagittal and coronal views obtained by computer reconstruction procedures. The three different planes for the reconstruction of the images are complementary, of real clinical interest, and are particularly useful for an accurate localization of lesions, either for surgical intervention or for radiotherapy planning purposes.", "PMID": 699541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12023", "title": "Clinical application of a CT based treatment planning system.", "content": "An AECL (TP-11) treatment planning system has been modified to allow multiple CT scans to be used directly for dosage calculation and display. This CT/TP-11 system has incorporated the \"equivalent tissue-air ratio method\" to make corrections for the effects of tissue heterogeneity and the three-dimensional nature of patient shape. In test situations, using an anatomical phantom, an accuracy of ca. 2% has been attained. An investigation has also been made to assess the importance of the reproducibility of patient position and its effect on the validity of such dosage calcualtions. When representing an advance in sophistication of existing facilities, this system has also been designed with practically in mind.", "contents": "Clinical application of a CT based treatment planning system. An AECL (TP-11) treatment planning system has been modified to allow multiple CT scans to be used directly for dosage calculation and display. This CT/TP-11 system has incorporated the \"equivalent tissue-air ratio method\" to make corrections for the effects of tissue heterogeneity and the three-dimensional nature of patient shape. In test situations, using an anatomical phantom, an accuracy of ca. 2% has been attained. An investigation has also been made to assess the importance of the reproducibility of patient position and its effect on the validity of such dosage calcualtions. When representing an advance in sophistication of existing facilities, this system has also been designed with practically in mind.", "PMID": 699542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12024", "title": "Early diagnosis of tuberculous thoracic aortic aneurysm by computerized axial tomography.", "content": "A thoracic aortic aneurysm secondary to miliary tuberculosis was successfully diagnosed early in its course in an asymptomatic patient by computerized axial tomography with contrast enhancement. This non-invasive technique, performed on an outpatient basis, led to the rapid and successful treatment of the patient.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of tuberculous thoracic aortic aneurysm by computerized axial tomography. A thoracic aortic aneurysm secondary to miliary tuberculosis was successfully diagnosed early in its course in an asymptomatic patient by computerized axial tomography with contrast enhancement. This non-invasive technique, performed on an outpatient basis, led to the rapid and successful treatment of the patient.", "PMID": 699543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12025", "title": "The use of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules.", "content": "Pulmonary nodules, in particular the solitary pulmonary nodule or coin lesion, have presented diagnostic difficulties to the specialist in chest diseases. The controversy over managing such lesions ultimately involves the question of whether a given nodule is benign or malignant, and the reports of diagnostic experiences vary considerably. The criteria for diagnosing and managing pulmonary nodules prior to the advent of computerized tomography (CT) were based on anatomic descriptions from conventional and specialized X-ray techniques and on pathological consideration of tissues obtained by invasive techniques. The mathematical manipulation of the absorption coefficients of nodular lesions in the lungs, obtained in a non-invasive manner using CT, can provide additional criteria for diagnosing such lesions. In our study 20 nodules (6 malignant, 14 benign) were retrospectively studied with CT, and from the results it appears that there are distinctive patterns for malignant and benign lesions. We have explained our procedure in this paper and presented an illustrative case study.", "contents": "The use of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules. Pulmonary nodules, in particular the solitary pulmonary nodule or coin lesion, have presented diagnostic difficulties to the specialist in chest diseases. The controversy over managing such lesions ultimately involves the question of whether a given nodule is benign or malignant, and the reports of diagnostic experiences vary considerably. The criteria for diagnosing and managing pulmonary nodules prior to the advent of computerized tomography (CT) were based on anatomic descriptions from conventional and specialized X-ray techniques and on pathological consideration of tissues obtained by invasive techniques. The mathematical manipulation of the absorption coefficients of nodular lesions in the lungs, obtained in a non-invasive manner using CT, can provide additional criteria for diagnosing such lesions. In our study 20 nodules (6 malignant, 14 benign) were retrospectively studied with CT, and from the results it appears that there are distinctive patterns for malignant and benign lesions. We have explained our procedure in this paper and presented an illustrative case study.", "PMID": 699544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12026", "title": "Variations in the measurement of regional cerebral blood volume by CAT.", "content": "The cerebral blood volume (CBV) has been measured by transverse axial tomography. The attenuation coefficient of 100 \"pixels\" located in a well determined region was measured before and after injection of a contrast material (Telebrix 38). The attenuation coefficient of blood samples was measured by CT in a phantom. Blood samples were drawn before and after injection at the same time as the tomographic section (time: half rotation of the scanner). The volume was calculated by the (formula: see text). The values obtained with very early measurements (1--5 min after injection), were very close to those measured by other methods (3--5 ml/100 ml). For 5 patients, the CBV was measured by the same method at different times: 20 measures between 2 and 50 min after the injection. The CBV seemed to vary in function with time according to the equation: CBV in ML%: ate-bt + Vo (t = time in minutes: a = integration constant, a = 1.94; b = time constant, b = 0.089; Vo = real CBV). The apparent variation of CBV was the result of two factors related to the blood-brain barrier, (1) water movement from the extravascular space towards the intravascular space, related to the hyperosmolarity of the contrast medium. The variations of osmolarity and haematocrit values measured after contrast injection did confirm this hypothesis; and (2) iodine movement from the intravascular space towards the extravascular space, due to the toxicity of the material (hyperosmolarity, Na ions, etc). The measurement of CBV by CT is only possible if the contrast materials do not modify the blood-brain barrier. The use of actual materials allows the study of the blood-brain barrier behaviour and enables to make an estimate of the cerebral extra-cellular space. But CT is not a right method of CBV measurement with the contrast medium in use nowadays.", "contents": "Variations in the measurement of regional cerebral blood volume by CAT. The cerebral blood volume (CBV) has been measured by transverse axial tomography. The attenuation coefficient of 100 \"pixels\" located in a well determined region was measured before and after injection of a contrast material (Telebrix 38). The attenuation coefficient of blood samples was measured by CT in a phantom. Blood samples were drawn before and after injection at the same time as the tomographic section (time: half rotation of the scanner). The volume was calculated by the (formula: see text). The values obtained with very early measurements (1--5 min after injection), were very close to those measured by other methods (3--5 ml/100 ml). For 5 patients, the CBV was measured by the same method at different times: 20 measures between 2 and 50 min after the injection. The CBV seemed to vary in function with time according to the equation: CBV in ML%: ate-bt + Vo (t = time in minutes: a = integration constant, a = 1.94; b = time constant, b = 0.089; Vo = real CBV). The apparent variation of CBV was the result of two factors related to the blood-brain barrier, (1) water movement from the extravascular space towards the intravascular space, related to the hyperosmolarity of the contrast medium. The variations of osmolarity and haematocrit values measured after contrast injection did confirm this hypothesis; and (2) iodine movement from the intravascular space towards the extravascular space, due to the toxicity of the material (hyperosmolarity, Na ions, etc). The measurement of CBV by CT is only possible if the contrast materials do not modify the blood-brain barrier. The use of actual materials allows the study of the blood-brain barrier behaviour and enables to make an estimate of the cerebral extra-cellular space. But CT is not a right method of CBV measurement with the contrast medium in use nowadays.", "PMID": 699545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12027", "title": "Clinical symptomatology and computerized tomography in brain metastasis.", "content": "In 50 patients with a diagnosis of brain metastasis, a study was made commencing with the appearance of the first neurological symptom. Severe headaches were observed in 48% of the patients, followed by a change in character in 11% and motor disorders in 11%. The search for initial neurological signs will help dictate the precise moment of using the scanner to confirm the diagnosis, thus hopefully allowing for a quicker treatment and improving the survival rates of these patients.", "contents": "Clinical symptomatology and computerized tomography in brain metastasis. In 50 patients with a diagnosis of brain metastasis, a study was made commencing with the appearance of the first neurological symptom. Severe headaches were observed in 48% of the patients, followed by a change in character in 11% and motor disorders in 11%. The search for initial neurological signs will help dictate the precise moment of using the scanner to confirm the diagnosis, thus hopefully allowing for a quicker treatment and improving the survival rates of these patients.", "PMID": 699546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12028", "title": "The role of computed tomography in the evaluation of upper cervical spine pathology.", "content": "A series of nine patients with symptoms referable to the upper cervical spine were recently studied by both conventional radiographic techniques and computed axial tomography (CT), in an attempt to ascertain the effectiveness of CT in evaluating upper cervical spine pathology. We found CT a useful tool in diagnosing a variety of pathological conditions in this region, particularly when they involve subtle neural arch fractures, rotational deformities, or compromise of the neural canal.", "contents": "The role of computed tomography in the evaluation of upper cervical spine pathology. A series of nine patients with symptoms referable to the upper cervical spine were recently studied by both conventional radiographic techniques and computed axial tomography (CT), in an attempt to ascertain the effectiveness of CT in evaluating upper cervical spine pathology. We found CT a useful tool in diagnosing a variety of pathological conditions in this region, particularly when they involve subtle neural arch fractures, rotational deformities, or compromise of the neural canal.", "PMID": 699547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12029", "title": "Ultrasonography and CT scanning: a comparative study of abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "CT scanning has been successfully used in the evaluation of the abdominal aorta in over 70 patients. Half of this group, with abdominal aneurysms, was also studied by ultrasonography and the results compared. Both techniques proved equally reliable in the diagnosis of this entity. Closer correlation to the aneurysmal diameter measured at surgery was obtained by CT scanning; underestimation of size by ultrasonography was a frequent finding. Aortic lumen and intra-aneurysmal thrombus were also more clearly demonstrated by CT when contrast enhancement was added. Evaluation of aneurysmal length is done more effectively by ultrasonography although sagittal reconstruction by CT has been now attempted.", "contents": "Ultrasonography and CT scanning: a comparative study of abdominal aortic aneurysms. CT scanning has been successfully used in the evaluation of the abdominal aorta in over 70 patients. Half of this group, with abdominal aneurysms, was also studied by ultrasonography and the results compared. Both techniques proved equally reliable in the diagnosis of this entity. Closer correlation to the aneurysmal diameter measured at surgery was obtained by CT scanning; underestimation of size by ultrasonography was a frequent finding. Aortic lumen and intra-aneurysmal thrombus were also more clearly demonstrated by CT when contrast enhancement was added. Evaluation of aneurysmal length is done more effectively by ultrasonography although sagittal reconstruction by CT has been now attempted.", "PMID": 699548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12030", "title": "Radiation dose and labeling of hippuran.", "content": "Renal morphology and renal function were studied with iodine-123-hippurate in 98 patients with various renal diseases. Sequential scintigraphy with iodine-123-hippurate demonstrates much better renal blood flow, morphology and function than iodine-131-hippurate. A method of labeling hippurate in a short time (2 h) with high efficiency (95--100%) is described. Radiation exposure to various organs was calculated and significant differences in radiation exposure to the thyroid are demonstrated.", "contents": "Radiation dose and labeling of hippuran. Renal morphology and renal function were studied with iodine-123-hippurate in 98 patients with various renal diseases. Sequential scintigraphy with iodine-123-hippurate demonstrates much better renal blood flow, morphology and function than iodine-131-hippurate. A method of labeling hippurate in a short time (2 h) with high efficiency (95--100%) is described. Radiation exposure to various organs was calculated and significant differences in radiation exposure to the thyroid are demonstrated.", "PMID": 699573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12031", "title": "Sensitivity and specificity of radioisotope renography in renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Effective drug therapy for hypertension modifies the urgency of establishing a diagnosis of renal arterial stenosis. The cost of establishing a diagnosis must be considered with other factors in determining the usefulness of renography in renovascular hypertension. Recently published studies estimate the cost effectiveness of this procedure based on some data from a cooperative study of renal vascular hypertension. The small but costly incidence of false positives contributes significantly to the total cost of patient screening. Careful attention to technical details that are presented here could reduce false positives without sacrificing the true positives. However, even with increased specificity economic considerations would indicate limiting a screening program to younger patients or those in whom a drug regimen is unsuccessful.", "contents": "Sensitivity and specificity of radioisotope renography in renovascular hypertension. Effective drug therapy for hypertension modifies the urgency of establishing a diagnosis of renal arterial stenosis. The cost of establishing a diagnosis must be considered with other factors in determining the usefulness of renography in renovascular hypertension. Recently published studies estimate the cost effectiveness of this procedure based on some data from a cooperative study of renal vascular hypertension. The small but costly incidence of false positives contributes significantly to the total cost of patient screening. Careful attention to technical details that are presented here could reduce false positives without sacrificing the true positives. However, even with increased specificity economic considerations would indicate limiting a screening program to younger patients or those in whom a drug regimen is unsuccessful.", "PMID": 699574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12032", "title": "Gray scale echography of unilateral renal disease.", "content": "Gray scale ultrasound is a reliable noninvasive method of demonstrating renal pathology. It is simple nontraumatic, nonionizing and can be readily utilized in the differentiation of cystic and solid lesions.", "contents": "Gray scale echography of unilateral renal disease. Gray scale ultrasound is a reliable noninvasive method of demonstrating renal pathology. It is simple nontraumatic, nonionizing and can be readily utilized in the differentiation of cystic and solid lesions.", "PMID": 699575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12033", "title": "Echotomography in unilateral renal disease.", "content": "A review of about 300 patients with unilateral renal disease shows that echography is valuable for a correct diagnosis in numerous cases. The authors emphasize the role of A-B mode ultrasonographic scanning in the exploration of IVP nonvisualized kidneys, renal trauma, and other disorders.", "contents": "Echotomography in unilateral renal disease. A review of about 300 patients with unilateral renal disease shows that echography is valuable for a correct diagnosis in numerous cases. The authors emphasize the role of A-B mode ultrasonographic scanning in the exploration of IVP nonvisualized kidneys, renal trauma, and other disorders.", "PMID": 699576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12034", "title": "Determination of renal circulation by means of angiocinedensitometry.", "content": "This new X-ray method is based on the densitometric measurement of the speeds and the flow of injected contrast media during an angiographic examination of the vessels and the parenchyma of the kidney. Pairs of highly sensitive photoconductive cells and a Wheatstone bridge circuit are used. Minimal doses of contrast media can be detected before vascular reaction influences the renal circulation. The measurement of various parameters allows the simultaneous hemodynamic analysis of kidney function and of factors related to the morphological substrate.", "contents": "Determination of renal circulation by means of angiocinedensitometry. This new X-ray method is based on the densitometric measurement of the speeds and the flow of injected contrast media during an angiographic examination of the vessels and the parenchyma of the kidney. Pairs of highly sensitive photoconductive cells and a Wheatstone bridge circuit are used. Minimal doses of contrast media can be detected before vascular reaction influences the renal circulation. The measurement of various parameters allows the simultaneous hemodynamic analysis of kidney function and of factors related to the morphological substrate.", "PMID": 699578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12035", "title": "Indications for rapid sequence urography after washout (reinjection) in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "38 hypertensive patients suspected of renovascular hypertension were examined with rapid sequence urography, washout, aortography or selective renal arteriography. When discordant results were found between rapid sequence urography and washout, we used a particularly helpful procedure which we define reinjection or rapid sequence urography after washout: washout is followed by the injection of a second 50-cm3 dose of contrast agent and five more roentgenograms at 1-min intervals. In our series, reinjection allowed correct diagnosis in 66% of the cases with discordant results and confirmed diagnosis in 83% of the cases of renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Indications for rapid sequence urography after washout (reinjection) in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension. 38 hypertensive patients suspected of renovascular hypertension were examined with rapid sequence urography, washout, aortography or selective renal arteriography. When discordant results were found between rapid sequence urography and washout, we used a particularly helpful procedure which we define reinjection or rapid sequence urography after washout: washout is followed by the injection of a second 50-cm3 dose of contrast agent and five more roentgenograms at 1-min intervals. In our series, reinjection allowed correct diagnosis in 66% of the cases with discordant results and confirmed diagnosis in 83% of the cases of renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 699579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12036", "title": "Observations on the use and limitations of renal vein renins in hypertensive patients.", "content": "From our consecutive series of renal vein renin studies in 170 patients with kidney disorders and hypertension, we present those cured by surgical correction of a unilateral renal artery stenosis during the period 1973--75. The renin secretion patterns of these patients range between no demonstrable abnormality, even with a stimulating procedure using dihydralazine 7.5 i.v., and massive renin secretion already during basal conditions. Thus, the renin secretion may not be increased even after stimulation in some patients with durable unilateral renovascular hypertension. This fact may be explained by the rise of the systemic blood pressure, eventually maintained by sodium and water retention and accompanied by adaptive changes in the contralateral kidney. The perfusion pressure is thereby kept normal in the affected kidney, eliminating a stimulus for renin secretion. It is likely that many cases of renovascular hypertension pass through an early stage where no involvement of the renin-angiotensin system may be discovered. Of course, these patients will also benefit from surgery. The conclusion is that renin studies for diagnostic purposes should be performed when patients are on treatment and kept normotensive for some time, and that an additional challenge of the perfusion pressure, i.e., by use of dihydralazine, intravenously should be performed.", "contents": "Observations on the use and limitations of renal vein renins in hypertensive patients. From our consecutive series of renal vein renin studies in 170 patients with kidney disorders and hypertension, we present those cured by surgical correction of a unilateral renal artery stenosis during the period 1973--75. The renin secretion patterns of these patients range between no demonstrable abnormality, even with a stimulating procedure using dihydralazine 7.5 i.v., and massive renin secretion already during basal conditions. Thus, the renin secretion may not be increased even after stimulation in some patients with durable unilateral renovascular hypertension. This fact may be explained by the rise of the systemic blood pressure, eventually maintained by sodium and water retention and accompanied by adaptive changes in the contralateral kidney. The perfusion pressure is thereby kept normal in the affected kidney, eliminating a stimulus for renin secretion. It is likely that many cases of renovascular hypertension pass through an early stage where no involvement of the renin-angiotensin system may be discovered. Of course, these patients will also benefit from surgery. The conclusion is that renin studies for diagnostic purposes should be performed when patients are on treatment and kept normotensive for some time, and that an additional challenge of the perfusion pressure, i.e., by use of dihydralazine, intravenously should be performed.", "PMID": 699582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12037", "title": "Plasma renin activity in renal veins of renovascular patients.", "content": "PRA was simultaneously measured in both renal veins and in a peripheral vein of patients with essential (6) and renovascular (37) hypertension. In renovascular patients suppression or renin secretion from the contralateral kidney was always observed: otherwise in patients with essential hypertension both kidneys contribute to peripheral PRA. The suppression of renin secretion from the ischemic kidney either by nephrectomy or by revascularization, joins with normalization either of peripheral PRA or of blood pressure. This finding points to the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the genesis of human renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in renal veins of renovascular patients. PRA was simultaneously measured in both renal veins and in a peripheral vein of patients with essential (6) and renovascular (37) hypertension. In renovascular patients suppression or renin secretion from the contralateral kidney was always observed: otherwise in patients with essential hypertension both kidneys contribute to peripheral PRA. The suppression of renin secretion from the ischemic kidney either by nephrectomy or by revascularization, joins with normalization either of peripheral PRA or of blood pressure. This finding points to the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the genesis of human renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 699583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12038", "title": "Correlation between evolution and treatment of hypertension in unilateral renal disease and values of renin activity in renal venous blood.", "content": "93 patients with renal hypertension and renal vein PRA determination were studied during 1--5 years follow-up. They were separated in two groups of medical and surgical treatment. Medical treatment is able to normalize blood pressure even in cases with high asymmetric PRA. 9 of 16 patients could be cured or improved in the surgical group and 14 of 22 in the medical group. The best results were obtained if beta-blockers were included in the drug regimen: cured or improved were 7 of 33 patients in medical treatment without beta-blockers, 17 of 28 in surgical treatment, and 31 of 32 in medical treatment including beta-blockers with or without hydralazine and/or diuretics.", "contents": "Correlation between evolution and treatment of hypertension in unilateral renal disease and values of renin activity in renal venous blood. 93 patients with renal hypertension and renal vein PRA determination were studied during 1--5 years follow-up. They were separated in two groups of medical and surgical treatment. Medical treatment is able to normalize blood pressure even in cases with high asymmetric PRA. 9 of 16 patients could be cured or improved in the surgical group and 14 of 22 in the medical group. The best results were obtained if beta-blockers were included in the drug regimen: cured or improved were 7 of 33 patients in medical treatment without beta-blockers, 17 of 28 in surgical treatment, and 31 of 32 in medical treatment including beta-blockers with or without hydralazine and/or diuretics.", "PMID": 699584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12039", "title": "Renal secretion of inactive renin.", "content": "Human plasma contains a non-dialyzable factor which is not enzymatically active in its native form but shows renin-like activity after exposure to low pH (inactive renin). In 3 out of 13 patients with renovascular hypertension the renal to peripheral vein ratio for inactive renin on the affected side was above 1.40, indicating renal release of this form of renin. In 4 cases a high renal to peripheral vein ratio for active renin was associated with a ratio for inactive renin below 0.80, indicating renal activation of circulating inactive renin. The results suggest a renal mechanism for modulating the degree of activation of renin. They have some practical implications for the pre-operative evaluation of patients with renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Renal secretion of inactive renin. Human plasma contains a non-dialyzable factor which is not enzymatically active in its native form but shows renin-like activity after exposure to low pH (inactive renin). In 3 out of 13 patients with renovascular hypertension the renal to peripheral vein ratio for inactive renin on the affected side was above 1.40, indicating renal release of this form of renin. In 4 cases a high renal to peripheral vein ratio for active renin was associated with a ratio for inactive renin below 0.80, indicating renal activation of circulating inactive renin. The results suggest a renal mechanism for modulating the degree of activation of renin. They have some practical implications for the pre-operative evaluation of patients with renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 699585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12040", "title": "Peripheral handling of angiotensin II and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients with unilateral and bilateral renal disease.", "content": "PRA, AII CR, AII E and cardiac output have been measured in 9 normals and in 22 hypertensives: 8 with URD, 12 with BRD and 2 with MHY. PRA, as well as AII E, shows the highest values in BRD and MHY patients. AII CR is directly correlated with blood pressure levels in URD and BRD patients (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001, respectively). A significant positive correlation is found between AII E and TPR (within each group of patients and among all subjects) and between PRA and TPR within the hypertensive patients. These data suggest that peripheral handling of AII is involved in the control of blood pressure in the patients studied.", "contents": "Peripheral handling of angiotensin II and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients with unilateral and bilateral renal disease. PRA, AII CR, AII E and cardiac output have been measured in 9 normals and in 22 hypertensives: 8 with URD, 12 with BRD and 2 with MHY. PRA, as well as AII E, shows the highest values in BRD and MHY patients. AII CR is directly correlated with blood pressure levels in URD and BRD patients (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001, respectively). A significant positive correlation is found between AII E and TPR (within each group of patients and among all subjects) and between PRA and TPR within the hypertensive patients. These data suggest that peripheral handling of AII is involved in the control of blood pressure in the patients studied.", "PMID": 699586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12041", "title": "Effects of saralasin on blood pressure, renin and renal blood flow in unilateral renovascular hypertension.", "content": "The effect of saralasin, a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, was assessed in hypertensive patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis after furosemide application. A significant fall of systemic arterial blood pressure, an increase of renal venous renin activity, significantly on the stenosed side in patients without arteriosclerosis of the contralateral kidney, and an almost equal decrement of renal blood flow in both kidneys were observed. Conceivably saralasin exerts different sodium-dependent effects on peripheral angiotensin II and specific intrarenal vascular receptors.", "contents": "Effects of saralasin on blood pressure, renin and renal blood flow in unilateral renovascular hypertension. The effect of saralasin, a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, was assessed in hypertensive patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis after furosemide application. A significant fall of systemic arterial blood pressure, an increase of renal venous renin activity, significantly on the stenosed side in patients without arteriosclerosis of the contralateral kidney, and an almost equal decrement of renal blood flow in both kidneys were observed. Conceivably saralasin exerts different sodium-dependent effects on peripheral angiotensin II and specific intrarenal vascular receptors.", "PMID": 699587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12042", "title": "Effects of 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II on arterial pressure, renin and aldosterone in hypertension.", "content": "1-Sar-8-ala-angiotensin II did not change intra-arterial pressure in 25 sodium replete hypertensive patients, whilst the pressure changes were closely related to the plasma renin level during sodium depletion (r = -0.87; n = 32). The study indicates that arterial pressure is not dependent on angiotensin II in sodium replete patients and in sodium deplete subjects with low PRC, while it is angiotensin dependent during sodium depletion in the others. Plasma renin is unaffected in sodium replete subjects, but increases during saralasin in sodium deplete conditions. Saralasin stimulates aldosterone secretion only in sodium replete patients.", "contents": "Effects of 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II on arterial pressure, renin and aldosterone in hypertension. 1-Sar-8-ala-angiotensin II did not change intra-arterial pressure in 25 sodium replete hypertensive patients, whilst the pressure changes were closely related to the plasma renin level during sodium depletion (r = -0.87; n = 32). The study indicates that arterial pressure is not dependent on angiotensin II in sodium replete patients and in sodium deplete subjects with low PRC, while it is angiotensin dependent during sodium depletion in the others. Plasma renin is unaffected in sodium replete subjects, but increases during saralasin in sodium deplete conditions. Saralasin stimulates aldosterone secretion only in sodium replete patients.", "PMID": 699588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12043", "title": "Role of renal prostaglandins in circulatory homeostasis.", "content": "The evidence is reviewed that prostaglandins of renal origin through (i) their local actions on renal blood vessels, and (ii) complex interactions with the nervous adrenergic and the endocrine vasoactive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and kallikrein-kinin systems, may participate in the regulation of excretory functions of the kidney and thereby contribute to circulatory homeostatic mechanisms.", "contents": "Role of renal prostaglandins in circulatory homeostasis. The evidence is reviewed that prostaglandins of renal origin through (i) their local actions on renal blood vessels, and (ii) complex interactions with the nervous adrenergic and the endocrine vasoactive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and kallikrein-kinin systems, may participate in the regulation of excretory functions of the kidney and thereby contribute to circulatory homeostatic mechanisms.", "PMID": 699589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12044", "title": "Prostaglandins in renovascular and renal hypertension.", "content": "PG A1, B1, E2, F1,2alpha and PRA have been measured in 8 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal arterial stenosis, 7 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal atrophy and 20 control normotensive subjects. PRA and PGA1 were significantly increased in patients with renovascular hypertension but not in patients with atrophy. PGE2 and PGF1,2alpha were increased in both groups of patients, especially on the stenotic or atrophic side. The increase of PGA1 and PGE2, represents a secondary antihypertensive, diuretic and natriuretic mechanism, the increase of PGF1,2alpha a direct hypertensive mechanism.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in renovascular and renal hypertension. PG A1, B1, E2, F1,2alpha and PRA have been measured in 8 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal arterial stenosis, 7 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal atrophy and 20 control normotensive subjects. PRA and PGA1 were significantly increased in patients with renovascular hypertension but not in patients with atrophy. PGE2 and PGF1,2alpha were increased in both groups of patients, especially on the stenotic or atrophic side. The increase of PGA1 and PGE2, represents a secondary antihypertensive, diuretic and natriuretic mechanism, the increase of PGF1,2alpha a direct hypertensive mechanism.", "PMID": 699590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12045", "title": "Determination of total, divided and regional tubular clearance and excretion by compartmental analysis of camera renograms.", "content": "A method to analyze the camera renogram is described in a mathematical manner. It is based on a 6-compartment model, which simulates the hippurate in vivo kinetics. Results are transfer rate constants from which the tubular clearance (by multiplying with the plasma volume) and additionally excretory parameters can be derived. The method is quick and simple and needs a gamma-camera and a small data processing system only, but no special equipment and no blood sampling.", "contents": "Determination of total, divided and regional tubular clearance and excretion by compartmental analysis of camera renograms. A method to analyze the camera renogram is described in a mathematical manner. It is based on a 6-compartment model, which simulates the hippurate in vivo kinetics. Results are transfer rate constants from which the tubular clearance (by multiplying with the plasma volume) and additionally excretory parameters can be derived. The method is quick and simple and needs a gamma-camera and a small data processing system only, but no special equipment and no blood sampling.", "PMID": 699594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12046", "title": "Comparison of different methods of clearance determination.", "content": "Clearance determination by compartmental analysis of hippurate renograms was compared in 30 cases to the conventional PAH and to the partly shielded whole body counting technique. Good correlations between compartmental analysis and PAH method (r = 0.96) as well as the whole body technique (r = 0.94) were found. Correlation between PAH and whole body method was not always satisfactory (r = 0.85). In an additional study influence of greater count rates become obvious: correlation coefficients increase from 0.89 (131I-hippurate, n = 97) to 0.95 (123I-hippurate, n = 38). Determination of the divided clearance correlates well (r = 0.95). Using 123I-hippurate all the information available by radioisotopic kidney investigations can be obtained in a one-step procedure.", "contents": "Comparison of different methods of clearance determination. Clearance determination by compartmental analysis of hippurate renograms was compared in 30 cases to the conventional PAH and to the partly shielded whole body counting technique. Good correlations between compartmental analysis and PAH method (r = 0.96) as well as the whole body technique (r = 0.94) were found. Correlation between PAH and whole body method was not always satisfactory (r = 0.85). In an additional study influence of greater count rates become obvious: correlation coefficients increase from 0.89 (131I-hippurate, n = 97) to 0.95 (123I-hippurate, n = 38). Determination of the divided clearance correlates well (r = 0.95). Using 123I-hippurate all the information available by radioisotopic kidney investigations can be obtained in a one-step procedure.", "PMID": 699595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12047", "title": "Unilateral estimation of glomerular filtration rate with 99mTc-DTPA.", "content": "There is one renal disease in which unilateral estimation of GFR is desirable for clinical purposes: chronic pyelonephritis. Considering the possibilities for complications to determine unilateral renal function by ureter catheter just in this group of patients, we tried to estimate unilateral GFR with 66mTc-DTPA after a single injection of 5 mCi i.v. on the basis of blood samples at 90, 110 and 130 min after injection and evaluation of gamma-camera data from 25 to 35 min after administration of the dose. 31 patients were studied. In arenal patients clearance values were 7.5 ml/min (+/- 10.47 ml/min), unilaterally nephrectomized patients showed zero values for the removed kidney. Normal patients had a mean GFR of 107 +/- 17.7 ml/min with a partition between right and left kidney of 54.2 +/- 10 to 52.75 +/- 8.5 ml/min. Patients without urinary tract obstruction and unilateral renal disease had values of 27.1 +/- 11 ml/min for the diseased kidney while the normal kidneys gave a mean value of 59.6 ml/min (+/- 13 ml/min). In the presence of urinary tract obstruction, data could not be correlated to the state of renal function. This shows that unilateral estimation of GFR using 99mTc-DTPA is basically possible, but that it is useless in obstructive kidney disease.", "contents": "Unilateral estimation of glomerular filtration rate with 99mTc-DTPA. There is one renal disease in which unilateral estimation of GFR is desirable for clinical purposes: chronic pyelonephritis. Considering the possibilities for complications to determine unilateral renal function by ureter catheter just in this group of patients, we tried to estimate unilateral GFR with 66mTc-DTPA after a single injection of 5 mCi i.v. on the basis of blood samples at 90, 110 and 130 min after injection and evaluation of gamma-camera data from 25 to 35 min after administration of the dose. 31 patients were studied. In arenal patients clearance values were 7.5 ml/min (+/- 10.47 ml/min), unilaterally nephrectomized patients showed zero values for the removed kidney. Normal patients had a mean GFR of 107 +/- 17.7 ml/min with a partition between right and left kidney of 54.2 +/- 10 to 52.75 +/- 8.5 ml/min. Patients without urinary tract obstruction and unilateral renal disease had values of 27.1 +/- 11 ml/min for the diseased kidney while the normal kidneys gave a mean value of 59.6 ml/min (+/- 13 ml/min). In the presence of urinary tract obstruction, data could not be correlated to the state of renal function. This shows that unilateral estimation of GFR using 99mTc-DTPA is basically possible, but that it is useless in obstructive kidney disease.", "PMID": 699596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12048", "title": "Unilateral kidney blood flow measurement using the 81Rb/81mKr ratio.", "content": "A new method has been developed for the continuous quantification of kidney blood flow, utilizing the unique physical and biological properties of the radioactive tracer couple: rubidium-81/krypton-81m. After intravenous injection, 81Rb concentrates primarily in the kidneys, where it continuously generates the radioactive inert gas 81mKr. This ultrashort-lived isotope is continuously washed out from the tissue at a rate proportional to the blood flow. The radiation emitted from within the kidney is externally detected and analyzed to yield the 81Rb/81mKr ratio. 21 animal experiments have confirmed that this ratio is at any time an accurate measure of the kidney perfusion. The 81Rb/81mKr ratio method has proved to provide a non-invasive way to selectively quantify the blood flow in each kidney, to monitor perfusion changes and to image the distribution of blood flow in a functional scintigram.", "contents": "Unilateral kidney blood flow measurement using the 81Rb/81mKr ratio. A new method has been developed for the continuous quantification of kidney blood flow, utilizing the unique physical and biological properties of the radioactive tracer couple: rubidium-81/krypton-81m. After intravenous injection, 81Rb concentrates primarily in the kidneys, where it continuously generates the radioactive inert gas 81mKr. This ultrashort-lived isotope is continuously washed out from the tissue at a rate proportional to the blood flow. The radiation emitted from within the kidney is externally detected and analyzed to yield the 81Rb/81mKr ratio. 21 animal experiments have confirmed that this ratio is at any time an accurate measure of the kidney perfusion. The 81Rb/81mKr ratio method has proved to provide a non-invasive way to selectively quantify the blood flow in each kidney, to monitor perfusion changes and to image the distribution of blood flow in a functional scintigram.", "PMID": 699597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12049", "title": "Limits of sensitivity of radiopertechnetate flow studies in the detection of asymmetrical renal perfusion.", "content": "A canine model has been devised using electromagnetic flowmeter probes to study the sensitivity of radiopertechnetate renal angiography. Highly significant correlations were obtained when the measured flow rates were compared with normalized values of the peak activity and uptake slopes for each kidney. Analysis of the data suggests the unilateral renal disease associated with less then 20% difference in flow between the kidneys may not be diagnosed reliably from the pertechnetate perfusion test.", "contents": "Limits of sensitivity of radiopertechnetate flow studies in the detection of asymmetrical renal perfusion. A canine model has been devised using electromagnetic flowmeter probes to study the sensitivity of radiopertechnetate renal angiography. Highly significant correlations were obtained when the measured flow rates were compared with normalized values of the peak activity and uptake slopes for each kidney. Analysis of the data suggests the unilateral renal disease associated with less then 20% difference in flow between the kidneys may not be diagnosed reliably from the pertechnetate perfusion test.", "PMID": 699598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12050", "title": "New developments in renal physiopathology acquired using a quantitative renal functional test: the 197Hg uptake test.", "content": "The renal function of 331 obstructive uropathies, of which 112 were unilateral, were studied using the radioactive Hg renal uptake technique. The results obtained lead to the following observations: (1) Kidneys silent because of a chronic pelviureteric obstruction maintain a minimum function representing approximately one quarter of the normal value, which does not seem to be improved following the removal of the obstruction. (2) Operative relief of obstruction in unilateral obstructive uropathy, except for cases of silent kidneys, is followed by a significative improvement in the function of the kidney on the operated side in more than a third of the cases studied. (3) In 43% of obstructive uropathies considered as unilateral, the functional value of the two kidneys is decreased.", "contents": "New developments in renal physiopathology acquired using a quantitative renal functional test: the 197Hg uptake test. The renal function of 331 obstructive uropathies, of which 112 were unilateral, were studied using the radioactive Hg renal uptake technique. The results obtained lead to the following observations: (1) Kidneys silent because of a chronic pelviureteric obstruction maintain a minimum function representing approximately one quarter of the normal value, which does not seem to be improved following the removal of the obstruction. (2) Operative relief of obstruction in unilateral obstructive uropathy, except for cases of silent kidneys, is followed by a significative improvement in the function of the kidney on the operated side in more than a third of the cases studied. (3) In 43% of obstructive uropathies considered as unilateral, the functional value of the two kidneys is decreased.", "PMID": 699599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12051", "title": "Effects of aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone on the urniary excretion of kallikrein and of prostaglandin E-like substance in the rat.", "content": "Deoxycorticosterone (5 mg) and aldosterone (0.25 mg), given to rats for 14 days, increased the urinary excretion of kallikrein and of prostaglandin E-like substance and produced polyuria, but affected neither sodium excretion nor blood pressure. These results suggest that interactions of mineralocorticoid hormones, kinins and of prostaglandins may be important in the maintenance of salt-water homeostasis.", "contents": "Effects of aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone on the urniary excretion of kallikrein and of prostaglandin E-like substance in the rat. Deoxycorticosterone (5 mg) and aldosterone (0.25 mg), given to rats for 14 days, increased the urinary excretion of kallikrein and of prostaglandin E-like substance and produced polyuria, but affected neither sodium excretion nor blood pressure. These results suggest that interactions of mineralocorticoid hormones, kinins and of prostaglandins may be important in the maintenance of salt-water homeostasis.", "PMID": 699603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12052", "title": "What makes the renin-angiotensin system a pathogenic factor?", "content": "Three types of renal hypertension in the rat have been compared with respect to blood pressure increase, activity of the RAS, and secretion of aldosterone and corticosterone: type I - unilateral stenosis of the renal artery in the presence of an intact contralateral kidney; type II - unilateral stenosis of the renal artery after contralateral nephrectomy; type III - bilateral stenosis of the renal arteries. Blood pressure rose more rapidly and reached higher values in type II and type III hypertension than in type I hypertension. In the latter group, the activity of the RAS was more stimulated than in types II and III. The marked stimulation of the RAS in type I hypertension is ascribed to the negative fluid and sodium balance, which is the consequence of a pressure-induced diuresis of the unclamped contralateral kidney. Suppression of the activity of the RAS by a 4-week pretreatment with DOC-TMA and saline or by the administration of DOCA and saline as from the induction of renal artery stenosis did not prevent the development of hypertension caused by the clamping of one renal artery (type I). In spontaneously hypertensive rats of the stroke-prone substrain, high dietary salt intake caused higher blood pressure values and a higher incidence of cerebral lesions than normal dietary salt intake. Low salt intake was followed by a marked stimulation of the RAS, but blood pressure rose only slightly and no symptoms of cerebrovascular lesions were observed. It is concluded that neither in hypertension induced by renal artery stenosis nor in spontaneously hypertensive rats, the RAS contributes significantly to the increase in blood pressure nor does it play a major part in the pathogenesis of vascular lesions. These seem to be related to the retention of sodium, which may be obtained by renal artery stenosis, by excessive salt intake, or by the administration of a mineralocorticoid and salt.", "contents": "What makes the renin-angiotensin system a pathogenic factor? Three types of renal hypertension in the rat have been compared with respect to blood pressure increase, activity of the RAS, and secretion of aldosterone and corticosterone: type I - unilateral stenosis of the renal artery in the presence of an intact contralateral kidney; type II - unilateral stenosis of the renal artery after contralateral nephrectomy; type III - bilateral stenosis of the renal arteries. Blood pressure rose more rapidly and reached higher values in type II and type III hypertension than in type I hypertension. In the latter group, the activity of the RAS was more stimulated than in types II and III. The marked stimulation of the RAS in type I hypertension is ascribed to the negative fluid and sodium balance, which is the consequence of a pressure-induced diuresis of the unclamped contralateral kidney. Suppression of the activity of the RAS by a 4-week pretreatment with DOC-TMA and saline or by the administration of DOCA and saline as from the induction of renal artery stenosis did not prevent the development of hypertension caused by the clamping of one renal artery (type I). In spontaneously hypertensive rats of the stroke-prone substrain, high dietary salt intake caused higher blood pressure values and a higher incidence of cerebral lesions than normal dietary salt intake. Low salt intake was followed by a marked stimulation of the RAS, but blood pressure rose only slightly and no symptoms of cerebrovascular lesions were observed. It is concluded that neither in hypertension induced by renal artery stenosis nor in spontaneously hypertensive rats, the RAS contributes significantly to the increase in blood pressure nor does it play a major part in the pathogenesis of vascular lesions. These seem to be related to the retention of sodium, which may be obtained by renal artery stenosis, by excessive salt intake, or by the administration of a mineralocorticoid and salt.", "PMID": 699604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12053", "title": "Prostaglandins and renal function.", "content": "Prostaglandins modulate the effects of vasoactive hormones by attenuating the renal actions of the renin-angiotensin system and contributing to and, perhaps, mediating some of those of the kallikrein-kinin system. A prostaglandin mechanism participates in the regulation of renin and erythropoietin release. When renal function is compromised, the circulation to the kidney is sustained by a major prostaglandin component withdrawal of which results in significant hemodynamic effects, particularly reduction of blood flow to the inner cortex and medulla.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and renal function. Prostaglandins modulate the effects of vasoactive hormones by attenuating the renal actions of the renin-angiotensin system and contributing to and, perhaps, mediating some of those of the kallikrein-kinin system. A prostaglandin mechanism participates in the regulation of renin and erythropoietin release. When renal function is compromised, the circulation to the kidney is sustained by a major prostaglandin component withdrawal of which results in significant hemodynamic effects, particularly reduction of blood flow to the inner cortex and medulla.", "PMID": 699605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12054", "title": "Antihypertensive effect of volume depletion: interrelation with renal prostaglandins.", "content": "Since the original studies of Patak et al. in 1975 revealed that the antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of furosemide were markedly blunted or abrogated by indomethacin in both normotensive and hypertensive man, it has been postulated that the ameliorative effects of furosemide in human essential hypertension might be mediated by release of intrarenal prostaglandins. To study the direct effects of furosemide on prostaglandin biosynthesis and release, slices of rabbit renal medulla were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, glucose 10 mM, 1-14C-arachidonic acid (AA) 10 microM, HSA /g/100 ml, 30 min 37 degrees C. Measurements were made of radioactive AA leads to PGE2, and total endogenous immunoreactive PGE2 production (iPGE2) with and without the addition of furosemide (10 microgram/ml) to the media. In the absence of furosemide AA leads to PGE2 was 73 +/- 22 nmol/30 min/g and in the presence of furosemide it fell to 30 +/- 4 nmol/30min/g. iPGE2 was 33 +/- / ng/30 min/mg and decreased to 25 +/- 3 mg with furosemide. These results indicate that the natriuresis and antihypertensive effect of furosemide in vivo, which is associated with a significant increase in urinary PGE2, is not the result of a direct stimulation of furosemide on prostaglandin synthesis but may result from a decrease in PGE metabolism, conversion to another biologically active prostaglandin or possibly be a reflection of events secondary to a direct effect of furosemide on renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effect of volume depletion: interrelation with renal prostaglandins. Since the original studies of Patak et al. in 1975 revealed that the antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of furosemide were markedly blunted or abrogated by indomethacin in both normotensive and hypertensive man, it has been postulated that the ameliorative effects of furosemide in human essential hypertension might be mediated by release of intrarenal prostaglandins. To study the direct effects of furosemide on prostaglandin biosynthesis and release, slices of rabbit renal medulla were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, glucose 10 mM, 1-14C-arachidonic acid (AA) 10 microM, HSA /g/100 ml, 30 min 37 degrees C. Measurements were made of radioactive AA leads to PGE2, and total endogenous immunoreactive PGE2 production (iPGE2) with and without the addition of furosemide (10 microgram/ml) to the media. In the absence of furosemide AA leads to PGE2 was 73 +/- 22 nmol/30 min/g and in the presence of furosemide it fell to 30 +/- 4 nmol/30min/g. iPGE2 was 33 +/- / ng/30 min/mg and decreased to 25 +/- 3 mg with furosemide. These results indicate that the natriuresis and antihypertensive effect of furosemide in vivo, which is associated with a significant increase in urinary PGE2, is not the result of a direct stimulation of furosemide on prostaglandin synthesis but may result from a decrease in PGE metabolism, conversion to another biologically active prostaglandin or possibly be a reflection of events secondary to a direct effect of furosemide on renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion.", "PMID": 699606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12055", "title": "Renal prostaglandins in the control of renin.", "content": "The biochemical processes which transform baroreceptor, beta-adrenergic and macula densa signals into an increase or a decrease of renin secretion are unknown. Evidence is presented that the renal PG system is intimately involved in the mechanisms regulating the release of renin. In vivo stimulation of renal PG synthesis by arachidonic acid (C20:4) or furosemide increases renin release. PG synthesis inhibitors decrease basal renin release and reduce the renin release following stimulation with C20:4, furosemide and renal ischemia. In vitro, C20:4 and the PG-endoperoxides stimulate renin release from the rabbit kidney cortex whereas PGF2alpha inhibits it. This suggests an intrinsic role in the renin release mechanism of PGs, synthesized at or near the juxtaglomerular apparatus. The operation of this PG effect on renin release may depend upon a salt intake related control of PG synthesis and of conversion of PGE2 to PGF2alpha. Increased or decreased renal PG synthesis may also be the primary event leading to elevated or reduced renin levels in some clinical disorders. In Bartter's syndrome, the elevated renin levels may result from an increase in PG synthesis or a decrease of PGF2alpha formation. In benign, uncomplicated essential hypertension, decreased renal PG synthesis or increased PGS2alpha formation may be the primary mechanism which reduces renin release and renal blood flow.", "contents": "Renal prostaglandins in the control of renin. The biochemical processes which transform baroreceptor, beta-adrenergic and macula densa signals into an increase or a decrease of renin secretion are unknown. Evidence is presented that the renal PG system is intimately involved in the mechanisms regulating the release of renin. In vivo stimulation of renal PG synthesis by arachidonic acid (C20:4) or furosemide increases renin release. PG synthesis inhibitors decrease basal renin release and reduce the renin release following stimulation with C20:4, furosemide and renal ischemia. In vitro, C20:4 and the PG-endoperoxides stimulate renin release from the rabbit kidney cortex whereas PGF2alpha inhibits it. This suggests an intrinsic role in the renin release mechanism of PGs, synthesized at or near the juxtaglomerular apparatus. The operation of this PG effect on renin release may depend upon a salt intake related control of PG synthesis and of conversion of PGE2 to PGF2alpha. Increased or decreased renal PG synthesis may also be the primary event leading to elevated or reduced renin levels in some clinical disorders. In Bartter's syndrome, the elevated renin levels may result from an increase in PG synthesis or a decrease of PGF2alpha formation. In benign, uncomplicated essential hypertension, decreased renal PG synthesis or increased PGS2alpha formation may be the primary mechanism which reduces renin release and renal blood flow.", "PMID": 699607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12056", "title": "The Old Hag phenomenon as sleep paralysis: a biocultural interpretation.", "content": "This paper describes a syndrome of psychological and physical symptoms involving body paralysis and hallucinations traditionally interpreted in Newfoundland as an attack of 'Old Hag'. Folk theories of cause and treatment are outlined based on 13 months of field research in a community on the northeast coast of Newfoundland. Data derived from the responses of 69 adults to the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) indicate that there are no significant differences in psychological or physical illness complaints between adults who have experienced the Old Hag and adults who have not had this experience. The striking similarity between the Old Hag experience and a clinical condition called sleep paralysis is analyzed, and the implications of viewing the Old Hag as sleep paralysis are discussed within the context of current theoretical issues in transcultural psychiatry.", "contents": "The Old Hag phenomenon as sleep paralysis: a biocultural interpretation. This paper describes a syndrome of psychological and physical symptoms involving body paralysis and hallucinations traditionally interpreted in Newfoundland as an attack of 'Old Hag'. Folk theories of cause and treatment are outlined based on 13 months of field research in a community on the northeast coast of Newfoundland. Data derived from the responses of 69 adults to the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) indicate that there are no significant differences in psychological or physical illness complaints between adults who have experienced the Old Hag and adults who have not had this experience. The striking similarity between the Old Hag experience and a clinical condition called sleep paralysis is analyzed, and the implications of viewing the Old Hag as sleep paralysis are discussed within the context of current theoretical issues in transcultural psychiatry.", "PMID": 699620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12057", "title": "Ethnicity and patterns of help-seeking.", "content": "This study reconstructs and analyzes pathways of help-seeking traveled by severely disabled mental patients in the community. Ethnicity is a prime factor in differentiating patterns of help-seeking in that Chinese patients are kept for prolonged periods of time within their families in the beginning of pathways, while Anglo-Saxons and Middle Europeans are referred by their families or themselves to multiple social and mental health agencies. Native Indians are referred by persons other than family members or themselves between social and legal agencies in the community. Eventually all of these pathways lead to psychiatric inpatient intervention. There are major impediments to treatment in these patterns, most notably isolation and deterioration of patients within confines of families or lack of coordination of agencies in the community. Recommendations aimed at the improvement of treatment in the community are presented in light of these findings.", "contents": "Ethnicity and patterns of help-seeking. This study reconstructs and analyzes pathways of help-seeking traveled by severely disabled mental patients in the community. Ethnicity is a prime factor in differentiating patterns of help-seeking in that Chinese patients are kept for prolonged periods of time within their families in the beginning of pathways, while Anglo-Saxons and Middle Europeans are referred by their families or themselves to multiple social and mental health agencies. Native Indians are referred by persons other than family members or themselves between social and legal agencies in the community. Eventually all of these pathways lead to psychiatric inpatient intervention. There are major impediments to treatment in these patterns, most notably isolation and deterioration of patients within confines of families or lack of coordination of agencies in the community. Recommendations aimed at the improvement of treatment in the community are presented in light of these findings.", "PMID": 699621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12058", "title": "The Shetland Islands: the effects of social and ecological change on mental health.", "content": "The authors review the literature concerning the mental health and social effects of industrialization, urbanization and the transition from a rural to an industrial society. They point out the need for prospective and longitudinal studies. To illustrate a working model of the type of research needed, the authors describe a long-term study now underway in the Shetland Islands. This research investigates the effects that rapid social and ecological change (from the North Sea oil developments) will have on the islanders. To test the hypothesis that the changes, associated with the construction of Europe's largest oil port in these previously isolated rural islands, will have a deleterious effect on the Shetlanders' health and way of life, a prospective study has been initiated that contains two sub-studies. The General Survey involves monitoring reported data on ecological, epidemiological and sociological change and is intended to provide an overview of the general impact of the oil developments. The Individual Survey involves interviewing two populations (total N = 533) and is designed to examine individuals' reactions to change and variables associated with those reactions. The target population live in a conservation region where they are not likely to be directly affected by the oil developments. Baseline findings are presented from the General Survey concerning psychiatric morbidity, crime, divorce and suicide and from the Individual Survey that focus on the prevalence of medical and psychiatric symptoms and illnesses.", "contents": "The Shetland Islands: the effects of social and ecological change on mental health. The authors review the literature concerning the mental health and social effects of industrialization, urbanization and the transition from a rural to an industrial society. They point out the need for prospective and longitudinal studies. To illustrate a working model of the type of research needed, the authors describe a long-term study now underway in the Shetland Islands. This research investigates the effects that rapid social and ecological change (from the North Sea oil developments) will have on the islanders. To test the hypothesis that the changes, associated with the construction of Europe's largest oil port in these previously isolated rural islands, will have a deleterious effect on the Shetlanders' health and way of life, a prospective study has been initiated that contains two sub-studies. The General Survey involves monitoring reported data on ecological, epidemiological and sociological change and is intended to provide an overview of the general impact of the oil developments. The Individual Survey involves interviewing two populations (total N = 533) and is designed to examine individuals' reactions to change and variables associated with those reactions. The target population live in a conservation region where they are not likely to be directly affected by the oil developments. Baseline findings are presented from the General Survey concerning psychiatric morbidity, crime, divorce and suicide and from the Individual Survey that focus on the prevalence of medical and psychiatric symptoms and illnesses.", "PMID": 699622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12059", "title": "Sorcerers, saints and charlatans: black folk healers in urban America.", "content": "Case histories of black Americans who believe their illness has been caused by sorcery have been reported with increasing frequency in the clinical literature. Such individuals often believe that their problems are not amenable to orthodox medical regimens and they may leave treatment to seek out a folk healer. Healers believed to be able to cure sorcery are viewed ambivalently as they are though able to magically cause illness as well as cure it. There is little information available on such individuals or their modes of treatment, making it difficult to assess their abilities. This article reviews what is known about such individuals, including an attempt to learn more about those who have advertised in a large city newspaper. It is concluded that some of these individuals provide a useful service to their clients but that many others use their reputations as manipulators of occult powers to extract money from the poor and gullible.", "contents": "Sorcerers, saints and charlatans: black folk healers in urban America. Case histories of black Americans who believe their illness has been caused by sorcery have been reported with increasing frequency in the clinical literature. Such individuals often believe that their problems are not amenable to orthodox medical regimens and they may leave treatment to seek out a folk healer. Healers believed to be able to cure sorcery are viewed ambivalently as they are though able to magically cause illness as well as cure it. There is little information available on such individuals or their modes of treatment, making it difficult to assess their abilities. This article reviews what is known about such individuals, including an attempt to learn more about those who have advertised in a large city newspaper. It is concluded that some of these individuals provide a useful service to their clients but that many others use their reputations as manipulators of occult powers to extract money from the poor and gullible.", "PMID": 699623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12060", "title": "Pain and analgesics.", "content": "The problem of pain and its treatment is reviewed, particularly in relation to advanced cancer and other chronic conditions in which persistent pain demands relief. The nature of pain, its assessment and treatment options are discussed briefly, as is the use of different types of analgesics to raise the patient's pain threshold. The importance of regular reassessment of the patient and his needs, and the settling of realistic analgesic treatment objectives, such as an initial target of a pain-free full night's sleep, is stressed.", "contents": "Pain and analgesics. The problem of pain and its treatment is reviewed, particularly in relation to advanced cancer and other chronic conditions in which persistent pain demands relief. The nature of pain, its assessment and treatment options are discussed briefly, as is the use of different types of analgesics to raise the patient's pain threshold. The importance of regular reassessment of the patient and his needs, and the settling of realistic analgesic treatment objectives, such as an initial target of a pain-free full night's sleep, is stressed.", "PMID": 699624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12061", "title": "Nephrotoxicity studies on aspirin and diflunisal.", "content": "Some of the difficulties encountered in investigations of long-term drug nephrotoxicity are reviewed, and the evidence for acute and chronic renal damage induced by aspirin is discussed. Two studies were carried out to investigate the acute effects of diflunisal on the kidney, and to compare its effects with those of aspirin. Measurements were made before, during and after drug intake, of epithelial cells and lysosomal enzyme (beta-d-n-acetyl glucosaminidase) excretion in urine. Diflunisal caused no change in cell excretion and no increase in enzyme secretion in 6 normal volunteers. In a comparative study against aspirin, two groups of 12 patients being treated for osteoarthrosis were observed over an 8-week period. Enzyme excretion increased in both groups and appeared to be dose related. The increase, however, was relatively greater in the aspirin group. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity studies on aspirin and diflunisal. Some of the difficulties encountered in investigations of long-term drug nephrotoxicity are reviewed, and the evidence for acute and chronic renal damage induced by aspirin is discussed. Two studies were carried out to investigate the acute effects of diflunisal on the kidney, and to compare its effects with those of aspirin. Measurements were made before, during and after drug intake, of epithelial cells and lysosomal enzyme (beta-d-n-acetyl glucosaminidase) excretion in urine. Diflunisal caused no change in cell excretion and no increase in enzyme secretion in 6 normal volunteers. In a comparative study against aspirin, two groups of 12 patients being treated for osteoarthrosis were observed over an 8-week period. Enzyme excretion increased in both groups and appeared to be dose related. The increase, however, was relatively greater in the aspirin group. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 699625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12062", "title": "Diflunisal versus aspirin: a comparative study of their effect of faecal blood loss, in the presence and absence of alcohol.", "content": "Faecal blood loss was measured in normal male volunteers using 51Cr-labelled red cells. In a double-blind parallel study in 10 subjects, the effect of 250 mg diflunisal twice daily was compared with 750 mg aspirin 4-times daily. Drugs were taken during two 7-day periods separated by a 1-week control period. Mean daily faecal blood loss during the two treatment periods was 0.32 ml and 0.53 ml in the diflunisal group versus 6.87 ml and 3.20 ml in the aspirin group. Diflunisal did not significantly increase blood loss, while aspirin had a significant effect. In a double-blind crossover study in 12 subjects, the effect of 250 mg diflunisal twice daily was compared with 600 mg aspirin 4-times daily. Alcohol (120 ml, 40%) was added during the last 2 days of each 6-day treatment period. Faecal blood loss was not significantly affected by diflunisal and there was also no significant effect on blood loss when alcohol was co-administered. Aspirin significantly increased faecal blood loss and this effect was significantly enhanced by the addition of alcohol.", "contents": "Diflunisal versus aspirin: a comparative study of their effect of faecal blood loss, in the presence and absence of alcohol. Faecal blood loss was measured in normal male volunteers using 51Cr-labelled red cells. In a double-blind parallel study in 10 subjects, the effect of 250 mg diflunisal twice daily was compared with 750 mg aspirin 4-times daily. Drugs were taken during two 7-day periods separated by a 1-week control period. Mean daily faecal blood loss during the two treatment periods was 0.32 ml and 0.53 ml in the diflunisal group versus 6.87 ml and 3.20 ml in the aspirin group. Diflunisal did not significantly increase blood loss, while aspirin had a significant effect. In a double-blind crossover study in 12 subjects, the effect of 250 mg diflunisal twice daily was compared with 600 mg aspirin 4-times daily. Alcohol (120 ml, 40%) was added during the last 2 days of each 6-day treatment period. Faecal blood loss was not significantly affected by diflunisal and there was also no significant effect on blood loss when alcohol was co-administered. Aspirin significantly increased faecal blood loss and this effect was significantly enhanced by the addition of alcohol.", "PMID": 699626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12063", "title": "A controlled study of diflunisal in sprains and strains.", "content": "A preliminary double-blind, randomized trial was carried out in general practice to compare the efficacy of treatment with diflunisal (500 mg) twice daily and a combination of dextropropoxyphene (65 mg) plus paracetemol (650 mg) 3-times daily for 3 days in relieving pain associated with strains and sprains. Analysis of the results from 51 patients showed that both treatments were equally effective in releiving spontaneous pain and pain on movement after 1 and 3 days, and there were no differences between the two groups in patients' overall evaluation of treatment or physicians' assessment of therapeutic response. Both treatments were well tolerated during the short-term period of the trial.", "contents": "A controlled study of diflunisal in sprains and strains. A preliminary double-blind, randomized trial was carried out in general practice to compare the efficacy of treatment with diflunisal (500 mg) twice daily and a combination of dextropropoxyphene (65 mg) plus paracetemol (650 mg) 3-times daily for 3 days in relieving pain associated with strains and sprains. Analysis of the results from 51 patients showed that both treatments were equally effective in releiving spontaneous pain and pain on movement after 1 and 3 days, and there were no differences between the two groups in patients' overall evaluation of treatment or physicians' assessment of therapeutic response. Both treatments were well tolerated during the short-term period of the trial.", "PMID": 699627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12064", "title": "Burn injuries. Initial evaluation and treatment.", "content": "Treatment of burned patients begins at the scene of the accident, continues in the emergency department, and terminates in the burn center. The \"burn team\" of specialists includes the paramedic at the scene of the accident, the physician and nurses in the emergency room, and the burn center staff. Since the early stages of treatment often predetermine the final outcome, every physician or nurse who may someday be involved with the initial assessment and management of a severely burned patient should review a plan of evaluation and treatment. Thus, patient salvage from devastating burn injuries will continue to improve.", "contents": "Burn injuries. Initial evaluation and treatment. Treatment of burned patients begins at the scene of the accident, continues in the emergency department, and terminates in the burn center. The \"burn team\" of specialists includes the paramedic at the scene of the accident, the physician and nurses in the emergency room, and the burn center staff. Since the early stages of treatment often predetermine the final outcome, every physician or nurse who may someday be involved with the initial assessment and management of a severely burned patient should review a plan of evaluation and treatment. Thus, patient salvage from devastating burn injuries will continue to improve.", "PMID": 699630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12065", "title": "Pulmonary complications in the burn patient.", "content": "Pulmonary complications--carbon monoxide poisoning, upper airways obstruction, and acute pulmonary insufficiency--occur frequently in patients hospitalized because of burns and/or smoke inhalation. The morbidity and mortality of these complications are quite high; therefore, early diagnosis and early institution of therapy are mandatory.", "contents": "Pulmonary complications in the burn patient. Pulmonary complications--carbon monoxide poisoning, upper airways obstruction, and acute pulmonary insufficiency--occur frequently in patients hospitalized because of burns and/or smoke inhalation. The morbidity and mortality of these complications are quite high; therefore, early diagnosis and early institution of therapy are mandatory.", "PMID": 699631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12066", "title": "Cardiorespiratory effects of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in critically ill patients.", "content": "The flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope is used increasingly often as a multipurpose instrument in critical care medicine. In poor risk patients who need continuous mechanical ventilation, rigid open tube bronchoscopy is a problem. With the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, however, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures can be carried out without interruption of ongoing mechanical ventilation. This procedure offers the possibility of bronchoscopy with reduced risk in debilitated patients. However, in these critically ill patients, the cardiopulmonary system is functioning at the borderline of its ability. Therefore, even the small changes in ventilation pattern caused by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) may in some cases cause dangerous cardiopulmonary distress. For example, changes of intrabronchial pressure, tidal volume, PaO2, PaCO2 and cardiac output may be caused by the procedure. Further, it is of great importance to restrict suction through the instrument to short periods to avoid dangerous alterations in the ventilation perfusion relationship. Since serious complications may occur, it is mandatory that the bronchoscopist be aware of the potential pathophysiologic effects of FFB during mechanical ventilation of critically ill patients.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory effects of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in critically ill patients. The flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope is used increasingly often as a multipurpose instrument in critical care medicine. In poor risk patients who need continuous mechanical ventilation, rigid open tube bronchoscopy is a problem. With the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, however, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures can be carried out without interruption of ongoing mechanical ventilation. This procedure offers the possibility of bronchoscopy with reduced risk in debilitated patients. However, in these critically ill patients, the cardiopulmonary system is functioning at the borderline of its ability. Therefore, even the small changes in ventilation pattern caused by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) may in some cases cause dangerous cardiopulmonary distress. For example, changes of intrabronchial pressure, tidal volume, PaO2, PaCO2 and cardiac output may be caused by the procedure. Further, it is of great importance to restrict suction through the instrument to short periods to avoid dangerous alterations in the ventilation perfusion relationship. Since serious complications may occur, it is mandatory that the bronchoscopist be aware of the potential pathophysiologic effects of FFB during mechanical ventilation of critically ill patients.", "PMID": 699643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12067", "title": "Diagnostic value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in metastatic pulmonary tumors.", "content": "The fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedure (with brushings, washings, and biopsies) was performed and specimens of sputum were obtained before the procedure in 37 patients with cancer metastatic to the lung. Of the 37 patients studied, endobronchial lesions were visualized at bronchoscopic examination in 14 (group 1), and no endobronchial lesion was seen in 23 (group 2). The yield of bronchial brushing and washings was not significantly different in group 1 and 2, whereas examination of sputum obtained before the bronchoscopic procedure and bronchial biopsy in group 1 yielded higher results than the same procedures in group 2. The radiographic findings did not influence the yield with any of the bronchoscopic procedures. The overall positive diagnostic yield from fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures among these patients was 54 percent (20/37), regardless of their bronchoscopic or radiologic findings.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in metastatic pulmonary tumors. The fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedure (with brushings, washings, and biopsies) was performed and specimens of sputum were obtained before the procedure in 37 patients with cancer metastatic to the lung. Of the 37 patients studied, endobronchial lesions were visualized at bronchoscopic examination in 14 (group 1), and no endobronchial lesion was seen in 23 (group 2). The yield of bronchial brushing and washings was not significantly different in group 1 and 2, whereas examination of sputum obtained before the bronchoscopic procedure and bronchial biopsy in group 1 yielded higher results than the same procedures in group 2. The radiographic findings did not influence the yield with any of the bronchoscopic procedures. The overall positive diagnostic yield from fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures among these patients was 54 percent (20/37), regardless of their bronchoscopic or radiologic findings.", "PMID": 699644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12068", "title": "High altitude pulmonary edema. Epidemiologic observations in Peru.", "content": "The incidence of high altitude pulmonary edema was examined by a survey (via questionnaire) of residents living at 3,750 meters (12,303 feet) in the mining community of La Oroya, Peru. Ninety-seven subjects made a total of 1,157 ascents to high altitude after a stay at sea level of longer than 14 days. Sixty-four subjects experienced at least one episode of high-altitude pulmonary edema. The incidence was higher in subjects aged 13 to 20 years, where 17 percent (15) of 90 ascents resulted in episodes of high-altitude pulmonary edema, than in subjects 21 years or older (3 percent; 18/686 ascents). Young subjects (2 to 12 years old) had more severe episodes of high-altitude pulmonary edema (81 percent; 30/37 episodes) than adults (22 percent; 4/18 episodes). No episodes were observed in children under two years old. Five subjects under 21 years of age experienced recurrent episodes. Our estimated incidence of severe episodes of high altitude pulmonary edema per ascent in adults (0.6 percent; 4/686) is similar to that reported by other workers (incidence of 0.15 to 0.57 percent) in various parts of the world.", "contents": "High altitude pulmonary edema. Epidemiologic observations in Peru. The incidence of high altitude pulmonary edema was examined by a survey (via questionnaire) of residents living at 3,750 meters (12,303 feet) in the mining community of La Oroya, Peru. Ninety-seven subjects made a total of 1,157 ascents to high altitude after a stay at sea level of longer than 14 days. Sixty-four subjects experienced at least one episode of high-altitude pulmonary edema. The incidence was higher in subjects aged 13 to 20 years, where 17 percent (15) of 90 ascents resulted in episodes of high-altitude pulmonary edema, than in subjects 21 years or older (3 percent; 18/686 ascents). Young subjects (2 to 12 years old) had more severe episodes of high-altitude pulmonary edema (81 percent; 30/37 episodes) than adults (22 percent; 4/18 episodes). No episodes were observed in children under two years old. Five subjects under 21 years of age experienced recurrent episodes. Our estimated incidence of severe episodes of high altitude pulmonary edema per ascent in adults (0.6 percent; 4/686) is similar to that reported by other workers (incidence of 0.15 to 0.57 percent) in various parts of the world.", "PMID": 699645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0023_12069", "title": "Assessment of the sterility of long-term cardiac catheterization using the thermodilution Swan-Ganz catheter.", "content": "Fifty-seven patients  requiring catheterization with a thermodilution Swan-Ganz catheter in the surgical intensive care unit were prospectively studied to determine the incidence and significance of positive pulmonary arterial blood cultures. Nonseptic (group 1) and septic (group 2) patients were identified, with subdivision of the groups into A and B classes contingent upon a negative or positive pulmonary arterial blood culture respectively. In the nonseptic group, there were no positive blood cultures, provided there was only one catheterization (Swan-Ganz), less than three repositionings of the catheter, and discontinuation of the catheterization within 72 hours after insertion. Although the septic group followed this pattern, 25 percent incidence of positive pulmonary arterial blood cultures was present within the 72-hour period. We believe that the thermodilution Swan-Ganz catheter is presently a valuable clinical tool and does not predispose the patient to an excessive infectious disease risk.", "contents": "Assessment of the sterility of long-term cardiac catheterization using the thermodilution Swan-Ganz catheter. Fifty-seven patients  requiring catheterization with a thermodilution Swan-Ganz catheter in the surgical intensive care unit were prospectively studied to determine the incidence and significance of positive pulmonary arterial blood cultures. Nonseptic (group 1) and septic (group 2) patients were identified, with subdivision of the groups into A and B classes contingent upon a negative or positive pulmonary arterial blood culture respectively. In the nonseptic group, there were no positive blood cultures, provided there was only one catheterization (Swan-Ganz), less than three repositionings of the catheter, and discontinuation of the catheterization within 72 hours after insertion. Although the septic group followed this pattern, 25 percent incidence of positive pulmonary arterial blood cultures was present within the 72-hour period. We believe that the thermodilution Swan-Ganz catheter is presently a valuable clinical tool and does not predispose the patient to an excessive infectious disease risk.", "PMID": 699646}